Miriam Markel-Mosessohn (; 1839 – December 18, 1920) was a Russian author and translator who wrote in Hebrew.

Biography

Early life and education
Miriam Markel-Mosessohn was born in Volkovyshki, Congress Poland, the daughter of a wealthy Jewish merchant, Shimon Wierzbolowki, and his wife Ḥayyah. She had two brothers, Yosef and Shmuel, and a sister, Devorah; both the daughters and the sons of the family attended the local Jewish school, where they learned to read and write Hebrew; although she did not attend ḥeder – the traditional elementary school where young boys studied the chumash (the first five books of the Hebrew Bible) – her father hired a private tutor so that she could pursue her desire to study scripture.

In 1851, at the age of 12, she moved with her family to Suvalk, where she continued her Hebrew studies under the Hebraist . During her two and a half years of study under Paradiesthal he also instructed her in  German and, to a lesser extent, French languages and literatures. When he left to take a position as a tutor in Warsaw, Markel-Mosessohn continued her Hebrew studies independently, shifting her focus from formal study of the language to intensive reading of whatever Hebrew works she could obtain; in this way she absorbed the products of the Jewish cultural revival then under way.

Career
During the 1860s she began focusing her efforts on translation of works into Hebrew, and completed a Hebrew version of Ludwig Philippson's German-language historical novella Der Flüchtling aus Jerusalem (in manuscript).

She married Anshel Markel-Mosessohn (1844–1903) of Kovno in 1863, when she was 24 and he 19. She and her husband corresponded in Hebrew and shared an interest in the Hebrew revival; he was supportive of her writing, as well as of her efforts to publish her work. She assisted him in his business dealings at points. The two remained married for forty years, until Anshel Markel-Mosessohn's death, in 1903; they never had children.

In 1869 she published the first volume of Ha-Yehudim be-Angliya, her elegant Hebrew translation of 's Die Juden und die Kreuzfahrer unter Richard Löwenherz, a historical work about the Jews in England in the era of the crusades, under Richard the Lionheart. The second volume was not published until 1895 (both volumes appeared in Warsaw). Poor health and financial problems were at least partially the cause for the long delay in her bringing the second volume to completion.

Over the course of her life Markel-Mosessohn corresponded with three prominent maskilim – her male colleagues in the Hebrew revival – Abraham Mapu, Judah Leib Gordon, and Moses Lilienblum. Mapu was the first fellow Hebrew writer with whom she initiated a correspondence, in 1861, writing to him in Hebrew and enclosing an original piece of writing. He responded appreciatively, complimenting the lucidity of her style and dubbing her a maskelet, or enlightened woman. They exchanged a handful of letters over the next year or two, and also met briefly in person on two occasions, in 1861, and again in 1866 or 1867, both times at Mapu's home in Kovno.

Markel-Mosessohn wrote to Judah Leib Gordon for the first time in 1868, after she had completed a draft of the first part of Ha-Yehudim be-Angliya, her translation of Francolm's work. Gordon responded enthusiastically to the translation; he assisted her in finding a publisher, and contributed a laudatory preface to the published volume. Their correspondence spanned 20 years, and reflected a mutually supportive friendship, although they never met in person. In 1875 Gordon dedicated to her his poem  "Kotzo shel yud" ('The tip of the [letter] yud'), which evokes empathy for a modern-day woman trapped by oppressive strictures of Jewish law.. Two years later she acknowledged the honour, while writing to him for moral support, at a time when her husband had been imprisoned in connection with questionable financial dealings.

During the 1870s Markel-Mosessohn became more involved than before in her husband's business affairs, and moved several times, at one point staying three years in Danzig, and finally settling in Vienna in 1881.

She renewed her correspondence with Gordon in 1887, when she had completed the second volume of her Hebrew translation of Francolm's Die Juden und die Kreuzfahrer unter Richard Löwenherz; she requested he write a few lines for the preface of her book, and he readily complied, as pleased with the second as he had been with the first volume.

In the spring of 1887, upon Gordon's urging, Markel-Mosessohn hesitantly agreed to become the Viennese correspondent for the Hebrew newspaper Ha-Melitz, of which he was then editor. Between May and July 1887 she published four progressively more developed articles, the last two being, respectively, a report detailing the appearance of political anti-Semitism during the latest Hungarian elections in the village of Tiszaeszlár, where a blood libel had occurred five years before, in 1892; and a feuilleton about summer in Vienna, and Viennese Jewry more generally.

References
 The sources cited by Waldstein/Rosenthal were: Kayserling, [Meyer], Die Jüdischen Frauen, Leipzig, 1879, p. 311; and Zeitlin, [William], Bibliotheca post-Mendelssohniana, [Leipzig, 1871/1895], p. 231.

1839 births
1920 deaths
19th-century Lithuanian women writers
19th-century Lithuanian writers
19th-century translators from the Russian Empire
19th-century women writers from the Russian Empire
19th-century writers from the Russian Empire
German–Hebrew translators
Hebrew-language writers
Jewish women writers
Jews from the Russian Empire
Lithuanian translators
Translators from German
Translators to Hebrew
Writers from Kaunas
People of the Haskalah


In the Czech Republic, 47.8% of population is irreligious (atheist, agnostic or other irreligious life stances), while 21.3% of the population are believers. The high percentage of irreligious people might be attributable to 40 years spent under Marxist-Leninist rule, during which atheism was institutionalised. The religious identity of the country has changed drastically since the first half of the 20th century, when more than 90% of Czechs were Christians. As of 2021, 11.7% of the population identified with Christianity (almost entirely Catholicism) whilst 10.8% identified with other religious identities or beliefs. According to sociologist Jan Spousta, not all the irreligious people are atheists; indeed, since the late 20th century there has been an increasing distancing from both Christian dogmatism and atheism, and at the same time ideas and non-institutional models similar to those of Eastern religions have become widespread through movements started by various gurus, and hermetic and mystical paths.

The Christianisation of the Czechs (Bohemians, Moravians and Silesians) occurred in the 9th and 10th centuries, when they were incorporated into the Catholic Church and abandoned indigenous Slavic paganism. After the Bohemian Reformation which began in the late 14th century, most Czechs became Hussites, that is to say followers of Jan Hus, Petr Chelčický and other regional Proto-Protestant religious reformers. Taborites and Utraquists were the two major Hussite factions. During the Hussite Wars in the early 15th century, the Utraquists sided with the Catholic Church, and following the joint Utraquist—Catholic victory, Utraquism was accepted by the Catholic Church as a legitimate doctrine to be practised in the Kingdom of Bohemia, while all the other Hussite movements were prohibited. Jewish minorities were also present in the country.

After the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century, some in Bohemia, especially Sudeten Germans, went with the teachings of Martin Luther (Lutheranism). In the wake of the Reformation, Utraquist Hussites took a renewed increasingly anti-Catholic stance while some of the defeated Hussite factions (notably the Taborites) were revived. The defeat of Bohemians estates by the Habsburg monarchy in the Battle of White Mountain in 1620 affected the religious sentiments of the Czechs, as the Habsburgs endorsed a Counter-Reformation to forcibly reconvert all Czechs, even Utraquist Hussites, back to the Catholic Church.

Since the Battle of White Mountain, widespread anti-Catholic sentiment and resistance to the Catholic Church underlay the history of the Czech lands even when the whole population nominally belonged to the Catholic Church, and the Czechs have been historically characterised as "tolerant and even indifferent towards religion". At the end of the 18th century, Protestant and Jewish minorities were once again granted some rights, but they had to wait another century to have full equality. In 1918 the Habsburg monarchy collapsed, and in the newly independent Czechoslovakia, in 1920, the Catholic Church suffered a schism as the Czechoslovak Hussite Church re-established itself as an independent organism. In 1939–1945, Nazism annihilated or expelled most of the Jewish population. The Catholic Church lost about half of its adherents during the Marxist-Leninist period of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (1960–1990), and has continued to decline in the contemporary epoch after the Velvet Revolution of 1989 restored liberal democracy in Czechoslovakia. Protestantism did not recover immediately after the Habsburg Counter-Reformation; it regained some ground when the Habsburg monarchy disintegrated in the early 20th century (in 1950 about 17% of the Czechs were Protestants, mostly Hussites), although after the 1950s it declined again and today it is a very small minority (around 1%).

According to the official censuses conducted by the Czech Statistical Office, Catholicism was the religion of 39.1% of the Czechs in 1991 and has declined to 9.3% in 2021; Protestantism and other types of Christianity declined in the same period from around 5% to around 2%; at the same time, adherents of other religions or believers without an identifiable religion grew from 0.3% to 10.8%. Small minority religions in the Czech Republic include Buddhism, Islam, Paganism, Hinduism, Judaism, and others. In the census of 2021, 47.8% of the Czechs declared that they did not believe in any religion, while 30.1% did not respond.

Demographics

Census statistics, 1921–2021

Line chart of the trends, 1921–2021
Census statistics 1921–2021:

Religions

Christianity

The Czechs gradually converted to Christianity from Slavic paganism between the 9th and the 10th century, and Christianity—especially the Catholic Church, with significant minorities of Protestantism, and even majorities in some periods, from the 15th century onwards—remained the religion of nearly all the population until the end of the 19th century. Bořivoj I, Duke of Bohemia, baptised by the Saints Cyril and Methodius, was the first ruler of Bohemia to adopt Christianity as the state religion. Since the late 19th century, and especially throughout the 20th century, Christianity was gradually abandoned by the majority of the Czechs and today it remains the religion of a minority. From 1950 to 2021, the official censuses of the Czech Statistical Office recorded a decline of professed Christianity from about 94% to about 12% of the population of the Czech lands.

The Marxist-Leninist period of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (1960–1990) certainly saw an oppression of Christianity, thus contributing to its decline, but also hampered the appearance of any alternatives in the area of religion, so that Christianity continued to have a monopolistic position in the religious interpretation of the world. Only the restoration of liberal democracy after the Velvet Revolution of 1989 opened the country to the spread of non-Christian religions. According to the scholar Jan Spousta, throughout the 20th century Christianity gradually lost its character as the Czechs' traditional religion, and was abandoned by most while turning into a religion of sincere choice for the minority who continues to identify itself with it and practise it. Spousta also found that Christians in the early 21st century tended to be older and less educated than the general population, and females were far more likely than males to be believers. Christianity remained relatively higher in percentage among the populations of the agrarian south-eastern regions of Moravia, while the percentages were already very low in the large cities and the north-western more industrialised regions of Bohemia.

Roman Catholicism

Roman Catholicism was the main tradition of Christianity historically practised by the Czechs after they converted from Slavic paganism, and although in the 15th and 16th century many Czechs—in many areas and periods most—joined Proto-Protestant and Protestant churches, the Habsburg monarchy which gained imperial power on the Czech lands in the early 17th century enacted a Counter-Reformation movement which reconverted most Czechs to the Catholic Church. By the time of the collapse of the Habsburg power and the establishment of independent Czechoslovakia in 1918, the position of the Catholic Church had already been weakened by criticism from the intellectual class and by the social changes brought by the rapid industrialisation of especially the northern and western pars of the country, Bohemia. At the same time, the association of Catholicism with the unpopular erstwhile Habsburg power led to widespread anticlericalism and anti-Catholicism, and to a revival of the native historical form of Czech Protestantism, namely Hussitism; in 1920, Hussites split out of the Catholic Church with about 10% of the formerly Catholic clergy and established themselves as the Czechoslovak Hussite Church.

From 1950 onwards, Marxist-Leninists gained power in Czechoslovakia, which from 1960 to 1989 became the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, and while they fought all religions, Catholicism was targeted with particular aggressiveness. After the Velvet Revolution in 1989 and the restoration of liberal democracy in the Czech lands, Catholicism, like other forms of Christianity, did not recover and continued to lose adherents. The data from the national censuses show that Catholics decreased from 76.7% of the Czechs in 1950 prior to the Marxist-Leninist period, to 39.1% in 1991 after the fall of Marxism-Leninism, to 26.9% in 2001, to 10.5% in 2011, and to 9.3% in 2021.

Protestantism

In the late 14th century, the religious and social reformer Jan Hus started a Proto-Protestant movement which would have been later called "Hussitism" after him. Although Jan Hus was declared heretic by the Catholic Church and burnt at the stake in Constance in 1415, his followers seceded from the Catholic Church and in the Hussite Wars (1419–1434) they defeated five crusades organised against them by the Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund. Petr Chelčický continued in the wake of the Bohemian Hussite Reformation and gave rise to the Hussite Moravian Church. During the 15th and 16th century, most of Czechs were adherents of Hussitism, and at the same time many Sudeten Germans of the Czech lands joined the Protestant Reformation of Martin Luther and his doctrine (Lutheranism).

After 1526, Bohemia came increasingly under the control of the Habsburg monarchy, as the Habsburgs became first the elected and later the hereditary rulers of Bohemia. The Defenestration of Prague and the subsequent revolt against the Habsburgs in 1618 marked the start of the Thirty Years' War, which quickly spread throughout Central Europe. In 1620, the rebellion in Bohemia was crushed at the Battle of White Mountain, and the ties between Bohemia and the Habsburgs' hereditary lands in Austria were strengthened. The war had a devastating effect on the local population, and the people were forced to convert back to Catholicism under the Habsburgs' Counter-Reformation efforts.

In 1918, when the Habsburg monarchy disintegrated and independent Czechoslovakia emerged, most of the Czechs professed formal affiliation to Catholicism; anti-Catholic sentiments spread quickly as Catholicism was viewed as the religion re-imposed by the Habsburg, so that in 1920 the Czechoslovak Hussite Church split off the Catholic Church and was joined by about 10% of the former Catholic clergy, and 10.6% of the Czechs had become again Hussites by 1950. The Czechoslovak Church was supported by the government of the first president of Czechoslovakia, Tomáš Masaryk (1850–1937). In the same years, the Evangelical Church of Czech Brethren (a doctrinally mixed church of Lutheran, Calvinist and Hussite traditions) represented another 4.5% of the population, and another 1% were members of Lutheran churches of the Augsburg Confession (mostly of the Silesian Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession).

During the Marxist-Leninist years of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic all religions were discouraged by the government; the Czech Protestant churches lost many members (the Czechoslovak Church lost 80% of its adherents), and they continued to decline after the restoration of liberal democracy after 1989. Protestantism today constitutes a small minority of around 1% of the population; according to the 2021 census, only 0.2% of the Czechs (23,610) adhered to the Czechoslovak Hussite Church, 0.3% (32,577) adhered to the Evangelical Church of Czech Brethren, and 0.1% (11,047) were Lutherans of the Augsburg Confession (still mostly Silesian). The Moravian Church, historically tied to the region of Moravia, was still present with a very small number of adherents, about 1,257. Other Protestant minorities include Anglicans, Adventists, Apostolic Pentecostals, Baptists, Brethren, Methodists, and nondenominational Evangelicals.

Orthodox Christianity, Jehovah's Witnesses and other Christians

In the 2021 census, 41,178 Czechs (0.4% of the population) identified themselves as adherents of the Eastern Orthodox Church, almost all of them members of the Orthodox Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia and only a few hundreds of the Czech branch of the Russian Orthodox Church. In the same census, 13,298 (0.1%) identified themselves as Jehovah's Witnesses, and very small minorities as Mormons of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, adherents of the Unification Church, and of other minor Christian churches. 71,089 Czechs (0.7%) identified themselves simply as "Christians".

Buddhism

In the 2021 census, 5,257 Czechs declared themselves adherents of Buddhism. Many of the Vietnamese Czechs, which constitute the largest immigrant ethnic group in the Czech Republic, are adherents of Mahayana traditions of Vietnamese Buddhism. Ethnic Czech Buddhists are otherwise mostly followers of Vajrayana traditions of Tibetan Buddhism, Mahayana traditions of Korean Buddhism, and Theravada traditions. There are various Tibetan Buddhist, Korean Buddhist and Theravada Buddhist centres in the country; many of those of the Tibetan tradition are afferent to the Diamond Way founded by the Danish lama Ole Nydahl.

Paganism

The entire Pagan community in the Czech Republic, including Slavic Rodnovery () as well as other Pagan religions, was described by scholars of religion as small in 2013. In the 2021 census, 2,953 Czechs identified themselves as Pagans (including 189 Druids). The first Pagan groups to emerge in the Czech Republic in the 1990s were oriented towards Germanic Heathenry and Celtic Druidry, while modern Slavic Rodnovery began to develop around 1995–1996 with the foundation of two groups, the National Front of the Castists and Radhoŝť, which in 2000 were merged to form the Community of Native Faith (Společenství Rodná Víra). There are also adherents of the Rodnover denomination of Ynglism; the Civic Association Tartaria (Občanské sdružení Tartaria), headquartered in Slovakia, also caters to Czech Ynglists. Besides Slavic Rodnovers, Germanic Heathens and Celtic Druids, in the Czech Republic there are also Wiccan followers, and one Kemetic organisation, Per Kemet.

The Community of Native Faith was among the government-recognised religious entities until 2010, when it was unregistered and became an informal association due to ideological disagreements between the Castists and other subgroups about whether Slavic religion was Indo-European hierarchic worship (supported by the Castists), Neolithic mother goddess worship, or neither. The leader of the organisation since 2007 has been Richard Bigl (Khotebud), and it is today devoted to the celebration of annual holidays and individual rites of passage, to the restoration of sacred sites associated with Slavic deities, and to the dissemination of knowledge about Slavic spirituality in Czech society. While the contemporary association is completely adogmatic and apolitical, and refuses to "introduce a solid religious or organisational order" because of the past internal conflicts, between 2000 and 2010 it had a complex structure, and redacted a Code of Native Faith defining a precise doctrine for Czech Rodnovery (which firmly rejected the Book of Veles). Though Rodná Víra no longer maintains structured territorial groups, it is supported by individual adherents scattered throughout the Czech Republic.

Other religions
The deep changes in the religious sensibility of the Czechs since the early 20th century, and the loss of religious monopoly and decline of Christianity, opened a space for the growth of new forms of religiousness, including ideas and non-institutional, diffuse models similar to those of Eastern religions, with the spread of movements centred around various gurus, and hermetic and mystical paths.

In the 2021 census, 21,539 Czechs (0.2% of the population) identified themselves as adherents of Jediism (a real philosophy based on that of the fictional Jedi of the Star Wars space opera), 5,244 as Muslims, 2,696 as Pastafarians (an antitheist parody of religion), 2,024 as Hindus, 1,901 as Jews, 1,053 as adherents of Biotronics (incorporated as the Community of Josef Zezulka, Společenství Josefa Zezulky), and 89,254 (0.8% of the population) as adherents of other minority religions. Another 9.6% of the Czechs declared themselves as having some belief but not identifiable with any specific religion.

Irreligious people

In the 2021 census, 5,027,794 Czechs, corresponding to 47.8% of the total population of the Czech Republic, identified themselves as irreligious, including atheism, agnosticism and other irreligious life stances. Some Czech atheists have organised themselves in the Civic Association of Atheists (Občanské sdružení ateistů), which is a member of the Atheist Alliance International. Not all irreligious Czechs are atheists; a number of non-religious people believe or practise unorganised forms of spirituality which do not require strict adherence or identification, similar to Eastern religions.

Freedom of religion
In 2023, the country was scored 3 out of 4 for religious freedom.

See also

 Religion in Slovakia

Notes

References

Citations

Sources


Ashkelon may refer to:

Places
 Ashkelon, a coastal city in the South District of Israel
 Ascalon, the ancient city of Ashkelon, destroyed in 1270, and now an archaeological site

Organizations
 Ironi Ashkelon, Israeli basketball team
 Hapoel Ashkelon F.C., Israeli football club
 Hof Ashkelon Regional Council, a regional council surrounding Ashkelon, Israel
 Eilat Ashkelon Pipeline Company, an Israeli petroleum company

Schools
 Ashkelon Academic College

Other
 Ashkelon Railway Station, a railway station in Ashkelon, Israel
 The Streets of Ashkelon, a science fiction short story by Harry Harrison

See also

 Ascalon (disambiguation)


Gustav Kampendonk (30 May 1909 – 29 June 1966) was a German screenwriter. He wrote for 90 films between 1939 and 1966. He was born in Hoengen, Germany and died in West Berlin.

Selected filmography

 Three Fathers for Anna (1939)
 The Wedding Hotel (1944)
 Summer Nights (1944)
 Morituri (1948)
 Only One Night (1950)
 The Girl from the South Seas (1950)
 The Woman from Last Night (1950)
 Furioso (1950)
 The Deadly Dreams (1951)
 You Have to be Beautiful (1951)
 The Thief of Bagdad (1952)
 I Lost My Heart in Heidelberg (1952)
 Lady's Choice (1953)
 On the Reeperbahn at Half Past Midnight (1954)
 The Three from the Filling Station (1955)
 The Happy Village (1955)
 Love Is Just a Fairytale (1955)
 Yes, Yes, Love in Tyrol (1955)
 The Stolen Trousers (1956)
 The Daring Swimmer (1957)
 Peter Voss, Thief of Millions (1958)
 It Happened Only Once (1958)
 Peter Shoots Down the Bird (1959)
Triplets on Board (1959)
 Freddy, the Guitar and the Sea (1959)
 Peter Voss, Hero of the Day (1959)
 La Paloma (1959)
 Of Course, the Motorists (1959)
 Freddy and the Melody of the Night (1960)
 The Avenger (1960)
 Ramona (1961)
 Robert and Bretram (1961)
 I Must Go to the City (1962)
 The Strangler of Blackmoor Castle (1963)
 Freddy in the Wild West (1964)
 Golden Goddess of Rio Beni (1964)
 The Heath Is Green (1972)

References

External links

1909 births
1966 deaths
German male screenwriters
German male writers
People from Aachen (district)
Film people from North Rhine-Westphalia
20th-century German screenwriters


Skövde AIK is a Swedish football club from Skövde. It was founded on 21 June 1919. The club is currently in Superettan.

Background
Skövde AIK has played 14 seasons in second tier Swedish football, the last time being as recently as 1995 in the Division 1 Södra.  Eight seasons later the club had plunged into Division 5 Västergötland Östra, the sixth tier, having been relegated 3 consecutive times between 2000 and 2002. However SAIK have made a dramatic recovery and by 2007 were back in Division 1 Södra which is now the third tier of Swedish football after 4 consecutive promotions. In 2006, Skövde AIK won the Division 2 Mellersta Götaland after defeating IK Sleipner 2–1 in the decisive final match before 2364 spectators.  In 2009 the club just failed to get into the Superettan after missing out in the Promotion Playoffs.

The club is affiliated to the Västergötlands Fotbollförbund.

Season to season

Current squad

Attendances

In recent seasons Skövde AIK have had the following average attendances:

Achievements

League
 Division 1 Södra:
 Runners-up (1): 2009

Managers
 Gunnar Reis (1958–59)
 Sven "Fiskarn" Johansson (1960–1961)
 Lars Daremark (1962)
 C-G Bolander (1963)
 Arne Selmosson (1964–68)
 Lars Arnesson (1969)
 Axel "Acke" Eriksson (1970)
 Carl-Axel "CAS" Stenberg (1971–72)
 Janne Carlsson (1973–74)
 Blagoja Vucidolov (1975)
 Carl-Axel "CAS" Stenberg (1976–77)
 Ove Wigertz (1978)
 Sven - Eric "Svenne" Johansson (1979–80)
 Christer Fermvik (1981–83)
 Thom Åhlund (1984–86)
 Teitur Thordarson (1987)
 Inge Lennartsson (1988–89)
 Christer Swärd (1990–94)
 Stefan Johansson (1995–96)
 Francisco Verona (1997)
 Gary Wright (1998)
 Bengt Persson (1998)
 Francisco Verona (1999–2000)
 Magnus Henriksson (2001–02)
 Gudmundur Magnusson (2003–07)
 Stefan Jacobsson (2008–11)
 Rickard Söderberg (2012–2013)
 Charbel Abraham (2013)
 Mikael Thorvald (2018)
 Stefan Strind (2019–2020)
 Mikael Lindgren (2020)
 Tobias Linderoth (2021–)

Futsal
The club also has a futsal team who has won SM-guld the previous 5 years.

Honours
5 Futsal Championship: 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009

External links
Skövde AIK Official Website

Footnotes

Association football clubs established in 1919
Football clubs in Västra Götaland County
Futsal clubs in Sweden
1919 establishments in Sweden
Sport in Skövde


Three Points is a scenic, sparsely populated unincorporated community at the northwestern edge of Los Angeles County, in the northern Sierra Pelona Mountains foothills and southwest of the Antelope Valley in Southern California, United States.

Geography
The settlement is on the northern edge of the Angeles National Forest, on the east side of Oakgrove Canyon where it opens out into Pine Canyon, 17.5 miles (28 km) north of Castaic.  Its elevation is 3,424 feet.

A roadside welcome sign said in 1991 that the Three Points population was 150. In 2008 a newer sign gave the population as 200.

— Los Angeles Times, June 16, 1991

History

1880s — 1970s
Three Points was homesteaded in 1892 by the Lafferty family, 83-year-old Laura May Lafferty told a reporter in 1991. Her grandmother acted as a midwife, and her father, Ben Cherbbono, was a French Canadian muleskinner who led a team that helped grade the Ridge Route highway in the early part of the 20th century. Gookins Lake in the area was named after her mother's family, she said.

In those days, Three Points was graced with a one-room schoolhouse, Pine Canyon School, where in 1953 Mrs. Lillie Knighton taught children aged 6 to 14; in midwinter, a “huge pot-bellied stove . . . hissed with heat.”
The school also acted as a community center; movies related to classwork were shown each Thursday night, open to adults.

Apart from the school, a tavern variously called the Three Point Cafe, Maxine's, and Nancy's Up the Road Cafe, was another center of social life. Bert Gookins was the first owner and builder — sometime in 1912, or maybe 1924, Bert Hart, Gookins’ grandson, recalled. It was a grocery store once, Hart said, and perhaps the restaurant and bar were added in the 1930s or 1940s. The building was occasionally occupied by a traveling dentist who used a foot-powered drill.

1980s on

Michael and Anita Felix bought the cafe in 1984 with the idea of using its park-like grounds for special events. Two years later, Anita had a heart attack and so the Felixes began leasing it to other operators.
When Maxine Martin had it in 1991 it was a combination bar, restaurant, social club and video-rental store featuring a decor that included

In November 1994 the Felixes resumed managing the cafe — but they opened it only on Saturdays and Sundays, and soon thereafter they put it up for sale.

In 2008 it was a private residence: An unusable gasoline pump in front was purely decorative, and the only sign of commerce was an outside vending machine that dispensed bottled water.

Government

As an unincorporated community, there is no local government, but there is a Three Points–Liebre Mountain Town Council, which in March 2009 was working on a community standards district document and on emergency preparedness.

Education
There is no longer a public school in the settlement. Three Points is part of the Westside Union School District of West Lancaster, which operates Del Sur, Joe Walker, Hill View, Cottonwood, Rancho Vista, Sundown, Valley View, Leona Valley, and Quartz Hill schools, through the eighth grade.

The community is within the Antelope Valley Union High School District and the Antelope Valley Community College District.

Library
The Los Angeles County's public library sends its Antelope Valley bookmobile to Three Points from 9:30 to 11:30 a.m. one day a week.

Fire danger
Three Points was settled in a wooded valley shrouded in volatile pine trees, near a mountain fittingly named Burnt Peak, and the town has been threatened by wildfires many times over the decades. The earliest story about Three Points in the Los Angeles Times, the closest metropolitan newspaper to the settlement, is dated August 24, 1927, and, like many such articles thereafter, it was reporting on a massive fire in the forested area.

Twenty-two years later, in 1949, another fire in the canyon made the news:

In July 2004, the Times reported:

References

External links

Unincorporated communities in Los Angeles County, California
Sierra Pelona Ridge
Populated places established in 1892
1892 establishments in California
Unincorporated communities in California


Fred Figglehorn was the central character in an Internet video series created by American Internet personality Lucas Cruikshank from 2006 to 2015. It yielded other spin-off series and a relationship with Nickelodeon, including three movies and a television series.

History
Lucas Cruikshank introduced the Fred character in a video on JKL Productions, a channel he started on YouTube with his cousins, Jon and Katie Smet on June 11, 2006. Cruikshank uploaded several videos testing out different characters. The first Fred video was uploaded on October 30, 2006, and a few more videos were uploaded throughout 2007. On April 30, 2008, these videos were moved to the Fred channel, and on May 1 the first official video of the series, titled "Fred on May Day" was released. By April 2009, it became the first YouTube channel to have over one million subscribers.

Zipit Wireless Messenger (Z2) sponsored the first season of Fred, with several product placements. Walden Media hired Cruikshank to promote the film City of Ember, along with the sci-fi novel it was based on, cameos from the film's star Tim Robbins in Fred episodes, and a mock movie trailer.

Cruikshank made a cameo appearance as both Fred and himself on Nickelodeon's iCarly in "iMeet Fred", which originally aired on February 16, 2009. The episode has iCarly facing a huge loss of popularity after Freddie Benson criticizes Fred on-air, resulting in Cruikshank pretending to cancel his own show, and the characters organizing a crossover episode between the two web shows to regain popularity.

In December 2009, Cruikshank filmed Fred: The Movie, which aired on Nickelodeon on September 18, 2010. Nickelodeon created a franchise surrounding the character, with the sequel, Fred 2: Night of the Living Fred, airing on October 22, 2011. In 2012, Fred: The Show aired, consisting of 24 11-minute episodes; a third movie, Fred 3: Camp Fred, premiered that year.

In June 2010, Fred appeared on the Annoying Orange web series. In October and November 2011, Ari Gold cameos in Fred as Power, from the film Adventures of Power.

The last video in the Fred franchise was an appearance by Cruikshank in the video “Lucas Defeats Yuksung”, an episode of “The New Fred”. Cruikshank made one final appearance in a promo for the new era of the channel in which users could send in their own videos before selling off the channel, making few appearances from then on. The channel made its final upload in 2015.

In 2020, Cruikshank created a TikTok channel based on Fred named HeyItsFred.

Format
Fred lives with his grandmother and his mother who is a recovering drug-addict and alcoholic stripper. Fred has been the victim of child abuse and his father is a former rock musician, and currently on death row in the state penitentiary.

The series uses a floating timeline, meaning it is always taking place in the current year, and Fred is perpetually six years old and in kindergarten. The videos primarily consist of the character speaking to the audience about what is happening in his life. Fred has a high-pitched voice and is hyperactive, achieved by speeding up the footage. Cruikshank has described the channel as "programming for kids by kids" as a parody of people who "think that everyone is so interested in them". He believes that viewers either "automatically love Fred or automatically hate Fred, there is no in between".

Leading up to the second movie's release, a new series called Figgle Chat features Internet and television stars. An animated series, It's Fred! joined the channel.

Discography

Albums

Extended plays

Charted songs

Films

Fred: The Movie

Fred: The Movie is a 2010 film based on the YouTube series about Fred Figglehorn. It features Lucas Cruikshank as Fred, Pixie Lott as Judy, Jennette McCurdy as Bertha, Jake Weary as Kevin Cen, John Cena as Fred's imaginary dad, and Siobhan Fallon Hogan as Fred's mom. It follows the character as he tries to track down his crush, Judy after she moves away. It is written by David A. Goodman, directed by Clay Weiner, and produced by Brian Robbins. Filming began November 9, 2009, and wrapped up December 20, 2009. The movie premiered on Nickelodeon on September 18, 2010, and the DVD was released October 5, 2010 as well as streaming media such as Netflix.

Fred 2: Night of the Living Fred

Fred 2: Night of the Living Fred is a 2011 Halloween-themed sequel to Fred: The Movie. It first aired on October 22, 2011. After Fred has broken up with Judy, he meets Kevin Cen's sister Talia, and becomes convinced that his new neighbor is a vampire. The Judy character does not appear, and Jennette McCurdy was replaced by Daniella Monet in the role of Bertha.

Fred 3: Camp Fred

In late 2011, a third Fred movie was announced. Fred 3: Camp Fred premiered July 28, 2012, on Nickelodeon, which also aired Fred: The Show, a series of 24 11-minute-long episodes, in 2012. For summer, Fred attends Camp Iwannapeepee, where he meets several different characters, and must compete against Kevin Cen's camp.

TV series

Fred: The Show

In 2012, Fred became the protagonist in his own TV series, which ran between January and August 2012. The series received dismal reviews, particularly for Fred's annoying attitude, and grating voice, and ratings continued to slip until the show was axed, after which Cruikshank severed ties with Nickelodeon, and Fred was retired.

References

External links

2006 web series debuts
2011 web series endings
Figglehorn, Fred
Fictional characters from Nebraska
Internet memes introduced in 2006
Figglehorn, Fred
Viral videos
YouTube channels closed in 2015
YouTube channels launched in 2006
YouTube original programming


The Protection Command is one of the commands within the Specialist Operations directorate of London's Metropolitan Police Service. The command specialises in protective security and has two branches: Royalty and Specialist Protection (RaSP), providing protection to the royal family and close protection to government officials, and Parliamentary and Diplomatic Protection (PaDP), providing uniformed security to government buildings, officials and diplomats. In contrast with the vast majority of British police officers, many members of the Protection Command routinely carry firearms in the course of their duties and all are authorised firearms officers.

Branches

In April 2015, the branches of Protection Command and elements of Security Command were merged into two distinct branches under the control of Protection Command: Royalty and Specialist Protection (RaSP; a merger of Royalty Protection and Specialist Protection) and Parliamentary and Diplomatic Protection (PaDP; a merger of the Diplomatic Protection Group and the Palace of Westminster Division of Security Command).

Royalty and Specialist Protection

The Royalty and Specialist Protection (RaSP) was formed following a merger of the Royalty Protection Command (SO14) with the Specialist Protection Command (SO1) in April 2015.

The department has three service areas:

 Close protection for members of the Royal Family, government ministers (which includes the Prime Minister) and visiting heads of state.
 The Special Escort Group (SEG) who provide mobile armed protection to members of the royal family and government ministers
 Armed security at royal residences in London, Windsor and Scotland.

Prior to 1978, when the Royalty Protection Branch was formed as a separate non-divisional specialist unit, royalty protection officers were attached for administrative purposes to "A" Division, although they came directly under the command of Assistant Commissioner "A".

Parliamentary and Diplomatic Protection

Parliamentary and Diplomatic Protection (PaDP) was formed following a merger of the Diplomatic Protection Group (SO6) with the Palace of Westminster Division (SO17) in April 2015.

PaDP provide armed and unarmed protection of embassies, missions and the Parliamentary Estate. They also provide residential protection for high-profile government ministers and are responsible for access control and security at Downing Street and New Scotland Yard.

PaDP was the command in which Police Constable Keith Palmer, who was killed in an attack at Westminster in 2017, worked, as did convicted kidnapper, murderer and rapist Wayne Couzens who used his status as a Police Officer to deceive his victim by falsely arresting her.

See also
List of protective service agencies
Counter Terrorism Command
Territorial Support Group
United States Secret Service
Fixated Threat Assessment Centre
Special Protection Group (India)
Federal Protective Service (United States)
Federal Protective Service (Russia)

References

External links
 Official Webpage

Metropolitan Police units
Protective security units


Hilde Körber (3 July 1906 – 31 May 1969) was an Austrian film actress who worked largely in the German Film Industry. She appeared in 53 films between 1930 and 1964. She was born in Vienna, Austria-Hungary and died in West Berlin, West Germany.

She was the second wife of actor and director Veit Harlan, with whom she had three children including Thomas Harlan.

Selected filmography

 Chasing Fortune (1930)
 Maria the Maid (1936)
 My Son the Minister (1937)
 The Ruler (1937)
 Diamonds (1937)
 The Marriage Swindler (1938)
 Robert Koch (1939)
 Passion (1940)
 The Fox of Glenarvon (1940)
 The Great King (1942)
 Back Then (1943)
 Via Mala (1945)
 Morituri (1948)
 How Do We Tell Our Children? (1949)
 The Staircase (1950)
 When the Evening Bells Ring (1951)
 Desires (1952)
 Roses Bloom on the Moorland (1952)
 Life Begins at Seventeen (1953)
 Ave Maria (1953)
 Sauerbruch – Das war mein Leben (1954)
 The Confession of Ina Kahr (1954)
 Captain Wronski (1954)
 Island of the Dead (1955)
 Devil in Silk (1956)
 My Father, the Actor (1956)
 I'll Carry You in My Arms (1958)
 The Girl from the Marsh Croft (1958)

References

External links

1906 births
1969 deaths
Actresses from Vienna
20th-century Austrian actresses
Austrian film actresses
Actors from Vienna


Torslanda IK is a local sports club in Torslanda, Gothenburg, Sweden.

History
Torslanda IK was founded in 1944 by Anders Tullock, Bengt Tullock and Erik Danielsson.  In the 1950s the sports club created sections for football, table tennis, handball, and hockey.  In the 1960s gymnastics and in 1972 bowling were added.

The men's A football team won Division VI titles in 1981 and 1985. The men's A team advanced to Division IV in 1987, winning that title in 1996.

The club's original clubhouse was built in 1979 at Torslandavallen but was destroyed by fire in 1992. A replacement clubhouse was inaugurated in March 1994.

Torslanda IK are affiliated to the Göteborgs Fotbollförbund.

Season to season

* League restructuring in 2006 resulted in a new division being created at Tier 3 and subsequent divisions dropping a level.

Current squad

External links
Torslanda IK official website

Footnotes

Football clubs in Västra Götaland County
Association football clubs established in 1944
1944 establishments in Sweden


A Storm of Light is an American heavy metal band from New York City, formed in 2008.

They have been categorized as post-rock, post-metal, doom metal, sludge metal and hard rock, but have moved toward a darker and heavier metal sound. Rock-A-Rolla magazine's review of Nations to Flames states: "In upping the aggression, intensity and songwriting ability, they are once again overshadowing what's gone before and giving new reasons to appreciate a band that are already becoming one of the most crucial heavy acts around."

As of May 2023, the group have not released new music or performed live since 2018. Their website includes the statement "Indefinite Hiatus or Peace Out? Who knows."

History
A Storm of Light was founded in 2008 by bassist Domenic Seita and vocalist/guitarist/keyboardist Josh Graham. Graham is a former member of the post-rock outfit Red Sparowes, songwriter in Battle of Mice, and a longtime visual artist in residence with Neurosis (2000–2012) and Soundgarden (since 2010). From 2011, drummer Billy Graves has completed the permanent lineup.

Members

Current
 Josh Graham – guitar, vocals, keyboards
 Domenic Seita – bass
 Billy Graves – drums (As the Valley of Death Becomes Us, Our Silver Memories Fade & Nations to Flames)

Former
 Pete Angevice – drums (We Wept the Black Ocean Within)
 Andy Rice – drums (Forgive Us Our Trespasses)
 Vinnie Signorelli – drums (Primitive North)

Discography

Albums
 And We Wept the Black Ocean Within (2008, Neurot Recordings)
 "Primitive North" Split with Nadja (2009)
 Forgive Us Our Trespasses (2009)
 As the Valley of Death Becomes Us, Our Silver Memories Fade (2011, Profound Lore)
 Nations to Flames (2013, Southern Lord)
 Anthroscene (2018, Translation Loss Records)

References

External links

Official website

American doom metal musical groups
American sludge metal musical groups
American post-metal musical groups
American post-rock groups
Heavy metal musical groups from New York (state)
Hard rock musical groups from New York (state)
Musical trios from New York (state)
Musical groups established in 2008
2008 establishments in New York (state)


The 1998 Asian Super Cup was the 4th Asian Super Cup, a football match played between the winners of the previous season's Asian Club Championship and Asian Cup Winners Cup competitions. The 1998 competition was contested by Pohang Steelers of South Korea, who won the 1997–98 Asian Club Championship, and Al Nassr of Saudi Arabia, the winners of the 1997–98 Asian Cup Winners' Cup.

Route to the Super Cup

Pohang Steelers

1Pohang Steelers goals always recorded first.

Al Nassr

1 Al Nassr goals always recorded first.
1 Al Shabab withdrew.

Game summary

|}

First leg

Second leg

References
 Asian Super Cup 1998 (AFC)
 Asian Super Cup 1998 (RSSSF)

Asian Super Cup
Super
International club association football competitions hosted by Saudi Arabia
International club association football competitions hosted by South Korea
S
Al Nassr FC matches


Julian Valentin (born February 23, 1987) is an American retired professional soccer player.

Career

Amateur
A four-year starter at Wake Forest University, Valentin appeared in 84 games from 2003-2007. Named NSCAA First Team All-South and Second Team All-America, Soccer America First-Team All-American and All-ACC First Team in 2006, Valentin was also named to ESPN's Academic All-District III team and was one of three NCAA starters on U-20 Men's National Team. Valentin captained the Demon Deacons to their first NCAA National Championship title in 2007 and famously took a cleat to the face in the final minutes of the game.

Professional
Valentin was selected by the Los Angeles Galaxy with the 29th overall pick in the 2008 MLS SuperDraft. With the MLS Reserve Division having been scrapped at the end of 2008, the LA Galaxy loaned Valentin to Cleveland City Stars in the USL First Division on May 15, 2009.

Valentin signed with USSF Division 2 club FC Tampa Bay on 5 February 2010 and was named club captain on 6 April 2010.

On 3 February 2011, Valentin officially retired from professional play and accepted a job with the Colorado Rockies of Major League Baseball. Valentin is of Puerto Rican descent. Valentin is the older brother of Zarek Valentin of Portland Timbers and brother in-law of Taylor Kemp of D.C. United.

References

External links

 Wake Forest bio

1987 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Lancaster, Pennsylvania
American men's soccer players
American people of Puerto Rican descent
Soccer players from Pennsylvania
Wake Forest Demon Deacons men's soccer players
LA Galaxy players
Cleveland City Stars players
Tampa Bay Rowdies players
Major League Soccer players
USL First Division players
USSF Division 2 Professional League players
United States men's youth international soccer players
United States men's under-20 international soccer players
United States men's under-23 international soccer players
LA Galaxy draft picks
Men's association football defenders


Kenya Electricity Generating Company PLC  abbreviated to KenGen, is a government enterprise in the Republic of Kenya charged with the production of electricity for the country. KenGen is the largest electric power producer in Kenya, generating over 60% of the electricity consumed in the country.

Overview
KenGen relies on various sources to generate electricity, ranging from hydropower, geothermal, thermal and wind, with hydropower being the leading source of electricity.

The company owns 30 hydropower plants with a combined capacity of 825.69 MW, four thermal power plants generating 256 MW, seven geothermal power plants with a generating capacity of 713.13 MW and one Wind power plant at Ngong producing 26 MW, for a combined generating capacity of 1,817.82 MW.

Presently KenGen operates five major geothermal power plants with 12 installed units, namely: Olkaria I, Olkaria II, Olkaria I unit 4 and 5, Olkaria IV, Olkaria V. 16 wellhead plants with 21 installed units.

The Olkaria geothermal power stations are located in Nakuru County within the Hell's Gate National Park bordering Lake Naivasha within the Great Rift Valley.

History

The company was founded on 1 February 1954 as the Kenya Power Company (KPC) and was commissioned to construct the transmission line between Nairobi and Tororo in Uganda. This was to transmit power generated at the Owen Falls Dam to Kenya. KPC was also tasked to develop electricity generating facilities in the country.

KPC was managed by the Kenya Power and Lighting Company under a management contract. In January 1997, the management of KPC was formally separated from Kenya Power as a direct result of reforms being undertaken in the energy sector and the entire economy. Subsequently, on 19 January 1998 the company changed its name from Kenya Power Company to Kenya Electricity Generating Company. The trading name KenGen PLC was also adopted at this point.

In 2006, KenGen was listed on the Nairobi Securities Exchange after the Government of Kenya sold 30 percent of its stake in the company through a successful initial public offering that received over 280,000 applications.

Ownership
KenGen currently has 6,594,522,339 shares. The stock of Kenya Electricity Generating Company is listed on the NSE, where it trades under the symbol: KEGN

List of power stations and installed capacity
See also List of power stations in Kenya

Current capacity
The current capacity of KenGen's power stations are;

Hydroelectric
Gitaru Hydro Power Plant – 225 MW
Gogo Hydro Power Plant – 2 MW, on the Gucha River
Kamburu Hydro Power Plant – 93
Kiambere Hydro Power Plant – 169 MW
Kindaruma Hydroelectric Power Station – 72 MW
Masinga Hydroelectric Power Station – 40 MW
Mesco Hydro Power Plant – 0.43 MW
Sagana Hydro Power Plant – 1.5 MW
Sondu Miriu Hydroelectric Power Station – 60 MW
Sosiani Hydro Power Plant – 0.4 MW
Tana Hydroelectric Power Station – 20 MW
Turkwel Hydro Power Plant – 106 MW
Wanjii Hydroelectric Power Station – 7.4 MW

Geothermal
Olkaria I Geothermal Power Plant - 45 MW
Olkaria II Geothermal Power Plant - 105 MW
Olkaria I AU Geothermal Power Station - 140 MW
Olkaria V Geothermal Plant- 172MW
Eburru Geothermal Power Plant – 2.44 MW
 Wellhead Geothermal Power Plant (Olkaria)- 5.0 MW
 Wellhead Generation – 81 MW

Thermal
Kipevu I Diesel – 60 MW
Kipevu III Diesel – 115 MW
Muhoroni Gas Turbine - 55 MW

Wind
 Ngong Hills Wind Power Station: Phase I – 5.1 MW
 Ngong Hills Wind Power Station: Phase II – 20.4 MW

Future projects
KenGen plans to increase it installed capacity to 721 megawatts by 2025.

Geothermal

 Olkaria I Unit 6  – 70 MW  – Completion Year:  2022
 Eburru Project – 25 MW  – Completion Year: 2016
 Olkaria VI – 140 MW  – Completion Year: 2016/17
 Olkaria VII – 140 MW  – Completion Year: 2018
 Olkaria VIII – 140 MW  – Completion Year: 2018

Wind

 Wind Power Station: Phase II – 300  MW – Completion Year: 2020

Lists
 List of countries by electricity exports
 List of countries by electricity imports
 List of countries by electricity production

References

External links

Electric power companies of Kenya
Government-owned companies of Kenya
Energy companies established in 1954
Renewable resource companies established in 1954
1954 establishments in Kenya
Companies listed on the Nairobi Securities Exchange


Sarah: How a Hockey Mom Turned Alaska's Political Establishment Upside Down is a biography of Sarah Palin written by Kaylene Johnson.  Written before Palin was nominated for the Vice President of the United States, it describes her upbringing and her quick rise to power as Governor of Alaska.

The book was called the "definitive primer" on Palin as of the time of her vice presidential nomination.

History
The author, Kaylene Johnson, is a longtime Alaska resident who lives outside of Wasilla, where Palin had served as mayor.  Epicenter Press, which published the book, is a small publisher of books about Alaska, based in Seattle, Washington, run by editor Kent Sturgis, who was raised in Alaska.

Surgis approached Johnson for a "quick turnaround" biography of Palin, who was then Governor of Alaska.  He gave her three months to write the book, which would be published and distributed within a further three months.  She accepted because she had long admired Palin and wanted to learn more about the Governor.

In September 2008, after Palin's nomination as vice president, it was reprinted by Tyndale House.

Public and critical reception
The book had been selling relatively well in Alaska, with 6,500 books in print and 3,500 on order four months after publication.  However, the vice presidential nomination by John McCain of the book's subject, who was then relatively unknown as a national political leader, caused an upsurge of interest.  The day after McCain's announcement Barnes & Noble telephoned for an order of 15,000 copies.  , the book had been on The New York Times Best Seller list for six weeks, peaking at number three, with more than 350,000 in print.

The book has been described as "upbeat", "friendly", "admiring", and "laudatory".

See also
Going Rogue: An American Life
Going Rouge: Sarah Palin An American Nightmare

References

External links
kaylene.us - author's official site
Alaska Magazine
The New York Observer
Time
Reuters
Minnpost

2008 non-fiction books
Books about Sarah Palin


John Palmer (c. 1742–1798) was an actor on the English stage in the eighteenth century. There was also another John Palmer (1728–1768) who was known as Gentleman Palmer. Richard Brinsley Sheridan nicknamed him Plausible Jack.

Birth and youth
He was born in the parish of St Luke's, Old Street, London, about 1742, was son of a private soldier. In 1759 the father served under the Marquis of Granby, and subsequently, on the marquis's recommendation, became a bill-sticker and doorkeeper at Drury Lane Theatre in London.

When about eighteen John recited the parts of George Barnwell and Mercutio to David Garrick, but Garrick found no promise in him, and joined his father in urging him to enter the army. Garrick even got a small military appointment for him; but Palmer refused to follow his counsel, and entered the shop of a print-seller on Ludgate Hill.

On 20 May 1762, for the benefit of his father and three others, he made his first appearance on any stage, playing Buck in the Englishman in Paris. This performance he repeated for benefits on the 21st, 24th, and 25th.
Palmer was then engaged by Samuel Foote, who said that his "tragedy was damned bad", but "his comedy might do" for the "little theatre in the Haymarket", now known as the Haymarket Theatre, where, in the summer of 1762, he was the original Harry Scamper, an Oxford student, in Foote's Oracle. Being refused an engagement by Garrick, whom he still failed to please, he joined a country company under Herbert, and played, at Sheffield, Richmond in Richard III. Returning to London, he played, for the benefit of his father and others, George Barnwell in the London Merchant.
He then re-engaged with Foote, but was dismissed in the middle of the season. After acting at Portsmouth he was engaged by Garrick, at a salary of 20 shillings. a week, for Drury Lane, but did not get higher than the Officer in 'Richard III' (act ii. sc. i.) For his father's benefit Palmer appeared as Dick in the Apprentice. At the Haymarket, in the summer of 1764, he was the original Sir Roger Dowlas in Foote's Patron. Being refused at Drury Lane an increase of salary, he went to Colchester, under Hurst, and was so lightly esteemed that, but for the intercession of Mrs Webb, an actress of influence, he would have been discharged. The following year she was working in Colchester when she is said to have interceded to save Palmer's job.

In Norwich he married a Miss Berroughs, who had taken a box for his benefit. He then gave, at Hampstead and Highgate, and in various country towns, George Alexander Stevens's Lecture on Heads, and, after playing with a strolling company, returned to London. In 1766, after refusing offers for Dublin and Convent Garden, he engaged with Garrick for Drury Lane, at a salary of 25 shillings a week, raised in answer to his remonstrance to 30 shillings. He appeared on 7 Oct. 1766 as Sir Harry Beagle in the Jealous Wife.
He appears in the bills as "J. Palmer", being thus distinguished from his namesake, the elder John Palmer, known as 'Gentleman' Palmer (see below), who took leading business in the company.

Acting career
Returning in the summer to the Haymarket, Palmer was on 2 July 1767 the original Isaacos in the mock tragedy of the Tailors, and acted Ben Budge in the Beggar's Opera, Morton in Hartson's Countess of Salisbury, imported from Crow Street Theatre, Dublin, to the Lord William of Miss Palmer from Dublin, apparently no relation, and Young Rakish in the School-boy.
Back at Drury Lane, he was on 23 Oct. 1767 the original Wilson in Garrick's Peep behind the Curtain, or the New Rehearsal;
Furnival, a worthless barrister, in Kenrick's Widow'd Wife; on 23 Jan. 1768 Sir Harry Newburgh in Kelly's False Delicacy, and, 21 March, Captain Slang in Bickerstaffe's Absent Man, and played also Young Wilding in the Liar, and Colonel Tamper in The Deuce is in him.

The death of "Gentleman Palmer" in 1768 was followed by the engagement of John Palmer for four years, at a salary rising from forty to fifty shillings a week. The parts assigned him increased in number and importance. The death of Charles Holland and the secession of other actors also contributed to his advancement. It was, indeed, while replacing "Gentleman Palmer" as Harcourt in the Country Girl, in about 1767, that Jack Plausible, as the second Palmer was generally called, established himself in Garrick's favour. He offered to play the part, with which he was quite unfamiliar, the following day. 'Read it, you mean,' said Garrick, who held impossible the mastery of such a character within the time accorded. When at rehearsal Palmer read the part, Garrick exclaimed:
"I said so! I knew he would not study it." At night Palmer spoke it with more accuracy than was often observable when better opportunities had been afforded him. Garrick also engaged Mrs. Palmer, who had never been upon the stage, and who, having through her marriage with an actor, forfeited the wealth she expected to inherit, was glad to accept the twenty shillings a week which, together with friendship never forfeited, Garrick proffered. Mrs. Palmer's appearances on the stage appear to have been few, and are not easily traced. The initial J. was dropped in 1769-70 from the announcements of Palmer's name in the playbills.
The omission gave rise to Foote's joke, that Jack Palmer had lost an I. Palmer was disabled for some months in consequence of an accident when acting Dionysius in The Grecian Daughter, to the Euphrasia of Ann Street Barry. The spring in her dagger refused to work, and she inflicted on him in her simulated fury a serious wound. In 1772 Palmer relinquished his summer engagement at the Haymarket in order to succeed Thomas King at Liverpool, where he became a great favourite, and established himself as a tragedian. One circumstance alone militated against his popularity. He was said to ill-treat his wife. Alarmed at this report, he sent for that long-suffering lady, who came, and hiding, it is said, the bruises on her face inflicted by her husband, who was both false and cruel, walked about Liverpool with him and re-established him in public estimation. Not until 1776 did he reappear at the Haymarket, which, however, from that time remained his ordinary place of summer resort. The retirement of Smith gave Palmer control all but undisputed over the highest comedy. Tribute to his special gifts is involved in his selection for Joseph Surface on the first performance of The School for Scandal, 8 May 1777, a character in which he was by general consent unapproachable.
Himself addicted to pleasure, for which he occasionally neglected his theatrical duties, he had a pharisaical way of appealing to the audience, which exactly suited the character, and invariably won him forgiveness.
This it was, accompanied by his "nice conduct" of the pocket-handkerchief, that secured him the name of Plausible Jack, and established the fact that he was the only man who could induce the public to believe that his wife brought him offspring every two months. She brought him, in fact, eight children. After a quarrel with Sheridan, Palmer, approaching the dramatist with a head bent forward, his hand on his heart, and his most plausible Joseph Surface manner, and saying, "If you could see my heart, Mr. Sheridan", received the reply, "Why, Jack, you forget I wrote it." On 30 Aug. of the same year, at the Haymarket, he further heightened his reputation by his performance of Almaviva.

Royalty Theatre and debtors' prison
In 1785 Palmer, yielding to his own ambition and the counsel of friends, began to build the Royalty Theatre in Wellclose Square. Deaf to remonstrances, he persisted in his task, though the only licenses, wholly ineffectual, which he could obtain were those of the governor of the Tower and the magistrates of the adjoining district. This building he opened, 20 June 1787, with a performance of As you like it, in which he was Jaques to the Rosalind of Mrs. Belfille, and Miss in her Teens, in which he was Flash to the Miss Biddy of Maria Gibbs. The contest for places was violent. Apprehensive of an interference on the part of the authorities, he gave the representation for the benefit of the London Hospital. At the close Palmer read an address by Arthur Murphy, and said that performances would be suspended for the present. On 3 July the theatre was reopened for the performance of pantomimes and irregular pieces. Though backed up by friends, some of them of influence and wealth, Palmer was never able to conquer the opposition of the managers of the patent houses. A pamphlet warfare began with A Review of the present Contest between the Managers of the Winter Theatres, the Little Theatre in the Haymarket, and the Royalty Theatre in Wellclose Square, &c., 8vo, 1787. This, written in favour of Palmer, was answered anonymously by George Colman in A very plain State of the Case, or the Royalty Theatre versus the Theatres Royal, &c., 8vo, 1787. In the same year appeared Royal and Royalty Theatres (by Isaac Jackman), Letter to the Author of the Burletta called "Hero and Leander," The Trial of John Palmer for opening the Royalty Theatre, tried in the Olympian Shades, and The Trial of Mr. John Palmer, Comedian and Manager of the Royalty Theatre, &c. In 1788 appeared The Eastern Theatre Erected, an heroic "comic poem", the hero of which is called Palmerio, and Case of the Renters of the Royalty Theatre. The polemic was continued after the death of Palmer, a list of the various pamphlets to which it gave rise being supplied in Mr. Robert Lowe's Bibliographical Account of Theatrical Literature. Improvident and practically penniless through life, Palmer ascribed to the treatment he received in connection with this speculation, in which nothing of his own was embarked, his subsequent imprisonment for debt and the general collapse of his fortunes.

In such difficulties was he plunged that he resided for some period in his dressing-room in Drury Lane Theatre, and when he was needed elsewhere he was conveyed in a cart behind theatrical scenery. On 15 June 1789 he gave at the Lyceum an entertainment called As you like it, which began with a personal prologue written by Thomas Bellamy. He also played at Worcester and elsewhere, took the part of Henri du Bois, the hero in a spectacle founded on the just-concluded taking of the Bastille, and, while a prisoner in the Rules of the King's Bench, delivered three times a week, at a salary of twelve guineas a week, Stevens's Lecture on Heads. On 9 Nov. 1789 Drury Lane Theatre was closed, and Palmer, as a rogue and vagabond, was committed to the Surrey gaol. The public demanded him, however, and 1789-90 is the only season in which he was not seen at Drury Lane.

Last performance and death
On 18 June 1798, the last night of the season at Drury Lane, Palmer played Father Philip in the Castle Spectre of "Monk" Lewis, and Comus, the former an original part, in which he had been first seen on the 14th of the previous December. He then went to Liverpool, but was in low spirits, grieving over the death of his wife and of his favourite son. He was announced to play the eponymous stranger in August von Kotzebue's The Stranger, but the performance was deferred.

On 2 Aug. 1798 he attempted this part. No support of his friends could cheer him. He went through two acts with great effect. In the third act he was much agitated, and in the fourth, at the question of Baron Steinfort relative to his children, he endeavoured to proceed, fell back, heaved a convulsive sigh, and died, the audience supposing, until the body was removed and the performance arrested, that he was merely playing his part. An attempt to reap a lesson from the incident was made by saying that his last words were, There is another and a better world. It was said, too, that this phrase, which occurs in the third act, was to be placed on his tomb. However, Whitfield (who played Baron Steinfort) told Frederic Reynolds that Palmer fell in Whitfield's presence, meaning it was later than these lines in the play. A benefit for his children was held in Liverpool, an address by William Roscoe being spoken, this realised a considerable sum. A benefit at the Haymarket Theatre on 18 Aug. brought nearly £700; a third was given on 15 September, the opening night at Drury Lane, when the Stranger was repeated.

Palmer is buried in the parish churchyard of Walton near Liverpool.

Roles
One of the most versatile as well as the most competent and popular of actors, Palmer played an enormous number of characters, principally at Drury Lane. John Genest's list, which is far from complete, and does not even include all Palmer's original characters, amounts to over three hundred separate parts. Except singing characters and old men, there was nothing in which he was not safe, and there were many things in which he was foremost. An idea of his versatility may be obtained from a few of the characters with which he was entrusted.

These include:
Welborn in A New Way to Pay Old Debts
Face in The Alchemist
Pierre
Mercutio
Iachimo in Cymbeline
Iago
Bastard in King John
Slender
Teague
Trappanti
Young Marlow
Jaques
Buckingham in Henry VIII
Ford
Ghost in Hamlet
Hamlet
Colonel Feignwell in A Bold Stroke for a Wife
Bobadill
Valentine and Ben in Love for Love
Comus, Petruchio, Lofty in The Good-Natur'd Man
Puff in the Critic
Lord Foppington in The Relapse
Lord Townly
Falstaff in the Merry Wives of Windsor and Henry IV, Part 1
Touchstone
Henry VIII
Inkle
Macduff
Macbeth
Octavian in the Mountaineers
Shylock
Prospero
Doricourt in The Belle's Stratagem
and innumerable others. Not less numerous are his original characters.
Of these three stand prominently forth, the most conspicuous of all being Joseph Surface, which seems never to have been so well
played since; Almaviva in Spanish Barber, and Dick Dowlas.

Other original characters include:

Colonel Evans in The School for Rakes
Captain Dormer in A Word to the Wise
Dionysius in Arthur Murphy's Grecian Daughter
Leeson in the School for Wives
Siward in Matilda
Sir Petronel Flash in Old City Manners
Solyman in the Sultan
Jack Rubrick in the Spleen
Earl Edwin in the Battle of Hastings
Granger in Who's the Dupe?
Sneer in the Critic
Woodville in The Chapter of Accidents
Contrast in the Lord of the Manor
Sir Harry Trifle in the Divorce
Almoran in The Fair Circassian
Prince of Arragon in the piece so named
Lord Gayville in the Heiress
Don Octavio in the School for Guardians
Sir Frederick Fashion in Seduction
Marcellus in Julia, or the Italian Lover
Random in Ways and Means
Demetrius in the Greek Slave
Young Manly in the Fugitive
Sydenham in the Wheel of Fortune
Schedoni in the Italian Monk
Tonnage in the Ugly Club
In tragedy Palmer was successful in those parts alone in which, as in Stukely, lago, &c., dissimulation is required.

In comedy, thanks partly to his fine figure, there are very many parts in which he was held perfect. Some of his best parts are:

Young Wilding in the Liar (perhaps his greatest character)
Captain Flash
Face
Dick in the Confederacy
Stukely
Sir Toby Belch
Captain Absolute
Young Fashion
Prince of Wales in the First Part of King Henry IV
Sneer
Don John
Volpone
Sir Frederick Fashion
Henry VIII
Father Philip in Castle Spectre
Villeroy
Brush

James Boaden declares him "the most unrivalled actor of modern times!" and says "he could approach a lady, bow to her and seat himself gracefully in her presence. We have had dancing-masters in great profusion since his time, but such deportment they have either not known or never taught." His biographer says that his want of a "classical education" was responsible for his defects, which consisted of a want of taste and discrimination, and the resort to physical powers when judgment was at fault. His delivery of William Collins's Ode to the Passions was condemned as the one undertaking beyond his strength, and he is charged with unmeaning and ill-placed accents.

Dibdin says that he was vulgar, and Charles Lamb says that "for sock or buskin there was an air of swaggering gentility about Jack Palmer. He was a gentleman with a slight infusion of the footman." In Captain Absolute, Lamb held, "you thought you could trace his promotion to some lady of quality who fancied the handsome fellow in a top-knot, and had bought
him a commission." In Dick Amlet he describes Jack as unsurpassable. John Taylor condemns his Falstaff as heavy throughout.
Among innumerable stories circulated concerning Palmer is one that his ghost appeared after his death. He was accused of forgetting his origin and giving himself airs. He claimed to have frequently induced the sheriff's officer by whom he was arrested to bail him out of prison. In his late years Palmer's unreadiness on first nights was scandalous.

The authorship is ascribed to him of Like Master, Like Man, 8vo, 1811, a novel in two volumes, with a preface by George Colman
the younger.

Portraits of Palmer in the Garrick Club
include one by Russell, which was engraved
by J. Collyer in 1787, a second by Arrowsmith as Cohenberg in the Siege of Belgrade,
a third by Parkinson as lachimo, and a fourth, anonymous, as Joseph Surface in the screen scene from the School for Scandal, with King as Sir Peter, Smith as Charles Surface, and Mrs. Abington as Lady Teazle. A fifth, painted by Zoffany, representing Palmer as Face in the Alchemist, with Garrick as Abel Drugger and Burton as Subtle, is in the
possession of the Earl of Carlisle.

Related people

Brothers
Robert Palmer (1757–1805?), the actor's brother, played with success impudent footmen and other parts belonging to Palmer's
repertory, and was good in the presentation of rustic characters and of drunkenness. He was born in Banbury Court, Long Acre, September 1757, was educated at Brook Green, articled to Giuseppe Grimaldi the dancer, appeared as Mustard Seed in Midsummer Night's Dream at Drury Lane when six years old, played in the country, and acted both at the Haymarket and Drury Lane. He survived his brother, and succeeded him in Joseph Surface and other parts, for which he was incompetent. Lamb compares the two Palmers together, and says something in praise of the younger. Portraits of "Bob" Palmer by Dewilde, as Tag in the Spoiled Child, and as Tom in the Conscious Lovers, are in the Mathews collection in the Garrick Club.

Another brother, William, who died about 1797, played in opera in Dublin, and was seen at Drury Lane.

"Gentleman" Palmer
There was another actor named John Palmer (1728–1768). He was known as "Gentleman Palmer", but does not seem to have been related to the other John Palmer. He was celebrated as Captain Plume, as Osric, and as the Duke's servant in High Life Below Stairs; he was also a favourite in Orlando and Claudio, but especially in such jaunty parts as Mercutio. His wife, a Miss Pritchard, played from 1756 to 1768, and was accepted as Juliet and Lady Betty Modish, but was better in lighter parts, such as Fanny in the Clandestine Marriage.
"Gentleman Palmer", who has been frequently confused with his namesake, died on 23 May 1768, aged 40, his death being due to taking in mistake a wrong medicine. He had two children, William Vaughan Palmer who was born in 1762 and a daughter, Alicia Tindal Palmer who was born in 1763 and became a novelist.

References

External links

1740s births
1798 deaths
English male stage actors
18th-century English male actors
People imprisoned for debt


Bostwick is a historic home located a short distance below Lowndes Hill, the present-day property of Bladensburg Elementary School in Bladensburg, Prince George's County, Maryland, United States. According to its date plaque, it was built in 1746 by Christopher Lowndes (1713-1785).  The house was later the home of Lowndes’ son-in-law, Benjamin Stoddert (1751-1813), first Secretary of the Navy. Colonel Thomas H. Barclay (Tory in the American Revolution; brother-in-law of Lt. Colonel Beverly Robinson; first British consul appointed in New York after the peace of 1783; British agent for prisoners of war in War of 1812) resided at "Bostwick," the oldest surviving structure at Bladensburg.  Located nearby is the Market Master's House, also built by Lowndes.

Bostwick is a -story brick structure laid up in Flemish bond. A basement and ground level lies under the entire house. The gable roof, with dormer windows, is slightly belled at the eaves. The main (west) facade is five bays with a central doorway. A one-story porch extends across the front, and the pedimented central bay of the porch projects forward. "C.L. 1746" in wrought lead painted black is embedded high in the south chimney.  Also on the south side is a distinctive buttress added about 1800 by Stoddert, who was concerned about a crack in the wall on that side of the house.  At the base of the buttress are two dungeons or cells.  A gable-roofed common bond brick detached kitchen stands northeast of the house. Southeast of the house are several 19th century outbuildings and a barn.

Bostwick was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. The house suffered damage to the north chimney and roof in the August 2011 east coast earthquake. In 2012, Preservation Maryland placed Bostwick on its list of threatened historic properties.

References

External links
, including photo in 1997, at Maryland Historical Trust website

Historic American Buildings Survey in Maryland
Houses in Prince George's County, Maryland
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Maryland
National Register of Historic Places in Prince George's County, Maryland
Bladensburg, Maryland


Carl-Heinz Schroth (29 June 1902 – 19 July 1989) was a German actor and film director. He appeared in 60 films between 1931 and 1989. He also directed seven films between 1953 and 1963. He was born in Innsbruck, Austria, to Else Ruttersheim and film and stage actor Heinrich Schroth and died in Munich, Germany. His younger half-sister was actress Hannelore Schroth, from his father's marriage to actress Käthe Haack. He was married to the actress Karin Jacobsen.

Selected filmography
Director
 Men at a Dangerous Age (1954)
 The Telephone Operator (1954)
 The Missing Miniature (1954)
 Reaching for the Stars (1955)
Actor

 Der Kongreß tanzt (1931)
 The Coral Princess (1937)
 Crooks in Tails (1937)
 Somewhere in Berlin (1946)
 Morituri (1948)
 Derby (1949)
 My Wife's Friends (1949)
 The Last Night (1949)
 My Niece Susanne (1950)
 Furioso (1950)
 Shadows in the Night (1950)
 A Rare Lover (1950)
  The Dubarry (1951)
 Under the Thousand Lanterns (1952)
 Don't Forget Love (1953)
 Wenn der Vater mit dem Sohne (1955)
 How Do I Become a Film Star? (1955)
 Secrets of the City (1955)
 I Learned That in Paris (1960)
  (1963, TV film)
  (TV series, 1969–1970)
 Derrick - Season 3, Episode 9: "Ein unbegreiflicher Typ" (1976)
 Jakob und Adele (TV series, 1982–1989)

References

External links

1902 births
1989 deaths
German male film actors
German male television actors
German mass media people
Film people from Innsbruck
20th-century German male actors
Actors from Innsbruck


Franz Michael Vierthaler (25 September 1758 – 3 October 1827) was a distinguished Austrian pedagogue.

Life
Vierthaler was born in Mauerkirchen, Upper Austria. As his parents were poor, he was a choir-boy at the Benedictine Abbey of Michaelbeuren and at Salzburg. At Salzburg he also attended the gymnasium and from 1776 to 77, he took the law course at the university, though his favourite study was classical languages. In 1783 he became instructor at the Virgilian college for nobles at Salzburg. By teaching history he was led to write his Philosophische Geschichte der Menschheit (7 vols., 1787–1819). The first volume attracted attention and gained for Vierthaler, in 1790, the position of director of the seminary for teachers at Salzburg, which the archbishop had established for the betterment of the primary schools. In the same year he began a course of catechetical instruction for the students of the seminary for boys, and in 1791 pedagogical lectures at the university. In 1796 he was made court librarian. From 1800 to 1802 he edited the Salzburger Literaturzeitung and from 1799 to 1806 the Salzburger Staatszeitung. He married in 1802. In 1803 he was appointed supervisor of the public schools in the Duchy of Salzburg, and in 1804, supervisor of the two orphan asylums. Three years later, when Salzburg was made part of Austria, the Austrian Government called him to Vienna, where he took charge of the orphan asylum.

Vierthaler was a strong advocate of practical training in teaching. He kept up a correspondence with the young teachers from the seminary and encouraged their zeal. He prepared a unified plan of studies for schools that he visited, sought to provide good and cheap schoolbooks and other aids to study, and succeeded in arousing public interest in the cause of the schools.

Works
Vierthaler's three chief pedagogical works are: Elemente der Methodik und Padagogik (1791); Geist der Sokratik (1793); Entwurf der Schuler- ziehungskunde (1794). He was a master in his calling, distinguished by the clearness, simplicity, and practicalness of his teachings. He laid more emphasis than other teachers of his era on the principle that instruction should subserve education. The aim of his pedagogical method was a "noble humanity transfigured by God". The basis of all his efforts was the Catholic Faith which he placed above everything else. Like Overberg he regarded the personality of the teacher as the most important thing in education. In many respects he was ahead of his times, e.g. in his high estimation of the teaching of the natural sciences and of physical training; also in his opposition to corporal punishment. Besides his pedagogical writings Vierthaler wrote a large number of schoolbooks and books for children; among these are an edition of the Gospels and Epistles and a geography of Salzburg.

References

Attribution
 The entry cites:
Anthaller, Franz Michael Vierthaler, der Salzburger Pädagoge (Salzburg, 1880)
Vierthaler, Pädagogische Hauptschriften, ed. von der Fuhr (Paderborn, 1904)
von der Fuhr, Michael Vierthaler und seine Zeit (Berlin, 1909)

Austrian educators
1758 births
1827 deaths
Austrian librarians


In mathematics, the marriage theorem may refer to:
Hall's marriage theorem giving necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a system of distinct representatives for a set system, or for a perfect matching in a bipartite graph
The stable marriage theorem, stating that every stable marriage problem has a solution


Osborn Elliott (October 25, 1924 – September 28, 2008) was the editor of Newsweek magazine for sixteen years between 1961 and 1976. Elliott is credited with transforming Newsweek from a staid publication into a modern rival of Time.

Newsweek'''s circulation doubled to 3 million issues during Elliott's tenure as editor, which narrowed the gap with Time.

 Biography
 Early life
Osborn Elliott was born in New York City, the son of Audrey Osborn and John Elliott. His father worked as an investment counselor. His mother was a high-profile real estate agent in Manhattan who had been actively involved with the American women's suffrage movement of the early 20th century.

Elliott attended St. Paul's School in Concord, New Hampshire. He attended and graduated from Harvard University on an accelerated two-year wartime program. He served in the United States Navy for two years after graduation as a naval officer.

 Career
Elliott began his career in the news magazine publishing industry by joining The Journal of Commerce and then Time.

He was first hired by Newsweek in 1955 as a senior editor of business news. He was promoted to managing editor of Newsweek in 1959.

Elliott was further elevated to editor of Newsweek in 1961 when the Washington Post Company acquired the magazine. He became editor in chief of Newsweek in 1969. He took on the additional roles of president, chief executive and chairman within the following three years.

New York City Mayor Abraham Beame offered Elliott a position with the New York City government in 1976 as the newly created deputy mayor of economic development. Elliott left Newsweek to take the deputy mayor position for an annual salary of $1 per year. Elliott's role in New York government was to reverse the loss of jobs which was taking place at the time in New York City. He served as deputy mayor for the remaining 15 months of the Beame administration.

Elliott was named dean of the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism in January 1978. He stepped down from that position in 1986, but remained at the school as a journalism professor. The Asia Society, which is headquartered in New York City, has since named an annual journalism prize, the Osborn Elliott Prize for Excellence in Asian Journalism, in his honor. In 1975, Elliott founded Citizens Committee for New York City along with Senator Jacob Javits. His 1980 autobiography was titled "The World of Oz."

 Personal life
With his first wife, Deirdre Spencer, Elliot had three children: Diana Elliott Lidofsky, Cynthia Elliott (Rice), and Dorinda Elliott (Ignatius). They divorced in 1972. He married his second wife, Inger McCabe Elliott, in 1973 and became a stepfather to her three children, Alec McCabe, Marit McCabe (Dubois), and Kari McCabe (McBride).

 Death
Osborn Elliott died in New York City on September 28, 2008. He was 83 years old. Elliott was survived by three daughters and stepchildren. The editor of Newsweek, Jon Meacham, called Elliott, "Wise and witty, Oz Elliott is the architect of the modern Newsweek." The Asia Society released a statement which called Elliott "one of the earliest practitioners of 'civic journalism' -- the deliberate focusing of the journalistic enterprise on urgent issues of public policy."

Cultural references
Elliott's victimization at the hands of the con artist David Hampton provided some of the basis for John Guare's drama Six Degrees of Separation''.

Works

References

External links
 Asia Society Osborn Elliott Prize for Excellence in Asian Journalism

1924 births
2008 deaths
Military personnel from New York City
Newsweek people
Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism faculty
Columbia University faculty
American magazine editors
The Harvard Lampoon alumni


"Qui est l'exemple?" is a 2001 song recorded by French artists Rohff & Kayliah. It was the third single from his debut album, La Vie avant la mort, and was released in late 2001 in a CD maxi, then in February 2002 in a CD single. It achieved huge success in Belgium (Wallonia), Switzerland and particularly in France where it topped the chart. To date, it is the singer's biggest hit and can be considered as his signature song.

The refrain of the song is sung by Kayliah and contains a sampling of 1981 hit single "Your love" of the band Lime, but plays lower.

As of August 2014, it was the 56th best-selling single of the 21st century in France, with 379,000 units sold.

Track listings
 CD single
 "Qui est l'exemple?" — 3:50
 "Miroir, miroir" — 4:30
 "Qui est l'exemple?" (instrumental) — 3:21
 "Miroir, miroir" - Video

 CD single
 "Qui est l'exemple?" — 3:50
 "Miroir, miroir" — 4:30
 "Qui est l'exemple?" (instrumental) — 3:21
 "Miroir, miroir" (video)

 CD maxi
 "Qui est l'exemple?" — 4:03
 "Miroir, miroir" — 4:34
 "Creuset 2 voyous" — 5:29
 "Qui est l'exemple?" (instrumental) — 3:22
 "Miroir, miroir" (video)

 12" maxi
 "Qui est l'exemple?" — 3:50
 "Qui est l'exemple?" (instrumental) — 3:18
 "Qui est l'exemple?" (a cappella) — 3:50
 "TDSI" — 3:50
 "TDSI" (instrumental) — 3:50

Credits
 Produced by Kore & Skalp
 Vocals by Kayliah

Charts and sales

Peak positions

Year-end charts

Certifications

References

2001 songs
2002 singles
Rohff songs
SNEP Top Singles number-one singles


Count of Alcoutim (in Portuguese Conde de Alcoutim) was a Portuguese title of nobility, subsidiary to the one of Marquis of Vila Real, created by a royal decree, dated from November 15, 1496, by King John II of Portugal, and granted to Dom Fernando de Menezes, also known as Ferdinand II of Menezes, 2nd Marquis of Vila Real, 4th Count of Vila Real and 2nd Count of Valença.

Ferdinand of Menezes had married Dona Maria Freire de Andrade, Lady of Alcoutim, and through her wife he inherited these estates.

List of the Counts of Alcoutim
Fernando de Menezes, 2nd Marquis of Vila Real (1463- ? ), also known as Ferdinand II of Menezes, 4th Count of Vila Real
Pedro de Menezes, 3rd Marquis of Vila Real (1486- ? ), also known as Peter III of Meneses, 5th Count of Vila Real
Miguel de Menezes, 4th Marquis of Vila Real (1520- ? ), also known as Michael I of Menezes, 6th Count of Vila Real
Manuel de Meneses, 5th Marquis of Vila Real (1530- ? ), also known as Manuel of Menezes, 1st Duke of Vila Real and 7th Count of Vila Real;
Miguel Luís, 6th Marquis of Vila Real (1565-1637), also known as Michael II of Menezes, 1st Duke of Caminha and 8th Count of Vila Real;
Luis de Noronha e Meneses, 7th Marquis of Vila Real (1570- ? ), also known as Louis of Menezes, 9th Count of Vila Real

The Spanish Counts of Alcoutim
When the 7th Marquis of Vila Real, 6th Count of Alcoutim, along with his son the Duke of Caminha, was executed in Portugal for high treason in 1641, his daughter, Beatrice of Menezes, married to the Spanish Count of Medellin, remained in Spain.

To reward her fidelity towards the Spanish Habsburgs, King Philip IV of Spain gave her, the 23 March 1660, the title of Countess of Alcoutim as a Spanish title with, included today among the titles of the House of Medinaceli.

Beatrice of Menezes never returned to her homeland and this title was never recognized in Portugal

Counts of Alcoutim (1660-)
Beatriz de Meneses, 1st Countess of Alcoutim (1614-1668)
Pedro Damián Portocarrero, 9th Count of Medellín and 2nd Count of Alcoutim (1640-1704), eldest son of the 1st Countess.
Luisa Feliciana Portocarrero, 10th Countess of Medellín and 3rd Countess of Alcoutim (1641-1705), elder surviving daughter of the 1st Countess.
Guillén Ramón de Moncada, 6th Marquis of Aitona and 4th Count of Alcoutim (1671-1727), eldest son of the 3rd Countess.
María Teresa de Moncada, 7th Marquise of Aitona and 5th Countess of Alcoutim (1707-1756), eldest daughter of the 4th Count.
Pedro de Alcántara Fernández de Córdoba, 12th Duke of Medinaceli and 6th Count of Alcoutim (1730-1789), eldest son of the 5th Countess.
Luis Fernández de Córdoba, 13th Duke of Medinaceli and 7th Count of Alcoutim (1749-1806), eldest son of the 6th Count.
Luis Fernández de Córdoba, 14th Duke of Medinaceli and 8th Count of Alcoutim (1780-1840), eldest son of the 7th Count.
Luis Fernández de Córdoba, 15th Duke of Medinaceli and 9th Count of Alcoutim (1813-1873), elder son of the 8th Count.
Luis Fernández de Córdoba, 16th Duke of Medinaceli and 10th Count of Alcoutim (1851-1879), elder son of the 9th Count.
Luis Fernández de Córdoba, 17th Duke of Medinaceli and 11th Count of Alcoutim (1880-1956), elder son of the 10th Count.
Victoria Eugenia Fernández de Córdoba, 18th Duchess of Medinaceli and 12th Countess of Alcoutim (1917-2013), eldest daughter of the 11th Count.
Ana Luisa de Medina, Marquise of Navahermosa (1940-2012).
Princess Victoria of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, 20th Duchess of Medinaceli, Current Countess of Alcoutim (b.1997)

See also
Duke of Vila Real
Duke of Caminha
Marquis of Vila Real
Count of Vila Real
Count of Valença
List of Portuguese Dukedoms
List of Marquesses in Portugal
List of Countships in Portugal

External links
 Genealogy of the Counts of Alcoutim, in Portuguese

Bibliography
”Nobreza de Portugal e do Brasil" – Vol. II, page 220. Published by Zairol Lda., Lisbon 1989.

References

Countships of Portugal
1496 establishments in Portugal


Family Party may refer to:

The Family Party, a defunct Christian political party in New Zealand
Family Party of Germany
Family Coalition Party of Ontario
Working Families Party, a minor political party in the United States founded in New York in 1998
"Family Party" (song), a song by Kyary Pamyu Pamyu
Family Party (film), a feature film written and directed by Pari Mathur
Family Party: 30 Great Games Obstacle Arcade, a party video game on Wii U

See also
Family First Party


Ngaputoru () is the generic name give to the islands of Atiu, Mauke, Mitiaro and Takutea in the Cook Islands archipelago. In the Cook Islands Māori language, the term means "the (nga) roots (pu) three (toru)", or in English "the three roots". Ngaputoru, which is a term used locally, refers to family ties of the ariki (chiefs) of Atiu, Mauke and Mitiaro. The island of Takutea is uninhabited. These islands are in the easternmost part of the Southern Cook Islands.

References

Islands of the Cook Islands


Meli Polishook-Bloch (, born 14 January 1953) is a former Israeli politician who served as a member of the Knesset for Shinui and the Secular Faction between 2003 and 2006.

Biography
Born in Ra'anana, Polishook-Bloch gained a BA in political science and theatre arts and an MA in political science and public policy from Tel Aviv University. She also gained an LLB from the Interdisciplinary Center in Herzliya.

In 1981 she joined Shinui, and served as chair of the party's information committee between 1990 and 1999. In the 1999 elections she was placed ninth on the party's list, but missed out on a seat when they won only six mandates. Between 1999 and 2003 she chaired the party's economic committee.

For the 2003 elections she was placed eighth on the Shinui list, and entered the Knesset when the party won 15 seats. During her first term, she chaired the Science and Technology Committee, the Education, Culture, and Sports Committee and the State Control Committee, and was also chairwoman of the Israel-Finland Friendship Union.

Along with most of the party's MKs, she defected to the Secular Faction (which later became Hetz) shortly before the 2006 elections following disagreements over the results of Shinui's primary results. She was placed fourth on the Hetz list for the elections, but lost her seat when the party failed to cross the electoral threshold.

References

External links

1953 births
Living people
People from Ra'anana
Tel Aviv University alumni
Reichman University alumni
Women members of the Knesset
Hetz (political party) politicians
Shinui politicians
Members of the 16th Knesset (2003–2006)
21st-century Israeli women politicians


SHME or shme may refer to:
 Shanghai Metal Exchange
 Synthetic human-made environment
 shme, a metasyntactic variable


Erich  Adolf Dunskus (27 July 1890 – 25 November 1967) was a German film actor. He appeared in 170 films between 1927 and 1966. He was born in Pillkallen, East Prussia and died in Hagen, Germany.

Selected filmography

 The King of Paris (1930)
 Bobby Gets Going (1931)
 Girls to Marry (1932)
 Secret Agent (1932)
 Overnight Sensation (1932)
 And Who Is Kissing Me? (1933)
 So Ended a Great Love (1934)
 Paganini (1934)
 The Girl from the Marsh Croft (1935)
  The Saint and Her Fool (1935)
 Pygmalion (1935)
 City of Anatol (1936)
 Savoy Hotel 217 (1936)
 Family Parade (1936)
 Love's Awakening (1936)
 Der Kaiser von Kalifornien (1936)
 Tomfoolery (1936)
 Woman's Love—Woman's Suffering (1937)
 Capers (1937)
 Don't Promise Me Anything (1937)
 The Man Who Was Sherlock Holmes (1937)
 Seven Slaps (1937)
 Serenade (1937)
 Men Without a Fatherland (1937)
The Chief Witness (1937)
 Love Can Lie (1937)
 Tango Notturno (1937)
 The Divine Jetta (1937)
 The Broken Jug (1937)
 Monika (1938)
 Dance on the Volcano (1938)
 Secret Code LB 17 (1938)
 The Impossible Mister Pitt (1938)
 Shadows Over St. Pauli (1938)
 The Blue Fox (1938)
 Uproar in Damascus (1939)
 Detours to Happiness (1939)
 D III 88 (1939)
 Midsummer Night's Fire (1939)
 The False Step (1939)
 In the Name of the People (1939)
  Her First Experience (1939)
 Robert Koch (1939)
 Twilight (1940)
 Between Hamburg and Haiti (1940)
 Counterfeiters (1940)
 Jud Süß (1940)
 Friedemann Bach (1941)
 What Does Brigitte Want? (1941)
 The Swedish Nightingale (1941)
 The Great Love (1942)
 Love Me (1942)
 The Big Game (1942)
 Beloved World (1942)
 The Golden Spider (1943)
 Paracelsus (1943)
 Summer Nights (1944)
 A Wife for Three Days (1944)
 Under the Bridges (1946)
 No Place for Love (1947)
  The Court Concert (1948)
 Morituri (1948)
 Don't Dream, Annette (1949)
 Quartet of Five (1949)
 The Cuckoos (1949)
 Girls Behind Bars (1949)
 The Great Mandarin (1949)
 Bürgermeister Anna (1950)
  Melody of Fate (1950)
  The Woman from Last Night (1950)
 The Sinful Border (1951)
 When the Heath Dreams at Night (1952)
 Red Roses, Red Lips, Red Wine (1953)
 Captain Wronski (1954)
 Die Ratten (1955)
 Before God and Man (1955)
 A Heart Returns Home (1956)
 My Father, the Actor (1956)
 The Heart of St. Pauli (1957)
 It Happened Only Once (1958)
 A Thousand Stars Aglitter (1959)
 Marili (1959)
 Barbara (1961)

References

External links

1890 births
1967 deaths
People from Krasnoznamensky District
Actors from East Prussia
German male film actors
German male silent film actors
20th-century German male actors


Waterloo North was a provincial electoral district represented in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from Confederation in 1867 until 1999.

It was abolished in 1999 when provincial ridings were defined to have the same borders as federal ridings, and most of its area was incorporated into the riding of Kitchener—Waterloo.

Members of Provincial Parliament

Results

See also
Waterloo North, federal riding which existed 1867-1968

External links
1995 election results, Elections Ontario

Former provincial electoral districts of Ontario


The Ford Tennis Championships was a tennis tournament held annually in Louisville, Kentucky from 2006 to 2008. The event was part of the ''challenger series and was played on indoor hard courts.

Past finals

Singles

Doubles

Defunct tennis tournaments in the United States
Hard court tennis tournaments in the United States
ATP Challenger Tour
Sports competitions in Louisville, Kentucky
Tennis in Kentucky
Recurring sporting events established in 2006
Recurring sporting events disestablished in 2008
2006 establishments in Kentucky
2008 disestablishments in Kentucky


This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Calaveras County, California.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Calaveras County, California, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in an online map.

There are 17 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.

Current listings

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See also

List of National Historic Landmarks in California
National Register of Historic Places listings in California
California Historical Landmarks in Calaveras County, California

References

Calaveras


The following are international rankings of .

Demographics

Population ranked 134 out 233 nations

Economy

Nominal GDP ranked 80 out of 216 economies
GDP per capita – 60th highest, at I$11,969
Income Equality, 0.449 (Gini Index)
Unemployment rate – 112th, at 8.70%

Education

Literacy Rate – 51st, at 97.7%

Energy

Total electricity consumption ranked 88th highest consumption

Environment

Carbon dioxide emissions per capita ranked 125th highest emissions

Geography

Area ranked 89 out of 195 countries with 175,015 sq km

Globalization

Government

Health

Fertility rate- 140th most fertile, at 1.85 per woman
Birth rate – 157th most births, at 13.91 per 1000 people
Infant mortality – 128th most deaths, at 1 per 1000 live births
Death rate – 84th highest death rate, at 9.16 per 1000 people
Life Expectancy – 47th highest, at 76.4 years
Suicide Rate – 24th highest suicide rate, at 15.1 for males and 6.4 for females per 100,000 people
HIV/AIDS rate – 108th most cases, at 0.30%

Military

Global Peace Index 2009, ranked 25
Military expenditures as a percentage of GDP ranked 104

Politics

Religion

Society

Smoking in Uruguay: first country in Latin America to establish an indoor smoking ban
Human Development Index – 46th high, at 0.852

Technology

Tourism

Transport

Latin America comparative index

Political and economic rankings
GDP per capita – 60th highest, at I$11,969
Human Development Index – 46th highest, at 0.852
Income Equality, 0.449 (Gini Index)
Literacy Rate – 51st, at 97.7%
Unemployment rate – 112th, at 8.70%

Health rankings
Fertility rate- 140th most fertile, at 1.85 per woman
Birth rate – 157th most births, at 13.91 per 1000 people
Infant mortality – 128th most deaths, at 1 per 1000 live births
Death rate – 84th highest death rate, at 9.16 per 1000 people
Life Expectancy – 47th highest, at 76.4 years
Suicide Rate – 24th highest suicide rate, at 15.1 for males and 6.4 for females per 100,000 people
HIV/AIDS rate – 108th most cases, at 0.30%

Other rankings
CO2 emissions – 125th highest emissions, at 1.65 tonnes per capita
Electricity Consumption – 88th highest consumption of electricity, at 7,762,000,000 kWh
Broadband Internet access – no data
Global Peace Index – 25th highest peace rate in 2009

Comparative ranking by index

See also

Lists of countries
Lists by country
List of international rankings

References

Uruguay