The first season of the Reborn! anime television series compiles the first thirty-three episodes, which first aired in Japan from October 7, 2006 to May 26, 2007 on TV Tokyo. Titled as Katekyō Hitman Reborn! in Japan, the Japanese television series was directed by Kenichi Imaizumi, and produced and animated by Artland. The plot, based on the Reborn! manga by Akira Amano, centers around the life of Tsunayoshi "Tsuna" Sawada, a timid boy who learns he is the great-great-great grandson of the founder of the Italian Vongola mafia family. Tsuna, who is the only living heir, must learn to become a proper Mafia boss and is required to undergo training from the Vongola's number one hitman, an infant named Reborn.

Five pieces of theme music are used for the episodes: two opening themes and three ending themes. The first opening theme, which is used for the first twenty-six episodes, is "Drawing days" by SPLAY. It is followed by LM.C's "Boys and Girls", used for the following episodes. The first ending theme is "Michishirube" by Keita Tachibana, which is used for the first twelve episodes, followed by the Arrows' "One Night Star" from episodes thirteen to twenty-nine, then Splay's "Echo Again" for the remainder of the season.

Marvelous Entertainment, the Japanese company that handles the DVD distribution of the series, released the volumes of this season with the name "Bullet". Each of them contain four episodes with the exception of Bullet.8 which contains five episodes. The first volume was released on January 26, 2007, while the eighth was released on August 31, 2007. A DVD box containing the Bullet episodes was published in Japan on June 17, 2009.

On March 21, 2009, Japan's d-rights production company collaborated with the anime-streaming website called Crunchyroll in order to begin streaming subbed episodes of the Japanese-dubbed series worldwide. New episodes are available to everyone a week after its airing in Japan.

Episode list

References
General

Specific

External links
 Official Reborn! website
 Official anime website
 TV Tokyo's official anime website

2006 Japanese television seasons
2007 Japanese television seasons
Season 1


Since 2001, the appearance of plates has changed - these must now contain the national symbol (the "Soyombo") in red, to the left of the numbers, and - between the digits and letters - the Mongolian oval (MNG).

The first two letters of the three-letter suffix indicate the province (or aimag in Mongolian) where the vehicle was registered:

References

Mongolia
Mongolia transport-related lists
Road transport in Mongolia


Last Stand of the 300 is a TV documentary/reenactment which premiered on The History Channel in 2007. It was directed by David Padrusch.

Synopsis
In 480 B.C, during the Greco-Persian Wars the Persian Empire led by Xerxes I of Persia fought the Greek city-states forces at the pass of Thermopylae in central Greece. This battle was to become known as the Battle of Thermopylae. The only thing stopping the Persians was an army led by King Leonidas I and his 300 Spartans, considered by many to be the greatest soldiers the world has ever known. Vastly outnumbered, the Greek Spartans held up the Persians advance for three days, until they were overrun by Persian forces. The film also focuses on the lead up to the Battle of Thermopylae revealing that the Greeks might have played a part in the Ionian Revolts in Asia Minor in 499 to 493 B.C. It brings its viewers into understanding ancient warfare when the documentary focuses on the naval battle around Thermopylae, strategic and tactical considerations, and the aftermath of the battle which led to the burning of Athens and Greek victories in battles such as Plataea. It also reveals to those unaware that the Spartans did not fight alone.

Creative
Mechanism Digital, one of New York's largest 3D animation studios, produces a large amount of in-show programming for The History Channel, Discovery Channel, and National Geographic, as well as show opens and graphics packages.

In order to present the original topography of Thermopylae as accurately as possible and to recreate the combat experience, Mechanism shot people on greenscreen and placed them into various CG environments such as the Pass of Thermopylae, Athens, water, and more.
Mechanism Digital employed 12 seats of After Effects in an assembly line fashion. They first broke up the edit into individual clips, some of which were only a couple of seconds long. Then they keyed the background greenscreen. Next, they replaced the background from a library of approved color palates for each location.
"Each palate had been applied with a Magic Bullet preset and then adjusted to further refine the look. We wanted to help people know visually where the scene was taking place and whether they were looking North to South or South to North. Once the palates were completed they were motion tracked (if necessary) and then sent to the render farm. After which, the converted frame sequences were sent compiled into movies," said Lucien Harriot.

External links

 Mechanism Digital, Inc.

Classical war films
2007 television films
2007 films
American documentary television films
Documentary films about historical events
Battle of Thermopylae
History (American TV channel) original programming
Leonidas I
2000s English-language films
2000s American films


Nova Scotia Archives is a governmental archival institution serving the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. The archives acquires, preserves and makes available the province's documentary heritage – recorded information of provincial significance created or accumulated by government and the private sector over the last 300 years.

The idea for a provincial archives and a Provincial Archivist first took root on April 30, 1857 when a resolution was put forward in the Legislative Assembly (moved by Joseph Howe, and seconded by James W. Johnston), making it the first provincial archives in Canada. Thomas Beamish Akins, a lawyer, historian, archivist, and author, was appointed Nova Scotia's first Commissioner of Public Records from 1857 until his death in 1891.

In 1931, the Nova Scotia Archives became the first provincial archives in Canada to have a purpose-built building. The Chase Building, designed by Andrew R. Cobb, still exists and is now home to the Math department of Dalhousie University. The current Public Archives Building, designed by Keith L. Graham, opened in 1980 to provide additional vault space and allow for the storage of all archival records under one roof.

The department itself was formerly known as the Public Archives of Nova Scotia and was renamed Nova Scotia Archives & Records Management in 1997 after it assumed responsibility of government record-keeping. The former name is still used in certain applications, such as at the agency's headquarters at Robie Street and University Avenue in Halifax. It is a Division of the Department of Communities, Culture and Heritage. In 2011, the archives' official name changed to the Nova Scotia Archives.

The Nova Scotia Archives continues to digitize large parts of its collections for viewing on their website. Their website contains approximately 70 virtual exhibits and databases, and features thousands of archival photos and documents. Nova Scotia Historical Vital Statistics, the Nova Scotia Archives' genealogy website, contains birth, death, and marriage records from 1763 to 1958 with new accruals being added every year.

The Nova Scotia Archives is the home of the Royal Nova Scotia Historical Society.

References

External links
 Nova Scotia Archives Online
 Nova Scotia Historical Vital Statistics

1929 establishments in Nova Scotia
Archives
Archives in Canada
History of Nova Scotia


"Trust Me, I'm A Doctor" is the lead single of the second album, Domino Effect by Westmeath indie-rock band, The Blizzards. The song was released on 22 August 2008. It debuted at number two on the Irish Singles Chart.

Song information
The song has been well received critically as well as commercially with a review of the album by State.ie describing the song as, "' La la la la” backing vocals and frantic vocal pace is infuriatingly catchy and State has had it lodged in our brains for the last three weeks after just one airing".

Track listing
 "Trust Me, I'm A Doctor" (Single Version)
 "Dublin Town"

Chart performance
The single debuted on the Irish Singles Chart at number 2, being beaten from the top spot by Katy Perry's single "I Kissed a Girl". Fighting off tough competition from the likes of long established acts such as Rihanna and Boyzone, the single managed to stay on the Top 10 for five weeks until dropping down to number 13. As of 23 October had spent a total of 8 weeks in the Top 40 making it the most commercially successful single by the Blizzards to date. The song was also featured on the comedy Gavin & Stacey.

References

2008 singles
The Blizzards songs
2008 songs
Universal Music Group singles
Song articles with missing songwriters
Song recordings produced by Michael Beinhorn


There Is Another Sun, released in the United States as Wall of Death, is a 1951 British drama film directed by Lewis Gilbert and starring Maxwell Reed, Laurence Harvey and Susan Shaw. It was produced by Ernest G. Roy. The film was shot at Walton Studios, with sets designed by the art director George Provis.

Cast

External links

There Is Another Sun at the British Film Institute

1951 drama films
1951 films
Films directed by Lewis Gilbert
British drama films
Circus films
Films produced by Ernest G. Roy
British black-and-white films
1950s English-language films
1950s British films


Govardhan Rai Sharma (1919-1986) was a Historian from Allahabad University who led the Kausambi excavations which added to original historical research in the country. The ruins of this ancient city were found on the left bank of the river Yamuna, 70 km south-west from Allahabad. Thus commenced excavations of the site by the late Prof. G.R. Sharma of the Allahabad University in 1949 and again in 1951-1956. Following these excavations numerous remains of the ancient city came to light. He is among the historians who brought archeology in the mainstream of studying History.

Professor G.R. Sharma, had ventured to document archaeologically the destruction and burning of several settlements in the Ganges valley during the so-called invasion of the Indo-Greek king Menander (considered to be identical with Milinda of the Buddhist tradition) in the 2nd century BC.

Professor G.R.Sharma had also discovered (in 1967) a prehistoric site near Khajuri on the river Belan, a tributary of the river Tons, in the Meja sub-division of Allahabad district of Uttar Pradesh.

Works
 The excavations at Kausambi (1957–59): The defences and the Syenaciti of the Purusamedha, Dept. of Ancient History, Culture & Archaeology, University of Allahabad (1960)
 Excavations at Kausambi, 1949–50, (Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India), Manager of Publications (1969)
 Kusana Studies – Papers Presented to the International Conference on the Archaeology, History and Arts of the People of Central Asia in the Kusana Period – Dushambe (Tadjikistan) U.S.S.R. September 25 – October 4, 1968, University of Allahabad (1968)
 Beginnings of Agriculture: from Hunting and Food Gathering to Domestication of Plants and Animals : Epi-Palaeolithic to Neolithic : Excavations at Chopani-Mando, Mahadaha, and Mahagara, Abinash (1980)
 Excavations at Chopani-Mando, Belan Valley, 1977-79: Epipalaeolithic to protoneolothic (Archaeology of the Vindhyas and the Ganga Valley), Dept. of Ancient History, Culture and Archaeology, University of Allahabad (1980)
 Excavations at Mahadaha, 1977-1978: A mesolithic settlement in the Ganga Valley (Archaeology of the Vindhyas and the Ganga Valley), Dept. of Ancient History, Culture and Archaeology, University of Allahabad (1980)
 Excavations at Mahagara, 1977-1978: A neolithic settlement in the Belan Valley (Archaeology of the Vindhyas and the Ganga Valley), Dept. of Ancient History, Culture and Archaeology, University of Allahabad (1980)
 Reh Inscription of Menander and the Indo Greek Invasion of the Ganga Valley, (Studies in history, culture and archaeology / University of Allahabad, Dept. of Ancient History, Culture and Archaeology) Abinash Prakashan (1980)

Edited works
 Clark, J.D. and Sharma, G.R. (Eds.) Palaeoenvironment and Prehistory in the Middle Son Valley, Madhya Pradesh, north central India. Allahabad: Abinash Prakashan.
 Clark, J.D. with J.M. Kenoyer, J.N. Pal and G.R. Sharma. An Upper Palaeolithic shrine in India? Antiquity, 57: 88-94.
 Clark, J.D. with J.M. Kenoyer, J.N. Pal and G.R. Sharma. Baghor I: A possible Upper Palaeolithic shrine in central India. Anthroquest, 25: 1, 11-14.
 History to Prehistory : Archaeology of the Ganga Valley and the Vindhyas, General Editor: G.R. Sharma, Editorial Board: J.D. Clark & B.K. Thapar, Managing Editor: D. Mandal, Allahabad, University of Allahabad, Department of Ancient History, Culture, and Archaeology, 1980.

Notes

Further reading
 Professor G. R. Sharma: A Memorial Tribute. In (S. C. Bhattacharya et al., Eds.) Peeping Through the Past: Prof. G. R. Sharma Memorial Volume. Allahabad, University of Allahabad, Department of Ancient History, Culture, and Archaeology, 2000.

20th-century Indian historians
Indian Indologists
Scholars from Uttar Pradesh
20th-century Indian archaeologists
Academic staff of the University of Allahabad
People from Ghazipur
1919 births
1986 deaths


Dominique Lefèbvre (1810–1865) was a French missionary of the Paris Foreign Missions Society, Bishop of Isauropolis in partibus infidelium, and Vicar Apostolic in Vietnam during the 19th century. His two terms of imprisonment in Vietnam were a pretext for the first French naval interventions in the country.

Dominique Lefèbvre arrived in Vietnam in 1835. At the time, it was illegal for missionaries to enter the country to proselytise. In 1845 Lefèbvre was condemned to death. The US Captain John Percival of the USS Constitution failed in his attempts to have him released, but managed to inform Admiral Jean-Baptiste Cécille who obtained his release.

Later Dominique Lefèbvre again re-entered Vietnam, and was again imprisoned. In 1847, Cécille sent two warships (Gloire and Victorieuse) under Captains Lapierre and Charles Rigault de Genouilly to Danang (Tourane) in Vietnam to obtain the liberation of two imprisoned French missionaries, Bishop Dominique Lefèbvre (imprisoned for a second time as he had re-entered Vietnam secretly) and Duclos, and freedom of worship for Catholics in Vietnam. As negotiations drew on without results, on 15 April 1847 a fight named the Bombardment of Đà Nẵng erupted between the French fleet and Vietnamese ships, three of them being sunk as a result. The French fleet then sailed away.

Dominique Lefèbvre died in Marseilles in 1865.

See also
France-Vietnam relations

Notes

1810 births
1865 deaths
Paris Foreign Missions Society missionaries
Roman Catholic missionaries in Vietnam
1847 in Vietnam
1865 in Vietnam
France–Vietnam relations
French people imprisoned abroad
French prisoners sentenced to death
Prisoners sentenced to death by Vietnam


The Palestinian National Authority requires their residents register their motor vehicles and display vehicle registration plates.
There are two different registration systems in use: one for West Bank and one in the Gaza Strip.

West Bank
Generally, registration plates in the West Bank have the Latin letter "P" for Palestine or Palestinian Authority on the strip in the right side; above that, the Arabic letter  (Faa') for  () or  ().

Private vehicles since July 2018
The Palestinian Authority's Ministry of Transport has announced a new numbering system for vehicles registered as of July 2018. According to the new method, vehicles will have a 6-character license number, which includes 5 digits and one Latin letter (as opposed to the previous system where the license number was 7 digits). The change in format was done because the code assigned to Ramallah Governorate was running out of possible combinations.
The proposed system will be in the #-####-X format, with the first five digits running in a serial fashion.
The last letter in the number will be determined according to the governorate in which the vehicle was registered, and may be:

	The letter A – Jenin
	The letter B – Tulkarm
	The letter C – Tubas
	The letter D – Nablus
	The letter E – Qalqilya
	The letter F – Salfit
	The letter G – Jericho
	The letter H – Ramallah
	The letter J – Jerusalem
	The letter K – Bethlehem
	The letter L – Hebron, Hebron Governorate
	The letter M – Dura, Hebron Governorate
	The letter N – Yatta, Hebron Governorate

The following letters are reserved for the Gaza Strip but have not been implemented yet, as the authorities in Gaza have implemented a different format since 2012:

  The letter P – North Gaza (Jabalia)
  The letter Q – Gaza
  The letter R – Deir al-Balah
  The letter S – Khan Yunis
  The letter T – Rafah

Motorcycle license plates have the same format and are treated as private vehicles, but are issued in two dimensions appropriate for the rear of a motorcycle.

Private vehicles between 1994 and July 2018

With the implementation of the Oslo II Accord and the transfer of some of the civil responsibilities in the occupied West Bank and Gaza Strip from Israeli Civil Administration to the Palestinian National Authority in 1994, a new license plate format was introduced to replace the existing format that had been issued by the Israeli Civil Administration.

Private vehicles had white plates with green numbers, the numbers have seven digits, the first shows the district (governorate) of the registration:

Y-XXXX-ZZ

 where Y indicates the district (governorate) and can be:
 1: Gaza Strip, for vehicles registered prior to 1995 (North Gaza, Gaza, Central Gaza, Khan Yunis and Rafah Governorates)
 3: Gaza Strip, for vehicles registered after 1995 (North Gaza, Gaza, Central Gaza, Khan Yunis and Rafah Governorates) — the initial "3" has been kept after the introduction of the present license plate system in 2012
 4: Northern West Bank, for vehicles registered prior to 1995 (Jenin, Nablus, Qalqilya, Salfit, Tubas and Tulkarm Governorates)
 5: Central West Bank, for vehicles registered prior to 1995 (Ramallah, Jerusalem and Jericho Governorates)
 6: Central West Bank, for vehicles registered after 1995 (Ramallah, Jerusalem and Jericho Governorates)
 7: Northern West Bank, for vehicles registered after 1995 (Jenin, Nablus, Qalqilya, Salfit, Tubas and Tulkarm Governorates)
 8: Southern West Bank, for vehicles registered prior to 1995 (Bethlehem and Hebron Governorates)
 9: Southern West Bank, for vehicles registered after 1995  (Bethlehem and Hebron Governorates)
 X can be any 4-digit number.
 ZZ
 For privately-owned vehicles, "ZZ" can be 40 to 49 and 90 to 98.
 Generally, vehicles owned by the Palestinian Authority carry the code 99.
 For vehicles that were registered prior to 1995 (district codes 1, 4, 5, and 8), "ZZ" corresponds to the year in which the car was first registered:
 77 to 79 respectively for vehicles registered from 1967 to 1969
 70 to 76 respectively for vehicles registered from 1970 to 1976
 37 to 39 respectively for vehicles registered from 1977 to 1979
 40 to 49 respectively for vehicles registered from 1980 to 1989
 90 to 95 respectively for vehicles registered from 1990 to 1995
 For public for-hire vehicles, "ZZ" is 30
 For duty and tax-free vehicles (such as ambulances), "ZZ" is 31
 For vehicles leased with the extension, "ZZ" is 32

For the first few years of issuance of this format until 2005, the shape and design of the license plate was slightly different. The positioning and the style of the Arabic letter "ف" and the English letter "P" on the right hand side differed, with the Arabic letter being on the bottom and "P" on the top. The license plate also featured an embossed green Eagle of Saladdin, the official emblem of Palestine.

Motorcycle license plates had the same format and were treated as private vehicles, but were issued in two dimensions appropriate for the rear of a motorcycle.

Public transport

Public transport vehicles such as taxis, shared taxis and buses have green plates with white numbers. Taxi plates always end in "30".

Plates for government vehicles

Vehicles belonging to the Palestinian Authority such as officials' cars, ambulances, fire brigade police and special military police use white number plates with red numbers in the XXXX format with leading zeros.

For the first few years of issuance of this format until 2005, the shape and design of the license plate was slightly different.

Currently, newly-registered police vehicles receive green-on-white plates ending in "99".

Stolen vehicle plates
This class of license plates, unique in the world, is the outcome of the complications related to the Israeli–Palestinian peace process.

With the signing of Gaza–Jericho Agreement, establishment of the Palestinian Civil Police Force, and replacement of Israel Police in most areas of the Gaza Strip with the former, Israeli car thieves fenced about 15,000 stolen cars into the Gaza Strip, where they were then sold away from the reach of Israel Police. Israeli car owners, unable to retrieve their cars, would be reimbursed by their insurance, and they would buy new cars. In effect, this resulted in Israeli insurance companies paying for Gaza's used car trade. When the insurance companies sued, the Palestinian Authority settled and the settlement cost was offset in part by increased registration fees for cars that had been stolen: to designate those cars, they were given special license plates. These license plates had black texts and black borders on a white background. On the right hand side, instead of having the "P / ف" national identifiers, as was the norm with other types of registration plates, they had "ف / م". The Arabic letter "م" stands for المقيدة, meaning "restricted", and was effectively a euphemism referring to the vehicle's origins. By 2005, the Palestinian Authority phased this class of license plates out and replaced them with typical license plates.

The rormat of these license plates was YY-XXX, where YY could have been:
 25 for government vehicles
 26 for police vehicles
 27-30 for privately owned vehicles

Test plates

Test plates for garages and car importers are blue with white text and display the word "TEST" in Arabic () and Hebrew () above the number.

Gaza Strip

Until 2012 registration plates in the Gaza Strip had the same format as in the West Bank. In 2012 the authorities of the Gaza Strip replaced the PNA license plates described above with a new design. The new plates have a vertical Palestinian flag on the right (instead of the letters P/ف) in European style plate or horizontal flag on the top in American style plates. All the plates have white background. All numbers start with "3".

Private and governmental personal vehicles
Private and personal vehicles have black digits and borders. Private vehicle plate numbers end with "0X". Governmental personal vehicle numbers ending with "5X.

In 2021, vehicle license plates in the Gaza Strip underwent a design change, with a pattern of the word "Palestine" in Arabic and English overlaid on the numbers, and a horizontal Palestinian flag in place of the previous vertical, downward-facing flag.Motorcycle plates are rarely installed in the Gaza Strip.

Commercial vehicles
Commercial vehicles such as trucks have green digits and borders, with numbers ending in "1X".

Public vehicles
Public vehicles such as taxis and municipal vehicles have blue digits and borders. Public vehicle plate numbers end in "2X", while municipal vehicle plate numbers end in "4X".

Governmental vehicles
Governmental vehicles such as police cars, ambulances operated by the Ministry of Health and others have red digits and borders, with numbers ending in "5X".

1967–1994

During this period of the Israeli governance of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, Palestinians had license plates issued by the Israeli civil administration.

West Bank
West Bank license plates had black text and black borders on a light blue background. Each region was assigned a Hebrew letter code. Initially, this letter code was placed on a separate square plate, and installed adjacent to the license plate. Later, in from late 1970s onward, the letter was incorporated onto the license plates, on the left hand side. The letter code was black on a background of either white or orange. White background generally implied that the vehicle owner lived in a city in the West Bank, whereas orange indicated that the owner lived in one of the towns and villages in the vicinity. For plate sizes specific to imported vehicles that could only accommodate an American-sized license plate, this letter was inside a white or orange rectangle, at the top, above the numbers.

It is important to note that these letter codes do not correspond to the modern Governorates of Palestine. For example, there was no code for what's today Tubas Governorate, and the corresponding area was treated as subdivisions of Jenin. Palestinian towns and villages in Jerusalem Governorate but outside the municipal boundaries of the unilaterally annexed areas of East Jerusalem were either treated as subdivisions of Ramallah or Bethlehem depending on the location.

For about two years, from 1967 to 1969, West Bank license plates consisted of five digits. They had six digits until near the end of 1970s, and since then, they had seven digits. The seven-digit format was XX-XXX-XX, similar to those of Israeli cars. The last two numbers in the West Bank (XX) were either "1X" or "3X",  whereas Israel avoided using these numbers on the yellow-coloured Israeli plates, thus avoiding the issue of duplicate numbers under the two parallel systems.

  – Jericho (, , which transliterates into Hebrew as )
  – Bethlehem ()
  – Hebron ()
  – Tulkarem ()
  – Jenin ()
  – Qalqilya ()
  – Ramallah ()
  – Nablus (, )

Gaza Strip
Gaza Strip license plates had black letters and black borders on a white background, differing from the West Bank plates, as well as with the yellow Israeli plates. Similar to the occupied West Bank, each region was assigned a Hebrew letter code. Initially, this letter code was placed on a separate square plate, and installed adjacent to the license plate. Later, in from late 1970s onward, the letter was incorporated onto the license plates, on the left side, on a white background, and surrounded by a uniquely shaped, round-cornered rectangle. However, the format was slightly changed in late 1980s, with the letter code being moved to the right hand side, and having unique colours as opposed to black, for each of the 3 districts.

  – Deir al-Balah ()
  – Gaza ()
  – Rafah ()

1948–1967

References

Palestinian Authority
Transport in the State of Palestine


The , literally meaning New Tōmei, is a national expressway in Japan running parallel to the Tomei Expressway as an alternate route. It is operated by Central Nippon Expressway Company. The expressway is also numbered E1A, E52 and E69 under the "2016 Proposal for Realization of Expressway Numbering".

Shin-Tōmei Expressway provides a more direct and shorter route between Tokyo and Nagoya compared to the Tōmei Expressway and avoids most city centres along the way. Its western terminus connects with Isewangan Expressway in Nagoya.

History
Shin-Tōmei Expressway was partially opened on April 14, 2012 with 162 km section from Gotemba, Shizuoka to Mikkabi, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka.

On February 13, 2016, the 55 km section connecting with the eastern terminus  of Isewangan Expressway in Nagoya to Mikkabi was opened.

On January 28, 2018, the outer circumferential highway of Tokyo, the Ken-Ō Expressway, was linked with the Shin-Tōmei Expressway in Ebina, Kanagawa.

On March 7, 2019, the Shin Tomei Expressway between the Atsugi Minami IC and the Isehara JCT was opened to traffic.

On March 15, 2020, a 3 km section between the Isehara JCT and the Isehara-Oyama IC was opened to traffic.

On April 10, 2021, the section between the Gotemba JCT and the Shin Gotemba IC was opened to traffic.

On April 16, 2022, a 13 km section between the Isehara-Oyama IC and the Shin Hadano IC was opened to traffic, but the 25 km section between the Shin Gotemba IC and the Shin Hadano IC is still under construction.

Future
The section between Shin Gotemba IC and Shin Hadano IC is still under construction and slated to open in 2027. Once completed, Shin-Tōmei offers direct connection between Osaka, Nagoya and Tokyo through Isewangan Expressway and the Shin-Meishin Expressway. The entire cost for the project from Tokyo to Osaka is 7 trillion yen (around 50 billion dollars).

List of interchanges and features

 IC - interchange, SIC - smart interchange, JCT - junction, SA - service area, PA - parking area, BS - bus stop, TN - tunnel, TB - toll gate, BR - bridge

Shin-Tōmei Expressway route
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!style="border-bottom:3px solid green;"|No.
!style="border-bottom:3px solid green;"|Name
!style="border-bottom:3px solid green;"|Connections
!style="border-bottom:3px solid green;"|Dist. fromOrigin
!style="border-bottom:3px solid green;"|Bus Stop
!style="border-bottom:3px solid green;"|Notes
!colspan="2" style="border-bottom:3px solid green;"|Location
|-
|colspan="8" style="text-align: center; background:#dff9f9;"|Through to Daini-Tōkai Expressway (planned)
|-
!style="background-color: #BFB;"|1
|Ebina-minami JCT
| – to Tōmei Expressway, Chūō Expressway, Shin-Shōnan Bypass, Chigasaki, Hachiōji
|style="text-align: center;"|0.0
|style="text-align: center;"|
|
|Ebina
|rowspan="7" style="width:1em;"|Kanagawa
|-
!style="background-color: #BFB;"|2
|Atsugi-minami IC
| National Route 129
|style="text-align: center;"|1.5
|style="text-align: center;"|
|
|Atsugi
|-
!style="background-color: #BFB;"|5-1
|Isehara JCT
| Tōmei Expressway
|style="text-align: center;"|5.8
|style="text-align: center;"|
|Nagoya-bound only
 |rowspan="2"|Isehara
|-
!style="background-color: #BFB;"|3
|Isehara-Oyama IC
|Pref. Route 603 (Kamikasuya Atsugi Route) Atsugi-Hadano Road
|style="text-align: center;"|8.2
|
|-
!style="background-color: #BFB;"|3-1
|Hadano-Tanzawa SA/SIC
|Pref. Route 705 (Horiyamashita Hadano Station Route) Atsugi-Hadano Road (Planned)
|style="text-align: center;"|17.9
|
|Service Area Under Construction
|rowspan="2"|Hadano
|-
!style="background-color: #BFB;"|4
|Shin-Hadano IC
| National Route 246 Atsugi-Hadano Road (Planned)
|style="text-align: center;"|21.0
|
|
|-
!style="background-color: #BFB;"|4-1
|style="background-color:#ffdead;"|Yamakita SIC
|style="background-color:#ffdead;"|Pref. Route 76 (Yamakita Fujino Route)
|style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffdead;"|33.0
|style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffdead;"|
|rowspan="2"style="background-color:#ffdead;"|Opening In 2027
|Yamakita
|-
!style="background-color: #BFB;"|4-2
|style="background-color:#ffdead;"|Shin Oyama PA/SIC
|style="background-color:#ffdead;"|Access To Fuji Speedway
|style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffdead;"|43.7
|style="text-align: center; background-color:#ffdead;"|
|Oyama
|rowspan="21" style="width:1em;"|Shizuoka
|-
!style="background-color: #BFB;"|5
|Shin-Gotemba IC
| National Route 138 ( Gotemba Bypass)Pref. Route 406 (Hitosugi Shibanta Route)
|style="text-align: center;"|46.2
|style="text-align: center;"|
|
|rowspan="2"|Gotemba
|-
!style="background-color: #BFB;"|7-1
|Gotemba JCT
| Tōmei Expressway
|style="text-align: center;"|53.3
|
|Tokyo-bound only
|-
!style="background-color: #BFB;"|6
|Nagaizumi-Numazu IC
|Pref. Route 87 (Ōoka Motonagakubo Route) Izu-Jūkan Expressway
|style="text-align: center;"|66.5
|
|
|Nagaizumi
|-
!style="background-color: #BFB;"|6-1
|Surugawan-Numazu SA/SIC
|Pref. Route 22 (Mishima Fuji Route)
|style="text-align: center;"|72.0
|
|
|Numazu
|-
!style="background-color: #BFB;"|7
|Shin-Fuji IC
| Nishi-Fuji RoadPref. Route 88 (Isshiki Kuzawa Route)
|style="text-align: center;"|86.8
|
|
|Fuji
|-
!style="background-color: #BFB;"|8
|Shin-Shimizu IC
| National Route 52
|style="text-align: center;"|101.2
|
|
|rowspan="3"|Shimizu-ku, Shizuoka
|-
!style="background-color: #BFB;"|PA
|Shimizu PA
|
|style="text-align: center;"|103.2
|
|
|-
!style="background-color: #BFB;"|9
|Shin-Shimizu JCT
| Chūbu-Ōdan Expressway Shimizu Connection Route
|style="text-align: center;"|110.6
|
|
|-
!style="background-color: #BFB;"|10
|Shin-Shizuoka IC
|Pref. Route 27 (Ikawako Miyuki Route)Pref. Route 74 (Yamawaki Ōya Route)
|style="text-align: center;"|119.8
|
|
|rowspan="2"|Aoi-ku, Shizuoka
|-
!style="background-color: #BFB;"|10-1
|Shizuoka SA/SIC
|Pref. Route 209 (Shizuoka Asahina Fujieda Route)
|style="text-align: center;"|131.0
|
|
|-
!style="background-color: #BFB;"|11
|Fujieda-Okabe IC
| National Route 1Pref. Route 209 (Shizuoka Asahina Fujieda Route)Pref. Route 81 (Yaizu Mori Route)
|style="text-align: center;"|138.4
|
|
|rowspan="2"|Fujieda
|-
!style="background-color: #BFB;"|PA
|Fujieda PA
|
|style="text-align: center;"|141.3
|
|
|-
!style="background-color: #BFB;"|12
|Shimada-Kanaya IC
| National Route 473 Kanaya-Omaezaki Connecting Road (Planned)
|style="text-align: center;"|153.4
|
|
|Shimada
|-
!style="background-color: #BFB;"|PA
|Kakegawa PA
|
|style="text-align: center;"|161.0
|
|
|Kakegawa
|-
!style="background-color: #BFB;"|13
|Mori-Kakegawa IC
|Pref. Route 40 (Kakegawa Tenryū Route)
|style="text-align: center;"|170.3
|
|
|rowspan="2"|Mori
|-
!style="background-color: #BFB;"|13-1
|Enshū-Morimachi PA/SIC
|Pref. Route 40 (Kakegawa Tenryū Route)
|style="text-align: center;"|173.7
|
|
|-
!style="background-color: #BFB;"|13-2
|Shin-Iwata SIC
|
|style="text-align: center;"|178.1
|
|
|Iwata
|-
!style="background-color: #BFB;"|14
|Hamamatsu-Hamakita IC
| National Route 152
|style="text-align: center;"|182.4
|
|
|rowspan="2"|Hamakita-ku, Hamamatsu
|-
!style="background-color: #BFB;"|14-1
|Hamamatsu SA/SIC
|Pref. Route 68 (Hamakita Mikkabi Route)
|style="text-align: center;"|188.5
|
|
|-
!style="background-color: #BFB;"|15
|Hamamatsu-Inasa JCT
|  San-en Nanshin Expressway  Inasa Connection Route
|style="text-align: center;"|198.0
|
|
|Kita-ku, Hamamatsu
|-
!style="background-color: #BFB;"|16
|Shinshiro IC
| National Route 151
|style="text-align: center;"|210.4
|style="text-align: center;"|
|
|rowspan="2"|Shinshiro
|rowspan="5" style="width:1em;"|Aichi
|-
!style="background-color: #BFB;"|PA
|Nagashino-Shitaragahara PA
|
|style="text-align: center;"|213.3(↓)212.8(↑)
|
|
|-
!style="background-color: #BFB;"|17
|Okazaki-higashi IC
| National Route 473 (Okazaki-Nukata Bypass)
|style="text-align: center;"|236.5
|
|
|rowspan="2"|Okazaki
|-
!style="background-color: #BFB;"|SA
|Okazaki SA
|
|style="text-align: center;"|250.3
|
|
|-
!style="background-color: #BFB;"|1
|Toyota-higashi JCT
| Tōkai-Kanjō Expressway
|style="text-align: center;"|253.2
|style="text-align: center;"|
|
|Toyota
|-
|colspan="8" style="text-align: center;"|Through to  Isewangan Expressway

Shimizu Connection Route
Located in Shimizu-ku, Shizuoka
{|table class="wikitable"
|-
!style="border-bottom:3px solid green;"|No.
!style="border-bottom:3px solid green;"|Name
!style="border-bottom:3px solid green;"|Connections
!style="border-bottom:3px solid green;"|Dist. fromShimizu JCT
!style="border-bottom:3px solid green;"|Notes
|-
!style="background-color:#BFB;"|9-2
|Shimizu JCT
| Tōmei Expressway
|style="text-align:right;"|0.0
|
|-
!style="background-color:#BFB;"|9-1
|Shimizu-Ihara IC
|Pref. Route 75 (Shimizu Fujinomiya Route)
|style="text-align:right;"|1.8
|
|-
!style="background-color:#BFB;"|9
|Shin-Shimizu JCT
| Shin-Tōmei Expressway Main Route
|style="text-align:right;"|4.5
|
|-
|colspan="8" style="text-align: center;"|Through to  Chūbu-Ōdan Expressway

Inasa Connection Route
Located in Kita-ku, Hamamatsu
{|table class="wikitable"
|-
!style="border-bottom:3px solid green;"|No.
!style="border-bottom:3px solid green;"|Name
!style="border-bottom:3px solid green;"|Connections
!style="border-bottom:3px solid green;"|Dist. fromMikkabi JCT
!style="border-bottom:3px solid green;"|Notes
|-
|colspan="8" style="text-align: center;"|Through to San-en Ise Connection Route (planned)
|-
!style="background-color:#BFB;"|17-1
|Mikkabi JCT
| Tōmei Expressway
|style="text-align:right;"|0.0
|
|-
!style="background-color:#BFB;"|15-1
|Hamamatsu-Inasa IC
| National Route 257
|style="text-align:right;"|11.0
|
|-
!style="background-color:#BFB;"|15
|Hamamatsu-Inasa JCT
| Shin-Tōmei Expressway Main Route
|style="text-align:right;"|12.7
|
|-
|colspan="8" style="text-align: center;"|Through to   San-en Nanshin Expressway

References

External links

Central Nippon Expressway Company

Expressways in Japan
Roads in Aichi Prefecture
Roads in Shizuoka Prefecture
Roads in Yamanashi Prefecture


American flag rugby (AFR) is a mixed-gender, non-contact version of rugby union played in the United States, and is a variant of the sport Tag Rugby.  American flag rugby is designed for American children entering grades K–9. The organization itself exists to provide free start up kits and support to any community looking to add a youth rugby program to their community. The program has received great praise in the USA including an article in Rugby magazine and a spot on Fox Sports Net. The initial program from Morris County has helped create various other programs start up and now encompasses thousands of kids and adults across America participating in the youth sport and starting up programs.

Overview

American flag rugby is divided up among four different levels based upon the grade level a child is entering. The four levels are:

Owls (K–1st grades)
Falcons (2nd–3rd grades)
Hawks (4th–6th grades)
Eagles (7th–9th grades)

Each division itself has a unique set of rules in recognition that there will be different ability levels between the various age groups. The game, while based on rugby union, is actually far more related to rugby sevens. Similarities are seen with the number of players on the field and the arrangement of the line-outs, scrums, and kick-offs. Like rugby union, games are played in halves but the halves are significantly reduced.  The halves are the same for all four levels at 10 minutes each instead of 40 minutes each.

The rule differences between each division are minor and gradually shift closer towards rugby union rules as the child advances up in divisions and increases his or her skill set. For Owls the game typically revolves around teaching the children to run with the ball, learning to touch the ball down when scoring a try, and learning basic passing skills.  Nothing is contested, there is no kicking, and there are no conversions.  However, when children reach the Eagle level, many of the prior mentioned restrictions are removed and the children play with contest, are allowed open field kicking, and the game has a more dynamic flow to it.

Field size

Owls: Fields are 20 meters by 30 meters. This is around 1/4 the size of a normal rugby union field. There are no goal posts as there are no conversions or open field kicking.
Falcons: Fields are 25 meters by 50 meters. This is around 1/3 the size of a normal rugby union field. Goal posts can now be included but are not required.
Hawks/Eagles: Fields are 40 meters by 60 meters. This is around 1/2 the size of a normal rugby union field.  Field width is significantly increased as children's skills should have developed enough to include more open field kicking and passing.

History

The first iteration of American flag rugby was founded by Tom Feury in 1998.  Feury was initially looking for nothing more than a way to get his children and their friends introduced to the game.  In 1999 the town of Denville granted him access to a field in order to do so.  The first year began with only one team and 28 children.

See also
 Mini rugby
 Rugby sevens
 Rugby tens
 Beach rugby

References

Rugby union in the United States
Sports originating in the United States
American Flag


The International Knockout Mouse Consortium (IKMC) is a scientific endeavour to produce a collection of mouse embryonic stem cell lines that together lack every gene in the genome, and then to distribute the cells to scientific researchers to create knockout mice to study. Many of the targeted alleles are designed so that they can generate both complete and conditional gene knockout mice.
The IKMC was initiated on March 15, 2007, at a meeting in Brussels. By 2011, Nature reported that approximately 17,000 different genes have already been disabled by the consortium, "leaving only around 3,000 more to go".

The consortium encompasses four major, high-throughput gene-targeted mutagenesis programs: the National Institutes of Health (NIH)-sponsored Knockout Mouse Program (KOMP) and state-funded Texas Institute for Genomic Medicine (TIGM) in the U.S., the North American Conditional Mouse Mutagenesis (NorCOMM) Program in Canada, and the European Conditional Mouse Mutagenesis (EUCOMM) Programme in Europe. The first of its annual meetings of members and funders, hosted by the country of its rotating chair, was held at the NIH in Bethesda, Maryland, in the United States for 2007–2008, with Toronto, Canada, hosting for 2008–2009.

References

External links
International Knockout Mouse Consortium
Knockout Mouse Project (KOMP) Repository
North American Conditional Mouse Mutagenesis (NorCOMM) Program
European Union Conditional Mouse Mutagenesis (EUCOMM) Programme
Texas Institute for Genomic Medicine (TIGM)

Biological databases
Genetically modified organisms


Lord of the Rings Adventure Game is a role-playing game based on the writings of J. R. R. Tolkien (specifically The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit) under license from Tolkien Enterprises. Iron Crown Enterprises (I.C.E.) published the game until they lost the license on 22 September 1999.

Setting
The setting for LOR is an expanded version of J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth. Published campaign sourcebooks are set just before the year 3018 of the Third Age, i.e. just before the War of the Ring. The Player Characters are able to interact with the main characters of The Lord of the Rings, but do not take direct roles in the outcome of those events.

System
Originally published by Iron Crown Enterprises (I.C.E.) in 1991-1993, LOR was a simple, "level-less" roleplaying system designed to help introduce new players (and game masters) to roleplaying in the world of J. R. R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings. It uses only two 6-sided dice to resolve skill checks and combat. It was an expansion of the even simpler rules used by ICE for its Middle-earth Quest books. It was intended as a stepping stone to I.C.E.’s more complex Middle-earth Role Playing (MERP) system and game modules.

Players can create characters from the races of Men, Elves, Dwarves, Hobbits and Half-elves.

Characters possess Attributes and Skills rated between -5 and +5. Skills can be modified to a rating above or below these limits (i.e. under -5 or over +5). An attack roll consists of a roll of 2D6, to which the attacker's skill rating and appropriate weapon rating are added and the defender's defense and armor rating are subtracted. The result is looked up on a table to determine success or failure, and if it is a success how much damage is done.

Spell casters can only learn a very limited number of spells. Some feel this is more in tune with the flavor of Tolkien's writings than other systems.

History
The system’s first entry was a boxed set (ICE #LR0) containing the scenario "Dawn Comes Early" which also included guidelines, maps, character bios, and cardboard characters with stands. The next was the scenario book "Darker Than the Darkness" (ICE #LR1) and then the scenario book "Over the Misty Mountains Cold" (ICE #LR2). Two more scenario books in the series were planned but never published.

References

Role-playing games based on Middle-earth
Fantasy role-playing games
Iron Crown Enterprises games
Role-playing games introduced in 1991


Toby Wilkins is a British film director. He has directed two feature films, Splinter and The Grudge 3, and several award-winning short films.

Filmography
The Grudge 3 (2009)
Splinter (2008)
Devil's Trade FEARnet web series (2007)
Kidney Thieves, short film (2006)
Tales from the Grudge web series (2006)
Staring at the Sun, short film (2005)

References

External links

20ft High – the blog of director Toby Wilkins.
Sci-fi-online.com interview with Toby Wilkins

1972 births
Living people
English film directors


This is a list of internet service providers in India. There were 584 internet service providers (ISPs) offering broadband and narrow band internet services in India as of 30 September 2021.

By subscribers
Broadband is defined by the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India as "an always-on data connection ... that offers a minimum downlink and uplink speed of 2 Mbps". The number of internet users are 834,288,767 out of which 39,407,323 are narrow band subscribers and 794,881,444 are broadband subscribers. The following table shows the top 4 ISPs in India by total subscriber base as of 30 September 2021.

Note:

 On 28 February 2018 Aircel filed for bankruptcy at NCLT and a substantial number of customers have migrated to other services due to closing down of most of the consumer services.
The services of Telenor India has been merged with Airtel on 14 May 2018.
 On 31 August 2018, Vodafone India has been merged with Idea Cellular and renamed as Vodafone Idea Limited.

Other notable ISPs

Enterprise/wholesale only
National Knowledge Network for educational institutions in India
PowerGrid

See also
 List of telecom companies in India
 Internet in India

References

External links
 ISP market share grouped by ASNs used (APNIC report)
 List of ASNs assigned to India
 DoT website
 List of Telecom Service Providers on TRAI website

Internet-related lists


The Batona Trail is a  hiking trail through New Jersey's Pine Barrens. The trail is one of the longest in the state, behind the Delaware and Raritan Canal Trail, the section of the Appalachian Trail within the state, the Liberty-Water Gap Trail, and the completed section of the Highlands Trail in the state. The Batona Trail begins in Brendan T. Byrne State Forest (formerly Lebanon State Forest) at the ghost town of Ong's Hat and traverses Franklin Parker Preserve, Wharton State Forest and Bass River State Forest. The trail was built in 1961 by the Batona Hiking Club, which began informally in 1928 when Philadelphians began meeting regularly to hike.  It takes about three days to hike the whole trail.

History
In 1960, Dale Knapschafer suggested a trail be built linking Wharton and Lebanon State Forests. The next year, Batona Hiking Club (Batona being a condensed form of the phrase, "BAck TO NAture") president Morris Bardock contacted the Department of Conservation and Economic Development in New Jersey for permission to construct such a trail. After receiving permission from the state, Morris Bardock and Walter Korszniak made exploratory trips to figure out a route in the winter and spring of 1961 for the future trail. Through the help of volunteers, the first  of the trail were completed over the summer, and the final pink blaze was painted on a tree near New Jersey Route 70 in Lebanon State Forest on September 16, 1961. Bardock chose pink blazes for the Batona Trail. The trail originally connected Carpenter Spring in Lebanon State Forest (now Brendan T. Byrne State Forest) and Batsto Village in Wharton State Forest. At this time Batsto (batstu meaning "bath place" in Swedish) was being developed by the state and continued to be inhabited by a few people. More recently the trail has been extended

In 2012 the trail was rerouted in two areas. The first was in Bass River State Forest, which is the southernmost part of the trail. The second area is around Chatsworth. Both of the rerouted sections go through quieter areas and bypass paved roads and power lines where the trail originally ran. The Chatsworth section puts the trail through the northern section of the Franklin Parker Preserve. Both of these reroutings have added about  to the overall trail length.

Flora and fauna

Although the Pine Barrens, as the name suggests, are mainly flat pine forests, there is a large variety of plants and animals along the trail. The pines include, primarily, pitch pine (Pinus rigida), and shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata). White pine (Pinus strobus) and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) typically occur only where deliberately planted, and Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana) is sporadic, usually in atypical areas.  The most common vegetation community type in uplands is Pine/Oak Forest, composed of the typical pines and various oaks (Quercus spp.), with an understory of ericaceous shrubs, mainly huckleberries (Gaylussacia spp.). The wetlands are typically stands of Atlantic white cedar (Chamaecyparis thyoides), or mixed hardwood swamps mainly composed of red maple (Acer rubrum), black gum (Nyssa sylvatica), gray birch (Betula populifolia), swamp magnolia (Magnolia virginiana), and highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum). Another very common wetland forest is the Pitch Pine Lowland, which is dominated by pitch pine, but may include a wide variety of the other wetland species. Another common tree seen along the trail is the sassafras (Sassafras albidum).

There are a number of wild edibles, such as berries from bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi), teaberry (Gaultheria procumbens), huckleberry (Gaylussacia spp.), blackberry (Rubus spp.), cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon), and blueberry (Vaccinium spp.); young shoots from briers (Smilax spp.); and acorns from oaks.  There is a diverse range of other plants, to include a wide variety of shrubs, grasses, sedges, rushes, ferns, mosses, and herbaceous wildflowers. Notable plants that may be seen along the trail include wild orchids; carnivorous plants such as the sundews (Drosera spp.), the pitcher plant (Sarracenia purpurea), and the bladderworts (Utricularia spp.); and the prickly pear cactus (Opuntia humifusa).

39 species of mammals, 229 bird species, 59 reptile and amphibian species, and 91 fish species have been reported within the broad area of the Pinelands National Reserve. The number of native species, however, found in truly characteristic Pine Barrens, is much lower. Possums, chipmunks, squirrels, beavers, muskrats, mice, foxes, raccoons, weasels, mink, river otter, and white-tailed deer are some of the more common mammals seen in the Pinelands. Commonly seen amphibians include the green frog, leopard frog, carpenter frog, and the Fowler's toad. Common reptiles include the northern water snake, pine snake, hognose snake, eastern garter snake, northern fence lizard,  eastern painted turtle, red-bellied turtle, spotted turtle, musk turtle, and snapping turtle. The only venomous snake in the New Jersey Pine Barrens is the timber rattlesnake, which is a state-listed endangered species. The Pine Barrens tree frog, a state-listed threatened species, has a population here that is disconnected from other populations in the Carolinas and the Florida Panhandle.

The Pine Barrens location makes it the fringe of both northern and southern species, such as the yellow fringed orchid.

Events
The Annual Fall Endurance Run/Walk on the Batona Trail is generally held the first weekend in November.

Batona Trail Races
An annual ultramarathon event has been held running varying distances of the Batona Trail since 2014. What originally started as a "fat ass" style (no entry fee) event became more structured in 2019 when Beast Coast Productions, LLC began managing the event.

Brendan T. Byrne State Forest

Byrne State Forest (formerly Lebanon State Forest) has more than  of blazed trails, including its section of the Batona Trail. The system of trails includes trails for hiking, cross-country skiing, snow shoeing, mountain biking, and wheelchair accessible trails. The Batona Trail in this park permits hiking, cross-country skiing, and snow shoeing. The Batona Trail intersects with other trails in the park, allowing visitors to create various loops for day hikes. The Batona Trail through Byrne State Forest is maintained by the State Park Service and the Batona Hiking Club.

Wharton State Forest
The portion of the Batona Trail through Wharton State Forest is maintained by the State Park Service and the Batona (BAck TO NAture) Hiking Club.

Carranza Memorial

The Batona Trail passes the Carranza Memorial within Wharton State Forest. There is a  monument dedicated to Captain Aviator Emilio Carranza, whose plane crashed here on July 13, 1928. Carranza was born in Mexico in 1905 and began flying at a young age, after fighting against the Yaqui in the Yaqui rebellion. At age 22, he made the third longest non-stop flight. Carranza crashed in the pinelands of Tabernacle, New Jersey, along what is now known as Carranza Road, while returning from a good-will flight to the United States from Mexico. Every year a ceremony is held on July 13 to remember Emilio Carranza's life and achievements.

Apple Pie Hill

Apple Pie Hill is the highest point along the trail at  above sea level. The hill sports a  fire tower at the summit, providing impressive panoramic views across the region and making it a popular destination.

Bass River State Forest

There is a system of eight additional trails in the state forest that connect to the Batona Trail. The Batona Trail through Bass River State Forest is maintained by the State Park Service, the Outdoor Club of South Jersey and the Batona Hiking Club.

References

Protected areas of Burlington County, New Jersey
Hiking trails in New Jersey
Protected areas of the Pine Barrens (New Jersey)
Long-distance trails in the United States


The Cardiff Locomotive Workshops (now known as the Cardiff Maintenance Centre) is a rail yard and rolling stock facility located between Cockle Creek and Cardiff stations near Newcastle, on the Main North railway line in New South Wales, Australia.

The site is currently occupied by Downer Rail, where rolling stock is assembled, maintained and stored.

Early northern workshops
The Hunter River Railway Company established meagre maintenance facilities adjacent to its line at its eastern terminus, near the current day Civic station. Civic Station is no longer in use. (All stations from Wickham to Newcastle are now served by the Newcastle Light Rail which terminates at Newcastle Beach. Opened 17 February 2019) These formed the basis of the Honeysuckle Point Workshops the old buildings of which now lie within the area redeveloped by the Honeysuckle Development Corporation.

The workshops grew in size as the isolated Northern system developed. Even when the first Hawkesbury River Railway Bridge linked it with the Sydney in 1889, a bright future for the workshops was assured. However, by 1925 the decision had been taken to abandon Honeysuckle Point as a locomotive centre and to build a new workshop with modern facilities, on a site where greater expansion could take place.

Establishment
On the 15th November 1925  127 acres  of swamp land was purchased from 13,000 pounds.    In November 1925, 172 acres (69.6ha) of land was purchased from the Newcastle Wallsend Coal Company and design of the new workshops began. The design was completed in time for work to start in the middle of 1926. The first sidings were connected to the main line in April, a platform for workers was in place by June and all sidings were completed by September of that year. Construction of the foundations for the buildings was well advanced by this time and erection of the steelwork started early the following year. By the end of 1927 the building work was virtually complete.

Machinery and tooling had been ordered early in 1927 and supplies began arriving throughout the year. Two 75-ton cranes were installed in the Erecting Shops. By early 1928, the first locomotives entered the facility and were under repair. The first locomotive to leave the workshops was 3364. The Annual Report of the New South Wales Government Railways to 30 June 1928, shows that by that date Cardiff Workshops had already overhauled 14 locomotives and repaired 15 boilers.

Official opening
The official opening took place on 1 March 1928. By this time the facilities were fully functional. Honeysuckle Point was now a garage for Departmental motor vehicles and a permanent way workshop. A platform to serve the works was opened as Sulphide Junction.

As built, the Cardiff Workshops were a show-piece and were visited by engineers to see the form of construction and layout used. The building covered 150,725 square feet (14,000 m2). Central to the shop was a traverser. The traverser lined up with five inwards roads from which locomotives could be drawn and conveyed to any of 22 pits in the two erecting shops inside. Similarly, tenders and bogies for the tender shop made their way to the two roads provided via the traverser.

Other areas within the complex included blacksmith's and spring shop; machine, fitting and wheel shops; boiler shop and copper shop. The works manager's office, which included accommodation for his assistant and other clerical staff, was situated near the main line.

Locomotives overhauled and built new

Initially, Cardiff Workshops took in locomotives used in the Newcastle district which included such classes as 30 class passenger tanks and 19, 24 and 26 classes used in coal haulage. Subsequently, the overhaul of the steam fleet was placed on a more formal basis and each of the three large workshops, Eveleigh, Chullora and Cardiff, each assumed a number of locomotive classes for each to overhaul. To Cardiff came the 34 and 35 passenger classes and the 53 and 55 freight classes.

Cardiff built the 12 odd number non-streamlined 38 class locomotives (3807–3829) between February 1946 and August 1949.

The order for the 58 class freight locomotives was also undertaken by NSWGR workshops. Cardiff built 5807 and 5813 with the latter the last steam locomotive to be built in a NSWGR workshop.

The war effort
The hostilities of World War II imposed a heavy load on the industrial resources of Australia and most railway workshops were asked to play a part in the war effort. Cardiff was no exception. A large ammunition factory was built at Rutherford and many dies, tools and jigs were required for that facility. As a consequence, a Tool Room was built as an extension of the Smith and Machine Shops. At this time, the total staff employed at Cardiff was approximately 1,200.

Beyer Garratts
In 1952, the 60 class Garratt locomotives entered service and facilities for their overhaul became a problem. Cardiff was selected to handle the overhauls, but the length of the locomotives at 109 feet (33.22 m) posed a problem as they were not going to fit on the traverser. The solution was found in partially filling in the traverser and lifting the locomotives into position with the overhead cranes.

Diesel era

For several years, both diesel and steam locomotives were handled at Cardiff, but as initial numbers were not excessive, they were handled without too many problems. When steam locomotives ceased being overhauled in from 1970, a reorganisation was able to proceed.

An electrical fitting shop replaced the copper shop. The diesel engines were maintained where once boilers stood. Bogies were serviced and traction motors assembled on to wheels where the traverser once operated. The erecting shops retained that identity, but with additional platforms to enable work to be carried out at levels above the floor of the shops.

In 1986, control of Cardiff passed from the Workshop Branch to the Mechanical Branch and it became home depot to the 48 class fleet. This saw the traverser filled in for the Garratts in the 1950s reopened. A wagon repair section was also established. In April 1989, it became a locomotive running depot.

Closure
Two changes brought about the decline of the Cardiff Maintenance Centre, the name it adopted in March 1987. The first was the decision to maintain all wagons at a One Spot facility, a centre where freight rolling stock could receive all its necessary maintenance at one location. From April 1993 the wagon work was transferred to Port Waratah One Spot facility.

Locomotive work continued, but the second change soon followed. This was to hire a new fleet of locomotives under a Power by the Hour or ReadyPower agreement. Clyde Engineering was awarded the contract and constructed a depot on Kooragang Island to service the 82 and 90 class locomotives. Many older locomotives were retired with the last locomotives departing Cardiff Workshops in December 1993 with the gates closed on 7 January 1994.

As members of the 44, 442 and 45 classes were replaced by the new arrivals they were brought to Cardiff for store before being auctioned with 81 present in October 1994.

From 1994 to 1998, Cardiff was used as a worksite for the fitting of radios to all locomotives.

Downer Rail

In June 1998, Downer Rail was successful in tendering to build a fleet of 140 electric suburban carriages, the Millennium Trains. Immediately after the tender was awarded, Downer Rail moved to prepare the old buildings for their new role. A seven-year lease with an option to buy the site was signed. Between 2010 and 2014, the Reliance Rail consortium, of which Downer Rail is a member, assembled 626 A set carriages for Sydney Trains. 626 B set has also been finished as of July 2020.

Downer have also assembled diesel locomotives at Cardiff with the underframes built at EDI's Port Augusta workshops. Locomotives built at Cardiff were:

1 V class for Freight Australia: V544
4 90 class for Pacific National: 9032–9035
15 SCT class for SCT Logistics: SCT001-SCT015
14 LDP class for EDI Rail's Locomotive Demand Power: LDP001-LDP014
34 TT class for Pacific National: TT01-TT08, TT101-TT126
3 WH class for Whitehaven Coal: WH001-WH003

References

External links
Hunter River Railway Company

Transport buildings and structures in New South Wales
City of Lake Macquarie
Locomotive manufacturers of Australia
Rail transport in the Hunter Region
Railway workshops in New South Wales
1928 establishments in Australia


The Robillard Building (French: Édifice Robillard) once located at 974, boulevard Saint Laurent (974, Saint Laurent Boulevard), was a landmark building in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, situated in Montreal's Chinatown on the corner of rue Viger (Viger Street) and boulevard Saint Laurent (Saint Laurent Boulevard).  On 17 November 2016, the building was destroyed by fire. Despite being a famous landmark, the Robillard Building did not have a heritage status and was not rebuilt. The site remained empty from 2016 until 2022. As of 2022, a condominium is being built on the site.

History

Constructed in the Neo-Renaissance style, the structure was built in 1879, and transformed into a hotel in 1890. In 1891, it housed the Gaiety Museum and Theatorium, a popular Victorian-era curios showcase. In May 1896, it started housing the Palace Theatre, and on June 27 showed the first movies in North America, making it the first cinema in North America. The cinema system used a projector system developed by the Lumiere brothers, the cinématographe, and had a screen the size of a towel. The first films shown were of a train, a ship, a cavalry charge, and demolishing a wall. The show continued for two months, and were presented by Louis Minier and his assistant Louis Pupier. In September 1896, continuous showings with the cinematographe lumiere started.

References

External links

  La Presse, "Incendie dans le quartier chinois: une enquête criminelle est ouverte" (17 November 2016) Hugo Meunier, Pierre-Andre Normandin
 Montreal Gazette, "Major fire destroys historic building in downtown Montreal's Chinatown" (17 November 2016) Jesse Feith
  Le Journal de Montreal, "Un proprio négligent dénoncé" (18 November 2016) Hugo Duchaine
  Le Devoir, "La première salle de cinéma du Canada s’envole en fumée" (18 November 2016) Philippe Orfali

1896 establishments in Quebec
1896 in film
Burned buildings and structures in Canada
Commercial buildings completed in 1879
Defunct museums in Canada
Former cinemas in Montreal
Landmarks in Montreal
Museums established in 1891
Museums in Montreal
Renaissance Revival architecture in Canada
Burned theatres
Ville-Marie, Montreal
Buildings and structures demolished in 2016


Western Magpies may refer to;

Sports clubs

 Western Suburbs Magpies, a NSWRL Premier League club
 Western Magpies Australian Football Club, an AFL Queensland State League club
 Western Suburbs Magpies AFC, Australian rules football club in Sydney

Birds

 Western magpie, Gymnorhina tibicen dorsalis, subspecies of the Australian magpie


is a railway station in Minamata, Kumamoto, Japan, operated by Kyushu Railway Company (JR Kyushu). The station building was designed by Makoto Sei Watanabe and opened on 13 March 2004.

Lines
Kyushu Railway Company
Kyūshū Shinkansen
Hisatsu Orange Railway
Hisatsu Orange Railway Line

Platforms

JR Kyushu

Hisatsu Orange Railway
The Hisatsu Orange Railway serves one island platform at Shin-Minamata. This station is unmanned.

Adjacent stations

History
19 September 1968: The site opened as JNR Hatsuno S.B.
1 April 1987: Hatuno S.B. was inherited by JR Kyushu.
13 March 2004: The Kyushu Shinkansen Shin-Minamata Station was opened. The JR Kyushu Kagoshima Main Line was transferred to the control of the Hisatsu Orange Railway, and Hatsuno S.B. became Shin-Minamata Station.

References

External links

JR Kyushu station information
Kumamoto pref. Station information - 2008 Archive
Design concept description - Makoto Sei Watanabe

Railway stations in Kumamoto Prefecture
Railway stations in Japan opened in 2004
Stations of Hisatsu Orange Railway


Macao Dragon Company Limited (; ) was a start-up ferry company that offered services between the Hong Kong–Macau Ferry Terminal, in Sheung Wan, Hong Kong, and the Taipa Temporary Ferry Terminal in Taipa, Macau. It operated four 65m and 63m highspeed catamarans vessels powered by MTU Friedrichshafen engines using waterjet propulsion, which could accommodate up to 1,200 passengers.

History
Operations of the company began on July 10, 2010. As of September 2010, the first two vessels, Shen Long and Tian Long had entered service, providing five return trips between Macau and Hong Kong.

The Macao Dragon company went into liquidation and ceased operations from September 15, 2011.

Routes
  Hong Kong–Macau Ferry Terminal, Hong Kong ↔  Taipa Temporary Ferry Terminal, Macau

Fleet
The Macao Dragon fleet consisted of the following vessels:

 Shen Long (), (Hull 189) 65m Highspeed Catamaran built by Marinteknik Shipbuilders(Singapore) - (delivered)
 Tian Long (), (Hull 190) 65m Highspeed Catamaran built by Marinteknik Shipbuilders (Singapore) - (delivered)
 Huang Long (), (Hull 191) 63m Highspeed Catamaran built by Marinteknik Shipbuilders (Singapore) - (delivery deferred)
 Pan Long (), (Hull 192) 63m Highspeed Catamaran built by Marinteknik Shipbuilders (Singapore) - (delivery deferred)

Classes of Travel
 Dragon Suites - 8 or 4-seat private cabins, comfortable leather reclining seats
 First - generous seat pitch, comfortable leather reclining seats
 Premium Economy - comfortable leather reclining seats
 Economy - comfortable aircraft-style seating

Special features
 25 large 40"-50" Flat Screen TVs
 Dragon Suites feature plug and play AV connections to two 32" flat screen monitors with touch screen control panel
 2 Kiosks offering a wide selection of refreshments
 Satellite based Internet using Wi-Fi technology was available throughout the vessel
 Internet Cafe
 Starbucks Coffee
 Fiji Water

Technical specifications
Shen Long (Hull 189)

 Type: Aluminium hull fast catamaran ferry
 Passenger capacity: 1152 total
 Shipbuilder: Marinteknik Shipbuilders (S) PTE LTD.
 Length (LOA): 65 meters
 Beam: 16 meters Loaded
 Max.speed:37.5 knots
 Draught: 1.60 m
 Propulsion Generators: 4 x MTU 16V4000 M70
 WaterJet: 4 x MJP J850R QD
 Port of Registration: Hong Kong
 Classification: Lloyd’s Register of Shipping (LLOYDS) 100 A1 SSC Passenger(B) Catamaran HSC G4

References

Ferry companies of China
Chinese companies established in 2010
Companies disestablished in 2011


The Georgian National Communications Commission is an independent regulatory authority that regulates TV broadcasting, Radio broadcasting, fixed/mobile telephone and internet services in Georgia.

The Commission was formed on July 1, 2000

Independency
Commission is independent body and is not subordinated to any state authority, but during implementation process of important projects or reforms commission actively collaborates with the government and often is initiator of legislative changes.

Commission presents its annual report to the President of Georgia, to the Parliament of Georgia and to the Government of Georgia.

Budget
The Commission's source of income is regulation fee paid by authorized entities and license holders in broadcasting and electronic communications sectors. For the broadcasters defined regulation fee is 0.5% of income and for the authorized entities in electronic communications sector - 0.75% of their income.

Appointment
The Commission consists of five members. The members of the Commission are elected for the term of 6 years by Parliament from candidates selected by the President.. The Chairman of the Commission is elected for the period of 3 years by the majority of staff by the Commission itself for one term only.

Since May 19, 2017 Chairmen of the Commission is Kakhi Bekauri. Members of the Commission are Vakhtang Abashidze, Eliso Asanidze, Giorgi Pruidze and Merab Katamadze.

Together with the Commission acts Public Defenders office of Consumers interests’ protection. On 2014, Tamta Tepnadze was appointed as public defender of consumer's rights.

Functions

Activities
 Licensing/authorization of activities in broadcasting and electronic communications sectors
 Disputes settlement between the authorized entities subjected to the Commission regulations, as well as between them and the consumers
 Issuance of Permits for numbering resource and radio frequency spectrum usage
 Study and analysis of various segments of the electronic communications market, identification of the authorized entities with significant market power, assignment of specific obligations to them
 Regulation of the access to telecommunications networks and infrastructure
 Promotion of standardization, certification and metrology service system implementation
 Control of compliance with the requirements of the applicable law in the communications sector and appropriate response

Former chairs

References

External links
 Georgian National Communications Commission on Facebook
 Georgian National Communications Commission on Twitter
 Georgian National Communications Commission on Youtube
 Georgian National Communications Commission on Myvideo

Government of Georgia (country)
Communications in Georgia (country)
2000 establishments in Georgia (country)


Philip Edward Irving MBE, CEng., FIMechE., MSAE. (1903–1992) was an Australian engineer and author, most famous for the Repco-Brabham Formula One and Vincent motorcycle engines. He also worked at Velocette motorcycles, twice, and drew the engine of the 1960 EMC 125cc racer.

Early life
Irving was the son of a medical doctor who had a 600 square-mile practice in Western Victoria which he travelled around using a Swift car and two motorcycles, a belt-drive Triumph and a four-cylinder FN. Due to a lack of local repair facilities, Dr. Irving performed all the maintenance at home.

After three years attendance at Wesley College, Phil Irving obtained a scholarship to Melbourne Technical College studying a diploma course in Mechanical and Electrical Engineering where he designed and partially made his first engine, a small air-cooled two-stroke. He didn't finish the course or the engine, leaving early on the strength of his college studies and accomplishments to take his first job.

Working career

Irving's first engineering job started in 1922 working for the Australian engineer Anthony Michell at the firm of Crankless Engines Ltd in Fitzroy, Victoria. At the firm worked under both Michell and engineer T.L. Sherman. Irving said: "It was the greatest stroke of luck imaginable that I started work under two such eminent men...".

Between 1926 and 1929 Irving jointly owned and operated a motorcycle workshop in the regional town of Ballarat, Australia with Ken Granter. As the economic climate harshened in 1929 business at the shop slumped and it was forced to close. A historic plaque commemorates the former location of the workshop at 28 Doveton Street, Ballarat in Victoria.

In 1930, he left Australia and travelled to Britain as pillion passenger and mechanic to John Gill, a Scottish engineer, on the return-leg of Gill's World motorcycle and sidecar journey from UK to Australia and back, using a 600 cc sidevalve engined Vincent HRD, giving press-exposure to the business.

On arrival in UK Irving obtained employment at Velocette as a design and production engineer working on metallurgy, developing pioneering techniques to form aluminium castings around the cast-iron barrels used for the motorcycle engine cylinders.

Just before the 1931 British motorcycle show - traditionally held late in the year to showcase the manufacturers' next MY (model year) range – Philip Vincent offered Irving work at his business in Stevenage (alongside engineer E.J. Massey from the original HRD company) where they commenced a lifelong friendship.

Irving had two stints working for Vincent; in the early thirties and from 1943 when he worked at Stevenage as Vincent's Chief Engineer.

From 1937 to 1942 he again worked for Velocette at their Hall Green Factory in Birmingham, where he designed and patented a number of features including the famed rear suspension adjustment used on the post war spring-frame Velocettes. It was also used on the LE Velocette, a motorcycle he sketched during his war years at the company. Irving also designed the prototype Model 'O' Velocette, a shaft-drive twin cylinder machine of 600cc capacity and loosely based on the supercharged 500cc racing machine known as 'The Roarer'.

In 1942 he moved to London and worked with Joe Craig at Associated Motor Cycles Ltd at Plumstead.

In July 1943 Philip Vincent wrote to him and invited him to return to the Vincent HRD company at Stevenage to develop the opposed piston two stroke engine to be fitted to the eleven man airborne lifeboat.

Irving remained in UK until 1949 when he returned home to Australia, after the Vincent motorcycle business was put into receivership under Mr C E Baillie.

During the 1930s and 40s, Phil Irving wrote a technical column in Motor Cycling magazine under the pseudonym  'Slide Rule'  some of which were later reprinted in book form as Motorcycle Technicalities. Amongst the other books he authored are Tuning For Speed, Motorcycle Engineering and his autobiography, Phil Irving – An Autobiography.

In 1952 a Vincent Lightning engine was acquired from British racing driver Ken Wharton and fitted by Irving to Reg Hunt’s special racing car, which was similar to a Cooper called the ‘Flying Bedstead’, at Hunt’s residence in Elsternwick Victoria with the assistance of Dick Boardman, a draftsman working with Irving, who was at the time Chief Engineer of the Chamberlain Group of companies, which included the Rolloy Piston Co. Port Melbourne.
After a victory in the same year for the car in the Formula 2 event at Woodside, South Australia, the Vincent motor was fitted with a supercharger and tuned for Hill climb events by Irving. With Irving and Boardman as pit assistants, the car’s notable successes were fastest time of the day at the Rob Roy Hill climbs in 1952 and 1953. On the second run in 1953, Hunt was awarded the year’s Australian Hill Climb Championship.

At the 1960 Isle of Man TT Races, Dr Josef Ehrlich, the owner of Ehrlich Motor Cycles (EMC Motorcycles) commissioned Irving to 'reverse-engineer' an MZ 125cc racing engine supplied by Ehrlich and to produce the working drawings of a water-cooled variant which became the 1961 EMC 125cc water-cooled single cylinder racing engine.

At the end of 1963, Irving was approached by Jack Brabham to design a simple, lightweight and powerful 3-litre V8 engine for the upcoming change in Formula One engine specifications due for 1966. This engine was built around the 3.5-litre Oldsmobile V8 cylinder block design and became known as the RB620. It incorporated some 'off-the-'shelf' technology such as Vincent valve inspection caps and BSA 500cc Gold Star cam profiles. Jack Brabham won the 1966 Formula 1 Driver's Championship and the Manufacturers' Championship using this engine.

In 1949 Irving became Vice-President of the Vincent H.R.D. Owners Club and continued in that role until the death of Phil Vincent in 1979 when he rose to President (an honorary title). Irving held the presidency until his death on 14 January 1992.

Irving was awarded an MBE (Member of the Order of the British Empire) in the Queen's 1976 New Year Honours List for his "services to automotive engineering". His award was announced in the Supplement to The London Gazette dated 31 December 1976.

Later life
In later life, Irving lived permanently in Australia based at Warrandyte, on the outskirts of Melbourne, where he had a small workshop. He never stopped his practical involvement with engines and especially with Vincent motorcycles. Just a few weeks before his death and aged 89 years, he was still working on Harley Davidson motorcycles at Midwest Harley in Ballarat, Australia. Its owner Ken James said: "You can't stop Phil; he just needs to be around engines and make them sing".

Irving's life was devoted to his passion for motorcycles and motor racing. An Australian business KH Equipment Pty. Ltd continues to build and improve on the Vincent concept using the name Irving Vincent in Hallam, Victoria, Australia.

To honour Irving's 'great achievements', the Confederation of Australian Motor Sport named its highest engineering award the Phil Irving Award, conferred on an individual Australian engineer or Australian engineering company demonstrating outstanding skills and achievements when contributing to competitive motor sport. One of the recipients was race car engineer Ron Tauranac in 2003.

There is also a Phil Irving Trophy motorcycle race held at Phillip Island during its annual Island Classic race meeting.

Published books

See also
Brabham
Vincent Motorcycles
Phil Vincent
Vincent Rapide
Velocette

References

Australian mechanical engineers
Australian motorsport people
Fellows of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers
Formula One designers
Vincent designers
Australian Officers of the Order of the British Empire
1903 births
1992 deaths
People educated at Wesley College (Victoria)


Cathedral of the Sea () is a 2006 historical novel by Spanish author Ildefonso Falcones. The action takes place in 14th century Barcelona at the height of the city's  trade and military power in the Mediterranean, during the construction of Santa Maria del Mar serving as background to the story.

In 2018, a high-budget drama series adaptation by Atresmedia was broadcast in Antena 3 from 23 May 2018 to 18 July 2018. Netflix released the series worldwide in 1 September 2018.

Plot summary

The book is set in Barcelona and its main character is Arnau Estanyol, the son of a fugitive serf and one of the cathedral's stone workers, who obtains freedom and eventually achieves a high status in society.

Awards
The novel has won several literary awards including:
  2006 (Spain)
 The  Award (Spain)
  Award 2007 (Italy)

References

External links
 Official website (archived)

Spanish historical novels
2006 novels
Cathedrals in fiction
Novels set in Barcelona
Spanish Inquisition
Novels set in the 14th century


A general article, in military law (sometimes called "the Devil's Article") is a legal provision that authorizes punishment of military personnel on grounds that are less specific as to the particulars of the offense and as to the punishment, compared to most crimes in modern West European law. The offenses are likely to reflect the effect on the military and its mission than the form the offender's behavior takes, or to be stated in terms of established customs of warfare.

History
The example of military decrees of the Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus in the early 17th century was followed in West European military units, often in the form of articles of war including a general article.

United States
American military law has evolved from British roots, including the offense of conduct unbecoming an officer and a gentleman and, within each service, successive versions of general article that confer wide discretion upon courts martial.

Since 1951, Article 134 of the  Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) has been the general article for all branches of the military.

Article 134 is a "catch-all" for many offenses that are not covered by other specific articles of the UCMJ.  These other offenses, including their elements and punishments, are spelled out in Part IV, Punitive Articles (Paragraphs 60-113) of the Manual for Courts-Martial.  They vary from kidnapping (para. 92) to disloyal statements (para. 72).

Statutory text

References

United States military law


Amos C. Cross (February 8, 1860 – July 16, 1888) was an American Major League baseball player from –. His main position was catcher. He played three seasons in MLB, all for the Louisville Colonels. His brothers, Lave and Frank, also played in the Major Leagues. Amos played in the minor leagues from 1883 to 1884.

See also
 List of baseball players who died during their careers

References

External links

1860 births
1888 deaths
Louisville Colonels players
Baseball players from Wisconsin
Major League Baseball catchers
19th-century baseball players
Baseball players from Milwaukee
Johnstown (minor league baseball) players
Oil City (minor league baseball) players
19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
Tuberculosis deaths in Ohio


Auberge Le Saint-Gabriel (Auberge Saint-Gabriel) is located in Old Montreal, Canada, and was the first establishment to have an alcohol license issued in 1754 as stated by Lesley Chesterman from the Gazette Montreal “...granted the first liquor licence under British rule"(Lesley Chesterman). Established in 1754 this historic landmark still stands to this day as a tourist destination updated with a refined French cuisine restaurant. To add on, it is also allegedly haunted by the ghost of a 19th-century girl who died in a building fire.

History
The origin of Auberge Le Saint-Gabriel dates back to from the late 17th century to the mid 18th century. As stated by Lesley Chesterman "The inn changed hands - and names - several times…”(Lesley Chesterman). Also stated by an article from The Gazette "Built as a two-storey house in 1688 by French soldier Étienne Truteau, the edifice was converted in 1754 into North America's first inn 15 years later, and was granted the first liquor licence under British rule "(Lesley Chesterman). Since it was not established as an inn during his lifetime, Étienne Truteau lived in his homemade house until he died in 1712.

Following his death the next owner Richard Dulong would become the one to refine the house into a fully established inn on 4 March 1754. From then on the inn became a popular place for travelers to rest on long journeys.

However, as time went on the inn's popularity began to decline due to more inn's being established throughout the country. The building was turned back into a townhouse in the 19th century, but fortunately returned to its original vocation in 1914 thanks to Ludger Truteau who renamed it Auberge Saint-Gabriel. To add on, Auberge Saint-Gabriel was then purchased by the Bolay family in 1987 who continued to use it as an inn for travelers.

Today the establishment is currently co-owned by Marc Bolay, Garou and Guy Laliberté who as stated by Lesley Chesterman "The interior decor features thick stone walls surrounding round and square tables that are set on wooden plank floors below wrought-iron chandeliers"., showing how the new owners further renovated the inn, added the French cuisine themed restaurant, and renamed it Auberge Le Saint-Gabriel(Lesley Chesterman).

Today
Co-owned by Mark Bolay, whose family bought the inn in 1987, Garou and Guy Laliberté, the inn/restaurant has seen an increase in tourism based on its claim of being the first of its kind. In order to keep up with the current times, the inn has seen a lot of remodeling that allows it to stay current while also retaining its rustic 19th century aesthetic. As stated by Lesley Chesterman "Here’s a restaurant that straddles both tradition and modernity", showing that the owners stand to pay homage to what it was before, while maintaining current atmosphere that is expected today(Lesley Chesterman). Lesley goes on to praise the restaurant by saying "There are restaurants that offer a summer ambience, with a large terrasse or a row of towering windows. And there are those that offer a winter ambience, with fireplaces, cosy banquettes and intimate corners. L'Auberge Saint-Gabriel has always seemed like the latter, thanks to its historic stone building…”(Lesley Chesterman).

To add on the restaurant is also home to several banquet rooms for private functions, a club in the basement, and valet parking. In addition, the restaurant built next door is home to an array of French-Canadian delicacies. Lesley Chesterman goes on to say “ Main courses are just as delicious. With a spring chill still in the air, the braised lamb shank served with white coco beans and rosemary-infused braising juices is not to be missed. The meat is somehow falling-off-the-bone tender yet not in the least bit mushy - a real coup for a kitchen forced to churn out many different dishes for a hundred-plus diners a day."(Lesley Chesterman). In addition Lesley also says "I'd also recommend the lobster galette, a hockey-puck-shaped patty served in a pool of thick lobster bisque. Flavoured with Cognac and tarragon and lightly breaded, this appetizer managed to be both hearty and elegant. I won't deny something more than the accompanying mound of lamb's lettuce might have brightened up the rich flavours (how about a salsa or relish?), yet the dish is still a winner."(Lesley Chesterman). Since it is a high class restaurant, Auberge is home to elegant and expensive food. Lesley goes on to state "Price range: Starters, $6-$23; main courses, $23-$47; desserts, $6-$9. Three-course table d'hôte: $32-$44, Lunch-time table d'hôte: $18-$22".(Lesley Chesterman). Auberge's elegancy in fine dining is also matched by their drinks, as the wines offered range from forty six dollars to seventy dollars.

The 19th Century Ghost
Over the decades Auberge Le Saint-Gabriel has been heard to hold many stories. The 19th century ghost is the only one to have survive the decades. However, not much information has been told about the ghost. Stated by Matthew Grillo, a reporter from Global news "Some insiders tell us there is a ghost of a little girl that was basically burned out in a fire and she can be heard playing piano from time to time" (Matthew Grillo).

References

External links
 Le Saint-Gabriel
   SpringHill Suites by Marriott Old Montreal

Sources

 Tourism Montreal,  Auberge Le Saint-Gabriel (Retrieved 29 October 2008)
 Montreal Gazette, Creepy Montreal, Al Kratina, Sunday, 26 October, page A3
 USA Today, Extra Day in Montreal, 08/01/2003 – Updated 01:15 pm ET (Retrieved 29 October 2008)
 David Sanger Photography, Canada, Montreal, Auberge Saint Gabriel, oldest inn in North America (Retrieved 29 October 2008)
 Montreal Gazette      (Retrieved 10 December 2018)

1754 establishments in the French colonial empire
Landmarks in Montreal
Old Montreal
Hotels in Montreal
1754 establishments in North America


Pacifique Issoïbeka (born 1941?) is a Congolese political figure who served in the government of Congo-Brazzaville as Minister of Finance from 2005 to 2009. He previously worked at the Bank of Central African States (BEAC) and was its Vice-Governor from 2003 to 2005.

Life and career
Issoïbeka was born in Mossaka, located in northern Congo-Brazzaville. He was Deputy Director of BEAC in Congo before becoming the National Director of BEAC in Congo in 1998. He was appointed as Vice-Governor of BEAC on 23 January 2003, taking office on 13 November 2003. He held that post until he was appointed to the Congolese government as Minister of Finance, the Economy, and the Budget on 7 January 2005 in replacement to Rigobert Roger Andely.

In June 2009, Issoïbeka signed a deal with Switzerland's ambassador that would cancel five billion CFA francs of Congolese debt.

President Denis Sassou Nguesso appointed Gilbert Ondongo to replace Issoïbeka as Minister of Finance on 15 September 2009.

References

Year of birth uncertain
Finance ministers of the Republic of the Congo
Government ministers of the Republic of the Congo
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


Bernhard Siebken (4 April 1910 – 20 January 1949) was a German SS commander during World War II and a convicted war criminal. He was sentenced to death for the killing of Canadian prisoners of war and was executed in 1949.

Siebken was one of the original members of the Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler (LSSAH). He took part in the invasion of Poland in 1939 and went on to serve on the Eastern Front. In 1944, Seibken commanded the 2nd Battalion, 26th SS Panzer Grenadier Regiment and later the 25th SS Panzer Grenadier Regiment; both with the SS Division Hitlerjugend. Siebken was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 17 April 1945.

After the end of the war, he stood trial for war crimes related to his activities while in command of the 2nd Battalion, 26th Panzer Grenadier Regiment of the LSSAH. He was found guilty in the shootings of Canadian prisoners of war from the Queen's Own Rifles during the Battle of Le Mesnil-Patry and hanged on 20 January 1949.

Following the reburial of executed war criminals in Hamelin in 1954, the cemetery became the focal point for veterans' reunions, with distinct Nazi overtones. In 1959, for example, the convention of the lobby group and revisionist organisation of former Waffen-SS members, HIAG, concluded with "comrades gathering around [Siebken's] tomb" and laying a wreath.

Awards
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 17 April 1945 as SS-Obersturmbannführer and commander of the SS-Panzergrenadier-Regiment 2 "Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler"

References

Bibliography

1910 births
1949 deaths
German people convicted of murder
People from Pinneberg
People from the Province of Schleswig-Holstein
SS-Obersturmbannführer
Curiohaus trials executions by hanging
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
Executed people from Schleswig-Holstein
Waffen-SS personnel
Military personnel from Schleswig-Holstein


Paula L. Boland (born January 17, 1940) is an American politician from California and a member of the Republican party.

State Assembly

A realtor, Boland won election to the Granada Hills-based 38th district in the California State Assembly in 1990, succeeding Republican Marion W. La Follette.  She easily won reelection in 1992 and 1994.

San Fernando Valley secession movement

Boland became associated with an effort by the San Fernando Valley to secede from the rest of city of Los Angeles in 1995. Although she successfully authored the bill to put the referendum on the ballot, it was eventually defeated in a citywide vote.

State Senate race

In 1996 Boland moved into the Burbank-Glendale-Pasadena-based 21st district in an attempt to succeed veteran Republican Newton Russell in the California State Senate.  Russell was barred by state term limits from seeking reelection.  Boland was hampered by her relocation into the area and a philosophy that seemed a bit too conservative for the district.  She lost to Democrat Adam Schiff, a former Federal prosecutor, by 8 percentage points.

Post Assembly

After leaving the legislature, Boland served as an elected member of the Los Angeles Charter Commission, representing her Granada Hills base.

References

External links
JoinCalifornia

Living people
People from Granada Hills, Los Angeles
Republican Party members of the California State Assembly
Women state legislators in California
1940 births
People from Oyster Bay (town), New York
21st-century American women
20th-century American politicians
20th-century American women politicians
Candidates in the 1996 United States elections
Politicians from Los Angeles


Observations and Measurements (O&M) is an international standard which defines a conceptual schema encoding for observations, and for features involved in sampling when making observations. While the O&M standard was developed in the context of geographic information systems, the model is derived from generic patterns proposed by Fowler and Odell, and is not limited to geospatial information. O&M is one of the core standards in the OGC Sensor Web Enablement suite, providing the response model for Sensor Observation Service (SOS).

Observation schema

The core of the standard provides the observation schema. An observation is an act that results in the estimation of the value of a feature property, and involves application of a specified procedure, such as a sensor, instrument, algorithm or process chain. The procedure may be applied in-situ, remotely, or ex-situ with respect to the sampling location. Use of a common model for observation metadata allows data to be combined unambiguously, across discipline boundaries. Observation details are also important for data discovery and for data quality estimation. An observation is defined in terms of the set of properties that support these applications.

O&M defines a core set of properties for an observation:
 feature of interest
 observed property
 result
 procedure – the instrument, algorithm or process used (which may be described using SensorML)
 phenomenon time – the real-world time associated with the result
 result time – the time when the result was generated
 valid time – the period during which the result may be used

The key to the model is the division of the observation and its feature of interest, separating the concerns so that the appropriate information associated with the description of each object. This allows a unified treatment of in situ, ex-situ, and remote-sensed observations. The observation schema may also be understood as a corollary of the General Feature Model from ISO 19101, providing metadata associated with the estimation of the value of a feature property. The Observation model takes a user-centric viewpoint, emphasizing the semantics of the feature-of-interest and its properties. This contrasts with sensor oriented models such as SensorML, which take a process – and thus provider-centric viewpoint.

Many observations are made to detect the variation of some property in the natural environment, expressed as a spatial function or field, also known as a coverage (ISO 19123:2005). The relationship between observations, features and coverages is explained, in the context of ocean observations and modeling, in a report for GEOSS Architecture Implementation Pilot 3.

Sampling features

The standard also provides a schema for Sampling Features. Observations commonly involve sampling of the ultimate feature of interest. Specific sampling features, such as station, specimen, transect, section, are used in many application domains, and common processing and visualization tools are used. The standard defines a common set of sampling feature types classified primarily by spatial dimension, as well as samples for ex-situ observations. The schema includes relationships between sampling features (sub-sampling, derived samples).

The core properties of sampling features are:
 sampled feature – which links the sampling artefact with the real-world feature of interest
 related observation
 related sampling feature – linking sampling features into complexes

Implementations

An XML encoding (GML Application Schema) is provided for transfer of data:
 Observation schema (XSD)
 Sampling features (XSD)

A JSON encoding is provided for transfer of data:
 JSON Schema

An explicit OWL representation of O&M is available:
 Observation schema (OWL2)
 Sampling features (OWL2).

The W3C Semantic Sensor Network Ontology provides an updated OWL implementation that covers most of O&M
.

Version 2.0 of the Observations Data Model ("ODM2"), developed by the Consortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Science, Inc. (CUAHSI) and the Critical Zone Observatory project, adapts O&M.
 ODM2 model and software

Related documents

O&M is also published as a topic of the Open Geospatial Consortium Abstract Specification.

The previous version of O&M (Version 1) factored the model into two documents: Part 1 described the Observation Schema, and Part 2 described Sampling Features.

See also
 Observation
 Semantic Sensor Web
 SensorML

External links
 Observations and Sampling Wiki page @ SEEGrid with examples from environmental sciences (no login required)

References

Information science
Sensor networks
XML-based standards
Markup languages
Open Geospatial Consortium
ISO/TC 211
ISO standards
Geographic data and information


Juan de Lebú was a Moluche cacique or Ulmen of the Lebu region, captured by the Spanish sometime before 1568.  He was sent to Peru and the Spaniards had baptized him with the name of Juan. He returned in 1568, with the new Governor Melchor Bravo de Saravia.  When he had the chance he escaped and returned to his people to help them in the war against the Spanish Empire.  Because he had become familiar with European tactics like Paineñamcu (Alonso Diaz), they became close collaborators in the war.

During Governor Rodrigo de Quiroga's first campaign in 1578, there was a raid that attempted to burn down the Spanish winter camp at Arauco. Juan de Lebú and seven other lonkos were captured in a retaliatory raid against the perpetrators by the Spanish under Rodrigo the nephew of Quiroga.  To punish them as an example the seven lonkos were hanged from trees while Juan de Lebú suffered the same punishment as Caupolican, impalement.

References

16th-century Mapuche people
1578 deaths
People executed by impalement
People of the Arauco War
Indigenous leaders of the Americas
16th-century executions by Spain
People from Arauco Province
Executed Chilean people
Year of birth unknown