Gilbert Clotaire Rapaille, known as G. Clotaire Rapaille, is a French marketing consultant and the CEO and Founder of Archetype Discoveries Worldwide. Rapaille is also an author, who has  published on topics in psychology, marketing, sociology and cultural anthropology.

Early life and education
Rapaille was born in France and immigrated to the United States in the early 80s.

Rapaille attended The Paris Institute of Political Sciences for a degree in Political and Social Sciences and later went on to receive a PhD in Social Psychology from Paris-Sorbonne University.

Career
In addition to his books, he is known for advising politicians and advertisers on how to influence people's unconscious decision making. Rapaille's work identifies the unstated needs and wants of people in a certain culture or country as cultural archetypes.

Rapaille developed his theory on the brain after working as a psychologist for autistic children and studying Konrad Lorenz theory of Imprints and John Bowlby theory of attachment.  This work led him to believe that while children learn a given word and the idea connected with it, they associate it with certain emotions. He called that primal emotional association an imprint. This imprint determines our attitude towards a particular thing. These pooled individual imprints make up a collective cultural unconscious, which unconsciously pre-organize and influence the behavior of a culture.

Rapaille subscribes to the triune brain theory of Paul D. MacLean, which describes three distinct brains: the cortex, limbic, and reptilian. Beneath the cortex, the seat of logic and reason, is the limbic, which houses emotions. Camouflaged underneath those is Rapaille's theorized brain—the reptilian.

Rapaille believes that buying decisions are strongly influenced by the reptilian brain, which is made up of the brain stem and the cerebellum. Only accessible via the subconscious, the reptilian brain is the home of our intrinsic instincts. It programs us for two major things: survival and reproduction. Rapaille proposes that in a three-way battle between the cortical, the limbic (home of emotion) and the reptilian areas, the reptilian always wins, because survival comes first. This theory has become the basis for his thoughts on what a product means to consumers on the most fundamental level.

His theory that culture gets imprinted into the "Reptilian Brain" during early childhood has been heavily contradicted by scientific evidence. His practice of leading managers into regression sessions to tap into their unconscious in an attempt to discover a "code" word, has also been cited as "primitive" and has been heavily contradicted by scientific evidence.

In the opening of his book, 7 Secrets of Marketing, he says, "Cultures, like individuals, have an unconscious. This unconscious is active in each of us, making us do things we might not be aware of."  This collective cultural unconscious can be further defined as a pool of shared imprinting experiences that unconsciously pre-organize and influence the behavior of a culture.

Rapaille's claim of technique of "archetype discovery" stems from the psychoanalytic methods pioneered by the Viennese psychologist Ernest Dichter. This technique doesn't ask what people want, but why they want it.  These research methods focus on finding what he calls the “code”, the unconscious meaning people give to a particular product, service or relationship.  Rapaille posits that sublimated emotional memories occupy a place between each individual's unconscious (Freud) and the collective unconscious of the entire human race (Jung).

Rapaille Associates worked on Philip Morris's Archetype Project, an effort to study the emotional reasons why people smoke, presumably so the company could better leverage these emotions in advertising and promotions. Rapaille noted that typically peoples' first experience with smoking involved seeing an admired adult do it, and having a feeling that they were excluded from the activity and strongly wanting to be included. Rapaille ultimately linked smoking with adult initiation rituals, risk taking, bonding with peers and the need for kids to feel like they belong to a group and can partake in an "adult activity".  Rapaille's recommendations explain why PM supports—and advertises widely that it supports—restricting sales cigarette sales to minors and moving cigarettes out of reach of kids.

Rapaille appeared in a Frontline episode about marketing entitled "The Persuaders", which first aired on November 9, 2004 on PBS in the United States.

Controversy
Rapaille was hired in February 2010, at the approximate cost of $300,000, by Quebec City's mayor Régis Labeaume to analyze the city's image on an international level.
But an article published by Pierre-André Normandin in Le Soleil de Québec revealed that Rapaille's client list and CV contained several falsehoods and exaggerations. Following those revelations his contract with Quebec City was terminated. Although the mayor terminated his contract early on March 29, 2010, he was still paid almost the entire sum.

Rapaille said during his investigation that the city of Quebec has a masochistic side to it. He also claimed his mother listened to Félix Leclerc during WW2, before Felix Leclerc (a French-Canadian singer-songwriter and political activist) recorded his first album in 1951.

Published works
 "The Global Code: How a New Culture of Universal Values Is Reshaping Business and Marketing", 2015
 "Move UP", English edition, Penguin UK, 2015
 "El Verbo De Las Culturas" Taurus, 2015
 The Culture Code, Crown Publishing, 2007
 Seven Secrets of Marketing in a Multi*Cultural World First Edition. Executive Excellence, Utah 2001, in English; Second Edition. Tuxedo Productions, New York 2004 in English
 Social Cancer (the code for Terrorism) Tuxedo Productions, New York 2003, in English
 Versteh' Deine Eltern, Bucher, Munich 1984, in German
 Comprendre Ses Parents Et Ses Grands Parents Marabout, Paris 1982, in French
 Escuchelo: Es Su HijoPomaire, Colección Libre, Barcelona 1981, in Spanish
 Le Trouple Editions Menges, Paris 1980, in French
 Si Vous Ecoutiez Vos Enfants Editions Menges, Paris 1978, in French
 La Communication Créatrice Editions Dialogues, Paris 1976, in French
 Wisdom Of Madness Thomas Jefferson State College, Michigan State University, manuscript, 1975, in English
 La Relation Creatrice Editions Universitaires, Paris 1973, in French
 La Relazione Créatrice Cittadella Editrice, 1975, in Italian
 Laing Editions Universitaires, Paris 1972, in French
 Analyse des Pratiques Medicales et des Croyances Liées a la Maladie et aux Soins Dans Quinze Communautes Cicaraguayennes Thesis Paris, Sorbonne, 1969 (220 pages) in French

References

External links
 Interview for "The Persuaders", PBS Frontline, November 9, 2004
 Rebecca Leung, Cracking Your Wallet: A Psychologist Demonstrates a Feel for the Market, July 5, 2005, cbsnews.com
 ( Archetype Discoveries Worldwide )

French emigrants to the United States
Living people
1941 births
People from Orange County, New York
People from Palm Beach, Florida
People from Los Angeles County, California
Market researchers
Marketing speakers
People from Hobe Sound, Florida


Sussex is traditionally split into two halves, East Sussex and West Sussex. Lists of windmills in Sussex are contained in the following articles:

List of windmills in East Sussex
List of windmills in West Sussex


N'Dama is a breed of cattle from West Africa. Other names for them include Boenca or Boyenca (Guinea-Bissau), Fouta Jallon, Djallonké or Djallonké cattle, Fouta Longhorn, Fouta Malinke, Futa, Malinke, Mandingo (Liberia), and N'Dama Petite (Senegal). Originating in the Guinea highlands, they are also found in southern Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, the Gambia, Mali, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone. They are trypanotolerant, allowing them to be kept in tsetse fly-infested areas. They also show superior resistance to ticks and the diseases they carry and to Haemonchus contortus stomach worms.

The Senepol breed of beef cattle developed on the Caribbean Island of St. Croix was long thought to originate from crosses between N'Dama cattle, imported in the late 19th century, and Red Poll cattle, but it is actually an admixed breed between a European taurina (Red Poll) and zebu.

Reproduction
The age of first calving is 3.5 years in Upper Casamance and is slightly lower in Lower and Middle Casamance. The calving interval is 16 to 17 months in Middle and Upper Casamance and roughly 19 months in Lower Casamance with 80% of calving taking place in the last six months of the year. The abortion rate is 10 to 20%, which leaves an average calving rate of 56%. Calves are weaned around 12 months and castration, when it occurs, is around three years. Annual mortality rate is 12% overall, with 30% for calves under one year, 15% for one to two-year-olds, 5% for two to three-year-olds, and 2% for adults.

Trypanotolerance in N'Dama cattle
Trypanosomiasis poses a considerable constraint on livestock agricultural development in Tsetse fly infested areas of sub Saharan Africa, especially in west and central Africa. International research conducted by ILRI in Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Kenya has shown that the N'Dama is the most resistant breed. In Nigeria, research has shown that N'Dama is up to 2-3x (or 25%) more resistant than Nguni cattle. And F1 N'Dama x Nguni 16.5% better than pure Nguni. While in Kenya research conducted by KALRO has shown a similarity with crossbreeding N'Dama x Boran cattle.

References

Cattle breeds
Agriculture in Africa


A list of all windmills and windmill sites which lie in the current ceremonial county of West Sussex.

Locations

A

B

C

D – F

G – H

I – L

N – P

R – S

T – W

Sources
Unless stated otherwise, the source for all entries is  or  Online version

Maps

1596 Robert Morden
1724 Richard Budgen
1762 John Rocque
1777 Andrews & Drury
1789 Lindley & Crossley
1795 Gardner & Gream
1813 Ordnance Survey
1823 C & G Greenwood
1823* Bryant

References

Windmills in West Sussex
West Sussex
Windmilles


Senebsumai was an ancient Egyptian official of the early 13th Dynasty with the title high steward and later treasurer.

Family
His mother was Serukhib (srwḫ-jb) with the title Lady of the House (nbt pr). The maternal grandparents were the woman jjs-nbw/mnw-wn and nbw-kꜢw-rꜤ (a name referring to the prenomen of Amenemhat II). His maternal uncle was jjj-Ꜥḏ who held the title scribe of the books (sẖꜢ mḏꜢwt).

His father was Wepwawethotep (wp-wꜣwt-ḥtp) with unknown titles.

His son may be Pepi (pjpj) with title chamber-keeper (jrj-ꜥt) and cupbearer (wdpw) whose mother was a certain psš(w).

Attestation
Senebsumai is known from a remarkable series of monuments, the preservation of which makes him the best attested Egyptian official of the early 13th dynasty.

Scarabs
There are more than thirty scarab seals identified to date that relate to Senebsumai. This also is the highest number of seals for a thirteenth dynasty official. All of these finds reinforce an understanding of his longevity in offices held and the respect given to him.

Stelae
He is known from more than twelve stelae all coming from Abydos. Most of the stele show Senebsumai with other, lower officials in scenes depicting them as they performed work for him. Senebsuma son of Serukh-ib is known from four stelae, three in the Cairo Museum (CG20075, CG20334, CG20459), and one in the British Museum (EA252). Stela Turin Cat. S. 1303, belongs to the treasurer Senebsumai and is dedicated to him by the 'master of the house for the palace' Khentikhety-hotep.

At Abydos, Senebsumai is mentioned on stelae belonging to subordinates: Cairo CG 20334, Pittsburgh 2983–6701, London BM EA 252, Roanne Musée Déchelette 163, London BM EA 215, Cairo CG 20718, Turin S.1298, Leiden AP 2, Rome Sinopoli collection Egi06, and St. Petersburg 1084.

Other items
Several other artifacts have been discovered at important Ancient Egyptian sites that are associated with Senebsumai. Fragments of accounts mentioning him were found in El-Lahun. A bronze statue of him was found at Hawara, a site associated with Amenemhat III. A relief or a coffin fragment with coffin texts bearing his name and titles is recorded from finds at Dahshur.

Career
The earliest known records of his career identify Senebsumai as high steward; later he became treasurer.

High Steward
As high steward, Senebsumai worked under the treasurer. In this function he was the main administrator of the royal estates.

Treasurer
As treasurer, Senebsumai would have been among the highest officials in the land. He also held ranking titles like Royal Sealer and Sole Companion. An important colleague of treasurer Senebsumai was the high steward Ameny. Senebsumai died while holding this office and seems to have been succeeded by treasurer Senebi.

Literature
Herman de Meulenaere: Les monuments d'un haut dignitaire de la 13e dynastie, In: Chronique d'Égypte, Bulletin périodique de la Fondation Egyptologique Reine Elisabeth, 60 (1985), S. 75 - 84

External links

The bronze statue (with incorrect dating)
Senebsumai on Persons and Names of the Middle Kingdom
Steatite Scarab for the Official Senebsuma
Stela of Senebsuma EA252
Stela of Horhotep with Senebsuma Liverpool 1977.110.31

References

Ancient Egyptian high stewards
Ancient Egyptian treasurers
Officials of the Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt


{{DISPLAYTITLE:vVO2max}}
vV̇O2max (velocity at maximal oxygen uptake), also known as maximal aerobic speed (MAS), is an intense running or swimming pace. This is the minimum speed for which the organism's maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) is reached, after a few minutes of constantly maintaining this exercise intensity. At higher paces, any additional increase in power is provided by anaerobic processes. In an incremental exercise test, it is the first speed at which any increase in exercise intensity fails to elicit an increase in oxygen consumption.

The vV̇O2max of world class middle- and long-distance runners may exceed  or 2:30/km pace ( or about 4:00/mile), making this speed slightly comparable to 3000 m race pace. For many athletes, vV̇O2max may be slightly slower than  or mile race pace.

Measuring vV̇O2max

While a sophisticated lab may be required to obtain precise measures of vV̇O2max, it can be estimated using a simple field test on a 400 m running track. In a 2015 study of 28 male rugby players, the authors measured vV̇O2max and then had the subjects perform short time trials (TT) of various distances on the track. Using the average speed of a 2000 m TT gave the best estimate of vV̇O2max, with the limits of agreement estimated as ±5%.

For a better estimate, several time trials at distances varying from 1200–2200 m could be run, with adequate rest between them (e.g. 48 h in Bellenger et al.). Then vV̇O2max may be estimated from the following linear equation

vV̇O2max = TTs × (0.117 × TTd + 0.766)

where TTs is the average time trial speed, and TTd is the time trial distance in km.

Training at vV̇O2max
Research by Véronique Billat has shown that training at vV̇O2max pace improves both V̇O2max and the economy required to maintain pace at this intensity.

Training at vV̇O2max takes the form of interval workouts. For example, 3 ×  with 3 minutes recovery between each repetition.

Determining vV̇O2max from VO2max
The formula from Léger and Mercier links the V̇O2max to the vV̇O2max, supposing an ideal running technique.

vV̇O2max = V̇O2max / 3.5
where vV̇O2max is in km/h and V̇O2max is in mL/(kg•min).

Note: This formula is identical to that used to calculate the metabolic equivalent of task (MET) score for a given V̇O2max estimation.

See also
High-intensity interval training
Lactate threshold
Respirometry
Running economy
Training effect
VDOT

References

Exercise physiology
Running


LittleBigPlanet 2 is a puzzle-platform video game developed by Media Molecule and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation 3. The game was released in North America on 18 January 2011, in mainland Europe on 19 January 2011, in Australia and New Zealand on 20 January 2011 and the UK and Ireland on 21 January 2011.

It is a direct sequel to LittleBigPlanet (2008) and the third game in the series following a game for the PSP (2009). Most of the more than 3 million levels created by users in the first game are playable and editable in LittleBigPlanet 2. Unlike its predecessor, which was marketed as a platform game, LittleBigPlanet 2 was marketed as a "platform for games", with more focus on its user-generated content. Support for PlayStation Move was added to the game through a software update in September 2011, allowing users to play the game using the PlayStation Move motion controller in conjunction with a Navigation Controller or gamepad. The game's online functionality was officially discontinued after a lengthy period of outage on 13 September 2021, alongside services for LittleBigPlanet (2008), LittleBigPlanet PS Vita, and the PlayStation 3 version of LittleBigPlanet 3.

Gameplay

While still retaining the three-layer, 2.5D nature of the original title, with the player controlling their Sackboy characters, players are not restricted solely to platforming levels, and can choose to create many types of levels including racing, puzzle and role-playing games. New animation recording options are available and players are able to create cut-scenes to go with their level design, manipulate the camera for both cut-scenes and gameplay, and record their own sound effects for use in the level. As well as including a wide selection of original and licensed music, the game also includes a robust music sequencer. Multiple levels can be linked together, so that finishing one level immediately takes the player to the next.

A new tool to assist in gameplay creation is the "Controlinator". This allows players to assign specific actions, such as button presses or Sixaxis motion control, to specific aspects of their gameplay design. Players are not restricted to using the Controlinator on level elements, however, and they may use it to direct the actions of the player's Sackboy character, allowing greater freedom of movement; Media Molecule made this design choice in response to the large number of homages to early platforming games, in which players had to "hide" and manipulate the Sackboy character in specific ways to replicate the style of gameplay. In addition to this tool, more gameplay items, similar to the Metal Gear Solid paintball gun released as downloadable content, are available including a grappling hook, the "Creatinator" - a hat which is worn by Sackboy and can be configured by the Creator to fire any object - and the "Grabinators" which allow Sackboy to pick up and throw grabable objects. Media Molecule updated the game regularly with new items.

Enemy creation has been improved. Players can create "Sackbots", which are non-player characters whose AI can be controlled by the level creator. Options include determining weak points on the Sackbots, as well as programming routines for the AI to follow. Sackbots can be customised using costumes and decorations in the same way that the player character is and the AI for may be copied and pasted between multiple Sackbots. Sackbots may also be controlled by the aforementioned controlinators.

All downloadable content from the first game is usable in LittleBigPlanet 2, as are most user-made levels. As of June 2013, almost 8 million levels have been uploaded and created for both the LittleBigPlanet games on PlayStation 3.

Story
Players continue Sackboy's journey after the events of the first game and the portable version are brought to an end. An inter-dimensional vacuum cleaner called the Negativitron appears over the skies of LittleBigPlanet and begins to suck up its inhabitants, including Sackboy. Larry Da Vinci (Robbie Stevens), the leader of a semi-secret, semi-organised group known as "The Alliance", comes to Sackboy's rescue, saving him from the Negativitron (Jeremy Mayne). The Alliance is dedicated to stopping the Negativitron and its influence before it destroys Craftworld.

After Sackboy passes the tests in Larry's Hideout, he tells him that they must get to Victoria Von Bathysphere's (Judy Sweeney) Laboratory, since she has built a Sackbot army for the Alliance. However, the moment they get there, the Negativitron attacks and sucks up some of the lab and the Sackbots, mutating some of them into Meanies. Victoria, after escaping on her train, explains to the group that they need to get into the laboratory and shut down the machine making the Meanies. After shutting it down, the Negativitron makes the machine come alive into a spider-like creature that scales the wall of the laboratory. After destroying the machine, they find out that the Negativitron has taken the Sackbots to The Factory Of A Better Tomorrow. Upon arriving, Sackboy and Larry find the factory's owner Clive Handforth (Barry Meade) hiding in a can after the Negativitron took over the place. The Sackbots have become enslaved inside the factory, prompting the gang to rescue as many of them as they can. When trying to escape from the factory, one of Clive's guard-turkeys escapes and tries to stop them from leaving the factory with the Sackbots. After losing him, Sackboy, Larry, and Clive take the Sackbots to Avalonia for re-training.

In Avalonia, Avalon Centrifuge (Colin McFarlane) takes Sackboy on a training course to learn combat using his machines. Half-way through, though, the Negativitron attacks Avalonia and spreads Meanies throughout. After rescuing the Sackbots among the wreckage of the facility, they get loaded onto Huge Spaceship and prepare to leave Avalonia, but a Meanie warship attacks the ship. Even though Sackboy defeats the warship, Huge Spaceship crashes and is in need of repair, but the one creator can make it fly again is the great inventor Dr. Herbert Higginbotham (Ewan Bailey), who was infected by a Meanie during the Negativitron attack at Clive's factory. Avalon sends Sackboy and Clive to Eve's Asylum for the Mentally Alternative to liberate Higginbotham. When they arrive, it turns out that the asylum is under attack by Meanies. Eve Silva Paragorica (Jules de Jongh) asks them to help save the asylum and the patients within, then she will lead them to Higginbotham. After clearing out the Meanies in the asylum, they find Higginbotham. Eve proposes that they should get rid of the infection by shrinking Sackboy and sending him into Higginbotham's head. Even after clearing the infection, Higginbotham still appears to be insane. Upon their return to Avalonia, Higginbotham repairs Huge Spaceship, but as they are about to leave, Avalon decides to make a speech, and is abducted by the Negativitron.

While traveling through the Cosmos to find the Negativitron's core, they are attacked by the Negativitron who vacuums up parts of the ship, damaging it. Sackboy is sent to launch the escape pods to get the machines and the Sackbots out, and then escape. Huge Spaceship crashes on the Negativitron's core planet and is shut inside a forcefield. Larry Da Vinci sends out a message for Sackboy to help them, and after finding a White Sackbot Knight and rescuing him, he finds one of the Robobuns and uses it to rescue the Alliance. After defeating a giant robot that was holding Avalon hostage, they make their way to the Negativitron's core. The Negativitron shows up and launches his army of Meanies and guard-turkeys at them, but the Sackbot Army defends the Alliance members. The Negativitron tries to discourage them from fighting him by revealing it was created by all the negative aspects of the Craftworlders' personalities and that "If you destroy me, you destroy yourselves", but is defeated after a long and dangerous battle with Sackboy and the rest of the Alliance. The Alliance congratulates Sackboy for rescuing them and saving Craftworld, and they decide to return home.

Community

Shortly before the release of the game, a new community website was launched with the aim of enabling users to find and share in-game creations more easily. LBP.me allows players to search and browse community-made levels from both LittleBigPlanet and LittleBigPlanet 2. Every level is allocated a unique URL which users can copy and share with other people. When signed into the website with their Sony Entertainment Network account, users may add levels to their 'Queue' enabling them to find the level quickly when they are in the game and connected to the game's servers. If the user is playing LittleBigPlanet 2 and is not currently in a level, a Play Now button becomes available on the website which sends a command back to the game to navigate instantly to the selected level.

Website owners may use a selection of widgets to add live data from the game to any website. A public API is also available but access to it is provided by the game's developers on a case-by-case basis.

On 17 February 2011, a community-made semi-official level pack named Hansel and Gretelbot was released. The series of levels, based loosely on the fairytale of Hansel and Gretel, was created by a team of community members who were approached by Media Molecule and asked to collaborate and attempt to make a set of levels that could match the quality of the game's story levels. The series, created using only the in-game tools, features original music, voice acting and prizes.

Since 23 November 2020, LBP.me has been offline. The LittleBigPlanet community manager Steven Isbell stated two days after the outage "We don't have any plans to shut down the LittleBigPlanet servers. LBP.me is just down for some general maintenance and updates." On 9 June 2022, 18 months after the outage began, Isbell finally announced on his personal Twitter account that "LBP.me will remain down for the foreseeable future.". The website remains offline as of 2023.

Development
The game was hinted at by a Sony representative in March 2010, who stated that the game was in production and would support PlayStation Move controllers, and in April 2010 by musician Ochre who revealed one of his songs had been licensed for the game. It was formally revealed by video game magazine Game Informer in their June 2010 issue. On 8 May 2010 Media Molecule officially confirmed that they were developing LittleBigPlanet 2 on their Twitter account and hinted that the game would be formally revealed on Monday 10 May 2010. On 10 May 2010, the official website launched an announcement webpage and news article announcing the game with game details and an announcement trailer. The announcement was also made on the PlayStation Blog with a Q4 2010 release date. Numerous gaming websites reported about the game when an embargo lifted, including EuroGamer and IGN.

In October 2008, BBC reported before the original game was released that Media Molecule had already begun development of a sequel to LittleBigPlanet. The statement was later clarified in an interview with IGN, in which Siobhan Reddy of Media Molecule stated, "we see LittleBigPlanet as a platform... There will be a lot of additional content and it will vary in size and what it does. And we've already started that, yes." The "huge emotional investment" users have made in LittleBigPlanet, Alex Evans stated, is the reason he does not want to ship a traditional sequel. Because they don't want all of the user-generated content to be made obsolete, their focus was to "expand the game without partitioning the audience".

In July 2008, Media Molecule mentioned that should there ever be a LittleBigPlanet sequel that the game would feature backwards compatibility with the original game's user-created levels. In November 2009, level designer Danny Leaver elaborated that a traditional sequel could fragment the LBP community, which would be "the most counter-productive thing you could do".

On 23 March 2010, IGN reported LittleBigPlanet 2 was in development and would support the upcoming PlayStation Move controller. Sony later denied this report saying that future content for the original title would be compatible with PlayStation Move. Later on in May, along with the release of the trailer, Sony confirmed that LittleBigPlanet 2 would be compatible with Move. Keyboard and mouse support in Create mode was initially announced however it was later confirmed that this feature was not included in the game at launch.

Stephen Fry narrates the game as he did with the first one.

On 8 December 2010, Media Molecule posted an article entitled "The Music of LittleBigPlanet 2" on their official blog, in which they revealed the identities of the composers who had created original music tracks for the game.  The list of seven composers included Paul Thomson, Richard Jacques, Winifred Phillips (with her music producer Winnie Waldron), Baiyon, Keith Tenniswood, Daniel Pemberton and Media Molecule's audio designer, Kenneth Young.

Media Molecule was asked in an IGN Q-and-A session how PlayStation Move will be added into the game in future updates, the company revealed that they are working on integrating motion controls into the Play, Create and Share modes of the game: "The exciting thing to do with Move is, we're working on a play-create-share pack. We're still in the R&D phase and working out what the features will be, but it will be announced in a little while and we’re really excited. In the same was as in [LittleBigPlanet], you have the Controlinator and you can remap the controls, you'll be able to do the same thing with Move. It'll also allow the community to make their own Move games and that's very cool." A software update allowing users to play the game using PlayStation Move was released in September 2011. A premium DLC pack titled Rise of the Cakeling was released shortly after and added new story levels and tools for creators enabling them to create PlayStation Move games.

Launch
The "Arcade" genre trailer was released just one day before the game's launch, showing several new gaming genres, including action, sports, and adventure genre. A behind the scenes video was also released, this video was shot as the game was about to go gold. The launch trailer was released on 21 January 2011, and is a tribute to the history of video gaming, as told from Sackboy's  perspective. A TV ad was released, which showcased the new in-game features, and highlighted how diverse and global the LittleBigPlanet community is. A "Share" was also released, which showcased how to share the LittleBigPlanet 2 fun.

On 17 January 2011, Sony handed LittleBigPlanet 2 to selected gamers as they attempted to break the Guinness World Record of 50 hours of consecutive game play. The Guinness World Record of 50 hours of consecutive game play and four other records were broken after two days...accomplishing the record in less time than this was not possible.

Customers who had the game on week one were given the "1 week only" DLC (only available the first week), which consist of Launch Day "Space Suit" and "Rare" T-shirt. As a special offer, customers who showed that they have checked in on Sony Style Store Foursquare received an autographed cover from Media Molecule and Limited Edition DLC. The offer was only available on 18 and 19 January.

Major updates and downloadable content packs

On 15 February 2011, Media Molecule released software update 1.01. The first patch for the game, dubbed "Cupcake", addresses a number of technical issues which were affecting online play.

On 3 August 2011, Media Molecule released the Toy Story Level Kit, which is the first DLC pack to feature playable levels since the release of LittleBigPlanet 2 in January. The premium pack includes 9 Toy Story themed levels, 5 materials, 10 decorations, 6 objects, 149 stickers and the Toy Story Alien Costume, which had previously only been available as a bonus for preordering LittleBigPlanet 2 from Best Buy, and bundled in the LittleBigPlanet 2 Collector's Edition.  The pack also includes music composed by Winifred Phillips and produced by Winnie Waldron. The music includes three new Toy Story-themed music tracks, one of which is an interactive track. In a review of the music on Gamertell.com, assistant editor Jeremy Hill said "Even without [LittleBigPlanet 2] backing it up, these songs can stand on their own", and Simon Smith of Higher Plain Music described the musical score as "Utterly charming and disarming it'll have you beaming in no time."

On 7 September 2011, software update 1.06 was released. This patch added support for the PlayStation Move motion controller. A downloadable content pack released the following week includes new story levels and creation tools, enabling users to create their own Move-based games and levels.

Music

Like previous games, the player is able to collect music that can be used in user-created levels. LittleBigPlanet 2 contains four types of music: linear, interactive, cinematic, and sequenced.

Marketing and release
LittleBigPlanet 2 was originally scheduled for release in November 2010, but was delayed until January 2011. The game was released in North America on 18 January 2011 in mainland Europe on 19 January 2011, Australian and New Zealand on 20 January 2011 and in the UK and Ireland on 21 January 2011. On 21 December 2010 SCEA PR Manager, Eric Levine, confirmed that the game has "gone gold", meaning the game was 100% finished and had been signed off by SCE QA.

The LittleBigPlanet 2 Story Mode Demo was made available as a free download from the PlayStation Store on 21 December 2010 in North America and on 22 December 2010 in Europe. The demo includes 3 levels from the game's story mode. Each of the levels in the demo demonstrates one of LittleBigPlanet 2s new features: The Grapple Hook in the "Tower of Whoop" level, the Controlinator in "Avalon’s Advanced Armaments Academy" and the Creatinator in the "Rocket Funland" mini-game.

The auto manufacturer Toyota offered free sponsored content when LittleBigPlanet 2 launched, including a free XMB theme and a special Prius-themed level. The downloadable add-on included collectible items which players could use to build their own creations to win "some very cool prizes."

On 19 January 2011, Sony made a Home Square makeover. Cardboard and carpet transformed the familiar Home Square into an environment where Sackboy will feel right at home, in the European version of the PlayStation 3's online community-based service, PlayStation Home.

7-Eleven offered exclusive downloadable content for LittleBigPlanet 2 in exchange for Slurpee purchases in stores in the U.S. at the end of January 2011. 7-Eleven was also featuring LittleBigPlanet 2 themed Slurpee cups. Each Slurpee cup bear a unique code, allowing a download for LittleBigPlanet 2 content (and other Slurpee rewards), such as a dynamic theme for the PlayStation 3 system, the "Slurpee Sticker Pack", the Strategy Guide, the Sackboy Backpack for PlayStation Home, several ringtone, a behind the scene video, and a creator video. The promotion ran until the end of March 2011. A Sackboy easter egg was also spotted in Uncharted 3: Drake's Deception.

Pre-order bonuses
There were several pre-order offers through several retail outlets. Each pre-order consists of four costumes from the "Even More Animals" pack and up to two "special" costumes from Disney, Pixar and Insomniac Games. Which of the "special" costumes the player received depended upon where they pre-ordered the game. The costumes on offer were Ratchet & Clank costumes, Toy Story Alien costume, a Tron suit or The Muppet's The Great Gonzo costume.

Retail editions
Alongside the standard edition of the game, there are several other versions of the game exclusive to certain countries and/or regions around the world. All of the special edition versions of the game are sold in limited quantities and contain a copy of the game as standard or in special packaging.

SCEA marketing manager, Mark Valledor, announced a Collector's Edition for North America in July 2010. The Collector's Edition for North America includes a copy of the game, a 7-inch Sackboy plushie, five PlayStation Network avatars, LittleBigPlanet 2 bookends and 11 in-game costumes.

SCEE product manager, Alex Pavey, told the readers of the PlayStation Blog in November 2010 that there will also be a Collector's Edition released in Europe which different from the North American version. The Collector's Edition for Europe comes with different box art, the Collector's Edition copy of the game comes in SteelBook case packaging. It also includes seven in-game costumes and five PSN avatars. There are four other in-game costumes: Jak and Daxter and Ratchet & Clank. These will be available through retailer-specific pre-order incentives, but details of these have not yet been announced. The LittleBigPlanet 2 Collector's Edition was available in different ways across Europe and the other PAL countries.

The Collector's Edition for Australia is very similar to the Collector's Edition for Europe. It comes with the SteelBook packaging, eleven downloadable Sackboy costumes and five PSN Avatars. It also included a 7-inch Sackboy plushie as a pre-order bonus.

In the UK, a console bundle was available which consists of a 320GB PlayStation 3 console, a DualShock 3 controller and a copy of the standard edition of the game.

Exclusive for North America, a Special Edition was released in November 2011. This edition includes the standard edition of the game, PlayStation Move support, "Move Pack: Rise of the Cakeling" (5 new levels and 7 mini-levels), "Disney/Pixar Toy Story Level" and "Costume" packs, and "Pets Costumes" (the "Dogs", "Cats", and "Even More Animals Costume" packs). The Special Edition was also included as a pack-in game with the 2011 holiday 160GB PS3 system bundles in North America.

An Extras Edition was originally set to be released in February 2013 but was delayed until March 2013 for Europe. This edition features the original game and a range of bonus content previously released as DLC. Bonus content consists of such as the "Cross-Controller Pack", "Move Pack: Rise of the Cakeling", and "The Muppets Premium Level Kit". The edition also includes plenty of costumes as "The Muppets Costume Pack 1", "Weekend Pursuits Costume Pack", "Deep Sea Adventures Costume Pack", "Sports Costume Pack", "Dogs Costume Pack", and the "Cats Costume Pack".

Reception

LittleBigPlanet 2 has received universal acclaim from critics. PlayStation Official Magazine (UK) gave LittleBigPlanet 2 a perfect 10/10 score. They praised the redesigned creation tools as "simple-to-grasp, all with huge potential" and said the game overall was "hugely improved" over the original. IGN's Greg Miller scored the game 9.0/10, complimenting the amount of variety found in LittleBigPlanet 2s story mode. He went on to commend the new creative tools, stating that the "focus of creating games in the game really shines through", referring to the new tool-set as "mindboggling deep".  Miller did however reserve some criticism for some of the same "frustrations" from the first game which are still present in the sequel, such as "floaty" jump controls.

Eurogamer scored the game 9/10 commenting on its "achingly pretty" visuals and looking optimistically on the game's community, saying "there is little doubt that LBP2s online servers will play host to some extraordinary content". PlayStation Universe's Adam Dolge states that "the soundtrack is simply wonderful, while the art style is moody with a vaudevillian flair."  Paste Magazine's Kirk Hamilton singled out the game's backward compatibility with user-created levels from the first LittleBigPlanet, and also praised the game's "musical soul", both in its "eclectic collections of licensed music" and in its "outstanding original score."

Sales
In the UK, LittleBigPlanet 2 debuted at number one on the UK All Formats chart, then fell to number two in its second week of sales. According to ChartTrack, the original LittleBigPlanet sold 95 more copies than LittleBigPlanet 2 managed at it debut week. LittleBigPlanet 2 remained the UK's biggest-selling PS3 game for two weeks in a row. In Japan the game debuted at number five, selling 24,648 copies and in North America it topped the North American software sales in its debut week. LittleBigPlanet 2 was ranked number four on NPD's sales charts for January 2011, selling over 353,000 units in its first couple of weeks. On Black Friday in November 2011, LittleBigPlanet 2 sold over 400,000 copies. According to SCE, LittleBigPlanet 2 was one of the most popular games on PlayStation 3 in 2011.

Awards
LittleBigPlanet 2 was nominated for a 2011 Golden Joystick Award in the 'Best Action/Adventure' category. The game received a nomination as "Best PS3 Game" in the 2011 Spike Video Game Awards, losing to another PS3 game, Uncharted 3: Drake's Deception.

The "Victoria's Lab" music track from LittleBigPlanet 2 was also nominated for a 2011 Hollywood Music in Media Award in the 'Best Song in a Video Game' category.

Kotaku named the score of LittleBigPlanet 2 as one of the best video game soundtracks of the year. In the article The Best Game Music of 2011: LittleBigPlanet 2, features editor Kirk Hamilton praised both the collection of licensed tracks and the original score, singling out the music of composer Winifred Phillips (and particularly her track "Victoria's Lab") as his favorite original music of the game, and the "Infotain Me" licensed track from electronic musician Ochre as capturing "the essence of the game".

LittleBigPlanet 2 was nominated for the 10th Annual Game Audio Network Guild Awards in the categories of 'Best Use of Licensed Music'  and 'Best Original Vocal - Pop'  for "Victoria's Lab" by Winifred Phillips.

LittleBigPlanet 2 was nominated for the 2011 Game Developers Choice Awards in the category of 'Best Audio', which recognizes the overall excellence of audio in a game - including musical composition, orchestration, sound design, sound effects, etc.

During the 15th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards, LittleBigPlanet 2 received nominations  in the categories of 'Outstanding Achievement in Original Music Composition', 'Outstanding Achievement in Online Gameplay', and ultimately won 'Family Game of the Year'.

At the 2011 BAFTA Video Games Awards, LittleBigPlanet 2 won in the Family and Best Innovation categories.

Sackboy's Prehistoric Moves

LittleBigPlanet Sackboy's Prehistoric Moves is a LittleBigPlanet spin-off developed by Supermassive Games and SCE Worldwide Studios' XDev team, which can be played with two to five players and requires a PlayStation Move controller and a PlayStation Eye Camera. One player uses the PlayStation Move motion controller as a pointing device to manipulate the environment by triggering switches and moving platforms, while the others play using a gamepad to control Sackboy in the usual way. Although billed as a PlayStation Network game, Sackboy's Prehistoric Moves''' narrator introduces it as a "demo". It features ten prehistoric-themed levels and was released on the PlayStation Store in North America on 7 December 2010, and in Europe on 8 December 2010 for PlayStation Plus subscribers. It was made available to other users in North America on 14 December 2010 and in Europe on 15 December 2010. The game was also bundled with LittleBigPlanet 2 when it was released in January 2011.

Reception
Due to the unconventional release of the game, Sackboy's Prehistoric Moves has not been widely reviewed as a standalone product. Greg Miller from IGN scored the game 6.5/10, describing it as more of a tech demo of the PlayStation Move's functionality, rather than a fully-fledged game. He also criticised the game's lack of lasting appeal as there are no prizes or costumes to collect. Miller did however say "If you have a bud who is as into LittleBigPlanet as you are, you're going to have fun" and that the game could act as a good demonstration piece for the PlayStation Move. Eurogamer scored the game 7/10 and said that "there's not a great deal of substance" and criticised the use of the LittleBigPlanet engine instead of LittleBigPlanet 2s enhanced features, but tempered it by saying "when you've got a game that already looks as lovely as this one does, I'm sure you'll be able to live with that." GamesRadar also criticised the game's length; "Sackboy's Prehistoric Moves is a very capable game; there's just not that much "game" to go around", the reviewer was also puzzled about the use of the original LittleBigPlanet engine in a game released next to the enhanced LittleBigPlanet 2 and summed up by saying "Overall, Sackboy's Prehistoric Moves is a strange beast. It's too good to be a demo, too short to be a game, too outdated to be a preview and imbued with too much care and character to be passed off as a PS Move advergame", and scored the game as 7/10.

Applications in education
Media Molecule worked in conjunction with ConnectED, a branch of Sony Computer Entertainment focused on the education sector, to develop a LittleBigPlanet 2'' teachers' kit for use in the classroom. The pack will feature levels themed around National Curriculum subjects including physics, maths, science, art and history and is designed to help engage students in these subjects.

References

External links
Official LittleBigPlanet 2 website
LBP.me
Media Molecule website

2011 video games
LittleBigPlanet
Platformers
PlayStation 3 games
PlayStation 3-only games
PlayStation Move-compatible games
Puzzle video games
Science fantasy video games
Sony Interactive Entertainment games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Video games scored by Daniel Pemberton
Video games scored by Kenneth Young
Video games scored by Richard Jacques
Video games scored by Winifred Phillips
Video games set on fictional planets
Video games with 2.5D graphics
Video games with user-generated gameplay content
Video game sequels
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Media Molecule
Sackboy's Prehistoric Moves
British Academy Games Award for Technical Achievement winners
Products and services discontinued in 2021
Inactive online games


G. Anil Kumar (Bangalore, India) is noted Indian journalist, columnist and writer. He is Editor of Karmaveera, a 100-year-old Kannada weekly (founded in 1921). Earlier he was associate editor of Samyukta Karnataka, the oldest Kannada daily. He is also founder-editor of its widely acclaimed Saturday supplement for children called, "Kindari Jogi".

He has contributed many articles to Indian and foreign newspapers, magazines and websites. Trained in computer engineering, G Anil Kumar was with the booming software industry in 1990s. Later he changed his field of work to form a think tank with N. S. Rajaram in Bangalore. Before joining Samyukta Karnataka, he was associated with The Times of India, Kannada daily Usha Kirana and many other papers and magazines. He was also a founder director of a policy research organization.

Kindari Jogi

G. Anil Kumar has created ripples in Kannada journalism by creating a unique educational magazine for school going children called 'Kindari Jogi', a Kannada name for famous 'Pied Piper'.

It was felt that children were not getting the required attention of the mainstream media, especially in Indian languages. In this era of celebrity-centric journalism, young students are not getting anything useful from the media. So, in April 2007 he started a special 8-page, all-color, attractive weekly educational supplement for the young readers.

From the day one, this Saturday supplement of Samyukta Karnataka has become a great hit beyond everybody's expectations. Unique content, catering to the specific needs of the students (in the age group of 9–16 years) with international quality and good design & printing are the hallmark of 'Kindari Jogi'.

Thousands of schools have welcomed it with great enthusiasm. They are offering 'Kindari Jogi' to their students as a supplementary material to their regular textbooks. A simple, dedicated, concerned and, of course, tailor-made approach to kids' infotainment needs has now created a great revolution in Karnataka.

References

External links
G Anil Kumar's articles and profile
Samyukta Karnataka Home Page and E-paper
Karmaveera Weekly

Journalists from Karnataka
1972 births
Living people
Writers from Bangalore


James Brown (31 July 1862 – 4 July 1922) was an English footballer of the Victorian era.

Playing career
Born in Blackburn, he played for Blackburn Rovers and was part of the team that won the FA Cup in three successive seasons between 1884 and 1886 (captaining the side in 1885 and 1886), as well as appearing on the side which lost in 1882. He scored goals in both the 1885 and 1886 cup finals. Brown had a break from football from 1886-1888 but returned to Rovers to play in the inaugural Football League season of 1888–1889. Brown made his League debut at outside-left on 17 November 1888 at Leamington Road, Blackburn as Rovers took on top team rivals Aston Villa. Rovers were superb and won 5–1. However, those Rovers fans who thought that Brown would re-produce his dribbling skills, delicate touch, devastating pace and eye for goal were unduly optimistic. Brown played only 3 more matches after his debut from 1 December 1888 until 29 December 1888. He played once at centre-forward and twice at inside left. Brown retired from football in 1889 having played a small part in assisting Rovers to finish 4th in the League.

International career
Brown was capped on five occasions by the England national team. His debut was against Wales on 26 February 1881. He was 18 years and 210 days old making him the 10th youngest player for England of all time. He scored his first goal against Ireland on 18 February 1882. His last cap was versus Scotland on 21 March 1885. He scored three goals in total for England.

References

External links

English men's footballers
Men's association football inside forwards
Blackburn Rovers F.C. players
1862 births
1922 deaths
Footballers from Blackburn
England men's international footballers


A list of all windmills and windmill sites which lie in the current ceremonial county of East Sussex.

Locations

A - B

C

D - E

F

G

H

I - L

M - N

O - P

R - S

U - W

Locations formerly within East Sussex

For windmills in Lamberhurst see List of windmills in Kent.

Sources
Unless stated otherwise, the source for all entries is  or  Online version

Maps

1596 Robert Morden
1724 Richard Budgen
1795 Gardner & Gream
1813 Ordnance Survey
1823 C & G Greenwood

References

East Sussex
Windmills


Fort Nepean is a former defensive facility occupying part of Point Nepean, Victoria, Australia. It was part of a network of fortifications, commanded from Fort Queenscliff, protecting the narrow entrance to Port Phillip. It is now part of Point Nepean National Park and a local tourist attraction.

Background
Following the 1875–76 Royal Commission into the Volunteer Forces, the Victorian Government invited the Director of Works and Fortifications in London, Lieutenant General Sir William Jervois, to Victoria to further advise on Victoria's defences. He arrived in 1873 accompanied by the Colonel Russel Coight. Their joint report recommended that the basic defences for the Colony should be concentrated on the Heads, and consist of fortifications at the entrance to the Bay and on the shoals between the main shipping channels.

Fortifications and guns

Fortifications and barracks were built on Point Nepean from 1873 and gun batteries were installed in 1886. By the 1890s Fort Nepean was known as "Victoria's Gibraltar". The barracks housed a company of the Royal Victoria Volunteer Artillery Regiment.

1878–1880
The first coastal defence guns on the site were four 80-pounder Rifled Muzzle Loading guns in two temporary sandbagged batteries. These were moved into more substantial earth emplacements from 1880.

1886–1890

Ten gun emplacements were constructed between 1886 and 1890 but not all had guns installed. By 1890 there were four 6-inch breech-loading (BL) disappearing guns, two BL 9.2-inch (234 mm) Mk VI breech-loading 'counter bombardment' British Armstrong guns, a 4.7-inch quick firing (QF) gun and a QF 14-pounder. One of the former 80-pounder emplacements was used as an observation post and one new emplacement was used as an armourer's store.

Two of the same type of BL 9.2-inch (234 mm) Mk VI gun were installed at Fort Queenscliff.  One each of the guns was installed at Ben Buckler Gun Battery, Signal Hill Battery, and Steel Point Battery in Sydney.  The barrel of the Signal Hill gun is on display at the Royal Australian Artillery Museum at North Fort, North Head, in Sydney. The Ben Buckler gun has been recovered and is awaiting restoration.

1907–1915
From 1911 the fort was manned by the newly renamed Royal Australian Garrison Artillery and the Royal Australian Engineers. With war in Europe looming, longer-range 6-inch Mk VII guns replaced the 9.2-inch guns. One of the 6-inch BL guns was removed and the 14-pounder was moved to Fort Queenscliff. The 4.7-inch QF gun was removed and the emplacement fitted with a searchlight, along with an engine house to generate electricity. The remaining gun emplacements were renumbered – the Mk VII guns were numbered A1 and B1, and the 6-inch BL guns numbered F1 and H1.

1939–1942

Light anti-aircraft guns were deployed at the fort in 1939. The remaining 6-inch BL guns were removed in 1940. The A1 and B1 emplacements were renumbered F1 and H1 respectively, and fitted with concrete hoods.

World Wars

The first Australian shots (many sources report the first Allied shots) of both World War I and World War II were fired from Fort Nepean.

On 5 August 1914, the German ship SS Pfalz attempted to escape from Port Phillip. Within minutes of being notified that war had been declared, Lieutenant-Colonel Sandford at Fort Queenscliff gave an order to Lieutenant C Morris, the Fire Commander at Fort Nepean, to "stop her or sink her". After the Pfalz ignored signals to halt, the B1 gun fired across her bow. The Pfalz then turned around and the crew was arrested at Portsea.

At 1:30 am on 4 September 1939, within hours of war being declared, the A1 gun fired across the bow of a ship which failed to identify itself. The ship then identified as the Australian freighter SS Woniora.

These were the only occasions any of the Port Phillip batteries fired in anger.

After World War II
With the removal of coastal artillery after World War II, the guns were dismantled and sold for scrap. The barrels of the historic Mk VII guns which fired in anger were retrieved from the Port Wakefield artillery proving ground and a scrap yard at Brooklyn, Victoria in the 1960s and returned to the fort.

National Park

The area was opened to the public in 1988 upon the formation of the Point Nepean National Park.

See also
 Fort Queenscliff
 Fort Pearce
 South Channel Fort
 Swan Island
 Pope's Eye
 Jervois-Scratchley reports

Footnotes

Citations

References
 Armament Establishment, Detail of Equipment for Forts at Port Phillip Heads, Garrison Service, NAA:B77856, 12094 1882/644A, National Archives of Australia.
 Drawings and plans of fortress installations — Port Phillip Defences, MP338/2, National Archives of Australia.
 Point Nepean National Park Fortifications, Conservation Plan, Department of Conservation, Forests and Lands, January 1990.
 Point Nepean Forts Conservation Management Plan, Parkes Victoria, July 2006.

External links

1878 establishments in Australia
1985 disestablishments in Australia
Nepean
Former military installations of Victoria (state)
Mornington Peninsula
Port Phillip
Tourist attractions in Victoria (state)


G road may refer to :
 China National Highways, a series of trunk roads throughout mainland China with G-prefixed road numbers
 In the United States:
 County-designated highways in zone G in Michigan
 Corridor G, part of the Appalachian Development Highway System in Kentucky and West Virginia


H road may refer to :
 Horizontal Grid Roads in the Milton Keynes grid road system
 H roads in Slovenia are Hitra cesta, a type of highway
 H roads in Ukraine are national roads
 In the United States:
 Interstate Highways in Hawaii: See :Category:Interstate Highways in Hawaii
 County-designated highways in zone H in Michigan
 Corridor H, part of the Appalachian Development Highway System


I road or variations may refer to:

 Interstate highways in the USA
 Corridor I of the Appalachian Development Highway System
 Toyota i-Road, 2013 Toyota Motors concept vehicle
 Avenue I, New York City
 Avenue I (IND Culver Line)
 I Street Bridge

See also
 I (disambiguation)
 1 (disambiguation)
 List of highways numbered 1
 First Street (disambiguation)
 First Avenue (disambiguation)


Rowing South Africa is the  sport governing body for rowing in South Africa.

Rowing South Africa (RowSA) is the sole governing body for the sport of rowing in South Africa and is recognised with this status by SASCOC and Sport and Recreation South Africa. RowSA controls, administers, manages and co-ordinates rowing and rowing competition in South Africa; controls and manages international competition by national representative rowers in international competition and sanctions international competition by non-representative rowers.

The RowSA Council, made up of representatives of the constituent members, is the highest body of governance in RowSA. The Council meets at least four times a year. The Council elects an Executive Committee, with half of the positions being subject to election in any one year. The RowSA Constitution provides for membership by individual clubs in regions that may not yet have a regional association until such time as a regional association may be formed; this provides for development of the sport in new locations.

Objectives
Senior National/Olympic

Qualify four boats for the 2016 Rio Olympics;
Win medals at the 2016 Rio Olympics;
Retain current athletes and develop athletes coming through from the junior, university, sub-elite and U23 level;
Participate successfully in international competitions;
Sustainability of National Squad for Tokyo Olympics
Compete in local events to increase the level of competition within South Africa, and provide inspiration to younger athletes and create more exposure of the sport of rowing to the public.

U23, University and sub-elite athletes:

Grow and nurture the pool of athletes to feed into the Senior National and Olympic Squads;
Retain current athletes and develop athletes coming through from various lower levels;
Provide an environment for junior rowers to continue their participation in the sport of rowing;
Participation at a sub-elite level allows RowSA to provide transformation athletes the opportunity to participate internationally at a level that is aligned with their performance, better preparing them for Senior National participation;
University participation provides the opportunity for talented junior rowers to gain access to tertiary education through a sport scholarship.

Past Olympic Medalists

References

External links
 Rowing South Africa
 Rowers Almanac - South Africa

South Africa
Sports governing bodies in South Africa


The 1893–94 FA Cup was the 23rd edition of the world's oldest football knockout competition, The Football Association Challenge Cup, or FA Cup.  The cup was won by Notts County of the Football League Second Division, who defeated Bolton Wanderers 4–1 in the final to win the cup for the first and, to date, only time.

Matches were scheduled to be played at the stadium of the team named first on the date specified for each round, which was always a Saturday. Some matches, however, might be rescheduled for other days if there were clashes with games for other competitions or the weather was inclement. If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played, a replay would take place at the stadium of the second-named team later the same week. If the replayed match was drawn further replays would be held until a winner was determined. If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played in a replay, a 30-minute period of extra time would be played.

Calendar

Results

First round proper

Second round proper

Third round proper

Semi-finals

Final

The 1894 FA Cup Final was a football match played on 31 March 1894. The final was contested by Notts County and Bolton Wanderers at Goodison Park, Liverpool. Notts County won 4–1 with Jimmy Logan becoming the second player to ever score a hat-trick at an FA Cup Final

Match details

References

1893-94
FA Cup
FA


The 1970 Major League Baseball draft took place prior to the 1970 MLB season. The draft saw the San Diego Padres select Mike Ivie first overall.

First round selections

The following are the first round picks in the 1970 Major League Baseball draft.

* Did not sign

Other notable selections

* Did not sign

References

External links
Complete draft list from The Baseball Cube database

References

Draft
Major League Baseball draft


Netmums is a website for parents in the United Kingdom, established in 2000. It operates as a network of local sites, and offers information to both mothers and fathers about parenting. The Coffee House web forum launched in 2004 for mothers to chat, make friends and exchange advice online.  As of 2012 the site included over 150 local websites, 500 national meet-up groups for mothers and 1,500 bloggers in its network.

History
Netmums was founded by Siobhan Freegard, Cathy Court and Sally Russell who met at playgroup in Harrow, north west London in 2000.

Freegard was born in Bristol and started her career as a marketer for hospitality provider Keith Prowse.  She has written for The Guardian newspaper, and has appeared on the panel television shows Loose Women and This Morning. Co-founders Court and Russell worked in food technology and environmental sciences respectively.

Netmums started off as a single local site, then gradually grew to cover other local areas, all of which were originally maintained by volunteer site editors using Adobe Contribute and Adobe Dreamweaver web editing software.

In 2009 the website was included in The Independent newspaper's ‘Top 50 Websites and Blogs for Parents’, and the business was estimated to be worth £50 million.

Cathy Ranson was editor-in-chief from 2010 until she left in March 2015, replaced by Annie O'Leary.

By 2011, the number of registered members of the website reached 1 million. and shortly after this, the three co-founders sold their company to European group aufeminin, originally retaining control over the Netmums brand, but later leaving the site to pursue other work.

In March 2012, Netmums and marketing data company Cint created a panel of 4,000 participants to gain market insight on mothers with babies.

In September 2014 Rimi Atwal, formerly of Bauer Media Group, was appointed managing director.

In the 2014 New Year Honours Netmums founders Freegard, Court and Russell received OBEs from the Queen for Services to Families.

In 2013, Netmums announced advertising sign-ups with Stiefel Laboratories' Oilatum and Aquafresh Kids, as they revealed a 46% increase occurred on ad spend on the site from April 2012 to April 2013.

In 2016, Netmums made a post-tax profit of £1,518,962 on a turnover of £5,064,760 (down 33% from 2015).

Content
Netmums lists crafts and activities for families in the school holidays and weekends. Birthday party ideas for children are offered, including planning, making invitations, party themes, recipe and food ideas, and details of local caterers, venues, entertainers and cake makers.

The pregnancy section contains support, advice and tips, and listings of local hospitals, birth centres and pregnancy classes in each area. Members can also subscribe to a weekly pregnancy email and a short email antenatal course, as well as monthly emails with support and advice for parents of children under the age of one. It covers sleep support, baby development, health and support for parents, plus discussions with health professionals.

Netmums offers support and advice for mothers with postnatal depression, with lists of local support groups, information and live support from parents in its Coffeehouse forum. There is also childcare information for mothers going back to work after having a baby. This includes listings for childminders, nurseries and other services.

In 2008, Netmums launched a Parent Supporters service on the Coffee House forum. The social support element of the site later received a grant from the UK Department for Children, Schools and Families to support online counsellors and health visitors. Netmums subsequently expanded the Parent Supporter scheme further, though the government funding was later gradually reduced and then finally withdrawn.

Campaigns
In 2009, Netmums called publicly on the UK government and primary care trusts to take account of the concerns of parents, and the organisations that represent their needs and views, and to reverse this decline.

In 2010 Netmums conducted an online survey of 5,900 mothers asking which issues mattered most to them, and which were likely to affect their voting decisions in the 2010 general election.

In 2011 the website helped local parent groups campaigning to preventing closures of 250 children's centres in the UK.

Netmums endorsed the "Energy Bill Revolution" campaign in 2012 to support reduction of energy waste and increased energy efficiency in the home, calling on the UK government to fund energy efficiency programme with the aim to bring 9 out of 10 homes out of fuel poverty. In the same year Netmums conducted a social survey which concluded that one in seven women describes themselves as feminist

Netmums campaigned for improvements in maternity services for over two years. This included demands for better support for postnatal depression and depression during pregnancy. Netmums also conducted studies looking at different aspects of postnatal depression and anxiety.

Over a period of three years, Netmums conducted three studies on different aspects of postnatal depression and anxiety.

In June 2014 the Family and Childcare Trust and Netmums launched a programme of activity looking into issues affecting families in the UK. This included how family friendly the UK was as a nation, holiday childcare, flexible working, parental leave and childcare in general.

Books
Netmums has published nine books:
Feeding Kids (2007),
How to Be a Happy Mum: The Netmums Guide to Stress-free Family Life (2007),
Toddling to Ten: Your common parenting problems solved (2008),
Your Pregnancy: The Netmums Guide to Having a Baby (2009),
Baby's First Year: The Netmums Guide to Being a New Mum (2009),
Baby Sleep Solutions (2010),
Getting Ready to Start School (2010),
You and Your Tween (2011),
The Ultimate Baby & Toddler Q&A: Your 50 Most Common Questions Answered (2012),

References

External links

Online companies of the United Kingdom
Internet properties established in 2000
Parenting websites
Online support groups


VeneSat-1, also known as Simón Bolívar (named after Venezuelan independence fighter Simón Bolívar), was the first Venezuelan satellite. It was designed, built and launched by the CGWIC subsidiary of the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation. It was a communications satellite operating from a geosynchronous orbit. The satellite was launched on a Chinese Long March 3B carrier rocket from Xichang Satellite Launch Center Launch Complex 2 on 29 October 2008 at 16:53 UTC.

Overview
VeneSat-1, operated by Venezuela's Bolivarian Agency for Space Activities (ABAE), was built on the Chinese DFH-4 satellite bus. It had a mass of  and an expected service life of 15 years. The satellite featured a payload of 14 C-band, 12 Ku-band, and 2 Ka-band transponders. Occupying an orbital slot of 78° West, designated for Uruguay and ceded to Venezuela by mutual accord, it provided television broadcasting and broadband connectivity services.

However, since 13 March 2020, VeneSat-1 has been out of service due to a series of maneuvers that left it tumbling and drifting away from its assigned orbital position. Seradata reported that the satellite lost both of its solar array drives between February and March 2020, resulting in a loss of power for the spacecraft. The operator attempted to perform an emergency move of the spacecraft to a graveyard orbit, but evidently, only the apogee engine burn was successful while the perigee burn failed. It is suggested that the spacecraft may have run out of power during the perigee attempt, or exhausted its fuel supply. , VeneSat-1 was in an elliptical orbit of approximately , with its perigee approximately  above the normal geosynchronous orbit. It had also drifted west by 30°.

On 24 March 2020, the Venezuelan government transferred the majority of VeneSat-1's functions to the American Intelsat 14. The following day, Venezuela's Ministry of Science and Technology officially declared the satellite lost, marking the end of its mission. VeneSat-1 failed three years prior to its expected end of life.

Significance
Venezuela's work on Venesat-1 was conducted in part to amplify regional network Telesur's programming by enabling it to avoid geo-blocking efforts by DirecTV, an American company.

See also

 VRSS-1
 VRSS-2
 Media of Venezuela

References

External links
 VeneSat-1 at Bolivarian Agency for Space Activities

Communications satellites in geostationary orbit
Satellite television
Telecommunications in Venezuela
Telecommunications in the Caribbean
Telecommunications in South America
First artificial satellites of a country
Satellites of Venezuela
China–Venezuela relations
Satellites using the DFH-4 bus
Spacecraft launched by Long March rockets
2008 in Venezuela
Spacecraft launched in 2008
Spacecraft decommissioned in 2020
Derelict satellites orbiting Earth


Emily Maria Eardley Childers (1866–1922), known as Milly Childers, was an English painter of the later Victorian era and the early twentieth century.

She was the daughter of Hugh Childers, a prominent Member of Parliament and Cabinet minister of his generation. Little is known about Milly Childers's early life; she began exhibiting her art around 1890. After her father's 1892 retirement from public service, father and daughter traveled together through England and France; Milly Childers painted landscapes and church interiors. Her father's social and political connections brought his daughter some commissioned work, including as a restorer and copyist for Lord Halifax at Temple Newsam. Childers exhibited her work at the Palace of Fine Arts at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois.

One of Childers' best-known works is a portrait of her father; another is her own self portrait from 1889. Other of her better-known works are Children Playing Hoops in the Street, Arromanches and The Pannier market, Barnstaple. Her style shows influences from the Impressionists.

References

External links

 British Women Painters: 1893 Exposition
The Terrace (1909 painting of the terrace at the UK Houses of Parliament)
Photo of Childers and her work (National Portrait Gallery, London)

1866 births
1922 deaths
19th-century English painters
20th-century English painters
20th-century English women artists
19th-century English women artists
English women painters
Milly


Slaley may refer to:
Slaley, Derbyshire
Slaley, Northumberland


Emmanuel Arewan Omodiagbe (born October 19, 1985) is a Nigerian football offensive allrounder currently playing for Nigerian club Warri Wolves F.C.

Career
In January 2006 he moved from Bendel Insurance F.C. to Heartland F.C. On 26 February 2009 with teammate Kabiru Alausa he joined CSKA Sofia where he was on trial with the club. However, the transfer fell through due to problems with the fee and the agent's share, so he returned to the Naze Millionaires. He joined Warri Wolves at the start of the 2010–11 season.

References

1985 births
Living people
Igbo sportspeople
Nigerian men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Heartland F.C. players
Bendel Insurance F.C. players


Jegichagi is a Korean traditional outdoor game in which players kick a paper jegi into the air and attempt to keep it aloft. A jegi is similar to a shuttlecock, and is made from paper wrapped around a small coin.

In Korea, children usually play alone or with friends in winter seasons, especially on Korean New Year. Briefly explaining the rules, the player kicks a jegi up in the air and keeps on kicking to prevent from falling to the ground. In a one-to-one game, a player with the most consecutive kicks wins. In a group game, the players stand in a circle, and take turns kicking the jegi. Players who fail to kick the jegi upon receiving it and let it drop to the ground lose. As a penalty, the loser tosses the jegi at the winner so that he can kick it as he wishes. When the loser catches the jegi back with his hands, the penalty ends and he can rejoin the game.  This has developed, and people combined two or three materials and made new ways of playing jegichagi. Though the game was traditionally mostly played in winter, it has become a year-round game.

History
Although there is no written record about the origin of jegichagi, historical legends states that the game was developed from young martial artists’ training which involved kicking a small leather pouch. Jegichagi has been developed in a different way.

According to Samguk Yusa, the ancient Korean record, the people of Goguryeo were skilled at playing Cuju, the Chinese game of kicking a ball. Jegichagi evolved with the influence from Cuju that was widely played in Korea at this time. Kim Yushin of Silla stepped on and tore off Kim Chunchu's otgoreum, two long ribbon ties in Korean traditional costume, under the mask of playing jegichagi and had his sister sew it back on. Through that event, Kim Yushin's sister eventually married and became wife of Kim Chunchu, later Muyeol of Silla.

In 2000, Korean Jegichagi Association was founded to make new rules in order to fit this traditional game well into today’s generation. Although jegichagi is well known as many of other famous traditional games in Korea, the game is losing its popularity. In effort to keep traditional jegichagi alive within children’s mind, the Board of Education in South Korea ordered jegichagi as one of the required activities in physical education courses in school, usually 3rd or 4th grade.

In August 2011, an American company released a children's toy called Kikbo based on jegichagi.

Construction
Traditionally, a jegi is made by taking a coin with a hole through the middle, and a sheet of hanji paper. The paper is folded in half, the coin is placed in the middle of the folded paper, and the paper is folded several times again with the coin still inside the paper. A sharp object is then used to pierce a hole through the paper, also passing through the hole in the coin. Each end of the folded paper is then inserted into the hole, and the ends of the paper are unfolded and torn into strands.

A simpler method is to place a small pile or two or three coins in the centre of a 25 cm square cut from a plastic bag or tissue paper. The paper is bunched around the coins, and the coins are tied in place with string or a rubber band. The loose part of the bag or paper is then cut into strands.

The most important factor of good jegi is its weight, which should be around . If it is too light, it is very hard to control jegi since it falls to the ground before the next kick is ready. However, if it is too heavy, it is hard to kick the jegi high enough.

Gameplay
Players kick the jegi into the air using inner side of the foot. The winner of the game is the player who kicks jegi the most times without letting it fall to the ground.

Other ways to play include:

Heollaeng-i (헐랭이) Use of the inner side of the foot to kick 'jegi' while the other foot balances the body. The foot used to kick jegi should remain in air without touching the ground.
Ttanggang-aji (땅강아지) Similar to #1; however, the foot kicking jegi touches the ground each time before kicking again.
Left-right foot (우지좌지) Similar to #2, but both feet are used to kick jegi alternatively with either the inner surface of both feet (or one inner and the other outer)
Apchagi (앞차기) Use of the top of the foot to kick jegi.
Dwitbalchagi (뒷발차기) Use of the top lateral side of the foot to kick jegi.
Kijigi (키지기) Each lift of jegi must be higher than one's own height.
Muljigi (물지기) Continuously kicking jegi and catching it with one's mouth.

A way to practice jegichagi is to use a tied jegi, where a length of string ties the jegi to a fixed point such that it hangs in the air. In this way, a player can continue hitting it without having to pick up the jegi every time it falls to the ground.

Beginners have a habit of placing the arm towards the front while kicking jegi with the thought that the arm helps balancing the body. However, it does not. When using the right foot to kick jegi, it is better for the right hand to be held at the hip.

See also
Hacky sack
Keepie-uppie
Jianzi

References

External links
 Dynamic Korea, Embassy of the Republic of Korea in the United States of America.<http://www.dynamic-korea.com/>
 Official Seoul City Tourism, Seoul Metropolitan Government
 엑스포과학공원- ExpoPark INC. "전통제기 만드는법- How to make Traditional Jegi". http://www.expopark.co.kr/ . 2010-02-27

Korean games
Korean folklore
Traditional games


The 1996 Grand Prix Hassan II was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the Complexe Al Amal in Casablanca in Morocco and was part of the World Series of the 1996 ATP Tour. It was the 12th edition of the tournament and was held from 25 March until 31 March 1996. Unseeded Tomás Carbonell won the singles title.

Finals

Singles

 Tomás Carbonell defeated  Gilbert Schaller 7–5, 1–6, 6–2
 It was Carbonell's only singles title of the year and the 2nd and last of his career.

Doubles

 Jiří Novák /  David Rikl defeated  Tomás Carbonell /  Francisco Roig 7–6, 6–3
 It was Novák's 2nd title of the year and the 4th of his career. It was Rikl's 1st title of the year and the 10th of his career.

References

External links
 ITF tournament edition details
 ATP tournament profile

Grand Prix Hassan II
Grand Prix Hassan II


Filippovia knipovitchi, the smooth hooked squid, is a species of squid in the family Onychoteuthidae and the sole member of the genus Filippovia. It is found in the Antarctic and Atlantic Oceans, and reaches a mantle length of 35 cm.

References

Bolstad, K.S.R. 2010. Systematics of the Onychoteuthidae Gray, 1847 (Cephalopoda: Oegopsida). Zootaxa 2696: 1–186. Preview

External links
 Tree of Life web project: Filippovia knipovitchi

Squid
Molluscs described in 1972


Braki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowa Sucha, within Sochaczew County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Nowa Sucha,  south-west of Sochaczew, and  west of Warsaw.

References

Braki


PPC Ltd, a supplier of cement, lime (material) and related products in southern Africa. It has 11 cement factories and a lime manufacturing facility in six African countries including South Africa, Botswana, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Rwanda and Zimbabwe. The company is headquartered in Sandton (Johannesburg).

PPC’s Materials business, consisting of Pronto Holdings (including Pronto Building Materials, Ulula Ash and 3Q Mahuma Concrete), forms part of the company’s channel management strategy for southern Africa. PPC’s footprint in the readymix sector has grown to include 29 batching plants across South Africa and Mozambique and also has the capacity to produce half a million tons of fly ash. PPC also produces aggregates in South Africa and Botswana.

PPC Lime, one of the largest lime producers in the southern hemisphere, produces metallurgical-grade calcitic and dolomitic lime and sinter stone used mainly in the steel and related industries. In 2019, PPC Ltd indicated that currency depreciation in Zimbabwe had negatively affected the group's bottom-line.

References

External links
 Why S&P is upbeat on PPC As of 3 July 2018 (Available via subscription only).
 AfriSam Cancels Head of Terms With PPC A of 25 August 2018.
 PPC Limited Integrated Report 2018 As of 23 August 2018.

Cement companies of South Africa
Manufacturing companies based in Johannesburg
Companies based in Sandton
South African brands
Companies listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange


Hypoadrenocorticism in dogs, or, as it is known in people, Addison's disease, is an endocrine system disorder that occurs when the adrenal glands fail to produce enough hormones for normal function. The adrenal glands secrete glucocorticoids such as cortisol and mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone; when proper amounts of these are not produced, the metabolic and electrolyte balance is upset. Mineralocorticoids control the amount of potassium, sodium, and water in the body. Hypoadrenocorticism is fatal if left untreated.

The most common cause of inadequate adrenal production is idiopathic adrenocortical atrophy. All causes for hypoadrenocorticism are not yet known. The usual causes are genetic, often related to autoimmune disorders, where the body attacks and kill its own tissue ("immune mediated destruction"). Other cases are caused by various disease processes, including failure of the pituitary gland to secrete ACTH, the hormone which stimulates the adrenal production of cortisol.

Hypoadrenocorticism is more frequent in dogs than in humans; in fact, it may occur one hundred times more often in the canine population. It mostly affects young to middle-aged female dogs, as the average age at diagnosis being four years old (although it has been found in puppies and dogs up to twelve years old). About seventy percent of dogs that are diagnosed with hypoadrenocorticism are female. Hypoadrenocorticism is still relatively uncommon or underdiagnosed in dogs. Statistics gathered from a large veterinary hospital placed the number at 0.36 dogs per 1000. For an average veterinary practice with two veterinarians and 1500 canine patients, this would mean an average of one diagnosis of the disease each year.

Signs and symptoms
The most common clinical manifestations are related to mental status and gastrointestinal function; they include lethargy, anorexia, vomiting, weight loss, and weakness. Additional findings may include dehydration, bradycardia, weak femoral pulses, abdominal pain, lack of appetite, tremors or shaking, muscle weakness, low body temperature, collapse, and pain in the hindquarters. Polyuria and polydipsia, diarrhea, and shivering are occasionally reported.

Hypoglycemia can also be present, and initially may be confused with a seizure disorder or an insulin-secreting pancreatic tumor (insulinoma).  Hypoadrenocorticism may also be misdiagnosed as food poisoning, parvovirus enteritis, gastric volvulus, or spinal/joint problems, earning this disease nicknames like "the Great Mimic" and "the Great Imitator". It is possible not to see any signs of the disease until 90% of the adrenal cortex is no longer functioning.

Addisonian crisis

If hyponatremia (low sodium) and hyperkalemia (high potassium) are severe, the resulting hypovolemia, prerenal azotemia, and cardiac arrhythmias may result in an Addisonian crisis. In severe cases, the patient may be presented in shock and moribund. Addisonian crisis must be differentiated from other life-threatening disorders such as diabetic ketoacidosis, necrotizing pancreatitis, and septic peritonitis.

Causes

The adrenal glands are located above the kidneys. The adrenal outer layer, or cortex, has three layers; each produces a specific type of steroid.

Primary

Primary adrenocortical insufficiency is the more common form of hypoadrenocorticism. All layers of the adrenal gland stop functioning; the problem is with the adrenal gland. This causes a deficiency of both mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid secretion. Most cases are classified as idiopathic, although immune-mediated adrenocortical destruction is a likely cause. Bilateral destruction of the adrenal cortex by neoplasia (e.g. lymphosarcoma), granulomatous disease, or arterial thrombosis can also cause primary adrenocortical insufficiency. The destruction is progressive, although variable in rate, ultimately leading to complete loss of adrenocorotical function. A partial deficiency syndrome may occur initially, with signs manifested only during times of stress (e.g., boarding, travel, surgery).

Secondary

In secondary hypoadrenocorticism the problem is not in the adrenal gland but in the pituitary gland. Usually, the anterior portion of the pituitary gland produces a hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), that signals the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis to produce their steroids. When the pituitary is unable to produce ACTH, these zones stop production of their hormones. The zona glomerulosa is not controlled by ACTH, and remains able to produce a normal amount of mineralocorticoids. A dog with secondary hypoadrenocorticism only needs to have medication to replace the glucocorticoid steroid cortisol. One dog in every 42 diagnosed with hypoadrenocorticism has the secondary form of the disease where mineralocorticoid production remains intact.

Secondary adrenocortical insufficiency involves only a deficiency of glucocorticoid secretion. Destructive lesions (e.g. neoplasia, inflammation) in the pituitary gland or hypothalamus and chronic administration of exogenous glucocorticoids or megestrol acetate (cats) are the most common causes.

Drug induced
Drug induced (iatrogenic) hypoadrenocorticism is caused during abrupt cessation of a steroid medication. During steroid treatment, the adrenal glands do not function fully. The body senses the levels of the exogenous steroids in the system and therefore does not signal for additional production. The usual protocol for stopping steroid medications is not to eliminate them suddenly, but to withdraw from them gradually in a "tapering off" process, which allows the production to adjust to normal. If steroids are abruptly withdrawn, the dormant adrenal glands may not able to reactivate, and the body will need to have its adrenal glucocorticoid hormones replaced by medication.

Diagnosis
Hypoadrenocorticism is often tentatively diagnosed on the basis of history, physical findings, clinical pathology, and, for primary adrenal insufficiency, characteristic electrolyte abnormalities.

Clinical pathology - Abnormalities may be identified on hematology, biochemistry and urinalysis. Elevated concentrations of potassium (hyperkalemia), and low sodium and chloride values (hyponatremia and hypochloremia) are the classic electrolyte alterations. The sodium/potassium ratio often is <27 (normal is between 27:1 and 40:1) and maybe <20 in animals with primary adrenal insufficiency. However, not all dogs have an abnormal electrolyte ratio during an Addisonian episode.
ECG - The severity of the ECG abnormalities correlates with the severity of the hyperkalemia. Therefore, the ECG can be used to identify and estimate the severity of hyperkalemia and to monitor changes in serum potassium during therapy.
Diagnostic imaging - Abdominal ultrasound may reveal small adrenal glands, suggesting adrenocortical atrophy. However, finding normal-sized adrenal glands does not rule out hypoadrenocorticism. Rarely, megaesophagus is evident on radiographs.
ACTH stimulation test - Confirmation requires evaluation of an ACTH stimulation test. Baseline plasma cortisol and urine cortisol/Cr ratios are unreliable for confirming the diagnosis. One major diagnostic criterion is abnormally decreased post-ACTH plasma cortisol. Normal plasma cortisol after ACTH stimulation rules out adrenal insufficiency. The only accurate test for hypoadrenocorticism is an ACTH stimulation test; however, any administration of a steroid other than dexamethasone will invalidate this test. Carry out test by:
Measuring serum cortisol before and after administration of ACTH gel or synthetic ACTH
Normal dogs generally have post stimulation cortisol levels > 10 ug/dl.
Post stimulation levels < 2 ug/dl is considered diagnostic and most Addison's patients are < 1 ug/dl.

The ACTH stimulation test does not distinguish between primary and secondary hypoadrenocorticism, or adrenocortical destruction caused by mitotane overdose. Differentiation between primary and secondary hypoadrenocorticism can be made by periodically measuring serum electrolytes, baseline endogenous ACTH, or possibly serum or plasma aldosterone during the ACTH stimulation test. While most corticosteroid drugs will invalidate the results of an ACTH test, dexamethasone may be used in the event of an Addison's emergency without fear of compromising the results of the test.

In general, hypoadrenocorticism is underdiagnosed in dogs, and one must have a clinical suspicion of it as an underlying disorder for many presenting complaints. Females are overrepresented (~70% of cases), and the disease often appears in middle age (four to seven years), although any age or gender may be affected. Dogs with hypoadrenocorticism may also have one of several autoimmune disorders. Because it is an endocrine disorder, they may also have neuropathy and some endocrine-related eye diseases.

Addisonian crisis
If deterioration of the adrenal glands progresses far enough, a dog may experience an Addisonian crisis, an acute episode during which potassium levels increase (hyperkalemia), disrupting normal functions of the heart. Arrhythmia can result and blood pressure may drop to dangerously low levels, while the dog's kidneys may cease to function properly. Some 35% of canine Addison's cases are diagnosed as the result of an Addisonian crisis. It is a medical emergency.

Whipworms

Dogs with infected with the whipworm Trichuris trichiura can exhibit low sodium and high potassium values, as is seen in hypoadrenocorticism; however, their ACTH values are normal.

Pacific Rim

Breeds that began in the Pacific Rim, among them Akitas and Shiba Inus, tend to have higher potassium values in laboratory test, and elevated levels are not abnormal. Dogs who do not have hypoadrenocorticism have normal values on ACTH tests.

Treatment
Aggressiveness of therapy depends on the clinical status of the patient and the nature of the insufficiency (glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, or both). Many dogs and cats with primary adrenal insufficiency are presented in Addisonian crisis and require immediate, aggressive therapy. In contrast, secondary insufficiency often has a chronic course.

Hypoadrenocorticism is treated with oral daily administration of fludrocortisone (trade name Florinef) or a monthly injection of desoxycorticosterone pivalate, DOCP (Percorten-V or Zycortal)  and daily prednisone or prednisolone. One drug is needed to supplement mineralcortidoids and the other to supplement corticosteroids. This effectively replaces what the adrenal cortex is failing to produce. Routine blood work is necessary in the initial stages until a maintenance dose is established. Most of the medications used in the therapy of hypoadrenocorticism cause excessive thirst and urination. It is absolutely vital to provide fresh drinking water for a canine with this disorder.

If the owner knows about an upcoming stressful situation (shows, traveling etc.), the animals generally need an increased dose of prednisone (2-4 times maintenance) to help deal with the added stress. Avoidance of stress is important for dogs with hypoadrenocorticism. Physical illness also stresses the body and may mean that the medication(s) need to be adjusted during this time. Most dogs with hypoadrenocorticism have an excellent prognosis after proper stabilization and treatment.

Addisonian crisis

Treatment is directed towards (1) correcting hypotension, hypovolemia, electrolyte imbalances, and metabolic acidosis; (2) improving vascular integrity, and (3) providing an immediate source of glucocorticoids. Rapid correction of hypovolemia is the first priority.

Restoring blood volume is vital to correcting hypotension, hypovolemia, and addressing electrolyte and metabolic imbalances. This is achieved by the rapid administration of fluids. This helps to correct hyponatremia, restore perfusion to organs, and reduce hyperkalemia through increased GFR and dilution effects. Further treatment of hyperkalemia is addressed if necessary. Often, the fluid therapy can sufficiently address hyperkalemia, but in the presence of significant cardiac abnormalities, the addition of calcium gluconate may be necessary in addition to glucose, insulin, or bicarb to promote intracellular shift of potassium.

Most patients show dramatic improvement within 24 to 48 hours of appropriate fluid and glucocorticoid therapy. Over the ensuing 2 to 4 days, a gradual transition from IV fluids to oral water and food is undertaken, and maintenance mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid therapy is initiated. Failure to make this transition smoothly should raise suspicion of insufficient glucocorticoid supplementation, concurrent endocrinopathy (e.g. hypothyroidism), or concurrent illness (especially renal damage).

It is important that after the crisis is corrected that the patient is put on a maintenance therapy of corticosteroids and mineralocorticoids.

Epidemiology
Hypoadrenocorticism is typically a disease of young to middle-aged female dogs, although Standard Poodles and Bearded Collies of both sexes are prone to the condition.

Hypoadrenocorticism is an inherited disease in the following breeds (and therefore a higher proportion of dogs within these breeds are affected, compared to other breeds):
 Bearded Collie
 Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever
 Portuguese Water Dog
 Standard Poodle

Some breeds are at increased risk of hypoadrenocorticism:
 Airedale Terrier
 Basset Hound
 Bearded Collie
 Great Dane
 Rottweiler
 Springer Spaniels: English Springer Spaniel and Welsh Springer Spaniel
 Saint Bernard
 Soft-Coated Wheaten Terrier
 West Highland white terrier

Some breeds have a reduced risk of hypoadrenocorticism:
 Boxer
 Cocker Spaniel
 Golden Retriever
 Pit Bull Terrier
 Lhasa Apso
 Yorkshire Terrier

History
The first case of hypoadrenocorticism in dogs was recorded in 1953, over 100 years after it was described in humans by Thomas Addison.

References

Dog diseases


Czyste is part of the Wola district of Warsaw.

Czyste may also refer to the following villages:
Czyste, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-central Poland)
Czyste, Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
Czyste, Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland)
Czyste, Lubusz Voivodeship (west Poland)
Czyste, West Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-west Poland)


Kiviat may refer to:

People
Abel Kiviat, American middle-distance runner
Robert Kiviat, television writer and producer specializing in paranormal phenomenon

Other
 Kiviat diagram: a radar chart, graphical method of displaying multivariate data


The 1997 Grand Prix Hassan II was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the Complexe Al Amal in Casablanca, Morocco and was part of the World Series of the 1997 ATP Tour. It was the 13th edition of the tournament and was held from 24 March through 30 March 1997. Second-seeded Hicham Arazi won the singles title.

Finals

Singles

 Hicham Arazi defeated  Franco Squillari 3–6, 6–1, 6–2
 It was Arazi's only singles title of his career.

Doubles

 João Cunha e Silva /  Nuno Marques defeated  Karim Alami /  Hicham Arazi 7–6, 6–2
 It was Cunha e Silva's only title of the year and the 2nd of his career. It was Marques's only title of the year and the 1st of his career.

References

External links
 Official website
 ATP tournament profile


Minibond is a brand name for a series of structured financial notes issued in Hong Kong and Singapore under the control of Lehman Brothers.

The term "Minibond" is also used to refer to other likewise structured Notes, namely Constellation Notes and Octave Notes, respectively issued in Hong Kong under the direction of DBS Bank and Morgan Stanley. These Notes, coupled with Minibonds (and other Equity-linked Notes issued by Lehman Brothers) are sometimes officially referred to as "Lehman-related securities".

Lehman Brothers arranged 3 "Special Purpose Entities" (hereafter "SPE") to issue Minibond-like Notes in Hong Kong from 2002 to 2008. Minibonds are issued by Pacific International Finance Limited, and the Notes issued by the other 2 SPE are branded "ProFund Notes" and "Pyxis Notes". Unlike the Minibonds (which have a three-layered structure), these latter Notes feature 2 layers of notes bundled.

See also
 Credit
 Credit derivative
 Credit derivative risks
 Default Risk
 CLN
 CDO

References

Commercial bonds