Edward Harding may refer to:

 Ted Harding (1921–2004), Australian politician and rugby league footballer
 Edward John Harding (1880–1954), British civil servant and diplomat

See also
Edward Hardin (1922–2006), oil executive


Quartic or  biquadratic reciprocity is a collection of theorems in elementary and algebraic  number theory that state conditions under which the congruence x4 ≡ p (mod q) is solvable; the word "reciprocity" comes from the form of some of these theorems, in that they relate the solvability of the congruence x4 ≡ p (mod q) to that of x4 ≡ q (mod p).

History

Euler made the first conjectures about biquadratic reciprocity. Gauss published two monographs on biquadratic reciprocity. In the first one (1828) he proved Euler's conjecture about the biquadratic character of 2. In the second one (1832) he stated the biquadratic reciprocity law for the Gaussian integers and proved the supplementary formulas. He said that a third monograph would be forthcoming with the proof of the general theorem, but it never appeared. Jacobi presented proofs in his Königsberg lectures of 1836–37. The first published proofs were by Eisenstein.

Since then a number of other proofs of the classical (Gaussian) version have been found, as well as alternate statements. Lemmermeyer states that there has been an explosion of interest in the rational reciprocity laws since the 1970s.

Integers
A quartic or biquadratic residue (mod p) is any number congruent to the fourth power of an integer (mod p). If x4 ≡ a (mod p) does not have an integer solution, a is a quartic or biquadratic nonresidue  (mod p).

As is often the case in number theory, it is easiest to work modulo prime numbers, so in this section all moduli p, q, etc., are assumed to positive, odd primes.

Gauss
The first thing to notice when working within the ring Z of integers is that if the prime number q is ≡ 3 (mod 4) then a residue r is a quadratic residue (mod q) if and only if it is a biquadratic residue (mod q).  Indeed, the first supplement of quadratic reciprocity states that −1 is a quadratic nonresidue (mod q), so that for any integer x, one of x and −x is a quadratic residue and the other one is a nonresidue. Thus, if r ≡ a2 (mod q) is a quadratic residue, then if a ≡ b2 is a residue, r ≡ a2 ≡ b4 (mod q) is a biquadratic residue, and if a is a nonresidue, −a is a residue, −a ≡ b2, and again, r ≡ (−a)2 ≡ b4 (mod q)  is a biquadratic residue.

Therefore, the only interesting case is when the modulus p ≡ 1 (mod 4).

Gauss proved that if p ≡ 1 (mod 4) then the nonzero residue classes (mod p) can be divided into four sets, each containing (p−1)/4 numbers. Let e be a quadratic nonresidue. The first set is the quartic residues; the second one is e times the numbers in the first set, the third is e2 times the numbers in the first set, and the fourth one is e3 times the numbers in the first set. Another way to describe this division is to let g be a primitive root (mod p); then the first set is all the numbers whose indices with respect to this root are ≡ 0 (mod 4), the second set is all those whose indices are ≡ 1 (mod 4), etc. In the vocabulary of group theory, the first set is a subgroup of index 4 (of the multiplicative group Z/pZ×), and the other three are its cosets.

The first set is the biquadratic residues, the third set is the quadratic residues that are not quartic residues, and the second and fourth sets are the quadratic nonresidues. Gauss proved that −1 is a biquadratic residue if p ≡ 1 (mod 8) and a quadratic, but not biquadratic, residue, when p ≡ 5 (mod 8).

2 is a quadratic residue mod p if and only if  p ≡ ±1 (mod 8). Since p is also ≡ 1 (mod 4), this means p ≡ 1 (mod 8). Every such prime is the sum of a square and twice a square.

Gauss proved

Let q = a2 + 2b2 ≡ 1 (mod 8) be a prime number. Then
2 is a biquadratic residue (mod q) if and only if a ≡ ±1 (mod 8), and
2 is a quadratic, but not a biquadratic, residue (mod q) if and only if a ≡ ±3 (mod 8).

Every prime p ≡ 1 (mod 4) is the sum of two squares. If p = a2 + b2 where a is odd and b is even, Gauss proved that

2 belongs to the first (respectively second, third, or fourth) class defined above if and only if b ≡ 0 (resp. 2, 4, or 6) (mod 8). The first case of this is one of Euler's conjectures:

2 is a biquadratic residue of a prime p ≡ 1 (mod 4) if and only if p = a2 + 64b2.

Dirichlet

For an odd prime number p and a quadratic residue a (mod p), Euler's criterion states that  so if p ≡ 1 (mod 4),

Define the rational quartic residue symbol for prime p ≡ 1 (mod 4) and quadratic residue a (mod p) as  It is easy to prove that a is a biquadratic residue (mod p) if and only if

Dirichlet simplified Gauss's proof of the biquadratic character of 2 (his proof only requires quadratic reciprocity for the integers) and put the result in the following form:

Let p = a2 + b2 ≡ 1 (mod 4) be prime, and let i ≡ b/a (mod p). Then
     (Note that i2 ≡ −1 (mod p).)

In fact, let p = a2 + b2 = c2 + 2d2 = e2 − 2f2 ≡ 1 (mod 8) be prime, and assume a is odd. Then
   where  is the ordinary Legendre symbol.

Going beyond the character of 2, let the prime p = a2 + b2 where b is even, and let q be a prime such that   Quadratic reciprocity says that  where  Let σ2 ≡ p (mod q). Then
 This implies that

The first few examples are:

Euler had conjectured the rules for 2, −3 and 5, but did not prove any of them.

Dirichlet  also proved that if p ≡ 1 (mod 4) is prime and  then

This has been extended from 17 to 17, 73, 97, and 193 by Brown and Lehmer.

Burde

There are a number of equivalent ways of stating Burde's rational biquadratic reciprocity law.

They all assume that p = a2 + b2 and  q = c2 + d2 are primes where b and d are even, and that

Gosset's version is

Letting i2 ≡ −1 (mod p) and j2 ≡ −1 (mod q), Frölich's law is

Burde stated his in the form:

Note that

Miscellany

Let p ≡ q ≡ 1 (mod 4) be primes and assume . Then e2 = p f2 + q g2 has non-trivial integer solutions, and

Let p ≡ q ≡ 1 (mod 4) be primes and assume p = r2 + q s2. Then

Let p = 1 + 4x2 be prime, let a be any odd number that divides x, and let  Then a* is a biquadratic residue (mod p).

Let p = a2  + 4b2  = c2  + 2d2  ≡ 1 (mod 8) be prime. Then all the divisors of c4  − p a2   are biquadratic residues (mod p). The same is true for all the divisors of  d4  − p b2.

Gaussian integers

Background

In his second monograph on biquadratic reciprocity Gauss displays some examples and makes conjectures that imply the theorems listed above for the biquadratic character of small primes. He makes some general remarks, and admits there is no obvious general rule at work. He goes on to say

The theorems on biquadratic residues gleam with the greatest simplicity and genuine beauty only when the field of arithmetic is extended to imaginary numbers, so that without restriction, the numbers of the form a + bi constitute the object of study ... we call such numbers integral complex numbers. [bold in the original]

These numbers are now called the ring of Gaussian integers, denoted by Z[i]. Note that i is a fourth root of 1.

In a footnote he adds

The theory of cubic residues must be based in a similar way on a consideration of numbers of the form a + bh where h is an imaginary root of the equation h3 = 1 ... and similarly the theory of residues of higher powers leads to the introduction of other imaginary quantities.

The numbers built up from a cube root of unity are now called the ring of Eisenstein integers. The "other imaginary quantities" needed for the "theory of residues of higher powers" are the rings of integers of the cyclotomic number fields; the Gaussian and Eisenstein integers are the simplest examples of these.

Facts and terminology

Gauss develops the arithmetic theory of the "integral complex numbers" and shows that it is quite similar to the arithmetic of ordinary integers. This is where the terms unit, associate, norm, and primary were introduced into mathematics.

The units are the numbers that divide 1. They are 1, i, −1, and −i.  They are similar to 1 and −1 in the ordinary integers, in that they divide every number. The units are the powers of i.

Given a number λ = a + bi, its conjugate is  a − bi and its associates are the four numbers

    λ = +a + bi
   iλ = −b + ai
  −λ = −a − bi
 −iλ = +b − ai

If λ = a + bi, the norm of λ, written Nλ, is the number a2 + b2. If λ and μ are two Gaussian integers, Nλμ = Nλ  Nμ; in other words, the norm is multiplicative. The norm of zero is zero, the norm of any other number is a positive integer. ε is a unit if and only if Nε = 1.  The square root of the norm of λ, a nonnegative real number which may not be a Gaussian integer, is the absolute value of lambda.

Gauss proves that Z[i] is a unique factorization domain and shows that the primes fall into three classes:
 2 is a special case: 2 = i3 (1 + i)2. It is the only prime in Z divisible by the square of a prime in Z[i]. In algebraic number theory, 2 is said to ramify in Z[i].
 Positive primes in Z ≡ 3 (mod 4) are also primes in Z[i]. In algebraic number theory, these primes are said to remain inert in Z[i].
 Positive primes in Z ≡ 1 (mod 4) are the product of two conjugate primes in Z[i]. In algebraic number theory, these primes are said to split in Z[i].

Thus, inert primes are 3, 7, 11, 19, ... and a factorization of the split primes is
 5 = (2 + i) × (2 − i),
13 = (2 + 3i) × (2 − 3i),
17 = (4 + i) × (4 − i),
29 = (2 + 5i) × (2 − 5i), ...

The associates and conjugate of a prime are also primes.

Note that the norm of an inert prime q is Nq = q2 ≡ 1 (mod 4); thus the norm of all primes other than 1 + i and its associates is ≡ 1 (mod 4).

Gauss calls a number in Z[i] odd if its norm is an odd integer. Thus all primes except 1 + i and its associates  are odd. The product of two odd numbers is odd and the conjugate and associates of an odd number are odd.

In order to state the unique factorization theorem, it is necessary to have a way of distinguishing one of the associates of a number. Gauss defines an odd number to be primary if it is ≡ 1 (mod (1 + i)3). It is straightforward to show that every odd number has exactly one primary associate. An odd number λ = a + bi is primary if a + b ≡ a − b ≡ 1 (mod 4); i.e., a ≡ 1 and b ≡ 0, or a ≡ 3 and b ≡ 2 (mod 4). The product of two primary numbers is primary and the conjugate of a primary number is also primary.

The unique factorization theorem for Z[i] is: if λ ≠ 0, then

where 0 ≤ μ ≤ 3, ν ≥ 0, the πis are primary primes and the αis ≥ 1, and this representation is unique, up to the order of the factors.

The notions of congruence and greatest common divisor are defined the same way in Z[i] as they are for the ordinary integers Z. Because the units divide all numbers, a congruence (mod λ) is also true modulo any associate of λ, and any associate of a GCD is also a GCD.

Quartic residue character

Gauss proves the analogue of Fermat's theorem: if α is not divisible by an odd prime π, then

Since Nπ ≡ 1 (mod 4),  makes sense, and  for a unique unit ik.

This unit is called the quartic or biquadratic residue character of α (mod π) and is denoted by

It has formal properties similar to those of the Legendre symbol.

The congruence        is solvable in Z[i] if and only if

     where the bar denotes complex conjugation.

if π and θ are associates,

if α ≡ β (mod π),

The biquadratic character can be extended to odd composite numbers in the "denominator" in the same way the Legendre symbol is generalized into the Jacobi symbol. As in that case, if the "denominator" is composite, the symbol can equal one without the congruence being solvable:
   where

If a and b are ordinary integers, a ≠  0, |b| > 1, gcd(a, b) = 1, then

Statements of the theorem

Gauss stated the law of biquadratic reciprocity in this form:

Let π and θ be distinct primary primes of Z[i]. Then

if either π or θ or both are ≡ 1 (mod 4), then  but

if both π and θ are ≡ 3 + 2i (mod 4), then

Just as the quadratic reciprocity law for the Legendre symbol is also true for the Jacobi symbol, the requirement that the numbers be prime is not needed; it suffices that they be odd relatively prime nonunits. Probably the most well-known statement is:

Let π and θ be primary relatively prime nonunits. Then

There are supplementary theorems for the units and the half-even prime 1 + i.

if π = a + bi is a primary prime, then

and thus

Also, if π = a + bi is a primary prime, and b ≠ 0 then

   (if b = 0 the symbol is 0).

Jacobi defined π = a + bi to be primary if a ≡ 1 (mod 4). With this normalization, the law takes the form

Let α = a + bi and β = c + di where a ≡ c ≡ 1 (mod 4) and b and d are even be relatively prime nonunits. Then

The following version was found in Gauss's unpublished manuscripts.

Let α = a + 2bi and β = c + 2di where a and c are odd be relatively prime nonunits. Then

The law can be stated without using the concept of primary:

If λ is odd, let ε(λ) be the unique unit congruent to λ (mod (1 + i)3); i.e., ε(λ) = ik ≡ λ (mod 2 + 2i), where 0 ≤ k ≤ 3. Then for odd and relatively prime α and β, neither one a unit,

For odd λ, let  Then if λ and μ are relatively prime nonunits, Eisenstein proved

See also

Quadratic reciprocity
Cubic reciprocity
Octic reciprocity
Eisenstein reciprocity
Artin reciprocity

Notes
 A.Here, "rational" means laws that are stated in terms of ordinary integers rather than in terms of the integers of some algebraic number field.

References

Literature

The references to the original papers of Euler, Dirichlet, and Eisenstein were copied from the bibliographies in Lemmermeyer and Cox, and were not used in the preparation of this article.

Euler

This was actually written 1748–1750, but was only published posthumously; It is in Vol V, pp. 182–283 of

Gauss
The two monographs Gauss published on biquadratic reciprocity have consecutively numbered sections: the first contains §§ 1–23 and the second §§ 24–76. Footnotes referencing these are of the form "Gauss, BQ, § n". Footnotes referencing the Disquisitiones Arithmeticae are of the form "Gauss, DA, Art. n".

These are in Gauss's Werke, Vol II, pp. 65–92 and 93–148

German translations are in pp. 511–533 and 534–586 of the following, which also has the Disquisitiones Arithmeticae and Gauss's other papers on number theory.

Eisenstein

These papers are all in Vol I of his Werke.

Dirichlet

both of these are in Vol I of his Werke.

Modern authors

External links

These two papers by Franz Lemmermeyer contain proofs of Burde's law and related results:
Rational Quartic Reciprocity
Rational Quartic Reciprocity II

Algebraic number theory
Modular arithmetic
Theorems in number theory


Camarón de Tejeda Municipality is a municipality in the Mexican state of Veracruz. It is located in the state's southeast, in the Las Montañas region. The municipal seat is the city of Camarón de Tejeda. It covers a total of 74.38 km².

At the 2005 INEGI Census, the municipality reported a population of 5,660, of whom 2019 lived in the municipal seat.

Geography
The municipality of Camarón de Tejeda is delimited to the east by the Soledad de Doblado, to the south and west by the Paso del Macho, and to the west by Zentla.

History
Camarón de Tejeda is famous for the Battle of Camarón, fought on 30 April 1863 between the French Foreign Legion and the Mexican Army.

References

External links
  Municipal Official Site
  Municipal Official Information

Municipalities of Veracruz


TheMarker () is a Hebrew-language daily business newspaper published by the Haaretz group in Israel.

TheMarker was founded in 1999 by journalist and entrepreneur Guy Rolnik along with Haaretz group and U.S.-based investors. Five years after TheMarker launched, Haaretz newspaper group decided to terminate its long-standing business section and relaunch it as a daily print newspapers called "TheMarker", the brand that was created online.

The chief editor of TheMarker is Sami Peretz. The editor of the monthly magazine is Eytan Avriel. TheMarker alone has about 250 employees. It operates from Haaretz newspaper building in Tel Aviv.

In 2006 and 2007 TheMarker and Rolnik won the 2 most important awards in marketing and business strategy for creating TheMarker, turning it into the leading brand in financial media and using an internet brand to launch a print newspaper (see "Awards").

Currently TheMarker produces a website, a daily print newspaper, a monthly print magazine and holds events on business-related issues. Some of TheMarkers articles are translated to English and appear in the English version of Haaretz in cooperation with the International New York Times.

History
TheMarker, founded by Rolnik and Haaretz group, was incorporated in 1999 and launched in March 2000. Joined by his two friends and co-founders – Avriel and Ido Pollak – Rolnik launched what would become the first business news website and the first online newsroom in Israel.

In December 1999, the American business news site TheStreet, entered into an agreement with Haaretz, to invest $2.25 million in
exchange for a 25% stake in TheMarker. According to the investment agreement, TheStreet.com published selected news and articles on Israeli technology companies from the TheMarker site, and in exchange TheMarker published selected news and articles from TheStreet.com. Following the bursting of the Dot-com bubble the investment in TheMarker was fully impaired by TheStreet.

In 2001 TheMarker started publishing a monthly print magazine, TheMarker Magazine. The magazine publishes yearly lists of “Israel’s 100 most influential people” and “Israel’s 500 richest people”, which draw considerable attention. In 2003 started organizing business-related events under its own brand.

In 2005 Haaretz daily newspaper's economic section was terminated and Haaretz launched “TheMarker” as a daily newspaper.

Following the relaunch, the number of Haaretz's paid subscribers increased significantly: by the end of 2006, the number of paid subscribers rose to all-time high of over 60,000 and ad revenues from TheMarker’s print edition grew by 50% compared to the pre-rebranding Period.

In 2008 the print edition of TheMarker became available as a stand-alone product as well.

In 2007 TheMarker launched “TheMarker Café”, Israel’s first social network for grown-ups and the first launched by a news organization.

Editorial views and opinions
In late 2011, TheMarker published a series of articles on three Nordic states – Finland, Sweden and Denmark – and their brand of economic order, mostly known as The Nordic Model, which is based on a combination of pro-market capitalism, welfare state policies and inclusive collective bargaining. The articles portrayed the countries that are characterized by competition along with a deep regard of humanistic values, whose citizens seem happy with the way things are and enjoy a high standard of living. The series was among the most-read in TheMarker’s history.

TheMarker argued that the stability clause unconstitutional as it prevented future governments from governing by creating laws. TheMarker also argued that the price was not competitive, pointing to the falling global prices of natural gas.

Awards and recognition
Four of the awards were related to the January 2005 launch of TheMarker as a daily paid for newspaper:

Guy Rolnik won the Israel's Marketing Association's “Marketing person of the month” for July 2005. The judges wrote: “Rolnik is the person behind TheMarker’s latest move – the launch of the daily newspaper under TheMarker’s brand – a move that is a unique success. The launch of the new newspaper brought a dramatic change in the newspaper’s position in the economic arena, a renewal in subscriber additions in Haaretz, a decrease in churning and a strengthening of the loyalty of the readers to the newspaper”. Later that year he also won the association's “Marketing person of the year” award.

In 2006 TheMarker won the Israeli EFFIE Award in the media category for that year.
 In 2007 TheMarker won the EFFIE Platinum award for “Building the strongest economic brand in Israel”, which is awarded to multi-year marketing efforts and is considered the “Oscar” of marketing awards.

Some of the personal awards Rolnik won for his journalistic achievements include:
 June 2005: The Movement for Quality Government in Israel’s “Knight of Quality Government” award. The Movement said that it was awarded Rolnik “in gratitude for a unique contribution in the media for uncovering faults and in the public service, for a struggle against corruption and for the improvement of the quality of public sector. In his commentary, Rolnik raises the level of public criticism on the government's behavior and underscores its importance to the improvement of the quality of government. By doing so he sets an example of quality to his colleagues in the media and to Israeli society”.

The Sokolov Prize for “Lifetime Achievement” (The Israeli Pulitzer). In its decision to grant the prize to Rolnik, the jury wrote: “Guy Rolnik untiringly shed light on problems in the structure of the Israeli economy, the judges commented in granting him the award. Notably, Rolnik demonstrated the concentration of capital in the hands of a small number of financial organizations connected to the holders of political and governing power. He exposed grave flaws in the current structure and demanded they be corrected to ensure the existence of a more resilient, just and egalitarian economic system”.

Press mentions
In May 2004, HaAyin HaShevi'it interviewed journalists, business people and media experts in Israel who cited Rolnik as an influential columnist: “Rolnik writes the most important economic column in Israel, he has no competition. As a member of boards and committees I hear very often people talking about what Rolnik wrote this morning. People read his daily column avidly and with fear. There is no other journalist in Israel that has such position in his field – he is the master of the domain… When he mentions a person or a phenomenon in his column – its value will go up”. A senior executive in the media industry was quoted: “Rolnik is the most influential economics journalist in Israel, I read every word he writes. Unlike other journalists he manages to surprise me time and again because his position is so unpredictable”.

In February 2011, The New Yorker'''s editor, David Remnick, published a story about Haaretz and Schocken, saying "Under the leadership of a young, hyper-ambitious editor named Guy Rolnik, TheMarker brought a new, more youthful audience to Haaretz — one at least as interested in the high-tech industry as it is in the Palestinian issue — just as the worldwide newspaper crisis hit. TheMarker, which can be bought separately, has helped save the paper. Rolnik has been especially good at publishing investigative pieces on what he calls the 'Israeli oligarchs,' a small group of billionaires and their families who control much of the national economy".

In March 2015, journalist and media critic Michael Massing highlighted the work of TheMarker and Rolnik in an essay “How to fix American Journalism” that appeared in the special issue of The Nation magazine for its 150th anniversary. According to Massing, the unique campaign that waged Rolnik as editor-in-chief of TheMarker is the model for fixing American journalism: "TheMarker, an Israeli financial newspaper distributed as a supplement to Haaretz, waged an unflagging campaign beginning in the mid-2000s against the extraordinary concentration of economic power in Israel and the dangers that this development posed to Israeli society and democracy. Led by its founding editor, Guy Rolnik, the paper ran periodic stories and columns that paid special attention to the “Israeli oligarchs,” a small group of billionaires and their families who controlled much of the Israeli economy. When the campaign began, the subject of economic concentration was barely discussed in Israel. The stories fed growing outrage over inequality, leading to a series of mass demonstrations in 2011. Those protests, in turn, spurred the Knesset to pass a bill to break up the Israeli conglomerates. It was a remarkable display of how one news organization, through tenacious and unflinching reporting over a period of years, can help spur systemic change ... Remarkably, of the many high-profile digital-journalism sites—the Huffington Post, The Daily Beast, BuzzFeed, Business Insider—not one scrutinizes America's oligarchs the way TheMarker'' did Israel's. ProPublica, the prime investigative site on the web, has done impressive reporting on a number of important subjects, including fracking and the secret Fed tapes, but in general it remains wedded to a traditional narrow-focus approach".

See also
 List of newspapers in Israel

References

External links

Daily newspapers published in Israel
Hebrew-language newspapers
Haaretz Group
Israeli brands


John Warner (born December 3, 1952) is an American comic book writer and editor, known for his stories of horror and the supernatural. He lists as his influences Arthur Rackham, N.C. Wyeth, Gerry Anderson, Maxfield Parrish, Chuck Jones, Jay Ward, Ray Bradbury, and Jorge Luis Borges.

Warner's most prolific period in the comic book field was from 1973 to 1979. During that time, he wrote many issues of  Gold Key Comics' Dark Shadows, as well as assorted fill-ins for Marvel Comics, DC Comics, and Warren Publishing.

Biography
From 1975 to 1978, Warner served as an editor and writer for Marvel's line of black-and-white magazines, where he worked primarily on Deadly Hands of Kung Fu, but also on Doc Savage, Marvel Preview, and Rampaging Hulk. For the latter series he created the characters Killer Shrike and the Modular Man. Separately, he co-created Ulysses Bloodstone. During his stint as a Marvel/Curtis editor, Warner hired Ralph Macchio, who later went on to a long-running career at Marvel.

In addition, Warner wrote most of the run of Marvel's Son of Satan, and in the late 1970s wrote Gold Key's Flash Gordon comic.

Notes

References

 Bio in Creepy #51 (Warren Publishing, Mar. 1973).

1952 births
Living people
American comics writers
Comic book editors


Mark D. Papermaster (born 1961) is an American business executive currently serving as the chief technology officer (CTO) and executive vice president for technology and engineering at Advanced Micro Devices (AMD). On January 25, 2019 he was promoted to AMD's Executive Vice President. Papermaster previously worked at IBM from 1982 to 2008, where he was closely involved in the development of PowerPC technology and served two years as vice president of IBM's blade server division. Papermaster's decision to move from IBM to Apple Inc. in 2008 became central to a court case considering the validity and scope of an employee non-compete clause in the technology industry. He became senior vice president of devices hardware engineering at Apple in 2009, with oversight for devices such as the iPhone. In 2010 he left Apple and joined Cisco Systems as a VP of the company's silicon engineering development. Papermaster joined AMD on October 24, 2011, assuming oversight for all of AMD's technology teams and the creation of all of AMD's products, and AMD's corporate technical direction.

Early life and education
Mark D. Papermaster was born in 1961 and grew up in Galveston, Texas.  Earning his bachelor of science degree (BS) in electrical engineering from the University of Texas in Austin, in 1982 he began working at IBM in Vermont. He earned his master of science degree (MS) in electrical engineering from the University of Vermont In 1988.

Career

IBM (1982–2008)
After beginning his 26-year tenure at IBM in Vermont in 1982, in 1991 Papermaster moved to work with the company in Texas. He initially started designing circuits in the Microelectronics Division, and afterwards “had technical and management assignments in quality, CAD tool applications, and microprocessors.” Promoted to vice president of IBM's Microprocessor Technology Development unit, he was then given oversight for the development of microprocessor and server technologies from 1991 until 2006. During those fifteen years he worked closely with IBM's PowerPC architecture and microprocessor, which Apple had adopted for its line of Macintosh computers. Spending five years working specifically with PowerPC and becoming an expert on IBM Power microprocessors chips and the Power ISA, Wired reports that “Papermaster was a key player in developing the PowerPC chips used in [early] Macs.”

Papermaster moved from microprocessors to become vice president of the Blade Development Unit in October 2006. Becoming head of IBM's blade server unit gave him responsibility for “x86, POWER, storage blades, chassis, network electronics and associated ecosystem.” Also in 2006, IBM selected him to join two executive groups: its Integration & Values Team (I&VT) and its Technical Leadership Team, the latter of which focused on attracting talent.

Senior VP at Apple (2009–2010)
After being courted as a successor to iPod executive Tony Fadell, Papermaster accepted a position with Apple in 2008. Shortly afterwards, IBM filed a complaint alleging Papermaster had breached a one-year noncompete agreement. Papermaster countersued,  arguing that Apple had hired him for his management and engineering abilities, not for insider knowledge of IBM processors. Apple and IBM reached a settlement in January 2009 where "Papermaster could only work for Apple after a six month unpaid vacation."

Papermaster joined Apple on April 24, 2009 as senior vice president of Mobile Devices and Devices Hardware Engineering. Reporting to Steve Jobs, he was given direct oversight of the iPod and iPhone engineering teams, including iPhone hardware development and the June 2010 rollout of the iPhone 4. Although the device proved popular, issues such as a slow release of a white version and reception flaws with the antenna resulted in controversy. The antenna design, a then-unusual device casing that acted as a signal receiver, had been green-lit in late 2009 by Steve Jobs. On August 7, 2010, The New York Times reported that Papermaster was leaving Apple for unconfirmed reasons.

VP at Cisco Systems (2010–2011)
In November 2010, Papermaster became vice president of the Silicon Switching Technology Group at Cisco Systems. of Cisco's Silicon Engineering Group, he had oversight for Cisco's “silicon strategy, architecture, and development for the company’s switching and routing businesses.” His department also oversaw “chips developed in-house for Cisco's switches,” the ASIC (application specific integrated circuits) chips that go into Cisco products such as the Nexus 7000 data-center switch and the Catalyst line of LAN switches.

CTO and executive VP at AMD (2011–present)
On October 19, 2011, Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) announced that Papermaster had been appointed its senior vice president (SVP) of Technology & Engineering, as well as its chief technology officer (CTO). He was officially appointed to both roles on October 24, 2011. As SVP of the newly formed Technology & Engineering Group under former CEO Rory Read, Papermaster was given oversight for all of AMD's technology teams. He was also given oversight for all of AMD's products, “corporate technical direction,” and research and development, including system-on-chip (SOC) product design and integrated hardware and software. Papermaster, who had been recruited to AMD by Nick Donofrio, himself hired Jim Keller, and in 2013 Papermaster hired Apple chip designer Raja Koduri, who reported to him directly.

One of his first orders of business was to restructure the CPU design team to build Zen, a new high performance x86 processor core. Under Papermaster, by early 2017 several other new lines of CPUs and graphic processors were under development as well,  for example the data center processor EPYC series, which launched in June 2017 with AMD's new Zen (microarchitecture). Ryzen Threadripper high-end desktop processors released in the summer of 2017 also utilized Zen. Also in 2017, Papermaster announced that AMD would continue to develop hardware using both its new Vega graphics architecture and its older Polaris system. At that point he had been heading the company's push into using 7 nm processor nodes, announced as a key component in upcoming Zen and Navi-based processors.

Speaking and writing
Papermaster is periodically asked to comment on industry trends such as Moore's Law Plus, immersive technology, and machine intelligence. He has written articles for TechCrunch on the applicability of Moore's Law, which applies to the pace of semiconductor advancements. He has also written articles for publications such as Dark Reading, ET Tech, Forbes, IEEE Test & Design Magazine, Inc., and Network Computing.

He has also given talks at industry events, for example "How To Build Truly Great Products" at the Design Automation Conference in 2016 and “Evolving Embedded Systems in a Self-Directed World” at Embedded World in 2018. He also spoke at the 2016–2017 Techfest and was a keynote speaker at the Imagination Tech Summit in 2017.  In 2017 he spoke at the Strategic Materials Conference, and he also gave a talk on Moore's Law Plus at the IEEE Industry Summit on the Future of Computing in 2017. In April 2018, he spoke at the Congress on the Future of Engineering Software.

Organizations
Papermaster is a member of the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation, the Olin College Presidents Council, and the advisory board at Cockrell School of Engineering at the University of Texas. Also at the University of Texas, he has served on the school's electrical and computer engineering advisory council. In 2009, the University of Texas named Papermaster an ECE Fellow for his work with the university. He was included on the Forbes Technology Council as a contributor as of June 2016. In August 2017, he was announced as a new member of the advisory board of the CTO Forum.

See also
List of University of Texas at Austin alumni
Trade secret and non-compete clause

References

External links

Mark Papermaster - AMD

Apple Inc. employees
Cockrell School of Engineering alumni
University of Vermont alumni
IBM employees
Living people
1961 births
American chief technology officers
AMD people


"Treat Me Good" is a song written by Tania Doko, Joanne McDonnell and James Roche for Bachelor Girl's first album Waiting for the Day (1998). It was released as the album's second single in Australia on 5 October 1998 as a CD single. The song was a minor hit peaking in the top forty of the Australian ARIA Singles Chart, also peaking in the top thirty in New Zealand.

Track listing
CD single
 "Treat Me Good" - 4:32
 "Treat Me Good" (cyber mix) - 5:41
 "Someway, Somehow" - 5:14
 "Buses and Trains"  (live)  - 4:38

Charts

Release history

References

Bachelor Girl songs
1998 singles
1998 songs


Felipe Enrique Neri (born Philip Hendrik Nering Bögel; November 23, 1759 in Paramaribo, Surinam – 23 February 1827) was a Dutch businessman and land owner known for his money in Anglo-American settlement of Texas.

Early life and family
Philip Hendrik Nering Bögel was the son of Conraed Laurens Nering Bögel and Maria Jacoba Kraayvanger. In 1764, the family moved to the Netherlands and Philip later joined the cavalry. He married Lady Georgine Wolffeline Françoise Lijcklama à Nyeholt in Oldeboorn, Friesland on April 28, 1782. They settled in Leeuwarden, where Neri worked as a tax collector on land and houses. The couple had five children.

Flight to North America
In 1793 Nering was accused of using tax funds for personal gain. The province put a reward of 1,000 ducats on his head. Via Hamburg - using the pseudonym Bastrop - Philip arrived in Philadelphia with wife and children before the end of the year. On June 21, 1796 he contracted with Francisco Luis Héctor de Carondelet to settle wheat farming families on his grant.  In Spanish Louisiana Neri introduced himself as a Dutch nobleman, Baron de Bastrop who had fled the country because of the French invasion. People believed his false identity, and Bastrop was soon engaged in many land deals where he made a fortune but later went broke. He received permission from Spain to form a colony in the Ouachita River valley. His contract with Spanish colonial governor Francisco Luis Héctor de Carondelet provided for European settlement of 850,000 acres on the Ouachita. Although ninety-nine colonists settled in the area, the project was halted when Louisiana realized its government treasury did not have enough funds to see the colonization to fruition.
Around 1800 they lived in Frederick County, Maryland; before 1804 his wife and daughters returned to the Netherlands. Around 1806 he lived in San Antonio, Texas.

Career in Texas
When Louisiana's sale from France to the United States was finalized, he moved to Texas and received a permit to establish a colony between Bexar and the Trinity River.
He moved to San Antonio in 1806, where he posed as a loyal subject who strongly opposed the sale of Louisiana to the USA. In 1810 he was appointed second alcalde, (mayor or chief judicial official), of the Spanish town.

In 1820, Neri met with Moses Austin, whose request to bring Anglo-American settlers into Texas had recently been rejected. He had been acquainted with Moses Austin, having formerly shared the hospitality of a roadhouse in then-Spanish Missouri with Moses 20 years before he came to Texas. Neri used his influence to help Moses Austin, and later Stephen F. Austin obtain grants to bring Anglo-American settlers into Texas, later to be called the Old Three Hundred.

In 1820, Neri was chosen to be commissioner of colonization for Stephen F. Austin’s colony. In 1823, he was elected to the provincial deputation of San Antonio, and later the Legislature of Coahuila y Tejas in 1824. Until his death on February 23, 1827, he served the legislature. At the end of his life he lived in Saltillo. He did not leave enough money for his burial, so other legislative members paid for it. In his will, he left land to his wife and children in the Netherlands. Years later, his true identity was revealed.

Legacy

Neri was a very important and influential person in the colonization of Texas. Without him, Texas might have never been populated with Anglo-American settlers.

The following places are all named after him:

 Bastrop, Louisiana
 Bastrop County, Texas
 Bastrop, Texas
 De Bastrop Township, Ashley County, Arkansas

References

Sources
Moore, Richard W. Bastrop, Baron de, Handbook of Texas Online.
The Baron de Bastrop, The Institute of Texan Cultures
Rogers, Tex; American History, The Old 300, Electric Scotland
Bastrop, Lone Star Internet
Felipe Henique Neri Baron de Bastrop, Flickr.com

1759 births
1827 deaths
People from Paramaribo
Businesspeople from San Antonio
People of Spanish Texas
People of Mexican Texas
18th-century Dutch businesspeople
18th-century Surinamese people
19th-century Surinamese people
Bastrop County, Texas


Dawid Kucharski (; born 19 November 1984) is a Polish professional footballer who plays as a defender for Zamek Gołańcz.

Career

Early career in Poland
Born in Kostrzyn nad Odrą, Kucharski began his playing career at Celuloza Kostrzyn. Before the 2002–03 season, he moved to Amica Wronki, where he debuted in the Ekstraklasa against Szczakowianka Jaworzno on 5 October 2002. He joined Lech Poznań at the beginning of the 2006–07 season. He helped Lech to a third place in the 2008–09 season and win the 2008–09 Polish Cup, missing out on the final against Ruch Chorzów due to injury.

Moving abroad to Hearts
Kucharski signed for Scottish Premier League side Hearts on 5 July 2009. He made his debut on the opening day of the season in a 2–0 defeat to Dundee United at Tannadice. He made a total of 15 appearances during his first season for the club. Kucharski did not feature at all for Hearts during the 2010–11 season and on 26 May 2011 it was announced that he would not be offered a new contract at Tynecastle and was free to find a new club.

Pogoń Szczecin
In June 2011, he joined Pogoń Szczecin on a one-year contract.

International career
Kucharski used to be the captain of the Poland U21 national team.

Honours
Lech Poznań
Polish Cup: 2008–09

References

External links

1984 births
Living people
People from Kostrzyn nad Odrą
Polish men's footballers
Poland men's under-21 international footballers
Men's association football defenders
Lech Poznań players
Amica Wronki players
Heart of Midlothian F.C. players
Pogoń Szczecin players
Ekstraklasa players
I liga players
III liga players
Scottish Premier League players
Polish expatriate men's footballers
Polish expatriate sportspeople in Scotland
Expatriate men's footballers in Scotland
Polish expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
Footballers from Lubusz Voivodeship


Harold Koplar (February 27, 1915 – May 3, 1985) was an American hotelier and businessman in St. Louis, Missouri.

Biography

Early life and education
Harold Koplar was born February 27, 1915. His grandfather, Berl Koplar an iron dealer, came from Russia in 1883 at the age of 22. His father, Sam Koplar, built the Park Plaza Hotel in 1929.  Harold Koplar was raised in St. Louis, Missouri, graduating from Soldan High School before going on to the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, where he studied architecture and engineering but left without graduating.

Career
Koplar linked together and managed the Chase Park Plaza Hotel in St. Louis, Missouri.  In 1959, he launched the television station KPLR-TV (the call letters came from his last name) in a converted apartment building near the hotel.  He established a development at Lake of the Ozarks in 1964 that includes the Lodge of Four Seasons hotel, two golf courses, a marina, and Spa Shiki.  In 1966 he was listed as part-owner of the troubled midtown landmark Continental Life Building, along with St. Louis mayor Alfonso J. Cervantes and nationally known defense attorney Morris Shenker, who was also Koplar's brother-in-law.

Marriage and children
Harold and Marie Lauer Koplar married on March 30, 1931.  The couple had three children: Robert "Bob" Koplar (d. 1977), Edward J. "Ted" Koplar (d. 2021), and Susan Koplar Brown.

Death and afterward
On May 3, 1985, Harold Koplar was found unconscious in an indoor lap pool in his home.  He was rushed to the hospital and declared dead of a massive heart attack.  Funeral services were held at Temple Emanuel in St. Louis and he was interred in the Koplar family mausoleum at New Mount Sinai Cemetery, Affton, Missouri.

References

1915 births
1985 deaths
American hoteliers
American people of Russian descent
Businesspeople from St. Louis
20th-century American businesspeople


Kristýna Pastulová (born October 22, 1985) is a volleyball player from the Czech Republic. She represented the Czech Republic national team at the 2009 Women's European Volleyball Championship.

Clubs

References

External links
 CEV Player Information
 mkkontakt.cz

1985 births
Czech women's volleyball players
Living people
Expatriate volleyball players in Austria
Czech expatriate sportspeople in Austria


Sadie and Bessie Delany were two American sisters and human rights pioneers who wrote a successful book of memoirs.

For more information, see:
Sarah Louise Delany
Annie Elizabeth Delany
Having Our Say: The Delany Sisters' First 100 Years (the book)

Writing duos


The "Matthew" poems  are a series of poems, composed by the English Romantic poet William Wordsworth, that describe the character Matthew in Wordsworth's poetry.

Background
Wordsworth, during his early career, often focused on writing in blank verse. However, in March 1798, he began to write a series of poems in ballad meter, which were later added to the Lyrical Ballads. From October 1798 to February 1799, Wordsworth worked on the "Matthew" poems along with the "Lucy" poems and other poems. During this time, Wordsworth was living at Goslar and was separated from Samuel Taylor Coleridge, which caused him to become depressed and feel separation anxiety.

The thematic similarities between the "Lucy" and the "Matthew" poems are so strong that Alan Grob suggests that the two sets of poems should be put "under a single heading as the Goslar lyrics of 1799". The final poem, "Address to the Scholars of the Village School of —" was written in 1800 in two sections, and was later revised for publication in 1842 with the addition of a third section.

The poems
There is some disagreement over which poems make up the "Matthew" poems. William Knight, based on a note by Wordsworth saying that the subject is related to "Matthew", to "The Two April Mornings", and to "The Fountain", believes that "Address to the Scholars of the Village School of —" should be included in the series. In addition, Mary Moorman includes "Expostulation and Reply" and its companion, "The Tables Turned" as part of the series, and states that lines of "Address to the Scholars of the Village School of —" overlaps with the lines of two Matthew poems that were not published while Wordsworth was alive. The three "Matthew" undisputed poems, "Matthew", "The Two April Mornings", and "The Fountain", serve as a dialogue between youth (the narrator) and experience(Matthew).

Matthew
"Matthew" was originally titled "Lines written on a Tablet in a School" until 1820, where it was given the title "Matthew". In 1827 and 1832, it was called by its first line, "If Nature, for a favourite child", but in 1827 returned to being called "Matthew".

The poem asks that when the reader of the tablet, when looking upon the names listed,
Has travelled down to Matthew's name,
Pause with no common sympathy.(lines 11–12)
The narrator then explains that
Poor Matthew, all his frolics o'er,
Is silent as a standing pool;
Far from the chimney's merry roar,
And murmur of the village school.
The sighs which Matthew heaved were sighs
Of one tired out with fun and madness;
The tears which came to Matthew's eyes
Were tears of light, the dew of gladness.(lines 17–24)
However, when Matthew would be lost in contemplation,
It seemed as if he drank it up—
He felt with spirit so profound. (lines 27–28)
After describing the character of Matthew, the narrator laments:
—Thou soul of God's best earthly mould!
Thou happy Soul! and can it be
That these two words of glittering gold
Are all that must remain of thee? (lines 29–32)

The Two April Mornings

"The Two April Mornings" describes a memory of a schoolmaster, Matthew, who remembers on an April morning
A day like this which I have left
Full thirty years behind. (lines 23–24)
On that day, he came to visit his daughter's grave to morn over her death,
And, turning from her grave, I met,
Beside the church-yard yew,
A blooming Girl, whose hair was wet
With points of morning dew. (lines 41–44)
She reminded him of his daughter, and
There came from me a sigh of pain
Which I could ill confine;
I looked at her, and looked again:
And did not wish her mine! (lines 53–56)
Even with her resemblance, Matthew knows that she could not replace Emma. The poem ends with the narrator admitting that experiencing his own remembrance of the departed:
Matthew is in his grave, yet now,
Methinks, I see him stand,
As at that moment, with a bough
Of wilding in his hand. (lines 57–60

The Fountain

"The Fountain" describes the narrator and Matthew noticing a fountain coming from the ground while they sat together. The fountain lightens their moods, and Matthew reveals that the fountain is connected to natural immortality:
'Down to the vale this water steers;
How merrily it goes!
'Twill murmur on a thousand years,
And flow as now it flows. (lines 21–24)
However, Matthew understands the pains of mortality and is filled with memories of the past:
My eyes are dim with childish tears,
My heart is idly stirred,
For the same sound is in my ears
Which in those days I heard. (lines 29–32)
Matthew is quick to point out why this sense of loss that comes from mortality does not lead him down the path of despair:
Thus fares it still in our decay:
And yet the wiser mind
Mourns less for what age takes away
Than what it leaves behind.(lines 33–36)

Matthew points out that
My days, my Friend, are almost gone,
My life has been approved,
And many love me; but by none
Am I enough beloved. (lines 53–56)
and the narrator offers himself to his friend:
And, Matthew, for thy children dead
I'll be a son to thee! (lines 61–62)
Matthew is quick to decline because he knows that the narrator cannot be a substitute for those who are passed.

Address to the Scholars
Wordsworth's "Address to the Scholars of the Village School of —", which Grob describes as "one of the least familiar of the 'Matthew' poems", was originally a two-part poem with the second titled "Dirge". When it was published in 1842, Wordsworth added a third section, "By the Side of the Grave Some Years After". The poem describes an individual who is devoted to nature but is disconnected from reality:
He loved the sun, but if it rise
Or set, to him where now he lies,
Brings not a moment's care. (lines 23–25)
The narrator remembers Matthew in a secular way and is resigned to a life where he could no longer be with Matthew. It is not until the last section that Christian hope is added:
Such solace find we for our loss;
And what beyond this thought we crave
Comes in the promise from the Cross,
Shining upon thy happy grave. (lines 69–70)

Identity
On 27 March 1843, Wordsworth wrote to Henry Reed, "The character of the schoolmaster, had like the Wanderer in The Excursion a solid foundation in fact and reality, but like him it was also in some degree a composition: I will not, and need not, call it an invention — it was no such thing." The character Matthew is likely based on Wordsworth's schoolmaster while at Hawkshead, William Taylor, who died in 1786 at the age of 32. However, Moorman argues that the character is most likely based on a "Packman", or peddler that would visit Hawkshead to sell his wares. The "Packman" would sing  and tell stories, and, with his traveling, resembled the Wanderer from The Excursion.

Themes
Loss is an important theme in the "Matthew" poems; To Geoffrey Hartman, "radical loss" haunts both the "Lucy" poems and the "Matthew" poems. The "Lucy" poems, written at the same time as "Two April Mornings", share their discussion on separation, but the "Matthew" poems make it clear that a loss cannot truly be replaced. The "Matthew" and "Lucy" poems, which express doubt about the ability of nature to comfort individuals experiencing loss, are thematically unique in Wordsworth's earlier poetry, according to Grob:
the great lyrics written at Goslar, the 'Matthew' poems and the 'Lucy' poems, strongly indicate that even in the earliest phase, those years when Wordsworth spoke most confidently of the Utopian possibilities held out to man by nature, his optimism was tempered by at least momentary misgivings, recognition that there are areas of human experience, vital to our individual happiness, in which man is invariably beset by difficulties and sorrows for which nature could furnish no comforts and surely no solution.
Although there can never be another individual such as Matthew or his daughter, his daughter is able to return to Matthew in his memory, and Matthew is able to return in the memory of the poet. Matthew is able to overcome his feelings of loss through nature, and, to E. D. Hirsch, there is spirit of affirmation in the poems. Matthew serves as a teacher about life and is viewed by the narrator as a source of wisdom. He is capable of rejoicing in nature, but he is also certain of the realities of nature, including death. He is able to mourn without despairing.

Anne Kostelanetz believes that the poems inhibit a "structural irony... which works against the authority of Matthew's statements", and she believes that Matthew "has rejected the very essence of nature—the eternal cycle of joy and vitality, the constant possibility of spontaneous delight in the beauty of being". Similarly, David Ferry views "The Two April Mornings" as Matthew "offered a choice between the living and the dead, and he chooses the dead". However, John Danby disagrees, and believes that Matthew merely does "not wish her mine, to undergo all the risk of loss again". Also, Grob believes that, in "The Two April Mornings", "The most likely explanation... one that receives support from the similar choice made by Matthew in The Fountain" is that "His rejection of the living child is less a free and reasoned judgment than an emotionally compelled and necessary acquiescence in the unalterable laws of human nature."

Critical opinion

Grob believes that the "Matthew" poems are important because they, with the "Lucy" poems, are different than the other poems that Wordsworth wrote between 1797 and 1800 in their treatment of nature and personal loss. In their difference, they suggest "the presence of seeds of discontent even in a period of seemingly assured faith that makes the sequence of developments in the history of Wordsworth's thought a more orderly, evolving pattern than the chronological leaps between stages would seem to imply".

Notes

References
 Abrams, M.H. The Norton Anthology of English Literature: Volume 2A, "The Romantic Period". (7th ed.). New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2000.
 Danby, John. The Simple Wordsworth: Studies in the Poems 1797–1807. London: Routledge, 1960.
 Ferry, David. The Limits of Mortality. Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 1959.
 Grob, Alan. The Philosophic Mind: A Study of Wordsworth's Poetry and Thought 1797–1805. Columbus: Ohio State University, 1973.
 Hartman, Geoffrey. Wordsworth's Poetry 1787–1814. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1967.
 Hartman, Geoffrey. "Wordsworth, Inscriptions, and Romantic Nature Poetry" in Sensibility to Romanticism, ed. F. Hilles and Harold Bloom. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1965.
 Hirsch, E. D. Wordsworth and Schelling. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1960.
 Jones, Mark. The 'Lucy Poems': A Case Study in Literary Knowledge. Toronto:The University of Toronto Press, 1995.
 Knight, William Angus (editor). The Poetical Works of William Wordsworth Vol 2. Macmillan, 1896.
 Kostelanetz, Anne. "Wordsworth's 'Conversations': A Reading of 'The Two April Mornings' and 'The Fountain,'" ELH 33 (1966).
 Mahoney, John. William Wordsworth: A Poetic Life. New York: Fordham University Press, 1997.
 Matlak, Richard. "Wordsworth's Lucy Poems in Psychobiographical Context". PMLA, Vol. 93, No. 1 (Jan. 1978): 46–65.
 Moorman, Mary. William Wordsworth A Biography: The Early Years 1770–1803. London: Oxford University Press, 1968.

1800 poems
1842 poems
Poetry by William Wordsworth


Tom Ochiltree (1872–1897) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse who won the 1875 Preakness Stakes and several other major stakes. In 1877, he lost in one of the most famous match races of the nineteenth century – a race that had been so anticipated that both houses of Congress were adjourned so members could attend. In 2016, Tom Ochiltree was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame.

Background
Tom Ochiltree was bred by A.J. Alexander's Woodburn Stud and was one of the last offspring of the great foundation stallion, Lexington. He was an enormous colt, eventually reaching  high with a girth of 76 inches. According to racing historian Walter Vosburgh, "For size, bone, and coarseness, Tom Ochiltree surpassed all contemporaries."

Purchased by J. F. Chamberlain at the 1873 Woodburn yearling sale for $500, he was later resold to tobacco heir George Lynde Lorillard. He was named after Colonel Thomas P. Ochiltree, who joined the Texas Rangers at age 14, fought for the Confederacy during the Civil War, became a newspaper editor and served as a United States Congressman. The colt was originally trained by Hall of Fame conditioner Wyndham Walden, the founder of Bowling Brook Farm in Carroll County, Maryland).

Tom Ochiltree had two great rivals, Ten Broeck and Parole. Ten Broeck was foaled in the same year as Tom Ochiltree at the neighboring Nantura Stock Farm. Parole was born one year later, bred by Pierre Lorillard IV, the brother and racing rival of Tom Ochiltree's owner. In 1877, these three would ignite the racing world in one of its biggest match races.

Racing career

Because he was still growing, Tom Ochiltree did not race at age two. At three, he won in his career debut in a six-furlong race at Pimlico Racetrack. Two days later, he returned to win the third running of the Preakness Stakes, then run at a distance of  miles. He then finished third in the Belmont Stakes and Jersey Derby, and last in the Ocean Hotel Stakes. He was given some time off and was switched to trainer Anthony Taylor. Returning in October, he won the  mile Annual Stakes and the two mile Dixie Stakes before finishing third in the Breckenridge Stakes to Aristides, winner of the first Kentucky Derby. Tom Ochiltree finished 1875 with a record of four wins from nine starts and earnings of $6,150.

At age four, Tom Ochiltree returned to trainer Walden and became one of the top handicap horses on the east coast. He won eight of ten starts, including the Baltimore Cup at  miles, the Jockey Club Handicap at two miles, the Centennial Stakes at  miles, the Monmouth Cup at  miles, Capital Stakes at three miles, Saratoga Cup at  miles, Maturity Stakes at three miles and the Centennial Cup at four miles. One of his few losses that year was to Parole in the -mile All Ages Sweepstakes, but he then beat Parole in the Saratoga Cup despite carrying 21 more pounds than his rival.

At age 5, Tom Ochiltree won nine of 14 starts, also finishing second four times. His wins included the Westchester Cup at  miles, the Grand National Handicap at  miles, the All-Aged Stakes at  miles and a second Baltimore Cup at . He beat Parole in both the Grand National and All-Aged Stakes, carrying higher weight every time.

At the same time Ten Broeck was winning all his races. These two were then considered the best horses in the Union, with Parole a distant third. In those days, that could mean only one thing: a match race.

The Pimlico Match
On October 24, 1877, at Baltimore, Maryland's Pimlico a "match" race was run between Parole, Ten Broeck and Tom Ochiltree.  It was scheduled for the first day of the October meeting of the Maryland Jockey Club.  By this time Ten Broeck ("King of the Western Turf") was winning everything in the midwest, while Tom Ochiltree and Parole were exchanging wins on the east coast that were so heated that a backer of Parole attempted to poison Tom Ochiltree, an attempt that sickened his stablemate Leander instead.  That July Parole had beaten Tom Ochiltree in the Saratoga Cup but Tom Ochiltree had come back and beaten Parole twice that October in the Grand National Stakes and All-Aged Handicap.  On the day of the three-way match, perhaps 20,000 people showed up, filling every place in the stands or sitting in their carriages to watch.  Both houses of Congress adjourned so that members could attend.  At 3:15 in the afternoon the horses went to post.  Ten Broeck wore red ribbons in his mane, his stable colors.  Parole wore cherry and black.  Tom Ochiltree wore orange and blue.  In the two and one-half mile race, Ten Broeck immediately led, followed by Tom Ochiltree, then Parole.  And so it went in this order for quite some time.  Twice Tom Ochiltree made a bid for the lead and won it on his second try. Parole was still trailing.  And then, suddenly, Parole came on with a rush, passed both horses and won by four lengths.

Aftermath
The result was a surprise. No one had ever beaten Ten Broeck and Tom Ochiltree had beaten Parole more times than he was beaten.  Later, the owners of both horses explained away their losses.  Ten Broeck had been seen for some time before the race to have had a cough.  As for Tom Ochiltree, before the race Wyndham Walden had telegraphed George Lorillard to warn him Tom Ochiltree had a cough.  Lorillard had instructed him to run Tom Ochiltree "…so as not to spoil the race."  But he also put $500 on Parole's nose.

A gelding, Parole raced on, becoming one of the few American horses to win a major English race.  Both Ten Broeck and Tom Ochiltree were retired to stud.

Tom Ochiltree died on December 29, 1897, at the Middleburg, Maryland farm of his owner Wyndham Walden at the age of 25. In 2016, he was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame, joining both Ten Broeck and Parole.

Sire line tree

Tom Ochiltree
Tattler
Sluggard
Cynosure
Major Domo
Anecdote

Pedigree

References

External links
 Tom Ochiltree's pedigree, image and stats

1872 racehorse births
1897 racehorse deaths
Racehorses bred in Kentucky
Racehorses trained in the United States
American Champion racehorses
Thoroughbred family A7
Byerley Turk sire line
United States Thoroughbred Racing Hall of Fame inductees


is a Japanese football player who plays for Tokyo Verdy.

National team career
In August 2007, Kawano was elected Japan U-17 national team for 2007 U-17 World Cup. He played all 3 matches and scored a goal against Haiti.

Club statistics
Updated to end of 2018 season.

1Includes Japanese Super Cup.

National team career statistics

Appearances in major competitions

Honours
 Japan National Team
AFC U-17 Championship : 2006

References

External links

Profile at Sagan Tosu
Profile at FC Tokyo

1990 births
Living people
Association football people from Kanagawa Prefecture
Japanese men's footballers
Japan men's youth international footballers
J1 League players
J2 League players
Tokyo Verdy players
FC Tokyo players
Sagan Tosu players
Men's association football midfielders
Sportspeople from Sagamihara


The second USS Wampanoag (ATA-202), originally USS ATA-202, is a United States Navy auxiliary ocean-going tug in commission from 1945 to 1947.

USS ATA-202 was laid down on 24 August 1944 at Port Arthur, Texas, by the Gulfport Boiler and Welding Works. She was launched on 10 October 1944 and commissioned on 8 December 1944.

ATA-202 completed her shakedown and training during the latter half of December 1944 and proceeded via the Panama Canal to the Pacific Ocean. On 12 January 1945, she reported for World War II duty with the United States Pacific Fleet and, by late April 1945 had joined Service Squadron (ServRon) 10 at Ulithi Atoll in support of the Okinawa campaign. Late in May 1945, she moved to Okinawa for a brief tour of duty, then returned to her base at Ulithi Atoll in mid-June 1945. It is reasonable to assume that her round-trip voyage to Okinawa was for the purpose of towing battle-damaged ships back to Ulithi Atoll for repair.

ATA-202 continued her duty with ServRon 10 through the end of the war, in which hostilities with Japan ceased on 15 August 1945. She was awarded one battle star for her service during World War II.

ATA-202 returned to the United States in September 1945, and began nine months of duty in the 11th Naval District at San Diego, California. She was reassigned to the Atlantic Reserve Fleet's Texas Group at Orange, Texas, in March 1946 and reported there in July 1946. On 27 February 1947, she was decommissioned there and berthed with the Texas Group, Atlantic Reserve Fleet. While in reserve, she was renamed USS Wampanoag  on 16 July 1948.

Wampanoag remained in reserve until 25 February 1959 at which time she was loaned to the United States Coast Guard. In the Coast Guard, she became the USCGC Comanche (WATA-202), later redesignated WMEC-202 as a medium endurance cutter. On 1 June 1969, her name was struck from the Navy Directory and she was transferred permanently to the Coast Guard.

Comanche operated along the United States West Coast from 1959 to 1967. She moved her home port to Corpus Christi, Texas in 1967, then moved it again to Eureka, California, in 1969. She operated from Eureka until decommissioned by the Coast Guard on 30 January 1980 and laid up. She was sold into commercial service in 1991, and operated commercially in the Puget Sound area of Washington until laid up in 2000.

In 2007, the Comanche was given to the Comanche 202 Foundation, a non-profit founded on 11 September 2007, for the purpose of preserving, restoring and operating the last complete ATA and the first U.S. Coast Guard Medium Endurance Cutter preserved on the west coast.  As of 2015, she has been moored at the Tyee Marina, Tacoma, Washington, during the winter months and also at the Bremerton Marina, Bremerton, WA and visits other Puget Sounds port. Comanche is frequently open for tours.  Comanche is fully operational and makes cruises on the Puget Sound.

In October 2021 the command of the vessel was assumed by the ATA 202 Foundation, a non profit, to continue the ship's restoration and increase public access.

References

External links
coastguardchannel.com COMANCHE 202 FOUNDATION
Photo gallery at navsource.org
https://www.facebook.com/COMANCHE202
ata202foundation.org

Sotoyomo-class tugs
Ships built in Orange, Texas
1944 ships
World War II auxiliary ships of the United States
Comanche
Ships of the United States
Museum ships in Washington (state)


Jorge Daniel Valdez Godoy, (born 14 July 1974) is a football defender from Paraguay.

Career
Valdez started his career in Olimpia Asunción as a right-side defender, and won several national championships with the team. He then went on to play for many Paraguayan teams and for the Argentine side Central Norte. His nickname is "Repollo" (Cabbage).

Titles

References

External links

1974 births
Living people
Paraguayan men's footballers
Club Olimpia footballers
Club Sol de América footballers
Sportivo Luqueño players
Men's association football defenders
Paraguay men's international footballers
People from Concepción, Paraguay


Kyle Clement (born April 10, 1985) is a former American football defensive tackle. He was signed by the Pittsburgh Steelers as an undrafted free agent in 2008. He helped the Steelers win the Vince Lombardi Trophy in Super Bowl XLIII over the Arizona Cardinals. He played college football at Northwood.

Early years
Clement attended Hudsonville High School, in Hudsonville, Michigan.

College career
He played college football at Northwood University in Midland, Michigan, where he was a four-year starter and a standout defensive lineman.  He was twice named first-team all conference in the GLIAC, and was selected to participate in the Cactus Bowl after his senior season.

Professional career

Pittsburgh Steelers
Clement was signed to a 2-year deal by the Pittsburgh Steelers as an undrafted free agent following his college career. During training camp, Clement suffered a knee injury that required microfracture surgery.  He was placed on injured reserve for the remainder of the 2008 season.

Clement was a member of the Super Bowl XLIII Champion Pittsburgh Steelers.

External links
Pittsburgh Steelers bio

1985 births
Living people
People from Hudsonville, Michigan
Sportspeople from Ottawa County, Michigan
Players of American football from Michigan
American football defensive tackles
Northwood Timberwolves football players
Pittsburgh Steelers players


Wolffiella is a genus of aquatic plants commonly called duckweeds in the family Araceae. Common names for plants in this genus include bogmat and mud-midget. They are rootless and have a keel that allows them to maintain their orientation in the water. They are small, measuring  to  in width.

Selected species
Wolffiella caudata
Wolffiella denticulata
Wolffiella gladiata
Wolffiella hyalina
Wolffiella lingulata
Wolffiella neotropica
Wolffiella oblonga
Wolffiella repanda
Wolffiella rotunda
Wolffiella welwitschii

References

Further reading
Bown, Deni (2000). Aroids: Plants of the Arum Family. Timber Press. .

Lemnoideae
Araceae genera


Brown & Orange is an album by the Australian folk comedian The Bedroom Philosopher (Justin Heazlewood) released in February 2009. It was produced by Chris Scallan, Martin "Moose" Lubran and Ken Heazlewood.

It is the second album by The Bedroom Philosopher, following In Bed with My Doona in 2005, which contained his radio hit "I'm So Post Modern", the most popular independently released Australian single in 2005, reaching number 72 in the following year's Triple J Hottest 100.

The music video for the album's second single, "Wow Wow's Song", acquired 20,000 plays on YouTube within its first five days of release and garnered many impressive statistics in Australia, New Zealand and globally.

Concerts performed in 2008 as The Bedroom Philosopher and His Awkwardstra premiered many of the songs on the album.

Personnel
 Justin Heazlewood - vocals, guitar
 Martin "Moose" Lubran - keyboards, guitar, percussion, vibraphone
 Haydn Meggit - drums
 John Maddox - double bass
 Andy Hazel - bass guitar
 Harry Angus - trumpet
 Tripod - backing vocals
 Wow Wow - vocals
 Xani Colac - violin
 Michael O'Connor - flute
 Hanna Silver - piano, synthesizers
 Anna Knight - vocals
 Will Hindmarsh - harmonica
 Miles O'Neil - banjo

Track listing
 "Strange Piece of Music"
 "Party in My Head"
 "What Am I Supposed to Be Doing?"
 "The Happiest Boy"
 "I'm So Lonely"
 "(Brown)"
 "Jesus on Big Brother"
 "For the Love I Have for You"
 "Circus Bear"
 "(Orange)"
 "Swan Song"
 "Deux Cygnes Noirs"
 "Wow Wow's Song (La La La)"
 "(Social Life at the Psychiatric Unit 30.07.77)"

Singles
 "The Happiest Boy" was released as a single in September 2007.
 "Wow Wow's Song", in an edited format, was released as a single in October 2008.
 "Party In My Head" was released in March 2009

References

External links

The Bedroom Philosopher's MySpace page.

2009 albums
The Bedroom Philosopher albums


Aroma Espresso Bar () (or simply Aroma) is an Israeli coffeehouse chain with 162 locations around the country, and several locations in the United States, Canada, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine.

History
Founded in 1994 on Hillel Street in downtown Jerusalem by brothers Yariv and Sahar Shefa, Aroma first started branching out beyond that city in 2000, following a 1999 dispute between the two brothers which led to the formation of separate chains, Aroma Tel Aviv (run by Sahar) operating in Tel Aviv-Yafo, and Aroma Israel (run by Yariv) operating in the rest of the world. Despite being separate companies, the two chains maintain similar branding, creating a misconception of being a common entity, up to the point that Aroma Israel put labels on its products emphasizing the lack of "business, logistical or management links" between the two  following a food poisoning incident in an Aroma Tel Aviv branch.

In 2006 the first overseas branch opened in SoHo in New York City. In 2007 Aroma opened its first location in Canada, in downtown Toronto in The Annex. In the following years, branches continued to open in Toronto and on 72nd Street in New York City, as well as the first location in Kyiv, Ukraine. Aroma has 46 Canadian locations in Ontario (mostly in Greater Toronto Area), as well as five US locations across New York City (1), New Jersey (1), Maryland (1), and Florida (2). Aroma has since closed its locations in New York City and Maryland.

Social responsibility
In 1996, Aroma's first branch in Jerusalem began integrating workers with special needs. Today the chain employs such people in nearly every branch in the country.

Comparison surveys
A survey by an Israeli market research company found that more Israeli consumers are inclined to choose a cafe based on accessibility and availability, ahead of cost and taste of the food. According to Haaretz newspaper, this may explain the success of Aroma, which has 153 outlets in Israel. Respondents were asked which chain they thought had the cheapest prices and best service. Aroma won by a wide margin.

See also

Café Café
Café Hillel
Cofix
Economy of Israel
List of coffeehouse chains
List of restaurants in Israel

References

External links

Aroma website
Marrone Rosse website
Aroma USA

Food and drink companies of Israel
Restaurants established in 1994
Israeli brands
Restaurant chains in Israel
Coffeehouses and cafés in Israel
Israeli companies established in 1994


Pickfordiateuthis is a genus of tiny squid in the family Loliginidae. While four species have been assigned to the genus, only three have been named. No member is known to reach a maximum mantle length of more than 22 mm.

The genus was erected in 1953 by Gilbert L. Voss, who named it in honour of biologist Grace Evelyn Pickford. Voss placed the sole species known at the time, P. pulchella, in its own family, Pickfordiateuthidae, but this was sunk in synonymy with Loliginidae by Thomas Brakoniecki in his 1996 revision of Pickfordiateuthis. Brakoniecki also described P. vossi as new and identified a third, unnamed species, P. sp. A. A fourth species, P. bayeri, was added in 2001 by Clyde Roper and Michael Vecchione.

References

Further reading
 Arango, C.P. & J.M. Díaz 1996. First record of the pigmy squid, Pickfordiateuthis pulchella (Cephalopoda: Myopsida: Loliginidae), from the Caribbean coast of Colombia. Boletín de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras 25(1): 107–109.

Squid


"Lucky Me" is a song by Australian pop group Bachelor Girl. The song was released in April 1999 as the third single from the group's debut studio album, Waiting for the Day (1998). The song was written by the group's keyboardist, James Roche. The music video was filmed inside Glen Waverley Shopping Centre.

Track listing
 CD single
 "Lucky Me" - 4:32
 "I Don't Believe You" - 4:01
 "Treat Me Good" - 4:31

Charts

Release history

References

Bachelor Girl songs
1999 singles
1998 songs


The Third Federal Electoral District of Coahuila (III Distrito Electoral Federal de Coahuila) is one of the 300 Electoral Districts into which Mexico is divided for the purpose of elections to the federal Chamber of Deputies and one of seven such districts in the state of Coahuila.

It elects one deputy to the lower house of Congress for each three-year legislative period, by means of the first past the post system.

District territory
Under the 2005 districting scheme, Coahuila's Second District is located in the central-eastern portion of the state and
covers the municipalities of Abasolo, Arteaga, Candela, Castaños, Escobedo, General Cepeda, Juárez, Monclova, Progreso, Ramos Arizpe, Sabinas and Sacramento.

The district's head town (cabecera distrital), where results from individual polling stations are gathered together and collated, is the city  of Monclova.

Deputies returned to Congress from this district

 1943–1946: Raúl López Sánchez (PRM)
L Legislature
 1976–1979: Fernando Cabrera Rodríguez (PRI)
LI Legislature
 1979–1982:
LII Legislature
 1982–1985:
LIII Legislature
 1985–1988:
LIV Legislature
 1988–1991:
LV Legislature
 1991–1994: Fidel Hernández Puente (PRI)
LVI Legislature
 1994–1997: Miguel Ángel García García (PRI)
LVII Legislature
 1997–2000: Martha Laura Carranza Aguayo (PRI)
LVIII Legislature
 2000–2003: Oscar Maldonado Domínguez (PAN)
LIX Legislature
 2003–2006: Ricardo Rodríguez Rocha (PRI)
LX Legislature
 2006–2009: Rolando Rivero Rivero (PAN)

References

Federal electoral districts of Mexico
Federal Electoral District 03
Federal Electoral District 03


Peter Chelsom (born 20 April 1956) is a British film director, writer, and actor. He has directed such films as Hector and the Search for Happiness, Serendipity, and Shall We Dance? Peter Chelsom is a member of the British Academy, the American Academy, The Directors Guild of America, and The Writers Guild of America.

Early life
Chelsom was born in Blackpool, Lancashire, the son of antiques shop owners Kay and Reginald Chelsom. He was educated at Wrekin College (1969-1973) and later studied at the Central School of Drama in London. He has dual citizenship in the US and the UK, and  is an Honorary Citizen of the small town Fivizzano in Tuscany.

Career
Before the age of 30, Chelsom played roles at the Royal Shakespeare Company opposite Patrick Stewart, the Royal National Theatre alongside Sir Anthony Hopkins, and the Royal Court Theatre in London. During that time he took part in numerous film and television productions, including A Woman of Substance in 1985, which also included Jenny Seagrove and Deborah Kerr.

While acting, Chelsom developed a growing interest in writing and directing. His directorial debut, Treacle, won a BAFTA nomination and invitations to festivals all over the world.

From 1985 to 1998 he ran the film course at the Central School of Drama and later taught at both the Actors' Institute and Cornell University.

His first full-length feature was the 1991 romantic comedy, Hear My Song. The film was inspired by the life of the Irish tenor, Josef Locke, played in the film by Ned Beatty. The Evening Standard British Film Awards named Chelsom Best Newcomer for his work on the film. Roger Ebert complimented it as "the very soul of a great small film."

Chelsom's second feature, Funny Bones (1995), is a film about comedy. Starring Oliver Platt, Jerry Lewis, Leslie Caron, Freddie Davies, and Lee Evans, it tells the story of two half brothers, one American and the other British, who will stop at nothing to get a laugh... even murder. Funny Bones won Best Picture at five European film festivals, and the "Peter Sellers Award for Comedy" at the Evening Standard British Film Awards.

His third feature, The Mighty (1998), was based on the best-selling book Freak the Mighty. The film stars Sharon Stone, Gillian Anderson, Gena Rowlands, and Harry Dean Stanton. It received two Golden Globe Nominations.
He followed this with Town and Country in 2001, starring Warren Beatty, Diane Keaton, Goldie Hawn, and Garry Shandling. That same year he directed Serendipity, with John Cusack and Kate Beckinsale, which grossed $50 million.

His next film in 2004 was a remake of the 1996 film, Shall We Dance? The American version starred Richard Gere, Jennifer Lopez, Susan Sarandon, and Stanley Tucci. The film grossed $170 million worldwide.

In 2009, Chelsom directed Hannah Montana: The Movie for Disney. The film broke box office records when it opened in the USA to a figure of $32 million on its first weekend.

In 2014, Chelsom directed Hector and the Search for Happiness, starring Simon Pegg, Rosamund Pike, Christopher Plummer, Toni Collette, Stellan Skarsgard, and Jean Reno. The film had its US Premiere in a special presentation at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival. It tells the story of a disillusioned psychiatrist travelling the world, researching what makes people happy. Monte Carlo Film Festival named Chelsom Best Director for this film.

Chelsom directed the science fiction romance The Space Between Us (2017), starring Gary Oldman, Asa Butterfield, Britt Robertson, and Carla Gugino.

Selected filmography

Director
Treacle (Short Film, 1987) Also writer
Hear My Song (1991) Also writer
Funny Bones (1995) Also writer
The Mighty (1998)
Town & Country (2001)
Serendipity (2001)
Shall We Dance? (2004)
Hannah Montana: The Movie (2009)
Hector and the Search for Happiness (2014) Also writer
The Space Between Us (2017)
Security (2021)

Actor
 Sorrell and Son (TV Series, 1984) as Kit Sorrell
 Weekend Playhouse (TV Series, 1984) as Kenny
 A Woman of Substance (TV Mini-Series, 1985) as Edwin Fairley
 Bill the Minder (TV Series, 1985) as The Narrator
 Christmas Present (1985) as Nigel Playfayre
 Time and the Conways (TV Movie, 1985) as Alan Conway
 Star Quality (TV Movie, 1985) as Bryan Snow
 Indian Summer (1987) as Oliver Sutherland
 Theatre Night (TV Series, 1988) episode "The Miser" as Cleante

Awards
 Treacle (1988)
 1988 BAFTA Awards – Nominated Best Short Film
 Hear My Song (1991)
 1992 Golden Globes – Nominated Best Supporting Actor for Ned Beatty
 1993 BAFTA Awards – Nominated Best Screenplay – Original, shared with Adrian Dunbar
 1993 Evening Standard British Film Awards – Won, Most Promising Newcomer
 1993 London Critics Circle Film Awards – Won, ALFS Award British Newcomer of the Year
 1993 British Comedy Awards – Won, Best Film
 Funny Bones (1995)
 1995 Paris Film Festival – Won, Grand Prix
 1995 Dinard British Film Festival – Won, Golden Hitchcock
 1995 Emden International Film Festival – Won, Emden Film Award
 1996 Brussels International Film Festival – Won, Audience Award and Crystal Star for Best European Feature
 1996 Evening Standard British Film Awards – Won, Peter Sellers Award for Comedy
 1996 London Critics Circle Film Awards – Won, ALFS Award British Producer of the Year Shared With: Simon Fields
 The Mighty (1998)
 1999 Golden Globes – Nominated Best Supporting Actress for Sharon Stone and Nominated Best Original Song for "The Mighty" by Sting and Trevor Jones
 1998 Giffoni Film Festival – Won, Silver Gryphon and Young People's Jury Award
 Hector and the Search for Happiness (2014)
 2015 Monte-Carlo Comedy Film Festival – Won Best Director

References

External links

1956 births
English male film actors
English film directors
Living people
English-language film directors
Writers from Lancashire
English screenwriters
English male screenwriters
People from Blackpool
Royal Shakespeare Company members
Alumni of the Royal Central School of Speech and Drama
Male actors from Lancashire
20th-century American male actors
Cornell University faculty
American male film actors


The 2004 congressional elections in Indiana were elections for Indiana's delegation to the United States House of Representatives, which occurred along with congressional elections nationwide on November 2, 2004. Republicans held a majority of Indiana's delegation, 6-3, before the elections. The only incumbent to lose re-election was Democrat Baron Hill, who lost to Republican Mike Sodrel in the 9th district.

Results
The following are the final results from the Secretary of State of Indiana.

Overview

District 1

This district includes a small strip of northwest Indiana. The district has been one of the most Democratic in Indiana.

District 2

This district is centered on South Bend, Indiana and the Indiana portion of the Michiana region.

District 3

This district is located in the northeast corner of Indiana and has a large population center in Fort Wayne.

District 4

This district is located in west-central Indiana. Located within the district is the city of West Lafayette and many suburban towns.

District 5

This district located mostly north of Indianapolis, including the largest suburbs of Indianapolis in Hamilton County.

District 6

This district takes in a large portion of eastern Indiana, including the cities of Muncie, Anderson, and Richmond.

District 7

This district is in the heart of Central Indiana and encompasses most of Marion County/Indianapolis.

District 8

Population centers of Evansville and Terre Haute are located within its limits along with numerous other small towns.

District 9

This district is located in southeast Indiana. The largest city located within the district is Bloomington followed by; Columbus, New Albany, Jeffersonville, and Clarksville.

See also
United States House of Representatives elections, 2004
United States Senate election in Indiana, 2004
United States presidential election in Indiana, 2004

References

2004
Indiana
2004 Indiana elections


The St-Hilaire train disaster occurred on June 29, 1864, near the present-day town of Mont-Saint-Hilaire, Quebec. A passenger train fell through an open swing bridge into the Richelieu River after the crew failed to obey a stop signal. The widely accepted death toll is 99 people.
The disaster remains the worst railway accident in Canadian history.

Background
During the 19th century, the Richelieu River served as an important waterway for trade between New York City and Montreal. Tourism also greatly developed in the area due to the steamboats that travelled up and down the river. The Belœil Bridge was built as a swing bridge so that the railway would not interrupt the shipping lanes. The bridge connects the present-day municipalities of Otterburn Park, on the river's east bank, with McMasterville, on its west bank. Other nearby municipalities are Mont-St-Hilaire, on the east bank, and Beloeil, on the west bank.

The British-owned Grand Trunk Railroad company had been founded in 1852 to provide railroads in what is now Ontario and Quebec. By the early 1860s, the cost of building the railroad system together with the failure to achieve expected levels of usage left the company deeply in debt.

Disaster
On June 29, 1864, a Grand Trunk train carrying between 354 and 475 passengers, many of them German and Polish immigrants, was travelling from Quebec City to Montreal. According to his own testimony the engineer in charge of the train, William Burnie, had been born in Glasgow in 1838, immigrated to Montreal at the age of 8, was employed by the Grand Trunk from 1858 onward, and had been promoted to the rank of locomotive engineer on 18 June 1864.

The passengers had arrived in a ship from the city-state of the Free City of Hamburg the previous day. Specialized immigration cars, colonist cars, had not yet been developed for North American immigration, so the passengers were crammed into nine crudely converted box cars and one old passenger car.

At around 1:20 a.m. local time the train was approaching the Belœil Bridge. The sky was clear that night. The swing bridge had been opened to allow the passage of five barges and a steamer ship. A red light  ahead of the bridge signalled to the train that the crossing was open and it needed to slow. However, the light was not acknowledged by the conductor, Thomas Finn, or the engineer, William Burnie, and the train continued towards the bridge from the east. Burnie's decision not to stop before the bridge was a violation of the safety laws in Canada East (modern day Quebec).

At 1:20 a.m. the train came onto the bridge and fell through the open gap. The engine and eleven coaches fell one after another on top of each other, crushing a barge underneath. The train and barge sank into an area of the river with a depth of .

The crash killed 99 people aboard and approximately 100 more were injured. Among the dead were Thomas Finn and the engine fireman. William Burnie was able to escape the wreck with slight injuries. The numismatist Alfred Sandham who was living in Montreal at the time described the scene: "The cars were literally broken to pieces, and between the piers of the bridge lay the sunken vessels covered with the wreckage of the cars, amongst which were entangled the bruised and mangled bodies of the unfortune victims". One witness described the scene: “It seemed as if they had been placed under a press of enormous power and crushed into an unrecognizable mass of splinters and iron, mixed here and there with car wheels in every position, shreds of clothing, loaves of bread, bundles, and human bodies bruised, battered and covered with blood." A journalist from The Montreal Gazette newspaper reported the scene: "A shapeless blue mass of heads and hands and feet protruded among the splinters and framework and gradually resolved itself into a closely packed mass of human beings, all ragged and bloody and dented and dinged from crown to foot with blue bruises."

Response
Survivors were rescued by the crews of the steamer and barges, who in some cases had to chop open the sides of the sinking boxcars. The Grand Trunk Railway sent large numbers of men to assist the recovery and relief efforts the following day. The rescue effort was supported by members of the German Society of Montreal, the St. George's Society of Montreal, the St. Patrick's Society of Montreal and the Irish Protestant Benevolent Society of Montreal. The habitants helped to pull the wounded out of the wreckage and makeshift hospitals were set up in buildings near the incident. Roger Cloutier of the Beloeil-Mont-Saint-Hilaire Historical Society stated In 2013: "Several residents of Beloeil and surrounding towns came to lend a hand to rescue as many survivors as possible". The financially struggling Grand Trunk Railroad company, which feared a blot on its reputation, made a great point of assisting the victims.

The hospitals and other institutions in nearby Montreal were used for the injured passengers. Most of the injured were treated at the Protestant hospital and Catholic hospital, namely Montreal General and Hotel Dieu. Some of the most badly injured had to be treated at the railroad shed as they arrived in Montreal.  The dead were also brought to Montreal and buried in the Mount Royal and Roman Catholic cemeteries. Thomas Roddick, a young doctor from the British colony of Newfoundland who was visiting Montreal, was asked by George Fenwick, a surgeon at Montreal General, to assist with treating the injured. Roddick, who had been planning to go to Edinburgh for more medical studies, ended up staying in Montreal as a result of his experiences with treating the injured as Fenwick was impressed with his skills. Roddick became a prominent doctor in Montreal and was knighted by King George V in 1914 for his medical work.

Aftermath
The Grand Trunk Railway tried to blame the disaster on the conductor and engineer for failing to obey the standing order to stop before crossing the bridge. The engineer, who had only recently been hired, claimed that he was not familiar with the route and that he did not see the signal. He also claimed that the signal was not clear enough for him to see. Burnie was convicted of negligence on 16 July 1864 and sentenced to 10 years in prison. Burnie claimed that he did not know the route very well, but the fact that he admitted that he knew he had to stop his train before crossing the bridge was strong evidence against him.

On October 5, 1864, a grand jury placed full responsibility for the disaster on the Grand Trunk Railway for negligence in failing to ensure all trains stopped before crossing the bridge as required by statute: "…the Grand Jury consider it their duty to reiterate their solemn conviction that the Grand Trunk Railway Company of Canada are mainly responsible for the melancholy catastrophe of the 29th of June last, and the great destruction of life caused thereat, and that they trust the said Company will be found amenable to tribunal for their shameful treatment of their numerous passengers on that occasion." However, the company was only given a reprimand for "inadequate supervision".

See also

 List of rail accidents in Canada
 List of Canadian disasters by death toll
 List of rail accidents (before 1880)

Books

References

Railway accidents in 1864
1864 in Canada
Railway accidents and incidents in Canada
Bridge disasters in Canada
Bridge disasters involving open moveable bridges
Passenger rail transport in Quebec
Rail transport in Montérégie
History of Montérégie
Disasters in Quebec
Railway accidents involving a signal passed at danger
Rail accidents caused by a driver's error
La Vallée-du-Richelieu Regional County Municipality
Beloeil, Quebec
1864 disasters in Canada


Peter Antony Goodwin Fisher, FRCP (2 September 1950 – 15 August 2018) was an English physician who served as physician to Queen Elizabeth II for 17 years.

Life
A graduate of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, he went on to train at Westminster Hospital Medical School.

He was an Honorary Consultant Rheumatologist at King's College Hospital. He served as Clinical Director for 18 years, and Director of Research at the Royal London Hospital for Integrated Medicine (formerly the Royal London Homoeopathic Hospital) for 22 years. He was also President of the Faculty of Homeopathy and Editor-in-chief of the journal Homeopathy.

Fisher chaired the World Health Organisation's working group on homeopathy and served on their Expert Advisory Panel on Traditional and Complementary Medicine.

As a prominent practitioner of alternative medicine he was frequently criticised by sceptics. In 2006 he participated in a debate with science writer Ben Goldacre at the Natural History Museum on Does Homeopathy Work?; his contribution was described by evidence-based medicine campaigner David Colquhoun as "shameless cherry-picking of the evidence". His claim that randomised controlled trials "cannot capture the possible benefits of homeopathy" and his defence of the disproven "water memory" hypothesis of homeopathic medicine was critiqued by Rose Shapiro in her book Suckers.

Fisher was awarded the Polish Academy of Medicine's Albert Schweitzer Gold Medal in 2007.

He had two daughters, Lily and Eve, from his marriage to Nina Oxenham, from whom he was divorced in 2015.

Fisher's other interests were gardening, sailing, swimming, skiing and scuba diving. As well as English, he spoke French, Afrikaans, and Dutch as a child.

Death
Fisher died in a cycling accident on 15 August 2018. Following his death, Dr Gill Gaskin, medical director of the specialist hospitals board of University College London Hospitals (UCLH), said, "Peter was a highly regarded colleague and friend of many at the RLHIM, where he worked for more than 35 years. He was an international figure in homeopathy who was committed to holistic and compassionate care for his patients."

Publications
 Alternative Answers to Arthritis and Rheumatism, 1999
 Numerous articles on homeopathy, including:

References and notes

20th-century English medical doctors
1950 births
2018 deaths
Cycling road incident deaths
Road incident deaths in London
Alumni of Emmanuel College, Cambridge
Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians
People educated at Tonbridge School
British homeopaths
Academic journal editors


Invitation is a 1952 American melodrama film directed by Gottfried Reinhardt and starring Van Johnson, Dorothy McGuire and Ruth Roman. Johnson and McGuire play a happily married couple, until the wife learns a secret about her husband. The film was based on the short story "R.S.V.P." by Jerome Weidman. The theme song "Invitation" has since become a jazz standard.

Plot
Ellen Pierce (Dorothy McGuire) is very happily married to architect Dan (Van Johnson). However, due to a bout of rheumatic fever in her childhood, her heart is weak and she cannot exert herself too much; how frail she is, she does not really know. Her wealthy father (Louis Calhern) and the family doctor (Ray Collins) have kept from her the fact that she probably only has a few more months to live.

When Ellen visits acquaintance Maud Redwick (Ruth Roman), Dan's embittered former girlfriend, Maud reminds her about a vicious remark she had made at Ellen and Dan's wedding that he was only a "loan" for about a year. That, plus an invitation addressed to Dan to a medical conference and various other clues, leads Ellen to discover the truth, not only about her prognosis, but also an even more devastating secret: that her father had arranged the marriage to make her happy, and that Dan did not love her.

When Dan finds out, he confesses via flashbacks that he had initially rejected her father's offer, but due to a lack of success in his career, he had indeed married her at her father's behest. However, he tells her that he has since fallen deeply in love with her.

He tells her about a Doctor Toynberry who has come up with a new technique that has a good chance of curing her and begs her to undergo the operation he has arranged for her. If it is a success, they will know by spring. After absorbing everything, she goes through with the medical procedure. The film flashes forward to the spring, with her healthy and blissfully still married to Dan.

Cast
 Van Johnson as Daniel I. Pierce
 Dorothy McGuire as Ellen Bowker Pierce
 Ruth Roman as Maud Redwick
 Louis Calhern as Simon Bowker
 Ray Collins as Dr. Warren Pritchard
 Michael Chekhov as Dr. Fromm, a specialist Dan consults
 Lisa Golm as 	Agnes, the Maid
 Barbara Ruick as Sarah
 Norman Field as Arthur, the Chauffeur
 Matt Moore as Paul, the Butler
 Pat Conway as Bill
 Alex Gerry as Professor Redwick
 Lucille Curtis as Mrs. Redwick
 Lisa Gohm as Agnes, the housekeeper/cook

Theme music
The theme music by Bronislau Kaper was originally used in A Life of Her Own (1950), but became a jazz standard after being used in this film and becoming known as "Invitation".

Box office
According to MGM records the film earned $855,000 in the US and Canada and $600,000 elsewhere resulting in a loss of $178,000.

References

External links

1952 films
American black-and-white films
Films based on short fiction
1952 romantic drama films
Films directed by Gottfried Reinhardt
Films scored by Bronisław Kaper
Films set in Connecticut
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
American romantic drama films
Melodrama films
1950s English-language films
1950s American films


Michael E. Dreher (8 January 1944 – 22 May 2023) was a Swiss right-wing politician, and founder of the Freedom Party of Switzerland (originally "Motorist Party", ). He held a MBA from University of St. Gallen and was an MP from 1987 to 1999.

Political life
Dreher championed individual freedom, tax breaks, and individual mobility and adhered to the principles of Euroscepticism and Capitalism. He called for strict regulations on immigration, and the prevalence of law and order. However, he did not back the death penalty. In his early days, he joined the Free Democratic Party of Switzerland. In the 1970s he served as a secretary of the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission in Panmunjom, Korea with the rank of a Swiss army captain; he traveled extensively in East Asia and Eastern Europe. In 1979 he was a candidate in national elections for the first time. In the 1980s he created a pressure group under the name "Buergeraktion" (People's Action) and aggressively supported candidates of Switzerland's center-right majority parties. Dreher countered the rise of the Green Party of Switzerland and particularly rebuked its claims about Forest dieback which he denounced as the "lie of the century". His verbal attacks on the "reds and greens" were often rude, and rocked the political establishment of Switzerland. He opposed Swiss EU and UNO membership, but supported membership of Switzerland in North American Free Trade Agreement and European Free Trade Association for the purpose of free trade. In 1985 he left the FDP and founded the Motorist Party. He was a national MP from 1987 to 1999, and joined the Swiss People's Party which took up many of his ideas in 2001. He was the publisher of the capitalist magazine "Tacho" which promoted the cause of taxpayers and motorists, and President of the Motorist Foundation ("Auto-Allianz").

Personal life and death
Dreher was a legal and economic consultant, based in Zollikon, a ritzy Zürich suburb. He was married, had one son and lived in Küsnacht. He was a member of Scaphusia Schaffhausen and an admirer of US President Ronald Reagan and UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. Almost naturally, Dreher had a flair for cars and a collection of old-timers.

Dreher died on 22 May 2023, at the age of 79.

Organization
 Freedom Party of Switzerland
 Swiss People's Party

References

External links
 dreher.ch
 autoallianz.ch
 Political yearbook
 Entscheid der UBI
 Official biography of the Swiss parliament

1944 births
2023 deaths
People from Schaffhausen
Freedom Party of Switzerland politicians
Swiss People's Party politicians
Members of the National Council (Switzerland)
Swiss political party founders


is a former Japanese football player.

Club statistics

References

External links

1985 births
Living people
Kokushikan University alumni
Association football people from Tokyo
Japanese men's footballers
J1 League players
J2 League players
Tokyo Verdy players
Kataller Toyama players
Men's association football defenders