The Black Abbot () is a 1963 West German mystery film directed by Franz Josef Gottlieb and starring Joachim Fuchsberger. It was part of a very successful series of German films based on the writings of Edgar Wallace and adapted from the 1926 novel of the same name.

Plot
The ruins of Fossoway Abbey are supposed to conceal the legendary treasure of the Chelford family, sought by Harry Chelford, last of his line, with fanatical zeal. Due to a hereditary disease, he is liable to fall victim to insanity at any time. His fiancée, Leslie Gine, is more attracted to Dick Alford, Harry's cousin and steward at Chelford Manor. Meanwhile, her brother Arthur, a London lawyer is being blackmailed by his chief clerk Gilder, who wants Leslie for himself. Gilder has purchased some bills of exchange on which Arthur forged the signature of Lord Chelford to pay for his own gambling debts. There is also the 'Black Abbot', a mysterious figure who is seen moving about in the old ruin and supposedly guards the treasure. Inspector Puddler of Scotland Yard and his assistant Horatio are called in when a man is found stabbed to death and they try to solve the mystery. Among the suspects is the butler Fortuna who Puddler recognizes as a former inmate of Dartmoor prison. Mary Wenner, who used to be secretary of Lord Chelford (and an aspirant to become his wife), joins forces with Gilder to find the treasure. They manage to discover some scroll cases containing maps of the abbey but are driven off by the Black Abbot. They later return to find the maps gone. Wenner is shot and killed by Arthur Gine, who himself is later killed in a confrontation with Gilder. Leslie Gine calls off the wedding with Lord Chelford. Lord Chelford, plagued by his deteriorating sanity completely loses his grip on reality when he encounters his mother (whom he believes to be dead) in the grounds of the manor. Lord Chelford shoots his mother and the Black Abbot, takes Leslie as a hostage and hides with her in the tunnels beneath the abbey after also killing Gilder. It turns out there have been two Black Abbots: one was the butler working as an agent for Gilder, the other was Alford, working with the family doctor Loxon to care for the insane Lady Chelford whom they had kept hidden from her son. There is a shoot-out with the police and Lord Chelford is killed by a cave-in. Among the stones falling on the last Lord Chelford are some chests that contain the treasure.

Differences from the novel
The film follows the novel quite closely over long stretches. However, in the novel Harry and Dick are brothers. Lord Chelford is looking for the elixir of youth that is supposedly part of the treasure, not for the gold. Mary Wenner proposes to marry Arthur Gine as part of a deal to get at the treasure—which in the novel is said to include 15 tons of gold. The novel does not start with a murder like the film. Sergeant Puttler (=Inspector Puddler) initially comes to the castle as a favour to Alford, he is on vacation and wants to spend it doing some light investigative work concerning the strange goings-on around the estate. There is no police assistant in the novel, or comic relief of the kind provided by Arent's character in the film. In fact, the first character to be killed is Thomas, who dies in his Black Abbot costume, just like in the film. Lord Chelford is found to have disappeared from his room, signs of a fight remain behind. Arthur Gine goes abroad after tricking Gilder into signing a large cheque. Later, Leslie Gine is kidnapped. Gilder finds out that Alford is the Black Abbot—he later confesses to it, saying that he used the costume to scare his insane and at times violent brother into staying inside the estate. The end is relatively close to the film with a pursuit through the tunnels and Lord Chelford's death. However, in the novel there is not just a happy ending for Leslie Gine and Dick Alford, but also for Wenner and Gilder who get engaged. Doctor Loxon and Lady Chelford do not appear in the novel at all—she has actually died years before.

Cast
 Joachim Fuchsberger as Dick Alford
 Grit Boettcher as Leslie Gine
 Dieter Borsche as Lord Harry Chelford
 Charles Régnier as Detective Puddler (as Charles Regnier)
 Eva Ingeborg Scholz as Mary Wenner
 Werner Peters as Fabian Gilder
 Alice Treff as Lady Chelford
 Harry Wüstenhagen as Arthur Gine
 Friedrich Schoenfelder as Dr. Loxon
 Eddi Arent as Horatio W. Smith
 Klaus Kinski as Thomas Fortuna

Production

Der Schwarze Abt was the 13th in a series of films based on works by Edgar Wallace made in the late 1950s and 1960s by producer Horst Wendlandt for Rialto Film. The script to the film was adapted by Johannes Kai and Franz Josef Gottlieb from the Edgar Wallace novel The Black Abbot (1926). An earlier film version had been made in Britain in 1934. This was the fourth script Kai (a pen name for Hanns Wiedmann) had written for a Wallace film and the plot remained relatively close to the original novel. F.J. Gottlieb had just directed The Curse of the Yellow Snake produced by competitor Artur Brauner and had previously worked on Wallace scripts for Constantin Film. He reworked the script, trying to improve the odds of receiving a favourable age rating from the FSK.

It was one of the earliest films of the series emphasizing the "gothic" elements that came to be a hallmark of the series but were not to be found in Edgar Wallace's original material. Principal cinematography took place from 17 April to 28 May 1963. Interiors and some exteriors were shot at the Spandau Studios in West Berlin. Schloss Herdringen near Arnsberg was used as Chelford Manor. The film was shot in 'Ultra-Scope', a form of CinemaScope. It features opening credits in colour but is otherwise in black-and-white.

The FSK gave the film a rating of 12 and up and found it not appropriate for screenings on public holidays. This was changed from the first rating of 16 and up after some scenes were edited (the killing of Wüstenhagen, Borsche dragging around the unconscious Böttcher and final twitches by Borsche after being buried by masonry).

Release
The Black Abbot was distributed theatrically in Germany on July 5, 1963, by Constantin Film.

References

External links

1963 films
1960s mystery thriller films
German mystery thriller films
West German films
1960s German-language films
German black-and-white films
Films directed by Franz Josef Gottlieb
Films based on British novels
Films based on works by Edgar Wallace
Films produced by Horst Wendlandt
Films set in England
Films shot at Spandau Studios
1960s German films


This page features the complete videography of Greek artist Sakis Rouvas.

Music videos

Home video releases

External links
Sakis Rouvas' official website
IFPI Greece official website with Greek charts

Videographies of Greek artists
Videography


Bobby Robinson may refer to:

Bobby Robinson (baseball) (1903–2002), Negro league baseball player
Bobby Robinson (record producer) (1917–2011), American independent record producer
Bobby Robinson (footballer, born 1950) (1950–1996), Scottish football midfielder
Bobby Robinson (footballer, born 1921) (1921–1975), English football goalkeeper

See also
Robert Robinson (disambiguation)
Robbie Robinson (disambiguation)


The 909th Air Refueling Squadron is part of the 18th Wing at Kadena Air Base, Japan.  It operates the KC-135 Stratotanker aircraft conducting air refueling missions.

The squadron was first activated in 1942 as the 19th Reconnaissance Squadron, but was redesignated the 409th Bombardment Squadron shortly after activation.  After briefly serving as an antisubmarine unit, it participated in combat in the Mediterranean and European Theaters of Operations, earning two Distinguished Unit Citations for its actions.  After the surrender of Germany the squadron returned to the United States and was inactivated.

The squadron was reactivated shortly after the end of World War II as a Boeing B-29 Superfortress unit, and became one of the first units of Strategic Air Command in 1946.  It was inactivated later that year when its parent group was replaced by the 43d Bombardment Group.

The 909th Air Refueling Squadron was activated in 1963 at Amarillo Air Force Base, Texas.   The squadron supported Strategic Air Command operations from activation and, starting in 1964, supported operations in Southeast Asia from Amarillo, March Air Force Base, California and Kadena Air Base, Okinawa.  After the end of the Vietnam War, the squadron continued to support refueling and reconnaissance operations in the Pacific.  In 1985 the 409th and 909th squadrons were consolidated into a single unit.  The squadron also provided support for combat operations in Southwest Asia during the 1990s.

Mission
The 909th is the Pacific Air Forces (PACAF)'s "lead force" for air refueling U.S. and allied aircraft during contingencies. The squadron accomplishes aeromedical evacuations for military and civilian members, transporting patients to as far away as the United States when necessary.  It also conducts Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) and headquarters- and command-directed missions.

History

World War II

Training and initial operations
The squadron was established as the 19th Reconnaissance Squadron in early 1942 at Barksdale Field, Louisiana as one of the original four squadrons of the 93d Bombardment Group. Since a reorganization of General Headquarters Air Force in September 1936, each bombardment group of the Army Air Forces (AAF) had an attached reconnaissance squadron, which operated the same aircraft as that group's assigned bombardment squadrons.  That arrangement continued for units like the 19th that were designated as heavy bombardment units. The squadron was formed from a cadre supplied by the 44th Bombardment Group and was equipped with Consolidated B-24D Liberators. Shortly after activation the 19th was redesignated as the 409th Bombardment Squadron. It completed its Phase I training at Barksdale. The squadron moved to Page Field, Florida, and flew antisubmarine patrols over the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea until the end of July. Its parent group claimed the destruction of three U-boats while stationed in Florida.

Two weeks later the squadron began to deploy to the European Theater of Operations. Its ground echelon sailed aboard the  on 31 August, arriving in Scotland on 1 September.  The air echelon transferred to Grenier Field, New Hampshire, where it received new B-24Ds.  It flew the first formation crossing of the Atlantic in September.

The squadron was a member of the first B-24 heavy bomber group to become part of VIII Bomber Command in England. It flew its first mission on 9 October against a steel factory at Lille.  Until December, it operated primarily against submarine pens on the coast of the Bay of Biscay.  The squadron flew some antisubmarine patrols with RAF Coastal Command from RAF Holmsley South. Later in the month the 409th transferred some of its personnel to the 329th Bombardment Squadron, which was training for special operations.

Deployments to the Mediterranean Theater
In early December, the air echelon of the squadron deployed to Algeria, where it was attached to XII Bomber Command. Operating with inadequate supplies under difficult conditions the squadron struck heavy blows against enemy shipping and lines of communication during its Mediterranean deployment.  Tafaraoui Airfield had no hardened runways, and the first four missions had to be cancelled when heavy rains turned the airfield into a sea of mud, making it impossible to taxi.  After flying one mission, the unit moved to Gambut Main, Libya, where it came under the control of IX Bomber Command.  At Gambut, dust storms "played havoc" with the engines of the squadron's B-24s.  The 409th flew 22 missions, attacking enemy ports and attacking Italian supply centers to support the British Eighth Army. The squadron was awarded its first Distinguished Unit Citation for these efforts.

The squadron returned to England in February 1943 and until June attacked engine repair facilities, power plants, harbors, and other targets in France, the Low Countries and Germany.  In May the squadron was withdrawn from operations and began to train for night attacks.  However, this training ended abruptly and the squadrons of the 93d group joined those of the only other B-24 group in Eighth Air Force, the 44th Bombardment Group, in flying diversionary missions, while Eighth's Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses attacked primary targets.  On 29 May the squadron was once again taken off operations and began practicing low level flights over England. Norden bombsights were removed from unit B-24s and a modified gunsight, optimized for low level attacks, replaced them. Liberators that had been modified for night operations were sent to another unit and bomb bay tanks were installed in others.

In June, the air echelon returned to Libya and initially supported Operation Husky, the invasion of Sicily, flying ten missions. Following this, the unit resumed low level training in Libya.  On 1 August, the squadron participated in Operation Tidal Wave, the low level attack on oil refineries near Ploiești, where 60% of the Axis fuel was produced. This attack involved a round trip of over 2,000 miles. The squadron's formation followed the 376th Bombardment Group which had mistaken the Initial Point for the bomb run and flew the wrong course to the target, bombing targets that had been assigned to other groups, despite heavy opposition from enemy forces that had been fully alerted to the approach of the bombers. For this action, the squadron earned its second Distinguished Unit Citation. Before departing the Mediterranean, the squadron flew an attack against the Messerschmitt Bf 109 factory at Wiener Neustadt, stretching the range of its B-24s and requiring it to recover at bases in Tunisia, which were closer than its station in Libya.

The squadron returned to England in August, but flew only two missions before the air echelon returned to the Mediterranean to fly missions from Tunisia to support the Fifth Army at Salerno during Operation Avalanche, the invasion of Italy. The crews and aircraft returned to England in October.

European Theater and post war

From England, the squadron resumed strategic bombardment raids against marshalling yards, aircraft factories, chemical plants, and oil refineries in Germany.  The squadron also made tactical attacks on gun emplacements near Cherbourg Naval Base during Operation Overlord, the Normandy invasion, in June 1944 and attacked troop concentrations during the Saint Lo breakout the following month.  In August and September, its bombers were diverted to airlifting food, gasoline, water and other supplies to Allies advancing through northern France.  It also dropped supplies to airborne troops engaged in Operation Market Garden airborne attacks in the Netherlands.

Near the end of the war, on 24 March 1945, the squadron dropped supplies to airborne forces near Wesel and bombed a night fighter base near Störmede during Operation Varsity, the airborne assault across the Rhine.  The squadron ended combat operations in April, and began returning to the United States in May and June. The ground echelon sailed aboard the  and received thirty days leave upon arrival. In July the 409th was inactivated when its parent group began conversion to Boeing B-29 Superfortresses.

The squadron was activated again at Pratt Army Air Field, Kansas in August where it began to train with Boeing B-29 Superfortresses. At the end of the year the squadron moved to Clovis Army Air Field, New Mexico.
In the spring of 1946 the squadron became one of the first units assigned to the new Strategic Air Command, and in June it moved to Davis-Monthan Field, Arizona, where it was assigned to the 444th Bombardment Group.  In October, the 444th group and its squadrons were inactivated and their mission, equipment and personnel were transferred to the 43d Bombardment Group.

Air refueling operations
The 909th Air Refueling Squadron was organized at Amarillo Air Force Base, Texas in Apr 1963. Once the squadron was combat ready in July, half of the squadron's aircraft were maintained on fifteen-minute alert, fully fueled and ready for combat to reduce vulnerability to a Soviet missile strike. The squadron trained with Boeing KC-135 Stratotankers and conducted worldwide air refueling and participated in Strategic Air Command (SAC) directed exercises.  The 909th deployed to refuel tactical units in Southeast Asia as part of Operation Young Tiger and deployed crews and planes to Spain and Alaska for support of Operation Chrome Dome airborne alert forces. The squadron also supported Operation Arc Light B-52 strikes in Southeast Asia.

The 909th maintained combat proficiency at Amarillo until June 1966, when it moved to March Air Force Base, California, where it was assigned to the 22d Bombardment Wing, which became a "super wing" with two bombardment squadrons and two air refueling squadrons assigned. From May to October 1967 the squadron was non-operational as the 22d wing was reduced to a small rear echelon non-combat organization with all its tactical resources allotted to SAC organizations involved in combat in Southeast Asia.

The unit rotated aircrews to Southeast Asia from 1967 to 1973.  In 1971 SAC decided to maintain a permanent tanker presence in the Pacific and the squadron moved to Kadena Air Base on Okinawa. The squadron supported the tanker task force at Kadena (Giant Bear) and reconnaissance operations (Rivet Joint and Cobra Ball). In 1991, the squadron was transferred to Pacific Air Forces and reassigned from the 376th Strategic Wing to the 18th Operations Group.

The 909th provided air refueling in Southwest Asia during Operation Desert Storm from August 1990 to March 1991. In 1996 it revisited Southwest Asia to support Operation Desert Strike, an attack against fixed surface-to-air missile sites and air defense sites in Iraq.

Expeditionary operations
The 909th has been a major force provider for a number of operations in the Pacific area.  For these operations, PACAF has activated a provisional 909th Expeditionary Air Refueling Squadron for the operations, using the squadron's resources.

The 909th expeditionary squadron has been:
 Assigned to the 613th Air Expeditionary Group from 1 January 2000 to 31 January 2000 at Korat Royal Thai Air Force Base for Cope Tiger
 Assigned to the 13th Air Expeditionary Group from 5 February 2004 to 9 March 2004 at Korat Royal Thai Air Force Base for Cope Tiger 04
 Assigned to the 605th Air Expeditionary Group from 30 October 2004 to 30 November 2004 at Yokota Air Base for Keen Sword 05
 Assigned to the 3d Air Expeditionary Group from 2 October 2005 to 24 October 2005 at Eielson Air Force Base for Cope Thunder 06-1
 Assigned to the 5th Air Expeditionary Group from 31 October 2005 to 24 November 2005 at Yokota Air Base for Cope North 06-1
 Assigned to the 13th Air Expeditionary Group from 14 January 2008 to 13 February 2008 at Korat Royal Thai Air Force Base for Cope Tiger 08
 Attached to Thirteenth Air Force from 21 November 2008 to 9 December 2008 at RAAF Base Darwin for Aces North 09
 Assigned to the 13th Air Expeditionary Wing from c. March 2009 to 3 April 2009 at Korat Royal Thai Air Force Base for Cope Tiger 09
 Assigned to the 18th Air Expeditionary Wing from 6 July 2009 to 26 July 2009 at RAAF Base Darwin for Talisman Saber 09

Lineage
409th Bombardment Squadron
 Constituted as the 19th Reconnaissance Squadron (Heavy) on 28 January 1942
 Activated on 1 March 1942
 Redesignated 409th Bombardment Squadron (Heavy) on 22 April 1942
 Redesignated 409th Bombardment Squadron, Heavy on 6 March 1944
 Inactivated on 6 July 1945
 Redesignated 409th Bombardment Squadron, Very Heavy on 5 August 1945
 Activated on 20 August 1945
 Inactivated on 1 October 1946
 Consolidated on 19 September 1985 with the 909th Air Refueling Squadron as the 909th Air Refueling Squadron

909th Air Refueling Squadron
 Constituted as the 909th Air Refueling Squadron, Heavy on 18 January 1963 and activated (not organized)
 Organized on 1 April 1963
 Consolidated on 19 September 1985 with the 409th Bombardment Squadron
 Redesignated 909th Air Refueling Squadron on 1 October 1991

Assignments
 93d Bombardment Group, 1 March 1942 – 6 July 1945
 93d Bombardment Group, 20 August 1945
 444th Bombardment Group, 6 May 1946 – 1 October 1946
 Strategic Air Command, 18 January 1963 (not organized)
 461st Bombardment Wing, 1 April 1963
 22d Bombardment Wing, 25 June 1966
 376th Strategic Wing, 1 July 1971
 18th Operations Group, 1 October 1991 – Present

Stations

 Barksdale Field, Louisiana, 1 March 1942
 Page Field, Florida, 18 May 1942 – 13 August 1942
 RAF Alconbury (AAF-102), England, 7 September 1942
 RAF Hardwick (AAF-104), England, c. 6 December 1942 – 15 June 1945
 Air echelon operated from:
 Tafaraoui Airfield, Algeria, 7 December 1942
 RAF Gambut Main (LG139), Libya, 16 December 1942 – 25 February 1943
 Bengazi Airfield, Libya, 27 June 1943 – 25 August 1943
 Oudna Airfield, Tunisia, 18 September 1943 – 3 October 1943
 Sioux Falls Army Air Field, South Dakota, 26 June 1945 – 26 July 1945
 Pratt Army Air Field, Kansas, 20 August 1945
 Clovis Army Air Field, New Mexico, 13 December 1945
 Davis-Monthan Field, Arizona, 18 June 1945 – 1 October 1946
 Amarillo Air Force Base, Texas, 1 April 1963
 March Air Force Base, California, 25 June 1966
 Kadena Air Base, Japan, 1 July 1971 – Present

Aircraft

Consolidated B-24 Liberator (1942–1945)
Boeing B-29 Superfortress (1945–1946)
Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker (1963 – present)

Awards and campaigns

See also

 List of United States Air Force air refueling squadrons
 B-24 Liberator units of the United States Army Air Forces

References

Notes
 Explanatory notes

 Citations

Bibliography

  (ISBN for 1993 reprint)

Further reading

External links
 The 93rd Bombardment Group Museum, Station 104, Hardwick.  A small museum on the actual airfield site in Nissen (Quonset) and brick built huts.

Air refueling squadrons of the United States Air Force
Military units and formations established in 1963
Units and formations of Strategic Air Command


Jean-Paul Delevoye (born 22 January 1947) is a French politician.

Political career
After having worked in the food industry, he began his political career as a village councilman in 1974. Since 1982, he is the mayor of Bapaume, a small town in northern France (except between 2002 and 2004).

Between 1992 and 2002, he was president of the French mayors association and a Senator of the Pas-de-Calais département, before being promoted to Minister of the Civil Service. After two years in the French government, he is appointed as the Mediator of the French Republic (Médiateur de la République), his term of office ending in 2010.

From 2010 to 2015, Delevoye is the head of the French Economic, Social and Environmental Council.

Since 14 September 2017, he was High commissioner in charge of the French pension system reform,.

On 3 September 2019, he became delegate minister in charge of the pension reform, under supervision of Agnès Buzyn, minister for Solidarity and Health in the Philippe government.

It was revealed by the Le Parisien in December 2019, then by Le Monde and Capital, that he forgot to indicate to the HATVP several functions he had in various organisms, some of them paid and illegal under the French constitution, and including some which could be in Conflict of interest with his role in the government.

On 19 December 2019, the HATVP informed the Tribunal de grande instance de Paris which began a formal investigation.

Under pressure, he resigned from his government position on 16 December 2019.

References

External links
  Brief presentation of Jean-Paul Delevoye on the French Senate website
 The French mayors association official website
 The Mediator of the French Republic official website

1947 births
Living people
People from Bapaume
Rally for the Republic politicians
Union for a Popular Movement politicians
Renaissance (French political party) politicians
French Ministers of Civil Service
Deputies of the 8th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Members of Parliament for Pas-de-Calais
French senators of the Fifth Republic
Senators of Pas-de-Calais
Mayors of places in Hauts-de-France
Ombudsmen in France


Chupacabra: Dark Seas (released on DVD as Chupacabra Terror) is a 2005 Syfy channel original film directed by John Shepphird and starring John Rhys-Davies, Giancarlo Esposito, Dylan Neal, and Chelan Simmons. It was filmed on location in the Turks and Caicos Islands.

Plot
Dr. Peña (Esposito), a cryptozoologist, manages to capture El Chupacabra on a remote Caribbean island and smuggles it aboard the cruise ship Regent Queen, commanded by Captain Randolph (Rhys-Davies) with the assistance of his young daughter, and ship fitness instructor, Jenny (Simmons). The Regent Queen has been experiencing a rash of burglaries, and Federal Marshal Lance Thompson (Neal) is brought on board to investigate.

Unfortunately, crew members sneak into the cargo hold on their break; their curiosity getting the better of them, they accidentally unlock the shipping container holding the creature. It kills them and escapes into the ship. When bodies start turning up, all passengers are ordered back to their cabins. However, an old woman is trying to catch her Shih Tzu; she follows it into the casino, where she finds, to her horror, El Chupacabra devouring her dog. Seeing the woman a better meal, the beast attacks and eats her.

U.S. Navy Seals are called in to help stop the creature, but their efforts are hindered by Dr. Peña, who believes the creature's life is more valuable than the lives of those aboard. The Navy Seals are killed off one by one by the beast and Dr. Peña resorts to using Jenny as live bait to recapture El Chupacabra. However, he is foiled when the beast outsmarts and fatally wounds him. Jenny is saved by Lance and they meet up with her father, who has set the engines to explode as all the other passengers have been evacuated. They flee on a lifeboat moments before the ship blows up and sinks the ship, taking the beast with it. As the group watches the ship sink, Captain Randolph tells Jenny and Lance that he has decided to retire and write his memoirs.

Cast
 John Rhys-Davies as Captain 'Daddy' Randolph
 Dylan Neal as Lance Thompson
 Chelan Simmons as Jenny Randolph
 Giancarlo Esposito as Dr. Peña
 Paula Shaw as Millie Hartman
 David Millbern as Rick McGraw
 Luke Darnell as Ensign Peters
 Mark Viniello as El Chupacabra

Home media
The film was released on DVD by Columbia TriStar on May 3, 2005. It was later released by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment on July 3, 2016.

Reception

Chupacabra: Dark Seas received mostly negative reviews upon its release, with many critics criticizing the film's acting, dialogue, and clichéd script.
TV Guide panned the film, awarding it 1/4 stars criticizing the film's reliance on cheap thrills and parodistic laughs stating, "[though] the gore may satisfy die-hard monster mashers, but the cheesy-looking creature isn’t fit to touch the gills of the Creature from the Black Lagoon". Andrew Smith from Popcorn Pictures awarded the film a score of 3/10, writing, "Chupacabra: Dark Seas contains some alright moments but it’s not nearly enough to have to sit through yet another bargain basement creature feature from the Sci-Fi Channel. With an appalling script which goes through the motions from the opening scene right up until the end credits, even the decent make-up effects can’t save this mess." David Nusair from ReelFilm Reviews gave the film 2/4 stars, calling it "a mildly entertaining horror flick". In his review, Nusair criticized the film's dialogue, and clichéd story.

Scott Weinberg from DVD Talk called the film "hilarious" writing, "Every conceivable component of the movie - the comically amateurish acting performances, the head-slappingly stupid screenplay, the dry-as-paint directorial approach, the gore-soaked "guy in a rubber suit" monster, the goofball CGI cruise ship used in the various establishing shots—just screams of accidental entertainment."

References

External links

2005 films
2005 horror films
2005 television films
2000s monster movies
2005 science fiction films
American monster movies
American science fiction horror films
Films about cryptids
Films shot in the Turks and Caicos Islands
American natural horror films
Syfy original films
Films set on cruise ships
Films set in the Caribbean
2000s English-language films
2000s American films
Sony Pictures direct-to-video films


Jean Puech (born 22 February 1942, in Viviez), in  Aveyron, is a French politician. He was first a member of the Republican Party before joining the Union for a Popular Movement.

Between 1980 and 1993 and again between 1996 and 2008, he was a Senator. Between 1993 and 1995, he was Minister of Agriculture. Then in 1995 for a few months, he was Minister of the Civil service.

References

1942 births
Union for a Popular Movement politicians
French Ministers of Agriculture
French Ministers of Civil Service
Living people
French senators of the Fifth Republic
People from Aveyron
20th-century French politicians
Senators of Aveyron


Faoa Aitofele Toese Fiti Sunia (born March 27, 1943), formerly known by the title of Ipulasi Aitofele Sunia, is an American Samoan lawyer and politician. Sunia has served as the eighth lieutenant governor of American Samoa from April 11, 2003 to January 3, 2013.

Biography

Early life
Sunia was born on March 27, 1943, in Fagatogo, American Samoa. His parents were Elder Rev. Fiti and Savali Alesana Sunia. His father was a minister.  Sunia was later adopted by Toese Namu Sagapolutele and Samanu Alo Sagapolutele.

Sunia was educated at Marist Elementary School, Feleti Memorial Demonstration Junior High School and Samoana High School. His family moved to Hawaii when he was a teenager, so Sunia graduated from President Theodore Roosevelt High School in Honolulu in 1962. Following his graduation from high school, Sunia attended Concord College, located in Athens, West Virginia, from 1962 until 1965.

Personal life
Sunia is married to Elisapeta Pula Nikolao Iuli. The couple have seven children and one grandchild. According to his official biography, Sunia is a member of the Lions Clubs International, Masons and the Shriners.

Sunia worked as a High Court of American Samoa court interpreter from 1965 until 1968. From 1968 until 1969, he was employed at the American Samoa Weather Station as a mediological(meteorological) technician.

He returned to college in 1970 and attended San Francisco State University. He transferred to the University of San Francisco in 1971 and 1972. Sunia graduated from the University of San Francisco in 1972 with a Bachelor of Science degree in government. He further enrolled in the University of San Francisco's law school, where he received a Juris Doctor in Law in 1975.

Sunia returned to American Samoa, where he took a position as the territory's Assistant Attorney General from 1976 until 1978. He became the legal counsel for the American Samoa Fono from 1979 to 1983, and later also served as legal counsel for the director for the Legislative Reference Bureau.

Sunia became a partner in a private law firm,  Kruse, Sunia & Ward, from 1983 until 1988. He was elevated to judge pro-tem from 1986 until 1988. He returned to his former position as Assistant Attorney General from 1988 until 1992.

He was appointed the Treasurer of American Samoa from 1993 until 1994. In 1994, Sunia became the head legal counsel for the American Samoan Fono for a second time. He next became Treasurer again in 2001, where he remained until 2003.

Sunia further served on the Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council for six year.

Lieutenant governor
Sunia remained Treasurer until 2003. In 2003, Governor Togiola Tulafono selected Sunia as the new Lieutenant Governor of American Samoa. Tulafono, Sunia's predecessor as lieutenant governor, had become governor following the unexpected death of former Governor Tauese Sunia of a heart attack in March 2003 while en route to Honolulu for medical treatment. Ipulasi Sunia was the younger brother of the late Governor Tauese Sunia.

Sunia was sworn into office as Lieutenant Governor on Friday, April 11, 2003, after he was confirmed by the American Samoan legislature earlier the same day. The oath of office was administered by Territorial Chief Justice Michael Kruse.

Tulafono and Sunia were elected to a full term  with 56% of the vote in 2004 following a run-off election.

Sunia and American Samoa Senator Tini Lam Yuen were arrested and indicted in September 2007 in a federal corruption probe for awarding local United States Department of Education contracts. The charges stemmed from when Sunia's tenure as the American Samoan Treasurer. The prosecution ended in a mistrial in 2010.

Governor Togiola Tulafono and Lieutenant Governor Ipulasi Aitofele Sunia announced their joint reelection campaign on May 10, 2008, at the Tradewinds Hotel in Tafuna. The 2008 American Samoa gubernatorial election took place on November 4, 2008.

References

External links
 Official office of the Lieutenant Governor of American Samoa

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1943 births
American Samoa Democrats
American Samoan Attorneys General
Concord University alumni
Lieutenant Governors of American Samoa
Living people
People from Pago Pago
President Theodore Roosevelt High School alumni
San Francisco State University alumni
University of San Francisco School of Law alumni


André Rossinot (born 22 May 1939) is a French politician. He is a medical doctor  specialist in Otolaryngology. He is a member of the Radical Party.

Career
Between 1978 and 1997, he was a member of the French National Assembly. From 1993 until 1995, he was the Minister of Civil Service. He is an officer of the Légion d'honneur and an honorary member of the Académie de Stanislas.

Rossinot, currently the president of the Urban Community of Nancy, is the former mayor of Nancy (Meurthe-et-Moselle) and honorary president of the Radical Party. He was president of the party at different points in the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s, before and after it aligned with the UMP.

In April 2018, he announced his support for French President Emmanuel Macron.

References

1939 births
Living people
People from Briey
Politicians from Grand Est
Radical Party (France) politicians
Union for French Democracy politicians
Union of Democrats and Independents politicians
French Ministers of Civil Service
Deputies of the 6th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 7th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 8th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 9th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 10th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Mayors of Nancy, France
20th-century French physicians
French otolaryngologists


"Come On Get Higher" is a song co-written by Matt Nathanson and Mark Weinberg. It was recorded by Nathanson and released as the second single from his album Some Mad Hope in 2008. The song had commercial success, reaching the Billboard Hot 100 at number 59 as well as charting within the Top 10 of Billboard's Adult Contemporary and Adult Pop Songs charts. In addition, it is his only single to date to receive a platinum certification from the RIAA.

The song has been covered by many artists, including country music duo Sugarland, whose live version of the song appears on the Deluxe Edition of their album Love on the Inside.

Chart performance

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

References

External links

2008 singles
Matt Nathanson songs
Rock ballads
2008 songs
Vanguard Records singles
Song recordings produced by Marshall Altman


Kalleli  is a small village, about 10 kilometres away from Konni (India) in Pathanamthitta district, Kerala, India. It is situated on the banks of river Achankovil.

The main cash crop here is Rubber plantations, had Tea plantations until 3 decades back but gradually discontinued due to slight change of climatic conditions. Also there used to be some paddy fields but over the last few decades that too gave way for Rubber and other crops.

Nearest railway station is Chengannoor, some 30 km away. Trivandrum (Thiruvananthapuram) 100 km and Cochin (K0ochi) 125 km are the nearest airports.

Achenkovil, the origin of the river Achenkovil is some 28 km away and via Achenkovil, you can reach Chenkottai, Tamil Nadu by cars, jeeps or motorcycles.  There are lot of streams and small water falls in Kalleli and the Reserve forest areas are a thick tropical forest that rolls down to the foot of the hill range.

References

Villages in Pathanamthitta district


The Indian Scarf () is a 1963 West German crime film directed by Alfred Vohrer. It was part of a very successful series of German films based on the writings of Edgar Wallace and adapted from the 1931 play The Case of the Frightened Lady.

Plot
After the rich Lord Lebanon has been strangled, a group of different characters assembles at Mark's Priory, his lonely manor in the north of Scotland, to attend the reading of his will. However, as lawyer Frank Tanner explains—in reading a "second-to-last-will"—to the potential heirs, they will first have to stay together at the manor for six days and six nights. Thinking that Lebanon has died of heart failure they all agree. It turns out to be a dangerous requirement as the manor is cut off from the outside world by a storm and one by one the visitors are murdered—strangled with an Indian scarf. In the end, of all the guests, family and staff only Tanner, Isla Harris and Bonwit the butler survive. The last will is read and it is revealed that Lord Lebanon has in fact left all his money to the man he considered to be the greatest of the century: Edgar Wallace.

Cast
 Heinz Drache as Frank Tanner
 Corny Collins as Isla Harris
 Klaus Kinski as Peter Ross
 Gisela Uhlen as Mrs. Tilling, née Lebanon
 Hans Nielsen as Mr. Tilling
 Siegfried Schürenberg as Sir Henry Hockbridge
 Richard Häussler as Dr. Amersham
 Hans Clarin as Lord Edward Lebanon
 Alexander Engel as Reverend Hastings
 Ady Berber as Chiko
 Eddi Arent as Richard Maria Bonwit
 Elisabeth Flickenschildt as Lady Emily Lebanon
 Rainer Brandt as Inspector Fuchsberger (voice) (uncredited)
  as Edgar Wallace's secretary/ body in the morgue (uncredited)
 Eberhard Junkersdorf as Lord Edward Lebanon / killer with the scarf (uncredited)
 Alfred Vohrer as Edgar Wallace / Sir Henry's parrot (voice) / radio announcer(voice) (uncredited)
 Wilhelm Vorwerg as Lord Frances Percival Lebanon (uncredited)

Production
Das indische Tuch was part of a series of films based on works by Edgar Wallace made in the late 1950s and 1960s by producer Horst Wendlandt for Rialto Film. The script to the film was adapted first by Georg Hurdalek and then Harald G. Petersson from an original treatment by Egon Eis, written under the pen name of Trygve Larsen, that had not found the approval of the producer. At this stage, the film was to be called Der Unheimliche. The scripts were derived from the Edgar Wallace play The Frightened Lady. There were two previous film versions based on it, both British and called The Frightened Lady, made in 1932 and 1940. Of the three, Vohrer's version was the one that deviated most from the original play. The story becomes a case of Ten Little Indians, as the protagonists are killed off one by one. Unusually for a film of the series, even leading man Heinz Drache's character comes under suspicion.

Heinz Drache was cast for this film after having starred as the hero of a very successful TV production of Francis Durbridge's The Scarf (), which involved a similar modus operandi and was first aired in 1962. Several other actors, like Kinski, Arent and Schürenberg, had by that time become regulars in the film series.

The film was shot between 8 July and 13 August 1963 entirely in the Spandau Studios in West Berlin. There were no exterior shots at all. Wilhelm Vorwerk, who appears as Lord Lebanon, was not an actor, but rather the production designer at the Spandau studios. Eva Ebner was Vohrer's assistant. A final in-joke that was cut from more recent TV versions but restored for the DVD is a telephone call purporting to be from an "Inspector Fuchsberger", a reference to actor Joachim Fuchsberger, another leading man from the series of Wallace films made by Rialto.

The FSK gave the film a rating of 16 years and up and deemed it not appropriate for screenings on public holidays. It was released on 13 September 1963.

See also
 The Frightened Lady (1932)
 The Case of the Frightened Lady (1940)

References

External links

1963 films
1960s mystery thriller films
German mystery thriller films
West German films
1960s German-language films
German black-and-white films
German films based on plays
Remakes of British films
Films directed by Alfred Vohrer
Films based on works by Edgar Wallace
Films produced by Horst Wendlandt
Films set in Scotland
Films shot at Spandau Studios
Films about inheritances
Films set in country houses
1960s German films


Philippe Malaud (2 October 1925, in Paris – 14 October 2007, in Paris) was a French diplomat and politician. He graduated from the École nationale d'administration in 1956. From 1968 until 1978, he was a member of the Independent Republicans.

He was the minister of civil service between 1973 and 1974 and was Minister of Information for a short period of time. Between 1973 and 1981, he was a member of the Parliament. Then between 1984 and 1989, he was a Member of the European Parliament.

1925 births
2007 deaths
École nationale d'administration alumni
French Ministers of Civil Service
Ministers of Information of France
Knights of the Ordre national du Mérite


Yves Guéna (; 6 July 1922 – 3 March 2016) was a French politician. In 1940, he joined the Free French Forces in the United Kingdom. He received several decorations for his courage.

Political life
He belonged to various right wing parties: Union pour la nouvelle République (1962–1968), the Union of Democrats for the Republic (1968–1978) and the Rally for the Republic (1978–1997).

He occupied several posts as minister. In 1968, he was Minister of Information. He was a member of the Parliament between 1962 and 1981 and then again between 1986 and 1988. He was a senator between 1989 and 1997.

In 2000, Guéna was named president of the Constitutional Council of France. In 2004 he left to become president of the Arab World Institute until 2007.

References

1922 births
2016 deaths
Politicians  from Brest, France
Democratic Union of Labour politicians
Union of Democrats for the Republic politicians
Rally for the Republic politicians
Ministers of Information of France
Transport ministers of France
French Ministers of Commerce and Industry
French Ministers of Posts, Telegraphs, and Telephones
Deputies of the 2nd National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 3rd National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 4th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 5th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 6th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 8th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
French senators of the Fifth Republic
Senators of Dordogne
Colonial heads of Ivory Coast
French military personnel of World War II
Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
Mayors of places in Nouvelle-Aquitaine
Members of the Conseil d'État (France)
École nationale d'administration alumni
French expatriates in the United Kingdom


Jean-Philippe Lecat (29 July 1935 – 26 March 2011) was a French politician. He graduated from the École nationale d'administration in 1963.
Between 1968 and 1978, he was a member of the Union of Democrats for the Republic and between 1978 and 1981, he was a member of the Rally for the Republic.

Between 1972 and 1973, he was the spokesman of the French government. From 1973 until 1974, he was Minister of Information. Finally, he was between 1978 and 1981, Minister of Culture.

References

1935 births
2011 deaths
Sciences Po alumni
École nationale d'administration alumni
Government spokespersons of France
French Ministers of Culture
Ministers of Information of France
Politicians from Dijon


Orbcomm is a family of low Earth orbit communications satellites, operated by the United States satellite communications company Orbcomm. , 51 such satellites have orbited Earth, with 50 still continuing to do so.

Satellite types

Orbcomm-CDS

Orbcomm-CDS (Concept or Capability Demonstration Satellites) are spacecraft which were launched to test equipment and communication techniques used by the other satellites. The first three CDS satellites, Orbcomm-X, CDS-1 and CDS-2, were launched before any operational satellites, in order to validate the systems to be used in the operational constellation.

Orbcomm-X, also known as Datacomm-X, was launched in 1991. It carried communications and GPS experiments. Initially, the spacecraft was reported healthy, but communication was lost after just one orbit.

CDS-3 was launched in 2008, along with the 5 Quick Launch satellites. It contained experiments for relaying signals from the United States Coast Guard Automatic Identification System through the satellite constellation. It was designated Orbcomm FM-29, having acquired most of the communications payload from another satellite that was never launched. The avionics bus of this unlaunched satellite was later used on the TacSat-1 satellite. TacSat-1 was never launched, either.

Orbcomm-OG1

Orbcomm-1 or Orbcomm-OG1 satellites make up most of the current Orbcomm constellation. 36 were built, of which 35 were launched. The unlaunched satellite, original designation Orbcomm FM-29, was first cannibalized for parts for the CDS-3 satellite and then rebuilt as TacSat-1 for the United States military.

Orbcomm-QL

Orbcomm Quick Launch (Orbcomm-QL) satellites are satellites which were intended to replenish the constellation. The first five such satellites were launched in 2008, with one more planned, but never launched. The satellites are based on the CDS-3 satellite, which was launched on the same rocket as the first five QL spacecraft. The sixth will be launched as a secondary payload to a Russian Government satellite, also on a Kosmos-3M. Orbcomm holds options for two further satellites.
The satellites experienced a power system anomaly, and Orbcomm filed an insurance claim on the satellites for $50 million. Orbcomm reported in 2011 that the last remaining Quick Launch satellite had failed.

Orbcomm-OG2

Orbcomm Generation 2 (Orbcomm-OG2) second-generation satellites are intended to supplement and eventually replace the current first generation constellation. Eighteen satellites were ordered by 2008 — nominally intended to be launched in three groups of six during 2010–2014 — and by 2015 have all been launched, Orbcomm three flights. Orbcomm has options for a further thirty OG2 satellites. The satellites were launched by SpaceX on the Falcon 9 launch vehicle. Originally, they were to launch on the smaller Falcon 1 launch vehicle.

The first (Orbcomm OG2-1) of these satellites was launched on 8 October 2012 as secondary payload on a SpaceX Falcon 9 v1.0 flight. The primary payload was for NASA to the International Space Station (ISS). On this launch, the Falcon 9 had a failure in one of its nine first stage engines 79 seconds after liftoff from Cape Canaveral, Florida. This prevented the OG2-1 prototype satellite from being deployed into the proper orbit. The satellite functioned as planned during the short time it was in orbit. This allowed a subset of satellite systems to be flight-test validated. The orbit of the satellite was unable to be raised to a sustainable altitude due to contractual limitations put on SpaceX by the primary payload owner, NASA. Two days after its launch the OG2-1 prototype re-entered and burned up in the atmosphere of Earth. Orbcomm claimed the mission a total loss for launch insurance purposes.

The second launch, with a constellation of six OG2 satellites, launched on 14 July 2014. The satellites were launched on a SpaceX Falcon 9 v1.1 launch vehicle. Following the end of the use of the first stage for the Orbcomm orbital mission, SpaceX used the booster stage — which would ordinarily be destroyed on reentering the Earth's atmosphere and impact with the ocean — for a flight test of a number of reusable launch vehicle technologies to safely reenter and execute a "soft vertical landing" on the ocean surface, where it successfully decelerated, made a successful reentry, landing burn and deployment of its landing legs. The first stage was not recovered as the hull integrity was breached on landing or on the subsequent "tip over and body slam".

The third launch, with the final 11 second-generation OG2 satellites, was successfully completed December 21, 2015. It was initially scheduled for late-2014, but ORBCOMM delayed the launch until at least mid-2015  finally resetting the launch timeframe to mid-August through late-September 2015. The launch date was further delayed by the rocket failure on the SpaceX Falcon 9 Flight 19 launch in June 2015, which ultimately delayed the OG2 launch further out to late 2015. The satellites were placed by the Falcon 9 launch vehicle "within a fraction of a degree in inclination and  in altitude of the intended orbit", and by 9 January 2016, were in the middle of on-orbit testing, while executing propulsion maneuvers that had spread the 11 satellites over a  orbital arc.

The ORBCOMM OG2 satellites are being manufactured by an industry team led by Sierra Nevada Corporation and Argon ST, a Boeing subsidiary. A total of 18 ORBCOMM next-generation OG2 satellites were in production . ORBCOMM OG2 satellites will provide enhanced ORBCOMM messaging capabilities, increased capacity, and automatic identification systems (AIS) service. The agreement with SpaceX to launch 18 satellites on its Falcon 9 rockets was signed in December 2012 for a total cost of US$42.6 million.

Launches

See also

Mobile-satellite service
Satellite phone
Globalstar
Iridium Satellite LLC
Gonets

References

Communications satellites of the United States
Communications satellite constellations
Communications satellites in low Earth orbit


Panduro may refer to:

 Panduro, Bolivia, a canton in the province of Aroma, La Paz Department
 Elna Panduro (1882–1983), Danish actress
 Lorenzo Hervás y Panduro (1735–1809), Spanish Jesuit and philologist
 Leif Panduro (1923–1977), Danish novelist and dramatist

See also
 Pandura, an ancient string instrument


Martin Malvy (born 24 February 1936) is a French politician of the Socialist Party.

In 1992, Malvy was the spokesmen of the French government. Between 1992 and 1993, he served as Minister of Budget. He later served as president of the Région Midi-Pyrénées between 1998 and 2015.

In the Socialist Party's 2011 primaries, Malvy endorsed Martine Aubry as the party's candidate for the 2012 presidential election.

References

External links
 Official website

1936 births
Living people
Politicians from Paris
Convention of Republican Institutions politicians
Socialist Party (France) politicians
French Ministers of Budget
Government spokespersons of France
Deputies of the 6th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 7th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 8th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 9th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 10th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 11th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Commanders of the Ordre national du Mérite
Officers of the Legion of Honour


The Chinese Ambassador to Syria is the official representative of the People's Republic of China to the Syrian Arab Republic.

List of representatives

See also
Ambassadors of the People's Republic of China

References

Syria
China


Louis Le Pensec (born 8 January 1937, in Mellac, Finistère) is a French politician. He is a member of the Socialist Party. Between 1973 and 1997, he was a member of the Parliament.
Since 27 September 1998, he is a Senator of Finistère.

From 1988 and 1991, he was the spokesman of the French government. Between 1997 and 1998, he was minister of agriculture. He was also the minister for Overseas Territories.

References

1937 births
Living people
Socialist Party (France) politicians
Government spokespersons of France
French Ministers of Agriculture
French Ministers of Overseas France
Senators of Finistère


Lovejoy is a series of picaresque novels by John Grant (under the pen name Jonathan Gash) about the adventures of Lovejoy, a British antiques dealer and faker based in East Anglia. A less than scrupulous yet likeable rogue, Lovejoy has a reputation in the antiques trade as a "divvie", meaning one with an almost supernatural talent for recognising exceptional items as well as for distinguishing fakes or forgeries from genuine antiques. Lovejoy's first name is never mentioned in the books. In the TV series based on the novels, he insists on being addressed by all solely as "Lovejoy".

Television adaptation
Lovejoy, a television adaptation of the books starring Ian McShane, aired from 1986 to 1994 for a total of 73 episodes. The first series, aired in 1986, adapted many plots and characters from the books, while new material created for the TV show was added from the second series onwards.

Series
 The Judas Pair (1977)
 Gold from Gemini (1978), U.S. edition: Gold by Gemini (1979)
 The Grail Tree (1979)
 Spend Game (1981)
 The Vatican Rip (1981)
 Firefly Gadroon (1982)
 The Sleepers of Erin (1984)
 The Gondola Scam (1984)
 Pearlhanger (1985)
 The Tartan Ringers (1986), U.S. edition: The Tartan Sell (1986)
 Moonspender (1988)
 Jade Woman (1988)
 The Very Last Gambado (1989)
 The Great California Game (1991)
 The Lies of Fair Ladies (1992)
 Paid and Loving Eyes (1993)
 The Sin within Her Smile (1993)
 The Grace in Older Women (1995)
 The Possessions of a Lady (1996)
 The Rich and the Profane (1998)
 A Rag, a Bone and a Hank of Hair (1999)
 Every Last Cent (2000)
 Ten Word Game (2003)
 Faces in the Pool (2008)

References

Novel series by featured character
20th-century British novels
21st-century British novels
Picaresque novels


Scotland Yard Hunts Dr. Mabuse or Scotland Yard vs. Dr Mabuse () is a 1963 German crime film directed by Paul May and starring Peter van Eyck. Scotland Yard vs. Dr. Mabuse was distributed in West Germany by Gloria Film, premiering on 20 September 1963. The film was written by Ladislas Fodor, based on a story idea written by Bryan Edgar Wallace. It was shot at the Spandau Studios in Berlin. The film's sets were designed by the art directors Albrecht Hennings and Hans Kuhnert.

Cast

References

Bibliography

 Haase, Holger: The Many Masks of Dr. Mabuse: Mabuse in the 1960s. (Kindle 2020)

External links

1963 films
1960s crime thriller films
1960s science fiction films
West German films
Dr. Mabuse films
1960s German-language films
German black-and-white films
German science fiction films
German sequel films
German crime thriller films
Films directed by Paul May
Films set in London
Films set in Hamburg
Films shot at Spandau Studios
Fiction about mind control
Gloria Film films
1960s German films


Peter Hunnigale, also known as Mr. Honey Vibes (born 12 December 1960, South London, England) is a British reggae singer best known for his lovers rock releases.

Biography
Hunnigale started his career as bass guitarist with the Vibes Corner Collective. In 1983, LGR Records issued his debut release as a singer, "Slipping Away", which was followed by "Got To Know You" on the Street Vibes label, a label that Hunnigale set up with Fitzroy Blake, who had also been a member of the Street Vibes
Collective). He topped the UK reggae chart in 1987 with "Be My Lady", which was followed by his debut album, In This Time. A string of hits followed, and he enjoyed another UK reggae number one with "Ragamuffin Girl", a combination single recorded with Tippa Irie. The single was also voted Best British Reggae Record by Echoes newspaper at the end of the year. He won a Best Newcomer award at the Celebrity Awards in 1987, and won Best British Reggae Album at the British Reggae Industry Awards the same year. The success of the single led to further combination work with Irie, including two albums – The New Decade on Island Records and Done Cook and Currie for
Rebel MC's Tribal Base label. The latter was produced by Hunnigale and he also played all the instruments on it. He also recorded in Jamaica, with producers such as Gussie Clarke. Hunnigale's second solo album, Mr. Vibes, followed in 1992. In 1993, he again linked up with Tippa irie for the "Shouting For The Gunners" single, a celebration of the football club that they both supported, Arsenal FC. 1994 saw Hunnigale moving in a more rootsy direction with Mr. Government, recorded with Neil "Mad Professor" Fraser. Hunnigale again linked with Irie in 1995 for a version of "Declaration of Rights" recorded for his Nah Give Up compilation. Nah Give Up won the Best Reggae Album MOBO Award in 1996, one of several awards Hunnigale won during the mid-1990s. He also recorded duets with Dennis Brown ("Cupid"), Lloyd Brown ("Lonely Girl"), and Janet Lee Davis ("We Can Work It Out"). In 1996, Hunnigale performed at Jamaica's Reggae Sunsplash festival. Towards the end of 1996, Hunnigale performed as part of Passion, along with Glamma Kid and Nerious Joseph, spending eight weeks at number one in the UK reggae chart with "No Diggity".

Hunnigale also performed in the reggae musical, Johnny Dollar.

Discography

Albums
In This Time (1987) Level Vibes (Peter Hunnigale & The Night Flight Band)
The New Decade (1991) Mango (with Tippa Irie)
Mr. Vibes (1992) Street Vibes
Done Cook and Currie (1992) Tribal Base
The Pacifists Sony
Mr. Government (1994) Ariwa
Silly Habits (1997) Down to Jam
Genuine Saxon
Back to the Old Skool vol. 1 (1998) Discotex
Can't Stop (2002) Charm
African Tears (2001) Charm
Toe 2 Toe Vol VIII Jet Star
Rhythm & Song (2006) Cousins
Free Soul (2008) Peckings
Pizza and Alcohol (2019), Jet Star

Compilations
Nah Give Up (1995) Kalymazoo/Down to Jam
Reggae Max (1996) Jet Star
Reggae Max Part 2 (2006) Jet Star

References

External links
Peter Hunnigale on Myspace
Peter Hunnigale at reggae-reviews.com
Dalton, Peter "AFRICAN TEARS – PETER HUNNIGALE" (review), reggaezine
"MNP Interviews: Peter Hunnigale", MusicMNP

1960 births
Living people
British reggae musicians
20th-century Black British male singers
21st-century Black British male singers


Alan Smithson (1 December 193617 June 2010) was Bishop of Jarrow from 1990 to 2001.

He was educated at Bradford Grammar School and Queen's College, Oxford (he gained an Oxford Master of Arts and a Diploma in Theology before embarking on an ecclesiastical career with a curacy at Christ Church, Skipton after which he was Chaplain at his old college. Following this he was Vicar of Bracknell and later a Canon Residentiary at Carlisle Cathedral before being appointed to the episcopate. In retirement he served the Diocese of Edinburgh as an assistant bishop. He was also National Chaplain to the Church Lads' and Church Girls' Brigade from 1992 to 2006 where he was much loved.

He died in Edinburgh and is buried in the churchyard of St Mark's in Portobello, just to the rear of the church.

Controversy
In 1998, he contributed to the defence in a court case where the accused was Michael Golightly, a priest on a charge of attempted murder against his wife Enid. Enid was subjected to an attack with a hammer to the side of her head whilst asleep, and was left for some hours by Golightly with a severe brain injury. There was no evidence of forced entry and Golightly did not call an ambulance until late in the afternoon.

Before the trial, Smithson had succeeded in getting bail for the accused, who stayed with friars at Alnmouth. During the trial he stated that the accused was an upstanding clergyman and it was not in his nature to carry out such an act; his submission was opposed by Enid Golightly's family. The victim refused to give evidence for the prosecution. Michael Golightly was sentenced to five years' imprisonment for causing grievous bodily harm with intent.

After the trial, Enid Golightly lived in Durham, disabled and in poverty, until Michael was released. Re-united, they subsequently moved to the Hull area.

References

1936 births
Alumni of The Queen's College, Oxford
Bishops of Jarrow
20th-century Church of England bishops
21st-century Church of England bishops
2010 deaths


The Abens is a river in Bavaria, Germany, and a right-bank tributary of the Danube. Its source is near Au in der Hallertau. Some  long, it flows generally northward through the small towns of Au in der Hallertau, Rudelzhausen, Mainburg, Siegenburg, and Abensberg. It empties into the Danube at Eining, part of Neustadt an der Donau.

References

Rivers of Bavaria
Tributaries of the Danube
Freising (district)
Kelheim (district)
Pfaffenhofen (district)
Rivers of Germany


Harpal Panwar (born 1 June 1945) is an Indian politician. He was born in the village of Nala in the Shamli District. He was a Member of Indian Parliament (specifically Lok Sabha, from Kairana (Lok Sabha constituency)) for two terms in 1989 and 1991.Harpal Panwar was appointed Vice-Chairman of the Council for Advancement of People's Action & Rural Technology (CAPART), Ministry of Rural Development with a status of Minister of State, Government of India in 1996.

He worked closely with the Former Prime Minister Chaudhary Charan Singh. He is a well known leader of western Uttar Pradesh, where he has been involved in various movements of farmers.

From 1983 he has hold several positions in Lok Dal and later Janta Dal at the national level. Later he joined the Congress party and was Member,AICC several times. He has held several organizational positions in Congress Party at state and national level.

Harpal Panwar joined the BJP in the presence of Sh. J.P.Nadda, just before the general elections of 2014.

References

1945 births
Living people
India MPs 1989–1991
India MPs 1991–1996
Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh
People from Muzaffarnagar district
Janata Dal politicians


Saw VI is a 2009 horror film directed by Kevin Greutert (in his directorial debut, after having edited the installments prior to this film) and written by Patrick Melton and Marcus Dunstan. The film stars Tobin Bell, Costas Mandylor, Betsy Russell, Mark Rolston, Peter Outerbridge, and Shawnee Smith. It is a sequel to 2008's Saw V and the sixth installment in the Saw film series.

Similar to its predecessor, Saw VI maintains the focus on the posthumous effects of the Jigsaw Killer and the progression of his successor, Detective Hoffman. The plot follows an insurance executive who must complete a series of deadly "games" set up by Hoffman in order to rescue his employees. Meanwhile, the FBI comes to suspect that Agent Peter Strahm, who was framed by Hoffman as being Jigsaw's successor, was not actually Jigsaw's accomplice and re-opens the investigation, drawing Hoffman into motion to protect his secret identity.

Greutert, who had served as editor for the previous Saw films, made his directorial debut with Saw VI. Melton and Dunstan, who had written the screenplays for Saw IV and Saw V, returned to write the screenplay, and Charlie Clouser, who had composed the scores for all the previous Saw films, returned to compose the score. Shot on a budget of $11 million, it was filmed in Toronto from March to May of 2009.

Saw VI was released on October 23, 2009 and ended up grossing over $69.8 million globally. It was the lowest grossing film in the Saw franchise at the time, but it was still considered a financial success given its low budget. The film received mixed reviews, with some praising the direction but others criticizing the acting. A follow-up film, Saw 3D, was released the following year in 2010.

Plot

Predatory lenders Eddie and Simone are locked in head harnesses with screws aimed at their temples, and have one minute to each cut flesh from their bodies and weigh the scale in their favor to survive. Eddie, who is overweight, slices several chunks of fat from his stomach, but is killed after Simone chops off her arm and tips the scale before the timer expires. The game is observed by Mark Hoffman, who has just escaped from the trap that killed FBI agent Peter Strahm. He then uses Strahm's severed hand to plant his fingerprints at the scene. The police and FBI agent Dan Erickson investigate alongside FBI agent Lindsey Perez, whose survival was concealed by Erickson for her protection. During Eddie's autopsy, Dr. Heffner reveals that the blade used to cut the puzzle piece from his remains is the same blade used years earlier on Seth Baxter. Perez and Erickson reopen the investigation, and analyze the videotape found at the scene.

Hoffman arrives at Jill Tuck's clinic and demands five envelopes containing photographs of the following game's test subjects from the box left to her in John Kramer's last request. The game involves health insurance executive William Easton and his associates, whose company's dubious business policy turned down their clients' coverage for medical treatment. After Hoffman abducts them to an abandoned zoo, William and his janitor, Hank, are suspended in chains with large metal vises that will crush their bodies each time they breathe in their oxygen masks. The vise kills Hank, and William proceeds to his other three tests to unlock the remaining bomb shackles from his limbs. The second test at an aquarium forces William to save his middle-aged secretary Addy over his file clerk Allen, who hangs to death from a barbed-wire noose. At the boiler room, William unwittingly releases his lawyer Debbie, who attacks him to retrieve a key inside his body and unlock a speargun attached to her harness. He fights her off until the device kills her. William's final test involves his six subordinates chained to a rotating roundabout where he is only able to save two of them from a mounted shotgun. The game is viewed by mother Tara with her teenage son Brent, and news journalist Pamela Jenkins from two opposite animal enclosures below the observation room.

During the game, Hoffman is called away by Erickson to the audio lab after obtaining the videotape. Erickson, now aware of Strahm's demise, confronts Hoffman after discovering the abnormalities found in Strahm's fingerprints at the time of his death. When Hoffman's voice is unscrambled from the tape, he kills Erickson, Perez, and a technician. Hoffman returns to the observation room and finds the letter he wrote to Amanda Young, who indirectly instigated Cecil Adams' robbery at Jill's clinic that resulted in her miscarriage; Hoffman used this knowledge to blackmail Amanda into killing Dr. Lynn Denlon. The letter was found by Pamela and given to Jill, who then uses it to ambush Hoffman. Jill, who had the remaining contents from her box including a sixth envelope containing Hoffman's photo, restrains him and locks a modified reverse bear trap to his head, posthumously fulfilling John's will to test Hoffman after his death.

William reaches the end of his path and enters the cages where he reunites with Pamela, who is his sister. He is confronted by Tara and Brent, the widow and son of Harold Abbott, a former client who succumbed to his heart disease after William denied his medical request. John's videotape informs Tara to decide William's fate by using the lever in her cell connecting to tanks of hydrofluoric acid from each cage. As William and Pamela try to persuade the family, an enraged Brent pulls the lever, releasing a platform of needles that kills William by injecting acid into his body. Jill exits the room as Hoffman escapes his wrist restraints. He escapes from the trap just as it activates, sustaining an injury to his right cheek in the process.

Cast

Themes
Contemporary reviews of Saw VI cited elements of social commentary in the film, highlighting the topicality of Jigsaw victims Eddie and Simone—two predatory mortgage brokers—in light of the subprime mortgage crisis, which was ongoing at the time of the film's release. Also noted by critics was Jigsaw's testing of William and his associates as a consequence for their unethical behavior as health insurance providers, with The Philadelphia Inquirers James Franklin writing that, "Saw VI aims to give viewers the vicarious pleasure of seeing the American health insurance industry, personified here as a bunch of back-stabbing jerks, get what's coming to it. Most Americans, however, would probably prefer to pay lower premiums than witness their HMO manager being dissolved from the inside out by hydrofluoric acid."

Production

Development and writing
In , it was reported that Kevin Greutert, the editor of the first five films in the franchise, would make his directorial debut with Saw VI. Greutert found the process of transitioning from editor to director easy due to his experiences in developing short films and his knowledge about the discussions between the producers and filmmakers. Newcomer to the series, Andrew Coutts replaced him as editor for the film. Saw VI marked David A. Armstrong's last time to serve as cinematographer of the series. Mark Burg and Oren Koules again served as producers, with James Wan and Leigh Whannell, creators of the series, executive producing. Charlie Clouser was brought back to compose the score. Patrick Melton and Marcus Dunstan, writers of Saw IV and Saw V, returned to write the sixth installment. Melton said that the film had good pacing and a resolution for the series. Greutert commented that Saw VI would have some finality to it, something he always wanted to see in the series. During the early planning stage for the script it was suggested that Costas Mandylor's character, Detective Hoffman, should take on the mafia due to his vigilante modus operandi, but the idea was quickly dismissed as not "feeling Saw enough" and more like "The Punisher". Greutert said in a Demon FM interview that Lionsgate told him a week before filming, that Saw VI would be post-converted into 3D. Greutert was upset by this, since the film he envisioned was a 2D film, aesthetically. The plans were later abandoned due to time restraints.

Casting
In July 2007, before Saw IV was released, Costas Mandylor signed-on to appear as Mark Hoffman in Saw V and Saw VI. Mandylor commented on his character, "Hoffman is sort of torn of becoming a mad man or becoming a guy that's more composed, coming from a pure place like Jigsaw. That's my character's dilemma; does he go fucking crazy or follow the rules of the boss?". Scott Patterson, who played Special Agent Peter Strahm in Saw IV and Saw V, originally signed on to appear in Saw VI as well, though Patterson noted that signing on the film didn't necessarily meant he would appear on it or that his character couldn't be killed off. A television reality show titled, Scream Queens, aired in 2008 on VH1, in which ten unknown actresses competed for a  role in Saw VI. Tanedra Howard won the competition, giving her a role in the film playing Simone; a role she would reprise in the sequel Saw 3D.

Greutert stated that Saw VI would have the most characters of any Saw film to date but reassured the writers would stay true to previous storylines to prevent any "violations of logic and chronology". In March 2009, it was confirmed by news reports that Shawnee Smith would return as Amanda. Newly filmed "flashback" scenes would be created instead of using archive footage from previous entries, as had been done in the films since her character's death in Saw III. On April 19 it was announced that James Van Patten would return as Dr. Adam Heffner, a character featured in the opening scene of the fourth installment performing the autopsy on John Kramer. Peter Outerbridge was cast as a new character, William Easton, and Tobin Bell, Betsy Russell, and Mark Rolston returned as their characters John Kramer, Jill Tuck, and Special Agent Dan Erickson, respectively. Russell commented about her character: "You find out a little more about if Jill is good or evil. Pretty much you'll know." Devon Bostick, who previously appeared as another character in Saw IV, was cast as Brent Abbott, the son of one of William's former clients. Greutert wanted to bring Cary Elwes' Saw character Dr. Lawrence Gordon back but Elwes was unavailable. He was later cast in Saw 3D, though the storyline is different than the one Greutert had planned in Saw VI.

Filming and trap designs

With a budget of $11 million, Saw VI began principal photography on March 30, 2009, and wrapped in May 2009. The film was shot at Toronto's Cinespace Film Studios. Greutert felt that there was some bold visual design stemming from what have been shown in previous Saw films, choosing to reuse past aspects he liked like some of the characters, leading him to search their salient points in the storyline to include them into the plot. In his words, Greutert wanted to bring "a lot of the same insane energy Darren Bousman brought" to the series, but making the film feel not only like a horror film but also a thriller, in addition to create the feeling of the audience being in a "rollecoaster ride which breaks down, it's slow and dark until something jumps out and the audience is back on the rollercoaster". He said that the victims in traps would be more one-on-one with the trap and would be more personal to them. This was compared to Saw IV and Saw V, which most of the traps were set in big rooms and involved several people at one time. To conceive the traps, once the storyline was assembled without any specific details for the traps, the writers, Greutert, the producer and the production designer brainstormed ideas for traps in the production office, with some improvised there and others coming from the script.

Armstrong told Bloody Disgusting reviewer Mike Pereira that he thinks "visually" Saw VI might be his favorite, saying "We're kind of pulling back a little bit in the color palette. It's going to be more suggestive and not so vibrant, in your face like III and IV. It's more neutral and shows natural flesh tones. On Saw V, I pulled back a little bit and on this one, I pulled back even more." He commented that the "steam room" trap was the "best looking" of them all.  He went on to say, "It's big and expensive. It's got furnaces, fires and steam. It's multi-leveled. The most complex Saw. We had techno cranes flying through. It was pretty amazing." Commenting on the "carousel room" trap Armstrong said: "It's very carnival, playground-like. It's just nasty. [There are] spinning red lights in there. It's really overwhelming to walk in and look at because everything is spinning." Greutert said in an issue of the horror magazine Fangoria that the "carousel room" was, to date, the "longest trap scene ever". He admitted that originally they had ten actors riding the carousel, but it was ultimately scaled down to six, to "tie in to the [film's] title". Post-production services were provided by Deluxe.

Release and censorship
Saw VI was released on . Most of the film's stars attended the Lionsgate annual "red carpet" event for the film at Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood, California. The Motion Picture Association of America only took issue with the opening scene, in which two characters have 60 seconds to escape a mechanical device on their heads with screws pointing at their temples by cutting off their flesh and tossing it into a scale. The scene was cut down slightly to receive an R rating. In Spain, the film was rated with a Película X rating for extreme violence, and restricted screenings to only eight adult theaters in that region. Buena Vista, the film's foreign distributor, appealed the decision. After producers cut several of the "most violent scenes" to obtain a "not under 18" rating, it was released in Spain on October 8, 2010.  Saw VI was banned in Trinidad and Tobago and Thailand.

Soundtrack
Saw VI: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack includes music by the bands Every Time I Die, Chimaira, Suicide Silence, Nitzer Ebb, Mushroomhead, and Lacuna Coil, among others. The soundtrack includes 18 tracks separated by three parts, each with six songs and includes three bonus tracks. It was released on October 20, 2009, through Trustkill Records.

James Christopher Monger of AllMusic praised the use of hard rock and heavy metal music, something that had been missing since Saw IV. He said in his review that "It's a fitting marriage, as hard rock and heavy metal are the sonic suitors to horror and torture porn films and video games". He particularly liked the songs by Hatebreed ("In Ashes They Shall Reap"), Converge ("Dark Horse"), My My Misfire ("The Sinatra"), and Kittie ("Cut Throat"), calling the songs the "most ferocious moments this time around".

Home media
The DVD, Blu-ray and digital download were released on January 26, 2010. The DVD and Blu-ray releases include an additional scene after the credits roll, featurettes about Jigsaw, the traps, and the first look at Universal's Halloween Horror Nights "Saw: Game Over" maze. Music videos by Memphis May Fire, Hatebreed, Mushroomhead, and Suicide Silence were included with all editions. During its initial release, all three editions came bundled with the first film.

According to the website, The Numbers, which tracks DVD and Blu-ray sales in the United States and Canada, Saw VI placed number three in its first week on the DVD sales chart, selling 220,107 units ($2.7 million) in the United States. In comparison, Saw V sold 515,095 units ($11.3 million) its first week. The film grossed $13.4 million in home sales.

Reception

Box office
Saw VI opened in 3,036 theaters on 4,000 screens and earned $6.9 million on its opening day, in second place behind Paranormal Activity which grossed $7.5 million that day during its second weekend of wide release. It grossed $14.1 million its opening weekend, which is the lowest of all the Saw films. It remained at number two behind Paranormal Activity which was playing on only 64% as many screens as Saw VI, but made 67% more money.

On Halloween weekend, it moved down to number six and made $5.2 million, a 63% decrease in ticket sales from the previous weekend. By its third weekend it declined in sales by 61% and was removed from 945 theaters. It fell into 11th place with $2 million. By its fourth weekend, ticket sales declined by 78% and the film was pulled from 1,314 theaters; it made $449,512. On its fifth and final weekend it made $91,875, an 80% decrease, and it was pulled from an additional 599 theaters. It was being shown in 178 theaters by the end of its run. The film closed out of theaters on , after 35 days.

Saw VI began its international run in tenth place with $4.7 million on 946 screens in 11 markets. It opened in the United Kingdom in second place behind Up, grossing $2.6 million on 375 screens. In Australia, it opened at fourth place with earnings of $846,000 on 164 screens. In its second week it came in eighth place with $4.4 million on 1,229 screens in 20 markets for a total of $11.8 million. The film opened in third place in Russia with $1.1 million on 273 screens while it fell to fourth place in the United Kingdom with $1.5 million on 381 screens over the weekend for a total of $6.1 million. Saw VI was released in Spain on  and grossed $1.2 million on its opening weekend in 211 theaters. Saw VI came to gross $27.6 million in the United States and Canada, and $40.5 million in other markets, for a worldwide total of $68.2 million; making it the second lowest-grossing film of the series.

Critical response
Saw VI was not screened in advance for critics.    Audiences polled by CinemaScore reported that the average grade moviegoers gave the film was a "B" on an A+ to F scale.

Owen Gleiberman, writing for Entertainment Weekly, said that "Saw VI is the thinnest, draggiest, and most tediously preachy of the Saw films. It's the first one that's more or less consumed by backstory—which is to say, it's one of those hollow franchise placeholders in which far too many fragments from the previous sequels keep popping up in flashbacks." He said, "If your goal is to do a quick study for a round of Saw Trivial Pursuit, then this may be the movie for you. If you're looking to be jolted into fear or queasy laughter, skip this sequel and hope that the producers get their sick act together next time." Rob Nelson of Variety wrote, "Squeezing another pint of blood from its torture porn corpus, Lionsgate slays again with Saw VI, a film so frighteningly familiar it could well be called 'Saw It Already'. At least the requisite moralism is more playful than pious in this edition", but added, "Presumably owing to director Kevin Greutert's work as editor of all five previous Saw pics, the film's juggling of chronology is the franchise's best...."  IGN's Christopher Monfette rated Saw VI three out of five and wrote, "while Saw VI certainly offers a redemption for the series and the promise of a coming power struggle for Jigsaw's legacy, Saw VII will no doubt mark the time to either shake things up or watch this franchise get the ax".

Frank Scheck of The Hollywood Reporter''' said, "If this is torture porn, it's as if it was designed to be enjoyed by Michael Moore."  He closed his review saying, "As usual, what gives the film whatever interest it has -- beyond satisfying the rapacious appetites of gore aficionados -- is the moral element attached to the various Rube Goldberg-style set pieces. Here, it's exemplified by a well-staged sequence in which a man must choose who lives or dies during a particularly lethal variation of musical chairs." Roger Moore writing for Orlando Sentinel gave the film two out of five stars. He said the script "has a more lyrical bent, and a more satiric bite, than any of the other Saw sequels" and called the acting "perfunctory on most fronts".  The Los Angeles Times Robert Abele gave the film a negative review, writing "But, really, do reformers and victims of callous health insurers really want a guy with a penchant for elaborately constructed death panels of his own to be their advocate? Elsewhere, the usual critiques apply: terrible acting, zero suspense, laughable logic and the promise of another one next year. How can we get this policy canceled?" Chris Hewitt of the St. Paul Pioneer Press gave the film a negative review. He was displeased that the film offered nothing new saying, "The first three Saw movies had some intriguing ideas and an unusual way of presenting them, but the three most recent films have barely bothered to come up with anything fresh."  Kim Newman of Empire gave the film three out of five, stating "Saw VI gets back to Saw basics in gripping, gruesome manner."

Wesley Morris of The Boston Globe gave the film a two and half out of four stars saying, "Who knew that the franchise's creators would eventually find a plot twist that made sense? Who knew they'd realize that Tobin Bell's righteous killer had current-events value? Given our cable-news climate, it's not beyond imagining that John Kramer could have his own populist TV show: 'Jigsaw's Death Panel'?".  Brad Miska of Bloody Disgusting gave the film seven out of ten and wrote "Saw VI is faithful to the franchise and the twist/finale are 100% satisfying. Saw fans will walk out of the theater with their fists in the air with the feeling that they've reclaimed their beloved franchise." Marc Savlov of The Austin Chronicle gave the film one and half out of five stars, saying "Enshrouding the whole gooey mess in the already blood-spattered surgical garb of the ongoing health care debate is a crafty move on the screenwriters' part, but once you get past that pseudo-ironic touch, this Saw'' is no more or less disturbing than any other in the series".

References

External links

2000s American films
2000s English-language films
2009 directorial debut films
2009 horror films
American sequel films
Crime horror films
Films scored by Charlie Clouser
Films directed by Kevin Greutert
Films shot in Toronto
Lionsgate films
Saw (franchise) films
Torture in films


The International Space Station programme is tied together by a complex set of legal, political and financial agreements between the fifteen nations involved in the project, governing ownership of the various components, rights to crewing and utilisation, and responsibilities for crew rotation and resupply of the International Space Station. It was conceived in September 1993 by the United States and Russia after 1980s plans for separate American (Freedom) and Soviet (Mir-2) space stations failed due to budgetary reasons. These agreements tie together the five space agencies and their respective International Space Station programmes and govern how they interact with each other on a daily basis to maintain station operations, from traffic control of spacecraft to and from the station, to utilisation of space and crew time. In March 2010, the International Space Station Program Managers from each of the five partner agencies were presented with Aviation Week's Laureate Award in the Space category, and the ISS programme was awarded the 2009 Collier Trophy.

History and conception
As the space race drew to a close in the early 1970s, the US and USSR began to contemplate a variety of potential collaborations in outer space. This culminated in the 1975 Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, the first docking of spacecraft from two different spacefaring nations. The ASTP was a great success, and further joint missions were also contemplated.

One such concept was International Skylab, which proposed launching the backup Skylab B space station for a mission that would see multiple visits by both Apollo and Soyuz crew vehicles. More ambitious was the Skylab-Salyut Space Laboratory, which proposed docking the Skylab B to a Soviet Salyut space station. Falling budgets and rising cold war tensions in the late 1970s saw these concepts fall by the wayside, along with another plan to have the Space Shuttle dock with a Salyut space station.

In the early 1980s, NASA planned to launch a modular space station called Freedom as a counterpart to the Salyut and Mir space stations. In 1984 the ESA was invited to participate in Space Station Freedom, and the ESA approved the Columbus laboratory by 1987. The Japanese Experiment Module (JEM), or Kibō, was announced in 1985, as part of the Freedom space station in response to a NASA request in 1982.

In early 1985, science ministers from the European Space Agency (ESA) countries approved the Columbus programme, the most ambitious effort in space undertaken by that organization at the time. The plan spearheaded by Germany and Italy included a module which would be attached to Freedom, and with the capability to evolve into a full-fledged European orbital outpost before the end of the century.

Increasing costs threw these plans into doubt in the early 1990s. Congress was unwilling to provide enough money to build and operate Freedom, and demanded NASA increase international participation to defray the rising costs or they would cancel the entire project outright.

Simultaneously, the USSR was conducting planning for the Mir-2 space station, and had begun constructing modules for the new station by the mid 1980s. However the collapse of the Soviet Union required these plans to be greatly downscaled, and soon Mir-2 was in danger of never being launched at all. With both space station projects in jeopardy, American and Russian officials met and proposed they be combined.

In September 1993, American Vice-President Al Gore and Russian Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin announced plans for a new space station, which eventually became the International Space Station. They also agreed, in preparation for this new project, that the United States would be involved in the Mir programme, including American Shuttles docking, in the Shuttle–Mir programme.

On 12 April 2021, at a meeting with Russian President Vladimir Putin, then-Deputy Prime Minister Yury Borisov announced he had decided that Russia might withdraw from the ISS programme in 2025. According to Russian authorities, the timeframe of the station's operations has expired and its condition leaves much to be desired. On 26 July 2022, Borisov, who had become head of Roscosmos, submitted to Putin his plans for withdrawal from the programme after 2024. However, Robyn Gatens, the NASA official in charge of space station operations, responded that NASA had not received any formal notices from Roscosmos concerning withdrawal plans. On 21 September 2022, Borisov stated that Russia was "highly likely" to continue to participate in the ISS programme until 2028.

1998 agreement

The legal structure that regulates the station is multi-layered. The primary layer establishing obligations and rights between the ISS partners is the Space Station Intergovernmental Agreement (IGA), an international treaty signed on January 28, 1998 by fifteen governments involved in the space station project. The ISS consists of Canada, Japan, the Russian Federation, the United States, and eleven Member States of the European Space Agency (Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom). Article 1 outlines its purpose:

The IGA sets the stage for a second layer of agreements between the partners referred to as 'Memoranda of Understanding' (MOUs), of which four exist between NASA and each of the four other partners. There are no MOUs between ESA, Roskosmos, CSA and JAXA because NASA is the designated manager of the ISS. The MOUs are used to describe the roles and responsibilities of the partners in more detail.

A third layer consists of bartered contractual agreements or the trading of the partners' rights and duties, including the 2005 commercial framework agreement between NASA and Roscosmos that sets forth the terms and conditions under which NASA purchases seats on Soyuz crew transporters and cargo capacity on uncrewed Progress transporters.

A fourth legal layer of agreements implements and supplements the four MOUs further. Notably among them is the ISS code of conduct made in 2000, setting out criminal jurisdiction, anti-harassment and certain other behavior rules for ISS crewmembers.

Programme operations

Expeditions

Private flights

Fleet operations

Crewed
As of March 2023, the United Arab Emirates has sent its second astronaut.

Uncrewed

Repairs

Mission control centres
The components of the ISS are operated and monitored by their respective space agencies at mission control centres across the globe, including:
 Roscosmos' RKA Mission Control Center at Korolyov, Russia — manages the maintaining of the station, controls launches of the crewed missions, guides launches from Baikonur Cosmodrome
 ESA's ATV Control Centre, at the Toulouse Space Centre (CST) in Toulouse, France – controlled flights of the uncrewed European Automated Transfer Vehicle
 JAXA's JEM Control Center and HTV Control Center at Tsukuba Space Center (TKSC) in Ibaraki, Japan – responsible for operating the Kibō complex and all flights of the White Stork HTV Cargo spacecraft, respectively
 NASA's Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center at Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas – serves as the primary control facility for the United States segment of the ISS
 NASA's Payload Operations and Integration Center at Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama – coordinates payload operations in the USOS
 ESA's Columbus Control Center at the German Aerospace Center in Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany – manages the European Columbus research laboratory
 CSA's MSS Control at Saint-Hubert, Quebec, Canada – controls and monitors the Mobile Servicing System

Politics

Usage of crew and hardware

Future of the ISS

Former NASA Administrator Michael D. Griffin says the International Space Station has a role to play as NASA moves forward with a new focus for the crewed space programme, which is to go out beyond Earth orbit for purposes of human exploration and scientific discovery. "The International Space Station is now a stepping stone on the way, rather than being the end of the line", Griffin said. Griffin has said that station crews will not only continue to learn how to live and work in space, but also will learn how to build hardware that can survive and function for the years required to make the round-trip voyage from Earth to Mars.

Despite this view, however, in an internal e-mail leaked to the press on August 18, 2008 from Griffin to NASA managers, Griffin apparently communicated his belief that the current US administration had made no viable plan for US crews to participate in the ISS beyond 2011, and that the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) were actually seeking its demise. The e-mail appeared to suggest that Griffin believed the only reasonable solution was to extend the operation of the Space Shuttle beyond 2010, but noted that Executive Policy (i.e. the White House) was firm that there would be no extension of the Space Shuttle retirement date, and thus no US capability to launch crews into orbit until the Orion spacecraft would become operational in 2020 as part of the Constellation programme. He did not see purchase of Russian launches for NASA crews as politically viable following the 2008 South Ossetia war, and hoped the incoming Barack Obama administration would resolve the issue in 2009 by extending Space Shuttle operations beyond 2010.

A solicitation issued by NASA JSC indicates NASA's intent to purchase from Roscosmos "a minimum of 3 Soyuz seats up to a maximum of 24 seats beginning in the Spring of 2012" to provide ISS crew transportation.

On September 7, 2008, NASA released a statement regarding the leaked email, in which Griffin said:

On  October 15, 2008, President Bush signed the NASA Authorization Act of 2008, giving NASA funding for one additional mission to "deliver science experiments to the station". The Act allows for an additional Space Shuttle flight, STS-134, to the ISS to install the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer, which was previously cancelled.

President of the United States Barack Obama has supported the continued operation of the station, and supported the NASA Authorization Act of 2008. Obama's plan for space exploration includes finishing the station and completion of the US programmes related to the Orion spacecraft.

End of mission

New partners
China has reportedly expressed interest in the project, especially if it would be able to work with the RKA. Due to national security concerns, the United States Congress passed a law prohibiting contact between US and Chinese space programmes.  , China is not involved in the International Space Station. In addition to national security concerns, United States objections include China's human rights record and issues surrounding technology transfer.
The heads of both the South Korean and Indian space agencies announced at the first plenary session of the 2009 International Astronautical Congress on 12 October that their nations intend to join the ISS programme. The talks began in 2010, and were not successful. The heads of agency also expressed support for extending ISS lifetime. European countries not a part of the International Space Station programme will be allowed access to the station in a three-year trial period, ESA officials say. The Indian Space Research Organisation has made it clear that it will not join the ISS and will instead build its own space station.

Cost

Public opinion

The International Space Station has been the target of varied criticism over the years. Critics contend that the time and money spent on the ISS could be better spent on other projects—whether they be robotic spacecraft missions, space exploration, investigations of problems here on Earth, or just tax savings. Some critics, like Robert L. Park, argue that very little scientific research was convincingly planned for the ISS in the first place. They also argue that the primary feature of a space-based laboratory is its microgravity environment, which can usually be studied more cheaply with a "vomit comet".

One of the most ambitious ISS modules to date, the Centrifuge Accommodations Module, has been cancelled due to the prohibitive costs NASA faces in simply completing the ISS. As a result, the research done on the ISS is generally limited to experiments which do not require any specialized apparatus. For example, in the first half of 2007, ISS research dealt primarily with human biological responses to being in space, covering topics like kidney stones, circadian rhythm, and the effects of cosmic rays on the nervous system.

Other critics have attacked the ISS on some technical design grounds:
 Jeff Foust argued that the ISS requires too much maintenance, especially by risky, expensive EVAs. The magazine The American Enterprise reports, for instance, that ISS astronauts "now spend 85 percent of their time on construction and maintenance" alone.
 The Astronomical Society of the Pacific has mentioned that its orbit is rather highly inclined, which makes Russian launches cheaper, but US launches more expensive.

Critics also say that NASA is often casually credited with "spin-offs" (such as Velcro and portable computers) that were developed independently for other reasons. NASA maintains a list of spin-offs from the construction of the ISS, as well as from work performed on the ISS.

In response to some of these criticisms, advocates of human space exploration say that criticism of the ISS programme is short-sighted, and that crewed space research and exploration have produced billions of dollars' worth of tangible benefits to people on Earth. Jerome Schnee estimated that the indirect economic return from spin-offs of human space exploration has been many times the initial public investment. A review of the claims by the Federation of American Scientists argued that NASA's rate of return from spin-offs is actually "astoundingly bad", except for aeronautics work that has led to aircraft sales.

It is therefore debatable whether the ISS, as distinct from the wider space programme, is a major contributor to society. Some advocates argue that apart from its scientific value, it is an important example of international cooperation. Others claim that the ISS is an asset that, if properly leveraged, could allow more economical crewed Lunar and Mars missions.

Notes

References

External links

   ESA - Columbus
   JAXA -  Space Environment Utilization and  Space Experiment
   NASA - Station Science
  RSC Energia - Science Research on ISS Russian Segment

International Space Station
NASA programs
International space agreements
Space programs


Thomas Villiers may refer to:
 Thomas Villiers, 1st Earl of Clarendon (1709–1786), British peer, Postmaster General and Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
 Thomas Villiers, 2nd Earl of Clarendon (1753–1824), British peer and Member of Parliament
 Thomas Hyde Villiers (1801–1832), British politician
 Thomas Villiers Lister (1832-1902), British diplomat
 Thomas Lister Villiers (1869–1959), British planter in Ceylon

See also
 Tommy Villiers, one half of piri & tommy