Vehicular Reactive Routing protocol (VRR) is a reactive routing protocol with geographical features which is specifically designed for Wireless Access for the Vehicular Environment (WAVE) standard in Vehicular ad hoc Networks (VANETs). The protocol takes advantages of the multichannel scheme defined in WAVE and uses the Control Channel (CCH) for signalling, and relies on one of the multiple Service Channels (SCHs) for payload data dissemination.

Protocol design

The Vehicular Reactive Routing (VRR) protocol is integrated with the WAVE stack and is embedded at the Logic Link Control layer. VRR is a multi-channel protocol which exercises efficient route discovery, route maintenance and data deliver processes with the use of the Control Channel (CCH) and a Service Channel (SCH). Standard WSA messages are transmitted over CCH and IPv6 packets are transmitted over SCH. To obtain a current neighbour location the WSA frame is modified to carry position information (incurs an additional 4 Bytes). Route request and route reply demands are transmitted inside WSA frames (additional 40 Bytes) over the Control Channel and data acknowledgment and all application data (IPv6 packets) are sent over the Service Channel.
Due to these modifications, a route is firstly established over the CCH and afterwards data are transmitted over the SCH.

VRR Protocol Messages
The VRR protocol uses 3 signalling message types. Messages, route request (RREQ) and route reply (RREP) are broadcast on the CCH and acknowledgment (ACK) packets are transmitted on the SCH. Data packets are IPv6 packets and are transmitted after route discovery or route maintenance on one of SCHs. RREQ and RREP are situated inside the WRA field of WSA frame and on each hop the WSA frame is discarded and a new WSA frame created. Both messages are transmitted in the lowest Traffic Class (background).

VRR Broadcasting
This algorithm is based on combination of three approaches
 Neighbour elimination family: receiving nodes themselves decide to rebroadcast data or not on base of network coverage. If all nodes in transmit range of receiver node are covered by the information, then the receiver node does not rebroadcast. If some node is not covered by the information in transmit range of the node then the node prepares data to rebroadcast.
 Source-dependent dominating sets: The principle is that a sender determines for a small subset of neighbours which is called multipoint relay (MPR). Only nodes inside the subset can rebroadcast information from the source.
 Probability: where probability depending on the distance between a transmitter and a receiver. A Higher probability is chosen for node further from a source and vice versa with a lower probability for closer nodes.

Principle of VRR Broadcasting simply like that:
A transmitter sends a broadcast data.
 If receiving node is chosen as MPR node by transmitter, it sets up shortest backoff time (waiting time before rebroadcasting).
 If receiving node is not chosen as MPR node by transmitter, it sets up backoff time depend on its mobility behaviour (distance from a transmitter, speed and vector of motion).
 If receiving node calculates that its neighbour's nodes are already covered by broadcast information, then the node doesn't rebroadcast.
An advantage of VRR Broadcasting approach is that all receiving nodes have some opportunity to rebroadcast information (not only MPR nodes), but only a few nodes have the best opportunity (i.e. the shortest backoff time) for rebroadcasting. Another advantage is that in the case of the multipoint relay node not always receiving the broadcast due to collisions (in a dense busy network) then other nodes who overhear can transmit the information instead.

Route discovery technique
The RREQ frames are broadcast by the VRR Broadcasting algorithm. If a node doesn't have a route to destination then the node rebroadcasts depend on the algorithm. If a node has a route to destination, it creates broadcast frame RREP and set up backoff time depend on mobility behaviour (distance from a transmitter, speed and vector of motion). If a RREP is transmitted by a transmitter, all neighbour's nodes received also the RREP and they discards own RREQ or RREP effort except node which is on a way to a source node.
Principle of VRR Route Discovery handshake (without MPRs) (animation)

References

Routing protocols
Ad hoc routing protocols
Routing algorithms


Elizabeth Eva Kishkon (January 7, 1931 – August 29, 2018) was a Canadian politician, who served as the 29th mayor of the city of Windsor, Ontario, from 1983 to 1985. She was the first woman ever elected to the mayoralty of Windsor.

Born in Oshawa, Ontario, Kishkon grew up in London, England. As mayor, she hosted a royal visit to Windsor by Queen Elizabeth and Prince Philip in 1984.

She was awarded an honorary LL.D. by the University of Windsor in 1986.

Federal New Democratic Party leader Ed Broadbent asked Kishkon to run as the NDP's candidate in Windsor West in the 1988 federal election. Kishkon refused, however, citing the fact that she did not want to run against Herb Gray.

She died in Windsor at the age of 87 in 2018.

References

1931 births
2018 deaths
Mayors of Windsor, Ontario
People from Oshawa
Women mayors of places in Ontario


The Qatar Amateur Radio Society (QARS) is a national non-profit organization for amateur radio enthusiasts in Qatar.  The organization uses QARS as its official international abbreviation, based on the English translation of the organization's name.  QARS operates a QSL bureau for those members who regularly communicate with amateur radio operators in other countries.

The QARS represents the interests of amateur radio operators and shortwave listeners in Qatar before national and international telecommunications regulatory authorities.  QARS is the national member society representing Qatar in the International Amateur Radio Union.

Management
The organization is headed by Abdullah Bin Hamad Al-Attiyah. Ahmed Al-Muhannadi serves as the vice-president.

Overview
In 2010, the Q-Post issued a stamp commemorating the QARS. This was the first time a postal service in the Middle East paid tribute to an amateur radio organization.

The QARS was involved in a cooperative project with the Qatar Satellite Company in 2014 to help secure the launch of Es'hail 2, a communications satellite that is set to carry analog and digital amateur radio transponders.

See also
Amateur Radio Association of Bahrain
Emirates Amateur Radio Society
Kuwait Amateur Radio Society

References

Qatar
Non-profit organisations based in Qatar
Radio in Qatar
Clubs and societies in Qatar
Organisations based in Doha


The 1910–11 FA Cup was the 40th season of the world's oldest association football competition, the Football Association Challenge Cup (more usually known as the FA Cup). Bradford City won the competition for the first and (as of 2021) only time, beating holders Newcastle United 1–0 in the replay of the final at Old Trafford in Manchester, through a goal from Jimmy Speirs. The first match, held at Crystal Palace, London, was a 0–0 draw.

Matches were scheduled to be played at the stadium of the team named first on the date specified for each round, which was always a Saturday. If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played, a replay would take place at the stadium of the second-named team later the same week. If the replayed match was drawn further replays would be held at neutral venues until a winner was determined. If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played in a replay, a 30-minute period of extra time would be played.

1911 was the first year that the current trophy design was used. The FA commissioned Fattorini's of Bradford to design and manufacture a new, larger trophy. Coincidentally, it was won by Bradford City in its first outing. This trophy still exists but is now too fragile to be used, so an exact replica was made by Toye, Kenning and Spencer and has been in use since the 1992 final. The replica of the original, last used in 1910, was presented to the FA's long-serving president Lord Kinnaird. It was sold at Christie's in 2005 to David Gold. Gold has loaned this trophy to the National Football Museum in Manchester where it is on permanent display.

Calendar
The format of the FA Cup for the season had two preliminary rounds, five qualifying rounds, four proper rounds, and the semi-finals and final.

First round proper
36 of the 40 clubs from the First and Second divisions joined the 12 clubs who came through the qualifying rounds. Four sides, Stockport County, Lincoln City, Huddersfield Town and Gainsborough Trinity were entered instead at the Fourth Qualifying Round. Huddersfield lost to Lincoln City in that round, Stockport County lost to Rochdale, while Lincoln City themselves lost to Stoke in the fifth qualifying round. Gainsborough and eleven other non-league clubs won through to the first round proper.

Sixteen non-league sides were given byes to the first round to bring the total number of teams up to 64. These were:

32 matches were scheduled to be played on Saturday, 14 January 1911. Four matches were drawn and went to replays in the following midweek fixture.

Second round proper
The sixteen second-round matches were played on Saturday, 4 February 1911. Four matches were drawn, with the replays taking place in the following midweek fixture.

Third round proper
The eight third-round matches were scheduled for Saturday, 25 February 1911. There were no replays.

Fourth round proper
The four fourth-round matches were scheduled for Saturday, 11 March 1911. There were no replays.

Semi-finals

The semi-final matches were played on Saturday, 25 March 1911. Both matches were 3–0 wins, to Newcastle United and Bradford City won, going on to meet each other in the final.

Final

The Final was the 40th FA Cup final. It was contested by Bradford City and Newcastle United. The first game resulted in a goalless draw at Crystal Palace. A single goal scored by Jimmy Speirs for Bradford won the replay at Old Trafford.

Match details

Replay

See also
FA Cup Final Results 1872-

References
General
Official site; fixtures and results service at TheFA.com
1910-11 FA Cup at rsssf.com
1910-11 FA Cup at soccerbase.com

Specific

1910-11
FA
Cup


Pedro Pablo Opeka (born June 29, 1948), known also as Father Opeka, is a Catholic Argentinian priest, working as a missionary in Madagascar. For his service to the poor, he was awarded by Slovenian president Janez Janša and french president with the Legion of Honor.

Early life
Opeka was born in Argentina, in San Martín, a suburb of Buenos Aires, to Slovenian parents who immigrated there after war. His father was from Begunje pri Cerknici, his mother from Velike Lašče in Lower Carniola;. His father was a former member of the Home Guard, a Slovenian anti-communist German-led auxiliary police force, and avoided post-war summary executions by fleeing to Italy. He met his future Slovenian wife in a refugee camp in Italy, where they married.

Pedro grew up in the streets of Buenos Aires. Very early as a child, from the age of 9, he worked with his father as a bricklayer. At 15, he hesitated between becoming a football professional and a priest. He eventually decided to become a priest and enter the seminary of the Lazarists in Buenos Aires.
At 20, he went to Ljubljana in Slovenia (then part of Yugoslavia), to further his training. Two years later, In 1970, he went to Madagascar where he worked as a bricklayer in the parishes of the Lazarists.

He finished his studies at the Catholic Institute of Paris (1972-1975), where he learnt French. He met the Taizé Community near Cluny in France, who have their members supporting communities in 24 major cities around the globe, and travelled all over Europe.

Pedro Opeka speaks 7 languages:  Slovenian, Spanish, English, French, Italian, Latin and Malagasy.

Mission in Madagascar

  and was nominated to head  a rural parish in southeast Madagascar, Vangaindrano.

In 1989, his Lazarist superiors nominated him director of a seminary in Antananarivo, the capital.
When he saw a dump from the hills of the city, he discovered people rummaging among garbage to find something to eat, and sleeping in huts made of hemp propped between mountains of waste.
Pedro Opeka began talking to them, to convince them that they could leave that misery and abuse, for their children. With the team of young people from Vangaindrano he had trained, and after long discussions, he wrote the articles and statutes of Akamasoa ('good friends' in the local language) in December 1989.

Father Pedro simply had no money and felt sorry for the local people of Madagascar, so he started raising money, started it all with €900 he borrowed from various Slovenian Christian missions.

He later build the entire city and village called Slovenian village with the donations and financial contributions of Slovenian people, raised in Slovenian churches.

Creation of Akamasoa
Father Pedro Opeka created a local non-governmental organization called Akamasoa (the good and faithful friends) in December 1989 to continue his work with the Malagasy people. He appointed a team of staff to help him to manage the daily activities and to provide continuous support to poor people.

Today Akamasoa sustains about thirty thousand people in 18 villages, among them ten thousand children, who all go to school, following the building of 37 new schools in the years since Akamasoa's founding.

About four thousand families live in the 18 villages, but another 900,000 Malagasy people have been supported from one day to three weeks in the 'welcome centers', being offered rice, a roof, some clothing and a small package, in order to be 'born again' to life.

Son of a father who taught him building arts, Father Pedro Opeka taught the Akamasoa youth how to build houses, first out of wood, and then, bricks and mortar.

Over 3,000 solid houses have been built by Akamasoa to date for people who used to live in card-board boxes on the ground...Every year, Akamasoa builds new schools, clinics, and  training and production centres. Over 3,600 jobs have been created for the villagers, who are paid by Akamasoa every month.

A comprehensive economic structure, Akamasoa has grown to being 75% self-sufficient in revenue, thanks to the creation of stone and gravel quarries, to the craft and embroidery workshops, and to a compost centre next to the 'Tana' public rubbish.

Father Pedro Opeka taught the Akamasoa people tips on how to divide and sort the rubbish, to transport the compost created from rubbish, and to create small agricultural farms.
Akamasoa also trains construction artisans (bricklayers, carpenters, cabinet makers, operators and street pavers) who have built or rebuilt roads and bridges to help communities in the villages and all over the country...

Akamasoa lies about 12 km from the center of Antananarivo, on the road  to Tamatave.

Awards
In 2007, Opeka was named a knight of the Legion of Honor. The award, decreed on 12 October by the President of France, recognizes his 20 years of public service to the poor in Antananarivo. This award recognizes the ongoing fight led here against poverty by this man of faith and his 412 co-workers: physicians, midwives, teachers, engineers, technicians, and  social workers, all of them from Madagascar.

In 2009 Opeka received the Golden Order for Services, which is the highest national decoration of Slovenia.

In 2012 Opeka was nominated for Nobel Peace Prize by united Slovenian European Parliament representatives regardless of political party affiliation. In 2013, MEP Lojze Peterle once again started with the nomination process for Opeka; the nomination was supported by Roman Jakič, then Slovenian MP (PS), and also by Janez Janša, then Slovenian PM, and the Slovenian Bishop's Conference. He was nominated for the Nobel Prize again in 2021.

References

External links

 Madagascar Foundation
 Association "Friends of Padre Pedro"
 Association "Friends of Padre Pedro" - France
 "Pedro Opeka, the good friend", documentary film by Jože Možina, TV Slovenija
Father Pedro compared with Mother Teresa. Metro (Associated Metro Limited), London, September 25, 2009.

Argentine Roman Catholic missionaries
Slovenian Roman Catholic missionaries
Argentine people of Slovenian descent
1948 births
Living people
Recipients of the Legion of Honour
Argentine anti-poverty advocates
Humanitarians
20th-century Argentine Roman Catholic priests
Bricklayers
Vincentians
Slovenian writers
Roman Catholic missionaries in Madagascar
Institut Catholique de Paris alumni
Argentine expatriates in Madagascar


Battus polydamas, also known as the gold rim swallowtail, the Polydamas swallowtail or the tailless swallowtail, is a species of butterfly in the family Papilionidae. The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 10th edition of Systema Naturae, published in 1758.

Description
The wingspan is  without the tail. The top of the wings are black with a broad submarginal band formed by large yellow spots. The undersides of the forewings have the same pattern, while the hindwings have a submarginal row of red lunules. This butterfly flies from April to November in three generations in the north of its range, throughout the year in several generations in the tropics. The larvae feed on Aristolochia plant species.

Distribution
It is found in the Neotropical realm throughout Mexico, Central and South America, the Caribbean, and the southern United States (in Texas and Florida).

Habitat
Battus polydamas is mainly present in open woods and abandoned fields.

Subspecies
The species is divided into the following subspecies:

 B. p. antiquus (Rothschild & Jordan, 1906) – Antigua (extinct)
 B. p. archidamas (Boisduval, 1836) – Chile
 B. p. atahualpa Racheli & Pischedda, 1987 – Peru
 B. p. cebriones (Dalman, 1823) - Martinique

 B. p. christopheranus (Hall, 1936) - Saint Kitts and Nevis, Montserrat (possibly extinct)

 B. p. cubensis (Dufrane, 1946) – Cuba (including Isla de la Juventud), Cayman Islands (Grand Cayman)
 B. p. dominicus (Rothschild & Jordan, 1906) – Dominica
 B. p. grenadensis (Hall, 1930) - Grenada, possibly southern Grenadines

 B. p. jamaicensis (Rothschild & Jordan, 1906) – Jamaica
 B. p. lucayus (Rothschild & Jordan, 1906) – Florida, Bahamas
 B. p. lucianus (Rothschild & Jordan, 1906) – St. Lucia (possibly extinct)
 B. p. neodamas (Lucas, 1852) – Guadeloupe
 B. p. peruanus (Fuchs, 1954) – Peru
 B. p. polycrates (Hopffer, 1865) – Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic)

 B. p. polydamas (Linnaeus, 1758) – tropical Central and South America
 B. p. psittacus (Molina, 1782) – Chile, Argentina
 B. p. renani Lamas, 1998 – Peru
 B. p. streckerianus (Honrath, 1884) – Peru
 B. p. thyamus (Rothschild & Jordan, 1906) – Puerto Rico (including Culebra), Virgin Islands
 B. p. vincentius (Rothschild & Jordan, 1906) - Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
 B. p. xenodamas (Hübner, 1825) – Martinique
 B. p. weyrauchi Lamas, 1998 – Peru

See also
 List of butterflies of Jamaica

References

 Mathew, G. F. (1877). "Life history of Papilio archidamas". Entomologist's Monthly Magazine. 14 (163): 152–153.
 Brown, F. Martin & Heineman, Bernard. Jamaica and its Butterflies. (E. W. Classey, London 1972), plate VIII
 Smart, Paul (1976). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Butterfly World in Color. London, Salamander: Encyclopedie des papillons. Lausanne, Elsevier Sequoia (French language edition)   page 159 fig. 19 as B. archidamas Bsdv., underside (Chile), fig. 17 as polydamas (Mexico).

External links

 Polydamas swallowtail on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site

polydamas
Butterflies of North America
Butterflies of Central America
Butterflies of the Caribbean
Papilionidae of South America
Butterflies of Cuba
Butterflies of Jamaica
Lepidoptera of Colombia
Lepidoptera of Ecuador
Lepidoptera of Venezuela
Butterflies described in 1758
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

Insects of the Dominican Republic
Insects of Haiti


Erela Golan (, born 1945) is a former Israeli politician who served as a member of the Knesset for Shinui and the Secular Faction between 2003 and 2006.

Biography
Born in Petah Tikva, Golan gained a BA in theatre and an MA in biology, specialising in neurophysiology. She also studied preservation of construction heritage at Tel Aviv University, and later worked as an architect.

In 1980 she joined Shinui. For the 2003 elections she was placed 16th on the party's list. Although the party won only 15 seats, as the next candidate on the list, Golan entered the Knesset on 16 December 2004 as a replacement for Yehudit Naot who died while in office. During her first term, she was a member of the Internal Affairs and Environment Committee, the Education, Culture, and Sports Committee, the Committee on the Status of Women, the Committee on Drug Abuse and the Science and Technology Committee.

Along with most of the party's MKs, she defected to the Secular Faction (which later became Hetz) shortly before the 2006 elections following disagreements over the results of Shinui's primary results. She was placed seventh on the Hetz list for the elections, but lost her seat when the party failed to cross the electoral threshold.

She later joined Meli Polishook-Bloch's Derekh Aheret movement, of which she was the deputy leader, before leaving to join Efraim Sneh's Yisrael Hazaka party in early 2008.

References

External links

1945 births
People from Petah Tikva
Israeli architects
Members of the 16th Knesset (2003–2006)
Living people
Women members of the Knesset
Hetz (political party) politicians
Shinui politicians
Yisrael Hazaka politicians
Tel Aviv University alumni
Academic staff of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem
21st-century Israeli women politicians


Papyrus 56 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), signed by 𝔓56, is an early copy of the New Testament in Greek. It is a papyrus manuscript of the Acts of the Apostles, it contains only Acts 1:1.4-5.7.10-11.

The manuscript palaeographically has been assigned to the 5th century (or 6th century).

The Greek text of this codex is a representative of the Alexandrian text-type. Aland placed it in Category II.

It is currently housed at the Papyrus Collection of the Austrian National Library (Pap. Vindob. G. 19918) in Vienna.

See also

 List of New Testament papyri

References

Further reading

 Peter Sanz, Mitteilungen aus der Papyrussammlung de österreichischen Nationalbibliothek in Wien, N.S., IV (Baden: 1946), pp. 65–66.

New Testament papyri
5th-century biblical manuscripts
Biblical manuscripts of the Austrian National Library
Acts of the Apostles papyri


Giacomo II Crispo (or Jacopo) (d. 1447) was the thirteenth Duke of the Archipelago, etc., from 1433 to 1447.

He was the son of twelfth Duke John II Crispo and Nobil Donna Francesca Morosini, Patrizia Veneta. He was a minor when he succeeded to the throne, and during his minority, he was under the guardianship of his mother Francesca, described as a "masterful woman", who continued to influence in the affairs of state during the reign of her son and grandson until the accession of William II to the throne in 1453, while the Duchy was ruled by his uncles William and Nicholas.

The reign of Giacomo II was reportedly a peaceful and prosperous one, as the Ottomans were occupied in Hungary, and Venice included the Duchy in their protection in their peace treaty with the Ottomans in 1446.

He married in 1444 Ginevra Gattilusio, daughter of Dorino I of Lesbos, and wife Orietta Doria, and had two children:
 Elisabetta Crispo (1445–14??), married in 1454 Dorino II of Ainos, without issue
 Gian Giacomo Crispo

References

1447 deaths
Giacomo 02
Giacomo 02
15th-century Venetian people


The 1909–10 FA Cup was the 39th season of the world's oldest association football competition, the Football Association Challenge Cup (more usually known as the FA Cup). Newcastle United won the competition for the first time, beating Barnsley 2–0 in the replay of the final at Goodison Park in Liverpool, through two goals from Albert Shepherd. The first match, held at Crystal Palace, London, was a 1–1 draw.

Matches were scheduled to be played at the stadium of the team named first on the date specified for each round, which was always a Saturday. If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played, a replay would take place at the stadium of the second-named team later the same week. If the replayed match was drawn further replays would be held at neutral venues until a winner was determined. If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played in a replay, a 30-minute period of extra time would be played.

Calendar
The format of the FA Cup for the season had two preliminary rounds, five qualifying rounds, four proper rounds, and the semi-finals and final.

First round proper
39 of the 40 clubs from the First and Second divisions joined the 12 clubs who came through the qualifying rounds. Of the League sides, only Lincoln City were entered instead at the Fourth Qualifying Round, losing to Crewe Alexandra in the fourth qualifying round. Twelve non-league clubs won through to the first round proper.

Thirteen non-league sides were given byes to the first round to bring the total number of teams up to 64. These were:

32 matches were scheduled to be played on Saturday, 15 January 1910. Ten matches were drawn and went to replays in the following midweek fixture, of which one went to a second replay.

Second round proper
The 16 second-round matches were played on Saturday, 5 February 1910. Three matches were drawn, with the replays taking place in the following midweek fixture.

Third round proper
The eight third-round matches were scheduled for Saturday, 19 February 1910. There was one replay, between QPR and West Ham United, played in the following midweek fixture.

Fourth round proper
The four fourth-round matches were scheduled for Saturday, 5 March 1910. There were no replays.

Semi finals

The semi-final matches were played on Saturday, 26 March 1910. Newcastle United and Barnsley won, going on to meet each other in the final.

Replay

Final

The Final was contested by Newcastle United and Barnsley. The first game resulted in a score draw at Crystal Palace. Two goals scored by Albert Shepherd for Newcastle won the replay at Goodison Park.

Match details

Replay

See also
FA Cup Final Results 1872-

References
General
Official site; fixtures and results service at TheFA.com
1909-10 FA Cup at rsssf.com
1909-10 FA Cup at soccerbase.com

Specific

1909-10
FA
Cup


Mazzoli is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Missy Mazzoli (born 1980), American opera composer
Romano L. Mazzoli (1932–2022), American politician and lawyer
Athirson Mazolli e Oliveira (born 1977), Brazilian footballer

See also

Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 aka Simpson-Mazzoli Act
 Mazzuoli (disambiguation)

Italian-language surnames


Line 3 (Italian: Linea 3) is a commuter rail service operated by the Ente Autonomo Volturno (EAV) company in the city of Naples, Italy. It connects 11 stations.

Stations

See also
 List of suburban and commuter rail systems

References

External links
 Urbanrail.net Naples rail website

Transport in Naples


The Basilicata regional election of 2000 took place on 16 April 2000.

Filippo Bubbico (Democrats of the Left) was elected President, defeating Nicola Pagliuca (Forza Italia) by a landslide.

Results

Source: Ministry of the Interior

Notes and references

Elections in Basilicata
2000 elections in Italy


The Morning Banana Diet is a fad diet that was popular in Japan in 2008 and had some practice in the West.

The diet plan allows consumption of unlimited bananas with room temperature water or a serving of milk for breakfast. Although technically the diet allows unlimited banana consumption, nutritionists suggest that "a healthy person can consume at least seven-and-half bananas before reaching the recommended level" of potassium, a dietary mineral in bananas. Lunch and dinner food choices are unrestricted. Users can have one or more bananas as a snack between meals, but no other desserts are permitted. Nothing is eaten after 8 pm, and the dieter must go to bed by midnight.

The diet was created by Osaka pharmacist Sumiko Watanabe, for her husband Hitoshi Watanabe, who lost  in weight. He popularized the diet when he wrote it on Mixi, one of Japan's largest social networking services. Over 730,000 Morning Banana Diet books were sold in 2008.

Possible problems with the diet include the misuse of the unregulated lunch and dinner. A spokesperson for the American Dietetic Association told the Daily News: "There's nothing magical about a banana....It's not well-defined or scientifically based. Whenever you have a diet that says eat all you want, there's the possibility that people who are prone to overeating will have problems".

References

External links

 Official website

Diets
Fad diets


The 1907–08 FA Cup was the 37th staging of the world's oldest association football competition, the Football Association Challenge Cup (more usually known as the FA Cup). Wolverhampton Wanderers won the competition for the second time, beating Newcastle United 3–1 in the final at Crystal Palace.

Matches were scheduled to be played at the stadium of the team named first on the date specified for each round, which was always a Saturday. If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played, a replay would take place at the stadium of the second-named team later the same week. If the replayed match was drawn further replays would be held at neutral venues until a winner was determined. If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played in a replay, a 30-minute period of extra time would be played.

Thirteen of the First Division's twenty clubs were defeated by lower division opposition; this figure remains a record number for a single season. Three of the four semi finalists were from outside the elite division and the cup itself was won by a second tier club.

Calendar
The format of the FA Cup for the season had a preliminary round, five qualifying rounds, four proper rounds, and the semi-finals and final.

First round proper
36 of the 40 clubs from the First and Second divisions joined the 12 clubs who came through the qualifying rounds. Of the League sides not exempt to this round, Oldham Athletic, Glossop and Chesterfield were put into the Fifth Qualifying Round, and each one won. Clapton Orient were placed in the preliminary round, and won through to the Third Qualifying Round before losing to Southend United. Nine non-league clubs joined the three League sides in winning through to the first round Proper.

Sixteen non-league sides were exempt to the first round to bring the total number of teams up to 64. These were:

32 matches were scheduled to be played on Saturday 11 January 1908. Eight matches were drawn and went to replays in the following midweek, of which one went to a second replay.

Second round proper
The sixteen second round matches were played on Saturday 1 February 1908. Five matches were drawn, with the replays taking place in the following midweek. One of these, the Stoke against Gainsborough Trinity match, went to a second replay the following week.

Third round proper
The eight third-round matches were scheduled for Saturday 22 February 1908. There were two replays, played in the following midweek.

Fourth round proper
The four quarter final matches were scheduled for Saturday 7 March 1908. The Everton against Southampton game was drawn, and replayed on 11 March.

Semi-finals

The semi-final matches were played on Saturday 28 March 1908. Newcastle United won their tie against Fulham 6–0, which remains a record for an FA Cup semi-final. In the other tie, Wolverhampton Wanderers won against Southampton to meet Newcastle in the final.

Final

The Final was contested by Wolverhampton Wanderers and Newcastle United at Crystal Palace. Newcastle had just finished 4th in the First Division during this season, after two successive league titles and this was their third FA Cup final appearance in 4 years (although they had yet to win). Their 6–0 thrashing of Fulham in the semi-final is a record win for a semi final. By contrast, Wolves had finished 9th in the Second Division.

Nevertheless, Wolves upset the odds by winning the match 3–1, with goals by Kenneth Hunt, George Hedley and Billy Harrison. James Howey scored the Magpies' reply. The Lord Mayor of London, Sir John Bell, then handed the trophy to Wolves' captain, Billy Wooldridge.

Match details

See also
FA Cup Final Results 1872-

References
General
Official site; fixtures and results service at TheFA.com
1907-08 FA Cup at rsssf.com
1907-08 FA Cup at soccerbase.com

Specific

1907-08
FA
Cup


Shocker Toys was a company that manufactured limited-release toys and products based on comic book and cartoon characters, as well as original creations. Founded in 1998, the company was run by Geoff Beckett Jr., Lance Buttiglieri, and Bill Roshia and was based in Ridgewood, New Jersey.

In 2012 Beckett rebranded the company as GBJR Toys and began raising money for the company through fundraising sites. It has since come under fire for allegedly using licenses without permission and failing to deliver the product as promised. Beckett, however, has claimed that GBJR toys is in no way associated with Shocker Toys.

History
Shocker Toys was founded in 1998 in Buffalo, New York by Geoff Beckett Jr. Beckett had previously worked in construction and claims he was inspired to venture into the toy industry while "playing games with his brother". The company operated primarily on the Internet, and by 2002 the company had two full-time employees: CEO Beckett and Marketing Director Dana Newsom.

Shocker Toys relocated twice prior to 2002, moving to Glen Rock, New Jersey in 2000 before relocating to Ridgewood, New Jersey. During this early period, the company's primary focus was on card games featuring characters developed by Beckett. However, these card games were never brought to market. Instead, the company began to focus on developing action figures, and in 2004 they released their first product: the Shockini block figure. According to Shocker Toys, this was a significant year for the company, as it was also the year in which Shocker Toys was incorporated and Beckett was joined by Lance Buttiglieri as a new partner. Subsequent to Buttiglieri joining the company, Shocker Toys continued to develop the Shockinis line, and in 2006 displayed the figures at the American International Toy Fair.

While Shocker Toys became "best known for being plagued by delays and other problems", the company released the first series of Indie Spotlight figures  and the "Mallow" line of marshmallow-themed figures in 2009.  In January 2010, Dave Ryan was named Shocker Toys' first sales agent.

In May 2011, Shocker Toys was accused of nonpayment for work done for them by artist Tony Robles and then attempted to have the artist's website shut down by Robles' domain host using legal threats. During the Shocker Toys panel at the 2011 Comic-Con International: San Diego, court papers were served to Geoff Beckett by Jim MacQuarrie on behalf of Robles.

In late 2011, Shocker Toys announced that the company had new partners and that they had undergone a change in ownership.  One of the new owners of Shocker Toys is Eric Nyenhuis, the current owner of GLOW (Gorgeous Ladies Of Wrestling). Packaging mock-ups of GLOW action figures bearing the Shocker Toys logo have been shown online.

During the first half of 2012, Geoff Beckett rebranded the company as GBJRToys, through which he now holds the licenses to make Indie Spotlight and Mallow figures.

According to Geoff Beckett, he quit GBJR Toys in December 2015 and sold it to new owners. The Shocker Toys/GBJR Toys website remains registered in his name.

Products

Shockinis

Debuting in 2004, Shockinis was the company's first product to be released. Shockinis were 3 inch action figures intended for customization, with multiple points of articulation. Geoff Beckett has stated that while there are many similar toy lines – including Kubricks, Pocket Heroes, and Minimates – Shockinis, and their predecessor, Stikfas, are the only two designed specifically for customization.  Beckett has differentiated Shockinis from Stikfas on the basis that Shockinis was "conceived in the USA" and were available as preassembled figures rather than as model kits. Different versions of Shockinis, including a Toxic Avenger Shockini, Kade from Arcana comics and other comic book convention exclusives were sold online, at conventions, and through a few comic book shops in limited runs of 50 to 1000 pieces. No new Shockinis have been produced since 2006.

Indie Spotlight
In 2006, Shocker Toys started work on Indie Spotlight, a line of six-inch action figures based on characters from various independent comic book series. The first series consisted of Katchoo from Terry Moore's Strangers in Paradise, Scud and Sol from Rob Schrab's Scud: The Disposable Assassin, the Maxx from Sam Kieth's series of the same name, David Mack's Kabuki and two different versions of Jim Valentino's Shadowhawk. A small figurine of an Isz was included with each figure, as well as other, character-specific accessories. Plans to include a comic book or poster packed in with each figure, similar to the packaging of Toybiz's Marvel Legends figures, were announced but later abandoned. Shocker Toys also announced a "mail away" figure of Mr. Gone from The Maxx, available to customers who purchase all seven figures in the first series. This figure has yet to be made available, however, a sculpt did appear at the 2010 Toy Fair.

Development of the Indie Spotlight series encountered several problems, among them Marvel Toys' 2007 release of their own line of action figures including independent comic book characters announced for the Shocker Toys line. Prototypes of Indie Spotlight Series 1 were displayed at the 2007 American International Toy Fair, and new versions of that series were shown at the following year's show and at the San Diego Comic-Con – the latter also including Series 2 prototypes. Following numerous announced (and subsequently missed) release dates, the first series of Indie Spotlight action figures was available for purchase online as of April 2009.

In February 2011, a limited-run, preview edition of The Tick from the planned second series of Indie Spotlight figures was released, along with a "Mucus Tick" variant produced as an exclusive for the Idle Hands website.  As of 2014, GBJR Toys no longer has the right to produce any further Tick-related figures.

Limited convention exclusives
Shocker Toys has produced a number of convention exclusives over the years. These include a Gwar "Beefcake" statue, a 3" Maxx vinyl figurine for the San Diego Comic-Con, and a Scud statue for the New York Comic Con. Shocker Toys also released a pair of statues and a box set of five vinyl figures based on the fictional band Dethklok from the Adult Swim series Metalocalypse as San Diego Comic-Con exclusives. The box sets of vinyl figures were limited to 500 pieces and sold at the 2008 San Diego Comic-Con, the subsequent 2009 San Diego Comic-Con, and the 2009 Wizard World Chicago Comic Con.

At the 2009 New York Comic Con, Shocker Toys had planned to sell two translucent versions of their then-forthcoming Scud and Maxx figures from the Indie Spotlight line. The figures were unavailable for the event but were shipped out to customers roughly a month later, starting on March 3, 2009. A similar variant was offered at the Wizard World convention in Philadelphia that year, with a transparent Maxx incorporating painted highlights. At the 2009 San Diego Comic-Con, Shocker Toys offered figures based on their forthcoming Indie Spotlight Series 2 – a "black and white" Dick Tracy figure and a trench-coated variant.  At the same event, convention exclusive Mallows also debuted, including Dr. Rockso, the Phantom, and an SDCC Guy.

Convention exclusives have also been sold through their website, and unsold figures have subsequently been made available at later conventions.

Mallows
In 2009, Shocker Toys started a new line of marshmallow-themed figures called "Mallows."  Similar to Hasbro's Mighty Muggs and Kidrobot's Munny and Dunny figures, Mallows features multiple points of articulation, interchangeable parts, and are available in blank, black or white, do-it-yourself versions.

Cancelled or unreleased items

Card games
Shocker Toys first planned products were card games featuring characters developed by Beckett. Despite promoting them online, none of the card games were brought to market. Beckett cited cost fixing by competitors as the cause.

Manga
Using characters from the unreleased card games, the company turned its attention to developing an "American Manga magazine". The magazine was never published, but the characters developed for the stories led to the company's next effort.

Shoulder Action Figures
After its attempts at manga creation and publication, the company changed direction to focus on the production of action figures. In 2002 Shocker Toys displayed prototypes of their Shoulder Action Figures, or SAFs, at the "Christmas in July" event in New York run by public relations firm Steven Style Group. In spite of early publicity for the concept, the product was never released, with Beckett citing problems arising from outsourcing as the cause. The company's attention then shifted to developing the Shockini line of action figures.

Mutant Mania Shockinis
Shocker Toys announced a line of "mutant and monster" Shockinis in October 2004, for release the following February.   Aside from a Toxic Avenger Shockini which was released as a convention exclusive, no other figure from the line was released.

Other Licensed Shockinis
Shockinis based on characters from Bucky O'Hare, Gwar, 2000AD (including Judge Dredd), Metalocalypse, the Indie Spotlight line, and Who Wants to be a Superhero? were announced as early as 2005. Other than the Toxic Avenger and Kade from Arcana Comics, no other licensed properties were produced as Shockinis.

Gwar
Shocker Toys acquired the license to produce toys based on the band Gwar, releasing a 500 piece run, resin statue of the band member Beefcake as a San Diego Comic-Con exclusive in 2006. However, the announced line of articulated PVC Gwar action figures was cancelled before reaching the market. The proposed replacement line of vinyl Gwar figures was never released.

Metalocalypse
In 2007, Shocker Toys acquired a license to the characters in the fictional band Dethklok from the Adult Swim series Metalocalypse. The announced regular retail line of Metalocalypse figures was never released, although San Diego Comic-Con exclusives were sold in 2008 and again in 2009, including Dr Rockzo as a Mallow designer figure in a limited run of 500 pieces.  An expansion of the Metalocalypse line was announced December 23, 2009.  On January 12, 2010, it was announced that Adult Swim discontinued the Metalocalypse license with Shocker Toys.

Who Wants to Be a Superhero?
Shocker Toys also licensed the characters from the reality television series Who Wants to Be a Superhero?, including Feedback, the winner of the first season in 2006, with the well-publicized, though unrealized, aim of producing action figures based on the property.

Indie Spotlight Series 1 Mail Away Figure
The Mr. Gone mail away figure, an incentive for customers who bought all of the first series of Indie Spotlight figures released in 2009, was never released.

Indie Spotlight Series 2
A second series of Indie Spotlight figures was announced at Toy Fair in February 2009 and then displayed at San Diego Comic-Con in July 2009. The line was announced to be available in August 2009, with a lineup of King Zombie, Dick Tracy, Ignacia, Jack Staff and The Tick. The official release date was pushed back to Q4 2009 and then again to Q1 2010.  The figures, aside from a small run of The Tick, were never released.

Indie Spotlight Series 3
A third series of Indie Spotlight figures was announced at Toy Fair in February 2010.  These figures were never released.

Other Spotlight lines
In April 2008, the expansion of the Indie Spotlight line was announced to include Horror Spotlight, Anime Spotlight, Manga Spotlight, Movie Spotlight, and Gamer Spotlight. Illustrations depicting the proposed Anime Spotlight designs were displayed at the 2011 New York Toy Fair. Further announced Indie Spotlight lines from February 2010 include Golden Age Spotlight series 1 and Indie Spotlight Two Packs.  These figures were never released.

2010 Summer Convention Exclusives
Shocker Toys sold four conventions exclusive Indie Spotlight figures during the 2010 Summer Convention season: Barry Hubris, The Blank, the Blue Beetle and Hunter Rose. The figures were not released.

DMC SDCC Exclusive Figure and Comic
At the 2011 New York Toy Fair, Shocker Toys announced an exclusive figure and comic book based on DMC of Run DMC.  Neither figure nor comic book was released due to a dispute.

American Greetings Licensed Mallows
Licensed Mallow offerings announced, though  never released, include Madballs, My Pet Monster, and Sushi Pack figures.

Indieverse Comics
In 2010, Shocker Toys announced the Indieverse line of comics, intended to create a crossover universe for participating independent comics titles.  No comics were ever released.

GLOW Action Figures
The GLOW action figures announced in 2011 were never released.

References

External links
 Official Shocker Toys website

Toy companies of the United States


Dover Immigration Removal Centre (formerly known as Dover Prison) was an immigration detention centre, located in the historic citadel of the Western Heights fortifications in Dover, England. The centre was operated by Her Majesty's Prison Service, and formally closed in November 2015. Dover has been designated as an historic site by English Heritage.

History
The Western Heights of Dover are one of the most impressive fortifications in Britain. They comprise a series of forts, strong points and ditches, designed to protect the country from invasion. They were created to augment the existing defences and protect the key port of Dover from both seaward and landward attack. There have been fortifications here since Roman times, but fortifications built for defense from the French in the days of Napoleon house the buildings there today.

The Prison Service took over the site from the British Army in 1952 when work began on converting the fortress into a prison. In 1957, the prison was converted into a Borstal, also operating as a Young Offenders Institution until April 2002, when Detention Centre Rules 2001 converted it into an Immigration Removal Centre.

The site then held male adult detainees aged 18 and over who were appealing for asylum or had failed in seeking it. The centre offered residential space with integral sanitation as well as resources such as televisions and telephones. It provided shared resources including gym, a library, church, mosques, multi-faith rooms, shops, laundry facilities, and a healthcare unit.

In October 2015 the Home Office announced that the centre would close by the end of the month, with all remaining detainees being transferred to other removal centres. The site was then passed over to the Ministry of Justice.

References

External links
 Ministry of Justice pages on Dover Immigration Removal Centre
 IRC Dover - HM Inspectorate of Prisons Reports
 Independent Monitoring Board Annual Report 2014

Immigration detention centres and prisons in England
Buildings and structures in Dover, Kent
1952 establishments in England
2015 disestablishments in England
1952 in British politics
2015 in British politics


Evelyn may refer to:

Places
 Evelyn, London
Evelyn Gardens, a garden square in London
 Evelyn, Ontario, Canada
 Evelyn, Michigan, United States
 Evelyn, Texas, United States
 Evelyn, Wirt County, West Virginia, United States
 Evelyn (VTA), former light rail train station in Mountain View, California, United States
 Evelyn County, New South Wales, Australia
 Electoral district of Evelyn, an electoral district in Victoria, Australia
 Evelyn, Queensland, Australia
 503 Evelyn, a main belt asteroid

Schools
 Evelyn College for Women, or Evelyn College, the former women's college of Princeton University
 Evelyn High School, in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe

Entertainment
 Evelyn (2002 film), a film starring Sophie Vavasseur and Pierce Brosnan
 Evelyn (2018 film), a documentary
 Evelyn: The Cutest Evil Dead Girl, 2002 short film and black comedy directed by Brad Peyton
 Evelyn (play), a 1969 radio play by Rhys Adrian
 Evelyn (EP), an EP by The Mess Hall
 "Evelyn", song by De Rosa 2006
 "Evelyn", a song by Volbeat from their album Beyond Hell/Above Heaven
 "Evilyn", a song by Entombed from their album Clandestine
 Evelyn, a minor character in Meta Runner
 Evelyn Couch, a character in the 1991 American comedy-drama movie Fried Green Tomatoes
 Evelyn Sader, a character in the novel A World Without Princes, by Soman Chainani
 Evelyn Bluedhorn Stratton, a character in Silver Spoons

Other
 Evelyn (name)
 Hurricane Evelyn, fifth hurricane of the 1977 Atlantic hurricane season
 , a British coaster in service under this name 1920–1943 and 1946–1957


The 1906–07 FA Cup was the 36th season of the world's oldest association football competition, the Football Association Challenge Cup (more usually known as the FA Cup). The Wednesday won the competition for the second time, beating holders Everton 2–1 in the final at Crystal Palace.

Matches were scheduled to be played at the stadium of the team named first on the date specified for each round, which was always a Saturday. If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played, a replay would take place at the stadium of the second-named team later the same week. If the replayed match was drawn further replays would be held at neutral venues until a winner was determined. If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played in a replay, a 30-minute period of extra time would be played.

Calendar
The format of the FA Cup for the season had a preliminary round, five qualifying rounds, and six proper rounds, including the semi-finals and final.

First round proper
36 of the 40 clubs from the First and Second divisions joined the 12 clubs who came through the qualifying rounds. Of the League sides not given byes to this round, Burslem Port Vale, Glossop and Burton United were put into the fifth qualifying round, and each one won. Clapton Orient were placed in the preliminary round, but their opponents, Grays United, were given a walkover. Nine non-league clubs joined the three League sides in winning through to the first round proper.

Sixteen non-league sides were given byes to the first round to bring the total number of teams up to 64. These were:

32 matches were scheduled to be played on 12 January 1907. Thirteen matches were drawn and went to replays in the following midweek fixture, of which four went to a second replay the following week.

Second round proper
The 16 second-round matches were played on 2 February 1907. Five matches were drawn, with the replays taking place in the following midweek fixture. One of these, the match between Blackburn Rovers and Tottenham Hotspur, went to a second replay the following week.

Third round proper
The eight third-round matches were scheduled for 23 February 1907. There were three replays, played in the following midweek fixture.

Fourth round proper
The four fourth-round matches were scheduled for 9 March 1907. The Crystal Palace – Everton game was drawn, and replayed on 13 March.

Semi-finals

The semi-final matches were played on 23 March 1907. The Wednesday and Everton won to meet in the final.

Final

The Final was contested by The Wednesday and Everton at Crystal Palace. Sheffield Wednesday won 2–1, with goals by Jimmy Stewart and George Simpson.

See also
FA Cup Final Results 1872-

References
General
Official site; fixtures and results service at TheFA.com
1906-07 FA Cup at rsssf.com
1906-07 FA Cup at soccerbase.com

Specific

FA Cup seasons
England
Cup


Wigan Warriors played in the Super League XIV and Challenge Cup in the 2009 season.

Background

Following Brian Noble's move from the Bradford Bulls to the Wigan Warriors in 2006, his third full season at the club took place in 2009. The season was also the first in which the Super League operated under a franchise system, after the Wigan Warriors were granted a 'B' license. The salary cap, which the club broke in 2007, was still in effect for this season, and the limit remained at GBP£1.7 million; the cap was maintained 'live', in continuation of an operational change by the Rugby Football League in 2008. As an ever-present club in the Super League format, this season was the Wigan Warriors' fourteenth year in the competition. This year also marked the tenth anniversary of rugby league at the JJB Stadium, after the club moved there upon the stadium's completion in 1999.

In contrast to the club's historical success, Wigan Warriors had not won a major trophy since 2002, when they defeated St Helens R.F.C. 12–21 in the Challenge Cup final. They had only won the Super League title once, in 1998. In the previous season the Wigan Warriors finished fourth in the league table meaning they qualified for the play-offs, and after defeating Bradford Bulls and Catalans Dragons, the club fell short of the 2008 Super League Grand Final after losing to Leeds Rhinos at Headingley for the second year running.

Pre-season

Following their knock-out at the hands of Leeds, the task of acquiring new players began. 2008 was influential stand-off Trent Barrett's last season for the Warriors, after he signed for the Cronulla Sharks for the 2009 National Rugby League (NRL) season; Barrett himself insisted that Tim Smith could replace him, after Smith was released by Parramatta Eels following an episode of bipolar disorder. It was also to be the last season for Liam Colbon and Mark Calderwood, who both transferred away from the club. An attempt to sign the Canberra Raiders' Todd Carney ended after Huddersfield Giants signed him instead. The club prevented a possible cross-code transfer with George Carmont to rugby union by extending his contract. Wigan eventually signed their first new player with former Sydney Roosters player Amos Roberts, who was released from his contract a year prematurely, but lost another player to the Warrington Wolves in Mickey Higham. Joel Tomkins, a Wigan Warriors Youth Development product, also extended his contract until the end of the 2011 season. Rumours about a move for Ryan McGoldrick ended after he publicly ruled out any possible transfer. The question over Barrett's successor in the stand-off position was again raised when Tim Smith, who was on holiday in his native Australia at the time, approached the Cronulla Sharks seeking a return to the NRL, although the club did not pursue any deal with Smith and he therefore stayed at Wigan for the 2009 season. Greg Bird, who had been suspended by Cronulla Sharks for an alleged assault on his girlfriend was also cited by The Independent as a target for the Warriors, but any plans of a transfer were initially denied by the club's chairman, Ian Lenagan. On 30 January 2009, Lenagan confirmed it was unlikely there would be any more signings for the new season, having acquired two new players (Amos Roberts and Mark Riddell), after attempts to sign Richard Moore from Wakefield Trinity Wildcats failed.

The 2008 Rugby League World Cup was held in Australia during the off-season, and several Wigan players from the 2008 season were involved in matches concerning their own international teams. Pat Richards, Eamon O'Carroll and Michael McIlorum were called by the Irish team, with Paul Prescott missing out due to a back injury. Carmont and Harrison Hansen were selected for the Samoan national team. Stuart Fielden was omitted from the England squad but Calderwood, Higham and Gareth Hock all received places. Thomas Leuluai became the only Super League player from the 2008 season to win the World Cup when the New Zealand team he played hooker for defeated the Australian team 20–34 in the final.

Wigan played three friendly matches after the World Cup, the first being a 4–44 victory over Warrington Wolves at the Halliwell Jones Stadium during the traditional festive season, in which Riddell and Karl Pryce both made their first-team debuts. The Warriors played in a changed pink and black-hooped jersey in support of a local hospice, as Sam Tomkins completed a twenty-minute hat-trick, Richard Mathers and Pryce scored a double each, and Shaun Ainscough and Joel Tomkins also picked up one try apiece. The next match against Huddersfield Giants proved to be more difficult, as Carmont scored a last-minute try to hand Wigan a narrow victory at the Galpharm Stadium, with Riddell scoring two tries and Fielden being sin-binned in the first half. On the official opening on the new Leigh Sports Village and a week before the new Super League season began, the Warriors whitewashed their local rivals Leigh Centurions by 0–32 with a squad in which both new signings, Roberts and Riddell, were left out of.

Season overview

February

Wigan's season began on 8 February with a home defeat to a depleted Wakefield Trinity Wildcats side which only had seventeen players to fill their squad with due to injuries, and the death of Adam Watene during the off-season. Head coach Brian Noble blamed the result on a poor completion rate of 40%. Wakefield took an early lead after Dave Halley crossed the line in the first minute, before scoring again via the same player in the fourteenth minute to make a 0–12 initiative, following two successful conversions by Tony Martin. Joel Tomkins was introduced into the game in the second half as he scored a try which was converted by Pat Richards, but Wigan failed to score again. Richard Mathers, who was sent-off twice in 2008, was put into the sin-bin by the referee, Richard Silverwood, for the deliberate obstruction of Halley, and match ended in the first defeat for Wigan in their 2009 campaign.

Prior to their next match, the Warriors announced a partnership with the University of Central Lancashire, as part of an effort to promote rugby league in the Preston area, in exchange for the student team at the university displaying the Wigan Warriors logo. This news was announced on the same day Mathers learned he would miss the next two matches for tripping Halley, including the club's next match against Hull F.C. which they lost at the KC Stadium. Hull FC started strongly, but Wigan scored first off a Tim Smith kick to Goulding and Phelps which eventually resulted in a try for Bailey. Richard Horne scored for Hull to level the scores at 6–6 before a last resort intervention from Kirk Yeaman denied Goulding a try. The scores were therefore level at half-time, and a kick from Smith resulted in another try for Richards who bettered his opposite winger, Mark Calderwood in the air. With four key players missing—Riddell, Phelps, Bailey and Richards—due to injury, Wigan tired in the final quarter allowing Chris Thorman and Peter Cusack to score late in the game to put the tie beyond the visiting team.

With Mathers suspended and Cameron Phelps injured with a hamstring injury and two other injury concerns, Karl Pryce and Shaun Ainscough were given places in the initial 19-man squad to take on Castleford Tigers. A third defeat out of three matches came as Castleford won a ten try game 22–28, a result which meant Wigan's worst start to a season in twenty-four years. With Richards still missing due to injury, conversions proved to be the difference as both teams scored five tries apiece, but kickers Roberts and Riddell could only manage one successful kick whilst the Tigers' kicker Kirk Dixon managed four. Two disallowed Castleford tries in the first ten minutes were followed by two penalty goals by Dixon to give Castleford a 0–4 lead. Thomas Leuluai's effort gave Wigan a try before Joe Westerman put the Tigers ahead again after 34 minutes. Castleford scored again through Brett Ferres, with Dixon converting to give Castleford a 6–16 lead at half-time. Wigan scored first after the break thanks to a try from Karl Pryce, but this was unconverted and Castleford replied with two more of their own with Dixon and Ferres scoring his second try. Wigan started a fight back, initially through a Goulding try, and then again through Joel Tomkins. Ainscough marked his debut with a fifty-yard try to reduce the deficit to two points, but Michael Shenton's try sealed the victory for Castleford. Michael McIlorum was also cited and suspended by the Rugby Football League after the game for a dangerous throw on Mitchell Sargent. After failing to gain a point from the first three matches in the season, Noble's position as head coach was strengthened when Ian Lenagan publicly supported him, stating, "Brian is a very experienced coach and I'm sure we'll get this right. He has had bad starts to the season before, and he has good starts."

Wigan recorded their first win of the season with an 18–24 victory over Harlequins RL at the Twickenham Stoop in London. Ainscough scored his first of two tries after a break from Roberts down the wing, and it was converted by Richards who was playing at fullback as a replacement for Mathers who was omitted from the squad. Chad Randall punished Joel Tomkins' handling error for Harlequins' first try before Matt Gafa scored another try for the home side to make the half-time score 10–6. On his Super League debut, Sam Tomkins—Joel's younger brother—was involved in the build-up to Carmont's try after the second half had begun, and Bailey scored another try to put Wigan 10–14 ahead following two missed conversion attempts. A disallowed try for a knock-on by Will Sharp was followed by a knock-on from Carmont, before a 40-20 gave Louis McCarthy-Scarsbrook a chance to score a try in the 64th minute. Chris Melling restored a four-point lead for the home side with ten minutes left in the game after Harrison Hansen knocked-on. In the 75th minute, Randall's pass was intercepted by Roberts for an easy intercept try which Richards converted to give a two-point lead, which was increased to six as Ainscough scored the final try of the game.

March

The start of March was also the start of the reserve team's season, which begin with a comfortable win against Bradford Bulls. Richards scored twenty points including eight goals and a try as the first team earned their first home victory of the season, winning by a margin of thirty-four points. Richards scored the first of seven Wigan tries after nine minutes, before Hock broke the defensive line to put Wigan 12–0 ahead. Another line break from Hock provided an offload to Carmont who scored a third try. A twenty-point gap emerged as Richards kicked a penalty conceded by Paul Sykes, before Bradford scored their first of two tries through Rikki Sheriffe after 48 minutes. Hock replied by scoring his second try, before a line break by Riddell handed a try to Harrison Hansen. Wayne Godwin broke his leg after stopping an Iafeta Palea'aesina run, before Palea'aesina himself scored Wigan's final try. Steve Menzies scored his first Bradford try before the match ended.

Wigan's run of victories was short-lived as they lost the away tie to Leeds Rhinos immediately after. An unchanged Wigan side from the tie against Bradford could only score two tries, conceding six the other way. The victory was the Rhinos' fifth out of five matches, and they were ahead after three minutes thanks to a 40–20 which was converted into a try by Kylie Leuluai. An error from Ainscough proved costly as Scott Donald scored from the resulting turnover. Upon the half-hour mark, Leeds were 22–0 ahead after Rob Burrow touched down under the sticks and another 40–20 provided a try, this time for Ryan Hall. Ainscough scored Wigan's first try following a pass from Thomas Leuluai, before Wigan were disallowed another try after the video referee Phil Bentham ruled Sean O'Loughlin had obstructed Burrow. Hall scored his second, besting Roberts in the air, after fifty minutes. Peacock scored Leeds' sixth try, bursting through the defensive line, whilst Hock scored the last try of the game.

An away tie to Salford City Reds was more favourable for Wigan as they eased to victory at The Willows. Salford had the first major chance of the game as a kick from the 18-year-old Richie Myler was knocked-on by Jeremy Smith. Carmont replied, catching an offload from former-Salford player Andy Coley, to hand a try to Ainscough. Myler again created an opportunity, but Karl Fitzpatrick was pushed into touch. A break via Ainscough and Riddell gave Leuluai a try, before Myler scored Salford's first try following a kick from Jeremy Smith. Sam Tomkins saw a hole in the defensive line and ran through it, scoring Wigan's third try, before Richards scored a fourth to make the half-time score 22–6. Wigan scored first again in the second half as Sam Tomkins scored from the half-way line, before Ainscough scored his second. Myler and Jeremy Smith again combined for the former's second try, this time from a pass, but Richards sealed the game for Wigan after offloading to Leuluai for his second and Wigan's seventh try. The win was dampened by the injury of Ireland international Eamon O'Carroll, who fractured his metatarsal bone during the reserve game against Salford.

In a game that was 8–10 going into the final ten minutes, and had three players sent to the sin-bin, Wigan lost their third home game. Amos Roberts returned after being dropped to the reserves the week before, whilst the visiting Huddersfield team contained five former Wigan players. Brett Hodgson gave Huddersfield the initiative by kicking a penalty for a 0–2 lead, and Hock almost responded but knocked-on in the act of scoring a try. Bailey eventually scored a try for Wigan, but Richards failed to convert, and the score was made level after another kicked penalty from Brett Hodgson. Scott Moore gave Huddersfield the lead again after a run from dummy half to give a 4–10 lead, despite a take-out on Leuluai just before half-time which went unpenalised. Luke Robinson was sin-binned for delaying play and Roberts almost made the advantage count, but grounded the ball in touch and the try was disallowed. Darrell Griffin and Hansen were then sin-binned for a fight, before passing along the backs lead to a Roberts try, but Richards again failed to convert. Ainscough then fumbled a kick from Robinson, and Michael Lawrence punished the mistake by scoring a try for Huddersfield. Brown scored minutes later to put the game beyond Wigan.

April

The fourth round of the 2009 Challenge Cup occupied the first weekend of April, and for all Super League clubs this meant their first Challenge Cup ties. In March, Wigan learned that they would face an away tie to the Barrow Raiders, and it was expected this match would be held in front of the first sell-out crowd at Barrow's Craven Park for twenty-five years. The game itself was still in the balance fifteen minutes from time, with Barrow trailing Wigan by four points at 20–24, following a match which had seen a Shaun Ainscough hat-trick and Wigan's defensive frailties exploited again. The result pivoted on a forward pass decision which ruled out another Barrow try, minutes before Pryce scored a controversial try for Wigan in which he appeared to have knocked-on, with twelve minutes left to play. A try from Tomkins eventually sealed the win for Wigan to advance them into the fifth round of the competition.

On the day after, it was confirmed Martin Gleeson would transfer to Wigan from the Warrington Wolves, on a three and a half-year contract. The signing came after Warrington had left Gleeson out of the squad which defeated York City Knights in their fourth round Cup tie, meaning Gleeson would be eligible to play for Wigan in future Cup games. Wigan were reported by the Wigan Evening Post to have spent £110,000 and given Richie Mathers in return for Gleeson. On the day after Gleeson's signing was announced, the draw for the Challenge Cup's fifth round took place. Wigan received an away tie to Wakefield Trinity Wildcats.

Gleeson featured in the first derby match of the year against St Helens RLFC. Ainscough put the home Wigan side ahead after nine minutes with a try on the wing, following a kick from Leuluai. Richards missed the conversion, and so Wigan only went four points ahead before St Helens replied with a try of their own through Keiron Cunningham, with Paul Wellens making the conversion. Hock had a try disallowed for a double movement, and later on a high tackle on Paleaaesina gave Roberts an opportunity to level the scores, with which he succeeded to draw the score at 6–6 at half time. Ainscough again carved out a lead for Wigan in the second half, and Roberts converted from the sideline. Two quick St Helens tries through Matt Gidley and Leon Pryce gave the visitors a 12–18 lead, and a Kyle Eastmond drop goal sealed the match for them.

Prior to their next match, Barrow Raiders confirmed that they had signed Lee Mossop on a month-long loan.

Despite providing a close fight against St Helens, the club's visit to Perpignan for their away tie against Catalans Dragons ended in its third consecutive loss. The Dragons scored first through Dimitri Pelo's try in the second minute. Wigan scored fourteen points in return, with three tries from Roberts, Ainscough and Gleeson and one conversion for a 4–14 lead. A ten-point lead proved precarious as Catalans ran in thirty-six unanswered points, the first of them coming through a Greg Bird try. Grégory Mounis scored next, and Thomas Bosc kicked the conversion to give the home side the lead, and Jason Ryles gained another try before half-time. The Catalans fullback Clint Greenshields scored first after the break and also scored the next try. Ryles also scored a second try of his own to open a twenty-six-point deficit. Tomkins and Richards gave Wigan two late tries, but the match by then was all but finished.

Similarly to Mossop, Darrell Goulding completed a transfer to Salford City Reds on a month-long loan deal. After an extension to this deal in May, Goulding was to be eventually recalled on 7 July to cope with an injury crisis.

The club's next match was against newly promoted Crusaders, who had not won a match yet in the Super League season coming into this fixture. Celtic led after two minutes, when Luke Dyer pounced for a try after Phelps mistakenly let the ball bounce into the in-goal area. Richards replied with a try on the wing, before O'Loughlin gathered his own kick for a solo try to present a lead to the home Wigan side. Two more tries came for Wigan before half-time with Riddell and Roberts both scoring one each. Sam Tomkins scored not long after the break thanks to a run from Palea'asesina. Carmont stretched the lead further with a try of his own, and O'Loughlin scored his second try of the match. Damien Quinn was sin-binned in his 100th competitive appearance for the Crusaders—Marshall Chalk was also sin-binned later on. Richards claimed his second try almost instantly after Quinn's dismissal. Mark Dalle Cort scored a late Celtic try and captain Jace Van Dijk successfully converted, but Wigan had another try before the game ended, with Sam Tomkins grounding his second try of the match—his team's ninth—to complete a convincing victory for the home side.

Transfer news occupied the break between this win and the Warriors' second league match against Wakefield Trinity Wildcats. The Wigan Evening Post reported that the club, as well as Leeds Rhinos, were interested in signing Richie Myler from Salford City Reds, although neither club were successful in their approaches to the player. Warrington Wolves would eventually sign Myler later in the year. Meanwhile, Thomas Leuluai extended his contract with the club for a further three years.

George Carmont had to be replaced at short notice prior to kick-off against the club's next opponents, Wakefield Trinity Wildcats. Shaun Ainscough was recalled to take his place in the team, and scored four tries to give his side a second consecutive win. Wakefield, like Celtic, put the first points on the scoreboard after Damien Blanch received a kick from Danny Brough for a try on the wing, with Brough converting for a 6–0 lead. Tim Smith linked with Cameron Phelps, who was switched from fullback to center in Carmont's absence, for Wigan's first try. Phelps turned provider as his work gave Ainscough two tries in nine minutes for a 6–16 lead, before Wigan's indiscipline gave Brough a penalty and a try following a handling error from the stand-in fullback, Pat Richards. Ainscough scored again on the wing to complete his hat-trick, but Wakefield replied after Brough intercepted a pass from Martin Gleeson and returned 45 metres for his second try to make the scores 20–22 at half time. Wakefield took the lead shortly after the break as Blanch took advantage of Ainscough's weak defence for his second try. This was Wakefield's last try of the match, as Phelps gathered a kick from Smith to score a try next to the posts which Richards converted successfully. Riddell was injured with a hamstring, and despite Wakefield pressure, Wigan scored again as a run from Sam Tomkins led to another try for Ainscough—his sixteenth in ten matches. Gleeson scored in the final ten minutes to put the game beyond the home side's reach.

May

Ahead of their 2009 Magic Weekend fixture against St Helens RLFC, Thomas Leuluai learned that he would not be called up to play in the 2009 ANZAC Test, news which was welcomed by Brian Noble, who stated that New Zealand had, "enough southern hemisphere-based Kiwis to cope." Leuluai instead took membership of a Wigan side which recorded its third successive league win at Murrayfield Stadium over a St Helens RLFC side including James Graham, who had complained earlier in the week about the event's location being too far away. Wigan had lost to St Helens at the Magic Weekend event in 2007 and 2008, 34–18 and 57–16 respectively, but it was Wigan's captain Sean O'Loughlin who scored the game's first try after seven minutes. Pat Richards scored the match's second try following a kick from O'Loughlin, and added both conversions to give Wigan a 12–0 lead. This was further extended after Gareth Hock scored after 29 minutes. Sean Long gained a try back for St Helens as his grubber kick rebounded off Leuluai, before a break from Sam Tomkins fed his older brother Joel for a try just before half time. Two minutes after the break, Wigan kicked a penalty to stretch the lead to 26–6, and Wigan ended any hope of a St Helens comeback as Leuluai scored following a break down the wing from Richards. St Helens scored the next two tries through Leon Pryce and Paul Wellens, with Long kicking both conversions, but Richards scored his second try and kicked the conversion to take his personal haul to twenty-two, and end the match 38–18. With Noble's contract due to expire at the end of the season, Ian Lenagan praised him for Wigan's biggest derby win in six years over St Helens, but refused to offer any assurances about Noble's future at the club, after Bradford Bulls refuted a claim that they wanted to replace Steve McNamara with Noble.

For the next match, the players again returned to Belle Vue, two weeks after their league win. The Wakefield Trinity Wildcats were coached by John Kear, twice a winner of the Cup as a head coach, most recently in 2005 with Hull FC, and in 1998 when his Sheffield Eagles side defeated Wigan 17–8 in the final, three years after Wigan's last of a record eight consecutive Challenge Cup final victories. The match did not start in Wigan's favour, as Danny Brough provided passes to Jason Demetriou and Tevita Leo-Latu, and kicked a conversion to give the Wildcats a 10–0 lead. Wigan went in ahead at half time though. Wigan got their first points with a try on the wing from Richards, and then another try from Michael McIlorum following a Gareth Hock pass. Brough kicked a drop-goal to give Wakefield a point lead, but Cameron Phelps scored a third Wigan try after Sean O'Loughlin broke the line from his own half. Wakefield went ahead for the third time twelve minutes after the break, with a grubber kick from Brough being gathered by Tony Martin. Stuart Fielden then scored his first try in two years before Sam Tomkins finished the game with a try of his own making. The fourth goal of the match meant the final scores were 17–28; a win for Wigan which advanced them to the quarter-finals. The day after, the draw for the next round to be played three weeks later was made, with Wigan receiving a home tie against Salford City Reds.

Following a run of four games, the club's next match was against Hull Kingston Rovers. Their preparations were boosted by news that Sam Tomkins would not receive a match ban for his conduct against Wakefield in the Challenge Cup tie. Goulding extended his loan spell at Salford City Reds, but with a condition that Wigan could recall him with 24 hours notice. The match seemed to be heading towards a 6–0 lead for Wigan at half-time, after Sean O'Loughlin scored a try and Richards kicked a goal, but a controversial try scored by Michael Dobson after the hooter had sounded was awarded by the referee, Richard Silverwood. Incensed, Wigan started the second half with another converted try from the captain, O'Loughlin, but this was to be their final score of the match. Paul Cooke collected his own kick for a solo try, and Jake Webster put Hull KR into the lead, with Dobson kicking both goals for a six-point advantage. A late penalty was kicked by Dobson for another two ponts, concluding the match in favour of Hull KR. The match ended Wigan's run of four victories, and placed Hull KR temporarily at the top of the Super League XIV table.

Following his loan spell at Barrow, Lee Mossop transferred to Huddersfield Giants on a month-long loan. Prior to Wigan's next match against Warrington Wolves, Noble, whose contract at Wigan was due to expire at the end of 2009, publicly admitted that he was becoming impatient with the lack of an offer from the club to extend his contract, after reports in the Sydney Morning Herald linked him to a coaching role at Sydney Roosters. Wigan had not won a game in Warrington since 2003, and despite leading for over half the match, failed to break this record. Warrington successfully charged down two kicks, before a kick from Thomas Leuluai on the third set of six tackles lead to Cameron Phelps scoring the match's opening try. Poor discipline from Ben Westwood gave a penalty, and Wigan almost took advantage when Joel Tomkins was held up over the try-line in the act of scoring by former Wigan full-back, Richie Mathers. Wigan again launched the next attack after forcing a goal line drop out, but a try from Amos Roberts was disallowed because of a knock-on by Pat Richards. Warrington then applied a sustained twenty minute period of pressure, but errors from Westwood and Briers kept them off the scoresheet. Briers weighted his next kick better, with Matt King out-jumping Shaun Ainscough to score Warrington's first try. Bridge's missed conversion meant that Wigan lead 6–4 at half-time, and a penalty kicked by Richards early in the second half meant that this lead was increased by two points. Warrington gained the lead after 55 minutes after Chris Riley punished Stuart Fielden and Andy Coley for giving away successive penalties with a try in the corner. Michael Monaghan shimmied past three Wigan defenders to finish the game off with another Warrington try.

Tim Smith had been left out of the tie against Warrington owing to a family illness, and did not return from his home country, Australia, in time for Wigan's Challenge Cup tie against Salford City Reds, but George Carmont returned from injury. Fielden was also forced to miss the game, after receiving a one-match ban for raising a knee in a tackle during the defeat to Warrington. Without Smith and Fielden, Wigan comprehensively beat Salford City Reds 28–6 to advance to the semi-finals stage of the tournament. Gareth Hock gave the home side the lead, before Salford equalised with a try from Luke Adamson. Wigan replied by taking the lead with a George Carmont try, and could have scored again after Hock broke the line, but Sam Tomkins knocked-on. Another knock-on, this time from Richards, denied Wigan another try. Salford launched repeated attacks on the Wigan line early in the second half, through Mark Henry and Stefan Ratchford, before Willie Talau was pushed into touch by Sam Tomkins. A penalty from Richards added two more points to Wigan's total, and he soon scored his second try, followed by his third on 70 minutes for his second hat-trick in a Wigan jersey. Hock scored the final try, his second, after Tomkins had come close, to finish the game in favour of the Warriors. Wigan therefore entered their first Challenge Cup semi-final since 2007, when they were defeated by Catalans Dragons at the Halliwell Jones Stadium in Warrington, and it was Warrington Wolves who were drawn as their 2009 semi-final opponents.

June

July

August

September

October

Transfers

Transfers in

Transfers out

Loans out

Player statistics

 Numbers in parentheses represent number of appearances as an interchange.
 For players who have performed in more than one unique positions, the most frequent is used.

Fixtures

Super League

Challenge Cup

League table

Notable moments

References

External links
 Wigan Warriors official site

Wigan Warriors seasons
Wigan Warriors season


The 1905–06 FA Cup was the 35th staging of the world's oldest association football competition, the Football Association Challenge Cup (more usually known as the FA Cup). Everton won the competition for the first time, beating Newcastle United 1–0 in the final at Crystal Palace.

Matches were scheduled to be played at the stadium of the team named first on the date specified for each round, which was always a Saturday. If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played, a replay would take place at the stadium of the second-named team later the same week. If the replayed match was drawn further replays would be held at neutral venues until a winner was determined. If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played in a replay, a 30-minute period of extra time would be played.

The Crystal Palace versus Chelsea tie in the third qualifying round led to the Football Association changing the rules. The tie was scheduled to be played on 18 November 1905, and Chelsea were also obliged to play a Football League game against Burnley on the same day. Chelsea were chasing promotion from the Second Division, so they fielded a full strength side in the league and sent a reserve team to the FA Cup match. Crystal Palace won the fixture 7–1. As a result of the outcry, the Football Association amended their rules such that teams must always field their strongest side in the FA Cup.

Calendar
The format of the FA Cup for the season had a preliminary round, four qualifying rounds, four proper rounds, and the semi-finals and final.

First Round Proper
29 of the 40 clubs from the First and Second divisions joined the 24 clubs who came through the qualifying rounds. Of the League sides not given byes to this round, Chelsea, Hull City, Leeds City and Clapton Orient were entered at the first qualifying round. Chelsea and Leeds City went out in the third qualifying round (to Crystal Palace and Hull City respectively), while the other two teams qualified. Barnsley, Bradford City, Burslem Port Vale, Burton United, Gainsborough Trinity, Glossop and Stockport County were put into the fourth qualifying round, with only Glossop going out, to Brighton & Hove Albion. Sixteen non-league clubs joined the eight League sides in winning through to the First Round Proper.

To replace the missing League teams, eleven Southern League sides were given byes to the first round to bring the total number of teams up to 64. These were:

32 matches were scheduled to be played on 13 January 1906. Six matches were drawn and went to replays in the following midweek fixture, of which one went to a second replay the following week.

Second Round Proper
The 16 second round matches were played on 3 February 1906. Six matches were drawn, with the replays taking place in the following midweek fixture. One of these, the Brighton & Hove Albion v. Middlesbrough match, went to a second replay the following week.

Third Round Proper
The eight third round matches were scheduled for 24 February 1906. There was one replay, played in the following midweek fixture.

Fourth Round Proper
The four fourth round matches were scheduled for 10 March 1906. The Newcastle United v. Birmingham game was drawn, and replayed on 14 March.

Semi-finals

The semi-final matches were played on 31 March 1906. Everton and Newcastle United won and advanced to the final.

Final

The Final was contested by Everton and Newcastle United at Crystal Palace on 21 April 1906. Everton won 1–0 with the goal scored by Alex Young.

Match details

References
General
Official site; fixtures and results service at TheFA.com
1905-06 FA Cup at rsssf.com
1905-06 FA Cup at soccerbase.com

Specific

1905-06
FA
Cup


Papyrus 57 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), designated by siglum 𝔓57, is an early copy of the New Testament in Greek. It is a papyrus manuscript of the Acts of the Apostles, it contains only Acts 4:36-5:2.8-10.

The manuscript palaeographically has been assigned to the 4th century (or 5th century).

The Greek text of this codex is a representative of the Alexandrian text-type. Aland placed it in Category II.

It was published by Peter Sanz.

It is currently housed at the Papyrus Collection of the Austrian National Library (Pap. Vindob. G. 26020) in Vienna.

See also

 Acts 4; Acts 5
 List of New Testament papyri

References

Further reading

 Peter Sanz, Mitteilungen aus der Papyrussammlung der österreichischen Nationalbibliothek in Wien, N.S., IV (Baden: 1946), pp. 66–67.

New Testament papyri
4th-century biblical manuscripts
Biblical manuscripts of the Austrian National Library
Acts of the Apostles papyri


Ralph Woodward Clanton (September 11, 1914 – December 29, 2002) was an American character actor of film, stage, and television. His most seen performance was Comte De Guiche in the 1950 film Cyrano de Bergerac, the first sound version in English of Edmond Rostand's play, and the film for which José Ferrer won his only Academy Award for Best Actor. Besides Ferrer as Cyrano, Clanton was the only holdover from the cast of the 1946 Broadway revival of the play, and would play the role of De Guiche opposite him once more, in a New York City Center production in 1953.

Career

After acting as the narrator in Canadian Pacific (1949), he was the American lead in the British war film They Were Not Divided.(1950).

Clanton was featured in seven episodes of Alfred Hitchcock's television show, as well as making several appearances on the Hallmark Hall of Fame. In 1976, he played the role of George Washington in a PBS television production of Sidney Kingsley's drama The Patriots. He also played Jasper Delaney on the TV soap operas, Another World and its spinoff Somerset.

He played Mr. Ingram in the sci-fi thriller The 27th Day.

He played guest star roles on numerous television series, such as four episodes of Perry Mason, including the role of Mervyn Aldritch in the premiere episode, "The Case of the Restless Redhead" in 1957, murder victim Charles Brewster in "The Case of the Fancy Figures" in 1958 and Karl Colby in "The Case of the Stand-in Sister" in 1962. In addition, he appeared on Broadway in the role of Claude Nau in Robert Bolt's Vivat! Vivat Regina!, as well as in several Shakespeare productions. One of his last roles was a bit part in the film Trading Places (1983).

In a playbill for the 1946 revival of Cyrano de Bergerac he is listed as a direct descendant of members of the infamous Clanton gang, which took part in the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral.

Partial filmography
Canadian Pacific (1949) - Opening Narrator (voice, uncredited)
They Were Not Divided (1950) - David Morgan
Cyrano de Bergerac (1950) - Antoine Comte de Guiche
San Antone (1953) - Narrator (uncredited)
New York Confidential (1955) - Narrator (uncredited)
The Vagabond King (1956) - Duke of Anjou (uncredited)
Hot Cars (1956) - Arthur Markel
Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1956) (Season 1 Episode 31: "The Gentleman From America") - Sir Stephen Hurstwood
Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1956) (Season 1 Episode 35: "The Legacy") - Randolph Burnside
Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1957) (Season 2 Episode 20: "Malice Domestic") - Perry Harrison
Pharaoh's Curse (1957) - Col. Cross
Johnny Tremain (1957) - Gen. Gage
The 27th Day (1957) - Mr. Ingram
The Midnight Story (1957) - Trailer Narrator (voice, uncredited)
No Time to Be Young (1957) - Mr. Parner (uncredited)
Undersea Girl (1957) - Sam Marvin
Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1958) (Season 3 Episode 25: "Flight to the East") - Sir Robert Walton
Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1958) (Season 3 Episode 35: "Dip in the Pool") - Ship's Purser
Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1959) (Season 4 Episode 24: "The Avon Emeralds") - Mr. Saunders
Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1960) (Season 5 Episode 29: "The Hero") - Ship's Purser
The Absent Minded Professor (1961) - O.J. Turnbull (uncredited)
Panic in Year Zero! (1962) - Radio Announcer (voice, uncredited)
They Might Be Giants (1971) - Supermarket Manager
Trading Places (1983) - Official #1 (final film role)

References

External links

1914 births
2002 deaths
Male actors from Fresno, California
20th-century American male actors
American male film actors
American male stage actors
American male television actors
American soap opera actors


Papilio thoas, the king swallowtail or Thoas swallowtail, is a butterfly of the family Papilionidae. It is found in the southernmost United States, Mexico, Central America and South America (as far south as Argentina and Uruguay). The species is easily confused with the giant swallowtail, which it closely resembles in both larval and adult stages.  The caterpillars feed on the leaves of citrus plants (Rutaceae). They have also been reported as feeding on a member of the genus Piper.

Description
A large species (12 to 14 cm. wingspan. The wings are narrow. The forewings are mostly brown. A yellow band runs from the tip, becoming narrower towards the back. There is also a row of yellow arcuate spots on the underside of the wing edge. The hind wings are predominantly brown, toothed and have a long caudal process. This carries a yellow core. There is a row of yellow arcuate spots at the edge of the hind wings. A broad yellow band runs through the first half of the wing. Inside sits a black eyespot with blue-white dusting. The yellow regions are more pronounced on the undersides of the wings. Blue-white arcuate spots adjoin the yellow arcuate spots on the upper side. The eyespot is only weakly pronounced. The body of the king swallowtail is yellow.- Seitz "- P. thoas. The spatulate tail has a yellow spot in the middle. The species occurs from Texas and the West Indian Islands southwards to Buenos Aires, but is wanting on the Lesser Antilles. It. is everywhere common and flies in the open country, in gardens and plantations. thoas is a very bold flier, which often mounts high in the air.. The larva lives on Piperaceae and Citrus. — melonius R. & J. is the subspecies from Jamaica: it has no cell-spot on the upper surface of the forewing. The reddish yellow spots on the under surface of the hindwing are very large. — oviedo Gundl. (= epithoas Oberth.) occurs on Cuba. The upper surface of the forewing, and especially the under surface, are more extended yellow and have also a deeper tint than in the other subspecies. — autocles R. & J., occurring from Texas to Nicaragua, has no cell-spot; the yellow areas are pale. — nealces R. & J. is distributed from Nicaragua to North-West Ecuador and eastward, to Trinidad and the Lower Orinoco. The forewing has always a cell-spot: the yellow tint is somewhat deeper than in autocles, but less deep than in the next subspecies; very common in Bogoti-collections. — thoas L. comes from the Guianas and the Lower Amazon. Deep yellow; forewing with cell-spot, the first spot near the apex of the wing usually small. — cinyras Men. is a large form, which inhabits the Middle and Lower Amazon and the eastern slopes of Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia; the submarginal spots of the forewing are almost always absent. — brasiliensis R: & J. (7a), from Brazil, Paraguay and North Argentina, is often still larger than cinyras; the cell-spot of the forewing is absent or small, the first spot near the apex of the wing is mostly large and produced into a point. — thoantiades Burm. occurs in Argentina, especially in the province of Buenos Aires. It is a small form, usually with narrow, pale yellow band. Papilio cresphontes formerly considered a subspecies of thoas is very similar.

Biology

Adult Thoas swallowtails fly year round in the tropics, feeding on nectar of a variety of flowers, including Lantana, Stachytarpheta, and Bougainvillea among other species.

Subspecies
Listed alphabetically.
P. t. autocles Rothschild & Jordan, 1906
P. t. brasiliensis Rothschild & Jordan, 1906
P. t. cynrias Ménétriés, 1857
P. t. nealces Rothschild & Jordan, 1906
P. t. oviedo Gundlach, 1866
P. t. thoantiades Burmeister, 1878
P. t. thoas Linnaeus, 1771

References

External links

 Thoas Swallowtail, Butterflies and Moths of North America

thoas
Butterflies described in 1771
Butterflies of North America
Butterflies of Central America
Butterflies of the Caribbean
Papilionidae of South America
Butterflies of Cuba
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus


The Prussian S 6 (later DRG Class 13.10–12) was a class of German steam locomotive with a 4-4-0 wheel arrangement operated by the Prussian state railways for express train services.

Development
After the Prussian steam locomotive classes S 4 and S 5 proved less than fully satisfactory, there was a requirement in Prussia for faster and more powerful express locomotives. To that end the Head of the Locomotive Design and Procurement Department, Robert Garbe, proposed to the Locomotive Committee in 1904 a design by Linke-Hofmann of Breslau for a 4-4-0 superheated, express train locomotive. This was an evolutionary development of the Prussian Class S 4 that also had a 4-4-0 configuration.
In putting this forward, Garbe was especially keen to prove the superiority of his design compared with the four-cylinder, saturated steam, compound locomotives, particularly its predecessor, the Prussian Class S 7.

In 1905/1906 Garbe pushed through the construction of the S 6. Between 1906 and 1913 a total of 584 units were manufactured by Linke-Hofmann,  Henschel-Werke and the Maschinenbauanstalt Humboldt in Cologne. They were the last four-coupled, express locomotives to be built in Germany and, for a long time, were the most economical locomotives in the Prussian state railways.

Design features
The design initially caused major difficulties, because it had to keep to the maximum permitted axle load for the railway network of .

This limitation led to the weight savings in many areas. At first, the plate frame was made of  thick material; this later had to be changed to the usual . On the first few engines, a smokebox superheater was installed, but the design this was changed during the first year in favour of a Schmidt smoke tube superheater. The long boiler was located well forward in order to spread the weight to the front carrying wheels and to keep the axle load within the maximum limits, thus giving the engine the typical appearance of a "Garbe locomotive".

The driving wheels of the S6 had the rather unusual diameter of  in order to keep the rpm down and to guarantee the smooth running of the driving gear. Originally a diameter of  had been planned, but in the end it was reduced by . The heavy balancing masses of the driving gear were badly affected by weight savings. That resulted in serious jerkiness when running. A remedy was achieved by coupling the tender closer to the locomotive and thus raising the compression of the buffer springs.

Not until the lines were upgraded in 1910 to take a  axle load, could the necessary reinforcing measures be taken. The S 6 then became the heaviest 4-4-0 locomotive on continental Europe, even outweighing the subsequently built four-cylinder, saturated steam locomotives of Class S 7.

The driver's cab was initially built with a tapered front and conical smokebox doors in order to reduce wind resistance. An unfortunate side effect of the streamlined driver's cab, however, was that the engine crew were dazzled at night by reflexions from the diagonally oriented front window panes. From 1908/1909 the cab was built with a flat front.

The locomotives were equipped with Prussian Class pr 2’2’ T 21.5 tenders.

Performance
The S 6 achieved its highest indicated power of 1,160 PS () at a speed of . On the level it could haul a train of  (the equivalent of 13 eight-wheeled D-Zug coaches) at a continuous speed of . On engines with a feedwater preheater the performance was about 10% higher.

Distribution
Apart from the divisions of Berlin and Königsberg (other sources also name Saarbrücken), the S 6 was procured by all the Prussian railway divisions S 6. There were only a few transfers.

After the First World War the S 6 was employed in express train duties (on the Leipzig–Dresden, Berlin–Dresden and other lines) as well as in passenger train services. Many of the engines were rehomed at Dresden.

Preserved locomotives
From 1912 the S 6 was ousted from heavy express train services by the S 10.

In the 1923 DRG renumbering plan for steam locomotives, 442 S 6 engines were listed for renumbering into the 13 1001 to 13 1442 series. In the third and final renumbering plan only 286 engines were listed: numbers 13 1001 to 13 1286.
The last engines in Germany were retired between 1926 and 1931.

After World War I, 81 locomotives were handed over to Poland (class Pd5), 42 to Belgium (type 66), two to Italy (class 553) and one to Lithuania as reparations.
The engines in those countries survived considerably longer in service; in Belgium they were not retired until 1956.

During the Second World War a total of 56 S 6 came back into the Reichsbahn fleet from Poland as numbers 13 501-556.

One S 6 has been preserved in Warsaw (Poland).

See also
 Prussian state railways
 List of Prussian locomotives and railcars
 List of preserved steam locomotives in Germany

References

External links

 Photo of locomotive in original configuration
 Drawing with dimensions

S 06
4-4-0 locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1906
Passenger locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of Germany
Linke-Hofmann locomotives
Henschel locomotives
Humboldt locomotives
2′B h2 locomotives