Harvey Phillip Spector (December 26, 1939 – January 16, 2021) was an American record producer and songwriter, best known for his innovative recording practices and entrepreneurship in the 1960s, followed decades later by his two trials and conviction for murder in the 2000s. Spector developed the Wall of Sound, a production style that is characterized for its diffusion of tone colors and dense orchestral sound, which he described as a "Wagnerian" approach to rock and roll. He is widely regarded as one of the most influential figures in pop music history and one of the most successful producers of the 1960s.

Born in the Bronx, Spector moved to Los Angeles as a teenager and began his career in 1958 as a founding member of The Teddy Bears, for whom he penned "To Know Him Is to Love Him", a U.S. number-one hit. In 1960, after working as an apprentice to Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller, Spector co-founded Philles Records, and at the age of 21 became the youngest-ever U.S. label owner at the time. Dubbed the "First Tycoon of Teen", Spector came to be considered the first auteur of the music industry for the unprecedented control he had over every phase of the recording process. He produced acts such as The Ronettes, The Crystals, and Ike & Tina Turner, and typically collaborated with arranger Jack Nitzsche and engineer Larry Levine. The musicians from his de facto house band, later known as "The Wrecking Crew", rose to industry fame through his hit records.

In the early 1970s, Spector produced the Beatles' Let It Be and several solo records by John Lennon and George Harrison. By the mid-1970s Spector had produced eighteen U.S. Top 10 singles for various artists. His chart-toppers included the Righteous Brothers' "You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'", the Beatles' "The Long and Winding Road", and Harrison's "My Sweet Lord". Spector helped establish the role of the studio as an instrument, the integration of pop art aesthetics into music (art pop), and the genres of art rock and dream pop. His honors include the 1973 Grammy Award for Album of the Year for co-producing Harrison's Concert for Bangladesh, a 1989 induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, and a 1997 induction into the Songwriters Hall of Fame. In 2004, Spector was ranked number 63 on Rolling Stones list of the greatest artists in history.

Following one-off productions for Leonard Cohen (Death of a Ladies' Man), Dion DiMucci (Born to Be with You), and the Ramones (End of the Century), from the 1980's on Spector remained largely inactive amid a lifestyle of seclusion, drug use, and increasingly erratic behavior. In 2009, after two decades in semi-retirement, he was convicted of the 2003 murder of actress Lana Clarkson and sentenced to 19 years to life in prison, where he died in 2021.

Biography

1939–1959: Background and the Teddy Bears
Harvey  Spector was born on December 26, 1939. He later added a second "l" to his middle name, which he preferred over "Harvey". His parents were Benjamin (1903–1949) and Bertha (1911–1995) Spector, a first-generation immigrant Russian-Jewish family in the Bronx, New York City. Bertha had been born in France to Russian migrants George and Clara Spektor, who brought her to America in 1911 aged 9 months, while Benjamin was born as Baruch (later changed to Benjamin) in the Russian Empire to George and Bessie Spektus or Spektres, and brought to America by his parents in 1913 aged 10. Both families anglicized their last names to "Spector" on their naturalization papers, both of which were witnessed by the same man, Isidore Spector. The similarities in name and background of the grandfathers led Spector to believe that his parents were first cousins. He had a sister named Shirley, who was six years his senior; she died in 2004 in Hemet, California, at the age of 70.

In April 1949, Spector's father, who was deeply in debt, committed suicide; on his gravestone were inscribed the words "Ben Spector. Father. Husband. To Know Him Was To Love Him". In 1953, Spector's mother moved the family to Los Angeles where she found work as a seamstress. Spector attended John Burroughs Junior High School (now John Burroughs Middle School) on Wilshire Boulevard, then in 1954 attended Fairfax High School. Having learned to play guitar, Spector performed "Rock Island Line" in a talent show at Fairfax High. He joined a loose-knit community of aspiring musicians, including Lou Adler, Bruce Johnston, Steve Douglas, and Sandy Nelson. Spector formed a group, the Teddy Bears, with Nelson and three other friends, Marshall Leib, Harvey Goldstein and Annette Kleinbard.

During this period, record producer Stan Ross—co-owner of Gold Star Studios in Hollywood—began to tutor Spector in record production and exerted a major influence on Spector's production style. In 1958, the Teddy Bears recorded the Spector-penned "Don't You Worry My Little Pet", and then signed a two to three singles recording deal with Era Records, with the promise of more if the singles did well.

At their next session, they recorded another song Spector had written—this one inspired by the epitaph on Spector's father's tombstone. Released on Era's subsidiary label, Dore Records, "To Know Him Is to Love Him" reached number one on Billboard Hot 100 singles chart on December 1, 1958, selling over a million copies by year's end. Following the success of their debut, the group signed with Imperial Records. Their next single, "I Don't Need You Anymore", reached number 91. They released several more recordings, including an album, The Teddy Bears Sing!, but failed to reach the top 100 in US sales. The group disbanded in 1959.

1959–1962: Early production work, Philles Records, and the Crystals
While recording the Teddy Bears' album, Spector met Lester Sill, a former promotion man who was a mentor to Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller. Sill and his partner, Lee Hazlewood supported Spector's next project, the Spectors Three. In 1960, Sill arranged for Spector to work as an apprentice to Leiber and Stoller in New York. Spector co-wrote the Ben E. King Top 10 hit "Spanish Harlem" with Leiber and also worked as a session musician, playing the guitar solo on the Drifters' song "On Broadway".

Spector's first true recording artist and project as producer was Ronnie Crawford. Spector's production work during this time included releases by LaVern Baker, Ruth Brown, and Billy Storm, as well as the Top Notes' original recording of "Twist and Shout". Leiber and Stoller recommended Spector to produce Ray Peterson's "Corrine, Corrina", which reached number 9 in January 1961. Later, he produced another major hit for Curtis Lee, "Pretty Little Angel Eyes", which made it to number 7. Returning to Hollywood, Spector agreed to produce one of Sill's acts. After both Liberty Records and Capitol Records turned down the master of "Be My Boy" by the Paris Sisters, Sill formed a new label, Gregmark Records, with Lee Hazlewood, and released it. It reached only number 56, but the follow-up, "I Love How You Love Me", was a hit, reaching number 5.

In late 1961, Spector formed a record company with Sill, who by this time had ended his business partnership with Hazlewood. Philles Records combined the first names of its two founders. Through Hill and Range Publishers, Spector found three groups he wanted to produce: the Ducanes, the Creations, and the Crystals. The first two signed with other companies, but Spector managed to secure the Crystals for his new label. Their first single, "There's No Other (Like My Baby)" was a success, hitting number 20. Their next release, "Uptown", made it to number 13.

Spector continued to work freelance with other artists. In 1962, he produced "Second Hand Love" by Connie Francis, which reached No. 7. Ahmet Ertegun of Atlantic paired Spector with future Broadway star Jean DuShon for "Talk to Me", the B-side of which was "Tired of Trying", written by DuShon.

1962–1965: Bob B. Soxx & the Blue Jeans, the Ronettes, and the Righteous Brothers
In 1962, Spector briefly took a job as an A&R producer for Liberty Records. It was while working at Liberty that he heard a song written by Gene Pitney, for whom he had produced a number 41 hit, "Every Breath I Take", a year earlier. "He's a Rebel" was due to be released on Liberty by Vikki Carr, but Spector rushed into Gold Star Studios and recorded a cover version using Darlene Love and the Blossoms on lead vocals. The record was released on Philles, attributed to the Crystals, and quickly rose to the top of the charts.

By the time "He's a Rebel" went to number 1, Lester Sill was out of the company, and Spector had Philles all to himself. He created a new act, Bob B. Soxx & the Blue Jeans, featuring Darlene Love, Fanita James (a member of the Blossoms), and Bobby Sheen, a singer he had worked with at Liberty. The group had hits with "Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah" (number 8), "Why Do Lovers Break Each Other's Heart" (number 38), and "Not Too Young to Get Married" (number 63). Spector also released solo material by Darlene Love in 1963. In the same year, he released "Be My Baby" by the Ronettes, which went to number 2.

The first time Spector put the same amount of effort into an LP as he did into 45s was when he utilized the full Philles roster and the Wrecking Crew to make what he felt would become a hit for the 1963 Christmas season. A Christmas Gift for You from Philles Records was released a few days after the assassination of President Kennedy in November 1963.

On September 28, 1963, the Ronettes appeared at the Cow Palace, near San Francisco. Also on the bill were the Righteous Brothers. Spector, who was conducting the band for all the acts, was so impressed with Bill Medley and Bobby Hatfield that he bought their contract from Moonglow Records and signed them to Philles. In early 1965, "You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'" became the label's second number 1 single. Three more major hits with the duo followed: "Just Once in My Life" (number 9), "Unchained Melody" (number 4, originally the B-side of "Hung on You"), and "Ebb Tide" (number 5). Despite having hits, he lost interest in producing the Righteous Brothers and sold their contract and all their master recordings to Verve Records. However, the sound of the Righteous Brothers' singles was so distinctive that the act chose to replicate it after leaving Spector, notching a second number 1 hit in 1966 with the Bill Medley–produced "(You're My) Soul and Inspiration".

During this period, Spector formed another subsidiary label, Phi-Dan Records, partly created to keep promoter Danny Davis occupied. The label released singles by artists including Betty Willis, the Lovelites, and the Ikettes. None of the recordings on Phi-Dan were produced by Spector.

The recording of "Unchained Melody", credited on some releases as a Spector production although Medley has consistently said he produced it originally as an album track, had a second wave of popularity 25 years after its initial release, when it was featured prominently in the 1990 hit movie Ghost. A re-release of the single re-charted on the Billboard Hot 100, and went to number one on the Adult Contemporary charts. This also put Spector back on the U.S. Top 40 charts for the first time since his last appearance in 1971 with John Lennon's "Imagine", though he did have UK top 40 hits in the interim with the Ramones.

1966–1969: Ike & Tina Turner and hiatus

Spector's final signing to Philles was the husband-and-wife team of Ike & Tina Turner in April 1966. Spector considered their single "River Deep – Mountain High" his best work, but it failed to reach any higher than number 88 in the United States. The record, which actually featured Tina Turner without Ike Turner, was successful in Britain, reaching number 3.

Spector released another single by Ike & Tina Turner, "I'll Never Need More Than This", while negotiating a deal to move Philles to A&M Records in 1967. The deal did not materialize, and Spector subsequently lost enthusiasm for his label and the recording industry. Already something of a recluse, he withdrew temporarily from the public eye, marrying Veronica "Ronnie" Bennett, lead singer of the Ronettes, in 1968. Spector emerged briefly for a cameo as himself in an episode of I Dream of Jeannie (1967) and as a drug dealer in the film Easy Rider (1969).

In 1969, Spector made a brief return to the music business by signing a production deal with A&M Records. A Ronettes single, "You Came, You Saw, You Conquered" flopped, but Spector returned to the Hot 100 with "Black Pearl", by Sonny Charles and the Checkmates, Ltd., which reached number 13.

1970–1973: Comeback and Beatles collaborations
In early 1970, Allen Klein, the new manager of the Beatles, brought Spector to England. After impressing with his production of John Lennon's solo single "Instant Karma!", which went to number 3, Spector was invited by Lennon and George Harrison to take on the task of turning the Beatles' abandoned Let It Be recording sessions into a usable album. He went to work using many of his production techniques, making significant changes to the arrangements and sound of some songs. Released a month after the Beatles' break-up, the album topped the U.S. and UK charts. It also yielded the number 1 U.S. single "The Long and Winding Road". Spector's overdubbing of "The Long and Winding Road" infuriated its composer, Paul McCartney. Several music critics also maligned Spector's work on Let It Be; he later attributed this partly to resentment that an American producer appeared to be "taking over" such a popular English band. Lennon defended Spector, telling Jann Wenner of Rolling Stone: "he was given the shittiest load of badly recorded shit, with a lousy feeling toward it, ever. And he made something out of it. He did a great job."

For Harrison's multiplatinum album All Things Must Pass (number 1, 1970), Spector helped provide a symphonic ambience, although his health issues meant that after recording the basic tracks, he was absent from the project until the mixing stage. Rolling Stones reviewer lauded the album's sound, calling it "Wagnerian, Brucknerian, the music of mountain tops and vast horizons". The triple LP yielded two major hits: "My Sweet Lord" (number 1) and "What Is Life" (number 10). That same year, Spector co-produced Lennon's Plastic Ono Band (number 6), a stark-sounding album devoid of any Wall of Sound extravagance. Through Harrison, he also produced the debut single by Derek and the Dominos, "Tell the Truth", but the band disliked the sound and had the record withdrawn.

Spector was made head of A&R for Apple Records. He held the post for only a year, during which he co-produced Lennon's 1971 single "Power to the People" (number 11) and his chart-topping album Imagine. The album's title track hit number 3. With Harrison, Spector co-produced Harrison's "Bangla Desh" (number 23)—rock's first charity single—and wife Ronnie Spector's "Try Some, Buy Some" (number 77). The latter was recorded for Ronnie's intended solo album on Apple Records, a project that stalled due to the same erratic, alcohol-fueled behavior from Spector that had hindered work on All Things Must Pass. Spector was convinced that the Harrison-written single would be a major hit, and its poor commercial performance was one of the biggest disappointments of his career.

That same year Spector oversaw the live recording of the Harrison-organized Concert for Bangladesh shows in New York City, which resulted in the number 1 triple album The Concert for Bangladesh. The album won the "Album of the Year" award at the 1973 Grammys. Despite being recorded live, Spector used up to 44 microphones simultaneously to create his trademark Wall of Sound. Following Harrison's death in 2001, Spector said that the most creative period of his career was when he worked with Lennon and Harrison in the early 1970s, and he believed that this was true of Lennon and Harrison also, despite their achievements with the Beatles.

Lennon retained Spector for the 1971 Christmas single "Happy Xmas (War Is Over)" and the poorly reviewed 1972 album Some Time in New York City (number 48), both collaborations with Yoko Ono. In late 1972, Apple reissued Spector's A Christmas Gift for You from Philles Records (as Phil Spector's Christmas Album), bringing the recordings the commercial success and critical recognition that had originally eluded the 1963 release. Lennon and Ono's "Happy Xmas" single similarly stalled in sales upon its initial release, but later became a fixture on radio station playlists around Christmas.

Harrison and Spector started work on Harrison's Living in the Material World album in October 1972, but Spector's unreliability soon led to Harrison dismissing him from the project. Harrison recalled having to climb down into Spector's central London hotel room from the roof to get him to attend the sessions, and that his co-producer would then need "eighteen cherry brandies before he could get himself down to the studio".

In late 1973, Spector produced the initial recording sessions for what became Lennon's 1975 covers album Rock 'n' Roll (number 6). The sessions were held in Los Angeles, with Lennon allowing Spector free rein as producer for the first time, but were characterized by substance abuse and chaotic arrangements. Amid the party atmosphere, Spector brandished his handguns and at one point fired a shot while Lennon was recording. In December, Lennon and Spector abandoned the collaboration. Since the studio time had been booked by his production company, Spector withheld the tapes until June the following year, when Lennon reimbursed him through Capitol Records.

1974–1980: Near-fatal accident, Warner-Spector Records, Leonard Cohen, and the Ramones

As the 1970s progressed, Spector became increasingly reclusive. The most probable and significant reason for his withdrawal, according to biographer Dave Thompson, was that in 1974 he was seriously injured when he was thrown through the windshield of his car in a crash in Hollywood. Spector was almost killed, and it was only because the attending police officer detected a faint pulse that Spector was not declared dead at the scene. He was admitted to the UCLA Medical Center on the night of March 31, suffering serious head injuries that required several hours of surgery, with over 300 stitches to his face and more than 400 to the back of his head. His head injuries, Thompson suggests, were the reason that Spector began his habit of wearing outlandish wigs in later years.

He established the Warner-Spector label with Warner Bros. Records, which undertook new Spector-produced recordings with Cher, Darlene Love, Danny Potter, and Jerri Bo Keno, in addition to several reissues. A similar relationship with Britain's Polydor Records led to the formation of the Phil Spector International label in 1975. When the Cher and Keno singles (the latter's recordings were only issued in Germany) foundered on the charts, Spector released Dion DiMucci's Born to Be with You to little commercial fanfare in 1975; largely produced and recorded by Spector in 1974, it was subsequently disowned by the singer. In the 1990s and 2000s, the album enjoyed a resurgence among the indie rock cognoscenti. The majority of Spector's classic Philles recordings had been out of print in the U.S. since the original label's demise, although Spector had released several Philles Records compilations in Britain. Finally, he released an American compilation of his Philles recordings in 1977, which put most of the better-known Spector hits back into circulation after many years.

Spector began to reemerge later in the decade, producing and co-writing a controversial 1977 album by Leonard Cohen, titled Death of a Ladies' Man. This angered many devout Cohen fans who preferred his stark acoustic sound to the orchestral and choral wall of sound that the album contains. The recording was fraught with difficulty. After Cohen had laid down practice vocal tracks, Spector mixed the album in studio sessions, rather than allowing Cohen to take a role in the mixing, as Cohen had previously done. Cohen remarked that the result is "grotesque", but also "semi-virtuous"—for many years, he included a reworked version of the track "Memories" in live concerts. Bob Dylan and Allen Ginsberg also participated in the background vocals on "Don't Go Home with Your Hard-On".

Spector also produced the much-publicized Ramones album End of the Century in 1979. As with his work with Leonard Cohen, End of the Century received criticism from Ramones fans who were angered over its radio-friendly sound. However, it contains some of the best known and most successful Ramones singles, such as "Rock 'n' Roll High School", "Do You Remember Rock 'n' Roll Radio?", and their cover of a previously released Spector song for the Ronettes, "Baby, I Love You". Guitarist Johnny Ramone later commented on working with Spector on the recording of the album, "It really worked when he got to a slower song like "Danny Says"—the production really worked tremendously. For the harder stuff, it didn't work as well."

Rumors circulated for years that Spector had threatened members of the Ramones with a gun during the sessions. Dee Dee Ramone claimed that Spector once pulled a gun on him when he tried to leave a session. Drummer Marky Ramone recalled in 2008, "They [guns] were there but he had a license to carry. He never held us hostage. We could have left at any time."

1981–2003: Inactivity

Spector remained inactive throughout most of the 1980s, 1990s, and early 2000s. In early 1981, shortly after the death of John Lennon, he temporarily re-emerged to co-produce Yoko Ono's Season of Glass.

In 1989, Tina Turner inducted Spector into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a non-performer. Rolling Stone reported, "Spector hit the stage bopping madly to the strains of the Ronettes' "Be My Baby", flanked by three beefy bodyguards who practically elbowed Tina out of the way. He mumbled a few incoherent words about George H. W. Bush and the presidential inauguration, and then his bodyguards carried him away again." He was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1997 and he received the Grammy Trustees Award in 2000.

In 1994, Spector wrote a letter to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's nominating committee to oppose the Ronettes being considered for induction. He argued that the group was not a proper recording act and did not contribute enough to music to merit an induction. The Ronettes were eventually inducted into the Hall, but not until 2007.

He attempted to work with Céline Dion on her album Falling into You but fell out with her production team. His last released project was Silence Is Easy by Starsailor, in 2003. He was originally supposed to produce the entire album, but was fired owing to personal and creative differences. One of the two Spector-produced songs on the album, the title track, was a UK top 10 single (the other single being "White Dove").

2003–2021: Clarkson murder and imprisonment

On February 3, 2003, Spector shot actress Lana Clarkson in the mouth while in his mansion (the Pyrenees Castle) in Alhambra, California. Her body was found slumped in a chair with a single gunshot wound to her mouth. Spector told Esquire in July 2003 that Clarkson's death was an "accidental suicide" and that she "kissed the gun". The emergency call from Spector's home, made by Spector's driver, Adriano de Souza, quotes Spector as saying, "I think I killed somebody." De Souza added that he saw Spector come out of the back door of the house with a gun in his hand.

Spector remained free on $1 million bail while awaiting trial. In the meantime, Spector produced singer-songwriter Hargo Khalsa's track (known professionally as Hargo) "Crying for John Lennon", which originally appears on Hargo's 2006 album In Your Eyes. On a visit to Spector's mansion for an interview for the Lennon tribute film Strawberry Fields, Hargo played Spector the song and asked him to produce it.

On March 19, 2007, Spector's murder trial began. Presiding Judge Larry Paul Fidler allowed the proceedings in Los Angeles Superior Court to be televised. On September 26, Fidler declared a mistrial because of a hung jury (ten to two for conviction).

Released in December 2007, the song "B Boy Baby" by Mutya Buena and Amy Winehouse featured melodic and lyrical passages heavily influenced by "Be My Baby". As a result, Spector was given a songwriting credit on the single. The sections from "Be My Baby" were sung by Winehouse, not sampled from the mono single. Winehouse referenced her admiration of Spector's work and often performed Spector's first hit song, "To Know Him Is to Love Him". That same month, Spector attended the funeral of Ike Turner. In his eulogy, Spector criticized Tina Turner's autobiography—and its subsequent promotion by Oprah Winfrey—as a "badly written" book that "demonized and vilified Ike". Spector commented that "Ike made Tina the jewel she was. When I went to see Ike play at the Cinegrill in the '90s ... there were at least five Tina Turners on the stage performing that night, and any one of them could have been the real Tina Turner."

In mid-April 2008, BBC Two broadcast a special titled Phil Spector: The Agony and the Ecstasy, by Vikram Jayanti. It consists of Spector's first screen interview—breaking a long period of media silence. During the conversation, images from the murder court case are juxtaposed with live appearances of his tracks on television programs from the 1960s and 1970s, along with subtitles giving critical interpretations of some of his song production values. While he does not directly try to clear his name, the court case proceedings shown try to give further explanation of the facts surrounding the murder charges leveled against him. He also speaks about the musical instincts that led him to create some of his most enduring hit records, from "You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'" to "River Deep, Mountain High", as well as Let It Be, along with criticisms he feels he has had to deal with throughout his life.

The retrial of Spector for murder in the second degree began on October 20, 2008, with Judge Fidler again presiding; the retrial was not televised. Spector was once again represented by attorney Jennifer Lee Barringer. The case went to the jury on March 26, 2009, and 18 days later, on April 13, the jury returned a guilty verdict. Additionally, Spector was found guilty of using a firearm in the commission of a crime, which added four years to the sentence. He was immediately taken into custody and, on May 29, 2009, was sentenced to 19 years to life in the California state prison system. Various attempted appeals were unsuccessful, in 2011, 2012, and 2016.

Musicianship

Spector's early musical influences included Latin music in general, and Latin percussion in particular. This is perceptible in many if not all of Spector's recordings, from the percussion in many of his hit songs: shakers, güiros (gourds), and maracas in "Be My Baby" and the son montuno in "You've Lost That Lovin' Feeling" (heard clearly in the song's bridge, played by session bassist Carol Kaye, while the same repeating refrain is played on harpsichord by Larry Knechtel).

Spector's trademark during his recording career was the so-called Wall of Sound, a production technique yielding a dense, layered effect that reproduced well on AM radio and jukeboxes. To attain this signature sound, Spector gathered large groups of musicians (playing some instruments not generally used for ensemble playing, such as electric and acoustic guitars) playing orchestrated parts—often doubling and tripling many instruments playing in unison—for a fuller sound. Spector himself called his technique "a Wagnerian approach to rock & roll: little symphonies for the kids".

Spector directed the overall sound of his recordings, using a core group that became known as the Wrecking Crew, including session players such as Hal Blaine, Larry Knechtel, Steve Douglas, Carol Kaye, Roy Caton, Glen Campbell, and Leon Russell. He delegated arrangements to Jack Nitzsche and had Sonny Bono oversee the performances, viewing these two as his "lieutenants". Spector frequently used songs from songwriters employed at the Brill Building (Trio Music) and at 1650 Broadway (Aldon Music), such as the teams of Ellie Greenwich and Jeff Barry, Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil, and Gerry Goffin and Carole King. He often worked with the songwriters, receiving co-credit and publishing royalties for compositions.

Despite the trend towards multichannel recording, Spector was vehemently opposed to stereo releases, saying that it took control of the record's sound away from the producer in favor of the listener. Sometimes a pair of strings or horns would be double-tracked multiple times to sound like an entire string or horn section. But in the final product the background sometimes could not be distinguished as either horns or strings. Spector also greatly preferred singles to albums, describing LPs as "two hits and ten pieces of junk", reflecting both his commercial methods and those of many other producers at the time.

Legacy and influence
According to guitarist Stevie Van Zandt of the E Street Band, Spector was a "genius irredeemably conflicted". On Twitter, he wrote: "[Spector] was the ultimate example of the art always being better than the artist... [He] made some of the greatest records in history based on the salvation of love while remaining incapable of giving or receiving love his whole life."

Spector is often called the first auteur among musical artists for acting not only as a producer, but also the creative director, writing or choosing the material, supervising the arrangements, conducting the vocalists and session musicians, and masterminding all phases of the recording process. He helped pave the way for art rock, and helped inspire the emergence of aesthetically oriented genres such as shoegaze and noise music. PopMatters editor John Bergstrom credits the start of dream pop to Spector's collaboration with George Harrison on All Things Must Pass.

His influence has been claimed by performers such as the Beatles, the Beach Boys, and the Velvet Underground alongside latter-day record producers such as Brian Eno and Tony Visconti. Alternative rock performers Cocteau Twins, My Bloody Valentine, and the Jesus and Mary Chain have all cited Spector as an influence. Shoegaze, a British musical movement in the late 1980s to mid-1990s, was heavily influenced by the Wall of Sound. Jason Pierce of Spiritualized has cited Spector as a major influence on his Let It Come Down album. Bobby Gillespie of Primal Scream and the Jesus and Mary Chain has enthused about Spector, with the song "Just Like Honey" opening with an homage of the famous "Be My Baby" drum intro.

Many have tried to emulate Spector's methods, and Brian Wilson of the Beach Boys—a fellow adherent of mono recording—considered Spector his main competition as a studio artist. In the 1960s, Wilson thought of Spector as "the single most influential producer. He's timeless. He makes a milestone whenever he goes into the studio." Wilson's fascination with Spector's work has persisted for decades, with many different references to Spector and his work scattered around Wilson's songs with the Beach Boys and even his solo career. Of Spector-related productions, Wilson has been involved with covers of "Be My Baby", "Chapel of Love", "Just Once in My Life", "There's No Other (Like My Baby)", "Then He Kissed Me", "Talk to Me", "Why Don't They Let Us Fall in Love", "You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'", "Da Doo Ron Ron", "I Can Hear Music", and "This Could Be the Night".

Johnny Franz's mid-1960s productions for Dusty Springfield and the Walker Brothers also employed a layered, symphonic "Wall of Sound" arrangement-and-recording style, heavily influenced by the Spector sound. Another example is the Forum, a studio project of Les Baxter, which produced a minor hit in 1967 with "The River Is Wide". Sonny Bono, a former associate of Spector's, developed a jangly, guitar-laden variation on the Spector sound, which is heard mainly in mid-1960s productions for his then-wife Cher, notably "Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down)".

Bruce Springsteen emulated the Wall of Sound technique in his recording of "Born to Run". In 1973, the British band Wizzard, led by Roy Wood, had three Spector-influenced hits with "See My Baby Jive", "Angel Fingers (A Teen Ballad)", and "I Wish It Could Be Christmas Everyday", the latter becoming a perennial Christmas hit. Other contemporaries influenced by Spector include George Morton, Sonny & Cher, the Rolling Stones, the Four Tops, Mark Wirtz, the Lovin' Spoonful, and the Beatles. Swedish pop group ABBA cited Spector as an influence, and used similar Wall of Sound techniques in their early songs, including "Ring Ring", "Waterloo", and "Dancing Queen". The Los Angeles-based new wave band Wall of Voodoo takes their name from Spector's Wall of Sound. Spector's influence is also felt in other areas of the world, especially Japan. City pop musician Eiichi Ohtaki has been influenced by Spector and the Wall of Sound.

Personal life

Relationships and children
Spector's first marriage was in 1963 to Annette Merar, lead vocalist of the Spectors Three, a 1960s pop trio formed and produced by Spector. He named a record company after Merar, Annette Records. Spector and Merar divorced in 1966. While still married to Merar, he began having an affair with Ronnie Bennett, later known as Ronnie Spector. Bennett was the lead singer of the girl group the Ronettes (another group Spector managed and produced). They married in 1968 and adopted a son, Donté Phillip Spector. As a Christmas present, Spector surprised her by adopting twins Louis Phillip Spector and Gary Phillip Spector.

In her 1990 memoir, Be My Baby: How I Survived Mascara, Miniskirts And Madness, Bennett alleged that Spector had imprisoned her in his California mansion and subjected her to years of psychological torment. According to Bennett, Spector sabotaged her career by forbidding her to perform. She escaped from the mansion barefoot with the help of her mother in 1972. In their 1974 divorce settlement, she forfeited all future record earnings and surrendered custody of their children. She alleged that this was because Spector threatened to hire a hitman to kill her.

Spector's sons Gary and Donté both stated that their father "kept them captive" as children, and that they were "forced to perform simulated intercourse" with his girlfriend. According to Gary, "I was blindfolded and sexually molested. Dad would say, 'You're going to meet someone,' and it would be a 'learning experience'." Donté described himself as coming "from a very sick, twisted, dysfunctional family".

In 1982, Spector had twin children with his girlfriend Janis Zavala: Nicole Audrey Spector and Phillip Spector Jr. Phillip Jr. died of leukemia in 1991. On September 1, 2006, while on bail and awaiting trial, Spector married his third wife Rachelle Short, who was 26 at the time. Spector filed for divorce in April 2016, claiming irreconcilable differences. They divorced in 2018.

Health, illness, and death

Spector testified in a 2005 court deposition that he had been treated for bipolar disorder ("manic depression") for eight years, saying, "No sleep, depression, mood changes, mood swings, hard to live with, hard to concentrate, just hard—a hard time getting through life, I've been called a genius and I think a genius is not there all the time and has borderline insanity."

In the first criminal trial for the Clarkson murder, defense expert and forensic pathologist Vincent Di Maio said that Spector might be suffering from Parkinson's disease stating, "Look at Mr. Spector. He has Parkinson's features. He trembles."

California Department of Corrections photos from 2013 (released in September 2014) show evidence of a progressive deterioration in Spector's health, according to observers. He had been an inmate at the California Health Care Facility (a prison hospital) in Stockton since October 2013. In September 2014, it was reported that Spector had lost his ability to speak, owing to laryngeal papillomatosis.

He was taken to San Joaquin General Hospital in French Camp, California, on December 31, 2020, and intubated in January 2021. Spector died in an outside hospital on January 16 at the age of 81, according to the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. Spector's daughter Nicole attributed her father's death to complications of COVID-19, with which he was diagnosed in December 2020. He would have been eligible for parole in 2024.

Some media outlets that reported on Spector's death were subject to controversy for reportedly downplaying his murder conviction. Examples given were the obituaries in The New York Times and Rolling Stone, which originally stated, respectively, that Spector's  legacy "was marred by a murder conviction" and that his "life was upended" after being sentenced. These obituaries were revised following a social media backlash.

In popular culture
 I Dream of Jeannie (1967, "Jeannie, the Hip Hippie" – season 3, episode 6): Phil Spector made a cameo as himself. Jeannie decides she wants to be a pop star and enlists Spector for help. Though referred to by the characters throughout the episode as "Phil Spector", the credit roll lists "Phil Spector as 'Steve Davis.
 Beyond the Valley of the Dolls (1970): The character of Ronnie "Z-Man" Barzell is based upon Spector, though neither Russ Meyer nor screenwriter Roger Ebert had met him.
 Phantom of the Paradise (1974): The villainous character Swan (played by Paul Williams) was supposedly inspired by Spector. A music producer and head of a record label, Swan was named "Spectre" in original drafts of the film's screenplay.
 What's Love Got to Do with It (1993): Spector is portrayed by Rob LaBelle.
 Grace of My Heart (1996): The film contains many characters based upon 1960s musicians, writers and producers including the character Joel Milner played by John Turturro (based on Spector).
 In the docudrama And the Beat Goes On: The Sonny and Cher Story, Phil Spector is portrayed by Christian Leffler.
 Metalocalypse (2006–2013): The character Dick Knubbler is a parody of Spector, based on profession, appearance and record of assault.
 A Reasonable Man (2009): Harv Stevens is reportedly based on Spector. The film examines his relationship with John Lennon.
 Phil Spector (2013): Spector is portrayed by Al Pacino.
 Love & Mercy (2014): Spector is portrayed by Jonathan Slavin. However, his scene was cut from the theatrical release.
  He was also in Easy Rider as a drug dealer.
 The song "Christmas Kids" by ROAR references Spector's relationship with Ronnie Spector, the two also appear on the cover of the EP.

Discography

Awards

Spector is one of a handful of producers to have number one records in three consecutive decades (1950s, 1960s and 1970s). Others in this group include Quincy Jones (1960s, 1970s, and 1980s), George Martin (1960s, 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s), Michael Omartian (1970s, 1980s and 1990s), Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis (1980s, 1990s, and 2000s), and Max Martin (1990s, 2000, 2010s, and 2020s).

 Awards and nominations

 Rankings

Notes

References

Bibliography

Further reading
 Baker, James Robert. Fuel-Injected Dreams New York: E. P. Dutton ; novel whose central character is reportedly based on Spector
 Emerson, Ken. Always Magic in the Air: The Bomp and Brilliance of the Brill Building Era New York: Viking Press
 Wolfe, Tom. "The First Tycoon of Teen" — magazine article reprinted in Wolfe, The Kandy-Kolored Tangerine-Flake Streamline Baby, ; and in Back to Mono liner notes

External links

Please Phil Spector, artists that have included references to Spector in their own works

1939 births
2021 deaths
21st-century American criminals
Age controversies
American businesspeople convicted of crimes
American male criminals
American people convicted of murder
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
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Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in California
Domestic violence in the United States
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People convicted of murder by California
People from Alhambra, California
People from the Bronx
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Record producers from California
Record producers from New York (state)
Songwriters from New York (state)
The Wrecking Crew (music) members
Prisoners who died in California detention
The Teddy Bears members
Prisoners who died from COVID-19


When It Hurts may refer to:

"When It Hurts", a song by Avant from the 2008 self titled album Avant
"When It Hurts", a song by Leona Lewis from her 2012 album Glassheart

See also
"Even When It Hurts (Praise Song)", a Hillsong United song from their 2015 album Empires


The Pemberton and Hightstown Railroad was a railroad in the U.S. state of New Jersey.

History

The Pemberton and Hightstown Railroad was chartered in 1864 and completed in 1868; it linked the towns of Pemberton and Hightstown, a total of . The first President of the Pemberton and Hightstown Railroad was Nathaniel Scudder Rue, Jr., who lived in Cream Ridge, NJ (he also founded the first national bank in New Jersey, The First National Bank of Hightstown). Most of the stock was purchased by the Camden and Amboy Railroad, and as such they were the owners of the line.  The line was first leased to the Camden and Amboy in 1868, then the PRR through its acquisitions.  In 1888 the Union Transportation Company was created to run the line, and the lease was terminated with the PRR, although they still owned the line.  In 1915, the PRR merged the Pemberton and Hightstown Railroad into the Pennsylvania and Atlantic Railroad, a holdings company which included other local lines.  By 1942, the UT was unable to operate the line, and contracted with the PRR to run the daily operations again.  Eventually the PennCentral ran the line until 1976, until the PC merged into Conrail.  The Pemberton and Hightstown Railroad, and the Union Transportation Company as operator, was not to be included in Conrail, and thus was independent and on their own.  The line lasted until 1977, when due to financial problems, they ceased to exist. The Monmouth County Park System opened a  section of the Union Transportation Trail (between Millstream Road and Jonathan Holmes Road) with a gravel surface on the right-of-way on September 25, 2010. A 2.0 miles (3.2 km) extension to Davis Station Road was completed in 2011. In February 2015, the section between County Route 526 (New Jersey) and Herbert Road/Sharon Station Road (3.0 miles (4.8 km)) had been completed, with a new parking lot and trailhead at Herbert Road and Sharon Station Road. Construction commenced in 2015 on the fourth segment (1.5 miles (2.4 km)) between County Route 526 (New Jersey) and Davis Station Road, and was completed in September 2016. The fifth segment (0.75 miles (1.21 km)) between Herbert Road/Sharon Station Road and County Route 539 (New Jersey) was completed in late January 2017 and passes through the Assunpink Wildlife Management Area.

Towns, stations, and facilities

The line started in Pemberton, New Jersey, in 1868 where it had a connection with the Burlington and Camden County Railroad (1867).  This gave them a connection to Mt. Holly and Camden.

The next stop it passed through was Shreve, which had a passenger shelter measuring , as well as a smaller milk shelter and platform.

Then Lewistown, where a wye and crossover allowed interchange with the Columbus, Kinkora, Springfield RR (1872).  This would become the Kinkora Branch of the PRR many years later.  There was a large freight house here, measuring , as well as Cattle Pen, and storage tracks just south of the wye.

Continuing on, the line ran through Wrightstown, which exploded during World War I when Fort Dix was built.  This location had a big wire fence around the station grounds, with two milk platforms (one large, one small), large coal trestle, and a cattle pen.  The Wrightstown freight station measured , while the passenger station measured .

The line would continue through Cookstown, which included a milk platform and cattle pen, and a  passenger station, and a  freight house.

In New Egypt the Union Transportation Company would set up its offices in 1888.  New Egypt would house the shops, turntable, and water tower for the UT.  The passenger station was the largest on the line, measuring , while the freight house measured .  The UT's office building measured .  The location had a cattle pen, the Engine house at , including a large coal trestle and a coal shed, with a locomotive coaling platform, engine pit, and a  turntable.

Hornerstown would be next, which would also include a turntable.  The passenger station was , as the freight house was .  The complementary cattle pen and milk platform would be included.

Cream Ridge had a wire fence around the property, with a  passenger station and  freight house.  The complementary cattle pen and milk platform would be included.

Davis also had the cattle pen and milk platform, but only a passenger station, although larger at .  This was considered a combination freight passenger station.

Imlaystown had a slightly smaller passenger station of , and a freight house of .  Cattle pen included, but no milk platform listed.

Shrewsbury was listed as a stop, which only included a milk platform.

Sharon had the standard  passenger station and  freight station, with cattle pen and milk platform.

The last stop before Hightstown, Allens would only include a milk platform.

Hightstown was the final terminus, where they shared the station with the C&A.

Construction and operations

1864 - the Burlington and Camden County Railroad had extended their tracks from Mt. Holly to Pemberton by 1868. Milk and Fertilizer (marl) were beginning to become profitable businesses in the surrounding communities in and around the New Egypt area. The Pemberton & Hightstown was granted incorporation by the State of New Jersey on March 24, 1864. The Camden & Amboy RR assisted the P&H in construction of the line.
1865 - P&H agrees to lease the line to the C&A, once finished. Construction was started at both ends at the same time, with teams working north from Pemberton and south from Hightstown.
1868 - track laying completed on January 16, near Hornerstown, after which the construction crew's celebration became disorderly and a riot broke out. When opened, the line had up to four scheduled passenger trains per day.
1871 - the C&A is absorbed into the United Companies, which in turn was absorbed by the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR). As such, the P&H was officially run under the auspices of the PRR.
1872 - George Westinghouse's triple valve air brake system was first used on the Amboy Division of the PRR and tested on the P&H. This system set brakes when the main system was broken or pressure dropped. A test was performed at Pemberton in which two cars were deliberately uncoupled and halted as intended.
1874 - Marl surfaced as one of the carrier's first bulk commodities; 14,856 tons are transported by rail to stations on the P&H and the C&A.
1887 - the PRR officially purchases the guaranteed stock and bonds of the P&H.
1888 - the board of directors of the P&H decided to cancel the lease to PRR for operating purposes and closing all traffic on the P&H with the exception of daily mail service (which they may have been obligated to deliver per US Government agreements). This causes a problem with local residents and industries who were used to regular service for the shipment of milk and other farm products.  A few months later, local railroad men and business heads got together to raise enough money and on July 31, 1888 began the Union Transportation Company (UT) with its headquarters in New Egypt, New Jersey. The P&H would now lease the line to the UT for daily operations.
1890s - 1900s - uneventful; little change. Mostly mixed train service reported, with a regular routine of LCL freight. Typical freight included milk, cranberries, hay, and straw. Freight extras ran to accommodate excess loading of gravel, and later potato and tomato crops for Campbell Soup Company in Camden, New Jersey. The line was never very profitable, with a very high percentage of its revenue coming from passengers. An agreement dated July 31, 1896, sets rental at $1,389 per year, payable to the PRR.
1910s - traffic on the UT peaks. Passenger usage is up and LCL freight was going strong. The line was as busy as it was ever going to be at this time period.  The local communities were growing and thus increasing the demand for passenger services.  Farming was becoming a bit more efficient, increasing the demand for inbound and outbound agricultural products, as well as general merchandise for the industry.  The stations were busy, the platforms filled with cattle and milk, and increases in express freight kept things moving at a steady pace.
1915 - the PRR merged a number of their local holdings into a larger single corporation to reduce costs and overhead. The P&H, along with the Philadelphia and Long Branch Railroad Company and the Kinkora and New Lisbon Railroad, were merged to form the Pennsylvania and Atlantic Railroad Company. As far as daily operations went, the Union Transportation company was still the lessee and still ran the trains on the P&H part.  This merger into the P&A was more of a centralization on the PRR's part, allowing them to consolidate reporting, taxes, and other business functions at the corporate level.
1917 - Fort Dix Air Force Base is constructed near Wrightstown; this causes the town of Wrightstown to grow almost overnight.  This was initially good for the UT, as some extra business and passengers could now be expected, but the Government and Fort Dix made a deal with the PRR to exclusively give them all freight traffic. The PRR retained trackage rights into Fort Dix over the UT, and the sum of $600 per month was given to the UT for use by the PRR. This is interesting to note, since in 1896, the UT was paying the PRR rent of $1,389 per year for rent
1920 - inflation and the loss of freight and passengers begin to takes its toll on the UT. Surrounding roads are better maintained, automobiles become more reliable, and farmer begin to use tractors over horses and other animals; trucks are able to make quicker deliveries. As a result, much of the UTs local traffic began to quickly fade. LCL shipments were down, and every year, fewer and fewer passengers would take the trains. The passenger business was such a high percentage of the UTs traffic, they would never recoup from loss of this business.  Traffic still consisted of outbound milk and seasonal potato and tomato loading, but these, too, were on the decline.  As an experiment to increase passenger traffic and reduce costs, an early internal combustion J.G. Brill Company doodlebug was bought by the UT around 1922, but this attempt failed. The unit was sold in July 1926.
1931 - Great Depression takes its toll on the UT. Passenger service quickly evaporated, and as such, the ICC would allow passenger service to end in 1931. Much of the remaining LCL freight would be ending by this point, leaving both the freight stations and passenger stations now empty and unused.  Some would be rented out, but overall, the end of an era would soon be here.
1940s - operations of the UT are dismal, with old and dilapidated buildings and equipment. The line was in desperate need of maintenance and upgrades by this point. With the loss of the passenger traffic revenue in the 20s and 30s, the line could barely afford to keep itself running. Based upon freight revenues alone they could not afford to pay for upgrades and improvements now necessary. But by the 1940s, cars were getting bigger and heavier, and something would need to be done. The increase of traffic due to World War II was more than the UT could handle with their existing two ancient 4-4-0 engines, cars, and facilities.  The point had come when the UT was unable to reliably and safely service the line.
1942 - UT contracts with PRR to operate the line.  Of the two old, poorly maintained 4-4-0 American locomotives, one was immediately scrapped.
1945 - November: PRR brings in B8 switcher (number 2800). Coal was one of the largest commodities brought into service Fort Dix.  Mostly carload freight was being shipped on the line by this point, with almost no need anymore for station and team track facilities. The remaining freight houses were a liability at this point, being very old and needing immediate attention. The freight house at Wrightstown was removed, and in Davis, the combination freight and passenger building was also removed. The Cream Ridge freight house was removed in January 1943. When the PRR took over operations, the much needed upgrades could take place, and the needed maintenance could finally be performed.  Much of the line was upgraded from the original  rail to  rail, and several bridges were quickly upgraded.
1949 - construction of New Jersey Turnpike threatens to sever the line north of Shrewsbury Road four miles (6 km) south of Hightstown. The UT and local shippers tried to fight the break in the ROW, but failed.
1951 - segment between Shrewsbury Road and Hightstown abandoned and dismantled.
Mid-1950s - upper sections of the line continued to be abandoned by the PRR; increased coal shipments to Fort Dix, as well as increased shipments to Richard's Feed Mill at Davis, kept the line moving and profitable.
1959 -  July 14th marked the last day of revenue service for the Pennsylvania Railroad’s vast steam locomotive program, ending with B6sb shifter #5244 operating under lease to Union Transportation Co. The locomotive was retired the following day in Philadelphia.[3]
1960s - full freight carloads continue, with companies such as Sanitary Bedding Company (later Agrico Farm Center), Richard's Feed Mill, and Northern Chemical Company being the largest shippers; line remains successful
1967 - coal no longer required in Fort Dix, hurting the line's business.
1968 - history nearly repeats itself when the construction of Interstate 195 nearly severs the line, isolating large shipper, Agrico Farm Center. However, New Jersey DOT relents and constructs overpass. The PRR and New York Central merge to become Penn Central (PC). The Penn Central eventually files for bankruptcy less than two years later.
Early 1970s - line was able to gain some extra revenue as it moved steel for the construction of I-195, as well as some more coal being delivered Fort Dix again. But as quickly as it started, the coal shipments ended, and the PC continued with its abandonment proceedings for most of the line.
1973 - two prospects for new business came about. The Stepan Chemical Company and the Cori Furniture Company were both looking for properties with rail access. The stigma of abandonment chased them away from the local area. One can only imagine how the situation would have changed if the Stepan Chemical Company moved in, as their plant in Maywood, New Jersey comprises  with many spurs and sidings. The Final System Plan of 1973, which created Conrail and explained which lines and companies would be included, did not include the UT. Based upon that information, the PC planned to terminate operational service on February 27, 1976. Conrail was not going to help them, or run the trains for them.  But, Conrail would continue to service Fort Dix, just as the PRR and PC did.
1975 - the PC amended its notice that the UT could continue to operate and transferred the Lewis-Fort Dix segment to the UT and canceled all agreements. Officially, the UT would be on their own again.  To secure some funding to continue their operations, the UT tried to gain a subsidy from the United States Railway Association, which offered assistance to shortlines and the such. Operations continued in 1976 and even into 1977, with covered hoppers being delivered to Agrico, Agway at New Egypt, and Kube-Pak (a horticultural greenhouse business) at Imlaystown.
1977 - the UT was now working directly with the New Jersey Department of Transportation. The UT was out of cash, out of funding, and out of time. In 1977, NJDOT demanded that consignees come up with the funding to pay for operational losses on the UT. With no funding sources being found the line would have to close, since they could not pay their bills.  The last shipment of empties was picked up on March 31, 1977 at Agrico.
1978 - Number 9999 was sold to Midwest Steel and Alloy company in Ohio.
1979 - line abandoned between stub end at Shrewsbury road and Fort Dix. Conrail would continue to only service Fort Dix, until 1981, using the old PRR trackage rights.
1984 - line abandoned between Fort Dix and current terminus of Mount Holly.

References

  3.^Pennsylvania Railroad Technical & Historical Society, The Keystone, Vol. 51 No.1, Tom Panettiere, “And Then There Were None, Following PRR #5244 and The Last of Pennsy Steam in the 1950s"
Hobo's Guide to the Pennsy  Pemberton and Hightstown Railroad  Edited by Bill McBride  https://archive.today/20080807180403/http://kc.pennsyrr.com/guide/pemberton.php
Brinckman, John, Pembertown and Hightstown, A Chronicle of Railroading through the Farm Belt of New Jersey, John Brinckman, Edison, New Jersey, 1987, pp. 15 to 18, 23, 36, 44, 48, 49, 60, 62, 72, 85, 108, 109, 132, 185, 194, 220, 221, and 222.
Eighteenth Annual Report on the Statistics of Railways in the United States, the Interstate Commerce Commission for the Year Ending June 30, 1905 Prepared by the Division of Statics and Accounts.  By United States Interstate Commerce Commission. Bureau of Transport Economics and Statistics, United States Interstate Commerce Commission, United States Interstate Commerce Commission. Statistician's Office Published by U.S. G.P.O., 1906 Item notes: 1905 Original from Harvard University Digitized Feb 15, 2008 Pages 184, 310, 374, 432, 465, 510, 570, 630.
https://books.google.com/books?id=hCQpAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA13&dq=Eighteenth+Annual+Report+on+the+Statistics+of+Railways+in+the+United+States#PPA13,M1

Defunct New Jersey railroads
Railway companies established in 1864
Railway companies disestablished in 1915
Predecessors of the Pennsylvania Railroad
Pemberton Township, New Jersey
Hightstown, New Jersey


The Knoxville City-County Building is a building at 400 Main Street in Knoxville, Tennessee that houses the offices of the city government of Knoxville and the county government of Knox County, Tennessee. It also houses the Knox County Jail. The building stands ten stories, and contains  of office space.  At the time it was built it was said to be the largest office building in Tennessee.

The building was completed in 1980, 50 years after a combined city-county government building was first proposed. Businessman Jim Haslam is considered responsible for the success of the initiative to build it.  The cost of the building was $26 million, much of it funded by municipal bond issues (the bonds were paid off in 2001).  The building was designed by Knoxville architect Bruce McCarty and his firm, McCarty Bullock Holsaple.

Almost immediately after opening, the jail struggled with overcrowding issues.  In 1986, a class action lawsuit was filed in federal court, claiming the jail was too crowded, and three years later, a judge ruled the facility unconstitutional.  When the county failed to resolve the issue, the judge ruled the county in contempt of court, forcing the county to build a new facility, which opened in October 1994.

The building was plagued with security concerns due to bomb threats during the mid-1990s.  Two mail bombs were delivered to Knox County District Attorney Randy Nichols in March 1994 and May 1994, respectively, forcing the building's evacuation.  The building was again evacuated in November 1995, following a bomb threat.

See also
 List of mayors of Knoxville, Tennessee
Knox County Courthouse (Tennessee)
Old City Hall (Knoxville)

References

Buildings and structures in Knoxville, Tennessee
County government buildings in Tennessee


Khandavalli is a village in Peravali mandal in West Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh. Postal Index Code of this village is 534330.

Demographics

 Census of India, Khandavalli had a population of 13884. The total population constitute, 6979 males and 6905 females with a sex ratio of 989 females per 1000 males. 1354 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, with sex ratio of 954. The average literacy rate stands at 69.90%.

Transportation

NH216A, Spur road of NH16 passes through Khandavalli Village.

This road Connects Eluru, Gundugolanu, Bhimadole Pulla,  Kaikaram, Chebrolu, Ungaturu, Tadepalligudem, Duvva, Tanuku, Siddantam, Ravulapalem, Vemagiri, Kadiyapulanka, and ends at Rajahmundry.

APSRTC Connects buses service from Eluru, Gundugolanu, Bhimadolu, Pulla, Kaikaram, Chebrolu, Ungaturu, Tadepalligudem, Duvva, Tanuku, Ravulapalem, Malleswaram, Achanta to Khandavalli village.

Autos, Cabs are also available at Khandavalli Highway junction for passengers to travel to Tanuku and other near by  towns .

Nearest Railway Stations

Tanuku railway station (TNKU), Nidadavolu Junction railway station (NDD), Palakollu railway station (PKO), Narasapur railway station (NS), Tadepalligudem railway station (TDD)   are the main and major nearest railway station to Khandavalli village.

Eminent persons
 Famous Telugu writer Chilakamarti Lakshminarasimham was born here.
 Film Actor Mass Maharaja Ravi Teja was born here.

References

Villages in West Godavari district


A naming controversy or naming dispute is a controversy surrounding terminology:
Geographical naming disputes
Ethnonymy
List of ethnic slurs
List of religious slurs


Infinity is something which is boundless, endless, or larger than any natural number. It is often denoted by the infinity symbol .

Since the time of the ancient Greeks, the philosophical nature of infinity was the subject of many discussions among philosophers. In the 17th century, with the introduction of the infinity symbol and the infinitesimal calculus, mathematicians began to work with infinite series and what some mathematicians (including l'Hôpital and Bernoulli) regarded as infinitely small quantities, but infinity continued to be associated with endless processes. As mathematicians struggled with the foundation of calculus, it remained unclear whether infinity could be considered as a number or magnitude and, if so, how this could be done. At the end of the 19th century, Georg Cantor enlarged the mathematical study of infinity by studying infinite sets and infinite numbers, showing that they can be of various sizes.  For example, if a line is viewed as the set of all of its points, their infinite number (i.e., the cardinality of the line) is larger than the number of integers. In this usage, infinity is a mathematical concept, and infinite mathematical objects can be studied, manipulated, and used just like any other mathematical object.

The mathematical concept of infinity refines and extends the old philosophical concept, in particular by introducing infinitely many different sizes of infinite sets. Among the axioms of Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory, on which most of modern mathematics can be developed, is the axiom of infinity, which guarantees the existence of infinite sets. The mathematical concept of infinity and the manipulation of infinite sets are widely used in mathematics, even in areas such as combinatorics that may seem to have nothing to do with them. For example, Wiles's proof of Fermat's Last Theorem implicitly relies on the existence of Grothendieck universes, very large infinite sets, for solving a long-standing problem that is stated in terms of elementary arithmetic.

In physics and cosmology, whether the Universe is spatially infinite is an open question.

History

Ancient cultures had various ideas about the nature of infinity. The ancient Indians and the Greeks did not define infinity in precise formalism as does modern mathematics, and instead approached infinity as a philosophical concept.

Early Greek
The earliest recorded idea of infinity in Greece may be that of Anaximander (c. 610 – c. 546 BC) a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher. He used the word apeiron, which means "unbounded", "indefinite", and perhaps can be translated as "infinite".

Aristotle (350 BC) distinguished potential infinity from actual infinity, which he regarded as impossible due to the various paradoxes it seemed to produce. It has been argued that, in line with this view, the Hellenistic Greeks had a "horror of the infinite" which would, for example, explain why Euclid (c. 300 BC) did not say that there are an infinity of primes but rather "Prime numbers are more than any assigned multitude of prime numbers." It has also been maintained, that, in proving the infinitude of the prime numbers, Euclid "was the first to overcome the horror of the infinite". There is a similar controversy concerning Euclid's parallel postulate, sometimes translated:

Other translators, however, prefer the translation "the two straight lines, if produced indefinitely ...", thus avoiding the implication that Euclid was comfortable with the notion of infinity.  Finally, it has been maintained that a reflection on infinity, far from eliciting a "horror of the infinite", underlay all of early Greek philosophy and that Aristotle's "potential infinity" is an aberration from the general trend of this period.

Zeno: Achilles and the tortoise

Zeno of Elea ( 495 –  430 BC) did not advance any views concerning the infinite. Nevertheless, his paradoxes, especially "Achilles and the Tortoise", were important contributions in that they made clear the inadequacy of popular conceptions. The paradoxes were described by Bertrand Russell as "immeasurably subtle and profound".

Achilles races a tortoise, giving the latter a head start.
Step #1: Achilles runs to the tortoise's starting point while the tortoise walks forward.
Step #2: Achilles advances to where the tortoise was at the end of Step #1 while the tortoise goes yet further.
Step #3: Achilles advances to where the tortoise was at the end of Step #2 while the tortoise goes yet further.
Step #4: Achilles advances to where the tortoise was at the end of Step #3 while the tortoise goes yet further.
Etc.

Apparently, Achilles never overtakes the tortoise, since however many steps he completes, the tortoise remains ahead of him.

Zeno was not attempting to make a point about infinity. As a member of the Eleatics school which regarded motion as an illusion, he saw it as a mistake to suppose that Achilles could run at all. Subsequent thinkers, finding this solution unacceptable, struggled for over two millennia to find other weaknesses in the argument.

Finally, in 1821, Augustin-Louis Cauchy provided both a satisfactory definition of a limit and a proof that, for ,

Suppose that Achilles is running at 10 meters per second, the tortoise is walking at 0.1 meters per second, and the latter has a 100-meter head start. The duration of the chase fits Cauchy's pattern with  and .  Achilles does overtake the tortoise; it takes him

Early Indian
The Jain mathematical text Surya Prajnapti (c. 4th–3rd century BCE) classifies all numbers into three sets: enumerable, innumerable, and infinite. Each of these was further subdivided into three orders:
 Enumerable: lowest, intermediate, and highest
 Innumerable: nearly innumerable, truly innumerable, and innumerably innumerable
 Infinite: nearly infinite, truly infinite, infinitely infinite

17th century
In the 17th century, European mathematicians started using infinite numbers and infinite expressions in a systematic fashion. In 1655, John Wallis first used the notation  for such a number in his De sectionibus conicis, and exploited it in area calculations by dividing the region into infinitesimal strips of width on the order of  But in Arithmetica infinitorum (1656), he indicates infinite series, infinite products and infinite continued fractions by writing down a few terms or factors and then appending "&c.", as in  "1, 6, 12, 18, 24, &c."

In 1699, Isaac Newton wrote about equations with an infinite number of terms in his work De analysi per aequationes numero terminorum infinitas.

Mathematics
Hermann Weyl opened a mathematico-philosophic address given in 1930 with:

Symbol

The infinity symbol  (sometimes called the lemniscate) is a mathematical symbol representing the concept of infinity. The symbol is encoded in Unicode at  and in LaTeX as \infty.

It was introduced in 1655 by John Wallis, and since its introduction, it has also been used outside mathematics in modern mysticism and literary symbology.

Calculus
Gottfried Leibniz, one of the co-inventors of infinitesimal calculus, speculated widely about infinite numbers and their use in mathematics. To Leibniz, both infinitesimals and infinite quantities were ideal entities, not of the same nature as appreciable quantities, but enjoying the same properties in accordance with the Law of continuity.

Real analysis
In real analysis, the symbol , called "infinity", is used to denote an unbounded limit. The notation  means that  increases without bound, and  means that  decreases without bound. For example, if  for every , then
  means that  does not bound a finite area from  to
  means that the area under  is infinite.
  means that the total area under  is finite, and is equal to

Infinity can also be used to describe infinite series, as follows:
  means that the sum of the infinite series converges to some real value
  means that the sum of the infinite series properly diverges to infinity, in the sense that the partial sums increase without bound.

In addition to defining a limit, infinity can be also used as a value in the extended real number system. Points labeled  and  can be added to the topological space of the real numbers, producing the two-point compactification of the real numbers. Adding algebraic properties to this gives us the extended real numbers. We can also treat  and  as the same, leading to the one-point compactification of the real numbers, which is the real projective line. Projective geometry also refers to a line at infinity in plane geometry, a plane at infinity in three-dimensional space, and a hyperplane at infinity for general dimensions, each consisting of points at infinity.

Complex analysis

In complex analysis the symbol , called "infinity", denotes an unsigned infinite limit. The expression  means that the magnitude  of  grows beyond any assigned value. A point labeled  can be added to the complex plane as a topological space giving the one-point compactification of the complex plane. When this is done, the resulting space is a one-dimensional complex manifold, or Riemann surface, called the extended complex plane or the Riemann sphere. Arithmetic operations similar to those given above for the extended real numbers can also be defined, though there is no distinction in the signs (which leads to the one exception that infinity cannot be added to itself). On the other hand, this kind of infinity enables division by zero, namely  for any nonzero complex number . In this context, it is often useful to consider meromorphic functions as maps into the Riemann sphere taking the value of  at the poles. The domain of a complex-valued function may be extended to include the point at infinity as well. One important example of such functions is the group of Möbius transformations (see Möbius transformation § Overview).

Nonstandard analysis

The original formulation of infinitesimal calculus by Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz used infinitesimal quantities. In the second half of the 20th century, it was shown that this treatment could be put on a rigorous footing through various logical systems, including smooth infinitesimal analysis and nonstandard analysis. In the latter, infinitesimals are invertible, and their inverses are infinite numbers. The infinities in this sense are part of a hyperreal field; there is no equivalence between them as with the Cantorian transfinites. For example, if H is an infinite number in this sense, then H + H = 2H and H + 1 are distinct infinite numbers. This approach to non-standard calculus is fully developed in .

Set theory

A different form of "infinity" are the ordinal and cardinal infinities of set theory—a system of transfinite numbers first developed by Georg Cantor. In this system, the first transfinite cardinal is aleph-null (ℵ0), the cardinality of the set of natural numbers. This modern mathematical conception of the quantitative infinite developed in the late 19th century from works by Cantor, Gottlob Frege, Richard Dedekind and others—using the idea of collections or sets.

Dedekind's approach was essentially to adopt the idea of one-to-one correspondence as a standard for comparing the size of sets, and to reject the view of Galileo (derived from Euclid) that the whole cannot be the same size as the part. (However, see Galileo's paradox where Galileo concludes that positive integers cannot be compared to the subset of positive square integers since both are infinite sets.) An infinite set can simply be defined as one having the same size as at least one of its proper parts; this notion of infinity is called Dedekind infinite. The diagram to the right gives an example: viewing lines as infinite sets of points, the left half of the lower blue line can be mapped in a one-to-one manner (green correspondences) to the higher blue line, and, in turn, to the whole lower blue line (red correspondences); therefore the whole lower blue line and its left half have the same cardinality, i.e. "size".

Cantor defined two kinds of infinite numbers: ordinal numbers and cardinal numbers. Ordinal numbers characterize well-ordered sets, or counting carried on to any stopping point, including points after an infinite number have already been counted. Generalizing finite and (ordinary) infinite sequences which are maps from the positive integers leads to mappings from ordinal numbers to transfinite sequences. Cardinal numbers define the size of sets, meaning how many members they contain, and can be standardized by choosing the first ordinal number of a certain size to represent the cardinal number of that size. The smallest ordinal infinity is that of the positive integers, and any set which has the cardinality of the integers is countably infinite. If a set is too large to be put in one-to-one correspondence with the positive integers, it is called uncountable. Cantor's views prevailed and modern mathematics accepts actual infinity as part of a consistent and coherent theory.  Certain extended number systems, such as the hyperreal numbers, incorporate the ordinary (finite) numbers and infinite numbers of different sizes.

Cardinality of the continuum

One of Cantor's most important results was that the cardinality of the continuum  is greater than that of the natural numbers ; that is, there are more real numbers  than natural numbers . Namely, Cantor showed that .

The continuum hypothesis states that there is no cardinal number between the cardinality of the reals and the cardinality of the natural numbers, that is, .This hypothesis cannot be proved or disproved within the widely accepted Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory, even assuming the Axiom of Choice.

Cardinal arithmetic can be used to show not only that the number of points in a real number line is equal to the number of points in any segment of that line, but also that this is equal to the number of points on a plane and, indeed, in any finite-dimensional space.

The first of these results is apparent by considering, for instance, the tangent function, which provides a one-to-one correspondence between the interval () and.The second result was proved by Cantor in 1878, but only became intuitively apparent in 1890, when Giuseppe Peano introduced the space-filling curves, curved lines that twist and turn enough to fill the whole of any square, or cube, or hypercube, or finite-dimensional space. These curves can be used to define a one-to-one correspondence between the points on one side of a square and the points in the square.

Geometry

Until the end of the 19th century, infinity was rarely discussed in geometry, except in the context of processes that could be continued without any limit. For example, a line was what is now called a line segment, with the proviso that one can extend it as far as one wants; but extending it infinitely was out of the question. Similarly, a line was usually not considered to be composed of infinitely many points, but was a location where a point may be placed. Even if there are infinitely many possible positions, only a finite number of points could be placed on a line. A witness of this is the expression "the locus of a point that satisfies some property" (singular), where modern mathematicians would generally say "the set of the points that have the property" (plural).

One of the rare exceptions of a mathematical concept involving actual infinity was projective geometry, where points at infinity are added to the Euclidean space for modeling the perspective effect that shows parallel lines intersecting "at infinity". Mathematically, points at infinity have the advantage of allowing one to not consider some special cases. For example, in a projective plane, two distinct lines intersect in exactly one point, whereas without points at infinity, there are no intersection points for parallel lines. So, parallel and non-parallel lines must be studied separately in classical geometry, while they need not to be distinguished in projective geometry.

Before the use of set theory for the foundation of mathematics, points and lines were viewed as distinct entities, and a point could be located on a line. With the universal use of set theory in mathematics, the point of view has dramatically changed: a line is now considered as the set of its points, and one says that a point belongs to a line instead of is located on a line (however, the latter phrase is still used).

In particular, in modern mathematics, lines are infinite sets.

Infinite dimension
The vector spaces that occur in classical geometry have always a finite dimension, generally two or three. However, this is not implied by the abstract definition of a vector space, and vector spaces of infinite dimension can be considered. This is typically the case in functional analysis where function spaces are generally vector spaces of infinite dimension.

In topology, some constructions can generate topological spaces of infinite dimension. In particular, this is the case of iterated loop spaces.

Fractals
The structure of a fractal object is reiterated in its magnifications. Fractals can be magnified indefinitely without losing their structure and becoming "smooth"; they have infinite perimeters, and can have infinite or finite areas. One such fractal curve with an infinite perimeter and finite area is the Koch snowflake.

Mathematics without infinity
Leopold Kronecker was skeptical of the notion of infinity and how his fellow mathematicians were using it in the 1870s and 1880s. This skepticism was developed in the philosophy of mathematics called finitism, an extreme form of mathematical philosophy in the general philosophical and mathematical schools of constructivism and intuitionism.

Physics

In physics, approximations of real numbers are used for continuous measurements and natural numbers are used for discrete measurements (i.e., counting). Concepts of infinite things such as an infinite plane wave exist, but there are no experimental means to generate them.

Cosmology
The first published proposal that the universe is infinite came from Thomas Digges in 1576. Eight years later, in 1584, the Italian philosopher and astronomer Giordano Bruno proposed an unbounded universe in On the Infinite Universe and Worlds: "Innumerable suns exist; innumerable earths revolve around these suns in a manner similar to the way the seven planets revolve around our sun. Living beings inhabit these worlds."

Cosmologists have long sought to discover whether infinity exists in our physical universe: Are there an infinite number of stars? Does the universe have infinite volume? Does space "go on forever"? This is still an open question of cosmology. The question of being infinite is logically separate from the question of having boundaries. The two-dimensional surface of the Earth, for example, is finite, yet has no edge. By travelling in a straight line with respect to the Earth's curvature, one will eventually return to the exact spot one started from. The universe, at least in principle, might have a similar topology. If so, one might eventually return to one's starting point after travelling in a straight line through the universe for long enough.

The curvature of the universe can be measured through multipole moments in the spectrum of the cosmic background radiation. To date, analysis of the radiation patterns recorded by the WMAP spacecraft hints that the universe has a flat topology. This would be consistent with an infinite physical universe.

However, the universe could be finite, even if its curvature is flat. An easy way to understand this is to consider two-dimensional examples, such as video games where items that leave one edge of the screen reappear on the other. The topology of such games is toroidal and the geometry is flat. Many possible bounded, flat possibilities also exist for three-dimensional space.

The concept of infinity also extends to the multiverse hypothesis, which, when explained by astrophysicists such as Michio Kaku, posits that there are an infinite number and variety of universes. Also, cyclic models posit an infinite amount of Big Bangs, resulting in an infinite variety of universes after each Big Bang event in an infinite cycle.

Logic
In logic, an infinite regress argument is "a distinctively philosophical kind of argument purporting to show that a thesis is defective because it generates an infinite series when either (form A) no such series exists or (form B) were it to exist, the thesis would lack the role (e.g., of justification) that it is supposed to play."

Computing
The IEEE floating-point standard (IEEE 754) specifies a positive and a negative infinity value (and also indefinite values). These are defined as the result of arithmetic overflow, division by zero, and other exceptional operations.

Some programming languages, such as Java and J, allow the programmer an explicit access to the positive and negative infinity values as language constants. These can be used as greatest and least elements, as they compare (respectively) greater than or less than all other values. They have uses as sentinel values in algorithms involving sorting, searching, or windowing.

In languages that do not have greatest and least elements, but do allow overloading of relational operators, it is possible for a programmer to create the greatest and least elements. In languages that do not provide explicit access to such values from the initial state of the program, but do implement the floating-point data type, the infinity values may still be accessible and usable as the result of certain operations.

In programming, an infinite loop is a loop whose exit condition is never satisfied, thus executing indefinitely.

Arts, games, and cognitive sciences
Perspective artwork uses the concept of vanishing points, roughly corresponding to mathematical points at infinity, located at an infinite distance from the observer. This allows artists to create paintings that realistically render space, distances, and forms. Artist M.C. Escher is specifically known for employing the concept of infinity in his work in this and other ways.

Variations of chess played on an unbounded board are called infinite chess.

Cognitive scientist George Lakoff considers the concept of infinity in mathematics and the sciences as a metaphor. This perspective is based on the basic metaphor of infinity (BMI), defined as the ever-increasing sequence <1,2,3,...>.

See also

 0.999...
 Aleph number
 Ananta
 Exponentiation
 Indeterminate form
 Infinite monkey theorem
 Infinite set
 Infinitesimal
 Paradoxes of infinity
 Supertask
 Surreal number

References

Bibliography

Sources

D.P. Agrawal (2000). Ancient Jaina Mathematics: an Introduction, Infinity Foundation.
 Bell, J.L.: Continuity and infinitesimals. Stanford Encyclopedia of philosophy. Revised 2009.
.

 Jain, L.C. (1973). "Set theory in the Jaina school of mathematics", Indian Journal of History of Science.

 H. Jerome Keisler: Elementary Calculus: An Approach Using Infinitesimals. First edition 1976; 2nd edition 1986. This book is now out of print. The publisher has reverted the copyright to the author, who has made available the 2nd edition in .pdf format available for downloading at http://www.math.wisc.edu/~keisler/calc.html

 O'Connor, John J. and Edmund F. Robertson (1998). 'Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor' , MacTutor History of Mathematics archive.
 O'Connor, John J. and Edmund F. Robertson (2000). 'Jaina mathematics' , MacTutor History of Mathematics archive.
 Pearce, Ian. (2002). 'Jainism', MacTutor History of Mathematics archive.

External links

 A Crash Course in the Mathematics of Infinite Sets , by Peter Suber. From the St. John's Review, XLIV, 2 (1998) 1–59. The stand-alone appendix to Infinite Reflections, below. A concise introduction to Cantor's mathematics of infinite sets.
 Infinite Reflections , by Peter Suber. How Cantor's mathematics of the infinite solves a handful of ancient philosophical problems of the infinite. From the St. John's Review, XLIV, 2 (1998) 1–59.

 Hotel Infinity
 John J. O'Connor and Edmund F. Robertson (1998). 'Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor' , MacTutor History of Mathematics archive.
 John J. O'Connor and Edmund F. Robertson (2000). 'Jaina mathematics' , MacTutor History of Mathematics archive.
 Ian Pearce (2002). 'Jainism', MacTutor History of Mathematics archive.
 The Mystery Of The Aleph: Mathematics, the Kabbalah, and the Search for Infinity
 Dictionary of the Infinite (compilation of articles about infinity in physics, mathematics, and philosophy)

Concepts in logic
Philosophy of mathematics
Mathematical objects


The Beautiful Music (TBM) is a Canadian record label started in 2002 by Wally Salem, specializing in indie pop, and inventing Post Mod, and Janglewave music genres. Acts include Skytone, Nick Danger & the Danger City Rebels, The Mules, Jeremy Gluck, Dot Dash, Roy Moller, The Yellow Melodies, The Higher Elevations and The Social Icons.

TBM has gained popularity since 2004 as the label that is releasing a ten volume tribute series to the Television Personalities. The first three volumes are completed with the fourth volume now being compiled.

Discography/Catalogue
Tremolo - All My Friends EP 2002
Nick Danger & the Danger City Rebels - The Return of Nick Danger EP 2003
The Mules - Live At The Old Town Hall 2004
Into the Jet Stream of Pop - An International Pop Compilation 2004
If I Could Write Poetry - A Tribute to the Television Personalities 2004
The Higher Elevations - Lovestruck EP 2004
Skytone - Echoes in All Directions LP 2005
Someone to Share My Life With LP Vinyl - The Alternate Tribute to the Television Personalities 2005 (split release with Art Pop Records)
Nick Danger & the Danger City Rebels - Escape from Danger City EP 2006
Would Write a Thousand Words - A Tribute to the Television Personalities Vol. 2 2007
Jeremy Gluck - This Is 2008 The Barracudas
Armstrong - Songs About the Weather 2009
The Social Icons - I'm there...you're here 2010
Dot Dash - Spark>Flame>Ember>Ash 2011
Dot Dash - Winter Garden Light 2012

External links
recordcollectormag.com review
Detour Magazine
Stylus Magazine
HIPCRANK Magazine
San Diego Troubadour

Record labels established in 2002
Canadian independent record labels
Indie pop record labels
2002 establishments in Ontario


The 1973–74 New York Knicks season was the 28th season for the team in the National Basketball Association (NBA). The Knicks entered the season as the defending NBA champions, having defeated the Los Angeles Lakers in the 1973 NBA Finals in five games to win their second championship. In the regular season, the Knicks finished in second place in the Atlantic Division with a 49–33 record, and qualified for the NBA Playoffs for the eighth consecutive year.

New York opened the 1974 playoffs against the Capital Bullets. With a 4–3 series victory, the Knicks advanced to the Eastern Conference finals, where they faced the Boston Celtics. The Celtics, who later won the NBA Finals, defeated the Knicks in five games, ending New York's title defense.

Draft picks

Note: This is not an extensive list; it only covers the first and second rounds, and any other players picked by the franchise that played at least one game in the league.

Roster

Regular season

Season standings

z – clinched division title
y – clinched division title
x – clinched playoff spot

Record vs. opponents

Game log

Playoffs

|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 1
| March 29
| Capital
| W 102–91
| Walt Frazier (20)
| Walt Frazier (12)
| Dave DeBusschere (7)
| Madison Square Garden19,694
| 1–0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 2
| March 31
| @ Capital
| L 87–99
| Dave DeBusschere (20)
| Dave DeBusschere (10)
| Jerry Lucas (5)
| Capital Centre16,522
| 1–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 3
| April 2
| Capital
| L 79–88
| Walt Frazier (20)
| Dave DeBusschere (12)
| DeBusschere, Meminger (5)
| Madison Square Garden19,694
| 1–2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 4
| April 5
| @ Capital
| W 101–93 (OT)
| Earl Monroe (23)
| Walt Frazier (11)
| Walt Frazier (6)
| Capital Centre19,035
| 2–2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 5
| April 7
| Capital
| W 106–105
| Walt Frazier (38)
| Dave DeBusschere (8)
| Walt Frazier (4)
| Madison Square Garden19,694
| 3–2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 6
| April 10
| @ Capital
| L 92–109
| Walt Frazier (25)
| Phil Jackson (8)
| Walt Frazier (10)
| Capital Centre19,025
| 3–3
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 7
| April 12
| Capital
| W 91–81
| Earl Monroe (20)
| DeBusschere, Gianelli (15)
| Dave DeBusschere (7)
| Madison Square Garden19,694
| 4–3
|-

|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 1
| April 14
| @ Boston
| L 88–113
| Walt Frazier (16)
| Dave DeBusschere (10)
| Meminger, Bibby (3)
| Boston Garden14,101
| 0–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 2
| April 16
| Boston
| L 99–111
| Bill Bradley (20)
| Dave DeBusschere (9)
| Walt Frazier (4)
| Madison Square Garden19,694
| 0–2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 3
| April 19
| @ Boston
| W 103–100
| Walt Frazier (38)
| Frazier, Gianelli (10)
| Walt Frazier (4)
| Boston Garden15,320
| 1–2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 4
| April 21
| Boston
| L 91–98
| Walt Frazier (25)
| John Gianelli (9)
| Earl Monroe (5)
| Madison Square Garden19,694
| 1–3
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 5
| April 24
| @ Boston
| L 94–105
| Phil Jackson (27)
| Phil Jackson (9)
| Walt Frazier (6)
| Boston Garden15,320
| 1–4
|-

Player statistics

Season

Playoffs

Awards and records
Walt Frazier, All-NBA First Team
Walt Frazier, NBA All-Defensive First Team
Dave DeBusschere, NBA All-Defensive First Team

References

External links
1973–74 New York Knickerbockers Statistics

New York
New York Knicks seasons
New York Knicks
New York Knicks
1970s in Manhattan
Madison Square Garden


The winners of the 1991–92 Asian Cup Winners' Cup, the association football competition run by the Asian Football Confederation, are listed below.

First round

West Asia

|}

East Asia

|}
1 Pupuk Kaltim entered as the Indonesian league runners-up for 1990, as the 1990/92 league had not yet finished.
2 Sinugba were drawn against the South Korean representatives, but the South Korean FA did not send a team.

Second Round (West Asia)

|}

Quarterfinals

|}
1 Sinugba withdrew.

Semifinals

|}

Final
Al Nasr lost 5-0 was the record in the finals of the Asian Cup Winners' Cup

|}

1st leg

2nd leg

References
Asian Cup Winners Cup 1992

Asian Cup Winners' Cup
2
2


Exner syndrome, also known as serpentine fibula polycystic kidney syndrome, is a rare disorder, typified by the afflicted person having oddly formed, s-shaped fibulas as well as the development of numerous cysts in the kidneys.

Symptoms and signs

All of the following are usual elements of the syndrome:
 Short stature
 Abnormal calf bone shape (fibula)
 Unusual facial appearance
 Polycystic kidneys
 Abnormally long fibula
 Mild sunken chest
 Large corneas
 Inguinal hernia
 Umbilical hernia

Diagnosis

Exner syndrome is sometimes misdiagnosed as interstitial cystitis in its very early stages, but once the fibula begins to malform, Exner is the only real diagnosis.

Treatment

History

The syndrome was discovered in June, 1988 by Dr. G. Exner, a researcher at Orthopädische Universitätsklinik Balgrist in Zurich, Switzerland. Exner officially named the disorder serpentine fibula polycystic kidney syndrome, but the term "Exner syndrome" became more prevalent. While some research links it to other, related disorders, most research suggests that Exner syndrome is very distinct.

References

External links

Syndromes
Kidney diseases
Genetic disorders with OMIM but no gene


The Mardi Gras Mystery is the 81st book in the Nancy Drew series. Set in New Orleans at Mardi Gras, it concerns a mysterious art theft.

Characters
Nancy Drew - the young detective
Ned Nickerson - Nancy's boyfriend
Bess Marvin - Nancy's friend
George Fayne - Bess' cousin
Brian Seaton - friend of Ned
Bartholomew Seaton - Brian's father
Michael Westlake - Brian's grandfather
Carson Drew - Nancy's father
Ferdinand Koch - local art dealer
Warren Tyler - Mr. Seaton's rival
Max Devereaux - an art forger
Mariel Devereaux - Max's daughter

Plot summary

In The Mardi Gras Mystery, Nancy's boyfriend, Ned Nickerson, is invited to spend the vacation with Brian Seaton, an Emerson College friend. On their way to the Seaton Mansion, Brian stops at Warren Tyler's house to pick up his father, Bartholomew Seaton, and at the same time shows Ned a portrait of his late mother, Danielle Seaton, by the famous artist Lucien Beaulieu. The painting is in the possession of Mr. Tyler since he found it in a barn he bought.

The friends leave for Seaton Mansion or "The Bat Hallow". They wear fancy dress for the Mardi Gras celebration. Later that evening they go to the Silver Yacht Club. That night the portrait is stolen. The prime suspect is Mr. Seaton, who is supposed to have wanted his wife's portrait.  All the evidence points to him: he was wearing a bat costume, like the thief, and he was missing at the crucial time, around 10:00 p.m.

Nancy cannot resist the challenge of the mystery. Her investigation leads to the French Quarter where she sees a woman who looks like Danielle except that her face is scarred. She is shocked and hypothesizes that Danielle could have survived the sailboat accident.

Later she finds out the woman is Mariel Devereaux, whose father Max is an art forger. Nancy concludes that Max used his daughter as a model for the painting because of her almost perfect resemblance to Danielle. He purposely left it in the barn so that it would be found by Mr. Tyler, Danielle's suitor and Bartholomew's rival. His plan was to steal his own painting and ransom it for a million dollars. The money was to pay for his daughter's plastic surgery.

Adaptation
The 17th installment in the Nancy Drew point-and-click adventure game series by Her Interactive, named Nancy Drew: Legend of the Crystal Skull, is loosely based on the novel.

See also
The Haunted Showboat, another Nancy Drew mystery set in New Orleans at Mardi Gras

Nancy Drew books
1988 American novels
1988 children's books
Novels set in New Orleans
Novels adapted into video games
Children's books set in New Orleans