Spectasia is a document browser (chooser) application that has been developed by MATT Services. Spectasia was first released as a beta version for Microsoft Windows in July 2006, with the latest stable release on 23 March 2009.

The name Chooser refers to a software tool which allows the user to choose items visually, providing a lookable screen layout in which items are easy to spot. The term Chooser was also used for a defunct Macintosh finder application, but there is no direct relationship between the applications. Spectasia has been developed according to the design principles of the Lookable User Interface, which is related to Richard Bolt's concept of "Lookable Graphics".

Spectasia is  commercial software, and is available for use under a License from MATT Services.

History

Design
The design concepts behind Spectasia go back to 2003 and were embedded in Alan Radley's idea for a Lookable User Interface. A number of prototype systems were developed and tested at MATT Services in the UK, and these systems were also demonstrated at major University Departments worldwide including University College London's department of Computer Science (2003), Imperial College London's Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (2003), The University of Hawaii's Department of Computer Science (2003) and the University of Toronto's Computational Vision Group (2005). In particular visits by Alan Radley to Kim H. Veltman at the University of Maastricht in 2002, and later at the VMMI (Virtual Maastricht McLuhan Institute) in 2005 and 2007 produced discussions which were instrumental to the development of the software as it is today.

Form of 3D
Spectasia employs a form of three-dimensional representation or 3D,  specifically in order to provide an impression of depth for on-screen item locations. The subject of 3D representation has a long history and the associated literature is now extensive.  Fortunately some surveys
exist.

It is noteworthy that Spectasia uses curvilinear perspective to present item choices to the user, being a form of perspective which has been ably described in the book Curvilinear Perspective: From Visual Space to the Constructed Image.

A Lookable User Interface
Spectasia names its visual representation a Lookable User Interface. A Lookable User Interface (LUI) is a user interface which provides
a high degree of visual accessibility for digital content. Typically
a LUI enables the user to explore a 3D representation of a large collection of data items or object models. Often these items would comprise a Data Tree or Graph Structure.

At any moment, the LUI displays a small region of the overall graph, and the scene is automatically arranged in real time so as to provide good visibility for all of the Items present.

An overall visual context is created which allows items to adopt fixed visual reference
locations, one relative to one another, and which fosters the visual articulation and mapping of the visual field.

LUIs are designed to operate as context interfaces, and inherently provide distinct and notionally fixed visual reference locations for data items.

Beta releases
A number of different beta versions of Spectasia were released between July 2006 and September 2008.
The Beta releases of Spectasia were downloaded more than 50,000 times and no major bugs were reported.

Announcement
The first stable release announcement for Spectasia (Version 7.2 code name Eos) was originally made on 30 October 2008, and the latest release (Spectasia 2009 Artemis) was made on 23 March 2009.

Public release
The Spectasia 3D Chooser was first publicly released for Microsoft Windows (XP and later only) and Mac OS X on 30 October 2008 in English, officially a stable version. Initial feedback suggests the software has been well received.

The latest releases of Spectasia has been through extensive user testing on Windows Vista and Mac OS X.
The current software version (Spectasia 2009 Artemis) may work on some versions of Windows XP, but it is not supported on this platform.

Future
Plans are being made to include Spectasia in Dr Kim Veltman's SUMS project.

Development
Primary design goals were improvements in browsing and choosing efficiency for program, file and Web bookmark links. The software was designed to showcase a new 3D Chooser technology with the potential to provide an alternative to the Menu and List based retrieval methods.

Typically with Menus, two problems occur. Either the user must scan through each item on a long list, and scanning becomes tedious. Or else the desired item is buried deep inside another Menu level which you cannot find. With Menus, you waste time reading and re-reading irrelevant options.

Menus are not very Lookable because they do not create a sense of place. Items are simply left to float around the screen, and without any fixed locations. Spectasia's 3D shape, on the other hand, has a distinct pattern. Here one place is clearly differentiated from another. The eye can then dart and flit unhindered from one item to another.

With Spectasia, browsing and choosing are typically faster and more efficient activities. These efficiency improvements become particularly evident when the number of choices grows beyond 15–20 items.

Code
Spectasia consists of around 40,000 lines of Java and Java 3D code. The program internally uses XML, DOM and XSLT processing to
manage the tree data structures required to render XML and HTML source files into a 3D form in real time.

Version
The current release version of the Spectasia code base is Spectasia 2009 (code name Artemis) which was released on 23 March 2009.

Spectasia is available in three separate editions, named Home (the Free edition), and also the Professional and Ultimate editions.

Security
There are no known security issues at present.

Speed
Spectasia has been developed in Java (JRE) and Java3D, and both technologies have been criticized in the past in terms of
their performance. However user testing has demonstrated Spectasia to be snappy and responsive, taking only 2–5 seconds to launch,
and with most operations completing in a fraction of a second.

Data Types
Spectasia allows the user to create up to 100 items (Home), 1000 items (Professional) and 10,000 items (Ultimate Edition).

It is fully compatible with most common data formats; for example exe, app, .txt, pdf, .doc, .png, .bmp,.jpg, etc.

The user can import his or her own Icons into Spectasia in the png format.

Memory
Spectasia typically uses a similar amount of computer RAM memory to a modern web browser, around 100–200 MB.

During particularly intensive sessions, running the program for hours and with multiple imports and system refreshes,
memory usage has been seen to approach 500 MB, but the problem  has a simple remedy in a 2-3 second reboot.

Stability
Spectasia is very stable and reports of crashes during use are almost non-existent.

On Mac OS X systems it has been noted that on occasion Spectasia fails to launch. No work-arounds have been reported other than restarting Spectasia.

Spectasia has an automatic repair and recovery system which copes with any data corruptions and takes the
system back to the last valid state.

Future Upgrades
Spectasia is an application which is upgraded periodically.

Extensions
No plug-ins or data feeds are currently supported.

User Interface
Spectasia is a Lookable User Interface, and employs a novel set of display elements and controls.

The Data Wave
Spectasia employs a curvilinear perspective grid, referred to as a "Data Wave", in order to present Item Choices to the user.

Each Wave consists of a number of individual display places which are used to hold Data Items. Each Data Item on the Wave is then represented by an "Icon".

Users are free to create Items, but it is Spectasia that chooses when, where and how to display corresponding Icons on the Wave.

Item Types
Two different Item types can exist on a Wave.

Firstly, a Data Item representing a 'clickable' link to a Data resource – possibly a local Program, File or else a Web Link to an Internet resource.

Secondly a Wave Item which represents another Wave view altogether, which when clicked on brings that Wave's vista into view.

The Data Frame
Each Wave has an invisible 'Data Frame' which holds all of its Data Items. A Data Frame can be broader than a Wave, which can as a result contain hidden Items that lie outside of the current view. These out-of-view Items are temporarily located either to the left or right hand side of the Wave, and can be scrolled into view as described below.

Data Magnification
The Home edition displays data at a single magnification. The Professional and Ultimate Editions allow the user to Zoom the Data Magnification.

Scrolling a Wave
To animate or scroll new regions of an extended Wave into view simply click on the left or right hand side of the screen (lower half), whereupon the entire network of Items on that Wave will animate smoothly in the indicated direction.

Clicking closer to the middle of the screen (horizontally) scrolls at a slower speed and for a smaller number of data Items, whilst clicking towards the edge of the screen maximizes both scrolling speed and the number of Items moved.

Scrolling is only enabled in the left / right direction.

Scroll Indicators
When an extended Data Wave has Items located outside of the current view, then Spectasia indicates this fact with a small  Sphere which appears on the left or right hand side of the Wave.

The presence of a Sphere indicates that the Wave can be scrolled in that direction.

Item selection
Spectasia has two different Item selection modes. Firstly you can left-click over an Item with the mouse, causing it to either "run" or else to "open-up" if it is a Wave.

Secondly, in order to select an Item for deletion or else for a New Icon action, you can right-click over the Item.

Wave navigation
Selecting a Wave Item causes Spectasia to bring into view another vista, containing all of the Items present on that Wave.

Simply clicking on subsequent "Wave Icons" allows the user to navigate his or her way through the various Waves.

To move back up the Wave structure to a parent Wave simply right-click the mouse anywhere on the Spectasia window whereupon the parent Waves contents will once again be animated into view.

Creating Items
It is easy to create program, file and web links in Spectasia. You can simply drag and drop Items from your desktop into the Spectasia window, whereupon they will be inserted as Data Items into the current Wave's view.

Creating a new Wave is performed by typing a Wave name into the text box on the Status Bar, and then pressing the return key, whereupon Spectasia will create a new Wave Item.

Likewise Website Links can be created similarly – and here you will enter the website address into the text box. e.g. www.spectasia.com.

Browser Integration
With some browsers it is possible to simply Drag and Drop a Web Link directly from your Browser Window and into Spectasia.

This action is not supported in all Browsers, but this functionality has been tested successfully on Firefox, Google Chrome and Safari.

Spectasia supports the importing of Browser Bookmarks from a number of common Browsers, including Chrome, Firefox, Safari etc.

Other Features
Spectasia has many other features and we suggest that interested users download and try the software out for themselves.

Reception
Cyral Roger from Softonic said of the Spectasia beta "The 3D board itself is an interesting alternative to the Finder .. it is an original 3D launcher .. showcases items in a 3D view, which proves particularly impressive on big screens."

Spectasia Eos 7.2 has been rated "Good" on Softpedia.

Spectasia is mentioned in Dr Kim Veltman's work.

Spectasia has been featured in an article in Engineering Technology Magazine.

Spectasia has been featured in .Net Magazine.

Spectasia has been featured in MacFormat Magazine.

Spectasia has been reviewed on FreeDownLoadsCenter.com where a reviewer said "The software Spectasia 1.5 provides you with easy access to the items and saves a lot of your time that you had to otherwise spend on the surfing through the menus and folders .. Considering its overall usage, the utility earns a score of 4 rating points primarily owing to its superlative performance." – 8 April 2008.

Patents
Patent applications are pending (or have already been published) in relation to Spectasia.

References

External links
Official Website

2008 software


Football at the 2002 Asian Games was held in Busan, Changwon, Yangsan and Ulsan, South Korea from 27 September to 13 October 2002.

Age limit for the men teams is under-23, same as the age limit in football competitions in Olympic Games, while three overage players are allowed among each squad.

Schedule

Medalists

Medal table

Draw

Group A

Group B

Group C

Group D

 *

Group E

 *

Group F

 *

* Mongolia and Jordan withdrew from the competition and were replaced by Afghanistan and Palestine. Tajikistan was suspended by FIFA and was replaced by North Korea.

Squads

Final standing

Men

Women

References

 Men's Results on RSSSF
 Women's Results on RSSSF

External links
 Official website

2002 Asian Games events
2002
Asian Games
2002 Asian Games
2002 in South Korean football


Ronald Lewis Steel (né Sklut; March 25, 1931 – May 7, 2023) was an American writer, historian, and professor. He is the author of the definitive biography of Walter Lippmann.

Early life
Ronald Lewis Sklut was born on March 25, 1931, in Morris, Illinois, outside of Chicago. He was Jewish, and his father immigrated to the United States from Russia.

Steel earned his Bachelor of Arts degree in Political Science and English from Northwestern University (1953) and a Master of Arts degree in political economy from Harvard University (1955). He served in the United States Army, stationed in Paris and was a diplomat in the United States Foreign Service, stationed in Hamburg.

Career
Steel was an editor for the Scholastic Corporation from 1959 to 1962. By 1960, he had begun writing under the pen name Ronald Steel. After leaving Scholastic, he lived in Europe, working in Paris and London as a writer and translator.

Steel was the author of Walter Lippmann and the American Century, the definitive biography of Lippmann. For this book, he was awarded the 1980 National Book Critics Circle Award in General Nonfiction, a National Book Award,
the Bancroft Prize, and the Los Angeles Times Book Prize for History. The book was also nominated for the Pulitzer Prize in Biography.

He was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1973.

Steel was a professor of International Relations, History, and Journalism at the University of Southern California, where he taught from 1986 to 2008. Before teaching at USC, he taught at Yale University, Rutgers University, Wellesley College, Dartmouth College, George Washington University, UCLA, and Princeton University.

Steel wrote for The New Republic in the 1980s. He has also written for the Atlantic Monthly, The New York Times and The New York Review of Books.

Later life and death
In 2016, Steel moved to a nursing home in Washington, D.C., due to increasing cognitive impairment from dementia. He died there on May 7, 2023, at the age of 92.

Works
 U.S. Foreign Trade Policy, 1962
 Italy, 1963
 The End of Alliance: America and the Future of Europe, 1964
 North Africa, 1967
 Pax Americana, 1967
 Imperialists and other Heroes: A chronicle of the American Empire, 1971
 Walter Lippmann and the American century, 1980
 Temptations of a Superpower, 1995
 In Love with Night: the American romance with Robert Kennedy, 2000

Notes

References

External links

1931 births
2023 deaths
20th-century American historians
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American historians
21st-century American male writers
American expatriates in England
American expatriates in France
American male non-fiction writers
American foreign policy writers
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
Bancroft Prize winners
Deaths from dementia in Washington, D.C.
Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Historians from California
Historians from Illinois
Jewish American historians
National Book Award winners
Northwestern University alumni
People from Morris, Illinois
The New Republic people
United States Army soldiers
United States Foreign Service personnel
University of Southern California faculty


Victor "Money" Morris (born on September 1, 1985, in Minden, Louisiana) is an American professional basketball player currently playing for the Windsor Express of the National Basketball League of Canada. The ,  point guard graduated from Inkster High School in Inkster, Michigan, and chose to play at Cleveland State University after having received scholarships from other major universities. After graduating from Cleveland State, Morris played his first professional season for TS Goeppingen, in Germany, a team that he led to a German BBW Cup Championship.

College
Victor had a successful college career in which he led the Cleveland State Vikings in many categories and finished in the top 20 in CSU history in minutes played, free-throw percentage, and assist. As a senior Vic averaged 16 points per game and 4 assist per game before suffering a broken foot. After his senior season in April 2007, Vic participated in the Kentucky Top 60 College Senior Showcase where he was named to the All-Showcase team after averaging 25 points and 7 assist per game. Vic also played in the Kentucky Pro Am in June 2007 and led his team to a 3rd place finish.

Professional

2007-2008 season

Playing his first professional season for TS Goeppingen, Vic averaged 20.3 points, 5.0 rebounds, and 6.0 assist per game. Victor had an outstanding rookie campaign as he accomplished the following:
 Scored a career high 44 points in the German BBW Cup Championship
 Set a career high in assist with 13 against Rastatt
 Ranked top 5 in scoring in the Regionalliga (South-West)
 Led his team to the 2008 German BBW Cup Championship
 Selected as a Regionalliga All-Star
 Earned the German BBW Cup Final Four MVP

2008-2009 season
Victor was scheduled to begin his second season with TS Goeppingen on 10/25/08. However, due to his exceptional accomplishments as a rookie, he was selected to be the starting point guard for Porvoon Tarmo of Finland. Morris adjusted nicely to the Top League and became a fan favorite for his high level of play. On the season Morris averaged 14.7 points, 2.5 assist, and 3.5 rebounds per game.

2011-2012 season
For the 2011-12 season, Morris played for the National Basketball League of Canada as a member of the Moncton Miracles, where he averaged 9.3 points, 1.6 rebounds, and 3.9 assists during his 19 games with the team.

2012-13 season
For the 2012-13 season, Morris is replaying in the NBL, this time as a member of the expansion Windsor Express franchise.

References

1985 births
Living people
American expatriate basketball people in Canada
American men's basketball players
Cleveland State Vikings men's basketball players
Moncton Miracles players
People from Inkster, Michigan
Basketball players from Wayne County, Michigan
Sportspeople from Minden, Louisiana
Windsor Express players


Dizengoff Square or Dizengoff Circus (, fully Zina Dizengoff Square, , Kikar Tsina Dizengof) is an iconic public square in Tel Aviv, on the corner of Dizengoff Street, Reines Street, and Pinsker Street. One of the city's main squares, it was built in 1934 and inaugurated in 1938.

Name
Dizengoff Square is named for Zina (Tzina), the wife of Tel Aviv's first mayor, Meir Dizengoff. Its original 1930s design was called "the Étoile of Tel Aviv" due to the form of the square – a roundabout at the meeting of six streets.

History

Early history (1930s-70s)

In 1934, Genia Averbuch won a competition for the design of a municipal plaza. The square is a circular plaza and has been a focal point of Tel Aviv since its establishment, its location in the very heart of Tel Aviv being one of the reasons.

Redesign (1970s)

In 1978 the former split-level configuration was introduced. The plan was by architect Tsvi Lissar, of Lissar Architects and City Planners. It was elevated in an effort to ease congestion in the area. The square was rebuilt using an entirely different design: the square was covered with an elevated pedestrian plaza above Dizengoff Street, Pinsker Street and Reines Street. The pedestrian area is elevated, connected by ramps to the adjacent sidewalks and to the pedestrian areas of Ben Ami and Zamenhoff streets, while traffic uses the lower level.

Center and fountain (1980s)
The square stands  from Dizengoff Center, construction of which began in 1972 and was not completed until 1983. A fountain bearing a Glass Statue made by Allen David was erected in the middle of the square during its redesign in the 1970s, and was replaced in 1986 with Yaacov Agam's now landmark kinetic sculpture fountain. The Fire and Water fountain was located in the center of the elevated, second square and will be reinstalled in the third street-level square once work on its core finishes; an underground infrastructure chamber will be built for the Fountain.

Restoration (2010s)
In 2012, the fountain was restored, freshly painted and repaired. In addition, the benches were repainted blue.

Redesign (2016-18)

In 2016, the Tel Aviv municipality decided to bring the square back to its original design and move it back to street level, causing public controversy.

The works on demolishing the elevated square began on January 8, 2017, and a ground-level road, similar in layout to the underpass under the heightened square, was opened on January 18. At that point, work began on tiling the sidewalk rim and paving a permanent circular road. The circular road, which maintains the second square's traffic directions, was opened – though in an unfinished state – on October 30, with the interchange-style road being closed, and demolished a day later to allow work on the third square's core to begin.

On June 2, 2018, all roadworks on the Third square's circular road were completed: its remaining closed section, running from Reines St. to Dizengoff St., was opened, and the crosswalks were brought closer to the square's core.

The Fire and Water Fountain, Yaacov Agam's artwork representing kinetic art and op art was back in 2019 but the monument was stripped of its colorful, artistic details and technological mechanism. It is an example of destruction of the artwork.

Activity
Audio guided tours around the square were offered by Bauhaus Center Tel Aviv. Twice a week, a second-hand market took place at the bottom level; it was subsequently moved to Giv'on Square due to the square's reconstruction.

The beth midrash (synagogue/study hall) of the Koidanover Rebbe, Rabbi Yaakov Tzvi Meir Ehrlich, is located in Dizengoff Square. This beis medrash serves as an outreach center where weekly lectures and a Friday-night Oneg Shabbat attract many secular Jews and guide them towards religious observance. The Koidanover Rebbe is well known as an inspiring speaker and educator.

In popular culture
 Matt Harding chose Dizengoff Square and Agam's fountain to film his worldwide dance, Where the Hell is Matt?, on June 28, 2007 (the film was released in 2008, and is available here).

References

Squares in Tel Aviv
White City (Tel Aviv)
Modernist architecture in Israel
Landmarks in Tel Aviv


The M25 Tank Transporter (G160) was a combination 6x6 M26 armored heavy tank transporter/tank recovery tractor and companion 40-ton M15 trailer introduced into US Army service in Europe in 1944–45.  Manufactured by Pacific Car & Foundry Co., it was a substantial upgrade over the Diamond T M19 transporter/trailer duo introduced in 1940.

Nicknamed the Dragon Wagon, it was replaced by the 10 ton 6x6 M123 semi-tractor beginning in 1955.

Development
In 1942 a new 40 ton semi-trailer tank transporter was needed with better off-road performance than the M9 24 small-wheel trailer, and greater capacity than the 30 ton 8 large-wheel Shelvoke and Drewry semi-trailers used by the Diamond T tractor unit. Designed by the Fruehauf Trailer Company of Detroit, Michigan, it was heavier than the Diamond T could manage.  A companion M26 tractor was designed by the San Francisco-based Knuckey Truck Company. When it could not keep up with the Army's demands, production was awarded to the Pacific Car & Foundry Co. of Seattle, Washington.

Designated TR-1 by Pacific Car, the chain-driven 12-ton 6x6 M26 tractor was powered by a Hall-Scott 440  6-cylinder gasoline engine developing  at 2000 rpm and  at 1200 rpm. Developed for the M26, it was used to uprate the Diamond T. Some 2,100 Type 440s were built. Baxter notes "over 1,300" M26 and M26A1 being built.

Unusually, the tractor unit was fitted with both an armored cab and two winches with a combined pull of 60 tons, allowing it to do light battlefield recovery work.

A later unarmored version of the M26 tractor was designated the M26A1. An experimental ballast tractor conversion was evaluated by the British Fighting Vehicle Proving Establishment

After the war, some of them (both armored and unarmored) were bought as surplus and used to carry oversize loads such as transformers, locomotives and heavy equipment.

Gallery

Specifications
 Crew 7
 Armament 1 .50 cal. machine gun
 Armor, front 3/4 inch, sides and rear, 1/4 inch.
 Top speed 26 MPH
 Fuel capacity 120 gallons

Users
 : Japan Ground Self-Defense Force
 : British Army
 : United States Army
 : Yugoslav People's Army

See also
Diamond T tank transporter
G160, "G" designation
List of U.S. military vehicles by model number#Pre-consecutive trucks
Pacific Trucks
Scammell Pioneer Semi-trailer

Notes

References
 TM 9-1767A
 TM 9-1767B Power Train for Tractor Truck M26

Further reading
Military Vehicle Journal #8 (Photos of the M26 and M26A1)

External links

Short story of the M26 and pictures of a restored vehicle in 2004
Article and photo at milweb.net
Scratchbuilt M25 model step-by-step, with pictures and references used
 https://web.archive.org/web/20090204121541/http://realmilitaryflix.com/public/378.cfm training film
 http://www.forum-auto.com/automobile-pratique/modelisme-modeles-reduits/sujet7051-5495.htm pictures of M26 used as oversize loads tractors

Military trucks of the United States
Tank transporters
Wheeled armoured recovery vehicles
World War II vehicles of the United States
Military vehicles introduced from 1940 to 1944
Fruehauf Trailer Corporation


"Górecki" is a 1997 single by Lamb from their debut album Lamb.

The song samples the second movement of Henryk Górecki's Third Symphony, the Symphony of Sorrowful Songs.

The song has been featured in numerous TV shows, movies and video games, including the 2006 Torchwood episode "They Keep Killing Suzie" and the 1998 slasher film I Still Know What You Did Last Summer. The opening lines were sung by Nicole Kidman's character Satine in the 2001 movie Moulin Rouge! It was also used for the launch trailer for Crystal Dynamics''' game Tomb Raider: Underworld in 2008, and featured prominently in a daydream sequence of the first episode of Night and Day, a 2001 ITV serial drama. The song was also mentioned and featured in an episode of soap opera Hollyoaks, transmitted on 10th November 2010.

The song peaked at No. 30 on the UK Singles Chart.

Both tracks "Ear Parcel" and "Lullaby" would later appear on Fear of Fours''.

A cover of the song by Chicane was released on 24 November 2017, followed by remixes on 22 December 2017.

Track listing

CD1
 "Górecki" – 6:30
 "Górecki (instrumental)" – 6:00
 "Ear Parcel" – 7:49
 "Lullaby" – 3:35

CD2
 "Górecki" – 6:30
 "Górecki (edit)" – 3:39
 "Trans Fatty Acid (Kruder & Dorfmeister Session mix)" – 9:00
 "Merge (Jimpster's Jam mix)" – 5:43

12"
 "Górecki" – 6:30
 "Ear Parcel" – 7:49
 "Trans Fatty Acid (Kruder & Dorfmeister Session mix)" – 9:00

12" single-sided promo
 "Górecki (Global Communication Remix)" – 9:46

Both "Górecki (Global Communication Remix)" and "Trans Fatty Acid (Kruder & Dorfmeister Session mix)" were later included on the "Lamb Remixed" compilation (2005).

References

1996 songs
1997 singles
Trip hop songs
Black-and-white music videos


Additi Gupta (born 21 April 1988) is an Indian television actress, best known for playing Heer in Kis Desh Mein Hai Meraa Dil, Khan Begum in Qubool Hai and Dr. Deepika Sinha in Dhadkan Zindaggi Kii.

Early life
Gupta was born on 21 April 1988 in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh to Ved Prakash and Kavita Gupta. Her sister Megha Gupta is also a television actress.

Career
Gupta's first role on television was as  Heer Maan in Ekta Kapoor's production Kis Desh Mein Hai Meraa Dil. Gupta earned an Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Lead Role nomination, but went off air in 2010.

After Kis Desh Mein Hai Meraa Dil, participated in Zara Nachke Dikha where her team won was well received in exception. Gul Khan signed her to play a negative role in the daily TV soap, Qubool Hai via Zee TV from 2014. Qubool Hai wrapped up in January 2016.

In October 2016, Gupta was cast as Sanjana Singhal in the Star Plus drama Pardes Mein Hai Meraa Dil, an inspiration of the 1997 film Pardes. She left her role five months later, due to creative issues. She next landed Ishqbaaaz with the same channel and was seen as Ragini Sparsh Malhotra. She entered the series along with Ankit Raaj.

In November 2018, Gupta starred opposite Gautam Rode as the female lead Archana in Star Bharat's Kaal Bhairav Rahasya 2.

Gupta portrayed Dr. Deepika Sinha Sardesai in Dhadkan Zindaggi Kii from 2021 to 2022. She received praises for her role.

Personal life
Gupta got engaged to her boyfriend businessman Kabir Chopra in September 2018. She married Chopra in Mumbai in October 2018.

Filmography

Television

Special appearances

Films

Awards and nominations

See also
 List of Indian television actresses

References

External links

Living people
Actresses from Mumbai
Indian television actresses
Actresses in Hindi television
Indian soap opera actresses
1988 births


The New Zealand Electricity Commission was a government authority set up in 2003 to regulate the electricity sector in New Zealand. It was succeeded by the Electricity Authority in November 2010.

The Commission was established under the Electricity Act to regulate the operation of the electricity industry and markets (both wholesale and retail) in accordance with government energy policy. The Commission was established following extremely dry hydro years in 2001 and 2003, which led to government concerns that the electricity market did not provide adequate security of electricity supply.

The first Electricity Commissioner was Roy Hemmingway, who was succeeded by David Caygill in 2007.

See also
 Electricity Authority (New Zealand)

External links
 Electricity Commission website of 11 August 2010 archived at Internet Archive

New Zealand Crown agents
Electric power in New Zealand
2003 establishments in New Zealand
2010 disestablishments in New Zealand


Oleksa Dovbush (, ; 1700 – 24 August 1745) was a famous Ruthenian outlaw in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, leader of the  movement, who became a folk hero.

Biography
Oleksa was born in the Hutsul village of Pechenizhyn, Kolomyia Raion, in the Carpathian Mountains in the early 18th century in Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. He became the leader of his own band that consisted of almost 50 members (leheni). Popular tradition portrays him as a protector to the poor people of the region. There are few written references left of him and his activities.

The many folk songs and the few prose legends that still survive in Prykarpattia portray him as a local hero who robbed the rich and helped the poor serfs, like the legendary Robin Hood. His residence is believed to be located near the city of Bolekhiv in Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast. It is a rock complex that is called the Rocks of Dovbush which was nominated in the seven historical and seven natural wonders of Ukraine. Dovbush's deeds became so admired that the tales of his acts spread beyond the Hutsul region to the neighboring Pokuttia and Podillia regions of western Ukraine. His portraits were sold at local market places. He was feared by Polish szlachta (landowning nobility). Once, a military expedition of 2,000 soldiers, headed by Polish magnate Józef Potocki, was sent to stop his activities. Nonetheless, he could not be captured. Dovbush was shot and mortally wounded by one Stefan, the husband of his lover Dzvinka, in 1745.

According to Hassidic legend, Dovbush at one time hid in the house of Baal Shem Tov and gave him his pipe as a token of friendship.

Legacy

After his death, his legacy was extended by several of his companions and/or people that idolized him: Vasyl Bayurak (a memorial plate is erected in Ivano-Frankivsk that mentions of his execution), Maksym Zalizniak, Ustym Karmaliuk, and many others.

His legend entered Ukrainian folklore and was the subject of various artistic works, by, among others, the writers Ivan Franko and Yuriy Fedkovych. A film was made about him, and there are streets and locations named after him.

Ukrainian choreographer Vasyl Avramenko created a dance called "Dovbush".

See also
Peasant uprising
Ukrainian folklore
Juraj Janosik
Ustym Karmaliuk

Notes

References
Overview
Brief mentioning
The picture that mentions Bayurak

Further reading
See references cited by Paul R. Magocsi in Galicia: A Historical Survey and Bibliographic Guide (University of Toronto Press, 1983), , p. 91

1700 births
1745 deaths
People from Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast
People from Ruthenian Voivodeship
Hutsuls
Outlaws


Burham () is a Palestinian village in the Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate located twelve kilometers north of Ramallah. The largest nearby town is Bir Zeit located to the southeast. The average elevation of Burham is 680 meters above sea level. The village was established during the Byzantine Empire rule over Palestine.

Location
Burham is located 9.8 km north of Ramallah. It is bordered by 'Atara  and Bir Zeit to the east, Umm Safa and Jibiya  to the north, Kobar to the west, and Bir Zeit and Kobar  to the south.

History
Sherds from the Roman,   Byzantine and  Mamluk eras have been found here.

Ottoman era
Sherds from the early   Ottoman era have also been found.  Under the name of Dayr Burhan it was listed in the 1538-1539  census.

In 1838 it was noted as a  Muslim  village in the  Bani Zeid administrative region.

In 1863 Victor Guérin noted that it was divided into three parts. He further noted "an ancient rock-cut tomb consisting of a
rough sepulchral chamber containing only one koka, and preceded by a vestibule. Here and there are old foundations built of badly quarried stones. There are also remains, probably of an ancient church."

An official Ottoman village list of about 1870 showed that  it had a total of 14 houses and a population of 69, though the population count included men, only.

In 1882, the PEF's  Survey of Western Palestine (SWP)  described Khurbet Burheim as: "A few houses on high ground." They further noted that it was "A ruined village, with caves. It is still inhabited by a few peasants."

British Mandate era
In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Burham had a population of 74  Muslims,   increasing at the time of the 1931 census to 122, still all Muslim, in 26 houses.

In  the 1945 statistics, the population was 150 Muslims,  while the total land area was 1,589  dunams, according to an official land and population survey. Of this,  191 were for plantations and irrigable land, 787  for cereals, while 6 dunams were classified as built-up areas.

Jordanian era
In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Burham  came  under Jordanian rule.

The Jordanian census of 1961 found 167 inhabitants.

Post-1967
Since the Six-Day War in 1967,  Burham  has been under Israeli occupation.

After  the 1995 accords, 98% of  village land is defined as  Area B land, while the remaining 2% is defined as Area C.

According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, Burham had a population of 565 in mid-year 2006. In the 2007 census by the PCBS, there were 616 people living in the town. By 2017, there were 583 residents.

See also
Naseer Aruri

References

Bibliography

External links
 Welcome to Burham
Survey of Western Palestine, Map 14:  IAA, Wikimedia commons
Burham village (fact sheet),  Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem (ARIJ)
Burham village profile, ARIJ
Burham, aerial photo, ARIJ
Locality Development Priorities and Needs in Burham Village, ARIJ
 Untold stories: Said Arouri, IMEU

Villages in the West Bank


Consol Homes is a Malawi community organisation that supports orphans and young children affected by HIV and AIDs.

About Consol Homes
The organization was established in 2000 by community members from Kalolo, Malawi to support orphans and other vulnerable children in Malawi. The organization's Executive Guardian is founding member Alfred Chapomba.

The group initially worked to assist single parents, guardians and orphans to develop parenting skills. Consol Homes currently operates in Traditional Authority (T.A.) Kalolo and T.A. Makwangwala providing psychosocial training and support for guardians and orphans affected by HIV/AIDS. The group also provides recreational and educational support, Community Home Based Care (CHBC) for the chronically sick, pre-school development programs, income generation schemes and vocational training. It also runs feeding programs for children at risk from malnourishment.

The organization is volunteer based and currently provides care, support and guidance to over 20,000 children, through 101 centres. In addition Consol Homes support over 500 students annually through their secondary and tertiary education.

Awards
Consol Homes was selected as a winner of the Red Ribbon Award 2008. Selected from more than 550 nominations from 147 countries the award recognised Consol Homes' "Community Leadership and Action on AIDS".

Consol Homes has been identified as a model for UNICEF's programmes for psychosocial care for children at risk due to HIV/AIDS in Malawi, and as the "National Model for Orphan Outreach" by the Malawian government. The organisation also played a major role in the organization of the first "International Grandmothers Gathering" held in conjunction with the 2006 International AIDS Conference, Canada, and led by the Stephen Lewis Foundation.

In 2006 Consol Homes was selected to partner the Raising Malawi Orphan Care Initiative as part of its nationwide programme to provide social, educational and economic support for orphans and other vulnerable children.

Partner organisations
 Government of Malawi – Ministry of Women and Child Development
 Regional Psychosocial Support Initiative (REPSSI)
 UNICEF
 Raising Malawi

Consol Homes is also an active member of the following networks :

 Malawi Network of AIDS Service Organizations (MANASO)
 Lilongwe and Ntchewu District AIDS Committee (DACCs)
 Network of Organizations Working with Vulnerable and Orphaned Children (NOVOC)
 Government of Malawi's National OVC (Orphans and Other Vulnerable Children) Technical Working Group.

References

External links
 Consol Homes Orphan Care website

Child-related organisations in Malawi


Li Qiyan () (October 1938 – 3 June 2020) served as mayor of Beijing from February 1993 to November 1996. He was originally from Qihe County in Shandong province.  Li joined the Chinese Communist Party in November 1961. He was a member of the 14th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party.

References

1938 births
Living people
Mayors of Beijing
Chinese Communist Party politicians from Shandong
Politicians from Dezhou
People's Republic of China politicians from Shandong


Norval Baptie (March 18, 1879 – November 26, 1966) was a World record holding speed skater, a champion figure skater, and pioneering ice showman. He was inducted into the Canada's Sports Hall of Fame in 1963., and was one of the two charter members of the Ice Skating Institute Hall of Fame in the same year.

Born in Bethany, Ontario, he grew up in Bathgate, North Dakota, United States.  By the age of 14 he was the North Dakota speed skating champion. In 1897, he challenged World champion Jack McCulloch to a race, and easily won. Over his career, he won almost 5000 races and lost one. He shattered every amateur and professional speed skating record.

After his speed skating career, Baptie moved into stunt and figure skating. He set new records for broad jump, skating backwards, jumping over barrels, and even skating on stilts. Baptie began doing solo exhibition shows, which eventually evolved into the World's first ice shows. In the 1930s, he directed shows that featured Sonja Henie, a champion figure skater.

Baptie was also influential in the design of skates. He helped design the tubular racing skate and eliminated the curled figure skating blade.

In 1938, Baptie retired from the ice. However, he became a professional coach and was listed as a member of the American Skaters Guild in 1940.  He continued to coach even after losing both legs from complications from diabetes. He was the Grandfather of noted figure skating coach, Betty Berens, and Great-grandfather of Ice Follies Star Susan Berens.

References

External links
Pro Skating Historical Foundation

1879 births
1966 deaths
19th-century Canadian people (post-Confederation)
Canadian expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Canadian male single skaters
Canadian male speed skaters
Canadian stunt performers
Skating people from Ontario
Sportspeople from North Dakota


Hue de la Ferté (fl. 1220–35) was a French trouvère who wrote three serventois attacking the regency of Blanche of Castile during the minority of Louis IX. He maligns Blanche's partiality to foreigners and singles out Theobald I of Navarre, another trouvère, as unworthy of her support. Hue was a supporter of Pierre de Dreux, Duke of Brittany.

His poem En talent ai que je die is modelled after En chantant m'estuet complaindré (1228–30) by Gace Brulé. Its simple melody is of the form ABABCDD¹D². He modelled Je chantasse volentiers liement after Je chantasse volentiers liement (1228–30) by Chastelain de Couci and Or somes a ce venu after the anonymous Quant li oisellon menu.

References
Karp, T. "Hue de la Ferté." Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. Retrieved 20 September 2008.

Trouvères
Male classical composers


Byron v. Rajneesh Foundation International was a 1985 lawsuit filed by Helen Byron in Portland, Oregon, against Rajneesh Foundation International, the organization of Indian guru Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh (now known as Osho). Byron had been recruited to join the Rajneesh movement by her daughter, Barbara. She traveled to India to join her daughter and the organization. Byron provided over US$300,000 to the organization, and some of the money was used to buy an armored Rolls-Royce for Rajneesh. Byron spoke to the legal leader of the organization, Ma Anand Sheela (Sheela Silverman), and requested that her money be returned, asserting that it was a loan. Sheela reportedly told her that the money would be returned to her once the group moved to Oregon. Byron followed the organization to its location in Oregon, known as Rajneeshpuram, and requested through an attorney that her money be returned. In 1985, she filed a lawsuit against the organization in federal court, in the United States District Court for the District of Oregon.

Both Byron and Sheela testified in the case: Byron testified that her money was a loan to the organization to purchase land in India, and Sheela that the money was a donation to the organization. A survey submitted by the Rajneesh organization in the case was deemed unreliable by the judge because the survey had been conducted by volunteers who were also members of the organization. The jury decided in favor of Byron, and awarded her her money plus punitive damages. Subsequent to the jury decision, Ma Anand Sheela and an inner circle of followers of Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh at Rajneeshpuram compiled a hit list of people they planned to murder, including both Helen and Barbara Byron, as well as United States Attorney Charles Turner and Oregon Attorney General David Frohnmayer. Sheela and other followers obtained handguns in Texas and false identification in New York, but the plot was never carried out.

Byron requests return of money from Rajneesh
Helen C. Byron, originally from Santa Fe, New Mexico, was recruited into the Rajneesh movement by her daughter Barbara J. Byron, who had previously joined the group in India. She traveled to India and joined her daughter as a follower of Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh in 1978. Within the Osho movement Helen Byron was known as Ma Idam Shunyo, and Barbara J. Byron was referred to as Makima.

Byron gave considerable sums of money to Rajneesh, and lent or contributed more than US$300,000 to his group which was used to purchase an armored Rolls-Royce for him. Byron requested the money be returned to her and said it was a loan, and stated that the legal leader and president of the Rajneesh organization, Ma Anand Sheela, had only asked for the money on a temporary basis. Byron stated Sheela was aware that Byron needed the money returned for treatment and special needs related to her multiple sclerosis.

James T. Richardson writes in the 2004 book Regulating Religion that "Ma Sheela is alleged to have stalled Mrs. Byron, using the reasoning that the group was soon to relocate in Oregon, and that the money would be returned after that." Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh moved to Oregon and Byron moved as well, and communicated through a lawyer to Rajneesh that she still requested the return of her money. According to the Associated Press, Byron left the organization in 1984 after Ma Anand Sheela requested followers commit themselves to a lifestyle that Byron did not agree with.

Portland federal trial

Byron filed a lawsuit against Rajneesh Foundation International claiming she had been defrauded by the organization, and the suit proceeded to a six-member jury trial in 1985 in federal court Portland, Oregon. Byron's claim included $309,990 she stated she had given as a loan to the Rajneesh Foundation, in addition to $80,000 she had deposited in a Rajneeshee bank, and $1.5 million in punitive damages. Byron testified at trial that the $309,990 was given in 1980 as a loan to Rajneesh Foundation International for the organization to buy land in Poona, India, and that the $80,000 was to be held in safekeeping, while Ma Anand Sheela testified that Byron's money was a donation and not a loan. Rajneesh Foundation International submitted an opinion survey in the case, but the survey was conducted by volunteer members of the organization itself. Participants in the survey were able to identify the volunteers as members of the Rajneesh organization, and the court ruled that the results of the survey were unreliable. The trial concluded on May 25, 1985. The jury decided Byron's money should be returned to her, in addition to $1.25 million in punitive damages against Rajneesh Foundation International. The total amount awarded to Byron by the jury was $1.64 million, and the jury concluded that Byron had been deliberately misled by Sheela. The jury, composed of three women and three men, came to the conclusion that Ma Anand Sheela committed a "wanton" violation of Byron's trust, and that Byron had been under Sheela's "domination". The jury came to its decision after deliberating for just over two hours.

Ma Anand Sheela, the spokesman for Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh at the time, stated that the jury verdict shows "Rajneeshees can't get a fair trial in Oregon". Sheela characterized the lawsuit as part of the government's plan to "destroy the Rajneeshees" by utilizing "poison" of former followers, and said that the organization would appeal the verdict. Rajneesh spokeswoman Ma Prem Isabel stated: "I think Oregonians basically are trying to bring their bigotry into the court, and until now they are doing pretty good. We'll see how they do on appeal. This is witchhunting if I ever saw it. I know the government is out to get this community."

Rajneeshee attorney Swami Prem Niren (Philip Toelkes) argued before the United States District Court for the District of Oregon in November 1985 that the financial situation of the Rajneesh organization was such that it would take time to sell off assets to raise capital. He attempted to block execution of the jury judgment against the organization. Judge Owen Panner ruled that the judgment and collateral for paying it would remain, due to the uncertain financial circumstances of the Rajneesh organization. Byron received $975,000 of the judgment on November 27, 1985. Judge Panner refused to order Byron to return the funds to the Rajneesh organization.

According to Byron's attorney, the Rajneeshees paid for a majority of the judgment by signing over a Southern California building owned by the organization to her. According to Richardson, this was partly done in order to avoid the appeal process, since the Rajneeshees at the time were busy dealing with a plethora of other legal matters. Richardson notes that "in every disputed point of fact in the case the jury sided with the plaintiff, Mrs. Byron, and they chose as well to punish by awarding punitive damages". The jury also awarded Byron the return of money for which no records existed.

Assassination plot

After the jury decision, Ma Anand Sheela gathered an inner circle of at least three or four women followers of Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh at Rajneeshpuram and assembled a hit list of enemies of the organization. In total the former personal secretary to Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh along with three others planned to murder nine people. This list included journalist for the Portland paper The Oregonian, Leslie Zaitz, United States Attorney Charles Turner, Oregon Attorney General David Frohnmayer, Rajneesh's former secretary Laxmi Thakarsi Kuruwa (Ma Yoga Laxmi), and Helen Byron along with her daughter Barbara who had testified on her behalf at trial.

Frohnmayer was originally intended to be the first murder victim, but Turner was made the primary target because the followers believed there were soon to be federal indictments against the organization. Sheela and three other individuals purchased handguns in Texas, obtained false identification in New York, and waited near Turner's house in Portland. In addition to Sheela, other followers involved in the plot reportedly included Ma Shanti Bhadra (Catherine Jane Stork) and Ma Yoga Vidya (Ann Phyllis McCarthy). The assassination plot against Turner was never carried out, and actions against others on the list were never fully executed.

Notes

References

Further reading

Byron v. Rajneesh Foundation Intern., 634 F.Supp. 489 (D.Or. Oct 24, 1985) (NO. CIV. 84-857-PA)

External links
United States v. Croft, 124 F.3d 1109 (9th Cir. 1997)

United States District Court for the District of Oregon cases
Rajneesh movement
1985 in United States case law
1985 in religion
1985 in Oregon


Strata SE1 is a , 43-storey, multi-award-winning, building at Elephant & Castle in the London Borough of Southwark with more than 1,000 residents living in its 408 flats.

At the time of its construction, the building, designed by BFLS (formerly Hamiltons), was the tallest residential building in London and the first building in the world with its three wind turbines integral to its structure (as opposed to having them tacked on, in a retrofit).

In March 2014, an Ipsos MORI poll for New London Architecture of 500 members of the public aged 16–64 declared Strata SE1 Londoners' fifth favourite tall building, behind 30 St Mary Axe (The Gherkin), The Shard, The Leadenhall Building (The Cheesegrater) and One Canada Square (Canary Wharf).

The building

At the time of construction there was an attempt by journalists to nickname the building "The Razor", and "The Electric Razor". Boris Johnson, then Mayor of London, called it "The Lipstick", while describing it as a building "with a bit of oomph about it". None of these nicknames seriously caught on with local residents, however.

Twenty-five per cent of the building's flats were sold by Family Mosaic Housing Association (later incorporated into the Peabody Trust, which is now the landlord for the flats still under the shared-ownership regime) for shared-ownership sale. These consist of the "Esprit Apartments" — located on floors 2–10 of the tower — and a further nine flats in the adjacent "Pavilion", a three-storey structure located to the west of the tower and earmarked for former residents of the nearby Heygate Estate.

Each floor of the affordable area comprises 10 flats (equally divided between one and two-bedroom flats), while each floor above the 10th floor contains 11 flats in a mixture of studios, one-bedroom flats, two-bedroom flats, and three-bedroom flats to a total of 310 units.

Only the open-market flats have access to car-parking (in the basement of the building). The 39th floor features a "Sky Lobby" (a small corridor with a view over central London), while the living area is topped by a £2.5m three-bedroom duplex penthouse. The ground floor comprises two commercial units. A third one is located in the Pavilion, along with a "kiosk".

A prominent feature at the top of the building is three wind turbines, although they have rarely been used, in part due to resident complaints over noise and vibration. The one-level basement of the building contains a secure car park and 437 bicycle storage places.

The building is served by four lifts in total. Two go from the basement to the 39th floor, one from the basement to the 10th floor (the 'poor lift'), and the last one serves floors 40 and 41.

Construction
Although planning permission had been granted in 2003 for a different project, the current tower was first proposed in 2005, with Southwark Council granting planning permission for the building in March 2006. In its response to the statutory consultation (para. 45), the council's Elephant and Castle Development Team indicated that “the incorporation of the wind turbines to create a dramatic and highly recognisable building form that achieves one of the Council’s plan objectives which is to create landmark buildings as signifiers of the Elephant and Castle on the London skyline. The turbines are of course not merely decorative but have a function which is directly related to the Elephant’s status as an energy action area and to the achievement of the zero carbon growth which is a key objective of the framework.”

Construction began in 2007 and was completed in June 2010. The cost is estimated at £113.5 million.

The building was 'topped out' in June 2009. Attending the topping-out ceremony were over 70 senior members of London's business community including Sir Simon Milton, Deputy Mayor for Policy and Planning, Cllr Nick Stanton, Leader of Southwark Council and MP for North Southwark and Bermondsey, Simon Hughes.

The turbines were installed in May 2010, but were only operational sporadically in the first few months after the opening of the building. They have now been mothballed.

Sustainability claims

The planning conditions allowing the construction of the building required the inclusion of a source of sustainable energy. Rambøll, the engineering consultancy involved with the Bahrain World Trade Center, which also features wind turbines, was involved in the project.

The three  wind turbines (each blade is  long) at the top of the building are rated at 19 kW each and were anticipated to produce a combined 50MWh of electricity per year, enough to power 8% of the energy needs of the building, sufficient to supply the building's communal areas. The turbines were criticised as "greenwashing" by the panel of the 2010 Carbuncle Cup, and residents were reporting in 2010 that the turbines barely moved. In 2014, The Guardian reported that the turbines had "remained stationary ever since". In 2022, the chair of Southwark's planning committee said that the developers had failed to take into account how much the vibration of the turbines would pass through the building, and that the noise was louder on the higher floors. He said that the turbines had been switched off mainly due to complaints from residents, and described them as a "white elephant".

In 2010, the building exceeded by 13% the then-current UK regulations relating to sustainability, whilst overall carbon emissions were expected to be 15% lower than the Mayor of London's good practice benchmark. The developers expected that the building would achieve 2050  target emissions and that (with the Multi-Utility Services Company in place in the area) it would achieve a predicted 73.5% reduction in  emissions when measured against the Building Regulations benchmark.

Featured on-site is a combined heat and power system to provide sustainable power generation, with a provision for the collection of rainwater for re-use. The energy costs per flat are envisaged to be up to 40% less than Britain's typical housing average. The building is clad in a "bespoke high thermal performing façade" with an air permeability leakage rate that is apparently 50% better than current building regulations.

In popular culture
The building can often be seen in incidental panoramic shots in films and TV programmes set in London.

 The building serves as background to a scene featuring James McAvoy in the 2013 film Welcome to the Punch.
 Part of the action of the 2012 post-apocalypse novel Ice Diaries by  Lexi Revellian, published by Hoxton Press, is set in the building.

Castle House
Strata SE1 is located on the site of Castle House, an early 1960s six-storey office building, which was the first commercial premises at the newly rebuilt Elephant & Castle. When completed, Castle House was warmly received. The Architects' Journal in August 1962 found "little to criticise and much to praise and until New Zealand House is completed it is possibly one of the best examples for anyone wanting to look at a good office block in London."

During the demolition of Castle House to clear land for Strata, a construction worker, John Walker, 33, father of two was killed when a roof collapsed on him. He was employed by 777 Demolition and Haulage Company Ltd, which was served with a Prohibition Notice by the Health & Safety Executive. An inquest was due to be held at Inner London South Coroner's Court.

In November 2015, both companies were fined several hundred thousand pounds as a result of their negligence.

Awards

In August 2010, Strata SE1 was awarded the 2010 Carbuncle Cup. The yearly award, organized by Building Design magazine, selects one building from a shortlist of 30, nominated by readers.  It recognises "the ugliest building in the United Kingdom completed in the last 12 months". Inspired by this, the building appeared in 2012 on a list of the world's 21 ugliest buildings drawn up by the Daily Telegraph.

Considerate Constructors Scheme
Bronze Award 2010 – Strata SE1
Gold Award 2011 – Strata SE1

On 12 November 2010, the building was the overall winner of the 2010 Concrete Society Awards, ahead of schemes from David Chipperfield, Hopkins Architects, Caruso St John, McInnes Usher McKnight Architects (MUMA) and Alsop Architects. The judges commented: "This building is striking architecturally, a considerable feat of construction on this restricted site...". They particularly singled out Strata's "innovative column strategy".

British Constructional Steelwork Association Structural Steel Design Awards 2010
3 Bronze Awards for Strata SE1 – Awarded to Principal Contractor – Brookfield Multiplex Construction Europe Ltd, Developer – Brookfield Europe & Subcontractor –  Bourne Steel

City of London Sustainable City Awards 2011
Highly Commended for Resource Conservation – Strata SE1
Highly Commended for Sustainable Building – Strata SE1

In May 2011, the building was shortlisted for the ICE London Civil Engineering Awards 2011 for infrastructure and building projects. The award "celebrates outstanding engineering achievement by companies, organisations, and individuals in the capital".

The Green Apple Awards 2011
Strata SE1 – Environmental Best Practice – Sustainability Sector of Building and Construction (award ceremony November 2011)

RICS Awards 2011
Regeneration Runner-Up – Strata SE1

London District Surveyors Association 2011
Best Sustainability Project Strata SE1 – for the recognition of high standards of construction and workmanship

ACE Engineering Excellence 2011
Building Services – Strata SE1

The Strata Inhabit website (the information site for residents of the building) won "Website of the Year" at the News on the Block Property Management Awards on 5 December 2011.

References

Articles
 Brookfield's Elephant & Castle tower takes shape, Building.co.uk, 8 March 2010.
 The Strata 'Razor' tower: the cutting-edge of eco-construction, The Guardian, 15 March 2010 (10 pictures).
 In Pictures: Strata Tower, Residential Skyscraper At Elephant And Castle, Londonist, 18 March 2010.
 Strata tower: Southwark’s sore thumb, Building.co.uk, 9 April 2010.
 Don’t Look Down When Strata Tower Opens With Best London Views, Business Week, 13 April 2010.
 Nestled among ghost homes, Business Day, The Sydney Morning Herald, 16 April 2010.
 The high life in Elephant & Castle, The Times, 19 May 2010.
 Tower to the people in Elephant and Castle, Evening Standard Homes&Property, 26 May 2010.
 Wind-powered high-rise living?, Sydney Morning Herald, 30 June 2010.
 Strata SE1, London – propelling sustainable regeneration, Daniel Cowan, Proceedings of the ICE - Civil Engineering, Volume 163, Issue 6, 1 November 2010, pages 056 –063, , E-

External links

 Strata building @ Skyscraper News.com

Redevelopment projects in London
Residential buildings completed in 2010
Residential skyscrapers in London
Skyscrapers in the London Borough of Southwark


The Alpha 21064 is a microprocessor developed and fabricated by Digital Equipment Corporation that implemented the Alpha (introduced as the Alpha AXP) instruction set architecture (ISA). It was introduced as the DECchip 21064 before it was renamed in 1994. The 21064 is also known by its code name, EV4. It was announced in February 1992 with volume availability in September 1992. The 21064 was the first commercial implementation of the Alpha ISA, and the first microprocessor from Digital to be available commercially. It was succeeded by a derivative, the Alpha 21064A in October 1993. This last version was replaced by the Alpha 21164 in 1995.

History
The first Alpha processor was a test chip codenamed EV3. This test chip was fabricated using Digital's 1.0-micrometre (μm) CMOS-3 process. The test chip lacked a floating point unit and only had 1 KB caches. The test chip was used to confirm the operation of the aggressive circuit design techniques. The test chip, along with simulators and emulators, was also used to bring up firmware and the various operating systems that the company supported.

The production chip, codenamed EV4, was fabricated using Digital's 0.75 μm CMOS-4 process. Dirk Meyer and Edward McLellan were the micro-architects. Ed designed the issue logic while Dirk designed the other major blocks. Jim Montanaro led the circuit implementation. The EV3 was used in the Alpha Demonstration Unit (ADU), a multiprocessor system used by Digital to develop software for the Alpha platform before the availability of EV4 parts.

The 21064 was unveiled at the 39th International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC) in mid-February 1992. It was announced on 25 February 1992, with a 150 MHz sample introduced on the same day. It was priced at $3,375 in quantities of 100, $1,650 in quantities between 100 and 1,000, and $1,560 for quantities over 1,000. Volume shipments began in September 1992.

In early February 1993, the price of the 150 MHz version was reduced to $1,096 from $1,559 in quantities greater than 1,000.

On 25 February 1993, a 200 MHz was introduced, with sample kits available, priced at $3,495. In volume, it was priced at $1,231 per unit in quantities greater than 10,000. Volume orders were accepted in June 1993, with shipments in August 1993. The price of the 150 MHz version was reduced in response. The sample kit was reduced to $1,690 from $3,375, effective in April 1993; and in volume, it was reduced to $853 from $1,355 per unit in quantities greater than 10,000, effective in July 1993.

With the introduction of the Alpha 21066 and the Alpha 21068 on 10 September 1993, Digital adjusted the positioning of the existing 21064s and introduced a 166 MHz version priced at $499 per unit in quantities of 5,000. The price of the 150 MHz version was reduced to $455 per unit in quantities of 5,000.

On 6 June 1994, the price of the 200 MHz version was reduced by 31% to $544 to position it against the 60 MHz Pentium; and the 166 MHz version by 19% to $404 per unit in quantities of 5,000, effective on 3 July 1994.

The Alpha 21064 was fabricated at Digital's Hudson, Massachusetts and South Queensferry, Scotland facilities.

Users
The 21064 was mostly used in high-end computers such as workstations and servers. Users included:

 Aspen Systems in its Alpine workstations
 Carrera Computers in its Hercules 150, Hercules 200, and Pantera II workstations
 Cray Research, which used the 150 MHz 21064 in its Cray T3D supercomputers
 Digital, in its DECpc AXP 150 entry-level workstations, DEC 2000 AXP entry-level servers, DEC 3000 AXP workstations and entry-level servers, DEC 4000 AXP mid-range servers and DEC 7000/10000 AXP high-end servers
 Encore Computer, in its Infinity R/T high-end real-time computer

Performance
The 21064 was the highest performing microprocessor from when it was introduced until 1993, after International Business Machines (IBM) introduced the multi-chip POWER2. It subsequently became the highest performing single-chip microprocessor, a position it held until the 275 MHz 21064A was introduced in October 1993.

Description
The Alpha 21064 is a superpipelined dual-issue superscalar microprocessor that executes instructions in-order. It is capable of issuing up to two instructions every clock cycle to four functional units: an integer unit, a floating-point unit (FPU), an address unit, and a branch unit. The integer pipeline is seven stages long, and the floating-point pipeline ten stages. The first four stages of both pipelines are identical and are implemented by the I-Box.

I-box
The I-box is the control unit; it fetches, decodes, and issues instructions and controls the pipeline. During stage one, two instructions are fetched from the I-cache. Branch prediction is performed by logic in the I-box during stage two. Either static prediction or dynamic prediction is used. Static prediction examined the sign bit of the displacement field of a branch instruction, predicted the branch as taken if the sign bit indicated a backwards branch (if sign bit contained 1). Dynamic prediction examined an entry in the 2,048-entry by 1-bit branch history table. If an entry contained 1, the branch was predicted as taken. If dynamic prediction was utilized, the branch prediction is approximately 80% accurate for most programs. The branch misprediction penalty is four cycles.

These instructions are decoded during stage three. The I-box then checks if the resources required by the two instructions are available during stage four. If so, the instructions are issued, providing they can be paired. Which instructions could be paired was determined by the number of read and write ports in the integer register file. The 21064 could issue: an integer operate with a floating-point operate, any load/store instruction with any operate instruction, an integer operate with an integer branch, or a floating-point operate with a floating-point branch. Two combinations were not permitted: an integer operate and a floating-point store, and a floating-point operate and an integer store. If one of the two instructions cannot be issued together, the first four stages are stalled until the remaining instruction is issued. The first four stages are also stalled in the event that no instruction can be issued due to resource unavailability, dependencies, or similar conditions.

The I-box contains two translation lookaside buffers (TLBs) for translating virtual addresses to physical addresses. These TLBs are referred to as instruction translation buffers (ITBs). The ITBs cache recently used page table entries for the instruction stream. An eight-entry ITB is used for 8 KB pages and a four-entry ITB for 4 MB pages. Both ITBs are fully associative and use a not-last used replacement algorithm.

Execution
Execution begins during stage five for all instructions. The register files are read during stage four. The pipelines beginning at stage five cannot be stalled.

Integer unit
The integer unit is responsible for executing integer instructions. It consists of the integer register file (IRF) and the E-box. The IRF contains thirty-two 64-bit registers and has four read ports and two write ports that are equally divided between the integer unit and the branch unit. The E-box contains an adder, a logic unit, barrel shifter, and multiplier. Except for multiply, shift, and byte manipulation instructions, most integer instructions are completed by the end of stage five and thus have a latency of one cycle. The barrel shifter is pipelined, but shift and byte manipulation instructions are not completed by the end of stage six, and thus have a latency of two cycles. The multiplier was not pipelined in order to save die area; thus multiply instructions have a variable latency of 19 to 23 cycles depending on the operands. In stage seven, integer instructions write their results to the IRF.

Address unit
The address unit, also known as the "A-box", executed load and store instructions. To enable the address unit and integer unit to operate in parallel, the address unit has its own displacement adder, which it uses to calculate virtual addresses, instead of using the adder in the integer unit. A 32-entry fully associative translation lookaside buffer (TLB) is used to translate virtual addresses into physical addresses. This TLB is referred to as the data translation buffer (DTB). The 21064 implemented a 43-bit virtual address and a 34-bit physical address, and is therefore capable of addressing 8 TB of virtual memory and 16 GB of physical memory.

Store instructions result in data buffered in a 4-entry by 32-byte write buffer. The write buffer improved performance by reducing the number of writes on the system bus by merging data from adjacent stores and by temporarily delaying stores, enabling loads to be serviced quicker as the system bus is not utilized as often.

Floating-point unit
The floating-point unit consists of the floating-point register file (FRF) and the F-box. The FRF contains thirty-two 64-bit registers and has three read ports and two write ports. The F-box contained a floating-point pipeline and a non-pipelined divide unit which retired one bit per cycle.

The floating-point register file is read and the data formatted into fraction, exponent, and sign in stage four. If executing add instructions, the adder calculates the exponent difference, and a predictive leading one or zero detector using input operands for normalizing the result is initiated. If executing multiply instructions, a 3 X multiplicand is generated.

In stages five and six, alignment or a normalization shift and sticky-bit calculations are performed for adds and subtracts. Multiply instructions are multiplied in a pipelined, two-way interleaved array which uses a radix-8 Booth algorithm. In stage eight, final addition is performed in parallel with rounding. Floating-point instructions write their results to the FRF in stage ten.

Instructions executed in the pipeline have a six-cycle latency. Single-precision (32-bit) and double-precision (64-bit) divides, which are executed in the non-pipelined divide unit, have a latency of 31 and 61 cycles, respectively.

Caches
The 21064 has two on-die primary caches: an 8 KB data cache (known as the D-cache) using a write-through write policy and an 8 KB instruction cache (known as the I-cache). Both caches are direct-mapped for single-cycle access and have 32-byte line size. The caches are built with six-transistor static random access memory (SRAM) cells that have an area of 98 μm2. The caches are 1,024 cells wide by 66 cells tall, with the top two rows used for redundancy.

An optional external secondary cache, known as the B-cache, with capacities of 128 KB to 16 MB was supported. The cache operated at one-third to one-sixteenth of the internal clock frequency, or 12.5 to 66.67 MHz at 200 MHz. The B-cache is direct-mapped and has a 128-byte line size by default that could be configured to use larger quantities. The B-cache is accessed via the system bus.

External interface
The external interface is a 128-bit data bus that operated at half to one-eighth the internal clock rate, or 25 to 100 MHz at 200 MHz. The width of the bus was configurable, systems using the 21064 could have a 64-bit external interface. The external interface also consisted of a 34-bit address bus.

Fabrication

The 21064 contained 1.68 million transistors. The original EV4 was fabricated by Digital in its CMOS-4 process, which has a 0.75 μm feature size and three levels of aluminium interconnect. The EV4 measures 13.9 mm by 16.8 mm, for an area of 233.52 mm2. The later EV4S was fabricated in CMOS-4S, a 10% optical shrink of CMOS-4 with a 0.675 μm feature size. This version measured 12.4 mm by 15.0 mm, for an area 186 mm2.

The 21064 used a 3.3-volt (V) power supply. The EV4 dissipated a maximum of 30 W at 200 MHz. The EV4S dissipates a maximum of 21.0 W at 150 MHz, 22.5 W at 166 MHz, and 27.0 W at 200 MHz.

Package

The 21064 is packaged in a 431-pin alumina-ceramic pin grid array (PGA) measuring 61.72 mm by 61.72 mm. Of the 431 pins, 291 were for signals and 140 were for power and ground. The heatsink is directly attached to the package, secured by nuts attached to two studs protruding from the tungsten heat spreader.

Derivatives

Alpha 21064A

The Alpha 21064A, introduced as the DECchip 21064A, code-named EV45, is a further development of the Alpha 21064 introduced in October 1993. It operated at clock frequencies of 200, 225, 233, 275 and 300 MHz. The 225 MHz model was replaced by the 233 MHz model on 6 July 1994, which at introduction, was priced at US$788 in quantities of 5,000, 10% less than the 225 MHz model it replaced. On the same day, prices for the 275 MHz was also reduced by 25% to US$1,083 in quantities of 5,000. The 300 MHz model was announced and sampled on 2 October 1995 and was shipped in December 1995. There was also one model, the 21064A-275-PC, that was restricted to running the Windows NT or operating systems that use the Windows NT memory management model.

The 21064A succeeded the original 21064 as the high-end Alpha microprocessor. It subsequently saw the most use in high-end systems. Users included:
 Digital in some models of its DEC 3000 AXP, DEC 4000 AXP and DEC 7000/10000 AXP systems
 Aspen Systems in its Alpine workstation
 BTG, who used a 275 MHz model in its Action AXP275 RISC PC
 Carrera Computers in its Cobra AXP 275 workstation
 NekoTech, who used a 275 MHz model overclocked by 5% to 289 MHz in their Mach 2-289-T workstation
 Network Appliance (now NetApp), who used a 275 MHz model in its storage systems

The 21064A had a number of microarchitectural improvements over the 21064. The primary caches were improved in two ways: the capacity of the I-cache and D-cache was doubled from 8 KB to 16 KB and parity protection was added to the cache tag and cache data arrays. Floating-point divides have a lower latency due to an improved divider that retires two bits per cycle on average. Branch prediction was improved by a larger 4,096-entry by 2-bit BHT.

The 21064A contains 2.8 million transistors and is 14.5 by 10.5 mm large, for an area of 152.25 mm2. It was fabricated by Digital in their fifth-generation CMOS process, CMOS-5, a 0.5 μm process with four levels of aluminium interconnect.

Alpha 21066
The Alpha 21066, introduced as the DECchip 21066, code-named LCA4 (Low Cost Alpha), is a low-cost variant of Alpha 21064. Samples were introduced on 10 September 1993, with volume shipments in early 1994. At the time of introduction, the 166 MHz Alpha 21066 was priced at US$385 in quantities of 5,000. A 100 MHz model, intended for embedded systems, also existed. Sampling begun in late 1994, with volume shipments in the third quarter of 1995.  The Microprocessor Report recognized the Alpha 21066 as the first microprocessor with an integrated PCI controller.

The Alpha 21066 was intended for use in low-cost applications, specifically personal computers running Windows NT. Digital used various models of the Alpha 21066 in their Multia clients, AXPpci 33 original equipment manufacturer (OEM) motherboards and AXPvme single-board computers. Outside of Digital, users included Aspen Systems in its Alpine workstation, Carrera Computers in its Pantera I workstation, NekoTech used a 166 MHz model in its Mach 1-166 personal computer, and Parsys in its TransAlpha TA9000 Series supercomputers.

Due to the process shrink, it was able to include features that were desirable in cost-sensitive embedded systems. These features include an on-die B-cache and memory controller with ECC support, a functionally limited graphics accelerator supporting up to 8 MB of VRAM for implementing a framebuffer, a PCI controller and a phase-locked loop (PLL) clock generator for multiplying a 33 MHz external clock signal to the desired internal clock frequency.

The memory controller supported 64 KB to 2 MB of B-cache and 2 to 512 MB of memory. The ECC implementation was capable of detecting 1-, 2- and 4-bit errors and correcting 1-bit errors. To reduce cost, the Alpha 21066 has a 64-bit system bus, which reduced the number of pins and thus the size of the package. The reduced width of the system bus also reduced bandwidth and thus performance by 20%, which was deemed acceptable.

The 21066 contained 1.75 million transistors and measured 17.0 by 12.3 mm, for an area of 209.1 mm2. It was fabricated in CMOS-4S, a 0.675 μm process with three levels of interconnect. The 21066 was packaged in a 287-pin CPGA measuring 57.404 by 57.404 mm.

Alpha 21066A

The Alpha 21066A, code-named LCA45, is a low-cost variant of the Alpha 21064A. It was announced on 14 November 1994, with samples of 100 and 233 MHz models introduced on the same day. Both models were shipped in March 1995. When announced, the 100 and 233 MHz models were priced at $175 and $360, respectively, in quantities of 5,000. A 266 MHz model was later made available.

The 21066A was second sourced by Mitsubishi Electric as the M36066A. It was the first Alpha microprocessor to be fabricated by the company. 100 and 233 MHz parts were announced in November 1994. At the time of the announcement, engineering samples were set for December 1994, commercial samples in July 1995 and volume quantities in September 1995. The 233 MHz part was priced at $490 in quantities of 1,000.

Although it was based on the 21064A, the 21066A did not have the 16 KB instruction and data caches. A feature specific to the 21066A was power management – the microprocessor's internal clock frequency could be adjusted by software.

Digital used various models of 21066A in their products which had previously used the 21066. Outside of Digital, Tadpole Technology used a 233 MHz model in their ALPHAbook 1 notebook.

The 21066A contained 1.8 million transistors on a die measuring 14.8 by 10.9 mm, for an area of 161.32 mm2. It was fabricated in Digital's fifth-generation CMOS process, CMOS-5, a 0.5 μm process with three levels of interconnect. Mitsubishi Electric fabricated the M36066A in its own 0.5 μm three-level-metal process.

Alpha 21068
The Alpha 21068, introduced as the DECchip 21068, is a version of the 21066 positioned for embedded systems. It was identical to the 21066 but had a lower clock rate to reduce power dissipation and cost. Samples were introduced on 10 September 1993 with volume shipments in early 1994. It operated at 66 MHz and had a 9 W maximum power dissipation. At the time of introduction, the 21068 was priced at US$221 each in quantities of 5,000. On 6 June 1994, Digital announced that it was cutting the price by 16% to US$186, effective on 3 July 1994.

The Alpha 21068 was used by Digital in their AXPpci 33 motherboard and the AXPvme 64 and 64LC single-board computers.

Alpha 21068A
The Alpha 21068A, introduced as the DECchip 21068A, is a variant of the Alpha 21066A for embedded systems. It operated at a clock frequency of 100 MHz.

Chipsets
Initially, there was no standard chipset for the 21064 and 21064A. Digital's computers used custom application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) to interface the microprocessor to the system. As this raised development cost for third parties who wished to develop Alpha-based products, Digital developed a standard chipset, the DECchip 21070 (Apecs), for original equipment manufacturers (OEMs).

There were two models of the 21070, the DECchip 21071 and the DECchip 21072. The 21071 was intended for workstations whereas the 21072 was intended for high-end workstations or low-end uniprocessor servers. The two models differed in memory subsystem features: the 21071 has a 64-bit memory bus and supports 8 MB to 2 GB of parity-protected memory whereas the 21072 has a 128-bit memory bus and supports 16 MB to 4 GB of ECC-protected memory.

The chipset consisted of three chip designs: the COMANCHE B-cache and memory controller, the DECADE data slice, and the EPIC PCI controller. The DECADE chips implemented the data paths in 32-bit slices, and therefore the 21071 has two such chips while the 21072 has four. The EPIC chip has a 32-bit path to the DECADE chips.

The 21070 was introduced on 10 January 1994, with samples available. Volume shipments began in mid-1994. In quantities of 5,000, the 21071 was priced at $90 and the 21072 at $120.

21070 users included Carrera Computers for its Pantera workstations and Digital in some models of its AlphaStations and uniprocessor AlphaServers.

See also
 AlphaVM: A full DEC Alpha system emulator running on Windows or Linux. It contains a high-performance emulator of the Alpha CPU.

Notes

References
 Alpha 21064 and 21064A Microprocessors Hardware Reference Manual, June 1996. Order number: EC-Q92UC-TE. Digital Equipment Corporation.
 Apiki, Steve; Grehan, Rick (March 1995). "Fastest NT Workstations". Byte.
 Bhandarkar, Dileep. "Alpha Implementations" , IEEE Computer Society Technical Committee on Computer Architecture Newsletter, December 1995.
 Computergram (25 February 1992). "DEC Reveals More On Alpha, Challenges Hewlett-Packard's Precision Architecture RISC". Computer Business Review.
 Computergram (26 February 1992). "DEC Describes Its Alpha RISC, Kubota Discloses Its Plans". Computer Business Review.
 Computergram (7 June 1994). "DEC slashes Alpha AXP Chip Prices by up to 31%". Computer Business Review.
 Computergram (13 September 1993). "DEC adds Alphas for Personal Computers, Control". Computer Business Review.
 Computergram (11 January 1994). "Microprocessor Report's Annual Chip Awards Declare Motorola 88110 the Part least likely to...". Computer Business Review.
 Computergram (11 November 1994). "Mitsubishi Electric Is Ready To Sample Its First Alpha At Last". Computer Business Review.
 Computergram (25 November 1994). "Mitsubishi's First Alpha Provides The Same Functionality As DEC's 21066A". Computer Business Review.
 Digital Equipment Corporation (10 January 1994). "Digital Introduces PCI-Based System Logic Chipsets For Alpha AXP 21064 Microprocessors And Announces The Industry's First PCI To PCI Bridge Chip". Press release.
 Dobberpuhl, Daniel W., Witek, Richard T. et al. "A 200-MHz 64-bit Dual-issue CMOS Microprocessor", Digital Technical Journal, Volume 4, Number 4, Special Issue 1992, pp. 35–50.
 Gwennap, Linley (12 September 1994). "Digital Leads the Pack with 21164", Microprocessor Report, Volume 8, Number 12.
 Krause, Reinhardt (13 September 1993). "DEC unveils two Alphas in PCI, embedded drive". Electronic News.
 Krause, Reinhardt (18 October 1993). "DEC readies 225/275MHz Alphas". Electronic News.
 Krause, Reinhardt (21 November 1994). "Alpha partners roll 233MHz 21066A". Electronic News.
 McKinney, Dina L. et al. "Digital's DECchip 21066: The First Cost-focused Alpha AXP Chip". Digital Technical Journal, Volume 6, Number 1, Winter 1994, pp. 66–77.
 McLellan, Edward (June 1993). "The Alpha AXP Architecture and 21064 Processor". IEEE Micro. pp. 36–47.
 Ryan, Bob; Thompson, Tom (January 1994). "RISC Grows Up". Byte.

Further reading
 "DEC Enters Microprocessor Business with Alpha". (4 March 1992). Microprocessor Report, Volume 6, Number 3.
 "DEC's Alpha Architecture Premiers". (4 March 1992). Microprocessor Report, Volume 6, Number 3.
 "Digital Plans Broad Alpha Processor Family" (18 November 1992). Microprocessor Report, Volume 6, Number 3.
 "Digital Reveals PCI Chip Sets For Alpha". (12 July 1993). Microprocessor Report, Volume 7, Number 9.
 "Alpha Hits Low End with Digital's 21066". (13 September 1993). Microprocessor Report, Volume 7, Number 12.
 Bhandarkar, Dileep P. (1995). Alpha Architecture and Implementations. Digital Press.
 Fox, Thomas F. (1994). "The design of high-performance microprocessors at Digital". Proceedings of the 31st Annual ACM-IEEE Design Automation Conference. pp. 586–591.
 Gronowski, Paul E. et al. (May 1998). "High-performance microprocessor design". IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits 33 (5): pp. 676–686.

DEC microprocessors
Superscalar microprocessors
64-bit microprocessors

de:Alpha-Prozessor#Benennung


Pollo a la brasa, pollo asado, blackened chicken, or charcoal chicken, is a variety of rotisserie chicken especially associated with the cuisine of Peru.

It was developed in Peru in the 1950s by Swiss immigrants to Peru.

Originally its consumption was specific to high-end restaurants (during the 1950s until the 1970s), but today it is a widely available dish. The original version consisted of a chicken (cooked on a spit over charcoal and seasoned only with salt) served with large french fries and traditionally eaten with the fingers, though today additional spices are used to prepare it, and people may eat it with cutlery if they choose.  It is almost always served with creamy (mayonnaise-based) sauces, and most frequently with a salsa known as ají.

In 2013, Peruvian cuisine was listed among the top three cuisines with potential for popular menu items in the United States. Pollo a la brasa can now be found in eateries all throughout the world and is considered to be a staple item on the menu of Peruvian fusion restaurants.  It is considered a national dish of Peru; with Peruvians consuming it an average of three times per month and with rotisserie chicken restaurants accounting for 40% of the fast food industry in the country.

History

The dish was developed by Roger Schuler, a Swiss resident of Chaclacayo, Lima, in 1950.  Schuler was a Swiss national who found it difficult to return to his home country during World War II, and after migrating around several locations in Chile and Peru, settled in Lima, working in hotels and restaurants.  He devised the specific method of cooking the chicken, observing his cook's technique in preparation, and gradually, along with his business partners, perfected the recipe, creating the Granja Azul restaurant in Santa Clara, district of Ate, in Lima.  After developing the initial recipe, he received a large catering order, and seeking to cook a larger volume of food in a shorter time, sought out a fellow Swiss immigrant, Franz Ulrich, a metalworker who developed a type of rotisserie oven to allow high throughput of chicken he named "El rotombo".  While the initial preparation only included salt as a seasoning, today preparations typically include rosemary, huacatay, black pepper, soy sauce, ají panca, and cumin.  The Schuler family still owns the Granja Azul, and a number of other restaurants around Peru, and Ulrich continued to produce rotisserie ovens.

See also
 Peruvian cuisine
 List of chicken dishes
 List of spit-roasted foods

References

Peruvian chicken dishes
Spit-cooked foods
Cultural heritage of Peru