Santa Bárbara is a Chilean city and commune in Bío Bío Province, Bío Bío Region. In 2004 a great portion of its territory was taken off to form the new commune of Alto Bío Bío.

History
The city of Santa Bárbara lies on the north bank of the Biobío River, and was established by Manuel de Amat y Juniet first as the fort of Santa Bárbara in 1756. The governor populated and erected the town of Santa Bárbara there on July 4, 1758. The town and fort was improved during the government of Ambrosio O' Higgins and became an important post for containing the malones of the Pehuenches.  In January 1819 it was depopulated and in 1821 it was burned by the royalist Juan Manuel Picó.  It remained in ruins until 1833 when it began to be repopulated under the direction of the commander Domingo Salvo. It eventually developed to the point it was again recognized as a town January 2, 1871.

Demographics
According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute, Santa Bárbara spans an area of  and has 19,970 inhabitants (10,835 men and 9,135 women). Of these, 7,932 (39.7%) lived in urban areas and 12,038 (60.3%) in rural areas. The population grew by 67.8% (8,069 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses.

Administration
As a commune, Santa Bárbara is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years. The 2008-2012 alcalde is Daniel Enrique Iraira Sagredo (ILE).

Within the electoral divisions of Chile, Santa Bárbara is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Juan Lobos (UDI) and José Pérez (PRSD) as part of the 47th electoral district, together with Los Ángeles, Tucapel, Antuco, Quilleco, Quilaco, Mulchén, Negrete, Nacimiento, San Rosendo, Laja and Alto Bío Bío. The commune is represented in the Senate by Victor Pérez Varela (UDI) and Mariano Ruiz-Esquide Jara (PDC) as part of the 13th senatorial constituency (Biobío-Coast).

References

Further reading
 Francisco Solano Asta Buruaga y Cienfuegos,  Diccionario geográfico  de la República de Chile, SEGUNDA EDICIÓN CORREGIDA Y AUMENTADA, NUEVA YORK, D. APPLETON Y COMPAÑÍA. 1899. pg.737 Santa Bárbara. — Villa

External links
  Municipality of Santa Bárbara
SubDere de Santa Bárbara
Liceo Cardenal Antonio Samoré de Santa Bárbara
Directorio de recursos de Santa Bárbara

Communes of Chile
Colonial fortifications in Chile
Populated places in Bío Bío Province
1756 establishments in the Spanish Empire


Robert Jones (28 March 1933 – 1998) was an English professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He played in The Football League for Southport, Chester and Blackburn Rovers.

Playing career
Jones played football as a youngster for the Meols Cop School team, the Southport town boys side and the Boys' Brigade. He then joined Football League side Southport, where his father was club trainer. In the summer of 1953 he moved to Chester, going on to be a league ever present in his first season at the club.

He remained a part-time player throughout his stay at Chester as he earned more in his work as a structural engineer. In March 1958 Jones moved to Blackburn Rovers for £3,000, going on to play top flight football over the next eight years.

Jones was released by Blackburn Rovers in 1966 and he dropped into non–league football with Great Harwood Town, where he would have spells as player, trainer and manager until 1977. Away from football he ran his own design business Jones Wilkinson Construction Services along with lifelong Friend Ken Wilkinson until retiring in 1985 on health grounds. He died in 1998.

References

1933 births
1998 deaths
English men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
English Football League players
Southport F.C. players
Chester City F.C. players
Blackburn Rovers F.C. players
English football managers
Structural engineers
Footballers from Liverpool
Great Harwood Town F.C. players
Date of death missing


Martial Bourquin (born 23 July 1952) is a member of the Senate of France, representing the Doubs department, and he is a municipal councillor for the city of Aundincourt.  He is a member of the Socialist Party.

References
Page on the Senate website

1952 births
Living people
Convention for a Progressive Alternative politicians
Socialist Party (France) politicians
French senators of the Fifth Republic
French Communist Party politicians
Senators of Doubs


Liquid Metal is a Sirius XM Radio station broadcasting a heavy metal format. It is carried on Sirius XM Radio channel 42 and DISH Network channel 6042.

Ian Christe, author of the book Sound of the Beast: The Complete Headbanging History of Heavy Metal, hosts a weekly radio show known as Bloody Roots that provides an in-depth look at the history of the genre.

In 2022, Virginia legislator Danica Roem appeared as a guest host on the station to share her appreciation of heavy metal music.

On July 28, 2023, Liquid Metal temporarily became Pantera Radio, a radio station that played Pantera songs and some other metal songs.

Hosts
Ian Christe
José Mangin
Shawn Winkler

Core artists
Metallica
Pantera
Slayer
Lamb of God
Slipknot
Machine Head
Soulfly
Megadeth
Hatebreed
Anthrax

References

Sirius XM Radio channels
Sirius Satellite Radio channels
XM Satellite Radio channels
Radio stations established in 2008


Baldovan railway station, later renamed Baldovan and Downfield, served the northern suburbs of Dundee around Strathmartine, including Bridgefoot, Downfield and Baldovan,  in the Scottish county of Angus. Services were provided by the Dundee and Newtyle Railway.

History

Opened by the Dundee and Newtyle Railway and absorbed into the Caledonian Railway, it became part of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway during the Grouping of 1923. Passing on to the Scottish Region of British Railways on nationalisation in 1948, it was then closed by the British Transport Commission.

The site today
The site today has been redeveloped as housing, with the address Hillview Terrace. The former railway line can be seen on aerial views of the site.

References

Notes

Sources

 Station on navigable O. S. map Near Downfield

External links
 RAILSCOT on Dundee and Newtyle Railway

Disused railway stations in Angus, Scotland
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1831
Former Caledonian Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1955
Disused railway stations in Dundee
1831 establishments in Scotland
1955 disestablishments in Scotland


Qaradağ Buduq (also, Qaradağ-buduğ) is a village and municipality in the Khachmaz Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 1,735. The municipality consists of the villages of Qaradağ Buduq, Qaradağlı, Rəhimoba, and Ustacallı.

References

Populated places in Khachmaz District


Theodore Pitcairn (November 5, 1893 – December 17, 1973) the son of PPG Industries founder John Pitcairn, was a clergyman, theologian, philanthropist, and connoisseur of the arts and antiquities.

Early life and education

Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on November 5, 1893, he was the fourth son and fifth child of John and Gertrude Pitcairn.The family moved from Philadelphia to their newly built home, Cairnwood, in Huntingdon Valley in 1895. Pitcairn spent his early school years in the Bryn Athyn parish schools of the General Church of the New Jerusalem, which follows the teachings of Emanuel Swedenborg. He received his high school diploma from the Academy of the New Church Boys College in 1913. After attending the University of Pennsylvania, Pitcairn made the decision to study at the Academy of the New Church Theological School. He graduated in June 1918 with a Bachelor of Theology degree.

Early career
Ordained into the priesthood of the General Church in 1917, Pitcairn worked with the church missions and taught theology to African students in South Africa and Lesotho (then known as Basutoland). He served as Pastor of the Durban Society in Natal, South Africa, and later as Assistant Pastor of the Bryn Athyn Church. During this time, he also served as Acting Pastor for several circles in France, Seine-et-Marne, Thoury-Ferottes, and Les Pleignes. Pitcairn taught art history, history of education, and a course on the "Human Organic" at the Academy College.

Establishment of a new church

In the late 1930s, doctrinal differences within the General Church led Pitcairn and several other church members to found a new branch of the New Church known as The Lord's New Church Which Is Nova Hierosolyma. In 1939, Pitcairn established a non-profit corporation for the purposes of promoting and maintaining the new church. He served as pastor of the Philadelphia Society of The Lord's New Church until 1960, when leadership of the church passed to Philip N. Odhner.

Author

Pitcairn wrote several doctrinal works, including The Book Sealed with Seven Seals (1927); The Seven Days of Creation (1930); and My Lord and My God: Essays on Modern Religion, the Bible and Emanuel Swedenborg (1967). In 1969 the church published The Beginning and Development of Doctrine in the New Church by Theodore Pitcairn, bound together with Notes on the Development of Doctrine in the Church by Philip N. Odhner.

Art collector

Over the years, Pitcairn traveled extensively in Europe, where he further developed his keen interest in fine art. He acquired paintings by El Greco, Claude Monet, Rembrandt, and Vincent van Gogh. Thomas Hoving, former Director of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, described meeting the Reverend Pitcairn in the course of negotiating the purchase of Garden at Sainte-Adresse by Claude Monet.

In 1921, while searching for a suitable portrait painter for church dignitaries—Bishop William Frederic Pendleton and Bishop Nathaniel Dandridge Pendleton—Pitcairn met Philippe Smit through the efforts of Ernst Pfeiffer at the home of the banker and art collector Nicolaas Urban. Impressed by Smit's style, Pitcairn purchased Marijke with White Feather Fan, a portrait of Urban's daughter. He subsequently met Marijke, the subject of the painting, and they were married in 1926. Theodore and Marijke (September 7, 1905 - November 10, 1978) were the parents of nine children. Marijke's mother, Berendina, married Philippe Smit in 1941 after her divorce from Nicolaas Urban (1929). Throughout the painter's life until his death in 1948 and even after that, Pitcairn acquired the majority of the artist's works.

Patron of the arts
Pitcairn's love of antiquities is evident in the art studio he built for Smit on the grounds of his estate in Bryn Athyn. Designed by famed Philadelphia architect George Howe, of Mellor Meigs & Howe, the building incorporates 12th century French stone columns and an Italian stone-carved fireplace. The heavy wooden doors are embellished with ironwork by the metalworker, Samuel Yellin. The studio now serves as the  Chapel of The Lord's New Church. Many of Smit's paintings were hung in the chapel and in the Pitcairns' colonial-era home in Bryn Athyn, Pennsylvania.

Pitcairn was a major benefactor of the Philadelphia Orchestra during the time Eugene Ormandy served as conductor..  Over a period of five years, he commissioned works for the orchestra from such composers as Richard Yardumian

Death
Pitcairn died at his home in Bryn Athyn, Pennsylvania on December 17, 1973. His wife, Marijke, died five years later, in 1978.

References

1893 births
1973 deaths
American Swedenborgians
Pitcairn family
Religious leaders from Pennsylvania


Gardashoba () is a village and municipality in the Khachmaz District of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 1,384. The municipality consists of the villages of Gardashoba, Agharahimoba, and Hajiisaoba.

References

Populated places in Khachmaz District


The Latin Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Album is an honor presented annually at the Latin Grammy Awards, a ceremony that recognizes excellence and creates a wider awareness of cultural diversity and contributions of Latin recording artists in the United States and internationally. The award goes to the artists for releasing albums containing at least 51% or more of instrumental tracks of Latin instrumental recordings.

The award was first presented in 2001 in the pop field under the name of Best Pop Instrumental Album when it was handed out to Nestor Torres for the album This Side Of Paradise. However it wasn't until the Latin Grammy Awards of 2004 when the instrumental field was created and the award received its current denomination Best Instrumental Album which was awarded to Yo-Yo Ma for Obrigado Brazil.

Chick Corea is the biggest winner in this category with two awards. Furthermore, musicians from the United States have received this award on four occasions. The rest of the winners come from Argentina, Cuba, Colombia and Puerto Rico. In 2013, the album Presente by Bajofondo became the first instrumental album to be nominated for Album of the Year.

History

At the first Latin Grammy Awards ceremony a category intended for instrumental recordings was presented in the pop field under the name of Best Pop Instrumental Performance for singles and tracks only. The winner was Mexican guitarist Santana for the song "El Farol", which also happened to win the Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Performance that same year, who competed against; Raul di Blasio for "El Despertar Escandalo", Ivan Lins for "Dois Córregos", Frankie Marcos featuring Arturo Sandoval for "Oh Havana, When I Think Of You" and Nestor Torres for "Luna Latina". The following year a category was created under the name of Best Pop Instrumental Album now intended for full albums. In 2004 the category was renamed Best Instrumental Album and moved to the newly created instrumental field which now includes all forms of Latin instrumental music.

Winners and nominees

 Each year is linked to the article about the Latin Grammy Awards held that year.

References

General
  Note: User must select the "Instrumental Field" category as the genre under the search feature.

Specific

External links
Official site of the Latin Grammy Awards

Instrumental Album


Arzu is a village and municipality in the Khachmaz District of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 1,249.

References

Populated places in Khachmaz District


Brigitte Bout (born 26 January 1941) represented the Pas-de-Calais department in the Senate of France from June 8, 2002 to September 30, 2011.  She is a member of the Union for a Popular Movement.

She was born Brigitte Pouille. Before being elected to the Senate, she worked as an engineer. Bout did not run for reelection to the Senate in 2011.

She served as mayor of Fleurbaix from 2001 to 2008.

In  2013, Bout was named a Chevalier in the French Legion of Honour.

References

1941 births
Living people
Union for a Popular Movement politicians
French senators of the Fifth Republic
Place of birth missing (living people)
Knights of the Legion of Honour
Women mayors of places in France
20th-century French women politicians
21st-century French women politicians
Women members of the Senate (France)
Senators of Pas-de-Calais


Abdul Jamil (A.J.) Khan (12 January 1930 – 17 October 2021) was a Pakistani doctor and hospital chairman. He received his early education from Forman Christian (FC) College Lahore. Later he did his MBBS from King Edward Medical College Lahore, Pakistan. For further studies, he went to Britain and did his DCH, MRCP, FRCP. He was Pakistani chairman of a private medical university and one of Pakistan's largest private charitable hospitals.

His funeral prayer was held at Shaheena Jameel Hospital Abbottabad at 4.00 p.m. on 18 October 2021.

Achievements
A. Jamil Khan had been given the charge of many important offices in the past which include;

 Federal Minister for Population welfare, Govt. of Pakistan.
 President Pakistan Medical & Dental Council.
 Member of the Advisory Committee of Health Govt. of Pakistan.
 Director General Health, Govt. of Pakistan.
 Former Vice-president of the EMRO (Eastern Mediterranean, Region) Regional Committee of WHO.
 Former President Pakistan Pharmacy Council.
 Founding Principal Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad
 Founding Principal Frontier Medical College, Abbottabad, Pakistan.
 Member of the Hospital and Health System Monitoring Committee of the Govt. of Pakistan.
 Principal Bolan Medical College, Quetta, Pakistan.

For his meritorious services, the Government of Pakistan decorated Khan with Sitara-e-Imtiaz (Star of Distinction) by the President of Pakistan, the highest award given to a civil servant.

References

1930 births
2021 deaths
Pakistani medical doctors
People from Abbottabad
King Edward Medical University alumni


Aşağı Ləgər (also, Aşağı-ləngər) is a village and municipality in the Khachmaz Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 325.

References

Populated places in Khachmaz District


Sukhtagalagyshlag - () is a village and municipality in the Khachmaz District of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 230.

References

Populated places in Khachmaz District


The Perot Museum of Nature and Science (shortened to Perot Museum) is a natural history and science museum in Dallas, Texas in Victory Park. The museum was named in honor of Margot and Ross Perot. The current chief executive officer of the museum is Dr. Linda Abraham-Silver.

Background

History
On June 6, 1936, the Dallas Museum of Natural History opened to the public as part of the 1936 Texas Centennial Exhibition. On September 20, 1946, the Dallas Health Museum was founded by a group chartered as the Dallas Academy of Medicine. It was renamed the Dallas Health and Science Museum in 1958. The name was changed yet again to the Science Place in 1981. In 1995, the Dallas Children's Museum was founded elsewhere.

In 2006, Perot Museum CEO Nicole Small oversaw the uniting of the Dallas Museum of Natural History, the Science Place, and the Dallas Children's Museum at Fair Park. Following the merger, the museum was in three buildings there, featuring an IMAX-style theater, a planetarium, an extensive exhibit hall, and its own  paleontology lab. The museum moved on December 1, 2012, to a new facility in Victory Park.

On June 1, 2014, CEO Small was replaced by Colleen Walker.

Walker resigned as CEO in 2017, and was replaced in 2017 by Linda Abraham-Silver.

Donation and endowment
The Victory Park campus museum was named in honor of Margot and Ross Perot as the result of a $50,000,000 gift made by their adult children Ross Perot, Jr., Nancy Perot Mulford, Suzanne Perot McGee, Carolyn Perot Rathjen, and Katherine Perot Reeves. The $185,000,000 fundraising goal, slated to provide for the site acquisition, exhibition planning and design, construction of the new building, education programs and an endowment, was achieved by November 2011, more than a year before the museum's scheduled opening in December 2012. The donated funds enabled the museum to be built, incurring no debt or public funding.

Victory Park campus

The 180,000 square foot facility has six floors and stands about 14 stories high. Five of the floors are accessible to the public and house 11 permanent exhibit halls as well as 6 learning labs. The top floor houses the museum's administration offices. The Victory Park campus opened its doors to the public on December 1, 2012. Approximately 6,000 visitors came to the museum on its first day of operation.

Building design

Designed by Thom Mayne of Morphosis Architects, the building was conceived as a large cube floating over a landscaped plinth (or base).

The stone roof, which features a landscape of drought-tolerant greenery, was inspired by Dallas surroundings. The plinth was landscaped with a 1-acre rolling green roof comprising rock and native drought-resistant grasses that reflects Texas' indigenous landscape and demonstrate a living system that will evolve naturally. Building on the museum's commitment to resource conservation, the new building has a rainwater collection system that captures run-off water from the roof and parking lot, satisfying 74% of the museum's non-potable water needs and 100% of its irrigation needs.

The building is characterized by a continuous flow escalator, measuring 54 feet (16 m) in length and housed within a 150-foot (46 m) glass casing that extends diagonally outside the building cube. The building also prioritizes sustainability by utilizing LED lighting, off-grid energy generation technology, and solar-powered water heating. To enhance energy efficiency, the atrium and other spaces within the building benefit from natural sunlight via strategically placed skylights.

The building has secured the highest possible 4 Green Globes from the Green Building Initiative. It got a rating of an overall 85% on the Green Globes rating scale and 100% for its design and its sustainable performance measures. Green Globes is a nationally recognized green building guidance and assessment program in the United States.

Permanent exhibit halls

Temporary exhibit halls

The Hoglund Foundation Theater A National Geographic Experience
The 297-seat Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) compliant theater has a 2D, 3D 4K digital projection and sound system. The theater features a variety of films, from educational features and documentaries to experimental independent films.

Educational outreach
The museum creates a Teacher's Guide, which is a booklet and online publication that is distributed to North Texas educators. The guide outlines programming designed for children pre-K to 12th grade in earth and space sciences, life and natural sciences, chemistry, physical sciences and engineering. Programming reinforces Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS) objectives.

There are four educational outreach opportunities: field trips to the museum, onsite programming at schools (in the classroom and after school), Community Engagement through the Museum's TECH Truck and The Whynauts virtual, bilingual video series.

Field trips
Students can explore 11 permanent exhibit halls, experience educational films in their theater, and take advantage of TEKS-aligned onsite classroom or auditorium programming. Further learning, available through program extensions, is held in the learning labs and auditorium of the museum's Lower Level. The museum also features educational films, offered in partnership with National Geographic.

Onsite programming at schools
Museum educators offer 26 programs that can be taught in schools’ classrooms, presented to large groups in auditoriums, or showcased as part of after-school programming.

Community Engagement
The TECH Truck brings hands-on discovery directly to community centers programs, libraries, parks, public events, out-of-school programs and more — providing science-based experiences for the public.

The Whynauts
Bring the wonders of the Perot Museum to your classroom through an interactive, bilingual, STEM educational series.

See also

List of nature centers in Texas
List of museums in North Texas
Heard Natural Science Museum and Wildlife Sanctuary
Fort Worth Museum of Science and History
National Register of Historic Places listings in Dallas County, Texas
List of Dallas Landmarks

References

External links

Official Web site of Perot Museum of Nature and Science
Dallas' Perot Museum designed to fit with Texas-specific public school curriculum
Perot Museum – Sports Run Exhibit

Fair Park
Museums in Dallas
Science museums in Texas
Children's museums in Texas
Natural history museums in Texas
Paleontology in Texas
Dinosaur museums in the United States


Michel Boutant (born 23 November 1956) is a French politician. A member of the Socialist Party, he has served as Mayor of Chabanais since 2020. From 2008 to 2020, Boutant was a member of the Senate of France, representing the Charente department.

References

1956 births
Living people
Socialist Party (France) politicians
French senators of the Fifth Republic
Senators of Charente
Place of birth missing (living people)


Dominique Braye (born 21 October 1947 in Lyon) was a member of the Senate of France, representing the Yvelines department from 1995 to 2011. He is a member of the Union for a Popular Movement.

References
Page on the Senate website

1947 births
Living people
Union for a Popular Movement politicians
French senators of the Fifth Republic
Senators of Yvelines
Politicians from Lyon
20th-century French politicians
21st-century French politicians


Iran participated in the 2003 Asian Winter Games held in Aomori, Japan from January 1, 2003 to February 8, 2003.

Competitors

Results by event

Skiing

Alpine

Men

Cross-country

Men

Snowboarding

Men

References

External links
 Official Website of the 5th Winter Asian Games

Asian Winter Games
Nations at the 2003 Asian Winter Games
2003


Nicole Bricq (; 10 June 1947 – 6 August 2017) was a member of the Senate of France, representing the Seine-et-Marne department.

Early life and education
Bricq received a degree in private law from Montesquieu University in 1970.

Political career
From 1972 on Bricq was a member of the Socialist Party.

On 16 May 2012 Bricq was appointed Minister of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy in the government of Jean-Marc Ayrault. After the 2012 legislative election, she was appointed Minister for Foreign Trade. She was replaced at the Ministry of Ecology by Delphine Batho. Whereas some members of the government, such as Cécile Duflot, considered this nomination like a promotion, many felt that it was due to the decision taken by Bricq to stop all drilling contracts signed with Shell in French Guiana, a decision that has been reversed since then.

In 2013, Bricq complained in a television interview that President of the European Commission José Manuel Barroso had “done nothing during his term”, suggesting that Barroso’s reappointment in 2009 had been a mistake. She also emerged as a vocal critic of how the European Commission led the negotiations on a Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership.

On 11 February 2014, Bricq was among the guests invited to the state dinner hosted by U.S. President Barack Obama in honor of President François Hollande at the White House.

Bricq was one of the earliest supporters of Emmanuel Macron and his party, La République En Marche!, instead of supporting Socialist Party candidate, Benoît Hamon.

Death
On 6 August 2017, Bricq died in hospital in Poitiers after an accidental fall.

References

External links

 Page on the Senate website

1947 births
2017 deaths
Socialist Party (France) politicians
French senators of the Fifth Republic
French Ministers of the Environment
Women members of the Senate (France)
Women government ministers of France
Renaissance (French political party) politicians
Accidental deaths from falls
Senators of Seine-et-Marne
People from Charente
Politicians from Nouvelle-Aquitaine
University of Bordeaux alumni
21st-century French women


The aging of wine is potentially able to improve the quality of wine. This distinguishes wine from most other consumable goods. While wine is perishable and capable of deteriorating, complex chemical reactions involving a wine's sugars, acids and phenolic compounds (such as tannins) can alter the aroma, color, mouthfeel and taste of the wine in a way that may be more pleasing to the taster. The ability of a wine to age is influenced by many factors including grape variety, vintage, viticultural practices, wine region and winemaking style. The condition that the wine is kept in after bottling can also influence how well a wine ages and may require significant time and financial investment. The quality of an aged wine varies significantly bottle-by-bottle, depending on the conditions under which it was stored, and the condition of the bottle and cork, and thus it is said that rather than good old vintages, there are good old bottles. There is a significant mystique around the aging of wine, as its chemistry was not understood for a long time, and old wines are often sold for extraordinary prices. However, the vast majority of wine is not aged, and even wine that is aged is rarely aged for long; it is estimated that 90% of wine is meant to be consumed within a year of production, and 99% of wine within 5 years.

History

The Ancient Greeks and Romans were aware of the potential of aged wines. In Greece, early examples of dried "straw wines" were noted for their ability to age due to their high sugar contents. These wines were stored in sealed earthenware amphorae and kept for many years. In Rome, the most sought after wines – Falernian and Surrentine – were prized for their ability to age for decades. In the Book of Luke, it is noted that "old wine" was valued over "new wine" (). The Greek physician Galen wrote that the "taste" of aged wine was desirable and that this could be accomplished by heating or smoking the wine, though, in Galen's opinion, these artificially aged wines were not as healthy to consume as naturally aged wines.

Following the Fall of the Roman Empire, appreciation for aged wine was virtually non-existent. Most of the wines produced in northern Europe were light bodied, pale in color and with low alcohol. These wines did not have much aging potential and barely lasted a few months before they rapidly deteriorated into vinegar. The older a wine got the cheaper its price became as merchants eagerly sought to rid themselves of aging wine. By the 16th century, sweeter and more alcoholic wines (like Malmsey and Sack) were being made in the Mediterranean and gaining attention for their aging ability. Similarly, Riesling from Germany with its combination of acidity and sugar were also demonstrating their ability to age. In the 17th century, two innovations occurred that radically changed the wine industry's view on aging. One was the development of the cork and bottle which again allowed producers to package and store wine in a virtually air-tight environment. The second was the growing popularity of fortified wines such as Port, Madeira and Sherries. The added alcohol was found to act as a preservative, allowing wines to survive long sea voyages to England, The Americas and the East Indies. The English, in particular, were growing in their appreciation of aged wines like Port and Claret from Bordeaux. Demand for matured wines had a pronounced effect on the wine trade. For producers, the cost and space of storing barrels or bottles of wine was prohibitive so a merchant class evolved with warehouses and the finances to facilitate aging wines for a longer period of time. In regions like Bordeaux, Oporto and Burgundy, this situation dramatically increased the balance of power towards the merchant classes.

Aging potential

There is a widespread misconception that wine always improves with age, or that wine improves with extended aging, or that aging potential is an indicator of good wine. Some authorities state that more wine is consumed too old than too young. Aging changes wine, but does not categorically improve it or worsen it. Fruitiness deteriorates rapidly, decreasing markedly after only 6 months in the bottle. Due to the cost of storage, it is not economical to age cheap wines, but many varieties of wine do not benefit from aging, regardless of the quality. Experts vary on precise numbers, but typically state that only 5–10% of wine improves after 1 year, and only 1% improves after 5–10 years.

In general, wines with a low pH (such as pinot noir and Sangiovese) have a greater capability of aging. With red wines, a high level of flavor compounds, such as phenolics (most notably tannins), will increase the likelihood that a wine will be able to age. Wines with high levels of phenols include Cabernet Sauvignon, Nebbiolo and Syrah. The white wines with the longest aging potential tend to be those with a high amount of extract and acidity (such as Riesling). The acidity in white wines, acting as a preservative, has a role similar to that of tannins in red wines. The process of making white wines, which includes little to no skin contact, means that white wines have a significantly lower amount of phenolic compounds, though barrel fermentation and oak aging can impart some phenols. Similarly, the minimal skin contact with rosé wine limits their aging potential.

After aging at the winery most wood-aged ports, sherries, vins doux naturels, vins de liqueur, basic level ice wines, and sparkling wines are bottled when the producer feels that they are ready to be consumed. These wines are ready to drink upon release and will not benefit much from aging. Vintage ports and other bottled-aged ports and sherries will benefit from some additional aging.

Champagne and other sparkling wines are infrequently aged, and frequently have no vintage year (no vintage, NV), but vintage champagne may be aged. Aged champagne has traditionally been a peculiarly British affectation, and thus has been referred to as  "the English taste", though this term also refers to a level of champagne sweetness. In principle champagne has aging potential, due to the acidity, and aged champagne has increased in popularity in the United States since the 1996 vintage. A few French winemakers have advocated aging champagne, most notably René Collard (1921–2009). In 2009, a 184-year-old bottle of Perrier-Jouët was opened and tasted, still drinkable, with notes of "truffles and caramel", according to the experts.

Little to no aging potential
A guideline provided by Master of Wine Jancis Robinson
 German QBAs (Qualitätswein bestimmter Anbaugebiete)
 Asti and Moscato Spumante
 Rosé and blush wines like White Zinfandel
 Branded wines like Yellow Tail, Mouton Cadet, etc.
 European table wine
 American jug & box wine
 Inexpensive varietals (with the possible exception of Cabernet Sauvignon)
 The majority of Vin de pays
 All Nouveau wines
 Vermouth
 Basic Sherry
 Tawny Ports
 Kit wines made from mostly concentrated grape juice

Good aging potential

Master of Wine Jancis Robinson provides the following general guidelines on aging wines. Note that vintage, wine region and winemaking style can influence a wine's aging potential, so Robinson's guidelines are general estimates for the most common examples of these wines.
 Botrytized wines (5–25 yrs)
 Chardonnay (2–6 yrs)
 Riesling (2–30 yrs)
 Hungarian Furmint (3–25 yrs)
 Loire Valley Chenin blanc (4–30 yrs)
 Hunter Valley Semillon (6–15 yrs)
 Cabernet Sauvignon (4–20 yrs)
 Merlot (2–10 yrs)
 Nebbiolo (4–20 yrs)
 Pinot noir (2–8 yrs)
 Sangiovese (2–8 yrs)
 Syrah (4–16 yrs)
 Zinfandel (2–6 yrs)
 Classified Bordeaux (8–25 yrs)
 Grand Cru Burgundy (8–25 yrs)
 Aglianico from Taurasi (4–15 yrs)
 Baga from Bairrada (4–8 yrs)
 Hungarian Kadarka (3–7 yrs)
 Bulgarian Melnik (3–7 yrs)
 Croatian Plavac Mali (4–8 yrs)
 Georgian Saperavi (3–10 yrs)
 Madiran Tannat (4–12 yrs)
 Spanish Tempranillo (2–8 yrs)
 Greek Xynomavro (4–10 yrs)
 Vintage Ports (20–50 yrs)

Factors and influences

Wine constituents
The ratio of sugars, acids and phenolics to water is a key determination of how well a wine can age. The less water in the grapes prior to harvest, the more likely the resulting wine will have some aging potential. Grape variety, climate, vintage and viticultural practice come into play here. Grape varieties with thicker skins, from a dry growing season where little irrigation was used and yields were kept low will have less water and a higher ratio of sugar, acids and phenolics. The process of making Eisweins, where water is removed from the grape during pressing as frozen ice crystals, has a similar effect of decreasing the amount of water and increasing aging potential.

In winemaking, the duration of maceration or skin contact will influence how much phenolic compounds are leached from skins into the wine. Pigmented tannins, anthocyanins, colloids, tannin-polysaccharides and tannin-proteins not only influence a wine's resulting color but also act as preservatives. During fermentation adjustment to a wine's acid levels can be made with wines with lower pH having more aging potential. Exposure to oak either during fermentation or after (during barrel aging) will introduce more phenolic compounds to the wines. Prior to bottling, excessive fining or filtering of the wine could strip the wine of some phenolic solids and may lessen a wine's ability to age.

Storage factors

The storage condition of the bottled wine will influence a wine's aging. Vibrations and heat fluctuations can hasten a wine's deterioration and cause adverse effect on the wines. In general, a wine has a greater potential to develop complexity and more aromatic bouquet if it is allowed to age slowly in a relatively cool environment. The lower the temperature, the more slowly a wine develops. On average, the rate of chemical reactions in wine double with each 18 °F (10 °C) increase in temperature. Wine expert Karen MacNeil recommends keeping wine intended for aging in a cool area with a constant temperature around 55 °F (13 °C). Wine can be stored at temperatures as high as 69 °F (20 °C) without long term negative effect. Professor Cornelius Ough of the University of California, Davis believes that wine could be exposed to temperatures as high as 120 °F (49 °C) for a few hours and not be damaged. However, most experts believe that extreme temperature fluctuations (such as repeated transferring of a wine from a warm room to a cool refrigerator) would be detrimental to the wine. The ultra-violet rays of direct sunlight should also be avoided because of the free radicals that can develop in the wine and result in premature oxidation.

Wines packaged in large format bottles, such as magnums and 3 liter Jeroboams, seem to age more slowly than wines packaged in regular 750 ml bottles or half bottles. This may be because of the greater proportion of oxygen exposed to the wine during the bottle process. The advent of alternative wine closures to cork, such as screw caps and synthetic corks have opened up recent discussions on the aging potential of wines sealed with these alternative closures. Currently there are no conclusive results and the topic is the subject of ongoing research.

Bottling factors

Bottle shock

One of the short-term aging needs of wine is a period where the wine is considered "sick" due to the trauma and volatility of the bottling experience. During bottling the wine is exposed to some oxygen which causes a domino effect of chemical reactions with various components of the wine. The time it takes for the wine to settle down and have the oxygen fully dissolve and integrate with the wine is considered its period of "bottle shock". During this time the wine could taste drastically different from how it did prior to bottling or how it will taste after the wine has settled. While many modern bottling lines try to treat the wine as gently as possible and utilize inert gases to minimize the amount of oxygen exposure, all wine goes through some period of bottle shock. The length of this period will vary with each individual wine.

Cork taint

The transfer of off-flavours in the cork used to bottle a wine during prolonged aging can be detrimental to the quality of the bottle. The formation of cork taint is a complex process which may result from a wide range of factors ranging from the growing conditions of the cork oak, the processing of the cork into stoppers, or the molds growing on the cork itself.

Dumb phase
During the course of aging, a wine may slip into a "dumb phase" where its aromas and flavors are very muted. In Bordeaux this phase is called the age ingrat or "difficult age" and is likened to a teenager going through adolescence. The cause or length of time that this "dumb phase" will last is not yet fully understood and seems to vary from bottle to bottle.

Effects on wine

As red wine ages, the harsh tannins of its youth gradually give way to a softer mouthfeel. An inky dark color will eventually lose its depth of color and begin to appear orange at the edges, and eventually turn brown. These changes occur due to the complex chemical reactions of the phenolic compounds of the wine. In processes that begin during fermentation and continue after bottling, these compounds bind together and aggregate. Eventually these particles reach a certain size where they are too large to stay suspended in the solution and precipitate out. The presence of visible sediment in a bottle will usually indicate a mature wine. The resulting wine, with this loss of tannins and pigment, will have a paler color and taste softer, less astringent. The sediment, while harmless, can have an unpleasant taste and is often separated from the wine by decanting.

During the aging process, the perception of a wine's acidity may change even though the total measurable amount of acidity is more or less constant throughout a wine's life. This is due to the esterification of the acids, combining with alcohols in complex array to form esters. In addition to making a wine taste less acidic, these esters introduce a range of possible aromas. Eventually the wine may age to a point where other components of the wine (such as a tannins and fruit) are less noticeable themselves, which will then bring back a heightened perception of wine acidity. Other chemical processes that occur during aging include the hydrolysis of flavor precursors which detach themselves from glucose molecules and introduce new flavor notes in the older wine and aldehydes become oxidized. The interaction of certain phenolics develops what is known as tertiary aromas which are different from the primary aromas that are derived from the grape and during fermentation.

As a wine starts to mature, its bouquet will become more developed and multi-layered. While a taster may be able to pick out a few fruit notes in a young wine, a more complex wine will have several distinct fruit, floral, earthy, mineral and oak derived notes. The lingering finish of a wine will lengthen. Eventually the wine will reach a point of maturity, when it is said to be at its "peak". This is the point when the wine has the maximum amount of complexity, most pleasing mouthfeel and softening of tannins and has not yet started to decay. When this point will occur is not yet predictable and can vary from bottle to bottle. If a wine is aged for too long, it will start to descend into decrepitude where the fruit tastes hollow and weak while the wine's acidity becomes dominant.

The natural esterification that takes place in wines and other alcoholic beverages during the aging process is an example of acid-catalysed esterification. Over time, the acidity of the acetic acid and tannins in an aging wine will catalytically protonate other organic acids (including acetic acid itself), encouraging ethanol to react as a nucleophile. As a result, ethyl acetate – the ester of ethanol and acetic acid – is the most abundant ester in wines. Other combinations of organic alcohols (such as phenol-containing compounds) and organic acids lead to a variety of different esters in wines, contributing to their different flavours, smells and tastes. Of course, when compared to sulfuric acid conditions, the acid conditions in a wine are mild, so yield is low (often in tenths or hundredths of a percentage point by volume) and take years for ester to accumulate.

Coates’ Law of Maturity
Coates’ Law of Maturity is a principle used in wine tasting relating to the aging ability of wine. Developed by the British Master of Wine, Clive Coates, the principle states that a wine will remain at its peak (or optimal) drinking quality for a duration of time that is equal to the time of maturation required to reach its optimal quality. During the aging of a wine certain flavors, aromas and textures appear and fade. Rather than developing and fading in unison, these traits each operate on a unique path and time line. The principle allows for the subjectivity of individual tastes because it follows the logic that positive traits that appeal to one particular wine taster will continue to persist along the principle's guideline while for another taster these traits might not be positive and therefore not applicable to the guideline. Wine expert Tom Stevenson has noted that there is logic in Coates' principle and that he has yet to encounter an anomaly or wine that debunks it.

Example
An example of the principle in practice would be a wine that someone acquires when it is 9 years of age, but finds dull. A year later the drinker finds this wine very pleasing in texture, aroma and mouthfeel. Under the Coates Law of Maturity the wine will continue to be drunk at an optimal maturation for that drinker until it has reached 20 years of age at which time those positive traits that the drinker perceives will start to fade.

Artificial aging
There is a long history of using artificial means to try to accelerate the natural aging process. In Ancient Rome a smoke chamber known as a fumarium was used to enhance the flavor of wine through artificial aging. Amphorae were placed in the chamber, which was built on top of a heated hearth, in order to impart a smoky flavor in the wine that also seemed to sharpen the acidity. The wine would sometimes come out of the fumarium with a paler color just like aged wine. Modern winemaking techniques like micro-oxygenation can have the side effect of artificially aging the wine. In the production of Madeira and rancio wines, the wines are deliberately exposed to excessive temperatures to accelerate the maturation of the wine. Other techniques used to artificially age wine (with inconclusive results on their effectiveness) include shaking the wine, exposing it to radiation, magnetism or ultra-sonic waves. More recently, experiments with artificial aging through high-voltage electricity have produced results above the remaining techniques, as assessed by a panel of wine tasters.
Some artificial wine-aging gadgets include the "Clef du Vin", which is a metallic object that is dipped into wine and purportedly ages the wine one year for every second of dipping. The product has received mixed reviews from wine commentators. Several wineries have begun aging finished wine bottles undersea; ocean aging is thought to accelerate natural aging reactions as a function of depth (pressure).

See also
 Ullage

References

Further reading
 Suriano, Matthew, "A Fresh Reading for 'Aged Wine' in the Samaria Ostraca," Palestine Exploration Quarterly, 139,1 (2007), 27–33.

External links

Wine
Wine chemistry


Tergipedidae is a family of sea slugs, aeolid nudibranchs, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Fionoidea (according to the  Taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).

Taxonomic history
The bratos in this family were moved to the family Fionidae as a result of a molecular phylogenetics study. This was reversed and the family Tergipedidae restricted to the one nominate genus in 2017 as a result of a re-evaluation of this study and further DNA results.

Genera
Genera within the family Tergipedidae include:
 Tergipes Cuvier, 1805

Genera and subfamilies currently brought into synonymy
 Subfamily Tergipedinae: synonym of Tergipedidae Bergh, 1889

References

External links


Shawmut Design and Construction is a US construction management firm.

Key clients

Culture
Shawmut is a 100% employee-owned company through the company's Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP). Every year, shares of the company are distributed into each employee's ESOP account which serves as a retirement savings vehicle for them.

See also
Shawmut

References

Companies established in 1982
1982 establishments in the United States


Baldragon railway station served the village of Baldragon in the Scottish county of Angus. Services were provided by the Dundee and Newtyle Railway.

History
Opened by the Dundee and Newtyle Railway and absorbed into the Caledonian Railway, it became part of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway during the Grouping of 1923. Passing on to the Scottish Region of British Railways on nationalisation in 1948, it was then closed by the British Transport Commission.

References

Notes

Sources

 Station on navigable O. S. map Near Kirktown of Strathmartine

External links
 RAILSCOT on Dundee and Newtyle Railway

Disused railway stations in Angus, Scotland
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1831
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1917
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1919
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1955
1831 establishments in Scotland
1955 disestablishments in Scotland
Former Caledonian Railway stations


Pleasure Bay is a tributary of the Shrewsbury River in Monmouth County, New Jersey in the United States.

Pleasure Bay is an estuary formed by the confluence of Branchport Creek and Troutmans Creek, flowing north to the Shrewsbury River. A short distance above the mouth, Manahasset Creek enters the bay.

Pleasure Bay forms the boundary of Oceanport with Long Branch and Monmouth Beach.

Tributaries
 Branchport Creek
 Troutmans Creek
 Manahasset Creek

See also
 List of rivers of New Jersey

External links
 U.S. Geological Survey: NJ stream gaging stations

Bodies of water of Monmouth County, New Jersey
Rivers of New Jersey
Estuaries of New Jersey


Alan Singley and Pants Machine is an Indie rock band from Portland, Oregon, made up of Alan Singley, Gus Elg, Leb Borgerson, and Scott Hayden. Alan Singley and Pants Machine is a fixture of the Portland, Oregon independent music scene. They've been featured twice on the PDX Pop Now! compilation, as among the Willamette Week's Best New Bands of 2006.

Alan Singley and Pants Machine are currently recording an orchestral record and playing the West Coast of the United States.

Members
Alan Singley - lead vocals
Gus Elg - bass, recording
Leb Borgerson - guitar, backup vocals
Scott Hayden - drums

Discography
Oh, Salad Days (2003)
Audiobicyclette (2005)
Lovingkindness (2006)
Feelin' Citrus (2009)

References

External links
Alan Singley and Pants Machine's Myspace Page

Musical groups from Portland, Oregon
2003 establishments in Oregon
Musical groups established in 2003


The Latin Grammy Award for Producer of the Year is an honor presented annually at the Latin Grammy Awards, a ceremony that recognizes excellence and creates a wider awareness of cultural diversity and contributions of Latin recording artists, in the United States and internationally. The award is given to a producer whose recordings released during the eligibility period represent extraordinary creativity in the area of record production. Six individual songs, or 51% of the duration of an album, are the minimum for a producer to be eligible. Two or more producers can participate as a team only if they have worked together during the period of eligibility.

The award for Producer of Year was first presented to the Cuban songwriter Emilio Estefan in 2000. In that year Estefan produced the albums Ciego de Amor by Charlie Zaa, El Amor de Mi Tierra by Carlos Vives and the song "Da la Vuelta", performed by Marc Anthony, and was awarded as the first Person of the Year by the Latin Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences. Italian singer-songwriter Laura Pausini became the first female artist to be nominated for this category, for producing her album Entre Tu y Mil Mares. At the 2010 ceremony, joint winners were announced for the first time, when Jorge Calandrelli and Gregg Field were honored for their work on A Time for Love by Cuban trumpeter Arturo Sandoval; they shared the award with Sergio George, who holds the record for the most wins with four accolades, and most nominations with eight. Eduardo Cabra has won three times. Cachorro López has earned seven nominations which resulted in two wins. Gustavo Santaolalla has been nominated six times and received the award in 2005. In 2018, Venezuelan trumpetist Linda Briceño became the first female producer awarded. Since its inception, the award has been presented to musicians originating from Argentina, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Peru, Puerto Rico, Spain, the United States, and Venezuela.

Winners and nominees

 Each year is linked to the article about the Latin Grammy Awards held that year.

See also
Billboard Latin Music Award for Producer of the Year
Grammy Award for Producer of the Year

References

General
  Note: User must select the "Production Field" category as the genre under the search feature.

Specific

External links
Official site of the Latin Grammy Awards

Producer of the Year


George John Seabury (November 10, 1844 – February 13, 1909) was an American chemist and pharmacist. In 1874 he and Robert Wood Johnson invented a new type of adhesive bandage.

He died at his home in New York on February 15, 1909. He is buried in Orange, New Jersey's Rosedale Cemetery.

Works
 Shall Pharmacists Become Tradesmen (1899)
 The Constructive and Reconstructive Forces Essential to Maintain American International Supremacy (1902)

References

1844 births
1909 deaths
Scientists from New York City
Johnson & Johnson people
Businesspeople in the pharmaceutical industry
19th-century American chemists
New York (state) Republicans
Burials at Rosedale Cemetery (Orange, New Jersey)
1908 United States presidential electors


Tenellia adspersa, common name the miniature aeolis, is a species of very small sea slug, an aeolid nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Fionidae. It is the type species of the genus Tenellia.

In Britain this solitary species is referred to as the lagoon sea slug.

Description
The color of this nudibranch is generally pale yellow to light brown, with black speckles. The length is up to 8 mm.

Distribution
The indigenous distribution of Tenellia adspersa is the Northeastern Atlantic Ocean, Baltic Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea and Caspian Sea.

This species is fully protected in the United Kingdom under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 since 1992.

The species is thought to be introduced in:
 Chesapeake Bay, Virginia;
 Massachusetts
 San Francisco Bay, Elkhorn Slough, and Long Beach, California;
 Coos Bay, Oregon.

Ecology

Habitat
This small sea slug is found amongst hydroids and sometimes crawling along the substrate in coastal intertidal and shallow sublittoral zones, and is also found in estuaries. It prefers small rocks to sea grass bottoms, and occurs on man-made substrates as well. It prefers sheltered, low wave action waters.

Life cycle
Adults produce up to 100 eggs. Larvae are pelagic. They are sexually mature at 20 days old. Life span is less than one year usually.

Feeding habits
This sea slug is known to rapidly devour hydroid colonies. Tenellia adspersa is a carnivore feeding primarily on hydroids such as Cordylophora caspia.

References
This article incorporates public domain text (a public domain work of the United States Government) from the reference.

Fionidae
Gastropods described in 1845
Taxa named by Alexander von Nordmann


Baldoyle railway station served nearby Baldoyle. It was located, on the down side, between Howth Junction and Portmarnock, the later Clongriffin is now past the site of this former station towards Portmarnock.

History
Opened in 1844, it was one of the stations of the original Dublin-Drogheda line. The station closed to regular traffic in 1848 with the opening of Howth Junction. However, it remained in use for Baldoyle race specials until 1852.

References

Disused railway stations in County Dublin
Railway stations in the Republic of Ireland closed in 1848
Railway stations in the Republic of Ireland opened in 1844


Élie Brun (born 15 October 1948 in Périgueux) is a former member of the Senate of France, who represented the Var department from 2008 to 2010. He is a member of the Union for a Popular Movement.

References
Page on the Senate website

1948 births
People from Périgueux
Living people
Union for a Popular Movement politicians
French senators of the Fifth Republic
Senators of Var (department)
21st-century French politicians
Mayors of places in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur


Uncial 0155 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 1055 (von Soden), is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament, dated palaeographically to the 9th century.

The codex contains two small parts of the Gospel of Luke 3:1-2,5,7-11; 6:24-31, on two parchment leaves (27 cm by 20 cm). It is written in two columns per page, 22 lines per page, in uncial letters.

The Greek text of this codex is a representative of the Alexandrian text-type. Aland placed it in Category II.

It is dated by the Institute for New Testament Textual Research to the 9th century.

The codex used to be held in Qubbat al-Khazna in Damascus (without catalogue number). The location of the codex is unknown. The manuscript is not accessible.

See also

 List of New Testament uncials
 Textual criticism

References

Greek New Testament uncials
9th-century biblical manuscripts
Lost biblical manuscripts


François-Noël Buffet (born 28 August 1963) is a French politician who has served as a Senator for Rhône since 2004. A member of The Republicans (LR), he has also served as a metropolitan councillor of Lyon since 2015.

Buffet, who first entered the municipal council of Oullins in 1990, became Deputy Mayor of Oullins in 1995 under the mayorship of Michel Terrot. He served as Mayor of Oullins from 1997 to 2017.

References

External links
 Page on the Senate website

1963 births
Living people
People from Oullins
Politicians from Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
20th-century French lawyers
Rally for the Republic politicians
Union for a Popular Movement politicians
The Republicans (France) politicians
Gaullism, a way forward for France
French senators of the Fifth Republic
Senators of Rhône (department)
French city councillors
Mayors of places in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes


Jean-Pierre Caffet (born 8 November 1951) is a member of the Senate of France, representing the city of Paris between 2004 and 2017.  He was a member of the Socialist Party, and moved to LREM in 2017.

References
Page on the Senate website (in French)

1951 births
Living people
Socialist Party (France) politicians
French senators of the Fifth Republic
Renaissance (French political party) politicians
Senators of Paris
Politicians from Algiers


Tăriceanu Cabinet may refer to:
 Tăriceanu I Cabinet, the cabinet of the government of Romania between 2004 and 2007
 Tăriceanu II Cabinet, the cabinet of the government of Romania between 2007 and 2008

fr:Gouvernement Tăriceanu


Christian Cambon (born 8 March 1948) is a French politician of the Republicans (LR) who has been serving as a member of the Senate since 2004, representing the Val-de-Marne department.

Early life and education
Cambon graduated from the Paris Institute of Political Studies (Sciences Po) and holds a master's degree in Public Law (Panthéon-Assas University).

Political career
Cambon has been the Mayor of Saint-Maurice (Val-de-Marne) since 1989 and Senior Vice-Chairman of the Syndicat des eaux d’Ile-de-France (public drinking water service for the greater metropolitan Paris area)

In the Senate, Cambon serves as chairman of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defense and Armed Forces. He also chairs the French-Moroccan Parliamentary Friendship Group and the French delegation to the NATO Parliamentary Assembly.

On 24 April 2018, Cambon was among the guests invited to the state dinner hosted by U.S. President Donald Trump in honor of President Emmanuel Macron at the White House.

Other activities
 French Development Agency (AFD), Member of the Board of Directors

Political positions
Following the 2023 Nigerien coup d'état, Cambon joined forces with fellow Senators Roger Karoutchi and Bruno Retailleau on an open letter to President Macron in Le Figaro, critizicing France's Africa policy and arguing that the failure of Operation Barkhane was in great part the reason why France and its economic, political and military presence have been rejected in Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger and the Central African Republic; the letter was signed by 91 other senators.

References

Page on the Senate website

1948 births
Living people
The Republicans (France) politicians
French senators of the Fifth Republic
Mayors of places in Île-de-France
Paris 2 Panthéon-Assas University alumni
Sciences Po alumni
People from Saint-Mandé
Senators of Val-de-Marne
Politicians from Île-de-France


Edward Dexter Sohier (1810–1888) was a United States lawyer, best remembered for defending John White Webster in a murder trial in 1850.

Early days
Edward Dexter Sohier was the son of William Davies and Elizabeth Amory (Dexter) Sohier and was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on April 24, 1810. He graduated at Harvard in 1829 and was admitted to the Suffolk bar in October, 1832.

Career
In 1838, Sohier formed a partnership with Charles A. Welch, which continued until his death. He was remembered as a profound lawyer, full of resources, forcible in argument, sharp in repartee and conscientious in his management of cases, "as witty as Sydney Smith and more agreeable." At a meeting of the Suffolk bar to pay tribute to his memory, the presiding officer, Edward Bangs, said, "As a lawyer he stood among the first; as a man, his courtesy, his honesty, his untarnished honor, the severe strictness of his integrity, made him remarkable, even among associates abounding in such virtues." He married, February 16, 1836, Hannah Louis Amory, and died November 23, 1888.

Webster trial
He is best known for being the junior counsel with Pliny T. Merrick in the Parkman–Webster murder case (1850). Sohier and Merrick lost the case and Webster was hanged, but Sohier's and Webster's detailed notes from the case survive at the Massachusetts Historical Society, providing insight into the conduct of the defendant, the trial and the actions of his counsel not available elsewhere.

One historian characterized Sohier's appearance in 1850 at the Webster trial as
...striking. Of medium build, his gray moustache and long sideburns framed his semi-bald, handsome head. The wrinkles between and above his white eyebrows gave indication of the seriousness of this man who was the founder of ... one of Boston's most prestigious and probably oldest firms.
Quiet by nature, fastidiously ethical and courteous to the court, Sohier was essentially a civil or commercial lawyer, a fiduciary rather than a criminal defense lawyer. It is unusual that in 1850 he defended in a trial which at that time was the most sensational murder trial in America's history.

References

Archives and records
Sohier and Welch records at Baker Library Special Collections, Harvard Business School

1810 births
1888 deaths
Harvard University alumni
Lawyers from Boston
19th-century American lawyers


Zeno Vendler (December 22, 1921 – January 13, 2004) was an American philosopher of language, and a founding member and former director of the Department of Philosophy at the University of Calgary.  His work on lexical aspect, quantifiers, and nominalization has been influential in the field of linguistics.

Life
Vendler was born in Devecser and raised in Hungary, where he learned to speak both Hungarian and German. He studied there until he began to train as a Jesuit priest in Maastricht. Vendler later went to Harvard University to study philosophy, and earned his doctorate in 1959 with a dissertation titled "Facts and Laws." After holding several teaching positions at various American universities, he became a professor at the University of Calgary, where he was one of the founding members of the Department of Philosophy. After leaving the University of Calgary in 1973, he taught at several other schools, including Rice University and the University of California, San Diego.

He was married twice—his first wife was poetry critic Helen Hennessy Vendler—and had two sons. Vendler died on 13 January 2004 at the age of 83 in Hetyefő, (Komitat Veszprém).

Influence
Vendler's 1957 Philosophical Review article "Verbs and times" first introduced a four-way distinction between verbs based on their aspectual features, a distinction that has had a major influence on theories of lexical aspect or aktionsart.

Under Vendler's model, events may be classified into one of four aspectual classes:
states, which are static and do not have an endpoint ("know," "love");
activities, which are dynamic and do not have an endpoint ("run," "drive");
accomplishments, which have an endpoint and are incremental or gradual ("paint a picture," "build a house"); and
achievements, which have an endpoint and occur instantaneously ("recognize," "notice").

Vendler also popularized the use of the progressive aspect as a diagnostic for distinguishing between these lexical classes; for example, activities and accomplishments are able to appear in the progressive (He is running, He is painting a picture), whereas states and achievements are not (*He is knowing French, *He is recognizing his friend). Vendler's categories are still widely used in current research in areas such as syntax, semantics, and second language acquisition. Linguist S.-Y. Kuroda has said that Vendler's terms achievement and accomplishment "have since become basic technical vocabulary in modern linguistics," and have been used to develop numerous theories and allow for "sophisticated and highly technical" research in a variety of areas.

Vendler's 1967 book Linguistics in Philosophy, a collection of some of his earlier articles, had a large influence on the field of ordinary language philosophy, which attempts to use the study of language and linguistic structures to inform philosophical theory. The book has been called an attempt to "reconcile the empirical basis of linguistic science with the a priori nature of philosophical reasoning." His 1972 Res Cogitans also dealt with the relationship between language and philosophy.

Vendler published over 30 widely cited journal articles and four monographs.

Books

References

Philosophers of language
Hungarian philosophers
Canadian philosophers
1921 births
2004 deaths
Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Analytic philosophers
Rice University faculty
University of California, San Diego faculty
20th-century American philosophers


SNCB's Class 12 locomotives were dual-voltage (25000 V, 50 Hz AC and 3000 V DC) electric lomotives built for cross-border service into France. They were based on the single-voltage Class 21 locomotives. They are part of the large 1980s family of 144 electric locomotives.

Locomotive family
The family was made up of Classes 11 (12), 12 (12), 21 (60) and 27 (60). Classes 11, 12 and 21 were nearly twice as powerful as Classes 22, 23 and 25. Class 27 was more than twice as powerful as the 1950s locomotives. This family was heavily influenced by the Class 20² from the mid-1970s. They were very reliable because of the trial and error development of their predecessor. This family came into service with M4 and M5 coaching stock and the AM 80 and AM 86 series of EMUs. This generation was a major modernization of the SNCB even if the older M2 coaching stock remained active for more than a decade before being replaced. The only real difference between a Class 12 and a Class 21 was the Class 12 had a transformer inside to allow working under both 3000 V DC in Belgium and 25000 V AC plus French signalling and train protection for working in France. Externally they were identical except for a few details.

Class 12
Class 12 was originally built to work freight and passenger services between Antwerp (via Gent) and Liège (via Namur) in Belgium on one hand and Lille in France on the other. Class 12 spent most of its early years pushing and pulling rakes of M4 stock across Belgium. Sometimes they ventured onto other domestic services where their 25000 V capability wasn't needed. The introduction of the SNCB Class AM96 electric multiple units displaced them from passenger duty by 1999 but they continued to be used in freight service for 13 more years. Later on they pulled freight between the port of Zeebrugge to Lille and beyond, going via Brugge and Mouscron. They were withdrawn from service in 2012 because Class 13 locomotives had by then lost most of their passenger workings and were available for freight. Class 13 was more powerful and also had the same dual voltage capability as Class 12. All Class 12s were stored inside at the dêpot of Stokkem, near Arlon, upon withdrawal.

During 2013, locomotive 1203 went to the Czech Republic for service trials. In mid-2014, loco 1203 was intensively tested at Velim in the Czech Republic under 25000 V overhead and did very well. It was then sold to open access operator XTR-System Development in the Czech Republic with an option to buy the entire class. The option was taken and the remaining Class 12 locomotives left Belgium in March 2016 en route to their new owner. The same operator also agreed to buy all 12 of the SNCB Class 11 locomotives at the same time but the deal never went through and all Class 11 locomotives have been sitting outside at Stockem ever since. Class 12 underwent asbestos removal before they departed for the Czech Republic. XTR-System Development has also expressed an interest in buying at least some of the SNCB Class 21 locomotives as they are retired.

At midnight on 06/3/2016 they arrived to Česká Třebová and next day continued to ČMŽO at Přerov for overhaul in order to run o SŽDC network. After rebuilding they will be able to run on whole electrified network of ČR with exception of Tábor-Bechyně and Znojmo-Retz railways.

As of July 2016 at least one of locomotives was painted in corporate livery of CZ Loko, was overhauled for cargo service, this means that its speed was decreased to  and train electrical heating was removed. The locomotive was also fitted with electrodynamic brake without recuperation.

References

 SPŽ: Belgický stroj řady 12 na návštěvě v Česku

External links

 HLE 12

Bo′Bo′ locomotives
National Railway Company of Belgium locomotives
3000 V DC locomotives
25 kV AC locomotives
Multi-system locomotives
Electric locomotives of Belgium
Railway locomotives introduced in 1986
La Brugeoise et Nivelles locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of Belgium
Bo′Bo′ electric locomotives of Europe


The Hear After is the third studio album by American hip hop artist J-Live. It was released on Penalty Recordings on July 19, 2005.

Critical reception

Nathan Rabin of The A.V. Club gave the album a favorable review, saying: "Gangsta rappers might like to think of their songs as dispatches from war zones, but The Hear After is more like a nice conversation with an old friend following a long separation."

Track listing

References

External links

2005 albums
J-Live albums


The following films are to be shown at the 2009 Sundance Film Festival.

Documentary Competition
Art & Copy
Boy Interrupted
The Cove
Crude
Dirt! The Movie
El General
Good Hair
Over the Hills and Far Away
The Reckoning
Reporter
The September Issue
Sergio
Shouting Fire: Stories from the Edge of Free Speech
We Live in Public
When You're Strange
William Kunstler: Disturbing the Universe

U.S. Dramatic Competition
Adam
Amreeka
Arlen Faber
Big Fan
Brief Interviews with Hideous Men
Cold Souls
Dare
Don't Let Me Drown
The Greatest
Humpday
Paper Heart
Peter and Vandy
Precious
Sin Nombre
Taking Chance
Toe to Toe

World Cinema Documentary
211:Anna
Afghan Star
Big River Man
Burma VJ
The End of the Line
The Glass House
Kimjongilia
Let's Make Money
Nollywood Babylon
Old Partner
Prom Night in Mississippi
The Queen and I
Quest for Honor
Rough Aunties
Thriller in Manila
Tibet in Song

World Cinema Dramatic Competition
Before Tomorrow (Le Jour avant le lendemain) — Marie-Hélène Cousineau, Madeline Ivalu (Canada)
Bronson
Carmo, Hit the Road
The Clone Returns Home (Kuron Wa Kokyo-Wo Mezasu)
Dada's Dance
An Education
Lost Village
Five Minutes of Heaven
A French Gigolo (Cliente)
Heart of Time (Corazon Del Tiempo)
Louise-Michel
from within
Lulu and Jim (Lulu und Jimi)
The Maid (La Nana)
One Day in a Life (Un Altro Pianeta)
Unmade Beds
Victoria Day — David Bezmozgis (Canada)
Zion and His Brother

Premieres
Adventureland
Brooklyn's Finest
Earth Days
Endgame
500 Days of Summer
I Love You Phillip Morris
The Informers
In the Loop
Manure
Mary and Max
The Messenger
Moon
Motherhood
Mystery Team
Peter and Vandy
Rudo y Cursi
Shrink
Spread
The Winning Season
Zion and His Brother

Spectrum
Against the Current
The Anarchist's Wife
Barking Water
Children of Invention
Everything Strange and New
Helen
The Immaculate Conception of Little Dizzle
Johnny Mad Dog
La Mission
Lymelife
The Missing Person
Once More With Feeling
The Only Good Indian
Pomegranates and Myrrh
The Vicious Kind
World's Greatest Dad

Documentary Spotlight
It Might Get Loud
No Impact Man
Passing Strange
Tyson
Why We Laugh: Black Comedians on Black Comedy
Wounded Knee
The Yes Men Fix the World

Park City at Midnight
Black Dynamite
The Carter
Dead Snow
Grace
The Killing Room
Mystery Team
Spring Breakdown
White Lightnin'

Frontier
Artist Spotlight: The Works of Maria Marshall
Lunch Break/Exit
O'er the Land
Stay the Same Never Change
Stingray Sam
Where Is Where?
You Won't Miss Me

References

External links
IMDB: SFF (85-09)

Sundance 2009
2009 films
2009 in American cinema
2009-related lists


Uncial 0156 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament, α 1006 (in the Soden numbering), dated palaeographically to the 8th century.

The codex contains a small parts of the Second Epistle of Peter 3:2-10, on one parchment leaf (12 cm by 8 cm). It is written in two columns per page, 21 lines per page, in uncial letters.

The Greek text of this codex is a representative of the Alexandrian text-type. Kurt Aland placed it in Category II.

Currently it is dated by the Institute for New Testament Textual Research to the 8th century.

The codex used to be held in Qubbat al-Khazna in Damascus. The location of the codex is unknown. The manuscript is not accessible.

See also

 List of New Testament uncials
 Textual criticism

References

Greek New Testament uncials
8th-century biblical manuscripts
Lost biblical manuscripts


"Bring On the Rain" is a song written by Billy Montana and Helen Darling and recorded by American country music artist Jo Dee Messina.  It was released in September 2001 as the fourth single from her album Burn.  In March 2002, it became Messina's fifth number one country single, and her highest entry on the Adult Contemporary charts.

Content
"Bring On the Rain" is a mid-tempo country pop ballad. In it, the narrator tells that she has had a bad day, but is not let down by it, and is ready for another day as well: "Tomorrow's another day / And I'm thirsty anyway / So bring on the rain." Tim McGraw sings background vocals throughout.

Messina said that, from the first listen, she "loved" the song, and thought that its message would resonate well, considering that it was released a day before the September 11 attacks. After the song had peaked, her fan club received an e-mail from a woman whose daughter was undergoing chemotherapy. In the letter, the mother explained that her daughter quoted the chorus to her.

It was used on the Touched by an Angel episode Bring On the Rain.

Awards
"Bring on the Rain" received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Country Collaboration with Vocals, and a Vocal Event of the Year nomination from the Academy of Country Music.

Chart performance
"Bring On the Rain" debuted at number 53 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of September 15, 2001. "Bring on the Rain" reached its peak of number one on the Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) charts for the week of March 9, 2002. During most of its chart run, it overlapped with McGraw's then-current single "The Cowboy in Me", which took over the number one spot a week later. The song was also Messina's highest entry on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks charts, peaking at number 6 there.

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

References

External links
Lyrics at CMT.com

2001 singles
2000 songs
Jo Dee Messina songs
Tim McGraw songs
Songs written by Billy Montana
Country ballads
Song recordings produced by Byron Gallimore
Song recordings produced by Tim McGraw
Male–female vocal duets
Curb Records singles


Connexions (full name Connexions Information Sharing Services) is the central online library and archive for Canada's movements for social change. The non-profit project also maintains a comprehensive directory of Canadian associations and NGOs.

With the initiative of the Canadian Urban Training Project for Christian Service and financial support from the World Council of Churches, the project was founded in 1975 as a national information clearinghouse for grassroots activists involved with urban and rural poverty issues. The project was originally called the Canadian Information Sharing Service. In an initial consultation, Jim Morin, who worked with the Canadian News Synthesis publication, proposed a voluntary collective organization for the project and became the first coordinating editor, who focused upon publishing analytical abstracts of the diagnosis and strategies being developed by grassroots activists, in order to circulate their work on a national level to promote networking, learning and collaboration. The name was changed to Connexions in 1978 to more clearly identify the project's action-oriented goal of connecting grassroots activists with each other and with information, ideas, and issues. The scope of the project expanded to include Native rights, third world development, women's empowerment, peace, human rights, and other issues. The project disseminated information through the newsletter-format Connexions Digest, which received documents and materials from participants across the country, and distilled them into a subject-indexed summary format.

Print-based for the first two decades of its existence, Connexions published more than 4,000 abstracts summarising the content of documents, articles, reports, and books, as well as profiles of organizations and projects, becoming in the process a resource and networking tool for Canadian activists and researchers concerned with social justice issues.

In the 1980s and 1990s it published The Connexions Annual, a widely distributed sourcebook of social and environmental alternatives. The Connexions Annual's combined articles surveying current issues confronting movements for social change with lists of resources and directory listings and profiles of grassroots groups working for change. The last print edition of The Connexions Annual appeared in 1994.

In the mid-1990s, Connexions moved online, and added new resources to its online library while pursuing an ongoing program of digitizing its print-based resources. Connexions Online hosts an online library of more than 7,000 documents related to human rights, civil liberties, social justice, economic alternatives, democratization, women's issues, gay, lesbian, and bisexual rights, First Nations and Native Peoples issues, alternative lifestyles, and environmental issues.

In addition to using Library of Congress and Dewey Decimal subject classifications, Connexions also uses a controlled vocabulary database of more than 20,000 subject headings developed by Connexions in association with Sources, the Canadian directory of experts and spokespersons. Connexions has worked with Sources since 1993, when Sources publisher Barrie Zwicker, a media critic and peace activist, asked Connexions Co-ordinator Ulli Diemer to lead a joint project to develop an online directory of Canadian associations.

The Connexions Directory of Associations, a separate resource also available on the Connexions site, now lists more than 5,000 organizations, indexed under more than 20,000 topics.

Connexions also maintains the Connexions Calendar which lists Canadian events related to social change.

Connexions produces an extensive compilation of materials on Israel and Palestine, featuring resources for "those who believe that a solution to the conflict is possible only on the basis of justice, equality, respect for human rights, mutual recognition and an end to Israel's occupation of the Palestinian territories."

Connexions maintains other specialised collections, including a selection of political manifestos from 1776 to the present.

Connexions hosts the complete archive of The Red Menace, a libertarian socialist newsletter published from 1976 to 1980 by the Libertarian Socialist Collective, as well as a partial archive of Seven News, a community newspaper founded by community activists associated with John Sewell, the Toronto alderman who later to become reform mayor of Toronto.

Political Orientation
Connexions describes its political orientation as left-pluralism, that is, including a diversity of views on the progressive side of the political spectrum. The writers' guidelines observe that "our biases are reflected in which works we select for inclusion in Connexions, but within our selection guidelines, we endeavour to include materials taking different points of view and proposing a variety of goals and strategies. We try to provide our readers with neutral summaries of the works we abstract, leaving it to the readers to make their own judgments."
Connexions does identify the broad principles that guide its decisions about which kinds of materials to select for inclusion in the Connexions Library. As a rule, documents written from a Leninist, Trotskyist, or post-modernist perspective are not included.
Connexions' principles include a strong commitment to civil liberties, human rights, freedom of speech, freedom of the press, secularism, and democratic principles. Connexions declares itself opposed to censorship and to all forms of discrimination and oppression based on gender, sexual orientation, ethnicity, or race.

Theology of Connexions
Connexions is a secular project unaffiliated with any religion, but church-based social activists played an important role in founding and developing the project, and funding through its early years came from church bodies in Canada and abroad, including the United Church of Canada, the Anglican Church of Canada, the Presbyterian Church of Canada, various Roman Catholic dioceses and religious orders, and the World Council of Churches. The work of Connexions inspired a number of individuals affiliated with the Canadian Theological Reflection Project to publish a theological reflection on the meaning of Connexions under the title A Theology of Connexions which was circulated among church bodies internationally. It observed that "Connexions has become something of a crossroads, a meeting place–a place where stories get told. On the page of Connexions, one hears the voices of the powerless and the abused, the disabled, prisoners, the unemployed, the underemployed, skid row residents, the poor, the psychiatric patients, Third World peoples, immigrants, workers, older persons, women, native peoples, etc. Connexions realizes that the stories of the poor and oppressed differ radically from those of the typical Canadian as portrayed in mainstream culture."

International internship program
Connexions runs a social justice internship program that receives interns and volunteers from many different countries. Interns work on developing the electronic archive, scanning documents and images, writing descriptions, and marketing. Connexions is in the process of translating its controlled-vocabulary search terms into French, Spanish, and German, and is looking for more volunteers to help with this.

Archives in Canada
Internet-based activism
Canadian digital libraries
Civic and political organizations of Canada
Organizations established in 1975


Louis Semple Clarke, or Semple Clarke or simply LS, (1866-1957) was a pioneering businessman and engineer in the American automotive industry. One of the central founders of The Autocar Company, Clarke was also an inventor who made numerous contributions to the development of modern motor vehicles, including innovations in the use of the drive shaft, circulating motor oil, sparkplugs, and the American convention of placing a vehicle's steering wheel on the left.

Family
Thomas Shields Clarke started out with a single river boat the “Beaver” in 1832, then by 1842 he and his brother in law William Thaw started Clarke and Co and by 1855 his son Charles joined the firm. Originally the firm was called Clarke and Thaw and over 15 years operated a fleet of steam boats which traveled all the way to New Orleans and was the designate shipping firm for all shipping west of Pittsburgh for the Pennsylvania Railroad.

Louis was born into an influential family at an influential time in Pittsburgh Pennsylvania, a time of great economic expansion and innovation for the region and country. The names with which the Clarkes associated themselves were Andrew Carnegie, Andrew Mellon and Henry Clay Frick all of whom were also members of the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club. The club's dam broke in May 1889 causing the largest man-made disaster in US history at the time, the Johnstown flood.

Louis was inspired at this time of innovation and took a keen interest in new inventions and technologies. Louis's inventive nature propelled him to build a handmade camera, with which he took many of the photos which are now part of the county's historical treasure trove. As an avid photographer he was the primary person who documented the SFFHC activities prior and after the dam's collapse in May 1889. The glass plates used to take the pictures surfaced 100 years later when his granddaughter in 1991 found them in the attic. At the time she called Charles Guggenheim who had just finished a documentary on the Johnstown flood and would win an Academy Award for short documentary in 1991. Additionally, the film was narrated by David McCullough who had also written a book The Johnstown Flood in 1968 with various pictures including a picture of Louis.

Louis was probably the last man at the age of 22 to join the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club, as his membership stock certificate is dated April 1889, although he attended the club under his father's membership since his father and various other members had founded the club in May 1879.  He and other younger members were energetic about all things mechanical and given the times they placed a small steam engines on boats to cruise across Lake Conemaugh and often LS would dress up as a sailor and “man” his station.

The Autocar Company

LS was an educated engineer and in the 1890s started working with his brother Charles developing motorized vehicles resulting in the Pittsburgh Motor Vehicle Company supported by brothers, John S. and James K. Clarke along with their father Charles and friend William Morgan in 1897. Initial production included a motorized tricycle and a small car, which the brothers called “The Pittsburgher.”

In 1899, the name of the company was changed to “The Autocar Company,” and operations were relocated to Ardmore, Pennsylvania, a western suburb of Philadelphia. In 1901 they produced what is considered to be this country's first multi-cylinder, shaft driven car. Initial sales brochures touted that it “cannot blow up or burn up” as well as its ease of control, to the point he taught his wife to drive, making her the first known woman driver in the county.

The new design was driven from Ardmore to the Madison Square Garden, New York City, in six hours and fifteen minutes, where it was exhibited in the New York Automobile Show of December 1901. The first eight hundred cars were equipped with steering levers, but new innovations helped the Autocar to generate another revolution in innovative design, placing the steering wheel on the left hand side of the car thus establishing the reason we currently drive on the right hand side of the road. Under the Clarke brothers, the company was an early innovator, developing the first American porcelain-insulated spark plugs– a process patented and later sold to Champion, and which still remains the basis for today's spark plugs. Other early developments included the first American shaft-driven vehicle, double-reduction gear drives, and the recirculating lube–oil system. They Clarkes contributed their engineering abilities toward the war effort as Louis also designed a naval bomb fuse which was adopted as standard and also adapted for army use. His son Louis Phillips, or LP, during the war was responsible for detonating bombs in the US and France.  “For approximately the first ten years of the Autocar company's existence Clarke was president and chief engineer of the company. In later years he served the company as vice-president and consulting engineer. He sold his interest in the Autocar Co. in 1929 and retired at that time.”

Palm Beach

Charles John Clarke (1833-1899) was one of the pioneers of Palm Beach, where he established a winter residence in the early 1880s. Louis's father may have been a winter visitor to the Lake Worth area as early as 1885 when he appeared in a photo with hunting and fishing party near Jupiter lighthouse. He was from Pittsburgh, where he operated a fleet of boats providing transportation between Philadelphia and Pittsburgh with his partner and brother-in-law, William Thaw. Charles liked the area so much from his first visit that he and Louisa spent the winter of 1890 - 1891 at Elijah N. Dimick's “Cocoanut Grove House” Palm Beach's only hotel at the time. The following winter, Clarke bought the hotel along with about  of land from the Lake Trail to the ocean beach. He also bought  more on the South Lake Trail, where the Society of the Four Arts stands today. This estate he named "Primavera" ('Springtime'). He then had constructed Palm Beach's first non-wooden residence, the first to have a genuine tile roof instead of wooden shingles, with white stucco outer walls instead of the usual shingles or clapboard. When the house was completed and landscaped at No. 8 South Lake Trail, he and Louisa moved in.

Louis also bought property in Palm Beach in 1892. Located on his father's estate, he named it “Dulciora", located on Lake Trail South, which is one of the most attractive estates at Palm Beach. His kept his summer home in Haverford, Pennsylvania.  Additionally, his brother's Thomas Shields Clarke a famous artist of the time, John and James also purchased property and helped to establish the new community of West Palm Beach where they entertained their affluent friends from Pittsburgh and Philadelphia. By the 1920s West Palm had become the oasis of the East for the wealthy including the Kennedys. Louis had two children, Winifred and L. Phillips. Winifred, married a West Palm Beach pioneer, Roscoe Tait Anthony is credited with having started the first Sunday School in Palm Beach and L. Phillips Clarke was an architect and with his partner, Henry Stephen Harvey, they opened a West Palm Beach office in 1921 and designed many of the buildings in Palm Beach and West Palm Beach including the Comeau Building, the Murray Building, Guaranty Building, Gus’ Baths, Holy Trinity Episcopal Church, and the Palm Beach County Library all of which represent the style of an aspiring time and most are on the national register for Spanish Colonial/Mission Revival design.  The Autocar Company was purchased by White Motor Company in 1953 which continued to make Autocar Trucks and then was purchased by Volvo in 1981 which continued make Autocar Trucks although they were called Volvo Autocar but still used the familiar bow tie name plate until 2001 when it was sold to Grand Vehicle Works Holdings which manufacturers refuse vehicles in Hagerstown Indiana.

Late life
After retirement LS lived and died in West Palm Beach on January 6, 1957, survived by his two children and a multitude of grand and great-grandchildren.

See also
 White Motor Company
 List of motorized trikes

References

Sources
https://web.archive.org/web/20070803161623/http://www.goldenagetruckmuseum.com/featured_truck.shtml
https://web.archive.org/web/20080509095109/http://www.jaha.org/FloodMuseum/club.pdf
https://web.archive.org/web/20081017061815/http://www.pennhighlands.edu/library/digital/clark.htm
http://www.nps.gov/archive/jofl/home.htm
https://web.archive.org/web/20090108233543/http://americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1992/7/1992_7_120.shtml
http://americanhistory.si.edu/onthemove/collection/object_1273.html
http://www.lwpa.org/pioneer_charles_john_clarke.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20080627020450/http://graylocke.tripod.com/tsclarke/id12.html

External links
Autocar Trucks Official website
Lowermerionhistory.org Autocar in Lower Merion Township
SFFHC Photos Photos by Clarke taken at the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club
Golden age of Trucks
SFFHC Member Listing
Lost Plates of the SFFHC Article
Lake Worth Pioneers
Thomas Shields Senior Clarke Reference
Thomas Shields Clarke Painter Sculptor
Profiles in Time Thomas Shields Clarke Senior
 http://digital.library.pitt.edu/cgi-bin/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=pitttext;cc=pitttext;q1=Thomas%20Shields%20clarke;rgn=full%20text;idno=00afq9167m;didno=00afq9167m;view=image;seq=980;page=root;size=s;frm=frameset

American automotive engineers
Businesspeople from Pittsburgh
1957 deaths
1866 births
Burials at Allegheny Cemetery
Engineers from Pennsylvania


Petals Network is a floral wire service company. Established in 1992, Petals offers both a florist-to-florist clearinghouse service and a customer to florist service through a network of independent local florists.

Petals has a network of over 1,600 florists in several countries; Australia, New Zealand and the UK. It also uses the services of other local floral relay services to operate in 70 other countries around the world. Petals is based in Armidale, New South Wales Australia.

In March 2011, Petals Network was acquired by their US-based competitor Teleflora Inc. for an undisclosed sum. This was Teleflora's first international acquisition and was believed to "strengthen the U.S.-based Teleflora's offerings throughout Australia and New Zealand". Together, Petals Network and Teleflora have a network of almost 40,000 affiliated florists worldwide.

References

Online retailers of Australia
Florist companies


Blue Ridge Railway may refer to:
Blue Ridge Railroad (1849–1870) in Virginia, predecessor of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway
Blue Ridge Railway (1901) in South Carolina, predecessor of the Southern Railway until about 1990
Blue Ridge Railroad of South Carolina, 1852–1880, predecessor of the above
Blue Ridge Scenic Railway, tourist line in Georgia
Virginia Blue Ridge Railway, 1914–1980, short line in Virginia
Blue Ridge Railway Trail, built along the above


Asioryctitheria ("Asian digging beasts") is an extinct order of early eutherians.

Skull structure
With the exception of Prokennalestes, these advanced forms lacked a Meckelian groove.  Furthermore, they were equipped with double-rooted canines, a lower premolar with a reduced or absent metaconid and a more elongated lower premolar than their predecessors.  In addition, the entoconid and hypoconulid on the lower molars are untwinned, the entotympanic is non-existent, the alisphenoid is enlarged, a Vidian foramen is present as well as a promontorium linked to the paroccipital process via the crista interfenestralis.

Classification
Asioryctitheria contains at least four genera and two families.
 Sasayamamylos kawaii Kusuhashi et al. 2013
 Kennalestidae Kielan-Jaworowska 1981
 Kennalestes gobiensis Kielan-Jaworowska 1981
 Asioryctidae Szalay 1977
 Asioryctes nemegetensis Kielan-Jaworowska 1975
 Ukhaatherium nesovi Novacek et al. 1997

References

Further reading
Zofia Kielan-Jaworowska, Richard L. Cifelli, and Zhe-Xi Luo, Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs: Origins, Evolution, and Structure (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004), 499–501.

External links
MESOZOIC MAMMALS; Basal Eutheria Two, an internet directory
A eutherian mammal from the Early Cretaceous of Russia at Ingenta

Prehistoric eutherians
Early Cretaceous genus first appearances
Late Cretaceous genus extinctions
Early Cretaceous mammals of Asia
Late Cretaceous mammals of Asia
Fossil taxa described in 1997
Prehistoric animal orders


Class 98 may refer to:
British Rail Class 98
DRG or DR Class 98, a German steam locomotive class which included ex-Länderbahn, branch line and other miscellaneous locomotives in the Deutsche Reichsbahn comprising the following sub-classes:
 Class 98.0: Saxon I TV
 Class 98.1: Oldenburg T 2
 Class 98.2: Oldenburg T 3
 Class 98.3: Bavarian PtL 2/2
 Class 98.4: Palatine T 4.II
 Class 98.4-5: Bavarian D XI, Bavarian PtL 3/4
 Class 98.6: Palatine T 4.I, Bavarian D VIII, Palatine D VIII
 Class 98.7: Bavarian BB II
 Class 98.8-9: Bavarian GtL 4/4
 Class 98.10: Neubaulokomotive
 Class 98.11: Rebuild from 98.8-9
 Class 98.12: BBÖ Class 162, ČSD Class 313.4
 Class 98.13: BBÖ Class 99, BBÖ Class 199, ČSD Class 320.0, JDŽ 153
 Class 98.14: BBÖ Class 399
 Class 98.15: LAG Nos. 50 to 76
 Class 98.16: Bavarian GtL 4/4 (LAG Nos. 80 and 81)
 Class 98.17: LAG Nos. 84 to 86
 Class 98.18: LAG Nos. 87 and 88
 Class 98.59: locomotive taken over in 1949 by the Deutsche Reichsbahn (GDR)
 Class 98.60: various locomotives taken over in 1949 by the Deutsche Reichsbahn (GDR)
 Class 98.61: various locomotives taken over in 1949 by the Deutsche Reichsbahn (GDR)
 Class 98.62: various locomotives taken over in 1949 by the Deutsche Reichsbahn (GDR)
 Class 98.63: various locomotives taken over in 1949 by the Deutsche Reichsbahn (GDR)
 Class 98.64: various locomotives taken over in 1949 by the Deutsche Reichsbahn (GDR)
 Class 98.70: Saxon VII TS, Saxon VII T
 Class 98.70: BBÖ Class 96, BBÖ Class 96, ČSD Class 310.0
 Class 98.70: various locomotives taken over in 1949 by the Deutsche Reichsbahn (GDR)
 Class 98.71: Saxon VII, LAG Nos. 42 and 43
 Class 98.72: Saxon IIIb T, LAG Nos. 27 and 28,
 Class 98.73: Saxon II, LAG Nos. 17 to 49
 Class 98.74: Oldenburg T 1.2, LAG Nos. 17 to 49
 Class 98.75: Bavarian D VI
 Class 98.76: Bavarian D VII, LAG Nos. 9 and 10, LAG Nos. 50 to 76
 Class 98.77: Bavarian D X
 Class 98.77II: ČSD Class 300.6, ČSD Class 310.1, ČSD Class 310.8, ČSD Class 311.5
 Class 98.78: ČSD Class 400.1
 Class 98.79: BBÖ Class 14
 Class 98.80: ČSD Class 200.0