Elouise Pepion Cobell, also known as Yellow Bird Woman (November 5, 1945 – October 16, 2011) (Niitsítapi Blackfoot Confederacy), was a tribal elder and activist, banker, rancher, and lead plaintiff in the groundbreaking class-action suit Cobell v. Salazar (2009). This challenged the United States' mismanagement of trust funds belonging to more than 500,000 individual Native Americans. She pursued the suit from 1996, challenging the government to account for fees from resource leases.

In 2010, the government approved a $3.4 billion settlement for the trust case. Major portions of the settlement were to partially compensate individual account holders, and to buy back fractionated land interests, and restore land to reservations. It also provided for a $60 million scholarship fund for Native Americans and Alaskan Natives, named the Cobell Education Scholarship Fund in her honor. The settlement is the largest ever in a class action against the federal government.

Buy-back of lands has continued, restoring acreage to the tribes. As of November 2016, $40 million had been contributed to the scholarship fund by the government, from its purchase of lands. It has paid $900 million to buy back the equivalent of 1.7 million acres in fractionated land interests, restoring the land base of reservations to tribal control.

In November 2016, Cobell's work on behalf of Native Americans was honored by the award of a posthumous Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama; her son Turk Cobell accepted the award on her behalf.

Biography

Elouise Pépion was born in 1945 on the Blackfeet Reservation in Montana, the middle of nine children of Polite and Catherine Pépion. She was a great-granddaughter of Mountain Chief, one of the legendary leaders of the Blackfeet Nation. She grew up on her parents' cattle ranch on the reservation. Like many reservation families, they did not have electricity or running water. Pépion attended a one-room schoolhouse until high school. She graduated from Great Falls Business College and attended Montana State University. She had to leave before graduation to care for her mother, who was dying of cancer.

After her mother's death, Elouise moved to Seattle, where she met and married Alvin Cobell, another Blackfeet living in Washington at the time. They had one son, Turk Cobell. After returning to the reservation to help her father with the family ranch, Elouise Cobell became treasurer for the Blackfeet Nation.

She founded the Blackfeet National Bank, the first national bank located on an Indian reservation and owned by a Native American tribe. In 1997, Cobell won a MacArthur genius award for her work on the bank and Native financial literacy. She donated part of that money to support her class-action suit against the federal government because of its mismanagement of trust funds and leasing fees, which she had filed in 1996. (See below: Challenging federal management of trust funds)

After twenty other tribes joined the bank to form the Native American Bank, Cobell became Executive Director of the Native American Community Development Corporation, its non-profit affiliate. The Native American Bank is based in Denver, Colorado.

Her professional, civic experience and expertise included serving as Co-Chair of Native American Bank, NA.; a Board Member for First Interstate Bank; a Trustee of the National Museum of the American Indian; as well as a member of other boards.

Throughout her life, Cobell also helped her husband to operate their ranch, raising cattle and crops. Cobell was active in local agriculture and environmental issues. She founded the first land trust in Indian Country and served as a Trustee for the Nature Conservancy of Montana.

Cobell died at the age of 65 on October 16, 2011, in Great Falls, Montana, after a brief battle with cancer.

Cobell was the former president of Montana's Elvis Presley fan club, but left these activities to focus on her landmark lawsuit. In her honor, all car radios during her funeral procession were tuned to Elvis songs. Her family arranged to have at the viewing a pair of life-size Elvis cutouts standing against the rear wall. A photo of Cobell and her family at Graceland flashed occasionally in the rotating display on a big screen overhead. The buffet featured a giant cake, decorated with the words, "In Loving Memory of Elouise Cobell", and a picture of Elvis.

Challenging federal management of trust funds

While Treasurer of the Blackfeet Tribe for more than a decade, Cobell discovered many irregularities in the management of funds held in trust by the United States for the tribe and for individual Indians. These funds were derived from fees collected by the government for Indian trust lands leased for lumber, oil production, grazing, gas and minerals, etc., from which the government was supposed to pay royalties to Indian owners. Over time accounts became complicated as original trust lands were divided among descendants, and Cobell found that tribal members were not receiving their fair amount of trust funds.

Along with the Intertribal Monitoring Association (on which she served as President), Cobell attempted to seek reform in Washington, DC, from the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s without success. At that point she asked Dennis Gingold (renowned banking lawyer, based in Washington, DC), Thaddeus Holt, and the Native American Rights Fund (including John Echohawk and Keith Harper) to bring a class-action suit against the Department of Interior in order to force reform and an accounting of the trust funds belonging to individual Indians.

They set up the Blackfeet Reservation Development Fund, "a nonprofit created to bring claims against the United States for mismanaging lands held in trust for Native Americans." The Lannan Foundation, which "provides financial assistance to tribes and nonprofits that serve Native American communities", has said that it gave more than $7 million in grants to the Blackfeet fund from 1998 to 2009 to support the litigation, in the expectation that the grants would be repaid in full after settlement. In 2013, in a suit filed in Washington, the Lannan Foundation said it was still seeking payment from Gingold, the lead counsel in the case, and had received only $1.8 million.

Settlement
The class-action suit was filed in October 1996 and is known as Cobell v. Salazar (Salazar was Secretary of Interior when the case was settled.) A negotiated settlement was reached in 2009 by the administration of President Barack Obama. In 2010 Congress passed a bill to appropriate $3.4 billion for settlement of the longstanding class action suit. It had three parts: payment of individual plaintiffs included in the class action; a fund of $1.9 billion to buy back fractionated land interest in voluntary sales, and restore land to reservations, strengthening their land base. It also provided for a $60 million scholarship fund to be funded from the sales, named the Cobell Education Scholarship Fund in her honor.

As of July 2011, notices were being sent to the hundreds of thousands of individual Native Americans affected. Most received settlements of about $1800, but some may receive more. As of November 2016, the government had spent about $900 million to buy back the equivalent of 1.7 million acres in fractionated land interests, restoring the land base of reservations to tribal control. In addition, $40 million has been added so far to the Cobell Scholarship Fund.

In 2009, when settlement was reached with the government, Cobell said:

Although we have reached a settlement totaling more than $3.4 billion, there is little doubt this is significantly less than the full accounting to which individual Indians are entitled. Yes, we could prolong our struggle and fight longer, and perhaps one day we would know, down to the penny, how much individual Indians are owed. Perhaps we could even litigate long enough to increase the settlement amount. But we are compelled to settle now by the sobering realization that our class grows smaller each year, each month and every day, as our elders die and are forever prevented from receiving their just compensation.

Representation in other media
Producer and director Melinda Janko made 100 Years: One Woman's Fight for Justice (2016), a 75-minute documentary on the life and achievements of Cobell. It was screened at the Santa Fe Independent Film Festival in October 2016.

Legacy and honors
1997: "Genius Grant" from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation's Fellowship Program
2002: Awarded an honorary doctorate from Montana State University
2002: received the International Women's Forum award for "Women Who Make a Difference", in Mexico City.
2004: Jay Silverheels Achievement Award from the National Center for American Indian Enterprise Development.
2005: received a "Cultural Freedom Fellowship" from the Lannan Foundation, an award that cited Cobell's persistence in bringing to light the government's "more than a century of government malfeasance and dishonesty" with the Indian Trust.
2007: one of ten people to receive American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) Impact Award (for making the world a better place)
2007: named one of the inaugural Rural Heroes by the National Rural Assembly.
2011: awarded an honorary degree of Doctor of Humane Letters from Dartmouth College
2011: awarded the Montana Trial Lawyers Association's Citizens Award
2016: awarded a posthumous Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama. Her son Turk Cobell accepted the medal on her behalf.
2018: one of the inductees in the first induction ceremony held by the National Native American Hall of Fame

References

External links
 "Addressing Over a Century of Shame: The Cobell v. Norton Case", Center for American Progress
 "Elouise Cobell", Lannan Foundation
 Indian Trust Settlement information site
 "Accounting Coup", Mother Jones, Sep/Oct 2005

1945 births
2011 deaths
Female Native American leaders
Montana State University alumni
Blackfeet Tribe people
American bankers
MacArthur Fellows
American women bankers
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Deaths from cancer in Montana
21st-century American women
21st-century Native American women
21st-century Native Americans


Zyhdi Efendi Vlora was one of the signatories of the Albanian Declaration of Independence.

References

20th-century Albanian politicians
19th-century Albanian politicians


Fritt Ord (meaning Free Word in English) was a Norwegian journal, founded in 1931 by theologian Kristian Schjelderup, who later became known as a liberal bishop in the Church of Norway. It was published by Gyldendal in Oslo.

Fritt Ord served as the journal of Landslaget for frilyndt kristendom (National organization of liberal Christians), a liberal organization within the Church of Norway. From 1938, Fritt Ord was the organ of the Nansen School (Norwegian Academy of Humanities). Like the Nansen School, the journal was part of a broad humanistic tradition, an ethical-philosophical current that cuts across religions and views of life and about which the Nansen School was formed to spread knowledge. Schjelderup served as editor from 1931 until 1940 when the journal was discontinued.

References

1931 establishments in Norway
1940 disestablishments in Norway
Christian magazines
Church of Norway
Defunct magazines published in Norway
Magazines established in 1931
Magazines disestablished in 1940
Magazines published in Oslo
Norwegian-language magazines
Religious magazines


Qazim Kokoshi (12 September 1882 - October 1947) was one of the signatories of the Albanian Declaration of Independence.

References

20th-century Albanian politicians
19th-century Albanian politicians
Signatories of the Albanian Declaration of Independence
All-Albanian Congress delegates
1882 births
1947 deaths


Fritt Ord (literally, "free speech") may refer to:
Fritt Ord (journal), a Norwegian liberal Christian journal founded in 1931
Fritt Ord (organization), a Norwegian private organization founded in 1974 by the Narvesen chain of convenience stores


Jani Minga (1 August 1872 – 7 May 1947) was a patriot Albanian teacher and a notable follower of the National Renaissance of Albania. He was one of the signatories of Albanian Declaration of Independence.

Life
Minga was born in Shënpjetër village, today's Fier, Albania, on August 1, 1872. His father Konstandin was an activist for education in Albanian, while his mother Ana was a descendant of Topia family of Berat. He finished the elementary school in Berat, and the high school in Qestorat, having Koto Hoxhi as a teacher. He studied and graduated later for Philology in the University of Athens. Minga knew Old and New Greek, Latin, Italian, and French.

After finishing the studies he moved to Vlorë. Minga took part in every congress on the Albanian that took place before the declaration of independence, most notably the Congress of Monastir, where the Albanian alphabet was established. He initiated the association "Labëria" in 1889 and opened the first Albanian-language school in Kanina. Minga wrote some early scholarly books on Albanian.

His patriotic activity would culminate with the participation and signature on the Albanian Declaration of Independence on 28 November 1912 as delegate of Vlora region, and participation in the Vlora War as member of a voluntary unit from the villages of Seman area near Fier. He held the victory speech in "Pavarësia" square in Vlora. Minga held also a solemn speech together with Qazim Kokoshi during the funeral of Ismail Qemali on 1919.

Minga had two sons, Pirro and Mërkur. The first one refused to join the Albanian Fascist Party though serving as an interpreter for the Germans during World War II, being arrested and sent to a concentration camp, never returning. The other one lost his life in a construction accident. Depressed from the loss of his sons, Minga retired from his activities and died on May 7, 1947.

Legacy
Minga is awarded "Mësues i Popullit" (English: People's Teacher), and Honorary Citizen of Vlora.

Several schools in Albania bear his name.

References

Sources
"History of Albanian People" Albanian Academy of Science.

1872 births
1947 deaths
People from Fier
Signatories of the Albanian Declaration of Independence
20th-century Albanian educators
19th-century Albanian educators
Activists of the Albanian National Awakening
All-Albanian Congress delegates
Albanian people from the Ottoman Empire


Eqrem Bey Vlora (1 December 1885 – 30 March 1964) was an Albanian lord, politician, writer, and one of the delegates to the Assembly of Vlorë, which proclaimed the Albanian Declaration of Independence on November 28, 1912. He is described as The Last of Beys (), the embodiment of the Albanian aristocracy of the time, although he came from a caste founded on the principles of Ottoman military fief.

Early life
Eqrem Vlora was born on 1 December 1885, in Vlorë, Ottoman Empire (today Albania), to Syrja Bey Vlora, a diplomat and politician, as well as a member of one of the wealthiest landowning families of the South Albania, and Mihri Vlora (), member of one of the prominent families of Central Albania, the Toptani family. His uncle, Mehmed Ferid Pasha, who was his father's older brother served as Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire. He was related both to Ismail Qemali and also to his main political opponent Esad Pasha, who were both his first cousins from his father's and mother's side respectively. Eqrem grew up in his hometown and received his first lessons from private teachers, given the fact that his family was relatively wealthy not only in the region but throughout Janina Vilayet. According to his memoirs written later while living in Austria, he writes that his first teachers were Luigi Beccali, an Italian from Messina, and Mehmet Effendi Lusi who served as imam in Kaninë, a nearby town. The latter taught him theology, a subject that was essential for the children of families with such status in the Ottoman provinces. He was educated at the Theresianum in Vienna, 1899–1903, and studied law and religion in Istanbul, 1904. After working for the Ottoman Foreign Ministry for a time, including a three-month tour of duty at the Ottoman embassy in St. Petersburg in 1907, and years of travel in Europe, Albania and the Orient, he joined his uncle Ismail Qemali in the movement for Albanian independence. During these travels he met some of the most important personalities of the time, including Herbert Kitchener, Franz Conrad von Hotzendorf, several Arab sheikhs who would become the monarchs of the Arab countries and also a young lieutenant, Mustafa Kemal, who would eventually become the president of Turkey. According to Vlora's memoirs, members of his family were de facto (not de jure) sanjakbeys of Sanjak of Avlona in period 1481–1828.

Balkan Wars
In mid-October, Vlora arrived in Vienna after being sent on a mission by Albanian notables of middle and south central Albania to seek support from Austro-Hungarian officials regarding Albania's future and its borders especially along the Kalamas river and the inclusion of Chameria up to Preveza. During the Balkan Wars, he was given the rank of reserve major and the command of a territorial battalion (composed of Albanians) for the defense of Vlora by the Ottoman Empire commander in Ioannina. After several  skirmishes with the Greek forces in the area of Himarë, he was recalled to Vlora by his uncle, Ismail bey.

Albanian state

In 1912, he was made deputy president of the senate. He was sent in Neuwied to meet the Prince Wilhelm of Wied, chosen to rule Albania. Later, he served in the Foreign Ministry during the Prince's reign and was distinguished as the commander of a volunteer artillery battery during the attack of peasant rebels on  Durrës. He also received the Order of the Eagle for gallantry shown during the siege. He was a known supporter of the Central Powers during World War I for which reason he kept under arrest in Italy during most of the war but subsequently became a promoter of close relations between Italy and Albania. He was friendly towards the Italian commanders during the Italian invasion of Vlora in 1920. Vlora was elected to parliament in 1924, representing a conservative wing and, in 1925, became a senator for a short period of time. His relations with Ahmet Zogu were tenuous, though he served the latter on various diplomatic missions abroad. He was a close friend of the Bavarian baroness Marie Amelie, Freiin von Godin, with whom he translated the Kanun of Lekë Dukagjini into German.

Collaboration

Vlora welcomed the Italian invasion of April 1939 and had close links to the Italian fascists. In 1942, Mustafa Merlika-Kruja appointed him Minister for Kosovo, the western half of which had been incorporated to Albania. His anti-Slavic policies, however, gave rise to widespread resistance among the Serbs and Montenegrins. In the summer of 1944, he was made Foreign Minister and Minister of Justice before going into Italian exile during the communist takeover. He died in Vienna and was buried at the Neustift am Walde Cemetery till 30 March 2014. Since 30 March 2014 his remains were reinterred in Vlorë.

Writer
As a writer, Eqrem bej Vlora is remembered for his monograph Aus Berat und vom Tomor: Tagebuchblätter ('From Berat and Tomorr: Pages of a Diary', ), Sarajevo 1911, and, in particular, for his two-volume German-language memoirs, published posthumously as Lebenserinnerungen ('Memoirs'), Munich 1968, 1973, which provide insight into the world of an early 20th-century Albanian nobleman. They have recently been translated into Albanian as Kujtime ('Memoirs'), Tirana 2002, and Turkish as  ('Notes from Ottoman Albania, 1885-1912'), Istanbul 2006. Unpublished remains his monumental 1200-page typescript Beiträge zur Geschichte der Osmanienherrschaft in Albanien: eine historische Skizze ('Contributions to the History of Ottoman Rule in Albania: an Historical Sketch'), from which this account of the noble families of Medieval Albania is taken.

References

Sources
 This article includes the text from Robert Elsie's personal site with explicit permission of the site author to use it under GNU FDL.
 "History of Albanian People" Albanian Academy of Science.

1885 births
1964 deaths
20th-century Albanian politicians
20th-century Albanian historians
People from Vlorë
People from Janina vilayet
20th-century Albanian military personnel
Government ministers of Albania
Foreign ministers of Albania
Civil servants from the Ottoman Empire
20th-century Ottoman military personnel
Albanian collaborators with Fascist Italy
Albanian orientalists
German-language writers
Albanian male writers
German–Albanian translators
20th-century translators
Albanian–German translators
All-Albanian Congress delegates
Ambassadors of Albania to Greece
Ambassadors of Albania to the United Kingdom
20th-century male writers
Vlora family
Istanbul University Faculty of Law alumni
Male non-fiction writers


Dhimitër Zografi (1878–1945) was one of the signatories of Albanian Declaration of Independence.

Early life and career
Zografi was born in Korçë, in the Manastir Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire (present-day Albania) in 1878. At the end of the 19th century he emigrated to Romania. In 1906 he participated in founding the patriotic association of the Albanians from Bucharest "Bashkimi-Unirea". He was one of the organizers of the Albanian colony in meeting that occurred in Bucharest in early November 1912. He was elected as a delegate of the Albanian Colony in Romania to participate in the Albanian Declaration of Independence. In December 1912, along with Dhimitër Emanoili, he went to Brindisi and then to Korçë and from there to Romania. He protested the decisions of the Conference of Paris and its injustice on the Albanian people and is the organizer of the signatories of a petition against the Conference in June 1919.

He died in 1945 in Bucharest.

References

Sources
 "History of Albanian People", Skender Anamali (Albanian Academy of Science), 2002. Volume II. . OCLC 643986610.

1878 births
1945 deaths
People from Korçë
People from Manastir vilayet
Albanian people from the Ottoman Empire
Eastern Orthodox Christians from Albania
Signatories of the Albanian Declaration of Independence
Albanian expatriates in Romania
All-Albanian Congress delegates


Dhimitër Mborja Emanoili (1884–1945) was an Albanian politician, businessman and benefactor. He was one of the signatories of the Albanian Declaration of Independence as a representative of the Albanian community of Romania.

Life
Dhimitër Mborja was born in Mborje, modern Korçë District (then part of the Manastir Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire) in 1884. At the age of sixteen, with his father, Viskë and his brothers emigrated to Bucharest. Their house in Mborje was donated in order to house the Albanian-language school of the village. In 1908 he joined the Dituria association of Korçë. Mborja emigrated to Bucharest where his name appears as the owner of a "Carpati" club and the leader of the Albanian community there. On November 5, 1912, he was elected by the Albanian community of Bucharest to become a representative of the Albanians of Romania in the assembly of Vlorë, where he signed the Albanian Declaration of Independence as "D. Emanuel". His brother, Pandeli was an adjutant of Ismail Qemali during that period, while his younger brother, Nuç served under Themistokli Gërmenji. Mborja also donated 1,000 gold napoleons to the ministry of finances of the provisional government.
Mborja was a delegate of the Bucharest colony at the Albanian Congress of Trieste in 1913.
In 1915 he was elected a councillor of the Albanian Orthodox Community of Bucharest organization, which also operated an Albanian-language school in the city. In 1919-21 he donated his mansion in Korçë to house the Albanian National Lyceum. A supporter of Fan Noli, he participated in the 1924 June Revolution that overthrew Ahmet Zogu's regime. After Zogu's return, he was self-exiled. Mborja died in 1945 in Bucharest.

On November 27, 1992 he was posthumously awarded the "Medal for Patriotic Activity" (), which was received by his descendants in Korçë.

See also
Other delegates of the Albanian community of Romania:
Dhimitër Zografi
Dhimitër Ilo
Dhimitër Beratti
Spiridon Ilo

References

1884 births
1945 deaths
People from Korçë
People from Manastir vilayet
Albanian people from the Ottoman Empire
Eastern Orthodox Christians from Albania
20th-century Albanian businesspeople
Signatories of the Albanian Declaration of Independence
Albanian expatriates in Romania
All-Albanian Congress delegates


Dhimitër Beratti or Berati (15 October 1886 – 8 September 1970) was an Albanian politician and journalist. One of the signatories of the Albanian Declaration of Independence Beratti served as secretary of the Albanian delegation at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919.

Life

Born in Korçë on 15 October 1888, his parents have their origins from Berat. He studied at the law and political science of the University of Bucharest. In 1905 he returned to his home town where he worked in the first Albanian school established there. In 1908 he was one of the founding members of the Dituria ("Knowledge") association of Korçë.
In 1909 participates as a suffler in the Besa theatrical play, one of the first in Albania. The same year he participates in the Congress of Elbasan (related to education in Albanian) and one year later in the Second Congress of Monastir.
Participant in the meeting at Hotel Continental in Bucharest, Romania where the Albanian colony for electing the delegation to the Vlora event of 1912. He signed the Albanian Declaration of Independence act on 28 November 1912 as D.Beratti on behalf of the Albanian Colony of Bucharest. Beratti was elected general director of the Perlindja e Shqipëniës newspaper. He participated in the Albanian delegation to London in 1913, following up with the Conference of Ambassadors. Later in 1913 elected general director of the hospitals in Albania. Participated as secretary of the Albanian delegation in the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, staying mainly there until 1921. During this period he published two books Albania and the Albanians (Paris, 1920) and La question Albanaise (Paris, 1920).
in 1923 he was engaged again by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Albania, assigned to the International Border Commission. Beratti was elected General Counsel of Albania in Sofia, Kingdom of Bulgaria in 1924, returning to Albania in 1926 where he worked as a secretary in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
In 1935 he was elected Minister of the National Economy. In 1936 he was sent as an Albanian Minister in Rome, Italy. On 3 December 1941, he was elected as a secretary in the Ministry of Popular Culture in the pro-Italian government of Mustafa Merlika-Kruja. After the fall of Rexhep Mitrovica's government, he left Albania forever and stationed in Rome where he would live for the rest of his life. Died in Rome on 6 September 1970, according to some sources in a traffic accident.

Orders and decorations

Grand Cordon of Order of the Crown of Romania.
Grand Cross of the Order of the White Lion (1939).

Notes

References

1880s births
1970 deaths
Politicians from Korçë
Writers from Korçë
People from Manastir vilayet
Eastern Orthodox Christians from Albania
19th-century Albanian politicians
20th-century Albanian politicians
Signatories of the Albanian Declaration of Independence
19th-century Albanian writers
20th-century Albanian writers
Albanian journalists
University of Bucharest alumni
Albanian expatriates in Romania
Albanian expatriates in Italy
Road incident deaths in Italy
All-Albanian Congress delegates
20th-century journalists
Albanian collaborators with Fascist Italy


Dhimitër Ilo (8 March 1862 - 1947) was an Albanian patriot from Korçë, then in the Ottoman Empire. He was a delegate from the Albanian community of Romania during the Albanian Declaration of Independence.

References

20th-century Albanian politicians
19th-century Albanian politicians
Eastern Orthodox Christians from Albania
1947 deaths
1862 births
People from Korçë

People from Manastir vilayet
All-Albanian Congress delegates
Albanian people from the Ottoman Empire


Currie v Misa (1875) LR 10 Ex 153; (1875–76) LR 1 App Cas 554, is an English contract law case, which in the Exchequer Chamber contains a famous statement by Lush J giving the definition of consideration in English law. Lush J said,

Facts
A company named Lizardi & Co, then in good credit in the City, sold four bills of exchange to Mr. Misa, drawn from a bank in Cadiz. Mr. Currie was the owner of the banking firm and the plaintiff bringing the action. The bills of exchange were sold on the 11th of February, and by the custom of the bill, brokers were to be paid for on the first foreign post-day following the day of the sale. That first day was the 14th of February. Lizardi & Co. was much in debt to his banking firm, and being pressed to reduce his balance, gave to the banker a draft or order on Mr. Misa for the amount of the four bills. This draft or order was dated on the 14th, though it was, in fact, written on the 13th, and then delivered to the banker. On the morning of the 14th, the manager of Misa's business gave a cheque for the amount of the order, which was then given up to him. Lizardi failed, and on the afternoon of the 14th the manager, learning that fact, stopped payment of the cheque.

Judgment

Exchequer Chamber
Lush J, Archibald J, Quain J held that the banker was entitled to recover its amount from Mr Misa. Lord Coleridge CJ dissented.

House of Lords
The House of Lords upheld the decision of the majority in the Exchequer Chamber. Lord Chelmsford gave the opinion, with which Lord Hatherley and Lord O'Hagan concurred.

See also
Balfour v. Balfour

Notes

English enforceability case law
English consideration case law
House of Lords cases
1875 in case law
1875 in British law


Virata Parva, also known as the “Book of Virata”, is the fourth of eighteen books of the Indian epic Mahabharata. Virata Parva traditionally has 4 parts and 72 chapters. The critical edition of Virata Parva has 4 parts and 67 chapters.

It discusses the 13th year of exile which the Pandavas must spend incognito to avoid another 12 years of exile in the forest. They do so in the court of Virata. They assume a variety of identities. Yudhishthira assumes the identity of game entertainer to the king and calls himself Kanka, Bhima of a cook Ballava, Arjuna teaches dance and music as eunuch Brihannala and dresses as a woman, Nakula tends horses as Granthika, Sahadeva herds cows as Tantipala, and Draupadi in the name of Malini went as Sairandhri to queen Shudeshna.

This is a controversial book in the Mahabharata. In the 2nd-century CE Spitzer Manuscript found in Kizil Caves, China, which includes a table of contents of the Mahabharata, there is no mention of the Virata Parva and Anushasana Parva.

Structure and chapters
This book traditionally has 4 sub-parvas (parts or little books) and 72 adhyayas (sections, chapters). The following are the sub-parvas:

 1. Pandava Pravesha Parva (Chapters: 1–13)
 The Pandavas discuss ways they can each conceal their identity for one year, and thus meet the pledge they made at the time of their exile. While Pandavas have grown up in a princely family, they must now assume non-princely professions to avoid being detected. If they are detected, the terms of their exile pledge would extend the exile by another 12 years. They chose to spend last year exile in King Virata kingdom in disguise. Yudhishthira presents himself to King as courtier, by the name of Kanka, Bhima as cook and wrestler by name Vallaba, Arjuna dresses up in a saree as neuter by the name of Brihannala, Nakula as keeper of horses by name Granthika, Sahadeva as keeper of kine by name Tantipala, and Draupadi as female artisan by name Sairandhri. The parva describes Pandavas' life as workers in Virata's kingdom, with king Virata as a famous cow baron. Chapter 13 is sometimes named Samayapalana Parva.

 2. Kichaka-vadha Parva (Chapters: 14–24)
 Kichaka, the commander of king Virata's forces, sees maid Sairandhri (incognito Draupadi), lusts for her. Kichaka approaches the queen, and inquires about Sairandhri. The queen does not know the true identity of Sairandhri, and arranges a meeting. Sairandhri informs Kichaka that she is married, and his stalking of her is inappropriate and against Dharma. Kichaka offers her release from being a maid and a life of luxury. Sairandhri says it is wrong for him to continue pursuing her. Kichaka gets desperate, desires Sairandhri even more. Queen Shudeshna asks Sairandhri to go get wine for her from Kichaka's house. Sairindhri goes in fear to Kichaka house to get wine. Kichaka meets her there, tries to molest her, Sairandhri pushes him and runs to the court of king Virata. Kichaka chases her, catches and kicks her in the court of Virata in front of the king. Sairandhri (Draupadi) demands justice from the king. Virata and Kanka (Yudhishthira) console Sairandhri, promise due investigation of all facts and then justice. Sairandhri, upset with her humiliation, the delay in justice, scolds both the king and Kanka. The queen learns about the mistreatment of Sairindhri, promises death to Kichaka. Draupadi meets Bhima, describes her humiliation by Kichaka, as well as how frustrated she has been with the 12 years of exile, for suffering the vice of her husband Yudhishthira. Draupadi explains why Kichaka is evil, explains she repeatedly rejected Kichaka, and demands Kichaka's death. Next day, Kichaka again approaches maid Sairandhri, and harasses her. Sairandhri asks him to meet her at a hiding place. Bhima meets Kichaka instead, and kills Kichaka. Friends and family of Kichaka blame maid Sairandhri, for Kichaka's death, catch her and try to burn her to death. Bhima gets upset, attacks and kills all those trying to burn Sairandhri. Draupadi is saved. The story presents the interconnectedness of crime to people related to the victim and the perpetrator, their emotions and how people take sides. Kichaka story from the Mahabharata is one of those that is dramatized in Indian classical dances, such as Kathakali.

 3. Go-harana Parva (Chapters: 25–69)
 Dhritarashtra and Duryodhana disclose their spies have been looking for Pandavas in forests, villages, provinces and cities, unsuccessfully. Two more weeks are left of the 13th year of exile. Karna suggests they hire more competent spies, fan inside their kingdom, in holy places among ascetics, and in distant kingdoms. Drona recommends that instead of sending spies, Dhritarashtra should seek peace and welcome the Pandavas. Bhishma agrees with Drona, counsels Dhritarashtra to find the brothers where they are likely to be and bring them back. Bhishma speculates that the good and high souled people like Pandava brothers always create prosperity, peace, cheer and health of all creatures wherever they go. Look for them in places where prosperity and cheer has recently increased. Kripa agrees with Bhishma speculation, but suggests Dhritarashtra to prepare for war to kill Pandavas, as they are likely to be weak and without soldiers at the end of the exile. Susharma, the king of Trigartas, present during this discussion, suggests Virata kingdom fits this profile. Susharma recommends an attack on the Virata's kingdom of Matsya, seizure of its wealth of kine (cows) and recent prosperity. The army of Susharma attack Matsya, loot his kine and wealth, take king Virata captive. Bhima recommends immediate retaliation and war. Yudhishthira recommends caution and careful response. Bhima frees Virata, takes injured Susharma captive. Yudhishthira recommends that Susharma - the prisoner of war - be forgiven and freed, not killed. Virata, accompanied with Yudhishthira and Bhima, leaves his kingdom to bring back the kine and wealth from Susharma. Duryodhana surmises that the Pandavas were hiding in Matsya. A host of Kaurava warriors attack Virata, presumably to steal their cattle, but in reality, desiring to pierce the Pandavas' veil of anonymity. Full of bravado, Virata's son Uttar attempts to take on the army by himself while the rest of the Matsya army has been lured away to fight Susharma and the Trigartas. As suggested by Draupadi, Uttar takes Brihannala with him, as his charioteer. When he sees the Kaurava army, Uttar loses his nerve and attempts to flee. There, Arjuna reveals his identity and those of his brothers'. Switching places with Uttar, Arjuna takes up the Gandiva and Devadatta. Eager to defend the land that had given him refuge, Arjuna engaged the legion of Kaurava warriors. All the warriors including Bhishma, Drona, Karna, Kripa and Ashwatthama together attacked Arjuna to kill him but Arjuna defeated all of them multiple times. During the battle, Arjuna also killed Sangramjit-the foster brother of Karna and instead of taking the revenge of his brother, Karna took heroic flight in order to save his life from Arjuna.Ashwatthama cuts the string of Gandiva while fighting with Arjuna, thus becoming the first warrior to do so. Arjuna invoked Sammohana Astra which made all of them fall asleep. Uttar asked Arjuna why he couldn't have killed them instead of making them fall-sleep. Arjuna then told Uttara that clothes of dead people would become unholy. Arjuna asked Uttar to collect their clothes for Uttarā (his sister) to decorate her dolls. He asked Uttara to collect Duryodhana's red clothes; Karna's pink colored and Dushasana's blue colored clothes.   Prince Uttara returns victorious with wealth and Arjuna. When the news of prince Uttara victory heard by King, he became filled with joy and played game of dice with Kanka. Kanka began to applaud prowess of Vrihannala(Arjuna) for the victory of his son. King Virata inflamed with anger forcibly struck Yudhishthira in the face with a dice, and went away. Thus struck, blood began to flow from his nose. Yudhisthira held his nose and cleanses it with water with the help of Draupadi. Meanwhile Uttara returns to give his victory news in the court to the King, where Arjuna was held from entering by a guard as per Yudhishthira words as he could get angry at the insult of his brother and could slay the King with his troops. Uttara criticizes his father's act and the King asks for forgiveness.

 4. Vaivahika Parva (Chapters: 70–72)
 On 3rd day after Virata victory, attired in costly robes Pandavas entered the council-hall of Virata and took their seat on the thrones reserved for Kings. Virata came there for holding his council and beholding his courtiers occupying royal seat, filled with wrath. Arjuna discloses to king Virata that he and his Pandava brothers have been in his kingdom in disguise, over the 13th year of their exile. Virata asks for forgiveness and gives his daughter, princess Uttarā hand to Arjuna's son Abhimanyu.

English translations
Several translations of the Sanskrit book Virata Parva in English are available. Two translations from 19th century, now in public domain, are those by Kisari Mohan Ganguli and Manmatha Nath Dutt. The translations vary with each translator's interpretations.

J. A. B. van Buitenen completed an annotated edition of Virata Parva, based on critically edited and least corrupted version of Mahabharata known in 1975. Debroy, in 2011, notes that updated critical edition of Virata Parva, with spurious and corrupted text removed, has 4 parts, 67 adhyayas (chapters) and 1,736 shlokas (verses). Debroy's translation of a critical edition of Virata Parva appears in Volume 4 of his series.

Clay Sanskrit Library has published a 15-volume set of the Mahabharata that includes a translation of Virata Parva by Kathleen Garbutt. This translation is modern and uses an old manuscript of the Epic. The translation does not remove verses and chapters now widely believed to be spurious and smuggled into the Epic in 1st or 2nd millennium CE.

Quotations and teachings

Pandava Pravesha Parva, Chapter 4:

Pandava Pravesha Parva, Chapter 14:

Kichaka-vadha Parva, Chapter 21:

Go-harana Parva, Chapter 38:

See also
Previous book of Mahabharata: Vana Parva
Next book of Mahabharata: Udyoga Parva

References

External links
Translation by Kisari Mohan Ganguli.
 Virata Parva, Translation in English, by Manmatha Nath Dutt
 Le Mahabharata, Translation in French, by H. Fauche (Paris, 1868)
 Virata Parva in Sanskrit by Vyasadeva and commentary by Nilakantha (Editor: Kinjawadekar, 1929)

Parvas in the Mahabharata


Jack Cuthbert (born 3 September 1987 in Bristol, England) is a Scottish rugby union player for Jersey Reds in the RFU Championship. He plays as a winger/fullback or outside centre, although most of his senior appearances have come in the number 15 jersey. He has also acted as a goal kicker on occasions.

Cuthbert joined Edinburgh from Bath in the summer of 2013.

Cuthbert made his international debut for Scotland on 6 August 2011 against Ireland at Murrayfield, coming off the bench for an injured Nikki Walker, and was also called into the squad during the 2014 Six Nations Championship.

On 4 April 2016, Cuthbert moved to the Jersey Reds in the RFU Championship to play there from the 2016–17 season.

In late 2020, Cuthbert topped a poll for the best Scottish winger of the decade by a remarkable 50% margin.

References

External links
Guinness Premiership profile

1987 births
Living people
Rugby union players from Bristol
Scottish rugby union players
Bath Rugby players
People educated at Queen Elizabeth's Hospital, Bristol
Scotland 'A' international rugby union players
Scotland international rugby union players
Rugby union centres


Wharton Basin is the marine area of the north east quarter of the Indian Ocean. It is named after William Wharton (1843-1905), Hydrographer of the Navy. Alternative names are Cocos Basin (after the Cocos Islands) and West Australian Basin.

It lies east of the Ninety East Ridge and west of Western Australia.

It is of interest in relation to Indian Ocean floor movement and adjacent Fracture zones  and the relationship between the Indian and Australian plates  and is one of a number of features of the Indian Ocean that has been studied extensively. However, its floor has not been charted since the 1960s and is not well known.

References

External links

Oceanic basins of the Indian Ocean


Captain Levett Landon Boscawen Ibbetson (1799 – 8 September 1869) was an English 19th century geologist, inventor, organiser and soldier. He is particularly associated with early developments in photography. He was a member of the London Electrical Society and later a Fellow of the Royal Society (elected 6 June 1850).

Life
From his London home (46 Margaret Street, near Cavendish Square), Ibbetson corresponded with William Henry Fox Talbot in 1842, having spent some years trying to produce a lithograph from an original daguerrotype, writing "I have been going on with experiments in the Callotype & have had some very good results as to depth of Colour." Ten years later, in 1852, Ibbetson exhibited work produced using the Talbot calotype process, called Le Premier Livre Imprimè par le Soleil, at a London Society of Arts exhibition. This book, originally published in 1840, was an album of contact prints of ferns, grasses and flowers and used "the independently invented process of Friedrich Gerber of Berne, published in January 1839, when Ibbetson was residing in Berne."

An enthusiastic geologist, one of Ibbetson's finds on the Isle of Wight, the fossilised remains of a Hybodus, was sent to Sir Philip Malpas de Grey Egerton, and was discussed in the Proceedings of the Geological Society in 1845.

During the 1840s, Ibbetson was also engaged in various geological surveys associated with the expansion of the British railway system, during which work he corresponded with eminent geologist Henry Thomas De la Beche.

He wrote a book, with contributions from Edwin Lankester, published around 1852, entitled Notes on the geology and chemical composition of the various strata in the Isle of Wight ... With a map in relief. With Professor Edward Forbes, he produced a description of the geology between Blackgang Chine and Atherfield Point, in the Isle of Wight, for the Geological Society.

In 1851, Levett Ibbetson helped manage the Great Exhibition. At this event, public toilets were relatively novel, and Ibbetson was given the task of writing an 'Official Report on the Waiting Rooms and Washing Places in the Exhibition Building' - during which he recorded "The largest receipt from the Waiting Rooms was on Wednesday, 8 October 1851 when 11,171 persons made use of them".

Ibbetson died at Biebrich in Prussia, where he had lived for several years. Some years earlier he presented a valuable collection of fossils to the Museum of Practical Geology in London. His illustration of a fossil, "Transverse section of madrepore" in The Westminster Review of September 1840 is credited with being the first example of the use of limelight to shorten exposure times when making daguerreotypes.

Works by L. L. Boscawen Ibbetson
 On the Tertiary and Cretaceous Formations of the Isle of Wight, co-authored with Prof. E. Forbes, 1844
 Notes on the Geology and Chemical Composition of the various Strata in the Isle of Wight, J. Van Voorst, London, 1849

Family

Capt. Levett Landon Boscawen Ibbetson was the son of Sophy and Major Levett Ibbetson, who was son of James Ibbetson. He was the father of Major Henry Levett Boscawen Ibbetson of the 77th (East Middlesex) Regiment of Foot of the British Army. He also served in the 28th (North Gloucestershire) Regiment of Foot. Major Ibbetson lived at West Teignmouth, Devon, England.

References

External links

 1851 Great Exhibition: Official Catalogue

1799 births
1869 deaths
Philanthropists from London
Royal Engineers officers
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Geological Society of London
British geologists
British surveyors
British inventors
19th-century British writers
Pioneers of photography
19th-century British Army personnel


The women's K-1 500 metres event was an individual kayaking event conducted as part of the Canoeing at the 1996 Summer Olympics program.

Medalists

Results

Heats
23 competitors entered in three heats. The top three finishers in each heat advanced to the semifinals while the rest competed in the repechages.

Repechages
Two repechages were held. The top four finishers in each repechage and the fastest fifth-place finisher advanced to the semifinals.

Lehrer did not participate in the repechage.

Semifinals
Two semifinals were held. The top four finishers in each semifinal and the fastest fifth-place finisher advanced to the final.

Final
The final was held on August 4.

Three of the finalists (Borchert, Fischer, and Idem) were German-born, but Idem competed for Italy following the 1988 Summer Olympics while Borchert competed for Australia after the 1992 Summer Olympics. Pastuszka was the only finalist under 27 years of age. Kőbán overtook Brunet in the final 50 meters of the event to take the gold medal.

References
1996 Summer Olympics official report Volume 3. pp. 166–7.
Sports-reference.com 1996 women's K-1 500 m results.
Wallechinsky, David and Jaime Loucky (2008). "Canoeing: Women's Kayak Singles 500 Meters". In The Complete Book of the Olympics: 2008 Edition. London: Aurum Press Limited. p. 492.

Women's K-1 500
Olympic
Women's events at the 1996 Summer Olympics


Jesús María is a municipality in the Mexican state of Aguascalientes. It stands at .  As of 2010, the municipality had a total population of 99,590.

History

Geography
The municipality has an area of 499.18 km2 (192.73 sq mi).

Major highways
 Mexican Federal Highway 70

Adjacent municipalities
San José de Garcia Municipality (north)
Pabellón de Arteaga Municipality (north)
San Francisco de los Romo Municipality (east)
Aguascalientes Municipality (southeast)
Calvillo Municipality (west)

Demographics

As of 2010, the city of Jesús María, the municipal seat, had a population of 43,012. Other than the city of Jesús María, the municipality had 346 localities, the largest of which (with 2010 populations in parentheses) were: Jesús Gómez Portugal (Margaritas) (11,589), Paseos de Aguascalientes (4,432), Arboledas Paso Blanco (3,313), Corral de Barrancos (3,158), El Llano (2,571), classified as urban, and Maravillas (2,208), Paso Blanco (1,709), Tepetates (1,683), General Ignacio Zaragoza (Venadero) (1,630), Paseos de las Haciendas (1,596), Valladolid (1,411), San Antonio de los Horcones (1,254), Los Arquitos (1,120), Miravalle (1,071), and Ejido la Guayana (Rancho Seco) (1,028), classified as rural.

References

Link to tables of population data from Census of 2005 Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática (INEGI)
Aguascalientes Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México

External links
Municipio de Jesús María Official website
Gobierno del Estado de Aguascalientes Official website of state of Aguascalientes

Municipalities of Aguascalientes

eo:Jesús María (komunumo)
it:Jesús María


Joshua James McLaren Ovens (born 11 July 1989) is an English former rugby union player who played as a flanker.

Education
Ovens was educated at the Prep School for Monkton Combe School, an independent school for boys and girls up to the age of 13 in Combe Down, a village on the edge of Bath in Somerset. After Monkton Prep, he went to Milton Abbey School, an independent day and boarding school in Milton Abbas, near Blandford Forum in Dorset.

Rugby career
In 2008, Ovens joined Bath, and went on loan to Newbury in the 2008–09 season, where the club won the Berks/Bucks & Oxon Premier. He later had a spell on loan to Bristol in the 2011 Aviva Championship season, before returning to Bath for the start of the 2012 season. He re-signed with Bristol on a one-year deal after the club facilitated his rehabilitation by allowing him to train with the squad, almost two years after recovering from a potentially career-ending back injury in 2012. Ovens returned to the field in August 2014 against Clifton RFC for the annual pre-season friendly match between the two sides. In March 2016, he went on loan to London Welsh until the end of the season.

After falling out of favour at Bristol, Ovens decided to combine part-time work at his family farm with part-time rugby for Rosslyn Park, where he joined former senior players such as Hugo Ellis and Mark Lilley, dropping down a division to prepare for a future career outside rugby. Ovens has left the door open to returning to professional rugby, continuing to work part-time on his farm while training two days a week before Saturday match days.

References

External links

Statbunker profile

1989 births
Living people
Bath Rugby players
Bristol Bears players
English rugby union players
London Welsh RFC players
People educated at Milton Abbey School
People educated at Monkton Combe School
Rugby union players from Trowbridge
Rugby union flankers


Maidens (or Maiden's Adventure) is a small unincorporated community in Goochland County, Virginia, United States. Sited on the north side of the James River, it is currently located at the junction of U.S. Route 522, State Route 6, and State Route 634.

History
Maiden's Adventure was located along the James River and Kanawha Canal which opened in 1840. The new canal was part of a planned link between the Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean via the James River and the Kanawha River, which would lead to the Ohio River, the Mississippi River, and the Gulf of Mexico. The canal was used by packet and freight boats which replaced the earlier shallow-draft batteau boats used before the canal for commerce. These boats brought goods and passengers to and from Richmond and points beyond.

Long a dream of early Virginians such as George Washington, who was a surveyor early in his career, the canal was never completed as envisioned, as the American Civil War (1861-1865) interrupted construction above Lynchburg and by then, railroads were becoming more numerous and popular.

After many years of attempts to compete successfully with the ever-expanding network of railroads, the James River and Kanawha Canal was conveyed to a new railroad company by a deed dated March 4, 1880. Railroad construction workers promptly started laying tracks on the towpath. The new Richmond and Allegheny Railroad offered a water-level route from the Appalachian Mountains just east of West Virginia near Jackson's River Station (now Clifton Forge) through the Blue Ridge Mountains at Balcony Falls to Richmond. In 1888 the railroad was leased, and later purchased, by Collis P. Huntington's Chesapeake and Ohio Railway (C&0), which named the local station "Maidens".

In 1969, the C&O station at Maidens was badly damaged and the highway bridge across the river destroyed by the flooding in the aftermath of Hurricane Camille.

The Mount Bernard Complex and Tanglewood are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

See also

 List of unincorporated communities in Virginia

References

External links

Unincorporated communities in Virginia
Unincorporated communities in Goochland County, Virginia
James River (Virginia)


The 2001 Intercontinental Cup was an association football match played on 27 November 2001 between Bayern Munich, winners of the 2000–01 UEFA Champions League, and winners of the 2001 Copa Libertadores, Boca Juniors, which was also the defending champions. The match was played at the neutral venue of the National Stadium in Tokyo in front of 51,360 fans. Samuel Kuffour was named as man of the match. This was the last Intercontinental Cup played in Tokyo, since International Stadium Yokohama in Yokohama was used from 2002 edition.

Venue

Match details

See also
2000–01 UEFA Champions League
2001 Copa Libertadores
FC Bayern Munich in international football competitions

References

External links
FIFA Article

2001–02 in European football
2001 in South American football
2001 in Japanese football
2001
FC Bayern Munich matches
Boca Juniors matches
2001
2001–02 in German football
Sports competitions in Tokyo
November 2001 sports events in Asia
2001 in Tokyo
2001 in association football


Benjamin Levinsky (1893 – December 5, 1922) was an American gang leader, labor racketeer and organized crime figure. Spending almost twenty years in and out of reformatories and prisons, Levinsky had a lengthy criminal record prior to the start of Prohibition. He was first arrested in 1902 for incorrigibility and sent to a reformatory asylum. He was caught pickpocketing five years later and was imprisoned on a variety of charges over the next decade including petty theft, grand larceny, felonious assault and vagrancy. He became involved in labor racketeering in Manhattan's Lower East Side and, prior to the third "Labor Slugger War", Levinsky reportedly became "a thorn in the side of clothing contractors". Due to his unionizing activities, he apparently became the target of assassination by certain business interests. Other sources claim he headed a gang of gunmen and thieves which began muscling in on the territory of other "labor sluggers", particularly that of newsboy and labor racketeer William Lipshitz.

On the morning of December 5, 1922, Levinsky was shot and killed by Lipshitz  while entering a Broadway loft building where he was employed as a cutter for the Levinson Brothers. He had driven to work in a taxi with Benjamin Massauer, an ex-convict who had spent the night at his home, and who had told the driver to stop the cab when two shots were heard shortly after Levinsky entered the building. As a crowd gathered in front of the building, Lipshitz ran out from the doorway and into a patrolman who had arrived at the scene. When questioned, he denied any knowledge of the shooting and claimed to have been buying a suit when the murder took place.

Both Lipshitz and Massauer were taken to the Mercer Street police station where they were further questioned by police. Lipshitz maintained he had no involvement in Levinsky's murder but was caught lying when he claimed to have no criminal record. He had been using the alias William Levine but admitted to being William Lipshitz when confronted with his photo in the precinct's Rogue's Gallery. A witness also claimed to have seen he and Levinsky fighting in the doorway when the shooting occurred. Lipshitz was eventually charged with Levinsky's death while Massauer was held as a material witness until paroled in the custody of lawyer Hyman Bushel who had been hired by Levinsky's family. Although police suspected his murder had been committed by a personal enemy, Bushel later issued a statement from the family claiming that Levinsky had been murdered as the result of a murder contract by businessmen.

References

1893 births
1922 deaths
American Jews
Criminals from New York City


Arif Ali-Shah is a British film writer and screenplay writer. Following in his distinguished family's footsteps, he is also a teacher in the Naqshbandi Sufi mystical tradition.

Life and work
Of Afghan Indian origin, Sayyid Hashim Arif Ali-Shah studied and received a degree in Literature at the University of Exeter in England.

Ali-Shah is credited as the writer and screenplay writer of the award-winning film Bye Bye Blackbird (2005), an early 20th-century period drama directed by Robinson Savary and starring Sir Derek Jacobi. In the film, a man lives out his dreams by learning to fly on the trapeze. In the end he is unable to continue living on the ground.

The film won the FIPRESCI Prize at the 2005 Taormina International Film Festival and was nominated for the Tokyo Grand Prix at the 2005 Tokyo International Film Festival. The director Robinson Savary previously won a Gold Plaque for Best Experimental Short Film, À suivre (1988), at the 1988 Chicago International Film Festival.

Ali-Shah is also credited as writer of the animated film Papelucho y el Marciano (2007), directed by the Chilean Alejandro Rojas Téllez.

He has worked with film-makers Sir Derek Jacobi, Jodhi May, James Thierree, Niklas Ek, Izabella Miko, Michael Lonsdale and Andrej Acin.

Sufi lineage
Arif Ali-Shah comes from a family line of Afghan nobles and teachers in the Sufi mystical tradition. His father Sayyid Omar Ali-Shah Naqshbandi (1922–2005) and his uncle Sayyid Idries Shah (1924–1996) were both prominent writers and teachers of modern Sufism. Arif Ali-Shah has guided study groups led by Professor Emeritus Leonard Lewin of CU Boulder, as did his father and uncle.

Arif Ali-Shah is the grandson of the Sirdar Ikbal Ali Shah (1894–1969), an Afghan author, poet, diplomat, scholar, and savant. His great-great-great grandfather was the Afghan warlord, noble and Sufi teacher, the Nawab Jan-Fishan Khan (d. 1864) who significantly assisted the British in the First Anglo-Afghan War and the subsequent Indian Rebellion of 1857.

See also
 Filmmaking
 Sufism

References

External links
ByeByeBlackbird.com (shockwave flash website in French)
Friday Films
Ipso Facto Films: Bye Bye Blackbird
RealSufism.com - contact point for study groups led by Arif Ali-Shah (Archived)

Living people
Arif Ali-Shah
British male screenwriters
British people of Afghan descent
British people of Indian descent
British people of Scottish descent
Naqshbandi order
Sufi teachers
Year of birth missing (living people)


Where the Action Is (WTAI) was a tour featuring Swedish rock bands that toured throughout Sweden between 2004 and 2006 with several high profiled Swedish bands and artists such as The Hellacopters, The Hives, The Ark, Moneybrother and many others. In 2007 the tour took a hiatus and then came back in 2008 as a one-day festival in Stora Skuggan, Stockholm. The name is taken from a song from The Hellacopters second album Payin' the Dues.

Tour dates and lineups

2004 tour
Played in Gothenburg (8/21) and Stockholm (8/25).

 The Soundtrack of Our Lives
 The Hives
 Broder Daniel

 Sahara Hotnights
 Teddybears STHLM
 Nickokick

2005 tour
Played in Gothenburg (8/3), Malmö (8/5), Linköping (8/12), Karlskrona (8/13) and Stockholm (8/27).

 The Hellacopters
 Moneybrother
 The Ark
 Håkan Hellström

 Alf
 Marvel
 The Bones

2006 tour
Played in Strömstad (7/27), Linköping (7/28), Örebro (7/30), Malmö (8/3), Gothenburg (8/5), Söderbärke(8/8) and Stockholm (8/9).

Asta Kask only played in Stockholm, C.AARMÉ only played in Gothenburg, The Hives only played in Stockholm and Söderbärke and The Soundtrack of Our Lives played Strömstad, Huskvarna, Linköping and Örebro.

 The Hives
 The Hellacopters
 Millencollin
 The Soundtrack of Our Lives

 Asta Kask
 Backyard Babies
 C.AARMÉ

2008 festival
Returned as a one-day festival in Stockholm (7/14) after a one-year hiatus.

 Foo Fighters
 Queens of the Stone Age
 The Hives
 The Hellacopters
 Mando Diao
 Sahara Hotnights

 Dirty Pretty Things
 Rival Schools
 Molotov Jive
 Dinosaur Jr.
 Johnossi

2009 festival
Scheduled for 7/12 - 7/13, WTAI will again be at Stora Skuggan

 Neil Young
 Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds
 Pixies
 The Pretenders
 Fever Ray

 Duffy
 Seasick Steve
 Jenny Wilson
 Markus Krunegård

External links
 Where the Action Is Website
 Official Luger Website
 Official Live Nation Website

References

Rock festivals in Sweden
2004 establishments in Sweden
Recurring events established in 2004


Angove River or Angove Creek is a river located in the Great Southern region of Western Australia most of the river is found within Two Peoples Bay Nature Reserve.

The stream was seen in 1898 by surveyor William Angove, and was named after him in 1913 by another surveyor, B. W. Ridley.

The river rises in swamps north of the water supply reserve then enter the reserve where a pipehead dam is located to provide potable water to Albany. It then flows through a gauging weir then enters Two Peoples Bay Nature Reserve. It continues through a  channel that is still on private land and was constructed to drain nearby farm land. The river eventually discharges into Angove Lake.

The water is of excellent quality and is considered as fresh, potable water.  only 5% of the catchment area had been cleared, mostly in the very upper reaches and around the lake.  The catchment area is one of the few areas of Albany Blackbutt Woodland left in Australia and is considered to be an important biological link between Two Peoples Bay and Mount Manypeaks.

The river is used to supply water to the town of Albany, which is located  West of the river. As of 2004 a total of  of water was being taken from the river every year.

Fish ladders have been installed in the river in an effort to minimise disruption to fish migration patterns.

References

Rivers of the Great Southern region


Kristian Vilhelm Koren Schjelderup (18 January 1894 – 28 March 1980) was a Norwegian Lutheran theologian, author, and bishop of the Diocese of Hamar in the Church of Norway from 1947 to 1964. He was noted as a warm-hearted and intellectual, liberal theologian.

Personal life
He was born in Dybvåg as the son of bishop Kristian Vilhelm Koren Schjelderup and Henriette Nicoline Hassel. He had several brothers and sisters. His younger brother Harald Krabbe Schjelderup became a professor of psychology.

Career
Kristian Schjelderup moved with his family to Kristiansand in 1903, where his father was appointed bishop in 1908. He graduated as Cand.theol. in 1918, and earned the Dr.theol. degree in 1923. He worked as a research fellow from 1921 to 1927; during this time, seeking to reconcile belief and knowledge in the modern world and inspired by Rudolf Otto, who he had come to know during a semester at the University of Marburg, he travelled to the Far East to study Hinduism and Buddhism. He also studied psychoanalysis with Oskar Pfister in Zürich and translated works by Sigmund Freud. In 1932 he and his brother Harald jointly published Über drei Haupttypen der religiösen Erlebnisformen und ihre psychologische Grundlage (On Three Major Types of the Form of the Religious Experience and their Psychological Bases). He published multiple articles, including a series on the historical origins of Christianity, later published in book form as Hvem Jesus var og hvad kirken har gjørt ham til (Who Jesus was and what the Church made of him) which criticised liberal theology for indecisiveness and aroused serious disagreements in the theology department of the university.

In 1928, Schjelderup applied for a position as vicar in the parish of Værøy and Røst, but although he was the only applicant, the Minister of Church Affairs, Sigvald Mathias Hasund, did not appoint him. However, a few years later he obtained a position at a research institute in Bergen, Christian Michelsens Institutt for Videnskap og Åndsfrihet. He was a pacifist from his youth onward.

Schjelderup founded the Landslaget for frilyndt kristendom (League for Free-Thinking Christianity), which was dissolved in 1933. In 1938, together with Anders Platou Wyller and Henriette Bie Lorentzen, he founded a humanistic academy, the Nansen Academy in Lillehammer; he headed it until it was closed down in 1940. (It reopened after the war and still exists.)

Through the Landslaget for frilyndt kristendom and its journal, Fritt ord (Free Word), Schjelderup came in contact with Jakob Wilhelm Hauer, founder of the German Faith Movement. Initially he regarded Hauer and his group as kindred spirits, which caused him to be criticised in 1935 as an "unwilling apostle of Fascism. But in a book published in 1935, På vei mot hedenskapet (On the Way to Paganism), he criticised the Nazi German politics of nationalism, militarism, racism and anti-Semitism which coloured the German Faith Movement, and in 1936, after a coup toppled Hauer from its leadership, he decided, and stated as much in a newspaper article, that the political wing had gained the upper hand and it had ceased to be a religious movement. From then on he gave his support only to the clergy resisting the Nazis.

Schjelderup was imprisoned in Grini concentration camp by the Nazi occupiers of Norway in 1942. Shortly after the war he was ordained, worked one year as a chaplain in Oslo, and was appointed by King Haakon VII of Norway and the Gerhardsen Cabinet as Bishop of Hamar in 1947.

In 1953–1954, he took part in the notorious public debate on the existence of Hell, where he strongly criticized a radio-transmitted speech by Professor of Theology Ole Hallesby, in which Hallesby had warned the population that they might go to Hell. Schjelderup was accused of deviating from the faith of the Church of Norway, but was acquitted by the Ministry of Church and Education.

Schjelderup ordained the first female priest in the Church of Norway, Ingrid Bjerkås, in 1961.

He retired as bishop in 1964. He was made a Commander of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav in January the same year.

Publications
Religionens sandhet i lys av den relativitetsteoretiske virkelighetsopfatning  (dissertation) (1921)
Der mennesker blir guder. Fra mystikernes land i det fjerne Østen (1923)
Hvem Jesus var og hvad kirken har gjort ham til(1924)
Religion og religioner (1926)
Ved døren. Meditasjoner (1929)
Die Askese. Eine religionspsychologische Untersuchung (1928)
Religiøse grunnformer i lys av psykologien (lecture) (1931)
Uber drei Haupttypen der religiõsen Erlebnisformen und ihre psychologische Grundlage (1932) (with Harald Schjelderup)
Toleransens og fordragelighetens problem – foredrag (1933)
På vei mot hedenskapet. Trekk ved den tyske religionskamp (1935)
Nansenskolen — Norsk humanistisk akademi (1937) (with Anders Wyller)
Guds hus i fangeleiren (1945)
Oppgjør med nazismens ideologi (lecture) (1945)
Tiden kaller på kirken (1948)
Den grunn hvorpå jeg bygger (1957)
Veien jeg måtte gå (1963)
Lys i mørket (1965)
Under åpen himmel (1969)
Jeg tror, Herre, hjelp min vantro (1973)

References

Further reading
Pål Repstad. Mannen som ville åpne kirken. Kristian Schjelderups liv. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 1989.
Bodil Stenseth (ed.) På tampen av det 20. århundre. Om ideologier, eksperter og amatører. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 1999.
Terje Emberland. Religion og rase. Nyhedenskap og nazisme i Norge 1933–1945. Oslo: Humanist, 2003.

1894 births
1980 deaths
Bishops of Hamar
Lutheran pacifists
Norwegian non-fiction writers
Grini concentration camp survivors
People from Tvedestrand
20th-century non-fiction writers


Murder and Magic is a collection of short stories by American writer Randall Garrett, featuring his alternate history detective Lord Darcy. It was first published in paperback in 1979 by Ace Books, and has been reprinted a number of times since. It was later gathered together with Too Many Magicians (1967) and Lord Darcy Investigates (1981) into the omnibus collection Lord Darcy (1983, expanded 2002).

The book collects four Lord Darcy short stories originally published in the magazine Analog Science Fact & Fiction in January 1964, November 1964, and June 1965, and the Dean W. Dickensheet edited anthology Men & Malice, (Doubleday, 1973).

The Lord Darcy stories are set in an alternate world whose history supposedly diverged from our own during the reign of King Richard the Lionheart, in which King John never reigned and most of Western Europe and the Americas are united in an Angevin Empire whose continental possessions were never lost by that king. In this world a magic-based technology has developed in place of the science of our own world.

Contents
"The Eyes Have It" (1964)
"A Case of Identity" (1964)
"The Muddle of the Woad" (1965)
"A Stretch of the Imagination" (1973)

External links

 Fantastic Fiction entry

1979 short story collections
Science fiction short story collections
Fantasy short story collections
Short story collections by Randall Garrett
Works originally published in Analog Science Fiction and Fact
Ace Books books
American short story collections


Parkway High School may refer to:

 Parkway High School (Louisiana), Bossier City, Louisiana
 Parkway High School (Ohio), Rockford, Ohio

See also

 Parkway Center City High School, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
 Parkway Central High School, Chesterfield, Missouri
 Parkway North High School, Creve Coeur, Missouri
 Parkway South High School, Manchester, Missouri
 Parkway West High School (disambiguation)


Peacock & Son was a tanning and wool-brokering business in the early days of South Australia. Three members of the family were notable public figures: William Peacock (c. 1790 – 20 January 1874) was a successful businessman and one of the colony's first parliamentarians. His eldest son Joseph Peacock carried on the family business and was a member of parliament. His youngest son Caleb Peacock was a member of parliament and Mayor of Adelaide from 1875 to 1877, the first such born in the Colony.

William and family sailed for South Australia on the "Glenalvon", a ship he chartered, arriving at Holdfast Bay on 28 December 1838.

William Peacock
William commenced his tannery business in Grenfell Street in 1839, with a fellmongering facility at Adam Street, Hindmarsh. He had moved by 1868 to Thebarton
His was the first major tannery, ahead of both Dench & Co. and G. W. Bean, and the first to export acacia bark. The Adam Street property was sold in July 1903 to fellmongers Michell and Sons.

He was one of the original investors in the South Australian Mining Association, which developed the lucrative Burra copper mines between 1845 and 1865, and a director (disqualified in 1860 through absence greater than 6 months but subsequently re-elected)

Religion and education
He was associated with the Congregational Church in Freeman Street (now part of Gawler Place), funded the building of the chapel in Ebenezer Place (off Rundle Street east). He then helped organise the building of the Hindmarsh Square Congregational Church, which later became an office and orchestral studio for ABC Radio. He was closely associated with J. L. Young and his Adelaide Educational Institution, which for many years used rooms at the Ebenezer Place and Freeman Street chapels.

Politics
He served on the Adelaide City Council as Councillor and Alderman from 1842

He won the seat of Noarlunga in the South Australian Legislative Council (then the only House) against Major O'Halloran in 1851 which he held to 1856. He won a Legislative Council seat in 1861, which he held until 1869 when he retired, a few days before parliament was prorogued.

Family
William Peacock married Elizabeth Everett, daughter of Joseph, another Bermondsey fellmonger, in 1816. He was widowed between 1834 and 1836 and remarried in 1836. His new wife was Maria Groch who accompanied him on the "Glenalvon" with their infant son William. The older children in the party were from his first marriage to Elizabeth.
Elizabeth Peacock (c. 1817 – 11 August 1870) married James Dobson. She died at East Richmond, Victoria.
Miriam Peacock (c. 1821 – 6 April 1901) married James Weston. She died at St. Kilda, Victoria.
Joseph Peacock (c. 1825 – 25 July 1867)
Sarah Peacock (c. 1828 – 11 December 1843) drowned in River Torrens at her father's Walkerville farm.
Henry Peacock (c. 1833 – 10 April 1868) Co-manager of tannery and bark mill. Left for rest cure early 1863 but died shortly after return. His widow Agnes married Thomas O'Neil on 9 December 1895.
Ebenezer Peacock (c. 1834 – 27 April 1868) married Jane Kerr Garie on 11 June 1863 lived at Gawler South then Prospect.
His children with Maria (c. 1802 – 13 February 1869) were:
William Peacock (c. 1838 – 19 July 1861) died in Emerald Hill, Victoria of consumption (tuberculosis). His widow, Jane Emily Peacock, married S. J. Jones on 7 March 1863.
Caleb Peacock (1841 – 17 February 1896)

Their home for many years was "Palm House" in Hackney on what was known as "Peacock Hill", now St. Peter's College. He married Mary Ann Evans (1821–1908) on 15 June 1871. She was to marry Carrington Smedley on 4 March 1875.

References

Sources
Loyau, George E. (1883) Representative men of South Australia, p. 192
Morrison, W. Frederic (1890) Aldine history of South Australia, illustrated, vol. 2, p. 779
Pascoe, J. J. (1901) Caleb Peacock, p. 522 in History of Adelaide and vicinity : with a general sketch of the province of South Australia and biographies of representative men
The late Mr. Caleb Peacock, Adelaide observer, 4 April 1896, p. 14, col. d A founder of the Executor, Trust and Agency Company of S.A. Details of C. Peacock's will are given.
The Mayor of Adelaide, Illustrated Adelaide news, January 1876, p. 7, 9 Tanner and fellmonger. Mayor of Adelaide.

Companies based in Adelaide
Companies disestablished in 1903
History of Adelaide
1903 disestablishments in Australia
Australian companies established in 1838
Australian leather merchants


Plunk Lake is a reservoir in Van Zandt and Smith counties, in northeast Texas, United States.

References

Reservoirs in Texas
Protected areas of Smith County, Texas
Protected areas of Van Zandt County, Texas
Bodies of water of Smith County, Texas
Bodies of water of Van Zandt County, Texas


Matthew Michael Whisenant (born June 8, 1971) is an American former Major League Baseball pitcher. He was drafted by the Philadelphia Phillies in 1990 and spent the 1992 season with the Phillies' Class A affiliate in Spartanburg, South Carolina.  He was traded to the Florida Marlins with Joel Adamson for Danny Jackson in November 1992.   He spent the next five seasons in the Marlins' minor league system before making his debut against the New York Mets.  On July 29, 1997, he was traded to the Kansas City Royals for Matt Treanor.  He was then released by the Royals in August 1999 and signed as a free agent by the San Diego Padres later that month.  At the end of the 2000 season, he became a free agent and signed with the Los Angeles Dodgers on December 14 of that year.  He played for the Dodgers' Class AAA team in Las Vegas in 2001.

Early life
Matt Whisenant was born in 1971 Los Angeles, California and grew up in La Cañada Flintridge, California attending and graduating La Cañada High School in 1989. Whisenant went on to attend  Glendale Community College before going pro.

Coaching career
Whisenant returned to La Cañada Flintridge, California to coach high school baseball for La Cañada High School after coaching 9 seasons for  Village Christian School.

References

External links

Major League Baseball pitchers
Florida Marlins players
Kansas City Royals players
San Diego Padres players
Baseball players from California
1971 births
Living people
Batavia Clippers players
Brevard County Manatees players
Charlotte Knights players
Kane County Cougars players
Las Vegas 51s players
Las Vegas Stars (baseball) players
Portland Sea Dogs players
Spartanburg Phillies players


Tondi Elektroonika, formerly known as  ('Tallinn Semiconductor Resistor Factory'),  ('Tallinn Radiotechnical Factory named after Hans Pöögelmann') and  ('Hans Pöögelmann Electrotechnical Factory'), as well as Factory A-1381, was a factory for electrotechnical components located in Tallinn, Estonia. It was a significant component of the Soviet military-industrial complex.

When the centralization of the USSR economy resumed in 1966, the national councils were abolished and the factory was subordinated to Moscow and renamed Factory A-1381. As the public name of the numeric factory was not allowed to contain location, the factory was named after September 1, 1966, the name of the Hans Pöögelmann electrical engineering factory (the electrical engineering factory (abbreviation ETT)). Under this name, the company operated all its glory to the formation of Tondi electronics in 1991. During this time, the P-N-P-type bipolar transistors and thyristors, the P-channel output transistors and the transistor pair and the outdoor transistor input were produced. In addition, there were some consumer products in production and hearing -proofs about medical electronics.

Production

Components

The factory has manufactured photoresistors, varistors, transistors, thyristors and microchips.

From 1959 to 1978, the factory manufactured temperature-sensitive photoresistors 04-AN (in Cyrillic: ) for use in Soviet military rocket guidance systems.  This brought the factory under the official military-industrial complex umbrella, and the factory was assigned a number — A-1381 — and the location reference was removed from the factory's name.

Consumer products

The factory has manufactured consumer-grade battery systems, electric fence systems, car engine diagnostics devices and even souvenir radio sets.  Since 1979, an important — and by 2008, the main — line of production has been hearing aids, peaking in 1989 at 176,500 units manufactured.

Recreational activities

The mixed choir Helitron was initially set up to cater to employees of Tondi Elektroonika.

Current status

Currently, AS Tondi Elektroonika manufactures mainly hearing aids.

References

External links
 Official website

Defence companies of the Soviet Union
Engineering companies of Estonia
Hearing aid manufacturers
Economy of Tallinn
History of Tallinn
1950s establishments in Estonia
Estonian brands
Electronics companies of the Soviet Union


The All-Ireland Junior Club Camogie Championship is a camogie competition between clubs at the junior level. The winners are awarded the Phil McBride Cup.

Roll of honour

See also
 All-Ireland Senior Club Camogie Championship#All-Ireland Junior Club Camogie Finals

References

External links
 Official Camogie Association Website
 Championship history

Camogie competitions


Rakesh Bhanuprasad Patel (born 3 October 1978 in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India), is an Indian cricketer who plays for the Ahmedabad Rockets in the Indian Cricket League.

Patel, primarily a right-arm fast-medium bowler, played 66 first-class matches for Gujarat and Baroda before signing for the ICL, where he first played for the Mumbai Champs before moving to the newly formed Rockets team.

He scored six half-centuries at first-class level and took 234 wickets.

In 2019, it was discovered he is now a street vendor for indian tea ('chaiwala') in the province of Anand, which is a satellite city of Ahmadabad.

References
 Player profile from Cricket Archive

Living people
1978 births
Gujarat cricketers
Baroda cricketers
West Zone cricketers
Indian cricketers
Ahmedabad Rockets cricketers
Cricketers from Ahmedabad


Lord Darcy Investigates is a collection of short stories by Randall Garrett featuring his alternate history detective Lord Darcy. It was first published in paperback in 1981 by Ace Books, and has been reprinted a number of times since. It was later gathered together with Murder and Magic (1979) and Too Many Magicians into the omnibus collection Lord Darcy (1983, expanded 2002).

The book collects four Lord Darcy short stories originally published in the magazines Analog Science Fact & Fiction in October 1974 and December 1976, and June 1965, Fantastic in May 1976, Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine in April 1979.

The Lord Darcy stories are set in an alternate world whose history supposedly diverged from our own during the reign of King Richard the Lionheart, in which King John never reigned and most of Western Europe and the Americas are united in an Angevin Empire whose continental possessions were never lost by that king. In this world a magic-based technology has developed in place of the science of our own world.

Contents
"A Matter of Gravity" (1974)
"The Ipswich Phial" (1976)
"The Sixteen Keys" (1976)
"The Napoli Express" (1979)

Reception
Greg Costikyan reviewed Lord Darcy Investigates in Ares Magazine #12 and commented that "Personally, I find the Darcy series rather drab, but then I have never liked mysteries much. Those who enjoy the genre swear by Garrett, so my low opinion may be discounted."

Reviews
Review by Baird Searles (1982) in Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine, February 15, 1982
Review by C. W. Sullivan, III (1982) in Science Fiction & Fantasy Book Review, #3, April 1982
Review by Bob Barger (1982) in Science Fiction Review, Summer 1982

References

External links
 ISFD entry
 Fantastic Fiction entry

1981 short story collections
Science fiction short story collections
Fantasy short story collections
Alternate history anthologies
Lord Darcy novels
Short story collections by Randall Garrett
Ace Books books


Indian Key was an unincorporated community in Monroe County and, for a while, Dade County, Florida, United States. It was located in the upper Florida Keys on the island of Indian Key  and is currently a ghost town.

Early history
In 1733, 19 ships of the Spanish treasure fleet were wrecked on the nearby Florida Reef by a hurricane; some of the survivors camped on Indian Key until they were rescued. Beginning in the 18th century, Bahamians and Cubans used Indian Key as a base for fishing, turtling, logging, and wrecking. Crews might stay on the island for months at a time, but there were no permanent settlers.

Settlement and growth
In 1821, Florida was transferred from Spain to the United States, and in 1824, two Key West men, Joshua Appleby and a man named Solomon Snyder, sent an employee, Silas Fletcher, to open a store on Indian Key. The store was to serve wreckers, settlers, and Indians in the upper Keys, and a settlement of primarily Bahamian wreckers and turtlers grew up on the island. By 1829, the settlement was large enough to include a dozen women.

Jacob Housman (or Houseman), a wrecker who had a reputation for operating in a "high-handed and often illegal manner", was at odds with the established wreckers in Key West. He moved to Indian Key in 1830, began buying property on the island, and soon became the leader of the community and its chief landlord. He made numerous improvements to the island, spending close to $40,000 on it in four years. His store, the only one on the island, grossed $30,000 a year. As a result of lobbying by Housman, Indian Key acquired an Inspector of Customs in 1832 and a post office in 1834. In 1836, Houseman persuaded the Territorial Legislative Council to split Dade County off from Monroe County, with the upper and middle Keys in the new county and Indian Key as the temporary county seat. Housman also campaigned to have Indian Key made a port of entry, so that salvage from wrecks could be landed there, rather than in Key West, but without success.

The Second Seminole War began late in 1835. After the New River Massacre in early 1836, most of the Keys were abandoned, except for Key West, Key Vaca, and Indian Key. Despite fears of attack and sightings of Indians in the area, the inhabitants of Indian Key stayed to protect their property and to be close to any wrecks in the upper Keys. The islanders had six cannons and their own small militia company for their defense. (The militia company initially included six slaves; by August 1836 half of the 20-man company were blacks.) The revenue cutter Dexter was based at Indian Key for part of 1838, and after it was withdrawn ships of the Navy Florida Squadron called at Indian Key and established a supply depot there. In 1840, the Navy supply depot was moved to nearby Tea Table Key.

Indian raid
Early in the morning of August 7, 1840, a large party of "Spanish Indians" sneaked onto Indian Key. As one man was up, he could raise the alarm after spotting them. Most of the 50 to 70 people living on the island were able to escape, but 13 were killed. The dead included Dr. Henry Perrine, former United States Consul in Campeche, Mexico, who was waiting at Indian Key until it was safe to take up a  grant on the mainland that Congress had awarded to him.

The naval base on Tea Table Key had been stripped of personnel for an operation on the southwest coast of the mainland, leaving only the doctor, his patients, and five sailors under a midshipman to look after them. This small contingent mounted a couple of cannons on barges and tried to attack the Indians on Indian Key. The Indians fired back at the sailors with musket balls loaded in one of the cannons on shore.  The cannons' recoil on the barges broke them loose, sending them into the water, and the sailors had to retreat. The Indians burned the buildings on Indian Key after thoroughly looting them. Abandoned by almost all of its civilian population, Indian Key was taken over by the Navy for the duration of the Second Seminole War.

Decline
Indian Key continued to be occupied for a while after the Second Seminole War ended in 1842. The county seat for Dade County was moved to Miami in 1844, and the upper Keys, including Indian Key, were returned to Monroe County. The 1850 Census found a few families living there, while only two families were left on the island in 1860. In 1856, during the Third Seminole War, the U.S. Army stationed a few men on the island to protect the two remaining families from possible attack by Seminoles. The Keys lost most of their population again during the Civil War, but William Bethel, a wrecker, continued to live on the island from the 1850s until sometime after 1880.

Notes

References

Bibliography

Further reading

Former populated places in Monroe County, Florida
Populated coastal places in Florida on the Atlantic Ocean
Former county seats in Florida
1824 establishments in Florida Territory
Populated places established in 1824
Ghost towns in Florida


Microvias are used as the interconnects between layers in high density interconnect (HDI) substrates and printed circuit boards (PCBs) to accommodate the high input/output (I/O) density of advanced packages. Driven by portability and wireless communications, the electronics industry strives to produce affordable, light, and reliable products with increased functionality. At the electronic component level, this translates to components with increased I/Os with smaller footprint areas (e.g. flip-chip packages, chip-scale packages, and direct chip attachments), and on the printed circuit board and package substrate level, to the use of high density interconnects (HDIs) (e.g. finer lines and spaces, and smaller vias).

Overview
IPC standards revised the definition of a microvia in 2013 to a hole with depth to diameter aspect ratio of 1:1 or less, and the hole depth not to exceed 0.25mm. Previously, microvia was any hole less than or equal to 0.15 mm in diameter

With the advent of smartphones and hand-held electronic devices, microvias have evolved from single-level to stacked microvias that cross over multiple HDI layers. Sequential build-up (SBU) technology is used to fabricate HDI boards. The HDI layers are usually built up from a traditionally manufactured double-sided core board or multilayer PCB. The HDI layers are built on both sides of the traditional PCB one by one with microvias. The SBU process consists of several steps: layer lamination, via formation, via metallization, and via filling. There are multiple choices of materials and/or technologies for each step.

Microvias can be filled with different materials and processes:

 Filled with epoxy resin (b-stage) during a sequential lamination process step
 Filled with non-conductive or conductive material other than copper as a separate processing step
 Plated closed with electroplated copper
 Screen printed closed with a copper paste

Buried microvias are required to be filled, while blind microvias on the external layers usually do not have any fill requirements. A stacked microvia is usually filled with electroplated copper to make electrical interconnections between multiple HDI layers and provide structural support for the outer level(s) of the microvia or for a component mounted on the outermost copper pad.

Microvia reliability
The reliability of HDI structure is one of the major constraints for its successful widespread implementation in the PCB industry. Good thermo-mechanical reliability of microvias is an essential part of HDI reliability. Many researchers and professionals have studied the reliability of microvias in HDI PCBs. The reliability of microvias depends on many factors such as microvia geometry parameters, dielectric material properties, and processing parameters.

Microvia reliability research has focused on experimental assessment of the reliability of single-level unfilled microvias, as well as finite element analysis on stress/strain distributions in single-level microvias and microvia fatigue life estimation. Microvia failures identified from the research include interfacial separation (separation between the base of the microvia and the target pad), barrel cracks, corner/knee cracks, and target pad cracks (also referred to as microvia pull out). These failures result from the thermomechanical stresses caused by coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch, in the PCB thickness direction, between the metallization in a microvia structure and the dielectric materials surrounding the metal. The following paragraph highlights some of the microvia reliability research.

Ogunjimi et al. looked at the effect of manufacturing and design process variables on the fatigue life of microvias, including trace (conductor) thickness, layer or layers of the dielectric around the trace and in the microvia, via geometry, via wall angle, ductility coefficient of the conductor material, and strain concentration factor. Finite element models were created with different geometries, and ANOVA method was used to determine the significance of the different process variables. The ANOVA results showed that the strain concentration factor was the most important variable, followed with the ductility factor, metallization thickness, and via wall angle. Prabhu et al.  conducted a finite element analysis (FEA) on an HDI microvia structure to determine the effect of accelerated temperature cycling and thermal shock. Liu et al. and Ramakrishna et al. conducted liquid-to-liquid and air-to-air thermal shock testing, respectively, to studied the effect of dielectric material properties and microvia geometry parameters, such as microvia diameter, wall angle and plating thickness, on microvia reliability. Andrews et al. investigated single-level microvia reliability using IST (interconnect stress test), and considered the effect of reflow cycles of lead-free solder. Wang and Lai  investigated the potential failure sites of microvias using finite element modeling. They found that filled microvias have a lower stress than unfilled microvias. Choi and Dasgupta introduced microvia non-destructive inspection method in their work.

Although most microvia reliability research focuses on single-level microvias, Birch  tested multiple-level stacked and staggered microvias using IST test. Weibull analysis on the test data showed that single- and 2-level stacked microvias last longer than 3- and 4-level microvias (e. g.  2-level stacked microvias experienced about 20 times more cycles to failure than 4-level stacked microvias).

Microvia voiding
One challenge for high density interconnect board development, is to fabricate reliable microvias, especially for stacked microvias, without resulting in incomplete filling, dimples, or voids in the copper plating process. The authors of  have been investigating the risk of microvias in terms of voids and other defects using both experimental testing and finite element analysis. They found that incomplete copper filling increases the stress levels in microvias and hence decreases microvia fatigue life.

As for voids, different voiding conditions, such as different void sizes, shapes, and locations result in different effects on microvia reliability. Small voids of a spherical shape lightly increase the microvia fatigue life, but extreme voiding conditions greatly reduce the duration of microvias.

References

Electronics substrates
Electronics manufacturing
Electronic engineering
Printed circuit board manufacturing


Mobile Suit Gundam: Gundam vs. Gundam Next is the next game in the Gundam VS video game series from Namco Bandai Games, it is the sequel to Mobile Suit Gundam: Gundam vs. Gundam. On September 15, 2009, Famitsu released gameplay screenshots of the PSP version, Mobile Suit Gundam: Gundam vs. Gundam NEXT PLUS, which was released on December 3, 2009. A sequel, Mobile Suit Gundam: Extreme Vs. was released in 2011.

System Changes

All the features from the previous title remain, including all player-usable units, with the exception that G-Crossover has been removed. A new system Next Dash, which can cancel moves instantly was introduced. Automatic blocking has been replaced by manual blocking. The music theme for Z Gundam, Gundam Wing, Gundam SEED, Gundam SEED Destiny, and Gundam 0083 are changed. Music theme for Gundam 00 has been added, and an additional theme has been added for Mobile Suit Gundam.

References

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LUGOv0xSUcU&feature=channel

External links
 Official website for arcade version
 Official website for PSP version

2009 video games
Arcade video games
Capcom games
Banpresto games
Bandai Namco games
Gundam video games
Japan-exclusive video games
Video games about mecha
PlayStation Portable games
Video games developed in Japan


John J. Taylor (born April 9, 1955) is an American legislator who served as a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from the 177th Legislative District of Pennsylvania, from 1984 - 2018.  He was Republican Chairman of the House Liquor Control Committee and a member of the House Urban Affairs Committee. Taylor was the chairman of the Republican City Committee from June 2013 to February 2016.

Career
Taylor was first elected in 1984 at the age of 29, defeating incumbent Rep. Gerald McMonagle to represent the Kensington section of Philadelphia.  He has been re-elected to every succeeding session of the House.

Taylor is of counsel to the Philadelphia law firm of Pelino & Lentz P.C. Taylor is Ward Leader of the 25th Ward Republican Executive Committee in Philadelphia.

Taylor announced he would not seek re-election to the House in September 2017. The subsequent election was won by Joseph C. Hohenstein. He succeeded Taylor in January 2019.

Personal
Taylor is a 1980 graduate of the University of Central Florida in 1980 and earned his juris doctor at Temple University School of Law in 1984.

He resides in the Northwood section of Philadelphia with his wife, Evelyn.  They have four children, two sons and two daughters.

References

External links
Representative John Taylor's official web site

21st-century American politicians
Republican Party members of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
Politicians from Philadelphia
Temple University Beasley School of Law alumni
University of Central Florida alumni
1955 births
Living people


A bookshelf loudspeaker (or bookshelf speaker) is a compact loudspeaker, generally sold for consumer-grade home audio applications as part of a shelf stereo pair or home theater package, that is compact in size and intended to be placed on a raised surface, e.g. a bookshelf.

History
In the 1950s and 1960s, high quality home loudspeakers were exclusively large and floor-standing speaker enclosures, whereas small speaker cabinets had reputation of low price and low audio quality. Beginning in the 1960s, some manufacturers began making more expensive, compact high fidelity speakers. The demand for smaller speakers was from hifi enthusiasts who lived in small apartments, who did not have space for large speaker enclosures.

Edgar Villchur, who along with partner Henry Kloss founded Acoustic Research, is generally credited with inventing bookshelf speakers.  Villchur's key innovation was an acoustic suspension (also called "sealed box") design, by which the woofer and other drivers were in separately enclosed chambers. The speaker drivers were stiffer and much smaller than the earlier ported designs. The acoustic suspension design enabled the air in the sealed box to act like a spring, to help prevent excessive excursion.  Advent, now defunct, was another early manufacturer of bookshelf speakers.

Certain market and technical issues have contributed to the widespread adoption of bookshelf speakers in the 1990s and beyond.  Technical improvements and less expensive mass-production technologies have made high-quality bookshelf speakers affordable for most audio enthusiasts.  Rapid improvements in amplifiers, digital signal processors and other components has improved the sound quality of low to mid-level home audio systems, which creates a stronger need for adequate speakers.

Home theater systems are increasingly popular, and their multi-channel audio requires five or more speakers rather than the two speakers of earlier stereo systems.  For cost and practical reasons the most common setup is satellite speakers, typically bookshelf speakers for the side, back, and sometimes the front and center channels, rather than larger speakers for each channel.

Finally, most home theater and many musical home audio applications, began in the late 1990s to incorporate separately-enclosed subwoofers to handle deep bass.  Human perception of low-frequency sound is relatively non-directional, so a single subwoofer cabinet placed anywhere in the room (even hidden behind a sofa) is usually sufficient and may be placed anywhere.  This frees up the other speakers to omit the lower end of the frequency spectrum.  Without the relatively heavy, bulky, and expensive low bass drivers and their large speaker enclosures, the speakers can be made smaller.

References

Loudspeakers