The M55 rocket was a chemical weapon developed by the United States in the 1950s. The United States Army produced both Sarin and VX unitary warheads for the M55.

History
In 1951 the US Army Chemical Corps and Ordnance Corps initiated a joint program to develop a 115mm chemical rocket. The US Army Ordnance Corps designed the 115mm T238 and launcher in 1957 to provide the army a means to attack large area targets with chemical agents.  Artillery and mortars are for small area targets; and due to different spin stabilities, warheads intended for explosives are not ideal for chemical delivery.  The 115mm rocket was subsequently accepted as the M55 rocket with M91 launcher.  Produced from 1959–1965, the M55s were manufactured at Newport Army Ammunition Plant and tested at Aberdeen Proving Ground. The Army produced unitary warheads filled with Sarin (GB) and VX nerve agents for the M55.

Disposal and storage programs

Storage

During the 1960s the Army stored many M55s at Black Hills Army Depot. The M55 was also stored at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal and in Okinawa, Japan. The rockets in Japan were moved to Johnston Atoll during Operation Red Hat where they were destroyed during the 1990s.

Disposal issues
Disposal operations for the M55 are made more difficult because of the rocket's design. The rocket propellant was a double base composition nitroglycerin (NG) and nitrocellulose (NC) propellant. Besides the NG and NC, M28 contains 2-nitrodiphenylamine (NDPA) as a stabilizer. The rocket propellant cannot be removed from the warhead without cutting open the rocket.

The propellant itself presents a hazard, because it becomes unstable as it ages. Specifically, the danger of autoignition is present as the stabilizer ages and becomes depleted. The U.S. National Research Council and other sources called the M55 the most dangerous weapon in the American chemical arsenal because of this and other hazards.

Another danger is agent leakage. Army reports have indicated that nerve agent GB can corrode the metal casings of the munitions over time. As Sarin decomposes it forms acids which can corrode the aluminum casings found around the agent in the M55. M55 rockets containing GB have accounted for the majority of leaking American chemical weapons. In mid-2002, over 4,000 munitions in the U.S. chemical stockpile were found to be leaking agent; of that number 2,102 were Sarin-containing M55s.

Disposal completion
The United States signed the Chemical Weapons Convention in 1993, which obligated it to destroy all chemical weapons by an extended deadline of April 2012. The U.S. missed the deadline, but completed the destruction of all declared chemical weapons on July 7, 2023 at Blue Grass Army Depot in Kentucky. The final chemical weapon to be destroyed was a sarin nerve agent-filled M55 rocket.

Specifications
The M55 is  long and  in diameter. The  weapons can hold warheads filled with about  of GB or VX. The warhead comprises about  total, and consists of several components. The M34 and M36 Burster utilize composition B or tetrytol and total about  of the total weapon weight. The agent, as stated, comprises about ten pounds (4.5 kilograms) of the weight with the rest lying in the casing and M417 fuze.

See also
Binary chemical weapons
Anniston Chemical Activity
Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System
 List of U.S. Army Rocket Launchers By Model Number (M91)

Notes

References
Committee on Review and Evaluation of the Army Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program, Committee on Review and Evaluation of the Army Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program, U.S. National Research Council. Effects of Degraded Agent and Munitions Anomalies on Chemical Stockpile Disposal Operations, (Google Books), National Academies Press, 2004, p. 55, ()

Further reading

Puro, Toivo E. Nerve Gas, (Google Books), Trafford Publishing, 2006, p. 112, ().

Rocket artillery
Chemical weapon delivery systems
Chemical weapons of the United States


David Alexander Syme Fergusson  (born 3 August 1956) is a Scottish theologian and Presbyterian minister. Since 2021, he has been Regius Professor of Divinity at the University of Cambridge.

Early life and education
Fergusson was born on 3 August 1956 in Glasgow, Scotland. He studied philosophy at the University of Glasgow, graduating with an undergraduate Master of Arts (MA Hons) degree in 1977. He then studied theology at the University of Edinburgh, graduating with a Bachelor of Divinity (BD) degree in 1980. He then undertook a Doctor of Philosophy (DPhil) degree in Christian philosophy at the University of Oxford; his DPhil was awarded in 1984 for a doctoral thesis titled Realism and Idealism in Christian Interpretation with Special Reference to Bultmann.

Career
Fergusson was Assistant Minister at St Nicholas Parish Church, Lanark, from 1983 to 1984 and Associate Minister at St Mungo's Parish Church, Cumbernauld, from 1984 to 1986.

In 1985, he was appointed a lecturer at the University of Edinburgh. In 1990, he was appointed Professor of Systematic Theology at the University of Aberdeen, before moving to Edinburgh to take up the position of the Chair of Divinity in 2000. He has held this post at New College in the University of Edinburgh until 2021. In April 2021, he was appointed Regius Professor of Divinity, one of the oldest professorships of the University of Cambridge.

Fergusson is a Fellow of the British Academy (elected 2013), a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and was an associate director of the Centre for Theology and Public Issues. He delivered the Cunningham Lectures in Edinburgh in 1996, the Bampton Lectures in Oxford in 2001, the Gifford Lectures at the University of Glasgow in 2008, and the Warfield Lectures at Princeton Theological Seminary in 2009. He was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Divinity by the University of Aberdeen (2014).

He was installed as a personal chaplain to the Queen in November 2015 and was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2016 Birthday Honours for services to education, the arts, and the Church of Scotland. From 2008 to 2018, he served as Principal of New College. In July 2019 the Queen appointed him as Dean of the Chapel Royal in Scotland and Dean of the Order of the Thistle. He took part in the Royal procession at the 2023 Coronation.

See also
 The History of Scottish Theology

References

External links
Profile at the University of Cambridge website
David Fergusson biographical notes on Gifford Lectures website

1956 births
20th-century Ministers of the Church of Scotland
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh School of Divinity
Academics of the University of Edinburgh
Academics of the University of Aberdeen
Doctors of Divinity
Regius Professors of Divinity (University of Cambridge)
Scottish Calvinist and Reformed theologians
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Living people
Clergy from Glasgow
Fellows of the British Academy
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
21st-century Ministers of the Church of Scotland
Systematic theologians


Progreso is one of the 38 municipalities of Coahuila, in north-eastern Mexico. The municipal seat lies at Progreso. The municipality covers an area of 1818.3 km².

As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 3,379.

References

Municipalities of Coahuila


Nui! is a three-volume manga series by Natsumi Mukai. This story is about a girl named Kaya who has just celebrated her sixteenth birthday; on that day, she discovers that her stuffed animal Purple is alive and has been secretly protecting Kaya all her life.

Plot
The plot centers around Kaya and her three stuffed animals: Purple, Gray, and Aqua. Because Kaya loves and cares for her stuffed animals so much they are able to have souls, as long as Kaya keeps loving them their souls will be allowed to live on. As the legend goes, if a stuffed animal experiences a 'High Emotional Moment' they can then do a 'Human Transform' in which they are able to become human for a short period of time. As Kaya and her stuffed animals go on adventures they meet other stuffed animals and their owners. Finding out along the way that although some are nice, there are others who are not so kind, meaning Purple, Gray and Aqua are frequently forced to protect Kaya whilst struggling to keep their secret identities hidden from the rest of the world.

Information on USA Publisher

NUI! volumes were published in the USA by Broccoli Books for a time. But due to the fact that Broccoli Books USA shut down()it is no longer available in the English language. NUI! has yet to be picked up by another US publisher.

Main characters

Kaya Yamase
A girl who just turned sixteen and has discovered her dolls are alive. When she was little she found Purple abandoned on a dirt floor. Assuming that he was "dead" she buried him until an elderly woman claimed that in doing so, the doll would curse her. Apologizing to the doll, she later took Purple in as her first stuffed animal. She has black hair that is tied back and blue eyes.

Purple
Kaya's first stuffed animal. Because he has been with Kaya much longer than the other two stuffed animals Kaya owns, he often shows more determination to protect Kaya from dangers. He is depicted as a cotton purple doll with long, spotted ears and tail. In his human form, he has pale hair and eyes and his spotted ears turn into a cap.

Gray
Another one of Kaya's dolls, he seems to be a wool-made, gray dog. He is very loyal and was made by Kaya's mother. In human form, he has shaggy black hair, dog ears, and a collar around his neck.

Aqua
A blue polyester fish stuffed animal that belongs to Kaya, he was bought at an aquarium. He often longs to swim in the ocean (he can't or else he will get wet) and succeeds in one chapter when he is sealed in a plastic bag. In his human form he has long, pale hair and a fish necklace.

Pink
A pink Pegasus girl stuffed animal made by Kaya. She came alive the time she was born when Kaya had developed feelings for Shinri Harihara. She is the only girl stuffed animal and has a sweet demeanor.

Tetsu Tsuchida
Tetsu is a schoolmate of Kaya and lives and works at a craft shop. He likes Kaya and wants to be friends with her, but he is too timid to approach her at first.

Shinri Harihara
He creates stuffed animals and knows that they have a soul when their creator loves them. Shinri is nice to Kaya, but he wants Purple to be eliminated. He dropped out of middle school to make stuffed animals.

Bianca/Nera
Both the same stuffed animal, he lives with Shinri. When Bianca (in white) turns black, his personality turns aggressive. He has wings and as such is able to fly.

2006 manga
Shōnen manga


Weidum is a village in Leeuwarden municipality in the province of Friesland, the Netherlands. It had a population of 576 in January 2017.

History
The village was first mentioned in the 13th century as Wedum, and means "settlement on the pasture". Weidum was a terp (artificial living mound) village from the Middle Ages. Around 1900, most of the terp was excavated. The tower of Dutch Reformed church dates from the early-12th century and was later enlarged. The church itself was built in the 13th century.

Dekemastate was a stins near Weidum which was first mentioned in 1199. In 1397, Sytse Dekema, the owner of the stins returned for Italy to discover that his estate had been destroyed by the Vetkopers. Dekema subsequently fought against the Vetkopers, and in 1399 against the Count of Holland. Dekemastate was rebuilt, but put up for sale in 1796 and subsequently demolished. A manor house was built in its place, however it was severely damaged in a storm in 1898, and in 1902 Dekemastate disappeared for good.

In 1840, Weidum was home to 374 people.

Before 2018, the village was part of the Littenseradiel municipality and before 1984 it belonged to Baarderadeel municipality.

Notable people
 Nynke Laverman (born 1980), poet, songwriter
 Hessel Rienks (1932–2014), politician

Gallery

References

External links

Leeuwarden
Populated places in Friesland


From its opening in 1854, the London, Tilbury and Southend Railway (LTSR) hired locomotives from the Eastern Counties Railway (ECR), and this arrangement continued after the ECR amalgamated with other railways in 1862 to create the Great Eastern Railway (GER). In 1880 the LTSR bought its first locomotive, saving on hiring costs from the GER and further engines followed that year.  The LTSR principally operated tank engines, which it named after towns on the route. The railway's first locomotive superintendent was Thomas Whitelegg, who in 1910 was succeeded by his son Robert. The LTSR became part of the Midland Railway (MR) in 1912, but nevertheless continued to be operated independently.  The Midland removed locomotive names and renumbered engines.  The Midland, and its successor the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS), continued to build some LTSR designs until 1930.

Locomotive classes
Steam locomotives are divided into the following classes:

The LTSR 37, 51, and 79 classes were similar, with the 51 class being lighter () than the other two ().

Preservation
Only one LT&SR locomotive has survived into preservation:

References

Further reading
 Bob Essery The London, Tilbury and Southend Railway and its Locomotives, OPC (2001)
 Bob Essery and David Jenkinson An Illustrated History of LMS locomotives. Volume 4. Absorbed Pre-Group Classes Midland Division

London, Tilbury And Southend Railway


Winsum () is a village in Waadhoeke municipality in the province of Friesland, the Netherlands. It had a population of around 1,038 in January 2017.

History
The village was first mentioned in the 13th century as Winshyum, and means "settlement of Winika (person)". Winsum developed in the middle ages. It is a terp (artificial living hill) village and one of the tallest, however it is not apparent due to the gentle slope. There was a second terp, however it was excavated in the late-19th century.

The Dutch Reformed church dates from the 15th or early-16th century. The tower has been built around 1880.

Winsum was home to 546 people in 1840. In 1897, the dairy factory Klimop opened in Winsum. It was in operation until 1939. Only the chimney remains.

The windmill Langwert was built in 1974 as a replacement of an 1863 windmill which burnt down on 13 March 1974. It is a polder mill to drain the excess water from the polder. In 2011, it was damaged in a storm. Since 2014, it is once again in operation.

Until 2018, the village was part of the Littenseradiel municipality and before 1984 it belonged to Baarderadeel municipality.

Notable people
 Jo Meynen (1901–1980), politician, minister of war and member of the Steering Committee of the Bilderberg Group

Gallery

References

External links

Waadhoeke
Populated places in Friesland


Andrew Belcher Gray (July 6, 1820 – April 16, 1862) was an American surveyor.

Born in Norfolk, Virginia, he studied engineering and surveying under Andrew Talcott, and surveyed the Mississippi Delta with him in 1839, before joining the Texas Navy as a midshipman. Remaining in the Republic of Texas, he was appointed a surveyor for the Texas-U.S. boundary commission led by Memucan Hunt.  In 1844–1846, he served as U.S. government mineral surveyor, mapping the rich copper country of the Keweenaw Peninsula in Michigan and leasing out the government's mineral lands.

He returned to the new state of Texas during the Mexican–American War. Following the war, he served as chief surveyor of the US–Mexican commission which established the border after the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.  When the U. S. Commissioner, John Bartlett, a Yankee, gave away the Rio Grande's Mesilla Valley because of a map error, which had been disputed by the Mexican Delegation, the fiery Southerner Gray opposed the unacceptable compromise, and was removed from the commission (as surveyor, his signature was required for approval of the compromise).  He was replaced by friend William Emory, but not before Gray had finished surveying the original U.S.–Mexico boundary from the Rio Grande, over the Black Range, down the Gila River to its junction with the Colorado River, and across the desert of southern California to the Pacific Ocean at San Diego.  The U.S. Congress reviewing the case sided with Gray, but in the interim the President had sent James Gadsden to Mexico City to buy not just the Mesilla Valley of New Mexico but what is now known as the Gadsden Purchase from Mexico.  Gray's claim in his survey report that it was the best route for a railroad influenced the Senate to approve the Treaty in 1854.

Earlier, in 1849, he had accompanied the boundary commission to San Diego. The town of San Diego was then located at the foot of Presidio Hill, more than a mile from navigable water. When Gray's party camped near what is now H Street in Downtown San Diego, he realized that a location near San Diego Bay would make a much better site for a city. He proposed the idea to several San Diegans and found a receptive audience in William Heath Davis. Davis recruited several other investors and founded New Town San Diego. Gray was a partner in the project and built a cottage in the area. New Town was unsuccessful due to a financial depression in 1851, a lack of fresh water, and hostility from the original settlers in Old Town and La Playa. An army facility was maintained in the area throughout the 1850s but was then abandoned. However, Gray's idea was successfully revived by Alonzo Horton in 1867, and by 1880 the main focus of the city of San Diego moved to the waterfront area identified by Gray, where it remains to this day.

In 1852 he was recruited by the Texas Western Railroad to lead a survey from San Antonio westwards towards the Colorado River and California; his journals were published in 1856 as Survey of a Route for the Southern Pacific R.R. on the 32nd Parallel. In 1857, he was back in Arizona promoting copper mines, at Ajo and the future Ray-Hayden-Winkelman area, Arizona.  Because of transportation costs and Apache attacks, the mines were only begun to be opened before war clouds loomed (in the twentieth century the Ray and Ajo open pits were among the largest copper producers in the country).  He had settled in Tucson, Arizona, continued his surveying business, before joining the Confederate States Army on the outbreak of the American Civil War. He worked as an engineer on fortifications along the Mississippi River, and was killed in 1862 when the boiler of a steamboat he was traveling on exploded.  He left a wife and three daughters.

References

1820 births
1862 deaths
Confederate States Army officers
American surveyors
Confederate States of America military personnel killed in the American Civil War


Ramos Arizpe is one of the 38 municipalities of Coahuila, in north-eastern Mexico. The municipal seat lies at Ramos Arizpe. The municipality covers an area of 5306.6 km².

As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 56,708.

References

External links

Municipalities of Coahuila


This is a list of seasons completed by the Miami Marlins, a professional baseball franchise based in Miami Gardens, Florida, originally the Florida Marlins from 1993 until 2011). The Marlins are a member of both the Major League Baseball's (MLB) National League Eastern Division and the National League (NL) itself. For the first nineteen seasons, the Marlins played their home games at Sun Life Stadium. Beginning with the  Season Marlins play home games at Marlins Park in Little Havana. Despite winning two World Series titles in their history (1997 and 2003), they are one of two MLB teams that have never won a division title in their history (the other being the Marlins' fellow expansion team from 1993, the Colorado Rockies). They are the only current team to have never made the postseason in consecutive seasons, as they have only reached the postseason four times (1997, 2003, 2020, 2023). The only MLB franchises who have won more World Series titles since the Marlins began play in 1993 are the New York Yankees, Boston Red Sox, and San Francisco Giants (the Atlanta Braves and St. Louis Cardinals have, like the Marlins, snared two championships over the past 30 years).

Table key

Regular season results

These statistics are current as of the conclusion of the 2023 Major League Baseball season.
The 1994–95 Major League Baseball strike ended the season on August 11, as well as cancelling the entire postseason.  Because of this, no team was officially awarded any division titles.

Record by decade
The following table describes the Marlins' MLB win–loss record by decade.

These statistics are from Baseball-Reference.com's Miami Marlins History & Encyclopedia.

Postseason record by year
The Marlins have made the postseason four times in their history, with their first being in 1997 and the most recent being in 2023.

See also
 Florida Marlins team records

References

Florida Marlins
Seasons


Dutch Uncles are an English indie pop band from Marple, England. They are known for their use of atypical time signatures within a pop context, and the androgynous vocals of frontman Duncan Wallis.

Biography
Originally from Marple, the band started playing together in college.
Early influences included Talking Heads, XTC, The Smiths, Field Music, Tears for Fears, King Crimson, Kate Bush and Steve Reich. Originally known as Headlines, they became Dutch Uncles in April 2008, and in early 2009 released their self-titled debut album in Germany with Tapete Records, recorded at Cloud Hill Studios in Hamburg. Reviewing the album, New Musical Express commented that "their scratchy post-punk racket effectively draws a line between the first Futureheads album and Vampire Weekend. On the likes of "I Owe Someone For Everything" frontman Duncan Paton’s (sic) idiosyncratic yelping can be a bit annoying, but when they stop trying too hard, as on "Twelfth", the results are quite pleasing."

The band emerged as part of a new wave of Manchester-area bands. (Duncan Wallis: "We all sort of came to light at the same time thanks to our manager’s EP that he’d released on his Love & Disaster label featuring us, Delphic, and Everything Everything, and I think that back in 2010 it was very important to say “Manchester isn’t just lad rock,” because it was shortly after the demise of Oasis and it feels very different now.") The band toured with dananananaykroyd, Bombay Bicycle Club and The Futureheads in 2009 and 2010 and released their UK debut single "The Ink", through independent record label Love & Disaster on 31 May 2010. Soon after, they signed to London label Memphis Industries and released the single "Fragrant" on 1 November 2010. Dutch Uncles' second album, Cadenza, was released on 25 April 2011. They toured the UK throughout 2011 including appearances at Reading and Leeds Festivals and stage headline slots at Bestival and Latitude, followed by a European and UK support tour with Wild Beasts.

Their third album, Out of Touch In The Wild, was released on 14 January 2013. The band consciously expanded their sonic palette for this release, with Robin Richards later admitting to having composed more under the influence of Stravinsky and stating that "I didn't want any boundaries when it came to writing the new songs. With Cadenza, I was always writing music with the idea of us playing it live with two guitars, drums and bass and maybe some piano. With this album, I wrote whatever felt right for any other instruments, be it strings or tube percussion." Wallis revealed that the underlying theme of the record was addiction and addictive behaviour. "For the song "Nometo", I tried to imagine Leonard Cohen doing his thing - full of regret - then I started to think about the idea of addiction, and then it seemed that every song contained a person who was addicted to something or another. The next two songs that were written – "Threads" and "Flexxin" – were about auto-erotic asphyxiation and S&M, and people becoming addicted to those types of things."

The following summer the band supported American rock band Paramore on their European tour. Paramore guitarist Taylor York cited Dutch Uncles as an inspiration for their 2013 album.

The band released their fourth album, O Shudder, on 23 February 2015. This record took a more personal and mature turn in terms of content, with reflections on sexuality, employment and considerations of parenthood. Duncan Wallis noted that "I’d just be writing in my flat at home, looking at the woodchip wallpaper, and I’d repeatedly say to myself, ‘Don’t make it personal, don’t make it personal, don’t make it personal.’ But it couldn’t be stopped; it was always going to sound like an album about a character settling into domestic life. We’d all been in long-term relationships at that point, and we were all kind of settling down." He also referred to having wanted Dutch Uncles " to sound like a more mature band... to have more of a knowingness" and even to sound more like "Grace Jones backed by Talking Heads" as well as describing the album as "an exploration into all different areas of doubt."

Following the release of the album, guitarist Daniel Spedding left the band, leaving them a four-piece. Adding keyboard player Henry Broadhead and guitarist Neil Wright to the live band, Dutch Uncles played their biggest headline shows to date at the Koko in London and The Ritz in Manchester in spring 2015. In autumn 2015, the band supported Garbage on the European leg of their 20 Years Queer anniversary tour.

In February 2017, the band released their fifth album, Big Balloon.. Written and recorded as a reaction to its predecessor, the band developed the album with the intention of "simplifying the process" and of including more political content, although conversely also admitting to having worked under progressive rock influences including Gentle Giant, Focus and early King Crimson. The release coincided with a 12-date UK tour and an appearance at the BBC Radio 6 Music Festival. They made their first appearance at the Glastonbury Festival in June 2017.

In late 2022, the band announced that their sixth album, True Entertainment, would be released in early 2023.

Members
Pete Broadhead – Guitar, marimba (2008–present)
Andy Proudfoot – Drums (2008–present)
Robin Richards – Bass guitar (2008–present)
Duncan Wallis – Lead vocals, piano (2008–present)

Touring members
Henry Broadhead – Synthesisers, percussion (2015–present)
Neil Wright – Guitar (2015–present)

Former members
Daniel Spedding – Guitar (2008–2015)

Discography

Studio albums

EPs

Singles

References

External links
 Official website
 Myspace Profile
 Memphis Industries Profile
 Tapete Records Profile

English pop music groups
British indie rock groups
Musical groups established in 2008
Tapete Records artists
Memphis Industries artists


The 1994 All-Pro Team is composed of the National Football League players that were named to the Associated Press, Pro Football Writers Association, and The Sporting News All-Pro Teams in 1994. Both first and second teams are listed for the AP team. These are the three teams that are included in Total Football II: The Official Encyclopedia of the National Football League. In 1994 the Pro Football Writers Association and Pro Football Weekly combined their All-pro teams, a practice with continues through 2008.

Teams

Key
 AP = Associated Press first-team All-Pro
 AP-2 = Associated Press second-team All-Pro
 PFWA = Pro Football Writers Association All-NFL
 TSN = The Sporting News All-Pro

References
Pro-Football-Reference.com

All-Pro Teams
Allpro


Clarence Otto Kraft (June 9, 1887 – March 26, 1958) was an American Major League Baseball player. He played in three games for the Boston Braves in , but only appeared once in the field (at first base). He went 1-for-3 at the plate with one strikeout.

His greater claims to fame came later, in the minor leagues. The first came immediately after his Major League career ended. The Braves had acquired Kraft from the Brooklyn Robins, and returned Kraft to them in July. Brooklyn tried to send Kraft to the minor leagues, but Kraft sought the protection of the newly formed Fraternity of Professional Baseball Players of America, which under the terms of a new agreement with the Major League teams would allow Kraft to tender his services to higher-classed minor league teams. Under this clause, Kraft signed with the Class AA Newark Indians. However, the National Commission ruled that the rule could not be applied retroactively, and that Kraft's rights belonged to the Class A Nashville Volunteers. Kraft refused to report to the Volunteers, however, and the dispute was only settled when Robins owner Charles Ebbets paid Nashville $2,500 to rescind their claim on Kraft.

Later, playing for the Fort Worth Panthers, Kraft led the Texas League in home runs three straight times (–). In 1924, he hit 55 home runs and drove in 196 runs for the Panthers while batting .349. That season, he set several league records that stand to this day, including most runs scored (150), extra base hits (96), total bases (414) and runs batted in. Following the season, he announced his retirement and opened an auto dealership. He later served as a judge for Tarrant County before his death in 1958.

References

External links

1887 births
1958 deaths
Major League Baseball first basemen
Boston Braves players
McLeansboro Billikens players
McLeansboro Merchants players
Evansville River Rats players
Flint Vehicles players
Clarksdale Swamp Angels players
New Orleans Pelicans (baseball) players
Newark Indians players
Harrisburg Senators players
Milwaukee Brewers (minor league) players
Louisville Colonels (minor league) players
Wilkes-Barre Barons (baseball) players
Fort Worth Panthers players
Baseball players from Evansville, Indiana
County judges in Texas


Ray Redshaw (born 23 December 1958) is an English former professional footballer.

Redshaw played for many teams which included Leeds United, Wigan Athletic, Hyde United, Salford City, Southport, Macclesfield Town, Northwich Victoria, Accrington Stanley, Chorley, Horwich RMI and in New Zealand with Papatoetoe.

Redshaw played at Wigan Athletic with the likes of Paul Jewell, Mike Newell and Steve Walsh in the mid 1980s and made his debut against West Brom in 1984.

Redshaw also represented England at C level.

Redshaw has two sons who became professional footballers; Mark and Jack.

References

Footballers from Salford
English men's footballers
Leeds United F.C. players
Hyde United F.C. players
Salford City F.C. players
Southport F.C. players
Northwich Victoria F.C. players
Wigan Athletic F.C. players
Macclesfield Town F.C. players
Papatoetoe AFC players
Accrington Stanley F.C. players
Chorley F.C. players
Leigh Genesis F.C. players
Rossendale United F.C. players
Radcliffe F.C. players
New Zealand men's association footballers
1958 births
Living people
Men's association football forwards


Sabinas is one of the 38 municipalities of Coahuila, in north-eastern Mexico. The municipal seat lies at Sabinas. The municipality covers an area of 2345.2 km2.

As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 53,042 .

References

Municipalities of Coahuila


Papyrus 77 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), designated by 𝔓77, is a papyrus manuscript of the Gospel of Matthew verses 23:30-39. It is written in Greek and has palaeographically been assigned a date anywhere from the middle 2nd century to the early 3rd century.

According to Comfort, Papyrus 77 together with Papyrus 103 probably belong to the same codex.

 Text
The Greek text of this codex is a representative of the Alexandrian text-type. Aland ascribed it as a “at least normal text”, and placed it in Category I.
𝔓77 has the closest affinity with Codex Sinaiticus.

 Present location
It is currently housed at the Sackler Library (P. Oxy. 2683) in Oxford.

Textual Variants

 23:30: Rearranges the words αυτων κοινωνοι (their partners) to κοινωνοι αυτων ('partners of them').
 23:37: Has variant spelling ορνιξ for ορνις (hen).
 23:37: Originally omitted και from the text. Scribe added it later superlinearly between πτερυγας and ουκ.
 23:38: According to the transcription from the University of Münster Institute for New Testament Textual Research, the scribe omitted ερημος (desolate). According to the transcription of Philip Comfort and David Barrett however, the scribe included it.

See also
 List of New Testament papyri
 Matthew 23

References

Further reading

 L. Ingrams, P. Kingston, Peter Parsons, and John Rea, Oxyrhynchus Papyri, XXXIV (London: 1968), pp. 4–6.

Images
 P.Oxy.LXVI 2683 from Papyrology at Oxford's "POxy: Oxyrhynchus Online"
 Papyrus 77 recto
 Papyrus 77 verso

New Testament papyri
3rd-century biblical manuscripts
Early Greek manuscripts of the New Testament
Gospel of Matthew papyri
Sackler library manuscripts


Pycniospores are a type of spore found in certain species of rust fungi. They are produced in special cup-like structures called pycnia or pynidia. Almost all fungi reproduce asexually with the production of spores.  Spores may be colorless, green, yellow, orange, red, brown or black.

Other types of spore

Sporangiospores
Sporangiospores (spore:spore, angion:sac) are spores formed inside the sporangium which is a spore sac.

Conidia
Conidia (singular: conidium) are spores produced at the tip of special branches called conidiophores.

Oidia
Oidia (singular: oidium).  In several fungi, the hyphae is often divided into a large number of short pieces by transverse walls.  Each piece is able to germinate into a new body.  These pieces are called oidia (small egg).

Chlamydospores
Chlamydospores (chlymus: mantle) are produced like oidia but differ from oidia in being thick walled.  They are either terminal or intercalary.

References

Fungal morphology and anatomy
Mycology


Sacramento is one of the 38 municipalities of Coahuila, in north-eastern Mexico. The municipal seat lies at Sacramento. The municipality covers an area of 168.9 km².

As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 2,063.

References

Municipalities of Coahuila


Al Murray's Happy Hour is a chat show presented by comedian Al Murray and produced by Avalon Television that aired on ITV1.

Episodes

Series 1

Series 2

Series 3

Notes

External links

Lists of British non-fiction television series episodes
Lists of British comedy television series episodes


Ari Jósefsson (28 August 1939 – 18 June 1964) was an Icelandic poet. He published only one book of poetry during his lifetime, entitled Nei (1961), meaning "No" in Icelandic. The book sold out its first printing. The third edition of the book includes three short stories by Jósefsson.

He attended Akureyri Junior College, but left. Jósefsson spent the winter of 1959-1960 in Barcelona, and continued his studies at  Reykjavik Junior College, where he graduated in 1961. He went to Romania and was a student in romance studies. While on his way home to Reykjavík, after completing his studies, he fell overboard from the ship Gullfoss and drowned on 18 June 1964.

Works
Nei (1961)

References

See also

 List of Icelandic-language poets
 List of Icelandic writers
 Culture of Iceland

Icelandic male poets
1939 births
1964 deaths
Deaths by drowning
Accidental deaths in Iceland
20th-century Icelandic poets
20th-century male writers


Vincent Muldoon (born 12 October 1990) is an Irish former professional snooker player. After being a successful junior player (he was a European Under-19 Championship finalist in 2007), he became a professional in 2008. Despite some good performances throughout the 2008–09 season, including losing narrowly 8–10 to Jimmy White in the second qualifying round of the 2009 World Championship, he fell off the tour.

Performance and rankings timeline

Tournament finals

Amateur finals

References

Living people
Irish snooker players
1990 births


Albert Lindley Lee (January 16, 1834 – December 13, 1907) was a lawyer, Kansas Supreme Court judge, and Union general in the American Civil War.

Early life and career

Albert Lee was born in Fulton, New York. His parents were Moses Lee and Ann (Case) Lee. At the age 10 years old, Lee was involved in an accident with an Oak Tree that left him mildly injured. Lee was educated at Union College, and graduated in 1853. He was admitted into the bar and practiced in New York. In 1858, Lee moved to Kansas. When he arrived he became one of the founders of the Elwood Free Press. In 1859, he was elected a district judge, and when the American Civil War began Lee was serving as a justice of the Kansas Supreme Court.

Civil War and later life

At the outbreak of the Civil War, Lee joined the Union Army. Lee became a major in the 7th Kansas Cavalry, in October 1861. He was promoted to colonel of the regiment and took part in Henry W. Halleck's capture of Corinth, Mississippi. Shortly after the fall of that city, Lee commanded the 2nd Brigade in the Cavalry Division of the Army of the Mississippi and participated in the battle of Corinth. On November 29, 1862, he received a promotion to brigadier general in the Volunteer Army. He continued leading cavalry brigades in the Army of the Tennessee before he was appointed Chief-of-Staff to the XIII Corps under Maj. Gen. John A. McClernand. Lee served as chief-of-staff through much of the Vicksburg campaign, serving at the battles of Port Gibson, Champion Hill and Big Black River. During the fighting at the Big Black River, Peter J. Osterhaus was wounded and Lee was chosen to take his place in command of the 9th Division, XIII Corps.  Lee's first infantry command was short lived as Osterhaus was able to resume command the following day. However, the commander of the 9th Division's 1st Brigade, Theophilus T. Garrard, went on sick leave the same day and Lee assumed command his brigade just in time to lead it into action during the May 19 assault on Vicksburg. During the assault Lee was wounded in the head and turned over command of the brigade. He sat out the rest of the siege recovering from wounds until late in the summer when he returned to division command in the XIII Corps. In August 1864 he was placed in command of the Cavalry Division of the Department of the Gulf. He led the cavalry forces during Nathaniel P. Banks' Red River Campaign. In the last month of the war, he led a raid against Clinton near Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and defeated a weak Confederate force there.

Lee resigned from the army on May 4, 1865. After his resignation, Lee became an editor for a New Orleans newspaper. He then became a banker, and did business in New York. He stayed involved in the Republican Party, throughout his life. He died in New York City, on December 31, 1907.

See also

List of American Civil War generals (Union)

Notes

References

Blackmar, Frank W.; "Kansas: a cyclopedia of state history, embracing events, institutions, industries, counties, cities, towns, prominent persons, etc. ...", Standard Publishing Chicago, (1912)
Johnson, Rossiter, Brown, John Howard; "Volume 6 of The Twentieth Century Biographical Dictionary of Notable Americans", The Biographical Society, (1904)

 Lee, Albert Lindley

1834 births
1907 deaths
Union Army generals
People of Kansas in the American Civil War
People of New York (state) in the American Civil War
People from Fulton, Oswego County, New York


San Buenaventura is one of the 38 municipalities of Coahuila, in north-eastern Mexico. The municipal seat lies at San Buenaventura. The municipality covers an area of 3527.8 km².

As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 19,620.

Localities

 Santa Gertrudis

References

Municipalities of Coahuila


Marianne Csaky (born 1959, Budapest, Hungary) is a Hungarian writer and sculptor. Trained in arts as well as ethnography and philosophy, she started to exhibit her work in Budapest in 1989.  Since the very start of her career Csáky has been known for her non-mainstream forms of expression, her unconventional and provocative images. She regularly publishes poems, essays and translations.

Biography
A native of Hungary, Marianne Csaky currently lives and works in Budapest and Brussels, and has spent longer periods of time in Seoul, Korea, the United States, France and Germany as a resident artist.

Works
Marianne Csaky works with various media: photo, painting, sculpture, embroidery, video and installation. In her juvenile works she exclusively used leather for her sculptures and 3D objects.
In her early works - sculptures made out of pieces of waste wood and plaster - language, desire, subjectivity and the androgynous nature of soul and mind were in the focus of her interest (Aphrodite Urania, 1995, Feast, 1990). In this period of her career she was influenced by the works of ancient Greek philosophers, first of all Plato's Symposium.
In these works she started to use the love scene, a depiction of sexual intercourse as a visual metaphor or rather metonymy of human subjectivity and the language of desire (Aphrodite Urania, Hands and Soles, 1995, Slanting Space, 1997).

Csáky has also created complex spatial constructions which modelled the shifting, alterable and unstable nature of our views, beliefs, judgements and first of all the unstable nature of our identity (Slanting Space). For instance, in 1997, she built a new slanting floor in Gallery 56, thereby using bodily instabilization for intellectual deconstruction. Chopping boards with carvings of scenes of sexual intercourse hung from the ceiling of the gallery, swinging and turning gently with the slightest movements of the air.

From 2000, her interest turned toward personal and small community history. These series of works (My Skins 2005, Time Leap 2007-8) are the appropriation of her family past, an experiment with the nature of memory and post memory work. In My Skins, a series of leather curtains and leather wall carpets with embossing and pencil drawing, she used swine leather again, referring to childhood memory. After the 56 revolution in Hungary Csáky's grandfather was compelled to live in a self-maintaining farm where he also produced animal hides. The pencil drawings on the leather are based on old family photographs from the artist’s childhood.

The Time Leap series (Light Boxes, 2007-8, Stitched Photos, 2008) represent a complex construction of different layers of time and subjectivity.  It is the documentation of the artist’s efforts to displace records, deconstruct documents preserving personal memories, to rewrite the past, and, by doing so, change the present.
In the case of Light Boxes the artist took colour shots of herself, and from the colour negatives she inserted her figure into old black-and-white negatives depicting her as a child. As a result, she appears twice in each of these negatives, in two different ages, then and now. She constructed an installation for these film negatives by making a wire frame and placing a mirror behind each negative at a 45-degree angle. This mirror reflects the light from a light-bulb fixed to the wall above the frame, and illuminates the scenes from behind, making the negative images visible.

The second group of works in the Time Leap series (Stitched Photos – Video Stills, 2008) are images depicting a lonely female figure (the artist) in a solitary state of sexual desire, situated in positions of love acts without the object of this desire appearing in the images. This is again an intervention in the past – or rather, an intervention of the past in the present. The still images are taken from video recordings taken by the artist, while the silk figures sewn on the images are from the same series of old family photos as the ones appearing in the light boxes. While the light boxes rewrite the past by placing the artist’s present self in those images, in this series the opposite occurs: figures from family history appear in her present.

Madonna (2008) and Queen (2008) in Time Leap – Stitched Photos series also based on old negatives from the family collection depicting prearranged dressed up scenes. The “as if” perspective of family photos is also in the focus of Csaky’s interest, the way people's actions and people themselves are arranged, made to pose and the way they use the images of the nature. She claims that family photos, in this sense, are depictions, explicit manifestations of desires for things that are not there or are not the way they should be. However artificial the image of the desires and feelings appearing in family photos might be, it is, in fact, real.

References

External links
 Marianne Csaky Homepage
 me | mo |art - kortárs művészeti galéria
 Marianne Csaky's exhibition in Memoart Gallery, Budapest

Living people
20th-century Hungarian sculptors
21st-century Hungarian sculptors
Postmodern artists
Hungarian women artists
20th-century Hungarian women artists
21st-century Hungarian women artists
1959 births
Hungarian embroiderers


Jim Courier defeated Carlos Costa in the final, 7–6(7–3), 6–0, 6–4 to win the men's singles tennis title at the 1992 Italian Open.

Emilio Sánchez was the defending champion, but lost in the third round to Michael Chang.

Seeds

  Jim Courier (champion)
  Pete Sampras (quarterfinals)
  Boris Becker (withdrew)
  Michael Stich (first round)
  Michael Chang (quarterfinals)
  Guy Forget (first round)
  Goran Ivanišević (first round)
  Petr Korda (semifinals)
  Ivan Lendl (second round)
  Alberto Mancini (third round)
  Emilio Sánchez (third round)
  Karel Nováček (first round)
  Aaron Krickstein (first round)
  Richard Krajicek (first round)
  Sergi Bruguera (third round)
  Alexander Volkov (first round)

Draw

 ''NB: The Final was the best of 5 sets.

Finals

Top half

Section 1

Section 2

Bottom half

Section 3

Section 4

External links
 ATP Singles draw

Men's Singles


And You Thought Your Parents Were Weird is a 1991 science fiction family film written and directed by Tony Cookson; foreign language releases were titled RoboDad.

Plot

Two boys, Joshua (Joshua John Miller) and Max (Edan Gross) attempt to invent a fully mobile robot with advanced artificial intelligence to help their mother, Sarah (Marcia Strassman) with household chores.  However, after a playfully performed séance on Halloween, the ghost of their late father, Matthew (Alan Thicke), possesses the robot. The boys are overjoyed at the return of their father, but it soon becomes apparent that the people who stole their father's work are after their robot, Newman.  Eventually, Matthew returns to the afterlife after setting his boys on the right path as they sell the plans for their robot to a rich Texan investor.

Song
The film features the song; 'Love Breaks the Rules' written by John W. Daniel and sung by Jane Barnett and Larry Hoppen.

References

External links

1991 films
American science fiction comedy films
1990s English-language films
1990s science fiction comedy films
American robot films
Trimark Pictures films
1991 comedy films
1990s American films


Khaled al-Hassan ( also known as Abu Said ) (1928-1994) was an early adviser of Yasser Arafat, PLO leader and a founder of the Palestinian political and militant organization Fatah. Khaled was the older brother of Hani al-Hassan.

Early life
Al-Hassan was born in Haifa in 1928. He and his family lived there until they were exiled as refugees after Israel's capture of the city in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, which he participated in on the side of Palestinian Arab forces. His family settled in Sidon, Lebanon, but he left for Egypt. He was briefly detained in Egypt "just for being Palestinian" according to him. After being released, he reunited with his family in Lebanon where he lived briefly.

In 1949 he formed the short-lasing commando group Tahrir Filastin. A year later he moved to Syria. During this time, al-Hassan worked as a teacher in Damascus and he helped found the Islamic Liberation Party in 1952. Syrian authorities threatened to arrest him that year for attempting to set up another Palestinian commando group, but he left to Kuwait. There, he worked as a civil servant, typist, and later as Secretary-General of the Municipal Council Board in the country until 1967. He was awarded Kuwaiti citizenship in the mid-1950s.

Fatah and PLO activism
Al-Hassan was one of the original founders of Fatah and in Kuwait, he managed to establish a network of Palestinian activists. In 1962, al-Hassan, Yasser Arafat, Khalil al-Wazir and Salah Khalaf established a magazine called Filastuna, Nida' al-Hayat ("Palestine, Our Call to Life"). According to al-Hassan, the "Kuwaiti Fatah group" was known before the Fatah groups in Europe, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Gaza and Iraq because of the magazine which was based in Tripoli, Lebanon. Fatah had formed a Central Committee which became the main body of the movement and of the ten members, Hassan was one of them.

In 1968, al-Hassan was elected to the Palestine Liberation Organization Executive Committee (PLO-EC) after Fatah took control of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in 1968. Early that year, al-Hassan persuaded Saudi King Faisal to enforce the "liberation tax" which required Palestinians in that country to pay a percentage of their income to the PLO. This, in turn, supplied the PLO with 60 million riyal yearly. Also, in that year, he spoke to the Egyptian Foreign Minister Mahmoud Riyad and Mohammad Hassanein Heykal on behalf of Gamal Abdel Nasser in order to familiarize him with Fatah and its armed branch al-Assifa.

From 1973, until his death, al-Hassan was chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee of the Palestinian National Council and was thus considered the first "foreign minister of the PLO". After the Yom Kippur War in 1973, he argued that the "Palestinian struggle" could continue with a state in the Palestinian territories occupied by Israel and he wrote up an unofficial five-point proposal in April–May 1980, advocating Israel’s withdrawal from the territories, the deployment of United Nations forces, and work on arrangements for the creation of a Palestinian state in the territories.

Later life and death

Al-Hassan called election of a Palestinian provisional government capable of ending the PLO’s isolation after the First Intifada in 1991. He settled in Rabat, Morocco that year after being expelled, along with hundreds of thousands of other Palestinians, from Kuwait during the Gulf War, in which the PLO aligned itself with Saddam Hussein's Iraq.

Al-Hassan authored Grasping the Nettle of Peace in 1992, advocating a Swiss-style confederation in which citizens from Israel, the Palestinian territories and Jordan would vote according to their canton, hence no recognition of the Arab land captured by Israel in 1948. He opposed the way Arafat and PLO officials handled the Oslo Agreements.

Al-Hassan suffered from cancer since 1991 and died from it on October 8, 1994 at the age of 66.

References

Bibliography
Cobban, Helena. (1984). The Palestinian Liberation Organisation: People, Power, and Politics Cambridge University Press.
Grasping The Nettle Of Peace (2001). http://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/grasping-the-nettle-of-peace-khaled-al-hassan/1021107082 Saqi Books.

1928 births
1994 deaths
Fatah members
People from Haifa
Central Committee of Fatah members


San Juan de Sabinas is one of the 38 municipalities of Coahuila, in north-eastern Mexico. The municipal seat lies at Nueva Rosita. The municipality covers an area of 735.4 km².

As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 40,115.

In 1908, it was the scene of the Mina Rosita Vieja disaster, the worst disaster in Mexico's coal mining history.

References

Municipalities of Coahuila


Ignacio 'Nacho' Carlos González Cavallo (born 17 December 1971) is an Argentine retired footballer who played as a goalkeeper.

Club career
Born in Sarandí, Buenos Aires, González started his professional career in 1991 with Racing Club de Avellaneda, where he spent six seasons in the Argentine Primera División. Towards the end of his time with the club, he earned a reputation as an excellent penalty taker.

In 1997, González joined Newell's Old Boys of Rosario and, the following year, moved to Spain's UD Las Palmas. After being backup in his first season, spent in Segunda División, and serving a loan in Mexico with C.F. Pachuca (being part of the squad that won the Invierno 1999 tournament), he became the starter, scoring four goals in the 2001–02 campaign but with the Canary Islands team being relegated from La Liga, with the keeper finding the net through penalties.

In 2003, González returned to Argentina where he played for Estudiantes de La Plata and Club Atlético Nueva Chicago also in the top flight. Two years later he was part of the Unión Española team that won the Chilean Apertura in 2005 and, the following season, played six matches with local side Arsenal de Sarandí.

During a 2005 match for Unión Española against Unión San Felipe, González received his second yellow card and was consequently ejected by Enrique Osses. Upset by this, he hit the referee in the face knocking him over, and afterwards was held in police custody for two hours; he faced a ban of up to 50 matches, which he did not serve because he left his team to play in Argentina.

González returned for a third spell with Las Palmas, managing to compete a further two seasons in the second level and announcing his retirement in June 2008, at the age of 36.

International career
During a one-year span, González appeared four times for Argentina, being picked for the final squad at the 1997 Copa América.

Honours

Club
Pachuca
Liga MX: Invierno 1999

Unión Española
 Primera División de Chile: 2005 Apertura

References

External links
 Argentine League statistics at Fútbol XXI
 BDFA profile

1971 births
Living people
Footballers from Avellaneda
Argentine men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Argentine Primera División players
Racing Club de Avellaneda footballers
Newell's Old Boys footballers
Estudiantes de La Plata footballers
Club Atlético Nueva Chicago footballers
Arsenal de Sarandí footballers
La Liga players
Segunda División players
UD Las Palmas players
Liga MX players
C.F. Pachuca players
Chilean Primera División players
Unión Española footballers
Argentina men's international footballers
1997 Copa América players
Argentine expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Spain
Expatriate men's footballers in Mexico
Expatriate men's footballers in Chile
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Argentine football managers
All Boys managers
Atlético Venezuela C.F. managers


San Pedro is one of the 38 municipalities of Coahuila, in north-eastern Mexico. The municipal seat lies at San Pedro. The municipality covers an area of 9942.4 km².

As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 93,677.

References

Municipalities of Coahuila


Following are the results of the Ukrainian Football Amateur League 2007 season.  Participation was restricted to the regional (Oblast) champions and/or the most regarded team by the respective regional association.

This season competition consisted of three stages.  The first stage was organized in regional principal and was played in two rounds where each team could play another at its home ground.  The second stage was played in three different places to identify the best six (Luzhany, Plysky, and Illichivsk). The games were organized in one round. The two best out of each group advanced to the semifinals where teams were split into two groups. The semifinals and the final were played in Illichivsk. The winners of the groups advanced to the finals and runners-up matched up in the game for the third place.

Teams

Returning
 Sokil Berezhany
 ODEK Orzhiv
 Podillia Khmelnytskyi

Debut
List of teams that are debuting this season in the league.

Halychyna Lviv, FC Luzhany, Budfarfor Slavuta, Avanhard Sutysky, OLKAR Sharhorod, Arsenal Bila Tserkva, Antares Obukhiv, Yednist-2 Plysky, Zirka Kirovohrad, Olimpik Kirovohrad, Bastion Illichivsk, Syhma Kherson, Donbas-Krym Donetsk

Withdrawn
List of clubs that took part in last year competition, but chose not to participate in 2007 season:

 Sokil Sukhovolia
 Illichivets Uman
 Elektrometalurh-NZF Nikopol

 Iskra-Podillia Teofipol
 Shakhtar Konotop
 Hirnyk Komsomolske

 Hran Buzova
 FC Bilyayivka

Location map

First stage

Group A

Group B

Group C

Group D

Group E

Second stage

(in Luzhany)

Group 1

(in Plysky)

Group 2
FC Yednist-2 Plysky - FC Lokomotyv Kupiansk 2:0
All participants of the group advanced farther.

(in Illichivsk)

Group 3

Semifinals

(in Illichivsk)

Group A

Group B

Final

The game took place in  Illichivsk, Odesa Oblast. September 29, 2007.

Bastion Illichivsk - Yednist-2 Plysky 4:0 (1:0)

Match for the 3rd place Luzhany - Lokomotyv Kupiansk 3:2 (1:1)

Ukrainian Football Amateur League seasons
Amateur
Amateur


The Tappan were a Lenape people who inhabited the region radiating from Hudson Palisades and New York – New Jersey Highlands at the time of European colonialization in the 17th century.

Etymology
The exonym Tappan is likely a derivation of a word or phrase from the Algonquian language Lenape as used by settlers to New Netherland, who spelled it as Tappaen. It is not certain what the Tappan called themselves, but there are a variety of interpretations for the word. One suggestion is that it possibly comes from tuphanne meaning cold water.

Vriessendael, one of the first "bouweries", or homesteads, built in the territory was sometimes called Tappan.
The Tappan are recalled throughout their former territory: Lake Tappan is a reservoir on the Hackensack River; the Tappan Zee, widening of the Hudson River and the bridge crossing it; Old Tappan in Bergen County; Tappan in Rockland County.

History
The Tappan migrated seasonally and engaged in companion planting, hunting, fishing, and trapping. Like the other natives who circulated in the region and whose territory overlapped, the Hackensack, Acquackanonk and Rumachenanck (later called the Haverstraw). The Tappan were of the Turtle Clan and spoke the Unami dialect of Lenape. The Tappan and the Hackensack actually were but one tribe and members of it were called either by one name or another according to their dwelling place. They, as well as the Raritan, Wappinger, Manhattan (also known as "Manhattoe"), were collectively known as the River Indians. Those groups living in the adjoining highlands to the west and north have become known as the Munsee.

Contact with the European settlers was at first as trading partners. It is from them that David de Vries purchased the land (1640) to build the homestead at Vriessendael (Edgewater) and, living among them, became an advocate of learning more about indigenous culture. It was an early Director of New Netherland, William Kieft, who attempted to exact tribute from them (but was ignored), and later allowed a number of them to be slaughtered after they had sought safety at Pavonia (1643), beginning a Kieft's War.

See also
Exonym and endonym

References

External links
Delaware Indian Tribe Clans
Science Forum Index  »  Anthropology Forum  »  Coastal American Aboriginal People
Delaware Indian/Lenni Lenape
Delaware Tribe of Indians
Lenape Indian Fact Sheet

Lenape
Bergen County, New Jersey
Hudson County, New Jersey
People from New Netherland
Native American tribes in New Jersey
Native American history of New Jersey


Sierra Mojada is one of the 38 municipalities of Coahuila, in north-eastern Mexico. The municipal seat lies at Sierra Mojada. The municipality covers an area of 6966.2 km².

As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 5,245.

References

Municipalities of Coahuila


Bipana Thapa () is a Nepalese actress. Bipana had been active in Nepali film industry until she got married in 2008 to Ashutosh Bhardwoj.

Bipana Thapa was born in Kathmandu. She was one of the prominent actress of Nepal in 90's. In addition to acting Bipana was also into fashion designing business. She used to design her own costumes for her roles in her movies.  Her design business Bipanaz Boutique was located at Bhatbhateni, Kathmandu.

She make a acting debut in 1993 with tele - serial Nirdosh kaidi which was huge hit after success of nirdosh kaidi. she appeared in a feature film JanaBhumi (1995) with Saroj Khanal following the success of her debut film she established herself as a successful actress

Filmography

References

External links

Living people
21st-century Nepalese actresses
Nepalese female models
1977 births
20th-century Nepalese actresses
Actresses from Kathmandu
Nepalese film actresses
Actresses in Nepali cinema


Rothenberg is a community in the Odenwaldkreis district in Hesse, Germany.

Rothenberg may also refer to:
 20512 Rothenberg, an asteroid
 Rothenberg Fortress, a fortress in the Nürnberger Land district in Bavaria, Germany
 Rothenberg propriety, a concept in music theory
 Rothenberg Ventures, a Venture Capital firm

People with the surname
 Adam Rothenberg (born 1975), American actor
 Alan Rothenberg (born 1939), American soccer owner and official
 Albert Rothenberg (born 1930), American psychiatrist
 Betty Rothenberg, American television and theater director
 Ellen Rothenberg (born 1949), American visual artist and writer
 Gunther E. Rothenberg (1923–2004), military historian
 Hans Rothenberg (born 1961), Swedish politician
 James Rothenberg (1946–2015), American businessman
 Jerome Rothenberg (born 1931), American poet
 Karly Rothenberg (born 1962), American film and television actor
 Laura Rothenberg (1981–2003), American author
 Michael Rothenberg (1951–2022), American poet, songwriter, editor, and environmentalist
 Ned Rothenberg (born 1956), American multi-instrumentalist and composer
 Stanley Rothenberg (1930–2006), American lawyer specializing in international copyright
 Stuart Rothenberg (born 1948), American political pollster
 Susan Rothenberg (1945–2020), American contemporary painter

See also
 Rosenberg (surname)
 Rotenberg (disambiguation)
 Rotenburg (disambiguation)
 Rothenburg (disambiguation)
 Rottenburg (disambiguation)

German-language surnames
Surnames of Jewish origin
Yiddish-language surnames
he:רוטנברג


The Naked Brothers Band is a soundtrack album by Nat and Alex Wolff for Season 1 of The Naked Brothers Band  television series. The album was also released as a deluxe fanpack that includes a poster, lyrics and 2 bonus tracks.

Background

Development
Nickelodeon saw The Naked Brothers Band: The Movie at the Hamptons International Film Festival, in late 2005. They picked the show up in 2006. Polly Draper asked her boys to record all the music for the series as an album.

Writing
After being asked to record an album, the brothers began writing several songs for the show. The songs had a pop style, directed more for younger viewers. Alex was only able to write two songs for the series, due to being 8 at the time.

Release
The album released on October 7, 2007, and debuted at #23 on the Billboard 200.

Track listings

Personnel
 Bob Glaub - bass
 Jennifer Condos - bass
 Erik Friedlander - cello
 Alex Wolff - drums, vocals
 John Guth - guitar
 Craig Stull - guitar
 Peter Maunu - guitar
 Nat Wolff - guitar, piano, vocals
 Matt Laug - percussion, drums
 Michael Wolff - accordion, keyboards

International release
The album was released internationally, unlike their following album I Don't Want to Go to School. The album was released in England, Australia, Canada, Brazil and New Zealand.

Follow-up
Due to the Success of the first season of the show, it was commissioned for a second season. Season 2 aired in 2008 and an album was released which featured the music, I Don't Want to Go to School. The album was released in the United States alone on April 15, 2008.

Critical reception

The album received generally mixed reviews, Allmusic gave the album a 3 star rating  while other sites said the album was aimed at younger children, due to its bubblegum pop style and catchy lyrics. Sony Music gave the album a favourable 4 star rating, calling it great for kids, but not aimed at adults.

References

External links
 Visit Website!
 Watch Episodes!

2007 debut albums
2007 soundtrack albums
Television soundtracks
Pop rock soundtracks
Columbia Records soundtracks


Shahalia (sometimes also Shalia, Shahlia) is a last name that is now primarily found in the erstwhile unified Punjab (British India) region of northern India presently known as Himachal Pradesh and in some parts of Jammu and Kashmir.  People with this last name have generally taken to farming after Indian Independence and related economic activity.  Some have moved to metropolitan cities after attaining higher education.

History and Founding
They are said to have originated from ancient Aryan warrior tribes.  They were primarily archers and swordsmen on foot, with certain clans mastering mounted warfare. They are snake, fire and sun worshipers.  However, this does not prevent them from honoring local Gods and Deities including Sufi dargahs.  They are historically a people owing no allegiance to any social order, community or kingdom.  Their rogue nature has earned them a repute for being honorable, upright, fearless, stubborn, difficult and truthful.  The surname Shahalia relates back to these people's place of origin, namely Shal, somewhere towards the west of the Indian subcontinent that is currently untraceable owing to antiquity and also due to poor recording of history among the Shahalias due to their flux from place to place, frequent warring and conflict and thus their knowledge system being primarily dependent on smriti (memory) rather than written text.

Social Order
Members under this last name are categorized by some under the Kshatriya caste in the Indian caste system.  However, there is no proof of their ever having been rulers of a kingdom or region.

Distribution
The majority of people with the surname Shahalia reside in Himachal Pradesh and some in Jammu and Kashmir and Punjab, India, apart from cities such as Delhi, Mumbai, etc.

See also
 Kshatriya
 Himachal Pradesh
 Jammu and Kashmir

References

Surnames
Surnames of Indian origin


Torreón is one of the municipalities of Coahuila de Zaragoza, a state in north-eastern Mexico. The city of Torreón is the municipal seat for Torreón Municipality. The municipality covers an area of 1947.7 km2.

As of 2010, the municipality had a total population of 639,629.

References

Municipalities of Coahuila
Torreón


Sir Hugh Underhill (1518–1593) served as Keeper of the Wardrobe under Queen Elizabeth I and was highly regarded among members of the Royal Household.

Biography

Early life
Sir Hugh Underhill was born the son of Thomas Underhill (1485–1520) and Anne Wynter (1485–1545) about 1518 in Hunningham, Warwickshire, England. In 1540 he married a daughter of Thomas Maynman, the Keeper of the Wardrobe. They had a son, Thomas Underhill, who was born 1545 at Greenwich, London, England

In 1572, Sir Hugh Underhill married his second wife, Katherine Manning, in Downe, Kent, England. Their son George Underhill (1573–1625) was born in 1573 at Warwickshire, England.

Hugh Underhill Under Queen Elizabeth I
Hugh Underhill was appointed by Queen Elizabeth the Keeper of the Wardrobe at the King's Manor at Greenwich on 6 Feb 1563. He was later elevated to be responsible for the Wardrobe of Beds.

The Queen held Hugh in high regard. The royal warrant appointing him to the wardrobe job read:
"In consideration of the true and faithful service heretofore done unto us by our well beloved servant Hugh Underhill, one of the officers of our wardrobe of beds, we have given and by these presents grant unto Hugh Underhill the office of keeper of our wardrobe within our manor of Greenwich."
This position was one of the highest, maintaining the countless hangings of tapestry, the Cloths of State, the great carpets, and all upholstering of chairs, stools, curtains, and bedsteads. In 1590 he and his wife were granted lifetime appointments by the Queen as Keeper of the Garden in the manor of East Greenwich,  as here "Well beloved subjects."

Hugh Underhill died 1593 in Greenwich, Kent, England, at the age of 75 leaving a will dated January 1, 1593.

Famous Descendants

Thomas Underhill (1545–1591), son of Hugh Underhill, served as Keeper of the Wardrobe of Kenilworth Castle and had charge of its contents after the castle was given by Queen Elizabeth I to her favourite Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester in 1563.

Sir John Underhill (1574–1608), grandson of Hugh Underhill and son of Thomas Underhill, despite being born in England would be among Puritan exiles who left for Bergen op Zoom, The Netherlands, where he died and was buried.

Captain John Underhill, great-grandson of Hugh Underhill, would emigrate from England to The Netherlands with his family, and then from The Netherlands to the Massachusetts Bay Colony where he became a leading figure in Colonial America.

Myron Charles Taylor, America's leading industrialist, and a key diplomatic figure at the hub of many of the most important geopolitical events before, during, and after World War II. Also eighth generation descended from Captain John Underhill.

Amelia Earhart, American aviation pioneer and author famous for her mysterious disappearance.

Sources
 Bulletin of the Underhill Society of America Education and Publishing Fund, 1967
 Boyer, Carl, Ancestral Lines: 144 Families in England, Germany, New England, New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania, 1975

1518 births
1591 deaths
16th-century English people
Members of the British Royal Household
English knights


Southern Nights/Basic covers the complete Southern Nights and Basic albums and adds three bonus tracks.

Track listing
 "Southern Nights" (Allen Toussaint) - 2:59
 "This Is Sarah's Song" (Jimmy Webb) - 2:34
 "For Cryin' Out Loud" (Micheal Smotherland) - 3:0-4
 "God Only Knows" (Brian Wilson/Tony Asher) - 3:20
 "Sunflower" (Neil Diamond) - 2:51
 "Guide Me" (John Jennings) - 2:25
 "Early Morning Song" (Jimmy Webb) - 3:33
 "(I'm Getting) Used to The Crying" (Roger Miller/Micheal Smotherman) - 2:48
 "Let Go" (Brian Cadd) - 3:30
 "How High Did We Go" (Medlin/Albright) - 3:05
 "(You've Got To) Sing It Loud For Me Sonny" (Michael Smotherman/M. Durham) - 2:46
 "Stranger In The Mirror" (Micheal Smotherman) - 3:45
 "Can You Fool" (Micheal Smotherman) - 3:09
 "I See Love" (Micheal Smotherman) - 2:14
 "(When I Feel Like) I Got No Love In Me" (Micheal Smotherman) - 3:25
 "Love Takes You Higher" (Micheal Smotherman) - 2:41
 "Never Tell Me No Lies" (Micheal Smotherman) - 2:20
 "I'm Gonna Love You" (Micheal Smotherman) - 3:22
 "California" (Micheal Smotherman) - 3:33
 "Let's All Sing A Song About It" (M. Smotherman/B. Burnette) - 3:14
 "Grafhaidh Me Thu" (Micheal Smotherman) - 2:39
 "Another Fine Mess" (Paul Williams) - 2:30
 "Arkansas" (M. Torok/R. Redd) - 2:38
 "You've Still Got a Place in My Heart" (Leon Payne) - 2:27

Production
 Producers - Gary Klein, Tom Thacker, Dennis Lambert, Brian Potter, Al De Lory, Glen Campbell
 Compiled by Glenn A. Baker, Peter Shillito, Kevin Mueller, Ian McFarlane
 Artwork by Greg Klein, Allen Duffy
 Mastered by Warren Bennett, The Raven Lab
 Photographs from The Glenn A. Baker Archives

2003 compilation albums
Glen Campbell compilation albums


Indiantown or Indian Town may refer to multiple places in the state of Michigan:

Indian Town, Alger County, Michigan, an unincorporated community in Alger County
Indiantown, Menominee County, Michigan, an unincorporated community in Menominee County
Robin Glen-Indiantown, Michigan, a census-designated place in Saginaw County


Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monuments (LAHCMs) in Downtown Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California are designated by the City's Cultural Heritage Commission. There are more than 120 LAHCMs in the downtown area. These include the Old Plaza Historic District, Little Tokyo, Chinatown, the Broadway Theater District, the Spring Street Financial District, and the Fashion District.

Current and former Historic-Cultural Monuments

Listed in the National Register of Historic Places

See also

Lists of L.A. Historic-Cultural Monuments

 Historic-Cultural Monuments on the East and Northeast Sides
 Historic-Cultural Monuments in the Harbor area
 Historic-Cultural Monuments in Hollywood
 Historic-Cultural Monuments in the San Fernando Valley
 Historic-Cultural Monuments in Silver Lake, Angelino Heights, and Echo Park
 Historic-Cultural Monuments in South Los Angeles
 Historic-Cultural Monuments on the Westside
 Historic-Cultural Monuments in the Wilshire and Westlake areas

Other
 City of Los Angeles' Historic Preservation Overlay Zones
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Los Angeles
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Los Angeles County
 List of California Historical Landmarks

Notes

References

External links
 Los Angeles Office of Historic Resources: Designated L.A. Historic-Cultural Monuments (LAHCM) website — with 'ever-updated' LAHCM List via PDF link.
 Historic-Cultural Monument (HCM) Report for Central City
 Historic-Cultural Monument (HCM) Report for Central City North
 Big Orange Landmarks:  "Exploring the Landmarks of Los Angeles, One Monument at a Time" — Central City L.A.H.C. Monuments.  — online photos and in-depth history. — website curator: Floyd B. Bariscale.
 Big Orange Landmarks:  "Exploring the Landmarks of Los Angeles, One Monument at a Time" — Central City North L.A.H.C. Monuments.

Downtown
Los Angeles-related lists


Selat Panjang (Jawi: ; ) is the capital of Kepulauan Meranti Regency, which is part of the province of Riau in Indonesia. The regency is a new regency in Riau province which was established on 19 December 2008 after being separated from Bengkalis Regency. The city is located on Tebing Tinggi Island, which is separated by a narrow channel from Sumatra, and across the Strait of Malacca from Singapore.

People

The town of Selat Panjang (administratively, the district or kecamatan of Tebing Tinggi) has a dense population of about 70,400 people in mid 2022. The largest ethnic group is Chinese, and almost all of them adhere to Buddhism and Taoism. Around 37% of the population are ethnic Malay. There are also smaller ethnic groups such as Tamils, Minangkabau and Javanese.

Thus, nowadays many Chinese Indonesians that are originally from Selat Panjang have moved to other regions in order to make a better living at prominent locations like Medan, Pekanbaru, Batam, Bengkalis and Tanjung Balai Karimun. Nevertheless, during every Chinese New Year, many of them would return back to Selat Panjang in order to celebrate the Chinese New Year with their kins and relatives although they have migrated to other regions or cities for many years.

Language
Bahasa Indonesia is primarily spoken by people in Selatpanjang. Beside that, Riau Malay is used as a lingua franca while the local Chinese population speaks a form of Hokkien language known as Riau Hokkien (廖内福建话). This form of Hokkien is very similar to Singaporean Hokkien and Southern Malaysian Hokkien in terms of accent as well as lexicon. Riau Hokkien is spoken in the middle and southern part of the Indonesian island of Sumatra and is very different from Medan Hokkien which is used in the northern part of the Sumatra island.

Climate & Environment
Located near to the equator, temperatures vary little during the year, typically with a high of  and low of  in each month. Rainfall ranges from  in July to  in November, totalling about  per year. The land is flat.  At one time it was entirely covered by peat swamps and dense forest, but it is rapidly being cleared for pulpwood and palm oil plantations.  Mudskippers thrive in the tidal flats. Lake Nambus is about 30 minutes by road from the port of Selat Panjang, near Tanjung Village, surrounded by protected forest. During the month of Safar local people swim in the lake.

History of the Town

The town of Selat Panjang is the administrative seat of the Meranti Islands Regency. It used to be one of the cities (Bandar) that are the most busy and popular trading centres in the Sultanate of Siak. The town has formed a heterogeneous society, especially of the Malays and Chinese, because they are the role of inter- formed closely in harmony cultural activities and trade. All this is inseparable tolerance inter-fraternity. It is this factor which then fosters trade and traffic as well as human goods from China to the archipelago and vice versa.

Selat Panjang and the surrounding area was formerly a territory of the Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura which is one of the largest empire in Riau during the reign of Sultan Siak VII of Sultan Sharif Ali Abdul Jalil Assyaidis Syaifuddin Baalawi (who reigned in 1784-1810), usually called Sultan Sharif Ali, gave command to the Commander of Tengku Muda Good Saiyid Thoha to establish the State or the dealer at the Tebing Tinggi Island. In addition to interest on the island as well as the Sultan Sharif Ali Abdul Jalil Assyaidis Syaifuddin Baalawi himself had to stop in the area, the main purpose of Sultan Sharif Ali wanted to gather forces against the kingdom of Sambas (West Kalimantan), which indicated allied with the Dutch, who had betrayed the agreement faithfully and steal the crown Siak kingdom. Country or Bandar as it will spearhead the third defense after the Bukit Batu and Merbau''to confront the invaders and pirates.

Then move the fleet under the Command of Commander in Chief Tengku Muda Saiyid Thoha at the beginning of Muharram in 1805 AD Kingdom of Siak accompanied by some authorities, hundreds of soldiers and Balang upstream toward the island of High Cliff. They arrived at the cliff Forest Alai (now the Capital District of West Tebingtinggi). Commander immediately stabbing keris greets Alai. Ground Alai Land did not answer, he scooped up a handful of land, was hot. He took it off, "According to all the knowledge den, the soil is not good Alai made a country because of land Forest land Alai is a male, could develop into a new country in a period of time," said the commander in front of a magnifying Siak and his men.

Commander of the departed along the coast of this island. Then, it looks a high cliff. "This is the hell is meant by the father of Sultan Sharif Ali," he thought. Fleet docked to Cliff High Land coincide date April 7, 1805 AD. At age was 25 years, with say bismillah Commander soared into the high ground while greeting. "Alha-mdulillah high ground is answering greetings den," he said. Land on take it, feels cool and comfortable. He plugs in dagger on the ground (roughly its current location near the office complex Selatpanjang Customs). As I said, "Hear ye the land by the Forest High Cliff is a very well established a country. This country will develop safe and prosperous when leaders and citizens fairly and work hard and obey the laws of God. "

Commander was standing in front of all the royal princes, soldiers, upstream Balang, and inner-inner around the island. "Den Bagus Saiyid Thoha named Tengku Panglima Besar Muda Siak Sri Indrapura. Kris den is named Lightning Open Sunscreen Natural State. That this figure den den Affairs Makmur Kencana Bandar called the High Cliff. "Origin of the town's name Selatpanjang.

After the cutting of forests, open areas of power, stood the palace of the great commander. In 1810 AD Sultan Sharif Ali Muda Tengku Panglima Besar Saiyid Thoha as ruler of the island. At that time, east of the country bordering the River Suir and the west is bordered by the River Perumbi, as the development time is increasingly crowded airports and grow as a commercial port in the empire siak.

Bustling trade interaction of coastal areas of Riau's the reason for the Dutch East Indies government participated in the determination of the name of this country. History was recorded during the 11th Sultan of Siak Sultan Hashim Abdul Jalil Assayaidis Syarief Syaifuddin. In 1880, the government in the High Cliff State Makmur Kencana dominated by JM Tengkoe Soelong Tjantik Saijet Alwi who holds a Master Tomonggong Marhum Tail (Head of State who is responsible to the Sultan of Siak). During his reign at this airport there was a polemic with the Dutch Colonial Government is Konteliur Van Huis about changing the name of this country, in the Dutch colonial government unilaterally changed the area into Selatpanjang, but not approved by JM Tengkoe Soelong Tjantik Saijet Alwi as local stakeholders. Finally, based on mutual agreement on September 4, 1899, High Cliff State Kencana Makmur Airport turns into State Tebingtinggi Selatpanjang.JM Tengkoe Soelong Tjantik Saijet Alwi died in 1908. Over time the beginning of the Government of the Republic of Indonesia, selatpanjang city and surrounding area is under Bengkalis Regency Kewedanan which then changed status to Tebingtinggi. Pada District dated December 19, 2008, selatpanjang and surrounding area was turned into Meranti Islands Regency split away from the Bengkalis Regency with capital Selatpanjang

Economy

The town's main activities are fishing, agriculture, timber and retail. Selat Panjang has a small port with limited capacity.  Electricity supply is not yet optimal. The people of the area are largely dependent on water transport, still often using dugouts to get around. However, both oil and natural gas have been found in Tebing Tinggi and the neighboring Padang and Merbau Islands. The TA field is close to Selat Panjang. New sago plantings were started in the region on peat soils in 1989, with US$2 million per year expected to be invested the crop.

Hotels
Star Hotels in Selat Panjang, among others:

Tourism
 Cultural attractions in Selatpanjang

 Hoo Ann Kiong Temple (護安宮)

Sister Cities

References

Populated places in Riau
Regency seats of Riau


Albrecht Dieterich (2 May 1866 – 6 May 1908) was a German classical philologist and scholar of religion born in Hersfeld.

Academic background
He studied at the Universities of Leipzig and Bonn, where at the latter he was a student of Hermann Usener (1834–1905), who in 1899 became Dieterich's father-in-law. In 1888 he earned his doctorate, and three years later received his habilitation in Marburg with a dissertation on Orphism. Afterwards he traveled to Italy and Greece for research purposes.

In 1895 he returned to Marburg as an associate professor, and two years later succeeded Eduard Schwartz (1858–1940) as chair of classical philology at the University of Giessen. In 1903 he was a full professor at the University of Heidelberg.

Works
Much of Dieterich's work involved research of traditional beliefs, mythology and religion of the Greco-Roman world. He was the author of an influential work titled "Abraxas: Studien zur Religionsgeschichte des spätern Altertums", a study based on a magical papyri that was housed at the Leyden Museum. In 1903 he published "Eine Mithrasliturgie", in which he proposes that lines 475 – 834 of the Paris Magical Papyrus contained the official liturgy of the Mithras Cult. His theory was met with skepticism and criticized by several scholars in regards to the Mithraic origin of the liturgy. Other significant works by Dieterich include:
 Nekyia: Beiträge zur Erklärung der neuentdeckten Petrusapokalypse, (1893) – Nekyia; contributions to the explanation of the newly revealed Apocalypse of Peter.
 Die Grabschrift des Aberkios, (1896) – The grave inscriptions of Aberkios
 Mutter Erde, (1905) – Mother Earth.
 Kleine Schriften, (1911) – Smaller works.

Notes

References
 Stephan A. Hoeller, The gnostic Jung and The Seven Sermons to the dead Quest Books, 1982, p. 92.
 "This article incorporates text from an equivalent article at the German Wikipedia"; which includes Dieterich, Albrecht In: Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB). Band 3, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1957, , S. 669 f.

External links

1866 births
1908 deaths
People from Bad Hersfeld
People from the Electorate of Hesse
German classical philologists
Academic staff of the University of Giessen
Academic staff of Heidelberg University


In quantum optics, an optical phase space is a phase space in which all quantum states of an optical system are described. Each point in the optical phase space corresponds to a unique state of an optical system. For any such system, a plot of the quadratures against each other, possibly as functions of time, is called a phase diagram. If the quadratures are functions of time then the optical phase diagram can show the evolution of a quantum optical system with time.

An optical phase diagram can give insight into the properties and behaviors of the system that might otherwise not be obvious. This can allude to qualities of the system that can be of interest to an individual studying an optical system that would be very hard to deduce otherwise. Another use for an optical phase diagram is that it shows the evolution of the state of an optical system. This can be used to determine the state of the optical system at any point in time.

Background information

When discussing the quantum theory of light, it is very common to use an electromagnetic oscillator as a model. An electromagnetic oscillator describes an oscillation of the electric field. Since the magnetic field is proportional to the rate of change of the electric field, this too oscillates. Such oscillations describe light. Systems composed of such oscillators can be described by an optical phase space.

Let u(x,t) be a vector function describing a single mode of an electromagnetic oscillator. For simplicity, it is assumed that this electromagnetic oscillator is in vacuum. An example is the plane wave given by

where u0 is the polarization vector, k is the wave vector,  the frequency, and AB  denotes the dot product between the vectors A and B. This is the equation for a plane wave and is a simple example of such an electromagnetic oscillator. The oscillators being examined could either be free waves in space or some normal mode contained in some cavity.

A single mode of the electromagnetic oscillator is isolated from the rest of the system and examined. Such an oscillator, when quantized, is described by the mathematics of a quantum harmonic oscillator. Quantum oscillators are described using creation and annihilation operators  and . Physical quantities, such as the electric field strength, then become quantum operators.

In order to distinguish a physical quantity from the quantum mechanical operator used to describe it, a "hat"  is used over the operator symbols.  Thus, for example, where  might represent (one component of) the electric field, the symbol  denotes the quantum-mechanical operator that describes .  This convention is used throughout this article, but is not in common use in more advanced texts, which avoid the hat, as it simply clutters the text.

In the quantum oscillator mode, most operators representing physical quantities are typically expressed in terms of the creation and annihilation operators. In this example, the electric field strength is given by:

(where xi is a single component of x, position). The Hamiltonian for an electromagnetic oscillator is found by quantizing the electromagnetic field for this oscillator and the formula is given by:

where  is the frequency of the (spatio-temporal) mode. The annihilation operator is the bosonic annihilation operator and so it obeys the canonical commutation relation given by:

The eigenstates of the annihilation operator are called coherent states:

It is important to note that the annihilation operator is not Hermitian; therefore its eigenvalues  can be complex. This has important consequences.

Finally, the photon number is given by the operator  which gives the number of photons in the given (spatial-temporal) mode u.

Quadratures

Operators given by

and

are called the quadratures and they represent the real and imaginary parts of the complex amplitude represented by . The commutation relation between the two quadratures can easily be calculated:

This looks very similar to the commutation relation of the position and momentum operator. Thus, it can be useful to think of and treat the quadratures as the position and momentum of the oscillator although in fact they are the "in-phase and out-of-phase components of the electric field amplitude of the spatial-temporal mode", or u, and have nothing really to do with the position or momentum of the electromagnetic oscillator (as it is hard to define what is meant by position and momentum for an electromagnetic oscillator).

Properties of quadratures

The eigenstates of the quadrature operators  and  are called the quadrature states. They satisfy the  relations:

   and

   and

   and

as these form complete basis sets.

Important result

The following is an important relation that can be derived from the above which justifies our interpretation that the quadratures are the real and imaginary parts of a complex  (i.e. the in-phase and out-of-phase components of the electromagnetic oscillator)

The following is a relationship that can be used to help evaluate the above and is given by:

This gives us that:

 by a similar method as above.

Thus,  is just a composition of the quadratures.

Another very important property of the coherent states becomes very apparent in this formalism. A coherent state is not a point in the optical phase space but rather a distribution on it. This can be seen via

and

.

These are only the expectation values of  and  for the state .

It can be shown that the quadratures obey Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle given by:

 (where  and  are the variances of the distributions of q and p, respectively)

This inequality does not necessarily have to be saturated and a common example of such states are squeezed coherent states. The coherent states are Gaussian probability distributions over the phase space localized around .

Operators on phase space

It is possible to define operators to move the coherent states around the phase space. These can produce new coherent states and allow us to move around phase space.

Phase-shifting operator

The phase-shifting operator rotates the coherent state by an angle  in the optical phase space. This operator is given by:

The important relationship

is derived as follows:

and solving this differential equation yields the desired result.

Thus, using the above it becomes clear that

,

or a rotation by an angle theta on the coherent state in phase space. The following illustrates this more clearly:

(which is obtained using the fact that the phase-shifting operator is unitary

Thus,

is the eigenpair of

.

From this it is possible to see that

which is another way of expressing the eigenpair which more clearly illustrates the effects of the phase-shifting operator on coherent states.

Displacement operator

The displacement operator is a unitary operator that takes a coherent state and turns it into another coherent state. The displacement operator is given by

and its name comes from an important relation

.

Indeed, let's temporarily introduce  with real  and consider how  varies when  changes from 0 to 1. Differentiating  with respect to , we find

so that

Since coherent states are eigenstates of both the annihilation operator and the operator of multiplication by a number, it is easy to see that, indeed, the displacement operator moves the coherent states, or, more precisely,

Indeed, the relation derived above can be rewritten as , then

Thus,  is an eigenstate of the annihilation operator with the eigenvalue , hence .

In particular,

which leads to

.

This is important as it shows that all coherent states can be obtained as displacements of the ground state, which in optics is also the vacuum state.

See also

 Nonclassical light
 Rotation operator (quantum mechanics)
 Quantum harmonic oscillator
 Quasiprobability distribution
 Husimi Q representation
 Squeezed coherent state
 Wigner quasiprobability distribution

References

Quantum optics


Lester Goran (May 16, 1928 – February 6, 2014) was an American writer best known for his works about growing up poor the Oakland neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Early life
Goran was born May 16, 1928, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. His parents were Jacob and Tillie Goran. Goran was raised in a housing project near the University of Pittsburgh. Although the university was close, Goran grew up among the working class culture of the projects. Although he was Jewish, his writing was heavily influenced by the culture of Irish-Americans and the goings on of the local pubs, especially the Irish Club.

Education
Goran attended Fifth Avenue High School and Schenley High School and the University of Pittsburgh for both his B.A. and M.A. which he earned in 1951 and 1961, respectively. Goran also served with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Military Police. Goran married Edythe McDowell. The couple had three children.

Career
Goran joined the faculty at the University of Miami in Coral Gables, Florida, in 1960. He became a professor of English in 1974. He founded the Creative Writing Program in the College of Arts and Sciences in 1965. In 1991, he contributed to establishing the University of Miami's Master of Fine Arts program. Over the course of his career as a faculty member at the University of Miami, he taught more than 20,000 students.

Goran's work reflects a great deal about his past and upbringing. In Tales from the Irish Club: A Collection of Short Stories, Goran portrays the neighborhood of his childhood by presenting it through a series of short stories. Much of his work is influenced by Irish-American culture.

The sequel to Tales from the Irish Club was She Loved Me Once, another collection of short stories. Critics welcomed She Loved Me Once as a simple and solid portrayal of Goran's boyhood community.

In his novel, Bing Crosby's Last Song, Goran explores Pittsburgh through the eyes of his main character Daly Racklin. The novel takes place just before the assassination of John F. Kennedy and chronicles Daly's confrontation with heart problems and the prospect of losing his home. Critics, including Library Journal reviewer Susan Gene Clifford, said work was more of a "nostalgic snapshot" as opposed to a true novel. But it was praised  by most critics for its down-to-earth style.

Selected bibliography
 The Paratrooper of Mechanic Avenue (1960)
 Maria Light (1962)
 The Candy Butcher's Farewell (1964)
 The Stranger in the Snow (1966)
 The Demon in the Sun Parlor (1968)
 The Keeper of Secrets (1971)
 Mrs. Beautiful (1985)
 The Bright Streets of Surfside: The Memoir of a Friendship with Isaac Bashevis Singer (1994)
 Tales from the Irish Club: A Collection of Short Stories (1996)
 She Loved Me Once, and Other Stories (1997)
 Bing Crosby's Last Song (1998)
 Outlaws of the Purple Cow and Other Stories (1999)
 'Don't I Know You?', an extract from the as-yet-unpublished novel Unnatural Expectations, in Contrappasso Magazine (Issue 1, 2012)

References

Bibliography
 Dictionary of Literary Biography, Volume 244: American Short-Story Writers since World War II, Thomson Gale (Detroit, MI), 2001.
 Contemporary Authors Online, Gale, 2008. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale, 2008.

External links
 The Magic Streets of Pittsburgh: An Interview with Lester Goran by Matthew Asprey in Contrappasso magazine] (Issue 1, 2012)
 Lester Goran at the Biography Resource Center
 Review of Tales From the Irish Club at The New York Times
 Information on Lester Goran at the National Writers' Workshop
 List of works by Lester Goran at Open Library
 Matthew Asprey Gear's 2010 essay ‘From Sobaski’s Stairway to the Irish Club: Lester Goran’s Pittsburgh‘

2014 deaths
1928 births
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American male novelists
United States Army soldiers
University of Miami faculty
University of Pittsburgh alumni
Novelists from Florida
Writers from Pittsburgh
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
Novelists from Pennsylvania


{{DISPLAYTITLE:C15H11I4NO4}}
The molecular formula C15H11I4NO4 may refer to:

 Dextrothyroxine
 Levothyroxine, or L-thyroxine
 Thyroxine (or T4)

Molecular formulas


Joshua Ian Gray (born 22 July 1991) is an English footballer who is unattached after being released by Darlington. He plays as a winger.

Career

Football
Gray made his debut for Darlington in an FA Cup first-round game with Droylsden on 8 November 2008, as a late substitute. The game finished 0–0. He made his league debut four months later as one of four teenagers among the squad for a 1–0 victory against Notts County at the Darlington Arena, one week after the club entered administration. His first league goal came in April 2010 in a 2–1 League Two victory against Burton Albion at the Pirelli Stadium. On 11 February 2011, Gray joined Blyth Spartans on a month-long loan. Gray was released by Darlington in June 2011. Since 2013/14 he has played for Consett AFC.

Doctorate
Following on from his football career Gray took an access course at Gateshead College and went onto study Biomedical Science at Northumbria University where he gained a BSc. Upon receiving his degree, Gray undertook a PhD in immunology at the University of Glasgow in the laboratory of Dr Megan MacLeod. His thesis entitled "Molecular Mechanisms of Antigen-specific Memory CD4 T Cell Tolerance and the Implications for Tolerogenic Therapy" was successfully defended on 7 June 2019. Upon receiving his doctorate Gray moved to New York to undertake postdoctoral research at Columbia University.

References

External links

1991 births
Living people
English men's footballers
Men's association football wingers
Darlington F.C. players
Blyth Spartans A.F.C. players
Consett A.F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Footballers from South Shields


Monument Peak may refer to:

 Monument Peak (Riverside County), California in the Temescal Mountains
 Monument Peak (San Bernardino County), California in the San Bernardino Mountains
 Monument Peak (Mendocino County), California
 Monument Peak (Milpitas, California)
 Monument Peak (Idaho)
 Monument Peak in Beaverhead County, Montana
 Monument Peak in Sweet Grass County, Montana
 Monument Peak in Washoe County, Montana
 Monument Peak (Nevada)
 Monument Peak (Utah)
 Monument Peak (Washington)
 Brian Head, Utah, a town previously named Monument Peak
 Brian Head (mountain), a peak previously named Monument Peak

See also
 Monument Mountain