James Haworth (1896 – 16 December 1976) was a British Labour politician.

He was a railwayman living in Oswaldtwistle, Lancashire, and active in the Railway Clerks Association. Refused recognition as a conscientious objector in the First World War, he was in Preston Prison (along with Sydney Silverman), and then went to Princetown Work Centre in the erstwhile Dartmoor Prison.

In the 1945 general election he was elected Member of Parliament for Liverpool Walton.

Haworth failed to return to the House of Commons, standing unsuccessfully for Liverpool Walton in the 1950 general election. He was defeated again standing for Chelmsford in the 1951 general election, and for Bolton West in the 1955 general election.

References
Peace News, 26 May 1939, p 7
Emrys Hughes: Sydney Silverman, Rebel in Parliament, 1969

1896 births
1976 deaths
British conscientious objectors
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1945–1950
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Liverpool constituencies
Presidents of the Transport Salaried Staffs' Association
Transport Salaried Staffs' Association-sponsored MPs


Corycium is a genus of terrestrial orchids comprising some 14 species in Eastern and Southern Africa including 10 species native to the fynbos. In South Africa they are called monkshood orchids.

Their resting stage is a tuber and when growing they have many leaves scattered along the stem but concentrated near the base. The dense spikes of flowers are not particularly striking and are often brown, green or purple. The uppermost 3 tepals are connivent into a hood whilst the lateral sepals are almost united. The lip is joined to the column bearing an appendage that covers the anthers

Species
Corycium alticola Parkman & Schelpe - South Africa, Lesotho
Corycium bicolorum (Thunb.) Sw. - South Africa
Corycium bifidum Sond. - South Africa
Corycium carnosum (Lindl.) Rolfe in W.H.Harvey - South Africa
Corycium crispum (Thunb.) Sw. - South Africa
Corycium deflexum (Bolus) Rolfe in W.H.Harvey  - South Africa
Corycium dracomontanum Parkman & Schelpe - South Africa, Lesotho, Swaziland, Malawi
Corycium excisum Lindl. - South Africa
Corycium flanaganii (Bolus) Kurzweil & H.P.Linder - South Africa, Lesotho
Corycium ingeanum E.G.H.Oliv. - South Africa
Corycium microglossum Lindl. - South Africa
Corycium nigrescens Sond. - South Africa, Lesotho, Swaziland, Tanzania
Corycium orobanchoides (L.f.) Sw. - South Africa
Corycium tricuspidatum Bolus - South Africa

References

  (1800) Kongl. Vetenskaps Academiens Nya Handlingar 21: 220.
  (2001) Orchidoideae (Part 1). Genera Orchidacearum 2: 23 ff. Oxford University Press.

External links

Coryciinae
Orchideae genera


The Buk Bijela Hydro Power Plant is proposed hydroelectric power plant (HPP) on the Drina river in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

If built, the 57 m high concrete gravity dam will be one of the largest hydropower plants in the country, with an installed electric capacity of 93 MW and an expected annual generation of 322 GWh.

Location
The dam and its associated power station will be built on the upper course of the Drina river, in the municipality of Foča, about 12 km upstream the town of the same name, in Republika Srpska. The site is just 10 km from the border with Montenegro, and 21 km downstream the existing 360 MW Mratinje dam, built on a headwater of the Drina.

Description
Buk Bijela HPP is part of a broader plan to use the hydropower potential of the Drina river and its tributary Sutjeska river, the Upper Drina hydropower project, that also includes three smaller plants (44 MW Foča, 43 MW Paunci, and 44 MW Sutjeska), for a total capacity of 224 MW, annual power generation of 871 GWh and an overall cost of €390 million.

The project is being developed by Elektroprivreda Republike Srpske (ERS), to which the Republika Srpska government has granted a 50 year concession.

As of 2018, the estimated cost of the project was close to €200 million. Construction could last 5 or 6 years.

Timeline
A first project for the site was presented in 1974, in order to address the persistent electric shortfall in fastly-growing Yugoslavia. In 1975, the public electric utility company Elektroprivreda Bosne i Hercegovine submitted a $70 million loan demand to the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, to help finance the $242.5 million project. It should be emphasized that the Buk Bijela hydropower project was at that time much larger than the current one, with an installed capacity of 450 MW.

In May 2019, Banja Luka District Court cancelled the environmental permit for Buk Bijela HPP, ruling on a complaint filed by CEE Bankwatch Network.

Despite this decision, Republic Srpska's Prime Minister Radovan Višković stated in January 2020 that the official start of preparatory works would soon be announced. Project implementation could be accelerated thanks to a cooperation with Serbia, which committed in July 2019 to invest €153.5 million in several hydropower projects including Buk Bijela.

Environmental concerns
The project has been under harsh scrutiny of local and national communities and various NGO's from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and abroad, due which is postponed and could eventually be abandoned.

This project was a matter of inter-state agreement between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro. It would certainly destroy one of the last remaining and most important habitats of Danube salmon (Hucho hucho) in the world, along with the magnificent canyon of the Tara river, which is why this project encountered major opposition in both countries.

References

Proposed hydroelectric power stations
Hydroelectric power stations in Bosnia and Herzegovina
REnew
Dam controversies in Bosnia and Herzegovina


Andreea Cacovean (born 15 September 1978) is a former Romanian artistic gymnast who competed between 1991 and 1996. She is the 1995 World Champion with the team and the 1993 World bronze medalist on uneven bars. She also won a gold medal with the Romanian team at the 1996 European Championships.

Career
Cacovean made her international debut at the 1991 Junior Balkan Championships, and she won the silver medal in the all-around behind teammate Nadia Hațegan. At the 1992 Junior European Championships, she won the gold medal with the Romanian team and won the silver medal in the all-around.

Cacovean tied for the gold medal in the all-around with Jana Günther at the 1993 Cottbus International, and she won the bronze medal on the floor exercise. She also won the gold medal in the all-around at the Golden Sands International. She placed fifth in the all-around at the International Championships of Romania. Then at the Junior European Championships, she won six medals- a gold medal on the uneven bars, a silver medal in the all-around, a silver medal on the balance beam, a bronze medal with the team, a bronze medal on vault, and a bronze medal on the floor exercise. She competed at the 1993 World Championships and won the bronze medal on the uneven bars behind Americans Shannon Miller and Dominique Dawes.

Cacovean went to a 1994 friendly meet against the United States, but she only competed on the floor exercise.  She competed on the floor exercise and the uneven bars at the 1994 World Championships, but she did not advance past the qualification round.

At the 1995 French International, Cacovean won the silver medal in the all-around behind Svetlana Khorkina. She won another silver medal in the all-around at the Ostrava International, this time behind teammate Gina Gogean. At a friendly meet against Germany, she helped the Romanian team win the gold medal, and she finished third in the all-around. She competed at the 1995 World Championships alongside Simona Amânar, Gina Gogean, Nadia Hațegan, Alexandra Marinescu, Lavinia Miloșovici, and Claudia Presăcan, and they won the gold medal in the team event.

Cacovean competed at the 1996 European Championships and won a gold medal with the Romanian team. She retired in 1996 due to a back injury, and she is currently a coach.

References

External links

1978 births
Living people
People from Turda
Romanian female artistic gymnasts
Medalists at the World Artistic Gymnastics Championships
European champions in gymnastics
20th-century Romanian women
Sportspeople from Cluj County


Making Plans is the eighth studio album by country music artist Ricky Van Shelton.  This album was released exclusively through Wal-Mart, so it was unable to chart and no singles were released.  This was Van Shelton's only release under the Vanguard label.

Track listing
”Just Say Goodbye” (Joe Chambers, Byron Hill) – 2:11
”When the Feeling Goes Away” (Merle Haggard) – 2:59
”She Needs Me” (Chuck Cannon, Jimmy Stewart) – 3:15
”Borrowed Angel” (Mel Street) – 3:11
”I Wish You Were More Like Your Memory” (Joe Chambers) – 3:00
”Tic Toc” (Brett Beavers, Troy Johnson) – 2:53
”It Wouldn't Kill Me” (Larry Boone, Paul Nelson, Tom Shapiro) – 3:05
”Making Plans” (Voni Morrison, Johnny Russell) – 2:14
”He's Not the Man I Used to Be” (Gary Duffey, Micki Foster) – 3:35
“Our Love” (Deana Cox, Mike Geiger, Woody Mullis) – 2:59
”The Best Thing Goin'” (Geiger, Michael Huffman, Mullis) – 3:16
”The Best Is Yet to Come” (Colleen Peterson, Cyril Lawson, Nancy Simmonds) – 3:06

Personnel
 Victor Battista - upright bass
 Eddie Bayers - drums
 Paul Franklin - steel guitar
 Sonny Garrish - steel guitar
 Steve Gibson - electric guitar, mandolin
 Roy Huskey Jr. - upright bass
 Liana Manis - background vocals
 Tom Robb - bass guitar
 Hargus "Pig" Robbins - piano, Wurlitzer
 Matt Rollings - Hammond organ, piano, Wurlitzer
 John Wesley Ryles - background vocals
 Ricky Van Shelton - lead vocals
 Joe Spivey - fiddle
 Bruce Watkins - acoustic guitar
 Dennis Wilson - background vocals

References

1998 albums
Ricky Van Shelton albums
Vanguard Records albums
Albums produced by Steve Buckingham (record producer)


Andrew Jeremy Wakefield (born September 3, 1956) is a British anti-vaccine activist, former physician, and discredited academic who was struck off the medical register for his involvement in The Lancet MMR autism fraud, a 1998 study that fraudulently claimed a link between the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine and autism. He has subsequently become known for anti-vaccination activism. Publicity around the 1998 study caused a sharp decline in vaccination uptake, leading to a number of outbreaks of measles around the world. He was a surgeon on the liver transplant programme at the Royal Free Hospital in London and became senior lecturer and honorary consultant in experimental gastroenterology at the Royal Free and University College School of Medicine. He resigned from his positions there in 2001, "by mutual agreement", then moved to the United States. In 2004, Wakefield co-founded and began working at the Thoughtful House research center (now renamed Johnson Center for Child Health and Development) in Austin, Texas, serving as executive director there until February 2010, when he resigned in the wake of findings against him by the British General Medical Council.

Wakefield published his 1998 paper on autism in the prestigious medical journal The Lancet, claiming to have identified a novel form of enterocolitis linked to autism. However, other researchers were unable to reproduce his findings, and a 2004 investigation by Sunday Times reporter Brian Deer identified undisclosed financial conflicts of interest on Wakefield's part. Wakefield reportedly stood to earn up to $43 million per year selling test kits. Most of Wakefield's co-authors then withdrew their support for the study's interpretations, and the General Medical Council (GMC) conducted an inquiry into allegations of misconduct against Wakefield and two former colleagues, focusing on Deer's findings.

In 2010, the GMC found that Wakefield had been dishonest in his research, had acted against his patients' best interests and mistreated developmentally delayed children, and had "failed in his duties as a responsible consultant". The Lancet fully retracted Wakefield's 1998 publication on the basis of the GMC's findings, noting that elements of the manuscript had been falsified and that the journal had been "deceived" by Wakefield. Three months later, Wakefield was struck off the UK medical register, in part for his deliberate falsification of research published in The Lancet, and was barred from practising medicine in the UK. In a related legal decision, a British court held that "[t]here is now no respectable body of opinion which supports [Wakefield's] hypothesis, that MMR vaccine and autism/enterocolitis are causally linked".
Wakefield has continued to defend his research and conclusions, saying there was no fraud, hoax or profit motive. In 2016, Wakefield directed the anti-vaccination film Vaxxed: From Cover-Up to Catastrophe.

Early life and education

Wakefield was born in 1956; his father was a neurologist and his mother was a general practitioner. After leaving the independent King Edward's School, Bath, Wakefield studied medicine at St Mary's Hospital Medical School (now Imperial College School of Medicine), fully qualifying in 1981.

Wakefield became a fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1985.

Career

At the University of Toronto from 1986 to 1989, he was a member of a team that studied tissue rejection problems with small intestine transplantation, using animal models. He continued his studies of small intestine transplantation under a Wellcome Trust travelling fellowship at University of Toronto in Canada.

Claims of measles virus–Crohn's disease link
Back in the UK, he worked on the liver transplant programme at the Royal Free Hospital in London. In 1993, Wakefield attracted professional attention when he published reports in which he concluded that measles virus might cause Crohn's disease; and two years later he published a paper in The Lancet proposing a link between the measles vaccine and Crohn's disease. Subsequent research failed to confirm this hypothesis, with a group of experts in Britain reviewing a number of peer-reviewed studies in 1998 and concluding that the measles virus did not cause Crohn's disease, and neither did the MMR vaccine.

Later, in 1995, while conducting research into Crohn's disease, he was approached by Rosemary Kessick, the parent of a child with autism, who was seeking help with her son's bowel problems and autism; Kessick ran a group called Allergy Induced Autism. In 1996, Wakefield turned his attention to researching possible connections between the MMR vaccine and autism.

At the time of his MMR research study, Wakefield was senior lecturer and honorary consultant in experimental gastroenterology at the Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine (from 2008, UCL Medical School). He resigned in 2001, by "mutual agreement and was made a fellow of the Royal College of Pathologists", and moved to the US in 2001 (or 2004, by another account). He was reportedly asked to leave the Royal Free Hospital after refusing a request to validate his 1998 Lancet paper with a controlled study.

Wakefield subsequently helped establish and served as the executive director of Thoughtful House Center for Children, which studies autism in Austin, Texas, where, according to The Times, he "continued to promote the theory of a link between the MMR vaccine and autism, despite admitting it was 'not proved'." He resigned from Thoughtful House in February 2010, after the British General Medical Council found that he had been "dishonest and irresponsible" in conducting his earlier autism research in England. The Times reported in May 2010 that he was a medical advisor for Visceral, a UK charity that "researches bowel disease and developmental disorders".

Wakefield is barred from practising as a physician in the UK, and is not licensed in the US. He lives in the US where he has a following, including the anti-vaccinationist Jenny McCarthy, who wrote the foreword for Wakefield's autobiography, Callous Disregard. She has a son with autism-like symptoms that she believes were caused by the MMR vaccine. According to Deer, , Wakefield lives near Austin with his family.

Wakefield has set up the non-profit Strategic Autism Initiative to commission studies into the condition, and is currently listed as a director of a company called Medical Interventions for Autism and another called the Autism Media Channel.

The Lancet fraud

On 28 February 1998, Wakefield was the lead author of a study of twelve children with autism that was published in The Lancet. The study proposed a new syndrome called autistic enterocolitis, and raised the possibility of a link between a novel form of bowel disease, autism, and the MMR vaccine. The authors said that the parents of eight of the twelve children linked what were described as "behavioural symptoms" with MMR, and reported that the onset of these symptoms began within two weeks of MMR vaccination.

These possible triggers were reported as MMR in eight cases, and measles infection in one. The paper was instantly controversial, leading to widespread publicity in the UK and the convening of a special panel of the UK's Medical Research Council the following month. One 2005 study in Japan found that there was no causal relationship between the MMR vaccine and autism in groups of children given the triple MMR vaccine and children who received individual measles, mumps and rubella vaccinations. In Japan, the MMR vaccine had been replaced with individual vaccinations in 1993.

Although the paper said that no causal connection had been proven, before it was published, Wakefield made statements at a press conference and in a video news release issued by the hospital, calling for suspension of the triple MMR vaccine until more research could be done. This was later criticized as 'science by press conference'. According to BBC News, it was this press conference, rather than the paper in The Lancet, that fuelled the MMR vaccination scare. The BBC report said he told journalists: "it was a 'moral issue' and he could no longer support the continued use of the three-in-one jab for measles, mumps and rubella. 'Urgent further research is needed to determine whether MMR may give rise to this complication in a small number of people,' Wakefield said at the time." He said, "If you give three viruses together, three live viruses, then you potentially increase the risk of an adverse event occurring, particularly when one of those viruses influences the immune system in the way that measles does." He suggested parents should opt for single vaccinations against measles, mumps and rubella, separated by gaps of one year. 60 Minutes interviewed him in November 2000, and he repeated these claims to the U.S. audience, providing a new focus for the nascent anti-vaccination movement in the U.S., which had been primarily concerned about thiomersal in vaccines.

In December 2001, Wakefield resigned from the Royal Free Hospital, saying, "I have been asked to go because my research results are unpopular." The medical school said that he had left "by mutual agreement". In February 2002, Wakefield stated: "What precipitated this crisis was the removal of the single vaccine, the removal of choice, and that is what has caused the furore—because the doctors, the gurus, are treating the public as though they are some kind of moronic mass who cannot make an informed decision for themselves."

Aftermath of initial controversy
Wakefield continued to conduct clinical research in the United States after leaving the Royal Free Hospital in December 2001. He joined a controversial American researcher, Jeff Bradstreet, at the International Child Development Resource Center, to conduct further studies on the possible relationship between the MMR vaccine and autism.

In 2004, Wakefield began working at the Thoughtful House research center in Austin, Texas. Wakefield served as executive director of Thoughtful House until February 2010, when he resigned in the wake of findings against him by the British General Medical Council.

In February 2004, the controversy resurfaced when Wakefield was accused of a conflict of interest. In The Sunday Times, Brian Deer reported that some of the parents of the 12 children in the study in The Lancet were recruited via a UK lawyer preparing a lawsuit against MMR manufacturers, and that the Royal Free Hospital had received £55,000 from the UK's Legal Aid Board (now the Legal Services Commission) to pay for the research. Previously, in October 2003, the board had cut off public funding for the litigation against MMR manufacturers. Following an investigation of the allegations in The Sunday Times by the UK General Medical Council, Wakefield was charged with serious professional misconduct, including dishonesty. In December 2006, Deer, writing in The Sunday Times, further reported that in addition to the money they donated to the Royal Free Hospital, the lawyers responsible for the MMR lawsuit had paid Wakefield personally more than £400,000, which he had not previously disclosed.

Twenty-four hours before the 2004 Sunday Times report by Deer, The Lancets editor Richard Horton responded to the investigation in a public statement, describing Wakefield's research as "fatally flawed" and said he believed the paper would have been rejected as biased if the peer reviewers had been aware of Wakefield's conflict of interest. Ten of Wakefield's twelve co-authors of the paper in The Lancet later published a retraction of an interpretation. The section of the paper retracted read as follows:

The retraction stated:

Wakefield v Channel 4 Television and Others
In November 2004, Channel 4 broadcast a one-hour Dispatches investigation by reporter Brian Deer; the Toronto Star said Deer had "produced documentary evidence that Wakefield applied for a patent on a single-jab measles vaccine before his campaign against the MMR vaccine, raising questions about his motives".

In addition to Wakefield's unpublished initial patent submission, Deer released a copy of the published patent application. At page 1, the first paragraph of this stated:

Before describing the research in Wakefield's 1998 paper in The Lancet, at the same page this patent explicitly states that the use of the MMR vaccine causes autism:

According to Deer, a letter from Wakefield's lawyers to him dated 31 January 2005 said: "Dr Wakefield did not plan a rival vaccine."

In the Dispatches programme, Deer also revealed that Nicholas Chadwick, a researcher working under Wakefield's supervision in the Royal Free medical school, had failed to find measles virus in the children reported on in The Lancet.

In January 2005, Wakefield initiated libel proceedings against Channel 4, the independent production company Twenty Twenty and Brian Deer, The Sunday Times, and against Deer personally along with his website briandeer.com in the case Wakefield v Channel Four Television and Others [2006] EWHC 3289 (QB); [2007] 94 BMLR 1. Within weeks of issuing his claims, however, Wakefield sought to have the action frozen until after the conclusion of General Medical Council proceedings against him. Channel 4 and Deer sought a High Court order compelling Wakefield to continue with his action, or discontinue it. After a hearing on 27 and 28 October 2005, Justice David Eady ruled against a stay of proceedings:

The judgment identified Channel 4's "very lengthy extracts" summarizing Deer's allegations against Wakefield:

(i) [Wakefield] spread fear that the MMR vaccine might lead to autism, even though he knew that his own laboratory had carried out tests whose results dramatically contradicted his claims in that the measles virus had not been found in a single one of the children concerned in his study and he knew or ought to have known that there was absolutely no basis at all for his belief that the MMR should be broken up into single vaccines.

(ii) In spreading such fear, acted dishonestly and for mercenary motives in that, although he improperly failed to disclose the fact, he planned a rival vaccine and products (such as a diagnostic kit based on his theory) that could have made his fortune

(iii) Gravely abused the children under his care by unethically carrying out extensive invasive procedures (on occasions requiring three people to hold a child down), thereby driving nurses to leave and causing his medical colleagues serious concern and unhappiness

(iv) Improperly and/or dishonestly failed to disclose to his colleagues and to the public that his research on autistic children had begun with a contract with solicitors who were trying to sue the manufacturers of the MMR vaccine

(v) Improperly or dishonestly lent his reputation to the International Child Development Resource Centre, which promoted to very vulnerable parents expensive products for whose efficacy (as he knew or should have known) there was no scientific evidence

Eady's ruling states that, "The views or conclusions of the GMC disciplinary body would not, so far as I can tell, be relevant or admissible", that Channel 4's allegations "go to undermine fundamentally the Claimant's professional integrity and honesty", and that, "It cannot seriously be suggested that priority should be given to GMC proceedings for the resolution of issues."

In December 2006, Deer released records obtained from the Legal Services Commission, showing that it had paid £435,643 in undisclosed fees to Wakefield for the purpose of building a case against the MMR vaccine. Those payments, The Sunday Times reported, had begun two years before publication of Wakefield's paper in The Lancet. Within days of Deer's report, Wakefield dropped all his libel actions and was ordered to pay all defendants' legal costs.

Other concerns

Wakefield's data was also questioned; a former graduate student, who appeared in Deer's programme, later testified that Wakefield ignored laboratory data that conflicted with his hypothesis. An independent investigation of a collaborating laboratory questioned the accuracy of the data underpinning Wakefield's claims.

In June 2005, the BBC programme Horizon reported on an unnamed and unpublished study of blood samples from a group of 100 autistic children and 200 children without autism. They reported finding 99% of the samples contained no trace of the measles virus, and the samples that did contain the virus were just as likely to be from non-autistic children, i.e., only three samples contained the measles virus, one from an autistic child and two from a typically developing child. The study's authors found no evidence of any link between MMR and autism.

The Institute of Medicine (IOM) of the United States National Academy of Sciences, along with the CDC and the UK National Health Service, have found no link between vaccines and autism. Reviews in the medical literature have also found no link between the MMR vaccine and autism or with bowel disease, which Wakefield called "autistic enterocolitis".

General Medical Council hearings

Between July 2007 and May 2010, a 217-day "fitness to practise" hearing of the UK General Medical Council examined charges of professional misconduct against Wakefield and two colleagues involved in the paper in The Lancet. The charges included that he:
 "Was being paid to conduct the study by solicitors representing parents who believed their children had been harmed by MMR".
 Ordered investigations "without the requisite paediatric qualifications" including colonoscopies, colon biopsies and lumbar punctures ("spinal taps") on his research subjects without the approval of his department's ethics board and contrary to the children's clinical interests, when these diagnostic tests were not indicated by the children's symptoms or medical history.
 "Act[ed] 'dishonestly and irresponsibly' in failing to disclose ... how patients were recruited for the study" as well as in his descriptions in the Lancet papers and in questions after the paper published, about what ailments the children had, and when those ailments were observed relative to their getting vaccinated.
 "Conduct[ed] the study on a basis not approved by the hospital's ethics committee."
 Purchased blood samples—for £5 each—from children present at his son's birthday party, which Wakefield joked about in a later presentation.
 "[S]howed callous disregard for any distress or pain the children might suffer"

Wakefield denied the charges; on 28 January 2010, the GMC ruled against Wakefield on all issues, stating that he had "failed in his duties as a responsible consultant", acted against the interests of his patients, and "dishonestly and irresponsibly" in his controversial research. On 24 May 2010, he was struck off the United Kingdom medical register. It was the harshest sanction that the GMC could impose, and effectively ended his career as a physician. In announcing the ruling, the GMC said that Wakefield had "brought the medical profession into disrepute", and no sanction short of erasing his name from the register was appropriate for the "serious and wide-ranging findings" of misconduct. On the same day, Wakefield's autobiography, Callous Disregard was published, using the same words as one of the charges against him ("he showed callous disregard for any distress or pain the children might suffer"). Wakefield argued that he had been unfairly treated by the medical and scientific establishment.

Fraud and conflict of interest allegations

In February 2009, The Sunday Times reported that a further investigation by the newspaper had revealed that Wakefield "changed and misreported results in his research, creating the appearance of a possible link with autism", citing evidence obtained by the newspaper from medical records and interviews with witnesses, and supported by evidence presented to the GMC.

In April 2010, Deer expanded on laboratory aspects of his findings in a report in the BMJ, recounting how normal clinical histopathology results (obtained from the Royal Free hospital) had been subjected to wholesale changes, from normal to abnormal, in the medical school and published in The Lancet. On 2 January 2011, Deer provided two tables comparing the data on the twelve children, showing the original hospital data and the data with the wholesale changes as used in the 1998 The Lancet article.

On 5 January 2011, BMJ published an article by Brian Deer entitled "How the case against the MMR vaccine was fixed". Deer said that, based on examination of the medical records of the 12 children in the original study, his research had found:

In an accompanying editorial, BMJ editors said:

The British Medical Journal editorial concluded that Wakefield's paper was an "elaborate fraud".

In a BMJ follow-up article on 11 January 2011, Deer stated that Wakefield had planned to capitalize on the MMR vaccination scare provoked by his paper. He said that based upon documents he had obtained under Freedom of information legislation, Wakefield—in partnership with the father of one of the boys in the study—had planned to launch a venture on the back of an MMR vaccination scare that would profit from new medical tests and "litigation driven testing". The Washington Post reported that Deer said that Wakefield predicted he "could make more than $43 million a year from diagnostic kits" for the new condition, autistic enterocolitis. According to Deer's report in BMJ, the ventures, Immunospecifics Biotechnologies Ltd and Carmel Healthcare Ltd—named after Wakefield's wife—failed after Wakefield's superiors at University College London's medical school gave him a two-page letter that said:

WebMD reported on Deer's BMJ report, saying that the $43 million predicted yearly profits would come from marketing kits for "diagnosing patients with autism" and that "the initial market for the diagnostic will be litigation-driven testing of patients with AE [autistic enterocolitis, an unproven condition concocted by Wakefield] from both the UK and the US". According to WebMD, the BMJ article also claimed that Carmel Healthcare Ltd. would succeed in marketing products and developing a replacement vaccine if "public confidence in the MMR vaccine [were] damaged".

In October 2012, research published in PNAS, the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, identified Wakefield's 1998 paper as the most cited retracted scientific paper, with 758 citations, and gave the "reason for retraction" as "fraud".

Journal retractions

On 2 February 2010, The Lancet formally retracted Wakefield's 1998 paper. The retraction states: "The claims in the original paper that children were 'consecutively referred' and that investigations were 'approved' by the local ethics committee have been proven to be false."

The following day, the editor of a specialist journal, NeuroToxicology, withdrew another Wakefield paper that was in press. The article, which concerned research on monkeys, had already been published online and sought to implicate vaccines in autism.

In May 2010, The American Journal of Gastroenterology retracted a paper of Wakefield's that used data from the 12 patients of the article in The Lancet.

On 5 January 2011, British Medical Journal editors recommended that Wakefield's other publications be scrutinized and retracted if need be.

Wakefield response
As of January 2011, Wakefield continued to maintain his innocence. In a press release, he stated,

In an Internet radio interview, Wakefield said the BMJ series "was utter nonsense" and denied "that he used the cases of the 12 children in his study to promote his business venture". Deer has filed financial disclosure forms and rejects Wakefield's claim that he is funded by the pharmaceutical industry. According to CNN, Wakefield said the patent he held was for "an 'over-the-counter nutritional supplement' that boosts the immune system". WebMD reported that Wakefield said he was the victim of "a ruthless, pragmatic attempt to crush any attempt to investigate valid vaccine safety concerns".

Wakefield says that Deer is a "hit man who was brought in to take [him] down" and that other scientists have simply taken Deer at his word. While on Anderson Cooper 360°, he said that he had not read the BMJ articles yet, but he denied their validity and denied that Deer had interviewed the families of the children in the study. He also urged viewers to read his book, Callous Disregard, which he said would explain why he was being targeted, to which Anderson Cooper replied: "But sir, if you're lying, then your book is also a lie. If your study is a lie, your book is a lie."

Wakefield later implied that there is a conspiracy by public health officials and pharmaceutical companies to discredit him, including suggesting they pay bloggers to post rumours about him on websites or that they artificially inflated reports of deaths from measles.

Deer counter-response
Deer responded to Wakefield's charge by challenging Wakefield to sue him:

Deer mentioned that all of Wakefield's previous libel actions had been dismissed or withdrawn.

In January 2012, Wakefield filed a defamation lawsuit in Texas state court against Deer, Fiona Godlee, and the BMJ for false accusations of fraud, seeking a jury trial in Travis County. The filing identified Wakefield as a resident of Austin, and cited the "Texas Long-Arm Statute" as justification for initiating the proceeding in Texas. The BMJ responded that it stood by its reports and would "defend the claim vigorously". In August 2012 District Court Judge Amy Meachum dismissed Wakefield's suit for lack of jurisdiction. Her ruling was upheld on appeal in September 2014 and Wakefield was ordered to pay all parties' costs.

On 5 April 2011, Deer was named the UK's specialist journalist of the year in the British Press Awards, organised by the Society of Editors. The judges said that Deer's investigation of Wakefield was a "tremendous righting of a wrong".

Epidemics, effects, and reception

Physicians, medical journals, and editors have made statements tying Wakefield's fraudulent actions to various epidemics and deaths. Michael J. Smith, a professor of pediatrics at the University of Louisville, an "infectious diseases expert who has studied the autism controversy's effect on immunization rates", said, "Clearly, the results of this [Wakefield] study have had repercussions."

Wakefield's study and his claim that the MMR vaccine might cause autism led to a decline in vaccination rates in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Ireland, and a corresponding rise in measles and mumps infections, resulting in serious illness and deaths. His continued claims that the vaccine is harmful have contributed to a climate of distrust of all vaccines and the reemergence of other previously controlled diseases.

The Associated Press said:

WWAY, an ABC affiliate in Wilmington, North Carolina, said:

Paul Hébert, editor-in-chief of the Canadian Medical Association Journal (CMAJ) said:

A profile in a New York Times Magazine article commented:Journalist Brian Deer called for criminal charges against Wakefield.

On 1 April 2011, the James Randi Educational Foundation awarded Wakefield the Pigasus Award for "refusal to face reality".

A 2011 journal article described the vaccine-autism connection as "the most damaging medical hoax of the last 100 years".

In 2011, Wakefield was at the top of the list of the worst doctors of 2011 in Medscape's list of "Physicians of the Year: Best and Worst". In January 2012, Time magazine named Wakefield in a list of "Great Science Frauds". In 2012 he was awarded the Lifetime Achievement in Quackery award by the Good Thinking Society.

A writer from The New York Times, who was covering a 2011 event in Tomball, Texas where Wakefield spoke, was threatened by its organizer, Michelle Guppy: "Be nice to him, or we will hurt you." Guppy is the coordinator of the Houston Autism Disability Network.

In June 2012, a local court in Rimini, Italy, ruled that the MMR vaccination had caused autism in a 15-month-old boy. The court relied heavily on Wakefield's discredited Lancet paper and largely ignored the scientific evidence presented to it. The decision was appealed. On 13 February 2015, the decision was overturned by a Court of Appeals in Bologna.

In February 2015, Wakefield denied that he bore any responsibility for the measles epidemic that started at Disneyland. He also reaffirmed his discredited belief that "MMR contributes to the current autism epidemic". By that time at least 166 measles cases had been reported. Paul Offit did not agree, saying that the outbreak was "directly related to Dr. Wakefield's theory".

Filmmaker Miranda Bailey followed Wakefield and his wife Carmel and their children for five years filming a documentary about Wakefield as a person, The Pathological Optimist. According to Robert Ladendorf writing for Skeptical Inquirer magazine, Bailey attempted to remain neutral and add a "human touch", which Ladendorf says was successful. Wakefield is shown "as a soft-spoken but beleaguered family man trying to resurrect his reputation and raising money for his legal fund."

In 2018, The Skeptic awarded Wakefield the Rusty Razor award "for pseudoscience and bad critical thinking." The award is decided annually by readers' votes. Editor Deborah Hyde said, "Our contributors clearly felt that anti-vaccination damage is still a current issue, despite Mr. Wakefield first having come to public attention so long ago. These childhood diseases can do real damage, so we're proud to be an organisation that gets the good news out there – the evidence is overwhelming that vaccination is safe. Protect your children and your community by using it."

In 2022, Wakefield's fraudulent study was included on a list of "11 of the biggest lies in history".

Political activism

Wakefield was scheduled to testify before the Oregon Senate Health Care Committee on 9 March 2015, in opposition to Senate Bill 442, "a bill that would eliminate nonmedical exemptions from Oregon's school immunization law". The Oregon Chiropractic Association had invited him. The chairman of the committee then canceled the meeting "after it became clear that" Wakefield planned to testify. She denied that her decision had anything to do with Wakefield's plans.

On 24 April 2015, Wakefield received two standing ovations from the students at Life Chiropractic College West when he told them to oppose Senate Bill 277 (SB 277), a bill that proposes elimination of non-medical vaccine exemptions. Wakefield had previously been a featured speaker at a 2014 "California Jam" gathering of chiropractors, as well as a 2015 "California Jam" seminar, with continuing education credits, sponsored by Life Chiropractic College West. On 3 July 2015, Wakefield participated in a protest held in Santa Monica, California, against SB 277, a recently enacted bill which removed the personal belief exemption to school vaccine requirements in California state law.

Regarding his anti-vaccine advocacy, Wakefield has been described as a conspiracy theorist by ThinkProgress, The Washington Post, The Guardian, the Los Angeles Times, Wired, the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Steven Salzberg,  and Paul Offit.

Vaxxed film

In 2016, Wakefield directed the anti-vaccination propaganda film Vaxxed: From Cover-Up to Catastrophe. The film purports to show "an appalling cover-up committed by the government agency charged with protecting the health of American citizens [the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)] ... an alarming deception that has contributed to the skyrocketing increase of autism and potentially the most catastrophic epidemic of our lifetime." The film was withdrawn from New York's 2016 Tribeca Film Festival after the festival's founder Robert De Niro (who has a child with autism) reversed his decision to include it. The film was also scheduled to be projected at the Mairie de Paris but was then moved to a small private cinema. Wakefield called this action censorship. Ian Lipkin, professor of epidemiology and director of the Center for Infection and Immunity at the Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, writing in The Wall Street Journal, said: "If Vaxxed had been submitted as science fiction, it would merit attention for its story line, character development and dialogue. But as a documentary it misrepresents what science knows about autism, undermines public confidence in the safety and efficacy of vaccines, and attacks the integrity of legitimate scientists and public-health officials".

Selected publications

Books

Journal articles

 Withdrawn:
 Retracted:
 Retraction:
 Retracted:
 Retraction:

See also
 H. Hugh Fudenberg
 List of scientific misconduct incidents

Notes

References

External links

  Updated March 2015.

1956 births
Living people
Academic scandals
Alumni of Imperial College London
Alumni of St Mary's Hospital Medical School
British anti-vaccination activists
Autism pseudoscience
English conspiracy theorists
English fraudsters
Health fraud people
Medical controversies in the United Kingdom
Medical doctors struck off by the General Medical Council
Medical scandals in the United Kingdom
Place of birth missing (living people)
People educated at King Edward's School, Bath
People involved in scientific misconduct incidents
MMR vaccine and autism
English activists


The Glavaticevo Hydro Power Plant was proposed but eventually canceled project in Bosnia and Herzegovina on the Neretva river. It was intended to be one of the largest hydro power plant in the country, with projected installed electric capacity of 172 MW.
However, the project was under harsh scrutiny of local and national communities and various NGO's from Bosnia and Herzegovina and abroad, due which was postponed and probably canceled altogether.
Nonetheless, although probably canceled it is still closely monitored by concerned parties, namely local and regional environmental and other NGO's.

References

Cancelled hydroelectric power stations
Glavatičevo


The Chile Open, or the Abierto de Chile, is a men's professional golf tournament that was first played in 1927. From 2013 through 2015 it was an event on the PGA Tour Latinoamérica. It moved to the PGA Tour Latinoamérica Developmental Series in 2016 and back to the PGA Tour Latinoamérica in 2018.

Previous winners include Gary Player, Roberto De Vicenzo and his brother Osvaldo.

Winners

Source:

Notes

References

External links
Coverage on the PGA Tour Latinoamérica official site

PGA Tour Latinoamérica events
Tour de las Américas events
Golf tournaments in Chile
Recurring sporting events established in 1927
Spring (season) events in Chile


The Konjic Hydro Power Plant was a proposed hydroelectric power plant (HPP) on the Neretva river near Konjic, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and was supposed to be one of the largest HPPs in the country, with predesigned capacity of 122 MW, but project was cancelled due to organized protests by various NGO's from Bosnia and Herzegovina and abroad.

References

Cancelled hydroelectric power stations
Hydroelectric power stations in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Konjic


The Mostarsko Blato Hydroelectric Power Station is hydroelectric power station on the Lištica river/Jasenica in Bosnia and Herzegovina, with an installed capacity of 60 MW.

References

Hydroelectric power stations in the Neretva basin
Mostar


Alexandrovskiye Trade Rows () in Taganrog is a piece of architecture of the 19th century. Their construction  took place in 1840s, the author of the project – architect M. Campinioni.

Initially this architectural ensemble consisted of the two identical single-storey buildings semicircling the Alexandrovskaya Square (now Red Square), but being dissected by the street currently bearing the name of Chekhov. The concave facades constituted the solid high gallery arcades with austere Doric columns. Deep in the apertures between the columns there were shops, each had a front door and two windows; a back door led to a spacious yard. In the high plinth there were entries into deep cellars. The continuous line of stairs of the gallery, as well as the massive entablature crowning the edifice, emphasized the integrity of the entire ensemble. The structure looked like an antique temple rather than a shopping center. The rightmost stall near the Soborniy (Red) Pereulok was rented by Anton Chekhov’s father in 1874–1876. His uncle Ivan Loboda also had a shop there. Since some of the stalls were empty, the trade activities were concentrated in the right part of the rows, the rest was sold for lodging (the left side of Chekhov street, No 107–119). In 1911 the integrity of the right gallery was damaged by the construction of the two-storey building housing a leather goods shop (Chekhov street, 98). In 1921 just over the former Pavel Chekhov’s stall, the sculpture group was installed; it symbolized the union of workers and peasants (sculpted by Navratil from Czechoslovakia). In the course of repair work in 1966, it was removed from the edifice. In 1935 for the 75th birth anniversary of Anton Chekhov the territory was transformed into a public square. During the WWII the structure was damaged by a bomb; many apertures were bricked. The intact quarters are still in use.

In 1960, for the 100th birth anniversary, the Chekhov Monument in Taganrog was inaugurated right in the Red Square facing the Chekhov Street and the historical downtown Taganrog.

The restoration work of the part of the former Alexandrovskiye Trade Rows was completed in 2007.

Old and Modern Views

References
 A. Tsymbal “Torgoviye riyady” (“The Trade Rows”) // Taganrogskaya Pravda, 06.02.1992;
 A. Shcherbina, “Optimalniy variant” (“The Optimal Option”) // Taganrogskaya Pravda, 28.03.1985;
 V. Reshetnikov “Torgoviye riyady” (“The Trade Rows”) // Taganrogskaya Pravda, 25.01.1986.

Buildings and structures in Taganrog
Neoclassical architecture in Russia
Cultural heritage monuments in Taganrog
Cultural heritage monuments of regional significance in Rostov Oblast


The St. Nicholas Rink, also called the St. Nicholas Arena, was an indoor ice rink, and later a boxing arena in New York City from 1896 until 1962. The rink was one of the earliest indoor ice rinks made of mechanically frozen ice in North America (others included the North Avenue Ice Palace in Baltimore and the Ice Palace in New York, both opened in 1894), enabling a longer season for skating sports. It was demolished in the 1980s.

As a rink, it was used for pleasure skating, and the sports of ice hockey and skating. It was an important rink in the development of both sports in the United States. As a boxing arena, it was one of the first legal venues for boxing and remained a busy venue until its closing, although as the popularity of boxing grew, the sport outgrew the capacity of the arena to hold title fights. The arena hosted live boxing on television.

History
St. Nicholas Rink opened November 7, 1896, at 69 West 66th Street, on the northeast corner of 66th Street and Columbus Avenue. The builders included Cornelius Vanderbilt and John Jacob Astor. Flagg and Chambers were the architects. Before the construction of the building, the St. Nicholas Skating Club had been using an outdoor flooded lot.

The ice rink used a mechanically frozen ice or "artificial ice" surface using techniques developed at the Glaciarium in London, England. A basement ice-making factory shared the ice-making equipment. Another New York skating venue, the Ice Palace, opened shortly before the St. Nicholas Arena. A third artificial ice rink, the Clermont Avenue Rink in Brooklyn opened in 1896, to provide three artificial ice rinks in New York City.

The arena was used exclusively for ice sports until 1906, when boxing was introduced. In 1911, prize fight boxing was legalized and prize fights became a popular event at the arena. By 1920, the use of the arena for boxing made the ice rink dispensable and it was removed. The building continued as a boxing venue until 1962. The building itself was used as a television production center for the ABC Network and local station WABC-TV where Eyewitness News was broadcast. The building was demolished in the 1980s and the site converted to main offices of ABC Network.

During the World War II era, the building was briefly named Royal Windsor Palace.

Ice hockey

The rink was the home of the St. Nicholas Hockey Club of the American Amateur Hockey League. The league operated its first season in 1896–97. The rink was also the site of numerous exhibitions of Canadian ice hockey teams both against New York area teams and between the Canadian teams. A challenge between amateur teams of the U.S. and Canada was held there, called the "International Amateur Championship".

On February 26, 1900, the rink was the site of the first ice hockey game between Harvard University and Yale University, won by Yale 5–4.

The arena was the site of the first game between women's ice hockey teams in the United States. In 1917, the St. Nicholas team defeated Boston 1–0.

The St. Nicholas men's amateur team eventually moved to Madison Square Garden and played on Sunday afternoons in the Eastern Amateur Hockey League.

Boxing
The Rink was a boxing venue from 1906 until May 28, 1962, the date of the last main event. Upon its demise, it was reported that more than 30,000 fights had been staged here. (Others estimate 10,000, to 15,000, to 20,000.) Accounts in The New York Times report that boxing greats Jack Johnson, Jess Willard, Kid Chocolate and Rocky Graziano fought there; the future heavyweight champion Floyd Patterson fought his first professional match there in 1952. On one of the final fight cards, Cassius Clay (later Muhammad Ali) stopped Billy Daniels by seventh-round TKO on May 19, 1962, nine days before The Rink closed its doors for good.  The last TV series on the DuMont network was Boxing from St. Nicholas Arena which went off the air August 6, 1956.

In a 1960 episode called "The Big Tall Wish" of the American television anthology series The Twilight Zone the venue of a fictional boxing match was a "St. Nick's Arena".  The arena is also a location in the episode "A Death of Princes" from the American television series Naked City which originally aired on 12 October 1960.  Guest stars include Eli Wallach, George Maharis, Peter Falk, and Godfrey Cambridge.

Other sports

The arena was also formative in the growing sport of figure skating. Championships were held at the rink starting in 1897. The last championship, a "North American Championship" was held in 1918.

St. Nicholas Arena was also a venue for wrestling.

See also
 Glaciarium

References

External links
 "Streetscapes: A Skating Rink/Boxing Ring, And a Wild and Crazy Facade", The New York Times, February 6, 2005

1896 establishments in New York City
1980s disestablishments in New York (state)
Event venues established in 1896
Sports venues completed in 1896
Buildings and structures demolished in the 1980s
Defunct indoor arenas in New York City
Indoor ice hockey venues in the United States
Boxing venues in New York City
Defunct sports venues in Manhattan
College ice hockey venues in the United States


South Carolina Highway 410 (SC 410) is a  state highway in Horry County, in the northeastern part of the U.S. state of South Carolina. It travels from U.S. Route 701 (US 701) in the community of Baxter Forks north of SC 22 to the North Carolina state line.

Route description

SC 410 starts at U.S. Route 701 at Baxter Forks and ends at the North Carolina state line, where the road continues as NC 410 into Tabor City.

Major intersections

See also

References

External links

SC 410 at Virginia Highways' South Carolina Highways Annex

410
Transportation in Horry County, South Carolina


Hancock Fabrics was a specialty retailer of crafts and fabrics based in Baldwyn, Mississippi, United States. Hancock Fabrics operated as many as 266 stores in 37 states under the Hancock Fabrics name. Hancock Fabrics was established by the late Lawrence D. Hancock. The final stores were closed on July 27, 2016, after bankruptcy and liquidation.

History

Early history
Hancock Fabrics was founded in 1957 in Tupelo, Mississippi by Elaine (1922-2015) and Lawrence Doyce (L.D.) Hancock (1913-1998), started out as a cost-efficient retail store and offered a greater selection of merchandise to its customers at lower prices.

By 1971, when Lucky Stores bought Hancock Fabrics, the chain owned 81 stores and had 265 additional franchise stores in 19 states.

Growth and reorganization
In 1985, Hancock Fabrics acquired Minnesota Fabrics, which was based in Charlotte, North Carolina and operated over one hundred stores under the names Minnesota Fabrics and Fabric Warehouse. Fabric Warehouse had originally been part of Hancock before they bought Minnesota Fabrics.

Lucky Stores demerged Hancock in 1987, floating it as a public company. By 1992, the company was one of seven major retail piece-goods chains operating 482 stores in the United States.

Closure
On March 21, 2007, Hancock Fabrics announced it would file for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. The company closed 104 stores and emerged from bankruptcy in August 2008.

In 2014, Hancock announced plans to take the company private, but later withdrew the proposal.

On April 1, 2016, the U. S. Bankruptcy Court approved the sale of the remaining assets to Great American Group, who announced that the remaining 185 stores will be closed and their assets liquidated. In August 2016, Michaels Stores, Inc. announced its intent to acquire Hancock Fabrics' intellectual property and customer database.

References

External links
Hancock Fabrics

Retail companies of the United States
Companies based in Mississippi
Retail companies established in 1957
Retail companies disestablished in 2016
1957 establishments in Mississippi
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2007
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2016
2016 disestablishments in Mississippi
2016 mergers and acquisitions


Chicken: The Dangerous Transformation of America's Favorite Food is a non-fiction book by Steve Striffler.

Summary
At the beginning of the book the author says, "I used to eat chicken without much thought about where it came from, or how and by whom it was raised and processed. Life was much easier then." The book examines the chicken industry of the United States. The book is divided into two parts. The first part talks about the production and consumption of chicken. The second part talks about the workers participation in the production. The chicken industry has grown since World War II. The chicken industry is competitive and has disturbing labor strategies.

Reception
It was reviewed by Southern Methodist University.
An Abolitionist Online review says, "I recommend Steve Striffler's book Chicken as a worthwhile contribution to this ongoing discussion."
An American Ethnologist review says, "As a supplementary reader, this book would be a valuable addition to sociology, anthropology, and food studies courses."

See also
Food Inc.: A Participant Guide: How Industrial Food Is Making Us Sicker, Fatter, and Poorer—And What You Can Do About It (book)
Food Fight: The Inside Story of the Food Industry (book)

References

2005 non-fiction books
American non-fiction books
Books about food and drink
Chicken as food


Crucibulum spinosum, common name the spiny cup-and-saucer snail, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Calyptraeidae, the slipper snails and cup-and-saucer snails.

Description
The shell has a width of 44.6 mm.

Distribution
This species is native to the west coast of the Americas, from California to Chile. It has been introduced and established in Hawaii.

References

 Lesson R.P. , 1831 Histoire naturelle des Mollusque, Annélides et Vers recueillis dans Voyage autour du monde exécuté par ordre du roi sur la corvette de S.M. La Coquille pendant les années 1822, 1823, 1824, et 1825, sér. Zoologie, vol. 2(1), p. 471 p., 16 pls

External links
 http://www2.bishopmuseum.org/HBS/invertguide/species/crucibulum_spinosum.htm

Calyptraeidae
Gastropods described in 1824
Taxa named by George Brettingham Sowerby I


Dr. Hugo Winzer (1862 – 13 January 1937 in Dresden) was a German pair skater. He was German pair champion in 1912 with his wife Hedwig Winzer.

Hugo Winzer stated skating 1886 in Leipzig inspired by the Finnish skater Neiglick. Hugo Winzer studied chemistry at the university in Leipzig at this time.

Due to a bad lung-illness he had to quit his job. To recover he moved to Switzerland where he also trained skating.

Dr. Hugo Winzer married Hedwig Müller from Berlin. They competed in pair skating also internationally.

After his skating career he became an international figure skating judge, so at the Worlds 1926. He also published articles about the "History of the German Figure Skating" (Handbuch der Leibesübungen Nr. 8, 1925)

Results as a pair skater with Hedwig Winzer

References
 "Eis- und Rollsport" Nr. 3, 21 January 1937, Wilhelm Limpert-Verlag, Berlin SW68

1862 births
1937 deaths
German male pair skaters
Sportspeople from Dresden


Anne Swithinbank (born 1957 in Belvedere in Kent) is a trained horticulturist and freelance gardening broadcaster who has written several books on gardening, including Gardener's Question Time: All Your Gardening Problems Solved, Gardeners' World Book of Houseplants and Gardeners' World Book of Containers.

Biography
She trained at the Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew Gardens and was Glasshouse Supervisor at the Royal Hortcultural Society's garden at Wisley, Surrey.

She is known for being a regular panellist on Gardeners' Question Time since 1994, she has also presented television gardening programmes including The Gardens of the Caribbean and The Chelsea Flower Show.

She writes for several magazines and papers including the News of the World and BBC's Gardeners' World Magazine. She has written several books on gardening including the Gardeners' World Book of Houseplants and Gardeners' World Book of Containers.

In 1986, she left Wisley to work as a freelance gardener and speaker. She then joined the team on BBC 2's Gardeners' World where she was a regular presenter for five years; subsequently, she has made guest appearances.

Swithinbank is a patron of the charity the British Cactus & Succulent Society.

Bibliography
 Gardener's Question Time: All Your Gardening Problems Solved (with co-authors John Cushnie, Bob Flowerdew, Pippa Greenwood, Bunny Guinness, illustrations by Bunny Guinness, and photographs from The Garden Picture Gallery and others, paperback, 325 pages, Bookmart Limited, 2005, )
 Gardeners' World Book of Houseplants
 Gardeners' World Book of Containers

References

External links
 BBC Radio 4 - Gardener's Question Time from Anne's garden. Broadcast on 03/12/2010

1957 births
Living people
English gardeners
British television presenters
English garden writers
People from Belvedere, London
21st-century English women writers


Microsoft Office 95 (version 7.0), also known as Microsoft Office for Windows 95, is a major release of Microsoft Office which was released on August 24, 1995, shortly after the completion of Windows 95. It was the successor to both Office 4.2 and 4.3 and was the first 32-bit version of Microsoft Office. While designed specifically for Windows 95, it was also compatible with Windows NT 4.0, which debuted in 1996. As it was a 32-bit program suite, it did not run on Windows 3.x or earlier versions of Windows, which used a 16-bit architecture. It was not officially supported on Windows NT 3.1 or Windows NT 3.5. It was officially supported on Windows NT 4.0, Windows ME and Windows 2000. Support for Windows XP or later versions of Windows was never officially provided, though it reportedly does run on XP and later versions of Windows.

Office 95 was succeeded by Office 97 on November 19, 1996.

Support for Microsoft Office 95 ended on December 31, 2001, the same day as Windows 95.

It is the last version of Microsoft Office to support Windows NT 3.51 RTM–SP4; as the following version, Microsoft Office 97 only supports Windows NT 3.51 SP5 or later.

Features
Microsoft Office 95 included six applications: Word (a word processor), Excel (a spreadsheet editor), PowerPoint (a presentation program), Access (a database management system), Schedule+ (a time management app) and Binder (a program for binding the work of the mentioned apps together). The CD-ROM version also included Microsoft Bookshelf.

True to its namesake, this suite was designed specifically for Windows 95. Previously, Microsoft had released Office 4.2 for Windows NT for several architectures, which included 32‑bit Word 6.0 for Windows NT and Excel 5.0 for Windows NT, but PowerPoint 4.0 and the Office Manager were 16‑bit. With Office for Windows 95, all components in the suite were 32-bit. All the Office 95 programs were OLE 2-enabled, meaning that they allowed interoperability between themselves, as well as all other applications that support this data interchange protocol. Binder used this protocol to bind OLE objects together.

Office for Windows 95 moved the version number of its applications to 7.0 to match Word's version number. Other components also bore the same version numbers to show that they were contemporaries, although their predecessors were not version 6.0. The previous versions of components were Word 6.0, Excel 5.0, PowerPoint 4.0, Schedule+ 1.0 and Access 2.0. Binder was a new app at the time with no predecessor.

The Office 95 programs utilized a two-tone gradient in the title bar at the top of the window, gradually turning from black at the left side to dark blue at the right. At the time, this was unique to Office 95, no other program running under Windows 95 or Windows NT utilized gradient title bars. This feature was eventually incorporated into the shell of Windows 98 and later, which would allow customizable gradient colors and extend the feature to include dialog boxes as well.

Microsoft Excel contained an easter egg, a hidden Doom–like game called Hall of Tortured Souls crediting the application's writers.

Contemporaneous components
Several additional programs were marketed as "compatible with Microsoft Office 95":
 Microsoft Project for Windows 95 (Version 4.1a)
 Microsoft Publisher for Windows 95 (Version 3.0)
 Microsoft FrontPage 1.1
 Office Small Business Pack for Office 95
 Small Business Financial Manager for Excel

Other contemporaneous Microsoft products were:
 Microsoft Works 4.0
 Microsoft Money 4.0

Editions

Office 95 was available in two versions. They contained the following applications:

Updates
Two updated versions, 7.0a and 7.0b were released to fix bugs in the applications, including a fix for a screen redraw problem in PowerPoint. The updates could be ordered from Microsoft Support. A downloadable update was released in 1999 to address issues related to the Year 2000 problem.

Issues
Versions 3.0 and 3.5 of the Jet Database Engine, used by Access for Windows 95 (Access 7.0) and the later released Access 97 respectively, had a critical issue which made these versions of Access unusable on a computer with more than 1 GB of memory. While this problem was fixed for Jet 3.5/Access 97, it was never fixed for Jet 3.0 or Access 95.

System requirements
Microsoft Office 95 requires a 386DX or higher CPU, and either Windows 95 or Windows NT 3.51. It also requires 8 MB of RAM for typical use. Regarding hard disk space, compact installations require 28 MB, "typical" installations require 55 MB, and full installations require 88 MB.

References

1995 software
95


Propynylidyne is a chemical compound that has been identified in interstellar space.

Structure

Linear (l-C3H)

μD=3.551 Debye

2Π electronic ground state

Simulated spectrum

A rotational spectrum of the 2Π electronic ground state of l-C3H can be made using the PGopher software (a Program for Simulating Rotational Structure, C. M. Western, University of Bristol, http://pgopher.chm.bris.ac.uk) and molecular constants extracted from the literature.  These constants include μ=3.551 Debye and others provided by Yamamoto et al. 1990, given in units of MHz:  B=11189.052, D=0.0051365, ASO=432834.31, γ=-48.57, p=-7.0842, and q=-13.057.  A selection rule of ΔJ=0,1 was applied, with S=0.5.  The resulting simulation for the rotational spectrum of C3H at a temperature of 30 K agree well with observations. The simulated spectrum is shown in the figure at right with the approximate atmospheric transmission overplotted in blue. All of the strongest simulated lines with J < 8.5 are observed by Yamamoto et al.

Cyclic (c-C3H)

μD=2.4 Debye electronic ground state

Chemistry

The molecule C3H has been observed in cold, dense molecular clouds.  The dominant formation and destruction mechanisms are presented below, for a typical cloud with temperature 10K.  The relative contributions of each reaction have been calculated using rates and abundances from the UMIST database for astrochemistry.

Dominant formation reactions

Dominant destruction reactions

Contribution to carbon-chain molecule production

The C3H molecule provides the dominant pathway to the production of C4H+, and thereby all other CnH (n>3) molecules via the reactions:
C3H + C+ → C4+ + H
C4+ + H2 → C4H+ + H

These reactions produce the majority of C4H+, which is necessary for the production of higher-order carbon-chain molecules.  Compared to the competing reaction,
C3H3+ + C → C4H2+ + H,
also shown right, the destruction of C3H provides a much faster pathway for hydrocarbon growth.

Other molecules in the C3H family, C2H and C3H2, do not significantly contribute to the production of carbon-chain molecules, rather forming endpoints in this process. The production of C2H and C3H2 essentially inhibits larger carbon-chain molecule formation, since neither they nor the products of their destruction are recycled into the hydrocarbon chemistry.

First astronomical detection

The first confirmation of the existence of the interstellar molecule C3H was announced by W.M Irvine et al. at the January 1985 meeting of the American Astronomical Society.  The group detected C3H in both the spectrum of the evolved carbon star IRC+10216 and in the molecular cloud TMC-1.  These results were formally published in July of the same year by Thaddeus et al.  A 1987 paper by W.M. Irvine provides a comparison of detections for 39 molecules observed in cold (Tk ≅10K), dark clouds, with particular emphasis paid to tri-carbon species, including C3H.

Subsequent astronomical detections

Later reports of astronomical detections of the C3H radical are given in chronological order below.

In 1987, Yamamoto et al. report measurements of the rotational spectra of the cyclic C3H radical (c-C3H) in the laboratory and in interstellar space towards TMC-1.  This publication marks the first terrestrial measurement of C3H.  Yamamoto et al. precisely determine molecular constants and identify 49 lines in the c-C3H rotational spectrum.  Both fine and hyperfine components are detected toward TMC-1, and the column density for the line of sight toward TMC-1 is estimated to be 6x1012cm−2, which is comparable to the linear C3H radical (l-C3H).

M.L Marconi and A. Korth et al. reported a likely detection of C3H within the ionopause of Comet Halley in 1989.  Using the heavy ion analyzer (PICCA) on board the Giotto spacecraft they determined that C3H was responsible for producing a peak at 37amu detected within ~4500 km of the comet nucleus. Marconi et al. argue that a gas phase progenitor molecule for C3H is unlikely to exist within the ionopause and suggest that desorption from circumnuclear CHON dust grains may have instead produced the observed C3H.

In 1990, Yamamoto et al. detected C3H toward IRC + 10216 using the Nobeyama Radio Observatory's 45-m radio telescope.  They determine an upper limit for the column density of the ν4 state  3x1012cm−2.  From additional laboratory measurements they determine an extremely low vibrationally excited state for the C3H radical: ν4(2Σμ)=610197(1230) MHz, caused by the Renner-Teller effect in the ν4 (CCH bending) state.

J.G. Mangum and A. Wootten report new detections of c-C3H towards 13 of 19 observed Galactic molecular clouds.  They measure relative abundance of C3H to C3H2: N(c-C3H)/N(C3H2) = 9.04±2.87 x 10−2. This ratio does not change systematically for warmer sources, which they suggest provides evidence that the two ring molecules have a common precursor in C3H3+.

L.A. Nyman et al. present a molecular line survey of the carbon star IRAS 15194-5115 using the 15m Swedish-ESO Submillimetre Telescope to probe the 3 and 1.3 mm bands. Comparing the molecular abundances with those of IRC + 10216, they find  C3H to have similar abundances in both sources.

In 1993, M. Guelin et al. map the emission from the 95 GHz and 98 GHz lines of the C3H radicals in IRC+10216.  This reveals a  shell-like distribution of the C3H emission and time-dependent chemistry. The close correspondence between the emission peaks of C3H and the species MgNC and C4H suggests a fast common formation mechanism, suggested to be desorption from dust grains.

Turner et al. survey 10 hydrocarbon species, including l-C3H and c-C3H in three translucent clouds and TMC-1 and L183. Abundances are measured or estimated for each.  The mean cyclic-to-linear abundance ratio for C3H is found to be 2.7, although a large variation in this ratio is observed from source to source.

In 2004, N. Kaifu et al.  completed the first spectral line survey toward TMC-1 in the frequency range 8.8-50.0 GHz with the 45-m radio telescope at Nobeyama Radio Observatory. They detected 414 lines of 38 molecular species including c-C3H and compiled spectral charts and improved molecular constants for several carbon-chain molecules.

Martin et al. made the first spectral line survey towards an extragalactic source, targeting the starburst galaxy NGC253 across the frequency range 129.1-175.2 GHz. Approximately 100 spectral features were identified as transitions from 25 different molecular species, including a tentative first extra-galactic detection of C3H.

References

Alkynes
Astrochemistry


The steam locomotives of DRG Class 34.73, formerly the Mecklenburg Class P 3.1 were passenger train locomotives operated by the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg Friedrich-Franz Railway and were based on the Prussian P 3.1. They were sometimes used in express train services to begin with. Of the 41 examples belonging to this administration, which were built between 1888 and 1908, two originally came from the Lloyd Railway (Neustrelitz-Warnemünde). One improvement over the Mecklenburg P 2 was the braked coupled axle.

Twenty two of these locomotives were taken over by the Deutsche Reichsbahn, where they were given the running numbers 34 7301–34 7308 and 34 7351–34 7364. These engines were exclusively vehicles from the Friedrich-Franz Railway.

The engines were equipped with Prussian tenders of Class pr 3 T 10.5.

See also
Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg Friedrich-Franz Railway
List of Mecklenburg locomotives

References

2-4-0 locomotives
P03.1
Standard gauge locomotives of Germany
Railway locomotives introduced in 1888
1B n2 locomotives
Passenger locomotives


Castle Hill is a  biological Site of Special Scientific Interest on the eastern outskirts of Brighton in East Sussex. It is a Special Area of Conservation and Nature Conservation Review site. The northern half is a national nature reserve

This is chalk grassland, which is a nationally uncommon habitat. It is rich in flowering plants and there are areas of scrub which are valuable for breeding birds.

There are often early spider orchids in springtime, when the cowslips are still in flower. In June there are burnished green-and-copper leaf beetles nestling in the yellow heads of hawkbit. In a good summer the hillside is dusted pink with fragrant, pyramidal, bee, burnt tip and spotted orchids and sometime our rare endemic early gentian.

There is much that is rare and special here including the plants: Nottingham catchfly, dodder and field fleawort; the butterflies: adonis, small and chalkhill blue, clouded yellow and dark green fritillary; the moths: small purple-barred, purple-barred, forester, mother shipton and burnet companion moths; rare bees, including some long thought to be locally extinct and only recently re-discovered; crickets including the wartbiter bush-cricket, dark bush-cricket, coneheads and scarce stripe-winged grasshoppers.

References

Sites of Special Scientific Interest in East Sussex


The 36th General Assembly of Nova Scotia represented Nova Scotia between 1916 and 1920.

The Liberal Party led by George Henry Murray formed the government.

James F. Ellis was speaker in 1916. Robert Irwin was named speaker in 1917 because Ellis was serving overseas.

The assembly was dissolved on June 28, 1920.

List of Members

Notes:

References

Terms of the General Assembly of Nova Scotia
1916 establishments in Nova Scotia
1920 disestablishments in Nova Scotia
20th century in Nova Scotia


Harry Warner (1881–1958), co-founder of Warner Bros.

Harry Warner may also refer to:

Harry Warner Jr. (1922–2003), journalist, science fiction fan and historian
 Harry Warner (baseball) (1928–2015), American baseball outfielder, coach and manager
 Harry Waldo Warner (1874-1945), English composer and viola player
 Harry Warner (Shortland Street), a character on the New Zealand soap opera Shortland Street

See also
 Harold J. Warner (1890–1982), American attorney and judge in Oregon
Henry Warner (disambiguation)


The A801 is a road in Scotland which runs from east of Polmont to the A705 near Whitburn that heads towards Livingston in the other direction.

The A801 provides a link from Junction 4 of the M8 to Junction 4 of the M9, creating easy access from traffic from Falkirk, Grangemouth or Stirling travelling to and from places in West Lothian like Livingston, Armadale or Bathgate.

Roads in Scotland
Transport in West Lothian
Transport in Falkirk (council area)


St. Thomas Aquinas Cemetery (also known as Cimetière Saint-Thomas-d'Aquinis) is a cemetery located in Compton, Quebec. It is most notable for being the burial place of Canadian Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent (1882–1973).

Established in the 1850s, the cemetery is the resting place for a few of St. Laurent family including the Prime Minister's daughter Madeleine St. Laurent.

See also
 St-Rémi-de-Napierville Cemetery, burial place of Pierre Trudeau in St-Rémi-de-Napierville, Quebec
 Maclaren Cemetery, burial place of Lester Pearson

References

External links
 Saint Thomas Aquinas Cemetery, Compton, Compton County, Quebec information at interment.net

Cemeteries in Quebec
Roman Catholic cemeteries in Canada


St. Marys Cemetery is a cemetery located in St. Marys, Ontario. It is most notable for being the burial place of Canadian Prime Minister Arthur Meighen (1874–1960).  Opened in 1885 to relieve the full Protestant Cemetery, it is the resting place for Protestants in the area. A few plots were relocated to this cemetery from the old, which has since become a park.

Other notables buried here:
 George Graham, victim of the  disaster in 1912
 James Brine of the Tolpuddle Martyrs

References

Further reading
 Jennifer McKendry (2003). Into the silent land : historic cemeteries & graveyards in Ontario, Kingston, Ont.,

External links
 Town of St. Marys: St. Marys Cemetery

Cemeteries in Ontario
Protestant Reformed cemeteries


iThe North American Old Catholic Church (NAOCC) is a community of 22 independent Catholic churches based in the United States.

History

The North American Old Catholic Church was formed in January 2007 in Louisville, Kentucky, as a community of independent Catholic churches, with Archbishop Michael Seneco being elected as the community's first presiding bishop. This United States-based organization traced its history to an 1870 movement in the Netherlands that dissented from the Roman Catholic Church largely over the 1869 First Vatican Council doctrine of papal infallibility, a dogma of the Catholic Church which states that the pope is preserved from the possibility of error in certain circumstances.

In 2009, the group included twenty Old Catholic churches in the United States, with Washington, D.C., Texas, and Maryland each having two parishes, Florida having three, and the rest located in other states.

References

External links

Old Catholic denominations
Old Catholicism in the United States
2007 establishments in Kentucky
Christian organizations established in 2007
Religious organizations disestablished in 2013


Henry Nuttall (9 November 1897 – 30 April 1969) was an English footballer who played as a right-half and is best known for being in the winning Bolton Wanderers team which won the FA Cup in 1923. He was twice capped for England.

Nuttall was signed by Charles Foweraker for Bolton Wanderers in 1921. After his playing days were over he continued for many years as member of the back room staff at Bolton.

References

1897 births
1969 deaths
English men's footballers
Footballers from Bolton
Men's association football central defenders
England men's international footballers
Bolton Wanderers F.C. players
Rochdale A.F.C. players


Jim Aiken (1932 – 27 February 2007) was an Irish concert promoter responsible for bringing many international acts to perform concerts in Ireland through his company Aiken Promotions, he was responsible for many big gigs in Ireland such as U2 at Croke Park, and concerts at Slane Castle such as Bruce Springsteen and Queen.

Aiken was from Jonesborough in County Armagh and played Gaelic football for the county. He spent four years in Maynooth College studying for the priesthood but instead went on to become a teacher of physics and maths at Harding Street school in Belfast.

Jim Aiken died after suffering from cancer on 27 February 2007 at his home in Belfast. He is survived by his wife Anne, five children (Peter, Claire, Susan, Cathy, Joan) and 13 grandchildren.

References

1932 births
2007 deaths
Alumni of St Patrick's College, Maynooth
People from County Armagh
Music promoters


Tito Muñoz, also known by the moniker "Tito the Builder", is a conservative activist who has received substantial media attention for various political campaign activities. During the 2008 United States presidential election, Muñoz became notable for publicly defending Joe Wurzelbacher, and also for campaigning with Sarah Palin. Muñoz is a member of the Virginia state Board of Housing and Community Development, and has a conservative Latino radio show.

Personal life
Muñoz, a Colombian immigrant, is presently a small construction company owner and a United States citizen. He is a resident of Woodbridge, Virginia. Muñoz claims to have 250 cousins.

Muñoz hosts "America Eres Tu", an hour-long Spanish language radio show that is broadcast on Saturday afternoons. On his radio show, Muñoz covers social issues and takes the time to explain conservative fiscal issues. Many Hispanics don't know "we owe money to other countries," Muñoz says, "they don't understand we have a deficit, they don't understand the magnitude of the debt, so I'm there trying to explain it in simple Spanish."

Campaigns
Muñoz created a 527 organization called the Conservative Hispanic Coalition. Muñoz also supports Americans for Prosperity and  FreedomWorks. In 2010, Muñoz considered challenging Corey Stewart, the Chairman of the Prince William Board of County Supervisors, in the Republican primary. Muñoz campaigned for Governor Bob McDonnell in the Virginia gubernatorial election, 2009.

2008 presidential campaign
During the 2008 presidential campaign, Tito Muñoz received substantial media attention. He became known for wearing a yellow hard hat with a McCain-Palin bumper sticker, an orange reflective jacket, as well as sunglasses. He campaigned with Sarah Palin, and was known for a confrontation with reporters. Will Rabbe, of the Independent Film Channel, has posted a video about Muñoz and his interaction with reporters. Five days before the election, Muñoz appeared on Fox News' Hannity & Colmes, accusing the media of "hiding the truth about" Obama.

During this time, Muñoz coined the phrase: "Born in Colombia, Made in the U.S.A."

2011 Virginia General Assembly campaign
In April 2011, Muñoz, who identifies as a Tea Party activist, formed his own Political Action Committee called TitoPAC. Muñoz ran for the Virginia General Assembly seat held by State Senator Toddy Puller. In May 2011, Muñoz protested a plan for Virginia state Republicans to nominate a candidate for the 36th district race. Under this plan, one GOP representative from each of the three counties will decide "whether to call a primary, convention, firehouse primary, or mass meeting to select a nominee for the Senate seat." The Washington Post reported that, after "making a passionate plea in front of Northern Virginia Republicans, potential state Senate candidate Tito Muñoz got what he wanted — a primary, not a convention, to select the Republican nominee for the 36th district Senate race. Three GOP representatives, one each from Stafford, Prince William and Fairfax counties, voted Saturday to hold an Aug. 23 primary to find a challenger for Democratic Sen. Linda "Toddy" Puller, who has held the seat since 1999."" Jeff Frederick, former chairman of the Republican Party of Virginia, filed paperwork to run for state Senate in the district. Muñoz stated that he wanted to focus on "the depleted Route 1 corridor and education." Muñoz was endorsed by former governor George Allen. On June 16, Muñoz officially launched his campaign for state senator, in Muñoz's first run for public office.
"The district has a voting-age Hispanic population of 19.5 percent." If elected, Munoz would have been the first foreign-born Hispanic to serve in Virginia's state legislature.

In the August primary, Muñoz was defeated by Frederick, losing by a 76.8% to 23.19% margin. Puller won the general election.

References

Living people
Virginia Republicans
People associated with the 2008 United States presidential election
Tea Party movement activists
People from Woodbridge, Virginia
Colombian emigrants to the United States
Year of birth missing (living people)
Activists from Virginia
Latino conservatism in the United States


Rodica Dunca (later Kőszegi, born 16 May 1965) is a retired Romanian artistic gymnast. She won the world title in 1979 and an Olympic silver medal in 1980 with the Romanian team. Individually, she won a European bronze medal on beam in 1981. After retiring from competitions she worked as gymnastics coach at CSM Baia Mare.

References

External links

List of competitive results at Gymn Forum

Living people
Romanian female artistic gymnasts
Gymnasts at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Olympic gymnasts for Romania
Olympic silver medalists for Romania
Medalists at the World Artistic Gymnastics Championships
Sportspeople from Baia Mare
1965 births
Olympic medalists in gymnastics
Medalists at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Universiade medalists in gymnastics
Universiade silver medalists for Romania
Medalists at the 1981 Summer Universiade


Bertie is a four-part miniseries documenting the life of former Taoiseach Bertie Ahern, which began airing on Irish television channel RTÉ One on 3 November 2008. Featuring interviews interwoven with archive footage, the series examined how he led the country and what drove him through his political career.

Synopsis
The series featured contributions from more than 70 people directly linked with Ahern, including family members, schoolfriends and national and international politicians. A central aspect of the programme was a "marathon" interview with Ahern. This interview was conducted shortly after he resigned as Taoiseach and leader of the Fianna Fáil political party in May 2008.

An interview with Tony Blair and contributions from former Cabinet colleagues Charlie McCreevy and Mary O'Rourke were included. His former wife Miriam Ahern and their daughters, Cecelia and Georgina were interviewed. Amongst those declining an interview were Ahern's former partner Celia Larkin. Other Cabinet ministers and junior ministers interviewed included Dermot Ahern, Willie O'Dea, Brian Lenihan, Martin Cullen, Mary Harney, Conor Lenihan and Noel Ahern. Among the other figures interviewed were Des Richardson, Joe Burke, Barry English, David McKenna, Chris Wall, Paddy Duffy and Royston Brady.

Ahern's successor as Taoiseach, Brian Cowen, did not contribute to the programme. Brian Lenihan described Ahern in the documentary as "a man who is utterly consumed by politics and by the exercise of power and he has devoted much of his life to that exercise".

Production
Producer Steve Carson said: "It is a political biography of the Taoiseach while also covering Ireland's political history from 1992, where the Haughey series left off."

Bertie was produced by Mint Productions, who also produced the 2003 programme, Fine Gael: A Family at War and in 2005 Haughey documentary series. also directed by Carson. The show was envisaged and production commenced before Ahern resigned from office.

List of episodes

Part one
The opening episode was broadcast on 3 November 2008 on RTÉ One. It traced Ahern's life up to the Irish general election in 1989, detailing his years as an accounts clerk in the Mater Hospital, Dublin and his fledgling political career, during which he won a seat in Dáil Éireann in 1977 on his first campaign. The programme outlined the close bond he forged with his party leader at the time, Charles Haughey, whilst serving as Fianna Fáil chief whip.

Part two
The second episode was broadcast on 10 November 2008, commenced with the 1990 Irish presidential election, in which Mary Robinson became the country's first female president, and follows Ahern's career up to his appointment as leader of the Fianna Fáil political party in 1994.

Part three
The third episode was broadcast on 17 November 2008, focused on the period from 1994, when Ahern very nearly formed a coalition Government with the Labour. There was also the issue of the briefcase full of cash delivered by Michael Wall to Ahern's constituency office in St Lukes, the previous weekend; the cash was passed on to Celia Larkin who lodged it in an AIB account. From there the focus switched to the 1997 general election, when a minute increase in Fianna Fáil's share of the vote saw him elected Taoiseach for the first time in a coalition Government with the Progressive Democrats. Subsequently, the extensive negotiations in Stormont, leading to the Good Friday Agreement.

Part four
The fourth episode was broadcast on 24 November 2008, focused on the period from early 1999 up to 2008. The Planning Tribunal, Mahon Tribunal was set up in 1998 to "enquire urgently" into planning affairs in Dublin. Nearly a decade later it would focus on Ahern's missing bank accounts and a pattern of lodgements and withdrawals noticeably larger than his salary between 1993 and 1995. His subsequent attempts to explain this on the RTÉ Six One News in September 2006 and the coining of the term "dig-out" entered Irish political folklore. His performance at the Tribunal and dichotomies in his evidence featured there.

Reception
601,000 watched the first episode, 594,000 watched the second episode and "in excess" of 500,000 were said to have watched the third episode. Ahern was not amongst the viewers, preferring to "listen to others' views on it at this stage" and watch it later when the series has completed broadcasting.

It won an IFTA at the 6th Annual Irish Film & Television Awards 2009.

References

External links
 Bertie at RTÉ.ie

2008 in Irish politics
2008 Irish television series debuts
2008 Irish television series endings
Bertie Ahern
Cultural depictions of Taoisigh
Irish documentary television series
Irish history television shows
RTÉ original programming


Guinness World Records is an annual book first published in 1954.

Guinness World Records may also refer to:

 Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition, book first published in 2008 listing video gaming world records
 Guinness World Records: The Video Game, video game based on the book, published in November 2008
 Guinness World Records Primetime, TV show aired from July 1998 to October 2001
 Guinness World Records (TV series), TV show aired from March 2011