Turbo Dogs is an animated television comedy series based on the book by Bob Kolar. Co-produced by Canadian entertainment company CCI Entertainment, New Zealand production company Huhu Studios and American studio Scholastic Entertainment, in association with The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation and Qubo, with pre-production by Smiley Guy Studios, the series premiered in the United States on Qubo on October 3, 2008 and ended on May 7, 2011.

Premise
Canine friends Dash, Mags, Strut, Stinkbert, Clutch, and GT learn lessons in friendship, fair play, and teamwork as they pull together to protect their reputations as the fastest dogs in Racerville in the animated series adapted from Bob Kolar's book Racer Dogs.

Characters

 Dash (voiced by Lyon Smith) is a selfless, thoughtful beagle with a heart of a gold and a healthy spirit of competition. Dash is the leader of the Turbo Dogs who always plays fair. His colors are red and white and his player number is 1 which is colored blue. His gloves have the same color as his number. He does try hard, but he can be hard on himself sometimes. He is also very tidy and neat. In one episode it was shown that Dash also has a large collection of racing memorabilia and model cars. Dash may have a crush on Mags.
 Mags (voiced by Stacey DePass) is an American Cocker Spaniel, and the only female Turbo Dog. Never bossy or overbearing, she is one tough girl who isn't afraid to speak her mind. She is responsible and cheerful, and often tends to be the voice of reason when things go awry. She also owns a pet hamster named Lulu. Her colors are purple and orange, her player number is 2.  When her helmet is off, she's revealed to have bangs and purple hairbands.
 GT (voiced by Dan Petronijevic) is a bulldog that is a natural born inventor and mechanic. His colors are blue and white and his player number is 3. It is said that GT can fix just about any car, and "could probably make an engine out of a leash and some empty dog food cans".
 Strut (voiced by Joris Jarsky) is a dachshund who is his own worst enemy. Strut makes up for his small size by making big plans, that sometimes backfire. He wants to win so badly that he'll break the rules and take shortcuts to make it happen. His colors are blue and yellow and his player number is 5. His car has six tires unlike all the other cars. He is the only one of the Turbo Dogs who regularly uses his car's special apparatus to give him an unfair advantage during the races, however it usually ends up with him spinning out or crashing. If there's a way to get what he wants without working for it, you can be sure he'll try it.
 Stinkbert (voiced by Hadley Kay) is a terrier with a strong odor who likes garbage. His colors are chartreuse and goldenrod and his player number is 6. He is a Lakeland Terrier. He is shown to have a cheerful and relaxed personality. One of his talents is cooking.
 Clutch (voiced by Peter Cugno) is a Turbo Dog who is just a bit of a klutz. He is a Bernese Mountain Dog. While all the dogs like him, he's closest to Strut and Stinkbert than he is to Dash, Mags, or GT. As a result, he often gets mixed up in Strut's dastardly plans. His colors are green and yellow and his player number is 7.
 Cam (voiced by Terry McGurrian) is a Beagle who is the announcer for every race. He is usually seen on the large display screen on the side of his personal airship that he flies above the racetrack during races.
 Ump (voiced by Ron Pardo) is a German Shepherd. Ump is Racerville Raceway's track official. He is also the flagman for every race, and enforces the track rules.
 Five*  (voiced by Joseph Motiki) is a pizza delivery dog who is in charge in the Dog-Gone Pizzeria. Five is usually seen travelling on his pizza-delivery scooter. He got his name from his "five minutes or less" delivery policy.
 The Chicken is a chicken who attempts to cross the road/track in every episode, and is usually costumed according to the theme of that particular segment. However, no matter how carefully he looks both ways, he is always narrowly missed by whoever is driving by (such as the Turbo Dogs) and sent spinning to the other side of the road, dizzy, but unharmed.
 Marlene (voiced by Shakura S'Aida) is a spaniel who runs "Marlene's", the shop where the Turbo Dogs get their racing helmets and suits.
 Officer Sarge Gruffer (voiced by Ron Rubin) is a retriever who is a member of the local highway patrol. When the Turbo Dogs got lost in the fog during a race through the countryside, his laugh was able to guide them home.
 Zanner Howler (voiced by Peter Cugno) is a young dog who is one half of "the Howler Brothers", and is Dash's biggest fan. He wears a large, gold dog tag around his neck, blue pants, belt, and brown sandals. He likes playing golf, watching TV with his friend Dash, eating snacks, and hanging out with his best friend Fanner. Zanner is from Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Australia, and Ukraine.
 Fanner Howler (voiced by Terry McGurrin) is a small terrier who, along with Zanner, is the other half of "the Howler Brothers". He wears racing gloves and sometimes a cape to emulate his idols, the Turbo Dogs.
 Rock Rally (voiced by Dwayne Hill) is a German Shepherd and Dash's idol. Rock is actually a movie-star who makes racing movies. Upon visiting the Turbo Dogs home track to make a new film, Dash is pressed into service to double for him in the driving scenes. Dash soon discovers that the reason for this is driving makes Rock "very nervous", and he doesn't do his own driving in his films.
 Auntie Ratchet (voiced by Catherine Disher) is Dash's aunt. A bright, extremely cheerful little dog who lives in the country, Auntie Ratchet is an inventor and former racer with a surprising number of skills, which she demonstrates.
 Wrenchini (voiced by Bill Colgatte) is the local master mechanic and garage owner, who is idolized by GT, who obtains parts and occasionally works on or modifies the Turbo Dogs racing cars. He speaks with a German accent.
 Pit-Crew Dogs are a crew of small Schnauzer-type dogs who do the tire changing, fueling, and other pit work on the Turbo Dogs racing cars.
 The Alstatian Aces are a sister trio of Cairn Terriers with human hair and eyeglasses. Their names starts with "A".

Reception
Turbo Dogs has won the 2009 US iParenting Media Award for Best Product in the television category.

The Globe and Mail, Canada's national newspaper, says this about Turbo Dogs:

"This new cartoon takes the creativity ingenuity of the movie CARS and uses dogs instead. For many kids, the combination couldn't be better. Turbo Dogs is a glossy, computer animated toon based on the book Racer Dogs, by Bob Kolar. The series is full of verve, humor and parent-friendly messages about helping your friends and being a good sport. Turbo Dogs ends with its fourth season sometime in 2014."

The Hollywood Reporter writes:

"Bottom Line: Going to the dogs is a good thing in this charming new animated series. The best thing about Turbo Dogs is its flawless animation, and the dogs all are charming in a loopy kind of way. It's all stuff kids will love, and the education they might get - how to behave in the world and find what's important - is an extra added canine attraction."

Episodes

References

External links

 Huhu Studios website

2000s American animated television series
2000s American children's comedy television series
2008 American television series debuts
2010s American animated television series
2010s American children's comedy television series
2011 American television series endings
2000s Canadian animated television series
2000s Canadian children's television series
2010s Canadian animated television series
2010s Canadian children's television series
2008 Canadian television series debuts
2011 Canadian television series endings
2008 New Zealand television series debuts
2011 New Zealand television series endings
2000s preschool education television series
2010s preschool education television series
American children's animated comedy television series
American children's animated sports television series
American computer-animated television series
American preschool education television series
American television shows based on children's books
Animated preschool education television series
Animated television series about dogs
Animated television series about auto racing
Canadian children's animated comedy television series
Canadian children's animated sports television series
Canadian computer-animated television series
Canadian preschool education television series
Canadian television shows based on children's books
CBC Kids original programming
English-language television shows
New Zealand children's animated comedy television series


HTTP Message Body is the data bytes transmitted in an HTTP transaction message immediately following the headers if there are any (in the case of HTTP/0.9 no headers are transmitted).

HTTP message
The request/response message consists of the following:

 Request line, such as GET /logo.gif HTTP/1.1 or Status line, such as HTTP/1.1 200 OK,
 Headers
 An empty line
 Optional HTTP message body data

The request/status line and headers must all end with  (that is, a carriage return followed by a line feed). The empty line must consist of only  and no other whitespace.

The "optional HTTP message body data" is what this article defines.

Response example
This could be a response from the web server:

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Sun, 10 Oct 2010 23:26:07 GMT
Server: Apache/2.2.8 (Ubuntu) mod_ssl/2.2.8 OpenSSL/0.9.8g
Last-Modified: Sun, 26 Sep 2010 22:04:35 GMT
ETag: "45b6-834-49130cc1182c0"
Accept-Ranges: bytes
Content-Length: 12
Connection: close
Content-Type: text/html

Hello world!

The message body (or content) in this example is the text Hello world!.

See also
 HTTP
 HTTP compression
 List of HTTP headers
 List of HTTP status codes
 Web cache

Application layer protocols
Hypertext Transfer Protocol
Internet protocols
Network protocols
World Wide Web Consortium standards


Cruisers Yachts is a brand of pleasure boats owned by MarineMax.  The company builds boats ranging from 33 feet - 60 feet, and is headquartered in Oconto, Wisconsin.  The company was one of the first boat builders to utilize the Volvo Penta IPS propulsion system.

History
The company was founded in 1953 in Oconto by Ray, Glenn, brothers Roy and Grant, and brothers Bob and Ted Thompson.  They were second-generation members of the Thompson family, involved in boat building at Peshtigo, WI and Cortland, New York. Roy and Grant were following in their father Chris's footsteps, as he had co-founded the Thompson Bros. Boat Mfg. Company in 1904 in nearby Peshtigo, Wisconsin. The company was originally known as "Cruisers Incorporated", or "Cruisers Inc." for short. They set up operations in the former Holt Lumber planing mill in Oconto.  In the first year of operation, Cruisers constructed 14- and 16-foot lapstrake boats, and sold them to the Thompson Bros. Boat Mfg Co. with the Thompson name badge on the hulls. The first shipment left the Oconto factory on November 18, 1953. The first cabin-cruiser model was a 19-foot 3-inch lapstrake boat, which was introduced at the 1954 New York Boat Show; she featured a sink, alcohol stove, water closet, cushioned bunks to sleep four, cabin lights and a collapsible table.

In 1956, the first Cruisers product catalog debuted. The company was producing 60 boats per week then, and the work force had grown from 20 to 101, over 5 times its size, in three years. By 1961, 300 people were employed at the company.  At this time they were producing 12 different models, ranging from 14 feet to 20 feet long.  Cruisers claimed to be the foremost lapstrake boat builder in the world.  In 1959 and 1960, they made 3,000 boats annually. Then the bottom fell out of the wooden-boat market.

A reorganization of the three Thompson family owned boat plants at Peshtigo, Cortland, NY and Oconto went into effect on 1 January 1959. Cruisers, Inc. became the sole property of Roy and Grant Thompson. Ray Thompson and family gained control of Thompson Bros. boat Mfg. Co. at Peshtigo. A new corporation was formed at Cortland, NY to run that operation; Thompson Boat Company of New York, Inc. with Bob, Ted and Glenn Thompson as owners.

As fiberglass boats hit the scene, customers abandoned wooden vessels en masse. Cruisers resisted the change, with the Thompsons believing firmly that a well-built wooden boat would outperform and outlive any fiberglass version of itself. Cruisers sold less than 800 boats in the 1965 season, and wooden boats were eliminated from the line by the end of 1966.

In 1982, Cruisers acquired the fiberglass portion of the boat division of Mirro Aluminum Company.

Cruisers International in Coventry was set up in 1985, creating 24 ft – 30 ft fiberglass cruising boats for the European market. The best sellers were the Cruisers Intl 224 Holiday and Vee Express 267. The Vee Express 267 was a smaller 6–8-berth version of the USA constructed Vee Express 296. Cruisers International folded in 1992 as the result of a fault in the 267 mouldings that occurred when the UK company moved to a smaller location and left the mould outside in the elements.

Cruisers Yachts today
In the early 1990s, the boat-building business suffered as the economy worsened. Venture Capitalist K.C. Stock, an experienced businessman in the Oconto area, saw potential in the struggling company and knew that if the biggest employer in the town were to close, it would be devastating to the town's economy. In 1993, his company KCS International purchased the company and renamed it Cruisers Yachts.  Soon after, the industry saw an upswing in sales and an increasing demand. The company expanded its model lineup year after year. Today, the company builds express cruiser and flybridge style yachts, and has recently introduced new models that fit into the new sport coupe class of express boat. The company currently employs approximately 1,000 people, with an annual sales figure exceeding $94 million.

References

External links
Cruisers Yachts Web Site
Cruisers Yachts Owners Club

Motorboats
American boat builders
Manufacturing companies based in Wisconsin
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1953
Oconto County, Wisconsin


Piotr Parasiewicz is an Austrian-American river professor, Director of Rushing Rivers Institute, and the creator of the Mesohabitat Simulation Model (MesoHABSIM). He holds a Ph.D in Natural resource management and Water Engineering. He has been working to restore rivers to their natural state and conserve water for human use, including the Quinebaug River, Fort River, Saugatuck River & Aspetuck River, Eightmile River (Connecticut River), and Delaware River.

Education
Parasiewicz began his studies in 1985 at the University of Agricultural Sciences in Vienna, Austria, receiving his B.S. degree in Environmental and Water Engineering. He continued his education at the University of Agricultural Sciences and in 1993 he received his M.S. degree in Environmental and Water Engineering. In 1998 he received his Ph.D in Natural Resources Management and Water Engineering. He gained additional training in 1994 at the Utah State University in Logan, in using the computer-based Physical Habitat Simulation (PHABSIM) and Instream Flow Incremental Methodology (IFIM),and later Stream Habitat Sampling Techniques at Colorado State University, in Fort Collins.

Career

Between 1984 and 1999 he resided in Vienna, Austria, with his wife, Maria Parasiewicz, and their two children while working at the University of Agricultural Sciences as a research assistant and university lecturer in the Department of Hydrobiology, Fisheries and Aquaculture. The following year he moved with his family to the United States and worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the New York Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit at Cornell University. Between 2000 and 2004 he was the director of the Instream Habitat Program at Cornell University and a research associate in the Department of Natural Resources. Between 2003 and 2004 he transitioned to the University of Massachusetts in Amherst, working for the Department of Natural Resources Conservation as a research associate professor from 2004 to 2007. During this time he was also an adjunct assistant professor in the Department of Natural Resources Management and Engineering at the University of Connecticut in Storrs, Connecticut.

In 2007, Parasiewicz inaugurated the Rushing Rivers Institute, a river science non-profit organization dedicated to the preservation of water resources for environmental and human use, of which he is the director. He is also an adjunct professor at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. He is best known as a developer of the Mesohabitat Simulation Model, which provides computer simulation models of instream habitat for fish and mussels.

In 2011, Parasiewicz returned to Poland and in 2012 he completed habilitation at the S. Sakowicz Inland Fisheries Institute in Poland and took there an associate professor position and Head of River Fisheries Department. He served on technical committee of European Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture Advisory Commission of FAO and recently on the Polish National Water Management Advisory Board. He was a workpackage co-leader in EU Funded Adaptive Management of Barriers on European Rivers (AMBER) project.

Publications and contributions
His publications include:
Parasiewicz, P., J. Nestler, N.L. Poff and A. Goodwin. (2008) Virtual Reference River: A Model for Scientific Discovery and Reconciliation. 2008. In: M. S. Alonso, I. M. Rubio (ed) Ecological Management: New Research, Nova Science Publishers, Inc. pp.-
Parasiewicz, P. (2007): Developing a reference habitat template and ecological management scenarios using the MesoHABSIM model. River Research and Application 23 (8): 924-932.
Parasiewicz P. (2003): Upscaling: Integrating habitat model into rivermanagement. Canadian Water Resources Journal. Special Issue: State-of-the-Art in Habitat Modeling and Conservation of Flows 28 (2) p. 283-300.
Parasiewicz P. (2001): MesoHABSIM - a concept for application of instream flow models in river restoration planning. Fisheries 29 (9) p. 6-13.
Parasiewicz P. & M. J. Dunbar (2001): Physical habitat modelling for fish – a developing approach - Archiv für Hydrobiologie. Suppl. (Large Rivers Vol.12), 135/2-4 p. 239-268.
Parasiewicz P., Hofmann H. C. & B. Höglinger (1999): The DVP - Depth Velocity Position Bar - a multiplex instrument for physical habitat measurements in small riverine domains - Regulated Rivers: Research and Management, 15, 77-86.
Parasiewicz, P., S. Schmutz & O. Moog, (1998): The effects of managed hydropower peaking on the physical habitat, benthos and fish fauna in the Bregenzerach, a nival 6th order river in Austria, Fisheries Management and Ecology, 1998, 5, 403-417.
Parasiewicz, P. (1996): Estimation of physical habitat characteristics using automation and geodesic-based sampling. Regulated Rivers: Research & Management, Vol. 12, 575-583.

References

External links
 Official Rushing Rivers Institute Website
 Official MesoHABSIM Website
 Maria Parasiewicz Website

Living people
Utah State University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Hydrologists


In a  religious context, transfiguration, from Latin transfiguratio, is the experience of momentary divine radiance. It can function as a form of apotheosis.

In the Judeo-Christian scriptures and tradition

Jesus

Jacob
In the Ladder of Jacob, at the conclusion of this instruction, instead of simply being given the new name Israel, Jacob is introduced to his heavenly counterpart, the angel Israel.

Enoch
In the Book of Enoch, when Enoch returns to Earth, he tells his children that although they see him as the earthly, human Enoch, there is likewise an angelic Enoch (Metatron) that has stood in the Lord's Presence.

Elijah

In the departure of Elijah to heaven by chariot of fire, and horses of fire and lifted up by a whirlwind to heaven.

Mary
Lumen gentium states that "the Immaculate Virgin [...] was exalted by the Lord as Queen of the universe, that she might be the more fully confirmed to her Son, the Lord of lords and the conqueror of sin and death".

Transfiguration of humanity as a whole
In Christian eschatology, eternal life is said to be the transfiguration of all of humanity.

In other religions and spiritual traditions

Hinduism
Ramalinga Swamigal (1823 – 1874) is said to have obtained 'an alchemized Light body'.

Buddhism
The Buddha is said to have been twice transfigured, at the moment of his enlightenment and at the moment of his death.

Gurdjieff's Fourth Way
P. D. Ouspensky recounts an episode where he claims that he and other onlookers experienced a change in the aspect of Gurdjieff while seated in a railway carriage.

Transfiguration of demons
In demonology, some high-ranking demons, such as Lucifer, are said to have been able to shapeshift in order to deceive people.

References

Religious terminology


Bubq is a village and a former municipality in the Durrës County, western Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Krujë. The population at the 2011 census was 5,951.

References

Administrative units of Krujë
Former municipalities in Durrës County
Villages in Durrës County
Populated places disestablished in 2015


{{Infobox COA case
  |Litigants=In re Bilski
  |Court=United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
  |CourtSeal=Seal of the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit.svg
  |ArgueDate=May 8
  |ArgueYear=2008
  |DecideDate=October 30
  |DecideYear=2008
  |FullName=In re Bernard L. Bilski and Rand A. Warsaw
  |Citations=545 F.3d 943, 88 U.S.P.Q.2d 1385
  |Prior=Claims rejected, Ex parte Bilski (BPAI 2006), appealed to CAFC, en banc hearing ordered sua sponte.
  |Subsequent=Bilski v. Kappos, 561 U.S. ___(2010) (Aff'd, Machine or Transformation test not the sole test for patent-eligible subject matter)
  |Holding=The "useful, concrete and tangible result" test of State Street should no longer be relied on. A method claim is surely patentable subject matter if (1) it is tied to a particular machine or apparatus, or (2) it transforms a particular article into a different state or thing. BPAI affirmed.
  |Judges=En banc Court: Chief Judge Paul Redmond Michel; Circuit Judges Pauline Newman, Haldane Robert Mayer, Alan David Lourie, Randall Ray Rader, Alvin Anthony Schall, William Curtis Bryson, Arthur J. Gajarsa, Richard Linn, Timothy B. Dyk, Sharon Prost, and Kimberly Ann Moore
  |Majority=Michel
  |JoinMajority=Lourie, Schall, Bryson, Gajarsa, Linn, Dyk, Prost and Moore
  |Concurrence=Dyk
  |JoinConcurrence=Linn
  |Dissent=Newman
  |Dissent2=Mayer
  |Dissent3=Rader
  |LawsApplied=
}}In re Bilski, 545 F.3d 943, 88 U.S.P.Q.2d 1385 (Fed. Cir. 2008), was an en banc decision of the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (CAFC) on the patenting of method claims, particularly business methods.  The court affirmed the rejection of the patent claims involving a method of hedging risks in commodities trading, as non-patentable subject matter.
Most importantly, the Court concluded, that machine-or-transformation test "was proper test to apply to determine patent-eligibility of process",  and that the “useful, concrete and tangible result”  of State Street Bank v. Signature Financial Group and AT&T Corp. v. Excel Communications, Inc. should no longer be relied upon.

In In re Ferguson, 558 F.3d 1359, 1364–65 (Fed. Cir. 2009), the Federal Circuit spoke of the Bilski case as setting forth "this court's clear statements that the 'sole,' 'definitive,' 'applicable,' 'governing,' and 'proper' test for a process claim under § 101 is the Supreme Court's machine-or-transformation test."

The decision of the Federal Circuit in In re Bilski was appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States as Bilski v. Kappos. Although the SCOTUS affirmed the judgment of the CAFC, it revised many aspects of the CAFC's methodology. More specifically the majority in its decision rejected the machine-or-transformation test as the sole test of process patent eligibility based on an interpretation of the language of § 101.  The majority, however, had high praise for the Federal Circuit opinions, advising that "[s]tudents of patent law would be well advised to study these scholarly opinions."

Background and prior history
The applicants (Bernard L. Bilski and Rand Warsaw) filed a patent application (on 10 April 1997) for a method of hedging risks in commodities trading via a fixed bill system. Such patent claims are often termed business method claims.

The serial number for the patent application is 08/833,892.  The text is available on the USPTO web site.  The patent application describes a method for providing a fixed bill energy contract to consumers.  Under fixed bill energy contracts, consumers pay monthly prices for their future energy consumption  in advance of winter based on their past energy use.  The monthly prices remain the same no matter how much energy they then use.  Thus, consumers save money relative to others if, for example, a given winter is unusually cold and they use an unusually large amount of energy for heating. On the other hand, consumers pay more than others if a winter is unusually warm and their energy use is lower than average.

Method claim 1 of the patent application claims a three-step method for a broker to hedge risks for purchaser-users of an input of a product or service (termed a commodity). For example, an electric power plant might be a purchaser and user of coal, which it purchases from coal-mining companies (producer-sellers) and uses to make electricity. The power plant might seek to insulate itself from upward changes in the price of coal by engaging in "hedging" transactions. The risk can be quantified in terms of dollars (termed a "risk position"). Thus, if the purchaser-user uses 1000 tons of coal in a given period, and the potential price spike is $10 per ton, the purchaser-user's total risk position for that period is 1000 × $10, or $10,000.

The claimed process comprises these steps (simplified for easier readability):
 initiating a series of sales or options transactions between a broker and purchaser-users by which the purchaser-users buy the commodity at a first fixed rate based on historical price levels;
 identifying producer-sellers of the commodity; and
 initiating a series of sales or options transactions between the broker and producer-sellers, at a second fixed rate, such that the purchasers' and sellers' respective risk positions balance out.
The patent examiner rejected all 11 of the claims on the grounds that "the invention is not implemented on a specific apparatus and merely manipulates [an] abstract idea and solves a purely mathematical problem without any limitation to a practical application, therefore, the invention is not directed to the technological arts."

The applicants appealed the rejection to the Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences (BPAI), which affirmed the rejection, although on different grounds. The Board held that the examiner erred to the extent he relied on a "technological arts" test because the case law does not support such a test. Further, the Board held that the requirement of a specific apparatus was also erroneous because a claim that does not recite a specific apparatus may still be directed to patent-eligible subject matter "if there is a transformation of physical subject matter from one state to another." The Board concluded that Applicants' claims did not involve any patent-eligible transformation, holding that transformation of "non-physical financial risks and legal liabilities of the commodity provider, the consumer, and the market participants" is not patent-eligible subject matter. The Board also held that Applicants' claims "preempt[] any and every possible way of performing the steps of the [claimed process], by human or by any kind of machine or by any combination thereof," and thus concluded that they only claim an abstract idea ineligible for patent protection. Finally, the Board held that Applicants' process as claimed did not produce a "useful, concrete and tangible result," and for this reason as well was not drawn to patent-eligible subject matter.

The applicants appealed the rejection to the Federal Circuit. The case was argued before a panel of the court on October 1, 2007. The court then ordered an en banc rehearing sua sponte, which was held on May 8, 2008. The Federal Circuit issued its decision on October 30, 2008.

Majority opinion
The en banc Federal Circuit upheld the rejection, 9–3. The majority opinion by Chief Judge Paul Redmond Michel characterized the issue as whether the claimed method is a patent-eligible "process," as the patent statute (35 U.S.C. § 101) uses that term. While any series of actions or operations is a process in the dictionary sense of that term, the court explained, the Supreme Court has held that the statutory meaning is narrower than the dictionary meaning which "forecloses a purely literal reading."  Patent-eligible processes do not include "laws of nature, natural phenomena, [or] abstract ideas."  The limiting legal principle applies not just to processes, but to anything on which a patent is sought. As a trilogy of Supreme Court decisions on patent-eligibility from approximately three decades ago had taught, "Phenomena of nature, though just discovered, mental processes, and abstract intellectual concepts are not patentable, as they are the basic tools of scientific and technological work." Therefore, the question was whether Bilski's process fell within any of the prohibited categories (that is, was a claim to a "principle"), and the underlying legal question was what legal tests or criteria should govern that determination when a claim is directed to a principle.

The court concluded that prior decisions of the Supreme Court were of limited usefulness as guides because they represented polar cases on the abstraction and concreteness spectrum. Nonetheless, a legal test could be distilled from them: "A claimed process is surely patent-eligible under § 101 if: (1) it is tied to a particular machine or apparatus, or (2) it transforms a particular article into a different state or thing." Not only did the patent-eligibility trilogy (Benson, Flook, and Diehr) support this test, the court explained, but so too did earlier Supreme Court precedents dating back well into the 19th century.

The court then considered whether this two-branch test should be considered all-inclusive, that is, as stating indispensable conditions of patent-eligibility. It concluded that the answer was affirmative, even though much of the language in the Supreme Court's patent-eligibility trilogy was more reserved.

The Federal Circuit placed great weight on the use of the definite article in several Supreme Court statements that transformation and use of a particular machine provided "the clue to the patentability of a process claim." At the same time the court placed no weight on the fact that the Benson Court had not accepted the Government's argument that the case law "cannot be rationalized otherwise."

The Federal Circuit observed that two caveats exist to the transformation-machine test: (1) a field-of-use limitation is insufficient to avoid the prohibition against pre-emption, as Flook expressly held; and (2) conventional or obvious "insignificant post-solution activity" does not make what is otherwise a claim to a principle patent-eligible (again referring to Flook). The court added that insignificant pre-solution activity (such as data-gathering) is equally ineffective, and so too is an insignificant step in the middle of a process (such as recording a result).

The court then rejected other proposed tests of patent-eligibility that had been suggested since the Supreme Court's trilogy. Several Federal Circuit panel decisions had held that a process was patent-eligible if it produced "a useful, concrete, and tangible result" — such as the transformation of financial data from one form to another form. Thus, in the State Street Bank v. Signature Financial Group case  the court had upheld a patent on a tax-avoidance scheme under this standard. The court now recognized that this test is "inadequate," as a dissenting Supreme Court opinion had already stated, and therefore backed away from the language, denying that the Federal Circuit had ever "intended to supplant the Supreme Court's test." The court did not, however, expressly hold that State Street should be overruled: it merely dropped a footnote stating that "those portions of our opinions in State Street and AT&T relying solely on a 'useful, concrete and tangible result' analysis should no longer be relied on."

The court next turned to the "technological arts" test (a patent-eligible advance must be "technological" in nature) and rejected it on several grounds: The meanings of "technological arts" and "technology" are disputed and ambiguous. No court has ever adopted the test. The technological-arts test is not an equivalent of or "shortcut," the court insisted, that can be used instead of the transformation-machine test. "Rather, the machine-or-transformation test is the only applicable test and must be applied, in light of the guidance provided by the Supreme Court and this court, when evaluating the patent-eligibility of process claims."

On the other hand, the court refused to adopt a test that barred business methods, under that rubric, from patent-eligibility. Also, while the court stated that the machine-or-transformation test was the applicable test, the Supreme Court in Benson had stated that there could be cases where a claim that fails the "requirements of [its] prior precedents" may still nonetheless be patent-eligible subject matter. Benson, 409 U.S. at 71. Similarly, software could not categorically be excluded. The court also stated that future developments may alter the standing or the application of the test.

Bilski's method
Turning finally to Bilski's method, the court held it patent-ineligible. First, the court said, Bilski did not argue that the rejected claims recited any specific or "particular" machine, so that the court found it unnecessary to decide any issues relating to the machine-implementation branch of the test. "We leave to future cases the elaboration of the precise contours of machine implementation, as well as the answers to particular questions, such as whether or when recitation of a computer suffices to tie a process claim to a particular machine." Second, the court turned to transformation of articles from one thing or state to another. What is an "article"? Benson had made it clear that tanning hides, smelting ores, and vulcanizing rubber were all instances of transforming articles. This corresponded to the transformation test as the PTO and some amici curiae articulated it: one physical substance is transformed into a second physical substance. But what of electronic signals and electronically manipulated data? Or even more abstract constructs such as legal obligations, which the Bilski case involved? No Supreme Court precedents addressed such entities.

Some Federal Circuit decisions, however, had held some transformations of signals and data patent-eligible. For example, the Abele decision approved a dependent claim to a method transforming X-ray attenuation data produced in a X-Y field by an X-ray tomographic scanner to an image of body organs and bones — while at the same time the Abele court rejected a more generic and abstract independent claim to a process of graphically displaying variances from their average values of unspecified data obtained in an unspecified manner. The court said that this kind of difference between the two claims was critical to patent-eligibility. The dependent claim, unlike the independent claim, involved signal data representing tangible physical objects, which were electronically manipulated to provide a screen image of the physical objects. But Bilski's process had nothing to do with such a procedure. Like State Street, Bilski involved manipulation of financial data.

Bilski's method claim was patent-ineligible because it did not "transform any article to a different state or thing." Legal obligations (such as options and futures contracts) and business risks "cannot meet the test because they are not physical objects or substances, and they are not representative of physical objects or substances." Moreover, to the extent that signals are involved and are transformed, they are not "representative of any physical object or substance." Accordingly, Bilski's claim entirely failed the transformation-machine test.

Concurrences and dissents

Concurrence by Judge Dyk
Judge Dyk, joined by Judge Linn, concurred in the majority opinion upholding the PTO's rejection of Bilski's patent, but concurred also in Judge Mayer's historical analysis that the framers of the Constitution intended to exclude from the operation of the US patent system "methods for organizing human activity that do not involve manufactures, machines, or compositions of matter." Since Bilski's method failed that test, it is patent-ineligible.

Dissent by Judge Mayer
Judge Mayer dissented, first, on the ground that the majority opinion failed to overrule State Street explicitly.  Whether this should be done was a question that the court had asked to be briefed on the re-argument. "I would answer that question with an emphatic 'yes.'" He then moved to the major thrust of his dissent: business-method patents are unconstitutional, or the patent statute must be interpreted not to extend to them in order to avoid unconstitutionality. He maintained:

The patent system is intended to protect and promote advances in science and technology, not ideas about how to structure commercial transactions. Claim 1 of the application . . . is not eligible for patent protection because it is directed to a method of conducting business. Affording patent protection to business methods lacks constitutional and statutory support, serves to hinder rather than promote innovation and usurps that which rightfully belongs in the public domain. State Street and AT&T should be overruled.

Pointing to the Statute of Monopolies and the public hostility to the "odious monopolies," he concluded that when Congress enacted the first patent statute (in language substantially unchanged to this day in regard to patent-eligibility), Congress did not want the system to allow patents on methods of conducting trade. State Street was a grave error. "Before State Street led us down the wrong path, this court had rightly concluded that patents were designed to protect technological innovations, not ideas about the best way to run a business."

Judge Mayer also criticized the majority opinion for doing nothing to remedy the ills of a "patent system [that] has run amok," for evading crucial issues, and for failing to enlighten users of the patent system in regard to

three of the thorniest issues in the patentability thicket: (1) the continued viability of business method patents, (2) what constitutes sufficient physical transformation or machine-implementation to render a process patentable, and (3) the extent to which computer software and computer-implemented processes constitute statutory subject matter.

Dissent by Judge Rader
Judge Rader dissented on the ground that the majority should have "said in a single sentence: 'Because Bilski claims merely an abstract idea, this court affirms the Board's rejection.'" He then complained that instead of doing that, the majority opinion

propagates unanswerable questions: What form or amount of "transformation" suffices? When is a "representative" of a physical object sufficiently linked to that object to satisfy the transformation test? (E.g., Does only vital sign data taken directly from a patient qualify, or can population data derived in part from statistics and extrapolation be used?) What link to a machine is sufficient to invoke the "or machine" prong? Are the "specific" machines of Benson required, or can a general purpose computer qualify? What constitutes "extra-solution activity?" If a process may meet eligibility muster as a "machine," why does the Act "require" a machine link for a "process" to show eligibility?

Judge Rader indicated his belief that nothing is wrong with patents on business methods or natural phenomena, so long as they are claimed to "achieve a useful, tangible, and concrete result." In his view, the LabCorp dissent's criticism of that test, and of business method patents generally, misses the point of the needs of 21st century innovation and entrepreneurship.

Dissent by Judge Newman
Judge Newman dissented on the ground that the PTO should have allowed Bilski's patent. The opinion largely constitutes a debate with Judge Dyk's concurrence about whether the Statute of Monopolies, common law precedents, and the widespread opposition to the "odious monopolies" led to a ban on business-method patents in the US. Judge Newman insists that "[i]t is inconceivable that on this background the Framers, and again the enactors of the first United States patent statutes in 1790 and 1793, intended sub silentio to impose the limitations on 'process' now created by this court."

In short, Judge Newman felt that the current definition of the word process used by the court directly contradicted the statute, the precedent, and the constitutional mandate to promote the useful arts and science.  Because the court's decision could affect thousands of patents already granted, Newman warned of uncertainty in patent eligible matter which serves as a disincentive to innovation.

Impact

Prior to the Supreme Court's decision on appeal, it was widely reported that the Bilski decision would call into question the validity of many already issued business method patents.  This issue has received global news coverage with a generally favorable assessment of the judgment. According to the Associated Press, the decision "could reshape the way banks and high-tech firms protect their intellectual property." Moreover, as a result of the decision, according to The Washington Post and others, many business method patents, possibly thousands, may now be invalid.

Subsequent decisions by the BPAI used Bilski to reject claims related to more traditional computer implemented inventions.  Four out of five of the initial rejections based on Bilski, for example, involved IBM patent applications not in the business method area.

In January 2009, Bilski and Warsaw petitioned the U.S. Supreme Court for a writ of certiorari, seeking to overturn the Federal Circuit decision.  It was granted on June 1, 2009. (This eventually led to the Supreme Court's decision in Bilski v. Kappos.)

In March 2009, a Federal Circuit panel split over what Bilski had held. In In re Ferguson the majority opinion (per Judge Gajarsa, joined by Judge Mayer) stated that Bilski has held that the "useful, concrete and tangible result test" "is insufficient to determine whether a claim is patent-eligible under § 101," that it "is inadequate," and that "those portions of our opinions in State Street and AT&T Corp. v. Excel Communications, Inc. relying on a 'useful, concrete and tangible result' analysis should not longer be relied on." In addition, the Ferguson majority said, "In Bilski, this court also rejected the so-called Freeman-Walter-Abele Test, the "technological arts" test, and the "physical steps" test." In her dissenting opinion, Judge Newman took issue with the majority opinion as an erroneous "sweeping rejection of precedent." She insisted that Bilski had left State Street partly in effect. She argued that Bilski had "recognized that the State Street Bank test was directed to processes performed by computer, "thus meeting the Bilski test" and pointed to note 18 of the Bilski opinion, which stated, "In State Street, as is often forgotten, we addressed a claim drawn not to a process but to a machine."

A March 2009 district court opinion interpreting Bilski "ponder[ed] whether the end has arrived for business method patents." The court then observed:

<blockquote>
Without expressly overruling State Street, the Bilski majority struck down its underpinnings. This caused one dissenter, Judge Newman, to write that State Street "is left hanging," while another dissenter, Judge Mayer, registered "an emphatic 'yes'" to rejecting State Street.... Although the majority declined to say so explicitly, Bilski'''s holding suggests a perilous future for most business method patents.
</blockquote>

The court concluded, "The closing bell may be ringing for business method patents, and their patentees may find they have become bagholders."

While the Supreme Court's opinion in Bilski v. Kappos, affirming the judgment but limiting the scope of the machine-or-transformation test, largely superseded the Federal Circuit's Bilski opinion as a precedent, nonetheless, much of the substantive content of the Federal Circuit majority opinion is repeated and found in the Supreme Court's Bilski opinion and subsequently in Alice'' as well. The statistics on invalidations under § 101, show that, as of June 2015, "the 73.1% invalidity rate in the federal courts breaks down into 70.2% (66 of 96) in the district courts and a stunning 92.9% in the Federal Circuit (13 for 14)." At the same time, final rejections of business-method patent claims before the PTO "soared into the 90% range."

References

External links
 In re Bilski (Fed. Cir. 2008) (en banc) (pdf)
 Certiorari petition.
 Transcript of oral arguments of Bilski v. Kappos
 Links to Briefs, incl. amici, on Cert. petition and merits in Bilski v. Kappos

Commentary
 The Bilski Decision Is In: Buh-Bye (Most) Business Methods Patents
 Ex Parte Bilski: On the Briefs (links to many amici curiae of the Court of Appeals case)
 Bilski Briefs (links to many amici curiae of the Supreme Court case)
Chart of Bilski Amicus Briefs (Summary of amicus briefs courtesy of Franklin Pierce Law Center)
 Predictability and Patentable Processes: The Federal Circuit's in Re Bilski Decision and Its Effect on the Incentive to Invent, 11 Columbia Science & Technology Law Review 1 (W. Michael Schuster II)
 Patent Eligibility and Computer-Related Processes: A Critique of In re Bilski and the Machine-or-Transformation Test, 14 Virginia Journal of Law and Technology 181 (Andrew Patrick)
 Patent Law at a Crossroads: Bilski and Beyond Eben Moglen @ Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, NYC (Nov 2 2009) (audio/video)
 Patent Absurdity: how software patents broke the system Documentary film about the case (2010)
 Bilski Information Center Articles and audio commentary analyzing the impact of Bilski (2010)
 Hideo Furutani Patentability of Business Method Inventions in Japan Compared with the US and Europe (PDF file) Presented at USPTO, Arlington, Virginia (2003)

Software patent case law
United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit cases
United States patent case law
2008 in United States case law


UCSD most commonly refers to the University of California, San Diego.

It may also refer to:
Uinta County School District #1
Uinta County School District #4
Uinta County School District #6
Unalaska City School District
Union County School District (Florida)
Union County School District (Georgia)
Union County School District (Mississippi)
Universidad Católica Santo Domingo
Utica City School District


Ak Bars may refer to:
 Aq Bars (or Ak Bars), the emblem of Tatarstan.
 Ak Bars Kazan, a Russian professional ice hockey team based in Kazan.
 Ak Bars Holding, a Russian financial concern
 Ak Bars Bank, its principle holding


Nikël is a village and a former municipality in the Durrës County, western Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Krujë. The population at the 2011 census was 9,518.

References

Administrative units of Krujë
Former municipalities in Durrës County
Villages in Durrës County
Populated places disestablished in 2015


The Belle Mahone Stakes is a Canadian Thoroughbred horse race run annually at Woodbine Racetrack in Toronto, Ontario. Run in August, the ungraded event is open to fillies and mares, age three and older. Raced over a distance of  miles on Polytrack synthetic dirt, it currently offers a purse of $75,750.

The Belle Mahone Stakes was first run in 1956 but was ended after the 1997 edition. Revived in 2002, there was no race held in 2005.

Upgraded to Grade III in 2023.

Records
Most wins:
 3 - Ice Water (1966, 1967, 1968)

Winners

Earlier winners

2001 - no race
2000 - no race
1999 - no race
1998 - no race
1997 - Mips
1996 - Ennisbeg
1995 - Holly Regent
1994 - Pennyhill Park
1993 - Dance For Donna
1992 - Platinum Paws
1991 - Wilderness Song
1990 - One More Breeze
1989 - Charming Sassafras
1988 - Arcroyal
1987 - Playlist
1986 - Regency Silk
1985 - Conform
1984 - Sintrillium
1983 - Noble Town
1982 - Eternal Search
1981 - Solar Command
1980 - Feu d'Artifice
1979 - Glorious Song
1978 - La Malchance
1977 - Reasonable win
1976 - Bed Shy
1975 - Lost Majorette
1974 - Lost Majorette
1973 - Connie Pat
1972 - Connie Pat
1971 - Painted Pony
1970 - Not Too Shy
1969 - Miss Suzaki
1968 - Ice Water
1967 - Ice Water
1966 - Ice Water
1965 - Speedy Lament
1964 - Menedict
1963 - Stormy Morn
1962 - Court Royal
1961 - Mystery Guest
1960 - Royal Border
1959 - Wonder Where
1958 - Queen of Wind
1957 - La Belle Rose
1956 - Butter Ball

References
 The Belle Mahone Stakes at Woodbine Entertainment
 The Belle Mahone Stakes at Pedigree Query

Graded stakes races in Canada
Mile category horse races for fillies and mares
Recurring sporting events established in 1956
Woodbine Racetrack


Victor David Lambden (25 October 1925 – 4 July 1996) was an English professional footballer who played for Bristol Rovers in the Football League.

He played for a local amateur side before joining Bristol Rovers in 1945. Lamden was a prolific goalscorer during his ten years with the club. After his professional career, he returned to amateur football.

Early and personal life
Lambden was born in Keynsham in 1925 to parents Arthur Lambden and Ethel Chinn, and was the youngest of four children. He had two older sisters (Joan and Frances) and one brother (Graham).

Lambden married Bristol Rovers fan Grace Ford at St Anne's Church in Oldland on 28 February 1949. His brother Graham served as best man for the ceremony.

Career
Lambden began his footballing career playing for his local team, Oldland Abbotonians, before joining Bristol Rovers in 1945. He went on to make 269 appearances in the Football League over the next ten years, scoring 117 goals.

Lambden made the best of starts to his Football League career, scoring on his debut for Rovers in the opening game of the 1946–47 season. This game, a 2–2 draw against Reading, also marked the return of League football after it was suspended during World War II.

On 19 March 1948, Lambden broke the Bristol Rovers club record for the fastest hat-trick in a match. His nine-minute treble (the goals coming in the 18th, 25th and 27th minutes) in a game against Aldershot remained the club's fastest until Dai Ward scored a four-minute hat-track in 1956. As of 2016, Lambden's remains the joint second-fastest in the club's history.

By the end of his time with Rovers Lambden was the club's all-time second-highest goalscorer, behind his teammate Geoff Bradford. His 117-goal tally was later surpassed by Alfie Biggs and Harold Jarman, but he remains the fourth on the club's top goalscorers list into the 21st century. Over the period of his time playing at Eastville, Lambden had become widely known for his successful partnership with fellow forward Bradford, and the pair later died just eighteen months apart from each other.

After retiring from professional football, Lambden dropped out of the league to play for Trowbridge Town.

References

Bibliography

1925 births
1996 deaths
Footballers from Bristol
Men's association football forwards
English men's footballers
English Football League players
Oldland Abbotonians F.C. players
Bristol Rovers F.C. players
Trowbridge Town F.C. players
People from Keynsham


Class 82 may refer to:

British Rail Class 82, a class of electric locomotives
DB Class 82, a class of German 0-10-0T steam locomotives
KTM Class 82, a class of Malaysian electric multiple units


Zabranena Lyubov (, lit. "Forbidden Love") was a soap opera filmed in Bulgaria. Its broadcasting started on 5 October 2008, at 20:00 on Nova Television and its first season ended on 5 June 2009. The soap opera was based on the Australian TV series Sons and Daughters.

The soap opera rotates around two Sofia families, the affluent Konstantinovs and the low-income Belevs, who are mainly linked together by a central theme of love. It not only deals with the love of siblings who are unaware of each other, but also life in contemporary Bulgarian society. It has tackled controversial issues during its first season such as:  murder, arson, kidnapping, abortion, homosexuality, rape, teacher-pupil relations and so on.

Its second season started in autumn of 2009. Bulgaria's Prime Minister Boyko Borisov also had a part in one episode as himself.

Characters
The main protagonists consist of two families, the Konstantinovs and the Belevs.

Bulgarian television series
2011 Bulgarian television series endings
2008 Bulgarian television series debuts
2000s Bulgarian television series
2010s Bulgarian television series
2010s television soap operas
2000s television soap operas
Nova (Bulgarian TV channel) original programming


Kodër-Thumanë is a village and a former municipality in the Durrës County, western Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Krujë. The population at the 2011 census was 12,335.

References

Administrative units of Krujë
Former municipalities in Durrës County
Villages in Durrës County
Populated places disestablished in 2015


The Reffye 85 mm cannon (French: "Canon de campagne de 7 de Reffye modèle 1870") was a French artillery piece of the 19th century, developed by the French artillery General Jean-Baptiste Verchère de Reffye, superintendent of the works at Meudon. The weapon was adopted by the French Army from 1870. It was an 85 mm (3.35-inch) rifled breech-loading cannon, equipped with a breech screw, initially made of bronze.

The sliding breech block, and the interrupted screw used for sealing were advanced features, but the perfect sealing of the breech would only be achieved two years later with the invention of the de Bange obturator. The cannon used shell cartridges for ammunition. It would be soon superseded by the Lahitolle 95 mm cannon (1875) and especially the De Bange 90 mm cannon (1877).

Reffye also developed the Reffye 75 mm cannon in 1873.

Reffye also developed in 1866 a mitrailleuse (named "Canon à balles"), one of the best early machine guns, which was used during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870.

Notes

External links

Artillery of France
85 mm artillery


Variant objects in the context of HTTP are objects served by an Origin Content Server in a type of transmitted data variation (i.e. uncompressed, compressed, different languages, etc.).

HTTP/1.1 (1997–1999) introduces Content/Accept headers. These are used in HTTP requests and responses to state which variant the data is presented in.

Example Scenario
Client:
GET /encoded_data.html HTTP/1.1
Host: www.example.com
Accept-Encoding: gzip

Server:
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Server: http-example-server
Content-Length: 23
Content-Encoding: gzip

<23 bytes of gzip compressed data>

See also
 HTTP
 HTTP compression
 List of HTTP headers
 Web cache

References

External links
 How Apache handles content negotiation

Network protocols
Web browsers
Internet protocols
Application layer protocols
Open formats
World Wide Web Consortium standards


Andre Pool (born November 23, 1961) is a member of the National Assembly of Seychelles. A teacher by profession, he is a member of the Seychelles People's Progressive Front, and has been elected to the Assembly four times.

References
Member page on Assembly website

Living people
Members of the National Assembly (Seychelles)
People from Anse Boileau
United Seychelles Party politicians
1961 births


Thaddeus Fairbanks (January 17, 1796April 12, 1886) was an American businessman, mechanic, and engineer. He invented furnaces, cooking stoves, cast iron steel plows, and other metal items related to farming. He invented and manufactured the first platform scale, the Fairbanks scale, that allowed the accurate weighing of large objects. His scales revolutionized farming and manufacturing and were sold worldwide, and he received numerous honors and awards for his development of the technology. Fairbanks was also a philanthropist, and was a co-founder of the  St. Johnsbury Academy.

Early life
Fairbanks was born in the town of Brimfield, Massachusetts, on January 16, 1796, the elder of three sons of Joseph Fairbanks and Phebe (née Paddock) Fairbanks. He was educated in the schools of Brimfield while working on the family farm in his spare time, and showed a natural inclination toward mechanics.

Fairbanks made a woodworking shop above his father's sawmill and gristmill, which were powered by the Sleepers River, where he made carriages until 1824. He then constructed an iron foundry, with his brother Erastus joining him in the establishment of E. & T. Fairbanks to make furnaces, cooking stoves, cast iron plows, and farm implements. Fairbanks was the mechanical technician behind the company's inventions while Erastus was the businessman who marketed the products. In 1826, Fairbanks was granted a patent for a refrigerator and a cast iron plow.

Start of career
In 1830, Fairbanks patented a hemp-and-flax-dressing device called a Haynes machine and  became the general manager of the Saint Johnsbury Hemp Company. This enterprise included mechanical scales that suspended heavy objects from log beams to weigh the large loads of hemp straw brought in by farmers; these scales which were not accurate, making it difficult to determine how much to pay sellers for their product.

After experimenting with designs for a more accurate weighing method, Fairbanks devised a platform scale, which revolutionized the farming and business worlds by making it easy to weigh large containers.  By placing a full wagon or railroad car on the scale to weigh it when full, unloading it, weighing it empty, and subtracting the difference, The Fairbanks scale enabled accurate weighing of products and payment to the sellers. Fairbanks received a patent on the platform scale, which his brothers advised him to produce and sell. In 1834, Fairbanks and his brothers Erastus and Joseph formed E. & T. Fairbanks Company to make and market the Fairbanks platform scale.

Fairbanks scales were displayed at ten international expositions including London, Paris, Vienna, Philadelphia, Chicago, Buffalo and St. Louis, where they were awarded gold and silver medals for technological advancement. He received many foreign awards, including a knighthood and the Imperial Order of Franz Joseph from the Emperor of Austria. He also received a gold medal from the King of Siam, and medals and honors from the Bey of Tunis.

Continued career
Fairbanks scales became popular worldwide and units sold overseas included the metric system and the  numerals of the country where they were sold (i.e. Chinese characters). In 1874, the business partnership was incorporated as the Fairbanks Scale Company. By 1885, 1,000 workers were employed at the main factory in St. Johnsbury and they 70,000 scales a year. Other factories were established in Asian and African countries, including Russia, Holland, Cuba, Siam, and Japan. In 1916, the E. & T. Fairbanks Company was reincorporated as Fairbanks, Morse & Company. Ownership has since changed hands several times but Fairbanks platform scales are still made in Saint Johnsbury, Vermont.

Personal life
In 1820 Fairbanks married Lucy Peck Barker (1798–1866). They had five children, two of whom lived to adulthood. His daughter Charlotte (1836–1869) was the wife of Reverend George N. Webber. His son Reverend Henry Fairbanks (1830–1918) cared for Fairbanks in his last years. Fairbanks received over forty patents in his lifetime, the forty-third one being granted to him at the age 90. On March 31, 1886, Fairbanks fell and broke his hip and it did not heal properly. He died on April 12, 1886, and was buried at Mount Pleasant Cemetery in St. Johnsbury.

In addition to his brother Erastus, Fairbanks' relatives included uncle Ephraim Paddock and nephews Franklin Fairbanks and Horace Fairbanks.

Philanthropy

Fairbanks was involved in numerous charitable and civic endeavors, including the 1842 founding of the St. Johnsbury Academy. He originally paid $50,000 () for the construction of a red brick building of Norman-Gothic Tudor style. The academy later added South Hall at a cost to Fairbanks of $36,000 (). In 1872 Fairbanks erected larger modern brick structures at a cost of $200,000 (). In 1873 the academy was reincorporated as a school of grades 9-12 for all boys and girls.

Other philanthropic and civic endeavors in which Fairbanks took part included serving on the board of trustees of Middlebury College and donating to the missionary and educational activities of the Congregational church. In 1851, Middlebury awarded Fairbanks the honorary degree of Master of Arts.

Gallery

References

Sources

1796 births
1886 deaths
19th-century American inventors
People from St. Johnsbury, Vermont
People from Brimfield, Massachusetts
Burials in Vermont
19th-century American businesspeople
Inventors from Massachusetts


Ansley Constance is a member of the National Assembly of Seychelles. A teacher by profession, he is a member of the Seychelles People's Progressive Front, and has been elected to the Assembly twice.

References
Member page on Assembly website

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Members of the National Assembly (Seychelles)
People from Roche Caiman
People from Plaisance, Seychelles
United Seychelles Party politicians


Murphy Warehouse Company is a family-owned, full-service supply chain logistics company based in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Founded in 1904, Murphy is one of the Upper Midwest's largest asset-based logistics companies and serves more than 250 companies ranging from Fortune 500 to startup companies.

The company provides a wide range of services, including warehousing, distribution, transportation, cross-docking, fulfillment and administrative, as well as international logistics through its Midwest International Logistics Center. Murphy is OSHA MNSHARP Certified and Safe Quality Food SQF Edition 9 Certified.

History
In 1904, founder Edward L. Murphy, Sr. purchased two horses and a wagon from his brother, Jack, signifying the beginning of the Murphy Warehouse Company. Today, Murphy operates 12 warehouse facilities, many on or adjacent to rail yards.

Logistics services
Murphy provides warehousing, distribution, information management, contract logistics, consolidation, transportation, rail transloading, pool distribution, pick and pack, fulfillment, freight brokerage and international support services. Murphy also provides other services, such as labeling, stretch wrapping, product assembly, packaging, re-pack and quality control testing-sampling.

The company also offers international logistics through its Midwest International Logistics Center, which includes a designated U.S. Customs Exam Station (CES), a Container Freight Station (CFS) and a Foreign Trade Zone (FTZ), allowing for modifications to import products before they reach U.S. soil, as well as export services.

Stormwater management system
In 2008, Murphy Warehouse installed a stormwater management system at its headquarters. The system cost $580,000 to install, captures 95 percent of stormwater on a  site that was more than 95 percent impervious, recharges groundwater, filters stormwater for quality, and eliminates a $68,000 annual stormwater assessment from the city. It is the first stormwater system of its kind to be voluntarily constructed on an existing, heavy use commercial site in Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Murphy also installed native prairies around the stormwater system, increasing its efficiency, eliminating polluting fertilization and water waste from automatic sprinklers, and saving additional money through reduced maintenance costs of a traditional lawn. For example, at Murphy’s Fridley Campus, a similar installation requires $2,240 per year for  of prairie upkeep instead of $21,650 per year for only four acres of lawn care.

In January 2009, the American Council of Engineering Companies recognized Murphy and Wenck Engineers, which assisted in design and installation, with the Minnesota Engineering Excellence Honor Award for the stormwater system.

Minneapolis mayor R.T. Rybak proclaimed it, “the single best green value that I can see in Minneapolis,” on Earth Day, April 22, 2009.

References

External links
Murphy Warehouse Company
Packing, Storage & Moving

Logistics companies of the United States
Supply chain software companies
Companies based in Minneapolis
Transportation companies based in Minnesota
Family-owned companies of the United States


Bernard Adonis was a member of the National Assembly of Seychelles.  He was a member of the Seychelles People's Progressive Front (now the People's Party) and was elected to the Assembly for the Plaisance district in 2007. He did not stand in the September 2011 election.

References
The Members of the National Assembly

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Members of the National Assembly (Seychelles)
People from Plaisance, Seychelles
United Seychelles Party politicians


Cudhi is a former municipality in the Durrës County, western Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Krujë. The population at the 2011 census was 1,812.

Demographic history
Cudhi (Çizin) appears in the Ottoman defter of 1467 as a hass-ı mir-liva property in the vilayet of Akçahisar. The settlement had a total of seven households represented by the following household heads: Martin Çataj, Dimitri Bardi, Martin Çataj, Vlad Shtjafni, Gjergj Bozhaj, Oliver Indi, and Gjon Ozguri.

References

Administrative units of Krujë
Former municipalities in Durrës County
Populated places disestablished in 2015


Roller sports (as Extreme sports) at the 2005 Asian Indoor Games was held in Suphanburi X-Games Sports Stadium, Suphanburi, Thailand from 15 November to 17 November 2005.

Medalists

Roller freestyle

Skateboarding

Medal table

Results

Roller freestyle

Park
15–17 November

Park best trick
17 November

Vert
15–16 November

 Panumas Vairojanakich of Thailand originally won the gold medal, but was disqualified after he tested positive for Cannabinoid.

Skateboarding

Park
16–17 November

Park best trick
16 November

References

 2005 Asian Indoor Games official website
 Chinese Mountaineering Association

2005 Asian Indoor Games events
Asian Indoor Games


Bernard Georges (born 24 August 1955) is a Seychellois politician who currently serves as the Leader of Government Business in the National Assembly of Seychelles.

Biography

A lawyer by profession, he is a member of the Seychelles National Party, and was first elected to the Assembly in 2002.  Georges' popularity in Seychelles was fueled in part by his radio program on Seychelles Broadcasting Corporation's SBC Radio which explained the laws and how they worked to people of Seychelles.  He and his wife, Annette, run the law firm, "Georges and Georges", which specializes in property and commercial disputes.  In 2015, he was appointed to Judge of the Court of Justice for the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa.

Education
He is a graduate of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge.

References

External links

Member page on Assembly website
Georges is appointed Judge of the Court of Justice

1955 births
Living people
Members of the National Assembly (Seychelles)
People from Les Mamelles
Seychellois lawyers
Seychelles National Party politicians
Seychellois people of French descent
Alumni of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge


The motor ship Ranga was a 1,586 tonne container ship owned by the Spanish shipping company, Naviera Ason SA, but on charter to the Icelandic shipping company, Hafskip. She was formerly named Berta de Perez, but her name was changed at sea to Ranga, due to the Icelandic charter. The Ranga was on her maiden voyage from Vigo to Reykjavík under Captain Miguel Ángel Díaz Madariaga.

The ship lost power on this voyage during a storm, and was wrecked at  at Dunmore Head, close to Coumeenole Beach, near Slea Head on the Dingle peninsula, County Kerry, Ireland on 11 March 1982.

Rescue
The local rescue team comprising members of Dingle Fire Brigade, the Garda Síochána and emergency services, rescued some of the fifteen crew members by Breeches buoy. The remainder were taken off by an RAF helicopter. Captain Miguel Ángel Díaz Madariaga was the last to be rescued and dropped off the vessel.

Disposal
The ship was a total loss and created oil pollution as she broke up. The ship broke into two parts quickly, the stern of the ship, with the superstructure on, and the bows. In 1989, the company Eurosalve tried to scrap her, but this failed due to the inaccessibility of the wreck. The stern section of the wreck was removed in 1991, due to filming of Far and Away, which included a scene shot at Dunmore Head. Today, only the bow and some other scattered pieces of wreckage are still visible.

See also
Dingle peninsula

References
 Bourke, EJ. (1994). Shipwrecks of the Irish Coast Volume 1, p. 157.  .

 "Los Barcos de Pérez Y Cía", 2001.

External links

Container ships
Maritime incidents in 1982
Shipwrecks of Ireland
1980 ships
Ships sunk with no fatalities


Pusey is a village and civil parish  east of Faringdon in the Vale of White Horse district. It was part of Berkshire until the 1974 boundary changes transferred it to Oxfordshire. The village is just south of the A420 and the parish covers about .

History
Pusey seems to be a Saxon settlement. Its toponym is derived from the Old English pise ēg, meaning "pea island".  The Domesday Book of 1086 records the village as Pesei.  The Pusey family held the manor of Pusey from Saxon times. There is a tradition that it was granted to the family by Cnut the Great, by the delivery of a horn (an Anglo-Saxon form of land tenure known as "cornage"). The Pusey Horn is now in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London.  In Anglo-saxon an inscription on the horn reads:Kyng Knowde geue Wyllyam Pewte thys horne to holde by thy land" (King Canute gave William Pusey this horn to hold by [it] the land")

In 1753, the family built Pusey House (not to be confused with Pusey House, Oxford), a Grade II* listed country house. It was designed by John Sanderson for John Allen Pusey. Edward Bouverie Pusey, English churchman and Regius Professor of Hebrew at Oxford, was born there in 1800.  The Church of England parish church of All Saints was rebuilt in 1745–50 by John Allen Pusey, at his own expense. The south transept monument was built by Peter Scheemakers in memory of John Allen Pusey and his wife Jane.

References

Sources and further reading

External links

Royal Berkshire History: Pusey House

Civil parishes in Oxfordshire
Villages in Oxfordshire


Charles DeCommarmond is a member of the National Assembly of Seychelles. He is a member of the Seychelles People's Progressive Front, and was first elected to the Assembly in 1993.

References
Member page on Assembly website

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Members of the National Assembly (Seychelles)
People from Cascade, Seychelles
United Seychelles Party politicians


Juraj Czinege (born 29 October 1977 in Bratislava) is a former Slovak footballer who played as a midfielder. He is currently coaching PŠC Pezinok B.

Club career
Czinege spent two seasons in the Turkish Super Lig with Elazığspor, one season in the Gambrinus Liga with 1. FC Slovácko and one season in the Greek Super League with Iraklis FC. Then, he played for SV Mattersburg Amateurs in the Austrian Regional League East and FC ŠTK 1914 Šamorín. He ended his career at SV Gols in the Austrian II. Liga Nord.

International career
Czinege made four appearances for the senior Slovakia national football team in 2002. He represented and captained Slovakia at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Australia.

Style of play
Czinege was known as a free kick specialist. Mainly a central midfielder, he also played on the right wing.

References

External links
Guardian's Stats Centre

1977 births
Living people
Footballers from Bratislava
Slovak men's footballers
Slovak football managers
Slovakia men's international footballers
Slovakia men's under-21 international footballers
Slovak expatriate men's footballers
AS Trenčín players
Slovak expatriate sportspeople in Greece
FC Petržalka players
Slovak expatriate sportspeople in Austria
FK Inter Bratislava players
Expatriate men's footballers in Austria
1. FC Slovácko players
Expatriate men's footballers in Turkey
Elazığspor footballers
Slovak expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
Iraklis F.C. (Thessaloniki) players
Expatriate men's footballers in Greece
Footballers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Olympic footballers for Slovakia
Slovak First Football League players
Slovak expatriate sportspeople in the Czech Republic
Süper Lig players
Expatriate men's footballers in the Czech Republic
Super League Greece players
Men's association football midfielders


Collin Dyer is a member of the National Assembly of Seychelles.  A businessman by profession, he is a member of the Seychelles National Party, and was first elected to the Assembly in 2002.

References
Member page on Assembly website

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Members of the National Assembly (Seychelles)
People from Beau Vallon, Seychelles
Seychellois businesspeople
United Seychelles Party politicians


Santa Cruz de Coya was a city established by the governor of Chile Martín García Oñez de Loyola on the site of the fort of Santa Cruz de Oñez, in 1595.  It was named for his wife Beatriz Clara Coya, a member of the royal Incan house.  The Mapuche called the city Millacoya, meaning gold princess from the mapudungun milla, gold and the quechua coya, princess.

The city was near the confluence of the Bio-Bio and Laja Rivers on the right bank of the upper reach of the Rele River in Catiray, ten kilometers south of the Bio Bio. The site was in an elevated location but with a shortage of water. Gold mines were located across the Rele on a stream called Millapoa. It had a population that supported three churches but it did not flourish.  It was abandoned soon after the Disaster of Curalaba and was destroyed by Pelantaro in February 1599.  Governor Alonso de Ribera attempted to rebuild it in a better site in 1601 closer to the Bio Bio and the forts of San Rosendo, Chivicura and Jesus de Huenuraquí. However it was soon abandoned and a new town of Monterrey de la Frontera was founded by Ribera to the east at the mouth of the Rele in 1605.

References

 Atlas de Historia de Chile, Editorial Universitaria,  pg. 48.
  Francisco Solano Asta-Buruaga y Cienfuegos, Diccionario geográfico  de la República de Chile, SEGUNDA EDICIÓN CORREGIDA Y AUMENTADA, NUEVA YORK, D. APPLETON Y COMPAÑÍA. 1899. Pg. 190 Coya

Geography of Biobío Region
Populated places established in 1595
1595 establishments in the Spanish Empire
Former cities in Chile
Populated places destroyed during wars
1599 disestablishments
Populated places disestablished in the 16th century


Clifford Andre is a member of the National Assembly of Seychelles.  A lawyer and marine captain by profession, he is a member of the Seychelles People's Progressive Front, and was first elected to the Assembly in 2007.

References
Member page on Assembly website

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Members of the National Assembly (Seychelles)
Seychellois sailors
Seychellois lawyers
United Seychelles Party politicians


Beth Halteman Harwell (born July 24, 1957, in Norristown, Pennsylvania) is a member of the board of directors of the Tennessee Valley Authority and the former Speaker of the Tennessee House of Representatives. She served as State Representative for Nashville and is a former chair of the Tennessee Republican Party.  First elected to the Tennessee House of Representatives in 1988, Harwell served as a Republican Minority Whip and Commerce Committee chair before being elected to the Speakership. She is the first woman to serve as Tennessee's Speaker of the House. In 2017, she announced her candidacy for governor of Tennessee in the 2018 election.

College and early career

In 1978 Harwell received her Bachelor of Arts from Lipscomb University. She received a Ph.D. from Vanderbilt University. She is married to Samuel Harwell. The couple has three children.

Harwell received the Small Business award from the National Federation of Independent Business. Her husband Sam Harwell is the founder of Big Time Toys, LLC.

Political career

Harwell ran for office for the first time while she was teaching at Belmont University, running for the 56th District in the Tennessee House of Representatives in 1986. While she lost that race, she ran again in 1988 and won. She has been representing her district ever since.

Harwell explored a run for the 2006 U.S. Senate race; however she decided against seeking that seat. In May 2007 Harwell said that she was considering running in the 2010 state gubernatorial election.

In the 2008 presidential election, Harwell was the state co-chair for John McCain's presidential campaign. McCain won 56.9% of Tennessee's popular vote against Democrat Barack Obama. During the elections, the Republican Party gained control of both the Tennessee Senate and House for the first time since Reconstruction. In January 2009, Harwell was named chairwoman of the Commerce Committee. Following the 2010 elections, Harwell was elected in 2011 by her colleagues in the Tennessee House to serve as Speaker of the Tennessee House of Representatives, the first woman to be elected to that office.

Tennessee House of Representatives

Harwell's main focuses have been welfare reform, children's issues, sex abuse laws, victims' rights, and education.

Sex abuse laws/victims' rights

Harwell's legislative record includes passing legislation "clarifying and toughening the penalties against stalkers". She has also secured the passage of laws increasing the jail time for rapists, and "strengthening" laws for child rape.

Children's issues

Harwell sponsored the "Children's Act for Clean Indoor Air", protecting kids from the effects of second-hand smoking.

Welfare reform

Harwell was the sponsor of the "Families First" legislation which reformed Tennessee's welfare program into what it is today.

Anti-corruption

In the wake of the FBI's Operation Tennessee Waltz investigation, Harwell introduced legislation increasing the punishment for bribing public servants or for public servants who accept bribes.

Campaign finance reform

During the 104th General Assembly (2005-2006), Harwell introduced legislation in the Tennessee House to impose limits to how much candidates for governor and the General Assembly could spend. In the 105th General Assembly (2007-2008), Harwell introduced legislation to ban donations to and campaigning for candidates for General Assembly from the Secretary of State, Comptroller of the Treasury, and State Treasurer, as the General Assembly elects those offices.

Education

In 2009, Harwell led the push for landmark charter school legislation, allowing more Tennessee students to enroll in charter schools. Additionally, she secured the passage of legislation that directed more funds to improve the training of day care workers.

Crime

Harwell sponsored legislation requiring someone subject to an order to protection to give up any firearms that person owns and establishing a punishment for those subject to an order of protection found to be in possession of a firearm.

Harwell has served as Speaker of the Tennessee House of Representatives since the 107th General Assembly (2011-2012).

Honors

During her time in the State House, Harwell has been given many awards, including the following:

 Tennessee Chamber of Commerce 'Champion of Commerce' Award
 Harold Bradley Legislative Leadership Award
 American Cancer Society Legislative Leadership Award
 Champion for Children Award
 National Federation of Independent Business's Guardian of Small Business Award (twice)

Community involvement

Harwell currently serves or has previously served as a member of the following:

 Tennessee State Museum Foundation
 Lipscomb University Advisory Council
 Montgomery Bell Academy Board
 National Foundation for Women Legislators
 Mental Health Association of Middle Tennessee
 Nashville Children's Theater Board of Trustees
 Leadership Nashville (alumni)

Harwell has previously served on:

 Agape Board of Directors
 American Heart Association
 Exchange Club Family Center
 Centennial Medical Center Board of Directors
 Senior Citizens Board of Directors
 Middle Tennessee Mental Health Center

Gubernatorial campaign

In July 2017, Harwell announced that she was running for Governor of Tennessee in the 2018 election. On August 2, 2018, she lost the Republican primary.

Harwell's platform for the election was as follows:

Support for President Trump

Harwell was the first major state legislator to give public support to then-candidate Donald Trump during his bid for the presidency. Following the Tennessee primaries, Harwell said she would support Trump should he become the GOP nominee. She said that she would continue her support for the Trump Administration as governor.

Opioid crisis

Harwell supports tougher sentencing for dealers, more restrictions on prescriptions, and prioritizing rehab over prison sentences. As Speaker, Harwell created a task force in 2017 to hear from experts and those affected by the crisis. Among the task force's recommendations are adding more TBI agents, starting a pilot program of a recovery center in each grand division of the state, and modernizing pain-management curriculum for healthcare professionals.

Medical marijuana

Harwell supports legalizing medical cannabis in Tennessee. During the 2018 session of the Tennessee General Assembly, Speaker Harwell cast the tie-breaking vote in the House Criminal Justice Subcommittee to advance legislation legalizing medical cannabis. During a GOP candidate debate, Harwell stated that she believed it would be "cruel to withhold that from someone who needs that help". Each of the other candidates said they opposed such legislation, making Harwell the only GOP candidate to support legalizing medical cannabis. On July 20, Harwell held a press conference in the State Capitol Building reinforcing her support of medical cannabis and debuting a new ad touting her support for it. In the press conference, Harwell stated that to her, the issue is a "dignity of life" issue.

Immigration

Harwell is a strong opponent of sanctuary cities in Tennessee, helping to pass a law in 2017 which banned sanctuary cities in the state. The law was passed during a debate in Middle Tennessee over a proposed ordinance in the Nashville Metro City Council which would have made the city a sanctuary city.

Education

Harwell was the only educator in the race for governor, and education was one of her top priorities. As speaker, Harwell supported the efforts to end Common Core in Tennessee and to allow for charter schools, and was a leader in the fight for more investment in education. Tennessee is now one of the fastest-improving states in education. Harwell has advocated for a renewed focus on literacy in lower grades and more emphasis on how valuable technical school can be compared to college.

TN Ready testing

Following 2018 TN Ready testing period, Speaker Harwell led the push to ensure that the state's teachers were not hurt by the botched testing and to investigate what went wrong. Harwell directed the House Government Operations Committee to hold additional hearings on the issue, and asked the State Comptroller of the Treasury to review the testing vendor, Questar.

The Tennessee Education Association has endorsed Harwell in the Republican primary, citing her experience as an educator, her knowledge on education issues facing the state, and her efforts to raise teachers' salaries in the state.

Budget

Harwell ensured that Tennessee's budget was balanced every year she served as speaker.

Economy

Following the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc., Harwell stated she wanted to use the new income from taxes on online retailers to lower the state's sales tax.

Abortion

Harwell opposes the right to abortion and has for the last 10 years received a 100% score from the Tennessee Right to Life, an anti-abortion organization.

Second Amendment

Harwell has supported and advocated for the rights of gun owners for years as the Speaker of the Tennessee House of Representatives. Multiple laws protecting 2nd Amendment rights were passed under her leadership.

Congressional campaign

On February 5, 2022, Harwell announced her intent to run for the state's 5th congressional district, after the state legislature approved a controversial redistricting plan dividing Nashville into three congressional districts in an effort to pick up an additional Republican to Tennessee's congressional delegation.

See also
 List of female speakers of legislatures in the United States

References

External links

 Beth Harwell's profile at the Tennessee General Assembly website
 Representative Beth Harwell at Project Vote Smart
 Rep. Beth Harwell at Friedman Foundation
 Political News and Views in Tennessee at Nashville Post
 Beth Harwell for Governor

|-

|-

1957 births
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians
American members of the Churches of Christ
Candidates in the 2022 United States House of Representatives elections
Lipscomb University alumni
Living people
People from Norristown, Pennsylvania
Politicians from Nashville, Tennessee
Speakers of the Tennessee House of Representatives
State political party chairs of Tennessee
Republican Party members of the Tennessee House of Representatives
Tennessee Valley Authority people
Vanderbilt University alumni
Women legislative speakers
Women state legislators in Tennessee


David Payet is a member of the National Assembly of Seychelles.  A doctor by profession, he is a member of the Seychelles People's Progressive Front, and was first elected to the Assembly in 2007.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Members of the National Assembly (Seychelles)
People from Glacis, Seychelles
Seychellois physicians
United Seychelles Party politicians


Yn is a letter of the old Romanian Cyrillic alphabet.

YN or Yn may also refer to:
 Yeoman (United States Navy), a rank
 Yoctonewton, a unit of force equal to 10−24 newtons
 Yottanewton, a unit of force equal to 1024 newtons
 Triple bond, in a chemical compound
 2C-YN, an analogue of the phenethylamine derived hallucinogen 2C-E
 Yes–no question
 Yunnan, a province of China (Guobiao abbreviation YN)


David Pierre is a Seychellois politician and teacher.  He was a member of the Seychelles National Party until 2011. He then founded the Popular Democratic Movement.

Pierre is a teacher by profession.  He was a member of the National Assembly of Seychelles from 2002 to 2016, serving as the parliamentary Leader of the Opposition from 2011 to 2016.  He was a candidate for the 2015 presidential election.

In 2016, Pierre was appointed as ambassador to Ethiopia and Permanent Representative of Seychelles to the African Union.  He resigned in 2020.

References

1967 births
Living people
Members of the National Assembly (Seychelles)
Seychelles National Party politicians
Ambassadors of Seychelles


Class 83 may refer to:

British Rail Class 83 – a class of electric locomotives
DR Class 83.10 – a class of East German 2-8-4T steam locomotives
KTM Class 83 – a class of Malaysian electric multiple units


Ginette Gamatis is a member of the National Assembly of Seychelles.  A teacher by profession, she is a member of the Seychelles People's Progressive Front, and was first elected to the Assembly in 1993.

References
Member page on Assembly website

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Members of the National Assembly (Seychelles)
People from Port Glaud
United Seychelles Party politicians
Seychellois women in politics
21st-century women politicians
20th-century women politicians


Gervais Henrie (born 12 January 1972) is a Seychelles politician and journalist. He is a member of the National Assembly of Seychelles. He is a member of the Seychelles National Party, and was first elected to the Assembly in 2007. Since 2020, he is the Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly.

In September 2016, he was elected to the 6th National Assembly representing the Mont Buxton Constituency. He is a Member of the Media Committee and Committee on Government Assurances. He is the chairman of the Association of Media Practitioners Seychelles.

On 28 October 2020, Henrie was elected Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly.

References

Living people
1972 births
Members of the National Assembly (Seychelles)
Seychelles National Party politicians
Place of birth missing (living people)