Brahmananda Keshab Chandra College, established in 1956, is an undergraduate college in Baranagar, Kolkata, West Bengal, India. It was named after the nineteenth century social reformer Keshab Chandra Sen. Popularly known as B.K.C. College, the institution was established with the aim of filling a vacuum in higher education in North 24 Parganas.
This College is a Govt. of West Bengal aided degree college affiliated to the West Bengal State University and upgraded from Bachelor’s to Master’s degree in the list of Colleges included u/s 2(f) and 12(b) of the UGC Act, 1956 vide UGC letter No. 8-104/2019(CPP-I/C) dated 17/12/2019.Two Post Graduate courses are conducting: M.Sc in Mathematics and M.Sc in Botany.

History of the college
In 1954, professor J. C. Ghosh, the then vice-chancellor of the University of Calcutta, surveyed the available higher educational facilities in North 24 Parganas. The survey revealed that facilities were inadequate given the huge influx of refugees in the area. His suggested solution called for ten new colleges in the area, covering both male and female students and the study of both humanities and sciences, and funded by the Central Relief and Rehabilitation Ministry, Government of India. This plan was accepted and Brahmananda Keshab Chandra College was thus established in 1956 as one of the colleges under this scheme. Initially the college was housed at Sagar Dutta Free High School, Kamarhati, but later moved to its own premises in 1957.

Until 2008, the college was affiliated to the University of Calcutta. It is now affiliated with the West Bengal State University

References

External links
Brahmananda Keshab Chandra College

Universities and colleges established in 1956
Colleges affiliated to West Bengal State University
1956 establishments in West Bengal
Baranagar


The 129th Pennsylvania House of Representatives District is located in Southeastern Pennsylvania and has been represented since 2023 by Johanny Cepeda-Freytiz.

District profile
The 129th Pennsylvania House of Representatives District is located within Berks County. It includes Penn State Berks. It is made up of the following areas

Berks County
 City of Reading, (PART, Wards 06, 14 [PART, Divisions 01, 04 and 05],15 and 19)
 Wyomissing
 West Reading
 Sinking Spring
 Spring Township ((PART, Districts 01, 02, 03, 04, 06, 09, 10 and 13))

Representatives

Recent election results

References

External links
District map from the United States Census Bureau
Pennsylvania House Legislative District Maps from the Pennsylvania Redistricting Commission.
Population Data for District 129 from the Pennsylvania Redistricting Commission.

Government of Berks County, Pennsylvania
Government of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
129


Innovative Hearth Products (IHP) designs and manufactures a wide variety of fireplaces and fireplace accessories within 4 separate brands: Astria Fireplaces, IronStrike Stoves & Inserts, Superior Fireplaces, and Comfort Flame.

Growth
Lennox Hearth Products, which was established in 1994 by Lennox International, acquired Whitfield Hearth Products, Superior Fireplace Company and Marco Manufacturing in 1998; Earth Stove and Security Chimneys in 1999; then Country Stoves in 2006.
In September 2012, Lennox Hearth Products merged with FMI Products to form Innovative Hearth Products (IHP).

Products
IHP deals in focused markets such as industrial, residential new construction, and specialty retail. Their products are available in both the United States and Canada through various distributors and specialty hearth dealers. Their product lines include gas, electric, and wood fireplaces for both indoor and outdoor settings. They also produce additional products and accessories such as fireplace inserts, free-standing stoves, gas log sets, and venting products.

Facilities
IHP is based in Nashville, Tennessee USA with factories in Russellville, Alabama USA, and Auburn, Washington USA.

References

External links
Innovative Hearth Products website

Manufacturing companies based in Nashville, Tennessee


In 1949, shortly before he died, the English author George Orwell prepared a list of notable writers and other people he considered to be unsuitable as possible writers for the anti-communist propaganda activities of the Information Research Department, a secret propaganda organisation of the British state under the Foreign Office. A copy of the list was published in The Guardian in 2003 and the original was released by the Foreign Office soon after.

Background
The Information Research Department (IRD) was a secret propaganda wing of the UK Foreign Office, dedicated to disinformation warfare, anti-communism, and pro-colonial propaganda. The IRD was created in 1948 by Clement Attlee's Labour government, and became both the largest wing of the Foreign Office and the longest running covert government propaganda department in British history.

Celia Kirwan, a close friend of Orwell, who had just started working as Robert Conquest's assistant at the IRD, visited Orwell in March 1949, at a sanatorium where he was being treated for tuberculosis. Orwell wrote a list of names of people he considered sympathetic to Stalinism and therefore unsuitable as writers for the Department, and enclosed it in a letter to Kirwan. The list became public in 2003.

Having worked for Cyril Connolly's Horizon magazine, and briefly as an editorial assistant for Humphrey Slater's Polemic, Kirwan was Arthur Koestler's sister-in-law and one of the four women to whom Orwell proposed after the death of his wife Eileen O'Shaughnessy in 1945. Although Koestler had supported such a match, Kirwan turned him down.

Notebook
Orwell based his list on a private notebook he had maintained since the mid-1940s of possible "cryptos", "F.T." (his abbreviation for fellow travellers), members of the Communist Party of Great Britain, agents and sentimental sympathisers. The notebook, now at the Orwell Archive at University College London, contains 135 names in all, including US writers and politicians. Ten names had been crossed out, either because the person had died or because Orwell had decided that they were neither crypto-communists nor fellow travellers. The people named were a mélange: "some famous, some obscure, some he knew personally and others he did not." Orwell commented in New Leader in 1947:
The important thing to do with these people – and it is extremely difficult, since one has only inferential evidence – is to sort them out and determine which of them is honest and which is not. There is, for instance, a whole group of M.P.s in the British Parliament (Pritt, Zilliacus, etc.) who are commonly nicknamed "the cryptos". They have undoubtedly done a great deal of mischief, especially in confusing public opinion about the nature of the puppet regimes in Eastern Europe; but one ought not hurriedly to assume that they all hold the same opinions. Probably some of them are actuated by nothing worse than stupidity.

The notebook contained columns with names, comments and various markings. Typical comments were: Stephen Spender – "Sentimental sympathiser... Tendency towards homosexuality"; Richard Crossman – "Too dishonest to be outright F. T."; Kingsley Martin –"Decayed liberal. Very dishonest"; and Paul Robeson – "very anti-white. [Henry] Wallace supporter". Journalist Geoffrey Wheatcroft considered Orwell's remarks "perceptive and sometimes even generous", going on to say that "DN Pritt is described as an 'almost certainly underground' Communist but also a "Good MP (i.e. locally). Very able and courageous'". Among the names, Orwell selected 38 which he forwarded to Kirwan.

Richard Rees discussed the names with Orwell, later commenting that it was "a sort of game we played – discussing who was a paid agent of what and estimating to what lengths of treachery our favourite bêtes noires would be prepared to go." Orwell asked Rees to fetch the notebook from Orwell's former residence on the Scottish island of Jura, Scotland, in early 1949, thanking him in a letter of 17 April.

One of Orwell's biographers, Bernard Crick, thought there were 86 names in the list and that some of the names were written in the hand of Koestler, who also co-operated with the IRD in producing anti-Communist propaganda.

Orwell was an ex-colonial policeman in Burma and, according to Timothy Garton Ash, he liked making lists: 'In a "London Letter" to Partisan Review in 1942 he wrote, "I think I could make out at least a preliminary list of the people who would go over to the Nazi side if the Germans occupied England."'

Reactions to the list
The British press had known about the list for several years before it was officially made public in 2003. In 1996, The Independent discussed the list and who was named on it in an article headlined, "Orwell's little list leaves the left gasping for more". In 1998, The Daily Telegraph used the headline "Socialist Icon Who Became an Informer".

Michael Foot, the former leader of the Labour Party, and a friend of Orwell in the 1930s and 1940s, was "amazed" by the revelation. Richard Gott, who in 1994 had resigned as literary editor of The Guardian after admitting that he had accepted travel expenses from the KGB in an unrelated case, referred to Orwell's list as only a "small surprise".

The journalist and activist Norman MacKenzie, who was on the list, noted "Tubercular people often could get very strange towards the end. I'm an Orwell man, I agreed with him on the Soviet Union, but he went partly ga-ga I think. He let his dislike of the New Statesman crowd, of what he saw as leftish, dilettante, sentimental socialists who covered up for the Popular Front in Spain [after it became communist-controlled] get the better of him."

Bernard Crick justified Orwell wanting to help the post-war Labour government. "He did it because he thought the Communist Party was a totalitarian menace," he said. "He wasn't denouncing these people as subversives. He was denouncing them as unsuitable for a counter-intelligence operation."

The journalist and writer Alexander Cockburn was strongly critical of Orwell's actions, referring to the notebook as "a snitch list". Cockburn attacked Orwell's description of Paul Robeson as "anti-white", pointing out Robeson had campaigned to help Welsh coal miners. Cockburn also said the list revealed Orwell as a bigot: "There seems to be general agreement by Orwell's fans, left and right, to skate gently over Orwell's suspicions of Jews, homosexuals and blacks".

Professor Peter Davison, editor of Orwell's Complete Works, said those who would be really disappointed would be those who claimed to have been on the list but were not.

The historian John Newsinger considered it "a terrible mistake on his part, deriving in equal measure from his hostility to Stalinism and his illusions in the Labour government. What it certainly does not amount to, however, is an abandonment of the socialist cause or transformation into a footsoldier in the Cold War. Indeed, Orwell made clear on a number of occasions his opposition to any British McCarthyism, to any bans and proscriptions on Communist Party members (they certainly did not reciprocate this) and any notion of a preventive war. If he had lived long enough to realise what the IRD was actually about there can be no doubt that he would have broken with it".

The journalist Neal Ascherson was critical of Orwell's decision to give the information to the IRD, claiming "there is a difference between being determined to expose the stupidity of Stalinism and the scale of the purges and throwing yourself into the business of denouncing people you know." The journalist and activist Paul Foot said the revelations would not detract from Orwell's reputation as a great writer, noting "I am a great admirer of Orwell, but we have to accept that he did take a McCarthyite position towards the end of his life."

In 2003, Celia Kirwan (Celia Goodman) said that Orwell was quite right to do it because "the only thing that was going to happen to them was that they wouldn't be asked to write for the Information Research Department".

The list
Sources vary as to the number of names on the list (figures range from 35 to 38). Names on the list include the following 39:

Writers and journalists
 "Aldred", novelist and author of Of Many Men (first name unknown, possibly James Aldridge)
 John Anderson, journalist, Industrial correspondent for The Manchester Guardian
 John Beavan, editor
 Arthur Calder-Marshall, writer
 E. H. Carr, historian
 Isaac Deutscher, former Trotskyist writer, correspondent for The Economist and The Observer (1942–1947)
 Cedric Dover, journalist
 Walter Duranty, New York Times Moscow correspondent
 Douglas Goldring, novelist
 "Major Hooper" (Arthur Sanderson Hooper), writer on military history
 Alaric Jacob, Moscow Correspondent for the Daily Express during the Second World War
 Marjorie Kohn, journalist
 Stefan Litauer, journalist
 Norman Ian MacKenzie, assistant editor of the New Statesman
 Kingsley Martin, editor of the New Statesman
 Hugh MacDiarmid, poet and Scottish nationalist
 Naomi Mitchison, novelist
 Nicholas Moore, poet
 Iris Morley, Moscow Correspondent for The Observer during the Second World War
 R. Neumann, novelist
 George Padmore, Trinidadian journalist and anti-imperialist campaigner
 Ralph Parker, journalist, News Chronicle
 J. B. Priestley, novelist and playwright
 Peter Smollett, Daily Express journalist later identified as a Soviet agent, Smolka, recruited by Kim Philby. Smollett had headed the Russian section in Britain's wartime information ministry (MOI) and had stopped publication of Orwell's Soviet allegory, Animal Farm.
 Margaret Stewart, Tribune industrial/labour correspondent
 Alexander Werth, journalist

Academics and scientists
 Patrick Blackett, physicist
 Gordon Childe, archaeologist
 John Macmurray, philosopher
 Tibor Mende, Foreign Affairs analyst
 J. G. Crowther, The Guardian's first science correspondent

Actors
 Charlie Chaplin
 Michael Redgrave

Labour MPs
 Bessie Braddock
 Tom Driberg
 Michael Foot
 John Platts-Mills
 Stephen Swingler

Others
 Joseph Macleod, writer and theatre director
 Peadar O'Donnell, Irish socialist
 Leonard Schiff, clergyman
 Edgar Young, military officer

Other names in the notebook
Some of the people named in Orwell's list, but not appearing on the IRD's subsequent list, were:
 Alex Comfort, pacifist writer
 Nancy Cunard, heiress and left-wing activist
 Katharine Hepburn, actress
 Harold Laski, economist
 Cecil Day-Lewis, poet
 Alan Nunn May, scientist
 Seán O'Casey, playwright
 Paul Robeson, actor and singer
 George Bernard Shaw, playwright
 John Steinbeck, novelist
 Randall Swingler, poet
 A. J. P. Taylor, historian
 Orson Welles, film director
 Solly Zuckerman, scientist

See also
"Christmas tree" files

References

External links

Anti-communism
Cold War military history of the United Kingdom
Works by George Orwell
Blacklisting in the United Kingdom
Collection of The National Archives (United Kingdom)
1949 documents
Information Research Department


Enskede IK is a Swedish football club located in Gamla Enskede, Stockholm.

Background
Since their foundation in 1914 Enskede IK has participated mainly in the lower divisions of the Swedish football league system but since 2004 they have resided in Division 2.  The club currently plays in Division 2 Södra Svealand which is the fourth tier of Swedish football. They play their home matches at the Enskede IP in Enskede.

Today EIK is one of Sweden's biggest football clubs with over 140 teams. A few years ago, Enskede IK had bandy and hockey teams, too, but today it is just a football club.

From 1989 to 2005, the club president was the Swedish politician Bo Ringholm.

Season to season

Attendances

In recent seasons Enskede IK have had the following average attendances:

First-team squad

Notable alumni

 Noah Sonko Sundberg
 Anton Salétros
 Oscar Krusnell
 Oliver Dovin
 Benny Lekström
 Björn Runström
 Daniel Örlund
 Andi Toompuu
 Magdalena Eriksson

External links
 Enskede IK – Official Website

Footnotes

Football clubs in Stockholm
Association football clubs established in 1914
1914 establishments in Sweden


Patricia Hampl (born March 12, 1946) is an American memoirist, writer, lecturer, and educator. She teaches in the MFA program at the University of Minnesota at Minneapolis and is one of the founding members of the Loft Literary Center.

Life
Patricia Hampl was born in St. Paul, Minnesota, to Stanley and Mary Hampl. She attended the University of Minnesota, where she earned her Bachelor of Arts in 1968. Hampl earned her Master of Fine Arts at the University of Iowa in 1970.

Hampl worked as an editor of Minnesota Monthly from 1973 to 1975 and as a freelance writer and editor from 1975 to 1979. Between 1979 and 1996, she was a visiting assistant professor, associate professor, and professor of English at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, where she is now the Regents Professor and McKnight Distinguished Professor and teaches fall semesters in the English department's MFA program. Hampl has taught courses such as Heroic Poetics, History in a Personal Voice, Reading Across Genres, Contemporary American Poets, Introduction to Creative Writing and Introduction to Fiction Writing.

Hampl has also taught at Ball State University, Beloit College, and West Virginia University, and in 1995 and 1996 at the Bread Loaf Writers' Conference. She is a contributing editor at The Alaska Quarterly Review. In 2015, Hampl was an adjunct faculty member in the writing program at the Columbia University School of the Arts. Since 2005, she has been a member of the permanent faculty of the Prague Summer Program, hosted by Prague's Charles University and Western Michigan University. She is also affiliated with Kingston University-London as Visiting Professor in the Centre for Life Narratives. She was the first woman writer tenured in Creative Writing at the University of Minnesota.

Writing career
Hampl is best known for her memoirs. Her first memoir, A Romantic Education, dealt with her Czech heritage and won Hampl the Houghton Mifflin Literary Fellowship in 1981. Virgin Time: In Search of the Contemplative Life, another memoir, dealt with her Roman Catholic upbringing. Her short story "The Bill Collector's Vacation" won a 1999 Pushcart Prize.

Hampl won critical acclaim for her 2007 memoir The Florist's Daughter, about her mother's death. The New York Times Book Review wrote, "Hampl's honest examination of her own life makes The Florist's Daughter a wonder of a memoir." It won the 2008 Minnesota Book Award for Memoir & Creative Nonfiction.

Hampl is also the author of several poetry anthologies.

Awards
(Note: This is a list of selected awards. For a complete list of Hampl's awards, see the External Links section below)
 Guggenheim Foundation Fellowship (1976)
 National Endowment for the Arts Grant (1976)
 Bush Foundation Fellowship (1979)
 Houghton Mifflin Literary Fellowship (1981)
 MacArthur Fellow (1990)
 Fulbright Fellowship (1995)
 McKnight Distinguished University Professorship (1996)
 Pushcart Prize (1999)
 Distinguished Achievement Award, Western Literature Association (2001)

Selected bibliography
 Woman Before an Aquarium (1978)
 A Romantic Education (1981)
 Resort and Other Poems (1983)
Spillville (With Steven Sorman) (1987)
 Virgin Time: In Search of the Contemplative Life (1992)
Burning Bright, anthology of sacred poetry (Judaism, Christianity, Islam). Ed. Patricia Hampl. (1995)
 Memory and Imagination  (1999)
I Could Tell You Stories: Sojourns in the Land of Memory (1999)
The St. Paul Stories of F. Scott Fitzgerald. Co-ed. Patricia Hampl. Introduction by Patricia Hampl. (2004)
 Blue Arabesque: A Search for the Sublime (2006)
 The Florist's Daughter: A Memoir (2007)
 The Art of the Wasted Day (2018)

References

External links
 Patricia Hampl at the Biography Resource Center
 Periodicals by Patricia Hampl at the Biography Reference Bank
 Review of The Florist's Daughter at the New York Times Book Review
 Audio Interview with Patricia Hampl at the Barnes & Noble Studio
 The Official Patricia Hampl Website
 "Montaigne's Lute" by Patricia Hampl in "Gulf Coast: A Journal of Literature and Fine Art." (26.1)
Patricia Hampl: Heading Out Without a Map
Solveig Nilsen of Hennepin County Library interviews Hampl, Northern Lights Minnesota author interview TV series #8 (1988): https://reflections.mndigital.org/catalog/p16022coll38:3#/kaltura_video

Living people
1946 births
Writers from Minnesota
University of Minnesota alumni
American people of Czech descent
American Roman Catholics
MacArthur Fellows
Iowa Writers' Workshop alumni
Memoirists from Minnesota


St. Catherine's Church, on Thomas Street, in Dublin, Ireland, was originally built in 1185. It is located on what was once termed the "" (Irish: Great Way), a key route that ran westwards across Ireland from Dublin. The church was rebuilt in its present form in the 18th century by John Smyth (or Smith).

The church closed in 1966 due to a decrease in the size of the local congregation. The church was de-consecrated the following year, and for a period was used by Dublin Corporation for exhibitions and concerts. After a period of decline, and later of refurbishment, St. Catherine's was re-consecrated and has been the place of worship for the Anglican "CORE" church (City Outreach for Renewal and Evangelism) since then.

History

Parish history
In 1177, the parish of St. James is mentioned as part of the Augustinian abbey of St. Thomas  (from which Thomas Street got its name), and the church of St. Catherine was a chapel-of-ease to the abbey. By the end of the 13th century, the western suburbs had so increased in population that a separate parish was deemed necessary. This was provided for by splitting the parish of St. James and setting up an independent parish for St. Catherine's.

Both parishes were still subservient to the Abbey of St. Thomas, but in 1539 the abbey was dissolved with all the monasteries by Henry VIII. In the surrender made by Henry Duffe, last Abbot, were included "the Churches of St. Catherine and St. James near Dublin". Both churches, now independent, had new curates appointed by the crown: Sir John Brace to St. Catherine's (which was shortly taken over by Peter Ledwich (or Ledwidge)) and Sir John Butler to St. James. Over the following hundred years, both churches passed over to the reformed church, while Roman Catholic priests led a precarious existence tending to the larger part of the population, which remained faithful to the old religion.

The parish of St. Catherine appears to have been the only viable one in the area at that time — Roman Catholics eventually got the use of a chapel in Dirty Lane (now Bridgefoot Street) towards the end of the 17th century. Later, another St. Catherine's was founded in Meath Street to cater for the Catholic population.

A new organ, which was designed and made by Renatus Harris, was installed in 1697.

The two Church of Ireland parishes were separated in 1710.

Building history

The building that stands now was originally built between 1760 and 1769 to the designs of the architect John Smyth (who was also responsible for the interior of St Werburgh's Church, among other works in Dublin at the time).

In 1803 the church was the site of Robert Emmet's execution - and a plaque commemorating this remains today.

Into the 20th century, the Protestant population of the Liberties area of the city declined, and the church closed in September 1966. It was de-consecrated the following year. Worship was transferred to its former chapel of ease the Church of St. Victor, which was renamed St. Catherine and James Church, Donore Ave.

St. Catherine's was transferred for a number of years to Dublin Corporation, and was used for exhibitions and concerts - hosting artists such as Christy Moore and The Chieftains. It fell disused in the 1980s however, and the interior was vandalised.

In 1990 Dublin Corporation offered the church for sale as part of an inner city development plan. An Anglican group (City Outreach for Renewal and Evangelism - CORE) took on the refurbishment of the church in 1993, and the interior was largely restored by the end of 1998. In early November 1998 St. Catherine's was reconsecrated and has been an active place of worship since then.

Church architecture
Historian Maurice Craig wrote that St. Catherine's has "the finest façade of any church in Dublin". Its façade is built of mountain granite and has in the centre four Doric semi-columns supporting a pediment, and at the extremities coupled pilasters. Originally a spire was intended, but this was not completed due to lack of funds. It is in the Palladian style similar to St Thomas's Church on Marlborough Street.

Internally, St. Catherine's is a galleried church (a type common in Dublin from the late 17th century) Architects Curdy and Mitchell restored the church in 1877 and during the following decade an interior reordering was undertaken by architect James Franklin Fuller, during which the old box pews were replaced with open ones.

The crypt contains the remains of several Earls of Meath. Christopher Plunkett, 2nd Earl of Fingall, fatally wounded at the Battle of Rathmines, was buried in St Catherine's in August 1649.

Cemetery
The churchyard and cemetery lie to the rear of St. Catherine's. Originally dating to 1552, burials ceased in 1894. The cemetery is now a small public park. There is a plot which was provided by the Protestant Orphan Society for the burial of orphans, in the churchyard. There is a memorial to those took part in the 1803 Rising, and where hanged, some were hanged on Thomas Street.

Clergy
According to early records the vicar of St. Catherine's, in 1551, was Rev. Peter Lodowicke (Ledwich) and his successor was Rev. John Hande.

Notable clergy to have served in St. Catherines include the rectors Rev. James Whitelaw (1749–1813), and Rev. John Percy Phair (1876–1967; later Bishop of Ossory).

Rev. Eoghan Heaslip was appointed minister in 2017.

Notable parishioners
James Whitelaw (1749–1813), historian and statistician, was clergyman in this parish when he died of a fever contracted while visiting afflicted parishioners.
William Mylne (1734–1790), architect and engineer, who was responsible for the waterworks of Dublin, commemorated by a plaque in the church.

See also
 St James' Church, Dublin (Church of Ireland)
 St. Catherine and James Church, originally a chapel of ease for St. Catherines, called St. Victors, following de-consecration of St. Catheines and St. James' it was re-dedicated, and replaced the two churches

Further reading

References

External links

Churches completed in 1185
Churches completed in 1769
12th-century churches in Ireland
18th-century Church of Ireland church buildings
Former churches in Dublin (city)
Church of Ireland churches in Dublin (city)
Neoclassical church buildings in Ireland
Cemeteries in Dublin (city)
Anglican cemeteries in Ireland


In the 1973 Intertoto Cup no knock-out rounds were contested, and therefore no winner was declared.

Group stage
The teams were divided into ten groups of four teams each.

Group 1

Group 2

Group 3

Group 4

Group 5

Group 6

Group 7

Group 8

Group 9

Group 10

See also
 1973–74 European Cup
 1973–74 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup
 1973–74 UEFA Cup

External links
  by Pawel Mogielnicki

1973
4


Tomáš Sedlák (born 3 February 1983) is a Slovak professional footballer who currently plays for 1. FC Tatran Prešov in the Fortuna Liga.

External links

 Eurofotbal profile

1983 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Poprad
Footballers from the Prešov Region
Slovak men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Men's association football midfielders
MFK Ružomberok players
Gaziantepspor footballers
SV Mattersburg players
Kaposvári Rákóczi FC players
MFK Zemplín Michalovce players
FK Poprad players
1. FC Tatran Prešov players
Slovak First Football League players
Slovak expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Turkey
Expatriate men's footballers in Austria
Expatriate men's footballers in Hungary
Slovak expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
Slovak expatriate sportspeople in Austria
Slovak expatriate sportspeople in Hungary


Florida National Bank (FNB), founded in 1905, was the second largest commercial bank in Florida. Florida National Group was acquired in 1990 by First Union Corporation, which was renamed Wachovia in 2001; Wachovia was subsequently acquired by Wells Fargo in 2008.

History

Early years
Samuel Hubbard's Mercantile Exchange Bank eventually became Florida National Bank after Jacksonville's Great Fire of 1901. Millionaire Alfred I. du Pont acquired a major interest in the FNB shortly after moving to Jacksonville in the mid-1920s, but he was unable to gain control until the Great Depression struck in 1929. The FNB stayed solvent throughout the 1930s because du Pont put $15 million of his own money into the institution to cover Bank runs. During the early 1930s, six other Florida National Banks were opened throughout Florida, including Lakeland and Bartow; Alfred's wife, Jessie Ball du Pont was named a director of the bank. When Alfred du Pont died in 1935, the du Pont Trust, managed by Ed Ball, Jessie du Pont's brother, continued to control the bank. Growth continued with the acquisition of many more Florida banks over the next two decades and became known as the Florida National Group, which was one of the strongest banks in the state. In size, the branches eventually numbered 185, second only in Florida to Barnett Bank.

Ball built the Florida National Bank building at 214 North Hogan Street in Jacksonville in 1961. The structure was constructed using materials which would appreciate in value, such as marble floors and granite exteriors, but excluded items that Ball considered frills. There were no executive washrooms and no hot water faucets in the entire eleven story edifice. The corporate offices of the group were housed in the upper floors and the bank's principal location was on the ground floor. Ed Ball also kept his personal office there for managing the du Pont Trust. After Ball's death, the structure was renamed the Edward Ball Building.

Congress forced the du Pont Trust to divest itself of banking interests when they withdrew the trust's 15-year exemption from the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956. The trust sold 34.7% ownership in Florida National Banks to Charter Company in 1971 for $42M, leaving the du Pont Trust with 24.9%, below the legal definition of a bank holding company. The CEO of Charter was Raymond Mason, a protégé of Ed Ball. Additionally, Ed Ball personally owned 6.4% of FNB and was executor of his sister's estate, which owned 4.5% of FNB.

On July 9, 1973, the Federal Reserve Board issued a preliminary determination that the du Pont Trust had retained enough stock that would allow the trust to continue to exert some control over the bank. Ball was forced to sell the trust's remaining shares and resign as chairman of FNB. However, the du Pont Trust owned a significant block of Charter stock, and the close personal relationship between Mason and Ball still allowed some indirect control.

Acquisition
Miami-based Southeast Banking Corporation (SBC), Florida's largest bank holding company, targeted FNB with a takeover bid in 1980, which the FNB board rejected. That same year, a group of foreign investors from Chile, Venezuela, Canada and south Florida sought 40% ownership and control of FNB. FNB filed suit in circuit court and the group was enjoined from acquiring more than 25% of the bank holding company's outstanding shares. However, Florida National revealed in 1981 that it was willing to permit acquisition by Chemical Banking Corporation of New York City after laws preventing interstate banking were lifted. At the same time, C.A. Cavendes Sociedad Financiera, a Venezuelan investment company, announced that it had acquired 24.99 percent of the common stock of Florida National.

In February, 1982, SBC sued to obtain an injunction against the merger in Federal court, citing contrary banking laws in both Federal and Florida codes. Florida National Bank countered with an antitrust suit against SBC. It was FNB's contention that if SBC were allowed to complete the takeover, commercial banking competition would be unlawfully reduced.

In early 1983, Southeast Banking Corporation dropped its takeover attempt and agreed to exchange their 1.73 million FNB shares for 24 FNB branch offices, $5.7M in cash, a downtown Miami real estate parcel and other assets. This was during the time when Charter was going through a bankruptcy. The Federal Reserve Board approved a revised merger plan between FNB and Chemical Bank in 1984. However, at the time, interstate banking acquisitions were prohibited by Federal law and required state legislative approval. With the 1990 deadline running out for its option to buy FNB and no sign of state legislative approval, Chemical Bank sold their 4.9% interest to First Union Corporation of Charlotte, North Carolina for $115 million. On March 7, 1989, it was revealed First Union would acquire the remainder of FNB. The transaction, valued at $849 million, was consummated the following year.

Building Ownership/Use
Wachovia sold the Florida National Bank building at 214 North Hogan Street to First States Investors in September, 2004 for $23,234,071.

The St. James Building became Jacksonville's City Hall in 1997, but it was too small to accommodate all departments. Needing more room,
the City of Jacksonville purchased the building from First States Investors in February, 2006 for $23 million.
Less than two blocks from city hall, it was designated the City Hall Annex. The Building & Planning department relocated there.
After a $1.3 million, 2012 renovation, additional city departments moved into the upper floors. Ground floor building tenants include a VyStar Credit Union, Quiznos and a coffee shop.

See also
Jacksonville Bank, based in the same city

References

Banks based in Florida
Companies based in Jacksonville, Florida
Banks established in 1905
Banks disestablished in 1990
1905 establishments in Florida
1990 disestablishments in Florida
Alfred I. du Pont
Jacksonville Modern architecture
Banks based in Jacksonville, Florida
Laura Street


Draugiem (For Friends) is a social networking website launched in 2004. It is the largest social networking website in Latvia with approximately 2.6 million registered users.

The Draugiem social network operates under the Draugiem Group, an umbrella organisation that owns other IT-related companies which have developed as suppliers of technology to the social network.

The English-language version of Draugiem is known as Frype.com.

History
The Draugiem.lv social network was founded in 2004 by Lauris Liberts and Agris Tamanis. In 2007, the company reported it had reached 1,000,000 users. By 2017 the company had opened offices and facilities in Cēsis, Barcelona, Los Angeles, Charlotte and Tijuana, as well as relocating their Rīga headquarters to a bigger building in the neighborhood of Torņakalns. In 2019, Mapon (part of Draugiem Group) opened offices in Estonia and Finland.

On the 2018 Latvian parliamentary election on October 6 the main page of Draugiem.lv was hacked and replaced with an image of a Russian flag, Russian president Vladimir Putin and Russian army, as well as text in Russian saying "Latvian comrades, this is for you. Russia's borders are boundless. Russian world can and needs to unite everyone who values Russian culture no matter where they live – in Russia or outside its borders. We recommend using the phrase ‘Russian world’ more often", while the Russian national anthem played in the background. The website was taken offline and re-opened a few hours later.

Brands

Road Games
In 2019 the company created Roadgames, an adventure travel game, with an investment of EUR 100,000. The game requires participants to take part in tasks outside, and is intended as a team building activity for organizations.

Mapon
The Mapon brand was launched in 2006 to provide GPS tracking services for businesses, and is the second largest brand in the Draugiem company with 54 employees and offices in Finland.

Fast Brands
Fast Brands was launched in 2018 and provides companies with the opportunity to sell products online.

References

External links

 The Baltic Course article about Draugiem.lv

Internet properties established in 2004
Latvian social networking websites
2004 establishments in Latvia


Martinus Brandal (born March 11, 1960) is a Norwegian engineer and businessman. He is chair of Aker Floating Production and Aker Solutions.

Brandal was educated with a bachelor in electrical engineering from Oslo University College. He worked for the ABB Group from 1985 to 2004, including management positions in the Zürich headquarters. During this period he also sat on the boards of Aker Kværner and Aker Seafoods. In 2004 Brandal started working for Aker, and in 2006 he was appointed chief executive officer of Aker Kværner (later renamed Aker Solutions), a position he held until 2008, when he became president of energy technologies of the Aker Group. He later became CEO of Solør Bioenergi.

References

1960 births
Living people
Norwegian businesspeople
Norwegian electrical engineers
Oslo University College alumni
Aker Group people


Leonardo Marcelo Morales (born 23 January 1987) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Primera B Metropolitana side Villa San Carlos.

Career
Morales made his professional debut for Estudiantes on 7 October 2006 in a 3-0 away win against Lanús. He then went on to play for Arsenal de Sarandí, though he did not participate in any first team game during his one-year stay.

In 2007, he played two games for the Argentina under-20 team during the South American Youth Championship.

References

External links
 Argentine Primera statistics at Fútbol XXI
 Statistics at BDFA

1987 births
Living people
Footballers from Corrientes Province
Argentine men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Estudiantes de La Plata footballers
Arsenal de Sarandí footballers
Atlético de Rafaela footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Bolivia


Discipline Manifesto is the fourth full length studio album, and seventh album overall, by the black metal band Naer Mataron. It was released in 2005 on Black Lotus Records.

Track listing
Extreme Unction - 9:43
Blessing of Sin - 7:51
For the New Man - 3:04
Arrival of the Cesar - 5:58
Blast Furnace - 4:54
The Day Is Breaking - 7:00
The Last Loyal - 5:27
Land of Dreams - 6:01
Last Man Against Time - 9:15

References

External links
Official homepage
Metal Archives
Archaic Mag review

2005 albums
Naer Mataron albums


The Riegelmann Boardwalk (also known as the Coney Island Boardwalk) is a  boardwalk along the southern shore of the Coney Island peninsula in the New York City borough of Brooklyn, facing the Atlantic Ocean. Opened in 1923, the boardwalk runs between West 37th Street at the edge of the Sea Gate neighborhood to the west and Brighton 15th Street in Brighton Beach to the east. It is operated by the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation (NYC Parks).

The Riegelmann Boardwalk is primarily made of wooden planks arranged in a chevron pattern. It ranges from  wide and is raised slightly above sea level. The boardwalk connects several amusement areas and attractions on Coney Island, including the New York Aquarium, Luna Park, Deno's Wonder Wheel Amusement Park, and Maimonides Park. It has become an icon of Coney Island, with numerous appearances in the visual arts, music, and film. After its completion, the boardwalk was considered the most important public works project in Brooklyn since the Brooklyn Bridge, with a comparable impact to the Catskill Watershed and Central Park.

By the mid-19th century, the Coney Island waterfront was divided among several private entities who erected barriers. Plans for a Coney Island boardwalk were first discussed in the late 1890s as a means of uniting the different sections of Coney Island, and as a revitalization project for these areas. The boardwalk, designed by Philip P. Farley, was named after Brooklyn borough president Edward J. Riegelmann, who led its construction. The Riegelmann Boardwalk's first portion opened in 1923, with further extensions in 1926 and 1941, as well as several modifications and repairs throughout the 20th century. After NYC Parks unsuccessfully attempted to repair the boardwalk with concrete in the early 21st century, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the Riegelmann Boardwalk a city landmark in 2018. A renovation of the boardwalk was announced in November 2021.

Description

Dimensions and materials

The Riegelmann Boardwalk stretches for  from West 37th Street at the border of Coney Island and Sea Gate to Brighton 15th Street in Brighton Beach. The boardwalk is  wide for most of its length, though portions in Brighton Beach are  wide. It is raised  above sea level to protect against storm surges. According to a speech given in 1923 to the Rotary Club of Brooklyn, the raised boardwalk was designed to "give ample clear space under the boardwalk" both parallel and perpendicular to the deck. Staircases and ramps lead southward to the beach at intervals of  blocks or . Ramps also connect the boardwalk to the streets to the north.

The boardwalk has a steel and concrete foundation supporting wood planking for the walkway, though much of this is no longer visible due to the beach having been raised after the boardwalk was constructed. The boardwalk was built using  of sand,  of stone,  of reinforced concrete, and  of timber flooring. To prevent violent waves from crashing against the boardwalk, sixteen rock jetties were built at intervals of . The beaches are not a natural feature; the sand that would naturally replenish Coney Island is cut off by the jetty at Breezy Point, Queens. Following the boardwalk's construction, sand has been redeposited on the beaches via beach nourishment.

The boardwalk is designed to handle a maximum load of . To accomplish this, designer Philip Farley installed a precast concrete-girder structure under the boardwalk on the advice of J.W. Hackney, who designed Atlantic City's boardwalk. Pile bents were placed every , with each bent containing two bundles of four reinforced concrete piles. The piles rest on bases that measure  square and extend downward . The ends of the girder structures are cantilevered outside the piles.

The boardwalk's planks are set in a modified chevron design, running at 45-degree angles between two longitudinal wooden axes. The diagonal pattern was intended to "facilitate ease in walking", according to American Lumberman magazine, while the  wooden axes were designed for chairs to be rolled down the boardwalk. The boardwalk was first built using Douglas fir planks from Washington state. By the early 2010s, sturdy hardwoods were added to the boardwalk, as were plastic and concrete. The boardwalk is used as a bike lane between 6a.m. and 9p.m. each day, except during summers, when cycling is curtailed after 10a.m.

Amenities

There are restrooms, benches, and drinking fountains along the boardwalk's length, both atop the deck and beneath it. Five pavilions and five pergolas were completed in 1925 by J. Sarsfield Kennedy. These no longer exist but were designed in the Mediterranean Revival style and contained arched doorways, along with tiled roofs supported by corner piers and Tuscan columns.

There were also "comfort stations", or restrooms, beneath the boardwalk, characterized by ornamental semicircular stairs and rooftop terraces at the same height as the deck. Most of the shade pavilions south of the boardwalk were built in the 2000s and 2010s and are elevated to comply with Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) storm-surge regulations, though there are also some historic pavilions from the 20th century. The newer pavilions, designed by Garrison Architects, are modular structures that are installed in pairs. The modular structures contain double-layered stainless-steel facades and are powered by photovoltaic cells. There are four non-functional historic cast iron fountains as well as newer, functioning steel fountains.

The boardwalk's original street furnishings included 170 street lights with twin lamps, similar to those installed on Fifth Avenue in Manhattan. These street lights are placed every , as well as at street intersections. Benches that faced the ocean were installed by the J.W. Fiske Ironworks Company, but have since been replaced.

Attractions
Modern attractions on the boardwalk include Luna Park, Deno's Wonder Wheel Amusement Park, and the New York Aquarium. The boardwalk is adjacent to Maimonides Park, which opened in 2001 and is the home stadium of the Brooklyn Cyclones, a Minor League Baseball team. A live performance venue, the Ford Amphitheater at Coney Island, opened on the boardwalk in 2016. Several amusement parks that formerly faced the boardwalk, including Steeplechase Park (1897–1964), the original Luna Park (1903–1944), and Astroland (1962–2008), no longer exist.

There are several officially designated landmarks on the boardwalk. The Childs Restaurants building, a New York City designated landmark that is now the site of the Ford Amphitheater, opened in 1923 at West 21st Street; its terracotta facade was designed to blend in with the boardwalk's appearance. To the east is the Parachute Jump, a defunct parachute tower ride standing  tall, which is both a city landmark and a National Registered Historic Place. The B&B Carousell, directly beside the Parachute Jump, is the last operating carousel in Coney Island and is also listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Coney Island Cyclone, a wooden roller coaster built in 1927 at West 10th Street, is the only operating coaster on Coney Island from the 20th century, and is both a city and national landmark. Set inland from the boardwalk is the Wonder Wheel (built 1920), an eccentric Ferris wheel which is  tall and recognized as a city landmark. Other attractions on the boardwalk include the Thunderbolt roller coaster and the Abe Stark Recreation Center, as well as small amusement rides, shops, and restaurants.

The First Symphony of the Sea, a wall relief created by Japanese artist Toshio Sasaki, was installed along the boardwalk, outside the New York Aquarium, in 1993. It is  long and  tall. The relief contains depictions of waves, fish, and zygotes of marine species in terrazzo and ceramic.

Steeplechase Pier

Steeplechase Pier, the only one remaining on Coney Island's beach, extends  southward from the boardwalk's intersection with West 17th Street. It is near Steeplechase Park, of which the pier was originally part. The pier had been built by 1904, at which point it was estimated as being  long. A newspaper article from that year praised the view from the pier: "There is no more beautiful view around New York than the sight of the twinkling colored lights of Coney Island and its reflection in the water." Steeplechase Pier was originally used by anglers and, until 1932, was used by ferry lines to Coney Island.

The original Steeplechase Pier was erected by builder F.J. Kelly at an unknown date and was completed within 30 days. The pier was ceded to the city in October 1921 just before the boardwalk was constructed, and was reopened in December 1922. Several proposed improvements, such as a widened deck and an auditorium, were never built. In the following years, Steeplechase Pier was damaged multiple times by hurricanes, fires, and boat accidents. The most serious incident was a fire in 1957 that destroyed the pier; a larger replacement opened the next year, with a T-shaped extension at the end. The pier was rebuilt most recently in 2013 after it was damaged by Hurricane Sandy in 2012. Two years after it reopened, the pier received a $3.4 million grant for a total reconstruction.

History

Context
The Coney Island House, established in the early 19th century, was the first seaside resort on Coney Island. Coney Island could be reached easily from Manhattan, while appearing to be relatively far away. As a result, Coney Island began attracting vacationers in the 1830s and 1840s, and numerous resorts were built. New railroad lines, built after the American Civil War, served Coney Island's restaurants, hotels, bathing pavilions, theaters, the waterfront, and other attractions. A series of fires destroyed the resorts in the 1880s and 1890s. This opened up large tracts of land for the development of theme parks; the first of these was Sea Lion Park, which opened in 1895 and closed eight years later. By the first decade of the 20th century, Coney Island contained three competing amusement parks (Luna Park, Dreamland, and Steeplechase Park), and many independent amusements.

The beach remained largely inaccessible to the public, since it was the private property of beachfront lots. In 1882, the first lots were acquired from the village of Gravesend at unusually low prices and subdivided to private interests. Some portions of the beach contained private boardwalks, but other portions had no infrastructure, and some sections of the beach were enclosed by fences that extended into the water. In the 1890s, a private boardwalk was built to connect the hotels and bungalows in Brighton Beach and Manhattan Beach; this walk extended for nearly . George C. Tilyou, who operated various amusements in Coney Island and later consolidated them into his Steeplechase Park, built boardwalks in his resorts at Coney Island and Rockaway Beach. Numerous privately owned piers jutted into the water at West 5th, West 8th, and West 17th Streets. Public beach accessibility was considered almost nonexistent; in 1904, it was estimated that there were  of public beachfront on Coney Island for each of the 3.7 million residents of New York City. In 1912, the West End Improvement League of Coney Island noted that only one street, West 23rd Street, had direct public access to the beach from Surf Avenue, the southernmost west–east artery on what was then an island.

Planning and construction

Interest in creating a public boardwalk increased in the 1890s, when the formerly separate boroughs of New York City were consolidated. The economist Simon Patten, a boardwalk proponent, said that the construction of a similar boardwalk in Atlantic City, New Jersey, in the late 19th century had helped to revitalize the formerly rundown waterfront there. The New York Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor took a similar position. In 1897, the Board of Public Improvements and Brooklyn borough president Edward M. Grout proposed a boardwalk along the southern shore of Coney Island, between West 37th and West 5th Streets. The board and Grout expected that property owners would relinquish their waterfront plots to create a  space for a boardwalk. A bill proposed in the New York State Legislature in 1901 would have required property owners to pay half of the boardwalk's $350,000 construction cost. However, the bill was heavily opposed by organizations who cited the bill's language and the projected property losses as reasons for their disapproval. Ultimately, only one segment was constructed near the Seaside Park resort, between West 5th Street and Ocean Parkway.

Other organizations in the 1900s presented numerous proposals to build a boardwalk, though these mainly entailed building a walkway over the ocean, rather than constructing a beach or clearing the waterfront. In 1912, the West End Improvement League published a 36-page booklet about the benefits of constructing a  boardwalk. This plan was endorsed by the New York City Board of Estimate, which in April 1913 approved a special committee's report on the feasibility of building such a structure. This time, Coney Island residents largely supported the proposed boardwalk, though there were disputes over whether to pay the $5 million cost through private capital or city funds. Simultaneously, in 1912, New York State sued amusement owners for taking private ownership of Coney Island's beach. A judge ruled the next year that all of the beachfront exposed at low tide belonged to the state. An appellate court affirmed this decision in 1916, with an exception made for part of Steeplechase Park, a plot of land granted by the state prior to the creation of the park. All obstructions on the beachfront were demolished in accordance with the ruling.

The Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue station, completed in 1920, allowed greater access from the rest of New York City. Overcrowding became common, with up to one million people filling the island on the hottest days. In May 1921, the state legislature voted to give the city the right to acquire any uplands facing the Atlantic Ocean on Coney Island, as well as on Queens' Rockaway Peninsula west of Beach 25th Street in Far Rockaway, Queens. In preparation for this action, the city held meetings on the initial boardwalk design in 1919, approved a plan in 1920, and obtained title to the land in October 1921. A groundbreaking ceremony was hosted the same day.

The actual beach improvement and boardwalk construction began in 1922. Construction was overseen by Philip P. Farley, consulting engineer for Brooklyn from 1918 to 1951. The first bents for the boardwalk structure were erected in March 1923, and the last bents were completed ten months later. Initially there was some opposition to the boardwalk's construction, and business owners unsuccessfully attempted to erect fences to prevent construction progress. Concurrently with the boardwalk improvements, Riegelmann petitioned the city to make improvements to the beach and surrounding streets to make the boardwalk easier to access. In accordance with this, sand from the seabed was used to replenish the eroded shorelines. Timber bulkheads, timber groynes, and granite jetties were installed starting in August 1922. The beach could accommodate more than a half-million people when the project was finished.

Opening and early operation

In April 1923, shortly before the boardwalk was completed, it was named after Edward J. Riegelmann, the Brooklyn borough president. Riegelmann, one of the project's main leaders, had boasted that the boardwalk would raise real estate values on Coney Island. Despite his role in the boardwalk's development, Riegelmann and his assistant commissioner of public works opposed the name, preferring that the project be known as the "Coney Island Boardwalk". Riegelmann stated that, when the boardwalk was completed, "poor people will no longer have to stand with their faces pressed against wire fences looking at the ocean".

The boardwalk was opened in three phases between Ocean Parkway and West 37th Street. The first section of the boardwalk, comprising the eastern section between Ocean Parkway and West 5th Street, opened in October 1922. The boardwalk was extended westward to West 17th Street in December 1922. The final section of the boardwalk, from West 17th to West 37th Street, was officially opened with a ceremony on May 15, 1923. At the time of its opening, the boardwalk was said to be wider and more expensive than the comparable boardwalks at Atlantic City, the Rockaways, and Long Beach on Long Island.

After the boardwalk was completed, Charles L. Craig, the New York City Comptroller, said that it could not be considered a "real boardwalk" without pergolas and restrooms. Accordingly, in June 1924, the New York City Board of Estimate approved the erection of five comfort stations and five beachfront pavilions. The pavilions were completed by early 1925. The Board of Estimate, in December 1922, approved another project to widen, create, or open private streets that led to the boardwalk. The work, which began in 1923, entailed condemning 288 lots, including 175 houses and portions of Steeplechase Park. Eighteen streets, each  wide, were created between West 8th and West 35th Streets. Surf and Stillwell Avenues were widened, and the city took over several private passageways, including West 12th Street. Sewers and sidewalks were installed. Brooklyn public officials believed these changes would revitalize Coney Island's shore and lessen congestion on Surf Avenue. In total, the boardwalk and related improvement projects cost $20 million (about $ million in ). Of this cost, 35 percent was paid through taxes, and the remainder was paid by the city.

The Brighton Beach extension of the boardwalk, which would build out the boardwalk from Ocean Parkway eastward to Coney Island Avenue, was formally approved by the city's Board of Estimate in June 1925. The extension was  long, and entailed expanding the beach and creating new paths to the boardwalk. Real estate developments were proposed as a result of the extension, which was completed by mid-1926. The $1 million extension was to be funded via taxes levied on Coney Island property owners. Although some property owners objected to the assessments, they were ultimately forced to pay for the project.

A similar scheme to extend the boardwalk  westward, from West 37th Street to Coney Island Light, was opposed by the residents of Sea Gate, the private community through which the boardwalk would have been expanded. In June 1927, borough president James J. Byrne approved the Sea Gate extension and bought land on the Sea Gate waterfront. The following year, the bulkhead lines in Sea Gate were approved for demolition, in anticipation of the boardwalk being extended. The boardwalk extension was slated to connect to a steamship pier operated by the Coney Island Steamship Corporation. However, the company was permanently enjoined from selling stocks and bonds in July 1930. The corporation claimed that the Brooklyn government had allocated $3 million to extend the boardwalk in December 1929, but borough president Henry Hesterberg denied having done so. The boardwalk was ultimately not extended past the fence on West 37th Street. After a four-block section of the boardwalk was damaged in a July 1932 fire, it was rebuilt and reopened within a month.

Moses reconstruction
In 1938, New York City Department of Parks and Recreation (NYC Parks) took over responsibility for the boardwalk's maintenance. Parks commissioner Robert Moses criticized the condition of the Coney Island, Rockaway, and South Beach boardwalks, saying, "These beaches and boardwalks were never properly planned, and cannot under present conditions be properly maintained and operated." In a letter to mayor Fiorello La Guardia, Moses wrote:

The boardwalk was constructed too near the water without providing any play areas on the north side. [...] When sand was pumped in to increase the width of the beach, instead of obtaining good white material, the contractor was allowed to deposit brown sand on the beach. Streets were cut through which dead-ended at the boardwalk, and which are no good as traffic arteries and are not proper parking spaces. The zoning ordinance was adapted to the wishes of the property owners rather than to the requirements of the public welfare.

Moses unsuccessfully tried to prohibit carnival barkers from the boardwalk. He also announced plans to expand it eastward, to the vicinity of Corbin Place in Brighton Beach, as well as to incorporate another  within Brighton Beach. The expansion would add capacity for 50,000 visitors along the Coney Island Beach. The project involved rebuilding an  stretch of the boardwalk, relocating it  inland and straightening its route; this required the condemnation of 20 buildings and the demolition of the Municipal Baths at West 5th Street. City officials announced plans in August 1938 to acquire  along the Brighton Beach shoreline. That October, the city acquired  from developer Joseph P. Day for the eastward extension. The expanded beach in Brighton Beach opened to the public in July 1939, and officials began allowing bicyclists to use the boardwalk that year.

Moses had originally planned to clear another  inland of the boardwalk, but these plans were modified in August 1939 to preserve the amusement area there. The Board of Estimate approved the modified plan for the boardwalk in December; the approval had been delayed by one week after a landowner objected. The following month, the board provided an $850,000 appropriation for the work, and construction started on the boardwalk extension. To provide easier access to the boardwalk, a new street near West 9th Street was built. As part of the renovations, a  covering of sand, from the Rockaways and New Jersey, was placed along the entire beachfront. Some portions of the original boardwalk were preserved and moved using cranes. In addition, workers relocated lighting and emergency phone boxes; realigned Surf Avenue; and erected a lifeguard station with restrooms. The relocated boardwalk was completed by May 1940. The same year, gray paving blocks were added at Brighton 2nd and West 2nd, 15th, 21st, 27th, and 33rd Streets, as well as at Stillwell Avenue, creating firebreaks in the boardwalk.

In early 1941, workers started extending the boardwalk  from Coney Island Avenue to Brighton 15th Street. The extension,  wide, was narrower than the rest of the boardwalk. Upon completion of the extension, the boardwalk reached its current length of . In 1955, Moses proposed extending the boardwalk east to the Manhattan Beach Boardwalk. These plans were opposed by Manhattan Beach property owners, who contended that it would bring social degradation to their community. The Board of Estimate ultimately voted against Moses's plan.

Late 20th century

Further work was undertaken on the boardwalk in the late 20th century. This included the replacement of the original street lights with replicas in the 1960s, and the replacement of benches, drinking fountains, pavilions, and comfort stations. Concrete and brick lifeguard towers were erected in the 1970s.

By the 1960s, Coney Island was in decline because of increased crime, insufficient parking facilities, bad weather, and the post-World War II automotive boom. This culminated in the closure and sale of Steeplechase Park, the area's last major amusement park, in 1965. A newspaper article noted in 1961 that between 5,000 and 10,000 people slept on the beach every night, and that the boardwalk was a common place for purse snatchings and muggings. Since the boardwalk contained a wide-open space underneath, it was a frequent location for such acts as looking up women's skirts, indecent exposure, and kissing. The boardwalk's maintenance was in active decline by the 1970s, although repairs on two sections of boardwalk between Brighton 1st and Brighton 15th Streets were underway by 1975. Local officials, such as then-assemblyman Chuck Schumer, and residents of the surrounding communities petitioned for the Board of Estimate to release $650,000 in funding for repairs to the boardwalk.

By the 1980s, the boardwalk was in poor condition; several people had been injured after falling through rotted portions of the boardwalk, the restrooms and drinking fountains were not functioning, and the section between West 32nd and West 33rd Street had collapsed completely. In 1983, officials estimated that one-quarter of the planks were not in good shape. The same year, New York City Comptroller Harrison J. Goldin rated the boardwalk's quality as "poor" due to holes and nails within the deck, vacant lots adjacent to the boardwalk, broken water fountains, and filthy restrooms. In 1985, a small part of the Coney Island Beach, as well as three other city beaches and Central Park's Sheep Meadow, were designated as "quiet zones" where loud radio playing was prohibited. Subsequent repairs to the boardwalk were completed by 1987.

In the early 1990s, as part of a $27 million shoreline protection project, the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) filled in the area under the boardwalk with sand. Afterward, the space underneath became occupied by persons who were homeless, so in 1996 the city cleared out the encampment and fenced off the space under the boardwalk. Brooklyn borough president Howard Golden said in 1997 that he considered the boardwalk's condition to be "B-plus"; according to Golden, the largest problems were that some rails and signs needed to be fixed. On the other hand, residents had complained the previous year that the boardwalk had loose and cracked boards, holes in the wood, and uneven pilings. City vehicles frequently used the boardwalk despite exceeding the weight limit; furthermore, NYC Parks only had three employees to maintain the boardwalk year-round, as compared to eight in 1990. NYC Parks contended that it had spent $180,000 on a recent project to repair the boardwalk and that the Brooklyn borough president's office had budgeted $20 million since 1981 for repairs.

21st century

NYC Parks started re-planking the boardwalk with ipe wood in the late 1990s, though this was opposed by environmental groups who objected to the wood being logged from the Amazon rainforest. New comfort stations and shade pavilions were added around 2001.

Initial renovations and landmark status
By 2010, the city government was renovating the boardwalk: some sections were receiving new wood planking over concrete supports, while others were being replaced entirely with concrete. The addition of the concrete sections was controversial. Though concrete was cheaper and did not require wood sourced from the Amazon rainforest, many local residents and officials felt that wood would be more authentic. There was no logistical difficulty in securing wood because the Rockaway Boardwalk was simultaneously being rebuilt in that material. After installing two small concrete sections of the boardwalk, NYC Parks proposed using a type of plastic that resembled wood. The rebuild with concrete and plastic was approved in March 2012, though wood advocates later filed a lawsuit to stop the use of concrete. The boardwalk was slightly damaged during Hurricane Sandy that October, and the adjacent amusement parks and aquarium suffered more severe damage, as did Steeplechase Pier. Further comfort stations were added in 2013, with four modular units being delivered to West 8th, West 2nd, Brighton 2nd, and New Brighton Streets.

In late 2014, NYC Parks started repairing the section between Coney Island Avenue and Brighton 15th Street with concrete. The decision to use concrete and plastic was again controversial, but according to NYC Parks, was necessary to repair decades of use and deterioration. That December, after the repairs were announced, City Council members Mark Treyger and Chaim Deutsch suggested designating the boardwalk as a city landmark. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) initially rejected the application, stating that the boardwalk had been too heavily altered. NYC Parks completed the repairs in May 2016. Despite the rejection of landmark status, Treyger continued to advocate for the Riegelmann Boardwalk's preservation. In March 2018, the LPC voted to "calendar" a public hearing to determine whether the boardwalk should be designated. The commission designated the boardwalk as the city's eleventh scenic landmark two months later, on May 15, 2018. The same month, two comfort stations opened at Brighton 15th Street. The city government announced in November 2019 that it would spend $3.2 million to place anti-terrorism bollards at entrances to the boardwalk, as part of a larger initiative to improve safety in public areas following a deadly 2017 truck attack in Manhattan.

Capital renovation project
In November 2021, NYC Parks announced it would renovate the entirety of the Riegelmann Boardwalk for $114.5 million. The renovation would be conducted in several phases, although only one phase was funded. The boardwalk would remain open during the project. The plans include replacing the hardwood planks with recycled plastic, renovating furniture, and constructing concrete piers to replace deteriorated wooden supports. The plan had to be approved by mayor-elect Eric Adams, who, as borough president, had opposed the previous proposal to replace the wooden deck with plastic and concrete. In mid-2022, city councilman Ari Kagan expressed concerns that the city government did not include any additional funding for the boardwalk's renovation in its 2022 budget. The $114.5 million grant was only sufficient to fund repairs to a  section of the boardwalk.

An investigation by news organization The City found that, from 2012 to 2022, the city government had spent several hundred thousand dollars to settle lawsuits by visitors who had been injured on the boardwalk. WCBS-TV also found that, between 2017 and 2022, thirty-one people claimed to have sustained injuries while on the boardwalk. Although NYC Parks had replaced over a thousand planks in mid-2022, WCBS-TV reported in October 2022 that the renovation project had not started. At the time, USACE was considering raising the boardwalk to . If this plan were implemented, the boardwalk-raising project would not be completed until 2030. Alec Brook-Krasny, who was reelected to the New York State Assembly in 2022, proposed funding repairs to the boardwalk if a planned casino on Coney Island were approved.

By early 2023, NYC Parks was planning to rebuild the section from West 24th to West 27th Street for $11.5 million. Although that section was originally supposed to have been rebuilt by February 2022, work had not even started. Designs for the renovation were supposed to have been completed by April 2023 but were delayed because the city needed to add wheelchair ramps.

Cultural significance

The boardwalk opened up the beach to the millions who visited Coney Island in its heyday, and it became known as the area's "Main Street", supplanting Surf Avenue in that role. A 1923 guidebook described the area as "the oldest, most densely crowded and most democratic" of all the amusement areas around New York City. The boardwalk increased international visitation to Coney Island. One French observer wrote of the boardwalk, shortly after its opening, "Families which cannot go to the rich watering places come in hordes on Sunday to enjoy the municipal beach. It is like the Promenade des Anglais at Nice turned over to the proletariat." A writer for the Brooklyn Daily Eagle cited the boardwalk's completion as "a contributing factor in the modernizing of the Coney Island section", saying that its construction had led to the development of apartment buildings on the Coney Island peninsula.

The boardwalk is the setting for two large annual events. The Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest takes place every July 4 outside the original Nathan's Famous location at Surf and Stillwell Avenues near the boardwalk. Nathan's had been one of several hot dog vendors that formerly lined Coney Island. The Coney Island Mermaid Parade has taken place along the boardwalk since 1983. The parade typically occurs every June, and involves floats and costumes and a King Neptune and Queen Mermaid that are crowned at the end of each parade.

As an icon of Coney Island, the Riegelmann Boardwalk has been depicted in the visual arts, music, and film. Several artworks have shown the boardwalk as a focal point, including Harry Roseland's 1930s depictions of the boardwalk and beach, as well as the 1938 lithograph The People Play-Summer by Benton Murdoch Spruance. Films have used the boardwalk as a setting or as a plot narrative, such as Sinners' Holiday (1930), Little Fugitive (1953), Annie Hall (1977), The Warriors (1979), and Requiem for a Dream (2000). The boardwalk has appeared in TV shows, including children's shows such as Dora the Explorer and sitcoms such as Seinfeld. It is also a setting in music videos, such as those by Salt-N-Pepa (1993) and Beyoncé (2013), and albums such as Coney Island Baby (1975).

Accolades

At the time of its construction, the boardwalk was considered the most important public works project in Brooklyn since the Brooklyn Bridge, which had been completed in 1883. One newspaper described the project thus: "New York scientists and engineers have succeeded where King Canute failed to halt the onward march of the tides." The boardwalk immediately became one of Coney Island's biggest draws after its opening. A columnist for the Brooklyn Times-Union wrote in 1932 that, so powerful was the boardwalk's effect, "the boardwalk and Coney Island are now synonymous".

In 1994, the American Shore & Beach Preservation Association recognized the boardwalk as an "infrastructure accomplishment" comparable to the Catskill Watershed and Central Park. In giving the award, the ASBPA stated that the boardwalk had served people who would otherwise "not have access to exclusive Long Island beaches". The city's Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the boardwalk as one of the city's scenic landmarks in 2018, having previously rejected it for landmark status.

References

Notes

Citations

Sources

External links

1923 establishments in New York City
Beaches of Brooklyn
Brighton Beach
Coney Island
New York City Designated Landmarks in Brooklyn
New York City scenic landmarks
Piers in New York City
Tourist attractions in Brooklyn
Hiking trails in New York City


Finnish science fiction fandom started getting organized in Finland when the first science fiction club (the Turku Science Fiction Society) was founded in Turku in 1976. The first fan conventions were in 1982 and 1985. The Finnish national convention, Finncon, was established in 1986. One of the main actors to start an active fan culture in Finland was Tom Ölander.

Biggest semiprozines in Finland are Portti, edited by Raimo Nikkonen, and Tähtivaeltaja, edited by Toni Jerrman.

External links
 Pasi Karppanen: The Finnish Fandom – All You Need to Know About It.
 Tero Ykspetäjä: Blogging the Finnish fandom.
 Tero Ykspetäjä: Finnish Fandom, 2008.
 an Overview
 Conventions
 Fanzines
 Jeff VanderMeer: Finnish Science Fiction and Fantasy. May 5, 2011.
 Finnish Science Fiction Resources.

Science fiction fandom
Science fiction fandom


A Masters in Business and Management (MBM) is a professional degree in "master in business" or "master in management" degrees, usually pursued by students immediately after completing a bachelor's degree (which distinguishes the MBM from the post-experience MBA degree, which usually requires at least three years of work experience). Common MBM variations include MSc Management and MSc International Management.

The MBM is open to graduates in all fields of the humanities, arts, engineering, science and business. It is designed to equip students with generalist managerial and leadership skills that will improve their practice and help them start a successful career in business management. The curriculum is also known as  MSCom (Master of Science in commerce), though the teaching and learning styles may be different in order to account for the variations in prior work experience.

The Association of MBAs has been accrediting MBM degrees since 2005 and has accredited over 40 programs at international business schools.

External links
 Association of MBAs official website

Master's degrees
Business qualifications


The Toufic H. Kalil House is a house museum in the North End neighborhood of Manchester, New Hampshire, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright in 1955. The Usonian Automatic design of this house allowed Wright to meet the requirements of Dr. Toufic and Mildred Kalil, a Lebanese professional couple. Wright used the term Usonian Automatic to describe the design of economical Usonian style houses constructed of modular concrete blocks. This house illustrates Wright's creative use of this inexpensive material.

Typical of Wright's Usonian style, the Kalil house draws its beauty from simple, linear forms rather than ornamental details. Symmetrical rows of rectangular window openings give the heavy concrete a sense of airiness.

The Kalil house was designed in the mid-1950s, near the end of Wright's life. The Zimmerman House was built in a very different Usonian style for Dr. Toufic Kalil's good friend and hospital colleague, Dr. Zimmerman, three lots down, on the same street, five years earlier.

This  house contains a living room, kitchen, two bedrooms, two baths and a study. All of the original furniture, most of which is built-in, is still intact.

In September 2019, it was reported that the house would be put up for sale in October, with an asking price of $850,000. The Currier Museum of Art, also in Manchester and very close by, subsequently acquired the house in November 2019, and began operating public tours there alongside the nearby Wright-designed Zimmerman House.

See also
 List of Frank Lloyd Wright works

Sources
 Storrer, William Allin. The Frank Lloyd Wright Companion. University Of Chicago Press, 2006,  (S.387)

References

External links
 Website regarding the Kalil House from the Currier Museum of Art
 The Toufic Kalil Home by Frank Lloyd Wright - Photo Tour
 Boston.com feature
Union Leader article

Frank Lloyd Wright buildings
Houses in Manchester, New Hampshire
Houses completed in 1955
1955 establishments in New Hampshire
Modernist architecture in New Hampshire


Intelligence Committee may refer to:
 European Coordinating Committee for Artificial Intelligence
 Intelligence Community Coordination Committee (Croatia)
 Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament (UK)
 Joint Intelligence Committee (India), see National Security Council (India)
 Joint Intelligence Committee (UK)
 National Intelligence Co-ordinating Committee (South Africa)
 Parliamentary Joint Committee on Intelligence and Security (Australia)
 Security Intelligence Review Committee (Canada)
 United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence
 United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence

See also
Joint Intelligence Committee (disambiguation)
National Security Council (disambiguation)


A social networking service is an online platform that people use to build social networks or social relationships with other people who share similar personal or career interests, activities, backgrounds or real-life connections.

This is a list of notable defunct social networking services that have Wikipedia articles.

References

Social networking defunct


Mark Henry Gitenstein (born March 7, 1947) is an American lawyer and diplomat who is serving as the United States ambassador to the European Union since 2022. He was nominated by President Joe Biden on July 27, 2021, and confirmed by the United States Senate on December 18, 2021. He formerly served as the United States ambassador to Romania from 2009 to 2012; he was nominated by President Barack Obama on June 11, 2009 and confirmed by the Senate on July 8, 2009.

Early life and education
Gitenstein is of Romanian Jewish heritage, as his grandparents were immigrants from Botoșani, Romania in the late-19th century. He attended the Indian Springs School, graduating in 1964. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from Duke University and a Juris Doctor from the Georgetown Law School.

Career
Gitenstein served as chief counsel (1987–1989) and minority chief counsel (1981–1987) to the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary, serving under then-Senator Joe Biden. Gitenstein also served as counsel to the United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence (1975–1978).

He became a partner at Mayer Brown in 1989 and was a "nonresident senior fellow" at the Brookings Institution. He is the author of Matters of Principle, a non-fiction book about the Robert Bork Supreme Court nomination, for which he was awarded the American Bar Association's Silver Gavel award. He has been selected by his peers several times for inclusion in "Best Lawyers in America".

He was also on the advisory board for President-elect Barack Obama's presidential transition team.  He was named as a leading choice to lead the Office of Legal Policy in the Department of Justice. but was rejected after public reports of his extensive work as a registered lobbyist for the US Chamber of Commerce.

Ambassador to Romania
In 2009 Gitenstein was nominated for the post of U.S. Ambassador to Romania. The Romanian English-language news daily Nine O'Clock selected Ambassador Gitenstein as "The Foreign Diplomat of the Year for 2011."  Gitenstein worked to strengthen relations with Romania on a variety of issues, focusing on fighting corruption, improving transparency, and strengthening the rule of law. He actively promoted deeper development of Romania's equity markets, as well as a fair and transparent business environment for all investors. He also encouraged greater private sector involvement in state-owned enterprises (SOEs), including the introduction of a corporate governance code for SOEs. As a means of promoting social change, Gitenstein worked with TechSoup Romania to establish Restart Romania, a project designed to demonstrate the power of the internet and social media to find solutions to social justice problems, support transparency of public institutions, and promote grass roots efforts to fight corruption. The U.S.–Romanian Ballistic Missile Defense Agreement was signed and negotiated during Gitenstein's tenure in Bucharest. Gitenstein travelled to Afghanistan three times to visit U.S. and Romanian troops. He was a human rights advocate for the country's minority Roma population. He was awarded the Star of Romania, the country's highest civilian honor, in 2012.

Biden administration

On September 5, 2020, Gitenstein was announced to be a member of the advisory council of the Biden-Harris Transition Team.

Ambassador to the EU
On July 27, 2021, President Joe Biden announced the nomination of Gitenstein to be the United States ambassador to the European Union. His nomination was sent to the Senate the following day. On September 28, 2021, a hearing on his nomination was held before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. On October 19, 2021, his nomination was reported favorably out of committee. The United States Senate confirmed him on December 18, 2021 by voice vote. Gitenstein presented his credentials to the European Commission president Ursula von der Leyen on January 24, 2022.

Personal life
He is married to Elizabeth (Libby) Gitenstein and has three children and seven grandchildren.

Honors
  Romanian Royal Family: 53rd Knight of the Royal Decoration of the Cross of the Romanian Royal House

See also

References

External links

|-

1946 births
Ambassadors of the United States to the European Union
Ambassadors of the United States to Romania
American people of Romanian-Jewish descent
Duke University alumni
Living people
People from Florala, Alabama


The Americas Zone is one of three zones of regional Davis Cup competition in 2009.

Group I

Group II

Group III

Pool A

Pool B

Promotion Pool

Relegation Pool

 and  promoted to Group II in 2010.
 and  relegated to Group IV in 2010.

Group IV

  &  advanced to Group III in 2010.

See also

External links
Davis Cup draw details

Americas Zone


Sir Edmund Broughton Barnard    (16 February 1856 – 27 January 1930) was a British Liberal politician, landowner and sportsman.

Family and education
Barnard was the son of William Barnard, a wealthy maltster who had connections to Harlow Mill in Essex and the nearby Sawbridgeworth in Hertfordshire. He was educated at Brighton College and Downing College, Cambridge where he gained his BA in 1879 and MA in 1882. He was a member of the Agricultural Board of Studies of Cambridge University. He married Alice Maude Richardson in 1887; she died in 1907.

He bought Grove Lodge in High Wych, near Sawbridgeworth from an uncle in 1892.  In about 1903 he moved to Fair Green House in Sawbridgeworth which was his childhood home.

Career
Barnard was an old-fashioned country gentleman, a patron of his locality on the Essex and Hertfordshire borders where his family had been extensive landowners and farmers for generations. He was a generous local benefactor and supporter of good causes.

Local politics
Barnard was an original member of Hertfordshire County Council from 1888, serving on and chairing many different committees and becoming its chairman in 1920 and an Alderman. He was chairman of the County Council's Education Committee and took a strong stand in favour of the retention of village schools, emphasising their importance to the preservation of village life. Barnard also served on Sawbridgeworth Urban District Council and was its chairman between 1905 and 1907.

Parliamentary politics
He stood unsuccessfully for Parliament three times before getting elected. At the 1885 general election he was Liberal candidate in Epping; in 1886 he stood in Maldon and then in Kidderminster at the general election of 1900. After nursing the constituency for the next few years, he was finally elected at Kidderminster in the Liberal landslide victory of 1906 where his Conservative opponent was the future prime minister Stanley Baldwin. He was a supporter of giving the vote to women. He did not contest Kidderminster in the general election of January 1910 but stood in Hertford.

He again fought  Kidderminster in the December 1910 general election and came close to winning back his old seat.

He seemed to have had a falling out with the Liberals over the prosecution of the First World War and the conduct of party politics in general as he fought a 1917 by-election at Islington East for the National Party. He fought the 1918 general election for the same party at Hertford. In 1924 he supported the Conservative candidature of Winston Churchill at Epping.

Other public appointments
In 1904 Barnard was elected Chairman of the Metropolitan Water Board. He was sometime Chairman of the Lee Conservancy Board and the Thames Conservancy Board. In connection with this work he was appointed the first employers' chairman of the Joint Industrial Council for the Waterworks Undertakings Industry. He was sometime president of the Canal Association of Great Britain. He was a Justice of the Peace for both Essex and Hertfordshire and Chairman of Bishops Stortford Petty Sessions. Barnard was also sometime chairman of the Hertfordshire Agricultural Executive, chairman of the Board of Governors of The Bishops Stortford Secondary School for Girls. On 17 April 1913, he was appointed a deputy lieutenant of Hertfordshire.

Honours
He was awarded the OBE in 1920 and was knighted "For valuable services to local government" in February 1928.

Sportsman
Barnard was an accomplished horseman. He played polo for Cambridge and rode in competitions under Jockey Club Rules, on one occasion riding three winners in an afternoon at Lewes races. He later took to regular attendance at race meetings and combined this with a reputation for being a pleasure seeker and convivial host at his Sawbridgeworth home.

Death
Barnard died suddenly, aged 73, during a meeting of the Hertfordshire County Council which he was chairing on 27 January 1930. The meeting was being held in London in the Law Society's Hall. Apparently Barnard was just about to move a resolution when he experienced a sudden seizure. The county medical officer went to his assistance but he had died almost instantly.

References

External links

1856 births
1930 deaths
English justices of the peace
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1906–1910
Alumni of Downing College, Cambridge
People educated at Brighton College
Deputy Lieutenants of Hertfordshire
Knights Bachelor
Officers of the Order of the British Empire


Mavourneen was billed as a comedy-drama by George H. Jessop and Horace Townsend with music and lyrics by William J. Scanlan (who appeared in the show) and Bartley Campbell.

It was produced in New York on September 28, 1891 at the Fourteenth Street Theatre, and ran until December 25, 1891.

Cast
The cast included:
Terrence Dwyer: William J. Scanlan
John Dwyer:  Frank Burbeck
Captain Marchmont:  Frazer Coulter
Abbe Maloney: Charles M. Collins
Shamus Corrigan: Thaddeus Shine
Lady Caroline Dwyer: Helen Tracy
Lady May Tyrrell: Nanette Comstock
Mrs. Dwyer: Emma Maddern Stevens
Georgie Dwyer: Dot Clarendon
Mark: John Findlay
Colonel: Frank Peters
Cusack: J.O. Le Brasse
Kate Morris: Grace Thorne
Susie Morris: Ray Maskell
Katy Morris: Dot Clarendon

Songs
Based on published sheet music and advertisements in the New York Times, the songs included:
 The Auld Country
 Bye Bye Baby Bye Bye
 The Christmas Tree
 Mavourneen
 Molly O!
 Mrs. Reilly's Party
 Story of the Ould Countre

References

External links

1891 musicals


was a Japanese vocal group formed by composer Yuki Kajiura in 2007, mainly to perform theme songs for the anime The Garden of Sinners, but later expanded to include many other theme songs for other anime shows and films including the Puella Magi Madoka Magica, Black Butler, The Heroic Legend of Arslan and Fate/stay night franchises. They released five albums that have charted in the top 10 for Oricon. They disbanded in 2018–19.

History
The group first appeared in January 2008 with two original members from Yuki Kajiura's FictionJunction project, Wakana Ōtaki and Keiko Kubota, whose membership was not confirmed until the first Dream Port 2008 concert held on April 29, 2008. In May 2008, it was announced that two more vocalists, Maya Toyoshima and Hikaru Masai, would be added to the project. Kalafina moved to the Sacra Music record label under Sony Music Entertainment Japan in April 2017. In 2009, Toyoshima left the group, resulting in a trio. In an interview with the group at Anime Central, the concept of Kalafina differs from FictionJunction in that Kajiura does not perform on stage with the singers, but serves as an off-stage producer and songwriter.

With Yuki Kajiura leaving her agency Space Craft Produce in 2018, news agency Oricon reported that the group was expected to continue even with Kajiura leaving. Space Craft has further announced that concerts and 10th anniversary film's plans would still move forward. Despite the band being expected to disband in spring, Space Craft reported to the official fan club that only one member will leave Kalafina. Although rumors said that Hikaru would leave the group, Sports Hochi reported that the member that would leave the group was Keiko, and that official news about who was leaving the group would be announced at the end of March 2018. It was confirmed on April 13, 2018 on Kalafina Lineblog that Keiko had officially left the group as of April 1, 2018. Following this, Hikaru left the agency as of October 20, 2018, although she did not state that she left the group. Finally, on March 13, 2019, Space Craft announced Kalafina's break up.

Members

Main vocalists
 : Like Wakana, she is also a member of Kajiura's FictionJunction project and worked alongside her under the name FictionJunction KEIKO. She officially left the group in April 2018. She hails from the Shibuya area in Tokyo, Japan. Prior to FictionJunction and Kalafina, she was in a rock vocal duo called Itokubo. Space Craft describes her singing as a "captivating bass voice". In 2020, she is working on a solo album with Avex Trax.
  : She is also a member of FictionJunction and previously collaborated with Yuki Kajiura as FictionJunction WAKANA. She moved from Space Craft to Victor Entertainment in 2019, and has released two solo albums and an EP.
 Maya Toyoshima (豊島摩耶 Toyoshima Maya): Was selected in an audition held by Sony Music Japan. She sang on the single "Sprinter/Aria". She left the group in 2009.
 : Was selected along with Maya in an audition held by Sony Music Japan. She officially left Space Craft on October 20, 2018 after her contract expired.  She is from Toyama Prefecture. In 2020, she is pursuing a solo career under the name H-el-ical//

Supporting
 Yuki Kajiura: The primary composer and arranger of Kalafina's songs.  Kajiura left the group upon her departure from Space Craft Produce.
 REMI (田中玲美 Tanaka Remi, born January 6, 1977): Background vocalist.
 Yuriko Kaida (貝田由里子 Kaida Yuriko, born November 1): Background vocalist, she was part of FictionJunction's group of singers.
 Hanae Tomaru (戸丸華江, Tomaru Hanae): Background vocalist.

Discography

Studio albums
 2009: Seventh Heaven
 2010: Red Moon
 2011: After Eden
 2013: Consolation
 2015: Far on the Water

Other albums
 2008: Re/oblivious (EP)
 2013: Kalafina 5th Anniversary LIVE SELECTION 2009-2012 (live)
 2014: The Best "Red"  (compilation)
 2014: The Best "Blue"  (compilation)
 2016: Kalafina 8th Anniversary Special products The Live Album「Kalafina LIVE TOUR 2014」at TOKYO INTERNATIONAL FORUM HALL A (live)
 2016: Winter Acoustic "Kalafina with Strings" (acoustic)
 2018: Kalafina All Time Best 2008-2018

References

External links

Musical groups established in 2007
Sony Music Entertainment Japan artists
Japanese girl groups
Japanese pop music groups
2007 establishments in Japan
Musical groups from Tokyo
Anime musical groups
Sacra Music artists
Yuki Kajiura


Guillermo Cañas was the defending champion but lost in the final 3–6, 6–3, 6–2 against Younes El Aynaoui.

Seeds

  Guillermo Cañas (final)
  Younes El Aynaoui (champion)
  Hicham Arazi (first round)
  Fernando González (first round)
  Julien Boutter (semifinals)
  Mariano Zabaleta (first round)
  Olivier Rochus (first round)
  Fernando Vicente (first round)

Draw

Finals

Top half

Bottom half

External links
 2002 Grand Prix Hassan II Draw

Singles
- Singles, 2002 Grand Prix Hassan Ii


Karl Engel (born 24 November 1952) is a Swiss former footballer who played as a goalkeeper during the 1970s and 1980s.

Career
Engel began playing professionally in 1971 with FC Lucerne, where he continued to play until 1975 when he signed for Servette FC. He saw the most successful years of his career at Servette, winning the League Title in 1979, the Swiss Cup in 1978 and 1979, and the League Cup in 1977, 1979 and 1980. In 1980, he joined Neuchâtel Xamax and he played for the club until 1986 when he moved on to AC Lugano. He retired from playing in 1990.

He was capped 26 times by the Swiss national team, making his debut in a 2–0 win over the United States on 6 September 1978 in Lucerne and playing his last international match on 10 November 1985, in a 1–1 draw with Norway, also in Lucerne.

Engel was appointed manager of FC Basel on 16 November 1995, and led the club to a fifth-place finish in his first season in charge and a solid mid-table finish in the 1996/97 season, but he was sacked after a poor start to the 1997/98 campaign, in which Basel finished second-bottom.

Honours
Servette
 Swiss League Winner: 1
 1979

 Swiss Cup Winner: 2
 1978, 1979

 Swiss League Cup Winner: 3
 1977, 1979, 1980

 Coppa delle Alpi Winner: 3
 1975, 1976, 1978

Neuchâtel Xamax
 Swiss Cup Runner-Up: 1
 1985

External links

1952 births
Living people
Swiss football managers
Swiss men's footballers
Switzerland men's international footballers
FC Luzern players
Servette FC players
Neuchâtel Xamax FCS players
FC Lugano players
FC Basel managers
FC Lugano managers
Men's association football goalkeepers