Early Cuban bands played popular music for dances and theatres during the period 1780–1930. During this period Cuban music became creolized, and its European and African origins gradually changed to become genuinely Cuban. Instrumentation and music continually developed during this period. The information listed here is in date order, and comes from whatever records survive to the present day.

Típicas
For about a hundred years, from early in the nineteenth century to about 1920, the main orchestral format for popular music was the típica based on wind instruments, usually about 8–10 members. At the same time, there were also itinerant musicians, duos and trios: for them, see trova.

Orquesta Concha de Oro
Founded early in the 19th century by the black violinist and double bass player Claudio Brindis de Salas, it played the dance music of the epoch at the balls of the island's aristocracy: contradanzas, minuets, rigadoons, quadrilles, lancers. It was basically a típica, or wind orchestra, which was sometimes augmented to 100 players for special occasions such as fiestas.

Brindis de Salas, a disciple of maestro Ignacio Calvo, was also a composer of creole danzas and the author of an operetta, Congojas matrimoniales. In 1844 his musical career was interrupted by his involvement in the Escalera Conspiracy, for which whites were absolved, but blacks paid dearly. Brindis de Salas was arrested and tortured. He was banished from the island by the Governor, O'Donnell. Returning in 1848, he was imprisoned for two years, and when he eventually was free to think about reorganizing his band, he found out that most of them had been executed.

Apart from the operetta, he is known for a melody dedicated to the General Concha, printed in 1854. His son, Claudio Brindis de Salas Garrido (Havana, 4 August 1852 – Buenos Aires, 1 June 1911) was an even better violinist, of world renown.

Orquesta Flor de Cuba
Founded by clarinetist Juan de Dios Alfonso, who moved to Havana, where he played clarinet in Feliciano Ramos's band La Unión in 1856, and directed La Almendares in 1859. It is not quite clear when he formed La Flor de Cuba, which became one of the most popular in the middle of the 19th century. They played contradanzas, and other dances of the time. The orchestra was a típica, with cornet, trombone, ophicleide, two clarinets, two violins, double bass, kettle drum, and güíro. The ophicleide (ophicleide) was a sort of bass bugle with keys, invented in 1817; the t-bone would be a valve trombone.

They were playing in the Teatro Villanueva in Havana in 1869 when the Spanish Voluntarios attacked the theatre, killing some ten or so patrons who had been watching a bufo (musical satirical comedy), and applauding its revolutionary sentiments. The context was that the Ten Years' War had started the previous year, when Carlos Manuel de Céspedes had freed his slaves, and declared Cuban independence. Creole sentiments were running high, and the Colonial government and their rich Spanish traders were reacting. Not for the first time, politics and music were closely intertwined, for musicians had been integrated since before 1800, and "from 1800 to 1840, blacks were the clear majority of the professional musicians". Bufo theatres were shut down for some years after this tragic event.

Orquesta Valenzuela
The descendant of La Flor de Cuba, led from 1877 by trombonist Raimundo Valenzuela after the death of Juan de Dios Alfonso. We do not know exactly when the name of the orchestra was changed.  When Raimundo died in 1905, his brother Pablo became Director. It was, like Flor de Cuba, the most popular típica of its day.

Under cornetist Pablo Valenzuela, the band became one of the earliest to record Cuban music, in 1906 with Edison cylinders (about 40), 1909 with Columbia Records (23) and with Victor (56). The last recordings were in 1919; there were about 120 numbers in all, most of which were danzones. The band dispersed after his death.

Orquesta Faílde
Founded 1871 in Matanzas by Miguel Faílde, the official originator of the danzón. His band was composed mainly of wind instruments, and therefore was a típica. Its initial members were: Miguel Faílde (cornet); Pascual Carreras (ophicleide); Pancho Morales (1st violin); Juan Cantero (2nd violin); Anselmo 'Frijolín' Casalín (1st clarinet); Eduardo Faílde (brother, 2nd clarinet); Cándido Faílde (brother, trombone); Eulogio Garrido (double bass); Andrés Segovia (timpani); Isidro Acosta (güíro).

The usual changes in personnel meant that by 1903 the personnel included Eduardo Betancourt (trombone); Alfredo Hernández (2nd violin); Magdaleno Rodríguez (2nd clarinet) and Benito 'Chacho' Oliva (tympani).

This is the band which played the Alturas de Simpson, the first danzón; it was one of Faílde's compositions. It seems the band made no recordings, and it dispersed in 1921 after the death of its leader.

Orquesta Alemán
Founded 1878 in Santiago de Las Vegas. Leader: José Alemán (Guanabacoa, 22 December 1846 – Santiago de Las Vegas, 1924).

Alemán was a tailor's cutter in Santiago de Las Vegas and a composer of dance and religious music. He studied music under Pedro Álvarez, and became a double bass player, also a good violinist and pianist. He played double bass in the orchestra of Havana Cathedral, and in the orchestra of Juan de Dios Alfonso.

Orquesta Alemán was a típica or band based on wind instruments. It included Alejo Carillo (cornet); Pedro Espinosa (trombone); Leobino Zayas (ophicleide); Julián Allende (1st clarinet); Ramón Alemán (2nd clarinet); Elias Fuentes (1st violin); Juan Tómas Alemán (2nd violin); Aniceto Rodrígues (timpanist); Quirino Sastre (güíro).

On the death of José Alemán in 1924, the orchestra was directed by his brother Ramón, and there were numerous changes of personnel. The band was active until the 1930s.

Orquesta de Perico Rojas
Típica formed in 1884 by the trombonist Pedro Rojas (aka 'Perico'), in Güines. Its members at the start of the 20th century included the following: Perico Rojas (trombone); Patricio Valdés and Andrés Rojas (violin); Martín Caraballo and Miguel Rojas (clarinet); Jesús Urfé (cornet); Ambrosio Marín (trombone); Anacleto Larrondo (ophicleide); Juan R. Landa (double bass); Pedro Hernández (tympani); Leopoldo Castillo (güíro). The band lasted to early in the 20th century.

Orquesta típica de Felipe Valdés
All that is known of Felipe Valdés is that he was a cornetist and composer, who was born in Bolondrón, Matanzas, in the second half of the 19th century. He founded his típica in 1899, and it became popular in Havana. Its instrumentation in 1916 was: 3 violins; 2 clarinets; cornet; trombone; double bass; saxophone; güíro and timbales. Probably it had started with an ophicleide, and later substituted the saxophone. They included a piano by 1929.

The group recorded more danzones than any other before 1920. They recorded for Edison (1906), Columbia (starting 1906/7); Victor (starting 1907). The total number of recordings was 315 numbers. Valdés composed many numbers, including La Africana, Lamentos and Yeyé Olube. Some of these recordings are available on CD: four numbers from 1907 (Victor), one from 1916 (Columbia) and one from 1929. Díaz Ayala said, "It's incredible that there is no more information about this director who composed and recorded so many danzones."

Orquesta de Enrique Peña
Cornetist Enrique Peña's danzonera was one of the first to record, and that profusely. This was the second band he organized (the first was called La Juventud): the line-up was: Peña (cornet); Antonio González (trombone); Féliz González (ophicleide); José Belén Puig (1st clarinet); José Urfé (2nd clarinet); Julián Barreto (violin); Alfredo Sáenz (violin); José de los Reyes (tympani); Rufino Cárdenas (güíro) and unknown (double bass).

The orchestra started to record in 1908, and became famous for El bombín de Barreto (Barreto's bowler hat), written by Urfé, which was supposedly the first danzón to incorporate a syncopated third part, influenced by the son. Several members of the band went on to become well-known later on. The group recorded about 150 numbers, some of which are available on CD.

Orquesta de Félix González
This, one of the last típicos to be founded, started in 1915 with a core of members from Enrique Peña's band. The set-up was: González (ophicleide), Dolores Betancourt (t-bone); José Belén Puig (first clarinet); José Urfé (second clarinet); Miguel Ángel Mendieta and Benito Moya (violins); Guillermo Maherve (d. bass); Demetrio Pacheco (tympani) and Ulpiano Díaz (güiro). Despite its old-fashioned format, the orchestra kept in work for 52 years, until the death of its Director in 1967. Three of its recordings are available on CD, from 1916, 1925 and 1928.

Charangas
Charangas supplanted the típica as the standard instrumental line-up for the danzón. Initially called charangas francesas (though they have nothing to do with France), they were 'invented' at the start of the 20th century. The formulation is still going strong, with appropriate adjustments to the instrumentation. The basic idea is to pitch the tone of the orchestra higher and brighter than the típica, by removing the brass, replacing the clarinet with a flute and replacing the kettle drums with a new invention, the pailas criollas, now called timbales. This metal-cased drum, hit with timbales sticks, and not timpani sticks, produces a distinctive effect. The two timbales drums are pitched differently, and may be supplemented with two timbalitos, pitched even higher, and one or two cencerros (cowbells). Also noteworthy is the use of the sticks on the metal casing to produce a rhythm known as the cascara. From early on these bands also included a piano. The overall effect is to produce a lighter, brighter flavor to the music; who actually originated the idea is not known.

Orquesta Torroella
Founded at the end of the 19th century in Havana, this was the first charanga francesa in the capital, and the first to include a piano.

Its director was the pianist Antonio 'Papaito' Torroella, and from the start the band included Papaito Torroella (piano); David Rendón (violin); Faustino Valdés (flute) and Evaristo Romero (double bass). Under the title Sexteto Torroella, the group recorded eight numbers on Edison cylinders in 1906.

Orquesta de Tata Alfonso
A charanga francesa formed early in the 20th century by flautist Octavio 'Tata' Alfonso. Its line-up at its peak was: Tata Alfonso (flute); Bruno Quijarro (violin); Pablo Bequé (double bass); Jesús Lopéz (piano); Abelardo Valdés (güiro); Ulpiano Díaz (timbales). The band recorded six numbers for Columbia Records in 1918, and was regarded as one of the three most important charangas in the history of the danzón, and the first to incorporate melodies from the cantos de claves y guaguancó in this genre.

Orquesta Romeu
Founded around 1910 by Antonio María Romeu (1876–1955), this was for thirty years the most important charanga in Cuba. Romeu had previously played in Orquesta Cervantes, one of several charangas founded at the beginning of the 1900s, and became one of the most prolific composers of danzones. The orchestra recorded hundreds of numbers over many years, beginning in 1915, and issued a whole series of albums after 1950. It is not clear that Romeu was, as sometimes claimed, the originator of the charanga, but it is clear that his band was for many years the leading danzonera.

The initial line-up for Orchestra Romeu was: Romeu (piano); Feliciano Facenda (violin); Alfredo Valdés (flute); Rafael Calazán (double bass); Remigio Valdés (timbal); Juan de la Merced (güiro): quite a small group.

Much later the orchestra included Francisco Delabart (flute); Augusto Valdés (clarinet); Juan Quevedo (violin); Aurelio Valdés and Félix Vásquez (güiro); Antonio Ma. Romeu (son, violin); Pedro Hernández (violin); Dihigo (trumpet); Regueira (trombone) and José Antonio Díaz (flute). The singers (introduced after the introduction of the sung danzón, known as the danzonete) were, at two different times, Fernando Collazo and Barbarito Díez. In the thirties it had become a big band, and included two brass instruments.

When Romeu died, the orchestra was led for a while by his son, also Antonio María Romeu, then by Barbarito Díez. It still played the traditional danzón, but now was called the Orquesta de Barbarito Díez.

Son groups
The son dates back to the latter part of the 19th century. Actual names of players and musical groups appear after the then Cuban President, José Miguel Gómez, sent the battalions of the Ejército Permanente away from their native provinces. It was the Permanente from Oriente that brought the son to Havana.

There are a few early recordings which survive from before the famous sextetos were formed. Some of the theatre music was interesting, for example, the Teatro Alhambra had a group of which Adolfo Colombo was the leading personality. He was a singer and regular recording artist, though few of these recordings have survived. One that has been reissued by Harlequin reveals a funky number which is hard to categorize. Listed as a rumba, it is perhaps best described as a guaracha-son. The artists singing are Colombo and Claudio García, the guitar probably Alberto Villalón, plus an unknown tres player. All three named players were white, yet the number is creole, almost Afro-Cuban, in style.

Sexteto Boloña

In 1915 Alfredo Boloña Jimenez formed a son group in Havana. He played the marimbula, the bongó and the guitar at different times and, despite his physical limitations (dwarfism), he was a force in Cuban music for half a century. His first group was Hortensia Valerón (vocalist), Manuel Menocal (tres), Manuel Corona (guitar), Victoriano Lopéz (maracas) and Joaquín Velasquéz (bongó).

In October 1926, the Sexteto Boloña recorded in New York City a set of numbers for Columbia which is available today on the usual media.

The group split up in 1934.

Sexteto Habanero

In 1917 four musicians calling themselves Cuarteto Oriental recorded four numbers for Columbia in Havana. The numbers are listed in a Columbia catalog for 1921, but are probably lost. However, the same group expanded to a sextet in 1918, and were recorded by Victor in a field recording at the Hotel Inglaterra in Havana. At least one of these records has survived, giving two numbers, which are probably the first surviving sones. The new grouping called itself Sexteto Habanero in 1920.

The instrumental set-up is interesting, because they use some of the original instruments of the son: the botija and a unique square bongó. Soon this (and other) groups appreciated that the double bass was a musically more suitable instrument: they never went back to the botija. Five years later, the group had new members and a different look, including Agustín Gutierrez (bongó), Abelardo Barroso (sonero, claves), Felipe Nerí Cabrera (maracas, vocals); Gerardo Martínez (double bass, vocals, leader); Guillermo Castillo (guitar, vocals), Carlos Godínez (tres, vocals).

The group's recordings in New York 1925-26 are available on LP and CD. The music is of high quality, considering the technical limitations of the time; the group won first prize in the Concurso de Sones in 1925 and 1926. When the group added a cornet, soon replaced by a trumpet, namely Félix Chappottín, it became the Septeto Habanero. This latter line-up lasted until the late 1930s, when sextetos were ousted by conjuntos and big bands. The leader, Gerardo Martínez then formed a new group, Conjunto Típico Habanero.

Sexteto Occidente

One of the early son sextetos, formed in 1925 by María Teresa Vera and Miguel García, it went to New York and recorded numbers, but lasted only about 18 months. Its set-up was typical of the early son groups.

Other types

Orquesta Avilés
The group with the longest continuous record, it was founded in 1882 and still in existence. Manuel Avilés Lozano (Holguín, Oriente, 2 February 1864 – ?) worked as a tailor, and studied music under the Spanish maestro Magín Torres. Avilés, director and clarinetist, formed the orchestra with relatives and other musicians, and, eventually, his thirteen children. Later still, he engaged other younger relatives. He and some of the other band members fought in the Cuban War of Independence in the Ejército Libertador.

The band is unusual in several respects. It started as a típico, then became a charanga, then became (in the 1940s) what Cubans call a 'jazzband', meaning a big band. The band has always been based in Holguín, and scarcely ever left Oriente. It is still organized around family members. It is now called Orquesta Hermanos Avilés.

Estudiantina Oriental
This group developed in Santiago de Cuba at the end of the 19th century. It was significantly different from the típicas, both in music, instruments and racial composition (the members were usually white). The genres of music played included danzón, bolero, son and guaracha. The instruments included tres, marimbula, kettle drums or pailas criolla (timbales). This instrumental line-up prefigures that of the sextetos which appeared later, rather than the older típicas. The members would be based on university students, probably reinforced by talent from other quarters. Similar Estudiantina groups were formed in other provincial towns.

Giro gives this set-up as characteristic of Estudientinas: two tres, 1st and 2nd; two guitars; one trumpet; botija or double bass; paila (timbal); cencerro (cow-bell); güiro; three singers, 1st, 2nd and falsetto, and maybe both sexes. It is clear that estudientinas in different parts of Cuba had variations in membership, instruments and repertoire.

Cuban jazz bands
The history of jazz in Cuba was hidden for many years by the unwillingness of record companies to make recordings available. However, in recent years, it has become clear that its history in Cuba is as long as its history in the USA. The key figure in revealing the early days of Cuban jazz is Leonardo Acosta, musician and musicologist, who has been working on this topic for many years. Others have explored the history of jazz and Latin jazz from the U.S. perspective. The pre-history of Cuban jazz includes musicians like Louis Moreau Gottschalk and W.C. Handy, who visited Cuba and brought creole ideas into their music.

The Jazz Band Sagua was founded in Sagua la Grande in 1914 by Pedro Stacholy (director & piano). Members: Hipólito Herrera (trumpet); Norberto Fabelo (cornet); Ernesto Ribalta (flute & sax); Humberto Domínguez (violin); Luciano Galindo (trombone); Antonio Temprano (tuba); Tomás Medina (drum kit); Marino Rojo (güiro). For fourteen years they played at the Teatro Principal de Sagua. Stacholy studied under Antonio Fabré in Sagua, and completed his studies in New York, where he stayed for three years.

The Cuban Jazz Band was founded in 1922 by Jaime Prats in Havana. The personnel included his son Rodrigo Prats on violin, the great flautist Alberto Socarrás on flute and saxophone and Pucho Jiménez on slide trombone. The line-up would probably have included double bass, kit drum, banjo, cornet at least. Earlier works cited this as the first jazz band in Cuba, but evidently there were earlier groups.

In 1924 Moisés Simons (piano) founded a group which played on the roof garden of the Plaza Hotel in Havana, and consisted of piano, violin, two saxes, banjo, double bass, drums and timbales. Its members included Virgilio Diego (violin); Alberto Socarrás (alto sax, flute); José Ramón Betancourt (tenor sax); Pablo O'Farrill (d. bass). In 1928, still at the same venue, Simons hired Julio Cueva, a famous trumpeter, and Enrique Santiesteban, a future media star, as vocalist and drummer. These were top instrumentalists, attracted by top fees of $8 a day.

All these bands no doubt played Cuban music as well as jazz, but there are few recordings of them playing jazz. There can be little doubt that these early ventures built up a stock of Cuban musicians that were at home with both genres. That led eventually to the Latin jazz fusions of later years.

References

Cuban music history


Iowa Highway 930 (Iowa 930) is a  unsigned highway in Boone County, Iowa. During the 1960s, U.S. Highway 30 (US 30) in central Iowa was reconstructed to the south of where it ran, bypassing the cities of Marshalltown, Ames, and Boone. Upon completion, the entire old route of US 30 became Iowa 930. Gradually, most of Iowa 930 was turned back to the respective counties and cities except for the portion in Boone County.

Route description
Iowa 930 begins at two half interchanges with US 30 in eastern Boone County. The two directions meet at the corner of 230th Street and X Avenue in the Boone County road grid.  The highway heads east on 230th Street for  where it ends at the county line with Story County. Coming from the north along the county line is County Road R38 (CR R38). The Iowa 930 roadway continues in Story County as CR R38 and is known as Lincoln Way.

Major intersections

References

External links

930
Transportation in Boone County, Iowa
U.S. Route 30


Raymond is an unincorporated hamlet in Sheridan County, Montana, United States, north of Plentywood. It is famous for its salmon and is located nine miles away from the Canada–US border.

The post office, since closed, opened in 1914. Originally called Riba, for lumber merchant Adolph Riba, the town changed its name in 1915 in honor of homesteader Joe Raymond. It was built along the Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Marie Railroad.

Climate
This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters.  According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Raymond has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps.

References

Unincorporated communities in Sheridan County, Montana
Unincorporated communities in Montana


The Duquesne Country and Athletic Club ice hockey team was a member of the Western Pennsylvania Hockey League (WPHL) from 1896 to 1901. The team was based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

History
The Duquesne Country and Athletic Club (DC&AC) first played exhibition games of ice hockey in 1895. The Duquesne team then played in the first season of the WPHL at the Schenley Park Casino, with three other teams, the Pittsburgh Athletic Club, a club from Western University of Pennsylvania (the University of Pittsburgh today) and a team known as Pittsburgh, or the 'Casino' team. The league played twice a week, on Tuesday and Friday nights. The DC&AC and the WPHL continued play until December 16, when the Casino rink was destroyed by fire. The Duquesne team finished the shortened season of league play with a 2–3 record.

The league and the DC&AC resumed play in 1898, with its games moved to the new ice rink at the Duquesne Garden, with league members the Pittsburgh Athletic Club and Western University. Many of the team's players came from Canada, with the Pittsburgh-based club owners luring players to the area with the promise of high paying jobs and a living stipend.

By early 1901, the broader DC&AC organization, which had been active in multiple sports and fielded a professional football team of national repute, was in financial ruin and lost its clubhouse to foreclosure. The 1900–01 season was the hockey team's last.

References

See also
Duquesne Country and Athletic Club, an early American professional football team

Ice hockey teams in Pittsburgh
Defunct ice hockey teams in Pennsylvania
Duquesne
Duquesne
1895 establishments in Pennsylvania
1901 disestablishments in Pennsylvania
Ice hockey clubs established in 1895
Sports clubs and teams disestablished in 1901


Ian Miles Crawford (born September 29, 1988) is an American musician and vocalist born in Eugene, Oregon. He is most prominently known for being a guitarist and backing vocalist for a number of different bands including The Cab, Panic! at the Disco, Never Shout Never, and The Academy Is... In 2016, he founded the rock and roll group The Contestants, which released their debut studio album, No Contest, in May 2016.

On April 1, 2018, Ian released his solo album, Grand Wheel.

Career
He was lead guitarist of The Cab from 2007 until his departure in 2009. On June 1, 2009 The Cab's lead singer Alexander DeLeon announced on his blog that guitarist Ian Crawford had decided to leave the band. Although DeLeon did say that Crawford had decided to leave due to creative differences, there seemed to be no animosity between him and the band. For their upcoming "What Happens in Vegas..." tour, The Cab announced that their friend Bryan Dawson would be replacing Crawford.

Crawford was also a touring guitarist for Panic! at the Disco. In 2009, after the departure of Ryan Ross and Jon Walker, Crawford joined Panic! at the Disco as their touring guitarist. He left the band in 2012, explaining that he wished to make "real, genuine" music.

On June 11, 2014, it was announced that Crawford would become the lead guitarist of Never Shout Never. On November 24, 2015, it was confirmed by Crawford himself that he was kicked out of the band. Crawford also announced that he would go on tour with The Academy Is... on their 10th anniversary tour.

In 2016, Ian Crawford formed the rock and roll band The Contestants and released their debut studio album, No Contest, on May 6, 2016.

Ian is also a member of the Seattle band The Hollers.

In 2018, Ian released his solo album Grand Wheel.

Discography

Solo

 Grand Wheel  (2018)
"Losing My Religion"
"Over My Head, Over Me
"Better in Time" music by Ian Crawford lyrics by Ren Patrick

With The Cab
Whisper War (2008)
Welcome to the New Administration (2008)
"Bounce (snippet)" & "Take My Hand Machine Shop Production"
Punk Goes Pop 2 (2008)
"Disturbia" (Rihanna Cover)
The Lady Luck EP (2009)
"Take My Hand (Remix)(feat. Cassadee Pope)", "Diamonds Are Forever (And Forever Is A Long Time)" & "Lights"
Symphony Soldier (2011)

With Stamps
Tramps (2010)
Stamps Ventures of a Lifetime (2011)

With Play For Keeps
2010 Goodbye Natural, Hello Manmade. – guitar on "X.I.F."

With Dallon Weekes
guitar on "Skid Row (Downtown)"

With Ashbury
2008 guitar and vocals on "Under Your Skin"

With Never Shout Never
2015 Recycled Youth, Vol. 1
2015 Black Cat

References

1989 births
American rock guitarists
American male guitarists
Fueled by Ramen artists
Lead guitarists
Living people
Musicians from Eugene, Oregon
Guitarists from Oregon
21st-century American guitarists
21st-century American male musicians


Anderson County High School is a public high school located in Lawrenceburg, Kentucky, United States. The school mascot is the Bearcats. Anderson County High School is currently the only high school in Anderson County, Kentucky. The school's colors are Red, White and Blue. The enrollment of Anderson County High School in the 2021-2022 educational year was 1,186 students.

Awards
Marching Band : KMEA State Champion Class AAAA (2017, 2021)

Notable alumni

 Jimmy Dan Conner former basketball player for the Kentucky Wildcats and drafted into the NBA by the Pheonix Suns

References

External links

Schools in Anderson County, Kentucky
Public high schools in Kentucky
Educational institutions established in 1965
1965 establishments in Kentucky


Philip Boampong (born 1 January 1990 in Ghana) is a Ghanaian footballer. He currently plays for the Ghana Telecom Premier League side Hearts of Oak.

Career
Boampong moved with teammate Abdul Naza Alhassan from Maxbees FC to Wa All Stars in 2008. After one year with the Wa based club joined to Berekum Arsenal in January 2009. In August 2011, a fee was agreed with Turkish side Bucaspor and Hearts, but the deal soon fell through.  On 1 July 2012, Boampong joined Saudi Arabian side Al-Shoalah on a season-long loan.

International career
Boampong played for U-17 Ghana national team in 2007 FIFA U-17 World Cup in Korea Republic, he played by the turnier 6 games and holds 4 yellow cards. On 19 August 2008 was first called for the Satellites, and was part of the Ghana national under-20 football team that won the 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Egypt. Although he never played a single game for the Satellites.

Personal life
He is the younger brother of former Black Stars defender Dan Coleman.

Titles and honours

International
Ghana U-20
 FIFA U-20 World Cup Champion: 2009

References

External links
EuroSport.com Profile

1990 births
Living people
Ghanaian men's footballers
Ghanaian expatriate men's footballers
Legon Cities FC players
Berekum Arsenal F.C. players
Al-Shoulla FC players
Expatriate men's footballers in Saudi Arabia
Men's association football defenders


The British motoring-themed television programme Top Gear was often the focus of criticism. The criticism has ranged from minor viewer complaints to serious complaints where broadcasting watchdogs such as Ofcom have been involved.

The show is frequently criticised for showing disdain to the environment and for promoting dangerous driving to the public.

Clarkson's criticism
One of the programme's presenters, Jeremy Clarkson, has been critical of the BBC regarding the handling of the programme. In the February 2006 issue of Top Gear Magazine, Clarkson revealed that he thought that the BBC did not take Top Gear seriously, making the length of the series far too long, and often replacing the show with live snooker coverage, despite Top Gear having considerably higher viewing figures.

In July 2006, the BBC rejected a variety of complaints regarding the criticism, claiming the producers and presenters choose the way they are covered, and that the BBC do not have any control over it. They argued that the presenters' provocative comments are "an integral part of the programme and are not intended to be taken seriously." Regarding offensive remarks traded between presenters and members of the audience, the BBC said "this is part of the appeal of the show, and we trust most viewers are familiar enough with the style and tone of the show not to take offence." The BBC pointed out that they would act if such statements and actions were carried out with any degree of seriousness or if the programme breached legal and safety requirements.

Studio move
Top Gear was in negotiations with the BBC to move to Enstone in north Oxfordshire which was closer to Clarkson's home in Chipping Norton. However, the producers were unable to negotiate a deal, after their initial application was blocked due to opposition by local residents, who feared that Top Gear would create pollution and noise issues.

Accusations of homophobia
In December 2006, the BBC upheld complaints from four viewers after comments made by Jeremy Clarkson were considered to be homophobic references, had the potential to offend and should not have been broadcast. The complaints regarded comments made by Clarkson in the sixth episode of series eight, in which Clarkson agreed with an audience member who described the Daihatsu Copen as "a bit gay". He later described the vehicle as "ginger beer", taken to be rhyming slang for the term "queer". The BBC said there was "no editorial purpose" for the remarks and the "Top Gear team had been reminded of the importance of avoiding such comments about sexual orientation."

In December 2009, it was reported that a gay couple had been allegedly denied tickets to see the show being filmed. The context of the situation is unclear. A BBC spokesperson said, "We do not – absolutely do not – discriminate against same sex couples... the whole implication that Top Gear is in any way homophobic is completely wrong."

In a July 2011 review of the Jaguar XKR-S, Clarkson said that "in the corners it will get its tail out more readily than George Michael". Michael called Clarkson "pig-ugly" and "homophobic" in response to the remark.

Cultural mockery

India
During the show's India special, there were multiple gags such as building a toilet in the back of a Jaguar as every visiting tourist gets diarrhoea. This led to a complaint by the Indian High Commission which criticised the show's "toilet humour".

Wales
The show received backlash when Clarkson suggested that everybody should test drive their cars in Wales because "no-one wants to live there" in the second episode of season one.

USA
The show frequently mocks American culture, cars and people on the show. During the first American road trip, as part of a challenge, they painted slogans on their cars such as "NASCAR sucks", "Hillary for president" and "Man love rules OK" while driving through Alabama.  During a fuel stop, they were confronted by "rednecks",  who were offended by the slogans, causing the crew and presenters to flee, concerned for their safety.

Germany
During the first episode of series seven, a news segment featuring BMW's Mini concept from the Tokyo Motor Show showcased a car that Hammond quoted as supposedly being "quintessentially British", the only added feature being an integrated tea set. Clarkson responded by mocking the car and saying that they should retaliate by building a car that was "quintessentially German". He suggested adding trafficators that displayed Hitler salutes, "a sat-nav that only goes to Poland", and "ein fanbelt that will last a thousand years", a reference to Adolf Hitler's propaganda slogan of "the thousand-year Reich". These statements gained negative attention from the German government, and led to viewers' complaints reaching the BBC Board of Governors.

In July 2006, the BBC Governors' Programme Complaints Committee rejected the protests: "the Committee did not believe that, when looking at the audience as a whole, they would have felt that the comments were anything more than Jeremy Clarkson using outrageous behaviour to amuse his audience, and that the remarks would not have led to anyone entertaining new or different feelings or concerns about Germans or Germany".

Romania
During the opening episode of series 14, the presenters were seen taking the Aston Martin DBS Volante, Ferrari California and Lamborghini Gallardo LP560-4 Spyder on a road trip to Romania. While driving through the Romanian countryside, Clarkson commented on Romania as being "Borat country, with gypsies and Russian playboys", referring to the 2006 mockumentary starring Sacha Baron Cohen about the fictional journalist from Kazakhstan, which had filmed a few scenes in Romania. The film had already stirred controversy in the country, with a number of local Roma who were involved in the film attempting to sue 20th Century Fox and Cohen. Romanian newspapers claimed that the comments were "offensive" and "bad publicity for their country".

The Romanian Times also reported that Clarkson called Romania a "gypsy land". Complaints were also rife regarding Clarkson's actions to don a pork pie hat which he called a "gypsy" hat, while commenting: "I'm wearing this hat so the gypsies think I am [another gypsy]." The Romanian ambassador later sent a letter to the producers of Top Gear, in which he showed his appreciation for the show, highlighted the press's freedom of expression, the non-discriminatory spirit, and the fact that 89.5% of the country's population is Romanian, 6.5% is ethnic Hungarians, 2.5% are ethnic Roma and 1.5% are other ethnic groups. He also asked for the show to be re-edited for future showings to exclude the offensive material.

The Daily Telegraph was hacked by a group of Romanians, who stated, "We are sick of being mis-represented as Gypsies, and thanks to Top Gear, have been publicly insulted". The group took over two pages of the website, covering them in Romanian flags and playing "Lonely Shepherd" by Gheorghe Zamfir (featured on the soundtrack from the film Kill Bill).

Mexico
During the second episode of series 16, the presenters mocked the Mexican Mastretta MXT sports car on account of it being designed in Mexico. James May introduced the car as "The Tortilla", then remarked that he did not remember what it was called. Hammond then stated: "Cars reflect national characteristics [...] a Mexican car's just going to be a lazy, feckless, flatulent oaf with a moustache, leaning against a fence asleep, looking at a cactus with a blanket with a hole in the middle on as a coat". This was followed up by James May suggesting that all Mexican food resembles "refried sick" and "sick with cheese on it", Richard Hammond remarking, "I'm sorry, but just imagine waking up and remembering you're Mexican" and Jeremy Clarkson adding, "It'd be brilliant because you could just go straight back to sleep again!" Clarkson ended the segment by suggesting that the Mexican ambassador to Britain would be too lazy to make any kind of complaint. This prompted the Mexican ambassador, Eduardo Medina Mora, to write to the BBC: "The presenters of the program resorted to outrageous, vulgar and inexcusable insults to stir bigoted feelings against the Mexican people, their culture as well as their official representative in the United Kingdom. These offensive, xenophobic and humiliating remarks only serve to reinforce negative stereotypes and perpetuate prejudice against Mexico and its people".

BBC issued a letter defending the jokes, stating that national stereotyping was a part of British humour, but apologizing to the Mexican ambassador for the remarks made about him personally. The episode had the Mexican comments cut from its broadcast in the United States.

Comedian Steve Coogan, who has appeared on the show three times, criticised the programme for its pitiful apology, suggesting that the usual defence of "a bit of a laugh", or "harmless fun" was no longer appropriate, that the insults had gone too far, and described the comments as "as funny as a cold sweat followed by shooting pains down the left arm". He also criticised the show for what he described as lazy, adolescent humour and "casual racism" in reference specifically to this episode. Yahoo editor, Richard Evans, described the programme's conduct as another "Sachsgate waiting to happen".

However, Mastretta appeared to brush off the insults, with general director Carlos Mastretta clarifying that the car was simply used as a pretext for the jokes, and that the controversy has increased interest in the MXT.

The presenters made repeated reference to the incident in the following episodes of the series: The set of the 41st series of Have I Got News for You, which depicts various recent news stories, includes a mocked-up image of Clarkson dressed like a Mexican in reference to the controversy. Further reference to the incident was made in the India special, where Hammond "accidentally" painted a Mexican flag on his car after he intended to paint an Indian one. The incident was made reference to yet again in the second episode of series 19, in which the presenters had to race three high-performance cars from Los Angeles to the Mexican border, where the last person to arrive would have to do a review of the MXT in an upcoming episode, which aired as part of the fourth episode of series 19.

However the UK broadcast regulator Ofcom cleared the programme due to its "comedic intent and the context":

In this case, Ofcom took into account that Top Gear is well known for its irreverent style and sometimes outspoken humour, as well as the regular format of the studio banter between the three presenters. We considered that viewers of Top Gear were likely to be aware that the programme frequently uses national stereotypes as a comedic trope and that there were few, if any, nationalities that had not at some point been the subject of the presenters' mockery throughout the history of this long running programme. For example, this same episode featured a competition between the UK’s Top Gear presenters and their Australian counterparts, throughout which the Australians were ridiculed for various national traits.

In this instance, therefore, Ofcom considered that the majority of the audience would be familiar with the presenters' approach to mocking, playground-style humour, and would have considered that applying that approach to national stereotypes was in keeping with the programme’s usual content, and the presenters' typical style. Ofcom was of the view that the majority of the audience would therefore be likely to have understood that the comments were being made for comic effect.

Argentina
In September and October 2014, the three presenters and a crew of 29 people were recording the Patagonia Special in Argentina, featuring three cars—a Porsche 928 GT, a Lotus Esprit and a Ford Mustang Mach I. They had started in Bariloche on 19 September and travelled southward on the trans-Patagonian Route 40, about . On 2 October they had arrived in Ushuaia, at the southern end of Tierra del Fuego. The plan was to film for three more days, and then to continue in Chile.

During filming, Twitter comments began to appear alleging the number plate "H982 FKL" on the Porsche was a reference to the 1982 Falklands War. Andy Wilman, executive producer for the show, said on 2 October: "Top Gear production purchased three cars for a forthcoming programme; to suggest that this car was either chosen for its number plate, or that an alternative number plate was substituted for the original is completely untrue"; Clarkson tweeted: "For once, we did nothing wrong". "H982 FKL" has been registered to the Porsche since its manufacture in May 1991.

In the evening, veterans and other Argentinians entered the hotel lobby to confront the team. Clarkson later wrote he "had to hide under a bed for a mob howling for his blood". Local police then told the team they could not and would not give them any assistance, and in the hostile atmosphere the team decided to leave Argentina. Believing that the presenters were the main targets of the controversy, the crew decided to send Clarkson, May, Hammond and the women from the crew to Buenos Aires, while the rest would drive the cars and their equipment to the border into Chile. May later stated that, prior to flying back to Britain, he and the other presenters had assisted in planning possible airlifts if the journey to the border became too dangerous. The main Route 3 by which they had arrived in Rio Grande a day earlier, was closed to them because the ringway was filled with people, with "the mayor in front". They drove to the border at Radman by tertiary roads, about . In Tolhuin, after , the convoy was stopped by an intimidating crowd, who threw eggs, rocks, and sticks. The team decided to abandon the three show cars, and reached the border with Chile later that night. At 2 a.m., they had to find a tractor to ford the camera cars through the river border. Pictures show that the abandoned cars had been attacked and damaged with stones. The Porsche now with the number plate "H1 VAE". However, over the years various humorous number plate changes had been made, for example referring to James May's age. Alternative number plates with the letters BE11 END  for 'Bell End' were reportedly also discovered in the abandoned Porsche by the Argentinian authorities. Additionally the original dealer has stated that the production team were aware of the registration plate history before purchase.

On 31 October 2014, it was announced that the Argentine ambassador Alicia Castro met BBC Director of Television Danny Cohen to demand a formal apology, but the BBC refused to do so, making it clear that they intended to broadcast the special as a fair representation of the events that occurred. The Christmas Special, split into two parts, aired on 27 and 28 December 2014.

Tesla Roadster review
During episode seven of series 12, Clarkson presented a segment featuring the Tesla Roadster, including a test drive. The segment showed the car's provided batteries running flat after , with Clarkson claiming that the recharge would take 16 hours. Following this, he claimed that the car then broke down. A Tesla Motors spokesperson stated that the cars provided never reached less than 20% charge, none needed to be pushed off the track at any point, the recharge time was 3.5 hours, and the brake failure shown in the segment was actually a blown fuse. The BBC responded to these claims with a statement saying, "The tested Tesla was filmed being pushed into the shed in order to show what would happen if the Roadster had run out of charge. Top Gear stands by the findings in this film and is content that it offers a fair representation of the Tesla's performance on the day it was tested", without addressing the other concerns.

The comments were made following Clarkson showing a limp windmill, and complaining that it would take countless hours to recharge the car, using such a source of electricity. A BBC spokeswoman said several times in an interview that Top Gear was "an entertainment programme, and should not be taken seriously." After several weeks, Clarkson wrote a blog for The Times, acknowledging that "the film we had shot was a bit of a mess", but defending the film's claims. Elon Musk, CEO of Tesla, wrote in a blog on 13 February 2013 that while delivering the vehicle the Tesla team found on a table a prepared script for the segment, demonstrating this was never a fair test. In March 2011 Tesla Motors filed a suit accusing the BBC of libel.

In court Tesla Motors lost a major part of its high court libel claim on 19 October 2011. Justice Tugendhat said that no Top Gear viewer would have reasonably compared the car's performance on the show's airfield track to its likely performance on a public road. On 28 October 2011 the carmaker looked set to lose the remaining malicious falsehood claim, Justice Tugendhat saying "I shall strike out the claim in this action unless the plea of damage is amended by agreement between the parties, or with the permission of the court." Tesla's court action was dismissed by the Court of Appeal in 2013.

Dismissal of Jeremy Clarkson from Top Gear

In March 2015, the BBC announced Jeremy Clarkson had been suspended for allegedly punching a producer over a confrontation regarding cold food and long filming hours, and that the remaining episodes of the series would not be broadcast. In response to this, over 1,000,000 people signed an online petition to try to get the BBC to reinstate Clarkson. Perry McCarthy, a former Stig, criticised the BBC's decision to pull the next episode from the schedule. On 25 March, the BBC announced that they would not renew Clarkson's contract which finished at the end of March 2015. Following the official decision, James May and Richard Hammond presented their resignation to the BBC in solidarity with their partner and in order to pursue further ventures together. This would lead to the creation of The Grand Tour.

The show received widespread criticism after Jeremy Clarkson's contract was not renewed, addressing the importance of the confrontation but remarking the severity of the decision. Subsequently, after the new Series 23 was released and hosted by Chris Evans, the presenter was widely deemed sub-standard.

Specific criticism

Series 2
After a segment on the 1953 24 Hours of Le Mans, the programme received criticism for damaging a historic Jaguar C-Type valued at £1 million. Top Gear responded that they had permission to "drive the car hard" but Adrian Hamilton, the car's owner, and Top Gear's test driver had different ideas on what that meant.

Series 3
During the fifth episode of series three, Clarkson crashed a Toyota Hilux into a tree, during a segment in which he attempted to prove the sturdiness and reliability of the truck. The tree belonged to the Churchill Parish in Somerset. The villagers presumed that the damage had been accidental, or that someone had vandalised the tree, until the Top Gear episode was broadcast. After the BBC was contacted, the director of Top Gear admitted guilt and the broadcaster paid compensation.

Series 5
The show was criticised by the Mountaineering Council for Scotland when Clarkson drove a Land Rover Discovery to the summit of Cnoc an Fhreiceadain, damaging the terrain as he did so.

Series 8
A segment of the van challenge depicted a producer pretending to be an asylum seeker in the back of a van.

During the news segment of episode 7,  Clarkson states the show received 150 complaints over a caravan being set alight for a publicity stunt.

Series 9

The BBC apologised to a number of Top Gear viewers following comments made during the first episode of series nine. Clarkson asked Hammond following his 370 km/h (230 mph) crash, "Are you now a mental?", which was followed by James May offering Richard Hammond a tissue "in case he dribbled". The BBC claimed the comments were meant as a joke, but also claimed they saw how the comments could cause offence to mentally disabled and brain-damaged viewers.

During the show's American Special, the show received 91 complaints regarding a dead cow being tied to the roof of Jeremy Clarkson's Camaro. It was later revealed by the BBC that the cow had died several days previously and Clarkson had caused no harm or injury to it.

Episode five of series nine was criticised for Jeremy Clarkson's reconstruction of a train crash that occurred in Hibaldstow, North Lincolnshire, near Scunthorpe. The incident was mainly criticised due to its insensitivity regarding the Cumbria train crash that occurred only two days earlier. The reconstruction, which was organised by Network Rail as part of its Don't Run The Risk campaign, was criticised by Anthony Smith, chief executive of the rail watchdog Passenger Focus, who said: "We need to raise awareness of the issue, but now is not the right time." It was reported that the item had already been delayed several times, due to an earlier fatal level-crossing crash. The BBC defended their decision to broadcast the episode, claiming that "with only one programme remaining in the series, and the frequency of level-crossing accidents, it may have been considered that there was no "appropriate" time to show the film without it "offending" somebody. A repeat of the episode was due to be aired on 1 March 2007, but due to the earlier complaints, and another death on a level crossing earlier that morning, was replaced with a new edition of "The Best of Top Gear".

During the show's Polar special at the end of series nine, Jeremy Clarkson was shown drinking gin and tonic while driving through an ice field in the Arctic. Despite the producers' and Clarkson's claims that they were in international waters at the time, the BBC Trust found that the scene could 'glamorise the misuse of alcohol', and that the scene "was not editorially justified in the context of a family show pre-watershed".

Series 10

During the show's Botswana special, a spokesperson for the Environmental Investigation Agency criticised the BBC for leaving tracks in Botswana's Makgadikgadi salt pan. The BBC denied that they had gone near any conservation areas, and asserted that they had followed the advice of environmental experts.

Anti-smoking campaigners criticised the show after Clarkson and May smoked Porsche-branded tobacco pipes inside of the studio.

Series 12

Following the first episode of series 12, Jeremy Clarkson was criticised for making a joke regarding lorry drivers killing prostitutes, thought to be alluding to the Ipswich 2006 serial murders, although it is more likely that Clarkson was referring to the Yorkshire Ripper. Ofcom received over 500 complaints, but say that the remark was not in breach of the broadcasting code. Afterwards, Labour MP Chris Mole wrote a "strongly worded" letter to the BBC, saying that Clarkson should be sacked regarding the remarks. In response to the complaints on the show, Clarkson announced he would apologise, but later revealed that he was, in fact, apologising for not posting the lap time of a car that was shown on the previous episode. The incident was referenced when Stephen Fry appeared as the Star in a Reasonably Priced Car in July 2009. Clarkson introduced the interview by stating that Fry had "begun his career with a Lorry (Laurie), so the one thing we can be certain he hasn't done is killed a prostitute".

Series 13

During the final episode of series 13, Clarkson and May were assigned to produce a spoof advert for the new Volkswagen Scirocco. However, one of their spoof ads saw crowds of people leaving Warsaw in terror on buses and trains, because of the imminent German invasion of Poland. At the end of the advert, Clarkson announced "Volkswagen Scirocco TDI: Berlin to Warsaw in one tank". The advert was uploaded to YouTube minutes after its broadcast, spurring angry comments from Polish viewers. A spokeswoman for the show said that the BBC had only received a handful of complaints, but complaints submitted to national broadcast watchdog Ofcom were expected to be higher. Complaints were also received for three other incidents in the programme: a remake of a VW advertisement, in which a suicide is shown on-screen; Clarkson mocking people who have autism, and the use of the word "pikey", which Clarkson claims to be someone who sells "pegs and heather" to describe drivers of the Vauxhall VXR8.

During a warm-up for filming one of the season's episodes, Clarkson reportedly called then Prime Minister Gordon Brown a "silly cunt". He had previously apologised for calling him a "one-eyed Scottish idiot" during a Q&A in 2009, which angered Scottish politicians and disability groups.

Series 15

In a conversation about women distracting the presenters while driving, Clarkson said he recently saw a woman wearing a burka who "tripped over the pavement" and revealed a "red g-string and stockings". Hammond said that this "did not happen", but Clarkson maintained that it was true. A Mediawatch spokesperson said Clarkson "should learn to keep quiet". However, one reporter defended Clarkson.

Clarkson's comment about the Ferrari F430 Speciale being "speciale needs" was ruled offensive by Ofcom.

Clarkson angered gay rights campaigners after he said off air during a segment that he deserved the right "to not be bummed". It was revealed by guest Alistair Campbell on Twitter.

Series 16

The BBC received 600 complaints following the third episode of series 16, in which the presenters 'murdered' a fat Albanian and attempted to find out which of three car boots he would fit into the best. The episode was also criticised for its stereotypical views on Albania, claiming it is a nest for Albanian mafia car thieves.

In the show's Middle East special, the depiction of a baby Stig as Jesus and the use of niqabs by the trio to disguise themselves were criticised by Catholics and Muslims.

Ofcom received 19 complaints after the show had the presenters undertake a drive-by shooting on a cardboard cut-out of the Stig during the East Coast Road Trip.

Series 17

This episode showed Clarkson and May parking their electric cars in disabled parking spaces. Later the BBC defended its stars, stating that they had permission from the owners to park in the disabled spaces. A later scene showed people pushing the electric Nissan Leaf up a street while Clarkson made jokes about it having run out of charge. Nissan later discovered from onboard data logging that before the "test drive" its charge had been run down to only 40% capacity. Since then Top Gear has received criticism from electric car enthusiasts, newspapers, celebrities, and Nissan in response to their view on electric cars.

Series 18

Jeremy Clarkson was found to have breached BBC guidelines after comparing a modified Toyota Prius to the Elephant Man.

Series 19

In an unaired version of Jeremy Clarkson reviewing the Toyota GT86 and the similar Subaru BRZ, he uses eeny meeny miny moe to pick between the two cars, which has historically included the word "nigger". He mumbles through that part of the rhyme, and the Daily Mirror accused him of mumbling "nigger". In the aired version of the review, he says the word 'teacher' instead of the racial epithet.

After denying the incident, once video evidence surfaced, Clarkson issued the following apology, though maintaining that he did not use the word.

"Ordinarily I don't respond to newspaper allegations but on this occasion I feel I must make an exception. A couple of years ago I recorded an item for Top Gear in which I quote the rhyme "eeny, meeny, miny, moe". Of course, I was well aware that in the best-known version of this rhyme there is a racist expression that I was extremely keen to avoid. The full rushes show that I did three takes. In two, I mumbled where the offensive word would normally occur and in the third I replaced it altogether with the word teacher. Now when I viewed this footage several weeks later I realised that in one of the mumbled versions if you listen very carefully with the sound turned right up it did appear that I'd actually used the word I was trying to obscure. I was mortified by this, horrified. It is a word I loathe and I did everything in my power to make sure that that version did not appear in the programme that was transmitted."

"I have here the note that was sent at the time to the production office and it says: "I didn't use the N-word here but I've just listened through my headphones and it sounds like I did. Is there another take that we could use?"

"Please be assured I did everything in my power to not use that word, as I'm sitting here begging your forgiveness for the fact my efforts obviously weren't quite good enough, thank you."

Though this incident happened before the 'slope' comment in the Burma special, it did not surface until afterwards and the combined complaints caused many public figures to call for Clarkson to be fired and ultimately resulted in a 'final warning' from the BBC regarding racist remarks.

Series 20
The show was criticised by Māori peoples for the filming of a car driving on Ninety Mile Beach, which although it is a public road is considered sacred by Māori tribes.

Series 21
The show was investigated by Ofcom after the words "Pikey Peak" was depicted on a placard on the show, as "pikey" is a pejorative for people of the Traveller community.

The Top Gear presenters go across Burma and Thailand in lorries with the goal of building a bridge over the river Kwai. After building a bridge over the Kok River, Clarkson is quoted as saying "That is a proud moment, but there's a slope on it." as a native crosses the bridge, "slope" being a pejorative for Asians.

Top Gear Executive Producer Andy Wilman responded:

When we used the word slope in the recent Top Gear Burma Special it was a light-hearted word play joke referencing both the build quality of the bridge and the local Asian man who was crossing it. We were not aware at the time, and it has subsequently been brought to our attention, that the word slope is considered by some to be offensive and although it might not be widely recognised in the UK, we appreciate that it can be considered offensive to some here and overseas, for example in Australia and the USA. If we had known that at the time we would not have broadcast the word in this context and regret any offence caused.

Series 22

The show was criticised for staging a crash with two Peugeots near to where a woman died in a head-on collision in 2010, who was also driving a Peugeot.

Series 23

During the first series after Clarkson, May and Hammond's departure, the BBC came under criticism for filming Ken Block speeding and performing doughnuts near the London Cenotaph but defended the decision to film there by saying "The filming took place a respectful distance away from the Cenotaph and it was all agreed with Westminster council in advance."

References

Controversies
Jeremy Clarkson's 2015 firing from Top Gear
21st-century controversies
BBC controversies


Macedonians in the United Kingdom refers to people from North Macedonia that have formed communities in or were born in the United Kingdom. The 2011 UK Census recorded a total of 2,983 residents who stated that their country of birth was Macedonia.

History of Macedonians in the United Kingdom

The majority of Macedonians in Britain arrived after the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia permitted emigration to the West in the 1960s and 1970s. Many Macedonians especially from the Demir Hisar, Bitola and Prilep regions left for Britain during this period. During the 1980s many professionals left Skopje to work in London for the Socialist Republic of Macedonia and for international organisations stationed there. Following the Breakup of Yugoslavia hundreds of ethnic Macedonians left for Britain. After the Yugoslav Wars in the 1990s many ethnic Macedonians and Albanians from the newly independent Republic of Macedonia left for Britain as refugees.

The 2001 UK Census recorded 1,285 people born in Macedonia. The 2011 UK Census recorded 2,882 Macedonian-born residents in England, 32 in Wales, 56 in Scotland, and 13 in Northern Ireland.

Organisations
Within the United Kingdom many ethnic Macedonian based organisations have been founded. Most notable is the "Association of Macedonians in the United Kingdom" (). This group has been key in organising events amongst the ethnic Macedonian community in Britain. They have also contributed to the consecration of the Macedonian Orthodox Church in London along with the Embassy of the Republic of Macedonia in London.

The most prominent Cultural and Artistic society within the ethnic Macedonians community in the United Kingdom is the ethnic Macedonian Cultural and Artistic Association "Sonce". It was founded in London on 17 November 2003.

Macedonian Orthodox Church

The Macedonian Orthodox Church "St. Archangel Michael & All Angels", was founded by immigrants from Macedonia in 1993. At first it organised liturgy only once a year for Easter, but in 2007 a resident priest was appointed. The following year, 2008, a chapel in Soho in London became the home of the Macedonian Orthodox Church and liturgies in Macedonian have been offered there at least once a month ever since. There have been plans to construct a Cultural Centre on the site of the Church.

In 2010 a Sunday church school for Macedonian was formed with a class of about 15 children. In 2014, three new classes opened, one in London, one in Littlehampton, and the third in Oxford.

Notable individuals

See also
 Macedonian diaspora
 Ethnic Macedonians
 North Macedonia–United Kingdom relations

References

External links
Macedonians in the UK
Embassy of the Republic of Macedonia in London
MCAA Sonce UK
Macedonian Orthodox Church London

UK
Immigration to the United Kingdom by country of origin


Chessmaster: The Art of Learning (alternatively Chessmaster XI and known on the PC as Chessmaster: Grandmaster Edition) is a 2007 chess video game developed and published by Ubisoft for the Windows, Nintendo DS, and PlayStation Portable. It is part of the Chessmaster series. The game was announced on August 10, 2007.

Gameplay
The game is narrated and instructed by Josh Waitzkin, and using principles from his book, The Art of Learning. The game uses an updated version of the King chess engine. The game database includes 600,000 matches. The Art of Learning includes six minigames: "fork my fruit" where the goal is to fork two fruits using any of the given pieces, "masterpiece" where the objective is to paint a picture  by making as few moves as possible, "breaking the lines" where the aim is to capture pawns using only knights and "chain reaction" where the target is to link three or more pieces by placing them within opponent's attack range, "pawn charge" where the goal is to reach the eighth rank without being captured, and "minefield" where the objective is to defeat an invisible enemy. Multiplayer modes include "progressive chess", where opponents gain moves each turn, "dark chess" in which opponent's pieces are invisible unless under attack, "losing chess" where the objective is to lose pieces, and "extinction chess" which replaces checkmate with the win condition of capturing all of opponent's pieces. The PSP version supports Wi-Fi multiplayer. The DS version supports multi-card wireless play but doesn't support Wi-Fi. The PC network multiplayer is either via the internet or LAN.

Reception

Windows
Jeuxvideo.com concluded that "Chessmaster undoubtedly remains the reference title for the general public. [...] A completely dispensable purchase, however, if one already has the tenth edition. PC Gamer and Jeuxvideo.com said that the online lounges were deserted. Strana Igr said the game is not too different from the previous one. GamesRadar+ summarized: "Even though most gameplay and options tend to be predictably consistent, The Art of Learning is a great tool for skill building and is put together in a simple easy to use package with something to offer everyone."

Nintendo DS and PSP
IGN reviewed the DS version and said: "The only thing missing is Wi-Fi multiplayer. [...] for anyone who remotely enjoys chess, this is the definitive handheld release." Later they reviewed the PSP version and concluded: "There are a lot of modes and games to get into [...]. However, the presentation is completely phoned-in and will make you wonder why the hell this budget-looking title is priced at $30. GameZone said "the presentation sucks" in the DS version but still called it a great game for chess fans. Pocket Gamer criticized the tuition tools in the PSP version as inadequate for intermediate players. They summarized the game as a "perfect place to start" for new players. Game said the DS version is "a title suitable for everyone, young and old".

References

External links
 (archived)

Patch download at The Patches Scrolls

2007 video games
Chess software
Chessmaster
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Multiplayer online games
Nintendo DS games
PlayStation Portable games
Ubisoft games
Video game sequels
Video games based on books
Video games developed in Bulgaria
Video games developed in Romania
Windows games


The Bournemouth Raiders was an American football club based in Bournemouth, England. The club folded in May 2006.

Early days

The club was created in 1988 at Bournemouth School for Boys through a group of gridiron football enthusiasts. Starting by playing and learning the game during lunch breaks, the players created a team called the Bournemouth Deckchairs, and in the fall of 1988 played back to back games against the local under-15 team, the Bournemouth Bearcats.

Colours

The team played in black and grey uniforms, the same colours as their namesakes the Las Vegas Raiders.

League record

All-Time Results

Tables

1990 Table

1991 Table

2001 Table

2002 9man Table

2002 5man Table

2003 Table

References

The Complete List of Britball Teams
1990 official tables
1991 official tables

American football teams in England
1988 establishments in England
2006 disestablishments in England
American football teams established in 1988
American football teams disestablished in 2006
Viking Age in popular culture


This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Carroll County, Maryland.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Carroll County, Maryland, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in a map.

There are 62 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 1 National Historic Landmark.

Current listings

|}

See also

 List of National Historic Landmarks in Maryland
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Maryland

References

Carroll


Leonard Bloom is a former sports and entertainment owner and real estate developer in California.

Sports

Owner- San Diego Conquistadors (American Basketball Association "ABA")

ABA / NBA Merger
The American Basketball Association (that later merged with the NBA) awarded Dr. Leonard Bloom the franchise to San Diego for an entry fee of $1 million.  Leonard Bloom, President and CEO of United States Capital Corporation, was the team's sole owner.  Bloom named the team the San Diego Conquistadors.

The ABA purchased the San Diego Conquistadors franchise from Dr. Bloom for an undisclosed amount to enable the ABA merger with the NBA.  The San Diego Clippers originated from the Buffalo Braves in the 1978-79 NBA season and had no connection to Dr. Bloom's San Diego Conquistadors/Sails, which ceased operations during the 1975-76 ABA season.

Owner- Los Angeles Sharks (World Hockey Association "WHA")

WHA / NHL Merger
In addition to owning the San Diego Basketball franchise, Leonard Bloom also owned the Los Angeles Sharks Hockey Team in the WHA (World Hockey Association) that later merged with the NHL in 1979.  The Sharks played all of their home hockey games at the Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena.  Dr. Bloom renovated the Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena to accommodate his hockey team.  The Los Angeles Sharks franchise has no connection with the present day San Jose Sharks, an NHL expansion franchise begun in 1991, 12 years after the WHA ceased operations.

Co-Founder / Owner- World Team Tennis League (WTT)
The World Team Tennis (WTT) Professional Tennis league was founded in 1973 by four people: Larry King (owner of San Francisco Golden Gaters), Dr. Leonard Bloom (original owner of the San Diego Swingers, owner of the ABA San Diego Conquistadors, and owner of the WHA Los Angeles Sharks) with Dennis Murphy (founder of the World Hockey Association), and Jordan Kaiser.

The WTT was organized and started with Billie Jean King securing the professional tennis players on the women's side.  Dr. Bloom, along with Wilt Chamberlain and Arthur Ashe, secured the professional players on the men's side.

Leonard Bloom was one of the original founders of World Team Tennis (WTT) with Billie Jean King and Dennis Murphy.  Bloom was the founder / owner of the San Diego Swingers WTT franchise.

References

Bloom, Leonard
Businesspeople from San Diego


Essam Al-Qamari (, alias Zakariyya) was a decorated tank commander and Major in the Egyptian army who smuggled weapons and ammunition from army strongholds for al-Jihad as a "disciple" of the late Sayyid Qutb.

In February 1981, Egyptian police arrested a man smuggling weapons who was carrying a map of the military's tank placements. Realising that he would likely be implicated, al-Qamari took the opportunity to disappear. He is believed to have hidden at a Gamaliyya apartment owned by Muhammad Abdelrahim al-Sharqawi, that generated profits as a turnery, before acquiring another apartment in Giza with help from Ameen Yusef al-Domeiry. Meanwhile, he acquired a number of hand grenades for Abbud al-Zumar, and experimented trying to build a timer-detonator using a fan and a broken light bulb, although it failed.

He later strenuously opposed Omar Abdel-Rahman's leadership of al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya with other jihadist groups following the assassination of Anwar Sadat.

In 1988, he escaped from prison along with Khamis Muslim and Mohamed al-Aswani, ostensibly aided by Khaled Medhet al-Fiqi.

When Ayman al-Zawahiri was arrested, he was immediately asked the whereabouts of al-Qamari and told them he was staying at the Gamaliyya turnery. Since they had spoken earlier in the day about meeting at the Kit Kat Mosque, Zawahiri agreed to meet as scheduled and allow the Egyptians to arrest al-Qamari when he entered. He was arrested while performing the Nafl salat.

References

Year of birth missing
1980s deaths


Tom Gralish is a Pulitzer Prize-winning American photographer.

Born in Mount Clemens, Michigan, he worked for United Press International and the now-defunct Las Vegas Valley Times before coming to work for the Philadelphia Inquirer in 1983 as a photographer and photo editor. On April 7, 1985, he shot a series of photographs of homeless people on the streets of Philadelphia. This series was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1986, when Gralish was 29 years old.

References

External links
"Philadelphia's Homeless - 1985", Gralish's Pulitzer-winning photo essay
"Scene on the Road", Gralish's blog for the Inquirer.
Pulitzer listing

American photojournalists
Pulitzer Prize for Feature Photography winners
Living people
People from Mount Clemens, Michigan
Year of birth missing (living people)


Cycle two of Top Model aired from September to November 2007 and featured 13 contestants competing for the title of Norges nye toppmodell (). Kathrine Sørland was replaced by Vendela Kirsebom as the host of the competition.

The winner of the competition was 18-year-old Kamilla Alnes from Ålesund.

Episodes

Episode 1
Original airdate: 3 September 2007
 First call-out: Anette Wiborg
 Bottom two: Ann-Jeanett Angell-Henriksen & Kine Nordeide Johansen
 Eliminated: Ann-Jeanett Angell-Henriksen

Episode 2
Original airdate: 10 September 2007
 First call-out: Polina Barbasova
 Bottom two: Kine Nordeide Johansen & Kristina Breivik
 Eliminated: Kine Nordeide Johansen

Episode 3
Original airdate: 17 September 2007
 First call-out: Esther Roe
 Bottom two/eliminated: Kristina Breivik & Kristina Talleraas Holen

Episode 4
Original airdate: 24 September 2007
 First call-out: Julia Brønn Lyon
 Bottom two: Agathe Høistad Guttuhaugen & Polina Barbasova
 Eliminated: Agathe Høistad Guttuhaugen

Episode 5
Original airdate: 1 October 2007
 First call-out: Anette Wiborg
 Bottom two: Julia Brønn Lyon & Polina Barbasova
 Eliminated: Julia Brønn Lyon

Episode 6
Original airdate: 8 October 2007
 First call-out: Ivanna Petrova
 Bottom two: Anette Wiborg & Kaja Hegstad Lilleng
 Eliminated: Kaja Hegstad Lilleng

Episode 7
Original airdate: 15 October 2007
 First call-out: Kamilla Alnes
 Bottom two: Ivanna Petrova & Silje Løvik
 Eliminated: Silje Løvik

Episode 8
Original airdate: 22 October 2007
 Eliminated: None

Episode 9
Original airdate: 29 October 2007
 First call-out: Kamilla Alnes
 Bottom two: Anette Wiborg & Esther Roe
 Eliminated: Anette Wiborg

Episode 10
Original airdate: 5 November 2007
 First call-out: Polina Barbasova
 Bottom two: Esther Roe & Ivanna Petrova
 Eliminated: Esther Roe

Episode 11
Original airdate: 12 November 2007

Episode 12
Original airdate: 19 November 2007
 Final three: Ivanna Petrova, Kamilla Alnes & Polina Barbasova
 Norges nye toppmodell: Kamilla Alnes

Contestants
(ages stated are at start of contest)

Summaries

Call-out order

 The contestant was eliminated
 The contestant was immune from elimination
 The contestant won the competition

Episode 3 featured a double elimination during a regular judging panel.
In episode 6, Ivanna was immune from elimination for winning the challenge.
In episode 8 there was no elimination.
In episode 10, Polina was immune from elimination for winning the challenge.
In episode 11, there was no judging panel.

Photo Shoot Guide
Episode 1 Photoshoot: Last Supper in Lingerie
Episode 2 Photoshoot: Champagne in Prague
Episode 3 Photoshoot: Sunglasses in a Lake
Episode 4 Photoshoot: Burglars
Episode 5 Photoshoot: Murder Victims
Episode 6 Photoshoot: Pin-ups
Episode 7 Photoshoot: Bathtubs in Iceland
Episode 8 Photoshoot: Shoot with Nude Men
Episode 9 Photoshoot: Styling Oneself
Episode 10 Photoshoot: Action shooting
Episode 11 Photoshoot: Bikinis in Normandy
Episode 12 Photoshoot: Carnival

Judges
Vendela Kirsebom
Jan Thomas
Bjørn Opsahl
Linda Vasquez
Mariana Verkerk - catwalk and posing coach

References

External links
Official site (Norwegian)
Norway's Next Top Model at the Internet Movie Database

Top Model Norge
2000s Norwegian television series
2007 Norwegian television series debuts
2007 Norwegian television seasons


The 1906 Vanderbilt Cup was a motor race held on a 29.7 mile street circuit on Long Island, New York on October 6, 1906.

Just like the 1906 Vanderbilt Elimination Race, this race was stopped as the crowd invaded the course.

Classification

See also
 1906 Vanderbilt Elimination Race

References

Vanderbilt Cup
Vanderbilt Cup
Vanderbilt Cup


The Metal Construction Association (MCA) is an industry organization in the US that was formed in 1984 with a focus on expanding the use of metal in construction through marketing, education and selective action on public policies that affect metal's use in building projects.

History
The concept of the MCA began in March 1983 when members of the now-defunct Metal Building Component Manufacturers Association wanted to create a new, expanded association.  MCA took shape later that year when seed money for the new organization was contributed by the companies American Building Components, Binkley Company, Corrugated Metal, Engineered Components, McElroy Metal, Metal Building Components Inc., Moncrief Lenoir and Omega Metal Building Products. The new organization was officially named the Metal Construction Association and its purpose was to promote the use of metal in all phases of construction and collectively oppose any legislation that deters its use.

That remains the essence of MCA's strategic focus - to grow the use of metal through marketing, education and selective action on public policies that affect metal's use in building projects.

In 1998, MCA helped to establish the Metal Roofing Alliance, a national marketing initiative that has helped to achieve MCA goals in the residential market. It is a separately run entity closely aligned with MCA activities. In 2002, MCA worked with the American Iron and Steel Institute and the Metal Building Manufacturers Association (among others) as part of the Steel Coalition. In 2004, MCA launched The Metal Initiative, a program that educates decision makers and influencers in the commercial building market.

References

External links
 Metal Construction Association

Trade associations based in the United States
Metal industry


The 1997 Indonesian motorcycle Grand Prix was the fourteenth round of the 1997 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on 28 September 1997 at the Sentul International Circuit.

500 cc classification

250 cc classification

125 cc classification

References

Indonesian motorcycle Grand Prix
Indonesia
Motorcycle Grand Prix


The Center for Head Injury Services is a nonprofit organization in St. Louis, Missouri which serves people who are living with a brain injury or disability. The organization provides community-based programs including therapies, counseling, vocational and employment services, adult day services and social enterprises.  Among all clients placed in jobs, 86% are still in that job after 3 months. One of the organization's social enterprises, Destination Desserts, has received attention for its approach to employment solutions for disabled people. The Center for Head Injury Services is a 501(c)(3) organization governed by a board of directors and led by an executive director.

In 2011, actor Gary Busey selected the Center for Head Injury Services as his charity while competing on the reality television show Celebrity Apprentice 4. Busey, who survived a motorcycle accident in December 1988 that resulted in a severe brain injury, was able to raise $40,000 for the Center for Head Injury Services before being fired in episode 7.

References

External links
 Center for Head Injury Services website

Charities based in Missouri


The 1997 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix was the last round of the 1997 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on 5 October 1997 at the Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit.

500 cc classification

250 cc classification

125 cc classification

References

Australian motorcycle Grand Prix
Australian
Motorcycle
Motorsport at Phillip Island


John McDougall (c. 1853 – 16 May 1925) was a Scottish footballer, who played for Scotland between 1877 and 1879. During his international career he played five matches, scoring four goals. He was the first player to score a hat-trick in an international game, scoring three goals for Scotland against England in a 7–2 win on 2 March 1878. During his domestic career he played for Vale of Leven.

International matches

See also
 List of Scotland national football team captains
 List of Scotland national football team hat-tricks

References

External links
Scotland stats at London Hearts Supporters Club

1850s births
1925 deaths
Scottish men's footballers
Scotland men's international footballers
Vale of Leven F.C. players
Men's association football forwards


Diana Lee Inosanto is an American actress, director, stuntwoman, and martial artist. She also wrote and directed the film The Sensei (2008), and wrote the 2020 children's book The Curious Mind of Sebastian.

Personal life
Inosanto is married to fellow martial artist Ron Balicki. They have two children.

Career

Martial arts
Inosanto grew up surrounded by the martial arts world, studying many forms, including Jeet Kune Do and Eskrima, which she learned from her father, Dan Inosanto, a student of Jeet Kune Do founder Bruce Lee, who was also her godfather. She has appeared on the cover of numerous martial arts magazines, including Black Belt Magazine, Martial Arts, Inside Karate, Self Defense, and Inside Kung Fu. She was named Woman of the Year by Black Belt Magazine in 2009.

Film and television
Apart from doing stunt work and choreography in numerous films and television productions, Inosanto has also acted in a number of movies and series. Her directorial debut, The Sensei, was released in 2008.

In 2020, Inosanto appeared in one episode of the second season of Disney's The Mandalorian, playing the role of Magistrate Morgan Elsbeth and later reprised the role in Ahsoka.

Theatre
Inosanto is active in Southern California theatre as a member of the Asian American theatre group Lodestone Theatre Ensemble. In 2008 she worked with East West Players, serving as martial arts choreographer on the world premiere of Dan Kwong's play Be Like Water.

Writing
In 2020, Inosanto published her first book, the children's story The Curious Mind of Sebastian. The same year, she also contributed a foreword to the Fiaz Rafiq book Bruce Lee: The Life of a Legend.

Selected filmography

 Moonlighting (1986–87) (actress – 7 episodes)
 Barb Wire (1996) (stunts)
 Buffy the Vampire Slayer (1997–2002) (stunts – 7 episodes)
 Spy Game (1997) (stunts)
 Face/Off (1997) (stunts)
 Team Knight Rider (1997) (stunts)
 Red Corner (1997) (stunts)
 The Roseanne Show (1997) (stunts)
 Walker, Texas Ranger (1997–98) (stunts – 4 episodes)
 Blade (1998) (stunts, actress)
 The Patriot (1998) (stunts)
 The Last Man on Planet Earth (1999) (stunts)
 Wild Wild West (1999) (stunts)
 Mystery Men (1999) (stunts)
 MADtv (1999) (actress – 1 episode)
 Life Streams (2000) (actress, co-producer)
 Black Scorpion (2001) (stunts)
 Fists of Cheese (2002) (Assistant stunt coordinator, associate producer)
 The Time Machine (2002) (actress)
 On Sundays (2002) (co-producer)
 A Ribbon of Dreams (2002) (associate producer)
 Modern Warriors (2002) (herself)
 Star Trek: Enterprise  (2002–05) (stunts)
 Hulk (2003) (actress)
 10-8: Officers on Duty (2003) (stunts)
 Resident Evil: Apocalypse (2004) (fight choreographer)
 The Vault (2005) (actress)
 Rent (2005) (actress)
 The Prodigy (2006) (actress, associate producer)
 The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift (2006) (actress)
 The Sensei (2008) (writer, director, producer, actress)
 Sinners and Saints (2010) (co-producer, assistant stunt coordinator)
 I, Frankenstein (2014) (martial arts trainer to Aaron Eckhart / Socratis Otto)
 Spy (2015) (Martial arts trainer to Melissa McCarthy)
 The Mandalorian (2020) (actress – 1 episode)
 Ahsoka (2023) (actress – 7 episodes)

References

External links

American Jeet Kune Do practitioners
American stunt performers
American film actresses
American actresses of Filipino descent
Living people
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Actresses of Filipino descent
People from Carson, California
People from Harbor City, Los Angeles
American television actresses
Year of birth missing (living people)
Narbonne High School alumni


The Bridge of Gemarrin is a Roman bridge in the village of Jemarrin near the ancient city of Bosra in southern Syria. The bridge belonged to the Roman road to Soada Dionysias (As-Suwayda), crossing the Wadi Zeidi some kilometers north of Bostra.

Today, the structure presents itself essentially as an arch skeleton: while the three semi-circular arches, made from local basalt, are still extant, the roadway and the fill have been removed to expose the top of the arch vaults. Obliquely running embankments on both sides of the wadi force the water in the river bed under the bridge.

At least two other Roman bridges over the Wadi Zeidi, the Kharaba Bridge and the one At-Tayyibeh, have survived to this day.

See also
 List of Roman bridges
 Roman architecture
 Roman engineering

References

Sources

Roman bridges in Syria
Deck arch bridges
Stone bridges in Syria
Buildings and structures in Daraa Governorate


The 2003 SEC Championship Game was won by the LSU Tigers 34–13 over the Georgia Bulldogs. The game was played in the Georgia Dome in Atlanta, Georgia.

References

External links
Recap of the game at ESPN.com
Story at LSUSports.net

SEC Championship
SEC Championship Game
Georgia Bulldogs football games
LSU Tigers football games
December 2003 sports events in the United States
2003 in sports in Georgia (U.S. state)
2003 in Atlanta


The Yorkshire rebellion took place in England in 1489, during the reign of King Henry VII. Relatively little is known about this rebellion; its main account is found in Polydore Vergil's Anglica Historia.

Prelude
Parliament granted Henry VII a subsidy of £100,000 to help defend Brittany, an ally of England in its war against France. King Henry sent Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland to collect taxes to help raise more money for this campaign. However, many of the people in Northumberland and Yorkshire claimed to have already paid their part through local taxes. They were unwilling to give more money to defend a country of no geographical threat to them, as Yorkshire and Northumberland are in Northern England, whereas Brittany is closer to Cornwall and London. The people of the North had also been affected by a poor harvest in 1488, already subjecting them to financial difficulty. After having to pay for military action in Scotland, they were far less able to do so again.

Rebellion
Rebellion broke out in April 1489. The Earl of Northumberland met with the rebels, but a scuffle broke out and he was killed. The rebels then asked for pardon, but were denied it by the king who sent a large army of 8,000 to the north, led by Thomas, Earl of Surrey. The rebels dispersed and the rebel leader, John à Chambre, was hanged for treason, so they found a new leader in Sir John Egremont (an illegitimate member of the House of Percy). Unfortunately for the rebels, Egremont proved to be unreliable and fled to the Court of Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy, a staunch opposer to Henry's rule.

Aftermath
The results of this rebellion led the rebels to receive a royal pardon, and no further taxes were collected; thus Henry was unable to raise enough money to defend Brittany. He also became aware of the lawless nature of the North of England, which had been loyal to King Richard III, who had spent more time in the North than any previous King of England.

Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey, who was sent to deal with the Yorkist threat, was made into Henry's Lieutenant in the North. With no estates or interests in the north, Surrey was able to spend many years reconciling the region to Tudor rule. For the remainder of his reign, Henry faced no more significant rebellions in Northern England.

References

Sources

History of Yorkshire
1489 in England
Conflicts in 1489
Henry VII of England
Tax resistance in the United Kingdom
Tudor rebellions
15th-century rebellions


The 15th Cannes Film Festival was held from 7 to 23 May 1962. The Palme d'Or went to the O Pagador de Promessas by Anselmo Duarte. The festival opened with Les Amants de Teruel, directed by Raymond Rouleau.

During the Cannes Film Festival of 1961, Robert Favre le Bret, Artistic Director of the Cannes Film Festival, with the agreement of the French Union of Film Critics, had decided to establish the International Critics' Week during the next Festival. In 1962, this parallel section of the Festival took place for the first time. Its goal was to showcase first and second works by directors from all over the world, not succumbing to commercial tendencies.

Jury
The following people were appointed as the Jury of the 1962 competition:

Feature films
Tetsurō Furukaki (Japan) (author) Jury President
Henry Deutschmeister (France) Vice President
Sophie Desmarets (France)
Jean Dutourd (France)
Mel Ferrer (USA)
Romain Gary (France)
Jerzy Kawalerowicz (Poland)
Ernst Krüger (West Germany)
Yuli Raizman (Soviet Union)
Mario Soldati (Italy)
François Truffaut (France)
Short films
Charles Ford (France) (author) President
Charles Duvanel (Switzerland)
Derek Prouse (UK)
Georges Rouquier (France)
Andréas Winding (France)

Official selection

In competition - Feature film
The following feature films competed for the Palme d'Or:

Adorable Julia (Julia, Du bist zauberhaft) by Alfred Weidenmann
Advise and Consent by Otto Preminger
All Fall Down by John Frankenheimer
Âmes et rythmes by Abdelaziz Ramdani
And Love Has Vanished (Dvoje) by Aleksandar Petrović
A Bomb Was Stolen (S-a furat o bombă) by Ion Popescu-Gopo
The Bread of Those Early Years (Das Brot der frühen Jahre) by Herbert Vesely
Captive Flock (Pleneno yato) by Ducho Mundrov
Children of the Sun (Les Enfants du soleil) by Jacques Séverac
Cléo from 5 to 7 (Cléo de 5 à 7) by Agnès Varda
Devi by Satyajit Ray
Divorce, Italian Style (Divorzio all'italiana) by Pietro Germi
L'Eclisse by Michelangelo Antonioni
Elektra (Ilektra) by Michael Cacoyannis
The Exterminating Angel (El ángel exterminador) by Luis Buñuel
The Female: Seventy Times Seven (Setenta veces siete) by Leopoldo Torre Nilsson
Foundry Town (Kyupora no aru machi) by Kirio Urayama
Harry and the Butler (Harry og kammertjeneren) by Bent Christensen
The Impossible Goodbye (Dom bez okien) by Stanislaw Jedryka
In the Steps of Buddha by Pragnasoma Hettiarachi
The Innocents by Jack Clayton
Joseph the Dreamer (Ba'al Hahalomot) by Alina Gross and Yoram Gross
Konga Yo by Yves Allégret
Liberté I by Yves Ciampi
Long Day's Journey Into Night by Sidney Lumet
The Lovers of Teruel (Les Amants de Teruel) by Raymond Rouleau
The Magnificent Concubine (Yang Kwei Fei) by Li Han Hsiang
Man in Outer Space (Muž z prvního století) by Oldřich Lipský
Mondo Cane by Gualtiero Jacopetti, Paolo Cavara and Franco Prosperi
O Pagador de Promessas by Anselmo Duarte
Plácido by Luis García Berlanga
The Small Stranger (Al Gharib al Saghir) by Georges Nasser
A Taste of Honey by Tony Richardson
The Trial of Joan of Arc (Procès de Jeanne d'Arc) by Robert Bresson
When the Trees Were Tall (Kogda derevya byli bolshimi) by Lev Kulidzhanov

Films out of competition
The following films were selected to be screened out of competition:
 Boccaccio '70 by Cesare Zavattini, Luchino Visconti, Mario Monicelli and Federico Fellini
 Le Crime ne paie pas by Gérard Oury

Short film competition
The following short films competed for the Short Film Palme d'Or:

 Akheytzi by Lada Boyadjieva
 Anarkali, My Beautiful by Jean-Claude See
 Big City Blues by Charles Huguenot Van Der Linden
 Bolshie nepriyatnosti by Vladimir Brumberg & Zinaida Brumberg
 Certosa di pavia by Carlo Ludovico Ragghianti
 Clovek pod vodou by Jiří Brdečka
 Couro de gato by Joaquim Pedro de Andrade
 Danza Espanola by Juan Gyenes
 Faces by Edward McConnell
 Image Of The Sea by Richard Alan Gray
 An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge (La Rivière du Hibou) by Robert Enrico
 Le Hampi by Claude Jutra, Roger Morilliere, Jean Rouch
 Les Dieux du feu by Henri Storck
 Les quatre saisons by Niklaus Gessner
 Ljubav I Film by Ivo Vrbanic
 Oczekiwanie by Witold Giersz & Ludwik Perski
 Pan by Herman van der Horst
 Rodolphe Bresdin by Nelly Kaplan
 Roma momenti in Jazz by Enzo Battaglia
 Saguenay by Chris Chapman
 Szenvedely by Jozsef Nepp
 Tagebuch eines Reporters by Manfred Durniok
 Teeth Is Money by Jean Delire & Eddy Ryssack
 The Australian Landscape Painters by Richard Mason
 The Sound of Speed by Bruce Kessler
 Voronet by Ion Bostan
 Zambesi by Raymond Hancock

Parallel section

International Critics' Week
The following feature films were selected to be screened for the 1st International Critics' Week (1e Semaine de la Critique):

 Adieu Philippine by Jacques Rozier (France)
 Alias Big Shot (Alias Gardelito) by Lautaro Murúa (Argentina)
 Bad Boys (Furyō shōnen) by Susumu Hani (Japan)
 The Living Camera: Mooney vs. Fowle by Claude Fournier, Richard Leacock, James Lipscomb, Abbot Mills, D. A. Pennebaker, William Ray (United States)
 Les Inconnus de la terre by Mario Ruspoli (France)
 I nuovi angeli by Ugo Gregoretti (Italy)
 Les Oliviers de la justice by James Blue (France)
 Strangers in the City by Rick Carrier (United States)
 All Souls' Day (Zaduszki) by Tadeusz Konwicki (Poland)
 Tres veces Ana by David José Kohon (Argentina)

Awards

Official awards
The following films and people received the 1962 Official selection awards:
Palme d'Or: O Pagador de Promessas by Anselmo Duarte
Jury Special Prize:
L'Eclisse by Michelangelo Antonioni
The Trial of Joan of Arc (Procès de Jeanne d'Arc) by Robert Bresson
Best Actress:
Katharine Hepburn for Long Day's Journey Into Night
Rita Tushingham for A Taste of Honey
Best Actor:
Dean Stockwell, Jason Robards and Ralph Richardson for Long Day's Journey Into Night
Murray Melvin for A Taste of Honey
Best Cinematic Transposition: Elektra (Ilektra) by Michael Cacoyannis
Best Comedy: Divorce, Italian Style (Divorzio all'italiana) by Pietro Germi
Short films
Short Film Palme d'Or: An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge (La Rivière du Hibou) by Robert Enrico
 Prix spécial du Jury: Oczekiwanie by Witold Giersz & Ludwik Perski
 Short film Technical Prize:
 Les Dieux du feu by Henri Storck
 Oczekiwanie by Witold Giersz & Ludwik Perski
 Pan by Herman van der Horst

Independent awards
FIPRESCI
 FIPRESCI Prize: The Exterminating Angel (El ángel exterminador) by Luis Buñuel
Commission Supérieure Technique
Technical Grand Prize:
The Lovers of Teruel (Les Amants de Teruel) by Raymond Rouleau
Elektra (Ilektra) by Michael Cacoyannis
The Magnificent Concubine (Yang Kwei Fei) by Li Han Hsiang
OCIC Award
 The Trial of Joan of Arc (Procès de Jeanne d'Arc) by Robert Bresson

References

Media

British Pathé: Cannes Film Festival 1962 footage
British Pathé: Cannes Film Festival 1962 Awards
INA: Opening of the 1962 festival (commentary in French)
INA: Atmosphere at the 1962 Cannes Festival (commentary in French)
INA: List of winners of the 1962 Cannes Festival (commentary in French)

External links
1962 Cannes Film Festival (web.archive)
Official website Retrospective 1962
Cannes Film Festival Awards for 1962 at Internet Movie Database

Cannes Film Festival, 1962
Cannes Film Festival, 1962
Cannes Film Festival


Top Model, cycle 1 was the first cycle of the Norwegian adaptation of Top Model. It aired on TV3 from September to November 2006. The winner of the competition was 16-year-old Maria Eilertsen from Stavanger.

Contestants
(ages stated are at start of contest)

Summaries

Call-out order

 The contestant was eliminated
 The contestant won the competition

Bottom two

  The contestant was eliminated after their first time in the bottom two
  The contestant was eliminated after their second time in the bottom two
  The contestant was eliminated after their third time in the bottom two
  The contestant was eliminated after their fourth time in the bottom two
  The contestant was eliminated and placed as the runner-up

Photo Shoot Guide
Episode 2 Photoshoot: Makeover Shoot
Episode 3 Photoshoot: Bikini BonAqua Shoot
Episode 4 Photoshoot: Beauty Shot with Glasses
Episode 5 Photoshoot: Lingerie Shoot
Episode 6 Photoshoot: Shoot in the Rain
Episode 7 Photoshoot: Shoot on a Boat
Episode 8 Photoshoot: Galla Shot
Episode 9 Photoshoot: Jungle Shoot with Snake
Episode 10 Photoshoot: Brides on the Road
Episode 11 Photoshoot: Ballerinas
Episode 12 Photoshoot: Galla Shot

Judges
Kathrine Sørland
Hervé Bernard
Sunniva Stordal
 Mette Mortensen

References

External links
Official site (Norwegian)
Norway's Next Top Model at the Internet Movie Database

Top Model Norge
2000s Norwegian television series
2006 Norwegian television series debuts
2006 Norwegian television seasons


Jacques Favart (30 July 1920 – 27 September 1980) was a French sports official and figure skater.

He won the French Figure Skating Championships in men's singles in 1942. As a pair skater, he competed with his wife Denise Favart from 1946 to 1950. They placed 14th at the 1948 Winter Olympics.

He served as president of the International Skating Union from 1967 to 1980, and of Fédération Française des Sports de Glace from 1968 to 1969.

He was inaugurated in the World Figure Skating Hall of Fame in 1993.

Competitive highlights

Single skating

Pair skating
(with Denise Favart)

 WD = Withdrawn

References

 ISU statistics
 various news papers
 Magazin Patinage artistique

External links
 International Skating Union – Past Presidents at www.isu.org

1920 births
1980 deaths
French referees and umpires
French male single skaters
French male pair skaters
Olympic figure skaters for France
Figure skaters at the 1948 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters from Paris
Presidents of the International Skating Union


Lee Sun-fung () (1 June 1909 - 21 May 1985) was a Chinese film director, writer and actor from Hong Kong.

Early life
On 1 June 1909, Lee was born in Guangdong, Qing Empire.

Career
Between 1940 and 1978, Lee has directed over 50 Hong Kong films. Three of his films were included in the Hong Kong Film Awards' list of "Best 100 Chinese Motion Pictures" in 2005: The Orphan (1960), Cold Nights (1955), and Feast of a Rich Family (1959), which he co-directed with Lee Tit, Ng Wui and Lo Ji-Hung.
Lee is credited with over 60 films as director, over 50 films as writer, and over 15 films as actor.

Filmography

Films
This is a partial list of films.
 1941 The Metropolis
 1955 Cold Nights () - Director, writer.
 1960 The Orphan - Director
 1972 The Loner - Director

Personal life
Lee's wife is Yuet-ching Lee, an actress. Lee's third son is Sil-hong Lee. On 21 May 1985, Lee died.

References

External links

 The Cinema of Lee Sun-fung at the Hong Kong Film Archive via archive.is
 Lee Sun Fung at hkcinemagic.com

Film directors from Guangdong
Hong Kong film directors
1909 births
1985 deaths
Chinese film directors


Aghibasiin-Lessons on How To Defeat Death is the first compilation album, and fifth album overall, by the black metal band Naer Mataron. It was originally released on Shadowface Releases in 2004 and limited to 1000 hand-numbered copies, but was later re-released on Anti-Xtian Terror Records and limited to 300 hand-numbered copies. The re-released version contains two bonus tracks.

Track listing
Alchemist – 9:12
Zeus (Wrath Of The Gods) – 4:22
Zephyrous – 5:12
Winter War Memorial – 7:03
Iketis – 5:12
A Holocaust In Front Of God's Eyes – 4:54
Steppe – 6:10
Kalki The Avenger – Lightning And The Sun (Death) – 2:32
Iketis (bonus live video)
Diastric Fields Of War (bonus live video)
Faethon (bonus live video)
Skotos Aenaon (bonus live video)
Wolf Of Ions... (bonus live video)

External links
Official homepage
Metal Archives

2004 compilation albums
Naer Mataron albums