The Colorado State Rams football program (established 1893) represents Colorado State University and is a member of the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision and the Mountain West Conference.  The Rams have long-standing rivalries with Colorado, Wyoming, and Air Force. The team is currently led by head coach Jay Norvell, who was hired in December 2021.

The Rams have played their home games at Canvas Stadium since 2017. Previously, the team played 49 seasons (1968–2016) at Sonny Lubick Field at Hughes Stadium. The first game at Canvas Stadium (known as Colorado State Stadium for the 2017 season only) was played on August 26, 2017, when the Rams defeated the Oregon State Beavers 58–27.

History

Early history (1893–1910)

On December 12, 1892, a student named F.O. Congdon and 18 of the other 179 students enrolled at Colorado Agricultural College at the time decided to form the school's first American football team and compete with other schools in the area. The team's nickname (that would later be changed to Aggies, then Rams) was the CACs, the school's acronym (Colorado Agricultural College).

Following Christmas break, the team found some men at a small private hybrid college/high school named Longmont Academy who would challenge the CAC team to play the first game in each school's history. The first game in school history took place on January 7, 1893, in Longmont, Colorado. Earlier that morning, Colorado Agricultural players and fans bought orange and green ribbons at a dry goods store in Longmont, choosing the school's colors.

The team continued competing without a head coach until 1894, when Colorado Agricultural College President Alston Ellis disbanded the team after one game in the 1894 season. The program returned upon Ellis's departure from the school in 1899 and named 25-year-old University of Vermont graduate W. J. Forbes to be the program's first ever football coach. Forbes led the 1899 team to a 0–2–1 record. On Thanksgiving Day, November 30, 1899, in the first ever game that Colorado Agricultural played outside of the state of Colorado (and their first ever game against Wyoming), a disagreement between officials from the two schools resulted in a controversial ending to the first ever Border War game.

At the time, officials were provided by the schools competing in the game. The game concluded with a Wyoming forfeit being called after Colorado Agricultural official Edward House ruled that Wyoming official E.D. McArthur and the Wyoming team were refusing to abide by the rulebook. After the forfeit was called and the Colorado Agricultural players began leaving the field, official McArthur reportedly exclaimed that he "did not give a damn for the rules" and instructed the Wyoming team to run in a touchdown. This action reportedly set off a brawl between the teams.

Following the game, Colorado Agricultural President Barton Aylesworth declared that his school would not play Wyoming in any athletic event until he received a written apology from the school. The two schools played again the following year, and there has remained bad blood between the two programs since. Per an NCAA rule that does not recognize forfeits in games that were incomplete, Colorado State University does not count the game as a victory in their record books.

Head coach W. J. Forbes died prior to the 1900 season in a freak accident on June 18, 1900. Forbes was succeeded by George Toomey who led the Rams to a record of 1–3 in the 1900 season. Between 1899 and 1910, the program recorded a dismal record of 14 wins and 35 losses with seven different men holding the position as head coach throughout the period.

Harry Hughes era (1911–1941, 1946)

Harry Hughes accepted the position of athletic director and head football coach at Colorado Agricultural University in 1911 and turned a winless team in 1911 into conference champions with an undefeated record in 1915. Hughes also helped build Colorado Field, the first sodded football field in Colorado history, replacing Durkee Field (1899–1911). Colorado Field was the home of the Colorado Agricultural/A&M Aggies and Colorado State Rams from 1912 to 1967.

Hughes won eight conference championships in the Rocky Mountain Conference in 1915, 1916, 1919, 1920, 1925, 1927, 1933, and 1934. He was a member of the NCAA National Rules Committee beginning in 1926 until his retirement. Hughes coached the Aggies from 1911 to 1941 in football and remained as the athletic director until his retirement in 1953. In the early 1930s, Hughes was given the nickname "Dean of American Football Coaches" by sportswriters and fellow coaches for his many seasons at one school. He was famously known as one of the most fair and sportsmanlike football coaches in America. He coached football from 1911 to 1941 and after resigning as football coach in 1946, he remained as the school's Athletic Director until 1953. Upon his retirement he was inducted into the Helms Football Hall of Fame on Harry Hughes Day, November 8, 1952.

Known as a tough but fair coach, Hughes was a strict disciplinarian who developed a play in 1914 known as the Million Dollar Play. This triple pass was an end around play based on the single wing formation and helped Hughes lead his teams to national fame. Some of Hughes's greatest players were Ralph "Sag" Robinson (All-American Honorable Mention 1916), Kenneth Hyde (1925 All-American 3rd team) and Glenn Morris (1936 US Olympic Decathlon Gold Medal winner). Hughes broke the color barrier in modern Colorado football in 1939 when he played John Mosley between 1939 and 1942.

During Hughes's hiatus from 1942 to 1945, the team was coached by Hughes's assistant coach Julius Wagner, although the university didn't field a team in 1943 and 1944 due to World War II.

When Colorado State University built a new football stadium in 1968, it was named Hughes Stadium in his honor. Hughes's final record at CSU was 126–92–18.

Bob Davis era (1947–1955)
Bob Davis succeeded Hughes on January 6, 1947.

Davis utilized the "T" formation and veterans returning from World War II to turn around a 2–7 Aggies team in 1946 to an 8–2 team in 1948; placing second in the Skyline Conference. Colorado A&M (as the school was then called) was invited to and played in the Raisin Bowl in Fresno, California, against Occidental College on January 1, 1949. Losing 21–20 in the last minutes of the game, Davis's 1949 team went on to a 9–1 record and placed second again. Davis utilized classroom football along with practice and game films to help his players excel. Davis also played black athletes at a predominantly white school such as Eddie Hanna, George Jones and Alex Burl.

Several of Davis's players went on to careers in the National Football League including Dale Dodrill, Thurman "Fum" McGraw, Jim David, Don Burroughs, Jack Christiansen, Alex Burl and Gary Glick. Three of his players were All-Americans: Thurman "Fum" McGraw (first team 1948, 1949), Harvey Achziger (first team 1952) and Gary Glick (second team 1955). Davis's 1955 team won the Skyline Conference championship but following the season he resigned from coaching football to concentrate on his duties as athletic director. Davis's record with the Rams when he left was 54–33–2.

Don Mullison era (1956–1961)
A player for Colorado A&M under Harry Hughes, Don Mullison was promoted from line coach to head coach when Bob Davis retired. However, the Rams freefell to a record of 19–40–1 in Mullison's six seasons, which included a winless 0–10 campaign in 1961. Mullison was not retained as head coach past the 1961 season.

The Mullison era would begin with a 2–7–1 mark in 1956, which included wins over Montana and New Mexico. In 1957, Mullison would lead the Rams to a 3–7 record, with wins over Denver, Montana and Air Force. The 1958 and 1959 seasons would see the Rams finish with a 6–4 record, the only two winning seasons of Mullison's tenure. In 1960, Mullison would lead the Rams to a 2–8 record, with wins over BYU and Drake. In 1961, the Rams would finish a winless 0–10.

Mike Lude era (1962–1969)
Delaware line coach Mike Lude was selected as Mullison's replacement, and under his tutelage, Colorado State, as they had switched from Colorado A & M, compiled a record of 29–51–1. In 1962, the Rams duplicated the previous year's mark of 0–10. In 1963, Lude led the Rams to a 3–7 record with wins over Pacific, UTEP and Montana. In 1964, the Rams posted their best record under Lude to that point, a 5–6 mark. In 1965, CSU finished 4–6. It was in 1966 that the best season of the Lude era would come for the Rams, with a record of 7–3 with wins over South Dakota State, Utah State, Air Force, No. 10 Wyoming, New Mexico, West Texas A&M and Iowa State. In 1967, the Rams slipped to 4–5–1 with wins over Utah State, Pacific, Emporia State and Wichita State. In 1968, the Rams would join the Western Athletic Conference and finish the season at 2–8. The inability for Lude to turn around the Rams led to his firing in 1969, a 4–6 campaign, after eight seasons.

Jerry Wampfler era (1970–1972)
The Rams continued to struggle under Lude's successor, Jerry Wampfler, who had arrived in Fort Collins as a prized line coach at Notre Dame under head coach Ara Parseghian. The Rams compiled a record of 8–25 before Wampfler resigned following the 1972 campaign.

In 1970, the Rams finished 4–7. The team began the season with a victory over New Mexico State, but then lost six straight with losses to No. 20 Arizona State, Iowa State, No. 10 Air Force, Wyoming, UTEP, and West Virginia. In Wampfler's second season, Colorado State went 3–8. The Rams lost their first eight games of the season, being beaten by BYU, Idaho, Wyoming, No. 12 Arizona State, Utah, No. 20 Air Force, Utah State, and Wichita State. The Rams finished the season on a three-game winning streak, defeating West Texas A&M, UTEP, and New Mexico State. In 1972, Wampfler's Rams finished with a dismal 1–10 record. CSU lost their first nine games of the season — losing three of the first four without scoring a single point — to Arizona, Iowa State, West Texas A&M, Utah State, No. 19 Air Force, Wyoming, Florida State, BYU, and Houston. Colorado State would finally win their first game of the season in their next-to-last contest, against UTEP, before dropping their final game of the season to Utah.

Sark Arslanian era (1973–1981)
Colorado State improved its performance under head coach Sark Arslanian, who came to Fort Collins from his post as head coach at Weber State. Despite a few down years, Arslanian's record at CSU was 45–47–4.

Arslanian led the Rams to a 5–6 record in his first season. After losing to Arizona to kick off the season, the Rams defeated BYU and New Mexico State. State then lost to No. 13 Arizona State then defeated Idaho. After losses to Utah State and Wyoming, Colorado State rang up 76 points in a dominant win against UTEP then defeated Toledo. Arslanian's Rams would close the season with losses to No. 15 Houston and New Mexico. In 1974, the Rams finished 4–6–1. CSU began the season with a loss to New Mexico then defeated Florida State before losing to Memphis, tying BYU and losing to Utah State. After crushing Nevada, the Rams lost to Arkansas, beat Wyoming, lost to Arizona beat UTEP and lost to Arizona State.

In Arslanian's third season, the Rams finished 6–5. The Rams kicked off the season against No. 12 Texas, losing the contest. CSU would then reel off four straight wins, defeating BYU, New Mexico, Wyoming and Oregon State. The Rams would lose to No. 11 Arizona State before defeating Air Force losing to Tennessee, beating UTEP and losing to No. 12 Arizona and Utah State. In 1976, the Rams would again finish 6–5. That year, CSU began the season with losses to Oregon and BYU before defeating Wichita State. After a loss to New Mexico, the Rams won five straight, defeating Utah State, Air Force, UTEP, Wyoming and Idaho. Losses to Arizona and Arizona State would cap the season.

The highlight of the Arslanian era came in 1977, when the Rams beat all odds and compiled a 9-2-1 record, their first such season in years. Despite the success, the Rams didn't get a bowl invite that season. In 1978, the Rams slipped to 5–6. That year, CSU lost three straight to start the year, Utah State, BYU and Utah. Back-to-back wins over UTEP and Air Force followed before CSU lost three straight; UNLV, Wyoming and San Diego State. Arslanian would lead the Rams to three straight wins to close the season; over New Mexico, West Virginia and Pacific.

In 1979, CSU went 4–7–1. The team's wins that season were over Wyoming, UTEP, San Diego State and Air Force. In 1980, Arslanian led the Rams to a 6–4–1 record for his fourth winning season at CSU. That season, CSU defeated  Air Force, Arizona, New Mexico, San Diego State, Wyoming and UTEP. A poor start to the 1981 season cost Arslanian his job. He was fired after the Rams fell to 0–6 to start the season.

Leon Fuller era (1982–1988)
Texas defensive coordinator Leon Fuller, a Bear Bryant and Fred Akers disciple, took over the Rams football program in 1982. However, Fuller also struggled to find success. He went 25–55 through seven seasons and resigned under pressure after the Rams finished the 1988 season at 1–10.

In Fuller's first season, the Rams finished 4–7. That year, CSU would defeat Wyoming, New Mexico State, Air Force and UTEP. In 1983, Fuller led the Rams to a 5–7 record. Wins that year included Utah, San Diego State, UTEP, New Mexico and Northern Colorado. Fuller's third season saw the Rams finish 3–8. Colorado State would defeat Hawaii, New Mexico and UTEP. 1985 would bring a 5–7 record with wins over UTEP, New Mexico, Wyoming, Southern Miss and Utah. Losses included Colorado, No. 9 LSU, San Diego State, No. 15 BYU, No. 10 Air Force, Hawaii and No. 4 Miami. In 1986, the Rams finished 6–5, its best season under Fuller. CSU would defeat in-state archrival Colorado in the season opener as well as Northern Colorado, BYU, Hawaii, Wyoming and New Mexico Lobos football. The Rams would slip to 1–11 in 1987, with the lone win coming against New Mexico. The 1988 campaign would also result in one win, coming against San Diego State.

Earle Bruce era (1989–1992)
CSU next turned to a veteran head coach, hiring former Iowa State and Ohio State head coach Earle Bruce as Fuller's replacement in 1989. The move was praised by many across the country, who saw CSU as getting a seasoned, proven head coach who could restore success to CSU.

The Bruce era began in 1989, which resulted with the Rams compiling a 5–5–1 record. After losing the season opener to Tennessee and the second game to No. 9 Colorado, the Rams would defeat Cal State Fullerton then tie Eastern Michigan. After losing to No. 24 Air Force, CSU defeated New Mexico then lost to No. 25 BYU. The Rams then defeated Hawaii and Utah the next to week. A loss to Wyoming and a shutout win over UTEP would conclude the season. In his second season, Bruce led the Rams to a 9–4 record and a victory over Oregon in the Freedom Bowl, their first bowl appearance since 1948 and their first bowl victory ever. In his third season at Fort Collins, Bruce coached the Rams to a 3–8 record, which included wins over Arkansas State, Hawaii and UTEP. In 1992, Bruce led the Rams to a 17–14 victory over LSU in Baton Rouge. Colorado State would finish the 1992 season with a 5–7 record.

Bruce was fired after the 1992 season for, among other things, verbally and physically abusing his players and discouraging players from taking classes that conflicted with football practice.

Sonny Lubick era (1993–2007)

1993-1998: Lubick's success & team turnaround

Sonny Lubick, who had previously served as defensive coordinator at Miami under head coach Dennis Erickson, took over the Rams as head coach in 1993. He inherited a program that had only two previous bowl appearances in their entire history before his arrival. Faced with a culture of losing, Lubick assembled a staff of assistants that included eventual Ohio State head coach Urban Meyer, and began aggressively recruiting and attempting to change CSU's image. He was already familiar with CSU, having served as offensive coordinator under Fuller from 1982 to 1984.

Considering the dreadful state of the program he'd inherited, Lubick made the Rams respectable fairly quickly. In his first season, the Rams overcame a 1–4 start to finish the season 5–6. While it was clear that Lubick had the Rams going in the right direction, he took the Rams to heights the program had never previously seen in 1994. Led by a defense that featured future NFL players Sean Moran and Brady Smith, They rolled to a then school-best 7–0 start, including a shocking 21–16 upset over No. 4 Arizona in Tucson, Arizona, the biggest upset in school history at the time. Late in the second half, Garrett Sand forced a fumble that Moran recovered and ran back 79 yards for a touchdown, a feat known among Ram fans as simply "The Play."

The streak ended with a 45–31 shootout loss to undefeated Utah before a then-record crowd of 39,107 at Hughes Stadium. The Rams recovered to win their final three games, including a dramatic 44–42 comeback win at Fresno State that sealed CSU's first ever outright WAC championship and first-ever trip to the Holiday Bowl in San Diego. Although the Rams lost 24–14 to Michigan, they still finished with a 10–2 record, setting a new school record for victories in a single season. The 10–2 campaign was the start of 10 straight winning seasons under Lubick, and also earned him National Coach of the Year honors from Sports Illustrated.

Lubick's Rams followed up their breakout campaign in 1994 with a strong 1995 season. With Smith earning WAC defensive player of the year honors, and safety Greg Myers earning All American honors for a second straight year, CSU finished the 1995 season with an 8–4 mark and a share of the WAC title. The Rams were once again invited to the Holiday Bowl, but this time they were downed by the Kansas State Wildcats by a score of 51–24. In 1996, the Rams posted another winning season, finishing 7–5 and tied for second place in the WAC. However, a lack of quality wins, and losses to Colorado, Oregon, Nebraska, and Wyoming kept the Rams out of a bowl game.

The Rams sputtered again to start 1997, losing 31–21 to archrival Colorado after leading at halftime and falling to Air Force 24-0 a week later. However, the Rams would not lose again that season. Led by quarterback Moses Moreno, the WAC Offensive Player of the Year, running back Kevin McDougal, and future Pittsburgh Steelers linebackers Joey Porter and Clark Haggans, the Rams were only seriously threatened once for the rest of the season, a 14–7 victory at Wyoming on October 18. After defeating New Mexico in the WAC Championship game, the Rams once again went to the Holiday Bowl, this time facing the Missouri Tigers. Down three at halftime, CSU scored 21 second half points to defeat the Tigers 35–24, netting Lubick his first ever bowl victory, extending a school record nine-game winning streak (the streak would be end at ten in 1998), and finishing what is still the greatest season in school history at 11–2.

In 1998, Lubick's Rams were left out of the postseason despite finishing 8–4 and third in the WAC.

1999-2002: Leaving the WAC and creation of the MWC

Prior to the 1999 season, Colorado State and seven other WAC schools, upset over conference expansion that threatened to balloon travel costs and break up longstanding regional rivalries, broke away from the conference and formed a new league, the Mountain West Conference. But 1999 would be memorable for Ram fans for another reason. Historically, the Rams had never been able to get the better of Colorado. Even with his success in rebuilding the program, Lubick had gone 0–3 in his first three games against Colorado. On September 4 the game, dubbed the Rocky Mountain Showdown, was played at a neutral site, Mile High Stadium in Denver for the second straight year, and the Rams were once again considered underdogs against the ranked Buffaloes. However, behind 189 rushing yards and two touchdowns from McDougal, the Rams blew out the Buffaloes 41–14, marking the first time in 13 years that CSU had beaten their in-state rivals. The victory was seen by many as the final step in CSU's ascension to legitimacy. Victories over Wyoming and Air Force also completed the "Front Range" sweep, and the Rams finished 8–4 again, this time tying for the Mountain West title. CSU was invited to the Liberty Bowl, but lost to Southern Miss 23–17. After the season, Lubick received a contract extension from CSU.

In 2000, Lubick's Rams, led primarily by Mountain West Conference Offensive Player of the Year Matt Newton, defeated Colorado for the second straight season by a score of 28–24. The victory was the catalyst for a 10–2 season that included an outright Mountain West title and a 22–17 Liberty Bowl victory over Louisville. With the graduation of several key seniors, and the preseason loss of starting running back Cecil Sapp to injury, Lubick faced a rebuilding year in 2001. The Rams still managed a 7–5 finish and a 45–20 New Orleans Bowl victory over North Texas.

2001 was also notable for the emergence of quarterback Bradlee Van Pelt. A transfer from Michigan State, Van Pelt's dual threat capability as a running and passing quarterback would make him a two-time conference player of the year. But it was his game in 2002 against Colorado that made Van Pelt a cult hero in Fort Collins. After losing to CU in 2001, Van Pelt and the Rams, bolstered by the return of Sapp, went into their Rocky Mountain Showdown heavy underdogs against a Buffaloes team ranked sixth in the nation. Trailing 14–13 late in the fourth quarter, Van Pelt broke loose on a 26-yard touchdown run. As he neared the goal line, Van Pelt turned and spiked the football off of CU cornerback Roderick Sneed's helmet as he scored what would be the game-winning touchdown. Following the game, Van Pelt called CU "the sorriest sixth-ranked team in the nation he had ever faced". It was the second biggest upset in school history, and further added to Van Pelt's following in Fort Collins. Though the outspoken quarterback occasionally gave Lubick problems, the 2002 season would be another banner season. With Sapp setting the school single season rushing record, the Rams finished 2002 with a 10–4 record and another Mountain West Conference title.

2003-2006: Struggles and underperforming expectations

The 2003 Ram football team was considered by many to be the best team in Lubick's tenure, if not all of CSU history, prior to the season. Though Sapp was gone, Van Pelt and many other seniors returned, and high-profile Colorado-transfer Marcus Houston was added to the mix. The Rams entered the season ranked 24th in the nation and with hopes of cracking the Bowl Championship Series. Those hopes were quickly dashed when the Rams were upset in their opener by CU 42–35. The Rams recovered to finish 7-6 and make a bowl game for the fifth year in a row.

Although it was not apparent at the time, Lubick's tenure had crested. With Van Pelt gone, CSU faced another rebuilding year in 2004. A particularly devastating loss at Folsom Field against Colorado on September 4, in which Lubick later admitted to mismanaging CSU's final series that ended in the Rams failing in three plays from CU's one yard line to score what would have been a game-winning touchdown in a 27–24 loss, led to a 4–7 finish, the worst year in Lubick's tenure.

The 2005 season started once again with another devastating loss at Colorado on September 3. Leading 21–10 after three quarters, three interceptions allowed CU to tie the game, and Mason Crosby kicked a game-winning 47-yard field goal with five seconds left to give the Buffs a 31–28 win. This time the Rams regrouped. Behind school record setting wide receiver David Anderson, and buoyed by the surprising emergence of thousand yard sophomore running back Kyle Bell, CSU finished the regular season 6–5 and tied for second place in the Mountain West. However, a blowout 56–32 loss to Navy in the Poinsettia Bowl seemed to be another setback.

Following the 2005 season, Lubick signed a three-year contract extension that would have made him CSU's coach through the 2009 season. It was the second contract extension Lubick received at CSU. Unfortunately, the Lubick family was dealt a difficult blow in the off-season. In February, Lubick's youngest son, Marc, was diagnosed with Rhabdomyosarcoma cancer. The younger Lubick had just finished his first season as Colorado State's wide receivers coach, a position he took over after his brother Matt left the program in 2005 after spending the previous four seasons coaching that position under his father. Marc Lubick underwent chemotherapy and coached during the 2006 season.

The Rams entered the 2006 season with high hopes, but on and off field problems quickly beset the program. Just three days prior to the season opening game against Weber State on September 2, preseason all-conference back Kyle Bell was lost for the season with a torn ACL during a practice. A sophomore in 2005, Bell had run for over 1,000 yards and figured to be the centerpiece in CSU's offense. The Rams defeated Weber State 30–6, but lost another starter prior to their game against archrival Colorado on September 9, this time due to scandal. Several players, including preseason All-MWC cornerback Robert Herbert, were suspended indefinitely from the program after being charged with fraud in a campus check-cashing scandal.

Despite these losses, however, the Rams started the 2006 season strong. On September 9, after three years of frustratingly close losses, the Rams defeated their in-state rival CU by a score of 14–10 at Invesco Field at Mile High Stadium. After dropping a 28–10 decision at Nevada the following week, CSU rebounded with a road win at Fresno State and a homecoming win against UNLV to go to 4–1. Playing at in-state rival Air Force on October 12, the Rams opened up a 21–3 halftime lead and appeared to be well on their way to a fifth victory. However, the Falcons rallied for 21 unanswered points and came back to defeat CSU 24–21. The loss was the beginning of one of the worst slides in Lubick's tenure. The following week Colorado State was shut out 24–0 at Wyoming in the annual Border War series. Home losses to New Mexico and BYU followed, and the Rams ultimately never recovered. Losses to Utah, TCU, and San Diego State concluded a season-ending, seven-game losing streak, leaving CSU 4–8 and tied for last place in the Mountain West, by far the worst year in Lubick's tenure and leading some fans and followers to question whether Lubick should be retained or let go, however, CSU decided to stick with its longtime coach.

2007: The end of the Lubick era

Lubick's 14th season got an immediate boost with the return of Bell. With their all-conference halfback in the fold, as well as the most seniors returning in Lubick's tenure, the Rams had a team that figured to rebound from the dismal 2006 season. But a difficult early schedule challenged CSU. Opening against Colorado at Invesco Field at Mile High, the Rams had a familiar finish against their in-state rival. Despite big games from Bell and Kory Sperry, CSU squandered an 11-point 3rd quarter lead and went into overtime. On their first possession, CSU quarterback Caleb Hanie threw an interception in the endzone. CU would win in overtime, 31–28.

Following the CU loss, Colorado State faced one of its most daunting home games ever against then-10th ranked California. The Bears were heavily favored but Colorado State, playing in its home opener, was game. CSU lost a thriller 34–28, their 9th straight loss dating back to 2006. Even worse, the bizarre chain of season-ending ACL injuries to key players continued when Sperry was lost with a torn ACL during the game. It was the 3rd straight season a key player for the Rams had been lost to the injury. Losses continued to mount. Dating back to 2006, CSU lost 11 straight games before defeating UNLV at mid season. Colorado State finished the season 3–9, a new low in the Lubick tenure. The lone bright spot of the year came at the end of the season when the Rams regained the Bronze Boot with a 36–28 win over Wyoming at Hughes Stadium.  It would end up being the final game in Lubick's tenure at CSU.

On November 26, 2007, just 3 days after the Wyoming win, it was announced that Lubick was being relieved of his duties as head football coach. Colorado State University athletic director Paul Kowalczyk announced that Lubick has been offered a public relations position as senior associate athletic director, focused on fundraising and serving as a goodwill ambassador for Rams athletics. Lubick was replaced by Steve Fairchild, a former Lubick assistant who returned after serving as offensive coordinator for the NFL's Buffalo Bills.

On February 2, 2008, the Rocky Mountain News reported that Lubick had declined the university's offer to remain in a fundraising role. The paper quoted a source as saying Lubick, 70, had talked with Florida coach Urban Meyer about joining the Gators's staff. Meyer served as wide receivers coach under Lubick in the early 1990s. The job was reported to involve breaking down film and helping with recruiting. However, Lubick did not take that job.

Lubick won nearly 75% of home games in the stadium whose playing surface would bear his name, leading the team to six conference titles and a 108–74 record. CSU was consistently a top 25 contender from 1994 to 2002, with a 79–32 record during that period and 3 top 25 finishes. Lubick, conference coach of the year four times, coached former Denver Broncos Cecil Sapp and current Buffalo Bills offensive tackle Erik Pears, and All-Pro NFL linebacker Joey Porter.

Steve Fairchild era (2008–2011)
In December 2007, Colorado State University announced that the National Football League's Buffalo Bills offensive coordinator Steve Fairchild would be returning to his alma mater to serve as head coach.

CSU surprised in its first year under Fairchild. After a 38–17 loss to Colorado in his debut, Fairchild got his first win with CSU, a home victory over Sacramento State 23–20 thanks to a Ben DeLine field goal. The Rams followed that up with a 28–25 win over Houston one week later. However, CSU would lose 5 of their next 7 games, including tight home losses to conference powers TCU (13–7) and BYU (45–42). CSU rallied to win their final two games, with their 31–20 victory at Wyoming, securing their sixth win and a berth in the New Mexico Bowl. Underdogs to Fresno State, CSU won a 40–35 thriller for their first bowl victory since the 2001 New Orleans Bowl. The star of the game (and most of the season) was senior RB Gartrell Johnson, who ran for a career-high 285 yards and added 90 receiving yards. His 375 total yards were the most for one player in bowl history. He ran for two touchdowns, the final being a game winning 77-yard touchdown run in the fourth quarter. Johnson would be named first team all-MWC following the season. Fairchild became the first coach in CSU history to post a winning season in his first year with the program.

Despite graduating Johnson and several other seniors, 2009 started much the way 2008 ended. The Rams opened the season September 6 at arch-rival Colorado. With a bevy of returning starters, and the game being played in Boulder for the final time (both schools had agreed to play the next decade's worth of games at Invesco Field at Mile High Stadium), the Buffs were heavy favorites. However, CSU led from start to finish, beating Colorado 23–17, marking their first victory at Folsom Field since 1986. Following home victories over Weber State and Nevada, the 3–0 Rams appeared headed to postseason yet again. However, the season would derail quickly. Following a 42–23 loss at BYU, the Rams dropped a 31–29 decision at Idaho followed by 24–17 home defeat to Utah. They were the first of four losses that would come by seven points or less. The Rams would not win another game for the rest of the season. A loss to previously winless New Mexico (29–27) assured CSU of a last place finish, and a 17–16 home defeat to Wyoming the day after Thanksgiving not only cost the Rams the Bronze Boot (and their first home loss to Wyoming in 12 years), but made CSU just the 3rd team in Mountain West Conference history to go winless in conference play (Wyoming having done so in 2000 and 2001). CSU finished the season with a 3–9 record.

2010 was just as miserable. The Rams finished with an identical 3–9 record with their lone wins home victories over lowly Idaho, New Mexico and UNLV. Blowouts were frequent and the most embarrassing came in the season's final two games. On senior day the Rams were shelled by BYU 49–10. The following week they concluded their season with a 44–0 drubbing by rival Wyoming in the Border War. Wyoming hadn't won a single conference game until that dominating win over Colorado State.

It was hoped that Colorado State would begin to turn the corner in 2011, Fairchild's fourth year. Despite a 28–14 loss to rival Colorado, the Rams started 3–1 highlighted by a dramatic 35-34 comeback win in double overtime at Utah State on September 24. It would be CSU's final win. The following week CSU fell 38–31 to San Jose State on homecoming, the start of an 8-game losing streak. Fairchild was fired by new athletic director Jack Graham on December 4, 2011, one day after his Rams lost to the Wyoming Cowboys in the Border War. It was their third straight loss to Wyoming and the third straight time CSU finished their season 3–9.

Jim McElwain era (2012–2014)

On December 12, 2011, Alabama offensive coordinator Jim McElwain was formally introduced as Fairchild's replacement. The hiring was well-received, as McElwain had won two national championships at Alabama as offensive coordinator under head coach Nick Saban.

McElwain's tenure, dubbed by the school's athletic department as "A Bold New Era", began the 2012 season on a high note. McElwain's Rams rallied from an 11-point deficit to defeat arch-rival Colorado by a score of 22–17 at Sports Authority Field in Denver on September 1. McElwain became the first CSU coach to win his debut since Jerry Wampfler in 1970 and the first to ever win his debut against CU. The momentum didn't last long, though, as CSU suffered a 22–7 setback in their home opener one week later to defending FCS national champion North Dakota State, the start of a six-game losing skid. The program showed improvement towards the end of the season, winning three of their final five games to finish 4–8 in McElwain's first season.

McElwain's second season with CSU was much more successful. CSU began the season losing their first two games, both of which they had led in the 4th quarter. Colorado State would also lose to Alabama by a score of 31–6 on September 22. However, CSU finished the season winning 8 of its final 11 games. McElwain finished his second season with a record of 8–6 after CSU's miraculous comeback win over Washington State in the New Mexico Bowl.

CSU's third season under McElwain led to even greater accomplishments. After a Week 2 loss at Boise State, the Rams, led by star quarterback Garrett Grayson and star wide receiver Rashard Higgins, reeled off 9 straight wins, climbing as high as No. 21 in the national rankings, and being in the conversation for a possible New Year's Day bowl bid. Those hopes were dashed, however, in their final regular season game at Air Force, when the Falcons hit a game-winning field goal as time expired, defeating the Rams. The loss capped CSU's regular season at 10–2. As a result of the successful transformation of the program, McElwain was named the Mountain West Conference's coach of the year on December 2, 2014.

Before the final bowl game after the 2014 regular season, McElwain accepted the position of head football coach at Florida, becoming the first Rams football coach to leave the team for another. Offensive coordinator Dave Baldwin, former head coach at San Jose State, was named as the Rams interim head coach for the bowl game. McElwain did not coach the Rams in their final match, a loss in the Las Vegas Bowl to Utah.

Mike Bobo era (2015–2019)

On December 23, 2014, Georgia offensive coordinator Mike Bobo was named the head football coach at Colorado State University. His hiring marked the second straight SEC offensive coordinator to lead the Rams football program.

2015-2017: Three 7–6 seasons

In Bobo's first season, the Rams compiled a record of 7–6, which culminated in a loss to Nevada in the Arizona Bowl. After demolishing Savannah State by a score of 65–13 to kick off the season, the Rams lost to Minnesota and Colorado in overtime in consecutive weeks. After defeating UTSA, the Rams suffered another two-game skid, losing at Utah State and No. 25 Boise State. CSU then defeated Air Force and lost to San Diego State before embarking upon a four-game winning streak. The Rams defeated Wyoming, UNLV, New Mexico and Fresno State before losing in the Arizona Bowl.

In 2016, the Rams again finished 7–6. After losing to Colorado by a score of 44–7 to kick off the season, the Rams defeated UTSA and Northern Colorado. CSU would follow that up with losses to Minnesota and Wyoming. Bobo led the Rams to a victory over Utah State the following week, but the Rams suffered a defeat at the hands of No. 15 Boise State the next week. Wins over UNLV and Fresno State would follow before CSU lost at Air Force. Colorado State would then defeat New Mexico and San Diego State by large margins before losing to Idaho in the Famous Idaho Potato Bowl by a score of 61–50.

The 2017 season began on August 26 when the Rams hosted Oregon State for the grand opening of CSU's new on-campus Canvas Stadium (called "Colorado State Stadium" for the 2017 season). The Rams beat the Beavers 58–27 in front of a crowd of 37,583, which remains the highest attendance for a football game at Canvas Stadium as of the 2021 season. On September 1, 2017, CSU lost to Colorado 17–3 in the year's Rocky Mountain Showdown matchup. On October 14, 2017, CSU won a close homecoming game against Nevada, 44–42, behind Michael Gallup's 263 receiving yards. On December 16, 2017, CSU lost the New Mexico Bowl to Marshall, 31–28. After achieving an impressive 6–2 record through eight games, the Rams lost four of their last five games, including the New Mexico Bowl, to finish the season with a 7–6 record for the third consecutive year.

2018-2019: Struggles and Bobo's departure

The 2018 season began with losses to Hawaii and Colorado. On September 8, 2018, CSU beat Arkansas at Canvas Stadium after scoring 25 unanswered points to come back and win 34–27. CSU then lost games against Florida and Illinois State and won games against San Jose State and New Mexico before losing five straight games to conclude the season. The Rams finished the 2018 campaign with a 3–9 record and missed out on a bowl game for the first time in 5 years.

The 2019 season began with a 52–31 loss against Colorado in what would end up being the final Rocky Mountain Showdown until September 16, 2023. The following week, CSU beat Western Illinois and then proceeded to lose four games in a row. CSU split their final six games 3–3, and finished the 2019 season with a 4–8 record. On December 4, 2019, it was announced that head coach Mike Bobo and the Colorado State team had mutually agreed to part ways, ending Bobo's five-year run at CSU.

Steve Addazio era (2020–2021)

On December 11, 2019, former Temple and Boston College head coach Steve Addazio was named the new head coach of the Rams. Addazio brought his classic, conservative smashmouth offensive style to Colorado State, putting an emphasis on the run game.

2020: COVID-19 season

Addazio's first season as the head coach of the Rams was anything but predictable as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. After the Mountain West Conference indefinitely postponed all fall sports on August 10, 2020, the conference agreed to play a modified eight-game, conference-only football season. Despite eight games being scheduled, Colorado State played only four games due to coronavirus outbreaks leading to game cancellations.

In August 2020, the university temporarily suspended the football program and initiated investigations into accusations of racism and verbal abuse of players by the coaching staff. However, the subsequent investigation found that the majority of athletes and staff disputed these accusations, and in October 2020, the investigation concluded and the team was cleared.

On November 5, 2020, Colorado State beat Wyoming 34–24, winning the Border War Bronze Boot back from Wyoming for the first time since the 2015 football season.

Colorado State finished the 2020 season with a 1–3 record, with their only victory being against Wyoming. Colorado State lost to Fresno State, Boise State and San Diego State, while games against New Mexico, UNLV, Air Force and Utah State were canceled. There were no fans allowed at CSU's Canvas Stadium at any point of the season due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

2021 season

The 2021 football season was a welcome change after the unusual previous season resulted in playing only four games and without fans. Fans were welcomed back to Canvas Stadium on September 3, 2021, when the Rams hosted South Dakota State in front of an electric crowd of 32,327. However, SDSU spoiled the occasion, winning 42–23. After another embarrassing home loss to Vanderbilt the following week and beginning the season 0–2, the Rams went on the road and beat Toledo 22–6. Star TE Trey McBride recorded nine catches for 109 receiving yards on a team-total 110 passing yards; only two passes were completed to other receivers, and one was for a three-yard loss. On September 25, 2021, the following weekend, CSU nearly upset #5 ranked Iowa - Rams led 14–7 at half - but ultimately lost 24–14.

On October 9, 2021, CSU hosted 2020 Mountain West Champion San Jose State for the Rams' homecoming game. CSU won 32–14 in front of a near-sellout crowd of 34,780, and kicker Cayden Camper made six field goals on six attempts, breaking the school's single game record for made field goals. The following week, CSU beat New Mexico on the road 36–7 with a dominant defensive performance, allowing the Lobos just 76 yards of offense, the second fewest allowed by the Rams in a game in school history.

On October 22, 2021, CSU lost to Utah State 26–24 in the final seconds of the game due to a substitution mishap that forced Rams' kicker Cayden Camper to rush a field goal rather than stopping the clock to let him set up the kick. Following the game, head coach Steve Addazio deflected blame onto his players, saying that no coach had instructed the special teams unit to substitute into the game. This loss became the first of a six-game losing streak as the Rams failed to win another game that season, finishing the season 3–9, 2–6 in Mountain West Conference play. In Addazio's final game as head coach of the Rams, he was ejected from a game against Nevada after receiving two unsportsmanlike conduct penalties, becoming the second ever FBS coach to be ejected since the unsportsmanlike conduct rules were updated in 2016. Nevada beat Colorado State 52–10, handing the Rams their worst loss of the season. On December 2, 2021, Colorado State fired Steve Addazio after he posted a 4–12 record over two years as head coach.

Jay Norvell era (2022–present)

On December 6, 2021, Colorado State hired Nevada head coach Jay Norvell to be their 24th head coach and first Black head coach in program history. In a stark contrast to previous head coach Steve Addazio's run-heavy smashmouth offense, Norvell was known for leading an explosive, pass-heavy offense. Norvell led Nevada quarterback Carson Strong to back-to-back Mountain West Conference Offensive Player of the Year awards in 2020 and 2021.

Conference affiliations
The Rams have played in five conferences.
 Colorado Football Association (1893–1908)
 Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference (1909–1937)
 Skyline Conference (1938–1961)
 Independent (1962–1967)
 Western Athletic Conference (1968–1998)
 Mountain West Conference (1999–present)

Head coaches
W. J. Forbes was the program's first football coach. He was paid $25 for his services during the 1899 season. Forbes died in a freak accident following his only season as head coach on June 18, 1900, at 25 years old.

Head coach Sark Arslanian was fired after the Rams opened the 1981 season with a 0–6 record, ending his nine-year tenure with a 46–46–4 record. Defensive coordinator Chester Caddas was named as the team's interim head coach and led the team to an 0–6 record, finishing the season winless. Caddas was replaced by Texas defensive coordinator Leon Fuller after the 1981 season.

Head coach Jim McElwain left the program after being offered the head coach position at Florida following the 2014 season. Offensive coordinator Dave Baldwin coached the Rams as interim head coach for one game, in the 2014 Las Vegas Bowl the team played in following McElwain's departure.

On December 6, 2021, Colorado State hired Nevada head coach Jay Norvell to be their 24th head coach and first Black head coach in program history.

List of Colorado State head coaches.
 No coach (1893–1894)
 No team (1895–1898)
 W. J. Forbes (1899)
 George Toomey (1900–1901)
 C. J. Griffith (1901–1902)
 Matt Rothwell (1903)
 John H. McIntosh (1904–1905)
 Claude Rothgeb (1906–1909)
 George Cassidy (1910)
 Harry W. Hughes (1911–1941)
 Julius Wagner (1942)
 No team (1943–1944)
 Julius Wagner (1945–1946)
 Harry W. Hughes (1946)
 Bob Davis (1947–1955)
 Don Mullison (1956–1961)
 Mike Lude (1962–1969)
 Jerry Wampfler (1970–1972)
 Sark Arslanian (1973–1981)
 Chester Caddas† (1981)
 Leon Fuller (1982–1988)
 Earle Bruce (1989–1992)
 Sonny Lubick (1993–2007)
 Steve Fairchild (2008–2011)
 Jim McElwain (2012–2014)
 Dave Baldwin † (2014)
 Mike Bobo (2015–2019)
 Steve Addazio (2020–2021)
 Jay Norvell (2022–present)
† = Interim head coach

Bowl games
Colorado State has played in 17 bowl games. They have a bowl record of 6–11.

Under Sonny Lubick, the Rams played in their two of their biggest bowl games to date. The first was the 1997 Holiday Bowl 35–24 victory over the Missouri Tigers while the second was the 2000 Liberty Bowl 22–17 victory over the Louisville Cardinals. During both of these winning seasons, the Rams were ranked in the top 25 football teams by both the coaches and AP polls.

In the first season under new head coach Steve Fairchild, the CSU Rams were able to beat Fresno State 40–25 in the 2008 New Mexico Bowl. During this game, running back Gartrell Johnson rushed for 285 yards and received five passes for 90 yards for a total of 375 yards, setting an FBS record for most combined rushing and receiving yards in a bowl game.

Under Jim McElwain's second year of coaching the Rams, CSU went to the New Mexico Bowl. On December 21, 2013, the CSU Rams faced the Washington State Cougars. In one of the most memorable comebacks of the decade, the Rams were able to score 18 points in the last 4 minutes of regulation game play to defeat the Cougars 48–45.

The Rams appeared in three bowls during the Mike Bobo era — the Arizona Bowl, the Famous Idaho Potato Bowl, and the New Mexico Bowl — but lost all three games.

Conference championships
The Rams have won 15 conference championships, eight occurring during their tenure in the Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference, one in the Skyline Conference, three in their time in the Western Athletic Conference, and three in their current conference, the Mountain West Conference.

Rivalries

Colorado

The game between Colorado State and in-state rival Colorado, now dubbed the Rocky Mountain Showdown, began in 1893. The rivalry series was continued annually until 1958, then was resurrected in 1983. Since 1998, the game has been held mostly in Denver. Since moving to Sports Authority Field at Mile High, the teams have consistently played before the largest crowds in state history to witness a college sporting event. On August 31, 2009, Colorado State and Colorado signed a 10-year contract extension of the Rocky Mountain Showdown which brought the game back to Denver's Sports Authority Field at Mile High from 2010 to 2019. The 2020 game, scheduled to be played at Canvas Stadium, was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Colorado leads the series 67–22–2 through the 2021 season.

Wyoming

The rivalry between Colorado State and Wyoming, another member of the Mountain West Conference, is the longest rivalry in each school's history and also known as the "Border War" or "Battle for the Bronze Boot". The rivalry began in 1899. Since 1968, the schools have battled for possession of the Bronze Boot traveling trophy. The bronzed battle boot was worn in Vietnam by Colorado State alumnus Dan Romero.  The boot is held by Colorado State after Wyoming held the trophy for four straight years. Colorado State leads the series 59–49–5 through the 2021 season.

Air Force

The Ram–Falcon Trophy originated in 1980 to highlight the rivalry between Colorado State and the Falcons of the U.S. Air Force Academy, another Mountain West Conference member in Colorado that is in Colorado Springs. The wood-carved trophy was produced by local artist Bill Wrage. The Air Force ROTC detachment on the CSU campus initiated the creation of the trophy. Air Force leads the series 37–21–1 through the 2021 season.

Logos and uniforms

In July 2016 Under Armour designed new uniforms as part of its new five-year agreement to be CSU's exclusive provider of game-day uniforms, as well as footwear, apparel and training equipment for each of CSU's 16 varsity sports teams. The new deal took effect on July 1 and runs through 2020. In addition to the home and away jerseys, it will include five alternate gameday uniforms that Under Armour will supply for the Rams's football program, including the special "Orange Out" uniforms it has supplied for the annual Ag Day game.

Notable players

Offense
Quarterbacks
 Garrett Grayson (QB, 2011–14)
 Caleb Hanie (QB, 2006–07)
 Bradlee Van Pelt (QB, 2001–03)

Running backs
 Kapri Bibbs (RB, 2013)
 Lawrence McCutcheon (RB, 1969–71)
 Cecil Sapp (FB, 1999–02)

Wide receivers
 Michael Gallup (WR, 2017–18)
 Rashard Higgins (WR, 2013–14)
 Bisi Johnson (WR, 2015–18)
 Willie Miller (WR, 1972–74)
 Preston Williams (WR, 2018)

Tight ends
 Joel Dreessen (TE, 2000–04)
 Crockett Gillmore (TE, 2010–13)
 Trey McBride (TE, 2018–21)

Offensive line
 Weston Richburg (C, 2009–13)
 Ty Sambrailo (T, 2010–14)

Defense
Defensive line
 Al "Bubba" Baker (DE, 1974–77)
 Mike Bell (DE, 1975–78)
 Dale Dodrill (DT, 1947–50)
 Thurman "Fum" McGraw (DT, 1946–49)
 Sean Moran (DE, 1992–95)
 Mark Mullaney (DE, 1971–74)
 Brady Smith (DE, 1992–95)

Linebackers
 Shaquil Barrett (LB, 2011–13)
 Clark Haggans (DE/LB, 1996–99)
 Joey Porter (LB, 1995–98)

Defensive backs
 Jack Christiansen (DB, 1948–50)
 Jim David (DB, 1949–51)
 Gary Glick (DB, 1953–55)
 Fred Glick (QB/DB, 1956–58)
 Richie Hall (DB, 1980–82)
 Selwyn Jones (DB, 1988–92)

Punters
 Ryan Stonehouse (P, 2017–21)
 Jimmie Kaylor (P, 2003–07)

Consensus All-Americans
To reach consensus All-American status, a player must be selected by at least half of the NCAA's recognized All-American teams. Colorado State has had five consensus All-Americans selections as of 2021.

Mike Bell, 1978
Greg Myers, 1995
Rashard Higgins, 2014
Michael Gallup, 2017
Trey McBride, 2021†
†= Unanimous All-American selection.

Hall of Famers

College Football Hall of Fame
College Football Hall of Fame inductees:
 Thurman "Fum" McGraw (DL, 1946–49) McGraw was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1981.
 Greg Meyers (S, 1992–95) Myers was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 2012.
 Earle Bruce (Head Coach, 1989–1992)Bruce was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 2002.

Pro Football Hall of Fame
Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees:
 Jack Christiansen (DB, 1948–1950) Christiansen was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1970.

Colorado State University Athletics Hall of Fame
Since its inception in 1988, the Colorado State University Athletics Hall of Fame has honored former Ram and Aggie athletes, coaches, and administrators across all sports for their achievements and contributions to the school. The following list is of inducted athletes and coaches who have been part of the football program as of 2021.

Italicized years indicate the individual's collegiate football career at Colorado State.

Notable in other fields
 John Amos, running back, actor, brief professional career

Retired numbers

Notes
 Posthomous honor

Eddie "Twinkle Toes" Hanna was one of two black players on the 1947 Colorado A&M team (along with George Jones) at a time when many college teams were still completely white. Despite this, Hanna was widely popular in the locker room and on campus. A talented athlete, Hanna looked to be on pace to play professional football upon his graduation, but unexpectedly died from suspected cardiac arrest following the first game of the 1949 season against Colorado College in Colorado Springs, Colorado. His number was immediately retired following his death, and no player has worn it since.

Thurman "Fum" McGraw earned All-American awards in football (1948, 1949), track (discus, 1949) and wrestling (1948). He was the first consensus All-American in CSU football history and the only athlete in school history to be awarded All-American in three different sports. McGraw was drafted by the Detroit Lions in the second round of the 1950 NFL draft and was voted to the Pro Bowl his rookie year. In 1981, he was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame and was inducted into the Colorado State University Athletics Hall of Fame in the 1988 inaugural class. McGraw died in 2000 at the age of 73. The modern-era Colorado State football program has a tradition of bringing McGraw's jersey on the road to away games.

In addition, Greg Myers' No. 3 jersey number is not retired by Colorado State, but it is displayed alongside the retired numbers under the press box in Canvas Stadium in honor of his collegiate accomplishments.

Future non-conference opponents
Future non-conference opponents announced as of August 9, 2022.

References

External links

American football teams established in 1893
1893 establishments in Colorado


Marie Line, also known as Marie Line Marolany or Maro Lany, is a French singer who took part in the Eurovision Song Contest 1998 for France	with the song "Où aller".

Life and career
Marie-Line Marolany was born in Saint-Raphaël, Var on the French Riviera. She has French-Caribbean roots and early on was backing singer in her brothers' group, Soul Afro Punk. She then started to sing her own compositions in piano bars all over in France and then went to record two albums with Raoul Petite. Afterwards she toured Europe with many famous French singer doing backing vocals. In 1998 she was chosen to represent France to the Eurovision Song Contest held in Birmingham, with her song Ou Aller? (Where to?). The song was totally different from the other pop entries and some suggested that it was a reminder of the French "exotic" and "afro-Caribbean" entries of 1991 and 1992. Though her performance was great and the audience seemed to like it, the song suffered a complete disaster. It was awarded only 3 points (1 point from Cyprus and 2 points from North Macedonia) and ranked 24th doing only better than Switzerland. After that Marie Line did not record any of her songs. She continued her career as a backing vocalist and a composer – she is known for have written music for three French movies: Les Caprices d'un fleuve,  Cuisine américaine and Agathe Cléry.

See also
France in the Eurovision Song Contest

External links
Marie Line's MySpace Page

Living people
People from Saint-Raphaël, Var
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for France
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 1998
French women singers
Year of birth missing (living people)


Oregon Ballot Measure 60 may refer to:

Oregon Ballot Measure 60 (1998), measure that made Oregon the first state in the United States to conduct its elections exclusively by mail
Oregon Ballot Measure 60 (2008), measure to create a new Oregon state statute mandating that only undefined "classroom performance" would determine teachers' pay raises


Johnson Toribiong (born 22 July 1946) is a Palauan attorney and politician.
Toribiong became the president of Palau, following his victory in the November 2008 election,
and left office in 2013. Before 2020 elections, Toribiong has run for president four times - in 1992, 1996, 2008 and 2012.

Background and early career
Toribiong was born in Airai, one of the states of Palau. He attended the College of Guam, 1965–66, and holds a Juris Doctor degree (1972) and a Master of Laws (1973) degree from the University of Washington School of Law. His LL.M. thesis was entitled, "Oil Pollution by Ships and Micronesia: A Survey of Maritime Jurisdiction and Applicable Laws."

He was elected to the Senate of Palau in 1980. In the 1992 elections; Toribiong attracted 3,188 votes for president, versus 2,084 for one-term incumbent Ngiratkel Etpison and 3,125 for rival Kuniwo Nakamura; however, as no candidate attracted more than 50% of the vote, Nakamura and Toribiong went on to a runoff election, in which Toribiong was defeated.

President
Toribiong was a candidate for president of Palau during the November 2008 presidential election. His running mate for vice president was Kerai Mariur, a delegate in the Palau National Congress.  Toribiong was opposed by Elias Camsek Chin, the outgoing Palauan vice president.

Toribiong led the early, unofficial vote tally with 1,629 votes to Chin's 1,499. The lead ultimately held and Toribiong defeated Chin in the election.

Toribiong was sworn into office as president of Palau on January 15, 2009.

Toribiong was defeated in the presidential election of 2012. One of the issues was his acceptance of 6 Uyghur former prisoners at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp, who did not fit into Palauan society.

References

1946 births
Ambassadors of Palau to Taiwan
Living people
Palauan lawyers
People from Airai
Presidents of Palau
Members of the Senate of Palau
University of Washington School of Law alumni


Technical Difficulties are unforeseen equipment problems such as hardware failures or software bugs that make it difficult or impossible to perform a desired action.

Technical Difficulties may also refer to:
Technical Difficulties (filk group)
Technical Difficulties (Racer X album)
Technical Difficulties (Training for Utopia album)
 The Technical Difficulties, a semi-educational, comedic and satirical podcast and video team made up of Tom Scott, Matt Gray, Gary Brannan, and Chris Joel.


is the stage name of a Japanese adult video actor. Described as "the undisputed king of Japanese mature porn", Tokuda has inspired many adult industry actors to extend their retirement to a later age. Tokuda has gained international recognition after being profiled by CNN, The Guardian, Vice, and Yahoo.

Life and career
Tokuda was born on August 18, 1934. He worked as a travel agent until his retirement at about age 60. According to Tokuda, "I retired and didn't have anything to do," so he started a second career and life as a porn actor. He had been buying porn videos directly from the production company (he couldn't face getting them at a video store) and had become friendly with a director who suggested he star in a video because "old-people porn" was becoming popular. By 2008, he had made over 350 videos, and according to one director, "In his generation, Tokuda is a superstar."

Ruby Productions, which produces his movies, started making "mature" movies with people in their thirties but the popularity of "elder porn" has led them to produce a line with people in their seventies, and Tokuda is their star. Tokuda works with both young and older actresses including a number of videos with 72-year-old Fujiko Ito. Given Japan's large elderly population with a lot of time on their hands, mature porn has become a lucrative market, reportedly accounting for 20-30% of sex movie revenue.

Male actors are usually anonymous in Japanese porn but Tokuda is now featured in his own branded series of videos for Ruby with actresses of various ages. Another studio specializing in elder porn is Glory Quest which launched the "old man" series Maniac Training of Lolitas in December 2004 and when that became popular, had Tokuda star with a variety of young AV actresses in the Forbidden Elderly Care (Forbidden Nursing) series beginning in August 2006. An additional series Big Tits Loving Grandfather Erotic Mischief for Glory Quest began in April 2008.  Not all of Tokuda's roles involve sex and he enjoys acting different roles. He has said he hopes to be able to continue working in adult videos until he is 80 (with a laugh).

Tokuda became a sensation in the West when he was profiled on a CNN report in 2008, and Ruby has plans to release some of his videos in the United States.

Personal life
Tokuda is married with two children and a grandson. Although he initially kept his work in pornography a secret, Tokuda had to confess after his daughter discovered a fax for a scene he was offered to appear in. He says his wife of 45 years suspects he plays some role in the porn industry but doesn't ask any questions and he has kept his "star" status a secret.

See also
 Aging of Japan
 Sexuality in Japan

References

External links

1934 births
Japanese male pornographic film actors
Male actors from Tokyo
Living people


South Africa under apartheid was subjected to a variety of international boycotts, including on sporting contacts. There was some debate about whether the aim of the boycott was to oppose segregation in sport or apartheid in general, with the latter view prevailing in later decades. While the National Party introduced apartheid in 1948, it added sport-specific restrictions from the late 1950s, on interracial sport within South Africa and international travel by nonwhite athletes. The international federations (IFs) governing various sports began to sanction South Africa, both in response to the new restrictions and in reflection of the broader anti-racism of national federations in newly independent postcolonial states. By the early 1970s, South African national teams were excluded from most Olympic sports, although South Africans competed in individual events in some, mainly professional, sports through the 1980s. Although from the mid-1970s the National Party relaxed the application of segregation provisions in relation to sport, this failed to alleviate the boycott, which continued until the end of apartheid.

United Nations
In 1980, the United Nations' Centre against Apartheid began compiling a "Register of Sports Contacts with South Africa". This was a list of sportspeople and officials who had participated in events within South Africa. It was compiled mainly from reports in South African newspapers. Being listed did not itself result in any punishment, but was regarded as a moral pressure on athletes. Some sports bodies would discipline athletes based on the register. Athletes could have their names deleted from the register by giving a written undertaking not to return to apartheid South Africa to compete. The register is regarded as having been an effective instrument. A consolidated list running to 56 pages was published in 1991.

The UN General Assembly adopted the International Convention against Apartheid in Sports on 10 December 1985.

Multisport organisations

Olympic Games

The International Olympic Committee (IOC) withdrew its invitation to South Africa to the 1964 Summer Olympics when interior minister Jan de Klerk insisted the team would not be racially integrated. In 1968, the IOC was prepared to readmit South Africa after assurances that its team would be multi-racial; but a threatened boycott by African nations and others forestalled this. The South African Games of 1969 and 1973 were intended to allow Olympic-level competition for South Africans against foreign athletes. South Africa was formally expelled from the IOC in 1970.

In 1976, African nations demanded that New Zealand be suspended by the IOC for continued contacts with South Africa, including a tour of South Africa by the All Blacks: when the IOC declined to do so, the African teams boycotted the Games. This contributed to the Gleneagles Agreement being adopted by the Commonwealth in 1977.

The IOC adopted a declaration against "apartheid in sport" on 21 June 1988, for the total isolation of apartheid sport.

Parasport

South Africa participated in the annual International Stoke Mandeville Games (ISMG) after it joined the ISMGF (ISMG Federation) in 1962. ISMG founder Ludwig Guttmann supported South African participation until his death in 1980. Every fourth ISMG was recognised as the quadrennial Summer Paralympic Games, and the ISMGF later evolved into the International Paralympic Committee. From 1965, South Africa alternated white and nonwhite ISMG teams respectively in even- and odd-numbered years. Beginning in 1975, its parasports teams were racially integrated, impelled by the refusal of the organisers of the 1976 Summer Paralympics in Toronto to allow an all-white team. South Africa's presence in Toronto caused the withdrawal of the teams from Jamaica, India, Hungary, Poland, Yugoslavia, Sudan, Uganda, and Kenya, and of the Canadian federal government's promised funding. The associated controversy increased public awareness of, and attendance at, the games.

The organisers of the 1980 and 1984 Paralympics acceded to their governments' demands not to invite South Africa, but through to 1983 it continued to compete in the non-Paralympic ISMGs at Stoke Mandeville. The ISMGF gave a lifetime ban to 1976 table tennis medallist Maggy Jones for distributing anti-apartheid leaflets at the 1979 ISMG. Swimmer Bernard Leach withdrew from the 1981 ISMG and founded Disabled People Against Apartheid, which picketed ISMGs until 1983. In 1985 the ISMGF voted to discontinue invitations to South Africa.

Commonwealth Games
Prior to apartheid, the 1934 British Empire Games, originally awarded in 1930 to Johannesburg, was moved to London after the South African government refused to allow nonwhite participants. South Africa continued to participate in every Games until it left the Commonwealth in 1961. The Thatcher government's refusal to enforce the Gleneagles Agreement in the UK led Nigeria to initiate a boycott of the 1986 Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh, which involved 32 of 59 eligible teams.

Other
The National Collegiate Athletic Association, which governs many North American university sports, permitted South Africans to receive athletic scholarships and compete in its events. Most such student athletes were white; one exception was runner Sydney Maree, who later became a U.S. citizen.

The Gay Games were instigated by San Francisco Arts and Athletics (SFAA), and South Africans participated in the first (1982) edition.  Calls to ban them from the 1986 games were rejected by SFAA  as inconsistent with its message of inclusivity, but the few (white) South Africans considering entry decided to withdraw. The SFAA objected when the organisers of the 1990 games in Vancouver pledged to enforce the Gleneagles Agreement and exclude South Africa; this contributed to the foundation of the Gay Games Federation in 1989, which took over the SFAA's responsibility and endorsed the Vancouver position.

By sport
The extent of boycotting varied between different sports, in the degree of contact permitted and the severity of punishment of "rebels" who defied the sanctions. This reflected the different political and social composition of each sport's IF.

Athletics
In track and field athletics, a motion to suspend South Africa from the IAAF was defeated in 1966, but had been passed by 1970.
The suspension was renewed year‐to‐year until South Africa was formally expelled in 1976.
After the end of the apartheid system, South Africa officially rejoined IAAF in 1992.
Zola Budd's time for the women's 5,000m in January 1984 was not ratified as a world record because it was outside the auspices of the IAAF.

Boxing
South Africa's amateur boxing association was expelled from the AIBA in 1968.

The professional boxing South African Boxing Board of Control (SABBC) was expelled from the World Boxing Council (WBC) in 1975. The WBC remained vocal in opposition to apartheid, and refused to include South African boxers in its rankings.

The SABBC had affiliated to the rival World Boxing Association (WBA) in 1974. It was soon well represented on the WBA executive, and the 1978 conference was held there. Many WBA title fights were held there, some in Boputhatswana, a putatively independent bantustan. When John Tate beat Gerry Coetzee at Loftus Versfeld in 1979, the stadium had a desegregated audience for the first time. Although Don King criticised Tate's promoter Bob Arum for doing business in South Africa, King did so himself in 1984. In 1986 the WBA voted to suspend the SABBC until the end of apartheid. South African boxers remained eligible for WBA rankings and fights outside the country. The Nevada State Athletic Commission withdrew from the WBA for a time in 1987, citing its lax apartheid policy as one reason.

Chess

In the 1970 Chess Olympiad, a number of players and teams protested against South Africa's inclusion, some withdrawing themselves, and the Albanian team forfeited its match against the South African team. South Africa was expelled from FIDE while participating in the 1974 Chess Olympiad, finally returning to international competition in the 1992 Chess Olympiad.

Cricket
Cricket had been organised on racial lines in South Africa from its earliest days with the "Coloured" cricketer Krom Hendricks excluded from provincial and national teams from the 1890s. However, the cricketing boycott was prompted by the "D'Oliveira affair" — the reaction of the South African authorities to the selection of Basil D'Oliveira, a "Cape Coloured" South African, for the England team in 1968. The 1970 South African tour of England was called off and replaced by a "Rest of the World" tour featuring several South African players. The International Cricket Conference (ICC) imposed a moratorium on tours in 1970. World Series Cricket, run outside the auspices of the ICC in 1977–79, included South African players in its "Rest of the World" team. There were several "private" tours in the 1970s and "rebel" tours in the 1980s. Sanctions for rebel tourists more severe in the West Indies and Sri Lanka than England and Australia. In the 1980s, up to 80 English players spent the English winter playing South African domestic cricket. In 1989, the ICC agreed that playing in South Africa would carry a minimum 4-year ban on international selection, with an amnesty for previous instances.

Golf
In the World Cup, the Greek government banned South Africa from the 1979 competition in Athens. South Africa competed in the 1980 edition in Bogotá. The prospect of their appearing in the 1981 edition, due to be staged at Waterville in Ireland, caused it to be cancelled. South Africa did not reappear until the post-apartheid era in 1992.

South African golfers continued to play around the world, including PGA Tour, European Tour, and Grand Slam events. Outside golfers competed freely in South African Tour events. The Million Dollar Challenge at the Sun City resort regularly attracted some of the world's top golfers. The Official World Golf Ranking included South African Tour events in its calculations from its instigation in 1986.

Motorsport
South African world champions during apartheid included Jody Scheckter (1979 Formula One) and motorcyclists Kork Ballington (two titles each in 1978 and 1979) and  Jon Ekerold (1980 350cc).

Several constructors withdrew from the 1985 edition of the South African Formula One Grand Prix, the last held before the end of apartheid. French constructors Renault and Ligier acceded to pressure to boycott from the Mitterrand–Fabius administration. Alan Jones later admitted that he had feigned illness to withdraw his Haas Lola from the race, because its sponsor, Beatrice Foods, was under pressure from African American employees. Some drivers said they were competing reluctantly and only out of contractual obligation to their constructor.

The South African motorcycle Grand Prix likewise lapsed after 1985.

Rugby union

South Africa remained a member of the International Rugby Board (IRB) throughout the apartheid era. Halt All Racist Tours was established in New Zealand in 1969 to oppose continued tours to and from South Africa. Apartheid South Africa's last foreign tour was to New Zealand in 1981. This tour was highly controversial due to the difference of opinions. Though contacts were restricted after the Gleneagles Agreement in 1977, there were controversial tours in 1980 by the British Lions and by France, in 1981 by Ireland, and in 1984 by England. In 1986, though a Lions tour was cancelled, South Africans played in all-star matches in Cardiff and in London marking the IRB centenary.  South Africa was excluded from the first two Rugby World Cups, in 1987 and 1991.

Football
South Africa was suspended from FIFA in 1961, with Stanley Rous, FIFA's President, flying to South Africa in 1963 to negotiate its reinstatement with the South African Government. The South African FA proposed entering an all-white team in the 1966 World Cup and an all-black team in the 1970 World Cup, but this proposal was ultimately rejected. The South African FA was suspended by FIFA in September 1965, and expelled from FIFA in 1976.

Surfing
Surf culture traditionally self-identified as apolitical. The International Surfing Association (ISA) and professional surf tours had events in South Africa in the 1970s and 1980s, at which Native Hawaiian competitors were treated as honorary whites by organisers. The 1978 ISA World Championship and 1982 World Surf League held in South Africa were boycotted by Australia, though individual Australians competed in the latter event. Australian Tom Carroll, having competed since 1981 in South African events, became in 1985 the first professional to boycott them. Shaun Tomson and Wendy Botha respectively won the 1977 International Professional Surfers and 1987 ISA Women's World Championship as South Africans and later competed with acquired American and Australian nationality.

Table tennis
The South African Table Tennis Board (SATTB), a body founded in contravention to the white South African table tennis board, was substituted for the latter by the International Table Tennis Federation. While the SATTB team was able to participate in the world championships held in Stockholm in 1957, team members were immediately refused passports by the government. It ruled that no black could compete internationally except through the white sports body.

Tennis
In the Davis Cup, the South Africa team was ejected from the 1970 edition, in part thanks to campaigning by Arthur Ashe, and was banned indefinitely.

After Ashe reported in 1973 that the country's tennis organisation was sufficiently integrated, it was reinstated in 1973, but was placed in the Americas Zone instead of the Europe Zone where other African countries played.

The 1974 edition saw the final scratched and South Africa awarded the Davis Cup after India refused to travel to South Africa for the final. While Ashe criticised India at the time, he later felt he had misread progress in tennis as broader progress in South African society. Mexico and Colombia refused to play South Africa in 1975, as did Mexico again in 1976. Britain, France, and the United States all threatened to withdraw from the 1977 edition after a vote to suspend boycotting teams narrowly failed. In 1977 William Hester, president of the United States Tennis Association, said "We do not support or agree with the apartheid policy of the South African government .... But we have entered the draw and, unfortunately, we have to play South Africa — and in the United States." During the 1977 match in California, U.S. manager Tony Trabert "hit two protestors with a racket". At the 1978 rematch in Tennessee, attendance was low and there were "more police (150) than protesters (40) outside the gym." In 1979, South Africa was banned from the Davis Cup until the end of the apartheid regime.

The South Africa women's team participated in the Federation Cup (now Fed Cup) through to 1977, hosting and winning the 1972 edition in Johannesburg.

South African players continued to compete on the pro tours; Johan Kriek and Kevin Curren reached Grand Slam finals, with both later becoming naturalised US citizens.

Other
By the end of 1970 South Africa had either been expelled or suspended by FIBA (basketball), UCI (cycling), FIE (fencing), International Gymnastics Federation, International Judo Federation, International Federation of Netball Associations, FHI (weightlifting) and FILA (wrestling).

By 1978, sports in which South Africa remained a member of the IF while being excluded from the world championships included fencing, field hockey, rowing, and water-skiing.

Foreign eligibility
Some elite South African sportspeople competed internationally for another country, after becoming eligible through naturalization, length of residency, or other criteria applicable by the relevant IF. Examples include runner Zola Budd, whose UK nationality application was fast-tracked in time for the 1984 Summer Olympics; and cricketer Kepler Wessels, who acquired Australian eligibility in the 1980s through residency, before returning to South Africa, for whom he played after the end of apartheid. The 1994 film Muriel's Wedding recounts a fictional 1980s Australian's sham marriage to a South African swimmer seeking Olympic eligibility.

End of apartheid
Negotiations to end apartheid began with the 1990 release from prison of Nelson Mandela and culminated in the Government of National Unity formed by Mandela after the 1994 election. In parallel with this transition, sports ended their boycotts and each sport's IF admitted a nonracial South Africa governing body. The European Community announced its member governments' ending of the boycott in June 1991. India, which vehemently opposed South Africa's apartheid policy and was at the forefront of isolating the country internationally at all levels, ended its boycott in 1991 by inviting the South African cricket team to the country for an ODI series and subsequently allowed the Indian cricket team to tour South Africa for a Test and ODI series in late 1992. The country's hosting and winning of the 1995 Rugby World Cup was a powerful boost to post-apartheid South Africa's return to the international sporting scene.

A 1999 academic paper argues that "sport fulfilled an important symbolic function in the anti-apartheid struggle and was able to influence the other policy actors, but generally to a far less significant extent than is usually asserted".

See also
Academic boycott of South Africa
Foreign relations of South Africa during apartheid
Sports diplomacy

Sources

Citations

External links

Boycotts of apartheid South Africa
International sports boycotts
Sport and apartheid in South Africa


Constantine's Bridge was a late antique bridge in Mysia, modern-day Turkey.

The structure, built some time after 258 AD, crossed the river Rhyndacus (modern Adırnas Çayı) at Lopadium (modern Uluabat). It was crowned in Byzantine times by a chapel dedicated by Saint Helena to emperor Constantine I (r. 324–337 AD). Only few remains have survived: at the beginning of the 20th century, the English archaeologist Frederick William Hasluck reported no arch as complete, and only a few ruined piers on the north bank. The masonry consisted of ashlar-faced rubble.

Apart from Constantine's Bridge, other remarkably well preserved Roman bridges have survived in Mysia, known by the rivers they cross as the Makestos Bridge, the Aesepus Bridge and the White Bridge over the Granicus.

See also
 List of Roman bridges
 Roman architecture
 Roman engineering

References

Sources

Roman bridges in Turkey
Deck arch bridges
Stone bridges in Turkey
Mysia
Buildings and structures in Bursa Province
Arch bridges in Turkey
Bridges completed in the 3rd century


Andronika Arianiti, also known as Donika Kastrioti,  (born 1428 – died 1506) was an Albanian noblewoman and the spouse of Albanian leader Skanderbeg (born Gjergj Kastrioti). She was the daughter of Gjergj Arianiti, an earlier leader in the ongoing revolt against the Ottomans.

Life

Donika was born in Kaninë, in 1428. Her father, Gjergj Arianiti was  a member of the Arianiti family whose domain stretched across the Shkumbin valley and the old Via Egnatia road and reached to the east today's Bitola. Her mother, Maria Muzaka was a member of the Muzaka family whose domain was the Myzeqe region.

A month after the Treaty of Gaeta, on 21 April 1451, Skanderbeg married Donika, and thus strengthened the ties with the Arianiti family, in the Eastern Orthodox Ardenica Monastery, in Lushnje, present-day southwestern Albania. Later her sister Angelina married Serbian ruler Stefan Branković. She is venerated as a saint in the Serbian Orthodox Church.

After the Ottoman conquest of Albania, the Kastriotis were given peerage in the Kingdom of Naples. They obtained a feudal domain, the Duchy of San Pietro in Galatina and the County of Soleto (Province of Lecce, Italy). Gjon Kastrioti II, Donika's and Skanderbeg's only child, married Jerina Branković, the daughter of Lazar Branković, Despot of Serbia.

Donika had a close friendship with the second wife of King Ferdinand I of Naples, Joanna of Aragon who is also the sister of Ferdinand of Aragon. After the beginning of the Italian War of 1494–1498, Donika was forced to leave Naples and arrived in Valencia around 1501 along with her grandchild, Alonso Kastrioti. They found refuge in the royal palace.

Notes

References

15th-century Albanian people
15th-century women
Donika
Albanian Christians
Eastern Orthodox Christians from Albania
1428 births
Year of death missing
People from Vlorë
D
1506 deaths


Lou Engle (born October 9, 1952) is an American Charismatic Christian who led TheCall, which held prayer rallies.  He is the president of Lou Engle Ministries. Engle was a senior leader of the International House of Prayer and has assisted in the establishment of Justice House of Prayer and several other smaller "houses" of prayer.

Ministry
Engle has been organizing large prayer rallies since 1999, with hundreds of thousands of people in multiple countries participating. In 2018, Engle announced the end of the organization, TheCall, as well as his intentions to launch Lou Engle Ministries.

Prayer and politics
The size of these events, in addition to Engle's political statements, raised his prominence among the Christian right. These ministries are often located near prominent landmarks, such as Harvard University and the United States Supreme Court building. The locations of the ministries are strategically chosen, to specifically contend issues such as abortion. Engle was described by Joe Conason as a "radical theocrat". An article in the Southern Poverty Law Center says he can occasionally "venture into bloodlust." He criticized other Evangelical leaders regarding the issue of political correctness.

Engle maintains that issues such as abortion and homosexuality should remain at the center of the evangelical movement. Taking a firm stand on issues traditionally associated with the Christian Right, Engle's events have drawn support from Evangelical leaders such as Mike Huckabee and Tony Perkins. In keeping with his stance on these issues, Engle has been sharply critical of former U.S. President Barack Obama, claiming that his beliefs "counter my convictions and the convictions of masses of believing Americans."

While living in Washington, D.C. Engle was briefly a roommate of then-Senator Sam Brownback. Brownback later spoke at The Call Nashville rally and worked with him while drafting Senate apologies to Native Americans and African-Americans. Brownback's association with Engle became an issue in his successful run for Governor of Kansas. During the campaign, the Kansas Democratic Party ran ads criticizing his association with Engle. Brownback stated that he had not spoken to Engle in several months and that they disagreed on some issues.

Abortion
Engle strongly supports abolishing abortion. He encouraged his audiences to pray for the overturning of the Roe v. Wade Supreme Court ruling and to vote for anti-abortion political candidates.

Views against homosexuality
In 2008, Engle focused the attention of his prayer groups towards supporting California's Proposition 8, a California ballot proposition and a state constitutional amendment intended to ban same-sex marriage. He organized 24-hour protests in front of the United States Supreme Court, whereby the  young participants symbolized the powerlessness of terminated fetuses by placing tape over their mouths with the word "LIFE" written on it.

In May 2010, Engle traveled to Uganda and organized a rally there through TheCall. During the rally, he praised the Ugandan government's efforts to combat homosexuality, and praised those promoting the Ugandan anti-homosexuality bill which called for life imprisonment or the death penalty for gays and lesbians with AIDS who engage in sexual relations. Prior to traveling to Uganda, Engle had released a statement condemning the penalties. The Southern Poverty Law Center has placed Lou Engle on their "Hatewatch Extremist" list due to his remarks supporting Uganda's bill to criminalize homosexuality and comparing the struggle over gay rights to the "Civil War."

GLAAD has added Engle to their Accountability Project, a catalog of politicians, commentators, organization heads, religious leaders, and legal figures, who have allegedly used their platforms, influence and power to spread misinformation and harm LGBTQ people.

Anti-Muslim comments
Following anti-Islamic comments at a 2018 Singapore conference hosted by Cornerstone Community Church, the Singapore Ministry of Home Affairs opened an investigation into Engle's inflammatory rhetoric. Organizers apologized to local Muslim leaders, and pledged not to invite Engle back to speak.

Personal life
Engle and his wife Therese have seven children. He is known for his gravelly voice, cheerful demeanor, and vigorous rocking back and forth while praying and speaking.

Filmography
Engle's filmography includes being featured in the 2006 film Jesus Camp, briefly in the 2012 film Call Me Kuchu and in the 2013 film God Loves Uganda.

Bibliography
 Possessing the Gates of the Enemy - A Training Manual for Militant Intercession (April 3, 2018)
 , Nazarite DNA, TheCall (March 12, 2015)

References

External links
 LouEngle.com
 Justice House Of Prayer
 The Call

American anti-abortion activists
Living people
American Pentecostals
American evangelicals
Writers from Kansas City, Missouri
American Christian religious leaders
American Christian writers
1952 births


Ueli Wiget (born 1957 in Winterthur) is a Swiss pianist, harpsichordist and harpist.

He was prized at the 1985 Sydney Competition. Since 1986 Wiget is a member of the Ensemble Modern, a chair he combines with an international concert career.

References
 Ensemble Modern ()
 Ruhr Trienniale
   Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation
 BBC National Orchestra of Wales
 ArkivMusic - Discography
 Centro para la Difusión de la Música Contemporánea (Spain)
 The Independent
 El Mundo
   Mundoclásico
 BBC Music Magazine
 Rechenzentrum

 The New York Times
 Schön Musik

External links
 Deconstructive performance of Ludwig van Beethoven's 5th Piano Concerto

Living people
1957 births
Swiss classical pianists
Contemporary classical music performers
Sydney International Piano Competition prize-winners
People from Winterthur
Swiss harpsichordists
21st-century classical pianists


Butler SQL is a now-defunct SQL-based database server for the classic Mac OS from EveryWare Development. For much of its history, it was partnered with another EveryWare product, Tango, that built dynamic database pages from SQL data. The product eventually ended up with Pervasive Software, although it is no longer sold.

Butler was introduced to take advantage of new a Mac OS component known as the Data Access Manager (DAM), which was similar in concept to ODBC, allowing end-user client programs to access various data sources. DAM, however, worked at a lower level than ODBC and did not contain any inherent query language. To address the concern that a single DAM program might want to work with different back-end databases, Apple used a second system known as the Data Access Language (DAL), which was a variant of SQL that included additional flow-control and data manipulation instructions. DAL queries were converted to the target database using an adaptor on the server.

Butler was written to natively support DAL as its variant of SQL, and use DAM internally to support networking. As such, it avoided several intermediary layers that would be required to use the same queries on other database servers. Butler 2.0, released in May 1996, added direct ODBC links as well.

Butler suffered from performance problems due to the single-user nature of the Mac OS. In particular, file access was single-threaded and multitasking was coordinated by the applications, not the operating system.

References
 Lawrence Charters, "Data, Data EveryWare", January 1996 General Meeting, Washington Apple Pi
 "EveryWare ships Butler SQL 2.0", Business Wire, 13 May 1996

Discontinued software
Classic Mac OS software
Proprietary database management systems
MacOS database-related software


The Order of Corporate Reunion (OCR), officially the Christian, Ecumenical, and Fraternal Order of Corporate Reunion, is an ecumenical association of clergy and laity of Anglican origin. The OCR was founded by Frederick George Lee, Thomas Wimberley Mossman, and John Thomas Seccombe between 1874-1877 in London. Established as an Anglo-Papalist society to continue the work of the Association for the Promotion of the Unity of Christendom, its founders sought to restore an apostolic succession recognized by the Catholic Church through reordinations as a means for reunion.

The founders of the Order of Corporate Reunion claimed to have been consecrated as bishops by Roman Catholic bishops. However, they did not state in public the names of their consecrators; over a century after their deaths it was revealed that cardinals Luigi Nazari di Calabiana, Domenico Agostini, and Vincenzo Moretti allegedly consecrated Lee and Mossman.

Following the deaths of its founders, the order fell dormant with its apostolic succession maintained, and initially revived in 1912. Prominent members and leaders of the revived order were believed to have included Arnold Harris Mathew, Hugh George de Willmott Newman, and Peter Paul Brennan. This revived Order of Corporate Reunion, upon the death of Brennan, schismed into at least three separate bodies, though the organization incorporated by Brennan and others included Michael Kline as the disputed successive primate.

History
Following the dissolution of the Association for the Promotion of the Unity of Christendom, the OCR was established in response to Apostolicae curae, which declared all Anglican ordinations "absolutely null and utterly void". During the latter 19th and early 20th centuries, numerous Anglican clergy obtained conditional ordination (reordination) by bishops in the order, with the aim of receiving holy orders recognized as valid by the Roman Catholic Church. Most of these OCR ordinations occurred in secret, though information about some became public; Richard Williams Morgan and Charles Isaac Stevens were both consecrated within the Order of Corporate Reunion on 6 March 1879. Morgan had been previously consecrated by Jules Ferrette.

In 1912, the order was revived and allegedly involved the membership of Arnold Harris Mathew of the Old Roman Catholic Church in Great Britain and Hugh George de Willmott Newman of the Catholicate of the West. From its revival, it became dormant again with the death of Mathew until its growth in the United States. In 1998, a new branch of the order was established by Diederik Quatannens; his leadership was succeeded by Bertil Persson. After Persson's retirement, the order was then led by Archbishop Peter Paul Brennan of the Old Catholic Confederation, who died in 2016.

After Brennan's death, Michael Kline of the Exorcist Order of Saint Michael in Missouri was allegedly entrusted to be Brennan's successor as leader of the OCR, who alongside Persson and Brennan incorporated the OCR within the United States. During his tenure, the Order of Corporate Reunion schismed into at least three separate groups. One notable OCR group has been based in the United Kingdom and led by John Kersey, a claimaint successor to the defunct Catholicate of the West and dispenser of the Vilatte orders.

Upon the resignation of Kline as Primate of the OCR, Richard Cumming was appointed the Prime Bishop or Universal Primate of the Order of Corporate Reunion incorporated by Brennan, Kline and Persson, in 2022.

In 2023, the Order of Corporate Reunion led by Richard Cumming reorganized itself as its predecessor—the Association for the Promotion of the Unity of Christendom.

See also
John Edward Bazille-Corbin

References

Religious organizations
1877 establishments in England
Anglican organizations established in the 19th century
Anglo-Catholicism
Catholic–Protestant ecumenism
Church of England societies and organisations
Religious organizations established in 1877
Christian ecumenical organizations


Mike Margulis (August 30, 1950 – September 15, 2018) was an American soccer player who was a member of the U.S. soccer team at the 1972 Summer Olympics. He was born in St. Louis, Missouri. He played one game for the U.S. soccer team at the 1972 Summer Olympics.  Some references state that he attended St. Louis University, but he is not listed in the school's soccer records. Margulis was called into the Olympic team for the 1972 Summer Olympics.  He played the third, and final, U.S. game of the tournament, a 7–0 loss to West Germany.

References

External links

1950 births
2018 deaths
American men's soccer players
Olympic soccer players for the United States
Footballers at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Soccer players from St. Louis
Men's association football forwards


Over Woodhouse is a suburban area lying just North-West of Bolsover Towncentre, Derbyshire, just to the north of Bolsover Castle, on a hill facing it. The whole area is hemed-in by the A632, the B6419 to Shuttlewood, and two other roads which join together and lead to B6418 to Shuttlewood, lying just east of the former Bolsover Colliery.

It consists primarily of one large Post-World War II housing estate. Though there are some older properties within it.

Populated places in Derbyshire
Bolsover


Dana Fox (born September 18, 1976) is an American screenwriter. She is best known as the writer of The Wedding Date (2005), What Happens in Vegas (2008), and the television comedy series Ben and Kate (2012–13).

Career
Fox graduated from Stanford University in 1998 with a degree in English and art history, and went on to attend the University of Southern California (USC), where she took part in the USC School of Cinematic Arts' Peter Stark Producing Program and graduated in 2000. She had originally intended to become a film producer, but when assigned a homework task at USC to write a 30-page screenplay, she found that she enjoyed writing more and decided to become a screenwriter instead. She became an assistant to writers Alfred Gough and Miles Millar while they were creating the Superman television series Smallville, and later worked for writer-director John August.

While represented by Gough and Millar's agent, established screenwriter Jessica Bendinger sought after an unpublished writer who would work inexpensively on a screenplay. Fox had not yet written a sample screenplay, but Bendinger was so impressed with her ideas for the story that Fox was hired to write the script. The produced film was The Wedding Date, which ultimately was panned by critics but a financial success. After The Wedding Dates release, she was attached to three separate writing projects. Her next produced screenplay was What Happens in Vegas, which was bought by 20th Century Fox in a high six-figure deal for the script's first draft, and which stars Cameron Diaz and Ashton Kutcher. After What Happens in Vegas was bought, Fox performed rewrites on 27 Dresses (2008) and Knight and Day (2010), and was named one of Variety magazine's "10 Screenwriters to Watch" of 2007.

In 2012, Fox developed a half hour comedy for FOX based loosely on her older brother. The show, Ben and Kate, premiered on September 25, 2012.

Fox is good friends with fellow writers Diablo Cody (Juno), Lorene Scafaria (Nick and Nora's Infinite Playlist), and Liz Meriwether (No Strings Attached) with whom she collaborates in a writing group they call the "Fempire". In 2012, Fox and the "Fempire" received the Athena Film Festival Award for Creativity and Sisterhood.

Personal life
Fox was born in Brighton, New York, and lives in Los Angeles, California. Fox married Quinn Emmett on October 23, 2010 at Historic Jamestowne in Williamsburg, Virginia.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

1976 births
Living people
Screenwriters from New York (state)
American women screenwriters
People from Brighton, Monroe County, New York
Stanford University alumni
USC School of Cinematic Arts alumni
Film producers from New York (state)
American women film producers
21st-century American screenwriters
21st-century American women writers