The Kern Mountains are a mountain range primarily on the eastern edge of White Pine County, Nevada, United States, but extending slightly east into western Juab County, Utah.

Description
The range lies between the Antelope Valley on the northwest, the South Mountains and the Pleasant Valley on the northeast, the Snake Valley on the east and south, the Snake Range on the south, and the Spring Valley on the west.

See also

 List of mountain ranges of Nevada
 List of mountain ranges of Utah

References

Mountain ranges of Nevada
Mountain ranges of Utah
Mountain ranges of White Pine County, Nevada
Mountain ranges of Juab County, Utah


The Kinsley Mountains are a mountain range in Elko County, Nevada.

References

Mountain ranges of Nevada
Mountain ranges of Elko County, Nevada


The Lahontan Mountains are a mountain range in Churchill County, Nevada.

References

Mountain ranges of Nevada
Mountain ranges of Churchill County, Nevada
Mountain ranges of the Great Basin


Luis Ricardo Rodríguez Jérez (born 27 September 1982) is a Guatemalan professional football defender who currently plays for Deportivo Mictlán in the Liga Nacional de Guatemala.

Club career
Rodríguez was loaned to Club Xelajú MC by local giants Comunicaciones but did not want to leave Xelaju in 2007 while still being under contract at the Cremas since he felt he was not being valued highly by them. In January 2010, he rejoined Xelaju from CD Suchitepéquez.

International career
Rodríguez made his debut for Guatemala in a May 2008 friendly match against El Salvador after being called up for the first time for the April 2008 game against Haiti. He had earned 11 caps at the start of February 2010, including 6 qualifying matches for the 2010 FIFA World Cup.

References

External links

1982 births
Living people
People from Suchitepéquez Department
Guatemalan men's footballers
Guatemala men's international footballers
Comunicaciones F.C. players
Club Xelajú MC players
C.D. Suchitepéquez players
Men's association football defenders


Demand priority is a media-access method used in 100BaseVG, a 100 megabit per second (Mbit/s) Ethernet implementation proposed by Hewlett-Packard (HP) and AT&T Microelectronics, later standardized as IEEE 802.12. Demand priority shifts network access control from the workstation to a hub. This access method works with a star topology.
In this method, a node that wishes to transmit indicates this wish to the hub and also requests high- or regular-priority service for its transmission. After it obtains permission, the node begins transmitting to the hub.

The hub is responsible for passing the transmission on to the destination node; that is, the hub is responsible for providing access to the network. A hub will pass high priority transmissions through immediately, and will pass regular-priority transmissions through as the opportunity arises.

By letting the hub manage access, the architecture is able to guarantee required bandwidths and requested service priority to particular applications or nodes. It also can guarantee that the network can be scaled up (enlarged) without loss of bandwidth.

Demand priority helps increase bandwidth in the following ways: A node does not need to keep checking whether the network is idle before transmitting. In current Ethernet implementations, a wire pair is dedicated to this task. By making network checking unnecessary, demand priority frees a wire pair. This is fortunate, because the 100BaseVG specifications use quartet signalling, which needs four available wire pairs. Heavy traffic can effectively bring standard Ethernet networks to a standstill, because nodes spend most of their time trying to access the network.

With demand priority, the hub needs to pass a transmission on only to its destination, so that overall network traffic is decreased. This means there is more bandwidth available for heavy
network traffic.

References

Media access control


The Las Vegas Range is an arid mountain range in Clark County, Nevada. The range is located in the southeast of the Desert National Wildlife Refuge.

Geography
The Las Vegas Range is a north–south range, with two main north–south ridgelines. The highpoint of the range, Gass Peak, is in the south massif above the Las Vegas Valley.

The southern portion of the Las Vegas Range has the linear ridgelines ending at the massif at the south, defining the northern Las Vegas Valley metropolitan area, including the city of North Las Vegas.

Region
The range is on the southeast of the Sheep Range, which itself is a massive north–south range. Both ranges are Basin and Range block faulted.

To the east is another north–south Arrow Canyon Range. The U.S. Route 93 highway runs between the two ranges, and travels along the border of the Desert National Wildlife Refuge to the west.

See also
List of landforms of the Nellis & Wildlife 5 Ranges region

References

Mountain ranges of Nevada
Mountain ranges of Clark County, Nevada
Mountain ranges of the Great Basin


The Leach Range is a mountain range in Elko County, Nevada.

References

Mountain ranges of Nevada
Mountain ranges of Elko County, Nevada


Funarë is a former municipality in the Elbasan County, central Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Elbasan. The population at the 2011 census was 2,122. The municipal unit consists of the villages Bixelle, Branesh, Precë e Sipërme, Cerruje, Korre, Mollagjesh, Krrabë e Vogël, Precë e Poshtme and Stafaj.

References

Former municipalities in Elbasan County
Administrative units of Elbasan


Hombres Con Pañales is the second production of K-Narias.

A CD/DVD, it contains 15 previously unpublished songs, recorded in Puerto Rico, under the production of Master Chris, Luny Tunes, Noriega, DJ Erick and Robert Taylor.

The DVD includes the concert in the Pabellón de Los Majuelos  (“The first concert live”), a special one on the visit to the prison TF2, a special news article of K-Narias in one night of celebration with their friends in Tenerife, images of Gara and Loida in New York, Puerto Rico, Los Angeles and other cities of the world; and previous videos, special “making of” and different sessions from photos of the pair.

The album also included three bonus tracks which were remixes of the hit song "No Te Vistas Que No Vas".

Track listing

DVD
 Th First Concert Live
 Especial "Prison TF2"
 De Marcha Con K-Narias
 De Viaje Con K-Narias
 Karaoke
 Fenomeno K-N
 Vip Access
 Making Off "No Te Vistas Que No Vas"
 Videos :"No Te Vistas Que No Vas" and "Quiero Que Bailen"

References

 Nuevo Album de K-Narias Hombres con Pañales-k-narias-Con Mas Flow Blog de Reggaeton, noticias,canciones,letras,videos, TV Show

External links
K-Narias - Hombres Con Pañales - Music Charts
The album at Napster.com

2006 albums
Reggaeton albums
Albums produced by Noriega
Albums produced by Luny Tunes


Labinot-Mal is a village and a former municipality in the Elbasan County, central Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Elbasan. The population at the 2011 census was 5,291. The municipal unit consists of the villages Guri i Zi, Labinot-Mal, Serice, Lamolle, Bene, Lugaxhi, Qafe, Qerret, Shmil and Dritas.

References

Former municipalities in Elbasan County
Administrative units of Elbasan
Villages in Elbasan County


Carruth is a surname of Scottish origin. Notable people with the surname include:

Arthur J. Carruth Jr. (1887–1962), American newspaperman
Hayden Carruth (1921–2008), American poet and literary critic
Jimmy Carruth (b. 1969), American basketball player
Michael Carruth (b. 1967), Irish boxer
Nathan Carruth (1808–1881), American railroad pioneer
Rae Carruth (b. 1974), American football player
Shane Carruth (b. 1972), American film actor and producer
William Herbert Carruth (1859–1924), American author and poet


Gibbus deformity is a form of structural kyphosis typically found in the upper lumbar and lower thoracic vertebrae, where one or more adjacent vertebrae become wedged. Gibbus deformity most often develops in young children as a result of spinal tuberculosis and is the result of collapse of vertebral bodies. This can in turn lead to spinal cord compression causing paraplegia.

In addition to tuberculosis, other possible causes of gibbus deformity include pathological diseases, hereditary and congenital conditions, and physical trauma to the spine that results in injury. Gibbus deformity may result from the sail vertebrae associated with cretinism (the childhood form of hypothyroidism), mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS), and certain congenital syndromes, including achondroplasia. Because most children with MPS I (Hurler Syndrome) also exhibit symptoms of a gibbus deformity, the latter can possibly be used to identify the former.

Gibbus deformity is included in a subset of structural kyphosis that is distinguished by a higher-degree angle in the spinal curve that is specific to these forms of kyphosis. Other conditions within this subset include Pott's disease and Scheuermann kyphosis, but gibbus deformity is marked by an especially sharp angle. Viewed from behind, the resulting hunchback is more easily seen when bending forward. A kyphosis of >70° can be an indication of the need for surgery and these surgeries can be necessary for children as young as two years old, with a reported average of 8 years of age.

References

Skeletal disorders


Russell de Gree Flagg (1892-ca.1980, fl. 1905-ca.1975) was an American luthier.  Grandson of Essex County, New York, violin maker Henry Lewis Flagg, Russell de Gree Flag studied violin making with Charles Eastbrook.  Flagg's violins and violas were mostly patterned after Stradivarius, although he did produce instruments patterned after Guarneri and Amati as well.  Flagg used commercial oil varnish, typically orange-red or red-brown in hue.  A resident of Rutland, VT, he began to use old wood recovered from local covered bridges beginning in 1933 .  Having produced 150 violins and 15 violas by 1940, he ultimately produced over 200 violins and approximately 70 violas in addition to much repair work.

1892 births
1980 deaths
American luthiers


Keepers is a live album by American singer-songwriter Guy Clark, released in 1997.

Clark's first live album, Allmusic stated in its review "...it's a better greatest-hits record than any available, since all the songs come from one source, and it's a fine example of how live records should be made."

Track listing
All songs by Guy Clark unless otherwise noted.
 "L.A. Freeway" – 5:54
 "Texas, 1947" – 3:33
 "Like a Coat from the Cold" – 3:17
 "Heartbroke" – 3:45
 "The Last Gunfighter Ballad" – 3:07
 "Better Days" – 3:03
 "Homegrown Tomatoes" – 4:35
 "She Ain't Goin' Nowhere" – 3:38
 "South Coast of Texas" – 4:20
 "That Old Time Feeling" – 4:17
 "A Little of Both" (Clark, Verlon Thompson) – 4:31
 "Out in the Parking Lot" (Clark, Darrell Scott) – 4:35
 "Let Him Roll" – 4:51
 "Texas Cookin'" – 6:00
 "Desperados Waiting for a Train" – 5:19

Personnel
Guy Clark – vocals, guitar
Travis Clark – bass, background vocals
Kenny Malone – drums, percussion
Suzi Ragsdale – accordion, background vocals
Darrell Scott – guitar, dobro, mandolin, dulcimer, slide guitar
Verlon Thompson – guitar, background vocals

Production notes
Miles Wilkinson – producer, engineer, mixing
Johnny Rosen – assistant engineer
Carlos Grier – digital editing
Denny Purcell – mastering
Michael McCall – liner notes
Senor McGuire – photography
Lynne Cook – photography
Sue Meyer – design

References

Guy Clark albums
1997 live albums
Sugar Hill Records live albums


Labinot-Fushë is a village and a former municipality in the Elbasan County, central Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Elbasan. The population at the 2011 census was 7,058. The municipal unit consists of the villages Labinot-Fushë, Godolesh, Griqan i Sipërm, Griqan i Poshtëm, Xibrake and Mengel.

References

Former municipalities in Elbasan County
Administrative units of Elbasan
Villages in Elbasan County


The Klejnárka is a river in the Czech Republic, a left tributary of the Elbe River. It flows through the Central Bohemian Region. It is  long.

Characteristic

The Klejnárka originates in the territory of Dobrovítov in the Upper Sázava Hills at the elevation of  and flows to Konárovice, where it enters the Elbe River at the elevation of . It is  long. Its drainage basin has an area of .

The longest tributaries of the Klejnárka are:

Settlements
The Klejnárka does not flow through any significant settlement, it only briefly crosses the territory of Čáslav. The river flows northward through the municipal territories of Dobrovítov, Čejkovice, Zbýšov, Hraběšín, Krchleby, Vodranty, Močovice, Čáslav, Třebešice, Církvice, Nové Dvory, Hlízov, Starý Kolín and Konárovice.

Bodies of water
There are 395 bodies of water in the basin area. The largest of them is the Vrchlice Reservoir with an area of , built on the Vrchlice. A system of ponds is built on the upper course of the Klejnárka. The largest of them is Zbýšovský Pond with an area of .

Protection of nature
On the upper course of the river near the source, the Jánský potok Nature Monument was declared. It has an area of . The reason for protection is a set of water and meadow ecosystems with the occurrence of common minnow and other protected species of plants and animals.

See also
List of rivers of the Czech Republic

References

External links

Monitoring on the website of the Povodí Labe administrator

Rivers of the Central Bohemian Region


Catherine Delahunty (born 1953) is a New Zealand politician and environmentalist. From  until 2017 she was a member of parliament in the House of Representatives representing the Green Party.

During her time as an MP she served variously as the Green Party spokesperson on Education, Water, Toxics, Te Tiriti o Waitangi, Mining (Terrestrial), Forestry, Civil Defence, Disability Issues, Women's Affairs, Arts, Culture & Heritage, and the Community & Voluntary Sector.

Political career

Delahunty was the female co-convenor of the Green Party from 2003 to 2005. She has been placed high on the Greens' list for several years, just missing getting into Parliament on several occasions.

Member of Parliament

Delahunty was placed at number eight on the Green Party list for the 2008 election. She was elected as a Green Party MP and gained the fourth highest number of candidate votes in the East Coast electorate. In 2011 Delahunty was ranked at number 4 on the final Greens list for the 2011 general election.

In June 2009, Delahunty's Customs and Excise (Sustainable Forestry) Amendment Bill, which would have prohibited the import of timber produced unsustainably or illegally, was drawn from the member's ballot. The bill was defeated at its first reading.

In the 2014 general election, Delahunty was ranked number 6 on the Green Party list, a demotion of two places relative to her 2011 ranking. Despite that, Delahunty easily got reelected to parliament.

On 15 December 2016, she announced alongside Steffan Browning that she will not be seeking re-election in the 2017 general election.

Delahunty's sister is playwright Sarah Delahunty.

References

External links

Green Party – MP biography for Catherine Delahunty
Profile at New Zealand Parliament website

1953 births
Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand MPs
Living people
Women members of the New Zealand House of Representatives
New Zealand list MPs
Unsuccessful candidates in the 2002 New Zealand general election
Unsuccessful candidates in the 2005 New Zealand general election
Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives
21st-century New Zealand politicians
21st-century New Zealand women politicians


Elections for local government were held in Northern Ireland on 7 June 2001, contesting 582 seats in all, along with the 2001 general election across the entire United Kingdom.

Results

Overall

By council

Where a party is indicated with an asterisk (*) it means the councillor was listed as an independent on the ballot.

Councils

Antrim

Ards

Armagh

Ballymena

Ballymoney

Banbridge

Belfast

Carrickfergus

Castlereagh

Coleraine

Cookstown

Craigavon

Derry

Down

Dungannon

Fermanagh

Larne

Limavady

Lisburn

Magherafelt

Moyle

Newry and Mourne

Newtownabbey

North Down

Omagh

Strabane

References

Council elections in Northern Ireland
Local elections
Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland
2001 elections in Northern Ireland


Shushicë is a village and a former municipality in the Elbasan County, central Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Elbasan. The population at the 2011 census was 8,731. The municipal unit consists of the villages Shushicë, Shelcan, Mlize, Hajdaran, Fush-Bull, Vasjan, Polis i Vogël, Polis Vale and Vreshtaj. The St. Nicholas' Church is close to the village.

References

Former municipalities in Elbasan County
Administrative units of Elbasan
Villages in Elbasan County


Colin Blair (born 17 September 1957 in Glasgow) is a British former racing driver best known for his short time driving in the British Touring Car Championship. After working for a recruitment company, he didn't start in motor sport until the age of thirty-nine.

Racing career
He spent two years in 1997 and 1998, racing in the Scottish Road saloon car champion with a class A Ford Sierra RS500. In 1999 he drove a class A Ford Escort in the Ford Saloon Car Challenge, where he finished the season in second place. He stepped up to the BTCC in 2000, with an independent Nissan Primera GT. This was the last year of the Super Touring era and there was a very small field of drivers, with no more than eleven class A cars starting at one time. Blair only raced in selected rounds, sharing the car with David Leslie. He finished the season second in the independents championship behind the only other Indy driver Matt Neal, and eleventh in the overall drivers championship. In 2001 he drove in the production class BTCC with GA Janspeed Racing in an Alfa Romeo 156 with teammate Gavin Pyper, finishing in eighteenth place.

Racing record

Complete British Touring Car Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position - 1 point awarded all races, 2001 in class) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap - 1 point awarded all races in 2001 only, 2001 in class) (* signifies that driver lead feature race for at least one lap - 1 point awarded, 2001 in class)

External links
 Official BTCC 2000 standings.
 BTCC Pages profile.

1957 births
British Touring Car Championship drivers
Living people


The 1949 Roussillon Grand Prix (formally the IV Grand Prix du Roussillon) was a Grand Prix motor race held at Circuit des Platanes de Perpignan on 8 May 1949. The Grand Prix was raced in two 50 laps sessions, with the final standing given by the addition of the two results.

Entry list
Juan Manuel Fangio is on a two victory in a row (San Remo and Pau) for his first racing season in Europe.
Henri Louveau share during the races his Delage 3000 n°22 with Francisco Godia Sales. Eugène Martin wasn't present despite his commitment.

Qualifying

Classification
The heat 1 saw Juan Manuel Fangio and Luigi Villoresi fight for the first position but the Italian driver entered the pits to repair an oil pump problem. Luigi Villoresi lost 5 laps and Juan Manual Fangio finished the 50 laps first with 25 seconds ahead of Prince Bira.

In the second heat, Prince Bira took the lead immediately over Juan Manuel Fangio who kept a close gap with the Siam driver. Prince Bira who needed to distance the Argentine attack and realized the fastest lap was 1:27.3 and won Heat 2 with less than a second ahead of Juan Manuel Fangio, Luigi Villoresi finished third.

Juan Manuel Fangio won the Grand Prix. It was his third of four consecutive wins in France. Prince Bira finished second and Argentine Benedicto Campos third. Fangio won his third victory in a row in Grand Prix motor racing.

Heat 1

Pole position: Prince Bira in 1.27.9
Fastest lap: Juan Manuel Fangio in 1:29.2 (102.37 km/h).

Heat 2

Pole position: Juan Manuel Fangio (The starting grid of the heat 2 is the order of the standing from the heat 1).
Fastest lap: Prince Bira in 1:27.3

Aggregate final standing

References

Roussillon Grand Prix
Roussillon Grand Prix
Roussillon Grand Prix
Roussillon Grand Prix


Shushicë may refer to the following places in Albania:

 two villages:
 Shushicë, Elbasan, in the Elbasan municipality
 Shushicë, Vlorë, in the Vlorë municipality
 Shushicë (river), in the Vlorë District

See also
 Sušice


The Melos Ensemble is a group of musicians who started in 1950 in London to play chamber music in mixed instrumentation of string instruments, wind instruments and others. Benjamin Britten composed the chamber music for his War Requiem for the Melos Ensemble and conducted the group in the first performance in Coventry.

They should not be confused with two other chamber groups of similar name, the Melos Quartet or the Melos Art Ensemble (an Italian group).

Founding period, 1950
The Melos Ensemble was founded by musicians who wanted to play chamber music scored for a larger ensemble in a combination of strings, winds and other instruments with the quality of musical rapport only regular groups can achieve. The Melos Ensemble played in variable instrumentation, flexible enough to perform a wide repertory of pieces. All its members were excellent musicians who held positions in notable orchestras and appeared as soloists. The founding members, namely Gervase de Peyer (clarinet), Cecil Aronowitz (viola), Richard Adeney (flute), and Terence Weil (cello) planned a group of twelve players, a string quintet and a wind quintet with harp and piano, that might be expanded by other players, to perform the great octets by Schubert and Mendelssohn, the septet by Beethoven, Ravel's Introduction and Allegro and the Serenade by Arnold Schoenberg. Neill Sanders (horn, a member for 29 years until 1979), and Adrian Beers (double bass) were members from the beginning. All these musicians stayed with the group for decades.

Early members
Other early members included Gervase de Peyer (first clarinet) Emanuel Hurwitz (leader 1956–1972), Ivor McMahon (second violin), William Waterhouse (bassoon), Osian Ellis (harp), James Blades (percussion), Lamar Crowson and Ernst Ueckermann (piano), Peter Graeme and Sarah Barrington (oboe), James Buck (horn), Edgar Williams (bassoon) and Keith Puddy (clarinet), expanded by Colin Chambers (flute and piccolo), Alan Hacker (bass clarinet), Eric Roseberry (piano), Leonard Friedman (violin), Kay Hurwitz (viola), William Bennett (flute), Stephen Pruslin (piano), Leonard Friedman (violin), Hilary Wilson (harp) and Timothy Brown (horn). In the opinion of William Waterhouse (writing in 1995), "it was the remarkable rapport between this pair of lower strings" (i.e. Terence Weil and Cecil Aronowitz) "which remained constant throughout a succession of distinguished leaders, that gave a special distinction to this outstanding ensemble.", Obituary Gervase de Peyer"the Guardian"

Special projects
A remarkable premiere for the group was Jacques-Louis Monod's 1962 presentation of Roberto Gerhard's Concerto for Eight. This was followed by the 1962 premiere, and subsequent 1963 recording, of Benjamin Britten's War Requiem, for which the instrumental sections accompanying the English texts had been written specifically for the Melos, and were directed by the composer in the performance. The recording received a Grammy Hall of Fame Award in 1998. In 1964 and 1965 the Melos Ensemble played several concerts at the new Wardour Castle Summer School, founded by Harrison Birtwistle, Peter Maxwell Davies and Alexander Goehr. On 16 August 1964 they played among others Monody for Corpus Christi by Birtwistle, Five Little Pieces (first performance) by Davies, and Suite Op.11 by Goehr. A chamber concert on 17 August featured the
Horn Trio by Brahms, on 18 August the Quatuor pour la fin du temps by Messiaen. In 1965, the Melos Ensemble played on 16 August Pierrot Lunaire by Schoenberg. On 18 August parts of In Chymick Art, a cantata on texts by Edward Benlowes that Robin Holloway wrote for the Summer School, were performed for the first time. On 20 August they premiered two works they had commissioned, Tragoedia by Birtwistle, conducted by Lawrence Foster, and two 'In Nomine" of Seven in Nomine by Davies, conducted by the composer.

Festivals, broadcasts, tours
The Melos Ensemble performed regularly at British and International Festivals, among others Warsaw, Venice, Cheltenham, Edinburgh, Bordeaux and the Aldeburgh Festival, their first US tour was in 1966. The group gave many BBC broadcasts, and made over 50 recordings, first with the publisher L'Oiseau-Lyre. Gervase de Peyer directed the extensive recording programme of the Ensemble for EMI.

EMI recordings 1963–1973
Mozart, Brahms, Weber and Bliss Quintets
Mozart and Beethoven, Piano and Wind Quintets
Schubert, Octet; Beethoven, Septet and Octet for Winds
Schumann, Fairy Tales, Fantasy Pieces
Berwald, Septet; Nielsen, Wind Quintet
Ravel, Introduction and Allegro for harp, flute, clarinet and string quartet
Françaix, Divertissement; Poulenc, Sonata for Clarinet and Bassoon
Bartók, Milhaud and Khatchaturian, Trios
Prokofiev, Overture on Hebrew Themes
Janáček, Concertino, Mládí
John Ireland, Sextet, Trios, Sonatas
EMI reissued in 2011 a selection from historical recordings, titled "Melos Ensemble – Music among Friends". The principal players were Richard Adeney (and William Bennett, flute), Gervase de Peyer (and Keith Puddy, clarinet), Peter Graeme (and Sarah Barrington, oboe), Neil Sanders (and James Buck, horn), William Waterhouse (and Edgar Williams, bassoon), Emanuel Hurwitz (and Kenneth Sillito, first violin), Ivor McMahon (and Iona Brown, second violin), Cecil Aronowitz (and Kenneth Essex, viola), Terence Weil (and Keith Harvey, cello), Adrian Beers (double bass), Osian Ellis (harp) and Lamar Crowson (piano). The ensemble was expanded for single works by Christopher Hyde-Smith (flute), Anthony Jennings and Stephen Trier (bass clarinet), Barry Tuckwell (horn), David Mason and Philip Jones (trumpet), Arthur Wilson and Alfred Flaszinski (trombone), Robert Masters (violin), Manoug Parikian and Eli Goren (violin), Patrick Ireland (viola), Derek Simpson (cello), Hilary Wilson (harp), Marcal Gazelle (piano), James Blades, Tristan Fry, Jack Lees and Stephen Whittaker (percussion), and singers Mary Thomas (soprano) and Rosemary Phillips (contralto).
The collection of 11 CDs contains the works for large ensemble – six to thirteen players – for which the Melos Ensemble was founded, some composed for the ensemble:
Beethoven: Septet, Octet
Mendelssohn: Octet
Schubert: Octet
Franz Berwald: Septet
Louis Spohr: Double Quartet
Janáček: Mládí, Concertino
Ravel: Introduction and Allegro
Jean Françaix: Divertissement for Bassoon and String Quintet
Nikos Skalkottas: Octet
Sergei Prokofiev: Overture on Hebrew Themes
Louis Spohr: Octet
Richard Rodney Bennett: Calendar
Gordon Crosse: Concerto Da Camera
Harrison Birtwistle: Tragoedia
Peter Maxwell Davies: Leopardi Fragments

Other selected recordings
Lennox Berkeley: Sextet for clarinet, horn and string quartet (1954)
Malcolm Arnold: Guitar Concerto, with Julian Bream RCA (1959)
Mátyás Seiber: Three Fragments from A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, a Chamber Cantata for Speaker, Chorus and Eight Instruments, with Peter Pears (Speaker) / Dorian Singers / Melos Ensemble London conducted by Matyas Seiber (1960)
Mauro Giuliani: Guitar Concerto, with Julian Bream (1961) RCA
Schoenberg: Serenade, John Carol Case, Bruno Maderna, L'Oiseau-Lyre (1962)
Britten: War Requiem (1963)Benjamin Britten (1913–1976) / War Requiem musicweb-international.com
Prokofiev: Quintet in G minor for oboe, clarinet, violin, viola and double bass, Op. 39 / Shostakovich: Piano Quintet, Op. 57
Hummel: Septet / Quintet (1966) (L'oiseau-Lyre)
Ravel and Maurice Delage: French Songs / Chausson: Chanson Perpetuelle, with Janet Baker (1966)
Ravel: Introduction and Allegro / Poulenc: Trio for Oboe, Bassoon and Piano / Sonata for Clarinet and Bassoon / Francaix: Divertissement for Oboe, Clarinet and Bassoon / Divertissement for Bassoon and String Quartet EMI (1969)Ravel/Poulenc/Francaix : Vinyl CDs & more At Shakedown Records Shakedown Records

Melos Ensemble of London 1974
Following the death of Ivor McMahon in 1972, and the departure of three other members, the group briefly disbanded in 1973, but was reformed in 1974 with eight of the original players. In the later period the following musicians were also among those playing for the ensemble: Hugh Maguire (violin), Thea King (clarinet, 1974–1993), Nicholas Ward (violin, from 1977), Sylvie Gazeau (principal violin for many years), Gwenneth Pryor (piano), Iona Brown (violin), Patrick Ireland (viola) and Keith Harvey (cello). In 1975 the Melos Ensemble presented its 25th anniversary concert in London. In 1982 the Melos Ensemble appeared in Graz in a retrospective of Egon Wellesz, playing his Oktett für Klarinette, Fagott, Horn und Streichquintett Op.67.

New chamber music
Composers created music for unusual groupings with the Melos Ensemble specifically in mind, leading in turn to the formation of similar chamber groups. Hans Werner Henze composed Kammermusik 1958 for tenor, guitar and eight solo instruments, for example. In that way, the Melos Ensemble has directly and indirectly influenced music for new combinations of chamber musicians in contemporary music.

Publications
[ Entries to the Melos Ensemble in allmusic]
Entries to the Melos Ensemble in WorldCat
Reviews in Gramophone Archive

References

External links
Gervase de Peyer website, history of the Melos Ensemble

Chamber music groups
Musical groups established in 1950
Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients
English classical music groups
Musical groups from London
Contemporary classical music ensembles
1950 establishments in England


Jens Holmboe (5 November 1752 – 4 December 1804) was a Norwegian  (bailiff). He is notable for his role in the settling of Målselvdalen.

Personal life
He was born in Lesja as the son of Hans Jenssen Holmboe (1721–1756) and Birgitte Marie Reinholtsdatter Ziegler (1723–1778).

In 1783 he married Anna Margrethe Irgens, who hailed from Tromsøe. The couple had twelve children. Their sons Even, Hans and Leonhard Christian became involved in politics. Their son Michael Wide Holmboe was the father of politician Jens Holmboe and businessman Hans Conrad Holmboe, grandfather of painter Thorolf Holmboe and great-grandfather of Ragnhild Rød and Charles Robertson.

Career
Holmboe worked as a bailiff () in Senja and Tromsøe between 1781 and 1800. He made a lasting mark in the region, as he organized settling in the uninhabited Målselvdalen valley, in what would later become the municipalities of Målselv and Bardu. Farmers from the Gudbrand Valley and Østerdalen moved north mainly between 1791 and 1800, and Jens Holmboe helped about forty families with supplies and funding. Topographically, Målselvdalen was and is similar to Østerdalen.

He died in 1804 in Ervik in Trondenes. A bauta to commemorate him was raised there in 1964.

References

1752 births
1804 deaths
Norwegian civil servants
Settlers
Jens
People from Lesja


Class 85 may refer to:

British Rail Class 85 – a class of British electric locomotives
DRG Class 85 – a class of German standard 2–10–2T steam locomotives


I Nyoman Ngendon (1906-1946). I Nyoman Ngendon was among the first Batuan painters who embraced the modernization of Balinese art that took place around the beginning of the 1930s. Ngendon first learned the Wayang-style painting from I Dewa Nyoman Mura, a well-known painter in Batuan.
Walter Spies' influence can be seen in their early works (prior to the 1940s).
His works can be found in several museums throughout the world. In Bali, his works can be viewed at the Museum Puri Lukisan and the Agung Rai Museum of Art (ARMA). In the Netherlands, his works can be found at the Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde, Leiden and the Tropenmuseum, Amsterdam.

References

20th-century Dutch East Indies people
20th-century Indonesian painters
Artists from Bali
People from Gianyar Regency
1906 births
1946 deaths
Balinese people


The Prince Chun Mansion (), also known as the Northern Mansion (北府, Běifǔ), is a large residence in the siheyuan style with lavish private garden located near the Shichahai neighborhood in central Beijing.  The grounds had been part of a villa built by Mingju, an official in the court of Emperor Kangxi. It would later be seized by Heshen, a favorite of Emperor Qianlong, and following Heshen's purge and execution in 1799, it would be bestowed on Yongxing, Prince Cheng, by his brother, the Emperor Jiaqing, and the mansion was renovated. The mansion would change hands several times, eventually ending up as the residence of a minor Qing official named Yusu. In 1888, was granted to Yixuan, Prince Chun, the biological father of the Emperor Guangxu, by his sister-in-law, Empress Dowager Cixi.  In 1891, the First Prince Chun died, and his title and the mansion was inherited by his second surviving son, Zaifeng. It was at the mansion, in 1906, Puyi, the last Qing emperor, was born to Zaifeng.

Prince Chun would serve as regent for Puyi, from Puyi's accession in 1908, until the overthrow of the dynasty in 1912. Despite the collapse of the Qing Dynasty, Chun would be allowed to stay in the mansion, and he died there in 1951.

Its garden became the residence of Soong Ching-ling, the widow of Sun Yat-sen, between 1963 and her death in 1981; it is now a public museum as her former residence open to visitors.

External links
 The Vicissitudes of Prince Chun's Mansion

Xicheng District
Buildings and structures in Beijing
Museums in Beijing
Historic house museums in China
Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Beijing


Gjinar is a village and a former municipality in the Elbasan County, central Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Elbasan. The population at the 2011 census was 3,478. The municipal unit consists of the villages Lleshan, Gjinar, Valesh, Pashtresh, Derstile, Llukan, Sterstan, Xibresh, Maskarth, Kaferr and Pobrat. It is part of the Shpati mountainous area, and a touristic destination. It is near a massive pine forest. It is known for weekly bazaar days.

Every Thursday in center of Gjinar  takes place bazaar day. There you can buy fresh products from villages nearby that comes to sell products.

As a touristic center there can be enjoyed weekends in the fresh air, beautiful nature and can have  good meals in restaurants that are in area

References.

Former municipalities in Elbasan County
Administrative units of Elbasan
Villages in Elbasan County


"It Was You" is the third single released off Sharleen Spiteri's first solo album Melody.  It was originally rumoured to be the second single due to it being on the albums sticker but it turned out to be "Stop, I Don't Love You Anymore", it was later announced to be the third single on Sharleen Spiteri's official website, it was released as digital download on 1 December 2008, following the single "Stop, I Don't Love You Anymore".

Commercial Performance

Digital Spy commented on It Was You:-

 Having threatened to give Paris Hilton a "Glaswegian kiss" earlier this year, it's clear that Sharleen Spiteri is no shrinking violet. Rather than falling back on the tried-and-tested Texas sound, she went all sixties on her debut solo album and, as its third single shows, it certainly paid off.

'It Was You' sees Spiteri team up with producer Bernard Butler – the man responsible for much of Duffy's Rockferry album. With its soulful vocals, tooting trumpets and punchy chorus, this could almost have been a contender for the recent Bond theme. Spiteri, meanwhile, adopts the same no-nonsense approach she took with the world's most famous heiress, singing, "Something inside just died - it was you". To Spiteri's ex, it's the lyrical equivalent of a Glaswegian kiss.

Live Performance
Sharleen Spiteri has uploaded a live acoustic version of "It Was You" onto YouTube on 28 September 2008; it has currently been viewed 4,724 times. On 17 May 2008 a version of her performing it on Later With Jools Holland appeared, this version has been viewed 36,254 times.

Chart performance

References

External links
 Live On Later With Jools Holland (YouTube)
 Live Acoustic (YouTube)

2008 singles
Sharleen Spiteri songs
Songs written by Johnny McElhone
Songs written by Sharleen Spiteri
Songs written by Bernard Butler
2008 songs
Mercury Records singles


South Plains Council serves Scouts in the area of Lubbock, Texas.

Organization
 Chaparral District (Including Tasiwoo chapter)
 Comanche Trail District
 George White District
 Haynes District
 Quanah Parker District

Camps
C. W. Post Memorial Camp (Camp Post), established in 1926, is a Boy Scout camp located in Garza County, Texas about  southwest of Post, Texas, off Farm to Market Road 669.  It was named in honor of cereal magnate, C.W. Post, who founded the nearby town.  The camp is located along the Caprock Escarpment of the Llano Estacado in the area formerly occupied by the headquarters of the Llano Ranch, also known as the Curry Comb Ranch.  Camp Post utilizes the Curry Comb brand in its insignia, a capital T with two horizontal bars above it.

History
Around 1879 the Llano Cattle Company acquired approximately  in Garza County, including the land on which Camp Post is now situated.  In 1883 they moved their ranch headquarters to the current site of Camp Post.  A two-story frame house was built and a well was dug, this being the first hand-dug well in Garza County.  The old well site is still visible today, and is located just south of Pioneer road, about halfway between the trading post and the swimming pool.  The original wooden curb burned in 1937 and has been replaced by a replica.

The first recorded birth and death in Garza County took place here in February 1884, when Kate McCommis was born, daughter of Jim and Della Browning McCommis.  She died the same day.  Her grave is located about 150 feet southeast of the present-day dining hall.

C. W. Post purchased the land from the Llano Cattle Company in 1907 to pursue his dream of building a city.  He built the town of Post about  northwest and sold most of the arable farmland to settlers.

In 1926, the Post estate gave , encompassing the former ranch headquarters, to the South Plains Council of the Boy Scouts of America for use as a camp.

Facilities
Camp Post's facilities include 12 camping areas, a dining hall, a ropes course, a rifle range, an archery range, an equestrian center, swimming pool, campfire ring, trading post, the OA Lodge, and the Mallet training center, used for leathercraft.  A rustic outdoor chapel was built in 1959 by Phi Delta Theta fraternity.

Activities
Activities include shooting sports (BB guns, pellet guns, .22 rifle, and shotgun), archery, astronomy, horseshoes, fishing, fire-building, storytelling, first aid, geocaching, roping, hiking, leathercraft, knot-tying, canoeing, and outdoor cookery.  Weekend campouts for area scouts are regularly scheduled including Cowboy Camp, Cub Camp, and Webeloes Woods.

Natural resources
Water resources include Cottonwood Creek, Bobcat Creek, Dove Canyon Creek, Falls Canyon Creek, and Lake Marjorie. Common birds include American robin, cardinal, and mockingbird.  Mammal species include bobcat and coyote.  Some of the common trees are cottonwood, mesquite, and juniper. Common grasses include blue grama, buffalograss, hooded windmillgrass, perennial three-awn, plains bristlegrass, sideoats grama, and silver bluestem.  Other plant life commonly seen include feather dalea, yucca, prickly-pear cactus, and cholla.

Order of the Arrow
South Plains Council is served by Nakona Lodge 150 of the Order of the Arrow.

External links
  South Plains Council, B.S.A. - Camp Post
  History of Camp Post
 Curry Comb Ranch at Handbook of Texas Online
 Aerial View of Camp Post from Google Maps
 History

References

Local councils of the Boy Scouts of America
Southern Region (Boy Scouts of America)
1925 establishments in Texas


Jean Le Page (1779–1822) was a well-known French gunsmith. He worked for Louis XVI, Napoléon and then Louis XVIII. He was the inventor of fulminate percussion systems for firearms, which superseded the flint-lock mechanism and opened the way to modern firearms. This followed the discovery of fulminates by Edward Charles Howard in 1800.

Between 1807 and 1810, Le Page invented a new way to fire portative firearms, by using the mercury fulminate priming medium to be fired by the blow of a percussion hammer. The new method permitted the abandonment of flint-lock firing mechanisms and opened the way to modern firing methods. The new mechanism used a magazine filled with fulminate primer, which would deliver a small amount of priming powder near the gun breech every time the magazine was cocked. Since the fulminate powder was highly sensitive to humidity, methods of coating the fulminate in varnish were developed, as well as methods of encasing the fulminate culminating with the invention of the percussion cap by François Prélat in 1818 and Deloubert in 1820.

Notes

1779 births
1822 deaths
19th-century French inventors
Gunsmiths


The Leppy Hills are a mountain range in Elko County, Nevada.

References

Mountain ranges of Nevada
Mountain ranges of the Great Basin
Mountain ranges of Elko County, Nevada


WVXG (95.1 FM, "Classic Rock 95X") is a radio station licensed to serve Mount Gilead, Ohio, United States.  The station is owned by Brent Casagrande, through licensee Delmar Communications, Inc., and serves the Mid-Ohio area. WVXG broadcasts a classic rock music format. The station is the local affiliate for The Bob and Tom Show, while the majority of the programming comes from the satellite-fed The Classic Rock Experience from ABC Radio Networks.

History

The station was assigned the call letters WOHO on March 8, 1991.  On October 22, 1993, the station changed its call sign to the current WVXG. Throughout the 1990s and into the early 2000s, WVXG was owned by Xavier University and was a member of the "X-Star Radio Network," which featured a variety of programs, including news, talk, jazz, and adult standards. This multi-state network was originally based at flagship WVXU in Cincinnati, even as WVXU had adopted a separate program schedule.

One year before the sale of WVXU and the shutdown of the X-Star Radio Network, Xavier spun off WVXG to ICS Holdings, Inc. for around $385,000. ICS Holdings entered a licensing agreement with the Christian Voice of Central Ohio, who broadcast a Contemporary Christian music format from 2004 through March 2008 as "95.1 The River," patterned directly after WCVO.  Christian Voice of Central Ohio continues the format online and on Chillicothe, Ohio-licensed WZCP (also a former X-Star affiliate as WVXC).

After the lease agreement with the Christian Voice of Central Ohio ended on March 18, 2008, ICS flipped WVXG to a satellite-based classic rock format.

ICS Holdings sold WVXG, along with WQTT and WDLR, to Delmar Communications, Inc. effective December 30, 2014. The price for the transaction was $250,000.

References

External links

VXG
Radio stations established in 1994
Classic rock radio stations in the United States
Mount Gilead, Ohio
1994 establishments in Ohio


WWJM (105.9 FM) is a radio station currently owned by Perry County Broadcasting Co.  It broadcasts a hot adult contemporary format, featuring a number of syndicated female-oriented lifestyle talk shows.

Licensed to New Lexington, Ohio, WWJM, like many stations in the region, also targets listeners in the nearby Zanesville, Ohio area.  It maintains an FM translator, W233AK (94.5 FM), in Zanesville itself.

Though WWJM's overall music format is considered Hot Adult Contemporary, the station carries a weekday schedule of lifestyle-oriented talk shows syndicated by Dial Global.  The shows, produced by WLNK in Charlotte, North Carolina, include Bob and Sheri and Matt and Ramona.

History
WWJM signed on the air May 1, 1978. Programming was AC/country from sign on (6am) until 3pm when the music became "Top 40". In 1979 The country Music was dumped and top 40 was played until 9pm.the late evening music was "AOR". Joe Hill AKA "David Barnes" was program director at that time. Joe was PM drive host at KFLR in Phoenix, Arizona in 2002.

References

External links

WJM


Målselvdalen is the largest valley in Troms og Finnmark county, Norway. The river Målselva runs through the valley, ending at the Målselvfjorden (an arm off the main Malangen fjord). The  long valley runs to the north, along with the river, and most of the residents of Målselv Municipality live in this valley.

With a landscape reminiscent of that of the Østerdalen valley, the valley was settled in the late eighteenth century by farmers from the Østerdalen and Gudbrandsdalen valleys to the south. The bailiff in the district, Jens Holmboe, was instrumental in settling this region.

References

Valleys of Troms og Finnmark
Målselv


Zavalinë is a village and a former municipality in the Elbasan County, central Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Elbasan. The population at the 2011 census was 1,622. The municipal unit consists of the villages Zavalinë, Seltë, Kamican, Jeronisht, Nezhan and Burrishtë.

References

Former municipalities in Elbasan County
Administrative units of Elbasan
Villages in Elbasan County


The Bare Mountain Range is a mountain range in southern Nye County, Nevada, in the United States. Bare Mountain and Wildcat Peak are the high points of the range.

Geography
The Bare Mountain Range is a short range, about  long, trending northwest by southeast. The north end of the range borders Beatty on the Amargosa River. The Bullfrog Hills lie to the northwest of Beatty. Yucca Mountain lies about nine miles to the east across Crater Flat. The range borders the central and northeast Amargosa Desert, which also trends northwest by southeast. U.S. Route 95 runs in the Amargosa Valley along the south edge of the range and turns at Beatty to continue north through Oasis Valley.

The highest peak of the range is Bare Mountain, of the same name, at . In the southeast of the range, Wildcat Peak rises to

Bare Mountain Range was descriptively named for the bare summits.

See also
Amargosa toad

References

External links

Bare Mountain region- features, photographs, placenames

Amargosa Desert
Mountain ranges of Nevada
Mountain ranges of the Mojave Desert
Mountain ranges of Nye County, Nevada
Mountain ranges of the Great Basin


WVNU (97.5 FM) is a radio station broadcasting an adult contemporary format. Started in 1994 by Pat and Elaine Hays and licensed to Greenfield, Ohio, United States. The station is currently owned by Southern Ohio Broadcasting and features programming from CBS News Radio, Westwood One and Brownfield Ag Networks. WVNU also broadcasts The Ohio State University football games and local sports from McClain, Washington Court House, Miami Trace, Fairfield and other local football and basketball teams.  WVNU is the only CBS News Radio affiliate in South West Ohio that broadcasts CBS "News on the Hour" on a 24/7 basis.

References

External links

WVNU


The Burnt Springs Range is a mountain range in Lincoln County, Nevada.

References

Mountain ranges of Nevada
Mountain ranges of Lincoln County, Nevada


WUSO (89.1 FM) is a radio station in Springfield, Ohio, United States. It is owned by Dayton Public Radio, Inc. and rebroadcasts the classical music programming of WDPR in Dayton on a full-time basis from its transmitter atop Tower Hall on the Wittenberg University campus.

From 1966 to 2019, WUSO was Wittenberg's student-run college radio station, with studios in Firestine Hall on the campus.

History

Radio returns to Wittenberg
Wittenberg University (WU) received a construction permit from the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to build a new 10-watt radio station on the campus on October 11, 1965. Organization on campus for a new station had dated to 1961, when a radio club was formed with 35 students. Two years later, a student committee was formed to analyze the idea, and the university appropriated funds to purchase equipment. On February 20, 1966, WUSO began broadcasting. The station represented the return of broadcasting to the university, which had shown an interest in radio transmissions beginning in 1896. Signing on in 1922, station WCSO—the university being Wittenberg College at the time—operated until 1930, when it was shuttered as part of a consolidation that formed WGAR, a new station in Cleveland.

WUSO initially broadcast for six hours a day; by 1971, it was on for three hours in the morning and then 11 hours in the evening. The station survived a 1977 funding cut by the WU student government (SGA) that nearly threatened it with closure because it suggested relocating the facility without considering the technical and legal implications of such a move. Pressure from SGA forced cutbacks, such as the elimination of a news wire, as well as internal reforms. Studios were in the basement of Alumni House before relocating to Sprecher Hall in 1979. The move required major changes and left the station off the air for a year and a half, and it also saw the station convert to stereo broadcasting.

Over time, WUSO began operating with a freeform format, a contrast to the Top 40-heavy FM dial in the area. Programs ranged from Christian rock to jazz; in 1986, station manager Krista May did on-air shifts hosting a punk rock show under the name "Chrystal Meth". However, despite a series of efforts over the years, WUSO remained a 10-watt outlet. By 1986, the original transmitter was out of service for six weeks during the winter term. Even with 10 watts, the station attracted substantial interest on campus: there were 120 DJs in 1990. The station narrowly survived another financial challenge again in 1996 when the student senate made a grant to allow the station to purchase Emergency Alert System equipment that it needed in order to meet requirements for the new service. The station abandoned Sprecher Hall in 1998 as part of its demolition, moving into the basement of Firestine Hall and replacing much of its equipment in the process.

Upgrade to 120 watts
As a Class D station operating on the same 10-watt basis as in 1966, WUSO was vulnerable. In the late 1970s, the FCC encouraged many stations to upgrade to Class A status—100 watts minimum—and left Class D stations a secondary service, vulnerable to being bumped by other stations. Furthermore, even though the transmitter was atop Tower Hall, students living there sometimes had trouble receiving the station. WUSO had twice solicited power increases, first in 1971 and then in 1986. However, such changes also would have come with needed upgrades to professionalize even as FCC restrictions tightened the ability of Class D stations to upgrade. Alongside moving to Firestine, the station mounted a third effort at a power increase, hoping to avoid the paperwork-related problems that had plagued past pushes. The proposed increase turned into a years-long legal battle in the wake of two related applications from Christian groups, the American Family Association and Life Radio Ministries. This conflict was lengthened because the FCC overhauled the process by which it compared applications for non-commercial educational radio stations, leaving the three applications—WUSO's improvement and the two new Christian radio stations, one for Urbana and one for Delaware—in a mutually exclusive group. The three parties then filed a universal settlement, granting WUSO's improvement and the Delaware new station application, which was granted on April 25, 2003.

In November 2004, WUSO upgraded from 10 watts to 120, improving its coverage area and signal strength in the Springfield area. In December 2003, Wittenberg athletics moved to WUSO from commercial station WULM; the move came in the middle of the basketball season after WULM refused to produce and carry broadcasts of Wittenberg women's basketball games. WUSO also initiated online streaming in 2006. WUSO's studios in the basement of Firestine Hall were flooded when a water pipe burst on April 8, 2012. Four feet of water inundated the facilities, and the studio equipment was a total loss. The station was off the air for nearly a year; the studios were rebuilt with increased space for live bands to play and an expanded lobby. By 2018, the station had 18 student-produced shows on its lineup.

Sale to Dayton Public Radio
In August 2017, WUSO entered into a partnership with WDPR Dayton Public Radio to rebroadcast its classical music programming from 6 a.m. to 2 p.m. on weekdays. As WDPR's signal does not reach Springfield, this expanded the service's coverage. In March 2019, WUSO began rebroadcasting WDPR on a full-time basis, and WU filed in December 2022 to sell the station outright to DPR for $94,580. The sale was consummated on March 13, 2023.

Notes

References

External links

USO
USO
Radio stations established in 1966
Clark County, Ohio
1966 establishments in Ohio


is a railway station of Kyushu Railway Company located in Minami-ku, Kumamoto, Japan.

The station was used as a filming location for the 2011 film "I Wish" (Kiseki) by the Japanese director Hirokazu Koreeda.

Platforms

Services

Railway stations in Kumamoto Prefecture
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1894


Class 88 may refer to:
British Rail Class 88 (unbuilt), Originally a proposed electric variant of the Class 58
British Rail Class 88, Electro-diesel locomotive class
DRG Class 88, a class of German, 0-4-0T, goods train, tank locomotives operated by the Deutsche Reichsbahn comprising:
 Class 88.0: BBÖ 184
 Class 88.0: Mainz harbour railway Nos. 3 to 5
 Class 88.70: LBE T 1
 Class 88.71-72: Bavarian D IV
 Class 88.71II: BBÖ 189
 Class 88.72II: EWA IId
 Class 88.73: Palatine T 1
 Class 88.74: Württemberg T
 Class 88.75: Baden I b, Baden I e
 Class 88.76: Bremen harbour railway No. 4a
 Pacific National 88 class narrow gauge diesel locomotive.


SBOBET.com is an online bookmaker. The website has operations in Asia licensed by the Philippines and operations in Europe licensed by the Isle of Man to operate as an international sports bookmaker. The company offers online gambling on all major sports, online games, racing (parimutuel betting), financial betting and poker in multiple languages.

In February 2009, the Isle of Man-based operations of SBOBET became the first operator licensed in Isle of Man to be granted approval to launch a live dealer casino from the island.

In October 2014, SBOBET launched in the financial betting sector in partnership with TRADOLOGIC. The financial binary products were launched under both Isle of Man OGRA licence and Philippines CEZA-First Cagayan licence.

Sponsorship
SBOBET have been the sponsors for various football teams like English teams West Ham United and Leeds United, Irish teams Wexford Youth, Dundalk and St Patrick's Athletic, Welsh team Cardiff City, Indonesian team Persikabo 1973, and Indian team ATK Mohun Bagan, using the alias of SBOTOP.net. Due to concerns raised by representatives of the Premier League about exposing youth to gambling, SBOBET replaced their logo on all Cardiff City youth academy team shirts with that of the Ty Hafan Children's Hospice.

Celton Manx, operator of SBOBET's European subsidiary, was the official Asian betting partner of Swansea City A.F.C., West Ham United F.C., Southampton F.C., Hull City A.F.C. and Norwich City F.C. for the 2013–14 season.

SBOBET were the title sponsors for the first Soccerex Asian Forum held in Singapore.

Awards
At the annual EGR Awards organized by eGaming Review Magazine, SBOBET was awarded the "Asian Operator of the Year" award for year 2009 and 2010. SBOBET ranks 11th on the list of Power 50 companies in eGaming Review's 2011 ranking of the 50 most influential operators.

Controversy
In October 2008, SBOBET was asked to turn over any evidence they might have on the possible match fixing scandal in The Football Association (FA) championship between Norwich City and Derby County.  SBOBET denied the FA's request, deeming it was "excessive" and would be a breach of customer privacy Derby County won the game 2–1.  In the end, the FA found no evidence that match fixing had taken place.

On 24 September 2009, two Bulgarian news agencies Novinite.com and 24 Chasa Daily published articles that wrongly suggested that SBOBET was responsible for fixing the football match between Levski and CSKA Sofia. The two agencies subsequently published correction articles, stating that SBOBET was not involved in any match-fixing scams, and apologized to SBOBET for publishing the untrue information.

In October 2009, representatives of the Premier League criticised SBOBET for offering live betting on academy football games, maintaining that children and youth activities should not be exposed by international gambling organisations. The bookmaker subsequently suspended betting on academy games and expressed its intention to seek clarification from the Premier League and the Professional Footballers' Association about which football markets it should be allowed to offer.

In October 2014, Singapore Parliament passed the Remote Gambling Bill to ban the entire spectrum of remote gambling, including internet, telephone, interactive television, radio and any other communication technology. The bill will be effective to individual gamblers, facilitators, runners and operators. Although the new law will come into operation from 2 February 2015, SBOBET states that it has a policy not to take bets from countries where making or accepting bets is illegal but the overwhelming majority of its customers come from mainland China where betting is illegal and betting customers often face arrest. New accounts from Singapore IP address are not accepted and there is no Singapore in the drop-down list in the sign-up page, though these can be easily by-passed through the use of a VPN. All accounts will be closed from 1 February 2015, which will comply with the new law. With effect from 12 February 2015, access to the SBOBET is blocked.

Notes

External links

 Official website
Online gambling companies of the Isle of Man
Online gambling companies of the Philippines


WTGR (97.5 FM) is a radio station  broadcasting a country music format. Licensed to Union City, Ohio, United States; the station is currently owned by Positive Radio Group of Ohio and features programming from CNN Radio.

History
The station went on the air as WFOW on November 13, 1989, later changing its call letters to WBNN on March 30, 1990, and to the current WTGR on April 23, 1991.

WTGR's transmitter is located in Union City just east of the Ohio-Indiana state line with its studios and offices located in a building which formerly housed a carpet business on Martin Street (State Route 571 East) in Greenville. Since the signal upgrade and retargeting of the former WDRK toward Dayton under later call letters WLSN, WBKI, WDJO-FM, WOLT, and, now, WTKD), WTGR remains as Darke County's only locally-originating, commercial radio station.

From 1993 to 1996, WTGR had an AM sister station, broadcasting daytime-only at 1030 kHz. With call letters WBOL, this sister station aired a combination of country music and farm news and information from Ed Johnson's ABN. In 1996, it was decided to return that AM license back to the FCC.

Call sign history
The "WTGR" call letters and "Tiger Radio" nickname had been used originally at Top-Forty-formatted AM stations in Charleston and Point Pleasant, West Virginia, in the 1960s and, in the 1970s, at an AM station in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. The current WTGR formerly employed a classic rock format  as "97.5 The Tiger" before its switch to country, and the WBOL callsign is now used at an AM station in Bolivar, Tennessee.

WTGR was also the callsign for the University of Memphis Tigers' campus radio station (TGR for Tiger Radio) in the late 1960s and early 1970s as a low-power AM educational radio station with an effective radiated power of only 10 watts.

References

External links

TGR
Darke County, Ohio
Randolph County, Indiana
1989 establishments in Indiana
Radio stations established in 1989


Live at Sturgis 2006 is a live concert DVD filmed by Canadian rock band, Nickelback. It is the band's first live DVD since 2002's release of Live at Home. The DVD was released exclusively at Walmart stores on December 2, 2008.  The concert was filmed in 2006 in Sturgis, South Dakota during the tour supporting their album All the Right Reasons. The concert was at the Sturgis 2006 "Rockin’ The Rally" Show at the Sturgis Bike Rally on August 8, 2006. Filmed in Hi Definition by 15 cameras, there was a crowd of 35,000 attending the performance. The DVD was meant to be released in December 2007, but was delayed to coincide with the release of their album Dark Horse which had come out on November 18, 2008, a year later. The Blu-ray Disc release of Live At Sturgis was released in late 2009. It was certificated Gold by the RIAA.

Track listing
"Animals"
"Woke Up This Morning"
"Photograph"
"Because of You"
"Far Away"
"Never Again"
"Savin' Me"
"Someday"
"Side of a Bullet"
"How You Remind Me"
"Too Bad"
"Figured You Out"

Additional content
A behind-the-scenes documentary including backstage interviews with the band.
The music video for "Rockstar".
A Sturgis 101 primer.
A photo gallery of scenes from the concert.

Certifications

References

Concert films
Nickelback video albums
Sturgis Motorcycle Rally
2000s English-language films


Shirgjan is a village and a former municipality in the Elbasan County, central Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Elbasan. The population at the 2011 census was 7,307. The municipal unit consists of the villages Bathes, Bujqes, Jagodine, Kuqan, Kryezjarr, Mjekes and Shirgjan.

References

Former municipalities in Elbasan County
Administrative units of Elbasan
Villages in Elbasan County


"The Burns and the Bees" is the eighth episode of the twentieth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It first aired on the Fox network in the United States on December 7, 2008. In the episode, during a poker game, Mr. Burns wins ownership of the Austin Celtics basketball team and he decides to build a new stadium in Springfield that endangers a bee colony which Lisa built. Lisa's subplot refers to the current worldwide disappearance of bees.

The episode was written by Stephanie Gillis and directed by Mark Kirkland. It marks a second use of the Christmas-themed opening, first seen in "Kill Gil, Volumes I & II". Billionaires Mark Cuban and Jeff Bezos and sportscaster Marv Albert guest star as themselves.

In its original airing, the episode garnered 6.19 million viewers. It received mixed reviews from television critics.

Plot
Mr. Burns attends the annual Billionaires' Retreat, where he wins the fictional Austin Celtics pro basketball team in a poker game against the Rich Texan. After witnessing the antics of Mark Cuban at a Dallas Mavericks game, Burns decides to build a luxurious sports arena to win over Springfield basketball fans, renaming the Celtics the Springfield Excitement.

Meanwhile, Jimbo, Dolph, and Kearney dare Bart to prank the second-graders by hitting a beehive with his slingshot. Lisa discovers, however, the bees in the hive are dead. Groundskeeper Willie explains the bees are dying all over Springfield by loss of habitat, thus contracting a fatal disease. Lisa seeks help from a reluctant Homer, informing him that there will be no more honey without the bees to produce it, and Professor Frink has an uninfected queen bee sting Lisa, releasing pheromones which attract many uninfected bees, which form a bee beard.

After trying to keep the bees in the Simpson home, Lisa and Marge find an abandoned greenhouse for the bees to live in. However, the site of the greenhouse is exactly where Burns plans to construct his new arena. Lisa attempts to convince the town to save the bee population, but despite her logical protest that they always get into trouble when they ignore her advice, she fails when Burns informs everyone about the amazing features of his arena.

Homer and Moe attempt to help save the bees by mating a queen bee from Lisa's hive with Moe's Africanized bees to create a hybrid bee species strong enough to survive anywhere. Six weeks later, on the night of the grand opening of Burns' sports arena, Homer takes Lisa to the top of a hill and shows her the hive containing the hybrid bees. When Homer accidentally releases them, the bees attack Burns' new arena, which resembles a beehive. In the end, the arena is legally declared a bee sanctuary, enabling the bees to survive. At the next billionaires' retreat one year later, Burns reveals how much the bees cost him. After it is discovered that he is four million dollars short of a billion, he is kicked out of the retreat and into the millionaires' camp. Much to his horror, these millionaires got rich thanks to their low-class businesses, such as a minor-league hockey team.

Production
The episode was written by Stephanie Gillis and directed by Mark Kirkland. Billionaires Mark Cuban and Jeff Bezos and sportscaster Marv Albert guest star as themselves. The episode marks a second use of the Christmas-themed opening, first seen in "Kill Gil, Volumes I & II".

Cultural references
The episode's title is a reference to the expression "The birds and the bees", used by parents when explaining a sexual relationship to a child.

Lisa's subplot refers to the worldwide disappearance of bees known as Colony Collapse Disorder. In a scene where Homer imagines a future without honey, a small green robot resembling WALL-E from the 2008 film WALL-E, gives him a bottle of honey and then turns Homer into a cube. The bee tombstone that set Jerry Seinfeld a reference to the 2007 film Bee Movie where Seinfeld played as the voice of Barry. The Billionaires' Retreat is the parody of the Bohemian Club.

In the opening sequence, Mr. Burns appears to be Ebenezer Scrooge with Smithers as Jacob Marley from A Christmas Carol. The statue of Mr. Burns outside his new basketball arena is based on the Nike, Inc. "Jumpman" logo featuring Michael Jordan. Just before Burns is thrown out of the Billionaires' retreat, he asks Mark Cuban if he can let him "off the hook, for old times' sake" and Cuban refuses, referring to the scene in the 1972 film, The Godfather, in which Salvatore Tessio is led away to be executed after being revealed as a traitor. The Billionaires play Quidditch, as it is depicted in the Harry Potter film series, and use the paintings, Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci, Whistler's Mother by James Abbott McNeill Whistler and The Scream by Edvard Munch, as target practice.

The songs featured in the episode include "Hip Hop Hooray" by Naughty by Nature during Mr. Burns' attempt to be more like Mark Cuban, and "Sea of Love" as performed by The Honeydrippers, which Homer and Moe play to their bees. Scott Joplin's "Maple Leaf Rag" is also played in the episode.

Reception
In its original airing, the episode garnered 6.19 million viewers. The episode received mixed reviews from critics.

Robert Canning of IGN gave the episode 7/10 and said that with an episode like this "I just don't laugh as much as I would have liked".

Steve Heisler of The A.V. Club gave the episode a grade of B and said it was "okay", but "boring".

Erich Asperschlager of TV Verdict wrote: "Part of me knows that the only way to enjoy the modern incarnation of The Simpsons is to stop expecting its stories to make sense. [The episode is] not straightforward at all. It’s like sometime after the tenth season, The Simpsons writers started using Mad Libs to generate story ideas. In fact, I’ve got a sneaking suspicion the only reason this episode exists is because someone came up with the title 'The Burns and the Bees' and just had to make it work."

Harry Shearer received a nomination for a Primetime Emmy Award for Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice-Over Performance for his role as Mr. Burns, Smithers, Lenny and Dr. Hibbert in this episode, but lost to fellow Simpsons cast member Dan Castellaneta.

Stephanie Gillis was nominated for a Writers Guild of America Award in the Animation category in 2010 for writing the episode. The Simpsons was the only show to be nominated in the category, with the other nominated episodes being "Take My Life, Please", "Eeny Teeny Maya Moe", "Gone Maggie Gone" and "Wedding for Disaster". The winner, "Wedding for Disaster," was announced on February 20, 2010.

References

External links

The Simpsons (season 20) episodes
2008 American television episodes
Basketball animation


Bradashesh is a village and a former municipality in the Elbasan County, central Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Elbasan. The population at the 2011 census was 10,700. The municipal unit consists of the villages Bradashesh, Balez Lart, Balez Poshte, Kusarth, Kozan, Karakullak, Letan, Rrile, Shtemaj, Ulem, Katund i Ri, Fikas, Petresh, Shemhill, Shingjon, Recan and Gurabardhë.

In the Antiquity, the Via Egnatia was crossing the area and a Roman settlement named Ad Quintum was located at the place of present Bradashesh. The city was probably founded in the period from the late second to early third century AD, and was populated until the 4th century. Today it is a well-preserved archaeological site with remarkable ruins of a Roman villa and a very fine example of a Roman bathhouse.

References

Former municipalities in Elbasan County
Administrative units of Elbasan
Villages in Elbasan County


WMAN-FM (98.3 MHz) is a radio station broadcasting a news/talk format as a simulcast of WMAN (1400 AM). Licensed to Fredericktown, Ohio, WMAN-FM serves the Ashland/Mansfield/Mount Vernon Mid-Ohio area.  The station is currently owned by iHeartMedia, Inc. and features programing from Fox News Radio, Compass Media Networks, and Premiere Networks.

WMAN-FM (then WWMM)'s simulcast of WMAN was originally a trimulcast with WMAN-FM (now WSWR) which ended on Thursday, May 3, 2012 at noon.

Prior to December 2011, the station was WXXR, which, along with Shelby-licensed WSWR (100.1 FM), programmed a classic hits format branded as "My 100.1/98.3." WSWR also featured an oldies format as "Crusin' 100." The WMAN simulcast began on December 26, 2011. The first local program on the new FM signal was aired on December 26 "Rusty Cates & the WMAN Morning News".  The first live high school sports broadcast on the FM signal was aired on Thursday December 29, a girls basketball game played between Clear Fork and Lexington with Josh Bowman on play by play and Rick Durkin as the color commentator.

On May 3, 2012 WMAN-FM 100.1 has split from its simulcast reverted to its previous classic hits format as "My 100.1," with the WSWR calls. WWMM subsequently took the WMAN-FM call letters.

History
WMAN-FM began as WWMZ granted to Fredericktown Ohio under the ownership of Kokosing Communications. In 1986, the call letters were changed to WJMR before signing on as an Adult Contemporary formatted radio station. Kokosing would later sell WJMR to Bohmar Communications in 1992 for $325,000. The station changed from Adult Contemporary to Country under the new ownership and would adopt the call letters WWBK using the K-Country moniker.

In February 1998, the station was sold to Dean Stampfli and his Ashland/Knox Broadcasting for $125,000. The company also owned WFXN-FM/Galion, WQIO-FM/Mt. Vernon, WMVO-AM/Mt. Vernon, WNCO-FM/Ashland, WNCO-AM/Ashland, WXXF-FM/Loudonville. Ashland/Knox Broadcasting would later become Ohio Radio and keep the K-Country brand in place until the sale to Clear Channel Communications for $32 Million where 98.3 WWBK Mount Vernon/Mansfield and WBZW Ashland/Wooster would become KISS-FM Mid Ohio changing to a Top 40 Format.

References

External links

MAN-FM
News and talk radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1987
IHeartMedia radio stations


Reza Samani (born 1977) is an Iranian musician.

Biography
Samani was born in Chahar Mahal, Bakhtiari, Iran.

Samani immigrated to Germany in 1999.

He has been a member of the Ensemble Samani since 1999 and Ensemble Zarbang since 2001.

Discography
Call to Love. Hermes Records, 2008.
Naghme-ye khabgard. Kârgâh-e Musiqi, 2006.
Persian and Middle Eastern Percussion.  ARC-Music,  2005
Rengineh. 2003.
Daf Duo: Samani. 2001.

References

1977 births
Living people
21st-century Iranian musicians
Date of birth missing (living people)


Football at the 1990 Asian Games was held in Beijing, China from 23 September to 6 October 1990.

Medalists

Medal table

Draw

Men
The teams were seeded based on their final ranking at the 1986 Asian Games.

Group A

Group B

Group C

Group D

The OCA expelled Iraq from the Games, India, Qatar and Indonesia withdrew. The revised draw took place few days before the competition.

Group A

Group B

Group C

Group D

Women

Group A

Group B

Thailand and the Philippines withdrew, the remaining teams played in a round robin competition.

Squads

Final standing

Men

Women

References

External links
 RSSSF

1990 Asian Games events
1990
Asia Games
1990 Asian Games


Samir Al Wahaj (born September 1, 1979) is a Libyan footballer, currently playing for Ahly Benghazi in the Libyan Premier League

Career

Samir is somewhat of a journeyman striker. He started his career at Ghawt Al Sha'al, before moving to Al Madina, where he won the Libyan Premier League in 2001.

He then moved to Wefaq Sabratha, where he spent just over a year before he transferred to Al Urouba in July 2004.

He won the Libyan Second Division with the club - season 2004-05 - and moved back to Tripoli to play for Al Wahda. He top scored in the Libyan Premier League for the 2005-06 season when he scored 18 goals.

After interest from other clubs, he then moved to Akhdar prior to the 2006-07 season. In January 2007, he moved to Al Olympic after few chances in the Al Akhdar first team.

He was loaned out to Al Urouba for the 2007-08 season, and was loaned out to Al Tersana for the 2008-09 season. He claimed the Libyan Golden Boot, scoring 19 goals, as well as firing two goals in the 2009 Libyan Cup Final.

Ahly Benghazi signed him upon his return to Akhdar.

He has also played for Al Dhahra.

References

1979 births
Living people
Libyan men's footballers
Al-Madina SC players
Al-Ahly SC (Benghazi) players
Men's association football forwards
Olympic Azzaweya SC players
Libyan Premier League players


The Baden Class I e  locomotives with the Grand Duchy of Baden State Railways were twin-axled tank engines that were built by the Maschinenbaugesellschaft Karlsruhe for duties on branch lines.

Of the total of 30 engines, 25 were taken over by the Deutsche Reichsbahn and, together with the Baden I b grouped into DRG Class 88.75 in the DRG renumbering plan for steam locomotives.

See also
Grand Duchy of Baden State Railway
List of Baden locomotives and railbuses

References

0-4-0T locomotives
01 e
Railway locomotives introduced in 1887
B n2t locomotives
Maschinenbau-Gesellschaft Karlsruhe locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of Germany

Freight locomotives


The European balance of power is a tenet in international relations that no single power should be allowed to achieve hegemony over a substantial part of Europe. During much of the Modern Age, the balance was achieved by having a small number of ever-changing alliances contending for power, which culminated in the World Wars of the early 20th century. By 1945, European-led global dominance and rivalry had ended and the doctrine of European balance of power was replaced by a worldwide balance of power involving the United States and the Soviet Union as the modern superpowers.

History

Antiquity to Crusades
The emergence of city-states (poleis) in ancient Greece marks the beginning of classical antiquity. The two most important Greek cities, the Ionian-democratic Athens and the Dorian-aristocratic Sparta, led the successful defense of Greece against the invading Persians from the east, but then clashed against each other for supremacy in the Peloponnesian War. The Kingdom of Macedon took advantage of the following instability and established a single rule over Greece. Desire to form a universal monarchy brought Alexander the Great to annex the entire Persian Empire and begin a hellenization of the Macedonian possessions. At his death in 323 BC, his reign was divided between his successors and several hellenistic kingdoms were formed. The historical Etruscans had achieved a state system of society, with remnants of the chiefdom and tribal forms. Rome was in a sense the first Italic state, but it began as an Etruscan one. It is believed that the Etruscan government style changed from total monarchy to oligarchic republic (as the Roman Republic) in the 6th century BC.

Rome expanded into the whole of Italy around the same period and then rose to prominence in the western and eastern Mediterranean through the Punic and Macedonian wars, but was then shaken by a century-long political crisis. Meanwhile, the popularity and wealth of Roman generals increased:  notably Julius Caesar acquired fame for projecting military power north of the Alps into Gaul, east of the Rhine into Germania and across the English channel into Britain. A group of senators afraid of Caesar's title of dictator for life assassinated him the Ides of March of 44 BC. The adoptive son of Caesar, Octavian Augustus, defeated the killers of his father and became the first Roman Emperor (Princeps) in 27 BC.

The Roman Empire peaked during the Pax Romana, stagnated during the crisis of the third century AD and ultimately split between the Latin West and the Greek East. Both parts of the Empire abandoned pagan polytheism in order to tolerate monotheistic Christianity and finally make it the state religion. The West collapsed around 476, following centuries of attacks by Germanic and Slavic peoples and several "barbarian" kingdoms were established on its former territory. The East continued to be ruled by the Byzantine Empire for an additional thousand years.

Among the successor kingdoms in the West, that of the Franks was the largest, and under Charlemagne managed to unite most of present-day France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, the Low Countries and Italy under one rule: he was subsequently crowned Holy Roman Emperor the day of Christmas in 800 by Pope Leo III. Meanwhile, the Iberian peninsula fell under Muslim control. The beginning of the Reconquista of Christian forces is traditionally dated to the Battle of Covadonga (718 or 722), in which an Asturian army achieved the first Christian victory over the forces of the Umayyad Caliphate since the beginning of the military invasion. Its culmination came in 1492 with the fall of the Nasrid kingdom of Granada to the united Spanish Crown of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile. The Germanic Emperor (Holy Roman Emperor) and the Roman Pontiff (Pope in Rome) came to be known as the universal powers of Europe, but then entered in conflict during the investiture controversy and the clash between their factions. Their rivalry made possible the birth of autonomous city-states in northern Italy and the rise of an independent feudal monarchy in France under the House of Capet. Around the same period, the Norse was taking place with the Norman conquest of England happening in 1066 and that of Sicily in 1130. With the holy land lost to Islam and the Byzantine Empire seeking help from Turks, the Pope initiated the crusades against Muslims in an attempt to restore Christian unity following the Eastern Schism of the Orthodox from the Catholics.

Most of the crusades did not achieve their objective, but some of them had a massive impact on the political and economic landscape of Europe: the first crusade (1099) re-opened the trade routes in the Mediterranean and ushered the commercial revolution; the fourth crusade (1204) resulted in the formation of the Venetian maritime empire; and the sixth crusade (1228) temporarily made Frederick II, heir of both the Kingdom of Sicily and the Holy Roman Empire, also King of Jerusalem. At the same time, was taking place in the Iberian peninsula and the kingdoms of Portugal, Castile and Aragon were formed. A vast part of the French nobility took part in the crusades under the leadership of their king: this made possible the formation of a strong centralized French monarchy. The rise of medieval France began with the Battle of Bouvines (1224) and the Avignon Papacy (1309) but ended with the outbreak of the Hundred Years' War (1337) with England and the return of the papacy to Rome (1378). After Europe recovered from the Black Death, the goldsmith Johannes Gutenberg invented the movable-type printing press, which started the Printing Revolution. A Renaissance in art and science began in Italy and spread to the rest of the continent.

Crusades to Pyrenees

Portugal formed the first European colonial empire in 1415 with the conquest of Ceuta. In 1453, the French expelled the English from their land and the Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople, initiating the dominance of the Ottoman Empire in Europe. At the end of the 15th century, following the marriage of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon Spain was dynastically unified and Reconquista concluded successfully. Portugal and Spain, followed by France and England, ushered the Age of Discovery. During the early 16th century, France and the Habsburg Spain clashed during the Italian Wars. In 1519, Charles V of Habsburg, already Duke of Burgundy, King of Spain, and Archduke of Austria, became Holy Roman Emperor. After the defeat in the Battle of Pavia, Francis I of France allied with the Muslim Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. After the annexation of the Aztec Empire and conquest of the Incas, the gold and silver coming from the Americas to finance the defence of his German territories in Austria from the Ottoman Empire (Siege of Vienna) and of his Italian territories in the Duchy of Milan from France (Battle of Pavia). Governments of the non Spanish or Portuguse states sanctioned Privateers to raid Spanish or Portuguse ships full of gold and silver being sent from overseas. Piracy in the Caribbean by privateers was one way to gain an advantage over rivals. The captains of these ships were given letters of marque by their governments, intended to validate all actions against the enemy. Ultimately, Charles V conceded the Peace of Augsburg and abandoned his multi-national project with a series of abdications in 1556 that divided his hereditary and imperial domains between the Spanish Habsburgs, headed by his son Philip II of Spain, and the Austrian Habsburgs, headed by his brother Ferdinand. Ferdinand had been Archduke of Austria in Charles's name since 1521 and the designated successor as emperor since 1531.

The papacy launched the Catholic revival in an attempt to halt the growth of Protestantism and Ottoman expansion. Despite some successes, such as the Battle of Lepanto (1571) and the Siege of Paris (1590), the Anglo-Spanish War and the Long Turkish War questioned the Catholic ambitions. Ultimately, the papacy lost its status and influence with the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) where the catholic french empire allied with the protestant nations to defeat the Habsburg alliance. The Thirty Years War was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history. Fought primarily in Central Europe, an estimated 4.5 to 8 million soldiers and civilians died as a result of battle, famine, and disease, while some areas of what is now modern Germany experienced population declines of over 50%. Related conflicts include the Eighty Years' War, the War of the Mantuan Succession, the Franco-Spanish War, the Dutch-Portuguese War and the Portuguese Restoration War. Many Protestant states also experienced a golden age: the newly independent Netherlands formed the Dutch East India Company in Indonesia; Sweden formed an empire in northern Europe; and England began the colonization of North America. By the Treaty of Westphalia at the end of the Thirty Years' War, the Holy Roman Empire became a more decentralized entity in which constituent states, such as Prussia (which also had lands outside the Empire), were allowed to pursue their own foreign policy independent of that of the Austrian Habsburg Emperor. The Austrian Habsburgs also controlled some states outside of the Holy Roman Empire. It was France under Louis XIV who took the status of dominant continental power from the Habsburgs thanks to the Treaty of Westphalia and the Treaty of the Pyrenees.

Stately quadrille
In the 16th and 17th centuries, English and Dutch foreign policy strove to prevent a creation of a single universal monarchy in Europe, which many believed France or Spain might attempt to create. To maintain the balance of power, the English and Dutch made alliances with other states—including Portugal and the Holy Roman Empire—to counter the perceived threat. These Grand Alliances reached their height in the wars against Louis XIV and Louis XV of France. They often involved the English (later the British) and Dutch paying large subsidies to European allies to finance large armies.

In the 18th century, this led to the stately quadrille, with the major European powers of that century—Austria, Prussia, Great Britain, and France—changing alliances multiple times to prevent the hegemony of one nation or alliance. A number of wars stemmed, at least in part, from the desire to maintain the balance of power, including the War of the Spanish Succession, War of the Austrian Succession, the Seven Years' War, the War of the Bavarian Succession and the Napoleonic Wars. Following Britain's success in the Seven Years' War during which it was allied with Prussia, many of the other powers began to see Great Britain as a greater threat than France. Several states, most particularly France, entered the American War of Independence in the hope of overturning Britain's growing strength by securing the independence of the Thirteen colonies of British America.

19th century

After the end of the Napoleonic Wars, during which France directly or indirectly controlled much of Europe except for Russia, and the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved, the Concert of Europe tried to maintain the balance of power. The territorial boundaries agreed to by the victorious Great Powers (Prussia, Austria, Russia and Great Britain) at the Congress of Vienna in 1815 were maintained, and even more important there was an acceptance of the theme of balance with no major aggression. Otherwise the Congress system says historian Roy Bridge, "failed" by 1823. In 1818, the British decided not to become involved in continental issues that did not directly affect them. They rejected the plan of Tsar Alexander I to suppress future revolutions. The Concert system fell apart as the common goals of the Great Powers were replaced by growing political and economic rivalries. Artz says the Congress of Verona in 1822 "marked the end." There was no Congress called to restore the old system during the great revolutionary upheavals of 1848 with their demands for revision of the Congress of Vienna's frontiers along national lines.

Britain, with its naval, maritime, commercial and financial dominance, was committed to the European balance of power after 1815. Between 1830s and 1850, Britain and France were the strongest powers in Europe, but by the 1850s they had become deeply concerned by the growing power of Russia, which had expanded westward towards Central Europe, and Prussia, which was increasingly assuming greater control and influence over the German lands, aside from Austria. The Crimean War of 1854–55 and the Italian War of 1859 shattered the relations among the Great Powers in Europe.

The creation in 1871 and rise of the Prussian-led German Empire (excluding Austria) as a dominant nation (Prussia had quickly defeated both Austria and France in wars) restructured the European balance of power. For the next twenty years, Otto von Bismarck managed to maintain the balance of power, by proposing treaties and creating many complex alliances between the European nations such as the Triple Alliance.

World Wars

After 1890, the German Emperor Kaiser Wilhelm II set out on his imperialist course of Weltpolitik ("world politics") to increase the empire's influence in and control over the world. Newly created alliances were proven to be fragile, something that triggered the First World War in 1914 with Germany and Austria-Hungary on one-side against Great Britain, France, Italy and Russia (until 1917) on the other. One of the objectives of the Treaty of Versailles, the main post-World War I treaty, was to abolish the dominance of the 'Balance of Power' concept and replace it with the (global) League of Nations and to form countries based mostly on ethnicity (although the diminished Austria containing only its German-speaking lands and the majority-German areas of the Czech lands were not permitted to join Germany).

This idea floundered as Europe split into three principal factions in the 1920s and 1930s: liberal democratic states led by the UK and France, communist states led by the Soviet Union, and authoritarian nationalists led by Germany and Italy. The failure of the democratic states to prevent the advance of Nazi Germany ultimately led to the Second World War, which led to a temporary alliance between the UK and the Soviets. The UK did not condemn the Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939, but declared war on Germany. Later, they sided with the Soviet Union against Germany after the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union.

Post-World War II: Cold War period
During the post-Second World War era, the Allies split into two blocs, a balance of power emerged among the Eastern Bloc (affiliated with the Soviet Union and the Socialist nations of Central and Eastern Europe, Central Asia, and the Caucasus), the Western Bloc (affiliated with the Western democracies, particularly France, the United States, and the United Kingdom), and neutral or non-aligned countries (including Ireland, Sweden, Switzerland, Austria, and Yugoslavia) with Germany divided between the Western Block (northwest and southern portions of former country) and the Eastern Bloc (northeast portion, including most of Prussia's former lands) until 1989. The majority of the European democratic nations, together with Canada and the United States, came together under the military alliance of NATO, which continues to this day and has expanded to other countries in Europe. The first NATO Secretary General, the British Lord Ismay, famously stated the organization's initial goal was "to keep the Russians out, the Americans in, and the Germans down."

Post-Cold War era

From the late 20th century onward, the successor state of the Soviet Union — the Russian Federation, being a potential superpower, has been a major great power, as well as a regional power in world politics, making it the primary geopolitical force in Europe. However, the three most powerful members of the European Union — France, Italy and Germany — as well as the United Kingdom are referred to as the Big Four of Western Europe. They are major European powers and the only EU countries individually represented as full members of the G7, the G8, and the G20. The NATO Quint is made up by the United States and the Big Four.

The term G4 is especially (although not only) used to describe meeting of the four nations at the leaders' level. In addition, the term EU three (or G-3) was used to describe the grouping of foreign ministers from France, the United Kingdom, (at the time is still a European Union member state) and Germany (now re-unified) during the Iran nuclear talks. On the other hand, the grouping of interior ministers that includes Spain and Poland is known as the G6. Germany (which has the largest economy in Europe) is often regarded as the EU's economic leader, such as with the ongoing European sovereign debt crisis, whilst France and the United Kingdom (both permanent members of the UNSC) often lead in defence and foreign policy matters, such as the intervention in Libya in 2011. This, to an extent, represents a balancing of leadership power for the Western sphere of the continent. How this balance will change after the Brexit vote in 2016 and the UK's exit from the European Union in 2020 is still an open matter.

However, there continues to be a wider, strategic balance of Western and (now) Russian power, albeit with the boundary between the two pushed further east since the collapse of the Soviet Union, with many former Communist countries in Central Europe having since joined the EU and NATO.

See also
 Balance of power (international relations)
 Concert of Europe
 Great power
 International relations (1814–1919)
 Precedence among European monarchies
 Treaty of Versailles

References

Bibliography
 Albrecht-Carrié, René. A Diplomatic History of Europe Since the Congress of Vienna (1958), 736pp; basic survey
 Bartlett, C. J.  Peace, War and the European Powers, 1814–1914 (1996) brief overview 216pp
 Clark, Christopher. Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia 1600–1947. Penguin Books, 2007

 Kennedy, Paul. The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers Economic Change and Military Conflict From 1500–2000 (1987), stress on economic and military factors
 Kissinger, Henry. Diplomacy (1995), 940pp; not a memoir but an interpretive history of international diplomacy since the late 18th century
 Langer, William. An Encyclopedia of World History (5th ed. 1973); highly detailed outline of events

 Simms, Brendan. Three Victories and a Defeat. Penguin Books, 2008.
 Strachan, Hew. The First World War. Simon & Schuster, 2006

International relations
Balance of power
Political realism
International security
History of international relations


or  () is a river in Troms og Finnmark county, Norway. The  long river is located in the municipalities of Bardu and Målselv. The river flows from the lake Altevatnet northwest to the town of Setermoen, then north to the municipal border with Målselv (with the river forming part of the border) before finally emptying into the river Målselva, just outside the village of Bardufoss and the Bardufoss Airport.

Barduelva is the largest source of hydroelectricity in all of Troms county. There are three power plants on the river: Innset, Straumsmo, and Bardufoss. Combined, they generate  of power annually.

References

Rivers of Troms og Finnmark
Bardu
Målselv
Rivers of Norway


Gjergjan is a village and a former municipality in the Elbasan County, central Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Elbasan. The population at the 2011 census was 5,126. The municipal unit consists of the villages Bujares, Gjonme, Gjergjan, Keshtjelle, Koder Bujares, Muriqan and Thane. The name of the village comes from the Albanian name Gjergj, therefore a Gjergj founded this village. Gjergj is the Albanian name for George.

References

Former municipalities in Elbasan County
Administrative units of Elbasan
Villages in Elbasan County


Thomas Lovatt "Tink" Turner (February 20, 1890 – February 25, 1962) was a Major League Baseball pitcher. He started one game for the Philadelphia Athletics in September . In that game, Turner lasted just two innings, giving up 6 runs on five hits while taking the loss against the Chicago White Sox. After his playing career ended, Turner worked for the Athletics as a scout.

See also
 List of St. Louis Cardinals coaches

Sources

Major League Baseball pitchers
Philadelphia Athletics players
St. Louis Cardinals coaches
Raleigh Red Birds players
York White Roses players
Henderson Hens players
Chattanooga Lookouts players
Toledo Mud Hens players
Newark Indians players
Baseball players from Pennsylvania
1890 births
1962 deaths


or  is a lake in Målselv Municipality in Troms og Finnmark county, Norway. It is part of the Rostaelva river system which empties into the great Målselva river. It is located about  east of the village of Skjold.

See also
List of lakes in Norway

References

Målselv
Lakes of Troms og Finnmark