Raven: The Dragon's Eye is a BBC Scotland children's adventure game show, and the third spin-off to the main series, Raven. It comprises one series, which aired first on the CBBC Channel in 2009. In a similar manner to the previous spin-off, Raven: The Secret Temple, warriors compete as teams and attempt to collect objects (stones, in this series) by completing tasks.

Unlike previous Raven series, the opening titles always include a safety message from Raven: "Our Raven Warriors are always supervised and have their safety checked by experts. Please do not copy the challenges yourself."

Plot
Returning from the successful Secret Temple quest and able to unfreeze his homeland, Raven discovers that his arch-enemy Nevar plans to locate the Dragon's Eye, a mystical stone that affords the bearer great power. Determined to stop Nevar from obtaining the Eye, Raven embarks on a quest to destroy it with sixteen of his warriors, who group into teams of four. As Nevar approaches, a new character emerges from the forest — Ervan, former ally of Nevar's under his command — who appears to offer help; Raven must decide whether he is friend or foe.

Characters
Raven (James Mackenzie): Raven returns to stop Nevar from seizing the Dragon's Eye. Though he is unwilling to reject his assistance outright, Raven grows steadily more suspicious of Ervan as the quest comes to an end.

Nevar: Once again, Raven's nemesis takes up the role as the main antagonist of the series. This mysterious creature, clad in black hooded robes and his contorted face hidden behind an iron mask, Nevar hunts for the Dragon's Eye, with which he plans to take over Raven's kingdom. Still with hordes of demons at his command, he proves a difficult obstacle for Raven's warriors to overcome. He has been the re-occurring villain for three series now, Raven: The Island, Raven: The Secret Temple and now Raven: The Dragon's Eye, as well as being the antagonist for the original Raven series. At the end of the final episode, he was seemingly destroyed along with Ervan and the eye itself, but Nevar is seen on the top of the Castle of Shadows and looks on, hinting to more future quests.

Ervan (Daniel Jackson): A former soldier under Nevar's command, offering help to Raven and his warriors, and providing Raven with a set of stones that will allow the warriors to be brought back.

Challenges

Leadership Trials

Wolves: Pennant Run, Spear Strike

Bears: Barrel Roll, Shot Hurl

Otters: Ring Line, Symbol Square

Eagles: Shield Race, Shape Build

Spirit Trials

Archer's Aim: Warriors aim at the targets using a bow and arrow — one stone falls for each hit.

Cursed Earth: Warriors use blocks to step over the Cursed Earth trying not to touch the floor and collecting stones as they go. If they touch the floor or run out of time they are eliminated.
(Eliminations: Miran, Larim and Nardel of the Bears — all three surviving members of the team were eliminated after mistakenly placing one of their blocks out of bounds. Hareb and Arros of the Wolves — only Hareb was brought back.)

Catapult Drop: Warriors use a catapult to knock cages containing stones off giant posts. It is untimed but they have limited amo.

Letter Path: One warrior crosses the Letter Path — questions are posed for each step they stand on and the answer begins with that letter. For each incorrect answer a stone is lost.

Long Board: Warriors paddle their way on a longboard to collect stones out on the loch. If they fail to make it back in time they are eliminated.
(Eliminations: Janot of the Bears — who was brought back)

Magnetic Maze: Warriors are underneath a maze. Using a magnet to move another magnet on top towards the hole in the middle to earn stones.

Puzzle Count: Questions are on the wall to which the answer is a number. The warriors must step on squares whose combined totals equal the answer to the question. For each mistake a stone is lost.

River Rope: Warriors are in a coracle and use a rope to pull themselves along and take stones as they go but if they fall into the river or drift too far away from the ropes they are eliminated. There are two paths to take, an easier route and a harder one with two stones on each path.
(Eliminations: Ahrdin of the Eagles — who was not brought back.)

The Chest: Warriors work together to use logs to move a large heavy chest towards various keys which are needed to open doors on it that contain stones. When they run out of time the chest disappears.

The Climb: Warriors climb up a rock using ropes to aid them collecting stones as they go. Once the time runs out all remaining stones disappear.

The Descent: Warriors abseil down a rockface into a boat collecting stones as they go.

Thrall Threads: Warriors step between threads which have small bells hung from them. They have to make it to the other side and collect stones as they go. If they ring a bell then the Tree Spirits eliminate them.
(Eliminations: Lemec and Cermal of the Wolves — only Lemec was brought back as the team only had enough stones for one warrior, Halsem of the Otters — who was brought back, Janot of the Bears — who could not be brought back as he had already been eliminated, Kelin of the Eagles — who was brought back.)

White Water: Warriors are in a boat and paddle down rapids and attempt to collect stones as they go.

Rope Reach: The warriors have to collect stones from a rope bridge across a river. Three stones hang within reach of the ropes, but one goes down an unstable ladder and is much harder to retrieve. This one must be retrieved.
(Eliminations: Kelin of the Eagles — second and therefore irreversible elimination)

Elimination Trial

The Torrent: This was a race through the river between six warriors, with the first four finishers qualifying to join Varan and Gydan of the Eagles because they had the most stones and went through to the porthole. As the Otters came 2nd with 34 stones they had a head start before the Wolves who came 3rd with 24 stones. In the remainder of the quest, it was Arkil who was 1st to go through, Hareb was 2nd, Lemec was 3rd and Vesak was 4th. It was close because he was in last place in most of the challenge but Halsem struggled to climb the waterfall. Halsem told Kasha that only one person could climb at a time allowing Vesak to catch up. He got the 2nd rope before Kasha did climb the waterfall and overtook Halsem when climbing the waterfall and just beat him to the plunge pool which leads to the porthole. Therefore, the last two warriors Halsem and Kasha were eliminated. Kasha would have got through had she climbed and Halsem not told her to.

Leadership tasks

The six strongest, brightest and bravest warriors continue their quest to destroy the dragons eye but first all 6 of them had to take part in the final leadership trials to see who shall be their leader.
Long Throw: The warriors each have two attempts to throw a javelin as far as they can. The top four — in this case, Gydan, Arkil, Hareb and Lemec — move on to the next challenge.

Rock Range: The warriors throw three rocks at a target on the ground, trying to get as close to the centre as possible. If the rock does not enter the target, it will not count. The top two – in this case, Gydan and Lemec – move on to the final challenge.

Combat Ring: Each warrior must attempt to grab the cloth tied to their opponent's back. The warrior who wins the best of three bouts — in this case, Lemec — earns leadership of the final six.

The Final Trials

Day 17

River Raft: Using a crossbow and arrows with hooks, the warriors must drag a boat on a river to the shore so they can get in and journey downstream. Hareb was first to shoot and managed to snag a hooked arrow to a large ragged cloth on the boat. However, when the other warriors were pulling it to shore it got stuck to a nearby tree and the arrow came off. Varan was next to fire, but they could not dislodge it from the tree and the arrow fell into the river. Vesak was next to fire and managed to get the arrow in a hole in the cloth, dislodging it from the tree and getting it to shore.

River Escape: The warriors must now travel downstream and grab a ladder along the river (like the one in Rope Reach) and climb up it after securing it to the boat. This duty was befallen to leader Lemec who managed to secure the raft to the ladder so that the other warriors could get up it. If any of the warriors fall into the river, they will be lost to the quest. Vesak was trying to get onto the ladder but he did not secure his legs to the ladder and despite Lemec trying to pull him back into the boat, his grip gave in and he fell into the river, eliminating him.

Shuttle Line: Using a nearby zipline, the warriors must find a way to cross the river to the other side. However they need to set it up correctly as if any warriors fall in the river they will be lost. Hareb, Arkil and Lemec managed to set it up successfully and the warriors managed to get all the warriors across, despite the zipline needing effort to get them to shore.

Demon Shields: Using an unusual mechanism of blocks, the warriors must retrieve shields that will defend them from nearby demons. Lemec, Hareb, Gydan and Arkil managed to escape the demons by retrieving their respective shields, but Varan only just managed to escape after she could not unclip the shield from the rope holding the shield up.

Day 18

Demon Trap: Using long boards and paddles, the warriors must cross a lake to the other side of the bank as their path is blocked by quicksand. However, there are demons on the lake who are trying to catch the warriors. If they are caught, they are eliminated. Varan was the last to get her board into on the lake and could not paddle fast enough. She was caught by the demons, making her the second to fail on the journey to the Castle of Shadows.

Buried Treasure:  Using symbols in the journal they received after the leadership challenges, they must find a series of parchments buried under a series of stones with the same symbols on them. However, they must be careful of approaching demons. Gydan and Arkil were given the responsibility of digging while Hareb and Lemec figured out the symbols. With the four parchments intact, they head to their next challenge. While this challenge is going on, Ervan and Nevar distract Raven and switch Raven's staff for a fake that Ervan crafted in an earlier day.

Magic Potion: The remaining warriors now must collect blocks so that they can send one warrior up the stack and retrieve a potion that will reveal what is on the blank parchment. Hareb was given the role of the climber while Lemec gives her the blocks and Gydan and Arkil were given the task of pulling a safety rope so that if Hareb falls, she'll be safe. They retrieve the potion and pour it on the parchments, revealing a map to The Castle of Shadows.

Golden Portal: The warriors must decipher an inscription on a stone using a letter guild in the journal. They figure out that the inscription is a riddle, 'In light I am seen, but in darkness, I am'. They figure out that the answer is shadow and Gydan is given the task of firing an arrow into a hole but misses. Hareb is then given the task and then activates the portal to the next part of their journey to the Dragon's Eye. Upon arriving in the Forgotten Kingdom, Raven discovers that his staff was swapped when he tries to destroy one of the guards.

Day 19

Demon Patrol: The four remaining warriors must construct a destroyed catapult while the demons patrol the castle perimeter meaning they have to hide when they come close enough that they can see the warriors. If they are spotted they are eliminated from the quest. Having built the catapult and found ammunition, the warriors hide as more guards approach them.

Catapult Attack: The warriors must use the catapult and the ammunition in order to fire at the patrolling demons to dispose them. Lemec is first to fire the catapult but misses and the warriors hide. Hareb is next but again misses, causing the warriors to hide again. Arkil is next to fire and manages to hit a demon, but another approaches as Gydan takes the catapult and disposes of the demon. Hareb takes aim again and fared much better than her first attempt. But the warriors hide again as another demon comes too close. Gydan manages to hit him and now they can advance after collecting the weapons that they were carrying.

The Gauntlet: Using the shields that they collected on day 17, the warriors must dodge and reflect the aim of the demons that stand on the castle walls above them. If they are hit by any missiles, they are eliminated. By Lemec's instructions, Arkil is told to go first, Gydan second, Hareb third and Lemec who went last. All the warriors survive to move to the castle entrance.

Blast Path: The warriors now face a dilemma. The warriors must enter the castle but using a pathway that has been trapped with noxious gas holes. Using the weapons that they collected at Catapult Attack, they must collect the cylinders that hang above their reach and place them in the holes. This challenge was a race, as the last warrior to cross the path would be taken by the gases. Arkil, Hareb and Gydan made it past the path, but leader Lemec could not place the cylinders fast enough and she was eliminated. However, they are now captured after Nevar forced them to enter without Raven, meaning they are trapped.

Day 20

Break Out: The warriors have been tied together and watched by a guard. When the demon begins to rest, the warriors escape from their ropes but they can not escape the room they are in until they get rid of the guard by the door. Arkil managed to conceal the journal and the warriors find a recipe for a potion that will vanquish demons. After they make the potion, they throw it onto the demon and he is no more, making their escape. During this challenge, Raven retrieves his real staff back after deflecting a shot by Nevar to Ervan who was holding it.

The Force: The final three warriors must now step onto a pathway of symbols that have three in one row and they must step onto the symbols at random and remember the way they have come. If they step on an incorrect symbol, they will be sent back to the start. The first warrior to finish will earn an advantage in the next challenges. That warrior being Arkil, as she managed to remember a symbol that she has stepped on, whereas Gydan (who was also on the same row) stepped onto the wrong symbol. He then finished 2nd and earned an advantage over Hareb as she was last to complete the path.

Deadly Ground: The warriors must now cross the castle courtyard by traversing an obstacle course that consists of a climbing net and slice, a balance beam with turning paddles to trip them up and a balance beam with pendulums swinging. Arkil is to go first then followed by Gydan and with Hareb bringing up the rear. Arkil only barely made it to the end as she slips while coming off the balance beam at the end. However, when Gydan slips like Arkil, his foot touches the deadly ground and he is eliminated just before he reaches the lair of the Eye. In the end, Hareb soon joins Arkil as they enter the Eye's lair.

The Lair: Now Hareb and Arkil must battle it out in a competition of bravery and fear. After entering a small tunnel cage face up, they must place their hands into 4 boxes containing maggots, snails, hedgehogs and millipedes as they try to find a key in just one of the boxes. Hareb is beaten to the key by Arkil and now only she remains to retrieve the Dragon's Eye. Once at the cage containing the Eye, Arkil must open it, despite rats scurrying around inside of the cage. Once she collects the Eye, she is teleported to the castle courtyard, where Raven is waiting. Ervan then shows up and reveals that it was he who wrote the journal that led Raven and Arkil to the Castle of Shadows. Demanding Arkil to give him the Eye, Ervan threatens the two with stones that were found with the Eye which are deadly upon contact with anything close to the Eye. However, Nevar appears and kills Ervan. Raven then takes the Eye from Arkil. Despite being briefly tempted by the power it possesses, he completes the mission and destroys it with his staff, with Nevar seemingly killed in the blast.

Arkil is then given a staff of gold by the Spirit Lord as a reward for Arkil's bravery and strength. She is then known as "Arkil, protector of the golden staff, savior of the spirits of the forest, hero of the Dragon's Eye".

As Raven and Arkil head off, Nevar is seen on top of the Castle of Shadows, not destroyed as thought.

Warriors
Warriors are given 4, 5 or 6 letter names, chosen from letters from their real names. Sixteen warriors started the quest, and there are four teams of warriors. Each team has four members, with two boys and two girls in each, with the exception of the Wolves. The four leaders were chosen in leadership trials on day one. Lemec was also chosen to be the leader of the final week warriors after a series of trials, but was lost on the Blast Path, leaving no leader for the final day.

Warriors in blue cells made it through to the finals, and the warrior in gold was the winner. The warrior in second is silver and bronze for the third.

*Not enough stones to be brought back.
**Team chose not to bring warrior back.
***Entire team eliminated in one challenge.
+Eliminated on one of the final challenges, with no option to be brought back.

See also
 Raven (game show)
 Raven: The Island
 Raven: The Secret Temple

References

BBC children's television shows
2000s British children's television series
2000s Scottish television series
2000s British game shows
2009 Scottish television series debuts
Television series by BBC Studios


Pádraig Ó Fiannachta (1927 – 15 July 2016) was an Irish-language scholar, poet and priest from the Kerry Gaeltacht. He is perhaps best known for producing a translation of the Christian Bible into the Irish language.

Biography

Ó Fiannachta studied at Maynooth, University College Cork and All Hallows, Clonliffe College. He was ordained a priest in All Hallows College in 1953.

He served for some time as a priest in Wales, where he became a good friend of Waldo Williams, prior to returning to Maynooth College, where he became professor of early Irish in 1960 as well as Welsh Language lecturer. He was made professor of Modern Irish at Maynooth in 1982 and was awarded the Douglas Hyde prize for literature in 1969.

He translated and edited an Irish-language version of the Bible – An Bíobla Naofa which was published in 1982.

In "Léim an Dá Mhíle" (1999); bilingual Irish/English edition (2005), he portrays the public life of Jesus as lived, not in Galilee, but in the Dingle peninsula.

He retired from Maynooth in 1992, returning to Dingle as parish priest. In 1998 he was awarded the title monsignor by Pope John Paul II. In 2013, he was made a Companion of the Order of Clans of Ireland. In 2015 he was awarded the American Irish Historical Society's Cultural Award.

He was involved in many Dingle events such as the blessing of the boats and participated in the Dingle/Daingean Uí Chúis name-change debate.

He died in Dingle on 15 July 2016 at the age of 89 and is buried in the grounds of Séipéal Chaitlíona in Ventry.

Publications
An Bíobla Naofa. translated and edited by Padraig O'Fiannachta (1982)
The Tain (Hardcover) by Padraig O'Fiannachta (Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies 1966)
Rúin (1969)
Feoirlingi Fileata (1972)
Sciuird chun na Rúise (1973)
Ó Chorr na Móna go Bangalore (1975)
Donn Bo (1976)
Seanghaeilge Gan Dua (1981)
Deora Dé (1987)
Léim An Dá Mile (1999)
Irisleabhar Mha Nuad, O'FIANNACHTA, PADRAIG
Prayers from the Irish Tradition by Pádraig Ó Fiannachta, English translation by Desmond Forristal Columba Press (1 Jan 2000)
Mil Bhaile Aimín Treaint (2012)
Triad of poetry and stories, written by Jane Beatrice Ejim, translated by Padraig O Fiannachta.

References

External links
 Padraig Ó Fiannachta, Ainm.ie

1927 births
20th-century Irish Roman Catholic priests
21st-century Irish Roman Catholic priests
Translators to Irish
Academics of St Patrick's College, Maynooth
Alumni of St Patrick's College, Maynooth
Alumni of University College Cork
Alumni of All Hallows College, Dublin
Irish-language writers
Irish language activists
Christian clergy from County Kerry
2016 deaths
Celtic studies scholars
Translators of the Bible into Irish
20th-century Irish translators


The third cabinet of Per Albin Hansson () was the cabinet of Sweden between 13 December 1939 and 31 July 1945. It consisted of members from the Social Democratic Party, the Farmers' League, the People's Party and the National Organization of the Right. It was a national unity government formed for reasons of national stability during World War II, and its constituent parties represented 219 out of the 230 seats in the Parliament of Sweden since the 1936 general election. Two parties of the 1936–1940 parliament were kept out of the government, the pro-Soviet Communist Party and the Socialist Party, which veered between Communist and Nazi positions, and lost its parliamentary representation in 1940. After the 1940 general election, the government represented 227 out of the 230 seats in parliament, and after 1944 general election, 215 out of 230.

After the end of World War II, the coalition government was dissolved on 31 July 1945, and was replaced by a government consisting only of social democrat ministers, as this party held 115 out of 230 seats in parliament.

Ministers

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References

External links

1939 establishments in Sweden
Cabinets of Sweden
Politics of Sweden
1945 disestablishments in Sweden
Cabinets established in 1939
Cabinets disestablished in 1945
Cabinet 3


Nikólaos Tselementés () (1878 – 2 March 1958) was a Greek chef and cookbook author of the early 20th century. He is considered one of the most influential cookery writers of modern Greece,
specialising in both Greek and French cuisine.

Biography and career
He was born in Exampela (), a village on the island of Sifnos and grew up in Athens, where he finished high school. At first, he worked as a notary clerk, then he started cooking, working at his father's and uncle's restaurant.

He studied cooking for a year in Vienna and, on his return to Greece worked for various embassies. He became initially known with the magazine Cooking Guide (Odigos Mageirikis) that he began publishing in 1910, which included – in addition to recipes – nutritional advice, international cuisine, cooking news, etc.

In 1919, he became manager of hotel "Hermes", while the next year he left for America, where he worked in some of the more expensive restaurants of the world, while also following higher studies in cooking, confectionery and dietetics.

In 1930, he published the influential cookbook Cooking and Patisserie Guide ().

He returned to Greece in 1932, founded a small cooking and confectionery school and brought out his well-known book of recipes, which, being the first complete cookbook in Greek, had over fifteen official reprints during the following decades. In 1950, he published his only book in English, Greek Cookery.

Influenced by French cuisine, he had been the moderniser of Greek cuisine as, thanks to him, the Greek housewives learned of béchamel sauce, pirozhki, and bouillabaisse. He created also the modern versions of mousaka, pastitsio, and anginares (artichokes) alla polita.

His surname, Tselementes, is today in Greece a synonym of "cookbook", and is also used in jest about someone who can cook very well.

Bibliography
 Aglaia Kremezi (1996). "Nikolas Tselementes". In Walker, Harlan (Ed.) (1996). Cooks and Other People, (Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery, 1995). Totnes: Prospect Books. . pp 162–169

References

Translated from Νικόλαος Τσελεμεντές in the Greek Wikipedia

Greek food writers
Greek chefs
1958 deaths
1878 births
People from Sifnos
Cookbook writers
Greek male writers
20th-century Greek writers
20th-century Greek male writers


The sociology of space is a sub-discipline of sociology that mostly borrows from theories developed within the discipline of geography, including the sub fields of human geography, economic geography, and feminist geography. The "sociology" of space examines the social and material constitution of spaces. It is concerned with understanding the social practices, institutional forces, and material complexity of how humans and spaces interact. The sociology of space is an inter-disciplinary area of study, drawing on various theoretical traditions including Marxism, postcolonialism, and Science and Technology Studies, and overlaps and encompasses theorists with various academic disciplines such as geography and architecture.  Edward T. Hall developed the study of Proxemics which concentrates on the empirical analysis of space in psychology.

Definition of space
Space is one of the most important concepts within the disciplines of social science as it is fundamental to our understanding of geography. The term "space" has been defined variously by scholars:

In general terms, the Oxford English Dictionary defines space in two ways:

 A continuous extension viewed with or without reference to the existence of objects within it.
 The interval between points or objects viewed as having one, two or three dimensions.

However, the human geographers’ interest is in the objects within the space and their relative position, which involves the description, explanation and prediction of the distribution of phenomena. Thus, the relationships between objects in space is the central of the study.

Michel Foucault defines space as;
“The space in which we live, which draws us out of ourselves, in which the erosion of our lives, our time and our history occurs, the space that claws and gnaws at us, is also, in itself, a heterogeneous space…..we live inside a set of relations.

Nigel Thrift also defines space as;
"The outcome of a series of highly problematic temporary settlements that divide and connect things up into different kinds of collectives which are slowly provided with the meaning which render them durable and sustainable."

In short, "space" is the social space in which we live and create relationships with other people, societies and surroundings. Space is an outcome of the hard and continuous work of building up and maintaining collectives by bringing different things into alignments. All kinds of different spaces can and therefore do exist which may or may not relate to each other. Thus, through space, we can understand more about social action.

History of the sociology of space

Georg Simmel has been seen as the classical sociologist who was most important to this field. Simmel wrote on "the sociology of space" in his 1908 book "Sociology: Investigations on the Forms of Sociation". His concerns included the process of metropolitanisation and the separation of leisure spaces in modern economic societies.

The category of space long played a subordinate role in sociological theory formation. Only in the late 1980s did it come to be realised that certain changes in society cannot be adequately explained without taking greater account of the spatial components of life. This shift in perspective is referred to as the spatial turn. The space concept directs attention to organisational forms of juxtaposition. The focus is on differences between places and their mutual influence. This applies equally for the micro-spaces of everyday life and the macro-spaces at the nation-state or global levels.

The theoretical basis for the growing interest of the social sciences in space was set primarily by English and French-speaking sociologists, philosophers, and human geographers. Of particular importance is  Michel Foucault’s essay on “Of Other Spaces”, in which the author proclaims the “age of space”, and  Henri Lefebvre’s seminal work “La production de l’espace”. The latter provided the grounding for Marxist spatial theory on which David Harvey, Manuel Castells, Edward Soja, and others have built. Marxist theories of space, which are predicated on a structural, i.e., capitalist or global determinants of spaces and the growing homogenization of space, are confronted by action theoretical conceptions, which stress the importance of the corporeal placing and the perception of spaces as albeit habitually predetermined but subjective constructions. One example is the theory of space of the German sociologist Martina Löw. Approaches deriving from the post-colonialism discourse have attracted greater attention in recent years. Also in contrast to Marxist concepts of space, British geographer Doreen Massey and German sociologist Helmuth Berking, for instance, emphasise the heterogeneity of local contexts and the place-relatedness of our knowledge about the world.

Duality of space

Martina Löw developed the idea of a "relational" model of space, which focuses on the “orderings” of living entities and social goods, and examines how space is constituted in processes of perception, recall, or ideation to manifest itself as societal structure. From a social theory point of view, it follows on from the theory of structuration proposed by Anthony Giddens, whose concept of the “duality of structure” Löw extends sociological terms into a “duality of space.” The basic idea is that individuals act as social agents (and constitute spaces in the process), but that their action depends on economic, legal, social, cultural, and, finally, spatial structures. Spaces are hence the outcome of action. At the same time, spaces structure action, that is to say spaces can both constrain and enable action.

With respect to the constitution of space, Löw distinguishes analytically between two, generally mutually determining factors: “spacing” and “synthesis.” Spacing refers to the act of placing or the state of being placed of social goods and people in places. According to Löw, however, an ordering created through placings is only effectively constituted as space where the elements that compose it are actively interlinked by people – in processes of perception, ideation, or recall. Löw calls this synthesis. This concept has been empirically tested in studies such as those by Lars Meier (who examined the constitution of space in the everyday life of financial managers in London and Singapore), Cedric Janowicz (who carried out an ethnographical-space sociological study of food supply in the Ghanaian city of Accra), and Silke Streets (who looked at processes of space constitution in the creative industries in Leipzig).

Marxist approaches

The most important proponent of Marxist spatial theory was Henri Lefebvre. He proposed "social space" to be where the relations of production are reproduced and that dialectical contradictions were spatial rather than temporal. Lefèbvre sees the societal production of space as a dialectical interaction between three factors. Space is constituted:

 by “spatial practice,” meaning space as reproduced in everyday life
 by the “representation of space”, meaning space as developed cognitively
 and by “spaces of representation,” by which Lefebvre means complex symbolisations and ideational spaces.

In Lefebvre’s view of the 1970s, this spatial production resulted in a space of non-reflexive everydayness marked by alienation, dominating through mathematical-abstract concepts of space, and reproduced in spatial practice. Lefebvre sees a line of flight from alienated spatiality in the spaces of representation – in notions of non-alienated, mythical, pre-modern, or artistic visions of space.

Marxist spatial theory was given decisive new impetus by David Harvey, in particular, who was interested in the effects of the transition from Fordism to “flexible accumulation” on the experience of space and time. He shows how various innovations at the economic and technological levels have breached the crisis-prone inflexibility of the Fordist system, thus increasing the turnover rate of capital. This causes a general acceleration of economic cycles. According to Harvey, the result is “time-space compression.” While the feeling for the long term, for the future, for continuity is lost, the relationship between proximity and distance becomes more and more difficult to determine.

Postcolonial theories of space

Theories of space that are inspired by the post-colonialism discourse focus on the heterogeneity of spaces. According to Doreen Massey, calling a country in Africa a “developing country” is not appropriate, since this expression implies that spatial difference is temporal difference (Massey 1999b). This logic treats such a country not as different but merely as an early version of countries in the “developed” world, a view she condemns as "Eurocentrism." In this vein, Helmuth Berking criticises theories that postulate the increasing homogenisation of the world through globalisation as “globocentrism.” He confronts this with the distinctiveness and importance of local knowledge resources for the production of (different and specific) places. He claims that local contexts form a sort of framework or filter through which global processes and globally circulating images and symbols are appropriated, thus attaining meaning. For instance, the film character Conan the Barbarian is a different figure in radical rightwing circles in Germany than in the black ghettoes of the Chicago Southside, just as McDonald’s means something different in Moscow than in Paris.

Third Space

Under a Lefebvrian "unity theory", the mind–body problem is brought together through the triad of social space, mental space, and physical space.

History
Lefebvre's statement that "(social) space is a (social) product" was influenced by Marx's commodity fetishism. Lefebvre's theory on social space was influenced by the Bauhaus art movement.

Absolute or abstract space
Lefebvre introduced the concept of triadic representational spaces as a synthesis of mind–body dualism, as opposed to monism or phenomenology. Edward Soja and David Harvey carry on this new tradition of human geography. Lefebvre argues that there are three aspects to our spatial existence, which exist in a kind of trichotomic philosophical triad:

 Third Space (i.e., representational social spaces) "[S]pace as directly lived through its associated images and symbols." Even though there are many disciplines in the field of human geography, the most well-known approach is Thirdspace formulated by Soja.

 Second Space (i.e., conceptualized representations of space) "[C]onceptualized space, the space of scientists, planners ... [t]his is the dominant space in any society (or mode of production)."

 First Space (i.e., perceived physical space) "It embodies a close association, within perceived space, between daily reality (daily routine) and urban reality (the routes and networks which link up the places set aside for work, 'private' life and leisure)."

Influenced by Paul Ricœur, J. N. Entrikin attempts to solve the mind–body problem of social space by presupposing Cartesian dualism to argue that narrative can be an intermediary between mind and extension.

Discussion

Soja argues that our old ways to thinking about space (first and second space theories) can no longer accommodate the way the world works because he believed that spaces may not be contained within one social category, they may include different aspects of many categories or developed within the boundaries of a number of categories (e.g., two different cultures combine together and emerge as a third culture; this third hybrid space displaces the original values that constitute it and set up new values and perspectives that is different from the first two spaces; thus, the third space theory can explain some of the complexity of poverty, social exclusion and social inclusion, gender and race issues.).

Relational view of space
In the work of geographer and critical theorist Nigel Thrift, he wrote a relational view of space in which, rather than seeing space being viewed as a container within which the world proceeds, space should be seen as a co-product of these proceedings. He explained about four constructed space in modern human geography.
There are four different kinds of space according to how modern geography thinks about space. They are 1. Empirical Construction of Space, 2. Unblocking space, 3. Image space and 4. Place Space.

First Space is the empirical construction of space. Empirical space refers to the process whereby the mundane fabric of daily life is constructed. These simple things like, cars, houses, mobiles, computers, and roads are very simple but they are great achievements of our daily life and they play very important role in making up who we are today. For example, today’s technology such as GPS did not suddenly come into existence; in fact, it is laid down in the 18th century and developed throughout time. The first space is real and tangible, and it is also known as physical space.
Second space is the unblocking space. This type of space refers to the process whereby routine pathways of interaction as set up around which boundaries are often drawn. The routine may include the movement of office workers, the interaction of drunk teenagers, and the flow of goods, money, people, and information. Unlike the old time in geography when people accepted a space as blocked boundary (Example: A capitalist space, neoliberal space or city space), we began to realize that there is no such thing like boundaries in space. The space of the world is flowing and transforming continuously that it is very difficult to describe in a fixed way. The second space is ideology/conceptual and it is also known as mental space. For example, the second space will explain the behaviors of people from different social class and the social segregation among rich and poor people.
Third space is the image space that refers to the process whereby the images has produced new kind of space. The images may be in different form and shape; ranging from painting to photograph, from portrait to post card, and from religious theme to entertainment. Nowadays, we are highly influenced by images in many ways and these certain images can tell us new social and cultures values, or something new about how we see the world. Images, symbols and sign do have some kind of spatial expression.
Fourth space is the place that refers to the process whereby spaces are ordered in ways that open up affective and other embodied potentials. Place space has more meaning than a place, and it can represent as different type of space. This fourth type of space tries to understand that place is a vital actor in bringing up people's lives in certain ways and place will let us to understand all kind of things which are hidden form us..

Scale: the local and the global
Andrew Herod  mentioned that scale, within human geography, is typically seen in one of the two ways: either as a real material thing which actually exists and is the result of political struggle and/or social process, or as a way of framing our understanding of the world. People’s lives across the globe have been re-scaling by contemporary economic, political, cultural and social processes, such as globalization, in complex ways. As a result, we have seen the creation of supranational political bodies such as the European Union, the devolution of political power from the nation-state to regional political bodies. We have also experienced the increasing homogenization and ‘Americanization’ through the process of globalization while the locals’ tendencies (or counter force) among people who defend traditional ways of life increase around the world. The process of re-scaling people‘s lives and the relationship between the two extremes of our scaled lives- the ‘global’ and the ‘local’ were brought into question.

Ontological status of the global and the local
Until the 1980s, theorizing the concept of ‘scale’ itself was taken for granted although physical and human geographers looked at issues from ‘regional scale’ or‘national scale’. The questions such as whether scale is simply a mental device categorizing and ordering the world or whether scales really exists as material social products, particularly, were debated among materialists and idealists. Some geographers draw upon Immanuel Kant’s idealist philosophy that scales were handy conceptual mechanism for ordering the world while others, by drawing upon Marxist ideas of materialism, argue that scales really exist in the world and they were the real social products. For those idealists based on Kantian‘s inspiration, the ‘global’ is defined by the geologically given limits of the earth and the ‘local’ is defined as a spatial resolution useful for comprehending the process and practices. For materialists, the ‘national’ scale is a scale that had to be actively created through economic and political processes but not a scale existed in a logical hierarchy between global and the regional.

The notion of ‘becoming’ and the focus on the politics of producing scales have been central to materialist arguments concerning the global scale. It is important to recognize that social actors may have to work just as hard to become ‘local’as they have to work to become ‘global’. People paid attention to how transnational corporations have ‘gone global’, how institutions of governance have ‘become’ supranational and how labour unions have sought to ‘globalize’ their operations to match those of an increasingly ‘globalized’ city.

For the scale ‘global’ and ‘local’, Kevin Cox mentioned that moving from the local to the global scale ‘is not a movement from one discrete arena to another’ but a process of developing networks of associations that allow actors to shift between various spaces of engagement. According to his view, ‘scale’ is seen as a process rather than as a fixed entity and, in other words, the global and the local are not static ’arenas’within which social life plays out but are constantly made by social actions. For example, a political organization might attempt to go ‘global’ to engage with actors or opportunities outside of its own space; likewise, a transnational corporation may attempt to ‘go local’ through tailoring its products and operations in different places.

Discourses of the global and the local
Gibson-Graham (2002) has identified at least six ways in which the relationship between the local and the global is often viewed.

1. The global and the local are seen as interpretive frames for analyzing situations

2. Drawing on Dirlik, Gibson-Graham suggests that in such a representation, the global is ‘something more than the national or regional... anything other than the local’. Meaning that, the global and the local each derive meaning from what they are not.

3. According to French social theorist Bruno Latour, the local and the global ‘offer different points of view on networks that are by nature neither local nor global, but are more or less long and more or less connected. Also, in Latour’s view, it is impossible to distinguish where the local ends and the global begins.

4. The concept ‘The global is local’ was proposed by Gibson-Graham. For instance, multinational firms are actually ‘multi local‘ rather than ‘global’.

5. The local is global. In this view, the local is an entry point to the world of global flows which encircle the planet.

6. The global and the local are actually the processes rather than the locations. All spaces are the hybrids of global and local; so they are ‘glocal.’

There are some western thoughts that greater size and extensiveness imply domination and superior power, such that the local is often represented as ‘small and relatively powerless, defined and confined by the global’. So, the global is a force and the local is its field of play. However, the local can serve as a powerful scale of political organization; the global is not a scale just controlled by capital – those who challenge capital can also organize globally( Herod, A). There has been the concept ‘Think globally and act locally’ viewed by neoliberals.

Metaphors of scale
For representing how the world is scaled, there are five different and popular metaphors: they are the ladder, concentric circles, Matryoshka nesting dolls, earthworm burrows and tree roots. First, in using such a metaphor of hierarchical ladder, the global as the highest rung on the ladder is seen to be above the local and all other scales. Second, the use of concentric metaphor leaves us with a particular way of conceptualizing the scalar relationship between places. In this second metaphor, the local is seen as a relatively small circle, with the regional as a larger circle encompassing it, while the national and the global scales are still larger circles encompassing the local and the regional. For the hierarchy of Russian Matryoshka nesting dolls, the global can contain other scales but this does not work the other way round; for instance, the local cannot contain the global. For the fourth metaphor concerning with thinking on scale, what French social theorist Bruno Latour argued is that a world of places is ‘networked’ together. Such the metaphor leaves us with an image of scale in which the global and the local are connected together and not totally separated from each other.  For the tree roots metaphor similar with the earthworm burrow metaphor, as the earthworm burrows or tree roots penetrating different strata of the soil, it is difficult to determine exactly where one scale ends and another begins. When thinking about the use of metaphor, it should be aware that the choice of metaphor over another is not made on the basis of which is empirically a ‘more accurate’representation of something but, on the basis of how someone is attempting to understand a particular phenomenon.

Such an appreciation of metaphors is important because it suggests that how we talk about scale impacts upon the ways in which we engage socially and politically with our scaled world and that may impact on how we conduct our social, economic and political praxis and so make landscapes ( Herod,A )

See also
 Contact zone
 Sociology of architecture
 Urban sociology
 Latrinalia
 Urban vitality

References

External links
 Website of the research centre »Stadt, Raum und Ort« at Darmstadt University of Technology

Spatial cognition


Clive Ng is a media sector financier and executive. He has focused primarily on Asian business opportunities and has been instrumental in several joint-venture partnerships between American companies and Asian firms, particularly during the Internet and e-commerce boom of the late 90s and early 2000s. He has also been a founding shareholder in Asian new media firms such as MTV Japan and E*TRADE Asia.

Career
Clive Ng is the co-founder of C Ventures, a specialist "youth culture" investment firm established by Adrian Cheng, one of the world's most important investors in the "culture industry" space. Ng's work in Asian media began in the mid-1990s, as a proliferation of satellite space and a spate of programming piracy during this time inspired huge efforts by many mass media firms, most notably Rupert Murdoch's News Corp., to develop presences in Asian media markets.

Wilton Group, PLC
Working as deputy chairman of Wilton Group, PLC, a former consumer goods distribution firm based in London, UK, that transitioned to media and entertainment investment and finance, Ng spearheaded the company's entry into Asian media markets.

In a 1994 joint-venture partnership with Hong Kong–based Shaw Brothers Ltd (formerly Shaw Media Corp. and owners of Shaw Brothers Studio, Hong Kong's largest film production company), Ng's Wilton team financed the establishment of a Chinese-language satellite television channel for Chinese-speaking communities in Europe called Chinese Channel. It was the first European network of its kind, broadcasting programs primarily produced by Hong Kong Television Broadcasting Ltd, the world's largest Chinese-language entertainment producer at the time.

Later in 1994, Ng acquired for Wilton a 20% stake in the Asian interests of Denver-based cable television operator United International Holdings (now Liberty Global), with which Ng had worked previously while managing a Denver investment fund. He then set up a joint venture between UIH and United Artists Theatres, then the United States' largest cinema operator, to open a series of cineplexes in key cities in Asia. The first was in the Bugis Junction shopping mall in Singapore, followed by six other locations.

Pacific Media, PLC
In the late 90s, Wilton Group became Pacific Media, PLC. Ng was appointed CEO in 1999, when the company was experiencing a period of financial turmoil. Soon after his appointment as CEO, Ng negotiated an investment deal with Hong Kong Supernet, an Asian Internet provider, that precipitated a 1.89m HKP surge in pre-tax profits, greatly bolstering the financial health and reputation of the company.

Upon being named CEO, Ng transformed Pacific Media into a "shell" company and used it to invest in new Asian Internet ventures beginning in 2000. He secured financing from American investment bank Credit Suisse First Boston, and set forth a £70 million plan.

Asiacontent.com
One major result of these "shell" investments was the acquisition of internet company Asiacontent.com, which went public during the bursting of the dot-com bubble in April 2000 to become one of the first Asian initial public offerings to be listed on NASDAQ.

Prior to going public, in January 2000, Ng, with funding from Goldman Sachs, led Asiacontent into a joint venture with NBC Internet Inc (or NBCi), then the Internet arm of the American television network NBC, to create a series of websites in South Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia and Taiwan that would combine search engine functionality, news feeds and shopping links into sites similar to those of Yahoo!, the worldwide leader at the time. This came on the heels of similar successful NBCi ventures in Italy and France.

Under Ng's tenure as chairman of Asiacontent, the company also entered into many other major joint ventures in Asian media markets, and Asiacontent soon became the largest distributor of global content in Asia.

Among the partnerships were:

DoubleClick Inc., an Internet advertising network which sold online advertising space to marketers. The venture formed a new company, DoubleClick Asia, in an effort to capitalise on a late-90s Asian Internet advertising boom.
MTV Asia, the television network's Asian arm, and MTVi Group, its interactive division. The partnership with Ng's Asiacontent created new Chinese and Korean web presences for MTV.
CBS Sportsline, which joined with Asiacontent to create a network of sports-related websites throughout Asia, including Singapore and Korea.
CNET and Asiacontent produced a series of Asian-language CNET sites across the region.
Licensing agreements to bring E!Online and France's Fashion TV to Asia.

Toward the end of 2000, amid the souring tech economy, Ng and Asiacontent Chief Executive Chris Justice expanded the company with an Internet solutions arm called Asiacontent Solutions, which offered web development and content management services for the Asian web presences of companies such as Sun Microsystems, Hachette Filipacchi, and L'Oréal.

In the years after the bursting of the dot-com bubble and ensuing stock market turmoil, Pacific Media soon became financially troubled. Media firm MediaXposure then invested $20 million in the flagging company in 2003 to keep it operational through the first quarter of 2004. In late 2006, after Pacific Media had regained its financial stability, Ng resigned from Pacific Media's board of directors to pursue other interests.

8 Holdings
After leaving Pacific Media, Ng formed his own investment holding company, 8 Holdings, which specialised in mergers and acquisitions of Asian media companies. In 8 Holdings' largest deal, Ng joined in 2005 with Harlan Kleiman, former head of programming for US cable television network HBO, to co-ordinate investors in the acquisition of Chinese television advertising company China Media Network by Metaphor Corp. Ng was named CEO of Metaphor Corp. as part of the acquisition.

Investment in feature films
Ng has also invested in major motion pictures directed by Oliver Stone, including 1993's Heaven & Earth, the final in Stone's trilogy of films focused on the Vietnam War; and 1994's Natural Born Killers.

Fashion Networks International LLC
In 2009, Ng became chairman and principal shareholder of Fashion Networks International LLC, a digital media channel consisting of a network of fashion related websites and blogs.  Fashion Networks' properties include NowManifest, Freshnet.  NowManifest, a curated blog portal, boasts bloggers Anna Dello Russo, editor at large and creative consultant for Vogue Japan, Bryan Grey Yambao, and Derek Blasberg.
Fashion Networks International was acquired by Fairchild Fashion Media in May 2012.

China Broadband, Inc. and YOU On Demand (CBBD.OB)
Ng was a founding partner and served as Executive chairman of China Broadband, Inc., now known as YOU on Demand Holdings, Inc. (Nasdaq:YOD), a national pay-per-view and video-on-demand platform in the People's Republic of China. China Broadband, Inc.'s common stock gained approval for quotation on the OTC Bulletin Board on 20 December 2007 and changed its name to YOU on Demand Holdings, Inc. in February 2011.

YOU on Demand is the first of its kind in China, offering movies through its Near Video on Demand (NVOD), Video on Demand (VOD) and Subscription Video on Demand (SVOD) services.  Through its subsidiaries the Company engages in value-added services for cable providers, cable broadband, and publishing businesses in China.  YOU on Demand is headquartered in New York, NY, with its China headquarters in Beijing.

Ng resigned from his post in 2010 to pursue other endeavours.

China Cablecom
Clive Ng is Founder and Executive chairman of China Cablecom Holdings, a joint-venture provider of cable television services in the People's Republic of China. The Company was founded in October 2006 and was approved for listing onto the NASDAQ Capital Markets on 30 July 2008.

In September 2007, China Cablecom gained operating rights of the Binzhou Broadcasting network in Binzhou, Shandong Province. China Cablecom entered into a series of asset purchase and services agreements with a company organised by State Owned Enterprises ("SOE"), owned directly or indirectly by local branches of China's State Administration of Radio, Film, and Television ("SARFT"), in five different municipalities to serve as a holding company of the relevant businesses.

Pursuant to the terms of an agreement and plan of merger, Jaguar, a special purpose acquisition company merged with and into China Cablecom Holdings, Ltd., its wholly owned British Virgin Islands subsidiary, for the purpose of re-domesticating Jaguar to the British Virgin Islands on 9 April 2008. This merger was the first of its kind for a US public company.

In May 2008, China Cablecom issued convertible notes with a principal value of $43,175,000 along with 1,524,994 shares of ordinary shares to a number of investors. China Cablecom also announced its achievement of  "Foreign Private Issuer" status, for purposes of the rules and regulations of the US Securities and Exchange Commission. In addition, the company declared its entrance into a framework agreement with Hubei Chutian Broadcasting and Television Networks Co., Ltd., a local state-owned enterprise owned by the Hubei branches of SARFT. This act established a cable TV operation joint venture.

On 18 June 2008, China Cablecom announced the completion of the first phase, of its framework agreement with Hubei Chutian Broadcasting and Television Networks Co., Ltd., to acquire a 60 percent economic interest in Hubei Chutian Video & Information Network. This consummation secured over 800,000 additional paying subscribers for China Cablecom. Phase two would represent an additional 800,000 paying subscribers and is pending further due diligence and execution of definitive agreements.

On 9 October 2009, the Company underwent comprehensive restructuring of its outstanding debt obligations with holders of its Hubei assets and of its debt securities and majority holders of its ordinary shares. The restructuring strengthened the Company's balance sheet by reducing the overall principal amount of its long-term debt obligations and eliminated cash interest obligations on the new debt securities issued in exchange for its outstanding notes. Simultaneous to the restructuring, China Cablecom announced placement of $33 million in senior secured notes used to satisfy the Company's remaining obligations to the Hubei SOE under its amended framework agreement.

On 3 April 2012, the Company reported that, as per its previous announcement, the Company's joint venture partner Hubei Chutian Radio & Television Information Network Company Limited ("Hubei SOE") has agreed to purchase its Hubei assets for a total of RMB 374 million. The Company is pleased to announce today that it has received the first payment of RMB 50 million.
In accordance to the terms of the agreement, the Company has signed a JV Termination agreement with Hubei Chutian Shi Xun Network Company Limited ("Hubei JV").

The company has announced that it will use proceeds of the sale to reduce the Company's outstanding debt and any excess proceeds will be used to increase shareholder value going forward.
On 20 October 2011, the Company announced that it had received an offer from its joint venture partners to purchase its assets in Hubei. The acceptance by China Cablecom for the offer was mandated by the State Administration of Radio, Film, and Television (SARFT) and made in compliance with provincial regulatory policies.

On 15 November 2012, China Cablecom Holdings, Ltd. ("China Cablecom" or the "Company") ( OTCBB : CABLF ) announced that it has completed the redemption on the Company's principal note obligations. The notes paid in full include $19.1 million in senior secured, $16.2 million in junior secured, and $4.2 million in unsecured notes.
The Board was pleased with the conclusion of the redemption and feel that their job as board members has been fulfilled upon the repayment of its notes. As a result, the Company announced the resignation of three of its Board members effective immediately. Mr. Robi Hartman, Mr. David Kratochvil, and Mr. Jacob Weiss have agreed to step down following the liquidation of China Cablecom's Hubei assets.
"The Company appreciates the contributions made by Mr. Hartman, Mr. Kratochvil, and Mr. Weiss," says Pu Yue, chief executive officer of China Cablecom. "They have individually served the Board with invaluable and insightful guidance and we wish them the best in their future success."

C Ventures
Co-founded by entrepreneur Adrian Cheng and veteran investor Clive Ng in 2017, C Ventures is a global venture capital bridging the West and the East, curating a global cultural ecosystem targeting Millennials and the generation Z with a focus on disruptive businesses in technology, lifestyle and media. C Ventures has over 20 investments globally, including Moda Operandi, Bandier, DayDayCook, Dazed Media, Beautycon, Armarium, Threads Styling, Aibee, YOHO, GoLong, Gritworld, among others.

Ng currently serves as Vice Chairman of Dazed Media as well as Board Member of Bandier and Armarium.

Notes

External links
Clive Ng at ZoomInfo
Fashion Network
China Cablecom Holdings
China Broadband Inc
Media of the People's Republic of China
Television in the People's Republic of China
Yahoo Finance : CABL
Katalyst Securities
NASDAQ : CABL
Securities and Exchange Commission
Equity Groups
Investor Point

1962 births
Living people
Malaysian bankers
Malaysian chief executives


The 2008–09 Skeleton World Cup is a multi-race tournament over a season for skeleton. The season started on November 28, 2008, in Winterberg and ended on February 12, 2009, in Park City, Utah. The World Cup is organised by the FIBT who also run world cups and championships in bobsleigh.

Calendar

Results

Men

Women

Standings

Men's

Women's

References

External links
FIBT

Skeleton World Cup
Skeleton World Cup, 2008-09
Skeleton World Cup, 2008-09


Amaozara is a village located in Bende Local Government Area in Abia State, Nigeria.  It is made up of four compounds: Ezi Ukwu, Ezi Egwu, Ezi Okoro and Ezi Uhu.

Geography
Most of the inhabitants are farmers, traders, civil servants and bricklayers. The village has spring water and stream water. The geography of the land is very diverse, with hills, lakes, forests, and ponds.

Culture and Economy
Most of the indigenous people are Christians and few are traditional worshippers. The village has a primary school. The village has its own calendar and market days (Eke, Orie, Afor, Nkwo).

References

Populated places in Abia State


Olainfarm AS is a Latvian leading manufacturer in the chemical and pharmaceutical sector of the Baltic States.

The company was founded in 1972 as state enterprise "Olaines ķīmiski – farmaceitiskā rūpnīca" (Olaine Chemical-Pharmaceutical Plant). The main goal of founding the company was to ensure pharmaceutical substances and intermediates to several finished drug form manufacturing plants in the Soviet Union. As a result of privatization in 1997, the company was reorganized into a joint stock company, and its shares were listed on stock exchange.

Olainfarm produces over 60 final dosage forms, 25 active pharmaceutical ingredients and 20 intermediates. The product portfolio is well diversified with the main emphasis on branded products, historically unique to Olainfarm. The key areas of specialization in final dosage forms include neurology (cholinesterase inhibitors, anxiolytics, psychostimulants, nootropics), cardiology (antiarrhythmics, energy metabolism enhancers), infectology (original nitrofurantoine derivatives and antivirals) and allergology (fast acting antihistamines).

Olainfarm is certified in accordance with the requirements of the EU GMP for APIs and FDFs, the U.S. cGMP for certain APIs (FDA), TGA for FDFs (Australia), CEP for certain APIs, ISO 14001 Environmental Management System and ISO 17025 Laboratory Management System.

Proof, of the high quality of the Olainfarm products is cooperation with such global and regionally acknowledged companies as Novartis, Dr. Reddy's, Glenmark Generics, Sigma AU, Almirall Ranke, UQUIFA, MIAT, Actavis, Teva, Egis, PHF and many others. Since 2011 Olainfarm supplies anti-tuberculosis medication to the World Health Organization.

Patron of the University of Latvia
Olainfarm is a silver patron of the University of Latvia Foundation. Supports the University of Latvia since 2012 by donating scholarships to pharmacy students of the Faculty of Chemistry and the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Latvia, as well as for the course of exact events.

Representative offices in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Tajikistan, Albania, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kosovo, Uzbekistan and Mongolia, subsidiaries in Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Russia, Turkey, Azerbaijan and Kyrgyzstan, and contracted agents in the USA, Serbia, Turkmenistan, Moldova, Sweden and Southeast Asia.

Olainfarm exports to more than 50 countries worldwide, export share is near 85%. Main export markets are Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, The Netherlands, Kazakhstan, UK and Poland. Farthest export market – Australia.

History
On 4 December 1965, the Council of Ministers of the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic adopted a decision on construction of a chemical-pharmaceutical factory in the town of Olaine.

In 1968, the construction of the factory was commenced.

The first operation of furagin synthesis was carried out on 10 October 1972. That day is considered as the day of commencement of the operation of the company, which at that time was named Olaines ķīmiski-farmaceitiskā rūpnīca (Olaine Chemical-Pharmaceutical Plant).

In 1976, Olaine Chemical-Pharmaceutical Plant became the leading manufacturer in Latvbiofarm association. The production capacity of the enterprise made it possible to supply all the existing factories-manufacturers in the territory of the Soviet Union with active chemical ingredients and intermediates of corresponding groups.

In 1980, synthesis of 15 products was developed. After a while, the management of the enterprise made a decision to produce also finished forms of medicaments.

In 1991 Latvia restores its independence after being occupied by the Soviet Union. These changes affected also the operation of Olaine Chemical-Pharmaceutical Plant; therefore, a decision was made to develop the strongest lines of synthesis (adamantine, quinuclidinone, and other derivatives) for selling products to Western countries.

State enterprise Olaine Chemical-Pharmaceutical Plant was privatized in 1997. As a result of the privatization, the enterprise was reorganized into the joint stock company Olainfarm, and its shares were listed on the secondary list of Riga Stock Exchange.

In 2001, after successful audits conducted by such well-known companies as Cilag (Switzerland), Johnson & Johnson (USA) and Sanofi (France), the Company entered the global market as its actual participant in production of active chemical ingredients.

In 2002, certificate was obtained according to the inspection requirements of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

From 2003 to 2004 grandiose reconstruction of the manufacturing plant was finished in compliance with the requirements of Good Manufacturing Practice of the European Union.

On 30 July 2004, JSC Olainfarm obtained a Good Manufacturing Practice certificate of compliance. This certificate symbolized the start of a new period in the company's history.

In 2005, Shareholders of JSC Olainfarm decided on increasing the fixed capital of the company by 3 million Lats, to 13.25 million Lats.

In 2006, Considering the positive development dynamics of the company and the quality of investor relations, shares of the company were transferred to the most prestigious Main List of the Baltics. Popular anti-virus preparation Remantadīns® (Remantadine) was registered as the first of the company's manufactured medicaments in Poland.

In 2007, JSC Olainfarm received the Baltic Stock Exchange award for the best investor relations on the Internet in 2007.

In 2008, JSC Olainfarm opened a representation office in Vietnam and started an ambitious sale promotion programme in important sales markets.

At the award ceremony of newspaper Dienas bizness for Top 500 most successful companies in Latvia, in 2009 JSC Olainfarm received the special award from NASDAQ OMX Riga as the company of the stock exchange with the highest share price increase from early 2009 to 1 November. The company's share price in 2009 increased by 160%.

In 2010, The Company registered its representation offices in Serbia and Tajikistan. The first registered product in Serbia was anti-virus preparation Remavir®.

In 2011, When the sales promotion programme, which started in 2008, showed significant results, the Company set even higher new records of profit and turnover. For the first time in its history, the company's shareholders decided to pay dividends in the amount of 10% from the previous year profit. Olainfarm started building its own chain of pharmacies Latvijas aptieka.

In 2013, Olainfarm acquired controlling stake in the leading Latvian food supplement company Silvanols.

In 2014, Olainfarm won the Export Champion 2014 Award at the competition is organized by the Latvian Economics Ministry and the Investment and Development Agency of Latvia (LIAA).

On 13 January 2015, JSC Olainfarm opened the new finished drug manufacturing plant, which was created with investments of 9.6 million. It consists of a nitrofurane production facility, a production facility of small finished drug series, and a laboratory for the development of finished drug forms.

On 20 January 2016, JSC Olainfarm concludes an agreement on the purchase of 100% of capital shares of the manufacturer of organic cosmetics Kiwi Cosmetics Ltd.
On 28 January, JSC Olainfarm receives an award in the decade nomination "Best 10-year performance" for the biggest share price growth and an increase the Baltic Market Awards ranking. On 12 May 2016, JSC Olainfarm signed an agreement about acquiring 100% shares in Tonus Elast Ltd., producer of elastic medical products.

In 2017, Longgo, a subsidiary of JSC Olainfarm, offering modern natural products for health and well-being was founded on 13 July.

On 21 July, JSC Olainfarm was registered in the Register of Enterprises of the Republic of Latvia as the only owner of LLC Olaines veselības centrs ('Olaine Health Center'). The LLC (renamed OlainMed in January 2018) provides outpatient healthcare services in Olaine.

JSC Olainfarm receives the award from the Employers' Confederation of Latvia (LDDK) as the best employer in the Riga region in 2017. The company also received this award in 2015.

Valērijs Maligins, long-term chairman of the board and main shareholder of JSC Olainfarm, died on 9 December 2017.

In 2018, the producer of products of natural origin, LONGGO, was merged with SIA Silvanols, and on July 6, SIA LONGGO was excluded from the Enterprise Register.

On May 6, 2020, the company SIA Pharma Invest submitted the prospectus of AS Olainfarm's voluntary share buyback offer to the Financial and Capital Market Commission in order to receive permission to acquire a 10% equity stake. The owners of Pharma Invest are Reinis Martinsons (90%) and SIA Prudentia Private Equity Partners (10%).

On June 17, 2021, the management of the company partially changed, Juri Bunduli was elected as the chairman of the board.

In January 2022, AS "Olainfarm" withdrew from the stock exchange.

Subsidiaries and associated companies
 Latvijas aptieka Ltd., pharmaceutical retail
 Silvanols Ltd., producer of natural food supplement, medical devices and OTC medicines
 Kiwi Cosmetics Ltd., manufacturer of organic cosmetics
 Tonus Elast Ltd., producer of elastic medical products
 Klīnika DiaMed Ltd., private Medical Centre specializing in diagnostics
 NPK Biotest Ltd. (Belarus), producer of natural herbal medicines and food supplements

Governance and management
Supervisory Council
 Juris Bundulis (Chairperson of the Council)
 Sandis Petrovičs (Deputy Chairperson of the Council)
 Andrejs Leibovičs
 Pēteris Rubenis
 Irina Maligina

Management Board
 Jānis Leimanis
 Raimonds Terentjevs
 Signe Baldere-Sildedze
 Elena Bushberg

References

 Audited Annual Report 2019

External links
 Official website

Pharmaceutical companies of Latvia
Pharmaceutical companies established in 1991
Latvian brands
1991 establishments in Latvia
Chemical companies of the Soviet Union
Companies listed on Nasdaq Riga
Pharmaceutical companies of the Soviet Union


The Royal Rifles of Canada was a rifle regiment in the Canadian Army and fought alongside The Winnipeg Grenadiers in the Battle of Hong Kong during World War II. In November 1966, it was reduced to nil strength and placed on the Supplementary Order of Battle.

Lineage

The Royal Rifles of Canada
The Royal Rifles of Canada originated in Quebec City, Canada East, on 28 February 1862, when The 8th Battalion Volunteer Militia Rifles, Canada was authorized. It was redesignated the 8th or Stadacona Volunteer Militia Rifles on 28 March 1862; the 8th Battalion "Royal Rifles" on 6 April 1877; the 8th Regiment "Royal Rifles" on 8 May 1900; The Royal Rifles of Canada on 29 March 1920; the 2nd (Reserve) Battalion, The Royal Rifles of Canada on 7 November 1940 and The Royal Rifles of Canada on 1 June 1945. On 22 February 1965, it was amalgamated with Les Voltigeurs de Québec. On 1 November 1966, these two regiments ceased to be amalgamated and the regiment was reduced to nil strength and transferred to the Supplementary Order of Battle.

The Sherbrooke Hussars, a present-day Canadian Army Primary Reserve armoured regiment, has the honorary distinction of placing the Royal Rifles' badge and the date 1941 on its guidon.  This distinction is not a battle honour, but an acknowledgement that one of its predecessor units, the 7th/XIth Hussars, provided about half its effective strength to the Royal Rifles while it was preparing for overseas.

Lineage Chart

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 class="wikitable"
+ Abbreviations used in the chart
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! Abbreviation !! Phrase
-
 Bn  Battalion
-
 CASF   Canadian Active Service Force
-
 CEF   Canadian Expeditionary Force
-
 Coys   Companies
-
 Infy   Infantry
-
 Regt   Regiment

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|style="text-align: left;"|Notes:

Perpetuations

The Royal Rifles of Canada perpetuate the 12th Battalion, CEF and the 171st Battalion (Quebec Rifles), CEF.

Operational history

The Fenian Raids

The 8th Volunteer Militia Rifles were called out on active service on 8 March 1866 in response to the Fenian raids. The battalion, which served in Quebec City, was removed from active service on 31 March 1866.

South African War

The regiment contributed volunteers for the Canadian contingents in the field, mainly the 2nd (Special Service) Battalion, Royal Canadian Regiment of Infantry.

The Great War
Details of the regiment were placed on active service on 6 August 1914 for local protection duties.

The 12th Battalion, CEF was authorized on 10 August 1914 and embarked for Great Britain on 30 September 1914. It was redesignated as the 12th Reserve Infantry Battalion, CEF on 29 April 1915, to provide reinforcements for the Canadian Corps. The battalion was disbanded on 15 September 1920.

The 171st Battalion (Quebec Rifles), CEF was authorized on 15 July 1916 and embarked for Great Britain on 24 November 1916. Its personnel were absorbed by the 20th Reserve Battalion, CEF on 8 January 1917 to provide reinforcements to the Canadian Corps. The battalion was disbanded on 27 July 1917.

The Second World War
Details from the regiment were called out on service on 26 August 1939 and then placed on active service on 1 September 1939, as The Royal Rifles of Canada, Canadian Active Service Force (Details), for local protection duties. The details called out on active service were disbanded on 31 December 1940. Details of the regiment were again called out on service on 1 January 1941, under the designation Details of 2nd (Reserve) Battalion, The Royal Rifles of Canada. The details were removed from active service on 30 September 1941.

The regiment subsequently mobilized The Royal Rifles of Canada, CASF for active service on 24 May 1940. It was redesignated as the 1st Battalion, The Royal Rifles of Canada, CASF on 7 November 1940. The battalion served in Newfoundland on garrison duty from early November 1940 to August 1941. On 27 October 1941 it embarked for Hong Kong as a part of C Force, where it was destroyed while fighting in defence of the colony. The unit was reconstituted on 10 January 1942. It served in Canada in a home defence role as part of the Vancouver Defences of Pacific Command. On 2 January 1945 it embarked for Great Britain, where it was disbanded on 10 January 1945 to provide reinforcements to the Canadian army in the field.

Battle Honours
Those battle honours in bold type are emblazoned on the regimental accoutrements.

The 7th/11th Hussars contributed about 400 officers and men to the Royal Rifles in 1940 for their operation in Hong Kong. The Sherbrooke Hussars, who incorporate the 7th/11th Hussars, bear the honorary distinction of the badge of the Royal Rifles of Canada, with the year-date 1941, on their guidon.

Notable Members

 Major-General Sir David Watson
 Chaplain Frederick George Scott
 Gander, Newfoundland (dog) canine mascot of the regiment and hero who carried away a hand grenade from wounded members of the unit and later posthumously awarded the Dickin Medal

See also
 Hong Kong Veterans of Canada Association

References
 Royal Rifles of Canada heritage lost in Armoury fire

Books
Hong Kong Veterans' Association of Canada. Quebec-Maritimes Branch "The Royal Rifles of Canada in Hong Kong, 1941-1945" (Canada: The Association, ©1980)

Rifle regiments of Canada
Military units and formations of Quebec
Infantry regiments of Canada in World War II
Military units and formations established in 1862
1862 establishments in Canada
Military units and formations disestablished in 1966
Battle of Hong Kong
Supplementary Order of Battle


VNF may refer to:

 Voies navigables de France, a French navigation authority
 Virtualized Network Functions, software implementations of network functions that can be deployed on a Network Function Virtualization Infrastructure


XHMAP-TDT is a local noncommercial television station in Monclova, Coahuila, broadcasting on virtual channel 29 from Loma de La Bartola.

History
The Frente Ciudadano Pro-Antena Parabólica de Monclova, A.C., which was owned by the local chapter of a miners' union, received two television station permits at the same time on October 23, 1987: one for XHMAP-TV on channel 7, and the other for XHOPA-TV on channel 13. XHMAP and XHOPA were primarily intended to improve the available local television service in town, though they each broadcast at a power of 300 watts; there was no national television service in Monclova when they were awarded. XHOPA eventually disappeared.

XHMAP, meanwhile, cycled through various programming sources over the years. It carried Galavisión, Telemundo and both Imevisión networks at various times. Ultimately, the station began rebroadcasting XHRCG-TV from Saltillo.

On August 18, 2009, miners from the union seized XHMAP-TV and shut the station down. They sought to regain control of the station and hoped to modernize its antiquated transmission equipment. The miners also alleged that the president and secretary of the Comité Pro-Antena Parabólica had made a deal to allow the station to rebroadcast XHRCG.

After 2009, the station's programming source changed again, to channel 4 on the local cable system operated by Núcleo Radio Televisión, a company of Rolando González Treviño. NRT owned the cable system, the channel and local FM stations XHWGR-FM and XHEMF-FM. In 2014, after the arrest of González Treviño in the United States on money laundering charges, XHMAP went off the air.

In 2016, XHMAP migrated to digital television on physical channel 36. As Azteca 7 was assigned virtual channel 7 nationwide, virtual channel 29 was given to XHMAP to broadcast. In May 2017, XHMAP relaunched as Canal 29 with a local schedule of programs. The relaunched XHMAP exposed itself to criticism that it was being run commercially, even though it is a noncommercial station; the concessionaire claimed that Hiradier Huerta Medrano, former miners' union leader, was making money off the sale of advertisements on XHMAP.

Note

References

Television stations in Coahuila
Television channels and stations established in 1987
1987 establishments in Mexico
Independent television stations in Mexico


William Currie Hewitt (born 1951) is a minister of the Church of Scotland and is a former Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland (2009–2010).

He was born on 6 April 1951 in Kilmarnock, Ayrshire, Scotland and educated at Kilmarnock Academy and the University of Glasgow. He graduated with the degree of Bachelor of Divinity from the University of Glasgow in 1974.

He was minister at Westburn Parish Church in Greenock, Scotland until 2012 and was the first serving minister of a church in Greenock ever to become Moderator. He was ordained in 1977, whilst serving as Assistant Minister at Castlehill Parish Church in Ayr. In 1978 he became minister at Elderslie Parish Church, Johnstone, serving for 16 years before moving to St Luke's Parish Church, Greenock, in 1994. In 2006 St Luke's united with neighbouring St George's North Church to become Westburn Church. His latest role is in interim ministry, currently (2012) serving as Clerk pro tem to the Presbytery of Glasgow.

He has also served as Moderator of the Presbytery of Greenock and the first Moderator of the successor Presbytery of Greenock and Paisley. In 1993, Mr Hewitt was appointed to the General Assembly's Board of Practice and Procedure where he served for 8 years, becoming Convener of the General Assembly Arrangements Committee and Convener of the Business Committee of the General Assembly. Mr Hewitt has also been a member of the Church of Scotland's Assembly Council and of the Support and Services Committee.

He is married to Moira; they have a daughter and two sons. Full name and title: The Very Reverend William Currie Hewitt BD DipPS.

See also
List of Moderators of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland

References

External links
Profile on the Church of Scotland website
Westburn Church, Greenock
BBC news report
Local news report

1951 births
People from Kilmarnock
People associated with Inverclyde
20th-century Ministers of the Church of Scotland
Moderators of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland
Alumni of the University of Glasgow
Living people
21st-century Ministers of the Church of Scotland


Cesar Ruiz may refer to:

César Ruiz (footballer) (born 1990), Peruvian footballer
César Ruiz (athlete) (born 1995), Cuban sprinter
César Ruiz Aquino, Filipino poet
Cesar Ruiz (American football) (born 1999), American football offensive linemen


William Ashley-Brown (22 February 1887 – 2 September 1970) was an Australian Anglican priest in the 20th century.

He was born on 22 February 1887 and  educated at St John's College, Armidale, New South Wales and the Australian College of Theology. Ordained in 1911, he was a Curate at Christ Church Cathedral, Grafton, New South Wales followed by a period as Vicar of Walgett. He was an Army chaplain in WWI. He was then Archdeacon of Bombay after which he was Dean of Gibraltar from 1943 to 1945. Returning to Australia in 1945 he became Rural Dean of West Charing.

He  died on  2 September 1970, aged 82. His life is recounted in his memoir, Memory Be Green, which is illustrated by his daughter Joan Ashley-Brown.

Notes

1887 births
Australian Anglican priests
Archdeacons of Bombay
Deans of Gibraltar
1970 deaths
People educated at St John's College, Armidale


Albert Stock (21 April 1897 – 4 May 1969) was a Welsh international rugby union centre who played club rugby for Newport. While with Newport, Stock faced three international touring teams and scored over a hundred tries for the club.

Rugby career
Born in Newport, Stock was introduced to rugby while serving in Egypt during World War I. After returning to Wales he joined hard, dock team Pill Harriers, before switching to Newport in 1921. In 1924, Stock was selected to play for Wales against France in the Five Nations Championship. Under the captaincy of Rowe Harding, Stock was part of a ramshackle selection, caused by the late suspension of Ossie Male. Wales won, but unconvincingly.

Towards the end of 1924, Stock was part of the Newport team to face the touring New Zealand team. Newport came close to beating the All Blacks, and Stock found himself re-selected for Wales when they played the touring New Zealanders on 29 November.  Wales were thoroughly beaten by the All Blacks, and Stone did not play for any of the 1925 Five Nations Championship. In 1926 Stone was back in the Welsh team and faced England and Scotland in the Championship. The game against Scotland, the very first Welsh match at Murrayfield, was Stock's last for his country.

Away from internationals, Stock continued to represent Newport playing against two more touring sides. He faced the New South Wales Waratahs in 1926 and the New Zealand Māori rugby union team in 1927.

International games played
Wales
  1926
  1924
  1924
  1926

Bibliography

References

1897 births
1969 deaths
Rugby union centres
British Army personnel of World War I
Rugby union players from Newport, Wales
Welsh rugby union players
Wales international rugby union players
Newport RFC players
Pill Harriers RFC players


The Central Board of Film Censors (CBFC; ) is a film censorship board and rating system body under the Ministry of Information & Broadcasting for the Government of Pakistan. Since the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan its jurisdiction has been limited to Islamabad, Rawalpindi, Cantonments, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan; with separate censor boards for Punjab (Punjab Film Censor Board, PFCB) and Sindh (Sindh Board of Film Censors, SBFC) headquartered in Lahore and Karachi respectively. Though the CBFC maintains an unofficial dominant position over the latter boards.

These boards are tasked with regulating the public screening of films under the provisions of the Motion Picture Ordinance, 1979.

Function
The Motion Pictures Ordinance, 1979 focuses upon a broad policy framework and administrative procedures for the certification of films for public screening. The film censorship code covers wide aspects of "morals and ethnics" which lays down the guiding principles for cinema in Pakistan. Strict policy has been adopted to ensure that no scene or dialogue in a film is passed which is considered "derogatory to the accepted moral standards of the society". Certifications is refused if, in the opinion of the board, the film or any part thereof:
ridicules, disparages or attacks Islam or any religious sect, caste and creed.
questions the integrity, security or defense of Pakistan or hurts national sentiments.
undermines public order, decency or morality, which includes vulgar dialogues, songs, or gestures.
glorifies vice or crime or amounts to incitement of a criminal offense.

Any film refused certification may appeal within thirty days of the date of refusal.

Certification

CBFC
 U: Any film with U certification is fit for unrestricted public screening and without the need for parental guidance. These films contain little violence, no sexual scenes and no abusive language.
 F: Family (akin to U above)
 PG: Akin to U/A
 A: Any film with A certification is restricted to adults or needs parental guidance for viewing. These films contain significant violence, sexual scenes and abusive language and can include controversial adult themes considered unsuitable for young viewers.

SBFC
 U: Universal, approved for general audiences
 PG: Parental Guidance
 PG-13: Parents Cautioned
 PG-15: Suitable for 15 years and older
 18+: For Adults only

Source:

Chairperson

See also
 Censorship in Pakistan
 List of films banned in Pakistan

References

External links

 Central Board of Film Censors - Government of Pakistan

Film organisations in Pakistan

Motion picture rating systems
Pakistan federal departments and agencies
Regulatory authorities of Pakistan
Entertainment rating organizations


Ecological dominance is the degree to which one or several species have a major influence controlling the other species in their ecological community (because of their large size, population, productivity, or related factors) or make up more of the biomass. Both the composition and abundance of species within an ecosystem can be affected by the dominant species present.

In most of the world's ecosystems, biologists have repeatedly observed a rank-abundance curve in which ecosystems comprise a handful of incredibly abundant species, but more numerous, rarer species that are few in number. Danish botanist Christen C. Raunkiær described this phenomenon as his "law of frequency" in 1918, in which he recognized that in communities with a single species accounting for most of the biomass, species diversity was often lower.

Understandably, biologists expect to see more profound effects from those species greater in number. First formalized as the mass ratio hypothesis in a 1998 paper by English ecologist J. Philip Grime, ecologically dominant species are predicted to have overwhelming effects on ecosystem function and ecological processes due to their relatively high biomass and ubiquity.Most ecological communities are defined by their dominant species.

In many examples of wet woodland in western Europe, the dominant tree is alder (Alnus glutinosa).
In tallgrass prairies of Northeastern Kansas, the dominant grass is (Andropogon gerardii).
In temperate bogs, the dominant vegetation is usually species of Sphagnum moss.
Tidal swamps in the tropics are usually dominated by species of mangrove (Rhizophoraceae).
Some Arctic sea floor communities are dominated by brittle stars.
Exposed rocky shorelines are dominated by sessile organisms such as barnacles and limpets.
The turtle ant (Cephalotes pusillus), is thought to dominant arboreal ant communities in the Brazilian savannah.

There are currently several different metrics for assessing species dominance in natural ecosystems, including the importance value index, competitive index, community importance index, and dominance index.

See also
National Vegetation Classification, a system for classifying British plant communities by their dominant species
 Monodominance

References

External links
Dominant Species in a Diverse Ecosystem

Habitats


(VNF, ) is the French navigation authority responsible for the management of the majority of France's inland waterways network and the associated facilities—towpaths, commercial and leisure ports, lock-keeper's houses and other structures. VNF was established in 1991 and took over the responsibility for all waterways from the National Office of Navigation () in 1993. It is a public body and is under the control of the Minister of Ecology, Energy, Sustainable Development and Territorial Development ().  The headquarters of VNF are in Béthune, Pas-de-Calais with local offices throughout France.

French waterways network

The French natural and man-made waterways network is the largest in Europe extending to over  of which VNF manages the navigable sections. The assets managed by VNF comprise  of waterways, made up of  of canals and  of navigable rivers, 494 dams, 1595 locks, 74 aqueducts, 65 reservoirs, 35 tunnels and a land area of . Two significant waterways which are not under VNF's control are the navigable sections of the River Somme and the Brittany Canals, which are both under local management, and neither is the River Lot in Aquitaine.

Enhancements

Approximately 20% of the network is suitable for commercial boats of over 1000 tonnes and the VNF has an ongoing programme of maintenance and modernisation to increase depth of waterways, widths of locks and headroom under bridges to support France's strategy of encouraging freight onto water as part of her sustainable development programme—a survey by Price Waterhouse Coopers showed that 75% of French companies were willing to switch to barge transport.

A major current initiative is the cross-border Seine–Nord Europe Canal project, connecting the Seine and the Scheldt, which will provide a continuous wide-gauge navigation from Le Havre to Antwerp.

See also
List of rivers of France
List of canals in France

References

External links
VNF website

Water transport in France
Government-owned companies of France
Inland waterway authorities
Transport authorities in France


The Obama logo was the primary symbol of Barack Obama's 2008 presidential campaign. The design became one of the most recognized political brand logos during the 2008 U.S. presidential election, and was used again for Obama's reelection campaign and for the Obama Foundation.

Process

The logo was designed by Chicago-based Sender LLC (a brand development and design company) on assignment from Chicago-based Mode Project (a motion design studio). The latter had been brought on board early on by David Axelrod, Obama's chief campaign strategist, although it had never done a political identity before. Creative director and brand strategist Sol Sender led the design team of three which included Amanda Gentry and Andy Keene. Project managers at Mode Project were Colin Carter and Steve Juras.

"We were looking at the "o" of his name and had the idea of a rising sun and a new day," according to Sender. "The sun rising over the horizon evoked a new sense of hope." "The design expression was so constrained and so bland for so many years in politics," Sender says. "I think we had a fresh approach because we'd never worked on a campaign before" — and, of course, the power of the logo had a lot to do with "the power of the candidate's message."

The final design was decided among seven or eight options in the first round. "In terms of our internal process, though, I believe the logo — as we now know it — came out of a second round of design explorations. At any rate, it happened quite quickly, all things considered. The entire undertaking took less than two weeks."

The design began late in 2006 and the finished logo made its debut when Obama officially announced his candidacy for presidency February 10, 2007 in Springfield, Illinois.

John Slabyk and Scott Thomas, designers with the Obama campaign oversaw the customization of the logo for 12 different identity groups as well as for each state with 50 additional versions. There was also identity for Republicans and Independents supporting Barack Obama.

Reception

The reception of Obama's logo was generally positive, and in some circles, highly praised. The Boston Globe beamed that "the ever-present rising sun logo has the feeling of a hot new Internet company."
"It begins to break with tradition while also rooting itself in tradition," said Peter Krivkovich, CEO of Cramer-Krasselt advertising agency in Chicago.  "Patriotism is the foundation, but above that is hope, opportunity, newness."
David Morrison, president of Philadelphia-based market research firm Twentysomething Inc., said the logo has "a nice, contemporary, dynamic, youthful vibe about it."  Designer Michael Bierut called Obama's branding "just as good or better"  as the best commercial brand designs. "Every time you look, all those signs are perfect," Beirut said. "Graphic designers like me don't understand how it's happening. It's unprecedented and inconceivable to us. The people in the know are flabbergasted."

On the other hand, cartoonist Ward Sutton asked, "is it a zero and a sunset over a deserted highway?" "Too many type styles and colors. The look is left undefined. The designer may have been too inexperienced," he added.

Some have noted the similarity of Obama's campaign logo to others, namely those of Pepsi when turned upside down, Vietin Bank, The Sidney Hillman Foundation, the Taiwan Solidarity Union, and the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. There is also some similarity to the European Union's Protected Designation of Origin and Protected Geographical Indication logos and the logo of Germany's Agenda-Glas AG. The official logo of the Democratic Alliance party of South Africa bears a striking resemblance to Obama's campaign logo.

References

Symbols introduced in 2007
logo
Logos


Daniel Alonso Sánchez Albújar (born 2 May 1990 in Lima) is a Peruvian footballer who plays for Comerciantes Unidos.

Club career
In 2007 Sanchez, were called along with 8 other U-20 players to the first team of Sporting Cristal. After his participation in the U17 WC, Sanchez started gaining caps in the first team of Sporting Cristal. Sanchez made his debut right after the WC ended for Peru and he became in 2008 a regular member of the starting line-up of the team. Sanchez, who wears the 23 jersey, has a brilliant future, and has contributed a lot to his team. "Dani" is still young, but has scored many excellent goals in the 2008 season. One of the best ones so far, is the one he scored against Universitario de Deportes when Sporting Cristal beat 2-1 la U in Monumental Stadium. Sanchez will continue in Sporting Cristal, but it seems like he will soon emigrate to Europe.

On June 9, 2011 it was announced that Daniel transferred to Peruvian team C.D. Universidad César Vallejo.

International career
He was also part of the Peru U-17 team that reached the quarterfinal stage at the 2007 FIFA U-17 World Cup played in South Korea. Now Sanchez is a player that could end up later in Europe and it's about to represent Peru in the next U20 South American Championship.

References

External links

1990 births
Living people
Footballers from Lima
Peruvian men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Sporting Cristal footballers
Club Deportivo Universidad César Vallejo footballers
Ayacucho FC footballers
Serrato Pacasmayo players
León de Huánuco footballers
Sport Loreto players
Coronel Bolognesi footballers
Sport Victoria players
Comerciantes Unidos footballers
Peruvian Primera División players