Dr. Elizabeth "Beth" Chapel is a fictional superheroine in American comic books published by DC Comics. She is the second character to adopt the Doctor Mid-Nite (or Doctor Midnight) codename and is the successor of the original, Charles McNider.The character is later succeeded by Pieter Cross after her death at the hands of Eclipso. However, following the events of Doomday Clock, the character is resurrected. Similar to her predecessor, the character possesses the same abilities as Charles and primarily functions as one of the superhero community's renowned physicians. She serves as the official physician for both Infinity, Inc. and the Justice Society of America.

Beth Chapel's portrayal of Doctor Mid-Nite marks her initial appearance in media within the television series Stargirl, portrayed by Anjelika Washington.

Fictional character biography

As the aging McNider spent less time in action, Beth Chapel, a medical doctor, stepped into the role of Doctor Midnight. Beth Chapel was a native of Orangeburg, South Carolina, with a pastor father, a mother who sang in the church choir, and four brothers. Chapel first appeared when Jade of Infinity, Inc. was rushed to her hospital for treatment after encountering Mister Bones' cyanide touch. During the onset of the Crisis on Infinite Earths, Beth was blinded by an oxygen explosion, only to be rescued by Hourman's son Rick Tyler, who had taken his father's Miraclo to enhance his strength. Dr. McNider performed emergency surgery on Beth, and while he couldn't restore her day vision, he did give her his ability to see in the dark. Beth and Rick assume the mantles of their predecessors as Doctor Midnight and Hourman, with her mother crafting a super hero costume from a choir robe. Along with a new Wildcat, Chapel and Tyler applied for membership in Infinity, Inc, eventually gaining admission; however, the association was short-lived, as Infinity, Inc. disbanded shortly thereafter, though Chapel and Tyler began a romantic relationship during their tenure.

Doctor Midnight and Wildcat were subsequently recruited by the U.S. government for a mission to defeat the supervillain Eclipso, only for Chapel to die on the mission along with Wildcat, the Creeper, Commander Steel, Peacemaker, and Major Victory.

During the events of the "Watchmen" sequel "Doomsday Clock", Beth Chapel was returned to life alongside the rest of the restored Justice Society of America and the Legion of Super-Heroes thanks to the influence of Doctor Manhattan. She now sports a more traditional costume resembling that of McNider and Cross. Following the fight against Black Adam's group and the foreign superheroes, Chapel is mentioned to have opened a metahuman medical clinic called the All-Star Clinic where Ronnie Raymond is receiving treatment.

Chapel as Doctor Mid-Nite is seen giving superhero medical treatment to Jon Kent after his powers fail and he is injured.

In the pages of "The New Golden Age", Doctor Mid-Nite was seen with the Justice Society of America when they are fighting Angle Man and his army of inter-dimensional Bizarros until Angle Man is defeated by a Huntress from an alternate future. After Green Lantern's ring confirms Huntress' story and her encounter with Per Degaton, Doctor Mid-Nite suggests that they call in Hourman II. The JSA is then confronted by Per Degaton. Following the fight with Per Degaton, Doctor Mid-Night does an analysis on Per Degaton's DNA. Wildcat claims to Doctor Mid-Nite that they are fighting the same opponents as she claims that she can hear Eclipso's voice. Wildcat then asks Doctor Mid-Nite for a Lazarus Pill. Doctor Mid-Nite is among the JSA members that fight Per Degaton and the versions of him throughout time.

Power, abilities, and equipment
Beth Chapel, like her predecessor, possesses the unique capability to see in darkness despite being blind in normal light. This extraordinary vision is made possible by an ocular implant. Furthermore, Beth excels as a highly skilled physician and displays a notable level of physical strength. Her proficiency in combat is also recognized, marking her as a skilled fighter. Beth's arsenal includes a variety of gadgets, among which are "blackout bombs." When deployed, these devices release clouds of pitch black gas, effectively blinding her adversaries. However, due to her unique vision, Beth is able to navigate and perceive her surroundings clearly within the cover of the gas, granting her a significant advantage over her opponents.

Other versions
In the new Earth-2 created in the wake of Infinite Crisis and 52, a version of Beth Chapel is shown to be a member of the Justice Society Infinity.

In other media
Beth Chapel appears in Stargirl, portrayed by Anjelika Washington. This version is a socially awkward high school student who has not made any friends like her mother encourages her to do. She later obtains the original Doctor Mid-Nite, Charles McNider's, goggles, befriends its A.I., which she nicknames "Chuck", becomes the new Doctor Mid-Nite, and joins Stargirl's Justice Society of America (JSA). In the second season, Chapel discovers McNider was trapped in the Shadowlands and helps rescue him. He and her parents subsequently support her in being the new Doctor Mid-Nite before she helps him discover what happened to his family.
 Ahead of the series' premiere, Chapel and the JSA made a cameo appearance in the Arrowverse crossover event, "Crisis on Infinite Earths" via archive footage from the Stargirl episode "The Justice Society".

References

External links
 Beth Chapel at DC Wiki

Characters created by Roy Thomas
Characters created by Todd McFarlane
Comics characters introduced in 1985
DC Comics female superheroes
DC Comics metahumans
African-American superheroes
Fictional characters from parallel universes
Fictional blind characters
Fictional physicians
Fictional characters from South Carolina
Physicians with disabilities


Genies or djinns are supernatural creatures from pre-Islamic and Islamic mythology. They are associated with shapeshifting, possession and madness. In later Western popular representation, they became associated with wish-granting and often live in magic lamps or bottles. They appear in One Thousand and One Nights and its adaptations, among other stories. The wish-granting djinns from One Thousand and One Nights, however, are the divs of Persian origin, not the Arabian djinns.

Terminology
Djinn is the original term. Genie was first used in the 1704 French translation of One Thousand and One Nights by Antoine Galland and is mostly associated with wish-granting djinns. The terms Ifrit and marid typically refer to evil djinns.

History
Among the earliest depictions in fiction are the tales collated in One Thousand and One Nights. Following its translation into European languages in the early 1700s, djinns or genies started appearing in Western literature. These Western portrayals were often influenced by Orientalism. In the 1900s, they started appearing in film and television. The 1964 film The Brass Bottle and the 1965–1970 television sitcom I Dream of Jeannie it inspired represented a turning point in genies being portrayed more comedically.

Attributes
Genies have been depicted in different ways depending on time and location. A central trait is that of shapeshifting. In Western portrayals in particular, they grant wishes, sometimes corrupting the wishes by interpreting them overly literally. They are often depicted as living or being trapped in various types of containers such as lamps, bottles, or jars. They are variously portrayed as good or evil.

Depictions
Djinns and genies have appeared in diverse genres including comedy, horror, and musicals. The mid-900s story The Case of the Animals versus Man uses a djinn for political allegory. Djinns are depicted in the frame story of One Thousand and One Nights as well as several of the tales within, including "The Fisherman and the Jinni" where a fisher finds a djinn in a jar and forces it to help him and "The Second Kalandar's Tale" where a djinn kidnaps a newlywed woman. The tale of Aladdin, which was not originally included in One Thousand and One Nights, is a famous story of genies being helpful that has been adapted numerous times including as the 1961 film The Wonders of Aladdin and the 1992 animated film Aladdin. The 1879 poem "The Khan's Devil" by John Greenleaf Whittier uses an evil genie as a symbolic representation of alcoholism. Fantasy stories of wish fulfillment occasionally depict the release of djinns sealed away long ago, as in the 1883 short story "Containing Mrs Shelmire's Djinn" by Max Adeler and the 1945 novel Miss Carter and the Ifrit by Susan Alice Kerby.

Films adapting or inspired by One Thousand and One Nights, such as the 1940 film The Thief of Bagdad, frequently feature genies. Genies also appear in stories set in the present, including the 1945 film Where Do We Go from Here? where an inept genie repeatedly fails to fulfil wishes, the 1900 novel The Brass Bottle by Thomas Anstey Guthrie and its multiple adaptations, and the 1963 The Twilight Zone episode "I Dream of Genie" where a man wishes to become a genie. Comedic portrayals of genies, popularized in the 1960s, later appeared in the 1996 film Kazaam where a genie lives in a boombox and the aforementioned 1992 film Aladdin. Malevolent djinns appear in the 1987 film The Outing and several computer games. The 1997 film Wishmaster depicts a malevolent djinn and outright rejects the comedic portrayals in I Dream of Jeannie and the 1992 version of Aladdin.

Rachel Caine's Weather Warden series that begins with the 2003 novel Ill Wind depicts a human being resurrected as a djinn. In the Bartimaeus Sequence by Jonathan Stroud, beginning with the 2003 novel The Amulet of Samarkand, a djinn has a human apprentice. The 2008 novel The Bastard of Istanbul by Elif Shafak portrays two djinns—one good and one evil. In the 2013 science fiction novel HWJN by Ibraheem Abbas and Yasser Bahjatt, djinns reside in a parallel dimension, and one of them has a romantic relationship with a human.

References

Topics in popular culture


Phrynocephalus mystaceus, also known as the secret toadhead agama and toad-headed agama, is a species of agamid lizard. It is found in southern Russia, Kazakhstan, and northwestern China (Xinjiang) and southward to northern Iran, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan.

Subspecies
Two subspecies are recognized:

Habitat
Phrynocephalus mystaceus is generally associated with unvegetated tops of large, high sand dunes and occurs at elevations of  above sea level.

References

mystaceus
Lizards of Asia
Reptiles of Afghanistan
Reptiles of China
Reptiles of Iran
Fauna of Kazakhstan
Fauna of Kyrgyzstan
Reptiles of Russia
Fauna of Tajikistan
Fauna of Turkmenistan
Fauna of Uzbekistan
Taxa named by Peter Simon Pallas
Reptiles described in 1776


The Budapest Zoo & Botanical Garden () is the oldest zoo in Hungary and one of the oldest in the world.

It has 1,072 animal species and is located within the City Park of Budapest, in the centre of the city, unusually for a zoo.

The zoo opened its doors on 9 August 1866. The park has 1–1.1 million visitors every year. The area is a nature reserve, and has some valuable art nouveau buildings designed by  and Károly Kós. The most special animals that are present in the zoo are the Komodo dragon and since December 2011 the wombat.

The zoo is located in the city centre and can be reached by Line 1 of the Budapest Metro.

Official city card (Budapest Card) owners get a 25% discount for a single ticket into the zoo.

History

The Budapest Zoo and Botanical Garden is one of the oldest in the world. The idea of the foundation dates back to 1820-30s but it opened only on 9 August 1866. It was an initiative of a group of patriots among others geologist József Szabó, Ágoston Kubinyi, the Director of the National Museum, József Gerenday, the Director of the Botanical Garden of Budapest, and János Xántus, a zoologist, ethnographer, and the first director of the zoo.

At that time, the zoo displayed mainly Hungarian species and some rare species of monkeys, parrots, camels, and kangaroos, among others. Franz Joseph and Queen Elizabeth donated a giraffe and other animals to the zoo. The first lion house opened in 1876 with lions and tigers. An elephant, a hippopotamus, and a rhinoceros joined later on.

However, the initial enthusiasm waned and popularity of the zoo decreased. The new animals were expensive and the expenses of the company founded by the patriots exceeded the revenues. The management hired entertainers and comedians and the corporation was transformed into an animal and plant naturalizing company.

In 1873, Károly Serák was appointed zoo director. He directed for more than 30 years and he managed to maintain the zoo. He hired several artists, such as fire eaters, sword swallowers, and tightrope dancers in order to attract people. The revenues increased and the zoo was able to buy several special or rare animals, such as a hippopotamus and a Sumatran rhinoceros. The zoo housed about 2,000 species.
However, as the authorities increased the rental fee and the financial situation of the zoo deteriorated. The company went bankrupt after the Millennium in 1896.

In 1907, the zoo was auctioned and taken over by the capital city, Budapest. Supported by the mayor of Budapest, István Bárczy and his city developing program, a complete reconstruction took place between 1909 and 1912. The zoo was re-opened on 20 May 1912. The entertainers were separated from the zoo and a botanical garden was created. The historic buildings of the zoo are mainly from this time too. Adolf Lendl, a zoologist, was appointed director of the zoo. The institution was one of the most modern zoos in Europe.

The development was interrupted by the First World War. The zoo was almost entirely destroyed in the Second World War. During the siege of Budapest, the zoo was bombed and most buildings and animals were destroyed. After the siege, the remaining animals were eaten by the starving people of Budapest. Out of 2,000 specimens only 15 survived.

In 1945, the zoo re-opened with a few dozen animals. The damage was restored slowly. In the 1950s and 1960s, there was a major modernization. Between 1956 and 1967, the Director General of the zoo was Dr. Csaba Anghi. Under his guidance, the zoo became once again one of the most modern zoos of Europe.

In 1994, Miklós Persányi was appointed Director General. The historic buildings were reconstructed. The animal habitats have been modernized, enlarged, and made to look more natural.

In 2007, the first rhinoceros ever to be born with artificial insemination was born in the zoo.

In 2012, the General Assembly of Budapest has decided, that the zoo will take over part of the Amusement Park’s territory and introduce Pony Park, a family game park and zoo.

On 14 February 2013, the zoo welcomed its first elephant calf since 1961.

In 2013, the zoo will acquire most of the Amusement Park’s territory and use it to display subtropical fauna and flora in a spacious glasshouse.

Exhibits

The Magical Hill

The newest attraction of the zoo is The Magical Hill, found in the Great Rock. It presents the diversity of flora and fauna, the evolving of the diversity and the relationship between humankind and nature. It features more than 100 species, interactive games, and illustrative models.

America Tropicana

America Tropicana is the new name of the Palm-house. It presents the flora and fauna of the tropical climate American continent.

Savannah Zone

The Savannah Zone displays giraffes, gazelles, white rhinoceros, and many species of birds. The building also displays small mammals and insects.

Australia Zone

Australia Zone is found next to the Great Lake. It displays unique birds, reptiles, and amphibians of Australia. The showrooms of the northern part of the house presents animals active at night in reversed lighting scheme. The Hillhouse is also a part of the Australia Zone. It displays southern cassowaries, red kangaroos, and common wombats.

India Zone

India House, the central building was built in 1912 by the plans of Károly Kós and Dezső Zrumeczky. It presents Asiatic lions, striped hyenas among others.

János Xántus House

The building named after the first director of the zoo represents the wildlife of South-East Asian flora and fauna.

Primates Near-at-Hand
The zoo shows especially many species of primates group though not definitely in the neighbourhood of each others. In the South America House, squirrel monkeys are on display. In the Xántus János house, visitors can see Javan surilis. The Madagascar House houses ring-tailed lemurs, black and white ruffed lemurs, red ruffed lemurs, black lemurs, red-fronted lemurs as well as one of Europa's oldest siamangs. The Great Ape house is home to the extremely endangered species of apes including six western lowland gorillas and five Sumatran orangutans.
Visitors may also view a troop of hamadryas baboons, golden-bellied mangabeys, emperor tamarins, golden lion tamarins, red-handed tamarins, owl monkeys, white-headed marmosets, and pygmy marmosets.

References

External links

Budapest Zoological/Botanical Garden on zooinstitutes.com

1866 establishments in the Austrian Empire
Zoo and Botanical Garden
Zoo and Botanical Garden
Zoo and Botanical Garden
Zoos in Hungary
Botanical gardens in Hungary
Zoos established in 1866
Art Nouveau architecture in Budapest


Uncial 0134 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 84 (Soden), is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament, dated paleographically to the 8th-century. Formerly it was labelled by Wh.

Description
The codex contains a small part of the Mark 3:15-32; 5:16-31, on two parchment leaves (17 cm by 14 cm). Parchment is fine. The text is written in one column per page, 26 lines per page, in 21-24 letters in line. The letters are small. It has breathings and accents. It contains numbers of the  (chapters), the Ammonian Sections, and a references to the Eusebian Canons.

The Greek text of this codex is a representative of the Byzantine text-type. Aland placed it in Category V.

Currently it is dated by the INTF to the 8th-century.

The codex is located now at the Bodleian Library (Sedl. sup. 2, ff. 177-178) in Oxford.

See also

 List of New Testament uncials
 Textual criticism

References

Further reading

 Hermann von Soden, "Die Schriften des Neuen Testaments, in ihrer ältesten erreichbaren Textgestalt hergestellt auf Grund ihrer Textgeschichte," Verlag von Arthur Glaue, Berlin 1902, p. 80.
 J. H. Greenlee, Nine uncial Palimpsests of the New Testament, S & D XXXIX (Salt Like City, 1968).

Greek New Testament uncials
8th-century biblical manuscripts
Bodleian Library collection


The Interreg North Sea Programme 2021–2027 (Interreg VIB) supports cooperation projects  connecting regions in seven countries around the North Sea.

The programme is part of Interreg, one of the European Union’s main funding instruments supporting its Cohesion Policy.

Cooperation area
The programme covers all of Denmark and the Netherlands, the southern part of Norway, the Flemish Region of Belgium, northwestern regions of Germany, southwestern parts of Sweden and northwestern regions of France.

The Joint Secretariat managing the programme on a daily basis is located in Viborg, Denmark.

Goals of the programme
The programme’s four funding priorities reflect key challenges facing the North Sea Region. Interreg North Sea funding aims to contribute towards:
 Building smart and robust economies.
 Fast-tracking green transitions.
 Fostering climate resilience, a clean environment, and a rich biodiversity.
 Improving cooperation governance.

Previous programme periods

Interreg North Sea Region Programme 2014-2020 (Interreg VB)
The North Sea Region Programme 2014–2020 supported 73 cooperation projects in four priorities:

 Thinking growth
 Eco-innovation
 Sustainable NSR
 Green transport and mobility.

Interreg North Sea Region Programme 2007-2013 (Interreg IVB)
The North Sea Region Programme 2007–2013 supported 78 cooperation projects in the following priorities:

 Building on our capacity for innovation
 Promoting the sustainable management of our environment
 Improving the accessibility of places in the North Sea Region
 Promoting sustainable and competitive communities.

Interreg North Sea Programme 2000–2006 (Interreg IIIB)
The North Sea Programme 2000-2006 supported 70 transnational co-operation projects.

Interreg North Sea Programme 1997-1999 (Interreg IIC)
The North Sea Programme 1997-1999 was the precursor of the transnational North Sea Programme that has been part of the Interreg B (transnational) strand from the year 2000 onwards.

See also
 European Commission (EC)
 European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)
 European Union (EU)
 Interreg
 North Sea
 North Sea Commission (NSC)
 North Sea Region (NSR)
 Transnationality

References

External links
 North Sea Programme 2021-2027 website
 North Sea Region Programme 2014–2020 website
 North Sea Region Programme 2007–2013 Website
 North Sea Programme 2000–2006 Website

Euroregions
European Commission
North Sea
Transnationalism


RAPTOR is protein threading software used for protein structure prediction. It has been replaced by RaptorX, which is much more accurate than RAPTOR.

Comparison of techniques

Protein threading vs. homology modeling
Researchers attempting to solve a protein's structure start their study with little more than a  protein sequence. Initial steps may include performing a PSI-BLAST or PatternHunter search to locate a similar sequences with a known structure in the Protein Data Bank (PDB). If there are highly similar sequences with known structures, there is a high probability that this protein's structure will be very similar to those known structures as well as functions. If there is no homology found, the researcher must perform either X-ray crystallography or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, both of which require considerable time and resources to yield a structure. Where these techniques are too expensive, time-consuming or limited in scope, researchers can use protein threading software, such as RAPTOR to create a highly reliable model of the protein.

Protein threading is more effective than homology modeling, especially for proteins which have few homologs detectable by sequence alignment. The two methods both predict protein structure from a template. Given a protein sequence, protein threading first aligns (threads) the sequence to each template in a structure library by optimizing a scoring function that measures the fitness of a sequence-structure alignment. The selected best template is used to build the structure model. Unlike homology modeling, which selects template purely based on homology information (sequence alignments), the scoring function used in protein threading utilizes both homology and structure information (sequence structure alignments).

If a sequence has no significant homology found, homology modeling may not give reliable prediction in this case. Without homology information,  protein threading can still use structure information to produce good prediction. Failed attempts to obtain a good template with BLAST often result in users processing results through RAPTOR.

Integer programming vs. dynamic programming
The integer programming approach to RAPTOR produces higher quality models than other protein threading methods. Most threading software use dynamic programming to optimize their scoring functions when aligning a sequence with a template. Dynamic programming is much easier to implement than integer programming; however if a scoring function has pairwise contact potential included, dynamic programming cannot globally optimize such a scoring function and instead just generates a local optimal alignment.

Pairwise contacts are very conserved in protein structure and crucial for prediction accuracy. Integer programming can globally optimize a scoring function with pairwise contact potential and produce a global optimal alignment.

Components

Threading engines
NoCore, NPCore and IP are the three different threading engines implemented in RAPTOR.  NoCore and NPCore are based on dynamic programming and faster than  IP. The difference between them is that in NPCore, a template is parsed into many "core" regions. A core is a structurally conserved region. IP is RAPTOR's unique integer programming-based threading engine. It produces better alignments and models than the other two threading engines. People can always start with NoCore and NPCore. If their predictions are not good enough, IP may be a better choice. After all three methods are run, a simple consensus may help to find the best prediction.

3D structure modeling module
The default 3D structure modeling tool used in RAPTOR is OWL. Three-dimensional structure modeling involves two steps. The first step is loop modeling which models regions in the target sequence that map to nothing in the template. After all the loops are modeled and the backbone is ready, side chains are attached to the backbone and packed up. For loop modeling, a cyclic coordinate descent algorithm is used to fill the loops and avoid clashes. For side chain packing, a tree decomposition algorithm is used to pack up all the side chains and avoid any clashes. OWL is automatically called in RAPTOR to generate the 3D output.

If a researcher has MODELLER, they can also set up RAPTOR to call MODELLER automatically. RAPTOR can also generate ICM-Pro input files, with which people run ICM-Pro by themselves.

PSI-BLAST module
To make it a comprehensive tool set, PSI-BLAST is also included in RAPTOR to let people do homology modeling. People can set up all the necessary parameters by themselves. There are two steps involved in running PSI-BLAST. The first step is to generate the sequence profile. For this step, NR non-redundant database is used. The next step is to let PSI-BLAST search the target sequence against the sequences from the Protein Data Bank. Users can also specify their own database for each step.

Protein structure viewer
There are many different structure viewers. In RAPTOR, Jmol is used as the structure viewer for examining the generated prediction.

Output
After a threading/PSI-BLAST job, one can see a ranking list of all the templates. For each template, people can view the alignment, E-value and numerous other specific scores. Also, the functional information of the template and its SCOP classification are provided. One can also view the sequence's PSM matrix and secondary structure prediction. If a template has been reported by more than one method, it will be marked with the number of times it has been reported. This helps to identify the best template.

Performance in CASP
CASP, Critical Assessment of Techniques for Protein Structure Prediction, is a biennial experiment sponsored by NIH. CASP represents the Olympic Games of the protein structure prediction community and was established in 1994.

RAPTOR first appeared in CAFASP3 (CASP5) in 2002 and was ranked number one in the individual server group for that year. Since then, RAPTOR has actively participated in every CASP for evaluation purpose and been  consistently ranked in the top tier.

The most recent CASP8 ran from May 2008 until August 2008. More than 80 prediction servers and more than 100 human expert groups worldwide registered for the event, where participants attempt to predict the 3D structure from a protein sequence. According to the ranking from Zhang's group, RAPTOR ranked 2nd among all the servers (meta server and individual servers). Baker lab's ROBETTA is placed 5th in the same ranking list.

Top five prediction servers in CASP8

References

Xu J (2005). "Protein Fold Recognition by Predicted Alignment Accuracy". IEEE/ACM Trans. on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics.
Xu J (2005). "Rapid Protein Side-Chain Packing via Tree Decomposition". RECOMB.

External links
RaptorX Website
RAPTOR author's research
CASP experiments home page
Automated assessment of protein structure prediction in CASP8
CAFASP3 alignment accuracy evaluation

Molecular modelling software


Pjetër Losha was an Albanian clan leader in medieval Epirus. He belonged to the Losha fis (clan or tribe) and was the leader of a combined force of his own clan and the fis of Mazaraki and Malakasi. In 1360, he became Despot of Arta, Rogoi and the area of Amphilochia. He died in 1374 and was succeeded by his close ally, Gjin Bua Shpata. The Chronicle of the Tocco is an important primary source for his life and the Albanians in medieval Epirus in general.

Life

Losha's genealogy or birth date is unknown. He belonged to the Losha clan, presumably he was born in Epirus as his tribe was from there as well. The word lios means "pockmark" in Albanian. He was part of the Albanian attacks in the remnants of Byzantine Epirus. In 1358–59, Albanian clans overran the regional feudal rulers and established themselves under Gjin Bua Shpata and Pjetër Losha. He had a son named Gjin. Losha led the Albanian force against Nikephoros II Orsini at the Battle of Achelous that won him the rule of Arta; he founded his domain around Arta with the help of the Mazaraki and Malakasi clans. The domains he gained after the battle also included Rogoi and Amphilochia, as mentioned in the Chronicle of Ioannina. In 1360, Simeon Uroš, the titular Serbian Emperor, in an attempt to avoid conflict with the Albanians and as an acknowledgment of their military strength decided to the leave the areas of Arta and Aetolia to Shpata and Losha.

In 1366, Toma Preljubović succeeded Simeon as ruler of Epirus. His rule marked a renewal of hostilities in the region as from 1367 to 1370, Ioannina, the capital of Preljubović, came under constant siege and was blocked by the Mazaraki and Malakasi clans under Losha. A truce was signed when Pjetër’s son Gjin was betrothed to Thomas's daughter Irina. She died in the 1375 plague that affected the region and hostilities began again.

Possessions
His estates included the Epirote cities of:

Arta,
Rogoi or Roga (modern Filippiada)
Amphilochia

Family
He had a son named Gjin, who married Irina Preljubović, the daughter of Thoma.

References

Sources

1374 deaths
14th-century Albanian people
Despots of Arta
People from the Serbian Empire
Medieval Albanian nobility
Year of birth unknown


Chiroqchi (, Чироқчи) is a district () in the north-east of Qashqadaryo Region in Uzbekistan. The administrative center of the district is the city of Chiroqchi. Its area is , and its population is 419,800 (2021 est.). The district consists of one city (Chiroqchi), 8 urban-type settlements (Jar, Oʻymovut, Dam, Pakandi, Paxtaobod, Chiyal, Koʻkdala, Ayritom) and 20 rural communities.

There is a Polish war cemetery for World War II soldiers in Chiroqchi.

References

Districts of Uzbekistan


Allegheny Post Office, also known as Old North Post Office, The Landmarks Museum, is a building built in 1897 in the Allegheny City area that is now within Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.  It is located in Pittsburgh's North Side.

The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.

In 1983, the post office building became the first home of the Children's Museum of Pittsburgh.  The Children's Museum has since expanded to include the neighboring Buhl Planetarium building and a new addition.

References

External links

Post office buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Government buildings completed in 1897
Government buildings in Pittsburgh
City of Pittsburgh historic designations
Pittsburgh History & Landmarks Foundation Historic Landmarks
Historic American Buildings Survey in Pennsylvania
National Register of Historic Places in Pittsburgh


Satyrs often make appearances in modern popular culture.

Books and stories

 The serviceman who works for Pan in Stephen King's short story "The Lawnmower Man" is a satyr in disguise.
 The Satyr is an oft-made reference to the Dionysian in Friedrich Nietzsche's The Birth of Tragedy.
 Gnostic satyrs of both genders appear in Umberto Eco's Baudolino.
 Mr Tumnus is a faun and main character in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, as well as appearing in two other books in the Chronicles of Narnia series, by C. S. Lewis. Satyrs appear occasionally throughout the series.
 Grover Underwood in the Percy Jackson & The Olympians series is a satyr.
 Gleeson Hedge and his son Chuck in The Heroes of Olympus series are satyrs.
 In the young adult series, Fablehaven, satyrs are one of the many creatures found within the preserve, and several of them (Newel, Doren and Verl) play a significant role.
 Satyrs appear in the Oliver Onions story "Io" (1911).
 Satyr is one of many species of mutated creatures found on Earth in Roger Zelazny's 1966 Hugo award winning novel This Immortal.
 Satyrs appear in the Italian fairy tale Costanza / Costanzo by Giovanni Francesco Straparola. The protagonist, Costanzo, catches a satyr for the king. The satyr is able to reveal Costanzo's true identity as a woman.
 In Hans Christian Andersen's fairy tale "The Shepherdess and the Sweep" (1845), a bearded and horned satyr carved into the mahogany door of a curio cabinet is known as "Major-general-field-sergeant-commander Billy goat's legs" and threatens a porcelain shepherdess on a nearby table top with taking her for his wife. The shepherdess shudders in horror and flees the house with her lover, a porcelain chimney sweep with a princely face "as fair and rosy as a girl's".
 In Brian Keene's Dark Hollow (previously published as The Rutting Season) a satyr is summoned by a Pennsylvanian witch practicing black Pow-wow (folk magic) and uses its Pan Pipes to hypnotise and abduct women in order to procreate with them.
 In Peter S. Beagle's The Last Unicorn, the Satyr is one of the Creatures of the Night, Brought to Light in Mommy Fortuna's Midnight Carnival.
 Erotic romance author Elizabeth Amber's Lords of Satyr series follows satyr heroes—men who sprout second penises and fur upon the full moon.
 In the Book Satyrday Matthew was a satyr who raised the boy, Derin, from infancy.

Comics

 Greg Tragos, a main character in Skin Deep, is a goat Satyr. There are also horse satyrs and fauns shown throughout the rest of the comic.
In several Marvel Family stories Satyrs appear as villains. (See List of Captain Marvel (DC Comics) enemies.)

Film and television
 The Pastoral Symphony section of Disney's Fantasia features baby Satyrs, sometimes called Fauns.
 In Guillermo del Toro's 2006 film Pan's Labyrinth, a young girl encounters a faun at the entrance to a magical kingdom. He gives her three challenges to determine if she is the long-lost princess of the Underworld.
 In Disney's 1997 film Hercules, the character Phil is an amalgamation of the hero Philoctetes and the stereotypical satyr; his circumstances are those of the classical Philoctetes, but he looks like a satyr and exhibits satyr-like desires for wine and women.
 In Ridley Scott's Legend, the villain Darkness bears many similarities to a satyr (both in appearance and in nature). Scott said that he wanted Darkness to be "very sexual", so wanted him to be a satyr.
 In 1981 film Clash of the Titans, Zeus transforms Calibos into a satyr-like creature who is subsequently shunned and forced to live as an outcast in the swamps and marshes.
 Satyr is also the title of an award winning adult film starring Jenna Jameson.
 In Manos: The Hands of Fate, one of the characters, Torgo, was intended to be a satyr.
 In the 2008 Disney film Bedtime Stories the character Mickey (Russell Brand) is seen in one of Skeeter Bronson's (Adam Sandler) stories as a Satyr–Faun.
 In the adverts for O2 the actor Jim Howick plays a Satyr–Faun.
 Satyrs appear as the main antagonists in the Buck Rogers in the 25th Century episode "The Satyr" that later eventually revealed to be infected with unnamed plague that turns only adult males into aforementioned satyr-like monsters along Buck Roger throughout rest of episode is not becoming one of them.
 Satyrs appear in the second episode of Atlantis, "A Girl By Any Other Name". Unlike their mythical counterparts, they look like large monkey-like creatures with goat eyes and serve the Maenads.
 In the 2017 film My Little Pony: The Movie, the Storm King resembles a satyr with cloven hooves and a horned crown, while his upper body is that of a baboon.
 In High Guardian Spice, Professor Moss Phlox is a blacksmith satyr, who is Parsley's teacher and one of the school's guardians.

Gaming
 In the computer game series Warcraft, Satyrs appear as a race of Demonic creatures, as corrupted Night Elves.
 In the video game God of War, the satyr is an enemy found towards the end of the game. They are depicted as extremely skilled fighters and are some of the toughest enemies found.
 The video game Gladius has Satyrs available as playable characters.
 In the game Mortal Kombat: Armageddon, the centaur Motaro, along with his entire race, have been cursed. In the game, the centaurs are said to have been turned into minotaurs; however, they resemble satyrs.
 The original Doom video game and its sequel Doom II: Hell on Earth both feature two demonic creatures named Hell Knight and Baron of Hell as enemies. Both are muscle-coloured satyrs whose hands, clad in green ectoplasmic energy, can shoot green comet-like energy balls at distance and rip enemies open at close range.
 The Diablo video game series depicts several clans of satyrs (under the "generic" name of Goatmen) as enemies serving Diablo and his minions.
 In the PC game Titan Quest, Satyrs are a common enemy appearing in many different variations, and are the staple "trash mob" of the game's first act set in ancient Greece.
 In the PC game Rift, Satyrs are a damaging pet of the Druid, a soul of the Cleric calling.
 In the tabletop card game Magic: The Gathering, Satyrs are featured as hedonistic revelers on the Greek myth inspired plane of Theros, and a satyr known as Xenagos the Reveler is the primary antagonist of the Theros block.

Miscellaneous
 The Christian antagonist, Satan, is often depicted as a satyr-like being since between the late Middle Ages to Early Modern period, the link being pagan religions and the sinful pleasures that satyrs enjoy.
 The Satyr is the name of a satirical newspaper written by students of Manchester University.
 Satyr is the name of the union of the four revues at the faculty of science of the university of  Copenhagen.
 Satyr is the pseudonym of Sigurd Wongraven, one of the founding members of black metal band Satyricon.

References

Satyrs
Satyrs
Satyrs


"Prince Ali" and its reprise are two musical numbers from the 1992 Disney animated film Aladdin. The first part was performed by Robin Williams in his role as the Genie and the reprise is performed by Jonathan Freeman in his role as Jafar. The song performed by Williams was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song at the 50th Golden Globe Awards in 1993.

Production
The film version cut a conceived intro for the song and two extra verses in the middle of "Prince Ali".

Soundtrack.net explains how "Prince Ali (reprise)" was conceived:

Synopsis

"Prince Ali" is a flamboyant number sung by the Genie (Robin Williams) as he introduces Agrabah to Prince Ali Ababwa, Aladdin's royal alter ego, with a giant caravan. A reprise of the song has Jafar (Jonathan Freeman) unmask Aladdin as a poor thief. An early reprise of the song in the stage musical has the Sultan announcing to the city's residents that his daughter Jasmine is to marry the prince.

Cultural references
The Genie character is known for spouting elements of contemporary pop culture, and all his songs contain anachronistic references. During the song, Robin Williams imitates a Thanksgiving Parade commentor ("Don't they look lovely, June?"), Walter Brennan, and Ethel Merman.

Critical reception
AllMusic wrote "Robin Williams' bravura performance as the magic lamp on songs such as "Friend Like Me" and "Prince Ali" are justifiably credited as the album's highlights."

Director/choreographer of the stage musical, Casey Nicholaw said that "'Prince Ali', too, is a huge production number 'where the dancers wear four costumes each'". TalkingBroadway described the song as one of the three showstoppers of the musical, along with "Friend Like Me" and "A Whole New World". NBC New York dubbed it "Act II's standout".

In popular culture
This song is playable in the video game Just Dance 2014.

Will Smith, as the Genie, performs the song in the 2019 live-action remake of ''Aladdin. This version incorporates some hip hop musical elements, and has made some changes to the lyrics. For example, "Sunday Salam" has been changed to "Friday Salam" to reflect the Islamic holy day. It also omits reference to Prince Ali having slaves by changing it to stating that Ali has "ten thousand servants and flunkies".

Charts
Will Smith version

Certifications
Will Smith version

References

Songs about princes
Songs about fictional male characters
1992 songs
Songs with lyrics by Howard Ashman
Songs with music by Alan Menken
Disney Renaissance songs
Songs from Aladdin (franchise)
Songs with lyrics by Tim Rice
Will Smith songs
Song recordings produced by Alan Menken


Universal War One is a six-part French comic book limited series written, penciled, and inked by Denis Bajram. The series was initially published in France by Soleil Productions from 1998 to 2006. Due to its popularity, it was later translated and released in English by Marvel Comics. The genre is military science fiction, and the series deals with such ideas as time dilation and time travel. Following the comics standards in France and Belgium, each of the six parts of the story has an approximately 50 pages length, making the whole story longer than usual limited series. The first issue of a follow-up series Universal War Two was released in French on 25 September 2013.

Plot summary
The series begins at the onset of a civil war between the United Earth Forces (UEF) and the Colonization Industrial Companies (CIC), which comprises the various outposts and colonies beginning at the planet Saturn and beyond.  The civil war begins when it is discovered that an immense black wall appears near Saturn, cutting the Solar System in two. The black wall absorbs all light and matter.  Enormous, incomprehensible and terrifying, "the wall" is centered on Uranus's moon Oberon, cutting off access to any planet beyond Saturn.  Admiral Von Richtburg discovers that the CIC was attempting to begin a civil war, and orders the Purgatory Squadron, a band of soldiers given a second chance after courts-martial, to investigate the phenomenon known as "the wall".

After the Purgatory Squadron devises a method of breaching and investigating the wall, they are fired upon by a vessel of unknown design. Admiral von Richtburg orders his UEF 3rd Fleet into the wall, and thus begins the First Universal War.

Main characters

Purgatory Squadron
The Purgatory Squadron is composed of members who face Court Martial for various infractions ranging from rape, to insubordination (Resulting in Death) and assault.  Each member is assigned (or sentenced) to the squadron as a last chance to prove themselves effective officers of the UEF (United Earth Forces).  The ranks of some of the characters is not stated in the series.
 Captain June Williamson:  Williamson is the commander of Purgatory Squadron, and is one-half of the only two members not currently facing a Court Martial for previous actions. Universal War One begins with Williamson protecting a group of civilians, mostly women and children, some of whom are family members of striking miners on the moon Titan, from being massacred by her commanding officer. Williamson firmly believes that the goals of the Purgatory Squadron can "save" its members, by proving they have the capacity to be useful officers of the United Earth Forces.
  Lieutenant Kate Von Richtburg:  Richtburg is the Second-in-Command of Purgatory Squadron, and is the other half of the only two members not currently facing a Court Martial for previous actions. She gratefully accepted the position as second-in-command of Purgatory Squadron, as she has a great respect for her for not firing on herself and her mother while they tried to escape the mining riots on Titan.  She has proven herself to be an able officer, and, like Capt. June Williamson, firmly believes that the members of Purgatory Squadron has what it takes to be capable officers.

Members of Purgatory Squadron:
  Lieutenant Paulo "Mario" Del Gado: A self-professed coward, Mario is ashamed of his actions which led to the destruction of three supply ships and the deaths of their pilots.  Mario was a Navigation Technician in charge of guiding six ships through an asteroid field, but he panicked and three supply ships were destroyed. It was decided to partner him with Balti in an effort to keep him from deserting.
 John "Balti" Baltimore : All you need to know about Balti is that he wants to be a hero.  With this goal as his only guide, he disobeyed orders not to intervene in the rescue operation of a transport ship that had caught fire.  Unknown to him, a rescue shuttle had already been dispatched, which he collided with just before it could dock to save the ship. Twelve crew members were killed on the transport, and three others in the rescue ship were severely injured.  Balti can be best described as someone whose heart is in the best place, but whose willingness to become a hero makes him a brash and unpredictable officer.  Balti is killed at the end of Universal War One #3 as a direct result of the time dilation and time travel effects.
  Amina El Moudden: a native of the Middle East, Amina joined the EUF on her 18th birthday to escape her father's sexual abuse. Sometime after a Colonel in the EUF attempted to rape her, though somehow this failed, subsequently, to get her revenge, she castrated him with a welding torch, and as of Universal War One #1 he was in critical condition.  Amina accidentally injures Milorad, incorrectly believing that he is her father coming to sexually assault her during an injury-induced hallucination after crashing her fighter.
  Lt. Colonel Edward "Ed" Kalish: Kalish is a genius who was formerly the head of the EUF 3rd Fleet's Space Physics Research Division. He was sentenced to the Purgatory Squadron after beating twelve people senseless in a bar-fight, three of which were critically wounded, as well as wrecking the bar. Williamson stated that his genius caused him to be so arrogant and superior that he felt he could "impose his will on others - with his fists if necessary", owing in part to his arrogance and the other to his rough upbringing and history of violence. Kalish discovered Milorad attempting to rape Amina, and nearly beat him to death, proving that he too was not making use of his second chance.  Kalish is also the individual responsible for discovering the nature and effect of the wall.
  Milorad Racunicsa: Milorad was sentenced to the Purgatory Squadron after raping a nurse, an offence which he attempted to repeat on Amina in the first issue of Universal War One.  It was this rape attempt that prompted Captain Williamson to inform each member of the squadron of all of their collective crimes.  It was this event which prompted Balti to risk his life by entering the mysterious black "wall".

Other characters
  Admiral Von Richtburg:  Commanding Officer of UEF 3rd Fleet, and father to Lieutenant Kate Von Richtburg.  Admiral Richtburg is the reason why Purgatory Squadron was formed in the first place; he prevented Captain Williamson from being Court Martial, as her insubordination saved the life of his wife and daughter Kate who were trying to escape the mining riots on Titan. He is the officer who uncovered the betrayal of the CIC (Colonization Industrial Companies).  He is a firm, uncompromising military officer and respected leader who has a deep love for his daughter.
  Colonel Edward:  Little is known about this EUF officer, just that it is clear he hates the Purgatory Squadron and is unnecessarily rude and who would like nothing better than to see the squadron fail.

Issues

The original Universal War One series was divided up into two sets of three issues by Marvel: Universal War One, collecting issues #1-#3, with the remaining three issues published under the title Universal War One: Revelations.

Universal War One:
 The Genesis (released in English on 16 July 2008)
 The Fruit of Knowledge (released in English on 13 August 2008)
 Cain and Abel (published in English on 3 September 2008)

Universal War One: Revelations (Universal War One issues #4-#6):
 The Flood (released in English on 1 April 2009)
 Babel (released in English on 6 May 2009)
 The Patriarch (published in English on 3 June 2009)

Universal War Two
 40 Years in the Desert (published in French in August 2013)
 The Promised Land (published in French in September 2014)
 The Exodus (published in French in November 2016)
 The Fall of the Temple (will be published in French 20 November 2019)
 The Prophets (TBA)
 The Writing on the Wall (TBA)

Collected editions
The two series have been collected into individual volumes:
 Universal War One (144 pages, Marvel Comics, hardcover, January 2009, )
 Universal War One: Revelations (144 pages, Marvel Comics, hardcover, August 2009, )

In October 2015 Titan Comics released the hardcover collected edition of Universal War One (288 pages, Titan Comics, hardcover, October 2015, )

Film
A live action film has been announced with a reported budget of 40 million dollars.

Reception
 Bleeding Cool called it an "outstanding graphic novel".
 IGN criticized it for its leisurely pacing, and its fair amount of stilted dialogue.

References

External links
 Official Website
 UW1 on marvel.com
 UW1 on soleilprod.com
 Universal War One Spanish Review @ kopodo

French comics titles
Comics about time travel


The Gordon Tract is a late Woodland period archeological site located on the floodplain and bluffs of Hinkson Creek near Columbia, Missouri, United States, which contains the remains of a prehistoric village and mounds. Radiocarbon dating of material obtained from the site gave dates of 1017 and 1112 C.E. The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. The exact location of the site is restricted to protect the remains from harm. The Missouri Department of Natural Resources lists the site in Grindstone Nature Area, a city park.

References

Buildings and structures in Columbia, Missouri
Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Missouri
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Missouri
Geography of Columbia, Missouri
Protected areas of Boone County, Missouri
National Register of Historic Places in Boone County, Missouri


Pan, the Greek deity, is often portrayed in cinema, literature, music, and stage productions, as a symbolic or cultural reference.

Film
Playful Pan, Silly Symponies cartoon from 1930
Picnic on the Grass (1959) by Jean Renoir evokes Pan with a flute-playing goatherd.
In 7 Faces of Dr. Lao (1964), Pan appears as one of the attractions in the circus. He seduces Angela Benedict, the librarian, with his enticing music and even takes the form of the man she secretly admires, Ed Cunningham, the newspaper editor. Pan is one of the seven characters in the film played by Tony Randall.
Legend (1985) by Ridley Scott has Tim Curry playing Pan, as the character Darkness, after Scott saw him perform in Rocky Horror Picture Show.
Pan's Labyrinth (2006) by Guillermo del Toro (Spanish title: El Laberinto del Fauno) features a faun that is not Pan, but the design was based on Pan
His Majesty Minor (2007) by Jean-Jacques Annaud is a French film featuring Pan as a main character

Literature

"Pan" (1881), a double-villanelle by Oscar Wilde
The Great God Pan (1890) by Arthur Machen
Pan and the Young Shepherd (1898) by Maurice Hewlett
The Moon-Slave (1901) by Barry Pain
The Plea of Pan by Henry W. Nevinson
The Horned Shepherd (1904) by Edgar Jepson
"The Man Who Went Too Far" (1904) by E. F. Benson
The Garden God (1906) by Forrest Reid
"The Piper At The Gates Of Dawn" (1908) in The Wind in the Willows by Kenneth Grahame
Pan-Worship and Other Poems (1908)  by Eleanor Farjeon
The Devil and the Crusader (1909), horror novel by Alice and Claude Askew
The Triumph of Pan (1910) by Victor Neuberg
"The Music on the Hill" (1911) by Hector Hugh Munro aka Saki
"The Story of a Panic" (1911) by E. M. Forster
"The Touch of Pan" (1917) by Algernon Blackwood
Pan and the Twins (1922)  by Eden Phillpotts
The Oldest God (1926) satirical novel by Stephen McKenna
"How Pan Came to Little Ingleton" (1926) by Margery Lawrence
The Blessing of Pan (1927), a fantasy novel by Lord Dunsany
The Crock of Gold (1928) by James Stephens
The Pan trilogy by Jean Giono
Colline (1929)
Lovers Are Never Losers (1929)
Second Harvest (1930)
"The People of Pan" (1929) by Henry S. Whitehead
The Goat-Foot God (1936) by Dion Fortune
"The Call of Wings" by Agatha Christie
In the short story "The Magic Barrel" by Bernard Malamud, main character Pinye Salzman is compared to Pan
"A Musical Instrument" and "The Dead Pan", poems by Elizabeth Barrett Browning
Gravity's Rainbow (1973) by Thomas Pynchon
Pan appears in The Circus of Dr. Lao (1935), written by Charles G. Finney and illustrated by Boris Artzybasheff, and its movie adaptation, 7 Faces of Dr. Lao(1964)
Pan is the primary, metaphorical theme in Knut Hamsun's novel Pan (1894)
In Jitterbug Perfume (1985) by Tom Robbins, Pan plays a prominent role throughout the whole plot
"News For The Delphic Oracle", a poem by William Butler Yeats, published in the collection Last Poems (1939)
"Pan With Us" is a poem by Robert Frost, published as Poem 26 from A Boy's Will.
Pan appears in Greenmantle (1988) by Charles de Lint
Pan appears in Cloven Hooves (1991) by Megan Lindholm aka Robin Hobb
George Pérez's first Wonder Woman story shows a duplicitous Pan tricking Princess Diana
In "in Just=", E. E. Cummings' poem, Pan is described, metaphorically, as "the/ goat-footed/ baloonMan"
In Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up by J. M. Barrie and related works, the titular character Peter Pan is based on Pan.
"The Lawnmower Man" (May 1975) by Stephen King
The Great God Pan (2003) by Donna Jo Napoli, Pan is involved in the Trojan War
In the 2005–2009 book series Percy Jackson & the Olympians by Rick Riordan, Pan is a character sought out by all the satyrs for their quests. One of the main characters, Grover Underwood, was a satyr who searched for Pan until he found him dying in the Labyrinth of King Minos.
In Rob Thurman's (2006) Cal Leandros series, Robin Goodfellow is introduced in the first book and becomes a close friend to the Leandros brothers.  He is a trickster, used car salesmen and one of the last known Puck's in existence.  He has also been known throughout history as Pan.

Music
(Alphabetical by artist)
Animal Collective has a song entitled "I See You Pan" on their release Hollinndagain.
 The medieval folk band Faun has been greatly inspired by Pan, and many of their songs are about Pan, such as "Arcadia" and "Hymn to Pan".
"Great God Pan" is a track by SD Laika from his debut album That's Harakiri.
In the original programme for Gustav Mahler's Third Symphony, the first movement is subtitled "Pan Awakes, Summer Marches In".
"La Flute de Pan" (Pan et les Bergers, Pan et l'oiseaux, Pan et les Nymphes) were composed by Jules Mouquet
Carl Nielsen composed "Pan and Syrinx".
Justinus Primitive produced the Pan-inspired album Praise Pan, Great God Pan, and the songs "On Becoming Water", "Praise Pan, Great God Pan", and "Transformation Mantra"
In "Joueur de flute" by Albert Roussel, one of the four movements is named after Pan
"Dryades et Pan" is the last of three Myths for violin and piano, Op. 30, by Karol Szymanowski.
 We Are All Pan's People is  an album by The Focus Group.
"Pan" is a song by The Veils
"The Pan Within" and "The Return of Pan" are two songs by The Waterboys.
 Pan is referenced in Stevie Wonder's song "Flower Power", from his album The Secret Life of Plants.
Pan's People, a British dance troupe from Top of the Pops, was named after Pan
The title of the 1967 Pink Floyd album The Piper at the Gates of Dawn is a reference to a chapter in the 1908 book The Wind in the Willows which features Pan

- The Waterboys have a song "The Return of Pan"on their 1993 album Dream Harder.

Plays
 Pan's Anniversary, a masque by Ben Jonson, originally performed in 1620 or 1621.

Video games
Pan appears in Castlevania: Lords of Shadow as advisor to main character Gabriel Belmont.
Pan appears as a Greek god in Dungeons & Dragons.
Pan is a high-level antagonist in the computer game Freedom Force. He plays a Pan flute that hypnotizes player characters into attacking their allies.
Pan appears in King's Quest IV: The Perils of Rosella as a satyr playing a magical flute with hypnotic abilities.
Pan has a supporting role in the game Rise of the Argonauts on PC, PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360.

Other
 Pan is worshiped by Merle Highchurch, one of the main characters in the Dungeons & Dragons comedy podcast The Adventure Zone. Pan speaks to Merle on several occasions during the story.
Pan is dead (still life), a 1911 painting by George Washington Lambert
Pan is a villain in the third season of the Netflix series Chilling Adventures of Sabrina. His gaze causes the witch Agatha to go insane.

Notes

Classical mythology in popular culture
Pan (god)
Fauns in popular culture
Greek and Roman deities in fiction


Face Rock State Scenic Viewpoint is a state park in Bandon, Oregon, United States, administered by the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department. The rocks and tidal flats adjacent to the park form part of the Oregon Islands National Wildlife Refuge. More than 300 species of birds frequent the area.

The viewpoint's name is derived from the off-shore rock island which has the likeness of a human face and is part of a Native American legend.

The state acquired land over time for the  park, originally called Bandon Ocean Wayside. The initial land was a gift in 1934; the state bought additional acreage in 1961.

Amenities include picnic tables, restrooms, a viewing scope, and a stairway and trail to the beach. Slightly north of Face Rock is Coquille Point, with its own parking area, benches, and hiking trail within the only mainland fraction of the Oregon Islands National Wildlife Refuge.

See also
 List of Oregon state parks

References

1934 establishments in Oregon
Oregon Coast
Parks in Coos County, Oregon
Protected areas established in 1934
State parks of Oregon


Fall Creek State Recreation Site is a state park in the U.S. state of Oregon, administered by the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department. The park includes 47 campsites that do not include many luxuries. Each site includes a picnic table and a fire ring. There is also a designated swimming area in the lake that Fall Creek flows into. A dock and boat ramp are on the lake as well.

See also
 List of Oregon state parks

References

External links

State parks of Oregon
Parks in Lane County, Oregon


Fogarty Creek State Recreation Area is a state park in the U.S. state of Oregon, administered by the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department.

History

The park was established in the 1950s, assembled through purchase and donation of land acquired between 1954 and 1978.  The park and the creek were named after John Fogarty, a former judge in Lincoln County.

See also
 List of Oregon state parks

References

External links

State parks of Oregon
Oregon Coast
Parks in Lincoln County, Oregon


Geisel Monument State Heritage Site is a state park in the U.S. state of Oregon, administered by the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department.

See also
 List of Oregon state parks

References

External links

State parks of Oregon
Parks in Curry County, Oregon


Santa Fe River may refer to a water body in the United States:

 Santa Fe River (Florida)
 Santa Fe River (New Mexico)

See also
Santa Fe (disambiguation)


Gleneden Beach State Recreation Site is a state park administered by the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department in the U.S. state of Oregon. Located along the Pacific Ocean  south of  Lincoln City, it offers public beach access, picnicking, and fishing in a setting of shore pines, sandstone bluffs, and sand. The park is fee-free.

Open year-round, the  park has picnic tables, a group picnic area, and restrooms. Road access is from U.S. Highway 101, which passes through the nearby community of Gleneden Beach. Picnic tables have been set up in the woods near the parking area and in a meadow above an ocean bluff. A path along the edge of the bluff offers views of the ocean; other paths lead down to the beach.

See also
 List of Oregon state parks

References

State parks of Oregon
Parks in Lincoln County, Oregon


Golden and Silver Falls State Natural Area is a state park in Coos County, Oregon, United States, administered by the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department. The nearest settlement is Allegany.

See also
 List of Oregon state parks

References

External links

State parks of Oregon
Parks in Coos County, Oregon


Governor Patterson Memorial State Recreation Site is a state park in the U.S. state of Oregon, administered by the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department.

See also
 List of Oregon state parks

References

External links

State parks of Oregon
Parks in Lincoln County, Oregon


Hat Rock State Park is a state park in the U.S. state of Oregon, administered by the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department. The park is located off the east side of U.S. Highway 730 in Hermiston, on the south shore of Lake Wallula behind McNary Dam on the Columbia River.

Flood basalt

Hat Rock is a geological formation that, along with another outcropping rock in the park called Boat Rock, are thought to be exposed remnants of a 12-million-year-old basalt flow. Floods from the Ice Age eventually left these bedrocks, as well as others along the Columbia River Gorge exposed at the surface of the Earth.
It is  high.

See also
 Hermiston Butte
 List of Oregon state parks

References

External links

State parks of Oregon
Hermiston, Oregon
Parks in Umatilla County, Oregon
Volcanism of Oregon
Miocene volcanism
Volcanic plugs of the United States


In their -year history, the Boston Celtics have selected the following players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) draft and previously in the Basketball Association of America draft.

Key

Notes

References

Boston Celtics Draft Register at Basketball-Reference.com

National Basketball Association draft
Basketball Association of America draft
draft history


Hilgard Junction State Recreation Area is a state park in Hilgard, Oregon, United States, administered by the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department. Located along the Grande Ronde River next to Interstate 84 at its intersection with Highway 244, the park has Full RV hook-up sites and tent camp sites with flush toilets and showers nearby.

The park takes its name from a nearby junction of the Union Pacific Railroad line that was named after E. W. Hilgard, former dean of the College of Agriculture of the University of California.

See also
 List of Oregon state parks

References

External links

State parks of Oregon
Parks in Union County, Oregon


Hoffman Memorial State Wayside is a state park in the U.S. state of Oregon, administered by the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department.

See also
 List of Oregon state parks

References

External links

State parks of Oregon
Parks in Coos County, Oregon


The vapor–liquid–solid method (VLS) is a mechanism for the growth of one-dimensional structures, such as nanowires, from chemical vapor deposition. The growth of a crystal through direct adsorption of a gas phase on to a solid surface is generally very slow. The VLS mechanism circumvents this by introducing a catalytic liquid alloy phase which can rapidly adsorb a vapor to supersaturation levels, and from which crystal growth can subsequently occur from nucleated seeds at the liquid–solid interface. The physical characteristics of nanowires grown in this manner depend, in a controllable way, upon the size and physical properties of the liquid alloy.

Historical background

The VLS mechanism was proposed in 1964 as an explanation for silicon whisker growth from the gas phase in the presence of a liquid gold droplet placed upon a silicon substrate. The explanation was motivated by the absence of axial screw dislocations in the whiskers (which in themselves are a growth mechanism), the requirement of the gold droplet for growth, and the presence of the droplet at the tip of the whisker during the entire growth process.

Introduction
The VLS mechanism is typically described in three stages:

Preparation of a liquid alloy droplet upon the substrate from which a wire is to be grown
Introduction of the substance to be grown as a vapor, which adsorbs on to the liquid surface, and diffuses into the droplet
Supersaturation and nucleation at the liquid/solid interface leading to axial crystal growth

Experimental technique
The VLS process takes place as follows:
A thin (~1–10 nm) Au film is deposited onto a silicon (Si) wafer substrate by sputter deposition or thermal evaporation.
The wafer is annealed at temperatures higher than the Au-Si eutectic point, creating Au-Si alloy droplets on the wafer surface (the thicker the Au film, the larger the droplets). Mixing Au with Si greatly reduces the melting temperature of the alloy as compared to the alloy constituents. The melting temperature of the Au:Si alloy reaches a minimum (~363 °C) when the ratio of its constituents is 4:1 Au:Si, also known as the Au:Si eutectic point.
Lithography techniques can also be used to controllably manipulate the diameter and position of the droplets (and as you will see below, the resultant nanowires).
One-dimensional crystalline nanowires are then grown by a liquid metal-alloy droplet-catalyzed chemical or physical vapor deposition process, which takes place in a vacuum deposition system. Au-Si droplets on the surface of the substrate act to lower the activation energy of normal vapor-solid growth. For example, Si can be deposited by means of a SiCl4:H2 gaseous mixture reaction (chemical vapor deposition), only at temperatures above 800 °C, in normal vapor-solid growth. Moreover, below this temperature almost no Si is deposited on the growth surface. However, Au particles can form Au-Si eutectic droplets at temperatures above 363 °C and adsorb Si from the vapor state (because Au can form a solid-solution with all Si concentrations up to 100%) until reaching a supersaturated state of Si in Au. Furthermore, nanosized Au-Si droplets have much lower melting points (ref) because the surface area-to-volume ratio is increasing, becoming energetically unfavorable, and nanometer-sized particles act to minimize their surface energy by forming droplets (spheres or half-spheres).
Si has a much higher melting point (~1414 °C) than that of the eutectic alloy, therefore Si atoms precipitate out of the supersaturated liquid-alloy droplet at the liquid-alloy/solid-Si interface, and the droplet rises from the surface. This process is illustrated in figure 1.

Typical features of the VLS method
Greatly lowered reaction energy compared to normal vapor-solid growth.
Wires grow only in the areas activated by the metal catalysts and the size and position of the wires are determined by that of the metal catalysts.
This growth mechanism can also produce highly anisotropic nanowire arrays from a variety of material.

Requirements for catalyst particles
The requirements for catalysts are:
It must form a liquid solution with the crystalline material to be grown at the nanowire growth temperature.
The solid solubility of the catalyzing agent is low in the solid and liquid phases of the substrate material.
The equilibrium vapor pressure of the catalyst over the liquid alloy must be small so that the droplet does not vaporize, shrink in volume (and therefore radius), and decrease the radius of the growing wire until, ultimately, growth is terminated.
The catalyst must be inert (non-reacting) to the reaction products (during CVD nanowire growth).
The vapor–solid, vapor–liquid, and liquid–solid interfacial energies play a key role in the shape of the droplets and therefore must be examined before choosing a suitable catalyst; small contact angles between the droplet and solid are more suitable for large area growth, while large contact angles result in the formation of smaller (decreased radius) whiskers.
The solid-liquid interface must be well-defined crystallographically in order to produce highly directional growth of nanowires. It is also important to point out that the solid-liquid interface cannot, however, be completely smooth. Furthermore, if the solid liquid interface was atomically smooth, atoms near the interface trying to attach to the solid would have no place to attach to until a new island nucleates (atoms attach at step ledges), leading to an extremely slow growth process. Therefore, “rough” solid surfaces, or surfaces containing a large number of surface atomic steps (ideally 1 atom wide, for large growth rates) are needed for deposited atoms to attach and nanowire growth to proceed.

Growth mechanism

Catalyst droplet formation

The materials system used, as well as the cleanliness of the vacuum system and therefore the amount of contamination and/or the presence of oxide layers at the droplet and wafer surface during the experiment, both greatly influence the absolute magnitude of the forces present at the droplet/surface interface and, in turn, determine the shape of the droplets. The shape of the droplet, i.e. the contact angle (β0, see Figure 4) can, be modeled mathematically, however, the actual forces present during growth are extremely difficult to measure experimentally. Nevertheless, the shape of a catalyst particle at the surface of a crystalline substrate is determined by a balance of the forces of surface tension and the liquid–solid interface tension. The radius of the droplet varies with the contact angle as:

where r0 is the radius of the contact area and β0 is defined by a modified Young’s equation:

,

It is dependent on the surface (σs) and liquid–solid interface (σls) tensions, as well as an additional line tension (τ) which comes into effect when the initial radius of the droplet is small (nanosized). As a nanowire begins to grow, its height increases by an amount dh and the radius of the contact area decreases by an amount dr (see Figure 4). As the growth continues, the inclination angle at the base of the nanowires (α, set as zero before whisker growth) increases, as does β0:

.

The line tension therefore greatly influences the catalyst contact area. The most import result from this conclusion is that different line tensions will result in different growth modes. If the line tensions are too large, nanohillock growth will result and thus stop the growth.

Nanowhisker diameter
The diameter of the nanowire which is grown depends upon the properties of the alloy droplet. The growth of nano-sized wires requires nano-size droplets to be prepared on the substrate. In an equilibrium situation this is not possible as the minimum radius of a metal droplet is given by

where Vl is the molar volume of the droplet, σlv the liquid-vapor surface energy, and s is the degree of supersaturation of the vapor. This equations restricts the minimum diameter of the droplet, and of any crystals which can be grown from it, under typically conditions to well above the nanometer level. Several techniques to generate smaller droplets have been developed, including the use of monodispersed nanoparticles spread in low dilution on the substrate, and the laser ablation of a substrate-catalyst mixture so to form a plasma which allows well-separated nanoclusters of the catalyst to form as the systems cools.

Whisker growth kinetics
During VLS whisker growth, the rate at which whiskers grow is dependent on the whisker diameter: the larger the whisker diameter, the faster the nanowire grows axially. This is because the supersaturation of the metal-alloy catalyst () is the main driving force for nanowhisker growth and decreases with decreasing whisker diameter (also known as the Gibbs-Thomson effect):

.

Again, Δµ is the main driving force for nanowhisker growth (the supersaturation of the metal droplet). More specifically, Δµ0 is the difference between the chemical potential of the depositing species (Si in the above example) in the vapor and solid whisker phase. Δµ0 is the initial difference proceeding whisker growth (when ), while  is the atomic volume of Si and  the specific free energy of the wire surface. Examination of the above equation, indeed reveals that small diameters (100 nm) exhibit small driving forces for whisker growth while large wire diameters exhibit large driving forces.

Related growth techniques

Laser-assisted growth

Involves the removal of material from metal-containing solid targets by irradiating the surface with high-powered (~100 mJ/pulse) short (10 Hz) laser pulses, usually with wavelengths in the ultraviolet (UV) region of the light spectrum. When such a laser pulse is adsorbed by a solid target, material from the surface region of the target absorbs the laser energy and either (a) evaporates or sublimates from the surface or is (b) converted into a plasma (see laser ablation). These particles are easily transferred to the substrate where they can nucleate and grow into nanowires.
The laser-assisted growth technique is particularly useful for growing nanowires with high melting temperatures, multicomponent or doped nanowires, as well as nanowires with extremely high crystalline quality. The high intensity of the laser pulse incident at the target allows the deposition of high melting point materials, without having to try to evaporate the material using extremely high temperature resistive or electron bombardment heating. Furthermore, targets can simply be made from a mixture of materials or even a liquid. Finally, the plasma formed during the laser absorption process allows for the deposition of charged particles as well as a catalytic means to lower the activation barrier of reactions between target constituents.

Thermal evaporation
Some very interesting nanowires microstructures can be obtained by simply thermally evaporating solid materials. This technique can be carried out in a relatively simple setup composed of a dual-zone vacuum furnace. The hot end of the furnace contains the evaporating source material, while the evaporated particles are carrier downstream, (by way of a carrier gas) to the colder end of the furnace where they can absorb, nucleate, and grow on a desired substrate.

Metal-catalyzed molecular beam epitaxy

Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) has been used since 2000 to create high-quality semiconductor wires based on the VLS growth mechanism. However, in metal-catalyzed MBE the metal particles do not catalyze a reaction between precursors but rather adsorb vapor phase particles. This is because the chemical potential of the vapor can be drastically lowered by entering the liquid phase.

MBE is carried out under ultra-high vacuum (UHV) conditions where the mean-free-path (distance between collisions) of source atoms or molecules is on the order of meters. Therefore, evaporated source atoms (from, say, an effusion cell) act as a beam of particles directed towards the substrate. The growth rate of the process is very slow, the deposition conditions are very clean, and as a result four superior capabilities arise, when compared to other deposition methods:

UHV conditions minimize the amount of oxidation/contamination of the growing structures
Relatively low growth temperatures prevent interdiffusion (mixing) of nano-sized heterostructures
Very thin-film analysis techniques can be used in-situ (during growth), such as reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) to monitor the microstructure at the surface of the substrate as well as the chemical composition, using Auger electron spectroscopy.

Bottom-up synthesis of "hashtag" like nanowire structures
This technique is a bottom-up synthesis of monocrystalline InSb nanowire network, which creates networks of up to four crossed junctions or ‘hashtags’ and also the growth of separated superconducting islands. The procedure used consists in creating a substrate with trenches and depositing gold droplets on the inclined facets, both actions through electron-beam lithography. Via the vapor-liquid-solid mechanism, the nanowires grow above the gold droplets and, as the facets and the gold droplets are inclined, the nanowires grow towards each other, fusing into a network.

References

External links
Growing Crystals in the Lab
Lieber Research Group Home Page – Harvard University

Nanomaterials
Chemical processes

da:Nanotråd#Fremstilling


Holman State Wayside is a state park in Polk County, Oregon, United States, on Oregon Route 22 at the foot of the Eola Hills near the community of Eola. The wayside is administered by the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department but was closed to vehicular traffic in 2007 because of ongoing problems with criminal activity.

The site was purchased by the State of Oregon in 1922. The land was originally owned by Thomas and Cora Holman, who had long allowed the public to water their stock and drink at a natural spring on the property, a purpose it had served since pioneer times. The  park is on a hillside forested with Douglas-firs, Oregon white oaks and bigleaf maples, and has picnic tables and a walking trail.

Bicycle and pedestrian traffic is still permitted in the park, although the restrooms have been demolished since 2013. In 2007, the Parks and Recreation Department said the closure of the wayside was temporary while solutions to the park's problems were discussed, and held a public hearing regarding the future of the wayside.

See also
 List of Oregon state parks

References

External links

State parks of Oregon
Parks in Polk County, Oregon
1922 establishments in Oregon


Humbug Mountain State Park is a state park located on the Oregon coast. It is administered by the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department. The park can be accessed via the US Route 101,  south of Port Orford, and  north of Gold Beach.
It covers  of land around  Humbug Mountain, one of the tallest headlands on the Oregon coast.

See also
 List of Oregon state parks

References

External links

Parks in Curry County, Oregon
State parks of Oregon


Illinois River Forks State Park is a state park in the U.S. state of Oregon, administered by the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department.  The park consists of approximately 400 acres, with 170 located between the forks of the Illinois River and the remainder on the west side.  The portion between the forks of the river and accessed from Highway 199 just south of Cave Junction, is developed with paved parking, grass lawns with picnic tables, outhouses, and offers a wonderful swimming hole for summer users.  The west side of the park, accessed from Westside Road, offers the West Side Trailhead and nearly seven miles of single-track, natural surface hiking and equestrian trails.  There is gravelled parking for cars, and a separate pull-through parking lane area for horse rigs.  A vault toilet and kiosk with the trail system displayed is in the parking area.

See also
 List of Oregon state parks

References

External links

State parks of Oregon
Parks in Josephine County, Oregon


Jasper State Recreation Site is a state park in the U.S. state of Oregon, administered by the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department.

See also
 List of Oregon state parks

References

External links

State parks of Oregon
Parks in Lane County, Oregon


John B. Yeon State Scenic Corridor is a state park in the U.S. state of Oregon, administered by the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department. It is located about 35 miles east of Portland in the Columbia Gorge. It is named in honor of John B. Yeon, one of the principal financiers of the Historic Columbia River Highway U.S. Route 30 which was constructed between 1913 and 1922. Located in the Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area, the park features hiking trails that access some of the nearby waterfalls, including Elowah Falls.

See also
 List of Oregon state parks
 Wahe Falls

References

External links

State parks of Oregon
Parks in Multnomah County, Oregon


Koberg Beach State Recreation Site is a state park in Hood River County, Oregon United States, administered by the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department. The park offers a wayside rest area for west bound traffic on Interstate 84.

For years, the area was owned by the Koberg family who developed the beach and built a rustic style dance hall which was popular with people from nearby Hood River. The Highway Department acquired the land in 1953 and removed the dance hall the next year. In 1962, an entrance road, a parking area and other facilities became available.

See also
 List of Oregon state parks

References

External links

State parks of Oregon
Parks in Hood River County, Oregon
Beaches of Oregon
1962 establishments in Oregon
Landforms of Hood River County, Oregon


La Pine State Park is a state park along the Deschutes River in the U.S. state of Oregon, administered by the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department.

See also
 List of Oregon state parks

References

External links

State parks of Oregon
Parks in Deschutes County, Oregon


Lake Owyhee State Park is a state park in the U.S. state of Oregon, administered by the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department. Bighorn sheep can be found here.

See also
 List of Oregon state parks

References

External links

State parks of Oregon
Parks in Malheur County, Oregon


Lost Creek State Recreation Site is a state park in the U.S. state of Oregon, administered by the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department.

See also
 List of Oregon state parks

References

External links

State parks of Oregon
Parks in Lincoln County, Oregon


Lowell State Recreation Site is a state park in the U.S. state of Oregon, administered by the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department.

See also
 List of Oregon state parks

References

External links

State parks of Oregon
Parks in Lane County, Oregon


Manhattan Beach State Recreation Site is a state park in the U.S. state of Oregon. Administered by the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department, the park is open to the public and is fee-free. Amenities at the park, which is  north of Rockaway Beach along U.S. Route 101, include picnicking, fishing, and a Pacific Ocean beach.

The entrance road from the highway leads across tracks of the Southern Pacific Railroad to a site with coastal vegetation, picnic tables, and restrooms. Although the park occupies only , its beach forms part of a  stretch of public beaches between Tillamook Bay on the south and Nehalem Bay on the north. Sea stacks called the Twin Rocks can be seen offshore to the south near the community of Twin Rocks. The Oregon Coast Trail passes through the park.

Oregon Geographic Names (OGN) says that the name Manhattan Beach "strongly savors of real-estate activity". The Pacific Railway & Navigation Company, which opened a rail line through a nearby summer resort in 1912, named its train station "Manhattan Beach". The unincorporated community of Manhattan Beach had a post office between 1914 and 1975. In 1926, the postmaster wrote that promoters chose the name because Manhattan Beach, Oregon, was a watering place. OGN says the name might be "particularly inappropriate" considering that a native American word for Manhattan Island in New York probably meant "place of drunkenness" and that "no one gets drunk in Oregon, certainly not in watering places. No indeed."

See also
 List of Oregon state parks

References

State parks of Oregon
Parks in Tillamook County, Oregon


Maud Williamson State Recreation Site is a state park in Yamhill County, Oregon, United States, administered by the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department. The park is located at the intersection of Oregon Route 221 and Oregon Route 153 near Wheatland. The park entrance is across from Wheatland Road, which leads to the Wheatland Ferry.

The site includes of a stand of second-growth Douglas-fir and a historic farmhouse. In the early spring trilliums are abundant.

The  park formerly offered overnight camping, but now is day-use only. Amenities include picnic tables, restrooms, a covered picnic shelter, volleyball courts and horseshoe pits. Admission is free, but there is a fee to reserve the picnic shelter.

History
Maud Williamson was a teacher at the school in Wheatland for many years. In about 1930, a new Wheatland School was built across the Dayton-Salem highway from the park, which then was a farm owned by Williamson.

Maud Williamson died in about 1933, and willed her timberland and house to the State of Oregon in memory of her mother, Ruby T. Williamson. Part of the park is situated on the original Donation Land Claim of Adam Matheny, one of the sons of Daniel Matheny, who established the ferry in Wheatland.

The adjoining Charles S. Williamson House is a Queen Anne-style house built in 1890 by Maud Williamson's father, who was postmaster of Wheatland for 12 years. Maud Williamson once lived there with her brother. The house is not open to the public.

A bronze plaque commemorating the donation of the site was placed in the park in 1934.

See also
 Hopewell, Oregon
 List of Oregon state parks

References

State parks of Oregon
Parks in Yamhill County, Oregon
1934 establishments in Oregon


McVay Rock State Recreation Site is a state park in the U.S. state of Oregon, administered by the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department.

The park was purchased from private owners at some point between 1970 and 1974. It was named for the nearby McVay Rock, which was demolished for gravel and fill rock, and is now the site of a small housing development.

See also
 List of Oregon state parks

References

External links

State parks of Oregon
Parks in Curry County, Oregon


The Human and Social Sciences Library Paris Descartes-CNRS (in French Bibliothèque de sciences humaines et sociales Descartes-CNRS) is one of the most important French libraries concerning sociology, linguistics and science education. The library collaborates with BNF (Bibliothèque nationale de France) as an associated pole (pôle associé) on topics such as health and public policy, Ethics and bioethics, Health sciences and society, drug use and abuse, social psychology.

Being a unité mixte de service (mixed service unit) (UMS 3036), the library depends on both Paris Descartes University (Paris V) and the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS). It is located in Rue des Saints-Pères, in the Latin Quarter.

History

The collection of the library comes from two different origins :

Paris 5 University Human and Social Sciences Libraries

A part comes from the former Human and Social Sciences collections of Paris Descartes University (formerly Paris V University) – the collections of social sciences and linguistics were held in the Sorbonne and those of science education in a library in Rue des Saints-Pères  (6th district of Paris). Part of the major linguistics collection come from the private libraries of well-known 19th and 20th-century scholars such as Abel Hovelacque, Joseph Vendryes, and others.

CNRS Sociology Library

The main part of the collection comes from the former Sociological Library of the CNRS. The collections increased during the second half of the 20th century. Georges Gurvitch gave books that he had purchased in the United States to the library and Maurice Halbwachs also gave a part of his private library to the Sociological Study Center (Centre d’études sociologiques, CES) just after World War II.

The library, founded by Lucienne Thomas, had the same fate as the CES. First situated in Rue de Varenne (7th arrondissement), it moved to Rue Cardinet (17th arrondissement) in 1959. Its aim is to buy and make available books and knowledge to researchers but also to indicate the resources at a national scale: thus, the library is in charge of the "sociology" section of the Bulletin Signalétique (a kind of bibliography of French science articles) at the beginning of the 70s.

Jacques Lautman, head of CNRS' Human and Society sciences department, decided to change its name in «Bibliothèque de sociologie du CNRS» (CNRS Sociology Library) in 1986. It moved one more time to Rue Pouchet (next to Rue Cardinet). Closed for a time while being reorganized, it re-opened in 2004 : it then held 50,000 sociological books and a collection of  1,500 periodicals. In 2006, it became part of the new Human and Social Sciences Library Paris Descartes-CNRS.

The library currently

The library reopened at the end of 2006, at the same time that Paris Descartes Social Sciences Faculty moved from the Sorbonne to its new location in Rue des Saints-Pères.

It is a library reserved for scientific research, mainly for grad students, scholars, social and human scientists from all universities and scientific centers. It possesses a collection of more than 80,000 books and 2,000 periodicals (of which at least 500 subscriptions are running) - add all the electronics periodicals and reviews subscriptions bought by the University Library.
In 2008, the former "Friends of Centre d'Études Sociologiques'Society" (SACES) has entrusted to the library some photographic portraits of sociologists : Raymond Aron, André Davidovitch, Émile Durkheim, Georges Friedmann, Louis Gernet, Alain Girard, Marcel Granet, Georges Gurvitch, Maurice Halbwachs, Robert Hertz, Lucien Lévy-Bruhl, Marcel Mauss, Pierre Naville, Pierre Joseph Proudhon, Jean Stoetzel. The complete collection consists of 15 framed photographs, size 32.5 × 38.5 cm (12.79 × 15.15 in). Part of this collection is available on the open archive MediHAL

But it is also an experimental library for new tool for scientific information circulation in France and abroad. The library plays an important part to digitize French Social Sciences reviews for Persée website (created by French Education Ministry). It also plays a leading role in several national projects of CNRS such as TGE-Adonis and Isore.

Notes and references

External links

Official Website

Libraries in Paris
Sociological organizations
Linguistic research institutes


Memaloose State Park is a state park in the U.S. state of Oregon, 11 miles west of The Dalles and accessible via Interstate 84. Memaloose Island to the north is visible from the state park. Victor Trevitt, an early member of the Oregon Legislative Assembly, was buried on the island after his death in 1883; his grave marker is visible on the southern shore of the island.

History
Prior to the arrival of Europeans, the island was long used as a Chinook burial ground. Rather than truly burying their dead, the Indian peoples wrapped the dead, placed them in canoes, and then left the canoes on the island, some inside cedar vaults.

The name is derived from "Memaloose Ilahee", the Chinook Jargon for "land of the dead". Memaloose Island was originally referred to as "Sepulcher Island" by American explorers Meriwether Lewis and William Clark in their 1804-1806 expedition.

The state park was established as Memaloose Island Overlook in 1925 on an initial land donation of 2.64 acres. It was further expanded in 1952 and 1953 as private land was purchased for the construction of I-84, with land not used for the freeway being transferred to the park.

Only about a third of the island as seen by Lewis and Clark is still visible above water. The rest of the island was flooded with the construction of Bonneville Dam further down river, completed in 1937.

Memaloose Island is mentioned in the 1941 folk song, "Roll on, Columbia, Roll on," by Woody Guthrie.

See also
 List of Oregon state parks

References

External links

State parks of Oregon
Parks in Wasco County, Oregon


Minam State Recreation Area is a state park in the U.S. state of Oregon. Administered by the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department, it covers about  along the Wallowa River north of La Grande in Wallowa County. The park is off Oregon Route 82 about  northeast of Elgin.

The park, generally open all year, has 22 primitive campsites, restrooms, a boat ramp, and a walking trail. Visitors may picnic, go boating on the river, or fish for steelhead. Wildlife in the area includes deer, bear, elk, and an occasional cougar or bighorn sheep.

See also
 List of Oregon state parks

References

State parks of Oregon
Parks in Wallowa County, Oregon


Mongold Day-Use Area is a state park in the U.S. state of Oregon, administered by the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department.  It is located on Oregon Route 22 about 3.5 miles (5.6 km) west of the town of Detroit, Oregon.  Because it is on the north shore of Detroit Lake, it is administered as part of Detroit Lake State Park, even though it is about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) west of the park's boundary.

Facilities include a boat ramp, swimming area, fishing area and picnic area.

See also
 List of Oregon state parks

References

External links

State parks of Oregon
Parks in Marion County, Oregon


Munson Creek Falls State Natural Site is a state park in the U.S. state of Oregon, administered by the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department.  The park contains Munson Creek Falls, which is the tallest waterfall in Oregon's Coast Range.  A short hike of  leads to views of the  waterfall.

See also
 List of Oregon state parks

References

External links

State parks of Oregon
Parks in Tillamook County, Oregon
Waterfalls of Oregon


Muriel O. Ponsler Memorial State Scenic Viewpoint is a state park in the U.S. state of Oregon, administered by the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department.

The land was donated by J. C. Ponsler in memory of his wife Muriel.  She was born as Muriel Olevia Grant on September 21, 1897, in Dallas, Oregon.  She married J. C., a Florence, Oregon auto dealer in July 1920.  She died March 29, 1939, in Florence.

See also
 List of Oregon state parks

References

External links

State parks of Oregon
Parks in Lane County, Oregon
1938 establishments in Oregon


There are two educational institutions named Kingsley College:

 Kingsley College, Melbourne, Australia
 Kingsley College, Redditch, United Kingdom


98.8 Castle FM (formerly Leith FM) is a radio station, covering the area of Scotland. The station started broadcasting on 7 May 2007 and was made available on 98.8FM throughout Edinburgh and its surrounding area as well as online.

On 23 March 2012, the station changed its name to 98.8 Castle FM with the strapline 'Edinburgh's bigger local mix' serving the community of the Capital. The licence-holding company (Leith Community Mediaworks Ltd) filed accounts in 2012 as a dormant company with no assets.

As of mid-December 2015 Castle FM changed its name to "Scotland's Castle", the station is available in all major streaming platforms 24hrs a day playing a mixture of current and oldies with the stations strapline "radio for Scotland"

Selected former presenters
Robert Baldock & Andy Fielding (Project Moonbase, 2007–2010)
Paula Cameron
Nikai Chalaman Cruz
Al Chivers (The Al Chivers Alternative Show)
Ally D
Steven Hogg
Donnie Hug0hes
John Hunt0
 Kerry Collins/Norwich (Sublime Sunday)
Ewan Irvine
Penny Jackson
Dave Knight
John Leslie
Lenny Love
Ray McMahon
Tony McQue
Matt Shields
Jason Smith
Joanna Sproule
Kathryn Sproule
Richard & Carly Templeman
Lewis Wilson

References

Leith
Radio stations in Edinburgh


Greenwood, also known as Greenwood Heights, is a historic home located at Columbia, Missouri.  It was built about 1839, and is a two-story, "T"-plan, Federal style red brick farmhouse on a stone foundation. It is one of the oldest remaining structures in Boone County, Missouri. Today the house is under private ownership.

The property was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.

References

External links

Historic American Buildings Survey in Missouri
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Missouri
Federal architecture in Missouri
Houses completed in 1839
Houses in Columbia, Missouri
African-American history in Columbia, Missouri
National Register of Historic Places in Boone County, Missouri


In their -year history, the Chicago Bulls have selected the following players in the National Basketball Association draft.

Key

Notes and references

Chicago Bulls draft picks
National Basketball Association draft
Draft History


Duki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Tarczyn, within Piaseczno County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Tarczyn,  south-west of Piaseczno, and  south-west of Warsaw.

References

Duki


In their -year history, the Cleveland Cavaliers have selected the following players in the National Basketball Association Draft.

Key

Notes

References
 Cleveland Cavaliers Draft Register at Basketball-Reference.com

National Basketball Association draft
draft history


Jason Curtis Brissett (born 7 September 1974) is an English former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.

Career
After playing youth football with Brimsdown Rovers (alongside David Beckham) and Arsenal, Brissett played professionally with Peterborough United, Bournemouth, Walsall, Cheltenham Town, Leyton Orient and Stevenage Borough.

Personal life
Brissett's son Jaden is also a footballer.

References

External links

1974 births
Living people
English men's footballers
Arsenal F.C. players
Peterborough United F.C. players
AFC Bournemouth players
Walsall F.C. players
Cheltenham Town F.C. players
Leyton Orient F.C. players
Stevenage F.C. players
Brimsdown Rovers F.C. players
Men's association football midfielders
Footballers from Ilford


In their 83-year history, the Detroit Pistons (formerly the Fort Wayne Pistons) have selected the following players in the NBA draft and previously in the Basketball Association of America draft. To help the Miami Heat acquire local players, territorial picks were instituted from its inception in 1950 until 1965. Territorial picks were used as a type of special draft choice used in the NBA Draft. Prior to the league's draft, a team could forfeit its first round draft pick and select a player from within . Territorial picks were then eliminated when the draft was revamped in 1966. Before the 1989 NBA draft, the draft had more than two rounds. After 1989, the NBA agreed with the National Basketball Players' Association to limit drafts to two rounds. Teams can also trade their picks, so some years a team could have more than or less than two picks.

Key

Pistons (1957–present)

As Fort Wayne Pistons (1948–1956)

References

National Basketball Association draft
Basketball Association of America draft
Detroit Pistons lists