Bevy may refer to:

 A large group or collection of something
 Collonges-lès-Bévy, a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France
 Bévy, a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France
 Scots for an alcoholic beverage
 A group of otters
 A flock of quail

See also
 Bevier (disambiguation)

es:Bevy


The men's C-1 500 metres event was an open-style, individual canoeing event conducted as part of the Canoeing at the 1996 Summer Olympics program.

Medallists

Results

Heats
17 competitors were entered. The top two finishers in each heat moved on to the final with the others were relegated to the semifinals.

Semifinals
Two semifinals were held with the top two finishers of each semifinal and the fastest third-place finisher advancing to the final.

Final
The final took place on August 4.

Doktor won his second gold medal by making his move at the 350 meter mark. Defending Olympic champion Bukhalov's disqualification was not disclosed in the official report.

References
1996 Summer Olympics official report Volume 3. p. 171.
Sports-reference.com 1996 C-1 500 m results.
Wallechinsky, David and Jaime Loucky (2008). "Canoeing: Men's Canadian Singles 500 Meters". In The Complete Book of the Olympics: 2008 Edition. London: Aurum Press Limited. p. 479.

Men's C-1 500
Men's events at the 1996 Summer Olympics


Earl George Lawrence (1946–2003), also known as George Faith, Earl George and George Earl, was a Jamaican reggae singer best known for his work in the 1970s with producers such as Lee "Scratch" Perry and Bunny Lee.

Biography
Born in Rae Town, Lawrence was the son of a barber and a factory cook. His singing talent was first noted as a member of the school choir. He made his recording debut in 1970 with "See Me," produced by Clancy Eccles. In the early 1970s he worked with singer/producer Glen Lee, recording "Green Hills, I Won't Cry" and "Gonna Give Her All The Love I've Got". During the mid-1970s he was approached by Lee Perry, who ran a record shop a few doors away from Lee's studio, and under the name "George Earl" recorded a cover of William Bell's "To Be A Lover". This was followed by "Soulful Lover", "Since I Met You Baby" and "Island in the Sun" for producer Lloyd Campbell, and "Love Is Something", "So Many Ways" and "Love Depression" for Phil Pratt.

Lawrence recorded eight tracks with Perry, all covers of American soul and pop hits, at the Black Ark studio. These recordings took around eight months, which prompted Perry to suggest a stage name for George, telling him "You have a lot of faith. You should change your name to George Faith". As a result of Perry's deal with Island Records, the first record to be credited to "George Faith" was released in July 1977. "To Be a Lover" was issued on Island's Black Swan label, and proved more popular than any of the previous Jamaican versions of the song. The Jamaican release of the disco (12-inch single) featured a mix lasting nearly twelve minutes. Island issued "I've Got The Groove" as a follow-up, and a third disco 45 was issued later with George's cover of Wilson Pickett's "Midnight Hour". The productions by Lee "Scratch" Perry were collected together for George Faith's debut album, To Be a Lover, also released in Jamaica under the title Super Eight. The album proved popular, and a further single, "Opportunity" was released in February 1978.

Lawrence recorded a second album with Perry at the Black Ark in 1978, Working on the Guideline, although the album was not released, with only a few tracks being released, the singles "Guideline" and "Don't Be Afraid", Lawrence now recording original material with more "conscious" themes. Lawrence was also due to go on a tour that Perry was arranging with Island Records, but the plans were shelved in the midst of the erratic behaviour of Perry that would eventually lead to the destruction of the Black Ark.

Also in 1978, Lawrence recorded an album with Phil Pratt, One & Only, credited to "Earl George" and issued on the Trojan Records subsidiary Burning Sounds. He also recorded for Alvin Ranglin, these tracks issued in 1979 as the album Loving Something. He then recorded an album for Bunny Lee, Soulful, which took a similar approach to his first album and featured new versions of "To Be a Lover" and "Turn Back The Hands of Time". He again worked with Ranglin in the early 1980s on the Since I Met You Baby album. After living in Canada for a few years, he returned to the Jamaican recording scene in 1986, and released another album, Sings For Lovers Only in 1987.

Lawrence died in 2003 from cancer.

Discography

Albums
Super Eight (1977) Black Art, also issued as To Be a Lover (1978) Island/Black Swan
One & Only (1978) Burning Sounds
Soulful (1979) Hollywood
Loving Something (1979) GG's
Since I Met You Baby (1982) GG's
Happy Anniversary (1986)
Sings for Lovers Only (1987) Nighthawk
Just the Blues (1993) Studio One
Rock for Lovers (1998) Nyam Up
Reggae Got Soul (1999) Charly
Reggae's Love & Affection (2002) Clocktower
Together Forever (1999), Joe Frasier – Marie Baines & George Faith
Straight to the Heart (2006), EAD

Singles

"See Me" (1970)
"Green Hills, I Won't Cry" (1973)
"Gonna Give Her All The Love I've Got" (1973)
"To Be a Lover" (1974)
""Soulful Lover" (197?)
"Since I Met You Baby" (197?)
"Island in the Sun" (197?)
"Love Is Something" (197?)
"So Many Ways" (197?)
"Love Depression" (197?)
"To Be a Lover (Have Mercy)" (1977) Island/Black Swan
"Midnight Hour" (1977) island/Black Swan
"All the Love I've Got" (1977) Island/Black Swan
"I've Got the Groove" (1978) Island/Black Swan
"Opportunity" (1978) Island
"Guideline" (1978)
"Don't Be Afraid" (1978) Upsetter
"So Many Ways" (1978) Sunshot
"Don't Be Afraid" (Discomix) (1979) Warrior
"I Would Be Telling You a Lie" (1979) GG's
"Sam Stone" (1979) GG's
"Gipsy Woman"
"I'm So Glad" (1979) Black & White
"Follow Jah" (1979) Justice
"What to Do" (1980) Paradise...
"Give Me Music" (1981) Nura
"Stealing Love" GG's
"Say You Say Me" Top Rank
"Old Fashioned Love" (1984)
"Ordinary Girl" (1988) Pickout
"Loving Someone" (1988)
"Need to Belong to Someone" (1988) Bunny Lee
"On My Own" Joe Frasier (with Marie Baines)
"The End of the World" Studio One
"Ask Her" Arrows
"Lavender Blue" (1996)

References

External links
George Faith at Roots Archives
Planer, Lindsay "[ To Be a Lover Review]", Allmusic, Macrovision Corporation

Jamaican reggae musicians
1946 births
2003 deaths


Alice Adams (born November 16, 1930) is an American artist known for her sculpture and site-specific land art  in the 1970s and for her major public art projects in transit systems, airports, university campuses and other urban sites throughout the United States since 1986.  Her earlier work in tapestry and woven forms was important in the American fiber art movement.

Biography
Adams grew up in Jamaica, New York and in 1953 graduated with a BFA in painting from Columbia University.  Following graduation, she went to Aubusson, France to study tapestry weaving and design at L'Ecole Nationale d'Art Decoratif.  Except for two years spent in France, Adams has lived in New York City, traveling for collaboration and consultation on public art projects in the United States and abroad. There have been several stages in her eclectic career.

Career

Tapestries and woven forms
After completing her studies in Aubusson, Adams returned to New York in 1956. She brought a tapestry loom from Aubusson to weave her own designs, but her practice began to depart from traditional tapestry technique. Working on what conventionally had been the back of the tapestry, she developed surface articulation and added materials like rope, sisal twine, and found objects to the traditional wool and cotton surface. She and other innovators, like Lenore Tawney, Claire Zeisler and Sheila Hicks, moved weaving off the loom and into the realm of three-dimensional form. Her work was part of the influential "Woven Forms" exhibition at the Museum of Contemporary Crafts in 1963.

In 1963 Adams began using tarred rope, chain link fence and steel cable in sculptures that preceded the use of such materials by other artists. She discovered various knotting, looped structures used in sailor's knots and techniques for covering ship's railings, but enlarged the scale and the materials traditionally used.  In 1966, Lucy Lippard included three examples of this work in "Eccentric Abstraction," the exhibition she curated at the Fischbach Gallery in New York City. The sculpture in this exhibition ran counter to the minimal "primary structures" of Robert Morris and Sol LeWitt, suggesting more intuitive and idiosyncratic approaches.  The show included Louise Bourgeois, Bruce Nauman, Eva Hesse,  Frank Viner, Donald Potts, and Gary Kuehn, most of whom were showing in New York for the first time.

Sculpture
Adams' sculptures after 1968 explored the architectural elements of the wall, the corner, the column and the vault.  Continuing the use of flexible materials, she painted layers of latex on the old plaster walls of her studio, stripped them off, and then mounted the casts on two-by-four frameworks leaning against the wall. She saw her practice as a way of drawing people into spaces that are initially familiar but that later appear new.  She used familiar building materials like wood lath, covering or partially covering frameworks to create free-standing partitions, columns and vaults.  This work was shown at the 55 Mercer Gallery and in the Whitney Museum Annuals in 1969 and 1971.

After doing her first outdoor work in 1977 using traditional barn framing techniques, she began to work with large wooden slabs and timbers and laminated wood arches to make sculptures that, though not precisely architectural fragments, suggested larger structures. "...Adams' pieces always hint at something larger.  Doorways hint at the wider world, and personal memories grow into collective memories about built places."  This architecture related sculpture was shown in 1979 and 1981 at the Hal Bromm Gallery in New York, and in 1984 was part of "An International survey of Painting and Sculpture" at The Museum of Modern Art, New York.

Earthworks and site sculpture
Adams' site-specific sculptures of the 1970s provide a link to her later and most recent public art.  Several of these employed heavy earth moving equipment and "Shorings" (1978) at the Artpark, Lewiston, New York; "Mound for Viewing Slope and Sky" (1981) at Princeton University; and "Vertical Up for OOIC" (1983) in Omaha, Nebraska; depended upon the shape, weight and placement of the earth.   In other works like "Leveling" (1977) and "Three Structures on a Slope" (1978), the  structure measured the elevation of the ground on which it stood and earlier references to architecture developed into actual architectural exercises.  The "Adams' House" (1977) and the "Lost House" (1979)  of this time used the structure and vision of the house as containers of collective and individual memory.  The work of women whose work related  to the 1970s was organized into the exhibition "Decoys, Complexes and Triggers: Feminism and Land Art in the 1970s" in 2008 at the Sculpture Center in NYC and included Adams, Mary Miss, Nancy Holt, Jackie Ferrara, Alice Aycock, Agnes Denes, Michelle Stuart, Suzanne Harris and Lynda Benglis.

Public art
Adams' site sculptures of the 1970s at venues like the Artpark and the Nassau County Museum of Art were commissioned and funded but, like many similar projects, temporary.  Her first permanent public commission, "Small Park with Arches", was fabricated in her studio and installed at the Toledo Botanical Garden in 1984.  This work used the vocabulary of wooden beams and laminated arches, and continued a characteristic direction of her earlier work;  the creation of places to be inhabited.

In the following years she often introduced new materials and forms into her projects. While Adams employed boat builders to continue the use of wood in "The River", for a Middletown, Connecticut hospital common room, for "African Garden",  a schoolyard in East New York, Brooklyn, she combined cast iron bases and laminated wood seats in stools and benches inspired by African furniture.  A commission for the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey entitled "Glider Park," suspended seating under steel pavilions designed to incorporate the growth of the trees on the site.   Subsequently, precast and cast-in-place concrete structures started to appear as well as cast, etched, and fabricated, steel, bronze and aluminum and very often, water and plant material played major roles.

Two large outdoor meeting places on college campuses, The Roundabout in Center City Philadelphia and Scroll Circle at the University of Delaware, create major focal points.  Each incorporates water walls, brick or granite paving, cast concrete bluestone-clad seating, plantings and lighting.  At The University of Texas at San Antonio an austere conical granite fountain forms the center of the "Healer's  Spring" rotunda.  In the "Wall of the Tides", water flows over a mosaic while spheres across a stainless steel arch above reflect both the moving water and the passing clouds.

Two of her major works form prominent centerpieces in airport concourses.  Giant aluminum arches filled with multi-colored argon lean toward each other in "Beaded Circle Crossing" to span a moving walkway at the Denver International Airport.  A diagrammatic aluminum boat frame sits atop one of three large limestone and thick glass-clad planter platforms of the "Stone and Glass Gardens" on two levels of the Fort Lauderdale/Hollywood International Airport.

Collaborative work
Adams' commissioned projects as sole designer have been interspersed with collaborative work.  Learning the architectural process from concept, through design development and construction documents has informed and often guided her practice.   Adams' first design team appointment was in 1985 when she worked for five years with artists and architects to design the stations of the Downtown Seattle Transit Tunnel.  The experience of working with many trades and materials and learning to cope with the complex stages of documentation for major infrastructure projects convinced her that collaboration can lead to an expansion of artistic vision, enlarging the possibilities of ways an artist can affect large public infrastructure programs.  Subsequently, she collaborated on the design of the Saint Louis, Missouri, MetroLink (1988–1990); the Ronkonkoma, New York Long Island Railroad Station (1994–1995); and the Montclair State University at Little Falls Station of the New Jersey Transit System (2004).  She served as consultant with Jack Mackie and Andrew Darke to the Birmingham, England, Midland Metro Light-Rail System (1992).  As co-lead artist she and Marek Ranis wrote the art master plan and collaborated on the design of landscape and infrastructure components of the Charlotte (NC) Area Transit System  (2002–2006).

Adams' public sculpture throughout the United States since 1986 was displayed in models and photo documentation in a retrospective at the Lehman College Gallery in 2000.

Works
 The Roundabout 1992
 African Garden 1994
 Beaded Circle Crossing 1994
 Stone and Glass Gardens 2003

References

External links
 Artwork at Ronkonkoma station, commissioned by MTA Arts for Transit

1930 births
Living people
American contemporary artists
American sculptors
American textile artists
20th-century American women sculptors
20th-century American sculptors
Columbia University School of the Arts alumni
Land artists
20th-century American women artists
21st-century American women artists
20th-century women textile artists
20th-century textile artists
21st-century women textile artists
21st-century textile artists
Textile artists from New York (state)


Martin Raymond Peake, 2nd Viscount Ingleby (31 May 1926 – 14 October 2008) was a British peer and businessman.

Early life
Ingleby was the only son of Osbert Peake, created Viscount Ingleby in 1956, and his wife Lady Joan Capell.  He succeeded to the viscountcy on his father's death in 1966.

He was rendered a paraplegic early in life due to polio. He was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Oxford, and prior to his disability, was a lieutenant in the Coldstream Guards from 1945 to 1947. In 1955, he was called to the bar at the Inner Temple.

Marriage & children
Ingleby married Gladys Susan Landale (died 1996) in 1952, by whom he had five children:

Hon Richard Martin Herbert Peake (born 7 August 1953, died 19 July 1975)
Hon Fiona Catherine Peake (born 24 January 1955) married Gavin Tobias Alexander Winterbottom Horton in 1977
Hon Sarah Rachel Peake (born 27 November 1958) married married James Felton Hervey-Bathurst in 1982
Hon Henrietta Cecilia Imogen Peake (born 23 October 1961) married James J. P. McNeile in 1990
Hon Katharine Susan Emma Peake (born 23 December 1963) married James Freeman in 1996.

In 1975, Ingleby suffered a personal tragedy when his only son, Richard, fell from Beachy Head and was killed.  The coroner's inquest recorded an open verdict.

After the death of his first wife in 1996, Ingleby married Dobrila Radovic in 2003. They had no children.  As Ingleby's only son predeceased him, the viscountcy became extinct on his own death in 2008.

Later life
A director of the Hargreaves Group from 1960 to 1980, Ingleby was also interested in forestry and conservation. He was a member of the planning committee for the North York Moors National Park, and was responsible for the planting of a row of lime trees at the entrance to the park, which he intended as a thanksgiving for God's deliverance of Britain during the two World Wars. He also served on the North Yorkshire County Council during the 1960s.

Ingleby and Baroness Masham, who also used a wheelchair, took a prominent part in the House of Lords in the debate on the Disabled Persons Act 1970.

Arms

References

1926 births
2008 deaths
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of Trinity College, Oxford
Coldstream Guards officers
Members of the Inner Temple
People with paraplegia
British royalty and nobility with disabilities
20th-century English farmers
20th-century English landowners
Viscounts in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Ingleby
21st-century English farmers
21st-century British landowners
English people with disabilities
Wheelchair users


Danube Wings, trading as VIP Wings, a.s., was a Slovakia-based airline that ceased operations in 2013. Danube Wings had operated regional scheduled services on domestic and international routes using ATR 72 aircraft. Its home base was M. R. Štefánik Airport in Bratislava. VIP Wings, a privately owned Slovak company, was the holder of the licences and the AOC.

History
VIP Wings was established on 23 May 2000, and was created from VIP Air, the first private aviation company in Slovakia.

In August 2008 operations started with ATR 72 aircraft, offering regular transport to the general public. On November 13, 2008, the company was assigned the V5 IATA code. On July 15, 2009, Danube Wings became a member of the European Regional Airlines Association.

The company faced serious economical problems and on 20 November 2013 ceased all operations on scheduled flights. According to news reports it ceased operations in December 2013 and laid off all employees.

Business trends
The key trends for Danube Wings were as shown below (although, because it was a private company, few figures were publicly available). Figures as at year ending 31 December:

Destinations
Seasonal services to and from destinations in France were cancelled as of January 2013. On October 19, 2013 Danube Wings announced the immediate cancellation of its last remaining schedule route.

Fleet
The Danube Wings fleet included the following aircraft (at January 2013) in an all-economy class:

Retired fleet
1 Boeing 737-400 (leased from Czech Airlines)

Incidents and accidents
On 2 January 2010, Danube Wings Flight 8230, a Boeing 737-400, was involved in an incident when Slovak Police hid 8 explosives in passengers' luggage to test the airport's security systems.  In error, one of the explosives was not removed afterwards, and was later flown to Dublin, causing an international incident.

References

External links

Defunct airlines of Slovakia
Airlines established in 2008
Airlines disestablished in 2013
Slovakian companies established in 2008


Faith Tabernacle is an evangelical megachurch and the headquarters church of Living Faith Church Worldwide. It is at Canaanland, Ota, Lagos, Nigeria, current neo-charismatic movement. The senior pastor of this community is David Oyedepo since its founding in 1983. In 2023, the attendance is 100,000+ people.

Background
In 1981, David Oyedepo at age 26, had a vision for his ministry. The Church was founded on December 11, 1983. In 2014, Living Faith Church Worldwide is in 65 countries. In 2020, Faith Tabernacle has an attendance of 50,000 people.

Building
Canaanland was procured in 1998 and was initially , it is in Ota, Ogun, Nigeria. The church's international headquarters, Faith Tabernacle, was built in Cannanland between 1998 and 1999, taking twelve months to complete. The foundation laying took place on August 29, 1998.

In 1999, the Faith Tabernacle was inaugurated with 50,400 seats. Faith Tabernacle was reputed to be the world's largest church in terms of capacity. It covers about 70 hectares and is built inside the complex called Canaanland, with a size of more than 10,500 hectares (42km2) in Ota, a suburb of Lagos. The church building was constructed under 12 months and dedicated in September 1999.

See also

List of the largest evangelical church auditoriums

References

External links
faithtabernacle.org.ng Official Site

Evangelical megachurches in Nigeria
Churches in Lagos


RNLB H F Bailey (ON 670) was the first Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) lifeboat powered by a motor, that served from Cromer Lifeboat Station.

Description
The lifeboat was built in 1923 by J. Samuel White at Cowes on the Isle of Wight. The lifeboat was powered by an 80 bhp Weyburn DE6 engine and was a Norfolk and Suffolk-class lifeboat. She was  and  long with a breadth of

Donor
The Cromer station had four motor-powered lifeboats all called H F Bailey, after the donor, a Mr Henry Francis Bailey of Brockenhurst, a London merchant who was born in Norfolk and had died in 1916.

New boathouse

To accommodate this new motor lifeboat a new lifeboat house and slipway were built on the end of the Cromer Pier. The planning and building of this new boathouse was carried out three years before the arrival of H F Bailey and was ready on the day that the new lifeboat arrived in the town. The new house was  long and  wide. The house had a solid concrete floor. The placing of this house at the end of the towns pier allowed the new lifeboat to be launched at all states and conditions of the tide, and with the pier itself  from the shore line plus the  of the boathouse and a further  of slipway meant that the lifeboat when launched would be well clear of the rocks and groynes along Cromer's beach front. The new lifeboat house cost £32,000. This boathouse remained in constant use until 1995 finally being replaced with a new station in 1999. The 1923 station now resides at Southwold.

Service and rescues
H F  Bailey (ON 670) was the Cromer No. 1 boat on station for just one year but due to problems with her launch and recovery, on the slipway, she was transferred to Great Yarmouth & Gorleston on 5 May 1924, where she served until 1939

See also
Cromer Lifeboat H F Bailey ON 694
Cromer Lifeboat H F Bailey III

References

Cromer lifeboats
Norfolk and Suffolk-class lifeboats


Denham Town is a predominantly residential neighbourhood in western Kingston, Jamaica. It has a reputation as one of Kingston's more violent areas. It was named in memory of Edward Brandis Denham, Governor of  Jamaica 1935–1938.

Amenities
There is a police station, and three schools: Denham Town Primary, St. Alban's Primary (the oldest of the three. It is 127 years old,) and Denham Town High.

See also
List of cities and towns in Jamaica

References

External links
Aerial view.

Neighbourhoods in Kingston, Jamaica
Populated places in Saint Andrew Parish, Jamaica


Hixon is an unincorporated community 2.48 square kilometres in size at the northern edge of the Cariboo region of the Central Interior region of British Columbia, Canada. It is part of Electoral Area E in the Regional District of Fraser-Fort George. It is located on the east (left) bank of the Fraser River, and is about midway along BC Highway 97 between the cities of Prince George (N) and Quesnel (S).  It was named for Hixon Creek, which in turn is named for a 19th-century prospector in the area, by the name of Joseph Foster Hixon, who found gold here on the banks of the Fraser River back around 1866. As of 2021, it has a population of 239, representing a 13.7 percent decline from 2016.

Climate

References

Unincorporated settlements in British Columbia
Populated places on the Fraser River
Geography of the Cariboo
Designated places in British Columbia


Craignish Castle is located on the Craignish peninsula in Argyll, western Scotland and is a category B listed building. The present castle includes a 16th-century tower house, the seat of the Campbell family of Craignish and Jura (was it the original seat?). In the 19th century it was sold to the Trench-Gascoigne family of Parlington Hall, Yorkshire, who built a large extension to the tower. In the later 20th century the house was restored and parts of the 19th-century extension were demolished. The result of these extensions and styles from various centuries have made the castle a Scottish baronial masterpiece. It has previously been known as Loch Beag.

History

The Campbells of Craignish claim to descend from Dugal Maul Campbell, the first Laird of Craignish (1156–1190), who was the second son of Sir Archibald Gillespic Campbell, the ancestor of the Dukes of Argyll. The seventh laird left only one daughter, Christine Campbell (b. 1323). Her weakness and imprudence caused the majority of the estate to be resigned to the Knight of Lochow, who took advantage of her. As a result, she was left with only a small portion of the upper part of Craignish under his superiority. The nearest male representative, Ronald Campbell, fought hard to win back his heritage. The then Chief of Clan Campbell was obliged to allow him possession of a considerable portion of the estate, but retaining the superiority, and inserting a condition in the grant that if there was ever no male heir in the direct line the lands were to revert automatically to the Argyll family.

The present castle was built in the 16th century as a tower house, and measures 12.7 by 10.2 metres (42 by 33 ft). It is said to have withstood a siege of six weeks by Colkitto MacDonald. In 1510, Ranald MacCallum was made hereditary keeper of Craignish Castle.

In 1544 the direct line ended, and the rightful heir, a collateral relative by the name of Charles Campbell of Corranmore in Craignish had the misfortune to kill Gillies of Glenmore in a brawl. This compelled him to flee to Perthshire where he settled at Lochtayside under the protection of the Breadalbane family. From this incident, Charles was prevented from claiming the estate and as a result, the castle fell into the hands of the Earls (later Dukes) of Argyll.

Charles' descendants at Killin, Perthshire were later recognised by the Lord Lyon as Chieftains of the Clan Tearlach branch of Clan Campbell and from them descended the Campbells of Inverneill. In the 1980s, a grandson of Duncan Campbell, 8th of Inverneill, owned one of the apartments at Craignish Castle.
The title 'Baron of Craignish' was created for Edmund Kempt Campbell by the Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha in 1848, and was used by his descendants in Britain, though this was after the sale of Craignish.

In the 19th-century Craignish Castle was purchased by Frederick Trench-Gascoigne and his wife Isabella, heiress of the Gascoigne family of Parlington Hall. By the 1880s, Trench-Gascoigne owned 5,591 acres (2,263 ha) in Argyll. In 1837, the tower house was extended by the architect David Bryce, working to designs by William Burn. The Gascoigne’s commissioned Alexander Ritchie to build the Celtic Room. The room itself is made with inlaid carved oak, created from rubbings that Ritchie took from the tombs of the Kings of Scotland buried on Iona. It is this method and his Celtic craftwork that Ritchie is best known for. The room was completed in 1907.

The castle also has a bottle dungeon, cut out of rock under the kitchen floor, and is one of the few remaining in Scotland today. There is also the original Yett on the side door, with a right-handed spiral staircase.

In 1941 the house was requisitioned for use as a home for children evacuated from Glasgow. In the later 20th century it was restored and divided into privately owned apartments.

References

External links
Craignish Castle, Parlington Hall website

Castles in Argyll and Bute
Clan Campbell seats
Category B listed buildings in Argyll and Bute
Listed castles in Scotland


The Central Troy Historic District is an irregularly shaped,  area of downtown Troy, New York, United States. It has been described as "one of the most perfectly preserved 19th-century downtowns in the [country]" with nearly 700 properties in a variety of architectural styles from the early 19th to mid-20th centuries. These include most of Russell Sage College, one of two privately owned urban parks in New York, and two National Historic Landmarks. Visitors ranging from the Duke de la Rochefoucauld   to Philip Johnson have praised aspects of it. Martin Scorsese used parts of downtown Troy as a stand-in for 19th-century Manhattan in The Age of Innocence.

In 1986, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), superseding five smaller historic districts that had been listed on the Register in the early 1970s. (Two years later, in 1988, the extension of the previous River Street Historic District north of Federal Street was added separately to the NRHP as the Northern River Street Historic District.) In late 2014, the State Historic Preservation Board began considering an adjustment to the district's boundaries that would be a net expansion, particularly in its southeast; that increase was made official in 2016. Most of the buildings, structures and objects within the district contribute to its historic character. Two of Troy's four National Historic Landmarks, the Gurley Building and Troy Savings Bank, are located within its boundaries. Nine other buildings are listed on the Register in their own right. Among the architects represented are Alexander Jackson Davis, George B. Post, Calvert Vaux and Frederick Clarke Withers. There are many buildings designed  by the regionally significant architect Marcus F. Cummings. The downtown street plan was borrowed from Philadelphia, and one neighborhood, Washington Square, was influenced by London's squares of its era.

The district reflects Troy's evolution from its origins as a Hudson River port into an early industrial center built around textile manufacture and steelmaking. During this period it was rebuilt twice in the wake of two devastating fires, resulting in its mix of architecture styles. After the decline of its industries in the mid-20th century, downtown Troy was threatened by urban renewal efforts that galvanized local preservationists, leading to the early NRHP listings and eventually the creation of the district.

Today, the city of Troy protects and preserves the district with special provisions in its zoning and programs which, with assistance from the state of New York, encourage and subsidize property owners who maintain and restore historic buildings. These efforts have paid off with increased attention from developers, the revival of much of the area, and praise from visitors to the city. With the collaboration of nearby Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), Troy is hoping to make the district a center for the development of cutting-edge technologies, a "Silicon Valley of the 19th century."

Geography

The district boundary was drawn to include the highest concentration of historic resources. The street plan dates to 1787 and the most recent historic building dates to 1940, making those years the period of significance. While some newer buildings are inevitably located within the area, the boundary, where possible, excluded significant mid and late 20th-century buildings like the city hall, low-income housing projects, and the Uncle Sam Atrium, a large shopping mall downtown. All of the original five historic districts are included in full, along with other historic neighborhoods, for a total of 10% of the city's area.

It is centered around the axes of US 4 and NY 2, both of which divide into one-way streets (Third and Fourth, and Congress and Ferry, respectively) to facilitate traffic flow through the city.  Monument Square, the center of Troy since the late 19th century, along with all the buildings around it (save for the late 20th-century brutalist City Hall, demolished in 2011) are located within its northwestern corner. At its western end it is partially bounded by the Hudson River and the former River Street Historic District.

To the south it includes the older buildings of Russell Sage College, Washington Square Park and the houses on Adams Street, the district's southern boundary. The mostly regular southeastern boundary follows Clinton Street until it reaches Ferry. Then it becomes ragged and irregular, reaching the district's northernmost extent at the former Grand Street Historic District. This extension allows it to include as well the Gurley Building and its surrounding neighborhood, formerly the Fifth Street-Fulton Street Historic District.

To the east of the district Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), Troy's most notable institution of higher learning, is situated on a low rise overlooking downtown. RPI has played an increasing role in the district in recent years, and now owns several notable buildings.

The entire district is densely developed, primarily residential in its northern and southern portions, with commercial use concentrated in central blocks near Monument Square. The only significant open spaces within it are the one-block Washington Park near its southern end and Seminary Park, the main quad at Russell Sage. Most of the major streets and the central area of the district are lined with multi-story dwellings that are primarily commercial but with a mix of office and residential space on their upper floors. On the side streets, there are smaller-scale residential townhouses. Institutional use is limited to Russell Sage, a few churches, RPI's buildings and governmental structures like the county courthouse and post office. No industrial use, past or present, is within the district, with the notable exception of the Gurley Building, and even that has been scaled back in recent years.

2016 expansion

In 2014 the State Historic Preservation Board considered a boundary adjustment that removes a small area at the northeast corner but adds far more, primarily at the southeast. It would include a total of 200 new contributing properties and extend the district's period of significance to 1978, to take into account the city's urban renewal era. Most of the new areas had been found to be consistent with those already included in the district or accidentally excluded when the district was originally designated. Two years later the National Park Service officially approved the expansion.

The most significant change to the district is the extension on the southeast, to the boundary of the city's Eighth Ward in 1870. Between Adams and Ferry streets, three blocks would be added, with the new boundary following the west side of St. Mary's Avenue, excluding a newer house at the northwest corner of the Washington Avenue intersection, and then rear property lines to Kennedy Lane and Hill Street just south of Adams. Two-story rowhouses predominate in this area, many built as worker housing during the 19th century, some as early as the Federal period. Some have intact storefronts. It also has the only significant industrial building in the proposed expanded district, the former Lusco Paper Works on the northwest corner of Fifth and Liberty streets. The area has begun to see some restoration efforts, such as some Greek Revival rowhouses on Liberty Street near Fourth, which will benefit from state tax credits should the area be added to the district.

On the west side the boundary would be extended a block, from First to River Street at the Congress Street Bridge approaches, between Division and Ferry streets. This includes a large brick dorm complex built by Russell Sage College (RSC) in the early 1960s. It was the college's last large-scale construction project in the city; with its inclusion all of RSC would be within the district. To its south another proposed extension reaches across a small park on First to include the 1905 Beth Tephilah synagogue, a neoclassical brick structure that retains most of its integrity.

Two other changes take in other significant buildings. Along the north side of Ferry at the district's east, just north of the Eighth Ward addition, the boundary would be extended east, taking in another set of rowhouses on the west side of Fifth and the city's former jail and sheriff's office at the northeast corner of Ferry and Fifth. On the north, the Uncle Sam Atrium shopping mall and parking garage complex, occupying most of the block between Broadway and Third, Fourth and Fulton streets would now be included. Built in 1978, it is the only significant example of modern architecture in the district and the last large-scale project built in downtown Troy.

Other, smaller areas proposed for inclusion are a group of brick houses, some of them blighted, along the south side of Washington Street between First Street Alley and River; a rowhouse and community garden on the corners of Adams Street and Second Street Alley; and another group of rowhouses along the west side of Fifth Street between State and Congress Streets. The only areas proposed for removal are large portions of the blocks on the west side of Sixth Avenue on either side of Fulton. At the time the district was established, they were occupied by large industrial buildings, both of which were later demolished and replaced by parking lots.

History

The history of the Central Troy Historic District is, particularly in its earlier years, the history of Troy itself. Until the later 19th century, the present downtown area was the city. Two devastating fires, along with changes in the economy brought about by industrialization, shaped the district into today's architecturally diverse downtown.

Pre-industrial years

Prior to independence, there had only been a few scattered Dutch farmers settled on the Hudson above Albany. In 1787, a group of New Englanders headed west and persuaded one Jacob Vanderhyden to sell them a large tract which they then subdivided and named Troy. The dividing line between two of the family's farms was called Grand Division Street, later shortened to Grand Street.

They based its grid-like street plan on Philadelphia's, with numbered north-south streets running inland from the river after River Street, the city's first commercial center. Lots there, at the time, ran all the way to the river's waterline, giving their owners the unusual advantage of river and street frontage. The sloping bluff also allowed them to build multi-story warehouses and granaries closer to the unloading points along the river.

In 1793, the new settlement was designated the Rensselaer County seat. Two years later, the visiting Duke de la Rochefoucauld noted the "neat and numerous houses" and active businesses engaged in river-based trade. "The sight of this activity is truly charming", he said, in one of the earliest published descriptions of the city. In 1798 Troy incorporated as a village.

The village's population more than tripled in the first 15 years of the new century, leading it to reincorporate as a city in 1816. With River Street getting built out, banks began taking advantage of the street plan and locating on First Street, previously a residential area. By 1807, another visitor from abroad, British painter John Lambert, described a town that had already grown considerably from what de la Rochefoucauld saw a dozen years earlier:

Little of that Troy remains due to an 1820 fire which started in a First Street stable and eventually consumed much of the extant village. A column at 225 River Street bears a stone indicating that this was where the fire was stopped after it had gone on for weeks. Unlike its classical namesake, Troy rebuilt quickly, with newer brick homes and commercial buildings, built to stricter standards, replacing the old ones and expanding again. The Hart-Cluett Mansion, an 1827 Federal style house on Second Street, is one of the best surviving buildings from this era.  Although it was previously attributed to Philip Hooker, new research has determined that the house's architect was Martin Euclid Thompson and the builder was John Bard Colegrove.

Industrialization and growth

In 1824, a gazetteer of the state echoed earlier accounts in calling River Street "the mart of business". The same year, RPI was founded on the hill to the east of downtown, to train engineers for the city's burgeoning industrial sector. The relationship between the city and university would later become significant in preserving the historic district.

This growth would continue due to transportation improvements in the 1820s. Troy's businessmen had already built a turnpike to Schenectady, the path followed today by Route 2 from Troy to Colonie. These trade routes were enhanced by the Erie and Champlain canals, which opened new markets to the north and west, while the Troy Steamboat Company's debut did likewise for the south. The access to iron ore mines in the Adirondack Mountains also got some local businessmen into iron refining. In 1835 the Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad brought that technology to the city, and in 1842 the completion of the Schenectady and Troy Railroad linked Troy to the vast network that reached as far west as Buffalo.

The stage was set for Troy's industrialization. The development of the detachable collar by Hannah Lord Montague in 1827 had given the city the product that still lends it its "Collar City" nickname. Plants were built to manufacture them commercially, as well as cuffs and other textile products. Most of these were located to the north of the downtown area, as it was continuing to grow as the city's commercial district and residential area for the well-to-do of the time along Second Street.

With the newer money and newer neighborhoods came newer architectural trends. St. Paul's Episcopal Church, built in 1827, is an early Gothic Revival church, based on Ithiel Town's Trinity Church in New Haven, Connecticut. Eight years later, Town himself would design the Cannon Building in collaboration with Alexander Jackson Davis.

Greek Revival residences were first built in Troy along Second Street in the late 1820s. In 1839, six local businessmen bought a parcel of land between Second and Third at the south end of what was then the developed area of the city and created Washington Park. Modeled on contemporary British residential squares such as those found in London's Bloomsbury neighborhoods, its first phase, on Washington Place, featured rows of townhouses with a unified facade fronting on a park reserved exclusively for residents, whose deeds require a monthly maintenance fee. It retains its integrity despite some later alterations and damage, and is one of only two privately owned urban parks in New York.

In 1843, another group of planned Greek Revival townhouses was built at 160-168 Second Street. Unusual for urban houses, they featured one-and-a-half-story porticos on their front facades, with Ionic columns, and (originally) side yards. Another house was built at 170, several years later, in a similar style. They were widely imitated elsewhere in the city.

The city's industries reached their peak in the 1850s, and the wealth it created explored new architectural trends. The emerging Italianate style began to make its mark, particularly in commercial buildings around Monument Square and along "Bankers' Row", First between State and River. St. Paul's Place was built around 1850 on the south side of State between Fourth and Fifth. Following the dictates of the Washington Park-area deeds, the houses were built with a unified facade as well as a central parapet. The Uri Gilbert Mansion on Second Street west of Washington Park is the most significant detached Italianate home from that era.

Russell Sage built a row of Gothic Revival houses on Second Street in 1846 that survives, albeit without some of their original ornamentation. On the edges of town, some architects began exploring that style's Picturesque mode. A new row of townhouses at Washington Park went up, and another Second Street row followed in 1855. The following year, St. John's Episcopal Church, at First and Liberty Streets, was the first use of that style for a city church.

During the Civil War, Troy's industries played a key role in supporting the Union cause. The Burden Ironworks is said to have supplied all the Union Army's horseshoes, and another local ironworks supplied the USS Monitors hull plating. Its owners would later produce the first Bessemer process steel in the United States after the war.

In 1862 Troy suffered another major fire, the worst in its history. A locomotive's spark ignited the wooden Green Island drawbridge that existed at the time, and when that could not be contained to the bridge it spread to the east, ultimately devastating 507 buildings over a 16-block area. As before, the city rebuilt quickly, with the area along Fifth between Broadway and Grant Street, where Cummings built a row of houses between Fifth and Sixth, most strongly reflecting this era of rapid construction and reconstruction. The Gurley Building, too, rose in just eight months from the ashes of its predecessor. The nearby neighborhood also became desirable, with many local businessmen moving into newly built homes along Fifth.

Postwar prosperity

As the postwar years yielded to the Gilded Age, Troy's prosperity continued. The wealth created by its industries built some of the city's most notable Victorian buildings. Frederick Clarke Withers designed First Street's Rice Building in 1871, a five-story flatiron-shaped building representative of his Victorian Gothic style. The Cannon Building got a contemporary mansard roof after two fires. Cummings' 1870 Congregation Berith Sholom Temple on Third Street is among the oldest synagogue buildings still standing in the United States, the oldest Reform synagogue in New York, and one of the most significant religious buildings in the district from this period. In 1875, George B. Post won a competition to build a new home for the Troy Savings Bank, with an upstairs auditorium. While his building was in the Renaissance Revival style of the time, its forms and decorations anticipated his later work in the Beaux-Arts vein.Pitt, Carolyn; , undated, retrieved January 8, 2009.

The Panic of 1873 put a damper on this growth, and in the interim the city's steel industry began to decline, squeezed by competition from newer, more efficient producers in Western Pennsylvania and the Midwest on one side and labor unrest at home. But the textile industry remained strong, and even grew. Accordingly, its residents continued to embrace new movements in architecture. The 1880 pharmacy building at 137 Second Street featured a highly decorated cast iron storefront and curved windows showing the influence of the Queen Anne Style. Further down Second Street, industrialist Jonas Heartt's house built that same year is one of the best residential applications of the same style.

Cummings explored the Richardsonian Romanesque mode in several of his buildings at Russell Sage. The Paine Mansion at 49 Second Street applied the same style, with arcaded entrance loggia and corner tower, to a home. The brick drugstore annex at 155-157 River Street is a particularly representative commercial example of the style. In 1893 the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago popularized the Classical and Renaissance revivals and Beaux-Arts style. They came to Troy very quickly when Marcus Cummings and his son Frederick designed the Classical Revival county courthouse at 80 Second Street, the third to occupy the site, the following year. A short distance away three years later, the Renaissance Revival Hart Memorial Library was built of Vermont marble, joining the similarly styled 1895 Frear Mansion, also on Second Street.

As the 20th century dawned, builders and architects concentrated their efforts in the northern half of the district, primarily on commercial structures as the downtown area was no longer popular as a place for new residences. Monument Square, created in 1891 when a statue of Columbia was erected atop the Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument in the triangular area formed by the intersection of Broadway, River and Second streets, became a new focal point of development. There the McCarthy Building on Monument Square, and the similar National State Bank and Ilium buildings on Broadway, all built in 1904, show the decorative influence of the era's revival styles.Peckham, p. 151 Proctor's Theater, ten years later on Fourth Street, continued the tradition.

Other architects chose the era's simpler styles, like Arts and Crafts, as a contrast. The marble-and-brick 1905 YMCA building on Second Street, and the six-story Caldwell Apartments at State and Second streets are two of the district's best examples of that style. The latter building, built in 1907, was also the first large-scale apartment building in the city. The Colonial Revival style would also leave its mark in Troy with several buildings. Most notable among them is the Hendrick Hudson Hotel on the east side of Monument Square, a six-story structure that was the largest building ever built in the city at the time. Projects of similar scale, and the city's annexation of the village of Lansingburgh to its north, helped swell its population to over 72,000 in 1930, its alltime peak.

Depression and decline

New construction almost halted when the Great Depression began in the 1930s. As a result, there are few buildings in the district in that era's architectural styles. The post office at Fourth and Broadway, built despite much public outcry over the demolition of its landmark 1894 predecessor, is the district's most notable building of the 1930s. Its stripped-down Classical Revival style shows the influence of Art Deco in its smooth, finished surfaces. The enameled metal facade on a Third Street storefront, dating to 1940, makes it the only building in the district to show any trace of the Streamline Moderne style.

World War II sustained the city's economy with an increased demand for textiles and all other products it could make. After the war ended, the textile mills, faced with competition from producers in the lower-wage South, closed or left.

After a brief postwar increase, Troy's population began a continuing decline. The city began the first of several urban renewal plans shortly after adopting its 1962 master plan. Those plans called for the demolition of many buildings downtown, to be replaced by a new arterial road, large public housing projects and a shopping mall. After various delays, those projects were either scaled back or abandoned entirely. In the interim many businesses either closed or moved out of downtown.

Preservation and renewal

In the late 1960s, public opposition to the planned demolition of some of the historic structures downtown like the McCarthy Building led to them being placed on the then-new National Register. In the early 1970s, the five predecessor historic districts were recognized and added as well, along with some other structures.

Urban renewal programs are funded in part by federal grants. The National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, which created the NRHP, requires that federal agencies give consideration to the opinions of the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation in assessing the impact their actions will have on listed properties and consider alternatives to any action that would destroy or significantly affect them. The listings of downtown Troy's districts and buildings therefore had the practical effect of preventing their demolition for urban renewal.

By the 1980s, after a Troy Downtown Historic District had been declared eligible for the NRHP by the state's Historic Preservation Office but not yet submitted to the National Park Service (NPS), which administers the Register, local preservationists realized that the existing historic districts did not fully embrace all of downtown's historic properties. Instead of applying for boundary increases or nominating more individual properties to the Register, the city decided to merge all five into a new, central district. The NPS accepted the application and entered the new district on the Register in 1986.

Troy's downtown began reviving. In 1993, Martin Scorsese used the Second Street area, particularly the Paine Mansion, and some of the Russell Sage buildings as locations for his adaptation of Edith Wharton's The Age of Innocence, since they replicated the appearance of 1870s Manhattan. River Street became home to many antique stores. Developers began buying the old buildings and adapting them to contemporary uses.
RPI began buying properties such as the Rice and Gurley buildings, moving students and faculty into them. In 2006, The New York Times described the city as having "one of the most perfectly preserved 19th-century downtowns in the United States." The district's success led to the proposed expansion in 2014.

Significant contributing properties

The district includes all the area of the original five districts, two National Historic Landmarks, nine properties listed on the National Register in their own right, and several other noteworthy contributing properties among its 679 total historic resources.

Predecessor districtsFifth Street-Fulton Street Historic District. Many of the city's then-prominent businessmen built townhouses here, near the Gurley Building, after the 1862 fire.Grand Street Historic District: Marcus Cummings built townhouses here after that fire.River Street Historic District: The city's antique district is the oldest neighborhood in Troy, and its pre-industrial commercial center.Second Street Historic District: Many unaltered homes dating to the 1820s, some of them owned by prominent city residents, in the vicinity of the Troy Savings Bank building.Washington Park Historic District: Local businessmen started the city's first planned neighborhood in 1839, the first large Greek Revival development in the city. They used London's residential squares as their model. Philip Johnson called it "one of the finest squares in North America".

National Historic LandmarksW. & L.E. Gurley Building: Fifth and Fulton streets. Built in just nine months after 1862 fire, this location has been home to Gurley Precision Instruments since 1845. The building, with Renaissance and classically inspired stylings, is an unusual example of a commercial building extremely sympathetic to its neighboring residences. Today owned by RPI and home to some of its divisions, including the Lighting Research Center.Troy Savings Bank: 32 Second Street. Designed by George B. Post in 1875 in stylings that anticipate the emergence of Beaux-Arts, this impressive stone building features a full concert hall upstairs with excellent acoustics.

National Register of Historic PlacesCannon Building: 1-9 Broadway, on the south side of Monument Square. This 1835 collaboration by Alexander Jackson Davis and Ithiel Town got a mansard roof after an 1870 fire. Today it is used as an extended-stay hotel and office space.Hart-Cluett Mansion: An 1828 Federal mansion on Second Street built by a New York merchant as a wedding gift to his daughter. Largely unchanged, it is today the home of the Rensselaer County Historical Society.Ilium Building: Marcus Cummings designed this commercial building at Fourth and Fulton in 1904.McCarthy Building: 255 River Street, on the west side of Monument Square. Another 1904 building, noted for large proscenium-style front arch window from original use as furniture showroom. Today it hosts the Troy offices of a regional media company.National State Bank Building:  297 River Street. Its fenestration and decoration is similar to Cummings' Ilium Building a block away.Proctor's Theater: A 1914 theater on Fourth Street transitioned smoothly between live-entertainment and motion-picture eras. RPI had hoped to convert it into a hotel, but a new proposal to gut the interior completely has been the subject of local controversy.St. Paul's Episcopal Church: State and Third streets. This 1828 stone Gothic Revival structure is an almost exact duplicate of Ithiel Town's Trinity Church in New Haven, Connecticut.Troy Public Library: 100 Second Street. It is an 1897 white marble building that has been described as "one of the finest works of Italian Renaissance architecture in the country".U.S. Post Office: Fourth and Broadway. Built in 1936, it is one of the most modern of the contributing properties in the district, using a stripped Classical Revival style for the tenth post office location in the city's history. Its lobby contains one of only three Waldo Peirce murals in American post offices.

Other notable contributing propertiesCommercial building at 46 Third Street: Downtown Troy's only example of Streamline Moderne architecture. Having an enameled metal facade and storefront, and dating to 1940, it is the newest contributing property in the district.Caldwell Apartments: Second and State streets. This Arts and Crafts-style building from 1907 was Troy's first large-scale apartment building.The Conservatory of Troy:  65 Third Street built in 1903 for the Dodge Dry Goods Co was Troy’s first skyscraper. Built by the same firm that constructed the famous Flatiron Building in Manhattan.Congregation Berith Sholom Temple: 167 Third Street. The oldest Reform synagogue in New York, and one of the oldest surviving synagogues in the country; built in 1870 by Cummings.Hendrick Hudson Hotel: Located on the east side of Monument Square. This seven-story brick Colonial Revival building, dating to 1932, is the largest building on the square.House at 18 First Street The oldest house in the district is this Federal-style brick house, built in 1808 and added to in 1875, that survived the 1820 fire.Julia Howard Bush Center: Originally First Presbyterian Church, on the Russell Sage campus in Seminary Park at First and Congress streets. A Greek Revival hexastyle temple-front church built in 1835, it is one of only ten remaining buildings in that style in the U.S.Paine Mansion: 49 2nd Street. This limestone-faced Romanesque Revival home was built in 1894.Rensselaer County Courthouse: 80 Second Street. The third courthouse on the site was built in 1894 by Cummings in the Classical Revival style. The neighboring Second Street Presbyterian Church, built in 1833, was later annexed to it and remodeled in 1913.Rice Building: First and River streets. Calvert Vaux and Frederick Clarke Withers designed this Polychrome 1871 brick flatiron-shaped building. One of the district's rare examples of Victorian Gothic; formerly owned by RPI, the building is now owned by Tai Ventures and is home to several technology businesses.St. John's Episcopal Church: First and Liberty streets. Henry Dudley designed this Stone Gothic Revival church built in 1856 by  in the style of English parish churches that closely follows models of church design embraced by the contemporary Oxford Movement.St. Paul's Place: Off State Street between Fourth and Fifth avenues. This is a street of six attached three-story brick rowhouses built ca. 1850. They feature a variation on Italianate norms with bracketed gables and rounded-arch windows and doors rarely seen with that style in an urban environment.Thompson Drug Company Annex: 155-157 River Street. This five-story Richardsonian Romanesque brick building from 1888 copies one of Richardson's buildings in Pittsburgh.Vail House': 46 First Street. This Federal-style 1818 home is the most notable structure to have survived the 1820 fire.

Today

The city has recognized the historic district in its zoning code. It divides the area into six separate districts — the Riverfront, First, Second, Third, Fourth Street and Fifth Avenue local historic districts. The Riverfront district includes the neighborhood to the northwest listed on the National Register as the Northern River Street Historic District. The other five are roughly aligned with the eponymous streets, with the First Street district consisting of two detached areas, the Second and Third street districts taking up most of the central area and the other two occupying the northeastern corner of the district. The city has also made some grants and tax exemptions available to qualified property owners. The city's current master plan calls for enhancing the district's mixed-use character, by encouraging both residential use and businesses that serve consumers, particularly retailers, and providing tax incentives for the rehabilitation of historic homes.

Troy's ordinances designate its Planning Commission as the Historic District and Landmarks Review Commission. Property owners in the district must get special permission from the commission for any work on their properties beside ordinary maintenance (and even for that in some cases), to make sure it leaves the historic character of the property and the surrounding buildings intact.

In 1989, the state added most of the district to Troy's Empire Zone. This economic development incentive gives businesses that locate in the included areas tax credits and exemptions to encourage them to locate there. The state has also moved some of its employees into the district, through the interventions of former State Senate majority leader Joseph Bruno, a resident of nearby Brunswick, who represented the district that included the city. He steered state grants towards the rehabilitation of the buildings that now house state government offices, as well as school aid that helped the city keep its property taxes low. City officials say his help has been vital, and will be missed following his 2008 resignation.

RPI has acquired several significant downtown properties, such as the Gurley and Rice buildings and Proctor's Theater, and renovated them to make homes for programs such as its Lighting Research Center, now housed in Gurley. In the early 2000s, it put $2.5 million into its Neighborhood Renewal Initiative, which has been used to help homeowners renovate homes and improve the city's infrastructure.

The private sector has also played a large role in revitalizing the area, even without public aid and incentives. Developers have been attracted to the historic buildings and their surrounding neighborhoods, calling it the city's strongest asset, although they have complained about past stalemates in city government. One initiative has often led to others. River Street's development into a center for antique stores came about without any public effort or intent, and the restoration of the music hall at the Savings Bank led to many new restaurants opening in the neighborhood. The blocks of River Street north of Monument Square have a dozen woman-owned businesses.

Developers, the city, and the colleges see downtown Troy's future as a center for high-tech companies and the good-paying jobs they provide. In addition to its historic character, the area has space available and is walkable. One local official calls Troy "the Silicon Valley of the 19th century". Some specific projects have capitalized on this. In 2005, the Cannon Building was redeveloped into an extended-stay hotel with the target market being visiting faculty at RPI and Russell Sage.  With money from the 2009 federal stimulus package, the city improved traffic signals and sidewalks at 18 intersections downtown.

The revitalization of downtown Troy has not been entirely without controversy over some of its historic buildings. A 2009 proposal to redevelop Proctor's by gutting its interior and converting it to office space led to serious opposition. Opponents of the plan  organized a website and started an online petition against the use of any state funds for the project. Proponents, including the head of the city's Downtown Collaborative, said that after three decades  of the vacant building's deterioration, any redevelopment proposal should be seriously considered, regardless of its impact on the building's historic character.

See also

National Register of Historic Places listings in Rensselaer County, New York

References

Bibliography
  Also see excerpts at , which does not require Java to view. Page numbers used for the former version are those assigned by the Java reader at the NYSOPRHP site, not those used in the document itself.

External links

City of Troy
Visit Troy
Rensselaer County Historical Society
Washington Park Association
All of the following are located in Troy, Rensselaer County, NY:

Troy, New York
Historic American Buildings Survey in New York (state)
Historic American Engineering Record in New York (state)
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Historic districts in Rensselaer County, New York
National Register of Historic Places in Troy, New York


Reid vapor pressure (RVP) is a common measure of the volatility of gasoline and other petroleum products.  It is defined as the
absolute vapor pressure exerted by the vapor of the liquid and any dissolved gases/moisture at 37.8 °C (100 °F) as determined by the test method ASTM-D-323, which was first developed in 1930  and has been revised several times (the latest version is ASTM D323-15a).  The test method measures the vapor pressure of gasoline, volatile crude oil, jet fuels, naphtha, and other volatile petroleum products but is not applicable for liquefied petroleum gases. ASTM D323-15a requires that the sample be chilled to 0 to 1 degrees Celsius and then poured into the apparatus; for any material that solidifies at this temperature, this step cannot be performed.  RVP is commonly reported in kilopascals (kPa) or pounds per square inch (psi) and represents volatization at atmospheric pressure because ASTM-D-323 measures the gauge pressure of the sample in a non-evacuated chamber.

The matter of vapor pressure is important relating to the function and operation of gasoline-powered, especially carbureted, vehicles and is also important for many other reasons.  High levels of vaporization are desirable for winter starting and operation and lower levels are desirable in avoiding vapor lock during summer heat.  Fuel cannot be pumped when there is vapor in the fuel line (summer) and winter starting will be more difficult when liquid gasoline in the combustion chambers has not vaporized.  Thus, oil refineries manipulate the Reid vapor pressure seasonally specifically to maintain gasoline engine reliability.

The Reid vapor pressure (RVP) can differ substantially from the true vapor pressure (TVP) of a liquid mixture, since (1) RVP is the vapor pressure measured at 37.8 °C (100 °F) and the TVP is a function of the temperature; (2) RVP is defined as being measured at a vapor-to-liquid ratio of 4:1, whereas the TVP of mixtures can depend on the actual vapor-to-liquid ratio; (3) RVP will include the pressure associated with the presence of dissolved water and air in the sample (which is excluded by some but not all definitions of TVP); and (4) the RVP method is applied to a sample which has had the opportunity to volatilize somewhat prior to measurement:  i.e., the sample container is required to be only 70-80% full of liquid (so that whatever volatilizes into the container headspace is lost prior to analysis); the sample then again volatilizes into the headspace of the D323 test chamber before it is heated to 37.8 degrees Celsius.

See also
 Crude oil assay
 Gasoline volatility
 Vapor pressure

External links
 ASTM D323 - 06 Standard Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Reid Method)
 Reid Vapor Pressure Requirements for Ethanol Congressional Research Service
 USA's Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) publication AP-42, Compilation of Air Pollutant Emissions. Chapter 7 (RVP is a parameter in the estimation of petroleum tank evaporative losses)

References

Chemical properties
Physical chemistry
Engineering thermodynamics
Natural gas
Oil refining
Petroleum production


The Chernobyl Forum is the name of a group of UN agencies, founded on 3–5 February 2003 at the IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) Headquarters in Vienna, to scientifically assess the health effects and environmental consequences of the Chernobyl accident and to issue factual, authoritative reports on its environmental and health effects.

Participants

Eight UN organizations are involved in the Chernobyl Forum:

 the IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency)
 the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization)
 the OCHA (United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs)
 the UNDP (United Nations Development Programme)
 the UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme)
 the UNSCEAR (United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation)
 the WHO (World Health Organization)
 the World Bank.

The Chernobyl Forum also comprises the governments of Belarus, Russia and Ukraine.

Publications

The Chernobyl Forum released on 5 September 2005 a comprehensive scientific assessment report on the consequences of the Chernobyl accident titled: "Chernobyl’s Legacy: Health, Environmental and Socio-Economic Impacts". A revised edition was released in March 2006 and is available here, together with the Forum's report "Recommendations to the Governments of Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine".

The report covers environmental radiation, human health and socio-economic aspects. About 100 recognized experts from many countries, including Belarus, Russia and Ukraine, have contributed. The report claims to be "the most comprehensive evaluation of the accident’s consequences to date" and to represents "a consensus view of the eight organizations of the UN family according to their competences and of the three affected countries".

On the death toll of the accident, the report states that 28 emergency workers died from acute radiation syndrome and 15 patients died from thyroid cancer. It roughly estimates that cancers deaths caused by the Chernobyl accident might eventually reach a total of up to 4,000 among the 600,000 cleanup workers or "liquidators" who received the greatest exposures.

One paper estimates an additional 5,000 deaths from the Chernobyl accident among the exposed population of around 6 million living in the contaminated areas of Ukraine, Belarus and Russia  However, the paper notes that no significant increased cancer risk apart from thyroid cancer has been scientifically demonstrated to date; this prediction is only an indication of the possible impact of the accident, and should not be taken at face value.

The report quotes 4,000 cases of thyroid cancer resulting from the accident, mainly in children and adolescents at the time of the accident; however the survival rate is almost 99%. Since most emergency workers and people living in contaminated areas received relatively low radiation doses, comparable to natural background levels, no decrease in fertility or increase in congenital malformations have been observed.

The report indicates that many people were traumatised by the accident and the rapid relocation that followed; they remain anxious about their health, perceiving themselves as helpless victims rather than survivors, mainly because of the lack of credible information about the effects of the accident. The Chernobyl Forum recommends that relocated people be helped to normalise their lives and better access social services and employment.

The report also concluded that a greater risk than the long-term effects of radiation exposure, is the risk to mental health caused by exaggerated fears about the effects of radiation:

" ... The designation of the affected population as “victims” rather than “survivors” has led them to perceive themselves as helpless, weak and lacking control over their future. This, in turn, has led either to over cautious behavior and exaggerated health concerns, or to reckless conduct, such as consumption of mushrooms, berries and game from areas still designated as highly contaminated, overuse of alcohol and tobacco, and unprotected promiscuous sexual activity."

See also

Chernobyl disaster
Chernobyl disaster effects
List of Chernobyl-related articles
Nuclear power debate

References

External links
 Chernobyl Forum page on the IAEA website
 Chernobyl Forum report "Chernobyl's legacy: Health, Environmental and Socio-Economic Impacts"

Scientific organizations established in 2003
Aftermath of the Chernobyl disaster
Energy in Ukraine
Health in Ukraine
1986 in the Soviet Union


The 13th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 13 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses Africa, Asia, the Indian Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, Central America, the Caribbean and the Atlantic Ocean.

At this latitude the sun is visible for 12 hours, 53 minutes during the summer solstice and 11 hours, 22 minutes during the winter solstice.

Around the world
Starting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 13° north passes through:

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" | Co-ordinates
! scope="col" | Country, territory or sea
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
|
! scope="row" |
|
|-
|
! scope="row" |
|
|-
|
! scope="row" |
|
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| For about 14 km
|-
|
! scope="row" |
|
|-
|
! scope="row" |
|
|-
|
! scope="row" |
|
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Lake Chad
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Passing through territorial waters of
|-
|
! scope="row" |
|
|-
|
! scope="row" |
|
|-
|
! scope="row" |
|
|-
|
! scope="row" |
|
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Red Sea
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
|
|-valign="top"
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Indian Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Gulf of Aden (passing just north of Socotra) Arabian Sea Laccadive Sea
|-valign="top"
|
! scope="row" |
| Karnataka - passing through Bangalore Andhra Pradesh Tamil Nadu - passing through the southern parts of Chennai
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Indian Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Bay of Bengal - passing just north of Interview Island,
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Andaman and Nicobar Islands - North Andaman Island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Indian Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Andaman Sea (passing just north of Sound Island)
|-
|
! scope="row" |  (Burma)
| Island of Mali Kyun
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Indian Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Andaman Sea
|-
|
! scope="row" |  (Burma)
|
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Phetchaburi province
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Bay of Bangkok
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Passing just north of Pattaya
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Passing through Tonlé Sap lake
|-
|
! scope="row" |
|
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | South China Sea
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Island of Mindoro
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Tablas Strait
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Passing just north of Maestro de Campo Island,
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Sibuyan Sea
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Passing just north of Banton Island,
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Island of Burias
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Burias Pass
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Island of Luzon
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Pacific Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Passing just south of
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Passing through the Cosigüina volcano
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Pacific Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Gulf of Fonseca
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Extreme south of the country
|-
|
! scope="row" |
|
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Caribbean Sea
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Island of Bequia
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Atlantic Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Passing just south of
|-
|
! scope="row" |
|
|-
|
! scope="row" |
|
|-
|
! scope="row" |
|
|}

See also
12th parallel north
14th parallel north

References

n13


The Northern Cook Islands is one of the two chains of atolls which make up the Cook Islands. Lying in a horizontal band between 9° and 13°30' south of the Equator, the chain consists of the atolls of Manihiki, Nassau, Penrhyn, Pukapuka, Rakahanga and Suwarrow, along with the submerged Tema Reef.

Geography
The chain forms a roughly inverted triangular shape, stretching from Penrhyn in the northeast to Pukapuka in the northwest and to Suwarrow in the south. The Northern Cook Islands are separated from the Southern Cook Islands by a wide stretch of the Pacific Ocean, with the nearest part of the Southern chain being Palmerston Island,  due south of Suwarrow.

With an area of just 21 sq. km. and a population of 1,041 (according to the 2016 census), the islands only account for some 6% of the Cooks' population and 9% of the land area. Almost all of this population is on the three islands of Pukapuka, Manihiki, and Penrhyn.

The two chains are also geographically different: although both chains are formed from coral atolls which grew around volcanoes, the northern islands are far older, and the volcanic cones have sunk. As such, the northern chain is much lower lying than the southern chain. The two island chains are also parts of different marine ecoregions, with the Northern Cooks regarded as Central Polynesian and the Southern Cooks as Eastern Polynesian. Similarly, the land ecoregion in the Northern Cooks is Central Polynesian tropical moist forest whereas that of the southern chain is Cook Islands tropical moist forest.

History
The islands were settled by Polynesians for several centuries before the first European visitors, Spanish explorer Álvaro de Mendaña, navigator Pedro Fernandes de Queirós, and their crew reached and named the island of San Bernardo in 1595, now widely believed to have been Pukapuka. De Queirós returned to the region in 1606 in charge of his own vessel, making landfall at Rakahanga.

The population of the chain was decimated by blackbirding during the 19th century, with the island of Tongareva (now more widely known as Penrhyn) being almost completely depopulated. At the end of the century, the chain became part of the Cook Islands Protectorate before the entire protectorate was annexed to New Zealand in 1900.

From the 1850s until 1980, the United States laid claim to much of the northern chain under the Guano Islands Act. Despite this, the United States military acknowledged New Zealand sovereignty during World War II operations. The Cook Islands became a self-governing island nation in free association with New Zealand in 1965, and the US relinquished any last claims to the islands when it signed the 1980 Cook Islands–United States Maritime Boundary Treaty.

Economy
In general terms, the northern group is the less well economically developed of the two chains, having far less connection with the rest of the world than the southern chain. A compounding factor is the limited economic resources of the islands; though fishing is important to the group, the coral soil is of poor fertility and fresh water is generally in poor supply. The population is in decline, having reduced from over 2000 in the early 1960s.

The higher susceptibility of the chain to tropical cyclones (and the propensity for greater damage due to its low-lying nature) has also caused considerable hardship, with severe damage being recorded after Cyclone Percy in 2005. The vulnerability of the chain to global warming (for the same reason) has also not encouraged economic development of the islands.

References

Further reading
Wheeler, T., and Keller, N. J., (1994) Rarotonga and the Cook Islands. Hawthorn, VIC, Australia: Lonely Planet.

Landforms of the Cook Islands
Archipelagoes of the Pacific Ocean
Islands of the Cook Islands


The Wiesbaden manifesto is a document written and signed by members of the Monuments, Fine Arts and Archives (MFAA) organization rejecting the plundering and removal of cultural items as spoils of war. The Allies created special commissions, such as the MFAA, to help protect famous European monuments from destruction, and after the war, to travel to territories previously occupied by the Germans to find Nazi art repositories. The allies found these plundered artworks in over 1,050 repositories in Germany and Austria at the end of World War II. The book The Safekeepers: Memoir of the Arts at the End of World War II by former Capt. Walter I. Farmer of the United States Army Corps of Engineers during World War II, chronicles the recovery of and restitution of discovered hidden loot of the Nazi plunder, that were stolen from museums, private collections and libraries and individual Jewish emigrants and death camp prisoners.

In summer 1945, Capt. Walter Farmer became the collecting point's first director. The first shipment of artworks arriving at Wiesbaden included cases of antiquities, Egyptian art, Islamic artifacts, and paintings from the Kaiser Friedrich Museum. The collecting point also received materials from the Reichsbank and Nazi looted Polish liturgical collections. At its height, Wiesbaden stored, identified, and restituted approximately 700,000 individual objects, including paintings and sculptures. The collecting point not only cataloged and restitututed items, but also kept them away from the Soviet Army and wartime reparations.

When his superiors ordered that he send to the U.S. 202 German-owned paintings in his custody, Capt. Farmer and 35 others who were in charge of the Wiesbaden collection point gathered to draw up what has become known as the Wiesbaden Manifesto on November 7, 1945, declaring "We wish to state that, from our own knowledge, no historical grievance will rankle so long or be the cause of so much justified bitterness as the removal for any reason of a part of the heritage of any nation even if that heritage may be interpreted as a prize of war." Among the co-signers was Lieutenant Charles Percy Parkhurst of the U.S. Navy.

After three years of debate, U.S. President Harry S. Truman ordered that the paintings be returned to Germany in 1948.

Farmer received the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1996.

References

Aftermath of World War II in the United States
Aftermath of World War II in Germany
Manifestos
Wiesbaden
History of art in Germany
Art and cultural repatriation after World War II
1945 documents


The Guernsey Financial Services Commission is the regulatory body for the finance sector in the Bailiwick of Guernsey. It supervises and regulates over 2,000 licensees from within the banking, fiduciary, investment and insurance sectors in accordance with standards set by international bodies such as the Basel Committee for Banking Supervisors, the International Association of Insurance Supervisors, the International Organisation of Securities Commissions and the Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering.

The Commission uses a risk based approach to the supervision of licensees which is underpinned by a system known as PRISM.

See also
 List of banks in Guernsey

References

External links
Official site

Financial regulatory authorities
Economy of Guernsey
Regulators of the United Kingdom


The Neblina uakari (Cacajao hosomi) or black-headed uakari, is a newly described species of monkey from the far northwest Brazilian Amazon and adjacent southern Venezuela. It was found by Jean-Phillipe Boubli of the University of Auckland and described together with the more easterly distributed Aracá uakari in 2008. Until then, the black-headed uakari (found to the west and south of the Neblina uakari) was the only species of mainly black uakari that was recognized.

The English name of the Neblina uakari refers to the Pico da Neblina, which marks the approximate center of its known distribution. Several years before it was realized it represented an undescribed species (and not "just" black-headed uakaris), it was studied in the Pico da Neblina National Park in Brazil. When combined with the adjacent Serranía de la Neblina National Park in Venezuela, a significant part of this uakaris distribution is within protected areas.

It has well coordinated travel established through constant calling, allowing a group to spread 200 to 300 meters.

Females produce one offspring, typically in March and April coinciding with the fruiting season.

References

Neblina uakari
Mammals of Brazil
Mammals of Venezuela
Neblina uakari


Timestalkers is a 1987 American made-for-television science fiction film directed by Michael Schultz and starring William Devane.
The film is based on Ray Brown's story The Tintype.

Plot
In 1986, Dr. Scott McKenzie (William Devane) is a college professor and ardent fan of the gunslinger culture of the Old West. A year ago, McKenzie watched his wife and son die in a car crash caused by a drunk driver attempting to flee the police. With his friend, General Joe Brodsky (John Ratzenberger), McKenzie attends an auction of Wild West memorabilia, where they agree to bid on a pair of steamer trunks and split the contents between them.  As the auction is conducted, flashbacks show the items' histories in the 19th century. At the time a man, Joseph Cole (Klaus Kinski), is looking for a gunslinger who has a pair of distinctive ebony-handled pistols marked with stars. Some cowboys he encounters on the road point him towards the town of Crossfire, California. At the town saloon, he inquires about the man, but is harassed by a trio of local thugs, one of whom shoots at him, hitting instead one of the trunks which Dr. McKenzie is bidding on in the present. Cole quickly shoots all three men dead, an event memorialized by a local photographer. In the present, McKenzie and Brodsky win the trunks at auction and McKenzie begins sorting through the contents, noticing the picture of the men who Cole killed.

Under photo enhancement, McKenzie notices Cole in the background of the picture and identifies the gun Cole is carrying as a .357 Magnum from the 1980s.  Despite this, chemical and spectroscopic testing indicates that the photograph is at least 100 years old. McKenzie becomes convinced that Cole is a time traveler. After writing up his findings, he is approached by a woman, Georgia Crawford (Lauren Hutton), who claims to be working on similar ideas. Together they locate Crossfire in the present. When they split up to search the town, Georgia ducks into an old barn and removes a crystalline device which she uses to travel back to the 1880s. There she searches for Cole at a nearby river, but her horse is spooked by a rattlesnake. She dispatches the snake with a futuristic gun. Hurrying back to town, she is followed by Cole, who had observed her from afar. He arrives too late to stop her from traveling to the present, but he uses a device of his own to find out the time to which she traveled. In the present, McKenzie hears a noise and arrives at the barn just in time to see Georgia return from the past. When he confronts her, she admits to being one of a number of time travelers from the 26th century. Returning to McKenzie's home she explains that Cole is a renegade scientist from her time who she has been sent back to stop. She believes that Cole, who developed the time travel technology with her father, is intending to change history. Through research, Georgia and McKenzie determine that Cole is likely trying to kill Matthew Crawford, an adviser to President Grover Cleveland.

The gunfighter who Cole is searching for, the mysterious "Star-Handled Stranger," was a gunslinger who crucially helped protect the President and his escort from bandits. Matthew Crawford was Georgia's ancestor and killing him would erase her entire family from history, including her father who had opposed Cole's desire to continue research on time travel. McKenzie and Georgia enlist Joe Brodsky's help in determining President Cleveland's movements, but before Brodsky can give them the information, Cole murders him and flees into the past. Finding a copy of the information, they discover that Cole is traveling back to July 11, 1886, when the mysterious "Star-Handled Stranger" helped save President Cleveland from a bandit attack. Traveling back in time to 1886, Georgia and McKenzie watch as the attack begins when the Stranger arrives on the scene and tries to enter the attack, he is shot dead by Cole. McKenzie then takes the Stranger's signature pistols and rides towards the battle himself. Cole follows him. While McKenzie manages to kill the attacking bandits, Cole shoots Matthew Crawford.  McKenzie then kills Cole in a one-on-one duel. Returning to the stagecoach, Georgia and McKenzie discover that Matthew Crawford was merely wounded. As the stagecoach drives off, Georgia and McKenzie return to the present where Georgia gives him a gift before returning to her own time. She is somehow able to send the knowledge of the death of McKenzie's wife and child back to his earlier self so that he is able to save their lives.

Cast
 William Devane as Scott McKenzie
 Lauren Hutton as Georgia Crawford
 John Ratzenberger as General Joe Brodsky
 Forrest Tucker as Texas John Cody
 Klaus Kinski as Dr. Joseph Cole
 Tracey Walter as Sam
 James Avery as Blacksmith
 R. D. Call as Bart
 John Considine as Doctor Crawford / Matthew Crawford
 Danny Pintauro as Billy McKenzie
 Gail Youngs (born October 9, 1952: Old Bethpage, Long Island, New York, USA)  as Mrs. Laurie McKenzie
 Patrik Baldauff (born February 18, 1938: Butler, Pennsylvania, USA) as Callan
 Ritch Brinkley as Barman
 Michael Strasser as Driver
 A. J. Freeman as Grover Cleveland
 Tim Russ as Sergeant Filton
 Terry Funk as Bearded Cowboy

Broadcast history
The film made its premiere on CBS as a well-promoted "movie of the week" on March 10, 1987. Actor Forrest Tucker died before the film was broadcast so his appearance is posthumous. The film was given generally positive reviews by the critics and did well in the ratings, winning its timeslot. It was repeated during August 1987 then went to syndication. It was aired occasionally by Lifetime and Sci-Fi Channel networks through the 1990s. It was aired several times during the spring and summer of 2010 on the This TV Network. Rocket TV Network has run it as one of its movies-of-the-month in both December 2015 and December 2016.

References

External links

1980s English-language films
1980s science fiction films
1987 films
1987 television films
American science fiction television films
Cultural depictions of Grover Cleveland
Films set in the 26th century
Films about time travel
Films based on science fiction novels
Films directed by Michael Schultz
Films scored by Craig Safan
Films set in 1886
Films set in 1986
Films set in California
1980s American films


The Superior Labor Court (, TST), is the highest Brazilian appellate court for labor law issues. Its headquarters are located in Brasilia, near the American Embassy.

It is one of the five high courts in Brazil, the highest instance in the Brazilian federalized labor courts system, which includes the Regional Labor Courts (Tribunais Regionais do Trabalho - TRT's), at common appeal level, and the Trial Labor Courts (Varas do Trabalho) in the first instance.

History
The origin of the court was the National Labor Council, created in 1923, which was a part of the executive branch, subordinated to the Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce.

In 1946, the council was transformed into the Tribunal Superior do Trabalho. The Brazilian Constitution adopted that year recognized the TST as part of the judiciary branch, no longer subordinated to the executive. That status was retained by all subsequent constitutions.

Since its origins, the court was integrated by both effective Ministers and temporary class Ministers. The effective Ministers (nicknamed "togados" after the distinctive robes - "togas" - which they wear) were considered magistrates for all legal prerogatives, while the Temporary Classist Ministers ("classistas"),   paritary representatives of both employers and employees ("classes"), were appointed for a fixed term (usually three years) and had fewer powers and prerogatives. The classist ministers were abolished by a constitutional amendment in 1999, leaving only the effective ministers.

Composition
By the actual legislation, the Court is integrated by 27 members, entitled Ministers (Ministros), pointed by the President of Brazil. The nomination only occurs after the approval of the Senate. All the nominated members must be at least 35 and no more than 65 years old, must have Brazilian nationality and moral integrity, plus all the requirements to enter in a public service career (e.g. having fulfilled military conscription and electoral duties).

There are three positions reserved for lawyers, indicated by the Order of Attorneys of Brazil (the official Bar association), three for members of the Public Ministry, and the remaining 21 for career judges of the Regional Labor Courts.

In relation to other courts

See also
 Brazil federal courts

References

External links
 Official website (Portuguese)

Brazilian labour law
Judiciary of Brazil
Labour courts
1946 establishments in Brazil
Courts and tribunals established in 1946


Gastrotypographicalassemblage (compound word: Gastro | typographical | assemblage) is a  work of art designed by Lou Dorfsman to decorate the cafeteria in Eero Saarinen's CBS Building on 52nd Street and Sixth Avenue, New York City, New York.

As the senior vice president and creative director for marketing communications and design for CBS, Dorfsman was responsible for all aspects of the building's graphics, designating the type, design, and spacing for wall clocks, elevator buttons, and elevator inspection stickers. He designed what he called Gastrotypographicalassemblage for the building's cafeteria, using varied typefaces to list all of the foods offered to patrons in hand-milled wood type. The completed work was based on ideas conceived in the mid-1960s. The project was ultimately completed in 1966 with assistance from graphic designer Herb Lubalin, and Tom Carnase, who crafted the typography from Dorfsman's original design. Dorfsman considered this work to be "his magnum opus, his gift to the world".

Gastrotypographicalassemblage was discarded in the early 1990s by CBS, but the work's nine panels were retrieved by designer Nick Fasciano. It was in an advanced state of disrepair, aggravated by improper storage. The piece was acquired by the Atlanta-based Center for Design Study in the mid-2000s, which developed a program to raise the funds needed to support the restoration of the work of art. Funding goals to begin the restoration fell short, and efforts to restore the work did not begin at that time.

Following the death of Lou Dorfsman in 2008, it was announced that the Culinary Institute of America in Hyde Park, New York, would serve as the new home for Gastrotypographicalassemblage. The college worked with Nick Fasciano to fund the restoration, and the work was put on public display for the first time starting in March 2014, when it was showcased in the Institute's new Marriott Pavilion and Conference Center in its Hyde Park campus, where it remains to this day.

See also

References

American art
Typography
1966 paintings
Cultural history of New York City
CBS Television Network
The Culinary Institute of America


Children's Hospital & Medical Center is a non-profit regional pediatric specialty health care center located in Omaha, Nebraska. The 225-bed hospital is the only free-standing children's hospital in Nebraska and serves patients from throughout its home state, western Iowa, South Dakota, northern Kansas and northwestern Missouri. The hospital provides more than 50 pediatric specialty clinics for a variety of specialized needs including asthma, cardiology, neurology, pediatric cancer, neonatal intensive care follow-up, diabetes, and physical, occupational, and speech therapies. The hospital also offers the Carolyn Scott Rainbow House, a home-away-from-home for families of patients.

History
Children's Hospital & Medical Center opened as Children's Memorial Hospital on March 14, 1948. The institution was founded by Dr. C.W.M. Poynter, dean of the University of Nebraska Medical Center, and Henry Doorly, publisher of the Omaha World-Herald. The men shared a vision that no child in need of medical care would be turned away due to an inability to pay. Shortly after opening, a polio epidemic engulfed the nation and the region.

The first facility was built at 42nd and Dewey in Midtown Omaha at the cost of $850,000. Funded by a community-wide penny drive, more than 30,000 people in Nebraska and western Iowa made additional contributions, as well. The hospital moved to the corner of 83rd and Dodge Street in 1981, and nineteen years later, in 2000, the hospital moved to a state-of-the-art facility at 8200 Dodge Street, across the road from its previous location. An expansion effort to address a growing need for pediatric specialty outpatient care culminated in the opening of the Children's Specialty Pediatric Center, adjacent to the main hospital building, in 2010.

Awards
The Children's Hospital & Medical Center in Omaha, Nebraska has been recognized as one of the leading pediatric hospitals and has been awarded the 2019 Women's Choice Award for Best Children's Hospitals.

See also
 Hospitals in Omaha, Nebraska

References

 Limprecht, H.J. (1973) A Chance To Live: The Story of Children's Memorial Hospital of Omaha; Omaha, Nebraska; Children's Memorial Hospital.

External links
 Children's Hospital & Medical Center official website.

Hospital buildings completed in 1948
Hospital buildings completed in 1981
Hospital buildings completed in 2000
Hospitals in Omaha, Nebraska
Children's hospitals in the United States
Pediatric trauma centers