Li Su () (773–821), courtesy name Yuanzhi (), formally Duke Wu of Liang (), was a Chinese military general and politician during the Tang Dynasty.  He was most well—known for his surprise attack on Cai Prefecture (蔡州, in modern Zhumadian, Henan), then held by the warlord Wu Yuanji, successfully capturing Wu.

Background
Li Su was born in 773, during the reign of Emperor Daizong.  His father was Li Sheng, who would later rise to prominence as a major general during the reign of Emperor Daizong's son Emperor Dezong.  When Li Su was young, on account of his father's accomplishments, he was first made Xielü Lang (), a low-level official in charge of music at the ministry of worship (太常寺, Taichang Si), and later the deputy minister of army supplies (衛尉少卿, Weiwei Shaoqing).  His birth mother died early, so he was raised by another concubine of Li Sheng's, Lady Wang, who was created the Lady of Jin.  When Lady Wang died, Li Sheng, because she was not his wife, did not have Li Su observe the mourning rites for a mother, but Li Su tearfully requested to be allowed to observe those rituals, and Li Sheng agreed.

After Li Sheng died in 793, Li Su and his brother Li Xian () built a tent next to Li Sheng's tomb, intending to observe the mourning period there.  Emperor Dezong, believing the conditions were too harsh, ordered them to return to their own mansion, but after they went home for one night, the next day they were at the tomb again, and Emperor Dezong allowed them to continue to observe the mourning period there.  After the mourning period was over, Li Su was made a member of the staff of Li Song the Crown Prince.  He later served successively as the prefect of Fang (坊州, in modern Yan'an, Shaanxi) and then Jin (晉州, in modern Linfen, Shanxi) Prefectures, and was given the honorary title Jinzi Guanglu Daifu () on account of his virtues.  He later was recalled to again serve on the Crown Prince's staff, and later served as the head of the Crown Prince's household.

During Emperor Xianzong's reign

During the campaign against Wu Yuanji
It was said that Li Su was full of strategies and capable in horsemanship and archery.  In 816, during the reign of Emperor Dezong's grandson Emperor Xianzong, imperial troops were conducting a campaign against the warlord Wu Yuanji, who controlled Zhangyi Circuit (彰義, headquartered in modern Zhumadian, Henan)) without imperial approval, two successive imperial generals put in command of nearby Tangsuideng Circuit (唐隨鄧, headquartered in modern Zhumadian) — Gao Xiayu () and Yuan Zi — had suffered defeats by Zhangyi troops.  Li Su volunteered to serve in the campaign, and the chancellor Li Fengji also knew of Li Su's abilities, and therefore recommended him.  Emperor Xianzong thus made Li Su the military governor (Jiedushi) of Tangsuideng Circuit, as well as the prefect of its capital Tang Prefecture (), replacing Yuan.

When Li Su reached the front in spring 817, it was said that the Tangsuideng soldiers, having suffered many defeats, were fearful of war.  Li Su first comforted them by stating that his intentions were not to engage in battles immediately, and further personally attended to the wounded, to try to raise the morale.  He also acted as if he was not taking military discipline seriously and not taking precautions toward Zhangyi troops, in order to get Zhangyi's guards down toward him.  With Li Su not being well-known and the Zhangyi troops having just defeated Gao and Yuan, Zhangyi did not take particular precautions toward Li Su.

Li Su, meanwhile, requested and received reinforcements from several circuits.  He then began to carry out military actions in which he targeted Zhangyi officers, captured them, and then treated them well and incorporated them into his command structure, using their familiarity with Zhangyi's defenses against Zhangyi.  Such Zhangyi officers he thus captured included Ding Shiliang (), Chen Guangqia (), Wu Xiulin (), Li Xian (李憲, whose name Li Su changed to Li Zhongyi (), and Li You.  His soldiers were particularly displeased at his endearment of Li You, pointing out that Li You had killed many imperial soldiers, and further accused Li You of being an agent of Wu.  Li Su, in order to calm the soldiers, delivered Li You to Chang'an, ostensibly for Emperor Xianzong to execute him — and instead sent a secret petition to Emperor Xianzong, stating that he could not succeed if Li You were executed.  Emperor Xianzong thereafter pardoned Li You and delivered him back to Li Su.  Li Su further abolished the former orders that those who took in Zhangyi spies would be executed — instead ordering his people that if Zhangyi spies arrived, they were to be treated with kindness.  As a result, the Zhangyi spies were turned toward Li Su and informed him about the status of Zhangyi troops.

By summer 817, Li Su was formulating the strategy of making a surprise attack on Zhangyi's capital Cai Prefecture with Li You and Li Zhongyi, and he set apart 3,000 elite soldiers, calling them the Tujiang (), and trained them for this purpose.  After a battle in which he failed in capturing Langshan (朗山, in modern Zhumadian), the Tangsuideng troops were depressed, but Li Su stated happily, "This fits within my plans."  However, he could not launch his attack on Cai Prefecture at that time, with heavy rains drenching the land at that time.

In fall 817, in a battle where Li Su attacked Wufang (吳房, in modern Zhumadian), Li Su launched the attack on a day considered to be wangwang (往亡, i.e., a particular inopportune day for military action) on the Chinese calendar, against his officers' reservations, he caught the Wufang defenders unaware and quickly captured the outer city, forcing them to withdraw within the inner city.  Li Su then withdrew to try to draw them out.  Their commander Sun Xianzhong () thereafter attacked Li Su's rear.  When Li Su's own soldiers panicked, Li Su got off his horse and sat on a chair, stating, "Anyone who dares to retreat further will be beheaded."  His soldiers thereafter fought back and killed Sun.  When they then suggested that he attack Wufang's inner city and capture it, he responded, "That is not within my plan."  He then withdrew back to his own camp.

Meanwhile, with another imperial general, Li Guangyan the military governor of Zhongwu Circuit (忠武, headquartered in modern Xuchang, Henan), frequently prevailing over Zhangyi forces, the most elite Zhangyi troops were stationed at Huiqu (洄曲, in modern Luohe, Henan), to defend against a possible Li Guangyan advancement.  Li You thus suggested to Li Su that the defenses of Cai Prefecture would be particularly weakened and that the opportunity was right for an attack.  Li Su reported his plan to the chancellor Pei Du, who had by this point been put in charge of the operations against Zhangyi, and Pei approved.

On November 27, 817, at dusk, Li Su launched the attack, from his then-base of Wencheng Fence (文成柵, in modern Zhumadian), without informing anyone other than Li You and Li Zhongyi what the intended target was.  He had Li You and Li Zhongyi command the 3,000 Tujiang soldiers as first stage troops, with himself and the eunuch monitor of the army commanding 3,000 soldiers as the second stage troops and the officer Li Jincheng () commanding 3,000 soldiers as the third stage troops.  He attacked the village Zhangchai () and killed the Zhangyi soldiers stationed there, and then, with 500 soldiers requisitioned from Yicheng Circuit (義成, headquartered in modern Anyang, Henan) remaining there to block off potential aid troops from Langshan and Ding commanding 500 soldiers to destroy bridges between Cai Prefecture and Huiqu, he continued to advance.  After the soldiers had dinner, he announced that the target was Cai Prefecture itself — drawing much alarm from the officers and causing the eunuch monitor to cry bitterly, "We have fallen into Li You's trap!"  At that time, there was a heavy snowstorm, such that Li Su's banner was torn, and some of his soldiers and horses were freezing to death, but he ordered continuing march forward.

Just before dawn on November 28, Li Su's forces reached the walls of Cai Prefecture.  Li You and Li Zhongyi led their soldiers in climbing up the walls, catching the wall defenders in their sleep and killing them.  Li You and Li Zhongyi then entered the city and opened the gates to allow the rest of Li Su's forces in.  Li Su took over Wu's headquarters and had the inner city, his mansion, where he was, surrounded.  Believing that Wu's only hope was if the key Zhangyi commander Dong Chongzhi (), who was in command of the forces at Huiqu, quickly advanced back to save him, he visited Dong's household and comforted Dong's family, sending Dong's son Dong Chuandao () to Huiqu to summon him back.  Dong Chongzhi immediately abandoned his troops and returned to Cai Prefecture to surrender to Li Su.  Li Su had Li Jincheng attack the inner city, and by this point, the residents of Cai Prefecture were assisting Li Su's attack.  On November 29, Wu surrendered, and Li Su arrested him and delivered him to Chang'an.

Several days later, Pei arrived with the Zhangyi soldiers at Huiqu, who surrendered after Wu's capture.  Li Su waited by the road to be ready to pay proper respect to Pei by military ceremony.  Pei initially, in humility, wanted to avoid having Li Su bow to him, but Li Su pointed out that it was proper for them to demonstrate the proper etiquette for the imperial army before the surrendered soldiers and people of Cai Prefecture.  Pei thus agreed.

Li Su then returned to Wencheng Fence.  His officers asked him the reasons why he was not displeased about the failure to capture Langshan, the decision not to capture Wufang, and the decision to march forward in the snowstorm.  Li Su responded:

After the campaign against Wu Yuanji
In the aftermaths of the campaign, Li Su's Tangsuideng Circuit was merged back into the circuit that it was split from — Shannan East Circuit (山南東道, headquartered in modern Xiangfan, Hubei) — and he was made the military governor of Shannan East.  He was also created the Duke of Liang.  At his urging, Emperor Xianzong, who had initially wanted to execute Dong Chongzhi, spared Dong but still exiled Dong to Chun Prefecture (春州, in modern Yangjiang, Guangdong) to serve as its census officer.  When Li Su subsequently submitted a list of 150 officers who contributed to the victory, requesting that Emperor Xianzong promote them, Emperor Xianzong was displeased by the lengthy list, stating to Pei, "While Li Su accomplished an uncommonly great achievement, he recommended too many people.  Based on this, then, imagine how many people Li Sheng and Hun Jian could have recommended!"  Emperor Xianzong thus did not act on Li Su's recommendations.

Soon thereafter, with Emperor Xianzong considering a campaign on the western border against Tufan, in summer 818, he made Li Su the military governor of Fengxiang (鳳翔, headquartered in modern Baoji, Shaanxi) and Longyou (隴右, then also headquartered in modern Baoji) Circuits.  Before Li Su could head to Fengxiang, however, Wu Yuanji's ally Li Shidao the military governor of Pinglu Circuit (平盧, headquartered in modern Tai'an, Shandong), who had, in fear after Wu's defeat, initially offered to surrender three of Pinglu's 12 prectures to imperial control, reneged on his offer.  Emperor Xianzong, in anger, announced a campaign against Pinglu.  Li Su was thereafter swapped in his posting with his brother Li Yuan () the military governor of Wuning Circuit (武寧, headquartered in modern Xuzhou, Jiangsu), which bordered Pinglu to the south, as well as the prefect of Wuning's capital Xu Prefecture ().  Once Li Su got to Xu Prefecture, he reorganized the troops into greater efficiency.  At Li Su's request, Emperor Xianzong pardoned Dong and recalled him, and Li Su subsequently made Dong a commander in his army.  Li Su subsequently engaged in 11 battles with Pinglu forces, prevailing each time.  Around the new year 819, he captured the key Pinglu city of Jinxiang (金鄉, in modern Jining, Shandong), and thereafter continued to capture Pinglu cities.  Li Shidao was thereafter killed by his own subordinate Liu Wu, who submitted to imperial authority.

While Li Su was still at Wuning, one of his subordinates recommended the physician Zheng Zhu to him, as he was often ill.  Li Su's conditions improved after taking Zheng's medication, and he became closely associated with Zheng, such that Zheng became powerful over his staff members and were often interfering with governance.  When the eunuch monitor Wang Shoucheng found the situation to be inappropriate and asked Li Su to remove Zheng from his staff, Li Su told him, "While Zheng Zhu is frivolous, he is talented.  You should try to meet with him.  If you really find him to be useless, I will remove him."  Wang initially did not want to meet Zheng, but eventually agreed.  After he did so, he was also pleased by Zheng's amusing speech, and therefore also became closely associated with Zheng.  Zheng, not wanting others to know about how he first became associated with Li Su and Wang, subsequently falsely accused the officer who had initially recommended him, and Li Su executed the officer.

During Emperor Muzong's reign
In spring 820, Emperor Xianzong died and was succeeded by his son Emperor Muzong.  Soon thereafter, Li Su was given the honorary chancellor title of Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi ().  Further, in anticipation of potential further actions against two other circuits governed de facto independently — Chengde (成德, headquartered in modern Shijiazhuang, Hebei) and Lulong (盧龍, headquartered in modern Beijing) — Emperor Muzong made Li Su the military governor of Zhaoyi Circuit (昭義, headquartered in modern Changzhi, Shanxi).  Later that year, when Wang Chengzong the military governor of Chengde died, his brother Wang Chengyuan offered to return control of the circuit to the imperial government.  Emperor Muzong, in response, moved Tian Hongzheng the military governor of Weibo Circuit (魏博, headquartered in modern Handan, Hebei) — itself having previously been semi-independent from imperial rule but which had submitted to imperial command during Tian Hongzheng's governance — to Chengde, Wang Chengyuan to Yicheng, Liu Wu from Yicheng to Zhaoyi, Li Su from Zhaoyi to Weibo, and Tian Hongzheng's son Tian Bu to Heyang Circuit (河陽, headquartered in modern Jiaozuo, Henan).

The Chengde soldiers, however, had long resented Tian Hongzheng, as during Emperor Xianzong's reign Chengde and Weibo forces had often battled each other.  Initially, with Weibo soldiers accompanying Tian Hongzheng to Chengde and protecting him, they did not act, but as soon as Weibo soldiers returned to Weibo in summer 821, the Chengde officer Wang Tingcou rose in mutiny and killed Tian Hongzheng.  Upon hearing of Tian Hongzheng's death, Li Su changed into mourning clothes, and he stated to his soldiers:

The soldiers all wept in sadness.  Meanwhile, Niu Yuanyi () the prefect of Shen Prefecture (深州, in modern Hengshui, Hebei), was not willing to follow Wang.  Li Su, hearing this, sent his sword and jade belt to Niu, sending a message to him: "My father had used this sword to accomplish great things.  I have also used this sword to capture Cai Prefecture.  Now I give it to you, Lord, and you should use it to destroy Wang Tingcou."  Niu was touched, and showed the sword and belt to his soldiers and stated, "I am willing to die for the empire."  Li Su was then preparing an attack against Wang in conjunction with Niu, but suddenly fell ill again.  Emperor Muzong thus made Tian Bu the military governor of Weibo to succeed him.  Li Su was given the title of advisor to the Crown Prince, and allowed to return to the eastern capital Luoyang to try to recover from illness.  However, he died there in winter 821.  He was buried with great honors.

Notes and references

 Old Book of Tang, vol. 133.
 New Book of Tang, vol. 154.
 Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 239, 240, 241, 242, 243.

773 births
821 deaths
Tang dynasty generals
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Fengxiang Circuit
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Longyou Circuit
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Shannan East Circuit
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Weibo Circuit
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Wuning Circuit
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Zhaoyi Circuit
People from Gannan


Stephen Richard Menheniott (4 June 1957 – January 1976) was an 18-year-old English man with learning difficulties who was murdered by his father on the Isles of Scilly in 1976. This case was significant as not only was it a rare example of a murder on the islands, but it also called into question the way Stephen was dealt with by social services and led to questions in Parliament and an inquiry.

Family
William Thomas (Tom) Menheniott was born in Cornwall on 26 February 1924. His mother died when he was three months old and his father was apparently blind, so he and his brother George, who was three years older, were brought up in a children's home administered by the Public Assistance Committee. The regime was harsh and corporal punishment was often employed. At the age of fourteen, George ran away and, after working on a farm for a while, enlisted in the Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry.

When he reached the age of fourteen, Tom also ran away and joined the Army, where he qualified as a motor mechanic. In the 1940s he married Deirdre Philippa Maddern and they had two children. A girl, Deirdre Ann, was born on 18 January 1948 and taken into care by Cornwall County Council in infancy after Tom had been convicted of neglect, for which he was sent to prison. She was never reunited with her parents and was later fostered and attended a special school for children with learning difficulties. A boy, Christopher, was born on 7 February 1949. He too was taken into care and died from muscular dystrophy at the age of seventeen.

In about 1950, Tom separated from his wife and moved in with a woman called Elizabeth Uren. She used the surname Menheniott, although they were never married. They had six children together (the last of which died in infancy), although Elizabeth appears to have already had six children. A boy was born on 23 September 1950 and a girl on 14 July 1952. Both children were taken into care by Cornwall County Council in 1953 and both Tom and Elizabeth were convicted and imprisoned for neglect. After their release they began to travel around the country. A second son was born in Kent on 7 January 1955 and was soon afterwards taken into care by Kent County Council due to the family having no suitable accommodation. Tom assaulted the NSPCC inspector who dealt with the case. A second daughter was born on 27 May 1956.

Tom also continued fathering children with his estranged wife Deirdre. She had a child named William Thomas Menheniott in around 1952 who was taken into care and later adopted. They also had a child named Walter in July 1953 who took the name Woods from Deirdre's new partner, Leslie Woods.

Birth and early years, 1957–1959
Stephen was born in Redhill County Hospital, Surrey on 4 June 1957. His parents were at that time living in a caravan. The following year they became homeless, and on 13 January 1958 Stephen and his sister were taken into care by Surrey County Council and placed in a residential nursery at Epsom. At the end of January, the Menheniotts found alternative accommodation and their daughter was returned to them, but Stephen was not healthy and was kept in care. He was allowed home in August. His parents soon moved to Hailsham in East Sussex and four months later Stephen was admitted to hospital in Eastbourne in an undernourished condition. An NSPCC inspector described the conditions in which the Menheniotts lived as "deplorable". On 29 January 1959, the 19-month-old Stephen was taken into care direct from hospital by East Sussex County Council and placed in a residential nursery. Soon afterwards the Council assumed parental rights under Section 2 of the Children Act 1948, to the age of eighteen or until the resolution was rescinded.

In care, 1959–1968
In December 1959, at the age of 2½, Stephen was fostered by a young couple and seemed to be happy and doing well. However, in January 1961 his foster mother became pregnant with her first child, and Stephen's behaviour became highly disturbed. On 18 December 1961 he was readmitted to the residential nursery and it was decided that, due to his behaviour and his now obvious learning difficulties ("retardation" as it was then described), all contact with his foster parents should be severed. In February 1964 he was transferred to a children's home. From January 1962, he often visited and was visited by two local ladies who had offered to "befriend" a child as "aunties", and they became very fond of each other. In 1964, Stephen began attending a special school, but it was determined that he was too intelligent for this school (his IQ was assessed at 89), and in January 1966 he was transferred to the remedial class of the local primary school. He remained at this school and living in the children's home until July 1968, when he was eleven. In 1966, he began to visit his older brother, who was living with a foster family in Kent, but these visits were difficult as the brother (in common with many other people) found him somewhat irritating.

The Isles of Scilly
In 1962, Tom and Elizabeth Menheniott moved to a tied cottage (i.e. a cottage that comes with a job) in East Sussex and their youngest daughter was returned to them from the foster home in Hastings where she had spent the last eighteen months. In 1965, the family moved to the Isles of Scilly.

The Isles of Scilly are very isolated and had a population at that time of about 2,400. The islands had no social services, although there was a Social Services Committee. By informal arrangement, Cornwall County Council provided any services that the islands could not provide for themselves.

Tom obtained employment with a daffodil farmer, and a small tied cottage went with the job. It was situated in the lonely hamlet of Holy Vale, at the far side of the main island of St Mary's and rarely visited by locals. The hamlet consisted of only three cottages, one of which was empty and one let to holidaymakers in season, and a farm. Tom was not particularly popular on the island, but he became something of a local 'character' and was seen as useful because of his mechanical skills (which he sometimes practised without charge). An unkempt, powerfully built man, he was known for his temper and bad language, but was also capable of acts of kindness. He was good at his job, got on well with his employer, and had apparently stopped drinking (he had previously been known as a heavy drinker).

Return to family, 1968–1969
Tom Menheniott had been asking for news of his children since 1966 and Stephen appeared to want to see his father (although he rarely mentioned his mother); and in 1967 the children's officer for Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly wrote to East Sussex County Council suggesting that, as the family now seemed to be settled, a visit could be arranged. On 15 August 1967, Stephen and his social worker set off for the Isles of Scilly, where the social worker reported that Tom was "brusque", "belligerent" and "intimidating". Stephen stayed with his family for twelve days, then returned to East Sussex. He began to regularly correspond with them and visited again at Christmas 1967 and Easter 1968. The two children in the care of Cornwall and the brother in care in Kent (who had run away from his foster parents in February 1968 and made his own way to the Isles of Scilly) were now living with their parents under "home on trial" arrangements. No signs of ill-treatment were seen, and after he had stayed with his family over the 1968 summer holidays, Stephen was allowed to stay permanently. He went to the local school with his brother and sister, and at first he seemed happy. The children were apparently always well-dressed and well-fed.

In care again, 1969–1972
However, things began to deteriorate. In April 1969, Stephen and his brother were caught stealing. In July 1969, the child care officer recorded that Stephen appeared to be frightened of his father and siblings. In September 1969, it was suggested that Elizabeth wished to leave her common law husband. In November 1969, Stephen confessed to the child care officer that he had probably been happier in care. He was also apparently being bullied by other children at school.

Things came to a head in November 1969, when the youngest daughter (who was thirteen) became pregnant and Tom was charged with incest. On 24 November 1969, all the children were removed and returned to the mainland. Tom was acquitted, but the pregnant daughter was still taken into care by the Isles of Scilly Council. The 15-year-old brother was found to have a fractured humerus and said that he had no wish to return to his family; he was returned to his foster home in Kent. Several of the children later admitted that they had had arms broken by Tom at one time or another, but were too frightened to report it at the time. Tom's relations with the other islanders deteriorated, as most of them seem to have believed that he was wrongly acquitted. Cornwall County Council proposed placing Stephen in a residential special school, but the educational psychologist who assessed him considered that this would be inappropriate as, although he was currently functioning at below average ability, he was of near average intelligence. Stephen himself expressed a desire to return to East Sussex and on 22 December 1969 his wishes were granted.

However, Stephen then expressed a desire to return to his family. He was living in an assessment centre and was isolated, finding it difficult to make friends and being bullied, although he was popular with adults. He was likeable and polite, although he had occasional aggressive outbursts, usually directed at inanimate objects. For some reason, his two "aunties" were not informed of his return to the county. He was transferred to the centre's long stay unit, but did not attend school. He continued to correspond regularly with his family and began to ask to visit. His mother, however, was now living on the mainland (and was never to return to Tom) and only the oldest sister had returned to live with her father. She and Tom expressed a desire for Stephen's return. The children's officer for Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly disagreed, describing Tom as "an aggressive psychopath and a morally corrupt man". However, social workers in East Sussex decided that Stephen needed his family and he was allowed to visit between 24 December 1971 and 5 January 1972.

On 7 August 1972 he once again travelled to the Isles of Scilly, supposedly for a three-week visit. It was, however, obvious at this stage that he would not be expected to return to East Sussex. When the children's officer in Cornwall heard about this, she wrote to the director of social services of East Sussex expressing her deep disapproval and stating that it would be impossible for Cornwall Social Services to arrange any supervision due to the isolation of the location and the aggressive attitude of Tom Menheniott. East Sussex Social Services replied that they did not share her concern. Stephen was allowed to stay with his father and nobody from East Sussex Social Services ever visited him, despite the fact that East Sussex County Council had assumed parental rights until his eighteenth birthday. East Sussex closed their case file on Stephen. The family now consisted of Tom, his 20-year-old oldest daughter, her oldest child (she had two more children in the next two years), and the 17-year-old Stephen.

Last years in the Isles of Scilly, 1972–1976
Stephen obtained employment as a shelf-stacker in a local supermarket, but was dismissed after about six months due to his poor personal hygiene. Shortly before this, the Council of the Isles reported to the children's officer that there seemed to be no problems. However, in April 1973 the youngest daughter and her boyfriend visited Holy Vale and Tom beat her up. Stephen was given employment by a flower farmer, but was reluctantly dismissed after it became obvious that he would never be able to work on his own. He may have later worked casually on the same farm as his father. Few people visited the increasingly squalid cottage and, apart from Tom, the Menheniotts were rarely seen around the island. When the community nurse visited to check up on the young children, she described Stephen as "looking like a frightened rabbit", but did not see any signs of physical injury. However, in October 1975 Stephen visited the island's dentist, a Mr Fairest, where it was found that three of his front teeth were broken beyond repair.

In 1976, Stephen disappeared. His family claimed that he had gone to the mainland to visit a girlfriend. However, the dentist, Mr Fairest, had been troubled by the injuries he had witnessed, and reported his concerns to the police. Some time later, Stephen's body was discovered buried in a shallow grave in California Field, near the cottage, with logs piled on top of it. It is likely that he died during the first week of 1976.

The trial
Thomas Menheniott was charged with murder, four counts of grievous bodily harm, and preventing an inquest by burying the body. He admitted the last charge, but denied the other five, and was committed for trial at Bodmin Crown Court. The trial began before Mr Justice Willis on 6 December 1977.

The prosecutor, David Owen-Thomas QC, alleged that Tom beat his son over a period of years with high tension cables, scaffolding, a shovel, a broomstick, a fence post, and a potato tray. He also threw a knife and hot tea at him and punched him. He was tethered outside the cottage and not allowed to leave. He had five fractures on four ribs, one of which was fractured twice within days of his death. When he died his father put his body in his car and took him to California Field, before putting it in a wheelbarrow, covering it with a tarpaulin, and taking it to the grave he had already dug.

On 16 December 1977, the jury of ten men and two women took almost four hours to return a guilty verdict on the murder charge, but were discharged from returning verdicts on the GBH charges. Tom was sentenced to life imprisonment for murder, plus five years to run concurrently for concealing the body. The judge criticised the people of the Isles of Scilly (with the notable exception of Mr Fairest, whom he praised) for failing to help Stephen, and also Cornwall and East Sussex County Councils for their lack of supervision, although it was accepted by the later inquiry that Cornwall had no legal obligation to provide services to the Isles of Scilly.

Inquiries
On 20 December 1977, an internal inquiry in East Sussex County Council found that the council failed to properly supervise Stephen once he had gone to live with his father.

In January 1978, David Ennals, the Secretary of State for Social Services, instituted a departmental inquiry by Claris Jayne, Joan Acton and Jim Wheatley. This inquiry reported in September 1978. It met Elizabeth Menheniott, her other children, and Stephen's uncle, George Menheniott, now a chauffeur and gardener living in Hampshire, as well as members and employees of Cornwall and East Sussex County Councils and the Council of the Isles of Scilly, employees of the health authorities involved, and officers of Devon and Cornwall Constabulary.

The inquiry found that:
Too great an emphasis was placed on Stephen's wishes to return to his family and too little on the opinions of officials who had knowledge of Stephen and his family.
East Sussex County Council's decision not to confer with Cornwall County Council on the case and to close the case file on Stephen before his eighteenth birthday was indefensible.
The withdrawal of Cornwall County Council from the case was justifiable on both professional and statutory grounds.
The arrangement between East Sussex County Council and the Council of the Isles of Scilly for the latter to keep an eye on Stephen was too informal and ineffective.
The problems were exacerbated by the Menheniott children having been in the care of several different authorities.
Major reorganisations were taking place in social services departments at the time and staff were under great pressure.

See also
List of solved missing person cases

Footnotes

References

Department of Health and Social Security, Report of the DHSS Social Work Service into certain aspects of the management of the case of Stephen Menheniott, September 1978

1957 births
1970s missing person cases
1976 deaths
Child abuse in England
Child care
English murder victims
Filicides in England
Formerly missing people
Incidents of violence against boys
Isles of Scilly
Male murder victims
Missing person cases in England
People from Epsom
People from Hailsham
People from Redhill, Surrey
People from the Isles of Scilly
People murdered in England


Bulgaria and Croatia established diplomatic relations on August 13, 1992.  Bulgaria has had an embassy in Zagreb since 1994. Croatia has had an embassy in Sofia since 1992.
Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.

History
In the 9th and 10th centuries, when Bulgaria and Croatia shared a border, the two countries fought in the Croatian–Bulgarian wars. In the Middle Ages, there was commerce between the Bulgarian Empire and the Republic of Ragusa.

In the late 19th and early 20th century, there were strong Bulgarian-Croatian relations in politics, culture, education and sport. Stjepan Radić, one of the most prominent Croatian politicians of the era, wrote in his 1917 book that of all Slavs, Bulgarians were closest to Croats. Bulgarian-Croatian relations suffered in the pre-World War II Yugoslav state (1918–1941), ruled by the Karađorđević dynasty, due to earlier conflicts between Bulgaria and Serbia.

The Kingdom of Bulgaria was one of the first countries to recognize the Independent State of Croatia. The Bulgarian embassy in Zagreb operated from 1941 to 1944. The Croatian Embassy in Sofia operated from 1941 to 1944.

For the rest of the period prior to 1992, there had been no special crisis or event that required bilateral diplomacy from Croatians and Bulgarians as self-representing nations. However, as two South Slavic nations in relatively close proximity, both nations have been party to some form of diplomatic mission throughout the centuries, whether between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice (which controlled Croatia's coastal region for some centuries), or during the 20th century when Croatia had been part of Yugoslavia and various attempts were made from within Yugoslavia and Bulgaria to incorporate Bulgaria into the Pan-South Slavic nation.

Diplomacy

Republic of Bulgaria
Zagreb (Embassy)

Republic of Croatia
Sofia (Embassy)

See also
 Foreign relations of Bulgaria
 Foreign relations of Croatia
 Bulgarians in Croatia
 Bulgaria–Yugoslavia relations

References

Sources

External links
  Bulgarian embassy in Zagreb

Croatia
Bilateral relations of Croatia


Portland Bible College (PBC) is a four-year Bible college in Portland, Oregon, United States that offers theological and church ministry degrees. It was founded in 1967 and is associated with Mannahouse Church, which is associated with Ministers Fellowship International. The campus is adjacent to Mannahouse Church on Rocky Butte in northeast Portland.

Accreditation

Portland Bible College has degree granting status from the State of Oregon, the State of Washington and the State of California.  This means PBC is unaccredited and as such cannot be guaranteed by either the United States Department of Education or the Council for Higher Education Accreditation to provide quality education. However, PBC has taken positive steps to ensure strong academic standards by holding membership with the Academic Council for Educational Accountability as well as securing several articulation agreements with other accredited seminaries, colleges and universities.

In Oregon, The Higher Education Coordinating Commission lists PBC in its Institutions and Programs Approved for Veterans Affairs.

As for Washington, the Washington Student Achievement Council has determined that Portland Bible College qualifies for religious exempt status from the Degree-Granting Institutions Act. The Council makes no evaluation of the administration, faculty, business practices, financial condition or quality of the offerings by PBC. Any person desiring information about the requirements of the act or the applicability of those requirements to the institution may contact the council via email at degreeauthorization@wsac.wa.gov. PBC is listed in the Colleges and Institutions page of the WSAC. The Degree-Granting Institutions Act is a 1986 law requiring all educational institutions in Washington state to be properly accredited. However, exemptions to the law exist in the form of either waivers or exemption. Neither are permanent and can be revoked. The law states that so long  as the school in question only offers "degree program(s) in title and abbreviation, curriculum content, and objectives reflect the strictly religious nature of the institution" (and fulfills other criteria) is exempt. PBC does appear to fulfill this criteria but only offers religious, rather than academic degrees in Washington.

In California, PBC was issued a verification of exemption pursuant to the California Education Code CEC § 94874.7 as registered with the California Bureau for Private Postsecnodary Education.

Academics

The college's president, Pastor Marc Estes, states that the college is "committed to training and equipping leaders to strengthen local churches" and "offers training in Pastoral Leadership, Worship & Creative Arts, Pastoral Counseling, and Youth Ministry along with a Humanities Program designed for university transfer."  The college awards six different degrees with multiple emphasis, including: Associate of Theology, Associate of Church Music, Associate of Christian Humanities, Bachelor of Church Music, Bachelor of Theology. Over 35 people work as faculty or staff at the college.

The School of Worship and the associated degrees in Church Music seek to provide a "broad knowledge of music, rhythm instruments and worship leading."

According to the college's webpage, for over 40 years PBC has had a consistently high rate of international students. International students make up around "twenty percent of the PBC student body" and play "a strong role in defining the core of PBC."

The college has formal transfer agreements with Portland State University, Warner Pacific College, Concordia University, Northwest Christian College and Pittsburg State University (Kansas). On a discretionary basis, the University of California (Berkeley), Arizona State University, Boise State University, Seattle Pacific University and Baylor University have accepted credits earned at the college. George Fox University, Western Seminary, Fuller Theological Seminary, Regent University, Liberty University, Azusa Pacific University and Multnomah University have honored the college’s degrees on a discretionary basis.

Athletics

Portland Bible College Basketball Program is part of the National Christian Collegiate Athletics Association (NCCAA) and the Pacific Coast Athletics Conference (PCAC) and competes with NCAA, NAIA, and NCCAA institutions. It has had "12 All-Conference players and five All-American award winners while qualifying for the national tournament five of past six seasons." In November of 2022, they lost a men's basketball game to the Portland State Vikings after allowing the first 38 points of the game.

References

External links
www.portlandbiblecollege.org

1967 establishments in Oregon
Bible colleges in the United States
Educational institutions established in 1967
Madison South, Portland, Oregon
Unaccredited Christian universities and colleges in the United States
Universities and colleges in Portland, Oregon


Horsley Hall is a 17th-century country house, now in use as a hotel, near Stanhope, County Durham, England. It is a Grade II listed building.

The manor house at Horsley was built in the 17th century but much enlarged during the 18th century. In 1808 the estate was purchased by the Reverend Henry Hildyard of Stokesley, a member of a junior branch of the Hildyards of Patrington, Yorkshire (see Hildyard Baronets). The family carried out extensions and additions to the house during the 19th century to create the present three storey, eight bayed mansion.

Several members of the Hildyard family served as High Sheriff of Durham in 1850, 1863, 1900 and 1947.

The Hildyards sold the estate after the death of Edward Hildyard and moved to Yorkshire. After some years of neglect the house was refurbished and converted for use as a hotel.

References
  Photograph and architectural description of listed building

Grade II listed buildings in County Durham
Country houses in County Durham
Stanhope, County Durham


Bulgarian-Romanian relations are foreign relations between Bulgaria and Romania. Bulgaria has an embassy in Bucharest. Romania has an embassy in Sofia and three honorary consulates (in Burgas, Silistra and Vidin). There are 7,336  Bulgarians who are living in Romania and around 4,575 Romanians living in Bulgaria.
The countries share 608 km of common borders, mostly along the Danube. Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
The two countries joined NATO in 2004 and then the European Union in 2007.

History

During the first half of the 20th century, Romania and Bulgaria had a serious conflict over the Dobruja region. This dispute, while now largely forgotten, escalated into all out war in 1913. Romania participated in the Second Balkan War against Bulgaria. According to the Treaty of Bucharest concluded after the Bulgarian defeat, Bulgaria had to hand over Southern Dobruja to Romania. The territorial dispute between the two countries ended with the Treaty of Craiova in 1940. After the treaty, the two countries carried out a population exchange in the affected areas.

The two countries fought each other in the First World War after Romania's entry in 1916. The Bulgarians took part in the campaign against Romania, the capture of Bucharest and the signing of the Treaty of Bucharest.

During the 20th century, Bulgaria and Romania both fought on the side of Nazi Germany during the Second World war. Both countries became communist states under the influence of the Soviet Union but Romania formally left the sphere in 1964. The communist regimes ultimately collapsed in 1989.

Bulgarian relations with Romania feature regular official visits by their respective presidents. Romanian-Bulgarian relations are developing "very intensively" because of EU accession, since Romania and Bulgaria both joined the European Union in 2007.

There are close relations between Ruse and Giurgiu which have one of the two bridges on the Danube in the section shared by the two countries, the Danube Bridge. The other bridge is the New Europe Bridge located between Vidin and Calafat, its construction was completed in June, 2013.

2019 African swine fever controversy
A diplomatic row broke out in August 2019 between Bulgaria and Romania over the African swine fever (ASF).

The Bulgarian Prime Minister, Boyko Borisov, accused Romanian tourists of bringing the ASF disease and helping to spread it. Borisov is reported to have said: "There are 57,000 cars crossing from Romania each day into Bulgaria. I’m sure the Romanian tourists brought the disease. They eat on the side of the road, throw the food remains that help spread the swine disease. They are walking around, eating and throwing the remains all over the place. There’s nothing we can do."

The Romanian foreign ministry replied that it was disappointed by Borisov's words and that Romanian tourists boost Bulgaria's GDP: "Beyond the technical arguments that will be offered by the National Veterinary Health and Food Safety Authority to respond to the unfortunate statements of the prime minister of Bulgaria, Boyko Borisov, we are surprised and disappointed by the way the Bulgarian prime minister has referred to Romanian tourists, who make a substantial contribution to the GDP of Bulgaria"

European Union
Both countries became members of the European Union in 2007.

NATO
Both countries became members of NATO in 2004.

Gallery

Resident diplomatic missions
 Bulgaria has an embassy in Bucharest.
 Romania has an embassy in Sofia.

See also
 Foreign relations of Bulgaria
 Foreign relations of Romania
 Bulgaria–Romania border
 Bulgarians in Romania
 Romanians in Bulgaria
 Craiova Group
 2007 enlargement of the European Union
 Union of Bulgaria and Romania
 Population exchange between Bulgaria and Romania

References

External links

  Bulgarian embassy in Bucharest
  Romanian embassy in Sofia

Romania
Bilateral relations of Romania


Saints Simon and Jude serves the parish of Streatham Hill

History

The  Catholic Community of Streatham Hill was founded in 1904 when Frances Elizabeth  Ellis of Clapham Park gave Bishop Peter Amigo, fourth Bishop of Southwark,  funds to build 12 churches in honour of the 12 apostles. Miss Ellis and her  sister had bought the land from the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway  Company. As in all the Ellis foundations, at Sts Simon and Jude there is a  monthly Mass 'For all who have ever worshipped in this church'.

The  church, designed by Clement Jackson, was opened in 1905 as the Tulse Hill  Mission and Father (later Canon) Rory Fletcher, a former surgeon at Charing  Cross Hospital, was appointed as the first Mission Priest.

The site of the Church was a cattle pond fed by a stream, which still  runs underneath the church. Almost  immediately, this stream was the cause of structural weakness, which has  continued to give subsidence problems over the years. In the entrance hall to the sacristy, you can see plans for additions to the church which were never built for this reason.

By  1985, the whole property was suffering from subsidence, and daylight could be  seen through many of the cracks in the walls of the church and house. An  extensive and expensive programme of underpinning and repair to the whole structure had to be undertaken as a matter of urgency. At the same time, it was  decided to start decorating the interior. The sanctuary was raised up one  metre and a new altar of Ancaster stone backed by an oak dossal and damask  hangings was installed. Cheshire sandstone was used for the Tabernacle pillar  and the pulpit base. The great Cross and two hand-carved angels which came  originally from Poland were gilded. A new Ahlborn electric organ was installed  at the side of the sanctuary: it has an extra computer which reads and stores what the organist is playing, which means that it can play itself when the organist is not present, a great help when there are multiple Masses on one day.  A programme to fill the windows  with stained glass was undertaken by the artist Andrew Taylor of Devizes in a  mediaeval style with the most recent addition of a central widow on the front of the Church with the image of the Divine Mercy. This is lit in the evening from inside the Church for the benefit of the local people. This window was designed and manufactured by Mrs Susan Ashworth of Blackheath, London. It was installed in 2004 to celebrate the Centenary of the building of the Church.

References

External links
 Sts Simon and Jude website

Christian organizations established in 1904
Churches in the Diocese of Southwark
Roman Catholic churches in the London Borough of Lambeth


Aleksandr Rogov (March 27, 1956 – October 1, 2004) was a Soviet sprint canoer who competed in the mid-1970s. At the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, he won the gold in the C-1 500 m event.

Rogov was born in Moscow.

References
Sports-reference.com profile

1956 births
2004 deaths
Canoeists at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Soviet male canoeists
Olympic canoeists for the Soviet Union
Olympic gold medalists for the Soviet Union
Olympic medalists in canoeing
Russian male canoeists

Medalists at the 1976 Summer Olympics


A treasure house is a building used to store or warehouse valuable objects or artifacts. The phrase may also refer to the following:

 Treasure House (established in ~1700) in Staten Island, New York City, New York, US
 Shōsōin (established in 756) in Nara, Nara, Japan; contains hundreds of National Treasures of Japan, as well as being designated one itself
 Museum
 Treasure House (album), a 2016 album by London-based alternative rock duo Cat's Eyes


John Joseph Wood (June 7, 1950 – January 23, 2013) was a Canadian sprint canoeist who competed from the late 1960s to the later 1970s. Competing in three Summer Olympics, he won the silver medal in the C-1 500 m event at Montreal in 1976. The medal was Canada's first in the sport since 1952.

Athletics career
At the 1976 Montreal Olympics, where he won the silver medal in the C-1 500 m for Canada, he finished second to Aleksandr Rogov. Rogov had gotten gunk from the officiating boats onto his hands prior to race start, and Wood passed a scrubbing towel to Rogov to help him clean it off, allowing his competitor to win the race over him.

Wood also won a silver medal in the C-2 500 m event at the 1977 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in Sofia, and won a bronze medal in sailing at the 1979 Pan American Games in San Juan.

Wood was featured prominently in the  1978 documentary  (originally produced by Wolf Ruck Productions for Canoe Ontario), which promotes the sport of sprint canoe-kayak in Canada. In the film, Wood is shown training in his C-1, running, and in the weight room. Wood provides an accompanying voice-over that discusses the appeal of sport and canoeing in particular: "What I enjoy most about paddling in a race is winning. But that's not necessarily what I enjoy most about paddling. I get real satisfaction out of training: just spinning along out of doors."

Post-athletics
After retiring from active competition, Wood became a successful businessman in Toronto, founding the investment company 20/20 Financial. In addition to his business pursuits, he remained active in Olympic sport and in the broader sporting community. He struggled with periods of depression, and committed suicide in January 2013.

Until his death Wood lived in Oakville, Ontario with wife, Debbie Daymond, and 4 children, Jason, Michael, Alan and Jenny. On August 27, 2013 his family unveiled a commemorative plaque in his honour on the finish tower at the Olympic Basin in Montreal where Wood crossed the line to win his silver medal.

Legacy
In post-competition life, he mentored Larry Cain, who went on to win the gold medal in canoeing at the 1984 Summer Olympics. Cain, in turn went on to mentor Adam van Koeverden who won gold in kayaking at the 2004 Summer Olympics.

References

1950 births
2013 suicides
2013 deaths
Canadian male canoeists
Canoeists at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Canoeists at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Canoeists at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Canoeists from Toronto
Olympic canoeists for Canada
Olympic silver medalists for Canada
Olympic medalists in canoeing
ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships medalists in Canadian
Medalists at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Suicides in Ontario
Sailors at the 1979 Pan American Games
Pan American Games bronze medalists for Canada
Pan American Games medalists in sailing
Medalists at the 1979 Pan American Games


Rundle College Jr/Sr High School is a private school located in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. It is located at 7375, 17th Avenue SW in Calgary.

Athletics
Rundle offers teams for the following sports:
Basketball
Football
Volleyball
Soccer
Wrestling
Golf
Cross Country Running
Badminton
Rugby
Track and Field
Weight Training
Badminton

Extra-curricular activities
In addition to the athletic programs offered by Rundle College, there are also a number of extra-curricular clubs run by teachers and students:
Art Club
C.A.U.S.E Club (Community Volunteering)
Speech and Debate
Peer Support
Photography Club
Prefects
Reach for the Top
Robotics Club
Drama Club/Annual Production
Science Olympics
Yearbook
Business Club

Dress
Rundle College is a uniform school. Students are expected to wear a white shirt, long or short sleeved, with a burgundy cardigan, vest, or blazer over top. Males are to wear grey trousers with an ebony belt and black dress shoes, while females are given the choice of the same pants or plaid burgundy and grey skirts.

See also
 Rundle College Society

Private schools in Alberta
Educational institutions established in 1985
1985 establishments in Alberta


Jean Hindmarsh (born 1932) is a retired English singer and actress.  She is best known as a principal soprano with the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company in the 1950s and 1960s.

Biography
Hindmarsh was born in Leeds and educated at Lawnswood High School. There, she was prominent in the school's musical and theatrical productions, including Merrie England in 1950, in which she played Sir Walter Raleigh. Hindmarsh gained her teaching diploma (ARMCM) from the Royal College of Music in Manchester and then continued to study opera for an additional 18 months.  She played the lead in two college productions and sang in concerts and oratorios.  Hindmarsh was the runner-up in the first Kathleen Ferrier Competition in 1955 and won the Blackpool heat against 97 competitors.  A representative from the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company heard her performance and invited her to audition.

Hindmarsh was engaged by the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company in March 1956 as principal soprano.  Over the next four years, she played the title role in Princess Ida, Mabel in The Pirates of Penzance, Elsie Maynard in The Yeomen of the Guard, Gianetta in The Gondoliers and Josephine in HMS Pinafore, soon adding the small role of Lady Ella in Patience.  In 1959, she began instead to play the title role in Patience. Hindmarsh married in 1960 and left the D'Oyly Carte organisation when she was expecting her first child.  She rejoined the Company as a guest artist in her old roles for seasons in 1961–62, 1962–63, in the spring of 1963, 1963–64, and in the spring of 1969. These included two London seasons, one provincial tour and one American tour. In reviewing Princess Ida in 1961, The Times wrote that, in the title role, "Hindmarsh charms, amuses and... moves the audience". That paper commented on a 1962 performance of The Gondoliers: "Outstanding among last night's cast was Miss Jean Hindmarsh, a winning Giannetta both in appearance and voice."

In recent years, Hindmarsh has performed and given talks at the International Gilbert and Sullivan Festival. At the Festival, in 1999, Hindmarsh and baritone Michael Rayner gave the world premiere performance of "Reflect, my child", a song cut from H.M.S. Pinafore before the opera opened in 1878 and reconstructed in 1998.

Recordings
Hindmarsh sings the lead soprano roles on four D'Oyly Carte recordings: Yum-Yum in The Mikado (1957), Mabel in Pirates (1957), Josephine in Pinafore (1960), and Rose Maybud in Ruddigore (1962), even though she never played Yum-Yum or Rose with the company. Of the 1957 Pirates, reviewer Mel Moratti wrote, "The highlights must be the pairing of Thomas Round and Jean Hindmarsh as Frederic and Mabel. Their solos and duets are most delightful".  The Rough Guide to Opera comments that she "is a uniquely charming Josephine" in Pinafore.

Notes

References
 Introduction by Martyn Green.
Boyden, Matthew, Nick Kimberley and Joe Staines.  The Rough Guide to Opera, Rough Guides, 2002

External links

Jean Hindmarsh photos at the Memories of the D'Oyly Carte website
Jean Hindmarsh photos at David Sandham's site
Photos of Hindmarsh as Princess Ida

1932 births
Actresses from Leeds
20th-century British women opera singers
English opera singers
Living people
Alumni of the Royal Northern College of Music
Musicians from Leeds
People educated at Lawnswood High School


Sergei Postrekhin (born November 1, 1957 in Kherson, Ukrainian SSR) is a Soviet-born Ukrainian sprint canoer who competed in the late 1970s and early 1980s. At the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, he won a gold in the C-1 500 m event and a silver in the C-1 1000 m event.

Postrekhin also won three medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships with a gold (C-1 500 m: 1979) and two bronzes (C-1 500 m: 1982, C-2 1000 m: 1978).

References

Sports-reference.com profile

1957 births
Canoeists at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Living people
Soviet male canoeists
Ukrainian male canoeists
Olympic canoeists for the Soviet Union
Olympic gold medalists for the Soviet Union
Olympic silver medalists for the Soviet Union
Olympic medalists in canoeing
ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships medalists in Canadian
Sportspeople from Kherson
Medalists at the 1980 Summer Olympics


Out of Tune is a Polish dance-punk and indie rock band. Their music combines elements of rock, pop and electro. The band was formed in Warsaw in 2005 by a bass player and vocalist Eryk Sarniak, guitarist Maciek Sobczyński and drummer Michał Witkowski. After a year, a band joined Mateusz Gągol, who plays keyboards, guitar, laptop and backing vocals.

History
Their first concert took place in Smok club, Otwock, in 2005. After a few gigs in Warsaw, and in clubs all over Poland, the band decided to enrich their sound by adding keyboards and electronics. In 2006, a keyboard player, Mateusz Gągol joined the group. Since then Out of Tune add electro sounds to their music.

In this year also, a band recorded an EP Killer Pop Machine. It contains 4 songs, and was produced by Adam Wasilkowski, former guitarist of a polish band Buzu Squat. EP Killer Pop Machine was released in a small number of copies, by a band.
EP, and single Killer Pop Machine brought more popularity, fans, and interest from media to the band. The band was mentioned and appeared in  polish MTV (N-Style program ), Polish Radio, and commercial radio stations, daily newspapers, and magazines. EP Killer Pop Machine received good reviews.

In 2007, Killer Pop Machine appeared on Offensywa 2 - Shoes & Microphones EP compilation, an album published by Polish Radio. In the same year they played on the largest polish international music festival – Heineken Opener Festival on Young Artists Stage.

The band played over 50 gigs all over Poland. They had gigs also in Berlin, and Prague. They supported artists, such as: Junior Boys, Bugz In The Attic, Robots In Disguise.

They played a single role as a band in a film, Jasne Błękitne Okna, directed by Bogusław Linda.

By the end of 2007, the band signed a contract with EMI Music Poland. They started to record their first album the same year. After many months of work, debut album Out of Tune was released on 22 of August 2008.

The first single was "Plastikowy". Its videoclip was directed by Artur Kopp.

Band members
Eryk Sarniak – vocal, bass guitar
Maciej Sobczyński – guitar
Mateusz Gągol – keyboard, guitar, laptop, backing vocals (since 2006)
Michał Witkowski – drums

Discography

Albums
Out of Tune (22 August 2008, EMI Music Poland)

EPs
Killer Pop Machine (2006, self-released)

Singles
"Plastikowy" (5 August 2008, EMI Music Poland)
"Refugees" (27 October 2008 EMI Music Poland)

Compilations
Offensywa 2 - Shoes & Microphones (EP, 2007, Polskie Radio, Universal Music Group)

External links
Official website

2005 establishments in Poland
EMI Records artists
Musical groups established in 2005
Polish alternative rock groups
Dance-punk musical groups


Basler may refer to:
 an inhabitant or native of canton of Basel-Stadt, or canton of Basel-Landschaft, or Basel, Switzerland
 Basler (fashion), German fashion brand
 Basler (weapon), the German term for the baselard dagger
 Basler Electric, a manufacturer of power systems
 Mario Basler, (born 1968), a German former footballer
 Roy Basler, (1906-1989), American historian
 Basler BT-67, a remanufactured DC-3 aircraft produced by Basler Turbo Conversions


Rona (Aharona) Rachel Kenan (, born 26 July 1979) is an Israeli singer-songwriter.

Biography
Kenan was born on 26 July 1979. Her father is the late Amos Kenan and her mother is the scholar Nurith Gertz. She was attracted to music at a young age and learned to play the guitar. She graduated from the theater program at Thelma Yellin High School of the Arts, but preferred a musical career. At the age of eighteen she was considered a "discovery". She has cited the Beatles (particularly the song Blackbird), Leah Goldberg, The Pixies, Pina Bausch and Thelma Yellin as early influences.

In 1997 she participated in a song festival called Next, organized by musician Eran Tzur, in which she recomposed and performed songs by poet Yona Wallach. She also performed in an evening commemorating Inbal Perlmutter, a young poets' event, and an evening of Leah Goldberg's poetry. She played with several Israeli musicians, including Tal Gordon, Dana Berger and Asi Levi. In 1999 she and Gordon became a duo and recorded an album titled I Didn't Want It to End: Tal Gordon Hosting Rona Kenan. Kenan co-composed four of the album's songs. The album tour went on until late 2000. In 2001 she started touring solo with a show which included two instrument players beside her. She sang and promoted four songs that came out as a single. She sang mostly in English.

In 2002, she kept collecting material for her debut album and started working hard with Izhar Ashdot as producer. In 2003, she began appearing with her trio in Tel Aviv, along with multi-instrumentalist Adam Scheflan and drummer Omri Hanegbi. She released three songs from the album: "Transparent Love", "To Live Right" and "Flood". In 2004, she released her debut, Breathing Down to Zero. The album included eleven original tracks in both Hebrew and English, a cover version of a Yaakov Orland song, and an instrumental track titled "Thirst and Hunger". The album featured guest appearances by Maya Dunietz, Shlomi Shaban and Berry Sakharof. She said it was a challenge to write in her native language. After the album's release, she entered a state of deep depression. Her health deteriorated and she had to cancel shows. Taking Ashdot's advice, she moved back with her parents to recover. They decided not to share what she was going through with almost anyone.

She wrote the music for several of Israeli films and television series, including "The Cemetery Club", a documentary film directed by Tali Shemesh. In 2006 she released the first single from her second album, the title song Through Foreign Eyes, and in early 2007 the second single from that album The Last Time, came out. The album came out in February. She wrote all ten songs on the album, including a duet with Gidi Gov, "Strange Dance of the Heart". In 2008 she and Yoni Rechter performed renditions of two poems by author David Grossman – "End", for which Kenan wrote the music, and "At a Coffee Shop", which Rechter composed – at an afternoon honoring Grossman's latest novel at Holon's Mediatech Center. She also performed in London on a boat on the Thames, re-enactment of a Maapilim boat circa 1946, during the British Mandate of Palestine. In 2009 she released her third album, Shirim Leyoel ("Songs for Yoel"), a concept album inspired by her father's life story. In 2013, she was part of the Asaf Avidan European tour, as guitarist and vocalist and as support band in France.  In January 2014 three singles from an album named "Af Al Pil" were released, Kenan participating in two of them. In "Ha'Parpar Ve'Ha'Zahal" she sings a duet with Omer Klein; in "Ani Ve'Atsmi" she's a solo vocalist. The album was composed by Shahar Barbash and translated to Hebrew from Yiddish by Benny Mer.

In 2005 she became a "chosen artist" of the Israel Cultural Excellence Foundation. She is openly gay and is considered an icon in the gay and lesbian community in Israel. In 2007 she was photographed for the Israeli fashion company Comme Il Faut.

Discography
Breathing Down to Zero (2004)
Through Foreign Eyes (2007)
Songs for Joel (2009)
Takeoffs and Landings (2011)
Collection (2016)
Orange Time (2019)
Collaborations

 Ata khavera sheli (1997) (with Eran Zur)
 Ratsiti sheze lo yigamer (2000) (with Tal Gordon)

References

External links
Rona Kenan's English homepage
Rona Kenan's Bandcamp page

1979 births
Living people
21st-century Israeli women singers
Lesbian singers
Lesbian songwriters
Israeli LGBT singers
Israeli LGBT songwriters
Israeli lesbian musicians
People from Jaffa
Israeli women guitarists
Thelma Yellin High School of Arts alumni
20th-century Israeli LGBT people
21st-century Israeli LGBT people


P. Cameron DeVore (April 25, 1932 – October 26, 2008) was an American attorney who was an expert in the First Amendment to the United States Constitution who specialized in representing news companies in cases that involved issues of freedom of the press.

DeVore was born in Great Falls, Montana on April 25, 1932. His father was a newspaperman who was the editor of the Great Falls Tribune and the Montana Farmer. He grew up in Spokane, Washington. DeVore studied at Yale University, University of Cambridge and Harvard Law School, where he received his law degree in 1961. After graduating from law school, he moved to Seattle, Washington and joined the firm of Wright, Simon, Todd & Schmechel (now known as Davis Wright Tremaine) where he developed a practice focusing on First Amendment issues.

Together with Robert D. Sack, a judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit in Manhattan, he coauthored the 1998 book Advertising and Commercial Speech: A First Amendment Guide.

First Amendment cases in which he was involved included Auvil v. CBS 60 Minutes, in which Washington State apple growers claimed that  a February 26, 1989 broadcast of the investigative television newsmagazine 60 Minutes had exaggerated the potential dangers of the pesticide Daminozide and its health risks, especially in children. He also participated in Greater New Orleans Broadcasting Association v. United States, which challenged restrictions on casino advertising and challenged the extent to which the government can regulate the media. His brief in Cable News Network v. Berger, which involved media participation in ride-alongs, argued that "media access to many vital law enforcement activities will cease" if the court found against the practice.

The Seattle Times was a client for 30 years. DeVore worked with the paper to vet news articles for the paper, helping it to find ways to publish articles that might have exposed the newspaper to legal action. Former managing editor Alex MacLeod credited DeVore with helping in three of the Pulitzer Prizes won by the paper, noting that we published stories that were above reproach even though there was considerable risk to the paper in terms of our reputation or just plain legal jeopardy in all of these articles.

DeVore died at age 76 on October 26, 2008 at his computer in his home on Lopez Island in Washington. A cause of death had not been determined, though it was apparently of a heart attack. In a self-written obituary, DeVore described his love of fly fishing and claimed in advance to have died of "a surfeit of pâté de foie gras ice cream smothered in huckleberries."

References

1932 births
2008 deaths
Harvard Law School alumni
People from Great Falls, Montana
Lawyers from Spokane, Washington
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Yale University alumni
20th-century American lawyers


Sibusiso Joel "S'bu" Ndebele (born 17 October 1948) is the former Minister of Correctional Services serving from 2012 to 2014. He has been on the National Executive Committee (NEC) of the African National Congress (ANC) since 1997, and was the Provincial Chair of the ANC from 1998 to 2008.

From 1994 to 2004 he was the MEC for Transport in the government of KwaZulu-Natal province. From 2004 to 2009 he was the Premier of the South African province of KwaZulu-Natal. From 2009 to 2012 he was the national Minister of Transport.

Studies
He attended primary school at Makhaseneni, near Melmoth, and matriculated from Eshowe Teachers’ Training and High School in Eshowe.

He obtained a degree in library science from the University of Zululand in 1972, a Bachelor of Arts degree in international politics and African politics from the University of South Africa in 1983, and an honours degree in development administration and politics in 1985.

Early politics
He was publicity secretary of the South African Students Organisation at the University of Zululand (1972). Shortly thereafter, in 1974, he joined the African National Congress underground and went into exile in Swaziland. He was arrested for ANC activities in May 1976 and was sentenced to ten years on Robben Island in June 1977.

Criticism
Dec 2015 - Durban - Former transport minister S'bu Ndebele has appeared in a Durban court on charges of fraud, corruption and money laundering. Ndebele had been named as the first accused in a corruption, fraud and money-laundering case.

He is accused of accepting just over R10m for his direct benefit. Ndebele allegedly accepted the money in order to facilitate tenders worth more than R2bn.

Recently he has been heavily criticised for offering 16 500 hectares of land to the Dubai-based company Ruwaad Holdings to build a massive theme park named 'Zulu World'. This will result in the forced eviction of around 10 000 families from the eMacambini clan. The affected community has vowed to resist the evictions and has accused Ndebele of "selling" them to "a new kind of colonialism." On 4 December 2008, the eMacambini community blockaded the N2 and R102 freeways to protest S'bu Ndebele's non-reply to their memorandum handed over in a previous march.

On 16 May 2009, shortly after accepting the position of Minister of Transport, Ndebele received a R1,1-million Mercedes Benz S500 from the Vukuzakhe group of 'emerging contractors', who had received contracts worth more than R400-million in the department. Opposition parties have claimed that the gift could be a conflict of interest and that the Mercedes should be returned. Ndebele explained that he received the gift unannounced, long after he had ceased being MEC for transport, and denies any conflict of interest.

Toll Roads

There is not enough money available to fix roads, so more toll gates will probably have to be built on national roads, Transport Minister Sbu Ndebele said in a report on Thursday. More than 4 100 km of roads - or 32 percent of the national road network - are in such a bad state that they only have a "structural life span" of five years left.

It would cost more than R35-billion to fix these roads before 2014, Ndebele said in Parliament, according to Beeld newspaper.
But his department has only R16,8-billion available to do this.

Departmental Corruption Allegations

The North West government said on Wednesday it had been hit by a multimillion-rand scandal related to road projects that might have been improperly and fraudulently awarded.

"I can confirm that a number of contracts issued by the department for several road projects in the province may have been improperly and fraudulently awarded," said Transport MEC Mahlakeng Mahlakeng in a statement.

He said it was estimated that more than R1.5 billion allocated for road capital projects over the next three years - the medium term expenditure framework - had already been committed.

Within three months of the current financial year, 2009/10, the roads directorate had already spent its entire capital project budget, he said. Its budget allocation for the year was R525 million.

He said the information had emerged from an audit by PriceWaterhouseCoopers. The government was committed to getting the money back.

Further details would be released once the government had cleared the legal implications of doing so.

Millions of rands' worth of contracts had been issued by the department "without following procedure as stipulated by the Public Finance Management Act (PMFA)".

The government would give the audit report to the police's Hawks and the Asset Forfeiture Unit to investigate. - credit Sapa

See also
 Siphiwe Mvuyane
 Tryphina Mboxela Jokweni

References

1948 births
Living people
Premiers of KwaZulu-Natal
African National Congress politicians
Transport ministers of South Africa


Lyubomir Lyubenov (, born 26 August 1957) is a Bulgarian sprint canoeist who competed in the late 1970s and early 1980s. At the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, he won a gold in the C-1 1000 m event and a silver in the C-1 500 m event.

Born in Plovdiv, Lyubenov won four medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships with a gold (C-1 500: 1978), a silver (C-1 1000 m: 1979), and two bronzes (C-1 500 m: 1979, C-2 500 m: 1981).

References

Profile of Lyubomir Lyubenov

1957 births
Bulgarian male canoeists
Canoeists at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Living people
Olympic canoeists for Bulgaria
Olympic gold medalists for Bulgaria
Olympic silver medalists for Bulgaria
Olympic medalists in canoeing
ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships medalists in Canadian
Medalists at the 1980 Summer Olympics


The Zapata Times is a weekly newspaper publication in Zapata, Texas, USA. It is produced by the Laredo Morning Times which is owned by the Hearst Corporation. The Zapata Times was first published on August 16, 2008 and is delivered every Saturday to 4,000 homes in Zapata County free of charge.

External links

Zapata Times
Zapata Times mobile website
Hearst subsidiary profile of the Laredo Morning Times

Weekly newspapers published in Texas
Mass media in Laredo, Texas
Hearst Communications publications


Thomas Duis (born 1958, in Frankfurt) is a German pianist.

Duis studied with Kurt Gerecke in Wiesbaden, Karl-Heinz Kämmerling in Hannover and Fanny Waterman in Leeds.

He was the top-ranking pianist at the 1986 Artur Rubinstein Competition in Tel Aviv (he was awarded the 2nd prize, the 1st being declared void), and was awarded 2nd prize at the 1986 Gina Bachauer International Piano Competition and 3rd prizes at the 1985 Sydney Competition and the 1987 ARD Competition in Munich. Duis had his discographical debut for EMI, and has performed internationally since.

He was the rector of the Hochschule des Saarlandes für Musik und Theater until 2012, and is a musical ambassador for the Goethe-Institut.

Premieres
 Benjamin Yusupov: Concerto-Intimo for piano and orchestra. Jerusalem Symphony Orchestra - Leon Botstein, conductor. Henry Crown Hall, Jerusalem; March 28, 2007.

References
  Artur Rubinstein Competition
  ARD Competition
  Louisiana Piano Series International
  Künstlersekretariat Rolf Sudbrack
  ArkivMusic - discography
  Benjamin Yusupov webpage
  Bachauer Laureates

1958 births
German classical pianists
Male classical pianists
Living people
Sydney International Piano Competition prize-winners
21st-century classical pianists
21st-century male musicians


Roots of Empathy (ROE) is an evidence-based classroom program that started in Toronto, Canada. The program consists of guided observations of an infant's development and emotions by elementary school children. The project began in 1996, and was established by Mary Gordon, a Canadian social entrepreneur and educator. The project has since expanded to 11 different countries.

Method
The program consists of weekly classes with a Roots of Empathy instructor throughout the school year. The program consists of a classroom visit from a neighbourhood baby and parent every three weeks. The curriculum is divided into nine themes, with three classroom visits supporting each theme (a pre-family visit, family visit and post-family visit) for a total of 27 classes. Each of the nine themes is further broken down into four age ranges in primary schools.

Babies are between two and four months old at the beginning of the program.

The children are sat around the parent, baby and instructor. The baby's development and growth, along with the verbal and non-verbal interactions between the parent and the baby, are observed. Students are asked to complete both classroom curriculum tasks, such as measuring the height and weight of the baby and reading with the baby, and tasks designed to improve emotional intelligence, such as reflecting on their feelings about the interactions and on their classmates' displays of emotions.

Research and evaluation
A cluster, randomized controlled field trial on the ROE program in 2011 in Manitoba demonstrated that children in program classrooms in contrast to the control classrooms exhibited that children in program classrooms in contrast to the control classrooms had reduced physical and indirect aggressive behavior (including bullying) and increased prosocial behavior, such as sharing. A follow-up study showed the decrease in aggression lasted up to three years. A study using a quasi-experimental control-group conducted in Vancouver and Toronto in 2012 found similar results, and that children had an improved understanding of infant crying.

Availability and growth
The program is currently available in every province of Canada. In 2007, the program expanded internationally to New Zealand and the United States (Seattle, WA). It expanded to Northern Ireland in 2011, and London, England in 2012. Roots of Empathy has since been introduced to 11 countries including Scotland, Wales, Republic of Ireland, Germany, Switzerland, Costa Rica and the Netherlands in the fall of 2018. The curriculum has been translated into French, German, Spanish and Dutch.

Cost and funding
In 2020, the average cost, without accounting for training costs, for the year-long Roots of Empathy program is $440 (CAD) per child – an average cost per class of $1000 (CAD). Roots of Empathy is funded by government grants, foundation funding, and corporate and individual donations.

Recognition
In July 2008, the Assembly of First Nations, at their Annual General Assembly, passed Resolution 31 endorsing and supporting ROE and SOE as programs compatible with traditional First Nations teachings. In 2017, Roots of Empathy was recognized as one of the most inspiring global innovations in K–12 education by the Finnish organization HundrED.org. UpSocial selected Roots of Empathy as the winner of its social innovation competition Accelerating Change for Social Inclusion (ASCI) to address the risk to children of social exclusion.

References

John Wishart City Views (2008-10-25). "timestranscript.com - Roots of Empathy planting valuable seeds | John Wishart - Breaking News, New Brunswick, Canada". Timestranscript.canadaeast.com. Retrieved 2011-01-06.
 Marilynn Vanderstaay. "The Senior Times Monthly - Montreal". Theseniortimes.com. Retrieved 2011-01-06.
 Hamilton Breaking News - Hamilton's Online Newspaper | TheSpec.com
 "Anti-bullying program aims to teach students empathy". Seattlepi.com. 2007-12-29. Retrieved 2011-01-06.
 "Babies go to school to teach". CNN.com. 2010-12-10. Retrieved 2011-01-06

External links

Non-profit organizations based in Toronto
Educational organizations based in Ontario


Navuduru is a village in Veeravasaram mandal, located in  West Godavari district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh.

Demographics
 Census of India, Navuduru had a population of 3218. The total population constitute, 1607 males and 1611 females with a sex ratio of 1002 females per 1000 males. 304 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, with sex ratio of 1013. The average literacy rate stands at 76.46%.

References

Villages in West Godavari district


Defending champion Justine Henin successfully defended her title, defeating Maria Sharapova in the final, 5–7, 7–5, 6–3 to win the singles tennis title at the 2007 WTA Tour Championships. The final lasted 3 hours and 23 minutes, becoming the longest best-of-three-sets final in WTA Tour history.

Jelena Janković, Ana Ivanovic, Anna Chakvetadze and Marion Bartoli (as an alternate replacing S. Williams) made their debuts at the event.

Seeds

Notes:
  Venus Williams had qualified but pulled out due to severe dizziness

Alternates

Draw

Finals

Yellow group
Standings are determined by: 1. number of wins; 2. number of matches; 3. in two-players-ties, head-to-head records; 4. in three-players-ties, percentage of sets won, or of games won; 5. steering-committee decision.

1 Serena Williams withdrew from the tournament after her first match (left patella femoral inflammation).

2 Bartoli's 6–0, 6–0 loss was the heaviest defeat in the tournament's history, and the only double bagel.

Red group
Standings are determined by: 1. number of wins; 2. number of matches; 3. in two-players-ties, head-to-head records; 4. in three-players-ties, percentage of sets won, or of games won; 5. steering-committee decision.

See also
WTA Tour Championships appearances

References

External links
 Main Draw

sin


La Cabrera (Cabreira in Leonese language) is a comarca (shire) in the province of León, Spain. Its surface is 115.87 km² and the population was 4,227 inhabitants in 2007. The Sierra de la Cabrera range dominates the landscape of this mountainous comarca.

Municipalities
 Benuza (Benuza)
 Castriellu de Cabreira (Castrillo de Cabrera)
 Encinéu (Encinedo)
 A Ponte de Domingos Flórez (Puente de Domingo Flórez)
 Trueitas (Truchas)

Language
Leonese language is widely spoken in this shire, while Galician language is common in the western area.

See also
 León Province
 Leonese language

External links
Diario de León - La Cabrera, tal como era

Coordinates:

Comarcas of the Province of León


The MAN SL202 was a single-decker bus manufactured by MAN in Salzgitter, Germany between 1983 and 1993. It was also available as a chassis for external bodywork.

History
The MAN SL202 succeeded the MAN SL200 in 1983.

The SL202 came with a wide choice of transmissions, from three and four-speed Renk Doromat automatic transmissions, to three and four-speed Voith DIWA transmissions, to four and five-speed ZF Ecomat 4HP500 or 5HP500 transmissions. One to date has been retro-fitted with an Allison World Series B300R4 transmission, creating a largely noticeable increase in performance against similar examples with the three-speed Voith DIWA transmission.

The internal combustion engines used in the SL202 were replaced around 1990, from older, smaller, 2566 series engines to newer, larger, 2866 series engines. The majority of pre-1990 SL202s have a  D2566UH engine, developing about  of torque at 1,400 rpm. These D2566 engines have a capacity of  and max out at 2,200 rpm. This same engine was used for the SL200 and is similar in design to that of the OM407h engine used in the Mercedes-Benz O305.

Post-1990 SL202s have the D2866 engine, with higher power and torque figures. These engines have a capacity of  and maximum output at 2,200 rpm, the design is similar to the OM447h engine of the Mercedes-Benz O405.

Much of the design was used in the North American version of the SL202, the MAN Americana SL40-102. The SL202 was superseded by the MAN NL202.

Operators
The MAN SL202 was mainly sold in Germany. The chassis version was sold in Australia and New Zealand.

Australia
Sydney Buses purchased 50 Pressed Metal Corporation bodied SL202s in 1989 which were retired in 2013, while the State Transport Authority, Adelaide took delivery of 125 Pressed Metal Corporation Australia bodied examples between 1992 and 1996. The Brisbane City Council purchased two while Darwinbus purchased five.

New Zealand
The Auckland Regional Council purchased 69 SL202s, Christchurch Transport Board 57, New Plymouth City Transit six and Wellington City Council 30. New Zealand Coach Service purchased 11 SL202s between 1986 and 1988.

References

External links

SL202
Buses of Germany
Bus chassis
Single-deck buses
Vehicles introduced in 1984


Hlomla Dandala (born 22 September 1974) is a South African actor, television presenter, and director.

He is best known for his roles as Derek Nyathi in Isidingo (1998–2001), title character Jacob Makhubu in Jacob's Cross (since 2007), and host of the reality dating show All You Need Is Love from 2002 to 2003. He starred in the drama series Rockville as Gomorrah, the main antagonist of the third season, and e.tv's prime time soap opera, Scandal! as Kingsley Siseko Langa from 2016 until 2019.

As of 2018, Dandala stars in The River across Sindi Dlathu (who plays Lindiwe) as her husband, Commissioner Zweli Dikana. Dandala is the son of Mvume Dandala and has a sister Gqibelo. He speaks five languages: Afrikaans, English, Xhosa, Sesotho and Zulu.

Filmography

Television

Reality
   Channel O (1995  - 1998)
   All You Need Is Love (2000)

Series
 Isidingo (as Derek Nyathi, season 1-4)
Rockville (as Gomorrah, season 3)
 Jacob's Cross (as Jacob Makhubu, later Jacob Abayomi; since season 1)
 All You Need Is Love (host; 2002–2003)
 Interrogation Room
 Tsha Tsha (as Lungi, season 4)
 Gaz'lam (as Coltrane, seasons 3-4)
 Scout's Safari
 Zero Tolerance (second season, as Majola Tindleni)
 Jozi-H (as Dr. Sipho Ramthalile)
 Scandal! Which he also directed before (as Kingsley Siseko Langa)
 The River (as Zweli Dikana, season 1 - 5)
 The Republic (as Deputy President)
 Justice Served ( as Azania Maqoma )

Miniseries
 Land of Thirst (as Khanyiso Phalo)
 The Triangle (2005)
 Madiba (2017)

Film
 Fools (1997)
 Red Dust (2004)
 Lord of War (2005)
 Coup! (made for TV, 2006)
 Sniper Reloaded (2011)
 Winnie (2011) - Oliver Tambo
 Contract with Yvonne Okoro and Joseph Benjamin.
 Honeymoon Hotel (2014) with Beverly Naza and Martha Ankhoma.
 Momentum (as Mr. Madison)
 Happiness Is a Four Letter Word (2016) with Chris Attoh.

References

External links

1974 births
Living people
People from Mdantsane
Xhosa people
South African male television actors
South African male film actors


Henry Farnam Dimock (March 28, 1842 – April 10, 1911) was an American lawyer in New York City who was closely associated with the Whitney family business interests.

Early life and education
Dimock was born in South Coventry, Connecticut, the son of Dr. Timothy Dimock, MD and Laura F. ( Booth) Dimock. The family were descended from Thomas Dimock, who came from England to Dorchester, Massachusetts, in 1637, and later settled in Barnstable, Massachusetts. Henry Dimock was a distant cousin of Ira Dimock (1827-1917), silk manufacturer, and Dr. Susan Dimock MD (1847-1875), an early female physician who perished in the wreck of the SS Schiller in the Scilly Islands.

He was graduated from Yale University in 1863, where he was a member of Skull and Bones, and from Harvard Law School in 1865. In the latter year he commenced the practice of law in New York City.

Career
From 1875 until 1881 he was dock commissioner for the Port of New York. In 1875, Governor Samuel J. Tilden appointed Dimock to a committee to devise plans for the improvement of city government in the state. It was in this capacity that he took part in a debate on municipal finance reform in October 1877. In May 1881, he declined reappointment as dock commissioner by Mayor William R. Grace.

Dimock became interested in the Metropolitan Steamship Company, serving as the line's New York agent. He was also a director and a large shareholder, and in 1884 the company honored him by naming its new 2,625-ton steamer H.F. Dimock.

In 1890, Dimock joined William C. Whitney, Charles T. Barney, W.E.D. Stokes, Francis W. Jenks, and others in forming the New York Loan and Improvement Company. He served on the board of directors of this concern, which was responsible for the development of the Washington Heights section of New York City.

On July 24, 1892, while on her customary voyage from New York to Boston, in the Vinyard Sound the H.F. Dimock collided with William K. Vanderbilt's yacht, the Alva, sinking her. Captain Morrison of the Alva filed suit against the H.F. Dimock, but both the United States District Court for Massachusetts and the United States Supreme Court ruled against Morrison.

In 1893, Dimock joined Henry Melville Whitney in establishing the Dominion Coal Company Ltd. and the Dominion Iron and Steel Company Ltd., in 1899, to exploit the mineral resources of the Sydney district of Cape Breton Island. Dimock served on the boards of both companies.

He was also a director of the McCall Ferry Power Company, Boston & Maine Railroad, Knickerbocker Trust Company, and the Metropolitan Steamship Company. Dimock was a member of the Society of Mayflower Descendants and of the University, Manhattan, Metropolitan, Down Town, Barnard, Lawyers, and Democratic clubs of New York City. He was also holder of box 19 at the Metropolitan Opera.

Dimock was elected a director of the Yale Corporation, the governing body of Yale University, in 1899 and reelected in 1905. His name had already been placed in nomination for another term when he suffered a heart attack on March 4, 1911.

Personal life
He married Susan Collins Whitney, the daughter of James Scollay Whitney and Laurinda Collins. Her siblings included Henry Melville Whitney, industrialist; William Collins Whitney, financier and Secretary of the Navy: and Lucy Collins "Lily" Whitney, wife of banker Charles T. Barney.  Dimock and Whitney resided in New York City at 25 60th Street, corner of Madison Avenue, and also had a summer home at Bar Harbor, Maine. Together, they had a daughter:
Susan M. Dimock, who married Cary Talcott Hutchinson at the Dimock residence on April 30, 1901.

Dimock suffered a heart attack on March 4, 1911. He suffered a paralytic stroke that affected his right side on April 1. After two days in a coma, he died at his residence on April 10, 1911, at the age of 69.

Some five years after his death, the site of his home at Madison Avenue and 60th Street was leased to the Guaranty Trust Company for the construction of a new office building.

See also
Dominion Iron and Steel Company
William Collins Whitney

References

1842 births
1911 deaths
Harvard Law School alumni
People from Coventry, Connecticut
Lawyers from New York City
Whitney family
People from Bar Harbor, Maine
New York (state) Democrats
Yale College alumni
19th-century American lawyers
Members of Skull and Bones