The Fame is the debut studio album by American singer Lady Gaga. It was released on August 19, 2008, by Interscope Records. After joining KonLive Distribution and Cherrytree Records in 2008, Gaga began working on the album with different producers, primarily RedOne, Martin Kierszenbaum, and Rob Fusari. Musically, The Fame is an electropop, synth-pop, and dance-pop record that displays influences from 1980s music. Lyrically, it visualizes Gaga's love of fame in general, while also dealing with subjects such as love, sex, money, drugs, and sexual identity. The album was primarily promoted through The Fame Ball Tour and multiple television appearances, and was reissued as a deluxe edition with The Fame Monster on November 18, 2009.

The album received generally favorable reviews from critics, who commended its lyrical content, Gaga's musicianship and vocal ability. It was a commercial success, topping the charts in several countries including the United Kingdom, Canada, Germany, Ireland, Poland, and Switzerland. It peaked at number two on the US Billboard 200, and also topped the Dance/Electronic Albums chart for 175 non-consecutive weeks, the most time on top in history. It has since been certified six-times Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). The Fame became the fifth best-selling album of 2009, and has sold over 4.9 million copies in the United States as of January 2019. Combined with The Fame Monster, the album had sold over 18 million copies worldwide as of August 2019.

The first two singles off the album,  "Just Dance" and "Poker Face" gained international success, topping the charts in several countries worldwide including the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia. The subsequent singles "LoveGame" and "Paparazzi" were commercial successes as well, charting within the top-ten of over ten countries worldwide. "Eh, Eh (Nothing Else I Can Say)" had a limited single release, while "Beautiful, Dirty, Rich" served as a promotional single.

The Fame has won multiple awards since its release. The album was nominated for a total of five Grammy Awards at the 52nd Annual Grammy Awards, including Album of the Year. It won Best Electronic/Dance Album and Best Dance Recording for its single "Poker Face", and also won Best International Album at the 2010 Brit Awards. In 2013 and 2022, Rolling Stone named The Fame as one of the "100 Greatest Debut Albums of All-Time". As of 2023, it is the 12th biggest album of all time on the US Billboard 200.

Background and development
While establishing herself as an artist and working her way up through the New York underground club scene, Lady Gaga released her debut studio album, The Fame. Speaking about the title and concept of the album, Gaga explained: "The Fame is about how anyone can feel famous. ... Pop culture is art. It doesn't make you cool to hate pop culture, so I embraced it and you hear it all over The Fame. But, it's a sharable fame. I want to invite you all to the party. I want people to feel a part of this lifestyle." Gaga stated in an interview with MTV UK that she had been working on the album for two and a half years and completed half of it during the first week of January 2008. As well as writing the lyrics, Gaga worked on the melodies and synth work of the album, with record producer RedOne. According to Gaga, the first track "Just Dance" is a joyous, heart-themed song, which appeals to people going through tough times in their life. "LoveGame", the second track, was inspired by Gaga's sexual crush on a stranger in a night club to whom she said, "I wanna ride on your disco stick". It was written in four minutes based on the disco stick hook. "Paparazzi" has been interpreted with different meanings. However Gaga explained in an interview with About.com, that the song was inspired by her struggles and hunger for fame and love. Essentially a love song, "Paparazzi" dealt with enticing the media and asked the question, whether one can have both fame and love.

"Poker Face" was inspired by Gaga's boyfriends who enjoyed gambling, and also dealt with her personal experience of bisexuality; her fantasies about women while having sex with men, thus representing her 'poker face'." "Boys Boys Boys" was inspired by the similarly titled Mötley Crüe song "Girls, Girls, Girls". Gaga explained that she wanted a female version of the song that rockers would like too. "Beautiful, Dirty, Rich" summed up her time of self-discovery, living in the Lower East Side and dabbling in drugs and the party scene. "Eh, Eh (Nothing Else I Can Say)" was about breaking up with a boyfriend and finding someone new. "Brown Eyes" was inspired by the British rock band Queen and, according to Gaga, is the most vulnerable song on the album.

Gaga further clarified the ideas behind The Fame, and her inspirations and visions for the album. She believed that the most important thing missing from contemporary pop music was the combination of the visual imagery of the artist with the music. Gaga incorporated theatrics in her live performances of the songs from the album. Hence she hoped that people would take notice of the performance art, which she was trying to bring back with the album and its music; according to her, the music put the lifestyle in front of it.
"I just feel like this record is really different- you[']ve got club bangers to more 70s glam to more singer-songwriter records to rock music. ... The Fame is not about who you are—it's about how everybody wants to know who you are! Buy it and listen to it before you go out or in the car. ... I think you've really got to allow artists' creativity to marinate. It took me a while but really delving into myself I finally got it. I couldn't be more proud of it. It's not just a record[,] it's a whole pop art movement[.] It's not just about one song."

Composition

Musically, the album combines electropop, synth-pop, and dance-pop, while drawing influences from 1980s music. Songs like "Poker Face", "Just Dance" and "LoveGame" are uptempo dance songs, with "Poker Face" carrying a dark sound with clear vocals on the chorus and a pop hook. "Just Dance" is synth-based while "LoveGame" has a more dance-oriented beat, and "Money Honey" has a moderate techno groove. All of them combined synths of clipped marching beats, sawing electronics and contained mild R&B-infused beats. "Paparazzi" carried a sultry beat while "Summerboy" had influences of the music of Blondie. "Eh, Eh (Nothing Else I Can Say)" is credited as a ballad compared to the rest of the dance-fueled tracks from The Fame. The song has a 1980s synth-pop feel to it, while incorporating the "Eh, Eh" hook from Rihanna's single "Umbrella" (2007).

Lyrically, the songs on The Fame talk about being famous and achieving popularity; "Poker Face" is about sexual innuendo and teasing. Gaga explained to the Daily Star that the lyrics carry a bit of an undertone of confusion about love and sex. According to the BBC, the "Mum-mum-mum-mah" hook used in the song is sampled from Boney M.'s 1977 hit "Ma Baker". "Just Dance" talks about being intoxicated in a party, with lyrics like "What's going on on the floor? / I love this record, baby but I can't see straight anymore". "LoveGame" portrays a message about love, fame and sexuality. "Paparazzi" portrays a stalker who is following somebody being their biggest fan. The lyrics also portray the desire of capturing the attention of the camera as well as achieving fame. Gaga explained that,
"This idea of The Fame runs through and through. Basically, if you have nothing—no money, no fame—you can still feel beautiful and dirty rich. It's about making choices, and having references—things you pull from your life that you believe in. It's about self-discovery and being creative. The record is slightly focused, but it's also eclectic. ... The music is intended to inspire people to feel a certain way about themselves, so they'll be able to encompass, in their own lives, a sense of inner fame that they can project to the world, and the carefree nature of the album is a reflection of that aura. I like to funnel interesting ideas to the rest of the world through a pop lens."

Promotion

Singles

"Just Dance" was released as the album's lead single commercially worldwide on June 17, 2008, through digital distribution. The song was critically acclaimed with reviewers complimenting its club anthem-like nature and the synth-pop associated with it. It achieved commercial success by topping charts in the United States, Australia, Canada, the Republic of Ireland, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, as well as reaching the top 10 in 16 other countries. The song received a Grammy nomination in the Best Dance Recording category but lost to electronic duo Daft Punk for their song "Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger".

"Poker Face" was released as the second single from the album. It was also well received by critics, most of whom have praised the robotic hook and the chorus. The single achieved greater success than "Just Dance" by topping the charts in almost all the countries it was released to. "Poker Face" became Gaga's second consecutive number one on the Hot 100. On December 2, 2009, "Poker Face" received three Grammy nominations in the categories of Song of the Year, Record of the Year, and won for Best Dance Recording.

"Eh, Eh (Nothing Else I Can Say)" was the album's third single in Australia, New Zealand, Sweden and Denmark and fourth in France. The song received mixed reviews. Some critics compared it to nineties Europop while the others criticized it for bringing the party-like nature of the album to a halt. It failed to match the success of the previous singles in Australia and New Zealand by reaching 15 and nine, respectively. It peaked at two in Sweden and at seven in France.

"LoveGame" was released as the third single in the United States, Canada and some European nations. It was the fourth single in Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. The song was critically appreciated for its catchy tune and the "I wanna take a ride on your disco stick" hook. The song has reached the top 10 in countries such as the United States, Australia and Canada and the top 20 in others.

"Paparazzi" was announced as the third single in the United Kingdom and Ireland with a release date of July 6, 2009, the fourth single in the United States, and the fifth single overall. The song has reached the top five in Australia, Canada, Ireland and the United Kingdom. It also reached the top 10 in the United States. The song has received critical acclaim for its fun-filled, club-friendly nature and is deemed the most memorable and telling song from the album. The associated music video for the song was shot as a mini-movie with Gaga starring as a doomed starlet who is almost killed by her boyfriend, but in the end takes her revenge and reclaims her fame and popularity.

Live performances and media appearances
To promote the album, Gaga did several performances worldwide. Her first televised appearance was on Logo's NewNowNext Awards on June 7, 2008. She also performed on Michalsky StyleNite at Berlin Fashion Week, So You Think You Can Dance, Jimmy Kimmel Live!, The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, as well as in Vietnam for the 57th Miss Universe beauty pageant during the swimsuit competition. On January 31, 2009, she performed on television in Ireland on RTÉ One's show Tubridy Tonight. Three songs from The Fame were used in the second season of The CW's series Gossip Girl: "Paparazzi" in the episode "Summer, Kind of Wonderful", "Poker Face" in "The Serena Also Rises", and "Money Honey" in "Remains of the J". Gaga also performed "Poker Face" on American Idol on April 1, 2009. At the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards, the singer performed "Paparazzi". Her gig involved choreographed dance moves, playing on the piano, theatrical blood dripping from her ribcage, and ended with the singer hung lifeless with one hand rising above her dancers and blood smeared on her face. It is widely considered to be one of Gaga's greatest performances to date, and according to Billboard Ashley Laderer, "this was the performance that really made Lady Gaga. It proved she was more than just a superficial pop star—she was an artist".

To celebrate the launch of the show Dirty Sexy Money, ABC created a music video of Gaga's song "Beautiful, Dirty, Rich", directed by Melina Matsoukas. It was initially announced as Gaga's second single, but "Poker Face" was chosen instead, with "Beautiful, Dirty, Rich" being released as a promotional single. There were two videos released for the song – the first was composed of clips from Dirty Sexy Money, and the second was the actual music video. The song charted on the UK Singles Chart due to digital downloads and peaked at number 83.

Tour

The album received further promotion from her first headlining concert tour, The Fame Ball Tour, which started on March 12, 2009, in San Diego, California. It was Gaga's first concert tour with North American shows in March, followed by dates in Oceania and a solo trek through Europe. Dates in Asia soon followed, as well as two performances at England's V Festival and two shows in North America that had been postponed from April. Gaga described the tour as a traveling museum show incorporating artist Andy Warhol's pop-performance art concept. Tickets were distributed for charity also. Alternate versions of the show with minimal variations were planned by Gaga to accommodate different venues.

The show consisted of four segments, with each segment being followed by a video interlude to the next segment, and it ended with an encore. The set list consisted of songs from The Fame only. Gaga appeared on the stage in new costumes including an innovative dress made entirely of plastic bubbles and premiered an unreleased song called "Future Love". An alternate set list with minor changes was performed for European dates. The show received positive critical appreciation with critics complimenting Gaga's vocal clarity and fashion sense as well as her ability to pull off theatrics like a professional artist.

Critical reception

The Fame received generally positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 71, based on 13 reviews. AllMusic editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine called the album "music that sounds thickly sexy with its stainless steel synths and dark disco rhythms", and wrote that it is "glorious pop trash and a wicked parody of it." Nicole Powers of URB complimented its "irony-laden lyrics, delivered in a style that owes a little something to Gwen Stefani," as well as the album's "deluxe ditties". Mikael Wood of Entertainment Weekly called it "remarkably (and exhaustingly) pure in its vision of a world in which nothing trumps being beautiful, dirty, and rich. In this economy, though, her high-times escapism has its charms".

Alexis Petridis of The Guardian found it "packing an immensely addictive melody or an inescapable hook, virtually everything sounds like another hit single", and predicted that it "certainly sounds like it could be big." Daniel Brockman from The Boston Phoenix wrote that "Gaga ups the ante in terms of catchy songwriting and sheer high-in-the-club-banging-to-the-beat abandon." Ben Hogwood of musicOMH praised Gaga's "blend of sassy attitude, metallic beats and sharp, incisive songwriting", elements which he felt are integral to "creating pop music".

Although he panned "Eh, Eh (Nothing Else I Can Say)", "Paper Gangsta", and "Brown Eyes", Evan Sawdey of PopMatters called The Fame "a solid dance album" and wrote that "much of the album's success can be attributed to rising club producer RedOne." Joey Guerra from the Houston Chronicle felt that although the songs present in the album are not innovative, Gaga deserved credit for bringing real dance music to the mass. Genevieve Koski of The A.V. Club felt that the "whole point" of the album is "glitter-laced, dance-inciting energy that bodes well for extended club play". Slant Magazines Sal Cinquemani viewed that Gaga's lyrics veer between "cheap" and "nonsensical drivel", while her singing is "uneven at best". He added that the highlights such as "Poker Face", "Starstruck", "Paper Gangsta", and "Summerboy" rely "almost solely on their snappy production and sing-along hooks."

Freedom du Lac from The Washington Post criticized the album for lacking originality. MSN Musics Robert Christgau gave the album an "honorable mention" and quippedly referred to it as "shallowness at its most principled." The Fame garnered five Grammy nominations at the 52nd Annual Grammy Awards on December 2, 2009. The album itself was nominated for Album of the Year and won Best Electronic/Dance Album. It also won Best International Album at the 2010 Brit Awards. In 2013 and 2022, Rolling Stone named The Fame as one of the "100 Greatest Debut Albums of All-Time".

Commercial performance

In the United States, The Fame debuted at number 17 on the Billboard 200 with sales of 24,000 on the issue dated November 15, 2008. After fluctuating down the charts, the album reached number 10 on the issue dated March 7, 2009. The album also topped Billboards Dance/Electronic Albums chart; it has stayed at the number-one spot for 175 non-consecutive weeks, as of week of November 5, 2022, and holds the record for the most time on top in the chart's history. In March 2020, the album was certified six-times Platinum for shipments of six million copies, by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). With the release of The Fame Monster, which was also combined with The Fame as a deluxe edition, the album jumped from 34 to 6 on the Billboard 200 with sales of 151,000. It reached its highest sales week on the issue dated January 9, 2010 with 169,000 copies sold. On the issue dated January 16, 2010, The Fame moved to a new peak of two on the Billboard 200 after being on the charts for 62 weeks. By the end of 2009, The Fame became the fifth best-selling album of the year.

The Fame has sold 4.9 million copies in the United States as of March 2019 and is the seventh best-selling digital album, selling 1.086 million digital copies. Including equivalent album units, The Fame has sold 8.8 million in the country. It was ranked at number 12 on the Billboard Top 200 Albums of All Time list. Following Gaga's Super Bowl LI halftime show performance, The Fame re-entered the Billboard 200 at number 6, selling 17,000 copies and 38,000 total album-equivalent units. It has spent over 330 weeks on the chart.

In Canada, the album reached number-one, and has been certified seven times platinum by Music Canada for shipment of 560,000 copies. It had sold 476,000 copies as of March 2011. The album debuted at number six, and peaked at number two in New Zealand as well as being certified double platinum. In Australia, the album debuted at number 12 and peaked at number three. The album has been certified sextuple platinum in Australia, by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) for shipments of 420,000 copies.

The Fame debuted in the United Kingdom at number three with first week sales of 25,228 copies. After spending 10 weeks in the top 10, it replaced Ronan Keating's Songs for My Mother at the top position. Since then, the album spent four consecutive weeks at the number-one spot. It has since been certified eleven-times platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI), and has sold 3 million copies as of October 2018. It also became the first album to reach the platinum certification based on digital sales after selling 300,000 units in the UK. The album is the ninth best-selling album in the UK of the 21st century, and the 31st best-selling album in UK chart history.

In France, The Fame debuted at number 73 and peaked at number two for five weeks. It has been certified diamond status by the Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique (SNEP) and, as of February 2012, has sold 630,000 copies. In Ireland, the album entered the charts at number-eight, and in its fifth week climbed to number-one for two consecutive weeks. In mainland Europe, the album peaked at number one on the European Top 100 Albums, the Austrian Albums Chart and the German Album Chart. In Germany, it became the fourth most downloaded album ever. It also reached the top 20 in Mexico, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Greece, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Russia, and Switzerland. Combined with its reissue, The Fame Monster, the album has sold over 18 million copies worldwide.

Legacy and impact
With the release of The Fame, Gaga was credited for reviving electronic dance music during the late 2000s on radio. Jonathan Bogart from The Atlantic stated, "EDM came in by no back door but right through the front gate, with Lady Gaga's 'Just Dance' in 2008" and that "the sound didn't take long to spread". DJ Tommie Sunshine told MTV that "there wouldn't be a David Guetta top 10 hit... there wouldn't be this Black Eyed Peas record, if it wasn't for The Fame. The influence of that record is epic, and we are hearing talking about all of this because of that." St. Louis Post-Dispatch journalist Kevin C. Johnson with his article "Lady Gaga helps bring EDM to the masses", acknowledges the impact. In the article, Rob Lemon said Gaga "definitely has had influence" and that she "is exposing people to the music, and anybody exposing people to it is part of the machine." Radio personality Zane Lowe and record producer/DJ Calvin Harris, addressed the impact of the album in a Beats 1 radio interview. Lowe stated: "Mike Skinner told me this, cause we were having a debate about Lady Gaga and he was like 'One thing you gotta remember about Lady Gaga, she put four-on-the-floor back on American radio'" and that "up until that moment there was nothing resembling four-on-the-floor in pop music." Harris added: "A 100%. They even had a hip-hop version of 'Poker Face', for radio" and that "it was the 4/4 one that hit, and then it just went ridiculous." In 2020, Stephen Daw from Billboard stated that "The Fame not only changed the course of Gaga's career, but corrected the course of modern pop music for generations to come."

The Fame Monster

The Fame Monster is a reissue of The Fame, released on November 18, 2009. Initially planned solely as a part of the deluxe edition of The Fame, Interscope later decided to release the eight new songs as a standalone EP in select territories. The decision was also due to Gaga believing the re-release was too expensive and that the albums were conceptually different, describing them as yin and yang. The deluxe edition of the album contains The Fame in its entirety on a second disc along with The Fame Monster. The album deals with the darker side of fame, as experienced by Gaga over the course of 2008–09 while travelling around the world, and are expressed through a monster metaphor. The two album covers were shot by Hedi Slimane. One of the covers has a gothic look and was initially declined by her record company, but Gaga persuaded them otherwise. The composition takes its inspiration from Gothic music and fashion shows. Contemporary critics gave mostly positive reviews of the album, with the majority of them complimenting the songs "Bad Romance", "Telephone", "Dance in the Dark", and "Monster". In some countries the album charted together with The Fame while in others like the United States, Canada and Japan, it charted as a separate album. It has reached top 10 in most of the major markets. She announced The Monster Ball Tour supporting the album, which started on November 27, 2009, in Montreal, Canada, and finished on May 6, 2011, in Mexico City, Mexico.

Track listing

Original version

Revised version

Notes
  signifies an additional co-producer
  signifies an additional co-producer and remixer
 The original Canadian and international releases of The Fame feature earlier mixes of "LoveGame" and "Money Honey".

Personnel
Personnel adapted from The Fame liner notes.

 Akon – background vocals
 Victor Bailey – bass guitar
 Vicki Boyd – A&R coordinator
 Troy Carter – management
 Lisa Einhorn-Gilder – production coordinator
 Flo Rida – rapping
 Rob Fusari – production, co-executive producer
 Calvin "Sci-Fidelty" Gaines – programming, bass guitar
 Gene Grimaldi – mastering
 Vincent Herbert – executive producer, A&R
 Pieter Henket – photography
 Tom Kafafian – guitar
 Dyana Kass – marketing director
 Martin Kierszenbaum – production, A&R
 Brian Kierulf – production, arrangement
 Lady Gaga – lead and background vocals, production, piano, synthesizers, keys
 Leah Landon – management
 Candice Lawler – photography
 Dave Murga – drums
 Colby O'Donis – vocals, background vocals
 Robert Orton – mixing
 Jennifer Paola – A&R admin
 RedOne – production, instruments, programming, recording, background vocals, co-executive producer
 Andrea Ruffalo – A&R coordinator
 Dave Russell – engineering
 Warwick Saint – photography
 Joshua M. Schwartz – production, arrangement
 Space Cowboy – production, vocals
 Joe Tomino – drums
 Tony Ugval – engineering
 Liam Ward – design

Charts

Weekly charts

Decade-end charts

All-time charts

Year-end charts

Certifications and sales

Release history

Notes

See also

 List of best-selling albums by women
 List of best-selling albums in Austria
 List of best-selling albums in the Philippines
 List of best-selling albums in the United Kingdom
 List of UK Albums Chart number ones of the 2000s
 List of UK Albums Chart number ones of the 2010s
 List of European number-one hits of 2009
 List of European number-one hits of 2010
 List of number-one albums of 2009 (Canada)
 List of number-one albums of 2009 (Ireland)
 List of number-one albums of 2010 (Ireland)
 List of number-one albums of 2011 (Poland)
 List of Billboard number-one electronic albums of 2008
 List of Billboard number-one electronic albums of 2009
 List of Billboard number-one electronic albums of 2010
 List of Billboard number-one electronic albums of 2011
 List of Billboard number-one electronic albums of 2017
 List of Billboard number-one electronic albums of 2018
 List of Billboard number-one electronic albums of 2020
 List of Billboard number-one electronic albums of 2021
 List of Billboard number-one electronic albums of 2022
 List of number-one hits of 2009 (Austria)
 List of number-one hits of 2010 (Germany)
 List of number-one hits of 2010 (Switzerland)

References

External links
 The Fame – Ten Years  at LadyGaga.com

2008 debut albums
Lady Gaga albums
Albums produced by Fernando Garibay
Albums produced by Martin Kierszenbaum
Albums produced by Lady Gaga
Albums produced by RedOne
Brit Award for International Album
Cherrytree Records albums
Concept albums
Grammy Award for Best Dance/Electronica Album
Interscope Geffen A&M Records albums
Interscope Records albums


Barmati Panth is a religious tradition founded by Dhani Matang Dev around 1100 CE. The term Barmati means four direction and eight corners joined to form twelve (bar in gujarati, kutchi) Barmati Panth. The Barmati Panth was founded on peak of karumbha dungar (Mountain range in palitana, gujarat later through scriptures of Matang dev founded by their heirs and won in legal battle on the basis of Jain scriptures which itself named is at Matang caves) On peak of karumbha dungar a Narvadh yagna was performed to establish Barmati pant. Its followers are spread in Kutch (now in Gujarat, India) and Sindh (now in Pakistan).

See also
 Satpanth
 Panchorath Yuga
 Mamaidev

References

Indian religions
Sufi organizations
Religious syncretism


The 1927–28 FA Cup was the 53rd staging of the world's oldest football cup competition, the Football Association Challenge Cup, commonly known as the FA Cup. Blackburn Rovers won the competition for the sixth and (as of 2017) final time, beating Huddersfield Town 3–1 in the final at Wembley.

Matches were scheduled to be played at the stadium of the team named first on the date specified for each round, which was always a Saturday. Some matches, however, might be rescheduled for other days if there were clashes with games for other competitions or the weather was inclement. If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played, a replay would take place at the stadium of the second-named team later the same week. If the replayed match was drawn further replays would be held until a winner was determined. If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played in a replay, a 30-minute period of extra time would be played.

Calendar

First round proper
At this stage 40 clubs from the Football League Third Division North and South joined the 25 non-league clubs who came through the qualifying rounds. Of those Third Division sides not playing in the first round proper, Millwall and Brentford were given a bye to the third round, Barrow were entered into the fourth qualifying round (losing 3–1 to Workington), and Torquay United were not involved at any stage of the competition. To make the number of matches up, non-league Northfleet United, Aberdare Athletic and Leyton were given byes to this round. 34 matches were scheduled to be played on Saturday, 26 November 1927. Six matches were drawn and went to replays in the following midweek fixture.

Second round proper
The matches were played on Saturday, 10 December 1927. Two matches were drawn, with replays taking place in the following midweek fixture.

Third round proper
The 44 First and Second Division clubs, entered the competition at this stage, along with Third Division Millwall and Brentford. Also given a bye to this round of the draw were amateur side Corinthian. The matches were scheduled for Saturday, 14 January 1928. Three matches were drawn and went to replays in the following midweek fixture.

Fourth round proper
The matches were scheduled for Saturday, 28 January 1928. Three games were drawn and went to replays in the following midweek fixture.

Fifth round proper
The matches were scheduled for Saturday, 18 February 1928. There was one replay, played in the next midweek fixture.

Sixth round proper
The four quarter-final ties were scheduled to be played on Saturday, 3 March 1928. There were no replays.

Semi-finals
The semi-final matches were played on Saturday, 24 March 1928. The Huddersfield Town–Sheffield United local derby tie went to two replays before it was settled in Huddersfield's favour. Huddersfield went on to meet Blackburn Rovers in the final at Wembley.

Replay

Replay

Final

The 1928 FA Cup Final was contested by Blackburn Rovers and Huddersfield Town at Wembley. Blackburn won 3–1, with goals from Jack Roscamp (2) and Tommy McLean. Alex Jackson scored Huddersfield's goal, making this the first final in 18 years where both teams scored.

Match details

See also
FA Cup Final Results 1872-

External links
Official site; fixtures and results service at TheFA.com
1927-28 FA Cup at rssf.com
1927-28 FA Cup at soccerbase.com

FA Cup seasons
FA
Cup


Christian Wilhelm Ludwig Eduard Suffrian (21 January 1805, Wünsdorf, Teltow-Fläming – 18 August 1876, Bad Rehburg ) was a German entomologist who specialized in Coleoptera especially Chrysomelidae.

He was a schoolteacher in Münster. Suffrian wrote many short papers and several monographs in both of which he described new species and genera. His collection is conserved by the Zoological Institute University of Halle-Wittenberg.

Suffrian was a Member of the Halle Entomological Society and the Stettin Entomological Society.

Works
Longer works only
 Revision der Europäischen Arten der Gattung Cryptocephalus. Linn. Ent., 2: 1-194 (1847)
 Revision der Europäischen Arten der Gattung Cryptocephalus. (Fortsetzung und Schluss.). Linn. Ent., 3: 1-152 (1848).
Zur Kenntnis der Europäischen Chrysomelen. Linn. Ent., 5: 1-280. (1851)
Verzeichniss der bis jetzt bekannt gewordenen Asiatischen Cryptocephalen. Linn. Ent., 9: 1-169 (1854)
Berichtigtes Verzeichniss der bis jetzt bekannt gewordenen Asiatischen Cryptocephalen. Linn. Ent., 14: 1-72 (1860).

References
Berger, M. 2001 [Biographien]  Abh. Westfäl. Mus. Naturk. 63(3) 115-117, Portrait.
Dohrn, C. A. 1877  [Suffrian, C. W. L. E.]  Ent. Ztg. Stettin 38:106-117.
Marseul, S. A. de 1883  Les Entomologistes et leurs Écrits. L'Abeille (4) 21(=3) 61-12, 108-109
Westwood, J. O. 1877 [Suffrian, C. W. L. E.]  Proc. Ent. Soc. London , London [1877]	XL .

1805 births
1876 deaths
German entomologists


Skavica Hydro Power Plant is a proposed large power plant on the Drin River situated in Albania.

The project consists of a large power plant with a nominal capacity of 250 MW on the Drin River operated by the Italian company TGK Group that will invest US$664 million in the project.

External links

 UPDATE THE SKAVICA PROJECT IS BEING DEVELOPED BY AN AMERICAN COMPANY: ALASKAN-AEGEAN ENERGY RESOURCES UTILIZATION, LLC BASED OUT OF BETHEL ALASKA.

Hydroelectric power stations in Albania
Proposed hydroelectric power stations
Proposed renewable energy power stations in Albania


Leonid Kuzmin is a Belarusian pianist.

He won the Belarusian State Competition and the Prague Competition before settling in the United States in the 1980s. He subsequently shared the 1991 Liszt-Bartók Competition's 2nd prize with Midori Nohara.

References
  Alice Tully Hall review - December 1, 1985. Tim Page, New York Times
  Hungarian music competitions palmares
  National Autonomous University of Mexico
  Industrial University of Santander
  La Nación
  El Mercurio
  Instituto Cervantes

External links
 Performance of Camille Saint-Saëns's 2nd Piano Concerto

Belarusian classical pianists
Living people
21st-century classical pianists
Year of birth missing (living people)


A punch bowl is a vessel in which punch is served.

Punch bowl may also refer to:

Places
 Punch Bowl Falls, a set of waterfalls on Eagle Creek in Oregon, United States

Arts, entertainment, and media

Music
"Punch Bowl", 2008 song by Chris Thile and Punch Brothers from the album Punch
The Punch Bowl (album), 2002 album by Seth Lakeman

Other uses in arts, entertainment, and media
Pennsylvania Punch Bowl, a magazine published since 1899 at the University of Pennsylvania
Punchbowl.com, a free web-based online invitations service and digital greeting cards site
The Punch Bowl (1959 film), a 1959 East German film, the original German-language title of which is Maibowle

Pubs
 Old Punch Bowl, a 15th-century timber-framed building in Crawley, England
 Punch Bowl Inn, Hurst Green, an 18th-century pub in Lancashire, demolished in 2021
 The Punch Bowl, Mayfair, a pub in Mayfair, London since the 1750s
 The Punch Bowl, York, a pub in Yorkshire which originated as a coffeehouse in 1675

See also
 Bowl (disambiguation)
 Devil's Punch Bowl (disambiguation)
 Punch (disambiguation)
 Punchbowl (disambiguation)


Banjë Hydro Power Plant is a large hydroelectricity plant on the river Devoll situated near the village of Banjë, Albania. It was built by Devoll Hydropower, an Albanian company owned by Norwegian power company Statkraft. The project consists of a large power plant with a nominal capacity of 70 MW and an average annual production of 242 GWh. The dam is 900 m long, 370 m wide and 80 m high. The reservoir was planned to have a surface area of 14 km2, and a storage capacity of about 400 million m3. It was completed in 2016.

References

Hydroelectric power stations in Albania
Cërrik


This article is a list of principal owners of National Basketball Association teams:

See also

 List of National Basketball Association head coaches
 List of National Basketball Association team presidents
 List of National Basketball Association general managers
 List of professional sports team owners
 List of NHL franchise owners
 List of NFL franchise owners
 List of Major League Baseball principal owners
 List of MLS team owners

References
General

Specific

National Basketball Association lists


Dobra Kolata (; ) is a mountain in the Kolata massif located in Albania and Montenegro, part of the Accursed Mountains mountain range, standing at  high.

Description
Dobra Kolata and Zla Kolata, which is  high, are the two peaks of the Kolata massif located on the border. The highest peak is completely on Albanian territory and called Rodi e Kollatës, it rises . Kolata is the second highest peak in Montenegro after its neighbour Zla Kolata.

References

Mountains partially based in Albania
Mountains of Montenegro
Accursed Mountains


The Death of Actaeon is a late work by the Italian Renaissance painter Titian, painted in oil on canvas from about 1559 to his death in 1576 and now in the National Gallery in London.  It is very probably one of the two paintings the artist stated he had started and hopes to finish (one of which he calls "Actaeon mauled by hounds") in a letter to their commissioner Philip II of Spain during June 1559.  However, most of Titian's work on this painting possibly dates to the late 1560s, but with touches from the 1570s. Titian seems never to have resolved it to his satisfaction, and the painting apparently remained in his studio until his death in 1576.  There has been considerable debate as to whether it is finished or not, as with other very late Titians, such as the Flaying of Marsyas, which unlike this has a signature, perhaps an indication of completion.

It is a sequel of Titian's work Diana and Actaeon showing the story's tragic conclusion, which approximately follows the Roman poet Ovid's account in the Metamorphoses: after Actaeon surprised the goddess Diana bathing naked in the woods, she transformed him into a stag and he was attacked and killed by his own hounds.

Both paintings belong to a group of large-scale mythological paintings inspired by the Metamorphoses and referred to by Titian himself as ‘poesie’, the visual equivalent of poetry, which he began producing for Philip II of Spain in 1551 and which also include Danaë (many versions, the original, the first for Philip is in Apsley House, London, after Joseph Bonaparte took it away when he left Spain. A later copy of Titian himself, perhaps the most sensual of all is in the Prado, Madrid), Venus and Adonis (original in the Prado, Madrid, but also other versions), Perseus and Andromeda (Wallace Collection, London), The Rape of Europa (Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, Boston), Diana and Actaeon and Diana and Callisto (shared by National Gallery of Scotland with NG London).  However, as The Death of Actaeon was never delivered to Philip, it is not always counted in the series.

Subject
Ovid's account does not include Diana herself pursuing Actaeon, or shooting at him, though in some other classical accounts she does chase him.  She seems to have just loosed an arrow, but there is no sign of the arrow in the painting, nor is the bowstring visible.  The goddess does not have her attribute of the small crescent in her hair that Titian's other two depictions in the poesie do, which troubled one early critic.

There were ancient reliefs and engraved gems showing either Diana hunting with dogs, or Actaeon being attacked by his dogs, and a few Renaissance works, but the subject was rare, and "it may be that Titian had never seen another painting or other representation of the subject."

History
It was probably still in Titian's studio at his death in 1576, and presumably sold in Venice by his heirs.  It probably belonged to the famous Venetian collection of Bartolomeo della Nave, most of which was bought for James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Hamilton (then still a Marquess) in 1636–38, one of the great collectors of the period in Britain.  Hamilton's brother-in-law, Basil Feilding, 2nd Earl of Denbigh (as he later became) was English ambassador to Venice, and helped to arrange the purchase. A list of available paintings he sent Hamilton includes "A Diana shooting Adonis in forme of a Hart not quite finished" by Titian.

Hamilton, who was a Royalist commander in the English Civil War, was captured and executed in 1649 after losing the Battle of Preston to Oliver Cromwell.  This, like most of his collection, was bought by Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria, Governor of the Spanish Netherlands from 1647 to 1656.  The painting appears (looking rather lighter in tone than today) in David Teniers the Younger's painting of the Gallery of Archduke Leopold Wilhelm (1651, now Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium, Brussels), as well as his different versions of the subject now in Petworth House and the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna.

The archduke seems to have given it to Queen Christina of Sweden, whose route into exile went through the Spanish Netherlands, before she settled in Rome. It does not appear in an inventory of her collection made in Antwerp in 1656, but is in one made in Rome in 1662 or 1663.  After her death it eventually passed, with much of her collection, into the Orleans Collection in Paris in 1721.  Like most of the collection, it was bought by a consortium in London after the French Revolution, and then sold in 1798 to Sir Abraham Hume, 2nd Baronet for the modest sum of 200 guineas, the price no doubt reflecting that it was considered by Hume and others as unfinished.  Hume described it as "a great painting never finished but quite beautiful".

Hume was the author of the first monograph on Titian, published in 1829, and "was especially appreciative of preliminary sketches by Venetian artists (or what he believed to be such)."  His collection passed by descent to Adelbert Brownlow-Cust, 3rd Earl Brownlow, who was made a Trustee of the National Gallery in 1897.  By 1914 Brownlow needed to raise some cash, and offered the gallery this painting for £5,000 and a portrait by Anthony van Dyck for £10,000, writing "I only ask from the Gallery what I consider to be a very low price because I am anxious to see them in the gallery".

The van Dyck was bought but the Titian declined, because of the opposition of another trustee, Alfred de Rothschild, who declared that the Titian "would not fetch £5 at Christie's".  Other trustees may have been in favour but the "difficult character" of Rothschild, who was hoped to be planning a bequest to the gallery, might have resigned if the purchase was made.  In 1919 the painting was bought via the dealers Colnaghi's for £60,000 by Henry Lascelles, 6th Earl of Harewood (then Viscount Lascelles), giving "the measure of Rothschild's expertise and of Brownlow's generosity".

In 1971, when the painting had already been on loan to the National Gallery for ten years, the trustees of the 7th Earl sold the painting at Christie's for £1,680,000.  It was bought by the dealer Julius Weitzner and swiftly resold to the J. Paul Getty Museum in Malibu for £1,763,000.  At this point an export licence was needed, and the Reviewing Committee on the Export of Works of Art suspended granting one for one year to allow a British buyer to match this price.  The public campaign in 1971 to buy it for the United Kingdom was one of the great successes of Martin Davies's directorship of the National Gallery, despite Davies's own lukewarm enthusiasm for the painting.  It was eventually purchased in 1972 (as catalogue number NG6420) with £1,000,000 from the gallery's funds and a special Treasury grant matching other donations pound for pound; these included £100,000 from the Art Fund and £50,000 from the Pilgrim Trust, the rest raised by a public appeal, then a great innovation.

Poesie mythological series
 Danaë, delivered to Philip in 1553, now Wellington Collection, with earlier and later versions.
 Venus and Adonis, Museo del Prado, delivered 1554, and several other versions
 Perseus and Andromeda, Wallace Collection, c. 1554–1556
 Diana and Actaeon, 1556–1559, owned jointly by London's National Gallery and the National Gallery of Scotland in Edinburgh
 Diana and Callisto, 1556–1559, owned jointly by London's National Gallery and the National Gallery of Scotland in Edinburgh
 The Rape of Europa, c. 1560–1562, Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum
 The Death of Actaeon, National Gallery, never delivered, and often not counted in the series, c. 1559 onwards

See also
 List of works by Titian

Notes

References
Jaffé, David (ed), Titian, The National Gallery Company/Yale, London 2003,  (no. 37, catalogue entry by Nicholas Penny)
Penny, Nicholas,  National Gallery Catalogues (new series): The Sixteenth Century Italian Paintings, Volume II, Venice 1540-1600, pp. 248–259, 2008, National Gallery Publications Ltd,

External links
The Death of Actaeon with x-ray views; "Titian’s ‘poesie’ paintings", National Gallery videos
Essay on this painting from the book Beauty and Terror by Brian A. Oard

1559 paintings
1575 paintings
Paintings by Titian in the National Gallery, London
Deer in art
Dogs in paintings by Titian
Paintings about death
Paintings depicting Greek myths
Paintings based on Metamorphoses
Paintings in the collection of the Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria
Water in art
Unfinished paintings
Paintings formerly in the Orleans Collection
Mythological paintings by Titian


The Fierza Hydroelectric Power Station () is a large hydroelectric power station on the Drin River, in Albania.

Fierza is the upper HPP (Hydro Power Plant) of the Drin River cascade. Based on the installed power capacity, position and the volume of the reservoir, Fierza plays a key role for the exploitation, regulation and safe operation of Drin cascade.

Work for its construction began in 1970. The first power unit became operational in 1978 and the plant was fully operational in 1980. Fierza HPP was built with equipment mostly from China but on the concepts of Albanian engineers. Around 14,000 workers, engineers and specialist were involved in the construction of the plant.

Fierza is a HPP with a rock-fill dam with a clay core and reservoir. When it was built, Fierza was the second in Europe for the height of its type. The dam has a total volume of 8 million m3.

This rock-fill dam measures  in height, and  in length along the crest. Construction began in 1971 and was completed seven years later in 1978. The dam is one of the three hydroelectric dams on the Drin River. The reservoir was filled with water between 1978 and 1981.

The four units installed in the plant have "Francis" vertical turbines with 125 MW power each; 3-Phase synchronous generators of 13.8kV voltage; and lifting transformers 13.8kV/242 kV for the connection with the transmission substation.

The annual output of Fierza HPP averages in 1,330 GWh, that represent approximately 33% of Drin cascade production.

The importance of Fierza, beside energy production, relates on the capacity of its lake which regulates the annual inflows and increase the efficient use of the Drin cascade.

See also

Koman and Fierza Reservoirs Ferry
 List of power stations in Albania

References

Hydroelectric power stations in Albania
Dams completed in 1979
Buildings and structures in Kukës County


The Koman Hydroelectric Power Station is a large hydroelectric power station, for which a dam on the Drin River was built. The dam is near the settlement of Koman, northern Albania. It is the second of three dams on the Drin River; the Fierza Hydroelectric Power Station upstream, and the Vau i Dejës Hydroelectric Power Station downstream. The dam, 130m tall, was completed in 1985 and the reservoir was filled with water at full capacity in 1986.

Completed in 1986, the power station consists of four turbines of French origin with a nominal capacity of  each, totalling the installed capacity to .

See also

Koman and Fierza Reservoirs Ferry
List of power stations in Albania

References

Hydroelectric power stations in Albania
Dams completed in 1986
Buildings and structures in Vau i Dejës


Balghar () is a village situated in Ghanche, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan, along the banks of the Shyok River. The confluence of the Shyok River and the Indus River occurs approximately 30 kilometers to the west of Balghar, near Keris کریس. Balghar encompasses 15 distinct neighborhoods (mahallahs), both large and small, namely Gond Balghar, Chan Gond Balghar, Chopya, Rotaka, Ongbo, Marmoung Balghar, Loda Balghar, Khanka Grwong Balghar, Khodakha Balghar, Gareippa Balghar, Krawathang Balghar, Khashu Balghar, Gamba Bordas Balghar, Yompowa Balghar, and Xooq Balghar. To the east lies the House Valley, while the Karis Valley is located to the west, Shiger Valley to the north, and Daghoni/Balghar to the south.

Balghar valley is 50 kilometers northwest of the district headquarters of Ghanche, and 110 kilometers from Skardu city. Balghar Valley is at an elevation of 2,635 meters above sea level and falls in a single cropping zone. The main occupation in the area is agriculture.

Location

The Shyok meets the Indus river at Keris about 30 kilometres west of Balghar. The Thallay stream divides Balghar into two parts. The larger part is referred to as Chogo Balghar, and consists of 15 large and small mahallahs; the smaller is called Choo Fuog, consisting of 5 mahallahs. The population of Balghar بلغار is about 20,000.

Balghar is a summer tourist destination. Balghar Ranga is situated in the Gond neighbourhood. It consists of a wide plain. The Sooq and Gond neighbourhoods are in the north and Gamba Burdas are in the south near Thalay valley.

History

The Balghar Polo Ground is the oldest polo ground in this region.

Places to Visit

Sooq Balghar (main point)
Balghr Hashu Broq & Balghr Khoduo Broq
Balghar Gon Chomik
Balghar Ranga
Bordas Balghar Hydro Station
Hashu  Ol
Chogo Balghar Shahi Polo ground
Skam  Khar
Karfoza Bodtha Age
Krawathang Sara
Khashu Baho
Youmpawa

Religion

Most Balghar valley residents follow Islam. 77% belong to the Sofia Noorbakhshia sect, 20% to the Ahl-e-Hadith and the remaining 3% of the population belong to other sects of Shia Islam, such as Fiqh Jaffariya.

Occupations

Balghar plays an important role in the Pakistan Army, with many soldiers from the area dying in the 1999 Kargil War. Abdul Qadir Shaheed retrieved Tamgha-e-Jurat in that war. It was said that he was eligible for the Nishan-e-Haider, which is Pakistan's highest military award. Mumtaz Hussain Balghari Shaheed was killed in the war against terrorists on 10 January 2010. Ghazi Muhammad Ali saved a highly targeted post during the war.

Education

An awareness of the importance of education has been prevalent in Balghar for hundreds of years.  From that era, most of them became an Islamic school. After 1945, few parents sent their children to school. They were 10–14 in number from village Khashu Balghar, Xooq Balghar, and Chogo Balghar. One of them became successful to get his goal.  And he was Syed Muhammad Shah from Chogo Balghar. Then he struggled to spread education in Balghar. Initially, there was no school. And because of his struggle new educational institutions were founded rapidly.

Nowadays there are the following institutions:

 Two model schools
 Five primary schools
 Tent community schools
 Two middle schools
 Non-formal school
 Five BECS schools

Infrastructure

 Fruit nursery (agriculture department)
 Forest nursery (forest department)
 Rashon Depot
 Hydle (power) station (100KV)
 Hydle station phase I (Bordas Balghar )

Health care

 Five first aid posts
 A class dispensary
 Veterinary dispensary References (Chogo Balghar)
 B class dispensary yrfog Velleg (Khodakha Balghar)

Natural resources

 10 valleys for pasture
 Abundant water from glaciers (Thalay valley) & Balghar water from two springs (Gon Balghar & Khashu Balghar)
 Two lakes from (Hashuo brog Lagouynangjouing Shagaran Ariyas).

References

Populated places in Ghanche District
Baltistan


Foreign relations exist between Austria and Finland. Austria recognised Finland on 13 January 1918.  Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 July 1918.  Austria has an embassy in Helsinki and 6 honorary consulates (in Kajaani, Ristiina, Oulu, Tampere, Turku and Vaasa).  Finland has an embassy in Vienna and 8 honorary consulates (in Burgenland, Carinthia, Lower Austria, Upper Austria, Salzburg, Styria, Tyrol, and Vorarlberg).
Both countries are full members of the European Union and of the Council of Europe.
The two countries became members of the European Union in 1995.

History
However, the two countries became full members of the European Union in 1995. Finland joined NATO on 4 April 2023, while Austria did not join NATO due to the continuation of its neutrality policy.

European Union
Both countries became members of the European Union in 1 January 1995.

NATO
Finland joined NATO as a full member on 4 April 2023, Austria is not a member of NATO.

Country comparison

See also
 Foreign relations of Austria
 Foreign relations of Finland
 1995 enlargement of the European Union
 Austria–Sweden relations
 Austria–NATO relations
 Finland–NATO relations

External links
  Austrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: list of bilateral treaties with Finland (in German only)
  Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs about the relation with Austria
  Finnish embassy in Vienna (in Finnish, German and Swedish only)

Finland
Bilateral relations of Finland


The  is the head of the local government of Hokkaido, Japan's largest prefecture. The seat of the local government is located in Sapporo, the capital city of the prefecture. The current governor is Naomichi Suzuki.

List of governors
This is the list of the governors of Hokkaido.

Hokkaido Prefecture
Hokkaido


Emma Carelli (12 May 1877 in Naples – 17 August 1928 near Rome) was an Italian operatic soprano who was particularly associated with the dramatic soprano roles of the verismo repertoire and the works of Richard Wagner.
After a singing career which lasted almost two decades, she managed the Teatro Costanzi in Rome for almost fifteen years. After studying with her  father, Beniamino Carelli, at the Conservatorio San Pietro a Majella,  she made her professional debut in 1895 in the title role of Mercadante's La vestale during the centenary celebrations at Altamura and went on to appear in the opera houses of many Italian cities. In 1898 she married the left-wing politician, self-made millionaire, and later impresario, Walter Mocchi.

She sang in several world premieres including: Pietro Floridia's La Colonia libera (1899); Meryem in Cesare Galeotti's Anton (1900) and Rosaura in Mascagni's Le maschere at La Scala in 1901. For several years she also sang in South America, primarily Argentina, as part of a touring troupe organized by her husband. In Buenos Aires (1902) she triumphed in the premiered of "Khrysé" by Arturo Berutti (after Pierre Louys ´s  "Aphrodite"), singing the title role. In 1903, she sang the title role in Edoardo Mascheroni's opera Lorenza for its South American premiere in Buenos Aires.   She became particularly associated with the title role in Leoncavallo's Zazà and sang in several operas by Richard Wagner, including the roles of Kundry in Parsifal and Elisabeth in Tannhäuser. She also sang the title role in Puccini's Tosca, the title role in Giordano's Fedora,  Santuzza in Mascagni's Cavalleria rusticana, and Margherita in Boito's Mefistofele among other roles.

In 1908, Carelli's husband purchased the Teatro Costanzi. His company, Società Teatrale Internazionale, produced the world premiere of Leoncavallo's Maia during its second season. Carelli took over the management from her husband in 1912 with a new company (Impresa Teatro Costanzi), while he concentrated on running the South American the touring troupe and the Teatro Municipal in Rio de Janeiro and the Teatro Colón in Buenos Aires. During her 14-year management of the theatre, several operas received their first Rome performances including Richard Strauss's Elektra (in which she sang the title role), La fanciulla del West, Turandot and Il trittico by Giacomo Puccini; Parsifal by Richard Wagner; Francesca da Rimini by Riccardo Zandonai; Boris Godunov by Modest Mussorgsky; Samson et Dalila by Camille Saint-Saëns. Apart from Elektra, her only other performance as a singer during that time was in the title role of Mascagni's Iris. In 1926, Carelli and Walter Mocchi sold the Costanzi to the Rome City Council and withdrew from most of their other business interests in South America. Carelli died two years later in a car accident.  A few years after her death, Mocchi married Bidu Sayão, whose career Carelli had fostered.

Recordings

Harold Wayne Collection Volume 37: Eugenia Burzio,  Emma Carelli,  Ester Mazzoleni contains six arias recorded by Carelli between April and July 1906—"Je suis encour tout étourdie" from Manon; "Vissi d'arte" from Tosca; "Io son l'umile ancella" and "Poveri fiori" from Adriana Lecouvreur; and "No! se un pensier torture" and "Non odi là il martir" from Siberia. Label: Symposium 1244.

Notes

Sources
 J.B. Steane: "Emma Carelli", Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy (Accessed October 29, 2008), (subscription access)

Emma Carelli biography from Operissimo.com (In German)
Bio of Amedeo Bassi at grandi-tenori.com
 Rome Opera House website

Italian operatic sopranos
1877 births
1928 deaths
Singers from Naples
19th-century Italian singers
19th-century Italian women singers
Italian theatre managers and producers


Croatia-Finland relations are foreign relations between Croatia and Finland. Finland recognised The Independent State of Croatia on 2 July 1941. Finland broke off diplomatic relations on 20 September 1944.
Finland re-recognised Croatia on 17 January 1992. Both countries re-established diplomatic relations on 19 February 1992.
Croatia has an embassy in Helsinki. Finland has an embassy in Zagreb. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe, European Union, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and NATO.

History

Croatian president Zoran Milanović stated that his country should block ratification of Finland's NATO accession until electoral reform measures are implemented in neighbouring Bosnia and Herzegovina, though the Foreign Minister expressed the government's support for any application.
In July 2022, Croatia fully ratified Finland's NATO membership application.

See also
 Foreign relations of Croatia
 Foreign relations of Finland
 Finland–Yugoslavia relations

References

External links
  Croatian Ministry of Foreign Affaires and European Integration: list of bilateral treaties with Finland
  Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs about the relation with Croatia
 Finnish embassy in Zagreb

Finland
Croatia


The Fier Power Station was Albania's largest thermal power plant having 6 identical groups of 31 MW each thus totalling a capacity of 186 MW.

The plant was decommissioned in 2007.

References

2007 disestablishments in Albania
Buildings and structures in Fier
Coal-fired power stations in Albania


Before 1918, both Finland and Ukraine were part of the Russian Empire. In 1918, Finland was one of the first countries to recognise Ukraine and open a diplomatic mission in Kyiv.
Finland once again recognised Ukraine on December 30, 1991. Both countries established diplomatic relations on February 26, 1992.
Finland is a member of the European Union, which Ukraine applied for in 2022. Both countries are full members of Council of Europe.

Resident diplomatic missions
 Finland has an embassy in Kyiv.
 Ukraine has an embassy in Helsinki.

Gallery

See also
 Foreign relations of Finland
 Foreign relations of Ukraine
 Ukrainians in Finland
 Finns in Ukraine
 Ukraine–EU relations

External links
 Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs about the relation with Ukraine
 Finnish embassy in Kyiv (in Finnish, Swedish and Ukrainian only)
 Ukraine embassy in Helsinki

Ukraine
Bilateral relations of Ukraine


An SY control cable is a flexible instrumentation electrical cable designed for measuring, control or regulation in the field of process automation. It is a flexible multicore cable, with (class 5) copper conductors and a galvanised steel wire braid (GSWB) for mechanical protection. The cable is typically manufactured with PVC insulation, bedding and a transparent PVC sheath.  The transparent sheath means signs of deterioration, damage or corrosion can be detected with ease.

SY has a voltage rating of 300/500V.

SY cable should not be used on voltages above ELV in the UK as the braid does not meet BS 7671 for current carrying capacity under fault conditions.
Only cables mentioned in BS 7671 should be used unless the designer can show that the cable used meets the same standards. Although the combined cross sectional area of the braid may meet the adiabatic equation requirements for earthing, the nature of the braid being made of very fine strands coupled with the comparatively large gaps, when compared to SWA cable, means that under short circuit conditions the fine strands can melt and so the braid will no longer be in contact with a penetrating object such as a screw or nail

Some SY cables on the market are of poor standard, with cases of GSWB coverage being less than 20%. With no standard set, poor quality cables are available on the market at low procurement costs - but this cable's life will be substantially lower. A GSWB coverage of above 55% attains to acceptable standard SY.

Uses
SY control cables are not suitable for fixed wiring applications in the UK requiring compliance with the requirements set out in BS 7671.
SY cable should not be used in areas exposed to ultraviolet light as it damages the outer sheath leading to cracking and then rusting of the braid as water penetrates the damaged sheath.

Origin of the name SY
In CENELEC code – the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization – the S in SY stands for steel wire braid, and the Y for PVC. SY Control Cable can be referred to more generally as Instrumentation Cable, Flexible or Braided Control Cable and Control Flex.

CY and YY control cables
There are three different types of Control Cable in the area of process automation: CY, YY and SY Cable. With its GSWB braid SY is suited to installations with medium to high mechanical stress. YY and CY Control Cable are very similar in construction, but without the mechanical protection provided by the steel wire. YY is a versatile cable that works well in environments with only light mechanical stress and CY Cable has a tinned copper wire braid and polyester binder tape, which provide protection against external electromagnetic influences.

See also

 Electrical cable

References

Industrial automation
Signal cables


Austrian-Moldovan relations are foreign relations between Austria and Moldova.  Both countries established the diplomatic relations on 25 March 1992. Austria is represented in Moldova through its embassy in Bucharest (Romania) and through an honorary consulate in Chişinău.  Moldova has an embassy in Vienna and an honorary consulate in Innsbruck. Austria supports Moldova's European Union membership.

Senior Official Meetings

In 1996, the President of Moldova, Mircea Snegur, visited Austria. In 1997, Petru Lucinschi, President of Moldova, participated in Salzburg at the Economical Summit of central and eastern Europe. In 1999, Petru Lucinschi met with Benita Ferrero-Waldner, State Secretary to the Austrian Federal Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He said that there were bright prospects for Moldova and Austria to expand their bilateral mutually beneficial cooperation, and spoke up for more active Austrian investment in privatized Moldovan enterprises and for creating the legal framework to broaden the bilateral interaction.

In 2003 Vladimir Voronin, President of Moldova, participated at the 10th meeting of the heads of states from Central Europe in Salzburg, Austria, at a meeting that gave leaders from countries across the continent the chance to exchange ideas on an equal footing. In July 2007, Austrian State Secretary Hans Winkler met the Moldovan Deputy Foreign Minister, and stated that Moldova's course of reform was also in Austria's Interest.

In January 2008, Vladimir Voronin met the director general for external economic relations at the Austrian Federal Economy and Labour Ministry Johann Sachs on a visit to Moldova. They discussed the recent successful meeting of the Moldovan-Austrian intergovernmental commission, and possibilities of developing Moldovan-Austrian trade and cooperation in renewable energy, agriculture and tourism. They noted that official data show that Moldova's exports to Austria went up by 50% and Austria's exports to Moldova by 80% in the first nine months of 2007.

Treaties and policy statements

Austria and Moldova have agreed on various treaties covering subject such as bilateral foreign trade relations, transport, promotion and protection of Investments and avoidance of double taxation.

In July 2000, Benita Ferrero-Waldner, minister of foreign affairs of Austria, expressed optimism about negotiations to define the Transnistrian legal status based on political stability in Moldova and its territorial integrity. In April 2006, Ursula Plassnik, foreign minister of Austria, said that Moldova is a neighbour and a partner of the community of E.U. values. Austria saluted progress in strengthening the macroeconomic situation, improving human rights and reducing corruption. Although recognizing Moldova's aspirations for entry into the E.U., she noted that this would take time. In October 2008, at the signing of an Austro-Moldovan agreement on development cooperation, Foreign Minister Ursula Plassnik said "Austria is a reliable friend and partner of Moldova."  The intergovernmental agreement is designed for Moldova's long-term social, ecological and economic development and the establishment of cooperation and development relations with Austria.

Trade and investment

In 2005 the total volume of the trade with Austria was US$33.56 million, growing steadily. Austrian companies active in Moldova include Austrian Airlines, Raiffeisen Zentralbank, which advised the Moldovan government on privatization of Moldtelecom and the GRAWE insurance company, one of the leading insurance companies in Moldova.

See also
 Foreign relations of Austria
 Foreign relations of Moldova
 Moldova–EU relations

References

Bilateral relations of Moldova
Moldova


Jania Aubakirova (Kazakh: Жания Жақияқызы Әубәкірова; born 19 April 1957) is a Kazakhstani pianist. Jania Aubakirova is originally from Almaty, was born 19 April 1957,  Kazakh pianist, professor, and former Rector of the Kazakh national conservatory. Jania Aubakhirova is a recipient of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres and the Kazakhstan State Premium.

She was second to Stanislav Bunin at the 1983 Long-Thibaud Competition; she has performed internationally since. Aubakhirova is a recipient of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres and the Kazakhstan State Premium. She is the Rector of the Kazakh National Conservatory since 1997.

Autobiography
Her father YakhiyaAubakirov (1925-2005), Kazakhstani economist. He was from Karakesk village and his tribe was Argyn.
Sister- ZhanarAubakirov is the main Rector of the national university of the AbayKunanbaev, her specialty is an economist.
Since 1982 year is the main teacher of the Kurmangazy conservatory.
Since 1983 year was the solo singer of the Kazakh Zhambyl conservatory school.
Since 1993 year has been the main professor of Almaty state conservatory.
Since 1997 year to the 2001 year was the Rector of the Kurmangazy, in 2001 year the Conservatory had gained the status of the National by her.
In 1998, made international exhibition was called ‘Classic’. She made an organization in the 18th countries, made approximately 30 discs, more than 20 musical films about Kazakhstani screenwriters. Also, with the participation of her, some organizations were created.
In 2001, was created an international organization which name is ‘United Stars’
In 2002, the college of the name JaniaAubakirova
In 2004, master's degree of ‘Arts Management’ which was dedicated to the education of the professional managers whose sphere was in the art and culture, and also international competition between professional pianists and modern music.

Her profession
Zhania Aubakirova's concerts and performances with famous orchestras, promoting world musical classics and works of Kazakh composers, are regularly held in Kazakhstan, and also the largest concert halls in France, England, Germany, Japan, Russia, Poland, Italy, USA, Israel, Greece, Hungary. The pianist has performed in halls such as - Salle Pleyel, Salle Gaveau, Barbican Hall, Wigmore Hall, Vigoda Hall, Seoul's Arts Center, Keimyung Art Center, Berlin Philharmoniker, Berlin Konzerthaus, Kennedy Center, Carnegie Hall. She also performed in The Great Halls of the Moscow Tchaikovsky Conservatory and the St. Petersburg Philharmonic, the Moscow House of Music, etc. Zhania Aubakirova has collaborated with many famous musicians such as Martha Argerich, Valery Gergiev, Mikhail Pletnev, Alexander Vedernikov, David Geringas, Dorian Wilson, and others. As well as she collaborated with the Russian National Orchestra, the French Radio Symphony Orchestra, the Istanbul Philharmonic Orchestra, the English Chamber Orchestra, and many others. She annually conducts master classes in Kazakhstan and abroad.
On the initiative of Zhania Aubakirova, the Music Agency "Classics" was organized in 1998, which, with great success, conducted many international projects: "Kazakh Seasons in France", "International Piano Competition in Almaty", "Rising Stars", "Dedication to the Piano", "Almaty International Piano Festival ”,“ Masterclasses of foreign professors ”, and also organized concerts in more than 50 countries of the world, recorded more than 30 CDs, more than 20 musical films about Kazakh performers.
Also, Zhania Aubakirova has been the rector of the Kurmangazy Kazakh National Conservatory, since 1997. Under her leadership, the conservatory became the country's leading music university and cultural and educational center of the republic, in 2001 the conservatory was awarded National status.
Among the implemented educational and educational initiatives of Zh.Aubakirova, founded in 1994, the "Author's School of Zhania Aubakirova", which works according to modern educational methods and technologies.
According to the director of the state theater of opera and ballet "Astana Opera" Tolegen Mukhamedzhanov, Zhania Aubakirova adequately represents her people on the world stage.
"Zhania Yakhiyaevna managed to create a personality out of herself, managed to create a great daughter of her people. She can adequately represent her people, the culture of her people. As a musician, I understand what colossal work is needed to play the piano. The piano is a male instrument because to play it, you need strength. But as a woman Zhania Yakhiyaevna mastered this instrument, I think it is worthy to be proud of it. She is a pianist with a capital letter ", - said Tolegen Mukhamedzhanov.

Books
“Вариации на тему”  ("Variations on a Theme")
“Слово об отце. Страницы памяти” (“Word about father. Memory Pages”)

Family
Husband - Sapargaliev Galym Gabbasovich - Director of the Author's School Zhania Aubakirova.
Sons- Almas and Alikhan. Senior - one of the developers of the program "Music and Mathematics", graduated from school with the sign "Altyn belgi". He was the captain of the school basketball team. Junior - is engaged in drawing.

Awards and titles
1983-2nd Grand Prix and Special Prize for the best performance of works by contemporary French composers " at the International Marguerite Long-Jacques Thibault Competition in France.
1985-Grand Prix of the International Competition of Chamber Ensembles in France, in Paris, in collaboration with Gauhar Murzabekova.
1991-People's Artist of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
1998-Knight of the Order of Arts and Letters of France.
2001-winner of the independent award "Platinum Tarlan".
2002-laureate of the State Prize of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
2003-winner of the European Union of Arts named after Gustav Mahler.
2008-holder of the Order of Public Recognition "Catherine the Great" II degree "for strengthening friendship between Kazakhstan and Russia".
2008-Order "Parasat".
2009 badge "For services to Polish culture".
She was awarded state and government medals of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
2011-Gold Cross of Merit Poland.
2012-State of Peace and Progress Award of the First President - Leader of the Nation.
2016-medals "25 years of independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan".
2018-Honorary citizen of the Shet district

References
 Official home page of Jania Aubakirova in Russian and English
 IV competition + Almaty Piano Competition
  Long-Thibaud Competition
  International Telecommunication Union - Republic of Kazakhstan, 2001
  Kazakhstani embassy in France
  Barbican Hall
  University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh

Kazakhstani classical pianists
Living people
Long-Thibaud-Crespin Competition prize-winners
21st-century classical pianists
1957 births


IntarS is an Open-Source-Application for ERP and Customer Relationship Management (CRM). Accessibility by using a Web browser.

References

External links

 Download Sourceforge
 www.seat-1.com
 www.linux-community.de/story?storyid=16490
 IntarS-IDE by Dominik Slany

Free customer relationship management software
Free ERP software
Enterprise resource planning software for Linux


Futebol Clube da Lixa known as FC Lixa is a Portuguese football club from Lixa which was founded in 1934. They currently play in the Portuguese Second Division Serie A and last season they finished 14th place 2007/08. They currently play their home games in Senhor do Amparo with a capacity of 6,000. Their current chairman is Manuel Carvalho and their manager is Zeca Lopes.

Season to season

Current squad

Former players

  Wesley John - Saint Vincent and the Grenadines international who played in Portugal for 23 years, including for clubs Ribeira Brava and Porto da Cruz, both below the Portuguese fourth tier)

References

External links
 FC Lixa official site (Portuguese)

Association football clubs established in 1934
Football clubs in Portugal
1934 establishments in Portugal


Saint Bartholomew's Church, Dublin, is a Church of Ireland (Anglican) parish church located on Clyde Road in Ballsbridge on the Southside of Dublin.

History
The church was consecrated in 1867. Many of its original features are intact, such as the sanctuary mosaics and the elaborate wrought iron choir screen. The architect was Thomas Henry Wyatt. The rectory was built in 1872 by the architect James Edward Rogers.

The bells were cast by Gillett & Bland of Croydon and hung in 1881. Although described as a "carillon", there are only eight bells, making it technically a chime.

Julius Turing (1873–1947) and Ethel Stoney (1881–1976), parents of the mathematician and computer scientist Alan Turing (1912–1954), were married in the church in October 1907.

The church is the focal point of the civil parish of the same name in the barony of Dublin.

Liturgy
Saint Bartholomew's Church maintains a liturgical tradition that is broadly related to that of the Anglo-Catholic tradition. Anglo-Catholicism distinguishes that section or party of the Anglican Communion which stems from the Tractarian Movement of the 1830s. (This movement was centred in Oxford and included such influential figures as John Henry Newman, one of the prime movers in the founding of University College Dublin.) Anglo-Catholics hold a "high" doctrine of the Church and the sacraments; they attach great importance to the apostolic succession, that is, to an episcopal order derived from the apostles; to the historical continuity of the existing Church with the Church of the earliest centuries; and to the Church's ultimate independence of the State.

The church offers a weekly Sunday Solemn Eucharist (sometimes referred to as High Mass) that includes a sung liturgy, the use of candles, Eucharistic vestments and incense, and liturgical processions. Clergy are assisted by servers (including acolytes and a thurifer). Choral Evensong is offered on Sundays, and on festivals or the eve of festivals there is Solemn Evensong (with incense) and Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament. The main services are accompanied by the parish choirs.

Vicars
The following have served as vicars of St Bartholomew's:
1864–1871: Arthur Altham Dawson
1871–1905: Richard Travers Smith
1905–1918: Harry Vere White (later Bishop of Limerick)
1918–1951: Walter Cadden Simpson
1951–1957: Robert Norman Sidney Craig
1957–1964: Henry Homan Warner
1964–1972: James Maurice George Carey
1972–1987: John Thomas Farquhar Paterson (later Dean of Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin)
1978–1985: John Robert Winder Neill (later Archbishop of Dublin)
1985–2000: John Andrew McKay
2000–2004: William James Ritchie
2004–2007: Michael Thompson
2008–present: Andrew McCroskery

Music
The church is celebrated for its fine music and is often used as a concert venue.

Choirs
The choir of boys and men at the church is one of the two remaining all-male Church of Ireland parish church choirs in the country (the other being the male choir at St George's Church in Belfast). The male choir at St Bartholomew's generally sings at least one of the choral services each Sunday during term-time. The remainder are sung by the girls' choir (formed in 2002 and now playing an increasingly prominent role in the church's regular worship as well as undertaking a programme of regular concerts and joint events around the city and country), the Elgin Chorale (which sings during choir vacations) and the newly formed chamber choir, the Clyde Chorale. In recent years, the activities of the choir have expanded to include regular concert appearances. The boy choristers have sung many times in the National Concert Hall, Dublin, where their performances have included the War Requiem of Benjamin Britten and J. S. Bach's St Matthew Passion. The choirs' repertoire is fully representative of the major styles of choral music from the sixteenth century up to the present day.

Organ
The organ was built in 1887 by Gray & Davison. Rebuilt in 1925, it was then left largely unaltered until 1963 when another firm, J. W. Walker & Sons Ltd, undertook a major restoration. This rebuild changed the character of the organ but retained most of the original pipework and mechanism. The organ was last rebuilt by Trevor Crowe of Dublin in 2002. Much of the original instrument's character was brought back by restoring the third manual. In addition, sophisticated technology was incorporated, allowing the player to program sequences of stops and pre-define stop combinations. The instrument was cleverly fitted into a relatively small chamber on the north side of the building.

The first radio broadcast of an organ recital at the church was made in 1935.

Organists
1867–1883: William Henry Owen
1883–1884: J. C. Marks
1884–1938: William Henry Vipond Barry
1938–1946: Edward Samson Fry
1946–1956: Alfred S. Burrowes
1956–1970: G. David Lee
1970–1985: David Milne
1985–2007: Malcolm Wisener (subsequently organist of Saint Fin Barre's Cathedral in Cork)
2008–2011: Fraser Wilson
2011–2021: Tristan Russcher

References

External links

Dublin
Churches completed in 1867
19th-century Church of Ireland church buildings
Ballsbridge
Church of Ireland churches in Dublin (city)
Diocese of Dublin and Glendalough
19th-century churches in the Republic of Ireland


Billa is a 2009 Indian Telugu-language action thriller film directed by Meher Ramesh. The film stars Prabhas in a dual role alongside Krishnam Raju, Anushka Shetty, Namitha, Rahman, and Kelly Dorjee. A remake of the 1978 Hindi film Don by Salim–Javed, it is the second remake of Don in Telugu after Yugandhar (1979).  The film began its production in October 2008 and was released on 3 April 2009 to positive reviews emerging as a box office hit.

Plot
The story begins with an underworld don Billa hiding and operating out of Malaysia, hiding from Interpol's international criminal list. Krishnamoorthy, an ACP working for the Interpol, has spent the last few years looking for Billa, leaving behind a life in India.
During a chase with the police, Billa is severely wounded after an accident, and dies in front of the ACP. The ACP then secretly holds a funeral for Billa. Interpol Officer Dharmendra is assigned to work with the ACP to capture the elusive Billa as no-one knows of Billa's death. The ACP keeps the death of Billa as a secret even from his fellow officers, and tracks down a look-alike called Katikaranga (Ranga), a petty thief based in Visakhapatnam. He asks Ranga to infiltrate Billa's gang by pretending to be Billa. In return, he will make sure that the children Ranga adopted, Lakshmi and Sreenu, get a proper education in Hyderabad.

The ACP trains Ranga and sends him back to Billa's gang as a person who has lost his memory. Slowly Ranga starts to learn about Billa's gang and even speaks to Devil, Billa's boss, on the phone. He also gets attracted to one of the girl members of the gang, Maya (Anushka Shetty) who had been secretly plotting to kill Billa as he killed her brother Vikram and his fiancée Priya.  Ranga then provides a pen drive with the secret information of the crime network to the ACP, but he is about to be killed by Maya who thinks he is Billa. At this juncture, the ACP arrives and tells her that he is Ranga and not Billa. Since then, she begins to assist Ranga and the ACP in their mission and soon falls in love with Ranga. Later before a party, Ranga secretly provides information to the ACP about a meeting of Billa's network, and Lisa, Billa's girlfriend, overhears his conversation. She challenges Ranga, but in the fight, he accidentally kills her. A shootout occurs at the party, and the ACP is secretly killed by someone, leaving his gun behind. Ranga finds the ACP's body and the gun, but is taken into the custody of the police team, now headed by Interpol Officer Dharmendra. He argues during interrogation that he is Ranga and not Billa to Dharmendra. Ranga mentions a piece of evidence – the pen drive, which may prove his innocence, but the pen drive is nowhere to be found.

Unable to prove his innocence, he escapes from a police van. He phones Dharmendra and asks him to meet at the Aero bridge. Here it is revealed that Dharmendra is none other than the Underworld Crime Don Devil, and he is the one who killed ACP Krishnamoorthy. While escaping from Devil's gang, he meets Officer Adithya, who apparently had the pen drive all along, and strikes a deal with Ranga to get hold of Devil. Meanwhile, Maya has been kidnapped by Devil after she tried to defend Ranga from Devil. Maya is tied up and kept in a car with her mouth taped shut. Ranga decides to pose as Billa to Devil, and provides Russian explosives to an arms dealer Rashid, who insisted on dealing with Billa. Enraged at being slighted by Rashid, following the completion of the deal, Devil and his henchman Ranjith fight with Ranga. Soon the police arrived and Devil, posing as Dharmendra, asks the police to arrest Ranga as Billa but gets shot by the squad of police and dies as the police have wired the entire conversation between Devil and Ranga, thus proving Ranga's innocence.

It ends with Ranga returning to Visakhapatnam with Maya, and deciding to start a school and college there with the government reward given to him and four suitcases of cash he stole from Billa's estate in Malaysia.

Cast

Production

Development and casting
During the making of Kantri (2008), actor N. T. Rama Rao Jr. expressed his intention of making Billa (2007) in Telugu following his grandfather N. T. Rama Rao's Yugandhar (1979). Meher Ramesh, however, felt that Rama Rao Jr. would not fit into the role at that stage of his career. Ramesh also explored the idea of making the film with Ravi Teja, but dropped the idea due to budget constraints. Ramesh later approached Prabhas who was excited to work for the project. Prabhas' uncle, Krishnam Raju, was also on board for a pivotal role, marking their first on-screen collaboration. Ramesh cast Anushka Shetty as the female lead. Shetty worked for over two months to slim down for the role. Hansika Motwani readily agreed to act in the film when suggested by Ramesh. Namitha, like Shetty, lost weight before signing the film. Meher wanted either Sameer Reddy or Chota K. Naidu for the cinematography, but due to non-availability of dates from the both of them, Soundararajan was chosen instead, marking his debut in Telugu cinema.

Filming
The film was launched at Gopikrishna Pictures office on October 9, 2008. The film was shot extensively in Malaysia for three months. Filming was completed in 104 working days.

Music
The film's score and soundtrack was composed by Mani Sharma. The audio launch of Billa was held at Shilpakala Vedika on 18 March 2009 with Dasari Narayana Rao, S. S. Rajamouli, V. V. Vinayak, Gopichand and Allu Arjun as guests. Dasari Narayana Rao launched the music. The audio rights was bagged by Lahari Music. The song "My Name is Billa" was later re-used by Sharma for the Tamil film Sura (2010) as "Naan Nadanthaal Adhiradi" and "Bommali " as "Thanjavoor Jillakkaari".

Release and reception
The film was released on 3 April 2009.

Jeevi of Idlebrain stated "First half of the film is alright" but found the second half "a little disappointing" and "prolonged", while also stating "Prabhas’s makeover and styling as Billa and good production values" as positive points but "on the flip side, the second half should have been effectively handled." Critic of Indiaglitz called it "stylish, visually rich" but "Not much in content and depth though". Times of India wrote "If director Meher Ramesh believes that pretty damsels, exotic locales, swanky cars and stylised shots are the ingredients for a blockbuster, then he is grossly mistaken. Billa, the Telugu remake of Don, has more style than substance, and though Prabhas gives an impressive performance as a suave ruthless don, his effort seems to have gone in vain".

Box-office
Billa collected 11 crores share in 10 days.

References

External links

2000s crime action films
2000s Telugu-language films
2009 crime thriller films
2009 films
Films about lookalikes
Films about organised crime in India
Films directed by Meher Ramesh
Films produced by Krishnam Raju
Films scored by Mani Sharma
Films set in Malaysia
Films shot in Kuala Lumpur
Films shot in Malaysia
Films with screenplays by Salim–Javed
Indian crime action films
Indian crime thriller films
Indian gangster films
Reboot films
Telugu remakes of Hindi films
Films about Interpol
Films about the illegal drug trade
Films about the Narcotics Control Bureau
Fictional portrayals of the Andhra Pradesh Police
Films set in Hyderabad, India
Films set in Visakhapatnam


"A Green New Deal" was a report released in the United Kingdom on 21 July 2008 by the Green New Deal Group and published by the New Economics Foundation, which outlines a series of policy proposals to tackle global warming, the current financial crisis, and peak oil. The report calls for the re-regulation of finance and taxation, and major government investment in renewable energy sources. Its full title is: A Green New Deal: Joined-up policies to solve the triple crunch of the credit crisis, climate change and high oil prices.

Recommendations
 Government-led investment in energy efficiency and microgeneration which would make 'every building a powerstation'.
 The creation of thousands of green jobs to enable low-carbon infrastructure reconstruction.
 A windfall tax on the profits of oil and gas companies - as has been established in Norway - so as to provide revenue for government spending on renewable energy and energy efficiency.
 Developing financial incentives for green investment and reduced energy usage.
 Changes to the UK's financial system, including the reduction of the Bank of England's interest rate, once again to support green investment.
 Large financial institutions - 'mega banks' - to be broken up into smaller units and green banking.
 The re-regulation of international finance: ensuring that the financial sector does not dominate the rest of the economy. This would involve the re-introduction of capital controls.
 Increased official scrutiny of exotic financial products such as derivatives.
 The prevention of corporate tax evasion by demanding financial reporting and by clamping down on tax havens.

In the UK
Although the politicians have used the term Green New Deal, it remains largely unimplemented in the form that it was originally proposed. Larry Elliott, the Guardian newspaper's economics editor and one of the originators of the idea, wrote in 2020 that perhaps the policy might be first trialled "in one of the UK’s big cities – Manchester or Glasgow, say – to see whether a GND creates jobs, cuts emissions and generates a new wave of profitable environmental innovation".

Authors

The authors of "A Green New Deal" are:
 Larry Elliott, economics editor of The Guardian
 Colin Hines, co-director of Finance for the Future
 Tony Juniper, former director of Friends of the Earth
 Jeremy Leggett, founder and chairman of Solarcentury and SolarAid
 Caroline Lucas, Member of Parliament for Brighton Pavilion, former leader of the Green Party of England and Wales, and former Member of the European Parliament
 Richard Murphy, co-director of Finance for the Future and director of Tax Research LLP
 Ann Pettifor, former head of the Jubilee 2000 debt relief campaign and campaign director of Operation Noah
 Charles Secrett, advisor on sustainable development, former director of Friends of the Earth
 Andrew Simms, policy director of the New Economics Foundation

See also
 Climate change mitigation
 Green growth
 Politics of global warming
 Sustainable Development Commission

References

External links
 Full text of A Green New Deal from the New Economics Foundation
 The Green New Deal Group
 UNEP Global Green New Deal
 Caroline Lucas on A Green New Deal at the Guardian
 A green New Deal: Green, easy and wrong, article at The Economist
 Support the Green New Deal for Europe
 Labour members launch Green New Deal inspired by US activists. Author - Matthew Taylor. Published by The Guardian on 22 March 2019.

Environmental policy
2000s economic history
Low-carbon economy
Climate change mass media


The Detroit Cornice and Slate Company Building is a Beaux-Arts style industrial office building located at 733 St. Antoine Street (at East Lafayette Street) in Downtown Detroit, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1974.

History
The Detroit Cornice and Slate Company was started by Frank Hesse in 1888. In 1897, the company hired Harry J. Rill to design a Beaux-Arts three-story building for their use. The building was used by the company until 1972, when lack of storage and parking space forced the company to relocate in Ferndale. In 1974, the building was renovated for office and commercial use by architect Bill Kessler. In the 1990s, the Metro Times newspaper moved into the building; a wraparound addition was constructed to increase room for the newspaper. In 1999 William Kessler and Associates restored and made an addition to the building.

In July 2013 Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan was finalizing the purchase of the Cornice and Slate Company Building, which had the Metro Times and Paxahau, an event production and management company that produces the Movement Electronic Music Festival. The Cornice and Slate building is adjacent to the BCBS Bricktown customer service facility. The acquisition of the Cornice and Slate building would add additional space to BCBS's Greektown facility. The ground floor lease to the Flood's Bar & Grille would be maintained while the Cornice and Slate second and third floors would be used as office space for about 100 BCBS employees. This means that the other tenants would be expected to move out of the building. Helen Stojic, director of corporate communications for BCBS, did not state the sale price of the building. BCBS was expected to close on the purchase in August 2013.

By July 16, 2013 Chris Sexson of the Metro Times stated that the publication had not yet made definitive plans for its new headquarters but was already looking for a new headquarters location. The acquisition forced the Metro Times to move. The newspaper leased space in a facility in Ferndale, Michigan.

Construction
The facade of this building is constructed from finely crafted galvanized steel. These metal facades permitted elegant ornamentation to be constructed quickly and cheaply, particularly in locations like Detroit where stone was not easily obtainable. The Detroit Cornice and Slate Company itself fashioned many of the building's simulated carvings from sheet metal.

References

Further reading

External links

Detroit Cornice and Slate
Metro Times

Office buildings in Detroit
Downtown Detroit
Office buildings completed in 1897
National Register of Historic Places in Detroit
Michigan State Historic Sites in Wayne County, Michigan
Beaux-Arts architecture in Michigan


Moldovan-Swiss relations are diplomatic, economic and other relations between Moldova and Switzerland.  Both countries established diplomatic relations on September 2, 1992.  Moldova is represented in Switzerland through its embassy to the United Nations in Geneva.  Switzerland is represented in Moldova through its embassy in Kyiv (Ukraine) and an honorary consulate in Chişinău. Since 1992 various senior Moldovan officials have visited Switzerland to discuss improvements in bilateral relations. Switzerland has provided significant aid to Moldova.

Official visits and statements
In April 1992 the Swiss military attaché in Moscow said that Switzerland intended to establish links between the Swiss and Moldovan military institutions and assist Moldova in strengthening defense capabilities.

In January 1999 Moldovan President Petru Lucinschi visited Switzerland, and stated that progress had been made in broadening bilateral relations between the two countries.

In October 2006, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Switzerland to Moldova Christian Fessler stated that Switzerland supports Moldova's European integration efforts, and hoped for a peaceful settlement of the Transnistria conflict.

In June 2008, the Moldovan Vice-Premier and Minister of Foreign Affairs and European Integration Andrei Stratan visited Switzerland and met with senior officials to discuss improvements in bilateral relations, including visa arrangements and joint cooperation efforts in the social, tourism and education sectors. They noted plans to open an embassy of Switzerland in Chişinău.

In December 2008 Valery Ostalep, Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of Moldova, visited Switzerland and met with senior officials to discuss opportunities for improved economic relations.

Agreements
As of 2008, Moldova and Switzerland had signed a dozen agreements, half of which were economic.

Aid
In 1996 it was reported that the Swiss-American Micro-Enterprise Programme would lend money for small loans to assist Moldova's micro-enterprises. Switzerland's State Secretariat for Economic Affairs funded a project in 2005 to assist the Moldovan Ministry of Economy and Commerce in improving levels of foreign direct investment.

The Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) has been active in Moldova since 2000, providing humanitarian aid. The SDC gave support to the International Organization for Migration in 2001 to start a reintegration program for the victims of trafficking in women. The Lausanne-based Terre des hommes has been active in Moldova since 2005, giving support and training to authorities in protecting children at risk of parental neglect, abuse, exploitation and trafficking. The Swiss Tropical Institute has provided assistance to Moldova since 2006 in improvements in perinatal treatment.

Economic relations

Switzerland is Moldova's 14th most important trading partner.

In July 2000, the president of the Swiss airline Crossair met with Moldovan President, Petru Lucinschi and expressed readiness to extend the partnership with the state-owned Air Moldova, and to take part in the privatization of the Air Moldova. The Moldovan government was also negotiating with Swiss-based Militzer & Münch about a concession to run the Moldovan National Railroad Company. Alain Benech of the Secretariat for Economy of the Switzerland Foreign Department stated in an interview that there were many opportunities for Swiss business in Moldova.

In December 2008, Moldovan entrepreneurs in Switzerland attended a forum organized by the newly formed Switzerland-Moldova Chamber of Commerce, with guest speakers Pierre-François Unger, Minister of Economy and Health of the Canton of Geneva and Moldovan Minister of Finance Marian Durleshtyanu.

Miscellaneous

In June 2003 Swiss parliamentarian Ruth-Gaby Vermot-Mangold presented a report on organ trafficking to the Council of Europe, including evidence gathered in Moldova. This has prompted Swiss authorities to consider new legislation to prevent abuse of organ donations.

See also
 Foreign relations of Moldova
 Foreign relations of Switzerland

References

Switzerland
Bilateral relations of Switzerland