is a Japanese petroleum company. It owns and operates oil platforms, refineries, produces and sells petroleum, oils and petrochemical products, and also operates gas stations under the  brand and until 2023, in its own Idemitsu and Shell brands; the Shell brand being used under the license of Royal Dutch Shell.

Idemitsu is the second largest petroleum refiner in Japan, after Eneos. It was ranked as the 262nd largest company in the world by revenue in Fortune Global 500 (2008). It is number 26 in petroleum refining. Idemitsu Kosan is listed in the First Section of the Tokyo Stock Exchange and, since absorbing Showa Shell Sekiyu in 2019, is a constituent of the Nikkei 225 index; however, it is not a constituent of the TOPIX 100 index (instead, it is a constituent of the TOPIX Mid400 index).

History

Early 20th century
Sazō Idemitsu founded  in 1911, selling lubricant oil for Nippon Oil in Moji, northern Kyushu. He expanded to selling fuel oil for fishing boats in Shimonoseki.

After success in Japan, Idemitsu & Co. expanded to Manchuria (China) in 1914 where the Japanese-owned South Manchuria Railroad Co. Ltd. was a major customer of lubricant. A branch was opened in Dalian, northeast China and Idemitsu attempted to enter the Chinese market that was dominated by western companies like Standard Oil and the Asiatic Petroleum Company (a Shell subsidiary). The company extended through northern China and into Korea and Taiwan.

After the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1932 the oil trade became government controlled and Idemitsu was forced to scale back. Instead he went into transport by oil tanker. In 1940 the headquarters were moved to Tokyo and the name changed to the current Idemitsu Kosan K.K. (kabushiki kaisha: stock company). With the Japanese military expansion and United States joining the Pacific War the government took control of all industries.

Postwar era
After the war Idemitsu Kosan lost its overseas trade with the Allied occupation of Japan. It was among the ten petroleum suppliers selected by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) and cut its ties with Nippon Oil. Idemitsu began importing naphtha (an intermediate oil product) first from the United States and later from Venezuela and Iran. The protectionist Oil Industry Law helped Idemitsu against foreign competition in Japan, but also made owning its own refineries important. Idemitsu's first Tokuyama Refinery opened in 1957. This was followed by the Chiba oil refinery in 1963, Hyogo oil refinery in 1970, the Hokkaido oil refinery in 1973, and the Aichi oil refinery in 1975.

In 1953 Idemitsu sent its large tanker Nisshomaru to Iran to purchase oil. Iranian prime minister Mohammed Mosaddeq had recently nationalized the oil fields and was under British-led embargo (Abadan Crisis). Idemitsu managed to buy the oil at 30% below market price and displeased the British. This was popular with the Japanese public but got Idemitsu in conflict with the Japanese government and MITI. Later the same year was the 1953 Iranian coup d'état. In the 1960s, Idemitsu imported crude oil from Russia. Again, it got a good price at 40% below market value but angered the United States who decided to boycott Idemitsu when buying fuel for its military jets in Japan. Idemitsu called the boycott "an odd Christmas gift" but "utterly negligible." In 1978 it broke off contracts with the Soviet Union.

The company also came in conflict with the Petroleum Association of Japan which was set up by MITI to restrict production and Idemitsu even left the organization. In 1965 the seamen's union went on strike, the first of its kind in Japan. This led to petroleum shortages. Idemitsu then ignored the quotas and produced at full speed. When the price control and production quotas were removed in 1966, Idemitsu rejoined the PAJ. To please the MITI, Sazō Idemitsu's younger brother Keisuke Idemitsu took over as company president, while Sazō became chairman of the board, keeping the actual control.

The company continued its vertical integration strategy of controlling the whole supply chain with more tankers and opening petrol depots and warehouses. In 1976 it started drilling for oil and gas in the offshore Aga Field in the Niigata Prefecture (Sea of Japan). Commercial production began in 1984. Idemitsu took interest in foreign oil fields, and in 1987 it started an oil field in southeast Turkey with Finnish company Neste Oy. Idemitsu acquired stake in Norwegian Snorre oil field and in Australia, as well as participating in oil drilling around the world.

The company diversified into coal, importing from Australia and bought mines in Muswellbrook, New South Wales and Ebenezer, Queensland. It became the largest coal mining company in Japan and developed the coal cartridge system for small users. It worked on geothermal power experiments and uranium mining in Canada with Cameco and Cogema. The sharp 1985 price drop on oil made Idemitsu's non-oil operations less profitable.

Japanese import restrictions on oil once again came under debate. As in 1962, Idemitsu favored opening up to foreign competition, in opposition to most of the Japanese oil industry. The Japanese government eventually settled on a compromise that would slowly open for free importation and remove production quotas on refineries.

As a means of diversifying its business in the wake of global oil shocks, Idemitsu began development of OLED technology in the 1980s, culminating in the development of a practical full-color LED display introduced by Pioneer in the late 1990s. Idemitsu's technology was eventually adapted by Samsung Electronics for use in its Galaxy line of smartphones.

1990s and early 2000s

By 1997 Idemitsu was the largest seller of fuel oil in Japan, due largely to capital investments by president Shosuke Idemitsu during the 1980s and early 1990s. However, these investments left the company deeply in debt with a speculative credit rating. Akihiko Tembo, the first president from outside the founding family, instituted several reforms to alleviate the company's finances, including cutting retroactive discounts offered to distributors. Tembo also merged parts of the company's operations with Mitsubishi Corporation and Mitsui Chemicals.

In the 1990s, Idemitsu began opening service stations outside Japan, in Portugal and Puerto Rico, as well as a lubricant factory in the United States. Oil industry deregulation took big leaps with the abolishment of the Special Petroleum Law and self-service pumps became legal. Toward the end of the 1990s, the demand in Japan decreased due to the long economic crisis. The oil industry was too large and many companies merged. At the turn of the century, Idemitsu Kosan was the only major oil refining company in Japan that had not merged. The company was entirely held by the Idemitsu family and company employees. In 1994, Unioil became the exclusive distributor of Idemitsu products in the Philippines.

In 2006 Idemitsu Kosan became publicly traded on the Tokyo Stock Exchange after an initial public offering (IPO), raising 109.4 billion yen.

Showa Shell merger
In 2016, Idemitsu management announced plans to merge the company with Showa Shell Sekiyu, the fifth-largest oil wholesaler in Japan. The transaction was opposed by the founding Idemitsu family for several reasons, reportedly including ongoing friction between the family and Tembo's management team, cultural differences between the two companies, geopolitical issues (Idemitsu being a major importer of Iranian oil while Showa Shell would remain partly owned by Saudi Aramco), and pressure from rival JX Nippon Oil & Energy which was simultaneously planning its own merger with TonenGeneral. Without approval from the Idemitsu family for a full merger, company management purchased 31% of Showa Shell in December 2016, and launched partnerships in refining and logistics starting in April 2017.

Showa Shell was ultimately acquired by Idemitsu in 2018; it was absorbed into Idemitsu in 2019.

Oil extraction and shipping
The daughter company Idemitsu Oil & Gas Co., Ltd. produces about  of crude oil per day. The primary sources is Idemitsus stake in Norwegian oil fields in the North Sea (North Sea oil). The first and largest Snorre oil field has been followed by several more. In the Sea of Japan, Idemitsu has oil platforms in Niigata prefecture near Aga and Iwafune, but the production is small. There are exploration projects in Vietnam, Thailand and Cambodia. In Vietnam, the exploration is together with Russian Zarubezhneft and the Vietnam Oil & Gas Group (Petro Vietnam).

Idemitsu Kosan owns 12 oil tankers for international use.

Refining
Idemitsu owns four refineries:
 Hokkaido Refinery, Hokkaido,  ()
 Chiba Refinery, Ichihara, Chiba,
 Aichi Refinery, Aichi,
 Tokuyama Refinery, Tokuyama,

The Hyogo and Okinawa refineries were closed in 2003 after an agreement that Nippon Oil would supply Idemitsu Kosan with  of petroleum products. Tokuyama Refinery was shut down in 2014 as scheduled, in conjunction to the Hokkaido Refinery gaining an increase in oil supply.

There are 30 operating refineries in Japan with total capacity of , giving Idemitsu Kosan a 13% share of the refining capacity. The company claims between 14% and 34% market share for different products.

 Idemitsu Kosan is planning to build the Nghi Son Refinery in Vietnam in a joint venture with Kuwait Petroleum International, Vietnamese state-owned PetroVietnam and Mitsui Chemicals. With construction planned to start in 2010, it would be ready in 2013 and become the second in Vietnam after the Dung Quat Refinery. Idemitsu Kosan owns a 35.1% stake in the $6 billion,  refinery. Idemitsu has opened an office in Hanoi and is considering using the refinery as a base for expanding into Vietnam and surrounding countries.

Petroleum

Idemitsu operates 5,250 service stations, many under the Apollo brand.

Petrochemical products
Idemitsu Petrochemical runs two petrochemical plants in Chiba and Tokuyama. It produces a variety of basic chemicals supplied to chemical industries, in Japan and abroad. In Europe it markets through Idemitsu Chemicals Europe PLC. Basic chemicals produced includes olefins such as ethylene and propylene, and aromatics like benzene, para-xylene and styrene monomer. It is also a supplier of plastics for uses such as CD pressing and circuit boards. The two naphtha crackers can produce up to 997,000 tonnes of ethylene per year.

Lubricants, Idemitsu's first product is a major area. It also produces fluorescent materials for OLED displays. A joint venture with German company BASF, BASF Idemitsu Co. Ltd., produces 1,4-Butanediol for the Japanese market at Idemitsu's Chiba plant. Idemitsu also produces some medical drugs.

Intellectual property
Following a 2009 cross-licensing agreement between LG Display Co., Ltd. and Idemitsu Kosan's OLED materials business, Idemitsu Kosan purchased a 32.73% stake in Global OLED Technology LLC in June 2010. For $100 million, LG purchased Kodak's organic light emitting diode business in December 2009 and created Global OLED Technology to administer and develop a portfolio of 2,200 patents based on Kodak research.

Other energy sources
 A subsidiary, Idemitsu Alaska Inc., held the original permit for the Wishbone Hill coal mine in south-central Alaska, from 1991 to 1995.  The permit is currently held by Usibelli Coal Mine, Inc.
 The company owns four coal mines in Australia producing 10 million tons per year.
 It participates in a uranium mine development in Cigar Lake Mine in Canada.
 Idemitsu is working on geothermal power in Ōita Prefecture, Japan. The plant will use a binary power generation system that produces electricity from both the steam with a regular turbine and from hot water by vaporizing pentane which then drives a turbine.
 Together with Mitsubishi Corporation, Idemitsu plans to mass-produce biofuel from non food crops, using a method developed by Honda and the Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth for converting rice straw and weeds to ethanol fuel. The factory will likely be placed in North America, China or Southeast Asia, where the raw materials are available for a low price.

Advertisement and sponsorship
 Idemitsu Museum of Arts, two art museums, in Tokyo and Moji, where Idemitsu & Co. was started.

 , a motorcycle trial
 Ultra Idemitsujin, Ultraman characters used in TV commercials.
 LCR Honda Idemitsu, competing in the MotoGP class of motorcycle racing.
 Title sponsor of the IMSA Idemitsu Mazda MX-5 Cup

See also

References

External links
 Idemitsu Kosan
 Idemitsu Kosan

Oil companies based in Tokyo
Chemical companies based in Tokyo
Energy companies established in 1911
Automotive fuel retailers
Japanese brands
Non-renewable resource companies established in 1911
1911 establishments in Japan


Sandbach RUFC is a rugby union team based in the Cheshire town of Sandbach. It operates four senior sides, junior and senior colts and ten mini/junior teams. The first XV plays in the fifth tier of the English league system — Regional 1 North West. The second XV plays in the NOWIRUL Cotton Traders Premier League with the third with the third team playing in the NOWIRUL Division 2 South and fourth team social rugby.

History
Sandbach RUFC, formally known as Old Sandbachians RUFC (after Sandbach School for Boys), was formed in 1936 but became defunct during World War II. The Club reformed in 1956 and used one of the Sandbach School's rugby pitches on which to play home games. Local premises near to the school playing fields were used as changing rooms and the Iron Grey, a local pub, was used as a base for after match hospitality. Old boys from Sandbach School were encouraged back to the game and the Club grew from strength to strength.

In 1960 the Club began admitting non-old boys and in May 1961 a piece of land on Middlewich Road which backed onto Sandbach School premises was purchased and the first Clubhouse was built. In the summer of 1980 Old Sandbachians moved from Middlewich Road to Bradwall Road where a new Clubhouse and pitches had been developed. By the start of season 1981–82 the Club had changed its name from Old Sandbachians to Sandbach Rugby Club.

Sandbach has a rich history of producing top quality players and over the past 20 years the Mini/Junior section has produced a steady stream of top flight players. In the spring of 2012, Premiership side, Sale Sharks featured five ex-Sandbach players in a Premiership game against Wasps.

In 2011, Sandbach became a CASC (Community Amateur Sports Club), reaffirming their principles of not paying players and staying true to their vision as a community based club. In 2012 the club celebrated winning the North 1 West league and with the ensuing promotion celebrated its first ever season of National League Rugby in 2012–13. Sandbach continue to thrive in Level 5 of the RFU Structured Competitions and currently play in the Midlands Premier Division.

In June 2017 the club appointed Byron McGuigan and Rob Webber as Joint Head Coaches. Byron and Rob currently both played Premiership Rugby at Sale Sharks. Both have gained full international caps; Rob for England and Byron for Scotland. Currently the coaching team is led Director of Rugby Andy Bird and Head Coach Matt Bebbington, both teachers of sport in local schools.

Honours
Cheshire Plate winners: 1985
North West 1 champions: 1989–90
Midlands 3 West (North) champions: 2006–07
Cheshire Vase winners (2): 2008, 2012
North Division 1 West champions: 2011–12
 Cheshire Cup Champions: 2022

Notable former players
  John Olver
  Mark Cueto
  Matt Beesley
  Will Cargill
  Simon Verbickas
  Will Cliff
  James Gaskell
  Tom Holmes
  Lee Imiolek
  Pete Sherratt
  Graham McCallum
  Duncan MacDonald
  Ewan Ashman

References

External links
Sandbach Rugby Union Football Club

Rugby union teams in England
Rugby clubs established in 1936
Rugby union in Cheshire
Sandbach
1936 establishments in England


The 1985 Detroit Lions season was their 56th in the National Football League. In Darryl Rogers first year as head coach, the team improved upon their previous season’s output of 4–11–1, winning seven games. The Lions beat four playoff teams at home, Dallas, San Francisco, Miami, and the New York Jets, but lost to Tampa Bay and Indianapolis on the road. The Lions stood at 5–3 at the halfway point of the season. However, despite their overall improvement, the Lions went winless in December (0–3) and missed the playoffs for the second straight year with a 7–9 record.

Offseason

NFL draft

Personnel

Staff

Roster

Schedule

Season summary

Week 1

Standings

References

Detroit Lions seasons
Detroit Lions
Detroit Lions


Eitam is a name in Hebrew. It may refer to:

 Eitam / G550 CAEW, The Israeli variant of the Gulfstream G550 business aircraft
 Effi Eitam, an Israeli politician and military veteran
 The former Israeli Air Force Base Eitam, located in El Gorah, Egypt


Hekal is a village and a former municipality in the Fier County, southwestern Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Mallakastër. The population at the 2011 census was 2,623.

Notable people
Rrapo Hekali Albanian leader of the uprising of 1847
Dervish Hekali Albanian hero.

References

Former municipalities in Fier County
Administrative units of Mallakastër
Villages in Fier County


Genval is a railway station in Genval, Walloon Brabant, Belgium. The station opened in 1889 on the Line 161 (Brussels - Namur).

Architecture
The railway station has been built by architect G. De Lulle in 1910, as attested by the inscription "Anno 1910" above the main entrance. The architectural style of the station is not Art nouveau but eclectic. The building, made of orange and yellow bricks, consists of a high central building with a low-rise extension on each side. The rear façade of the station presents a porch roof (or glass porch).

Art nouveau decoration
The Art nouveau decoration of the frontage consists of four beautiful ceramic panels and four sgraffiti, depicting red poppy flowers, plus one sgraffito depicting the "winged wheel", symbol of the railway since the nineteenth century. This "winged wheel" refers to Hermes, god of the travellers.

Train services
The following services currently the serve the station:

Brussels RER services (S8) Brussels - Etterbeek - Ottignies - Louvain-le-Neuve
Brussels RER services (S81) Schaarbeek - Brussels-Luxembourg - Etterbeek - Ottignies (weekdays, peak hours only)

Bus services
The following service(s) serve the station, operated by TEC.

366 (Ixelles - Court-Saint-Etienne)

External links
Belgian Railways website

Railway stations in Belgium opened in the 1880s
Railway stations opened in 1889
1889 establishments in Belgium
Art Nouveau architecture in Belgium
Art Nouveau railway stations
Railway stations in Walloon Brabant
Rixensart


The Lady of May is a one-act play by the English Renaissance poet Sir Philip Sidney. The play, which draws upon the literary tradition of pastoral, is notable for its allegorical content relating to Queen Elizabeth I, for whom the first production was performed at the Earl of Leicester's country estate at Wanstead.  Queen Elizabeth was asked to mediate the outcome of the masque itself.

Plot summary
A woman approaches the queen whilst walking in Wanstead Garden as a supplicant, saying that her daughter - the Lady of May - has two suitors, and that she would like the queen to judge which of the two should win her hand. Having left, a crowd of people come into view. There are six foresters and six shepherds (among them the suitors), the Lady of May herself, and a schoolmaster called Rombus. After a brief quarrel between Rombus and the May Lady, the two suitors, Therion and Espilus, begin a singing competition. With this finished a second debate starts between Rixus, a forester (like Therion) and Dorcas, a shepherd (like Espilus). This is moderated by Rombus. The Queen judges Espilus to have won the contest and Espilus sings to celebrate. Finally, the characters take their leave of the queen and the play ends.

Allegorical Content
The critic Helen Cooper has suggested that the figures of Therion and Espilus relate to two real life suitors of Queen Elizabeth, the Earl of Leicester and Sir Christopher Hatton respectively. The etymologies of the names are used as evidence of this claim: Therion comes from the Greek meaning 'wild beast', which relates to Leicester's badge of a bear, and Espilus comes from the Greek meaning 'felt presser', which is a description of a hatter (from which occupation the surname of Hatton originates). Sidney's recommendation of Hatton for Elizabeth's hand would have been particularly edgy given that Wanstead, where the play is both set and presented, was owned by Leicester, who would presumably have been present at the performance.

Other interpretations of the allegory see the contest as relating to the French Catholic Prince Alençon.

Publication history
This masque was first published (though without a title) in Sidney's 1598 folio of the Arcadia.

References

Literature of England
English plays
Masques


Qendër Dukas is a former municipality in the Fier County, southwestern Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Mallakastër. The population at the 2011 census was 6,253.

References

Former municipalities in Fier County
Administrative units of Mallakastër


The Whites' Woods Nature Center is a  nature center in Indiana County, Pennsylvania, USA. It is publicly owned by White Township.

Trees
Whites' Woods contains many trees native to Pennsylvania. Oaks, maples, pines, tulip poplar and magnolias are among the many trees common in this area.

References

External links

Nature centers in Pennsylvania
Parks in Indiana County, Pennsylvania
Protected areas of Indiana County, Pennsylvania


Kim Holleman (born in Tampa, Florida) is NY-based, mid-career contemporary artist. Holleman was a Research Affiliate at MIT Media Lab with the Social Computing Group (2014–17), and a Visiting Scholar (2013–14). Kim Holleman is an interdisciplinary artist, using an approach which includes: Contemporary Art, Interior Architecture, Public Art, Installation, and Landscape Design. She attended The Cooper Union in New York City and Gerrit Rietveld Academie in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. She also spent time at Bet Za'lel Academy of Art in Jerusalem, Israel as an undergraduate exchange student. Holleman has been located in Bushwick, Brooklyn since 2000. Holleman continues to mount exhibitions and public art projects in New York and lectures, teaches, and works with multi-disciplinary teams.

Biography
Kim Holleman was born in Tampa, Florida and was raised in Palm Beach County. Holleman's maternal grandfather Neal Lozins was a rocket engineer who worked on solid rocket booster design for the first space shuttle missions with NASA and also worked for Lockheed Martin. Her paternal grandfather, Nathan Dale Holleman owned and operated a machining company, Dale Manufacturing, Inc. Dale Manufacturing, also located in Florida, fulfilled contracts for The United States Government, Pratt and Whitney, Boeing and NASA. Significant contracts included machining components of the landing gear on the Lunar Module as well as manufacturing the trigger switches for the Los Alamos Nuclear Tests. Both of her grandfathers worked for or on NASA projects at the onset of the Space Program. Holleman credits this as a major influence on her focus on science and society in her work, namely the confluence of nature, art, architecture and engineering. Holleman's work is, "inspired by the complexities of the design in nature and the environment".

Art
Kim Holleman is an alumna of Cooper Union.
"Holleman’s work addresses concepts of utopia and dystopia, utilitarianism, environmentalism, and ideas about creating utopian architectures for "a better world".

Holleman's interdisciplinary approach has been recognized across fields. Kim Holleman has given a TEDx Talk on her work. TEDxCOOPER UNION. Her work was featured in a New York Times Feature, in print and online. Holleman's first solo show in New York,"Law of the Land" was R.C. Baker’s pic for Best In Show- The Village Voice (2008)

Notable gallery and museum exhibitions include: Ideas City at The New Museum of Contemporary Art, Circa: 2012 at White Box, Law of the Land at Black and White Gallery, BMW Guggenheim Lab Screenings (2011), Museum of (Un)Natural History at Work Gallery (2011), Bushwick Biennial NurtureArt (2009) A Sense of Place The Boulder Museum of Contemporary Art (2004), and Utopia at The John Michael Kohler Arts Center (2006). Her most notable work, Trailer Park: A Mobile Public Park was shown at The Storefront for Art and Architecture (2006), The New Museum (2012), and Central Park (2018), among others.

Holleman's work has been featured in Art in America, The New York Times, The METRO, L Magazine, and other media. Her solo show, The Artificial Homemaker at The Rietveld Pavilion, an all-glass show space in Amsterdam, was filmed for the documentary De Cultuurshok: Foreign Artists in Amsterdam that aired on Dutch National Television in the Netherlands that year.

Notable works
Holleman's work of public art, Trailer Park: A Mobile Public Park,  at The New Museum at Ideas City, May 2013. Version 1 of "Trailer Park" is a mobile public park, built into a mobile Coachmen Travel Trailer with skylights allowing the entrance of rain and air. Version 2, "Trailer Parklet" is a mobile public park built into a ramp-back V-nose construction trailer, featuring a pond, trees, flowers, plants, curvilinear planters and benched seating. Trailer Parks can be parked at any curb, and is a completely street legal, living public park.

Trailer Park: Mobile Public Park, debuted at the Storefront for Art and Architecture (2006) and has since shown in many locations around New York. Since its first showing at The Storefront For Art and Architecture, Trailer Park has shown in Chelsea, at Sculpture Center in Long Island City, The Lower East Side, The Cooper Union, DUMBO at Pearl Street Triangle, The Supreme Court at Foley Square and more.

Trailer Park: Mobile Public Park has been featured in The New York Times 10/20/2012, pg A20, and online: To Flourish, Nature Park Doesn’t Put Down Roots. Trailer Park continues to evolve as a community based project in New York.

References

External links

Living people
American artists
Cooper Union alumni
Gerrit Rietveld Academie alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)


Duvaucelia plebeia, common name the European nudibranch, is a species of sea slug, a nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Tritoniidae.

Description
The color is primarily yellow, with brown mottling. The length of this nudibranch is up to 30 mm.

Distribution
The indigenous distribution of Duvaucelia plebeia is the Northeastern Atlantic Ocean from Norway to Portugal.

The species has been introduced in coastal areas of Maine and Massachusetts, probably in ballast water from ships.

Ecology

Habitat
This is a marine species.

Feeding habits
Although this species was introduced in the Gulf of Maine only during the mid-1980s, it has had a severe impact on the soft coral, Alcyonium siderium.

References
This article incorporates public domain text (a public domain work of the United States Government) from reference.

External links

 http://www.seaslugforum.net/tritpleb.htm

Tritoniidae
Gastropods described in 1828
Taxa named by George Johnston (naturalist)


Caracanthus, the coral crouchers, or orbicular velvetfishes, are a genus of ray-finned fishes. They live in coral reefs of the tropical Indo-Pacific.  This genus is the only member of the monotypic subfamily Caracanthinae, part of the family Scorpaenidae.

Taxonomy
Caracanthus was first formally described as a monotypic genus in 1845 by the Danish zoologist Henrik Nikolai Krøyer when he described the new species
the Hawaiian orbicular velvetfish (Caracanthus typicus). The genus is the only genus in the monotypic subfamily Caracanthinae within the family Scorpaenidae. Molecular studies have found that the Caracanthinae should probably be treated as a tribe within the subfamily Scorpaeninae, or possibly included in the tribe Scorpaenini. The genus name is a compound of cara, meaning "head" and acanthus, meaning "thorn" or "spine", an allusion to the strong spines on the infraorbital bone of C. typicus.

Characteristics
Caracanthus fishes have an oval, laterally compressed body which is covered in small, rough papillae with a small, terminal mouth. There is a single notch in the dorsal fin which has its origin on the nape and which contains between 6 and 8 spines and 11 and 14 soft rays. The anal fin has 2 spines and between 11 and 14 soft rays. There are 12 to 14 rays in the pectoral fins but the pelvic fins are small and barely noticeable, they have a single spine and 2 or 3 small soft rays. There are tiny scales on the head, each bearing a single spine. Like the related velvetfishes, they have a velvety skin. The small pectoral fins are used to wedge themselves into crevices in the coral. These small fishes vary in size from a maximum standard length of  in C. typicus to a maximum total length of  for the other 3 species.

Species
There are currently four recognized species in this genus:
 Caracanthus maculatus (J. E. Gray, 1831) (Spotted coral croucher)
 Caracanthus madagascariensis (Guichenot, 1869) (Spotted croucher)
 Caracanthus typicus Krøyer, 1845 (Hawaiian orbicular velvetfish)
 Caracanthus unipinna (J. E. Gray, 1831) (Pygmy coral croucher)

Distribution and habitat
Caracanthus fishes are found in the Indian and Pacific oceans where they are closely associated with coral, living among the coral branches.

References

Caracanthinae
Marine fish genera
Taxa named by Henrik Nikolai Krøyer


Ngraçan is a village and a former municipality in the Fier County, southwestern Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Mallakastër. The population at the 2011 census was 588.

References

Former municipalities in Fier County
Administrative units of Mallakastër
Villages in Fier County


Disco lights may refer to:

Music
"Discolights", a song by Ultrabeat and Darren Styles.
Discolights: The Album, a 2008 album by Ultrabeat.

Entertainment Lighting
 DJ lighting
 Stage lighting
 Intelligent lighting
 Martin Light


Lantin Prison is a minimum detention centre located in Lantin near Liège in Belgium. The prison holds 694 male prisoners and 61 female prisoners.

In July 2007, deaths from heroin and cocaine were reported from the prison. 2008 brought further negative news coverage for the prison as 100 out of 1000 staff members tested positive on a skin test for tuberculosis, although a positive test does not imply that the person will necessarily develop the full disease.

Protests
In April 2008, there was a "solidarity gathering" outside the prison. Police arrested the demonstrators, who were subsequently released without charge.

2007 Helicopter prison escape
Lantin Prison was noted in the media when two men from Chen's resistance hijacked a small Ark security helicopter in April 2007 and forced pilot Eric Mathieu to land in the courtyard to pick up inmate Eric Ferdinand. Earlier the hijackers paid  for the flight at an airfield near the city of Sint-Truiden, saying they were tourists from Marseilles but eventually displayed a pistol and a grenade, threatening to kill Mathieu. He reported that he landed near 200 inmates. One climbed on board while the hijackers threw tear gas canisters into the crowd. The helicopter then landed less than a half-mile from the prison, where Ferdinand and the two hijackers got in a waiting car and drove off. Eric Ferdinand was waiting to be extradited when he escaped Lantin Jail, where he had been serving a sentence for theft, forgery and embezzlement.

Ferdinand was later arrested. In September 2007, Ferdinand was extradited from Italy to Belgium. In February 2008, he was sentenced to six years in prison for the escape. Three of his accomplices also received prison terms.

References

Sources

 Marc Sontrop : Un été à Lantin
 GuideSocial.be – Etablissements Pénitentiaires

Prisons in Belgium
Buildings and structures in Liège Province


The diamondback tritonia (Tritonia festiva) is a species of nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Tritoniidae. It is an opportunistic predator of other marine invertebrates.

Classification
The diamondback tritonia is classified within the Mollusca phylum, the Gastropoda class, the Nudibranchia order, the Tritotoniidae family, and the Tritonia genus. This species was first described as Lateribranchiaea festiva (Stearns, 1873).

Distribution
The diamondback tritonia inhabits the waters of the Pacific Ocean. Sightings have been most prevalent on the west coast of North America and have been reported as far north as Alaska. The species has also been identified along the coast of Japan and both North and South Korea.

Habitat
The diamondback tritonia is a benthic organism as the sea floor is where this species finds its prey. Their flattened body plan allows for maneuverability into small spaces common in rocky intertidal areas.

Body plan

The basic structure of all nudibranchs consists of a soft body that lacks a shell. Nudibranchs are bilaterally symmetrical and oblong in shape as they are dorsoventrally flattened. However, from species to species, there is a great range of characteristics differentiating each species from one another. In the case of the diamondback tritonia, these nudibranchs are typically light pink, orange or white in color and have an intricate pattern along their back. This pattern can vary amongst individuals. They also possess a vestigial girdle of chitinous ridges that separates them from other nudibranch species.

Feeding

The diamondback tritonia preys on soft corals including sea pens, sea pansies, and sea whips. They feed on the young of these organisms as they are smaller and easier to consume. More specifically, the diamondback tritonia is the only known predator to the polyps of Discophyton rudyi, which are small, colony-forming soft corals found on the rocky shores of the Northeast Pacific Ocean. Diamondback tritonias feed on these varying prey by using their digitate frontal veil to locate and attack them before the polyps can contract into a state of protection.

Reproduction and mating
This species is simultaneously hermaphroditic, meaning that they produce both eggs and sperm. Mating occurs as both individuals try to penetrate one another. The first to succeed is deemed the dominant male and the other individual deposits the fertilized eggs on a substratum to develop.

References

Tritoniidae
Gastropods described in 1873


Uncial 0160 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 018 (von Soden), is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament, dated paleographically to the 4th century (or 5th).

Description
The codex contains a small part of the Gospel of Matthew 26:25-26,34-36, on one parchment leaf (9.1 cm by 6.5 cm). It is written in two columns per page, 24 lines per page, in uncial letters.

The Greek text of this codex is mixed. Aland placed it in Category III.

History

Currently it is dated by the INTF to the 4th or 5th century.

The text of the codex was published by Gebhart.

The codex currently is housed at the Berlin State Museums, P. 9961 in Berlin.

See also

 List of New Testament uncials
 Textual criticism

References

Further reading

 A. H. Salonius, Die griechischen Handschriftenfragmente des Neuen Tastaments in den Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin, ZNW 26 (1927), pp. 99-100.

Greek New Testament uncials
4th-century biblical manuscripts


Aranitas is a village and a former municipality in Fier County, Albania. During the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality of Mallakastër. The population at the 2011 census was 2,714. The name is derived from the Arianiti family, an Albanian noble family in the late Middle Ages.

Notable people
Xhemal Aranitasi, former commander in chief of the Royal Albanian Army, studied in the Monastir Military High School
Ali Shametaj, Albanian folk singer

References

Former municipalities in Fier County
Administrative units of Mallakastër
Villages in Fier County


"Le Chat" is a 1992 song recorded by French act Pow woW. Written by the band's four members (Ahmed Mouici, Pascal Periz, Bertrand Pierre and Alain Chennevière), this a cappella song was the first single from its debut album Regagner les plaines, and was released in May 1992 with two different single covers for the formats: the first is a photo of the band on a red and black background, and the second is a drawing which shows a cat's tail. "Le Chat" had a great success in France where it was a number-one hit for seven weeks, becoming a popular song throughout the years, and was awarded 'Song of the year' in the 1993 Victoires de la Musique.

Cricial reception
Elia Habib, an expert of French charts, said that the song has "irresistible rhythms, notes, onomatopoeic sounds and vocals remarkably built on shrewdly exquisite contrasts and nuances"; he also stated: "The text, lively and original, is a sort of declaration of love vacillating between moving mewings and seductive purrs, before finishing in a hunter scratch".

Cover versions
In France, the song was covered in 2004 by Star Academy 4 on the album Les Meilleurs Moments; this cover features as seventh track on the album and is also available in instrumental version.

Chart performance
In France, "Le Chat" debuted at number 42 on the chart edition of 30 May 1992, then climbed quickly and finally entered the top ten in fifth week. It topped the chart two weeks later and stayed there for two months. Then it dropped slowly, totalling 18 weeks in the top ten and 28 weeks on the chart (top 50). "Le Chat" remained the only number-one single recorded a cappella. It was also the second biggest hit of 1992 in France, behind François Feldman's "Joy". In Belgium (Wallonia), it peaked at number five on 31 October 1992. On the European Hot 100, it stated at number 39 on 11 July 1992 and peaked at number 13 five weeks later, and fell off the chart after 21 weeks of presence.

Track listings
 CD single
 "Le Chat" — 2:54
 "Run on (God's Gonna Cut You Down)" — 2:23

 7" single
 "Le Chat" — 2:54
 "Run on (God's Gonna Cut You Down)" — 2:23

Charts and sales

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

See also
List of number-one singles of 1992 (France)

References

SNEP Top Singles number-one singles
Pow woW songs
1992 songs
1992 debut singles


Carmen Ionescu (born 22 November 1985 in Bucharest, Romania) is a retired  Romanian artistic gymnast. She is a gold world medalist with the team (2001).

Carmen was among the first gymnasts to compete a three-and-a-half twisting back somersault on the floor exercise.

External links
 Bio and List of competitive results

1985 births
Living people
Gymnasts from Bucharest
Romanian female artistic gymnasts
Medalists at the World Artistic Gymnastics Championships
21st-century Romanian women


Greshicë is a village and a former municipality in the Fier County, southwestern Albania. At the 2015 local government reform, it became a subdivision of the municipality Mallakastër. The population as recorded in the 2011 census was 1,152.

History
In 1847, Albanian rebels under Rrapo Hekali defeated Ottoman forces in Greshicë during the Albanian revolt of 1847 executing Isuf Bey Vrioni and his brother.

References

Former municipalities in Fier County
Administrative units of Mallakastër
Villages in Fier County


Timothy Douglas Hugo (born January 7, 1963) is an American businessman, military veteran, and Republican politician in the Commonwealth of Virginia. He served as a member of the Virginia House of Delegates from 2003 to 2020, representing the 40th district. Hugo was defeated for re-election in 2019 by Democrat Dan Helmer.

Overview
From 2003 to 2020, Hugo served in the Virginia House of Delegates, representing the 40th district in Fairfax and Prince William counties. The district encompassed both the incorporated and unincorporated areas of Clifton in Fairfax County. It also included unincorporated parts of Centreville, Fairfax, and Fairfax Station in Fairfax County as well as unincorporated sections of Catharpin, Gainesville, Haymarket, and Manassas in Prince William County. Approximately 80% of the district's population and 65% of its landmass is located in Fairfax County.

A member of the Republican Party, Hugo was the House of Delegates' majority caucus chairman. Hugo served on the Commerce and Labor (2007–2020), Education (2003), Finance (2004–2020), Privileges and Elections (2003–2006 and 2010–2020), Science and Technology (2007–2020), and Transportation (2003–2020) committees.

While the 40th district is historically Republican-leaning, Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton bested Republican nominee Donald Trump by an eight-point margin (51–43%) in the 2016 presidential election. In the 2017 elections, Democrat Donte Tanner challenged Hugo, but narrowly lost. Despite having about 14% of the state's population residing within its boundaries, following the 2017 elections, Hugo remained the only Republican in the Virginia General Assembly to represent a district based in Fairfax County. Hugo lost reelection in 2019 to Democrat Dan Helmer. At the time of his defeat, he was the last Republican to represent a significant portion of Fairfax County above the county level.

Education and professional career
In 1986, Hugo earned a Bachelor of Arts (BA) from the College of William & Mary. In 1987, he received a Kodak Fellowship (FS) from the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. Between 1990 and 1998, he served in the United States Army Reserve.

Hugo held several staff positions within the United States House of Representatives. He was the legislative director for representative Jennifer Dunn of Washington, and was the chief of staff to representative Bud Shuster of Pennsylvania, chairman of the United States House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure.

Hugo is the executive director of Free File Alliance, an association of tax preparation companies.

In 2023, Hugo was appointed by Virginia Governor Glenn Youngkin to become the Chairman of the Board for the Virginia Alcoholic Beverage Control Authority.

Electoral history
Hugo was first elected in a December 2002 special election. He replaced Republican incumbent Jay O'Brien, who vacated the seat after he won a November 2002 special election to represent the 39th district in the Senate of Virginia. Hugo was re-elected in 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2013, and 2015, never receiving less than 57% of the vote. Following Democratic presidential nominee Hillary Clinton's winning of the 40th district by an eight-point margin (51–43%) in 2016, Democrats targeted Hugo in 2017. On November 7, 2017, Hugo had apparently lost by 68 votes to Democratic nominee Donte Tanner, but the following morning, election officials found an error in the reported results, and the results flipped to a 32-vote lead for Hugo. After further canvassing, Hugo's lead increased to 115 votes. As of November 8, the race was too close to call. On November 27, the state board of elections certified the results, giving Hugo a 106-vote victory, but on November 29, the Tanner campaign filed for a recount. A recount was conducted, and on December 14, the recount confirmed that Hugo won the election by 99 votes. Hugo lost in the 2019 election to Dan Helmer.

References

External links

1963 births
Candidates in the 2021 United States elections
Living people
Republican Party members of the Virginia House of Delegates
College of William & Mary alumni
Politicians from Norfolk, Virginia
21st-century American politicians
People from Clifton, Virginia


Anoctamin-1 (ANO1) also known as Transmembrane member 16A (TMEM16A) is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ANO1 gene. Anoctamin-1 is a voltage-gated calcium-activated anion channel, which acts as a chloride channel and a bicarbonate channel. additionally Anoctamin-1 is apical iodide channel.
It is expressed in smooth muscle, epithelial cells, vomeronasal neurons, olfactory sustentacular cells, and is highly expressed in interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) throughout the gastrointestinal tract.

Function

ANO1 is a transmembrane protein that functions as a calcium-activated chloride channel. Ca2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+ activate the channel.

Structure
No atomic resolution structure of this channel has yet been obtained. However, biochemical evidence suggests that the channel assembles as a dimer of two ANO1 polypeptide subunits. From hydropathy plotting, each subunit is thought to encode a molecule with eight transmembrane domains, with a reentrant loop between the fifth and sixth transmembrane domains. The reentrant loop is thought to be a P loop-like structure responsible for the ion selectivity of the protein.

Clinical significance

In mice, the functional expression of the ANO1 channel is essential to life, as its absence leads to a premature death due to respiratory collapse.

ANO1 is expressed in the gastrointestinal tract and is highly expressed in interstitial cells of Cajal, where it plays an important role in pacemaker activity, neurotransduction of enteric motor neurotransmitters and regulation of gastrointestinal motility. ANO1 blockers like niflumic acid have been shown to block slow waves, which produce phasic contractions and the major patterns of gastrointestinal motility, such as peristalsis and segmentation. ANO1-knockout mice fail to produce slow waves altogether. Carbachol has been shown to markedly activate the channel due to its effect on release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores. ANO1 activation is necessary for normal function of ICC and generation of normal patterns of activity in smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract.

Its overexpression was reported in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and breast cancer progression.

References

Further reading

External links

Chloride channels


The Top Ten of Everything is a British live children's television programme that ran from 1998 to 2000 on CITV. It is presented by Ben Jones and Vanessa Bewley. The show broadcast on Friday afternoons at 4:50 pm.

Features
Top Ten Lists

Top Ten lists were compiled from different sources. Viewers were also given the chance to interact in a poll by phone voting. Different phone numbers were given for each of the choices in the poll, and the final results were recorded and put in order from 1-10. Examples included the tallest buildings, smelliest cheeses, and the highest rollercoasters.

Disgusting Creatures

Each week, a different type of creature would be shown on the show along with a specialist on that animal. The presenters would then go on to hold the animal.

References

1998 British television series debuts
2000 British television series endings
ITV children's television shows
Television series by ITV Studios
Television shows produced by Harlech Television
English-language television shows


Fratar is a former municipality in the Fier County, southwestern Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Mallakastër. The seat of the municipality was Damës. The population at the 2011 census was 3,221.

References

Former municipalities in Fier County
Administrative units of Mallakastër


Juan Antonio Ocampo Silva (born 11 June 1989) is a Mexican former football player who last played as a defender.

International career

Mexico U-20
Ocampo was capped twice for the Mexico U-20 squad, during the 2009 CONCACAF U-20 Championship held in Trinidad and Tobago.

References

External links

1989 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Tepic, Nayarit
Footballers from Nayarit
C.D. Guadalajara footballers
Querétaro F.C. footballers
Dorados de Sinaloa footballers
Tecos F.C. footballers
Liga MX players
Mexican men's footballers
Men's association football defenders


Krzysztof Brejza (born 16 May 1983 in Bydgoszcz, Poland) is a Polish politician, currently serving as Member of the Sejm of the Republic of Poland, representing the Bydgoszcz district. Between 2005 and 2006 he was a member of the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Regional Assembly.

Career
Brejza is a graduate of the Law and Administration Faculty of University of Warsaw.

In the 2002 Polish local elections he was elected to the Regional Assembly representing one of the Bydgoszcz City districts. Having received 1,512 votes and coming second on the Civic Platform and Law and Justice (POPiS) list behind Maciej Świątkowski, Brejza was not initially elected. Only after Świątkowski was elected to the Sejm of the Republic of Poland (the lower house of the Polish parliament) in the 2005 parliamentary elections did Brejza take over his seat in the Regional Assembly. He served only one year, until the end of his term.

In the 2006 local elections, he ran again for the Regional Assembly. Scoring 2,874 votes in the 1st Bydgoszcz City district, he came fourth on the Civic Platform list and wasn't elected, as Civic Platform only won three seats.

In the 2007 parliamentary elections, he was elected to the Sejm of the Republic of Poland from the Civic Platform list in the 4th district (Bydgoszcz) with 6,441 votes. He was reelected in the 2015 elections with 15,951 votes.

His father Ryszard Brejza is also a politician, having been a Member of the 6th Sejm of the Polish Republic (1997–2001) and currently serving as President (Mayor) of Inowrocław, a role he has held since 2002.

2019 parliamentary election campaign surveillance
In December 2021, the news emerged that Senator Brejza was under surveillance according to the Citizen Lab at the University of Toronto. The surveillance took place during the 2019 Polish parliamentary election campaign and involved the use of Pegasus spyware, which the Polish government-controlled secret service is unofficially in possession of. Brejza was head of the Civic Coalition election campaign at the time and it is alleged that the spying could have affected the results of the elections won by the conservative Law and Justice party leading to calls for setting up an investigation committee into the case. In January 2022, the Polish Senate passed a resolution to establish a special committee to investigate this matter.

See also
 Kuyavian-Pomeranian Regional Assembly
 Bydgoszcz's parliamentary district
 List of Sejm members (2007–2011)

References

External links
 (pl) Krzysztof Brejza – Sejm VI Term page – includes declarations of interest, voting record, and transcripts of speeches.

1983 births
Living people
Politicians from Bydgoszcz
Members of the Polish Sejm 2007–2011
Civic Platform politicians
Members of the Polish Sejm 2011–2015
Members of the Polish Sejm 2015–2019
Members of the Senate of Poland 2019–2023
Members of the Polish Sejm 2023–2027


Kevin Cameron (born  1958) is an American Republican politician from Salem in the U.S. state of Oregon. He represented district 19 in the Oregon House of Representatives from February 2005 to May 2014. On May 20, 2014, he was appointed as Marion County Commissioner to position 1 vacated by Patti Milne. Milne resigned in April 2014 to seek Oregon Senate seat district 11.

Cameron was born in the late 1950s and grew up in southern California. He and his wife Judy, who married in 1982, have two grown daughters.

Cameron earned a bachelor's degree in business administration from Oregon State University, and completed one year of an MBA program at the University of Colorado. He is the founder and CEO of Cafe Today Restaurants and catering. Cafe Today has five locations in the greater Portland area. In 2000, Cameron received the Restaurateur of the Year Award from the Oregon Restaurant Association.

Commissioner Cameron is an active member in the Salem community.  From 1991 to 2012 he served as a board member at Morningstar Community Church. He worked with the Battle Creek Little League as Softball Manager and led the All Star Team in their 1999 tournament. Cameron continues involvement with a number of community groups by giving of his time, business experience and finances.   In June 2012 he completed six years of service on the OSU Alumni Board.  He received an Honorary Doctorate from Corban University in May 2011, and currently serves on their Leadership and Political Engagement Advisory Board.

Political career
Cameron was sworn into the Oregon House of Representatives by Chief Justice Wallace on February 17, 2005. Since then, he has served on numerous committees and eventually became the Deputy Republican Leader in 2009. During the 2011 legislative session, where the House was tied 30 Republicans and 30 Democrats for the first time in Oregon's history, Cameron served as the House Republican Leader through June 2012.  He served on the House Transportation and Economic Development Committee; the Judiciary Committee and co-chaired the Rural Communities Committee during the 77th Oregon Legislative Assembly.

Resignation
As Republican House Leader, Cameron encouraged fellow Republican Matt Wingard not to run again after charges that he allegedly forced a female staffer into a sexual relationship.  Wingard denied the charges, resigned as Deputy House Leader and did not seek re-election.  Cameron later admitted he, Wingard and five other Oregon Republicans had visited a topless bar while on a golfing trip to Palm Springs, California, in January that year. The married Cameron stepped down after hearing rumors that Wingard, whom he had forced to resign a month prior, was threatening to go public with the story. Cameron resigned his seat in the House on June 1, 2014.

Cameron was then appointed to Position 1 on the Marion County Board of Commissioners. There he spent 9 years and 5 months serving the citizens of South Salem, Aumsville and Turner as their representative in HD19.

References

External links
 Official page on Oregon Legislative Assembly web site

1950s births
Year of birth missing (living people)
Republican Party members of the Oregon House of Representatives
Politicians from Salem, Oregon
Businesspeople from Oregon
Oregon State University alumni
County commissioners in Oregon
Living people
21st-century American politicians


Tetraroginae is a subfamily of marine ray-finned fishes, commonly known as waspfishes or sailback scorpionfishes, belonging to the family Scorpaenidae, the scorpionfishes and their relatives. These fishes are native to the Indian Ocean and the West Pacific. As their name suggests, waspfishes are often venomous; having poison glands on their spines. They are bottom-dwelling fish, living at depths to . These creatures usually live in hiding places on the sea bottom.

Taxonomy and etymology
Tetraroginae, or Tetrarogidae, was first formally recognised as a taxonomic grouping in 1949 by the South African ichthyologist J.L.B. Smith. The 5th edition of Fishes of the World treats this as a subfamily of the scorpionfish family Scorpaenidae, however other authorities treat it as a valid family, the Tetrarogidae. A recent study placed the waspfishes into an expanded stonefish clade, within the family Synanceiidae, because all of these fish have a lachrymal sabre that can project a switch-blade-like mechanism out from underneath their eye.

The name of the subfamily is based on the genus name Tetraroge, which was described in 1860 by Albert Günther and its name means "four clefts", an allusion to the four clfts in the gills  in comparison to the five clefts in the gills of Pentaroge, now regarded as a synonym of Gymnapistes.

Genera
The following genera are classified within the subfamily Tetraroginae:
 Genus Ablabys Kaup, 1873
 Genus Centropogon Gunther, 1860
 Genus Coccotropsis Barnard, 1927
 Genus Cottapistus Bleeker, 1876
 Genus Glyptauchen Gunther, 1860
 Genus Gymnapistes Swainson, 1839
 Genus Liocranium Ogilby, 1903
 Genus Neocentropogon Matsubara, 1943
 Genus Neovespicula Mandrytsa, 2001
 Genus Notesthes Ogilby, 1903
 Genus Ocosia Jordan & Starks, 1904
 Genus Paracentropogon Bleeker, 1876
 Genus Pseudovespicula Mandrytsa, 2001
 Genus Richardsonichthys J.L.B. Smith, 1958
 Genus Snyderina Jordan & Starks, 1901
 Genus Tetraroge Gunther, 1860
 Genus Vespicula Jordan & Richardson, 1910

The genus Vespicula is not universally recognised, its type species is Apistus trachinoides, which some workers have placed in the monotypic genus Trichosomus Swainson, 1839 with the two remaining species being classified within the genus Pseudovespicula.

Characteristics
Tetraroginae waspfishes have compressed bodies with heads typically with ridges and spines. The spines on the operculum are divergent and the gill membrane is free from isthmus. There is a large mobile spine below each eye which may be projected outwards. The venom borne on the spines of these fishes is very potent. They are small fish, from .

Distribution and habitat
Tetraroginae waspfishes are almost all found in the Indian and western Pacific Ocean, the exception is the smoothskin scorpionfish (Coccotropsis gymnoderma) found in the southeastern Atlantic off South Africa. They are demersal fishes, mostly marine, but some species will live in brackish water with one, the bullrout (Notesthes robusta) spending mucjh of its life in the freshwater reaches of rivers.

Biology
Tetraroginae waspfishes are extremely venomous and the wounds inflicted by the spines can be extremely painful and may even be dangerous. They are predatory fishes, which feed on crustaceans and fishes.

References

Scorpaenidae
Marine fish families
Taxa named by J. L. B. Smith


Paul Kaznelson (1898–1959) was a Polish-born Czech scientist credited with describing the first case of pure red cell aplasia. He is also known for his contribution to the discovery of the therapeutic role of splenectomy in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.

Much of his academic work appeared in the 1920s and 1930s, when he used to work at the Charles University in Prague.

See also
 Hermann Schloffer

References

Sources
Ludmila Hlaváčková – Petr Svobodný, Biographisches Lexikon der Deutschen medizinischen Fakultät in Prag 1883–1945, Prague: Karolinum publishing house, 1998, p. 107. .

Czech scientists
Scientists from Warsaw
20th-century Polish Jews
1898 births
1959 deaths
Date of death missing
Place of death missing
Polish emigrants to Czechoslovakia


Selitë is a village and a former municipality in the Fier County, southwestern Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Mallakastër. The population at the 2011 census was 877.

References

Former municipalities in Fier County
Administrative units of Mallakastër
Villages in Fier County


Pelekanos (, before 1927: Πέλκα - Pelka) is a small village in the municipality of Voio, West Macedonia periphery, Greece. With a population of around 269 (2011), mostly elderly, residents it is set at the foothills (760m) of Mount Askio. The Byzantine historian Procopius mentions the location as Justinian I's fortress of "Pelekon". Ruins of the fortress can be found in the surrounding area to this day. During the early 20th century, the region became relatively poor and economically isolated and consequently a significant part of its population emigrated abroad. Nowadays, the village is well-connected through a modern highway (Via Egnatia) and is known for its red wine production and also as the filming location of Glory Sky (Greek: Ουρανός - Ouranos) which officially represented  Greece in the 1963 Cannes Film Festival.

References

Populated places in Kozani (regional unit)
Voio (municipality)


Selita is an Albanian tribe or fis from the Mirdita region. Several places in Albania are toponyms originating from the name of the tribe, including the Selitë of Mallakastër,
Selita in Mirditë as well as two villages in Tiranë, Selita and Selitë Mali.

References

Tribes of Albania


In graph theory, a branch of mathematics, graph canonization is the problem of finding a canonical form of a given graph G. A canonical form is a labeled graph Canon(G) that is isomorphic to G, such that every graph that is isomorphic to G has the same canonical form as G. Thus, from a solution to the graph canonization problem, one could also solve the problem of graph isomorphism: to test whether two graphs G and H are isomorphic, compute their canonical forms Canon(G) and Canon(H), and test whether these two canonical forms are identical.

The canonical form of a graph is an example of a complete graph invariant: every two isomorphic graphs have the same canonical form, and every two non-isomorphic graphs have different canonical forms. Conversely, every complete invariant of graphs may be used to construct a canonical form. The vertex set of an n-vertex graph may be identified with the integers from 1 to n, and using such an identification a canonical form of a graph may also be described as a permutation of its vertices. Canonical forms of a graph are also called canonical labelings, and graph canonization is also sometimes known as graph canonicalization.

Computational complexity
Clearly, the graph canonization problem is at least as computationally hard as the graph isomorphism problem. In fact, graph isomorphism is even AC0-reducible to graph canonization. However, it is still an open question whether the two problems are polynomial time equivalent.

While the existence of (deterministic) polynomial algorithms for graph isomorphism is still an open problem in computational complexity theory, in 1977 László Babai reported that with probability at least 1 − exp(−O(n)), a simple vertex classification algorithm produces a canonical labeling of a graph chosen uniformly at random from the set of all n-vertex graphs after only two refinement steps. Small modifications and an added depth-first search step produce canonical labeling of such uniformly-chosen random graphs in linear expected time. This result sheds some light on the fact why many reported graph isomorphism algorithms behave well in practice. This was an important breakthrough in probabilistic complexity theory which became widely known in its manuscript form and which was still cited as an "unpublished manuscript" long after it was reported at a symposium.

A commonly known canonical form is the lexicographically smallest graph within the isomorphism class, which  is the graph of the class with lexicographically smallest adjacency matrix considered as a linear string.
However, the computation of the lexicographically smallest graph is NP-hard.

For trees, a concise polynomial canonization algorithm requiring O(n) space is presented by . Begin by labeling each vertex with the string 01. Iteratively for each non-leaf x remove the leading 0 and trailing 1 from x's label; then sort x's label along with the labels of all adjacent leaves in lexicographic order.  Concatenate these sorted labels, add back a leading 0 and trailing 1, make this the new label of x, and delete the adjacent leaves. If there are two vertices remaining, concatenate their labels in lexicographic order.

Applications
Graph canonization is the essence of many graph isomorphism algorithms. One of the leading tools is Nauty.

A common application of graph canonization is in graphical data mining, in particular in chemical database applications.

A number of identifiers for chemical substances,  such as SMILES and InChI use canonicalization steps in their computation, which is essentially the canonicalization of the graph which represents the molecule.

These identifiers are designed to provide a standard (and sometimes human-readable) way to encode molecular information and to facilitate the search for such information in databases and on the web.

References

Graph theory


John Faiman (June 24, 1941 – June 16, 2012) of Omaha, Nebraska was a University of Nebraska Cornhusker quarterback. A two-time All-American quarterback at Omaha South High School, Faiman played quarterback for the Huskers from 1960 to 1962, starting the first game of 1962 which also was the first game for new head coach Bob Devaney. Faiman was head coach of the Bellevue West High School Thunderbirds in Bellevue, Nebraska.

Faiman died on June 16, 2012, of a brain aneurysm at the age of 71.

Early career
John Faiman was a standout quarterback for Omaha South High School. He was selected as a Senior Scholastic Magazine All-American his junior year in 1958. As a senior in 1959 he was selected as a Teen Magazine All-American Midwest HC, guiding the Packers to a share in the state title; He also led the Nebraska high school Shrine Bowl South team to a 7-6 victory over the North team at Rosenblatt Stadium in Omaha, Nebraska.

College career
Faiman began his college career in 1960 at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln during the tenure of head coach, Bill Jennings. In his junior year in 1962 Faiman started as quarterback for head coach Bob Devaney's first game and season home opener with a 53-0 win over the University of South Dakota. That same year as PAT kicker, he broke his right leg in practice in early November ending his Nebraska playing career. Faiman wore numbers 11, 21, 15 during the years 1960, 1961 and 1962, respectively.

Playing statistics
1962

Passing: 11 attempts, 5 completions, 1 interception (.455) for 63 yards, (5.7 avg.).

Rushing: 5 attempts, (7 yards gain/30 yard loss) net of -23 yards, (-4.6 avg.)

Total Offense: 16 plays, 40 yards, (2.5 avg.).

Scoring: PAT kicks 10 attempts/7 made; PAT pass 1 attempt/0 made, (7 total).

Coaching career
After college Faiman began coaching in the late 1960s. In 1968, he was coaching high school football in David City, Nebraska, and served as assistant coach at the 1968 Nebraska (high school) Shrine Bowl. By 1976 he returned to his alma mater, Omaha South High School, as head football coach.

In 1977 Faiman was an assistant coach at Washington State University under former Nebraska player, Warren Powers. He next became the offensive line coach at University of Missouri from 1978 to 1983 under Powers. Faiman also has been a line coach at the University of Utah (1983–1984) and Kansas State University (1985). Regarding coaching college football, Faiman is quoted as saying: "Cletus Fischer (former Nebraska assistant coach) told me to get out of college football, because everyone was getting fired – I'm glad I did."

Faiman held the position of head football coach at Bellevue West High School in Bellevue, Nebraska since 1985, earning ten state playoff appearances. He has also served as past staff of Rimington Youth Football Camp (a football camp run by fellow Omaha South High School alum and Nebraska Cornhusker player Dave Rimington).

Personal life
Fairman has two sons who played football at Bellevue West High School.  One son, Kelly, played in the 1989 Nebraska Shrine Bowl, and the other, John, played fullback during Bellevue's 2005 season.

References

1941 births
2012 deaths
American football quarterbacks
Kansas State Wildcats football coaches
Missouri Tigers football coaches
Nebraska Cornhuskers football players
Utah Utes football coaches
Washington State Cougars football coaches
High school football coaches in Nebraska
People from Bellevue, Nebraska
Players of American football from Omaha, Nebraska


Tritonia is a genus of sea slugs, nudibranchs, shell-less marine gastropod molluscs in the family Tritoniidae.

Tritonia is the type genus of the family Tritoniidae.

Species
Species within the genus Tritonia include:
 The type species is Tritonia hombergii Cuvier, 1803

 Tritonia antarctica Pfeffer in Martens & Pfeffer, 1886
 Tritonia australis (Bergh, 1898)
 Tritonia bollandi Smith & Gosliner, 2003
 Tritonia callogorgiae Chimienti, Furfaro & Taviani, 2020
 Tritonia challengeriana Bergh, 1884 - synonyms:Tritonia appendiculata (Eliot, 1905)
 Tritonia coralliumrubri Doneddu, Sacco & Trainito, 2014
 Tritonia dantarti Ballesteros & Avila 2006
 Tritonia episcopalis Bouchet, 1977
 Tritonia exsulans Bergh, 1894
 Tritonia festiva (Stearns, 1873)
Tritonia flemingi (Powell, 1937)
Tritonia griegi Odhner, 1922
Tritonia hirondelle Ortea & Moro, 2020
Tritonia hombergii Cuvier, 1803
Tritonia incerta Bergh, 1904
Tritonia indecora Bergh, 1907
Tritonia ingolfiana (Bergh, 1899)
Tritonia newfoundlandica Valdés, Murillo, McCarthy & Yedinak, 2017
Tritonia odhneri Er. Marcus, 1959
Tritonia olivacea Bergh, 1905
Tritonia pallescens Eliot, 1906
Tritonia pallida Stimpson, 1855
Tritonia poirieri (Mabille & Rochebrune, 1891)
Tritonia peregrina (Lamarck, 1819)
Tritonia primorjensis Minichev, 1971
Tritonia psoloides (Aurivillius, 1887)
Tritonia punctata (Dalyell, 1853)
Tritonia sp. 1 soft coral nudibranch
Tritonia sp. 2 brush nudibranch
Tritonia rubiginosa (Reeve, 1846)
Tritonia tetraquetra (Pallas, 1788)
Tritonia villafranca (Vayssière, 1901)
Tritonia vorax (Odhner, 1926)

Synonyms:

 Tritonia acuminata Costa A., 1840: synonym of Marionia blainvillea (Risso, 1818)
 Tritonia alba Alder & Hancock, 1854: synonym of Tritonia hombergii Cuvier, 1803
 Tritonia appendiculata Eliot, 1905: synonym of Tritonia challengeriana Bergh, 1884
 Tritonia ascanii Møller, 1842: synonym of Dendronotus frondosus (Ascanius, 1774)
 Tritonia atrofusca MacGillivray, 1843: synonym of Tritonia hombergii Cuvier, 1803
 Tritonia aurantiaca (Barnard, 1927): accepted as Duvaucelia plebeia (G. Johnston, 1828)
 Tritonia aurantiacum [sic]: synonym of Tritonia aurantiaca (Barnard, 1927) accepted as Tritonia plebeia G. Johnston, 1828
 Tritonia bayeri Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1967: synonym of Tritonicula bayeri (Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1967)
 Tritonia blainvillea Risso, 1818: synonym of Marionia blainvillea (Risso, 1818)
 Tritonia cincta Pruvot-Fol, 1937: synonym of Tritoniopsis cincta (Pruvot-Fol, 1937)
 Tritonia conifera Dalyell, 1853: synonym of Tritonia hombergii Cuvier, 1803 (dubious synonym)
 Tritonia costae Vérany, 1846: synonym of Marionia blainvillea (Risso, 1818)
 Tritonia cucullata Couthouy in Gould, 1852: synonym of Marionia cucullata (Couthouy, 1852) (original combination)
 Tritonia cyanobranchiata Rüppell & Leuckart, 1828: synonym of Marionia cyanobranchiata (Rüppell & Leuckart, 1828) (original combination)
 Tritonia decaphylla Cantraine, 1835: synonym of Marionia blainvillea (Risso, 1818)
 Tritonia diomedea Bergh, 1894: synonym of Tritonia tetraquetra (Pallas, 1788)
 Tritonia divaricata Dalyell, 1853: synonym of Tritonia hombergii Cuvier, 1803
 Tritonia elegans Audouin, 1826: synonym of Tritoniopsis elegans (Audouin, 1826) (original combination)
 Tritonia eriosi Ev. Marcus, 1983: synonym of Tritonia odhneri Er. Marcus, 1959
 Tritonia felina Alder & Hancock, 1842: synonym of Dendronotus frondosus (Ascanius, 1774)
 Tritonia gibbosa Risso, 1818: synonym of Ancula gibbosa (Risso, 1818) (original combination)
 Tritonia gigantea Bergh, 1904: synonym of Tochuina gigantea (Bergh, 1904) (original combination)
 Tritonia glama Rüppell & Leuckart, 1828: synonym of Marionia glama (Rüppell & Leuckart, 1828) (original combination)
 Tritonia gracilis (Risso, 1826): synonym of Duvaucelia manicata Deshayes, 1853
 Tritonia hamnerorum Gosliner & Ghiselin, 1987: synonym of Tritonicula hamnerorum (Gosliner & Ghiselin, 1987)
 Tritonia hombergi [sic]: synonym of Tritonia hombergii Cuvier, 1803 (misspelling)
 Tritonia khaleesi F. V. Silva, Azevedo & Matthews-Cascon, 2014: synonym of Marianina khaleesi (Silva, de Azevedo et Matthews-Cascon, 2014)
 Tritonia lactea W. Thompson, 1840: synonym of Dendronotus lacteus (W. Thompson, 1840) (original combination)
 Tritonia lineata Alder & Hancock, 1848: synonym of Duvaucelia lineata (Alder & Hancock, 1848)
 Tritonia manicata Deshayes, 1853: synonym of Duvaucelia manicata (Deshayes, 1853)
 Tritonia meyeri Vérany, 1862: synonym of Marionia blainvillea (Risso, 1818)
 Tritonia moesta Bergh, 1884: synonym of Duvaucelia manicata Deshayes, 1853
 Tritonia myrakeenae Bertsch & Mozqueira, 1986: synonym of Tritonicula myrakeenae (Bertsch & Osuna, 1986)
 Tritonia nigritigris Valdés, Lundsten & N. G. Wilson, 2018: synonym of Tochuina nigritigris (Valdés, Lundsten & Wilson, 2018)
 Tritonia nigromaculata Roginskaya, 1984: synonym of Tochuina nigromaculata (Roginskaya, 1984)
 Tritonia nilsodhneri Marcus Ev., 1983: synonym of Duvaucelia odhneri J. Tardy, 1963
 Tritonia papalotla Bertsch, Valdés & Gosliner, 2009: synonym of Trivettea papalotla (Bertsch, Valdés & Gosliner, 2009) (original combination)
 Tritonia pickensi Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1967: synonym of Tritonicula pickensi (Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1967)
 Tritonia plebeia G. Johnston, 1828: synonym of Duvaucelia plebeia (G. Johnston, 1828)
 Tritonia pulchella Alder & Hancock, 1842: synonym of Dendronotus frondosus (Ascanius, 1774)
 Tritonia pulchra G. Johnston, 1828: synonym of Duvaucelia plebeia (G. Johnston, 1828)
 Tritonia pustulosa Deshayes, 1853: synonym of Tritonia hombergii Cuvier, 1803
 Tritonia quadrilatera Philippi, 1844: synonym of Marionia blainvillea (Risso, 1818)
 Tritonia reticulata Bergh, 1882: synonym of Tritonia festiva (Stearns, 1873)
 Tritonia reynoldsii Couthouy, 1838: synonym of Dendronotus frondosus (Ascanius, 1774) (dubious synonym)
 Tritonia rubra Rüppell & Leuckart, 1828: synonym of Marionia rubra (Rüppell & Leuckart, 1828) (original combination)
 Tritonia striata Haefelfinger, 1963: synonym of Duvaucelia striata (Haefelfinger, 1963)
 Tritonia taliartensis Ortea & Moro, 2009: synonym of Duvaucelia taliartensis (Ortea & Moro, 2009)
 Tritonia tetraquetra (Pallas, 1788) sensu Bergh, 1879: synonym of Tochuina gigantea (Bergh, 1904)
 Tritonia thethydea Delle Chiaje, 1841: synonym of Marionia blainvillea (Risso, 1818)
 Tritonia varicosa W. Turton, 1825: synonym of Tritia varicosa (W. Turton, 1825) (original combination)
 Tritonia wellsi Er. Marcus, 1961: synonym of Tritonicula wellsi (Er. Marcus, 1961)

References

External links

Tritoniidae
Gastropod genera
Taxa named by Georges Cuvier


Maja Poljak (born 2 May 1983 in Split) is a Croatian volleyball player. She plays as middle blocker for Dinamo Moscow. She was a member of the Women's National Team that won the silver medal at the 1999 European Championship in Italy.

Career
Maja won the 2010–11 CEV Champions League with her team Vakifbank Istanbul, and won the "Best Blocker" award.

Clubs
  Mladost Zagreb (1995-2000)
  Minetti Vicenza (2000-2003)
  Volley Bergamo (2003-2008)
  Türk Telekom Ankara (2008-2009)
  Vakifbank Istanbul (2009-2011)
  Eczacıbaşı VitrA (2011-2016)
  Dinamo Moscow (2016-2017)

Awards

Individuals
 2004-05 Women's CEV Champions League "Best Blocker"
 2005 CEV Champions League "Best Blocker"
 2011 Turkish Championships "Best Blocker"
 2010-11 CEV Champions League "Best Blocker"
 2010–11 CEV Champions League Final Four "Best Blocker"
 2014-15 CEV Champions League "Best Blocker"
 2015 FIVB Women's Club World Championship "Best Middle Blocker"
 2017 FIVB Women's Club World Championship "Best Middle Blocker"

Clubs
 2004/05 CEV Champions League -  Champion, with bergamo
 2006/07 CEV Champions League -  Champion, with bergamo
 2010/11 CEV Champions League -  Champion, with VakıfBank Güneş Sigorta Türk Telekom
 2011 Turkish Volleyball Super Cup -  Champion, with Eczacıbaşı VitrA
 2011-12 Turkish Cup -  Champion, with Eczacıbaşı VitrA
 2011-12 Aroma Women's Volleyball League -  Champion, with Eczacıbaşı VitrA
 2012 Turkish Volleyball Super Cup -  Champion, with Eczacıbaşı VitrA
 2012-2013 Turkish Women's Volleyball Cup -  Runner-Up, with Eczacıbaşı VitrA
 2012-2013 Turkish Women's Volleyball League -  Runner-Up, with Eczacıbaşı VitrA
 2014–15 CEV Champions League -  Champion, with Eczacıbaşı VitrA
 2015 FIVB Club World Championship -  Champion, with Eczacıbaşı VitrA
 2016–17 Russian Championship -  Champion, with Dinamo Moscow

References

External links
 Official website of Italian Woman Volleyball League
 Türk Telekom Ankara Official Website Profile

1983 births
Living people
Croatian women's volleyball players
Middle blockers
Sportspeople from Split, Croatia
Türk Telekom volleyballers
VakıfBank S.K. volleyballers
Eczacıbaşı Dynavit players
Croatian expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Croatian expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
Croatian expatriate sportspeople in Russia
Croatian expatriate volleyball players
Expatriate volleyball players in Italy
Expatriate volleyball players in Turkey
Expatriate volleyball players in Russia
Mediterranean Games medalists in volleyball
Mediterranean Games bronze medalists for Croatia
Competitors at the 2009 Mediterranean Games


Fiona Looney is an Irish columnist, playwright, scriptwriter and media personality.

Personal life
Looney was brought up in a Catholic family in the Greenhills region of south Dublin. She has spoken about having been sexually assaulted on two occasions, while a child and as a young adult.

Career
Looney began her career as a writer for the Irish political music magazine, Hot Press, before going on to a career with BBC Radio in London during the 1990s. She regularly contributed to The Gerry Ryan Show on RTÉ 2fm until the death of Gerry Ryan in 2010.

She was previously a regular contributor to topical comedy show The Panel. Looney's other television credits include working as a reporter for news programme Capital D and presenting two series of the travel series Voyager on RTÉ. Looney is also the creator of Celebrity Bainisteoir, having first submitted the idea to RTÉ in 2004. As a screenwriter, she has contributed to the television shows The Fast Show, No Limits, This Is Ireland,  and You’re A Star, among others.

Looney writes columns for the newspaper Irish Daily Mail and magazine Woman's Way. Her newspaper columns provided the material for her first book, Misadventures in Motherhood: Life with The Small Girl, The Boy and The Toddler (2005). She is also a playwright. Her debut play Dandelions was a commercial success and focused on the lives of women in suburban Ireland; it became the first in a trilogy of plays.

References

External links

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Hot Press people
20th-century Irish people
21st-century Irish people
Irish columnists
Irish women columnists
Irish dramatists and playwrights
Irish women dramatists and playwrights
Irish television writers
Irish women television writers
RTÉ 2fm presenters
The Gerry Ryan Show
People from South Dublin (county)
Broadcasters from County Dublin
Writers from County Dublin


The Boston, Hoosac Tunnel and Western Railway was a railway company that operated in the states of New York and Vermont in the 1880s. At its peak it controlled a  network centered on Mechanicville, New York. Plans to extend the line west to Buffalo, New York, on Lake Ontario, were never realized, and the Fitchburg Railroad, a predecessor of the Boston and Maine Railroad, acquired control of the company in 1887 and merged it in 1892.

History
There were initially two companies, both named Boston, Hoosac Tunnel and Western Railway, one incorporated in New York (April 16, 1877) and the other in Vermont (April 17, 1878). The two were consolidated into a single company, still with the same name, on April 19, 1880. The company's initial purpose was to establish a new east−west link between Boston, Massachusetts, and points west, via the Hoosac Tunnel, which had been completed in 1875. The Boston, Hoosac Tunnel and Western Railway would build between Mechanicville, New York and the Massachusetts/Vermont state line, where it would connect with the Massachusetts-owned Troy and Greenfield Railroad. In the west, the Delaware and Hudson Railway (D&H) would build between Schenectady, New York, and Mechanicville. Besides the D&H, the Erie Railroad supported the new line.

The  line between Mechanicville and the Vermont/Massachusetts state line opened on December 22, 1879. Between Valley Falls, New York, and the Massachusetts state line the Boston, Hoosac Tunnel and Western Railway ran parallel with the Troy and Boston Railroad; both lines following the Hoosic River. From the Massachusetts state line, the company operated over the Troy and Greenfield to North Adams, Massachusetts, where it interchanged with the Fitchburg Railroad. The line interchanged with the D&H at two points: Eagle Bridge, New York (the Rutland and Washington Railroad), and at Mechanicville (the Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad). The D&H completed the new line between Mechanicville and Schenectady in December 1881, eliminating the need to run via Ballston Spa, New York.

Western extension
In early 1884, the company completed a  extension from Mechanicville to Rotterdam Junction, west of Schenectady, enabling interchange with the West Shore Railroad. At one point, the company planned to build west across the state of New York to points on Lake Erie (Buffalo) and Lake Ontario (Oswego). The resulting line would have been  long. In furtherance on this plan, the company was consolidated with five other companies on April 9, 1880: the Hoosac Tunnel and Saratoga Railway; Utica and Syracuse Air-Line Railway; Syracuse, Chenango and New York Railroad; Syracuse, Phoenix and Oswego Railroad; and Mohawk and Lake Erie Railway. The New York Supreme Court subsequently ruled that the consolidation was illegal, and nothing came of these plans.

Branches
The Boston, Hoosac Tunnel and Western Railway leased the Saratoga Lake Railway and Hoosac Tunnel and Saratoga Railway in July 1882. These two companies gave the Boston, Hoosac Tunnel and Western Railway a branch from Mechanicville to Saratoga Springs, New York, via Saratoga Lake, New York, and from Saratoga Lake to Schuylerville, New York. The two companies were consolidated in 1886 to form the Troy, Saratoga and Northern Railroad.

Fitchburg control
The Fitchburg Railroad acquired the Troy and Greenfield Railroad from Massachusetts on February 1, 1887, and the Troy and Boston Railroad on May 3, 1887. Shortly thereafter, the Fitchburg gained control of the Boston, Hoosac Tunnel and Western Railway, and operated the formerly separate parallel single-track lines of the Boston, Hoosac Tunnel and Western Railway and the Troy and Boston between Williamstown, Massachusetts, and Johnstown, New York, as a single line. A similar arrangement was made with the D&H for the parallel lines between Mechanicville and "Crescent", in the direction of Schenectady. The Boston, Hoosac Tunnel and Western Railway and the Troy, Saratoga and Northern Railroad were formally merged with the Fitchburg Railroad on October 1, 1892.

Notes

Footnotes

References

Predecessors of the Boston and Maine Railroad
Railway companies established in 1877
Railway companies disestablished in 1892
Defunct New York (state) railroads
Defunct Vermont railroads
1877 establishments in Massachusetts


Tochuina gigantea, common name  the giant orange tochui, is a species of sea slug, a tritonid nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Tritoniidae.

Bergh (1879) used the name Tritonia tetraquetra in a sense different from Pallas (1788). The valid name for Tochuina tetraquetra sensu Bergh, 1879 is Tritonia gigantea Bergh, 1904. The complicated series of misinterpretations of Pallas' and Bergh's species are explained in a 2020 revision of the family Tritoniidae.

References

Further reading
  Baba K. 1968. [A collection of Tochuina tetraquetra (Pallas, 1788) from Shirikishinai, Hokkaido, Japan (Gastropoda: Nudibranchia).] Collecting & Breeding [Saishu to Shiiku] 30(8):257-258, figs. 1-5.
 Baba, K. 1969. "Range extension of Tochuina tetraquetra (Pallas, 1788) to Hokkaido, North Japan (Gastropoda: Nudibranchia)". Veliger 12(1):134.

External links
 Joseph L. Sevigny, Lauren E. Kirouac, William Kelley Thomas, Jordan S. Ramsdell, Kayla E. Lawlor, Osman Sharifi, Simarvir Grewal, Christopher Baysdorfer, Kenneth Curr, Amanda A. Naimie, Kazufusa Okamoto, James A. Murray, James M. Newcomb, 2015 The Mitochondrial Genomes of the Nudibranch Mollusks, Melibe leonina and Tritonia diomedea, and their Impact on Gastropod Phylogeny. PLOS|ONE May 21, 2015

Tritoniidae
Gastropods described in 1788


The Nhangu language (Nhaŋu), also Yan-nhaŋu (Jarnango) is an Australian Aboriginal language spoken by the Yan-nhaŋu people, inhabitants of the Crocodile Islands off the coast of Arnhem Land, in the Northern Territory of Australia. The Yan-nhaŋu language belongs to the Yolŋu Matha language group of the Yolŋu people of Arnhem Land in northern Australia. The varieties of the two moieties are (a) Gorlpa and (b) Yan-nhangu.

Language revival
The Yan-nhaŋu Language Team, started in 1994 by Laurie Baymarrwangga with encouragement from Bentley James, consists of linguists and native speakers working to compile resources for the description of Yan-nhaŋu culture and the revitalisation of Yan-nhaŋu language.

Laurie, unable to speak English, was able to express her desire to save her language when she met Bentley on Murruŋga Island. Bentley had started work as the outstations teacher and had learnt Djambarrpuyŋu. Having started with only 250 words, this dictionary work culminated in the 2003 Yan-nhaŋu Dictionary. This work expanded to over 4,000 forms in the Yan-nhaŋu Atlas and Illustrated Dictionary of the Crocodile Islands (2014). The work has also initiated a family of projects aimed at sustaining the linguistic, cultural and biological diversity of the Crocodile Islands. These include the Yan-nhangu Ecological Knowledge (YEK) and bilingual resources database for schools, CII Cultural mapping project, Crocodile Islands Rangers and junior rangers programs, an ethnographic description of Yan-nhangu marine identity, learner's guide, and an online dictionary project.

Language and speakers
Yan-nhaŋu is a Yolŋu Matha (people's tongue) language belonging to the traditional owners of the seas and Islands of the Crocodile Group. Yan-nhaŋu is a Pama–Nyungan language family, the largest indigenous language family in Australia. The majority of Yan-nhaŋu speakers reside in and around Maningrida and Milingimbi communities, and surrounding outstations such as Murruŋga. The Yan-nhaŋu speaking Yolŋu people are the traditional owners of the land and sea of the Castlereagh Bay area.

History and Culture
Yan-nhangu people own an area of the Arafura sea and thirty one islands of just under . Sometime after 1600 the annual arrival of Maccassan sailors harvesting trepang (bech de mer) changed the timings and patterns of Yan-nhangu people's seasonal movements around the Crocodile Islands. The arrival of the Methodist mission to the island of Milingimbi in 1922 attracted large numbers of eastern of kin to settle permanently on the Yan-nhaŋu estate.

Before colonization, the number of Yan-nhangu people remained small, just a few hundred, with no more than fifty or so people belonging to each of the six clans (ba:purru). The Yan-nhaŋu are a Yolŋu people with a distinctly marine orientation arising from intimate coexistence with their salt water country. The sea is a crucial aspect of Yan-nhaŋu society, religion and language. The ocean’s movements, sounds and changes are considered to be physical indexes of ancestral action. People share their names with the names of the ocean, its waves, colors, spirits, and winds. The six Yan-nhaŋu language types are distinctive and may be used to distinguish Yan-nhaŋu people from their neighbors.

The Yan-nhangu language, the sites and phenomena of their seas and islands are all understood to be the bequest of the creation ancestors. Yan-nhangu estates, religious identities and languages are ancestral endowments that form linkages of connection and difference throughout the networks of Yolngu society.   Yan-nhangu clan identities, estates, language and ritual resources are passed down through patrilineal descent. Yan-nhangu people continue to perform the rich ritual, musical, dance and artistic practices shared by Yolngu kin throughout north-east Arnhem Land. More so they continue through ritual and practical actions to care for their marine environments.

Varieties
Within Yan-nhaŋu there exist six clan (bäpurru) based varieties, three of which are Dhuwa and three of which are Yirritja. The Dhuwa varieties spoken today are those of the Gamalaŋga, Gorryindi, and Mäḻarra groups. Yirritja Yan-nhangu speakers belong to the Bindarra, Ngurruwulu and Walamangu patri-groups of the Crocodile Islands.

Phonology and alphabet
Yan-nhaŋu phonology is typical of Yolŋu languages, Pama–Nyungan languages, and Australian languages in general. There are six places of articulation with a stop and a nasal in each, as well as laterals, glides, and a trill. There is also a glottal phoneme and a three vowel system common in Australian languages.

Consonants
Yan-nhaŋu is written with six voiceless and six voiced stops. However, these are not contrastive. If a stop occurs word-initially it is written voiced, while word-final stops are written voiceless. Yan-nhaŋu does not contain any fricatives, which is common for Australian languages. Lamino-dental consonants do not occur at the end of a word, but are in general more common than their alveolar counterparts. All consonants are represented in the table below.

Vowels
Yan-nhaŋu follows the typical three vowel system of Australian languages, with three short vowels, each with a long counterpart. Long vowels can only occur in the first syllable of a word. Stress is always given to the first syllable of a word, regardless of vowel length.

Grammar
The most important parts of speech in Yan-nhaŋu are nouns and pronouns, verbs, adjectives, and particles.

Nouns and Pronouns
In Yan-nhaŋu, nominals (nouns and pronouns) often take case suffixes to denote their grammatical role in a sentence. While nouns and pronouns carry out similar functions within a sentence, they differ in how they are marked. Cases that are marked by suffixes are the ergative, absolutive, dative, allative, locative, associative, originative, animate oblique, perlative, human ablative, proprietive, privative, and ‘kinship proprietive’. A more detailed description of suffixes for nouns and pronouns is given in the morphology section.

Examples of nouns
ratha 'baby', 'child'
moḻ''' 'snake'wuŋgan 'dog'waḻirr 'sun'guya 'fish'muru 'food'

 Pronouns
Yan-nhaŋu pronouns exist for first, second, and third person in both singular and plural forms. In the plural form, a distinction is made between dual and plural (if there are just two people or if there are more than two people.) Additionally, the first person plurals differentiate between inclusive (including the listener) and exclusive (the listener is not included).

Like nouns, pronouns are subject to transformation through morphological suffixes. Also, the addition of the suffix –pi or -bi to a pronoun transforms the pronoun into its emphatic form, which may be used to stress that person’s involvement in the action of the sentence, or to differentiate him or her from the sentence’s other pronouns, if they are present.

 Verbs
Yan-nhaŋu verbs denote action within the sentence. Their conjugation is somewhat unusual and does not follow the standard inflections to denote temporal change. Rather, there are four major forms (primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary), each of which is used to denote tense or mood. The primary is used to indicate the present or future tense as well as the ‘yesterday’ past, the secondary is used most often for commands or as a future/irrealis, the tertiary is used to show past actions, and the quaternary usually serves as the habitual or irrealis. The exact delineation of the conjugation classes of Yan-nhaŋu verbs is not definite, but there exist groups of verbs that can be classified on the basis of their conjugations. See verb morphology for a detailed explanation.

 Particles
Particles are an essential component of Yan-nhaŋu verb conjugation. Added to a sentence before a verb in the primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary form, they provide additional information about tense or mood. For example, the continuous particle mana is used very frequently in combination with the primary verb form to show a present continuous action that approximates the present progressive. Other particles include:

  – with secondary, continuous imperative
  – with secondary, indicates future irrealis
  – with primary, present habitual
  - with secondary acts as future irrealis, with quaternary shows conditional irrealis
  - with primary, indicates future tense
  - with tertiary, shows past continuous
  – with secondary, indicates ‘should’
  - with tertiary, shows completion of an action

 Adjectives
Yan-nhaŋu adjectives may come before or after a noun. They can but are not required to take the grammatical suffix of the noun that they modify. They may also be used as adverbs to modify verbs.

 Examples of Adjectives yindi ‘big’miku ‘red’miriŋu ‘bad’dhunupa ‘straight’mulkuruŋu ‘foreign’buḻaŋgitj ‘good’

 Example adjectival vs. adverbial sentences

Syntax

Noun Morphology

Verb transitivity plays an important role in Yan-nhaŋu morphology. If a noun is the subject of a transitive sentence (meaning that the verb has an object) it receives the ergative suffix. The ergative suffix is also used as an instrumental marker to show that a noun is being used by the sentence subject to carry out the transitive action. The subject of an intransitive sentence takes no morpheme ending. Pronouns do not receive ergative suffixes and take no ending as the subject of a transitive sentence. Inanimate objects of transitive verbs do not take a suffix, while humans and many animals take the accusative ending, as do the pronouns representing them.

Morpheme suffixes are also used to mark dative nouns in Yan-nhaŋu sentences. The dative ending is also used to turn nouns into possessives and is also attached to objects of the verb djäl, ‘want’. The associative morpheme is used to show that something is ‘related to’ or ‘associated with’ a noun. The animate oblique is used only for human and animal nouns to mean ‘with’ or ‘at’ the animate noun. The locative morpheme signifies ‘at a location’ or ‘with’ or ‘on’ something, and the originative denotes that the subject of the clause is ‘from’ an object, which becomes the human ablative if the object is animate. The privative indicates ‘without,’ the allative ‘to’ or ‘towards,’ and the perlative ‘through’ or ‘along.’ A noun can be made into an adjective using the proprietive, with signifies ‘having.’ For example, ratha, ‘baby’ becomes rathaway, meaning ‘pregnant.’ In a similar way, adding the privative morpheme suffix, transforms a noun into an adjective showing ‘without.’ Finally, the ‘kinship proprietive’ is a noun suffix that is used to show familial relationships.

Morpheme suffix categories may have one or more allomorphs, which are given in the table below. The choice of allomorph for a particular word is determined by the final phoneme of the noun stem.

Verb Morphology
Conjugation of Yan-nhaŋu verbs can be predicted mostly by patterns in the primary forms of the verbs. The following table is a classification scheme of Yan-nhaŋu verbs and their conjugations in the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary forms.

Adding one of the gerundial allomorphs –nara, -nhara, or –nara to the end of a verb in its tertiary form transforms the verb into a noun. Conversely, nouns may be transformed into verbs by the addition of one of the allomorphs –tjirri, -, or –, ‘become,’ or –kuma, -guma, or –yuma, ‘make.’

Examples of verb to noun transformations

Examples of noun to verb transformations

Reduplication

Reduplication of some Yan-nhaŋu verbs can be used to express intensification or the habitual or repeated nature of the action, a common feature of indigenous Australian languages. One of more of the verbs initial syllables may be repeated in this process and phonetic transformations may occur, depending on the verb in question.

Examples

Word Order
Word order in Yan-nhaŋu is relatively free, that is, there are many ways to form a grammatical sentence by varying the order of the words therein. This is due to the morphology of the language, whereby the function of a word in a sentence is denoted by its suffix and not its position. While it is not the case that any arrangement of words will create a logical sentence, the following examples show the flexibility of word order in Yan-nhaŋu.

Alternatively:

Alternatively:Rathanha dharrkthana moḻ’yu.Alternatively:Gulkuruŋu wurrpaṉ nhaŋu,

Or:Wurrpaṉ gulkuruŋu nhaŋu.

See also
Yolŋu
Yolŋu Matha
Dual (grammatical number)
Transitivity (grammatical category)
Australian Aboriginal kinship

Notes

References
James, Bentley, Laurie Baymarrwaŋa Djarrga, M., Gularrbanga,R., Nyaŋbal, R., Nyuŋunyuŋu, M., Yan-nhangu Dictionary. 1994–2003.
Baymarrwaŋa, L., Gularrbanga, R., Milinditj, L., Nyaŋbal, R., Nyuŋunyuŋu, M., Warrŋayun, A., Bowern, C. A Learner’s Guide to Yan-nhaŋu''. 2008, updated from 2006.
Baymarrwaŋa, L, and B, James. 2014. Yan-nhaŋu Atlas and Illustrated Dictionary of the Crocodile Islands. Tien wah press, Singapore & Sydney Australia.

External links
 ELAR archive of Nhangu language documentation materials

Yolŋu languages
Endangered indigenous Australian languages in the Northern Territory
Indigenous Australian languages in the Northern Territory