Adlai E. Stevenson High School was a New York City public high school located at 1980 Lafayette Avenue, in the Soundview section of the Bronx.

The New York City Department of Education closed the school in June 2009, owing to poor performance (high truancy, violence and a low graduation rate).  New, specialty schools were created as part of the New Century Schools initiative. The high schools on the Stevenson Campus are:
 Bronx Community High School
 Bronx Guild (X452)
 Gateway School for Environmental Research and Technology (X295)
Millennium Art Academy (X312)
Pablo Neruda Academy for Architecture and World Studies (X305)
School for Community Research and Learning (X540)
Bronx Compass (X561)
In addition to the five high schools, two middle schools are collocated on campus:
Bronx Bridges High School (X432)
Antonia Pantoja Preparatory Academy, A College Board School (X376)

Notable alumni
Monique Holsey-Hyman - politician, social worker, and professor
Ed Pinckney - (b 1963) former NBA basketball player for the Boston Celtics.

See also
List of high schools in New York City

References

External links
Statistics about the school
Adlai E. Stevenson Educational Campus Library

Public high schools in the Bronx
Soundview, Bronx
Educational institutions disestablished in 2009
2009 disestablishments in New York (state)


Erik Rolfsen (24 July 1905 – 27 September 1992) was a Norwegian architect. He served as urban manager  of Oslo, Norway from 1947 to 1973.

Biography
Erik Rolfsen was born at Ålesund in More og Romsdal, Norway. Rolfsen took his final exams at Kristiansund Public School in 1924. He attended the Drawing Academy in Paris during 1926. In 1930 he took his final exam in architecture  at the Norwegian Institute of Technology in Trondheim. While studying in Trondheim he was also a member of Mot Dag.

He worked in Kristiansund from 1940, but from 1942 to 1945 he was a consultant for the Norwegian government-in-exile in London. From 1947 to 1973 he was the director of city planning in Oslo and put their mark on the city during a period of intense development. After the merger of Oslo and Aker in 1948, Rolfsen prepared a general plan for the new large municipal area.  The plan was to connect residential areas and laid the foundation for post-war housing in Oslo.  Rolfsen favored a strong future-oriented regional plan, where residential areas, workplaces and education centers were coordinated to reduce travel distances.  Central to his urban planning was the preservation of nature as an essential part of the city.

Rolfsen was an architect at the Norwegian Cooperative Association of Architects in 1932–38. He was a guest lecturer at the Norwegian Institute of Technology in 1947 and lecturer in architecture courses at the National Craft and Industrial Art School 1947–49.   He was chairman of the Oslo architect Association 1948–49.  Rolfsen was a member of the Norwegian Labour Party and served in a variety of public committees and advice on urban issues. He presided over the International Federation for Housing and Planning from 1954 to 1958.

References

Other sources
Erik Rolfsen (1975) Underveis i Oslo (Oslo: Aschehoug)

1905 births
1992 deaths
People from Ålesund
Norwegian urban planners
Architects in government
Norwegian civil servants
Norwegian Institute of Technology alumni
20th-century Norwegian architects


Niisaachewan Anishinaabe Nation, formerly but still commonly—and incorrectly—known as the Dalles First Nation and Ochiichagwe'Babigo'Ining Ojibway Nation, is an Anishinaabe/Ojibway First Nation in Kenora District, Ontario about 15 kilometres north of Lake of the Woods.

The total registered Band membership as of November 2021 is 493, and the on-reserve population as of 2016 is 190.  A member of Treaty 3, the First Nation is affiliated with Bimose Tribal Council and Kenora Chiefs Advisory.

Reserves
The First Nation have reserved for themselves two reserves:
 3257 ha The Dalles Indian Reserve 38C, which serves as their main Reserve, with the community of Niisaachewan Anishinaabe Nation adjacent to it.
 379 ha Agency Indian Reserve 30, which is shared with 12 other First Nations.

Grievances
The First Nation has recently settled two grievances against Hydro One and Ontario Power Generation.  The grievance against Hydro One was started because the company arbitrarily cut down trees, and misappropriated land without making any effort to consult the First Nation to install huge steel electricity pylons across the reserve.  Hydro One acknowledged liability (without an apology) by settling the claim for an undisclosed amount.

The grievance against Ontario Power Generation was a far bigger issue.  Many years ago, again without notice or an effort to consult with the First Nation, what used to be called Ontario Hydro arbitrarily flooded over one thousand acres (4 km²) of reserve land and many more thousands of acres of traditional resource area by building the Whitedog Dam to provide electricity for sale by Ontario Hydro.

The detrimental effects of the flooding and water flow change resulted in a huge loss of culture for the area's First Nation people, including but not limited to the loss of cultural activities such as hunting, and rice harvesting.

Ontario Power Generation acknowledged liability by settling for an undisclosed amount.  Also, unlike Hydro One, Ontario Power Generation officially apologized for the harm to the community during a visit to the community by Jake Epp, Chairman of the Board.

Legal grievances remain as a result of Canada's Federal Government giving Ontario Power Generation permission to reroute the Winnipeg River through the reserve via the relief channel blasted through the reserve. A rock sacred to the people of Niisaachewan Anishinaabe Nation was also completely destroyed by explosives to clear way for the water channel.

Governance
Through the Custom Electoral System, Niisaachewan Anishinaabe Nation elects a council for a two-year term consisting of a Chief and four Councillors.

The traditional 'Customary Council' system is the Nation's preferred method of governance.  The Customary Council is where a respected head person or speaker from each of the family groups within the Nation is chosen and this group of head people are the ones who have advisory powers and dispute resolving responsibility.  Chief and Council is a relatively new system of governance, and the current are supposed to be gradually phasing themselves out in favour of the Customary Council system.

External links
 Niisaachewan Anishinaabe Nation Website
 INAC profile

First Nations governments in Ontario
Ojibwe governments
Communities in Kenora District


The Mudhafaria Minaret is a minaret located in the new Minare Park on the west region of Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.

The minaret is 36 m (118 ft) high, was built in 1190–1232 AD (586–630 AH) by the Turcoman prince of Erbil, in the reign of Saladin, Muzaffar Al-Din Abu Sa’eed Al-Kawkaboori (Gökböri) who had entered in the obedience of Saladin without war and married his sister.

The minaret is composed of a high octagonal base and a tall cylindrical shaft, with a balcony located between the base and the shaft.

It is built of baked bricks, the base being decorated with two tiers of niches with pointed arches, two on each of the eight faces that are inscribed in rectangular frames. The balcony parapet is carved with twenty-four small niches, the access door to the minaret steps is on the eastern side of the octagonal base and leads top to the balcony. From there a small door gives access to steps inside the cylindrical shaft that led to the second balcony now collapsed.

The shaft tapers inward and is decorated with several bands of interlocking diagonal Hazar-Baf motifs that are separated with thin bands. Examples of Kufi calligraphy can be seen, showing the names of Muhammad and Mas'oudi Muhammadi, the builders of the Minaret.

References

External links

 History page
 Minaret of the Great Mosque of Arbil - ArchNet

Religious buildings and structures completed in 1232
Towers completed in the 13th century
Buildings and structures in Erbil
Minarets in Iraq
Tourist attractions in Iraqi Kurdistan


George Ernest Ingle (1895–1964) was an Anglican suffragan bishop.

Born into an ecclesiastical family in 1895, he was educated at Felsted and Jesus College, Cambridge. After wartime service with the Royal Norfolk Regiment, he embarked on an ecclesiastical career with a curacy at St Peter's, Cranley Gardens, Hammersmith. Following this, he was Chaplain to the London Irish Rifles then of the British Embassy Church, Paris. A long period as a master at his old school, Felsted, was followed by short posts as Vicar of St John's, Greenhill, Harrow and as Rural Dean of the British Zone of Germany before he was elevated to the episcopate as the third Bishop of Fulham, a post he held for only seven years. Translated to Willesden, he died on 10 June 1964.

Notes

External links
Photo of St Peter’s Church, Cranley Gardens
St John's, Greenhill - church website

1895 births
People educated at Felsted School
Alumni of Jesus College, Cambridge
Bishops of Fulham
20th-century Church of England bishops
Bishops of Willesden
1964 deaths
Royal Norfolk Regiment soldiers
British military chaplains
British Army personnel of World War I


Samuel Gompers Career and Technical Education High School was a public vocational school for grades 9–12 located in East Morrisania, Bronx, New York, named for American Federation of Labor founder Samuel Gompers. The school was founded in 1930 as Samuel Gompers Industrial High School for Boys. It was closed in 2012.

Public art
Samuel Gompers High School is the site for a notable Federal Art Project mural created in 1936 by Eric Mose. The three-panel, 600-square-foot fresco, Power, was created in the school library. The work was described in an April 1938 article in The New York Times:

The central theme of this mural is Light. The artist of two decades ago probably would have pictured light as a Greek lady with a torch, or possibly as Prometheus. Mose, however, has combined cubism with physics. The central "figure" is a stylized abstraction of the sun, seen in design with a prism, which relates to a broad band of color that runs along the top of the mural and is broken up into brilliant stripes—the spectrum.

Beneath this field the artist has made an abstract design of the forms through which we know light and power. One recognizes spark-plugs, dynamos and such actual electrical machines as a fan. Those forms are all carried out in color-design derived from the spectrum above, and interestingly applied to individual objects such as infra-red, violet ray and other "light" instruments.

Thus the mural, a great field of glowing, angled color that looks, superficially, like something by a cubist, and has the quality of Chartres stained glass, is at the same time an accurate scientific chart. Moveover, it is used as one by the school, and so effectively that almost any boy one may find in the library can explain its design.

Notable alumni
 Chris Lighty, (1968–2012) was an American music industry executive. He co-founded Violator, a record label,
 Frank Malzone, (1930–2015) was an All-Star Major League Baseball player.
 Grandmaster Flash,  (1958-), is a legendary American DJ.

References

External links

NYC Department of Education: Samuel Gompers Career and Technical Education High School
 Power (1936) at Public Art for Public Schools, New York Department of Education

Defunct schools in New York City
Public high schools in the Bronx
Morrisania, Bronx
Art Deco architecture in the Bronx
Samuel Gompers


Bjarne Eriksen is the name of:

 Bjarne Eriksen (businessman) (1886–1976), Norwegian businessperson and Olympic fencer
 Bjarne Eriksen (painter) (1882–1970), Norwegian painter


Le Chasseron is a mountain in the Jura Mountains, overlooking Sainte-Croix in the canton of Vaud. It has an elevation of 1,607 metres above sea level and is amongst the most isolated mountains of Switzerland.

See also
List of mountains of Switzerland

References

External links

Le Chasseron on Hikr

Mountains of Switzerland
Mountains of the canton of Vaud
Mountains of the Jura
Chasseron


John George Howard (born John Corby; July 27, 1803 – February 3, 1890) was the official surveyor and civil engineer for the government of Toronto in Upper Canada and later Canada. He was also the first professional architect in Toronto. He designed numerous public, commercial and residential buildings during the 19th century. In addition, he was the principal donor of High Park to the people of Toronto.

Personal life

Born as John Corby in Bengeo, Hertfordshire, England, he was the fourth of seven children of John and Sarah Corby. He attended a  boarding school in Hertford and spent two years at sea as a sailor before returning to England to become a carpenter and joiner. In 1824, he entered the architecture profession, articling for three years with a London architect, William Ford, who became his brother-in-law by marrying his older sister in 1825. He remained with Ford until his departure for Upper Canada. In London, he married the 24-year-old Jemima Frances Meikle on May 7, 1827.

In 1832, he met Mr. Cattermole of the Canada Land Company, leading to him immigrating to Upper Canada with his wife in 1832. It was at this time that he adopted the Howard surname. He himself gave two explanations. On February 11, 1834, when his change of name was revealed in a court case, he wrote to Lieutenant Governor Sir John Colborne's secretary, explaining that he was illegitimate, that when he was about 18 he had adopted the name Corby after the man his mother had subsequently married, and that he had assumed his 'proper name' when he left England. Later in life, he claimed direct descent from Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk, through a 17th-century Howard who had adopted the name Corby from the ancestral estate Corby Castle, because of a family quarrel.

Howard and his wife remained married until her death, although he also maintained a lifelong relationship with Mary Williams, with whom he had three children. Howard and his wife had no children together. In 1877, Jemima Howard died of cancer. Howard lived until 1890, dying at his home, Colborne Lodge, in High Park.

The Howards are buried in High Park, and their cairn monument is near to Colborne Lodge. The monument was designed by Howard. The fence was brought from London, England. It dates to the 1700s and was formerly part of the fence around St Paul's Cathedral in London, which was designed by Christopher Wren. During its transport from England, the ship carrying the fence sank in the St. Lawrence River, and Howard arranged for the fence to be salvaged from the wreck.

Professional career
Howard was an associate of William Ford from 1824 to 1832, with one notable engineering project working on the Cromford Canal in Derbyshire, England. He is also known to have worked for Mr. Grayson of St. Luke's, London, superintending work on Leeds Castle.

When Howard arrived in Toronto (at that time still the town of York) in 1833, he was the first professional architect in the town. His first public appointment was as a teaching master at Upper Canada College (UCC), while developing an architectural practice. He remained affiliated with UCC until 1856. His practice thrived, with commissions ranging from cottages to banks to public projects, including Queen's College at Kingston, Ontario, and the Provincial Lunatic Asylum in Toronto (modeled on the National Gallery in London).

Howard started surveying work in 1836, and he became Toronto's official surveyor in 1843, a position he held until 1855. He surveyed Toronto Harbour, laid out the 'Esplanade' on the waterfront, and subdivided the harbour's peninsula (now known as Toronto Island). He also did surveying work for cemeteries and private land sub-divisions. In 1883, the Governor-General of Canada conferred upon him the dignity of "Royal Canadian Academician."

In other endeavours, Howard was involved with the militia which put down William Lyon Mackenzie's 1837 rebellion. Howard is recorded as leading the scouting party which found the rebels' location on December 7, 1837. He would become a lieutenant the following year. In 1841, Howard received a license to practice as a public notary. In 1847, Howard was named president of a copper mine on Lake Huron. In 1848, Howard served as president and treasurer of the Toronto Society of Arts. In 1853, Howard was appointed a Justice of the Peace for a term of four years.

Howard bought some land of his own, including the property now known as High Park, which he intended as a sheep farm. To the east of High Park, Howard owned Sunnyside Farm, on which he built Sunnyside Villa. It is now the site of St. Joseph's Health Centre. The area retains the nickname of 'Sunnyside'. In 1873, in return for a yearly pension of , Howard deeded  of his High Park property to the city as a public park. The remaining  and Colborne Lodge became city property at his death. Howard was appointed as forest ranger by the city in 1878, with responsibility for improving the park.

Notable projects

Paintings by John George Howard

References

External links

John George Howard – Biographical Dictionary of Architects in Canada (1800-1950)
Photo and information about Howard gravestone

Canadian civil engineers
1803 births
1890 deaths
19th-century Canadian architects
Members of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts


Harilaid (Swedish Hares, formerly Gräsö) is a small uninhabited island in Estonia. It lies about  west of the island of Vormsi. It should not be confused with the larger former island of Harilaid that is now a peninsula on the northwest coast of the island of Saaremaa.

Harilaid has an area of . Its highest point is  above sea level.  The island is stony, with a covering of juniper.

A lighthouse was first built on Harilaid in 1849. The present lighthouse is  high.

Uninhabited islands of Estonia
Vormsi Parish
Estonian islands in the Baltic


Big Apple is an American crime drama television series that was originally broadcast in the United States on CBS from March 1 to April 5, 2001.

Plot
The story centers on two New York City Police Department detectives Mooney and Trout working with the FBI to solve a murder with ties to organized crime. A subplot involves Mooney's sister who is receiving hospice care for Lou Gehrig's Disease.

Cast
 Ed O'Neill as Det. Michael Mooney
 Kim Dickens as Sarah Day
 Michael Madsen as Terry Maddock
 Jeffrey Pierce as Det. Vincent Trout
 David Strathairn as FBI Agent Will Preecher
 Glynn Turman as Ted Olsen
 Titus Welliver as FBI Special Agent Jimmy Flynn
 Donnie Wahlberg as Chris Scott
 Brooke Smith as Lois Mooney

Episodes

Broadcast
Big Apple was originally slated to compete with NBC's very popular medical drama series ER. Although 13 episodes were commissioned, only 8 aired before CBS canceled the show and replaced it with the newsmagazine 48 Hours in the 10pm (EST) Thursday time slot. In 2008, the series aired in syndication on Universal HD.

Home media
CBS released all eight completed episodes on a two-disc DVD set in the United States on July 10, 2015, without special features.

Reception
Reviews of the show were largely positive. Variety called it "a triumph all around" and compared it favorably to NYPD Blue and Murder One. Entertainment Weekly praised O'Neill's performance as Detective Mooney and gave the show higher marks than Denis Leary's The Job.

Notes

References

External links

2000s American police procedural television series
2001 American television series debuts
2001 American television series endings
2000s American crime drama television series
CBS original programming
Television series by CBS Studios
Fictional portrayals of the New York City Police Department
Television series created by David Milch


Lady Minto Hospital is an acute care facility in Cochrane, Ontario and part of the MIC's Group of Health Services in Northern Ontario.

Founded in 1911, the hospital building was built in 1915 and opened in 1916. The hospital is named for Mary Caroline Grey, wife of Lord Minto (Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto), Governor General of Canada. The hospitals building funds were made available from the Lady Minto Hospital Fund given around 1900.

The main hospital has 33 beds and a long-term care facility with 33 beds. Services also include in-patient, out-patient, respite, palliative, emergency and ambulatory care.

History

Lady Minto Hospital was one of 43 hospitals built from funds established by Lady Minto and the Victorian Order of Nurses.

The funds were given to build cottage hospitals in remote parts of Canada.

A timeline of Cochrane's Lady Minto Hospital:

 1915-1916 first hospital building built
 1953-1954 new hospital addition built to ease overcrowding at the 44-bed hospital
 1960s renovations
 1975-1978 new 64-bed hospital building built; old hospital building becomes Minto Health Centre
 2003 new Minto Health Centre built; 2004 old hospital demolished

See also
 Tim Horton - born at Lady Minto on January 12, 1930

References

External links
 MICs Group of Health Services - Lady Minto Hospital

Hospitals in Ontario
Hospital buildings completed in 1916
Hospital buildings completed in 1954
Hospital buildings completed in 1978
Hospitals established in 1911
Buildings and structures in Cochrane District
Cochrane, Ontario
Cottage hospitals


Hong Kong Institute of Architects (HKIA, ) is a professional body for architects in Hong Kong with approximately 1500 full members, 300 associates members and graduate members. It is an Allied Society of the Royal Institute of British Architects, and member of the International Union of Architects and the Commonwealth Association of Architects.

History
Originally named the Hong Kong Society of Architects, it was formed on 3 September 1956 by 27 architects. It is recognized by the Royal Institute of British Architects as an Allied Society since 1957 and renamed to Hong Kong Institute of Architects in 1972.

Designation
The professional post-nominals system of HKIA was introduced in 1972, members are entitled to use the post-nominals HKIA after their name, and describe themselves as "architect" or "Member of The Hong Kong Institute of Architects", while associates may describe themselves as "Associate of The Hong Kong Institute of Architects", no post-nominal or abbreviation is permitted.

Scandal
In 2020, HKIA has "skipped" its 64th anniversary on its social media for alleged political sensitivity (assimilation with the June 4th massacre) and went straight to celebrate its 65th anniversary which was due to take place in 2021.

Past Presidents

See also

Architecture of Hong Kong
Hong Kong Institute of Planners
Hong Kong Institute of Urban Design

References

External links

Hong Kong Institute of Architects

Professional associations based in Hong Kong
Architecture in Hong Kong
Architecture groups
1956 establishments in Hong Kong
Arts organizations established in 1956
Architecture-related professional associations
Commonwealth Association of Architects


Marcos Antonio Aparecido Cipriano or simply Marcão (born April 14, 1973) is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as a forward. He played in the UEFA Champions League with FC Spartak Moscow.

References

Living people
1973 births
Men's association football forwards
Brazilian men's footballers
Torino FC players
Mogi Mirim Esporte Clube players
Mirassol Futebol Clube players
FC Spartak Moscow players
FC St. Pauli players
Esporte Clube Vitória players
Guarani FC players
Yverdon-Sport FC players
Associação Portuguesa Londrinense players
Serie A players
Russian Premier League players
Swiss Super League players
Bundesliga players
2. Bundesliga players
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Russia
Expatriate men's footballers in Russia
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Switzerland
Expatriate men's footballers in Switzerland
People from Andirá
Footballers from Paraná (state)


Theta Alpha Phi National Theatre Honors Fraternity () is an American honor society that accepts members who achieve excellence in the art of theatre. Membership is available to undergraduates and graduate students at member institutions.

The History of Theta Alpha Phi
The first chapter, referred to as Oklahoma Alpha, was formed on  at Oklahoma A&M College, now Oklahoma State University in Stillwater, Oklahoma.  Since the dissolution of the National Collegiate Players/Pi Epsilon Delta () National Theatre Honor Society, Theta Alpha Phi is the oldest honor society for theatre in the United States. Other theater honor societies include Alpha Psi Omega () and Delta Psi Omega (), the latter designated for 2-year schools.

Theta Alpha Phi National Theatre Honors Fraternity is an honors society rather than a recognition association or activity club. It confers nationally recognized honors on graduate and undergraduate students who earn a specified high level of quality in theatre study and production at over 30 selected, accredited colleges and universities.

Theta Alpha Phi is restricted to four-year or graduate colleges and universities on a highly selective basis. It has no junior college branches or subsidiaries, and admits to membership only students of sophomore standing or above. Students become eligible after having successfully met a prescribed minimum of experience in directing, writing, acting in, or managing plays.

Theta Alpha Phi is the only independent theatre honors organization with standards and functions established solely by its own constitution without regard to requirements of other organizations. It is not a member of any association whose member societies are concerned with areas other than theatre, but which nevertheless control the standards and hence the functions of members. Theta Alpha Phi is the only national organization which honors graduate and undergraduate students for quality as well as quantity of work and study in theatre arts alone. Unlike some organizations which demand that students achieve a certain level in all studies, most of which are unrelated to theatre, Theta Alpha Phi demands excellence only in theatre. Hence, Theta Alpha Phi believes a student can be outstanding in theatre and deserving of honor in theatre without comparable achievement in all areas of study.

Theta Alpha Phi is democratic in organization. There is no secrecy, no "blackball," and no chapter or member discrimination on the basis of race, color or creed. The constitution, initiation ceremony, financial statements, and other records are available for inspection to any responsible person or organization. Throughout its history, Theta Alpha Phi has retained a consistent and dynamic "fraternalist" policy of mutual aid among members and member schools.

Symbols and traditions
The fraternity explains that pronunciation of its name can be either "Thay-ta Al-fa Fye" or "Thay-ta Al-fa Fee".  The latter is closer to the original Greek pronunciation.

The official colors of Theta Alpha Phi are Purple and White.

The gold badge of the Fraternity displays prominently a form of "Sock and buskin", more commonly known as the Comedy and Tragedy masks, long associated with the theatrical arts. It is crowned with four rubies and bears the black enameled letters ,  and  on the left eye, nose and right eye, respectively.

The motto of Theta Alpha Phi is "The purpose of playing is [...] to hold, as 'twere, the mirror up to nature" (a reference to the "advice to the players" speech in Hamlet).

Members are referred to as "Thetas," "Thetans," "TAPs," or "Taffies."

Theta Alpha Phi presents a national award called the Medallion of Honor, which it purports is the highest national tribute made in educational theatre.

Theta Alpha Phi's magazine, The Cue, was established in 1922 and is oriented distinctly and solely to students of theatre in higher education. With articles, pictures and other features relevant to mature college students rather than to younger readers or faculty. The Cue provides a useful and important service not only to members, but to all students of theatre.

Chapters
Chapter information from the national website, or Baird's Manual (20th, reprinted from the 19th ed.) Active chapters noted in bold, inactive chapters noted in italics.

Approximately 50 dormant chapters are not listed, which may be re-activated with faculty sponsorship.

National Officers
National President - Kathleen DeVault (Ohio Northern University) 2017-Current

Notable members

References

External links

 Archival materials related to Theta Alpha Phi, in the L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University

Honor societies
Theatrical organizations in the United States
Student organizations established in 1919
1919 establishments in Oklahoma


Marcão is an augmentative name meaning Elder Marcos or Elder Marco.

Notable people known by this name include:

 Marcão Britto (born 1970), full name Marco Antônio Valentim Britto Júnior, guitarist of Brazilian rock band Charlie Brown Jr.
 Marcão (handballer) (born 1976), full name Marcos Paulo dos Santos, Brazilian handballer
 Marcão (footballer, born 1965), full name Marco Antônio de Almeida Ferreira, Brazilian footballer
 Marcão (footballer, born 1969), full name Marcos Fernando Nang, Brazilian football striker
 Marcão (footballer, born 1972), full name Marco Aurélio de Oliveira, Brazilian football manager and former footballer
 Marcão (footballer, born 1973), full name Marcos Antonio Aparecido Cipriano, Brazilian footballer
 Marcão (footballer, born 1975), full name Marcos Alberto Skavinski, Brazilian footballer
 Marcão (footballer, born 1976), full name Marcos Aurélio Titon, Brazilian footballer
 Marcão (footballer, born 1985), full name Marcos Assis de Santana, Brazilian footballer
 Marcão (footballer, born 1986), full name Alfredo Marcos da Silva Júnior, Brazilian footballer
 Marcão (footballer, born 1989), full name Marcos da Silva Bonfim, Brazilian footballer
 Marcão (footballer, born 1990), full name Marcus Lima Silva, Brazilian footballer
 Marcão (footballer, born 1991), full name Marcos Antonio Almeida Silva, Brazilian footballer
 Marcão (footballer, born 1994), full name Marcos Vinicius Amaral Alves, Brazilian footballer
 Marcão (footballer, born 1995), full name Marcos Wilson da Silva, Brazilian footballer
 Marcão (footballer, born 1996), full name Marcos do Nascimento Teixeira, Brazilian footballer
 Marcão (futsal player) (born 1984), Brazilian futsal player
 Marcão (basketball), Brazilian basketball player in the 2009–10 NBB season
 Marcos Aparecido Alves, Brazilian footballer in the 2003–04 Taça de Portugal

See also
 Marcos (disambiguation)
 Marquinhos (disambiguation)


Colin Patterson may refer to:

Colin Patterson (ice hockey) (born 1960), former ice hockey player in the National Hockey League
Colin Patterson (rugby union) (born 1955), former Ireland international rugby union player
Colin Patterson (biologist) (1933–1998), British palaeontologist


Vincent Tulli was born in Paris, 5 February 1966. He is a sound mixer and a sound designer. He is also an actor.

Films

Sound department

1990: Fierrot le pou (Short) (by Mathieu Kassovitz)
1993: Empreintes (Documentary) (by Camille Guichard)
1995: A Mother's Battle (TV Series) (by Eric Woreth)
1995: La Haine (Hate) (by Mathieu Kassovitz)
1995: Confronting the Night (by Eric Woreth)
1996: L'Appartement (The Apartment) (by Gilles Mimouni)
1997: Shabbat night fever (Short) (by Vincent Cassel
1997: Le Milliardaire (Short) (by Julien Eudes)
1997: Assassin(s) (by Mathieu Kassovitz)
1997: A Woman Very Very Very Much in Love (by Ariel Zeitoun)
1997: XXL  (by Ariel Zeitoun)
1998: Taxi (by Gérard Pirès)
1998: Charité biz'ness (de Thierry Barthes et Pierre Jamin)
1999: The Messenger: The Story of Joan of Arc (by Luc Besson)
2000: The Crimson Rivers (Short) (by Mathieu Kassovitz)
2000: D 907 (Short) (by Pascal Guérin)
2001: Kiss of the Dragon (by Chris Nahon)
2002: The Transporter (by Louis Leterrier)
2003: Silver moumoute (Short) (by Christophe Campos)
2003: Comme tu es (Short) (Véronique Séret)
2003: Ong-bak (by Prachya Pinkaew)
2003: Taxi 3 (Film) by Gérard Krawczyk
2003: Cheeky (Film), by David Thewlis
2004: Yes (by Sally Potter)
2005: Danny the Dog (by Louis Leterrier)
2005: It's Our Life! (Gérard Krawczyk)
2006: Paris, je t'aime (by Bruno Podalydès, Gurinder Chadha, Gus Van Sant, Joel Coen & Ethan Coen, Walter Salles, Christopher Doyle, Isabel Coixet, Nobuhiro Suwa, Sylvain Chomet, Alfonso Cuarón, Olivier Assayas, Oliver Schmitz, Richard LaGravenese, Vincenzo Natali, Wes Craven, Tom Tykwer, Gérard Depardieu, Alexander Payne.)
2006: No Body Is Perfect (by Raphaël Sibilla)
2007: Sur ma ligne (documentary) (de Rachid Djaidani)
2007: The Red Inn (Gérard Krawczyk)
2008: 8 (le segment "The story of Panshin Beka") (by Jan Kounen)
2009: Chanel & Stravinsky (by Jan Kounen)

Actor
1997: Une femme très très très amoureuse – Photographer
1997: XXL – Chauffeur
1999: The Messenger: The Story of Joan of Arc – Orleans' Physician
2000: The Crimson Rivers – Computer Technician
2002: The Transporter – Thug (uncredited)
2003: Taxi 3 – Policier Camionnette
2005: Unleashed – Dead Fighter (final film role)

Award
 César Award 1995 : nominated César Award for Best Sound for La Haine (Hate)
 César Award 1999 : Won César Award for Best Sound for Taxi
 César Award 2000 : Won César Award for Best Sound for The Messenger: The Story of Joan of Arc
 César Award 2001 : nominated César Award for Best Sound for The Crimson Rivers
Golden Reel Award 2000 (USA) Best Sound editing for The Messenger: The Story of Joan of Arc

References

External links
  Official website

1966 births
Living people
Sound designers


A woozle is a fictional creature in the Winnie-the-Pooh stories.

Woozle may also refer to:
 Woozle, the supposed race of Jeff Dunham's puppet Peanut
 Woozle, the original name for the fraggle in Fraggle Rock
 Woozle, a manifestation of the Woozle effect or evidence by citation

See also
 Ouzel (disambiguation)


The 2006 Hamburg Masters was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the 100th edition of the Hamburg Masters, and was part of the ATP Masters Series of the 2006 ATP Tour. It took place at the Rothenbaum Tennis Center in Hamburg, Germany, from 15 May through 22 May 2006.

The top two seeds, world number one Roger Federer and number two Rafael Nadal, both withdrew from the singles draw before the tournament started with fatigue. Lukáš Dlouhý and Robin Söderling came in as unseeded replacements.

The men's field was therefore headlined by ATP No. 3 and 2005 Madrid Masters,  2005 Paris Masters and Miami finalist Ivan Ljubičić, Kremlin Cup and New Haven winner  Nikolay Davydenko, and Indian Wells runner-up and Stockholm, Bangkok winner James Blake. Other top seeds competing were 2004 French Open champion Gastón Gaudio, Fernando González and Tommy Robredo.

Finals

Singles

 Tommy Robredo defeated  Radek Štěpánek 6–1, 6–3, 6–3
It was Tommy Robredo's 1st title of the year, and his 3rd overall. It was his 1st Masters title of the year, and overall.

Doubles

 Paul Hanley /  Kevin Ullyett defeated  Mark Knowles /  Daniel Nestor 6–2, 7–6(10–8)

References

External links

 Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) tournament profile

Hamburg Masters
Hamburg Masters
Hamburg Masters
Hamburg European Open


Thomas H. Conover was a United States Navy officer born in New Jersey in 1794. He entered the Navy as a midshipman January 1, 1812 and during his fifty-three years of service to the Navy would serve aboard the , ,  and was Captain of the  during her service with the African Squadron. He was one of the first officers to be promoted to the rank of Commodore on July 16, 1862. Conover died on September 25, 1864.

References

United States Navy officers
1794 births
1864 deaths


NLGN may refer to:

Neuroligin, a protein
New Local Government Network, a think tank of the United Kingdom


Christopher John Magenis Headington (28 April 1930 – 19 March 1996) was an English composer, pianist, musicologist, and music critic.

Career
Born in London, he was educated at Taunton School and was a Scholar of the Royal Academy of Music. He studied with Sir Lennox Berkeley for composition and won a prize as best instrumentalist in his year. After graduating, he taught at Trinity College Glenalmond and subsequently (1954–64) at Lancing College and was Senior Assistant for Music Presentation for the BBC. In 1965 he became the Staff Tutor in Music for the Oxford University Department for External Studies, stepping down in 1982 to focus more on performance and music.

Headington had been composing for most of his adult life: His Violin Concerto of 1959 (described by Sibelius expert Robert Layton as "accomplished and beautiful"), premiered in 1959 by Ralph Holmes, was finally recorded in 1991 on ASV Records (with Xue-Wei as soloist and the London Philharmonic Orchestra under Jane Glover) and brought him wide recognition.  Headington also wrote several pieces of chamber music: his Third String Quartet, composed to mark Haydn's 250th anniversary, reworks material from Haydn's Quartet op. 77 no. 2.  Headington's solo piano pieces were strongly influenced by Debussy, Ravel and Chopin. His song-cycle, The Healing Fountain, was written in tribute to Benjamin Britten, and Headington ranked it as his finest achievement. His Piano Concerto of 1991 was also recorded by ASV (with Gordon Fergus-Thompson as soloist) as part of a posthumous collection released in 1997.

He was a contributor to Gramophone magazine and Country Life.

He also wrote a book on Chopin (Pavilion Books/Classic FM). He contributed to Alan Walker's Franz Liszt symposium (Barrie & Jenkins 1970), The Dictionary of Composers (Book Club Associates 1977), Building a Library (OUP 1979), The Britten Companion (Faber 1984),  A Companion to the Concerto (Christopher Helm 1988), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Classical Music (Salamander Books 1989), A Guide to Classical Composers (ed Gammond, Colour Library Books 1994), International Dictionary of Opera (St James Press 1993).

He wrote for The Inventions That Changed The World (Reader's Digest 1982) and The Fontana Biographical Companion to Modern Thought (Fontana 1983)

Headington made few concert appearances. He was piano soloist on the soundtrack of the 1978 film The Thirty Nine Steps (the composer was Ed Welch). He also went on to release four further albums on CD as performer.

Headington was a professional music advisor to the estate of the late JRR Tolkien with whom he had been a friend.

He was also an examiner for the Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music (ABRSM) during the 1980s and in March 1985 assessed students on the island of Barbados under the administration of John George Fletcher (the ABRSM representative from 1969 to 2000).

Headington died in a skiing accident in Switzerland in 1996, aged 65.

Works
The Orchestra and Its Instruments (Bodley Head 1965)
A History of Western Music (Bodley Head 1974, revised 2nd edition 1980, also Schirmer US edition and Paladin paperback)
Illustrated Dictionary of Musical Terms (Bodley Head 1980, also Hamlyn paperback, Harper Row in US, Dutch translation Gaade Amerongen)
The Performing World of the Musician (Hamish Hamilton 1981)
Britten (Eyre Methuen 1981, US edition Holmes & Meier) and later rewritten for Omnibus Press
Listener's Guide to Chamber Music (1982 Quarto Books New York, also Blandford Press UK)
Opera: A History (Bodley Head 1987 Arrow paperback 1991)
Sweet Sleep (Garamond & in US Clarkson Potter) - this is an anthology of lullabies.
Peter Pears: A Biography (Faber & Faber 1992).
J.S. Bach In Association with Classic FM (1994)

References

1930 births
1996 deaths
Musicians from London
Alumni of the Royal College of Music
People educated at Lancing College
English classical composers
English classical pianists
Male classical pianists
20th-century classical composers
20th-century classical pianists
20th-century English composers
English male classical composers
British male pianists
20th-century British male musicians
Britten scholars


Enrico Millo (12 February 1865 – 14 June 1930) was an Italian admiral and politician. As a military commander, he led the raid against the Ottoman Navy in the Dardanelles.

Life

Born in Chiavari, Province of Genoa, he was named guardiamarina in 1884. He participated as a navy officer in the campaigns of Italy in the Horn of Africa, and with the rank of Capitano di Vascello he led the raid of 5 Italian torpedo boats against the Ottoman fleet on 18 July 1912 during the Italo-Turkish War. After the expedition, Millo was named a senator by king Victor Emmanuel III; later he was minister for the navy in the fourth government cabinet headed by Giolitti and in the first headed by Salandra.

During World War I he held a command post in the Regia Marina. After World War I he was named governor of Dalmatia. From 1923 to 1925 he held a managerial position in the company that owned the harbour of Naples.

He died in Rome in 1930.

Ships
A submarine in the Cagni class was named after him during World War II.

Notes

1865 births
1930 deaths
People from Chiavari
Regia Marina personnel
Italian military personnel of World War I
Italian admirals
Italian politicians
Italian military personnel of the Italo-Turkish War


Matthew Judah Gentry (born July 30, 1982) is Canadian-American former wrestler. Although Gentry was born in the United States, he represented Canada at the Olympic Games due to holding dual citizenship. He participated in the Men's freestyle 74 kg at the 2008 Summer Olympics and in the Men's freestyle 74 kg at the 2012 Summer Olympics, where he finished 5th.

A quarterfinalist at the 2008 Beijing Olympics, Gentry qualified for his second consecutive Olympic Games appearance by winning gold at the FILA Pan American Olympic qualifier in Kissimmee, Florida defeating Francisco Soler of Puerto Rico in the finals 6-0, 7-0.

Matt Gentry attended college at Stanford University, graduating in 2004 with a degree in Human Biology. As an undergraduate he was one of the most successful wrestlers in school history, going 42-0 in 2004; that undefeated season made him Stanford's first 157 lbs NCAA champion in wrestling. Once an assistant coach at Stanford, he is currently the assistant coach at The University of Chicago.

Gentry came off a 2011 season that saw him capture a national title in his weight class and win bronze at the Pan American Games in Guadalajara. Overall, Gentry has won three national titles (2006, 2007, 2011) and two Pan American Games bronze medals (2007, 2011).

References

External links
 Matt Gentry's official website
 Wrestling Canada Lutte Profile

American emigrants to Canada
Canadian male sport wrestlers
Olympic wrestlers for Canada
Wrestlers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Wrestlers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
1982 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Grants Pass, Oregon
Sportspeople from British Columbia
Stanford University alumni
Wrestlers at the 2011 Pan American Games
Pan American Games medalists in wrestling
Pan American Games bronze medalists for Canada
Medalists at the 2011 Pan American Games
20th-century Canadian people
21st-century Canadian people
21st-century American sportsmen


A residential cluster development, or open space development, is the grouping of residential properties on a development site to use the extra land as open space, recreation or agriculture.  It is increasingly becoming popular in subdivision development because it allows the developer to spend much less on land and obtain much the same price per unit as for detached houses. The shared garden areas can be a source of conflict, however.  Claimed advantages include more green/public space, closer community, and an optimal storm water management. Cluster development often encounters planning objections.

According to William H. Whyte, the author of “Cluster Development” there are two types of cluster development: townhouse development and super development. Examples of townhouse development include Morrell Park, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Hartshone in Richmond, and Dudley Square in Shreveport. Examples of super development include Reston, Virginia, Crofton, Maryland, and Americana Fairfax in Virginia.

Background
In many ways, cluster development has been practiced since the earliest communities from the medieval village to the New England town. However, it was formalized as a modern concept only by the onset of suburban sprawl and ubiquity of detached house developments. The idea of a cluster development was created as the alternative to the conventional subdivision.

The first conscious application of a cluster development was in Radburn, New Jersey, in 1928. It was based on English planning and Ebenezer Howard’s Garden City movement but used principles of cluster development. Following Radburn, many other towns in New Jersey applied those principles to their planning notably the village green in Hillsborough, New Jersey, and Brunswick Hill in South Brunswick.  In the rest of the country the use of cluster development grew in principally in Maryland and Virginia, notably in Reston and American Fairfax County.

Currently cluster development is applied all over the United States. There is particularly a strong push for it in the Midwestern States that have had significant problems with urban sprawl, such as Minnesota, Illinois, Ohio, and Wisconsin.

Cluster development, also known as conservation development, is a site planning approach that is an alternative to conventional subdivision development. It is a practice of low-impact development that groups residential properties in a proposed subdivision closer together in order to utilize the rest of the land for open space, recreation or agriculture. Cluster development differs from a planned unit development (PUD), which contains a mix of residential, commercial, industrial, or other uses, but the cluster development primarily focuses on residential areas.

Purpose
The purpose of cluster development is to:
promote integrated site design that is considerate to the natural features and topography
protect environmentally sensitive areas of the development site, as well as permanently preserve important natural features, prime agricultural land, and open space
minimize non-point source pollution through reducing the area of impervious surfaces on site
encourage saving costs on infrastructure and maintenance through practices such as decreasing the area that needs to be paved and the decreasing distance that utilities need to be run
the primary purpose is to create more area for open space, recreation and more social interaction

Benefits
Thanks to there being more porous ground coverings and fewer impervious surfaces such as asphalt and concrete, the risk of flooding and erosion from stormwater is reduced.  Economical benefits of cluster development can include there being less infrastructure to build— fewer roads, sewers, and utility lines.  The higher density of the clusters of housing also tends to mean more efficiency for services such as public transit, and can also promote increased bicycle usage and the encouragement of pedestrians.  The extra open space made available by this type of development leaves room for parks, trails, and community-supported agriculture.

Issues
Following World War II, migration from the cities to suburbs became a dominant trend in America. People were acquiring any land they could find; as a result developers attempted to squeeze as many lots as they could on development sites. Communities then developed zoning regulations to limit the number of units and density allowed on a site. Though this zoning protected land for communities and to an extent preserved land from development, it was what ultimately led to the suburban sprawl as we know it today. It is this zoning that cluster development attempts to amend, and is the primary issue it faces.

Most municipalities have established zoning which restricts developers, planning boards and communities to use only this conventional subdivision development. Thus, the practice of traditional development is difficult to change because of the set standard, familiarly of the procedure, and the fear of undertaking something new. In response to this, groups such as the American Planning Association have developed a model ordinance that provides the framework for cluster development. This ordinance is not difficult to implement administratively, but politically, it is problematic because of conservative resistance.

People's perception of personal space has a large part to do with this resistance. Many cases people chose to live in suburbs with the intention of having a large lot property; therefore, it is hard to convince those individuals to live closer together. Convincing people to accept small lot sizes and higher density living remains one of the biggest obstacles of cluster development. This obstacle can be mostly overcome with proper site design, which grants homes unobstructed views and effective private space. As well as educating people about the benefits of having better community and open space can serve as encouragement to change perceptions.

An additional obstacle to cluster development is the difficulty for creating small lot sizes when no municipal sewer system is in place. When septic systems are used, enough land needs to be available on each building lot for a leach field (sometimes land is required for two leach fields, the additional land set aside as a back-up). The amount of land needed is in proportion to the size of the septic system and the soil conditions, which must allow for the percolation of wastewater safely into the ground. In areas where well water is used, additional lot area may be required to sufficiently separate the well from the leach field. This can lead to minimum lot sizes of  or more, making cluster development difficult.

However, installing a package wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) for the development (which acts as a small cluster plant, eliminating the need for individual septic tanks) or using biofilters with each septic system make smaller lot sizes acceptable. In addition, providing a package WWTP reduces the diameter and depth of collection sewer lines for the cluster, thus reducing the overall cost of infrastructure.

The final primary issue with cluster development is the issue of dealing with open, recreational, and agricultural space. These areas serve as benefits in many respects but are also issues that are required to be dealt with. The maintenance of open and recreational space requires the formation of home owners associations that necessitate fees for taxes, insurance and general upkeep. This would not be necessary under a typical subdivision, but people would have their own maintenance expenses. As to agriculture: people enjoying living next to it until there is a need to apply fertilizer or pesticides. This fact cannot be avoided, but through proper use of cluster development, there can be wider gaps and barriers between agricultural land and residential properties, which would limit exposure to unwanted byproducts.

Application
The model ordinance for cluster development is section 4.7 in the Smart Growth Codes, issued by the American Planning Association. Along with introducing the concept of residential cluster development, the ordinance outlines the process of application, site planning and implementation.

The primary requisites for application of cluster development are that all principal or accessory uses are allowed and that multifamily dwelling, duplexes, and townhouses are permitted. As well the application of maximal lot coverage, floor area ratios, building height, and parking requirements to the entire site as opposed to the individual lot. Provisions of a cluster development require that the site is at least 2 to  and there is no minimum to lot dimensions; furthermore each house can be no more than  from the street with yard that is at least . There also needs to be the ability to place more than one principal building on each lot, and lastly no less than 25% of the site is used for open space.

Included in the application, the site plan is required to consist of the street and sidewalk layout, the maximum number and type of dwelling units proposed, and how much area they will occupy, with calculations; as well as the area of parking, open space, and other accessories. To calculate the permitted amount of dwellings, one must measure the gross area of the site in acres and tenths of an acre, then subtract the gross area of the public and private streets and public dedicated improvement; the remainder will be the build able area. Then divide the net build able area by the smallest minimum lot size; round this number to the nearest lower number and the figure will be the maximum number of units.

Design features
There are various distinct design features in cluster development notably: the consideration of natural features/topography, smaller lot size, the use of cul-de-sacs, and the use of certain waste/storm water management techniques.

Along with site design, waste/storm water management design features are a principle aspect of cluster development. By the maximizing of over land water flow and the strategic use of landforms and plants to slow, hold, and treat runoff, most stormwater can be handled. As well, there many options to deal with wastewater. Techniques such as community drain fields, irrigation systems, and package plants can dramatically reduce the cost of infrastructure and improve the environment.

References

 Whyte, William. Cluster Development 1964
 APA, Smart Growth Code 2.0

See also

 Planned Unit Development
 Environmental Planning
 New Urbanism

Urban planning


The Griffon 2000 series is a light-weight hovercraft built in the United Kingdom by Griffon Hoverwork and used principally by military and rescue organisations.

Background
Griffon Hoverwork (GHL) of Hythe, England has designed, manufactured and operated hovercraft for over 40 years.

GHL was the first manufacturer to use turbo-diesel engines on hovercraft, which increases durability compared to conventional petrol engines when exposed to salt water conditions. The company produces an extensive range of hovercraft, with payloads between 0.38 and 12 tonnes.

Configuration
The 2000 series was introduced in the early 1990s. The 2000TD series is slightly smaller than the older SR.N6 popular with commercial and military services during the 1970s, and has largely replaced the older SR.N6 series in most of these roles. Because it is constructed almost entirely out of aluminium the 2000TDX is less than half the weight of the older SR.N6 hovercraft.

The 2400TD was designed in 2008 due to the popularity of the 2000 series. It has greater obstacle clearance, is capable of carrying a higher payload, and can reach higher speeds than the previous craft.

Commercial use
For eight years GHL operated a passenger service up and down the River Thames in London, and hovercraft were the only vehicles allowed to operate at high speed along the river, as they produce very little wash or wake.

Hovertravel currently uses a Griffon Hoverwork designed 12000TD craft to provide a passenger route between Southsea, Portsmouth and Ryde, Isle of Wight.

Société des Traversiers du Québec in Québec, Canada was provided in 2012 with a 2000TD to operate a passenger service between Pakuashipi and Saint-Augustin during the periods the ice bridge linking the two communities is not open.

Military use

Griffon Hoverwork hovercraft have been purchased by several armies, navies and paramilitary organisations throughout the World, and several remain on order. The hovercraft can be configured to carry troops or cargo, with optional extras such as armoured glass and ballistic protection.

 Belgian Army: 1 craft. Acquired in 1995. Exposed cargo deck only. Used for drone recovery and artillery range patrol. No weapons. Radical Decca, I-band radar.
 Barbara A 999
 Colombian Naval Infantry: 8 craft.
 ARC 331
 ARC 332
 ARC 333
 ARC 334
 ARC 335
 ARC 336
 ARC 337
 ARC 338
 Estonian Border Guard: 1 craft. Acquired in 1999. Capable of transporting 16 troops or 2 tons of equipment.
 PVH 1
 Finland: Border Guard: 7 craft. First craft acquired on 1 December 1994. Third craft acquired June 1995. Can be embarked in an LCU. Similar configuration to Estonian craft.
 Lithuanian Border Police: 1 craft. Acquired in 2000. Similar configuration to Estonian craft. Furuno 1000C, I-band radar.
 Christina
Pakistan Marines: 4 craft
 Peruvian Navy: 7 craft
 Polish Border Guard
 SG-411
 SG-412
 Swedish Coast Guard: First military version of the 2000TD series to be constructed. 2 crafts in operation delivered in 1993 (KVB 592) and 2011 (KVB 590). Similar configuration to Estonian craft. Furuno 7010D, I-band radar.
 KBV 590, based in Luleå
 KBV 592, based in Umeå
 Swedish Navy: 3 craft
 302
 303
 304
 United Kingdom: British Royal Marines: 4 craft LCAC(L).
 C 21
 C 22
 C 23
 C 24

Specifications
 Designer / Manufacturer: Griffon Hovercraft Ltd.
 Crew 3
 Dimensions
 Length 11.7 metres
 Width 5.9 metres
 full load displacement 3.5 tons
 Propulsion
 Motor: diesel engine
 Power: 1 Deutz diesel engine 350 horsepower for lift and propulsion
 Propellers: 1 three-bladed variable-pitch propeller
 Performance
 Speed 35 knots (at sea state 3)
 Range 450 miles at 35 knots
 Military Lift:
 Weapons
 1 M2HB machine gun (not on Belgian craft)
 Radar
 Navigation: Various; I-band

References

General
 Saunders, Stephen (RN) Jane's Fighting Ships 2003-2004

External links

 2000TD product page at Griffon Hoverwork
 2400TD product page at Griffon Hoverwork

Hovercraft
Landing craft
Military hovercraft
Articles containing video clips


The Khorchin (Mongolian  , Chinese 科尔沁 Kē'ěrqìn) dialect is a variety of Mongolian spoken in the east of Inner Mongolia, namely in Hinggan League, in the north, north-east and east of Hinggan and in all but the south of the Tongliao region. There were 2.08 million Khorchin Mongols in China in 2000, so the Khorchin dialect may well have more than one million speakers, making it the largest dialect of Inner Mongolia.

Phonology

Consonants

Historical  has become modern , and in some varieties,  is replaced by . Then, *u (<*<*u) has regressively assimilated to  before *p, e.g. *putaha (Written Mongolian budaγ-a) > pata ‘rice’. However, less systematic changes that pertain only to a number of words are far more notable, e.g.  'capacity'> Khorchin . This last example also illustrates that Khorchin allows for the consonant nuclei  and  (cp.  'many').

Vowels

The large vowel system developed through the depalatalization of consonants that phonemicized formerly allomorphic vowels, hence  and . On the other hand, *ö is absent, e.g. Proto-Mongolic  > Kalmyk , Khalkha  'colour', but Khorchin , thus merging with .  is absent in the native words of some varieties and  is completely restricted to loanwords from Chinese, but as these make up a very substantial part of Khorchin vocabulary, it is not feasible to postulate a separate loanword phonology. This also resulted in a vowel harmony system that is rather different from Chakhar and Khalkha:  may appear in non-initial syllables of words without regard for vowel harmony, as may  (e.g.  'horses' and  'expensive'; Khalkha would have  'horses' and ). On the other hand,  still determines a word as front-vocalic when appearing in the first syllable, which doesn't hold for  and . In some subdialects,  and  which originated from palatalized  and , have changed vowel harmony class according to their acoustic properties and become front vowels in the system, and the same holds for their long counterparts. E.g. *mori-bar 'by horse' > Khorchin  vs. Jalaid subdialect .

Morphology

Khorchin uses the old comitative  to delimit an action within a certain time. A similar function is fulfilled by the suffix  that is, however, restricted to environments in the past stratum. In contrast to other Mongolian varieties, in Khorchin Chinese verbs can be directly borrowed; other varieties have to borrow Chinese verbs as Mongolian nouns and then derive these to verbs. Compare the new loan  'to ask for money' < zhāngluó (张罗) with the older loan  'to borrow' < jiè (借) that is present in all Mongolian varieties and contains the derivational suffix .

Notes

References

Citations

Sources
 Bayančoγtu (2002): Qorčin aman ayalγun-u sudulul. Kökeqota: Öbür mongγul-un yeke surγaγuli-yin keblel-ün qoriy-a.
 Qai yan (2003): Qorčin aman ayalγu ba aru qorčin aman ayalγun-u abiyan-u ǰarim neyitelig ončaliγ. In: Öbür mongγul-un ündüsüten-ü yeke surγaγuli 2005/3: 91-94.
 Sečenbaγatur et al. (2005): Mongγul kelen-ü nutuγ-un ayalγun-u sinǰilel-ün uduridqal. Kökeqota: Öbür mongγul-un arad-un keblel-ün qoriy-a.
 Svantesson, Jan-Olof, Anna Tsendina, Anastasia Karlsson, Vivan Franzén (2005): The Phonology of Mongolian. New York: Oxford University Press.

Agglutinative languages
Mongolic languages
Central Mongolic languages


Julia Frankau (née Davis; 30 July 1859 – 17 March 1916) was a successful novelist who wrote under the name Frank Danby.  Her first novel was published in 1887: Dr. Phillips: A Maida Vale Idyll.  Its portrayal of London Jews and Jewish life, and its depiction of murder by a doctor were controversial.  This was followed by more Frank Danby novels and by books on other subjects, including engraving, which were sometimes written under her own name.  Frankau continued to write until the time of her death.

Biography
Frankau's father was Hyman Davis (1824–1875), a London portrait photographer, though she and her older siblings were born in Dublin, where Davis practised as a dentist during the 1850s. On returning to London in the early 1860s, the Davis family lived first in Bruton Street, Mayfair, before moving to Maida Vale.

She was a sister of the librettist James Davis, pen name Owen Hall, (1853–1907), and the gossip columnist and fashion writer Mrs Aria (1861–1931). For a brief period during her early teens, she was home-tutored by Laura Lafargue, a daughter of Karl Marx. Another of her brothers, Harrie Davis, emigrated to New York, where he was employed as manager of the Gettysburg Cyclorama and also went on to pursue a journalistic career.

She married the London cigar importer Arthur Frankau (1849–1904) in 1883. They lived first at 103 Gloucester Terrace (London W), moving to 32a Weymouth Street in the later 1880s. Two of their three sons were author Gilbert Frankau (1884–1952) and actor Ronald Frankau (1894–1951) (thus Julia Frankau is grandmother of novelist Pamela Frankau and actress Rosemary Frankau, and great-grandmother of bibliographer Timothy d'Arch Smith and scriptwriter Sam Bain), and their daughter was the Cambridge don Joan Bennett (1896–1986), one of the "constellation of critics" called by the defence in the Lady Chatterley Trial. In this connection, Julia herself was credited by Mrs Belloc Lowndes with having been "one of the very few to recognise the genius of D. H. Lawrence".

Julia's sister Florette married architect Marcus E. Collins in 1889, thus connecting the Davis and Frankau families with Arthur Collins of Drury Lane Theatre, theatrical manager Horace Collins, and stage director Frank Collins. Florette Collins published one novel in 1906, whereupon her sisters suggested she should content herself with being "the beauty of the family". The actor Henry Irving joined Arthur and Julia Frankau's family circle after Mrs Aria became his mistress in the 1890s.

During the 1890s, Julia Frankau began to research and write on engraving, ultimately publishing (under her own married name) three books on the subject. Her sister Eliza recalled: "having started a small collection of eighteenth-century engravings of mezzotint and stipple, she particularly favoured the English stipple colour prints, and because no book existed telling her what she wanted to know about them, she set to work and wrote one." After she returned to fiction – or, to use her own phrase, "relapsed into novel writing" – in 1902, The Sketch found "something quaint in the thought that Mrs Frankau – who, as 'Frank Danby', has recently published that brilliant study of contemporary manners (and morals), Pigs in Clover – should be, as she is without question, the greatest living authority on that daintiest product of the eighteenth century, the colour-print."

The commercial success of Pigs in Clover, which coincided with a substantial inheritance from Arthur's late brother and business partner Edwin Frankau (1854–1903), permitted Arthur and Julia Frankau to move from Weymouth Street to 11 Clarges Street, as well as acquiring a seaside retreat named Clover Cottage (now 13 South Cliff, Eastbourne). Their Clarges Street house was said to have been occupied at one time by Emma, Lady Hamilton, thus providing inspiration for Frank Danby's Story of Emma, Lady Hamilton.

Dr Phillips
The first Frank Danby novel, originally published by Vizetelly in 1887, was a somewhat controversial social satire set in the affluent Jewish Maida Vale world where the author herself – "a Jewish girl from an Anglo-Jewish family of impeccable orthodoxy" – had grown up. Punch was said to have commented: "It should never have been written. Having been written, it should never have been published. Having been published, it should not be read."

Dr Phillips earned notoriety on two counts. "The Jews in Frankau's novel are repugnant. They are almost without exception uneducated, narrow, clannish, vulgar, materialistic, and tasteless." "Imagine the shock," recalled Horace Collins, "when it was discovered that the book contained characters with obvious likenesses to members of the family and cronies of my mother. Their idiosyncrasies and weaknesses had been held up to ridicule with mordant wit and subtle irony. ... Dr Phillips was, in fact, in advance of the times and might be deemed to have been the precursor of the smart Society type of novel."

The second controversial aspect was the conduct of the eponymous doctor, who deliberately administers a lethal morphia overdose to his (German-Jewish) wife in the hope of being able to marry his (Gentile) mistress, the mother of his illegitimate daughter. It was bruited at the time of publication that the fictional Jewish Dr Phillips (named Dr Abrams in a pre-publication draft) was based on the real-life (Jewish) surgeon Ernest Abraham Hart, then editor of the British Medical Journal, whose first wife had died by "accidental poisoning" in 1861. Mrs Aria insisted that Dr Phillips had "fluttered the dovecotes of Maida Vale, rattled the skeletons in the cupboards and the stout ladies at the card-tables, but never merited the popular suspicion that the hero was taken from life." On the other hand, Mrs Belloc Lowndes suggested that the characters in Dr Phillips had been more closely based on real-life individuals than those of any other Frank Danby novel, recalling particularly that the character of Dr Phillips "was supposed to have been drawn from a well-known doctor, and he must have felt the cap fitted his head, for he bought up and destroyed every copy he was able to procure."

"The scandal of Dr Phillips was compounded by publication the following year of Amy Levy's Reuben Sachs (1888). Levy was almost as harsh in her delineation of Jewish manners and morals, and the two works became linked in public discussion, the notoriety of each reinforcing that of the other."

Later novels
Mrs Aria commented that The Sphinx's Lawyer was "written to defend the undefendable Oscar Wilde" – she and Frank Danby having both, through their brother Owen Hall, met Wilde in their youth. It is probably not accidental that "Sphinx" was Wilde's name for their mutual friend and fellow-writer Ada Leverson. The Sphinx's Lawyer was dedicated to Owen Hall who, according to its author, vehemently disapproved both the story and its subject matter. The printed dedication, addressed directly to her brother, fills a page and a half, insisting: "your harsh criticism has intensified my conviction of the righteousness of the cause I plead ... I have heard all your argument; I know where I stand. It is at the foot of the Throne of Mercy, with my client by my side, the client of the Sphinx's Lawyer. You, as well as I, know what he was in his brilliant youth, you, as well as I, know how weak he was in his strength, of what flawed physique and untoward inheritance. Pity was the one unsounded note in the chorus of execration that followed this poor leper to his grave, and beyond it; to awaken pity I have written."

The Heart of a Child (1908), a less controversial tale based on a storyline devised by Owen Hall, enjoyed great commercial success as a novel, was twice filmed as a motion picture, and rewritten in 1920 by Gilbert Frankau as a stage play – in which form it did not succeed, though Frankau noted that the novel itself was still earning royalties in the summer of 1939. The heroine Sally Snape was played by Edna Flugrath in the first film version, Alla Nazimova in the second, and Renée Kelly in Gilbert Frankau's theatrical adaptation. Her most popular novel was Joseph in Jeopardy (1912).

Twilight was a novel completed by Frank Danby on her deathbed, about a female author on her deathbed who is inspired to write about the death of a female author. The character of the ailing Jane Vevaseur is a semi-autobiographical portrayal of Julia Frankau, while her loving sister Eliza Aria is represented by the character of Ella Lovegrove. The title itself is a doubly resonant play on words – the dictum "Work whilst ye have the light" is quoted several times by the narrator, alluding to the fact that she (like Frank Danby) is running out of time; and it transpires that Dr Kennedy, Jane Vevaseur's medical attendant, brought about the death of writer Margaret Capel some years previously by deliberately administering a lethal overdose of what the narrator refers to as "hyoscine", a drug known in its day as "Twilight Sleep". Unlike the undetected murder in Dr Phillips, however, this one is conducted with great reluctance at the patient's own poignant request.

"Notes for Collectors" provides publishing history for her writing including color plates of covers.

Works
 Essays in the Saturday Review
 Dr. Phillips: A Maida Vale Idyll (1887)
 A Babe in Bohemia (1889)
 The Copper Crash (1889)
 A chapter of The Fate of Fenella (1891/92), an experiment in consecutive novel writing
 Eighteenth Century Colour Prints: An Essay on Certain Stipple Engravers & Their Work in Colour (1900) - published in her real name
 John Raphael Smith: His Life and Works (1902) - published in her real name
 Pigs in Clover (1903)
 Eighteenth Century Artists and Engravers: William Ward ARA, James Ward RA (1904) - published in her real name
 Baccarat (1904)
 The Sphinx's Lawyer (1906)
 A Coquette in Crape (1907)
 The Heart of a Child (1908)
 An Incompleat Etonian (1909)
 Sebastian (1909)
 The Story of Emma, Lady Hamilton (1910) - later reissued as Nelson's Legacy
 Let the Roof Fall In (1910)
 Joseph in Jeopardy (1912)
 Full Swing (1914)
 Twilight (1916)
 Mothers and Children (1918) - a collection of previously unpublished stories edited by her son Gilbert Frankau

References

External links

 Death note in the New York Times
 Portrait
 Portrait
 Lisa Robertson's article about 'A Babe in Bohemia' on the London Fictions website

1859 births
1916 deaths
Writers from Dublin (city)
19th-century British novelists
20th-century British novelists
English satirists
English Jewish writers
Jews and Judaism in London
Pseudonymous women writers
Frankau family
19th-century pseudonymous writers
20th-century pseudonymous writers


Frances Chung (5 September 1950 – 8 December 1990) was an American poet.

Early life and education
Frances Chung (born 1950) was born and raised in New York City's Chinatown, Manhattan. Chung attended Smith College for mathematics, joining the Peace Corps for two years after to serve in Central and South America. She later returned to New York City to teach the same subject in its public schools.

Career
Her only collection, Crazy Melon and Chinese Apple: The Poems of Frances Chung, was compiled and released posthumously in 2000, edited by Walter K. Lew.

Death

Chung died on December 8, 1990, of complications from cancer. While receiving surgery for a brain tumor and falling into a coma, doctors injected her with antibodies that she was allergic to, unbeknownst to them.

Themes and influences

Chung's poems, with their snapshot-like qualities, are said to question conventional ideas of the onlooker's gaze, such as those of a tourist ethnic neighborhoods like New York's gentrifying Chinatown.

In his New York Times review of Crazy Melon and Chinese Apple, Michael Hainey wrote that William Carlos Williams was a possible influence for Chung's "compact and oddly moving narratives." Publishers Weekly also cites similarities to Carlos in Chung's poems' "generosity, unorthodox line-breaks and beauty."

Works

References

External links
Academy of American Poets page

1950 births
1990 deaths
20th-century American poets


The Vezzana (also Cima di Vezzana) is the highest peak in the Pala group, a mountain range of the Dolomites, northern Italy. It is located in the northern part of the Dolomites, between the Taibon Agordino and Primiero comunes of Belluno and Trentino. It has an altitude of 3,192 metres.

The peak is flanked by that of the Cimon della Pala. It was first ascended in 1872 by Douglas William Freshfield and Charles Comyns Tucker, who reached it from the Travignolo glacier and the Passo di Travignolo. Unusual for the time, they climbed the summit without local guides, as these had declined to go further at reaching the glacier

References

Mountains of Veneto
Mountains of Trentino
Mountains of the Alps
Dolomites
Alpine three-thousanders


The Men's Greco-Roman 62 kg at the 1972 Summer Olympics as part of the wrestling program at the Fairgrounds, Judo and Wrestling Hall.

Medalists

Tournament results
The competition used a form of negative points tournament, with negative points given for any result short of a fall. Accumulation of 6 negative points eliminated the wrestler. When only two or three wrestlers remain, a special final round is used to determine the order of the medals.

Legend
DNA — Did not appear
TPP  — Total penalty points
MPP — Match penalty points

Penalties
0 — Won by Fall, Passivity, Injury and Forfeit
0.5 — Won by Technical Superiority
1 — Won by Points
2 — Draw
2.5 — Draw, Passivity
3 — Lost by Points
3.5 — Lost by Technical Superiority
4 — Lost by Fall, Passivity, Injury and Forfeit

Round 1

Round 2

Round 3

Round 4

Round 5

Round 6

Final standings

  and

References

External links
Official Report

Greco-Roman 62kg


With surface water resources of 20 billion m3 per year, of which 12 billion m3 are groundwater recharge, water resources in the Dominican Republic could be considered abundant. But irregular spatial and seasonal distribution, coupled with high consumption in irrigation and urban water supply, translates into water scarcity. Rapid economic growth and increased urbanization have also affected environmental quality and placed strains on the Dominican Republic's water resources base. In addition, the Dominican Republic is exposed to a number of natural hazards, such as hurricanes, storms, floods, Drought, earthquakes, and fires. Global climate change is expected to induce permanent climate shocks to the Caribbean region, which will likely affect the Dominican Republic in the form of sea level rise, higher surface air and sea temperatures, extreme weather events (such as tropical storms and hurricanes), increased rainfall intensity (leading to both more frequent and severe flooding) and more frequent and more severe "El Niño-like" conditions.

Water resources management in the country, in particular water quality, quantity and Watershed management faces major challenges today. Despite the lack of systematic data limiting an accurate and detailed assessment of the scope of the problems, there is a consensus that: (i) the overall poor quality of surface, groundwater and coastal water resources is the result of a lack of waste water management and agricultural run-off, causing health problems that disproportionately affect the poor; (ii) water scarcity is a regional problem resulting from poor demand management in irrigation, urban water supply and tourist infrastructure in drier regions; (iii) weak watershed management leads to soil erosion and amplifies the damage and frequency of flooding; and (iv) the overall lack of solid waste management pollutes water sources, causes disease and is a nuisance for inhabitants and visitors alike. The Dominican Republic's government is in the process of reducing its role as main investor for water resources infrastructure and services provider decentralizing some responsibilities to local and regional government, water users organizations, and private companies.

Water management history and recent developments

During the end of the 19th century and 20th century, the Dominican Republic government was one of the main investor in the country's hydraulic infrastructure development.  Primarily focused on developing irrigation infrastructure in the first three quarters of the past century, Dominican Republic government invested on canal networks and irrigation technology increasing the area under irrigation from 32,000 hectares (ha) in the 1940s to 132,000 ha in 1954. In 1965, the Dominican Republic government created the National Institute for the Development of Water Resources (Instituto Nacional de Desarrollo de los Recursos Hidraulicos– INDRHI) responsible for planning the sustainable use of water resources and associated resources, as well as designing, formulating, executing, monitoring and evaluating projects, programs and actions aimed at controlling and regulating superficial and groundwater. Over the last three decades, the Dominican Republic government has decentralized a number of responsibilities in the water sector to other institutions, such as operation and maintenance of infrastructure and water fee collection to irrigation districts and regional water and sewer companies. In addition, the electricity sector has been partially privatized in 1998–99, with hydropower remaining in public hands.

Tourism in the Dominican Republic

Tourism is one of the main economic activities in the DR. Indeed, Tourism currently comprises 13% of GDP and contributes 29% of total export earning. In addition, tourism host more than 200 companies and employ 200,000 people. Tourism depends to a great extent on the quality of water resources and the coastal environment. However, the tourism industry is threatened by the deficiency of the water and sewerage services and the environmental pollution caused by inadequate management and disposal of sewage and solid waste.

On the other hand, tourism harms the Dominican Republic's water resources and environment. WRM issues associated with tourism include: dumping of untreated waste water and solid waste along the coast, overexploitation of groundwater, destruction of forest cover, and overfishing of coral reef and marine species.

Water resource base

Surface and groundwater resources

The Dominican Republic's internal water resources per capita is 2,430 cubic meters, which is below the average for Central American and the Caribbean region, 6,645. Current water demand of 10 billion m3 represents 44 percent of total available freshwater resources. According to the World Bank only Barbados, the DR, Mexico, and Peru exceed 10 percent demand in the Latin America and Caribbean region. Water scarcity is reflected in increasing competition for surface water allocation and unsustainable groundwater abstraction.

Source: Food and Agriculture Organization
(1) Total run off including superficial and groundwater run off.
(2) Enriquillo Lake's run off is included in the Caribbean watershed total run off

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization, groundwater has a potential of 1,500 million m3/year, but less than a third of this value is actually being extracted.  Although coastal limestone aquifers contain only about 4 percent of the available groundwater reserves, human activities in the southeast of the country (from Santo Domingo to La Romana and Punta Cana) are heavily dependent on them – for example, some 30 percent of Santo Domingo's water supply comes from underground sources.  As a result, coastal limestone aquifers are overdrafted and seawater intrusion already reaches inland 20 to 50 km from the seashore. Many coastal aquifers are at risk of contamination from agrochemicals and poorly located solid waste disposal, contributing to water scarcity by making resources unavailable.

Storage capacity and infrastructure

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization, the Dominican Republic dams’ storage capacity is 2,144 million m3, 85 percent of which is stored in reservoirs behind large dams (those whose capacity exceeds 100 million m3). Most large reservoirs store water for multiple purposes (drinking water supply, flood control, irrigation and hydroelectric).

The largest reservoirs in the country are Hatillo (700 million m3) in the Yuna River, Sabana Yegua (560 million m3) in the Yaque del Sur River, Bao (244 million m3) in the Bao river and Jiguey (169 million m3) and Valdesía (137 million m3), both in the Nizao River.

Water quality
Although few studies on water quality have been carried out over the last two decades and there is a crucial lack of adequate and consistent monitoring, scattered evidence suggests that the levels of nutrients, organic matter, and bacteriological contamination in water are high. For example, the proportion of samples with coliforms in aqueducts served by INAPA (the main water company, supplying 40 percent of the population) increased from 17 percent in 1994 to 23 percent in 1998. This is particularly striking because according to Dominican Republic standards, presence of coliforms in more than 5 percent of samples indicates that water is no longer potable.

Water pollution is largely the product of poor urban wastewater management but solid waste and agriculture are also water polluters. In some cases, high salinity, pesticides and other pollutants are present in water close to agricultural, urban, and industrial areas. Downstream of metal mining, flows of effluents also show high levels of cadmium, chrome and other heavy metals – high levels of mercury have been found in the waters of Samana Bay and the presence of pesticides and persistent organic pollutants (such as DDT and PCBs) in estuary mollusks has also been reported.

Water resources management by sector

Drinking water and sanitation

The Dominican Republic has achieved impressive increases in access to water supply and sanitation over the past two decades. However, the quality of water supply and sanitation services remains poor, despite the country's high economic growth during the 1990s. The DR, with a population of 8.8 million, of which about 60% are located in urban areas, has a high level of water services in urban areas with 97% coverage and 92% of the urban population with household connections (as compared to an average of 90% in the LAC region).

Source: WHO/UNICEF  Joint Monitoring Program (2006). (Water and sanitation based on Dominican Republic Demographic and Health Survey (2002). The Joint Monitoring Program data do not mention the 2002 census as a source. According to the census, as quoted in Uriana Abreu, Slide 15, coverage for sanitation (broad definition) was 93% (96% in urban areas and 88% in rural areas). These higher coverage figures may be due to a broader definition of improved sanitation in the census compared to the Demographic and Health Survey used as a source by the JMP)

There are substantial regional differences in coverage. For example, in nine provinces located in the Central, Northeastern and Eastern part of the country less than 70% of the population had access to an improved source of water supply according to the 2002 census.

Poor households exhibit lower levels of access: only 56% of poor households are connected to water house connections as opposed to 80% of non-poor households. Just 20% of poor households have access to sewers, as opposed to 50% for the non-poor.

Irrigation and drainage

About 76% of Dominican Republic's land area (8,900 km2) is dedicated to agriculture, 17% of which is irrigated. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization, 270,000 ha are equipped for irrigation. INDRHI estimates the area suitable for irrigation at up to 710,000 ha, taking into account soil suitability and water resources availability.  Most of the irrigated areas are located in the valleys between the mountain ranges, with a medium to low rainfall and few limitations on its soil such as slope, depth of soil, and in some cases, salinity problems associated with irrigation or the presence of saline groundwater.

Needs in the irrigation subsector are related to improving efficiency, productivity and organizational aspects. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization, solutions should be sought in the use of better technology, efficient operation of irrigation systems and adequate means of financial support. Poor maintenance of existing infrastructure and irrational use of water are causes for the low (overall) irrigation efficiency.

Irrigation Management Transfer to Water Users Associations (WUAs), formally started in the mid-1980s, is still an ongoing process showing positive signs with irrigation systems in 127,749 ha (46% of total irrigated land in the country), being managed by 41,329 users (57% of all users). However, the transfer process and the performance of WUAs are still far from ideal. While WUAs show a significant increase in cost recovery, especially when compared to low values in areas under state management, a high subsidy from the government still contributes to cover operation and maintenance costs in their systems.

Hydropower

In 2008 the Dominican Republic had a hydroelectric capacity of 470 MW, accounting for 14% of electricity generating capacity. It is expected that, by 2012, an additional 762MW will have been added. The first three new hydropower plants, with a combined capacity of 240MW, are:

 Pinalito with 50 MW on the Rio Tireo and the Rio Blanco,
 Palomino with 99 MW at the confluence of the rivers Yaque Del Sur River and the Rio Blanco, and
 Las Placetas with 87 MW, involving an interbasin transfer from the Rio Bao to the Rio Jaguá

The two first plants were under construction in 2008.

The detailed share for the different sources is as follows:

Source: Electricity Superintendence Statistics, 2006

Legal and institutional framework

Legal framework

The present Water Law, No. 5852 passed in 1962 and modified by laws 281, 238, and 431, established the main aspects of the legal framework for water resources management in the DR, including: (i) water as a public domain (meaning that ownership of water either resides with land owners or is public), (ii) water use concessions system, (iii) prioritization of municipal water use, (iv) pollution of water ban, and (v) participation of users in water resources management. The Water Law ties water rights to land ownership or public service providers and establish a limited private property right of water, only for water originating in owner's land such as springs and rain water.

In addition, Law No. 6 of 1965 created the National Institute for Water Resources (INDRHI), the national water authority, assigning it functions at three levels: (i) policy development and planning at the constitutional (normative) level; (ii) water rights administration, regulation enforcement and hydrological services at the organizational level; and (iii) water use for the irrigation system at the operational level.

Institutional framework
The Dominican Water Resource Institute – INDRHI, under the Ministry of the Environment, is responsible for managing water and related resources as well as designing, implementing, monitoring and evaluating programs, projects and activities aimed at controlling and regulating surface and groundwater use. INDRHI collaborates with other sectoral institutions such as: (i) the State Secretariat for Agriculture and the Dominican Agriculture Institute, (ii) the Water Supply and Sanitation "Institute" INAPA, a utility operating in small towns and rural areas, and regional water and sanitation utilities in the cities of Santo Domingo, Santiago, Moca, Puerto Plata and Romana, (iii) the Ministry of Public Health, and (iv) the Dominican Electricity Corporation.

Government strategy
The Dominican Republic's government is in the process of designing a new legal and institutional framework for water resources management. In particular, the government is drafting a new General Water Law and Water Supply and Sanitation Law after various previous attempts. The development of the legal and institutional framework for integrated water resources management will depend greatly on these laws.

International agreements
The Dominican Republic and Haiti signed the Treaty of Peace, Friendship and Arbitration on 20 February 1929, which included an agreement on the border definition and the water sharing of several rivers such as the Artibonite River, Pedernalis and Massacre rivers. Both parties agreed not to construct any works that would change the course or flow of any shared rivers.

The basin is managed by the ‘Service des Ressources en Eau’ (SNRE) in Haiti and by the ‘Instituto Nacional de Recursos Hídricos’ (INDRHI) in the Dominican Republic. Both entities are endowed with capable human resources although financial means are scarce, especially in Haiti. Basin disputes have mostly taken root because of complex economic, social and political reasons, rather than because of a lack of support or coordination by both technical areas.

Financial aspects

Water users fees
According to the Food and Agriculture Organization, water fees are too low to meet maintenance and operation requirements for hydraulic infrastructure. For instance, cost recovery for water and sanitation is minimal. Average tariffs are moderate at US$0.21 per cubic meter for water and US$0.07 per cubic meter for sewerage. In addition, collection rates for water supply and sanitation are extremely low at only 28%. As a result of moderate tariffs and very low collection rates, according to a WHO estimate in 1998, households paid on average only US$0.50 per month for water and US$0.09 per month for sewerage. Not surprisingly, the regional water and sewer companies and INAPA (the national water and sewerage authority) rely largely on transfers from the central budget to fund their operations. The existing schemes lack transparency and efficiency in the use of subsidies.

The situation is similar for irrigation services were annual fees varies from US$4.75/ha in some regions to US$24/ha in other regions. Water costs for a farmer only represent 0.21 to 0.58% of total production cost. Operation and Maintenance expenditure in INDRHI's Irrigation Districts for 1997 was US$6.24 million (average U.S. $35/ha.) while returns (income for water fees) was only 13.8% of this value.

Investment
According to the Food and Agriculture Organization, annual government investment in water resources and irrigation infrastructure is in the order of US$100 million.
INDRHI's budget in 2001 was RD$930 million (about US$26 million), which was mainly focused on irrigation works despite INDRHI responsibilities for other water resources management responsibilities such as water quality and groundwater management.

Environmental issues

Water related risks
Upper watershed degradation, primarily in the form of soil erosion, has significant downstream effects. Erosion rates have been estimated at four times those of 1980. Across the Dominican Republic, sedimentation has reduced reservoir capacity by some 10-25 percent, with important economic effects for the hydropower industry (assuming a loss of hydropower generation of a mere 20 percent, the cost of dam siltation only in hydropower generation lost would exceed US$10 million per year). In addition, watershed degradation increases the costs of maintaining other water systems, such as irrigation channels and water supply infrastructure, and it affects coastal water quality. High turbidity from land-based sediments prevents reefs from forming in most of the Dominican coast.

The Dominican Republic is exposed to a number of natural hazards, such as hurricanes, storms, floods, drought, earthquakes, and fires. The destructive force of these phenomena can be enormous - in 1998 Hurricane Georges caused economic losses estimated at US$2,193 (14 percent of gross national income), and 235 deaths. In particular, climate shocks have included a dramatic increase in the frequency of major weather events over the past forty years, with 491 recorded major weather events during the previous decade, as compared to 126 from 1960 to 1969. Flooding has emerged as the most common recorded disaster during the 1990s, replacing fires for the first time in nearly fifty years. Alarmingly, flooding is mostly due to non-extreme weather events. Out of the recorded 464 major flooding events between 1966 and 2000, only 33 were caused by hurricanes or tropical storms, while the overwhelming majority of flooding was caused by precipitation during the rainy season.

Potential climate change effects
Global climate change is expected to induce permanent climate shocks to the Caribbean region, which will include sea level rise, higher surface air and sea temperatures, extreme weather events (such as tropical storms and hurricanes), and more frequent and more severe "El Niño-like" conditions. Demographic growth accelerated environmental degradation, deforestation, and lack of mitigation measures will intensify the effect of disasters in the future.

In terms of climate change effects on water resources, and according to the Dominican Republic's first communication, it is expected a great decrease in spatial distribution of rainfall, and total runoff for the year 2100, demonstrating a structural change that intensifies the transition from the most humid zones to the driest and an expansion of the areas of the country that are historically the driest.

Ongoing programs and initiatives

In May 2008 the World Bank has approved a US$80 million loan to restore and strengthen irrigation, electricity, water, and sanitation infrastructure damaged by Tropical Storms Olga and Noel, enhance critical infrastructure to reduce future storm-related effects, and strengthen basic capacity for future risk management in INDRHI and CDEEE.

See also
 Irrigation in the Dominican Republic
 Electricity sector in the Dominican Republic
 Water supply and sanitation in the Dominican Republic

References

Dominican Republic
Water in the Dominican Republic


Clinical Associates are a category of health professional found in South Africa. They assess patients, make diagnoses, prescribe treatment and perform minor surgery under the supervision of a physician.

Registration with the Medical and Dentists Board requires a Bachelor of Clinical Medical Practice degree - a three-year program offered at the Walter Sisulu University since January 2008  and now also offered at the University of Witwatersrand and University of Pretoria.

Similar health workers are called clinical officers in other parts of Africa, physician assistants in the US and feldshers in parts of the former Soviet Union - all grouped under “paramedical practitioners” in the International Standard Classification of Occupations, 2008 revision.

See also
Health care providers
Allied health professions
Clinical officers
Assistant Medical Officers
Health Extension Officers
Bachelor of Clinical Medicine and Community Health
Bachelor of Clinical Medical Practice

References

External links
Professional Association of Clinical Associates in South Africa
Clinical Associates South Africa

Health care occupations