Nowy Modlin  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pomiechówek, within Nowy Dwór County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Brody-Parcele (the gmina seat),  north of Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Nowy Modlin


Pomiechowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pomiechówek, within Nowy Dwór County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Brody-Parcele (the gmina seat),  north-east of Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki County


Pomocnia  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pomiechówek, within Nowy Dwór County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki County


Śniadówko  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pomiechówek, within Nowy Dwór County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Brody-Parcele (the gmina seat),  north of Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki County


Stanisławowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pomiechówek within Nowy Dwór County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Brody-Parcele (the gmina seat),  north-east of Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki County


Stare Orzechowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pomiechówek, within Nowy Dwór County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Brody-Parcele (the gmina seat),  north-east of Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Stare Orzechowo


Szczypiorno  is a municipal neighbourhood of the city of Kalisz, Poland, located in its south-western part. Formerly until 1976 a separate village at the outskirts of the city, it is best known as a seat of a World War I and Polish–Soviet War prisoner of war camp and the name-sake for szczypiorniak, the Polish language name for the game of handball.

Transport
The borough is located along the National Road 25 linking Kalisz with Ostrów Wielkopolski. There is a Kalisz Szczypiorno railway station located in the neighbourhood.

History

As part of the region of Greater Poland, i.e. the cradle of the Polish state, the area formed part of Poland since its establishment in the 10th century. Szczypiorno was a private village of Polish nobility, incl. the Scipierski family, administratively located in the Kalisz County in the Kalisz Voivodeship in the Greater Poland Province of the Kingdom of Poland. In the 19th century Szczypiorno with its garden, forest and restaurants was a popular recreation place for the inhabitants of nearby Kalisz.

During World War I the village housed a German-built prisoner of war camp for soldiers of the Polish Legions following their internment in the aftermath of the so-called Oath crisis. It was there that the internees first started playing a game of handball, that later became popular with the reborn Polish Army and general population. Because of that the game is still commonly referred to as szczypiorniak in Polish.

After World War I the camp remained operational for POWs from Germany and Soviet Russia. As mny as 8,000 Germans were interned for several months. Among the interned was the head of the  United Evangelical Church in Poznań, Paul Blau, along with 39 other pastors who were not allowed to travel to Berlin after their release for "political reasons". In July 1919, the church was handed over to the Polish Lutheran Church. Disbanded some time in the early 1920s, it was turned into a Central School of Prison Service, still operational. The 2nd Battalion of the 29th Kaniowski Rifle Regiment of the Polish Army was stationed in Szczypiorno in the interbellum.

Following the joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland, which started World War II in September 1939, the village was occupied by Germany and renamed, first to Friedersbrunn and then to Deutschehren, to erase traces of Polish origin. In 1942, the occupiers carried out expulsions of Poles, who were deported to forced labour in Germany and German-annexed Austria, while their houses and farms were handed over to German colonists as part of the Lebensraum policy.

In 1976 the village was incorporated into the city of Kalisz.

See also
 Oath crisis

References

External links
  Szczypiorno in the Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Poland (1890)

Kalisz
Neighbourhoods in Poland


Szczypiorno  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pomiechówek, within Nowy Dwór County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Szczypiorno


Wójtostwo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pomiechówek, within Nowy Dwór County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Brody-Parcele (the gmina seat),  north-east of Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki County


Wola Błędowska may refer to:

Wola Błędowska, Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki County, a Polish village
Wola Błędowska, Ostrołęka County, a Polish village

See also
Wola Błędowa


Wola Błędowska  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pomiechówek, within Nowy Dwór County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Brody-Parcele (the gmina seat),  north of Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki County


Wólka Kikolska  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pomiechówek, within Nowy Dwór County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki County


Wymysły  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pomiechówek, within Nowy Dwór County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Brody-Parcele (the gmina seat),  north-west of Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki County


Zapiecki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pomiechówek, within Nowy Dwór County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Brody-Parcele (the gmina seat),  north-east of Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Zapiecki


The 2008 FIA GT Zolder 2 Hours was the penultimate round of the 2008 FIA GT Championship season.  It took place at the Circuit Zolder, Belgium, on 19 October 2008.

Race results
Class winners in bold.  Cars failing to complete 75% of winner's distance marked as Not Classified (NC).

Statistics
 Pole Position – #33 Jetalliance Racing – 1:26.029
 Average Speed –

References

Zolder


Błogosławie  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zakroczym, within Nowy Dwór County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki County


Czarna  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zakroczym, within Nowy Dwór County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki County


Emolinek  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zakroczym, within Nowy Dwór County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Zakroczym,  west of Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Emolinek


Henrysin  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zakroczym, within Nowy Dwór County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Zakroczym,  west of Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki County


Janowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zakroczym, within Nowy Dwór County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Zakroczym,  north-west of Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki County


Mochty-Smok  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zakroczym, within Nowy Dwór County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Mochty-Smok


Smoły  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zakroczym, within Nowy Dwór County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Zakroczym,  north-west of Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki County


Smoszewo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zakroczym, within Nowy Dwór County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Smoszewo


Śniadowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zakroczym, within Nowy Dwór County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Zakroczym,  north of Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki County


Strubiny may refer to the following places:
Strubiny, Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
Strubiny, Płońsk County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
Strubiny, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship (north Poland)


Strubiny  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zakroczym, within Nowy Dwór County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Zakroczym,  north-west of Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki County


Swobodnia  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zakroczym, within Nowy Dwór County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Zakroczym,  north-west of Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Swobodnia


Trębki Stare  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zakroczym, within Nowy Dwór County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Zakroczym,  west of Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki, and  north-west of Warsaw.

In 1975–1998, the village belonged to the Warsaw Voivodeship.

Demographics

References

Villages in Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki County


Wojszczyce  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zakroczym, within Nowy Dwór County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Zakroczym,  north-west of Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Wojszczyce


Wólka Smoszewska  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zakroczym, within Nowy Dwór County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Zakroczym,  west of Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki County


Wygoda Smoszewska  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zakroczym, within Nowy Dwór County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Zakroczym,  west of Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Wygoda Smoszewska


Zaręby  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zakroczym, within Nowy Dwór County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Zakroczym,  north-west of Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki County


Adamczycha  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Baranowo, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Baranowo,  west of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Adamczycha


Baranowo  is a village in Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Baranowo. It lies approximately  north-west of Ostrołęka and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County
Warsaw Voivodeship (1919–1939)


Błędowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Baranowo, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Baranowo,  north-west of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Brodowe Łąki () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Baranowo, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Baranowo,  north-west of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Budne Sowięta  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Baranowo, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Cierpięta may refer to the following places:
Cierpięta, Ostrołęka County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
Cierpięta, Węgrów County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
Cierpięta, Pomeranian Voivodeship (north Poland)


Cierpięta  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Baranowo, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Baranowo,  north-west of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Armoured regiments are units provided by the Royal Armoured Corps of the British Army.

Currently, they are battalion-sized formations equipped with Challenger 2 main battle tanks.

There are three Armoured Regiments, each equipped with 56 Challenger 2 tanks.

Armoured Regiments (Type 56)
Royal Tank Regiment (1st Armoured Infantry Brigade)
King's Royal Hussars (12th Armoured Infantry Brigade)
Queen's Royal Hussars (20th Armoured Infantry Brigade)

The organisation of a Type 56 Armoured Regiment is:
 3 sabre squadrons, each of 18 Challenger 2 Main Battle Tank;
 1 command and reconnaissance squadron.
 Headquarters Squadron

History

The first armoured regiments - known at the time as "tank battalions" - were formed in the First World War, first in the Machine Gun Corps and later as the Tank Corps. Each battalion had three companies, each of three sections of four tanks, for a combat strength of thirty-six tanks; a further twelve were kept in reserve for training and replacement purposes. Twenty-six battalions were formed during the war, quickly reduced to four battalions after the end of hostilities.

By the late Second World War, there were four armoured regiments in each armoured division. One, the Division's Reconnaissance Regiment, was equipped with the Cromwell tank; the other three, which were in the Armoured Brigade, were equipped with the Sherman medium tank. An exception was the 7th Armoured Division's 22nd Armoured Brigade which had a mixture of Cromwells and Sherman Fireflys (Sherman fitted with 17pdr guns). Each regiment was formed of four squadrons, A, B, C and HQ. The lettered squadrons were made up of four troops of four tanks and a HQ troop. The HQ squadron was made up of command tanks and a reconnaissance troop of light tanks. In north-west Europe, during the battle of Normandy from June to August 1944, anti-aircraft tanks were part of the HQ squadron.

The 1998 Strategic Defence Review cut the number of armoured regiments to six, converting one of the existing regiments to the formation reconnaissance role and using the other to form the Joint Chemical, Biological, Radiation and Nuclear Regiment. As a part of this change, the six remaining regiments were expanded from a three-squadron structure with 38 tanks to a four-squadron one with 58. This structure is also known as the "Type 58" regiment. Under the 2003 Defence White Paper, this was reduced to five armoured regiments - the sixth converting to the formation reconnaissance role - with three armoured squadrons to be converted to "light armoured" squadrons, which would eventually be equipped with the Future Rapid Effect System.

Following the 2003 defence review Delivering Security in a Changing World, five regular army regiments were equipped for the heavy armoured role: Of the five regiments, two were assigned to the 1st (UK) Armoured Division (The Queen's Royal Hussars and The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards) and three to the 3rd (UK) Mechanised Division (The Royal Dragoon Guards, 2nd Royal Tank Regiment and The King's Royal Hussars).

Type 58 armoured regiments;
The Royal Dragoon Guards - 58 Challenger 2s, 8 CVR(T) Scimitars.
The Queen's Royal Hussars - 58 Challenger 2s, 8 CVR(T) Scimitars.
Heavy armoured regiments;
The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards (Carabiniers and Greys) - 44 Challenger 2s, 22 CVR(T) Scimitars.
The King's Royal Hussars - 44 Challenger 2s, 22 CVR(T) Scimitars.
2nd Royal Tank Regiment - 44 Challenger 2s, 22 CVR(T) Scimitars.

Two regiments of the Territorial Army, the Royal Wessex Yeomanry and the Royal Mercian and Lancastrian Yeomanry, provided replacement crews for the regular regiments. The 1st Royal Tank Regiment also operated a small number of Challenger 2 tanks for training and demonstration.

References

Royal Armoured Corps
Armoured regiments of the British Army


Czarnotrzew  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Baranowo, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Baranowo,  north-west of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Czarnotrzew


Dąbrowa  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Baranowo, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Dłutówka  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Baranowo, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Baranowo,  west of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Gaczyska  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Baranowo, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Baranowo,  north-west of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Gaczyska


Guzowatka  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Baranowo, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Baranowo,  north-west of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Jastrząbka  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Baranowo, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Kopaczyska  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Baranowo, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Baranowo,  north-west of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Kopaczyska


Kucieje  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Baranowo, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Baranowo,  north-west of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Kucieje


Free Evangelical Churches () is a communion of over 60 regional Evangelical free churches in Greece. The great majority of the churches have the name Free Evangelical Church.  Free Evangelical Churches can be classified among the Baptist and the Plymouth Brethren churches. There are also 3 Greek Free Evangelical Churches in Australia and 2 in Canada.

History
The Free Evangelical Church was founded from a conjunction of various Protestant churches in Greece. This effort was begun in 1886 in Chania, Crete by  two English women who worked in the UK Consulate of Chania. At the same time in Athens  the Church of Christian Brethren was founded by the Irishman Henry Devine. A second church was created in Patras by Theofanis Zaferopoulos, which got help from Swiss Open Brethren. In 1911 Athanasios Katsarkas founded churches in Komotini and Andrianoupolis, while in 1914 they were transported to Thessalonica, and afterwards they also expanded  into other regions. In Athens the main worker of the Free Evangelical Church was Kostas Metallinos. It is believed that Kostas Metallinos was the main founder of the Communion.

External links
New Life Evangelical Church
Free Evangelical Church of Heraklion
Chaidari Free Evangelical Church - Greek
Free Evangelical Youth - Greek
Independent Evangelical Church - Greek
Komotini Free Evangelical Church - Greek
Peristeri Free Evangelical Church - Greek
Trikala Church - Greek
Free Evangelical Church of Glyfada - Greek

Protestantism in Greece
Anabaptist denominations


Lipowy Las  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Baranowo, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Baranowo,  north-west of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Lipowy Las


Majdan () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Baranowo, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Baranowo,  north-west of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Majki may refer to the following places:
Majki, Ostrołęka County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
Majki, Sierpc County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
Majki, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship (north Poland)


Majki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Baranowo, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Baranowo,  north-west of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Nowe Czerwińskie  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Baranowo, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Oborczyska  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Baranowo, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Baranowo,  north-west of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Oborczyska


Orzeł  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Baranowo, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Baranowo,  north-west of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Ramiona  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Baranowo, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Baranowo,  north-west of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Ramiona


Rupin  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Baranowo, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Baranowo,  north-west of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Rycica  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Baranowo, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Baranowo,  north-west of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Rycica


Witowy Most  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Baranowo, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Baranowo,  north-west of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Witowy Most


Wola Błędowska  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Baranowo, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Baranowo,  north-west of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Zawady  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Baranowo, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

History
Between 1975 and 1998, the village used to be part of Ostrołęka Voivodeship.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Ziomek  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Baranowo, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Baranowo,  north-west of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Ziomek


Bandysie  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czarnia, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Ostrołęka and  north of Warsaw.

References

Bandysie


Brzozowy Kąt  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czarnia, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Czarnia,  north-west of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Cupel  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czarnia, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Czarnia  is a village in Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Czarnia. It lies approximately  north-west of Ostrołęka and  north of Warsaw.

References

Czarnia
Łomża Governorate
Warsaw Voivodeship (1919–1939)


Długie  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czarnia, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Czarnia,  north-west of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Michałowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czarnia, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Rutkowo may refer to the following places:
Rutkowo, Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
Rutkowo, Mrągowo County in Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship (north Poland)
Rutkowo, Szczytno County in Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship (north Poland)
Rutkowo, West Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-west Poland)


Rutkowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czarnia, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Rutkowo


Surowe  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czarnia, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Surowe


Andrzejki-Tyszki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czerwin, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Czerwin,  east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Andrzejki-Tyszki


Bobin  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czerwin, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Czerwin,  south of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Bobin


Borek  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czerwin, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Czerwin,  south-east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Buczyn  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czerwin, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Buczyn


Choromany-Witnice  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czerwin, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Czerwin,  south-east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Choromany-Witnice


Chruśnice  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czerwin, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Czerwin  is a village in Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Czerwin. It lies approximately  south-east of Ostrołęka and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

External links
 Jewish Community in Czerwin on Virtual Shtetl

Czerwin
Łomża Governorate
Warsaw Voivodeship (1919–1939)


Dąbek  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czerwin, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Damiany  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czerwin, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Czerwin,  south-east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Damiany


Dzwonek  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czerwin, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Czerwin,  south-east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Dzwonek


Filochy  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czerwin, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Czerwin,  south-east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Filochy


Gocły  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czerwin, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Czerwin,  south-east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Grodzisk Duży  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czerwin, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Grodzisk-Wieś  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czerwin, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Gumki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czerwin, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Czerwin,  south-east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Gumki


Adams County Courthouse is located in the city of Decatur, the county seat of Adams County, Indiana. It was built in 1872–1873 at a cost of $78,979. The designer was J. C. Johnson, who had been trained as a carpenter and joiner and became a self-taught architect; he won second place in the Indiana State Capitol design competition.

Construction
The construction was done by Christian Boseker of Fort Wayne.  It is built of red brick with stone ornamentation.

The building and three associated objects was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 17, 2008.  Included in the NRHP listing are:

Peace Monument, a limestone statue of a female figure
Elephant Rock, a memorial to author Gene Stratton-Porter, consisting of a gneiss glacial boulder with a bronze plaque
Pioneer Memorial, a bronze plaque and stand, from 1936

Featured property
It is the 12th property listed as a featured property of the week in a program of the National Park Service that began in July, 2008.

Notes

References

External links

Photographs of the Adams County Courthouse from the Ball State University Digital Media Repository

Courthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Indiana
County courthouses in Indiana
Government buildings completed in 1873
Second Empire architecture in Indiana
Buildings and structures in Adams County, Indiana
Clock towers in Indiana
National Register of Historic Places in Adams County, Indiana
1873 establishments in Indiana


Janki Młode  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czerwin, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Czerwin,  south-east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Jarnuty  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czerwin, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Czerwin,  south-east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Jarnuty


Księżopole  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czerwin, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Łady-Mans  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czerwin, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Laski Szlacheckie () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czerwin, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Czerwin,  south-east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

During the German invasion of Poland, which started World War II, on September 10, 1939, Wehrmacht troops murdered 20 Polish inhabitants in the village (see also Nazi crimes against the Polish nation).

References

Laski Szlacheckie


Laski Włościańskie () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czerwin, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Nowe Dobki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czerwin, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. As of 2011, it had a population of 28.

References

Nowe Dobki


Nowe Malinowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czerwin, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Nowe Malinowo


Piotrowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czerwin, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Piotrowo


Pomian  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czerwin, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Czerwin,  east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Pomian


Seroczyn may refer to the following places:
Seroczyn, Ostrołęka County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
Seroczyn, Siedlce County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
Seroczyn, Sokołów County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)


Seroczyn  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czerwin, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Czerwin,  south-east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Skarżyn  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czerwin, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Sokołowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czerwin, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Czerwin,  south-east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Stare Dobki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czerwin, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Czerwin,  south-east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Stare Dobki


Stare Malinowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czerwin, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Stare Malinowo


Stylągi  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czerwin, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Czerwin,  south-east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Suchcice  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czerwin, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Czerwin,  south of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Suchcice


Tomasze  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czerwin, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Czerwin,  south-east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Tomasze


Tyszki-Ciągaczki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czerwin, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Czerwin,  south-east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Tyszki-Gostery  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czerwin, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Czerwin,  east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Tyszki-Gostery


Tyszki-Nadbory  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czerwin, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Czerwin,  south-east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Tyszki-Nadbory


Wiśniewo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czerwin, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Czerwin,  south-east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Wiśniówek  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czerwin, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Wojsze  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czerwin, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Czerwin,  south-east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Wojsze


Wólka Czerwińska  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czerwin, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Czerwin,  south-east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Wólka Seroczyńska  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czerwin, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Czerwin,  south-east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Population: 676

W Wólce Seroczyńskiej mieszka Reksio - dobry pies.

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Załuski  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czerwin, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Zaorze  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czerwin, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Czerwin,  south-east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Zaorze


Żochy  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czerwin, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Czerwin,  south-east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


A roller shutter, security shutter, coiling door, roller door or sectional overhead door is a type of door or window shutter consisting of many horizontal slats (or sometimes bars or web systems) hinged together.  The door is raised to open it and lowered to close it.  On large doors, the action may be motorized. It provides protection against wind, rain, fire and theft. In shutter form, it is used in front of a window and protects the window from vandalism and burglary attempts.

Applications
Roller shutters have many applications including doors for vans, garages, kitchens, schools, prisons and warehouses. They are also commonly used as window blinds in some European countries, such as Germany and Spain.

In some parts of the world, roller shutters are subsidized by local governments. In areas that are frequently exposed to inclement weather, roller shutters are used as a method of insulation, can protect windows against hail damage, and can be made to withstand high wind.

In some municipalities, building owners may have to request a permit or are disallowed from having certain types of roller shutters on the exterior of their building. The cost of these systems can be significant, with the cost being upwards of $25,000-40,000. Plywood boards can also act as a similar deterrent to theft and burglary.

Types and operation

 Built-on roller shutter door Describes the type where the roller shutter box is fixed to the exterior of the building facade.

 Built-in roller shutter doors Where the roller shutter box is built into the lintel above the window.

 Integrated roller shutter A roller shutter and window combined as a single unit.

 Roller shutter with tilting louvres A roller shutter with laths that tilt, similar to an external venetian blind.

 Manual With gear drive from the shutter roller traced through the building facade to a universal joint on the room side that is operated by a cranked winding handle.

 Manual tape A tape drive around a flange on the roller is traced through the building facade with pulley guides to an inertia reel on the room side:

 Spring assist Spring assist roller shutters are operated by manually lowering or lifting the handle which is mounted to the curtain end slat. Most cost effective solutions for securing small spaces.

 Motorized/Electric With a tubular motor fitted within the roller axle tube. Automatic operation can be added. Controlled with a smartphone, remote or hardwired switch.

Components
 Slats Extruded or roll formed steel, aluminium or stainless steel. Single or multi wall. Hollow or insulated designs.

 Roller (or axle tube) Steel, aluminium tube supported at either end by an end plate.

 Shutter box Formed steel or aluminium extrusion box designed to protect shutter’s internal components.

Shutter spring
 Spring wire. Made from the spring wire, it also called torsion spring.
 Flat spring. Formed by hardened and tempered steel strips in coils. Common steel grades C67, CK67, SAE1070, etc.

Guide rail (or track)Steel or aluminium to retain the shutter curtain within the opening. Weather sealed to  increase product lifetime and reduce operating vibration.

Bottom slat Steel, aluminium or PVC to match the rest of the roller shutter curtain. Safety edge or rubber weather seal to reduce draught can be added.

 Lock Important part of roller shutter used to manually secure the curtain slats in place. Can be locked with slide lock and bullet lock. Slim key locks are installed within the end slat and have bars that securely lock shutter into the guide rails.

See also
 Roller blind
 Roll-down curtain

References

Doors
Windows
Window coverings


Brzozowa  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kadzidło, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Brzozowa


Brzozówka  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kadzidło, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Kadzidło,  north of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Chudek  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kadzidło, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Kadzidło,  north-west of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Chudek


Czarnia  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kadzidło, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Dylewo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kadzidło, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Kadzidło,  north-west of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County
Łomża Governorate
Warsaw Voivodeship (1919–1939)


Dylewo Nowe  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kadzidło, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Kadzidło,  north-west of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Dylewo Nowe


Gleba  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kadzidło, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Kadzidło,  north-west of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Gleba


Golanka  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kadzidło, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Kadzidło,  north of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Golanka


Grale  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kadzidło, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Kadzidło,  north of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Grale


Jazgarka  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kadzidło, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Kadzidło,  north of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Jazgarka


Jeglijowiec  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kadzidło, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Kadzidło,  north-west of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Jeglijowiec


Kadzidło  is a village in Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Kadzidło. It lies approximately  north of Ostrołęka and  north of Warsaw.

References

External links
Official website

Villages in Ostrołęka County
Łomża Governorate
Warsaw Voivodeship (1919–1939)


Karaska  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kadzidło, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Kadzidło,  north-west of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Karaska


Kierzek  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kadzidło, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Kadzidło,  north-west of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Kierzek


Klimki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kadzidło, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Kadzidło,  north of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Klimki


Krobia may refer to:

Places
Krobia in Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland)
Krobia, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-central Poland)
Krobia, Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)

Biology
 Krobia – a genus of cichlid fish from South America


Krobia  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kadzidło, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Kadzidło,  north of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Krobia


Kuczyńskie  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kadzidło, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Kadzidło,  north-west of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Piasecznia  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kadzidło, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Kadzidło,  north-west of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Piasecznia


Podgórze  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kadzidło, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Kadzidło,  north-west of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Rososz  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kadzidło, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Siarcza Łąka  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kadzidło, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Kadzidło,  north-west of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Sól  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kadzidło, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Kadzidło,  north of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Strzałki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kadzidło, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Kadzidło,  north-west of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Tatary  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kadzidło, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Kadzidło,  north of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Tatary


Todzia  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kadzidło, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Kadzidło,  north of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Todzia


Marinobufagenin (marinobufagin) is a cardiotonic bufadienolide steroid. It can be found in the plasma and urine of human subjects with myocardial infarction, kidney failure, and heart failure. It is also secreted by the toad Bufo rubescens and other related species such as Bufo marinus. It is a vasoconstrictor with effects similar to digitalis.

References

Amphibian toxins
Epoxides
Bufanolides
Diols
Heterocyclic compounds with 5 rings


Wach  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kadzidło, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Kadzidło,  north-west of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County
Łomża Governorate
Warsaw Voivodeship (1919–1939)


Białobiel  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lelis, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Lelis,  north of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Dąbrówka  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lelis, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Długi Kąt  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lelis, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Lelis,  north of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Durlasy  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lelis, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Lelis,  north of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Durlasy
Łomża Governorate
Warsaw Voivodeship (1919–1939)


Gąski  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lelis, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Lelis,  north-east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Gibałka  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lelis, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Lelis,  north of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Gnaty  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lelis, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Lelis,  north of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


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Kurpiewskie  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lelis, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Lelis,  north-east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Kurpiewskie


Łęg Przedmiejski  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lelis, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Łęg Starościński  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lelis, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Lelis,  north-east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Lelis  is a village in Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Lelis. It lies approximately  north of Ostrołęka and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County
Łomża Governorate
Warsaw Voivodeship (1919–1939)


Łodziska  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lelis, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Lelis,  north-west of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Nemat'o'llāh Gorji (; 30 March 1926, in Tehran – 5 April 2000, in Tehran) was an Iranian theatre and film actor of Georgian descent.

Gorji acted in at least 94 Iranian films, some of which have come to be ranked amongst the most celebrated Iranian films of the 1970s. His  last role was that of an old and kind-hearted gardener-caretaker in The Pear Tree (Derakht-e Golābi), 1998, directed by Dariush Mehrjui.

Filmography
Mashti Mamdali's Car (1974)
Hostage (1974)
Youthful Days (1999-2000)
The Blue Veiled (1995)

See also
 Bāgh-e Ferdows

References

External links
 Home Page of Film Museum of Iran.
 Photograph of the graveside of Nematollah Gorji at Behesht-e Zahra Cemetery, Tehran: .
 Derakht-e Golābi (The Pear Tree), IMDb: The Internet Movie Database.

Male actors from Tehran
Iranian male film actors
Iranian people of Georgian descent
1926 births
2000 deaths
20th-century Iranian male actors


Nasiadki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lelis, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Lelis,  north of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Nasiadki
Łomża Governorate
Warsaw Voivodeship (1919–1939)


Obierwia  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lelis, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Olszewka  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lelis, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Lelis,  north-west of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Płoszyce  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lelis, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Lelis,  north of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Siemnocha  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lelis, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Lelis,  north of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Siemnocha


Szafarczyska  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lelis, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Lelis,  north of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Szafarczyska


Szkwa  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lelis, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Lelis,  north-east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Szkwa


Szwendrowy Most  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lelis, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Lelis,  north-west of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Szwendrowy Most


Walery  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lelis, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Lelis,  north of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Walery


Antonia  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łyse, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Antonia


Baba  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łyse, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Łyse,  north of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Baba


Dawia  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łyse, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Ostrołęka and  north of Warsaw.

References

Dawia


Dęby  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łyse, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Łyse,  north of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Dudy Puszczańskie  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łyse, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Ostrołęka and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Grądzkie may refer to the following places:
Grądzkie, Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
Grądzkie, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship (north Poland)
Grądzkie, West Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-west Poland)


Grądzkie  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łyse, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Łyse,  north of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Klenkor  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łyse, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Łyse,  north of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Klenkor


Łączki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łyse, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately  north of Łyse,  north of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Lipniki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łyse, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Ostrołęka and  north of Warsaw. Established in 1663 by Wiśniewski, a settler from Piotrków Trybunalski, Lipniki is the oldest historically documented village in the Kurpie region of Poland.

Name
The name "Lipniki" most likely comes from the Polish "lipa," or linden tree, which grow in abundance in the village and environs. Apparently Wiśniewski was inspired by the pleasant odor of the linden trees and named the settlement accordingly. There are however those who claim that the name comes from a variety of shoes made from linden wood called "Lipnioki."

Historical structures
Among structures considered historically significant are:
 Sacred Heart Parish Church (built 1837–1843 in neo-Baroque style)
 Active Cemetery (chapel, gate, and wrought-iron crosses all dating to the 19th Century)
 Cholera Cemetery (no longer active) from the 19th Century
 2 19th-Century wooden windmills
 19th-Century Figure of Saint Roch

History
The founder of Lipniki was a man named Wiśniewski, supposedly a nobleman, who was an escapee from the settlement of Piotrków Trybunalski. Having escaped either from a court sentence or from vicious rumors, he established a settlement in 1663. 10 years later he applied to the Starostwo for the right to establish the settlement as the village of Lipniki. He also had to appeal to the Royal Beekeeping Society and accept the so-called "Prawo Bartne" or "Beekeeper's Laws." This was a set of laws governing the production and sale of honey, wax, and related products, which were a chief product of this region and were particularly valuable to the noble class at the time.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Piątkowizna  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łyse, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Ostrołęka and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Plewki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łyse, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Pupkowizna  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łyse, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Ostrołęka and  north of Warsaw.

References

Pupkowizna


Serafin  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łyse, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Ostrołęka and  north of Warsaw.

References

Serafin


Szafranki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łyse, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Łyse,  north of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Szafranki


Tartak  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łyse, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Ostrołęka and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


The Felix Vallé House State Historic Site is a state-owned historic preserve comprising the Felix Vallé House and other early 19th-century buildings in Ste. Genevieve, Missouri. It is managed by the Missouri Department of Natural Resources.

History

The Vallé family traced their history back to a French colonial officer. They also had a long connection with slavery. Felix Vallé held two enslaved man, Isaac and Joseph (aged mid-30s and 22-24 respectively), and his nephew Neree Vallé held Theodore (aged 25). They worked in the lead mines owned by Felix Vallé and formed part of the 1852 Ste. Genevieve Stampede trying to escape to Illinois. They were recaptured after a reward offered by the Vallés.

In 1877, three people, Basil, Jabette and Madeline, were bequeathed $300 by Felix Vallé who wrote that they were "formerly slaves owned by me."

Additional images

Modern day

The site offers tours of the Felix Vallé House, a Federal-style limestone structure built in 1818 by Jacob Phillipson, a Jewish merchant from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, that in 1824 became the commercial outlet and home of Felix Vallé and Odile Pratte-Vallé. An authentically stocked mercantile store representing the firm of Menard & Vallé is on display. Other features of the house include original mantels and interior trim, early Empire furnishings, an exterior staircase leading to the second-floor bedrooms, and a garden with original brick and frame outbuildings.

The Bauvais-Amoureux House (1792), which is open seasonally, and the Dr. Benjamin Shaw House (1819) are also part of the historic site.

References

Further reading
Aron, Stephen, American Confluence: The Missouri Frontier from Borderland to Border State, Indiana University Press, 2009, .
Deposki, Richard, Images of America: Ste. Genevieve, Chicago, IL: Arcadia Publishing, 2008, .
Evans, Mark L., The Commandant’s Last Ride, Tucson, AZ: Patrice Press, 1998, .
Foster, Gerald, American Houses: A Field Guide to the Architecture of the Home, New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 2004, .
Franzwa, Gregory M., The Story of Old Ste. Genevieve, Tucson: Patrice Press, 1998, .
Missouri Life Magazine, Lewis And Clark’s Journey Across Missouri, Booneville, MO: Missouri Life Magazine, 2003.
Naeger, Bill, Patti Naeger, and Mark Evans, Ste. Genevieve: A Leisurely Stroll through History. Ste. Genevieve, MO: Merchant Street Publishing, 1998, .
Peterson, Charles E., Colonial St. Louis: Building a Creole Capital, Tucson, AZ: Patrice Press, 2001, .
Schroeder, Walter A., Opening the Ozarks: A Historical Geography of Missouri’s Ste. Genevieve District, 1760–1830, Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 2002, .
Stepenoff, Bonnie, From French Community to Missouri Town, Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 2006, .
Wehmeyer, Janice C., Ste. Genevieve, MO: A Guided Tour Through the Past and Present, self-published: 1993

External links

Felix Vallé House State Historic Site Missouri Department of Natural Resources
Felix Vallé House State Historic Site Map Missouri Department of Natural Resources

Missouri State Historic Sites
Historic house museums in Missouri
Protected areas established in 1970
Museums in Ste. Genevieve County, Missouri
Industry museums in Missouri
Jews and Judaism in Missouri
French-Canadian culture in Missouri
French-American culture in Missouri
Missouri culture
French colonial architecture
1970 establishments in Missouri


Tyczek  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łyse, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Ostrołęka and  north of Warsaw.

References

Tyczek


Wejdo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łyse, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Ostrołęka and  north of Warsaw.

References

Wejdo


Wyżega  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łyse, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Ostrołęka and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Zalas  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łyse, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Łyse,  north of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Złota Góra  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łyse, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Łyse,  north of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Białusny Lasek  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Myszyniec, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Myszyniec,  north-west of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Charciabałda  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Myszyniec, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Myszyniec,  north-west of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Cięćk  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Myszyniec, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Myszyniec,  north of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Drężek  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Myszyniec, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Myszyniec,  north of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Gadomskie  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Myszyniec, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Myszyniec,  north of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Gadomskie


Krysiaki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Myszyniec, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Myszyniec,  north of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Krysiaki


Myszyniec-Koryta  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Myszyniec, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Myszyniec-Koryta


Niedźwiedź  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Myszyniec, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Myszyniec,  north of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw. Between 1975 and 1998, Niedźwiedź was located within the Ostrołęka Voivodeship

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Olszyny  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Myszyniec, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Myszyniec,  north-west of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Olszyny


Pełty  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Myszyniec, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Myszyniec,  north-west of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

See also
Barney Pelty (1880-1939), American Major League Baseball player

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Stary Myszyniec  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Myszyniec, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Świdwiborek  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Myszyniec, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Myszyniec,  north-west of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Wolkowe  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Myszyniec, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. Wolkowe follows the Europe/Warsaw time zone.

References

Wolkowe


Wydmusy  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Myszyniec, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Myszyniec,  north of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Wydmusy


Wykrot  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Myszyniec, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Myszyniec,  north of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Wykrot


Zalesie  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Myszyniec, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Zalesie


Zdunek  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Myszyniec, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Myszyniec,  north-west of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Zdunek


Heister House is a Moderne (Art Deco) house built in 1943 in Salida, Colorado.  The building  was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 8, 2008.

It is the 15th property listed as a featured property of the week in a program of the National Park Service that began in July, 2008.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Chaffee County, Colorado

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Colorado
Houses in Chaffee County, Colorado
Houses completed in 1943
Moderne architecture in Colorado
National Register of Historic Places in Chaffee County, Colorado
1943 establishments in Colorado


Antonie may refer to:

 Antonie (given name)
 Antonie (surname)
 Antonie, Lord of Monaco (died 1427)
 Antonie, Masovian Voivodeship, Poland, a village
 Antonie, Silesian Voivodeship, Poland, a village

See also
 Antoni, a given name and surname
 Antony (disambiguation)


Antonie  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Olszewo-Borki, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Olszewo-Borki,  north of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Antonie


Białobrzeg Bliższy  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Olszewo-Borki, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Ostrołęka and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Białobrzeg Dalszy  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Olszewo-Borki, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Ostrołęka and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Chojniki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Olszewo-Borki, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Ostrołęka and  north of Warsaw.

References

Chojniki


Gressonney may refer to two villages and communes in the Aosta Valley region of Italy:

Gressoney-La-Trinité
Gressoney-Saint-Jean
Gressoney (AO), the single commune into which they were united during the years 1928–46

See also
 Gresson


Dobrołęka  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Olszewo-Borki, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Ostrołęka and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Drężewo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Olszewo-Borki, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Działyń  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Olszewo-Borki, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Ostrołęka and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Grabnik  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Olszewo-Borki, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Olszewo-Borki,  west of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Antrona may refer to:

 Antrona Schieranco, comune in the Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola in the Italian region Piedmont
 Alta Valle Antrona Natural Park, nature reserve in Piedmont, in Italy


Grabówek  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Olszewo-Borki, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Olszewo-Borki,  north-west of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Grabowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Olszewo-Borki, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Grabowo


Kordowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Olszewo-Borki, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Ostrołęka and  north of Warsaw.

References

Kordowo


Kruki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Olszewo-Borki, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Ostrołęka and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Łazy  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Olszewo-Borki, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Olszewo-Borki,  north-west of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Arenobufagin is a cardiotoxic bufanolide steroid secreted by the Argentine toad Bufo arenarum. It has effects similar to digitalis, blocking the Na+/K+ pump in heart tissue.

Sources

The compound arenobufagin is one of the major components of toad venom. It is derived from the dried skin of giant toads, such as Bufo gargarizans and Bufo melanostictus Suhneider. Arenobufagin is specifically secreted by Rhinella arenarum, which is found in South America. The venom of these toad species contains about 1.75% of arenobufagin. The other major part of the venom consists mostly of similar looking bufagins, which are all toxic steroids. Toads produce their venom when they are scared, injured, or provoked, as a defense mechanism against their predators.

History

Arenobufagin is a component of a certain toad venom which goes by the name of Chan’su. For centuries, this venom has been used in Chinese traditional medicine in the treatment of liver cancer. Also, it is reported to have a simulative effect upon the heart. It is derived from the dried skin secretions of giant toads. In a 2013 study, it was shown that arenobufagin inhibits the growth of certain liver tumor cells. In fact, this compound showed the most potent antitumor activity of fifteen bufadionolides isolated from Chan’su.

Function in medicine

As already mentioned, arenobufagin has been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) to tackle down carcinogenesis , since it inhibits cell growth in several cancer cells. It is one of the central active ingredients of toad venom for treatment. This happens both in purified form or in combination with other ingredients, which are mostly herbal components. Toad venom is in fact still used in clinical practice of in TCM to treat hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). So far there is still little known about the anti-angiogenic properties of Arenobufagin. One studie shows that Arenobufagin inhibits VEGF-induced endothial cell tube formation.

Intake
Under normal circumstances, arenobufagin is a solid. In Chinese traditional medicine, it in ingested either orally or topically, for example to the skin. Little is known about its toxicokinetics.

Toxicodynamics

Arenobufagin is believed to play a role in the regulation of the transport of water and electrolytes across cell membranes under physiological conditions. Experimental results show that Arenobufagin inhibits the sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase (Na+/K+-ATPase) . It is one of the most potent blockers that are known to science, along with ouabain. It has been suggested that uncharged and non-polar amino acids may participate in the binding of arenobufagin to the extracellular surface of the ATPase. If this is the case, the steroid nucleus of arenobufagin probably also contributes to the binding. Furthermore, the presence of a sugar group in ouabain and the absence of  one in arenobufagin suggests that it may me more lipophilic that ouabain and as such form a more stable complex with the Na+-K+ pump.

Besides its effects on the Na+-K+ pump, arenobufagin also has some other effects on cells, which were discovered in experiment with cancer cell lines.
It causes apoptosis by tempering with mitochondria. In cells treated with it, a decreasing mitochondrial potential was detected (in a dose-dependent manner), as well as a high Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, which is associated with apoptosis, or programmed cell death. Bax translocation from cytosol to mitochondria was also found to be increased.
In addition to these effects, arenobufagin also induces morphological changes in organelles, blebbing of plasma membrane, shrinkage of nuclear membrane and chromatin condensation. These observation also indicate the occurrence of apoptosis. Last but not least, specific cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and a decrease in pro-caspase9 and  3 were also induced by arenobufagin treatment. PARP is mainly involved in cell repair and programmed  cell death.
After treatment with arenobufagin, some cells make more autophagosomes and lysosomes, whereas other cells undergo apoptosis. Arenobufagin also leads to increased expression of LC3-II, Biclin1(initial vesicle formation), Atg5 (elongation and completion), Atg9, Atg16L1 and p62/SQSTM1, all proteins which induce autophagy. Blockers of autophagy increase the cytotoxic effect of arenobufagin. Addition of 3-MA increases the proportion of cells in which there in enlarged PARP cleavage and limited caspase-9 and caspase-3 cleavage. This indicates that autophagy pathways protect the cell against apoptosis by arenobufagin.
It was hypothesized that arenobufagin may inhibit the PI3K/Akt pathway in controlling cell death and differentiation in response to external stimuli. It was found that arenobufagin inhibited the proteins Akt, PDK1 and PI3K, whereas it stimulated the PHEN-protein. It does this by altering the degree of phosphorylation. All these proteins are involved in the PI3/Akt pathway. Further down the pathway, arenobufagin indirectly inhibits the mTOR-protein, which is involved in apoptosis as well as in autophagy.

Detoxification

The biotransformation of arenobufagin by Alternaria alternata leads to the following three metabolites: 3-oxo-arenobufagin (1a),  ψ-bufarenogin (1b), and 3- oxo- ψ-bufarenogin (1c). The biotransformation processes consists of a main reaction whereas the dehydrogenation of the 3-hydroxyl group takes place. This process is followed by isomerization.

Similar forms
Arenobufagin is a derivative of the so-called bufadienolides, where it also has a steroid structure. A characteristic of bufadienolides is that they all contain two double bonds in the lactone ring.

Symptoms

Circulatory system

Arenobufagin works like Cardiac glycosides. It inhibits the sodium-potassium pump because it stabilises the E2-P transition state, in which the pump is inactive.
Second membrane transporter NCX is responsible for 3Na/Ca transport, if the Na-K-Pump does not function correctly the Ca concentration inside the cell will rise and this will cause heart failure.
However, in experiments concerning the anti-cancer effects of arenobufagin in mice, no negative effects where found.

Digestive system

Arenobufagin has shown to cause appoptose in hepatocellular carcinoma cells in mice, although this method is not used to cure hepatocellular carcinoma in modern human medicine.

Structure-activity relationships

There is a rather large homology in structure between arenobufagin and cardiac glycosides. Cardiac glycosides are natural compounds found in plants which cause inactivation of the sodium potassium pump like arenobufagin. The specific steroidic structure binds to the pump in a way it inhibits the process of pumping potassium into the cell and sodium out of the cell. The exact way of binding to the Na-K-Pump is not yet documented.

Toxicity

Acute toxicity

Although a low dosis of arenobufagin can be used as a medicine of heart rate problems, a high dose can lead to acute heart problems and even death. Arenobufagin is also toxic for hepatocellular carcinoma cells, which is a positive result for the body.

Chronic exposure

Toxicity because of chronic exposure was not clearly documented thus far. However it is discussed that the chronic exposure to this compound can cause the development of tumors.

See also
 Bufagin
 Bufadienolide
 Cinobufagin
 Gamabufagin
 Marinobufagin
 Quercicobufagin
 Regularobufagin
 Vallicepobufagin
 Viridibufagin
 Digitalis

References

Amphibian toxins
Bufanolides
Polyols


Mostówek  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Olszewo-Borki, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Olszewo-Borki,  north-west of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Mostowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Olszewo-Borki, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Olszewo-Borki,  north-west of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Nakły  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Olszewo-Borki, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Olszewo-Borki,  west of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Nowa Wieś  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Olszewo-Borki, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Ostrołęka and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Nożewo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Olszewo-Borki, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Ostrołęka and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Olszewo-Borki  is a village in Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Olszewo-Borki. It lies approximately  west of Ostrołęka and  north of Warsaw.

References

Olszewo-Borki


Przystań  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Olszewo-Borki, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Olszewo-Borki,  north-west of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Rataje  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Olszewo-Borki, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Rataje


Rżaniec  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Olszewo-Borki, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Ostrołęka and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Stepna Stara  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Olszewo-Borki, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Stepna Stara


Stepna-Michałki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Olszewo-Borki, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Wyszel  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Olszewo-Borki, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Ostrołęka and  north of Warsaw.

References

Wyszel


Zabiele Wielkie  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Olszewo-Borki, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Ostrołęka and  north of Warsaw.

References

Zabiele Wielkie


Zabiele-Piliki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Olszewo-Borki, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Olszewo-Borki,  west of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Zabiele-Piliki


Zabrodzie  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Olszewo-Borki, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Olszewo-Borki,  north of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Żebry-Chudek  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Olszewo-Borki, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Ostrołęka and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Żebry-Ostrowy  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Olszewo-Borki, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Ostrołęka and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Żebry-Perosy  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Olszewo-Borki, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Ostrołęka and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Żebry-Sławki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Olszewo-Borki, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Ostrołęka and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Żebry-Stara Wieś  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Olszewo-Borki, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Ostrołęka and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Żebry-Wierzchlas  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Olszewo-Borki, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Ostrołęka and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Żebry-Żabin  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Olszewo-Borki, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Ostrołęka and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Żerań Duży  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Olszewo-Borki, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Ostrołęka and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Żerań Mały  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Olszewo-Borki, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Olszewo-Borki,  south-west of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Borawe  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rzekuń, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Rzekuń,  south of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Borawe


Czarnowiec may refer to the following places:
Czarnowiec, Ostrołęka County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
Czarnowiec, Otwock County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
Czarnowiec, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship (north Poland)
Czarnowiec, West Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-west Poland)


Czarnowiec  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rzekuń, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Daniszewo may refer to the following places in Poland:

 Daniszewo, Płock County
 Daniszewo, Ostrołęka County


Daniszewo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rzekuń, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Rzekuń,  south-east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


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Drwęcz  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rzekuń, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Rzekuń,  east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Dzbenin  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rzekuń, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in northeastern Poland.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Goworki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rzekuń, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Rzekuń,  east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Goworki


Kamianka  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rzekuń, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Rzekuń,  south-west of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Korczaki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rzekuń, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Rzekuń,  south-west of Ostrołęka, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Korczaki


Laskowiec  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rzekuń, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Rzekuń,  north-east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Laskowiec


Ławy  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rzekuń, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Rzekuń,  east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Nowa Wieś Wschodnia  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rzekuń, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Nowe Przytuły  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rzekuń, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Rzekuń,  east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Nowy Susk  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rzekuń, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Ołdaki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rzekuń, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Rzekuń,  north-east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Rozwory  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rzekuń, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Rzekuń,  east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Rozwory


Rzekuń  is a village in Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Rzekuń. It lies approximately  south-east of Ostrołęka and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Przytuły Stare  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rzekuń, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Rzekuń,  east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Stare Przytuly


Teodorowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rzekuń, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Rzekuń,  north-east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Tobolice  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rzekuń, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Rzekuń,  south-east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Tobolice


Zabiele  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rzekuń, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Rzekuń,  east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Aleksandrowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Troszyn, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Aleksandrowo


Borowce refers to the following places in Poland:

 Borowce, Masovian Voivodeship
 Borowce, Silesian Voivodeship


Borowce  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Troszyn, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Troszyn,  south-east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Borowce


Budne  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Troszyn, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Troszyn,  east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Budne


Choromany  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Troszyn, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Troszyn,  east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Choromany


Chrostowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Troszyn, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Troszyn,  south-east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Chrostowo


Chrzczony  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Troszyn, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Troszyn,  south-east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Dąbek  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Troszyn, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Troszyn,  east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Dzbenin  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Troszyn, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in northeastern Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Troszyn,  east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Dzbenin


Grucele  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Troszyn, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Troszyn,  east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Grucele


Janochy  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Troszyn, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Troszyn,  east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Janochy


Kamionowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Troszyn, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Troszyn,  east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Kamionowo


Kleczkowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Troszyn, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Troszyn,  east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Kleczkowo


Kurpie Dworskie  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Troszyn, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Troszyn,  east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Kurpie Dworskie


Kurpie Szlacheckie  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Troszyn, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Troszyn,  east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Kurpie Szlacheckie


Łątczyn Szlachecki () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Troszyn, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Troszyn,  east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Łątczyn Włościański () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Troszyn, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Troszyn,  east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Mieczki-Abramy  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Troszyn, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Troszyn,  east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Mieczki-Abramy


Mieczki-Poziemaki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Troszyn, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Troszyn,  east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Mieczki-Poziemaki