Emily Mary Osborn (1828–1925), or Osborne, was an English painter of the Victorian era. She is known for her pictures of children and her genre paintings, especially on themes of women in distress.

Biography
Emily Osborn was born in Kentish Town in London, on 11 February 1828, the eldest of nine children of the Rev. Edward Osborn (1792–1859) and his wife Mary (née Bolland, 1806–1868). Osborn took up the curacy of West Tilbury under its rector Edward Linzee during the spring of 1834, when Emily was about five.  The family occupied the parsonage at the top of Gun Hill, which is pictured in a lithograph of 1845 by D. Walton. Osborn lived for some eight years at the parsonage, though she afterwards recalled that her "early surroundings ... were not such as to develope artistic proclivities, there being but little natural beauty in the country around West Tilbury ...". There, her mother encouraged her "and watched with pride the clever portraits Emily drew of her brothers and sisters".  The parent herself possessed a great love of painting and had, on her own account, "wished in vain to study Art professionally".  The same article speaks of experimentation at this period, how the teenage girl, not always being able to obtain the paints she desired "devised a plan of making an extra supply of colours from flowers, by putting the petals into bottles with a little spirits of wine".

Her father's final entry in the parish registers of St. James', was on 2 November 1842, after which the family removed to London – "to the great delight of his eldest girl, who rightly considered there was now some chance of realising the hopes she entertained of one day becoming an artist". Thereafter she attended evening classes at the Dickenson academy in Maddox Street, where she was taught by John Mogford. After a period of three months, her father wanted her to stop lessons, presumably for financial reasons, but one of the masters, J.M. Leigh offered to teach her privately with another student. And so, she then studied privately under J.M. Leigh from Maddox Street, and later at his academy in Newman Street for a year. In 1851, at the age of seventeen, Osborn began showing her work in the annual Royal Academy exhibition, and continued to do so over a span of four decades until 1893.

In 1868, Osborn lost her mother "and for two years did no work of importance", then for six months she and her sister devoted themselves to nursing the sick and wounded in the Franco-Prussian War. "Then came her visits to Venice and Algeria, made familiar (to gallery-goers) by her pictures in the Grosvenor and elsewhere".  At home, she also toured and painted among the Norfolk Broads.

Osborn never married and died aged 97 on 14 April 1925 in the home she had shared for many years with Mary Elizabeth Dunn, 10A Cunningham Place, St John's Wood, London.

Work and reception
Osborn first exhibited work at the Royal Academy in 1851 with two paintings: The Letter (a genre painting) and a portrait of Benjamin Goode. Over the next three years she sent four poetical and literary paintings to exhibitions. Three of the paintings were illustrations based on works by Tennyson, Byron, and Collins while one painting was a mood painting titled Evening. In 1855, Osborn was paid 200 guineas for painting a group of life-sized portraits for a Mrs. Sturgis and her children and she also gained acclaim in the same year when her work My Cottage Door was purchased by the Queen. This acclaim and money allowed her to acquire a studio in 1856 and the following year in 1857, she displayed her most famous and acclaimed work, Nameless and Friendless, at the Royal Academy. From 1860 to 1870 Osborn enjoyed great success and critical acclaim. She started the decade off by having another one of her works, The Governess bought by the Queen and The Escape of Lord Nithisdale from the Tower, 1716 brought her more critical praise.

In 1861, Osborn traveled to Munich to study and all four of her exhibits at the Royal Academy in 1862 were German themed. Later, in 1862, Tough and Tender was awarded a medal by the Society of Arts. Osborn won another award for her work Half the World Knows Not How the Other Half Lives, which was displayed at the Crystal Palace in 1864. The piece was awarded 60 guineas for being the "Best Historical or Figure Subject in Oil by a British Artist."

Between 1868 and 1870, Osborn is believed to have returned to Germany and in 1870 she sent Lost to the Royal Academy from Munich to be displayed. This was one of her last critically acclaimed works as Osborn fell out of popularity and critical factor in the 1870s. In 1873 she exhibited her first flower piece and through the 1870s she divided her time between her studio in London and her studio in Glasgow.

While Osborn continued to exhibit works at many galleries in the 1880s, none were as well received as her earlier works. In 1884 she made her first portrait in years of Mme Bodichon. Osborn exhibited   her work at the Palace of Fine Arts and The Woman's Building at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois. From the late 1880s to 1908, her works mainly consisted of landscapes.

Themes
Like other female artists of her time, she focused on literary works for inspiration as it was common for literary paintings to be vehicles female artists used to display their skill and obtain other work such as portraits and landscapes. However, distinguishing her from other female artists who created literary paintings, Osborn's typically were more complex and featured multiple figures to display her ability. For a period of time, her works also focused on the contrast between youth and age, like in Tough and Tender (1862) and Sunday Morning, Betzingen, Wurtemburg (1863). However, her work that got the most acclaim was her work that seemed to have a moralizing aspect. Osborn specialized in emotive scenes and often her subjects were young women and children. Her work was seen to have a moral or educational aspect and had a sense of truth and representation of the real world and subjects they depicted. For example, The Governess (1860), For the Last Time (1864), and Half The World Knows Not How the Other Half Lives (1864) were all three seen as conveying valuable moral lessons.

There was also a body of literature and painting focused on middle-class women who had to earn money. These works were often inspired by the middle-class women who wrote and painted these subjects and Osborn's Nameless and Friendless (1857) also plays upon this theme.

Nameless and Friendless

Osborn's most famous work is Nameless and Friendless (1857), which has been called "The most ingenious of all Victorian widow pictures." It depicts a recently bereaved woman attempting to make a living as an artist by offering a picture to a dealer, while two "swells" at the left ogle her. The creation of this piece was a product of its time. In the 1850s there was an influx of middle-class women into the urban environment of London. Women began more freely to occupy the streets and travel the city. They would walk the streets, take public transportation, etc. This opened up opportunities for women but also introduced new social dynamics and there were many debates about this new dynamic and way of urban life. Nameless and Friendless is one of the few publicly exhibited paintings by a woman to address these new urban dynamics during the 1850s. In Going Places: Women Artists in Central London in the Mid-Nineteenth Century, Deborah Cherry says that Nameless and Faceless is "concerned less with jostling crowds ... this is a painting about the ocular and corporeal encounters of the modern city and its sexual geographies of desire." Cherry notes how the picture plane is full of nuance in body language. The young lady is not active in the painting. The young woman is not only in the center of the picture plane, but also the center of attention of the other characters. The young woman is caught in the multiple gazes of the men around her. The setting appears to be the West End, where Cherry says "the legitimate and the obscene are on sale side-by-side." One of the seated male figures is holding a print with a scantily-clad dancer while the other man sitting next to him looks at the young woman in the center of the painting instead, indicating that the male gaze is sexual in nature and that in the urban landscape where women walk freely, they are still sexualized by the gazes of the men on the streets who can see them. Cherry says that "the gaze of the male customers – which possesses space and simultaneously captures image and body – signifies the hazards of sexual harassment for a respectable working woman in the highly charged and ambivalent spaces of modem London. And it returns us to the mutuality of bodies and space, ocularity and corporeality."

Gallery

References

External links

E M Osborn (Victorian Web)
A woman scorned – an essay on Osborn's painting, "The Governess" (TES Connect)
ArtNet: More works by Osborn.

1828 births
1925 deaths
19th-century English painters
19th-century English women artists
20th-century English painters
20th-century English women artists
Artists from London
English women painters
People from West Tilbury
Women of the Victorian era


Bachorza  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sokołów Podlaski, which is located within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

Geography
It lies approximately  east of Sokołów Podlaski and  east of Warsaw.

Landmarks
In Bachorza there was a neo-classical manor house, the Bachorza manor.

References

Villages in Sokołów County


Bartosz is a Polish given name and a surname derived from Bartłomiej, the Polish cognate of Bartholomew.

People with the given name
 Bartosz Arłukowicz, former Polish minister of health
 Bartosz Beda, Polish contemporary artist
 Bartosz Bednorz (born 1994), Polish volleyball player
 Bartosz Bereszyński (born 1992), Polish footballer
 Bartosz Białkowski (born 1987), Polish footballer
 Bartosz Bosacki (born 1975), Polish footballer
 Bartosz Brenes (born 1989), house DJ, producer, remixer and record label owner
 Bartosz Broniszewski (born 1988), German footballer
 Bartosz Chajdecki (born 1980), Polish composer
Bartosz Krzyżaniak-Gumowski (born 1977) founder, product director, product designer
 Bartosz Cichocki (born 1976), Polish political scientist, historian and ambassador to Ukraine
 Bartosz Domański (born 1980), Polish figure skater
 Bartosz Fabiniak (born 1982), Polish footballer
 Wojciech Bartosz Głowacki (1758–1794), Polish peasant and a member of the peasant volunteer infantry during the Kościuszko Uprising in 1794
 Bartosz Huzarski (born 1980), Polish road bicycle racer
 Bartosz Iwan (born 1984), Polish footballer
 Bartosz Jurecki (born 1979), Polish handball player
 Bartosz Kaniecki (born 1982), Polish footballer
 Bartosz Kapustka (born 1996), Polish footballer
 Bartosz Karwan (born 1976), Polish footballer
 Bartosz Kaśnikowski (born 1989), Polish footballer
 Bartosz Kizierowski (born 1977), Polish freestyle swimmer
 Bartosz Kopacz (born 1992), Polish footballer
 Bartosz Kurek (born 1988), Polish volleyball player
 Bartosz Lawa (born 1979), Polish footballer
 Bartosz Łeszyk (born 1980), Polish futsal player
 Bartosz Majewski (born 1987), Polish modern pentathlete
 Bartosz Nowicki (born 1984), Polish middle distance runner
 Bartosz Osewski (born 1991), Polish javelin thrower
 Bartosz Paluchowski (born 1989), Polish pair skater
 Bartosz Papka (born 1993), Polish footballer
 Bartosz Paprocki (1543–1614), Polish and Czech writer, historiographer, translator, poet, herald and pioneer in the Polish and Czech genealogy
 Bartosz Piasecki (born 1986), Norwegian fencer
 Bartosz Romańczuk (born 1983), Polish footballer
 Bartosz Rymaniak (born 1989), Polish footballer
 Bartosz Salamon (born 1991), Polish footballer
 Bartosz Slusarski (born 1981), Polish footballer
 Bartosz Soćko (born 1978), Polish chess Grandmaster
 Bartosz Szeliga (born 1993), Polish footballer
 Bartosz Szymoniak (born 1984), Polish singer
 Bartosz Tarachulski (born 1975), Polish footballer
 Bartosz Waglewski (born 1978), Polish rap artist
 Bartosz Wolski (born 1980), American sprint canoer
Bartosz Zmarzlik (born 1995), Polish motorcycle speedway rider
Bartosz Drabek (born 2004), Polish footballer

People with the surname
 Bogna Bartosz, Polish classical mezzo-soprano and alto.
 Jakub Bartosz (born 1996), Polish footballer
 Joanna Bartosz (born 1954), Polish gymnast

Fictional characters with the name
 Bartosz Tiedemann, in the German science-fiction series Dark

See also

 Bartek (disambiguation) (diminutive of Bartosz)
 Bartoszek (surname)

References

Polish masculine given names
Masculine given names


Bartosz  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sokołów Podlaski, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Sokołów Podlaski and  east of Warsaw.

References

Bartosz


Brzozów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sokołów Podlaski, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Sokołów Podlaski and  east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Sokołów County


Brzozów-Kolonia  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sokołów Podlaski, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Sokołów Podlaski and  east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Sokołów County


Budy Kupientyńskie  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sokołów Podlaski, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Sokołów Podlaski and  east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Sokołów County


Chmielew  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sokołów Podlaski, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Sokołów Podlaski and  east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Sokołów County


Czerwonka  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sokołów Podlaski, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Sokołów Podlaski and  east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Sokołów County


Dąbrowa  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sokołów Podlaski, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Sokołów Podlaski and  east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Sokołów County


Dolne Pole  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sokołów Podlaski, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Sokołów Podlaski and  east of Warsaw.

References

Dolne Pole


Dziegietnia  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sokołów Podlaski, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Sokołów Podlaski and  east of Warsaw.

References

Dziegietnia


Emilianów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sokołów Podlaski, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Sokołów Podlaski and  east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Sokołów County


Grochów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sokołów Podlaski, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Sokołów Podlaski and  east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Sokołów County


Justynów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sokołów Podlaski, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Sokołów Podlaski and  east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Sokołów County


Karlusin  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sokołów Podlaski, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Sokołów Podlaski and  east of Warsaw.

References

Karlusin


Karolew  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sokołów Podlaski, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Sokołów Podlaski and  east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Sokołów County


Kosierady Wielkie  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sokołów Podlaski, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Sokołów Podlaski and  east of Warsaw.

References

Kosierady Wielkie


Kostki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sokołów Podlaski, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Sokołów Podlaski and  east of Warsaw.

References

Kostki


Krasnodęby-Kasmy  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sokołów Podlaski, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Sokołów Podlaski and  east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Sokołów County


Krasnodęby-Rafały  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sokołów Podlaski, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Sokołów Podlaski and  east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Sokołów County


Krasnodęby-Sypytki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sokołów Podlaski, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Sokołów Podlaski and  east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Sokołów County


Krasów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sokołów Podlaski, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Sokołów Podlaski and  east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Sokołów County


Łubianki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sokołów Podlaski, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Sokołów Podlaski and  east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Sokołów County


Nowa Wieś  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sokołów Podlaski, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Sokołów Podlaski and  east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Sokołów County


Podkupientyn  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sokołów Podlaski, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Sokołów Podlaski and  east of Warsaw.

References

Podkupientyn


Podrogów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sokołów Podlaski, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Sokołów Podlaski and  east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Sokołów County


Pogorzel  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sokołów Podlaski, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Sokołów Podlaski and  east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Sokołów County


Przeździatka-Kolonia  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sokołów Podlaski, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Sokołów County


Przywózki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sokołów Podlaski, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Sokołów Podlaski and  east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Sokołów County


Skibniew-Kurcze  is a village situated in the administrative district of Gmina Sokołów Podlaski, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Sokołów Podlaski and  east of Warsaw.

References

Skibniew-Kurcze


Skibniew-Podawce  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sokołów Podlaski, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Sokołów Podlaski and  east of Warsaw.

References

Skibniew-Podawce


Walerów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sokołów Podlaski, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Sokołów Podlaski and  east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Sokołów County


Węże  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sokołów Podlaski, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Sokołów Podlaski and  east of Warsaw and Minsk.

References

Villages in Sokołów County


Wólka Miedzyńska  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sokołów Podlaski, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Sokołów Podlaski and  east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Sokołów County


Wyrąb  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sokołów Podlaski, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. From 1975–1998, it was part of the Siedlce Voivodeship. It lies approximately  northeast of Sokołów Podlaski and  east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Sokołów County


Ząbków  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sokołów Podlaski, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Sokołów Podlaski and  east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Sokołów County


Żanecin  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sokołów Podlaski, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Sokołów Podlaski and  east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Sokołów County


Kodaikanal Golf Club is a private membership club with an 18-hole, par 71 Golf course. It is located about  southwest from the center of Kodaikanal in Tamil Nadu, South India at an elevation of .

The club is on Golf links Road near the popular view point 'Suicide Point'  (Green Valley View) and  before the 'Pillar Rocks' viewpoint and flower garden.

This club is notable for its age and the wildlife frequently seen on the course. The club logo is two crossed golf clubs behind an indian tiger on a round yellow field, framed with "Kodaikanal Golf Club * Play the Game" imprinted in white on a dark green border.

History
The club was established on 17 June 1895 by twelve British golfers. They were also the architects of the course. In the early years, members were British and American civil servants  and missionaries. During the fifties it became a club tradition for the annual Captaincy to rotate between an Indian, an American and a Commonwealth citizen. This tradition continued until the late 70's, when the local expatriate population diminished. Originally there were only 9 holes and the putting surfaces were browns. In the early fifties the course was extended to 18 holes. In 1986 the putting surfaces were relaid with greens.
The clubhouse, named the Centenary Building, was renovated in 1995.

Facilities

The Kodaikanal Golf club is a private membership club with over 600 members.
The club has a range of facilities available for the recreation, entertainment and comfort of its guests. The main facility is the 18 hole golf course described below. There is a practice net for driving practice and a designated putting practice area.

Inside the clubhouse, for group activities there is a 12-seat conference room, a card games room, a billiards Room, a members lounge with fireplace, a BYOB bar and a dining hall. For members visiting from a distance, there is lodging available, including 2 super deluxe rooms, 2 deluxe rooms and 2 standard rooms.

Golf Course
Non-members are allowed to play the full 18 holes by becoming temporary members or by paying the required green fees. Non-members must have a handicap or take lessons before they play here. The course is closed 15 April to 15 June.

This 18 hole, par 71 course covers about . Total length of the course is  Some holes have interesting alternative names, depending on the challenges they offer to golfers. The 4th hole is also called the Devil's Dip, as the fairway from the tee-box to the green is a solid dip, which runs on as far as the eye can see. The 6th hole is named Tiger Hole because Tigers used to be sighted near it. The 12th hole is called the Cardiac Hole, due to the strenuousness of the walk. A "hard hitters" course, the 13th Twister green is not visible from the tee box. The 15th hole (New Long'un) which has the longest yardage of , needs two long shots to sight the green.

It takes about 3 hours to play the entire course.

Tournaments
In 2008  fifty-six tournaments were conducted daily between mid-April and early  June. Palani Hill Open, Veday Cup, Rudrappan Memorial Cup, Contessa Open and A V Thomas Tournament (introduced recently), are some of the major tournaments. The 2008 Addicts Golfing Society of Southern India 3 day Kodaikanal meet had 108 entries and 5 competitions. The first regional round of the 'TAKE Solutions World Corporate Golf Challenge' was played in Kodaikanal on 29 December 2010.

Notes

External links
 Kodaikanal Golf Club,  Video, 3:45

Golf clubs and courses in Tamil Nadu
Kodaikanal
Sports venues completed in 1895
Buildings and structures in Tamil Nadu
Sport in Tamil Nadu
1895 establishments in India


Białobrzegi  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sterdyń, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Sterdyń,  north-east of Sokołów Podlaski, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Sokołów County


Borki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sterdyń, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Sokołów County


Chądzyń  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sterdyń, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Sokołów Podlaski and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Sokołów County


Dąbrówka  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sterdyń, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Sokołów County


Dzięcioły Bliższe  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sterdyń, win Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in eastern Poland.

References

Villages in Sokołów County


Dzięcioły Dalsze  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sterdyń, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Sokołów Podlaski and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Sokołów County


Dzięcioły-Kolonia  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sterdyń, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in eastern Poland.

References

Villages in Sokołów County


Golanki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sterdyń, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Golanki


Grądy  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sterdyń, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Sterdyń,  north of Sokołów Podlaski, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Sokołów County


Granie  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sterdyń, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Granie


Kamieńczyk () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sterdyń, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Sokołów County


Kiełpiniec  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sterdyń, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Sterdyń,  north of Sokołów Podlaski, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Sokołów County


Kiezie  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sterdyń, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Kiezie


Kolonia Dzięcioły Dalsze  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sterdyń, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Sokołów County


Kolonia Kamieńczykowska  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sterdyń, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Sokołów County


Kolonia Kuczaby  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sterdyń, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Kolonia Kuczaby


Kolonia Paderewek  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sterdyń, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Kolonia Paderewek


Kolonia Stary Ratyniec  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sterdyń, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Kolonia Stary Ratyniec


Kuczaby  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sterdyń, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Sterdyń,  north of Sokołów Podlaski, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Kuczaby


Łazów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sterdyń, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Sokołów Podlaski and  east of Warsaw.

References

External links
 Jewish Community in Łazów on Virtual Shtetl

Villages in Sokołów County


Łazówek  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sterdyń, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in  Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Sokołów Podlaski and  east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Sokołów County


Lebiedzie  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sterdyń, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Sterdyń,  north of Sokołów Podlaski, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Lebiedzie


Lebiedzie-Kolonia  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sterdyń, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Sokołów Podlaski and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Lebiedzie-Kolonia


Matejki () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sterdyń, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Sterdyń,  north-east of Sokołów Podlaski, and  north-east of Warsaw.Population due to last census: 42 people.

References

Matejki


Nowe Mursy  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sterdyń, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Nowe Mursy


Nowy Ratyniec  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sterdyń, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Nowy Ratyniec


Paderew  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sterdyń, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Paderew


Paderewek  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sterdyń, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Paderewek


Paulinów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sterdyń, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

During WWII, several people in the village helped to hide Jews. The Germans used a Jewish agent to pose as an escapee looking for a hiding place with a Polish family, after receiving help the agent denounced the Polish family to the Germans, resulting in the deaths of 12 Poles and several Jews who were hiding with the family.

References

Villages in Sokołów County


Seroczyn  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sterdyń, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Sterdyń,  north of Sokołów Podlaski, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Sokołów County


Seroczyn-Kolonia  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sterdyń, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Seroczyn-Kolonia


Sewerynówka  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sterdyń, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.
The village was featured in the 3rd season of The Simpsons.

References

Villages in Sokołów County


Stare Mursy  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sterdyń, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Stare Mursy


Stary Ratyniec  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sterdyń, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Stary Ratyniec


Stelągi () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sterdyń, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Sokołów Podlaski and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Sokołów County


Stelągi-Kolonia  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sterdyń, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Sokołów Podlaski and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Sokołów County


Sterdyń  is a village in Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Sterdyń. It lies approximately  north of Sokołów Podlaski and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

External links
 Jewish Community in Sterdyń on Virtual Shtetl

Villages in Sokołów County


Szwejki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sterdyń, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Sterdyń,  north of Sokołów Podlaski, and  east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Sokołów County


Zaleś  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sterdyń, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Sokołów County


John J. Morrissey (December 30, 1856 – April 29, 1884) was an American Major League Baseball player from Janesville, Wisconsin, who played third base for the  Buffalo Bisons.  His Major League career lasted 12 games over the course of 13 days.  From May 2 to May 12, he batted 47 times, collected 10 hits for a .213 batting average.  In the field, he committed five errors for a .865 fielding percentage.  His brother Tom Morrissey also played Major League Baseball.

Morrissey died of consumption (tuberculosis) in his hometown of Janesville, and is interred at Mount Olivet Cemetery.

References

External links

1856 births
1884 deaths
Major League Baseball third basemen
Baseball players from Wisconsin
19th-century baseball players
Buffalo Bisons (NL) players
19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
Sportspeople from Janesville, Wisconsin
Janesville Mutual players
Binghamton Crickets (1870s) players
Manchester (minor league baseball) players
Albany (minor league baseball) players
Nationals of Washington players
Tuberculosis deaths in Wisconsin


Barak  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Szydłowiec, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Szydłowiec and  south of Warsaw.

References

Barak


Chustki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Szydłowiec, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Szydłowiec and  south of Warsaw.

References

Chustki


Ciechostowice  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Szydłowiec, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Szydłowiec and  south of Warsaw.

References

Ciechostowice


Długosz is a Polish surname. Notable people with the surname include:
 Jan Długosz (1415–1480), Polish bishop and chronicler
 Jan Długosz (1929–1962), Polish mountaineer
 Leszek Długosz (born 1941), Polish actor
 Louis F. Dlugosz (1915–2002), American sculptor
 Ryszard Długosz (born 1941), Polish wrestler
 Wiktor Długosz, Polish footballer

See also

 Długosz, Masovian Voivodeship, village in Poland

Polish-language surnames


Długosz  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Szydłowiec, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Szydłowiec and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County


Hucisko  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Szydłowiec, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Szydłowiec and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County


Jankowice  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Szydłowiec, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Szydłowiec and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County


Korzyce  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Szydłowiec, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Szydłowiec and  south of Warsaw.

References

Korzyce


Krzcięcin  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Szydłowiec, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Szydłowiec and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County


Łazy  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Szydłowiec, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Szydłowiec and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County


Pierre-André Lefaucheux (30 June 1898 – 11 February 1955) was a leading French industrialist and recipient of the Order of Liberation, awarded to heroes of France's Liberation during World War II.

As the first chairman of Renault during the critical years after World War II, Lefaucheux died in an automobile accident in 1955 at age 56 — while directing the development of the forthcoming Renault Dauphine.

Lefaucheux was the subject of the 2009 biography, Patron de Renault, Pierre Lefaucheux (1944-1955) by Cyrille Sardais.

Early years
Born at Triel-sur-Seine, and descended from the French inventor Casimir Lefaucheux, Lefaucheux was second of the four children of Pierre André Lefaucheux and Madeleine Dulac.

He volunteered for military service in September 1917, his record of military achievement in the First World War being crowned with his receipt of the Croix de Guerre.

Returning to civilian life, he enrolled at the École Centrale des Arts et Manufactures, obtaining his diploma in 1922.
Lefacheux began his working life with a brief spell at the North France Railway Company, before joining in 1925 the Compagnie générale de construction de fours (General Boiler Manufacturing Company) where he would build his career until 1939, and where he became a director.

In parallel, he began in 1929 a doctoral thesis which he would submit in 1935 on the subject of “The peseta and the Spanish economy”.

Resistance
War would again transform Lefaucheux's life. Called up in 1939, he was appointed Director for the Le Mans ammunition factory in January 1940.

His distinguished Resistance career was truncated when he was captured and imprisoned at Buchenwald.

Renault

After the nationalisation of the Renault automobile business Lefaucheux took charge of the company in 1945. Lefaucheux had no great passion for cars, and even after being appointed to the top job at Renault he continued, for some time, to travel to work using his preferred form of locomotion, a pedal cycle. Lefaucheux set a pattern whereby Renault, despite now being a nationalised industry, ferociously rejected management by politicians: in this he was naturally able to draw on the network of influential former resistance leaders and fighters, many now in positions of power within the Fourth Republic French state.  This was important at a time when France was ruled by a strongly dirigiste government, capable of implementing the Pons Plan which reflected government determination to structure the French auto-industry according to priorities identified by politicians and civil servants.

An important component of his leadership was the Renault 1955 Agreement with the French trade union Confédération Générale du Travail (CGT) that was developed under Lefaucheux and executed posthumously at Renault.  The trade union agreement stabilized industrial relations for 20 years, including the avoidance of strikes and lockouts, and the linking of wages to living costs and thereby to inflation.

Lefaucheux's stewardship saw Renault becoming France's leading automobile manufacturer, with Lefaucheux directing the development of the commercially successful Renault 4CV — and up until the time of his death, its successor, the Renault Dauphine.

Death
On Friday, 11 February 1955, Lefaucheux was scheduled to give a presentation to Catholic students in Strasbourg. Despite inclement icy weather, Lefaucheux, an avid motorist, decided at the last minute to travel by car — placing his suitcase not in the trunk, but on the rear seat of his Renault Frégate. Approaching Saint-Dizier from the West, on the Route Nationale 4 (N4), he encountered a detour, which at the last moment he tried to follow. The road surface was covered with black ice, the car spun, rolled over and landed on its side in a field.  Though the Frégate's passenger cell was largely intact, Lafaucheux's unsecured suitcase on the rear seat had struck him in the neck, killing him instantly. In his pocket, he carried a train ticket for the trip.

See: The Renault Frégate in which Lefaucheux died.
Site of the Memorial to Pierre Lefaucheux:

By the time of his death, Lefaucheux had overseen almost the entire development of the Renault Dauphine, which would be presented at the Geneva Motor Show in March 1956.  He was succeeded at Renault by the company's vice-president, Pierre Dreyfus.

A monument in Lefaucheux's memory was erected at the N4 near Saint-Dizier.
The Renault Flins factory was renamed in his honor, as well as boulevards in Paris (in the Boulogne-Billancourt area near the Renault Billancourt headquarters) and Le Mans. He is buried at Saint-Quentin-des-Prés, in the Oise Department, and is a street named in his honour remains integral to the area of Paris formerly occupied by the Renault  Boulogne-Billancourt works.

Marie-Hélène Lefaucheux

Lefaucheux had been arrested by the Gestapo during World War II and was rescued by Marie-Hélène Postel-Vinay, whom he subsequently married and by whom he was ultimately survived. Pierre Lefaucheux and Marie-Hélène Lefaucheux had no children, as she had suffered an accident in her youth that prevented her from having children.

Together, Pierre and Marie-Hélène Lefaucheux became prominent members of the Resistance.  Mrs. Lefaucheux later became a Member of the first Constituent Assembly (Aisne) of France, Counsel for the Republic elected by the National Assembly from 1946 to 1947,  member of the French delegation to the United Nations.  She was one of the fifteen founding members of the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women.

Her role in the Liberation of France was paraphrased in the 1966 film Is Paris Burning. Marie-Hélène Lefaucheux died in the 1964 New Orleans crash of Eastern Air Lines Flight 304.

References

External links
 Pierre Lefaucheux, compagnon de la Libération
 The entry incorporates text translated from the corresponding French Wikipedia entry as at 2008-10-24.

French automotive pioneers
French Resistance members
Companions of the Liberation
Renault people
1898 births
1955 deaths
Road incident deaths in France
People from Yvelines
French Army officers
French industrialists
Buchenwald concentration camp survivors


Majdów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Szydłowiec, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Szydłowiec and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County


Marywil  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Szydłowiec, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County


Mszadla  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Szydłowiec, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Mszadla


Omięcin  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Szydłowiec, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County


Rybianka  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Szydłowiec, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Szydłowiec and  south of Warsaw.

References

Rybianka


Sadek  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Szydłowiec, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Szydłowiec and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County


Świerczek () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Szydłowiec, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County


Świniów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Szydłowiec, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Szydłowiec and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County


Szydłówek  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Szydłowiec, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Szydłowiec and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County


Wilcza Wola  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Szydłowiec, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Szydłowiec and  south of Warsaw.

References

Wilcza Wola


Wola Korzeniowa  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Szydłowiec, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Szydłowiec and  south of Warsaw.

References

Wola Korzeniowa


Wysocko  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Szydłowiec, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Szydłowiec and  south of Warsaw.

References

Wysocko


Wysoka  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Szydłowiec, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Szydłowiec and  south of Warsaw.

References

Wysoka


Zastronie  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Szydłowiec, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Zastronie


Zdziechów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Szydłowiec, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Szydłowiec and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County


Aleksandrów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Chlewiska, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Chlewiska,  west of Szydłowiec, and  south of Warsaw.

In 2008, the village had a population of 170.

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County


Antoniów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Chlewiska, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Chlewiska,  west of Szydłowiec, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County


Borki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Chlewiska, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County


Broniów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Chlewiska, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Chlewiska,  north-west of Szydłowiec, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County


Budki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Chlewiska, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Chlewiska,  south-west of Szydłowiec, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County


Chlewiska  is a village in Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Chlewiska. It lies approximately  west of Szydłowiec and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County


Cukrówka  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Chlewiska, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Chlewiska,  north-west of Szydłowiec, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County


Huta  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Chlewiska, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Chlewiska,  west of Szydłowiec, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County


Koszorów  is a small village in the administrative district of Gmina Chlewiska, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Chlewiska,  north-west of Szydłowiec, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County


Krawara  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Chlewiska, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Chlewiska,  north of Szydłowiec, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Krawara


Leszczyny  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Chlewiska, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Chlewiska,  south-west of Szydłowiec, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County


Majdanki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Chlewiska, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Chlewiska,  south-west of Szydłowiec, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Majdanki


Nadolna  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Chlewiska, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Chlewiska,  west of Szydłowiec, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Nadolna


Ostałów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Chlewiska, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Chlewiska,  north of Szydłowiec, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County


Ostałówek  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Chlewiska, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Chlewiska,  north of Szydłowiec, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County


Pawłów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Chlewiska, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Chlewiska,  north of Szydłowiec, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County


Skłoby  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Chlewiska, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Chlewiska,  west of Szydłowiec, and  south of Warsaw.

History

Skłoby was a private village, administratively located in the Radom County in the Sandomierz Voivodeship in the Lesser Poland Province of the Kingdom of Poland. In the mid-15th century it was owned by the Chlewicki family.

In 1827, it had a population of 253, and in the late 19th century, it had a population of 594.

Following the joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland, which started World War II in September 1939, the town was occupied by Germany until 1945. The Polish resistance movement was active in the area. On April 11, 1940, a clash between the Germans and the Polish resistance took place at Skłoby. After the clash, German gendarmerie and Selbstschutz pacified the village. Men aged 15–60 were taken to the nearby forest and executed, while houses with old people, children and women were doused with gasoline and burned down.

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County
Massacres of Poles
Nazi war crimes in Poland


Stanisławów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Chlewiska, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County


Stefanków  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Chlewiska, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Chlewiska,  west of Szydłowiec, and  south of Warsaw.

History
Within the Polish Kingdom, the village was administratively located in the Sandomierz Voivodeship in the Lesser Poland Province of the Polish Crown.

In 1827, it had a population of 101.

During the German occupation of Poland (World War II), on March 29, 1940, the Germans murdered 69 Poles from Stefanków in a massacre committed in the Firlej district in the city of Radom (see Nazi crimes against the Polish nation).

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County


"Jambo Bwana" (in Swahili "Hello Sir") is a Kenyan pop song also popular in Tanzania. It was first released in 1982 by Kenyan band Them Mushrooms, and later covered by a number of other groups and artists, including Mombasa Roots, Safari Sound Band, Khadja Nin, Adam Solomon, Mani Kollengode, and the German group Boney M. Some versions come under different titles, such as "Jambo Jambo" and "Hakuna Matata".

"Jambo Bwana" has been largely adopted as a hotel pop song, targeting a tourist audience. Its lyrics includes several common phrases and greetings in Swahili, such as habari gani? nzuri sana ("how are you doing? very well") and hakuna matata ("no problem, no worries"). The original version by Them Mushrooms also included lines celebrating Swahili language, reggae music, Africa, and "mushroom soup" (a reference to psilocybin mushrooms).

Popularity
"Jambo Bwana" by Them Mushrooms was a huge commercial success, selling over 200,000 copies between 1982 and 1987 and getting platinum certification in Kenya. As a consequence of this popularity, many other bands covered the songs, in some cases with a similar success; the version by Safari Sound Band, in particular, is one of the most played songs in tourist venues in East Africa. The use of the Swahili phrase "hakuna matata" in Disney's "The Lion King" might be a reference to the chorus of the song.

Them Mushrooms released the song in several of their albums, and both their version and cover version of the songs are found in many compilation of African pop music, including those dedicated to parties and children (such as the African Playground CD published by Putumayo Kids).

The song was featured in the 2019 film Where’d You Go Bernadette, directed by Richard Linklater and starring Cate Blanchett.

Covers
Some of the covers of "Jambo Bwana" come under different titles and have modified lyrics. The Boney M. version, released in 1983, is entitled "Jambo - Hakuna Matata" and lyrics are in English and almost completely different; only the "jambo bwana" and "hakuna matata" lines have been preserved. The Safari Sound Band version "Jambo Jambo" has the central part of the lyrics changed, with references to reggae and mushrooms being replaced by other tourist-oriented common Swahili phrases such as Kenya ni nchi nzuri ("Kenya is a beautiful country"). In 2016, a cover was made  by Kenyan musician Mani Kollengode.

Partial list of "Jambo Bwana" versions

Boney M. version

In 1983, German group Boney M. released "Jambo - Hakuna Matata". Liz Mitchell provided the song's lead vocals, backed by Reggie Tsiboe, Frank Farian, Marcia Barrett, Cathy Bartney, Madeleine Davis, and Judy Cheeks. The single was intended to be included in the group's untitled seventh album, to be released in the fall of 1983, but didn't happen.

Several mixes of "Jambo" were made. The 4:06 mix (as featured in the accompanying music video) was only released in Spain and Portugal. A 3:39 edit was released elsewhere. The full 7:44 version was only released on the Spanish and Portuguese 12" singles - the German 12" single (despite crediting the timing 7:42 on the label) was actually an edit of 5:35. In France, an even shorter edit 5:15 was released.

References

Songs in Swahili
Kenyan songs
1983 singles
Boney M. songs
1982 songs
Hansa Records singles


Sulistrowice  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Chlewiska, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Chlewiska,  north-west of Szydłowiec, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Sulistrowice


Wola Zagrodnia  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Chlewiska, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Chlewiska,  west of Szydłowiec, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Wola Zagrodnia


Zaława  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Chlewiska, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Chlewiska,  north-west of Szydłowiec, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County


Zawonia  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Chlewiska, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Chlewiska,  north-west of Szydłowiec, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Zawonia


Gąsawy Plebańskie  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jastrząb, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Jastrząb,  east of Szydłowiec, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County


Gąsawy Rządowe  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jastrząb, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Jastrząb,  south-east of Szydłowiec, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County


Gąsawy Rządowe-Niwy  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jastrząb, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Jastrząb,  south-east of Szydłowiec, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County


Jastrząb  is a village in Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Jastrząb. It lies approximately  east of Szydłowiec and  south of Warsaw. Jastrzab belongs to Lesser Poland, and used to be a town from 1427 to 1869.

History
The name of the village comes from Bishop of Kraków Wojciech Jastrzębiec. According to Jan Długosz, Jastrząb was founded by Bishop Jastrzębiec in 1422. The village was located on a merchant route from Iłża to Skrzynno, and was granted Magdeburg rights on September 30, 1427, by Cardinal Zbigniew Oleśnicki. Since its foundation, Jastrząb was administratively located in the Radom County in the Sandomierz Voivodeship in the Lesser Poland Province of the Kingdom of Poland.

Jastrząb has a parish church of John the Baptist. First church was erected here in the early 15th century. Burned in 1667, it was remodelled several times, and took its current shape in the early 20th century. There also was a castle, built in 1426 by Bishop Jastrzębiec. The castle was destroyed in the Swedish invasion of Poland, and has never been rebuilt.

Until 1789, Jastrząb remained private property of Bishops of Kraków, as part of their Iłża Estate (Klucz iłżecki). The town was a center of early industry, with iron ore and limestone deposits. In 1795, during the Third Partition of Poland it was seized by the Habsburg Empire. It was regained by Poles following the Austro-Polish War of 1809, and included within the short-lived Duchy of Warsaw. After the duchy's dissolution, it belonged to Russian-controlled Congress Poland. In 1820, the population of Jastrząb was app. 550, with 128 jews. The town had 80 wooden and 21 brick houses. After the unsuccessful Polish January Uprising, Jastrząb was reduced to the status of a village (1869). In 1885, it received rail connection, on a line from Radom to Dąbrowa Górnicza. In the Second Polish Republic, and in 1945–1975, Jastrząb belonged to Kielce Voivodeship. Since 1973, Jastrząb has been the seat of a gmina.

Transport
The Voivodeship road 727 runs through Jastrząb, and the S7 highway runs nearby, northwest of the town.

Sports
The village has a sports club KS Jastrząb.

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County


Kolonia Kuźnia  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jastrząb, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Jastrząb,  north-east of Szydłowiec, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County


Kuźnia most often refers to:
 Kuźnia, Greater Poland Voivodeship
 Kuźnia, Masovian Voivodeship

It may also refer to the following places in Poland:
 Dębska Kuźnia, a village in Opole Voivodeship
 Domaradzka Kuźnia, a village in Opole Voivodeship
 Kolonia Kuźnia, a village in Masovian Voivodeship
 Kuźnia Goszczańska, a village in Lower Silesian Voivodeship
 Kuźnia Nieborowska, a village in Silesian Voivodeship
 Kuźnia Raciborska, a town in Silesian Voivodeship
 Ligota-Ligocka Kuźnia, a district of Rybnik, Silesian Voivodeship
 Nowa Kuźnia (disambiguation), several villages
 Stara Kuźnia, Opole Voivodeship

See also


Kuźnia  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jastrząb, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County


Lipienice may refer to the following places in Poland:
 Lipienice, Masovian Voivodeship
 Lipienice, Pomeranian Voivodeship


Lipienice  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jastrząb, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Szydłowiec and  south of Warsaw.

References

Lipienice


Nowy Dwór  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jastrząb, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County


Orłów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jastrząb, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Jastrząb,  east of Szydłowiec, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County


Śmiłów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jastrząb, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Jastrząb,  east of Szydłowiec, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County


Wola Lipieniecka Duża  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jastrząb, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County


Wola Lipieniecka Mała  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jastrząb, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County


Bieszków Dolny  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Mirów, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Szydłowiec and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County


Bieszków Górny  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Mirów, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Szydłowiec and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County


Mirów  is a village in Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Mirów. It lies approximately  east of Szydłowiec and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County


Mirów Nowy  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Mirów, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Mirów,  east of Szydłowiec, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County


Mirów Stary  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Mirów, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County


Mirówek  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Mirów, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Mirów,  east of Szydłowiec, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County


The Children's Bach (1984) is a novella by Australian writer Helen Garner. It was her third published book and her second novel. It was well received critically both in Australia and abroad.

Plot summary
The novel, set in Melbourne, concerns a couple, Athena and Dexter, who lead a self-sufficient life with their two sons, one of whom is severely disabled. Their apparently "comfortable rut is disrupted by the arrival of Elizabeth, a tough nut from Dexter's past." Elizabeth brings with her her sister Vicki, Elizabeth's sometime lover Philip, and Philip's prepubescent daughter, Poppy. Through them, Athena and Dexter are drawn into a world whose ideas and values test the foundations of their relationship.

Writing process
Helen Garner has said that, "I never have a theoretical idea for a book. What I write usually emerges from things I've witnessed, experiences I've had myself, or that people around me have had ... I don't invent a book out of thin air. I need —or I did at the time I wrote The Children's Bach— a bed of detail for the things to be based on before I can start to make something up". Garner goes on to say that, "I didn't know what was going to happen. I just knew that I wanted this family and that there would be a little boy who had something wrong with him, so you could only reach him through music. I hardly had any more idea than that."

Themes
Kerryn Goldsworthy writes that almost all of Garner's fiction addresses "the relationship between sexual behaviour and social organisation; the anarchic nature of desire and the orderly face of the institution of 'family'". In The Children's Bach this is played out through its exploration of what happens when an apparently stable and caring marriage is challenged by the introduction of external forces —through Elizabeth, Philip and Vicki— which result in a "clash of values". The novel gives "a sense that characters are redefining their perspectives instead of being depicted at a stage when they are already locked into a fixed way of seeing, and surviving in, the world".

Style and symbolism
Given the title, it is not surprising that music is the most obvious motif in the novella. It has been discussed by most of its critics and reviewers, as well as by Garner herself. Tiffin writes that music has always been important to Garner but that in the earlier works "it offered, like sex or drugs, a way of immersion or escape". However, in The Children's Bach "it is associated with most of the characters ... and it generally suggests sanity and harmony. While Philip uses music to exploit people, it is a mark of Athena's unglamorous dedication to making life work, and of Dexter's uncomplicated gusto."

Music
The book contains many references to music, both popular and classical. The title itself refers to The Children's Bach, a collection edited by Australian music educator E. Harold Davies. The collection consists of 20 simple Bach pieces for piano, selected mostly from the Clavier-Book for Anna Magdalena.

Critical reception
While Garner's first novel, Monkey Grip (1977), met with a mixed reception in Australia initially, The Children's Bach was instantly better received and reviewed; Goldsworthy writes that it was "met with almost universal critical approval".

In 1986, Australian academic and critic, Don Anderson, wrote that "There are four perfect short novels in the English language. They are, in chronological order, Ford Madox Ford's The Good Soldier, Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby, Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises and Garner's The Children's Bach." In 1985, Melbourne critic Peter Craven wrote in Meanjin that The Children's Bach is "light years from any sparkling tell-it-all naturalism. It is concentrated realism of extraordinary formal polish and the amount of tonal variation which it gets from its seemingly simple plot is multifoliate to the point of being awesome".

After its first publication in 1984, it was published by Penguin Books in 1996 and again in 2008. It was re-published in October 2018 by Text Publishing, containing a foreword by Ben Lerner which states: "The efficiency and precision of Garner's descriptions allows her to accomplish in a sentence what for other writers would require pages of exposition, ruining the effect".

Adaptations
In 2008 a chamber opera, based on the book and also titled The Children's Bach, was premiered at the Merlyn Theatre in Melbourne. It was composed by the Australian composer Andrew Schultz to a libretto by Glenn Perry.

Awards and nominations
1986: South Australian Premier's Awards

References

Australian novellas
1984 Australian novels
Novels by Helen Garner
Novels set in Melbourne
Novels adapted into operas


Rogów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Mirów, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Mirów,  east of Szydłowiec, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County


Zbijów Duży  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Mirów, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County


Zbijów Mały  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Mirów, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Szydłowiec and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County


Bąków  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Orońsko, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Orońsko,  north-east of Szydłowiec, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County


Chałupki Łaziskie  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Orońsko, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Orońsko,  north of Szydłowiec, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County


Chronów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Orońsko, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Orońsko,  north-east of Szydłowiec, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County


Chronów-Kolonia Dolna  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Orońsko, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County


Chronów-Kolonia Górna  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Orońsko, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County


Chronówek  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Orońsko, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. In 2021, the village had a population of 100 people.

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County


Ciepła  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Orońsko, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Orońsko,  north-east of Szydłowiec, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County


Dobrut  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Orońsko, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Orońsko,  north-east of Szydłowiec, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Dobrut


Gozdków  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Orońsko, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Orońsko,  north of Szydłowiec, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County


Guzów-Kolonia  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Orońsko, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Orońsko,  north-east of Szydłowiec, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Szydłowiec County


Should the World Fail to Fall Apart is the debut album by the British solo artist Peter Murphy, formerly of the gothic rock band Bauhaus. The album contains Murphy's covers of Magazine's "The Light Pours Out of Me" and Pere Ubu's "Final Solution."  It was released in 1986.

Production
Many guest musicians appear on the album, including Howard Hughes and John McGeoch.

Critical reception
Trouser Press wrote: "If Murphy could remove the melodrama from his delivery, a lot of the songs might have been quite nice. But even at low volume and languorous tempo, he can’t shake the old goth theatrics out of his voice." The Spin Alternative Record Guide called the album "the least perfunctory" of Murphy's solo releases.

Track listing

Original LP track listing
All tracks composed by Peter Murphy and Howard Hughes (Stephen Betts); except where indicated
 "Canvas Beauty (Romance Version)"
 "The Light Pours Out of Me" (Howard Devoto, Pete Shelley, John McGeoch)
 "Confessions"
 "Should the World Fail to Fall Apart"
 "Never Man" (Peter Murphy)
 "God Sends"
 "Blue Heart"
 "The Answer Is Clear"
 "Final Solution" (David Thomas, Craig Bell)
 "Jemal" (Peter Murphy)

Canadian LP track listing
The Canadian version of the LP, released on Vertigo/PolyGram, has a different cover as well an alternative track listing:

 "Should the World Fail to Fall Apart"
 "Never Man"
 "Tale of the Tongue"
 "God Sends"
 "Blue Heart"
 "The Answer Is Clear"
 "Confessions
 "Final Solution"
 "Jemal"
 "The Light Pours Out of Me"

In addition to reordering, the track "Canvas Beauty" was dropped in favor of "Tale of The Tongue", which had been released in the UK as a non-album single.

2011 deluxe edition bonus CD
In July 2011, Cherry Red Records released a 25th anniversary deluxe edition of the album with a bonus disc of 13 B-sides and remixes:

 "Canvas Beauty" (Fast Version)
 "The Light Pours Out of Me" (Original version)
 "Confessions" (Remix)
 "Should the World Fail to Fall Apart" (Version 3)
 "Stay"
 "Tale of the Tongue" (12″ Version)
 "Blue Heart" (12″ Version)
 "The Answer Is Clear" (Version)
 "Final Solution" (Club mix)
 "Jemal" (Version 2)
 "Should the World Fail to Fall Apart" (Unreleased version)
 "Final Solution" (Full version)
 "Final Solution" (Third and final mix)

 Track 1 released on Beggars Banquet 12″ EP SOVE 2359 (CA), 1986
 Track 2 released on a Various Artists sampler, 1985
 Tracks 3, 4 and 10 released on Beggars Banquet 12″ BEG 179T (U.K.), 1987
 Track 5 exact origin unknown
 Track 6 released on Beggars Banquet 12″ BEG 174T (U.K.), 1986
 Track 7 released on Beggars Banquet 12″ BEG 162T (U.K.), 1986
 Track 8 released on Beggars Banquet 7″ BEG 143 (U.K.), 1985
 Tracks 9 and 12 released on Beggars Banquet 12″ BEG 143T (U.K.), 1985
 Track 11 is a previously unreleased alternate mix
 Track 13 released on Beggars Banquet 12″ BEG 143TP (U.K.), 1985

Personnel
Peter Murphy - "naive" guitar, keyboards, drum programming, lead vocals, harmony vocals
Howard Hughes - guitar, keyboards, backing vocals, drum programming, piano
Chris Pye, John McGeoch, Peter Bonas, Philip Rambow, Steve Turner - guitar
Daniel Ash - "manic" guitar
Erkan Oğur - acoustic guitar, EBow
Eddie Branch, Paul Cover - bass
Steven Young - drum programming
Martin McCarrick - cello
Gini Bell - violin
Joji Hirota - congas
Jon Keleihor - "potty" percussion
Paul Vincent Lawford - "complementary rhythms" percussion
Jon Self - harmonica
Technical
Gerry Kitchingham, John Fryer - engineer
Carlos 'Sosa' - cover painting

References

Peter Murphy (musician) albums
1986 debut albums
Beggars Banquet Records albums


"The Best Man I Can Be" is a 1999 song for the film The Best Man. It features four R&B singers: Ginuwine, RL of Next, Tyrese and Case.

Credits and personnel
Credits lifted from the liner notes of The Best Man.

 James Harris III – producer, writer
 Terry Lewis – producer, writer
 Steve Rodge – mixing engineer
 Big Jim Wright – additional background vocals, co-producer, writer
 Xavier – mixing assistant

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

1999 singles
Ginuwine songs
Case (singer) songs
Songs written by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis
Song recordings produced by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis
1999 songs
Columbia Records singles
1990s ballads
Contemporary R&B ballads


The 1980 Hang Ten 400 was an endurance race for Group C Touring Cars. The event, which was Round 2 of the 1980 Australian Championship of Makes was staged on 14 September 1980 over 109 laps of the 3.1 km Sandown Park circuit in Victoria, Australia, a total distance of 337.9 km.

The field was divided into the following four engine capacity classes:
 Class A : Over 3000 cc
 Class B : 2000 - 3000 cc
 Class C : 1601 - 2000 cc
 Class D : 0 - 1600 cc

Results

Note : Of the forty seven starters, twenty three were classified as finishers.
Of the ten for which the results are unknown, eight were non-finishers and the remaining two placed 21st and 22nd.

References

Further reading
 The Australian racing history of Ford, 1989, page 304
 The official racing history of Holden, 1988, pages 225-226 & 353

Motorsport at Sandown
Hang Ten
Pre-Bathurst 500


The blue trevally (Carangoides ferdau), also known as the banded trevally, barred trevally, Ferdau's trevally or Forskaal's jackfish, is a common, widespread species of pelagic marine fish classified in the jack family, Carangidae. The blue trevally is distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical waters of the Indo-Pacific and central Pacific regions, ranging from South Africa in the west to Hawaii in the east. It is a moderately large fish, growing to a recorded maximum length of 70 cm, with the number of rays in the second dorsal fin and the colouring serving as diagnostic features of the species. The species inhabits waters to depths of 60 m, generally inhabiting reefs, beaches, lagoons, and areas with sandy substrates. It is a predatory fish, taking other fish, prawns, crabs, and molluscs, and very little is known of the species' reproductive biology. The blue trevally is of varying importance to fisheries throughout its range, with some regions having high catches of the fish. It is considered to be a gamefish, and is sought after for its excellent eating qualities.

Taxonomy and naming
The blue trevally is classified within the genus Carangoides, a group of fish commonly known as jacks and trevallies. Carangoides falls into the jack and horse mackerel family Carangidae, the Carangidae are part of the order Carangiformes.

The species was first described by the Swedish naturalist Peter Forsskål in 1775 based on a specimen taken from the Red Sea. He named the species Scomber ferdau, thus relating it to the mackerels before the family Carangidae was bought into existence with the creation of Lacépède's genus Caranx. With the advent of carangid taxonomy, the species was transferred first to Caranx and finally to Carangoides, where it has remained to this day. Gilbert Percy Whitley attempted to separate the species into its own genus; Ferdauia, although this classification is not accepted. The species was independently described and named a number of times after its initial naming, with this and confusion with Carangoides orthogrammus in the Indo-Pacific giving rise to a complex history of synonymies. These later names were often transferred between genera before being finally sunk into the name Carangoides ferdau and as such are considered to be invalid junior synonyms. The specific epithet  ferdau refers to a person named Ferdau, probably the collector of the holotype specimen.

Description

The blue trevally is a moderately large fish, growing to a recorded maximum length of 70 cm and a weight of 8 kg. The species is similar in general morphology to a number of other trevallies in the genus Carangoides, having a compressed, oblong body, with the dorsal profile more convex than the ventral profile. Unlike most of the Carangoides, however, the blue trevally's snout is bluntly rounded, resembling the snouts of the pompanos of the genus Trachinotus and the lips of adults are notably fleshy. Two separate dorsal fins are found, the first having eight spines, while the second consists of one spine and 26 to 34 soft rays; more than any other species in Carangoides. In young adults, the lobe of the second dorsal fin is often falcate, but usually shorter than the head length. The anal fin has two anteriorly  detached spines followed by a single spine attached to 21 to 26 soft rays, while the pelvic fin has one spine attached to 20 or 21 soft rays. The lateral line has a gentle anterior arch, with the junction of the curved and straight sections vertically below the 15th to 20th soft rays of the second dorsal fin. The curved section of the lateral line contains 82 to 90 scales, while the straight section has 12 to 17 scales and 26 to 31 scutes. The breast is naked ventrally to origin of the pelvic fins and the base of the pectoral fins, but is interrupted laterally by a moderate band of scales. The upper jaw is highly protractile, containing narrow bands of villiform teeth, which become obsolescent with age, as is the case in the lower jaw. It has a total of 24 to 29 gill rakers and 24 vertebrae.

The body is a blue-green to yellow-green above, becoming silvery below, with adults having five or six dusky vertical bands which usually persist after death. Numerous, inconspicuous golden spots often are present on the sides, mostly above the level of the pectoral fins. The soft dorsal and anal fins are pale yellowish-green, and the anterior lobes of both often have white to blue tips. The caudal fin is yellow green, having a dark trailing edge and tips, while the pelvic fins are whitish to hyaline.

Distribution and habitat

The blue trevally has a wide distribution, inhabiting the tropical and subtropical waters of the Indian, West Pacific and Central Pacific Oceans. It ranges from South Africa in the west, north along the East African coast to the Red Sea and across to India and Southeast Asia. The species ranges south to Australia and Indonesia, and as far as Japan, Hawaii, and a number of Pacific islands, including Micronesia, New Caledonia, and Tonga.

The blue trevally inhabits coastal waters to a depth of 60 m, over reefs, beaches, lagoons, and areas with sandy substrates.  The species lives pelagically, allowing movement between islands and atolls. It is rarely found in estuaries, suggesting a poor tolerance to low salinities.

Biology and fishery

Like many Indo-Pacific carangids, the biology and ecology of the blue trevally is poorly known, with the only data on the species relating to its diet. It is a fast-swimming predator which often forms small schools, and takes a variety of small fish (specifically mackerel and filefish), crustaceans including prawns, crabs, and sea lice, soft molluscs, and other soft prey. In Hawaii, they have been observed following foraging bonefish or goatfish, consuming any scraps uncovered by the foragers. The species appears to be in constant abundance all year, but ripe individuals have rarely been reported. No information regarding the reproduction and growth of the species is available, although  larvae of the species are known to appear during February in the waters off Taiwan, suggesting a December spawning period, and make up a high proportion of the larval abundance. Juveniles are known to sometimes shelter among the tentacles of large pelagic jellyfish.

The species is of commercial importance in a number of areas due to its high abundance, or more often taken as bycatch in other major fisheries. Catch statistics for the individual species are rarely kept, though, and it is generally grouped with other trevallies. It is caught mainly on hook and line and with gill nets and various traps. In South Africa, it is considered a popular gamefish, and is often taken by anglers using various small baits, with the best catches had at dawn and dusk.  It is considered to be an excellent table fish, although ciguatera poisoning attributed to this fish has been reported rarely.

References

External links
Information page at Australian Museum Online
Description at Hawaiian fishes.com
Blue trevally at Fishbase

blue trevally
Marine fish of East Africa
Marine fish of Northern Australia
Fish of Micronesia
blue trevally


The A6 is a national road in Latvia, connecting Riga to the Belarusian border at Pāternieki. It bypasses Daugavpils in its north and passes through Krāslava and is also known as the Daugavpils Highway in Latvia.

The road is part of European route E22, European route E262 and the Latvian TEN-T road network. Once inside Belarus, the road becomes the Belarusian P20. The length of the A6 in Latvian territory  is . Currently the A6 has two lanes in each direction between Riga and Ogre and between Nīcgale and Daugavpils, with other parts having just a single carriageway. The current speed limit in winter is , but in summer the dual carriageway parts are raised to .

Since 2013 a shorter route has replaced the Salaspils-Koknese section of A6 (numbered as P80), mainly built for transit traffic. The construction of it was first started in the 1980s, but the plan was abandoned later. The first stage of the construction starts in Tīnuži and ends in Koknese. It was planned to be complete by 2012, but due to economical reasons the works were delayed and  were finished in 2013. Between 2020 and 2027 the authorities plan to bring the new road into Riga. It would also have 2x2 lanes with an expressway/motorway status. There are also plans to continue the new road parallel to the A6 as far as Pļaviņas. The annual average daily traffic of the A6 in 2016 was 8,054 vehicles.

Crossings

Major cities crossed
Rīga
Salaspils
Ikšķile
Ogre
Ciemupe
Ķegums
Lielvārde
Dzelmes
Koknese
Pļaviņas
Jēkabpils
Līvāni
Jersika
Daugavpils
Krāslava

Gallery

References

External links
Autoceļš A6 in Google Maps

A06


Alfred Street is a street in Oxford, England.

Alfred Street may also refer to:

 Alfred Street (cricket umpire) (1869–1951), English cricketer and umpire
 Alfred Street Baptist Church, Alexandria, Virginia, US
 Alfred Billings Street (1811–1881), American poet

Street, Alfred


Tom J. Morrissey (May, 1860 – September 23, 1941) was an American Major League Baseball player from Janesville, Wisconsin, who played third base for the  Detroit Wolverines of the National League, and the  Milwaukee Brewers of the Union Association.  In his 14 game Major League career, he batted 54 times, collected 10 hits for a .185 batting average.  In the field, he committed 11 errors for a .711 fielding percentage.  His brother John Morrissey also played Major League Baseball.

Morrissey died at the age of 81 in his hometown of Janesville, and is interred at Mount Olivet Cemetery.

References

External links

1860 births
1941 deaths
Major League Baseball third basemen
Baseball players from Wisconsin
19th-century baseball players
Detroit Wolverines players
Milwaukee Brewers (UA) players
Sportspeople from Janesville, Wisconsin
Bay City (minor league baseball) players
Milwaukee Brewers (minor league) players
Minneapolis Millers (baseball) players
Washington Nationals (minor league) players
Hartford Babies players
Oswego Starchboxes players
Eau Claire Lumbermen players
Milwaukee Cream Citys players
St. Paul Apostles players
Milwaukee Creams players
Sioux City Corn Huskers players
Oakland Colonels players
Marinette Badgers players
New Haven Nutmegs players
Dubuque (minor league baseball) players
Columbus Buckeyes (minor league) players
Columbus Senators players


The Bayerische Flugzeugwerke M 18 (BFW M 18), (later known as Messerschmitt M 18) was an airliner, produced in Germany in the late 1920s.

Design and development
Designed at the request of Theodor Croneiss to supply his new airline venture which was to become Nordbayerische Verkehrsflug (NOBA), it was a conventional high-wing cantilever monoplane with fixed tailskid undercarriage. The prototype was built of wood, although production examples would have a metal structure. The design was praised in its day for the cleanness of its aerodynamics, lightness of construction, and economy of operation

Operational history

The first M 18 to enter service with NOBA was provided by Messerschmitt in exchange for a 49% share of the new company, and on 26 July it began commercial flights. NOBA's early successes enabled the company to place orders for additional examples of an improved model, the M 18b. It would eventually purchase twelve of these, but manufacturing them would exceed the capacity of Messerschmitt's own small firm, leading to a merger with Bayerische Flugzeugwerke (BFW) in 1927. Following NOBA's reorganisation into DEVAG in 1931, a small number of a further-improved version, designated M 18d, were ordered, but the type was soon superseded by the similar but larger Messerschmitt M 20.

Variants
M 18a three-seat production version with  Siemens-Halske Sh 11 engine (two built)
M 18bthree/four-seat production version with  Siemens-Halske Sh 12 engine (12 built)
M 18c photographic survey version with  Armstrong Siddeley Lynx engine (two or three built)
M 18d enlarged six/seven/eight-passenger version, produced with a variety of engines, including the  Armstrong Siddely Lynx,  Walter Mars and  Wright Whirlwind. (eight built)

Operators

Swiss Air Force

Specifications (M 18d)

Notes

1920s German airliners
M 18
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1926


Harvard House stands at what is now 26 High Street, Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, England. Once known as the Ancient House, It was built in 1596 by Thomas Rogers, grandfather of the benefactor of Harvard University, John Harvard. The House has been cared for by the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust, on behalf of Harvard University, since 1990.

Thomas Rogers' initials and those of his second wife, Alice, are carved on the front of the house, together with the date 1596.  These indicate it was a separate house, although Rogers also owned the adjoining property at what is now 27 and 28 High Street.

About 60 years old when the house was built, Rogers was a successful butcher and also a corn and cattle merchant.  He served as Alderman for the Stratford Corporation alongside John Shakespeare, William's father.

When Thomas died in 1611 he left the house to his eldest surviving son from his second marriage, also named Thomas.  This Thomas was a maltster; a person who produced malt, which was used in brewing beer.  He died in 1639 and the property passed to his son, Edward Rogers, a bookbinder.

In the middle of the 1600s, Edward Rogers sold the house to John Capp, a blacksmith, whose family continued to run the business until about 1725. It was then let to a series of tenants; booksellers in the early 1730s and 1760s, a plumber during the years 1734–1747, and a succession of ironmongers from 1782 until 1801.  Tailors Thomas and Harvey Williams were in occupation until 1871, when the premises became an estate agent's office.

In 1909, at the suggestion and enthusiastic support of the English novelist and Stratford-upon-Avon resident Marie Corelli, the house was purchased by the American millionaire Edward Morris of Chicago. After extensive restoration, it was given to Harvard University and became known as Harvard House.

References

External links
 Shakespeare Birthplace Trust

Museums in Warwickshire
Decorative arts museums in England
Houses completed in 1596
Shakespeare Birthplace Trust
Timber framed buildings in Warwickshire
Houses in Warwickshire
Buildings and structures in Stratford-upon-Avon


Etorofu was the lead ship of her class of fourteen ships built for the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II.

Background and description
The Etorofu class was an improved version of the preceding  with a greater emphasis on anti-submarine warfare. The ships measured  overall, with a beam of  and a draft of . They displaced  at standard load and  at deep load. The ships had two diesel engines, each driving one propeller shaft, which were rated at a total of  for a speed of . The ships had a range of  at a speed of .

The main armament of the Etorofu class consisted of three Type 3  guns in single mounts, one superfiring pair aft and one mount forward of the superstructure. They were built with four Type 96  anti-aircraft guns in two twin-gun mounts, but the total was increased to 15 guns by August 1943. 36 depth charges were stowed aboard initially, but this later increased by August 1943 to 60 depth charges with a Type 97  trench mortar and six depth charge throwers. They received Type 22 and Type 13 radars and Type 93 sonar in 1943–44.

Construction and career
Etorofu was launched by Hitachi, Sakurajima, on 29 January 1943 and completed on 25 March. She served on repatriation duties until 1947 when she was turned over to the United States Navy on 5 August and broken up at Kure beginning on 13 October.

Notes

References

World War II naval ships of Japan
Etorofu-class escort ships
1943 ships
Ships built by Hitachi Zosen Corporation


The Big Cage is a 1933 American pre-Code circus film starring Clyde Beatty and Anita Page, and featuring Raymond Hatton, Wallace Ford, Andy Devine and Mickey Rooney, with Walter Brennan and Louise Beavers in bit parts. It was originally released by Universal Pictures.

The movie was the film debut of Beatty, whose skills as an animal trainer in circuses had brought him fame since his late teens and made him a national celebrity. As in his three subsequent films, he plays a fictionalized version of himself, also named Clyde Beatty. The movie proved to be one of the studio's most popular releases in 1933 and was reissued several times in second-run theaters into the early 1950s.

References

External links

1933 films
1933 drama films
American black-and-white films
American drama films
Circus films
Films directed by Kurt Neumann
Universal Pictures films
1930s English-language films
1930s American films


Loligo forbesii (sometimes erroneously spelled forbesi), known commonly as the veined squid and long-finned squid, is a commercially important species of squid in the family Loliginidae, the pencil squids.

Description
This squid grows up to  in mantle length. The long fins are roughly diamond-shaped and make up two thirds of the total length of the body. The colour of the squid is variable, but is usually a shade of pink, red, or brown. The vestigial shell is a small, thin internal structure.

Distribution
Loligo forbesii can be found in the seas around Europe, its range extending through the Red Sea toward the East African coast. It is widespread in the Atlantic Ocean. It is one of the most common cephalopods in the Celtic Sea.

Biology
The squid lives at depths of . It attains sexual maturity at about one year old and lives 1 to 2 years, with a maximum life span of about 3 years. It generally breeds only once. The male delivers sperm into the mantle of the female using structures on a specialized tentacle. The female will spawn up to 100,000 eggs, which adhere to the sea floor. Peak spawning season is in January through March off Scotland, with recruitment of juveniles occurring in the fall. Off Galicia the breeding season lasts from December to May, with most mating occurring in December through February.

The diet includes fish, polychaetes, crustaceans, and other cephalopods, often members of its own species.

Fisheries
This is one of the most common squid species fished in the United Kingdom.

References

External links

Squid
Cephalopods described in 1856
Marine molluscs of Europe
Cephalopods of Europe

da:Tiarmet blæksprutte