Pedro Ochoa (February 22, 1900 – September 5, 1947) was an Argentine football forward. At club level, he played his entire career for Racing Club, where he won 12 titles with the team.

Biography
He debuted with the Racing senior team at the age of 16, soon becoming a fan favourite due to his conditions and skills as a playmaker.

Ochoa played his entire club career for Racing Club, where he won six league championships, 4 national cups and 2 international cups. He was nicknamed "Ochoíta" and El rey de la gambeta (The king of dribbling) due to his outstanding skills with the ball.

He was admired by Carlos Gardel, who sang the tango "Patadura" (a lunfardo word for a "two left feet man") written by José López Ares and Enrique Carrera Sotelo. The tango mentions several notable footballers of those years, such as Ochoa (referring him as Ochoíta), Manuel Seoane, Luis Monti and Domingo Tarasconi (as Tarasca).

Ochoa was part of the Argentina national team in the 1928 Olympic games, but he did not play in any matches. In 1931 he retired from football. Ochoa died at 47 years old, in Tandil, Buenos Aires Province.

Honours

Racing Club
 Primera División (6): 1916, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1921, 1925
 Copa de Honor MCBA (1): 1917
 Copa Ibarguren (3): 1916, 1917, 1918
 Copa Aldao (2): 1917, 1918

Argentina national team
 Copa América (1): 1927
 Summer Olympics (1): 1928 (Silver medal)

References

External links

Todo Racing profile

1900 births
1947 deaths
Footballers from Avellaneda
Argentine men's footballers
Argentina men's international footballers
Argentine people of Basque descent
Olympic footballers for Argentina
Olympic silver medalists for Argentina
Men's association football forwards
Argentine Primera División players
Racing Club de Avellaneda footballers
Olympic medalists in football
Medalists at the 1928 Summer Olympics
Footballers at the 1928 Summer Olympics


Nick Miller (born 1962 in London) Is an Irish contemporary artist who has become known for reinvigorating painting and drawing in the traditional genres of Portraiture, Landscape and Still-life. He has developed an intense and individual approach to the practice of working directly from life, that has been described as a form of encounter painting.

Biography
In 1984, after graduating in Development Studies at the University of East Anglia he moved to Ireland to pursue his interest in painting. He has lived and worked in County Clare, Dublin, and apart from periods working in the US, he has largely been based in County Sligo since 1992.  In 2018 after 34 years he became an Irish Citizen. He has become one of Ireland's leading contemporary painters. In recognition of his significant contribution to Irish Art, he was elected to Aosdána in 2001.

Exhibitions
Significant solo museum exhibitions of his work have taken place at the Irish Museum of Modern Art (South African Works in 1994, and Nick Miller and the Studio of Edward McGuire in 2015-16) and, The Royal Hibernian Academy, Dublin in 2003(Figure To Ground); The Butler Gallery , Kilkenny Castle in 2004(Genre); Limerick City Gallery of Art and Centre Culturel Irlandais, Paris in 2007(Truckscapes: Drawings). In 2008 he exhibited Truckscapes: Paintings at the gallery of the historic New York Studio School.

Career
In 1997 he converted a Truck, a mobile British Telecom workshop, into a mobile studio, facilitating the artist to work on large-scale paintings and drawings in the landscape, but protected from the elements. He began to gain critical recognition in the early 2000s exhibiting work that tackled the traditionally conservative tradition of Irish Landscape painting through his particular approach of encounter painting to portray land and nature in the rural West of Ireland. The Mobile Studio enabled a highly productive 15-year period work that explored Landscape through the interface of the artist with both culture and nature. The "Truckscapes" were distinguished by the inclusion of the doorway of the truck, itself covered in splattered paint, as a painted meeting with nature defined by the artist and the reality of the 'truck-view'. Examples such as "From Cogan's Shed" (2004) can be found in collections of the National Gallery of Ireland, "From Cogan's Shed" (2007) Limerick City Gallery of Art, and "Whitethorn, truck-view" (2000-2001) The Irish Museum of Modern Art.

Portraiture, and the formal meeting with his subject is a central tenet of Miller's practice influencing his approach to all genres of painting. For the artist, the artwork is the remains of a lived and painted encounter. In a seminal series of large scale CLOSER drawings made from 1996-2000 and shown in Dublin and London Miller drew his subjects, mostly close family and friends to make unconventional portraits including Corban (1996), Collection of IMMA, of the Irish artist Corban Walker. These drawings were made at very close quarters, exploring a single point perspective, face to face and straddling the subjects on the paper they were being drawn on the floor.

Amongst subjects, both well known and unknown, Miller has painted the author John McGahern (1998) The Niland Collection Sligo, and a full seated figure Portrait of John Hogan (2004), a farmer and neighbour of the artist for 16 years, during a period living on Lough Arrow, County Sligo.  The painting is now in the collection of the Hugh Lane Gallery, Dublin City Gallery, Dublin City Gallery. In 2014 he received the inaugural Hennessy Portrait Prize, held at the National Gallery of Ireland. The award included a commission to paint the Irish musician Donal Lunny for the National Portrait Collection, and was given for his 2013 painting "Last sitting: Portrait of Barrie Cooke", a fellow artist, and friend of Miller's who died in 2014. Both paintings are in the collection of the National Gallery of Ireland.

In 2014 he was invited by the Irish Museum of Modern Art to respond to the donated studio contents of the renowned Irish portrait and still life painter Edward McGuire (painter) (1932–1986), now in the museum's collection. Miller took up residency in the Museum, spending time with McGuire's work studio contents and personal belongings. During the residency he made a series of  still life paintings of objects and the many stuffed birds that Mcguire was renowned for painting. McGuire had died not long after Miller settled in Dublin, in 1986. As a way to connect to the man, he had not met, but whose work Miller admired, he invited a number of McGuires sitters to come and sit for him in IMMA and talk about Edward, often over 30 years later. These included Theresa Browne, Garech Browne, Wanda Ryan, and the poets Anthony Cronin and Paul Durcan. The resulting exhibition at the museum: Nick Miller and the Studio of Edward McGuire (November 2016 -May 2016) featured both artists' works on similar subjects, and an installation of McGuire's studio belongings with a film made by Miller about McGuire's renowned "Colour Dictionary"

In the same way that Miller attempts to reinvigorate traditions around landscape and portraiture, he continues to evolve the genre of the 'still life', often merging still life with portraiture. In more recent years, since 2011 he began to return to painting elements of nature, flowers, weeds, branches and even seaweed, placed in a variety of vases. Initially painted on a domestic scale, this series of works are known as Vessels: Nature Morte. Jackie Wullschläger describes the paintings: "Still life is always about holding time, but Miller's swiftly executed paintings also convey growth to decay, almost surreally speeded up: flowers bloom, glisten, wilt within each rapid painterly performance."  They were painted over a number of years as a way to hold a connection to his dying mother. In the more the recent    Rootless paintings  Miller works with experiences of disintegration and order, as he takes the still lives to a monumental scale, affirming the primacy of 'Nature' as a true and vital reality.

References

External links
Aosdána
www.nickmiller.ie  Includes; publications, images, reviews and biography.
Oliver Sears Gallery, Dublin
Art Space Gallery, London

1962 births
Living people
Aosdána members
Alumni of the University of East Anglia
Artists from London
People from Sligo (town)
20th-century British painters
20th-century Irish painters
British male painters
Irish male painters
21st-century British painters
21st-century Irish painters
20th-century Irish male artists
Artists from County Sligo


Ashcombe House or Ashcombe Park may refer to several places in England:

Ashcombe House, East Sussex
Ashcombe House, Somerset, formerly occupied by Peter Gabriel
Ashcombe House, Wiltshire, occupied by Guy Ritchie, and previously by Sir Cecil Beaton, and Madonna
Ashcombe Park, Staffordshire, country house and estate in Staffordshire
Ashcombe Park, district and public park in Weston-super-Mare, Somerset


Christopher Andreas Holmboe (19 March 1796– 2 April 1882) was a Norwegian philologist, orientalist and numismatist.

Holmboe was born at Vang in Oppland, Norway. He was son of parish priest Jens Holmboe  and brother of mathematician Bernt Michael Holmboe.   He attended the Oslo Cathedral School and graduated as cand.theol. in 1818. He was professor of oriental languages at the University of Christiania (now University of Oslo) from 1825 to 1876. He also served as warden of the University Coin Cabinet.

See also
Holmboe (family)

References

1796 births
1882 deaths
People from Vang, Oppland
 People educated at Oslo Cathedral School
Norwegian orientalists
Norwegian philologists
Norwegian numismatists
Academic staff of the University of Oslo
Christopher Andreas


New and Improved may refer to:

 New and Improved (Mice album), 2001
 New and Improved (The Spinners album), 1974


Jim Reid (5 May 1934 – 6 July 2009) was a Scottish folk musician who was born in Dundee. Many of his songs are about his home town of Dundee and the people and places of the surrounding county of Angus.

Biography
The first folk group Reid was in was The Taysiders in the 1970s, but he became better known as the driving force behind The Foundry Bar Band from Arbroath recording three albums with them in the 1980s. Later Reid partnered up with the Dundee accordionist John Huband, to record the album Freewheeling Now.

Reid's solo work has included his debut in 1984 I Saw The Wild Geese Flee, followed by The Better o a Sang in 1996, Emfae Dundee in 2001 and Yont the Tay in 2005. In 2005, Reid released a songbook with a collection of his own songs titled after his second album The Better o a Sang.

Reid guest featured on many other artists recordings including the ninth to twelfth volumes of the twelve volume series of Linn Records The Complete Songs of Robert Burns. He appeared on other works such as the Hamish Henderson tribute album, A The Bairns O Adam and Life in the Kingdom which was with the children of Fife primary schools.

In 2005 he won the "Scots Singer of the Year" award, and Reid regularly played at festivals until he was diagnosed with dementia.

Reid died on 6 July 2009 at the age of 75.

Reid's song "The Wild Geese" (also known as "Norland Wind") from his debut album, in which he put music to Violet Jacob's 1915 poem, has been performed and recorded by many other artists, including Battlefield Band, Malinky, Frightened Rabbit with Lau and Jim Malcolm.

Discography

Solo albums
 I Saw The Wild Geese Flee (1984)
 The Better o' a Sang (1996)
 Emfae Dundee (2001)
 Yont The Tay (2005)

with The Foundry Bar Band
 The Foundry Bar Band (1981)
 On The Road with The Foundry Bar Band (1983)
 Rolling Home (1988)

with John Huband
 Freewheeling Now (1990)

References

Scottish folk musicians
Scottish male songwriters
1934 births
2009 deaths
Musicians from Dundee


Urban Ministries, Inc. (UMI) is an independent, African American-owned and operated Christian media company founded in 1970.
UMI publishes Christian resources, including Sunday School and Vacation Bible School curricula, books, movies, and websites designed for African American churches and others seeking a diverse perspective on faith and life issues.

Since its founding, UMI has served over 40,000 churches across the United States, the Caribbean, and Africa. It is evangelical in its theology but rooted in the African American church tradition.

Founding and history
The establishment of Urban Ministries, Inc. was the fulfillment of a boyhood dream that Melvin E. Banks had at the age of 12. Soon after becoming a Christian, Banks gave his testimony on one of the back roads of Birmingham, Alabama. An old, white-haired Black man heard his testimony and quoted this Scripture verse to him: "My people are destroyed for lack of knowledge" (Hosea 4:6). This verse made a great impression on Banks, and he determined to devote his life to educating African Americans with knowledge of the Bible and Christian teaching.

In 1955, Banks graduated from the Moody Bible Institute in Chicago. He went on to Wheaton College (Illinois), where he earned a Bachelor of Arts in Theology and a Master of Arts and Biblical Studies degree. He received an honorary Doctorate of Literature from Wheaton College in 1992.

While working at the predominantly white evangelical Christian publishing company Scripture Press, Banks realized the need for resources that would appeal to African Americans. In 1970, a Board of Directors was selected and Banks’s boyhood dream began to take shape with the incorporation of Urban Ministries. During its first 12 years, UMI operated out of the basement of the Banks family’s home. In the spring of 1996, UMI completed construction and took occupancy of a new headquarters facility located in Calumet City, Illinois, in South Suburban Chicago.

UMI today
Today, UMI is one of the few independent African American-owned and operated religious publishers producing materials specifically for African American churches. UMI materials include Sunday School curriculum, Vacation Bible School resources, books, videos, and music, all of which depict or speak to people of color in the context of their culture.

Melvin Banks remains with the company as founder and chairman. Dr. Banks is the author and editor of a number of books and Bible studies. In Banks is also the founder of the Urban Outreach foundation, an elder in his local church, and a member of the boards of trustees of Wheaton College and the Circle Y Ranch. In 2017 the Evangelical Christian Publishers Association (ECPA) presented Dr. Banks with the Kenneth N. Taylor Lifetime Achievement Award for more than 50 years of excellence, innovation, integrity, and commitment to making the message of Christ more widely known.

References

 Gilbreath, Edward. "Melvin Banks: An Agent of Healing and Hope," Wheaton magazine, Autumn 1999, pp. 14–15.
 Matlack, William H. "Heaven...Almost Heaven--Urban Ministries' Automatic Call Distributor System," Communications News, June 1999.

External links
 Urban Ministries, Inc. Official website

Christian mass media companies
Mass media companies of the United States


Abercamlais railway station was a private platform serving the Abercamlais estate in the traditional county of Brecknockshire, Wales.

History

Opened by the Neath and Brecon Railway in 1867, it became part of the Great Western Railway during the Grouping of 1923. The line then passed on to the Western Region of British Railways on nationalisation in 1948. It was then closed by the British Transport Commission in 1962.

References

 Abercamlais station on navigable O. S. map

Disused railway stations in Powys
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1867
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1962
Former Great Western Railway stations


Spanish opera is both the art of opera in Spain and opera in the Spanish language. Opera has existed in Spain since the mid-17th century.

Early history
Opera was slow to develop within Spain in comparison to France, Italy and (to a lesser extent) Germany, all of which have had continuous traditions of opera since the early part of the 17th century. One of the reasons for this slow development was Spain's strong tradition of spoken drama, which made some critics believe that opera was a less worthy art form. However, there was a tradition of songs given within largely spoken plays which began in the early 16th century by such distinguished composers as Juan del Encina.

The earliest Spanish operas appeared in the mid-17th century, with libretti by such famous writers as Calderón de la Barca and Lope de Vega to music by such composers as Juan Hidalgo de Polanco. These early operas, however, failed to catch the imagination of the Spanish public. It was not until the increasing popularity of such genres as ballad opera and opéra comique that opera in Spain started to gain momentum, since the use of speech in the vernacular inevitably encouraged Spanish composers to develop their own national style of opera: zarzuela.

Zarzuela

Zarzuela is characterized by a mixture of sung and spoken dialogue. Although Juan Hidalgo de Polanco's early forays into opera were more along the lines of Italian opera, he was instrumental in helping to create the art form, composing the first known zarzuela, El laurel de Apolo, in 1657. The courtly Baroque zarzuela, a mixture of sophisticated verse drama, allegorical opera, popular song, and dance, became the fashion of the Spanish court for over the next 100 years.

The opera artform flourished in Spain during the eighteenth century, with two excellent composers, Sebastián Durón and Antonio Literes. Literes' opera Accis y Galatea (1708) was particularly popular. Also of note later in the century was Rodrígues de Hita (c.1724–87), who used guitars, mandolins, tambourines, and castanets and incorporated spectacular dancing into his opera Las labradoras de Murcia (1769). The zarzuela (in this sense) was eventually superseded by a yet simpler entertainment, the tonadilla escénica (usually a down-to-earth story of everyday folk), but this too became increasingly sophisticated. Eventually the popularity of zarzuela waned at the end of the 18th century, with the last known zarzuela of the century, Clementina by Luigi Boccherini, premiering in 1786. For over the next sixty years, Italian opera became the predominantly popular form of opera in Spain.

In the mid-19th century, there was a renewed interest in the zarzuela in Spain, just as in other countries an increasing national awareness gave rise to distinctive styles to combat the pervading influence of Italian opera. It has been estimated that over 10,000 zarzuelas were written in the hundred years after 1850. The Teatro de la Zarzuela in Madrid became the hub of activity, but scores of companies in the capital, the provinces, and Spanish-speaking Central and South America were busily performing zarzuela in repertory.

Of particular note is composer Francisco Asenjo Barbieri who aimed to create a distinctively national operatic style which fused the traditional tonadilla and the old, aristocratic drama into a new form evolved from Italian comic opera. In contrast, Emilio Arrieta stayed closer to ‘pure’ Romantic Italian models in such zarzuelas as Marina (1855). The two became intense rivals within the eyes of the public and their competitive behavior made zarzuela extremely popular.

Other composers, such as Tomás Bretón and Ruperto Chapí, wrote smaller zarzuelas known as género chico which were farces in one-act. These farcical operas often contained social or political satire and usually contained less music and more spoken dialogue than other forms of zarzuela. The género chico reached its height of popularity in the 1880s and 1890s with composer Federico Chueca.

In the 20th century, the zarzuela evolved with popular taste, though the mixture of spoken play and operatic music in roughly equal proportions remained. Some composers created operatic-scale zarzuelas, with a greater proportion of music and not only comical plots. Las golondrinas by José María Usandizaga, Rafael Millán's La dogaresa (1920), Amadeu Vives' Doña Francisquita (1923) or La villana (1927) are true operas with some spoken dialogues. Operetta-zarzuelas, most notably by Pablo Luna and Amadeo Vives, coexisted with revue-style farces such as Francisco Alonso's Las leandras (1931) and sentimental verismo dramas such as José Serrano's La dolorosa (1930). In the 1930s Pablo Sorozábal attempted to restore the satirical thrust of the 1890s, but after the Spanish Civil War, the distinctive quality of zarzuela was lost in imitations of the Broadway musical. Since 1960, very few new works have entered the repertory, but the popularity of the classic zarzuelas continues.

Through-sung opera
Although many through-sung Spanish operas have been written, either full-length or in one act, very few have entered the international repertoire. Manuel de Falla's La vida breve and Enrique Granados's Goyescas are one-act works often heard and seen in Spain and abroad. Tomás Bretón's La Dolores, Ruperto Chapí's Margarita la tornera and certain English-language operas of Isaac Albéniz - notably Merlin and Pepita Jiménez - are full-length works which have been performed in Europe and America as well as Spain.

Spanish-language operas written and widely-heard in the Americas and elsewhere include three by Alberto Ginastera - notably Bomarzo, (New York, 1967); and the Mexican composer Daniel Catán's Florencia en el Amazonas (Houston, 1996).

References

Sources
Nicholas Temperley: "Opera", Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy (Accessed October 25, 2008), (subscription access)
Christopher Webber: The Zarzuela Companion (Scarecrow Press Inc., 2002) Lib. Cong. 2002110168 /

External links

Opera in Spain
Opera
Opera by country
Span


The Museum Catharijneconvent (St. Catherine's Convent Museum) is a museum of religious art in Utrecht, Netherlands. It is located in the former St. Catharine convent, having been sited there since 1979. Its collections include many artifacts from the museum of religious art of the  Catholic Archbishopric of Utrecht, located in the convent until 1979. In 2006 the convent closed for restoration. It is part of the Utrecht Museum Night.

Collection
The museum has an extensive collection of historical and art-historical objects from the early Middle Ages to the present. The vast collection presents a picture of Protestant and Catholic art and cultural history of the Netherlands, and its impact on Dutch society. The collection includes richly illustrated manuscripts, book-bindings decorated with precious stones, richly-worked images, paintings, altarpieces, pieces of clothing and ecclesiastical objects in gold and silver. Among the highlights in the collection are the 9th-century chalice of Saint Lebuinus and carved ivories from the Lebuïnuskerk in Deventer.

Dutch painting of the 16th and 17th centuries is represented by a selection of works by Jan van Scorel and Pieter Saenredam, and more recent Dutch artworks by Jan Toorop, Shinkichi Tajiri, Frans Franciscus, Guido van der Werve and .

External links

Religious museums in the Netherlands
Museums in Utrecht (city)
Art museums and galleries in the Netherlands
Museums established in 1979
20th-century religious buildings and structures in the Netherlands


Biff Brewster is the central character in a series of 13 adventure and mystery novels for adolescent boys written by Andy Adams. The series was published by Grosset & Dunlap between 1960 and 1965.

Most titles were published in hardcover with full color dustjackets, but, like other Grosset & Dunlap juvenile series of the era, production costs were cut by dispensing with the dust jackets and featuring full color cover illustrations in their stead. This occurred only with the last three books in the series, and later reprints of the first three.

List of titles
Brazilian Gold Mine Mystery (1960)
Mystery of the Chinese Ring (1960)
Hawaiian Sea Hunt Mystery (1960)
Mystery of the Mexican Treasure (1961)
African Ivory Mystery (1961)
Alaska Ghost Glacier Mystery (1961)
Mystery of the Ambush in India (1962)
Mystery of the Caribbean Pearls (1962)
Egyptian Scarab Mystery (1963)
Mystery of the Tibetan Caravan (1963)
British Spy Ring Mystery (1964)
Mystery of the Arabian Stallion (1964)
Mystery of the Alpine Pass (1965)

List of characters
 Biff Brewster: Leading protagonist

See also

References

Book series introduced in 1960
Juvenile series
Brewster, Biff
Brewster, Biff
Children's mystery novels

External links
 the biff brewster series by andy adams Detailed information on the series


Sumant Misra (11 January 1923 – 3 September 2011) was an Indian tennis player.

Misra, who was born in Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh, played on the India Davis Cup team for nine years between 1947 and 1956 and captained the team in 1952 and 1953. He reached the quarter-finals of the Wimbledon Men's Doubles Championship (along with Jimmy Mehta) in 1947 and 1948 and the US National Doubles at Forest Hills in 1947, being the only pair in the championships to take a set off Schoder and Kramer the winners, who had won both Wimbledon and the US Nationals at Forest Hills that year.

He won the last All India Tennis Championships in 1944–45 and then went on to win the first newly christened National Lawn Tennis Championships of India that was held at Calcutta South Club in Woodburn Park Road, in 1946–47 beating Man Mohan Lal. In 1952–53 he won the national championships again and was the finalist on three other occasions. In the 1947–48 final he was defeated by Lennart Bergelin of Sweden (in later years better known as Björn Borg's coach).

In 1972, Misra's son Gaurav Misra defeated Ramanathan Krishnan to win the National Lawn Tennis Championships of India held at Calcutta South Club, making them the first father–son to win the national championships.

Sumant Misra also won the men's singles title at both the Ceylon and Malay Nationals in 1958–59 and 1959 respectively. Since there was no ATP Tour then, each country held their own national events. He was the finalist at the inaugural Asian Tennis Championship in 1949.
His game was dominated by a cannonball serve and a lethal backhand. Nicknamed 'Tiny', 89-year-old Sumant Misra carried the moniker like a crown on his 6 feet and 2 inches tall frame. Also called 'the grandfather of Indian tennis', Misra was initiated into the game by his father Sir L. P. Misra, then Chief Commissioner of Indian Railways. As a 14-year-old, his favourite turf was the Calcutta South Club. That's where Misra met his contemporaries, Narendra Nath, Man Mohan Lal and Dilip Bose. However, Misra was the only one to participate in the junior national championship, the national championship and national veteran championship.

He was secretary of the All India Tennis Association (AITA, then known as AILTA) from 1963 to 1966 and on the Committee of Management of ITF (International Tennis Federation) during 1965–67.

Misra died on 3 September 2011. He was 88.

Besides tennis, he was an accomplished player in squash racquets, and in later years a golfer with a handicap of 8. "Then, sports was seen as a hobby," recalls Misra, who retired from Indian Aluminium as General Coordination Manager over two decades ago. He lived in New Delhi with his wife, Sharda Misra and younger daughter. His elder son Gaurav Misra is a former national tennis champion and is the director of the Columbia University's Dick Savitt Tennis Center tennis in New York City, New York.

References

1923 births
2011 deaths
Indian male tennis players


Gladys Carrión is an Adjunct Research Scholar with Columbia University's Justice Lab.  She was the Commissioner of the New York City Administration for Children's Services (ACS) until 2017 and a nationally recognized advocate for improving child well-being.

New York City Administration for Children's Services
Carrión is among the first officials that New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio named to lead his administration.  Calling her a  "change agent and reformer," he appointed Carrión commissioner of the city's child welfare agency, the Administration for Children's Services (ACS) in December, 2013. “She’s devoted her whole life to our children and she understands from her own life story what it’s like for children to come up in humble circumstances and struggle, and understands how much it is our obligation to protect them all,” said de Blasio.

ACS has a $2.8 billion annual budget and 6,500 employees who supervise children in foster care, provides child abuse prevention services and administers juvenile justice. When she was named ACS commissioner, Carrión said her focus would be on improving preventive services to protect vulnerable children: “We need to focus on tightening the system so that no child falls through the cracks."

On December 12, 2016, Carrión retired under pressure after the deaths of three-year-old, Brooklyn resident, Jaden Jordan and six-year-old, Harlem resident, Zymere Perkins.

In both cases, the ACS under Carrión's leadership, failed to intervene in order save both children's lives. A 2016 NYS Office of Children and Family Services (OCFS) - Child Fatality Report (NY-16-103) stated that the death of both children, the “level of casework activity for all cases was insufficient and was particularly lacking given the family circumstances,” and that ACS “did not conduct thorough investigations and/or follow regulatory standards.”

Specifically, in the case of Jaden Jordan, the Emergency Children's Services (ECS), a unit within ACS that handles cases after weekday business hours and during weekends and holidays received an anonymous tip on Saturday November 26, 2016 that the little boy was being abused at his Brooklyn home. ECS subsequently responded two hours later, but knocked on the wrong doors because an incorrect address had been given. The next day, Sunday November 27, 2016, workers returned to Jaden's neighborhood in the Gravesend section of Brooklyn and talked to three neighbors who did not know Jaden or his family. On Monday November 28, investigators found the correct address. By then it was too late, Jaden was found unconscious by the police after Jaden's mother, had called 911 at about 4:30 p.m on November 28, 2016, saying Jaden had slipped in the shower. In a review of factors that contributed to the mix-up with Jaden's address by the Department of Investigation (DOI), it found that ECS unit's employees were not adequately trained to search databases for addresses to locate children; and child welfare specialists, who are experienced with such research, work only during business hours.

In the case of Zymere Perkin,  ACS staff prematurely closed by his case despite multiple documented reports from mandated reporters and observers that suggested Zymere was being physically abused  over a period of years.

Subsequently, as a result of both childs' deaths, New York State directed ACS to hire an external Office of Children and Family Services (OCFS) approved monitor, to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of ACS’ Child Protective and Preventive services programs. In Dec 16, 2016, it was reported that Mayor de Blasio also ordered ACS case-workers Nitza Sutton, Francis Okeke, case-manager Lydia Rosado to be fired. ACS case-workers Alanna Davis, Renee Lawrence, managing attorney Susan Starker and assistant director Lee Gordon suffered demotions.

Starker and Gordon later filed a petition against Gladys Carrión as Commissioner of ACS and the City of New York, requesting a declaration that their suspensions and demotions were arbitrary and capricious, to be made financially whole, and to order ACS to conduct a name-clearing hearing. Ultimately their petition was dismissed by Manhattan Supreme Court Judge Manuel J. Mendez. Judge Mendez wrote that: "ACS found that in 2014 Petitioners were made aware of allegations that Nitza Sutton, an ACS Child Protective Specialist assigned to the case of the young boy [Zymere Perkins], falsified documents. Petitioners, who were responsible for bringing disciplinary proceedings against employees suspected of incompetence or misconduct, subsequently initiated an internal audit of Sutton's case that eventually appeared to confirm Sutton's professional malpractice. The completed Sutton audit was sent to Petitioners in October of 2014 as it was then their responsibility to bring the findings to the attention of the Department of Investigation ("DOI") who could bring charges against Sutton for incompetence. Petitioners failed to alert the DOI and Sutton subsequently returned to her full duty, and resumed responsibility over the file of the young boy [Zymere Perkins]." In February 2017, Mayor de Blasio replaced Carrión as Commissioner of ACS with social services manager David A. Hansell, Esq.

New York State Office for Children and Family Services
Until her appointment by New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio, Carrión served as New York State Governor Andrew Cuomo's commissioner for the Office of Children and Family Services (OCFS).  She was appointed by Governor Eliot Spitzer in January, 2007.
OCFS provides oversight of child well-being in local counties.  This includes child abuse prevention, a 24-hour child abuse hotline, child abuse investigations, and protective services; foster care and adoption; and child care.  OCFS also manages New York's juvenile justice system and supervises county-based juvenile justice programs.  In addition, OCFS supervises the Commission for the Blind and Visually Handicapped (CBVH) and New York State's response to the needs of Native Americans.  OCFS has an annual budget of nearly four billion dollars.

Juvenile justice
Commissioner Carrión earned the most recognition  for her initiative to transform the juvenile justice system she inherited, from a "custody and control" model with a reputation for using excessive force on children; no oversight and few resources; and an 89 percent recidivism rate, to an evidence-based, trauma-informed, community-centered therapeutic model. This transformation has significantly improved child well-being—while at the same time improving public safety in local counties.  The New York State Bar Association in June, 2009, honored Carrión with the Howard A. Levine Award for Excellence in Juvenile Justice and Child Welfare for this initiative. More recently, the National Juvenile Justice Network and Texas Public Policy Foundation  singled out New York State for the implementation of Commissioner Carrión's initiatives.

Empty Beds, Wasted Dollars
In an unprecedented move more common to corporate communications, Carrión supported an innovative strategic communications and advocacy plan Empty Beds, Wasted Dollars to generate and maintain critical leverage for the continuing transformation of juvenile justice despite the formidable opposition of upstate legislators and the state employee unions which represented the workers in the juvenile jails she closed. "The Empty Beds, Wasted Dollars campaign generated more than 300 newspaper, magazine, television, radio and online story and op-ed placements and 30 editorials in fewer than three years." Her success transforming the state's juvenile justice system provided Carrión with the political capital needed to also transform child care and child welfare to improve the overall improvement of child well-being across New York State.

Close to home
After closing most of the state's juvenile jails, Carrión and New York State Governor Andrew Cuomo changed New York State law so that they would stay closed and the troubled children who used to be sent away would now stay close to home where they would get treatment for the mental health and alcohol and substance abuse problems and developmental delays from which 90 percent suffer.

Family assessment response
Under her leadership, OCFS developed a framework for child well-being in New York State's 62 counties that builds on the pillars of safety and permanency to improve outcomes for children and families.  This includes implementing a Family Assessment Response (FAR) in child protection cases that do not include allegations of child abuse. Instead of exercising a traditional law enforcement approach, FAR now supports families involved in child neglect allegations with services and interventions to address their needs.

Child care
Carrión also established an OCFS Division for Child Care Services for the first time, and charged it with moving beyond simply regulating child care, to implementing policies and program to improve child care to enhance children's capacity to succeed in school and later in life.

Bridges to Health (B2H)
Additionally, she implemented Bridges to Health (B2H), a Federal Medicaid-waiver program to provide comprehensive family and community support services to medically fragile children in foster care and their families.

LGBTQ rights
For the first time, New York State promulgated policies expanding the umbrella of constitutional and civil rights protections to LGBTQ youth when Carrión wrote and institutionalized agency policy protecting youth in state care.

Early life, education, and early career
Carrión was born and raised in the South Bronx. After graduating from Fordham University, she earned a Juris Doctor degree from the New York University School of Law. Upon graduation, Carrión took a job as an attorney at the Bronx Legal Services Corporation, launching what would turn out to be a long and distinguished career as an advocate for poor and working families.

At Bronx Legal Services, she represented residents on issues ranging from housing, welfare, education, to family law. Carrión quickly rose to become managing attorney in the South Bronx, the poorest U.S. Congressional district in the nation.

While at Bronx Legal Services, New York City Mayor Edward Koch named Carrión to the board of trustees of the City University of New York (CUNY), the largest urban university system in the United States. He also named her as chair of the New York City Schools Chancellor's Task Force on Latino Educational Opportunities.

Upon his election, New York City Mayor David Dinkins pulled her from the South Bronx to lead the then much-maligned Community Development Agency (CDA). CDA was responsible for the allocation of nearly half-a-billion dollars in federal funds that were supposed to address the human services needs of the city's most vulnerable children and families living in the city's poorest neighborhoods. During Carrión's tenure, she conducted the agency's first neighborhood poverty assessment identifying communities of need. She also for the first-time created a transparent process for directing the allocation of federal funds and established a system of accountability to ensure the quality performance of more than 300 funded community-based organizations.

Following her government service, Carrión served as executive director at Family Dynamics, where she developed policies and programs to strengthen families and to help them avoid having their children placed in foster care by the New York City Administration for Children's Services.

After a period as a community development program officer at the Ford Foundation, Carrión was named executive director of Inwood House, one of the oldest programs in the city working to lift children and families out of poverty.

She also served as New York Foundation Board of Directors Chairperson, on the Legal Services of New York Executive Committee, and the Child Welfare Watch Advisory Board.

Before Governor Eliot Spitzer named her commissioner for the Office of Children and Family Services, Carrión was senior vice president for community investment at United Way of New York City.

References

External links

 New York State Office of Children and Family Services
 Inwood House

American lawyers
State cabinet secretaries of New York (state)
Living people
American women lawyers
Fordham University alumni
New York University School of Law alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American women


Eaton is an unincorporated community in Gibson County, Tennessee.

Geography
Eaton is located on the right bank of the Middle Fork of the Forked Deer River, about  west of Trenton. Eaton is the site of a post office, which is assigned zip code 38331.State Route 188 (Riverside-Yorkville Road)passes through Eaton.

History
The community was first settled in the 1820s after the Jackson Purchase opened West Tennessee to European-American settlement. It was originally known as Buckner's Bluff after early settler J.W. Buckner, but was renamed Eaton in 1827, after John H. Eaton, United States Senator from Tennessee who later became United States Secretary of War in the administration of President Andrew Jackson. It was incorporated as a municipality in the 1830s, lost its incorporated status at some time thereafter, and was reincorporated again around 1875 to 1880, but later lost its incorporated status again. A post office was first established in Eaton in 1830.

The community's commercial peak was in the 1830s.  Before rail connections were established in the region, Eaton was an important shipping point, served by keelboats, flatboats, and occasional small steamboats that navigated on the Forked Deer River.

References

Unincorporated communities in Gibson County, Tennessee
Unincorporated communities in Tennessee
1830 establishments in Tennessee


Põhja-Kõrvemaa Nature Reserve () is a protected area in Harju County, Northern Estonia, some 50 km east of Tallinn. With an area of 130.9 km2, it is the third largest nature reserve in Estonia. Dominated by forests and bogs, it aims to protect rare and endangered species, their habitats, and valuable natural landscapes.

Põhja-Kõrvemaa (meaning North Kõrvemaa) occupies the northern part of Kõrvemaa, which itself forms the northern part of Transitional Estonia, a large forested and sparsely populated area spanning in northeast–southwest direction through Estonia, from Lahemaa through Soomaa to Latvia.

History

Põhja-Kõrvemaa Nature Reserve was established in the end of 1991, a few months after Estonia regained its independence. Throughout the Soviet Era a large part of the nature reserve's current territory was used by Soviet Army for military training and as such was closed to the public. The proving grounds were established in 1947 and in 1953 expanded to 33 304 ha (333 km2), making it the biggest Soviet military polygon in Estonia. Still, the Soviet Army damaged only about 10% of the proving grounds' territory, leaving the rest intact. Due to unsuitability for agriculture (poor and/or badly drained soils) the whole region has always been very sparsely populated – in the beginning of the 1950s the population density was around 1 people per km2 – but still a few hundred people were displaced together with the creation of proving ground.

Põhja-Kõrvemaa nature reserve was formed in the western part of the former Aegviidu polygon, which had been hidden behind the official name of Pavlov Forest District. In the 1990s, Estonian Defence Forces were interested to begin reusing some areas of the former polygon now situated on the nature reserve's territory. However, due to strong opposition by local people and conservationists, the idea was given up. In 2001, Estonian Defence Forces central proving ground was established in the eastern part of the former Soviet military polygon.
The Valgejõgi River is the natural divide between the current proving ground and the nature reserve.

From 1997 to 2007 the nature reserves official status was landscape protection area. In 2007 it was expanded from 12,890 to 13,086 hectares and official status changed back to nature reserve. Since 2004 it is part of the European Union Natura 2000 network.

Nature

The landscape in Põhja-Kõrvemaa took shape in the end of the last Ice Age, when the glacier retreated about 12,000 years ago and is as such a typical glacial landscape. It is characterized by ice marginal formations and glaciolacustrine plains, the latter of which are now mostly covered by extensive bogs and, to a much lesser extent, fens. Forests cover about 40% of the nature reserve's territory and man-made open areas only 10%.

The region is richest in Estonia in ice marginal formations. The most remarkable relief forms of the region are eskers, which form steep-sided ridges of very complex relief that extend to a number of kilometers and are up to 25 m high.  Along with eskers there are several kame fields — areas covered with hillocks consisting of sand and gravel. Jussi kame field is the best known in Põhja-Kõrvemaa.

There are more than 30 lakes in Põhja-Kõrvemaa. Most of the lakes are small, situated either in bogs (Kivijärv, Koitjärv, Venejärv and others) or between kames. Jussi lakes is a group of 6 lakes (spanning from 2 to 20 hectares in area) situated in the eastern part of the Jussi kame field.

In addition to the lakes, the three biggest bogs (Koitjärve, Kõnnu Suursoo and Võhma bogs), which cover about half of the territory, have developed extensive ridges of small bog ponds, which can be counted in hundreds.

Flora and fauna
A number of rare or endangered species can be found in Põhja-Kõrvemaa, which is one of the main reasons behind the area's status as a nature reserve. It is home to large predators such as gray wolf, Eurasian lynx and brown bear. Small populations of European mink endured until the beginning of the 1990s, but are now disappeared, as in most of Estonia.  Protected bird species include black stork, golden eagle, capercaillie and common crane. Nineteen species of orchids can be found in Põhja-Kõrvemaa (for example, Goodyera repens and Platanthera bifolia), among other rare plants growing in the area are Pulsatilla patens, Sparganium angustifolium, Isoetes echinospora and Oxytropis sordida (the only place in Estonia where the plant is found).

Recreation

Põhja-Kõrvemaa is one of the most visited protected areas in Estonia due to the closeness of Tallinn and general good accessibility - in the north the nature reserve is bordered by the Tallinn-Narva highway (E20) and in the west by Jägala-Aegviidu-Käravete secondary road. The nature reserve itself has also a considerable amount of gravel and dirt roads. Aegviidu, which is located less than 5 km southwest from the nature reserve and is the end point of Elron commuter railway line, can be reached in an hour from the center of Tallinn.

There are several hiking trails, the longest being the 36 km long Liiapeksi-Aegviidu trail, which crosses the nature reserve from north to south, and also continues  to the north in Lahemaa National Park, which is separated from Põhja-Kõrvemaa by Tallinn-Narva highway. Shorter nature and hiking trails and half a dozen campsites are also available, all managed by the State forest management centre (RMK).

Despite the hiking facilities created in recent years, berry and mushroom picking are still the most popular activities among the visitors.

At summer weekends, up to 700 people visit Põhja-Kõrvemaa daily, most of whom drive from Tallinn.

See also
Nature tours in Põhja-Kõrvemaa
Aviators Boulder in Põhja-Kõrvemaa (estonian)(site is for the memorial of the Estonian Air Force officers who are killed by NKVD officers in near-by site)

References

Nature reserves in Estonia
Geography of Harju County
Protected areas established in 1991
1991 establishments in Estonia
Forests of Estonia
Tourist attractions in Harju County
Kuusalu Parish
Anija Parish


Microsoft Pinyin IME () is the pinyin input method implementation developed by Microsoft and Harbin Institute of Technology. It is bundled with Microsoft Windows and Chinese editions of Microsoft Office. Various versions can be downloaded from Microsoft's website with some restrictions.

History

Since Windows 95 OSR2, Simplified Chinese edition of Windows automatically installed the bundled Microsoft Pinyin IME. Windows 98 came with version 1.5. The Version 2.0 was released with Microsoft Office 2000 and bundled with Windows 2000.

Windows XP and Microsoft Office XP came with Microsoft Pinyin IME 3.0.

Microsoft Pinyin IME 2003 was released with Office 2003. Microsoft Pinyin IME 2003 is later included in Windows Vista. Microsoft Pinyin IME (Ver: 10.1.7600.0) is included in Windows 7.

Microsoft Office Pinyin IME 2007 was released with Microsoft Office 2007. In 2008, Microsoft released a word list update for this version.

Later versions of the IME came in number of different editions. Usually the Express/Select editions are smaller but feature only common functionalities and the standard word list.

Microsoft Office Pinyin IME 2007 is not supported by 64-bit versions of Windows. The most recent version available for use on 64-bit systems is Microsoft Pinyin IME 4.0, however the final version of Microsoft Office Pinyin IME 2010 does feature full 64-bit support.

See also
 Google Pinyin
 Sogou Pinyin

References

External links

Han character input
Pinyin IME
Han pinyin input


Abandon is an American Christian rock band from San Antonio, Texas. The group had five members: brothers Josh (lead vocals) and Justin Engler (guitar), cousins Stevan (guitar) and Dave Vela (drums), and Bryan Fowler (bass).

Abandon signed with ForeFront Records in late 2007, and released the Abandon EP in July 2008. Their first single, "Providence", was released to radios in August. It reached No. 7 on R&R's Christian rock charts.

The group's name was inspired by the Bible verse: "And he that taketh not his cross, and followeth after me, is not worthy of me" (Matthew 10:38).

History
The group of two brothers and two cousins, with friend Ryan Reavis (former bassist), formed as an independent band in 2002. They began playing worship music at their church. In 2005, they began to play local concerts and released their first album, Ambush. It was produced by the band with Tavis Wilson. Soon after the release of their second album, Who You Are (produced by Kevin Bruchert), Reavis chose to leave the band. Not long afterwards, Bruchert introduced the band to Bryan Fowler after they played at his church. Soon after, Fowler joined the band.

They signed a deal with ForeFront Records in the fall of 2007. The record label's A & R Recording manager, Chris York, discovered the band by hearing them play at a club next door (where York was in a restaurant with his wife). He claims:

Abandon's initial ForeFront release, the Abandon EP (produced by Chris Stevens), was released on July 22, 2008. It contains five tracks that were released on their forthcoming studio album. Alternative rock song "Providence" and "All Because of You", which has more of a contemporary Christian music style, were both released as radio singles on August 1, 2008. "Providence" reached No. 7 on R&R's Christian rock chart by October 24, 2008.

Abandon released its second album, Control, on April 19, 2011. The band's single, "Live it Out", was featured on the Food Network for the promotion of Food Network Challenge. It was also played during the 2011 ESPY Awards on ESPN, and used in Seven Network's highlights for the 2012 Australian Open.

Lead vocalist, Josh Engler, decided to stop touring with the band in 2012. His brother, Justin, decided to move from guitar to vocals in order to fill the role. Dave (drums) and Bryan (bass) also decided to stop touring with Abandon that year. This left only Justin and Stevan. They decided to keep working on new music. They recruited Ben Vela, Stevan's brother, to play drums.

In April 2013, Abandon successfully funded their new album via a Kickstarter campaign. In early June 2014, it was announced that Kevin Max would be stepping down as lead singer of Audio Adrenaline. Abandon's former lead vocalist, Josh Engler, filled the position.

Later in 2014, the band released three new singles which included: "It Was Love", "Forever" (on a compilation album of various artists), Reverence: an Offering, and "While We're Living" (on Jesusfreakhideout.com). Abandon's third album, Love Prevails, was released on November 4, 2014. It was made available for purchase in the iTunes Store.

Musical style

Abandon's music, and lead singer's voice, have often been compared to The Killers.

Members

Current members
 Justin Engler – lead vocals, rhythm guitar
 Stevan Vela – lead guitar, background vocals
 Ben Vela – drums

Former members
 Ryan Reavis – bass guitar
 Chris Santos – bass guitar (session and live)
 Bryan Fowler – bass guitar
 Dave Vela – drums
 Josh Engler – lead vocals, keyboards

Discography
Studio albums
 Who You Are (2006) (independent)
 Searchlights (2009) (ForeFront Records)
 Control (2011) (ForeFront)
 Love Prevails (2014) (2TEN Records)

Extended plays
 Ambush (2005) (independent)
 Abandon EP (2008) (ForeFront)
 Abandon II EP (2009) (ForeFront)

Singles
 "It Was Love" (2014) (independent)
 "While We're Living" (2014) (independent)
 "Forever" (2014) (independent)

References

External links

Soul-Audio Reviews Abandon EP
evade the noise reviews Abandon EP (3.5/5)
Abandon at PureVolume

Christian rock groups from Texas
Musical trios from Texas
Musical groups from San Antonio
Musical groups established in 2005
ForeFront Records artists


Jack de la Vergne is a Canadian civil engineer who specializes in underground mining and recipient of the Professional Engineers Ontario Engineering Medal in 2005.

De la Vergne is the author of the Hard Rock Miner's Handbook and the Hard Rock Miners Technical Spanish Dictionary  and is recognized as an industry expert in mine shafts and mine hoists.

References

Canadian mining engineers
Living people
Canadian civil engineers
Year of birth missing (living people)


An election for 19 of the 60 seats in Seanad Éireann, the Senate of the Irish Free State, was held on 17 September 1925. The election was by single transferable vote, with the entire state forming a single 19-seat electoral district.

The election saw 8 Cumann na nGaedheal members elected, alongside three Labour Party, three Farmers' and five others.

There were 76 candidates on the ballot paper, whom voters ranked by preference.  Of the two main political parties, the larger (Cumann na nGaedheal) did not formally endorse any candidates, while the other (Sinn Féin, whose TDs were abstentionist) boycotted the election.  Voter turnout was low and the outcome was considered unsatisfactory. Subsequently, senators were selected by the Oireachtas rather than the electorate.

Vacancies
Under the provisions of the 1922 Constitution of the Irish Free State, Senators were to be elected for twelve-year terms, with the 60 Senators divided into four cohorts of 15, and an election every three years for one of the cohorts. As part of the initial transitional measures, 30 of the original 60 Senators in 1922 were selected by the Dáil, of whom the last 15 to secure election formed the cohort whose term would end after the first triennial period. As well as this cohort, four further Senators were required to vacate their seats: these had been temporarily co-opted to fill casual vacancies which had arisen in previous years.

Candidates
There were three methods of being included on the ballot. Outgoing Senators could nominate themselves for re-election, and all 19 did so. The Seanad could nominate a number of candidates equal to the number of vacancies (19), and the Dáil could nominate twice the number of vacancies (38). Both Dáil and Seanad selections were by single transferable vote and secret ballot. The minimum age for Senators was 35 years.

The Seanad resolved on 30 April to form a committee to decide procedure for its nominations; the committee drafted a resolution in June, which was amended and passed by the Seanad on 19 June. 29 applicants contested the Seanad nominations on 1 July. Apart from two Labour Party members, the candidates were Independents. 47 of the 60 Senators voted, including 18 of the 19 who were themselves standing for re-election. Donal O'Sullivan, clerk of the Seanad throughout its existence, suggests that these 18 had an incentive to vote for less popular candidates since the nominees would be rivals in the ensuing election. O'Sullivan describes the results as "a very great disappointment ... the list [of successful candidates] could not compare with the list of the ten rejected." Oliver St. John Gogarty made a similar remark in the Seanad itself after the results were announced.

The rejected ten were: David Barry, general manager of the British and Irish Steam Packet Company; Sir Laurence Grattan Esmonde, brother of Senator Thomas Grattan Esmonde, Bart; Lady Gregory; John J. Horgan; Hugh A. Law; John McCann, a stockbroker; The McGillicuddy of the Reeks; William Lombard Murphy, son of William Martin Murphy and proprietor of the Irish Independent; Sir John Harley Scott, a Unionist former Mayor of Cork; and J.J. Stafford, a County Wexford businessman.

Cumann na nGaedheal, the party which backed the incumbent government, decided not to formally support any candidates as a result of internal divisions. There was tension between ministers, backbenchers, and grassroots members, and between factions of Kevin O'Higgins and W. T. Cosgrave. The 1924 Army Mutiny had shaken the year-old party, and the appointment of public servants to lead the new state's institutions created resentment among those passed over. The parliamentary party held two selection conventions, on 2 and 6 July 1925, and when the leadership's candidates did badly a free vote was offered in the Dáil with all candidates nominally endorsed by the party.

The Dáil nominations were decided on 8 July. 57 candidates contested; 101 TDs voted, with one ballot deemed ineligible. 52 TDs did not vote, including all 44 abstentionist Sinn Féin TDs, who were ineligible to vote as they had not taken the Oath of Allegiance. TDs supported candidates on party lines. Of the 38 successful nominees, O'Sullivan classifies 21 as supporters of the Cumann na nGaedheal Government, 9 as Independent, 5 as in the Farmers' Party, and 3 as in the Labour Party. Four of the ten candidates rejected by the Seanad were also among the Dáil candidates, with John J. Horgan securing a nomination at the second attempt.

Campaign
The usual Irish local, personal canvassing strategy was impractical across a nationwide constituency, leading to a relatively quiet campaign. While the Farmers' Party and Labour produced newspaper advertisements for their respective slates of candidates, Cumann na nGaedheal did not at a national level formally endorse candidates, even those its TDs had nominated. It presented the election as nonpartisan. It published a booklet, Who's who in the 1925 Senate Election, and did not oppose candidates "put forward by any of the elements that accept the State and Constitution", i.e. other than republicans opposed to the Anglo-Irish Treaty.

Numerous interest groups produced lists of approved candidates, including doctors, publicans, motorists, ex-servicemen's associations, and the livestock trade. Candidates endorsed by temperance groups fared badly. The Catholic Truth Society circulated, to little effect, a list of outgoing Senators it condemned for not having opposed a controversial motion pertaining to divorce.

Sinn Féin, under the leadership of Éamon de Valera, called for a boycott of the election. Sinn Féin had not boycotted the 1923 Dáil election, but rather contested it on an abstentionist platform.  De Valera would later lead his Fianna Fáil party, founded in 1926, into the Oireachtas after the June 1927 Dáil election.

Election
The election was by single transferable vote, with the entire Irish Free State forming a single, 19-seat constituency. All citizens over 30 had a vote.  Since the voting age for Dáil and local elections was 21, a separate electoral roll was maintained for the Seanad election.

The 76 candidates were arranged alphabetically on a ballot paper  long and  wide. The Electoral (Seanad Elections) Act, 1925 was passed to allow the ballot to be presented as four parallel columns of 19 names rather than a single long column of all 76.

The low voter turnout was blamed on the Sinn Féin boycott, wet weather across the country, and the shorter than usual hours of polling. Turnout varied widely, from 8.2% in Mayo North to 43% in Monaghan. Another factor was the large, intimidating ballot paper; O'Sullivan describes it as "a fiasco", saying it was unreasonable to expect voters to "make an intelligent choice of nineteen persons from a list containing seventy-six names, most of which they had never seen or heard of before."

Results

Counting
The ballots were initially collected to one centre within each Dáil constituency to count and sort the first-preference votes. This took almost a week. On 25 September, the ballots were sent to Dublin, the totals checked centrally, and redistribution of transfers begun. Initially there were 10 count officials, rising to 40 by the end.  On 5 October, the first candidate was returned, on the 45th count. Counting continued until 19 October.

Harold Gosnell said that there was more news coverage of the count than of the preceding campaign: "the counting of the ballots under [STV] applied on a national scale attracts wide attention, and the results are sure to reflect the opinions (or lack of them) manifested by the electors".

Details

Although the election was national, many of the candidates relied on local support: 23 gained more than half their first preferences from their own constituency.  Thus STV proved itself both able to elect those with local suport and those with thinly spread dispersed support.

About 12% (37,714) of valid ballots were exhausted, found to be non-transferable when eligible for transfer. (One or more of the preferences marked on the ballots may have been elected, just without the help of that particular vote). Less than 3 percent of the ballots cast were spoiled..

About 260,000 of the 305,000 votes cast were used in the end to elect the 19 winners, an 85 percent rate of effective votes.

Candidates of the two parties contesting the election, the Labour Party and the Farmers', did relatively well. Some interest groups also did well – vintners, ex-servicemen. Others did not  — doctors, academics, women, and especially Irish language revivalists: all four candidates supported by the Gaelic League lost, including outgoing senator and future president Douglas Hyde. The Irish Times (Sept. 24, 1925) reported that licensed liquor dealers, ex- soldiers, farmers, doctors and business men received their due in the election.

Ex-Unionist candidates did not fare well, even though the original design of the Seanad was intended in part to provide enhanced representation for the unionist minority.

Quota (the amount guaranteed to secure election) was 15,286

Thirteen were elected at the end, when the field of candidates was thinned to the number of remaining open seats in the 65th Count,  Some of them were elected with less than quota.

Notes

Legacy
The shortcomings of the 1925 election created a consensus that a single national constituency was unworkable. Political scientist Harold Foote Gosnell wrote of the election, "the ballot is a confusing one and the size of the constituency makes electioneering difficult." In 1928, in the lead-up to the next triennial Seanad election, the Oireachtas formed a joint committee to change the selection procedures. While some members favoured retaining some form of voting by the general electorate, Fianna Fáil in particular wanted to ensure the Seanad was subordinate to the Dáil by restricting the franchise to Oireachtas members. This was effected by a constitutional amendment enacted on 23 July and an electoral act on 25 October. Thus, the 1925 election remains the only Seanad popular election.

See also
Members of the 1925 Seanad

References

Sources

Citations

External links

1925 in Irish politics
Seanad
Seanad Éireann elections
September 1925 events


Aristide Benoît Zogbo (born 30 December 1981) is an Ivorian former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He made three appearances for the Ivory Coast national team and was part of the squads at the 2010 Africa Cup of Nations and the 2010 FIFA World Cup.

Club career
Zogbo was born in Abidjan, Ivory Coast.

He was signed on 1 July 2007 by Ittihad El Shorta in Egypt, joining from Issia Wazi.

Zogbo played for Ittihad El-Shorta until 3 September 2009, and signed then a one-year contract with Israeli club Maccabi Netanya.

International career
His debut for the Les Éléphants was on 20 August 2008 against Guinea in Paris, in a friendly game.

Career statistics

International
Source:

Honours
 Ivory Coast Cup: winner 2006, runner-up: 2007

References

External links

1981 births
Living people
Ivorian men's footballers
Footballers from Abidjan
Expatriate men's footballers in Egypt
Ivory Coast men's international footballers
2010 Africa Cup of Nations players
2010 FIFA World Cup players
Maccabi Netanya F.C. players
Ivorian expatriate sportspeople in Israel
Expatriate men's footballers in Israel
Men's association football goalkeepers
Ivorian expatriate sportspeople in Egypt
Issia Wazy players
Israeli Premier League players
Ittihad El Shorta SC players


'Vecino' means either "neighbour" or resident in modern Spanish. Historically in the Spanish Empire it referred instead to a householder of considerable social position in a town or a city, and was similar to "freeman" or "freeholder."

Historical use
In the Spanish Empire, a vecino was a person who had a house and home in a town or city and contributed to its expenses, not necessarily living nearby; or a local figure of some worth but not an aristocrat, often the encomendero holding land in the surrounding countryside with a house within a nearby city. A person with a house in a place that he contributes to can be a vecino without living there. In the Empire the term implied a certain social status, with a meaning similar to "freeman" or "freeholder".

In 17th century Seville, a vecino was a person who had received citizenship (naturaleza de vecindad) from the city, and had clearly defined rights and financial obligations. A residente (resident) had permanent residence, but did not have the rights and obligations of a vecino.

In the American colonies a vecino was sometimes a person of relatively high status, more than just free. In the "Indies" (Indias)—the American colonies such as the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata—a vecino had to be married, living in the location, a property-owner, and of good public reputation. There were military formations of vecinos, and only vecinos were summoned to an open cabildo (an extraordinary open meeting of the administrative council). Although many laws referred to vecinos, and others specified qualifications of residence, property, and respectability, the term vecino as such was in general use and not explicitly defined.

In the Viceroyalty, the status of vecino was important enough that the sons and daughters of vecinos who did not themselves qualify were referred to as hijo de vecino (son or daughter of a vecino), and qualified for some privileges. According to the relevant laws, the Leyes de Indias, IV, V, 8: "the sons [and daughters] and legitimate descendants of the residents are honoured with the title well-born sons [or daughters] from a known location [hijosdalgos de solar conocido] so that the population of that place (according to law 6 of book IV) and others of the Indies [i.e., Americas] should know them as such and as people of noble lineage, granting them all honours and privileges due to the well-born and gentlemen of Castile."

See also
 Medieval household

References

External links

 A detailed article about the dual relationship "ciudadano" ("citizen", i.e., "of a city" at that time)/"vecino" in Spanish America.

Spanish colonization of the Americas


The Life Sciences Institute (LSI) is a collaborative, multidisciplinary research institution located on the campus of the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. It encompasses 27 faculty-led teams from 13 schools and departments throughout U-M. The LSI brings together leading scientists from a variety of life science disciplines, working with a range of models systems and cutting-edge research tools, to accelerate breakthroughs and discoveries that will broaden understanding of the basic processes of life and lead to new treatments to improve human health.

Of the university's $823 million in research expenditures, more than half is allocated for research in the life sciences, and the LSI is a cornerstone of this effort.

History
In 1998, the University of Michigan formed a commission to create a vision for the future of the life sciences at the university. In response to the commission's recommendations, in 1999, the Regents of the University of Michigan unanimously approved the construction of the Life Sciences Institute, noting that "the creation of a life sciences institute will eliminate the structural barriers to a shared research and learning experience that will be valuable for both basic and applied research." Initial funding of $100 million was provided for the creation of wet lab space, in addition to the $130 million for the endowment and startup costs.

The first faculty members moved into the building and opened their labs in September 2003, and the institute celebrated its grand opening in May 2004. That same year, the institute's first two research cores opened, supporting high-throughput screening and structural biology research : the Center for Structural Biology and the Center for Chemical Genomics. The cryo-electron microscopy facility opened in 2009, expanding the institute's structural biology capabilities. In 2018, with support from the U-M Biosciences Initiative, the institute began expanding the cryo-EM program and also launched its Natural Products Discovery Core.

In 2021, the building that houses the institute was renamed Mary Sue Coleman Hall, in honor of President Emerita Mary Sue Coleman.

Leadership

Roger D. Cone, Ph.D., began his tenure as the Mary Sue Coleman Director of the University of Michigan Life Sciences Institute in September 2016. A leading researcher in brain regulation of body weight, Cone also serves as vice provost and director of U-M's biosciences initiative. The managing director is Anna Schork.

The institute's first director was Jack E. Dixon. In 2002, Mary Sue Coleman, U-M's president, appointed cell biologist and expert on insulin signaling Alan R. Saltiel as director. Saltiel served as the director until 2015, followed by interim director Stephen Weiss, M.D., who led the institute from 2015 to 2016.

Research
The Life Sciences Institute is a multidisciplinary basic science research institute, with focal strengths in chemical and structural biology. Its 23 faculty members lead labs specializing in a wide range of life sciences disciplines, including:

 cell biology
 genetics
 cancer biology
 metabolism and obesity
 neuroscience and neurodegeneration
 infectious disease
 structural biology
 chemical biology
 chemistry

In addition to faculty labs, the institute is home to research cores that provide services to the institute, the university, and external  partners:

Center for Chemical Genomics
A high-throughput screening (HTS) facility is a central component of the Center for Chemical Genomics (CCG). This core facility is designed to assist academic researchers in carrying out high-throughput screens of chemical libraries and to identify new tools for biological research.

Center for Structural Biology
The Center for Structural Biology (CSB) is a "collaboratory" for X-ray crystallography, crystallization and protein engineering, and is a comprehensive structural biology resource for researchers at the University of Michigan and surrounding area.  The center includes:
 High-Throughput Protein Laboratory for protein engineering
 Protein Purification Facilities for small- and large-scale protein production
 Macromolecular Crystallization & Crystallography Laboratories for solving crystal structures of biological molecules
 On-site X-ray facility
 Access to high energy synchrotron radiation at Argonne National Laboratory through the Life Science Collaborative Access Team (LS-CAT)

Cryo-EM Facility
The cryo-EM facility at the Life Sciences Institute offers a wide range of advanced microscopes and technologies for cryo-electron microscopy, cryo-electron tomography, and correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM).

Natural Products Discovery Core
The Natural Products Discovery Core is home to a library of more than 45,000 natural product extracts, as well as genome mining and bioinformatics services.

Facility

The LSI is a 235,000 square feet building with six floors, located between U-M's central campus and the university's medical campus in Ann Arbor. Completed in 2003, the building includes housing for wet lab and laboratory support spaces, administration offices, PI offices, interaction spaces, core laboratory areas, a combined gallery/lobby space and a small library.

The exterior design of the building is intended to harmonize with other campus loft-style structures, while also meeting the needs of a modern research institute.

LSI Symposium
The LSI Annual Symposium invites leading scientists from different disciplines to converge around a single topic. Past symposia have been designed to explore genetic insights into biology and disease, cancer, stem cell biology, evolutionary biology, autophagy and diseases of the nervous system.

Faculty
List of the faculty currently working at the life sciences institute:

 Jay Brito Querido, Ph.D.
 Vivian Cheung, M.D.
 Michael Cianfrocco, Ph.D.
 Roger D. Cone, Ph.D.
 David Ginsburg, M.D.
 Ken Inoki, M.D., Ph.D.
 Daniel Klionsky, Ph.D.
 Cheng-Yu Lee, Ph.D.
 Tzumin Lee, M.D., Ph.D.
 Peng Li, Ph.D.
 Jiandie Lin, Ph.D.
 Anna Mapp, Ph.D.
 Shyamal Mosalaganti, Ph.D.
 Alison R.H. Narayan, Ph.D.
 Melanie Ohi, Ph.D.
 Carole Parent, Ph.D.
 David Sherman, Ph.D.
Janet L. Smith, Ph.D.
Chelsey Spriggs, Ph.D.
Wenjing Wang, Ph.D.
Lois Weisman, Ph.D.
Stephen J. Weiss, M.D.
Connie Wu, Ph.D.
Jun Wu, Ph.D.
Shawn Xu, Ph.D.
Zhaohui Xu, Ph.D.
Bing Ye, Ph.D.

References

External links
Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan
LSI Faculty list
U-M Center for Chemical Genomics
U-M Center for Stem Cell Biology
LSI Cryo-EM Facility
U-M Natural Products Discovery Core
Jay Brito Querido Lab Website
Vivian Cheung Lab Website
Michael Cianfrocco Lab Website
David Ginsburg Lab Website
Roger Cone Lab Website
David Ginsburg Lab website
Ken Inoki Lab Website
Daniel Klionsky Lab Website
Cheng-Yu Lee Lab Website
Tzumin Lee Lab Website
Peng Li Lab Website
Jiandie Lin Lab Website
Anna Mapp Lab Website
Shayamal Mosalaganti Lab Website
Alison R.H. Narayan Lab Website
Melanie Ohi Lab Website
Carole Parent lab website
David Sherman Lab Website
Janet L. Smith Lab Website
Chelsey Spriggs Lab Website
Wenjing Wang Lab Website
Lois Weisman Lab Website
Stephen J. Weiss Lab Website
Connie Wu Lab Website
Jun Wu Lab Website
Shawn Xu Lab Website
Zhaohui Xu Lab Website
Bing Ye Lab Website

Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan
University of Michigan
2002 establishments in Michigan
University of Michigan campus


The Berliner Landespokal () is an annual football cup competition held by the Berlin Football Association (German: Berliner Fußballverband, BFV). The cup winner qualifies for the national DFB-Pokal. Cup finals are usually held in the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark. The competition has been held since 1906, with various interruptions. Record winners are Tennis Borussia Berlin with a total of 16 titles. It is one of the 21 regional cup competitions in Germany.

Mode
All BFV teams that compete in regular leagues are eligible, as well as the winner of the "Freizeitpokal" (a competition for recreational football teams). Teams competing in the Fußball-Bundesliga and the 2. Fußball-Bundesliga are not allowed to compete. Starting with the 2007–08 season, only the first teams of every club may compete in the cup. There is a separate cup competition for the reserve teams.

The competition is held in a knock-out tournament format, with each round consisting of a single match. If scores are level, extra time will be played, and a penalty shootout follows, if necessary. Home field advantage is determined by the draw, clubs share the revenue from the match. In the final, revenue is shared equally between the finalists and the Berlin FA.

1906–1950: Berlin and Brandenburg Cup

History
Until 1931 the cup was played as "Berliner Verbandspokal" (Berlin Association Cup) in the Berlin-Brandenburg area. From 1932 to 1942 it was not held, because the national Tschammerpokal was introduced. Beginning with the 1943 edition it was re-introduced as the "Gaupokal Berlin-Brandenburg", its winner qualifying for the national cup competition. In the 1943–44 season, the Gaupokal was held, but the DFB-Pokal could not be held due to the Second World War. After the war ended and Berlin was divided in four sectors, the cup was held as "Pokal des amerikanischen Drahtfunks" (Cup of American Wire Radio) from 1946 to 1947, later renamed "RIAS-Pokal". Little had changed, with the notable exception that no Brandenburg clubs participated. From 1950, East Berlin clubs were no longer allowed to participate, they were incorporated into the East German football league system.

In the early years, the cup was dominated mostly by BFC Viktoria 1889 (initially under the name BTuFC Viktoria 1889). They managed to win the cup 5 times. But today's Bundesliga side Hertha BSC Berlin were able to capture the trophy five times as well.

Final results

1950–1991: West Berlin Cup

History
With the creation of the West German and East German states in 1949 and the subsequent introduction of the DDR-Oberliga and the FDGB-Pokal a lot changed for the Berlin Cup. Beginning with the 1950–51 season, East Berlin teams had to participate in the GDR competitions and the Berlin Cup was held for West Berlin teams only.

From 1950 to 1970 the cup was held under the name "Karl-Heinz-Schulz-Pokal". Schulz was a sports journalist and coach. Among other things he had coached the German rowing eight at the 1936 Olympic Games. Aged 39, he died after complications following surgery.

In 1969 there was no cup winner, as the penalty shootout was not yet introduced and Hertha 03 Zehlendorf took their traditional world tour immediately after the match, so a replay match could not be scheduled.

In 1970 the cup was renamed "Paul-Rusch-Pokal". Paul Rusch had been made first president of the Berlin FA in 1949. He held that position until 1970. All non-professional sides that participated in the regular league competitions held by the Berlin FA. Since the 1957–58 season, the cup winner has qualified for the national cup competition, the DFB-Pokal.

Final results

1992 until today: Berlin Cup for all of Berlin

History
After German reunification in 1990 football competition in East and West Berlin were unified in the 1991–92 season. Since then only two teams from the former East Berlin has been able to win the cup. 1. FC Union Berlin won the cup in 1994 and 2007. BFC Dynamo won the cup for the first time 1999 and has gone on to win the cup at more several times. Other teams from former East Berlin has been finalists, such as Köpenicker SC in 2007 and SV Lichtenberg 47  in 2013 and 2016. Köpenicker SC was founded in 1991 and thus never participated in the East German football league system, but is considered the successor of BSG Motor Köpenick.

The Paul Rusch Cup rarely attracted more than regional interest. But in 1992–93 the reserve of Hertha BSC attracted national interest when they reached the DFB-Pokal final after winning the Berlin Cup. In the final the team lost to Bayer Leverkusen. In 2001 two teams formed by immigrants faced each other for the first time in a German Regional Cup final. The Turkish derby between SV Yeşilyurt Berlin and Türkiyemspor Berlin generated international media interest and created for the first live broadcast of the Berlin Cup final by Turkish TV channel TRT-int.

In 2004 the competition was renamed again, bearing the name "ODDSET-Cup" until 2006. After a court decision this name could no longer be used and so the cup was held under the name "BFV-Pokal – unter der Schirmherrschaft von Lotto Berlin" (BFV-Cup – under the patronage of Lotto Berlin) or short "BFV-Pokal" (BFC-Cup), before it was renamed "Berliner-Pilsner-Pokal" (after a brand of beer) in 2007.

Final results
The respective league the teams competed in is referenced in brackets behind the team name:
 3L: 3. Liga (since 2008)
 RL: Regionalliga Nordost (1994 until 2000) or Regionalliga Nord (since 2000)
 OL: NOFV-Oberliga Mitte (1991 until 1994) or NOFV-Oberliga Nord (since 1992)
 VL: Verbandsliga Berlin (Berlin-Liga)
 LL: Landesliga Berlin

Winners

References

External links
Current Berlin Cup news
Berlin Cup final results

Football cup competitions in Germany
Football competitions in Berlin
Recurring sporting events established in 1906
1906 establishments in Germany


Marchmont Estate lies near the village of Greenlaw in Berwickshire in the Scottish Borders area of Scotland, circa  south east of Edinburgh. It is situated in the Merse, an area between the Lammermuirs to the north and the Cheviots to the south. It is part of what is commonly regarded as an exceptionally beautiful landscape,  comprising a diverse range of land types from high and exposed grouse moor to rich alluvial agricultural land. The life of the estate has seen many stages, including rapid growth, shrinkage and stability, from its foundation in the fifteenth century under the first Hume owner, Patrick Hume, of Polwarth, through his successors and subsequent owners to the present day.

History
The history of Marchmont Estate can only be marked out by noting the changes to its constitution during the course of its existence. There are a number of documents on the matter in places such as the National Archives of Scotland and Register House in Edinburgh, but many of these are estate papers dealing with internal or personal issues rather than the bigger picture. This article is interested more in the fluctuations of its size and reasons for these changes.

Marchmont Estate was developed as a result of the improved fortunes of a certain Sir Patrick Hume, 8th Baron of Polwarth, born in 1641. As his territorial designation indicates, he lived in the parish of Polwarth (which was the core of the estate of Marchmont), a small but prosperous parish between Greenlaw and Duns. The name of the family seat was Redbraes Castle to which they removed from Polwarth Castle following the latter's destruction in the 'Rough Wooing'wars of the 1540s. The Humes of Polwarth acquired the barony through marriage in 1470. A staunch supporter of William of Orange, Sir Patrick was forced to flee to Holland and Polwarth estates were confiscated in 1686. He returned with the new king, King William III of Great Britain in 1689 and was rewarded greatly by the king for his brave loyalty by being given the title Lord Polwarth in 1690. In addition his lands and other dignities were restored to him. Moreover, he was made Lord Chancellor in 1697 and created Earl of Marchmont, and then in 1698 was elevated to "the highest official position in the kingdom, that of the King's High Commissioner to the Parliament". These positions came with immense political power and therefore wealth. It is with this wealth that Marchmont Estate was able to grow so quickly while the Earl bought up surrounding lands and houses.–

Changing fortunes
The late 17th century and most of the 18th century saw the rapid expansion of the estate while the Humes of Marchmont were at their strongest financially and the most powerful magnates in Berwickshire. It was not however until 1755 that the Hume family moved from Redbraes Castle adjacent to their new home, Marchmont House, a family seat befitting such an estate. Ideas and plans had been drawn up earlier in the century by Alexander the 2nd Earl, but it was not until Hugh, the 3rd Earl’s time that the house was actually built. The construction of this great house, together with many of the land purchases in the 18th century, were funded to a large extent by the sale of Cessnock estates, which came into the ownership of the family following the marriage between the Alexander the 2nd Earl, and Margaret Campbell. She was "a great heiress, and on her father’s death, in 1704, her husband succeeded him, not only in his Ayrshire estates, but also in his place on the Scottish Bench, where he sat under the same title of Lord Cessnock". The political power and wealth of the Hume family therefore continued. "Lord Marchmont took a great interest in his estates,....he laid out a great deal of money on his property and very much increased its extent by the purchase of Home Castle and its surrounding lands, and also of other farms lying nearer the Tweed".

In the 1779 "Accounts of the Rt Hon the Earl of Marchmont" by John Wauchope WS we can see exactly how fast the estate expanded. The detailed inventory lists all the purchases from the last part of the 17th century and through most of the 18th century. Many of the names of farms and lands listed in the inventory are still used today. Others are now unrecognisable owing to the changing patterns of agricultural land use. The list of names and dates of acquisitions include: Slegden 1668; Greenlaw 1697; Foulshallow (probably the now called Flourishwalls) 1700; Hallyburton 1702; East end of Fogo 1725; Bellshill 1710; Hurdlaw 1712; Gordonbank, Bellshill, Spencerigg 1775;Barony of Hume 1766; Rollandston 1762 Braelands of Hapington (Hassington), east end of Fogo 1771; Eccleshill 1779; The Slap 1779. The estate acquired farms many miles away and apparently unconnected to the existing land. Such farms were Headshaw and Kelphope at Carfrae, roughly half way to Edinburgh.Channanbank at Abbey St. Bathans had been added to the estate much earlier in the 1660s.. It is not easy to see why these were bought as they don't seem to be part of a geographical pattern.

In addition to the "Accounts of the Rt Hon the Earl of Marchmont" there are two further reliable references that document the composition of the estate and thereby act as milestones in its history. First is the detailed 1825 atlas and survey of the estate when in the ownership of Sir William Purves-Hume-Campbell. The second is the sale particulars of the auction of the house and estate in June 1913, held by John D Wood and instructed on behalf of Sir John Hume Campbell, Bt., the last of the Hume owners.

The 1825 survey states that the lands extend to about . Such was the importance of the estate that a railway station was built for it, presumably as much for agricultural use as personal. The station was situated between Duns and Greenlaw stations on the Berwickshire Railway line which was opened on 1 August 1849 to join Reston to the main Edinburgh to Hawick line at Ravenswood Junction near St Boswells. The track at Marchmont was lifted in 1953. However, by the time the estate was put up for sale in 1913, approximately 90 years later, the estate had reduced in size to about .  in fact the size of the estate when eventually sold at auction was . The reduction in the size of the estate was due to the dwindling wealth of the Hume family of Marchmont.  Many of the outlying farms were sold off, in particular the belt of estate situated south of Greenlaw such as Hume, Stanmore, Belmont and Hassendean. These are recorded as being part of  Marchmont  in a plan of the estate dated 1902. Therefore, the disposal of these must have taken place in the first few years of the 20th century. The central core north and north west of Greenlaw was largely retained. It is no surprise that the parkland around the house has changed little over the 250 years or so since the house was built. Although some trees have been cut down, the handsome avenue, arguably the longest in Scotland, stills leads to the house from a north easterly direction. During the remainder of most of the 20th century and during the time of the former proprietor the estate comprised the following farms: Woodheads, Whiteside Slegden, Clerkenville, Castlemill, Elwartlaw and Cothill, the last two being sold off in about 1978 and 1981 respectively. However latterly the estate has seen some of areas of land bought back or added.  It  now has about  of freehold land and a further  of leased land, a total which is significant by modern-day standards.

Research into the subject shows there are a number of documents of incidental interest that one comes across that tell a more human story about the estate and its workings. The Marchmont estate "Work Bork" of 1743-45 lists, day by day, the tasks of the estate labourers, where they worked and how much they were paid. We can take Jo Nisbet, one of those workers, as an example. He is detailed as "digging Marle" on Monday 20th. Marl, like lime was used as a soil additive, improving it chemically and biologically, and was used in areas such as this in Berwickshire and Roxburghshire which had clay soil. At places like Marchmont in the lowlands, adding marl and lime was central to agricultural success by improving the soil.  He then went on to carry out other duties such as "moeing" or "forking hay", "holding up plow", "threshing oats", and "draining nursery". For 4 days work they would be typically be paid ¼, going up to 2- for 6 days work. Most of the 25 or so men worked 6 days a week, even on Christmas Day and other days we would consider holidays.

See also
Marchmont House
List of places in the Scottish Borders

Notes

References
"Marchmont And The Humes of Polwarth By one of Their Descendants". 1894.
"Accounts of the Rt Hon the Earl of Marchmont" by John Wauchope WS. Ref # GD158/2536/10, National Archives of Scotland.
"Atlas Containing The Plans And Measure Of The Estate Of Marchmont Belonging To Sir William P. Hume Campbell Of Marchmont Baronet" measured in 1825 by John Blackadder and Sons
Illustrated Particulars and Plan of the Freehold of Marchmont by John D. Wood and Co. 1913
Marchmont estate "Work Bork" Ref GD1/1209/3 National Archives of Scotland.

External links
Map from Google

Berwickshire


Donato Pavesi (August 19, 1888 – June 30, 1946) was an Italian track and field athlete who competed in racewalking in the 1920 Summer Olympics and in the 1924 Summer Olympics.

Biography
Born in Milan (Italy) on the 19 August 1888,  he was an extraordinary walker, especially on long distances.
He won six times the famous yearly 100 kilometres racewalk between 1908 and 1939, also establishing the world record in the 1922 edition, with a time of 9.51’39’’ . He won other classic racewalks, such as the London-Brighton (8h 26' 23 in the  1921 edition and 8h 37' 27 in the 1923 edition), the Manchester-Liverpool, the Manchester-Blackpool or the 20 Miles of London at Stamford Bridge -

In 1920 he took part to the Summer Olympic Games in Antwerp and was disqualified in the 3 km racewalk final as well as in the 10 km final. Four years later he finished fourth in the 10 km competition at the Paris Games.

In 1927 he established the world record of Men's 20 kilometres walk with a time of 1.37’42’’2. He died in 1946 during a veteran racewalk.

Achievements

See also
Italy at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Italy at the 1924 Summer Olympics

References

External links

1888 births
1946 deaths
Italian male racewalkers
Olympic athletes for Italy
Athletes (track and field) at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1924 Summer Olympics
Athletes from Milan


Children's Rights Alliance For England (CRAE) is a London-based advocacy group that aims to protect children's rights in the UK. Since 2015, it has operated as part of the children's charity Just for Kids Law.

CRAE was founded in 1991 to monitor the UK government's commitment to upholding the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. Their methods include lobbying government and others who hold power, supporting test cases, and using regional and international human rights mechanisms. CRAE also publishes an annual review of the state of children's rights in England.

They also provide free legal information and advice to young people, raise awareness of children's human rights, and undertake research about children's access to their rights. As such, they are a member of the National Council for Voluntary Youth Services, an English organisation that supports and promotes the work of youth groups and charities.

Get Ready for Geneva and Get Ready for Change

From April 2007 CRAE wrote a report on and tried influence the UK's response to the Convention on the Rights of the Child through their youth-led campaign arm Get Ready for Geneva.

Following the publication of the concluding observations of the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child in October 2008, the "Get Ready for Geneva" project became "Get Ready for Change". The group now lobbies the UK government with the aim of securing resolutions to the issues that the committee raised.

See it, Say It, Change it

In February 2015, CRAE assembled a new steering group of 21 children and young people to create another report to the United Nations on the state of children's rights in England. This report was published in July 2015, and was launched in the Houses of Parliament, with MPs such as Tulip Siddiq and Alison Thewliss in attendance.

The group attended the United Nations session in October 2015 to provide more evidence on topics mentioned in the report. The concluding observations contained material that CRAE had themselves suggested.

The campaign stage of the project is now underway, and the main focus of the campaign is lobbying the government to either stick to their 6-week legal limit on housing people in bed and breakfasts, or abolish this altogether.

See also
gandu rights

References

External links
CRAE website

Youth empowerment organizations
Children's rights in England
1991 establishments in England
Organizations established in 1991
Lobbying organisations in the United Kingdom
Youth organisations based in London


George Lys Herard (May 30, 1961 – May 21, 1994), known by his stage name Master Dji, was a Haitian rapper, hip-hop artist, and DJ for the group Haiti Rap' N Ragga, who was a prominent figure in the development of Creole hip-hop. He is best known for his debut album Master Dji, released in the late 1980s. Herard was also a radio host at Radio Métropole and Tropic FM.

Career
Herard was a versatile rapper, able to perform in English, French and Creole. His track "Vakans" (1982) was one of the first rap songs in Creole. In the late 1980s he released his first album, Master Dji.

His second album, Politik Pam, was released in 1990 on Bwa Patat Records. His third album Match La Red, with his group Haiti Rap' N Ragga, was released on Declic Communication in France. His fourth and final album, again with his group, was Maximum Respect, released on Cross Over Records in Florida. He died on May 21, 1994

Posthumous career
Herard's track "Tann pou tann" won the first prize at the annual African Haitian Video Awards, held from April 27 to May 7, 1995, and organized by Disques Hibiscus and the music television channel MusiquePlus. The video was directed by Herard and Jean-Pierre Grasset.

From May 20 to May 22, 2005, Rapforum organized a summit named Master Dji in Herard's honor, which was held at Place Jérémie.

References

1961 births
1994 deaths
20th-century Haitian male singers


Armando Valente (January 12, 1903 – December 7, 1997) was an Italian track and field athlete.

Biography
Valente was born in Sampierdarena and died in Genoa. He competed in racewalking at the 1924 Summer Olympics. In 1924 he finished seventh in the 10 km competition at the Paris Games.

Achievements

National championships
He has won 5 times the individual national championship.
5 wins in the 10000 m walk (1922, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929)

See also
 Italy at the 1924 Summer Olympics

References

External links

1903 births
1997 deaths
Italian male racewalkers
Olympic athletes for Italy
Athletes (track and field) at the 1924 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Genoa
People from Sampierdarena
20th-century Italian people


Carl Fredrik Holmboe (25 August 1882 – 15 January 1960) was a Norwegian engineer and business executive.

Biography
He was born in Kristiania (now Oslo), Norway as the only son of Jens Anton Holmboe (1828-92) and his third wife Marie Aarreberg (1842-1917). He had several half-brothers and half-sisters. His grandfather Leonhard Christian Borchgrevink Holmboe was a priest and national politician.

Holmboe studied  electrical and mechanical engineering in Germany. Subsequently he was a consultant for several Norwegian based companies.
He first made his mark by producing the technologically advanced factory at Fredrikstad for the company Denofa. In 1915 he was hired as chief engineer in the company Lever Brothers, being promoted to technical director in 1921. He was then CEO of De-No-Fa from 1923 to 1946, except for the period between 1940 and 1946.
Denofa AS later merged with Lilleborg, and is today a part of the Orkla Group.

References

1882 births
1960 deaths
Engineers from Oslo
Norwegian electrical engineers
Norwegian expatriates in Germany
Norwegian business executives
Carl Frederik


McGill Street is an east-west street in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It has a mix of uses, including several condominium buildings.

It includes an overpass over Canadian Pacific Railway tracks commissioned by the Port of Vancouver.

The Vancouver Sun notes that a display of katsura trees (Cercidiphyllum japonicum) on McGill Street "never fails to impress".

References

Streets in Vancouver


Luigi Bosatra (8 August 1905 – 16 February 1981) was an Italian athlete who competed in racewalking in the 1924 Summer Olympics.

Biography
In 1924 he finished eighth in the 10 km competition at the Paris Games.

Achievements

See also
Italy at the 1924 Summer Olympics

References

External links

1905 births
1981 deaths
Italian male racewalkers
Olympic athletes for Italy
Athletes (track and field) at the 1924 Summer Olympics
20th-century Italian people
Sportspeople from Milan


Saum may refer to:

 Remington Short Action Ultra Magnum rifle cartridges, also known as RSAUM, and RSUM, available in two calibers:
.300 SAUM
7mm SAUM
Sawm, an Arabic word for fasting regulated by Islamic jurisprudence
Saum, Minnesota, United States, an unincorporated community
Roland Saum, former guitarist for the Swiss band Sportsguitar
Sherri Saum, American actress


MSpy may refer to:

 mSpy, a brand of mobile and computer parental control monitoring software
 Microsoft Pinyin IME, the pinyin input method implementation developed by Microsoft and Harbin Institute of Technology