Kid Glove Killer is a 1942 American crime film, starring Van Heflin as a forensic scientist investigating the murder of a mayor. The B film, the feature-length directorial debut of Fred Zinnemann, was an expanded version of the 1938 Crime Does Not Pay short subject "They're Always Caught".

Plot
Ambitious young attorney Gerald I. Latimer (Lee Bowman) helps mayoral candidate Daniels (Samuel S. Hinds) and district attorney candidate Turnely to be elected; the pair had vowed to rid the city of its pernicious criminal rackets. The two elected officials are unaware that Gerald has paired up with one of the city's biggest gangsters, Matty (John Litel), to get help in getting Gerald elected to the U.S. Senate in exchange for future political favors.

Gerald warns Matty that Turnely and Daniels are serious about cracking down on crime, so Matty has Turnely murdered. Gerald is appointed special prosecutor, and gets to meet the crew that investigates the district attorney's murder. His good friend, forensic scientist Gordon McKay (Van Heflin), and his assistant, Jane Mitchell (Marsha Hunt), examine the body and determine the identity of the hit man, who dies while trying to avoid capture.

Gerald makes a public show of arresting crime figures, but people like restaurateur Eddie Wright (Eddie Quillan), long-harassed by the racketeers, realize that only small-time operators are being arrested.  Eddie believes the mayor is sincere and, knowing that some of the police are corrupt, decides to speak directly the mayor about what needs to be done.  Eddie goes to the mayor's house and waits for him, but his presence alarms the mayor's wife and she calls the police on him.  They take note of his presence and send him home.

Meanwhile, the mayor questions Gerald about a large insurance policy he bought, wanting to know where the money came from. When Gerald refuses to answer, the mayor declares his intention to begin an investigation into the source of Gerald's funds.  Knowing that his dealings with the gangsters will be uncovered, Gerald appeals to Matty, but Matty insists that Gerald take care of the mayor himself.  Gerald places a bomb in the mayor's car, and the mayor dies when the bomb goes off.

The police suspect Eddie of having placed the bomb, and detain him. Some circumstantial evidence points to Eddie but Gordon is skeptical and continues the investigation although Gerald calls for Eddie's arrest.

Gerald spends a lot of time in the police crime lab and eventually falls in love with Jane. He even asks her hand in marriage, but she rejects him, explaining she can't marry and quit her job until the double homicide investigation is finished. When she tells him Gordon has concluded that the man planting the bomb should have gunpowder under his nails, Gerald rushes off to scrub his hands meticulously, successfully avoiding having suspicion fall upon him.

Later, Gordon later finds a note in the mayor's office implicating Gerald. This time, he does not mention his finding to Jane and instead surreptitiously obtains a hair sample from him. After analyzing the sample, Gordon tells Jane he has found the killer, but he won't reveal his name. When Jane and Gerald meet again and she agrees to marry him, she tells Gerald that Gordon has found the killer through a hair sample. Gerald realizes he has to kill his friend Gordon.

Gerald sets up a meeting with Gordon and Matty, and gives his car keys to Jane so she can drive herself home. She sees the cigar cutter on the key ring and realizes it could have been used to cut bomb wires. She takes it to the crime lab for examination.

Gerald gets a gun from Matty, who shows him how to use it. He rushes to the crime lab to kill Gordon. When he enters Gordon's office he asks him to hand over the evidence incriminating him, and Jane overhears the shouting from the lab. Gerald is confessing the killings to Gordon when Jane enters the office. Gordon overpowers Gerald and gets the gun. The police arrive at the scene shortly after, and both Gerald and Matty are arrested.

Gordon realizes that he is in love with Jane and proposes to her. She willingly accepts.

Cast

Reception
The film earned $336,000 in the US and Canada and $214,000 elsewhere during its initial theatrical run, making MGM a profit of $161,000.

References

External links

1942 films
1942 crime drama films
American mystery drama films
American crime drama films
American black-and-white films
Film noir
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
Films directed by Fred Zinnemann
1940s mystery drama films
1942 directorial debut films
1940s American films
1940s English-language films


CB-4 could refer to:

 , a never-finished
 The film CB4
 The Cambridge postal area


Sean "agro" R. Eberhart is a Republican member of the Indiana House of Representatives, representing the 57th District since 2007. He served on the Shelby County Council from 1998 to 2006 and as its president from 2003 to 2006. He served on the County Council's 4th district. He retired from political life in 2022.

Early life and education
Eberhart attended Shelbyville High School.

References

External links
 State Representative Sean Eberhart official Indiana State Legislature site
 Sean Eberhart for State Representative official campaign site

Republican Party members of the Indiana House of Representatives
1966 births
Living people
People from Shelbyville, Indiana
21st-century American politicians
Purdue University alumni
Indiana University alumni


Andrija Konc (10 November 1919 in Sombor – 1945 in Bjelovar) was one of the most popular Croatian singers of the early 1940s. He mostly performed schlager songs.

Konc was schooled in Bjelovar and in Zagreb where he was a member of the Croatian National Theatre in Zagreb chorus, but decided to start a career as performer. He frequently performed on Radio Zagreb (later known as Hrvatski Krugoval). Ljubo Kuntarić composed for Konc the song "Ti i ne slutiš" for Konc in 1943 which was a hit.

From 1939 to 1945, Konc was a star singer for Radio Zagreb and recorded around 60 records for the station, for such labels as Edison Bell Penkala (Zagreb), Patria (Budapest) and Elektron (Zagreb). Konc's last public performance was on 23 April 1945.

In 1945, he was taken by the Yugoslav Partisans to Zagreb's Kanal camp. After being released from the camp, Konc went to his hometown of Bjelovar, where he vanished and believed to be killed by OZNA near Bjelovar.

Most of Konc's recordings were destroyed in communist Yugoslavia. Since democratic reforms in Croatia Konc's legacy has been revived.

References

References
Tko je tko u NDH. "Andrija Konc". Minerva. Zagreb, 1997.

1919 births
1945 deaths
Musicians from Sombor
20th-century Croatian male singers
Yugoslav male singers
People executed by Yugoslavia
Croatian civilians killed in World War II


The Rhinemaidens are the three water-nymphs (Rheintöchter or "Rhine daughters") who appear in Richard Wagner's opera cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen. Their individual names are Woglinde, Wellgunde and Flosshilde (Floßhilde), although they are generally treated as a single entity and they act together accordingly. Of the 34 characters in the Ring cycle, they are the only ones who did not originate in the Old Norse Eddas. Wagner created his Rhinemaidens from other legends and myths, most notably the Nibelungenlied which contains stories involving water sprites (nixies) or mermaids of the Danube.

The key concepts associated with the Rhinemaidens in the Ring operas—their flawed guardianship of the Rhine gold, and the condition (the renunciation of love) through which the gold could be stolen from them and then transformed into a means of obtaining world power—are wholly Wagner's own invention, and are the elements that initiate and propel the entire drama.

The Rhinemaidens are the first and the last characters seen in the four-opera cycle, appearing both in the opening scene of Das Rheingold, and in the final climactic spectacle of Götterdämmerung, when they rise from the Rhine waters to reclaim the ring from Brünnhilde's ashes.  They have been described as morally innocent, yet they display a range of sophisticated emotions, including some that are far from guileless. Seductive and elusive, they have no relationship to any of the other characters, and no indication is given as to how they came into existence, beyond occasional references to an unspecified "father".

The various musical themes associated with the Rhinemaidens are regarded as among the most lyrical in the entire Ring cycle, bringing to it rare instances of comparative relaxation and charm. The music contains important melodies and phrases which are reprised and developed elsewhere in the operas to characterise other individuals and circumstances, and to relate plot developments to the source of the narrative. It is reported that Wagner played the Rhinemaidens' lament at the piano, on the night before he died in Venice, in 1883.

Origins
Alone of the Ring's characters, the Rhinemaidens do not originate from  the Poetic Edda or Prose Edda, the Icelandic sources for most of Norse mythology. Water-sprites (German: Nixen) appear in many European myths and legends, often but not invariably in a form of disguised malevolence. Wagner drew widely and loosely from those legends when compiling his Ring narrative, and the probable origin of his Rhinemaidens is in the German Nibelungenlied. In one part of the Nibelungenlied narrative Hagen and Gunther encounter certain mermaids or water sprites (Middle High German: merwîp; mod. Ger.: Meerweib) bathing themselves in the waters of the Danube. Hagen steals their clothes, and seeking their return, the mermaid called Hadeburg gives false prophecy that Hagen and Gunther will find honor and glory when they enter Etzel's kingdom. But afterwards another mermaid, Sigelinde (a name Wagner would adopt again for use elsewhere), tells Hagen her  aunt has lied. If they go to Etzel's land, they will die there.

The placement of this scene has several possibilities, but according to Þiðrekssaga, it occurred at the (non-existent) confluence of the Danube and the Rhine. Möringen, where the doomed warriors subsequently ferried across may be Möhringen an der Donau, although Großmehring which is much further east has also been suggested.

This story, itself unrelated to the Ring drama, is echoed by Wagner both in the opening Das Rheingold scene and in the first scene in Act III of Götterdämmerung. Wagner first adapted the story for use in his early libretto of Siegfried's Death (which eventually became Götterdämmerung), introducing three unnamed water-maids (Wasserjungfrauen), and locating them in the Rhine, where they warn Siegfried of his impending death. Later these water-maids became Rhinemaidens (Rheintöchter), and were given individual names: Flosshilde, Wellgunde, and Bronnlinde. As Wagner continued working on his reverse chronology from Siegfried's death, he arrived at what he determined was the initial act of the drama—Alberich's theft of the Rhine gold. Believing that a simple abduction of the unguarded gold would lack dramatic force, Wagner made the Rhinemaidens the guardians of the gold, and he introduced the "renunciation of love" condition. Bronnlinde became Woglinde, probably to avoid confusion with Brünnhilde.

Wagner may also have been influenced by the Rhine River-based German legend of Lorelei, the lovelorn young maiden who drowns herself in the river and becomes a siren, luring fishermen onto the rocks by her singing. Further possible sources lie in Greek mythology and literature. Similarities exist between the maiden guardians in the Hesperides myth and the Rhinemaidens of Das Rheingold; three females guard a highly desired golden treasure that is stolen in the telling of each tale. Wagner was an enthusiastic reader of Aeschylus, including his Prometheus Bound which has a chorus of Oceanids or water nymphs. One author, Rudolph Sabor, sees a link between the Oceanids' treatment of Prometheus and the Rhinemaidens' initial tolerance of Alberich. Just as in Greek myth the Oceanids are the daughters of the titan sea god Oceanus, in Norse mythology—specifically the Poetic Edda—the jötunn (similar to a giant) sea god Ægir has nine daughters. The name of one of these means "wave" (Welle in German) and is a possible source for Wellgunde's name.

Wagner's operas do not reveal where the Rhinemaidens came from, or whether they have any connection to other characters. Whereas most of the characters in the cycle are inter-related, through birth, marriage, or sometimes both, the Rhinemaidens are seemingly independent. The identity of their father who entrusted them with the guardianship of the gold is not given in the text. Some Wagnerian scholars have suggested that he may be a "Supreme Being" who is the father of Wotan and all the gods—indeed, of all creation. Others take the German Rheintöchter literally and say that they are the daughters of the Rhine River.

Nature and attributes

The Rhinemaidens have been described as the drama's "most seductive but most elusive characters", and in one analysis as representatives of "seduction by infantile fantasy". They  act essentially as a unity, with a composite yet elusive personality. Apart from Flosshilde's implied seniority, demonstrated by occasional light rebukes and illustrated musically by awarding the role to a deeper-voiced contralto or mezzo, their characters are undifferentiated. In The Perfect Wagnerite, his 1886 analysis of the Ring drama as political allegory, George Bernard Shaw describes the Rhinemaidens as "thoughtless, elemental, only half-real things, very much like modern young ladies". The attributes most apparent initially are charm and playfulness, combined with a natural innocence; their joy in the gold they guard derives from its beauty alone, even though they know its latent power. The veneer of childlike simplicity is misleading; aside from proving themselves irresponsible as guardians, they are also provocative, sarcastic and cruel in their interaction with Alberich. When the demigod Loge reports that the Rhinemaidens need Wotan's help to regain the gold, Fricka, the goddess of marriage, calls them a "watery brood" (Wassergezücht) and complains about the many men they have lured away with their "treacherous bathing". They are beguiling and flirtatious with Siegfried, but finally wise as revealed by the undisclosed counsel which they give to Brünnhilde. Sabor sees the personality of the Rhinemaidens as a blend of the "good hearted nature" of the Oceanids and the "austerity" (including the willingness to drown people) of the daughters of Ægir.

The first lines sung by Woglinde in the Ring are dominated by wordless vocalisations. Weia! Waga! ... Wagala weia! Wallala weiala weia! This attracted comment both at the 1869 premiere of Rheingold and the 1876 premiere of the entire Ring, with Wagner's work being dismissed as "Wigalaweia-Musik". In a letter to Nietzsche dated 12 June 1872, Wagner explained that he had derived Weiawaga from old German and that it was related to Weihwasser, meaning holy water. Other words were intended as parallels to those found in German nursery lullabies ('Eia Poppeia', 'Heija Poppeia' and 'Aia Bubbeie' are common forms). Thus Woglinde's lines portray both the childish innocence of the Rhinemaidens and the holiness of Nature.

The Rhinemaidens' sorrow in the loss of the gold is deep and heartfelt. As the gods are crossing the rainbow bridge into Valhalla at the end of Das Rheingold, Loge ironically suggests that, in the absence of the gold, the maidens should "bask in the gods' new-found radiance". The maidens' lament then becomes a stern reproof: "Tender and true are only the depths", they sing; "False and cowardly is all that rejoices up there". In the final Götterdämmerung scene they show ruthlessness as, having recovered the ring, they drag the hapless Hagen down into the waters of the Rhine.

The Rhinemaidens are the only prominent characters seen definitely alive at the end of the drama; the fates of a few others are ambiguous, but most have certainly perished. Despite the relative brevity of their roles in the context of the four-opera cycle, they are key figures; their careless guardianship of the gold and their provocation of Alberich are the factors which determine all that follows. Wagner himself devised the "renunciation of love" provision  whereby the gold could be stolen and then used to forge a ring with power to rule the world. Since the ring is made from the stolen gold, only its restoration to the Rhinemaidens' care in the waters of the Rhine will lift the curse on it. Hence, the return of the stolen property provides a unifying thematic consistency to Wagner's complex story.

Role in the Ring Operas

Das Rheingold, Scene 1

As the musical prelude climaxes, Woglinde and Wellgunde are seen at play in the depths of the Rhine. Flosshilde joins them after a gentle reminder of their responsibilities as guardians of the gold. They are observed by the Nibelung dwarf Alberich who calls out to them: "I'd like to draw near if you would be kind to me". The wary Flosshilde cries: "Guard the gold! Father warned us of such a foe". When Alberich begins his rough wooing the maidens relax: "Now I laugh at my fears, our enemy is in love", says Flosshilde, and a cruel teasing game ensues. First, Woglinde pretends to respond to the dwarf's advances but swims away as he tries to embrace her. Then Wellgunde takes over, and Alberich's hopes rise until her sharp retort: "Ugh, you hairy hunchbacked clown!" Flosshilde pretends to chastise her sisters for their cruelty and feigns her own courtship, by which Alberich is quite taken in until she suddenly tears away to join the others in a mocking song. Tormented with lust, Alberich furiously chases the maidens over the rocks, slipping and sliding as they elude him, before he sinks down in impotent rage. At this point the mood changes: as a sudden brightness penetrates the depths, a magical golden light reveals, for the first time, the Rhinegold on its rock. The maidens sing their ecstatic greeting to the gold, which rouses Alberich's curiosity. In response to his question Woglinde and Wellgunde reveal the gold's secret: measureless power would belong to the one who could forge a ring from it. Flosshilde scolds them for giving this secret away, but her concerns are dismissed—only someone who has forsworn love can obtain the gold, and Alberich is clearly so besotted as to present no danger. But their confidence is misplaced; in his humiliation Alberich decides that world mastery is more desirable than love. As the maidens continue to jeer his antics he scrambles up the rock and, uttering a curse on love, seizes the gold and disappears, leaving the Rhinemaidens to dive after him  bewailing their loss.

Das Rheingold, Scene 4
As Wotan, Fricka and the other gods start to cross the rainbow bridge leading to Valhalla, they hear a melancholy song from the depths of the Rhine—the maidens, mourning the loss of the gold. Embarrassed and irritated, Wotan tells Loge to silence the maidens, but as the gods continue across the bridge the  lament rises again, now with bitter words of reproach to the gods for their heartlessness.

Götterdämmerung, Act 3 Scene 1

Some time has passed (at least two generations). In a remote wooded valley where the Rhine flows, the ageless Rhinemaidens continue to mourn for the gold, pleading with the "Sun-woman" to send them a champion who will return the gold to them. Siegfried's horn is heard, and he soon appears, having lost his way while hunting. The maidens greet him with their old playfulness and offer to help him, for the price of the ring on his finger. After a flirtatious exchange, Siegfried offers, apparently sincerely, to give them the ring. But instead of wisely simply accepting his offer, the mood of the naive, formerly flirtatious  Rhinemaidens suddenly becomes solemn: they warn Siegfried he will be killed that very day unless he delivers the ring to them. But brave Siegfried will never submit to any such implied threat and declares: "By threatening my life and limb, even if it weren't worth as much as a finger, you won't get the ring from me!" The maidens are scornful of his folly: "Farewell, Siegfried. A proud woman will today become your heir, scoundrel! She'll give us a better hearing". Siegfried is not aware that it is to Brünnhilde that they refer. They swim off, leaving a puzzled Siegfried to ponder their words and to admit to himself that he could happily have seduced any one of them.

Götterdämmerung, Act 3 Scene 3
In her final soliloquy, Brünnhilde thanks the Rhinemaidens for their "good advice". They have apparently told her the full story of Siegfried's ensnarement and betrayal, and advised that only the return of the ring to the waters of the Rhine can lift its curse. Brünnhilde sings: "What you desire I will give you: from my ashes take it to yourselves. The fire...will cleanse the curse from the ring". She exhorts the Rhinemaidens to "carefully guard it" in the future, then leaps into the flames of Siegfried's pyre. The fire blazes up to fill the stage, representing the destruction of the gods. As the Rhine overflows its banks the Rhinemaidens appear, making for the ring. Hagen, who covets the ring, shouts to them "Get back from the ring!" (Zurück vom Ring!), the last words of the drama. He is seized by Woglinde and Wellgunde and dragged into the Rhine's depths, as Flosshilde grabs the ring, holds it aloft, and joins her sisters  swimming in circles as the waters of the Rhine   gradually subside.

Rhinemaidens' music
The music associated with the Rhinemaidens has been portrayed by the Wagner commentator James Holman as "some of the seminal music in the Ring"; other descriptions have noted its relative charm and relaxation.

In  Woglinde's opening song to the Rhine: "Weia! Waga! Woge, du Welle,..." (Das Rheingold, Scene 1)  the melody is pentatonic, using the notes  E flat, F, A flat, B flat and C. The song begins with a two-note falling step (F followed by E flat), a figure which recurs in many musical motives throughout the Ring. The melody itself is reprised during Fricka's denunciation of the Rhinemaidens in Das Rheingold, Scene 2 and, dramatically, at the end of Götterdämmerung when, after Brünnhilde's immolation, the Rhinemaidens rise from the river to claim the ring from Siegfried's funeral pyre. Its first five notes, with an altered rhythm, become the motive of the sleeping Brünnhilde in Die Walküre, Act 3. A variant of the tune becomes the Woodbird's greeting "Hei! Siegfried" in Act 2 of Siegfried. The Rhinemaidens and the Woodbird, in Deryck Cooke's analysis, are related through nature, as "fundamentally innocent allies of the natural world".

The "Rhinemaidens' joy and greeting to the gold": "Heiajaheia, Heiajaheia! Wallalallalala leiajahei! Rheingold! Rheingold!..." (Das Rheingold Scene 1) is a  triumphant greeting song based on two elements, which are developed and transformed later in the Ring and put to many uses. For example, the joyful "heiajaheia" cries are converted, in Rheingold Scene 2, into a dark minor version as Loge reports the theft of the gold to the gods and the consequent rising power of the Nibelungen. The "Rheingold!" repetition is sung by the Rhinemaidens to the same falling step that marked the start of Woglinde's song. This figure recurs constantly in the later stages of the drama; in Das Rheingold Scene 3 a  minor key version is used as a motive for the evil power of the ring that Alberich has forged from the gold. It comes to represent the theme of servitude to the ring; in Götterdämmerung, enslaved to the ring by his desire for it, Hagen utters his "Hoi-ho" call to his vassals using the same minor two-note figure.

The   lament "Rheingold! Rheingold! Reines Gold!..." (Das Rheingold Scene 4) is sung by the maidens at the end of Das Rheingold, as the gods begin to cross the Rainbow Bridge into Valhalla. It begins with the music from the greeting, but develops into what Ernest Newman describes as a "haunting song of loss", which becomes increasingly poignant before it is drowned by the orchestral fortissimo   that ends the opera.  A slow version of the lament is played on the horns in Siegfried, Act 2, as Siegfried enters Fafner's cave to claim the gold—the lament, says Cooke, serves to remind us of the gold's true ownership. The lament is played spiritedly during the Götterdämmerung prologue, as part of the orchestral interlude known as Siegfried's Rhine Journey,  before a shadow falls across the music as it descends into the minor key of the "servitude" motive.

Newman describes the Rhinemaidens' scene with Siegfried": Frau Sonne..." and "Weilalala leia..." (Götterdämmerung, Act 3 Scene 1),   as a "gracious woodland idyll". The musical elements associated with the Rhinemaidens in this scene have not previously been heard; Holman describes them as alluding to the maidens' seductive nature, as well as conveying a sense of nostalgia and detachment, as the drama approaches its conclusion.

On stage

From the first complete production of the Ring, at the Bayreuth Festspielhaus in 1876, it was established that the Rhinemaidens should be depicted in conventional human form, rather than as mermaids or with other supernatural features, notwithstanding Alberich's insult to Wellgunde: "Frigid bony fish!" (Kalter, grätiger Fisch!). The staging of their scenes has always been a test of ingenuity and imagination, since Wagner's stage directions include much swimming and diving and other aquatic gymnastics. Traditionally, therefore, much use has been made of backdrops and lighting to achieve the necessary watery effects. Until the Second World War, under the influence of Cosima Wagner and her (and Wagner's) son Siegfried, a policy of "stifling conservatism" was applied to Bayreuth stagings of the Ring operas. Although there had been some innovation in productions staged elsewhere, it was not until the postwar revival of the Festival in 1951 that there were any significant changes in Bayreuth's presentation of the Ring operas. Since 1976, in particular, innovation at the Festival and elsewhere has been substantial and imaginative.

In the original 1876 production, the Rhinemaidens were wheeled around on stands behind semi-transparent screens. The stage machinery and the lighting effects were designed by Carl Brandt, who was the foremost stage technician of the time. One innovation which Cosima did eventually approve was the replacement of the wheeled stands with giant, invisible "fishing rods" on which the Rhinemaidens were dangled. Wires continued to be used in the Bayreuth productions of Siegfried Wagner and, later, those of his widow Winifred, who ran the Bayreuth Festival until the end of the Second World War. Similar techniques have been used in more modern productions. In the 1996 Lyric Opera of Chicago Ring cycle, repeated in 2004–05, the Rhinemaidens were suspended on bungee cords anchored in the fly space above the stage, enabling them to dive up and down, as intended by Wagner. The Rhinemaidens were played on-stage by gymnasts, mouthing words sung by singers standing in a corner of the stage.

The 1951 Festival production, by Siegfried's and Winifred's son Wieland, broke with tradition and featured an austere staging which replaced scenery and props with skilful lighting effects. The Rhinemaidens, along with all the other characters, were plainly dressed in simple robes, and sang their roles without histrionics. Thus the music and the words became the main focus of attention. Wieland was influenced by Adolphe Appia, whose Notes sur l'Anneau du Nibelungen (1924–25) had been dismissed by Cosima: "Appia seems to be unaware that the Ring was performed here in 1876. It follows that the staging is definitive and sacrosanct." Wieland and his brother Wolfgang praised Appia: "the stylised stage, inspired by the music and the realisation of three-dimensional space – constitute the initial impulses for a reform of operatic stagings which led quite logically to the 'New Bayreuth' style."

The innovative centenary Bayreuth Ring, directed by Patrice Chéreau, did away altogether with the underwater concept by setting the Rhinemaiden scenes in the lee of a large hydro-electric dam, as part of a 19th-century Industrial Revolution setting for the operas. For the scene with Siegfried in Götterdämmerung, Chéreau altered the perpetual youth aspect of the Rhine Maidens by depicting them as "no longer young girls merrily disporting themselves; they have become tired, grey, careworn, and ungainly". Since this production "the assumption of unrestricted interpretive license has become the norm". For example, Nikolaus Lehnhoff, in his 1987 Bayerische Staatsoper production, placed the Rhinemaidens in a salon and had their lament at the end of Rheingold played on a gramophone by Loge.

Peter Hall directed the Bayreuth Ring after Chéreau. His version, staged 1983–86, portrayed the natural innocence of the Rhinemaidens in the simplest of ways; they were naked. Keith Warner adapted this feature in his Ring production for the Royal Opera House Covent Garden, first staged 2004–06. A Covent Garden spokesman explained "The maidens are children of innocence, a vision of nature – and as soon as someone appears they hastily throw on some clothes to protect their modesty." While Warner relies on lighting to achieve an underwater effect, Hall used a Pepper's ghost illusion: mirrors at a 45° angle made the Rhinemaidens appear to swim vertically when the performers were in fact swimming horizontally in a shallow basin.

Although the roles of the Rhinemaidens are relatively small, they have been sung by notable singers better known for performing major roles in Wagnerian and other repertoire. The first person to sing the part of Woglinde in full was Lilli Lehmann at Bayreuth in 1876. In 1951, when the Bayreuth Festival re-opened after the Second World War, the same part was taken by Elisabeth Schwarzkopf. Other Bayreuth Rhinemaidens include  Helga Dernesch who sang Wellgunde there between 1965 and 1967. Lotte Lehmann  played Wellgunde at the Hamburg State Opera between 1912 and 1914 and the Vienna State Opera in 1916.   Recorded Rhinemaidens have included Sena Jurinac for Furtwängler and RAI, Lucia Popp and Gwyneth Jones for Georg Solti, and Helen Donath and Edda Moser for Karajan.

See also
 Nine Daughters of Ægir and Rán, wave maidens and daughters of the personified sea in Norse myth

Explanatory notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

Literary characters introduced in 1869
Fictional trios
Der Ring des Nibelungen
Female legendary creatures
Germanic mythology
German legendary creatures
Naiads
Rhine
Richard Wagner
Nixies (folklore)
Personifications of rivers


The Australian Institute of Building (AIB) is a professional society founded in 1951, incorporated in 1955 and granted a royal charter in 1969. The institute is an association of building professionals, associate professionals and technicians engaged in building practice, teaching, or research throughout Australia and overseas. It has chapter offices in Hong Kong and Singapore and had a chapter office in New Zealand until the formation of the New Zealand Institute of Building in 1984.

Mission and history
Serving building professionals, the AIB has helped create standards for professional competency and regulation of education standards for the various educational programs related to its mission. It has played the lead role in the establishment of all building and construction management undergraduate programs offered by Australian universities.

The mission of AIB is to be a leading body of focus for the building industry, valued for its services to its members, reflecting its ideals for education, standards and ethics and the source of authoritative and visionary comment on behalf of professionals in the industry. Its objectives are to promote excellence in the construction of buildings and just and honourable practices in the conduct of business; to advance the study of Building and all kindred matters, arts and sciences; to encourage the friendly exchange between members of knowledge in practical, technical and ethical subjects; and to uphold the dignity of the profession of Building and the status of the institute.

Following World War II, the building industry was confronted with a huge programme of civil and commercial building. This called for improved productivity, more intelligent use of resources available and the development of new techniques and new material. Leaders of the industry appreciated that building was developing from empirical craft processes to a technological discipline spanning physical sciences and involving construction techniques which were unknown in the early part of the 20th century. Development in the science of environment and building services had also added a new dimension to building technology.

As building involved investment of public and private capital to a greater extent than any other commodity, rational, economic and efficient working was essential. Skill in the management of building work is as important as the technology itself. A trend to higher educational standards and a more positive approach to training executive and technical staff of Building organisations was clearly required.

The effect of this impact on the building industry was to highlight the need for a professional body to promote efficiency and establish a high standard of technological education for those engaged on the construction side of the industry.

A 'Committee of Investigation' was set up in 1947 by a convention called by the then Master Builders' Federation of Australia (MBFA) which, although firmly established since 1890, was not acceptable as a professional body because it was an employers' organisation. There was agreement that an Institute should be constituted on professional lines to represent the construction side of the building industry, and both the Royal Australian Institute of Architects (RAIA) and the Institution of Engineers Australia (IEAust) agreed to assist in selecting the foundation membership.

The Australian Institute of Builders was established in 1951 with a foundation membership determined by a selection committee in each state, comprising two representatives of the RAIA, one representative of the IEAust and two representatives of the MBFA. The Foundation Members also included members of the Building Diplomats Association of NSW, associated with the Sydney Technical College.

On 23 November 1951 the Foundation Dinner was held in Sydney and the then Mr Robert Menzies, Prime Minister of Australia, was presented with a Certificate of Honorary Membership. The institute was incorporated on 15 November 1955, granted armorial bearings on 20 August 1960 and incorporated by royal charter on 7 October 1969, despite the protests of the CIOB(UK). It had, on 26 May 1967, changed its name to the Australian Institute of Building (AIB).

Having established itself and received recognition accorded by a royal charter, the institute began to redefine its educational requirements at Licentiate and Corporate grade.
It then set about ensuring that the then degree and certificate courses in building which were available met the standards which the institute required. From this has developed a course assessment/qualification accreditation system which has proven to be of great value to academic institutions and the industry.

While graduates in building were recognised immediately by the private sector, recognition in the public sector was harder to achieve. The breakthrough came in 1977 with the recognition by the Public Service Board of Degrees in Building for the positions of Project Manager Class 1–3, Area Manager Class 1–3 and Construction Manager. Recognition of the AIB as a professional institute was accorded in the Commonwealth Gazette in March 1983. This approval, under the Industrial Research and Development Incentives Act, recognises corporate members of the institute as professionally qualified.

Since its establishment in 1968 the Australian Institute of Building Research and Education Foundation has funded developments in education and specific research projects. One of these projects determined the duties and responsibilities of, and the levels of competence required by, professionals and technicians in the building industry. In 1990 the AIB became an Associate of the International Council for Building Research (CIB). The AIB Papers, a journal of refereed academic papers, has been published by the institute since 1986.

The by-laws and regulations were amended to allow for changes to grades of member in 1981, 1992 and 1997.

With the Foundation of a New Zealand Institute of Building (NZIOB) in 1984, the New Zealand Chapter of the AIB was closed down. The AIB continues to have a close relationship with NZIOB.

To streamline management decisions, in 1996 the council delegated most of its authority to an Executive Board of Management. In 1997 the AIB became a foundation member of the International Association for the Professional Management of Construction (IAPMC).

Pending the development of industry-wide, competency-based standards, the institute produced standards for its own membership purposes. These standards are also used for assessing applicants for the National Building Professionals Register (NBPR) which the AIB launched in 1997. A Hong Kong Chapter was established in 1998, and AIB's overseas operations expanded considerably ten years later.

AIB is also the convenor of the Australian Building and Construction Higher Education Round Table, the peak body to bring together the construction industry and Australian universities.

Prince Philip was an honorary fellow.

Notable office bearers
 Manuel Hornibrook (President 1952–1956) was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1957 and a Knight Bachelor in 1960 for services to the building industry.
 Bert Jennings (President 1964–1966) was made a Knight Bachelor in 1969 for services to commerce.

Building standards
AIB participates in generating building standards and helping regulate bringing new and existing buildings up to code in areas like asbestos and bush fire safety.

Arms

References

External links
Official Website

Organisations based in Australia with royal patronage
Building engineering organizations
Professional associations based in Australia
1951 establishments in Australia
Research institutes established in 1951
Construction industry of Australia


USS Mobjack (AVP-27/AGP-7) was a motor torpedo boat tender in commission in the United States Navy from 1943 to 1946. She saw service in the Pacific theater during the latter portion of World War II.

After the conclusion of her Navy career, the ship served in the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey from 1946 to 1966 as the survey ship USC&GS Pioneer (OSS 31), the third Coast and Geodetic Survey ship of the name. Pioneer operated in the Pacific Ocean during her career, making an important discovery of magnetic striping on the ocean floor that made a major contribution to the development of the theory of plate tectonics. She also took part in the International Indian Ocean Expedition, becoming the first ship in the history of the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey to visit the Indian Ocean.

Construction and commissioning
Mobjack was laid down as a seaplane tender, AVP‑27, by Lake Washington Shipyard, Houghton Washington, on 25 February 1942 and launched on 2 August 1942, sponsored by Mrs. H. R. Peck. She was reclassified as a motor torpedo boat tender and redesignated AGP‑7 on 11 March 1943 and commissioned on 17 October 1943.

United States Navy service

World War II
Following shakedown off Southern California, Mobjack departed San Diego, California, for the Southwest Pacific on 14 December 1943. Steaming via New Caledonia and the New Hebrides, she arrived at Rendova, British Solomon Islands, on 14 January 1944 to begin duty with Motor Torpedo Boat Squadrons, South Pacific (SOPAC). She trained and supplied patrol torpedo boats (PT boats) in the New Georgia area until 6 March 1944, when she steamed to the Treasury Islands and thence to the motor torpedo boat base, Emirau, arriving on 23 March 1944. In mid‑May 1944 she returned to the Treasury Islands, where she overhauled PT boats and repaired and tended the motor gunboats (PGMs) and landing craft infantry gunboats (LCI(G)s) of Task Group 30.3 into July 1944.

Employed briefly in transporting spares and other materiel, she departed for British New Guinea on 23 July 1944, arriving at Dreger Harbor on 27 July 1944 to begin service under Commander, Motor Torpedo Boat Squadrons, 7th Fleet. During the greater part of August 1944 she operated at Aitape Harbor, tending Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron (MTBRBon) 33 and providing assistance in salvage work. On 28 August 1944, she got underway for Mios Woendi, Netherlands New Guinea, in company with MTBRBon 33. Arriving there on 31 August 1944, she was engaged in fueling, provisioning and making final repairs to the PT boats of the squadron preparatory to sailing for Morotai as a unit of Task Group 70.1.

Morotai
Arriving at Morotai on 16 September 1944, the day after the American landings there, she commenced tending the boats of her squadron and Consolidated PBY Catalina flying boats assigned to air-sea rescue of pilots downed en route to and from raids on Truk. For the first three days she went about her duties unscathed in spite of Japanese air resistance.

At sunrise on 19 September 1944, however, a smoking Japanese fighter emerged from a heavy overcast and dove for Mobjack. Unable to crash into the ship, the pilot dropped two bombs which exploded close alongside, holing the deck and wounding one of her crew.

Making temporary repairs, she remained at Morotai, tending PT boats of Task Unit 70.1.2 and PBYs now ranging over the Netherlands East Indies on relief and intelligence and reconnaissance missions, until February 1945.

The Philippines
During February and March 1945, Mobjack transported materiel, spares, and advanced base personnel as she accompanied motor torpedo boat squadrons to forward areas. At Mios Woendi on 1 April 1945, she took on base force personnel of MTBRons 9 and 10 and on 2 April 1945 got underway for Samar in the Philippine Islands. Arriving on 11 April 1945, she disembarked her passengers and steamed on to Palawan, where she relieved motor torpedo boat tender USS Willoughby (AGP-9) as the repair unit for MTBRons 20 and 23. She moved on to Mangarin Bay, Mindoro, in mid‑May 1945 to overhaul and repair motor torpedo boats for use in the Philippines and in the upcoming Borneo operations.

The Borneo campaign
On 8 June 1945, Mobjack steamed to Samar to stage for the landings at Balikpapan on Borneo. Departing on 21 June 1945, she moved, with MTBRons 10 and 27, to Basilan Island, thence, on 26 June 1945, further down the Sulu Archipelago and into Makassar Strait. On 27 June 1945, she joined the minesweepers, at work since 1 June 1945, and the ships of the bombardment group, which had been pounding the Japanese-held oil center since 17 June 1945, in preparing the way for the Australian assault force. For four days Mobjack fueled and sustained the motor torpedo boats assigned to night patrol off the coast to prevent the Japanese from replacing naval mines, restoring obstacles blown by underwater demolition teams, or disturbing channel markers planted by the minesweepers. On 1 July 1945, these extensive preparations and precautions proved to have been well executed as wave after wave of personnel of the Australian 7th Division of the Australian I Corps went ashore without a casualty.

Mobjack, harassed by Japanese night air attacks until Royal Australian Air Force night fighters stopped them, remained outside the harbor for the next nine days. On 11 July 1945 she stood into the harbor, where, on 15 August 1945, she received a dispatch directing the cessation of all offensive action against the Japanese.  World War II was over.

Honors and awards
Mobjack received three battle stars for World War II service.

Post-World War II
On 12 September 1945, Mobjack returned to the Philippines and for the next two months engaged in decommissioning motor torpedo boats under Commander, Motor Torpedo Boat Squadrons, Philippine Sea Frontier. On 10 November 1945 she headed eastward, arriving at San Francisco, California, on 29 November 1945.

In December 1945, stripping of Mobjack began, and on 21 August 1946 she was decommissioned. The Navy transferred her the same day to the United States Department of Commerce.

U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey service

After the ship underwent conversion into an "ocean survey ship" (OSS), the Department of Commerce commissioned her into service with the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey as USC&GS Pioneer (OSS 31), the third Coast and Geodetic Survey ship to bear the name.

Pioneer spent her Coast and Geodetic Survey career on duties in the Pacific Ocean.

Early operations
Pioneer departed the U.S. West Coast in April 1947 for her first assignment, which was hydrographic survey work in the Aleutian Islands. She spent the field seasons of 1947, 1948, 1949, and 1950 in the Aleutians, also running sounding lines from points in the Aleutians across the Gulf of Alaska and North Pacific Ocean to points on the U.S. West Coast.

Discovery of magnetic striping
During the 1950s, Pioneers operations moved beyond the Aleutians into the broader Pacific Ocean, and by 1955 she was involved in a joint survey effort with the U.S. Navy. In cooperation with the Scripps Institution of Oceanography the ship towed the first marine magnetometer, developed by Victor Vacquier of Scripps, to study underwater magnetism.

Roger Revelle heard of the Pioneer survey and saw a chance to obtain data more detailed than the ocean tracks collected in other Scripps magnetic collections. Revelle proposed that Scripps provide the magnetometer and an operator, Ron G. Mason, on sabbatical at the California Institute of Technology, so that towed magnetic collection could be included in the Pioneer's collection. His initial proposal to the Navy was rejected due to the high priority of the program and difficulties with towed devices. Revelle approached John Lyman, then Director of the U.S. Navy Hydrographic Office's Division of Oceanography. Lyman took the proposal to the Hydrographer of the Navy who approved the idea under strict rules of no delays due to towing Vacquier's ASQ-3A fluxgate magnetometer and cutting the tow cable and losing the magnetometer if it interfered with the priority survey operations. Mason had previous experience with magnetic data collection on the 1952 Capricorn Expedition and was able to find a way to overcome an issue with security classification of such data by the Navy by subtracting the average signature from the observed publishing only the difference that satisfied the Navy.

In August 1955, Pioneer began the west coast survey off southern California at an east–west line spacing of  with Mason and the magnetometer aboard. The magnetometer was described by Mason as a “gimbal mounted flux gate oriented in the direction of the Earth's magnetic field by two other flux gate elements which control orienting servo motors.” all was contained within a streamlined "fish" to be towed about  behind the ship. Two other veterans of the Capricorn Expedition, . Arthur D. Raff and Maxwell Silverman, alternated aboard for the magnetic survey. The resulting magnetic intensity charts showed north–south lineations and a  lateral offset at the along the Murray fracture zone. The magnetic data revealed structural trends not evident in the undersea topography and horizontal displacements greater than any then found on continents. Mason published results of the Murray fracture zone in 1958 in the Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society titled "A Magnetic Survey off the West Coast of the United States Between Latitudes 32° and 36° N and Longitudes 121° and 128°”. Pioneers west coast survey – which went down in history as "The Pioneer Survey" – continued with this pattern observed throughout the survey area. The stripes indicated both periodic reversals of the earth's magnetic poles and the steady creation of new rocks which spread across the sea bottom as the ocean floor moved, making a record of these changes in polarity. Masons work aboard Pioneer with the fluxgate magnetometer thus revealed "magnetic striping" on the floor of the Pacific, the first time it had been noted anywhere and a major discovery in the development of the theory of plate tectonics.

Operations, 1957-1960
Pioneer continued offshore hydrographic work in the Pacific Ocean off the U.S. West Coast – at one point holding an open house while in port – until 5 March 1957, when she departed San Francisco for the Territory of Hawaii, where she conducted electronic-position-indicator- (EPI-) guided basic survey operations north of the Hawaiian Islands under direction of the U.S. Navy along with two U.S. Navy survey ships. The operations continued until December 1957, with 63,000 square nautical miles (216,000 square kilometers) of hydrography accomplished. Upon their termination, Pioneer steamed to San Francisco, where she arrived in January 1958. After an overhaul and post-overhaul fitting-out, Pioneer resumed survey work for the Navy on 1 May 1958, this time off the southern coast of California. Upon completing this, she deployed to the Western Pacific, where she cooperated with the U.S. Navy oceanographic survey ship  – also a former Barnegat-class seaplane tender – and the United States Army cable ship USACS Albert J. Myer in completing 65,196 square nautical miles (223,622 square kilometers) of hydrography around Wake Island and Eniwetok Atoll, guided by LORAN, LORAN-C, and EPI. Completing these operations on 12 November 1958, she steamed to San Francisco for annual repairs and the installation of new equipment.

After conducting sea trials of the new equipment on 11 February 1959, Pioneer departed Alameda, California, on 20 February 1959 bound for Honolulu, Territory of Hawaii. From there she deployed for further hydrographic work in the western Pacific. Pioneer herself and her survey launches completed inshore hydrography of the project area on 28 May 1959, after which Pioneer conducted offshore hydrography controlled by LORAC and LORAN, beginning with an exploratory survey of the entire project area, followed by surveys for the location and routes of submarine cables. She completed the project in June 1959 and returned to Alameda on 23 June 1959.

On 9 September 1959, Pioneer departed California, stopped at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, and then proceeded to Kwajalein Atoll, where she performed hydrographic survey operations in support of a classified U.S. Navy project. Completing these, she departed Kwajalein on 14 November 1959 and arrived at Alameda on 29 November 1959, where she underwent an overhaul and routine repairs and prepared for the 1960 field season. On 24 March 1960, she departed Alameda bound for Pearl Harbor – running a deep-sea sounding line for the Commander, Pacific Missile Test Range, along the way – and resumed hydrographic operations under SHORAN control. She completed these on 1 July 1960 and during her voyage home ran a bathymetric profile from Roi-Namur at Kwajalein Atoll to Point Buchon, California, which she reached on 25 July 1960. She then underwent maintenance and routine repairs, which were completed on 23 August 1960. She completed the 1960 field season with operations off California, including the establishment of EPI and SHORAN stations on the coast to support offshore oceanographic work and involving use of a bathythermograph to make ocean surface temperature measurements for the United States Fish and Wildlife Services Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, drift measurements, the use of a towed magnetometer, oceanographic and atmospheric measurements at various locations, and the investigation by her survey launches of possible shoaling in San Francisco Bay.

1961 field season

Prior to the 1961 field season, Pioneer underwent major repairs to her hull plating, and the Coast and Geodetic Survey equipped her with a gravity meter and a towed transducer. On 11 April 1961, she began the 1961 field season, departing Alameda for Kodiak, Alaska. Along the way, she developed information on four seamounts, conducted oceanographic measurements, released weather balloons and made frequent meteorological reports, and collected gravity measurements. Her personnel inspected the Seismic Sea Wave Warning System gauge and the standard tide gauge at Womens Bay and the nautical chart agency at Kodiak.

Pioneer then set out from Kodiak to conduct ocean surveys in the North Pacific Ocean between the Aleutian Islands and Hawaiian Islands to the limit of LORAN-C control, during which she again released weather balloons and made frequent meteorological reports, conducted bathymetric measurements, employed her magnetometer and gravity meter, took bottom core samples in Shelikof Strait, discovered a layer of warm water at depths of  between 50 degrees and 53 degrees North latitude, across all sounding lines, and discovered eleven seamounts. After a rendezvous with the Coast and Geodetic Survey ocean survey ships USC&GS Pathfinder (OSS 30) and USC&GS Surveyor (OSS 32) at Naval Station Kodiak in Kodiak, she departed Kodiak on 6 July 1961 to conduct bathymetry and oceanography in the Aleutian Trench. Arriving at Adak on Adak Island in the Aleutians on 11 July 1961, she conducted gravimetric measurements and investigated the westerly set of currents in the area, also launching weather balloons and making meteorological observations.

Pioneer visited Honolulu for the 25–29 August 1961 meeting of the Tenth Pacific Science Congress. Departing Honolulu on 7 September 1961, she resumed the survey of the North Pacific she had begun in 1960, discovering gravimetric anomalies north of the Hawaiian Islands and 22 seamounts rising  or more above the general bottom depth of . During the voyage, she also collected specimens using plankton nets and fishing trawls in support of U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Bureau of Commercial Fisheries studies of salmon, studied marine sedimentary processes, investigated the possible pollution of ocean and rain water by Soviet nuclear tests, and collected numerous manganese nodules in core samples before returning to Honolulu on 12 October 1961. She departed on 18 October 1961 to return to California, where she arrived on 25 October 1961, running a sounding line en route.

1962 field season

After an overhaul, Pioneer set out on 25 February 1962 to begin the 1962 field season, running a deep-sea sounding line to Hawaii. Departing Pearl Harbor on 16 March 1962, she resumed her survey of the North Pacific Ocean, running a sounding line to 35 degrees 30 minutes North latitude, and another sounding line to San Francisco, where she arrived on 25 March 1962. After 20 of her personnel attended Radiation and Decontamination School, she departed California on 20 April 1962 and conducted an investigation of the Pacific waters in which the recent underwater nuclear test Dominic Swordfish had taken place, including water temperature measurements, chemical analyses, measurements of radioactivity and of the different elements making up the radioactive water in the area of the underwater nuclear explosion, and study of the effects of radioactivity on plant and animal life in and near the test area. She completed the project on 25 June 1962 and returned to California, arriving at Oakland. She had conducted gravimetric measurements continuously throughout the voyage.

Pioneer underwent an overhaul, then conducted trials of a new deep-sea anchoring winch installed aboard her before departing Oakland on 9 August 1962 and returning to her survey of the North Pacific, running a sounding line along 36 degrees 30 minutes North latitude as well as taking gravimetric, meteorological, and magnetic measurements, and she made oceanographic observations in the Aleutian Trench. After calling at Naval Station Kodiak for supplies, she departed Kodiak on 1 September 1962, ran a magnetic survey and gravimetric transect of about  for the University of California, and resumed her North Pacific survey, making further gravimetric, magnetic field, bathythermograph, current, and meteorological observations and conducting underwater photography.

Pioneer arrived at Honolulu on 28 September 1962. then made a voyage to Hilo, Hawaii, during which she ran a gravity transect to a point  southwest of the island of Hawaii and then to the islands westernmost point and around the south of the island to Hilo. She also made 20 successful dredge hauls on the ridge atop the east rift of Kilauea Volcano, took deep-sea photographs of the rift, and made six dredge hauls along underwater volcanoes to the south and southwest of the island. She ran gravity transects northeast of Hilo and east of Oahu before departing Hawaii, concluding the 1962 season with deep-sea sounding lines during her return to California, where she arrived at San Francisco on 31 October 1962. She had again made continuous gravimetric measurements since putting to sea in August 1962.

1963 field season

Pioneer put to sea again on 6 February 1963 to resume her survey of the North Pacific and run trials for her gravity meter. Between 7 and 14 February she ran a deep-sea sounding line into the survey area in the North Pacific, then continued survey work she had left incomplete in 1961, including weather observations, almost continuous use of her gravity meter and magnetometer, and deep-sea sounding lines from Hawaii to San Francisco and return that each crossed the gravity meter test range. After a port call, she put to sea again on 1 May 1963, making Nansen bottle casts, collecting bottom samples – including a seven-foot (2.1-meter) core sample taken at a depth of  in the Aleutian Trench – studying currents with drift bottles and a geomagnetic electrokinematograph, photographing the ocean bottom, and taking bathythermograph measurements. She also assisted the United States Air Force by deploying and recovering a mock-up of the Project Mercury space capsule off of Oahu so that the Air Force could practice parachuting men and equipment into the Pacific to place a flotation collar around it. She called at Kodiak from 27 to 31 May 1963, then returned to the North Pacific to continue her survey project, operating near 161 degrees West longitude between 39 degrees and 54 degrees North latitude. She discovered a 10,080-foot-tall (3,072-meter-tall) seamount in general depths of  at  before departing the area on 13 June 1963 to run a deep-sea sounding line to California, calibrating her gravity meter on the San Francisco test range along the way, and she berthed at Oakland on 18 June 1963.

Pioneer made another voyage to the North Pacific survey grounds later in the 1963 field season, calibrating her gravity meter, making gravimetric measurements, and experimenting with the design of Nansen bottles, bathythermograph collection speeds, the use of a thermoprobe at a depth of  and the use of a sea sled to capture specimens. She concluded the 1963 season with a deep-sea sounding line run from Honolulu to Oakland.

1964 field season and International Indian Ocean Expedition
On 11 February 1964, Pioneer departed California to begin a six-month cruise. After completing the calibration of her gravity meter, she began a deep-sea sounding line to Hawaii on 13 February 1964, making hydrographic, magnetic, gravity, and bathythermograph observations, plankton tows, and biological productivity hauls along the way. Pioneer departed Honolulu on 25 February 1964 on the next leg of her cruise, which took her from Honolulu to Manila in the Philippines, passing near the Mariana Islands. She then proceeded from Manila to Singapore, transiting the southern South China Sea with a stop at Jesselton in Sabah, East Malaysia, on Borneo in Malaysia.

On 23 March 1964, Pioneer began her participation in the International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE), a multinational study of the Indian Ocean that lasted from 1 September 1959 to 31 December 1965. Leaving Singapore on 27 March 1964, she proceeded through the Strait of Malacca, stopped at Penang Island in Malaysia, then crossed the Andaman Sea, Bay of Bengal, and Indian Ocean – becoming the first ship in the history of the United States Coast Survey or U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey to visit the Indian Ocean – to the mouth of Indias Hooghly River, where a harbor pilot met her and conned her up the river to a berth in Calcutta. From Calcutta, she moved on to Colombo, Ceylon. On 25 May 1964, she departed Colombo and continued to Penang Island, then on to Phuket, Thailand, and Djakarta, Indonesia, completing her participation in the IIOE on 23 June 1964. She then visited Palau from 9 to 11 July 1964 and Apra Harbor, Guam, from 17 to 19 July 1964, then stopped at Honolulu, where she arrived on 30 July 1964.

Throughout the cruise, as water depths and conditions permitted, Pioneer made the same routine hydrographic, magnetic, gravimetric, and bathythermograph measurements and observations, plankton tows, and biological productivity hauls that she had made between California to Honolulu on the first leg of her cruise in February. In the South China Sea, she dredged the bottom in the vicinity of Seahorse Shoal and her scuba divers examined the peak of the seamount there for 30 minutes and took color photographs of it. Off Jesselton, she observed an oceanographic station and took a bottom core sample and deep-sea photographs. During her voyage from Singapore to Calcutta, she investigated the waters around the Andaman Islands, Nicobar Islands, and Langkawi islands and along the west side of the Malay Peninsula, employing her geological echo profiler (GEP) and gathering data on the sea bottom via core samples and dredging, and she examined the Ganges Canyon, the Trincomalee Canyon, and several undersea channels she crossed while running a track line from Little Andaman Island to the east coast of Ceylon. While proceeding from Colombo to Penang, she investigated the waters north of Sumatra and an undersea canyon south of Sumatra near the Sunda Strait. During the Djakarta-to-Palau leg of her trip, she investigated the waters of Lombok Strait, ran a track line from Lombok Strait across the Java Sea, through Makassar Strait, and across the Celebes Sea, and collected a 16½-foot (5-meter) bottom core sample from the Mindanao Trench. She also made a GEP profile along the northern and eastern sides of and across the Palau Trench, and she collected dredging samples from its western and eastern slopes. While en route Guam from Palau, she collected a  bottom core sample from the Mariana Trench and made a GEP profile and took bottom samples west of Guam. On the final leg of the cruise, she made a track line from Guam to Honolulu, discovering nine seamounts along the way, the largest of which rose to  below the surface in waters with a general depth of  about  south of Wake Island.

Ashore during the cruise, Pioneers personnel made courtesy calls on the United States Ambassadors at Manila, Colombo, and Djakarta; the U.S. Consuls General at Singapore and Calcutta; the Philippine Coast and Geodetic Survey; and the Malaysian Geological Survey. Scientists embarked aboard Pioneer gave talks at the Bose Institute, the Zoological Survey of India, the Geological Survey of India, the Birla Industrial and Technical Museum, and the University of Ceylon. Pioneer personnel held press conferences in Penang and Djakarta, and the ship held open houses in Manila, Singapore, Calcutta, Colombo, Penang, and Djakarta.

Pioneer departed Honolulu on 4 August 1964 to return to California, running a deep-sea track line while en route. During the passage, she collected oceanographic data, and made hydrographic, gravity, and magnetic observations continuously and bathythermograph and weather observations every two hours. She also lowered her deep-sea camera equipment to take stereoscopic images of the ocean floor. She ran one line across the gravity meter test range prior to entering San Francisco Bay and surveyed the waters around the piers of the Golden Gate Bridge. She completed her 1964 cruise with her arrival at San Francisco on 11 August 1964, exactly six months after she departed, having covered  since her departure.

1965 field season

In early 1965, Pioneer ran deep-sea track lines between California and Hawaii, making oceanographic observations, and investigating a reported seamount that rose to  below the surface. She conducted ocean surveys west of Honolulu to 165 degrees West longitude between 20 degrees 30 minutes North and 35 degrees 30 minutes North. She also conducted a calibration loop to determine the accuracy of the Navy Satellite Navigation System (NAVSAT); comparison of the information acquired at Kodiak, Adak, Attu, Midway Atoll, Johnston Atoll, and Honolulu suggested that the NAVSAT system would be useful in ocean surveys.

Final disposition

Pioneer was sold for scrap on 4 May 1966 to National Metal and Steel Corporation, Terminal Island, California.

Commemoration

A number of features on the floor of the Pacific Ocean, including the Pioneer Fracture Zone and Pioneer Ridge, are named for Pioneer.

Footnotes

References

Bibliography

 NOAA History, A Science Odyssey: Tools of the Trade: Ships: Coast and Geodetic Survey Ships: Pioneer
National Geospatial Intelligence Agency: Undersea Features History
 Chesneau, Roger. Conways All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. New York: Mayflower Books, Inc., 1980. .

 United States Department of Commerce Environmental Science Services Administration and Coast and Geodetic Survey, International Indian Ocean Expedition USC&GS Ship Pioneer — 1964, Volume 2, Data Report: Oceanographic Stations, BT Observations, and Bottom Samples 11 February to 11 August 1964. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1965.

External links
 Department of the Navy Naval Historical Center Online Library of Selected Images: U.S. Navy Ships: USS Mobjack (AGP-7, originally AVP-27), 1943-1946 (Archived at HyperWar)
 NavSource Online: Service Ship Photo Archive AVP-27 / AGP-7 Mobjack
 Photo of USC&GS Pioneer during the International Indian Ocean Expedition in 1964
 International Indian Ocean Expedition USC&GS Pioneer — 1964, Volume 3: Bathymetry, Geomagnetic, and Gravity Data, Environmental Science Services Administration Environmental Data Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, 1969.

Barnegat-class motor torpedo boat tenders
1942 ships
World War II auxiliary ships of the United States
Ships of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey
Ships transferred from the United States Navy to the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey
Survey ships of the United States
Ships built at Lake Washington Shipyard


This is a list of hospitals in Australian Capital Territory, Australia.

Calvary Hospital, Canberra
Canberra Eye Hospital
Canberra Hospital
The National Capital Private Hospital
Calvary John James Hospital

Australian Capital Territory
Hospitals

Hospitals
Hospitals


The time that can be called contemporary in Turkish literature falls in the period between the middle of the 20th century and the first years of the new millennium. Throughout this period many changes in literary discourse have occurred. Together with the fall of the Ottoman Empire and foundation of the Turkish Republic brought a different way to Turkish literature together with the effect of Westernization on Turkish writers. The literature of the new republic emerged largely from the pre-independence National Literature movement, with its roots simultaneously in the Turkish folk tradition and in the Western notion of progress. One important change to Turkish literature was enacted in 1928, when Mustafa Kemal initiated the creation and dissemination of a modified version of the Latin alphabet to replace the Arabic-based Ottoman script. Over time, this change—together with changes in Turkey's system of education— would lead to more widespread literacy in the country. In 1950s, Turkish authors started to write in the tone of their western contemporaries bringing a new sense of literature to the country.

All of the salient aspects of Turkish life, politics and culture have found their direct or indirect expression in poetry, fiction, and drama, as well as in critical and scholarly writing. The themes and concerns have included nationalism, social justice, search for modernity. Westernization, revival of folk culture, economic and technological progress, human dignity, mysticism, pluralistic society, human rights and fundamental freedoms, democratic ideals, Atatürkism, Turanism, Marxist–Leninist ideology, revival of Islam, humanism in fact all aspect and components of contemporary culture found a voice in literature.

All stages of modern Turkish history (reforms under Atatürk, 1923–38; consolidation under Inonu, 1938–59; democracy under Menderes, 1950–60) have been marked by the thrust of literary modernization. Since the mid-nineteenth century, the most vital debate of Turkish literature has been between the proponents of art for art's sake and the advocates of commitment to realism and social causes. Mustafa Kemal in a conversation that took place in 1921, about two years before he proclaimed the Republic, exhorted the 19 years old Nazim Hikmet, already a famous poet, who would soon embrace the communist ideology and influence the course of modern Turkish literature, particularly poetry, more profoundly than anyone else. Since 1950, there has been a massive output, in all genres, depicting the plight of the lumpen proletariat. But surrealism, neosymbolism, theater of the absurd, stream of consciousness, hermeticism, black comedy and so on have also flourished.

History
In 1923, when the Republic of Turkey was proclaimed, the influential social thinker Ziya Gökalp wrote: "We belong to Turkish nation, the Islamic community, and Western civilization... Our literature must go the people and, at the same time, towards the West."

Revolution, innovation, and Westernization have been driving forces of the Turkish nation in the twentieth century. The 19th century men of letters inherited the classical and the folk traditions but turned their attention to the literary tastes and movements of the West- particularly of France and England. The Ottoman state embarked upon process of transformation usually referred to as 'Westernization'.

Major authors

Contemporary Turkish Literature consists of many prolific authors whose works both shaped and improved the overall picture of Turkish literature. Mehmet Akif Ersoy, a master of heroic diction, a major figure in early modern Turkish literature, devoted much of his verse to the dogma, and passion. His nationalism has a strong Islamic content, evident in the lyrics of the Turkish national anthem that he wrote. Yahya Kemal Beyatli was the much-acclaimed neoclassicist who produced, in the conventional forms and meters, meticulous lyrics of love, Ottoman grandeur, and Istanbul's natural attractions. Among the dedicated revolutionaries in 20th-century Turkish poetry Nazim Hikmet ranks the highest. He has been a modernizing force since the early 1920s, remaining significant in aesthetics and political terms. A communist, he spent many years in Turkish jails, fled to Soviet Union in 1951 and died in Moscow in 1963. Much of his works laments social injustice, complains of the oppression of the masses, and yearns for revolutionary change. In the mid-1950s a brave new genre emerged  the 'Village novel' which reached its apogee with Yasar Kemal's Ince Memed (English title Memed, My Hawk; this novel has been translated into 25 languages). He was considered the most famous Turkish novelist not only in Turkey but also in the world press and literary circles. Satirical fiction is dominated by Aziz Nesin, Turkey's best satirist ever. He is one of the most important figures of Turkish literature. He is the author of more than 100 books including poetry and prose. In more than 60 works, Nesin has provided strong indictment of the oppression and brutalization of the common man. A thrust for modernization took place in the early 1940s when Orhan Veli Kanik, Oktay Rifat, and Melih Cevdet Anday launched their poetic realism. Their urge for upheaval was revolutionary. A new generation had initiated obscurantism, continuing from where Asaf Haler Celebi's surrealism had left off in the 1940s. Ilhan Berk perhaps Turkey's most daring and durable poetic innovator, who acted as spokesman for the group (often identified as the Second New) pontificated "Art is for innovation's sake." The forms and values of classical poetry, too, are kept alive by a group of highly accomplished formalists who are clustered mainly around the monthly  Hisar which ceased publishing at the end of 1980 after 30 years.  His works have been translated into over thirty languages. Enis Batur is another important writer/poet in contemporary Turkish literature. He writes both in Turkish and in English. Some of his works are translated into English by Turkish translators. Orhan Pamuk is probably the best-known Turkish writer around the world mostly because of the Nobel Prize he won in 2006. He is considered one of the most prominent novelists of Turkey.

Bibliography
 Andrews, Walter. Intersections in Turkish literature : essays in honor of James Stewart-Robinson. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2001.
 Cayir, Kenan. Islamic Literature in contemporary Turkey : from Epic to Novel. New York:Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
 Celal, Metin. ed. Çağdaş Türk Edebiyatı Oyku Antolojisi. İstanbul : Bulut Yayın, 1998.
 Halman, Talat S. & Warner, Jayne L. A Brave New Quest: 100 Modern Turkish Poems (Modern Middle East Literature in Translation Series). Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2006.
 ---. Contemporary Turkish literature : Fiction and Poetry. Rutherford [N.J.] : Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, c1982.
 ---. The Turkish Muse : views & reviews, 1960s-1990s. Syracuse, N.Y. : Syracuse University Press ; New York : Crescent Hill Publications, 2006.
 Kolcu, Ali Ihsan. Çağdaş Türk Dünyası Edebiyatı. Ankara : Salkımsöğüt, 2004.
 Kurdakul, Sukran. Çağdaş Türk Edebiyatı. İstanbul : Broy Yayınları, 1986.
 Mitler, Louis. Contemporary Turkish writers : a critical bio-bibliography of leading writers in the Turkish republican period up to 1980. Bloomington, Indiana : Indiana University, Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies, 1988.
 Moran, Berna. Türk Romanına Eleştirel Bir Bakış. Vol. 1. .
 Seyhan, Azade. Tales of Crossed Destinies: The Modern Turkish Novel in a Comparative Context (World Literatures Reimagined. Modern Language Associationf of America, 2008.
 Teele, Roy.Literature East and West: Modern Turkish Literature.
 Çalışkan, Adem, “Ana Çizgileriyle Cumhuriyet Devri Türk Şiirine Teorik Bir Yaklaşım (1923-1960) (A Theorical Approach to the Turkish Poetry of the Republic Era with Its Guidelines (1923-1960))”, Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi / The Journal of International Social Research, Volume: 3, Issue: 10, Winter 2010, pp. 140-199.

See also
Azerbaijani literature
Chagatai language
List of Ottoman poets

Turkish literature
Contemporary literature


Christian Heinrich Nebbien, also known as Heinrich Nebbien or Henrik Nebbien, (1778–1841) was a German-born landscape architect, mainly active in Hungary.

His most important project was the Városliget park at the end of Andrássy Avenue in Budapest (1817).

Other projects for which he is known are:

 the park of the Betlér / Betliar mansion in Hungary, now Slovakia (1783–1795)
 the park of the Alsókorompa / Dolná Krupá mansion in Hungary, now Slovakia (1813–1819);
 The park in Martonvásár, Hungary.
 The park of Soborsin Castle, Soborsin /Săvârșin, Arad, Hungary, now Romania

He also wrote a book on the methods of increasing agricultural output, published in Prague in 1835.

Works
 Wie vielmal wohlfeiler kann der Landwirth produziren? Und: Wie vielmal größer kann der Ertrag des Bodens werden? –  Prag, J. G. Calve, 1835.

References

 Rosengräfin Marie Henriette Gräfin Chotek (24.11.1863 – 13.2.1946)
 Jana Šulcová – Drei Kapitel aus der Baugeschichte des Schlosses Dolná Krupá
 Prírodný park kaštieľa Betliar
 Örsi Károly – Történeti kertek A magyar kertépítészet legszebb alkotásai
 Biographisches Lexikon für Schleswig-Holstein und Lübeck
 Neue Deutsche Biographie. Band 19
 A Városliget Színházai
 Magyar Erzsébet – Kertek, parkok Buda-Pest társaséletében a 19. században
 Mittel-Transdanubien
 Magyar kertművészet az újkorban
 Nebbien Henrik (19. sz.) – Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon 1000–1990

1778 births
1841 deaths
German landscape architects


Sperl is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 Andreas Sperl, CFO of aircraft manufacturer Airbus
 Johann Sperl (1840–1914), German painter
 Milan Šperl (born 1980), Czech cross-country skier
 Natalie Denise Sperl (born 1979), Austrian-American model and actress

See also
 Timothy Farrell (1922–1989), American actor, born Timothy Sperl
 Café Sperl, Mariahilf, Vienna
 Sperling

German-language surnames


Mobjack Bay is a bay on the western shore of Chesapeake Bay in Virginia in the United States. It lies between the Rappahannock River on the north and the York River on the south. The bay appears in early documents as "Mockjack Bay"; it was said that echoes on the bay would mock "Jack", a term for a sailor. Captain Thomas Todd of Toddsbury, Gloucester County, a mid seventeenth century emigrant, was recorded as "Thomas Todd of Mockjack Bay".

The World War II United States Navy motor torpedo boat tender USS Mobjack (AGP-7) was named for Mobjack Bay.

References

Bays of Virginia
Bodies of water of Gloucester County, Virginia
Bodies of water of Mathews County, Virginia


31 North 62 East is an independent psychological thriller film released in September 2009. The title refers to a point in southwestern Afghanistan near Zaranj and the Iranian border.

It was written by brothers Leofwine Loraine and Tristan Loraine with the first draft of the screenplay being completed on 2 May 2008. Principal photography commenced on 21 July 2008 with Tristan Loraine as director and producer. The film cast includes John Rhys-Davies, Marina Sirtis, Heather Peace and Craig Fairbrass.

The production company was Fact Not Fiction Films and the director of photography was Sue Gibson, president of the British Society of Cinematographers (BSC).

The film music was composed by Paul Garbutt and David Leo Kemp and also includes an appearance by New Zealand born violinist/composer Fiona Pears.

Premise
A British Prime Minister gives up the position of a Special Air Service (SAS) unit in Afghanistan to ensure an £80 billion arms deal goes through, assuring his re-election. All soldiers in the SAS unit are thought to have died, until two months later, when one of them, a female captain, is found by Italian special forces and returns to the UK to investigate.

Cast
John Rhys-Davies ... British Prime Minister John Hammond
Marina Sirtis ... Sarah Webber
Heather Peace ... Jill and Kimberly Mandelson
Craig Fairbrass ... Major Paul Davidson
Nathalia Ramos ...  Rachel
George Calil ...  Jacob
Dhaffer L'Abidine ...  Thierry Leroy
Ian Lavender ...  John Mandelson
Mimi Ferrer ...  Hafida
Kulvinder Ghir ...  Tariq Malim
Elaine Tan ...  Mai Li
Andrew Bicknell ...  Raymond Burton-Smith
Ian Aspinall ...  Kaleef

Filming
British filming began on 21 July 2008 in Horsham followed by various locations in West Sussex and was completed on schedule on 2 September 2008. This was followed by Jordanian filming which was completed in late September 2008. Filming was done using digital cinematography using a 4k Thomson Viper camera recording onto HDCAM SR tape. The film then went into post production, and was released in the UK in September 2009.

Reception
The initial reception for the film was mixed.  Press screenings shown in September 2009 produced mixed reviews.
"Edgy political thriller – A film unafraid to confront the decisions made by the powers that be."
"The overall acting is poor, the characters are two dimensional leaving you with no empathy for the key players and the storyline is fragmented.  One is left with the feeling that the budget should have been used on acting school for the players and training for the director rather than on helicopter and fancy car hire."

References

External links

2009 films
2009 independent films
2009 psychological thriller films
British psychological thriller films
Films about the Special Air Service
Films set in Afghanistan
Films shot in Jordan
Films shot in West Sussex
British independent films
2000s English-language films
2000s British films


Marion Sims Wyeth   (February 17, 1889 – February 4, 1982) was an American architect known for his range in styles such as Art Deco, Mediterranean Revival, and classical Georgian, French, and Colonial. He designed numerous mansions in Palm Beach, Florida during its gilded age.  Wyeth was among a group of architects considered the “Big Five,” along with John L. Volk, Addison Mizner, Maurice Fatio, and Howard Major, who defined Palm Beach style in the early twentieth century.

Biography
Wyeth was born in New York City to Florence Nightingale Sims and Dr. John Allan Wyeth, who founded what is today the Stuyvesant Polyclinic Hospital in 1882 (which became Cabrini Medical Center).  His grandfather J. Marion Sims founded the first Women's Hospital in the U.S. in 1855 (it is now part of Mount Sinai Morningside).Wyeth attended Princeton University and studied at the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris, where he was awarded the Prix Jean LeClerc in 1913 and the Deuxième Prix Rougevin in 1914.

Wyeth worked at Carrère & Hastings. He moved to Palm Beach, Florida in 1919 where he founded the firm of Wyeth and King with his business partner Frederic Rhinelander King. He was the first Palm Beach architect to be elected a fellow of the American Institute of Architects.

Wyeth had over 700 commissions, many of which in Palm Beach, including Mar-a-Lago (1923-1927 with Joseph Urban). Other notable commissions include the Norton Museum of Art (1941) in West Palm Beach, the Florida Governors Mansion in Tallahassee, and Shangri La, Doris Duke’s house in Honolulu, Hawaii.

In 1993, Wyeth's collection was donated to the Preservation Foundation of Palm Beach by architect Sidney Neil. The collection includes 13,000 architectural drawings and over 900 photographs.

Projects

Mar-a-Lago, Palm Beach, Florida
La Claridad, Palm Beach, Florida
Norton Museum of Art, West Palm Beach, Florida
High Point Monument, New Jersey and associated Grey Rock Inn
Florida Governor's Mansion, Tallahassee, Florida
Shangri La, Doris Duke's home in Honolulu
The Church of the Epiphany on New York City's Upper East Side
Dutch South African Village, Coral Gables, Florida

References

External links
Marion Sims Wyeth Collection on Omeka

1889 births
1982 deaths
Architects from New York City
Architects from Florida
 American neoclassical architects
American residential architects
People from Palm Beach, Florida
Princeton University alumni
American alumni of the École des Beaux-Arts
Fellows of the American Institute of Architects


Gamecaster Inc. is an American corporation based in San Diego, California. The company holds a patent in virtual camera control technology. According to Teamxbox.com, Gamecaster is responsible for creating "the world’s first video game camera". This technology is responsible for combining video gaming and the broadcasting of sports events; thus introducing video gaming as a spectator sport. According to CBS news, "The ability to broadcast from within the game completely changes the way people view video game competitions." In 2008, IGN wrote, "If Gamecaster has its way, video game competitions will become just as much a part of American television viewing as the Super Bowl or the World Series."

Closure
On January 31st, 2023, Gamecaster announced closure of the company via email, Medium, and their site, saying:

 We announced last year that Gamecaster was being tied back in with XSplit, which we had hoped would give us the opportunity to continue maintaining the app and solving the technical issues that many of you have encountered. However, the sad reality is that the original development team behind Gamecaster have all since left to pursue other opportunities — Gamecaster is a fairly complex app that relies both on integrations with third party services and several advanced internal components, so without this dedicated expertise the functionality of Gamecaster has significantly deteriorated.

References

Companies established in 2000
Video game companies of the United States


Michael L. "Mike" Manzo is a former chief of staff for Pennsylvania House of Representatives Majority Leader H. William DeWeese. He served as a staffer for the Democratic Caucus in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives for over 10 years, rising to become one of the most powerful staffers in the state capitol. Manzo controlled the policy and communications efforts for the House Democratic Caucus and helped engineer the passage of a wide range of bills.

In 2007, he was fired by DeWeese and subsequently charged for allegedly using taxpayer money for illegal campaign purposes and creating a no-work job for his mistress. In his testimony for the prosecution at a preliminary hearing, he implicated his former boss, DeWeese, in the alleged scheme.

Personal life
Manzo was born in Monaca, Beaver County, Pennsylvania. His father was a steelworker and his mother worked at a local jewelry store. He played drums and baseball at Monaca School District, where he graduated fourth in his class. He graduated from Penn State University in 1991 with a degree in Marketing, and began working as a salesman for AT&T and as an agent for U.S. Airways.

Political career

Pennsylvania House of Representatives
With a recommendation from fellow Beaver County-native Mike Veon, Manzo began working in 1994 as a Harrisburg staff aide for long-time State Representative Camille "Bud" George. He worked at an "almost frantic pace" and rose through the ranks of the House Democratic Caucus of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives. In 1999, he became press secretary and communications director for the House Democratic Caucus and spokesman for the Democratic leader, H. William DeWeese. In this position, he successfully re-designed and modernized the caucus' media strategy.

In 2001, Manzo became DeWeese's chief of staff and oversaw policy and communications for the entire Democratic caucus. In this position, he was a key negotiator for four state budgets, the historic slot machine gaming act, a minimum wage increase, the Growing Greener (I and II) initiatives, and the Alternative Energy Portfolio Standards Act. He was also involved in two expansions of the PACE program providing drug coverage for Pennsylvania seniors, the expansion of the Pennsylvania CHIP program known as "Cover All Kids" and the 2004 Economic Stimulus program that led to the creation of the Commonwealth Financing Authority. Manzo created an improved electronic and print communications between legislators and constituents by creating a caucus office for "e-communication," expanding the in-house print shop for legislative newsletters and reports, and developing podcasting and streaming audio and video. He was listed on the "Pennsylvania Report 100" most influential people in Pennsylvania for three straight years. His influence was noted by PoliticsPA.com, who name Manzo one of the "smartest staffers" in the Pennsylvania Capitol, describing him as having earned an "honorary Masters from the State Rep. Bud George school of politics." Pundits commented that his job description included providing frequent "DeWeese-to-English translations" for his boss' famously verbose speaking style. In 2002, he was named to the PoliticsPA list of "Rising Stars" in Pennsylvania politics.

Firing
Manzo and six other Democratic staffers were fired on November 13, 2007, after the release of emails pertaining to the Pennsylvania Attorney General's investigation into illegal legislative bonuses paid for campaign work. Manzo denied any wrongdoing and said that he resigned to avoid becoming a distraction for the Democratic caucus.

Triad Strategies
By the end of November 2007, Manzo was hired as a senior relations consultant for Triad Strategies, a Harrisburg, Pennsylvania-based lobbying and public relations firm. Anthony May, a senior vice president at Triad, expressed no concern about hiring Manzo in the midst of the legislative bonus controversy, saying, "We always had hoped Mike would come to work for us."

Legal issues

Grand jury investigation
On July 10, 2008, Pennsylvania Attorney General Tom Corbett announced that his office was filing charges against Manzo and 11 other current and former Democratic staff members relating to the legislative bonus controversy. Manzo faces nine counts each of conflict of interest, theft by unlawful taking or disposition, theft by deception, theft of services, theft by failure to make required disposition of funds, and two counts of criminal conspiracy. The charges carry a maximum penalty of 311 years in prison and $660,000 in fines.

The grand jury convened to investigate the matter found that Manzo had "directly coordinated" the illegal use of taxpayer funds and resources for political campaigns. Specifically, the grand jury found that in 2004, Manzo and Mike Veon began tracking all House Democratic Caucus employees who volunteered for off-duty political campaign work. This list recorded the various efforts and campaign activities of the "volunteers" and was eventually refined to identify those public employees who excelled at these campaign efforts, denoting them as "superstars," "Rock Stars," "Good," and "OK." The House Democratic Caucus paid $188,800 in taxpayer funds as secret bonuses to these staffers a reward for their campaign efforts for the 2004 election. The secret bonuses paid in 2006 election totaled $1,285,250.

The grand jury also found that Manzo and fellow staffer Brett Cott used the employees and resources of the House Democratic Caucus to mount petition challenges against opponents of the House Democratic Caucus and the Democratic Party. Employees of the caucus spent time during their regular work hours working to disqualify candidates, including Presidential candidate Ralph Nader in 2004 and the Green Party's candidate for the US Senate in 2006, Carl Romanelli. Additionally, the grand jury found that Manzo had used his authority to create a "no-work" job for a former legislative intern with whom he allegedly had a "long-running sexual liaison" from 2004 through November 2007. The office was located above Bloom Cigar Company, an iconic cigar store in Pittsburgh's South Side neighborhood owned by a friend of Mike Veon.

Testimony in preliminary hearing
Manzo waived his right to a preliminary hearing on the sufficiency of the evidence against him. In a surprise turn, he took the stand as a witness for the prosecution during preliminary hearings for two of his co-defendants, State Representative Sean Ramaley and Anna Marie Perretta-Rosepink, and implicated DeWeese in the bonus scheme. According to his testimony under cross-examination, Manzo believed that DeWeese was aware that the secret bonuses were compensation for illegal campaign work. DeWeese, who has not been charged with any crime, denies any wrongdoing and called Manzo a "desperate, disgruntled former employee whom I fired last year for dishonesty and self-dealing." Manzo's attorney, Jim Eisenhower, who ran for Pennsylvania Attorney General in 2000 and was the Democratic nominee for Attorney General in 2004, said that Manzo will plead guilty to the "most serious charges against him" and will make his cooperation known to the sentencing judge. The trial of the 12 defendants is expected to begin in January 2009.

See also
 H. William DeWeese
 Bonusgate

References

External links

Living people
Employees of the Pennsylvania General Assembly
People from Monaca, Pennsylvania
Smeal College of Business alumni
Political activists from Pennsylvania
Year of birth missing (living people)
Pennsylvania Democrats


Raw Sylk is the debut studio album by American rapper Sylk-E. Fyne. It was released on March 24, 1998 through RCA Records with Gerald 'Big Yam' Baillergeau and Victor 'Vino' Merritt producing the entire album.

The album is best remembered for its lead single "Romeo and Juliet", a duet with William "Chill" Warner. The song peaked at #6 on the Billboard Hot 100 and #1 on the Hot Rap Singles and reached gold status two months after its release.

The album, however, did not match "Romeo and Juliet's" success, only making it to 121 on the Billboard 200 and 47 on the R&B charts. The album's failure eventually led to RCA dropping Sylk-E. Fyne from the label.

Track listing

Samples
"Romeo And Juliet"
"Theme From Mahogany (Do You Know Where You're Going To) by Diana Ross
"You Don't Have to Cry" by Rene & Angela
"Grand Jury (Coming Through)"
"I'll Be Good" by Rene & Angela
"Material Girl"
"More Bounce to the Ounce" by Zapp
"I Ain't Down With The System"
"Ready or Not Here I Come (Can't Hide from Love)" by The Delfonics
"Sylk-E.'s Romeo And Juliet (LA Groove)"
"Sun Is Here" by Sun

Personnel
Gerald Baillergeau - producer, executive producer
Mike Concepcion - executive producer
Tony Dawsey - mastering
Kevin Evans - executive producer, A&R
La'Mar Lorraine Johnson - main artist, vocals
Freddie Lee - associate executive producer
Dorothy Low - photography
Victor Merritt - associate executive producer, producer, mixing
Craig Nobles - associate executive producer
Todd Anthony Shaw - featured artist, vocals
William Warner Jr. - featured artist, vocals
Jerome Woods - featured artist, vocals

Charts

References

1998 debut albums
RCA Records albums
Sylk-E. Fyne albums


Paul Little may refer to:

Paul Little (businessman) (born 1947), former managing director of Toll Holdings
Paul Little (author) (1915–1987), pulp fiction writer

Paul Little (rugby union) (1934–1993), New Zealand rugby union player
Max Hardcore (Paul F. Little, born 1956, died 2023), pornographic actor


Morion may refer to:
 Morion (helmet), a type of military helmet
 Morion (mineral), a variety of smoky quartz
 Morion (beetle), a genus of beetles in the family Carabidae
  formerly Empire Fang, an Empire F type coaster


Douglas Pearce  (born 27 April 1956), known professionally as Douglas P, is a British musician, best known for his neofolk project Death in June. He was born in Sheerwater in Woking, Surrey, and currently resides in Australia, where he has lived since the mid-90s.

Early life
Pearce was born on 27 April 1956 and grew up in Sheerwater, suburb of Woking in Surrey which he described as a "white, working-class ghetto", to a father who worked as a courier for the military, and had served in World War II. Both of his parents were English, though his mother claimed Scots-Irish ancestry.
His father died of a heart attack at age 56, when Pearce was 14. Pearce grew up in what he describes as "a very militaristic environment, surrounded by war", and says that he "had a natural attraction to war". At the age of 18 Pearce left home and hitchhiked around Europe and "came home a changed man".

As a child, Pearce was exorcised by his parents for alleged demonic possession, and after his father died, his mother and he would "muck around with a Ouija board". Pearce believes in the paranormal and occult, and claims to have had contact with various entities. For a while Pearce was involved with the International Marxist Group.

Career

Crisis

Pearce began his musical career in a British punk band called Crisis in 1977. After Crisis disbanded in 1980, Pearce formed Death in June with Crisis bandmate Tony Wakeford (currently of the English folk noir band, Sol Invictus) and Patrick O'Kill né Leagas (currently a member of the English band Mother Destruction).

Death in June

In 1985 Douglas P. became the sole constant member of Death in June, with rotating guest musicians serving as collaborators and live band members. Pearce continues working under the Death in June moniker to this day.

New European Recordings
Pearce has released numerous recordings of musical work of his own and others under his New European Recordings label since 1981.

Neofolk

Pearce was highly influential in the creation of a musical movement often referred to as neofolk, often collaborating and playing live with various artists within the genre. He served as a guitarist, drummer and occasional vocalist for experimental music group Current 93.

Personal life
Douglas P. is openly gay, and says that 'being gay is fundamental to Death in June', and expresses discontent with this side of Death in June not being explored in interviews. He describes the lack of coverage of this as 'incredulous'. His literary influences include Yukio Mishima and Jean Genet, whom he admires 'not only because their work was brilliant but that they were also gay. It adds so much.'

Discography

References

1956 births
Living people
English male singer-songwriters
English LGBT songwriters
English LGBT singers
English gay musicians
Gay songwriters
Gay singers
English people of Ulster-Scottish descent
English occultists
Exorcised people
Current 93 members
Death in June members
20th-century English LGBT people
21st-century English LGBT people


The following is a list of episodes for the Australian television programme Rush on Network Ten.

Series overview
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Episodes

Series 1 (2008)

Series 2 (2009)

Series 3 (2010)

Series 4 (2011)
On 12 November 2010, Network Ten renewed Rush for a 13 episode, fourth series to air from 1 September 2011.

Ratings

References

External links

Lists of Australian drama television series episodes
Lists of crime television series episodes