Pasig Catholic College (), also referred to as PCC, is a private Catholic coeducational basic and higher education institution located in Pasig, Philippines and was founded by CICM fathers in 1913. It is considered as the central catholic educational institution and the cathedral school of the Diocese of Pasig and a part of the Pasig Diocesan School System and the Manila Archdiocesan Parish and School Administration.

PCC, situated in the heart of Pasig, in Malinao, the College had a humble beginning. Founded in 1913 as "Escuela Catolica" by Rev. Pierre Cornelis De Brouwer, CICM, Its first functional lone building was the "Bahay Paaralan" built in 1931. PCC was then an exclusive school for boys, currently it is now an coeducational institution and is considered the largest catholic school in the Diocese of Pasig.

The College was granted Level 3 accreditation by the Philippine Accrediting Association of Schools, Colleges and Universities or PAASCU in the Elementary department, High School Department while the College Department was granted Level 2 including the College of Secondary Education, College of Elementary Education, and College of Business Administration.

Pasig Catholic College celebrated its centennial anniversary in 2013.

History

It was founded in 1901 as a small school managed by the CICM Fathers headed by Fr. Pierre Cornelis De Brouwer, CICM inside the "convento" (convent) of the Immaculate Conception Parish (now the Immaculate Conception Cathedral in Pasig). It is the first school in Pasig.

During the Japanese occupation in 1942-1945, the classrooms and corridors were used by the Japanese to store garrisons, during this time as well a bomb was implanted under the main campus before.

The old college building was destroyed because of the earthquake with an estimated magnitude of 7.7 that happened in 1990.

On June 26, 2006, The Philippine Marketing Awards Institute, The Asian Institute of Marketing and Entrepreneurship, and The Marketing Insights Magazine recognized and awarded Pasig Catholic College as the “Most Outstanding Catholic School” in Pasig.

Developments
In 1994 the old wooden college building was replaced by a concrete five-storey Administration Building. The building housed the high school and college classrooms as well as administrative offices. At the same time, a new school cafeteria was constructed in front of the high school building. The following year, a coeducational program was offered to the first two years of grade school and high school levels.

Academics

 Kindergarten
 Grade School
 Junior High School
 Senior High School
 STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics)
 ABM (Accountancy, Business and Management)
 GAS (General Academic Strand)
 HUMMS (Humanities and Social Sciences)
 ADT (Arts and Design)
 College
 College of Secondary Education
 BS Secondary Education, Major in English
 BS Secondary Education, Major in Mathematics
 BS Secondary Education, Major in Filipino
 BS Secondary Education, Major in Science
 BS Secondary Education, Major in Religious Education
 College of Elementary Education
 BS Elementary Education with specialization in Early Childhood Education and General Education
 College of Business Administration
 BS in Business Administration, Major in Marketing Management
 BS in Business Administration, Major in Human Resource Development Management
 BS in Entrepreneurship
 College of Psychology
 BS in Psychology
 College of Information Technology
 BS in Information Technology
 College of Accountancy
 BS in Accountancy
 College of Communication Arts and Journalism
 AB in Communication
 AB in Journalism
 Special Programs
 Certificate in Teaching Program for Non-Education Graduate
 LET Review Program for CITP and Education graduates
 School of Graduate Studies
 Masters in Education
 Masters in Educational Management
 TESDA Accredited Technical-Vocational Programs
 Cookery NC II
 Bread and Pastry Production NC II
 Caregiving NC II

Accreditation and recognition
The Grade School Department was granted re-accreditation for five (5) years during the PAASCU Formas Visit on February 7-8, 2005. On the other hand, the High School Department was granted re-accreditation for five (5) years retroactive during the PAASCU visit on September 5-6, 2005. On June 26, 2006, The Philippine Marketing Awards Institute, The Asian Institute of Marketing and Entrepreneurship and the Marketing Insights Magazine recognized and awarded Pasig Catholic College as the "Most Outstanding Catholic School" in Pasig.

The College Department Underwent a Preliminary Visity by the PAASCU on September 4-5, 2006. The PAASCU team's visit focused on the college department's Education and Business Administration programs.

The PAASCU Consultancy visit for the College Department was held on August 8, 2008, focusing on the area of the faculty.

The Centennial Wall of Legacy
The Centennial Wall of Legacy, located at Pasig Catholic College’s main entrance, is a commemorative mural displaying the rich and colorful history and achievement of PCC as it reached its centenary milestone. The PCC Centennial Wall of Legacy was established by the PCC Alumni Association Inc.

Gallery

References

External links

Universities and colleges established in 1913
Universities and colleges in Pasig
Catholic elementary schools in Metro Manila
Catholic secondary schools in Metro Manila
Catholic universities and colleges in Metro Manila
1913 establishments in the Philippines


The state anthem of the Republic of Bashkortostan is the regional anthem of the Russian federal subject of Bashkortostan, adopted on 12 October 1993 and officially on 18 September 2008. It is annexed to the article 112 Constitution of the Republic of Bashkortostan as one of the national symbols of Bashkortostan.

The anthem has official lyrics in two of the republic's official languages: Bashkir and Russian. The Bashkir lyrics were written by authors Ravil Bikbayev and Rashit Shakurov, and the Russian lyrics by Farit Idrisov and Svetlana Churayeva. The melody was composed by Farit Idrisov.

History
The anthem was first approved by the Law of the Republic of Bashkortostan "On the State Anthem of the Republic of Bashkortostan" on 12 October 1993. The music "Republic" was originally composed by Farit Idrisov on 11 October 1990 and was later used for the anthem. The music is also used for the Bashkir folk song "Ural"

On 6 July 1999, the Law "On State Symbols of the Republic of Bashkortostan" was approved, along with the order of execution and use of the national anthem.

The anthem is performed during opening and closing ceremonies and in meetings dedicated to state holidays. It is performed while taking the oath upon taking office as Head of Bashkortostan, during the opening and closing meetings of the State Assembly — Qurultay of the Republic of Bashkortostan, during the official lifting ceremony of the national flag, and during visits to the republic by foreign heads of state.

Lyrics
There are both separate Bashkir and Russian vocal renditions. It is played in orchestral choir renditions, videotapes, television, and radio broadcasts. An unofficial singable English verse translation, which is not a literal translation of the original Bashkir and Russian versions, is also included.

Bashkir version

Russian version

Unofficial English version

Notes

References

External links
Bashkir version
Russian version
A page with Bashkortostan's National Symbols (archive link)

Bashkortostan
Regional songs
Music of Bashkortostan


Senarath Adahasin was king of the Kingdom of Kandy from 1604 to 1635. He is said to be the successor to king Wimaladharmasuriya I of Kandy. However first hand accounts are not available concerning what happened after the death of Vimaladharmasuriya I. He is said to be a cousin or brother of Vimaladharmasuriya according to most sources. He was not a legitimate ruler hence he married not only the deceased king's widow Dona Katherina but also her two daughters, in order to legitimize his claim to the throne.

He did not possess the qualities of a king and during his time Portuguese forces laid waste to Kandyan territory in  frequent invasions, which he could not effectively repulse. During his reign several rebellions rose up against him and to quell those he aligned with the Portuguese. Many of his military campaigns ended in failure with the exception of the Battle of Randenivela, the success of which was however largely due to Prince Kumarasinghe, his son.

When the time came for him to divide his kingdom between his two stepsons & his own son, he tricked the other two & made Rajasinghe II (his own son) inherit the main part of his kingdom including Kandy. His two stepsons died shortly afterwards - some say Senerath was responsible for this elimination of potential heirs. Rajasinghe II thus became the sole heir to his kingdom.

See also
 Mahavamsa
 List of monarchs of Sri Lanka
 History of Sri Lanka
 Kingdom of Kandy

References

Sources
 Kings & Rulers of Sri Lanka

Sinhalese kings
1635 deaths
Sri Lankan Buddhists
Monarchs of Kandy
Year of birth unknown
House of Dinajara
17th-century Sinhalese monarchs


Khare is a Hindu family surname found in India among Kayastha, and takes its meaning from the word 'pure'.

Notable people
  Adonna Jantina Khare (born 1980), American artist
 Aishwarya Khare (born 1995), Indian television actress
 Amit Khare (born 1961), Indian Administrative Service officer
 Ananya Khare (born 1968), Indian television and film actress
 Atul Khare (born 1959), Under-Secretary General for Operational Support UN Department of Operational Support
  Bishun Narain Khare (1933-2013), scientist who specialized in the chemistry of planetary atmospheres and of molecules relevant to biology
 Chandrashekhar Khare (born 1968), professor of mathematics at the University of California Los Angeles
 Harish Khare, Indian journalist
 Michelle Khare (born 1992), American YouTuber, television host, actress and a former professional cyclist
 Nanda Khare (1946-2022), Indian writer and civil engineer
 Narayan Bhaskar Khare (1884-1970), Indian politician and Chief Minister of Central Province (present day Madhya Pradesh)
 R. S. Khare (born 1936), socio-cultural anthropologist and a Professor of Anthropology at the University of Virginia
 Rohit Khare,  Indian American computer scientist and entrepreneur
 Sandeep Khare (born 1973), Marathi poet, performing artist, actor and singer-songwriter
 Sonali Khare (born 1982), Indian Marathi film and television actress
 Vishnu Khare (1940-2018), Indian Hindi poet, translator, literary and film critic, journalist and scriptwriter
  Vishweshwar Nath Khare (born 1939), 33rd Chief Justice of India

Surnames of Indian origin


Helenów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Orońsko, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County


Krogulcza Mokra  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Orońsko, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Krogulcza Mokra


Krogulcza Sucha  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Orońsko, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Orońsko,  north-east of Szydłowiec, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Krogulcza Sucha


Łaziska  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Orońsko, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Orońsko,  north-east of Szydłowiec, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County


Orońsko  is a village in Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Orońsko. It lies approximately  north-east of Szydłowiec and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County


Śniadków  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Orońsko, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Orońsko,  north-east of Szydłowiec, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County


Tomaszów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Orońsko, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County


Wałsnów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Orońsko, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Orońsko,  north-east of Szydłowiec, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County


Zaborowie  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Orońsko, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Orońsko,  north of Szydłowiec, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Zaborowie


Military conflict in the Revolt of the Comuneros () spanned from 1520 to 1521.  The Revolt began with mobs of urban workers attacking government officials, grew to low-level combat between small militias, and eventually saw massed armies fighting battles and sieges.  The comunero rebels gained control of most of central Castile quite quickly, and the royal army was in shambles by September 1520.  However, the comuneros alienated much of the landed nobility, and the nobility's personal armies helped bolster the royalist forces.  The Battle of Tordesillas in December 1520 would prove a major setback for the rebels, and the most important army of the comuneros was destroyed at the Battle of Villalar in April 1521.

This article is arranged geographically, and then chronologically within each region.  The royalists tended to maintain the same commanders and armies in each area, with the one major exception of when the Constable of Castile moved out of Burgos to unite with the Admiral and crush the Comuneros at Villalar.  The Comuneros leaders switched between regions somewhat more, especially Bishop Acuña, but still maintained regional militias ultimately.

The most important fighting of the war, and where the fighting was mostly by organized armies rather than raiding militia bands, took part in the north-central part of the Meseta—Old Castile, which contained the capital of Valladolid, the temporary capital of both sides Tordesillas, and the stronghold of the Admiral of Castile, Medina de Rioseco.  Each of these three cities was highly fortified and sought after.  A decent amount of combat took place to the north around Burgos and the Basque country as well, where the Constable of Castile vied against Bishop Acuña's raids and the Count of Salvatierra.  The southern part of the Meseta, New Castile, was a bastion of comunero support.  The royalists never were able to deploy much in the way of armies here, depending on their allies in the Knights of St. John and the local nobility, but some notable events in the war did take place there.  The rest of the country was mostly quiet: Andalusia on the southern coast was almost uniformly pro-royalist, as was Extramadura and Galicia.

Army organization and composition

Comunero forces
The comuneros generally drew their strength from the cities and the urban militias to form their armies.  They also aggressively recruited former royal guards who had deserted due to low pay, especially veterans of recent campaigns in Africa such as the Djerba campaign.  With the central cities of Castile on their side, no expensive foreign entanglements to fund, and a tendency to loot and repossess property of the opposed nobility, the rebels were well-funded.

However, the lack of noble support meant that cavalry were difficult to find.  Additionally, the city dwellers the comuneros recruited often lacked much appreciation for the peasantry, and for some actively looked down upon them.  The countryside was initially strongly pro-comunero, but the ravages of the comunero army would eventually cost them some support.

The comunero army also struggled from factionalism from within, and the lack of a clear commander-in-chief.  Each militia was generally loyal to its home city first, and only marched with a main comunero army given permission.  When Pedro Girón was appointed commander of the army by the Santa Junta, they made it clear that he would only directly control forces recruited by himself and the small army loyal to the Junta.  Juan de Padilla withdrew his Toledo militia in protest of losing the appointment.  When Padilla later came to take the position, he had better luck in convincing the various militias to follow him, but this was more due to his popularity than his authority.

The need to constantly search out new towns and manors to sack and pillage also made slower or defensive strategies difficult for the comuneros to implement.  Whenever the army defended one place and retrenched, some militias would often separate and return home.  This would require new recruitment to make up the loss, and thus the army was less experienced than it could have been.

Royalist forces
The royalist-aligned forces consisted of two groups: the royal army, a national army that answered to the Regents, and the independent armies of the nobles.  Part of the reason the government got into the mess to begin with was due to its complete mendacity due to money leaving the kingdom to pay foreign debts.  The royal administration, and thus its army, suffered from a crippling lack of funding the entire war.  Even after the war, some royal guards who had defected reported laughing at those who had followed the king, saying that "while the comunidad paid them every day, their opponents were not so well paid."  In the later conflict against the French in Navarre, an army even mutinied after being given only a month's worth of pay when owed four months of back pay.

The royalist cause's most important allies were the landed nobility, many of whom threw their allegiance behind King Charles after seeing the comuneros support peasant rebellions against them.  They offered a powerful combination of militarily experienced commanders, disciplined troops, and expensive horse cavalry.  However, they were also unreliable.  Many nobles' first goal was to protect their own lands, and crushing the rebellion but losing their own holdings would be a loss.  As such, the Regents often had difficulty rallying the noble forces to make a combined army.  After the victory at Toredesillas, for example, many royal guards were dismissed due to lack of funds to pay them, and many noble-controlled armies returned to their home areas, greatly endangering the defense of Tordesillas and preventing any new offense.

After the burning of Medina del Campo, the royalist cause had to struggle with negative perceptions from the populace.  As such, the royalists took considerably greater precautions than the comuneros to avoid enraging the countryside.  For most battles, the royalist troops were forbidden from looting captured cities for income.  This caused considerable dissatisfaction among the ranks and exacerbated the problem of the low pay for the soldiers, but also saved the royalist cause from even further distaste from the populace.  The commanders of the royal army were also brave enough to dismiss unnecessary additional troops.  Untrained peasant levies were unlikely to be very effective on the battlefield, but would be additional bellies to feed and could easily offend the countryside with undisciplined looting.

Loyalty was an additional concern that the royalist cause faced.  New recruits from the cities of the Meseta were unlikely to be terribly loyal, and might even leak information.  As a result, the royalist armies generally used poor Galicians from the North for additional troops.

New Castile: Toledo and the South of the Meseta

Acuña's campaign, March–April

Burgos and the North

Siege of Burgos

The Count of Salvatierra's campaign, March–April

Andalusia: The Southern coast
In general, Andalusia was fairly quiet during the war.  A variety of reasons exist for this.  Among the nobles, there was a great investment in the project of Hispanicizing the recently conquered Granada and its Moriscos.  It was crucial for the government to act unified to maintain stability; if some cities of Andalusia were to join the Comunidades and others not, a civil war among the Spanish Christians would invite a revolt among the Moriscos.  The economic situation was different as well; Andalusia was seeing the beginnings of what would become a vast stream of wealth from Spain's overseas trade and conquests.  While Andalusia's nobles were still powerful, many opportunities existed for all classes.  In the Meseta, the bourgeoise and lower classes had tasted prosperity for a time under Isabella, but had seen their gains fade in the past twenty years, which fed bitterness at the nobility and helped spark revolts.  Furthermore, Andalusia simply did not see the change in government in the two Castiles as necessarily their concern.  With the slower and less frequent travel of the day, some in Andalusia simply thought the matter did not concern them, and if the Castiles wished a new government that did not necessarily have any bearing on Andalusia.

The towns in the north of Andalusia in the mountains, away from the coast, were more connected with the Castiles.  Jaén, Úbeda, and Baeza all favored the Comunidades during the early stages of the revolt.  Once the Andalusian nobles got word of this, they sent a sizable force to retake these small cities for the king.  The Captain-General of Granada, who was also the Marquis of Mondéjar and Count of Tendilla (same person bearing all three titles), led a force of some 1,500 men in September to retake Jaén.  He executed the three leading members of the Comunidad there, lashed others, and then pardoned the rest of the town.  Murcia also joined the Comunidades, but eventually came back to the royal forces much later and by persuasion rather than force.

In coastal Andalusia, there was sporadic discontent, but few attempted rebellions.  Two notable attempted rebellions occurred in Seville, but nothing much came of either one.  The first was led by Juan de Figueroa, a member of the powerful Ponce family.  On Sunday, September 16, he proclaimed the Comunidad and took over the lightly fortified Alcázar of Seville.  The rebellion was quickly crushed the next day by the Duke of Medina-Sidonia, a member of the rival Guzmán family, and Figueroa was lightly wounded.  The incident was treated as a youthful indiscretion, and Figeruoa quickly pardoned, leading some historians to treat the matter as simply the latest grab for power between the two feuding noble houses.  A later attempt, la Feria y Pendón Verde ("The Fair and the Green Flag") led by lower classes, seemingly confirms this explanation.  The nobility of both houses united to put down the riots, which lasted three days, suggesting the first revolt was more about which noble house would have power.

To coordinate their activities, the towns of Andalusia received permission from the government to set up their own Congress at Rambla.  They had requested it on October 24, 1520, and actually convened the assembly on January 20, 1521.  The Rambla Congress admonished towns to return to the royal government and organized a military force of 4,000 infantry and 800 cavalry to be ready should the need to quickly suppress a Morisco rebellion arose.  Still, the Rambla Congress worried some royalists in the Meseta, as should the war turn against the royal government, it would provide an easy mechanism for Andalusia to coordinate itself and defect as one (removing the worries of a civil war giving the Moriscos an opening).  The Admiral of Castile wrote  to King Charles that:

As the war never significantly turned against the royal government, the Admiral's fears were not realized.  Andalusia also sent an army off to intervene in the Revolt of the Brotherhoods.  The Andalusian army helped turn the tide against the rebels there by winning the Battle of Oriola in crushing fashion.

Old Castile: Valladolid and the Center of the Meseta
Old Castile was where the majority of the large battles of the war took place.  The area around Tordesillas, Valladolid, and Medina de Rioseco was particularly contested - the three most decisive battles of the war, Tordesillas, Torrelobatón, and Villalar all took place in this area.

Battle of Tordesillas

In late November 1520, both armies took positions between Medina de Rioseco and Tordesillas, and a confrontation was inevitable.  With Pedro Girón in command, the army of the comuneros advanced on Medina de Rioseco, following the orders of the Junta.  Girón established his headquarters in Villabrágima, a town merely  from the royalist army.  The royalists occupied nearby villages to cut communication lines back to other comuneros.

This situation continued until December 2, when Girón, apparently thinking the royal army would remain entrenched, moved his forces west to the small town of Villalpando.  The town surrendered the next day without resistance, and the troops began looting the estates in the area.  However, with this movement, the comuneros left the path to Tordesillas completely unprotected. The royal army took advantage of the blunder, marching by night on December 4 and occupying Tordesillas the next day.  The small rebel garrison was overwhelmed.

Seizure of Tordesillas marked a serious defeat for the comuneros, who lost Queen Joanna and with her their claim to legitimacy. In addition, thirteen representatives of the Junta were imprisoned, though others fled and escaped.  Morale fell among the rebels, and much angry criticism was directed towards Pedro Girón for his maneuvering of the troops out of position and for his failure to attempt to retake Tordesillas or capture Medina de Rioseco.  Girón was obliged to resign from his post and withdrew from the war.  Juan de Padilla returned from Toledo to be appointed the new Captain-General of the comunero forces.

After the triumph in Tordesillas, Cardinal Adrian had to face the continuing paucity of funds in the royal coffers and the fickleness of his noble allies.  Many nobles returned with their armies to their domains to guard them against the continuing peasant revolts that were breaking out.  The treasury situation had deteriorated to the point that some soldiers had to be released for lack of funds to pay them.  As a result, Adrian, the Count of Haro, and the Admiral were able to do little but fortify their holdings, and not attempt any further advances.

Battle of Torrelobatón
With the royal forces stationary, Padilla moved to attack.  On February 21, 1521, the siege of Torrelobatón began.  Outnumbered, the town nevertheless resisted for four days, thanks to its walls.  The Count of Haro sallied forth from Tordesillas with his cavalry in an attempt to aid the besieged, but he had brought too few cavalry, and he did not engage Padilla or his forces.  On February 25, the comuneros entered the town and subjected it to a massive looting spree as a reward to the troops.  Only churches were spared.  The castle resisted for another two days. The comuneros then threatened to hang all of the inhabitants, at which point the castle surrendered.  The defenders did secure an agreement to spare half of the goods inside the castle, thus avoiding further looting.

The victory in Torrelobatón lifted the spirits of the rebel camp while worrying the royalists about the rebel advance, exactly as Padilla hoped.  The faith of the nobles in Cardinal Adrian was once again shook, as he was accused of having done nothing to avoid losing Torrelobatón.  The Constable of Castile began to send troops to the Tordesillas area to contain the rebels and prevent any further advances.

Interim maneuvers
Despite the renewed enthusiasm among the rebels, a decision was made to remain in their positions near Valladolid without pressing their advantage or launching a new attack.  This caused many of the soldiers to return to their home communities, tired of waiting for salaries and new orders.

In late March 1521, the royalist side moved to combine their armies and threaten Torrelobatón, a rebel stronghold.  The Constable of Castile began to move his troops (including soldiers recently transferred from the defense of Navarre) southwest from Burgos to meet with the Admiral's forces near Tordesillas.  This was possible due to the comunero-aligned Count of Salvatierra's force being caught up in the siege of Medina de Pomar; the Count's forces had previously been enough of a threat to force the Constable to maintain a large army to defend Burgos.  The Constable's army was approximately 3,000 infantry, 600 cavalry, 2 cannons, 2 culverin, and 5 light artillery pieces.  His army took up positions in Becerril de Campos, near Palencia.  Meanwhile, the comuneros reinforced their troops at Torrelobatón, which was far less secure than the comuneros preferred.  Their forces were suffering from desertions, and the presence of royalist artillery would make Torrelobatón's castle vulnerable.  They had two strategic possibilities: prevent the Constable and Admiral from united their forces by striking at the Constable while he was still on the field, or else low-level harrying operations to try to slow the Constable down.  The comuneros did neither, and thus allowed the Constable to approach nearly unchecked.

Battle of Villalar

The advance of the royalist armies was known to the rebels. The commander of the comunero armies, Juan de Padilla, considered withdrawing to Toro to seek reinforcements in early April, but wavered.  He delayed his decision until the early hours of April 23, losing considerable time and allowing the royalists to unite their forces in Peñaflor.

The combined royalist army pursued the comuneros.  Once again, the royalists had a strong advantage in cavalry, with their army consisting of 6,000 infantry and 2,400 cavalry against Padilla's 7,000 infantry and 400 cavalry.  Heavy rain slowed Padilla's infantry more than the royalist cavalry and rendered the primitive firearms of the rebels' 1,000 arquebusiers nearly useless.  Padilla hoped to reach the relative safety of Toro and the heights of Vega de Valdetronco, but his infantry was too slow.  He gave battle with the harrying royalist cavalry at the town of Villalar.  The cavalry charges scattered the rebel ranks, and the battle became a slaughter.  There were an estimated 500–1,000 rebel casualties and many desertions.

The three most important leaders of the rebellion were captured: Juan de Padilla, Juan Bravo, and Francisco Maldonado.  They were beheaded the next morning in the Plaza of Villalar, with a large portion of the royalist nobility present.  The remains of the rebel army at Villalar fragmented, with some attempting to join Acuña's army near Toledo and others fleeing to Portugal.

Navarre

In early May, a large French/Navarrese army crossed the Pyrenees and attacked the Spanish-occupied portion of Navarre.  If the comuneros had held out slightly longer, it might have saved them, but by the time of the invasion the Battle of Villalar had already happened.  Instead of an opportunity to win the war, the invasion instead became a way for former comunero cities nervous about potential reprisals to prove their loyalty by sending large contingents to fight the French and Navarrese.  An even larger Castilian army attacked the French and crushingly defeated them at the Battle of Noáin on June 30, 1521.

References

Wars involving Spain
Revolutions in Spain
1520 in Spain
1521 in Spain
Conflicts in 1520
Conflicts in 1521


Bronisze  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ożarów Mazowiecki, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Ożarów Mazowiecki and  west of Warsaw.

References

Bronisze


Duchnice  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ożarów Mazowiecki, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately 14 km west from the center of Warsaw.

References

Duchnice


Gołaszew  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ożarów Mazowiecki, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Ożarów Mazowiecki and  west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Jawczyce  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ożarów Mazowiecki, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Ożarów Mazowiecki and  west of Warsaw.

References

Jawczyce


Kaputy  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ożarów Mazowiecki, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Ożarów Mazowiecki and  west of Warsaw.

References

Kaputy


Konotopa  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ożarów Mazowiecki, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Ożarów Mazowiecki and  west of Warsaw.

References

Konotopa


Koprki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ożarów Mazowiecki, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Ożarów Mazowiecki and  west of Warsaw.

References

Koprki


Kręczki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ożarów Mazowiecki, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Ożarów Mazowiecki and  west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Macierzysz  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ożarów Mazowiecki, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Ożarów Mazowiecki and  west of Warsaw.

References

Macierzysz


Michałówek  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ożarów Mazowiecki, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Ożarów Mazowiecki and  west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Mory  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ożarów Mazowiecki, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Ożarów Mazowiecki and  west of Warsaw.

References

Mory


Myszczyn  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ożarów Mazowiecki, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Ożarów Mazowiecki and  west of Warsaw.

References

Myszczyn


Ołtarzew  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ożarów Mazowiecki, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Ożarów Mazowiecki and  west of Warsaw.

References

External links

 Jewish Community in Ołtarzew on Virtual Shtetl

Villages in Warsaw West County


Orły  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ożarów Mazowiecki, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Ożarów Mazowiecki and  west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Orły-Kolonia  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ożarów Mazowiecki, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Ożarów Mazowiecki and  west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Ożarów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ożarów Mazowiecki, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Ożarów Mazowiecki and  west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Pilaszków  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ożarów Mazowiecki, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Ożarów Mazowiecki and  west of Warsaw.

External links
 Jewish Community in Pilaszków on Virtual Shtetl

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Piotrkówek Duży  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ożarów Mazowiecki, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Ożarów Mazowiecki and  west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Piotrkówek Mały  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ożarów Mazowiecki, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Ożarów Mazowiecki and  west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Płochocin  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ożarów Mazowiecki, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Ożarów Mazowiecki and  west of Warsaw.

On 14 September 1939 German Wehrmacht soldiers executed 4 persons in the village.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Pogroszew  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ożarów Mazowiecki, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Ożarów Mazowiecki and  west of Warsaw.

References

Pogroszew


Pogroszew-Kolonia  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ożarów Mazowiecki, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Ożarów Mazowiecki and  west of Warsaw.

References

Pogroszew-Kolonia


Strzykuły  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ożarów Mazowiecki, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Ożarów Mazowiecki and  west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Święcice () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ożarów Mazowiecki, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Ożarów Mazowiecki and  west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Szeligi  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ożarów Mazowiecki, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Ożarów Mazowiecki and  west of Warsaw.

References

Szeligi


Umiastów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ożarów Mazowiecki, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Ożarów Mazowiecki and  west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Wieruchów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ożarów Mazowiecki, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Ożarów Mazowiecki and  west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Wolica  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ożarów Mazowiecki, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Ożarów Mazowiecki and  west of Warsaw.

References

Wolica


Wolskie  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ożarów Mazowiecki, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Ożarów Mazowiecki and  west of Warsaw.

References

Wolskie


Białutki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Błonie, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Białuty  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Błonie, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Błonie,  west of Ożarów Mazowiecki (the county seat), and  west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Bieniewice  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Błonie, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Błonie,  west of Ożarów Mazowiecki (the county seat), and  west of Warsaw.

References

Bieniewice


Bieniewo-Parcela  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Błonie, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Bieniewo-Parcela


Bieniewo-Wieś  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Błonie, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Błonie-Wieś  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Błonie, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Bramki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Błonie, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Błonie,  west of Ożarów Mazowiecki, and  west of Warsaw center.

References

Bramki


Cesinek  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Błonie, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Cesinek


Cholewy  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Błonie, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Błonie,  west of Ożarów Mazowiecki (the county seat), and  west of Warsaw.

References

Cholewy


Dębówka  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Błonie, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Błonie,  west of Ożarów Mazowiecki (the county seat), and  west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Górna Wieś  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Błonie, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Błonie,  west of Ożarów Mazowiecki (the county seat), and  west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Konstantów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Błonie, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Błonie,  west of Ożarów Mazowiecki (the county seat), and  west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Kopytów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Błonie, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Błonie,  west of Ożarów Mazowiecki, and  west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Łąki () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Błonie, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Błonie,  west of Ożarów Mazowiecki, and  west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Łaźniew  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Błonie, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Błonie,  west of Ożarów Mazowiecki, and  west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Łaźniewek  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Błonie, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Marysinek  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Błonie, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Błonie,  west of Ożarów Mazowiecki, and  west of Warsaw.

References

Marysinek


Nowa Górna  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Błonie, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Nowa Wieś  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Błonie, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Błonie,  west of Ożarów Mazowiecki, and  west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Nowe Faszczyce  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Błonie, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Nowe Faszczyce


Nowy Łuszczewek  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Błonie, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Odrzywół  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Błonie, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Błonie,  west of Ożarów Mazowiecki, and  west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Piorunów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Błonie, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Błonie,  west of Ożarów Mazowiecki, and  west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Radzików  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Błonie, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Radzików-Wieś () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Błonie, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Błonie,  north-west of Ożarów Mazowiecki, and  west of Warsaw.

See also
 Radzików

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Rochaliki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Błonie, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Rochaliki


Rokitno  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Błonie, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Błonie,  west of Ożarów Mazowiecki, and  west of Warsaw.

References

Rokitno


Rokitno-Majątek  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Błonie, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Stare Faszczyce  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Błonie, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Stare Faszczyce


Stary Łuszczewek  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Błonie, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Błonie,  west of Ożarów Mazowiecki, and  west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Witanów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Błonie, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Witki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Błonie, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Błonie,  west of Ożarów Mazowiecki (the county seat), and  west of Warsaw.

References

Witki


Wola Łuszczewska  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Błonie, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Żukówka  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Błonie, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Hornówek  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Izabelin, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Izabelin,  north of Ożarów Mazowiecki, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Izabelin B is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Izabelin, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Izabelin B


Izabelin C is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Izabelin, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Izabelin C


Mościska  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Izabelin, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Izabelin,  north-east of Ożarów Mazowiecki, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Sieraków () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Izabelin, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Izabelin,  north of Ożarów Mazowiecki, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Truskaw  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Izabelin, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Izabelin,  north of Ożarów Mazowiecki, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Truskaw


Bieliny  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kampinos, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Bieliny


Bromierzyk  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kampinos, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Bromierzyk


Budki Żelazowskie  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kampinos, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Kampinos,  west of Ożarów Mazowiecki, and  west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Grabnik  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kampinos, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Kampinos,  west of Ożarów Mazowiecki (the county seat), and  west of Warsaw.

References

Grabnik


Granica  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kampinos, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Kampinos,  west of Ożarów Mazowiecki, and  west of Warsaw.

External links
 Jewish Community in Granica on Virtual Shtetl

References

Granica


Józefów () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kampinos, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Kampinos,  west of Ożarów Mazowiecki, and  west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Kampinos A is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kampinos, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Kampinos A


Kirsztajnów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kampinos, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Kampinos,  west of Ożarów Mazowiecki, and  west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Komorów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kampinos, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Kampinos,  west of Ożarów Mazowiecki (the county seat), and  west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Koszówka  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kampinos, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Kampinos,  west of Ożarów Mazowiecki, and  west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Kwiatkówek  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kampinos, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Łazy  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kampinos, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Kampinos,  west of Ożarów Mazowiecki (the county seat), and  west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Łazy Leśne  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kampinos, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Kampinos,  west of Ożarów Mazowiecki, and  west of Warsaw.

External links
 Jewish Community in Łazy Leśne on Virtual Shtetl

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Pasikonie  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kampinos, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Pasikonie


Pindal  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kampinos, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Kampinos,  west of Ożarów Mazowiecki, and  west of Warsaw.

References

Pindal


Podkampinos  is a village in the rural administrative district of Gmina Kampinos, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Podkampinos


Prusy  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kampinos, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Kampinos,  west of Ożarów Mazowiecki (the county seat), and  west of Warsaw.

References

Prusy


Rzęszyce  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kampinos, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Kampinos,  west of Ożarów Mazowiecki, and  west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Skarbikowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kampinos, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Skarbikowo


Stare Gnatowice  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kampinos, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in eastcentral Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Kampinos,  west of Ożarów Mazowiecki, and  west of Warsaw.

References

Stare Gnatowice


Strojec  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kampinos, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Strojec


Strzyżew  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kampinos, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Szczytno  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kampinos, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Kampinos,  west of Ożarów Mazowiecki (the county seat), and  west of Warsaw.

References

Szczytno


Wiejca  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kampinos, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Kampinos,  west of Ożarów Mazowiecki, and  west of Warsaw.

South of Wiejca at , there is a lattice tower used for radio relay links. This facility, whose Polish designation is SLR Wiecja, was used from 1974 to 1991 for the radio relay link between Warsaw and RCN Konstantynow.

References

Wiejca


Wola Pasikońska  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kampinos, inside Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It is located approximately  west of Kampinos,  west of Ożarów Mazowiecki, and  west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Zawady  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kampinos, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Kampinos,  west of Ożarów Mazowiecki (the county seat), and  west of Warsaw.

References

Zawady


Abhishek Chatterjee (30 April 1964 – 24 March 2022) was an Indian actor who was known for his work in Bengali cinema. He made his big screen debut alongside veterans such as Sandhya Roy, Prosenjit Chatterjee, Tapas Paul, and Utpal Dutt with the Bengali film Pathbhola (1986) directed by Tarun Majumdar. His notable works include Lathi (1996 film) by Prabhat Roy,Bakul Priya By Swapan Saha, Pabitra Papi, Sajoni Aamar Sohag and Chaowa Pawa.

Life
After finishing his secondary schooling at the Baranagore Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama High School, he graduated from the Seth Anandram Jaipuria College of the University of Calcutta.

Death
Abhishek Chatterjee died on 24 March 2022 from a heart attack at his house in Kolkata. He was 57 and is survived by his wife and daughter.

Filmography

Television

References

External links

 Official website
 Abhishek Chatterjee on Facebook

1964 births
2022 deaths
Male actors in Bengali cinema
Bengali male actors
Ramakrishna Mission schools alumni
Seth Anandram Jaipuria College alumni
University of Calcutta alumni
Male actors from Kolkata
20th-century Indian male actors
21st-century Indian male actors
Indian male television actors
Bengali male television actors
Indian male soap opera actors
People from Baranagar
Baranagore Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama High School alumni


Czarnów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Leszno, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Leszno,  west of Ożarów Mazowiecki (the county seat), and  west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Czarnów-Towarzystwo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Leszno, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Feliksów () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Leszno, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Leszno,  north-west of Ożarów Mazowiecki, and  west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Gawartowa Wola  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Leszno, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Leszno,  west of Ożarów Mazowiecki, and  west of Warsaw.

References

Gawartowa Wola


Grabina  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Leszno, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Leszno,  north-west of Ożarów Mazowiecki (the county seat), and  west of Warsaw.

References

Grabina


Grądki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Leszno, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Grądy  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Leszno, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Leszno,  west of Ożarów Mazowiecki (the county seat), and  west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Julinek  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Leszno, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Leszno,  north-west of Ożarów Mazowiecki, and  west of Warsaw.

References

Julinek


Kępiaste  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Leszno, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Leszno,  north-west of Ożarów Mazowiecki (the county seat), and  west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Korfowe  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Leszno, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Korfowe


Ławy  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Leszno, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Leszno,  north-west of Ożarów Mazowiecki (the county seat), and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Łubiec  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Leszno, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Leszno,  north-west of Ożarów Mazowiecki, and  west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Marianów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Leszno, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Plewniak  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Leszno, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Plewniak


Podrochale  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Leszno, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Podrochale


Powązki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Leszno, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Leszno,  west of Ożarów Mazowiecki (the county seat), and  west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Roztoka  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Leszno, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Leszno,  north-west of Ożarów Mazowiecki (the county seat), and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Roztoka


Stelmachowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Leszno, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Stelmachowo


Szadkówek  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Leszno, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Leszno,  west of Ożarów Mazowiecki (the county seat), and  west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Szymanówek () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Leszno, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Trzciniec  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Leszno, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Trzciniec


The 1991 All-Pro Team is composed of the National Football League players that were named to the Associated Press, Newspaper Enterprise Association, Pro Football Writers Association, Pro Football Weekly, and The Sporting News All-Pro Teams in 1991. Both first and second teams are listed for the AP and NEA teams. These are the five teams that are included in Total Football II: The Official Encyclopedia of the National Football League.

Teams

Key
 AP = Associated Press first-team All-Pro
 AP-2 = Associated Press second-team All-Pro
 NEA = Newspaper Enterprise Association first-team All-Pro team
 NEA-2 = Newspaper Enterprise Association second-team All-Pro team
 PFW = Pro Football Weekly All-Pro team
 PFWA = Pro Football Writers Association All-NFL
 TSN = The Sporting News All-Pro

References
Pro-Football-Reference.com

All-Pro Teams
Allpro


Walentów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Leszno, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Leszno,  west of Ożarów Mazowiecki (the county seat), and  west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Wąsy-Kolonia  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Leszno, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Wąsy-Wieś  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Leszno, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Wiktorów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Leszno, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Leszno,  north-west of Ożarów Mazowiecki (the county seat), and  west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Wilków  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Leszno, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Leszno,  west of Ożarów Mazowiecki (the county seat), and  west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Wilkowa Wieś  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Leszno, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Wólka  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Leszno, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Leszno,  north-west of Ożarów Mazowiecki (the county seat), and  west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Wyględy  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Leszno, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Leszno,  north-west of Ożarów Mazowiecki, and  west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Zaborów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Leszno, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Leszno,  north-west of Ożarów Mazowiecki, and  west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Zaborówek  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Leszno, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Leszno,  west of Ożarów Mazowiecki, and  west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Dziekanów Bajkowy  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łomianki, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Łomianki,  north of Ożarów Mazowiecki, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Dziekanów Leśny  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łomianki, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Łomianki,  north of Ożarów Mazowiecki, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Dziekanów Nowy  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łomianki, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Łomianki,  north of Ożarów Mazowiecki, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Dziekanów Polski  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łomianki, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Łomianki,  north of Ożarów Mazowiecki, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Kępa Kiełpińska  (German Kielpiciener Kämpe) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łomianki, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Łomianki,  north of Ożarów Mazowiecki, and  north-west of Warsaw. The village was founded and settled by Vistula Germans till 1945.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Kiełpin  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łomianki, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Łomianki,  north of Ożarów Mazowiecki, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Łomianki Chopina  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łomianki, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Łomianki,  north-east of Ożarów Mazowiecki, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Łomianki Dolne  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łomianki, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Łomianki,  north of Ożarów Mazowiecki, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Sadowa  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łomianki, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Łomianki,  north of Ożarów Mazowiecki, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Sadowa


What Every Woman Knows is a four-act play written by J. M. Barrie. It was first presented by impresario Charles Frohman at the Duke of York's Theatre in London on 3 September 1908. It ran for 384 performances, transferring to the Hicks Theatre between 21 December 1908 and 15 February 1909.

The play was first produced in America, also by Frohman, in 1908 at Atlantic City on 18 October 1908, transferring to Broadway, at the Empire Theatre in New York City in December 1908. The production starred Maude Adams and Richard Bennett.

Written before women's suffrage, the play posits that "every woman knows" she is the invisible power responsible for the successes of the men in her life.

1908 casts
London

John Shand – Gerald du Maurier
Alick Wylie – Henry Vibart
David Wylie – Sydney Valentine
James Wylie – Edmund Gwenn
Maggie Wylie – Hilda Trevelyan
Charles Venables – Norman Forbes (aka Norman Forbes-Robertson)
Comtesse de la Briere – Mrs. Tree
Lady Sybil Lazenby – Lillah McCarthy
Maid – Madge Murray

Atlantic City and New York

John Shand – Richard Bennett
Alick Wylie – R. Payton Carter
David Wylie – David Torrence
James Wylie – Fred Tyler
Maggie Wylie – Maude Adams
Charles Venables – Lumsden Hare
Comtesse de la Briere – Ffolliott Paget
Lady Sybil Lazenby – Beatrice Agnew
Maid – Lillian Spencer
First Elector – James L. Carhart
Second Elector – Wallace Jackson
Third Elector – W. H. Gilmore

Synopsis
The Wylies, a well-to-do but uneducated Scottish family, are concerned about their daughter, Maggie, a plain young woman who they fear will remain a spinster. One night the Wylies discover that a serious young university student, John Shand, has been breaking into their home so that he can read books from their large library. Shand is penniless and cannot afford to buy books for his law school education. Maggie Wylie and John Shand come to an understanding: that her family will fund his education if, at the end of five years, he agrees to marry her.

John honours his commitment to Maggie, marrying her although he does not love her. Recognising her husband's ambition to become a Member of Parliament, Maggie quietly uses her intelligence and her connections behind the scenes to get John elected. She continues to foster his career, never allowing him to see that she is the power behind his rise to fame.

Eventually John begins to believe that his wife is too plain for a man of his stature and position, and he takes up with Lady Sybil Lazenby, a beautiful, refined and high-born young Englishwoman. Maggie is prepared to let her husband go, if Sybil can help him more than she herself can. However, when Shand is preparing a speech that will make or break his career, he finds that Sybil is no help to him, and he realises that Maggie is his inspiration.

Performance history

What Every Woman Knows was popular on Broadway, enjoying 198 performances during its first run. Helen Hayes starred in the 1926 Broadway revival, which ran 268 performances.

A British silent film version was made in 1917 and an American silent film was produced in 1921. The play was later adapted into a 1934 film starring Helen Hayes and Brian Aherne.

The play has been revived numerous times since throughout the English-speaking world, including productions at the Gateway Theatre in Edinburgh in 1953, at the Old Vic in 1960, with Maggie Smith as Maggie and Donald Houston as John, and the Albery Theatre in 1974, with Dorothy Tutin and Peter Egan.

What Every Woman Knows starring Helen Hayes was the opening production of the Huntington Hartford Theater in 1954. The Hartford was Los Angeles's prime venue for Broadway-scale productions the next ten years.

The play's most recent London revival was at the Finborough Theatre in 2010. In 1976 in New York, Fran Brill was awarded the Drama Desk Award for her portrayal of Maggie Wylie. In 1977 there was a musical version entitled Maggie at the Shaftesbury Theatre in London.

Noel and Company presented a staged reading of the play at the Mint Theater in New York City in 2013, directed by David Glenn Armstrong and produced by Anne Kaufman. The cast included Carole Shelley, Aedin Maloney, Robert Sella, Heidi Armbruster, Kevin Collins, Alex Rice and John Windsor-Cunningham.

References

External links

Project Gutenberg etext of What Every Woman Knows

1947 Theatre Guild on the Air radio adaptation at Internet Archive

1908 plays
Comedy plays
Plays by J. M. Barrie
West End plays
British plays adapted into films
Plays set in London


Babice Nowe () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stare Babice, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Stare Babice,  north-east of Ożarów Mazowiecki, and  west of Warsaw.

References

Babice Nowe


Blizne Jasińskiego  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stare Babice, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Stare Babice,  east of Ożarów Mazowiecki, and  west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Blizne Łaszczyńskiego  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stare Babice, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Stare Babice,  north-east of Ożarów Mazowiecki, and  west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Borzęcin Duży  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stare Babice, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Stare Babice,  north-west of Ożarów Mazowiecki, and  west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Borzęcin Mały  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stare Babice, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Stare Babice,  west of Ożarów Mazowiecki, and  west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Buda  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stare Babice, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Stare Babice,  north-west of Ożarów Mazowiecki, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Buda


Guitar God 2001 is an album by Randy Holden (formerly of The Sons of Adam) guitarist, as the follow-up to a previous album Guitar God released in 1997. The newer Guitar God 2001 featured a 22-minute instrumental titled "Prayer to Paradise" in celebration of the new millennium, whose musical content was a rock guitar styled journey through time and cultures of music of the world, as a musical statement of the journey of man to the destiny of his endless quest to reach paradise.  Originally titled "Parade to Paradise", the title was changed to move more toward the poetic sense of the music. This was the second album recorded and released by Randy Holden after a hiatus from music.

Track listing
"Space Surf Rider"
"Sail on Love"
"Prayer to Paradise"
"I'll Take Your Blues Away"

Reviews
The Guitar God 2001 album received an excellent review from MusicDish.

Personnel
Randy Holden - guitar, vocals
Randy Pratt - Bass
Darren Lyons - Drums
Phil Weiss - Drums on "Sail On Love"
Rachel Stavach - Vocals on "I'll Take Your Blues Away"

References

External links
Official site

2001 albums


Janów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stare Babice, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Stare Babice,  north-east of Ożarów Mazowiecki, and  north-west of Warsaw.

In 2010, the village had a population of 383.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Klaudyn  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stare Babice, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Stare Babice,  north-east of Ożarów Mazowiecki, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Klaudyn


Koczargi Nowe  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stare Babice, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Stare Babice,  north of Ożarów Mazowiecki, and  west of Warsaw.

References

Koczargi Nowe


Koczargi Stare  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stare Babice, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Stare Babice,  north of Ożarów Mazowiecki, and  west of Warsaw.

References

Koczargi Stare


Kwirynów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stare Babice, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Ożarów Mazowiecki and  west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Latchorzew  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stare Babice, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Stare Babice,  north-east of Ożarów Mazowiecki (the county seat), and  west of Warsaw.

References

Latchorzew


Lipków  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stare Babice, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Stare Babice,  north of Ożarów Mazowiecki, and  west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Lubiczów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stare Babice, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Stare Babice,  north-east of Ożarów Mazowiecki, and  west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Mariew  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stare Babice, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Stare Babice,  north-west of Ożarów Mazowiecki (the county seat), and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Mariew


Stanisławów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stare Babice, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Stare Babice,  north-west of Ożarów Mazowiecki, and  west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


Stare Babice (; "the Old Babice") is a village in Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Stare Babice. It lies approximately  north-east of Ożarów Mazowiecki and  west of Warsaw.

World War II history
During occupation of Poland in World War II, Babice served as location of mass executions of Jews from the Warsaw Ghetto nearby. In 1942, 110 Jews from the Gęsiówka Prison in Warsaw were murdered by the Germans in a single Babice massacre (pl).

References

Further reading
 Jewish Community in Stare Babice on Virtual Shtetl

Stare Babice
Warsaw Governorate
Warsaw Voivodeship (1919–1939)
Holocaust locations in Poland


Topolin  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stare Babice, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Stare Babice,  north-west of Ożarów Mazowiecki, and  west of Warsaw.

References

Topolin


Wierzbin  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stare Babice, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Stare Babice,  north-west of Ożarów Mazowiecki, and  west of Warsaw.

References

Wierzbin


Wojcieszyn () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stare Babice, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Stare Babice,  north-west of Ożarów Mazowiecki, and  west of Warsaw.

References

Wojcieszyn


Zalesie  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stare Babice, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Stare Babice,  north of Ożarów Mazowiecki (the county seat), and  west of Warsaw.

References

Zalesie


Zielonki-Parcela  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stare Babice, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Stare Babice,  north of Ożarów Mazowiecki, and  west of Warsaw.

References

Zielonki-Parcela


Zielonki-Wieś  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stare Babice, within Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Stare Babice,  north of Ożarów Mazowiecki, and  west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Warsaw West County


The Elegance of the Hedgehog () is a novel by the French novelist and philosophy teacher Muriel Barbery. The book follows events in the life of a concierge, Renée Michel, whose deliberately concealed intelligence is uncovered by an unstable but intellectually precocious girl named Paloma Josse. Paloma is the daughter of an upper-class family living in the Parisian hôtel particulier where Renée works.

Featuring a number of erudite characters, The Elegance of the Hedgehog is full of allusions to literary works, music, films, and paintings. It incorporates themes relating to philosophy, class consciousness, and personal conflict. The events and ideas of the novel are presented through the thoughts and reactions, interleaved throughout the novel, of two narrators, Renée and Paloma. The changes of narrator are marked by switches of typeface. In the case of Paloma, the narration takes the form of her written journal entries and other philosophical reflections; Renée's story is also told in the first person but more novelistically and in the present tense.

First released in August 2006 by Gallimard, the novel became a publishing success in France the following year, selling over two million copies. It has been translated into more than forty languages, and published in numerous countries outside France, including the United Kingdom (Gallic Books, London) and the United States (Europa Editions, New York), and has attracted critical praise.

Plot
The story revolves mainly around the characters of Renée Michel and Paloma Josse, residents of an upper-middle class Left Bank apartment building at 7 Rue de Grenelle – one of the most elegant streets in Paris. Divided into eight luxury apartments, all occupied by distinctly bourgeois families, the building has a courtyard and private garden.

The widow Renée is a concierge who has supervised the building for 27 years. She is an autodidact in literature and philosophy, but conceals it to keep her job and, she believes, to avoid the condemnation of the building's tenants. Likewise, she wants to be alone to avoid her tenants' curiosity. She effects this by pretending to indulge in concierge-type food and low-quality television, while in her back room she actually enjoys high-quality food, listens to opera, and reads works by Leo Tolstoy and Edmund Husserl.  Her perspective is that "[t]o be poor, ugly and, moreover, intelligent condemns one, in our society, to a dark and disillusioned life, a condition one ought to accept at an early age".

Twelve-year-old Paloma lives on the fifth floor with her parents and sister whom she considers snobs. A precocious girl, she hides her intelligence to avoid exclusion at school. Dismayed by the privileged people around her, she decides that life is meaningless, and that unless she can find something worth living for, beyond the "vacuousness of bourgeois existence", she will commit suicide on 16 June, her thirteenth birthday. Planning to burn down the apartment before dying, she also steals her mother's pills. For the time being she journals her observations of the outside world, including her perceptions of Renée.

Paloma is the only tenant who suspects Renée's refinement, and for most of the novel, the two "cross each other but don't see each other", in the words of Time Out reviewer Elisabeth Vincentelli. Although they share interests in philosophy and literature, nothing happens between them until the death of a celebrated restaurant critic who had been living upstairs. A cultured Japanese businessman named Kakuro Ozu, whom Renée and Paloma befriend, then takes a room in the same apartment building. Ozu comes to share Paloma's fascination with Renée: that the concierge has the "same simple refinement as the hedgehog".

Toward the end of the novel, Renée comes out of her internal seclusion, teaching young Paloma that not all adults pursue vanity at the expense of their intelligence and humanity. However, only shortly after Renée realizes that the beauty of life and her connections with the world makes life worth living, she dies in the same way as Roland Barthes; she is struck down by a laundry van. This leaves Paloma and Ozu devastated but leads Paloma not to commit suicide.

Characters

Renée Michel

Renée Michel is a 54-year-old widowed concierge. She has never been to college because she considers herself to always have been poor, discreet, and of no significance. Renée, however is self-taught; she reads works of the German philosopher Immanuel Kant and Russian writer Leo Tolstoy (and even names her cat "Leo"), disdains the philosophy of Edmund Husserl, adores 17th-century Dutch paintings, likes Japanese art-house films by Yasujirō Ozu, and listens to the music of composers Henry Purcell and Gustav Mahler.

Renée, who conceals her true self to conform to the lowly image of typical concierges, introduces herself as "a widow, short, ugly, chubby", with "bunions on my feet and, on certain difficult mornings, it seems, the breath of a mammoth". Her outward appearance is summarized by The Guardian reviewer Ian Samson as "prickly and bunioned". When Paloma eventually discovers Renée's identity, she describes the latter in her journal as having the "elegance of the hedgehog"—although like the spines of the hedgehog, she is covered in quills and prickly, within, she has in the words of the English translation of the book quoted by Viv Groskop "the same simple refinement as the hedgehog: a deceptively indolent little creature, fiercely solitary—and terribly elegant".

Paloma Josse
Paloma Josse, a precocious soon to be thirteen-year-old, belongs to one of the conventional families living in the posh apartment building where Renée works. Daughter of an important parliamentarian father (a former government minister), and a Flaubert-quoting mother, Paloma has a penchant for absurdism. She regards her sister's scholarship as "cold and trivial" and deems her mother's culture as conventional and useless. Paloma herself values Japanese works, and reads manga, haiku, and tanka. She keeps two diaries, one called "Journal of the Movement of the World" to record her observations of the world around her, and the other called "Profound Thoughts" to record her many and wide-ranging reflections on art, poetry, people and herself. She is introspective, and truly kind, though she tries her best to avoid the inquisition of others. She understands many facets of the world that are unseen by others, and deeply understands the way the world works, and the many perils and pitfalls of adulthood and the many hypocrisies of modern society, and therefore resolves, in a non-melodramatic way, to commit suicide. However, a drastic plot twist at the end of the tale opens to her an amazing new truth: beauty, that provides meaning to our lives.

Minor characters
Other characters developed by Barbery in the novel include Kakuro Ozu, the cultured Japanese businessman, and Manuela, a Portuguese cleaner. Ozu, a tenant, shares Paloma's fascination with Renée's masked intelligence and brings her out of her shell (and also happens to set the entire book in forward motion), while Manuela is responsible for cleaning the apartments' toilets and is Renée's only real friend.

Content

Style and character development
Barbery developed the character of Renée because she was "inspired by the idea of a reserved, cultured concierge who turned stereotypes on their head and at the same time created a compelling comic effect"; for the author, Renée "opened the door on a kind of social criticism". In an interview with Time magazine, Barbery added that she created characters "who love the things [she does], and who allowed [her] to celebrate that through them". Barbery dedicates the book to her husband, Stéphane, a sociologist, with whom she wrote the book.

The novel's two narrators, Renée and Paloma, alternate in each mostly short chapter, although the former dominates throughout. The novel consists of the "diaries" of the protagonists, and the heading styles and fonts change as it develops, signalling the change of the narrators' character.

Most critics considered Barbery's narrative presentation to be essayistic; the individual chapters are more akin to essays than fiction, as The New York Times Caryn James expresses it, "so carefully build[ing] in explanations for the literary and philosophical references that she seems to be assessing what a mass audience needs". The early pages of the novel contain a short critique by Renée on the topic of phenomenology.

Themes
Barbery incorporates several themes into the novel. References to philosophy, for instance, abound throughout, getting increasingly dense as the story progresses. Barbery confesses to having "followed a long, boring course of studies in philosophy", and comments that "I expected it to help me understand better that which surrounds me: but it didn't work out that way. Literature has taught me more. I was interested in exploring the bearing philosophy could really have on one's life, and how. I wanted to illuminate this process. That's where the desire to anchor philosophy to a story, a work of fiction, was born: to give it more meaning, make it more physically real, and render it, perhaps, even entertaining."

Themes of class consciousness and conflict are also present in the book. Critics interpreted the stance the novel took against French class-based discrimination and hypocrisy as quite radical, although some French critics found that this made the novel an unsubtle satire of fading social stereotypes. There are also literary allusions in the novel, referencing comic books, movies, music, and paintings.

Publication
The Elegance of the Hedgehog was first published in August 2006 under the title L'élégance du hérisson by the leading French publisher Éditions Gallimard. The initial print run of the novel was 4000 copies, but by the following year, over a million had been produced. On 25 September 2007, Gallimard released the fiftieth reprint of the novel.

The French Voice program extended help to Gallimard in the translation of the novel to other languages and publication outside France. In partnership with the PEN American Center, French Voice funds the translation and publication of up to ten contemporary French and Francophone works each year. The Elegance of the Hedgehog was one of 30 works chosen between 2005 and 2008 by the organization, spearheaded by a committee in its selection process of professional experts.

The novel's translation rights have been sold to 31 countries, and it has been translated to a half-dozen languages. Novelist Alison Anderson translated L'Élégance du hérisson into English as The Elegance of the Hedgehog, and this version was released in September 2008 by Europa Editions. Europa is an independent press based in Italy and New York, which focuses on translated works. In the United States, it will be among French novels receiving patronage from a major American writer, as yet unspecified. In the United Kingdom, the rights were bought by Gallic Books, a publisher specializing in French translations.

Reception
An acclaimed literary work, The Elegance of the Hedgehog has been considered by critics and press alike as a publishing phenomenon. Upon the novel's release, it had received significant support from booksellers. The novel has earned Barbery the 2007 French Booksellers Prize, the 2007 Brive-la-Gaillarde Reader's Prize, and the Prix du Rotary International in France. The Elegance of the Hedgehog has been adapted into the film Le hérisson (2009).

The novel was a best-seller and long-seller in France, amassing sales of 1.2 million copies in hardback alone. It stayed on the country's best-seller for 102 straight weeks from its publication, longer than American novelist Dan Brown's best-selling books. According to reviewer Viv Groskop, the philosophical element in the novel partly explains its appeal in France, where philosophy remains a compulsory subject. Anderson agreed, commenting that the novel became popular in France because it is "a story where people manage to transcend their class barriers". The novel also received a warm response in Korea, and sold over 400,000 copies in Italy. The release of the novel helped increase the sales of Barbery's first novel, Une Gourmandise.

A week after the novel was published in the United Kingdom, The Guardian ran an article about French best-sellers published in English, focusing on The Elegance of the Hedgehog. In it, writer Alison Flood contended that "fiction in translation is not an easy sell to Brits, and French fiction is perhaps the hardest sell of all". Promotions buyer Jonathan Ruppin predicted that the novel would struggle to gain a readership in the United Kingdom because, according to him, in the UK market "the plot is what people want more than anything else" and the novel's storyline is not its central aspect.

Critical reviews
The Elegance of the Hedgehog was well received by critics. In the earliest known review, for the Italian newspaper La Repubblica, Maurizio Bono writes that "[t]he formula that made more than half a million readers in France fall in love with [The Elegance of the Hedgehog] has, among other ingredients: intelligent humor, fine sentiments, an excellent literary and philosophical backdrop, taste that is sophisticated but substantial". French magazine Elle reviewer Natalie Aspesi pronounced it one of "the most exhilarating and extraordinary novels in recent years". Aspesi, however, tagged the novel's title as "most curious and least appealing". Praising the novel in his review for The Guardian, Ian Samson wrote that "The Elegance of the Hedgehog aspires to be great and pretends to philosophy: it is, at least, charming." In an earlier review in the same paper, Groskop opined that the novel is a "profound but accessible book ... which elegantly treads the line between literary and commercial fiction". She added that "clever, informative and moving, it is essentially a crash course in philosophy interwoven with a platonic love story". A review in The Telegraph conjectured that "[i]f [the novel were] a piece of furniture, it would be an IKEA bestseller: popular, but not likely to be passed down the generations".

A review in The Times Literary Supplement went further, calling the book "pretentious and cynical, with barely any story. It reads more like a tract than a novel, but lacks even a tract's certainty of purpose. The characters are problematic: most are puppets, and those that aren’t are stereotypes".

Michael Dirda of The Washington Post complimented Barbery, saying, "Certainly, the intelligent Muriel Barbery has served readers well by giving us the gently satirical, exceptionally winning and inevitably bittersweet Elegance of the Hedgehog." Louise McCready of The New York Observer praised Anderson's translation of the novel as "smooth and accurate". Caryn James of The New York Times hailed the novel as "studied yet appealing commercial hit", adding that it "belongs to a distinct subgenre: the accessible book that flatters readers with its intellectual veneer". Los Angeles Times Susan Salter Reynolds wrote that "[The Elegance of the Hedgehog] is a high-wire performance; its characters teeter on the surreal edge of normalcy. Their efforts to conceal their true natures, the pressures of the solitary mind, make the book hum".

Film adaptation
The novel was adapted into a film The Hedgehog (Le hérisson) released in France in July 2009, starring Josiane Balasko as Renée Michel, Garance Le Guillermic as Paloma Josse, and Togo Igawa as Kakuro Ozu, with a score by Gabriel Yared. The rights for the film were bought by NeoClassics Film and it was released by the company in the US on 19 August. Its reception at festivals was positive and it won the Filmfest DC 2011, the Best of Fest Palm Springs 2011, the Seattle International Film Festival 2010, and the 2010 Col-Coa Film Festival. Moira Macdonald of The Seattle Times called it "Whimsical and touching... Mona Achache's adaptation is wistful perfection". Stephen Holden of The New York Times said it "suggests a sort of Gallic Harold and Maude".

References

External links
Muriel Barbery, including the author's personal blog and photos
The Elegance of the Hedgehog at Europa Editions (US publisher)
The Elegance of the Hedgehog at Gallic Books (UK publisher)
The Elegance of the Hedgehog at Gallimard

2006 novels
French philosophical novels
French novels adapted into films
Novels set in Paris
Éditions Gallimard books


The Indian Army Corps of Engineers has distinguished itself in battle and has been awarded many battle and theatre honours. These honours have been awarded to individual units of the Corps or to the three Groups, namely the Madras Sappers, the Bengal Sappers and the Bombay Sappers. This list is a union of the battle and theatre honours awarded to these three groups of the Corps of Engineers and does not include those earned by disbanded engineer and pioneer units or corps.

Prior to World War I
 Carnatic (1780 - 84)
 Carnatic (1790 - 92)
 Sholinghur (1781)
 Mysore (1789 - 91)
 Seringapatam (1799)
 Egypt 1801 (Battle honour)
 Assaye [1803]
 Bhurtpore [1805]
 Java [1811]
 Nagpore [1817]
 Meheidpoor [1817]
 Beni Boo Alli (1821)
 Ava [1824 - 26]
 Afghanistan 1839
 Ghuznee 1839
 Khelat [1839]
 China [1840 - 42]
 Cabool 1842
  Meanee [1843]
  Hyderabad 1843
  Ferozeshah [1845]
  Sobraon [1846]
 Punjaub [1848 - 49]
 Mooltan [1848 - 49]
 Goojerat [1849] (Battle honour)
 Pegu [1852 - 53]
 Persia [1856 - 57]
 Reshire [1856]
 Bushire [1856]
 Koosh - Ab [1856]
Delhi 1857
 Relief and Capture of Lucknow [1857]
 Central India [1857]
 Pekin 1860
 Taku Forts [1860]
 Abyssinia (1867)
 Afghanistan 1878–80
 Ali Masjid [1878]
 Charasiah [1878]
 Kabul 1879
 Ahmad Khel [1880]
 Kandahar 1880
 Egypt 1882
 Tel-el-Kebir [1882]
 Suakin [1885]
 Tofrek [1885]
 Burma 1885–87
 Chitral 1895
 Malakand 1897
 Punjab Frontier [1897 - 98]
 Tirah [1897 - 98]
 China 1900
 Somaliland 1901-04

References

External links
Globalsecurity
official website

Indian Army Corps of Engineers
Battle honours of the Corps of Engineers


Aleksandrówka  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Grębków, within Węgrów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Węgrów County


Chojeczno-Cesarze  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Grębków, within Węgrów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Chojeczno-Cesarze