Otto Liebermann (24 November 1898 – 6 April 1974) was the first scientist to describe the low-temperature synthesis of dolomite in a reproducible laboratory experiment.

Works
Liebermann, O. (1967): Synthesis of dolomite. Nature, vol.213, pp. 241–245.

Further reading
 Anonymous: O. Liebermann D. Ph.  Paint Technology, 1963, vol.27, no.4, pp. 34–35.
 Anonymous: Working methods of a paint laboratory.  Paint Technology, 1963, vol.27, no.7, pp. 36–42 (featuring several photographs of Dr. O. Liebermann at work).
 Deelman, J. C. (2011): A tribute to Otto Liebermann , pp. 481–482, in: Low-temperature formation of dolomite and magnesite.
 For a broader perspective on the rise of the oil industry in Austrian Galicia, see: Frank, Alison Fleig (2005): Oil Empire: Visions of prosperity in Austrian Galicia. (Harvard Historical Studies 149) Harvard University Press, Cambridge Mass., 366 p.  .

References

Austrian chemists
1898 births
1974 deaths
People interned in the Isle of Man during World War II


Attagenus pellio, the fur beetle or carpet beetle, is a pest which damages stored products such as furs, skins, textiles and grain.

Attagenus pelio is a 4–6 mm-long oval shaped insect with two patches of white hair on the elytra.

See also
 Home stored product entomology

References
Granousky TA. 1997. Stored Product Pests. In Handbook of Pest Control, 8th Ed. Hedges SA, Moreland D (editors). Mallis Handbook and Technical Training Company

External links
Dermestidae of the World Habitus and antennae of the male.

Dermestidae
Beetles described in 1758
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus


Józef Bronisław Tracz (born 1 September 1964 in Żary) is a Polish wrestler (Greco-Roman style) who has won three Olympic medals.

For his sport achievements, he received:
 Knight's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta (5th Class) in 1996.

References

sports123.com

1964 births
Living people
People from Żary
Olympic silver medalists for Poland
Olympic bronze medalists for Poland
Olympic wrestlers for Poland
Wrestlers at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Wrestlers at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Wrestlers at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Polish male sport wrestlers
Olympic medalists in wrestling
Sportspeople from Lubusz Voivodeship
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
World Wrestling Championships medalists
20th-century Polish people
21st-century Polish people


Auchindachy railway station served the village of Auchindachy in Scotland. Served by the Keith and Dufftown railway, it was the last station before Keith Town and Keith Junction where the line met the Great North of Scotland line that ran from Keith to Elgin.

History
Opened by the Keith and Dufftown Railway (GNoSR). Then station passed on to the London and North Eastern Railway during the Grouping of 1923. Passing on to the Scottish Region of British Railways during the nationalisation of 1948, it was then closed by the British Railways Board.

The site today
The old railway buildings and platform remain next to the track. The buildings are now privately owned and lived in. The preserved Keith and Dufftown Railway runs pass this former station en route.

References

Station on navigable O. S. map
 Pictures of the station recently

External links
Video footage of the station
Keith and Dufftown Railway

Disused railway stations in Moray
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1862
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1968
Beeching closures in Scotland
Former Great North of Scotland Railway stations
1862 establishments in Scotland


William John Baird (March 18, 1884 – December 4, 1968) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player in the early 1900s. He was one of the first professionals in the sport of ice hockey. Born in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, he played for the Ottawa Senators, Haileybury Comets, Pittsburgh Pros, Waterloo Colts and Galt.

Playing career
At the age of 19, Baird first left Ottawa to pursue his hockey career in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania with the Pittsburgh Athletic Club of the Western Pennsylvania Hockey League (WPHL) in 1903–04. In 1904–05, he joined the Pittsburgh Professionals of the International Hockey League (IHL) for which he played on and off for the next three seasons. He played in several cities over the next three seasons, including stops with Portage la Prairie, Manitoba and his hometown with the Ottawa Senators in 1906–07. In 1907–08, he played the season with the Winnipeg Strathconas of the Manitoba Professional Hockey League (MPHL). In 1908–09, he returned east, playing in Ottawa with the Ottawa Aberdeens and with Haileybury of the Temiscaming Professional Hockey League (TPHL). He played his final two seasons in the Ontario Professional Hockey League, with Waterloo and Galt. While with Galt, he played in their 1911 Stanley Cup challenge against the Senators. He died at an Ottawa hospital on December 4, 1968, and is buried at Pinecrest Cemetery.

References

1884 births
1972 deaths
Ice hockey people from Ottawa
Ottawa Senators (original) players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen


Sonal R. Shah (born May 20, 1968), is an American economist and public official. She is the CEO of The Texas Tribune, a politics and public policy-specific nonprofit news organization headquartered in Austin, Texas. Shah served as the National Policy Director for Mayor Pete Buttigieg's run in the 2020 United States presidential election. From April 2009 to August 2011, she served as the Director of the Office of Social Innovation and Civic Participation in the White House.

Shah is the founding executive director of the Beeck Center for Social Impact & Innovation at Georgetown University. Previously, Shah was a member of the Obama-Biden Transition Project and was the head of Global Development Initiatives, a philanthropic arm of Google.org.

Early life
Sonal Shah was born in Mumbai, India. She moved to the US in 1972 at the age of 4, and grew up in Houston, Texas. She graduated from the University of Chicago with a B.A. in Economics in 1990 and received a master's degree in Economics from Duke University.

Career

Public service
Shah held a variety of U.S. Department of Treasury positions from 1995 until 2001. She was the director of the office overseeing strategy and programs for sub-Saharan Africa, which included debt relief, development programs and World Bank/International Monetary Fund strategies. She worked with the Ministries of Finance in Bosnia and Kosovo to design the post-war banking system. During the Asian financial crisis, she served as a senior adviser to U.S. Treasury officials who were coordinating the U.S. response.

Private sector
From 2001–2003, Shah served at the Center for Global Development as Director of Operations and Programs, helping set up all aspects of the strategy, infrastructure and operations.

From 2003–2004, she worked at the Center for American Progress as an Associate Director, advising current and former Congressional and government executives on a wide variety of issues including trade, outsourcing and post-conflict reconstruction.

In 2004, Shah joined Goldman Sachs as a vice president, where she worked on green initiatives, which included informing clients and bankers on alternative energy opportunities and advising them on how to implement environmental, social and governance criteria for all investments.

In 2007, Shah joined Google.org as the head of Global Development Initiatives, and worked closely with Executive Director Larry Brilliant in guiding global economic development efforts. She also worked extensively on the growth of small and medium sized enterprises in partnership with the Omidyar Network and the Soros Foundation.

Return to public service
In November 2008, Shah was appointed a member of the Obama-Biden Transition Project to prepare President-elect Obama to assume the presidency on January 20, 2009. After her appointment to Obama's team, Shah rejected reports that linked her to Hindu nationalist groups.

In April 2009, Shah was appointed director of the newly created White House Office of Social Innovation and Civic Participation. The objective of this office is to coordinate governmental efforts to aid innovative nonprofit groups and social entrepreneurs to address pressing social problems. Shah is also working with the National Security Council to bring a global perspective to these efforts.

In July 2019, Shah joined the presidential campaign of South Bend Mayor, Pete Buttigieg as national policy director.

After Joe Biden secured the nomination in the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries, Shah served on the Biden-Sanders Unity Task Force.

Board Memberships
Shah is a board member of OXFAM America and of Zev Shapiro's organization TurnUp

Awards and recognition
Henry Crown Fellowship, Aspen Institute, 2006
Next Generation Fellow, American Assembly, Columbia University, 2007.
India Abroad Person of the Year, 2003

Papers and articles
Guiding Principles and Design of the MCA
Trading Views
Served on Commission for Weak States and National Security, Center for Global Development.
Social Finance: A Primer, Center for American Progress

References

1968 births
21st-century American economists
American Hindus
American people of Gujarati descent
American politicians of Indian descent
Duke University alumni
Harvard Institute of Politics
Henry Crown Fellows
Indian emigrants to the United States
Living people
Obama administration personnel
People from Houston
Politicians from Mumbai
University of Chicago alumni


The 126th Pennsylvania House of Representatives District is located in Berks County and includes the following areas:

 Laureldale
 Lower Alsace Township
 Mount Penn
 Muhlenberg Township
 Reading (PART)
 Ward 06 [PART, Division 03]
 Ward 14 [PART, Division 06]
 Ward 15 [PART, Divisions 02, 06 and 07]
 Ward 17 [PART, Divisions 05, 07 and 08]
 Ward 18 [PART, Divisions 01 and 04]
 Ward 19
 St. Lawrence
 West Reading

Representatives

References

Government of Berks County, Pennsylvania
126


The Broken Hearted Bride is the 17th studio album by English band Strawbs.

Reception

Track listing

"The Call to Action" (Dave Cousins) – 7:38
"Christmas Cheer (Everything's Going to be Alright)" (Cousins, Chas Cronk) – 4:39
"Too Many Angels" (Cousins, Cronk) – 5:55
"The Broken Hearted Bride" (Cousins) – 5:11
"Shadowland" (Dave Lambert) – 4:48
"Through Aphrodite's Eyes" (Cousins, Cronk) – 7:26
"Deep in the Darkest Night" (Cousins) – 4:38
"You Know as Well as I" (Lambert) – 3:44
"Everybody Knows" (Cronk) – 4:30
"Action Replay" (Cousins) – 4:54
"We'll Meet Again Sometime" (Cousins) – 6:02

Personnel
Strawbs
Dave Cousins – lead vocals, backing vocals, guitar, keyboards
Dave Lambert – lead vocals, backing vocals, guitar
Chas Cronk – backing vocals, bass guitar, guitar, keyboards, programming
John Hawken – keyboards
Rod Coombes – drums

Additional personnel
Ian Cutler – fiddle
The Big Deal Choir – vocals
Steve Grant
Vince Martyn
Gordon May
Chris Tophill
Howard Werth
Sophie Morish
Charlotte Tophill
Elizabeth Tophill
Frances Tophill

Release history

References

External links
The Broken Hearted Bride on Strawbsweb

Strawbs albums
2008 albums
Albums produced by Chris Tsangarides


Vera Florence Bradford (5 September 19046 January 2004) was an Australian classical pianist and teacher, with a very long career. Her playing was admired for its depth and beauty of tone, classical unity and tremendous power.

Vera Bradford was born in Melbourne to a musical family.  Her mother Edith was a pianist, and her father Frederick and brother Cec were violinists.  She started learning the piano at the age of seven, and she graduated from the University of Melbourne Conservatorium in 1927, with the highest honours. In 1928 she took up a scholarship with Percy Grainger in Chicago.  (Grainger and his wife Ella became close friends of Vera’s, and Ella always stayed with Vera on Percy's visits to Australia.) She also studied at the Chicago Musical College with Rudolph Ganz and Alexander Raab. It was Raab who introduced her to the technique that made her famous, the 'arm weight' technique of the Russian teacher Theodor Leschetizky, which she had first experienced when seeing Benno Moiseiwitsch perform in Melbourne in the 1920s. It was this which developed the big tone and control that became a feature of her performances of the works of Brahms, Rachmaninoff and Liszt.  Raab insisted she not play the piano for a year, so that she could unlearn her previous techniques, and practise with the piano lid down.

Her debut was in 1931 at the Chicago Opera House where she played the Hungarian Gypsy Airs by Sophie Menter, orchestrated by Tchaikovsky. This was followed by a long and triumphant career as a concert pianist in which she gave many first Australian performances – George Gershwin's Concerto in F, Richard Strauss's Burleske in D minor (1937), the Sophie Menter piece mentioned above, Debussy's Feux d'artifices, and works by Bartók and William Walton. She played extensively in Australia and with the fledgling Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC) orchestras before World War II, and after the war undertook a number of overseas tours. In 1946 she was the first Australian woman to perform the Brahms concertos, which the ABC and Bernard Heinze had previously considered too difficult for a woman. The critic Neville Cardus wrote of a performance of the D minor concerto with the Sydney Symphony Orchestra: "Miss Bradford put forth a strength which many men might envy or fear. It was virtuoso playing of a rare order".

The same attitude had prevailed when she was contracted to premiere Richard Strauss's Burleske with the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra in 1937.  The visiting Finnish conductor Georg Schnéevoigt discovered the pianist was a woman and demanded she be replaced by a male pianist; but Vera Bradford was not one to be intimidated, and she gave an excellent performance.

For many years she was a teacher at Melbourne University.  In 1963 she represented Australia at the 2nd International Music Festival in Seoul, Korea and visited Japan, the Philippines, and Hong Kong.  For some time in the 1960s she taught students in a private home in Frankston and was loved by her pupils.  She continued to be active in music well into the 1970s, being the first pianist to perform a recital for Melbourne television  However, for a time during this period, she was excluded from any ABC engagements, due to difficulties she had with the General Manager, Sir Charles Moses, and her recordings were banned. However, in 2010, following a listener request to ABC FM broadcaster Colin Fox (Weekend Breakfast) ABC Radio recording were found from the archives and broadcast.  In 1968 she formed the Frankston Music Society and the Frankston Symphony Orchestra, and performed with it on a number of occasions.  She also arranged for young pianists such as Geoffrey Tozer and Ronald Farren-Price to appear with the orchestra.

Vera Bradford never married, preferring to focus her energies on her musical career.

She died on 6 January 2004, eight months short of her 100th birthday, at Tanderra Hostel in Camberwell, Melbourne.  She often gave impromptu concerts there for her fellow guests, the last time being just two months before her death.

The Frankston campus of Monash University houses a large collection of Vera Bradford's items that she donated; it is known as the Vera Bradford Music Collection.

References

Sources
Australian Women’s History Forum
Monash University: Vera Bradford Music Collection
Frankston Music Society
Obituary 'Concert pianist studied with Grainger', The Age, 31 January 2004, p. 23

1904 births
2004 deaths
Australian classical pianists
Australian women pianists
University of Melbourne women
Musicians from Melbourne
Pupils of Alexander Raab
Academic staff of the University of Melbourne
20th-century classical pianists
20th-century Australian musicians
20th-century Australian women
20th-century women pianists


P. K. Raghava Warrier FRCS () (13 August 1921 – 26 March 2011) was a cardiothoracic surgeon, author and social activist from Kerala, India.

Biography

P. K. R. Warrier, the youngest son in his family, enrolled for medical studies at Madras Medical College during the early 1940s. As a student, he was actively involved in India's freedom struggle. It was during one of the freedom rallies in his student days that he met his future wife, Devaki Pallam, then an apprentice of Gandhi.
Dr. PKR Warrier's father was Rao Bahadur Dr. Pulakkat Krishna Warrier. His mother was Sreedevi Krishna Varier. He hails from Nellaya, Palakkad district, Kerala. His children are Mr. DK Warrier & Mrs. Anasooya Shaji.

Having completed his undergraduate education at Madras Medical College in June 1946, he worked as a demonstrator of anatomy between July 1947 and December 1948. He remained in Madras training as an unofficial house surgeon and senior house surgeon under Dr. Mohan Rao and Dr. C.P.V. Menon at the General Hospital between January 1949 and June 1950. Between June 1950 and August 1959, he worked as a Civil Assistant Surgeon in various government hospitals throughout South India including Coimbatore, Cochin and Trivandrum as well as a brief stint in Minicoy Island.

Warrier then moved to London to attain his Fellowship of the Royal College of Surgeons. After receiving the Fellowship in January 1960, he went on to receive training in cardiothoracic surgery in Stoke-on-Trent and Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham until 1962.

On returning to India, he joined as an assistant professor to Professor Raghavachari in the Department of Surgery at Trivandrum Medical College 1964. In 1964, Warrer established the Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery at the Medical College. He held the position of professor and head of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery when he retired in 1977. His daughter is married to national film award winner director Shaji N Karun<ref
name="#puzhaBio"></ref>

After formal retirement, he continued to work. He was Professor of Surgery at Kasturba Medical College, Manipal until 1983,  Chief of Surgery at AKG Memorial Hospital, Kannur until 1986, Surgical Consultant at Aswini Hospital, Thrissur and Semalk Hospital, Ottappalam. In 1990, Warrier retired from all professional work, though he continues to be a prominent presence in the field.

Social activism
Warrier maintained a close association with E. M. S. Namboodiripad and other prominent Communist leaders of Kerala. He was sympathetic to the early communist movement of Kerala, and was opposed to government-employed doctors performing in private practise. Warrier remained a renowned figure in these circles.

Books
Warrier has published his autobiography in both Malayalam and English. The Malayalam version first appeared as a weekly series in Deshabhimani Weekly. An expanded and rewritten English version of the book titled Experience and Perceptions was later released in 2004.

Awards received
 Abu Dhabi Sakthi-T. K. Ramakrishnan Award (2007)
 Lifetime Achievement Award instituted by the Heart Care Foundation, a charitable society.
 Dubai Art Lovers' Association Award, for his selfless contribution in the field of medicine and surgery.
 Lifetime achievement award of the Dr. K.P. Nair Foundation.

References

1921 births
2011 deaths
Indian surgeons
Indian medical educators
Medical doctors from Kerala
Madras Medical College alumni
20th-century Indian medical doctors
Indian autobiographers
Malayalam-language writers
Activists from Kerala
20th-century surgeons
Recipients of the Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award


Professor Amat al-Razzak Hammed is the former Minister for social affairs of Yemen. She has proposed adoption of a government policy to punish fathers who force their daughters into child marriages.

References

Living people
Women government ministers of Yemen
Child marriage in Yemen
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
21st-century Yemeni politicians
21st-century Yemeni women politicians
Mujawar Cabinet
Basindawa Cabinet


Parajanov: The Last Spring (; ; ) is a 1992 award-winning documentary by the Russian-Armenian filmmaker Mikhail Vartanov, that also includes the complete surviving footage of Sergei Parajanov's unfinished last film The Confession, Vartanov's behind-the-scenes sequences of Parajanov at work on the shooting of the Color of Pomegranates and other material. Featured in 7th Annual Russian Academy of Cinema Arts Awards (1993).

Awards and honors
2003—Beverly Hills Film Festival: Golden Palm Award
1993—Nika Awards: Best Documentary Film
1995—San Francisco International Film Festival: Golden Gate Award
2012— Busan International Film Festival: Eternal Travelers for Freedom Retrospective

Quotes
"Mikhail Vartanov...made a wonderful film Parajanov: The Last Spring." Martin Scorsese
"Mikhail Vartanov's film Parajanov: The Last Spring...exemplifies the power of art over any limitations." Francis Ford Coppola

Bibliography

Dixon & Foster. "A Short History of Film." New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2008.
Schneider, Steven. "501 Directores de Cine." Barcelona, Spain: Grijalbo, 2008.
"Francis Ford Coppola recognizes…" Hollywood Reporter (20 October 2015)
Perreault, Luc. "Paradjanov - The Last Spring." "La Presse" a12, 14 June 1994 (French language)
Thomas, Kevin. "Intoxicating spirit." "Los Angeles Times" (1 January 2004).

References

External links
Parajanov.com

Francis Ford Coppola about Parajanov: The Last Spring
Channel 1 Moscow on Parajanov: The Last Spring
Parajanov: The Last Spring TV clip

1990s Russian-language films
Armenian-language films
English-language Armenian films
American documentary films
1992 films
1992 documentary films
Armenian documentary films
1992 multilingual films
Armenian multilingual films
1990s American films


Aurelia Shines Browder Coleman (January 29, 1919 – February 4, 1971) was an African-American civil rights activist in Montgomery, Alabama. In April 1955, almost eight months before the arrest of Rosa Parks and a month after the arrest of Claudette Colvin, she was arrested for refusing to give up her bus seat to a white rider.

Biography

Early life and family
Aurelia Browder was born on January 29, 1919, in Montgomery, Alabama, where she resided her whole life. She was the sole economic support of her six children after she was widowed.  She had several different careers throughout her life including working as a seamstress, nurse midwife and teacher She was a strong, smart woman, one who Jo Ann Gibson Robinson described in her memoir as "well-read, highly intelligent, fearless."

Education
Browder completed high school in her thirties and eventually earned a bachelor's degree in science from Alabama State University.  She graduated with honors and was in the National Alpha Kappa Mu Honor Society there. While at Alabama State University, Browder met Jo Ann Gibson Robinson, a professor in the English Department, fellow Civil Rights activist, and member of the Women's Political Council.  Robinson inspired Browder to get involved and tackle the injustices in the transportation system, encouraging her to participate in the lawsuit proposed by the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA).

Involvement in civil rights
Prior to her involvement in the Montgomery bus boycott, Browder was active in the voter registration campaigns of the 1950s.  She spent time tutoring African Americans who wanted to take the voter registration exam, worked to eliminate poll taxes, and provided transportation to the courthouse for those who wanted to register. Aurelia Browder became associated with several Civil Rights groups during her time including the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC).

Browder v. Gayle

Arrest and filing of case
Aurelia Browder was arrested on April 19, 1955, almost eight months before the arrest of Rosa Parks and a month after the arrest of Claudette Colvin, for sitting in the white section of a public city bus in Montgomery, Alabama. She was convicted and fined for her alleged crime. On February 1, 1956, Fred Gray, the attorney for the Montgomery Improvement Association, and filed a lawsuit in the U.S. District Court on behalf of five black women who had been the victims of discrimination on local buses, joined by Thurgood Marshall and Robert L. Carter of the NAACP Legal Defense Fund.

Plaintiffs and Defendants
Browder v. Gayle was filed listing five plaintiffs—Aurelia Browder, Claudette Colvin, Susie McDonald, Jeanetta Reese, and Mary Louise Smith. Browder was picked as the lead plaintiff because of her age. Two of the other plaintiffs were teenagers, and the other two were senior citizens.  Browder was 37 at the time, putting her in the middle of the other plaintiffs and a good representation of all of them. Jeanetta Reese withdrew from the case soon after it was filed because of intimidation from the white community. William A. Gayle, the Mayor of Montgomery, was the namesake defendant along with Montgomery's chief of police, Montgomery's Board of Commissioners representatives, Montgomery City Lines, Inc., two bus drivers, and Alabama Public Service Commission representatives.

Ruling and aftermath
On June 5, the judges released their decision: segregated buses violated the equal protection and due process guarantees of the Fourteenth Amendment and were therefore unconstitutional. The City of Montgomery could not enforce any law "which may require plaintiffs or any other Negroes similarly situated to submit to segregation in the use of bus transportation facilities in the City of Montgomery." Both the city and the state appealed this decision. On December 17, 1956, the Supreme Court upheld the ruling, issuing a court order to the state of Alabama to desegregate its buses. While the Montgomery bus boycott, sparked by Rosa Parks, gained lasting national attention, it was Browder's court case that resulted in segregation laws being declared unconstitutional.

Montgomery bus boycott

The Montgomery Bus Boycott was not a spontaneous event; various organizations in Montgomery – including the NAACP, MIA, and Women's political council (WPC) — had been waiting for the right moment to begin protest. After several women, including the plaintiffs of Browder v. Gayle, refused to give up their seats on the bus, the spark for the boycott was ignited when Rosa Parks was arrested. The boycott, primarily led by Jo Ann Gibson Robinson, began on December 3, 1955, two days after Rosa Parks' arrest. The boycott lasted a little over a year and served as the face of the movement, gaining national attention and applying pressure on the courts to rule in favor of ending segregation. The less public side of the protest was Browder v. Gayle. The Montgomery Improvement Association filed Browder's case instead of Parks’ because it would be able to skip being heard in the local courts. Rosa Parks' case would have had to go through local courts first, where the case might have stayed pending for years. By filing directly with the District Courts, they would also be able to achieve an injunction against the segregation law at the same time. The boycott ending with Browder v. Gayle's ruling, a fact often overlooked by history. While the Montgomery bus boycott gained lasting national attention, it was Browder's court case that resulted in segregation laws being declared unconstitutional.

Later life
Browder continued to be an activist and involved with the NAACP, MIA and SCLC after her case was settled. She spent some time teaching veterans at the Loveless School and established her own business later in life. Browder's son, Butler Browder, still lives in Montgomery. He feels that his mother's legacy has been overshadowed.  In a 2005 article in the Montgomery Advertiser Butler wrote, “The truth is Browder vs. Gayle changed the laws that mandated bus segregation. If it weren't for that case and continued efforts to end segregation in this country, we might still be marching.”

Commemoration
In 2019 a statue of Rosa Parks was unveiled in Montgomery, Alabama, and four granite markers were also unveiled near the statue on the same day to honor four plaintiffs in Browder v. Gayle, including Aurelia Browder.

See also
Browder v. Gayle
Claudette Colvin
Susie McDonald
Edgar Nixon
Mary Louise Smith
Viola White

References

 "Aurelia Browder Profile", Rivers of Change
 "Aurelia Shines Browder Coleman", Montgomery Boycott

Activists for African-American civil rights
Activists from Montgomery, Alabama
1919 births
1971 deaths
Alabama State University alumni
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American businesswomen
Women civil rights activists
20th-century African-American women
20th-century African-American businesspeople


Bernward Malaka (born August 31, 1962, in Düsseldorf, West Germany) is an internet entrepreneur and consultant. He was also active as publisher and musician.

In 1976 Malaka was co-founder and bass player of German punk band Male. He founded the band Die Krupps in 1980, which had international success and a substantial impact on the development of electronic and industrial music. From 1991 he developed TV tie-in publishing in Germany with the publishing house "vgs". Between 2000 and 2004, Malaka was head of the Egmont Group's German book business, including comic book publishers "Ehapa Comic Collection" and "Egmont Manga & Anime".

In collaboration with Christoph Mause,a German internet expert, Malaka started the international event search engine "now-in.org" in 2007.

References

External links
 now-in.org (archived)

1962 births
Living people
Musicians from Düsseldorf
German publishers (people)
German electronic musicians
Die Krupps members


The implant stability quotient (ISQ) is the value on a scale that indicates the level of stability and osseointegration in dental implants. The scale ranges from 1 to 100, with higher values indicating greater stability. The acceptable stability range lies between 55 and 85 ISQ. ISQ values are obtained using resonance frequency analysis (RFA).

Higher values are generally found in the mandible than the maxilla. High initial stability (ISQ values of 70 and above) tends to not increase with time, even if the high mechanical stability will decrease to be replaced by a developed biological stability. Lower initial stability will normally increase with time due to the lower mechanical stability being enforced by the bone remodeling process (osseointegration). The overall average ISQ value of all implants over time is approximately 70. If the initial ISQ value is high, a small drop in stability normally levels out with time.  A significant decrease in ISQ indicates a potential problem and should be considered an early warning.

References

Restorative dentistry


Würzburg Cathedral () is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Würzburg in Bavaria, Germany, dedicated to Saint Kilian. It is the seat of the Bishop of Würzburg and has served as the burial place for the Prince-Bishops of Würzburg for hundreds of years. With an overall length of 103 metres, it is the fourth largest Romanesque church building in Germany, and a masterpiece of German architecture from the Salian period. Notable later additions include work by Tilman Riemenschneider and Balthasar Neumann. The cathedral was heavily damaged by British bombs in March 1945 but rebuilt post-World War II.

History

A cathedral and an attached monastery existed in Würzburg as early as the 8th Century, presumably built by the city's first bishop, Burchard. On July 8, 752, Burchard transferred the relics of Kilian and his companions Totnan and Colman to the cathedral. The skulls of these three saints are still kept in the High Altar of the cathedral.

The cathedral was destroyed by fire and rebuilt twice (in 787 and 855). The third and present cathedral was built from 1040 onwards by Bishop Bruno. After Bruno's accidental death in 1045, his successor Adalbero completed the building in 1075. Due to several rebuildings, notably after 1133, the cathedral was only consecrated in 1187. It retains its Romanesque cruciform layout to this day.

The cathedral school attached to the cathedral and run by the Würzburg cathedral chapter was one of the most important cathedral schools in the Holy Roman Empire in the Middle Ages, along with those of Liège and Worms.

The side aisles were remodeled in a late Gothic style around 1500. A baroque renovation began in 1627, and continued through the century. In particular, numerous pieces of valuable Baroque art were created for the Cathedral's altars. The stuccoist Pietro Magno decorated the cathedral in Baroque stucco work in 1701-04.

In 1721-34, Balthasar Neumann built the burial chapel for the Schönborn bishops, north of the transept. Around the foot of the eastern tower, he also added a Baroque vestry and Ornatkammer (1749).

Additional Romanesque Revival changes made to the western façade and towers in 1879-85 (see picture of the cathedral in 1904) were removed after 1946.

The Cathedral was heavily damaged in the bombing of Würzburg. Much of the interior was irreparably damaged. Large portions of the building, especially the nave, collapsed in the winter of 1946, almost a year after the bombing. Reconstruction was completed in 1967, in the course of which some Baroque components were removed in favour of a re-Romanisation. In particular, the collapsed nave was rebuilt unadorned, with a flat wooden roof, providing a marked contrast to the surviving baroque stucco in the rest of the building. Over the course of the renovation, the Romanesque Revival west front with its rose window, tripartite gallery, and clock niche were covered by a plain stone wall. The west front was once again revealed after a 2006 renovation. The choir was redesigned in 1988.

Description
With a length of 103 meters, the cathedral is thought to be the fourth largest Romanesque basilica in Germany.

Works of art
The cathedral contains numerous works of art, of which the following are of especial note:
 A series of tombs and epitaphs of bishops, including the monumental effigies of the prince-bishops Rudolf II von Scherenberg (1495) and Lorenz von Bibra (1519), both by Tilman Riemenschneider
 Schönborn Chapel by Balthasar Neumann and Maximilian von Welsch with the tombs of Johann Philipp von Schönborn, Lothar Franz von Schönborn, Johann Philipp Franz von Schönborn and Friedrich Karl von Schönborn
 Double crypt. The eastern part dates from 1040 and contains the tomb of Bruno. The western one (12th century) was demolished around 1700 but rebuilt after 1962. It features an old well, the tomb of Conrad of Querfurt and the oldest piece of art of the cathedral: a bearded face which may be Carolingean or even Merovingian in origin.
 Burial chapel/Sepulture: Like the chapter hall above, the Gothic structure was destroyed in the bombing raids but has been rebuilt. It now contains a cycle of stained glass by Georg Meistermann.
 Baptismal font (1279), by Meister Eckart of Worms
 Seven-armed candelabra (1981) by Andreas Moritz

Layout of the main level of the building

1. Trellis by Markus Gattinger (1750/52; outermost wings 1967,  “Menorah” by Andreas Moritz , 1981)
2. Gottfried of Spitzberg (d 1190)
3. Bishop Gottfried III von Hohenlohe (d 1322)
4. Bishop Manegold von Neuenburg (d 1303)
5. Bishop Otto II von Wolfskeel (d 1345; by the so-called Wolfskeel Master)
6. Three kings with the Madonna
7. Bishop Wolfram von Grumbach (d 1333)
8. Bishop Johann II von Brunn (d 1440)
9. Bishop Albrecht II von Hohenlohe (d 1372)
10. Bishop Gottfried IV Schenk von Limpurg (d 1455)
11. Bishop Rudolf von Scherenberg (d 1495; by Tilman Riemenschneider)
12. Bishop Melchior Zobel von Giebelstadt (d 1558; by Peter Dell the Younger)
13. Bishop Lorenz von Bibra (d 1519; by Tilman Riemenschneider)
14. Bishop Friedrich von Wirsberg (d 1573)
15. Bishop Julius Echter von Mespelbrunn (d 1617; by Nikolaus Lenkhart)
16. Chancel
17. Bishop Johann Gottfried von Aschhausen (d 1622)
18. Ferdinand von Schlör (d 1924)
19. Choir and apse in stucco relief
20. North transept altar and Provost's Altar (by Pietro Magno 1704)
21. Provost Faust Franz Ludwig von Stromberg (d 1673; by Johann Philipp Preiss)
22. Portal to the sacristy
23. Bishop Gerhard von Schwarzburg (d 1400)
24. Lothar Franz von Schönborn (d 1729)
25. Altar of Mary Magdalene
26. Johann Philipp Franz von Schönborn (d 1724)
27. Fresco of the Resurrection (by Byss)
28. Door to the Schönborn Chapel, with angel (by Curé)
29. Bishop Friedrich Karl von Schönborn-Buchheim (d 1746)
30. Altar of the Pietà
31. Bishop Johann Philipp von Schönborn, also Archbishop of Mainz and Bishop of Worms  (d 1673)
32. Bishop Conrad von Bibra (d 1544; by Peter Dell the Elder)
33. Altar of Our Lady
34. Dean Johann Konrad Kottwitz von Aulenbach (d 1610; by Zacharias Juncker)
35. Crypt entrance and exit
36. Bishop Konrad von Thüngen (d 1540; bronze plate)
37. Bishop Conrad von Bibra (d 1544; bronze plate)
38. Bishop Lorenz von Bibra (d 1519; bronze plate, by Hans Vischer and Peter Vischer the Elder)
39. Erasmus Neustetter known as Stürmer (d 1594; bronze plate)
40. Johann Philipp Fuchs von Dornheim (d 1727; bronze plate)
41. Richard von der Kere (d 1583; bronze plate)
42. Albrecht von Bibra, dean of the cathedral chapter (d 1511; bronze plate)
43. Gg. von Giech (d 1501; bronze plate)
44. Philipp Adolf von Ehrenberg (d 1631; bronze plate)
45. Bishop Franz Ludwig von Erthal (d 1795)
46. Gg. Anton von Stahl (d 1870)
47. Johann Valentin Reissmann (d 1875)
48. Franz Josef von Stein (d 1909)
49. Adam Friedrich Gross von Trockau (d 1840)
50. Georg Karl von Fechenbach (d 1808)
51. Bishop Christoph Franz von Hutten (d 1729)
52. Mural of Saints Felix, Regula and Exuberantius
53. Bishop Adam Friedrich von Seinsheim (d 1779)
54. Peter von Aufsess (d 1522; bronze plate)
55. Johann von Guttenberg (d 1538; bronze plate)
56. Erasmus Neustetter known as Stürmer (d 1594; bronze plate)
57. Johann Konrad Kottwitz von Aulenbach (d 1610; bronze plate)
58. Bishop Melchior Zobel von Giebelstadt (d 1558; bronze plate)
59. Bishop Friedrich von Wirsberg (d 1573; bronze plate)
60. Bishop Julius Echter von Mespelbrunn (d 1617; bronze plate)
61. The Death of Mary (sculptural group)
62. Neithart von Thüngen, Bishop of Bamberg and Provost of Würzburg (d 1598; by Hans Juncker)
63. Apostles' Altar (three statues by Tilman Riemenschneider 1502/06)
64. Bishop Konrad II von Thüngen (d 1540; by Loy Hering)
65. Moritz von Hutten (d 1552)
66. Dean's Altar (by Pietro Magno)
67. Georg Heinrich von Stadion (d 1716)
68. Bernhard von Solms (Lich) (d 1553)
69. Doorway to cloister
70. Heinrich Truchsess von Wetzhausen (d 1548)
71. Jakob Baur von Eiseneck (d 1621)
72. Paul Truchsess von Wetzhausen-Unsleben (d 1528)
73. Burial chapel
74. Jakob Fuchs von Wonfurt (d 1558)
75. Heinrich von Seinsheim (d 1360)
76. Ebbo (?) (10th century)
77. Master of the cathedral school (late Gothic)
78. Crucifixion Group (1763)
79. Friedrich von Brandenburg (d 1536)
80. Old cathedral school gate 1565
81. Saint Kilian (1720, by Esterbauer)
82. Wall painting fragments of Christ and Mary, and of Mary and Saint John the Evangelist
83. Door to the cloister and two late Gothic coats of arms (Scherenberg and Grumbach)
84. Johann von Grumbach (d 1466)
85. Johann von Egloffstein (d 1411)
86. Johann Vitus von Würtzburg (d 1756; bronze plate)
87. Vitus Gottfried von Wernau (d 1649; bronze plate)
88. Sebastian Echter von Mespelbrunn (brother of bishop; d 1575)
89. Martin von der Kere (d 1507; bronze relief), and Konrad Friedrich von Thüngen (d 1629; bronze relief)
90. Pillar of Jachin, 11th century
91. Pillar of Booz, 11th century
92. Bronze baptismal font by Master Eckard of Worms, 1279
93. Pietà (c. 1410)
94. Heraldic fragment of gravestone of Provost Daniel von Stibar (d 1555)
95. Gravestone of Johann Philipp Echter von Mespelbrunn (d 1665)
96. Fragment of gravestone of Lorenz Truchsess von Pommersfelden (d 1543)
97. Dean Franz Christ. von Rosenbach (d 1687; by Sebastian Betz)
98. Johann Philipp Ludwig Ignaz von Franckenstein (d 1780; by Franz Martin Mutschele)
99. Saint John the Evangelist (by Tilman Riemenschneider)
100. Coat-of-arms of the Elector Johann Philipp von Schönborn (d 1673)
101. Grave of Tilman Riemenschneider (copy of original tombstone)

Organs
The main organ was built in 1969 by the organ builders Klais. There is a second organ for the choir, and a third is planned for 2010.

Bells
The cathedral today has 20 bells, with a total combined weight of 26 tons.

The largest is the Salvator Bell with a diameter of 2.3 m and weighing in at 10 tons. Of the old bells only the Lobdeburg Bell, by Cunradus Citewar of Würzburg, the most prominent bellfounder of his time, dates from 1257. Because it was taken down in 1933 and stored in the crypt, it is the only ancient bell of the cathedral to have survived the firestorm caused by the bombing of 16 March 1945. It now hangs in the south-west tower and is rung every Friday at 3:00 p.m., to mark the hour of the death of Jesus Christ.

All the other bells melted and the liquid metal ran down into the basement of the towers, where the stored cathedral treasure was destroyed.

Würzburg Synod

Between 1971 and 1975 the Würzburg Synod convened in the cathedral at the wish of Cardinal Döpfner, to determine the application of the Second Vatican Council to Germany.

Images

References

 Kuhn, Rudolf, 1968: Großer Führer durch Würzburgs Dom und Neumünster: mit Neumünster-Kreuzgang und Walthergrab
 Der Dom zu Würzburg (English Edition) Schnell, Art Guide No 232 (of 1982); Second English edition 1991, Verlag Schnell & Steiner GMBH, Munich and Zurich

External links

 Official Website
 Music in Würzburg Cathedral
 Würzburg Diocesan website: information on the cathedral bells

Roman Catholic cathedrals in Bavaria
Cathedral
Romanesque architecture in Germany
W


The Horn is the most prominent peak on the Mount Buffalo plateau in Victoria, Australia. The Horn has an elevation of  AHD.

Found on the west side of the Victorian Alps (part of the Australian Alps and the Great Dividing Range), the top of the mountain has granite boulders and rock formations.

A walking track leads to the top of The Horn.

History
Aboriginal people made summer ascents to Mount Buffalo to gather and feast on the protein-rich Bogong Moth that cluster in rock crevices, and also to meet and hold ceremonies.
The Mount Buffalo plateau was named in 1824 by the explorers, Hume and Hovell, because of its supposed resemblance to a buffalo.

See also

Alpine National Park
List of mountains in Victoria

External links
 Mount Buffalo National Park

References

Mountains of Victoria (state)
Victorian Alps
Mountains of Hume (region)


Ulmus Sapporo Gold 2 ()  is an elm cultivar raised by the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation (WARF), United States, but only registered and released to commerce in Europe.

Description
Very vigorous and rather unruly, maintaining a clean stem has proven difficult, effectively disqualifying 'Sapporo Gold' for street use, consequently it is now promoted primarily as a hedgerow tree. The foliage is similar to 'Sapporo Autumn Gold', which has the same parentage.

Pests and diseases
'Sapporo Gold 2' () has a high resistance to Dutch elm disease.

Cultivation
The tree was registered in 1990 as 'Sapporo Gold 2' () and has been marketed by , as a hedging plant ever since.

Accessions

Europe
Sir Harold Hillier Gardens, Ampfield, Hampshire, UK. Acc. no. 1991.0891 (listed simply as 'Resista'), single tree planted in Crookhill Field (CK 130), 6.6 m high, 19.0 cm d.b.h. in 2005.

Nurseries
André Briant Jeunes Plants , Saint-Barthélemy-d'Anjou, France
Pepinieres Minier , les Fontaines de l'Aunay, France

References

Hybrid elm cultivar
Ulmus articles missing images
Ulmus


Fernando Vicente was the defending champion but lost in the first round to Mariano Zabaleta.

Guillermo Cañas won in the final 7–5, 6–2 against Tommy Robredo.

Seeds

  Fernando Vicente (first round)
  Mariano Puerta (first round)
  Rainer Schüttler (first round)
  Andreas Vinciguerra (first round)
  Álex Calatrava (second round)
  Younes El Aynaoui (semifinals)
  Arnaud di Pasquale (first round)
  Marc Rosset (withdrew)

Draw

Finals

Top half

Bottom half

External links
 2001 Grand Prix Hassan II Draw

Singles
- Singles, 2001 Grand Prix Hassan Ii


The 127th Pennsylvania House of Representatives District is located in Berks County and includes the following areas:

 Kenhorst
 Reading (PART)
 Ward 01
 Ward 02
 Ward 03
 Ward 04
 Ward 05
 Ward 06 [PART, Division 01]
 Ward 07
 Ward 08
 Ward 09
 Ward 10
 Ward 11
 Ward 12
 Ward 13
 Ward 14 [PART, Divisions 01, 04 and 05]
 Ward 15 [PART, Division 01]
 Ward 16
 Ward 17 [PART, Divisions 01 and 02]
 Ward 18 [PART, Divisions 02 and 03]

Representatives

References

Government of Berks County, Pennsylvania
127


Wang is a musical (the sheet music indicates "comic opera") with music by Woolson Morse and book and lyrics by J. Cheever Goodwin. It was first produced in New York in 1891 by DeWolf Hopper and his company and featured Della Fox.

The show mixed comic opera material with burlesque and was set in Siam. The music does not have "Oriental" color, except for the title character's first entrance – on a "full scale imitation elephant" – and the wedding and coronation marches. The show was termed an "operatic burletta" because of the burlesque convention of having Fox wearing tights.

Production history
Wang premiered at the now-demolished Broadway Theatre, New York City, on May 4, 1891 and closed on October 3, 1891 after 151 performances. The cast featured Helen Beresford as Nannette, Della Fox as Mataya, DeWolf Hopper as Wang, Samuel Reed as Colonel Fracasse, Alfred Klein as Pepat, and Marion Singer as La Veuve Frimousse. A full-scale imitation elephant was built by Edward Siedle for Hopper to ride on during "The Man With an Elephant On His Hands."

The show was revived at the Lyric Theatre, running from April 18, 1904 through June 4, 1904, for 57 performances. The production was produced and directed by Sam S. Shubert and again starred Hopper and Singer, with Madge Lessing as Mataya.

Songs
The songs in Wang (according to the published music, which varies from the song list shown at the Internet Broadway Database listing for the 1891 production) are:

A Pretty Girl, A Summer Night – Mataya
Are Then The Vows –
Ask the Man in the Moon – Wang, Mataya and Colonel Fracasse
Baby, Baby, Dance My Darling Baby
Eminent Regent Wang – Wang and Chorus
Every Rose Must Have Its Thorn
If You Love Me As I Love You? (duet) – Wang and La Veuve Frimousse
Kissing Quartet
The Man With an Elephant On His Hands – Wang
Mary! Mary! Why So Contrary? – Gillette and Girls
No Matter What Others May Say (trio)
To Be a Lone Widow – La Veuve Frimousse
Where Are You Going My Pretty Maid? (duet) – Mataya and Marie

The song "The Man with an Elephant on his Hands" was later adapted into an unlicensed and short-lived 1905 comic strip series by Everrett E. Lowry.

References

External links

Sheet music for A Pretty Girl, A Summer Night
Internet Broadway Database listing, 1891 production
Internet Broadway Database listing, 1904 production

1891 musicals
Musicals set in Thailand
American musicals


Jaume Duch Guillot, born 4 February 1962 in Barcelona, Spain, is the spokesperson of the European Parliament and the Director-General of Communication of the institution, a position he assumed in February 2017 after more than a decade as the Media Director.

Function
As the spokesperson of the European Parliament Duch Guillot responds to media inquiries, namely by the accredited Brussels-based correspondents, on matters relating to the European Parliament as an institution. In this capacity he regularly chairs press briefings on the activities of Parliament's plenary meetings and supports the Parliament's President in his relations with the media at different occasions.

Since February 2017, he is also the Director-General for Communication at the European Parliament. He is in charge of the Media Directorate – which includes the press service, the online communication unit, audiovisual services and the online television 'EuroparlTV'-, the Citizens' Relations Directorate and the information offices of the European Parliament in the Member States.

Biographical Information
Before becoming spokesperson and director, Duch Guillot was head of the Media Directorate (2006–2017), the press room unit (1999–2006) and press adviser with the private office of the then President of the European Parliament José Maria Gil-Robles (1997–1999).

He started his career within the Parliament administration as an official in 1990, prior to which he was an assistant to a Member of the European Parliament (1987–1989) from a Catalan party and associate professor for international public law and European law at the University of Barcelona (1986–1990). He holds a Master in law from the University of Barcelona.

In July 2006, he held the post of Media Director and spokesman for the European Parliament, firstly on an interim basis and since July 2008 as a permanent position.

In February 2017, he was appointed Director General of Communication of the European Parliament, a charge that he combines with being the spokesman.

Duch Guillot speaks Spanish, Catalan, English, French and Italian. He is married with three children and lives in Brussels. He has published various articles on matters related to the EU and communication.

Since June 2014 he is a member of the Advisory Board of Jean Monnet Fondation, based in Lausanne (Switzerland).

That same year he received the "Best Spokesperson Award", awarded by the Catalan Journalists' Association.

In December 2016 he was awarded by Aquí Europa, a Spanish publication specializing in information on the European Union, in the category of "Distinguished Spanish personality in communication that has promoted the European project".

References

External links
 "The media like drama, the EU cannot deliver it" (Portrait of Duch Guillot produced during the European Youth Media Days)

1962 births
Living people
European Parliament


St. Werburgh's Church is a Church of Ireland church building in Dublin, Ireland. The original church on this site was built in 1178, shortly after the arrival of the Anglo-Normans in the town. It was named after St. Werburgh, abbess of Ely and patron saint of Chester. The current building was constructed in 1719. It is located in Werburgh Street, close to Dublin Castle.

The church

In Celtic and Danish times, the parish was dedicated to St. Martin of Tours; the church stood near the south end of Werburgh Street. After St. Werburgh's Church was constructed it was much frequented by Bristol men, who were amongst the earliest settlers in Dublin. It contained chapels in honour of Our Lady, St. Martin and St. Catherine.

The original church was burned down in 1311 (along with much of the city) and was rebuilt. From the time of Archbishop Henry de Loundres (died 1228), St. Werburgh's was appropriated to the Chancellor of St. Patrick's. By 1559 the nearby church of St. Mary del Dam on Dame Street was closed and its parish incorporated into that of St. Werburgh's. Dublin Castle fell within the bounds of the merged parishes.

The Church of Ireland Primate – James Ussher was appointed to this church in 1607, and Edward Wetenhall, afterwards Bishop of Kilmore, author of the well-known Greek and Latin Grammars, was curate here. Swift's friend, Dr. Patrick Delany (1685–1768), was rector of the parish in 1730.

During the 17th century conflicts erupted between the parish of St. Werburgh and that of nearby St. John the Evangelist (located in Fishamble Street) over parish boundaries. Each vestry wanted houses to levy rates on. The contested houses were in Copper Alley and those around Essex Gate and Essex Bridge.

The church needed replacement by the end of the seventeenth century. An act of 1715 which passed through the Irish Parliament appointed commissioners for building a new church. Colonel Thomas Burgh, M.P. for Naas, Surveyor-General for Public Buildings, was entrusted with the erection of the new structure. This was completed, so far as to admit the celebration of divine service, in 1719, at a cost of £8,000. However, it was damaged by fire in 1754 and did not re-open until 1759. The present interior dates from this time, and was designed by John Smyth.

Perhaps it is because of this that the area's fire engines used to be stored in the church porch; the church today holds the oldest surviving fire appliances in the city.

In the eighteenth century, St. Werburgh's came into vogue as the parish church of the British Lord Lieutenant and his entourage, where he had his own Viceregal pew inserted in 1767. In fact the pew register for this church lists many of the persons prominent in Dublin public life in this century. Around the same time, John Smith (or Smyth) was the architect of an upper gallery for schoolchildren.  The tower and spire were added the following year.  The spire was removed around 1810 by the Castle authorities as a security measure, as it overlooked the Castle yard. They used as an excuse that the tower was unsafe (whereupon the architect Francis Johnston offered to make it safe, but was rejected); the tower was felled twenty-six years later.

The interior of the church was re-modelled in 1877 by the architect William Welland, when the parish was united with that of St. John the Evangelist.

The parish
The parish corresponds with the civil parish of the same name.

The Organ
In the year 1754, an accidental fire was started within the church which left nothing except the stonework and bells. Sir Philip Hoey, a clergyman attached at one time to St Werburgh's church, left a sum of money to purchase an organ. It was built by Millars of College Street and was first publicly performed in June 1768.

On 3 May 1787, a commemoration of Handel was performed in St. Werburgh's Church by amateurs of the highest distinction, including Sir Hercules Langrishe, Baron Dillon, Surgeon Neale, Lady Portarlington and Mrs. Stopford.

The present organ was first built by the local eighteenth-century organ builder Ferdinand Weber and restored by Telford and Telford around 1870 within the case of the organ originally installed.

The instrument comprises two manuals and pedals, with mechanical action throughout, and a total of fifteen stops, with one further stop prepared for but never inserted. The gilded front pipes and a number of the internal pipes are of eighteenth-century origin. The manual keyboards of the normal compass, and 56 notes, but the pedals are of a transitional mid-nineteenth-century design featuring only 25 notes.

The organ still contains a space for individuals to pump the bellows of the organ, a practice which was necessary before the widespread electrification of the instrument in the 1960s. This space contains a number of historical pieces of graffiti. George Frideric Handel used this instrument for the rehearsal of his work Messiah which premiered in the Great Music Hall, Fishamble Street.

Clergy and Notable parishioners
John Field, composer and pianist was baptized in this church on 5 September 1782.

Rev. J.H. Mason Chancellor of St. Patrick's was rector of St. Werburghs.

There is a collection of parish deeds from the parish of St. Werburgh dating from 1317 to 1662, listing property owners in the parish. They were catalogued by the Royal Irish Academy between 1916 and 1919.

Burials
There was a churchyard next to the church used for hundreds of years and beneath the church are twenty-seven vaults.

Nicholas Sutton, the Attorney General for Ireland, was buried here in 1478; his family had lived on Werburgh Street for several generations.

William Hilton, High Court judge and Member of Parliament, and his wife Anne Ussher, were buried here within a short time of each other in 1651.

Peter Palmer, second justice of the Court of Common Pleas (Ireland), was buried here in 1621.

Robert Sibthorp,  Bishop of Limerick was buried here in 1649.

Sir James Ware (1594–1666), historian, was buried here in December 1666.

Lord Edward Fitzgerald, commander-in-chief of the United Irishmen was buried in the vaults of this church on 5 June 1798, while his captor, Major Sirr, was buried in the churchyard in 1841.

Gallery

References and sources
Notes

Sources

External links
 Archiseek site - with images

Dublin Werburgh
Dublin Werburgh
Church of Ireland churches in Dublin (city)
Burial sites of the FitzGerald dynasty
Civil parishes of County Dublin


Noctua orbona, the lunar yellow underwing, is a moth of the family Noctuoidea. It is found in the Palearctic.

Distribution

North Africa (Morocco and Libya), western, central and southern Europe. In the north to Scotland, southern Norway, central Sweden and southern Finland. From the Baltic states across through Russia to the Urals. In Asia, the southern records extend from Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq and questionably to Iran, Afghanistan and northern India. The distribution area in the East Palearctic includes Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan.

The wingspan is 38–45 mm. Forewings with weakly pronounced lines, the colour is leather yellowish brown to reddish brown, often obscured at the margin. It resembles Noctua comes but has a constant and characteristic ink black spot on the costa near the apex of the forewing. In the overall impression a broad-winged species. Central European populations on average smaller than Noctua comes.

The moth flies from June to September depending on the location.

The hemispherical egg has a flattened base. It is initially whitish and turns orange shortly before the hatching of the larva. The surface is ribbed.

The colouration of the caterpillar varies from ochre yellow to brown-grey. It has three whitish dorsal lines. Between the dorsal lines, a black, elongated spot is developed on each segment. The caterpillar is lighter coloured on the sides with a wide reddish grey lateral stripe. A black, yellow-lined spot is present on the after shield. The brownish head has a fine mesh pattern and two dark arc stripes. The pronotum is also brownish and shows three bright longitudinal lines. The pupa is glossy brown to brown-red.

The larvae feed on various herbaceous plants and grasses.

External links
Lunar yellow underwing, at UKMoths
Lepiforum
Noctua comes, at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
Fauna Europaea

Noctua (moth)
Moths of Europe
Moths of the Middle East
Palearctic Lepidoptera
Moths described in 1766
Taxa named by Johann Siegfried Hufnagel


The Carmen Campidoctoris ("Song of the Campeador") is an anonymous medieval Latin epic poem, consisting of 32 accentual-syllabic Sapphic stanzas, for a total of 128 lines, with one line from an unfinished thirty-third. It is the earliest poem about the Spanish folk hero El Cid Campeador, and was found in the monastery of Santa Maria de Ripoll in the 17th century, after which it was transferred to the Bibliothèque nationale de France where it currently resides as manuscript lat. 5132.

Content
Subjectwise, the poem is a narrative of three of El Cid's victories: over an unknown Navarrese champion, over count García Ordóñez de Cabra, and finally over the Berenguer Ramon II, Count of Barcelona. The poem begins conventionally, with the poet confessing his unworthiness to sing of such a hero as El Cid, and moves quickly through his subject's youth, his early triumph over the champion from Navarre, and his loyal service to Sancho II of Castile and Alfonso VI of León. The anonymous poet blames the Cid's subsequent exile from court on certain enemies who turn the king against him. But the Cid is victorious over the army of García Ordóñez that Alfonso sent against him. The poet then describes, in great detail, a description of the Cid arming himself for battle against the Count of Barcelona, at Almenar near Lérida. The poem ends abruptly, obviously incomplete, before the battle.

The description of the Cid's weapons, the earliest in the literature, contains references to chainmail, a silver-plated helm with a golden gem on it, a lance, an anonymous sword with golden ornamentation (which may be Tizona, based on the description), and a shield depicting a "fierce shining golden dragon" (which is the only surviving description of the Cid's shield).

The Carmen also contains the earliest description of the Cid's ancestry, describing him as Nobiliori de genere ortus / Quod in Castello non est illo maius: "He sprung from a more noble family, there is none older than it in Castile." R. A. Fletcher suggests this is a discreet way of saying that the Cid's ancestors were not among the most noble, just nobler than some.

Date and authorship
The author of the Carmen was a good Latinist writing, to judge from his classical allusions, for a learned audience, probably at Ripoll. The hymn-like rhythm and rhyme strongly suggests that it was designed for public recitation. Scholars have dated the poem as early as 1083 (after the battle of Almenar in 1082) and as late as c.1100.

The motive of a Catalan monk in writing about a Castilian hero has been explained by the date of 1083 and the politics of Catalonia at that time. Since 1076 the brothers Berenguer Ramon II and Ramon Berenguer II had been trying to rule Catalonia jointly in accordance with their late father's wishes. This had proved unworkable and two divisions of the realm (1079 and 1080) had granted the Diocese of Vic, in which lay Ripoll, to Ramon Berenguer. The bishop of Vic, Berenguer Sunifred de Lluçà, was among Ramon's supporters. The Carmen was probably written by supporters of Ramon to celebrate his brother's defeat at the hands of the Cid, on the eve of civil war in Catalonia.

The Late Latin title campi doctor or campi doctus (literally "teacher of the [military] field"), rendered campeador in Castilian Romance, is first applied to the Cid by the anonymous author of the Carmen, and it may be his literary invention. The library of Ripoll may have contained references to the obscure fourth- and fifth-century Roman military usage. It is not known how the term, which originally indicated a "regimental drill-instructor", came to currency in eleventh-century Spain, with a meaning like "armiger".

Extracts

References
Barton, Simon. 1997. The Aristocracy in Twelfth-Century León and Castile. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Fletcher, Richard A. 1989. The Quest for El Cid. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. .
Menéndez Pidal, Ramón. 1956. La España del Cid. Madrid: Espasa Calpe.
Reilly, Bernard F. 1988. The Kingdom of León-Castilla under King Alfonso VI, 1065–1109. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Notes

Epic poems in Latin
Medieval Latin poetry
El Cid


Phillip M. Sterner (born 1960) is a Minnesota politician, DFL Party member and former member of the Minnesota House of Representatives who represented State Senate District 37B, which included portions of Dakota County in the southeastern Twin Cities metropolitan area.

After the retirement announcement of long-time Republican Rep. Dennis Ozment, Sterner ran for and won the November 4, 2008, general election, defeating Republican Judy Lindsay. He was subsequently unseated by Republican Kurt Bills in the November 2, 2010, general election.

Sterner is the owner of an insurance business in Apple Valley and has served on the Rosemount City Council. He and his children have attended ISD 196 public schools.

Sterner's priorities while in office included job growth, reduction in property taxes, support for education, and making health care more effective and more affordable.

References

External links

Democratic Party members of the Minnesota House of Representatives
1960 births
Living people
People from Burnsville, Minnesota
21st-century American politicians


Xu Zheng is the name of:

Xu Zheng (Eastern Wu) ( 3rd century), Eastern Wu official and author of the Three Five Historic Records
Xu Zheng (actor) (born 1972), Chinese actor and filmmaker
Xu Zheng (baseball) (born 1981), Chinese baseball player


Ahmad Tejan Sillah, Sierra Leonean imam
Foday Sillah (born 1974) Sierra Leonean sprinter
Mohamed Sillah, Sierra Leonean politician
Mohamed Sillah (footballer) (born 1983), Sierra Leonean footballer
Sadiq Sillah (born 1969), Sierra Leonean politician

See also
Scilla (name)
Scylla (disambiguation)
Silla (name)
Sylla


Fugue is a cryptographic hash function submitted by IBM to the NIST hash function competition. It was designed by Shai Halevi, William E. Hall, and Charanjit S. Jutla. Fugue takes an arbitrary-length message and compresses it down to a fixed bit-length (either 224, 256, 384 or 512 bits). The hash functions for the different output lengths are called Fugue-224, Fugue-256, Fugue-384 and Fugue-512. The authors also describe a parametrized version of Fugue. A weak version of Fugue-256 is also described using this parameterized version.

The selling point of Fugue is the authors' claimed proof that a wide range of current attack strategies based on differential cryptanalysis cannot be efficient against Fugue.  It is also claimed to be competitive with the NIST hash function SHA-256 in both software and hardware efficiency, achieving up to 36.2 cycles per byte on an Intel Family 6 Model 15 Xeon 5150, and up to 25 cycles per byte on an Intel Core 2 processor T7700. On 45 nm Core2 processors, e.g. T9400, Fugue-256 runs at 16 cycles per byte using SSE4.1 instructions. On the newer Westmere architectures (32 nm), e.g. Core i5, Fugue-256 runs at 14 cycles/byte.

Fugue's design starts from the hash function Grindahl, and like Grindahl uses the S-box from AES, but it replaces the 4×4 column mixing matrix with a 16×16 "super-mix" operation which greatly improves diffusion. The "super-mix" operation is, however, only slightly more computationally expensive to implement than the AES mixing strategy.

SuperMix

The 224 and 256 bit variants of Fugue work with a state which can be represented in 4 by 30 matrix of unsigned bytes, whereas the 384 and 512 bit variants work with a 4 by 36 byte matrix. Operations can be performed in-place on this state.

The core of the algorithm, known as the "SuperMix transformation", takes 4×4 matrix as input and returns a new 4x4 matrix. The input to SuperMix is simply the first four columns of the current 30-column state and the output is used to replace this same state area (i.e. SuperMix affects only the 4x4 matrix at the head of the state).

The SuperMix function can be defined as:

where:

;
 is a 4x4 matrix of bytes (i.e. the matrix after the S-box substitution of the input); and
 is the transpose of M.

The transformation  takes a 4x4 matrix, and rotates the -th row to the left by  bytes, i.e.

Fugue 2.0
Fugue 2.0 is a tweak of original Fugue, which runs at about twice the speed of Fugue for 256-bit output. The designers claim advanced proofs of resistance to differential collision attacks for this improved version.
A complete specification can be found at the link below.

External links
The Hash Function Fugue

NIST hash function competition


The 128th Pennsylvania House of Representatives District is located in Berks County and Lancaster County and includes the following areas:

Berks County
 Brecknock Township
 Caernarvon Township
 Cumru Township
 Exeter Township (PART, Precincts 03 and 07)
 Mohnton
 New Morgan
Berks County (continued)
 Robeson Township
 Shillington
 Wyomissing
 Lancaster County
 Brecknock Township

Representatives

References

Government of Berks County, Pennsylvania
Government of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
128


Cranworth is a village and civil parish in the Breckland district of the English county of Norfolk.

History
Cranworth's name is of Anglo-Saxon origin and derives from the Old English for an enclosed part of land with cranes and herons.

In the Domesday Book, Cranworth is recorded as a settlement of 42 households located in the hundred of Mitford. In 1086, the village formed part of the estates of King William.

Geography
According to the 2011 Census, Cranworth has a population of 419 residents living in 175 households.

Cranworth falls within the constituency of South West Norfolk and is represented at Parliament by Liz Truss MP of the Conservative Party.

St. Mary's Church
Cranworth's parish church is of Norman origin and is dedicated to Saint Mary. The interior of the church is almost exclusively Victorian and the font dates from the Fourteenth Century.

Notable residents
 Robert Rolfe, 1st Baron Cranworth- British lawyer and politician

War memorial
Cranworth's war memorial takes the form of a cuboid stone column topped with a stone carving of an angel of victory. The memorial is located in St. Mary's Churchyard and lists the following names for the First World War:
 Lance-Corporal Robert R. Tuttle (1892-1916), 1st Battalion, Royal Norfolk Regiment
 Driver William F. Lyon (1894-1919), Royal Army Service Corps att. 4th Cavalry Division
 Private Victor T. Edwards (d.1916), 8th Battalion, Border Regiment
 Private Ernest W. Graves (1880-1918), 6th Battalion, Royal East Kent Regiment
 Private Frederick J. Green (1899-1918), 61st Battalion, Machine Gun Corps
 Private John Hagan (d.1916), 2nd Battalion, Royal Norfolk Regiment
 Private Lionel W. Green (1897-1917), 1/5th Battalion, Royal Norfolk Regiment
 Private Sidney Hipkin (d.1918), 9th Battalion, Royal Norfolk Regiment
 Private Bartlett J. Hart (1894-1917), 1st Battalion, Queen's Royal Regiment
 Private Frederick C. Ward (d.1918), 1st Battalion, Queen's Royal Regiment
 Johnathan Berry
 Frederic S. Sidell

And, the following for the Second World War:
 Able-Seaman Geoffrey G. Ebbage (1923-1941), HMS Calcutta
 Private George Graves (1920-1940), 2nd Battalion, Durham Light Infantry
 Albert Clarke
 Robert Harris

References

External links

Villages in Norfolk
Civil parishes in Norfolk
Breckland District


Skellefteå FF is a football club based in Skellefteå, Västerbotten, Sweden. The club was founded in 1921, and was then called Skellefteå AIK Fotboll, a name it kept until 2006. In the 2015 season, the club plays in the Division 2 Norrland league.

Background
The name Skellefteå AIK Football was changed to Skellefteå Förenade Fotbollsföreningar in January 2006. The background is a project that was initiated in 2005 to establish a football team as high up the Swedish football league system as possible. The Sunnanå SK, Morön BK and Skellefteå AIK clubs are included in the project.

Skelleftea FF's A-team has brought together the best players from the various member clubs. In 2009 the club played in the Division 1 Norra for the first time but unfortunately finished bottom of the table and were relegated back to Division 2 Norrland.

The club is affiliated to the Västerbottens Fotbollförbund.

Season to season

Footnotes

External links
 ]

Football clubs in Västerbotten County
Sport in Skellefteå
Association football clubs established in 1921
1921 establishments in Sweden


In statistical mechanics, the eight-vertex model is a generalisation of the ice-type (six-vertex) models; it was discussed by Sutherland, and Fan & Wu, and solved by Baxter in the zero-field case.

Description

As with the ice-type models, the eight-vertex model is a square lattice model, where each state is a configuration of arrows at a vertex. The allowed vertices have an even number of arrows pointing towards the vertex; these include the six inherited from the ice-type model (1-6), and sinks and sources (7, 8).

We consider a  lattice, with  vertices and  edges. Imposing periodic boundary conditions requires that the states 7 and 8 occur equally often, as do states 5 and 6, and thus can be taken to have the same energy. For the zero-field case the same is true for the two other pairs of states. Each vertex  has an associated energy  and Boltzmann weight , giving the partition function over the lattice as

where the summation is over all allowed configurations of vertices in the lattice. In this general form the partition function remains unsolved.

Solution in the zero-field case

The zero-field case of the model corresponds physically to the absence of external electric fields. Hence, the model remains unchanged under the reversal of all arrows; the states 1 and 2, and 3 and 4, consequently must occur as pairs. The vertices can be assigned arbitrary weights

The solution is based on the observation that rows in transfer matrices commute, for a certain parametrisation of these four Boltzmann weights. This came about as a modification of an alternate solution for the six-vertex model; it makes use of elliptic theta functions.

Commuting transfer matrices

The proof relies on the fact that when  and , for quantities

the transfer matrices  and  (associated with the weights , , ,  and , , , ) commute. Using the star-triangle relation, Baxter reformulated this condition as equivalent to a parametrisation of the weights given as

for fixed modulus  and  and variable . Here snh is the hyperbolic analogue of sn, given by

and  and  are Theta functions of modulus . The associated transfer matrix  thus is a function of  alone; for all ,

The matrix function

The other crucial part of the solution is the existence of a nonsingular matrix-valued function , such that for all complex  the matrices  commute with each other and the transfer matrices, and satisfy

where

The existence and commutation relations of such a function are demonstrated by considering pair propagations through a vertex, and periodicity relations of the theta functions, in a similar way to the six-vertex model.

Explicit solution

The commutation of matrices in () allow them to be diagonalised, and thus eigenvalues can be found. The partition function is calculated from the maximal eigenvalue, resulting in a free energy per site of

for

where  and  are the complete elliptic integrals of moduli  and .
The eight vertex model was also solved in quasicrystals.

Equivalence with an Ising model

There is a natural correspondence between the eight-vertex model, and the Ising model with 2-spin and 4-spin nearest neighbour interactions. The states of this model are spins  on faces of a square lattice. The analogue of 'edges' in the eight-vertex model are products of spins on adjacent faces:

The most general form of the energy for this model is

where , , ,  describe the horizontal, vertical and two diagonal 2-spin interactions, and  describes the 4-spin interaction between four faces at a vertex; the sum is over the whole lattice.

We denote horizontal and vertical spins (arrows on edges) in the eight-vertex model ,  respectively, and define up and right as positive directions. The restriction on vertex states is that the product of four edges at a vertex is 1; this automatically holds for Ising 'edges'. Each  configuration then corresponds to a unique  ,  configuration, whereas each  ,  configuration gives two choices of  configurations.

Equating general forms of Boltzmann weights for each vertex , the following relations between the  and , , , ,  define the correspondence between the lattice models:

It follows that in the zero-field case of the eight-vertex model, the horizontal and vertical interactions in the corresponding Ising model vanish.

These relations gives the equivalence  between the partition functions of the eight-vertex model, and the 2,4-spin Ising model. Consequently a solution in either model would lead immediately to a solution in the other.

See also
Six-vertex model
Transfer-matrix method
Ising model

Notes

References

Exactly solvable models
Statistical mechanics
Lattice models


Umedalens IF a sports club in Umeå, Sweden formed on 12 January 1935 by the merger of Grubbs NS and Backens SK. Gunnar Lindahl was elected president. On 21 January 1935, the decision was taken to be a member of the Swedish Sports Confederation, the Swedish Ski Association, the Swedish Gymnastics Federation and the Swedish Football Association.

The football team of Umedalens IF currently plays in Division 2 Norrland. The club is affiliated to the Västerbottens Fotbollförbund.

Season to season

Attendances

In recent seasons Umedalens IF have had the following average attendances:

Players 2013

References

External links
Umedalens IF Official Website
Umedalens IF – Div 2 Norrland

Sport in Umeå
Football clubs in Västerbotten County
Association football clubs established in 1935
1935 establishments in Sweden


The North Carolina Barbecue Society (NCBS) is a non-profit organization created to promote North Carolina culture and food.  They are based in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States,  One of the goals of the organization is to promote barbecue related cultural events such as the Tar Heel Barbecue Classic and the Lexington Barbecue Festival, as well as promote the barbecue culture of North Carolina.

Mission
According to the official website, "The mission of the North Carolina Barbecue Society (NCBS) is to preserve North Carolina’s barbecue history and culture and to secure North Carolina’s rightful place as the Barbecue Capital of the World."  A less formal and more commonly heard motto is "to cook and eat barbecue as often as possible, preferably in the company of good friends and to promote the Old North State as the Cradle of 'Cue."

History
The organization was founded in 2006.  The president of the organization is founder Jim Early, attorney and author of the self-published book The Best Tar Heel Barbecue: Manteo to Murphy, which is a review of all the restaurants on the "Historic Barbecue Trail", which links 25 barbecue establishments in 21 locales across the state.
The organization has three, two-day barbecue cooking boot camps (schools) each year; Tanglewood Park in Clemmons, NC early May, Sugar Mountain Ski Resort near Boone, North Carolina, in July and Castle Haynes near Wilmington, North Carolina, in late September.  Boot Camps instruct the attendees how to prepare and cook/smoke whole hog, chicken, steak, pork butt, ribs, brisket, seafood and occasional wild game.  Also students are shown how to make Chef Early's award-winning Pimento Cheese.

CNN listed 10 International Cooking Schools in 2012.  NCBBQ Society was the only school in the US on the list.

Barbecue types and politics

There are two native barbecue types in North Carolina, Eastern style and Lexington style, and great deal of controversy always surrounds any attempt to create an "official" barbecue type. They both use slow cooking over hardwood coals (usually hickory) but differ in methods.  Two bills that would have introduced Lexington Style as the de facto barbecue type of the state met controversy and failure  in the State House of Representatives and State Senate in 2006, North Carolina House Bill 21 and North Carolina Senate Bill 47.

Eastern style uses all of the meat from the pig (whole hog), or as it is more informally explained, it uses, '"every part of the hog except the squeal".  The sauce can be as simple as vinegar and pepper, and can be mopped on during the cook or used to season the meat after.

Lexington style (also called Piedmont or Western style) uses a vinegar and ketchup type sauce, and uses only the pork shoulder, which is darker meat, thus more moist. It is also served with red slaw, a type of coleslaw that uses this barbecue sauce (locally called "dip") instead of mayonnaise.

Sponsorship
The organization is supported by member dues and by official sponsors. The majority of the official sponsors are barbecue restaurants in the region, which benefit directly from the efforts of the organization.

See also
Pigs in the City

References

External links

Barbecue
North Carolina culture
Non-profit organizations based in North Carolina
501(c)(3) organizations


André Brulé (26 September 1879 – 14 February 1953), was a French theatre and film actor. He created the character Arsène Lupin for the French stage in 1908.

He had a relationship with Ghislaine Dommanget, a French comedy actress, with whom he had a son. She later married Louis II, Prince of Monaco.

Filmography
 Werther (1910): Werther
 Le club des élégants (1912): John Veryle
 Les frères corses  The Corsican Brothers (1917)
 People Who Travel a.k.a. Les gens du voyage (1938): Fernand
 Vidocq (1938): Vidocq
 L' étrange nuit de Noël (1939): Doctor Carter
 Metropolitan (1939): Zoltini
 Le château des quatre obèses (1939)
 Retour de flamme (1943): Mr. De Nogrelles

External links

References

1879 births
1953 deaths
French male film actors
French male stage actors
Male actors from Bordeaux
20th-century French male actors


The 71st edition of the KNVB Cup started on October 1, 1988. The final was played on May 25, 1989: PSV beat FC Groningen 4–1 and won the cup for the fifth time.

Teams
 All 18 participants of the Eredivisie 1988-89
 All 19 participants of the Eerste Divisie 1988-89
 27 teams from lower (amateur) leagues

First round
The matches of the first round were played on October 1 and 2, 1988.

E Eredivisie; 1 Eerste Divisie; A Amateur teams

Second round
The matches of the second round were played on November 18, 19 and 20, 1988.

Round of 16
The matches of the round of 16 were played between February 1 and 15, 1989.

Quarter finals
The quarter finals were played between March 8 and March 15, 1989.

Semi-finals
The semi-finals were played on April 12, 1989.

Final

PSV also won the Dutch Eredivisie championship, thereby taking the double. They would participate in the European Cup, so finalists FC Groningen could play in the Cup Winners' Cup.

See also
 Eredivisie 1988-89
 Eerste Divisie 1988-89

External links
 Netherlands Cup Full Results 1970–1994 by the RSSSF

1988-89
1988–89 domestic association football cups
1988–89 in Dutch football


Bertus "Ben" Stom (13 October 1886 – 18 August 1965) was a Dutch footballer who played as a defender for  and HFC Haarlem. He earned nine caps for the Netherlands national team between 1905 and 1908.

References

1886 births
1965 deaths
Footballers from Apeldoorn
Dutch men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Netherlands men's international footballers
HFC Haarlem players


Akropolis IF was a Swedish football club formed by Greek immigrants in 1968 in Spånga.

The club was named after the Acropolis of Athens, and the Parthenon is depicted on its badge.

The club went bankrupt and was dissolved in 2022.

Background
Akropolis IF is a sports club which was founded in Stockholm in the spring of 1968. Basketball started in the autumn 1968 followed by football in the spring of 1969. Youth activities commenced in 1975.

The club formerly had close affiliations, since terminated, with other Stockholm football clubs such as AIK and BP .

In 1987, Akropolis advanced for the first time to Division 3. In 2006, the club made it to the second division, where they have stayed since. In 2012, Akropolis was relegated to Division 2, where they stayed until 2013 when they were once again promoted.
In 2014, Akropolis was promoted from Division 2 to Division 1 again. As newcomers in Division 1, Akropolis secured qualifiers to Superettan in their second last game against IFK Luleå.

Season to season

Attendances

In recent seasons Akropolis IF have had the following average attendances:

Current squad

Staff

Footnotes

External links

Association football clubs established in 1968
Football clubs in Stockholm
1968 establishments in Sweden
Diaspora football clubs in Sweden
Association football clubs disestablished in 2022
Defunct football clubs in Sweden


Oliver Burr Jennings (June 3, 1825 – February 12, 1893) was an American businessman and one of the original stockholders in Standard Oil.

Early life
Jennings was born in 1825 in Fairfield, Connecticut, to Abraham Gould Jennings and Anna (née Burr) Jennings. His brother was Frederick B. Jennings. At a young age he came to New York to learn the dry goods business. Through his great-grandfather, Peter Burr, he was distantly related to U.S. Vice President Aaron Burr.

Career
In 1849, he headed West to seek his fortune in the California Gold Rush. He set up a general mercantile store in San Francisco with Benjamin Brewster and amassed a considerable fortune by outfitting prospecting camps along the coast and around Sacramento.

Standard Oil
In 1862, he returned to New York with the intention of retiring from all business activities. Due to his close relationship with his wife's brother-in-law, William Avery Rockefeller, Jr., he became interested in the affairs of the Standard Oil Company. In 1871, when Standard Oil was incorporated in Ohio, Jennings was one of the original stockholders. Of the initial 10,000 shares, John D. Rockefeller received 2,667; William Rockefeller, Henry Flagler, and Samuel Andrews received  1,333 each; Stephen V. Harkness received 1,334; Jennings received 1,000; and the firm of Rockefeller, Andrews & Flagler received 1,000.

Jennings served as a director of Standard Oil of Ohio and then as a trustee of the Standard Oil Trust that resulted from the company's reorganization in 1882.

Personal life
On December 13, 1854, he married Esther Judson Goodsell (1828–1908) in Fairfield. Her younger sister, Almira Geraldine Goodsell, was the wife of Standard Oil co-founder William Rockefeller, Jr. Together, Oliver and Esther had five children:

 Annie Burr Jennings (1855–1939), a philanthropist.
 Walter Jennings (1858–1933), the director of Standard Oil Company of New Jersey and president of the Jekyll Island Club from 1927 until 1933.
 Helen Goodsell Jennings (1860–1946), who married Dr. Walter Belknap James (1858–1927), president of the Jekyll Island Club from 1919 until 1927.
 Emma Brewster Jennings (1861–1942), who married Hugh Dudley Auchincloss, Sr. (1858–1913).
 Oliver Gould Jennings (1865–1936), who married Mary Dows Brewster (b. 1871), daughter of Benjamin Brewster and Elmina Hersey Dows.

Jennings died in 1893 at his residence in New York City. His estate amounted to , which he left entirely to his family.

Descendants
Jennings's grandchildren include businessman Benjamin Brewster Jennings (1898–1968) and stockbroker Hugh Dudley Auchincloss, Jr. (1897–1976), who married Janet Lee Bouvier. and Anne Burr Auchincloss, who married Wilmarth S. Lewis and spent her fortune to setting up the Lewis Walpole Library at Yale University, devoted to the life and works of Horace Walpole, the builder of Strawberry Hill House.

References

1825 births
1893 deaths
People from Fairfield, Connecticut
Businesspeople from San Francisco
People of the California Gold Rush
Founders of the petroleum industry
American businesspeople in the oil industry
Standard Oil
19th-century American businesspeople
Businesspeople from Connecticut


In statistical mechanics, the ice-type models or six-vertex models are a family of vertex models for crystal lattices with hydrogen bonds. The first such model was introduced by Linus Pauling in 1935 to account for the residual entropy of water ice. Variants have been proposed as models of certain ferroelectric and antiferroelectric crystals.

In 1967, Elliott H. Lieb found the exact solution to a two-dimensional ice model known as "square ice". The exact solution in three dimensions is only known for a special "frozen" state.

Description
An ice-type model is a lattice model defined on a lattice of coordination number 4. That is, each vertex of the lattice is connected by an edge to four "nearest neighbours". A state of the model consists of an arrow on each edge of the lattice, such that the number of arrows pointing inwards at each vertex is 2. This restriction on the arrow configurations is known as the ice rule. In graph theoretic terms, the states are Eulerian orientations of an underlying 4-regular undirected graph. The partition function also counts the number of nowhere-zero 3-flows.

For two-dimensional models, the lattice is taken to be the square lattice. For more realistic models, one can use a three-dimensional lattice appropriate to the material being considered; for example, the hexagonal ice lattice is used to analyse ice.

At any vertex, there are six configurations of the arrows which satisfy the ice rule (justifying the name "six-vertex model"). The valid configurations for the (two-dimensional) square lattice are the following:

The energy of a state is understood to be a function of the configurations at each vertex. For square lattices, one assumes that the total energy  is given by

for some constants , where  here denotes the number of vertices with the th configuration from the above figure. The value  is the energy associated with vertex configuration number .

One aims to calculate the partition function  of an ice-type model, which is given by the formula

where the sum is taken over all states of the model,  is the energy of the state,  is the Boltzmann constant, and  is the system's temperature.

Typically, one is interested in the thermodynamic limit in which the number  of vertices approaches infinity. In that case, one instead evaluates the free energy per vertex  in the limit as , where  is given by

Equivalently, one evaluates the partition function per vertex  in the thermodynamic limit, where

The values  and  are related by

Physical justification
Several real crystals with hydrogen bonds satisfy the ice model, including ice and potassium dihydrogen phosphate  (KDP). Indeed, such crystals motivated the study of ice-type models.

In ice, each oxygen atom is connected by a bond to four other oxygens, and each bond contains one hydrogen atom between the terminal oxygens. The hydrogen occupies one of two symmetrically located positions, neither of which is in the middle of the bond. Pauling argued that the allowed configuration of hydrogen atoms is such that there are always exactly two hydrogens close to each oxygen, thus making the local environment imitate that of a water molecule, . Thus, if we take the oxygen atoms as the lattice vertices and the hydrogen bonds as the lattice edges, and if we draw an arrow on a bond which points to the side of the bond on which the hydrogen atom sits, then ice satisfies the ice model. Similar reasoning applies to show that KDP also satisfies the ice model.

In recent years, ice-type models have been explored as descriptions of pyrochlore spin ice and artificial spin ice systems, in which geometrical frustration in the interactions between bistable magnetic moments ("spins") leads to "ice-rule" spin configurations being favoured. Recently such analogies have been extended to explore the circumstances under which spin-ice systems may be accurately described by the Rys F-model.

Specific choices of vertex energies
On the square lattice, the energies  associated with vertex configurations 1-6 determine the relative probabilities of states, and thus can influence the macroscopic behaviour of the system. The following are common choices for these vertex energies.

The ice model
When modeling ice, one takes , as all permissible vertex configurations are understood to be equally likely. In this case, the partition function  equals the total number of valid states. This model is known as the ice model (as opposed to an ice-type model).

The KDP model of a ferroelectric
Slater argued that KDP could be represented by an ice-type model with energies

For this model (called the KDP model), the most likely state (the least-energy state) has all horizontal arrows pointing in the same direction, and likewise for all vertical arrows. Such a state is a ferroelectric state, in which all hydrogen atoms have a preference for one fixed side of their bonds.

Rys F model of an antiferroelectric
The Rys  model is obtained by setting

The least-energy state for this model is dominated by vertex configurations 5 and 6. For such a state, adjacent horizontal bonds necessarily have arrows in opposite directions and similarly for vertical bonds, so this state is an antiferroelectric state.

The zero field assumption
If there is no ambient electric field, then the total energy of a state should remain unchanged under a charge reversal, i.e. under flipping all arrows. Thus one may assume without loss of generality that

This assumption is known as the zero field assumption, and holds for the ice model, the KDP model, and the Rys F model.

History
The ice rule was introduced by Linus Pauling in 1935 to account for the residual entropy of ice that had been measured by William F. Giauque and J. W. Stout. The residual entropy, , of ice is given by the formula

where  is the Boltzmann constant,  is the number of oxygen atoms in the piece of ice, which is always taken to be large (the thermodynamic limit) and  is the number of configurations of the hydrogen atoms according to Pauling's ice rule. Without the ice rule we would have  since the number of hydrogen atoms is  and each hydrogen has two possible locations. Pauling estimated that the ice rule reduces this to , a number that would agree extremely well with the Giauque-Stout measurement of . It can be said that Pauling's calculation of  for ice is one of the simplest, yet most accurate applications of statistical mechanics to real substances ever made. The question that remained was whether, given the model, Pauling's calculation of , which was very approximate, would be sustained by a rigorous calculation. This became a significant problem in combinatorics.

Both the three-dimensional and two-dimensional models were computed numerically by John F. Nagle in 1966 who found that  in three-dimensions and  in two-dimensions. Both are amazingly close to Pauling's rough calculation, 1.5.

In 1967, Lieb found the exact solution of three two-dimensional ice-type models: the ice model, the Rys  model, and the KDP model. The solution for the ice model gave the exact value of  in two-dimensions as

which is known as Lieb's square ice constant.

Later in 1967, Bill Sutherland generalised Lieb's solution of the three specific ice-type models to a general exact solution for square-lattice ice-type models satisfying the zero field assumption.

Still later in 1967, C. P. Yang generalised Sutherland's solution to an exact solution for square-lattice ice-type models in a horizontal electric field.

In 1969, John Nagle derived the exact solution for a three-dimensional version of the KDP model, for a specific range of temperatures. For such temperatures, the model is "frozen" in the sense that (in the thermodynamic limit) the energy per vertex and entropy per vertex are both zero. This is the only known exact solution for a three-dimensional ice-type model.

Relation to eight-vertex model
The eight-vertex model, which has also been exactly solved, is a generalisation of the (square-lattice) six-vertex model: to recover the six-vertex model from the eight-vertex model, set the energies for vertex configurations 7 and 8 to infinity.  Six-vertex models have been solved in some cases for which the eight-vertex model has not; for example, Nagle's solution for the three-dimensional KDP model and Yang's solution of the six-vertex model in a horizontal field.

Boundary conditions
This ice model provide an important 'counterexample'  in statistical mechanics:
the bulk free energy in the thermodynamic limit  depends on boundary conditions. The model was analytically solved for periodic boundary conditions, anti-periodic, ferromagnetic and domain wall boundary conditions. The six vertex model with domain wall boundary conditions on a square lattice has specific significance in combinatorics, it helps to enumerate alternating sign matrices. In this case the partition function can be represented as a determinant of a matrix (whose dimension is equal to the size of the lattice), but in other cases the enumeration of  does not come out in such a simple closed form.

Clearly, the largest  is given by free boundary conditions (no constraint at all on the configurations on the boundary), but the same  occurs, in the thermodynamic limit, for periodic boundary conditions, as used originally to derive .

3-colorings of a lattice
The number of states of an ice type model on the internal edges of a finite simply connected union of squares of a lattice is equal to one third of the number of ways to 3-color the squares, with no two adjacent squares having the same color. This correspondence between states is due to Andrew Lenard and is given as follows. If a square has color i = 0, 1, or 2, then the arrow
on the edge to an adjacent square goes left or right (according to an observer in the square) depending on whether the color in the adjacent square is i+1 or i−1 mod 3. There are 3 possible ways to color a fixed initial square, and once this initial color is chosen this gives a 1:1 correspondence between colorings and arrangements of arrows satisfying the ice-type condition.

See also
Eight-vertex model

Notes

Further reading

Exactly solvable models
Statistical mechanics
Lattice models
Ice


Ivan Lietava  (born 20 July 1983) is a Slovak professional footballer who plays as a forward for 3. liga club ŠK Báhoň.

Club career
Lietava previously played for Spartak Trnava, Trenčín, Banská Bystrica, Žilina in the Slovak Super Liga, with a spell in Denizlispor in the Süper Lig, before his return to Slovak side Žilina.

In September 2011, Lietava went on loan to Dukla Prague until the end of the season, scoring on his debut in a 4–0 win over Hradec Králové. Lietava finished the season as Dukla's leading goalscorer, having scored 11 goals in 21 league matches.

References

External links

 MŠK Žilina profile

1983 births
Living people
Footballers from Bratislava
Slovak men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
FC Spartak Trnava players
AS Trenčín players
FK Dukla Banská Bystrica players
MŠK Žilina players
Denizlispor footballers
Konyaspor footballers
FK Dukla Prague players
FC Vorskla Poltava players
MFK Skalica players
Slovak First Football League players
Süper Lig players
Ukrainian Premier League players
Czech First League players
Slovak expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Turkey
Slovak expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
Expatriate men's footballers in Ukraine
Slovak expatriate sportspeople in Ukraine
Expatriate men's footballers in the Czech Republic
Slovak expatriate sportspeople in the Czech Republic