The 7th Ohio Cavalry Regiment was a regiment of Union cavalry raised in southern Ohio for service during the American Civil War. Nicknamed the "River Regiment" as its men came from nine counties along the Ohio River, it served in the Western Theater in several major campaigns of the Army of the Ohio.

Organization and service

The 7th Ohio Cavalry Regiment was organized in Ripley, Ohio, on October 3, 1862, under Col. Israel Garrard.

The regiment primarily operated in Kentucky, Tennessee, and western North Carolina, seeing action in several campaigns and cavalry raids as part of the Army of the Ohio. It was part of the Union forces hastily sent northward in the summer of 1863 in pursuit of Morgan's Raiders, seeing action at the Battle of Buffington Island where much of Morgan's command was captured. Colonel Garrard accepted the surrender of the Confederates under Col. Basil W. Duke, although Brig. Gen. John Hunt Morgan escaped with a portion of the raiders.

Participating in the Knoxville Campaign in the autumn of 1863, the regiment suffered a significant setback in a small skirmish in Greeneville, Tennessee, on November 6. Confederate Maj. Gen. Robert Ransom, Jr., and Brig. Gen. William E. "Grumble" Jones dispersed Union cavalry and infantry in the area, seizing numerous prisoners from the 7th Ohio Cavalry and the 2nd East Tennessee Mounted Infantry Regiments.

In July 1864, the regiment moved from Tennessee into Georgia and joined the forces of Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman during the Atlanta Campaign. It participated in numerous skirmishes and engagements with Confederate cavalry until the fall of Atlanta in late July. The regiment then accompanied the army of George H. Thomas northward back into Tennessee during the Franklin-Nashville Campaign, again engaged in scouting and periodic skirmishes with the Confederates, particularly during the retreat of the beaten Army of Tennessee as it withdrew towards the Tennessee River.

In March 1865, the regiment participated in Wilson's Raid into Alabama and was among the troops to enter Selma. It pursued retreating Confederates as far as the Andersonville Prison in Georgia, where news was received that Robert E. Lee had surrendered in Virginia.

The regiment was mustered out on July 4, 1865, and returned home to Ohio. During the war, the regiment lost 2 officers and 26 enlisted men killed and mortally wounded, and 4 officers and 197 enlisted men by disease, for a total of 229 fatalities.

Following the war, veterans frequently met to remember the war and their fallen comrades, and many became active in local posts of the Grand Army of the Republic.

References

 Eicher, David J., The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War, Simon & Schuster, 2001, .
 Stevens, Larry, 7th Ohio Cavalry, 1995.
 Civil War Soldiers and Sailors System

Notes

Further reading
 Dyer, Frederick H., A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion, Vol. 2, Dayton: Morningside Press, 1979, p. 1478.
Reid, Whitelaw,  Ohio in the War:  Her Statesmen, Her Generals and Soldiers....,  Vol. 2, Cincinnati, OH:  Wilstach, Baldwin, 1872, pp. 804, 807.

Units and formations of the Union Army from Ohio
1862 establishments in Ohio
Military units and formations established in 1862
Military units and formations disestablished in 1865


William E. Wise (March 15, 1861 – May 5, 1940) was an American professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball for three seasons from 1882 to 1886, splitting his time between pitcher and the outfield. He played for the Baltimore Orioles of the American Association, the Washington Nationals of the Union Association, and the Washington Nationals of the National League.  Wise died in his hometown of Washington, D.C. at the age of 79, and is interred at Glenwood Cemetery.

References

External links

Baseball players from Washington, D.C.
Major League Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball outfielders
Baltimore Orioles (AA) players
Washington Nationals (UA) players
Washington Nationals (1886–1889) players
Nationals of Washington players
Washington Nationals (minor league) players
Albany (minor league baseball) players
Harrisburg (minor league baseball) players
1861 births
1940 deaths
19th-century baseball players


Žljeb (; ) is a mountain located between western Kosovo and the Rožaje Municipality of eastern Montenegro. It is a part of the Accursed Mountains, located between the mountains of Hajla and Mokna. The majority of the land within the mountain belongs to Kosovo, while a minority of it belongs to Montenegro. The White Drin river originates from within the mountain.

The Žljeb mountain also forms part of the eastern side of the Rugova Canyon. It also has two high and impressive peaks: the higher is called Rusulija () and is  high, while the lower is simply called Zhlebit, at . Rusulija's slopes are covered with rich forests and near the summit there are several meadows. The road from the city of Rožaje to Peja is located within the foothills of the mountains, and also contains 2 or 3 villages within that road. It also contains the border crossings between Montenegro and Kosovo, the Montenegrin one is called "Kula/Kulla".

References

Rožaje Municipality
Mountains of Kosovo
Mountains of Montenegro
Accursed Mountains
Two-thousanders of Kosovo
Two-thousanders of Montenegro


CVQO is a UK education charity offering a broad range of vocational qualifications, designed to recognise the work undertaken by young people and adult volunteers within youth organisations.

Charity summary
Young people and adult volunteers who are members of youth and cadet groups in the UK learn a wide variety of skills that are often transferable to higher education and the workplace.

CVQO offers qualifications that recognise these skills and provide tangible evidence of a learner's achievements. These skills include: leadership, team building, problem solving, communication, health and physical fitness, music, sport, social action, volunteering and community support.

The charity works with a wide variety of educational establishments such as Pearson BTEC, City & Guilds and The Institute of Leadership and Management.

Partnership organisations
 Sea Cadet Corps (SCC)
 Army Cadet Force (ACF)
 Air Training Corps (ATC)
 Combined Cadet Force (CCF)
 Volunteer Cadet Corps
 Royal Marines Band Service
 Royal Corps of Army Music (CAMUS)
 Army School of Ceremonial Drumming Wing
 St John Ambulance
 Police Cadets
 Fire Cadets
 The Prince's Trust
 Boys' Brigade

Qualifications

For 13-18 year olds
CVQO offers a broad range of vocational qualifications that are designed to recognise the work undertaken by young people within youth organisations.

Young people aged 13–18 and a member of a UK youth or community group can enroll with the charity to study for a CV and future-boosting vocational qualification.

Currently offered:
 BTEC Level 1 in Teamwork and Personal Skills in the Community
 BTEC Level 1 in Teamwork and Personal Skills for Uniformed Youth Organisations
 BTEC Level 2 in Teamwork and Personal Development in the Community
 BTEC Level 2 in Music for Practical Performance
 ILM Level 2 Award in Leadership and Team Skills
 ILM Level 2 Award for Young Leaders
 ILM Level 2 Award in Effective Team Member Skills
 ILM Level 3 Award in Leadership and Management

Formerly offered:
 BTEC Level 2 in Public Services
 BTEC Level 2 in Aviation Studies (Royal Air Force Air Cadets only)
 BTEC Level 2 in Engineering (Sea Cadet Corps only)
 BTEC Level 3 in Public Services
 BTEC Level 3 in Music
 BTEC Level 3 in Sport

For adults
Adult members of staff, and Staff Cadets of the Air Training Corps, can also receive the following qualifications from CVQO:
 BTEC Level 3 in Education and Training
 BTEC Level 3 in Music (Performance)
 ILM Level 3 Award in Leadership and Management
 ILM Level 4 Award in Leadership and Management
 ILM Level 5 Award in Leadership and Management
 ILM Level 5 Certificate in Leadership and Management
 City & Guilds Licentiateship (in Leadership & Management) (Level 4 Award)
 City & Guilds Afiliateship (in Leadership & Management) (Level 5 Award)
 City & Guilds Graduateship (in Leadership & Management) (Level 6 Award)
 City & Guilds Membership (in Leadership & Management) (Level 7 Award)

The CVQO Westminster Award
The CVQO Westminster Award is CVQO's annual search for the pick of its BTEC learners from across the UK. It runs from November to July, with the ultimate prize being a two-week trip to South Africa for the finalists - as well as lunch at the House of Lords in June and a selection event in Somerset in April.

The Award is intended to recognise the achievements of young people who are determined, always keeping their heads up and remaining positive through adversity; those who have overcome a personal challenge or gone the distance to help someone.

External links
 CVQO

References

Educational qualifications in the United Kingdom
British Cadet organisations
Youth organisations based in the United Kingdom


Bendle Public School District is a public school district in Burton,  Genesee County in the U.S. state of Michigan and in the Genesee Intermediate School District.

History
On December 9, 2003, a consolidation vote for the three all Burton school districts took place with Atherton and Bentley voters in favor of consolidation and Bendle voters were not in favor.

Athletics

Bendle High School is a class C school district.

References

External links
Official website

School districts in Michigan
Education in Genesee County, Michigan
1925 establishments in Michigan


Makoto Satō (佐藤 真 Satō Makoto, September 12, 1957 - September 4, 2007) was a Japanese documentary film director. Among his best-known films were Living On the River Agano, which describes people around the Agano River where incidents of Niigata Minamata disease were discovered, and Self and Others.

His final film, Out of Place: Memories of Edward Said (2005), was named Best Documentary at the 2006 Mainichi Film Awards.

Early life
Satō was born in Hirosaki, Aomori Prefecture, and raised in Tokyo.

Filmography
 Living on the River Agano (1992, 阿賀に生きる)
 Artists in Wonderland (1998, まひるのほし)
 Self and Others (2000, SELF AND OTHERS)
 Hanako (2001, 花子)
 Memories of Agano (2004, 阿賀の記憶)
 Out of Place: Memories of Edward Said (2005, エドワード・サイード OUT OF PLACE)

References

External links
 An English-language interview with Sato
 Box set of the Complete Works of Makoto Sato
 Towards a Cinema of Absence - Satō Makoto in the Japanese and international context

1957 births
2007 deaths
Japanese documentary film directors
Japanese documentary filmmakers
Japanese film directors


Bentley Community School District is a public school district in Genesee County in the U.S. state of Michigan and in the Genesee Intermediate School District. It serves Belsay and Lapeer Heights Neighorhoods of the City of Burton.

References

School districts in Michigan
Education in Genesee County, Michigan


Thoranai () or Pistha () is a 2009 Indian masala film directed by Sabha Ayyappan and produced by Vikram Krishna under the banner G K Film Corporation. It stars Vishal and Shriya Saran in the lead roles, while Prakash Raj, Kishore and Santhanam in another pivotal roles. The film was simultaneously shot in Tamil and Telugu languages with different supporting cast in the Telugu version.

Thoranai/Pistha was released on 29 May 2009 and received mixed reviews from critics. It was remade in Bhojpuri as Shola aur Shabnam.

Plot
Murugan is a native of Madurai who arrives at Chennai to find his long-lost brother Ganesan, who had ran away from home about two decades ago. Murugan gets stuck in a rivalry between gangsters Guru and Tamizharasu, where he learns that Guru is actually Ganesan. Murugan decides to protect Guru/Ganesan from Tamizharasu and a cat-and-mouse game ensues. Guru/Ganesan finally decide to reform himself where he reunites with Murugan and his mother, while Tamizharasu is killed in a police encounter.

Cast

Telugu version

 Annapoornamma as Krishna's grandmother
 Gautam Raju as Traffic police
 Raghu Babu as Raghu Sivanaandi's friend
 Duvvasi Mohan  as Duvvasi Sivanaandi's friend

Music

Tamil version

Telugu version
"Pidi Pidi" - Ranjith, Naveen
"Naa Maharani" - Udit Narayan
"Pattuko Pattuko" - Narayanan, Janani
"Oka Pelican" - Rahul, Suchithra
"Naa Maharani" - Ranjith
"Mandakini" - Tippu, Saindhavi

Reception

Critical response
Tamil version

Behindwoods wrote "Thoranai does entertain, but a tighter script and better execution could have yielded far better results". Sify wrote "Arbitrarily packing in elements of every genre without actually bothering to stop and see if the mix does work, Thoranai is like an overcooked stew." Pavithra Srinivasan of Rediff wrote "Thoranai's only merit is that it's marginally better than Sathyam. The Times of India gave 2/5 stars and wrote "It is a formidable star cast that you see in Thoranai. However, what is missing is a convincing story".

Telugu version
BVS Prakash of The Times of India gave 1.5/5 stars and wrote "Inspite of a dud like Salute, Tamil star Vishal hasn't realised the significance of a solid plot even for a star-centric film."

References

External links

2009 films
2000s Tamil-language films
2000s masala films
Indian action films
Films scored by Mani Sharma
Indian multilingual films
2009 action films
2008 multilingual films
2009 directorial debut films


International Marine Contractors Association (IMCA) is a leading international trade association for the marine contracting industry. It is a not for profit organisation with members representing the majority of worldwide marine contractors in the oil and gas and renewable energy industries.

IMCA was formed following the merger of the Association of Offshore Diving Contractors (AODC) with the  Dynamically Positioned Vessel Owners Association (DPVOA) in 1995.

Overview

IMCA's mission is to improve performance in the marine contracting industry.

IMCA represents over 700 member organisations in over 60 countries. It operates in five geographic regions of the globe (in Asia-Pacific, North America, Europe & Africa, Middle East & India and South America).  IMCA has a full-time secretariat in London that organises and manages the regional and technical committees. The extensive committee structure consists of elected member representatives who are experts in their field of operation.

As a trade association, IMCA is required to comply with international competition law and represents the industry on national and international forums, such as the  International Maritime Organizaton.

Publications and documents
IMCA has developed a comprehensive body of knowledge in the form of a suite of over 250 published guidance documents, technical information notes, DVDs and safety promotional materials which are internationally recognised as authoritative and establish standards of good practice in the marine contracting industry.

IMCA has published guidance documents in the following fields:
Safety, Environment & Legislation
Competence & Training
Diving Division
Diving Medical Advisory Committee (DMAC)
Marine Division & DPVOA
Offshore Survey Division
Remote Systems & Remotely operated vehicle Division

Diving Certification
IMCA provides an internationally recognised certification scheme for three specialist diving disciplines:
 Air Diving Supervisors.
 Bell Diving Supervisors.
 Life Support Technicians.

Events
IMCA organises an annual programme of meetings and events all over the world, including regional meetings, briefing sessions, technical seminars and workshops on specific industry related issues. The Association's flagship event takes place every two years with an agenda combining business and strategic issues featuring senior executives and technical sessions. IMCA also supports a number of conferences and exhibitions hosted by other organisations which share a common interest of its members.

History

1972 - Association of Offshore Diving Contractors AODC founded.
1990 - Dynamically Positioned Vessel Owners Association DPVOA, and AODC Middle East Section founded.
1995 - AODC and DPVOA merged to form IMCA.
1997 - Offshore Survey Division formed.
1999 - Observer status granted at the International Maritime Organization.
1999 - IMCA Asia-Pacific Section founded.
2000 - Middle East Section extended to include India.
2002 - Americas Deepwater Section founded (later to become Central & North America Section).
2003 - Europe & Africa Section founded.
2009 - South America Section founded.

Past IMCA Presidents
 2022-present: Jonathan Tame, Subsea7.
 2020-2022: Pieter Heerema, Allseas.
 2018-2020: Iain Grainger, McDermott International.
 2017-2018: Harke Jan Meek, Heerema Marine Contractors.
 2015–2016: Bruno Faure, Technip.
 2013-2014: Massimo Fontolan, Saipem.
 2011-2012: Andy Woolgar, Subsea7.
 2009-2010: Johan Rasmussen, Acergy.
 2007-2008: Knut Boe, Technip.
 2005-2006: Frits Janmaat, Allseas Group.
 2003-2004: Steve Preston, Heerema Marine Contractors.
 2001-2002: John Smith, Halliburton Subsea/Subsea7.
 1999-2000: Donald Carmichael, Coflexip Stena Offshore.
 1997-1998: Hein Mulder, Heerema Marine Contractors.
 1995-1996: Derek Leach, Coflexip Stena Offshore.

References

External links
Official website

Civil engineering organizations
International trade associations
Underwater diving safety


Damjanović (, ; originally meaning "son of Damjan") is a Serbian and Croatian surname. It may refer to:

 Aleksandar Damjanović (born 1973), Bosnian basketball coach, administrator and former player
 Božidarka Kika Damjanović-Marković (1920-1996), Yugoslav Partisan commander
 Dalibor Damjanović (born 1977), Slovenian basketball coach
 Darko Damjanović (born 1977), Serb-Swiss footballer
 Dario Damjanović (born 1981), Bosnian footballer
 Dejan Damjanović (born 1981), Montenegrin footballer
 Dejan Damjanović (born 1986), Montenegrin footballer
 Dragan Damjanovic (born 1957), Swiss-Bosnian-Herzegovinian materials scientist
 Jovica Damjanović (born 1975), Serbian footballer
 Jovan Damjanović (born 1982), Serbian footballer
 Jovo Damjanović (born 1996), Montenegrin-born Qatari handball player
 Kozma Damjanović, Serbian icon painter
 Marija Damjanović (born 2000), Bosnia and Herzegovina footballer
 Mato Damjanović (1927–2011), Yugoslav chess player
 Milan Damjanović (1943–2006), Yugoslav-Serb footballer
 Milena Damjanovic, filmmaker known for her 1974 short film, Sharing the Dream, about Indigenous Australian dance workshops
 Miljan Damjanović (born 1984), Serbian politician
 Miodrag Damjanović (1893-1956), Serbian brigadier general of the Royal Yugoslav Army
 Mirko Damjanović (1937-2010), Serbian football coach
 Miroljub Damjanović (born 1950), Serbian basketball player
 Nevena Damjanović (born 1993), Serbian footballer
 Ratomir Damjanović (born 1945), Serbian radio journalist, writer and reciter
 Sanja Damjanović (born 1972), physicist and Minister of Science in the government of Montenegro
 Slavko Damjanović (born 1992), Serbian footballer
 Sreten Damjanović (born 1946), Serbian Greco-Roman wrestler
 Stipe Damjanović (born 1969), Croatian wrestler
 Stjepan Damjanović (born 1946), Croatian Slavist
 Vasilije Damjanović (1734-1792), Serbian writer, merchant, senator and municipal judge

See also
Damnjanović
Damjanić
Damijanić

Surnames of Croatian origin
Surnames of Serbian origin
Patronymic surnames
Surnames from given names


Clio Area School District is a public school district in Genesee County in the U.S. state of Michigan and in the Genesee Intermediate School District. The district includes all of the city of Clio; the majorities of Vienna Township, and Thetford Township; and parts of Mount Morris Township, and Montrose Township, Michigan.

Clio Schools operates a four-tier configuration for district schools. Grades K–3 are assigned to elementary level, 4 and 5 are assigned to the Intermediate level, 6–8 are assigned to the middle school level, and 9–12 to the high school level.

Attendants of the Clio Area High School require 28.5 credits to graduate; 25.5 of the credits must be earned through Clio High School. The rest are to be earned through correspondence schools, virtual high school, and adult education courses, etc. If a student does not have at least this many credits, there are credit make-up programs available.

Athletics

Clio was a charter member of the Genesee County B League, formed in 1950. In 1960, Clio, along with seven other schools from around Genesee County left the GCBL to form the Big Eight Conference. The conference would later be renamed the Big Nine Conference in 1968 after the addition of an additional member school.

Clio remained a member of the Big Nine Conference through the end of the 2004-05 school year, when the district applied for and was granted membership into the Flint Metro League for competitive reasons. While in the Big Nine, Clio teams had great success in baseball, wrestling, girls' golf, and girls' basketball.

Though Clio has no recognized Michigan High School Athletic Association team state championships, the school finished as state runner-up for girls' cross-country (1980), and girls' golf (2000–2006). The school has had several individual state champions in boys' wrestling and girls' cross-country.

Recently the boys' cross-country team took second place at the Michigan State Spartan Invitational (2012).

The press box located at the Clio High School's Pride Stadium was renamed in 1991 in honor of long time Clio resident and former Board of Education member Robert Sheppard. Sheppard, who was the public address announcer for the Mustangs for many years, was killed in a collision in Chesaning, MI in 1990.

References

External links
 http://www.clioschools.org

School districts in Michigan
Education in Genesee County, Michigan


Gwiazdy mocnego uderzenia: Czesław Niemen is a compilation of Czesław Niemen's first singles recorded with bands Niebiesko-Czarni, Bossa Nova Combo and band of Studio Rytm.

Reception

Track listing
 "Adieu Tristesse" (music and lyrics Antônio Carlos Jobim)
 "Mamo, nasza mamo" (music and lyrics Jacek Grań)
 "Pod papugami" (music Mateusz Święcicki, lyrics Bogusław Choiński and Jan Gałkowski)
 "Wiem, że nie wrócisz" (music Czesław Niemen, lyrics Jacek Grań)
 "Locomotion" (music Carole King, lyrics Gerry Goffin)
 "Czy mnie jeszcze pamiętasz?" (music Czesław Niemen, lyrics Jacek Grań)
 "Tylko mi nie mów o tym" (music J. Higgins, lyrics Jacek Grań)
 "Mgła" (music Włodzimierz Wander, lyrics Jacek Skubikowski)
 "Ptaki śpiewają - kocham" (music Czesław Niemen, lyrics Włodzimierz Patuszyński)
 "Czas jak rzeka" (music and lyrics Czesław Niemen)
 "Kałakolczik" (music Wołkow, lyrics M. Makarow)
 "Jak można wierzyć tylko słowom" (music Czesław Niemen, lyrics Marta Bellan)
 "Czy wiesz o tym, że" (music Czesław Niemen, lyrics Marek Gaszyński)
 "Przyjdź w taką noc" (music Mateusz Święcicki, lyrics Krzysztof Dzikowski)

References

Czesław Niemen compilation albums
1991 compilation albums


The Latonia Derby was an American Thoroughbred horse race run annually from 1883 through 1937 at Latonia Race Track in Latonia, Kentucky. Open to three-year-old horses, for its first 52 years the Latonia Derby was contested at a mile and a half then in 1935 the distance was shortened to a mile and a quarter. It was run as the Hindoo Stakes from inception in 1883 to 1886 in honor of the Kentucky-bred U.S. Racing Hall of Fame horse, Hindoo. The race usually attracted the Kentucky Derby winner; it became so popular that in 1912 a motion picture was made by Independent Motion Picture Co. entitled Winning the Latonia Derby, featuring silent film star King Baggot.

The inaugural 1883 Latonia Derby was won by Kentucky Derby winner Leonatus. Future Derby winners Kingman (1891), Halma (1895), Ben Brush (1896), Lieut. Gibson (1900), Elwood (1904) and Sir Huon (1906) also won the race; the 1918 edition was won by Harry Payne Whitney's Belmont Stakes-winning colt, Johren. In 1936, Rushaway won the Illinois Derby during the afternoon, then was shipped  overnight to win the Latonia Derby the following afternoon.

Records
Speed record:
 1¼ miles (1935-1937) : 2:02 3/5 - Rushaway (1936)
 1½ miles (1883-1934) : 2:28 3/5 - Handy Mandy (1927)

Most wins by a jockey:
 5 - Isaac Murphy (1883, 1885, 1886, 1887, 1891)

Most wins by a trainer: ¹
 2 - Albert Cooper (1886, 1888)
 2 - Robert Tucker (1893, 1901)
 2 - Peter W. Coyne (1906, 1912)
 2 - Auval John Baker (1910, 1914)
 2 - Kay Spence (1923, 1930)
¹ At present, one trainer is missing from the table's list.

Most wins by an owner:
 2 - E. J. "Lucky" Baldwin (1886, 1888)
 2 - Scoggan Brothers (1889, 1893)
 2 - Bashford Manor Stable (1906-1912)
 2 - Harry P. Whitney (1918, 1920)
 2 - Audley Farm Stable (1923, 1930)
 2 - Edward R. Bradley (1925, 1926)

Winners

 * 1900: Walkover, no time taken.
 ** 1888: Dead Heat runoff won by Los Angeles over White.

References

External links
 Winning the Latonia Derby at IMDb

Discontinued horse races
Horse races in Kentucky
Recurring sporting events established in 1883
Recurring sporting events disestablished in 1937
1883 establishments in Kentucky
1937 disestablishments in Kentucky


Mikhail Pavlovich Butusov (; 18 June 1900 in Saint Petersburg – 11 April 1963 in Leningrad) was a Soviet football player and coach and a bandy player. He was the brother of Vasily Butusov.

Honours
 RSFSR Champion: 1924, 1932.
 Leningrad Champion: 1928, 1929, 1931, 1933, 1935.
 Soviet Bandy League bronze: 1936 (with Dynamo Leningrad).

International career
Butusov made his debut for USSR on 16 November 1924 in a friendly against Turkey. He was the captain of the team and scored 2 goals in a 3:0 victory. This was the first official game of the Soviet Union in international football, and therefore Butusov scored the first ever goal for the USSR.

References

External links
 Profile

Soviet men's footballers
Soviet Union men's international footballers
Soviet football managers
FC Dynamo Saint Petersburg players
FC Dynamo Saint Petersburg managers
FC Dinamo Tbilisi managers
FC Zenit Saint Petersburg managers
FC Dynamo Kyiv managers
Soviet bandy players
1900 births
1963 deaths
Men's association football forwards


The DirecTV satellite fleet is a group of communications satellites located at various geostationary orbits that DirecTV uses for their satellite television service and HughesNet (formerly known as DirecWAY and DirecPC) internet service. The "DirecTV" prefix in their names has been changed to "T".

Satellite table

Defunct satellites are highlighted in gold.

Details of satellite fleet

DirecTV 1
The first of the fleet, DirecTV 1, launched on December 17, 1993 aboard a Ariane 4 launch vehicle. DirecTV 1 commenced operations on June 17, 1994, positioned at 101.2° W. The satellite experienced a satellite control processor failure in July 1998, but the satellite was able to continue operating on its backup SCP for the rest of its operational life. In 1999, the satellite was relocated to 110° W. In June 2003, the satellite was relocated back to 101.2° W, as the satellite was incapable of providing service to Hawaii. In July 2005, the satellite was relocated to 72.5° W, as the former satellite at that position (DirecTV 5) had moved to 110° W to replace DirecTV 6, which was approaching the end of its fuel life. In 2007, the satellite was relocated to 91.1° W, and leased to Telesat. Having reached the end of its useful lifespan, DirecTV 1 was de-orbited on February 20, 2009.

DirectTV 2
DirecTV 2 was launched on August 3, 1994 aboard a Atlas 2-A rocket from Cape Canaveral. This spacecraft is special in that it carries a time capsule named SpaceArc, with the intention of moving the spacecraft into a higher orbit at the end of its life so that a explorer would be able to uncover the messages in the distant future. Among the items contained in SpaceArc are messages from then Vice President Al Gore and his predecessor Dan Quayle. In January 2006, the satellite was relocated to 91.1° W, in order to support Telesat's BSS service in Canada. DirecTV 2 reached the end of its operational life on May 20, 2007, when it was successfully de-orbited.

DirecTV 3/Nimiq 3
DirecTV 3 was launched on June 10, 1995 aboard a Ariane 42-P launch rocket, serving as an in-orbit backup. In 2002, the satellite's main spacecraft control processor failed, prompting DirecTV to move the spacecraft into a storage orbit. The satellite was recalled in October 2003 and leased to Telesat, relocating to 82° W in order to provide backup for Nimiq 2. In 2004, the satellite was relocated to 91° W, backing up Nimiq 1. The satellite reached the end of its life and was subsequently de-orbited in May 2009.

DirecTV-1R
DirecTV-1R was launched on October 9, 1999 aboard a Sea Launch Zenit-3SL launch vehicle. It was the first satellite used to broadcast local channels for DirecTV in major DMAs, and was positioned at 101.2° W when it first entered service. In April 2007, the satellite was relocated to 72.5° W and leased to Telesat to cover the loss of DirecTV 2 and serve as backup capacity to the troubled Nimiq 2 satellite. In early 2012, DirecTV-1R was briefly repositioned to 109.8° W as a spare for DirecTV-5, however, in mid-2012, it was announced that DirecTV-1R would be leased to the Russian Satellite Communications Company, and was repositioned to its current location at  55.8° E in late 2012 as a stopgap supplement to the RSCC's aging Bonum 1 satellite due to delays of the RSCC's Express-AT1 satellite. Express-AT1 was launched on March 15, 2014 and DirecTV 1R was de-orbited on May 22, 2014.

T4S
T4S (formerly DirecTV-4S) was successfully launched on November 27, 2001 aboard a Ariane 44LP rocket from the Guiana Space Center on the northeastern coast of South America. T4S was a 9,400-pound, 86-foot-long, and 24.5-foot-wide high powered satellite. T4S was the first satellite for DirecTV to employs spot beams. This technology reuses the same frequencies on multiple spot beams to reach the major television markets where DirecTV delivers the signals of local network affiliates. The satellite carried two Ku-band payloads: spot beams for local channels, and a national beam payload. The spot beam payload used a total of 38 traveling wave-tube amplifiers (TWTAs) ranging in power from 30 to 88 watts. The national beam payload carried two active transponders with further capability for two active high-power transponders and six active low-power transponders. The satellite was stationed at 101° W for its entire operational life. In September 2019, T4S reached the end of its operational life and was subsequently de-orbited.

T5
T5 (formerly DirecTV 5) was successfully launched on May 7, 2002 aboard a Proton rocket from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. Originally built for PrimeStar, DirecTV acquired the satellite in its 1999 buyout of the company. The satellite was relocated from 119° W to 72.5° W in 2004 and temporarily leased to Telesat for their Canadian BSS service. In July 2005, the satellite replaced DirecTV 6 at 110° W, where it has remained ever since.

Galaxy 3C
Galaxy 3C is a geostationary communications satellite located at 95° W. It was launched on June 15, 2002, with a Sea Launch vehicle, and is currently active on the C and s, with 24 transponders for each.  Owned by Intelsat, some of the satellite's users include DirecTV's Brazil and Latin America systems, the Racetrack TV Network DBS service, and HughesNet. DirecTV is currently slowly discontinuing use of this satellite, with international channels moving to T12 and T14.

Rite Aid, TJ Maxx, and Chevron use Galaxy 3C as a VSAT platform.

T7S
T7S (formerly DirecTV 7S) was successfully launched on May 4, 2004 aboard a Sea Launch Zenit-3SL launch vehicle. The satellite, located at 119° W, is the second of the fleet to employ spot beams, with a main focus on providing high capacity for local channels. The satellite is scheduled to be de-orbited starting January 11, 2021.

Spaceway 1 and Spaceway 2
The SPACEWAY satellites were originally designed for use by Hughes Electronics to provide both TV and broadband internet service. The satellites were re-purposed for DirecTV after News Corporation purchased a controlling interest in Hughes. Though Spaceway 1 was damaged and subsequently shut down in February 2020, Spaceway 2 continues to operate as a backup satellite.

T8
T8 (formerly DirecTV 8) was successfully launched on May 22, 2005 aboard a Proton M launch vehicle from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. The first Ku/Ka hybrid satellite in the fleet, T8 employs 16 transponders. In 2020, T8 was relocated to 119° W, replacing T7S.

T9S
T9S (formerly DirecTV 9S) was successfully launched on October 13, 2006 aboard a Ariane 5 launch vehicle. T9S is fitted with 52 Ku-band transponders and 2 Ka-band transponders, making for a total of 54 high-power transponders. The satellite is located at 101.1° W.

T10
T10 (formerly DirecTV 10) was successfully launched on July 6, 2007 aboard a Proton M launch vehicle from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. T10 is employed with 55 spot-beam Ka-band transponders and 32 broad-beam transponders, making up for a total of 87 high-power transponders. T10's launch marked the beginning of mass HDTV expansion for DirecTV, as its transponders employed MPEG-4 technology. Shortly after launch, T10 suffered a anomaly that limited the satellite's capacity, prompting DirecTV to temporarily transfer all commercial service from T10 to T11 while the company worked on fixing the issue. During the process, T10 was relocated slightly from 102.8° W to 102.6° W. The fixes were eventually completed and T10 was drifted back to 102.8° W, where it currently remains.

T11
T11 (formerly DirecTV 11) was successfully launched on March 19, 2008 aboard a Sea Launch Zenit-3SL launch vehicle. The satellite is functionally identical to T10 and is located at 99.2° W.

T12
T12 (formerly DirecTV 12) was successfully launched on December 28, 2009 aboard a Proton M launch vehicle from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. After a period of testing, T12 commenced operations on May 17, 2010. T12's payload consists of 32 active and 12 spare Ka-band traveling-wave tube amplifiers and 55 active and 15 spare spot beam TWTAs. T12 is located at 102.75 W as of October 2020.

T14
T14 (formerly DirecTV 14) was successfully launched on December 6, 2014 aboard a Ariane 5 launch vehicle from the Guiana Space Center in South America. T14 was built by Space Systems/Loral on their SSL-1300 bus and carries 14 Ka-band transponders, as well as 18 "reverse-band" transponders. The satellite has a design life of 15 years and is located at 99° W.

T15
T15 (formerly DirecTV 15) was successfully launched on May 27, 2015 aboard a Ariane 5 launch vehicle from the Guiana Space Center in South America. The first DirecTV satellite to be built by Airbus, T15's payload consists of 30 Ka-band and 24 Ku-band transponders respectively, as well as 18 "reverse-band" transponders. T15 is located at 103° W.

T16
T16 was successfully launched on June 20, 2019 aboard a Ariane 5 launch vehicle from the Guiana Space Center in South America. Launched to replace several older satellites nearing the end of their operational life, the satellite is located at 101° W. AT&T (DirecTV’s parent company at the time) stated after the launch that they did not have any plans to launch new satellites.

See also
 List of broadcast satellites
DirecTV

References

External links
 Lyngsat page.  Accessed February 19, 2006
 Corporate site  Accessed February 19, 2006

DIRECTV Satellite Transponder Maps  at iamanedgecutter
DIRECTV Satellite Footprints  at iamanedgecutter

Communications satellite constellations
Satellite television
DirecTV


Darko Damjanović (, born 5 November 1977) is a former Serbian-Swiss football goalkeeper.

He played 5 games in Swiss Super League in 2002–03 season.

In May 2010, he was given an open-ended suspension after involved in the 2009 European football betting scandal. His former teammate Marc Lütolf and Mario Bigoni were also banned.

During the winter break of the 2011/12 season he joined Serbian club FK Mačva Šabac.

References

External links

Swiss men's footballers
FC Wil players
FC Gossau players
Swiss Super League players
FK Mačva Šabac players
Men's association football goalkeepers
1977 births
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Swiss people of Serbian descent
FC Kreuzlingen players


Sunrise Mall is an enclosed shopping mall in Brownsville, Texas, United States. It was opened in 1979, only five years after the town's other mall, Amigoland Mall. Sunrise Mall features more than 100 stores, including three anchor stores Dick's Sporting Goods, Dillard's, and JCPenney, as well as a food court and a Cinemark movie theater. The mall is managed by CBL & Associates.

History
Sunrise Mall opened in 1979 on the north side of Brownsville, on the northeastern corner of Interstate 69E/U.S. Route 77/U.S. Route 83 and Ruben M. Torres, Sr. Blvd. A strip mall called Sunrise Commons later opened behind the mall as well. The mall remained largely unchanged until 1999, when Dillard's purchased the mall in association with the MG Herring Group, relocating its Kmart anchor store to the Sunrise Commons and opening a new Dillard's store in July 2000, where Kmart had been. As a result, the Dillard's in Amigoland Mall, an older mall nearby, was closed. JCPenney also moved from Amigoland Mall in 2000, and that mall was subsequently converted to a college in 2003.

Also in 2000, a food court was added to Sunrise Mall. Three years later, Dillard's sold its share of the mall (except for the Dillard's anchor) to CBL & Associates Properties. Linens 'n Things was also added in 2005, but closed in 2008 as part of the chain's bankruptcy.

The mall received an additional anchor store, Dick's Sporting Goods in 2015, along with renovations in floor tile, signs and restrooms. It added an H&M store in 2016, making it the first mall south of San Antonio to feature this store.

In June of 2022, the mall is planned to have a Main Event open in place of the previous Sears anchor. It would be the second Main Event to open south of San Antonio.

References

CBL Properties
Shopping malls established in 1979
Shopping malls in Texas
Buildings and structures in Brownsville, Texas
Tourist attractions in Cameron County, Texas
1979 establishments in Texas


William Alexander Greenhill (1 January 1814, Stationers' Hall, London – 19 September 1894, Hastings) was an English physician, literary editor and sanitary reformer.

Biography
William Alexander Greenhill was the youngest of three sons of George Greenhill, treasurer of the Stationers' Company. He was educated at Rugby School under Thomas Arnold: a favourite pupil of Arnold, he later married Arnold's niece Laura Ward. At Rugby he befriended A. H. Clough, W. C. Lake, A. P. Stanley and C. J. Vaughan; he went on to Trinity College, Oxford, where he took no arts degree but (studying medicine at the Radcliffe Infirmary and Paris) graduated M.B. in 1839 and M.D. in 1840.

Greenhill was appointed physician to the Radcliffe Infirmary in 1839. A "pioneer in the cause of sanitary reform, in the days when sanitary reform was thought a crazy fanaticism", he first wrote on Oxford's public health and mortality for the Ashmolean Society, after a cholera outbreak in Oxford.

In 1840 he hosted Richard Francis Burton in his house, encouraging the young student to study the Arabic by introducing him to the Spanish scholar Don Pascual de Gayangos. At the time Greenhill, who lived in John Henry Newman's parish, was serving as Newman's churchwarden; he came to know Pusey, and other leaders of the Oxford Movement. Other Oxford academic friends included Charles Page Eden, William John Copeland, Charles Marriott, J. B. Morris and James Bowling Mozley.  A political liberal, Greenhill actively supported William Ewart Gladstone's election as MP for the university in 1847. Like other university liberals, however, he was later discomfited by Gladstone's direction in the 1880s: he did not vote liberal in 1885 (fearing disestablishment of the Church of England) or 1886 (objecting to the Home Rule programme.)

In 1851 Greenhill resigned his Radcliffe Infirmary post and briefly attempted practice as an Oxford physician. However, he moved later that year to Hastings on grounds of health, though he may also have wanted to escape Oxford's febrile religious controversies. For many years he was physician to the St. Leonards and East Sussex Infirmary. His investigations of mortality rates in Hastings showed the insanitary conditions of artisan housing, despite the town's new popularity as a health resort. In 1857 he founded the Hastings Cottage Improvement Society, and was its secretary from 1857 to 1891: this company bought up and improved insanitary accommodation, as well as building new housing of a better standard.  The venture's success prompted Greenhill to promote the idea at the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science, and establish a similar organisation in London, the London Labourers' Dwellings Society, of which he was secretary from 1862 to 1876. On Gladstone's recommendation, Greenhill was granted a civil list pension of £60 in 1881. At the time of his death at The Croft, Hastings, aged 81, Greenhill had outlived his wife and his eldest daughter and son, who had each died young; one son and one daughter survived him.

Literary pursuits
Greenhill's interest in Arabic and Greek medical writers resulted in a Greek and Latin edition of Theophilus, a Latin edition of Thomas Sydenham (1844), an English translation from the Arabic of Rhazes on small-pox, and a large number of articles in William Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. In the mid-1840s he published anonymous memoirs of James Stonhouse, Thomas Harrison Burder and George Cheyne, and edited material on physicians' social duties by Jacob Horst, Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland, and Thomas Gisbourne. Greenhill was an enthusiast for Sir Thomas Browne, and his 1881 edition of Religio Medici for Macmillan's 'Golden Treasury' series was praised for its scholarship, becoming a standard edition of the book.  His edition of Browne's Hydriotaphia and Garden of Cyrus, unfinished at his death, was completed by his friend E. H. Marshall and published in 1896. He was an editor and frequent contributor to the British Medical Journal, and contributed to Notes and Queries and the Dictionary of National Biography.

Works
(ed.) Θεοφιλου ... Περι της τους ἀνθρωπου κατασκευης βιβλια Εʹ. Theophili ... De corporis humani fabrica libri V, Oxford, 1842. Latin and Greek
(tr. from Latin of Jacob Horst) Prayers for the Medical Profession, London, 1842
(anon.) Advice to a Medical Student, London, 1843
(ed.) Thomae Sydenham opera omnia, Sydenham Society, 2 vols, 1844, 1846. English & Latin
(anon., preface signed 'α') Life of the Rev. Sir James Stonhouse, Bart., with extracts from his tracts and correspondence, Oxford: J. H. Parker, 1844
Anecdota Syndenhamia: medical notes and observations of Thomas Sydenham, M.D., hitherto unpublished, 1845
(anon., preface signed 'α') Life of Thomas Harrison Burder, M.D., with extracts from his correspondence, London: Rivingtons, 1845
(anon.) Life of George Cheyne, M.D., with extracts from his works and correspondence, Oxford: John Henry Parker, 1846
(ed.) On the relations of the physician to the sick, to the public and to his colleagues, Oxford, 1846. (Extracts from C. W. Hufeland's Enchiridion medicum)
(tr. from Arabic of Rhazes) A treatise on the small-pox and measles, 1847
Medical report of the case of Miss H. M., 1847
(ed.) On the duties of physicians, resulting from their profession, Oxford, 1847. (Ch. 12 of Thomas Gisborne's Enquiry into the duties of men in the higher and middle classes of society in Great Britain)
Monthly (Quarterly, Annual) report on the mortality and public health of Oxford. Ashmolean Society, 1849–50.
On the establishment and management of cottage-improvement societies: a paper read in the fifth department of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science, in the Guildhall, London, 9 June 1862, London, 1862
Adversaria medico-philologica, London, Savill and Edwards, 13 parts, 1864–1872. Reprinted from the British and Foreign Medico-Chirurgical Review.
‘A Classified List of the Charitable Institutions of Hastings and St. Leonards, Hastings, 1873
A form of prayer to be used on the opening of a new house or block of buildings, London, 1873
On the Mortality and Public Health of Hastings. Paper read at the Health Congress, Hastings, May 1889, Hastings: F. J. Parsons, 1890
The Contrast: Duty and Pleasure, Right and Wrong, Hastings, 1874; 6th edit., London, 1893
(ed.) Sir Thomas Browne's Religio medici, Letter to a Friend, &c., and Christian morals, Macmillan, 1881
(ed. with E. H. Marshall) Sir Thomas Browne's Hydrotaphia and the Garden of Cyrus, Macmillan, 1895

References

External links

1814 births
1894 deaths
19th-century English medical doctors
English non-fiction writers
Arabic–English translators
19th-century translators
English male non-fiction writers
British expatriates in France
19th-century English male writers


Victor Efimovich Tsigal () (May 21, 1916 – March 21, 2005) was a Soviet painter.

Tsigal was born into a Jewish family in Odessa in 1916.

He became a noted painter and produced a large body of work in the socialist realist style.

References

1916 births
2005 deaths
Soviet painters
Jewish painters


The GE-400 series were time-sharing Information Systems computers by General Electric introduced in 1964 and shipped until 1968.

System description
The GE-400 series (Compatibles/400) came in models: 415, 425, 435 (1964), 455 and 465.
GE-400 systems had a word length of 24 bits which could contain binary data, four six-bit BCD characters, or four signed decimal digits. GE-400 systems could have up to 32,768 words (132K characters) of magnetic-core memory with a cycle time of 2.7 microseconds (435) or 5.1 microseconds (425).  The systems supported up to eight channels for input/output.

The GE 412 (1962) was an incompatible computer system with a 20-bit word length intended for process control applications.

Unique features
GE-400 systems featured a "variable length, relocatable accumulator" which could be set programmatically to a length of one to four words and relocated to overlay any four adjacent locations in memory (modulo four).  "The accumulator can be moved to the data to be processed, rather than moving the data."

Successor systems
The 400 series was succeeded by the incompatible 36-bit GE-600 series.

See also
 GE-200 series
 GE-600 series

References

External links
GE-400 Time-sharing information systems: Bring a powerful computer to the fingertips of all your people | 102646147 | Computer History Museum

General Electric
Le Musée Bull Belgique - Luxembourg: GE 400 (in French)

General Electric mainframe computers
Transistorized computers
Computer-related introductions in 1964
24-bit computers


Proposition 39 was an initiative state constitutional amendment and statute which appeared on the November 7, 2000, California general election ballot. Proposition 39 passed with 5,431,152 Yes votes, representing 53.4 percent of the total votes cast.  Proposition 39 was essentially a milder version of Proposition 26, which would have ended the Proposition 13 supermajority vote requirement altogether (imposing a simple majority vote requirement), but was defeated with 3,521,327 "Yes" votes, representing 48.7 percent of the total votes cast, in the March 7, 2000, California primary election. The measure was funded by Ann and John Doerr, John T. Walton and Reed Hastings; it was opposed by the Howard Jarvis Taxpayers Association.

Main Effect

The main effect of Proposition 39 was to amend Proposition 13 by lowering the required supermajority vote necessary for voters to approve local school bonds, from two-thirds (2/3) of the votes cast, to fifty-five percent (55%) of the votes cast.

Property Tax Increase to Repay Bonds

Voter approved school bonds under Proposition 39 are paid off by raising property taxes above the one percent (1%) property tax rate limit established by Proposition 13 in 1978.

Constitutional Debt Provision

Proposition 39 also lowered, as it relates to school bonds, the local voter approval requirement to incur debt from a two-thirds (2/3) vote to fifty-five percent (55%).  The two-thirds vote requirement to incur debt is separate from the property tax limits of Proposition 13, and had previously been part of the California Constitution since 1879.

Charter School Facilities

Proposition 39 further included statutory provisions relating to charter school facilities.

References

39
2000
Property taxes


Gillia altilis, common name the Buffalo pebblesnail, is a species of freshwater snail, an aquatic gastropod mollusk with an operculum in the family Lithoglyphidae.

Gillia altilis is the only species in the genus Gillia.

Shell description
The shell of this species is inflated but still conical. The shell color is usually yellow to green. The shell has 2–4 whorls when eroded, and ~4.5 when intact. Each whorl is distinctly shouldered. The umbilicus is either not apparent, or very small. The columella is not thickened, and the shell itself can be thin or thick. The shell aperture is oval to ear-shaped. When viewed laterally, the outer lip of the shell bends forward.

The height of the shell is 6–8 mm (– in).

The operculum is chitinous, oval, yellow to green in color and shows paucispiral markings, with a subcentral nucleus.

Anatomy
The mantle is black, or shows dark pigmentation. This pigmentation is also seen in the nape, the anterior part of the snout, the top of the tentacles, and along the edge of the peristome (the margin of the gastropod shell).

The radula of Gillia altilis looks like a single serrated blade, with 51-55 rows of teeth. Each row has 2 central basocones, 3-4 central octocones, 8-9 lateral teeth, ca. 30 inner marginal teeth and 6-9 outer marginal teeth.

Distribution

Indigenous distribution
Gillia altilis is native to the Atlantic coastal drainage of North America. It occurs from New York State and Vermont south to South Carolina.

In some regions where Gillia altilis is native, populations are declining or not very abundant: for example, in Vermont, this species is considered to be an invertebrate species in "greatest conservation need".

This snail is listed as a species of special concern in its native range in New York State, where the species is ranked as S1 (very vulnerable due to low abundance of species and/or required habitat), protected U SC (unprotected at present but of special concern due to increasing evidence of vulnerability) and globally as G5 (rare but not vulnerable). Loss of habitat due to anthropogenic modifications, pesticides and competition with introduced species are considered the major threats to declining or vulnerable gastropod populations in New York State.

Nonindigenous distribution
The first record of Gillia altilis in the Great Lakes drainage was from Oneida Lake, New York State, around 1915–1918. However, in subsequent years it was likely extirpated from this water body.

Gillia altilis was able to colonize the Lake Ontario drainage basin by means of the Erie Canal system in New York State, which connects this part of the Great Lakes with the Hudson River. The snail was later recorded from Niagara-on-the-Lake, Lake Ontario, in 1936, and in the Erie Canal at various times before 1940. Gillia altilis is considered established in the Lake Ontario drainage.

The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation also reports records from Lake Erie, but gives no references and declares that the current status of this population is unknown.

At this time, there are no recorded negative impacts in the Great Lakes system. There are also no known impacts in other water bodies at present.

Ecology

Habitat
Gillia altilis is usually found in freshwater stream environments. Its globose shell is adapted for inhabiting high-velocity lotic environments (rheophile animal), because it allows for a large, muscular foot that can suction to rocks. However, relatives of this species, with the same globose shell and large foot, are well adapted to living on silty substrates because the large foot prevents the snail from sinking. In fact, it is not uncommon for Gillia altilis to inhabit both stagnant waters in lakes and streams and rapidly moving waters. In Vermont, it is found in the Hudson River in shoals where there is macrophyte cover and mud substrate. In New York State, it also commonly inhabits warmwater, shallow lacustrine habitats with mud substrate.

Feeding habits
This snail has a radula that is specialized, exhibiting overall larger but fewer cones and cusps on the various teeth, which are adapted for grazing on coarser food particles than are eaten by related snails in the subfamily Lithoglyphinae.

Life cycle
Gillia altilis exhibits separate sexes. Sperm is transmitted to the female through a penis that extends from the nape of the male. This species lays its eggs in hemisphere-shaped capsules, singly or in clumps up to six at a time, on leaves and stems of macrophytes (or stones and leaf litter).

The egg capsules are ~1.25 mm in diameter.

References
This article incorporates public domain text from the reference

External links
 Jennifer Price. Buffalo Pebblesnail Gillia altilis

Lithoglyphidae


Davison Community Schools is a public school district located in Genesee County, Michigan. The district is nationally accredited through AdvancED. In addition, Davison Community Schools serves grades PK-12 among nine buildings and is a part of the Genesee Intermediate School District as well as Saginaw Valley League for athletics.

Board of education
The Davison Community Schools' board of education consists of seven members that serve six-year terms. Elections for these positions are held in the general elections and no more than three positions are open at one time. The board is responsible for handling a budget worth close to $45,000,000, 700 full-time & part-time employees, as well as planning and programming curriculum for its 5,800 students.

Board of education members

Schools

Davison High School

Davison High School is home to the district's 9th through 12th grade students. The school has been recognized both statewide  and nationally  for its DECA and DTV News broadcasting program. The high school offers many clubs and programs that include National Honor Society, Student Council, Business Professionals of America, Key Club, Common Ground, SADD, Drama, and many more. The average ACT score is 21.3

Staff members

Davison Alternative High School

Davison Alternative High School serves students who are at risk of not graduating from a normal high school. The program at DAE runs on trimesters as opposed to four periods allowing students to regain credits that they may have lost not completing courses in a regular program.

The building that houses 150 students was renovated during the summer of 2009 which added windows and updated technology throughout the building. The renovation cost the district $1.42 million.

Staff members

Davison Middle School

Davison Middle School or DMS is Davison Community Schools' home to seventh and eighth graders. The school offers programs such as band, orchestra, choir, theater, athletics, and many other clubs.

The school was renovated in 2004 adding additional classrooms to the west side of the building and updating technology throughout the building.

Staff members

Hahn Intermediate

Hahn Intermediate is the district's newest building. Completed in 1998, the building now houses all of the district's fifth and sixth grade students. Students are able to start taking music classes while in fifth grade and are also able to participate in physical education and art courses. Hahn is also connected to Davison Middle School.

The school's gymnasium is used every year for the Davison Expo which showcases the best of Davison businesses and activities.

Staff members

Central Elementary

Central Elementary is the district's oldest building having once served as the district's high school. Today the building houses some of the district's first and fourth graders. The building also houses the district's school nurse, psychologist, social worker, and therapist.
The school received a multimillion-dollar renovation completed in April 2015, thanks to an $11.9M bond.

Staff members

Gates Elementary

Gates Elementary houses first through fourth graders for students living in the southern part of the district.

Staff members

Hill Elementary

Hill Elementary is a kindergarten through fourth grade school located near the center of the city. It also used to be the only school in the district that operates on an eleven-month schedule (year around) with breaks scattered throughout the year. Now however all of the schools run on a year round schedule.

Staff members

Siple Elementary

Siple Elementary sits on the northern boundary of Davison Community Schools and serves grades first through fourth.

The school is known throughout the district for its Super Science Day which is held annually. The program introduces elementary students to some of the basic elementary elements of science.

Staff members

Thomson Elementary

Thomson Elementary is the only building in the district to offer both developmental kindergarten and kindergarten.

Students at the school have been recipients for several years of free bike helmets that are given away in an effort to promote bicycle safety.

Staff members

References

Education in Genesee County, Michigan
School districts in Michigan
School districts established in 1907
1907 establishments in Michigan


The Chilean Declaration of Independence is a document declaring the independence of Chile from the Spanish Empire. It was drafted in January 1818 and approved by Supreme Director Bernardo O'Higgins on 12 February 1818 at Talca, despite being dated in Concepción on 1 January 1818. The ceremony of independence was performed on 12 February 1818, the first anniversary of the Battle of Chacabuco.

The original document, displaying manuscript comments by O'Higgins, was damaged at the Palace of the Real Audiencia of Santiago. In 1832, under President José Joaquín Prieto, a new copy was sent to Peru to be signed by O'Higgins, and later by his former ministers, Miguel Zañartu, Hipólito Villegas and José Ignacio Zenteno, who were still living in Chile. This copy was kept at the Palacio de La Moneda until the 1973 Chilean coup d'état, when it was destroyed during the fighting.

Historical background

In English:

By 1817, the Chilean War of Independence had entered its final phase, and there was little doubt that its final goal, national independence, would be realized. Even though Chile had been operating independently from Spain for several years, no formal declaration of independence had yet been produced.

One of the first official documents to address the issue of independence was the Provisional Constitutional Regulations of 1812, introduced by José Miguel Carrera on 27 October 1812. Article V of this document states that "No decree, ruling or order, issued by any authority or courts outside the territory of Chile, will have any effect; anyone who tries to give them force will be punished as criminals of the State", while also recognizing the authority of Fernando VII in Article III.

At the beginning of Patria Nueva, a period that began with the victory at the Battle of Chacabuco, Chile had a government with its own authorities which controlled much of the territory of Chile, had a flag, a coat-of-arms and its own currency, all of which indicated that Chile had become an independent state. Thus, there was no pressing need to make an explicit declaration of independence, as the United States of America had done in 1776, Venezuela in 1811, Colombia in 1813, and Argentina in 1816.

The President of Chile, Bernardo O'Higgins, bore in mind the problems experienced by the previous era, and convinced the members of his assembly that declaring independence would be difficult and problematic at this time, as the country was still warring against the Spanish Royalists and because the establishment of internal order was indispensable towards the goal of independence. Therefore, it was decided that a plebiscite would be held instead.

Popular consultation
On 13 November 1817, the Superior Governmental Junta, in the absence of O'Higgins, who was overseeing military operations in the southern part of Chile, issued a decree declaring that a referendum was to be set up to run for fifteen days. The referendum would be held in each of the four administrative quarters of Santiago, and would run for fifteen days, during which residents would sign their views in favor or against the Declaration of Independence. Cities and towns were advised to follow the same procedure.

The decree was sent alongside the referendum form to the authorities of the regional governments and bore the signatures of several Junta members: Luis de la Cruz, Francisco Antonio Pérez, José Manuel Astorga, and the Minister of the Interior Miguel Zañartu. On 15 November, Zañartu sent a brief to the same recipients instructing them to publish the form "as soon as possible".

The result of the referendum was favorable to O'Higgins. The new order had the support of the majority of citizens who participated in the referendum, though many who did not agree did not participate because they feared their votes would bring persecution towards them. However, in Concepción, the plebiscite was not complete, and was only held in a few locations, as reported by O'Higgins on 23 December 1817 from his camp opposite Talcahuano: "[...] habían empezado a remitir algunos partidos las suscripciones [...] pero las ocurrencias ulteriores en la provincia y la medida últimamente adoptada de hacer emigrar de ella a todos sus habitantes, no permiten esta operación".

During the month of December, after checking the results, the government began preparations to make a solemn declaration of independence. This coincided with news about the upcoming arrival of a new Royalist expedition under the command of Spanish Brigadier Mariano Osorio, aimed at reconquering Chile.

Since the plebiscite had decided in favor of a declaration of independence, it was decided that a formal act would be drawn up which concisely and clearly represented the will of the Chilean people. The process would mimic that of other countries which had already declared their independence. A manifesto was also to be published which would outline the rationale and reasons for the declaration. The person in charge of this work would be Miguel Zañartu, and secondly Bernardo Vera y Pintado.

At the end of 1817, O'Higgins was present at the siege of Talcahuano against the Spanish forces. When the uncertain military situation forced O'Higgins' forces to lift the siege, they retreated to Morrillos de Perales (now known as the "U" hill). This was a position which the patriots had chosen and which dominated one of the gates of Talcahuano. On 1 January 1818, a message of independence asserting that Chile was a "free and sovereign country, not a rebel province" was drafted, written on a drum according to folklore. The message was addressed to Colonel José Ordóñez, the Spanish controller of the port of Talcahuano and former mayor of Concepción. This document is considered the first declaration of independence of Chile.

Pledge of independence

The formal ceremony and pledge of independence was set for the first anniversary of the Battle of Chacabuco: 12 February 1818.

On 9 February, Luis de la Cruz published the program of the ceremonies and celebration to be held in Santiago. These activities commenced on 11 February in the afternoon with the firing of cannons from Cerro Santa Lucía. At nine o'clock on 12 February, all the authorities and people of the Palacio Directorial de Santiago mounted a stage in front of the Plaza de Armas in Santiago.

The ceremony was opened by José Gregorio Argomedo, prosecutor of the Chilean Court of Appeals, who gave a speech representing the government, after which the minister Miguel Zañartu read the Act of Independence

de la Cruz then requested the oath from José Ignacio Cienfuegos, administrator of the Santiago Diocese, who had earlier added the phrasing "Y así juro porque creo en mi conciencia que ésta es la voluntad del Eterno" ("And so I swear on my conscience that this is the will of the Eternal"). Following this, Cruz heard the oath from José de San Martín, the General in Chief of the Chilean Army. Minister Zañartu also took the oath along with several other authorities and public officials. Finally, the Mayor of Santiago, Francisco de Borja Fontecilla, swore the oath to the people.

On 13 February, a Te Deum was sung at the Santiago Cathedral, and, the next day, the cathedral celebrated a Mass of thanksgiving. After this, Tomás Guido gave a speech congratulating the Chilean people on behalf of the Buenos Aires government. The public celebration of independence in Santiago lasted until 16 February. The declaration itself was widely distributed to the populace. Another document, which covered the motives behind the revolution and declaration of independence, written by Bernardo Vera, was also distributed to the public to a lesser extent.

In Talca, on 12 February,  O'Higgins presided over the swearing-in of the Independent Southern Army, and the subsequent ceremony with ceremonial gunfire, a Mass, Te Deum and public festivities. During these few days, the declaration of independence was made in many other cities and towns of Chile, with as many festivities as could be had. In La Serena, independence was declared on 27 February and the festivities lasted until 1 March and in Copiapó the ceremony took place between March 27 and 28.

On 15 June 1820, Valdivia was sworn into the new nation, after Thomas Cochrane led a successful attempt to capture Valdivia from the royalists. Later, on 22 January 1826, the pledge of independence would be made in San Carlos, Chiloé, after the Spanish signed the Treaty of Tantauco, which gave the Chiloé Archipelago to Chile.

See also

 Battle of Maipú
 Chilean War of Independence
 Juan Albano Pereira Márquez

Notes

References

Sources

External links

 Article on the Proclamation of Independence from the Aurora de Chile

1818 documents
1818 in Chile
February 1818 events
Declarations of independence


Fenton Area Public Schools is a public school district in Genesee County in the U.S. state of Michigan and in the Genesee Intermediate School District.

Schools
The district operates six schools:
Fenton High School
Andrew G. Schmidt Middle School
North Road Elementary School
State Road Elementary School
Tomek Eastern Elementary School
Ellen Street Campus / World of Wonder preschool

References

External links

School districts in Michigan
Education in Genesee County, Michigan