Lapland Nature Reserve () (also Laplandskiy) is a Russian zapovednik (strict nature reserve) in Murmansk Oblast, Russia, above the Arctic Circle.  Officially established in 1957, the reserve protects an area of  to the northwest of Lake Imandra, including 86 km² of inland water.  The terrain is mountainous tundra and northern taiga.  Since 1985 the zapovednik has been designated by UNESCO as a biosphere reserve. The name refers to the cultural area of Lapland, now preferably called Sápmi.

The Lapland Nature Reserve was established in 1930. However, in 1951 along with many other zapovedniks of the Soviet Union it was abolished. It was reestablished in 1957, but in 1961-1965 was merged to Kandalaksha Nature Reserve. In 1983 the 1,613 km² area of the Lapland Nature Reserve was significantly expanded to include 1,296 km² of territories to the northwest, farther from the polluting influence of the Monchegorsk nickel smelter, and the zapovednik gave away 124 km² near the city.    The reserve is situated in Murmansk Oblast about 50 km south of the city of Murmansk. Its administrative center is the  rural locality of Laplandsky Zapovednik.

Topography
The Lapland Reserve has a terrain that is mostly mountain tundra and lakes, being situated on the western zone of the Khibiny Mountains.  Most of the territory is covered by northern taiga and montane tundra with the highest point on  (1115 m a.s.l.).

Climate and ecoregion
Lapland Reserve is located in the Scandinavian and Russian taiga ecoregion, which is situated in Northern Europe between tundra in the north and temperate mixed forests in the south.  It is covers parts of Norway, Sweden, Finland and the northern part of European Russia, being the largest ecoregion in Europe.  The ecoregion is characterized by coniferous forests dominated by Pinus sylvestris (in drier locations), often with an understory of Juniperus communis, Picea abies and Picea obovata and a significant admixture of Betula pubescens and Betula pendula.  Larix sibirica is characteristic of the eastern part of the ecoregion.

The climate of the Lapland Reserve is Humid continental climate, cool summer (Köppen climate classification (Dfc)). This climate is characterised by long cold winters, and short, cool summers.

Ecoeducation and access
As a strict nature reserve, the Lapland Reserve is mostly closed to the general public, although scientists and those with 'environmental education' purposes can make arrangements with park management for visits.   There are a number of 'ecotourist' routes in the reserve, however, that are open to the public.   These change with the seasons and are designed to cover themes of the region - Christmas and New Year's in winter, "Spring Awakening Tour", etc.  Excursions are arranged for groups through application for permits to be obtained in advance.  The main office is in the city of Monchegorsk.

See also
Laponian area
 List of Russian Nature Reserves (class 1a 'zapovedniks')
 National Parks of Russia

References

Towards an inventory of the mycobiota of the Lapland State Nature Biosphere Reserve (Murmansk Region, North-West Russia)

External links
  Map of Lapland Reserve, OpenStreetMap
  Map of Laplandskiy Reserve, ProtectedPlanet
 Official site (in Russian)
 Laplandskiy Biosphere Reserve; UNESCO - MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory

Nature reserves in Russia
Biosphere reserves of Russia
Geography of Murmansk Oblast
1957 establishments in Russia
Protected areas established in 1957
Sápmi
Zapovednik


Cipriano Efisio Òppo (2 July 1891 – 10 January 1962) was an Italian painter, stage designer, satirical illustrator, and critic. He was born in Rome, the city in which he also lived, worked and died, though his father's and mother's families had both come originally from Sardinia. He was an influential and perceptive commentator and mentor in respect of the Italian art scene through the challenges of the Mussolini years.

Life

Provenance and childhood
The father of Cipriano Efisio Òppo was Andrea Eugenio Òppo, who worked for the post office. His mother, born Ottavia Sutto, ran the family home when he was small, but he was still very young in 1894, when she died.   Although he was always known as "Cipriano Efisio Oppo", and the usage is respected in most subsequent historiography, the name "Efisio" does not appear on his birth certificate so was, presumably, only adopted on his behalf (or by him) at some later date.   Although the relationship between father and son could sometimes be confrontational under the one-parent set-up placed on them by circumstances, Andrea Eugenio Òppo was devoted to his son.   When he was ten Cipriano's father sent him away to a boarding school at Spoleto, hoping thereby to assure the child an education appropriate to his middle-class aspirations.  The boy rejected the institutional rigidities that the school sought to impose on him, however, and the arrangement was terminated after four years.

After returning to Rome full-time in 1904, Òppo enrolled at the city's "Royal Higher Academy of Fine Arts" ("Regia Accademia di Belle Arti denominata di San Luca", as it was known before Italy became a republic) in 1946). His studies were focused on learning to paint, exploiting a natural talent that had already been apparent for some years. College contemporaries who in due course became friends included Francesco Trombadori, Amerigo Bartoli and Antonio Maraini.   He supported his studies with work at the prestigious commercial art gallery of Giuseppe Sangiorgi which filled a large part of the vast interior at the Palazzo Borghese.  Here he "undertook the duties of an apprentice decorator and copyist of classic works under the guidance of Maestro Oreste Morozzi" (who appears to have combined the roles of head gardener and chief curator at the palace).   In 1907 he started attending the academy's "Scuola libera del nudo" ("Free School of The Nude") in the Villa Medici, as a result of which he became more closely acquainted with Umberto Boccioni and Mario Sironi.

Òppo's first known paintings come from this period, notably his "triple self-portrait", which is dated 1910.

Cartoonist and artist
He embarked on a more public career in 1910/1911 as a caricaturist for the newly launched "Idea Nazionale", a political Rome-based newspaper published weekly between 1911 and 1914, supportive of the anti-Austrian Italian Nationalist Association.  From 1910, he devoted himself principally to painting, tending towards the style of "les Fauves" and, in particular, that of Henri Matisse.   During the first part of 1912 he began to participate in exhibitions, showing a painting (details unknown) at a portraits exhibition organised by the "International Artistic Association".   During 1913 he took part in an exhibition of the "International Artistic Circle" in Rome with five paintings described in one source as "futurist", "cubist" and "sartorian".   Later that year his work was on show in Naples at the "National Exhibition of Fine Arts" organised by the "Commissione Nazionale Attività Giovanile". The display included his "Castello del Mistero", a dark and shadowy work believed to have been powerfully influenced by symbolism and neo-Impressionist divisionism.   In 1914 he contributed to the exhibition given by the Roman Secession.

Emilio Cecchi, another highly respected art critic who was in addition a close friend, describes Òppo's pictures from this time as employing "colours of an acrid, biting, almost burning" character, reflecting little of the Italian modernism of artistic contemporaries, but rather imbued with "a certain Matissian influence".   The critic Alberto Cantù, writing in 1914, was struck by the "violence, aggression and capacity for all excesses before finding its equilibrium" apparent in Òppo's paintings.

Meanwhile, he also engaged in the networking vital to his career progression in the context of the times. Looking back in 1929, Mario Corsi recalled Òppo as having been "rather shy, and on account of the shyness a little contrary.  He was always to be found in the "Caffè Greco" along the Via Condotti [in the heart of the city], at the end of the largest room at the farthest end of the establishment, known as "the omnibus", where beardless poets could interact with a few generally youthful and inexperienced journalists, and a few artists - not all of these in their first youth".

The journal "Idea Nazionale", to which Òppo contributed, was transformed from a weekly publication to a daily one in 1914, primarily in order to campaign for the Italian government to intervene militarily in the war which had broken out north of the Alps.  One reason for the hesitancy was a lack of any consensus within the government and across the country as to whether Italy should participate alongside its alliance partners (which included Austria) or in opposition to the former colonial power alongside France, which was widely seen to have made Italian unification possible.  In the end, partly in response to (at the time secret) British government promises, Italy declared war against Austria in May 1915.  Òppo was supportive of this development and very soon volunteered for military service. He was involved in the fighting on the north-eastern front in the mountains round Gorizia. However, he suffered serious injuries to his forehead, jaw and right arm from a Hapsburg bayonet while engaged in close contact fighting. He was sent back to Rome to recover and convalesce, but in the event never returned to the frontline.  Instead, he remained in the capital, and resumed providing his illustration to "Idea Nazionale".

Cultural organizer
He tirelessly dedicated himself to organising Italian cultural and artistic life. As well as being a highly regarded art critic writing for Rome's La Tribuna, his commitment led him to becoming an ambassador for art in public institutions. He became a deputy to Parliament and, in 1932, artistic director of the Exhibition of the Fascist Revolution. He was then appointed secretary of the Direttorio Nazionale dei Sindacati delle Arti Plastiche (National Directorate of Unions of the Plastic Arts) and secretary of the Consiglio Superiore delle Belle Arti (Superior Council of Fine Arts). However, in this field, his most successful work was setting up the Quadriennale di Roma, born from one of his ideas and guided by him as its secretary-general over its first four shows from 1931 to 1943.

During the 1930s and 1940s, he believed he should abstain from exhibiting in Italy, precisely because of his political-administrative activity in the artistic field, not that this stopped his participating in several shows abroad, such as L'art italien des XIX et XX siècles (19th and 20th Century Italian Art) at the Jeu de Paume in Paris in 1935 and at the 1939 New York World's Fair.

Post-War
Deemed free to return to the Quadriennale as an artist, in its 5th (1948) and 6th (1951) shows.

From 1949 to 1950, he was affiliated to the important collezione Verzocchi, as well as painting a charming portrait, La fiorista.   The Verzocchi collection is now held at the Pinacoteca Civica of Forlì.

Among his works are:
Portrait of a lady (Roma, Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna)
Eugenia in grey (Turin, Galleria d'arte moderna)
The florist (Forlì, Pinacoteca Civica)

References

External links
Artists of the Roman School

1891 births
1962 deaths
20th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
Painters from Rome
Italian art critics
Italian caricaturists
20th-century Italian male artists


Andrew Savage is an American singer, songwriter, musician, and painter.

Andrew Savage may also refer to:

 Andrew Savage, contestant on Survivor (American TV series)
 Andrew Savage, a 19th Century High Sheriff of Down
 Andrew Savage, CEO of OpenDor Media
 Andrew Savage, candidate in 2023 Blaby District Council election
 Andrew Savage, director of The Second Coming: Brought to You in Low Definition, British film of 2014


The  Japan Series, the 55th edition of Nippon Professional Baseball's championship series,  began on October 16 and ended on October 25, and matched the Pacific League playoffs winner Seibu Lions against the Central League Champion, Chunichi Dragons.

Seibu Lions
After an embarrassing sweep at the hands of the Yomiuri Giants in the 2002 Japan Series and losing out on the Pacific League pennant to the Fukuoka Daiei Hawks in 2003, the Lions were back in the Japan Series in 2004 thanks in no small part to the healthy arm of Daisuke Matsuzaka.  Also helping the cause offensively was Venezuelan import Alex Cabrera, who hit a record-tying 55 home runs in 2002.  Seibu had not won the Japan Series since 1992.

Chunichi Dragons
Unlike the Lions, the Dragons had not had any success in winning the Japan Series since 1954, and this was their first appearance in the series since 1999, when they lost in 5 games to the Hawks.  The Dragons pitching staff was led by Kenshin Kawakami and Masahiro Yamamoto, while Hitoki Iwase anchored the back of the bullpen.  Offensively, the Dragons were led by Alex Ochoa and Kosuke Fukudome.  In the middle of the infield, the Dragons were led by the amazing double-play tandem of Hirokazu Ibata and Masahiro Araki.

Summary

Game summaries

Game 1

The first Japan Series game held in Nagoya Dome since Game 5 of the 1999 Japan Series turned out to be quite the close game, but the end result was the same: the Dragons were defeated by great pitching, this time from unheralded Takashi Ishii, who only won four games in the regular season.  Chunichi had their ace on the mound in Kenshin Kawakami, who bounced back nicely from an injury-plagued 2003 season.

The two teams matched zeroes for the first three innings as Ishii struck out four and Kawakami ducked in and out of trouble.  Jose Fernández hit a two-out single in the first but was stranded there, and Kawakami left Kazuhiro Wada at third after he hit a leadoff triple, but Hiroyuki Nakajima and Kosuke Noda both grounded out, Hiroyuki Takagi drew an intentional walk to get to the pitcher Ishii, who struck out.

Wada would make sure he crossed the plate in his next at-bat.  The fourth inning would also see the first run of the series on a towering home run to left field to give the Lions a 1-0 lead.  That lead would be doubled in the next inning as Shogo Akada drove in Tomoaki Satoh with a single after Satoh doubled to lead off the inning.

The 2-0 lead would be enough for the Seibu pitching staff, as Ishii would work seven shutout innings, giving up just two hits and striking out six.  Kiyoshi Toyoda worked a perfect 9th for the Lions to preserve the win.  The shutout was also the third time in the last four home Japan Series games that Chunichi had been shut out, and it was the fourth time out of the last six overall.

Game 2

This would be the first of a few wild games in this series.  The Dragons finally ended their home playoff futility by winning their first playoff game at Nagoya Dome at the expense of Lions ace Matsuzaka.  However, the game did not start well for the Dragons.

Pitching in his third Japan Series, wily veteran screwballer Masa Yamamoto was lit up for two runs in the first inning off the bat of Fernandez, who also drove in Satoh who led off the game with a single.  The quick 2-0 lead was enough for Matsuzaka for the first two innings, but he ran into his first bit of trouble in the 3rd.

Shogo Mori led off the inning with a single, and Yamamoto reached on a dropped third strike.  Matsuzaka got himself into further trouble when he hit Masahiro Araki with a pitch to load the bases with nobody out.  Hirokazu Ibata got a hit but saw Mori get gunned down at home.  With the rally in trouble after Tatsunami grounded out, Alex Ochoa tied the game up with a two-run single to right.  Matsuzaka made matters worse by plunking his second batter of the inning, this time Masahiko Morino, to re-load the bases.  Finally, light-hitting catcher Motonobu Tanishige walked to force another run home and give Chunichi their first-ever lead at Nagoya Dome in the Japan series, 3-2.

Both Yamamoto and Matsuzaka would regain their composure in the following innings.  Yamamoto struck out five batters between the 2nd and the 5th, and Dice-K only gave up one hit from the 4th to the 6th, striking out five in the process.

Seibu would chase Yamamoto and regain the lead in the 5th with a three-run barrage of their own.  Takagi led the inning off with a single, then Satoh and Akada bot hit doubles to vault Seibu into the lead, 4-3.  Eiji Ochiai came in to replace Yamamoto for the righty-on-righty matchup to Fernandez.  After a sacrifice by Fernandez, the dangerous Cabrera was intentionally walked.  Wada followed up the walk with a double that gave the Lions the 5-3 lead.  Wada would double the Seibu advantage in the 7th with his second home run of the series, a shot that gave Seibu a seemingly safe 6-3 lead.

Then, Matsuzaka imploded.  He was lit up for five runs in the 7th inning, with the rally having been started by pinch-hitter Takayuki Ohnishi.  Araki lined out to right, but the rally truly began with Ibata's single to center.  Tatsunami followed it up with three of his four RBIs on the day, as he hit his first home run of the series to right field, a three-run blast that tied the game at 6-6.

However, the Dragons weren't done.  Ochoa drew a walk and Morino was plunked for the second time on the day, and Tanishige got in on the fun by singling home Ochoa to give the Dragons the 7-6 lead.  Pinch-hitter Mitsunobu Takahashi then singled home another run to finish Matsuzaka's day and give Chunichi an 8-6 lead.

The Dragons would add three more in the 9th off Shinji Mori.  Ibata collected his fourth hit of the day, stole second, and was driven home by Tatsunami.  After Ochoa reached again, an RBI triple and another Tanishige RBI single ended the scoring with an 11-6 win for the Dragons.  With the series going back to Seibu Dome for the next three, the Dragons were tied.  They had beaten Seibu's best in Matsuzaka.  Could they keep the ball rolling and win their first Japan Series since 1954?

Game 3

In what was one of the wildest games in Japan Series history, Game 3 was also the first time in Japan Series history that two grand slams were hit in the same game.  Kazuyuki Hoashi faced off against Domingo Guzmán for the starting pitching matchup.  The first three innings were a scoreless deadlock, with Chunichi having only one hit to their credit, and Seibu having no hits.

The fourth inning saw the first runs of the game, as the potent Seibu bats once again came alive, and the feared slugger Alex Cabrera finally came to life himself.  Satoh and Fernandez both singled their way on, and then Cabrera launched his first home run of the series to give Seibu the 3-0 lead.

Hoashi would make it stand up, and he got another run in support of him in the 4th when young shortstop Hiroyuki Nakajima clubbed his first home run of the series.  However, he ran into trouble in the 6th: trouble that would give the Dragons a 5-4 lead.  The rally started when Nakajima muffed a ground ball.  After Hoashi got the first out of the inning, Tatsunami and Ochoa both singled their way on to load the bases, and  Takahashi drew a walk to force in one run.  Hoashi was taken out and replaced by Shuichiro Osada, who faced Tanishige as his first batter.  Tanishige took a 3-1 inside fastball and crushed it down the line in left for his first career grand slam.  All of a sudden, the Lions were trailing 5-4.

With Guzman out of the game after five innings, Shinya Okamoto took over.  He preserved the Dragons lead, and his teammates got him another run in the 6th when Ochoa got a bases-loaded RBI single to give the Dragons a 6-4 lead.  However, the 7th truly was the lucky inning for the Lions, as Okamoto suffered an implosion of his own, similar to Matsuzaka's in the previous game.

With one out, Nakajima singled his way on, Yoshihito Ishii walked, and Takagi was hit by a pitch.  Satoh doubled Nakajima and Ishii in to tie the game up at 6.  At this point, conventional wisdom would say that Okamoto should have been relieved, but he was allowed to continue.  Akada grounded out, and Fernandez walked.  With two down, the game was hanging in the balance as Okamoto pitched to Cabrera, even though it was only the 7th inning.  Cabrera responded with a towering home run to left on a 1-1 pitch that was hit out of Seibu Dome.  It was Cabrera's second home run of the day, and it was also the second grand slam of the day in total.  The slam gave Seibu a 10-6 lead going into the 8th.

Chunichi would not go quietly though.  Against Koji Ohnuma, Omar Linares got in on the home run derby by leading off with a home run to the back screen in center to pull the Dragons to within 10-7.  Morino followed it up with a double, and he came around to score on two groundouts for a 10-8 score.  However, Toyoda would not let the Dragons get any closer in the 9th, as he stuck out two batters in the 9th to record the save and give Seibu a 2-1 series lead.

Game 4

Game 5

Game 6

Game 7

See also
2004 World Series

Japan Series
Japan Series
Chunichi Dragons
Seibu Lions


Conistra vaccinii, the chestnut, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1761. It is distributed throughout Europe, North Africa and east through the Palearctic to Siberia.

Distribution
The species occurs on some Mediterranean islands (Balearics, Corsica, and Sardinia), in Northern Fennoscandia, and most of Europe except for southern Spain. The range extends south from Morocco in the west to Mediterranean North Africa, through Anatolia to Turkestan and Western and Central Siberia. In the German central uplands, it rises to about 1200 meters.

Description

The wingspan is 28–36 mm. Pattern and colouring are extremely variable. The colour varies from dove grey to dark grey brown, with light brown, light red, reddish-brown to black-brown markings. This has led to the distinction of formae (forms). The apex of the front wing is slightly concave. The head and thorax are coloured mostly according to the wing colour; the abdomen is partially or completely reddish brown. The inner and outer, serrated crossbars are usually darker than the colour and more or less clearly defined. These are often white lined specimens with much darker crossbars. Reniform and orbicular and stains can be as well shown, but also sometimes almost absent. There is always a black dot in the lower part of the reniform. The more or less significant medium shade is darker than the colour and has a strong median bulge. The wavy line is often a series of black dots. The moth flies from September to May depending on the location. The larva is reddish brown above, and greenish beneath, sometimes the upper surface is tinged with green also; the dorsum is freckled with pale brown, and the three lines along it are faintly paler, the raised dots are whitish. The head is glossy pale brown, freckled with reddish-brown, and lined with darker brown.

Recorded food plants
The larva feeds on various deciduous trees and shrubs and in later stages also herbaceous plants.

The species occurs in a wide range of habitats, from open forests, scrubland, downs, gardens, and parkland to shrub-rich open country. The habitats can be dry or wet, cool, or warm.

References

External links

Fauna Europaea
Lepiforum e. V.
De Vlinderstichting

Cuculliinae
Moths of Europe
Moths of Asia
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Moths described in 1761


Sadakhlo (Georgian: სადახლო, ) is a village in Georgia located in the southern part of country in the administrative territory of Marneuli Municipality (Kvemo Kartli Region) at the border with Armenia. The village is about  south of the municipal center Marneuli and  south of capital Tbilisi and is situated along the left bank of the Debeda river. Sadakhlo is the largest village in Georgia, and is the center of the eponymous administrative community (თემი, temi) that includes 4 other nearby villages: Burma, Tazakendi, Molaoghli, and Khuldara.

The Sadakhlo market played a remarkable role in the interaction between Azerbaijanis and Armenians, in light of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. Sadakhlo is almost entirely populated with Azerbaijanis, and is an important border town with Armenia. Since Georgia took a neutral stance in this conflict, it became a neutral territory in which both peoples could freely and safely interact with each other.

Six kilometers west of Sadakhlo, in the village of Tsopi along the national route Sh37 to Akhkerpi, the ruins of the medieval Tsopi fortress can be found. This castle dates from the 5th-6th century.

Population
The population of Sadakhlo village is 7,337 according to the 2014 census. Apart from a few dozen people, the village is mono-ethnic Azerbaijani (99.8%).

Transport

The road of international importance S7 (E001), the main road between Tbilisi and Yerevan (Armenia), passes through Sadakhlo. The Sadakhlo - Bagratashen border crossing is the most important of the four vehicular crossings between Georgia and Armenia. More than 1.2 million incoming travellers were registered in 2019. This is 15.7% of all inbound travellers to Georgia. This also leads to additional investments in infrastructure. With European money the car bridge across the Debeda is being renovated and expanded to four lanes.

There is a train station in Sadakhlo, which is on the Tbilisi - Gyumri - Yerevan railway line which opened in 1899. The railway runs along the village and crosses the border parallel to the S7. There are frequent night trains between Tbilisi and Yerevan. The station serves not only as a terminus for the Tbilisi - Sadakhlo commuter trains and stop for the international trains, but also as a border post for the latter. Nearly 3,400 passengers entered Georgia here in 2019.

From the center of Sadakhlo, the national route Sh37 heads west to Akhkerpi, which also has a border crossing to Armenia. It is Georgia's least used border crossing with 133 arriving travelers in 2019.

See also
 Kvemo Kartli
 Marneuli Municipality

References

Populated places in Marneuli Municipality
Tiflis Governorate


California Pacific Computer Company is a defunct software company that published games and related software for the Apple II family of computers in the late 1970s and early 1980s.  California Pacific is best known as the publisher of the first installment of Richard Garriott's popular Ultima game series, and for Super Invader, a Space Invaders clone voted the most popular software of 1978–80.

Software

 Akalabeth: World of Doom by Richard Garriott (1979)
 Apple-oids by Tom Luhrs (1980)
 Super Invader by M. Hata (1980), later renamed to Cosmos Mission
 Bill Budge's Space Album (1980), collection of four games
 Fender Bender
 Trilogy of Games by Bill Budge (1980): Night Driver, Pinball,  Space War
 Ultima by Richard Garriott (1981)
 3-D Game Tool by Bill Budge  (1981)
 Brainteaser Boulevard by Chuck Bueche (1982), Frogger clone
 Lady Tut by Greggy (1983)

See also
Steve Gibson (computer programmer)

References

Defunct software companies of the United States
Defunct video game companies of the United States
Software companies based in California
Video game companies based in California
Companies based in Solano County, California
Davis, California
Software companies established in 1979
Software companies disestablished in 1983
Video game companies established in 1979
Video game companies disestablished in 1983
1979 establishments in California
1983 disestablishments in California


Papyrus 63 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), designated by 𝔓63, is a copy of the New Testament in Greek. It is a papyrus manuscript of the Gospel of John. The surviving text of John are verses 3:14-18; 4:9-10. The manuscript paleographically had been assigned to the 4th century (or 5th century).

Text
The Greek text of this codex is a representative of the Alexandrian text-type, but with some the Byzantine readings. Aland placed it in Category II.

In John 3:16 it has the textual variant  supported by the manuscript's second corrector of Sinaiticus (א2), A, L, Θ, Ψ, 063, 083, 086, 0113, f1, f13, Byz, Didache.

Location
The codex is currently housed at the Staatliche Museen zu Berlin (Inv. 11914) in Berlin.

See also

 John 3, John 4
 List of New Testament papyri

References

Further reading

 Otto Stegmüller, Zu den Bibelorakeln im Codex Bezae, Biblica 34 (1953), pp. 13–22.

External links
 Digital image of P63 at CSNTM
 Papyrus 63 - images: Multiply.com

New Testament papyri
4th-century biblical manuscripts
Gospel of John papyri


The Right Way (, HaDerekh HaTova) was a Knesset faction in Israel. Its sole member was Elhanan Glazer.

History
In June 2008 Glazer was one of three Knesset members to break away from Gil to form Justice for the Elderly. When the new faction merged back into Gil on 27 October 2008, Glazer did not rejoin Gil, but was granted permission by the House Committee to create a new faction, The Right Way.

The party did not run in the 2009 elections, as Glazer ran on the Tzomet list.

References

External links
The Right Way Knesset website

Defunct political parties in Israel
Political parties established in 2008
Political parties disestablished in 2009
Pensioners' parties


Bracebridge is an undefined area of Worksop in Nottinghamshire, lying between Manton to the south, and Kilton to the north, lying on the Chesterfield Canal and the riverRyton, close to a point where the river is crossed-over by the canal. The area takes its name from the Georgian Bridge, which crosses the canal, which was achieved by "bracing" the stonework with iron, achieving a wide single-span. Immediately around this bridge is the core of old Bracebridge, which was created to serve the canal, and is the site of a lock. The bridge is the original route of the B6041, before a new road was built some 200 yards East, to avoid congestion, on the narrow Bracebridge. This original stretch of road is now a cul-de-sac, having been bollarded at the south end close to the bridge over the Ryton.

To the west of old Bracebridge, further along the Chesterfield Canal, most of Bracebridge consists of modern housing. However, much of the surrounding area around consists of open wasteland and farmland left behind by the building of the new B6041 road, and the industrial buildings of Manton.
Lying east of the new B6041 is a former pumping station, built of brick, in a pseudo French Baroque style complete with sloping roof.

Populated places in Nottinghamshire
Bassetlaw District
Worksop


The 1994 Japan Series was the Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) championship series for the 1994 season. It was the 45th Japan Series and featured the Pacific League champion Seibu Lions against the Central League champion Yomiuri Giants. The series was the eighth time the two franchises played each other for the championship.

Because this year's edition of the Japan Series took place during the Major League Baseball strike that scuttled the entire postseason, including the World Series, it received much more attention than normal in the United States. Most memorably, the cover of the October 31 issue of Sports Illustrated featured Lions pitcher Hisanobu Watanabe along with the tagline "The World's Series", in the Lions' 11-0 win in Game One.  Chicago-area Regional Sports Networks broadcast the game in English on a week delay basis, with Ken Harrelson being the lead broadcaster.  This resulted eventually in Major League Baseball acquiring Japanese players upon the end of the strike.

Two members of the winning Yomiuri Giants team -- Hideki Matsui (2009) and Dan Gladden (1987, 1991) -- also won a World Series.

This was the second Japan Series to feature night games after 1964 Japan Series although the night games were only on weekdays, and the first with a reduction in extra innings.  The Series, which had an 18-inning limit before a tie game, adopted a 15-inning limit before Series night games were tied.

Summary

Matchups

Game 1

Game 2

Game 3

Game 4

Game 5

Game 6

See also
Nippon Professional Baseball

References

External links
 Nippon Professional Baseball—Official website (in English)

Japan Series
Seibu Lions
Yomiuri Giants
Japan Series, 1994
Series


Kevin Sampson is a British novelist, best known for his novels Awaydays (1998), Powder (1999) and Stars Are Stars (2006). He lives in Birkenhead, Merseyside. His crime thriller, The Killing Pool, was published by Cape on 21 March 2013.

Career
Sampson began writing gig reviews for NME in the 80s, though was famously sacked by editor Neil Spencer for reviewing a Sex Gang Children concert at a Liverpool club that had been burned down on the night the band had been due to appear. He went on to contribute regularly to The Face, Arena, i-D, Sounds, Jamming, The Observer and Time Out before joining Channel 4 as an assistant editor for Youth Programmes.

He left C4 to set up Kinesis Films, a company that specialised in documentaries about subcultures (notably Sole of the Nation, a film about Dr. Martens boots, and Ibiza - A Short Film About Chilling). Sampson returned to Merseyside in 1990 to help long-time friend Peter Hooton set up Produce Records with partners Ian Croft, Wayne Chand, Barney Moores and Paul McKenna. Produce enjoyed a string of Top 40 hits in the early 1990s, including The Farm's "Groovy Train" and "All Together Now".

When The Farm broke up in 1994, Sampson dug out the manuscript to a novella he had sent to Penguin in 1982. Awaydays was based on what he saw during his youth, travelling to, and at, football grounds up and down the country. Inspired by Irvine Welsh's debut Trainspotting, Sampson re-worked the novel, which was acquired by publisher Dan Franklin at Jonathan Cape. Awaydays was an immediate critical and commercial success on its release in 1998. Sampson's second novel, Powder, reflects some of his experiences of the music business with The Farm and Produce Records, and subsequent adventures in Ibiza, and working for Richard Branson's V2 Music.

Awaydays was adapted to film in 2009. He writes about his involvement in the Ibiza film A Short Film About Chilling in the Summer 2010 Umbrella Magazine'''s  Issue 1  and a film version of Powder was released August 2011. Surveillance, a film from one of Sampson's original screenplays, was in competition at the Berlinale's "Panorama" section in 2008, and his forthcoming crime thriller Gangsterland is under option with Red Union Films.

In January 2018, Sampson was hired to pen new mini-series Anne, produced by ITV Studios owned World Productions' for ITV, which centres on Anne Williams' crusade for justice after the death of her son Kevin in the Hillsborough disaster of 1989.

On the 21 April 2022, ITV announced that filming had started on the 3 episode drama series The Hunt for Raoul Moat. It's again being produced by World Productions for ITV1. It's written by Sampson, stars Lee Ingleby as Detective Chief Superintendent Neil Adamson, and Matt Stokoe as Raoul Moat.

NovelsAwaydays (1998)Powder (1999)Leisure (2000)Outlaws (2001)Clubland (2002)Freshers (2003)Stars are Stars (2006)Extra Time (2012) The Killing Pool (2013) The House on the Hill (2014)

Notes

External links
Author page
2001 interview, The GuardianArticle by Sampson on adaptation of Awaydays, The Observer'', November 2008
"Endless Summer" Article by Sampson on A Short Film About Chilling in Ibiza in Umbrella Magazine, Issue 1, p. 53
'Kevin Sampson' entry in British Crime Writing: an encyclopedia, edited by Barry Forshaw

20th-century British novelists
21st-century British novelists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)


The Right Way or Right Way may refer to:

"The Right Way" (song), a 2004 song by Peter Andre
The Right Way (political party), an Israeli political faction
"The Right Way", a song by Tynisha Keli
Right Way (publisher), an imprint of Constable & Robinson
The Right Way (2004 film), a 2004 Canadian film
The Right Way (1921 film), a 1921 American silent drama film

See also
The Wright Way, British sitcom
The Right Thing, a principle for software development


Adrienne Krausz is a Hungarian pianist.

The winner of the 1989 Cincinnati World Competition while a student at the Ferenc Liszt Academy, she took part at the 1992 and 1993 Montecarlo Masters, reaching the finals. Soon afterwards she was engaged by Georg Solti for a European tour with the Tonhalle Orchester Zürich; she has performed internationally since. Subsequently, she took part in both posthumous homages to Solti in Italy (October'97) and England (February'98). She has recorded for Hungaroton.

Selected performance venues - Barbican Centre, Carnegie Hall, Cité de la Musique, Amsterdam Concertgebouw, Munich's Herkulessaal, Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, Brussels' Palais des Beaux Arts, Paris' Théâtre de la Ville.

Sir George Solti immediately engaged Miss Krausz for a European tour with the Tonhalle Orchestra of Zürich, following an audition. In the last interview he gave to the English Magazine “Classic FM” Solti specifically mentioned her as a young pianist about whom he was “extremely enthusiastic, and I very much hope to help her in her career.” Following this, Sir George introduced Miss Krausz to the Chimay Foundation Competition in Brussels where she won the first prize by unanimous decision of the jury. She was the only pianist to be invited to perform in the Tributes to Sir George Solti presented in Italy and in London.
Since then, Adrienne Krausz continues to impress the music world with each subsequent performance.

Born in Hungary, Miss Krausz started the piano at the age of nine and in 1990 graduated from the Franz Liszt Academy in Budapest, where her teachers were György Nádor, György Kurtág and Ferenc Rados. She has also studied with Yvonne Lefébure and Lívia Rév. Since 1991 she lives in Paris.

Iván Fischer and his Budapest Festival Orchestra invited her to open the Ascona Festival  (2004) and the Bemus Festival  in Belgrade (2005). She was also invited to play with the London Philharmonic Orchestra, the Philharmonia Orchestra, and the Berliner Symphoniker. She made her debut in Japan with the Tokyo Philharmonic Orchestra in 2001.  Some of her prestigious partners and groups were Michael Gielen, Youri Bashmet, Miklós Perényi, Boris Pergamenshikov, Sergej Krylov, the Keller and the Bartók Quartets, the Franz Liszt Chamber Orchestra, etc. With Shlomo Mintz she made frequent recital tours all around the world.

A finalist at the Piano Masters of Monte Carlo in both 1992 and 1993, she has won numerous first prizes in competitions such as  the “World Competition” in Cincinnati (Piano USA 1989), the International Piano Competition in Senigallia (Italy 1985) the Hungarian National Piano Competition in Tarhos in 1984 and further prizes in Frankfurt (1987) and in Sydney (1988).
Other acknowledgements include the Key of the city of Cincinnati, (Ohio, USA), the “Diamonds of culture” of the city of Miskolc (Hungary), and Grand Prix of the Hungarian Radio. Adrienne has been an invited guest at music festivals like Montpellier, Menton, Monte-Carlo, Schwetzingen, the Mermoz music Festival, Yokohama, Prague, Cracow, Budapest, Stresa, Palma and Sion.

Her Shostakovich recording was chosen as “Indispensable”, in the French music-guide at Fayard edition. In 1996 she was acclaimed by the critics for her interpretation of the complete Preludes of Chopin and Shostakovich brought together on a CD.
In 2003, the Hungarian Gramophone Magazine awarded her the prize for the best recording of the year. Adrienne often returns to Hungary to give concerts and has made several recordings for the Hungarian Radio and Television Networks.

References
  Budapest Festival Orchestra
  Hungarian Cultural centre, Brussels
  The New York Times
  ArkivMusic - discography.
  Website Krausz

Hungarian classical pianists
Hungarian women pianists
Sydney International Piano Competition prize-winners
Franz Liszt Academy of Music alumni
1967 births
Living people
Women classical pianists


Edmund Holland may refer to:
 Edmund Holland, 4th Earl of Kent
 Edmund Milton Holland, American comedian


The 1990 Japan Series was the Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) championship series for the 1990 season. It was the 41st Japan Series and featured the Pacific League champion Seibu Lions against the Central League champion Yomiuri Giants. Seibu won the PL pennant for the seventh time in nine years to reach the series, and Yomiuri dominated the CL to return to the series after winning it the year before. Played at Tokyo Dome and Seibu Lions Stadium, the Lions swept the heavily favored Giants in four games to win the franchise's 10th Japan Series title. Seibu slugger and former MLB player Orestes Destrade was named Most Valuable Player of the series. The series was played between October 20 and October 24 with home field advantage going to the Central League.

Summary

Matchups

Game 1

Game 2

Game 3

Game 4

See also
1990 World Series

References

External links
 Nippon Professional Baseball—Official website (in English)

Japan Series
Japan Series
Japan Series
Japan Series
Seibu Lions
Yomiuri Giants


Conistra rubiginea, the dotted chestnut, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Michael Denis and Ignaz Schiffermüller in 1775. It is distributed in Europe and, according to William Warren, Armenia and Asia Minor.

Technical description and variation

C. rubiginea F. ( pulverea Hbn., neurodes Hbn., rubigo Rmb.) (36 e). Forewing fulvous yellow; the lines fulvous brown, marked by black spots on veins; the basal, inner, and outer lines double; median shade often broad and diffuse, rarely swollen so as to darken the central area on inner margin; orbicular and reniform of the pale ground colour, undefined, the former with a black centre, the latter with lower lobe black, the lateral margin on each side of it pale yellow; terminal area narrowly brown; hindwing blackish fuscous, the fringe rufous;  —. specimens suffused with fulvous brown form the ab. tigerina Esp. (36 e);— unicolor Tutt has body and forewing brick-red, the black points few, restricted to base of submedian fold, the centre of orbicular stigma, the submarginal and marginal points, and the lower part of the reniform; hindwing reddish ochreous with dark brown suffusion; — ab. modesta Hmps. has the thorax and forewing deep fulvous, except the basal area and the lines of the stigmata, which remain yellow; — ab. completa Hmps. (36 e) has the thorax and forewing uniformly deep fulvous. Larva dark brown, with a black blotch on each segment on the dorsum; lines obscurely paler; a dark line above the feet; feeds on numerous low plants. The larva, which is anomalously protected by brownish-yellow hairs, is said to be found, as well as the pupa, in ants' nests.
The wingspan is 30–35 mm.

.

Biology
The moth flies from October to November depending on the location.

Recorded food plants
The larvae feed on various deciduous trees including Quercus, Salix and Ulmus, it has also been observed herbaceous plants including Plantago.

References

External links

Fauna Europaea
Lepiforum e. V.
De Vlinderstichting.

Cuculliinae
Moths of Europe
Moths of Asia
Taxa named by Michael Denis
Taxa named by Ignaz Schiffermüller
Moths described in 1775


The 1998 Italian Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the 57th edition of the Rome Masters and was part of the Super 9 of the 1998 ATP Tour and of Tier I of the 1998 WTA Tour. Both the men's and women's events took place at the Foro Italico in Rome in Italy. The women's tournament was played from 4 to 10 May 1998; the men's tournament was played from 11 to 17 May 1998.

Finals

Men's singles

 Marcelo Ríos defeated  Albert Costa by walkover.
 It was Ríos' 4th title of the year and the 10th of his career. It was his 3rd Super 9 title and his 4th overall.

Women's singles

 Martina Hingis defeated  Venus Williams, 6–3, 2–6, 6–3.
 It was Hingis' 8th title of the year and the 18th of her career. It was her 2nd Tier I title of the year and her 5th overall.

Men's doubles

 Mahesh Bhupathi /  Leander Paes defeated  Ellis Ferreira /  Rick Leach, 6–4, 4–6, 7–6.
 It was Bhupathi's 4th title of the year and the 10th of his career. It was Paes' 4th title of the year and the 10th of his career.

Women's doubles

 Virginia Ruano Pascual /  Paola Suárez defeated  Amanda Coetzer /  Arantxa Sánchez-Vicario, 7–6(7–1), 6–4.
 It was Ruano Pascual's 4th title of the year and the 5th of her career. It was Suárez's 5th title of the year and the 6th of her career.

References

Italian Open
Italian Open
Italian Open
Italian Open (tennis)


The Pinacoteca Civica of Forlì, one of the civic museums of Forlì and currently based in the Musei di San Domenico, is an Italian art gallery. Artists whose work the gallery exhibits include:

 Livio Agresti
 Clemente Alberi
 Beato Angelico
 Nicola Bertucci
 Guido Cagnacci - the museum recently acquired (2005) his work "Allegoria dell'Astrologia sferica"
 Antonio Canova
 Baldassarre Carrari
 Giovanni Crivelli
 Domenichino
 Giovanni Fattori
 Guercino
 Lorenzo di Credi
 Carlo Magini
 Girolamo Marchesi
 Melozzo da Forlì(?)
 Francesco Menzocchi
 Livio Modigliani
 Giorgio Morandi
 Marco Palmezzano
 Adolfo Wildt

It contains the Verzocchi collection of 20th-century Italian painting.

Note

External links

Fuller account
Works exhibited

Art museums and galleries in Emilia-Romagna
Buildings and structures in Forlì
Museums in Emilia-Romagna


This is a list of the members of the Australian House of Representatives in the 19th Australian Parliament, which was elected at the 1949 election on 10 December 1949.

In the first of two significant expansions, the house was expanded by 48 seats, from 75 (including the  Northern Territory) to 123 seats (including the Australian Capital Territory) — the other expansion in 1984 added 23 seats. In addition the seat of Bourke was replaced by Burke.  The opposition Liberal Party of Australia led by Robert Menzies with coalition partner the Country Party led by Arthur Fadden won a net of 48 additional seats, allowing it to form government.  The incumbent Australian Labor Party led by Prime Minister of Australia Ben Chifley won a net of four additional seats and the four representatives of minor parties and an independent were all defeated.

Notes

References

Members of Australian parliaments by term
20th-century Australian politicians


The civic museums of Forlì - today housed in Corso della Repubblica and elsewhere - are the:

 Musei di San Domenico - headquarters
 Pinacoteca - sited at the former
 Biblioteca
 Collezione Verzocchi
 Collezione Pedriali
 Gipsoteca
 Monetiere Piancastelli
 Museo Archeologico Antonio Santarelli
 Museo Etnografico
 Museo del Risorgimento
 Museo del Teatro
 Museo Ornitologico
 Museo della Ceramica
 Armeria Albicini
 Museo della Ginnastica, housed at the Casa del Balilla during works beginning in 2009

External links
comune.forli.fo.it
Longer article

Buildings and structures in Forlì
Museums in Emilia-Romagna


The 1985 Japan Series was the 36th edition of Nippon Professional Baseball's postseason championship series. It matched the Central League champion Hanshin Tigers against the Pacific League champion Seibu Lions. Making their first appearance in the Japan Series since 1964, the Tigers finally won their first Japan Series championship.  To this day, it remains the only Japan Series title won by the Tigers.

Summary

Matchups

Game 1

Game 2

Game 3

Game 4

Game 5

Game 6

See also
1985 World Series
Curse of the Colonel

References

Japan Series
Hanshin Tigers
Seibu Lions
Japan Series, 1985
Japan Series
Japan Series
Japan Series


Aaron Anthony Rhodes (born 1949) is an international human rights activist and writer. He is a senior fellow at Common Sense Society and President of the Forum for Religious Freedom-Europe, an independent nongovernmental organization. Rhodes served as Executive Director of the International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights (IHF) between 1993 and 2007, during which period the IHF was engaged inter alia in human rights challenges in the Balkans, in Chechnya, and in Central Asia, and the organization expanded significantly. He has been active in civil society  campaigns vis a vis the Human Dimension of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), the Council of Europe, the European Union and the United Nations. He is based in Hamburg, Germany.

Biography
Rhodes was born in rural Upstate New York, the son of Lillyan Estelle (née Jacobs) and Daniel Rhodes. Rhodes was educated at Reed College and in the Committee on Social Thought at the University of Chicago, where he was awarded a Ph.D. in 1980. After serving in political and governmental positions in Chicago and Illinois, he became Assistant to the President of Boston University, John Silber. He moved to Vienna in 1991 to work on projects for educational reform in Eastern Europe initiated by the Institute for Human Sciences (Institut für die Wissenschaften vom Menschen).

He has also been involved with human rights issues in a number of Middle Eastern countries. In 2008, after the closure of IHF due to an economic crime, he helped found and became Policy Adviser to the International Campaign for Human Rights in Iran, a project of the Netherlands-based NGO Bridging the Gulf-Foundation for Human Security in the Middle East. He has also undertaken human rights investigations in Cuba, Japan, Korea, Pakistan, Malaysia, Hong Kong, and elsewhere.

Rhodes was a co-founder of the Freedom Rights Project, a human rights research initiative and think-tank, which documents and analyzes trends including the inflation, dilution and politicization of human rights in international law.  In 2019, he assumed the position of Human Rights Editor of Dissident Magazine, a project of the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation.

In 2008, Rhodes was made an honorary citizen of Austria for his "contributions to the Republic." He was awarded a Public Service Citation by the University of Chicago in 2009. In 2020, Rhodes was honored by the Moscow Helsinki Group "For Historical Contributions to the Protection of Human Rights and the Human Rights Movement."

In 2018, Rhodes published a book, "The Debasement of Human Rights: How Politics Sabotage the Ideal of Freedom" (Encounter Books, New York).  His articles have appeared in the Wall Street Journal, Newsweek, Die Zeit, The American Interest, National Review Online, and elsewhere.

He has two sons, by his first wife Sara Silverman Rhodes, who died in 2001. He and his second wife Anna Sunder-Plassmann have two daughters.

References

1949 births
Living people
American essayists
American human rights activists
Austrian human rights activists
Austrian non-fiction writers
Place of birth missing (living people)
Boston University faculty
American emigrants to Austria
Naturalised citizens of Austria
Writers from New York (state)
Writers from Vienna
Reed College alumni
University of Chicago alumni
Activists from New York (state)


The Musei di San Domenico are a set of museums in Forlì in Italy.  It is located in the renovated 13th century Dominican convent.  Inside the complex is the headquarters of the civic museums of Forlì and the convent refectory, with frescoes showing a dinner (with Saint Dominic in the centre), severely damaged by soldiers during the Napoleonic period.   The complex is formed of five buildings: Palazzo Pasquali, Chiesa di San Giacomo Apostolo, Convento dei Domenicani, Convento degli Agostiniani and Sala Santa Caterina.

The Museo San Domenico keeps Germano Sartelli's archival collection.

References

Art museums and galleries in Emilia-Romagna
Museums in Emilia-Romagna
Buildings and structures in Forlì


The 1997 Italian Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the 54th edition of the Italian Open and was part of the ATP Super 9 of the 1997 ATP Tour and of Tier I of the 1997 WTA Tour. Both the men's and women's events were held at the Foro Italico in Rome, Italy. The women's tournament was played from 5 May until 11 May 1997, and the men's tournament was played from 12 May until 19 May 1997. Àlex Corretja and Mary Pierce won the singles titles.

Finals

Men's singles

 Àlex Corretja defeated  Marcelo Ríos 7–5, 7–5, 6–3
 It was Corretja's 3rd title of the year and the 5th of his career. It was his 1st Masters title.

Women's singles

 Mary Pierce defeated  Conchita Martínez 6–4, 6–0
 It was Pierce's 2nd title of the year and the 11th of her career. It was her 1st Tier I title.

Men's doubles

 Mark Knowles /  Daniel Nestor defeated  Byron Black /  Alex O'Brien 6–3, 4–6, 7–5
 It was Knowles' 2nd title of the year and the 11th of his career. It was Nestor's 2nd title of the year and the 8th of his career.

Women's doubles

 Nicole Arendt /  Manon Bollegraf defeated  Conchita Martínez /  Patricia Tarabini 6–2, 6–4
 It was Arendt's 2nd title of the year and the 11th of her career. It was Bollegraf's 3rd title of the year and the 26th of her career.

References

External links
Official website

Italian Open
May 1997 sports events in Europe


The diplomatic relations between Israel and Serbia were established on January 31, 1992, when Serbia was part of FR Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro).  Israel has an embassy in Belgrade and Serbia had an embassy in Tel Aviv. Yugoslavia was the second country in Europe to recognize Israel in 1948. The two countries have economic and cultural ties, helped by a sizable community of Jews from the former Yugoslavia in Israel. Serbia agreed to move its embassy to Jerusalem on 4 September 2020 but decided not to after Israeli recognition of Kosovo as a sovereign state.

History

Ever since the 13th century there has been a recorded Jewish community of both Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews in the city of Belgrade. The first Jews to settle in the city originally arrived from Italy and the city of Dubrovnik, and later on from Hungary and Spain.

The Jewish communities of the Balkans saw significant influx in the 15th and 16th centuries by the arrival of Jewish refugees fleeing the Spanish and Portuguese Inquisitions. Sultan Bayezid II of the Ottoman Empire welcomed the Jewish refugees into his Empire. Jews became involved in trade between the various provinces in the Ottoman Empire, becoming especially important in the salt trade. In the northern province of Vojvodina, which was under Habsburg rule, Jews settled in the 18th century, particularly after the 1782 Edict of Tolerance by the Emperor Joseph II, which gave Jews a measure of religious freedom.

The Jewish community developed substantially before and after World War I following the religious autonomy they have received, and many Jewish educational institutions and synagogues for both the Ashkenazi and Sephardic communities were established. By the year 1939 there were approximately 10,400 Jews living in Belgrade.

Most of the Jews living in Serbia were killed during the Holocaust. During the war, many Jews were given refuge by the Yugoslav Partisans, led by Josip Broz Tito, and many of them fought along their side. Serbian civilians were involved in saving thousands of Yugoslavian Jews during this period. After the war, most of those who survived gradually emigrated to Israel.

According to the 2011 census, there are 578 declared Jews in Serbia, living mainly in Belgrade and Vojvodina.

SFR Yugoslavia and Israel established diplomatic relations in 1948. Until 1952, a total of 7,578 Jews emigrated from Yugoslavia to Israel. During the period, Yugoslavia was mostly neutral in the Arab–Israeli conflict, but maintained ties with Israel, helped by its sizable Jewish emigration.

Yugoslavia severed all diplomatic relations with Israel following the Six-Day War in 1967, and it was following a pro-Arab policy since. After the breakup of Yugoslavia, newly formed FR Yugoslavia renewed the relations on January 31, 1992, seeking for certain international support as it was practically isolated from the international community during the Yugoslav Wars.

Political relations

Government of the Kingdom of Serbia, in exile at the time because of the German-Austrian occupation during the World War I, was the first government to officially endorse the Balfour Declaration which announced the establishment of the Jewish state in Palestine. Serbian diplomat to the United States and Zionist leader David Albala announced the support for the declaration on 27 December 1917. Milenko Vesnić, Serbian ambassador to Paris from 1907 to 1920, in one document referred to the new Jewish state as "Israel", which was the first official mention of that name in the international politics.

According to professor Igor Primoratz: "Since the beginning of the disintegration of Yugoslavia, Israel's political establishment has taken a pro-Serbian stand. Facts that Israel had an embassy in Belgrade since October 1991 and that Serbia was the first among Yugoslavia's successor states to open the embassy in Israel (though ambassador Budimir Košutić will never submit his credentials to the President of Israel due to the UN Security Council sanctions imposed on Belgrade) are just confirming that. Both Israeli public and the press itself as Yad Vashem refused to recognize crimes that Serbs committed in Croatia during the Croatian War of Independence."

On April 28, 2009, Arthur Koll, the Israeli ambassador to Serbia, said that though it had been more than a year since Kosovo unilaterally declared independence, Israel had no intention of recognizing the declaration, and that "Israel is asked from time to time how solid this decision is, but the fact is that Israel's position has not changed throughout this time. The Serbian people and government should appreciate Israel's position, which also demonstrates the friendship between the two states.". In September 2009, during an official visit to Belgrade, Israeli Foreign Minister Avigdor Lieberman also reaffirmed that Israel would not recognise Kosovo, but hoped the issue would be resolved peacefully.

Israel recognized the Republic of Kosovo as an independent sovereign state on 4 September 2020 and the two agreed to establish formal diplomatic relations. On 21 September the ambassador of Israel to Serbia, Yahel Vilan, confirmed that Israel had formally recognized Kosovo on 4 September 2020 saying "There is no doubt whether Israel will recognize Kosovo or not, because Israel already recognized Kosovo on 4 September".

On 9 September 2020, The Jerusalem Post quoted an unnamed source from the Serbian President's office who stated that Serbia would not move its embassy to Jerusalem as it pledged to do by signing the White House Agreement if Israel recognizes Kosovo as an independent state..

Former Yugoslavia, whose successor is Republic of Serbia today, had recognized the State of Palestine on 16 November 1988 and had established full diplomatic relations with it by 1989.

Economic ties

Economic ties between Israel and Serbia have been rapidly expanding since 2009, in part due to the abolition of visa restrictions between the two countries in September of that year. On February 1, 2012, Serbian president Boris Tadić noted during a ceremony marking 20 years to the renewal of diplomatic ties that Israeli companies have invested more than a billion euros in infrastructures in Serbia.

In October 2009, Serbian Interior Minister Ivica Dačić paid a visit to Israel, during which an agreement was signed between the two governments on cooperation in the fight against crime, illegal trade and abuse of narcotics and psychoactive substances, terrorism and other serious criminal acts.

Tourism
Since the abolition of visa restrictions between the two countries in September 2009, the state of Israel has been promoting Serbian tourism to Israel through the Israeli embassy in Belgrade. These efforts include annual advertisements on billboards and public buses in Belgrade presenting Israel as a sea and sun summer destination under the title "Осети Израел / Oseti Izrael" ("Feel Israel"). In 2011 the Israeli embassy initiated a tourism campaign titled "Ја волим Тел Авив / Ja volim Tel Aviv" ("I Love Tel-Aviv"), which included the construction of a "beach" in Novi Sad meant to simulate a typical beach in the Israeli city of Tel-Aviv and be used as a venue for parties and different activities promoting tourism to Israel. According to the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics, during 2011 4,700 Serbians visited Israel as tourists, compared to 3,000 in 2010 and 1,400 in 2009. In 2016 15,129 Israeli tourists visited Serbia.

Controversy

Alleged financial and weapon support
In 1995, Israeli weapons supplies showed up among Serbian militants in Bosnia & Herzegovina. However, at the time it was not clear how extensive the supply was, or whether they were provided by state or private arms dealers, or whether the Israeli government had even known or approved of such transfers.

It was subsequently reported that Israel had purposely provided weapons to the Serbs during the Bosnian War, possibly due to the pro-Serbian bias of the government of the time, or possibly in exchange for the Sarajevo Jewish community to make aliyah to Israel. It has been alleged that the Israeli intelligence service, Mossad, was responsible for providing Serbian groups with arms.

Criticism of 1999 NATO bombing

Israel refused to support the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, leading to admonishment from the United States. Ariel Sharon criticised NATO's bombing as an act of "brutal interventionism". In the first detailed Israeli response to the NATO campaign against Belgrade, Sharon said both Serbia and Kosovo have been victims of violence. He said prior to the current Yugoslav campaign against Kosovo Albanians, Serbians were the targets of attacks in the Kosovo province. "Israel has a clear policy. We are against aggressive actions. We are against hurting innocent people. I hope that the sides will return to the negotiating table as soon as possible." During the crisis, Elyakim Haetzni said the Serbs should be the first to receive Israeli aid. "They are our traditional friends," he told Israel Radio." It was suggested that Sharon may have supported the Yugoslav position because of the Serbian people's history of saving Jews during the Holocaust. On Sharon's death, Serbian minister Aleksandar Vulin stated: The Serbian people will remember Sharon for opposing the 1999 NATO bombing campaign against the former Yugoslavia and advocating respect for sovereignty of other nations and a policy of not interfering with their internal affairs.  It was suggested that Israel's pro-Serbian position may have been a result of Serbs saving Jews during the Holocaust, personal memories of which were still present among many older Israeli politicians serving in government at the time such as Tommy Lapid.

Palestinian territories
Israel and Kosovo did not recognize each other until September 4, 2020. This decision is regarded in part due to the possibility of the Palestinian Authority using such a recognition to justify their own unilateral declaration of independence. However, In 2011 Serbia voted to recognize Palestine as UNESCO's 195th member, against Israel's wishes. Belgrade declared that it would not have opposed a resolution recognizing Palestinian sovereignty, had one come before the UN General Assembly.

See also

 Foreign relations of Israel
 Foreign relations of Serbia
 Israel–Kosovo relations
 Israel–Yugoslavia relations

External links
 Israeli embassy in Belgrade
 Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Israel
  Serbian embassy in Tel Aviv

References

Israel–Serbia relations
Serbia
Bilateral relations of Serbia
Jewish Serbian history


is a Japanese surgeon, explorer, travel writer, photographer and anthropologist.

Biography
Sekino was born in 1949 in Tokyo. While a student at Hitotsubashi University, he cofounded and participated in a university team that descended the entire length of the Amazon, thereafter travelling around South America. He received a B.A. in law from Hitotsubashi University in 1975 and an M.D. from Yokohama City University School of Medicine in 1982.

Since 2002 Sekino has been a professor of cultural anthropology at Musashino Art University.

Great Journey
Sekino has worked as a surgeon in hospitals in western suburban Tokyo.

He is better known for his travels in Peru and elsewhere in South America as well as in Africa, where his explorations into the origins of mankind were made into a television series, Gurēto jānī (, i.e., "Great Journey"), broadcast on Fuji Television and later available on DVDs.

Starting in 1974, Sekino has published a stream of books about South America, anthropology, exploration, prehistoric demography, and more — some of which are primarily photographic.

References

External links
"Doctor plans global trek to explore how Japanese got here". Japan Times, 6 July 2004.
"Sekino Yoshiharu". The Great Web of Percy Harrison Fawcett.

1949 births
Living people
People from Tokyo
Hitotsubashi University alumni
Japanese explorers
Japanese anthropologists
Japanese photographers
Japanese surgeons
20th-century travel writers
Japanese travel writers
Japanese educators
Japanese writers
Yokohama City University alumni


Independent Croatia and Serbia established diplomatic relations on 9 September 1996, following the end of the Croatian War of Independence (March 1991—November 1995). From 1918 to 1991, both countries were part of Yugoslavia (the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and later Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia). They now share 241 kilometers of common border. According to the 2011 Croatian census, there were 186,633 Serbs living in Croatia. According to the 2011 Serbian census, there were 57,900 Croats living in Serbia. Smaller lasting disputes include border disputes over the Island of Šarengrad and the Island of Vukovar. Serbian and Croatian are mutually intelligible standardized varieties of the Serbo-Croatian language and are official in Serbia and Croatia respectively.

Croatia has an embassy in Belgrade and a general consulate in Subotica. Serbia has an embassy in Zagreb and two general consulates, one in Rijeka and one in Vukovar.

Background

With the nation-building process in the mid-19th century, the first Croatian–Serbian tensions appeared. Serbia's minister Ilija Garašanin's Načertanije (1844) claimed lands that were inhabited by Bulgarians, Macedonians, Albanians, Montenegrins, Bosnians, Hungarians and Croats as part of Greater Serbia. Garašanin's plan also envisioned methods of spreading Serbian influence in the claimed lands. He proposed ways to influence Croats, who Garašanin regarded as "Serbs of Catholic faith". Serbian linguist Vuk Karadžić considered Croatians, who spoke Shtokavian dialect, "Catholic Serbs". Croatia was at the time a kingdom in the Habsburg monarchy, with Dalmatia and Istria being separate Habsburg Crown lands. Croatian thinker and politician Ante Starčević, an advocate of Croatian unity and independence, who was both anti-Habsburg and anti-Serbian in outlook, envisioned the creation of Greater Croatia that would include territories inhabited by Bosniaks, Serbs, and Slovenes, considering Bosniaks and Serbs to be Croats who had been converted to Islam and Orthodox Christianity, while considering the Slovenes to be "mountain Croats". Starčević, who in 1861 co-founded a nationalist and irredentist Party of Rights, argued that the significant Serb presence in territories claimed by Greater Croatia was the result of recent settlement, encouraged by Habsburg rulers, and the influx of groups like Vlachs who converted to Orthodox Christianity and came to identify themselves as Serbs. Starčević admired Bosniaks because in his view they were Croats who had adopted Islam in order to preserve the economic and political autonomy of Bosnia and Ottoman Croatia. After Austria-Hungary occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878 and Serbia gained its independence from Ottoman Empire, Croatian and Serbian relations deteriorated as both sides had pretensions on Bosnia and Herzegovina. In 1902, major anti-Serb riots in the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia were provoked by a re-publication by the Zagreb-based Serb Independent Party of an article authored by a Serb Nikola Stojanović that was titled Srbi i Hrvati ("Serbs and Croats"), also known as Do istrage vaše ili naše ("Till the Annihilation, Yours or Ours"). Stojanović denied the existence of the Croatian nation and forecast the result of the "inevitable" Serbian–Croatian conflict:

In World War I, ethnic Croats fought in the Austro-Hungarian Army against the Kingdom of Serbia, while Croatian general Ivan Salis-Seewis was a military governor of occupied Serbia. Some Croat POWs volunteered to fight in Thessaloniki battlefront with Serbian Army. On 29 October 1918, the Croatian Parliament (Sabor) declared independence from Austria-Hungary and decided to join the newly formed State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs which on 1 December 1918 entered a union with the Kingdom of Serbia and formed the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. Initial Croatian zeal for the new state faded away as the republican view of a new state was ignored, especially since the concept of Greater Serbia was put in practice during the early 1920s, under the Yugoslav premiership of Nikola Pašić. Using tactics of police intimidation and vote rigging, he diminished the role of the oppositions (mainly those loyal to his Croatian rival, Stjepan Radić) to his government in parliament, creating an environment for centralization of power in the hands of the Serbs in general and Serbian politicians in particular. Police violence further alienated Croats, who began to ask for their own state. On 20 June 1928, Stjepan Radić and five other Croat politicians (supported by a vast majority of Croats) were shot in the National Assembly in Belgrade by a Serb deputy Puniša Račić, enraged by continuous Croatian claims that they were "exploited by Serbia and that Serbia is treating them like a colony." This led to the royal dictatorship of King Alexander in January 1929. The dictatorship formally ended in 1931 when the king imposed a more unitarian constitution and changed the name of the country to Yugoslavia. The Croatian Peasant Party, now led by Vladko Maček who succeeded Radić, continued to advocate federalization of Yugoslavia, resulting in the Cvetković–Maček Agreement of August 1939 and the autonomous Banovina of Croatia.

In April 1941, Yugoslavia was occupied by Germany and Italy who created a puppet-state called the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) which was governed by the pro-Axis Ustasha organization. The Ustashas sought to create ethnically pure Greater Croatia by cleansing Serbs as well as Jews and Roma from its territory. The Ustashas regime systematically murdered around 300,000–350,000 Serbs, as a part of a genocide campaign. Approximately 100,000 people, primarily Serbs, Roma and Jews and others were murdered in Jasenovac concentration camp alone. The predominantly Serb Chetniks, a Yugoslav royalist and Serbian nationalist movement and guerrilla force, engaged in war crimes and ethnic cleansing of Muslims and Croats in order to establish Greater Serbia, while also supporting the reinstatement of a Serbian monarchy. Some historians view these crimes as constituting genocide. The most recent estimates on the number of Muslims and Croats deaths caused by the Chetniks in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina range from 47,000 to 65,000. Following the victory of Yugoslav Partisans, who were led by Croatian communist Josip Broz Tito, the Ustashas and the Chetniks were defeated. Yugoslav communists abolished the monarchy and established one-party socialist republic and a federation governed by the League of Communists of Yugoslavia. Newly formed socialist Yugoslav state under Tito's benevolent dictatorship was made up of six socialist republics including SR Serbia and SR Croatia.

Yugoslav wars and establishment of diplomatic relations

The period of 1991 to 1995 is marked as the Croatian War of Independence. Serbs living in Croatia stimulated by Serbian leadership established Republic of Serbian Krajina, which captured a third of the whole territory of Croatia, occupied by the remnants of the Serbian-controlled Yugoslav People's Army (from FR Yugoslavia) from 1991 to 1992 and supported by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia through military support. The reason for the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia to support the Republic of Serbian Krajina against Croatian forces were common interests in upholding the status quo of keeping ethnic Serbs of former Yugoslav territories united, either within the extant Yugoslav state or as satellite states serving as proxies to Belgrade. The war killed some 20,000 people from both sides. An estimated 170,000 to 250,000 Croats and other non-Serbs were expelled from parts of Croatia overrun by Serb forces and hundreds of Croatian and other non-Serbian civilians were killed. During the Croatian military's Operation Storm in August 1995, around 250,000 Serbs fled from their homes and hundreds of Serb civilians were killed.

Following the war in Croatia, the two countries established diplomatic relations on 9 September 1996. Croatia filed a genocide lawsuit against Serbia at the International Court of Justice in 1999, and after Zagreb declined requests to withdraw it, Belgrade filed a countersuit in 2010. Both lawsuits were dismissed on 3 February 2015, as International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia found no evidence to support either claim. The court ruled that both sides undoubtedly committed crimes, but they were not committed with genocidal intent so they are not considered genocide according to the Court's definition of genocide.

In September 2003, Croatian President Stjepan Mesić visited Belgrade, marking the first visit to Serbia and Montenegro by a Croatian head of state since Croatia's declaration of independence in 1991. During his visit Serbian President Svetozar Marović issued an apology for "all evils done by any citizen of Montenegro and Serbia to anyone in Croatia" during the war, prompting Mesić to deliver an apology of his own for "all those who have suffered pain or damage at any time from citizens of Croatia who misused or acted against the law".

In 2005, Croatia ratified a bilateral agreement with Serbia and Montenegro on the protection of the Serbian and Montenegrin minority in Croatia and the Croatian national minority in Serbia and Montenegro.

Relations since 2010
In November 2010, Serbian president Boris Tadić visited Memorial site of Vukovar massacre and apologised for the crime. He said that he came there to "create a possibility for Croats and Serbs to turn a new page of their histories". He also brought one part of the missing documentation taken to Serbia in the aftermath of Peaceful reintegration of the Croatia Danube River Region, needed to find out what happened to people who are still missing since fall of the city to JNA in 1991. Croatian president Ivo Josipović in turn visited site of Paulin Dvor massacre where he also apologised. Josipović said that "reconciliation means understanding hardships of others as well", that "reconciliation is their goal" and that "Croatia and Serbia will again become two friendly neighbouring countries".

In May 2014, floodwaters in southeastern Europe caused greatest damages to Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, while Croatia suffered to a lesser extent. Croatia provided military transport, a number of rescuers and 65 tons of drinking water to affected areas in Serbia. The Croatian Red Cross donated €71,386.90 to Bosnia and Herzegovina and €57,168.47 to Serbia for victims of the floods.

In April 2018, Serbian minister Aleksandar Vulin was proclaimed persona non grata in Croatia for making a statement that: "only the Supreme Commander of the Serbian Army – Aleksandar Vučić – can decide about me entering in Croatia, not Croatian ministers." Throughout the years, Vulin has made a reputation of a man often insulting Croatian officials and Croatian state by calling them fascists, ustašas, criminals in his public statements. As a response to that, Serbian authorities banned Damir Krstičević, then defense minister of Croatia, from entering Serbia. In the same month, as Croatian delegation was visiting the National Assembly of Serbia, ultranationalist Serb politician Vojislav Šešelj accompanied by members of his Serbian Radical Party trampled the Croatian flag in front of Croatian delegation and bragged of cursing Croats. In response, Croatian delegation led by Goran Jandroković canceled their visit.

In 2020, the birth home of Ban of Croatia Josip Jelačić, built in the 18th century and located in Petrovaradin, was bought by the Republic of Serbia from private owners. It was later reconstructed and given as a gift to the Croatian community.

During Serbian Protests in July 2020, Serbian president Aleksandar Vučić blamed Croatia for the protests and, saying that "their rivalry is to destroy Serbia and destroy Vučić".

On 29 December 2020, a violent earthquake hit central Croatia with an epicenter in Petrinja. President of Serbia Aleksandar Vučić announced that Serbia is ready to help Croatia both financially and technically. The next day, Government of Serbia decided to donate €1,000,000 to Croatia for repairing damages from the earthquake. Serbian Chamber of Commerce donated additional €50,000. Miloš Stojković, a member of Serb delegation which was supposed to bring the humanitarian aid to areas hit by the earthquake, came unannounced to Croatian city of Knin (once capital of self-proclaimed Krajina). From there he livestreamed on Facebook, saying that: "Knin is the occupied Serb town", and announced the "return of Republic of Serbian Krajina" and removal of Croatian flag from Knin fortress". His video went viral and caused a diplomatic incident. Croatian embassy in Belgrade issued a protest note to Serbian ministry of Foreign Affairs. According to Croatian ambasador Hidajet Bišćević; Serb ministry of Foreign Affairs distanced themself orally from Stojković's statements, however, Croatians also announced that they are expecting a written response from Serbian government. Stojković later called Croatian protest note "shameful".

In July 2021, Croatia announced that an image of Nikola Tesla would appear on its currency when it joined the Euro. Officials from the National Bank of Serbia stated that such a move was inappropriate and filed a complaint with their EU counterparts. The dispute over Tesla's ethnic origin has long affected the two countries' bilateral relations.

In July 2022, Croatia and Serbia entered a diplomatic dispute over Aleksandar Vučić's private trip to lay the flowers at the memorial site of the World War II Jasenovac concentration camp, which the Croatian government blocked on the basis that such presidential visits need to be "part of arrangements between the two sides". The Serbian authorities immediately reacted by putting similar restrictions on all Croatian officials traveling through its territory, requiring them to specifically announce and explain their visit or passage through Serbia. Serbian president's visit has then been postponed to request an official visit.

In October 2022, at the first meeting of the European Political Community in Prague, Czech Republic, the European Union, at the request of Croatia, as part of the eighth package of sanctions against Russia, asked for an additional ban of the import of Russian oil to Serbia through the Croatian port of Omišalj, via the Adriatic pipeline (JANAF), which caused a diplomatic rift between the two countries.

In May 2023, Vučić accused the political opposition in his country of being instructed by Croatia, after he was criticized by Croatian media following the Belgrade school shooting and Mladenovac and Smederevo shootings. It also followed a New York Times article which revealed his alleged connections to organized crime in Serbia. At the same time, Serbian media began a campaign to improve Vučić's domestic image, with claims such as that "president Vučić is the only opposition for ustasha domination on the Balkans" and that "Hitler's successors in Croatia strike at everything that is Serbian". In late May 2023, Vučić again accused Croatia for allegedly trying to topple the government in Serbia. Prime minister of Croatia Plenković responded by giving a statement that Croatia has no hidden agenda to topple the government anywhere in the region, including Serbia.

Border dispute

Due to the meandering of the Danube, the eastern border of Baranya with Serbia according to cadastral delineation is not followed, as each country controls territory on their side of the main river flow.

Further south, near Vukovar and near Šarengrad, there are two river islands (Island of Vukovar and Island of Šarengrad) which have been part of SR Croatia (during Yugoslavia) but during the war they came under Serbian control.

Croatia requests that the islands be returned because of the Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia decision from 1991 that all internal borders between Yugoslav republics have become international. Serbia's position is that the natural border between the countries is the middle of the main flow of Danube, which would make the islands Serbian territory. Military occupation of the islands ended after an incident in which Serbian military opened fire and arrested the Mayor of Vukovar Vladimir Štengel with nineteen other Croatian civilians and eight children who were going to visit Zvezdan Kisić, the Mayor of the Serbian town Bačka Palanka. These islands are now under Serbian police control.

Consulate General of Serbia in Vukovar
Serbia established a diplomatic mission in Vukovar, Croatia on 5 February 1998, twenty days after the end of the reintegration process of Eastern Slavonia, Baranya and Western Syrmia into Croatia, which was the end of the Croatian War of Independence. The consulate is responsible for five Slavonian counties: Vukovar-Syrmia, Osijek-Baranja, Brod-Posavina, Požega-Slavonia and Virovitica-Podravina.

Due to the huge interest of local citizens, in the beginning consulate operated also in Beli Manastir. The consulate at the end of the war played a very positive role in the life of the local Serbian minority in the city and region.

Representatives of the consulate are frequent interlocutors of local and national media when it comes to issues of protection and promotion of Serbian identity in the Danube region. Consulate organizes and participates in various cultural and educational projects and humanitarian actions, some of which are the celebration of the signing of Erdut Agreement, showing of documentary films, donation of equipment, organizing concerts etc. On the occasion of 150th anniversary of the birth of Nikola Tesla, the consulate, in conjunction with the U.S. Embassy in Zagreb, co-financed Days of Nikola Tesla in Osijek.

Over time the consulate achieved close cooperation with minority institutions and organizations such as Joint Council of Municipalities, Eparchy of Osječko polje and Baranya, and Radio Borovo.

International organizations
Both countries are full members of the South-East European Cooperation Process, Stability Pact for Southeastern Europe, Central European Initiative and Southeast European Cooperative Initiative.

Croatia also supports Serbia's accession to the European Union.

Popular culture

Rivalry in basketball

The big rivalry in basketball started at the FIBA European Championship in 1995. At the time, Croatia was a newly independent state, while Serbia was a federal unit of FR Yugoslavia. Both countries did well in the tournament, with Yugoslavia ranking first. The third-place Croatian team caused an international scandal when they walked off the medal stand and out of the arena just before Serbs and Montenegrins were about to receive their gold medals. Curiously, there hasn't been a single direct game involving the two countries over the course of the championship.

Croatia and Yugoslavia did face each other in a game at EuroBasket 1997. Four seconds before the end of the tense game, Croatian team was leading by two points when Serbian Saša Đorđević took the ball and made a three-pointer, winning the game for Yugoslavia. Yugoslavia went on to win the championship, while Croatia ended up ranking 11th overall.

Afterward, at EuroBasket 2001, Croats were heavily beaten by 80–66. Their last match at a major competition was at the 2016 Olympics, where Serbia also won 86–83.

This rivalry went on also to clubs. Serbian clubs dominate in the regional ABA League, where they won 14 times (out of which Partizan eight times and Crvena zvezda five times), and Croatian clubs won two titles.

Rivalry in football

Rivalries between Croatian and Serbian football contenders became especially famous to the world in the early 1990s, starting with the historic Dinamo Zagreb–Red Star Belgrade riot, which emphasized in some peoples' eyes the breakup of Yugoslavia. The Croatia national football team and the FR Yugoslavia national football team played on only a few occasions—the first being in 1999 in the UEFA Euro 2000 qualifying Group 8. Nevertheless, the rivalry between the two teams has been described as one of fiercest in the world. Fourteen years later, for the first time in history, Serbia as an independent country played against the Croatian team on 22 March 2013 in qualification group A of the 2014 FIFA World Cup. The match, which Croatia won 2–0, was closely followed around the world. The football federations of Serbia and Croatia agreed to ban foreign guest fans at the two games because of security concerns. Later, Croatia drew Serbia 1–1 in Belgrade which meant Serbia was eliminated. During the match, Miralem Sulejmani, who was in a goal scoring opportunity, was knocked down by a tactical tackle from Josip Šimunić for which he was given a red card.

Some Serbs, including the tennis star Novak Djokovic, who supported Croatia national team at the 2018 FIFA World Cup, were publicly criticized by some politicians and media.

Croatian stance on Kosovo

Croatia recognized Kosovo as an independent and sovereign republic on 19 March 2008. Croatia opened their embassy in Pristina on 7 November 2008, while Kosovo opened theirs in Zagreb on 19 February 2010. In late May 2023, Prime Minister of Croatia Andrej Plenković commented on the North Kosovo crisis by saying that Croatia is interested in peace in Kosovo. He stated that the international community must mediate in the affair to ensure Kosovo Serbs in North Kosovo participate in the country's democratic process.

Diplomatic missions

Croatian ambassadors to Belgrade
 Davor Božinović (2002–2004)
 Tonči Staničić (2004–2008)
 Željko Kuprešak (2008–2013)
 Gordan Markotić (2013–2017)
 Gordan Bakota (2017–2020)
 Hidajet Biščević (2020–)

Serbian ambassadors to Zagreb
 Milan Simurdić (2001–2005)
 Radivoj Cvjetićanin (2005–2009)
 Stanimir Vukićević (2009–2013)
 Bosa Prodanović (chargé d'affaires) (2013–2015)
 Mira Nikolić (2015–2020)
 Davor Trkulja (chargé d'affaires) (2020–2022)
 Jelena Surla (chargé d'affaires) (2022–)

Diplomacy
Source

Republic of Croatia
Belgrade (Embassy)
Subotica (Consulate)

Republic of Serbia
Zagreb (Embassy)
Vukovar (Consulate General)
Rijeka (Consulate General)

See also
 Accession of Serbia to the European Union
 Agreement on Succession Issues of the Former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
 Croatia–Kosovo relations
 Croats of Serbia
 List of Serbian Orthodox churches in Croatia
 Serbs of Croatia
 Tragovi: Journal for Serbian and Croatian Topics
 Yugosphere

References

External links
   Croatian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration: list of bilateral treaties with Serbia
 Croatian embassy in Belgrade
 Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Croatia
 Serbian embassy in Zagreb
 Serbian general consulate in Rijeka
 Serbian general consulate in Vukovar
 Slobodna Evropa – Da li su Hrvati neravnopravni u Srbiji? Retrieved 29 January 2006
 Lecture: Ognjen Karanović - "SRPSKO-HRVATSKI ODNOSI U KRALjEVINI SRBA, HRVATA I SLOVENACA"

Serbia
Bilateral relations of Serbia