A Suspension of Mercy (1965) is a psychological thriller novel by Patricia Highsmith. It was published in the US under the title The Story-Teller later the same year by Doubleday. It was the eleventh of her 22 novels.

Composition
The protagonist's surname refers to Herman Melville's short story "Bartleby, the Scrivener" and its enigmatic title character.

Synopsis
Sydney Bartleby is an American novelist living near Framlingham, Suffolk with his English wife Alicia. Although seemingly idyllic, their married life is secretly marked by tension, frequent separations and sometimes domestic abuse. Sydney is trying to sell a novel and he and his writing partner, Alex, work together on a crime serial that they hope to sell to British television. Alicia decides suddenly that their marriage merits a trial separation, one during which she insists they promise not to contact each other, and Sydney agrees. For literary inspiration, he attempts to put himself in a murderer's mindset and, early the morning after Alicia leaves, carries an empty carpet to his car, imagining its weight and how he might struggle with it if her body was actually in it. He half-hopes his neighbour, Mrs. Lilybanks, will spot him doing  this and envisions being questioned by the police. He drives to bury the carpet in the countryside. Shortly afterwards, many of Alicia's and Sydney's acquaintances, and her parents, are concerned about having not heard from her. She is declared missing and the spectre of doubt falls on Sydney. Mrs. Lilybanks indeed saw him carrying the carpet to his car and, though she initially does not suspect him of anything, circumstance and Sydney's behaviour causes her to openly wonder.

Alicia is alive, however, and living in Brighton under an assumed name with her extra-marital lover, Edward Tilbury. Edward becomes uncomfortable with the media circus around her disappearance, though Alicia insists that they continue living their ruse. She claims that Sydney is becoming increasingly mentally unstable. Sydney, meanwhile, is becoming more seriously implicated after flippant jokes he makes to Alex are taken seriously, and police find a notebook in which he hypothetically details Alicia's murder. Police locate and dig up the empty carpet, but things become worse when Sydney goes to tell Mrs. Lilybanks this apparent good news and, when he enters her living room, she is suffering a fatal heart attack. Now there is another shadow cast on Sydney as speculation grows that he acted in a threatening manner and intentionally caused her death.

Sydney eventually travels to Brighton, where he deduces Alicia has been staying, and manages to find her and Edward. He does not confront her, however, or alert the police. Instead, after the sale of his and Alex's serial is postponed due to Sydney's notoriety - he experiences a similar setback with his novel - he sends her a letter imploring her to give herself up. Alicia becomes distraught, and, after a hysterical fight with Edward, runs from their house. The next morning, police find Alicia's body at the bottom of a cliff.  On his way to a meeting with police, Sydney stops first at  Edward Tilbury's London flat  and, hoping it will look like suicide, forces Tilbury to overdose on sleeping pills. During the subsequent police appointment, it is fairly clear they are leaning toward believing that Alicia killed herself; the call comes that Tilbury has been found unresponsive. Sydney's plan succeeds, even though a neighbour reports she saw him entering the flat before Tilbury's death. Sydney admits he visited the man, in order to hear from him the real story of how Alicia died. Due to lack of evidence that he had menaced or harmed Tilbury and, in spite of the lead investigator's heavy suspicion, Sydney is cleared.

Reception
In The New York Times, Anthony Boucher wrote: "It's a curious and absorbing novel, almost unique in its fantastic and ironic tone".

Highsmith's biographer Andrew Wilson calls this work "the author's most postmodern novel" and describes it as "a literary hall of mirrors in which reality and fiction are constantly reflected and, ultimately, confused".

References

1965 American novels
Novels by Patricia Highsmith
Novels about writers
Heinemann (publisher) books


Nasrullah Khan (born 1 March 1985) is a Pakistani former footballer who played as a midfielder.

International career
Khan was first called by the Pakistan under 23 national team for the 2006 South Asian Games held in Colombo, where he helped Pakistan win the gold medal.

He represented Pakistan at senior level from 2008 to 2009, earning his first cap against Maldives in the 2008 SAFF Championship.

Career statistics

International

Honours

Pakistan U-23

 South Asian Games: 2006

References

External links

Living people
Pakistani men's footballers
Pakistan men's international footballers
1985 births
Men's association football midfielders
South Asian Games gold medalists for Pakistan
South Asian Games medalists in football


Athletics at the 1960 Summer Paralympics consisted of 25 events, 13 for men and 12 for women.

Participating nations

Medal summary

Men's events

Women's events

References

1960 Summer Paralympics events
Paralympics
1960
1960 Paralympics


Juvenaly of Alaska (; 1761, Yekaterinburg, Russia – 1796, Kuinerrak, Alaska), Protomartyr of America, was a Russian hieromartyr and member of the first group of Orthodox missionaries who came from the monasteries of Valaam and Konevets to evangelize the native inhabitants of Alaska. He was martyred while evangelizing among the Yupik Eskimos on the mainland of Alaska in 1796. His feast day is celebrated on July 2, and he is also commemorated with all the saints of Alaska (September 24), and with the first martyrs of the American land (December 12).

Life
He was born in 1761 in Yekaterinburg, Russia, and was named Yakov Feodorov Govorukhin. He was the son of smelting master Feodor Govorukhin of the Nerchinsk mines. Yakov himself also worked at the Voskresenskiĭ mines in Kolyvan with the rank of an ensign. In 1791 he left this position of his own will and went to live in the Valaam Monastery as a novice. In 1793 he was selected for the American mission and was tonsured a monk and ordained a priest. He was given the name Juvenaly in memory of St. Juvenal, fifth century Patriarch of Jerusalem.

In 1793, a group of 10 monks and novices were selected from the Valaam and Konevets Monasteries to serve as missionaries in Russian America. This group of missionaries was led by Archimandrite Joasaph Bolotov and was composed of four hieromonks including Juvenaly and Makary, one hierodeacon and a monk named German, as well as four novices. Their destination was the Russian settlement on Kodiak Island in the Gulf of Alaska, some 8,000 miles away across the length of Asia through Siberia and then the Bering Sea of the northern Pacific Ocean. The group arrived on Kodiak Island on September 24, 1794, to an unexpected scene. The settlement was primitive beyond what they were told, and violence was commonplace. The promised church was not there, and the promised supplies for three years were absent.

After their arrival, Fathers Juvenaly and Makary went around the island of Kodiak and in two months and baptized the local Sugpiaq Eskimos, altogether 6,000 people. In 1795, Fr. Juvenaly left for the mainland, and he baptized Chugach Eskimos in Nuchek and Dena'ina Indians in Kenai. The following year he continued west, and he proceeded west of Lake Iliamna "to the northern parts of the continent and far beyond Alyaska, and the local peoples there, who had not yet been pacified by us, killed him and three promyshlenniki and a few baptized Kenia natives."

Martyrdom
Father Juvenaly died in the village of Kuinerrak at the mouth of the Kuskokwim River sometime in 1796.

False accounts of the circumstances of his death became widely known first through the writings of Ioann Veniaminov and later through the so-called diary of Fr. Juvenaly, which was fabricated by Ivan Petroff. Veniaminov (1840, II: 155–156/1984: 235) writes:

Petroff's "A daily journal kept by the Rev. Father Juvenal" has been proved by Lydia T. Black beyond all doubt to be a fabrication: "This mildly uninspiring document, which contradicts both Church and Native traditions about the saint's activities, was summarized in Bancroft's influential History of Alaska and accepted for a century as a major primary source. However, it is now very strongly suspected of being a forgery written by one of Bancroft's assistants."

Hymns

From the September 24 Feast Day
Troparion  (Tone 4)

Today Alaska rejoices and America celebrates,
For the new world has been sanctified by martyrdom.
Kodiak echoes with songs of thanksgiving,
Iliamna and Kenai observe the festival of faith.
The Apostle and martyr Juvenaly is glorified,
And Peter the Aleut is exalted by his voluntary sacrifice,
In their devotion and love for the Lord
They willingly endured persecution and death for the Truth,
Now in the Kingdom of Heaven they intercede for our souls!

Kontakion (Tone 4)

Today Valaam joins Alaska
In celebrating this joyous feast,
As her spiritual son Juvenaly
Embraces the new martyr Peter with love.
Together they suffered for the Lord in America
And united the old world with the new by their voluntary sacrifice.
Now forever they stand before the King of glory and intercede for our souls.

External links
Links on Orthodox missions in Alaska at Saint Pachomius Library
America's New Saints - Protomartyrs Juvenal and Peter the Aleut from Orthodox America Issue 7, Vol. 1, No. 8. February, 1981.
St. Juvenaly from the website of the All Saints of North America Russian Orthodox Church in Middlebrook, VA (ROCOR)
Martyr Juvenal of Alaska from the OCA website
 Audio lectures by Fr. Michael Oleksa:
 The Monastic Mission to Kodiak and the First Fruits of the Harvest: St. Herman, St. Peter the Aleut, and others – Tape 1
 The Monastic Mission to Kodiak and the First Fruits of the Harvest: St. Herman, St. Peter the Aleut, and others – Tape 2
 St. Juvenaly Orthodox Mission (Kailua Kona, Hawaii, United States)

Sources
 Black, Lydia T., "The Daily Journal of Reverend Father Juvenal: A Cautionary Tale," Ethnohistory 28(1)33, 1981.
L'vov, Apollinariĭ Nikolayevič, 1894: "Краткiя историческiя свѣдѣнiя объ учрежденiи въ Сѣверной Америкѣ православной миссiй, объ основанiи Кадьякской епархiи и о дѣятельности тамъ первыхъ миссiонеровъ." (Къ столѣнему юбилею православiя въ Америкѣ.) Прибавленiя къ Церковнымъ вѣдомостямъ, № 38–39, 17 и 24 сентября, стр. 1317–1326, 1361–1370.
Oleksa, Michael, 1983: "The oral tradition about the death of Fr Juvenaly among the native peoples of southwestern Alaska", St. Vladimir's Theological Quarterly 27:2 (1983), pp. 133–137.
Oleksa, Michael, 1986: "The Death of Hieromonk Juvenaly", St. Vladimir's Theological Quarterly 30:3 (1986), pp. 231–268.
 Onufriĭ, hierodeacon (Makhanov, Oleg Harisovich), 2005: Причал молитв уедининных. Царское дело, Санкт-Петербург.
Passek, Vadim, 1842: Очерки Россіи, издавлемые Вадимомъ Пассекомъ, книга V: «Распространеніе православной вѣры въ Америкѣ.» Москва.
 Veniaminov, Ioann, 1840: Записки объ островахъ Уналашкинскаго отдѣла. Санктпетегбургъ.
 Veniaminov, Ioann, 1984: Notes on the Islands of the Unalashka District. Alaska History no. 27. The Limestone Press. Kingston, Ontario.

References

1761 births
1796 deaths
18th-century Christian saints
18th-century Eastern Orthodox martyrs
American saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church
Christian missionaries in Alaska
People from Russian America
Russian Orthodox monks
Eastern Orthodox priests from the Russian Empire
Eastern Orthodox missionaries
Eastern Orthodoxy in Alaska
Russian America
Russian saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church
18th-century Christian monks
Monks from the Russian Empire


Weston is a village and civil parish. within the English county of Staffordshire. The parish is in the local authority of Stafford (non-metropolitan district).

Location
The village is  north east of the town of Stafford, and  south west of Uttoxeter. The village of Gayton is   to the north east. The nearest railway station is at Stafford. The nearest main roads are the A51. which skirts the north eastern boundary of the village.

Population
The 2011 census recorded a population of 965 in 422 Households. The parish comes under the Stafford Non-Metropolitan District.

History
The ancient village and parish of Weston was a forest clearing on the outskirts and was part of the Chartley Estate which was sold off in 1904.  The high ground meant that the surrounding land was well drained with a good water supply from the nearby River Trent. This small settlement was also located at the intersection of the London - Lichfield - Chester road and the Shrewsbury - Stafford - Derby road (the current A51 and A518 respectively).  The road from Stafford originally forded the Trent.  In the late 18th Century a flood washed away the bridge there.  It was later replaced by a single arch stone bridge in the 19th century. Weston was a centre of salt production in the 19th century, with saltworks both in the village and at the nearby hamlet of Shirleywich.

Domesday Book
Weston on Trent is mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086. In the survey the village is recorded as being as the holding of one of King William's thegn's named Sperri, having previously being held by a Saxon named Wulfhelm. Assets of the village were listed as half a virgāta of land. Land for one plough, one villager or villein, 3 acres of meadows. There was one Household in the village and the amount of tax per household was calculated at one-eighth of one 'hide'. The gross taxable value of the village was calculated at 0.1 geld units, with a Value to lord of the manor in 1086  of £0.1.

Saint Andrew's Parish Church
The Parish Church of St. Andrews was restored by George Gilbert Scott in the 1860s and by William Butterfield in the 1870s.  Butterfield's restoration revealed some of the original  Norman work.   The bell tower dates from the early 13th Century.  The tower holds two bells; "Ave Maria" dating from 1402 and "Ann Shaw" dating from 1962.  A third bell, "Katerina", dating from 1500, can be found cracked upon the floor.  The church also houses a silver communion paten dating from the early 15th Century.  The Parish registers, kept by Staffordshire Record Office, date from 1581.

Notable buildings and structures
In the village, the present thatched "Manor House", which has been used as a farm building in the past, dates from the 16th Century.  In the mid 19th Century it was used as the national School and school keeper's cottage, then as a Wesleyan Methodist meeting house until the present Methodist Church was built at the start of the 20th Century along the main London - Chester road. The village hall is regularly used by local groups and hosts the monthly Weston & Gayton Parish Council meetings.

See also
Listed buildings in Weston, Staffordshire

References

Villages in Staffordshire
Civil parishes in Staffordshire
Borough of Stafford


The Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) is an Australian public university, founded by The Hon. Francis Ormond MLA in 1887, in Melbourne, Victoria.

The Working Men's College

In 1881, prominent grazier and philanthropist, The Hon. Francis Ormond, proposed that a technical college would serve "useful" to City of Melbourne. Ormond, who had donated the majority of funds towards the foundation of Ormond College at the University of Melbourne, offered £5,000 towards the establishment of a college on the proviso that the public contribute a "like sum".

A considerable sum was raised by the Council of the Melbourne Trades Hall, which rallied support amongst its membership of unions. Construction of the "Working Men's College" then began in 1886, on a site provided by the Colony of Victoria, next to the Melbourne Magistrates' Court, and adjacent the Melbourne Public Library on La Trobe Street. The College was officially opened during a gala ceremony on 4 June 1887 and, on the night of its opening, took 320 enrollments which increased to over 1000 in its first 12 months of operation. Ormond, a staunch believer in the values of education and a tireless campaigner for the College, served as its President until his death in 1889.

The College began offering full-time courses in 1899 and was incorporated under the "Companies Act" as a private college in 1904. Around the turn of the century, it began developing courses in engineering, applied science, chemistry, metallurgy and mining. Between the 1900s and the 1920s, the College expanded beyond its foundation building, and constructed two new buildings on nearby Bowen Street, a new Art School and also acquired the neighbouring, and recently decommissioned, Melbourne Gaol site for expansion.

During the 1930s, the College underwent further expansion with the completion of an Engineering School and a Radio School, and two more buildings constructed on Bowen Street. In 1934, the College officially changed its name to the "Melbourne Technical College" (incorporating The Working Men's College), after a representation from its Student's Association.

Legend of Ned Kelly's remains
After the closure and partial demolishment of the nearby Old Melbourne Gaol, during the 1920s, the College acquired the site for future expansion. In 1929, the remains of Australia's most notorious bushranger, Ned Kelly (who was hanged at the gaol), were believed to have been discovered during the construction of the Kernot Engineering School. These remains were later reinterred Pentridge Prison, and rediscovered in 2008. However, no conclusive evidence of the remains suggest they are that of Ned Kelly's, and many historians believe his remains are still buried under the present day RMIT.

Contribution to WWI and WWII

The College contributed to Australia's war efforts both in World War I and in World War II. Initially, between 1917 and 1919, it trained over 1500 returned ANZAC service men from World War I in vocational qualifications for post-war life in Australia. Between 1939 and 1945, during World War II, it made a greater contribution to Australia's war efforts by training 23,000 service men and women (approximately one-sixth of all trained in Australia), mainly Royal Australian Air Force personnel in radio communications, as well as 2,000 civilians in munitions manufacturing. The Government of Australia also commissioned the College to manufacture parts for the Air Force's DAP Beaufort Bomber.

After World War II, and during the 1950s, the College again trained returned service men and women for post-war life, which prompted the development of courses in food technology, transport studies, accountancy and advertising, and the revision of its art syllabuses. During this time, the College also embraced the Commonwealth of Nations' newly devised Colombo Plan, which increased its intake of South East Asian students greatly.

Royal patronage and birth of RMIT

In 1954, the College was awarded royal patronage by Queen Elizabeth II - for its service to the Commonwealth in the area of education and for its contribution to the war effort; and was officially renamed the "Royal Melbourne Technical College". It became (and remains to this day) the only higher education institution in Australia with the right of the prefix "Royal" along with the use of the Monarchy of England's regalia.

In 1960, the Council of the College voted to begin the process of reconstituting the college as a tertiary institution. The name of the College was then officially changed to the "Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology".

During the late 1950s and 1960s, the non-tertiary branch of RMIT was reconstituted as the "Technical College" (TAFE), and it was believed the Institute and the College would eventually separate. However, the two have remained as incorporated branches of RMIT to the present day. During the 1960s, RMIT's Art School established its reputations as an Australian leader in its field.

In the 1970s and early 1980s, the Institute expanded its degrees in business and engineering, and the College expanded its courses in technology and general studies. In 1979, the neighbouring Emily McPherson College of Domestic Economy on Russell Street amalgamated with RMIT, bringing with it its reputation in fashion design and food technology. RMIT's Aeronautics School also established its reputation as an Australian leader in its field, during the late 1970s.

RMIT celebrated its centenary in 1987 with a year-long calendar of events staged across the City of Melbourne, a time capsule set in the Bowen Street courtyard of the foundation building of the Working Men's College on La Trobe Street and a book called "The Tech: A Centenary History of the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology", documenting the institute's 100 years of history, was also published.

In 1992, RMIT was granted public university status by the Parliament of Victoria under the "Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology Act". RMIT's newly appointed Chancellery officially adopted the names "RMIT University" for its Institute branch and "RMIT TAFE" for its College branch, during the early 1990s, and its Design School also established its reputation as an international leader in eco-friendly design.

Expansion for the 21st Century

Following its reconstitution as a public university, RMIT then underwent a large and rapid expansion where a number of other institutes and colleges became amalgamated with it, between 1993 and 1999, which included: Phillip Institute of Technology, Melbourne College of Decoration and Design, Melbourne College of Printing and Graphic Art and Melbourne Institute of Textiles.

In 1995, RMIT acquired the neighbouring, and recently vacated, former Melbourne Magistrates' Court and City Watch House buildings on the corner of La Trobe Street and Russell Street, and renamed its expanding campus in Melbourne the "City campus". It also established a new environmentally sustainable "country campus" around 20 km from the City campus, in Bundoora, which opened in 1995.

In 1999, it acquired the derelict state heritage-listed Capitol Theatre in the Melbourne CBD, and refurbished it to its original design. It also established a specialised fashion and printing campus in Brunswick, on the site of the former Melbourne Institute of Textiles in 1999, and became a founding member of the Australian Technology Network, a coalition of leading Australian universities working with industry.

At the turn of the century, RMIT was invited by the Government of Vietnam to establish Vietnam's first foreign-owned university. In 2001, it established "RMIT International University, Vietnam" (now RMIT University Vietnam) near the centre of Ho Chi Minh City, and a second campus in the Vietnamese capital city of Hanoi in 2004. In its years of operation, the Government of Vietnam has awarded RMIT University Vietnam five Golden Dragon Awards for Education.

During the mid-2000s, RMIT experienced financial problems, partly due to problems associated with its student administration system upgrade (A$47 million was spent in this effort). The financial problems eventually claimed the then Vice-Chancellor, Prof. Ruth Dunkin. In 2005, RMIT appointed a new Vice-Chancellor, Prof. Margaret Gardner AO and, between 2006 and 2007, posted operating profits of A$50.1 million and then A$109.5 million each year respectively. In 2006, it also became a founding member of the Global U8 Consortium.

See also
RMIT University
RMIT University Vietnam
Francis Ormond

Further reading

References

Texts:

RMIT University
Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology
History of Melbourne


Chinese people in Germany form one of the smaller groups of overseas Chinese in Europe, consisting mainly of Chinese expatriates living in Germany and German citizens of Chinese descent  The German Chinese community is growing rapidly and, as of 2016, was estimated to be around 212,000 by the Federal Institute for Population Research. In comparison to that, the Taiwanese OCAC had estimated there were 110,000 people of Chinese descent living in Germany in 2008.

Migration history

19th century to World War I
Though not well known even to local Chinese communities which formed later, the earliest Chinese in Germany, Feng Yaxing and Feng Yaxue, both from Guangdong, first came to Berlin in 1822 by way of London. Cantonese-speaking seafarers, employed on German steamships as stokers, coal trimmers, and lubricators, began showing up in ports such as Hamburg and Bremen around 1870. Forty-three lived in Hamburg by 1890, 207 persons in 1910, mostly former seamen. Hamburg boasted the only Chinatown in Germany (actually only one or two streets). In the 1890s, many shipping companies began to replace their white crews with much cheaper Chinese (also Indian and African) labour, esp. for the extremely tiresome work in the engine rooms (often at more than 40 °C temperature). Among the 47,780 registered members of the Seeberufsgenossenschaft (roughly Seamen's Insurance Society) around 1900, more than 3,000 were Chinese. The labour unions and the Social Democratic Party strongly disapproved of their presence; their 1898 boycott of Chinese crews, motivated by racial concerns, resulted in the passage of a law by the Reichstag on 30 October 1898 stating that Chinese could not be employed on shipping routes to Australia, and could be employed on routes to China and Japan only in positions that whites would not take because they were detrimental to health. Mass layoffs of Chinese seafarers resulted.

Since the 1880s, there were debates about employing Chinese "coolies" as farm workers in East Elbia, i.e. Prussia's extensive eastern provinces characterised by large agricultural estates. Usually Eastern Europeans, esp. Poles, provided the necessary labour there but German emigration from these areas, higher Polish fertility and an increasing political mobilisation of the Polish minority stoked anxieties about their "infiltration", esp. through mixing with the local Germans. Some observers saw a solution in introducing a totally alien ethnic element which would be easier to segregate (e.g. Friedrich Syrup, later director of the Reich Labour Bureau in late Weimar and Nazi times). The Chinese were seen as especially resistant to cultural assimilation, on the basis of experiences in Australia and North America. Estate owners therefore pushed for their immigration or at least a consideration of such proposals, e.g. in Pomerania in 1889. Public and administrative opinion was "almost totally negative", due to unfavorable opinions in the English-speaking world at the time (cf. Yellow Peril) and fears of racial miscegenation. Nevertheless, the Prussian Foreign Office made inquiries, e.g. about Chinese workers in the Netherlands East Indies. After receiving a comprehensive report from Beijing in 1895, the Office concluded on the grounds of transport and wage costs that such plans were not promising success. A new wave of proposals came in 1906/07 but failed similarly after a statement by German colonial authorities from Kiautschou, China.

Aside from seafarers, students formed the other major group of Chinese living in Germany at the turn of the century. In 1904, at the time of Sun Yat-sen's visit to Germany and other Western European countries, more than twenty joined the anti-Qing Chinese United League he organised in Berlin. There were also groups of travelling entertainers from Shandong, with a smaller proportion from Zhejiang, who came to Germany overland, travelling through Russia and Poland to reach Berlin.

Chinese workers were also employed in the German overseas colonies, similar to British and French practices. Until 1894, about 1,000 "coolies" were recruited for German East Africa but corporal punishment and the tropical climate were so severe the British colonial authorities in Singapore and Hong Kong did not permit further emigration. Another focus of migration were the Pacific colonies where Chinese workers were deemed indispensable for the lucrative plantations. In 1914, there were 1,377 Chinese in German New Guinea (against 1,137 whites) and 2,184 Chinese on Samoa (against 373 Germans). Tensions with the Chinese government about the brutal treatment of workers never fully ceased. The Chinese were never given the same rights as whites, but were treated similar to the natives due to their supposedly "inferior level of culture". There were, however, also efforts to prevent mixing with the natives.

Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany

Chinese formed the fourth largest group of foreign students in Germany by the mid-1920s. Many became involved with radical politics, especially in Berlin; they joined the Communist Party of Germany, and were responsible for setting up its Chinese-language section, the Zirkel für chinesische Sprache. Chinese communists such as Zhu De and Liao Chengzhi remained active in the late 1920s and early 1930s; Liao succeeded in organising a strike among Chinese sailors in Hamburg to prevent the shipment of armaments to China.

The Nazis, who came to power in 1933, did not classify the Chinese as racially inferior to the Japanese, but because so much of the Chinese community had ties to leftist movements, they fell under increased official scrutiny regardless, and many left the country, either heading to Spain to fight in the Civil War that was raging there, or returning to China. As late as 1935, the Overseas Chinese Affairs Commission's statistics showed 1,800 Chinese still living in Germany; more than one thousand of these were students in Berlin, while another few hundred were seafarers based in Hamburg. However, this number shrank to 1,138 by 1939.

After the Chinese government declared war on Nazi Germany following the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the Gestapo launched mass arrests of Chinese Germans and Chinese nationals across Germany, In 1942, the 323 who still lived in Berlin were all arrested and sent to the Langer Morgen work camp. Many were tortured or worked to death by the Gestapo. By the end of World War II, every Chinese restaurant in Hamburg had closed.

Division and reunification of Germany
After the war, the Chinese government sent officials to organise repatriation for the few hundred Chinese who remained in Germany. Of the 148 from Hamburg, only one, a survivor of Langer Morgen, declined repatriation; he opened the Peace Restaurant, Hamburg's first post-war Chinese restaurant. However, those who departed were soon replaced by new immigrants. In 1947, there were 180 Chinese in Berlin's western sector, and another 67 in the eastern sector; a year later, those numbers had grown to 275 and 72, respectively. With the establishment of the People's Republic of China and its subsequent recognition by East Germany, many traders moved to East Berlin, expecting that there they would be better protected there by their homeland's new government. West Germany did not formally recognise the Republic of China on Taiwan (ROC) and did not establish relations with the People's Republic of China PRC until 1972.

Migration of ethnic Chinese to West Germany in the 1960s and 1970s was drawn primarily from the communities of British Chinese and Chinese in the Netherlands. Other re-migrants came from Italy, Portugal, and Spain. German authorities generally preferred not to issue residence permits to PRC nationals. Regardless, numbers of PRC and ROC nationals in Germany continued to increase, with 477 from the former and 1,916 from the later by 1967. In addition to individual migrants, both the PRC and the ROC provided workers with specific skills to Germany under bilateral agreements. The ROC sent a total of 300 nurses in the 1960s and 1970s. In the case of the PRC, the agreement signed in 1986 for China to provide 90,000 industrial trainees to East Germany was barely implemented by the time the Berlin Wall fell; out of the 90,000 whom the Chinese agreed to send, barely 1,000 went, and all but 40 had gone back home by December 1990. Immigration from the PRC to West Germany was much larger than that to East Germany; in 1983, the number of PRC nationals living there surpassed the number of ROC nationals, and by 1985 had grown to 6,178, versus only 3,993 ROC nationals. By just eight years later, their numbers had more than quintupled; 31,451 PRC nationals lived in Germany, as opposed to only 5,626 ROC nationals. There were also tens of thousands of ethnic Chinese not included in either of the above categories, primarily Vietnamese people of Chinese descent and Hong Kong residents with British National (Overseas) passports.

In East Germany, there were slight less than 1,000 Chinese "contract workers" (Vertragsarbeiter) from the People's Republic in the late 1980s. The SED leadership signalled its support to the CCP's handling of the Tiananmen massacre in the summer of 1989. In return, when increasing emigration deepened the GDR's socio-economic crisis in autumn 1989, the PRC Minister of Housing Lin Hanxiong offered "to provide the GDR with the number and qualification of workers as desired." As this proposal came only days before the collapse of the East German regime however, it was quickly made obsolete by the rapid political changes.

Socioeconomics

Employment
Food service has remained a dominant means of making a livelihood in the Chinese community. For example, in Tilburg, the restaurant industry employs roughly 60% of the Chinese population. Even students in Germany who earned doctorates in the sciences have ended up starting restaurants or catering services, rather than engaging in any work related to their studies.

In Berlin, many Chinese restaurants can be found in Walther Schreiber Platz, as well as along Albrechtstrasse and Grunewaldstrasse. The travel agency business is another one in which intra-ethnic networks have proven valuable; Chinese travel agencies in Germany sell primarily to other Chinese making return trips to their country of origin. Estimates of the number of Chinese travel agencies in Germany range between thirty-five and a few hundred. In contrast, marine-based industries no longer employ a very large proportion of the Chinese community; by 1986, Chinese formed no more than 2%, or 110 individuals, of the foreign workforce on German vessels.

Education
Students also continue to form a large portion of Germany's Chinese population. In comments to German chancellor Helmut Kohl in 1987, Deng Xiaoping stressed his desire to diversify the destinations of Chinese students going overseas, aiming to send a larger proportion to Europe and a smaller proportion to the United States. By 2000, Chinese formed the largest group of foreign students in German universities, with 10,000 in 2002 and 27,000 in 2007. Schools aimed at the children of Germany's Chinese residents have been set up as well; as early as 1998, there were two Chinese schools in Berlin, one run by the city government, and the other privately established by a group of parents. Stuttgart boasts one such school as well; however, Chinese graduate students who intend to return to China after graduation typically choose instead to home-school their children in accordance with China's national curriculum, to aid their re-integration into the public school system.

Second-generation Chinese students were more likely to attend a Gymnasium (college preparatory school) than their ethnic German counterparts.

Population
The German Chinese community has seen a rapid growth in recent years. In 2016, there were 201,000 nationals of the People's Republic of China living in Germany, a 35% increase over 2013. The number of Taiwanese citizens living in the country stood at 5,885 (as of 2013). In addition, there is a large number of Chinese people who naturalized as German citizens or who are natively born in the country. Between 2004 and 2007 alone, 4,213 PRC nationals naturalised as German citizens. In addition to that, the Chinese community in Germany also consists of tens of thousands of ethnic Chinese from countries such as Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia.

The growth of the Chinese community can be exemplified by the city of Duisburg. In 2010 there were 568 citizens of the PRC in Duisburg, while in 2018 there were about 1136. The number does not include naturalized German Chinese.

Illegal immigration
After 1989, the number of illegal mainland Chinese immigrants who arrived in Germany by way of Eastern Europe began to increase, only to decrease in the mid-1990s; on average, authorities caught 370 each year in the late 1990s, though they believe the actual extent of illegal migration to be much larger. Many illegal migrants work in restaurants, whose managers sponsor their migration costs and require them to pay them back. Such costs usually amount between to RMB 60,000 and 120,000, paid to snakeheads (Chinese people smugglers). Due to network effects, illegal Chinese migrants to Germany largely come from the vicinity of Qingtian, Zhejiang; they are mostly men between twenty and forty years old. Migrants may come as tourists and then overstay (either by applying for a tourist visa on their genuine PRC passport, or obtaining a forged passport from a country with a large Asian population whose nationals are granted visa-free travel to Germany), or they may be smuggled across the Czech-German border.

Community relations and divisions
Germans generally perceive the Chinese as a monolithic group, owners of grocery stores, snack bars, and Chinese restaurants, and sometimes as criminals and triad members. In actuality, the community is wracked by internal divisions, largely of political allegiances; pro-Taiwan (Republic of China) vs. pro-Mainland (People's Republic of China), supporters vs. opposers of the Chinese democracy movement, etc. One rare example of the various strands of the community coming together in support of a common cause arose in April 1995, when Berlin daily Bild-Zeitung published a huge feature item alleging that Chinese restaurants in the city served dog meat; the story appears to have been sparked by an off-color quip by a German official during a press conference about a pot of mystery meat he had seen boiling in a Chinese restaurant kitchen. Chinese caterers and restaurants suffered huge declines in business, as well as personal vilification by their German neighbours. The protests which the various Chinese associations organised in response carefully sidestepped the issue of German racism towards the Chinese, instead focusing mainly on the newspaper itself and the fact that it had published false statements which harmed people's businesses and livelihoods, in an effort to avoid alienating the mainstream community. They eventually achieved what one scholar described as a "meagre victory": a retraction by Bild-Zeitung. However, the success of the protests laid some foundation for further professional cooperation among Chinese restaurateurs.

Germany also boasts a small number of Uyghurs, a Turkic-speaking ethnic minority of China who live in the Xinjiang region in northwest China; they form one of the few obvious communities of Chinese national minorities in Europe. Though they are Chinese citizens or formerly held Chinese citizenship, their ethnic and political identity is defined largely by opposition to China, and for the most part they do not consider themselves part of the Chinese community. The initial Uyghur migrants to Germany came by way of Turkey, where they had settled after going into exile with the hope of one day achieving independence from China; they remigrated to Munich as a small part, numbering perhaps fifty individuals, out of the millions of gastarbeiter who came from Turkey to Germany beginning in the 1960s. Most worked in semi-skilled trades, with some privileged ones of a political bent achieving positions in the U.S.-funded Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Their numbers were later bolstered by post-Cold War migration directly from Xinjiang to Germany, also centred on Munich.

In 2005, figures from Germany's Federal Statistical Office showed 71,639 People's Republic of China nationals living in Germany, making them the second-largest group of immigrants from East Asia in the country. In 2005, only 3,142 Chinese, or 4.3%, were born in Germany, far below the average of 20% for all non-citizens.

Notable people

See also

China–Germany relations
Germany-Taiwan relations
Sino-German cooperation until 1941

References

Notes

Sources

Further reading

Asian diaspora in Germany

Germany
Germany


The 1960 Summer Paralympics marked the introduction of the sport of Dartchery as a paralympic sport. Dartchery at the 1960 games was a mixed pairs event.

Medal summary

References

1960 Summer Paralympics events
1960


Amber Calling are an Australian pop punk and emo band from Adelaide, which formed in 2005 as 919. They issued an extended play, Road Rage (2006), under that name. Their second EP, The Truth About Lies appeared on 14 April 2008. Amber Calling issued their debut album, Run Home Jack. Home Run Jack, on 31 May 2011. During their career they have supported shows by Grinspoon, Kenny Vasoli, Panic! at the Disco, and Short Stack.

History
Amber Calling are a pop-punk and emo band which formed in Adelaide in 2005 as 919 by Adrian Porcaro on bass guitar and his cousins Dave Porcaro (aka Davye Style-Jones) on guitar and vocals, and Mike Porcaro (aka Mike Styles-Jones) on lead vocals. In 2006 under the name, 919, they issued their debut extended play, Road Rage, with five tracks. It was produced by Darren Thompson with the band line-up of Dave and Mike joined by Matt Kowal on drums and Harvey Davidson on bass guitar and backing vocals. PostOp described the release as "[t]here isn’t a single track on this disc, that you won’t want to listen to over and over and over again, and the cherry on top of this magnificent musical sundae is the jaw dropping 'This Cell'". During 2007 the group supported performances by fellow Australian artists, Grinspoon and by Something with Numbers. Mike developed throat problems and had to leave the group for five months to recover.

After September 2007 they changed their name to Amber Calling. On 14 April 2008 the group issued an EP, The Truth About Lies on the Tenspeed Music label. Tom Vasic (aka Tommy Ortiz, ex-Capulet) joined in August that year on keyboards and backing vocals. Vasic's first gig with the group was their support show for Panic! at the Disco that same month. In August 2009, for their national tour, they released a single, "Drive Drive" which was "about wanting to just pack up and leave, like so many people around the world I’m sure have felt like that before". In September that year they supported US artist, Kenny Vasoli, on his tour appearance in Adelaide. In 2010 they supported Short Stack at the Adelaide Entertainment Centre.

On 31 May 2011 they released their debut album Run Home Jack. Home Run Jack. It was recorded at Slaugherhouse Studios, from June 2010 to January 2011 with the band producing and it was mastered by Steve Smart (The Living End, The John Butler Trio, Parkway Drive, Bodyjar) of 301 Studios. For the album Dave, Mike and Vasic were joined by Brennan Shrubsole on drums, Adam Cameron on guitar, Anthony Richards on bass guitar. In August that year, United States crunkcore group, Brokencyde, announced that Amber Calling would be supporting their show in Adelaide in October.

During 2010 the band supported Attack! Attack!, Cute Is What We Aim For, Lydia, the Wonder Years, Fireworks. During their career they have supported Kris Roe/The Ataris, Carpathian, The Used, Cobra Starship, The Academy Is, The Matches, The Getaway Plan, Closure in Moscow, Behind Crimson Eyes, Rise Against, Aiden, Pierce the Veil and Man Overboard.

Members

Current members
 Dave Porcaro (aka Davye Style-Jones) – lead guitar, backing vocals
 Mike Porcaro (aka Mike Styles-Jones aka Mike Jones) – lead vocals
 Tom Vasic (aka Tommy Ortiz) – vocals, synthesiser
 Adam Cameron – guitar
 Brennen Shrubsole – drums
 Anthony Richards – bass guitar

Former members
 Adrian Porcaro – bass guitar
 Dylan Smith – guitar, vocals
 Harvey Davidson – bass guitar
 Alex Dakiniewicz – bass guitar
 Andrew Campbell – vocals
 Matt Kowal – drums
 Ryan Sheldon – drums
 Ryan Atyeo – guitar

Discography

Albums
2011: Run Home Jack. Home Run Jack

Extended plays
2006: Road Rage (released under the band name: 919)
2008: The Truth About Lies

Singles
2009: "Coming Home"
2009: "Drive, Drive"

References

External links

Musical groups established in 2005
Musical groups from Adelaide
Australian pop punk groups


Snooker at the 1960 Summer Paralympics consisted of a men's event. It was held at the Tre Fontane Sports Ground, Rome. There were four competitors, from three different countries: two from Great Britain, and one each from Italy and Malta. Cliff Keaton won the gold medal. The event was played outdoors, in a covered area of a running track, on a table brought over from Stoke Mandeville Hospital.

Medal summary

References

1960 Summer Paralympics events
1960
Paralympics


Iran Khodro currently lists the following automobiles and trucks.

Iran Khodro
Tara
Dena
Dena +
Runna +
Arisun 2
Soren +

Peugeot Co-Products
207i
206
Pars

References

External links
 Iran Khodro Industrial Group

Iran Khodro vehicles
IranKhodro


José Geraldo da Costa Moreira Filho (born 21 November 1961) is a former international freestyle swimmer from Brazil, who participated for his native country at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea. There, he ended up in 33rd place in the men's 50-metre freestyle event.

References

1961 births
Living people
Brazilian male freestyle swimmers
Olympic swimmers for Brazil
Swimmers at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Universidade Gama Filho alumni
20th-century Brazilian people


Stephen "Steve" Barrar (born May 25, 1954) is an American politician from Darby, Pennsylvania.  He has served as a Republican member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives for the 160th District from 1997 to 2020.

Career
Prior to his election to the State House, Barrar served as an Upper Chichester Township commissioner from 1992 to 1996, and was board president from 1994 to 1996.

At the same time, he also ran a business he purchased in 1984, Twin Oaks Garden Mart. Barrar ran this retail garden center until 1997, when he closed the business to focus his energy on working as a full-time state legislator.

Barrar served as Republican Chairman of the House Veterans Affairs and Emergency Preparedness Committee.

In December 2019, Barrar announced that he will not seek re-election in 2020. Barrar criticized Tom Wolf's response to the coronavirus pandemic, stating "I think the governor needs to back off a little bit from the strict (idea) that he’s the only one who can decide when a county is going to go from red to yellow to green, and the county and legislators" should make that decision.

Personal
Barrar is a graduate of Interboro High School. He is involved in several local and community groups, including the Chichester Business Association, Chadds Ford Business Association, Aston Business Association, Bethel VFW Post and the Concord Lodge No. 625. He was named an honorary member of the Military Order of the Purple Heart for his support of disabled veterans.

References

External links
State Representative Stephen Barrar official PA House website

1954 births
Living people
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American politicians
Republican Party members of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
People from Darby, Pennsylvania
People from Upper Chichester Township, Pennsylvania


Skorupy  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kołbiel, within Otwock County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Kołbiel,  south-east of Otwock, and  south-east of Warsaw.

References

Skorupy


The Battle of Tamatave (sometimes called the Battle of Madagascar or the Action of 20 May 1811) was fought off Tamatave in Madagascar between British and French frigate squadrons during the Napoleonic Wars. The action was the final engagement of the Mauritius campaign of 1809–1811, and it saw the destruction of the last French attempt to reinforce their garrison on Mauritius. Although the news had not reached Europe by February 1811 when the reinforcement squadron left Brest, Mauritius had been captured in December 1810 by a British invasion fleet, the French defences hampered by the lack of the supplies and troops carried aboard the frigate squadron under the command of Commodore François Roquebert in Renommée. Roquebert's heavily laden ships reached Mauritius on 6 May and discovered that the island was in British hands the following day, narrowly escaping a trap laid by a squadron of British frigates ordered to hunt and destroy them.

On 20 May the British squadron, under the command of Captain Charles Marsh Schomberg, discovered the French off Tamatave and attacked, both sides hampered by light winds which impeded movement for much of the day. During a period of calm weather early in the battle, the French were better positioned than the disorganised British squadron and Roquebert's ships inflicted severe damage on several British vessels before an increasing breeze allowed Schomberg to press home his attack. As the evening approached, the French attempted to escape, Roquebert sacrificing his flagship and ultimately his life to allow the frigates Clorinde and the badly damaged Néréide to escape. Five days later, Schomberg's squadron rediscovered Néréide at Tamatave and persuaded the town's commander to surrender without a fight. The battle was the last action of the Mauritius campaign and confirmed British dominance of the seas east of the Cape of Good Hope for the rest of the Napoleonic Wars.

Background
In August 1810, the French squadron on Isle de France (now Mauritius) achieved the most significant French naval victory of the Napoleonic Wars, when they captured or destroyed four Royal Navy frigates at the Battle of Grand Port. The battle was fought inside Grand Port, one of the harbours of Isle de France into which the French squadrons, dominant in the Indian Ocean during 1809, had been steadily pushed and blockaded by pressure from a British squadron under Commodore Josias Rowley. The British defeat had a noticeable galvanising effect on both the British and French naval commands: both recognised that the campaign would be won by the first to reinforce and resupply their forces. Although the French had achieved a significant victory, the naval bases on Isle de France lacked the military stores and food supplies to repair the battle damage to their ships or supply lengthy raiding voyages against British trade routes.

The British reaction was immediate: ships were dispatched from regional bases at Madras, the Cape of Good Hope and Rodriguez to replace Rowley's losses while a larger force was collected at Rodriguez in preparation for a major invasion of Isle de France intended to permanently eliminate the island as a raiding base. The French response from their squadron on Isle de France, based at Port Napoleon under Commodore Jacques Hamelin, was to exercise their regional superiority by attacking British reinforcements at the actions of 13 September 1810 and 18 September 1810. Despite inflicting severe damage on two British frigates, the French lost one of their own, captured with Hamelin aboard, and suffered two more damaged. Without supplies or reinforcements to replace these losses, the French were unable to resist the British invasion in November 1810 and the island fell within four days.

The French had also been preparing reinforcements for the region, but their nearest naval bases were in France itself, several thousand miles away across oceans almost totally controlled by the Royal Navy. These distances also delayed the arrival of news from the Indian Ocean, and therefore word had still not reached France of the fall of Isle de France by 17:00 on 2 February 1811, when a reinforcement squadron set sail from Brest. This squadron consisted of three powerful frigates, Renommée under Commodore François Roquebert, Clorinde under Captain Jacques Saint-Cricq and Néréide under Captain Jean-François Lemaresquier. Each ship carried over 200 soldiers for the Isle de France garrison and significant food and military supplies with which to refit Hamelin's squadron and resupply the island. The French authorities were aware of the possibility that Isle de France had been captured, and had ordered that if the island was in British hands, the squadron should continue on to the Dutch city of Batavia on Java, to operate against the British from there.

February to May 1811
By 1811, the Royal Navy enjoyed a worldwide naval supremacy over the French, including the seas immediately off the French coast. To avoid being attacked as they left Brest, French ships had to attempt to slip out either under cover of darkness or during storms that drove the British away from the dangerous coastline. This also however forced the French ships to fight against the wind to leave their harbours and as a result, Roquebert's ships only covered  in the first 18 days. On 24 February, the squadron captured a Portuguese merchant ship and discovered Lisbon newspapers aboard that announced the British invasion, although not its outcome. On 13 March, Roquebert's ships crossed the Equator and on 18 April they passed the Cape of Good Hope at distance, benefitting from good weather and a strong breeze during the latter stages of the journey. At 23:00 on 6 May, 93 days after leaving Brest, the French convoy arrived off Île de la Passe at the entrance to Grand Port.

The British had not been idle during the six months they had occupied Isle de France, now renamed Mauritius. The invasion fleet had broken up soon after the island fell and command of the remaining naval forces on the island had been given to Captain Philip Beaver.  On 5 January, a small French dispatch ship had been captured off Port Louis (formerly Port Napoleon) and from the messages aboard the nature and destination of Roquebert's squadron was discovered. Information was also received describing a second French force being prepared for operations in the region, consisting of the frigates Nymphe and Méduse. Aware of the impending arrival of French reinforcements, Admiral Robert Stopford at the Cape of Good Hope sent Captain James Hillyar in HMS Phoebe to reinforce Beaver on Mauritius. Beaver ordered Hillyar, with HMS Galatea under Captain Woodley Losack and HMS Racehorse under Captain James de Rippe, to prepare for the arrival of Roquebert's convoy. Beaver then began eliminating French harbours in the western Indian Ocean, sending the brig HMS Eclipse to attack Tamatave on Madagascar, which was captured on 12 February. After the end of the hurricane season in March, Beaver personally sailed in HMS Nisus to invade the Seychelles, before collecting specie from Madras to refloat the Mauritian economy. In his absence, Mauritius came under the command of Captain Charles Marsh Schomberg in HMS Astraea.

When Roquebert's ships appeared off Grand Port, Hillyar had his three ships in the harbour ready to sail at short notice and ensured that French tricolours were flying from Île de la Passe and other landmarks in the hope that the French could be lured into the shallow waters of the bay and defeated in a similar manner to the British defeat at the battle at Grand Port the previous year. Signals were exchanged between the French squadron and the shore but Roquebert was wary: the signals from Île de la Passe were out of date and he knew of the British invasion from the Lisbon newspapers captured two months before. Waiting offshore, the French commodore sent three boats ashore during the night with instructions to discover the situation on the island. Seizing two black inhabitants, one of the boats returned on the morning of 7 May and from his captives Roquebert learned that the British had captured the island six months earlier. The other landing parties were captured by British troops and did not return. With Hillyar's trap uncovered, Roquebert raised French colours and turned eastwards away from Grand Port, Hillyar emerging from the harbour to give chase.

Roquebert's escape
At 04:00 on 8 May, Roquebert realised that his overladen ships were too slow to outrun Hillyar's squadron, which was  behind and gaining rapidly. At 08:00, he decided to turn and meet the British ships head-on rather than be overtaken. Hillyar, aware that his squadron was weaker than Roquebert's, held back in anticipation of the arrival of Schomberg in Astraea from Port Louis, to whom he had sent an urgent message the night before. As the British fell back towards the Île Ronde off the northeastern shore of Mauritius, Roquebert declined to follow them through the dangerous gap between Île Ronde and Île du Serpent and instead sailed southwards, escaping before Hillyar and Schomberg could join up. Although Losack, supported by many crew members on board both Phoebe and Galatea, remonstrated with Hillyar for not pursuing the French, the British commander could not be persuaded and Roquebert slipped away. The British retired to Port Louis, arriving on 12 May.

Roquebert's squadron sailed westwards towards Bourbon, initially planning to raid the eastern coast of island for food supplies, as his own were running low. Although the British garrison in the eastern part of the island was weak, the plan was thwarted by heavy surf on the landing beaches and Roquebert continued eastwards on half rations, reaching Tamatave in Madagascar on 19 May. The British garrison at Tamatave, 100 men of the 22nd Regiment of Foot, were afflicted with malaria and surrendered without contesting the town, where the French squadron gathered water and food supplies.

When Hillyar's squadron arrived at Port Louis, Captain Schomberg immediately assumed command and led the squadron out again on 14 May, following the French eastwards. Heading straight for Tamatave, the only resupply point between Bourbon and the Cape of Good Hope, Schomberg rapidly gained on the French and when dawn broke on 20 May the French were within sight of the harbour. During the day, both commanders were frustrated by light winds and periods of calm in which none of the ships were able to move. Roquebert completed resupplying his ships at 12:00 and pulled away from the harbour in battle line, Clorinde followed by Renommée and Néréide while the British, although initially intending to form a line with Astraea at its head, gradually broke into a loose formation created by the vagaries of the wind.

Battle

Firing began at 16:00, when Renommée attempted to engage Astraea at extreme range. The British returned fire, Phoebe and Galatea joining the attack as they advanced, but the long distances and slow speeds involved meant that little damage was caused by either side.  The British squadron gradually drifted beyond the range of the French, Schomberg desperately but unsuccessfully attempting to turn back towards them. With the British becalmed, Roquebert's ships began to close the distance, using the breeze to position their broadsides close to the sterns of the British ships. From this position the French were able to unleash a destructive raking fire, Clorinde concentrating on Phoebe and Renommée on Galatea. The rearmost ship, Néréide, was unable to manoeuvre successfully in the light winds and remained beyond the effective range of Astraea and Racehorse, despite an ineffectual cannonade in her direction.

Over the next two hours, Néréide advanced on Phoebe, sandwiching the British frigate between two opponents and exposing her to a destructive fire. Both squadrons had been rendered immobile by the lack of wind, and although Schomberg ordered de Rippe to use boats to tow Racehorse within range of the main engagement, the brig was still over a mile away at 18:30, when the breeze picked up and Hillyar was able to advance on Néréide, engaging her at close quarters. Stranded by light winds, Renommée and Clorinde were unable to come to Lemaresquier's assistance and in half an hour Phoebe had killed Captain Lemaresquier and inflicted such severe damage on her opponent that Néréide could no longer return fire.  As Phoebe and Néréide fought, the becalmed Renommée and Clorinde concentrated their fire on Galatea, causing severe damage to Losack's vessel. As the breeze strengthened at 19:00, Renommée and Clorinde advanced on Phoebe, Losack firing on the French as they pulled away before steering his battered ship westwards and informing Schomberg that the damage was such that he could not continue in action. Continuing to the west with his rigging and masts in disarray and a distress signal flying, Losack's ship disappeared into the growing darkness at 20:30. Phoebe fell back before the French attack and joined Schomberg.

With the wind strengthening, Schomberg marshalled his forces and advanced on Roquebert's squadron. The French were clustered together in support of Néréide, whose crew were attempting to make hasty repairs while the squadron limped in a northwesterly direction towards Madagascar. Following the French lights, Schomberg pursued the French in the darkness and when Clorinde lost a man overboard and stopped to rescue him at 21:50, Roquebert was forced to fall back and protect his consort from being overwhelmed. Steering Renommée directly at Astraea, Roquebert opened fire at close range but was soon surrounded, with Astraea on one side, Racehorse on the other and Phoebe raking her stern. In a ferocious 25 minute engagement, Roquebert was killed and the French flagship suffered severe damage, surrendering after a shot from Racehorse ignited her mainsail. The British ships were also badly damaged: Racehorse was unable to launch a boat to take possession of Renommée due to a fallen topmast on her deck, and Astraea's boats were all badly damaged by shot and leaked severely during the short row to the stricken French vessel.

Surrender at Tamatave
During the final battle of the Renommée, Saint-Cricq in Clorinde had remained out of range of the British, refusing to support his commodore. When Renommée surrendered, he made all sail to the north, abandoning both Roquebert and Néréide in his attempt to escape. Although Clorinde was closely pursued by Astraea and Phoebe until 02:00 on 21 May, the damage they had suffered prevented them from gaining on the French ship and Clorinde eventually disappeared into the darkness. During the night Schomberg gathered Phoebe, Racehorse and Astraea, and rejoined Renommée at dawn on 21 May. A prize crew of seven men was sufficient to exercise control over the French frigate until Schomberg could remove most of the French crew and replace them with British sailors the following morning. Although Galatea was still within sight at dawn, Losack was unsure of the identity of the approaching squadron and decided to sail directly to Port Louis rather than risk combat with a superior enemy force.

While making repairs to his ships, particularly the battered Phoebe, and transferring prisoners from Renommée, Schomberg despatched Racehorse to Tamatave to investigate the situation at the port. De Rippe returned on 24 May and informed Schomberg that Néréide was in the harbour and the town was in the hands of a French garrison. Despite sailing directly to Tamatave, Schomberg's ships were delayed by a gale and did not arrive until the afternoon of 25 May. Aware that no one in the British squadron had intimate knowledge of the coral reefs that surrounded the entrance to the bay and thus that he was poorly positioned to attack the French if they chose to resist him, Schomberg sent Racehorse into the harbour under a flag of truce. De Rippe presented the French commander, Lieutenant François Ponée, with a demand for surrender, the demand falsely stating that "Renommée and Clorinde have struck after a brave defence". Ponée refused, instead proposing that the ship's crew and the garrison of Tamatave be repatriated to France without conditions if the frigate, town and a 12-gun battery were surrendered to Schomberg's squadron. Schomberg accepted Ponée's proposal and Tamatave and Néréide were surrendered without further conflict.

Aftermath
Clorinde had been almost undamaged in the battle and comfortably outran all British pursuit. Without a safe harbour in the entire Indian Ocean, Saint-Criq initially sailed for the Seychelles, hiding among the islands until 7 June. On 26 June, Clorinde landed at Diego Garcia and collected fresh water and coconuts before beginning the return journey to France in defiance of the orders to continue on to Batavia issued before the convoy left Brest. On 1 August, Clorinde passed the Cape of Good Hope, Saint-Criq supplementing his provisions by raiding British and American merchant ships in the Atlantic. On 24 September, Clorinde encountered the British blockade squadron off Brest and was chased by the 80-gun ship of the line HMS Tonnant under Captain Sir John Gore. Although Tonnant came close enough to Clorinde to discharge her broadside at the frigate, Gore was unable to catch the elusive French ship and was eventually forced to retire to open waters after coming under fire from batteries at Pointe Trépassée. By 17:00, Clorinde was anchored in Brest harbour. Saint-Criq was heavily criticised for his failure to support Roquebert and for ignoring his orders to sail to Batavia if Mauritius had been captured. In March 1812, he was brought to a court martial to examine his behaviour and found to have been negligent in his duty, for which he was dismissed from the service, expelled from the legion of Honour and sentenced to three years' imprisonment. Napoleon is reported to have suggested that Saint-Criq be shot for deserting his commanding officer.

There were also recriminations among the British squadron, Schomberg praising Astraea and Phoebe but omitting Racehorse and Galatea from the recommendations in his post-battle report. Captain Losack was particularly offended as Schomberg had implied that Galatea's distress signal was an overreaction in the face of the enemy, despite her casualties being greater than the rest of the squadron combined. He subsequently requested a court martial to clear any suggestion of cowardice from his name but the Admiralty refused, commenting that they were fully satisfied with his conduct. Historian William James claims that opinion within the Navy was also with Losack and that Schomberg had been excessively harsh in his criticism.

Due to the variable winds of 20 May, some ships were more heavily engaged than others and as a result the casualties in the action were unevenly spread. According to the French account of the battle, Renommée suffered 93 killed and wounded, including Commodore Roquebert dead and the first lieutenant and commander of the troops on board both badly wounded, although British accounts give a figure of 145 casualties. The French accounts also demonstrate that Néréide had suffered severely, losing 25 dead including Captain Lemaresquier and 32 wounded (again the British accounts differ, stating that she suffered 130 casualties). Clorinde, which had caused severe damage to Galatea while the British ship was immobile but had failed to support Renommée against Schomberg, lost just one man killed and six wounded. British losses were less severe, although still significant, Galatea losing 16 and 46 wounded, Phoebe seven dead and 24 wounded and Astraea two dead and 16 wounded. Racehorse, despite being badly damaged in her masts and rigging, reportedly suffered no casualties.

The captured ships were both purchased into the Royal Navy and recommissioned, Renommée becoming HMS Java and Néréide becoming HMS Madagascar. Nearly four decades later the battle was among the actions recognised by a clasp attached to the Naval General Service Medal, awarded upon application to all British participants still living in 1847. The action marked the end of the final French attempt to operate in the Indian Ocean during the Napoleonic Wars: with their bases now in British hands, any deployment to the region would require a significant quantity of ships and supplies at a time when France was unable to even protect the entrances to her principal harbours, as Clorinde's brush with Tonnant had demonstrated. The action also ended the threat to British merchant ships, especially the large East Indiamen, from attack in the Indian Ocean and the requirement for a significant Royal Navy presence in the region. With the exception of a few small Dutch ports in the East Indies, the world east of the Cape of Good Hope was now either under British control or in the hands of neutral powers and Britain's allies.

Order of battle

Key
 A † symbol indicates that the officer was killed during the action or subsequently died of wounds received.
 The ships are ordered in the sequence in which they formed up for battle.
  = British Royal Navy,  = French Navy.

Notes

Citations

References

Tamatave
Tamatave
19th century in Madagascar
May 1811 events


The 2001 Asian Super Cup was the 7th Asian Super Cup, a football match played between the winners of the previous season's Asian Club Championship and Asian Cup Winners Cup competitions. The 2001 competition was contested by Suwon Samsung Bluewings of South Korea, who won the 2000–01 Asian Club Championship, and Al Shabab of Saudi Arabia, the winners of the 2000–01 Asian Cup Winners' Cup.

Route to the Super Cup

Suwon Samsung Bluewings

1Suwon Samsung Bluewings goals always recorded first.

Al Shabab

1Al Shabab goals always recorded first.

Game summary

|}

First leg

Second leg

References
 Asian Super Cup 2001

Asian Super Cup
Super Cup
2001
2001
Suwon Samsung Bluewings matches
Al Shabab FC (Riyadh) matches


Augustówka, Warsaw is a part of the Mokotów district of Warsaw.

Augustówka may also refer to the following villages:
Augustówka, Lublin Voivodeship (east Poland)
Augustówka, Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
Augustówka, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship (north Poland)


The Tremor of Forgery (1969) is a psychological thriller novel by Patricia Highsmith. It was the thirteenth of her 22 novels.

Synopsis
American writer Howard Ingham arrives in the sweltering heat of Tunisia in search of inspiration for a new movie script he has been commissioned to write. The director with whom he is collaborating fails to appear and hears reports from home in the U.S. about infidelity and suicide. Rather than abandon the project, Howard stays and starts work on a novel. He gets to know Francis J. Adams, an aging American propagandist, and Anders Jensen, a Danish
homosexual painter. While waiting for a letter from his New York girlfriend, he settled on a plot for his projected novel, the story of a banker who forges documents to steal money he then gives to the poor. One night, Ingham finds someone breaking into his apartment. He throws his typewriter at the intruder, possibly killing him. The body is dragged away by the intruder's accomplices. Ingham struggles to keep this incident secret from his acquaintances while at the same time questioning Western morality, in particular the application of its principles in a country where he lives as a stranger.

Themes

Like many of Highsmith's other novels, The Tremor of Forgery is ultimately a morality tale.  Highsmith reveals that like most people, the novel's protagonist Ingham sees himself as ultimately a good person who cares about the welfare of people and loves his fiancé.  However, as the novel progresses, Ingham's actions reveal that human morality is more often dictated by circumstances, and that self-interest and preservation is humanity's underlying ethos.  Human emotions that drive our behavior, such as love, are by the end of the novel, portrayed as artificial constructs of society, rather than emotions that are deeply felt.  This is confusing to Ingham, as he laments that the world, including his own feelings, are incomprehensible to him.

Reception
"Highsmith has produced work as serious in its implications and as subtle in its approach as anything being done in the novel today." - Julian Symons

"Miss Highsmith's finest novel to my mind is The Tremor of Forgery, and if I were to be asked what it is about I would reply, 'Apprehension'." - Graham Greene

References

1969 American novels
Novels by Patricia Highsmith
Novels set in Tunisia
Doubleday (publisher) books
Self-reflexive novels


Swimming at the 1960 Summer Paralympics consisted of 62 events, 32 for men and 30 for women.

Each race had no more than three competitors so every swimmer completing a race was guaranteed a medal. All the swimmers successfully completed their races, and every swimmer at the Games therefore earned a medal.

Medal summary

Medal table

Participating nations

Men's events

Women's events

References

1960 Summer Paralympics events
1960
Paralympics


Rudolf Löb (November 21, 1877 – January 30, 1966) was a German banker with Mendelssohn & Co. and consultant to the German and Russian governments.

Life
Löb became personal liable partner with Mendelssohn & Co. in 1919. Following the death of Franz von Mendelssohn and Paul von Mendelssohn-Bartholdy in 1935, Löb was appointed as chairman of Mendelssohn & Co. bank as the first non-family member. In the 1930s, he served as the Belgian General Consul in Berlin. In 1938, he was pressured by the Nazis' Aryanisation policy to break up Mendelssohn & Co. and hand over most of its assets to Deutsche Bank. Löb emigrated to Argentina in 1939 and to the United States in 1948. He died on January 30, 1966.

Further reading

External links
Guide to the Rudolph Loeb Collection at the Leo Baeck Institute, NY

1877 births
1966 deaths
German bankers
Emigrants from Nazi Germany
Immigrants to the United States
Immigrants to Argentina
Businesspeople from Wuppertal


Artouz (, [ʕar'tˤuːz]; Syriac: ܥܰܪܛܽܘܙ; Hebrew: עַרטוּז) is a town situated  to the southwest of Damascus, Syria. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics, the town had a population of 16,199 in the 2004 census.

Etymology
The name of the town is of uncertain etymology.

The prevalent presumption traces the meaning of ʻArṭūz back to Syriac (ܥܰܪܛܽܘܙ), loosely translating into being aside or the one out of the way, which is a reference to the town's original, secluded location on a nearby mountain away from the usual routes back then. Furthermore, the two, Arabic quadriliteral roots of ʻ-r-ṭ-z and ʻ-r-ṭ-s both mean to evade, which supports the presumption that the town was named after its remote position.

A less popular translation assumes that ʻArṭūz means the scent of apple, and that the nearby mountain it was once situated on was called the mountain of apples.

History
Evidence of the town's history is scarce. Throughout time, the region that cradles modern-day Artouz has been under the rule of a plethora of peoples, e.g., ancient Middle Eastern civilisations, the Neo-Assyrian Empire, the Byzantine Empire, the Umayyad Caliphate, the Abbasid Caliphate, the Mamluk Sultanate, the Ottoman Empire, and more.

There are historical references to a town in approximately the same location as Artouz during the Neo-Assyrian Empire.

A system of canals constructed at the time of the Roman reign is still in use to this day to irrigate the fields in the northwestern part of Artouz.

Artouz is believed to be the location of the New Testament event known as the Conversion of Saint Paul the Apostle. On his road to Damascus in pursuit of persecuting early Christians, Saul (later christened Paul) was interrupted by the ascended Jesus in the whereabouts of today's Artouz, a place called Tal Kokab (Levantine Arabic: تَل كوكَب, /'tal koː'kab/). The location where Jesus Christ appeared is now commemorated by an abbey named the Vision of Saint Paul the Apostle Patriarchal Monastery, which was visited by Pope John Paul II during his pilgrimage to Syria in May, 2001.

Originally, and during the Ottoman Empire's rule, Artouz was located on a nearby mountain 2000 metres to the northwest of its present place. However, the destructive Near East earthquakes of 1759 reduced the little town to ruins. The inhabitants who survived and chose not to migrate elsewhere became displaced, and later descended from the mountains and occupied the region that is known today as Artouz. The region was an ideal choice because the people depended on water for their agriculture, and the Awaj river ran there after the earthquakes had altered its course.

In 1838, Eli Smith noted Artouz as a predominantly Sunni Muslim village.

Artouz al-Kharaab (Levantine Arabic: عَرْطُوْز الخَرَاب, romanized: ʻArṭūz al-ḵarāb, /ʕar'tˤuːz elxa'raːb/) is a term used by the present inhabitants to refer to the remaining shambles of the old Artouz that used to exist on the nearby mountain. It means Artouz the Ruins, and the remnants still stand to this day.

Most of the farms were owned by few rich families from Damascus during the Ottoman and French periods, then the land was redistributed during the presidency of Gamal Abdel Nasser.

Geography
Artouz is  south west of Damascus,  east of Qatana. It lies on the main road between Damascus and the Golan Heights. The Awaj river passes through the town and splits into three branches.

Artouze has a twin town only  north called Jdeidat Artouz. Expansion of the two towns has erased the green spaces between them.

Artouz has great military importance, with many army detachments nearby.

Economy
Until the 1980s, the economy of Artouz depended largely on agriculture.  Olives, wheat and garlic were the main agricultural products.  However, with the expansion of Damascus, Artouz developed a fast-growing construction and service economy, which is now the main source of employment for its population.

Artouz has no industrial region. Light industry located in and near the town is mainly limited to some dairy and poultry facilities.

Trade is a source of income of many people, with the town serving as a commerce centre for several surrounding small villages.

Health care
There is only a small health centre, for day cases. The centre is not officially working as many of the public health centres in Syria. The nearest hospital is  from the town centre: a private hospital in the nearby town of Jdeidat Artouz (Al kamal). Most patients go to Damascus for hospital care.

Artouz has a central water and sewage system. However, the water shortage is a serious problem affecting the whole region. There is no recycling centre.

Transport
Artouz is well connected by roads to all neighbouring villages. A highway connecting Damascus to Al Quneitra (Golan) passes through the town.

There is also a train station servicing a rail line built by the French between Damascus and the city of Qatana. However, the train has stopped running decades ago.

Public transport is now limited to buses and mini buses, which serve to connect Artouz to Damascus. Residents also use the small mini cabs as taxis for short trips within the town.

Population and ethnic groups
The main historical ethnic group are Arabs, and the town is predominantly Sunni Muslims. However, the nearby town of Jdeidat Artouz hosts a mix of Orthodox Christians, Roman Catholics, Druze and Muslims.

There have been no sectarian issues in Artouz, but since 1967 many refugees (mainly Bedouin) have come to live in Artouz, and the newcomers (called nazheen (نازحين)) have clashed with the long-term residents.  Some of these clashes have resulted in casualties.  Also, a few Iraqis have moved to Artouz following the American invasion of Iraq.

Artouze has several mosques. Churches of other faiths are located only in nearby Jdeidat Artouz.

Secularism flourished in the town in the 1970s, but the last two decades have witnessed growing religious fervour among the population.

Education

Schools are mixed in the town, with boys and girls attending the same schools.

There are two secondary schools, one of which has been set up to serve the refugee community exclusively.

Artouz has good percentage of educated people in its population. English is the second language for most of the educated people, but the knowledge of it is also limited and not enough to communicate efficiently. French is also understood with limitation, especially between old educated Artouzians.

References

Bibliography

External links
 http://thawra.alwehda.gov.sy/_archive.asp?FileName=44277363020071121002931
 http://wikimapia.org/3420123/ar/%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B2
 https://web.archive.org/web/20080915215741/http://nourelalam.org/churches.php?page=churches&church=8

Populated places in Qatana District
Towns in Syria


Amir Gul Chhutto (born on 7 April 1990) is a Pakistani former footballer who played as a goalkeeper for National Bank from 2003 to 2016.

International career
He made his international debut against Malaysia in 2008 and competitive debut on 4 April 2009 against Chinese Taipei in 2010 AFC Challenge Cup qualifications.

Honours

National Bank
National Football Challenge Cup: 2013

References

External links

Living people
Pakistani men's footballers
Pakistan men's international footballers
1986 births
Footballers at the 2010 Asian Games
Men's association football goalkeepers
Asian Games competitors for Pakistan


Hans Hein Nysom (4 February 1767 – 29 January 1831) was a Norwegian priest and politician.

Hans Hein Nysom was born in  the community of Bragernes of the city of Drammen. He was the son of a local merchant. In 1787, he earned his theological degree at the University of Copenhagen.

In 1788, he was appointed chaplain under the priest in Eiker. In 1799, he became priest at the village Våle in Re, Vestfold. He worked as a vicar in Botne at Holmestrand in Vestfold from 1802. He married Elisabeth Sophie Neumann, whose family was active in the management of Hassel Ironworks (Hassel jernverk) at Skotselv in Eiker. They were the parents of ten children and grandparents of the Director-General of the Norwegian State Railways System, Hans Hein Theodor Nysom.

He was elected to the Norwegian Constituent Assembly at Eidsvoll in 1814, representing the city of Holmestrand. He left politics after this. In memory of his participation at Eidsvoll,  a monument honoring him was raised in Holmestrand during 1914.

References

1767 births
1831 deaths
Fathers of the Constitution of Norway
Vestfold politicians
People from Holmestrand
Norwegian priest-politicians


Table tennis at the 1960 Summer Paralympics consisted of eleven events, six for men and five for women.

Medal table

Medal summary

Men's events

Women's events

References

1960 Summer Paralympics events
1960
Paralympics


Carlos Ginzburg is a conceptual artist and theoretician born in 1946 in La Plata, Argentina. He studied philosophy and social theory.

Biography

Germano Celant, when writing about Arte Povera, invited Ginzburg by letter to join his movement.

As a conceptual artist interested in digital art, fractals chaos and fractal art, Ginzburg created what he calls "homo fractalus" – a concept about microcosm totality.

He has worked with the art critic Pierre Restany (with whom he developed the concept of "Political Ecology") and with Severo Sarduy who put him near Hokusai in "Barroco", one of the reference's books to Le Pli of Gilles Deleuze.

He has lived in Paris and since 2005 works with the French art critic and artist Allaïa Tschann.

Exhibition

Personal exhibition

 2011  Jerusalem Cross and Bis, 3e Rue, Paris, France
 2004  Susan Conde Gallery, New York
 2002  Galerie Lina Davidov, Paris, France
 1999  Galerie Lina Davidov, Paris, France
 1997  Galerie Mabel Semmler, Paris, France
 1980  I.C.C, Antwerpen, Belgium
 1978  Galerie Studio 16, Turin, Italy
 1977  Ecole sociologique interrogative, Paris, France

Collectival exhibition

 September 2010  Henrique Faria Fine Art, New York
 October 2009  Museo Nacional Reina Sofia, Madrid, Spain
 May–August 2009  Württembergischer Kunstvereim, Stuttgart, Germany
 2005  Slought Fondation, Philadelphie, USA
 2002  J. Wayne Stark Galleries, University Center Galleries, Texas A&M University
 2001  White Box Gallery, New York
 1999  Espace Electra, Paris, France
 1999  Abbeye de Roncereis, Angers, France
 1997  Espace Paul Ricard, Paris, France
 1996 Gallery of Art, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
 1995 Galerie Arx, Turin, Italy
 1994 Foundation, T.Z. Art & Co Gallery, Mai, New York
 1993 Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon
 1991 Foundation Battistoni, Paris, France
 1990 Ezra and Cecile Zilka Gallery, Middletown
 1989 Kaos Foundation, Chicago, Illinois
 1987 Ocre d'art, Châteauroux, France
 1983 Centre Georges Pompidou, Petit Forum, Paris, France
 1980 Fashion Moda, New York
 1975 Moderna Musee, Stockholm
 1973 I.., Antwerpen, Belgium
 1972 International Meeting of Arts, Pamplona, Spain
 1971 Musée d'art moderne, Buenos Aires
 1971 Camden Art Center, Londres
 ...

Official collection
 Reina Sofia Museum. 2010
 French national fonds of contemporary Art. 1988&1990
 Tate modern
 Centre Georges Pompidou

Conferences

 Université Paris VIII
 Université des Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
 École des Beaux-Arts d'Annecy
 École des Beaux-Arts de Mulhouse
 Faculté d'architecture de Venise, Italy
 Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris
 School of Visual Arts, New York
 École des Beaux-Arts de Caen

Bibliography

Pascale LE THOREL-DAVIOT

Nouveau dictionnaire des artistes contemporains, Larousse.

Gillo Dorfles

 1976 Ultima Tendenze dell'Arte d'Oggi, Milano, Italy
 1975 Del Significado a las Opciones, Madrid, Spain
 Dall Significado alle Scelte, Turin, Italy
 1972 Corriere de la Sera, Milano, Italy

Pierre Restany

 1996 Journal of Contemporary Art, Vol. 7-2, New York
 1990 Arte e Produzione, Italy
 1990 60/90, Ed. De la Difference, Paris, France
 1989, Revue Kanal, Paris, France
 ...
 1980, Voyages de Ginzburg, Paris, France

Severo Sarduy

 1992 Revue Art Press, Paris, France
 1991 Barroco Ed. du Seuil, Paris, France
 1989 Journal El Colombiano, Colombia
 1984 Revue Artinf, Buenos Aires, Argentine
 1983 Revue Art Press, Paris, France

Severo Sarduy et Klaus Ottman

 1990 Revue Art Press, Paris, France

Tim Jacobs

 1989, Journal New City, Chicago, Illinois

Jean-Claude Chirollet (philosophe, esthéticien, spécialiste de l'art fractaliste, Université de Strasbourg):

 1992, "Images fractales : biogénétique des images en restructuration continue", in Les Figures de la Forme, éd. L'Harmattan, Paris, p. 283-295
 1994, "En quel sens peut-on parler d'une Esthétique fractaliste?", in Littérature et Théorie du Chaos, éd. Presses Universitaires de Vincenne, Université Paris VIII, France, p. 115-140
 1998, Carlos Ginzburg – La complexité autoréférentielle du Sujet fractal, revue La Mazarine,
éd. du Treize Mars, Paris, septembre 1998, p. 112-114
 2002, "L’Approche de l'art d'un point de vue fractaliste", in Revue Tangence, numéro 69, été 2002,
Université du Québec, p. 103-132.
 2005, "Art fractaliste - La Complexité du Regard", éditions L'Harmattan, coll. Champs Visuels (www.librairieharmattan.com), Paris, France (Livre-synthèse sur les arts fractalistes depuis les années 1980. Nombreuses références à l'oeuvre et à la conception fractaliste de Carlos Ginzburg)

Paul Ardenne

 1997, Art, l'Age Contemporain, Ed. du Regard, France

Press

 1999

 Figaro magazine, 24 avril, France
 Journal le Monde, 16 mars, France
 Revue Beaux Arts Magazine, Identités, Mars, Paris, France
 Revue TechniArt, Mai, Paris, France
 Revue Cimaise, Mars, Paris, France

 1998

 Revue Paris Match, Janvier, France
 Revue Science et Avenir, Janvier, France

 1997

 Le Monde, 29 Nov, France
 Revue TechniArt, n°17, France

Articles and text of Carlos Ginzburg

 1999  Revue Art Press, n°244, Mars, Paris, France
 1997  Revue Art Press, n°229, Nov, Paris, France
 1995  Revue Archipielago, Madrid, Spain
 1993  Art Forum, Mars, New York
 Revue Ometeca, New Mexico, USA
Revue Histoire et anthropologie, Strasbourg, France
 1992  Revue Ligeia, n°10, Paris, France
 1987  Pour la Photographie, Univ. Paris VIII
 1986  Revue Leonardo, USA
 1969  Revue Pages, London, Great Britain
 1967  Revue Approches, Paris, France

Notes and references

20th-century French painters
20th-century French male artists
French male painters
21st-century French painters
21st-century French male artists
1946 births
Living people
Postmodern artists
New media artists
French installation artists
French conceptual artists
Mass media theorists
Mathematical artists


Wheelchair basketball at the 1960 Summer Paralympics consisted of two men's tournaments. One for athletes with complete lesion paraplegia, and one for athletes with incomplete paraplegia.

Medal summary

Source: Paralympic.org

Class A (incomplete)
Monday: USA 32 - 10 Austria
Tuesday: USA 17 - 8 Israel

Rosters A
USA:
Frank Vecerra, East St. Louis, Ill
William Johnson, Long Beach Calif.
Percy Mabee, Brooklyn, N.Y.
Richard Maduro, Madeira Beach, Fla.
Philip Hall, Indianapolis, Ind.

Class B (incomplete)
Monday: USA 37 - 6 Belgium

Rosters B
USA:
Ron Stein (age 22), Champaign, Ill.
Paul Jones (age 23), Montgommery, Pa.
John Kennedy (age 27), Jackson Heights, N.Y.
Bruce Karr (age 23), Addison, Ill
Saul Welger (age 29), Brooklyn, N.Y.
Anderson McCullough (age 25), Waukegan, Ill.
Randy Dagis (age 21), Rockford Ill.
Wayne Broeren (age 26), Champaign, Ill.
Peter Acca (age 31), Brooklyn, N.Y.

Participating nations A, B (incomplete)
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Great Britain
Israel
Netherlands (Holland)
USA
 http://www.nwba.org/news_article/show/540705?referrer_id=2077043

See also
Basketball at the 1960 Summer Olympics

References

The information from the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) website is based on sources which does not present all information from earlier Paralympic Games (1960-1984), such as relay and team members. (Per Apr.17, 2011)

1960 Summer Paralympics events
1960
1960 in basketball
International basketball competitions hosted by Italy


Arnold Kent Garr (born June 14, 1944) was the chair of the department of Church History and Doctrine at Brigham Young University (BYU) from 2006 to 2009.  He was also the lead editor of the Encyclopedia of Latter-day Saint History.

Biography
Garr was born and raised in Ogden, Utah.  As a young man, Garr served a mission for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in Finland.  Garr married Cherie Burns in the Salt Lake Temple on November 20, 1967, and they are the parents of five children.

In the LDS Church, among other callings, Garr has served as a bishop, counselor to a stake president, member of a stake high council and branch president.  He served as a member of the Church Correlation Committee from 2001 to 2009.

Late in his life Garr took up running and he completed eleven marathons after turning sixty.

Education
Garr received a bachelor's degree in History from Weber State University, a master's degree in History from Utah State University, and a Ph.D. in American History, minoring in LDS Church history, from BYU in 1986.

Career
Garr began his career with the Church Educational System (CES) as a seminary teacher at Roy High School in Utah.  He later served as director of the Institutes of Religion in Rochester, New York; Boulder, Colorado; and Tallahassee, Florida.  After 21 years with CES, Garr joined the BYU faculty in 1991.  He taught at the BYU Jerusalem Center during 1996–97 and was later the chair of the Department of Church History and Doctrine.

Publications
.
.

Notes

Sources
 BYU faculty bio

Further reading

External links
 BYU Religious Education Faculty website

1944 births
20th-century Mormon missionaries
American Latter Day Saint writers
American Mormon missionaries in Finland
American expatriates in Israel
American leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Brigham Young University alumni
Brigham Young University faculty
Church Educational System instructors
Editors of Latter Day Saint publications
Historians of the Latter Day Saint movement
Latter Day Saints from Colorado
Latter Day Saints from Florida
Latter Day Saints from New York (state)
Latter Day Saints from Utah
Living people
Utah State University alumni
Weber State University alumni
Writers from Ogden, Utah


Mamy may refer to:

 Jean Mamy, French actor, producer, film and theatre director, screenwriter and journalist,
 Mamy (Moms (film)), Russian film


Sudoku Challenge! is a WiiWare sudoku game developed by Digital Leisure. The game was released in North America on November 24, 2008 and in the PAL region on December 19, 2008 and costs 500 Wii Points.  The DSiWare version has been released in North America on November 30, 2009 and in the PAL region on May 14, 2010.

The game includes three difficulty levels, Original and Grand Sudoku game modes (where the player has to complete five intersecting Sudoku boards at the same time), and over 100,000,000 sudoku puzzles.

Reception
WiiWare World gave the game 6 out of 10, believing Sudoku Challenge to be an acceptable puzzler but with still room for improvement. Commenting that the presentation was functional and that most players will be satisfied with what was on offer, with the sudoku puzzles varying in difficulty to challenge players of all skill levels, they were also impressed with the number of puzzles included and claimed that, at 10 minutes a puzzle, it would take a player at least 1900 years to complete all the puzzles included on the game.

References

2008 video games
DSiWare games
WiiWare games
Wii games
Video games developed in Canada
Sudoku video games
Digital Leisure games
Single-player video games


Wheelchair fencing at the 1960 Summer Paralympics consisted of three events.

Medal summary

References

1960 Summer Paralympics events
1960
Paralympics
International fencing competitions hosted by Italy