Scarlet Thread is a 1951 British crime drama film directed by Lewis Gilbert and produced by Ernest G. Roy.

Plot
Two criminals plan a jewellery robbery. The robbery goes wrong and an innocent man is shot.

Cast
 Kathleen Byron as Josephine
 Laurence Harvey as Freddie
 Sydney Tafler as Marcon
 Arthur Hill as Shaw
 Dora Bryan as Maggie
 Eliot Makeham as Jason
 Harry Fowler as Sam
 Cyril Chamberlain as Mason
 Renee Kelly as Eleanor
 Hylton Allen as The Dean

Production
The film was made at Nettlefold Studios, Walton-on-Thames in Surrey, England, and on location. A collection of location stills and corresponding contemporary photographs is hosted at reelstreets.com.

References

External links

1951 films
Films directed by Lewis Gilbert
Films set in London
Films set in Cambridge
British crime drama films
1951 crime drama films
Films produced by Ernest G. Roy
British black-and-white films
Films shot in Cambridgeshire
1950s English-language films
1950s British films


The Dodge 440 is a mid-size car that was marketed by Dodge from 1962 to 1964.
  For the Canadian market, the mid-priced big Dodge was marketed as the Polara 440, for 1965 and 1966. This inaccuracy is without question the 440 in dart 440 is not the engine size as the 440 cubic inch motor didn't arrive in cars until 1967.440 however was a trim level.The 440 was available in 1969 in the gts package however.

Dodge Dart 440 (1962)

Introduced in 1962, the Dodge Dart 440 model was the upmarket trim version of the Dodge Dart. Included was the standard equipment of the Dart and Dart 330, plus backup lights and exterior moldings. The Dart 440 was available as a 4-door sedan, 2-door hardtop, 4-door hardtop, 2-door convertible and 4-door station wagon. The Dart 440 used the  wheelbase shared with the Dart, Dart 330, and Polara 500.

Standard was the  slant-six producing .  Claimed fuel economy in 1962 at a steady 40 mph was 24.1 mpg for the slant-6 engine. Optional were V8 engines that included the  2-barrel Chrysler A,  2-barrel,  2-barrel and 4 barrel Chrysler B, as well as the  4-barrel and dual 4-barrel Chrysler RB engines.  Power seats were $96.

Dodge 440 (1963-1964)

From 1963 the 440 was separated from the new, smaller Dart range. It now featured a 119-inch wheelbase shared with the 330 and Polara and available as a 2-door sedan, 4-door sedan, 2-door hardtop and 4-door station wagon.

During 1963 and 1964 model years, the Dodge 440 was the mid-range model. It featured less chrome and a plainer interior than the top-trimed Polara.

For the 1965 model year, the 440, along with the 330, was replaced by the Polara, with the 880 taking the Polara's place in the lineup on the new C Body with  wheelbase. The 426 engine was also no longer available in full-size Dodges. However, the name 440 stayed on as a trim level of the Dodge Coronet.

References

440
Full-size vehicles
Sedans
Cars introduced in 1963
Cars introduced in 1962
Cars discontinued in 1964


Robert Ralph Furman (August 21, 1915 – October 14, 2008) was a civil engineer who during World War II was the chief of foreign intelligence for the Manhattan Engineer District directing espionage against the German nuclear energy project. He participated in the Alsos Mission, which conducted a series of operations with the intent to place all uranium in Europe into Allied hands, and at the end of the war rounded up German atomic scientists to keep them out of the Soviet Union. He personally escorted half of the uranium-235 necessary for the Little Boy atomic bomb to the Pacific island of Tinian.  He was also a key figure overseeing the construction of The Pentagon building. After the war he founded Furman Builders Inc., a construction company that  built hundreds of structures, including the Potomac Mills shopping mall in Woodbridge, Virginia.

Early life
Furman was born on August 21, 1915, in Trenton, New Jersey, one of five sons of William and Leila Ficht Furman. His father was a bank teller, and his mother worked as a riveter during World War II. He attended Princeton University and graduated in 1937 with a degree in civil engineering. He then worked for the Pennsylvania Railroad and a construction company in New York.

World War II
In December 1940, Furman was activated as a member of the United States Army Reserve and assigned to the Quartermaster Corps Construction Division, where he worked for Colonel Leslie R. Groves, Jr., supervising the day-to-day construction of The Pentagon. When the building was completed in 1943, Groves was reassigned to the "Manhattan Project" and brought his aide, Furman, with him.

In August 1943 Furman was put in charge of an intelligence effort formed by Groves in response to concerns raised by atomic bomb project scientists about the German nuclear energy project. As director of intelligence, Furman was responsible for ascertaining the progress the Germans were making. In December 1943, Groves sent Furman to Britain to discuss the establishment of a London Liaison Office for the Manhattan Project and the British government, and to confer over coordinating the intelligence effort.

Furman sent the spy Moe Berg to Switzerland to meet the head of the German project, Werner Heisenberg. After chatting with Heisenberg at a cocktail party, Berg concluded that the Germans were a long way behind the Allied effort. Furman travelled to Rome in June 1944, where he interviewed Italian scientists about the German project.

When the Alsos Mission found documentation in office of Union Minière in Antwerp that indicated over 1,000 tons of refined uranium had been sent to Germany, but about 150 tons still remained at Olen, Belgium, Groves sent Furman back to Europe with orders to secure the Olen cache. The Alsos Mission located 68 tons there, but another 80 tons was missing, having been shipped to France in 1940 ahead of the German invasion of Belgium. Groves had the Olen uranium shipped to England and, ultimately, to the United States.

Documentation indicated that the missing uranium had been sent to Toulouse. An Alsos Mission team under Boris Pash's command reached Toulouse on October 1 and inspected a French Army arsenal with a Geiger counter. When the needle jumped near some barrels, they were inspected and found to be the 31 tons of uranium from Belgium. The 3342nd Quartermaster Truck Company was released from the Red Ball Express to retrieve the shipment. The barrels were collected and transported to Marseilles, where Furman supervised their loading on a ship bound for the United States.

In April 1945, Furman participated in Operation Harborage. The Alsos Mission and the 1269th Engineer Combat Battalion occupied  Haigerloch, where they found and destroyed a German experimental nuclear reactor, and recovered uranium and heavy water. The Alsos Mission took Heisenberg into custody on May 2. Furman supervised his detention and that of nine other German scientists, who were taken to Rheims, then Versailles, and finally to the country estate of Farm Hall in England, where their conversations were monitored and where they could not defect to the Soviet Union.

In July 1945, Furman personally escorted half of the uranium-235 necessary for the Little Boy atomic bomb to the Pacific island of Tinian. Accompanied by Captain James F. Nolan, a radiologist with Project Alberta, Furman set out by car from Santa Fe to Albuquerque on July 14, then travelled by air to Hamilton Field, California. The men boarded the cruiser  at Hunters Point Naval Shipyard, and crossed the Pacific to Tinian, arriving on July 26. A few days after leaving Tinian, the Indianapolis was torpedoed and sunk by a Japanese submarine with the loss of over 800 men.

Later life
Furman left the army the year after the war ended and founded Furman Builders Inc. in Rockville, Maryland. The firm built hundreds of homes, schools and commercial buildings, including the Potomac Mills shopping mall in Woodbridge, Virginia, the Metropolitan Baptist Church in Washington, D.C., and the United States embassy in Nicaragua. He married Mary Eddy in 1952. They had four children: a son, David, and three daughters, Martha Keating, Julia Costello and Serena Furman.

For the most part, Furman kept quiet about his exploits during the war. He served as president of the local Rotary Club and sang baritone in a barbershop quartet. He retired in 1993, and died of metastatic melanoma on October 14, 2008, at Buckingham's Choice retirement community in Adamstown, Maryland, at the age of 93.

Notes

References

External links
Oral history interview transcript with Robert Furman on 7 March 2002, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives
2008 Video Interview with Robert Furman by Cynthia C. Kelly Voices of the Manhattan Project

1915 births
2008 deaths
Deaths from melanoma
Manhattan Project people
Businesspeople from Trenton, New Jersey
Princeton University School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
United States Army officers
American military engineers
United States Army personnel of World War II
Engineers from New Jersey
20th-century American engineers
Deaths from cancer in Maryland
20th-century American businesspeople
Military personnel from New Jersey


Rudolf Geschwind (born 29 August 1829 in Hředle, Bohemia, Austro-Hungary - today Czech Republic  died 30 August 1910 in Karpfen, Austro-Hungary, Krupina, today Slovakia was a German Austrian rosarian known for his breeding of rose cultivars.

Studies and professional activities

Interested in growing plants even in his childhood, Rudolf Geschwind pursued his studies for two years at the Technical University in Prague. He then continued his studies at the Academy for Forestry in Schemnitz today Banska Stiavnica în Slovakia, graduating in 1852. He then started working for the Austro-Hungarian Department of Forestry. His work was carried out in various parts of the Austro-Hungarian empire, on the territory of today's Italy, Ukraine, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary

However, his hobby was the breeding of roses. From 1860 to 1910 he created around 140 rose cultivars, most of them resistant to frost. He acquired international fame during the Exposition Universelle (1889) in Paris, where he presented his collection of climbing roses.

After his death, in 1910, his entire collection of cultivars was purchased by countess Marie Henrieta Chotek for her rosarium in Dolná Krupá.

Rose cultivars created by Rudolf Geschwind

References

Notes

Bibliography about the Geschwind

Rudolf Geschwind 1829 - 2009 (1910 - 2010). Sammelband des Internationalen Symposiums Rudolf Geschwind 1829 - 2009 gewidmet dem 180. Jahrestag der Geburt von Rudolf Geschwind abgehalten in Krupina und Zvolen am 11. un 12. Juni 2009. Ed.: Miroslav Lukáč. Korrigierte slowakisch-deutsche Ausgabe. Krupina : Die Stadt Krupina in Zasammenarbeit mit Kulturzentrum und Andrej Sládkovič-Museum in Krupina, 2011. 184 Seiten.

19th-century Austrian people
People from Austria-Hungary
Rose breeders
German Bohemian people
Austrian people of German Bohemian descent
Czech expatriates in Hungary
Austrian expatriates in Hungary
1829 births
1910 deaths


Azharuddin may refer to:

Azhar ud-din Muhammad Azim Mirza, Azim-ush-Shan Bahadur (1664–1712), son of Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah
Mohammad Azharuddin (born 1963), Indian cricketer
Azharuddin Mohammed Ismail (born 1998), Indian child actor in the film Slumdog Millionaire


The Book of Truth and Facts (originally published as Germans as Exponents of Culture) was originally released in 1914 by Friedrich Wilhelm von Frantzius.  It was published during World War I and functioned as a piece of pro-German propaganda. The booklet was written in response to an article entitled "Germans as Exponents of Culture" penned by Brander Matthews, which appeared in the September 20, 1914 edition of the New York Times2.

Von Frantzius’s goal in writing the book was to "enlighten the American people on conditions, not only in Germany, but also in the United States and England, and to acquaint them with German ideals, which are so grossly misunderstood in this country [America]".  The main argument is that Germans possess culture, or "Kultur", that all other countries lack.  He argues that "there is a great difference between 'civilization' and 'Kultur.'  Many nations are highly civilized, but to have 'Kultur' means to possess deep conscience and high morale, and a philosophical conception of life."

Von Frantzius broke down the booklet into three themes: German Achievements, English Culture, and American Culture. He further elaborated on the German Achievements by specifying nine areas: Philosophy, Science, Art, Inventions, Discoveries, Finance, Commerce, Administration, and Legislation.  Three deeply resonating themes occur throughout the piece: German superiority, British inferiority, and American dependence.

Von Frantzius argued that the German people, through the achievements of their culture, have gained a superior status to that of the English. He claims that Germans within the last eighty years have the greatest inventions, educational structures, artistically creative minds, and developments in scientific research and discoveries. He asserts that these achievements "signify the greatest process in culture ever made by any nation within any such brief space of time". He uses these arguments to enforce the idea of German superiority and English inferiority. Because of the lack of sustaining culture within American society, von Frantzius maintains that Americans were led into a state of dependence on the British.

Von Frantzius stresses the American dependence on British culture during World War I. One of the most prevailing dependencies discussed is American reliance on English media.  He describes the lack of German media within the American social structure, declaring "we really have no American press in the United States to-day, but an English one which is decidedly anti-German".  He explains that all other areas of American life are influenced greatly by the British and that Americans could benefit from a stronger influence of German "Kultur".

References
1. Von Frantzius, F. (1916). The book of truth and facts. Chicago: Fritz von Frantzius.

2. Matthews, B. (1914, September 20). Germans as exponents of culture. New York Times, p. 14.

1914 non-fiction books
Propaganda in Germany


Musculoskeletal Tumor Surgery () is a widely cited book about bone and soft tissue tumors. The author is William F. Enneking, a tutor and leader in orthopedic oncology. It was first published by Churchill Livingstone in 1983.

Medical manuals
Oncology


Sloan Privat (born 24 July 1989) is a French professional footballer who plays as a forward.

Career

Sochaux
Born in Cayenne, French Guiana, Privat began his career with FC Marmandais. In 2002, he attracted interest from professional club Sochaux. In 2005, the interest became concrete with the club offering him an aspirant (youth) contract. He arrived at the club's aspiring youth academy amongst a host of other youth talent. In 2007, Privat played on the Sochaux under-19 team, alongside Frédéric Duplus, Geoffrey Tulasne, and Vincent Nogueira, that won the Coupe Gambardella. On 22 September 2007, he made his professional debut in a 1–0 defeat to Bordeaux coming on as a late match substitute. The cameo appearance was his only one of the 2007–08 season.

For the 2008–09 season, Privat was given the first-team number 15 shirt. He made his first career start on 14 September 2008 against Lille. In the match, he scored his first goal for the club giving the team a 1–0 lead, however the match would end in a 1–1 draw. He signed his first professional contract on 12 December, until 2012. He extended his deal further in August 2011 for three years, to run until summer 2014.

Clermont Foot
On 4 August 2010, Privat was loaned to Ligue 2 club Clermont for the 2010–11 Ligue 2 season. His arrival paid immediate dividends with the player netting 10 league goals in the first half of the campaign. Privat finished the Ligue 2 season at Clermont season with 20 goals in 36 matches.

Gent
On 26 August 2013, Privat signed a four-year contract with Jupiler Pro League club Gent. On 6 October 2013, he scored his first league goal in Belgium against Racing Genk.

Caen
He was loaned back in France in June 2014 to Stade Malherbe Caen, for the 2014–15 season.

Guingamp
In June 2015, Privat joined En Avant de Guingamp on loan for the 2015–16 season, with an option given to Guingamp to sign him permanently. A year later, Guingamp announced the club had exercised the option.

Valenciennes
On 31 January 2018, the last day of the 2017–18 winter transfer window, Privat was released from his Guingamp contract and joined Ligue 2 side Valenciennes FC on -year contract until summer 2019.

Osmanlıspor
In January 2019, he joined Osmanlıspor. His contract was terminated on 31 May 2019.

Return to Sochaux
On 31 July 2019, Privat returned to Sochaux, signing a one-year contract with a club option for an additional year. He was released at the end of the 2019–20 season.

Bourg-Péronnas
After seven months without a club, Privat signed for Championnat National side Bourg-Péronnas on 4 January 2021.

Personal life
His younger brother Stéphane (born 1998) is also a footballer, who plays as striker for FC Marmande 47.

Honors
French Guiana
Caribbean Cup bronze: 2017

Career statistics

International goals
Scores and results list the French Guiana's goal tally first.

References

External links

1989 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Cayenne
French people of French Guianan descent
Men's association football forwards
French men's footballers
France men's under-21 international footballers
French Guianan men's footballers
French Guiana men's international footballers
Ligue 1 players
Ligue 2 players
Championnat National players
Championnat National 2 players
Championnat National 3 players
Belgian Pro League players
FC Sochaux-Montbéliard players
Clermont Foot players
K.A.A. Gent players
Stade Malherbe Caen players
En Avant Guingamp players
Valenciennes FC players
Ankaraspor footballers
Football Bourg-en-Bresse Péronnas 01 players
Expatriate men's footballers in Belgium
French expatriate men's footballers
2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup players


Johnny on the Run is a 1953 adventure film directed by Lewis Gilbert. It was produced by the Children's Film Foundation

It includes documentary footage of streets in the south side of Edinburgh in the early 1950s and of rural Perthshire.

Plot
In Edinburgh, young Polish boy Janek/Johnny lives with his aunt and cousins. He feels an outcast in the home. One day when he is out pushing his baby cousin in a pram a group of boys start to taunt him about being Polish and a fight begins, during which the pram rolls off. Janek chases after it with a growing crowd chasing. He catches the pram at the head of a flight of steps. His aunt materialises and calls him a wicked boy. The crowd mills behind her. Janek is scared and runs off through the alleys. He ends on Princes Street and sees a poster for trips to his homeland of Poland in a travel agent. He goes in and is told the cheapest way to travel is a ship from Dundee to Danzig which costs £17.

He sneaks into the back of a removal lorry labelled Dundee. Arriving at night he encounters two thieves trying to break into a house. They tell him that they have lost their key and get him to climb in the fanlight to unlock the door. They get him to wait in the hall while they steal a brooch from a safe. The phone rings and they are startled. They run off just as a policeman arrives. The men split and one takes Janek. They get a lift north in the back of a lorry but start to fight and fall out.

In the middle of the night they go to a remote cottage where an old man lets them sleep on his floor. Janek runs off while they sleep going further north. He shelters in ruined castle and the next day a group of children find him and take him to their special school in Perthshire. The children call him Johnny.

The headmaster takes his photo and he appears in the newspaper which asks "do you know this boy"

Back in Edinburgh the police see the photo and ask his aunt why she never reported the boy as missing. The crooks also see the newspaper and head north to find Janek because they hid the brooch in his jacket. They find the school and search for the brooch in the school safe.

Meanwhile Janek heads a paper chase cross country run. The police arrive and interview the headmaster. The girls (who are not part of the paper chase) explore the lockers and find the brooch. A little black girl decides to wear it as Janek likes her.

The crooks join the cross country race and catch Janek in a church with one of the girls who has the brooch. Janek rings the church bell and everyone including the police arrive.

His aunt comes but Janek says he wants to say at the school.

Cast
Eugeniusz Chylek as Janek (Johnny)
Sydney Tafler as 'Flash Harry' Fisher
Michael Balfour as 'Fingers' Brown
Jean Anderson as Mrs. MacIntyre
Moultrie Kelsall as Mr. MacIntyre
Mona Washbourne as Mrs. MacGregor
Margaret McCourt as Janet MacGregor
Keith Faulkner as Kenneth MacGregor
Cleo Sylvestre (Cleopatra Sylvestre) as Susie
John Laurie as the Edinburgh policeman

Critical reception
TV Guide gave the film three out of five stars, and wrote, "This well-paced film is particularly strong in its realistic depiction of children"; and Nothing But The Night wrote, "With its beautifully photographed images of Edinburgh’s Old Town and some utterly beguiling landscape shots of the main Highland settings which were filmed around Loch Earn, this is perhaps one of the CFF’s classiest looking titles, bolstered by fine art direction from Hammer’s Bernard Robinson and a lyrical orchestral score by Antony Hopkins."

References

External links

1953 films
Films directed by Lewis Gilbert
British black-and-white films
1953 adventure films
British adventure films
Films scored by Antony Hopkins
1950s English-language films
1950s British films
English-language adventure films


"Circus" is a song by American singer Britney Spears. It was released on December 2, 2008, through Jive Records as the second single from her sixth studio album of the same name. Written by Dr. Luke, Claude Kelly and Benny Blanco, "Circus" is a metaphor for the public's perception of Spears' life. After she listened to the track for the first time, she felt inspired to create an album and a tour with a circus theme. "Circus" is an uptempo electropop and dance-pop song with elements of pop rock and "half-rapped" vocals. The song's lyrics talk about being an entertainer and putting on shows.

"Circus" was well received by contemporary critics, with reviewers complimenting Spears' confident persona and praising the song's electronic production. "Circus" was a commercial success, peaking inside the top-ten in Australia, Canada, Denmark, New Zealand, and Sweden, while reaching top-twenty positions in many European countries. The song reached number three on the Billboard Hot 100 and number one on the Mainstream top 40 radio and is her second best-selling digital song in the United States, having sold over 3.2 million downloads as of July 2016. On a global scale, "Circus" was one of the top ten best-selling songs of 2009 with 5.5 million digital copies sold that year across the world, according to the IFPI.

The music video, directed by Francis Lawrence, was released on December 4, 2008. It portrays Spears as the ringmaster of a circus accompanied by different performers, and it is interspersed with scenes of Spears in different circus settings. The video received positive reviews from critics, but was criticized by PETA for featuring "cruelly trained animals". However, the exhibitors denied these claims. Spears performed the song on Good Morning America on December 2, 2008. It was also the opening number of the Circus Starring Britney Spears (2009), where she was dressed in a ringmistress outfit, designed to represent a metamorphosis. Spears has also performed the song during her residency concert Britney: Piece of Me. The song appears in Just Dance 2016.

Background
"Circus" was written by Dr. Luke, Benny Blanco and Claude Kelly, while produced by Luke and Blanco. Luke and Kelly were initially commissioned to work on a new track for Spears, and entered the studio with no concept prepared, as Kelly explained, "just knowing her style and knowing what she does." After Luke came up with the music, they based the song on the public's perception of her life at the time. Spears explained that after listening to "Circus" for the first time, she felt inspired and imagined a story behind it. She also stated, "['Circus'] put the whole album together as far as what I wanted my show to be like. You can play with a circus in so many different ways". "Circus" was recorded at Conway Recording Studios and Chalice Recording Studios in Los Angeles, California, and at Glenwood Place Studio in Burbank, California. Background vocals were provided by Cathy Dennis, Kelly and Myah Marie. Main instrumentation was done by Luke and Blanco. The song was mixed by Serban Ghenea at MixStar Studios in Virginia. "Circus" was announced on October 31, 2008, as the second single from the album, and was officially serviced to U.S. radio stations on December 2, 2008.

Music and lyrics

"Circus" is an uptempo electropop and dance-pop song, with a stomp box beat and elements of pop rock.  The song opens with the sound of a drum and builds until Spears starts singing, "There's only two types of people in the world/The ones that entertain and the ones that observe". Spears delivers confident and "half-rapped" vocals, with the verses having usage of synthesizers. Lyrically, the song talks about being an entertainer and putting on shows. She explains her emotions while performing in lines such as: "I feel the adrenaline moving through my veins / Spotlight on me and I'm ready to break". The chorus begins with an electronic sound, while she compares herself, as well as performing to being on the center of a circus ring. According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Alfred Publishing, "Circus" is composed in the key of F# minor with 120 beats per minute, however on the album the song is 115 beats per minute. Spears's vocal range spans from G#2 to C#5. Kelly commented that "Circus" was "a cool way to get people dancing and having fun", but also have a slight message.

Critical reception

Nick Levine of Digital Spy described it as "a rampaging monster of a song whose chorus kicks off with a Max Martin-style and Timbaland thump". Popjustice praised the production of the song, compared it to "Break the Ice" and added, "there's a lot of stopping and starting, including a built-in MTV-style dance breakdown segment." Chris Williams of Billboard in its single review appreciated the song for surrounding Spears with "an electronic cyberpop landscape". In the album review, Ann Donahue of Billboard criticized the lyrics for rehashing the theme of fame and compared it to "Lucky" (2000) and "Piece of Me" (2007). Dave De Sylvia of Sputnikmusic said that while "Womanizer" sounded like a Blackout track, "Circus" is more reflective of the album's general mood. Dan Cairns of The Sunday Times named it one of the standout tracks of the album, along with "If U Seek Amy" and "Mannequin". Entertainment Weekly writer Chris Willman noted that, despite the album being titled Circus, the title track is "not about the madhouse her life has become but just a brag about her prowess as a whip-cracking sexual ringmaster."

BBC Music's Talia Kraines thought that the singer "loves the attention being shone directly on her as the 'ringleader' as she sings of adrenaline flowing through her veins when it's time to put on a show." Ben Norman of About.com considered the song a "true and triumphant Britney Spears pop song with a pensive underbelly (the first verse in particular) and a supremely executed hook." Jonny Mugwump of The Quietus said, "a paean to her performance adrenalin, ["Circus" is] a medium-paced, big power-popper topped with an orbit-esque guitar," and commented that the song's lyrics highlight Spears' uniqueness – "the fuck you attitude. Despite everything, regardless of the personal destruction and undoubted hell she might still be haunted by, within the fictional space of the music, this woman couldn't give a damn. She rightly taunts the world around her, sounding utterly defiant. There is no place for apology or humble platitudes." John Murphy of musicOMH also praised its lyrics, describing them as "a confident, and encouraging, return to form." "Circus" was nominated at the 2009 Teen Choice Awards in the category of Choice Music: Single, but lost to Miley Cyrus's "The Climb".

Commercial performance
On December 20, 2008, "Circus" debuted at number three on the US Billboard Hot 100 due to digital sales of over 212,000 units. On the week of March 7, 2009, the song reached number one on the Pop Songs chart and number three on the Hot Dance Club Songs chart. As of July 2016, "Circus" has sold 3.2 million digital downloads in the United States according to Nielsen Soundscan. It is her second best-selling digital single in the country.

In Canada, the track debuted at number two based solely on digital downloads, being blocked from ascending to the top spot by Lady Gaga's "Poker Face". On December 8, 2008, "Circus" entered the Australian Singles Chart at number 15, becoming the "Highest Debut" of the week. On December 22, 2008, the song peaked at number six. It was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) for sales over 70,000 units. In New Zealand, "Circus" peaked at number four, and was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand (RIANZ) for selling over 7,500 copies. The song was also successful in Europe, peaking at number 12 on the European Hot 100 Singles on March 21, 2009. "Circus" also reached the top 10 in Sweden and the top 20 in Austria, Czech Republic, Finland, Norway, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. According to the Official Charts Company, the song has sold 227,400 copies in the United Kingdom and is her 13th best-selling single in the country. It became the 10th best-selling digital single of 2009, selling 5.5 million copies worldwide. As of May 2020, "Circus" has generated over 212 million streams in the US.

Music video

Development and synopsis
The music video for "Circus" was filmed from October 28 to November 2, 2008, in Los Angeles, California. It was directed by Francis Lawrence, who previously worked with Spears on the music video for her 2001 single "I'm a Slave 4 U". Spears chose Lawrence, since he was the "only person who could capture it, make it really twisted, eccentric and different". On November 17, 2008, an exclusive three-second clip premiered during a promo for her documentary Britney: For the Record. The video was set to be released on December 5, 2008, on Entertainment Tonight, but it was moved at the last minute to December 4, 2008.

The video begins with Spears at a vanity, putting Curious on and earrings by Bulgari. She is then seen holding a top hat in front of her face, while doves fly out of another hat. Spears starts singing in the vanity but stands up and puts on a ringmaster jacket. She walks through an aisle while dancing suggestively with several circus dancers. Throughout the video, there are interspersed scenes of different circus performers, including ribbon dancers, contortionists, clowns and a mime on stilts. There are also scenes of Spears singing with the top hat, wearing a nude body stocking in front of a red curtain, with a spotlight on her. This is followed by a group dance scene in the middle of a circus ring, where Spears wears the ringmaster jacket, sequined hot pants and a feathered top hat. In the second verse, she dances with a chair and a whip wearing a nude bra covered in leaves. The video continues with a series of intercut scenes, such as Spears in slow motion in front of a shower of sparks, her surrounded by a pair of lions and in front of an elephant. During the bridge, Spears and her dancers perform a routine in front of flames. In the last chorus, Spears returns to the circus ring, surrounded by two elephants, many more circus performers, dancers and fire breathers. The video ends with Spears in the spotlight, laughing with the top hat over her head.

Reception
Davil Balls of Digital Spy described the music video as being "cheeky, seductive and more than a little bit ridiculous" and said that Spears "delivers some killer dance routines". Tim Stack of Entertainment Weekly compared the dance in the chair with the music video of "Stronger" and added that "best of all, she actually looks animated in this video and appears to be having fun". James Montgomery of MTV said that after watching the video "you are overcome with the sudden urge to go to the Big Apple Circus. Or pick up some Curious perfume. Or you know, possibly both". The music video won the category of Best Moves at the MTV Australia Awards 2009. It was also nominated for four VMAs at the 2009 awards in the categories of Best Art Direction, Best Choreography, Best Cinematography and Best Editing. It was also nominated for Best Video in the MTV Europe Music Awards 2009, but lost to Beyoncé's "Single Ladies". The video won Best Video of 2009 in Fuse TV, making Spears the only artist to win two years in a row.

On December 9, 2008, animal rights organization People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) issued a press release condemning Spears for using "cruelly trained lions and elephants" and demanding her to "stop using exotic animals in her videos and concerts once and for all". Spears had previously received criticism from the organization when she used an albino python and a caged tiger during a performance of "I'm a Slave 4 U" at the 2001 MTV Video Music Awards. Kari Johnson from Have Trunk Will Travel responded, saying, "[the company] has never issued a written endorsement, nor does it condone using electrical devices to discipline and control elephants except in situations where elephant or human safety is at risk. [...] The American Humane Association monitors animal action in film and television. A representative was on the set of the Britney Spears 'Circus' video with our elephants, Tai and Kitty, to ensure their safety and welfare [...] Britney, the director, producers and the entire crew were respectful of the elephants' needs and comfort and a pleasure to work with." The music video for "Circus" was certified on the digital platform  Vevo after reaching 100 million views on YouTube. In 2021, "Circus" went viral on TikTok, and as of May 8, 2021, has been used 426,200 times.

Live performances

"Circus" was performed on December 2, 2008, at American morning talk show Good Morning America, along with "Womanizer". She wore a midriff-baring shirt, leather pants, a ringmaster jacket and a top hat. "Circus" was a major part on the Circus Starring Britney Spears (2009), as the opening number of the show. The costumes of the performance were selected to show a metamorphosis. The show began with a video introduction featuring Perez Hilton as Queen Elizabeth I, welcoming the audience to the circus. In the middle of the video, the cylinder screen surrounding the stage started to rise, while Spears appeared on the video and shot Hilton with a crossbow, causing him to fall backwards onto the floor. As the video ended, Spears started to descend from the ceiling on a suspended platform, wearing a cheetah headdress, a ringmaster jacket, black shorts, high-heeled boots and carrying a whip. The headdress represented an animal. When she reached the stage, she took it off to represent both a ringmaster and a lion tamer and "Circus" started. It featured acrobats taking the stage and spinning on giant rings in the air. The performance ended with Spears taking off her ringleader jacket to reveal a Swarovski-crystal corset, representing a slave. She then ran into the center of the main stage, surrounded by jets of smoke, to enter a golden cage and perform "Piece of Me". People writer Chuck Arnold wrote that Spears, "descending from above in a red ringmaster-meets-dominatrix outfit" to sing the song, "showed that her body was tight, even if her dancing always wasn't." James Montgomery of MTV considered both "Circus" and "Radar" performances "great". Spears included the song on her current residency show in Las Vegas, Britney: Piece of Me. For the performance, Spears appears from the back of the stage, in the center of a fiery ring, resembling a circus showgirl. Spears included the song on the set list for the Britney: Live in Concert (2017) and Piece of Me Tour (2018).

Track listings and formats

 CD single
 "Circus"  – 3:12
 "Womanizer" (Mike Rizzo Funk Generation Radio) – 3:51
 Maxi single
 "Circus"  – 3:12
 "Circus" (Tom Neville's Ringleader remix) – 7:52
 "Circus" (Diplo Circus remix) – 4:25
 "Circus" (Junior Vasquez Club Circus) – 9:02
 "Circus" (video) – 4:13

 Digital download - remix EP
 "Circus" (Diplo Circus remix) – 4:25
 "Circus" (Tom Neville's Ringleader remix) – 7:50
 "Circus" (Villains remix) – 5:17
 "Circus" (Linus Loves remix) – 4:39
 "Circus" (Junior Vasquez Electric Circus) – 9:02
 Digital 45
 "Circus"  – 3:12
 "Circus" (Tom Neville's Ringleader remix) – 7:52
 Digital download - Twister Rave remix
 "Circus" (Twister Rave remix) – 3:32

Credits and personnel
Credits and personnel are adapted from the Circus album liner notes.
 Lukasz "Dr. Luke" Gottwald – writer, producer, guitars, drums, keyboards, programming
 Claude Kelly – writer, background vocals
 Benny Blanco – writer, producer, drums, keyboards, programming
 Serban Ghenea – mixing
 John Hanes – additional Pro Tools engineering
 Tim Roberts – additional Pro Tools engineering assistance
 Emily Wright – recording, vocal editing
 Matt Beckley – recording, vocal editing
 Matt Beckley – recording
 Eric Weaver – recording assistant
 Chad Carlisle – recording assistant
 Chris Kasych – recording assistant
 Tatiana Gottwald – recording assistant
 Cathy Dennis – background vocals
 Myah Marie – background vocals

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications and sales

Release history

References

2008 singles
2009 singles
2013 singles
Britney Spears songs
Jive Records singles
Music videos directed by Francis Lawrence
Songs written by Dr. Luke
Songs written by Benny Blanco
Song recordings produced by Dr. Luke
Song recordings produced by Benny Blanco
Songs written by Claude Kelly
2008 songs
Music video controversies


"Yes Sir" is a song by American hip hop duo Capone-N-Noreaga. It was released in 2003 as the first single from their album The New Religion, which was eventually shelved by their label, Def Jam Recordings. The song was later included on their mixtape What Up 2 da Hood. "Yes Sir" also appeared on the soundtrack in the video game, Def Jam Fight for NY. The song features Musaliny-N-Maze.

Music video
The music video was filmed in downtown New York. It begins with the scene of a traffic jam. Then a big mob of gangsters emerges from the bus and crashes a party. CNN, Musaliny and Maze are rapping their verses. At the end the police arrive and arrest all of them.

References

2003 singles
Def Jam Recordings singles
2003 songs
Song recordings produced by Midi Mafia
Capone-N-Noreaga songs
Songs written by N.O.R.E.


Gordon Wright may refer to:
Gordon Wright (footballer) (1884–1947), English Olympic footballer
Gordon Wright (historian) (1912–2000), American historian
Gordon Wright (politician) (1927–1990), Canadian lawyer and politician
Gordon Wright (rugby league), Australian rugby league footballer
Gordon Wright (architect), architect in New York State


The Tsinghua Bamboo Strips () are a collection of Chinese texts dating to the Warring States period and written in ink on strips of bamboo, that were acquired in 2008 by Tsinghua University, China. The texts were obtained by illegal excavation, probably of a tomb in the area of Hubei or Hunan province, and were then acquired and donated to the university by an alumnus. The very large size of the collection and the significance of the texts for scholarship make it one of the most important discoveries of early Chinese texts to date.

On 7 January 2014 the journal Nature announced that a portion of the Tsinghua Bamboo Strips represent "the world's oldest example" of a decimal multiplication table.

Discovery, conservation and publication
The Tsinghua Bamboo Strips (TBS) were donated to Tsinghua University in July 2008 by an alumnus of the university. The precise location(s) and date(s) of the illicit excavation that yielded the strips remain(s) unknown. An article in the Guangming Daily named the donor as Zhao Weiguo (), and stated that the texts were purchased at "a foreign auction", Neither the name of the auction house, nor the location or sum involved in the transaction were mentioned. Li Xueqin, the director of the conservation and research project, has stated that the wishes of the alumnus to maintain his identity secret will be respected.

Similarities with previous discoveries, such as the manuscripts from the Guodian tomb, indicate that the TBS came from a mid-to-late Warring States Period (480–221BC) tomb in the region of China culturally dominated at that time by the Chu state. A single radiocarbon date (305±30BC) and the style of ornament on the accompanying box are in keeping with this conclusion. By the time they reached the university, the strips were badly affected by mold. Conservation work on the strips was carried out, and a Center for Excavated Texts Research and Preservation was established at Tsinghua on April 25, 2009. There are 2388 strips altogether in the collection, including a number of fragments.

A series of articles discussing the TBS, intended for an educated but non-specialist Chinese audience, appeared in the Guangming Daily during late 2008 and 2009. The first volume of texts (photographic reproductions, transcriptions, and commentary) was published by the Tsinghua team in 2010. The series is scheduled to have a total of 18 volume, with the latest volume 13 forthcoming in December 2023. A series of studies and publications are appearing in the series The Tsinghua University Warring States Bamboo Manuscripts: Studies and Translations《清華大學藏戰國竹簡》研究与英译, edited by Huang Dekuang 黃德寬 and Edward Shaughnessy.

The texts
The Tsinghua manuscripts vary greatly in content. The collection caught attention because several of the TBS texts have connections to the received Shang Shu 尚書, Exalted Writings, a collection of texts dated to various periods from the first millennium BC to the 3rd century CE. Because of the incredible important role the Shang Shu has been playing in Chinese culture, the discovery of Warring States manuscripts that bear on its formation attracted interest. For example, the Yin zhi 尹至 manuscript from volume one has a partial overlap with the "Tang shi" 湯誓 text in the Shang shu; volume 9 of the series includes a manuscript whose content largely overlaps the "Jin Teng"  text in the Shang shu, and accordingly the editors titled the manuscript *Jin teng. Several others "writings-style" manuscripts, however, are not found in the received Exalted Writings, either having been "lost" in the process of transmission, or else never having been incorporated into the canonical collection.

Other content resembles that of annalistic histories (), recording events from the beginning of the Western Zhou (mid-11th century BC) through to the early Warring States period (mid-5th century) is said to be similar in form and content to the received Bamboo Annals.

Another text running across 14 strips recounts a celebratory gathering of the Zhou elite in the 8th year of the reign of King Wu of Zhou, prior to their conquest of the Shang dynasty. The gathering takes place in the ancestral temple of King Wen of Zhou, King Wu's father, and consisted of beer drinking and the recitation of hymns in the style of the received Shi Jing.

Texts by volume

Volume one
The following texts were published in volume one: *Yin zhi 尹至, *Yin's arrival; *Yin gao 尹誥, *Yin’s Announcement; Cheng wu 程寤; *Baoxun 保訓, *The Protective Instructions; *Qi ye 耆夜; *Jin teng 金縢;*Huangmen 皇門, *August gate; and Zhai Gong zhi gu ming 祭公之顧命 The Duke of Zhai’s Retrospective Command; and Chu ju 楚居.

 *Yin zhi 尹至, *Yin's arrival and *Yin gao 尹誥, *Yin’s Announcement were written by the same scribe, and were considered two texts in the "writings" style.
 *Baoxun 保訓, *The Protective Instructions. The text purports to be a record of a deathbed admonition by the Zhou king Wen Wang to his son and heir, Wu Wang. Although the team working on the text refers to it as "The Admonition of Protection" (or "Protector's Admonition", 保训), their transcription of the text refers to a "Precious Admonition" (Bao Xun) and that may be the more appropriate editorial title. The content of the king's speech revolves around a concept of The Middle (zhong 中) which seems to refer to an avoidance of extremes and an ability to consider multiple points of view. The king narrates a story of the sage-king Shun acquiring The Middle by living a modest, thoughtful life, and a more puzzling second tale which describes the Shang ancestor Wei () "borrowing The Middle from the River." A complete translation and study has been publsihed as part of the series The Tsinghua University Warring States Bamboo Manuscripts: Studies and Translations《清華大學藏戰國竹簡》研究与英译.

Volume two
It includes one text only, the "Xinian" 繫年 (系年), probably composed ca. 370 BC. This text relates key events of Zhou history.  It comprises 138 strips in a relatively well preserved condition. Among the contents they transmit is an account of the origin of Qin by supporters of the Shang dynasty, who were opposed to the Zhou conquest.

Volume three
It includes the Fu Yue zhi ming 傅說之命, Command to Fu Yue; the *Liang chen 良臣, the Zhu ci 祝辭, among others.

Volume seven
It includes "Zi Fan Zi Yu" 子犯子餘, "Jin Wen Gong ru yu Jin" 晉文公入於晉, "Zhao jianzi" 趙簡子, "Yue Gong qi shi" 越公其事.

 "Zi fan Zi Yu" 子犯子餘 records a dialogue between Zi Fan and Duke Mu of Qin. This takes place while Chong'er is in exile, traveling from state to state.
 "Jin Wen gong ru yu Jin" 晉文公入於晉 narrates the story of the Duke Wen of Jin (posthumous name of the aforementioned Chong'er) returning to his state after years of battle, and putting it in order.

Volume eight
It includes eight texts: *She ming 攝命, *Bang jia zhi zheng 邦家之政, *Bang jia chu wei" 邦家處位; *Xin shi wei zhong 心是謂中; *Tianxia zhi dao 天下之道; Ba qi wu wei wu si wu xing zhi shu 八氣五味五祀五行之屬, and Yu Xia Yin Shang zhi zhi 虞夏殷商之治.

 *She ming 攝命, *Command to She. Titled by the editors. 32 strips. It purports to be a royal command to a certain She. It is written in shu 書 style. The editors identified it as the "original" Shangshu chapter Jiong Ming 囧命.
 "Xin shi wei zhong" 心是謂中. *The heart is what is at the center, a short (8 strips) text of philosophical nature discussing the heart-mind (xin 心) as the central organ in charge of the body, but also the concept of "luck" and mandate (ming 命). It includes the statement that humans are in charge of their destiny, so far otherwise unattested.

Decimal multiplication table

Twenty-one bamboo strips of the Tsinghua Bamboo Strips, when assembled in the correct order, represent a decimal multiplication table that can be used to multiply numbers (any whole or half integer) up to 99.5.

Joseph Dauben of the City University of New York called it "the earliest artefact of a decimal multiplication table in the world". According to Guo Shuchun, director of the Chinese Society of the History of Mathematics, those strips filled a historical gap for mathematical documents prior to the Qin Dynasty. "It helps establish the place-value system, a crucial development in the history of math", as Professor Wen Xing of Dartmouth College explains. It is presumed that officials used the multiplication table to calculate land surface area, yields of crops and the amounts of taxes owed.

See also
 Guodian Chu Strips
 Shuanggudui
 Yinqueshan Han Strips
 Zhangjiashan Han bamboo texts

References

Citations

Sources

4th-century BC manuscripts
2008 archaeological discoveries
Bamboo and wooden slips
Archaeological artifacts of China
Chinese mathematics
Multiplication
Chu (state)
Tsinghua University


Live Ballads is the first live CD or video album, and eleventh album overall by popular Greek singer Sakis Rouvas, released in Greece and Cyprus on 27 April 2006 by Minos EMI.  The concert was recorded on 14 February 2006 as a special Valentine's Day performance called Sakis For Valentines. Sakis sang only love oriented ballads in both Greek and English from his large repertoire and covers of other artists. The concert was much more intimate than his common large-scale performances and was held at the Athens College auditorium where Rouvas performed especially for the students as a "thank you" to his young fans, often being called "The Singer of Youth".

Track listing

CD

DVD

Live Ballads: Special Edition
The special edition comes repackaged in a 10"×12.5" gift box, featuring a bonus DVD of the performance and a high-quality photo book showcasing images from the concert.

Release history

Music videos

"Horis Kardia"
"Without You" / "Dodeka"
"Agapa Me" / "Na M'agapas" (MAD VMAs 2006)
"O,ti Onirevomoun"
"Ain't No Sunshine"

References

External links
Sakis Rouvas' official website
IFPI Greece official website with Greek charts

Albums produced by Sakis Rouvas
Greek-language albums
Music videos directed by Kostas Kapetanidis
Sakis Rouvas live albums
Sakis Rouvas video albums
Live video albums
2006 video albums
2006 live albums
Minos EMI live albums
Minos EMI video albums


Fieldon King Alexander is an American former university administrator and professor of higher education policy and finance. He was the president of Oregon State University, Louisiana State University, California State University, Long Beach, and Murray State University. He resigned from his most recent position as President of Oregon State University in 2021 after a faculty vote of no-confidence.

Early life and career
Alexander is in the Boy's and Girl's Club Hall of Fame.

Alexander received a bachelor's degree in political science from St. Lawrence University. After completing his master's degree at Oxford, Alexander worked as Coordinator of External Programs and then as Director of Annual Giving at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro prior to pursuing his Ph.D. at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.

University presidencies

Murray State University
Alexander served as the 10th president of Murray State University in Kentucky from 2001 to 2005, his predecessor being his father Kern Alexander. Murray State's faculty senate passed a resolution condemning the closed process behind his appointment by the university's board of regents, which had named itself as the search committee. As president, Alexander improved the relationship between faculty and the administration and oversaw the construction or renovation of several campus buildings, including the Alexander Hall Education Building and the Susan E. Bauernfeind Student Recreation and Wellness Center.

Alexander was invited to testify to the U.S. House of Representatives subcommittee on 21st Century Competitiveness in the 108th Congress in 2003.

Alexander was a Foundation Fellow at Harris Manchester College and a faculty affiliate at the University of Illinois and Cornell University.

California State University, Long Beach

F. King Alexander was appointed as president of California State University, Long Beach in 2006. During his time at CSULB, a new $70 million Student Recreation Wellness Center was completed along with a $110 million Hall of Science building.   On May 15, 2013, the California Conference for Equality and Justice presented him with the Humanitarian Award. Cal State Long Beach's focus on improving graduation numbers and rates for all student populations, especially from underrepresented populations, gained national attention. Alexander was an original signatory to the Long Beach College Promise. Alexander was invited to testify to the U.S. House of Representatives hearing on "Barriers to Equal Educational Opportunities: Addressing the Rising Costs of a College Education" (November 1, 2007). The Committee on Education and Labor, U.S. House of Representatives, 110th Congress. For his efforts in supporting students access, success and improved student aid programs, Alexander was selected by the California State University Student Association as California State University President of the Year in 2009–10.

Louisiana State University

It was announced on March 27, 2013, that Alexander would become president of the LSU system and chancellor of Louisiana State University A&M effective July 1, 2013. Some criticism occurred over the way the Louisiana State University Board of Supervisors had conducted its search to fill the position of president of LSU after John V. Lombardi had been fired from it under alleged influence by Governor Bobby Jindal and as Alexander was named the sole finalist for president of LSU. The decision was met with a unanimously negative vote of confidence by LSU's faculty senate against the LSU Board of Supervisors, but Board of Supervisors chair Hank Danos asserted that Alexander "was clearly the right guy for LSU." The Faculty Senate's vote of no confidence in Alexander's hiring noted that Alexander had never been a tenured full professor at a major research university and that the graduation rates at CSULB were lower than those at LSU.

Oregon State University
Alexander was elected to become President of Oregon State University on December 13, 2019, by the Oregon State University Board of Trustees. He assumed office on July 1, 2020.

On March 18, 2021, the Faculty Senate of Oregon State University declared no confidence in Alexander's leadership and demanded he resign in response to revelations about his role in lax enforcement of sexual misconduct at LSU. The Faculty Senate held a plebiscite of all Oregon State faculty from March 19 to March 22, 2021, on the statement, "The Faculty of Oregon State University has no confidence in President Alexander's ability to lead OSU in a way that is consistent with our values, and calls upon him to resign." The statement was approved by 83% of those voting, with a response rate of 39.4%.

Alexander resigned from OSU presidency on March 23, 2021, for mishandling sexual misconduct allegations at LSU during his tenure as chancellor and president from 2013 to 2019. His offer to resign was unanimously accepted by the board of trustees who said that they were convinced that the change was necessary due to outpouring of opposition and concern from OSU faculty and students. He is to be paid $630,000 (equivalent to one year's salary) and $40,000 for "relocation assistance".

Personal life
Alexander's first wife, Elizabeth Williams Alexander, died of breast cancer in 2000. In 2006 he married Shenette (Campbell) Alexander.

Publications
2015. Financing Public Schools: Theory, Policy and Practice. Co-authored with Richard G. Salmon, publisher Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, London.
2003. F. King Alexander and Ronald G. Ehrenberg (eds). Maximizing Revenue in Higher Education. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
2002. The University: International Expectations. McGill-Queen's University Press.
1998. Residential Colleges: Reforming American Higher Education, co-edited with Don E. Robertson, Oxford International Round Table, 1998.

References

Living people
Alumni of St Peter's College, Oxford
Leaders of Louisiana State University
Presidents of Oregon State University
Oregon State University people
Presidents of Louisiana State University system
Presidents of California State University, Long Beach
Presidents of Murray State University
St. Lawrence University alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison School of Education alumni
Educators from Louisville, Kentucky
Year of birth missing (living people)


Workplace aggression is a specific type of aggression which occurs in the workplace. Workplace aggression is any type of hostile behavior that occurs in the workplace. It can range from verbal insults and threats to physical violence, and it can occur between coworkers, supervisors, and subordinates. Common examples of workplace aggression include gossiping, bullying, intimidation, sabotage, sexual harassment, and physical violence. These behaviors can have serious consequences, including reduced productivity, increased stress, and decreased morale.

Workplace aggression can be classified as either active or passive. Active aggression is direct, overt, and obvious. It involves behaviors such as yelling, swearing, threatening, or physically attacking someone. Passive aggression is indirect, covert, and subtle. It includes behaviors such as spreading rumors, gossiping, ignoring someone, or refusing to cooperate. There are various causes of workplace aggression. These include stress, power imbalances, a lack of communication, and personality conflicts. It is important to identify and address the underlying causes of workplace aggression in order to prevent it from happening again.

Employers should take steps to create a safe and respectful work environment. This includes establishing clear policies and procedures for handling workplace aggression. Employers should also provide training on interpersonal skills and conflict resolution, as well as encourage open communication. If workplace aggression does occur, employers should take appropriate disciplinary action. Workplace aggression can decrease a person's ability to do their job well, lead to physical declines in health and mental health problems, and also change the way a person behaves at home and in public. If someone is experiencing aggression at work, it may result in an increase in missed days (absence from work) and some may decide to leave their positions.

Definition
Aggression, in general, is any behavior an individual carries out with the intent to harm another person or group of people. The aggressor must believe that their behavior is harmful to their target, and that the target is motivated to avoid this behavior. International Labour Organization definition of workplace violence as  "any action, incident or behaviour that departures from reasonable conduct in which a person is threatened, harmed, injured in the course of, or as a direct result of, his or her work".

A defining feature of aggression is the intent or motivation to harm. For a behavior to be considered an aggressive act, the individual committing the behavior must intend harm. In other words, if they inflict harm on another without that specific intent, it is not considered aggression.

Aggression can occur in a variety of situations. One important domain to understand aggression is in the workplace. Workplace aggression is considered a specific type of counterproductive work behavior (CWB) and is defined as "any act of aggression, physical assault, threatening or coercive behavior that causes physical or emotional harm in a work setting."

Some researchers specify that workplace aggression only includes efforts to harm coworkers, former coworkers, current employers, or past employers. Others include in workplace aggression any behaviors intended to harm another person that are enacted in a workplace.

Classification
To delineate the range of behaviors that can be considered aggressive workplace behaviors, researchers have developed schemes of classification for workplace aggression. Neuman and Baron (1998) offer these three dimensions that encompass the range of workplace aggression:
 Expressions of hostility – behaviors that are primarily verbal or symbolic in nature
 Obstructionism – behaviors intended to hinder an employee from performing their job or the organization from accomplishing its objectives
 Overt aggression – violent acts

In an attempt to further break down the wide range of aggressive workplace behaviors, Baron and Neuman (1996) also classify workplace aggression based on these three dichotomies:
 Verbal–physical
 Direct–indirect
 Active–passive

Aggressive acts can take any possible combination of these three dichotomies. For example, failing to deny false rumors about a coworker would be classified as verbal–passive–indirect. Purposely avoiding the presence of a coworker you know is searching for your assistance could be considered physical–passive–direct.

Other researchers offer a classification system based on the aggressor's relationship to the victim.
 Criminal intent (Type I) – this type of aggression occurs when the aggressor has no relationship to the victim or organization.
 Customer/client (Type II) – the aggressor has a relationship with the organization and aggresses while they are being served as a customer.
 Worker on worker (Type III) – both the aggressor and the victim are employees in the same organization. Often, the aggressor is a supervisor, and the victim is a subordinate.
 Personal relationship (Type IV) – the aggressor has a relationship with an employee at an organization, but not the organization itself. This category includes victims who are assaulted by a domestic partner while at work.

Covert nature
In the workplace much of the aggressive behavior enacted on targets are considered covert in nature. According to Bjorkqvist, Osterman, and Hjelt-Back, covert behaviors are those behaviors that are designed to disguise the aggressive behavior or aggressive intentions from the target. Overt aggression, on the other hand, includes behaviors that do not hide the aggressive intent and are open in their intentions. Typically, covert aggression is verbal, indirect, and passive in nature, while overt aggression reflects the physical, direct, and active side of the dichotomies.

Workplace aggression often takes the form of covert behaviors. This can be attributed to what Bjorkqvist, Osterman, and Lagerspetz call the effect/danger ratio. This term refers to the aggressors' subjective evaluation of the relative effects and danger of committing an aggressive act. For an aggressor, it is ideal to have a larger effect/danger ratio. In other words, aggressors want an act to have a large effect with relatively low risk of danger to themselves.

Individuals in the workplace are subjected to prolonged exposure to each other. This prolonged exposure means the victims of the aggressors' actions likely have more time to retaliate, thus increasing the danger aspect of the ratio. Also, workplaces are often communal in nature. That is, people often work in groups and are surrounded by others. The presence of others acts as a built in audience that could "punish" the aggressor for harming a victim. It is for these reasons that individuals often choose covert forms of aggression.

Predictors (antecedents)
Predictors of workplace aggression can occur at both the organizational level and the individual level. Organizational factors examined here include organizational justice, supervision and surveillance, changes in the work environment, and specific job characteristics. At the individual level, gender, age, and alcohol consumption are examined here. While this is not a comprehensive listing of predictors, it does cover the majority of workplace aggression predictors addressed in the empirical literature.

Organizational (in)justice

Perceived interpersonal justice, the degree to which people feel they are treated with fairness and respect, is negatively related to both psychological and physical aggression against supervisors. Inness, Barling, and Turner found similar results; perceived interpersonal injustice was related to workplace aggression in participants' primary and secondary jobs.

Moreover, perceived procedural justice, the extent to which formal organizational procedures are assumed fair, is related to workplace aggression against supervisors. Greenberg and Barling found that the greater the perceptions of procedural justice, the less workplace aggression was reported.

Termination and job security
The most extreme forms of workplace aggression may result from personnel decisions, such as individual termination and mass layoffs. In 2009 a man killed one and wounded five others at his former place of employment two years after he was let go from the company due to poor performance. A similar event occurred in 2012 when a man shot and killed four employees and then himself after losing his job earlier that day.

Downsizing is a tactic used by organizations where there is a slow-down in business in order to remain profitable or minimize losses. This tactic is most commonly observed during widespread economic hardships, such as the Great Recession of 2008.

Perceived job insecurity, or feelings of impending termination, has been found to be a predictor of workplace aggression.

Supervision and surveillance
Workplace surveillance (employee monitoring) is positively related to workplace aggression against supervisors, such that the greater the number of employee surveillance methods used, the greater the amount of workplace aggression. Furthermore, supervisory control over work performance has also been shown positively related to workplace aggression against supervisors. This type of behavior has been observed both adults and teenagers.

Workplace changes
Baron and Neuman found that certain changes in the work environment can lead to increased aggression that they attribute to heightened anxiety and stress. Specifically, pay cuts or freezes, changes in management, increased monitoring systems (e.g., increased computer monitoring), increased diversity, and the increased use of part-time employees all were related to higher levels of workplace aggression.

Job-specific characteristics
Other antecedents of workplace aggression found in the literature are specific job characteristics. LeBlanc and Kelloway found that certain job features, such as handling guns or collecting valuable items, were significantly more related to workplace aggression.

Time spent at work
Harvey and Keashly found that length of time at work was able to predict workplace aggression such that the longer hours a person worked, the more likely they were to report aggression. The authors attributed this finding to two possible reasons. First, the more hours worked, the greater statistical probability of being victimized. Second, longer hours worked could contribute to fatigue and frustration. This in turn may increase the likelihood of aggressive actions towards coworkers.

Gender
In some studies, gender has been shown a significant predictor of workplace aggression. For example, being male is significantly related to reports of aggression against supervisors. Furthermore, males are more likely to commit aggressive acts in the presence of other men. This can be attributed to societal cultures that dictate "codes of honor." Females, on the other hand, are no more likely to act aggressively in either the presence of females or males.

Age
Age is significantly related to aggression. In their study of age and job performance, Ng and Feldman found that older workers (age 40 or older) engaged in less workplace aggression than younger workers.

Alcohol consumption
The frequency and amount of alcohol typically consumed by a person predicts aggressive behavior. Those who consume more alcohol more frequently are more likely to aggress against a coworker. The Hebei tractor rampage began as workplace aggression following alcohol consumption.

Cyber-aggression
Cyber-aggression or cyber-harassment:

What many do not realize that the phenomenon of cyber-bullying often associated with teenage culture has spread to the workplace in a variety of ways. While this trend is seemingly silent and slow growing, its effects are considered equally hurtful as any form of harassment.

Often, cyber-aggression is the result of individuals in a workplace being offended/upset/or feeling threatened by organizational problems. They then resort to virtual communication as a form of retaliation. These actions are referred to as flaming by Whitty & Carr, or essentially when an individual online writes with hostility towards a particular person or group of people.

Instant messaging
Instant messaging has become both a help and a hindrance in organizations. The ease of use with instant messaging, is partially to blame, "Employees can see who else is available, and if it's someone they want to talk to, they're able to connect in real time". While this has become an extremely useful tool in workplace communication, instant messengers such at AIM or MSN Messenger are not easily regulated from a managerial aspect, which leads to employees being able to have private conversations on a public platform. These conversations can foster aggressive talk and lead to potentially hurtful information being spread among an organization. Some argue that instant messages are beneficial to the work process because it can easily resolve problems without having to distract the person via phone and you do not have to wait for an email response.

Email
This is one of the most prevalent tools used in cyber-aggression because of its prevalence in workplace communications. Often upset workers send loaded messages and attach the email to a large group of co-workers that are not involved in the issue to bring attention to it. An article from the Travel Trade Gazette give some advice to avoid being aggressive in emails.
 Always give a clear subject
 State exactly what you need in a simple manner
 Avoid terms like ASAP
 Only use reply all when it refers to the whole group
 Using all upper case is electronic SHOUTING!
 Do not use texting lexicon
 Never send an email when you are upset

Social networking
This is one of the fastest growing ways that workers can lash out against each other. The opportunity is high for individuals to be aggressive in a highly public and open forum. Many choose to speak out at their co-workers or superiors because it is a way for them to vent their feelings while not having to say these things face to face.

Outcomes
Like the array of behaviors considered workplace aggression, the consequences of workplace aggression are also extensive. For example, Ng and Feldman suggest that "acts of workplace aggression can cause bodily harm to employees, pose physical danger for customers, create public relations crises, and harm the business reputation of the firm as a whole." The outcomes of workplace aggression addressed here include the health and well-being of targeted employees and job performance. Gender differences in outcomes are also addressed.

Severity of the repercussions may be influenced by the position of the aggressor. Hershcovis and Barling found that "...supervisor aggression has the strongest adverse effects across attitudinal and behavioral outcomes", followed by co-worker aggression and outsider aggression.

Health and well-being
Workplace aggression can have devastating effects on an organization's employees. For example, it has been found that targets of workplace aggression report lower levels of well-being. Other studies have shown that aggression in the workplace can cause the victims of such behaviors to suffer from health problems and displaced aggression - including perpetuating aggression towards random strangers in the street. Bjorkqvist, Osterman, and Hjelt-Back even found that targets exhibited symptoms similar to those of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), such as anxiety and depression. Sorensen et al. found possible associations between harassment at work and well-being measures of lower back pain and sleep deficiency among a sample of hospital workers.

Team performance
Research has looked at the negative impacts of workplace aggression on team performance and particularly team effectiveness as was evidenced in a recent study by Aube and Rousseau.

Job satisfaction
Victims of workplace aggression may suffer from reduced job satisfaction. Lapierre, Spector, and Leck found that those who perceived being targets of workplace aggression reported significantly lower overall job satisfaction. Similarly, those who perceive abuse from their supervisors report lower levels of job satisfaction.

Gender differences in outcomes
Research has shown that males and females react to workplace aggression differently. While both males and females have reported lower well-being after experiencing aggression in the workplace, studies indicate that the relationship between experienced workplace aggression and decreased well-being was stronger for men. In one study, results showed that men who experienced work aggression were more likely to report physical, psychosocial, affective, and cognitive problems. This study also showed that the type of aggression, whether it is overt or covert, did not matter for these outcomes. The study attributes these findings to the idea of modern-day masculinity, which stresses achievement and success in the workplace.

For females, nonsexual aggression has been found to have a stronger impact on job satisfaction than sexual aggression. Also, nonsexual aggression has a stronger relationship with job satisfaction in females than in males.

Prevention
Prevention programs focus on reducing instances of workplace aggression. Programs that incorporate personnel selection, organizational sanctions, and training are recommended.

Personnel selection
Based on a workplace prevention program developed by the United States Postal Service (USPS), Neuman and Baron encourage organizations to use personnel screening and testing to identify potential employees who are likely to behave aggressively before they are even hired. This proactive strategy prevents individuals who are predisposed to aggress from even entering the workplace.

Organizational sanctions
Explicit policies regarding workplace aggression may help organizations to reduce aggression. Employees who perceived that their organization would punish workplace aggressors reported less workplace aggression even when their perceptions of interpersonal justice were high. Neuman and Baron also suggest using organizational policies to curb workplace aggression and to shape strong anti-aggressive organizational norms.

Training
Training has been shown to improve healthcare professionals knowledge, however may not help reduce how often healthcare workers experience aggressive bevhaviour. Neuman and Baron suggest that training for both supervisors and subordinates should focus on teaching employees methods for dealing with aggression. Similarly, Rai advises that appropriate training should inform employees that management takes threats seriously, encourage employees to report incidents, and demonstrate management's commitment to deal with reported incidents.

Organizational support
Organizational support can influence the effects of workplace aggression. Schat and Kelloway isolated two forms of organizational support: instrumental and informational. Instrumental support refers to providing some type of assistance directly to an afflicted individuals, whereas information support refers to providing employees with self-help informational resources.

See also

References

Further reading
 Bowie, Vaughn, Bonnie Fisher, and Cary L. Cooper. Workplace Violence Issues, Trends, Strategies. Grand Rapids: Willan (UK), 2005.
 Cade, Valerie. "Cyber Bullying in the Workplace: When Bullies use technology to launch their attacks". 26 January 2009. 1 May 2009
 Davis, Richard A. (4 Nov 2002). "Psychological Implications of Technology in the Workplace". Editorial. CyberPsychology and Behavior. p. 277.

 Kubicek, Margaret (12 Feb 2008). "Virtual Fighters". Personnel Today. 1 May 2009.

Abuse
Aggression
Deviance (sociology)
Interpersonal relationships
Workplace
Workplace harassment and bullying


Robert Henry Newell (December 13, 1836 – July 1901) was a 19th-century American humorist.

During the U.S. Civil War, Newell wrote a series of satirical articles using the pseudonym Orpheus C. Kerr, commenting on the war and contemporary society.  His articles appeared weekly in the New York Sunday Mercury, where he was the literary editor until 1862, and were published in a series of books.  Among other newspapers he worked at, from 1869 to 1874 he wrote for the New York World. From approximately 1862 to 1865, he was married to famous actress Adah Isaacs Menken.

The name "Orpheus C. Kerr" was a play on the term "office seeker".  At the time, political offices were seen as plums, involving relatively little work and regular pay, and were used by political parties as rewards for faithful party workers.

During the war, The Orpheus C. Kerr Papers was widely read and Newell enjoyed great popularity. He was one of the favorite humorists of Abraham Lincoln.  When General Montgomery C. Meigs admitted that he had never heard of Orpheus C. Kerr or his Papers, Lincoln responded, "anyone who has not read them is a heathen."

Selected bibliography
 The Orpheus C. Kerr Papers (1862; Letters 1–52)
 The Orpheus C. Kerr Papers (Volume II; 1863; Letters 53–79)
 The Palace Beautiful and Other Poems (1864)
 The Orpheus C. Kerr Papers (Volume III; 1865; Letters 80–108)
 Avery Glibun, or Between Two Fires (1867)
 Smoked Glass (1868)
 The Cloven Foot (1870; a parody of The Mystery of Edwin Drood by Charles Dickens)
 Versatilities (poems; 1871)
 The Walking Doll; or the Asters and Disasters of Society (1872)
 Studies in Stanzas (1882)
 There was once a Man (1884)

References

External links

 The Orpheus C. Kerr papers (1862), American Libraries Internet Archive
 The Palance Beautiful and Other Poems (1864; full text)

American humorists
1901 deaths
1836 births
19th-century pseudonymous writers


Brandon Emmett Crisp (January 18, 1993 – ) was a Canadian teenage boy who disappeared on October 13, 2008, when he ran away from his home in Barrie, Ontario, Canada after his parents took away his Xbox 360 video game console due to failing grades and his excessive playing of Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare. He was last seen alive on a nearby trail.

His body was found at the base of a tree in an overgrown area on November 5, a few kilometres away, by a party of hunters. An autopsy determined that he likely died of injuries due to a fall from a tree.

Disappearance
On October 13, 2008, Crisp was involved in an argument with his parents over what they described as obsessively playing the video game Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare on his Xbox 360, after they took the system away. Brandon filled a yellow and grey backpack with clothes and left home riding his bicycle. His parents allowed him to leave and expected "he would be home later that day with his tail between his legs".

According to police, two witnesses claimed to have last seen Crisp on a trail near Shanty Bay, Ontario. They first reported that they had seen Crisp having mechanical trouble with his bicycle on the trail. The second witness reported seeing Crisp later walking along the trail further east, but due to communications mix-ups this information was not passed along to searchers until the end of October. Crisp's missing person file was flagged nationally by the Canadian Police Information Centre.

Crisp's parents reported him to Barrie Police Service as missing on the morning of October 14. Police began their search October 18, using heat-sensitive cameras and officers with the K-9 unit. On October 20, police located his mountain bike, which had been abandoned near where he was last witnessed.

Concerned members of the public organized their own search parties, at times consisting of more than 1,600 individuals, some from areas as far away as London, Ontario.

On October 27, Microsoft announced that they would be adding C$25,000 of matching funds to the reward already offered by a local newspaper and the Crisps' Internet service provider, bringing the total reward to $50,000. As the ground searches were progressing, there was also speculation that Crisp had been lured by a fellow Xbox Live player, despite there being no evidence for this; Microsoft offered assistance to the police effort by helping to identify players on Crisp's online friends list.

Death
Police ended the ground search for Crisp on October 30, 2008, but made clear that the investigation was on-going and continuing around-the-clock. One week later, on November 5, hunters discovered Crisp's body in an overgrown area near what had been the police search area. An autopsy confirmed the identity of the teen via dental records and determined the cause of death to be "injuries to the chest area that are consistent with a fall from a tree". Barrie Police noted that no foul play was suspected, and that the investigation was ongoing to determine an exact timeline.

Media coverage and response
Within a week of Brandon Crisp's disappearance the case received significant media coverage throughout Ontario. Toronto-based outlets such as The Toronto Star, Citytv, CP24, and others covered the story, and national outlets such as the National Post, CTV and CBC soon picked it up as well. A Facebook page started by Brandon's classmates at St. Joseph's Catholic High School in Barrie, titled "Where is Brandon Crisp", grew to almost 22,000 members by the time his body was found.

The news of the discovery of Brandon Crisp's body made national news throughout Canada, with coverage on all major TV networks and national newspapers. The Toronto Sun published it as the front-page headline and picture on November 6, 2008. Thousands of people also flooded the Facebook group and other internet forums with expressions of grief and sympathy for the family.

The story generated Internet coverage from bloggers and others trying to help find Crisp, such as the creation of the now-defunct website findbrandoncrisp.com, discussions of the video game related issues, and discussions of how the tragedy emotionally affected the community, police involved, and even strangers.

The report of Crisp's death generated an amount of anonymous internet trolling, with many messages and photos posted to the Facebook group that most group members and friends found to be upsetting and disturbing, resulting in the group being shut down; an example of what Mattathias Schwartz of The New York Times has called "Malwebolence".

Brandon Crisp was buried in Barrie on November 14, 2008, in a service attended by more than 1,700 fellow students, friends, family, and community members. National media covered the service, featured as the lead-item on most Ontario newscasts. The Crisp family has created the Brandon Crisp Endowment Fund, working with Canadian Tire's JumpStart charity program for assisting families in financial need to participate in minor sports and recreational activities.  By October 2009 over $140,000 has been raised.

Crisp's story continues to be referenced in discussions about video game addiction and influence, with debate about whether his obsession with Call of Duty actually was a contributing factor to his death, or whether this case was just a tragedy that began with an ordinary teen-parent argument.

On March 6, 2009, the CBC's national news program The Fifth Estate aired an hour-long report on video game addiction and the Brandon Crisp story, titled "Top Gun: When a video gaming obsession turns to addiction and tragedy". The program had sent a team to Barrie to interview Crisp's parents and friends before his body had been found, and those segments were combined with interviews of gaming industry representatives and others. While the program did acknowledge that video gaming was not directly responsible for his death, many journalists and bloggers felt that the program was not balanced and fair, singling out the video game industry and focusing less on the need for parents to educate themselves about video games. Columnist Steve Tilley of newspaper the Toronto Sun called the report "Lazy, cheap and disappointingly one-sided", though he does admit that the report succeeds "in exploring why Brandon Crisp might have become so addicted to Call of Duty 4".

See also
List of solved missing person cases

References

External links
Brandon Crisp Endowment Fund website
Brandon's profile on America's Most Wanted
Steve Crisp speaks about his son's disappearance

2000s missing person cases
2008 in Ontario
Accidental deaths from falls
Accidental deaths in Ontario
Deaths by person in Canada
Formerly missing people
Video game controversies


Peter Forakis (September 22, 1927 – November 26, 2009) was an American artist and professor. He was known as an abstract geometric sculptor.

Early life and education
Peter Forakis was born on September 22, 1927, in Hanna, Wyoming. The son of a Greek immigrant, he grew up on the Wyoming prairie until the age of 10 when his family moved to Oakland, California. Eventually they settled in Modesto, California.

Forakis was in the Merchant Marines from 1945 to 1950. He served in the United States Military in Korea and Japan from 1951 to 1953. He earned his B.F.A.degree at the California School of Fine Arts (now San Francisco Art Institute) in 1957.

Art
In 1955, Forakis created the poster for the Six Gallery reading by Allen Ginsberg, Philip Lamantia, Michael McClure, Gary Snyder, and Philip Whalen, MCed by Kenneth Rexroth.

In 1958, Forakis moved to New York City. It was during this time in New York in the late 1950s–1960s that Forakis emerged as a prominent member of the art world, and, along with artists Mark di Suvero, Edwin Ruda, Dean Fleming, Robert Grosvenor, Anthony Magar, Tamara Melcher, Forrest “Frosty” Myers, David Novros, and Leo Valledor, he founded the Park Place Gallery (1963–1967), a unique artists’ co-op space. Park Place became the prototype for experimental art spaces of the 1970s.

Forakis was a ceaseless experimenter and was conducting his own research during the Park Place Gallery time period.  Although he began as a painter, his paintings became sculpture. His work quickly evolved in a 3-dimensional direction, with a seminal series of “3D paintings” (1959–1962) consisting of brightly painted abstract constructions made from mostly found timber which literally “came off the wall.”  Sadly, few of these works remain. Forakis became fascinated by geometry and his focus became sculptural. San Francisco Chronicle Art critic Kenneth Baker credits Forakis as the “originator of geometry-based sculpture from the 60s”. In an article by Joanne Dickson titled “Profile: Peter Forakis” in the Winter 1981 edition of Ocular Magazine Forakis said, “Geometry…is a natural law that exists not only in my thinking and my blood, bones, and marrow, but in the universe and all its matter.”
Forakis embarked on his lifelong exploration of the cube and hypercube along with Four-Dimensional theories.  Since the late 1950s Peter Forakis has been a prolific producer of sculpture based on geometric shapes such as cubes, spheres, octahedrons and rhomboids. Some of his best known pieces include Daedules & Icarus (1963), Magic Box (1966) and Hyper Cube, 1967 (Walker Art Center).

In 1967 Forakis received his first monumental scale commission.  Atlanta Gateway, one of the largest existing works of modern sculpture anywhere measuring 100 feet by 200 feet by 100 feet of tubular steel, spans a major traffic artery in Atlanta, Georgia’s Southwest Industrial Park.

By the early 1970s Forakis had begun experimenting with his “slots” technique, one of his signature achievements notable both as a unique language of examining geometry and for fabricating large scale works in steel without welding. Cutting slots into steel and sliding sheets together allowed large sculptures to be assembled using only gravity and the weight of the material. Archimedes Cube, (series, beginning in 1968) a signature piece for Forakis, has no welds, only slots. Of his monumental slotted sculptures are Sokar: the Egyptian Key (1974), and Jack London (1982) owned by the Oakland Museum and located in the Oakland Estuary, Oakland, California.

He  exhibited his work in major sculpture exhibitions in museums including the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA) 1967 American Sculpture of the Sixties exhibition. His work has been seen on both coasts, across the US, and in Europe and Asia. He also won numerous grants.

Death
Forakis died on November 26, 2009 in Petaluma, California.

Teaching
1965	Carnegie Technical School of Architecture and Art
1966	Pennsylvania State University
1968-77	Windham College, Putney, Vermont (Chairman, Art Department) 1972-74
1980	University of California, Berkeley
1980-82	University of Kentucky
1961-65	Brooklyn Museum Art School
1967	Cooper Union
1978	School of Visual Arts, New York City

Happenings
1961	Woodstock, New York
1962	Bridgehampton, New York
1962 	Ergo Suits, Carnival and Art Fair, with Allan Kaprow, Woodstock, New York
1963	Welfare Island, New York

Bibliography
Grope Magazine, 1/1 (January 1964); 2/2 (1966)
ARTnews, May 1960; April 1961; May 1961; November 1961; September 1962; Summer 1966; November 1966; January 1964; January 1969 (reproduction); December 1970
David Bourdon, E-MC 2,
ARTnews, January 1966
Arts Magazine, September 1963; March 1967 (reproduction); November 1967; November 1962; March 1964; December 1966
Edwin Ruda, Park Place: 1963-1967, Arts Magazine, November 1967
Art in America, December 1964; January 1970; May 1970; November 1970; September 1970
Carter Ratcliff, Art in America, March 1978
Artforum, September 1970; April 1970; October 1970 (reproductions); January 1978
Lawrence Alloway, Peter Forakis, Artforum, January 1968
Arts Magazine, May 1978
Henderson, Linda "Reimagining Space The Park Place Gallery Group in 1960s New York" Blanton Museum of Art, University of Texas, Austin, 2009
Humblet, Claudine "La Nouvelle Abstraction Americaine 1950-1970" Skira, 2003
Di Suvero, Mark, forward; Charles Ginnever; Atkinson, D. Scott; Julina Togonon ed."The Art of Peter Forakis" Togonon Gallery exhibition October 4-November 8, 2008.
Colpitt, Frances. "Affiliations" Art in America, February 2009 p. 61

Public collections

 Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Smithsonian, Washington, DC.;
 Dartmouth College, New Hampshire;
 Hartwood Acres Art Center, Allegheny, Pennsylvania;
 University at Buffalo Art Galleries;
 University of Kentucky Art Museum;
 Oakland Museum, Oakland, California;
 Berkeley Art Museum, Berkeley, California;
 San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco, California;
 Denver Art Museum, Denver, Colorado;
 Fort Wayne Museum of Art, Fort Wayne, Indiana;
 Interland Executive Park, Walnut Creek, California;
 Stamford Museum and Nature Center, Stamford, Connecticut;
 Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota

References

External links
Blanton Museum, retrieved September 1, 2008.

1927 births
2009 deaths
20th-century American sculptors
20th-century American male artists
21st-century American sculptors
21st-century American male artists
American male sculptors
American people of Greek descent
San Francisco Art Institute alumni
People from Carbon County, Wyoming
Artists from Wyoming
Artists from New York City
Sculptors from New York (state)


Punyamurthula Appalaraju (20 October 1937 – 14 February 1983), better known by his stage name Raja Babu, was an Indian actor and comedian known for his works predominantly in Telugu cinema. He is noted as one of the finest Telugu comedians. A 9 ft bronze statue of Rajababu was unveiled in his birthplace of Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh in 2012.

Early life
Raja Babu was born in Rajamundry, East Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh to Punyamurthula Umamaheswara Rao and Ramanamma as Appala Raju. His brothers are also noted comedians, Chitti Babu and Ananth Babu. He completed his Intermediate (10+2) education and successfully completed Teacher Training Course. He worked for sometime as a Telugu teacher after that. During that period, he used to act in dramas  like Kukka Pilla Dorikindi, Naalugilla Chaavadi and Alluri Sitarama Raju.

Life style
Garikapati Raja Rao invited Babu after seeing his acting skills in dramas who worked for Mr. Gayudu. Babu reached Madras in 1960 and initially lived on tuitions. Film Director Addala Narayana Rao gave him a chance to act in his film Samajam in 1960. Babu was known for his slapstick comedy roles. He acted in record 589 movies in less than 20 years.

He has acted as the hero in Tata Manavadu, Pichodi Pelli, Thirupathi, Evariki Vare Yamuna Teere, Manishi Rodduna Paddadu. Leela Rani, Prasanna Rani, Gitanjali and Rama Prabha played with him as his female counterparts. But it was Ramaprabha who had a major share in his career playing opposite him and they were considered as the best comedy duo.

The comedy song Vinara Suramma Kooturu Moguda Vishayam Chebutanu featured by the duo in the film Illu Illalu went on to become the highlight of the entire film and was heard everywhere.

He portrayed the lead role of Giri, grandson (Manavadu) in the film Tata Manavadu directed by Dasari Narayana Rao and teaches a lesson to his father. The cast included S. V. Ranga Rao and Anjali Devi. He produced a few films under Bob and Bob Productions, including Evariki Vaare Yamuna Teeru and Manishi Rodduna Paddadu.

Personal life
Raja Babu married Lakshmi Ammalu (sister-in-law of writer Sri Sri) in 1965 and they have two children: Nagendra Babu and Mahesh Babu. He has four brothers, among them Chitti Babu and Ananth Babu, who are actors and television artists. He has five sisters.

Filmography

Awards

Nandi Award
Filmfare Award South

References

External links

Telugu comedians
Male actors from Andhra Pradesh
Telugu male actors
Indian male comedians
Filmfare Awards South winners
Male actors from Rajahmundry
Male actors in Telugu cinema
Male actors in Tamil cinema
Nandi Award winners
1937 births
1983 deaths
Indian male film actors
20th-century Indian male actors
20th-century comedians
Deaths from cancer in India


The Best of Sophie B. Hawkins is a 2003 compilation album by Sophie B. Hawkins. It was released exclusively in the United States, and contains much of the same tracks as the previous year's compilation of the same name, which was released internationally. Instead, this album replaces single "Don't Don't Tell Me No", "Let Me Love You Up" and "We Are One Body" from the previous album for Whaler track "Swing from Limb to Limb (My Home Is in Your Jungle)", the Butcher mix of "As I Lay Me Down" and another single from Tongues and Tails, "Mysteries We Understand". This album has also been issued with the title Essential Sophie B. Hawkins.

The album was followed by yet another compilation, strangely released within the same year and titled after Hawkins' first single, "Damn I Wish I Was Your Lover". It collects tracks from the singer's first two albums.

Track listing
All songs written by Sophie B. Hawkins, except where noted.

"Damn I Wish I Was Your Lover" – 5:25
"California Here I Come" – 4:36
"Mysteries We Understand" – 4:48
"Before I Walk on Fire" – 4:59
"Don't Stop Swaying" – 5:28
"I Want You" (Bob Dylan) – 5:18
"Right Beside You" (Chertoff, Hawkins, Lerman) – 4:47
"As I Lay Me Down" – 4:10
"Did We Not Choose Each Other" – 4:26
"Only Love (The Ballad of Sleeping Beauty)" – 5:04
"I Need Nothing Else" – 4:16
"The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down" (Robbie Robertson) – 5:28
"Swing from Limb to Limb (My Home Is in Your Jungle)" – 4:15
"As I Lay Me Down" (Butcher Mix) – 3:52

Sophie B. Hawkins albums
2003 compilation albums
Albums produced by Stephen Lipson
Columbia Records compilation albums


Seeta Bibaha (1936)  was the first Oriya film directed by Mohan Sundar Deb Goswami; it presented the marriage of Lord Rama to Sita, based on the epic story Ramayana. The film starred Makhanlal Bannerjee, Mohan Sundar Deb Goswami, Krishnachandra Singh, and Prabhavati. It premiered 28 April 1936 at the Laxmi Talkies of Puri. Sita Bibaha was the first complete Oriya film and an important part of the struggle for a manifestation of Oriya cultural identity in celluloid form. The film was a commercial success. The two-hour movie was subsequently released at Cinema Palace in Cuttack. It also drew numerous crowds at several touring assignments such as the "Radhakishen Chamelia Touring Cinema". The second Oriya film was produced in 1949.

Production
The film was sponsored by the Calcutta-based Kali Film Studio and cost Rs. Thirty thousand (30,000).

Mohan Sundar as the producer then had to seek loans to pay the artists. According to the vouchers signed by the artists, Makhanlal (Ram) had received Rs 120 on 30 October 1935. Adaita Ballabha Mohanty (Laxman) was paid just Rs 35 as a conveyance fee. Actress Miss Prabhabati (Sita) received the highest among the lot, Rs 150.

The total expenditure incurred to make the first commercial movie in the history of Odisha was Rs 29,781 and 10 anna. The picture was subjected to Bengal Board of Film Certificate and the police commissioner of Lal Bazaar awarded it the censor certificate.

The film was adapted from a drama written by Kamapala Mishra.

Performance
The performance of Narasingha Nandasharma as the boatman as well as Makhanlal Banerjee as Sri Ram were well received. Fourteen songs encapsulated in the movie amidst mythological interpretations were written by Mohan Sundar and Nandasharma. All singers for the movie were from Orissa and Mohan Sundar maintained traditional music of the land, that is, Odissi music in the cinema. The settings of the songs and dances were carefully chosen.

Rishi Biswamitra arrives at the court of King Dasharatha to seek help of Ram and Laxman to combat the Asuras. A group song envelopes the durbar. Both the princes follow Biswamitra to an Ashram where a jagnya is underway. Tadaka and Subahu who then arrive to disrupt have to face the wrath of Ram. Tadaka dies while Subahu flees. A contented Biswamitra then welcomes the brother duo to Rishi Goutam's Ashram. A major welcome song is then played in the cinema: "Ei Je Ashrama Dekhuchha Sri Ram, Ei Je Banabaasa".

After the welcome, another song is sung in praise of Ram, "Debanka Tarane, Danuja Marane." Among other songs in the film are "Apurba Kumari Tripura Sundari" as an ode to Janaki's beauty. Miss Prava in role of Sita, likewise, sings "Kali Dekhithili Madhura Chaliki", which is jovially joined in by Sita's Sakhis who sing "Kahniki Go Priya Sakhi?".

It was the arrival of the first complete Oriya film. And it was a commercial success too. The two-hour-long movie was released in Lakshmi Theatre, Puri and subsequently at Cinema Palace in Cuttack. It also brought in numerous crowds at several touring assignments like the ones conducted by "Radhakishen Chamelia Touring Cinema". The second Oriya film was produced in 1949.

Cast and crew
 Director: Mohan Sundar Deb Goswami
 Assistant Director: Bhagaban Mohanty
 Play Writer: Kamapal Mishra
 Dialogues : Adweta Mohanty
 Sound Arrangements: Haricharan Mohanty
 Cast: Mohan Sundar Dev Goswami, Makhanlal Banarjee, Krushnachandra Singh, Ramachandra Lal, Narasingha Nanda, Adweta Mohanty, Prabhabati Devi, Radharani, Laxmipriya and Parbati were the artists in lead role.

Soundtracks
The film has 14 song sequences.
 "Ehi Je Ashrama Dekhuchhu Sri Rama"
 "Kahniki Go Priya Sakhi"
 "Debanka Tarane, Danuja Marane"
 "Apurba Kumari Tripura Sundari"
 "Kali Dekhithili Madhura Chaliki"

References

External links

1936 films
1936 drama films
1930s Odia-language films
Indian drama films
Indian black-and-white films
Films based on the Ramayana