Opération Teddy Bear is an educational comic strip video game released in 1996. It was developed by Index+ and a co-production with Flammarion, and is written by Edouard Lussan.

The game covers Normandy, 5 July 1944 and teaches the player about the history of the Second World War. A clandestine network hides plans belonging to the Nazis in Paul's teddy bear.

Bruno de Sa Moreira became interested in the digital space in 1990s and became head of Flammarion Multimedia. He then met Edouard Lussan, and produced with him the CD-ROM "Operation Teddy Bear".

The term "interactive comic." was coined by Edouard Lussan, although alternate terminology exists.

The game started Index's niche of educational family games, and its success inspired the company to create the first interactive comic book on CD-Rom "The Diabolical Trap" Ambers suggests that while digital comics began in the 1990s, this title was a proto example, constructed as a near point-and-click video game. Interface Online notes how the game's twin slider "integrate[s] the cursor as a contribution of information on the action".

The game features 73 screens of BD, 3 hours of fiction, 300 animations, 36 animated maps, 200 historical screens and more than 300 archive photographs.

InterDoc gave it 88%. Libration felt it was a successful attempt at marrying two incompatible elements:  comics and multimedia. Feibel deemed it "Excellently designed, imaginative navigation and content-based". A journal article in Leonardo Online deemed it a " good comic strip". An article in	François-Rabelais University Presses called it a " complete and complex work". The Presence of the Past in Children's Literature suggests that the work can be viewed as either a documentary or a work of fiction due to the way it is constructed. La Crioz felt the game made a "strong impression". Hypermedia felt the game "insist[ed] on the strict linearity of the comic narrative ".

It was awarded the 1997 Gold Milia, edutainment category. It was Best Prize winner of the "Package" category at Multimedia Grand Prize, 1997. Additionally it received the Totem prize at the 1997 Montreuil Youth Book Fair.

A Movie of the same title and mirroring circumstances was made in 2020 by Timo Gilhuis.

References

External links
 Opération Teddy Bear at Microïds
Book source
Book source
 Book source
Book source
 Journal article analysis

1996 video games
History educational video games
World War II video games
Spy video games
Windows games
Microïds games
Classic Mac OS games
Video games about bears
Fictional teddy bears
Video games about toys
Video games about Nazi Germany
Video games set in France
Video games developed in France


Odyssey: The Search for Ulysses () is a video game released in 2000, developed by In Utero and Cryo Interactive.

Development
The game uses the Cryogen engine, with characters who are able to move in real time 3D, in a pre-rendered environment.

Plot
The game's universe stays faithful to Homer's the Odyssey, including its characters, Poseidon, Zeus, Cerberus and the Cyclops. Penelope, who has had no news of Ulysses for many years, requests that Heritias set off in search of his childhood friend. Heritias first goes to Troy, the last place the leader of the Achaean troops was seen. In the game, the player has to fight creatures like the Gorgon and the Cyclops and you will have to foil the manipulation of the gods to escape from the conspiracy of Poseidon's agents, and resist the seductive enchantress.

Critical reception

The game has a Metacritic rating of 58% based on 7 critic reviews.

GameSpot said " Though its problems might be frustrating at first, once you settle into the game, you'll be in for a suitably rewarding adventure. " Electric Playground said " A good mythological storyline goes a long way towards making a sometimes-frustrating game a whole lot of fun. " Eurogamer said " The game looks and sounds excellent, but is let down badly by simplistic puzzles, fussy location routes, and it's [sic] essentially linear nature. " IGN said " By the time I had spent a few days wandering around the world of Odyssey, I was sure I never wanted to return. " Gamezone said " It’s not revolutionary, nor is it total garbage, but it is hard. " Quandary said " My first impressions were not good. Having worked my way through a confusing set of options screens, I was confronted by the game interface. Fifteen minutes later I was ready to quit. " All Game Guide said " An awkward interface, combined with a limited plot, makes for an unfulfilling rote adventure. "

Just Adventure said "If you have ever wanted to captain a flying ship, be a passenger in Charon's sloop, or be tested by Poseidon, then Odyssey is a must-have for your adventure collection. Now if you will excuse me, after conquering the combined malicious and devious forces of gods and monsters alike, I feel I deserve some R&R. If I can only remember where I earlier encountered that charming young "lady."" Adrenaline Vault said "Despite dated graphics, a rather clumsy interface, and gameplay that is confusing at times, Odyssey manages to emerge as a playable title. The strength of the story, richness of its environments, and mythic characters allow the game to surpass its flaws at times, bringing the feel of Heritias’ epic quest to life. Fans of the adventure genre or Greek mythology will find a lot to enjoy here, but others may not be willing to look past Odyssey‘s handful of troubling issues." UHS said "I'm sure there are people out there who will like Odyssey: The Search for Ulysses. I just happen not to be one of them. Although Odyssey tells a decent story, I didn't think it was much fun to play -- a poor interface and too many puzzles that kill your character for a wrong choice make this the kind of game that can easily try your patience."

References

External links
 Odyssey: The Search for Ulysses at Microïds
 Odyssey: The Search for Ulysses at Mobygames

2000 video games
Adventure games
Cryo Interactive games
Microïds games
Video games developed in France
Windows games
Windows-only games
Works based on the Odyssey
Video games based on works by Homer


Nostradamus: The Last Prophecy is an adventure video game released in 2007 that was developed by Kheops, Mzone and Totm. It was a co-production by Elektrogames, Kheops Studio, MC2, Mzone and Totm, and is published in the US by MC2.

Gameplay

Plot
The game takes place in March 1566, in Salon-de-Provence, France, when the court of  King Charles IX is touring France. His mother, Catherine de Medici, who is the victim of strange curse, lost power 3 years previously. She decides to pay a visit to her doctor and astrologer, Michel de Nostre-Dame, better known as Nostradamus; but he is too fatigued to help her. It is his daughter Madeleine, under the false identity of her brother César, who offers her services to the queen mother. The player alternates between Madeleine's true self or disguised as César, depending on the situation to search through political scheming and ancestral prophecies.

Development

Reception
The game received a rating of 70% off Metacritic based on reviews from 10 critics.

Emily Balistrieri of IGN wrote that the game wouldn't appeal to the player if they didn't feel like learning about astrology.

References

External links
 Nostradamus: The Last Prophecy at Microïds
 Nostradamus: The Last Prophecy official website
 Nostradamus: The Last Prophecy at MobyGames

2007 video games
Adventure games
IOS games
MacOS games
Microïds games
Video games developed in France
Video games featuring female protagonists
Video games set in France
Windows games
Kheops Studio games


La Terre is an educational video game released in 2003, developed and published by Microïds. It is designed to allow the user to discover and understand the planet Earth.

The player assumes the role of a scientist, who specialises in cataclysms, and visits significant places around the world to learn about them. Viewing a volcanic eruption, feeling an earthquake and seeing the rapid progression of a tornado, are some examples of scenarios in the game. The game's production was assisted by the ministry for National Education, Research and Technology, and with the Participation of the National Center of the Cinematography and Secretariat of State in Industry.

External links
 La Terre at Microïds

2003 video games
Windows games
Windows-only games
Microïds games
Geography educational video games
Video games developed in France


Monkey Mountain refers to both a hill in Jackson County, Missouri and the nature preserve surrounding it.  Its elevation is . The mountain is located at .

Nature preserve

The park is popular among equestrians and hikers for its variety of terrain.  These include marshy lowlands in the northwest, steep heavily-wooded climbs on the east and south sides, rocky outcroppings on the southern side, and a large rolling meadow spreading east from the center of the park.  There are several ponds, streams, and a waterfall.

The park features a 3.5 mile primary loop trail, as well as numerous side trails. The park is accessible from a small gravel lot on the south side or from a softball field parking lot on the north side.

The park was formerly part of Sni-A-Bar Farm that was owned by Kansas City newspaperman, and philanthropist,  William Rockhill Nelson.

References

Protected areas of Jackson County, Missouri
Parks in the Kansas City metropolitan area
Nature reserves in Missouri
Mountains of Missouri
Landforms of Jackson County, Missouri


Empire of the Ants is a video game released in 2000, developed by Microïds, and based on a novel of the same name written by Bernard Werber.

Gameplay
The game is playable on a network with up to 8 players, and the game contains more than 60 species of insects and different animals. Requiring strategy and management, it is set in the combative world of ants and their anthills.

Reception

The game received "mixed" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. Dan Adams, in reviewing the game for IGN, concluded the game has the potential but criticized the lack of characters and poor graphics.

References

External links
 Empire of the Ants at Microïds

2000 video games
Biological simulation video games
Multiplayer video games
Real-time strategy video games
Strategy First games
Video games about insects
Video games based on novels
Video games developed in France
Windows games
Windows-only games
Microïds games
Video games about ants


Versailles II: Testament of the King () is a video game released in 2001. It was developed by Cryo Interactive and co-published by Cryo and Réunion des Musées Nationaux for Windows-based PCs. It is the sequel to the 1996 game Versailles 1685.

The game is set in 1700, 15 years after the previous game, at the time of the death of King Charles II. The player assumes the role of Charles-Louis de Farevolles, who turns up at the Court of Louis XIV, with neither influence at Court nor money.

A 25 piece orchestra, led by Skip Sempé, performs an hour of music for the game.

Plot
The game starts in 1700, when the main character Charles-Louis de Faverolles comes back to Versailles after being a page at Grand Ecuries under Monsieur Boisseuil and advanced school, in hopes of becoming a diplomat to Spain, as he wishes to be reunited with Elvira Malaga y Santiago, his childhood sweetheart. The Court is involved in the succession to the throne of Spain since Charles II is ailing and has no heir. Both France and the Habsburgs hope that one of their own will be named. In order to launch his diplomatic career in the court, Charles-Louis must encounter different challenges and at first make a few favours for important people.

At first, unable to meet his protector Boisseuilh, yet unemployed and short of coin, Charles-Louis is forced to stay at the Pelican Inn, close to the Grand Commun. After few minor adventures, Charles-Louis does a favor to Marquis de Torcy, the Foreign Affairs Minister. Disappointingly it has no impact to his starting career and first experience of surrounding court members is quite unwelcoming. Things go forward as Charles-Louis is acquainted to Lhuillier, the assistant building inspector to François Mansart. However, his new friend involves Charles-Louis in suspicious affair: a guard walks in and Lhuillier hands him a diamond and rushes out in a panic. To make it even worse, Charles-Louis loses the diamond by Teetotum game. Next morning, clueless of what happened, Lhuillier introduces Charles-Louis as possible assistant to him and Mansart is in agreement. Mansart wants Charles-Louis to take Marquis Castel dos Rios, the Spanish Ambassador around the garden of Versailles. The Ambassador knows of Charles-Louis love for Elvira Malaga y Santiago and is decided to help him. The pleasant mood is disturbed by worried Lhuillier, who asks to visit him. This is the point, in which the player must decide whether to win back the diamond, or to inform Lhuillier about its loss - the wrong solution may end the game. Lhuillier is under arrest in his room and states that you must give the diamond back to the Dauphin or one of his sons. The Dauphin is in Meudon with two of his sons and only the Duc d'Anjou is in Versailles. He can be found at Encelade garden; however, the guard won't let Charles near him. The Spanish Ambassador might be the one to give the diamond to the Duc d'Anjou since he is the one in favor at the moment. At the result, Lhuillier is spared for the theft of the Buckle diamond, but is dismissed, and Faverolles is given his position.

After doing some work in the gardens, Charles-Louis Faverolles is again involved in court intrigues. Charles-Louis is acquainted with mysterious lady in green, Prosperine, whom he had shortly met at the very beginning of the game. She gives him a letter and wants to meet at the Ballroom grove later to inform him about the secret she overheard visiting Françoise d'Aubigné, Marquise de Maintenon. However, reaching her is difficult, as the grove is limited to special visitors only. On the end Prosperine gives him a sealed letter to read at home alone and to be burned afterwards. The letter claims that the King Louis XIV of France signed a secret treaty to divide the Spanish kingdoms with England and Holland. The player must decide whether to burn or not burn the letter – the wrong decision will end the game later in the game play.

Critical reception
Tom Houston of Just Adventure thought the game would appeal to fans of the edutainment genre. Jihem of JeuxVideo described the title as "easy-gaming" - the gaming equivalent of easy listening.

References

External links
Versailles II Home Page

2001 video games
Adventure games
Cryo Interactive games
Microïds games
Video game sequels
Video games developed in France
Video games set in Paris
Windows games
Windows-only games
Point-and-click adventure games


Versailles 1685 (, also known as Versailles: A Game of Intrigue), is a video game released in 1997. The 3D adventure game was developed by Cryo Interactive Entertainment, and was jointly published by Cryo, Canal+ Multimedia and the  Réunion des Musées Nationaux. It was followed in 2001 by Versailles II: Testament of the King.

The game revolves around Lalande, a young valet de chambre, who is called by Alexandre Bontemps in the early morning of the summer solstice 1685 after a strange pamphlet is discovered (which at the bottom figures a title of Aesop's Fables: "the frogs and Jupiter"), written by a schemer who threatens to set fire to the castle, all the while littering it with satirical pamphlets and clues which, if correctly pieced together, could save the castle from its potential fate. The player has until nightfall to investigate the castle and surrounding areas.

Versailles 1685 was a commercial success, with sales of 500,000 units in Europe alone by 2000.

Plot

After attending the king's awakening, Lalande starts his search in the antechambers. Under a large painting "Supper at Emaüs" he finds a small key in one of four pots. After eavesdropping on a conversation between Hardouin Mansart and Jean Racine he stumbles across Charles Lebrun, who asks him to look for his lost painting sketches which he needs later in the morning. In a downstairs dressing room, he finds a pair of scissors and a pamphlet in which Lebrun is satirized, with a peculiar hint lying at the bottom of the page. Upstairs he manages to open a sealed chest in an upper secluded blue boy bedroom, which exposed reads another of Aesop's titles: 'the hens and the chicks'.

While delivering an errand for Bontemps he is given a second pamphlet by the queen's usher, this time dispraising the royal family, with a series of numbers at the bottom. Lalande reports to Bontemps, then finds a key inside a cupboard, which he uses to open a buffet where he retrieves Lebrun's sketches. In one of the conversations in the Hall of Mirrors, an unknown courtier (in talk with the princess of Conti) is alluded to, potentially referred to as 'the marquis de Scaparella'. Lalande finds Lebrun in the war salon who, to his letdown tells him they are not his sketches. Lalande doubles back and is intercepted by the king's son who tells him that a deceitful drawing lay on top of the pile. Lebrun is reassured, thanks him and hands him another sketch from the pile which he once more claims isn't his. In front lies an artist's palette (from which the first pamphlet alluded to one of the colours), prevalent in the king's salon. Lalande reaches for a golden-coloured paintbrush and passes it over the sketch, whereby a third Aesop title is revealed: 'the birds and the kite'.

After attending the start of the noon mass, Lalande finds himself in the grand appartement, where he stands opposite a restricted "chamber of secrets" to which the guard tells him he can only enter with Bontemps' written permission. For the while, he makes his way through the cue of apartments, browsing for clues along the way. Running adjacently leftwards to the last three rooms is the minstrel's gallery (where Jean-Baptiste Lully) can be seen at work and that can only by accessed via a discreet locked doorway in the Apollo salon, which he manages to open by retrieving the key from a swiss guard at the bottom of the ambassador's staircase. Going left, he spots the unknown courtier inserting a key into a drawer across the Venus salon. In a partitions' booklet he remarks a scripture aimed at Lully, whom irritated, also remarks a particular writing style. Lalande implores him to decipher the hidden message - who agrees, for an errand in return. After two visits to Jean Racine (in talk with the marquise de Montespan above the ambassadors' fountain) - while having retrieved the second key and a third pamphlet along the way -  Lully finishes the transcription, which reads: 'the mice and the hanging cat'. Lalande finds Bontemps in the courtyard, who grants him authorization to enter the chamber. Inside the small dark room stands a table with a set of medals (as mentioned in the second pamphlet - to which there is one exception) in the drawer, which he calks with a burin and paper picked up along the way. The king's brother lets him know that all medals bear carvings of Bourbon monarchs, except for Charles VIII - a Valois. On the medal is inscribed an unintelligible epigraph to which Lalande implores the aid of the marquis de Croissy.

In the ministers' wing, Lalande is left the lengthy translation of the epigraph from the marquis' desk (on which also lies the map of a fort). Referring to the numbers at the bottom of the second pamphlet he selects the letters by order of occurrence, unraveling yet another of Aesop's titles: 'the head and the wolf'. Browsing through the hoard of bookshelves he retrieves a fourth pamphlet, discrediting the marquis de Louvois and Vauban (the defense minister) that also hints toward three other maps of forts hidden in Louvois' office. Covered by Bontemps, Lalande is able to seep inside, where he finds the names of three towns in a drawer and an embedded vault of which the three four-digit code lines each seem to correspond to an event associated to the towns. With a spyglass, Lalande heads for the Hall of Mirrors, where he manages to get a glimpse of two of the dates on the ceiling,.. The three maps inside the vault, superposed to the one in the first office reveal another Aesop title: 'the fox and the crane'. Heading back to Bontemps he is intercepted by Madame de Maintenon who hands him yet a fifth pamphlet (a cloze text on the king's religious policy).

During the king's afternoon work session, Lalande seeks help from the Cardinal de Bouillon in the Grand appartement to fill in the gaps of the pamphlet (who manages to deduce « dragonnade », a term employed by the Protestants to describe the harsh royal repression measures); Lalande makes his way down to the sacristy of the chapel (to the left at the bottom of the ambassadors' staircase) where he finds a third key in one of the drawers with a paper depicting the king healing scrofula; with the help of the Père Lachaise he manages to fill in the remaining gaps; the underlined word particles yield yet another of Aesop's titles: 'the file and the dragon'. Lalande now turns his attention toward the hint at the bottom of the third pamphlet... Shedding light in the Jupiter salon and using a ladder to reach the scaffolding (intended for earlier purposes) he sights a small box trapped in the chandelier. Perhaps his most arduous task now awaits him. Unable to reach it, he begs Bontemps for assistance who gives him a key granting access to the mechanical framework above. Tensely making his way up the staircase behind the Apollo salon he reaches the attic pathway (where he also notices further along a big, suspicious overhanging large box; too far out to reach) and actuates the pulley. The luster falls with a loud crash... Relieved of having avoided the worst he collects the box and finds a lengthy paper inside, with eight sets of instructions (no doubt that each one corresponds to the eight Aesop titles gathered hitherto) that also mentions the presence of four keys spread around the castle, the last one hidden in an orange tree. After receiving a raw chiding from Bontemps he is invited to join the promenade.

Lalande is now in the orangery, earnestly in search of the fourth missing key, harrowing through the rows of orange pots, one by one... but all in vain. Conveying his disarray to André le Nôtre, the gardener reassures him that other orange trees lye in the Hall of Mirrors. Lalande approaches the Bosquet d'Esope, a labyrinth containing ornate fountains with one of Aesop's many fables displayed underneath. The paper instructs the reader with an eightfold task of selecting one or more letters, each from a given line and position of occurrence. Proceeding by order of titles gathered throughout the day, Lalande is somewhat baffled by the senseless of the string of letters obtained. In the rotunda at the far end of the grove, he comes across the Duc du Maine, lying in discomfort who implores for help, Lalande doubles back to the apothecary, relieves the duke, then retrieves a map eliciting the correct path in which the labyrinth is designed to be ambled through. Back from square one, then proceeding accordingly, Lalande is gladdened to retrieve a meaningful message: "I am going away, but the State will always remain."

After a cordial outdoor supper, the courtiers and courtesans are escorted back to the castle at nightfall. After the women wish goodnight to His Majesty, the sconce is handed as of custom to one of the visiting courtiers, the Marquis de Scaparella (whom Lalande recognizes); to all's horror he sets the hearth of the antechamber alight and after bidding them a good night, eludes his fellow courtiers. Lalande must act quickly to reach the bomb spotted earlier. He finds a ladle in the king's salon then harrows hurriedly through the remaining orange trees in the Hall of Mirrors. Managing to find the fourth and last key he dashes up the antechamber staircase, along the attic passageway. He manages to retrieve the bomb which he spotted earlier. Alleviated, he inserts the four keys and enters the phrase code, whereby the bomb deactivates.

Lalande is congratulated by His Majesty, who offers him the role of ambassador.

Development

Through collaboration with the Museum of Versailles, the developers recreated the Palace of Versailles as it was during the reign of Louis XIV in computer-rendered form, a process that took over two years.

Reception

Versailles 1685 was a commercial success, and sold 150,000 units in its first few months of release. According to French newspaper Les Échos, it sold 300,000 copies by late 1998. Cryo Interactive's marketing manager, Mattieu Saint-Dennis, reported 500,000 sales for Versailles in Europe alone by December 2000. Of this number, France accounted for 180,000 copies.

Kipp Cheng of Entertainment Weekly praised the "exquisite" 3D environments. GameSpot reviewer Laurel Wellman thought the game leant too much toward the scholarly side than in providing light gameplay. Heidi Fournier of Adventure Gamers thought it was both enchanting and mystical to explore Versailles through the game.

References

1997 video games
Point-and-click adventure games
Cryo Interactive games
ScummVM-supported games
Video games developed in France
Video games set in France
Video games set in the 17th century
Windows games


Elmwood Carhouse  is a SEPTA Subway–Surface Trolley Carbarn was constructed in 1981 to house the current Kawasaki LRVs that run on Subway-Surface Routes 11, 13, 34 & 36. Route 10 which also uses Kawasaki LRVs was housed here from September 1992 until September 2005, now with the return of Surface Streetcar Trolley Route 15 back to streetcar operations, Route 10 returned back to Callowhill Carhouse.

The Elmwood Carhouse replaced the vintage Woodland Carhouse which was located at 49th & Woodland. On October 23, 1975 part of their carbarn suffered a devastating fire in which several trolleys were destroyed.

The official date of Elmwood Carhouse opening was November 15, 1981.

Elmwood Carhouse

Elmwood Depot also known as Elmwood Loop and Elmwood Avenue Loop, is a storage facility and alternate terminus for the SEPTA Route 36 Subway-Surface Trolley Line, in the Elmwood Park section of Southwest Philadelphia. Besides cars from Route 36, the facility is used to store and maintain cars from SEPTA Routes 11, 13, and 34. SEPTA Route 10 was also housed here from 1992 to September 5, 2005.

Its official address is at 7311 w Elmwood Avenue, but the yard stretches southwest to Island Road and north to Amtrak's Northeast Corridor line. Trolleys run from here to Eastwick Loop or to Center City Philadelphia. It is also used by railfans during the annual "OcTrolleyfest" sponsored by the Darby Borough Historic Commission.

A decorative arch bridge carries the NEC/Wilmington/Newark Line right-of-way over Island Road and the trolley tracks between Routes 11 and 36. Between the Eastwick Loop and Elmwood Depot, the trolleys have their own right-of-way for a short period in the middle of Island Road where the tracks are not on a paved street and the wooden ties are visible.

Outside the yard, there are connections to SEPTA City Bus Route 68 and SEPTA Suburban Bus Route 108.

References

External links

Elmwood Depot Track map (Philadelphia Trolley.org)
Elmwood Carhouse (KTransit.com)
 Station from Google Maps Street View

SEPTA Subway–Surface Trolley Line stations
Rail yards in Pennsylvania
Railway stations in Philadelphia


The Ienăchiță Văcărescu National College () is a high school located in the city of Târgoviște, Dâmbovița County, Romania. It was established at the end of the 19th century and is the oldest high school in the city.

External links
 Website

Buildings and structures in Târgoviște
Education in Târgoviște
Vacarescu
National Colleges in Romania
Historic monuments in Dâmbovița County


The Cameron Files may refer to:

 The Cameron Files: Secret at Loch Ness, a video game
 The Cameron Files: Pharaoh's Curse, a video game sequel


Ashok Menaria (born 29 October 1990) is an Indian cricketer. He is a left-handed batsman and slow left arm orthodox bowler who plays for Rajasthan. He played for the Rajasthan Royals from 2011 to 2013.

Menaria began his competitive cricketing career playing for Rajasthan Under-15s, in their winless 2005-06 Polly Umrigar Trophy run.  The following season he represented the Under-17s team, and, in a game against Karnataka Under-17s, scored the second-highest innings total in the 2006-07 Vijay Merchant Trophy - starring alongside Ankit Lamba in an unbeaten partnership of 397 - himself contributing 227 of these runs.

Following four appearances in Rajasthan Under-19s' 2008-09 Vinoo Mankad Trophy campaign, Menaria made his first-class debut against Mumbai in November 2008. He appeared in 79 first-class matches for Rajasthan and scored 4677 runs. His best score is 230. Menaria also took 20 wickets in first class cricket.

From 2011 to 2013, Ashok Menaria was a member of the Rajasthan Royals in the Indian Premier League.

Menaria captained India's 15-man squad for the 2010 Under-19 Cricket World Cup. In the World Cup, unfortunately, he did not perform at all. In five innings, he only scored 31 runs and got six wickets.

He was the leading run-scorer for Khelaghar Samaj Kallyan Samity in the 2017–18 Dhaka Premier Division Cricket League, with 662 runs in 15 matches.

References

External links

1990 births
Living people
Indian cricketers
Rajasthan cricketers
Rajasthan Royals cricketers
Central Zone cricketers
India Red cricketers
Cricketers from Jaipur
Prime Doleshwar Sporting Club cricketers
Khelaghar Samaj Kallyan Samity cricketers


The 4450th Tactical Group is an inactive United States Air Force unit. It was headquartered at Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada, and operationally located at Tonopah Test Range Airport, Nevada. It was inactivated on 5 October 1989.

The United States Air Force F-117A Stealth Fighter program began on 15 October 1979 with the activation of the Tactical Air Command 4450th Tactical Group (TG) at the Tonopah Test Range Airport, Nevada.  The 4450th Tactical Group was a pathfinder unit, moving the F-117A from the research and development stage to becoming a fully operational weapons system.

On 10 November 1988, the Air Force officially announced the F-117A's existence to the public, and set the 4450th on the road to inactivation.  On 5 October 1989, its F-117A aircraft, equipment personnel and mission were transferred to the 37th Tactical Fighter Wing was transferred from George Air Force Base, California, to carry out the F-117's sensitive worldwide mission.

History
In 1978, the Air Force awarded a full-scale development contract for the YF-117A Nighthawk to Lockheed Corporation's Advanced Development Projects.  On 17 January 1981 the Lockheed test team at Groom Lake accepted delivery of the first full Scale Development (FSD) prototype #79-780, designated YF-117A. At 6:05 a.m. on 18 June 1981, Lockheed Skunk Works test pilot Hal Farley lifted the nose of YF-117A #79-780 off the runway of Groom Lake.

Origins

Meanwhile, Tactical Air Command (TAC) decided to set up a group-level organization to guide the F-117A to an initial operating capability. That organization became the 4450th Tactical Group (Initially designated "A Unit"), which officially activated on 15 October 1979 at Nellis AFB, Nevada.  Its first home was an isolated corner of Nellis known as the Lake Mead Base, officially designated Nellis Area Two.  Officially activated on 15 October 1979, by early 1980 a handful of officers and enlisted men recruited into the program and were told that they were laying the groundwork for a unit whose mission would be to run avionics tests and evaluations for A-7D Corsair II weapon systems.

Eight A-7D aircraft were transferred from England AFB, Louisiana in June 1981, which was converting to the A-10 Thunderbolt II.  The A-7s were given the "LV" tailcode (for Las Vegas) and had a dark purple/black paint motif. The aircraft were assigned nominally to the 57th Fighter Weapons Wing and in addition, the group acquired the prototype A-7K two-seat dual control trainer from Edwards AFB (73-1008) that had been converted from its original A-7D configuration in 1978. In doing so, the group became the only active-duty unit to fly the A-7K. The first order of business was to set up acceptance procedures for the aircraft and develop an A-7D training program.

The A-7 had been chosen as an interim trainer because its cockpit layout and avionics were considered similar to those in the F-117. It was also a single-seat attack fighter, as the F-117 programmed to be.  Training demands, however, soon forced the 4450th to delegate initial A-7D training and checkouts to the Arizona Air National Guard 162d Fighter Wing at Tucson, which was responsible for training Air National Guard pilots in the aircraft.  Pilots assigned to the 4450th required a minimum of 1,000 fighter hours, and nearly all of the initial cadre for the F-117 were A-7D pilots due to the similar flight characteristics of the A-7D and F-117.    Initially pilots in the program were sent to the 152nd Fighter Squadron, Arizona Air National Guard at Tucson for a quick refresher course in A-7Ds that included academics, simulator time and six or seven flights to re-qualify them in the Corsair.    When other fighter pilots began to be assigned, they were assigned to either a three or six-month course. depending on their experience in fighters.

These operations continued at Nellis until 15 October 1982 under the guise of an avionics test mission when the Corsairs were moved north to Tonopah Test Range Airport to provide a cover story for the increased activities at the airport. Flying squadrons of the 4450th TG were the 4450th Tactical Squadron (Initially designated "I Unit") activated on 11 June 1981, and 4451st Tactical Squadron (Initially designated "P Unit") on 15 January 1983.  The 4450th TS, stationed at Groom Lake, was the first F-117A squadron, while the 4451st TS was stationed at Nellis AFB and was equipped with A-7D Corsair IIs painted in a dark motif, tail coded "LV".  Lockheed test pilots put the YF-117 through its early paces.  A-7Ds was used for pilot training before any F-117A's had been delivered by Lockheed to Groom Lake, later the A-7D's were used for F-117A chase testing and other weapon tests at the Nellis Range

15 October 1982 is important to the program because on that date Major Alton C. Whitley, Jr. became the first 4450th TG pilot to fly the F-117A. Everyone aware of the top-secret flight waited with an expectancy reminiscent of the early space launches.  Though Major Whitley could remember scrambling from an alert pad at night as a young lieutenant in South Vietnam, it is doubtful that he was any more keyed up in combat than he was on that night, sitting in an operational F-117A at the end of the runway. The flinty sparkle of the stars in the desert sky seemed to accentuate the vast blackness, reminding him that night operations were always scary.  Finally cleared for takeoff, Major Whitley pushed the throttles forward and scanned the F-117's instruments for any warnings as the aircraft lumbered noisily down the runway. After passing the point of no return, he gripped the controls hard, willing the F-117 into the air. Then, as he climbed into the darkness, he thought about the small American flag he had stuffed into the pocket of his G-suit for this historic occasion. He would be the first Night Hawk to go aloft in an F-117. It would make a great story for his grandchildren. As far as Major Whitley could tell, his children might be grown before he could tell them about it.

Baja Scorpions
By early 1982, four more YF-117A airplanes were operating out of the southern end of the base, known as the "Southend" or "Baja Groom Lake." After finding a large scorpion in their offices, the testing team (Designated "R Unit") adopted it as their mascot and dubbed themselves the "Baja Scorpions." Testing of a series of ultra-secret prototypes continued at Groom Lake until mid-1981, when testing transitioned to the initial production of F-117 stealth fighters.  The F-117s were moved to and from Groom Lake by C-5 under the cloak of darkness, in order to maintain program security. This meant that the aircraft had to be defueled, disassembled, cradled, and then loaded aboard the C-5 at night, flown to Lockheed, and unloaded at night before the real work could begin. Of course, this meant that the reverse actions had to occur at the end of the depot work before the aircraft could be reassembled, flight-tested, and redelivered, again under the cover of darkness. In addition to flight-testing, Groom performed radar profiling, F-117 weapons testing, and was the location for training of the first group of frontline USAF F-117 pilots.

Production FSD airframes from Lockheed were shipped to Groom Lake for acceptance testing. As the Baja Scorpions tested the aircraft with functional check flights and L.O. verification, the operational airplanes were then transferred to the 4450th TG.

The R-Unit was inactivated on 30 May 1989.  Upon inactivation the unit was replaced by Detachment 1, 57th Fighter Weapons Wing (FWW).  In 1990 the last F-117A (#843) was delivered from Lockheed.  After completion of acceptance flights at Groom Lake of this last new F-117A aircraft, the flight test squadron continued flight test duties of refurbished aircraft after modifications by Lockheed.  In February/March 1992 the test unit moved from Groom Lake to the USAF Plant 42 in Palmdale and was integrated with the Air Force Systems Command 6510th Test Squadron.  Some testing, especially RCS verification and other classified activity was still conducted at Groom Lake throughout the operational lifetime of the F-117.  The recently inactivated (2008) 410th Flight Test Squadron traces its roots, if not its formal lineage to the 4450th TG R-unit.

Tonopah Test Range Airport
Groom Lake was too small to be useful as the base for an operational unit. In addition, there were security concerns because an operational unit based at Groom Lake would involve many more people who could see things that they should not. Therefore, a new covert base had to be established for F-117 operations.

The USAF decided to build facilities at the Tonopah Test Range Airport.  It was constructed in the 1950s, and during the 1960s and 1970s it was used for clandestine testing of acquired Soviet aircraft by the Tactical Air Command 4477th Test and Evaluation Squadron. The facility is not perfect from a security standpoint, since it is overlooked by public land and is 32 miles from the town of Tonopah. However, the security surrounding the Tonopah Test Range was effective.  It was designated for the operations of the first USAF F-117 unit, the 4450th Tactical Group (TG).

Beginning in October 1979, the Tonopah Airport base was reconstructed and expanded for the F-117 mission. The 6,000 ft runway was lengthened to 10,000 ft. Taxiways, a concrete apron, a large maintenance hangar, and a propane storage tank were added.

On 17 May 1982, the move of the 4450th TG from Groom Lake to Tonopah was initiated, with the final components of the move completed in early 1983. The "Baja Scopion" unit remained at Groom Lake until the last production F-117 was delivered from Lockheed in July 1990.  During the operational lifetime of the F-117, personnel from Tonopah and later Holloman AFB were temporarily deployed to Groom Lake for checkout flights of classified elements of the aircraft.

The 4450th achieved initial operational capability on 28 October 1983, with a total of 14 production F-117A aircraft on hand plus its A-7D trainers. A second group of nine A-7Ds were added to the squadron from Air National Guard squadrons along with a second A-7K trainer to accommodate the increasing number of pilots assigned to the F-117s. A total of approximately 20 A-7D aircraft used in developing the F-117, along with two A-7K trainers.  The stealth fighter turned out to be easy to fly, and it was concluded that no two-seat trainer version was required. There was a ground-based training simulator.

To avoid having the 4450th's aircraft seen during the day by Soviet reconnaissance satellites, all F-117 flying took place at night. During the day, the aircraft were kept inside special hangars. Its A-7Ds were parked outside on the ramp, and training flights were flown during the day to deceive Soviet Intelligence about the true mission of Tonopah. Thus, the impression that activities there were only the cover story of avionics tests and evaluations involving some old A-7Ds, which was well known to Soviet intelligence.

Tonopah Airport continued to grow with more production F-117s being delivered from Lockheed and the size of the 4450th growing to accommodate mission requirements.  New construction at the airport was split between two areas known as the Industrial Area and the Main Camp. Modern, two-story brick dorms were built. Eventually a recreation center was built, with a bowling alley, gymnasium, racquetball courts, and weight room, as well as a book and video library. Tonopah became much like any other isolated Air Force base, but it lacked dependents, and nights in the Man Camp were punctuated by the distant sound of jet aircraft taking off and landing.

Group personnel worked four days per week and would be flown to Tonopah either on Monday or Tuesday morning using Key Airlines contractor-provided Boeing 727 and later 737 passenger jets from Nellis AFB.  On Thursday or Friday afternoons, the reverse would take place, leaving only essential personnel at Tonopah over the weekend.  At Nellis, the passenger jets sitting at the flight line became a common sight. If the base personnel knew—and many of them did—that the contractor aircraft were there to ferry most of the 2,500 inhabitants of Tonopah to work, they didn't talk about it. It was part of what became known as the "Night Hawk spirit", the devotion to a secret worth keeping. It pervaded Tonopah and its sister base at Nellis, where thousands of family members knew not to ask where their loved ones went for four days each week.  Due to the sensitive nature of being assigned to the 4450th, there were few transfers out of the unit once personnel were assigned.  Airmen and Officers went through a thorough security investigation, far more than what airmen went through for "normal" assignments.  OERs and APRs were reviewed, background investigations were conducted, and before an assignment was approved to the unit, each member's personnel and security file were reviewed and approved by the 4450th's commanding officer. Personnel signed security oaths, and in the case of a separation or transfer out of the unit, a through de-briefing was conducted to remind the personnel of the sensitive nature of the work they did and not to discuss any element of their assignment.

Beirut 1983
During October 1983, the US government ordered the Department of Defense to plan an attack on the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and PLO sympathizers/terrorists in Southern Lebanon in response to the destruction of the US Marine barracks at Beirut Airport. The Seventh Fleet in the Mediterranean was moved into position off the coast of Lebanon and the 4450th at Tonopah TTR was put on alert. Five to seven F-117A aircraft were armed and their Internal Navigation Systems aligned to targets in the area.

The plan called for the F-117As to fly from Tonopah TTR to Myrtle Beach AFB, South Carolina, where they would be put in hangars. They would wait 48 hours for the crew to rest and then fly the aircraft non-stop from Myrtle Beach to southern Lebanon. The attack was planned against positively identified locations of the terrorist groups that were known to be responsible for the car bomb and the deaths of 183 Marines of the peace keeping force in Beirut.

Caspar Weinberger, the Secretary of Defense, decided to scrub the mission just 45 minutes before the aircraft were to take off for Myrtle Beach. The F-117As were taken off alert, disarmed and had their INS systems reprogrammed for training purposes.

Operation Team Spirit 1984
In early 1984 the P-unit A-7D's deployed to Kunsan Air Base, South Korea to participate in Team Spirit 1984. The word was purposely leaked that the 4450th TG A-7Ds were carrying supersecret atomic antiradar devices that would render the airplane invisible. To maintain the deception, each A-7D was outfitted with old napalm canisters painted black with a flashing red danger light in the rear. The canisters carried a radiation warning tag over an ominous-looking slot on which was printed: "Reactor Cooling Fill Port." When the 4450th TG deployed carrying these bogus devices, Air Police closed down the base and ringed the field with machine gun-toting jeeps. They forced all the runway personnel to turn their backs to the A-7s as they taxied past, and actually had them spread-eagled on the deck with their eyes closed until the 4450th TG A7s took off.

Operation El Dorado Canyon
By 28 February 1986 Lockheed had delivered 33 F-117As, giving the Air Force two operational squadrons of F-117As. During this time, Libya's Colonel Muammar al-Gaddafi had been challenging the US Navy for about a year and a half and had also sponsored a number of terrorist activities in Europe. After a few aerial incidents which resulted in the loss of a number of Libyan aircraft, and a terrorist attack in West Germany that was positively linked by the United States to Libya, the US government decided to strike back.

On 15 April 1986 a bombing raid was planned under the code name Operation El Dorado Canyon. The F-117A was identified as the best suited weapons system for the mission. Although senior officers at Tactical Air Command knew of the F-117A's capabilities, the theater commanders knew nothing of its capabilities or its existence. As a result, the raid was carried out using carrier based Navy A-6 Intruders, A-7 Corsair IIs, F/A-18 Hornets, and USAF F-111s assigned to the USAFE 48th TFW at RAF Lakenheath, England.

Once again, the F-117As were within less than one hour from launch when Caspar Weinberger scrubbed the mission. He felt that the aircraft was too valuable to risk on such insignificant targets and the F-117A's participation in the raid was canceled.

Crashes
The 4450th TG's mission continued to evolve under a cloak of secrecy, as all Tonopah training flights conducted at night under the cover of darkness until late 1988.  With more production F-117s aircraft being delivered by Lockheed, the 4453d Test and Evaluation Squadron (TES) ("Z Unit") was activated on 4 October 1985 at Tonopah.

In the meantime, training continued out in the Nevada desert. On 11 July 1986, Major Ross E. Mulhare flew into a mountain near Bakersfield, California, while flying production aircraft number seven (81-10792). Major Mulhare seems to have made no attempt to eject and was killed instantly, his aircraft disintegrating upon impact. A recovery team was dispatched to the crash site, and the area was cordoned off. Every identifiable piece of the crashed plane was found and removed from the area to prevent them from falling into the wrong hands.

Some rather odd stories and rumors began to circulate about this incident in an attempt to explain the high amount of secrecy as well as to throw the media or the merely curious off the track. One cover story that appeared was that Major Mulhare was flying a Soviet MiG-23 when he crashed. There was a report that the recovery crew had dug and sifted the soil to a distance of 1,000 yards from the last recognizable debris and to a depth of 6 feet to make sure that no one snooping in the area would ever find any piece of the aircraft. Another story was that to mislead scavengers, the recovery crew had taken the remains of a crashed F-101A Voodoo that had been at Groom Lake for over 20 years, broken them up, and scattered them throughout the area. In an article not long afterward, The Washington Post quoted unnamed defense sources as saying that roughly 50 stealth aircraft were operational and combat-ready, although the true figure was about half that large. Within days, The Sacramento Bee published an article describing the base facilities at Tonopah.

On 14 October 1987, while flying production aircraft number 30 (tail number 84-0815), Major Michael C. Stewart crashed in the Nellis range just east of Tonopah. He apparently made no attempt to eject, and was killed instantly. The official cause was never revealed, but fatigue and disorientation may have played a role. There was no moon that night, and there were no lights on the Nellis range to help the pilot to distinguish the ground. Reportedly, the mission included certain requirements that were deleted from the final accident report. It is possible that Stewart was going supersonic when he crashed and that he had become disoriented during high-speed maneuvers and had simply flown his plane into the ground.

During the F-117A testing program, there were three A-7Ds lost in flight operations, one over the Nellis Range, one on a cross-country flight near Tinker AFB, Oklahoma, and a third which made headlines in the media when an A-7D (69-6207) crashed into a Ramada Inn at Indianapolis, and the media curiosity rose quickly when it was discovered that the pilot of the A-7 was assigned to the 4450th TG, identified as the home unit of the pilot killed in the publicly unexplained 1986 Bakersfield crash. Noting that the 4450th at Nellis apparently flew the only A-7Ds left in the active forces, a number of experts publicly speculated that the A-7Ds were being flown to sharpen pilot daytime attack skills, since it was widely rumored in the press that the Air Force stealth aircraft were known to fly only at night.

Security leaks
In 1979, public leaks about the stealth fighter began to appear in the aviation press, but at the time it was little more than gossip.  During the summer of 1980, the pace of stealth leaks picked up. In the week of 10 August, Aviation Week and Space Technology, The Washington Post, and ABC News all carried stories on stealth. (Up to this point, the popular press had ignored stealth). The stories said that stealth technology was being developed for several types of aircraft, including bombers. They reported that it used RAM and curved surfaces to reduce the radar return.(The latter was entirely inaccurate).

1980 was an election year and on 22 August 1980, Defense Secretary Harold Brown held a press conference: "...I am announcing today a major technological advance of great military significance.  This so-called 'stealth' technology enables the United States to build manned and unmanned aircraft that cannot be successfully intercepted with existing air defense systems. We have demonstrated to our satisfaction that the technology works". The Brown press conference set off a firestorm of charges by Republicans that the Carter Administration was using stealth technology to curry voters in the wake of the Iran Hostage Crisis and the failure of the Desert One rescue mission.  However, the fact was that the public disclosure of the concept and possibilities of stealth aircraft, which few in the public and press could understand, did not change the outcome of the November 1980 election.

The incoming Reagan administration increased the secrecy surrounding the stealth program. Although several projects would remain unknown for a decade and more, the effort was not entirely successful with the stealth fighter.  In large part to the 1980 announcement by Secretary Brown, aerospace circles published speculative articles, By 1983, artists' conceptions of the "F-19" began to appear (F-19 was the speculative name of the aircraft, since the F-18 designation was the Navy derivative of the F-17, and Northrop used the F-20 designation for its privately funded F-5E Tiger II replacement).  The general pattern was a long SR-71-like fuselage, elliptical wings at the rear, a bubble canopy, canards, and twin inward-canted fins. As it was now known the SR-71 had a reduced RCS, it was assumed the "F-19 Stealth Fighter" was similar.  Among those following the stealth story was the Testor Corporation. In 1985, they began work on a conceptual model of the F-19 which appeared in stores.

Declassification
Although the erroneous reports effectively hid the true information, it was clear that the wall of secrecy around the F-117A was breaking down. On 22 August 1986, a story in The Washington Post said that about fifty aircraft were operational, that the F-19 designation was incorrect, and that the plane was described as "ugly" due to its bulging, nontraditional shape. The plane's base was also identified as being Tonopah Airport. In January 1988, Armed Forces Journal revealed the aircraft's actual designation was the F-117 Nighthawk.  More important, the "big secret" of stealth, faceting, was starting to leak out. In 1986, there were reports that the F-19 was not smooth, but rather had "a multi-faceted outer-body surface" and a "cut-diamond exterior". This was described as being thousands of flat surfaces, none more than eight square inches in size, which did not share the same "reflectivity angle." The F-117A actually used large panels, but the basic principle was the same.

Bringing the F-117A out of the Black would have a number of advantages. The plane could be used in Red Flag exercises and could become part of standard war planning. There were benefits for the pilots too. With daylight flights possible, the fatigue from the late hours would be lessened. Night flights could start earlier and not have to race with the dawn. This would make the pilots' home lives easier. The problem was, ironically, that 1988 was also a presidential election year, and pressure from Congress forced the Air Force to wait until after the November election to officially announce the F-117's existence (harking back to the 1980 stealth announcement).

On 10 November 1988, the Air Force brought the F-117A from behind a "black veil" by publicly acknowledging its existence, but provided few details about it.  The press release stated that the F-117A was assigned to the 4450th Tactical Group at Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada. The aircraft was based at the Tonopah Test Range Airport in Nevada.  It also contained the facts that the first flight had been made in June 1981, that three had crashed, and that fifty-two had been delivered out of a total of fifty-nine ordered from Lockheed. A single photo was also released. The angular shape came as a surprise to the press and the public, as did the out-of-sequence "century-series" designation.  No information was given out as to the F-117A's dimensions, cost, range, or speed.

The official confirmation of the F-117A's existence, however, had little impact on Tonopah operations. Pilots began occasionally flying the F-117A during the day, but base personnel were still ferried to and from work each Monday and Friday from Nellis.  Everyone associated with the project was still forbidden to talk about what they did for a living, and the program remained shrouded in secrecy.

Inactivation

In January 1989, the AT-38 Talon replaced the A-7D in the unit's inventory as a measure to streamline the F-117A's training operation, and the squadrons A-7Ds were transferred to several Air National Guard squadrons.  The A-7Ks were transferred to the Arizona Air National Guard at Tucson for use at the ANG A-7 training school there.

With the 1988 public announcement of the existence of the F-117A program, the formerly clandestine 4450th Tactical Group, which had transitioned the F-117 from a development to operational weapons system was put on the road to inactivation when the Air Force decided to increase the 4450th TG to a Wing level organization. As part of the phasedown of operations at George AFB, California, the 37th Tactical Fighter Wing was reassigned, without equipment or personnel to Tonopah Test Range Airport on 5 October 1989, and assumed the aircraft, personnel, equipment and mission of the provisional 4450th Tactical Group.

As part of the transition from the provisional group to 37th TFW, the F-117A squadrons were inactivated and re-designated as follows:
 4450th Tactical Squadron (Nightstalkers-Atlantic); re-designated as: 415th Tactical Fighter Squadron (Nightstalkers)
 4451st Tactical Squadron (Grim Reapers-Pacific); re-designated as: 416th Tactical Fighter Squadron (Ghostriders)
 4453d Test and Evaluation Squadron; re-designated as: 417th Tactical Fighter Squadron (Bandits)

The choice of the 415th, 416th and 417th Tactical Fighter Squadrons were significant, as these were all World War II P-61 Black Widow night fighter squadrons.  The squadron designations were chosen to honor these pioneering squadrons, which were bestowed their lineages and histories

Tactical Air Command also activated Detachment 1, 57th Fighter Weapons Wing (The Dragon Test Team) on 30 May 1989 at Tonopah, which took over the mission of the R-Unit (Baja Scorpions).

Before inactivating, the 4450th Tactical Group achieved many noteworthy accomplishments.  The unit passed two Tactical Air Command operational readiness inspections (ORI) and unit effectiveness inspections (UEIs) with high marks.  The 4450th was awarded three Air Force Outstanding Unit Awards (AFOUA) for its achievements, 1 January 1987 – 31 December 1988; 1 January 1984 – 31 December 1985; and 29 October 1981 – 28 October 1983

Lineage
 Established by Tactical Air Command as the 4450th Tactical Group (A-unit) and activated on 15 October 1979.
 Inactivated on 5 October 1989.

Assignments
 Direct reporting unit to Tactical Air Command Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations (TACDO), 15 October 1979 – 5 October 1989
 On 1 April 1985, administrative control only was transferred to the USAF Tactical Fighter Weapons Center at Nellis AFB

Units

 Operations Units
 4450th Test (later Tactical) Squadron (I-Unit), 11 July 1981 – 5 October 1989 "Nightstalkers – Atlantic"
 F-117A Testing Squadron
 Re-designated: 415th Tactical Fighter Squadron (37th TFW)

 4451st Test (later Tactical) Squadron (P-Unit), 15 January 1983 – 5 October 1989 "Grim Reapers – Pacific"
 The P-unit was the Nellis based unit equipped with A-7D Corsair IIs. These aircraft were used for initial pilot training before any F-117A's were delivered, then later being used for F-117A chase tests and other weapon tests at the Nellis Range.
 Re-designated: 416th Tactical Fighter Squadron (37th TFW)

 4453d Test and Evaluation Squadron (Z-Unit), 1 October 1985 – 30 May 1989 "Bandits"
 F-117A Testing Squadron
 Re-designated: 417th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron (37th TFW)

 4450th Tactical Group, Detachment 2 (R-Unit), 15 October 1979 – 30 May 1989
 Located at Groom Lake, Nevada. The R-unit flew the initial checkout flights of every newly produced F-117A aircraft before USAF acceptance. An extra duty of the R-unit included local area familiarization function later assigned to the 4453rd TES upon the R-unit's inactivation.  Upon inactivation the unit was replaced by Detachment 1, 57th Fighter Weapons Wing (FWW).  The 410th Flight Test Squadron traces its roots, if not its formal lineage to the R-unit.

 Support Units
 4450th Tactical Group, Detachment 1
 Oldest Unit in 4450th TG
 Re-designated: 4452d Test Squadron (Q-Unit), 15 October 1979 – 30 May 1989

 4450th Tactical Group, Detachment 3 (W-Unit), 15 October 1979 – 30 May 1989
 Intelligence unit

 4450th Tactical Group, Detachment 4 (S-Unit), 15 October 1979 – 30 May 1989
 Hospital unit

 4450th Maintenance Squadron (T-Unit), 11 June 1981 – 30 May 1989
 Performed the maintenance on the 4450th A-7D and A-7K aircraft

 Activated as H-Unit, 15 April 1982
 Re-designated 4461st Supply Squadron, 15 May 1984
 Re-designated 4450th Supply Squadron (undetermined)-5 October 1989
 Performed Inventory Management missions

 4450th Transportation Squadron (L-Unit), 15 April 1982 – 5 October 1989
 Transportation unit

 4452d Maintenance Squadron (G-Unit), 15 October 1979
 Re-designated 4450th Aircraft Generation Squadron, 30 May 1989 – 5 October 1989
 Performed F-117 maintenance

 4451st Maintenance Squadron (F-Unit), 11 June 1981
 Later re-designated 4450th Component Repair Squadron, 30 May 1989 – 5 October 1989
 Performed F-117 maintenance

 4454th Maintenance Squadron (U-Unit), 15 October 1979 – 30 May 1989
 Maintenance unit

 F3XP M.A.R.S./4450th TG M.A.R.S. (Materials Application Repair Section)
 Applied and maintained the coatings used on the F-117A

 4461st Support Group (E-Unit), 15 October 1979
 Re-designated: 4450th Combat Support Group, 15 September 1981
 Inactivated on 5 October 1989.
 4461st Support (later Combat Support) Squadron
 4461st Security Police (later Security) Squadron
 4461st Civil Engineering Squadron

 On 15 September 1981, Headquarters TAC activated the 4461st Support Group and assigned it to the USAF Tactical Fighter Weapons Center (TFWC) at Nellis AFB to support "new activities programmed on the Northern Range Complex." This unit received as its first mission a task to design and construct a full-service base that would support the F-117A Stealth Fighter program. As such, the 4461st developed long-range construction programs to meet future expansions and provide base operating support services to all units and people at the Tonopah Test Range. As a goal, the 4461st had to complete this work by 1 November 1983 to coincide with the F-117A's planned initial operating capability (IOC).

 On 1 April 1985, Headquarters TAC reassigned the 4461st to the 4450th Tactical Group. This status did not change until 24 January 1989, when TAC re-designated the 4461st Support Group as the 4450th Combat Support Group to reflect its true role in supporting the 4450th Tactical Group's operational mission with F-l17As, A-7Ds, and T-38s. On 5 October 1989, the 4450th CSG inactivated, and all assigned personnel and assets transferred into the newly activated 37th Combat Support Group.

Stations
 Nellis AFB, Nevada, 15 October 1979 – 5 October 1989 (Headquarters)
 Operational Locations
 Detachment 3, Air Force Flight Test Center, Nevada, 15 October 1979 – 28 October 1983
 Tonopah Test Range Airport, Nevada, 28 October 1983 – 5 October 1989

Aircraft
 F-117A Nighthawk, 1981–1989
 A-7 Corsair II (A-7D/A-7K), 1981–1989
 Used as a surrogate aircraft for training and practice and to provide a cover story for the 4450th TG's existence.
 T-38 Talon, 1989
 Replacements for A-7s after existence of F-117A became publicly known.

References

 F-117a.com

Four digit groups of the United States Air Force


Ndrumbea, variously spelled Ndumbea, Dubea, Drubea and Païta, is a New Caledonian language that gave its name to the capital of New Caledonia, Nouméa, and the neighboring town of Dumbéa. It has been displaced to villages outside the capital, with fewer than a thousand speakers remaining. Gordon (1995) estimates that there may only be two or three hundred. The Dubea are the people; the language has been called Naa Dubea (or more precisely Ṇã́ã Ṇḍùmbea) "language of Dubea".

Ndrumbea is one of the few Austronesian languages that is tonal, and it has a series of consonants that are also unusual for the region.

Phonology
Ndrumbea, like its close relative Numee, is a tonal language, with three contrasting tones, high, mid, and low.

Vowels
Ndrumbea has seven oral vowels, long and short. The mid front vowels are lower when short than long: . There are five nasal vowels, also long and short: . These interact with nasal consonants, described below. Back vowels do not occur after labialized consonants, , or . In addition to the complementary correlation of nasal vowels with nasal consonants, nasal vowels do not occur after . –oral vowel derives historically from –nasal vowel.

Phonetically, a stop–flap consonant cluster will be separated by an obscure epenthetic vowel with the quality of the following phonemic vowel.

Consonants
Nasal vowels once contrasted after nasal stops, as they still do in Numee. However, in Ndrumbea, nasal stops partially denasalized before oral vowels, so that now prenasalized stops precede oral vowels, and nasal stops precede nasal vowels. Similarly,  only occurs before oral vowels.

The fricatives  are sometimes realized as approximants . However, the approximants  are never fricated. The nasal stop  sometimes has incomplete closure, producing a nasalized approximant . The  is most often a tap , sometimes an approximant , and occasionally an alveolar tap or trill,  or . It does not occur word initially, and does not contrast with  word medially. It tends to be nasalized before a nasal vowel,  with the nasality spreading to preceding vowels:  "to run" has been recorded as .

Ndrumbea contrasts three coronal places, articulated with the tip or blade of the tongue contacting the roof of the mouth: , ,  and their nasal homologs.  is apical, in contrast to laminal . It is not clear if  is apico-dental or denti-alveolar, but it has a sharp release burst. , on the other hand, has a noisy release and approaches an affricate, . It may actually be closer to an alveolar than post-alveolar, and appears to be enunciated more forcefully than .  also has a fricated release, and for many speakers this is longer than that of . All consonants labeled as Dental or Postalveolar (with the exception of ) are coronal consonants.

References
 Ndrumbea language alphabet and pronunciation at Omniglot

Shintani T. L. A. & Païta Y. (1990a) Grammaire de la langue de Païta. Nouméa: Sociéte d'Etudes Historiques de Nouvelle-Calédonie.
Shintani T. L. A. & Païta Y. (1990b) Dictionnaire de la langue de Païta. Nouméa: Sociéte d'Etudes Historiques de Nouvelle-Calédonie.

New Caledonian languages
Languages of New Caledonia
Tonal languages in non-tonal families
Vulnerable languages


Sequential minimal optimization (SMO) is an algorithm for solving the quadratic programming (QP) problem that arises during the training of support-vector machines (SVM). It was invented by John Platt in 1998 at Microsoft Research. SMO is widely used for training support vector machines and is implemented by the popular LIBSVM tool. The publication of the SMO algorithm in 1998 has generated a lot of excitement in the SVM community, as previously available methods for SVM training were much more complex and required expensive third-party QP solvers.

Optimization problem

Consider a binary classification problem with a dataset (x1, y1), ..., (xn, yn), where xi is an input vector and  is a binary label corresponding to it. A soft-margin support vector machine is trained by solving a quadratic programming problem, which is expressed in the dual form as follows:

subject to:

where C is an SVM hyperparameter and K(xi, xj) is the kernel function, both supplied by the user; and the variables  are Lagrange multipliers.

Algorithm
SMO is an iterative algorithm for solving the optimization problem described above. SMO breaks this problem into a series of smallest possible sub-problems, which are then solved analytically. Because of the linear equality constraint involving the Lagrange multipliers , the smallest possible problem involves two such multipliers. Then, for any two multipliers  and , the constraints are reduced to:

and this reduced problem can be solved analytically: one needs to find a minimum of a one-dimensional quadratic function.  is the negative of the sum over the rest of terms in the equality constraint, which is fixed in each iteration.

The algorithm proceeds as follows:

 Find a Lagrange multiplier  that violates the Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT) conditions for the optimization problem.
 Pick a second multiplier  and optimize the pair .
 Repeat steps 1 and 2 until convergence.

When all the Lagrange multipliers satisfy the KKT conditions (within a user-defined tolerance), the problem has been solved. Although this algorithm is guaranteed to converge, heuristics are used to choose the pair of multipliers so as to accelerate the rate of convergence. This is critical  for large data sets since there are  possible choices for  and .

Related Work
The first approach to splitting large SVM learning problems into a series of smaller optimization tasks was proposed by Bernhard Boser, Isabelle Guyon, Vladimir Vapnik. It is known as the "chunking algorithm". The algorithm starts with a random subset of the data, solves this problem, and iteratively adds examples which violate the optimality conditions. One disadvantage of this algorithm is that it is necessary to solve QP-problems scaling with the number of SVs. On real world sparse data sets, SMO can be more than 1000 times faster than the chunking algorithm.

In 1997, E. Osuna, R. Freund, and F. Girosi proved a theorem which suggests a whole new set of QP algorithms for SVMs.  By the virtue of this theorem a large QP problem can be broken down into a series of smaller QP sub-problems. A sequence of QP sub-problems that always add at least one violator of the Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT) conditions is guaranteed to converge. The chunking algorithm obeys the conditions of the theorem, and hence will converge. The SMO algorithm can be considered a special case of the Osuna algorithm, where the size of the optimization is two and both Lagrange multipliers are replaced at every step with new multipliers that are chosen via good heuristics.

The SMO algorithm is closely related to a family of optimization algorithms called Bregman methods  or row-action methods. These methods solve convex programming problems with linear constraints. They are iterative methods where each step projects the current primal point onto each constraint.

See also
 Kernel perceptron

References

Optimization algorithms and methods
Support vector machines


Hot tapping, or pressure tapping, is the method of making a connection to existing piping or pressure vessels without the interrupting or emptying of that section of pipe or vessel. This means that a pipe or tank can continue to be in operation whilst maintenance or modifications are being done to it.  The process is also used to drain off pressurized casing fluids and add test points or various sensors such as temperature and pressure. Hot taps can range from a ½ inch hole designed for something as simple as quality control testing, up to a 48-inch tap for the installation of a variety of ports, valves, t-sections or other pipes.

Hot Tap Procedures:

A. A hot tap saddle, service saddle or welded threadolet, valve installed, assembly is pressure tested and hot tap machine attached.

B. Valve opened, hot tap completed, coupon or cut portion retained by latches on pilot drill. Pressure is contained within the hot tapping machine.

C. Cutter and coupon retracted and valve closed. Fluid is drained and hot tapping machine is removed. The tapped valve is now ready for the contractor's tie-in or IFT's linestop/stopple equipment to be inserted.

Hot tapping is also the first procedure in line stopping, where a hole saw is used to make an opening in the pipe, so a line plugging head can be inserted.

Situations in which welding operations are prohibited on equipment which contains:

 Mixtures of gases or vapours within their flammable range or which may become flammable as a result of heat input in welding operations.
 Substances which may undergo reaction or decomposition leading to a dangerous increase in pressure, explosion or attack on metal. In this context, attention is drawn to the possibility that under certain combinations of concentration, temperature and pressure, acetylene, ethylene and other unsaturated hydrocarbons may decompose explosively, initiated by a welding hot spot.
 Oxygen-enriched atmospheres in the presence of hydrocarbons which may be present either in the atmosphere or deposited on the inside surface of the equipment or pipe.
 Compressed air in the presence of hydrocarbons which may be present either in the air or deposited on the inside surfaces of the equipment or pipe.
 Gaseous mixtures in which the partial pressure of hydrogen exceeds 700 kPa gauge, except where evidence from tests has demonstrated that hot-tapping can be done safely.

Based on the above, welding on equipment or pipe which contains hazardous substances or conditions as listed below (even in small quantities) shall not be performed unless positive evidence has been obtained that welding/hot tapping can be applied safely.

Substances
 Acetylene
 Acetonitrile
 Butadiene
 Caustic soda*
 Chlorine
 Compressed air at a pressure in excess of 3000 kPa gauge;
 Ethylene
 Ethylene oxide
 Fat/lean DEA/MEA;
 High pressure steam (pressure in excess of 5000 kPa (ga))
 Hydraulic Oil
 Hydrogen (partial pressure in excess of 700 kPa (ga))
 Hydrogen sulphide*
 Hydrofluoric acid
 Oxygen
 Propene
 Propene oxide
 Sulphuric acid
 Toxic substances.*

Constraints based on general hazard in the event of line puncturing during welding, not the welding process. Conditions:

 Vacuum conditions;
 Dissolved hydrogen in the pipe wall (e.g. due to service history);
 Pyrophoric scale deposits.

Note: The above list is not exhaustive, but gives an indication only.

References

Further reading

 American Petroleum Institute (API): Safe Hot Tapping Practices in the Petroleum & Petrochemical Industries, API Recommended Practice 2201, 5th edition, July 2003.

Piping
Plumbing


Papyrus 95 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), designated by siglum 𝔓95, is an early copy of the New Testament in Greek. It is a papyrus manuscript of the Gospel of John. The surviving texts of John are verses 5:26-29,36-38. The manuscript palaeographically has been assigned to the early 3rd century.

The writing is in 35 lines per page.

Text
The Greek text of this manuscript is a representative of the Alexandrian text-type, Comfort ascribed it as proto-Alexandrian, though the extant portion is too fragmentary for certainty. It has not yet been placed in any of the Categories of New Testament manuscripts.

 Location
The manuscript is currently housed at the Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana (PL II/31) at Florence.

Textual variants
 5:27 Word-spacing analysis indicates that 10-14 letters intruded between the first two words of the verse
 5:28: ακουσουσιν (shall hear (future tense)) becomes ακουσαντες (have heard (aorist tense, participle)).
 5:36: omits second αυτα (these) through possible homoeoteleuton.

Nomina Sacra
The fragment should have the word πατήρ contracted (nomina sacra) in two places, but instead, lacuane.

See also

 List of New Testament papyri

References

Image

Further reading

 Jean Lenaerts, Un papyrus de l’Évangile de Jean : PL II/31, Chronique d’ Egypte 60 (Brussels: 1985), pp. 117–120.

New Testament papyri
3rd-century biblical manuscripts
Early Greek manuscripts of the New Testament
Gospel of John papyri


Ray Van Cleef (c. 1911 – May 26, 1964) was an artist's model, magazine editor, physical culturist and columnist.

Life
Van Cleef was born circa 1911. He took up weightlifting in Siegmund Klein's gym.

Van Cleef was an artist's model. He was "once in demand by sculptors as a model for Grecian gods." He may have been the original small scale model for Prometheus, a sculpture designed by Paul Manship in Rockefeller Center, even though Leonardo Nole is often credited as the only model.

Van Cleef was the owner of a gym in San Jose, California. He trained the New York Giants, a baseball team in New York City. He also trained Olympic weightlifters, and he organized weightlifting competitions like the Santa Clara Valley Invitational Tournament in 1963.

Van Cleef resided in San Jose, California with his wife Virginia and their two daughters, Lois and Martha. He died of a heart attack on May 26, 1964, at age 53.

Physical culture

Van Cleef was an associate editor at Strength & Health, for which he wrote a column called Strong Men Around the World. In his columns, he wrote about wrist-wrestling competitions and walkathons. Van Cleef was one of the few vegetarians involved in physical culture. He was supportive of the American Vegetarian Convention and in 1949 commented that the vegetarian movement needed to clean itself up by dissociating itself from cultists or those making unrealistic claims.

References

1964 deaths
American artists' models
American columnists
People associated with physical culture
Strength training writers
Year of birth uncertain


"Hé, biloute ! Monte l'son ! Hein !" is a French 2008 song. It was the soundtrack of the 2008 motion picture comedy Bienvenue chez les Ch'tis and was recorded by Ch'ti DJ, a French DJ. It achieved success in France.

Song information
It was written by Krista Cappan, Fabrice Nyiri and Joël Guidon and was released on March 13, 2008 in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais, then the whole of France in April, under Nord-Way Productions label.

It was a surprise hit in France, probably through the film success: it entered the SNEP singles chart at number nine on 5 April 2008, with 2,475 sales, then jumped directly to number one, selling 7,643 units this week, then dropped slowly, totaling nine weeks in the top ten, 23 weeks in the top 50 and 38 weeks on the chart. In Belgium (Wallonia), the song debuted on the chart on 24 May 2008, peaked at number seven in its fourth week and remained on the chart for 12 weeks.

Ch'ti DJ toured in France to promote his song, particularly devoted to the discothèques. The song is characterized by minimal lyrics with phrases taken from the film, and house and rap sonorities inspired by tecktonik. The song was generally well received by the media, although the commercial aspect of the single was deemed obvious. It was also stated by Ozap that the song was "a little opportunist".

Track listings
 CD single
 "Hé, biloute ! Monte l'son ! Hein !" (Ch'ti edit radio) — 3:29
 "Hé, biloute ! Monte l'son ! Hein !" (Ch'ti jump tonic mix) — 5:37
 "Hé, biloute ! Monte l'son ! Hein !" (video)

 Digital download
 "Hé, biloute ! Monte l'son ! Hein !" (Ch'ti edit radio) — 3:36
 "Hé, biloute ! Monte l'son ! Hein !" — 3:11
 "Hé, biloute ! Monte l'son ! Hein !" (Ch'ti dub edit) — 3:16

Charts and sales

Peak positions

Year-end charts

References

2008 singles
Ch'ti DJ songs
SNEP Top Singles number-one singles
Songs written for films
2008 songs


The Gunther Building was a seven-story commercial edifice in Manhattan located at 391 -  393 Fifth Avenue, between 36th Street and 37th Street. It occupied a plot  on Fifth Avenue by  in depth. Built in 1909, the establishment conformed in architecture, appointments,
and construction with the Tiffany and Company Building, which adjoined it. The latter structure was designed by Stanford White and was constructed by Tiffany & Company in 1903,
at the corner of the block on 37th Street.

History of building site

For many years the edifice was leased by C.G. Gunther's Sons, furriers. Gunther's lease on the property expired in October 1929, when the company moved into a building which occupied the former site of the home of Mrs. W.K. Vanderbilt II., at 660 Fifth Avenue.

The Gunther Building was sold by Tiffany & Company to Benjamin Winter Inc., in February 1929, for $1.5 million.  Joseph Durst purchased the Gunther Building for a similar price in March 1930. The same month the structure was leased long term by I. J. Fox Inc., a fur manufacturer and retailer.

Popular retailer locale

Tots Toggerie, a retailer which sold children's clothing and school uniforms, rented two floors in the Gunther Building in July 1932. During the late summer of 1936 Stadler & Stadler, men's tailors, leased space in the structure. Culver, Hollyday & Company,
a broker, negotiated the rental of Gunther Building space for David Custage, a fabrics dealer, in February 1938. The Merzon Corset Company moved to the Fifth Avenue locale from 45
West 57th Street, where it had been for a decade. It leased the sixth floor of the Gunther Building, which contained  of space, in August 1943.

References

Commercial buildings completed in 1909
Demolished buildings and structures in Manhattan
Cultural history of New York City
Fifth Avenue


Perle is the eighteenth album released by Gianna Nannini in 2004. It reached number 6 on the Italian album chart and number 22 on the album chart in Switzerland.

Track listing
"Notti Senza Cuore" (Gianna Nannini) - 4:14
"Ragazzo Dell'Europa" (Gianna Nannini) - 4:27
"Contaminata" (Gianna Nannini/M. Malavasi, Gianna Nannini/M. Redeghieri) - 4:49
"Amandoti" (M. Zamboni, G.L. Feretti) - 4:04
"Profumo" (Gianna Nannini/F. Pianigiani, Gianna Nannini) - 3:37
"I Maschi" (Gianna Nannini/F. Pianigiani, Gianna Nannini) - 4:00
"Aria" (Gianna Nannini/F. Sartori, Gianna Nannini/I. Santacroce) - 3:49
"Una Luce" (Gianna Nannini) - 3:17
"California" (Gianna Nannini) - 2:43
"Latin Lover" (Gianna Nannini/M. Paoluzzi, Gianna Nannini) - 4:07
"Meravigliosa Creatura" (Gianna Nannini, Gianna Nannini/M. Redeghieri) - 3:07
"Amore Cannibale" (Gianna Nannini/R. Gulisano/T. Marletta/D. Oliveri, I. Santacroce) - 5:46
"Oh Marinaio" (Gianna Nannini) - 3:48

Personnel
Gianna Nannini - vocals
Production - Christian Lohr & Gianna Nannini
Executive producer - Peter Zumsteg
Recording engineers - Charly Bohaimid & Christian Lohr
Mixing engineers - Charly Bohaimid & Christian Lohr
Mastering engineer - Tony Cousins

External links
 Gianna Nannini website

2004 albums
Gianna Nannini albums


Mumbai Football Association (MFA), formerly known as Mumbai District Football Association (MDFA), is an organisation that governs the football in and around the Indian city of Mumbai. It is a member of the Western India Football Association, which is affiliated to the All India Football Federation (AIFF). The MFA organises Mumbai Football League, overlooking promotion and development of football in the bustling city of Mumbai.

History
The Mumbai Football Association (MFA), which is a non-profit organization, was established in 1983 and is the official district body for development, conduct and organization of football in the city of Mumbai and its suburbs. The MFA is affiliated with the Western India Football Association (WIFA), a state association of Maharashtra. From a beginning of 57 football clubs affiliated to it, the association now caters to and conducts football activity for more than 10,000 players.

Mumbai had always been a center of football on the western coast of India from since the British rule. After the foundation of Western India Football Association as a result of the merger between Bombay Football Association and Bombay Rovers Cup Committee in 1911, it conducted the Harwood Football League and the prestigious Rovers Cup, an all India tournament, which has come as a legacy to MFA.

The MFA is managed by the Executive Council consisting of a president, 4 vice presidents, general secretary, treasurer, 4 assistant secretaries and 15 committee members. In addition to these, six members whose services would be beneficial to the association are also co-opted on the executive committee. The term of the executive Council is four years.

Olympians and internationals of MFA
Mumbai has produced a number of olympians and international players of high repute, who have proudly represented our country with excellence. Double olympian S. S. Narayan was the vice-president of MFA.   Olympians Sanjeeva Uchil and Fortunato Franco also hail from Mumbai.
Many international players have been produced under the aegis of MFA. They are Mario Gracious, Bandya Kakade, Derek D'Souza, Ranjit Thapa, Amar Bahadur, Yusuf Ansari, Godfrey Pereira, Khalid Jamil, Henry Menezes, Akhil Ansari, Bernard Pereira, Arthur Pereira, Santosh Kashyap, Steven Dias and Abhishek Yadav ,to name a few.

Mumbai football pyramid

Men
Mumbai Football League
 Elite Division
 Super Division
 First Division
 Second Division
 Third Division

Women
 MFA Women’s League
 Girls U-17
 Girls U-14

Youth
 U-18 Boys
 U-16 Boys Division I
 U-16 Boys Division II
 U-14 Boys Division I
 U-14 Boys Division II
 U-12 Boys
 U-10 Boys
 U-8 Boys

Knockout tournaments

Men's

Football grounds
MFA conducts their events on the following grounds.

References

Football governing bodies in India
Football in Mumbai
Football in Maharashtra
Organisations based in Mumbai
1983 establishments in Maharashtra
Sports organizations established in 1983


Finland–Mozambique relations refers to the bilateral relationship of Finland and Mozambique.  Finland recognised Mozambique on July 4, 1975. Both countries established diplomatic relations on July 18, 1975.
Mozambique is represented in Finland through its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.  Finland has an embassy in Maputo. In November 2008, Finland's President Tarja Halonen called her country's relationship with Mozambique "excellent".

Relations
Since 1987, Mozambique has been one of Finland's main partner countries for development aid, with Mozambique receiving 23 million Euros in 2008. In 2009, Finland's aid contribution to Mozambique increased to 26.6 million Euros. In 2008, development aid was used in the agriculture, education and health sectors. In October 2008, Finnish Minister for Foreign Trade and Development Paavo Väyrynen visited Mozambique to discuss development and trade.

Much of Finland's aid was directed towards rural development, specifically with the goals of increasing agricultural productivity and increasing farmers’ income.

See also
 Foreign relations of Finland
 Foreign relations of Mozambique

References

External links
  Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland about Mozambique

Bilateral relations of Mozambique
Mozambique


Tolleshunt D'Arcy railway station was on the Kelvedon and Tollesbury Light Railway, serving the village of Tolleshunt D'Arcy, Essex. The station was  from Kelvedon Low Level railway station.

The station was opened in 1904. It was closed, along with the rest of the line, on 7 May 1951.

References

External links
 Tolleshunt D'Arcy station on navigable 1948 O. S. map

Disused railway stations in Essex
Former Great Eastern Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1904
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1951


Magellan Development Group, LLC is an American real estate and property development company that was formed in 1996 as a result of a long term corporate partnership between Joel Carlins and James Loewenberg.

The company's chief executive officer is David Carlins and J.R. Berger is a principal. The affiliates of bKL Architects, Joel M. Carlins & Associates, Magellan Marketing Group, Magellan Property Management, and Magellan Realty operate autonomously within the group structure.Since its inception in 1996, Magellan has developed 28 mostly mixed-use communities encompassing over 11,000 residential units, that in aggregate have generated over$6 billion in value.

The major accomplishment of their collaboration is the $4 billion, mixed-use Lakeshore East community which reintroduced residential living to Chicago's central business district. The master plan was designed by Skidmore, Ownings, and Merrill; it consists of , 4,950 new residences,  of commercial space, 1,500 hotel rooms,  of retail space, a planned elementary school, and a  botanical park.

The company has created luxury rental and condominium communities such as Cascade, Millie on Michigan, Exhibit on Superior, Gallery on Wells, The Tides at Lakeshore East, The Shoreham at Lakeshore East, Grand Plaza, The Park Millennium, One Superior Place, and Dearborn Place.  Condominium developments at Lakeshore East include the Aqua, Chicago, The St Regis Chicago, The Parkhomes, The Chandler, 340 on the Park, The Regatta, and The Lancaster.  Other Lakeshore East developments include The Park at Lakeshore East and the Village Market retail center.   Completed in 2022, The St Regis Chicago is Chicago's third tallest building.  In addition to the Lakeshore East community, its portfolio includes buildings in Chicago's River North, Gold Coast, and Near West Side neighborhoods, such as The Park Alexandria, The Caravel, Admiral’s Pointe, The Farallon, 630 North State, 21 West Chestnut, The Park Newberry Residences.

In 2012, the company expanded outside of Chicago with LPM Apartments in Minneapolis, Nashville (The SoBro) and Miami (Midtown Five), GIO in Midtown Miami and Sienna in Austin with plans for additional developments in metro Boston. In addition, the two organizations that make up Magellan Development have independently developed hotels, retail, office and medical facilities throughout the United States.

Crain’s Chicago Business has named the company LLC one of Chicago’s top 5 "Largest Homebuilders" in 2007 in addition to naming Magellan as number 113 in the list of "Chicago’s Largest Privately Held Companies".  The company has been responsible for the creation of over 12,000 residential units in Chicago and is known for its philanthropic endeavors and unique Rewards program as well as its luxury properties.

References

Companies based in Chicago
Real estate companies of the United States


Viresh Dhaiber (details unknown) was an Indian cricketer who played for Baroda.

Dhaiber made a single first-class appearance for the team, in 1981–82, against Gujarat. From the middle of the order, he scored 14 not out in the only innings in which he batted.

Baroda won the match by an innings margin, as Gujarat were bowled out in their second innings for just 50 runs.

External links

Indian cricketers
Baroda cricketers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


Papyrus 96 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), designated by 𝔓96, is a copy of the New Testament in Greek and Coptic. It is a diglot papyrus manuscript of the Gospel of Matthew. The surviving texts of Matthew are verses 3:10-12 (Coptic, Greek lost), 3:13-15 (Greek, Coptic lost). The manuscript paleographically has been assigned to the 6th century.

Text
The Greek text of this manuscript probably is a representative of the Alexandrian text-type, though the extant portion is too fragmentary for certainty. It is still not assigned to any of Aland's Categories of New Testament manuscripts.

 Location
The manuscript is currently housed at the Österreichische Nationalbibliothek (Pap. K. 7244) at Vienna.

See also

 List of New Testament papyri
 Coptic versions of the Bible

References

New Testament papyri
Greek-Coptic diglot manuscripts of the New Testament
6th-century biblical manuscripts
Biblical manuscripts of the Austrian National Library
Gospel of Matthew papyri


Michael Stich defeated the defending champion Goran Ivanišević in the final, 4–6, 7–6(8–6), 7–6(7–3), 6–2 to win the singles tennis title at the 1993 Stockholm Open.

Seeds

  Pete Sampras (second round)
  Jim Courier (third round)
  Boris Becker (third round)
  Michael Stich (champion)
  Sergi Bruguera (third round)
  Stefan Edberg (quarterfinals)
  Andrei Medvedev (second round)
  Goran Ivanišević (final)
  Petr Korda (quarterfinals)
  Todd Martin (third round)
  Karel Nováček (withdrew)
  Alexander Volkov (second round)
  Magnus Gustafsson (third round)
  Wayne Ferreira (second round)
  Marc Rosset (semifinals)
  Arnaud Boetsch (quarterfinals)

Draw

Finals

Top half

Section 1

Section 2

Bottom half

Section 3

Section 4

External links
 1993 Stockholm Open draw

Singles


Lixtor is an internet auction website operating in New Zealand since 2005, as a free alternative to Trade Me or Facebook Marketplace.

Lixtor's business model is substantially different from its rival site Trade Me as it tries to operate its business on advertising revenue rather than charging users on listing fees and success fee.

Controversy
On 6 November 2008 the National Business Review reported on an article that Lixtor has been legally-threatened by Trade Me over "copyright infringement" on their "Privacy Policy" and "Terms and Conditions". However, Lixtor stated that it was carried out by Trade Me to "intimidate" Lixtor because Trade Me was threatened by Lixtor's "no fee" business model.

Following this dispute with Trade Me, Lixtor listed their auction site for sale on Trade Me on 17 November 2008, with the starting bid $100,000,000. The listing was listed with the option to support Plunket by rounding up the success fee. However the auction was disabled by the Trade Me administrators hours after the auction.

Nonetheless, Lixtor re-listed the auction minutes after their listing was disabled by Trade Me moderators, but this second listing was also removed hours later. No more listings were reported after this, possibly due to Trade Me's policy to suspend the "suspicious" members.

On 20 November 2008, a community newspaper The Aucklander also reported that Trade Me's lawyers asked Lixtor to remove their "Terms and Conditions".

On 3 February 2009, in the wake of the emerging New Zealand copyright law Section 92a, New Zealand Creative Freedom Foundation published an article which stated that Lixtor vs. Trade Me case is a good example of how the new section 92a in the New Zealand copyright law could be "misused", if passed.

See also
 Internet in New Zealand

References

External links

 [ Lixtor] - official site

Online auction websites of New Zealand
Online marketplaces of New Zealand
Privately held companies of New Zealand
Internet properties established in 2005
New Zealand companies established in 2005


DMC Sinai-Grace Hospital is the largest of the eight hospitals that comprise the Detroit Medical Center. Located in northwest Detroit, Sinai-Grace provides health care services in over 40 specialties and has 334 inpatient beds, is a full-service hospital including comprehensive cardiac care, stroke, surgical intensive care, medical intensive care, trauma and emergency medicine, cancer treatment, general and robotic surgeries, women's health, urology, gastrointestinal, gerontology, obstetrics/gynecology and cosmetic/plastic surgery.

Sinai-Grace's Joint Excel Plus program features a minimally invasive knee and hip replacement surgery. Sinai-Grace also operates more than 25 outpatient care sites and ambulatory surgery centers throughout Wayne and Oakland Counties. Sinai-Grace is one of 10 hospitals in the nation to be awarded a Robert Wood Johnson Foundation grant to set the standards of cardiac care for hospitals and physicians throughout the nation. U.S. News & World Report named Sinai-Grace Hospital as high performing in 2 adult procedures and conditions.

More than 200 medical students and resident physicians in a variety of medical and surgical specialties get their advanced training at Sinai-Grace every year. In addition, nursing and medical students, radiology technicians, pharmacists, physician assistants, pathologists' assistants, and chaplains train at the hospital.

History
In April 1999, two hospitals with roots in the community since 1888 consolidated services under one roof. The former Sinai and Grace hospitals joined to create a community academic hospital in northwest Detroit and relocated to the former Mount Carmel Hospital building. Around April 1991, Grace Hospital had originally merged with Mount Carmel Hospital. The Grace and Mount Carmel hospital staff merged creating the new Grace Hospital at the 6071 West Outer Drive location.

Grace Hospital was established in 1888 and named after Grace McMillan Jarvis, daughter of founder Senator James McMillan. It was located at the corner of Willis and John R. adjacent to the current main campus of the Detroit Medical Center. Grace Hospital opened a training school for nurses in 1889. In 1913, the Miriam Memorial Branch of the hospital opened at the former Vinewood Estate of Bela Hubbard on the north side of Lafayette between West Grand Blvd and Vinewood. It was demolished in 1933.

Sinai Hospital's roots date from a clinic opened by Harry Saltzstein, M.D., in 1922. Sinai Hospital opened its doors in January 1953 to give Jewish healthcare professionals a place to practice without discrimination and as a central institution for the Jewish community.

Clinical services
Clinical Services at DMC Sinai-Grace Hospital include:

 Audiology
 Cardiology
 Cosmetic/Plastic Surgery
 Critical Care
 Dermatology
 Diabetes
 Ear/Nose/Throat
 Emergency Medicine
 Endocrinology
 Gastroenterology
 Infectious Disease
 Nephrology
 Neurology
 Obstetrics
 Oncology/Hematology
 Ophthalmology
 Oral/Maxillofacial Surgery
 Orthopedics
 Pain Management
 Pediatrics
 Pharmacy
 Physical Medicine/Rehabilitation
 Podiatric Surgery
 Psychiatry
 Radiology
 Rheumatology
 Sleep Disorders
 Surgery
 Urology
 Vascular Services
 Women's Health

Programs and services of note
DMC Sinai-Grace Hospital offers free health education programs during the fall and spring from the People's Medical College. A few of the classes offered were on:
 Joint Pain
 Allergies
 Fibroids and Menopause
 Diabetes wound care
 Stroke
 Heart Health

Sinai-Grace Hospital was the first hospital in Detroit and among the first in the region to have the Umbilical Cord Blood Bank program.

Surgical  milestones
Sinai-Grace Hospital was the first hospital in Michigan to offer Blue Light Cystoscopies. One of its other achievements was implementing a historic Uterine Fibroid surgery.

Accreditation
DMC Sinai-Grace Hospital has been recognized/accredited by several major organizations, including:

 Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) – Fully Accredited, 2014.
 MPRO/Michigan Medicare Quality Improvement Organization – Governor's Award.
 The Leapfrog Group – Top Hospital list for patient quality and safety 2012, 2013, 2014.
 U.S. News & World Report – America's Top Hospitals
 Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) and the Federal Department of Health and Human Services ranked above the national average in care for patients with specific types of medical conditions including heart failure and heart attacks.
 HealthGrades’ Stroke Care Excellence Award, Critical Care Award.

References

External links

 Detroit Medical Center
 DMC Sinai-Grace Hospital

Hospitals in Detroit
Teaching hospitals in Michigan
1999 establishments in Michigan
Detroit Medical Center
Tenet Healthcare
Trauma centers


Mozambique–Russia relations () date back to the 1960s, when Russia began to support the struggle of Mozambique's Marxist-oriented FRELIMO party against Portuguese colonialism.  Most leaders of the FRELIMO were trained in Moscow.  Diplomatic relations were formally established on 25 June 1975, soon after Mozambique gained its independence from Portugal. In June 2007, both Russia and Mozambique signed an agreement on economic cooperation. Russia has an embassy in Maputo while Mozambique has an embassy in Moscow, Russia.

Security cooperation

During a visit to Maputo by Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov, it was announced that Russia would increase counter-terrorism cooperation with Mozambique.

Energy

In 2015, Rosneft was awarded three licenses to extract natural gas near the Rovuma basin, in partnership with Exxon Mobil.

See also
 Foreign relations of Mozambique
 Foreign relations of Russia

References

External links
  Documents on the Mozambique–Russia relationship from the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs
  Embassy of Russia in Maputo

Bilateral relations of Russia
Africa–Russia relations
Russia