Howard Alfred Bennett (20 August 1892 – 13 January 1973) was an English cricketer. Bennett was a right-handed batsman and leg-break bowler who played for Northamptonshire. He was born in Alcester, Warwickshire and died in Southbourne, Bournemouth.

Bennett made a single first-class appearance for the side, during the 1920 season. In the two innings in which he batted, he scored a single run. He bowled six overs during the match, conceding 51 runs.

External links
Howard Bennett at Cricket Archive

1892 births
1973 deaths
English cricketers
Northamptonshire cricketers
People from Alcester


Dieter Langbein, Dr. phil. nat., was a German physicist, whose fields of research included solid state physics, fluid physics and microgravity. He was born on 10 February 1932 in Frankfurt am Main, Germany as Werner Dietrich Langbein and died on 25 June 2004 in Bad Homburg, Germany. He was married and had a son and two daughters.

Early days
In 1951 Dieter Langbein started his studies in mathematics at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität at Frankfurt am Main, where he met Prof. Friedrich Hund who inspired him to work in theoretical physics. After his diploma in physics in 1956 and his thesis on solid state physics in 1958 he went to the Institute of Theoretical Physics at Göttingen to work with Prof. Hund in investigating galvanomagnetic effects.

Research
In 1962 he joined Farbwerke Hoechst AG where he worked on thermodynamics and reaction kinetics. Dieter Langbein's scientific career was characterized by working closely with experimental physicists as well as with chemists and biologists. He achieved this by joining Battelle-Institut e.V., Frankfurt am Main in 1964. His work on the splitting of the electronic band structure in magnetic fields together with E. Gerlach  led to a guest professorship at James Frank Institute, University of Chicago, Illinois in 1967/1968 followed by a stay at the Battelle Memorial Institute in Columbus, Ohio.  His research led to the later Hofstadter's butterfly of the electron's energy bands structure. In 1969 he receives the venia legendi for physics at Frankfurt University and in 1972 he becomes Honorary Professor.

Back at Battelle-Institute Frankfurt he turned to the field of Van der Waals force. After a Visiting Fellowship at the University of Canberra, Australia he published in 1974 his book Theory of Van der Waals attraction.

Around 1976 he learned about the fascination of research under microgravity conditions. He set up a table of about a dozen effects contributing to the separation of monotectic alloys during solidification observed in rocket experiments. His microgravity experiments with transparent liquids proved the importance of the Marangoni effect. He became a member of the managing committee of ELGRA (European Low Gravity Research Association) in 1978, chairman of the German consulting group on fluid physics under low gravity and was scientific consultant at ESA, NASA and JAMIC. Together with the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, he 1985 established The Microgravity Research Experiments (MICREX) Database, for which he was the principal investigator. The collaboration with NASA facilitated some more results, such as those related to the German Spacelab Mission  where he became friend with German physicist and astronaut Ulf Merbold and the advances in space research and other fluid physics studies.

In 1993 he left Battelle and continued his work at the Center of Applied Space Technology and Microgravity (ZARM) at the University of Bremen, Germany.

Publications
In 1969 Langbein published an article  in which he demonstrated that the electron's energy sub-band disposal presents regularities which are connected to the Landau levels.

In 1974 he published his first book, Theory of Van der Waals attraction.

In 2002 he published his second book Capillary Surfaces: Shape - Stability - Dynamics in particular under weightlessness about the capillary effect.

Between 1956 and 2001 he published more than 160 articles.

References

20th-century German physicists
2004 deaths
1932 births
Scientists from Frankfurt


The Ducati Streetfighter is a streetfighter motorcycle produced by Ducati.
The Streetfighter was designed by Damien Basset of the Ducati design team. Ducati sold the Streetfighter in three variations – the Streetfighter 1099 cc from 2009 to 2011, the Streetfighter S 1099 cc from 2009 to 2012, and the Streetfighter 848 849 cc from 2011 to 2015.

Awards
The Streetfighter 848 won the Cycle World Best Middleweight Streetbike title in 2013. Eric Piscione once held the Middleweight lap record at the Pikes Peak International Hill Climb.

References

External links

Streetfighter
Standard motorcycles
Motorcycles introduced in 2009
Motorcycles powered by V engines


Quality Software is a defunct American software developer and publisher which created games, business software, and development tools for the Exidy Sorcerer, Apple II, and Atari 8-bit family in the late 1970s and early 1980s.  Asteroids in Space, written by programmer Bruce Wallace, was voted one of the most popular games of 1978-80 by Softalk magazine.

Games
1979
 Starbase Hyperion by Don Ursem
1980
 Asteroids in Space by Bruce Wallace, later renamed Meteoroids in Space
 Battleship Commander by Matthew Jew and Erik Kilk
 Fastgammon by Bob Christiansen
 Fracas by Stuart Smith
 Head-On Collision by Lee Anders
 Tank Trap by Don Ursem
 Tari Trek by Fabio Ehrengruber
1981
 Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves by Stuart Smith
 Block Buster
 Martian Invaders by James Albanese
 QS Reversi by Lee Merrill
1982
 Beneath Apple Manor Special Edition by Don Worth
 Jeepers Creepers by James Albanese
 Name That Song by Jerry White
1983
 The Return of Heracles by Stuart Smith

Development tools
 Assembler by Gary Shannon (Atari 8-bit, 1980)
 6502 Disassembler by Bob Pierce (Atari 8-bit, 1980)
 Exidy Forth by James Albanese (Exidy Sorcerer, 1980)
 DPX Development Pac Extension by Don Ursem (Exidy Sorcerer, 1980)
 QS Forth by James Albanese (Atari 8-bit, 1981)
 Character Magic by Chris Hull (Atari 8-bit)

References

External links
Quality Software entry at MobyGames

Defunct software companies of the United States
Defunct video game companies of the United States
Defunct companies based in California


St Bridget's Church, Morvah is a parish church in the Church of England Diocese of Truro located in Morvah, Cornwall, UK. It was licensed for divine service by the Bishop of Exeter on 22 September 1400. The tower is the only remaining medieval part of the church. The nave and chancel were rebuilt in 1828. The church was added to the National Heritage List for England in 1954 at grade II, the lowest of three grades for listed buildings.

St Bridget
The medieval church, is believed to be dedicated to the Swedish St Bridget, who was canonised in 1391. Research by the Penwith History Group has found that the earliest reference to Bridget ″of Sweden″ is an April 1928 article in The Cornishman newspaper by Canon Jennings, the vicar of Madron with Morvah and repeated by Walter Frere, the Bishop of Truro on the centenary of the rebuilding of the church in August 1928. A chapel of St Bridget, probably at Morvah, was mentioned in 1390, a year before St Bridget of Sweden (died 1371) was canonised. There is a pattern of churches along the coast being dedicated to Irish saints and it is likely that the St Bridget at Morvah refers to an Irish saint. One such saint is Brigid of Kildare who died in 525 and named after a pagan Irish goddess who seemed to be an important figure in the Celtic church. Further evidence for an Irish connection was the feast of Lughnasa (now Lammas), an Irish pagan festival held on the first Sunday in August until the mid 1800s. The then vicar described it as an event attended ″by disorderly persons of every description″.

The dedication is sometimes given as St Morwetha. Morvah was in early times a chapelry dependent on Madron.

The name Morvah means "marsh"; in the 14th century St Morwetha, perhaps a fictional saint, is mentioned. An alternative meaning could be sea from the Cornish mor.

The tower contains three bells, one from 1799 and two from 1828.

References

14th-century church buildings in England
Church of England church buildings in Cornwall
Diocese of Truro
Grade II listed churches in Cornwall
Penwith


Rhayader railway station was a station serving the town of Rhayader, Powys, on the Mid Wales Railway line.

It was opened in 1864 in Cwmdauddwr, a village on the opposite bank of the River Wye.  The line, which took over 5 years to build, was closed in 1962 and dismantled within months.

The station was the junction for the Elan Valley Railway which was in operation between 1896 and 1916.

The site of the station is now occupied by Powys county council's highways department.

References

Notes

Sources

Further reading

Disused railway stations in Powys
Former Cambrian Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1864
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1962
Rhayader


Iulon Gagoshidze () (born 17 July 1935) is a Georgian historian, archaeologist, scholar and politician who served as the State Minister for Diaspora Issues in the Government of Georgia from November 2007 to December 2009, when he was moved to lead the recently created Archeological Research Center at the President's Administration. As a scholar, Gagoshidze is chiefly known for his excavations at Dedoplis Mindori and studies of the Achaemenid relics in Georgia.

Biography
Gagoshidze was born in 1935 in Tbilisi, then-Soviet Georgia. He graduated from the Department of History of Tbilisi State University in 1958 and obtained a Doctorate in Historical Sciences in 1985. Beginning in 1968, Gagoshidze has led various archaeological expeditions to Israel, Cyprus, Azerbaijan, Georgia's Ksani river valley, Samadlo, Dedoplistsqaro and other localities. In 1991 he served as the head of local administration (prefect) of Mtskheta. Later, from 2004 to 2005, he was a member of Tbilisi City Council. From 2007 to 2009, Gagoshidze was a minister for Diaspora Issues in the Mikheil Saakashvili administration. He became a member of the advisory board of the Ancient West and East(Leiden-Boston-Cologne) in 2002.

Publications
Iulon Gagoshidze has published nine monographs

Antiques from Ksani Valley, Tbilisi, 1964;
Самадло. Археологические раскопки, Тб.,1979;
Самадло. Каталог археологического материала, Тб.,1981;
The Georgian women jewelry, Tbilisi, 1981 (in Georgian, Russian and Spanish languages);
Trialeti burials, III, Trialeti antique burials, Tb., 1982 (in Georgian and Russian);
Au pays de la Toison d’or. Art ancien de Géorgie Soviétique, Paris, 1982 (co-author);
Money in Georgia, Tb., 2000 (in Georgian and English; co-author);
Iberia and Rome. The Excavations of the Palace at Dedoplis Gora and the Roman Influence in the Caucasian Kingdom of Iberia, Langenweis-sbach: Beier & Beran, 2008 (co-author and co-publisher);
The Georgian monastery in Cyprus, Tb., 2014 (in Georgian and English, co-author).

References

Archaeologists from Tbilisi
Living people
1935 births
Government ministers of Georgia (country)
Recipients of the Presidential Order of Excellence


David Boyle (1 May 1842  – 14 February 1911) was a Canadian blacksmith, teacher, archaeologist, musicologist, and historian.

Born in Greenock, Scotland, Boyle arrived in Upper Canada, where most of John Boyle’s family had already located, from Scotland in 1856 and apprenticed to a blacksmith. He would become a teacher in rural Ontario in 1865, a school principal in Elora 1871-1881, and later a bookseller in Toronto. Boyle followed what were then "radical child-centered theories" of Johann Pestalozzi.

In 1884, Boyle became curator of the Canadian Institute Museum, a post he held until 1896, and was curator of the Ontario Provincial Museum 1886-1911. He cultivated a core of loyal collectors across southern and central Ontario who assisted him in archaeological digs and in collecting artifacts for the museums. These men included Andrew Frederick Hunter, George E. Laidlaw, J. Hugh Hammond, John Long, Dr Thomas W. Beeman, William Wintemberg and Frederick William Waugh. He was also the Secretary of the Ontario Historical Society after 1898, and became highly influential in the local historical societies that grew up in Ontario in the late nineteenth century. In 1898, Boyle also began to conduct ethnographic fieldwork at the Six Nations of the Grand River reserve near Brantford, after having met John Ojijatekha Brant-Sero through the Canadian Institute. He later met Dr. Peter E. Jones of the nearby Mississauga of the New Credit reserve who also assisted him in his fieldwork. An Ontario Historical Plaque was erected by the province to commemorate David Boyle's role in Ontario's heritage.
His work served as the basis for archaeology as a serious scientific discipline in the province. Between 1887 and 1911, he published Annual Archaeological Reports for Ontario, Canada's first journal primarily dedicated to archaeology.

In 1908 he was the third recipient of the Cornplanter Medal.

Boyle was also a history buff and preservationist, as well as the author of a book of nonsense poetry for children.

He died in 1911 in Toronto after a serious stroke. His papers are housed at the provincial Archives of Ontario, the University of Toronto Archives, and at the Royal Ontario Museum archives.

Notes

Sources
Killan, Gerald. "Boyle, David" in The Canadian Encyclopedia, Volume 1, p. 264. Edmonton: Hurtig Publishers, 1988.
Killan, Gerald. David Boyle:  From Artisan to Archaeologist. Toronto: UTP, 1983.
Killan, Gerald. Preserving Ontario's Heritage: a History of the Ontario Historical Society. Ottawa: Love, 1976.
Hamilton, Michelle A. Collections and Objections:  Aboriginal Material Culture in Southern Ontario, 1791-1914. Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2010.

External links

Notes on Primitive Man in Ontario
Archival papers held at University of Toronto Archives and Records Management Services

Canadian archaeologists
Scientists from Toronto
Writers from Toronto
Canadian blacksmiths
Scottish emigrants to pre-Confederation Ontario
1842 births
1911 deaths
Scottish poets
19th-century Canadian poets
Canadian male poets
Canadian educators
Canadian musicologists
People from Greenock
19th-century British male writers
19th-century British writers
Immigrants to the Province of Canada


Clinton Hunter Havill (November 25, 1892 – March 25, 1953) was an American naval officer and early aeronautical engineer, who worked in the areas of aerodynamic drag and airships.

Biography
He was born on November 25, 1892, in Rochester, New York, to Eric E. Havill and Lydia A. Parkes. He graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1916. He held a commission as a lieutenant commander in the United States Navy.  He was the inaugural recipient of the Wright Brothers Medal in 1928 for work on the performance of aircraft propellers. By 1937 he was living in South Orange, New Jersey. He died on March 25, 1953, in his office at Curtiss-Wright Corporation in Carlstadt, New Jersey.

References

American aerospace engineers
1892 births
1953 deaths
People from South Orange, New Jersey
Military personnel from Rochester, New York
Curtiss-Wright Company


The Slovak Chess Championship is the chess competition, which determines the best slovak chess player.

History
1993 - today - championships of Slovakia
for Czechoslovak championship see Czechoslovak Chess Championship

Men's winners

In Slovakia, part of Czechoslovakia

{| class="sortable wikitable"
! # !! Year !! City !! Winner
|-
| 01  || 1955 || Starý Smokovec || Ján Šefc
|-
| 02  || 1975 || Hlohovec || Ján Plachetka
|-
| 03  || 1977 || Detva || Ľubomír Ftáčnik
|-
| 04  || 1978 || Prešov || Jozef Franzen
|-
| 05  || 1979 || Dolný Kubín || Ľubomír Ftáčnik
|-
| 06  || 1981 || Bardejov || Ladislav Dobrovolský
|-
| 07  || 1983 || Nová Baňa || Róbert Tibenský
|-
| 08  || 1984 || Čadca || Igor Štohl
|-
| 09  || 1985 || Piešťany || Ján Baňas
|-
| 10  || 1986 || Bratislava || Igor Gažík
|-
| 11  || 1987 || Šaľa || Róbert Tibenský
|-
| 12  || 1988 || Trnava || Peter Petrán
|-
| 13  || 1989 || Michalovce || Martin Mrva
|-
| 14  || 1991 || Trenčín || Ivan Novák
|-
|}

In independent Slovakia

{| class="sortable wikitable"
! # !! Year !! City !! Winner
|-
| 01  || 1993 || Topoľčianky || Ján Plachetka
|-
| 02  || 1994 || Topoľčianky|| Róbert Tibenský
|-
| 03  || 1995 || Trenčín || Róbert Tibenský
|-
| 04  || 1996 || Martin || Róbert Tibenský
|-
| 05  || 1997 || Prešov || Ladislav Salai
|-
| 06  || 1998 || Prievidza || Tomáš Balogh
|-
| 07  || 1999 || Nové Zámky || Ján Baňas
|-
| 08  || 2000 || Zvolen || Ján Markoš
|-
| 09  || 2001 || Prešov || Vítězslav Priehoda
|-
| 10  || 2002 || Galanta - Kaskády|| Sergei Movsesian
|-
| 11  || 2003 || Tatranské Zruby || Mikuláš Maník
|-
| 12  || 2004 || Zemplínska Šírava || Eduard Hagara
|-
| 13  || 2005 || Trenčianske Teplice || Tomáš Petrík
|-
| 14  || 2006 || Banská Štiavnica || Tomáš Petrík
|-
| 15  || 2007 || Banská Štiavnica || Sergei Movsesian
|-
| 16  || 2008 || Zvolen || Peter Vavrák
|-
| 17  || 2009 || Tatranské Zruby || Martin Mrva
|-
| 18  || 2010 || Banská Štiavnica || Marián Jurčík
|-
| 19  || 2011 || Banská Štiavnica || Ján Markoš
|-
| 20  || 2012 || Banská Štiavnica || Ján Markoš
|-
| 21  || 2013 || Banská Štiavnica || Peter Michalik
|-
| 22  || 2014 || Prievidza || Peter Michalik
|-
| 23  || 2015 || Banská Štiavnica || Peter Michalik
|-
| 24  || 2016 || Banská Štiavnica || Milan Pacher
|-
| 25  || 2017 || Banská Štiavnica || Christopher Repka
|-
| 26  || 2018 || Banská Štiavnica || Christopher Repka
|}

Women's winners

{| class="sortable wikitable"
! # !! Year !! City !! Winner
|-
| 01 || 1991 || Trencin || Ivana Sedlakova
|-
| 02 || 1993 || Topoľčianky || Jarmila Kačincová
|-
| 03 || 1994 || Martin || Andrea Ciganikova
|-
| 04 || 1996 || Ziar nad Hronom || Mirjana Medic
|-
| 11  || 2003 || Tatranské Zruby || Eva Repková
|-
| 16  || 2008 || Zvolen || Mária Machalová
|-
| 17  || 2009 || Tatranské Zruby || Regina Pokorná
|-
| 18  || 2010 || Banská Štiavnica || Eva Repková
|-
| 19  || 2011 || Banská Štiavnica || Julia Kochetkova
|-
| 20  || 2012 || Banská Štiavnica || Julia Kochetkova
|-
| 21  || 2013 || Banská Štiavnica || Eva Repková
|-
| 22  || 2014 ||  || Zuzana Borošová
|-
| 23  || 2015 ||  || Monika Motyčáková
|}

References

Chess national championships
Women's chess national championships
Championship


Egypt 1156 B.C. – Tomb of the Pharaoh (()) is a 1997 adventure video game co-published by Cryo Interactive Entertainment, Canal+ Multimedia and the Réunion des Musées Nationaux for the Microsoft Windows and PlayStation (PAL region only). It was later released in North America by DreamCatcher Interactive.

Egypt was a commercial hit, with sales of 550,000 units in Europe alone by December 2000.

Gameplay

Synopsis
Ramosé, a young Theban, is on a mission to exonerate his father, who has been accused of pillaging the tomb of Seti I. In the vault at dawn, he unveils a stone showing a map of the tomb and a monkey, hinting to Hori, a former draughtsman. Ramosé then sets off to the village of Deir el-Medina where he finds Hori lying dead in his cellar, along with clues alluding to a carpenter bound for the embalmers' workshop, where he discovers a wider plot the next day. He skillfully manages to pass for one of the conspirators and is led to a tomb where a burial is being held. Ramosé descends to the funerary chamber. He is immured but manages to escape via a tunnel which leads him to the site of a tomb in construction of another noble, Panéhesy, where a mourner awaits him. She leads him to the villa of the noble, who has organized a large festivity. Passing for one of the guests, he finds a map of the Festival Hall of Thutmose III in Karnak. At the temple, Ramosé finds parts of the pillage and documents alleging Ptahnéfer, a close relative of the pharaoh. His father is exonerated.

Development
Serious Games and Edutainment Applications suggests that the 1997 video game Versailles 1685, a pioneer in the "cultural entertainment" genre that merged entertainment with cultural education, paved the way for games such as Egypt.

Reception

Egypt was a commercial success. French newspaper Les Échos reported its sales at 250,000 units by November 1998, and noted that it was among 1997's 10 best-selling computer games. According to Cryo Interactive, it sold above 500,000 copies by November 2000. Marketing manager Mattieu Saint-Dennis explained in December that Egypts sales totaled 550,000 units in Europe alone, of which France accounted for 200,000 units. By February 2004, Egypt and its sequel, Egypt II, had achieved combined global sales above 700,000 units.

Legacy
The game was followed by two sequels, Egypt II: The Heliopolis Prophecy and Egypt III.

References

External links
 Egypt: 1156 B.C.: Tomb of the Pharaoh at Microïds

 Home page

1997 video games
Point-and-click adventure games
Cryo Interactive games
Microïds games
Egypt (video game series)
PlayStation (console) games
Video games developed in France
Video games set in antiquity
Video games set in Egypt
Windows games


Egypt 2: The Heliopolis Prophecy () is an adventure video game developed and published by Cryo Interactive for the PC and PlayStation in 2000.  It was released for Mac OS X in May 2012. Egypt 2 follows Egypt 1156 B.C. and is followed by Egypt III.

Gameplay

Plot
The game is set in 1360 BC, and Heliopolis, the City of the Sun, has been struck by a plague. The player's father has also been infected. From a first-person perspective, the player must find a cure and save the father and the rest of Heliopolis.

Development

Reception

According to Cryo Interactive's marketing manager Mattieu Saint-Dennis, Egypt 2 sold 180,000 units in Europe alone by December 2000. Of this number, France accounted for 50,000 copies. The game and its predecessor, Egypt 1156 B.C., achieved combined global sales above 700,000 units by February 2004.

Sequel

Following the 2002 bankruptcy and liquidation of Cryo Interactive, many of its key assets were purchased by DreamCatcher Interactive to form that company's new European branch. Two development teams, including that of the Egypt series, were among these acquisitions. DreamCatcher Europe was established in Paris in January 2003, and the publisher subsequently announced a sequel to Egypt II in April, under the names The Egyptian Prophecy (North America) and Egypt III: The Fate of Ramses (Europe). It was one of several announcements by the company in preparation for the 2003 Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3). Like the publisher's concurrent project Atlantis Evolution, Egypt III was developed internally by DreamCatcher Europe.

In summer 2003, DreamCatcher Europe shuttered the game development divisions it had carried over from Cryo. As a result, Egypt III "seemed destined for cancellation", Adventure Gamers' Johann Walter later noted. A group of those laid off proceeded to found the developer Kheops Studio, led by Benoît Hozjan. The new company opened in September. Since most of the team had already been involved in Egypt III before its development was interrupted, Kheops sought and received a contract from DreamCatcher to complete the game independently. Jeux Video reported in January 2004 that Egypt III had "quietly resumed development" and was nearing completion. The game was released in North America on March 29, 2004.

As Cryo had done for Egypt II, Kheops worked with archeologist Jean-Claude Golvin to increase historical accuracy. Egypt III was targeted primarily at casual gamers.

See also
Pompei: The Legend of Vesuvius

References

External links
 (archived)
Egypt 2: The Heliopolis Prophecy at Microïds (archived)
''Egypt II: The Heliopolis Prophecy' at MobyGames
GameGuru
GameBoomers
Jeuxvideo
Adventure Classic Gaming
Adventure Archiv
Quandary
Just Adventure
GameKult
Brass Lantern
Persisteus

2000 video games
Adventure games
Cryo Interactive games
DreamCatcher Interactive games
MacOS games
Microïds games
Egypt (video game series)
PlayStation (console) games
Video games developed in France
Video games featuring female protagonists
Video games set in Egypt
Windows games
Point-and-click adventure games
Single-player video games


Egypt III, known as The Egyptian Prophecy in North America, is a 2004 graphic adventure game developed by Kheops Studio and published by The Adventure Company. The player must solve an array of ancient riddles that will help a dying Pharaoh survive and restore Egypt to glory. The game is the third and final game in the Egypt trilogy, following Egypt 1156 B.C. and Egypt II: The Heliopolis Prophecy. In 2010, Microïds released an adaptation of the game, split into parts, for the Apple iPhone.

Gameplay

Plot
At the age of sixty years, Pharaoh Ramesses II asks the Oracle of Ammun to extend his reign; the God accepts, at the condition that a majestic obelisk is built before the Shemu season comes. But despite initial progress, the construction suddenly stops and Pharaoh sends one of his priestess, Maya, to investigate.

Development
Following the 2002 bankruptcy and liquidation of Cryo Interactive, many of its key assets were purchased by DreamCatcher Interactive to form that company's new European branch. Two development teams, including the one behind Cryo's Egypt series, were among these acquisitions. DreamCatcher subsequently revealed Egypt III in April 2003, under the name The Egyptian Prophecy in North America and Egypt III: The Fate of Ramses in Europe. It was among a slew of announcements by the company in preparation for the 2003 Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3). Initially, Egypt III was developed internally by DreamCatcher Europe. However, in the summer, DreamCatcher Europe shuttered the game development divisions it had carried over from Cryo. Adventure Gamers later noted that Egypt III "seemed destined for cancellation".

A group of those laid off from DreamCatcher Europe, led by Benoît Hozjan, proceeded to found the independent developer Kheops Studio. According to Hozjan, most of the team had already been involved in Egypt III before its development was interrupted, and Kheops received a contract from DreamCatcher to complete the game. Jeux Video noted that Egypt III had "quietly resumed development" and was nearing completion by January 2004.

As Cryo had done for Egypt II, Kheops worked with archeologist Jean-Claude Golvin to increase historical accuracy. Unlike its predecessors, it was not created in collaboration with the Réunion des Musées Nationaux. Egypt III was targeted primarily at casual gamers.

Reception
Andrew Plotkin of Zarf thought the game contained a thin story backed by copious amounts of educational historical information.  Slydos of Adventure-Archiv thought it was entertaining, though not innovative. GameBoomers praised it for not being too long or difficult, mainstays of the genre. Tap-Repeatedly reviewer Toger deemed the game a "nice little diversion". WorthPlaying recommended the game to Myst fans. Steve Ramsey of Quandary noted that the player doesn't need to have played the game's predecessors in order to understand the plot. Dan Ravipinto of Adventure Gamers criticised the game's cluttered environments and slow interface. Jeux Video thought the short and easy game would offer a pleasant Egyptian adventure for the player.  Game Chronicles thought the game would only receive acclaim or interest from fans of the adventure game genre.

References

External links
Egypt 3: The Egyptian Prophecy at Microïds

2004 video games
Adventure games
Microïds games
Video games featuring female protagonists
Video games developed in France
Video games set in Egypt
Windows-only games
Windows games
Kheops Studio games
Egypt (video game series)
Video games based on Egyptian mythology
Point-and-click adventure games
Single-player video games


For the ship of this name, see HDMS Sarpen (1791)

Sarpen was a Norwegian newspaper, published in Sarpsborg in Østfold county between 1854 and 1991.

History and profile
Sarpen was started as Dagbladet Sarpen in 1854, and eventually became affiliated with the Conservative Party, which was founded in 1884. Struggling in the competition with Sarpsborg Arbeiderblad, in 1974 Sarpen was brought under the wings of fellow conservative newspaper Fredriksstad Blad from the neighboring city Fredrikstad. However, this cooperation did not help. In 1983 it had a circulation of 2,525, about six times less than the circulation of Sarpsborg Arbeiderblad. Sarpen went defunct in 1991.

References

1854 establishments in Norway
1991 disestablishments in Norway
Newspapers established in 1854
Publications disestablished in 1991
Norwegian-language newspapers
Defunct newspapers published in Norway
Mass media in Østfold
Conservative Party (Norway) newspapers


The Ironmaster () is a 1933 French drama film scripted and supervised by Abel Gance, and directed by Fernand Rivers. It is a remake of the 1912 film Le Maître de forges. In 1948 Rivers himself remade the film.

Cast
 Gaby Morlay as Claire de Beaulieu
 Léon Belières as Monsieur Moulinet
 Paule Andral as Marquise de Beaulieu
 Jacques Dumesnil as Gaston de Bligny
 Henri Rollan as Philippe Derblay
 Rivers Cadet as Baron de Prefont
 Christiane Delyne as Athenais de Moulinet
 Ghislaine Bru as Suzanne Derblay
 Guy Parzy as Octave de Beaulieu
 Irma Génin as Baronne de Prefont
 Jean Dulac
 Jane Marken
 Marcel Maupi

References

External links

1933 films
1933 drama films
French drama films
1930s French-language films
French black-and-white films
Films based on French novels
Films based on works by Georges Ohnet
Films directed by Abel Gance
Remakes of French films
1930s French films


Fracas may refer to:
 Fracas! Improv Festival, an improvisational theater festival held at the University of Southern California
 Failure Reporting, Analysis and Corrective Action Systems
 Fracas (video game), a 1980 Apple II video game by Stuart Smith


("The Worker") was a Norwegian newspaper, published in Hamar, Hedmark county. It was started in 1909 as the press organ of the Labour Party in Hedemarken and its adjoining regions, and was called Demokraten ("The Democrat") until 1923. It was issued three days a week between 1909 and 1913, six days a week in 1914, three days a week again between 1914 and 1918 before again increasing to six days a week. It was renamed to  in 1923, and in the same year it was taken over by the Norwegian Communist Party. The Communist Party incorporated the newspaper Gudbrandsdalens Arbeiderblad into  in 1924, and until 1929 the newspaper was published under the name Arbeideren og Gudbrandsdalens Arbeiderblad. After  had gone defunct, the name was used by the Communist Party for other newspapers elsewhere.

The chief editors of the newspaper were Olav Kringen (1909–1913), Ole Holmen (1912–1913), Fredrik Monsen (1913–1916), Paul O. Løkke (1916–1919), Alfred Aakermann (1919–1920), Olav Larssen (1920–1927), and finally Trond Hegna, Ingvald B. Jacobsen, Olav Scheflo, Eivind Petershagen, and Jørgen Vogt (between 1927 and 1929). Fredrik Monsen, Evald O. Solbakken and Knut Olai Thornæs were acting editors from 1924 to 1925.

Pre-history
Demokraten was originally the name of a short-lived newspaper in Hamar started by Leopold Rasmussen in 1852, connected to the Marcus Thrane movement. Rasmussen started a second newspaper, Oplands-Posten, in Hamar later in 1852, to compete with his own Demokraten. An organ for the social liberal labour movement in the district, Arbeiderbladet existed from 1889 to 1892 and was published out of different cities, including in Hamar in the year 1890.

A countywide chapter of the Labour Party was established in Hedmark in mid-November 1904. After the countywide party convention in Stange in 1906, the convention summary had to be printed in the Kristiania-based newspaper Social-Demokraten, as it lacked its own local newspaper. The county board thus decided to buy 1,500 copies of the Social-Demokraten to distribute to its members. There was a growing notion that the party needed its own newspaper. In the same year, the labour movement in Solør (south of Hedmark) bought the paper Solungen, which had existed since 1904. The takeover came into effect on 1 January 1907, and publishing began the following year. Solungen pretended to be the labour movement organ for the whole of Hedmark, and outside of Solør it was published as Hedemarkens Amts Socialdemokrat (Solungen). However, the rest of Hedmark county was not satisfied with this solution.

Labour Party period

1909–1913

The Hamar-based newspaper Demokraten ("The Democrat") was started on 15 September 1909. The initiator and first editor was Olav Kringen, who had ample experience as the editor of Social-Demokraten from 1903 until 1906. Demokraten was the Labour Party organ for the Mjøsa Cities and Hedemarken, but in its first years it also covered Gudbrandsdalen and Østerdalen, two northern regions. The name Østoplandenes Socialistiske Partiblad was considered for the newspaper, but the historical name Demokraten prevailed. The name was suggested by local Labour MP Karl Amundsen. Demokraten's coverage of Gudbrandsdalen soon ended, and in southern Østerdalen a new labour newspaper, Østerdalens Arbeiderblad, was set up in 1915. In northern Østerdalen, Arbeidets Rett was popular among the labour movement. According to reports in Demokraten the newspaper again began to cover news from a part of Gudbrandsdalen, namely the city Lillehammer, in 1912.

When it came to building up a new newspaper, Kringen had a certain personal drive, as he ran for parliament in 1909. When he lost the election, he also lost interest to a certain degree. He resigned in 1912 and Ole Holmen, a member of the Vang municipal council, took over as chief editor. However, he ran afoul of other people involved with the newspaper and was fired in 1913.

The newspaper originally had the tagline  ("Socialist Paper for Oplandene"), but in 1910 this was changed to  ("Spokesman for the Labour Movement"). It was printed by the company A. Sæther. The newspaper was issued three times a week until 1 July 1913, from which point it was increased to six times a week. As part of this ambitious increase, Demokraten also had 3,000 copies in circulation, unprecedented in its history.

1913–1916
In 1913 the newspaper's supervisory council hired school teacher Fredrik Monsen to be the new editor. Olav Larssen started his journalist career as a subeditor in the same year. In the newspaper's supervisory council vote, Monsen edged out Waldemar Carlsen with 22 to 4 votes, and also prevailed over other applicants who were seasoned editors, such as Ingvald Førre and Eugène Olaussen. Larssen prevailed over Carlsen and Førre in the vote for the new subeditor.

Only Monsen and Larssen were employed in the newspaper to work with editorial content. In 1913, Monsen managed to contract known personalities from the labour movement as "regular contributors". These were the nationally known figures Olav Kringen, Gunnar Ousland and Johan Falkberget, in addition to Lillehammer politician Petter Nilssen and the locally known politicians Arne Juland (later MP) and Andr. Juell. Danish expatriate Alfred Kruse joined in the autumn of 1913. However, according to Larssen, the prominent writers contracted to Demokraten "seldomly wrote" anything.

In his memoirs, Larssen wrote that Monsen was "often aggressive" as editor-in-chief, especially when writing editorials. He got several adversaries in the city's conservative community, especially after donning a badge with the broken rifle, a well-known anti-war symbol. The newspaper competed with the old and popular conservative Hamar Stiftstidende, the liberal left Oplandenes Avis, and the liberal Oplandet.

The practice of issuing the newspaper six days a week became harder after the outbreak of the First World War. The war caused a general rise in prices, and newspaper subscriptions and advertisements both declined. Demokraten had to revert to being issued three times a week starting 1 September 1914. In December 1914 it adopted a new tagline,  ("Organ for the Labour Party in Hamar and the Hamlets of Hedemarken").

1916–1923
Monsen and Larssen both left Demokraten in 1916. The next editors were Paul O. Løkke, who served from 1916 to 1919, and Alfred Aakermann, from 1919 to 1920. Larssen returned in 1920 as editor-in-chief. Georg Svendsen was the subeditor from 1918 until 1921, when Evald O. Solbakken started in the newspaper as subeditor. Still, there were only two people to deliver the editorial content.

As the war years went, the newspaper's finances gradually improved. The Norwegian state became more active in production and trade and contributed many advertisements. Demokraten acquired its own type-setting machine in October 1918 and a printing press in 1917, which it used from 1 January 1918. From 1 July 1918, circulation once again increased to six days a week.

Communist Party period
In 1923, the newspaper was renamed  ("The Worker"), and the first issue with this name was released on 1 May 1923, the International Workers' Day. The change followed a letter in 1922 from the Comintern Executive, which stated that no newspaper belonging to a Comintern member organization should have "Social Democrat" or "Democrat" as a part of its title. The printing press of the party changed its name accordingly, to Arbeiderens trykkeri.

In the same year, 1923, the Labour Party broke out of the Comintern. Subsequently, the Communist Party broke away from the Labour Party. The local chapter of the Labour Party in Hamar decided to side with the Communist Party in November 1923, in a 123–22 vote.  was then taken away from Labour, as the supervisory council decided by a 65 to 5 vote that it should follow the Communists.  was one of thirteen Labour newspapers that broke away from the party and followed the Communists (one, Nordlys, later returned to Labour). Since 15 February 1924 the newspaper was published under the name Arbeideren og Gudbrandsdalens Arbeiderblad, as the Communist Party had seen fit to merge  with Lillehammer-based Gudbrandsdalens Arbeiderblad.

Editor Larssen and subeditor Solbakken both joined the Communist Party in 1923 and continued running the newspaper. As Olav Larssen was asked by the party to be the acting editor of Norges Kommunistblad in the winter of 1924–1925, Fredrik Monsen, Evald Solbakken, and Knut Olai Thornæs were acting editors between 1924 and 1925. Larssen eventually drifted away from the mainstream of the Communist Party. In late 1926 and early 1927 he voiced his opinion in columns that the Communist Party should contribute to the imminent merger of the Labour Party and the Social Democratic Labour Party. A local party convention strongly rebuked this opinion. Larssen was thus replaced in January 1927 and left the Communist Party, and Solbakken soon followed suit. Fredrik Monsen left the party at the same time.

Information differs as to who replaced Larssen. According to Evald Solbakken, and also to the reference bibliography Norske aviser 1763–1969, the replacement was Olav Scheflo, who needed a stand-in, Ingvald B. Jacobsen, for the first period. According to the encyclopaedia Arbeidernes Leksikon and historian Einhart Lorenz, Trond Hegna was the editor in 1927, before he took over Norges Kommunistblad in the summer of 1927. Hegna's main job was to edit the periodical Mot Dag, but in this period the people of Mot Dag had an informal influence on the Communist Party and several of their newspapers. Scheflo formally edited the newspaper from 1927 to 1928, with Eivind Petershagen as acting editor from late 1927. In 1928 Petershagen formally took over, only to have Jørgen Vogt become acting editor later that year. Vogt took over in 1929.

As many newspapers belonging to the dwindling Communist Party,  would cease to exist before the end of the 1920s. It was still published six times a week, but had to give up its printing press in 1929, switching to Samtrykk in Oslo. The last ever issue of Arbeideren og Gudbrandsdalens Arbeiderblad was published on 4 October 1929.

Aftermath
A month after  went defunct, the Communist Party gave its name to a new newspaper, which was set up as the new main newspaper of the Communist Party in 1930. This new paper was based in Oslo as the replacement of Norges Kommunistblad, which had been liquidated as well. Olav Larssen and Evald Solbakken found a new outlet in Hamar Arbeiderblad, which had been set up as the new Hamar organ of the Labour Party in 1925. The Communist Party later tried to create a weekly newspaper in Hamar, Rød Front, but it was short-lived and existed only between 1932 and 1933. The Oslo version of  went defunct in 1940, and many years after that, the name was used from 1951 to 1953 for a third newspaper, published in Brumunddal, not far from Hamar city.

References

Bibliography

External links

1909 establishments in Norway
1929 disestablishments in Norway
Communist Party of Norway newspapers
Defunct newspapers published in Norway
Labour Party (Norway) newspapers
Mass media in Hamar
Norwegian-language newspapers
Newspapers established in 1909
Publications disestablished in 1929


Poliche  is a 1934 French drama film directed by Abel Gance.

Cast
 Constant Rémy as Didier Méreuil, called "Poliche"
 Marie Bell as Rosine
 Edith Méra as Mme Laub
 Violaine Barry
 Romain Bouquet as Boudier
 Alexander D'Arcy as Saint-Wast
 Betty Daussmond as Augustine
 Marcel Delaître as Prosper Méreuil
 Pierre Finaly as Laub
 Catherine Fonteney as Louise Méreil
 Marguerite Mahé as L'accordéoniste

References

Bibliography
 Dayna Oscherwitz & MaryEllen Higgins. The A to Z of French Cinema. Scarecrow Press, 2009.

External links

1934 films
1930s French-language films
French black-and-white films
1934 drama films
Films directed by Abel Gance
French films based on plays
French drama films
1930s French films


In statistics and regression analysis, moderation (also known as effect modification) occurs when the relationship between two variables depends on a third variable.  The third variable is referred to as the moderator variable (or effect modifier) or simply the moderator (or modifier). The effect of a moderating variable is characterized statistically as an interaction; that is, a categorical (e.g., sex, ethnicity, class) or continuous (e.g., age, level of reward) variable that is associated with the direction and/or magnitude of the relation between dependent and independent variables.  Specifically within a correlational analysis framework, a moderator is a third variable that affects the zero-order correlation between two other variables, or the value of the slope of the dependent variable on the independent variable. In analysis of variance (ANOVA) terms, a basic moderator effect can be represented as an interaction between a focal independent variable and a factor that specifies the appropriate conditions for its operation.

Example

Moderation analysis in the behavioral sciences involves the use of linear multiple regression analysis or causal modelling. To quantify the effect of a moderating variable in multiple regression analyses, regressing random variable Y on X, an additional term is added to the model.  This term is the interaction between X and the proposed moderating variable.

Thus, for a response Y and two variables x1 and moderating variable x2,:

In this case, the role of x2 as a moderating variable is accomplished by evaluating b3, the parameter estimate for the interaction term.  See linear regression for discussion of statistical evaluation of parameter estimates in regression analyses.

Multicollinearity in moderated regression

In moderated regression analysis, a new interaction predictor () is calculated. However, the new interaction term may be correlated with the two main effects terms used to calculate it. This is the problem of multicollinearity in moderated regression. Multicollinearity tends to cause coefficients to be estimated with higher standard errors and hence greater uncertainty.

Mean-centering (subtracting raw scores from the mean) may reduce multicollinearity, resulting in more interpretable regression coefficients. However, it does not affect the overall model fit.

Post-hoc probing of interactions
Like simple main effect analysis in ANOVA, in post-hoc probing of interactions in regression, we are examining the simple slope of one independent variable at the specific values of the other independent variable. Below is an example of probing two-way interactions.
In what follows the regression equation with two variables A and B and an interaction term A*B,

will be considered.

Two categorical independent variables
If both of the independent variables are categorical variables, we can analyze the results of the regression for one independent variable at a specific level of the other independent variable. For example, suppose that both A and B are single dummy coded (0,1) variables, and that A represents ethnicity (0 = European Americans, 1 = East Asians) and B represents the condition in the study (0 = control, 1 = experimental). Then the interaction effect shows whether the effect of condition on the dependent variable Y is different for European Americans and East Asians and whether the effect of ethnic status is different for the two conditions.
The coefficient of A shows the ethnicity effect on Y for the control condition, while the coefficient of B shows the effect of imposing the experimental condition for European American participants.

To probe if there is any significant difference between European Americans and East Asians in the experimental condition, we can simply run the analysis with the condition variable reverse-coded (0 = experimental, 1 = control), so that the coefficient for ethnicity represents the ethnicity effect on Y in the experimental condition. In a similar vein, if we want to see whether the treatment has an effect for East Asian participants, we can reverse code the ethnicity variable (0 = East Asians, 1 = European Americans).

One categorical and one continuous independent variable

If the first independent variable is a categorical variable (e.g. gender) and the second is a continuous variable (e.g. scores on the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS)), then b1 represents the difference in the dependent variable between males and females when life satisfaction is zero. However, a zero score on the Satisfaction With Life Scale is meaningless as the range of the score is from 7 to 35. This is where centering comes in. If we subtract the mean of the SWLS score for the sample from each participant's score, the mean of the resulting centered SWLS score is zero. When the analysis is run again, b1 now represents the difference between males and females at the mean level of the SWLS score of the sample.

Cohen et al. (2003) recommended using the following to probe the simple effect of gender on the dependent variable (Y) at three levels of the continuous independent variable: high (one standard deviation above the mean), moderate (at the mean), and low (one standard deviation below the mean). If the scores of the continuous variable are not standardized, one can just calculate these three values by adding or subtracting one standard deviation of the original scores; if the scores of the continuous variable are standardized, one can calculate the three values as follows: high = the standardized score minus 1, moderate (mean = 0), low = the standardized score plus 1. Then one can explore the effects of gender on the dependent variable (Y) at high, moderate, and low levels of the SWLS score. As with two categorical independent variables, b2 represents the effect of the SWLS score on the dependent variable for females. By reverse coding the gender variable, one can get the effect of the SWLS score on the dependent variable for males.

Coding in moderated regression

When treating categorical variables such as ethnic groups and experimental treatments as independent variables in moderated regression, one needs to code the variables so that each code variable represents a specific setting of the categorical variable. There are three basic ways of coding: dummy-variable coding, effects coding, and contrast coding. Below is an introduction to these coding systems.

Dummy coding is used when one has a reference group or one condition in particular (e.g. a control group in the experiment) that is to be  compared to each of the other experimental groups. In this case, the intercept is the mean of the reference group, and each of the unstandardized regression coefficients is the difference in the dependent variable between one of the treatment groups and the mean of the reference group (or control group). This coding system is similar to ANOVA analysis, and is appropriate when researchers have a specific reference group and want to compare each of the other groups with it.

Effects coding is used when one does not have a particular comparison or control group and does not have any planned orthogonal contrasts. The intercept is the grand mean (the mean of all the conditions). The regression coefficient is the difference between the mean of one group and the mean of all the group means (e.g. the mean of group A minus the mean of all groups). This coding system is appropriate when the groups represent natural categories.

Contrast coding is used when one has a series of orthogonal contrasts or group comparisons that are to be investigated. In this case, the intercept is the unweighted mean of the individual group means. The unstandardized regression coefficient represents the difference between the unweighted mean of the means of one group (A) and the unweighted mean of another group (B), where A and B are two sets of groups in the contrast. This coding system is appropriate when researchers have an a priori hypothesis concerning the specific differences among the group means.

Two continuous independent variables

If both of the independent variables are continuous, it is helpful for interpretation to either center or standardize the independent variables, X and Z. (Centering involves subtracting the overall sample mean score from the original score; standardizing does the same followed by dividing by the overall sample standard deviation.) By centering or standardizing the independent variables, the coefficient of X or Z can be interpreted as the effect of that variable on Y at the mean level of the other independent variable.

To probe the interaction effect, it is often helpful to plot the effect of X on Y at low and high values of Z (some people prefer to also plot the effect at moderate values of Z, but this is not necessary). Often values of Z that are one standard deviation above and below the mean are chosen for this, but any sensible values can be used (and in some cases there are more meaningful values to choose). The plot is usually drawn by evaluating the values of Y for high and low values of both X and Z, and creating two lines to represent the effect of X on Y at the two values of Z. Sometimes this is supplemented by simple slope analysis, which determines whether the effect of X on Y is statistically significant at particular values of Z. A common technique for simple slope analysis is the Johnson-Neyman approach. Various internet-based tools exist to help researchers plot and interpret such two-way interactions.

Higher-level interactions
The principles for two-way interactions apply when we want to explore three-way or higher-level interactions. For instance, if we have a three-way interaction between A, B, and C, the regression equation will be as follows:

Spurious higher-order effects
It is worth noting that the reliability of the higher-order terms depends on the reliability of the lower-order terms. For example, if the reliability for variable A is 0.70, the reliability for variable B is 0.80, and their correlation is r = 0.2, then the reliability for the interaction variable A * B is . In this case, low reliability of the interaction term leads to low power; therefore, we may not be able to find the interaction effects between A and B that actually exist. The solution for this problem is to use highly reliable measures for each independent variable.

Another caveat for interpreting the interaction effects is that when variable A and variable B are highly correlated, then the A * B term will be highly correlated with the omitted variable A2; consequently what appears to be a significant moderation effect might actually be a significant nonlinear effect of A alone. If this is the case, it is worth testing a nonlinear regression model by adding nonlinear terms in individual variables into the moderated regression analysis to see if the interactions remain significant. If the interaction effect A*B is still significant, we will be more confident in saying that there is indeed a moderation effect; however, if the interaction effect is no longer significant after adding the nonlinear term, we will be less certain about the existence of a moderation effect and the nonlinear model will be preferred because it is more parsimonious.

Moderated regression analyses also tend to include additional variables, which are conceptualized as covariates of no interest. However, the presence of these covariates can induce spurious effects when either (1) the covariate (C) is correlated with one of the primary variables of interest (e.g. variable A or B), or (2) when the covariate itself is a moderator of the correlation between either A or B with Y. The solution is to include additional interaction terms in the model, for the interaction between each confounder and the primary variables as follows:

See also
 Omitted-variable bias

References

 Hayes, A. F., & Matthes, J. (2009). "Computational procedures for probing interactions in OLS and logistic regression: SPSS and SAS implementations." Behavior Research Methods, Vol. 41, pp. 924–936.

Regression analysis


Cwmdauddwr (rarely referred to by its correct full name of Llansanffraid Cwmteuddwr) is a village in Powys, Wales. It is contiguous with the town of Rhayader on the opposite side of the River Wye. The village is located on the B4518 road linking Rhayader with the Elan Valley Reservoirs.

The parish of Cwmdauddwr corresponds approximately to the medieval commote of ; ). It was so called because of its location where the rivers Elan and Wye join. It has also been referred to as Elenydd and Elenid. It was in the area known as Rhwng Gwy a Hafren. It was also associated with Gwrtheyrnion on the east of the Wye, together they formed a cantref. This commote should not be confused with the commote of Deuddwr in Ystlyg which is also in Powys.

The village is home to a pub (The Triangle Inn), village hall and a parish church dedicated to St Bride ().

The Groe, a large park on the banks of the river, has walks, play areas and sports pitches.

Rhayader railway station was situated in the village until its closure in 1963.

Church
St Bride's church is Victorian and set in an extensive graveyard. It contains some older memorials and some of the foundations of an earlier church, that stood on the same site, are still traceable in the churchyard near the east wall.

Emmeline Lewis Lloyd is buried here, and the church has a memorial. The plaque was saved from Nantgwyllt church when the Elan Valley was flooded between 1896 and 1905 to create the Caban Coch reservoir, it notes that Lewis Lloyd was the eighth woman to climb Mont Blanc.

References

External links
Photos of Cwmdauddwr and surrounding area on geograph

Villages in Powys
History of Powys
Commotes
Rhayader


The Duchess of Windsor is a 1980 biography of Wallis, Duchess of Windsor by Diana Mosley. The book was commissioned by Lord Longford and published by Sidgwick & Jackson and again by Gibson Square in 2003. In Paris, Mosley and her husband Oswald Mosley were long-term neighbours and friends of Wallis, Duchess of Windsor and Edward VIII. On 26 June 1980, she was interviewed by Russell Harty on the BBC to discuss the project. The earlier edition sold 23, 000 copies according to Mosley's biographer, Jan Dalley.

Synopsis
The American divorcée (Simpson) attracted media attention when she married Edward VIII of the United Kingdom. Due to the divisive political issue of the proposed marriage, the king was forced to abdicate the throne in order to pursue marriage with Simpson. The author (Mosley) was a confidante and neighbour of the Duchess.

Later editions
In the revised 2003 edition, Mosley addresses latest allegations of secret service reports about the Windsors' conduct during the war and the abdication.

Simpson returned to the public consciousness with the release of the biopic W.E. in 2012. Mosley's biography was re-released in 2012 and an extract was published by the Daily Express.

Contents
The book has been published in both paperback and hardback and also features several illustrations.

Acknowledgements (6)
List of Illustrations (7)
Foreword (11)
I A Young Lady from Baltimore (12)
II Navy Wife (22)
III The Little Prince (29)
IV Prince of Wales (40)
V Divorce and Re-marriage (49)
VI Ich Dien (58)
VII Mrs Simpson meets the Prince (68)
VIII The Prince in Love (74)
IX Loved by a King (85)
X Storm Clouds (96)
XI Abdication (104)
XII King into Duke (115)
XIII Marriage (125)
XIV The First Two Years (140)
XV War (150)
XVI The Bahamas (163)
XVII The Windsors in France (169)
XVIII The Brilliant Duchess (188)
XIX Old Age (198)
XX Summing Up (211)
Index (220)

References

 Mosley, Diana, The Duchess of Windsor (1st edition, Sidgwick & Jackson, 1980) reissued, London, 2003,

External links
1980 review by Patricia Beer in the London Review of Books

Books by Diana Mitford
1980 non-fiction books
2003 non-fiction books
American biographies
Sidgwick & Jackson books


The 1996 Italian Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the 53rd edition of the Rome Masters and was part of the Mercedes Super 9 of the 1996 ATP Tour and of Tier I of the 1996 WTA Tour. Both the men's and women's events took place at the Foro Italico in Rome in Italy. The women's tournament was played from May 6 through May 12, 1996, while the men's tournament was played from May 13 through May 19, 1996.

The men's tournament was headlined by ATP No. 2, Monte Carlo, Estoril, Acapulco and Barcelona champion Thomas Muster, Zagreb, Dubai, Milan, Rotterdam titlist and Key Biscayne runner-up Goran Ivanišević and Adelaide winner, St. Petersburg and Rotterdam finalist Yevgeny Kafelnikov. Also present were Chennai winner Thomas Enqvist, Philadelphia champion Jim Courier, Wayne Ferreira, Marcelo Ríos and Sergi Bruguera.

The women's field was led by WTA No. 1, Indian Wells, Key Biscayne, Berlin champion and WTA Tour Championships defending champion Steffi Graf, Indian Wells, Hamburg runner-up and Australian Open quarterfinalist Conchita Martínez and Hilton Head winner and Wimbledon runner-up Arantxa Sánchez Vicario. Also competing were Tokyo winner Iva Majoli, Magdalena Maleeva, Martina Hingis, Irina Spîrlea and Nathalie Tauziat.

Finals

Men's singles

 Thomas Muster defeated  Richard Krajicek 6–2, 6–4, 3–6, 6–3
 It was Muster's 5th title of the year and the 41st of his career. It was his 2nd Masters title of the year and his 7th overall. It was his 3rd title at the event, having also won in 1990 and 1995.

Women's singles

 Conchita Martínez defeated  Martina Hingis 6–2, 6–3
 It was Martínez's 1st title of the year and the 31st of her career. It was her 1st Tier I title of the year and her 7th overall. It was her 4th title at the event, having also won in 1993, 1994 and 1995.

Men's doubles

 Byron Black /  Grant Connell defeated  Libor Pimek /  Byron Talbot 6–2, 6–3
 It was Black's 3rd title of the year and the 15th of his career. It was Connell's 2nd title of the year and the 19th of his career.

Women's doubles

 Arantxa Sánchez Vicario /  Irina Spîrlea defeated  Gigi Fernández /  Martina Hingis 6–4, 3–6, 6–3
 It was Sánchez Vicario's 8th title of the year and the 70th of her career. It was Spîrlea's 2nd title of the year and the 6th of her career.

References

External links
 Official website
 Official website
 ATP Tournament Profile
 WTA Tournament Profile

Italian Open
Italian Open
Italian Open
Italian Open (tennis)


The Prussian state railways grouped a variety of different types of passenger tank locomotive into its Prussian Class T 5. Several examples of the sub-classes T 5.1 and  T 5.2 transferred into the Deutsche Reichsbahn as DRG Classes 71.0 and 72.0.

Prussian T 5.1

No less than 309 Class T 5.1 engines, which had a  wheel arrangement, were built by Henschel from 1895 to 1905. They were initially procured for the Berlin Stadtbahn routes, in order to replace the older  and  locomotives which were no longer powerful enough. Later, they were also given to many other railway divisions. Another 20 locomotives went into the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg State Railways as Oldenburg T 5.1s.

Following the appearance of more powerful engines the T 5.1 was ousted from branch line services. Although there were still 115 locomotives shown in the 1923 DRG renumbering plan for steam locomotives as numbers 71 001–018, 021–028, 032–119 and 72 016, by 1925 this had reduced to just 26 engines with running numbers 71 001–026. By 1930 all of them had been retired.

In 1934, the range of numbers from 71 001 to 71 006 was re-used for the standard locomotives (Einheitslokomotiven) of the DRG Class 71.0.

In World War II four T 5.1 engines from Poland (ex-PKP class OKe1) were recorded as 71 7001–7004 in the Reichsbahn fleet, but the locomotives did not carry those numbers.

There are no surviving examples of the Prussian Class T 5.1.

Prussian T 5.2

The locomotives of Prussian Class T 5.2 (also known as the Wannsee Variant) were built by the firms of Henschel (30 examples) and Grafenstaden (6 examples). They were intended for traffic between Berlin and Potsdam and were to replace the T 5.1s on the Berlin Stadtbahn.

A 4-4-0T wheel arrangement promised to result in better riding qualities than those of the T 5.1. However the T 5.2s were less suited to running cab first due to the lack of a trailing axle and the large driving wheels, and so their employment was restricted to the Berlin ring.

In 1923 the Reichsbahn had still intended to include 20 locomotives as numbers 71 019, 020, 029 - 031 and 72 001–015 in their renumbering plan, but only took over two of them into their final numbering scheme in 1925, with numbers 72 001 and 72 002. They were retired by 1926.

In 1941 two more engines from the Eutin-Lübeck Railway Company, built by Henschel in 1911, came into the Reichsbahn fleet. They were given numbers 72 001 and 002. One of the two engines, which had both been converted to superheated working, remained in the ownership of the Deutsche Reichsbahn in East Germany until 1955.

No examples of the Prussian Class T 5.2 locomotive have survived.

Prussian T 5.2 (Superheated)
The superheated variant of the Prussian T 5.was the first superheated tank locomotive in the Prussian state railways. They were built to a Schmidt design and had better performance than the saturated steam variant of the T 5.2. Externally they differed from the wet steam T 5.2 locomotive in that they had a higher smokebox, a different location for the steam dome and a longer wheelbase. The two locomotives were built in 1900 by Henschel. They were not taken into Reichsbahn service.

0-6-0T Prussian T 5 of the Main-Neckar Railway
The Prussian T 5 locomotives for the Main-Neckar Railway, that went into Prussian ownership in 1866, were intended for the route between Weinheim and Fürth (Odenwald) (Weschnitz Valley Railway). But they ended up being used on the line between Frankfurt and Heidelberg, because difficulties occurred on the steep sections of the route. The six locomotives had been built in 1896 and 1898 by the Maschinenbau-Gesellschaft Karlsruhe.

No Main-Neckar variants of the  Prussian Class T 5 have been preserved.

2-6-0T Prussian T 5 of the Main-Neckar Railway
In addition to the   locomotives, four  engines from the Main-Neckar Railway also entered the Prussian state railways. They had been built in 1899 by the Maschinenbau-Gesellschaft Karlsruhe. From 1906 they were numbered as "Mainz 6691–6694".

Prussian T 5 of the Lower Elbe Railway
The T 5s of the Lower Elbe Railway Company were passenger tank locomotives with a  wheel arrangement. The ten locomotives had been ordered for services on the Harburg–Cuxhaven line in 1880 by the Elsässischen Maschinenbau-Gesellschaft Grafenstaden. From 1906 they were given the running numbers "Altona 6601–6609" and were retired by 1911.

Technical data

See also
 Prussian state railways
 List of Prussian locomotives and railcars

Notes

References

Further reading

External links
 Polish rail forum discussion on the Oke1

2-4-2T locomotives
4-4-0T locomotives
0-6-0T locomotives
2-6-0T locomotives
T 05
Standard gauge locomotives of Germany
Passenger locomotives


The Indian Monsoon Current refers to the seasonally varying ocean current regime found in the tropical regions of the northern Indian Ocean.  During winter, the flow of the upper ocean is directed westward from near the Indonesian Archipelago to the Arabian Sea.  During the summer, the direction reverses, with eastward flow extending from Somalia into the Bay of Bengal.  These variations are due to changes in the wind stress associated with the Indian monsoon.  The seasonally reversing open ocean currents that pass south of India are referred to as the Winter Monsoon Current and the Summer Monsoon Current (alternately, the Northeast Monsoon Current and the Southwest Monsoon Current). The cold Somali Current, which is strongly linked to the Indian monsoon, is also discussed in this article.

Overview

Historical perspective
Although Mariners have been aware of the existence of the Monsoon current for nearly one thousand years, a detailed understanding did not emerge until after the International Indian Ocean Expedition of the 1960s.  The World Ocean Circulation Experiment of the mid 1990s permitted detailed measurement of these currents through an extensive field campaign.

Atmospheric forcing
In the northern hemisphere tropical regions of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, surface winds blow predominantly from the northeast year round, with westward-flowing ocean currents underneath. The Indian Ocean differs from the Atlantic and Pacific in that a continental landmass forms a complete northern boundary at relatively low latitudes. Monsoonal circulations are driven by the differences in temperature between land masses and adjacent oceans. Because water has a larger thermal capacity than air, land surfaces will heat more rapidly during the summer season.  The Indian monsoon consists of two phases.  During the northern hemisphere winter, the cool Asian landmass contains a broad area of high pressure, whereas lower pressures prevail over the warmer Indian Ocean and hot Australian continent.  This pressure pattern helps to reinforce the northeasterly trade winds.  During the northern hemisphere summer, the Asian landmass (especially the Indian subcontinent) heats considerably, generating an area of low pressure to the north.  Circulation about this low generates strong winds from the southwest over the Arabian Sea and along the Somali coast.  These winds are enhanced by the formation of an atmospheric western boundary current created by the high terrain over eastern Africa.

A consequence of the Coriolis effect, Ekman theory explains that oceanic flow at the surface is directed at 45 degrees to the right of the wind stress in the Northern Hemisphere.  Thus, winds blowing from the southwest result in eastward currents, while winds blowing from the northeast result in westward currents.

Structure and evolution

Winter season structure
The Winter Monsoon Current extends from the Bay of Bengal, around India and Sri Lanka, and across the Arabian Sea at a latitude of approximately 8 degrees North.  Currents flow to the southwest along the coast of Somalia to the equator.

Measurements of the strengths of these currents have been obtained from ship drift records. The Northeast Monsoon Current is westward only during the months of January through March, and is strongest in February when it reaches 50 cm s−1.  Estimates of westward volume transport range from 7 to 14 Sverdrups.

Summer season structure
The Somali Current, which describes the flow along the Horn of Africa from the equator to around 9 degrees north, also shifts direction seasonally with the monsoon winds.  It eventually separates from the coastline, turning to the right as it enters the Arabian Sea.  The Summer Monsoon Current, located between 10 and 15 North latitude in the Arabian Sea, bends around India and Sri Lanka, and enters the Bay of Bengal.  The Great Whirl is a gyre located around 10 N and 55 E, and is only present during the summer season.

During the summer when the current flows toward the northeast, Ekman transport (to the right of the flow in the Northern Hemisphere) is offshore, transporting warmer waters deeper into the Arabian sea, and permitting upwelling of cooler waters along the coast.  This sea surface temperature pattern (cooler waters west of warmer waters) reinforces the northward current through geostrophic flow.
The Southwest Monsoon Current is eastward from April through November, and reaches a peak intensity of 30 cm s−1 during the summer months. During a 1995 field campaign, the Somali current was measured to transport 37 +/- 5 Sv during mid-September.

Evolution
The rapid initiation of seasonal currents (over the time period of several weeks) can be explained theoretically in terms of linear theory with a Rossby wave response.  The Monsoon Current can also be viewed in terms of local forcing processes that act in concert to create the mature, basin-wide system.  The evolution of these currents have been reproduced in dynamical models of the ocean-atmosphere system.

See also
 Asian brown cloud
 Monsoon of South Asia
 Ocean current
 Ocean gyre
 Physical oceanography

References

External links
Scott Fitzpatrick & Richard Callaghan. Islands of Inquiry, Seafaring simulations and the origin of  prehistoric settlers to Madagascar. 2009
Rules for Maldivian Trading Ships Travelling Abroad (1925)

Physical oceanography
Indian Ocean
Currents of the Indian Ocean


Blue Christmas is the second album of Christmas music by country music artist Ricky Van Shelton. It features one original song and several others that were reprised from his first Christmas album, Ricky Van Shelton Sings Christmas.

Track listing
"Blue Christmas" (Bill Hayes, Jay Johnson) - 3:05
"Silver Bells" (Ray Evans, Jay Livingston) - 2:55
"Winter Wonderland" (Felix Bernard, Dick Smith) - 2:34
"Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow!" (Sammy Cahn, Jule Styne) - 2:31
"Country Christmas" (Don Schlitz, Ricky Van Shelton) - 2:52
"Jingle Bell Rock" (Joe Beal, Jim Boothe) - 2:52
"Silent Night" (Franz Xaver Gruber, Joseph Mohr) - 3:25
"I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day" (Traditional) - 3:12
"O Come All Ye Faithful" (Frederick Oakeley, John Francis Wade) - 3:51
"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas" (Ralph Blane, Hugh Martin) - 3:34

Personnel
 Eddie Bayers - drums, percussion
 Pat Coil - keyboards, synthesizer
 Larry Franklin - fiddle
 Sonny Garrish - steel guitar
 Wes Hightower - background vocals
 John Hobbs - keyboards, piano
 Jim Hoke - saxophone
 Terry McMillan - harmonica
 Liana Manis - background vocals
 Brent Mason - electric guitar
 Larry Paxton - bass guitar
 John Wesley Ryles - background vocals
 Ricky Van Shelton - lead vocals
 Biff Watson - acoustic guitar

Chart performance

2000 Christmas albums
Christmas albums by American artists
Ricky Van Shelton albums
E1 Music albums
Country Christmas albums


Daltmar is a population center that belongs to the municipality of Olèrdola, region of Alt Penedès of the province of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.

It is located a short distance from Vilafranca del Penedes, and is the third-largest city core by population, 626 in 2018 according to idescat

Populated places in Alt Penedès


Rapala cassidyi, the Cassidy's flash is a lycaenid butterfly found in Sulawesi. It was discovered in 1985 during the Project Wallace expedition of the Royal Entomological Society. The female remains undescribed.

Range
The species lives in northern Sulawesi, Indonesia, in Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park.

Description
The upperside of the male is unusual in that it has only a small amount of pale orange on the discal area of the forewing below the cell; a pattern more reminiscent of females of the genus. The underside ground colour is light slate brown with a glossy sheen. The usual postdiscal striae or the genus are present in an ochreous colour and there is a diffuse ochreous marginal band on both wings.

Gallery

See also
Theclinae

Cited references

Rapala (butterfly)
Butterflies described in 1992


Theresa Wolfson (1897–1972) was an American labor economist and educator. Wolfson is best remembered as the education director of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union during the second half of the 1920s and as a leader of the workers education movement during the 1930s.

Biography

Early years

Theresa Wolfson was born July 19, 1897, in Brooklyn, New York. Wolfson's parents, Adolph Wolfson and Rebecca Hochstein Wolfson, were ethnic Jewish radicals who emigrated from Russia in 1894 to escape the pervasive antisemitism and political persecution of the Tsarist regime.

During her elementary school years Wolfson attended public school in Brooklyn before attending high school at Far Rockaway, Long Island.

Wolfson attended Adelphi College in Garden City, New York, where she helped to organize a campus chapter of the Intercollegiate Socialist Society in 1916. Following her graduation in 1917, Wolfson worked as a volunteer health worker at a settlement house in New York City.

Career

In 1918 Wolfson became a field investigator for the National Child Labor Committee, remaining at that job until 1920. In this capacity Wolfson was the author of several reports on child labor in the textile industry of North Carolina.

From 1920 to 1922, Wolfson served as executive director of the New York Consumers' League, heading its political efforts on behalf of the 8-hour day and minimum wage legislation.

During this time Wolfson also attended graduate courses, receiving a Master's degree in economics in 1922 from Columbia University and completing her PhD in 1924. She also taught briefly as an instructor at Barnard College in this interval.

Following completion of her academic work, Wolfson went to work for the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union as the education director of its Union Health Center.  She also became involved in the workers' education movement by teaching at the Bryn Mawr Summer School for Women Workers in Industry and by lecturing at Brookwood Labor College, headed by A.J. Muste.

She published her dissertation "The Woman Worker and the Trade Unions" in 1926.

In 1928 Wolfson accepted a post at Brooklyn College (at the time a branch of Hunter College), where she remained as a professor of economics and labor relations until her retirement in 1967. Wolfson also remained active in workers' education as a teacher during summer schools conducted by the American Labor Education Service. For this activity Wolfson was recognized in 1957 with the John Dewey Award of the League for Industrial Democracy.

Wolfson's work in the field of labor relations focused on the education and advancement of women in the workplace, and the unequal treatment of women within trade unions.

Personal life

Wolfson married Dr. Iago Galdston, a psychiatrist, in 1920. The couple had two children before divorcing in 1935. In 1938 Wolfson married Austin Bigelow Wood, a psychology instructor on the staff with her at Brooklyn College.

Her brother Victor Wolfson was a notable playwright and novelist.

Death and legacy

Theresa Wolfson died on May 14, 1972, at the age of 74.

A scholarship in her name allows a Brooklyn College student to pursue graduate studies in labor economics each year.

Wolfson's papers are held at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York at the school's Catherwood Library.

Works
 People Who Go to Beets. New York City : National Child Labor Committee, 1920.
 The Woman Worker and the Trade Unions. New York: International Publishers, 1926.
 The Women's Auxiliary to Trade Unions, and Workers' Education. New York: Workers' Education Bureau of America, 1926.
 Labor and the NRA. 1934.
 Industrial Unionism in the American Labor Movement. With Abraham Weiss. New York: League for Industrial Democracy, 1937
 Frances Wright, Free Enquirer: The Study of a Temperament. (co-authored with Alice Jane Gray Perkins)
 The Forward March of American Labor: A Brief History of the American Labor Movement Written for Union Members. With Joe Glazer. New York: League for Industrial Democracy, 1945.
 Labor's Coming of Age. New York: New York Society for Ethical Culture, 1946.
 Overcoming Prejudice: The Role of the Conference in Stimulating Democratic Attitudes. New York: American Labor Education Service, 1946.
 A Decade of Industrial Relations Research, 1946-1956. With Neil W. Chamberlain and Frank C. Pierson. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1958.
 Harry W. Laidler: A Checklist of his Writings in the Tamiment Library: With a Biographical Sketch. New York: New York University Libraries, 1968.

Footnotes

External links
 "Guide to the Theresa Wolfson Papers, 1746-1970 (bulk 1919-1970)," Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives, Cornell University Library, Ithaca, NY, 2002.

1897 births
1972 deaths
People from Brooklyn
American socialists
Jewish socialists
Jewish women writers
Jewish American writers
Jewish educators
Economists from New York (state)
American women economists
20th-century American economists
Brooklyn College faculty


The Sunday Times Magazine is a magazine included with The Sunday Times. In 1962 it became the first colour supplement to be published as a supplement to a UK newspaper, and its arrival "broke the mould of weekend newspaper publishing".

The magazine has in-depth journalism, high-quality photography and an extensive range of subject matter. It has had many famous contributors, including international authors, photographers and artists.

History

The first edition of The Sunday Times Colour Section was published on 4 February 1962, and included some significant harbingers of the Swinging Sixties. These included 11 photographs on the cover of Jean Shrimpton wearing a Mary Quant dress, photographed by David Bailey, and a new James Bond story by Ian Fleming, entitled "The Living Daylights" – a title that would be used for a Bond film 25 years later.

The publication subsequently changed its title to The Sunday Times Colour Magazine, and was modified shortly afterwards to The Sunday Times Magazine.

The first editor was Mark Boxer; subsequent editors included Godfrey Smith, Magnus Linklater, Hunter Davies, Ron Hall, Philip Clarke, Robin Morgan and Sarah Baxter. The present editor is Martin Hemming.

The magazine has published lengthy and detailed articles on major events, from the Great Train Robbery to 9/11, from Beatlemania to Britart, and from the 1969 Moon landing to the 2012 London Olympic Games. From the outset, “photographer first” was the benchmark and required serious investment in photo-reportage from the world’s trouble spots. Michael Rand, its art director for 30 years from 1962, said the credo was “grit plus glamour – fashion juxtaposed with war photography and pop art”. He went on to champion the work of such photographers as Terry O'Neill, Brian Duffy, Richard Avedon, Eugene Richards, Diane Arbus, Mary Ellen Mark. The magazine featured images from the Vietnam war by the photographer Don McCullin, a photo-essay on the Vatican by Eve Arnold, many portraits and photo-essays by Lord Snowdon, and Bert Stern's final photoshoot with Marilyn Monroe, among many other photographic collections.

The magazine's weekly columnists have included Jilly Cooper, Zoë Heller and Daisy Waugh and its best known cover artists have included Sir Peter Blake, David Hockney, Alan Aldridge and Ian Dury.
Since 1977 the magazine has published the column "A Life In The Day", which has revealed intimate everyday details via interviews with many prominent people, including Nelson Mandela, Muhammad Ali, Paul McCartney, Nancy Dell'Olio, Muammar Gaddafi, Kate Winslet and Celine Dion.

Recent highlights in the magazine have included David James Smith's account of the 9/11 victims who jumped from the World Trade Center ("The Fallen"), for which Smith won Features Reporter of the Year at the British Press Awards for 2011; Lynn Barber's 2010 interview with the writer Christopher Hitchens; and John Arlidge's 2009 interview with Lloyd Blankfein, chairman and CEO of Goldman Sachs.

In 1990 the magazine established the Ian Parry Scholarship, in order to encourage young photographers and help them to undertake the assignments of their choice. The scholarship was created in honour of Ian Parry, who was killed in Romania in 1989, at the age of 24, while on assignment for the magazine. Prizes are still awarded annually to winning entrants.

In December 2010, the magazine became viewable on the Apple iPad, and in February 2012 it celebrated its 50th anniversary. It now has a print circulation of almost 1 million, and nearly 69 million digital page views were recorded in April 2012.

Special editions

The Sunday Times Magazine has published many special editions, with subjects ranging across politics, the arts, science and sport. Subjects have included the Beatles, the Olympic Games, James Bond, and the Star Wars film franchise.
On 5 February 2012, the magazine published a special edition to celebrate 50 years of publication, which included the feature "Makers & Shakers 1962–2012", for which The Sunday Times editors and experts selected "the 50 most influential Britons of the past 50 years". On 19 August 2012, an 82-page photographic souvenir edition of the magazine was published to celebrate the 2012 Olympic Games in London.

Exhibitions

The exhibition Cover Story: The Art and Photojournalism of The Sunday Times Magazine – with selected covers from the publication between 1962 and 2006 – was mounted at Proud Camden, London, in September and October 2006.

The magazine held its 50th Anniversary exhibition at the Saatchi Gallery in February 2012. The show attracted 200,000 people, and its duration was extended three times. It was described by one critic as "a welcome celebration of the power of print journalism".

The Ian Parry Scholarship Exhibition is held every summer, showing the work of winning and commended photographers.

References

1962 establishments in the United Kingdom
Magazines established in 1962
Magazines published in London
News magazines published in the United Kingdom
Newspaper supplements
Sunday magazines
The Sunday Times (UK)
Weekly magazines published in the United Kingdom


Miloslav Topinka (July 4, 1945, Nový Etynk near Jindřichův Hradec) is a Czech poet.

He graduated from psychology at the Charles University. In 1968 he took part in the student Expedition Lambaréné as the expedition's psychologist. In 1969 he became an editor of a monthly revue called Sešity. After it was banned, he worked as a psychologist and a clerk; he spent the years 1980–1987 in Casablanca. After his return to Czechoslovakia he worked among other professions as a translator and editor of authors such as Rimbaud, Gilbert-Lecomte, Věra Linhartová, Kolář, Petr Kabeš etc. Miloslav Topinka lives in Prague.

Bibliography

Topinka's main themes are what he calls "the crack" - in other words, how to break from one's hidespot through to "4th dimension"  - something that e. g. Marcel Duchamp or Paul Celan (Light-Compulsion, 1970) wrote about as well; and "silence" (one of his interviews is called "Anyone who ever thought about poetry, must ask oneself 'Why did Rimbaud stop writing?'" ), embracing the idea that a poet's main goal is his/her existence itself. In his most celebrated book, The Crack, he uses many experimental techniques, such as transparent paper, holes in pages etc. to enable the reader to see differently. The book is about such people and events as Nerval, Rimbaud, Buhl; and Hiroshima.

Poetry
 Utopír (1969) - the name is a neologism which symbolises the four elements, Earth, Water, Air, and Fire
 Krysí hnízdo, (The Nest of Rats) 1970, destroyed by order of government before distribution, re-edited 1991, in Polish 1993
 Trhlina (The Crack) 2002, Jaroslav Seifert Prize

Biography
 Vedle mne jste všichni jenom básníci (Compared to me you're all just poets) 1995 – a biography of Arthur Rimbaud

Essays
 Hadí kámen (Snakestone), 2008 - collected essays and interviews, F. X. Šalda Prize 2008

Editor
 Vysoká hra (Le Grand Jeu at the French Wikipedia), 1993

For children
 Kniha o Zemi (Book about Earth), 1979
 Martin a hvězda (Martin and the star), 1981
 To neznáte zvířátka (Let the animals surprise you), 1981

References

External links
 About M. Topinka, in Czech
 Poems in Czech

1945 births
Living people
People from Nová Včelnice
Czech poets
Czech male poets
Charles University alumni


Beaubourg may refer to:

 An area within the 4th arrondissement of Paris, France
 Colloquial name of Centre Pompidou, an art centre in the Beaubourg area of Paris
 Croissy-Beaubourg, Seine-et-Marne, Île-de-France, France
 Beaubourg (album), a 1978 avant-garde electronica album by Vangelis


Roller sports (as Extreme sports) at the 2007 Asian Indoor Games was held in MUST Pavilion, Macau, China from 26 October to 2 November 2007.

Medalists

Roller freestyle

Skateboarding

Medal table

Results

Roller freestyle

Big air
28 October

Park
26–28 October

Park best trick
27 October

Vert
31 October – 2 November

Skateboarding

Park
27–28 October

Park best trick
27 October

References
 Official Website - Skateboard
 Official Website - Inline Stunt
 Official Website - BMX Freestyle

2007 Asian Indoor Games events
Asian Indoor Games


The Real Estate Title Insurance Company of Philadelphia was the world's first title insurance company.

Background
Prior to the invention of title insurance, buyers in real estate transactions bore sole responsibility for ensuring the validity of the land title held by the seller. If the title were later deemed invalid or found to be fraudulent, the buyer lost their investment.

In 1868, the case of Watson v. Muirhead was heard by the Pennsylvania Supreme Court. Plaintiff Muirhead had lost his investment in a real estate transaction as the result of a prior lien on the property. Defendant Watson, the conveyancer, had discovered the lien prior to the sale but told Muirhead the title was clear after his lawyer had (erroneously) determined that the lien was not valid.

The courts ruled that Watson (and others in similar situations) was not liable for mistakes based on professional opinions.

As a result of the case the Pennsylvania legislature included a section allowing for the incorporation of title insurance companies in The General Corporation Act passed an 1874.

History
Joshua H. Morris, a conveyancer in Philadelphia, and several colleagues met on 28 March 1876 to incorporate the first title insurance company to address the issue. The new firm, they stated, would "insure the purchasers of real estate and mortgages against losses from defective titles, liens and encumbrances," and that "through these facilities, transfer of real estate and real estate securities can be made more speedily and with greater security than heretofore."  It took the name of The Real Estate Title Insurance Company of Philadelphia.

Martha Morris, Joshua's aunt, purchased the first policy, valued at $1,500, on 24 June 1876 to cover a mortgage on a home on 718 North 43rd Street in Philadelphia.

In 1881 the company changed its name to The Real Estate Title Insurance and Trust Company of Philadelphia and in 1927 merged with the Land Title and Trust Company (founded in 1885) and the West End Trust Company to form The Real Estate-Land Title and Trust Company, which was shorted to Land Title Bank and Trust Company in 1936.  During a merger in 1953 with the Tradesmen National Bank and Trust Company to create the Trademens Land Title Bank and Trust Company, the title insurance division was turned into a wholly owned subsidiary known as the Land Title Insurance Company.  It was in 1955 that the Trademens Bank decided to sell off the Land Title Insurance Company to the Commonwealth Title Company.

The Commonwealth Title Insurance and Trust Company of Philadelphia was incorporated in 1886.  In 1928 it merged with the Provident Trust Company which turned its title insurance business over to a wholly owned subsidiary known as Commonwealth Title Insurance Company.  The newly formed subsidiary quickly consolidated the title insurance business in Philadelphia by absorbing six local title insurance companies and assuming a new name as the Commonwealth Title Company of Philadelphia in 1929.  In 1938 it acquired the Pennsylvania Title Insurance Company from the Central-Penn National Bank.

In 1955 that The company became the Commonwealth Land Title Insurance Company through a merger with the Land Title Insurance Company (successor to the old Real Estate Title Insurance Company).  In 1964, Commonwealth purchased Louisville Title Insurance Company of Kentucky.  Commonwealth merged with Provident National Bank in 1969 and was sold to the Reliance Group, Inc. six years later.  As part of the Reliance Group, Commonwealth merged in 1990 with Transamerica Corporation's subsidiary Transamerica Title Insurance Company which later became Transnation Title Company. It later became part of LandAmerica. When LandAmerica went bankrupt, it sold Commonwealth to Fidelity National Financial.

References

External links

Fidelity National Financial
Companies based in Philadelphia
Insurance companies of the United States
Financial services companies established in 1876
1876 establishments in Pennsylvania


DUCS (Display Unit Control System) was a teleprocessing monitor from CFS Inc. It was one of two early local teleprocessing packages for IBM's DOS/VSE environment. DUCS provided an interface and access method for programmers to 'talk' to monitors. Such access methods later became known as APIs.

Initially written for the IBM 2260 running under DOS on IBM mainframes, the original product was free for IBM users. With the advent of DOS/VS and the IBM 3270 series terminals, the original author commercialized the product, circa 1970. The company added transparent remote access about 1972.

The product is believed to be the first non-IBM publicly available commercial software package to transmit data via satellite.

Application

DUCS  differed from competing products such as Westi and IBM's own CICS in that it was subordinate to the application's mainline program. Westi, for example, was the mainline program and users wrote subroutines to read and write data to and from terminals and discs. This real time paradigm became known as transaction processing.

DUCS  reversed that model in that it was, in fact, a subroutine package that read from and wrote to monitors, both local and remote. While DUCS was considerably easier to program and use, it also placed the onus of task management upon the programmer. Correctly designed, a DUCS program was faster than any competing package or access method.

Development

2260

Dick Goran wrote the original DOS 2260 package. Its popularity made him realize it had potential as a commercial product, and he left IBM about 1970, and incorporated in Brookline, Massachusetts as CFS, Inc.

3270

In 1972, IBM released DOS/VS with the IBM/370 and the first IBM 3270 terminals, and CFS began a rewrite for the new products. Former New York City IBMer, Leigh Lundin, wrote DUCS Remote, a bi-sync module to handle remote teleprocessing. The bi-sync handler was only 4k, in contrast to IBM's BTAM at 28k, QTAM at 36k, and TCAM at 42k, and VTAM which started at 48k.

Demos

Lundin wrote games in Fortran and Assembler and Goran in COBOL to demonstrate the API for programmers. To model IBM's new light pen, programmers contributed a simple tic-tac-toe (noughts and crosses), possibly the only practical use of the subsequently discontinued light pen.

Marketing

DUCS was sold in North America by CFS, Inc, Brookline, Ma.

For overseas sales, CFS engaged in both mail order and local vendors.

References

Transaction processing
IBM mainframe software