The Duchy of Brunswick State Railway (Herzoglich Braunschweigische Staatseisenbahn) was the first state railway in Germany. The first section of its Brunswick–Bad Harzburg railway line between Brunswick and Wolfenbüttel opened on 1 December 1838.

Opening
The construction of the line was mainly the work of the entrepreneur Philipp August von Amsberg, privy councillor to Duke William of Brunswick. Amsberg investigated the  transportation links from the land-locked Duchy of Brunswick to the Hanse cities of Hamburg, Bremen and Lübeck and recognised that the transportation of wood and mining products from the duchy's estates in the Harz mountain range to the maritime harbours was not competitive. Conversely products from the seaboard harbours tended to be transported on the Elbe river to Magdeburg in the Prussian Province of Saxony but not to Brunswick. In 1824 he proposed, in a memorandum, a plan to build railway links from Brunswick through the Kingdom of Hanover to the cities of Hamburg and Bremen. These ideas were publicised in 1832 but foundered on German sectionalism (Kleinstaaterei).

In 1835 Amsberg again looked into the plan to build an eastern railway from Brunswick via Helmstedt to Magdeburg. This plan was given up in favour of a later route via Oschersleben in order to form a junction there to the Prussian Magdeburg–Halberstadt line. In the same year, the first steam-hauled railway line in Germany, the Bavarian Ludwig Railway, opened between Nuremberg and Fürth. At the instigation of Amsberg, the Brunswick state ministry finally made the decision to build a railway line from Brunswick southwards to Wolfenbüttel and the exclave of Bad Harzburg (until 1892: Neustadt) – the Brunswick–Bad Harzburg railway – and thereby pre-empt the intent of the Hanoverian government to build an eastern railway via Halberstadt to Magdeburg, which would bypass Brunswick to the south.

On 1 August 1837 construction began on the first section from Brunswick in southern direction and on 30 November 1838 the route was inaugurated by Duke William riding on a train to Wolfenbüttel hauled by a Blenkinsop locomotive. Opened to traffic the next day, it was the first German state railway and the fourth railway line to be built in the German Confederation. On 31 October 1841 the line to Bad Harzburg via Vienenburg was completed. The Vienenburg station opened in 1840 on Hanover territory is today the oldest railway station in Germany which is still in use. The ascent from here to the rim of the Harz range was initially worked by horses, but by 1843 steam haulage had been introduced on this section too, using three locomotives built in England. These engines were the first six-coupled locomotives in Germany.

In 1850, Philipp-August von Amsberg became head of the Duchy's Railway and Postal Division in Brunswick.

Development of the network
On 10 July 1843 the eastern branch Wolfenbüttel–Oschersleben via Jerxheim and Schöningen was opened with the junction to the Prussian railways operated by the Magdeburg-Halberstadt Railway Company and further connection to Berlin and Leipzig as well as to the Brunswick exclave of Blankenburg.
 The western Brunswick-Peine line was opened on 19 May 1844 with a junction to the Royal Hanoverian State Railways after an agreement had been reached finally with reluctant Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover.
 The Brunswick Southern Railway branch from Börßum to the Hanoverian Southern Railway at Kreiensen was built from 1853 and opened in 1856.
 In 1858 the Helmstedt brown coal district was connected to Jerxheim by the Jerxheim–Helmstedt railway.
 Another branch from Vienenburg to Goslar opened in 1866; as this line ran entirely through Hanover territory it had been built by the Hanoverian State Railway, but was at first operated by the Brunswick State Railway.
 When the southwestern link from Kreiensen to Holzminden and Höxter link to the lines of the Royal Westphalian Railway Company opened in October 1865, a through route was established via Altenbeken to the Rhine-Westphalian industrial region.
 With the completion of the Jerxheim–Börßum railway, a long-distance through route was established in 1868 between Magdeburg and the Ruhr area bypassing both Hanover and Brunswick, which was of particular interest to Prussia. The major east–west thoroughfare was superseded by the Berlin–Lehrte railway (Lehrter Bahn) opened in 1871.

Takeover by the state of Prussia
After the 1866 annexation of Hanover by Prussia, the Brunswick lines were entirely surrounded by the Prussian state railways. In 1869 Amsberg entered into the sale of the Brunswick State Railway to Prussia with a heavy heart. The Duchy of Brunswick had amassed heavy debts at that time, that had arisen mainly due to the expansion of the railway.

In March 1870, with effect from 1 January 1869, the Brunswick State Railways were transferred to a private railway concern, the Brunswick Railway Company. Amsberg did not survive to see the Prussian state buy up the shares in this company between 1879 and 1882, operate it under the Prussian state railways and subordinate it in 1886 to the royal railway division (Eisenbahndirektion) of Magdeburg.

Literature
 Born, Erhard (ed.), Pioniere des Eisenbahnwesens, Darmstadt: Carl Röhrig Verlag.
 Neubauer, Jürgen / Salewsky, Dieter (1988): 150 Jahre 1. Deutsche Staatseisenbahn Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel. Braunschweig: Joh. Heinr. Meyer Verlag. .

See also
 Duchy of Brunswick
 Brunswick State Railway Company
 History of rail transport in Germany
 Prussian state railways

Rail transport in Germany
Duchy of Brunswick
Defunct railway companies of Germany
Companies based in Braunschweig
Transport in Braunschweig
1838 establishments in Germany
19th-century establishments in the Duchy of Brunswick


"Tom Hark" is an instrumental South African kwela song from the 1950s, believed to have been composed by Jack Lerole.  The song was arranged for penny whistle and first recorded by Elias and His Zig-Zag Jive Flutes — a South African band formed by pennywhistlers Jack and his brother Elias Lerole — and released in 1956. It was later released in the United Kingdom after it was used as a theme on a television series, and it reached number 2 on the UK Singles Chart in 1958.

Recordings artists of various genres have covered the song, and some of them added original lyrics. A version by the Piranhas became a hit in 1980 in the UK, and it has been  adapted into football chants.

Elias and His Zig-Zag Jive Flutes recording
The song was composed by Jack Lerole around 1954, although other people also claimed to have written the song.  The title, "Tom Hark", is thought to be either a misspelling or deliberate wordplay on "Tomahawk", the original title of the song. Tomahawks were carried by street children such as Jack and Elias Lerole for protection. Jack and Elias Lerole and their band were performing on the street of Johannesburg when EMI South Africa record producer Rupert Bopape (1925–2012) came across them, and offered them a recording contract. They recorded the song in 1956 with their band Elias and His Zig-Zag Jive Flutes on pennywhistles, with a satirical spoken introduction. The song, however, is credited to Bopape; the right to the song is said to have been sold to Bopape by Lerole for 11 guineas, with the other members of the band paid $10 (6 guineas) each for their work. This version was released in 1956.

The tune was used as theme music for a British television series in 1958 about diamond smuggling in South Africa, The Killing Stones. It was then released as a single in the UK, and it entered the UK Singles Chart at number 30 on 25 April 1958; on 24 May it reached number 2, and held that position for four weeks. In all, the song was in the UK chart for about 14 weeks.

Elias and His Zig-Zag Jive Flutes was later renamed Alexandra Black Mambazo and they recorded a vocal version of the song.

Early covers
In the UK, Ted Heath and His Music released a cover of the song soon after release of the original in 1958. In 1962, English singer Jimmy Powell released a new version of the song with original lyrics. Jamaican singer-songwriter Millie Small covered Powell's version on her 1964 album My Boy Lollipop. That same year, Mickey Finn and the Blue Men released their own instrumental cover in the UK as a 7-inch single. The next year, Georgie Fame released a different arrangement of the song (with lyrics) on his 1965 album Fame at Last. Whistling Jack Smith whistled his cover on his 1967 album Around the World with Whistling Jack. In 1969, a Jamaican band the Dynamites recorded an instrumental reggae version retitled "John Public".

In the 1970s, instrumental versions of the song were recorded by Jumbo Sterling's All-Stars for their 1970 album Reggae Party; by Bert Kaempfert & His Orchestra for their 1977 album Safari Swings Again; and, in the UK circa 1979, by Captain Morgan & His Merry Men for a 12-inch reggae single.

The Piranhas version

When Brighton-based punk band the Piranhas covered the song in 1980, they used new lyrics written by their frontman, "Boring" Bob Grover. The song peaked at number 6 on the UK Singles Chart, and was the band's most successful single.

The Piranhas version was used as background music in Chris Evans' television show TFI Friday.  The Piranhas version has since been adapted by football fans as chants in Great Britain and Ireland.

Charts

Seagulls Ska version

In 2005, the temporary Brighton-based band named Seagulls Ska, made up of Brighton and Hove Albion F.C. fans, released their version titled "Tom Hark (We Want Falmer!)". It is a remake of the 1980 Piranhas hit which came to be used as an anthem at many football grounds. The song was released in January 2005 to highlight the club's plight in building a new stadium at Falmer. On 15 January 2005, it reached number 17 on the UK Singles Chart and remained in the chart for three weeks. The club's stadium at Falmer eventually opened over six years after the single's release, in July 2011.

The lyrics were rewritten by Attila the Stockbroker.

Track listing
 "Tom Hark (We Want Falmer!)" (Bopeape/Baine/Grover)
 "Sussex by the Sea" (Instrumental Version) (Traditional)
 "Sussex by the Sea" (Singalong Version) (Traditional)
 "Roll Up for the Donkey Derby...." (Baine)

Other versions
The South African band Mango Groove released a version of the song on their 1997 album Dance Sum More: All the Hits So Far. Jack Lerole, who co-founded Elias and His Zig-Zag Jive Flutes (the first band to record "Tom Hark"), was also a founding member of Mango Groove. However, he left Mango Groove several years before they recorded their cover of the song.

Other covers of "Tom Hark" can be found in such diverse albums as Freight Train (1993), a live album by British skiffle musician Chas McDevitt; The Dansan Sequence Collection, Volume 2 (1993), a Dixieland cover album by Bryan Smith & His Dixielanders; and Party Crazy (2000), a novelty album by Jive Bunny and the Mastermixers.

The song has also been adopted by various groups of football fans, notably by Manchester United followers who sang it to describe Wayne Rooney as "the white Pele".

References

1956 songs
1956 singles
1980 singles
Association football songs and chants
Pop instrumentals
South African songs
1950s instrumentals
Columbia Records singles
Sire Records singles


Jeronim Vidulić  (around 1430 – 1499 in Zadar) was a 15th-century Catholic priest and notary from Zadar, Venetian Dalmatia (today Croatia). He is best known for recording one of the earliest Petrarchist poems in Croatian, written using Glagolitic script.

Biography
He lived in the 15th century in the city of Zadar. He belonged to civilian family. He was a priest, but has been also mentioned (1456) as a notary for the city and the county of Zadar. He died in 1499.

Work
The only preserved - though in a bit damaged state - Vidulić's poem in Croatian, Ako mi ne daš lik, composed in six dodecasyllabic quatrains, is the proof of the existence of troubadour-Petrarchan school of poetry in the middle of 15th century in Zadar, beside the city of Dubrovnik. The poem was found written on one official document and, of course, it is not certain whether Vidulić was the author or just a scribe. Vidulić was also an educated humanist, used Glagolitic script, and was in a certain way a predecessor of Petar Zoranić.

References

Further reading
 V. Valčić, »Jerolim Vidulić. najstariji hrvatski pjesnik Zadra«, Zbornik Instituta za historijske nauke u Zadru (1955),

15th-century Croatian poets
Writers from Zadar
1499 deaths
Year of birth unknown
Croatian male poets
Year of birth uncertain


Marvin Goldhar (April 29, 1933 – March 31, 2002) was a Canadian actor, best known for his voice work in animated programs and in made-for-TV movies.

Among his voice credits include Cedric Sneer on The Raccoons, Mr. Weatherbee on The New Archies and Bronto Thunder and Bonehead in Dinosaucers.

He has also done voices for television and films including Star Wars: Ewoks, Star Wars: Droids, Garbage Pail Kids, AlfTales, The Nutcracker Prince, Babar, Highlander: The Animated Series, Maxie's World, Beverly Hills Teens, The Care Bears, Rupert, C.O.P.S., Overdrawn at the Memory Bank, ALF: The Animated Series, Sylvanian Families, Starcom, Police Academy, WildC.A.T.s, The Magic School Bus, Little Rosey, The Busy World of Richard Scarry, Dog City, A Cosmic Christmas and My Pet Monster.

Goldhar also played roles in live-action such as Mogul in Mafia Princess, Gareth Williamson in Night Heat, Grandpa Maurice in The Zack Files, Ron Morrow in Hot Money, Detective #1 in A Deadly Business, Larry Sr. in Big Deal, Burt Horowitz in Deadline, Phil King in The Last Polka, Harry in Club Land as well as a guest star on Saturday Night Live.

He died in Toronto, Ontario in 2002.

His son, Jeff Goldhar, currently works as a director/producer for CBC television.

Partial filmography
The Offering (1966) - Jack
My Pleasure Is My Business (1975) - All the detectives
Running (1979) - Maloney
Deadline (1980) - Burt Horowitz
Hot Money (1983) - Ron Morrow
Big Deal (1985) - Larry Sr.
The Raccoons (1985-1991) - Cedric Sneer / Henri de la Possum / Herman Zechariah Stroll / Sid Leech / J.P. Gordon
The Nutcracker Prince (1990) - Mr. Schaeffer / Mouse / Guest #3 / First Guard / Soldier / Band Member #1 / Contestant / Spectator (voice)

External links

1933 births
2002 deaths
Canadian male voice actors
Canadian male television actors
Canadian male film actors


Church Slavonic was the main language used for administrative (until the 16th century) and liturgical purposes (until the 17th century) by the Romanian principalities, being still occasionally used in the Orthodox Church until the early 18th century.

Characteristics

The language, while based on Church Slavonic, was influenced by the Slavic languages used by surrounding peoples. The most important influences were from Middle and Modern Bulgarian, with influences from Serbian (in Wallachia) and Russian (in Moldavia). Starting with the 15th century, the language was also influenced by Romanian language.

Usage

After the Slavic migrations, Slavonic became the liturgical language of the Eastern Orthodox Church in present-day Romania, under the influence of the South Slavic feudal states. The exact timing of this change happened is not known, but it was probably in the 10th century. While the language was not understood by most Romanians, it was a language known by the bishops, the monks, some of the priests, the clerks, the merchants, the boyars and the Prince.

Church Slavonic was also used as a literary language, for example in chronicles, story-books, law codexes (known as pravila), property documents (hrisov), decrees of the voivodes or boyars, diplomatic correspondence and sometimes even in private letters. It also led to an integration of the written Romanian culture into the Slavic culture of the neighbours.

Replacement with Romanian

The earliest contracts (zapis) to be written in Romanian rather than Slavonic date from 1575 to 1590 and by 1655–1660, all the administrative documents at the Princely Courts of both Wallachia and Moldavia were written in Romanian.

The replacement of Slavonic religious texts with Romanian versions began with the first translations in Máramaros (now Maramureș) in the late 15th century, further translations being created in Transylvania after the Protestant Reformation. In Wallachia, the gospels were translated into the vernacular between 1512 and 1518, and by the middle of the 16th century, the earliest religious works were printed, while the first complete bible in Romanian was printed in Bucharest in 1688.

Nevertheless, the Orthodox Church opposed the changes and the Metropolitan printing presses continued to print Church Slavonic books until 1731 in Moldavia and 1745 in Wallachia.

Legacy and assessments
Coresi, the printer of the first Romanian-language book, saw in 1564 no good in the usage of Church Slavonic as a liturgical language, as the priests speak to the people in a foreign language, arguing that all the other peoples have the word of God in their language, except for the Romanians. Dimitrie Cantemir, a Moldavian scholar who published the first novel in Romanian, saw the usage of Church Slavonic as a "barbarism", which caused a cultural regression.

However, there were some cultural accomplishments done in the Church Slavonic language, such as a number of chronicles and historiographical works in Moldavia or Neagoe Basarab's Teachings to his son Theodosie.

See also
 Slavic influence on Romanian

Notes

References

V. Costăchel, P. P. Panaitescu, A. Cazacu. (1957) Viaţa feudală în Ţara Românească şi Moldova (secolele XIV–XVI) ("Feudal life in the Romanian and Moldovan Land (14th–16th centuries)", București, Editura Ştiinţifică
Vlad Georgescu. (1991) The Romanians: a history, Ohio State University Press.

History of Christianity in Romania
Languages of Romania
Romania
Romanian Orthodox Church
Sacred languages


Muérdete La Lengua (Bite Your Tongue) is the debut album by American-born Chilean singer, songwriter and composer Francisca Valenzuela. The album was released on June 30, 2007 in Chile for Feria Music Records. The album's first single was "Peces" (Fishes) and was released in 2006. Though "Peces" did not chart, it gained Valenzuela radio play and popularity in Chile. The second and lead single of the album was "Dulce" (Sweet). Rolling Stone Chile included the album as number 16 in its "50 Best CDs of 2007" in an international list. In early 2008, the album was certified gold in Chile. In January 2013, it earned platinum certification in Chile for sales of 10,000 copies or more.  The album includes eleven original songs all written and composed by Valenzuela including an English song, called "Queen". In 2008, a deluxe edition was released, which included all ten tracks from the previous release as well as a remix of "Muleta" (Crutche) and a new "Spanglish" song, "No Necesito Mucho" (I Don't Need Much).

Track listing
"Peces (Fishes)" – 3:54
"Muérdete La Lengua (Bite Your Tongue)" – 2:59
"Afortunada (Lucky One)" – 3:34
"Excavador De Tumbas (Grave Digger)" 3:26
"Muleta (Crutch)" – 3:42
"Los Poderosos (The Powerful)" – 4:36
"Dulce (Sweet)" – 3:28
"Segunda Vuelta (second round)" – 3:41
"Las Vegas" – 4:27
"Esta Noche (Algo Que No Doy) (Tonight)" – 8:58 ("Queen" is a hidden track on this song.)

Bonus tracks
Digital download
"Muleta" (Jorge Gonzalez Remix) – 4:56
DVD
"No Necesito Mucho" (Live Version) – 5:26
"Queen" – 2:17
Exclusive Live Performance.

 Note: All songs were written and composed by Francisca Valenzuela.

References

2007 debut albums
Francisca Valenzuela albums
Spanish-language albums


The iPod click wheel is the navigation component of non touch-screen iPod models. It uses a combination of touch technology and traditional buttons, involving the technology of capacitive sensing, which senses the touch of the user's fingers. The wheel allows a user to find music, videos, photos and play games on the device. The wheel is flush on the face of the iPod and is located below the screen. The click wheel was invented by Norihiko Saito in 1998.

The design was first released with the iPod Mini, and was last used with the (non-suffixed) iPod, now called the iPod Classic. The click wheel's design is credited to Apple's senior vice president of worldwide marketing, Phil Schiller.

Details

The click wheel detects a user's input via its touch sensitive ring. Because of four mechanical buttons that lie beneath it, the ring is able to perform multiple commands. For example, browsing through music, after selecting a particular song, the click-wheel is used to adjust the volume. Pressing the select button can be used to skip to a specific part in the song.

The primary technology that the click-wheel demonstrates is that of capacitive sensing. This technology actually dates back to 1919, where it was first utilized in a musical instrument called a theremin. It allowed the pitch and volume of the instrument to be controlled by the distance from the musician's hands to two antennae. When a voltage is placed upon two conductors in close proximity with one another, without coming into contact, energy is stored in the form of electric fields. Even after the voltage is taken away, the stored charge remains. This is how a capacitor gathers and stores energy. The click wheel uses this property to detect the location of a finger, since the human body has capacitance with the conductive membrane under the click wheel’s plastic covering.

The click wheel replaced the touch wheel starting with the fourth-generation iPod, and was present on the first through fifth generations of the iPod Nano.

The "brain" behind the click-wheel is the conductive membrane behind the plastic covering. This membrane has "channels" that when connected, create a set of coordinates. These channels are conductors, which when connected to another conductor (a finger in this case), try to send a current through the user's finger, but are blocked by the plastic covering the click-wheel. So instead of passing through the plastic, the current creates a charge at the closest location to the finger, which is also known as capacitance. The component that detects this change in capacitance is the controller. Whenever the controller senses a change, it sends a signal to the microprocessor, which performs the desired action. The faster a finger moves around the wheel, the more concentrated the stream of signals it sends out. The moment the finger leaves the wheel, however, is when the controller stops detecting change in capacitance, therefore stopping the current process.

Similar technologies
The Creative Zen Touch from 2004 has a vertical scroll wheel similar to the iPod's click wheel. That same year, the luxury Nokia 7280 mobile phone also featured a scroll wheel. The Samsung SGH-i300 from 2005, as well as Motorola ROKR E8 from 2007, also have it. In 2007, Nokia created the 'Navi wheel' which debuted on the Nokia N81. LG also implemented such a feature on its LG Chocolate (VX8550). Several models of Sony Walkman music players also have similar interfaces.

References

External links

Click wheel


Anson Phelps Stokes, the 3rd (January 11, 1905 - November 7, 1986) was the eleventh bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts in Boston, Massachusetts from 1956 to 1970.

Biography
He was the son of Anson Phelps Stokes and grandson of Anson Phelps Stokes of Phelps Dodge. An alumnus of St. Paul's School (Concord, New Hampshire), he received a BA from Yale in 1927, a BD from the Episcopal Theological School (now the Episcopal Divinity School), a DD from Kenyon College and later degrees from Columbia, Berkeley Divinity School, and Suffolk University. He was ordained deacon in 1932 and priest on March 19, 1933 in St Mark's Church, Shreveport, Louisiana.

He was married to Hope Procter of the family which founded Procter & Gamble.

References

Web page about the three Anson Phelps Stokes
New York Times Obituary of Hope Procter widow of Rt. Rev. Anson Phelps Stokes
Episcopal Church Obituary of Hope Procter widow of Rt. Rev. Anson Phelps Stokes

1905 births
1986 deaths
Episcopal Divinity School alumni
Kenyon College alumni
Episcopal bishops of Massachusetts
Yale Divinity School alumni
20th-century American Episcopalians
20th-century American clergy


Gauda, Nepal  is a village development committee in Lamjung District in the Gandaki Zone of northern-central Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3,325 living in 650 individual households.

2015 Nepal earthquake
The village was affected by the earthquake on 25 April 2015. It along with Bichaur, Dudhpokhari, Ilampokhari, Kolki and Pyarjung were the most affected villages in Lamjung district. Nepti Tamang, 91, Sher Bahadur Tamang, 62, and three-and-a-half-month-old Sumit Bika were three of the four deaths in Lamjung district.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Lamjung District

Populated places in Lamjung District


Gaunshahar () is a town and market place at Besishahar Municipality in Lamjung District in Gandaki Province of northern-central Nepal. The Besishahar Municipality was formed by merging the existing Village Development Committees i.e. Besishahar, Gaunshahar, Udipur & Chandisthan on May 15, 2014. The temple of Lamjung Kalika & Lamjung Durbar are located here. This place is in the way of Annapurna Conservation Area. The Dumre-Besishahar-Chame highway also goes from this place. Here are different casts and religions.

Population
At the time of the 2011 Nepal census it had a population of 6,611 (3,752 Female & 2,859 Male) people living in 1,757 individual Households.

Media
Gaunshahar has one FM Radio station Radio Lamjung 88.4 MHz. Radio Chautari 91.4 MHz. This is a Community Radio station. Kaule Pani Home stay is also promoting the local culture in Gaunshahar.

See also
 Besishahar Municipality
 Udipur
 Chandisthan
 Lamjung District

References

Lamjung District
Populated places in Lamjung District


In October 2008, Ashley Todd, a volunteer for the U.S. presidential campaign of Republican John McCain, falsely claimed to have been the victim of robbery and politically motivated physical assault by a supporter of McCain's Democratic opponent Barack Obama. The story broke less than two weeks before the 2008 United States presidential election on November 4. Todd later confessed to inventing the story after surveillance photos and a polygraph test were presented. She was charged with filing a false police report, and entered a probation program for first-time offenders.

Initial claim and political commentary
Todd had worked as a field representative for the College Republican National Committee since August 2008 and had come to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in mid-October to recruit college students. On October 22, 2008, Todd claimed that she was robbed at knifepoint by a "six-foot-four African American of medium build, dressed in dark clothes wearing shiny shoes" at a Citizens Bank ATM in the Bloomfield neighborhood of Pittsburgh. She also alleged that after the robber saw a McCain bumper sticker on Todd's car, he assaulted her, cut a reversed letter B into her cheek, and told her "you are going to be a Barack supporter."

Todd's story received international attention, including prominent coverage on Drudge Report and Fox News. John Moody, executive vice president at Fox News, commented in a blog on the network's website that "this incident could become a watershed event in the 11 days before the election," but also warned that "[i]f the incident turns out to be a hoax, Senator McCain's quest for the presidency is over, forever linked to race-baiting."

Hoax exposure
On October 24, Todd confessed to inventing the story after police reviewed surveillance camera photos and administered a polygraph test. She now said that she had seen the backwards "B" on her face while driving, and although she did not remember how she got it, assumed that she herself had done it because she had had previous episodes of memory loss.  According to police, Todd provided no explanation of why she had told them the story about the mugging instead.

Todd was charged with filing a false police report, a misdemeanor charge with a maximum jail sentence of two years. While jailed, Todd underwent a court-ordered psychiatric examination and was deemed to be competent to stand trial, but in need of further counseling. On October 30, she agreed to a deal in which she was released from jail, but was required to undergo psychiatric counseling as a condition of her release. Upon her formal arraignment in January, Todd would enter a probation program for first-time offenders, after which her record would be expunged if there had been no further offenses. Continued mental health counseling would also be a condition of the probation period. The deal did not require Todd to enter a plea.

Prior claim by Todd
According to an October 25, 2008 article in the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, in February 2008, Todd had claimed that her car's tires had been slashed and campaign material had been stolen from her car because of her support for Republican politician Ron Paul, an opponent of McCain for the Republican presidential nomination. Group leader Dustan Costine told the Post-Gazette that Todd was asked to leave the local Ron Paul grassroots group a month later, after she posed as a Mike Huckabee supporter and called the local Republican committee seeking information about its campaign strategies.

See also
October surprise
Racial hoax

References

2008 hoaxes
2008 in Pennsylvania
American fraudsters
Hoaxes in the United States
John McCain 2008 presidential campaign
October 2008 events in the United States
People associated with the 2008 United States presidential election
Political controversies in the United States
Political forgery
Politics and race in the United States
Race-related controversies in the United States
Racial hoaxes


Ghanpokhara  is a village development committee in Lamjung District in the Gandaki Zone of northern-central Nepal.  In 1991, it had a population of 3168 living in 597 individual households. It lies  north of the tourist destination Ghalegaun.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Lamjung District

Populated places in Lamjung District


Ghermu  is a village development committee in Lamjung District in the Gandaki Zone of northern-central Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 1950 people living in 365 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Lamjung District

Populated places in Lamjung District


Ernest & Bertram is a 2002 tragic comedy short film written and directed by Academy Award-winning filmmaker and actor Peter Spears.
The film spoofs Sesame Street characters Ernie and Bert. The film is based on Lillian Hellman's The Children's Hour and depicts Bert and Ernie after they are outed by Variety magazine. Although the film was a success at the Sundance Film Festival and the U.S Comedy Arts Festival, it kept from further distribution when Sesame Workshop served the film's producers with a cease and desist order for copyright violation.

Synopsis
When the film starts, Miss Piggy has discontinued a romantic relationship with Bert when rumors of the roommates being gay hit the media. After Ernie arrives home, the two converse, and upon learning of the break-up, reveals that he does love Bert "that way". Bert seems not to share this sentiment, resulting in Ernie's suicide.

References

External links

2000s parody films
2002 short films
2002 films
American LGBT-related short films
Films directed by Peter Spears
Films about sexuality
Films about suicide
Muppet parodies
Tragicomedy films
American comedy short films
2002 comedy films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films


Gilung  is a village development committee in Lamjung District in the Gandaki Zone of northern-central Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2110 people living in 419 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Lamjung District

Populated places in Lamjung District


Hiletaksar  is a village development committee in Lamjung District in the Gandaki Zone of northern-central Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 1938 people living in 365 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Lamjung District

Populated places in Lamjung District


Ilampokhari  is a village development committee in Lamjung District in the Gandaki Zone of northern-central Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3197 people living in 620 individual households.

The village was affected by the earthquake on 25 April 2015. It along with Bichaur, Dudhpokhari, Gaudu, Kolki and Pyarjung were the most affected villages in Lamjung district. Lakshmi Gurung, 18, of Ilampokhari village was one of the four deaths in Lamjung district.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Lamjung District

Populated places in Lamjung District


Ishaneshwar  is a village development committee in Lamjung District in the Gandaki Zone of northern-central Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2517 people living in 522 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Lamjung District

Populated places in Lamjung District


Jita, Nepal  is a village development committee in Lamjung District in the Gandaki Zone of northern-central Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2906 people living in 585 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Lamjung District

Populated places in Lamjung District


Daniel Mays (born 31 March 1978) is an English actor having had roles in EastEnders (2000), Pearl Harbor, All or Nothing, Vera Drake (2001), Rehab (2005), Shifty, Red Riding (2008), Made in Dagenham, Ashes to Ashes (2010), Outcasts (2011), Mrs Biggs, Byzantium (2012), Line of Duty, Rogue One: A Star Wars Story (2016), Des and White Lines (2020).

Mays has been nominated for best supporting actor at both the BIFA's (2008), and the BAFTA's (2017), as well as having extensive experience in theatre.

Early life
Born in Epping, Essex, the third of four boys, Mays was brought up in Buckhurst Hill, Essex, by his electrician father and bank cashier mother. He attended the Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts before going on to become a student at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, graduating in 2000 with an Acting (RADA Diploma).

Acting career
In 2000, Mays debut role was a slot in EastEnders. Mays started his big screen career in 2001, as a pilot in the movie Pearl Harbor. His big break happened in 2002, when Mike Leigh cast him in both All or Nothing and Vera Drake, and Mays has said that working with Leigh was a big influence, advising that no stone be unturned when creating truly believable characters.

In 2005, he was cast in the BBC drama Rehab, then in 2008, played the role of Michael Myshkin in Channel 4's adaptation of David Peace's Red Riding trilogy.
His appearance in the 2008 independent British crime film Shifty, co-starring Riz Ahmed, earned him a nomination for best supporting actor at the British Independent Film Awards.

In 2010, Mays starred as Eddie O'Grady in the film Made in Dagenham. In the same year, he played DCI Jim Keats in the third series of Ashes to Ashes, in which he portrayed a character that was the antagonist of Philip Glenister's Gene Hunt.

In 2011, Mays appeared in the BBC sci-fi series Outcasts. He had roles in No One Gets Off in This Town and a supporting role in the Steven Spielberg film The Adventures of Tintin: The Secret of the Unicorn. He then played a criminal on a curfew after serving a 10-year sentence for the murder of his girlfriend when he was 19 in the programme Public Enemies, which aired on BBC One in early January 2012. He played Ronnie Biggs in a 5-part drama called Mrs Biggs. In 2012, he starred alongside Gemma Arterton and Saoirse Ronan in the vampire film Byzantium.

For much of the latter half of 2013, Mays performed on stage. Performing in Nick Payne's Same Deep Water As Me at the Donmar Warehouse alongside Nigel Lindsay and in the first major revival of Jez Butterworth's debut play Mojo at the Harold Pinter Theatre. He starred alongside Ben Whishaw, Brendan Coyle, Rupert Grint and Colin Morgan.

In 2016, Mays starred in Series 3 of BBC drama Line of Duty as Sergeant Danny Waldron, an armed response officer whose troubled and abusive childhood comes under investigation as part of wider investigation of police corruption throughout the serial. He was nominated for a BAFTA Television Award for Supporting Actor for his role. In 2016 Mays played the part of Aston in Harold Pinter's play The Caretaker directed by Matthew Warchus at The Old Vic Theatre in London opposite Timothy Spall and George MacKay. The same year, Mays portrayed Tivik in the film Rogue One: A Star Wars Story.

In 2020, Mays starred as lead investigator Detective Chief Inspector Peter Jay in the ITV three-part television drama miniseries Des, about the 1983 arrest of the serial killer Dennis Nilsen, and as Marcus in the Ibiza based whodunnit series White Lines.

Personal life
Mays has a son and a daughter with makeup artist Louise Burton. As of 2005, he was living in Crouch End, an area in the London Borough of Haringey. A keen football fan, he is a supporter of Leyton Orient.

Filmography

Film

Television

Awards and nominations

References

External links

1978 births
Alumni of the Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts
Alumni of RADA
Living people
English male stage actors
English male film actors
English male television actors
Male actors from Essex
20th-century English male actors
21st-century English male actors
People from Epping
People from Buckhurst Hill


Karapu  is a village development committee in Lamjung District in the Gandaki Zone of northern-central Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2549 people living in 509 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Lamjung District

Populated places in Lamjung District


Khudi, Nepal  is a village development committee in Lamjung District in the Gandaki Zone of northern-central Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3212 people living in 664 individual households.

Climate

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Lamjung District

Populated places in Lamjung District


Kolki  is a village development committee in Lamjung District in the Gandaki Zone of northern-central Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 1892 people living in 354 individual households.

2015 Nepal earthquake
The village was affected by the earthquake on 25 April 2015. It along with Bichaur, Ilampokhari, Dudhpokhari, Gauda, and Pyarjung were the most affected villages in Lamjung district.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Lamjung District

Populated places in Lamjung District


CCC Camp NP-4, also known as the Horse Concessioner Dormitory and the Climbing Concession Office, at Jenny Lake in Grand Teton National Park was the largest Civilian Conservation Corps camp in Grand Teton.  Located at the South end of Jenny Lake, the camp housed young men from 1934 to 1942, who worked on improvements to trails, campsites, employee housing, utilities and timber salvage at Jackson Lake. The surviving structures include a messhall and a bathhouse.

It is unusual for CCC facilities to survive, as they were typically dismantled when the CCC program was completed. The camp was later used as a base camp for mountain climbing concessioners. The camp became known as the "C-Camp," accommodating climbers close to the base of the mountains. The bathhouse became the base for Paul Petzoldt and Glenn Exum's Petzoldt-Exum School of American Mountaineering. The building is still in use as the summer base for Exum Mountain Guides. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 7, 2006.

See also
Historical buildings and structures of Grand Teton National Park

References

External links

CCC Camp at Grand Teton National Park

Park buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Wyoming
Buildings and structures in Grand Teton National Park
Civilian Conservation Corps in Wyoming
Civilian Conservation Corps camps
National Register of Historic Places in Grand Teton National Park
Temporary populated places on the National Register of Historic Places
National Park Service rustic in Wyoming


Kunchha  is a village development committee in Lamjung District in the Gandaki Zone of northern-central Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2454 people living in 503 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Lamjung District

Populated places in Lamjung District


Hello Kitty's Furry Tale Theater is an animated series based on the Japanese character Hello Kitty, co-produced by DIC Enterprises and MGM/UA Television Productions and animated by Toei Animation. The series involves Hello Kitty and her friends (and occasionally family) doing their own version of popular fairy tales and stories. Each of the 13 episodes consisted of two 11-minute cartoons, for a total of 26 "shows"; each show was a spoof of a well-known fairy tale or movie.

Characters
 Hello Kitty (voiced by Tara Strong) (credited as Tara Charendoff) - the cheerful and kind kitten director of the theater. In many tales she is the protagonist or a supportive fairy.
 Mary Kitty (voiced by Elizabeth Hanna) – Kitty's mom, who plays motherly roles in the tales.
 George Kitty (voiced by Len Carlson) - Kitty's dad, who plays fatherly roles in the tales.
 Grandma Kitty (voiced by Elizabeth Hanna) - Kitty's grandmother. She casts as supporting roles in the tales.
 Grandpa Kitty (voiced by Carl Banas) - Kitty's grandfather. He casts as supporting roles in the tales.
 Tuxedo Sam (voiced by Sean Roberge) - a happy penguin stage helper of the theater. In many tales he is the protagonist or Kitty's sidekick or love interest.
 My Melody (voiced by Mairon Bennett) - a very timid supporting bunny actress who is Kitty’s best friend. Her roles are often smaller and she needs assistance to perform perfectly.
 Chip (voiced by Noam Zylberman) - a cheery supporting white seal pup actor. He has supporting roles with the protagonists.
 Catnip (voiced by Cree Summer) (credited as Cree Summer Francks) - a green Siamese Cat, who is the diva-like frenemy of Hello Kitty but is sociable, and does have a friendly side. She often takes the role of the antagonist in the tales (such as a mobster, Captain Hook, Count Dracula, Ebenezer Scrooge, etc.).
 Fangora (voiced by Denise Pidgeon) - a purple Siamese Cat and Catnip's mother. She sometimes fills in for the role of a secondary antagonist in the tales.
 Grinder (voiced by Greg Morton) - a dim-witted, naive and competent bulldog who often takes the role of a secondary antagonist, a bumbling accomplice to Catnip, or a supporting character sometimes.
 Mouser (voiced by Fred Savage) - a trickster mouse who scares and plays tricks on Hello Kitty and her friends in the last episode, and is the original owner of the theater who makes a deal at the end with Kitty to all be the owners. He is very skilled at playing the pipe organ.

Format
Each episode opens with a theater filling up with patrons and usually a look at some comical goings-on backstage. The play then begins (with Hello Kitty or Tuxedo Sam saying "Once upon a meow") and the stage transforms into whatever setting the story calls for, like outer space, the American Old West, the Great Depression or the Middle Ages. Each show is a light-hearted takeoff of a children's story or a popular movie. Catnip and Grinder were usually typecast as the villains.

At the end, the stage returns to normal, and the actors take their bow.

One exception to this format is the final cartoon "The Phantom of the Theater", which begins after the actors have finished a show (specifically "Robin Penguin"); all the action in this story takes place backstage.

Episodes

Television broadcast

North American television debut
In the USA, Hello Kitty's Furry Tale Theater aired on September 19, 1987 on CBS.

International broadcast
In the UK, the cartoon was broadcast on the music and entertainment channel MTV from September 27, 1987.

Release

Region 1
On March 24, 1998, MGM Home Entertainment released two VHS videocassettes each containing three cartoon shorts, as well as the opening and closing sequences.
 Hello Kitty: Kitty and the Beast (also includes "Grinder Genie and the Magic Lamp", "Hello Mother Goose" and "Little Red Bunny Hood")
 Hello Kitty: Wizard of Paws (also includes "Snow White Kitty", "Sleeping Kitty" and "Peter Penguin")

In 2003-2004, MGM Home Entertainment under their MGM Kids label released 5 DVD's each containing five cartoon shorts; the only one of the 26 not to be included was "The Year Scroogenip Swiped Christmas". The opening and closing sequences are not included.
 Hello Kitty Becomes a Princess (February 4, 2003: "Cinderkitty", "Kittylocks and the Three Bears", "Sleeping Kitty", "Kitty and the Beast", "Snow White Kitty and the One Dwarf")
 Hello Kitty Goes to the Movies (February 4, 2003: "K.T. The Kitty Terrestrial", "The Wizard of Paws", "Kitty and the Kong", "Cat Wars", "Paws: The Great White Dog Shark")
 Hello Kitty Saves the Day (February 4, 2003: "Peter Penguin", "Tar-Sam of the Jungle", "Paws of the Round Table", "Crocodile Penguin", "Grinder Genie and the Magic Lamp")
 Hello Kitty Plays Pretend (February 17, 2004: "The Phantom of the Theater", "Frankencat", "Catula", "The Pawed Piper", "Rumpeldogskin")
 Hello Kitty Tells Fairy Tales (February 17, 2004: "Robin Penguin", "Hello Mother Goose", "The Ugly Quackling", "Pinocchio Penguin", "Little Red Bunny Hood")

Region 2
The same DVDs that were released in the United States were released in Region 2 by MGM Home Entertainment and 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment. Becomes a Princess, Goes to the Movies and Saves the Day were all released in September 2004, using the same prints as the US versions without the opening and closing sequences.

Plays Pretend and Tells Fairy Tales were not released in the United Kingdom until October 2012. These prints are not the same as the US versions, and do include the opening and closing sequences. Another DVD titled Hello Kitty Has Fun at Halloween was also released in the same year, featuring 3 episodes from Plays Pretend and an episode from Goes to the Movies. A boxset was also released, featuring all 5 of the original DVDs.

References

External links

Hello Kitty's Furry Tale Theater episode guide at the Big Cartoon DataBase

Hello Kitty
1987 American television series debuts
1987 American television series endings
1980s American animated television series
1987 Canadian television series debuts
1987 Canadian television series endings
1980s Canadian animated television series
1987 anime television series debuts
American children's animated adventure television series
American children's animated comedy television series
American children's animated fantasy television series
Canadian children's animated adventure television series
Canadian children's animated comedy television series
Canadian children's animated fantasy television series
Japanese children's animated adventure television series
Japanese children's animated comedy television series
Japanese children's animated fantasy television series
English-language television shows
Animated television series about cats
Animated television series about children
Television series by DIC Entertainment
Television series by MGM Television
CBS original programming


Sakuntalai is a 1940 Indian Tamil-language film directed by Ellis R. Dungan and starring M. S. Subbulakshmi and G. N. Balasubramaniam.

Plot
Sakuntalai is the story of the mythological queen Shakuntala, whose tale is told in the Mahabharata and dramatised by Kalidasa in the play Abhijñānaśākuntalam.

Cast

Male cast
G. N. Balasubramaniam  as Dushyanta
Serukalathur Sama as Kanwa
S. R. Kalyanasundaram as Saradwata
T. P. S. Mani as Durvasa
K. Sarangapani as Madhavya
N. S. Krishnan and T,S.Durairaj as Fishermen
P. G. Venkatesan as Cartman

Female cast
M. S. Subbulakshmi as Sakuntalai
Radha as Bharata
T. A. Mathuram as Priyamvada
Sakuntala Bai as Anasuya
Golden Saradambal as Gouthami
M. S. Ramani as Sarangrava
K. Thavamani Devi as Menaka

Production
Subbulakshmi and her husband T. Sadasivam formed Royal Talkies to produce their own films. They decided to make a movie based Shakuntala's life and asked director K. Subramanyam, to direct the film. Subramaniam was not able to do so because of prior commitments and recommended Ellis Dungan to be hired instead. Sadasivam wrote the screenplay and Papanasam Sivan was hired to write the lyrics. Carnatic singer G. N. Balasubramaniam was cast as King Dushyanta. The comedic duo of N. S. Krishnan – T. A. Mathuram were also among the cast. Dungan introduced several new techniques to Tamil cinema in this film. The scene where Shakuntala loses her ring was shot in slow motion through a glass tank filled with water. In his autobiography (A Guide to Adventure: An Autobiography, Dorrance Publishing Company (2002)), Dungan wrote the following about his use of a European dancer for adding glamour to the film :

The completed film was 17,400 Feet in length (around 3 hours run time). The film advanced the popularity of singing lead actress M. S. Subbulakshmi.

Soundtrack

The music was composed by Thuraiyur Rajagopala Sarma while the lyrics were penned by Papanasam Sivan. There were a total of 24 songs in Sakuntalai. A couple of songs  were longer than usual and the gramophone company had to issue special large sized records for them.

A partial list of songs in the film:

"Endhan Idadhu Tholum Kannum" – M. S. Subbulakshmi (Karaharapriya)
"Manamogananga Anangae" – M. S. Subbulakshmi, G. N. Balasubramaniam
"Premayil Yavum Marandenae" – M. S. Subbulakshmi, G. N. Balasubramaniam
"Engum Nirai Nadha Bramammae" – M. S. Subbulakshmi
"Vegudooram Kadal Thandi Povomae" – N. S. Krishnan, T. S. Durairaj
"Innaikku Kalaila Elundiruchu" – N. S. Krishnan, T. S. Durairaj
"Anandam En Solvaenae" – M. S. Subbulakshmi (Sindhu Bhairavi)
"Sugumara En Thabam" – M. S. Subbulakshmi (Behag)
"Pannedum Naalaai" – M. S. Subbulakshmi (NadhaNaamakriya)
"Manam Kulira, Ullam Kulira" – M. S. Subbulakshmi

Reception
The film was released on 12 December 1940 and was a box office success.

References

External links

 Photograph of Sadasivam, M. S. Subbulakshmi, Ellis R. Dungan during the shoot of Meera (1945)

1940 drama films
1940 films
1940s Tamil-language films
Films based on works by Kalidasa
Films directed by Ellis R. Dungan
Films scored by S. V. Venkatraman
Films set in ancient India
Indian black-and-white films
Indian drama films
Indian films based on plays
Works based on Shakuntala (play)


The TnFOX portability toolkit is a fork of the FOX GUI toolkit with most of the added code implementing orthogonal features (i.e. not substantially changing the FOX API) such that applications developed for FOX can be easily recompiled for TnFOX. Unusually, TnFOX also contains API emulations of some Qt library classes - according to the author, this was done to port a substantial project from Qt to FOX. Most of the added features implement a full "portability toolkit" library such that one can write one program to run anywhere - this differs from FOX which mostly just provides the GUI portability alone. TnFOX is therefore an example of an operating system abstraction layer.

Unlike FOX, TnFOX supports only a restricted set of C++ compilers and operating systems. It only supports Microsoft's C++ compiler v7.1 and later, GCC v3.2 and later and Intel C++ compiler v8 or later. It also only runs on Windows 2000 or later, Linux 2.6 kernels or later, FreeBSD and Mac OS X 10.4 or later, though on any processor or architecture.

TnFOX contains its own automatically generated bindings for Python based on Boost.Python library - such were the complexity of these it required adding the -fvisibility feature to GCC v4 onwards. However, the quality and state of these have languished in recent years.

The library is no longer maintained by its author, as of 2012.

Substantial Features of TnFOX
One of the more original features of TnFOX is its heavy usage of C++ metaprogramming though this is entirely kept away from the GUI side of things (for FOX compatibility). A full lightweight metaprogramming toolkit is included which allows many of the operations provided by the Boost metaprogramming library, including typelists, type traits, compile-time logic, functors, virtual table compilation, horizontal type list instantiation and more. Unlike Boost, due to the requirement for a modern C++ compiler, all the metaprogramming operates consistently across compilers without the need for ugly macros.

Another unusual feature is the use of pervasive exception handling and safety whereby any line is assumed to always potentially throw an exception. TnFOX provides a C++ rollback mechanism (as originally proposed by Andrei Alexandrescu) to keep track of what operations need to be undone at any given stage should an error occur - rather like a SQL transaction. One problem with this approach is the possibility of nested exception throws during object destruction which under the ISO C++ standard requires an immediate program termination - TnFOX works around this problem via preprocessing of the source to add extra support code.

A quirky addition of the v0.88 release is to use Google Translate to convert its locale strings. While of dubious utility, especially for shorter strings, it nevertheless may save time during translations.

Unlike most portability toolkits, TnFOX has been very extensively profiled and performance tuned for maximum speed and minimal memory usage. It has strong multithreading support including tuning to avoid two threads writing to the same cache line (which causes cache line bouncing and greatly bottlenecks parallel throughput). It optionally uses its own thread caching memory allocator, automatically uses dynamic algorithms which will trade speed for memory usage according to memory low conditions and has very strong x86 and x64 specific optimisations including a metaprogramming implementation of SIMD vectors which will automatically compile down into SSE operations (right up to SSE4 support). It has its own assembler written fast mutex implementation, extensive internal caching to avoid syscalls to the kernel and its own inter-process communication framework which can transport arbitrary C++ object instances from one place to another by leveraging metaprogramming to automatically implement serialisation & deserialisation. This is particularly evident in its SQL database interface where one can simply bind an arbitrary C++ object instance to a BLOB field and no further code is required.

TnFOX optionally includes copies of the OpenSSL library and the SQLite library in order to implement its strong encryption and its default SQL database implementation respectively. It can be built modularly as a set of separate DLLs or monolithically. It also has full portable support for host operating system ACL security and knows how to protect sensitive data from entering the swap file, plus automatically shredding any deleted portions. It can access which user is running the process and how to escalate its privileges as necessary.

It has a no GUI build suitable as a portability toolkit for daemon and system processes. This has no X11/GDI dependencies.

TnFOX has already begun to add C++0x features for those compilers which support them - this being the next revision of the ISO C++ standard.

See also

 Widget toolkit
 Operating system abstraction layer
 List of widget toolkits
 FOX toolkit
 Qt

References

External links
Project homepage

Widget toolkits
Free software programmed in C++
Software using the LGPL license


Donald Archibald (August 16, 1840 – September 1908) was a farmer and political figure in Nova Scotia. He represented Halifax County in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1871 to 1878 as a Liberal member.

He was born in Musquodoboit, Nova Scotia, the son of Matthew Archibald and Jane Grant, and worked on the family farm for seven years after leaving school at the age of thirteen. Archibald spent two years prospecting for gold in the province before purchasing his own farm. In 1865, he married Grizell McLachlan. He was named a justice of the peace and served on the council for Halifax County, being chosen as county warden in 1881. He was unsuccessful in a bid for reelection to the provincial assembly in 1878. He died in Halifax at the age of 68. He was high sheriff at the time of his death.

References

1840 births
1908 deaths
Nova Scotia Liberal Party MLAs


Doukas or Dukas (after 1462) was a Byzantine Greek historian who flourished under Constantine XI Palaiologos, the last Byzantine Emperor. He is one of the most important sources for the last decades and eventual fall of the Byzantine Empire to the Ottomans.

Life
The date of Doukas's birth is not recorded, nor is his first name or the names of his parents. He was born probably in the 1390s somewhere in western Asia Minor, where his paternal grandfather, Michael Doukas, had fled. Michael Doukas was eulogized by his grandson as a learned man, especially in matters of medicine. He had played a role in the Byzantine civil wars of the mid-14th century as a partisan of John VI Kantakouzenos. Michael Doukas had been arrested by Alexios Apokaukos, and was one of the prisoners at the palace where Apokaukos was murdered by some of the inmates. Michael Doukas narrowly avoided becoming one of the 200 prisoners murdered in retribution by hiding in the underground chamber of the New Church. He and five others disguised themselves as monks and managed to escape Constantinople. Michael met Isa, the grandson of Aydin, who became his patron and established him at Ephesus. He remained there even after the end of the civil war, convinced that sooner or later all of the remnants of the Byzantine state would succumb to the Turkish onslaught. Although his grandson claims so, it is unknown how, if at all, Michael was related to the old Byzantine imperial dynasty of the Doukai.

All we know of the younger Doukas is what he reveals of himself in his history. His earliest autobiographical allusion is dated to 1421, when he lived in New Phocaea and served as the secretary of the local Genoese governor, Giovanni Adorno. From New Phocaea, Doukas found employment with the ruling Gattilusi family on Lesbos. They employed him in various diplomatic missions to the Ottoman court. In 1451 he was in Adrianople when Murad II died and Mehmed II first entered the capital. In 1452, when Mehmed's army was beginning the siege of Constantinople, he was in Didymoteicho where he saw the corpses of the Venetian crew and their captain executed for failing to stop at the fortress of Rumeli Hisar. In 1455, Doukas twice acted on behalf of the Gattilusi to the Ottomans, first delivering gifts to Hamza the Ottoman admiral, then in August delivered the annual tribute to the Sultan, a visit that required Doukas to bring his new master, Domenico Gattilusio before the Sultan.

He was still living on Lesbos in 1462, when it was conquered by the Ottoman Empire by Sultan Mehmed II. It is known that Doukas survived this event, but there is no record of his subsequent life, and he may have died at about this time.

Work
Doukas was the author of a history of the period 1341–1462; his work thus continues that of Nikephoros Gregoras and John Kantakouzenos, and supplements George Sphrantzes and Laonikos Chalkokondyles. There is a preliminary chapter of chronology from Adam to John V Palaiologos. After the preliminary chapter, he begins his work on history with description of the Battle of Kosovo. Doukas considered the Ottoman conquests as a divine punishment, criticised Mehmed II's immorality and cruelty, and ardently supported the union of the Greek and Latin churches as a prerequisite for saving what was left of the Byzantine Empire. His work is thus "generally considered biased but reliable" and a particularly valuable source since he was an eyewitness to many of the events included in his history, and knew Italian and Turkish and was thus able to draw upon Genoese and Ottoman sources. Doukas is also the only Byzantine source to mention the revolt of Börklüce Mustafa.

The editio princeps by I. Bullialdus (Paris, 1649), with a Latin translation on facing pages and copious notes, was based on one manuscript, currently in Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale MS. Gr. 1310 (Grecu's P, dated 16th century). A folio edition was published in Venice by the Javarina Press in 1729. I. Bekker (1834) produced an edition for the Bonn series, which includes a 15th-century Italian translation by an unknown author, found by Leopold Ranke in one of the libraries of Venice, and sent by him to August Bekker; this translation continues where the Greek text ends in mid-sentence, completing the account of the Ottoman conquest of Lesbos. This addition has led some scholars to conclude the Italian translation was made from a more complete copy of Doukas' history, but Harry J. Magoulias has argued that it is more likely "that the translator may have simply borrowed from another source in order to supplement the account of the siege of Mitylene in 1462. A fourth edition of this was prepared by Jacques Paul Migne for the Patrologia Graeca series, vol. 157.

For many years it was thought that Doukas' history existed in a single manuscript in the Bibliothèque Nationale; however in the same library Vasile Grecu discovered a second manuscript containing Doukas' work, Bibliothèque Nationale MS. Gr. 1766 (Grecu's P1, dated 18th century), which allowed him to publish a new critical edition (Bucharest, 1958) with improvements on prior editions to which Grecu added a Romanian translation. Magoulias published the first English translation in 1975 based on Grecu's critical edition.

References

Sources

15th-century Byzantine historians
Doukas family


William "Smitty" Pignatelli (born August 31, 1959) is an American politician serving as a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives, representing the 4th Berkshire District.

Political career
Pignatelli entered politics in 1987 when he was elected to the Lenox Planning Board. In 1992, he was elected to the Board of Selectmen, where he served until 2003. He also served as a Berkshire County Commissioner from 1995 to 1999, including two years as Chairman.

In 2002, Pignatelli was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives, defeating fellow Lenox resident Kevin J. Sherman by 106 votes in the Democratic primary and winning the general election with 50.2% of the vote against two candidates. He has run unopposed in six of ten subsequent general elections.

As of 2023, Pignatelli represents the towns of Alford, Becket, Egremont, Great Barrington, Lee, Lenox, Monterey, Mount Washington, New Marlborough, Otis, Richmond, Sandisfield, Sheffield, Stockbridge, Tyringham, Washington and West Stockbridge, all in Berkshire County.

Leadership and Committees

 Vice Chair, House Committee on Rules
 Vice Chair, Joint Committee on Rules
 Joint Committee on Education
 Joint Committee on Financial Services
 Joint Committee on Tourism, Arts and Cultural Development

See also
 2019–2020 Massachusetts legislature
 2021–2022 Massachusetts legislature

References

External links
Massachusetts House of Representatives profile

1959 births
Living people
People from Pittsfield, Massachusetts
Babson College alumni
Democratic Party members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
21st-century American politicians
People from Lenox, Massachusetts


Bruce Tammen (born 14 June 1950) is an American conductor, choir director, and singer.

Education and career
Tammen holds degrees from Luther College, Northwestern University, and the University of Chicago and has taught voice and directed choirs at Luther College, the University of Chicago and area, and the University of Virginia. Tammen studied extensively in France with Dalton Baldwin and Gerard Souzay, and for several years studied with Max van Egmond at Oberlin's Baroque Performance Institute. He has performed several seasons under Helmuth Rilling at the Oregon Bach Festival, and with the Robert Shaw Choral Institute, in Souillac, France. Tammen is baritone soloist on the Telarc/Shaw compact discs Appear and Inspire and Liebeslieder Waltzes. The Chicago Chorale, conducted by Tammen, received the top performance of the year by the Chicago Classical Review with a performance of Rodion Shchedrin's "The Sealed Angel.

Bruce Tammen is married to Esther Menn. They have three sons; Joseph, Elijah, and Daniel Tammen, as well as a daughter Kaia Tammen. He is the uncle of William Carl Geisz and Joseph Kelly Geisz the son of John Geisz.

Positions held
 Chicago Chorale; Conductor
 Virginia Glee Club; Conductor (1996–2001)
 Oregon Bach Festival; Vocalist
 CMAC: The University of Chicago Glee Club; Conductor

External links
 https://www.chicagochorale.org/blog/category/Bruce+Tammen
 http://voyagechicago.com/interview/meet-bruce-tammen-chicago-chorale-hyde-park-south-side/

References

American male conductors (music)
Living people
Luther College (Iowa) alumni
Northwestern University alumni
University of Chicago alumni
21st-century American conductors (music)
21st-century American male musicians
1950 births


Farah Nisa Stockman (born May 21, 1974) is an American journalist who has worked for The Boston Globe and is currently employed by The New York Times. In 2016, she was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Commentary.

Early life
Stockman was born in East Lansing, Michigan, to a white father and a black mother who were Michigan State University professors. She has a sister, Demress.

Education

Stockman attended Radcliffe College, graduating in 1996.
She was an active member of the Radcliffe Rugby Football Club.
In the summer of 1996, Stockman directed the Mission Hill Summer Program with Harvard's Phillips Brooks House Association.

Kenya, 1997–2000

Following graduation Stockman served as a school teacher in Kenya for two years.  Stockman and other teachers set up the Jitegemee non-governmental organization.
While living in Kenya, Stockman began writing for The New York Times, The Christian Science Monitor, the Voice of America and Reuters.
During her time in Kenya, Stockman covered the international criminal trials stemming from the Rwandan genocide.

Attempts to interview Mubarik Shah Gillani

Stockman is reported to have been seeking to interview Mubarik Shah Gillani, an individual who was in hiding, who was also being sought by Daniel Pearl at the time of his death.
Mariane Pearl, Daniel Pearl's wife, wrote that an article Stockman wrote, linking Gillani to Richard Reid, was the inspiration for her husband to seek the interview that led to his capture and death.

The Boston Globe

Upon her return to the United States, Stockman started working for The Boston Globe.
She worked in the Globes Washington bureau before becoming a member of the paper's editorial board and an editorial columnist. In 2016, she moved to The New York Times.

Other writing
In 2021, Stockman published American Made based on her prior reporting for The New York Times about the Rexnord factory closure.

Awards

Stockman was a winner of an award from the J. W. Saxe Memorial Fund in the 1990s.
Stockman won her award for her work "with homeless children in Machakos, Kenya". Stockman subsequently became one of the fund's directors.

In 2009, Stockman won the William Brewster Styles Award.
The award was given by the Scripps Howard Foundation and accompanied by $10,000.
Stockman's award was "for identifying U.S. corporations that were covertly using international relationships and offshore operations to avoid taxes, side-step U.S. laws and deny workers' rights."

In 2014, at the annual meeting of the Association of Opinion Journalists in Mobile, Stockman received The Eugene C. Pulliam Fellowship for Editorial Writing, presented by the Sigma Delta Chi Foundation, the educational arm of the Society of Professional Journalists. It awards $75,000 each year to an outstanding editorial writer or columnist to help broaden his or her journalistic horizons and knowledge of the world. Stockman was writing a study of race relations, especially in Boston, riven by the 1974 court order to bus students to address de facto segregation in the schools.

In 2016, Stockman was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Commentary, in recognition of a series of articles examining the effects of busing on Boston schools.

Personal life
Stockman resides in Cambridge, Massachusetts, with her husband, Gene Corbin, a former Harvard assistant dean of public service, and their child.

References

External links
 Twitter account

20th-century American women journalists
1974 births
Living people
Pulitzer Prize for Commentary winners
The Boston Globe people
21st-century American journalists
21st-century American women journalists
Radcliffe College alumni
21st-century American women writers
The New York Times editorial board
People from East Lansing, Michigan
Journalists from Michigan
20th-century American journalists
20th-century American women writers
African-American women journalists
20th-century African-American women writers
21st-century African-American women writers


The Witte Museum was established in 1926 and is located in Brackenridge Park in San Antonio, Texas. It is dedicated to telling the stories of Texas, from prehistory to the present. The permanent collection features historic artifacts and photographs, Texas art, textiles, dinosaur bones, cave drawings, and Texas wildlife dioramas, in addition to nationally acclaimed traveling exhibits. Artwork in the collection includes sculpture by San Antonio-born Bonnie MacLeary.

The Witte Museum is named after San Antonio businessman Alfred G. Witte, who bequeathed $65,000 to the city for construction of a museum of art, science, and natural history to be built in memory of his parents. The first Director of the Witte Museum was Ellen Schulz Quillin.

History
The catalyst for the Museum was an extensive collection of natural history specimens owned by Henry Philemon Attwater, which San Antonio educator and botanist Ellen Schulz Quillin purchased for the city of San Antonio for $5,000. When the growing collection grew too large for the high school where it was housed, Schulz and her supporters appealed to the city council for funds to build a new museum. With those funds and a $65,000 bequest from Alfred G. Witte, a new building was constructed. Established under the auspices of The San Antonio Museum Association, it was known as the Witte Memorial Museum until 1984, when the name was simplified to the Witte Museum.

In addition to natural and historic artifacts, the Witte collection included paintings, sculptures, drawings and other works of art. In 1970, museum director Jack McGregor proposed establishing a separate art museum. In 1972, with the support of several key museum trustees, the San Antonio Museum Association acquired the former Anheuser-Busch brewery, which would be renovated and remodeled. The San Antonio Museum of Art opened to the public on March 1, 1981. The Witte Museum Texas Art Collection focuses on works created by artists living and working in Texas as well as work by artists representing its history and culture.

Renovations and additions
1930s: The Witte Museum's support of archeological research in the canyons of Big Bend and the Lower Pecos area resulted in important research findings and a growing collection of artifacts and led to the building of new galleries to house them, as well as a Reptile Garden, which was the vision of founder Ellen Schultz Quillin. The Reptile Garden not only provided a source of revenue for the Museum but provided income to South Texas ranchers and laborers who sold their rattlesnakes and rat snakes to the museums for $0.10-$0.15 per pound. The two log cabins on the property were constructed by participants in President Roosevelt's National Youth Administration program and are frequently used to teach students about pioneer life.

1940s: Two historic San Antonio houses were moved from their original locations to the Witte Museum campus; the limestone home of banker John Twohig, an Irish born pioneer San Antonio merchant, and the plastered stone home of José Francisco Ruiz, who was the city's first schoolmaster and one of two native Texans to sign the Texas Declaration of Independence.

1960s: Several new historic exhibits and improved art galleries were added, including the McFarlin Jewel Room and the Piper Memorial Wing, which houses temporary exhibits.

1970s: Thanks to the dedicated efforts of William A. Burns, museum Director from 1962 to 1970, The Lone Star Hall of Wildlife and Ecology opened to the public in March 1971 with dioramas of Texas wildlife.

1980s: Several major exhibits were added, including the Texas Wild and Ancient Texans.

1990s: The H-E-B Science Treehouse opened overlooking the San Antonio River, offering interactive science and physics exhibits to a growing number of students visiting the Witte.

2000s: In 2003, The Hertzberg Circus Collection was transferred from the San Antonio Public Library to the Witte Museum, fulfilling the wishes of owner Harry Hertzberg as expressed in his will. The oldest and one of the largest public circus collections, it includes artifacts, programs, prints and photographs, as well as sheet music, videotapes, professional journals and published manuscripts. Current President and CEO Marise McDermott has overseen a number of expansion projects since assuming the leadership role in 2004:
 The H-E-B Science Treehouse was transformed into the H-E-B Body Adventure, providing youth with the first interactive health experience in the US;
 The B. Naylor Morton Research and Collections Center opened, displaying more than 300,000 artifacts and providing space for scholars, archivists and students to view the growing collection;
 The 19,000 square-foot Mays Family Center opened as a multi-purpose exhibition and special events center.

In 2012, the Robert J. and Helen C. Kleberg South Texas Heritage Center opened to the public as a permanent home for the museum's South Texas collections, exhibitions and public programs, combined with the latest museum technology. The collections are links to the area's heritage and include saddles, spurs, basketry, branding irons, historical clothing, land grants, art and firearms.

In 2014, the museum began a $100 million renovation of more than 174,000 square feet of space to include the Naylor Family Dinosaur Gallery and Dinosaur Lab; Valero Great Hall; McLean Family Texas Wild Gallery; and Kittie West Nelson Ferguson People of the Pecos Gallery, as well as a new 350-car parking garage.

Led by Founder and President Patrick Gallagher, the design team of Gallagher & Associates created exhibit graphics, video animations, updated dioramas, touch screens and interactive displays, and numerous sound installations. This project had a goal of LEED certification, which it attained through designs which are environmentally friendly and sustainable.

Valero Energy contributed $4 million toward the expansion, which funded the glass-enclosed Valero Great Hall, an entry and lobby space featuring replicas of an Acrocanthosaurus atokensis, a Tyrannosaurus rex, and a suspended Quetzalcoatlus with a forty-foot wingspan.

The ribbon cutting and grand opening took place on March 4, 2017, and was attended by Witte President and CEO Marise McDermott, Texas First Lady Cecilia Abbott, US Congressman Lamar Smith, Bexar County Judge Nelson Wolff, Mayor Ivy Taylor and Councilman Alan Warrick, among others. "The New Witte" welcomed more than 90,000 visitors in the month following the opening.

References

External links

Official site
Witte YouTube channel

Museums in San Antonio
Natural history museums in Texas
Science museums in Texas
History museums in Texas
Museums established in 1926
1926 establishments in Texas


Jack Raymond Janney (June 17, 1924 – October 9, 2006), born in Alamosa, Colorado, was a U.S. structural engineer and an innovator in the understanding of structural behavior and a recognized leader in the investigation of structural collapses. Janney's love of mathematics and science spurred his decision to become an engineer, and in 1942, he enrolled in the College of Engineering at the University of Colorado at Boulder. After only one semester, Janney left college and enlisted in the Navy where he became a decorated pilot during World War II.

After the war, Janney returned to the University of Colorado at Boulder where he earned his bachelor's degree in architectural engineering in 1948 and his master's degree in structural engineering in 1950. Janney's graduate-school thesis on prestressed concrete was recognized as one of the first comprehensive papers written on the subject in the United States. Subsequently, the Portland Cement Association (PCA) hired Janney to conduct research on prestressed concrete at its newly constructed laboratories in Skokie, Illinois, where he worked from 1950 to 1956.  During his time with the Portland Cement Association Janney published a journal entitled "Nature of Bond in Pre-Tensioned Prestressed Concrete," which displayed results from numerous experiments he performed to determine the effectiveness of prestressed concrete.  One of the experiments Janney performed on prestressed concrete was called the "Prism Test."  Through the "Prism Test," Janney gained a lot of new and valuable knowledge on the effects of prestressed concrete and he was able to develop superior methods of creating very strong prestressed concrete for engineering during that time period.

In 1956, Janney started his own consulting engineering firm that would eventually become Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc. (WJE). The company today employs 470 professionals in nineteen offices nationwide. Janney's first project as a consulting engineer was on behalf of the Illinois State Toll Highway Authority, overseeing the manufacturing of precast, prestressed concrete girders for bridges for the tollway.

In WJE's early years, Janney pioneered the use of three-dimensional scale models for determining the distribution of strains and stresses in structures, before the advent of computers and structural analysis programs. Janney performed more than 60 scale-model studies from 1958 to 1969 on many important structures, including Chicago's First National Bank, the Kodak Pavilion at the 1964 New York World's Fair, and the hyperbolic paraboloid roof for TWA's maintenance hangar in Kansas City, Missouri.  WJE needed to design, construct, and test a scale model of the roof for the TWA Maintenance Hangar due to its unusual geometry.  This model provided an enormous challenge due to the size and complexity required to design the model.

During his 50-plus year career, Janney investigated upwards of 500 structural collapses and more than 4,000 cases of structural distress. Projects include the Bailey's Crossroads Apartments collapse near Washington, DC, in 1973, the cooling-tower scaffolding failure at the Willow Island Nuclear Plant in West Virginia in 1976, the Civic Center Coliseum collapse in Hartford, Connecticut, in 1978; and the Rosemont Horizon collapse near Chicago, Illinois, in 1981.

A member of numerous professional organizations, Janney served many years on the Research Council on the Performance of Structures for the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). He was also an original member of the joint ASCE/American Concrete Institute (ACI) committee that formulated provisions for prestressed concrete in the ACI Building Code.

Janney was also active in the Prestressed Concrete Institute (PCI), the National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE) and the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), serving as chair of a number of committees in each. He served on the Board of Directors for both ACI and PCI as well. Janney's innovative book, Guide to Investigation of Structural Failure (ASCE Press 1979), remains a landmark text in the industry.

A recipient of many professional honors throughout his life, Janney received the Distinguished Engineering Alumnus Award from the University of Colorado in 1985, the John F. Parmer Award from the Structural Engineers Association of Illinois in 2000, the Forensic Engineer of the Year Award from the Technical Council on Forensic Engineering in 1991, and Civil Engineer of the Year Award from the Illinois Section of ASCE in 1979. In 1991, Janney was also elevated to Honorary Member status in ASCE. Janney's early work in precast concrete also earned him recognition as one of 50 "Titans" of the precast/prestressed concrete industry at the 50th PCI anniversary conference in 2004.

Engineering News-Record (ENR) twice honored Janney with its "Those Who Made Marks" designation in 1967, for his full-scale testing (to failure) of several buildings at the New York World's Fair and in 1982 for innovations employed in the rehabilitation of Chicago's Soldier Field. In 1999 as part of its 125th anniversary, ENR selected Mr. Janney as one of its "125 Top People of the Past 125 Years" in the construction industry.

Janney retired as President of WJE and returned to his native Colorado in 1980. He remained an active member on WJE's Board of Directors until his death in 2006.

References

 WJE 50 Years: 50 Most Significant Projects. Chicago, Illinois: Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc., 2006.
 Janney, Jack (May 1954). "Nature of Bond in Pre-tensioned Prestressed concrete." Journal of the American Concrete Institute, 50, Retrieved March 16, 2009, from www.cement.org/bookstore/download.asp?mediatypeid=1&id=7&itemid=DX002

20th-century American engineers
1924 births
2006 deaths
People from Alamosa, Colorado
United States Navy personnel of World War II


Maling  is a village development committee in Lamjung District in the Gandaki Zone of northern-central Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 1745 people living in 337 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Lamjung District

Populated places in Lamjung District


Mohoriyakot  is a village development committee in Lamjung District in the Gandaki Zone of northern-central Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2564 people living in 512 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Lamjung District

Populated places in Lamjung District


American Massacre: The Tragedy At Mountain Meadows, September 1857 is a non-fiction historical book by investigative reporter and author Sally Denton, released by Alfred A. Knopf in 2003.

Synopsis
The book is the historical account of members of a California-bound wagon train and the plundering of their possessions in Southern Utah Territory and the Mountain Meadows massacre of 140.

Critical reception
The New York Times described the book as, "A gripping account of the ambush in southern Utah that claimed the lives of some 140 members of a California-bound wagon train, and of the evidence pointing to its probable perpetrators.

Publishers Weekly, in its June 2003 review, wrote, "At times, she overreaches her sources, asserting as fact what is not attested to in the historical record, e.g., that Brigham Young struck a deal with a prosecuting attorney to fix the conviction of John D. Lee, the only attacker convicted of murder. She also wrongly claims that Brigham Young became fatally ill six months to the day after Lee's execution (it was five months later) in order to make Young's death fit a prophetic legend." Still, the review noted, "Although not as nuanced a historian as Brooks or Bagley, Denton is a marvelous writer who keeps this work of popular history as fresh and engaging as any novel.

Awards
2003 New York Times Nonfiction Notable Book

2004 Western Heritage Award Literary Winner for Outstanding Nonfiction Book

References

Notes

.

External links
 Sally Denton's Official Website
 Publisher's book page
 American Massacre OCLC WorldCat entry

Mountain Meadows Massacre
History books about the American Old West
History books about the Latter Day Saint movement
LDS non-fiction
2003 non-fiction books
2003 in Christianity


The Khait or Hoit landslide occurred on July 10, 1949 in the Hoit district in the Gharm Oblast in the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic, then part of the Soviet Union. 'Khait' is a transliteration from ; the local modern spelling is Hoit ().

The landslide was triggered by the 1949 Khait earthquake and buried 33 villages and has by some estimates killed 28,000 people. News of the landslide was not publicly revealed by the government and details of the disaster were not revealed until after the fall of the Soviet Union. A marble statue of a woman with her head and hands lowered and an expression of grief was later erected at the site.

Earthquake
The earthquake occurred at 09:45 local time on 10 July  1949. It had an estimated magnitude of 7.5 . It triggered hundreds of landslides throughout the epicentral area. Most of the landslides occurred along the sides of the Yasman River valley, a tributary of the Surkhob River, caused by the failure of unconsolidated loess deposits. The largest single failure was the Khait landslide.

The Khait landslide
This landslide began with the failure of a large mass of rock high on the western flank of Chokrak Mountain above the village of Khait. The rock mass began to travel to the northwest as a rockslide into the Obi-Khaus-Dara valley. Much of the debris flow material was deposited before the slide reached the valley bottom, but the frontal part of the slide began increasingly to incorporate loess material and to accelerate. This flow continued down the valley floor for more than another 4,000 m, despite the relatively low slope (3.6°). The flow broadened as it reached the main Obi-Kabud River valley, sweeping through part of Khait, crossing the river, before climbing a 25 m high terrace on the river's western bank and continuing a further 700 m, overwhelming the village of Khisorak.

The volume of the initial rockfall has been estimated as 54 million cubic metres (MCM), expanding to about 65 MCM as it broke up. The final volume of the landslide is estimated to be about 75 MCM. consistent with a volume of 10 MCM of loess material becoming entrained.

The total distance travelled by the flowslide is 7.4 km. The velocity of the slide has been estimated from the energy required to surmount the terrace on the western river bank, giving a minimum of 22 m/s. This compares with the reported delay of 3 to 4 minutes between the earthquake and the destruction of Khit, which suggests an overall velocity of 26 m/s.

Casualties
Published estimates for the death toll from the earthquake vary greatly between 5,000 and more than 29,000. There are no official contemporary records as information about major disasters was suppressed during Stalin's leadership. It is also unclear whether these figures refer to all those killed as a result of the earthquake, or only those caused by the Khait landslide. Estimates based on likely population densities in the two settlements that suffered the most damage, Khait and Khisorak, suggest that only about 800 people are likely to have died directly as a result of the landslide.

References

1949 earthquakes
1949 in the Soviet Union
Natural disasters in the Soviet Union
Landslides in Asia
Natural disasters in Tajikistan
Landslides in 1949
July 1949 events in Asia


Eri Klas (7 June 1939 – 26 February 2016) was an Estonian conductor.

Klas was born into a Jewish family in Tallinn. His mother was pianist Anna Klas. His father, Eduard Klas, was killed in 1941, during the Holocaust. Klas mainly worked in the Nordic scene, but might be best remembered for his work leading the now defunct Netherlands Radio Symphony Orchestra. From 1999 to 2001 Klas was music advisor to the Israel Sinfonietta Beersheba, Israel.

He premiered Alfred Schnittke's 1st Cello Concerto (Munich Philharmonic, 1986) and Peer Gynt ballet (Hamburg State Opera, 1989), and worked on the diffusion of the Estonian symphonic repertory.

Klas was also active as a pedagogue, holding professorships at the Sibelius Academy (1993–97) and the Estonian Academy of Music and Theatre (1997 until his death), where he received an honorary doctorate.

Klas was decorated with the Order of the Lion of Finland (1992, on the occasion of Finland's 75th Independence Day) and the Estonian Order of the White Star. He was a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador. In 1986, he was named the People's Artist of the USSR. An Estonian lightweight junior boxing champion, he was also a member of the Estonian Olympic Committee.

From 1972 until 1991, he was married to ballet dancer, singer and actress Ülle Ulla.

References

External links

Estonian National Cultural Foundation page on Eri Klas
Tampere Philharmonic Orchestra page on Eri Klas
Jewish Community in Estonia, February 2006 bulletin

1939 births
2016 deaths
Estonian conductors (music)
People's Artists of the USSR
Order of the Polar Star
Recipients of the Order of the Lion of Finland
Estonian Jews
Musicians from Tallinn
Estonian Academy of Music and Theatre alumni
Academic staff of the Estonian Academy of Music and Theatre
Recipients of the Order of the White Star, 3rd Class
Estonian music educators


Nalma  is a village development committee in Lamjung District in the Gandaki Zone of northern-central Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2082 people living in 409 individual households. The villages of Nalma VDC are as follows:
 Jyarkhang
 Bakhrijagat
 Syare, Lausibot, Kochme
 Puran Gaun
 Gairi Gaun
 Danda Gaun
 Bartu
 Chodo khora
 Fedi
 Ramche Khola

'''Population by ward no. as per National Population Census 2011

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Lamjung District

Populated places in Lamjung District


Nauthar  is a village development committee in Lamjung District in the Gandaki Zone of northern-central Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2053 people living in 410 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Lamjung District

Populated places in Lamjung District


Neta is a village development committee in Lamjung District in the Gandaki Zone of northern-central Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2017 people living in 395 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Lamjung District

Populated places in Lamjung District


The McLaren M28 is a Formula One racing car built and run by McLaren in the 1979 Formula One World Championship. Powered by a naturally-aspirated Ford Cosworth 3-litre engine, the M28 was designed and wind tunnel tested during the latter half of 1978.

Development
Following a disastrous 1978 season, James Hunt left for Walter Wolf Racing and was supposed to be replaced by Ronnie Peterson but he was killed at the 1978 Italian Grand Prix. McLaren was left with few drivers available on the market and John Watson was signed for 1979. The car was noticeably larger than contemporary designs and was much bulkier looking. Three chassis were built. The bulky design had a sharp impact on top speed, and the car was one of the slowest through speed traps. The car first appeared on track in October 1978 during a test at Watkins Glen.

During initial testing, the M28 was soon found to have problems with poor grip as its ground effect design proved not particularly effective. Watson described the car as "a disaster." Patrick Tambay was even less enthused by the M28, labelling it "a shitbox." The car suffered from a lack of torsional rigidity and a poor understanding of the ground effect aerodynamics required to be competitive against the new generation of F1 cars.

Watson described how after the first round of tests had been done, the chassis was drooping and had lost all tensile strength. The team, unused to working with advanced aerodynamics tried conventional adjustments to compensate, to no avail. He later stated that the M28 was the worst F1 car that he ever drove.

Coppuck had designed the car to have a very narrow monocoque constructed of aluminium and nomex honeycomb to give the car a stiff chassis with as large an underfloor area as possible for the ground effect to work, but the upshot was that the car had a large frontal area which caused drag. McLaren boss Teddy Mayer was shocked at the car's lack of performance, stating that Coppuck had dropped the ball.

The M28 was completely redesigned, and the B spec car was introduced in Belgium, but there was no improvement in performance. Efforts to resolve the car's problems had made the M28 overweight and slow. However, it was still the preferred chassis over its predecessor, the McLaren M26, and was used during the first half of the 1979 season until a better design could be introduced. As their rivals introduced better cars through the season McLaren rapidly slipped out of the running for the championship. However, it was driven to third in the opening race of the season, the 1979 Argentine Grand Prix, by Watson, who also took sixth in Belgium and fourth at Monaco. Its second driver was Patrick Tambay.

In addition to the McLaren team's customary red and white Marlboro sponsorship livery, the M28 also raced in the colours of German beer company Löwenbräu at the 1979 United States Grand Prix West.

Complete Formula One World Championship results
(key) (results in bold indicate pole position) (results in italics indicate fastest lap)

* 7 points scored using the McLaren M29.

References

McLaren Formula One cars
1979 Formula One season cars