Jonas Lundh (born April 8, 1965 in Fagersta, Västmanland, Sweden), is a Swedish abstract expressionist artist, represented in a number of municipalities in Sweden and among collectors in the US, Great Britain, Denmark, Finland, Africa and France. Lundh creates his own world of art, where "clarity is prohibited" and rhythm is one of the main ingredients.

Lundh has developed a technique in which he paints with paperboard instead of brushes. The characteristic features of his painting are the figurative elements in his abstract images, often with mystical surfaces of emptiness. The people in Lundh's paintings are anonymous; more like symbols than individuals, and it is not difficult to see how they connect to the history of abstract expressionism. Observers have said that Jonas Lundh in his painting "reaches a cubist effect".

Lundh's art is dominated by mysticism. Some of his works have been compared to works by American painter Edward Hopper, as he has managed to concentrate the light and express something of the same loneliness in his paintings.

As one of southern Sweden's most active exhibiting painters, Lundh has also worked with installation- and video art, always with musical undertones. His ways of combining the two professions are considered brilliant. He often works with projects that include both music and painting. Lundh Meets Lindgren is a project that started in August 2007, where Lundh and guitarist Tommy Lindgren "visualize tones, sounds and rhythms in a conversation between two modes of expression". Together with Örjan Bertilsson and Alf Nilsson, Lundh and Lindgren form the band State of Art, playing modern jazz with elements of Latin, soul and funk.

In the 1980s, Jonas Lundh worked as a freelance musician, playing drums and percussion. He has also played the flute and the violin.

Jonas Lundh has spoken out against racism, saying there should not be any racism in music.

Lundh is currently a resident of Sölvesborg. He lives with his family in the rectory (from 1833), next to St Nicholas' Church (Sankt Nikolai kyrka) in central Sölvesborg. In the old monk's hut on the ground floor is his gallery with entrance from the rectory gable.

References

External links
Official website

1965 births
Living people
20th-century Swedish painters
Swedish male painters
21st-century Swedish painters
Abstract expressionist artists
Swedish installation artists
20th-century Swedish male artists
21st-century Swedish male artists


The Council for East and Central Africa Football Associations (, , , ; officially abbreviated as CECAFA) is an association of the football playing nations in mostly East Africa and parts of Central Africa. An affiliate of the Confederation of African Football (CAF), CECAFA is the oldest sub-regional football organisation on the continent.

History
CECAFA was founded unofficially in 1927. The competition was sponsored by the major Nairobi-based soap-manufacturing firm Gossage, owned by the British Lever Brothers. Its formation is often misattributed to William Gossage, founder of the Gossage company. However, he died 50 years before the CECAFA was established.

The tournament was known as the "Gossage Cup" until the mid-sixties, when it was redubbed the "East African Challenge Cup".its consisted of only 12 teams

CECAFA's head offices are in Nairobi, Kenya. The first tournament was contested between Kenya and Uganda, which saw the Kenyan squad win the two legs 3–1 on aggregate.

Member associations
All associations that joined in 1973 were founding members of CECAFA.

* Union of Arab Football Associations (UAFA) members are marked with an asterisk

Broadcasting rights
In 2007, television rights for the tournament were sold to GTV. Since 2009, broadcasting of CECAFA competitions has been taken over by SuperSport.

Competitions

Current title holders

See also

Confederation of African Football (CAF)
West African Football Union (WAFU)
Central African Football Federations' Union (UNIFFAC)
Council of Southern Africa Football Associations (COSAFA)
Union of North African Football Federations (UNAF)

References

External links

CECAFA


Brunetto Bucciarelli-Ducci (18 June 1914 – 4 February 1994) was an Italian politician and magistrate.

His name appears in the list of members of the P2 lodge found in Castiglion Fibocchi on 17 March 1981.

Biography
Bucciarelli-Ducci was born in Terranuova Bracciolini, Province of Arezzo. He graduated in law at the University of Florence in 1937. Subsequently he passed the competition for judicial auditor in 1940 and entered the judiciary.

During the Second World War he was called to arms as an artillery officer and subsequently served at the military tribunal of Bari, where he met Aldo Moro, then an airman assigned to the same tribunal, to whom he was always bound by a deep friendship. At the end of the war period he resumed his career as a magistrate as investigating judge at the Arezzo court.

In 1948 he was elected Deputy in the Siena-Arezzo-Grosseto constituency and reconfirmed continuously until the 6th parliamentary term, among the ranks of the Christian Democracy. In 1953 he became vice-chairman of the Christian Democratic group in the Chamber, led by Attilio Piccioni. On 12 June 1958 he was elected Vice-President of the Chamber of Deputies and was also confirmed in the subsequent parliamentary term. Following the appointment of President of Chamber Giovanni Leone as Prime Minister, in the session of 26 June 1963 Bucciarelli-Ducci was elected President of the assembly with a wide parliamentary consensus.

On 27 January 1977 he was elected judge of the Constitutional Court by Parliament in joint session, together with Alberto Malagugini and Oronzo Reale. He held the position until  31 January 1986.

He died in Arezzo on 4 February 1994 of a myocardial infarction

Honours and awards
 : Knight of the Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (5 July 1976)

References

1914 births
1994 deaths
People from the Province of Arezzo
Christian Democracy (Italy) politicians
Presidents of the Chamber of Deputies (Italy)
Deputies of Legislature I of Italy
Deputies of Legislature II of Italy
Deputies of Legislature III of Italy
Deputies of Legislature IV of Italy
Deputies of Legislature V of Italy
Deputies of Legislature VI of Italy
Politicians from Tuscany
Judges of the Constitutional Court of Italy
Propaganda Due


Associação Desportiva Brusque is a women's volleyball team, based in Brusque, Santa Catarina (state), Brazil. The team was sponsored by Brazil Telecom.

2007/2008 Team

References

External links
CBV Official Page

Volleyball clubs in Brazil


The Pallas class constituted the standard design of 40-gun frigates of the French Navy during the Napoleonic Empire period. Jacques-Noël Sané designed them in 1805, as a development of his seven-ship  of 1802, and over the next eight years the Napoléonic government ordered in total 62 frigates to be built to this new design. Of these some 54 were completed, although ten of them were begun for the French Navy in shipyards within the French-occupied Netherlands or Italy, which were then under French occupation; these latter ships were completed for the Netherlands or Austrian navies after 1813.

Ships launched in 1807 (1)
Note – Corona was completed for the Napoleonic Italian Navy, but transferred to the French Navy in April 1810.
 Corona
Builder: Battistella, Venice
Ordered: 26 March 1805
Laid down: 26 December 1806
Launched: 27 December 1807
Completed: December 1808
Fate: Captured by the British Navy at the Battle of Lissa on 13 March 1811.

Ships launched in 1808 (7)
 Pallas
Builder: Mathurin & Antoine Crucy, Basse-Indre (near Nantes)
Ordered: 26 March 1805
Laid down: October 1805
Launched: 9 April 1808
Completed: June 1808
Fate: Stricken 8 November 1821 at Brest and hulked, and broken up 1841

 Elbe
Builder: Mathurin & Antoine Crucy, Basse-Indre
Ordered: 26 March 1805 as Aréthuse
Laid down: October 1805, renamed Elbe May 1807
Launched: 23 May 1808
Completed: July 1809
Fate: Renamed Calypso August 1814. Condemned 1825 and taken to pieces c.1841.

 Amélie
Builder: Toulon
Ordered: 10 October 1807
Laid down: November 1807
Launched: 21 July 1808
Completed: January 1809
Fate: Renamed Junon April 1814. Condemned 1842.

 Clorinde
Builder: Louis & Michel-Louis Crucy, Paimboeuf
Ordered: 19 July 1806
Laid down: July 1806
Launched: 6 August 1808
Completed: March 1809
Fate: Captured by the British Navy in February 1814, becoming HMS Aurora.

 Renommée
Builder: Mathurin & Antoine Crucy, Basse-Indre
Ordered: 26 March 1805
Launched: 20 August 1808
Fate: Captured by the British Navy in May 1811, becoming HMS Java; later captured by US Navy in December 1812.

 Élisa
Builder: Le Havre
Ordered: 20 May 1806
Laid down: August 1806
Launched: 22 September 1810
Fate: Wrecked on 22 December 1810 near Réville

 Favorita
Note – Favorita was completed for the Napoleonic Italian Navy, but transferred to the French Navy in April 1810.
Builder: Venice
Ordered: 1806
Launched: 4 October 1810
Fate: Renamed Favorite in April 1810 (on transfer). Burnt at Battle of Lissa March 1811.

Ships launched in 1809 (3)
 Astrée
Builder: Cherbourg
Ordered: 1808
Launched: May 1809
Fate: Captured by the British Navy in December 1810, becoming HMS Pomone.

 Fidèle
Builder: Vlissingen (Flushing)
Ordered: 14 August 1806
Launched: June 1809
Fate: Captured by the British Navy in August 1809, becoming HMS Laurel.

 Adrienne
Builder: Toulon
Ordered: 10 October 1807
Launched: 15 August 1810
Fate: Renamed Aurore in April 1814, then Dauphine in September 1829 and Aurore again in August 1830. Converted to a transport 1841.

Ships launched in 1810 (4)
 Nymphe
Builder: Mathurin & Antoine Crucy, Basse-Indre
Ordered: 25 April 1807
Launched: 1 May 1810
Fate: Converted to a breakwater 1832

 Iphigénie
Builder: Cherbourg
Ordered: 1809
Launched: 20 May 1810
Fate: Captured by the Royal Navy in January 1814, becoming first HMS Palma and then HMS Gloire. before being sold in 1817.

 Méduse
Builder: Paimboeuf
Ordered: 11 March 1807
Launched: 1 July 1810
Fate: Wrecked in July 1816.

 Prégel
Builder: Saint Malo
Ordered: 1807
Launched: 30 October 1810
Fate: Renamed Eurydice August 1814. Deleted 1825.

Ships launched in 1811 (9)
 Ariane
Builder: Mathurin & Antoine Crucy, Basse-Indre
Ordered: 25 April 1807
Launched: 7 April 1811
Fate: Burnt to avoid capture in the action of 22 May 1812.

 Médée
Builder: Genoa
Ordered: 1808
Launched: 5 May 1811
Fate: Hulked 1849. Renamed Muiron 1850. Burnt 1882.

 Andromaque
Builder: Mathurin & Antoine Crucy, Basse-Indre
Ordered: 10 November 1808
Launched: 21 May 1811
Fate: Sunk in the action of 22 May 1812.

 IJssel
Builder: Amsterdam
Ordered:
Launched: May 1811
Fate: Transferred to Netherlands 1814.

 Carolina
Builder: Naples
Ordered: 1807
Launched: 16 June 1811
Fate: Transferred to the Neapolitan Navy in December 1813.

 Princesse de Bologne
Builder: Venice
Ordered:
Launched: 5 September 1811
Fate: Transferred to the Austrian Navy in April 1814, becoming their Lipsia.

 Gloire
Builder: Le Havre
Ordered: 26 December 1808
Launched: 3 November 1811
Fate: Condemned 1822.

 Illyrienne
Builder: Saint Malo
Ordered: 26 December 1808
Launched: 13 November 1811
Fate: Renamed Hermione 30 August 1814; stricken 14 April 1841.

 Meuse
Builder: Amsterdam
Ordered: 1810 as Alcide, renamed September 1810 before being laid down
Launched: 17 December 1811
Fate: Transferred to the Netherlands Navy in May 1814, becoming their Maas.

Ships launched in 1812 (14)
 Terpsichore
Builder: Antwerp
Ordered: 1810
Launched: 26 February 1812
Fate: Captured by the fourth rate  in February 1814, becoming HMS Modeste; she was broken up in 1816

 Érigone
Builder: Antwerp
Ordered: 1810
Launched: 25 March 1812

 Aréthuse
Builder: Paimboeuf
Ordered: 26 December 1808
Launched: 11 April 1812
Fate: Converted to a 28-gun corvette 1833–1834. Stricken 1851 and broken up after 1865.

 Galatée
Builder: Genoa
Ordered: 1808
Launched: 3 May 1812
Fate: Stricken at Toulon 6 May 1837.

 Jahde
Builder: Rotterdam
Ordered:
Launched: 9 May 1812

 Trave
Builder: Amsterdam
Ordered:
Launched: 12 May 1812

 Weser
Builder: Amsterdam
Ordered:
Launched: 12 May 1812

 Melpomène
Builder: Toulon
Ordered: 18 January 1810
Launched: 17 May 1812

 Rubis
Builder: Mathurin & Antoine Crucy, Basse-Indre
Ordered: 21 October 1809
Launched: 25 May 1812

 Ems
Builder: Rotterdam
Ordered:
Launched: 26 May 1812

 Atalante
Builder: Lorient  – Caudan
Ordered: 1 July 1809 as Eurydice but renamed 1811
Launched: 24 June 1812

 Cérès
Builder: Brest
Ordered:
Launched: 12 August 1812

 Piave
Builder: Venice
Ordered:
Launched: 15 August 1812

 Dryade
Builder: Genoa
Ordered: 1811
Launched: 4 October 1812

Ships launched in 1813 (4)
 Sultane
Builder: Paimboeuf
Ordered: 21 October 1809
Launched: 30 May 1813
Fate: Captured by the British Navy March 1814, becoming HMS Sultane.

 Étoile
Builder: Paimboeuf
Ordered: 21 October 1810 as Hyménée, but renamed before being laid down.
Launched: 28 July 1813
Fate: Captured by the British Navy in March 1814, becoming HMS Topaze.

 Rancune
Builder: Toulon
Ordered: 20 February 1812
Launched: 30 September 1813
Fate: Renamed Néréide about August 1814. Condemned 1825.

 Amphitrite
Builder: Venice
Ordered:
Launched: October 1813
Fate: Still incomplete in April 1814 when Venice was captured by the Austrians. Then renamed Anfitrite and later Augusta in the Austrian Navy.

Ships launched in 1814 (3)
As noted below, all three vessels launched in 1814 were never added to the French Navy, as they were completed for the Dutch after the liberation of the Netherlands.

 Amstel
Builder: Rotterdam
Ordered:
Launched: 13 September 1814
Fate: Completed for the Netherlands Navy in 1816, becoming their Amster.

 Ambitieuse
Builder: Amsterdam
Ordered:
Launched: November 1814
Fate: Completed for the Netherlands Navy in 1816, becoming their Koningen, later Wilhelmina.

 Immortelle
Builder: Amsterdam
Ordered:
Launched: November 1814
Fate: Completed for the Netherlands Navy in 1816, becoming their Frederica Sophia Wilhelmina.

Ships launched after 1814 (12)
Six of the following were completed for the French Navy after the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy; the other six, laid down in Rotterdam and Venice while those cities were under French control, were completed for the Netherlands and Austrian Navies respectively.

 Cybèle
Builder: Le Havre
Ordered: 1810
Launched: 11 April 1815
Fate: Completed 1816. Hulked 1850 as Remise.

 Duchesse de Berry
Builder: Lorient  – Caudan
Ordered: 1810 as Didon, renamed at launch.
Launched: 25 August 1816
Fate: Completed 1817. Hulked 1829 and renamed Victoire in August 1830.

 Vestale
Builder: Rotterdam
Ordered:
Launched: October 1816
Fate: Completed for the Netherlands Navy in 1818, becoming their Vestale, later (1828) Rhijn.

 Fidèle
Builder: Rotterdam
Ordered:
Launched: 22 November 1817
Fate: Completed for the Netherlands Navy in 1819, becoming their Schelde.

 Constance
Builder: Brest
Ordered:
Launched: 2 September 1818
Fate: Completed 1823. Hulked 1836.

 Thétis
Builder: Toulon
Ordered: 1813
Launched: 3 May 1819
Fate: Completed 1822. Renamed 1865 as Lanninon.

 Astrée
Builder: Paimboeuf originally, then Lorient
Ordered: 25 March 1812
Launched: 28 April 1820
Fate: Completed 1821. Condemned 1842.

 Hébé
Builder: Venice
Ordered:
Launched: 1820
Fate: Completed for the Austrian Navy in 1821, becoming their Ebe.

 Armide
Builder: Paimboeuf originally, then Lorient
Ordered: 25 March 1812
Launched: 1 May 1821
Fate: Completed 1823. Renamed 1866 as Entrepot.

 Moskva
Builder: Venice
Ordered:
Launched: 1827
Fate: Completed for the Austrian Navy in 1828, becoming their Medea.

 Guerrière
Builder: Venice
Ordered:
Launched: 1829
Fate: Completed for the Austrian Navy in 1830, becoming their Juno.

 Vénus
Builder: Venice
Ordered:
Launched: 1832
Fate: Completed for the Austrian Navy in 1833, becoming their Venere.

Ships never launched (i.e. cancelled)
 Corona
Builder: Venice
Begun: August 1812
Fate: Construction abandoned April 1814 at the fall of Venice to the Austrians.

 Inconstante
Builder: Antwerp
Begun: August 1812
Fate: Construction abandoned August 1814 at the fall of Antwerp to the Allies.

 Ruppel
Builder: Antwerp
Begun: September 1812
Fate: Construction abandoned August 1814 at the fall of Antwerp to the Allies.

 Précieuse
Builder: Antwerp
Begun: September 1812
Fate: Construction abandoned August 1814 at the fall of Antwerp to the Allies.

 Istrienne
Builder: Trieste
Begun: April 1813
Fate: Construction abandoned October 1813 at the fall of Trieste to the Austrians.

References

Citations

References
Alain Demerliac, Nomenclature des navires francais de 1800–1815
Rif Winfield & Stephen S Roberts, French Warships in the Age of Sail 1786-1861: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates. (Seaforth Publishing, 2015) .

Frigate classes


Innerpeffray Library was the first lending library in Scotland. It is located in the hamlet of Innerpeffray, by the River Earn in Perth and Kinross,  southeast of Crieff. The library building is Category A listed.

St Mary's Chapel
Innerpeffray Library started in 1680 in the attic of St Mary's Chapel, Church of the Blessed Virgin, or Innerpeffray Chapel as it has later been known.

The chapel is mentioned from 1365 and is linked to Lord John Drummond. The chapel may have started as a chantry, however, by 1542 it was referred to as a collegiate church which served the parish of Monzie.

During the Scottish Reformation in the 16th century, the chapel was damaged considerably; the lands and endowments were passed to James Drummond, the first Lord Madertie. James married Jean, daughter of Sir James Chisolm of Cromlix; however, James passed away in 1620.

Innerpeffray Castle was built close to the chapel in 1610, the chapel's use after the Scottish Reformation meant that it was never again used as a Protestant place of worship but instead was used for as a mausoleum for the Drummond family, as well as a Catholic place of worship.

Early History of the Building
David Drummond, the third Lord Madertie requested in his will that a library be kept partly in the west end of the chapel and partly in a building he had recently constructed in the east end of the kirkyard. This was to house David's large collection of books in religion, witchcraft, demonology and astrology. David died in 1692, and the Governors of the Innerpeffray Mortification, a registered charity under Scottish law, started to administer and maintain the collection in 1694. The library was to be devoted for the use of the public and became the first public lending library in Scotland.

In 1739, Robert Hay Drummond inherited the Innefpeffray Estate, he commissioned the architect Charles Freebairn to erect the purpose-built library and reading room. The Georgian building was built to house the Drummond family collection as well as Robert's own collection which he donated to the library.

Innerpeffray Library
The library ceased lending in 1968; however, it remains open to the public several days a week, from March through to the end of October. Hours of operation are Wednesday to Saturday 10am-5pm and Sunday 2pm-5pm.

Collection
Among the collection that the library holds is the Bible of the Marquis of Montrose, bearing his autograph in several places. There is also a copy of what is called the Great Bible, dated 1540, which has two full-page woodcuts by Holbein, the artist of Henry VIII of England.

The library remains a valuable storehouse of literature from the Late Medieval and Early Modern periods and has been visited by many people throughout the years that it has been open.

One of the Library's most valued books is the original Borrowers' Register that holds the record of all the families who borrowed a book. This resource allows people to come and identify their ancestors from the region, see their own handwriting and hold the books they once borrowed.

Keeper of the Books
The Keeper of Books is an office held continuously since Andrew Patoune in 1696. The Keeper also holds the key of the Collegiate Chapel of St Mary, at Her Majesty's pleasure.

The current Keeper of Books, as of 2019, is listed as Lara Haggerty.

The library in the media
The BBC broadcast from the library on the 31st of January, 1950.

See also
List of Category A listed buildings in Perth and Kinross

References

Further reading
Chronicles of Innerpeffray by Anne Edgar, also "St Mary's Chapel", "The Lords Madertie" and "Captain Robert Hay Drummond, a Crimea Officer", three booklets by the same Author, Keeper and Librarian 2005–2009.
"Publicity Information on Innerpeffray, 365 words" by CM Edgar MA PGCE, joint Keeper 2005-2009 and, by courtesy of the Earl of Perth, Lay Provost of St Mary's (short title, honour still held by CME).
'The First Light' by George Chamier, 2009

External links

 The Guardian: Love letters to libraries: Alexander McCall Smith
 Innerpeffray Library collection at the University of Stirling Archive

Libraries in Scotland
1680 establishments in Scotland
Buildings and structures in Perth and Kinross
Category A listed buildings in Perth and Kinross
Listed library buildings in Scotland
Buildings and structures completed in 1762
Library buildings completed in the 18th century
Charities based in Scotland


The Despotate of Arta (; ) was a despotate established by Albanian rulers during the 14th century, after the defeat of the local Despot of Epirus, Nikephoros II Orsini, by Albanian tribesmen in the Battle of Achelous in 1359 and ceased to exist in 1416, when it passed to Carlo I Tocco.

History

Creation
In the late spring of 1359, Nikephoros II Orsini, the last despot of Epirus of the Orsini dynasty, fought against the Albanians near river Acheloos, Aetolia. The Albanians won the battle and managed to create two new states in the southern territories of the Despotate of Epirus. Because a number of Albanian lords actively supported the successful Serbian campaign in Thessaly and Epirus, the Serbian Tsar granted them specific regions and offered them the Byzantine title of despotes in order to secure their loyalty.

By the late 1360s, two Albanian principalities had emerged: the first with its capital in Arta under Pjetër Losha, and the second, centered in Angelokastron, under Gjin Bua Shpata. After the death of Pjetër Losha in 1374, the Albanian despotates of Arta and Angelocastron were united under the rule of Gjin Bua Shpata.

At April 1378 the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller, Juan Fernández de Heredia set about to take Arta but failed and was captured in battle by Gjin Bua Shpata. Herendia was sold by Shpata to the Ottoman Turks for a huge prize. Thomas II Preljubović, the Despot of Epirus offered valuable help during the battle, however this alliance didn't last for long.

The territory of this despotate at its greatest extent (1374–1403) was from the Corinth Gulf to Acheron River in the North, neighboring with the Principality of Gjirokastër of Gjon Zenebishi, another state created in the area of the Despotate of Epirus. The Despotate of Epirus managed to control in this period only the eastern part of Epirus, with its capital in Ioannina. During this period the Despot of Epirus Thomas II Preljubović was in an open conflict with Gjin Shpata. In 1375, Gjin Bua Shpata started an offensive in Ioannina, but he could not invade the city. Although Shpata married with Thomas' sister, Helena, their war did not stop.

Fall of the Despotate
After the death of Gjin Bua Shpata in 1399, the Despotate of Arta weakened continuously, and the Shpata family was involved in civil war. Among the animosities with the rulers of Ioannina Gjin's successor, Muriq Shpata, had to deal with the intentions of the Venetians and of Count Carlo I Tocco of Cefalonia. Meanwhile, Ottoman incursions were intensified as they were occasionally called by despot Esau de' Buondelmonti of the Despotate of Epirus. After the death of de' Buondelmonti in 1411, the throne was offered to his nephew, Carlo I Tocco. Even though his gain was accompanied by a great loss that the forces of Gjon Zenebishi's inflicted upon his army, he would later subject the leaders of southern Albania. In spite of Muriq's victory over Carlo in 1412, the Albanians failed to take Ioannina. On the contrary, not long after killing Muriq in battle in 1414–1415, Carlo advanced on Arta. In 1416, he defeated Jakob Bua Shpata and conquered Arta thus annexing the Despotate.

Local legacy
The city of Arta was relatively unknown during the period of the Albanian rule (1358–1416). The Albanian leaders, not accustomed to living in cities, as mountaineers, acquired legally Byzantine titles and tried to adopt Byzantine state structure. Although no architectural activity has been reported for this period, little seems to have changed in Arta and the Albanian and Greek population coexisted peacefully in the city.

Despots

Losha Dynasty
Pjetër Losha

Shpata Dynasty
Gjin Bua Shpata
Skurra Bua Shpata
Muriq Shpata
Jakob Bua Shpata

See also
 Albanian principalities
 History of Albania

References

Former countries in the Balkans
Albanian principalities


The 2000 Monte Carlo Masters was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the 94th edition of the Monte Carlo Masters, and was part of the ATP Masters Series of the 2000 ATP Tour. It took place at the Monte Carlo Country Club in Roquebrune-Cap-Martin, France, near Monte Carlo, Monaco, from 17 April through 23 April 2000.

The men's field was headlined by ATP No. 4, Australian Open runner-up, 1999 Stuttgart, Montreal titlist Yevgeny Kafelnikov, Santiago winner, Miami finalist, Monte Carlo defending champion Gustavo Kuerten and Auckland winner Magnus Norman. Other top seeds in the field were Lyon titlist Nicolás Lapentti, 1997 Monte Carlo champion Marcelo Ríos, Thomas Enqvist, Tim Henman and Cédric Pioline.

Finals

Singles

 Cédric Pioline defeated  Dominik Hrbatý, 6–4, 7–6, 7–6
It was Cédric Pioline's 2nd title of the year, and his 5th overall. It was his 1st Masters title of the year, and overall.

Doubles

 Wayne Ferreira /  Yevgeny Kafelnikov defeated  Paul Haarhuis /  Sandon Stolle, 6–3, 2–6, 6–1

References

External links

 ATP tournament profile
 ITF tournament edition details

Monte Carlo Masters
Monte-Carlo Masters
Monte Carlo Masters
Monte
Monte Carlo Masters


Charles Eugene "Truck" Eagan (August 10, 1877 – March 19, 1949) was a Major League Baseball infielder who played in 1901 with the Pittsburgh Pirates and the Cleveland Blues. He batted and threw right-handed. Eagan had a .133 career batting average.

For his long career in the minor leagues, where he had 1,830 hits and 105 home runs, Eagan was elected to the Pacific Coast League Hall of Fame.

He was born and died in San Francisco, California.

External links

1877 births
1949 deaths
Major League Baseball infielders
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Cleveland Blues (1901) players
Baseball players from San Francisco
San Francisco Athletics players
Sacramento Gilt Edges players
San Jose Brewers players
Oakland Commuters players
Sacramento Senators players
Tacoma Tigers players
Fresno Raisin Eaters players
Oakland Oaks (baseball) players
Vernon Tigers players
Sacramento Baby Senators players
Richmond Colts players


Joseph Sam Sesay (born on April 26, 1959, in Kamasasa, Kambia District, British Sierra Leone) is a Sierra Leonean politician who served as Minister of Agriculture under the All People Congress government of President Ernest Bai Koroma.

References

1959 births
Living people
Government ministers of Sierra Leone
All People's Congress politicians
People from Kambia District


Indiana Jones is an American media franchise.

 Raiders of the Lost Ark, 1981 film
 Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, 1984 film
 Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, 1989 film
 Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, 2008 film
 Indiana Jones and the Dial of Destiny, 2023 film
 The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, 1992 TV series

Indiana Jones may also refer to:

Indiana Jones (character) (Dr. Henry Jones, Jr.), the title character of the media franchise
Indiana Jones (fictional dog), the Jones family dog; see Indiana Jones (character)
Indiana Jones (comics), comics featuring the character
Indiana Jones: The Pinball Adventure, a 1993 pinball machine featuring the character

See also

Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (disambiguation)
Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (disambiguation)
Raiders of the Lost Ark (disambiguation)
Indiana (disambiguation)
Jones (disambiguation)


The Stadium Bowl (originally Tacoma Stadium) is a 15,000-seat stadium in the Stadium District of Tacoma, Washington, United States. It is adjacent to Stadium High School and has views of Commencement Bay and Puget Sound from its open north end. The stadium was designed by Frederick Heath and opened in 1910, primarily for use by the then-renamed Stadium High School and later Silas High School.

The Stadium Bowl is designed for American football as well as track and field events. It has also hosted baseball and other sports in the past. The stadium originally seated 23,000, but was later reduced in capacity during renovations and restoration projects.

History

The stadium was proposed in 1906 at the site of Old Woman's Gulch and designed by Frederick Heath. It was originally built with a seating capacity of 23,486 and a total capacity of 32,000 that was later reduced to 17,000. The stadium is on an asymmetrical block bounded by North E Street (south); Tacoma High School and North 1st Street (east); North 3rd Street and North Stadium Way (originally Cliff Avenue) (west); and North Schuster Parkway, railroad tracks and Commencement Bay (north).

The stadium was built from 1909 to 1910 using steam shovels and sluicing to move more than  down the edges of the gulch to create a flat playing field of . Wooden molds were built to cast concrete for 31 rows of stadium seating (able to hold 11,000 spectators) surrounding the playfield. It was dedicated on June 10, 1910, and was originally named Tacoma Stadium. It cost $135,000 to construct (equivalent to $ in  dollars). One of its first major events held at the new stadium was a military tournament in late July with 32,000 spectators on the final night.

Floodlights were temporarily installed for a 1929 football game, the first to be played at night in the Pacific Northwest. It was home to several minor league sports teams and hosted football and baseball exhibitions for college and professional teams. The stadium was flooded and buried by a mudslide in 1932 and closed until 1935. It later suffered major damaged in the April 1949 and April 1965 earthquakes that shook the Puget Sound region. The Stadium Bowl was condemned due to unsafe conditions, namely the cracked concrete, in 1949 but was later reopened in 1961 following the rebuilding of seated areas at a cost of $60,000.

Demolition of the original seating structure, which had deteriorated further and only had 6,000 usable seats, began in December 1977 ahead of a planned renovation project. The Tacoma School District received a $2 million federal grant for the renovation and initially approved a "no-frills" design with 15,000 seats and no floodlights; a state grant allowed for the floodlights to be re-added to the design plan, which also included locker rooms under the stands. The 15,000-seat stadium reopened on August 23, 1980, with a two-day arts fair, soapbox derby, and re-dedication ceremony.

In October 1981, a burst storm drain washed away the scoreboard and the north end zone of the football field. The stadium reopened on October 23, 1985, following the installation of a new artificial turf surface and track that cost $725,000. The Tacoma Express, a semi-professional American football team playing in the Minor League Football System, moved to the Stadium Bowl for the 1990 season after being unable to afford to stay at the Tacoma Dome. The team was folded by the league in September 1990 after playing without an owner for several weeks.

On October 10, 2015, Stadium bowl experienced a mass flooding due to improper drain management. Videos of the bowl flooding quickly went viral. The videos of the bowl flooding were so captivating that they were even featured on CNN. Despite having multiple drains in the streets above the stadium, the drains became too overwhelmed with water, causing the flooding. The water eroded soil under the stadium's main stairwell, soaked the field-turf with water, mud, and debris, flooded the locker rooms used by home and away teams, and also caused a small trench to form on the Northern side of the stadium. The flooding would cause all subsequent sporting events at the stadium to be postponed, canceled, or relocated to nearby fields or schools. Officials decided to keep the stadium closed until early 2016, and football games would not return until the following September.

Notable events

Stadium Bowl has hosted many memorable sporting events, concerts, and ceremonies including:

 Speeches held by United States Presidents Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, and Warren Harding and United States Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan
 Ceremonies and battle reenactments for military figures such as John Pershing and Marshal Foch
 Baseball exhibitions for players such as Babe Ruth and Billy Sunday
 The Washington State Cougars of Pullman played a football game against team from Camp Lewis at the stadium in 1917
 The Cougars also played Texas A&M in December 1941
 Washington State hosted Penn State on Thanksgiving weekend in 1948
 Gasoline powered model airplane meetup in 1947

Appearances in media
Stadium bowl and the connected high school are well known for its unique and captivating design. This has led the bowl to make appearances in film, and is often highly ranked in lists that showcase high schools with the best architecture.

Most notably, Stadium high school was used as a filming location in the 1999 cult classic film, 10 Things I Hate About You. Renamed "Padua High School" in the movie, many scenes were filmed at the school. One of the most memorable scenes in the movie involves Heath Ledger's character serenading Julia Stiles' character while she is at soccer practice in the Stadium Bowl. While singing Frankie Valli's "Can't Take My Eyes Off You", Ledger would run up and down the iconic stairs of the Bowl, making for one of the most memorable in the film.

Stadium Bowl was chosen in 2008 as one of the best high school football stadiums in the U.S. by ESPN.

Stadium Bowl was listed on MaxPreps as one of "10 high school football stadiums to see before you die".

Sports Illustrated also listed Stadium as one of the 13 must see high school football stadiums in the United States.

References

External links
 Venue information
 South Sound Talk - Stadium High School History Soars in Tacoma

High school football venues in the United States
Sports venues in Tacoma, Washington
Frederick Heath buildings
1910 establishments in Washington (state)
Sports venues completed in 1910


Beach volleyball at the 2008 Asian Beach Games was held from 18 to 25 October 2008 in Bali, Indonesia.

Medalists

Medal table

Results

Men

Preliminaries

Pool A

Pool B

Pool C

Pool D

Pool E

Pool F

Pool G

Pool H

Pool I

Pool J

Fourth-placed teams

Rank 33–41

Rank 39–41

Rank 37–38

Rank 33–36

Round of 32

Rank 17–32

Rank 25/29

Rank 17/21

Final round

Rank 9/13

Rank 5/7

Women

Preliminaries

Pool A

Pool B

Pool C

Pool D

Pool E

Pool F

Second-placed teams

Round of 32

Rank 17–24

Rank 21/23

Rank 17/19

Final round

Rank 9/13

Rank 5/7

References
19 October Results
20 October Results
21 October Results
22 October Results
23 October Results
24 October Results

External links
Official page on AVC website
 Official site

2008 Asian Beach Games events
Asian Beach Games
2008


Shogi is a two-player strategy board game in the same family as Western chess, chaturanga, and Chinese xiangqi, and is the most popular of a family of chess variants native to Japan.

Arrival in Japan
It is not clear when the ancestral chess-type game that later developed into shogi was brought to Japan. This is in contrast to the game of go, which was almost certainly brought to Japan in or around the Nara period, since a go board is stored in the treasury of . There are tales that relate that it was invented by Yuwen Yong of Northern Zhou, and that  brought it back after visiting the country of Tang, but both these tales are likely to have been invented at the start of the Edo period by those keen to make a name for themselves as authorities on shogi.

There are several theories about when shogi spread to Japan, but the earliest plausible date is around the 6th century. It is thought that the pieces used in the shogi of the time were not the current five-sided pieces, but three-dimensional figures, as were used in chaturanga. This parallels the changes in chess pieces, which are more representational and less abstract than those made earlier. However, a large problem with this theory is that as pieces in this form have never been found, let alone stored in the treasury of Shōsōin, there is little physical evidence supporting it.

Another theory gives a later date, stating that shogi was brought to Japan after the start of the Nara period.

The central position of the king (with nine columns), flat pieces with characters on them, and a pawn capturing straight forward resemble Chinese chess (xiangqi), but many other elements of shogi differ from xiangqi. For instance, in shogi pieces play on squares rather than intersections, there is a complete pawn line on the third rank, they promote to the piece beside the king (i.e. the gold general) and do so by entering the enemy camp, and the knight can jump. All this differs from Chinese chess, but resembles the games of makruk from Thailand and Cambodia and sittuyin from Myanmar; these also have an elephant which moves in the same way as the silver general. From the Song Dynasty through the Ming Dynasty, China sent great trade convoys through the southern islands and all around the Indian Ocean and also traded with Japan, so elements of South Asian chess could have reached Japan. Shogi might thus combine strands from Chinese and Southeast Asian chess.

See also the history of chess.

Shogi in the Heian period
One of the oldest documents indicating the existence of shogi is , written by  (972 - 1027), a seven-volume work which contains a description of how to write the characters used for shogi pieces, but the most generally accepted opinion is that this section was added by a writer from a later generation. Nonetheless, it gives a revealing detail that the pieces had two characters inscribed on them, rather than one character as in xiangqi.  (1058–1064), written by Fujiwara Akihira also has passages relating to shogi, and is regarded as the earliest document on the subject.

The oldest archaeological evidence is a group of 16 shogi pieces excavated from the grounds of Kōfuku-ji in Nara Prefecture, and as a wooden writing plaque written on in the sixth year of Tenki (1058) was found at the same time, the pieces are thought to be of the same period. The pieces of the time appear to have been simple ones made by cutting a writing plaque and writing directly on the surface, but they have the same five-sided shape as modern pieces. The pieces found were three kings, four golds, one silver, one knight, and five pawns. As "Shin Saru Gakuki", mentioned above, is of the same period, this find is backed up by documentary evidence. Four more were found in 2013, a few feet away from the original sixteen, and of the same period: they were another knight, another pawn, an unreadable piece, and interestingly a drunk elephant (blank on the other side, so that it did not promote).

The dictionary of common folk culture, , which it is estimated was created between 1210 and 1221, a collection based on the two works  and , thought to have been written by , describes two forms of shogi, large (dai) shogi and small (shō) shogi. So as not to confuse these with later types of shogi, in modern times these are called Heian shogi (or Heian small shogi) and Heian dai shogi. Heian shogi is the version on which modern shogi is based, but it is written that one wins if one's opponent is reduced to a single king, apparently indicating that at the time there was no concept of pieces in the hand. However, the board size and number of pieces was not stated, so it is unknown if Heian shogi was already played on the modern 9×9 board or not. Heian great shogi was played on a 13×13 board.

The pieces used in these variants of shogi consist of those used in Heian shogi: the king, gold general, silver general, knight, lance, and pawn, and those used only in Heian great shogi: the copper general, iron general, side mover, tiger, flying dragon, free chariot and go between. The pieces of Heian shogi have their modern moves, promoting to gold when they reach the enemy three lines. According to Kōji Shimizu, chief researcher at the Archaeological Institute of Kashihara, Nara Prefecture, the names of the Heian shogi pieces keep those of chaturanga (general, elephant, horse, chariot and soldier), and add to them the five treasures of Buddhism (jewel, gold, silver, katsura tree, and incense). There is also a theory by Yoshinori Kimura that while chaturanga was from the start a game simulating war, and thus pieces were discarded once captured, Heian shogi involved pieces kept in the hand.

Development of medieval shogi

In the 14th century, the Fustu Shodoshu (a compilation by the monk Ryoki) mentions a sho shogi (small shogi) and a dai shogi (large shogi). However, only a few pieces are mentioned. For the first time, the rook is mentioned, but only in dai shogi – so that this dai shogi is not the same as the one detailed in the Nichureki. Also mentioned are the lance, reverse chariot, go-between, angry boar, and knight, which agrees with later descriptions. The game of dai shogi appears to have been much played and enjoyed in the 14th century, when it probably reached a form similar to that described in the 1443 Shogi Shushu no Zu: 65 pieces per side on a 15×15 board. (The 1443 Shogi Shushu no Zu is lost, but Minase Kanenari's 1591 book Shogi Zu states that he had copied the 1443 book, and that the 1443 book itself was a copy of an older book of which no information survives.) Soon, however, its rules were simplified (removing the weakest pieces) to produce the game of chu shogi (middle shogi), first mentioned in the mid-14th century Yugaku orai (along with dai shogi). This is played with 46 pieces per side on a 12×12 board. At some point in the 15th century, three pieces from chu shogi were added to sho shogi: the rook, bishop, and drunk elephant. This meant that sho shogi now differed from the modern form only in the presence of the drunk elephant and the absence of drops. The drunk elephant promotes to a crown prince, which acts as a second king that must be captured as well as the first one to win.

A trio of shogi games – small, middle, and large – continued to be the norm in the 15th century. Chu shogi was the most popular and held in the highest esteem, and sho shogi regarded as trivial, until the introduction of drops in the latter. Dai shogi seems to have been seen as too complicated. (Indeed, the version of dai shogi that comes down to us may not be the original, but may be a late one including influence from chu shogi. In Heian shogi, sho shogi, modern shogi, and Heian dai shogi, weak stepping pieces promote to gold; but in chu shogi, they promote to other pieces in the initial setup that cannot be obtained through promotion, like rooks and bishops. In dai shogi, the pieces available in chu shogi promote as in that game, but the remaining pieces all promote to gold. This suggests that dai shogi originally had all the weak pieces promote to gold, and that promotions from chu shogi were copied back into dai shogi when chu shogi had eclipsed dai shogi in popularity.)

It is thought that the rules of modern shogi were fixed in the 16th century, when the drunken elephant was removed from the set of pieces, and drops were introduced. This may have been inspired by mercenaries switching allegiances, and by the pentagonal shape of shogi pieces pointing towards their opponent. (The drunk elephant still exists in a sho shogi set from 1567, but not in the diary of Matsudaira Ietada in 1587. It may have been removed because its promotion to crown prince does not work well in a game with drops.) According to , a set of shogi rules published in 1696, during the Genroku period, it states that the drunken elephant piece was removed from the game of sho shogi by Emperor Go-Nara during the Tenmon period (1532–1555), but whether or not this is true is not clear.

As many as 174 shogi pieces have been excavated from the Ichijōdani Asakura Family Historic Ruins, which are thought to be from the latter half of the 16th century. Most of these pieces are pawns, but there is also one drunken elephant, leading to the hypothesis that in this period variations of shogi with and without the drunken elephant existed side by side.

The rules of standard modern shogi were first codified in the 1636 treatise Shogi Zushiki by the second Meijin Ohashi Soko. A full description of chu shogi appears in the 1663 Chu Shogi Zushiki of the third Meijin Ito Sokan.

When drops were added, the tables were turned on chu shogi; standard shogi became ascendant. Nonetheless, chu shogi continues to be played by some Japanese players even now, and its exotic pieces (including the drunk elephant and the lion, which essentially moves like a king twice per turn, thus making it able to capture twice) attract interest from all around the world.

Other variants

Minase Kanenari's 1591 book Shogi Zu was itself copied as the 1811 book Shogi Rokushu no Zushiki of Tsurumine Shigenobu. Both the Shogi Zu and Shogi Rokushu no Zushiki state that they were changed once. The book contains six games: the aforementioned trio of sho, chu, and dai shogi, as well as three larger games. They are dai dai shogi (96 pieces per side on a 17×17 board), maka dai dai shogi (96 pieces per side on a 19×19 board), and tai shogi (177 pieces per side on a 25×25 board). The descriptions of these three games are signed by Minase, so they were probably invented between 1443 and 1591 and modified from the original text.

There are other 17th-century texts, the Sho Shogi Zushiki (1694) and Shogi Zushiki (not the same as Ohashi Soko's book presenting standard shogi), presenting these variants and others. The Sho Shogi Zushiki presents sho shogi (both with and without drunk elephant), wa shogi (27 pieces per side on a 11×11 board), chu shogi, dai shogi, tenjiku shogi (78 pieces per side on a 16×16 board – perhaps invented by a Buddhist monk trying to revive a form of dai shogi), dai dai shogi, maka dai dai shogi, and tai shogi. The Shogi Zushiki presents standard shogi, chu shogi, dai shogi, tenjiku shogi, dai dai shogi, maka dai dai shogi, and tai shogi, while also mentioning wa shogi, qiguo xiangqi (a Chinese variant), ko shogi (90 pieces per side, played on the 19×19 go board), and taikyoku shogi (402 pieces per side on a 36×36 board).

Although Minase manufactured a few sets of the large games (2 dai shogi sets, 2 dai dai shogi sets, 3 maka dai dai shogi sets, and 4 tai shogi sets), it is not clear if these were ever played much. The historical resources do not always agree with each other on the moves of these variants, though modern researchers have begun to construct rule sets for modern play.

The last of the historical variants is small rather than large: tori shogi, with 16 pieces a side on a 7×7 board. It is usually attributed to the ninth Meijin Ohashi Soei in 1799, though John Fairbairn claims that it is really due to his pupil Toyota Genryu in 1828. Together with chu shogi and some modern small variants, tori shogi is one of the contenders for being the most-played variant (other than standard shogi).

Modern shogi
Modern shogi (hon shogi), like go, was officially approved by the Tokugawa shogunate. In 1612, the shogunate passed a law giving endowments to shogi players including  () and  (who was given the name  after his death). These iemotos (families upholding the tradition of go or shogi) gave themselves the title of  (literally, places of go) and , places of shogi. The first O-hashi Shu-kei received fifty koku of rice and five men. In the Kan'ei period (around 1630), the  tournament, where games were played before a shōgun, was held. During the time of the eighth shōgun, Tokugawa Yoshimune, a system was established where the castle shogi tournament was held once a year on the 17th day on Kannazuki, and today the corresponding day in the modern calendar, November 17, has been designated Shogi Day.

The , who were the iemotos of shogi, were paid endowments. Over the reign of the shogunate, the title of meijin became a hereditary title of the Ōhashi family and one of its branches, and the Itō family. Today the title of meijin is still used, for the winner of the Meijin-sen competition. It became a tradition for shogi players inheriting the title of meijin to present a collection of shogi puzzles to the shogunate government.

A number of genius shogi players emerged who were not hereditary meijin.  was born in the mid-Edo period, and showed promise as a potential meijin, but died young and never inherited the title (which was bestowed on him posthumously). Kanju was a skilled composer of shogi puzzles, and even today his collection of puzzles  is well known as one of the greatest works of its kind. In the late Edo period,  came to prominence. As he was one of the "Arino group" of amateur shogi players, the rank of meijin was out of his reach, but he was feared for his skill, being said to have "the ability of a 13-dan player", and was later termed a  (literally, wise man or master of shogi). More than a few count Sōho as one of the greatest shogi players in history.

Newspaper shogi and the formation of shogi associations

After the fall of the Tokugawa shogunate, the three shogi families were no longer paid endowments, and the iemoto system in shogi lost its power. The lines of the three families ended, and the rank of meijin came to be bestowed by recommendation. The popularity of amateur shogi continued in the Meiji period, with shogi tournaments and events held all over Japan, and , played wherever people gathered, in bath houses or barber's shops. However, it is thought that, with the exception of a handful of high-ranking players at the end of the 19th century, it was impossible to make a living as a professional shogi player during this period.

From around 1899, newspapers began to publish records of shogi matches, and high-ranking players formed alliances with the aim of having their games published. In 1909, the  was formed, and in 1924, the  was formed, with , the thirteenth-generation Meijin, at its head. This was an early incarnation of the modern , founded in 1947.

The meijin system and title matches

In 1935, Kinjiro Sekine stepped down from the rank of meijin, which then came to be conferred based on ability in the short term, rather than recommendation as before. The first  (known officially at the time as the ) was held over two years, with Yoshio Kimura (木村義雄) becoming the first Meijin in 1937. This was the start of the shogi title matches (see titleholder system).

Later, in 1950, the  (9-dan title match) (renamed the  (10-dan title match) in 1962) and the  (King title match) were founded.

The  tournament was started in 1953 and became a title match in 1983. In 1960 the  was founded, and later the  in 1962, and the  in 1974. The Jūdan-sen was changed to become the  in 1988. The Eiō became a major title in 2017, completing the modern line-up of eight title matches.

The ages of Ōyama and Habu

After the Second World War, SCAP (occupational government mainly led by US) tried to eliminate all "feudal" factors from Japanese society and shogi was included in the possible list of items to be banned along with Bushido (philosophy of samurai) and other things. The reason for banning shogi for SCAP was its exceptional character as a board game seen in the usage of captured pieces. SCAP insisted that this could lead to the idea of prisoner abuse. But Kozo Masuda, then one of the top professional shogi players, when summoned to the SCAP headquarters for an investigation, criticized such understanding of shogi and insisted that it is not shogi but western chess that potentially contains the idea of prisoner abuse because it just kills the pieces of the opponent while shogi is rather democratic for giving prisoners the chance to get back into the game. Masuda also said that chess contradicts the ideal of gender equality in western society because the king shields itself behind the queen and runs away. Masuda's assertion is said to have eventually led to the exemption of shogi from the list of items to be banned.

It was considered to be nearly impossible to hold all the titles at once, but in 1957, Kōzō Masuda took all three of the titles which existed at the time (Meijin, Kudan and Ōshō), to become a . However, another player later took these three titles from Masuda, and went on in 1959 to take the newly founded titles of Ōi and Kisei, to become a  - . Ōyama went on to defend these titles for six years, a golden age which became known as the "Ōyama age". Ōyama reached a total of 80 title holding periods, an unprecedented achievement at the time, when there were fewer titles than at present.

After the number of titles increased to seven in 1983, it was believed to be impossible to hold all of them at once, but in 1996, Yoshiharu Habu became the first , beginning an age known as the "Habu age". Since then, there has never been a time when he was without a title, and on July 5, 2012, Habu surpassed Ōyama's record, achieving a total of 81 title holding periods.

The birth of the women's game
While there are both men and women among the ranks of professional shogi players, no woman player has yet won through the pro qualifier leagues (新進棋士奨励会 shinshin kishi shōreikai) to become an officially certified professional player (棋士 kishi). This served to slow the spread of the game among women, and to overcome the problem, the system of professional woman shogi players (女流棋士 joryū kishi) was introduced.

In 1966, Akiko Takojima (蛸島彰子) left the pro-qualifier leagues at the 1-dan level and became the first professional woman shogi player. However, at the time women's contests were not held, and so her only work as a professional was giving shogi lessons. In 1974, the first women's contest, the Women's Meijin Title Match (女流名人位戦 joryū meijin-sen), was held, which Takojima won, becoming the first woman meijin. 1974 is often considered to be the year in which women's shogi began, and indeed the Ladies Shogi Professional Organization (女流棋士会 joryū kishi kai) celebrates "anniversary parties" counting from this year.

As of 2014 there are more than 50 professional women players, and as well as the Universal Cup Women's Meijin Title Match　(ユニバーサル杯女流名人戦), there is also the Mynabi Women's Open (マイナビ女子オープン),　the Ricoh Cup Women's Ōza Title Match (リコー杯女流王座戦), the Women's Ōi Title Match (女流王位戦), the Kirishima Shuzo Cup Women's Ōshō Title Match (女流王将戦), the Ōyama Meijin Cup Kurashiki–Tōka Title Match (大山名人杯倉敷藤花戦), a total of six competitions. In addition, some standard professional tournaments has a women's section, in which the top women in each tournament compete.

Trends in the world of amateur shogi
Shogi is also well known among the general public (amateurs). Two different rating systems based dan and kyu ranks are used, one for amateurs and one for professionals, with the highest ranks at amateur level, 4-dan or 5-dan, being equivalent to 6-kyu at the professional level. In the past, there were games between amateurs and professionals, but these were generally special match-ups organised by newspapers or magazines, or instructional games at events or shogi courses.

However, sometimes there are amateurs with an ability to rival professionals, some of whom earn a living as , gamblers playing for stakes.  made enough to live on as a shinken-shi, before taking the entrance exam and turning professional in 1944. He later challenged Yasuharu Ōyama in the Meijin-sen, but did not manage to take the title of meijin from him.  was another shinken-shi, who beat one professional after another in special matches, and won the title of amateur meijin twice in a row, putting him ahead of the crowd in the amateur world. Later, due in part to the instigation of Ōyama, the then chairman of the , a vote was held on whether to accept Koike among their ranks, but there were concerns about his behaviour, and the vote went against him. Although he never became a professional, after his death, television programmes and books telling his story were produced, and he now has more fans all over Japan than when he was alive.

In recent times, the gap in ability between strong amateurs and professionals continues to diminish, and there are even official professional tournaments in which those with the best results in  can take part. Some amateurs, including , , , , ,  and  have been called "pro killers", and recently two young players,  and  have been making waves in the amateur world.

The number of players who have left the pro qualifier leagues and gone on to have success as amateurs has increased.  retired from the qualifier leagues due to age restrictions, but went on to compete as an amateur in professional matches. His performance in the  was particularly notable, and at one point he won over 70% of his matches with professionals. Segawa submitted a petition requesting entry to the professional ranks to the Japan Shogi Association, and was granted exceptional permission to take the entrance exam. He is the first person to become a professional after retiring from the pro qualifier leagues.

In 2006, the Shogi Association officially admitted the entrance of amateurs and women professionals to the ranks of , and announced details of an entrance exam for the 4-dan level (entering the  level of the ) and the . Unless exceptional permission is granted, applicant normally need to have experience in the pro qualifier leagues, and cannot become professionals if they have retired from the leagues, but given the reforms taking place in the Association, it would be by no means unlikely if another Shōji Segawa were to appear.

The spread of shogi outside Japan
The game of shogi has developed independently inside Japan, and its pieces are differentiated by Japanese characters written on them, factors which have impeded the spread of the game outside Japan. By way of comparison, the game of go has spread internationally for a combination of many reasons, including the facts that it originated in China, its rules are (more or less) unified at an international level, it is played using black and white stones, and that it does not resemble games unique to another country (as is the case with shogi, which is one of many games resembling chess).

An early, detailed description of the game in English appears in the Narrative of the Perry Expedition, in a report by Dr. Daniel S. Green who chanced upon the game a rainy night in Hakodate, and learned to play the game. The first shogi game played in the United States was in June 1860 in Philadelphia during the first visit to the country by a Japanese diplomatic delegation.

However, in the 1990s, efforts to make shogi popular outside Japan began in earnest. It has grown to be particularly popular in the People's Republic of China, and especially Shanghai. The January 2006 edition of  states that Shanghai has a shogi population of 120,000 people. The game has been relatively slow to spread to countries where Chinese characters are not in common use, although attempts have been made to aid adoption by replacing the names of pieces with symbols indicating how they move.

Changes in the shogi population
According to the  by the , the "shogi population" (the number of people of 15 years or over who play at least one game of shogi a year) fell from 16.8 million in 1985 to 9 million in 2004, and 8.4 million in 2006, and is continuing to fall gradually.

During the above period, in which the shogi population fell by a half, shogi has often appeared in the general media, for example Yoshiharu Habu's achievement of taking all seven titles in one year (1996), the airing of the NHK TV novel  (1996), the reporting of the affair between  and , Shōji Segawa taking the professional entrance exam (2005), and the debate about the management of the meijin-sen being passed to a different body (2006). However, none of these led to the birth of a "shogi boom", and in some cases unfavourable media reports accelerated the decline in the number of shogi fans.

The number of 10- to 19-year-olds playing go is said in the "Leisure White Paper" above to have increased due to the story "Hikaru no Go", serialised in Weekly Shōnen Jump. (The overall go population is decreasing.) However, the 2006 Leisure White Paper reports that go is most popular among those in their 60s, while shogi is most popular between those aged 10 to 19.

From around 1996, internet shogi programs such as  and , which allow users to play games over the internet without the need for an actual shogi set, grew to be widely used. At present, many games are played using services such as ,  and Yahoo! Japan Games.

Computer shogi

Computers have steadily improved in playing shogi since the 1980s. Champion Habu estimated the strength of the 2006 world computer shogi champion Bonanza at the level of 2 dan shoreikai. Tools to help shogi programmers are Shogidokoro, annual computer tournaments and the Floodgate shogi server. The Japan Shogi Association restricts professionals from playing computers.

References

 This article was translated from the history section of the Japanese Wikipedia shogi article, retrieved on September 17, 2006.

 Cazaux, Jean-Louis and Knowlton, Rick (2017). A World of Chess. McFarland.

External links
 Japanese game Shogi: Czech Republic group which has developed a shogi set using symbols instead of Chinese characters.

Shogi


Muriki or Maurice Shpata (, ; ) was the ruler of Arta from late 1399/early 1400 until his death in 1414 or 1415. Muriq’s reign was dominated by his wars with Carlo I Tocco. Muriq was able to defend his capital of Arta, but despite some victories failed to prevent the fall of Ioannina to Tocco. As a result, his brother Yaqub Shpata who succeeded him was defeated in October 1416, ending the Despotate of Arta.

Life
Muriq was a scion of the Albanian Shpata family. He was a grandson of Gjin Bua Shpata, the first Albanian ruler of Arta. He had one brother, Yaqub Shpata, and two half-siblings from his mother's second marriage, Charles Marchesano and Maddalena. Shortly before Gjin died on 29 October 1399, he appointed his brother, Skurra Bua Shpata, ruler of Naupactus, as his successor as Lord of Arta. A few days after Sgouros took over Arta, however, the town was captured by the adventurer Vonko. While Sgouros fled to Angelokastron, a short time after, possibly as early as December 1399, Maurice managed to evict Vonko from Arta and took over the governance of the city himself.

In 1402–03, Muriq came to Skurra’s aid when the latter was besieged at Angelokastron by the forces of Carlo I Tocco. The attack, under Carlo's general Galasso Peccatore, was repulsed, but Skurra died soon after, leaving his possessions to his son Pal Shpata. In his campaigns against the Shpatas, Tocco was supported by a rival Albanian clan to the Shpatas, the Bua brothers Maurice and Dimo. In 1406, Carlo and the Bua brothers joined forces to raid and devastate Acarnania and the vicinity of Arta, but the city itself, stoutly defended by Muriq Shpata, held out. At Angelokastron, however, Pal Shpata, who lacked his father's ability, felt threatened by the Tocco advance and in 1406 called in Ottoman assistance. The Ottoman army, under Yusuf Beg, was defeated, however, and the Turks departed after coming to terms with the Tocchi. As Maurice refused to come to his cousin's aid, Paul ceded Angelokastron to the Ottomans (only for Carlo Tocco to capture it within less than a year) and retired to Naupactus, which he sold to Venice in 1407–08.

In order to contain Tocco, Muriq turned to his northern neighbour, the Despot of Ioannina, Esau de' Buondelmonti. Relations between them were tense because Esau, who in 1396 had taken Maurice's mother Irene as his wife, had divorced her in 1402 to marry Eudokia Balšić. Nevertheless, the common threat brought the two together, and in ca. 1410, an alliance was concluded between them, sealed by the marriage of Maurice's daughter to Esau's son, Giorgio. The war between Muriq and Carlo Tocco was a war of raids and counter-raids, punctuated by battles that ended now in defeat and now in victory, with intermittent truces sealed by marriage alliances, such as when Charles Marchesano was wed to a natural daughter of Carlo Tocco. It was on the occasion of the latter, which was held at Rogoi, that Maurice and his guests were informed of Esau's death on 6 February 1411. This event triggered a contest between Tocco and the Albanian lords to secure possession of Ioannina, left in the hands of the infant Giorgio and his mother, for themselves. The major role in subsequent developments was played by the inhabitants of Ioannina themselves, who soon deposed Eudokia Balšić and Giorgio. Allied with the lord of Gjirokastër, Gjon Zenebishi, Muriq unsuccessfully besieged the Epirote capital twice and plundered its environs. The Ioannites, who utterly opposed the idea of having an Albanian or Serbian ruler over them, opted to surrender their city to Tocco instead, who entered the city in triumph on 1 April.

This event consolidated the pact between Muriq and Zenebishi, which was further confirmed by another marriage alliance between Muriq’s daughter and Zenebishi's son Simon. The two Albanian lords were willing to negotiate with Tocco, but the latter, buoyed by his success, launched raids against both their territories. As a result, Muriq and Zenebishi sent appeals to their clansmen, and a large Albanian army met and almost annihilated the Tocco army at a battle fought at Kranea in the district of Mesopotamon, in spring or summer 1412. The victorious Albanians marched to the walls of Ioannina, but were again unable to take the city. In late 1412 or early 1413, Carlo Tocco was forced to turn to the Turks for support, arranging for the marriage of one of his natural daughters with Musa Çelebi, one of the Ottoman princes contending for the sultanate during the Ottoman Interregnum. The alliance eased Tocco's position, but Musa was defeated and killed later in the year by his brother, Mehmed I. At the same time, Muriq concluded an alliance to Tocco's Italian rival in the Morea, the Prince of Achaea Centurione II Zaccaria. Maurice's half-brother Charles, who had been appointed governor of Rhiniasa, tried to go over to Tocco, but was apprehended by the local magnates and handed over to Muriq. A scandal involving Zenebishi's son and a son-in-law of Muriq led to a quarrel between the two Albanian rulers and the collapse of their alliance. Tocco moved quickly to win over Zenebishi and conclude peace with him. Muriq died in 1414 or 1415, and was succeeded by his full brother, Yaqub Shpata, in Arta, while Charles Marchesano was given the governorship of Rogoi. Muriq's successors proved unable to withstand Tocco's assaults, however, and in October 1416, Yaqub was captured and killed in an ambush. Arta surrendered, ending the era of Albanian rule in the area.

Issue
From his marriage to Nerata, a Serbian woman, Maurice is known to have had a number of unnamed daughters, usually considered to have been three:
 a daughter who married Giorgio de' Buondelmonti
 a daughter who married Simon Zenevisi, lord of Strovilo
 a daughter who married, after Maurice's death, Carlo II Tocco

The first daughter is believed by Karl Krumbacher to have married Giorgio, a son of "George Balšić and Eudokia".

References

Sources

 CRONACA DEI TOCCO DI CEFALONIA

14th-century births
1410s deaths
15th-century Albanian people
15th-century lords in Europe
Despots of Arta
Maurice
Medieval Albanian nobility


David Myers (31 July 1971 – 20 October 2008) was an English professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1980s and 1990s. He played as a reserve at representative level for Great Britain in non-Test matches on the 1992 tour of Papua New Guinea, Australia, and New Zealand, and at club level for Widnes (two spells), Warrington, Wigan, Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles, Bradford Bulls, Western Suburbs Magpies and Salford City Reds, as a .

Background
David Myers was born in Widnes, Cheshire, England on 31 July 1971. He played junior rugby league for Blackbrook before turning professional, joining Widnes in August 1988.

Playing career

Early career
Myers made his senior debut for Widnes in February 1989, scoring a hat trick against Oldham. He made eight appearances for the club during the 1988–89 season.

In August 1989, Myers was the subject of a contract dispute between Widnes and Warrington, with both clubs claiming they had signed the player. The Rugby Football League ruled in favour of Warrington, with an independent tribunal setting the transfer fee at an initial £35,000, potentially rising to £80,000 depending on future appearances. Myers made six appearances for Warrington during the 1989–90 season, but was transfer listed in February 1990 after failing to impress at the club.

Wigan
Myers joined Wigan, scoring a try on his debut against Sheffield Eagles in September 1990. He played and scored in Wigan's 13–8 victory over St Helens in the 1991 Challenge Cup Final during the 1990–91 season at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 27 April 1991, and played  when Joe Lydon missed the game due to injury, and scored a try in the defending champions Wigan's 21-4 victory over the visiting Penrith Panthers in the 1991 World Club Challenge during the 1991–92 season at Anfield, Liverpool on Wednesday 2 October 1991, Shaun Edwards intercepting in his own half and giving the ball to Myers a few yards from the try line. Myers had been picked ahead of Mark Preston by coach John Monie, but ended scoring only half the amount of tries Preston had.

Following the arrival of Martin Offiah, Myers was dropped at Wigan, but was nevertheless selected during the 1992 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand as a replacement for injured players but failed to play in any significant games.

Later career
In October 1992, Myers was sold to Widnes in an exchange deal which saw Paul Atcheson join Wigan from Widnes. He continued by losing in the Challenge Cup with his new team, Myers played on the , in Widnes' 14-20 defeat by Wigan in the 1993 Challenge Cup Final during the 1992–93 season at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 1 May 1993.

In 1994, Myers was signed by Bradford Northern for an undisclosed fee.

Myers switched codes to rugby union later in his career, representing Widnes RUFC. He eventually moved into coaching, and was the assistant coach at Bowdon Rugby Club at the time of his death.

Death
Myers died aged 37 in a car accident on the M6 motorway in Sandbach, Cheshire, England. It was confirmed in a coroner's report that Myers was using steroids and amphetamines whilst driving, and died of a heart attack, although the report also concluded that the two drugs had contributed to this.

References

External links

1971 births
2008 deaths
Bradford Bulls players
English rugby league players
Great Britain under-21 national rugby league team players
Lancashire rugby league team players
Manly Warringah Sea Eagles players
Road incident deaths in England
Rugby league players from Widnes
Rugby league wingers
Salford Red Devils players
Wakefield Trinity players
Warrington Wolves players
Western Suburbs Magpies players
Widnes Vikings players
Wigan Warriors players


Halfway High School is a high school located in Halfway, Missouri, United States. The school's mascot is the Cardinal.

According to the 200607 School Accountability Report, 90.5% of classes at Halfway High School are taught by "Highly Qualified Teachers."

References

External links
Halfway R-3 School District website

Public high schools in Missouri
Schools in Polk County, Missouri
Public middle schools in Missouri


University School of Jackson (USJ) is a non-denominational, non-sectarian, independent, college preparatory school located in northwest Jackson, Tennessee, that educates students from infancy through the 12th grade. USJ is ranked the #1Best Private High Schools in Madison County.

History
USJ was formed from the merger of Old Hickory Academy (OHA) and Episcopal Day School (EDS). Each of these schools were originally formed in 1970. Old Hickory Academy was an independent school which included primary education through a high school curriculum. Episcopal Day School was a smaller, parochial school which emphasized primary education, but had begun a high school program by 1986, enrolling grades nine and ten.

In 1987 the two schools merged to form the University School of Jackson.

Academics

In 2018, USJ opened an academic center to provide educational support for students with learning prescriptions.

Administration
Current head of the school is Don Roe, who previously was the Associate Head of School, and director of Middle School. He replaces Stuart Hirstein.

References

1970 establishments in Tennessee
Jackson, Tennessee
Preparatory schools in Tennessee
Private K-12 schools in Tennessee
Schools in Madison County, Tennessee


Underground mine ventilation provides a flow of air to the underground workings of a mine of sufficient volume to dilute and remove dust and noxious gases (typically NOx, SO2, methane, CO2 and CO) and to regulate temperature.  The source of these gases are equipment that runs on diesel engines, blasting with explosives, and the orebody itself.

The largest component of the operating cost for mine ventilation is electricity to power the ventilation fans, which may account for one third of a typical underground mine's entire electrical power cost.

Types of ventilation
Flow-through ventilation is the main ventilation circuit for the mine.  Air enters the mine from surface via a shaft, ventilation raise or adit.  The air is distributed through the mine via internal ventilation raises and ramps, and flows are controlled by regulators and permanently mounted ventilation fans. An auxiliary ventilation system takes air from the flow-through system and distributes it to the mine workings via temporarily mounted ventilation fans, Venturi tubes and disposable fabric or steel ducting. Auxiliary fan and duct systems may be either forcing systems, where fresh air is pushed into mine headings, or exhausting systems that draw out contaminated air.

Ventilation control
Sufficient volume of air is required for proper ventilation. A bulk of electric power is required for driving fans. By installing variable speed control air quantity can be optimized hence the power. At every place in the mine where persons are required to work or pass, the air should not contain less than 19% of oxygen or more than 0.5% of carbon dioxide or any noxious gas in quantity likely to affect the health of any person. The percentage of inflammable gas does not exceed 0.75% in the general body of the return air of any ventilating district and 1.25% in any place in the mine.

Regulations
The volume (expressed in cubic feet per minute or cubic meters per second) of air required to ventilate an underground mine is determined by mining engineers based on a wide variety of parameters. In most countries minimum requirements are outlined by law, regulation or standards.  However, in some developing countries the mandated ventilation requirement may be insufficient, and the mining company may have to increase the ventilation flow, in particular where ventilation may be required to cool the ambient temperature in a deep hot mine, however auto-compression must also be taken into account. As per CMR 153-2-(i)(2017), in every ventilating district not less than six cubic metres per minute of air per person employed in the district on the largest shift or not less than 2.5 cubic metres per minute of air per daily tonne output whichever is larger, passes along the last ventilation connection in the district which means the inbye-most gallery in the district along which the air passes.

Heating
In temperate climates ventilation air may need to be heated during winter months. This will make the working environment more hospitable for miners, and prevent freezing of workings, in particular water pipes. In Arctic mines, where the mining horizon is above the permafrost, heating may not take place to prevent melting the permafrost. "Cold mines" such as Raglan Mine and Nanisivik Mine are designed to operate below 0 °C.

The wet bulb temperature in any working place does not exceed 33.5 °C and where the wet bulb temperature exceeds 30.5 °C arrangements are made to ventilate the same with a current of air moving at a speed of not less than one metre per second.

Tunnels
Long tunnels may have ventilation shafts

References

Underground mining
Mine ventilation


Yaqub Spata or Shpata  (,  ) was the last Lord of Arta, ruling from 1414/15 until 1416, with a brief interval when he was evicted by the local population. His rule ended after his capture and execution by Carlo I Tocco, who proceeded to incorporate Arta to his domains.

Life
Yaqub was a scion of the Albanian Spata family. He was a grandson of John Spata, the first Albanian ruler of Arta, and son of John's daughter Irene and an unknown member of the Spata family. He had one brother, Maurice Spata, and two half-siblings from his mother's second marriage, Charles and Madalena Marchesano.

Yaqub was raised at the Ottoman court of Sultan Mehmed I, where he had converted to Islam and acquired his name. In 1414/5, at the time of his elder brother Maurice's death, he claimed the succession over Arta. With the support of his mother Irene, he was successful in securing control over Arta itself, while his half-brother Charles became ruler of nearby Rogoi.

His Muslim faith, however, soon provoked opposition, as the locals feared that he would deliver them to the Ottomans. The local population rose up, imprisoned him and installed his half-brother Charles Marchesano in his place. Released from prison, Yaqub sought refuge in the Ottoman court. There he secured the Sultan's aid. Backed by an Ottoman army under a leader named Ismail, he returned to Arta and recovered the city after a brief siege. He exiled his half-brother in turn, and had the leading men of the city executed for their role in his overthrow.

After recovering Arta, Yaqub was confronted with the designs of the ambitious Count palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos, Carlo I Tocco. Carlo had already acquired possession of Ioannina and the northern half of the old Despotate of Epirus a few years previously, posing as the champion of the local Greeks against the Albanian lords who had conquered Epirus, and now set his sights on the southern portions of Epirus around Arta and Aetolia and Acarnania. The chronology of the conflict is somewhat vague, as the main source, the Chronicle of the Tocco, does not follow a strict chronological order. Nevertheless, it is clear that Carlo, using the fortress of Vobliana as his base, was raiding the Spata domains already before Yaqub's return to power. Yaqub, along with his father-in-law, Maurice, who had defected from Tocco service, tried to capture Vobliana. The Spatas were then heavily defeated by Carlo's brother Leonardo II Tocco at Mazoma near ancient Nicopolis, but Carlo's son Torno suffered setbacks against the Albanians.

After the Tocchi succeeded in capturing Rhiniasa, Leonardo tried to take Rogoi and Carlo Arta, but Yaqub and his father-in-law succeeded in defending their capital for the time being. Carlo withdrew to Ioannina, but soon after was able to lure Yaqub in an ambush near Vobliana: Yaqub was captured and immediately executed (1 October 1416). Following his death, the magnates of Arta seized control from Yaqub's mother, and offered to surrender the city to Carlo if their existing rights and privileges were respected. Carlo accepted, and entered Arta on 4 October. At the same time, Leonardo took over Rogoi.

References

Sources

14th-century births
1416 deaths
15th-century Albanian people
15th-century lords in Europe
Despots of Arta
Yaqub
Year of birth unknown
Executed royalty
Converts to Islam


The 1999 Monte Carlo Open was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the 93rd edition of the Monte Carlo Open, and was part of the ATP Super 9 of the 1999 ATP Tour. It took place at the Monte Carlo Country Club in Roquebrune-Cap-Martin, France, near Monte Carlo, Monaco, from 19 April through 25 April 1999.

Thirteenth-seeded Gustavo Kuerten won the singles title.

Finals

Singles

 Gustavo Kuerten defeated  Marcelo Ríos, 6–4, 2–1, retired
It was Gustavo Kuerten's 1st title of the year, and his 4th overall. It was his 1st Masters title of the year, and overall.

Doubles

 Olivier Delaître /  Tim Henman defeated  Jiří Novák /  David Rikl, 6–2, 6–3

References

External links

 ATP tournament profile
 ITF tournament edition details

Monte Carlo Masters
Monte-Carlo Masters
1999 in Monégasque sport
Monte


Robert Scott Jackson (born March 5, 1957) is an American former competition swimmer who represented the United States at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec.  He placed sixth in the final of the men's 100-meter backstroke with a time of 57.69 seconds.  Two years later he won the gold medal in the same event at the 1978 World Aquatics Championships in Berlin, Germany.

See also
 List of University of Arizona people
 List of World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming (men)

References

1957 births
Living people
American male backstroke swimmers
Arizona Wildcats men's swimmers
Olympic swimmers for the United States
Sportspeople from Alhambra, California
Swimmers at the 1975 Pan American Games
Swimmers at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1979 Pan American Games
World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States
Pan American Games silver medalists for the United States
Pan American Games bronze medalists for the United States
Pan American Games medalists in swimming
Medalists at the 1975 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1979 Pan American Games
20th-century American sportsmen


Tales of Three Planets is a posthumous collection of short stories by American writer Edgar Rice Burroughs, with an introduction by Richard A. Lupoff and illustrations by Roy G. Krenkel. It was first published in hardcover in 1964 by Canaveral Press, and has been reprinted once since.

The book collects four novelettes by Burroughs, one set on Earth, two set on the distant planet Poloda "beyond the farthest star," and one set on Venus. Two of its pieces, "The Resurrection of Jimber-Jaw" and "Beyond the Farthest Star", had previously seen magazine publication; the former in Argosy Weekly for February 20, 1937 and the latter in Blue Book Magazine for January 1942; the others were published for the first time in the collection.

Contents
"Introduction" (Richard A. Lupoff)
"The Resurrection of Jimber-Jaw" (1937)
"Beyond the Farthest Star" (1942)
"Tangor Returns" (1964)
"The Wizard of Venus" (1941)

External links
ERBzine C.H.A.S.E.R ENCYCLOPEDIA entry for Resurrection of Jimber-Jaw
ERBzine C.H.A.S.E.R ENCYCLOPEDIA entry for Beyond the Farthest Star
ERBzine C.H.A.S.E.R ENCYCLOPEDIA entry for Wizard of Venus

 Fantastic Fiction entry

1964 short story collections
Science fiction short story collections
Fantasy short story collections
Short story collections by Edgar Rice Burroughs


Pappenheimer may refer to:

the regiment of cuirassiers led by Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim
the Pappenheimer rapier
a member of the noble house of Pappenheim, see Pappenheim (state)
an inhabitant or native of Pappenheim
Pappenheimer family

See also
Pappenheimer bodies, abnormal deposits of iron within red blood cells
Pappenheim (disambiguation)


This is a list of Pittsburgh Panthers football seasons, national championships and quarterbacks. The Pittsburgh Panthers football team is the American football team of the University of Pittsburgh in Pittsburgh. The team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision.  The Panthers have been members of the Atlantic Coast Conference since 2013.  From 1991 to 2012 they were members of the Big East Conference.  Before 1991 they competed as an independent.

The Panthers began play in 1890. In total, the University officially recognizes nine national championships. The university bases its claim for the five national championships from 1929 to 1937 on a 1967 article by Dan Jenkins of Sports Illustrated. The NCAA's record book lists Pittsburgh as being selected for a national championship by "major selectors" in eleven different seasons. Research by College Football Data Warehouse (CFBDW) has found that Pitt was selected as a national champion in 16 different seasons by at least one out of 80 selectors of titles. Of these, CFBDW names six as national championship seasons for the University of Pittsburgh.

Season records

Legend

Polls have been the most prominent form of championship selection since the inception of the AP Poll in 1936. The following systems have at one point in their history have named Pitt as a national champion or are still active today.  Retroactive designations are marked in italics.

National championships

The University of Pittsburgh claims nine national championships for the Panthers football team: four that are mostly unanimous, (1916, 1918, 1937, and 1976) and five shared titles (1915, 1929, 1931, 1934, 1936). Parke Davis was the only major selector of four of the titles, including the 1934 selection attributed to him after his pre-season death.

The University bases its claim for the first eight national championships on a 1967 article by Dan Jenkins of Sports Illustrated. These championships, together with its unanimous championship of 1976, are the basis for the university's claim of nine national championship seasons.

Furthermore, according to research conducted by the College Football Data Warehouse, in eight additional years at least one out of 80 selectors of national titles has declared Pitt as its national champion. Combined with the Sports Illustrated article, Pitt has been recognized as the national champion by at least one selector in 17 different seasons. According to the NCAA Division 1 Football Records Book, Pitt has been named a national champion by a "Major Selector" in 11 separate seasons.

Note: The table lists all known national championship selections for the University of Pittsburgh. The list of national championship selecting organizations choosing Pitt for any particular year is not necessarily comprehensive. For more information see College Football Data Warehouse Total National Championships. All selections for seasons before 1927 were made retrospectively, as were many later selections. Additional notations include the following:
Pitt: national championship selections are officially recognized by the University
NCAA: Selection as national champions by organizations designated as "Major Selectors" in the official NCAA football records book
CFBDW: Designation as "CFBDW Recognized National Champions" according to College Football Data Warehouse.

* NCAA-designated "major selector"

The following table summarizes the source and totals for Pitt's national championship seasons.

Quarterbacks
Pitt's season-by-season completion leaders at quarterback since 1974 are depicted in the following table.

* Denotes setting of team single-season completion record

References

Lists of college football seasons

Pittsburgh Panthers football seasons


Travellers Rest, also known as Golgotha, is a former plantation and historic plantation house, located in Nashville, Tennessee. The first owner of the site was John Overton in 1796, who built the first family home in 1799. For many years this plantation was worked and maintained by enslaved Black people.

It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since December 30, 1969, for its 18th century agricultural, political, and military history significance.

History
In 1799 the two-story structure with four rooms was built by politician and judge John Overton (1766–1833). Overton was an advisor and close friend of Andrew Jackson, a judge at the Superior Court of Tennessee, and cofounder of the city of Memphis, Tennessee. Overton originally named the property Golgotha after the large number of prehistoric skulls that were unearthed while digging the cellar of the house. Archaeologists now know that these remains were part of a large Mississippian village site. Overton changed the name of the plantation to Travellers Rest in the early 19th century to reflect the recreational effect his home had on him after the long rides on horseback that he had to undertake as a circuit judge. Overton died at Travellers Rest on April 12, 1833.

An addition was made to the house in 1812, to accommodate members of Overton's family. A long ell was added soon after 1820 when Overton married a widow with five children.

Overton's widow occupied the home until her death in 1862. After her death, her son John and his wife Harriet and their children continued to occupy the home. The plantation's farm, which covered 1,050 acres and was worked by 80 slaves, was valued at several million dollars during this time. A final addition to the house was made in 1887 by John Overton II, when two rooms where added to the ell, one above and one below.

The plantation building was saved from demolition and restored in 1954 to become a museum. Additional archaeological finds were reported from the property as recently as 1995, when construction at the visitors center resulted in disturbance of additional human burials. As of 2008, the Travellers Rest Plantation & Museum houses exhibits that document the life and work of John Overton, the history of the Overton Plantation and Nashville in the Civil War. It is located at 636 Farrell Parkway in Nashville.

See also
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Tennessee
 List of archaeological sites in Tennessee

References

External links

 Website of the Travellers Rest Plantation & Museum

Houses in Nashville, Tennessee
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Tennessee
Historic house museums in Tennessee
Museums in Nashville, Tennessee
Plantation houses in Tennessee
Houses completed in 1799
National Society of the Colonial Dames of America
National Register of Historic Places in Nashville, Tennessee


The Pilar Barbosa Education Program is a program in Puerto Rico created as a means to provide professional development training opportunities for public school practitioners and educators in that city. The program serves as a catalyst for long term educational realignment using the graduates as agents of sustainable reform in the public school system.

The program

On July 27, 1997, the Senate of Puerto Rico approved law #53, authored by Sen. Kenneth McClintock, a Barbosa protégé, which created "The Pilar Barbosa Program of Educational Interns". The program was later renamed "The Pilar Barbosa Educational Internship Program."

Program participants are K-12 public school teachers and administrators from Puerto Rico. Every summer, 25 participants go to Washington, D.C. to take part in a myriad of activities including workshops, tours, lectures and group assignments that focus on U.S. education trends and policies in the context of Puerto Rico, integration of technology in the curriculum, innovative curriculum design, and educational leadership.

Close to 300 public school educators have participated in the program since its inception. The Washington Center for Internships and Academic Seminars successfully administered the Pilar Barbosa Education Internship Program in Washington, D.C. the summers of 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2005–2009. The Washington Center provides an integrated academic and work experience to prepare participants for lives of leadership, professional achievement, and civic engagement.

Goals and themes
The Pilar Barbosa Internship Program is designed within the context of four basic themes: Leadership in Education, Federal Education Policies in the Context of Puerto Rico, 21st Century Teaching and Integration of Technology in the Classroom.

Leadership in education allows participants to look into education trends and how they may impact K-12 education in Puerto Rico. Federal education policies in the context of Puerto Rico focuses primarily on No Child Left Behind and other federal education issues. 21st century teaching looks particularly into various models on innovative teaching in math and science, and strategies for curriculum integration. Finally, models for utilizing technology in the classroom demonstrate practical uses of multimedia in K-12 teaching.

The Pilar Barbosa Education Internship Program delivers on these themes using a series of seminars, orientations, panels, workshops and visits to educational facilities, through which participants broaden their perspectives about innovating education in Puerto Rico.

References

The Washington Centre - Teachers become Students

Education in Puerto Rico
Internship programs


The Colin Archer Peninsula is located on the northwestern Devon Island, a part of the Qikiqtaaluk Region of the Canadian territory of Nunavut. It stretches eastward into Baffin Bay. It is named in honor of Colin Archer, naval architect and shipbuilder.

Fauna and flora
The peninsula is frequented by wintering bearded seals, ringed seals, polar bears, and walrus.

Cape Vera, at the eastern end of the peninsula, is a breeding site for the northern fulmar.

References

Peninsulas of Qikiqtaaluk Region
Devon Island


This list of phylogenetic tree viewing software is a compilation of software tools and web portals used in visualizing phylogenetic trees.

Online software

Desktop software

1 "All" refers to Microsoft Windows, Apple OSX and Linux; L=Linux, M=Apple Mac, W=Microsoft Windows

Libraries

See also

 List of phylogenetics software
 Phylogenetics

References

External links

 A 'comprehensive list' of Tree Editors
 List of Tree Editors

genetics databases
phylog
phylogenetics
phylogenetics
visualization software
tree of life (biology)