Keldian is a Norwegian power metal band, originating from Aurland in the Sogn og Fjordane county, that made their debut in 2007 with the album Heaven's Gate. Their music is a blend of classic 1980s era melodic rock and more modern power and symphonic metal influences. Keldian is a studio project, with band members Christer Andresen and Arild Aardalen composing, producing and performing the music with the aid of hired session musicians.

Biography

Pre-Keldian 1988-2004
Andresen and Aardalen both grew up in the small town of Aurland, situated by the innermost arm of the Sognefjord in Norway. Andresen started playing guitar at the age of 8 and spent many of his early years in the hard rock band Madam Curie. Later on he joined forces with keyboardist Aardalen for the first time in the electronica-inspired stage project Protos Nemesis. Madam Curie and Protos Nemesis then fused into the short-lived Alien Love Gardeners, a classic rock band that released an EP titled Cuts Shape The Man in 2000. When the band broke up Andresen and Aardalen re-worked this EP as a studio exercise. They called the project Keld and renamed the EP Salvation For The Guilty, and this soon formed the basis for Keldian.

Both the Salvation For The Guilty EP and earlier works by Protos Nemesis can be accessed through the "Hidden History" section on the official Keldian website.

Heaven's Gate and Journey of Souls 2005-2012
Andresen and Aardalen both figured in a 2005 cover band project named Top Guns, which covered rock and pop classics from the 1980s in concert. It seems that this project, in addition to the Salvation For The Guilty EP, was the impetus to create Keldian the same year. Andresen and Aardalen recorded original demos in the summer of 2005 and the following winter. These pre-production demos were then taken into production and embellished into their debut album Heaven's Gate. The album was produced and engineered by Aardalen, who had by then become a professional sound engineer. Heaven's Gate was released through American label Perris Records in early 2007. The album had worldwide distribution, including a unique Japanese edition that featured a bonus track, and enjoyed brisk sales despite being the debut record of an unknown band. Fan favourites on the album include the metal anthem "Sundancer" and the dark ballad "Redshift".

The band's name is derived from the Old Norse word «kelde», which means outspring, source or well in English. The band would be inspired by science-fiction, spirituality and philosophy for their lyrics, and the band's name was chosen to reflect that the roots of the soul are intimately linked to human kind's ultimate destiny among the stars. Keldian would loosely mean "someone who comes from the source".

In May 2008, Keldian released their second album Journey of Souls, also through Perris Records, which received favourable reviews in many parts of the world. The band were praised for their original approach to the heavy metal genre, and also hailed as some of the genre's best lyricists, the latter exemplified by the war epic "Memento Mori".

In a September 2008 radio interview with the Norwegian Broadcasting Company, Aardalen hinted that the third Keldian album was in the planning stages. The writing and production of this album would be significantly prolonged, as Keldian split from their record label and built their own studio to have maximum flexibility and control over their operations and finances. The rights to the first two Keldian albums have reverted to the band, allowing them to distribute their music and merchandise directly to fans through their official website and Facebook profile. Their own label is listed as Galactic Butterfly Music, and all their music is available in their own Keldian album store.

Outbound 2013-2015
On February 22, 2013, the band announced in a fan Q&A on their website that the third Keldian album would be titled Outbound. On February 26, 2013, Keldian launched a funding campaign on Indiegogo, asking for contributions to the production of Outbound, which was set with a tentative September 2013 release in the case of a successful campaign. On March 4, with the campaign going well, Keldian revealed the cover artwork for Outbound. On March 6, 2013, the band's funding for the album was completed.

On August 27, 2013, the band revealed the Outbound track listing and running order in the blog on their website. They also confirmed that the album was entering the final mixing stages. Outbound was released on October 31, 2013.

Darkness and Light (2015-2022)

During early 2015 Keldian announced that they had started production on recording their fourth album. It was also confirmed that Jørn Holen would reprise his role of recording drums. On August 14, 2016, the band announced their next album, 'Darkness and Light' on their website, which was planned for release in 2017. They released their first single from the album called "Blood Red Dawn" on October 5, 2017. .

On October 27, 'Darkness and Light' was released digitally on all streaming services. The band comments on the name of the album "...Some of the lyrics had taken a darker emotional turn, and the yin and yang of the words led to the obvious album title: Darkness And Light."

The Bloodwater Rebellion (2022-Present)

In June 2022 Keldian released their fifth album "The Bloodwater Rebellion" which is focussing around themes of environmental exploitation and fighting back against it.

Studio collaborators and the possibility of live shows
Keldian's most frequent collaborator is drummer Jørn Steingrim Holen, who is best known for his work in the black metal outfits Windir and Vreid. He has performed on all of Keldian's albums. Journey of Souls featured several more session musicians, most prominently drummer Per Hillestad, who is known for his many years of studio and live work with Norwegian and international artists such as a-ha.

There has been no Keldian live shows thus far, seemingly a consequence of the band's inception as a studio project. Andresen and Aardalen have stated in several interviews that their priority is to create a handful of albums before possibly turning their attention to touring. Aardalen has also commented that Keldian live shows are very unlikely, since the whole premise of Keldian "has always just been about me and Chris writing music together." The only confirmed live material featuring Andresen and Aardalen consists of recordings made of their previous band Alien Love Gardeners, but these are extremely difficult to come by. Andresen has said that these recordings might be made available through the Keldian website at some point.

Band members and associated musicians
Keldian:
 Christer Andresen - Lead vocals, Guitars, Bass
 Arild Aardalen - Synthesizers, Vocals

Featuring, among others:
 Jørn Holen (Vreid, Windir) - Drums
 H-man (LA Guns, The Black Crowes) - Drums
 Per Hillestad (Lava, a-ha) - Drums
 Maja Svisdahl - Vocals
 Anette Fodnes - Vocals
 Gunhild Mathea Olaussen - Violin

Discography
 Heaven's Gate (2007)
 Journey of Souls (2008)
 Outbound (2013)
 Darkness and Light (2017)
 The Bloodwater Rebellion (2022)

References

External links
 Keldian's official website

Norwegian symphonic metal musical groups
Norwegian power metal musical groups
Musical groups established in 2005
2005 establishments in Norway
Musical groups from Sogn og Fjordane
People from Aurland


Harper University Hospital is one of eight hospitals and institutes that compose the Detroit Medical Center. Harper offers services in a broad range of clinical areas, including cardiology, neurology, neurosurgery, organ transplant, plastic surgery, general surgery, bariatric (weight loss surgery) endocrinology and sleep disorders.

History
Established in 1863, Harper is among the oldest U.S. medical teaching institutions.

Nursing became professionalized in the late 19th century, opening a new middle-class career for talented young women of all social backgrounds. The Harper Hospital School of Nursing, begun in 1884, was a national leader. Its graduates worked at the hospital and also in institutions, public health services, as private duty nurses, and volunteered for duty at military hospitals during the Spanish–American War and the two world wars.

World War I
Base Hospital No. 17 was organized at Harper Hospital in September 1916, and was mobilized on June 28, 1917. On July 3, 1917, the organization was transferred to Allentown, Pennsylvania, leaving there July 11, for New York City, where it embarked on the Mongolia and sailed July 13, 1917. It arrived at Southampton, England on July 24, by way of Plymouth, England, and at Le Havre, France on July 25, 1917. It remained at Le Havre until July 28, when it proceeded by rail to its final destination, Dijon, Department Cote D'or, in the advance section, arriving there July 29, 1917.

Base Hospital No. 17 was the first American organization to arrive at that station, where it functioned as an independent hospital, until January 8, 1919. At Dijon the unit was assigned the Hospital St. Ignace (French Auxiliary Hospital No. 77), then operated by the French Army. The French had about 230 patients in the hospital when the unit arrived, the evacuation of which was not completed until August 18, 1917. It began receiving American patients on August 21, 1917, but the hospital was not officially turned over to the commanding officer until September 2, 1917. In June 1918, when the capacity of the hospital proved inadequate, a French seminary was taken over at Plombiers, France, about 3½ miles from the main hospital, and was operated as an annex. The seminary was a large stone building, of 800-bed capacity, and was used largely for convalescent and minor surgical cases. Base Hospital No. 17 ceased to function January 8, 1919; the unit sailed from St. Nazaire on April 14, 1919, on the Princess Matoika, arriving at Newport News on April 27, 1919, and was demobilized at Camp Custer in Michigan on May 9, 1919.

First successful open heart surgery
Harper was the site of the world's first successful open-heart operation, using a mechanical heart called the Dodrill-GMR developed by a General Motors engineer with Harper physicians, including Forest Dewey Dodrill. The mechanical blood-pumping machine allowed a human heart to be temporarily stopped and operated on while the machine maintained blood circulation in the patient's body. The successful first surgery occurred on 3 July 1952.

Recent
In 2004, Harper was the first to debut the Intraoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging (iMRI) system in Michigan. Also in 2004, surgeons at Harper were the first to perform a kidney transplant on an HIV recipient.

The hospital is now staffed by faculty of the Wayne State University School of Medicine.

Rankings and accreditation
Harper is in The Leapfrog Group’s 2008 Top Hospital list for patient quality and safety. The Leapfrog Group rankings are based on a survey conducted at 1,220 hospitals across the country.

Harper University Hospital ranked above the national average in a survey compiled by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) and the Federal Department of Health and Human Services. The list included data from 4,807 hospitals across the United States. Of those hospitals, only 38 were ranked above the national average. The results are meant to assist the public in assessing how well their area hospitals care for patients with specific types of medical conditions, including heart failure and heart attacks.

Harper University Hospital has received full approval from the Surgical Review Corporation (SRC) and the American Society for Bariatric Surgery (ASBS) as a Bariatric Center of Excellence. This accreditation recognizes that Harper's bariatric program meets the patient care standards as set forth by the SRC and ASBS.

Hospital rating data from HealthGrades website
The HealthGrades website contains the clinical quality data for Harper University Hospital, as of 2017. For this rating section three different types of data from HealthGrades are presented: clinical quality ratings for twenty-nine inpatient conditions and procedures, thirteen patient safety indicators and the percentage of patients giving the hospital as a 9 or 10 (the two highest possible ratings).

For inpatient conditions and procedures, there are three possible ratings: worse than expected, as expected, better than expected.  For this hospital the data for this category is:
Worse than expected - 5
As expected - 22
Better than expected - 2
For patient safety indicators, there are the same three possible ratings. For this hospital safety indicators were rated as:
Worse than expected - 6
As expected - 7
Better than expected - 0
Percentage of patients rating this hospital as a 9 or 10 - 68%
Percentage of patients who on average rank hospitals as a 9 or 10 - 69%

Cardio Team One
Harper, along with Detroit Receiving Hospital and Sinai-Grace Hospital, is the home of Cardio Team One, a specialized initiative designed to reduce the response time for patients presenting at emergency room with severe cardiac disease.

Gallery

References

External links

 Detroit Medical Center
 Harper University Hospital

Hospitals in Detroit
Midtown Detroit
Teaching hospitals in Michigan
Wayne State University
Detroit Medical Center
Tenet Healthcare


Gurrë is a former commune in the Dibër County, northern Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Klos. The population at the 2011 census was 3,369.

Demographic history
Gurrë (Gur) is recorded in the Ottoman defter of 1467 as village in the timar of Barak in the vilayet of Mati. The settlement had a total of nine households represented by the following household heads: Kolë Kibaj, Dom Pali, Gjon Guribardi, Dom Andrija,  Mihal Girdepaj, Gjergj Mizijo, Todor Bila, Buzi Bardi, and Martin Bili (Beli).

References

Former municipalities in Dibër County
Administrative units of Klos (municipality)


Fourth Arts Block (FAB) is the leadership organization for the East Village, Manhattan cultural district in New York City, United States, building a permanent home for the arts and preserving the neighborhood's creative character. FAB advocates for the District, directs marketing and outreach efforts, leads projects that contribute to sustainable development, and supports the development and capacity of its members.

East Fourth Street is home to more than a dozen nonprofit cultural and community organizations, and was designated a Cultural District by Mayor Michael Bloomberg in January 2006. “Downtown's Theater Row" contains 10 theater companies, two dance companies, four visual arts organizations, and two non-profit community development organizations that have worked to create a plan for the long-term development of the cultural buildings on the block.

Background

The East Village and Lower East Side of Manhattan has gone through remarkable change, particularly in the past three decades, when it began to experience a major real estate boom together with a huge influx of (mostly) young, single professionals attracted by the neighborhood's vibrant, diverse, creative character.

The story of the neighborhood immediately surrounding East 4th Street between Second Avenue and the Bowery is unique in its history of artistic activity and grassroots activism. At the turn of the century, 66 East 4th Street, known as Turin Hall, was a focal point for the German immigrant community, and the first Yiddish theater in New York, in what became the Yiddish Theater District. Next door, at 64 E. 4th, was the Labor Lyceum, where early advocates for unionizing gathered and the International Ladies Garment Workers' Union was born.

However, by the 1970s, the city was holding on to a large number of vacant properties, all acquired through eminent domain, with plans, developed by Robert Moses, to raze this "slum area" entirely. Neighborhood protest and the city's economic downturn halted everything other than the establishment of the 'Cooper Square Urban Renewal Area" and a hopeful plan for its development.

The empty buildings sat there unused until La Mama, a small experimental theater and a founder of the Off-Off-Broadway movement which embraced artistic experimentation and social protest, led by the legendary Ellen Stewart, secured a 30-day lease from the city on a dilapidated property. The city's condition for the low rent was simply that La Mama would bear full responsibility for anything beyond the most basic maintenance of the building's shell. Gradually, other neighborhood arts groups secured similar 30-day leases in adjoining vacant buildings on the block. Fixing the properties up was all on their shoulders; bit by bit they repaired the roofs, kept the boilers operating, and improved their spaces. The 30 day leases stayed in effect for anywhere from 15 to 30 years. That ended in October 2005 when these same pioneering tenants became owners and the East 4th Street Cultural District became a reality.

Usually, at this chapter in the gentrification story, the exodus begins. Artists and small arts groups are forced out due to wildly escalating rents. Manhattan communities once more prove inhospitable to the kind of diversity and cutting edge creativity these small groups represent. However, in a decision that surprised many, the city - with unanimous support at all levels of government - decided to sell six buildings and two vacant lots on East 4th Street between 2nd Avenue and the Bowery for $1 each to the artist tenants. Local leadership, which has been actively seeking to diversify the area's reliance on bars/clubs/restaurants as its prime source of economic activity, enthusiastically lent its support. The East 4th Street Cultural District was created. All the properties are restricted to non-profit cultural use in perpetuity; and, to date, $4.7 million in city and state monies have been allocated for their renovation.

The East 4th Street Cultural District is only one block long, yet it encompasses 17 theaters and rehearsal studios, three film editing suites, and a large screening room. Each year it hosts over 200,000 people attending performances, workshops, and readings involving more than 1200 artists. Through the plan for the Cultural District, more than  of vacant space on East 4th Street will be transformed into active cultural use.

Community building
FAB engages in a number of activities throughout the year that engage and strengthen the broader local community, such as the Load OUT!, a biannual “reuse and repurposing riot” aimed at transforming one person’s trash into another person’s treasure.

Beginning in 2013, leaders from organizations on the Fourth Arts Block began inviting local civic and arts groups to plan for the first-ever Lower East Side History Month (LESHM), which took place in May 2014 and is imagined as an annual event. With 33 local groups on the steering committee alone, LESHM debuted with scores of theater, music, visual arts, panel discussion and participatory events scheduled throughout the month, with everything from a Bowery film festival to a discussion about saxophonist Ornette Coleman and the Five Spot Café.

The month kicked off with “Chalk LES,” a weekend when anyone and everyone was encouraged to write official and personal histories on sidewalks where notable events occurred.

Rod Rogers Dance Company and the DUO Multicultural Arts Center

Home to both the Rod Rogers Dance Company and the DUO Multicultural Arts Center (DMAC), 62 East 4th Street is a five-story building which stands between Second Avenue and the Bowery.

By 2007 the building was severely deteriorated. The NYC Department of Design and Construction began the exterior renovation under the leadership of SUPERSTRUCTURES Engineers + Architects.

The façade restoration of 62 East Fourth Street involved the recreation of the cornice and the balconies, replacement of the windows with historically appropriate materials, and analysis of paint in order to match the historic color.

Now this once shabby façade is once again a point of pride for the block, and 62 East 4th Street has emerged with a fresh face as it continues its role as a vital contributor to the cultural life for which Greenwich Village remains known around the world.

The restoration was substantially complete in 2011 and in 2012 received the prestigious Lucy G. Moses Preservation Award from the New York Landmarks Conservancy – a rare distinction since the building is not an officially designated New York City Landmark.

Members
East 4th Street is home to more than a dozen arts and community groups, most of whom are pioneers of the block and have had long histories of racial and ethnic diversity, artistic ingenuity, and engaging low-income families:
 Alpha Omega Theatrical Dance
 Cooper Square Committee
 Cooper Square Mutual Housing Association
 Creative Time
 Downtown Art
 DUO Multi-Cultural Arts Center
 East Village Art View
 La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club
 Millennium Film Workshop
 New York Theatre Workshop
 Paradise Factory
 Rod Rodgers Dance Company
 Rod Rodgers Dance School
 Teatro Circulo
 Teatro IATI
 Works in Progress
 WOW Cafe Theatre

References

External links

 Official blog

Culture of Manhattan
Arts centers in New York City


The World Is Rich is a 1947 British documentary film directed by Paul Rotha about food shortages after World War II. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature.

References

External links

The World Is Rich at the British Film Institute

1947 films
1947 documentary films
British documentary films
Black-and-white documentary films
Films directed by Paul Rotha
British black-and-white films
1940s English-language films
1940s British films
English-language documentary films


The Clearwater River is a river in Douglas County of the U.S. state of Oregon.  It is a roughly  long tributary of the North Umpqua River, located about  east of Roseburg in the Cascade Range.

There are two notable waterfalls along the river. Upstream is Clearwater Falls, and downstream a few miles is Whitehorse Falls, the smaller of the two.

See also
List of rivers of Oregon

References

External links
 Clearwater Falls: Northwest Waterfall Survey
 Whitehorse Falls: Northwest Waterfall Survey

Rivers of Oregon
Rivers of Douglas County, Oregon
Waterfalls of Oregon


Manor House Publishing Incorporated is a small Canadian publishing company, established in 1998 and based in the Ancaster neighborhood of Hamilton Ontario.

History and operations
It publishes mostly in soft-cover books by Canadian authors, many previously unpublished. These books vary in subjects, including non-fiction, fiction, biography, business, New Age and poetry.

Notable authors
 Ian Thomas Bequest (2006; fiction; );  The Lost Chord (2008; fiction; )
 Pat MacAdam Gold Medal "Misfits" How the Unwanted 1948 Flyers Scored Olympic Glory (2007; non-fiction; ); Mulroney's Man

See also

 Canadian literature
 Culture of Hamilton, Ontario
 List of English-language book publishing companies
 List of head offices in Hamilton, Ontario

References

  Chiodo, Suzi. (August 24, 2007). "Two Minute Job Shadows: Manor House Publishing". The Hamilton Spectator.
 Bridges, Holly. (November 30, 2007). "One's a Mystery, One's a Miracle". Royal Canadian Air Force.  Retrieved March 7, 2013.
  Ian Thomas Biography.  Ian Thomas.

External links
 , the company's official website

1998 establishments in Ontario
Book publishing companies of Canada
Companies based in Hamilton, Ontario
Culture of Hamilton, Ontario
Publishing companies established in 1998
Canadian companies established in 1998


Emilienne Raoul (née Matingou, born 7 January 1945) is a Congolese politician who served in the government of Congo-Brazzaville as Minister of Social Affairs from 2002 to 2016. She additionally served as Minister of Health from 2007 to 2009.

Life and career
Raoul was born in Brazzaville and has a background working in education at the Marien Ngouabi University in Brazzaville. She was married to Alfred Raoul, who served as Prime Minister during the 1960s, prior to the latter's death in 1999. From 1998 to 2002, she was a member of the National Transitional Council (CNT), the interim parliament that existed during the transitional period which followed the 1997 civil war. Her writings include Alternative Strategies to Fight Against Poverty in Congo (Strategies alternatives de lutte contre la pauvrete au Congo), published in 2000.

In the May–June 2002 parliamentary election, held at the end of the transitional period, Raoul was elected to the National Assembly as an independent candidate in the first constituency of Brazzaville's Seventh Arrondissement (Mfilou); she won the seat in the second round of voting. Following the election, she was appointed to the government as Minister of Social Affairs, Solidarity, Humanitarian Action, Victims of War, and the Family on 18 August 2002.

On 3 March 2007, her ministerial portfolio was altered and she was appointed as Minister of Health, Social Affairs and the Family. She accordingly succeeded Alphonse Gando at the Ministry of Health on 10 March. In addition to her post in the government, she was President of the Center for the Advancement of Women in Politics as of 2007.

Raoul's portfolio was reduced on 15 September 2009, when she was appointed as Minister of Social Affairs, Humanitarian Action, and Solidarity. She was succeeded by Georges Moyen at the Ministry of Health on 24 September.

After President Denis Sassou Nguesso's victory in the March 2016 presidential election, Raoul was dismissed from the government on 30 April 2016; Antoinette Dinga Dzondo was appointed to replace her as Minister of Social Affairs. Dinga Dzondo succeeded Raoul at the ministry on 7 May.

References

1945 births
Living people
People from Brazzaville
Members of the National Assembly (Republic of the Congo)
Social affairs ministers of the Republic of the Congo
Health ministers of the Republic of the Congo
Family ministers of the Republic of the Congo
Women government ministers of the Republic of the Congo
21st-century Republic of the Congo women politicians
21st-century Republic of the Congo politicians


Xibër is a former municipality in the Dibër County, northern Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Klos. The population at the 2011 census was 2,660.

Demographic history
Xibër (Çipur) is recorded in the Ottoman defter of 1467 as village in the timar of Ballaban in the vilayet of Mati. The settlement had a total of six households represented by the following household heads: Todor Bogdani, Shurb Bardi, Benk Kirakesi, Gjergj Palazi, Dom Progoni, and Shirgj Bardi.

References

Former municipalities in Dibër County
Administrative units of Klos (municipality)
Villages in Dibër County


Slappeterp  is a small village in Waadhoeke municipality in the province of Friesland, the Netherlands. It had a population of around 85 in January 2017.

History
The village was first mentioned in the 13th century Clepesdor. The etymology is unclear. Slappeterp is a terp (artificial living hill) village from the beginning of our era. It is an agricultural community. The village is connected to the  via a canal.

The Dutch Reformed church was built in 1926 as a replacement of an earlier church. The church was designed by  and has expressionistic details.

Slappeterp was home to 113 people in 1840. Until 2018, the village was part of the Menameradiel municipality.

References

External links

Waadhoeke
Populated places in Friesland


Wier  is a village in Waadhoeke municipality in the province of Friesland, the Netherlands. It had a population of 210 in January 2017.

History
The village was first mentioned in the 13th century as Werue, and means terp (artificial living hill). The terp probably dates from the beginning of our era and was located on the outskirts of the Middelzee. It was originally a fishing village, and was connected to Berlikum via a canal.

The Dutch Reformed church was built in the 12th century. The tower dates from 1881. The church was restored in 2012. The church contains a unique astrarium which was created by an onderduiker (person in hiding) during World War II and donated to the church in 1946.

The stins Lauta State was first mentioned in 1192. Around 1740, it was owned by Horatius Hiddema van Knijff, the grietman (mayor/judge) of Menaldumadeel. The population considered the taxes in the grietenij too high, and van Knijff was accused of conspiring with the French. On the night of 1 to 2 June 1748, there was a revolt and the angry population burnt down the estate. Van Knijff managed to flee. Only the tower remained standing until  1900 when it was demolished.

When the Middelzee started to retreat, Wier turned into an agricultural community. Wier was home to 258 people in 1840. In 1981, a radar post was built in Wier as part of the NATO Integrated Air Defense System. In 2021, the installation was renewed, and the old tower was replaced.

Before 2018, the village was part of the Menameradiel municipality.

Gallery

References

Waadhoeke
Populated places in Friesland


Skingen  () is a small village in Waadhoeke in the province of Friesland, the Netherlands. It had a population of around 115 in January 2017.

History
The village was first mentioned around 1400 as Schengen, and is the name of a stream. Skingen developed at the beginning of our era on a natural height near the Middelzee. Archaeological artefacts have been discovered from the Roman period. Later the hill was extended into a terp (artificial living hill). A church had already been built in the 11th or 12th century when in 1877 work began on a new one. The church was restored in 2003.

Skingen was home to 109 people in 1840. Until 2018, the village was part of the Menameradiel municipality.

Born in Skingen
  (1945), Frisian writer

Gallery

References

Waadhoeke
Populated places in Friesland


Ingelum () is a village in Waadhoeke in the province of Friesland, the Netherlands. It had a population of around 386 in January 2017. Before 2018, the village was part of the Menameradiel municipality.

History
The village was first mentioned in 1319 as Enghelum, and can either mean "settlement of Engel (person)" or "settlement of the Angles (as in England)". Ingelum is a terp (artificial living hill) village from the beginning of our era. It was located near the Middelzee.

The stins Grovestins was located on the dike near Ingelum, and was built before 1446. In 1446, the estate was taken by the Schieringers. Frederik Sirtema van Grovestins fought against France in 1712. During his expedition, he destroyed 35 villages and 18 castles around Metz. The estate was demolished in 1757.

The Dutch Reformed church was built in 1773 as a replacement of its medieval predecessor. The church was destroyed in a fire in 1975, and rebuilt in 1980. The tower was restored in 2009.

Ingelum was home to 247 people in 1840. Since 1995, Ingelum is the start and finish of the annual Eleven City Tractor Race. The race with old-timer tractors was first conceived in 1990, but ran into objections from the police who would not allow tractors racing on public streets.

References

Waadhoeke
Populated places in Friesland


Knowledge were a Jamaican roots reggae group, best known for their work in the late 1970s and early 1980s, which saw them sign to A&M Records.

History
The group formed in the Rema area of Kingston, in 1974, the line-up including Anthony Doyley (lead vocals and main songwriter), Delroy Fowlin (vocals) aka Bronco Knowledge, Earl MacFarlane (vocals), Michael Smith (guitar), and Michael Samuels (vocals). Doyley had previously been a member of The Classics, who had recorded for Lee "Scratch" Perry in the late 1960s. Paul Freeman joined the group later in their career. They recorded for deejay and producer Tapper Zukie, first on the "Make Faith" single, with several releases on his "Stars" label. These led to a major label deal with A&M, who issued the group's debut album, Hail Dread (produced by Zukie), in 1978. The deal with A&M proved to be short-lived, with the group's second album, Judgement, issued on the Roach label in 1980. Samuels subsequently embarked on a solo career, and Freeman set up his own 'Sunshine'  label, along with Trevor "Leggo Beast" Douglas.

In the early 1980s, the group worked with producer Roy Cousins, achieving reggae hits with "Na Buy Apartheid", "Chant Rasta Man", and "Fire Burn" on Cousins' Tamoki-Wambesi label. They used musicians including keyboard player Pablove Black, Winston Wright, Leroy "Horsemouth" Wallace, and Sowell Radics. Magnus Skeen (vocals) joined the group during this time to replace a member who had left the group earlier. These recordings were collected on the Stumbling Block album in 1982.

Three members of the group were murdered throughout the group's tenure, the last member killed was Magnus Skeen on 22 May 2002. The group split up, with Doyley emigrating to England. He died on 26 February 2011, aged 55. Delroy Fowlin also emigrated to England in 2001, and released his own albums, Tell Me Something and More Knowledge for the People; he now sings in the streets of Toulouse (France). Michael Smith migrated to England in May 2002 where he still resides.

Discography

Albums
Hail Dread (1978) A&M, reissued under the title Word, Sound and Power (1978) Tappa
Judgement (1980) Roach
Stumbling Block (1982) Tamoki-Wambesi (reissued 1995)

Compilations
Straight Outta Trenchtown: 1975-1980 (2002) Makasound
Kebra-Nagast (2005), Tamoki-Wambesi-Dove
Rasta Don't Take Bribe (2006) Tamoki-Wambesi-Dove

References

External links
Knowledge at Roots Archives

Jamaican reggae musical groups


Five On Kirrin Island Again is the sixth novel in the Famous Five series by Enid Blyton. It was first published in October 1947.

Plot
Julian, Dick, Anne, and George planned to visit Kirrin Island for their school holidays, but George's father, Uncle Quentin, is using the island to conduct secretive scientific experiments. George is frustrated with his idea. But agrees to lend her island to her father until he completes his experiment. Uncle Quentin is later kidnapped by villains wanting his secret formula for alternative energy. Uncle Quentin is held in a sub-sea tunnel, and it is up to the Five to rescue him. During the adventure, Timmy plays an essential part in rescuing Uncle Quentin from the kidnappers. The children befriend an artistic boy named Martin, whose guardian, Mr. Curton, is part of the gang trying to steal the secret formula. After the rescue Martin is admitted to an Art School and is free from his guardian. Everything ends happily.

Adaptation
The book inspired a 2012 German film, Fünf Freunde.

External links

Five on Kirrin Island Again at www.enidblyton.net
Enid Blyton Society page

1947 British novels
Novels set on islands
Hodder & Stoughton books
Famous Five novels
British novels adapted into films
1947 children's books


Editta Sherman (née Rinaldo; July 9, 1912 – November 1, 2013) was an American photographer, often referred to as the "Duchess of Carnegie Hall", since she lived and worked in Carnegie Hall Artist Studios for over 60 years.

Originally formed as a diverse artist enclave and bohemian work-live rental studios to financially support Andrew Carnegie's struggling concert hall, Sherman's home from the 1940s until 2010 allowed her to be part of a unique artistic community of neighbours.

Her life's work consists of thousands of portrait images of celebrities, writers, poets, models, sports heroes, politicians, and many others (including many of the famed former tenants of Carnegie Hall), taken with a large format 8×10 camera.

Life
Sherman was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the oldest of eight children born to Nunzio and Pierna Rinaldo, immigrants who moved to the United States from Italy in 1910. Her father operated a photography studio in New Jersey where she learned the art at a young age. Editta was married in 1935 to Harold Sherman, a sound engineer and inventor, as well as her business partner. He died at the age of 50 years, after suffering blindness and diabetes, leaving Editta with five young children to bring up as a single mother. She and her husband were instrumental in raising charity funds for the American Theatre Wing during World War II by volunteering to take portraits of Hollywood stars to aid in the American war effort.

Sherman was a muse of Andy Warhol who filmed her with filmmaker Paul Morrissey in the 1970s. She also appeared in the Abel Ferrara film Ms. 45 in 1981. She was a model as well as a photographer and was photographed by Francesco Scavullo and symbolized aging gracefully at age 60 years old in his book "On Beauty" in the 1970s. A decade-long collaboration with her longtime friend and neighbour, William J. Cunningham, a fashion photographer for The New York Times, resulted in the Fashion Institute of Technology/Penguin Books 1978 publication of their book Facades, visually detailing 200 years of fashion and New York City architecture. In November 1967 Kodak Films sponsored a solo exhibit of Editta's celebrity portraits in a three-week public show at Grand Central Terminal in Manhattan.

Sherman lived in Carnegie Hall until July 2010 and continued to work there until September 2010, having become an icon for renter's rights and affordable housing for the elderly in fighting eviction against the City of New York, the current owner of Carnegie Hall. All former residents have now relocated, and The Carnegie Hall Corporation plans to demolish the commercial and residential studios — which in their 1950s Bohemian heyday numbered as many as 170 — to create educational and rehearsal space for the hall. The $200 million project is to be completed in 2014.

In a 2010 interview on "The Nate Berkus" show, Sherman said she wanted to live to be 100. Her wish was fulfilled on July 9, 2012, when she celebrated her 100th birthday. The very next year, on November 1, she died at 101.

References

External links

 Official Editta Sherman website
 Editta Sherman photographs at New-York Historical Society

Photographers from New York City
American centenarians
American portrait photographers
1912 births
2013 deaths
Artists from Philadelphia
American people of Italian descent
Women centenarians
20th-century American women photographers
20th-century American photographers
21st-century American women


Five Go Off To Camp is the seventh novel in the Famous Five children's adventure series by Enid Blyton. It was first published in 1948, and was followed by a number of reprints and translations. The story revolves around mysterious "spook trains" that the Five hear about on a lonely moor. The book has been adapted to two television series.

Plot
Julian, Dick, George (Georgina by rights), Anne and Timmy (Timothy) the dog are planning to go camping in a moor with the absent-minded and insect-loving Mr Luffy, a master at Julian and Dick's school. When they arrive at camp they find that their camping site is close to a farm. They discover several old railway tracks that run under the moors, some of them unused. They soon make friends with a boy named Jock, who lives at the farm with his mother and stepfather. While exploring the moor, the five find a railway yard and a tunnel that are apparently abandoned. A watchman called Wooden Leg Sam tells them that "Spook trains" travel along those tracks before chasing them away.

The children visit the farm the next day and tell Jock about the spook trains. Jock has a sissy of a boy called Cecil Dearlove inflicted on him who forces him to play "soldiers" with him all day. Jock retaliates by forcing him to play "Red Indians", scaring him in the process. In return, Jock is forced to stay in his room all day. His stepfather intended to cane him, but his mother wouldn't let him because "that would only make Jock hate his stepfather". They are surprised to find that most of the farm labourers are not working properly although Jock's stepfather, Mr Andrews, has supplied the farm with a lot of expensive equipment and vehicles. When Mr Andrews hears about the spook trains, he warns the children to stay away from the railway yard, and tries to prevent Jock from meeting the Five over the next few days.

Julian and Dick secretly set off with Jock the next two nights to watch for the spook train, leaving the girls behind. They find that there is indeed a mysterious train coming from and back into the tunnel. The next day, George is furious when she finds that the boys had left them behind, and even takes out her anger on Anne: "If you weren't such a coward, if you hadn't been too frightened to come, I'd have been able to go too!" she says. She later apologises to them all for her behaviour, but that night sets a trap that doesn't work. Refusing to join the others the next day, she goes off with Timmy to try to find the spook trains by herself. She does find one, which enters a secret area behind a supposedly blocked-off section of the tunnel. Meanwhile, the boys explore the tunnel while Anne waits outside, but they are captured by some men led by Mr Andrews. Anne runs off to find Mr Luffy, but gets lost on her way. Eventually she does find him, along with some police officers that are helping him search for the missing Five. George, who had been hiding inside the train, rescues the boys, and realising that the train is used for smuggling, they try to find a way out of the tunnel. They are recaptured, but just in time, Anne arrives with Mr Luffy and the police to free them. After being rounded up by Timmy, the criminals are arrested, and the Famous Five return to the farm, while Jock is delighted at the adventure: "It was simply...smashing!" he says, borrowing Dick's favourite word.(in the  Famous Five television series)

Adaptations
Five Go Off to Camp was adapted for an episode of the Famous Five television series in 1978, produced by Southern Television for ITV. In 1996, another Famous Five television series featured the story, and was first aired on 29 July 1996.

Five Go Off to Camp has also been adapted for a radio drama, while the gamebook The Haunted Railway Game (1983) was based on this novel.

References

External links

1947 British novels
Hodder & Stoughton books
Famous Five novels
1947 children's books


The Secret Land is a feature-length 1948 documentary film about the United States Navy expedition code-named "Operation Highjump" to Antarctica in 1946. The film, which was shot entirely by USN and US Army military photographers, focuses on the mission to explore the polar region and evaluate its potential for military operations.

The Secret Land was narrated by actors Robert Taylor, Robert Montgomery, and Van Heflin, and produced by Orville O. Dull. It won the 1948 Oscar for Best Documentary Feature.

Plot
The film re-enacts scenes from several critical moments during the operation, such as shipboard damage control and Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd throwing items out of an airplane to lighten it to avoid crashing when one of its engines  failed and the other began to falter under the excess load. Another scene features Chief of Naval Operations Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz discussing Operation Highjump with admirals Richard E. Byrd and Richard H. Cruzen prior to their departure. Also depicted are the rescue of a crew of a crashed aircraft and the discovery of an Antarctic "oasis" of bare ground and ice-free fresh water lakes atop a thermal bulge deep inland.

Cast
 Robert Montgomery as Narrator (voice) (as Comdr. Robert Montgomery, U.S.N.R.)
 Robert Taylor as Narrator (voice) (as Lt. Robert Taylor U.S.N.R.)
 Van Heflin as Narrator (voice) (as Lt. Van Heflin, A.A.F., Ret.)
 James Forrestal as Himself (as James V. Forrestal)
 Chester W. Nimitz as Himself
 Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd as Himself (as Admiral Byrd)
 Richard H. Cruzen as Himself (as Admiral Cruzen)
 Robert S. Quackenbush as Himself (as Captain Quackenbush)
 George J. Dufek as Himself (as Captain George Dufek)
 Paul A. Siple as Himself (as Dr. Siple)
 Charles W. Thomas as Himself (as Captain Thomas)
 Richard E. Byrd Jr. as Himself
 Vernon D. Boyd as Himself (as Captain Boyd)
 Charles A. Bond as Himself (as Captain Bond)
 David E. Bunger as Himself (as Commander David E. Bunger)
 John E. Clark as Himself (as Captain Clark)

Reception
The film earned $395,000 in the US and Canada and $181,000 elsewhere, resulting in a profit of $10,000.

Awards
The Secret Land won the  Best Documentary Feature oscar at the 21st Academy Awards in 1948.

See also
 Survival film, about the film genre, with a list of related films

References

External links

 The Secret Land at the National Archives and Records Administration

1948 films
1948 documentary films
American documentary films
Best Documentary Feature Academy Award winners
Documentary films about aviation
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
Black-and-white documentary films
Documentary films about Antarctica
Films about the United States Navy
American black-and-white films
1940s English-language films
1940s American films


St. Thomas Schools is a privately-owned coeducational boarding high school, at Thiruvananthapuram in the south Indian state of Kerala. It is an English Medium School affiliated to the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations.

The school was established by the Mar Thoma Church Educational Society (MTCES) on 6 June 1966. It is located on a  campus at Mukkolakkal, a village on the outskirts of Thiruvananthapuram city. There are distinct institutions within the campus: St. Thomas Central School, St. Thomas Higher Secondary School, St. Thomas Teachers' Training College, St. Thomas Residential School and St. Thomas Pre-primary School. The students of the St Thomas are popularly called Santhomites.

The campus has three schools inside which offers three different syllabi of examination: Kerala State Board,
Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), and Indian Certificate of Secondary Education/Indian School Certificate (ICSE/ISC)

The school has a vast school bus system which spans over the entire city with more than 46 bus routes. The school is also known as STRS which is an abbreviated form for St.Thomas Residential School.

History
The school was established by the Mar Thoma Church Educational Society (MTCES) of the Malankara Marthoma Syrian Church on 6 June 1966. The Society also runs an Engineering College (St.Thomas Institute for Science and Technology) and a CBSE School (St.Thomas Public School) at its Kazhakkoottam campus and a Preschool (STPrS) at Kumarapuram. The first principal of the school was Rev. P.K. Koshy, who served as Principal from 1966 to 1968.
The principals since then were
 Mr. T.Paul Varghese (1968–72)
 Mr. P.T.Mathew (1972–73)
 Mr. Thomas Mathai (1973–81)
 Mr. Thomas.P.Athyal (1981–88)
 Dr. V.M.John (1988–98)
 Mr. M.M.Mathew (1998-03)
 Mrs. Achamma Zachariah (2003–09)
 Mr. Rajan K Varughese (2009–18)
 Mr. Babykutty P Rajan (2018– )

Campus
Located on the outskirts of Trivandrum city, St. Thomas Schools at Mukkolakkal has a 32-acre campus. The school has a synthetic Turf Tennis court, a hockey field, a football ground, a basketball court cum skating rink, a swimming pool, boarding hostels, canteen, and a ground with a 400m running track.

The residential school includes a state-of-the-art Computer facility  and Science labs for the students. STCS and STRS have Atal Tinkering Labs funded by the Atal Innovation Mission under Niti Ayog.

Sanrevo
This is an inter-school cultural fest hosted by the school, which was conceptualized and started by the ISC 2007 batch and is one of the most awaited school fests each year. The final year students, supported by their teachers and their juniors, are the organizers of the event.

The full form of  'Sanrevo' is Santhomite Revolution. The motto for SanRevo 2013 was "Revive. Recreate. Rise." The fabled phoenix is the logo of SanRevo. The phoenix is 'awakened' each year for the fest. Schools from across Trivandrum participate in this annual extravaganza which is eagerly awaited.

The batches of class 11 and 12 in STRS are given special names by the students in the respective batches each year. A list of such batch names has been given below:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Batch Year !! Batch Name
|-
| 2007–08 ||  ---
|-
| 2008–09 ||  ---
|-
| 2009–10 || Helios
|-
| 2010–11 || Hybridz
|-
| 2011–12 || Centaurz
|-
| 2012–13 || Fugitivez
|-
| 2013–14 || Titanz
|-
| 2014–15 || Renegadez
|-
| 2015–16 || Crusaders
|-
| 2016–17 || Prometheans
|-
| 2017–18 || Mercenaries
|-
| 2018–19 || Centanarians
|-
| 2019–20 || Krenoviantz
|-2020–21  Methanites
|2022-2024 || Exorianz

Colosseum
In 2009, St. Thomas Central School started the inter school fete, Colosseum. This is also organized by 12th grade students with help from the teachers and juniors. The motto for Colosseum 2k13 was "One Team. One Dream."

Controversy
Two students of opposite sex were expelled from St Thomas Central school on charge of hugging each other in school premises. Additionally, private Instagram accounts of the students were accessed to provide additional 'evidence' against students. These personal pictures of the two teenagers were described by the school as "indecent, scandalous, highly objectionable lascivious material which appeals to prurient interest." Student's parents approached the Childs Rights Commission and Kerala High Court to move against school's action. The Kerala High Court deemed the action of the school management to be legal and rejected an interim order from the Child Rights Commission that suggested the students be allowed to attend classes. School's stand is that students of opposite sex are not allowed to hug or shake each other's hands to congratulate each other and any such behavior is an act of indiscipline.

Notable alumni
Jassie Gift, Indian film music composer and playback singer
Arun Kumar Aravind, Indian film director, editor and producer
Appu.N.Bhattathiri, Kerala State Film award winning film editor
Mr.Sadeesh Prinjukunju, Complan Boy from 2003-2007

External links
 Official website
 Residential school site

References

Christian schools in Kerala
Boarding schools in Kerala
Primary schools in Kerala
High schools and secondary schools in Thiruvananthapuram
Private schools in Thiruvananthapuram
Educational institutions established in 1966
1966 establishments in Kerala


Five Get into Trouble is the eighth novel in The Famous Five series by Enid Blyton. It was first published in 1949.
In this novel, Dick gets kidnapped, mistaken for another boy whose name is Richard.

Plot summary
Siblings Julian, Dick and Anne are spending the Easter school holidays at Kirrin Cottage with their cousin Georgina and her dog, Timmy. After George's parents, Quentin and Fanny, depart for some scientific conferences, the Five embark on a cycling and camping holiday. At a lake, they encounter a boy named Richard Kent, who wants to spend the day cycling with them. He promises to stay at his aunt's house at the end of the day, if his mother gives him permission. The children agree, and Richard joins them without bothering to request parental permission. He is later chased by a car driven by Rooky, one of his wealthy father's former bodyguards, who was fired because Richard had told tales about him. Rooky's associates chase Richard on foot in Middlecombe  Woods, where they mistake Dick for Richard and kidnap him. Richard finds Julian and George, who berate him for his mendacity and cowardice.

Julian, Anne, George and Richard trace Dick to Owl's Dene, and on the way Julian observes a man changing clothes and another man throwing clothes down a well. At Owl's Dene, the children sneak into the house but are caught and imprisoned, while Timmy remains outside. That night, Julian finds Dick locked in an upstairs room and discovers a secret room with a man sleeping in it. The next morning, Rooky arrives and sees his associates have kidnapped the wrong boy. The Five and Richard are nearly freed, but Richard is recognised and they are imprisoned in the grounds of the house.

When one of the gang members leaves in their car, Richard hides in the boot, narrowly escapes being recaptured and then goes to the police. When the police arrive at Owl's Dene, Julian shows them the secret room containing an escaped convict and stolen diamonds. The Five later join Richard for a meal and praise his heroism.

Adaptations
The novel was adapted in 1970 as a Danish-German film production, De 5 i fedtefadet and in 2013 as a German film, .

It was also adapted in English, as a 1978 double episode of the 70s TV show and a 1995 episode of the 90s TV show.

External links

Enid Blyton Society page
Five Get Into Trouble at www.enidblyton.net

1949 British novels
Hodder & Stoughton books
Famous Five novels
British novels adapted into films
1949 children's books


Clinopodium alpinum, the rock thyme, is a perennial plant of the family Lamiaceae. Subspecies of rock thyme include: C. alpinum meriodionale, with smaller flowers; and C. alpinum majoranifolium, which grows in smaller bunches. Rock thyme is sometimes used in pharmacology for its diaphoretic and antipyretic properties. In addition, it can be brewed and served as tea.

Morphology

Rock thyme is an herbaceous plant averaging between 40 and 50 centimeters in height. The flowers are hermaphroditic; that is, they have both male and female reproductive systems. According to the Raunkiær system of categorizing life forms, rock thyme is considered to be a chamaephyte, specifically a chamaephyte sufruticosos.

The plant has a woody, fuzz-covered stem. Its leaves grow in symmetrical pairs and are connected to the stem by a thin petiole. Their shapes range from ovoid to lanceolates of 5 to 15 millimeters in length.

The flowers consist of whorled inflorescences, consisting of clusters of 3 to 8 flowers. They range from 15 to 20 mm in length, and are generally violet in color. Depending on altitude, rock thyme flowers between May and August. Its fruit is schizocarpal, and splits into four equal portions upon reaching maturity.).

It is anchored to the ground by a taproot and a network of smaller secondary roots.

Habitat
The plant originates from the mountains of Southern Europe.

In Italy, rock thyme can be found in most areas whose altitude is between 900 and 2600 meters above sea level. It is found in open fields, rock fissures, and areas with little fertile soil.

Images

References

Bibliography

External links
Flora delle Alpi Marittime|17-09-2007
Catalogazione floristica - Università di Udine|17-09-2007
Associazione Micologica Italiana Naturalistica Telematica|17-09-2007
Flora Italica|17-09-2007
Botánica Sistemática|17-09-2007

alpinum
Flora of the Mediterranean Basin


Five Fall Into Adventure is the ninth novel in The Famous Five series by Enid Blyton. It was first published in 1950.

Plot summary
The Famous Five meet up at Kirrin Station and learn Aunt Fanny and Uncle Quentin will be holidaying in Spain, leaving the Five at home with the household's cook, Joanna. On the beach, the Five meet a gypsy girl, the "ragamuffin",  called Jo. Jo and George almost get into fight and Dick who intervenes, gets a punch from Jo and Dick hits Jo. The others find Jo and George very much in alike. After finding out that Jo is a girl, Dick is very sorry, which moves Jo who is not used to kindness. After this Jo is devoted to Dick, but Jo and George dislike each other.   After the house is burgled, George is kidnapped, and Jo comes with a card requesting some documents to exchange for George. The wrong papers are provided, so George is not released. Jo is helping the villains, but decides to change sides, mostly because wants to please Dick, and tells that George is likely hidden in Raven's forest by the villains among them her father Simmy. The children find Simmy's caravan, but no George or Timmy in it. Instead, they found George's writing on the wall of the caravan which says "Red Tower, Red Tower" over and over again. Jo knows that Red Tower is a man, a dangerous fellow who lives in  a castle-like house on a cliff-top.  Jo eventually leads Julian and Dick to a cliff-top house, where George is captive in a tower. Anne is left home with Joanna. In the foot of the cliff, children find an underground tunnel which leads to the house. In the tunnel they meet Red Tower, a giant of a man with flaming-red beard and with mad-man's eyes. Red captures Dick and Julian, but not Jo who escapes. Jo frees the boys from captivity and climbs up some ivy and swaps places with George. Jo later locks up three of the kidnappers, including her own father. Timmy is doped, but wakes up just in time to protect them from the villains.  She and Julian, George, Dick and Timmy the dog manage to make a getaway by boat. The police are alerted. Three of the criminals attempt to escape but their helicopter crashes. Jo is admired by everyone, even by George, who first hated her. Joanna says that her cousin would like to look after Jo, as Jo's father will be sent to prison.

Adaptation
The novel was adapted as a 2014 German film production, .

External links

Enid Blyton Society page
Five Fall Into Adventure at www.enidblyton.net

1950 British novels
Hodder & Stoughton books
Famous Five novels
British novels adapted into films
1950 children's books


Christopher Jonathan Williams (born 2 February 1985) is an English former professional footballer and coach.

The Manchester-born player notably appeared in the Football League for both Stockport County and Grimsby Town, before going on to play non-League football for Leigh RMI, Northwich Victoria, Bradford Park Avenue, Stalybridge Celtic and Fleetwood Town. He also had spells in the Welsh Premier League for both Rhyl and The New Saints.

Playing career

Stockport County
A pacey winger who can play on either flank, Williams started his career in Stockport County's youth system as a 12-year-old. He turned professional in October 2001, and made his first-team debut aged 16 years 256 days, as a late substitute in the 1–1 draw with Watford in Division One, on 10 November the same year. He spent several short spells out on loan, at Grimsby Town in 2004, Leigh RMI in 2005, and Northwich Victoria in 2006, and was released by Stockport in March 2006.

Move into non-League
After his release from County, Williams signed a permanent deal with Northwich, initially until the end of the 2005–06 season, but in August 2006 he suffered a compound fracture of the right leg which kept him on the sidelines until April 2007. Williams failed to make an impact on the first team, fell out with the manager, and in January 2008 he was released, moving on to Bradford Park Avenue where he spent the rest of the 2007–08 season before joining Stalybridge Celtic in the summer. In February 2009, he was transferred to Fleetwood Town.

Rhyl and The New Saints
In September 2009 he moved on to Welsh Premier League club Rhyl where he spent two seasons. On 27 May 2011 he joined The New Saints. His competitive debut for the club took place on 30 June 2011 against Cliftonville in a Europa League first qualifying round match.

In July 2012 he rejoined Rhyl.

Return to England
Williams returned to the English non-League by joining Stockport Sports during the 2013–14 season, before moving to Salford City in March 2014.

Coaching career
Based in Manchester, Williams now owns and coaches for the "Chris Williams Football Academy".

References

External links

1985 births
Living people
Footballers from Manchester
English men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Stockport County F.C. players
Grimsby Town F.C. players
Leigh Genesis F.C. players
Northwich Victoria F.C. players
Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C. players
Stalybridge Celtic F.C. players
Fleetwood Town F.C. players
Rhyl F.C. players
The New Saints F.C. players
Stockport Sports F.C. players
Salford City F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Cymru Premier players
Northern Premier League players


Five on a Hike Together is the tenth novel in the Famous Five series by Enid Blyton. It was first published in 1951.

Plot
Siblings Julian and Dick Kirrin have been given a four-day weekend from their boarding school, coinciding with the mid-term break of their sister Anne and cousin George, so they arrange to go hiking together. Julian plans to spend their first night at a bed and breakfast called Blue Pond Farm. On the way, George's dog, Timmy, injures his leg when being pulled out of a rabbit burrow. Consequently, Julian and George go to the residence of Mr. Gaston, a local expert on animals, while Dick and Anne head for Blue Pond Farm. Mr. Gaston treats Timmy's injured leg and Mrs. Gaston then insists Julian and George stay for a meal, after which they walk to Blue Pond Farm.

Dick and Anne have taken a wrong turn and are confused by ringing bells. They head toward a light, where they encounter an elderly deaf woman. Assuming they have reached Blue Pond Farmhouse, Dick and Anne go in but the woman, Mrs. Taggart, tells them to leave because her son would not accept them. She eventually agrees to let Anne sleep in a loft, whilst Dick makes do with sleeping in a barn.

During the night, Dick is awakened by a voice calling his name. He is given a cryptic message, "Two Trees. Gloomy Water. Saucy Jane. And Maggie knows too". He is also given a piece of paper. The next morning, Mrs. Taggart’s son is back and chases Dick away. He and Anne get directions to Blue Pond Farmhouse. Reunited with Julian and George for breakfast, Dick and Anne tell the story of the bells and the message. Julian says the bells signaled an escape from a local prison, and the escaped prisoner meant to meet “Dirty Dick” Taggart at the barn.

The children report the incident to a village policeman, but he accuses them of lying and informs them the escapee has been caught. Julian decides they should hike to a ruined house called Two-Trees, located at Gloomy Water, a marshy lake higher on the moors. That night, Julian deduces that Dick's message is instructions to find stolen goods from a robbery by a prisoner called Nailer and that the loot is hidden in a boat called the Saucy Jane.

The following day, Maggie and Dirty Dick come to Gloomy Water to search for the loot and are annoyed to see the children there. The Five paddle into the lake on a raft but do not find anything. They conclude that “Tall Stone”, one of the clues written on the paper given to Dick, is a landmark that will help guide them to the location of the Saucy Jane. The next morning, they locate the Saucy Jane at the bottom of the lake, at which point Maggie and Dirty Dick appear in a boat but row back to shore after Julian says the children will be returning to school tomorrow. Julian dives to the bottom of the lake and finds a bag of loot, but cannot remove it. The Five return on the raft near midnight, and Julian and Dick dive to the boat to haul up the loot, which is jewellery stolen from the Queen of Fallonia.

After recovering the jewels, the Five evade Maggie and Dick and walk to the village of Reebles to call Mr. Gaston, who then drives them to a police station, where the children hand over the jewels and tell their story. Maggie and Dirty Dick, stuck in the marshland, are arrested. The police promise to drive the children back to their schools by a 3pm deadline.

External links
Enid Blyton Society page
Five On A Hike Together at www.enidblyton.net

Adaptations
 The gamebook The Sinister Lake Game (1984) was based on this novel.

1951 British novels
Hodder & Stoughton books
Famous Five novels
1951 children's books


Five Have Plenty Of Fun is the 14th novel in The Famous Five series by Enid Blyton. It was first published in 1955 by Hodder & Stoughton.

Plot
Siblings Julian, Dick and Anne have come to Kirrin to spend the remainder of a school holiday with their tomboy cousin, George, and her dog, Timmy. Two scientist colleagues of George's father, Uncle Quentin, visit Kirrin Cottage to work on an alternative energy project. One of them is a large friendly American, Elbur Wright. His only daughter, Berta, is later threatened with being kidnapped and ransomed for the project's secrets. Elbur decides to send Berta to Kirrin for her safety. George takes an instant disliking to Berta, especially as the American girl has brought her dog, a poodle called Sally. George's resentment is furthered when Berta's hair is cut short to make her resemble a boy. Berta is also dressed as a boy and referred to as Lesley to throw the kidnappers off her scent.

A few days later, Uncle Quentin receives an urgent message to meet with Elbur to discuss calculations for their energy project. He leaves with his wife, Aunt Fanny, and plans to be gone for a week, leaving the children alone with Joanna, the cook. That night, George lends Timmy to protect Berta in Joan's bedroom, while Sally is put in George's bedroom. Irked by the poodle, George decides to put her outside in Timmy's kennel but the kidnappers are waiting and seize George, mistaking her for Berta.

The next day, Julian, Dick and Anne eventually realise that George has been kidnapped instead of Berta. Afraid that Berta might also be abducted, they send her away to stay with Joanna's cousin, with whom the children's gypsy friend, Jo, also lives. Berta is dressed as a simple country girl and is now called Jane. Julian, Dick and Anne then find clues left by George, including a slip of paper with the word 'Gringo' written on it. Through Jo, the children learn that Gringo runs a fair. Jo's friend at the fair, Spiky, points them in the direction of Gringo's caravan, where George had until recently been held captive. Julian enlists the help of a local garage worker, Jim, to find out the recent movements of Gringo's distinctive car. They soon have directions to a house where they suspect George is being held.

That night, Julian and Dick set off with Timmy to find George. Jo secretly follows them. The boys eventually find George, but the three are then caught and locked in a room. Jo and Timmy then rescue them and the crooks are locked up. The children return to Kirrin Cottage and tell their tale to Anne and Joanna. After an enormous breakfast, they all fall asleep. Aunt Fanny, Uncle Quentin, Elbur and Berta later that morning arrive at Kirrin Cottage. The police are summoned and instructed to arrest the men locked in the house. Elbur consents to Berta staying longer at Kirrin with her new friends. Finally, Dick proposes to write their adventure down in a book and call it 'Five Have Plenty Of Fun'.

References

External links

Five Have Plenty Of Fun at www.enidblyton.net
Enid Blyton Society page

1955 children's books
1955 British novels
Famous Five novels
Hodder & Stoughton books
Novels set on islands


Five on a Secret Trail is the fifteenth novel in the Famous Five series by Enid Blyton. It was first published in 1956.

Plot
George decides to go camping with her dog, Timmy, so he can recover from an ear injury without being mocked for wearing a large cardboard collar that prevents him from scratching his wound. George is pleased to be joined at the campsite by her cousin Anne, but is disappointed upon learning that Anne's brothers, Julian and Dick, are in France and thus, would not be able to visit them.

George and Anne encounter a boy named Guy, the son of a famous archaeologist named Sir John Lawdler, and his small, one-eyed mongrel dog called Jet. The boy is excavating an old Roman camp to search for artefacts and asks the girls not to disturb him. Later that day, the boy's twin brother named Harry (which is later revealed) comes to the area, but the girls mistake him for the first boy, unaware they are dealing with twins. This made the girls confused, as the first boy who was at a different place, and would double-up and reach another place, where the girls are at (This makes a huge confusion as they think that he is just one crazy, mad boy, who likes to say things and make promises and later to say that he didn't make such promises or so).Later that night, Anne gets up for a drink from the nearby stream and while trying to return to the camp, she ends up near a derelict, ruined cottage, where she sees lights and hears whispers and footsteps. She gets scared and then takes George and Timmy to the cottage but there is no indication of any human activity.

The next day, the girls again encounter the twins separately. The girls then go to George's parents' house for more food supplies and are informed that Julian and Dick will be arriving in a day or two. The following night, a storm prompts the girls to shelter in the old cottage, where they are shocked to see people outside during the heavy storm and rain. The girls get scared, and Anne decides to leave the place the next day as she did not want to stay at the old cottage anymore.

Julian and Dick arrive the next day and notices the Anne and George are about to leave, the girls say about their reason for leaving the camp. Later, the four children decide to stay in the ruined cottage to see what would happen. That night, while sleeping in the old cottage they hear weeping and wailing noises and see some kind of light that makes them a bit afraid. The next morning, the four understands that someone was trying to get rid of them from the old cottage.

Julian and Dick decide to visit the old cottage that night, to find if there were any suspicious activity going on. They find that a gang of people are trying to find a secret tunnel in which a very precious blueprint was kept. The boys then declare their findings to the girls. Later George finds a clue to the secret tunnel and they go through a long and tiring tunnel and subsequently discovers a leather bag, that felt very light. Later, the five with Guy, Harry and Jet go to Kirrin Cottage. Later, a police officer arrives and opens the bag but finds nothing. Later, the police tear the lining of the bag and find a blueprint. Afterwards, Uncle Quentin reveals that it was a secret document which has only two copies in the world, one with himself and the other with Sir James Lawton-Harrison (which has been stolen).

Later, the five were supposed to get a reward although, very secretly. At last, it was shown that Timmy was scratching the wound on his ear making it go bad again, and he would have to wear the cardboard collar again, just as the story began with.

External links

Five On A Secret Trail at www.enidblyton.net
Enid Blyton Society page

1956 British novels
Hodder & Stoughton books
Famous Five novels
1956 children's books


Kleaster Anjum or Kleaster Eanjum () is a hamlet in Waadhoeke in the province of Friesland, the Netherlands. Until 1963, it had a status of village.

Kleaster Anjum is not a statistical entity, and the postal authorities have placed it under Berltsum. The hamlet has place name signs. The hamlet was first mentioned in 1275 as Aninghum. Kleaster (monastery) has been added to distinguish from Anjum. The monastery Maria's Berg was founded at the site around 1256. It was dissolved in 1580.

Kleaster Anjum was home to 60 people in 1840. Nowadays, it consists of about 20 houses.

References

Waadhoeke
Populated places in Friesland


Germania Antiqua is the title of a 1616 work by Philipp Clüver.

Germania  (also sometimes called Germania Antiqua) was a short-lived Roman province
for the duration of 16 years under Augustus, from  7 BC to AD 9. The possible capital of this province was Marktbreit (), a castrum (Roman legionary fortification) with a nearby canaba (Roman vicus) from the period of Emperor Augustus, located 70 km east of the "Limes Germanicus" on the River Main.

History

The Romans under Augustus began to conquer and defeat the peoples of Germania Magna in 12 BC, having the legati (generals) Drusus and Tiberius leading the legions. By AD 6, all of Germania up to the River Elbe was temporarily pacified by the Romans as well as being occupied by them, with Publius Quinctilius Varus being (unofficially) appointed as Germania's governor.

However, the Roman plan to complete the conquest and incorporate all of Magna Germania into the Roman Empire was frustrated when three Roman legions under Varus command were annihilated by the German tribesmen in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in AD 9. Augustus then ordered Roman withdrawal from Magna Germania (completed by AD 16) and established the boundary of the Roman Empire as being the Rhine and the Danube.

Under Emperors Vespasian and Domitian, the Roman Empire occupied the region known as the Agri Decumates between the Main, Danube, and Rhine rivers. The region soon became a vital part of the Limes Germanicus with dozens of Roman forts. The Agri Decumates were finally abandoned to the Germanic Alemanni, after the Emperor Probus' death (282). Some parts of the earlier province were incorporated into either Germania Inferior or Germania Superior in AD 85.

In Tacitus, Germania Antiqua or Germania Barbara, are synonyms of Germania Transrhenana, also Germania Magna, i.e., the part of Germania on the right side of the Rhine.

See also
Germani cisrhenani

Notes

Bibliography
Carroll, Maureen. Romans, Celts & Germans: the german provinces of Rome. Tempus Series. Publisher Tempus, 2001
Lintott, Andrew. The Cambridge Ancient History: X, The Augustan Empire; 43 B.C. – A.D. 69. 10 (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 526–528. Cambridge, 1996 .
Mommsen, Theodore. The Provinces of the Roman Empire. Editor Scribner. New York, 1906

Germany in the Roman era


Five Go to Billycock Hill is the sixteenth novel in the Famous Five series by Enid Blyton. It was first published in 1957.

Plot
The Five are camping on Billycock Hill, near the farm of Toby, a boy who loves jokes and pranks. When Toby's cousin Jeff, a Royal Air Force pilot, and Jeff’s friend Ray are reported to have defected and stolen the newest aeroplanes, the Five and Toby are shocked. The media later reports Jeff and Ray crashed their planes and drowned at sea. Toby refuses to believe that Jeff was a spy, as he had always seemed a trustworthy man. The Five attempt to comfort the distraught Toby. Later that day, Toby's younger brother Benny's pet piglet, Curly, appears with a message leading the children to find Jeff and Ray imprisoned in Billycock Caves. The children then rescue the pair.

Characters
Julian – oldest of the Five
Dick – brother to Julian
Georgina (George) – cousin of Julian, Dick and Anne. She is a tomboy
Anne – younger sister of Julian and Dick
Timmy – George's faithful dog
Toby – an amusing boy from Julian’s and Dick’s school
Mrs Thomas – Toby’s mother, a kind and hard working farmer’s wife
Mr Thomas – farmer and dad to Toby
Benny – Toby’s younger brother, a funny little boy who says "runned" instead of "ran"
Curly – a funny, curious pig belonging to Benny
Jeff – Toby’s cousin, a pilot, of whom Toby is proud and brags about
Ray – another pilot who also vanishes
Mr Gringle – the strange and absent-minded owner of the Butterfly Farm
Mr Brent – business partner of Mr Gringle
Will Janes – a criminal who lives at the Butterfly Farm. He used to do odd jobs before he made friends with the wrong folk
Mrs Janes – a poor witch-like woman who was always under attack by her son Will Janes

Adaptations
The gamebook The Secret Airfield Game (1986) was based on this novel.

External links

Five Go To Billycock Hill at www.enidblyton.net
Enid Blyton Society page

1957 British novels
1957 children's books
Hodder & Stoughton books
Famous Five novels


Marsum or Marssum () is a village in Waadhoeke in the province of Friesland, the Netherlands. It had a population of around 1,052 in January 2017. Before 2018, the village was part of the Menameradiel municipality

Every year a Marsumer of the year is chosen and awarded an award called the Gilded Shit Broom.

There are two windmills in Marsum, De Marssumermolen and Terpzigt.

History
The village was first mentioned in 1344 as Mersum, and means "settlement on swampy land (marsh)". Marsum is a terp (artificial living hill) village from the start of our era with a radial structure. Around 1050, it became part of the Hoge dijk, a dike to protect against the Middelzee.

The Dutch Reformed church dates from the 12th century. In the 13th century, it was enlarged and a tower was added. The church was heightened in the 15th century.

The Poptaslot is a stins which was probably built around 1500. In 1631, it was owned by Tjalling van Eysinga, the grietman (mayor/judge) of Menaldumadeel who modified the building in a renaissance fantasy style. In 1906, the building was restored and returned to its medieval shape. Poptaslot is one of the few remaining estates with a near original 17th century interior, and is now a museum.

In 1840, the main road from Leeuwarden to Harlingen was built through Marsum. The same year, it was home to 588 people.

After World War II, it started to developed into a suburb of Leeuwarden. In the 1980s, parts of Marsum and Jelsum were scheduled to be demolished, because they were too close to Leeuwarden Air Base. 124 houses in both villages were listed for immediate demolition, and another 178 houses were listed for possible demolition. Large scale protests started, the buildings have remained and received improved sound isolation. Also the Minister of Defence was forced to cut back on the number of flights.

Gallery

References

External links

Waadhoeke
Populated places in Friesland


Menaam () is a village in Waadhoeke municipality in the province of Friesland, the Netherlands. It had a population of around 2,609 citizens in January 2017. Before 2018, the village was part of the Menameradiel municipality.

There are two windmills in the village, De Kievit and De Rentmeester.

History
The village was first mentioned in the 13th century Menaldum, and means "settlement of Meynald (person)". Menaam is a terp (artificial living hill) village from several centuries before Christ. Menaam was the capital of the grietenij (forerunner of the municipality) Menaldumadeel.

The Dutch Reformed church is a successor of the medieval church which was built in stages using its predecessor. In 1855, the choir was rebuilt. The tower followed in 1866, and the nave was constructed in 1874.

The polder mill De Rentmeester was built in 1833 in Dronrijp. It had become obsolete and was moved to Menaam in 1981 to drain excess water from the Zuidoostpolder.

Menaam was home to 935 people in 1840. The town hall was built in 1843 as grietenij house in neoclassical style. At the end of the 19th century, large part of the terp were excavated. From the 1960s onwards, Menaam became a suburb of Leeuwarden. In 2018, the municipality Menameradiel was merged into Waadhoeke and Menaam ceased to be a capital.

Notable people
 Sije Visser (born 1950), former professional footballer

Gallery

References

External links

 Site about Menaldum

Waadhoeke
Populated places in Friesland


Five on Finniston Farm is the eighteenth novel in the Famous Five series by Enid Blyton. It was first published in 1960.

Plot

The Famous Five spend their summer holidays at Finniston Farm as paying guests. Upon arrival, they are greeted by the pleasant Mrs Philpot and her identical twins,  Henry and Harriet. The twins seem to take an instant dislike to the Five. The Five also meet two fellow paying guests: an American Mr Henning and his son, Junior. Mr Henning plans to buy antique pieces from the farm and sell them in America. Mr and Mrs Philpot agree to sell their farm treasures as they need the money. However the family's hot-tempered Great Granddad feels the antiques should remain in England.

Mr Henning and Junior prove themselves a nuisance to the household by rudely ordering around Mrs Philpot. Sympathetic to Mrs Philpot, the Five offer to help with farm chores. When Junior demands breakfast in bed, George teaches him a lesson, making him agree to not slave Mrs Philpot thereafter. This wins the hearts of the Harries and they make friends with the Five.

Anne and George visit a nearby antique shop, owned by a Mr Finniston, who tells them about a secret passage from Finniston Castle to an old chapel and cellars where royal treasure might be hidden. The girls excitedly reveal the news to the boys and the twins. Together, they plan to hunt for the cellars on the farm. They come across the castle's kitchen midden and realize they are close to finding the treasure.

Junior spies on them and rushes to break the news to his father and his father's friend Mr Durleston, who decide to excavate the castle site, find the fortune and sell the goods in America. Mr and Mrs Philpot consent to the excavation, much to the dismay of the children. The children dig around the site, hoping to beat the men in finding the treasure. Initially they are unsuccessful but the twin's dog Snippet and their jackdaw Nosey lead them to a burrow, beneath which the secret passage stretches out.

The children discover the cellars and the treasure, only to become trapped inside the tunnel when the entrance caves in. They take another way and reach a trapdoor under the old chapel, which is now used as a storehouse. The farmhands Bill and Jamie hear their shouts and let them out. The children get back to the farm and tell their exciting story to the astonished adults. The next day, Mr Henning and Mr Durleston try to trick the Philpots into believing the site has no treasure and offer them a meagre amount. However, Mr Philpot, backed up by his granddad and Mr Finniston, declines the offer, making it clear they will excavate the site themselves and no longer want the Americans to stay. The adventure ends with Julian, Dick, Anne and George along with Timmy planning to stay at the farm to observe the excavation of the treasure.

External links
Five On Finniston Farm at www.enidblyton.net
Enid Blyton Society page

1960 British novels
Hodder & Stoughton books
Famous Five novels
1960 children's books


Preguiças Lighthouse also called Mandacaru Lighthouse is a lighthouse in Maranhão, Brazil.

White truncated conical concrete tower, four black bands, four ribs, double gallery.

It is situated in the village Mandacaru on the banks of the Preguiças River, within the Lençois National Park. The nearest town is Barreirinhas, head of district. Built in 1940, it is still inhabited and visitable every Tuesday, Thursday and Sunday.

See also
List of lighthouses in Brazil

References

External links

  Centro de Sinalização Náutica Almirante Moraes Rego

Lighthouses completed in 1940
Lighthouses in Brazil
Buildings and structures in Maranhão
Tourist attractions in Maranhão


Five Go to Demon's Rocks is the nineteenth novel in The Famous Five series by Enid Blyton. It was first published in 1961.

Plot
Irascible scientist Quentin Kirrin informs his wife, Fanny, that his colleague, Professor Hayling, will be arriving a week early for a stay at Kirrin Cottage. The professor is accompanied by his son, Tinker, who has a propensity for imitating vehicular noises and has brought his pet monkey, Mischief. Also arriving are Quentin and Fanny's daughter, George, and her cousins, Julian, Dick and Anne, and George's dog, Timmy. The ensuing crowded and noisy household upsets the two scientists, prompting Tinker to propose the children spend their holiday at his abandoned lighthouse at Demon's Rocks, located 10 miles away.

After settling in at the lighthouse, the children meet an elderly retired sailor, Jeremiah Boogle, who tells them of his youthful encounters with three villains who lured ships to Demon's Rocks and plundered the wrecks. He says the ringleader, One-Ear Bill, hid a treasure trove which has never been found. Two of One-Ear Bill's descendants, Jacob and Ebenezer, now show tourists through the wreckers' cave. Jacob burgles some items from the lighthouse and also steals the key. When the children visit the cave, Mischief discovers a gold coin. Later, Ebenezer and Jacob lock the children in the lighthouse to prevent them from returning to the cave to hunt for the treasure, but Julian and Dick enter the cave network via a tunnel and discover the treasure. Unable to reach the mainland because of the rising tide, they return to the lighthouse, light its lamp and ring an old warning bell amid a fierce gale to alert the villagers to their fate. Jacob and Ebenezer flee, and the children are rescued the next morning. Julian and Dick declare they will recover the treasure for the police and then the children will return to Kirrin Cottage.

Adaptations
The gamebook The Wailing Lighthouse Game (1985) was based on this novel.

External links
Five Go To Demon's Rocks at www.enidblyton.net
Enid Blyton Society page

1961 British novels
1961 children's books
Hodder & Stoughton books
Famous Five novels
Novels set in lighthouses


HMS Hinchinbrook was the French privateer Astrée, which the British captured in 1778 and took into the Royal Navy as a 28-gun sixth-rate frigate. She was Captain Horatio Nelson's second navy command, after the brig , and his first as post-captain. She was wrecked, with no loss of life, in January 1783.

Privateering career
Hinchinbrook started life as the French merchant vessel Astrée, built in 1778 at Nantes, and her owners were Guilliaume and Son, of that city. She was carrying a cargo of bricks and bale goods from Nantes when a British squadron under Captain Joseph Deane in  captured her off Cape François, on 13 October 1778. She was described as being a ship of 650 tons, armed with 14 guns, and under the command of Louis David, master. A prize crew then took her into port, where the Royal Navy purchased her for the sum of £5,650 on 1 December 1778, renaming her as a courtesy to Viscount Hinchinbroke, eldest son of John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, First Lord of the Admiralty in Lord North's administration.

British career

Admiral Sir Peter Parker had intended to have Hinchinbrook upgraded to a 32-gun fifth rate, but this never came about. Instead, she became a 28-gun sixth rate, with a crew of 200 men. She was commissioned that December at Jamaica under Commander Christopher Parker. In May 1779, Captain Charles Nugent replaced Parker, who had been promoted to post captain in March. In September, Captain Horatio Nelson took command of Hinchinbrook and escorted a convoy to Greytown, Nicaragua.

Nelson and Hinchinbrook were based in the San Juan River from January until April 1780. Hinchinbrooks assignment was to support an expedition that Major-General John Dalling's wanted to capture the Spanish colonies in Central America, including an assault on the fortress of San Juan. Hinchinbrook was to take troops to the mouth of the San Juan River and wait for their return. The troops would go 70 miles up the river, take the fort, and then go on to capture other Spanish possessions. The expeditionary force was small, it was the dry season and so the river was low, and the climate was putrid. Nelson decided to leave Hinchinbrook and take the troops up the river himself. He used small boats that would ground in the shallows and have to be dragged by hand. At one point, a barefoot Nelson led a small group of sailors to capture the out fort of San Bartholomew. The force eventually did reach Fort San Juan and captured it, but between war and disease, about 140 of Hinchinbrook's crew of 200 men died and the whole expedition too was decimated. Nelson himself became ill, and debilitated by dysentery, withdrew Hinchinbrook back down the river. His friend Captain Cuthbert Collingwood replaced him in command of Hinchinbrook and brought the remainder of the expedition back to Jamaica. (Nelson and Collingwood had served together three years earlier in ; the transport Victor took Nelson from Hinchinbrook to Jamaica, where he took command of the frigate  of 44 guns.)

Collingwood remained in command of Hinchinbrook until December, when Captain Charles Hotchkys replaced him. Hotchkys's replacement, in February 1781, was Captain George Stoney, who in turn was replaced by Captain Sylverius Moriaty in June 1781. Moriaty was one among many navy personnel who suffered in the unhealthy climate of the West Indies; he was twice relieved during his period of command by Captain John Fish due to his health problems. Fish last commanded Hinchinbrook from 21 September 1781 to 12 February 1782, but apparently was on six weeks leave in January 1782.

On 13 January 1782 Admiral Peter Parker appointed Lieutenant John Markham to command Hinchinbroke. Markham's orders were to cruise off the east end of Jamaica to protect trade.

Fate
Hinchinbrook left Port Royal, Jamaica on 19 January 1782 and almost immediately started to take on water. The next day Markham decided to try to get to St Anne's Bay, Jamaica but as she approached the harbour she stopped responding to the helm and she ran aground on the west reef going into the harbour. Despite numerous efforts, her crew was unable to get her over or off the reef. A schooner came alongside and took off her guns, some stores, and her crew. She then sank that night. Later her anchor was retrieved and placed as a roadside marker in Priory, Saint Ann's Bay.

Notes

Citations

References

 Demerliac, Alain (1996) La Marine De Louis XVI: Nomenclature Des Navires Français De 1774 À 1792. (Nice: Éditions OMEGA).

 Markham, Sir Clements Robert (1883) A naval career during the old war: a narrative of the life of admiral John Markham. (London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington).
 Oberg, James E. (1981) Nelson's Ships: A History of the Vessels in Which He Served. (Stackpole Books).

Frigates of the Royal Navy
1778 ships
Captured ships
Maritime incidents in 1782


Sir John Rolt, PC (5 October 1804 – 6 June 1871) was an English lawyer, Conservative politician, and judge who served as Attorney General under Lord Derby.

Early life
John was the second son of James Rolt, a merchant of Calcutta, and Anne ( Braine). He was born in Calcutta and brought to England by his mother about 1810. He was educated at dissenting private schools at Chipping Norton and Islington. He was orphaned by mid-1814 after the deaths of his bankrupt father in September 1812 or 1813, and his mother in May 1814. He thus became dependent upon his maternal grandparents, yeoman farmers at Fairfield, Gloucestershire. Around Christmas 1818, Rolt was apprenticed to a London firm of woollendrapers.

Although his hours were long, he managed, by early rising and reading as he walked, to educate himself despite the disadvantages of his early life. On the expiration of his indentures in 1822–23, he found employment in a Manchester warehouse in Newgate Street, which he exchanged in 1827 for a clerkship in a proctor's office at Doctors' Commons. His next step was to obtain two secretaryships. One to a school for orphans, the other to the Mill Hill School.

Legal and political careers
Meanwhile, he pursued his studies, and in 1833 entered the Inner Temple, where he was called to the Bar on 9 June 1837. Confining himself to the Court of Chancery, he rapidly acquired an extensive practice, in particular following his opinion for a large London firm in Stubbs v Lister, which also led to a friendship with Edwin Wilkins Field.

He took silk in Trinity vacation 1846. After some unsuccessful attempts to enter parliament, he was returned for the Conservatives for West Gloucestershire on 31 March 1857, and for ten years continued to represent the same constituency. In 1862, he carried through the House of Commons the measure commonly known as Rolt's Act, by which an important step was taken towards the fusion of law and equity. In 1866 he succeeded Sir Hugh Cairns as Attorney General on 29 October, and was knighted on 10 November.

On 18 July 1867, he succeeded Sir George James Turner as Lord Justice of Appeal, and on 3 August was sworn to the Privy Council. Incipient paralysis, due to long-continued overwork, compelled his resignation in February 1868, and on 6 June 1871 he died at his estate, Ozleworth Park, Wotton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire. He was buried on 12 June in Ozleworth churchyard.

Private and family life
In early life Rolt abandoned the dissenters and became a passionate adherent of the Church of England. He married twice:
In 1826 to Sarah (died 1850), daughter of Thomas Bosworth of Bosworth, Leicestershire. The couple had four daughters and a son who succeeded to John's property.
In 1857 to Elizabeth (died 1867), daughter of Stephen Godson of Croydon. The couple had a son.

Legacy and assessment
It has been said that In parliament Rolt made no great figure, but he voted steadily with his party, and did the drudgery connected with the carriage of the Reform Bill of 1867. Rolt was neither a profound lawyer nor a great advocate; but he was thoroughly versed in chancery practice, had sound judgment, and quickness of apprehension.

References

Bibliography
This article incorporates facts from
Obituaries:
Law Magazine (1873–4), 117–55 [JW];
The Times, 8 June 1871;
Solicitors' Journal, 15 (1870–71), 580–81;
Law Journal, 9 June 1871, 381.
Le Quesne, C. T. (ed) (1939) Memoirs of Sir John Rolt ·

—, rev. P. Polden (2004) "Rolt, Sir John (1804–1871)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, accessed 8 Nov 2008]
Attribution

External links

1804 births
1871 deaths
English barristers
Attorneys General for England and Wales
Lords Justices of Appeal
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1857–1859
UK MPs 1859–1865
UK MPs 1865–1868
Knights Bachelor


Five Have a Mystery to Solve is the 20th novel in the Famous Five series by Enid Blyton. It was first published in 1962. As the penultimate novel in the Famous Five series, it follows the usual formula of finding secret passages, drinking ginger beer, hunting treasure, and foiling evil-doers.

Plot
The Five are invited to stay at a holiday cottage near the coast. There they meet and make friends with Wilfred, a boy with an almost magical knack of attracting animals. Offshore is Whispering Island where, according to Lucas, a former guardian of the island who now works at a golf-course on the coast, strange goings-on have been reported.

The Five and Wilfred hire a boat and row across to the island where, despite the Five's resolve to avoid adventures, they find themselves stranded. Wilfrid has discovered that someone is stealing the island's old treasures.

The Five climb into the ground of a supposedly-empty stone house, and find themselves locked into a strange cellar along with Wilfred and the stolen treasure. Before the thieves come back, they manage to escape through a ventilation hole. Unable to locate the hired boat, which the thieves attempt to take for their own use, the Five decide they will have to risk sleeping on the island. Fortunately, Anne and Timmy the dog manage to shoo the thieves away from the boat, and Anne persuades the others to row back to the mainland.

The Five and Wilfred spend a day with the police, recounting what has happened. The novel closes with the Five lying sunbathing on a hillside near the holiday cottage, with all the local animals and birds gathering round to listen to Wilfred playing his flute.

Real locations and characters

Whispering Island is thought to be based on Brownsea Island in Poole Harbour.

Lucas is thought to be based on the grounds man of the Isle of Purbeck golf-course, which Blyton's husband owned.

Film adaptation

A 6-part Children's Film Foundation film serial was produced in 1964, directed by Ernest Morris. The film starred David Palmer (Julian), Amanda Coxell (George), Darryl Read (Dick), Paula Boyd (Anne), and Michael Wennink (Wilfrid). Filmed mainly on location in Cornwall, United Kingdom, and at Bushey Studios, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom. On one occasion, Blyton visited the set during the filming and spent the day with all the cast and crew.

References

External links

Five Have A Mystery To Solve at www.enidblyton.net
Enid Blyton Society page
Five Have a Mystery To Solve at www.imdb.com

1962 British novels
Hodder & Stoughton books
Famous Five novels
British novels adapted into films
1962 children's books


Smith Creek (also known as Smith's Creek) is a  tributary stream of the North Fork of the Shenandoah River in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia. Its watershed comprises  within Shenandoah and Rockingham counties on the western slope of the Massanutten Mountain ridge. Its headwaters lie in Rockingham County just north of Harrisonburg, and its confluence with the North Fork of the Shenandoah River is located just south of Mount Jackson.

Smith Creek's major tributaries include:
Mountain Run, which runs from the west slope of the Massanutten Mountain
Fridley Run, a tributary of Mountain Run
Dry Fork, which rises just east of Harrisonburg, joining Smith Creek just before Lacey Spring
Lacey Spring Branch, a short branch which runs from the limestone springs at Lacey Spring
War Branch, which rises at the base of the Massanutten Mountain southwest of the community of Athlone and continues past the community of Arkton before joining Smith Creek near Moores Mill Road
Gap Branch, which rises at the base of the Massanutten near New Market Gap and joins Smith Creak just prior to the North Fork of the Shenandoah River.

Smith Creek restoration project
Smith Creek has been the beneficiary of a large-scale stream restoration project to revitalize the stream to a point where the native trout species can again thrive. Prior to the Civil War, trout up to 5 and 6 pounds were common in the stream, but as forested land was converted to pasture land for livestock the stream became unsuitable for fish. Restoration techniques include restricting livestock's access to the stream, which will reduce sediment and contamination from fecal bacteria, and planting grasses and trees along the banks, which will reduce erosion and sediment and reduce the stream's temperature by shading the water from the summer sun. By 2006, populations have already been reestablished in Mountain Run, and they have begun migrating downstream.

In 2010, the Smith Creek watershed was named Virginia’s Chesapeake Showcase Watershed in recognition of the community's outstanding efforts to rejuvenate the creek's aquatic ecosystem. Fishermen continue to flock to the creek for its excellent fly fishing. By 2011, Smith Creek was home to brown trout over  and , and rainbow trout over  are not uncommon.

See also
List of rivers of Virginia

References

Rivers of Virginia
Rivers of Rockingham County, Virginia
Rivers of Shenandoah County, Virginia
Tributaries of the Shenandoah River


Christian Reiher (born 19 April 1984 in Starnberg) is a German mathematician. He is the fifth most successful participant in the history of the International Mathematical Olympiad, having won four gold medals in the years 2000 to 2003 and a bronze medal in 1999.

Just after finishing his Abitur, he proved Kemnitz's conjecture, an important problem in the theory of zero-sums. He went on to earn his Diplom in mathematics from the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.

Reiher received his Dr. rer. nat. from the University of Rostock under supervision of  in February 2010 (Thesis: A proof of the theorem according to which every prime number possesses property B) and works now at the University of Hamburg.

Selected publications
.

External links

1984 births
Living people
People from Starnberg
21st-century German mathematicians
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
University of Rostock alumni
International Mathematical Olympiad participants