European Canadians, or Euro-Canadians, are Canadians who were either born in or can trace their ancestry to the continent of Europe. They form the largest panethnic group within Canada.

In the 2021 Canadian census, 19,062,115 Canadians self-identified as having origins from European countries, forming approximately 52.5% of the total Canadian population. Due to changes in the census format, these totals are not directly comparable with previous censuses. Further, as the census permitted a respondent to enter up to six possible ethnic origins in their census questionnaire, this figure includes individual respondents that reported a mixed ancestry of both European and non-European origins. Therefore, it is not possible to accurately assess the total number of European Canadians as a percentage of Canada's total population, or a precise change from previous years.

Terminology
As with other panethnic groups, Statistics Canada records ethnic ancestry by employing the term "European origins" under the ethnic origin population section in the census data, but does not  specifically use the term "European Canadian". "Euro-Canadians" and "European Canadians" are terms primarily used by those opposed to immigration to Canada from the Third World, and their use has been criticised as conflating distinctions between very different European groups and nationalities.  Those employing the terms can recognise that most Canadians of European descent do not see that as their collective identity and instead identify with a specific ethnicity or country of ancestral origin, characterising themselves as for example "Anglo" or "Québecois" rather than as part of a larger "Euro-Canadian" group. For most of the history of European settlement in North America, the French and the English were seen as two distinct races, with distinct cultures and national spirits.

Statistics Canada has cautioned that "the reporting of ethnicity, and subsequent interpretation of the results, has become increasingly complex due to a number of factors, and poses challenges for historical data comparisons. The concept of ethnicity is fluid and is probably one of the more complex concepts measured in the census."  As well, patterns of self-reporting ethnic origins on the census vary with different population groups in Canada, with particular fluidity on self-reporting of the category "Canadian".  Use of statistics in this subject area must be approached with these cautions in mind. The sum of the identified ethnic groups is greater than the total population estimate, because a person may report more than one ethnic origin in the census, therefore, it is not entirely accurate to assess the total number of European Canadians as a percentage of Canada's total population.

The phrase "Euro-Canadian" can sometimes be a term used by members of the far right who express racist ideology, as for example in the name "Euro-Canadian Freedom Front", a  telephone hotline maintained by the neo-Nazi Heritage Front in the 1990s.

Subgroups
There are several subgroups of Canadians of European origin. Although approximately defined categories (due to imprecise, or ethnocultural, regionalization of the continent), the subgroups have been utilized widely in ethnic and cultural identification. This is especially relevant in diaspora, as is the case with European people in Canada.

Statistics Canada does not use the term "European Canadian". The 2021 census asked individuals to self-identify their ethnic origins, within seven general categories:

 British Isles origins, British Canadians (English Canadians, Irish Canadians, Scottish Canadians, and Welsh Canadians)
 French origins, including French Canadians
 Other Western European origins, including Austrian Canadians, Bavarian Canadians, Belgian Canadians, Dutch Canadians, Flemish Canadians, Frisian Canadians, German Canadians, Luxembourger Canadians, Swiss Canadians
 Northern European origins, including  Danish Canadians, Finnish Canadians, Icelandic Canadians, Norwegian Canadians, Swedish Canadians
 Southern European origins, including Greek Canadians, Italian Canadians, Maltese Canadians, Portuguese Canadians, and Spanish Canadians
 Southeast European origins, including Albanian Canadians, Bosnian Canadians, Bulgarian Canadians, Croatian Canadians, Kosovar Canadians, Macedonian Canadians, Moldovan Canadians, Montenegrin Canadians, Romanian Canadians, Serbian Canadians, and Slovenian Canadians
 Eastern European origins, including Belarusian Canadians, Czech Canadians, Estonian Canadians, Hungarian Canadians, Latvian Canadians, Lithuanian Canadians, Polish Canadians, Russian Canadians, Slovak Canadians,  and Ukrainian Canadians

History

The first documented source of Scots in what would become Canada comes from the Saga of Eric the Red and the Viking expedition of 1010 AD to Vinland (literally, the land of meadows), which is believed to refer to the island of Newfoundland. The Viking prince Thorfinn Karlsefni took two Scottish slaves to Vinland. When the longships moored along the coast, they sent the slaves ashore to run along the waterfront to gauge whether it was safe for the rest of the crew to follow. After the Scots survived a day without being attacked, by either human or animal, the Vikings deemed it safe to spend the night ashore. The expedition was abandoned three years later; the original sagas were passed on in an oral tradition and then written down 250 years later.

16th century
English Canadian history starts with the attempts to establish English settlements in Newfoundland in the sixteenth century.  The first English settlement in present-day Canada was at St. Johns Newfoundland, in 1583. Newfoundland's population was significantly influenced by Irish and English immigration, much of it as a result of the migratory fishery in the decades prior to the Great Famine of Ireland.

The first recorded Irish presence in the area of present-day Canada dates from 1536, when Irish fishermen from Cork traveled to Newfoundland.

17th century
The French were the first Europeans to establish a continuous presence in what is now Canada. French settlers from Normandy, Perche, Beauce, Brittany, Maine, Anjou, Touraine, Poitou, Aunis, Angoumois, Saintonge and Gascony were the first Europeans to permanently colonize what is now Quebec, parts of Ontario, Acadia, and select areas of Western Canada, all in Canada (See French colonization of the Americas.) Their colonies of New France (also commonly called Canada) stretched across what today are the Maritime provinces, southern Quebec and Ontario, as well as the entire Mississippi River Valley.

Hélène Desportes is considered the first child with European ancestry to be born in New France. She was born circa 1620, to Pierre Desportes (born Lisieux, Normandie, France) and Françoise Langlois.

The first permanent European settlements in Canada were at Port Royal in 1605 and Quebec City in 1608 as fur trading posts. The territories of New France were Canada, Acadia (later renamed Nova Scotia), and Louisiana. The inhabitants of the French colony of Canada (modern-day Quebec) called themselves the Canadiens, and came mostly from northwestern France. The early inhabitants of Acadia, or Acadians (Acadiens), came mostly but not exclusively from the southwestern regions of France.

Canadien explorers and fur traders would come to be known as coureurs des bois and voyageurs, while those who settled on farms in Canada would come to be known as habitants. Many French Canadians are the descendants of the King's Daughters (Filles du Roi) of this era. A few  also are the descendants of mixed French and Algonquian marriages (see also Metis people and Acadian people).

18th century

Early to mid century
The area that forms the present day province of Nova Scotia was contested by the British and French in the eighteenth century. French settlements at Port Royal, Louisbourg and what is now Prince Edward Island were seized by the British. After the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht ceded the French colony of Acadia (today's mainland Nova Scotia and New Brunswick) to Great Britain, efforts to colonize the province were limited to small settlements in Canso and Annapolis Royal.

In 1749, Colonel Edward Cornwallis was given command of an expedition for the settlement of Chebucto by some three thousand persons, many of whom were Cockney.  Cornwallis' settlement, Halifax, would become the provincial capital, the primary commercial centre for the Maritime provinces, a strategic British military and naval outpost and an important east coast cultural centre. To offset the Catholic presence of Acadians, foreign Protestants (mainly German) were given land and founded Lunenburg. Nova Scotia itself saw considerable immigration from Scotland, particularly to communities such as Pictou in the northern part of the province and to Cape Breton Island, but this began only with the arrival of the Hector in 1773.

A few Germans came to New France when France colonized the area, but large-scale migration from Germany began only under British rule, when Governor Edward Cornwallis established Halifax, Nova Scotia in 1749. Known as the Foreign Protestants, the continental Protestants were encouraged to migrate to Nova Scotia between 1750 and 1752 to counterbalance the large number of Catholic Acadians. Family surnames, Lutheran churches, and village names along the South Shore of Nova Scotia retain their German heritage, such as Lunenburg. The first German church in Canada, the Little Dutch (Deutsch) Church in Halifax, is on land which was set aside for the German-speaking community in 1756. The church was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1997.

After the fall of New France to the British in 1759, a colonial governing class established itself in Quebec City. Larger numbers of English-speaking settlers arrived in the Eastern Townships and Montreal after the American Revolution.

A large group of Ulster Scots, many of whom had first settled in New Hampshire, moved to Truro, Nova Scotia in 1761.

New Brunswick became the home for many Scots. In 1761, a Highland regiment garrisoned Fort Frederick. The surrounding lands surveyed by Captain Bruce in 1762 attracted many Scottish traders when William Davidson of Caithness arrived to settle two years later. Their numbers were swelled by the arrival of thousands of loyalists of Scottish origin both during and after the American Revolution. One of the New Brunswick and Canada's most famous regiments was "The King's First American Regiment" founded in 1776. It was composed mostly of Highlanders, many of whom fought with their traditional kilts to the sound of bagpipes. The regiment distinguished itself when it defeated Washington's forces at the Battle of Brandywine. When it disbanded after the War, most of its members settled in New Brunswick.

In 1772, a wave of Gaels began to arrive in Prince Edward Island, and in 1773 the ship Hector brought 200 Gaels to Pictou, beginning a new stream of Highland emigration — the town's slogan is "The Birthplace of New Scotland". At the end of the 18th century, Cape Breton Island had become a centre of Scottish Gaelic settlement, where only Scottish Gaelic was spoken. Furthermore, a number of Scottish loyalists to the British crown, who had fled the United States in 1783, arrived in Glengarry County (in eastern Ontario) and Nova Scotia.

Late century
Prince Edward Island (PEI) was also heavily influenced by Scottish Gaelic settlers. One prominent settler in PEI was John MacDonald of Glenaladale, who conceived the idea of sending Gaels to Nova Scotia on a grand scale after Culloden. The name Macdonald still dominates on the island, which received a large influx of settlers, predominantly Catholics from the Highlands, in the late 18th century.

The history of English Canadians is bound to the history of English settlement of North America, and particularly New England, because of the resettlement of many Loyalists following the American Revolution in areas that would form part of Canada.  Many of the fifty thousand Loyalists who were resettled to the north of the United States after 1783 came from families that had already been settled for several generations in North America and were from prominent families in Boston, New York and other east coast towns.  Although largely of British ancestry, these settlers had also intermarried with Huguenot and Dutch colonists and were accompanied by Loyalists of African descent.  Dispossessed of their property at the end of the Revolutionary War, the Loyalists arrived as refugees to settle primarily along the shores of southern Nova Scotia, the Bay of Fundy and the Saint John River and in Quebec to the east and southwest of Montreal. The colony of New Brunswick was created from western part of Nova Scotia at the instigation of these new English-speaking settlers.  The Loyalist settlements in southwestern Quebec formed the nucleus of what would become the province of Upper Canada and, after 1867, Ontario.

At the end of the 18th century, Cape Breton Island had become a centre of Scottish Gaelic settlement, where only Scottish Gaelic was spoken. Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, Canadian Gaelic was spoken as the first language in much of "Anglophone" Canada, such as Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Glengarry County in Ontario. Gaelic was the third most commonly spoken language in Canada.

In the late 18th century, British colonies in North America were significantly affected by the outbreak and subsequent loss of the American Revolutionary War. At the time, Great Britain and its overseas empire were ruled by the German-descended King George III, who was also the Prince-Elector of Hanover, a state in what is now northwestern Germany. Notably, a number of soldiers fighting on what modern historiography terms the pro-British side of the conflict were members of regiments hired from various small German states. These soldiers were collectively known as "Hessians", since many of them came from Hesse. Following the defeat of British forces in the Revolutionary War, about 2,200 of them settled in Canada once their terms of service had expired or they had been released from American captivity. For example, a group from the Brunswick Regiment settled southwest of Montreal and south of Quebec City. In this, they formed part of a larger population movement composed of several waves of migration northward from the newly-founded United States to Upper and Lower Canada. In traditional Canadian historiography, these migrants are often grouped together under the broad label of United Empire Loyalists, obscuring particular ethnic and religious identities, as well as their exact motivations for migrating to Canada.

Welsh mapmaker David Thompson was one of the great explorers of the North West Company in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, and is often called "Canada's Greatest Geographer". He covered 130,000 kilometres on foot and surveyed most of the Canada–United States border in the early days of exploration.

19th century

Early century
Upper Canada was a primary destination for English, Scottish and Scots-Irish settlers to Canada in the nineteenth century, and was on the front lines in the War of 1812 between the British Empire and the United States. The province also received immigrants from non English-speaking sources such as Germans, many of whom settled around Kitchener (formerly called Berlin). Ontario would become the most populous province in the Dominion of Canada at the time of Confederation, and, together with Montreal, formed the country's industrial heartland and emerged as an important cultural and media centre for English Canada.

English, Scottish, and Irish communities established themselves in Montreal throughout the 1800s. Montreal would become Canada's largest city and commercial hub in Canada.

In the early 19th century, a large group of Germans (Mennonites) fled the United States. Many of their families' ancestors had been from southern Germany or Switzerland. They began to move to what is now southwestern Ontario and settled around the Grand River, especially in Berlin, Ontario (now Kitchener) and in the northern part of what later became Waterloo County, Ontario. The same geographic area also attracted new German migrants from Europe, roughly 50,000 between the 1830 and 1860. Research indicates that there was no apparent conflict between the Germans from Europe and those who came from Pennsylvania.

Another large group of Scottish Gaels immigrated to Canada and settled in Prince Edward Island in 1803. This migration, primarily from the Isle of Skye, was organized by the Earl of Selkirk, Lord Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk. The Earl, who was sympathetic to the plight of the dispossessed crofters (tenant farmers in the Highlands), brought 800 colonists to Prince Edward Island. In 1811, he founded the Red River Colony as a Scottish colonization project on an area of 300,000 square kilometres (120,000 sq mi) in what would later be the province of Manitoba — land that was granted by the Hudson's Bay Company, in what is referred to as the Selkirk Concession. This formed the earliest English and Scottish settlements in Assiniboia (part of present-day Manitoba), involving some 300 largely Scottish colonists.

One of the first efforts to encourage Welsh emigration to Canada began in 1812, when Welsh native John Mathews endeavoured to bring his family to Canada. Mathews left home at a young age and went on to become a successful businessman in the United States. When he returned to Wales, he found his family living in poverty and became convinced they should emigrate to Canada. In 1817 his family settled in the township of Southwald, near what is now London, Ontario. By 1812 he had brought over more relatives who built homes on the  lots granted to them by Colonel Thomas Talbot.

Mid century
A continual influx of immigrants from Scotland and Ulster meant that by 1843 there were over 30,000 Scots in New Brunswick.

Broader English, Scottish, and Irish settlement of British Columbia began in earnest with the founding of Fort Victoria in 1843 and the subsequent creation of the Colony of Vancouver Island in 1849.  The capital, Victoria developed during the height of the British Empire and long self-identified as being "more English than the English".

After the permanent settlement in Newfoundland by Irish in the late 18th and early 19th century, overwhelmingly from Waterford, increased immigration of the Irish elsewhere in Canada began in the decades following the War of 1812 and formed a significant part of The Great Migration of Canada. Between 1825 and 1845, 60% of all immigrants to Canada were Irish; in 1831 alone, some 34,000 arrived in Montreal. Between 1830 and 1850, 624,000 Irish arrived; in contextual terms, at the end of this period, the population of the provinces of Canada was 2.4 million. Besides Upper Canada (Ontario), Lower Canada (Quebec), the Maritime colonies of Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick, especially Saint John, were arrival points. Not all remained; many out-migrated to the United States or to Western Canada in the decades that followed. Few returned to Ireland.

During the Great Famine of Ireland (1845–52), Canada received the most destitute Irish Catholics, who left Ireland in grave circumstances. Land estate owners in Ireland would either evict landholder tenants to board on returning empty lumber ships, or in some cases pay their fares. Others left on ships from the overcrowded docks in Liverpool and Cork. Most of the Irish immigrants who came to Canada and the United States in the nineteenth century and before were Irish speakers, with many knowing no other language on arrival.

The first South Slavs (including Serbs) to arrive in Canada came to British Columbia in the 1850s. Many of them came from the state of California in the United States, while others directly emigrated from the Balkans. They primarily originated from the Bay of Kotor and the Dalmatian coast which had similar climates as their destinations. The majority of these migrants came from territories controlled by Austria-Hungary for political and economic reasons, and only a small number came directly from Independent Serbia. Those who settled were typically young single men and employed in mining or forestry near such towns as Phoenix, Golden Prince Rupert and Kamloops.

The German Protestants developed the Lutheran Church along Canadian lines. In Waterloo County, Ontario, with large German elements that arrived after 1850, the Lutheran churches played major roles in the religious, cultural and social life of the community. By 1871, nearly  of the population of Waterloo County had German origins. Especially in Berlin, German was the dominant language spoken. Research indicates that there was no apparent conflict between the Germans from Europe and those who came from Pennsylvania.

Late century

The French-English tensions that marked the establishment of the earliest English-speaking settlements in Nova Scotia were echoed on the Prairies in the late nineteenth century. The suppression of the rebellions allowed the government of Canada to proceed with a settlement of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta that was to create provinces that identified generally with English Canada in culture and outlook, although immigration included large numbers of people from non English-speaking European backgrounds, especially Scandinavians and Ukrainians.

The history of Yugoslav-Bosnian arrivals to Canada dates back to as far as the 19th century. Around the same time, many thousands of Yugoslav-Aegean Macedonians emigrated to Canada in the 1890s. They settled primarily in Ontario, especially Toronto. Many early Aegean Macedonian immigrants found industrial work in Toronto. Later migrants found work as factory in abattoirs and foundries. Chatham and Windsor attracted many Macedonian immigrants who worked along the railroads. Many later settled in Detroit, Michigan.

Western Canada started to attract in 1896 and draw large numbers of other German immigrants, mostly from Eastern Europe. Plautdietsch-speaking Russian Mennonites of Dutch-Prussian ancestry were especially prominent since they were persecuted by the Tsarist regime in Russia. The farmers were used to the harsh conditions of farming in southern Imperial Russia (now Ukraine) and so were some of the most successful in adapting to the Canadian Prairies.

20th century

Early century
Nearly one million European immigrants, primarily from non-British and non-French origins, came through Pier 21 in Halifax, Nova Scotia in the early-mid 1900s.

In 1902, Welsh immigrants arrived from Patagonia, which had been incorporated into Argentina in 1881. Compulsory military service and a series of floods that ruined Welsh farmers' crops led to some emigrants resettling at Llewelyn near Bangor, Saskatchewan, where they once again took up farming. A community of Welsh farmers was also established at Wood River near Ponoka, Alberta.

In the early 20th century, Yugoslavs (Serbs) arrived in the prairies. In Saskatchewan, they took up farming. In Alberta, coal mining and road construction was a source of employment. Many Serbs worked on the construction of railway lines that now extend from Edmonton to the Pacific coast. Communities of Serbs emerged in Regina, Lethbridge, Edmonton and Calgary while significant populations formed in Atlin, British Columbia and Dawson, Yukon. In Ontario and Quebec, Serbs were drawn to work in the industry sector. By 1914, the Serbian community of the city of Hamilton, Ontario numbered around 1,000. Further Serb settlement was established in Niagara Falls, London, and Windsor. The first Serbian immigrants to the city of Toronto arrived in 1903; by 1914 there were more than 200 Serbs.

Until the Second World War, most people who today identify themselves as Yugoslav-Macedonian Canadians claimed a Bulgarian ethnic identity and were recorded as part of the Bulgarian ethnic group. The term Macedonian was used as a geographic/regional term rather than an ethnic one. At that time the political organization by the Slavic immigrants from the region of Macedonia, the Macedonian Patriotic Organization, also promoted the idea of Macedonian Slavs being Bulgarians.

During the Great War, military-aged Serb males who hailed from Serbia or Montenegro were considered allies but those who were born in Austro-Hungarian territories were deemed enemy aliens by Canadian law, even though their sympathies tended to lie with the allied cause. The latter were restricted in their freedom of movements, had to wear special identity cards and had to identify themselves regularly at the police station. Several hundred were interned in prison camps throughout the country under terrible conditions. Physicist Mihajlo Pupin, Serbia's consul in New York during the war, and Antun Seferović, the honorary consul of Serbia in Montreal, advocated for the rights of the classified aliens and internees through diplomacy via the Srpska Narodna Odbrana u Kanadi (Serbian National League of Canada) which resulted in exemption, compensation and the release of many ethnic Serbs. Another advocate for the rights of Serbs of Austro-Hungarian origin was Serbian-born court interpreter Bud Protich, who enlisted in the Canadian Army and was wounded in action in 1917.

Mid to late century

German immigration and settlement to Canada accelerated in the 1920s, when the United States imposed quotas on Central and Eastern European immigration. Soon, Canada imposed its own limits, however, and prevented most of those trying to flee the Third Reich from moving to Canada. Many of the Mennonites settled in the areas of Winnipeg and Steinbach, and the area just north of Saskatoon.

Victoria Hayward described the cultural changes of the Canadian Prairies as a "mosaic" in the 1920s, as hundreds of thousands of immigrants from central and eastern Europe settled across the Prairies beginning in earnest during the late 19th century, with large scale immigration flows lasting through the mid-20th century.

After 1921, all immigrants from Yugoslavia, including Serbs, were designated as "Yugoslavs". The interwar period saw a major increase in Serbian immigration to Canada. More than 30,000 Yugoslavs came to Canada between 1919 and 1939, including an estimated 10,000 Serbs. Many of these immigrants were single, working men who settled in the northern region of the province of Ontario.

Another early use of the term mosaic to refer to Canadian society was by John Murray Gibbon, in his 1938 book Canadian Mosaic.  Gibbon clearly disapproved of the American melting-pot concept.  He saw the melting pot as a process by which immigrants and their descendants were encouraged to cut off ties with their countries and cultures of origin so as to assimilate into the American way of life.

In the aftermath of the Holocaust, displaced Jews emigrated to Canada from Europe, rejuvenating Canada's Yiddish-language European culture.

After the Second World War, Serbian political émigrés who were opposed to the newly established Yugoslav communist government sought refuge in Canada. Many of these were POWs and laborers from Austria and Germany who refused to return to their homeland. They settled in cities such as Toronto, Sudbury and Hamilton. Later, between 1957 and 1971, some 23,000 Yugoslavs arrived in Canada, of whom 10-15% were Serbs. They established organizations, newspapers and cultural events.

A community of Portuguese immigrants, primarily from the Azores Islands, came to settle in Canada beginning in significant numbers in 1953.

Demography

Population
Beginning with the first Canadian census in 1871, the European Canadian population as a percentage of the total Canadian population had a peak of 98.5 percent. Since then, their proportion of the total Canadian population has been decreasing gradually since the mid-20th century to the most recent census in 2021. The actual decrease in the percentage of the population who are of European origins is hard to quantify, because individuals who fill out the census can self-identify under more than one category, based on their personal family history.  Statistics Canada advises that the total number of people listed by ethnic origin is actually larger than the total population estimate.   It is therefore not possible to express the number of individuals of European origin as a percentage of the total population.

The 2021 census recorded Canadians of European descent in the following categories:  British Isles origins;  French origins;  other Western European origins; other Northern European origins; Southern European origins; Southeast European origins; Eastern European origins; and other European origins.

"Canadian" was the single largest ethnic origin reported in the 2021 census, reported by 5,677,205 individuals, although the grouping from the British Isles was collectively larger, at 10,712,280. The British category included 5,322,830 English, 4,392,200 Scottish, 4,413,115 Irish, and 455,720 Welsh.  It was followed by French at 4,011,665.  Other large groups included individuals of German (2,955,695), Italian (1,546,390), Ukrainian (1,258,635), Dutch (988,585), and Polish (982,820) origin.

Ethnic and national origins

Language
In the 2021 census, the largest non-official European mother tongue languages were Spanish (538,870), Italian (319,505), German (272,865) and Portuguese (240,680) and Russian (197,905). English and French are not included in this table because most Canadians have one of those languages as their mother tongue, regardless of their ethnic origin.

Immigration

Culture

The various cultures of the Canadians of European descent have had a predominant influence on the culture of Canada. Over time, many people of European Canadian origins have brought with them or contributed literature, art, architecture, cinema and theater, religion and philosophy, ethics, agricultural skills, foods, medicine, science and technology, fashion and clothing styles, music, language, business, economics, legal system, political system, and social and technological innovation to Canadian culture. European settlers brought with them European plants, animals, viruses and bacteria, remaking significant portions of the Canadian ecology and landscape in the image of their homelands. Canadian culture evolved in large part from the culture that the English, French, Scottish, Welsh, and Irish settlers brought with them, long before Canada became a country. Much of English-Canadian culture shows influences from the cultures of the British Isles, with later influence, due to 19th-century immigration from different regions of Europe, such as Eastern Europe. Colonial ties to Great Britain and the cultural presence of the United States spread the English language, legal system and other cultural attributes.

Elements of Aboriginal, French, British and more recent immigrant customs, languages and religions have combined to form the culture of Canada and thus a Canadian identity, without eradicating specific regional or cultural identities such as Aboriginal or Québecois. Canada has also been strongly influenced by its linguistic, geographic and economic neighbour, the United States.

Many Canadians see the Cultural Mosaic, which promotes multiculturalism and an equality of cultures, as a distinctive feature of Canadian culture, one that sets it apart from the melting pot philosophy of many Americans.

Music

Another area of cultural influence are Canadian Patriotic songs:
Canadian National Anthem - Two Canadians of French descent Adolphe-Basile Routhier wrote the lyrics and Calixa Lavallée composed the music in 1880. The English lyrics were written in 1908 by Scottish-Canadian Robert Stanley Weir. The lyrics have also been translated into many other languages spoken by different Canadian minority populations, including other European languages.
The Maple Leaf Forever - is an older but unofficial national anthem written by Scotsman Alexander Muir in 1867. It was in consideration for official national anthem, however, as no French version was ever written, it was never popular with Francophones.

Sport

Ice Hockey - British soldiers and immigrants to Canada and the United States brought their stick-and-ball games with them and played them on the ice and snow of winter. Ice hockey was first played in Canada during the early nineteenth century, based on similar sports such as field hockey that were played in Europe. The sport was originally played with a stick and ball, but in 1860 a group of English veterans from the Royal Canadian Rifle Regiment played a game in Kingston, Ontario, utilising a puck for what is believed to be the first time. This match, played on the frozen harbour by the city, is sometimes considered to be the birth of modern ice hockey. According to legend, the first hockey pucks were molded from fresh cow dung that was then allowed to freeze in below-zero outdoor temperatures. Whether or not this was how the first puck was made, the use of horse or cow droppings was common thereafter, a distinctively Euro-Canadian aspect of the game made possible by the country's Northern climate.

Notable people

Prime Ministers

Most of the heritage that all twenty-three Canadian Prime Ministers come from (or in some combination thereof): is British (English, Scottish, Ulster Scot or Welsh) ancestry. Later Canadian Prime Ministers' ancestry can often be traced to ancestors from multiple nations in Europe.

1st    John A. Macdonald (Scottish)
2nd    Alexander Mackenzie (Scottish)
3rd    John Abbott (English)
4th    John Thompson (Irish)
5th    Mackenzie Bowell (English)
6th    Charles Tupper (English)
7th    Wilfrid Laurier (French)
8th    Robert Borden (English)
9th    Arthur Meighen (Scots-Irish)
10th   William Lyon Mackenzie King (Scottish)
11th   R. B. Bennett (English, Irish)
12th   Louis St. Laurent (French, Irish)

13th   John Diefenbaker (German, Scottish)
14th   Lester B. Pearson (Anglo-Irish)
15th   Pierre Trudeau (French, Scottish)
16th   Joe Clark (Scottish, Irish)
17th   John Turner (English)
18th   Brian Mulroney (Irish)
19th   Kim Campbell (Scottish)
20th   Jean Chrétien (French)
21st   Paul Martin (Irish, French, Scottish)
22nd   Stephen Harper (English, Scottish)
23rd   Justin Trudeau (French, Scottish, English)

Diaspora

Substantial numbers of European Canadians of French extraction migrated to New England beginning in the late nineteenth century, taking jobs in the cotton mills there and forming a Catholic French-speaking immigrant community. Notable francophone European-Canadian Americans included Beat novelist Jack Kerouac and best-selling novelist Grace Metalious.

Notable Canadians of European descent who settled in the United States or lived in the United States for extended periods have included Joni Mitchell, Lorne Michaels, Hal Foster, Todd McFarlane, Pamela Anderson, Justin Bieber, Seth Rogen, Fay Wray, Mary Pickford, Michael J. Fox, Saul Bellow and William Shatner. Ted Cruz was born in Canada and his family returned to the United States when he was a child; he became active in American politics as a dual citizen but renounced his Canadian citizenship when competing to be the Republican presidential candidate, effective 2014.

See also

 European emigration
 Métis people (Canada)
 Ethnic origins of people in Canada
 White Americans
 European Americans
 Demographics of Canada
 White demographic decline

References

Bibliography

Further reading

 Allen, Willow Samara. "Learning to become white girls in a settler colonial context: Exploring the racial socialization of white Euro-Canadian women." Settler Colonial Studies 10.3 (2020): 378–402.

 Kralt, John. "Country of Birth of Parents And Ethnic Origins  - A Comparison of Reporting Patterns in the 2001 Census,"
; 1300pp; comprehensive scholarly coverage of every group

 McLean, Lorna R. "Education, identity, and citizenship in early modern Canada." Journal of Canadian Studies/Revue d'études canadiennes 41.1 (2007): 5-30.

Statistical

European diaspora in North America
Ethnic groups in Canada


Habronematoidea is a superfamily of spirurian nematodes in the large order Spirurida. Like all nematodes, they have neither a circulatory nor a respiratory system.

Though none of the families placed here are overly diverse, they are quite large except for the monotypic Hedruridae. Consequently, the Habronematoidea are at present the second-largest superfamily of Spirurida, after the Filarioidea which contains the massively speciose Onchocercidae.

The families of the Habronematoidea are:
 Cystidicolidae
 Habronematidae
 Hedruridae
 Tetrameridae

References

Spirurida
Animal superfamilies


Tean  railway station was a railway station located on the Cheadle Branch Line at Totmonslow, Staffordshire. It was opened as Totmonslow in 1892 and was the terminus of the line until it reached Cheadle in 1901.

Facilities
The station was located in a cutting underneath the Stoke to Uttoxeter turnpike road and had a small goods siding with shed. Because of the restricted location, a loop was provided a short distance to the south, although it was never actually used a such and was removed in 1938.

A platform shelter was the only building until 1907, when part of the station building from Keele Park railway station was erected, the latter having closed earlier that year. Up until this point, a nearby cottage was used as a booking office.

Later years
The station was renamed in 1906 after the village of Upper Tean, which was located around a mile east of Totmonslow. It was never well used and closed in 1953, having by then been reduced to a halt. The goods siding was soon removed and the station site occupied by a scrap merchant until 1977.

The site today
The track was removed in 2013.  The platform remains, although overgrown, and can be seen from the adjacent road bridge.

References

Further reading

Disused railway stations in Staffordshire
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1953
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1892
Former North Staffordshire Railway stations


Sant Joanet (, ), formerly known as Sant Joan de l'Ènova is a municipality in the comarca of Ribera Alta in the Valencian Community, Spain.

References

Municipalities in the Province of Valencia
Ribera Alta (comarca)


Vrazhdebna Air Base, Sofia
 Graf Ignatievo Air Base, Plovdiv region
 Krumovo Air Base, Plovdiv region
 Bezmer Air Base, Yambol region
 Nebneb Air Base, Burgas region
 Dolna Mitropoliya Air Base, Pleven region
 Varna Naval Base, Varna
 Atiya Naval Base, Burgas region
 Chayka Naval Air Base, Varna
 Novo Selo Range in Sliven region
 Aytos Logistics Center in Burgas region

See also
 Lists of military installations

External links
 Bulgarian Air Force

Bases
bases
Bulgarian


Debra Fox is the founder and CEO of Fox Learning Systems. She was previously a television reporter and anchor with WTAE-TV Pittsburgh (1976–1986).

WTAE television career
Fox was named "Best Pittsburgh Newscaster" seven years in a row by the Pittsburgh Tribune Review. During her ten-year television career, she was able to interview many prominent national figures such as Presidents Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter (during the Iran Hostage Crisis), Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, Governor Michael Dukakis, Senator Ted Kennedy, Senator Joe Biden, Reverend Jesse Jackson, Walter Mondale and Gary Hart. She also covered the 1984 Democratic National Convention in San Francisco. After having her first child in 1986, she retired from WTAE.

The Golden Land
In 1990, Fox took over for Wolf Blitzer in PBS's series "The Golden Land". This was a documentary about the history of Israel in the context of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict

Fox Learning Systems
In 1997, Debra founded Fox Learning Systems after personally experiencing problems in the long-term care industry. Using her on-camera experiences, Fox set out to produce software and educational material that makes eldercare staff training fun and exciting. Fox has started her own blog that talks about the many troubles dealing with the elder care industry

Notable appearances
2009: Seton Hill E-Magnify "Build A World-Class Business" Conference, Keynote Speaker
2008: Rite Aid and Fox Learning Systems team up together to launch Rite Aid “Giving Care For Parents” using Fox’s educational video training
2008: Pittsburgh magazine featured article on Debra Fox Improving Eldercare through Education
2004: Feature article in E-Magnify a Seton Hill publication
2003: Keynote speaker for National Women’s Leadership conference held in Pittsburgh
2002: Speaker at the MIT forum, Pittsburgh chapter
2000: Feature Article in the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette speaking about the focus of Fox Learning Systems.
1991: Acted as a television news reporter in the TV Movie The 10 Million Dollar Getaway

Awards
2007: Acceptance and successful completion of the National Institutes of Health Commercialization Assistance Program
2006: National Winner of the American Association of Geriatric Psychiatry's Images of Aging Communications Award
2005: Inducted into the National Association of Women’s Presidents Organization
2004: Winner of the 50 Best Women in Business Award for Pennsylvania

References

External links
Fox Learning Systems Website
WTAE Website
Debra's Information

Mass media in Pittsburgh
Journalists from Pennsylvania
Living people
American women journalists
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American women


Tony Calder (27 June 1943 – 2 January 2018) was an English record manager, impresario, talent-spotter, promoter and public relations agent. He was Andrew Loog Oldham's business partner from 1963 to December 1969.

During a career spanning over 50 years he was instrumental in promoting a number of successful songs in the UK Singles Chart, including the Rolling Stones "Little Red Rooster" and "Paint It, Black", the Small Faces "Itchycoo Park", Amen Corner's "(If Paradise Is) Half as Nice", Eddy Grant's "I Don't Wanna Dance" and Jive Bunny and the Mastermixers single "Swing the Mood".

1960s
Calder was born in Surbiton, Surrey to Scottish parents. His grounding in the music industry began in the early 1960s at Decca Records under the direction of Edward Lewis. By day he worked in the sales and marketing department. which gave him a significant insight into the music industry and led him to meeting Brian Epstein, The Beatles, Andrew Loog Oldham and Seymour Stein (who introduced Calder to his all-time record hero George Goldner).

In 1962, Calder was hired by Brian Epstein to promote The Beatles single "Love Me Do", which he did successfully by sending free copies to the top fifty Mecca Ballrooms and also the opposition Top Rank ballrooms, in order to persuade the local independent record shops to order the record. The following year pop impresario Andrew Oldham and Calder merged their clientele to set up the UK's first independent PR-pop company, 'IMAGE.', and handled the day-to-day management of the Rolling Stones, and later the promotion of the Beach Boys via their publishing contract.

In early 1965, Calder did his first and last record production, taking over from Oldham producing Marianne Faithfull, producing her biggest hits "Come and Stay With Me", which reached Number 4 in the UK Singles Chart and "This Little Bird", which reached Number 6 in 1965. In 1965, Calder and Oldham formed Immediate Records, the first major independent label in the UK, eventually responsible for acts such as The Small Faces, Fleetwood Mac, Rod Stewart, The McCoys, Chris Farlowe, Amen Corner, P.P. Arnold and The Nice. He also worked with Vashti Bunyan for the label, although it was not until the 2000s that she became a cult hero. At the end of 1969, Calder left Immediate Records.

1970s
In 1971, Calder signed the new band Bay City Rollers with his booking agent business partner David Apps, but quickly relinquished the contract to Dick Leahy, head of Bell Records.

In 1975, Calder was appointed CEO of NEMS Records, where he signed Black Sabbath, Pluto and Marianne Faithfull. However he left this position soon after, and spent the following year setting old friend and fashion designer Ossie Clark back in business; licensing his designs and his name to forge a revival of Clark's image. In 1978, he turned his attention to managing Eddy Grant, whose international record career took off, and he subsequently helped with the formation and development of Grant's Ice Record label.

1980s and after
Calder formed the Big Wave Group in 1988, in partnership with Bill Kimber, and had worldwide success with Jive Bunny and the Mastermixers, who had three consecutive number 1 singles in the UK and throughout Europe and the Number 1 single in the US with "Swing the Mood".

In 1996, Calder co-wrote a biography of ABBA entitled Abba : The Name of the Game, with Andrew Oldham and Colin Irwin.

In November 2002 Calder formed the licensing company Plan B Audio Ltd which represented a catalogue of world-wide master recordings. In December 2007, Calder was re-hired by Eddy Grant as business manager after Calder negotiated on a new production deal for Grant's Ice label with Mercury Records.

Personal life
His first marriage to Jennifer, one of the secretaries at Immediate, ended in divorce. In 1980 he married model Karen Richardson but they divorced after 10 years. Tony Calder died of complications from pneumonia on 2 January 2018, aged 74, at Chelsea & Westminster Hospital. He was survived by both children of his second marriage, daughter Georgie, son Anthony and also his stepdaughter, Harriet.

References

Bibliography
 Larkin C Virgin Encyclopedia of Sixties Music (Muze UK Ltd, 1997)  p. 90

1943 births
2018 deaths
People from Surbiton
English music managers
Deaths from pneumonia in England
20th-century English businesspeople
English people of Scottish descent


Gibbons v Proctor [1891] 64 LT 594 (also reported as Gibson v Proctor 55 JP 616), is an English contract law case that deals with an offer, via advertisement, and whether or not a person who did not know of the offer can accept the offer if he completes the conditions of the offer.

Facts
The police put up an advertisement stating that they would pay for information leading to the arrest of a criminal. The advertisement stipulated that the information must be given to the Superintendent. A police officer asked a colleague to forward some useful information to the Superintendent but he was not aware of the offer at the time when he spoke with his colleague. Before the information reached the Superintendent, the police officer became aware of the offer. It was held that the officer was entitled to claim the reward.

Judgment
This case held that advertisements which offer a reward for information which leads to the arrest or conviction of the perpetrator of a crime are to be treated as offers, as the intention to be bound is inferred from the fact that no further bargaining is expected to result from them.

The case is sometimes wrongly cited as authority for the proposition that acceptance in ignorance of an offer is effective. A better authority for this proposition is the Australian case of R v Clarke. This case is a weak authority for this proposition because the party claiming reward possessed full knowledge of the offer by the time the offer was accepted; in cases such as this, acceptance is only effective when the prescribed action had been completed, i.e. when information reaches the offeror.

See also
Williams v Carwardine
R v Clarke

References

1891 in case law
1891 in British law
English agreement case law


Marvella Belle Hern Bayh (February 14, 1933 – April 24, 1979) was the wife of former Indiana Senator Birch Bayh, the mother of former Indiana Senator Birch Evans Bayh III (Evan), and a national spokeswoman for the American Cancer Society.

Life
Bayh was born in the Garfield County, Oklahoma, town of Lahoma, and was the daughter of Bernett E. (née Monson) and Delbert Murphy Hern. Her ancestry included Norwegian, German, and English. (Other sources say that she was born in Enid, Oklahoma.) She grew up on a farm in Oklahoma, was elected to the top position in Oklahoma Girls State and president of Girls Nation, and attended Oklahoma State University. In 1951, she defeated her future husband in a national "outstanding young orator" competition sponsored by the National Farm Bureau. She completed her degree in education at Indiana University in 1960.

She married Birch Bayh in August 1952 and moved to Indiana. When he decided to run first for the Indiana House of Representatives in 1954 and then for the US Senate in 1962 she began her career as a political wife. Former senator Bill Bradley described her as "a valuable and active half of the Bayh political team."Bayh suffered from a variety of health problems as the result of a car accident shortly after her marriage. Despite recurring back problems and double vision, Bayh remained deeply involved in the Washington political and social scene. She and her husband also survived a plane crash in 1964 that killed two people and critically injured Senator Ted Kennedy.

The Bayhs were close friends with Senator Kennedy and his wife Joan Kennedy, as well as President John F. Kennedy and Jacqueline Kennedy. As an Oklahoman, Bayh also formed warm and close relationships with President Lyndon B. Johnson and Lady Bird Johnson.

Bayh had a keen interest in current events and public affairs and was a skilled campaigner and public speaker. In 1967, President Johnson recognized her abilities and asked her to become the vice-chairman of the Democratic National Committee—a job she turned down with great reluctance at the request of her husband's staff when he was launching his own Senate re-election campaign. Bayh later described his failure to intervene and support her wish to take the job as "totally selfish and insensitive" and said, "That was the worst mistake I ever made."

Personal tragedy also marred her family life. Her mother died early from heart failure, and her father became a violent alcoholic later in life, eventually murdering his second wife and then taking his own life.

In 1971, Bayh was diagnosed with breast cancer. She underwent a mastectomy followed by radiation and 18 months of chemotherapy treatments. In order to support his wife, Birch Bayh announced that he would not be a candidate for president in 1972.

After her recovery, Bayh ("the first public figure to experience and share her breast cancer publicly") became a spokesperson for the American Cancer Society. She wrote extensively about her experiences with cancer in her autobiography, Marvella: A Personal Journey. In 1974, she became  a Bicentennial reporter for NBC's Sunday television program, a role she filled through July 4, 1976.

In 1978, more than six years after her cancer operation and treatment, the cancer recurred. Despite aggressive treatment, she died on April 24, 1979, at the age of forty-six, at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland.

Recognition
Bayh's efforts in fighting cancer and spreading information about it led to her receiving the James Ewing Award from the American Society of Surgical Oncologists and the Hubert H. Humphrey Inspirational Award from the American Cancer Society's District of Columbia chapter.

References

1933 births
1979 deaths
American people of German descent
American people of Norwegian descent
American people of English descent
Deaths from cancer in Maryland
Spouses of Indiana politicians
20th-century American politicians
Bayh family
People from Lahoma, Oklahoma
American women journalists
20th-century American women


Margaret Cox is an American singer. She is best known as the lead singer of the Minneapolis sound band Ta Mara and the Seen, and for her work with Prince.

Early life and career

Cox was born in Kenitra, Morocco, and moved to Minneapolis with her family when she was seven years old. She learned to play several instruments, including piano, guitar, and drums.

Cox attended Southeast Alternatives Free School, graduating from Marshall-University High School and sang in the nightclub Bootlegger Sam's in Dinkytown when she was in ninth grade. Influenced early on by R&B and rock icons of the era like Stevie Wonder, Chaka Khan, Aretha Franklin, and Led Zeppelin, she became known for her soulful, powerful vocals, and soon graduated to other bands, including Raggs in 1980, the Doug Maynard Band, the T.C. Jammers, the Peterson-Cox Band (with Patty Peterson), Rupert's Orchestra and, in 1987, Dr. Mambo's Combo (often referred to simply as "the Combo"). She has won numerous Minnesota Music Awards for her contributions to the Twin Cities music scene.

She also sang on a local Bar Wars compilation LP and on the final Lipps, Inc album, 1983's 4.

Ta Mara and The Seen

In 1985 Cox formed a band called The Seen and was noticed by Jesse Johnson, guitarist with Minneapolis band The Time. Johnson renamed Cox "Ta Mara" and helped the band sign a deal with A&M. He also produced their first album, Ta Mara and the Seen, and co-wrote all of the songs. The band had one major hit with "Everybody Dance" but in 1989 they broke up after releasing their next album, Blueberry Gossip.

Work with Prince

Cox was a long-time associate of the singer Prince and his band The New Power Generation. In the early 1990s, she recorded more than 25 songs with Prince for a band to be called M.C. Flash, although the album was never released. She also covered Prince's "Standing at the Altar" for his 1994 compilation album 1-800-NEW-FUNK, and the song was released as a single.

Later work

Cox co-wrote "I Need You" with Johnson, which appeared on Paula Abdul's 1988 album Forever Your Girl.

In 2003 she released her first solo album Margie's Little Demo.

She currently still sings with Dr. Mambo's Combo every Sunday night at Bunker's in downtown Minneapolis.

References

See also
 Her website.

American women singers
Musicians from Minneapolis
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Singers from Minnesota
People from Kenitra
21st-century American women


The Latino National Survey (LNS) contains 8,634 completed interviews (unweighted) of self-identified Latino residents of the United States. Interviewing began on November 17, 2005, and continued through August 4, 2006. The survey instrument contained approximately 165 distinct items ranging from demographic descriptions to political attitudes and policy preferences, as well as a variety of social indicators and experiences. All interviewers were bilingual, English and Spanish. Respondents were greeted in both languages and were immediately offered the opportunity to interview in either language. Interviewers also provided a consent script that allowed respondents to opt out of the survey. Demographic variables include age, ancestry, birthplace, education level, ethnicity, marital status, military service, number of people in the household, number of children under the age of 18 living in the household, political party affiliation, political ideology, religiosity, religious preference, race, and sex.

The principal investigators of the LNS were Luis Fraga of the University of Washington, John A. Garcia of the University of Arizona, Rodney Hero of the University of Notre Dame, Michael Jones-Correa of Cornell University, Valerie Martinez-Ebers of Texas Christian University, and Gary M. Segura of the University of Washington.

References

 This link to the full Latino National Survey takes you to the Minority Data Resource Center (MDRC), an initiative of the Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR).

Hispanic and Latino demographics in the United States
2006 in the United States


The Richmond Adult Career Development Center is an alternative school located in Richmond, Virginia, United States, and is part of the Richmond Public School system. The ACDC was established in 1975 and is a non-traditional public school providing all age groups access to programs that may help satisfy certain aspects of their formal educational. The center is also the site of Richmond Alternative School which is the home school for regular high school seniors who will graduate with a standard or advanced high school diploma.

References

External links
Richmond Public Schools website
Richmond Alternative School home page

High schools in Richmond, Virginia
Public high schools in Virginia


was one of fourteen s built for the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II.

Background and description
The Etorofu class was an improved version of the preceding  with a greater emphasis on anti-submarine warfare. The ships measured  overall, with a beam of  and a draft of . They displaced  at standard load and  at deep load. The ships had two diesel engines, each driving one propeller shaft, which were rated at a total of  for a speed of . The ships had a range of  at a speed of .

The main armament of the Etorofu class consisted of three Type 3  guns in single mounts, one superfiring pair aft and one mount forward of the superstructure. They were built with four Type 96  anti-aircraft guns in two twin-gun mounts, but the total was increased to 15 guns by August 1943. 36 depth charges were stowed aboard initially, but this later increased by August 1943 to 60 depth charges with a Type 97  trench mortar and six depth charge throwers. They received Type 22 and Type 13 radars and Type 93 sonar in 1943–44.

Construction and career
Tsushima was launched by Tsurumi on 20 March 1943 and completed on 15 August. She served on repatriation duties until 1947 when she was turned over to the Republic of China Navy on 31 July and renamed Lin An.

Notes

References

World War II naval ships of Japan
Etorofu-class escort ships
1943 ships
Ships built in Japan
Ships of the Republic of China Navy


Phaya Thai (also Phayathai, Phya Thai or Phyathai, ) may refer to:

Phaya Thai District, one of the 50 districts of Bangkok
Phaya Thai Road, a major road in Bangkok
Phaya Thai BTS Station, a station on the Sukhumvit of the BTS Skytrain
Phaya Thai Airport Link Station, a station on the Suvarnabhumi Airport Link of the State Railway of Thailand
Phaya Thai Railway Station, a train station of the State Railway of Thailand
Phya Thai Palace, a former royal residence located on Ratchawithi Road
Phyathai Hospitals Group, a network of private hospitals in Bangkok, consisting of:
Phyathai 1 Hospital
Phyathai 2 Hospital
Phyathai 3 Hospital


Käpt'n Blaubär is a fictional character created by novelist and comic artist Walter Moers. He is an anthropomorphic talking bear with blue fur who originally appeared in the German children's television program Die Sendung mit der Maus, has since then appeared in a film, a novel, a stage musical and various other media, all of which chronicle the character's life as a sailor and adventurer. Outside of Germany, Captain Bluebear is best known for being the protagonist of Moers' novel The 13½ Lives of Captain Bluebear.

The name pokes fun at the relative homophony between the German vowel e and umlaut ä, when pronounced in a more colloquial, everyday style of language, especially in Northern Germany. In a compound noun the final -e from -beere (e.g. Erdbeere "strawberry", Himbeere "raspberry", etc.) would very often not be pronounced at all:
Bär/Beer(e) - 'bear/berry' ... 'bluebear/blueberry'

Die Sendung mit der Maus
Käptn Blaubär originally appeared in Käpt'n Blaubärs Seemannsgarn (“Captain Bluebear's Sailor's Yarn”), a regular segment in the educational children's television series Die Sendung mit der Maus. Other regular characters of the Seemannsgarn episodes are Bluebear's sailor companion Hein Blöd (an anthropomorphic rat whose name translates as “Harry Dim”) and his three grandchildren (little bears who have yellow, green and pink fur), all of which live with Bluebear in a ship stranded on a cliff. One episode would usually consist of Bluebear telling a cock-and-bull story to his grandchildren, with the frame narrative being made with animated puppets and Bluebear's story itself being a traditionally animated short film. The stories always take the form of a tall tale and usually have Captain Bluebear overcome some unbelievable obstacle or a seemingly all-powerful adversary who threatens to sink the Captain's ship. The little bears habitually doubt the veracity of their grandfather's tales, while Hein Blöd acts as a buffoon character.

The episodes sometimes contained allusions to other popular characters of German children's television like the Sandmännchen, and also to other aspects of Walter Moers' work, e.g. in some episodes one of the little bears wears a pin-back button of Moers' adult comic character Das Kleine Arschloch (The Little Asshole). Bluebear, Hein Blöd and the three little bears later became part of other children's TV shows as well, such as Käpt’n Blaubär Club and Blaubär und Blöd.

Captain Bluebear also was a part of Mister Moose's Fun Time on Fox Family Channel.

Film and novel
In 1999, Captain Bluebear simultaneously appeared in a made-for-television feature film and in The 13½ Lives of Captain Bluebear, Walter Moers' first fantasy novel. The novel reveals that Bluebear is a Chromobear (Buntbär) and thus belongs to a fictional race of ursines who inhabit the continent of Zamonia, which became a regular setting for most of Moers' fantasy novels. The 13½ Lives of Captain Bluebear is presented as the autobiography of its eponymous hero, which nevertheless covers only the first half of his 27 lives—implying that the other half is covered by the television episodes and making the novel a kind of origin story for the character. The novel ends with Bluebear rescuing his fellow Chromobears from slavery. The Chromobears (although not Bluebear himself) return in Moers' second Zamonia novel Ensel and Krete, in which they are shown as having established a touristic paradise in their native forest that the Chromobears nevertheless rule in a militaristic, semi-totalitarian way. The novels depart from the concept of the television program in that they are suited not only for children, but for adult readers as well.

The traditionally animated film Käpt'n Blaubär – Der Film was written by Moers and directed by Hayo Freitag. It is based on the television episodes rather than the novel. Its plot centers around the mad scientist Prof. Dr. Feinfinger, who, in kidnapping the little bears, seeks revenge against their grandfather, who once thwarted Feinfinger's plan to achieve world domination. Feinfinger is voiced by German comedian Helge Schneider, who had previously participated in the film adaptations of Moers' Little Asshole character, while Bluebear's voice is provided by actor Wolfgang Völz, who already voice-acted the Bluebear puppet in the Seemannsgarn episodes. The film also features an end title theme written and performed by Berlin rock group Die Ärzte. Käpt'n Blaubär – Der Film was awarded a Deutscher Filmpreis in 2000.

Musicals
In 2006, The 13½ Lives of Captain Bluebear was adapted into a stage musical composed by Martin Lingnau and written by Heiko Wohlgemuth. It premiered in the Musical Dome in Cologne. It was followed by two television musicals in 2008 and 2009 respectively, Die drei Bärchen und der blöde Wolf ("The Three Little Bears and the Dim Wolf") and Abenteuer im Pizzawald ("Adventures in the Pizza Forest"), both of which were in turn based on the television episodes.

In fall 2014 a Live-Musical by the name Käpt’n Blaubär – Das Kindermusical was created.

Video games
In 2001, a Käptn Blaubär puzzle video game titled Käpt'n Blaubär: Die verrückte Schatzsuche () was developed by Shin'en Multimedia and published by Ravensburger for the Game Boy Color.
By German publisher Tivola the game Bannig auf Zack was released on CD-ROM.

References

External links
 Official website for the television episodes
 Official website for the stage musical

Animated characters
Anthropomorphic bears
Fantasy television characters
Characters in fantasy literature
Characters in fantasy novel series of the 20th century
Bears in literature
Fox Family Channel original programming


Team Russia was the name of the Russian backed entry in the 2008–09 Volvo Ocean Race. Team Russia was founded by Oleg Zherebtsov, the founder of the Lenta hypermarket chain in Russia. Zherebstov met former Olympic sailor and professional skipper, Andreas Hanakamp, by chance during a sailing holiday in Croatia.
The CEO of Team Russia is Michael Woods, who was director of Race Operations for the 2001-02 race.

Their yacht, a second generation Volvo Open 70, was designed by British designer Rob Humphreys and built by Green Marine in Lymington, UK she was christened Kosatka (which is Russian for orca or killer whale) at a ceremony at Gunwharf Quays Marina, Portsmouth, UK on Monday June 16, 2008, by the boats godmother Birgitta Westerberg, co-founder (with Oleg Zherebtsov), of the Solntse (Sun) Foundation charity for sick and underprivileged children in St Petersburg, Russia.

Team Russia had to suspend racing upon arrival in Singapore at the end of Leg 3 due to "insufficient funds". They officially withdrew from legs 4, 5, and 6 of the race, and whilst the team hoped to rejoin for the last legs of the race, this was not possible, however the team did sail Leg 10 beside the rest of the fleet to their hometown of St Petersberg.

Race team

The race team consisted of some previous Volvo Ocean Race sailors, as well as some newcomers to the event.

WDCS Partnership
The WDCS were announced as the official partner for Team Russia.
Kosatka sailed under the logo 'We Sail For The Whale’ which calls for the creation of twelve new marine protected areas for whales and dolphins by 2012.
For more information see: WDCS#2008–09 Volvo Ocean Race

References

External links
Team Russia
Volvo Ocean Race
WDCS: We Sail For The Whale
WDCS Homepage

Volvo Ocean Race teams
Volvo Ocean Race


Mary Lincoln Crume, (1775 – c. 1832) was born in Linville Creek, Rockingham County, Virginia and is buried in the cemetery at Crume Valley, Breckinridge County, Kentucky. She was the aunt of the 16th President of the United States Abraham Lincoln. Abraham Lincoln highlighted his aunt in an autobiographical sketch written for his political campaign.

President Abraham Lincoln's "Aunt Mary"
President Abraham Lincoln considered his family connections to be significant for his presidential campaign. In June 1860, he wrote a short autobiography to be used in his bid for the White House.  In this sketch, he highlighted his ancestry and extended relatives including Mary Lincoln, the eldest of his father's sisters. He also indicated that some of her descendants were known to be in Breckinridge County, Kentucky.
While he was president, he mentions his Uncle Ralph and Aunt Mary again in a letter to a cousin, Susana Weathers, thanking her for a pair of socks. The President's father, Thomas, had dealings with his sister, Mary, for many years. He built her a corner cabinet for her dishes which now resides in the Brown-Pusey House Museum in Elizabethtown, Kentucky. Thomas sought help from his sister and brother-in-law on one or possibly two of his moves to Indiana, the initial move and the second move of his second wife to Indiana. This second move may have given Ralph the idea to move to Indiana which he did for a short period in 1829–30.

Early life and family
Mary Lincoln Crume was the third child of Captain Abraham Lincoln (May 13, 1744 – May 1786) and his wife, Bathsheba Herring Lincoln (c. 1742 – 1836), a daughter of Alexander Herring (c. 1708 – 1778) and his wife Abigail Harrison Herring (c. 1710 – c. 1780) of Linville Creek. Five children were born to Abraham and Bathsheba Lincoln: Mordecai born circa 1771, Josiah born circa 1773, Mary born circa 1775, Thomas born 1778, and Nancy born 1780.

Mary was born at the Lincoln Family Homestead, Linville Creek in then Augusta County, Virginia (now Rockingham County, Virginia). At age 6, her parents sold their land and the family moved to Jefferson county, Kentucky.

Marriages and children
Mary Lincoln Crume was the probable second wife of Daniel Crume (January 27, 1758 – September 16, 1824), forming a common-law or frontier marriage about 1791 and dissolving it before 1801. There are no public records on this relationship. They had two daughters:  Sarah Crume Hasty (25 January 1792 – 7 July 1879) and Elizabeth W. Crume Davis (1794 – 2 August 1880). The Brookville Star, 17 Dec 1917, indicates that Elizabeth W. Crume was a first cousin of Abraham Lincoln.

Mary's marriage to Ralph Crume Jr., the nephew of Daniel Crume, occurred on 5 August 1801. Ralph Crume and Mary Lincoln had the following children: William Cox Crume (7 April 1804 – after November 1883), Ann Crume (1805-?), and Ralph Lincoln Crume (1809 – after 1890). She is buried in the cemetery at Crume Valley in Breckinridge County, Kentucky.

See also
Lincoln family tree

References

Further reading
Burlingame, Michael. Abraham Lincoln: A Life. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 2008. Chapter 1.
Dodd, Jordan. Kentucky Marriages, 1802-1850 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc., 1997.
Donald, David Herbert. Lincoln. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.Chapter 1.
Gladow, Diane and Dean.   Updated Crume Family Information. Feb 2010.
Gladow, Diane McAdams. "A Journey of Voices: Stewards of the Land." College Station, Texas: VirtualBookworm.com, 2012.
Harrison, John Houston (1935). Settlers By the Long Grey Trail. Dayton VA: Joseph K. Ruebush. pp. 282–286, 349–351.
Indiana Magazine of History.  By George Streibe Cottman, Indiana University Dept. of History, Christopher Bush Coleman, Indiana State Library, Indiana Historical Society, Published by Indiana University, Dept. of History, 1937.
McMurty, R. Gerald. A Series of Monographs Concerning the Lincolns and Hardin County, Kentucky. Elizabethtown, KY: Enterprise, 1938, pgs. 1 and 18.
McMurty, Robert Gerald.  The Kentucky Lincolns on Mill Creek.  Published by Department of Lincolniana, Lincoln Memorial university, 1939.
Pollard, Jeanette Carrier.  Our American Roots/Carriers/Pollards. 21 June 2001.Web. 25 Jan 2011.
Radcliff/Ft. Knox Tourism & Convention Commission.  Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Celebration.
Warren, Louis Austin, ed. "Lincoln's Aunt Mary." The Lincoln Kinsman. No. 41. Dec 1941.
Wayland, John W. (1987 reprint). The Lincolns in Virginia. Harrisonburg VA: C.J. Carrier. pp. 24–57.
Whitney, Henry Clay.  The Life of Lincoln.  Baker & Taylor Company, 1908, pg 8.

1775 births
1830s deaths
People from Rockingham County, Virginia
Lincoln family


MV St Cecilia is a vehicle and passenger ferry formerly operated by Wightlink on its route from Portsmouth to Fishbourne on the Isle of Wight, the route she took throughout her life.

St Cecilia was built in Yorkshire and was launched into the River Ouse. In March 1987, she began carrying passengers. In 2001 she appeared as a fictional "Norselink" ferry in a Gérard Depardieu film.

Her final voyage for Wightlink was on 25 January 2019, after which she joined her two older sisterships Anna Mur and GB Conte in Sardinia. She now operates linking Carloforte and Calasetta with the name Nando Murrau, operated by Delcomar.

References

External links

 Delcomar website
 Wightlink website

Ferry transport on the Isle of Wight
Ferries of England
Ships built in Selby
1986 ships


Time* Sex* Love* is the seventh studio album by American singer-songwriter Mary Chapin Carpenter, released by Columbia Nashville on May 29, 2001. It rose to No. 6 on the Billboard Country Albums chart and produced two singles: "Simple Life," which peaked at No. 53 on the Hot Country Songs chart, and "This Is Me Leaving You", which failed to chart. Despite its low airplay ranking, "Simple Life" spent 28 weeks on Billboard's Top 25 Country Singles Sales chart, peaking at No. 8 on May 5, 2001.

The album was recorded at George Martin's Air Studios in London.

Track listing

Personnel
Mary Chapin Carpenter - acoustic guitar, lead vocals, background vocals
Jon Carroll - Hammond organ, piano, synthesizer, background vocals, Wurlitzer
David Daniels - cello
Isobel Griffiths - arranger, conductor, contractor
Nick Ingman - arranger, conductor, string arrangements
John Jennings - clevenger bass, 12-string electric guitar, acoustic guitar, baritone guitar, electric guitar, hi-string guitar, percussion, programming, slide guitar, tambourine, background vocals
Patrick Kiernan - violin
Boguslaw Kostecki - violin
Peter Lale - viola
Duke Levine - 12-string electric guitar, 12-string acoustic guitar, electric guitar, mandola, electric sitar, slide guitar
Rita Manning - violin
Dave Mattacks - drums, percussion
Steve Nathan - piano, synthesizer
Tony Pleeth - cello
Garrison Starr - background vocals
Mike Thompson - French horn
Brice White - viola
Glenn Worf - bass guitar, clevenger bass, fretless bass
Gavyn Wright - violin

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

External links
 Mary Chapin Carpenter's official website

2001 albums
Columbia Records albums
Mary Chapin Carpenter albums
Albums produced by Blake Chancey
Albums recorded at AIR Studios


The Japanese escort ship Amakusa was one of fourteen Etorofu-class Kaibōkan destroyer escorts built for the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II.

Background and description
The Etorofu class was an improved version of the preceding  with a greater emphasis on anti-submarine warfare. The ships measured  overall, with a beam of  and a draft of . They displaced  at standard load and  at deep load. The ships had two diesel engines, each driving one propeller shaft, which were rated at a total of  for a speed of . The ships had a range of  at a speed of .

The main armament of the Etorofu class consisted of three Type 3  guns in single mounts, one superfiring pair aft and one mount forward of the superstructure. They were built with four Type 96  anti-aircraft guns in two twin-gun mounts, but the total was increased to 15 guns by August 1943. 36 depth charges were stowed aboard initially, but this later increased by August 1943 to 60 depth charges with a Type 97  trench mortar and six depth charge throwers. They received Type 22 and Type 13 radars and Type 93 sonar in 1943–44.

Construction and career
Amakusa was damaged by a magnetic mine at Chichi-jima on 20 December 1944. Sailed to Yokosuka and drydocked 13 January 1945. Repairs finished 22 January. On 26 February 1945 damaged by US Navy aircraft from Task Force 58 east of Izu Shima, 26 crewmen killed. Repaired at Yokosuka with repairs finished on 16 March 1945. On 9 August 1945, while lying in harbor at the Onagawa Bay, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan, the ship came under attack by a Corsair piloted by Royal Navy Lieutenant Robert Hampton Gray and was sunk; 71 crewmen, and Lt. Gray (while he earned the Victoria Cross), were killed.

In 2007, a memorial was dedicated to both the crew of Amakusa and Lt. Gray overlooking the town of Onagawa in Sakiyama Scenic Park.

Notes

References

External links

World War II naval ships of Japan
Ships sunk by British aircraft
Etorofu-class escort ships
1943 ships
Maritime incidents in August 1945
Shipwrecks of Japan
Ships built by Hitachi Zosen Corporation


Thala () is a town and commune in Tunisia. It is located in the Kasserine Governorate since 1956.
As of the 2004 census it had  inhabitants.
The altitude of Thala is , which makes it the highest and the coldest town in the country.

History
During the Roman Empire Thala was the site of a Roman settlement and was the seat of an ancient bishopric. It still has a titular absentee bishop  (currently the auxiliary Bishop of Sydney, Richard Umbers), who is appointed by the Pope.

In 1906, an attack by local bedouin on the French civil administration offices during the Thala-Kasserine Disturbances was the first violent resistance to French authority under the protectorate.

Thala was the scene of fierce fighting during World War II, in the late stages of the Battle of the Kasserine Pass. The 10th Panzer Division sought to exploit its early success against US forces. In a series of defensive actions on 21 February 1943, the British 26th Armoured Brigade, part of Nickforce, and the divisional artillery of the U.S. 9th infantry Division, arriving after an 800-mile forced march, blocked an advance by the German division's Kampfgruppe which, despite coming under the personal command of Erwin Rommel, were finally unable to make headway through fire from British tanks and artillery.

Geography

Climate

The climate in Thala is cold semi-arid (BSk, according to the Köppen climate classification), with Mediterranean influences. Summers are moderately hot (by Saharan standards) and dry, and winters are chilly and wetter. Snowfalls can occur sometimes.

Notes

References

Populated places in Kasserine Governorate
Communes of Tunisia
Roman towns and cities in Tunisia
Ancient Berber cities


The 1950 Pau Grand Prix was a non-championship Formula One motor race held on 10 April 1950 at the Pau circuit, in Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, France. It was the second race of the 1950 Formula One season, and was conducted on the same day as the 1950 Richmond Trophy. The 110-lap race was won by Maserati driver Juan Manuel Fangio after starting from pole position. Luigi Villoresi finished second in a Ferrari, and Louis Rosier third in a Talbot-Lago.

Classification

Race

References

Race results are taken from:

Pau Grand Prix
Pau
1950 in French motorsport


The Aztec Aquaplex, located on the San Diego State University (SDSU) campus in San Diego, California, USA. The facility is operated and managed by the Associated Students of San Diego State University, which sells passes for access.

Intercollegiate sports
The SDSU Aztecs intercollegiate water polo, swimming and diving teams are based at the Aztec Aquaplex.

Facilities
Constructed on the west side of campus, the site occupies a total of  of usable space. The facility is situated between Tony Gwynn Stadium, the SDSU Softball Stadium, the Aztec Tennis Center, three football practice fields and the SDSU Sports Deck. The facility is also just behind the Aztec Athletics Center, which allows student-athletes easy access to some of the top training personnel and weightlifting facilities on the West Coast. In addition, Viejas Arena is within walking distance.

Swimming pools
The facility hosts three swimming pools:

Services
Adjacent to the pools is a  building complex with showers, locker rooms, restrooms, administrative offices, member services, storage and support facilities.

See also
 SDSU Aztecs
 San Diego State University

References

External links
 Aztec Aquaplex - official page

College swimming venues in the United States
Sports venues in San Diego
San Diego State Aztecs
San Diego State Aztecs women's water polo
Sports venues completed in 2007
Swimming venues in California


Zimbabwe is a 2007 live album by American indie/roots folk band Dispatch. The album was recorded in Madison Square Garden in front of a sellout crowd.

Track listing
13.07.07
 "Here We Go"
 "Passerby"
 "Bats In The Belfry"
 "Cover This"
 "Lightning"
 "Ride a Tear"
 "Past the Falls"
 "Fallin'"
 "Bang Bang"
 "Prince of Spades"
 "Carry You"
 "Cut It Match It"
 "Flying Horses"
 "Time Served"
 "Even"
 "Open Up"
 "Camilo"
 "Out Loud"
 "The General"
 "Elias"
 "Two Coins"
 "Mission"

14.07.07
 "Here We Go"
 "Time Served"
 "What Do You Want to Be"
 "Open Up"
 "Riddle"
 "Bullet Holes"
 "Bang Bang"
 "Ride a Tear"
 "Passerby"
 "Cover This"
 "Mission"
 "Questioned Apocalypse"
 "Walk With You"
 "Two Coins"
 "Flying Horses"
 "Past the Falls"
 "Fallin'"
 "Carry You"
 "Lightning"
 "Prince of Spades"
 "Out Loud"
 "Bats in the Belfry"
 "Elias"
 "Cut It Match It"
 "The General"

15.07.07
 "Here We Go"
 "Open Up"
 "Bang Bang"
 "Riddle"
 "Ride a Tear"
 "Lightning"
 "Mission"
 "Prince of Spades"
 "Carnival"
 "Cover This"
 "Passerby"
 "Fallin'"
 "Bridges"
 "Steeples"
 "Walk With You"
 "Flying Horses"
 "Time Served"
 "Even"
 "Mayday"
 "Past the Falls"
 "Customs"
 "Elias"
 "Two Coins"
 "Cut It Ya Match It"
 "Bats in the Belfry"
 "Out Loud"
 "The General"

References

Dispatch live albums
2007 live albums
Albums recorded at Madison Square Garden


Free Life was the name of the Rozière balloon (registration N2079) that made the fourth attempt at crossing the Atlantic Ocean.  The balloon was launched from East Hampton, New York on September 20, 1970, piloted by Malcolm Brighton, with Rodney Anderson and Pamela Brown on board.

Background
The adventure was conceived by Rodney Anderson and his wife, Pamela Brown.  Pamela Brown was the actress daughter of Kentucky politician and attorney John Y. Brown Sr. and the sister of Kentucky Fried Chicken entrepreneur and future Kentucky Governor John Y. Brown Jr. At age 28, she and her 32-year-old husband, commodities broker Rod Anderson, hoped to break records with the first staffed balloon flight across the Atlantic. The couple planned to recoup the cost of the venture by writing a book about their experience. When the pilot whom they had been counting on for the flight withdrew close to the time of departure, the Andersons hired Englishman Malcolm Brighton, 32, whose ascent in the Free Life was to be his 100th - and his last.  Brighton had built several balloons and became the main builder for the Bristol Belle, the name given to the first modern hot air balloon in Europe.

The balloon
The Free Life attempt was the first use of a Rozière style balloon for an Atlantic attempt, built by Mark Semich, using a combination of helium and hot air. Below the spherical helium gas cell is a conical sleeve where air can be heated by burners in the same way as a normal hot air balloon. By varying the hot air temperature, altitude can be maintained without having to release helium or to drop ballast. The burners are principally used to compensate for the lack of solar heating at night.

Voyage
After four years of planning and postponements, Brighton still had reservations about the balloon and in an interview, in which Brighton was asked what he thought of Free Life, he said
 Even experienced balloonists, to whom Brighton had confided his plans to pilot Free Life, advised against it.

Despite this, the balloon was launched from George Sid Miller's pasture on Fireplace Road in Springs, New York, on September 20, 1970. The weather was perfect; families picnicked and partied; the giant yellow, white and orange balloon, seven stories tall, was spectacular; spirits were high, and the 1,500 well-wishers seemed to share a sense of participating in something extraordinary, cheering their ascent.

Disaster struck 30 hours after launch. A hot-air mechanism designed to maintain the balloon’s altitude at night failed on the second day of the flight. When the balloon encountered a high-altitude cold front and a severe rainstorm, they were forced to ditch in the Atlantic that night, about 600 miles southeast of Newfoundland.  On September 21 came the last message from the Free Life. "We are ditching," it said. "We request search and rescue." The balloon went down in stormy seas off Newfoundland.  Three Coast Guard cutters, a Royal Canadian Air Force aircraft and six United States Air Force and United States Coast Guard aircraft scoured the area for 14 days. A few items from the balloon gondola were spotted, but the rescue effort was unsuccessful.

Up to August 1978, 10 subsequent transatlantic balloon crossing attempts were made: In February 1974, while making one such attempt, Colonel Thomas Leigh Gatch, Jr. USAR also disappeared in his Light Heart superpressure balloon. Finally, on August 17, 1978, three Americans - Ben Abruzzo, Maxie Anderson, and Larry Newman crossed the Atlantic by balloon, in the Double Eagle II.

Tributes
In October 1972 Pamela Brown was memorialized with the opening of the Pamela Brown Auditorium, the first and largest theater in the newly built Actors Theatre of Louisville complex.

A book commemorating the attempt was published in 1994 by writer and balloonist Anthony Smith. Entitled The Free Life: The Spirit of Courage, Folly and Obsession, the book was awarded the W.W. Norton & Co. thirteenth Annual Editors' Book Award. Smith was not present at the launch of the balloon in 1970, but he had taught Brighton to fly, and he had flown with him more frequently than anyone else.

References
 8. "Flight of a Lovely Folly," Life magazine, Oct. 23, 1970 https://books.google.com/books?id=clMEAAAAMBAJ&q=folly

See also
 List of ballooning accidents by death toll

Individual balloons (aircraft)
Missing aircraft
Aviation accidents and incidents in the Atlantic Ocean
Aviation accidents and incidents in 1970
Transatlantic flight
Accidents and incidents involving balloons and airships
September 1970 events


Marketing accountability is a term that signifies management with data that is understandable to the management of the enterprise.  "Accountable Marketing" is another name that can be given to this process.

Overview

Within marketing accountability the expression “integrated marketing communications” (IMC) implies that marketing and communications are integrated within the business and management of the enterprise, not as a stand-alone functional silo. Analogous to other business functions like manufacturing and sales, accountable marketing is based on a set of valid outcome performance indicators and the associated activity input costs. Outcome performance indicators are called Effectiveness Metrics; Effectiveness combined with costs is called Efficiency (effectiveness per dollar spent).

According to the Common Language Marketing Dictionary, Marketing accountability refers to the use of metrics to link a firm's marketing actions to financially relevant outcomes and growth over time. This accountability allows marketing to take responsibility for the profit or loss from investments in marketing activities, and to demonstrate the financial contributions of specific marketing programs to the overall financial objectives of the firm, including brand asset value. Return on marketing investment (ROMI), customer acquisition costs, and retention rates are examples of commonly employed marketing accountability metrics.

Marketing Accountability was the subject of a report published in 1997 by Financial Times Management Reports  It investigated a widespread problem that consultants McKinsey & Co. had described as "marketing's mid life crisis".

Recent research by the Forbes CMO Practice and the Marketing Accountability Standards Board  shows CMO are under growing pressure to show returns on rising investments in marketing assets, new media, data, analytics and technology needed to compete for digitally enabled customers.  The complexity of marketing accountability has growth as marketers must add many more investments to the marketing portfolio to adapt to changing customer preferences and compete effectively for market share. According to Forbes research, the CMO of the average Global 5000 company must now allocate resources across at least 20 primary investment types in their annual budget.

Methodology
In order for indicators to be considered valid for accountability, they must meet a few minimum requirements. They need to measure marketing outcomes from the consumers’ point of view, they need to include all marketing activities, they must be repeated over time, and they must meet statistical and technical criteria required of all measurement systems.

The measurements need to be true outcome indicators. Unlike sales where the outcome is easily quantifiable, marketing is more difficult to define: there is not a direct, fast-acting relationship between marketing activities and sales. Some marketing materials are designed to inform, others attempt to portray the product or service attractively, yet others attempt to influence purchasing behavior. Most marketing campaigns include all three orientations; a brand may have glossy ads to boost attractiveness, brochures to convey information, and coupons with expiration dates to stimulate purchases. Thus a multiplicity of channels and contacts that influence target consumers needs to be measured together in order to understand the overall effect, and the separate effectiveness of the programs. The outcome indicator can be called “Brand Experience”, and only consumers can discern the resultant brand experience in the clutter of the marketplace as each message competes with others for attention.

To assure meaningful comparisons among activities, brands, markets, and points in time; the metrics must use a common scale—a “common currency”. This is quite obvious in accounting systems for multinational corporations, but in marketing all too often this principle is ignored. Different communications activities are evaluated using different measurements. These methods fall short of accountability in that the activities cannot be compared directly and their synergies cannot be discerned. Only measurement systems that use common units – to evaluate each contact, each market, and each competitor — can result in marketing accountability.

Marketing activity outcomes must be gathered on a continuous basis in time. While a single reading may provide some insight into the condition before marketing begins, accountability comes from understanding cause and effect. This knowledge comes from repeated examinations over time that show changes from marketing initiatives (from brand and competition) and the evolution of consumers’ needs. Harold Geneen in his groundbreaking book “Managing” explains the role of an effective CEO: to repeatedly evaluate performance numbers on a continuous basis. Only long term observation brings true insight of unanticipated changes and “red flags” in the data.

All measurement systems are prone to misinterpretation and error. Together these form the science of metrology. Measurement accuracy, repeatability, reproducibility, bias, data shifts, and data drifts are only a few common issues identified in measurement, and any useful system must be evaluated from the technical point of view to assure that it addresses these criteria. It is essential that measurement error is quantified so that managers react to changes in conditions, but not changes due to measurement variation. At the very least, all measurements need to show statistical confidence intervals or so-called “error bars”. Independent organizations like the Advertising Research Foundation evaluate the validity of commonly used measurement systems.

These outcome indicators, representing the condition in the marketplace, are combined with financial data to show efficiency of the marketing process. The financials are inputs: dollars spent for marketing activities. The best and most informative systems use Activity based costing (ABC) that track costs by each marketing activity, rather than traditional cost accounting by salaries, facilities, equipment, and materials. ABC methods have the best fidelity as they show contribution efficiency (Brand Experience/$ spent) of each activity, and they may be summed in desired combinations (or campaigns). Understanding competitors costs and brand experience can lead to benchmarking, a comparison to what is considered the best in class.

References

Marketing analytics
Marketing techniques
Customer relationship management


Dutch Mills is an unincorporated community in Dutch Mills Township, Washington County, Arkansas, United States. Dutch Mills is on a small tributary of the Baron Fork of the Illinois River on Arkansas Highway 59, approximately  south of U.S. Route 62 and  east of the Oklahoma border.

Since Dutch Mills is a small rural community, it receives mail delivery from Lincoln (ZIP code 72744). The population of the Lincoln ZCTA was 4,571 at the 2000 census. It is part of the Northwest Arkansas region.

History
Dutch Mills was originally called Hermannsburg, named after its first documented settler, Johann H. Hermann, a German immigrant and former student at the University of Heidelberg.  In the early 1850s, Johann Hermann and his brother, Karl F. Hermann acquired the property of the town, built a mill, laid out the lots, and acquired the rights to a United States post office.  The brothers operated the mill, a small store, and both served as Postmaster (Johann in 1856 and Karl in 1859). Multiple German families moved there, following the Hermanns.
Hermannsburg was located at a dangerous crossroads between The North and The South during the American Civil War.  Bushwackers from both sides of the conflict regularly pillaged the town and conditions worsened after the Battle of Wilson's Creek.  Renegade Missouri Governor Claiborne Jackson and his Confederate militia commandeered the Hermann home in Hermannsburg for the night while on their flight to Texas.  Because many German immigrants sided with the Union cause, Southern bushwhackers would often target them for robbery and even murder.  In December 1862, the last 19 German immigrants who remained in the town, including the Hermann brothers and their families, fled Hermannsburg under the cover of night for the safety of the larger German community in St. Louis. After the Civil War, the name of Hermannsburg was changed to Dutch Mills.  The name change was likely intended as subtle insult, or perhaps a statement of indifference, by the English descended residents who didn't care to differentiate between the Germans and the Dutch.

Education
Dutch Mills is located within the Lincoln Consolidated School District. Lincoln High School is its sole high school.

Notes

Unincorporated communities in Washington County, Arkansas
Northwest Arkansas
Unincorporated communities in Arkansas
Populated places established in 1853


Party Doll and Other Favorites is the first compilation album by American singer-songwriter Mary Chapin Carpenter, released by Columbia Records on May 25, 1999. It comprises a mix of her greatest hits, several album cuts, and newly recorded tracks, including "Almost Home", which reached No. 22 on Billboard's Hot Country Songs chart and No. 85 on the Billboard Hot 100.

Content
The collection uses live or special event recordings in place of the studio cuts in several cases, others like "I Feel Lucky" and "He Thinks He'll Keep Her" are the original album versions. Of the new material, "Almost Home" and "Wherever You Are" were both released as singles, respectively reaching No. 22 and No. 55 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs in 1999. The track "Can't Take Love for Granted" was taken from a live performance on Late Show with David Letterman; the song, originally a ballad appearing on her third album, Shooting Straight in the Dark, differed from the album version, in that it was performed as a rowdy, guitar-driven rock and roll performance.

Some of the songs on this album originally appeared on other sources. "Dreamland" previously appeared on the 1992 compilation Til Their Eyes Shine... The Lullaby Album, "Grow Old with Me" comes from Working Class Hero: A Tribute to John Lennon, and "10,000 Miles" comes from the 1996 film Fly Away Home. Carpenter produced most of the album with her usual producer, John Jennings, except for "Wherever You Are" and "Almost Home", which she produced with Blake Chancey, and "10,000 Miles", which was produced by Mark Isham.

Track listing
All songs written by Mary Chapin Carpenter, except where noted.
"Can't Take Love for Granted" – 3:47
live recording from the Late Show with David Letterman - May 18, 1995
"Wherever You Are" – 4:16
"Down at the Twist and Shout" – 3:18
live recording from Super Bowl XXXI with BeauSoleil - January 1997
"I Feel Lucky" (Carpenter, Don Schlitz) – 3:31
"Dreamland" – 3:03
"Passionate Kisses" (Lucinda Williams) – 3:21
"Quittin' Time" (Roger Linn, Robb Royer) – 6:10
live recording from the Ryman Auditorium - November 1994
"This Shirt" – 3:47
"Grow Old with Me" (John Lennon) – 3:22
"He Thinks He'll Keep Her" (Carpenter, Schlitz) – 4:02
"I Take My Chances" (Carpenter, Schlitz) – 4:22
live recording at the Barrymore Theatre, Madison, Wisconsin - November 1998
"Shut Up and Kiss Me" – 3:41
"The Hard Way" (Carpenter) – 4:54
from the PBS special In the Spotlight and the DVD/Video Jubilee: Live at Wolftrap
"10,000 Miles" (Traditional) – 6:11
from the film Fly Away Home
"Stones in the Road" – 4:34
live recording from Her Majesty's Theatre, London - December 4, 1994
"Almost Home" (Carpenter, Beth Nielsen Chapman, Annie Roboff) – 4:37
"Party Doll" (Mick Jagger) – 5:39

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

References

External links
 Mary Chapin Carpenter's official website

1999 compilation albums
Mary Chapin Carpenter compilation albums
Columbia Records compilation albums


The S&P MidCap 400 Index, more commonly known as the S&P 400, is a stock market index from S&P Dow Jones Indices. The index serves as a gauge for the U.S. mid-cap equities sector and is the most widely followed mid-cap index. It is part of the S&P 1500, which also includes the S&P 500 for larger U.S. based companies, and the S&P 600 for smaller companies though all three indices include a handful of foreign stocks that trade on the U.S. stock exchanges.

To be included in the index, a stock must have a total market capitalization that ranges from $5.2 billion to $14.5 billion. These market cap eligibility criteria are for addition to an index, not for continued membership. As a result, an index constituent that appears to violate criteria for addition to that index is not removed unless ongoing conditions warrant an index change.

Additionally , same as S&P 500 and S&P 600, there is a financial viability requirement. Companies must have positive as-reported earnings over the most recent quarter, as well as over the most recent four quarters (summed together).

, the median market cap was $5.77 billion with the market cap of the largest company in the index at nearly $18.6 billion and the smallest company at $1.6 billion. The index's market cap covers nearly 7 percent of the total US stock market.

Record values

Investing
The following exchange-traded funds (ETFs) attempt to track this index and sub-indexes:

Index Fund
 SPDR S&P MidCap 400 ETF ()
 Vanguard S&P Mid-Cap 400 ETF ()
 iShares Core S&P Mid-Cap ETF ()

Growth Index Fund
 SPDR S&P 400 Mid Cap Growth ETF ()
 Vanguard S&P Mid-Cap 400 Growth ETF ()
 iShares S&P Mid-Cap 400 Growth ETF ()

Value Index Fund
 SPDR S&P 400 Mid Cap Value ETF ()
 Vanguard S&P Mid-Cap 400 Value ETF ()
 iShares S&P Mid-Cap 400 Value ETF ()

The SPDR fund was first, but the iShares fund is bigger; also they have different structures.

Versions
The "S&P 400" generally quoted is a price return index; there are also "total return" and "net total return" versions of the index. These versions differ in how dividends are accounted for. The price return version does not account for dividends; it only captures the changes in the prices of the index components. The total return version reflects the effects of dividend reinvestment. Finally, the net total return version reflects the effects of dividend reinvestment after the deduction of withholding tax.

Annual returns

Components

See also

S&P 1500
 S&P 500
 S&P 600
 Russell Midcap Index

References

0400
American stock market indices