Mieczki-Ziemaki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Troszyn, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Troszyn,  east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Mieczki-Ziemaki


The Manshū MT-1 Hayabusa (Japanese: 隼, "Peregrine Falcon") was an airliner produced by the Japanese Manchuria Airplane Manufacturing Company in Manchukuo in the late 1930s. It was a conventional, low-wing cantilever monoplane with fixed tailwheel undercarriage. The flight deck was fully enclosed and separate from the passenger cabin, which could seat six people. The type equipped Manchukuo National Airways.

Specifications (Production aircraft)

See also

References
Notes

Bibliography

External links
Mansyu MT-1 Hayabusa ~ A Falcon of Different Feather

1930s Japanese airliners
Mansyū aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1937


Milewo Wielkie  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Troszyn, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Troszyn,  east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Milewo Wielkie


Milewo-Łosie  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Troszyn, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Troszyn,  east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Milewo-Tosie  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Troszyn, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Troszyn,  south-east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Milewo-Tosie


Ojcewo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Troszyn, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Troszyn,  east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Ojcewo


Opęchowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Troszyn, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Troszyn,  east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw. The climate is cold and temperate with a great deal of rainfall – even in the driest month.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Puchały  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Troszyn, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Troszyn,  east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Rabędy  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Troszyn, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Troszyn,  south-east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Radgoszcz  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Troszyn, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Troszyn,  east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Radgoszcz


Repki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Troszyn, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Troszyn,  south-east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Sawały  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Troszyn, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Troszyn,  south-east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Siemiątkowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Troszyn, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Troszyn,  east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Stare Janki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Troszyn, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Troszyn,  south-east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Stare Janki


Troszyn may refer to:
Troszyn, Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
Troszyn, Gryfino County in West Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-west Poland)
Troszyn, Kamień County in West Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-west Poland)
 Troszyn Polski

See also
Nowy Troszyn, a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gąbin, Płock County, Masovian Voivodeship, east-central Poland


Troszyn  is a village in Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Troszyn. It lies approximately  east of Ostrołęka and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County
Łomża Governorate
Białystok Voivodeship (1919–1939)
Warsaw Voivodeship (1919–1939)


Trzaski  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Troszyn, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Troszyn,  east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Wysocarz  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Troszyn, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Troszyn,  south-east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Wysocarz


Zamość () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Troszyn, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Troszyn,  south-east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Zapieczne  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Troszyn, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Troszyn,  south-east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Zapieczne


Zawady  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Troszyn, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Troszyn,  east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Zawady


Żmijewo-Zagroby  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Troszyn, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Troszyn,  south-east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Żmijówek Włościański () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Troszyn, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Troszyn,  south-east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Żmijówek-Mans  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Troszyn, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Troszyn,  south-east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Żyźniewo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Troszyn, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Troszyn,  east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrołęka County


Aréthuse was a 46-gun frigate of the French Navy.  She served during the Napoleonic Wars, taking part in a major single-ship action. Much later the vessel took part in the conquest of Algeria, and ended her days as a coal depot in Brest, France.

Construction and career

Aréthuse was laid down at Paimboeuf near Nantes, France in 1807 and launched on 15 May 1812. The ship was a frigate of the Pallas group, the latest iteration of the French Navy's standard Hébé class designed by Jacques-Noël Sané (also copied by the Royal Navy as the Leda class) and had design dimensions of 144 pieds 6 pouces by 36 pieds 8 pouces (corresponding to  by ).

Like her sisters, the Aréthuse was designed to carry a broadside of fourteen pairs of 18-pounder long guns on the main gundeck, supported by additional cannon allocated to the open quarterdeck and forecastle, which since 1810 had been standardised at eight pairs of 24-pounder carronades and two 18-pounder chase guns. However, according to her captain Pierre Bouvet, the brackets of the bitts beneath the forecastle blocked the recoil of the two pairs of main-deck 18-pounders nearest the bows, and he had these guns removed into the hold for use as extra ballast, regarding the improvement in the ship's sailing qualities as more than compensation for the reduction in broadside weight. The main battery was thus reduced to twelve pairs of 18-pounders, and there seems to be little confirmation of precisely what calibre of guns were really carried on her quarterdeck and forecastle. The ship was capable of carrying provisions for a voyage of six months, but when fully loaded, the gunports had less than six pieds of freeboard (6 pieds being roughly ).

In keeping with the army-style manpower organisation introduced in the French Navy at that date, the crew of Aréthuse consisted predominantly of conscripts from the Quatrième équipage de haut-bord ("4th tall ship crew"). The conscript crew proved to have an unexpected advantage, however, when the frigate was ordered to sail on a winter cruise before the crew's cold-weather clothing was ready - the number of tailors' apprentices on board allowed the necessary garments to be manufactured at sea by the crew themselves.

Cruise off West Africa, 1812–1813

On 28 November 1812, Bouvet loaded the material for his crew's new uniforms on board, and later that day the Aréthuse and her sister-ship  sailed from Nantes to intercept British trade off West Africa. In January, having captured a Portuguese ship, La Serra, they reached Cap-Vert. They also captured Little Belt, J. Wilson, master, sailing from Altea to London, Friends, Houston, master, sailing from Teneriffe to Belfast, and a Spanish brig sailing from Majorca to Puerto Rico. The French put the masters and crews on Delphina, a Portuguese they had captured and plundered. Delphina arrived at Pernambuco on 31 January.

On 27 January 1813, Aréthuse intercepted the brig  (Lieutenant Pascoe) off Tamara (one of the Iles de Los off Guinea). Pascoe ran Daring aground and set fire to her to avoid her capture. The French managed to take part of her crew prisoner but released them against their parole and put them in a boat. Pascoe and those of his men who had escaped capture sailed to the Sierra Leone River, where they arrived the next day. There they reported the presence of the French frigates to  (Captain Frederick Paul Irby).

In the night of 5 February, a storm threw Rubis ashore, wrecking her. The same storm damaged Aréthuse rudder. Rubis was abandoned and set afire, while Aréthuse effected her repairs.

On 6 February, Amelia, guided and reinforced by sailors from Daring, attacked Aréthuse. A furious, 4-hour night battle followed. Aréthuse and  Amelia  disabled each other by shooting at their sails and rigging. Eventually the ships parted, neither able to gain the upper hand, and both with heavy casualties: Amelia had 46 killed and 51 wounded; Aréthuse suffered over 20 killed and 88 wounded, and 30 round shot had struck her hull on the starboard side below the quarter deck.

Aréthuse returned to the wreck of Rubis to gather her crew, and returned to France. Soon afterwards Aréthuse captured the British privateer Cerberus, and arrived back in St Malo on 19 April having taken 15 prizes.

Later career and disposal

The Aréthuse took part in the Invasion of Algiers in 1830 as a transport. In 1833, she was razeed into a corvette, reducing her forecastle to a sail-handling platform in the bows and her quarterdeck to a roof over the stern cabin, so that the main gundeck became an open flush deck, carrying a revised armament of eleven pairs of the new 30-pounder short guns.

The conversion was regarded as producing a very fast ship, with the added advantages of relatively shallow draught and very high gunport freeboard (fully loaded, these are quoted at  and  respectively), but limited the habitable space on board. The reconstruction was completed in 1834, but Aréthuse was only returned to active service in 1841, then decommissioned in 1851, or according to other sources, 1861, and used as a coal depot at Brest until being broken up in 1865.

Notes

Citations

References
 Bouvet, Pierre (1865) Précis des campagnes de l'amiral Pierre Bouvet. Paris: Michel Lévy Frères.
 James, William (1817) A Full and Correct Account of the Chief Naval Occurrences of the Late War. London: T. Edgerton.
 James, William (1837) The Naval History of Great Britain from the declaration of war by France in February 1793 to the accession of George IV in January 1820: with an account of the origin and progressive increase of the British Navy (New edition in Six volumes). (London): R Bentley.
 Lepelley, Roger (1993) Frégates dans la tourmente, 1812-1814. Versailles: R. Lepelley.
 Winfield, R., and Roberts, S.S. (2015) French Warships in the Age of Sail 1786-1861. Barnsley: Seaforth Publishing.

Age of Sail frigates of France
Pallas-class frigates (1808)
Maritime incidents in 1813
Ships built in France
1812 ships


Andrzejewo  is a village in Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Andrzejewo. It lies approximately  east of Ostrów Mazowiecka and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

External links
 Jewish Community in Andrzejewo on Virtual Shtetl

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County
Masovian Voivodeship (1526–1795)
Łomża Governorate
Białystok Voivodeship (1919–1939)
Warsaw Voivodeship (1919–1939)
Belastok Region


Dąbrowa  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Andrzejewo, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Andrzejewo,  east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Godlewo-Gorzejewo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Andrzejewo, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Andrzejewo,  east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Godlewo-Gorzejewo


Gołębie-Leśniewo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Andrzejewo, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Andrzejewo,  east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Janowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Andrzejewo, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Jasienica-Parcele  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Andrzejewo, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Andrzejewo,  east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Jasienica-Parcele


Kowalówka  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Andrzejewo, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Andrzejewo,  east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Króle Duże  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Andrzejewo, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Andrzejewo,  north-east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Króle Małe  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Andrzejewo, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Andrzejewo,  east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Kuleszki-Nienałty () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Andrzejewo, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Łętownica-Parcele  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Andrzejewo, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Andrzejewo,  east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Mianowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Andrzejewo, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Andrzejewo,  east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Nowa Ruskołęka  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Andrzejewo, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Andrzejewo,  east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Ołdaki-Polonia  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Andrzejewo, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Andrzejewo,  east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Olszewo-Cechny  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Andrzejewo, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Andrzejewo,  east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Olszewo-Cechny


Rozwadów is a former town, now a suburb of Stalowa Wola, in south-east Poland.

Rozwadów may also refer to the following villages:
Rozwadów, Lublin Voivodeship (east Poland)
Rozwadów, Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)


Pęchratka Mała  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Andrzejewo, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Andrzejewo,  east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Pieńki Wielkie  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Andrzejewo, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Andrzejewo,  east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Pieńki-Sobótki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Andrzejewo, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Andrzejewo,  east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Pieńki-Żaki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Andrzejewo, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Andrzejewo,  east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Przeździecko-Dworaki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Andrzejewo, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Andrzejewo,  east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Przeździecko-Grzymki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Andrzejewo, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Andrzejewo,  east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Przeździecko-Jachy  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Andrzejewo, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Andrzejewo,  east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Przeździecko-Lenarty  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Andrzejewo, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Andrzejewo,  east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Ruskołęka-Parcele  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Andrzejewo, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Andrzejewo,  east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Stara Ruskołęka  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Andrzejewo, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Andrzejewo,  east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Załuski-Lipniewo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Andrzejewo, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Andrzejewo,  east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Zaręby-Bolędy  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Andrzejewo, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Andrzejewo,  east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Zaręby-Choromany  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Andrzejewo, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Andrzejewo,  east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Zaręby-Warchoły  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Andrzejewo, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Andrzejewo,  east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County
Łomża Governorate
Białystok Voivodeship (1919–1939)
Warsaw Voivodeship (1919–1939)
Belastok Region


Żelazy-Brokowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Andrzejewo, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Andrzejewo,  east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Cinobufagin is a cardiotoxic bufanolide steroid secreted by the Asiatic toad Bufo gargarizans. It has similar effects to digitalis and is used in traditional Chinese medicine.

Isolation and purification

Cinobufagin, as well as other bufadienolides, can be isolated from the traditional Chinese medicine called ChanSu. ChanSu is made from a multitude of chemicals present in Bufo gargarizans secretions. Resibufogenin can be eluted out with silica gel column chromatography, using a 5:1 ratio of cyclohexane to acetone for the solvent in the mobile phase. Subsequently, cinobufagin and bufalin can be separated and purified using an HPLC column with a 72:28 methanol to water solvent. Yang et al. confirmed this method of isolation for cinobufagin with Proton NMR.

Clinical significance

Cinobufagin has been shown to have clinical applications in cancer treatment as well as immunomodulatory and analgesic properties.

In human adrenocortical cells, cinobufagin inhibits the secretion of aldosterone and cortisol. Cinobufagin is able to inhibit the expression of the StAR protein as well as bind the transcription factor SF-1, which normally binds to the promoter for the StAR gene. This results in less StAR protein product and decreased levels of aldosterone and cortisol synthesis. Cinobufagin first binds to a Ca2+/K+ plasma membrane ATPase, subsequently inducing the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK). Phosphorylated ERK then blocks the SF-1 transcription factor from binding to the promoter region of the StAR gene.

Thus, cinobufagin plays important roles in regulation of steroid synthesis and gene expression. It is speculated that cinobufagin may have therapeutic roles in treatment of Cushing’s syndrome and heart failure.

Immunology
In vitro, cinobufagin can stimulate the proliferation of immune cells including splenocytes, peritoneal macrophages, T helper cells and cytotoxic T cells. Additionally cinobufagin can modulate levels of cytokines produced by immune cells. Exposure to cinobufagin increases levels of interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha while decreasing overall levels of interleukin 4 and interleukin 10.

Analgesic properties
Cinobufagin has been shown to increase pain threshold levels in mice to thermal and mechanical stimuli. It is thought to trigger increased synthesis of β-END and the up-regulation of the mu opioid receptor in mouse tumor tissue thereby leading to pain relief. β-END binds the mu opioid receptor to cause the analgesic effect.

Interaction with cancer cells and related biochemical pathways
C. elegans can catabolize cinobufagin into five distinct metabolites, each of which has been shown to have cytotoxic effects to HeLa cancer cells.

Cinobufagin can induce cell cycle arrest at the G2 and M phases as well as induce apoptosis in osteosarcoma cells. Potentially, cinobufagin could be used to stop proliferation of osteosarcoma cells as well as to induce apoptosis them. At the protein level, cinobufagin treated osteosarcoma cells showed an increase in the Bax and cleaved-PARP apoptotic proteins, while inhibiting the GSK-3β/NF-κB signaling pathway.

With regards to the induction of apoptosis, cinobufagin has been shown to selectively bind K+/Na+ ATPases in canine kidney cells to trigger a signaling cascade which leads to caspase dependent pathways for apoptosis. It is through the activation of caspases that Cinobufagin can cause apoptosis.

References

Amphibian toxins
Epoxides
Bufanolides
Secondary alcohols
Acetate esters


Białe-Chorosze  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Boguty-Pianki, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Clyde Broadcast is a brand associated with the manufacture and supply of studio equipment for the radio broadcast industry. The name dates back to 'Clyde Electronics' who manufactured a series of analog mixers known as Alpha, Beta, Prima and Presenter.

In 1997 Clyde Broadcast Products Limited was formed as a UK-based radio studio equipment manufacturer. Clyde Broadcast also designed and installed radio broadcast and production facilities for the education sector under the name   Synergy School Radio.

The brand 'Clyde Broadcast' and 'Synergy School Radio' were purchased by Clyde Broadcast technology Ltd in September 2018 as part of the sale of intellectual property and fixed assets of Clyde Broadcast Products Ltd by Keith V Anderson of MLM Solutions.

References

External links
 Radio Equipment
 School Radio

Audio engineering
Companies based in West Dunbartonshire
Radio electronics
Radio technology


Białe-Figle  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Boguty-Pianki, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Yitzhak Olshan (, February 19, 1895 – February 5, 1983) was an Israeli jurist and the second President of the Supreme Court of Israel from 1954 to 1965.

Biography
Olshan was born in Kaunas in the Russian Empire (now Lithuania) in 1895 and immigrated to Ottoman Palestine in 1912. He joined the Hagana and the Jewish Legion. He studied law and oriental studies at the University of London. As an attorney, he represented the Yishuv before the British Mandate of Palestine authorities.

In 1948 he was appointed a Supreme Court of Israel judge. He headed a parliamentary commission to investigate the Israel Defense Forces' (IDF) economy and the Central Elections Committee of the second Knesset. In 1954 he was appointed by Moshe Sharett head of the inquiry commission regarding the Lavon affair with President of the Technion and former IDF Chief of Staff, Yaakov Dori.

In 1954, he succeeded Moshe Smoira as President of the Supreme Court. He retired in 1965 and was succeeded by Shimon Agranat. He died in 1983.

References

1895 births
Chief justices of the Supreme Court of Israel
Lithuanian Jews
1983 deaths
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the Ottoman Empire
Alumni of the University of London


Białe-Giezki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Boguty-Pianki, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Białe-Kwaczoły  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Boguty-Pianki, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Białe-Misztale  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Boguty-Pianki, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Białe-Papieże  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Boguty-Pianki, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Białe-Szczepanowice  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Boguty-Pianki, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Białe-Zieje  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Boguty-Pianki, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Boguty-Augustyny  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Boguty-Pianki, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Boguty-Pianki,  east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Boguty-Augustyny


Mandibular fracture, also known as fracture of the jaw, is a break through the mandibular bone. In about 60% of cases the break occurs in two places. It may result in a decreased ability to fully open the mouth. Often the teeth will not feel properly aligned or there may be bleeding of the gums. Mandibular fractures occur most commonly among males in their 30s.

Mandibular fractures are typically the result of trauma. This can include a fall onto the chin or a hit from the side. Rarely they may be due to osteonecrosis or tumors in the bone. The most common area of fracture is at the condyle (36%), body (21%), angle (20%) and symphysis (14%). While a diagnosis can occasionally be made with plain X-ray, modern CT scans are more accurate.

Immediate surgery is not necessarily required. Occasionally people may go home and follow up for surgery in the next few days. A number of surgical techniques may be used including maxillomandibular fixation and open reduction internal fixation (ORIF). People are often put on antibiotics such as penicillin for a brief period of time. The evidence to support this practice; however, is poor.

Signs and symptoms

General
By far, the two most common symptoms described are pain and the feeling that teeth no longer correctly meet (traumatic malocclusion, or disocclusion). The teeth are very sensitive to pressure (proprioception), so even a small change in the location of the teeth will generate this sensation. People will also be very sensitive to touching the area of the jaw that is broken, or in the case of condylar fracture the area just in front of the tragus of the ear.

Other symptoms may include loose teeth (teeth on either side of the fracture will feel loose because the fracture is mobile), numbness (because the inferior alveolar nerve runs along the jaw and can be compressed by a fracture) and trismus (difficulty opening the mouth).

Outside the mouth, signs of swelling, bruising and deformity can all be seen.  Condylar fractures are deep, so it is rare to see significant swelling although, the trauma can cause fracture of the bone on the anterior aspect of the external auditory meatus so bruising or bleeding can sometimes be seen in the ear canal.  Mouth opening can be diminished (less than 3 cm).  There can be numbness or altered sensation (anesthesia/paraesthesia in the chin and lower lip (the distribution of the mental nerve).

Intraorally, if the fracture occurs in the tooth bearing area, a step may seen between the teeth on either side of the fracture or a space can be seen (often mistaken for a lost tooth) and bleeding from the gingiva in the area. There can be an open bite where the lower teeth, no longer meet the upper teeth.  In the case of a unilateral condylar fracture the back teeth on the side of the fracture will meet and the open bite will get progressively greater towards the other side of the mouth.

Sometimes bruising will develop in the floor of the mouth (sublingual eccymosis) and the fracture can be moved by moving either side of the fracture segment up and down.  For fractures that occur in the non-tooth bearing area (condyle, ramus, and sometimes the angle) an open bite is an important clinical feature since little else, other than swelling, may be apparent.

Condylar
This type of fractured mandible can involve one condyle (unilateral) or both (bilateral). Unilateral condylar fracture may cause restricted and painful jaw movement. There may be swelling over the temporomandibular joint region and bleeding from the ear because of lacerations to the external auditory meatus.  The hematoma may spread downwards and backwards behind the ear, which may be confused with Battle's sign (a sign of a base of skull fracture), although this is an uncommon finding so if present, intra-cranial injury must be ruled out. If the bones fracture and overlie each other there may be shortening of the height of the ramus. This results in gagging of the teeth on the fractured side (the teeth meet too soon on the fractured side, and not on the non fractured side, i.e. "open bite" that becomes progressively worse to the unaffected side).  When the mouth is opened, there may be deviation of the mandible towards the fractured side.  Bilateral condylar fractures may cause the above signs and symptoms, but on both sides. Malocclusion and restricted jaw movement are usually more severe. Bilateral body or parasymphysis fractures are sometimes termed "flail mandible", and can cause involuntary posterior movement of the tongue with subsequent obstruction of the upper airway. Displacement of the condyle through the roof of the glenoid fossa and into the middle cranial fossa is rare. Other rare complications of mandibular trauma include internal carotid artery injury, and obliteration of the ear canal due to posterior condylar dislocation. Bilateral condylar fractures combined with a symphyseal fracture is sometimes termed a guardsman's fracture. The name comes from this injury occurring in soldiers who faint on parade grounds and strike the floor with their chin.

Diagnosis

Plain film radiography
Traditionally, plain films of the mandible would be exposed but had lower sensitivity and specificity owing to overlap of structures.  Views included AP (for parasymphsis), lateral oblique (body, ramus, angle, coronoid process) and Towne's (condyle) views.  Condylar fractures can be especially difficult to identify, depending on the direction of condylar displacement or dislocation so multiple views of it are usually examined with two views at perpendicular angles.

Panoramic radiography
Panoramic radiographs are tomograms where the mandible is in the focal trough and show a flat image of the mandible.  Because the curve of the mandible appears in a 2-dimensional image, fractures are easier to spot leading to an accuracy similar to CT except in the condyle region.  In addition, broken, missing or malaligned teeth can often be appreciated on a panoramic image which is frequently lost in plain films.  Medial/lateral displacement of the fracture segments and especially the condyle are difficult to gauge so the view is sometimes augmented with plain film radiography or computed tomography for more complex mandible fractures.

Computed tomography
Computed tomography is the most sensitive and specific of the imaging techniques. The facial bones can be visualized as slices through the skeletal in either the axial, coronal or sagittal planes.  Images can be reconstructed into a 3-dimensional view, to give a better sense of the displacement of various fragments.  3D reconstruction, however, can mask smaller fractures owing to volume averaging, scatter artifact and surrounding structures simply blocking the view of underlying areas.

Research has shown that panoramic radiography is similar to computed tomography in its diagnostic accuracy for mandible fractures and both are more accurate than plain film radiograph.  The indications to use CT for mandible fracture vary by region, but it does not seem to add to diagnosis or treatment planning except for comminuted or avulsive type fractures, although, there is better clinician agreement on the location and absence of fractures with CT compared to panoramic radiography.

Classification
There are various classification systems of mandibular fractures in use.

Location

This is the most useful classification, because both the signs and symptoms, and also the treatment are dependent upon the location of the fracture. The mandible is usually divided into the following zones for the purpose of describing the location of a fracture (see diagram): condylar, coronoid process, ramus, angle of mandible, body (molar and premolar areas), parasymphysis and symphysis.

Alveolar
This type of fracture involves the alveolus, also termed the alveolar process of the mandible.

Condylar
Condylar fractures are classified by location compared to the capsule of ligaments that hold the temporomandibular joint (intracapsular or extracapsular), dislocation (whether or not the condylar head has come out of the socket (glenoid fossa) as the muscles (lateral pterygoid) tend to pull the condyle anterior and medial) and neck of the condyle fractures.  E.g. extracapsular, non-displaced, neck fracture.  Pediatric condylar fractures have special protocols for management.

Coronoid
Because the coronoid process of the mandible lies deep to many structures, including the zygomatic complex (ZMC), it is rare to be broken in isolation.  It usually occurs with other mandibular fractures or with fracture of the zygomatic complex or arch.  Isolated fractures of the coronoid process should be viewed with suspicion and fracture of the ZMC should be ruled out.

Ramus
Ramus fractures are said to involve a region inferiorly bounded by an oblique line extending from the lower third molar (wisdom tooth) region to the posteroinferior attachment of the masseter muscle, and which could not be better classified as either condylar or coronoid fractures.

Angle
The angle of the mandible refers to the angle created by the arrangement of the body of the mandible and the ramus. Angle fractures are defined as those that involve a triangular region bounded by the anterior border of masseter muscle and an oblique line extending from the lower third molar (wisdom tooth) region to the posteroinferior attachment of the masseter muscle.

Body
Fractures of the mandibular body are defined as those that involve a region bounded anteriorly by the parasymphysis (defined as a vertical line just distal to the canine tooth) and posteriorly by the anterior border of the masseter muscle.

Parasymphysis
Parasymphyseal fractures are defined as mandibular fractures that involve a region bounded bilaterally by vertical lines just distal to the canine tooth.

Symphysis
Symphyseal fractures are a linear fractures that run in the midline of the mandible (the symphysis).

Fracture type
Mandibular fractures are also classified according to categories that describe the condition of the bone fragments at the fracture site and also the presence of communication with the external environment.

Greenstick
Greenstick fractures are incomplete fractures of flexible bone, and for this reason typically occur only in children. This type of fracture generally has limited mobility.

Simple
A simple fracture describes a complete transection of the bone with minimal fragmentation at the fracture site.

Comminuted
The opposite of a simple fracture is a comminuted fracture, where the bone has been shattered into fragments, or there are secondary fractures along the main fracture lines. High velocity injuries (e.g. those caused by bullets, improvised explosive devices, etc...) will frequently cause comminuted fractures.

Compound
A compound fracture is one that communicates with the external environment. In the case of mandibular fractures, communication may occur through the skin of the face or with the oral cavity. Mandibular fractures that involve the tooth-bearing portion of the jaw are by definition compound fractures, because there is at least a communication via the periodontal ligament with the oral cavity and with more displaced fractures there may be frank tearing of the gingival and alveolar mucosa.

Involvement of teeth
When a fracture occurs in the tooth bearing portion of the mandible, whether or not it is dentate or edentulous will affect treatment.  Wiring of the teeth helps stabilize the fracture (either during placement of osteosynthesis or as a treatment by itself), so the lack of teeth will guide treatment.  When an edentulous mandible (no teeth) is less than 1 cm in height (as measured on panoramic radiograph or CT scan) additional risks apply because the blood flow from the marrow (endosseous) is minimal and the healing bone must rely on blood supply from the periosteum surrounding the bone.  If a fracture occurs in a child with mixed dentition different treatment protocols are needed.

Other fractures of the body, are classified as open or closed.   Because fractures that involve the teeth, by definition, communicate with the mouth this distinction is largely lost in mandible fractures.  Condylar, ramus, and coronoid process fractures are generally closed whereas angle, body and parasymphsis fractures are generally open.

Displacement
The degree to which the segments are separated.  The larger the separation, the more difficult it is to bring them back together (approximate the segments)

Favourability
For angle and posterior body fractures, when the angle of the fracture line is angled back (more posterior at the top of the jaw and more anterior at the bottom of the jaw) the muscles tend to bring the fracture segments together.  This is called favorable.  When the angle of the fractures is pointing to the front, it is unfavorable.

Age of the fracture
While mandible fractures have similar complication rates whether treated immediately or days later, older fractures are believed to have higher non-union and infection rates although the data on this makes it difficult to draw firm conclusions.

Treatment
Like all fractures, consideration has to be given to other illnesses that might jeopardize the patient, then to reduction and fixation of the fracture itself.  Except in avulsive type injuries, or those where there might be airway compromise, a several day delay in the treatment of mandible fractures seems to have little impact on the outcome or complication rates.

General considerations
Since mandible fractures are usually the result of blunt force trauma to the head and face, other injuries need to be considered before the mandible fracture.  First and foremost is compromise of the airway.  While rare, bilateral mandible fractures that are unstable can cause the tongue to fall back and block the airway.  Fractures such as a symphyseal or bilateral parasymphyseal may lead to mobility of the central portion of the mandible where genioglossus attaches, and allow the tongue to fall backwards and block the airway. In larger fractures, or those from high velocity injuries, soft tissue swelling can block the airway.

In addition to the potential for airway compromise, the force delivered to break the jaw can be great enough to either fracture the cervical spine or cause intra-cranial injury (head injury).  It is common for both to be assessed with facial fractures.

Finally, vascular injury can result (with particular attention to the internal carotid and jugular) from high velocity injuries or severely displaced mandible fractures.

Loss of consciousness combined with aspiration of tooth fragments, blood and possibly dentures mean that the airway may be threatened.

Reduction
Reduction refers to approximating the ends of the bones edges that are broken.  This is done with either an open technique,  where an incision is made, the fracture is found and is physically manipulated into place, or closed technique where no incision is made.

The mouth is unique, in that the teeth are well secured to the bone ends but come through epithelium (mucosa).  A leg or wrist, for instance, has no such structure to help with a closed reduction.  In addition, when the fracture happens to be in a tooth bearing area of the jaws, aligning the teeth well usually results in alignment of the fracture segments.

To align the teeth, circumdental wiring is often used where wire strands (typically 24 gauge or 26 gauge) are wrapped around each tooth then attached to a stainless steel arch bar.  When the maxillary (top) and mandibular (bottom) teeth are aligned together, this brings the fracture segments into place.  Higher tech solutions are also available, to help reduce the segments with arch bars using bonding technology.

Fixation
Simple fractures are usually treated with closed reduction and indirect skeletal fixation, more commonly referred to as maxillo-mandibular fixation (MMF).  The closed reduction is explained above. The indirect skeletal fixation is accomplished by placing an arch bar, secured to the teeth on the maxillary and mandibular dentition, then securing the top and bottom arch bars with wire loops.

Many alternatives exist to secure the maxillary and mandibular dentition including resin bonded arch bars, Ivy loops (small eyelets of wires), orthodontic bands and MMF bone screws where titanium screws with holes in the head of them are screwed into the basal bone of the jaws then secured with wire.

Closed reduction with direct skeletal fixation follows the same premise as MMF except that wires are passed through the skin and around the bottom jaw in the mandibule and through the piriform rim or zygomatic buttresses of the maxilla then joined to secure the jaws.  The option is sometimes used when a patient is edentulous (has no teeth) and rigid internal fixation cannot be used.

Open reduction with direct skeletal fixation allows the bones to be directly mandibulated through an incision so that the fractured ends meet, then they can be secured together either rigidly (with screws or plates and screws) or non-rigidly (with transosseous wires).  There are a multitude of various plate and screw combinations including compression plates, non-compression plates, lag-screws, mini-plates and biodegradable plates.

External fixation, which can be used with either open or closed reduction uses a pin system, where long screws are passed through the skin and into either side of a fracture segment (typically 2 pins per side) then secured in place using an external fixator.  This is a more common approach when the bone is heavily comminuted (shattered into small pieces, for instance in a bullet wound) and when the bone is infected (osteomyelitis).

Regardless of the method of fixation, the bone need to remain relatively stable for a period of 3–6 weeks.  On average, the bone gains 80% of its strength by 3 weeks and 90% of it by 4 weeks.  There is great variation depending on the severity of injury, health of the wound, and age of the patient.

Current clinical evidence
A 2013 Cochrane review assessed clinical studies on surgical (open reduction) and non-surgical (closed reduction) management of mandible fractures that do not involve the condyle. The review found insufficient evidence to recommend the effectiveness of any single intervention.

Special considerations

Condyle
The best treatment for condylar fractures is controversial. There are two main options, namely closed reduction or open reduction and fixation. Closed reduction may involve intermaxillary fixation, where the jaws are splinted together in the correct position for a period of weeks. Open reduction involves surgical exposure of the fracture site, which can be carried out via incisions within the mouth or incisions outside the mouth over the area of the condyle. Open reduction is sometimes combined with use of an endoscope to aid visualization of fracture site. Although closed reduction carries a risk of the bone healing out of position, with consequent alteration of the bite or the creation of facial asymmetry, it does not risk temporary damage to the facial nerve or result in any facial scar that accompanies open reduction. A systematic review was unable to find sufficient evidence of the superiority of one method over another in the management of condylar fractures.  Paediatric condylar fractures are especially problematic, owing to the remaining growth potential and possibility of ankylosis of the joint.  Early mobilization is often recommended as in the Walker protocol.

Edentulous mandible
A broken jaw that has no teeth in it faces two additional issues.  First, the lack of teeth makes reduction and fixation using MMF difficult.  Instead of placing circumdental wires around the teeth, existing dentures can be left in (or Gunning splints, a type of temporary denture) and the mandible fixated to the maxilla using skeletal fixation (circummandibular and circumzygomatic wires) or using MMF bone screws.  More commonly, open reduction and rigid internal fixation is placed.

When the width of the mandible is less than 1 cm, the jaw loses its endosteal blood supply.  Instead, the blood supply comes largely from the periosteum.  Open reduction (which normally strips the periosteum during the dissection) can lead to avascular necrosis.  In these cases, oral surgeons sometimes opt for external fixation, closed reduction, supraperiosteal dissection or other techniques to maintain the periosteal blood flow.

High velocity injuries
In high velocity injuries, the soft tissue can be severely damaged far from the bullet wound itself due to hydrostatic shock.  Because of this the airway must be carefully managed and vessels well examined.  Because the jaw can be highly comminuted, MMF and rigid internal fixation can be difficult.  Instead, external fixation is often used,.

Pathologic fracture
Fractures where large cysts or tumours are in the area (and weaken the jaw), where there is an area of osteomyelitis or where osteonecrosis exist cause special challenges to fixation and healing.  Cysts and tumours can limit effective bone to bone contact and osteomyelitis or osteonecrosis compromise blood supply to the bone.  In all of the situations, healing will be delayed and sometimes, resection is the only alternative to treatment.

Prognosis
The healing time for a routine mandible fractures is 4–6 weeks whether MMF or rigid internal fixation (RIF) is used.  For comparable fractures, patients who received MMF will lose more weight and take longer to regain mouth opening, whereas, those who receive RIF have higher infection rates.

The most common long-term complications are loss of sensation in the mandibular nerve, malocclusion and loss of teeth in the line of fracture.  The more complicated the fracture (infection, comminution, displacement) the higher the risk of fracture.

Condylar fractures have higher rates of malocclusion which in turn are dependent on the degree of displacement and/or dislocation.  When the fracture is intracapsular there is a higher rate of late-term osteoarthritis and the potential for ankylosis although the later is a rare complication as long as mobilization is early.  Pediatric condylar fractures have higher rates of ankylosis and the potential for growth disturbance.,

Rarely, mandibular fracture can lead to Frey's syndrome.

Epidemiology
Mandible fracture causes vary by the time period and the region studied. In North America, blunt force trauma (a punch) is the leading cause of mandible fracture whereas in India, motor vehicle collisions are now a leading cause. On battle grounds, it is more likely to be high velocity injuries (bullets and shrapnel). Prior to the routine use of seat belts, airbags and modern safety measures, motor vehicle collisions were a leading cause of facial trauma. The relationship to blunt force trauma explains why 80% of all mandible fractures occur in males. Mandibular fracture is a rare complication of third molar removal, and may occur during the procedure or afterwards. With respect to trauma patients, roughly 10% have some sort of facial fracture, the majority of which come from motor vehicle collisions. When the person is unrestrained in a car, the risk of fracture rises 50% and when an unhelmeted motorcyclist the risk rises 4-fold.

History
Management of mandible fractures has been mentioned as early as 1700 B.C. in the Edwin Smith Papyrus and later by Hippocrates in 460 B.C., "Displaced but incomplete fractures of the mandible where continuity of the bone is preserved should be reduced by pressing the lingual surface with the fingers...".  Open reduction was described as early as 1869. Since the late 19th century, modern techniques including MMF (see above) have been described with titanium based rigid internal fixation becoming commonplace since the 1970s and biodegradable plates and screws being available since the 1980s.

References

External links

Bone fractures
Jaw disorders
Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate
Wikipedia emergency medicine articles ready to translate


Boguty-Leśne  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Boguty-Pianki, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Boguty-Pianki,  east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Boguty-Milczki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Boguty-Pianki, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Boguty-Pianki,  east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Boguty-Milczki


Boguty-Pianki  is a village in Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Boguty-Pianki. It lies approximately  east of Ostrów Mazowiecka and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Boguty-Pianki
Łomża Governorate
Białystok Voivodeship (1919–1939)
Warsaw Voivodeship (1919–1939)
Belastok Region


Boguty-Rubiesze  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Boguty-Pianki, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Boguty-Rubiesze


Cietrzewki-Warzyno  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Boguty-Pianki, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Cietrzewki-Warzyno


Drewnowo-Dmoszki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Boguty-Pianki, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Boguty-Pianki,  east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Drewnowo-Dmoszki


Drewnowo-Gołyń  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Boguty-Pianki, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Boguty-Pianki,  east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Drewnowo-Konarze  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Boguty-Pianki, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Drewnowo-Konarze


Drewnowo-Lipskie  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Boguty-Pianki, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Drewnowo-Lipskie


Drewnowo-Ziemaki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Boguty-Pianki, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Drewnowo-Ziemaki


Godlewo-Baćki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Boguty-Pianki, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in East-Central Poland.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Godlewo-Łuby  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Boguty-Pianki, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Kamieńczyk Wielki () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Boguty-Pianki, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Boguty-Pianki,  east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County
Łomża Governorate
Białystok Voivodeship (1919–1939)
Warsaw Voivodeship (1919–1939)
Belastok Region


Kamieńczyk-Borowy () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Boguty-Pianki, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Kamieńczyk-Pierce () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Boguty-Pianki, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Kamieńczyk-Ryciorki () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Boguty-Pianki, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Kraszewo-Czarne  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Boguty-Pianki, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Boguty-Pianki,  east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Kraszewo-Czarne


Kunin-Zamek  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Boguty-Pianki, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Kunin-Zamek


Kutyłowo-Bródki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Boguty-Pianki, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Kutyłowo-Perysie  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Boguty-Pianki, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Boguty-Pianki,  east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Michałowo-Wróble  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Boguty-Pianki, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Boguty-Pianki,  east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Murawskie-Czachy  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Boguty-Pianki, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Boguty-Pianki,  east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Murawskie-Czachy


Murawskie-Miazgi  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Boguty-Pianki, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Boguty-Pianki,  east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Murawskie-Miazgi


Szpice-Chojnowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Boguty-Pianki, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Szpice-Chojnowo


Trynisze-Kuniewo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Boguty-Pianki, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Trynisze-Kuniewo


Trynisze-Moszewo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Boguty-Pianki, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Trynisze-Moszewo


Tymianki-Adamy  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Boguty-Pianki, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Boguty-Pianki,  east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Tymianki-Adamy


Tymianki-Bucie  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Boguty-Pianki, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Boguty-Pianki,  south-east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Tymianki-Bucie


Tymianki-Dębosze  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Boguty-Pianki, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Tymianki-Moderki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Boguty-Pianki, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Boguty-Pianki,  east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Tymianki-Moderki


Rue Saint-Malo is a paved street in Brest, France.  It is located in the Carpon valley, against the plateau des Capucins in the Recouvrance quarter.  Only its lower half survives, as the oldest street in the city.

It runs along the wall of the terrain de la Madeleine, where once stood the convent which took in 'sinful women' and (after the revocation of the edict of Nantes) Huguenots.  It is lined with 17th- and 18th-century houses and overlooked by terraced gardens.  After its fountain, the road runs into the levée de Pontaniou and ends in the staircase of the Madeleine which leads to the plateau des Capucins.

History

See also

 Rue de Siam
 Arsenal de Brest

External links
  Official site for the association Vivre la rue created in 1989 for the preservation of rue Saint-Malo

Geography of Brest, France
History of Brest, France
Streets in Brest, France


Tymianki-Okunie  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Boguty-Pianki, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Boguty-Pianki,  south-east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Tymianki-Okunie


Tymianki-Pachoły  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Boguty-Pianki, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Tymianki-Skóry  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Boguty-Pianki, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Boguty-Pianki,  south-east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Tymianki-Szklarze  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Boguty-Pianki, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Tymianki-Szklarze


Zabiele-Pikuły  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Boguty-Pianki, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Boguty-Pianki,  east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Zawisty-Dworaki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Boguty-Pianki, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Boguty-Pianki,  east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Zawisty-Dworaki


Zawisty-Króle  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Boguty-Pianki, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Zawisty-Kruki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Boguty-Pianki, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. The nearest airport is WAW - Warsaw Okecie, located 120.1 km south west of Zawisty Kruki.

References

Zawisty-Kruki


Zawisty-Piotrowice  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Boguty-Pianki, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Zawisty-Piotrowice


Zawisty-Wity  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Boguty-Pianki, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Zawisty-Wity


Złotki-Przeczki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Boguty-Pianki, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Boguty-Pianki,  east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Złotki-Pułapki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Boguty-Pianki, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Złotki-Stara Wieś  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Boguty-Pianki, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Uriel Reichman (, born 4 July 1942) is an Israeli legal scholar and former politician. In 1994 he established the Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya, later renamed Reichman University. He remained its president for 27 years and is currently chair of its board of directors. He also briefly served as a member of the Knesset in 2006 for Kadima.

Biography
Uriel Reichman was born in Tel Aviv during the Mandate era to Gerda and Alfred who had fled Nazi Germany. After attending elementary school in Ramat Gan and Tichon Hadash high school in Tel Aviv, during which he was a member of the Scouts and Maccabi Ramat Gan football club, he started his national service in the Israel Defence Forces, serving in the Paratroopers Brigade and reaching the rank of lieutenant. He then studied law at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem where he was taught by Aharon Barak,  receiving an LLB in 1967 and an LLM in 1972. He was called up for reserve duty during the Six-Day War in 1967, the War of Attrition (1967–1970) and the Yom Kippur War in 1973, during which his brother Gad was killed. After his brother's death, Reichman was transferred to a non-combat unit, becoming president of a military tribunal and attaining the rank of major. In 1975 he was awarded a JSD by the University of Chicago.

Legal and academic career
In the mid-1980s Reichman initiated and headed a team that formulated a proposed Constitution of Israel. The proposal included, among other things, the idea of direct election to the premiership.
Between 1985 and 1990 he worked as a lecturer, senior lecture and dean of the Faculty of Law at Tel Aviv University, before becoming dean of Ramot Mishpat. In 1990 he established the Ramot Mishpat Law School. In 1994 he established the Interdisciplinary Center in Herzliya, and has served as the organisation's president since its founding (with the exception of the period in 2006 when he was a Member of the Knesset). Reichman retired from the presidency in 2021.

Reichman has served on the board of directors of the First International Bank and Bank Hapoalim. He also has chaired the Israel Bar Association's Committee for Human Rights, headed and served as a member of several public committees, and proposed reforms in the real-estate laws and in the professions of real-estate surveying and brokerage.

Political career
A founder of Shinui, Reichman was elected to head the party's presidium in 2004. However, in November 2005 he left the party to join Ariel Sharon's new Kadima party. For the 2006 elections he was placed eleventh on Kadima's list, and became a Knesset member when the party won 29 seats. However, he resigned his seat on 28 April 2006 in protest at not being given the Education portfolio (which went to Yuli Tamir of the Labor Party), which he claimed he had been promised by both Ariel Sharon and Ehud Olmert. He was replaced by Shai Hermesh.

Awards and recognitions
In 2000 Reichman was made a "Knight of Quality Government" by the Movement for Quality Government. He was awarded an honorary doctorate by Heinrich Heine University in 2010. In 2015 he received the annual Israel Bar Association prize. In 2018 Reichman was given the Robert and JoAnn Bendetson Public Diplomacy Award by the Institute for Global Leadership at Tufts University.

References

External links
Official website

1942 births
Living people
Academic staff of Tel Aviv University
Academic staff of Reichman University
Hebrew University of Jerusalem Faculty of Law alumni
Israeli educators
Israeli soldiers
Kadima politicians
Members of the 17th Knesset (2006–2009)
Politicians from Tel Aviv
Presidents of universities in Israel
Shinui politicians
University of Chicago Law School alumni


William M. Blair (May 25, 1836 – June 17, 1919) was a farmer and political figure in Nova Scotia, Canada. He represented Colchester County in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1878 to 1886 as a Liberal-Conservative member.

He was born in Onslow, Nova Scotia and educated there. In 1864, he married Harriet Blair. He was lieutenant-colonel in the militia, commanding a Highlanders battalion from Pictou, Hants and Colchester. Blair was an ardent promoter of modern farming, and was deeply involved in agricultural reform efforts in Nova Scotia. He was president of the Onslow Agricultural Society and chairman of the Agricultural Exhibition Committee, was a prominent member of the Nova Scotia Farmers' Association from its inception in 1895 until his death, and participated in lobbying the provincial government for the creation of a provincial School of Agriculture in 1885 (which became the Nova Scotia Agricultural College in 1905). Most substantively, Blair was the first supervisor of the federally funded Experimental Farm in Nappan, Nova Scotia, heading it from its creation in 1887 until his retirement in 1896. He died in 1919.

His son was William Saxby Blair who followed in his father's footsteps in agricultural promotion, being the first supervisor of the Experimental Farm in Kentville, Nova Scotia from its creation in 1912 until his retirement in 1938.

References

External links
 The Canadian parliamentary companion, 1885, JA Gemmill

1836 births
1919 deaths
Progressive Conservative Association of Nova Scotia MLAs
People from Colchester County


Bojany  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Brok, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Brok,  south-west of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Bojany


Laskowizna  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Brok, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Brok,  south-west of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Nowe Kaczkowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Brok, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Nowe Kaczkowo


Puzdrowizna  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Brok, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Brok,  south-west of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Puzdrowizna


Thank God for Evolution is a book by Michael Dowd that argues for a marriage of science and religion within an evolutionary paradigm.

It was published by Council Oak Books in November 2006 and acquired in spring 2007 by Viking Penguin. In the book and in his sermons, Dowd presents evolution as a sacred epic of emerging complexity that can be seen as "14 billion years of grace."

References

External links
Book's official website

Christianity and evolution
Books about religion and science
2006 non-fiction books


Stare Kaczkowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Brok, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Brok,  south of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Stare Kaczkowo


Błędnica  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Małkinia Górna, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Małkinia Górna,  south-east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Boreczek  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Małkinia Górna, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Małkinia Górna,  south-east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Boreczek


Borowe  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Małkinia Górna, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Małkinia Górna,  south-east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Daniłówka Druga  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Małkinia Górna, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Daniłówka Pierwsza  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Małkinia Górna, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Daniłowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Małkinia Górna, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Małkinia Górna,  south-east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Daniłowo-Parcele  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Małkinia Górna, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Glina  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Małkinia Górna, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Grądy  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Małkinia Górna in Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It is approximately  south of Małkinia Górna,  southeast of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  northeast of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Kańkowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Małkinia Górna, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Małkinia Górna,  south-east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Kiełczew  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Małkinia Górna, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Małkinia Górna,  south of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Klukowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Małkinia Górna, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Małkinia Dolna  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Małkinia Górna, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Małkinia Górna,  south-east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Niegowiec  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Małkinia Górna, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Małkinia Górna,  south-east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Niegowiec


Orło  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Małkinia Górna, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Małkinia Górna,  south-east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Podgórze-Gazdy  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Małkinia Górna, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Poniatowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Małkinia Górna, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Prostyń  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Małkinia Górna, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Małkinia Górna,  south of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Przewóz  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Małkinia Górna, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Małkinia Górna,  south-east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Rostki Wielkie  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Małkinia Górna, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Małkinia Górna,  south-east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Rostki Wielkie


Rostki-Piotrowice  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Małkinia Górna, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Rostki-Piotrowice


Sumiężne  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Małkinia Górna, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Małkinia Górna,  south of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Żachy-Pawły  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Małkinia Górna, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Małkinia Górna,  south-east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Zawisty Nadbużne  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Małkinia Górna, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Zawisty Podleśne  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Małkinia Górna, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Małkinia Górna,  south-east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Bochna  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nur, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Bochna


Cempora  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nur, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Cempora


Godlewo Mierniki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nur, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Nur,  east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Godlewo Mierniki


Godlewo Milewek  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nur, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Nur,  east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Godlewo Milewek


Godlewo Warsze  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nur, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Godlewo Warsze


Godlewo Wielkie  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nur, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Nur,  east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Godlewo Wielkie


Kałęczyn  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nur, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately six km north of Nur,  east of Ostrów Mazowiecka and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Kamianka  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nur, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Aegopis is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Zonitidae, the true glass snails.

Species
Species within the genus Aegopis include:
 Aegopis verticillus
 Aegopis acies

References

Zonitidae
Gastropod genera


Kossaki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nur, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Nur,  south-east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Kossaki


Kramkowo Lipskie  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nur, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Nur,  south-east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Kramkowo Lipskie


Łęg Nurski  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nur, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Nur,  south-east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Murawskie Nadbużne  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nur, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Nur,  south-east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Myślibory  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nur, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Nur,  south-east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Nur-Kolonia Wschodnia  is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Nur, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Nur-Kolonia Wschodnia


Obryte  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nur, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Nur,  south-east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Ołowskie  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nur, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Nur,  south-east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Ołtarze Gołacze  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nur, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Nur,  south-east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Ślepowrony  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nur, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Nur,  south-east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Strękowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nur, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Nur,  east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Strękowo-Nieczykowskie  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nur, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Nur,  east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Zakrzewo Słomy  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nur, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Nur,  south-east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Zaszków  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nur, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Nur,  south-east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Zaszków Kolonia  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nur, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Nur,  south-east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Żebry Kolonia  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nur, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Nur,  south-east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Żebry-Laskowiec  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nur, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Nur,  south-east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Zuzela  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nur, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Nur,  south-east of Ostrów Mazowiecka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński was born in the village.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Chingoli is an urbanised village which lies in Karthikappally Thaluk, near Haripad town in Alappuzha district of Kerala, India. It is an amalgamation of both modern city life style and traditional values of Kerala.This Village has ATM facilities, Rickshaw facilities, Ayurveda Hospitals, Dental Hospitals, Mini Supermarkets etc.

How to visit

Chingoli can be accessed by road and rail. Chingoli is accessible by the Kayamkulam - Muthukulam - Danapady road. The nearest major bus station, Haripad, is around 4–5 km away whereas the nearest railway station, Haripad railway station, is at a distance of 5 km.

For visitors from outside the state, Cochin airport (117 km), Thiruvananthapuram Airport (116 km) and Alappuzha railway station (35 km) are the nearest major points of access.

Places of interest

Chingoli village is close to many famous Hindu temples among which Mannarasala Nagaraja temple, Haripad Sri Subramanya temple, Evoor temple, Kanjoor Sree Durga Devi temple, Vettikulangara Devi Temple are the most famous. The Kavillpadikkal temple, Mariyamman temple and  Sree Bhuvaneswari devi temple are among the most famous temples in the village and a source of strength to its inhabitants.

Industry

 The NTPC Kayamkulam power station lies near Chingoli and has boosted the economy of the region considerably.
 Sree Rama krishna pharmacy and Krishnendu Ayurveda hospital established in 1908 known as Chingoli ayurveda hospital attracts Indians and foreigners for ayurveda treatments.
 Lakshmi Engineering Industries established in the late 1990s. They are manufacturers of wet grinders, laundry washing machines, coconut scrapers, vegetable cutters, atta kneading machines, incinerators etc.

Notable people

 Ashokan

Climate

Chingoli has a typical tropical climate just like the rest of Kerala. Summers can be rather uncomfortable due to high humidity levels.

Nearby places

Chingoli lies in close proximity to Muthukulam, Cheppad, Kayamkulam, Mavelikara and Karuvatta.

References

Villages in Alappuzha district


Amalie Materna (born Amalia, later Amalie Friedrich-Materna) (10 July 1844 St. Georgen in der Steiermark – 18 January 1918 Vienna) was an Austrian operatic dramatic soprano. While possessing a famously powerful voice, Materna also maintained a youthful bright vocal timbre throughout her career which spanned three decades. She is best remembered today for originating several roles in operas by Richard Wagner.

Career
Materna made her professional opera début at the Thalia Theatre in Graz in 1865. She then married Karl Friedrich, an actor, and was engaged with him singing operettas in suburban theatres near Vienna, and at the Carltheater in Vienna. She made her debut at the Vienna State Opera in 1869, singing Selika in L'Africaine.  Popularly received, Materna became a regular performer at the Vienna court for the next 25 years.  Her notable performances include Amneris in the first Vienna performance of Aida in 1874 and the title role at the première of Goldmark's Die Königin von Saba (10 March 1875).

Materna was perhaps most admired for her interpretations of the works of Richard Wagner. She sang the role of Brünnhilde in the first complete Ring Cycle in Bayreuth (1876), appearing also in the first Vienna performances of Die Walküre (1877) and Siegfried (1878), and in the first Ring Cycle in Berlin at the Victoria Theatre (1881). In 1882 she originated the role of Kundry in Parsifal at Bayreuth, repeating the role there at every festival until 1891.

In 1884, Materna toured the United States with Hermann Winkelmann and Emil Scaria. She joined the Metropolitan Opera roster the following year making her début on 5 January 1885 as Elisabeth in Tannhäuser. Her other roles at the Met included Valentine in Les Huguenots, Rachel in La juive and Brünnhilde in Die Walküre. Writing in The New York Times, W. J. Henderson described her Brünnhilde as "a portrayal of world-wide celebrity and her impressive scenes with Siegmund and Wotan last night – scenes in which her deep feeling, expressive tones, and majestic appearance...told quite as strongly as the beauty and volume of her voice, were awaited with a confidence that was fully justified by the event."

She returned to Vienna later in 1885 and appeared in numerous productions there for the next nine years. Her final performance in Vienna was as Elisabeth on 31 December 1894. After her retirement she taught singing in Vienna, where she made one last public appearance in 1913, singing Kundry at a concert commemorating the centenary of Wagner's birth.

Gallery of roles

References

Sources
 Elizabeth Forbes: "Amalie Materna", Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy (Accessed October 20, 2008), (subscription access)

Bio at Great Singers of the Past

External links

 Amalie Friedrich-Materna: North American Theatre Online

1844 births
1918 deaths
Austrian operatic sopranos
19th-century Austrian women opera singers
People from Leibnitz District


Antoniewo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ostrów Mazowiecka, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Biel  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ostrów Mazowiecka, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Ostrów Mazowiecka and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Budy-Grudzie  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ostrów Mazowiecka, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Budy-Grudzie


Dybki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ostrów Mazowiecka, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Ostrów Mazowiecka and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Dybki


Fidury  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ostrów Mazowiecka, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Ostrów Mazowiecka and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Fidury


Guty-Bujno  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ostrów Mazowiecka, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

External links
 Jewish Community in Guty-Bujno on Virtual Shtetl

Guty-Bujno


Jasienica  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ostrów Mazowiecka, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Ostrów Mazowiecka and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County
Łomża Governorate
Białystok Voivodeship (1919–1939)
Warsaw Voivodeship (1919–1939)
Belastok Region


Jelenie may refer to the following places:
Jelenie, Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland)
Jelenie, Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
Jelenie, West Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-west Poland)


Jelenie  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ostrów Mazowiecka, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Ostrów Mazowiecka and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Jelenie


Jelonki may refer to the following places:
Jelonki, Ostrów County, in the Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
Jelonki, Warsaw, in the Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
Jelonki, Opole Voivodeship (south-west Poland)
Jelonki, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship (north Poland)
Jelonki, Gryfino County in the West Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-west Poland)
Jelonki, Świdwin County in the West Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-west Poland)


Jelonki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ostrów Mazowiecka, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Ostrów Mazowiecka and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Jelonki


Kalinowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ostrów Mazowiecka, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Ostrów Mazowiecka and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Kalinowo-Parcele  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ostrów Mazowiecka, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Kalinowo-Parcele


Komorowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ostrów Mazowiecka, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Ostrów Mazowiecka and  north-east of Warsaw.

History
In 1827, Komorowo had a population of 185, which by the 1880s grew to 385.

In the interbellum, barracks of the Polish 18th Light Artillery Regiment were located in Komorowo.

Following the joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland, which started World War II in September 1939, the village was occupied by Germany. In 1941–1943, the Germans operated the Stalag 333 prisoner-of-war camp in the pre-war barracks.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Nagoszewka Druga  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ostrów Mazowiecka, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Nagoszewka Druga


Nagoszewka Pierwsza  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ostrów Mazowiecka, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Nagoszewka Pierwsza


Nagoszewo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ostrów Mazowiecka, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Ostrów Mazowiecka and  north-east of Warsaw.

On 3 June 1863, during the January Uprising, the Battle of Nagoszewo took place near the village, which was then part of Congress Poland. After the battle, Russian troops murdered more than 100 villagers. A memorial in their honor was unveiled in 1917 after that area rejoined Poland.

References

Nagoszewo


Nieskórz  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ostrów Mazowiecka, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Ostrów Mazowiecka and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County


Nowa Grabownica  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ostrów Mazowiecka, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Nowa Grabownica


Nowa Osuchowa  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ostrów Mazowiecka, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Nowa Osuchowa


Nowe Lubiejewo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ostrów Mazowiecka, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Nowe Lubiejewo


Pałapus Szlachecki () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ostrów Mazowiecka, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Ostrów Mazowiecka and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County