Iskra (, ash-Sharara) was a communist organization in Egypt. Iskra was founded in 1942 by Hillel Schwartz. In the initial phase of its existence, the membership of Iskra was a small group of less than 100.

The followers of Iskra were, like the supporters of other Egyptian communist factions, active inside the Wafdist Vanguard (see Wafd). Iskra emphazised studies of Marxist theory and its application in Egyptian society. Iskra's approach was that the first task of the communists was to build a base among revolutionary intellectuals, and that mass mobilisation would follow at a later stage.

In 1944 Iskra established a study centre, Dar al-abahth al-'ilmiya (دار الأبحاث العلمية, House of Scientific Research). The centre published literature and gave classes on communist thought. Iskra was one of the forces behind the foundation of the National People's University in 1945, an institution that provided courses in politics and social sciences for labour activists.

In February 1946, Iskra was one of the groups that organised the National Committee of Workers and Students, a mass movement for national independence and social reforms.  The National Committee lasted until July the same year.

In 1947 the organisation began publishing the newspaper al-Jamahir (الجماهير, 'The Masses'). Shudi Atiya ash-Shafi was the director of the House of Scientific Research and later the editor of al-Jamahir. Ash-Shafi had been the first Egyptian Muslim to become part of the Iskra leadership. That same year Iskra merged with the Egyptian Movement for National Liberation (HAMITU) to form the Democratic Movement for National Liberation.

Social profile
In comparison to other contemporary communist organisations in Egypt, the membership of Iskra largely consisted of intellectuals. Like all communist groups, the cadres were mainly urban and based in the Cairo area. A large number of the Iskra cadres were Europeanised Jews or belonging to other European minorities. Many of the Iskra activists belonged to the upper strata of Cairo society, and were often recruited from the Lycée Français du Caire. The recruitment was often done through arranging parties and social events. In 1945, Iskra had a membership of about 900. 40% of them were foreigners.

Notably the Jewish members of the Iskra leadership took a more militant anti-Zionist approach than the non-Jewish cadres. Around 1946/early 1947 they formed the Jewish Anti-Zionist League.

It was in Iskra that the first female communists were organized in Egypt. Some of the first women cadres were Latifa az-Zayyat, Soraya Adham, Fatma Zaki, Inge Aflatun, Aimée Setton and Odette Hazan Solomon.

The Iskra group soon got the reputation of being a haven for sexual libertinism. In fact the anti-communist discourse in Egypt at the time, which was centered around claims that the communist movement was morally depraved and dominated by Jews, was largely based on the reputation of the Iskra group. Other communist factions became harshly critical of Iskra, especially the role of women in the organisation. Henri Curiel, leader of HAMITU, criticized Iskra for organizing parties as a tool for political recruitment.

References

Ashkenazi Jewish culture in Egypt
Defunct communist parties in Egypt
European diaspora in Egypt
Jewish anti-Zionism in Egypt
Jewish anti-Zionist organizations
Jewish communist movements
Jewish Egyptian history
Marxist parties in Egypt
Organizations established in 1942
1942 establishments in Egypt


Roger Østlie Sandum (born 10 May 1970) is a Norwegian politician for the Socialist Left Party.

Born in Rælingen, he has secondary education as a photographer at Strømmen. He was hired as such in Romerikes Blad in 1992, and later became journalist. He was a member of Akershus county council from 1991 to 1995, and from 2000 to 2005 he was a secretary and advisor for the Socialist Left Party parliamentary group.

When Stoltenberg's Second Cabinet assumed office following the 2005 election, he was appointed State Secretary in the Ministry of Finance. From 2009 he is State Secretary in the Ministry of Education and Research. In March 2012 he also doubled, briefly, as State Secretary in the Ministry of Children, Equality and Social Inclusion.

References

1970 births
Living people
People from Rælingen
Akershus politicians
Socialist Left Party (Norway) politicians
Norwegian state secretaries


Sixteenth HD1080 (or HD1080/16) is a display resolution that is the same aspect ratio and one 16th the area of 1080 line high-definition TV resolution.

HD1080 is 1920x1080 pixels, so dividing the resolution by 4 in each axis gives 480x270 pixels. This is a computationally convenient process, as HD1080 content can be scaled down simply by summing blocks of 16 pixels and dividing by 16 (arithmetic shift right 4 bits).

HD720 is 1280x720 pixels, i.e. 2/3 the resolution of HD1080 in each axis. HD720
content thus needs to be scaled by a factor of 3/8 in each axis, producing 3x3 pixels for every 8x8 pixels in. This is not as easy as scaling HD1080 content.

In practice, these displays are made with 272 rows of pixels where it is more convenient to manufacture pixels in multiples of 8x8. It also helps image compression and decompression, which is commonly done on 8x8 or 16x16 blocks of pixels.

Applications
Sixteenth HD1080 displays are generally intended for Portable Media Players, where they are well suited to showing scaled-down HD1080 content that is the coming standard in media (e.g. Blu-ray discs).

The PlayStation Portable uses a 480x272 display, suggesting potential use as a Portable Media Player as well as a games machine.

Microsoft's Zune HD uses a 480x272 OLED display to properly scale HD video when it is being displayed on the device.

Digital imaging


B'nai Jeshurun is a synagogue on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, New York City.

History
Founded in 1825, Bnai Jeshurun was the second synagogue founded in New York and the third-oldest Ashkenazi synagogue in the United States.

The synagogue was founded by a coalition of young members of Congregation Shearith Israel, immigrants, and the descendants of immigrants from the German and Polish lands. It was the stated intention to follow the "German and Polish minhag (rite)." The order of prayers followed that of the Ashkenazi Great Synagogue of London, and the congregation sought the guidance of the British chief Rabbi Solomon Hirschell on matters of ritual. They first held services on Pearl Street, and dedicated their first building on Elm Street in Manhattan in 1829.

The first rabbi, Samuel Myer Isaacs, was appointed in 1839. In 1845, a schism formed in the congregation leadership. By 1850, the congregation had grown large enough to make it necessary to build a new synagogue. A building on Greene Street was dedicated on September 25, 1851, and the Jewish newspaper Asmonean described the edifice and its builders as admirable. Its rabbi in the 1850s and 1860s, when it was frequently called "the Greene Street Synagogue", was Morris Jacob Raphall. By 1852, it had started a Hebrew school open to the entire city's Jews, of all varieties, and by 1854 had opened a separate school building a few doors down Greene Street.

B'nai Jeshurun had a cemetery on 32nd Street, which was in use until 1851, when the city banned burials in the area. At that time, they jointly created a cemetery named Beth Olom in Cypress Hills, Brooklyn, but continued to maintain the older cemetery. By 1875, the Manhattan cemetery was becoming derelict, and the congregation sold it to developers in 1875, moving those buried there to its new cemetery. The old location is now occupied by the back portion of the Hotel Pennsylvania, approximately where the loading dock and sports club entrance are situated.

In 1864, the congregation moved yet again, to a new building on 34th Street, the parcel later became part of the site of the flagship Macy's store. Driven by the rapid expansion of the city, they moved yet again in the spring of 1885 to Madison Avenue at 65th Street. That building was designed by Rafael Guastavino and Schwarzmann & Buchman. Less than a year later, a fire did extensive damage to the building. Reports rated the damage at $35,000. B'nai Jeshurun was temporarily relocated to Congregation Ahawath Chesed, now Central Synagogue, on Lexington Avenue, which ironically had a fire of its own within the month, leaving both congregations homeless.

Henry Jacobs was another long-serving rabbi. He had a 17-year tenure, ending in January, 1893.

The present building, located at 257 West 88th Street, between Broadway and West End Avenue, was dedicated in 1917. It was designed by Henry B. Herts, a congregant and celebrated theater architect, with Walter S. Schneider. In addition to its place on the National Register of Historic Places, the synagogue was included in the New York City Riverside Drive-West End Historic District created in 1990. The muqarna-studded ceiling was redesigned following its collapse during renovations in the early 1990s and was replaced with a future-invoking space frame back-lit to simulate a nighttime sky

Breakaway congregations
B'nai Jeshurun's original founders broke from the city's only synagogue, Shearith Israel, in 1825, in order to create an Ashkenazi congregation. Subsequently, B'nai Jeshurun members broke away to form new synagogues several times.

In 1828, at a time of rapid growth in the New York Jewish community, a group left B'nai Jeshurun to found Ansche Chesed.

In 1845, Temple Shaaray Tefila was founded by 50 primarily English and Dutch Jews who had been members of B'nai Jeshurun.

Affiliation
B'nai Jeshurun took a leading role in founding the Board of Directors of American Israelites in 1859. By 1874, there were divisions within the congregation over remaining strictly Orthodox or adopting ideas from the Reform movement, and by 1875, it was in litigation, with the Reform movement ultimately winning in court. The Board of Delegates affiliated with the Reform movement's Union of American Hebrew Congregations in 1878, but in 1884 it left. Two years later, it also supported the founding of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America (JTS) in 1886, a school formed to support Orthodoxy in combating the Reform movement.

In 1870, it worked with the other Conservative (non-Reform) synagogues of the city to develop a uniform siddur. In 1889, the congregation published its own edition of the prayer book.

When Solomon Schechter used the Jewish Theological Seminary to create a conservative set of reforms to traditional Judaism, B'nai Jeshurun joined his United Synagogue of America, now the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism. In the late 1980s the congregation left the Conservative movement and became independent.

Contemporary
A spiritual and demographic renaissance began in 1985, with the arrival of Rabbi Marshall Meyer. At the same time, the congregation introduced musical Shabbat services that drew from both Sephardic and Chassidic musical traditions.

A "Stonewall Shabbat Seder" was first held at B’nai Jeshurun in 1995. In 2018, B'nai Jeshurun announced its decision to officiate interfaith marriages if the couple promised to raise their children as Jews, exclusively.

Notable clergy
 Rabbi Samuel Myer Isaacs (1804-1878)
 Rabbi Stephen Samuel Wise (1893-1900)
 Rabbi Joseph Mayor Asher (1901-1907)
 Rabbi Judah Leon Magnes (1911-1912)
 Rabbi Israel Goldstein (1918-1960)
 Rabbi William Berkowitz (1950-1984)
 Rabbi Marshall Meyer (1985-1993)
 Rabbi J. Rolando Matalon (1986-)
 Hazzan Ari Priven (1989-)
 Rabbi Marcelo R. Bronstein (1995-2017)
 Rabbi Felicia Sol (2001-)

References
https://www.newspapers.com/clip/18691599/funerals_yesterday/

External links

 B'nai Jeshurun website

Ashkenazi synagogues
German-Jewish culture in New York City
Polish-Jewish culture in New York City
Synagogues completed in 1917
Synagogues in Manhattan
Upper West Side
Properties of religious function on the National Register of Historic Places in Manhattan
Byzantine Revival synagogues
Unaffiliated synagogues in New York City
Synagogues on the National Register of Historic Places in New York City


Patrick Moran (14 March 1888 – 14 March 1921) was a grocer's assistant, trade unionist and member of the Irish Republican Army executed in Mountjoy Prison along with five other men on 14 March 1921. He is one of those who were dubbed "The Forgotten Ten".

Background
Moran was born in Crossna, Ardcarn, County Roscommon. He was the third of eleven children of Bartholemew and Brigid Moran, and attended primary school in Crossna before going to work as a grocer's assistant in Boyle. In 1911, he settled in Dublin.

An active member of the Gaelic Athletic Association, he was involved in the 1913 Dublin Lock-out. He was a member of the Irish Republican Brotherhood and the Irish Volunteers. As Adjutant of D Company, 2nd Battalion of the Dublin section of the Volunteers he fought in the Jacob's Factory Garrison during the Easter Rising of 1916 under Thomas MacDonagh.

In the aftermath of the Easter Rising, he was imprisoned at Knutsford Prison and later at Frongoch. He was tried in Wormwood Scrubs and released in July 1916.

In 1917, he was a founder of the Irish National Union of Vintners, Grocers and Allied Trades Assistants. He went on to serve as the organisation's president and chairman of its Kingstown branch.

Arrest and detention
After his release from internment, Moran  became a captain in 'D' Company of the 2nd Battalion, Dublin Brigade, IRA. He was arrested on one occasion in 1920 during a strike for better conditions for members of his union and was imprisoned in Mountjoy for two weeks when he refused to take bail as he said he had done no wrong. He was arrested at his place of work on the Friday after Bloody Sunday (1920) and taken to the Bridewell Station. He was transferred two weeks later to Arbour Hill.

During the Bloody Sunday action to wipe out a group of Dublin -based British spymasters known as the Cairo Gang, on 21 November 1920, Moran headed the IRA squad that killed two men in the Gresham Hotel in O'Connell Street: Leonard Wilde, a former British Consul in Spain, and Patrick Joseph MacCormack, a World War I veteran and ex-jockey. MacCormack's mother, Kate, a veteran of the Land War and relative of Michael Davitt who lived in Dun Laoghaire, mounted a vigorous campaign to clear her son's name of what she saw as the taint of being a British spy.

While in detention at Arbour Hill Prison, Moran was subjected to a number of identity parades and identified as being the man who had held up a motor cyclist outside 38 Mount Street, Dublin where Lt. Peter Ashmun Ames, an American-born British military intelligence officer, was murdered (21 November 1920). Moran strongly protested his innocence of involvement in that incident on Bloody Sunday. He claimed he was at Mass in Blackrock (over four miles from the scene of the shooting) at the time. Several witnesses supported this alibi evidence, but it was deemed to be false.

However, witnesses including a church rector, responding to the claim by military witnesses to have known the time by the chiming of the church bell, revealed that the bell had not chimed for years. The sexton said it had not chimed for 10 years.

Conviction and execution

He was transferred from Arbour Hill to Kilmainham Jail and incarcerated in what was known as the "Murderers' Gallery", two cells away from Ernie O'Malley, with whom he became good friends.

On 14 February 1921, Moran, O'Malley and Frank Teeling broke through the padlock of an outer gate of the prison. However, Moran refused to take the opportunity to escape as he reportedly felt the authorities would interpret it as an admission of guilt, telling O'Malley  "I don't want to let down the witnesses who gave evidence for me."

Moran started a concert to distract the guards while the men escaped, with Simon Donnelly taking Moran's place. The event is related in detail in O'Malley's memoir On Another Man's Wound. He was tried the day following the break out in City Hall, Dame Street, Dublin. Moran was convicted by a military Court-martial of murder three days later and sentenced to be hanged on 14 March 1921.

Moran and Thomas Whelan were tried for murder; Francis Flood, Thomas Bryan, Patrick Doyle and Bernard Ryan for high treason. They were all convicted and sentenced to death. The Roman Catholic Archbishop of Dublin William Walsh spoke out against the sentence.

The Irish National Union of Vintners' Grocers' & Allied Trades' Assistants, of which Moran had been an active member, called a half-day general strike on the morning of the executions and over 40,000 people gathered outside Mountjoy to pray for the six men who were hanged between 6am and 8pm. The townships of Bray, Dún Laoghaire, and Blackrock closed down, with the municipal flags flying at half-mast, on the day of his hanging, with  Mass celebrated in all churches every hour from 6am to noon. All post office branches throughout Ireland stopped work.

Aftermath and reinterment
In 1961, a park was opened in Moran's memory in Dún Laoghaire. He had worked in Dun Laoghaire from 1916-20 in the premises of Lynch and O'Brien. He moved to Magees in Blackrock just two months prior to his arrest in November 1920. In May 2012, the park was closed to the public as work commenced on the removal of the bowling green, and the construction of a library and cultural centre. In 2001, he and the other nine executed men (dubbed "the Forgotten Ten") were exhumed from their graves in the prison and given a full State Funeral. He is now buried in Glasnevin Cemetery, Dublin.

Bibliography
 O'Malley, Ernie. On Another Man's Wound: A Personal History of Ireland's War of Independence (2002);

References

1888 births
1921 deaths
Irish people convicted of murder
People convicted of murder by the British military
People executed for murder
People from County Roscommon
The Forgotten Ten
Executed people from County Roscommon


Singrauli district is one of the districts in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh.

History
It was previously ruled by the Maharajas of Singrauli State till 1947, after which the monarchy was abolished. Singrauli district has its headquarters at Waidhan. It was the largest district in the Bagelkhand Division of Vindhya Pradesh. Singrauli is emerging as India's energy capital.

Just two generations ago, smallholders were tending their parcels of land here, and the original inhabitants were gathering honey and herbs in the forest. In the late fifties, a large scale dam banked up the water of the River Rihand. The dam known as Govind Vallabh Pant Sagar was inaugurated by Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru in 1962. Later, rich coal deposits spread over an area of 2200 km2 in the state of M.P. (eastern part of Sidhi District) and U.P. (southern part of Sonebhadra District) were discovered close to the artificial lake that could be used to generate electricity.

This area has a group of rock cut caves made in the 7-8th century AD in Mada, 32 km from Waidhan. The Mada caves are situated in Mada tehsil of Singrauli district. Famous caves include Vivah Mada, Ganesh Mada and Shankar Mada, Jaljalia and Ravan Mada.

Besides rock cut caves, Singrauli also has painted rock shelters. Ranimachi, Dholagiri and Goura pahad lie in Chitrangi tehsil of Singrauli. These painted rock shelters belong to the Mesolithic age of microlithic implements culture. These paintings are representative of the early history of Indian art and are made of red ochre.

Pollution threatens the shelters. Connectivity by road is very poor. This has been evident for several years but no action has been taken yet to improve road transport and quality of buses.

Geography
Singrauli district covers an area of .

Divisions
Singrauli district comprises three tehsils, namely, Singrauli, Deosar and Chitrangi Vidhan Sabha.
Later two more tehsils have been added to this district viz. Mada and Sarai.

Politics
There are three Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha constituencies in this district, namely, Chitrangi, Singrauli and Deosar. All of these are part of Sidhi Lok Sabha constituency The MLA of Singrauli tehsil is Ram lallu vaishya, Amar Singh of chitrangi tehsil and Subhash Verma of Deosar. MP of Singrauli constituency is Riti Pathak along with sidhi. Mayor of Singrauli is Rani Agrawal.

Demographics

According to the 2011 census Singrauli district has a population of 1,178,273, roughly equal to the nation of Timor-Leste or the US state of Rhode Island. This gives it a ranking of 402nd in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of  . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 28.03%. Singrauli has a sex ratio of 916 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 62.36%. 19.25% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Tribes made up 12.79% and 32.59% of the population respectively. The largest tribes are the Gonds, who are 50% of the tribal population, and Kols, 16% of the tribal population.

At the time of the 2011 Census of India, 89.59% of the population in the district spoke Hindi, 4.49% Bagheli and 1.64% Gondi as their first language.

Education
Singrauli district is home to a unique ambidextrous school named Veena Vandini School in Budhela, where students are taught to write simultaneously with both hands. The school was setup by a former Army soldier Shri V.P. Sharma in July 1999.

Economy
Singrauli is also known as Energy Capital of India. The Rihand Dam was built in 1961 across the Rihand River at Pipri in the neighbouring district of Sonbhadra, in Uttar Pradesh. Later, rich coal deposits spread over an area of  across the states of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh were discovered close to the artificial lake, Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar formed by the Rihand Dam. That led to the transformation and development of the area.

Coal mining and power
Northern Coalfields is the major business of the district. The headquarters of the company are at Singrauli.  The company is a subsidiary of Coal India, which is the largest coal producing company in world.

The Singrauli Coalfield can be divided into two basins, viz. Moher sub-basin (312 km2.) and Singrauli Main basin (1890 km2.). The major part of the Moher sub-basin lies in the Sidhi district of Madhya Pradesh and a small part lies in the Sonebhadra district of Uttar Pradesh. Singrauli main basin lies in the western part of the coalfield and is largely unexplored. The present coal mining activities and future blocks are concentrated in Moher sub-basin. Lignite is the form of coal excavated from these coal mines. These coal mines are a hub for the Heavy Earth Moving Machines (HEMM).

The exploration carried out by GSI/NCDC/CMPDI has proved abundant resource of power grade coal in the area. This in conjunction with easy water resource from Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar makes this region an ideal location for high capacity pithead power plants. The coal supplies from NCL has made it possible to produce more than 11000 MW of electricity from pithead power plants of National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC),  The region is now called the Energy Capital of India. The ultimate capacity of power generation of these power plants is 13295 MW and NCL is fully prepared to meet the increased demand of coal for the purpose. In addition, NCL supplies coal to power plants of Rajasthan Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam, Delhi Vidyut Board (DVB) and Haryana Power Generation Corporation Limited.

NCL produces coal through mechanised opencast mines but its commitments towards environmental protection is total. It is one of very few companies engaged in mining activities, which has got ISO –14001 Certification for its environmental systems.

NCL, through its community development programmes, has significantly contributed towards improvement and development of the area. It is helping local tribal, non-tribal and project-affected persons in overall improvement of quality of their life through self-employments schemes, imparting education and providing health care.

Industries

All major companies operating in Singrauli are giants of Indian energy industry. The operations of companies include mining of coal to power generation. In recent past, several private companies have also joined the league of companies operating in Singrauli. It is expected by 2017, that Singrauli would feed around 35,000 MW of electrical power to the grid alone.

Major companies operating or coming up at Singrauli are:

MISCELLANEOUS:-
 A Power plant is going to be set at Koyalkhooth & Baheri by L&T Power
BEML Limited (Under Ministry of Defence) Manufacture of HEMM
  Voltas Limited (A TATA Enterprise) Manufacture of HEMM.
Reliance Infrastructure
Mercedes Benz (for mining)

Culture
The famous temples of Singrauli are Hanuman Mandir of Jhingurdah, about 8 kilometres from the city and Jwala Mukhi about 15 km from Singrauli Rly. station. Other temples include Gayatri temple, Jain temple & Shiv Mandir, situated at Vindhyanagar, 15 km from Singrauli. Jagannath Temple, Jayant, is a famous Hindu shrine (Lord Jagannath). The most prominent festivals in this area are Durga pooja and Deepawali. In Hanuman mandir a grand mela (fair) is also organised.famous Shree Ganeshji temple, Deosar is located in khadaura village near deosar.

References

https://books.google.com/books?id=mhD3_1H7B90C&dq=singrauli+kharwar+raja+of+history&pg=PA793

External links

Official website - administrative website of singrauli district

Districts of Madhya Pradesh
Coal mining districts in India


Antler is a British company that has been designing and manufacturing luggage since 1914. The company is currently headquartered in London, United Kingdom.

History

1914–1930
The son of a famous bicycle seat manufacturer, John Boultbee Brooks founded Antler in Lancashire in 1914, producing leather wardrobe trunks for ocean voyages and unique motor trunks designed to be attached to cars. His interest in wildlife prompted him to adopt a stag’s head and antlers as the official brand symbol for the luggage line, which remains the firm's logo to this day.

1940s
World War II led Antler to start producing haversacks, webbing belts and military equipment. After the war, the firm reverted to its original product line, introducing soft-sided luggage.

1950s
Tourism boomed in the 1950s as air travel became more accessible and affordable. Antler needed to adjust to consumer demands, with products that combined soft and hard materials and fabrics in one suitcase.

1960s
By 1965, Antler employed 400 workers and exported their products internationally .

Today
In 2010, Lloyds Development Capital (L.D.C.) backed a management buyout of Antler. Following this, Antler left its headquarters in Bury, Greater Manchester in 2013, relocating to Central London. This was followed by a number of changes, most notably the relaunch of RevelationLondon, Antler's sister brand, in 2016.

In 2017, Antler was sold to Endless LLP. In 2020, Antler was sold again, to ATR Holdings, went into administration in May of that year as the effects of the pandemic on travel took their toll. The company announced it was out of administration on 20 July 2020 as a new registered company, ATR Brands Ltd, trading as Antler. The new company's headquarters are on Dover Street, London.

References

External links
Antler Luggage History

British brands
Luggage brands


Roger Schjerva (born 19 January 1968) is a Norwegian politician for the Socialist Left Party.

Born in Oslo, he graduated as cand.oecon. from the University of Oslo in 2000. He started his political career as a secretary and advisor for his party.

When the second cabinet Stoltenberg assumed office following the 2005 election, he was appointed State Secretary in the Ministry of Finance.

References
Biography at Government.no

1968 births
Living people
Socialist Left Party (Norway) politicians
Norwegian state secretaries
Politicians from Oslo
University of Oslo alumni


Arthur McKean (March 13, 1882 – January 7, 1957) was an American football and basketball coach, lawyer, judge, and politician. He served as the head football coach at Geneva Collegein Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania from 1907 to 1911, compiling a record of 12–24–7. McKean served one term in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives after being elected in 1910. He was the Western Pennsylvania prohibition administrator during the presidency of Woodrow Wilson and later was a municipal judge in Orlando, Florida.

Coaching career
McKean was the sixth head football coach at Geneva College in Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania, serving for five seasons, from 1907 to 1911 and compiling a record of 10–24–7. Under McKean, the Geneva decided to join forces with five other colleges to abolish the game of football if significant rules changes were not made to make the game safer.

McKean played football and baseball at Geneva when he was a student.

Politics and law
McKean was elected to the Pennsylvania House of Representatives as a Democrat in 1910. He also served various local political positions and maintained a law practice.

Death
McKean died on January 7, 1957, at Citizens General Hospital in New Kensington, Pennsylvania.

Head coaching record

Football

References

1882 births
1957 deaths
20th-century American judges
20th-century American politicians
Geneva Golden Tornadoes baseball players
Geneva Golden Tornadoes football coaches
Geneva Golden Tornadoes football players
Geneva Golden Tornadoes men's basketball coaches
Democratic Party members of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
Politicians from Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania
Sportspeople from the Pittsburgh metropolitan area
Coaches of American football from Pennsylvania
Players of American football from Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania
Baseball players from Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania
Basketball coaches from Pennsylvania


Lalbandi (Nepali: लालबन्दी) is a municipality in Sarlahi district in Madhesh Province of Nepal. The municipality was established on 18 May 2014 by merging the existing Parwanipur VDC, Netragunj VDC, Jabdi, Lalbandi and Pattharkot VDCs. At the time of the 2021 Nepal Census, it had a population of 66,419 living in 14,873 individual households. There are 17 wards in this municipality. It is the largest municipality in Sarlahi district. The office of this municipality is in ward no.6 Located in Lalbandi. Lalbandi Bazar, located on the East West or Mahendra highway, is one of the main trading areas within the municipality. Bordering Ishwarpur Municipality to the east and south, Haripur Municipality to the west and south, Sindhuli district to the north and Hariwan to the west, Lalbandi is the main trading site of the district.

Due to increasing urbanization, increased business activity, this municipality is becoming a center of attraction in the district and is developing as the largest municipality in the district.

The whole municipality is moving forward unitedly for the prosperity and development of this municipality by embracing the original slogan, "Clean, beautiful and prosperous city, Pride of Sarlahi District." The municipality is committed to the economic and social upliftment of women, indigenous nationalities, Dalits, the disabled within the municipal area.

The place is famous for tomato production in whole Nepal. Tomato and other green vegetables are the chief cash crop of this place along with paddy, wheat, maize and other crops. It is the fast developing Municipality in Mid Terai region of Nepal. Bhudeo Khadya Udhyog (Hulas Foods), a subsidiary of Hulas Group is located here which is one of the biggest rice, pulse and flour manufacturing and packaging industry in Nepal.

Natural Resource
Lalbandi Municipality is broadly divided into Chure region, Bhabar region and Terai Region. The municipality is situated in subtropical monsoon climatic region so, subtropical vegetation preveals in the region. Sal Forest (Shorea robusta) is dominant forest. Other trees found in the municipality are khayer, Sissou (Dalbergia sissoo), Karma, Kumni, Harro, Barro, Sindure, Tantari, Sanisal, Simal (Bombax ceiba), Bhurkul, Dabdabe, etc. The faunal species found in the region are tiger, leopard, bear, elephant, wild buffalo (Bubalus arnee), wild boar, deer, chital, etc. Peacock, Hornbill, kalij, Luiche, etc. are the bird found in the region. Deforestation, population increment are major cause for destruction of habitat of wildlife. Lakhandehi River flows through this municipality.

Climate
Harion region has subtropical monsoon type of climate. With the reference to Climatic Station of Janakpur, the average maximum temperature of the municipality is 31 °C with record of the highest temperature 42 °C while the average minimum temperature of 20 °C with record of the minimum temperature 4 °C. About 80% of rainfall occurs in monsoon season (July–September) with average rainfall of 1699.6 mm.

Population Status
With reference to population and housing census 2011, about 59,395 people are residing in Lalbandi Municipality living in 3,295 individual households.

Education
Community school Janajyoti Multiple campus that can be studied up to postgraduate level, 3 year Diploma Computer Overseas Course in CTEVT and Janjyoti Technical School, which taught 15 months sub-overseas Course. There are 40 community schools in this Municipality.

Source of Drinking water
Most of household use tubewell/handpump for drinking water while northern people of this municipality use drinking water from uncovered well/kuwa. In some area of this municipality, people use tap/piped water. Some people use drinking water from river/stream as well. Sprout water, covered well/kuwa, etc. are the other source of drinking water.

Use of Energy
People of Lalbandi Municipality mainly depend upon traditional fuel type for cooking. About minimum percentage of people depend on LP gas for cooking. Biogas is also used for cooking fuel. Other cooking fuel are kerosene, electricity, santhi/Guitha and the others. People of Lalbandi mainly depend on electricity, kerosene, biogas, solar energy for lighting purpose.

Industries/Agriculture
The place is famous for tomato production in whole Nepal. Tomato and other green vegetables are the chief cash crop of this place along with paddy, wheat, maize and other crops. It is the fast developing VDCs in Mid Terai region of Nepal. Bhudeo Khadya Udhyog (Hulas Foods), a subsidiary of Hulas Group is located here which is one of the biggest rice, pulse and flour manufacturing and packaging industry in Nepal.

Service
Lalbandi has a permanent market area which houses shops for Garment, Hardware, Cosmetics, Departmental Stores, DVD rentals, Travel agencies, Grocery shops, Hospital, Cooperative Finance companies, a couple of major banks and their ATMs. One can also use internet facilities in the market area. There is a biweekly market that is set up every Monday and Thursday. These are the days when most people from the surrounding areas come for the weekly shopping of groceries. With each passing day the number of shops in the market are growing along with the quality and variety of products that they offer.

Media
There are two FM radio stations in Lalbandi Municipality i.e. Radio Ekata 92.4 MHz. and Dhukdhuki FM 95.2 MHz. Radio Ekata is Community radio Station and other Dhukdhuki FM is private radio station.

Medical Facility
In the area of health care, 15 beds government hospital, 100 beds community cooperative hospital and community eye treatment center under construction and health care operated by various associations are available in this municipality.

Temple and River
The temple of Lord Shiva and the river is famous in nearby areas. People come here from surrounding areas in Maha Shivaratri, Bala Chaturdashi, Saune Sombar Chhath and other festivals.

Transport
The most important National Highway in Nepal passes through Lalbandi, the EastWest Highway. Due to this most long route buses plying to major hubs in the country like Kathmandu, Pokhara, Birgunj, Biratnagar, Nepalgunj pass through Lalbandi and so one can easily catch a bus to all the major parts of the country from Lalbandi. For local transportation, tempos and Tata ace are popularly used. Nearest airport is the Simara Airport which is approximately 70 km. One can get flights to major destination in Nepal from this airport.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Sarlahi  District

Populated places in Sarlahi District
Municipalities in Madhesh Province
Nepal municipalities established in 2014


The American Newspaper Repository is a charity whose purpose is to collect and preserve original copies of American newspapers. It was founded in 1999 by the author Nicholson Baker when he learnt that the British Library was disposing of its collection of historic American newspapers. He cashed in his retirement fund to successfully bid for the collection at auction. With support from the Knight Foundation and MacArthur Foundation, the repository was established in an old mill building in Rollinsford, New Hampshire.  While serving as a director, Baker researched and wrote Double Fold: Libraries and the Assault on Paper about the way in which other library institutions were destroying rather than preserving such originals.

The collection was transferred to the care of the David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, part of the Duke University Libraries in 2004.

Contents

The contents include runs of over a hundred different periodicals from between 1852 and 2004 including:

 Barron's Magazine 1926–1946
 Chicago Tribune 1888–1958
 New Republic 1913–1984
 New York Tribune and New York Herald Tribune 1866–1966
 The New York Times 1915–1958
 New York World 1898-1930
 Saturday Review 1924–1972

In total, there are about six thousand bound volumes and eleven thousand individual and bundled items. These include first printings of work by numerous famous authors such as H. L. Mencken, Mark Twain, Dorothy Parker, Robert Frost and Rudyard Kipling. The collection is an excellent archive of high quality rotogravure photographs which appeared in these periodicals. Other unusual formats include the first crosswords, needlepoint patterns, sheet music and full color reproductions of paintings of the period.

References

External links
 Original official homepage

1999 establishments in the United States
Archives in the United States
Duke University Libraries
Libraries in Strafford County, New Hampshire
Rollinsford, New Hampshire
Special collections libraries in the United States

History of newspapers


Mert Somay  (born 8 January 1986 in Bakırköy) is a Turkish professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Esemler Erokspor.

He formerly played for Gaziosmanpaşaspor, Bakırköyspor, Kartalspor, and Diyarbakırspor. Somay appeared in nine TFF First League matches for Kartalspor during the 2007-08 season.

References

1986 births
Living people
Turkish men's footballers
Kartal S.K. footballers
Göztepe S.K. footballers
People from Bakırköy
Footballers from Istanbul

Men's association football midfielders


Patera clarki nantahala, the noonday globe, is a subspecies of Patera clarki, a land snail in the family Polygyridae. It is endemic to North Carolina in the United States.

The name nantahala is a Cherokee word which means noonday. This subspecies was given this name because the snail lives in a deep gorge where the sunshine does not reach the ground until the middle of the day.

Shell description

The shell of the noonday globe snail is moderately sized (3/4 inch wide and 1/2 inch high) and globose in shape. The outer shell surface is shiny and reddish in color.

Shells of this subspecies often exhibit 5 and half whorls. The shell surface is sculptured with rather coarse lines. The area around the shell opening (aperture) is white, and a long curved "tooth" is located on the inside portion of the aperture.

The width of the shell is 18 mm. The height of the shell is 11 mm.

The body is black.

Distribution

Patera clarki nantahala is endemic to North Carolina, where it is known only from the Nantahala Gorge in Swain County in the Appalachian Mountains. It occurs along about two miles of high cliffs on the eastern side of the gorge.

This subspecies was probably never widely distributed. Its native habitat of steep wet slopes with calcareous rocks is rare in western North Carolina. It probably had a wider range before the gorge underwent the construction of a railroad and U.S. Route 19. Both of these projects altered the forest community along the river. The associated loss of the forest canopy allowed more sunlight to penetrate the gorge, drying the substrate on the lower slopes. This habitat alteration changed the floral and faunal assemblage, allowing non-native plants such as kudzu and Japanese honeysuckle to invade some roadside areas.

In an attempt to secure the snail's continued existence, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service added it as a threatened subspecies, to the Federal Endangered and Threatened Species List on July 3, 1978. It is a Federal offense punishable by as much as a $50,000 fine and one year in jail for taking a noonday snail.

Ecology
Because this snail is so rare and restricted in distribution, very little is known of its biology.

Habitat
This land snail is found in damp oak-hickory forest.

The cliffs in the Nantahala Gorge region are very wet, intersected by many small streams and waterfalls. The forest is mature, with many large trees and a diverse plant community. The forest floor has a thick, rich humus layer, and the area has many exposed limestone rocks. Calcium carbonate, which is generally scarce in other cliffs in the area, is vital to most snails, because it is a major component of their shells. The rich, moist calcareous soils, and the mature forest community are likely to account for the unusually wide variety of snails which inhabit the area; Patera clarki nantahala being found in association with 29 other snail species.

This subspecies appears to be most active during wet weather, when it is frequently found out on the surface of vegetation, rather than under the leaf litter on the forest floor.

Feeding habits
The feeding habits of P. clarki are unknown, but other related species in the genus Patera feed on fungi, in particular the subsurface, hair-like mycelia.

Life cycle
This subspecies' reproductive behavior is currently unknown.

Interspecific relationships
Snails are usually exploited as a food source by other animals. A common carnivorous land snail, Haplotrema concavum, was observed eating a noonday globe snail, and gnawed shells of the other subspecies of this snail, Patera clarki clarki, have been found in the dens of small rodents.

References

This article incorporates public domain text (a public domain work of the United States Government) from:
 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2008. Noonday Globe in North Carolina. <http://www.fws.gov/nc-es/snail/noonglobe.html>, accessed 1 November 2008. (nearly the same text is also at http://www.fws.gov/asheville/htmls/recoveryandlistedspecies/species_sites/Noonday_globe.html)

Further reading
 Author unknown, March 13, 1996. (DRAFT) SNAIL, NOONDAY. available at https://web.archive.org/web/20060415080914/http://fwie.fw.vt.edu/WWW/esis/lists/e354003.htm
 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1984. Recovery Plan for the Noonday Snail. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Atlanta, GA. 30 pp.

Polygyridae
Endemic molluscs of the United States
Endemic fauna of North Carolina
ESA threatened species
Taxa named by William J. Clench


The , previously known as the , designed to promote Western music in Japan, has been given by the Suntory Music Foundation since their establishment in 1969.  The award is presented annually to individuals or groups for the greatest achievement in the development of Western or contemporary music in Japan during the previous year.

The current prize is 7,000,000 yen (approximately US $70,000). A Suntory Music Award Commemorative Concert is held annually in Suntory Hall to introduce and popularize the work of the recipient.

Recipients

External links
 Suntory Music Foundation – Suntory Music Award

Japanese music awards
Classical music in Japan
Awards established in 1969
Suntory


Philip Henry Bridenbaugh (May 1, 1890 – June 14, 1990) was an American football player and coach. A graduate of Franklin & Marshall College, where he earned a degree in teaching and spent four years on several of its sports teams, Bridenbaugh coached football at several places in his home state of Pennsylvania prior to being selected as the head coach of the Geneva College Golden Tornadoes in 1917. He left Geneva in 1922 with a 23–12–5 record and took a job with New Castle Junior/Senior High School as a mathematics teacher and head football, basketball, and track and field coach. He did not lose a football game in his first two years, marking the first of eleven undefeated seasons, and, over the course of 33 years, won seven league titles in the sport, leaving in 1955 with a 265–65–25 record. He continued to work as an assistant football coach at Grove City College until 1964 and was inducted into several regional halls of fame. He died in June 1990 at the age of 100.

Early life
Bridenbaugh was born on May 1, 1890, in Martinsburg, Pennsylvania, one of 14 children of Professor Phillip Howard Bridenbaugh, an educator and academic administrator, and Catherine Oelling. He attended Altoona Area High School in Altoona, Pennsylvania, for one year, and then enrolled in a university-preparatory school, prior to entering Franklin & Marshall College in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, in 1908. At Franklin & Marshall he competed in track and field, football, basketball, and baseball while earning a teaching degree, despite the fact that "football was considered out of bounds in the Bridenbaugh family". In football, he played in the position of quarterback and was team captain during his senior year. During his first season, the team went 4–6–1, but it improved to a winning record of 9–1 the following year, with its sole loss being against Carnegie Mellon University. In his final two years at the institution, the squad went 4–3–2 and 3–6. He graduated in 1912 and married Belva Rebecca Crissman, a teacher in Martinsburg, on June 8, 1916. They had three children: Betty, J. Ross, and Audrey.

Coaching career
Bridenbaugh's first assistant coaching job was with the Oberlin Yeomen of Oberlin College under head coach T. Nelson Metcalf. He then spent two seasons at The Kiski School in Saltsburg, Pennsylvania, and another two at Beaver Falls High School. In 1917 he became the ninth head coach of Geneva College's Golden Tornadoes in Beaver Falls. His record in this first season was 5–3–1, although the team allowed as many points as they scored (114). He went 4–2 in 1918, outscoring the opposition 67–36, and 4–2–2 in 1919, despite a negative point differential of 51–59 caused by a 2–33 loss to the University of Pittsburgh. In 1920 his record was 5–2–1, outscoring other institutions 125–61 despite a 0–47 loss to Pittsburgh. He was 5–3–1 in his final season, with a positive point differential of 106–49; half of their points scored during this year came in a 54–0 victory over Juniata College. Following his resignation, he was replaced by Robert Park, who was head of the history department, for the 1922 season, and then Tom Davies in 1923.

During this time he also coached the school's basketball team. In his first season, 1917–18, he went 13–2, outscoring his opponents 524–303 and losing against only Allegheny College and Westminster College. He maintained a winning record for the next two seasons, going 10–7 for the 1918–1919 season and 10–9 in 1919–1920. In the latter case, the Golden Tornadoes managed a positive point margin of 599–581. Bridenbaugh went 7–14 for the 1920–1921 season, being outscored 584–631, and 8–10 in his final year, with a 546–589 point record.

In 1922 Bridenbaugh was hired by New Castle Junior/Senior High School as a mathematics teacher and as their head football coach. He was undefeated in his first two seasons with New Castle, posting an 8–0–1 record in 1922, with a point differential of 229–54, and finishing 10–0–1 in 1923. He continued his undefeated streak for another 13 games in 1924, before being bested 0–14 by a team from Ellwood City that went on to have a perfect season. He coached at New Castle for 33 years, earning the nickname "The Fox", and left in 1955 with a record of 265–65–25, which included 11 undefeated seasons, seven one-loss seasons, and seven Western Pennsylvania Interscholastic Athletic League (WPIAL) championships (1924, 1932–34, 1942, 1948–49); at the time of his death, this was believed to be the best record in Pennsylvanian high school football history and the fourth-best in the United States. He also coached basketball at New Castle, leaving with a 319–159 record and two victories at the WPIAL championships in 1927 and 1936, and ran the track and field program. He ended his career by serving as an assistant coach at Grove City College in Grove City, Pennsylvania, until 1964.

Later life
Bridenbaugh's wife died on March 19, 1982. A plaque listing his accomplishments was hung at the school in 1971 and he was inducted into the Western Chapter of the Pennsylvania Sports Hall of Fame in 1972, the Lawrence County Historical Society Sports Hall of Fame in 1984, the Pennsylvania High School Football Coaches Hall of Fame in 1989, and the Franklin & Marshall College Athletics Hall of Fame in 1994. He died on June 14, 1990, of heart disease, at the Indian Creek Nursing Center in New Castle, Pennsylvania, at the age of 100. The field at New Castle is named jointly in honor of Bridenbaugh and Lindy Lauro, a player under Bridenbaugh who later coached New Castle to a 220–104–15 record, making it the only high school in the nation with two coaches who earned 200 or more victories.

Head coaching record

College football

College basketball

References

1890 births
1990 deaths
American centenarians
American football quarterbacks
Franklin & Marshall Diplomats baseball players
Franklin & Marshall Diplomats football players
Franklin & Marshall Diplomats men's basketball players
Geneva Golden Tornadoes football coaches
Geneva Golden Tornadoes men's basketball coaches
Grove City Wolverines football coaches
Men centenarians
Oberlin Yeomen football coaches
College men's track and field athletes in the United States
High school football coaches in Pennsylvania
Baseball players from Altoona, Pennsylvania
Players of American football from Pennsylvania
Baseball players from Pennsylvania
Basketball coaches from Pennsylvania
Basketball players from Pennsylvania
American men's basketball players


Amasa Holcomb (1787–1875) was an American farmer, surveyor, civil engineer, businessman, politician, and manufacturer of surveying instruments and telescopes. From instruments he made he observed the total solar eclipse of June 16, 1806. He made astronomical computations from his observations and published almanacs for the partial solar eclipses of 1807 and 1808 from his work. An asteroid, 45512 Holcomb, was named after him.

Early life
Holcomb was born on June 18, 1787. Holcomb grew up in a town with three names in two states as a young child, but he never changed his residence due to border disputes and resolutions. The town kept this name until 1804 when the boundary between the states of Connecticut and Massachusetts was placed further south, and his birth town became known as Southwick, Massachusetts, where he grew up.

Holcomb was Elijah Holcomb Jr. and Lucy Holcomb and a descendant of the immigrant Thomas Holcomb. His paternal grandfather, also named Elijah, was the son of Nathaniel Holcomb  III. Holcomb's maternal grandfather was Silas Holcomb, son of Judah Holcomb  I and grandson of Nathaniel Holcomb  II. This grandfather married Mary Post; a daughter born in 1767 was Lucy Holcomb, Holcomb's mother.

Holcomb studied from books that had been owned by his uncle Abijah, who was lost at sea.

Mid-life
Holcomb built a telescope in 1806 and could observe the total solar eclipse of June 16, 1806. He made astronomical computations in the four minutes he could see the stars during the eclipse. He published an almanac for 1807 and 1808 from his computations.

Personal life

Asteroid 45512 Holcomb, discovered by astronomers with the Catalina Sky Survey in 2000, was named after him.
The official  was published by the Minor Planet Center on November 8, 2019 ().

Holcomb's telescopes

The first reflecting telescope Holcomb made to order was for John A. Fulton of Chillicothe, Ohio, in about 1826. It was  long with a ten-inch (254 mm) aperture and six eye pieces and a magnification from 90 to 960 times. He fabricated and manufactured telescopes in earnest soon after, probably around 1826.

In 1830, Holcomb took an achromatic telescope to Professor Benjamin Silliman at Yale University in New Haven. After inspecting it, the professor ordered one for the university and published an article about it in the American Journal of Science.

In 1834, on the recommendation of The Franklin Institute, the City of Philadelphia awarded him the John Scott Award.

Legacy
Holcomb's descendants donated two telescopes manufactured by Holcomb to the Smithsonian in 1933. Until then, they had been in the family at Southwick, Massachusetts. These were,
 Herschelian reflector  long with an eight-inch (203 mm) aperture that had been displayed in 1835 at The Franklin Institute.
 Transit telescope, refractor,  in length and mounted on a fourteen-inch (360 mm) cross tube with a graduated marked circle, but missing the base.

Notes

References

Sources

Further reading

 Davis, Maud. Historical Facts About Southwick. (1951) Self-published manuscript held at the Southwick Public Library. (Davis was Holcomb's great-granddaughter)
 Bagdasarian, Nicholas. "Amasa Holcomb: A Yankee Telescope Manufacturer." Sky & Telescope magazine, June 1986, p620-622.
 Holcomb, Fitz, & Peate: Three Nineteenth-Century American Telescope Manufacturers.  Museum of Technology History - Smithsonian
 Journal of the Franklin Institute, volume 14, p. 169, volume 16, p. 11, and volume 18, p. 312

1787 births
1875 deaths
American astronomers
American scientific instrument makers
Methodists from Massachusetts
Wesleyan University people
People from Southwick, Massachusetts


Onions in the Stew is the fourth in a series of humorous autobiographical books by Betty MacDonald about her life in western Washington State with her second husband and daughters during the Second World War years.  It was published in 1955 and a second edition in 1956.

Title
The title comes from a quotation by Charles Divine (1889-1950) in his poem "At the Lavender Lantern":

"Some said it was Bohemia, this little haunt we knew
When hearts were high and fortunes low, and onions in the stew"

Synopsis
The book opens just after Pearl Harbor; divorced mother Betty and her two daughters, 12-year-old Anne and 11-year-old Joan, are living in Betty's mother's home and Betty works in a building contractor's office. She meets and marries Donald MacDonald. Their search for a home is made difficult by the wartime influx of population into the greater Seattle area, but they find a property on Vashon Island.  Their house was intended as a summer home, so it is cold in winter and their priorities change. "Creosote logs" on the beach are highly prized.  Stormy weather brings a "bark tide" of firewood which must be quickly gathered. Various neighbours provide help, hindrance or confusion.

The early part describes the problems of settling into a rural community without urban infrastructure. One issue is commuting from a home without a road.  The family has the choice of the beach, if the tide is low, or walking to a neighbor's driveway to catch the school bus. The adults must follow a muddy trail to catch a ferry, usually in a rush.  At the same time, there are quite poetic pieces on some of the joys of getting food from the sea and land, and domestic scenes of the girls going through adolescence.

As one reviewer put it: “Betty MacDonald sets down some facts which a prospective islander must face up to before he decides to move from the mainland. She reminds you that guests are often with you for seven days; that any definite appointments act as a signal for the ferry boats to stop running; that finding island property is easy but financing it is difficult; that a telephone call from a relative means you will be keeping someone’s children; that any dinner can be stretched by the addition of noodles to something; and that anyone contemplating island dwelling must be physically strong but it is an added advantage if you aren’t too bright.”

Reception
U.S. Senator Richard L. Neuberger, writing in The New York Times Review of Books, compared her humorous take on life in a regional American setting to the work of Mark Twain, commenting: “Betty’s adventures on the fringe of the Western wilderness have served equally to furnish grain for her literary mill…Betty MacDonald is a shrewd and discerning woman who sees mankind clearly.”

Television
An adaptation was shown on TV in the series Robert Montgomery Presents on NBC on September 17, 1956.

References

Notes

Citations

Further reading

External links

1955 non-fiction books
American autobiographies


Monumentum (often typeset as MonumentuM) are an Italian gothic metal band formed in 1987 by Roberto Mammarella, founder of Obscure Plasma Records (subsequently Avantgarde Music).

Biography
Monumentum were formed in Milan in mid 1987 by guitarist Roberto Mammarella and bassist Anthony Duman, who recruited vocalist Mark Westfall and drummer Mox Cristadoro. Between December 1988 and April 1989, the band recorded and mixed the five-song demo Musaeum Hermeticum, which was released as a limited edition cassette of 180 copies. Two tracks, "Nostalgia of the Infinite" and a cover of The Dead Relatives' "Nephtali", were selected by Obscure Plasma Records for a split single with the Greek black metal band Rotting Christ in 1991.

Following a brief split, Monumentum were picked up by the predominantly black metal Norwegian label Deathlike Silence Productions. However, before the proposed album could be released, DSP owner Øystein Aarseth was murdered, leaving the band without a label. The album, In Absentia Christi, recorded and mixed between August 1994 and May 1995, finally saw the light of day through the British label Misanthropy Records. The recording line-up featured two vocalists, in the form of Andrea Zanetti (of Italian act Iconoclast) and Francesca Nicoli (of Ataraxia), alongside Mammarella ("strings, keys and vibas"), Mox Cristadoro (drums) and Paolo Mauri ("samples, artistic production and wisdom"). The band claimed the album was influenced by the poets Iginio Ugo Tarchetti and Giacomo Leopardi, and included a cover of "Fade to Grey" by Visage. Activity from the band became sparse until reuniting to record "The Colour of Compassion" for Misanthropy's anti-censorship compilation Presumed Guilty (1998); the line-up for this consisted of Mammarella, Cristadoro, Federico Simonetta (bass) and Daniele Bovo (keyboards). Further compilation appearances included the Death SS tribute album Beyond the Realm of Death SS, to which Monumentum contributed a cover of "Black & Violet". The line-up for this appearance consisted of Mammarella, Cristadoro, Bovo, Max Vaccaro (bass) and Jesuis Qui (vocals); the latter is Cornelius Brastad of Solefald.

Monumentum reunited in 2001 to record Ad Nauseam for Tatra Productions. The line-up had changed again; Ad Nauseam featured Mammarella, Andrea Bellucci on keyboards, Daniele Bovo on guitar and keyboards, Andrea Stefanelli (of Nuvula Neshua) and Alis Francesca Bos on vocals, Diego Danelli on bass and Elisa Carrera on drums, although the latter had to pull out midway through recording after getting pregnant.

Line-up

Current line-up
 Roberto Mammarella (vocals, guitar)

Former members
 Andrea Bellucci (keyboards)
 Alis Francesca Bos (session vocals)
 Daniele Bovo (guitar, keyboards)
 Elisa Carrera (drums)
 Mox Cristadoro (drums)
 Diego Danelli (session bass)
 Anthony Duman (bass)
 Paolo Mauri (samples, bass, engineering, mixing and artistic production)
 Francesca Nicoli (of Ataraxia; session vocals)
 Federico Simonetta (bass)
 Andrea Stefanelli (vocals)
 Mark Westfall (vocals)
 Andrea Zanetti (of Iconoclast; session vocals)
 Max Vaccaro (bass)

Discography
 Musaeum Hermeticum (demo, 1989; re-released by Necropolis Records in 1999)
 Rotting Christ / Monumentum (split with Rotting Christ, Obscure Plasma Records, 1991)
 In Absentia Christi (Misanthropy Records, 1995)
 Ad Nauseam (Tatra Productions, 2002)
 Metastasi (compilation, Cursed Land Entertainment, 2004)

References

External links
 Interview with Roberto Mammarella for Nordic Vision magazine, 1993
 Interview with Roberto Mammarella @ Doom-Metal.com

Italian gothic metal musical groups
Italian black metal musical groups
Musical groups established in 1987


Håkon Arald Gulbrandsen (born 15 March 1969) is a Norwegian diplomat and politician for the Socialist Left Party.

Hailing from Halden, he graduated as cand.jur. from the University of Tromsø in 1995. He had chaired the county chapters of Socialist Youth in Østfold (1985–1988) and Troms (1990–1991). He served as a deputy representative to the Norwegian Parliament from Østfold during the term 1989–1993, and was a member of Halden city council from 1991 to 1995.

He worked as a consultant in the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs in 1995. In 1997 he began a career in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, climbing to the positions of embassy secretary in Damascus (1999–2002) and Pretoria (2006–2007).

In November 2007 he was appointed State Secretary to the Minister of International Development.

References
Biography at Government.no

1969 births
Living people
Socialist Left Party (Norway) politicians
Norwegian state secretaries
Deputy members of the Storting
Østfold politicians
University of Tromsø alumni
People from Halden
Norwegian diplomats


The Otis family is a Boston Brahmin family from Massachusetts best known for its involvement in early American politics.

History
The family was originally landowning farmers of Glastonbury, Somerset, the Otises went to New England during the Puritan migration of the 1630s settling first in Hingham before finally moving to Barnstable. It was there that John Otis built a homestead that served many members of the family for generations. Although not much is known about John Otis, his son, John Otis (generally referred to as "Judge Otis") was the first of the family to rise to provincial eminence. Judge Otis held a variety of judicial and military appointments and represented Barnstable County for 20 successive years in the general court of Massachusetts Bay. In 1708, he was chosen a member of Her Majesty's Council (at the time, the highest position a native could achieve) and was annually reelected until his death in 1727. He left six children, of whom the following are descendants:

Members
 James Otis, Sr. (1702–1778), prominent colonial lawyer, Attorney General of the Massachusetts Bay Province, Colonel Massachusetts Militia.
 James Otis, Jr. (1725–1783), prominent lawyer and patriot.
 Mercy Otis Warren (1728–1814), American writer and playwright. Known as the "Conscience of the American Revolution".
 Samuel Allyne Otis (1740–1814), Speaker of the Massachusetts General Court; Representative to the Second Continental Congress; First Secretary of the United States Senate; Son of James Otis, Sr. and father of Harrison Gray Otis.
 Harrison Gray Otis (1765–1848), U.S. Senator from Massachusetts; Third Mayor of Boston; U.S. Representative from Massachusetts; Massachusetts District Attorney; Son of Samuel Allyne Otis.
Harrison Gray Otis (publisher) (1837–1917), Publisher of the Los Angeles Times, Brigadier General United States Army, delegate to the Republican National Convention 1860. Married Eliza Ann Otis.
Marian Otis Chandler (1866–1952), Born Emma Marian Otis. Was the daughter of General Harrison Gray Otis and Secretary of the Times-Mirror Company (formerly the publishing company of the Los Angeles Times). Married Harry Chandler.
Norman Chandler (1899–1973), Publisher of the Los Angeles Times. Grandson of Harrison Gray Otis.
Otis Chandler (1927–2006), Publisher of the Los Angeles Times (1960 and 1980) and great-grandson of Harrison Gray Otis
Elwell Stephen Otis (1838–1909), United States of America General who served in the Philippines late in the Spanish–American War and during the Philippine–American War.
Elisha Otis (1811–1861), founder of Otis Elevator Company, inventor of safety device that prevented elevators from falling if hoisting cable broke.
Samuel Eliot Morison (1887–1976) Rear Admiral, United States Naval Reserve; Prominent American historian; received numerous honors including two Pulitzer Prizes, two Bancroft Prizes, and the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Descendant of U.S. Senator and lawyer Harrison Gray Otis.
Franklin Otis Booth, Jr. (1923–2008), Billionaire Los Angeles Times executive and Berkshire Hathaway investor. Great-grandson of Gen. Harrison Gray Otis.
Montgomery Harrison Wadsworth Ritchie (1910–1999), Businessman and cattle rancher. Descendant of Harrison Gray Otis.
Robert H. Thayer (1901–1984), U.S. Minister to Romania 1955–1957, delegate to the Republican National Convention 1936, candidate for U.S. Representative from New York 1946. Great-great-great-grandson of Samuel Allyne Otis.
John Otis (1801–1856), Maine State Representative 1841 1846–1847, Maine State Senator 1842, U.S. Representative from Maine 1849–1851. Second cousin twice removed of Samuel Allyne Otis.
James Otis (1826–1875), Mayor of San Francisco, California 1873–1875. Second cousin twice removed of Samuel Allyne Otis.
John G. Otis (1838–1916), U.S. Representative from Kansas 1891–1893. Son of Harris F. Otis.
Norton P. Otis (1840–1905), Mayor of Yonkers, New York 1880–1882; New York Assemblyman 1884; candidate for U.S. Representative from New York 1900; U.S. Representative from New York 1903–1905. Second cousin thrice removed of Samuel Allyne Otis.
Amelia Earhart (1897–1937), noted American aviation pioneer, and author.

Affiliated U.S. cities and institutions
Otis, Massachusetts, Officially incorporated in 1810, the town was created when the unincorporated town of Loudon annexed the adjacent District of Bethlehem in 1809. It was named after Harrison Gray Otis, an influential lawyer, financier, and politician in revolutionary Massachusetts.
East Otis, Massachusetts, part of the town of Otis, Massachusetts. Otis Reservoir is located primarily within its limits.
Harrison, Maine, Incorporated March 8, 1805, it was named after principal landowner, Harrison Gray Otis of Boston, the heir of James Otis.
Otisfield, Maine, Granted by the Massachusetts General Court on June 15, 1771, to James Otis, Nathaniel Gorham and other descendants of Captain John Gorham and certain members of his company who had fought in the 1690 Battle of Quebec.
Otis, Maine, a town in Hancock County, Maine, United States. The population was 543 at the 2000 census.
Otis Reservoir, a 1,085 acre reservoir located primarily in Otis, Massachusetts.
Los Angeles Times, a daily newspaper published in Los Angeles, California and distributed throughout the Western United States. It is the second-largest metropolitan newspaper in the United States and the fourth-most widely distributed newspaper in the United States. Army General Harrison Gray Otis bought the paper in 1884 to form the Times-Mirror Company which eventually merged with the Tribune Company in 2000.
Otis Elevator Company, is the world's largest manufacturer of vertical transportation systems today, principally elevators and escalators. Founded in Yonkers, New York, USA in 1853 by Elisha Otis, the company pioneered the development of the safety elevator, invented by Otis, which used a special mechanism to lock the elevator car in place should the hoisting ropes fail.
Otis Air National Guard Base, is an Air National Guard installation located within the Massachusetts Military Reservation (MMR), a military training facility, located on the upper western portion of Cape Cod, bordering the towns of Bourne, Falmouth and Sandwich, Barnstable County, Massachusetts, United States.
Otis College of Art and Design, has been long considered one of the major art institutions in California. Otis began in 1918, when Los Angeles Times founder Harrison Gray Otis bequeathed his MacArthur Park property to start the first public, independent professional school of art in Southern California.
Harrison Gray Otis House, There are three houses named the Harrison Gray Otis House that were designed by Charles Bulfinch for politician Harrison Gray Otis.

See also
List of United States political families

References

Families from Massachusetts
American families of English ancestry
People from Greater Boston
Political families of the United States


Explicit Content may refer to:

 Parental Advisory, warning label used by the music industry
 Explicit Content (song), 2019 song by Hong Kong singer-songwriter Charmaine Fong
 Explicit content in Wikipedia

See also
 Explicit (disambiguation)


Stade Poitevin FC is a French football team based in the city of Poitiers, which was established in 1921. It was known as Poitiers FC between 2007 and 2018, and had a number of other names in its history. The club (as Stade Poitevin PEPP) spent the 1995–96 season in Ligue 2.

As of the 2019–20 season, the club play in Championnat National 3, the fifth level of French football, and are managed by Erwan Lannuzel.

History
The club was formed in 1921 as Sporting Club Poitevin, and joined the Division d'Honneur of the Ligue du Centre-Ouest in 1936. In 1952 the club lost its place in the league, and in order to regain it, merged with another local club Patronage des Écoles Publiques de Poitiers, becoming known as Stade Poitevin PEPP. The new club were champions of the DH Centre-Ouest in 1963, and gained promotion to the top level of amateur football, known as the Championnat de France Amateur.

The club was invited to the new "open" Division 2 in 1970. They were relegated to Division 3 in 1974 and Division 4 in 1988. Under the management of Denis Devaux the club achieved two successive promotions and played in the professional Division 2 for one season in 1995–96. Successive relegations followed, and the club played in Championnat de France Amateur 2 between 1999 and 2003. They were promoted again during the 2003–04 season, but suffered financial problems and were administratively relegate back to the Division d'Honneur.

The club relaunched under a new identity of Poitiers Foot 86 and in 2007 merged with rival club Cercle Education Physique Poitiers, taking the name Poitiers Football Club. With this identity the club won promotion to CFA2 in 2009. They were relegated again to Division d'Honneur at the end of the 2013–14 season.

In February 2016 the club announced a plan to return to their old Stade Poitevin FC name, and colours of black and white. The change was finally completed in the summer of 2018, after the club had gained promotion to Championnat National 3.

Players

Managers
 Lionel Charbonnier (2002–2004)
 Laurent Croci (2004–2005)

References

External links

Association football clubs established in 1921
Sport in Poitiers
1921 establishments in France
Football clubs in Nouvelle-Aquitaine


Thomas Whelan (; 5 October 1898 – 14 March 1921) was one of six men executed in Mountjoy Prison, Dublin on 14 March 1921. He was 22 years old at the time of his death.

Background

Whelan was born in Gortrummagh near Clifden, County Galway  to farmer John Whelan and Bridget Price on 5 (or 15) October 1898, the sixth child of thirteen. He attended national school at Beleek and Clifden, before leaving school at 15 to work on his father's farm. He moved to Dublin at the age of 18, where he found work as a railwayman, and joined the Irish Volunteers as a member of 'A' Company, 3rd Battalion, Dublin Brigade. He lived at Barrow Street, Ringsend, Dublin and worked at a train depot.

Arrest and execution

He was arrested on 23 November 1920 and, on 1 February 1921, he was charged with the death by shooting of Captain G.T. Baggallay, an army prosecutor who had been a member of courts that sentenced Volunteers to death under the Restoration of Order in Ireland Regulations on Bloody Sunday (1920).

Whelan was defended at his Court-martial by Michael Noyk, through whom he protested his innocence of the charges. As in the case of Patrick Moran, there was eyewitness evidence that Whelan had been at Mass at the time the shooting took place.

The prosecution cast doubt on the reliability of the eyewitnesses, arguing that as Catholics they were not neutral. The defence complained that it was unfair to suggest the witnesses "were prepared to come up and perjure themselves on behalf of the prisoner" because "they belonged to a certain class and might hold certain political opinions".

The military court did, however, trust the evidence of an army officer who lived in the same house as Baggallay and who had identified Whelan as the man covering him with a revolver during the raid. There was also testimony by a soldier who had passed by the house when he heard shots fired. This witness said he saw Whelan outside, attempting to start his motorcycle. Whelan was found guilty of murder and sentenced to death.

In Mountjoy Gaol, he was imprisoned with the writer and activist Ernie O'Malley, who described him as: "... smooth-faced, quiet and brown eyed with wavy hair; he smiled quietly and steadily. His voice was soft and when he laughed with the others one knew that the fibre was not as hard and that there was a shade of wistfulness about him."

Whelan was quoted just before being hanged: "Give the boys my love. Tell them to follow on and never surrender. Tell them I am proud to die for Ireland."

Whelan was hanged at 6.00 am along with Patrick Moran, the first of six men to be executed that day – the six were executed in twos. A crowd estimated at 40,000 gathered outside the prison to pray as the executions took place. His mother, Bridget, saw him before his execution, and waited outside with the praying crowd holding candles. She told a reporter that she had left her son "so happy and cheerful you would almost imagine he was going to see a football match".

Aftermath Violence

Following the Two for One policy that decreed the assassination of two members of the Royal Irish Constabulary (R.I.C.) in retaliation for every executed Irish Volunteer, the IRA in Whelan's native Clifden ambushed and fatally shot R.I.C. Constables Charles Reynolds and Thomas Sweeney at Eddie King's Corner in on 16 March 1921. In response to the RIC's request for assistance over the wireless, a trainload of Black and Tans arrived in Clifden from Galway City in the early hours of St Patrick's Day, 17 March 1921, and proceeded to "burn, plunder and murder". During what is now called, "The Burning of Clifden", the Black and Tans killed one local civilian (John McDonnell), seriously injured another, burned down 14 houses, and damaged several others.

Reinterment

He was one of a group of men hanged in Mountjoy Prison in the period 1920-1921 who are commonly referred to as The Forgotten Ten. In 2001 he and the other nine, including Kevin Barry, were exhumed from their graves in Mountjoy prison and given a full state funeral. He is now buried in Glasnevin Cemetery, Dublin. An annual commemoration is still held in Clifden for him.

References

1898 births
1921 deaths
Irish people convicted of murder
People executed for murder
People convicted of murder by the British military
People from Clifden
The Forgotten Ten
Executed people from County Galway


Lewis "Lew" Baker was a patrolman in the New York Police Department who was simultaneously  employed as a "slugger" for Tammany Hall. He was involved in voter intimidation and election fraud during the 1840s and 1850s. A close friend and associate of Irish mob boss John Morrissey, Baker frequently battled supporters of the nativist Know-Nothing movement for over a decade. He is most remembered however as the assassin of William "Bill the Butcher" Poole. Baker shot and killed Poole in a Broadway saloon during a brawl. Both Baker and Morrissey were placed on trial for murder, but were acquitted.

Early life and Tammany Hall
Born around 1825, Baker immigrated to the United States from Wales around 1840 where he became an officer with the New York Police Department. It was during this time that he became acquainted with John Morrissey while he was an immigrant runner and later joined him as a "slugger" for Tammany Hall.

He soon became involved in violent fighting against the many nativist organizations of the period, in particular, the Bowery Boys. In January 1855, Baker and Jim Turner entered Platt's Hall and became involved in a verbal altercation with prizefighter Tom Hyer "calling the fighter vile names". The argument escalated until Turner drew his pistol and shot Hyer in the neck. Hyer fired back but missed hitting the wall instead. Putting away his weapon, Hyer attacked his assailants and dragged Baker out into the street but the fight came to an end when a police officer arrived. The fight was broken up, but no charges were brought against the three.

Murder of William Poole
On the night of February 25, 1855, Baker entered the Stanwix Hall saloon with Jim Turner and Paudeen McLaughlin to confront Poole, the latter having threatened Morrissey with a gun during an argument only hours before. Walking up to Poole, Baker spat in his face and then pulled a Colt revolver but accidentally shot himself in the arm as he stepped back to draw the weapon. Dropping to the floor, he did manage to fire a second shot hitting Poole in the leg and similarly incapacitating him. Both men eventually got up from the floor, however Baker managed to get to Poole first and pistol whipped him back to the ground. Baker then shot Poole twice, once in the stomach and the second in his chest, and left the saloon.

A second version according to retired police chief George W. Walling, Turner and McLaughlin had a more active role in the fight. It was McLaughlin, he claimed, who challenged Poole to a fight spitting in his face each time he refused. All three were reportedly drunk, Baker having recently been dismissed from the NYPD, and the still sober Poole was dismissive towards his taunts but offered $100 that he could beat any of the three men. Turner then pulled out a pistol to fire at Poole, using the hollow of his left arm as a rest, but instead shot himself in the arm. He then fired the second shot that hit Poole in the leg. Poole then staggered towards Baker who drew his own revolver and shot him twice before leaving the bar.

Capture and trial
By the time Poole died two weeks later, a massive search for Baker took place. Morrissey and Dan Kerrigan were accused as accessories to the murder, the latter suspected of helping Baker escape the city, but neither men were ever indicted.

Baker hid out in New Jersey for a time before fleeing the country altogether. Authorities managed to catch up to Baker, using the clipper yacht Grapeshot provided by George Law, and took him into custody less than 100 miles west of the Canary Islands; another version claims that he was captured after arriving at Tenerife with the police having arrived two hours ahead of Baker. Brought back to New York, Baker stood trial and twice appeared before the state supreme court before his acquittal by a jury split between six in favor of acquittal and six in favor of a manslaughter conviction.

References

People acquitted of murder

Further reading
Beals, Carleton. Brass-knuckle Crusade: The Great Know-Nothing Conspiracy, 1820-1860. New York: Hastings House Publishers, 1960.
Lewis, Alfred Henry. Nation Famous New York Murders. New York: G.W. Dillingham Company, 1914.

1825 births
Year of death missing
American people of Welsh descent
Criminals from New York City
American gangsters
Police misconduct in the United States


Airglades Airport  is a county-owned public-use airport in Hendry County, Florida, United States. It is located  west of the central business district of Clewiston, Florida.

Overview
The airport has a lighted 5950-foot runway (13-31) and ample aircraft tie-down space, Avfuel® aviation and jet fuel, and repair facilities for visiting aircraft and locally based aircraft owners. Unicom is on 123.05. Rental are available, as well as a local taxi service for easy travel around the area.

History
In 1941, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill made an urgent appeal to the United States to provide war materials and pilot training for defense against a superior German air power which bombarded England during the Battle of Britain. President Franklin Roosevelt responded by implementing the Lend Lease Act, which called for the construction of six British Flying Training Schools in California, Arizona, Oklahoma, Texas and the British Flying Training School (BFTS) #5 at Riddle Field near the town of Clewiston, Florida, which trained more than 1,700 cadets in the Royal Air Force.

The airfield was opened on 12 November 1942 by the United States Army Air Forces. Assigned to USAAF Southeast Training Center (later Southeast Flying Training Command). It conducted contract basic flying training by Riddle-McKay Aero College (which was at the time one of six divisions of the Embry-Riddle School of Aviation), under the jurisdiction of the 75th Flying Training Detachment (Contract Pilot School)

Daily life at Riddle Field consisted of Primary flight training in the Stearman PT-17, Basic flying training in the Vultee BT-13, through to completion of the Advanced flying course in the Harvard AT-6. The cadets also received extensive training in formation flying, acrobatic maneuvers, armaments and instrument navigation.  More than 1,300 cadets earned their wings at Riddle Field and returned to England to face their two greatest enemies, the Nazis, and the weather.

Local volunteers established a Cadet Club in what was known as the Pioneer Building (on Ponce deLeon Street behind present day U.S. Sugar Corp.) where dances and games were provided. The Clewiston Inn also served as a meeting place for officers and cadets to socialize.

Inactivated 31 December 1945 with the drawdown of AAFTC's pilot training program and was declared surplus in 1946. Responsibility for it was given to the War Assets Administration (WAA) and the facility was eventually acquired by Hendry County.

The present-day Airglades Airport was built after the war over the runways of Riddle Field.  The buildings of the wartime field have been replaced by modern buildings, however the airfield is partially still in use.  The No. 5 BFTS Association of former students continue their contact with the Clewiston community through periodic visits.

See also

 Florida World War II Army Airfields
 28th Flying Training Wing (World War II)

References

 Manning, Thomas A. (2005), History of Air Education and Training Command, 1942–2002.  Office of History and Research, Headquarters, AETC, Randolph AFB, Texas
 Shaw, Frederick J. (2004), Locating Air Force Base Sites, History’s Legacy, Air Force History and Museums Program, United States Air Force, Washington DC.

External links

1942 establishments in Florida
Airports established in 1942
Airports in Florida
Transportation buildings and structures in Hendry County, Florida
Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces in Florida
USAAF Contract Flying School Airfields
Closed installations of the United States Army


Mebroot is a master boot record based rootkit used by botnets including Torpig. It is a sophisticated Trojan horse that uses stealth techniques to hide itself from the user. The Trojan opens a back door on the victim's computer which allows the attacker complete control over the computer.

Payload
The Trojan infects the MBR to allow itself to start even before the operating system starts. This allows it to bypass some safeguards and embed itself deep within the operating system. It is known that the Trojan can intercept read/write operations, embed itself deep within network drivers. This allows it the ability to bypass some firewalls and communicate securely, using a custom encrypted tunnel, to the command and control server. This allows the attacker to install other malware, viruses, or other applications. The Trojan most commonly steals information from the victim's computer, in an attempt for small financial gain. Mebroot is linked to Anserin, which is another Trojan that logs keystrokes and steals banking information. This gives further evidence showing that financial motive is most likely behind Mebroot.

Detection/removal
The Trojan tries to avoid detection by hooking itself into atapi.sys. It also embeds itself in the Ntoskrnl.exe. Mebroot has no executable files, no registry keys, and no driver modules, which makes it harder to detect without antivirus software. In addition to running antivirus software, one can also remove the Trojan by wiping or repairing the master boot record, the hard drive, and the operating system.

Distribution
Three variants of Mebroot have been discovered. It was estimated that the first version was compiled in November 2007. In December, Mebroot started drive-by downloads. In early 2008, a second wave of attacks arrived. In February 2008 a second variant was discovered which is accompanied by a modified installer. In March 2008 a third variant was discovered, in which attacks became more widespread. Since the third variant, the Trojan has been upgraded to try and outwit antivirus software. It is unknown if Mebroot is still in the wild.  Mebroot is currently known to be distributed by visiting malicious websites, or by way of an application exploit. It is estimated that over 1,500 websites have been compromised,  mostly in the European region. Traffic to websites infected with Mebroot can reach 50,000 to 100,000 views per day.

References

External links
MBR Rootkit, A New Breed of Malware - F-Secure Weblog, March 2008
Stealth MBR rootkit by GMER, January 2008
Trojan.Mebroot Technical Details | Symantec

Rootkits
Windows trojans


Sylvi Annie Bratten (born 17 June 1973 in Tromsø) is a Norwegian politician representing the Socialist Left Party.

She served as a deputy representative to the Norwegian Parliament from Troms during the term 1993–1997. She later enrolled at the University of Oslo to study political science and Arabic language.

Bratten started her political career as a secretary and advisor for the Socialist Left Party parliamentary group, and was deputy leader of the party chapter in Oslo. By fall 2005 she was a consultant at Hill & Knowlton's Oslo office. In January 2006 she was appointed political advisor to the Minister of Finance.

References
Biography at Government.no

1973 births
Living people
Socialist Left Party (Norway) politicians
Deputy members of the Storting
Troms politicians
University of Oslo alumni


Atle Sveinung Eide (born 1957) is a Norwegian businessman and partner, as of 2007, with HitecVision Private Equity. He is a former board member of Fokus Bank, Acta, Cermaq and SalMar. From 2003 to 2007 he was chief executive officer of Marine Harvest.

References

1939 births
Living people
Norwegian businesspeople


Gerhard Braunitzer (24 September 1921 – 27 May 1989) was a German biochemist who was a pioneer in protein sequencing.  He refined a method of C-terminal analysis that was used in early sequencing work, and he generated the first full sequence of a hemoglobin chain (β-hemoglobin).  He worked at the Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry.  Later in his career he was a significant researcher in the field of molecular evolution.

References
"Gerhard Braunitzer September 24, 1921–May 27, 1989", Journal of Molecular Evolution, Volume 29, Number 6, December, 1989

German biochemists
1921 births
1989 deaths
Max Planck Institute directors


Brigadier Bernard Turing Vionnée 'Bun' Cowey DSO, OBE (20 November 1911 – 20 August 1997) was an English rugby union wing who played club rugby for Newport and international rugby for Wales. Unlike most rugby internationals, Cowey was most associated with the Army Rugby Union rather than club or county rugby. In later life he became Chairman of the Army Rugby Union.

Rugby career
Cowey was born in Tidworth, Wiltshire in 1911 but when he joined the British Armed Forces, he was posted in the Welch Regiment, traditionally the reserve of Welsh nationals. He played rugby while on duty, for his regiment and later played for the Army's own rugby team. Outside the army, Cowey played for two first class rugby union clubs: London Welsh and Newport. It was while playing with Newport that he was selected to play for Wales, after his service with the Welch Regiment made him eligible to represent his adoptive country.

Cowey's first cap was in the 1934 Home Nations Championship, where he was one of 13 new caps to be tested by Wales, in a match at the Cardiff Arms Park against England. Wales's inexperience showed and they lost 9–0. Although five of the players from that match were never selected for Wales again, Cowey wasn't amongst them and returned for the next game against Scotland. The Scottish game was far more successful for Wales, with a strong performance from Cliff Jones. Cowey repaid the selectors' trust in him with two tries in the Scotland match, and again in the last game of the tournament when he scored another against Ireland. Cowey's final game for Wales was during the 1935 Championship when he again faced England. Under the captaincy of Wilf Wooller, Wales drew the match after a late penalty goal from Boughton.

International matches played
Wales
  1934, 1935
 Ireland 1934
  1934

Bibliography

References

1911 births
1997 deaths
Barbarian F.C. players
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
English rugby union players
London Welsh RFC players
Newport RFC players
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People educated at Wellington College, Berkshire
People from Tidworth
Rugby union players from Wiltshire
Rugby union wings
Welch Regiment soldiers
Wales international rugby union players
Welsh rugby union players