Miguel Ángel Treviño Morales (born 18 November 1970), commonly referred to by his alias Z-40, is a Mexican former drug lord and leader of the criminal organization known as Los Zetas. Considered a violent, resentful and dangerous criminal, he was one of Mexico's most-wanted drug lords until his arrest in July 2013.

Born into a family with six brothers and six sisters, Treviño Morales began his criminal career as a teenager, working for Los Tejas—a local gang from his hometown of Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas. His fluent English and experience of moving contraband along the U.S.–Mexico border enabled him to be recruited in the late 1990s by the drug lord Osiel Cárdenas Guillén, who headed the Gulf Cartel and Los Zetas. Around 2005, he was appointed as the regional boss of Los Zetas in Nuevo Laredo and was given the task to fight off the forces of the Sinaloa Cartel, which was attempting to take over the lucrative drug trafficking routes to the United States. After successfully securing these routes in Nuevo Laredo in 2006, Treviño Morales was moved to Veracruz and appointed as the Zetas leader in the state after the death of the drug lord Efraín Teodoro Torres. Two years later, his boss Heriberto Lazcano Lazcano sent him to Guatemala to wipe out his competitors; after completing the task successfully, he appointed Treviño Morales as the national commander of Los Zetas in 2008. In 2010, Los Zetas gained their independence from the Gulf Cartel, their former allies, and both organizations went to war with each other.

As the national commander of Los Zetas, Treviño Morales earned a notorious reputation for intimidating officials and citizens throughout Mexico. The Mexican authorities believe that he is responsible for a significant part of the violence in Mexico, including the murder of 72 migrants in 2010 and the massacre of 193 people in 2011. A common torture method of his was known as el guiso (stew), in which victims would be dumped into oil barrels, doused with gasoline or diesel fuel, and burned alive. Following the death of his boss Lazcano Lazcano in October 2012, Treviño Morales became his successor and the top leader of Los Zetas drug cartel amid an internal power struggle within the organization.

Mexican Marines arrested Treviño Morales on 15 July 2013 in the state of Nuevo León without a single bullet being fired. At the time of his capture, the Mexican government was offering up to a 30 million pesos (US$2.3 million) reward for information leading to his arrest. The United States Department of State was offering up to US$5 million for information leading to his arrest and conviction. Authorities on both sides of the border believe that he was succeeded by his younger brother Omar Treviño Morales, a man who was also on the most-wanted list.

Early life
Miguel Ángel Treviño Morales was born on 18 November 1970 in Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas, Mexico. His parents, Rodolfo Treviño and María Arcelia Morales, created a large family with six daughters and seven sons, including Miguel. Like many families along the U.S.-Mexico border, the Treviño family travelled from Mexico to the United States and vice versa, where they bought properties and opened several businesses. His father abandoned his family at a very young age, forcing Treviño Morales to single-handedly raise the whole family. Treviño Morales grew up in a lower-class neighborhood in Nuevo Laredo, but as a teenager, he worked for the wealthy by fixing their yards and washing their cars. He also did chores for the local drug lord Héctor Manuel Sauceda Gamboa (alias El Karis), who later became his mentor; Treviño Morales eventually replaced him as a Zetas leader in Nuevo Laredo. Treviño Morales grew up disliking Mexico's class disparity and developed so much resentment as to partially explain his violent behavior as an adult. Treviño Morales frequented Dallas, Texas with his family. In 1993, he was apprehended in Dallas County and charged with avoiding police arrest, after he had tried to evade the police in a car chase that ended in a street dead end. He paid a $672-dollar fine and was subsequently released from the county prison. Few details are known of Treviño Morales's life in Dallas; the U.S. authorities believe he learned about "power, money, weapons and the vast consumer market for illegal drugs" while living in Texas. They also believe that he perceived an anti-Mexican bias among Americans, and especially towards Mexican immigrants like him. However, Treviño Morales considered Dallas his home because of his large family network that lives in the surrounding areas. According to U.S. investigators, he was last seen in the Dallas area in 2005 after entering the United States illegally, where visited his family and was said to have been at a strip club.

Criminal origins and ascension
As a teenager, he began to work for Los Tejas, a gang that ran the criminal activities in his hometown of Nuevo Laredo. From washing cars, running errands, and stealing car parts in Nuevo Laredo, Treviño Morales turned to the drug trade, starting with small-scale drug retail sales and smuggling. Unlike the first members of Los Zetas, he was never in the military. He was hired by them and the Gulf Cartel in the late 1990s for his experience moving contraband across the border. His fluent English and his criminal contacts on both sides of the U.S.-Mexico border allowed him to gain the trust of the then-leader of the Gulf Cartel, Osiel Cárdenas Guillén. When he joined the Gulf Cartel and Los Zetas, Los Tejas, the local gang he once worked for, was absorbed by the former groups. Around 2005, Treviño Morales became the regional boss of Nuevo Laredo; he was in charge of fighting off the incursions of the Sinaloa Cartel, which was attempting to take control of the smuggling routes in the area. The Laredo–Nuevo Laredo area is a lucrative smuggling route for narcotics because of the Interstate 35 highway, which serves as a strategic pathway to San Antonio, Austin, and Dallas for future drug distribution. While in power, he orchestrated a number of assassinations in American cities and in Mexico by young U.S. citizens whom he put on his payroll. Treviño Morales was good at identifying and grooming young teenagers who he believed had the potential to become professional assassins for Los Zetas. These recruits, sometimes called Zetitas ("Little Zetas"), usually joined organized crime as young as twelve-years old to work first as smugglers and later as paid assassins.

By 2006, the Gulf Cartel and Los Zetas managed to defeat the forces of the Sinaloa Cartel in Nuevo Laredo. The latter cartel concentrated its efforts in northeastern Mexico, becoming dominant there. Los Zetas started to expand into other criminal activities beyond drug trafficking. Under Treviño Morales, the organization smuggled immigrants to the United States, carried out extortions and kidnappings, sold bootlegged CDs and DVDs, and intimidated and/or killed residents who failed to cooperate with them. Treviño Morales remained in charge of Los Zetas in the state of Nuevo León and in Piedras Negras, Coahuila, until March 2007. He was reassigned to the coastal state of Veracruz, shortly after high-ranking Zetas leader Efraín Teodoro Torres (alias Z-14) was killed in a gun battle at a local horse race. Though Cárdenas Guillén was imprisoned in 2003, he reportedly directed the Gulf Cartel and Los Zetas behind bars; when he was extradited to the United States in 2007, Treviño Morales and Heriberto Lazcano Lazcano pushed for Los Zetas' independence from the Gulf Cartel.

In November 2007, the city of Laredo, Texas, issued an arrest warrant for Treviño in connection with a 2006 double homicide in Texas. In 2008, Treviño Morales and Lazcano Lazcano, the two leaders of Los Zetas, forged an alliance with the Beltrán Leyva Cartel. It had just gone to war with the Sinaloa Cartel, believing that El Chapo Guzmán, their leader, had betrayed them. Treviño Morales subsequently joined them to kill the leader of the Sinaloa Cartel. Government sources said Los Zetas were fighting for control against La Federación (The Federation), an alliance of several drug trafficking groups led by Joaquín El Chapo Guzmán and Ismael El Mayo Zambada, two drug lords who used to work for the Beltrán Leyva Cartel.

In February 2008, Lazcano Lazcano sent Treviño Morales to kill rival drug traffickers and take control of the drug trafficking routes in Guatemala. Reportedly, he carried out a military-like ambush that resulted in the death of the Guatemalan drug lord Juan José León Ardón (alias Juancho) in March. An unnamed U.S. official said that Treviño Morales may have been the man who fired the bullet that killed the drug kingpin. Having succeeded outside of Mexico, Treviño Morales was appointed by Lazcano Lazcano as the national commander of Los Zetas, a position traditionally reserved to Zetas members with military background. In this position, Treviño Morales had a say in nearly all the decisions Los Zetas made at a national level, creating some resentment among the old-generation commanders of Los Zetas who, unlike him, had been in the Mexican Armed Forces before turning to the drug trade.

Leadership position
Treviño Morales acted as a cartel 'gate-keeper,' and his people collected a piso (tariff) at all drug territories controlled by Los Zetas. He controlled the highly lucrative Nuevo Laredo plaza (turf), across the border from Laredo, Texas. He bribed and intimidated officials to help maintain control, and responded to any challenges to his authority or control with brutal violence. Treviño was feared and very few local journalists dared to write about him. He was alleged to have favored a torture method known as el guiso (stew), in which people are stuffed into an oil barrel, doused with gasoline or diesel fuel, and set on fire to burn alive. His violent behavior gained him "the notoriety of a cult figure." He reportedly survived gun battles unharmed, avoided making alliances with anyone, dismembered dozens of victims while they were still alive and dumped them, and "seemed unafraid to die." Organization members claimed that Treviño Morales enjoyed driving around the city in a car, pointing at people randomly and saying, "kill this one and kill that one." A former hitman who worked for him told the press in 2013 that Treviño Morales could not sleep at night if he did not kill someone. He also said that the drug lord would ask his victims how they wanted to be killed. Journalist Alfredo Corchado, head of The Dallas Morning News in Mexico, wrote in one of his books that Treviño Morales enjoyed eating out the hearts of his victims—even when they were still alive—because he believed that doing that would make him invincible among his enemies and authorities.

Treviño Morales reportedly coordinated several violent attacks throughout Mexico, including the murder of 72 migrants in 2010 and the massacre of 193 people a year later in San Fernando, Tamaulipas. He is also believed to have threatened to shoot down the plane of the former President Felipe Calderón in August 2012 while on a trip to the state of Tamaulipas. Although it was not the first time Calderón received death threats from organized crime, the authorities deemed the drug lord's threat as credible, and urged the President to cancel his trip (though he ultimately went anyway). Under Treviño Morales' leadership, Los Zetas were considered by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) to be highly sophisticated, advanced, and one of the most dangerous criminal organizations operating in Mexico and the hemisphere. He was widely regarded as one of the most violent drug lords operating in Mexico.

Treviño Morales reportedly moved around through Mexico and Central America, and often met with Colombian drug lords in Mexico City, the nation's capital, to do business. To escape law enforcement notice, he used "caravans" of purported businessmen and religious persons. In the northern part of the country, he reportedly maintained a close tie with a number of politicians. His brother Omar Treviño Morales (Z-42) leads Los Zetas in the Gulf of Mexico.

Split between Los Zetas and the Gulf Cartel
Cárdenas Guillén was arrested in Matamoros, Tamaulipas, in 2003 and extradited to the United States in 2007. While in prison in Mexico, he reportedly coordinated the Gulf Cartel and Los Zetas from his prison cell. But with his extradition, Treviño Morales's organization experienced a leadership crisis. La Compañía (The Company), a name used to describe the Gulf Cartel and Los Zetas as a conglomerate, remained in a loose cooperation until early 2010, when violence erupted between both groups. On 18 January 2010, several members of the Gulf Cartel kidnapped Víctor Peña Mendoza (alias Concord 3), a leader of Los Zetas and close associate and friend of Treviño Morales. When he was held captive, Peña Mendoza was asked to switch alliances and join the Gulf Cartel, but he refused, earning a beating followed by execution, presumably carried out by Samuel Flores Borrego.

Treviño Morales heard about the incident and issued an ultimatum to Flores Borrego and Gulf Cartel leader Jorge Eduardo Costilla Sánchez:
Hand over the assassin of my friend, you son of a bitch ... You have until the 25th, if you don't comply, there will be war.

Both of the Gulf Cartel leaders ignored the command, and Treviño Morales moved swiftly to avenge the death of his former comrade. On 30 January 2010, Treviño Morales kidnapped and slaughtered 16 Gulf Cartel members in Reynosa, Tamaulipas, marking the start of the cartel war between the Gulf Cartel and Los Zetas in the Mexican states of Tamaulipas, Nuevo León, and Veracruz that has led to thousands of deaths. Los Zetas used violent and intimidatory tactics to expand, forging a reputation as Mexico's most violent drug trafficking organization. It managed to take control of most of the territories owned by the Gulf Cartel when they had essentially served as a single organization. With Treviño Morales as the second-in-command of the criminal organization, Arturo Treviño aka El 45 was the Leader of the Grupo Sicario Group.El 45 and his daughter Reina Treviño. Los Zetas began killing Gulf Cartel members and other rival drug traffickers en masse and winning their territories.

Infighting in Los Zetas

In 2011, however, Treviño Morales's criminal organization entered a new internal strife after Jesús Enrique Rejón Aguilar (alias El Mamito), one of their highest-ranking leaders, was arrested in July. Though he did not call out any names, he stated that someone within Los Zetas had betrayed him. Shortly thereafter, alleged organized crime members uploaded a narcocorrido music video on YouTube portraying Treviño Morales "as the New Judas" and accusing him of setting up the arrests and deaths of other commanders within the criminal organization and being disloyal to Lazcano Lazcano, his boss. In several articles published in August 2012, a U.S. law enforcement official told the press that Treviño Morales had successfully taken the leadership of the cartel and displaced Heriberto Lazcano Lazcano, the long-time leader. Treviño Morales began to take over the assets of Los Zetas and was working to remove Lazcano Lazcano as the head since early 2010. Amidst the Zetas civil war, many high-ranking members in Los Zetas began to fall. High-ranking Zetas leader Iván Velázquez Caballero (alias El Talibán) was arrested in September 2012, presumably set up either by rival gang members or gangsters aligned with a group related to Treviño Morales. On 6 October 2012, drug lord Salvador Alfonso Martínez Escobedo (alias La Ardilla) was arrested in Nuevo Laredo by the Mexican Navy. After Velázquez's fall, a split off group known as Los Legionarios (The Legionaries) was born in Nuevo Laredo and vowed to bring down Treviño Morales for allegedly betraying him. A second faction from Los Zetas, known as Sangre Zeta (Zetas Blood), also broke up from the organization to join forces against him.

The active role of Treviño Morales got him the loyalty and respect of many in Los Zetas, and eventually many stopped paying to Lazcano Lazcano. In order to avoid his arrest or death from betrayal, Lazcano Lazcano reportedly fled the country and lived in Germany and Costa Rica for an unknown time with surrounding rumors that he had terminal cancer. Back in Mexico, Treviño Morales had become the stronger of the two in Los Zetas. Lazcano Lazcano was then killed by the Mexican Navy in the state of Coahuila on 7 October 2012, and Treviño Morales succeeded him as the top leader of Los Zetas.

Bounty and indictments
In 2009 in New York and in 2010 in Washington, the U.S. Department of Justice released an indictment against Treviño Morales for conspiracy to manufacture and distribute cocaine into the United States from Mexico and Guatemala. There was a bounty for him in Mexico set at $30 million MXN (US$2.3 million) and another one in the U.S. at US$5 million ($62.4 million MXN). Los Zetas are responsible for the smuggling of multiple tons of cocaine, marijuana, and heroin into the United States from Mexico annually. He was also considered one of Mexico's most-wanted drug lords.

Treviño Morales is known by various aliases: L-40 (40, Z-40, Zeta 40), Comandante Cuarenta, El Cuarenta, David Estrada-Corado, and La Mona.

Kingpin Act sanction
On 20 July 2009, the United States Department of the Treasury sanctioned Treviño Morales under the Foreign Narcotics Kingpin Designation Act (sometimes referred to simply as the "Kingpin Act"), for his involvement in drug trafficking along with three other international criminals. The act prohibited U.S. citizens and companies from doing any kind of business activity with him, and virtually froze all his assets in the U.S.

Arrest
A month before his capture, U.S. authorities had been passing down information to their counterparts in Mexico that Treviño Morales was making frequent visits to the Nuevo Laredo border area to see his newborn baby. They got this intelligence from wiretaps, conversations, and informants' tips. Treviño Morales was apprehended by the Mexican Marines in Anáhuac, Nuevo León, near the border of Tamaulipas state, at around 3:45 a.m. on 15 July 2013 without a single shot fired. The truck he was traveling in was intercepted on the road by a Black Hawk helicopter from the Navy; when the Marines got off the helicopter and tried to apprehend him, the capo attempted to escape by running through some bushes but was later caught. He was in possession of US$2 million ($25,316,100 MXN) in cash, eight weapons and hundreds of rounds of ammunition; two other men were arrested with him and taken into custody. Rumors of Treviño Morales's arrest and a mugshot of him in custody began to circulate through Twitter and other social media outlets around noon that day, but the Mexican government did not confirm the arrest, nor did the U.S. authorities receive a formal confirmation until hours later.

Imprisonment
At the time of his arrest, Treviño Morales had pending charges for organized crime involvement, drug trafficking, torture, money laundering, and the illegal use of firearms under Mexican law, among other charges. However, he only declared the money and firearms that were confiscated during his arrest. Following his arrest, the drug lord was flown to Mexico City and kept at the SEIDO installations, Mexico's organized crime investigatory agency. On 19 July 2013, he was transferred to the Federal Social Readaptation Center No. 1 maximum security prison in Almoloya de Juárez, State of Mexico, via helicopter.

In January 2014, a New York federal district court issued other criminal charges against the drug lord. The investigation alleged that Treviño Morales conspired to order killings against rival gangsters of Los Zetas, members of his own criminal organization, and Mexican policemen and personnel of the Mexican Army from September 2004 to July 2013. The court, which sought his extradition, also stated that the drug lord conspired to traffic drugs to the U.S.

On 27 March 2017, Treviño Morales was transferred to a federal prison in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, through a precautionary inmate rotation program. He was then imprisoned in Puente Grande, Jalisco, outside of the city of Guadalajara, until 30 June 2020, whereupon he was transferred to the Federal Center for Social Readaptation (Cefereso) 17, located in Buenavista Tomatlán, in Tierra Caliente, Michoacán.

Family
Miguel's brother José Treviño Morales was arrested on 12 June 2012 by a combined U.S. federal task force. He has been indicted as one of the money launderers for the Zetas through an Oklahoma-based American Quarter Horse racing operation. His nephew Alejandro Treviño Chávez was killed during a shootout in the state of Coahuila on 5 October 2012 by a law enforcement group; in response, Miguel ordered the murder of José Eduardo Moreira, nephew of governor of Coahuila Rubén Moreira, and son of Humberto Moreira (Governor of the State of Coahuila from 2005 to 2011).

His younger brother is Omar Treviño Morales, who is said to have replaced Miguel's leadership role in Los Zetas. At around 4:00 a.m. on 4 March 2015, Treviño Morales was captured inside a residence in Fuentes del Valle, an upper-class neighborhood in San Pedro Garza García, Nuevo León, by the Federal Police and the Mexican Army. Not a single shot was fired in the operation. In a nearby neighborhood, authorities arrested his financial operator Carlos Arturo Jiménez Encinas, along with four other people. Four days later he was transferred to the Federal Social Readaptation Center No. 1, a maximum-security prison in Almoloya de Juárez, State of Mexico. He was formally charged in a federal court in Toluca, State of Mexico on 13 March for money laundering and for violating Mexico's Federal Law of Firearms and Explosives.

Miguel's older brother, Juan Francisco Treviño Morales, is currently imprisoned in the United States; his son (and nephew of Miguel), Juan Francisco Treviño Chávez, alias El Quico, was arrested in Monterrey on 15 June 2012. Eduardo Treviño Treviño, another nephew of Miguel, was arrested in Nuevo Laredo in May 2013 and awaits an extradition to the United States for kidnapping and drug trafficking charges that date back to 2010. Miguel's wife Juanita del Carmen Ríos Hernández was included in the Foreign Narcotics Kingpin Designation Act in February 2014, banning U.S. citizens from doing any kind of business activities with companies under her name.

Footnotes

References

Bibliography

External links
Z40 profile – on InSight Crime

1970 births
Living people
Los Zetas
Mexican prisoners and detainees
People from Nuevo Laredo
People sanctioned under the Foreign Narcotics Kingpin Designation Act


WuXi AppTec (WuXi  is pronounced as Wu-shee) is a global pharmaceutical, biopharmaceutical, and medical device company.

The company covers the development cycle through five core operations, including small molecule R&D and manufacturing, biologics R&D and manufacturing, cell therapy and gene therapy R&D and manufacturing, medical device testing, and molecular testing and genomics.

History
WuXi's founder is Dr. Ge Li, an organic chemist, who founded WuXi PharmaTech in Shanghai in December 2000.

WuXi established services in synthetic chemistry in 2001, manufacturing process development in 2003, research manufacturing in 2004, bioanalytical services in 2005, service biology in 2006, and toxicology and formulation in 2007. On December 14, 2006, WuXi PharmaTech announced that it was ranked 173rd on the Deloitte Technology Fast 500 Asia Pacific 2006. The company opened chemistry facilities in Tianjin in 2007. In 2008, WuXi PharmaTech acquired AppTec Laboratory Services Inc., a US-based company founded in 2001 with expertise in medical-device and biologics testing and with facilities in St. Paul, MN; Philadelphia, PA; and Atlanta, GA. WuXi opened a toxicology facility in Suzhou in 2009.

WuXi opened a large-scale manufacturing facility in Jinshan in 2010. The company began a biologics discovery, development, and manufacturing operation in Shanghai and Wuxi City in 2011. At the same year, WuXi acquired MedKey, a China-based clinical research company, and Abgent, a San Diego company and one of the world's largest manufacturers of antibodies for biological research and drug discovery. In 2012, WuXi opened a chemistry facility in Wuhan and a GMP biologics drug-substance facility in Wuxi City. That year WuXi also entered into a joint venture with MedImmune, the biologics arm of AstraZeneca, to co-develop MEDI5117, an anti-IL6 antibody for rheumatoid arthritis for the Chinese market. In 2013, WuXi formed a joint venture with the global clinical contract research organization PRA International (now called PRA Health Sciences) to build a clinical research business in China.

In 2014, WuXi opened a new biologics biosafety testing facility in Suzhou. In the same year, WuXi acquired XenoBiotic Laboratories, Inc. (XBL), a contract research organization with 27 years of operation that provides bioanalytical, drug metabolism, and pharmacokinetic services to the pharmaceutical, animal health, and agrochemical industries.

In 2015, WuXi completed its merger with WuXi Merger Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary of New WuXi Life Science Limited. As a result of the merger, New WuXi Life Science Limited acquired the company in a cash transaction valued at approximately US$3.3 billion. In 2016, WuXi's STA subsidiary opened a new campus in Changzhou and operations in San Diego. In the same year, WuXi acquired Crelux GmbH, a structure-based drug discovery provider based in Munich, Germany. In 2017, WuXi acquired HD Biosciences (HDB), a biology focused preclinical drug discovery contract research organization (CRO).

Company segments and subsidiaries
WuXi AppTec provides services to its customers primarily in the pharmaceutical, biotech, and other life science industries, as well as research institutes, disease-focused and non-profit foundations. There are 5 areas of focus for services:

Small Molecule Therapeutics R&D, Manufacturing and Testing
Biologicals Therapeutics R&D and Manufacturing
Gene- and Cell-based Therapies Manufacturing
Medical Device Testing
Genomics and Molecular Diagnostics.

WuXi NextCODE
In 2015, the company launched the subsidiary WuXi NextCODE following the acquisition of NextCODE Health, a bioinformatics startup company which emerged from the Icelandic firm deCODE genetics in 2013. The subsidiary had offices in Boston and Woburn, Massachusetts (US); Reykjavik (Iceland) and Shanghai (China).

References

Manufacturing companies based in Shanghai
Pharmaceutical companies of China
Companies formerly listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Companies listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange
Companies listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange
Pharmaceutical companies established in 2000
Contract research organizations
Multinational companies headquartered in China
Life sciences industry
Chinese brands
Chinese companies established in 2000


Dean Roemmich ( ) is a contemporary American physical oceanographer.

Roemmich was the early leader behind the sensors array Argo which continuously and globally measures vertical profiles of oceanic conditions, chiefly temperature and salinity.

He received the Sverdrup Gold Medal Award from the American Meteorological Society in 2008  for "his contributions to the measurement and understanding of the ocean's role in climate, and for leading the development and implementation of the Argo array". He joined Scripps Institution of Oceanography in 1981.

He received the 2018 Alexander Agassiz Medal from the National Academy of Sciences.

References

American oceanographers
Living people
Sverdrup Gold Medal Award Recipients
Year of birth missing (living people)
Physical oceanographers


Eupatorium linearifolium is a fall-blooming herbaceous plant native to North America.

Like other members of the genus Eupatorium it has inflorescences containing a large number of small white flower heads, each with 5 disc florets but no ray florets.

Works such as Flora of North America define E. linearifolium to include all the plants which in the past were treated as E. cuneifolium.  The most distinctive feature of E. linearifolium, compared with other Eupatorium species, is that the stems branch near the ground.

Eupatorium linearifolium is found in the southeastern and south-central United States, found in all the coastal states from Texas to Virginia, through probably extirpated from Virginia.

References

linearifolium
Flora of the Southern United States
Plants described in 1788


The H-Town Texas Cyclones were a team of the Independent Women's Football League. Based in Houston, the Cyclones played their home games at Reggie Grob Stadium on the campus of the Spring Branch Independent School District. The Cyclones were the second IWFL team based in Houston, after the Houston Energy. However, while the Energy competes in Tier I, the Cyclones were expected to compete in Tier II. Both teams were to compete for talent and fans with the Women's Football Alliance's Houston Power.

In their inaugural season, when they played in the National Women's Football Association the Cyclones defeated the West Michigan Mayhem 39-10 to win the NWFA Championship, the league's last before folding. Their sophomore season (in which they were members of the WFA) was not as successful, as they were only credited two wins that season (both by default when the East Texas Saberkats folded). In their final season of the IWFL, they went winless are 0-8 without going to playoffs. Afterwards, the team folded.

Season-By-Season

|-
| colspan="6" align="center" | H-Town Texas Cyclones (NWFA)
|-
|2008 || 7 || 1 || 0 || 1st South Central || Won Southern Conference Quarterfinals (Oklahoma City)Won Southern Conference Semifinals (St. Louis)Won Southern Conference Championship (Los Angeles)Won NWFA Championship (West Michigan)
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" | H-Town Texas Cyclones (WFA)
|-
|2009 || 2 || 6 || 0 || 3rd American Southwest || --
|-
| colspan="6" align="center" | H-Town Texas Cyclones (IWFL)
|-
|2010 || 0 || 8 || 0 || 8th Tier II Midwest || --
|-
!Totals || 13 || 15 || 0
|colspan="2"| (including playoffs)

Season schedules

2009

** = Won by forfeit

2010

External links
 H-Town Texas Cyclones official website

Independent Women's Football League
American football teams in Houston
American football teams established in 2008
American football teams disestablished in 2009
2008 establishments in Texas
2009 disestablishments in Texas
Women's sports in Texas


Louis Dicken Wilson (May 12, 1789 - August 12, 1847) was a North Carolinian politician and general in the United States Army. He served in the General Assembly of North Carolina and the North Carolina Senate for in various terms between 1814 and 1846. Wilson County, North Carolina is named in his honor, as well as the city of Wilson, North Carolina.

He was a member of the Democratic Party. His traditional opponents during elections were Whigs.

Biography
Wilson was born on May 12, 1789, to William Wilson and Elizabeth Dicken at their plantation south of Tar River in Edgecombe County, North Carolina. After receiving an education at the local academy, in 1807 he moved to Washington, Connecticut where he worked in a Counting house. Apparently, around this time he also studied law because a few years later, he returned home and practiced as a Notary Public on May 28, 1812. By February 24, 1817, he became a Justice of the Peace.

He represented Edgecombe County, North Carolina in the General Assembly of North Carolina from 1814 to 1819 and in the North Carolina Senate in 1820 then again from 1824 to 1832. In 1835, Wilson served as the Tarboro Tax Collector and he also became a delegate to the North Carolina constitutional convention in the same year. By 1842, Wilson was chosen as the Speaker of the Senate while his name frequently surfaced on the Electoral ticket as Elector of the State, for President and Vice-President.

Mexican War
On December 19, 1827, Wilson was elected Brigadier-General of the 5th North Carolina Brigade, a rank he  held as late as 1846. In his desire to fight in the Mexican American War, he requested a leave of absence from the State Senate On December 12, 1846. Wilson returned to Edgecombe and on January 5 of next year, he was made Captain of Company A of the First Edgecombe Volunteer Regiment, which summarily deployed to Mexico. On March 3, 1847, Wilson was offered the post of Colonel of the 12th Regiment of the United States Infantry by President James K. Polk. He returned to Washington to accept the position on April 9.

Six days before commanding 850 troops out of Veracruz, Mexico, Wilson contracted yellow fever and he died on August 7, 1847. He was given a military funeral the day after and his casket was shipped to his hometown where a monument was erected in his honor.

He was never married and had no recorded children. He did, however, state in his will that Edgecombe County would receive a substantial sum of $40,000 for helping the county's poor (of which only $12,000 was properly utilized, $10,000 lost to bad investments and $18,000 skimmed off by certain government officials during Reconstruction).

References

1789 births
1847 deaths
People from Edgecombe County, North Carolina
North Carolina state senators
Members of the North Carolina House of Representatives
19th-century American politicians
American military personnel of the Mexican–American War


West Roxbury Educational Complex (formerly West Roxbury High School) was a high school complex within Boston Public Schools located in the West Roxbury neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts.  (1976 – 2019)

History
The School was located on a 14 acre site near the 19th Century site of Brook Farm, and in the watershed of the upper Charles River. The school was designed by architects Antonio DeCastro and Samuel Glaser. It was built by The Jackson Construction Company of Dedham.

The school location was built adjacent to a large wetland, Saint Joseph’s Cemetery,  the former VFW Parkway Drive In and the former Gardner Street Landfill. The landfill was later capped and became Millennium Park. An island within the wetland is accessible by a boardwalk from the shore behind the school where the Boston Schoolyard Initiative built an Outdoor Classroom and science education site in collaboration with the Urban Science Academy.

Boston Mayor Kevin White announced plans to build a new high school in West Roxbury in 1973.   A groundbreaking ceremony was held on January 7, 1974. The school opened to students in September 1976.  Followed by a semi-formal dedication ceremony on May 19, 1977.

In 1982, cracks appeared and bricks began falling of sections of the school.  An investigation revealed an additive substance called Sarabond in the mortar used when the school was built was defective and causing the problem.  A suit was filed against Dow Chemical Company, manufacturer of the masonry additive.  The city won a 5.5. million settlement in July, 1987.  Most of the money was used to repair the damage which changed the appearance of the school with a two brick-color exterior by 1989.

In the fall of 2005, West Roxbury High School was renamed West Roxbury Educational Complex, and was divided into four schools: Media Communications Technology High School, Parkway Academy of Technology and Health, Urban Science Academy  and Brook Farm Business & Service Career Academy. Funding was being provided by grants from the Gates Foundation and the Carnegie Foundation.

In the fall of 2011, the West Roxbury Education Complex's  four schools were merged into two schools. Brook Farm Academy & Media Communications Technology High School were merged into one school, West Roxbury Academy, while Urban Science Academy and parkway Academy of Technology and Health were merged into one school at the complex.

In  December  2018 the Boston School Committee voted to close the school after Inspectional Services Department deemed the building unsafe. The schools’ student bodies were dispersed to other high schools throughout the district.

Notable alumni
 Manny Delcarmen (Class of 2000) - Major League Baseball player
 Ron Stone (Class of 1989) - former National Football League player
 Patrice O'Neal (Class of 1988) - Comedian, radio personality and actor

Athletics
The West Roxbury Baseball Team won the 2015 Boston City Championship for the first time since 2002 under Coach Cliff Wilson.
The West Roxbury Football 1984 Team was the first Boston Public School to win a state title.
The West Roxbury Boys Baseball Team won the Boston City South championship in 2008
The West Roxbury Football Team won the Boston City North championship in 2006
Longtime coach Leo Sybertz led the West Roxbury Football Team to 5 Super Bowl wins,  2 players who went on to NFL careers, 202 wins, still a record in the City League, 13 league championships and 10 playoff appearances in 31 years as head coach.[1]
From 1983-1996 the  West Roxbury(Westie) High Football team enjoyed almost 15 years of sustained success at the division 5 level. During that 13 year span West Roxbury played in 7 Superbowls, winning four. The wins were in 1983 14 Nantucket 0, 1988, 26 Greater Lowell 6, 1993 30 Greater Lawrence 26, 1995 34 Greater Lawrence 8; the losses were in 1992, Greater Lowell 10 Westie 8, 1994 East Boston(Eastie) 18, Westie 14, 1996, Greater Lowell 21, Westie 6.

References
The Road To Closure

deCastro Nelson Associates } Architects Planners – Education

CONTENTdm

https://archive.org/stream/cityrecord1981bost/cityrecord1981bost_djvu.txt

Dow Weathering Suits Over Mortar Additive That Allegedly Weakens Walls

West Roxbury High School, Murphy School Masonry Repair (P#3990). Capital Construction project files, 4300.001. City of Boston Archives. https://archives.cityofboston.gov/repositories/2/archival_objects/9735

External links

  - Boston Public Schools

High schools in Boston
Public high schools in Massachusetts
West Roxbury


The Susquehanna River Basin Commission (SRBC) is a federal-interstate compact commission created by the Susquehanna River Basin Compact (Pub. L. 91-575) between three U.S. states: (Pennsylvania, New York, and Maryland), and the federal government, and signed into law by President Richard Nixon on Christmas Eve 1970 to be effective 30 days later on January 23, 1971.

The Compact
In the late 1960s, a broad group of concerned citizens saw the need for a federal-interstate coordinating agency to lead the conservation, development, and administration of the Basin's resources that would preserve and enhance its value as a scenic and recreational asset for the people who live in the Basin. The need to coordinate these efforts, along with those of three states and the agencies of the federal government, led to the drafting of the Susquehanna River Basin Compact, which was signed into law on December 24, 1970. The Compact, as adopted by the Congress of the United States, and the legislatures of New York State, Pennsylvania, and Maryland, provides the mechanism to guide water resource management of the Susquehanna River Basin.

Membership
State membership on the Commission includes the governors of the three participating states or their designees. Under Pub. L. 110–114, the federal member is ex officio the Commander, North Atlantic Division, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.  The members appoint alternate members to serve in their place. As of August 2018, Major General Jeffrey L. Milhorn is the federal member of the commission.  Secretary Ben Grumbles is the member from Maryland and Basil Seggos is the member from New York.  Secretary Patrick McDonnell is the member from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.

Major General Jeffrey L. Milhorn also serves as the United States Member of the Delaware River Basin Commission under the authority of Pub. L. 110–114.

The commission's appointed members do periodically change.  Here is the most current member list.

Purpose and Activities
The purpose of the SRBC is to manage the water resources of the Susquehanna River under comprehensive planning principles through its own programs and by coordinating the efforts of the three states and the federal government. These program efforts include implementation of structural and non-structural flood mitigation projects, regulation of water withdrawals and consumptive use, allocation of water resources among the member states, restoration and preservation of fisheries and wetlands, protection of future water supply (including availability of flows into the Chesapeake Bay), and protection of water quality.

Commission staff develops and implements the programs as directed by the commissioners and as found in Commission's comprehensive plan. The six priority management areas of the Comprehensive Plan are listed below, along with desired results.

Sustainable Water Development: To regulate and plan for water resources development in a manner that maintains economic viability, protects instream users, and ensures ecological diversity; and meets immediate and future needs of the people of the basin for domestic, municipal, commercial, agricultural and industrial water supply and recreational activities.

Water Quality: To support the existing and designated uses of all water bodies by achieving water quality that meets or exceeds standards.

Flooding: To prevent loss of life and significantly reduce future damages from floods within the Basin through an integrated system of structural and nonstructural flood damage reduction measures.

Ecosystems: To achieve healthy ecosystems that provide groundwater and surface water of sufficient quality and in adequate supply to support abundant and diverse populations of aquatic, riparian, and terrestrial organisms, as well as human use.

Chesapeake Bay: To manage the water resources of the Susquehanna River Basin to assist in restoring and maintaining the Chesapeake Bay so it meets or exceeds applicable water quality standards and supports healthy populations of living resources, including oysters, crabs, fish, waterfowl, shore birds, and underwater grasses.

Coordination, Cooperation and Public Information: To maximize available human resources and achieve common and complementary management objectives by the commission, its member jurisdictions and others; to promote the planning and management of the basin's water resources in the most efficient manner possible; to inform the public on the commission's water management responsibilities; and to enhance the public's access to Commission information and in commenting on Commission activities.

Program Areas

The Commission completes much of its work through four program areas. These programs include:

Project Review – the permitting arm of the commission's regulatory program, the Project Review team receives and reviews applications for water withdrawals and consumptive water use, makes recommendations to the commissioners for actions on those applications, and helps to develop key standards guiding how, when and where the commission's policies and regulations are exercised.

Compliance and Enforcement – the enforcement arm of the commission's regulatory program, the Compliance Program works to ensure that water related projects have the appropriate approvals and operate within the constraints of those approvals. Site inspections, quarterly reporting requirements, and an extensive project database are some of the essential tools used by the program.

Monitoring & Protection - Monitoring and Protection scientists collect data to better understand the interactions of biological, chemical, and physical traits of streams throughout the Basin. These activities include water quality monitoring/sampling for macroinvertebrates & fish, stormwater, nutrient and sediment loadings, and abandoned mine drainage.  Key protection efforts include operation of systems that provide real-time monitoring in sensitive watersheds and in the vicinity of drinking water supplies, establishing Total Maximum Daily Load criteria, assessing risks to drinking water sources, and characterizing the cause and extent of impairment to Basin waterways.

Planning & Operations – Planning and Operations provides technical support to the other programs and is tasked with assessing the nature and quantity of water use in the Basin.  The Planning and Operations team also leads coordination efforts to help ensure that Basin agencies and residents are prepared to withstand and react to flooding and drought conditions.

Controversy

In 2012 the Commission attracted protests by approving the extraction of water for use in fracking, an activity whose opponents claim causes earthquakes, creates ground-water pollution and contributes to global warming.

This water extraction involved the sale of a mobile home park by the owner to
Aqua America who had gotten permission from the commission to withdraw up to 3 million gallons of water per day from the Susquehanna at that site. Aqua America then evicted the occupants so as to build
a pumping station on the site, attracting further protests from the residents
of the site and their supporters.

The sale of the property, not the Commission approval, triggered the eviction due to a local ordinance about operating the mobile home park in a floodplain. http://articles.philly.com/2012-04-18/business/31361933_1_fracking-trailer-park-anti-drilling

See also

Title 18 of the Code of Federal Regulations
Colorado River Compact
Columbia River Gorge Commission
Connecticut River Valley Flood Control Commission
Delaware River Basin Commission
Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin
Red River Compact Commission

References

External links

Susquehanna River Basin Commission in the Federal Register
SRBC's listing at the Maryland State Archives

United States interstate agencies
Susquehanna River
Government agencies established in 1970
Water management authorities in the United States
United States interstate compacts
Maryland law
New York (state) law
Pennsylvania law


Ichabod and Me is an American situation comedy television series starring Robert Sterling and George Chandler that aired in the United States during the 1961–1962 television season. It depicts the life of a New York City newspaper reporter who moves to a small New England town and becomes the publisher of its newspaper.

Premise

Tiring of life in New York City, where he had worked as a reporter at the New York Times, and wanting to raise his six-year-old son Benjie in a different environment, 44-year-old widower Bob Major moves with Benjie to Phippsboro, a small, sleepy rural town in New Hampshire with a population of about 3,000, where he purchases the town's only newspaper, the weekly Phippsboro Bulletin, from its longtime owner and editor, Ichabod Adams. Bob's big-city attitudes and ideas often clash with the small-town ways of the natives of Phippsboro, who are stereotypical rural New Englanders – taciturn, frugal, suspicious of strangers like him, and set in their ways; he is prone to writing inflammatory editorials in the Bulletin calling for progress in the town to bring it into the mid-20th century and raising the ire of the townspeople, who tend to oppose change. Ichabod – who is in his 60s, owns most of the town and serves it in many capacities, including as its mayor for the past 28 years, its school superintendent, and its traffic commissioner — remains involved in the operation of the newspaper. Ichabod is bemused by Bob and friendly toward him, offering him fatherly wisdom and advising him on how to navigate conflicts with his neighbors.

Also in Bob's life in Phippsboro are Ichabod's adult daughter Abby, who lives with Ichabod and at first views the highly eligible Bob with disdain, but then warms to him, takes a romantic interest in him, and eventually becomes his girlfriend; Aunt Livvy, the stern-faced but soft-hearted housekeeper for Bob and Benjie; Jonathan Baylor, a wide-eyed high school student who is Bob's only regular employee at the Phippsboro Bulletin; and Olaf, one of the townspeople. Martin Perkins, a typically taciturn New Englander who runs the local hardware store, and his friend Colby, the owner and operator of Colby's Seed and Fertilizer, are longtime Phippsboro residents who serve on the city council and share a suspicion of Bob and his activities. Bob complains about how hard it is to keep a secret in Phippsboro, where residents – Martin and Colby in particular – listen in on the town's party line to eavesdrop on other people's business.

Cast
Robert Sterling...Robert "Bob" Major
George Chandler...Ichabod Adams
Christine White...Abigail "Abby" Adams
Jimmy Mathers...Benjamin "Benjie" Major (recurring)
Reta Shaw...Aunt Lavinia ("Livvy") (recurring)
Guy Raymond...Martin Perkins (recurring)
Forrest Lewis...Colby (recurring)
Jimmy Hawkins...Jonathan Baylor
Burt Mustin...Olaf (recurring)

The pilot "Adam's Apples", aired in 1960, had a somewhat different cast.   Fred Beir played Terrence "Terry" Major, later recast and renamed Bob Major for the actual series.  Dorothy Neumann played Aunt Lavinia ("Livvy"), and Pitt Herbert played Martin Perkins.  Burt Mustin, who played the recurring role of Olaf in the series, played a character called Burt in the pilot.  Chandler and White appeared in the pilot in their series roles.

Origins

George Chandler created the Ichabod Adams character in 1956 in "Goodbye, Grey Flannel," an episode of the dramatic series Robert Montgomery Presents, with Lee Bowman co-starring as "Mr. Major", a forerunner of the Bob Major character of Ichabod and Me. The success of the episode prompted Chandler to return as Ichabod in a 1957 episode of Robert Montgomery Presents entitled "One Smart Apple."

The two Robert Montgomery Presents episodes led to the filming of a pilot for Ichabod and Me entitled "Adam's Apples." It included George Chandler as Ichabod and Christine White as his daughter Abby, but differed from the regular series in several ways. In "Adam's Apples," a character named Terrence "Terry" Major, portrayed by Fred Beir, gives up life as an advertising executive in New York City and retires to Phippsboro to become a gentleman farmer, and he rents property from Ichabod. Terry is childless, but has a dog named Fownes, after his former boss in New York. Dorothy Neumann portrays Livvy, Pitt Herbert portrays Martin Perkins, and Burt Mustin appears as a character named Burt rather than Olaf. The pilot does not include the Jonathan Baylor, Benjie Major, or Colby characters and makes no mention of Phippsboro's newspaper. It aired in April 1960 as an episode of General Electric Theater but did not sell as a regular series.

Despite the pilot's failure, Chandler felt strongly about getting a regular series on the air based on the Ichabod Adams and "Mr. Major" characters.
He took the initiative in forming a partnership with co-creators Joe Connelly and Bob Mosher and with comedian Jack Benny, whose production company put up much of the funding for the regular series Ichabod and Me. The show's premise was retooled for the regular series, with a character named Bob Major giving up life as a newspaper reporter in New York and moving to Phippsboro with his son Benjie, where he purchases the local newspaper from Ichabod, with Robert Sterling rather than Beir playing the role of Bob. With the success of The Andy Griffith Show, a rural-themed CBS situation comedy which began its long and successful run during the 1960–1961 season, and the planned premiere on CBS in the 1961–1962 season of Window on Main Street starring Robert Young — which some observers viewed as bearing similarities to Ichabod and Me — CBS saw a potentially successful series in Ichabod and Me and picked it up for its 1961–1962 schedule.

Production
A low-key situation comedy, Ichabod and Me was created and produced by Joe Connelly and Bob Mosher — who served as its executive producers – in association with Jack Benny's JaMco Productions, and Irving Paley served as series producer. It was co-sponsored by the Quaker Oats Company and the Kent and York Imperial-Sized Cigarette brands of the P. Lorillard Tobacco Company.

Both the pilot and the regular series were filmed at Revue Studios in Hollywood, California. The show was in black and white with a laugh track. Hank Simms was the show's announcer.

Pete Rugolo and His Orchestra performed the opening and closing theme of Ichabod and Me, which was an updated, uptempo arrangement of the traditional folk song "The Girl I Left Behind Me" — a fife-and-drum-corps classic which connoted the American Revolutionary War era in New England. It appeared with the title "Ichabod and Me Theme" as a track on Rugolo's 1962 album TV's Top Themes.

Jimmy Mathers, who portrayed Benjie Major, was the brother of Jerry Mathers, who starred in Leave It to Beaver at the time. However, the Benjie and Livvy roles were rather minor ones in Ichabod and Me, and the two characters did not even appear in a number of episodes.

Ichabod and Me′s most noteworthy guest star was screenwriter, playwright, television producer, narrator, and television host Rod Serling, who had gained fame in the 1950s for his live television dramas and as creator of the anthology series The Twilight Zone, which had debuted in 1959. He portrayed a reclusive counterculture novelist in the episode "The Celebrity," which aired on March 20, 1962, in what CBS billed as his dramatic debut. Uncomfortable with acting, Serling said of his appearance on Ichabod and Me, "I never had a line that resembled the English language."

Reception

The Red Skelton Show drew high ratings and appealed especially to rural audiences, and CBS hoped it would provide a good lead-in for Ichabod and Me, so it scheduled Ichabod and Me to follow The Red Skelton Show. Ichabod and Me met with poor critical reviews that suggested such scheduling would not succeed in building an audience for the series. In her column of September 27, 1961, Associated Press television critic Cynthia Lowry wrote that Ichabod and Me amounted to a "pretty tired, clumsy effort" and offered the opinion that its stereotyped depiction of rural New Englanders was more likely to offend residents of New England than attract them to the show. The same day, syndicated columnist Harriet Van Horne wrote of CBS that "A network that would buy Ichabod for prime evening time would buy the Brooklyn Bridge from a tavern drunk — and pay cash." Variety panned Ichabod and Me in its October 4, 1961, issue as "just another run-of-the-mill situation comedy, typically innocuous in its content and wholly bland in its approach...there were no surprises and few laughs on its first outing."

Ichabod and Me struggled to attract an audience. Rod Serling's guest appearance drew some attention to the series in March 1962, but did not improve its ratings, and by April 1962 Robert Sterling was acknowledging in interviews that the show was unlikely to return for a second season. He expressed bewilderment at the rules of television, likened an actor's selection of a television role to little more than gambling, with success having nothing to do with the role's quality, and criticized sponsors for becoming too prone to withdraw support for a television series at the first sign of early weakness in viewership. Disgusted with the television industry after the cancellation of Ichabod and Me, Sterling made only sporadic television appearances after the series came to an end in mid-1962.

Broadcast history
The pilot for Ichabod and Me aired on April 24, 1960, as an episode of General Electric Theater entitled "Adam's Apples." Ichabod and Me premiered as a regular series on September 26, 1961, and aired on CBS on Tuesdays at 9:30 p.m. Eastern Time. The competition for Ichabod and Me was not considered formidable: It consisted of the second half of the Leslie Nielsen police drama The New Breed on ABC until November 14, 1961, when The New Breed moved to 8:30 pm. Eastern Time and Bert Parks's game show Yours for a Song began airing at 9:30 pm. Eastern on ABC, while on NBC Ichabod and Me aired opposite the second half of The Dick Powell Show, an anthology series. However, CBS cancelled Ichabod and Me after only a single season, and its 36th and final new episode was broadcast on June 5, 1962. Reruns of the show then aired in its regular time slot until September 18, 1962.

Episodes
Lesczak, pp. 85–86."Television Highlights," The Schenectady Gazette, April 23, 1960, p. 10."Television Highlights," The Schenectady Gazette, October 3, 1961, p. 11.Television listing, Democrat and Chronicle, (Rochester, New York), October 17, 1961, p. 3."Television Highlights," The Schenectady Gazette, October 31, 1961, p. 11.Television listing, Asbury Park Press (Asbury Park, New Jersey), November 7, 1961, p. 18.Television listing, Fort Lauderdale News (Fort Lauderdale, Florida), November 21, 1961, p. 34.Television listing, Alton Evening Telegraph (Alton, Illinois), December 5, 1961, p. 20.Television listing, The Times Record (Troy, New York), December 12, 1961, p. 6."Television Highlights," The Schenectady Gazette, January 2, 1962, p. 18.Television listing, Alton Evening Telegraph (Alton, Illinois), January 9, 1962, p. 11."Television Highlights," The Schenectady Gazette, February 13, 1962, p. 19."Television Highlights," The Schenectady Gazette, March 13, 1962, p. 16.Television listing, The Pittsburgh Press (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania), March 27, 1962, p. 43.Television listing, Clarion-Ledger (Jackson, Mississippi), April 3, 1962, p. 15.Television listing, Wisconsin State Journal (Madison, Wisconsin), April 24, 1962, p. 25.Television listing, Alton Evening Telegraph (Alton, Illinois), May 1, 1962, p. 18.Television listing, The Pocono Record (Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania), May 8, 1962, p. 21.Television listing, The Independent (Long Beach, California), May 15, 1962, p. 28.Television listing, The Indianapolis News (Indianapolis, Indiana), May 15, 1962, p. 37."Television Highlights," The Schenectady Gazette, June 5, 1962, p. 13.

Pilot: "Adam's Apples"

Ichabod and Me

References

Footnotes

Bibliography
Brooks, Tim, and Earle Marsh, The Complete Directory to Prime-Time Network and Cable TV Shows, 1946–present (Sixth Edition), New York: Ballantine Books, 1995, .
 Lesczak, Bob. Single Season Sitcoms, 1948–1979: A Complete Guide. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland and Company, 2012. .
 McNeil, Alex, Total Television: The Comprehensive Guide to Programming From 1948 to the Present, Fourth Edition, New York: Penguin Books, 1996, .
 Tucker, David C. Lost Laughs of ′50s and ′60s Television: Thirty Sitcoms That Faded Off Screen. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland and Company, 2010. .

External links

 Ichabod and Me opening credits on YouTube
 Ichabod and Me opening and closing themes on YouTube
 Main Theme from Ichabod and Me on YouTube
 Main Theme from Ichabod and Me on YouTube
 Excerpt from Ichabod and Me episode "Bob's Redhead" on YouTube
 Ichabod and Me episode "The Celebrity" on YouTube
 Ichabod and Me episode "Bob's Award" on YouTube

1961 American television series debuts
1962 American television series endings
1960s American sitcoms
1960s American workplace comedy television series
CBS original programming
English-language television shows
Television series by Universal Television
Black-and-white American television shows
Television series about journalism
Television shows set in New Hampshire


Mario Antonio Monge Paredes  (born 27 November 1938-May 31, 2009) was a footballer from El Salvador who played as a forward.

Club career
Monge played for two of the "Big Four" of Salvadoran football, FAS and Alianza.

International career
Monge has represented his country in six FIFA World Cup qualification matches and played two matches at the 1970 FIFA World Cup Finals.

Honours
Primera División de Fútbol de El Salvador: 2
 1966, 1967

References

External links

1938 births
Living people
Footballers from San Salvador
Men's association football forwards
Salvadoran men's footballers
Salvadoran expatriate men's footballers
El Salvador men's international footballers
1970 FIFA World Cup players
Expatriate men's soccer players in Canada
Salvadoran expatriate sportspeople in Canada
Eastern Canada Professional Soccer League players
Toronto Italia players
C.D. Once Municipal footballers
C.D. FAS footballers
Alianza F.C. footballers
Salvadoran football managers


Borjomi () is a brand of naturally carbonated mineral water from springs in the Borjomi Gorge of central Georgia. The artesian springs in the valley are fed by water that filters from glaciers covering the peaks of the Bakuriani mountains at altitudes of up to . The water rises to the surface without pumping and is transported by pipes to two bottling plants in the town of Borjomi.

The mineral springs of the Borjomi valley were known to locals for over a thousand years but did not reach wider recognition until the early 1800s, after the Russian Imperial Army stationed in the area became aware of the water's salubrious effects. By the 1890s, Borjomi had become famous throughout the Russian Empire, had earned the favor of the Russian imperial dynasty of Romanov and was being bottled in the Georgian estates of Grand Duke Mikhail of Russia. After the Russian Revolution of 1917 and subsequent Soviet takeover of Georgia, the Borjomi enterprise was nationalized and the water was made into a top Soviet export.

Currently, "Borjomi" is produced by IDS Borjomi Georgia, which is part of IDS Borjomi International. In June 2022, the controlling company of IDS Borjomi International had to relinquish some of its shares to the Government of Georgia as part of a deal to comply with international sanctions. As a result, the Chairman of the Board of Directors of IDS Borjomi International became the representative of the Georgian government.

In 2005, the production of "Borjomi" reached 200 million bottles. In 2007, the international certification company Bureau Veritas granted "Borjomi" the international certificate of production safety and quality ISO 22000. Today, "Borjomi" is exported to 40 countries of the world.

The use of Borjomi water has been suggested by the Georgian and Russian researchers for complex treatment of several digestive diseases and diabetes mellitus.

History

The mineral springs of the Borjomi valley were discovered over one thousand years ago. Seven large rock tubs discovered by archeologists dating back to the beginning of the 7th century attest to the availability and use of the spring waters, most likely for bathing purposes. The springs were abandoned before being rediscovered in the early 19th century. By that time, as a result of the incessant warfare, Borjomi and its environs had been depopulated and covered with impassable forests.

In 1829, when the Imperial Russian Army Kherson Grenadier Regiment was deployed in Borjomi for operations against the Ottoman Empire, Russian soldiers found mineral springs on the right bank of Borjomi river. Intrigued by the find, Colonel Pavel Popov, the commander of the regiment, ordered that the springs be cleaned and that the water be bottled and transported to the military base. Popov, who suffered from stomach disease tried the water first. Seeing positive results, he ordered the construction of rock walls around the spring and he had a bath house built nearby, along with a small cottage house for himself. In 1837, when the Kherson regiment was replaced by the Georgian grenadiers regiment, its medical doctor Amirov examined the water components and their effects, sending the first results of analysis to Saint Petersburg and Moscow. By 1841, the healing effects of Borjomi water were so famous that the viceroy of the Russian Tsar in the Caucasus Yevgeni Golovin brought his sick daughter to the springs for treatment. In light of the quick results of the treatment, he called the first spring Yekaterinsky () after his daughter Yekaterina and the second Yevgeniyevsky (Евгеньевский) after himself.

Golovin also expedited the official transfer of the waters from the military to civil authorities. In 1850, a mineral water park was opened in Borjomi and in 1854, the authorities commissioned construction of the first bottling plant. Borjomi water gained popularity for its curing effects all over the Russian Empire and the government began building palaces, parks, public gardens and hotels to accommodate incoming tourists and patients. The commute from Tiflis to Borjomi usually took 8–9 hours by phaetons, however the new Mikhaylovo-Borjomi railroad built in 1894 significantly reduced the length of the journey. Renowned figures such as Anton Chekhov, Pyotr Tchaikovsky as well as members of the royal Russian family were among the common visitors of the springs. By that time, Borjomi was a rival of similar European spas, such as Vichy, frequented by Russian tourists, the fact that earned for Borjomi the reputation of "the Russian Vichy" and "the pearl of the Caucasus".

In 1894, Grand Duke Mikhail Romanov built a bottling plant in the Borjomi park which continued to operate until the 1950s. A glass factory followed in 1896. The income from the Borjomi waters enterprise contributed to the wealth of Mikhail's son and successor Nikolay, who was the richest of all Russian grand dukes by 1914.  In 1854,  1,350 bottles of water were produced, by 1905 the number had reached 320,000 and by 1913 over 9 million bottles were sold. After the establishment of Soviet rule in Georgia, Borjomi was widely sold around the Soviet Union and was favored by Soviet leaders such as Joseph Stalin. Exploration of the Borjomi Gorge was conducted in 1927. Between then and 1982, 57 exploration wells (depths ranging from  to ) were drilled. In 1961, 423,000 bottles of Borjomi was exported to 15 countries including the United States, France and Austria. During the existence of the Soviet Union, Borjomi was recognized as the third best known brand of the USSR after the Volga car and Aeroflot airlines. In the 1980s, annual production of Borjomi water reached 400 million bottles.
Production slowed with the collapse of the Soviet Union and economic stagnation in the independent Republic of Georgia. In 1995, bottling of Borjomi was restarted by the Georgian Glass and Mineral Waters Company (GG&MW), which increased the production forty-fold. According to the company, 80% of Borjomi produced that year was exported abroad—more than half of this amount to Russia. Despite counterfeit drinks being produced under the Borjomi label as a result of rising piracy during the 1990s, Borjomi water was able to reclaim its reputation by 2000 in a distinctive packaging campaign. The piracy also slowed due to the 1998 Russian financial crisis.

In May 2006, Russia banned imports of Georgian mineral waters, declaring them unsafe. The ban got lifted after 7 years in 2013. Georgia viewed this as an attempt to restrict access to the Russian market and making Borjomi a pawn in post-Soviet  political power play. As a result of the ban, GG&MW lost GEL 25 million in 2006, but the company declared the crisis to have been overcome by 2008, with sales volumes reaching pre-2006 level. The sales and export of Borjomi mineral water dropped again by 30-40% starting from October 2008 due to the global financial crisis. But already in 2010 the company declared that sales figures of Borjomi were the same as the company had before the ban. In 2011 sales company sold 15% more Borjomi than they were selling before the ban. Today Borjomi is sold in 40 countries worldwide. Today, Borjomi in post-soviet countries is a number one brand in imported mineral water brand segment.

Borjomi is currently produced by the IDS Borjomi Georgia, which is a part of the International company - IDS Borjomi International, registered in Curaçao. As of June 13, 2022, the controlling company of IDS BORJOMI International transferred 7.73% of the company's share to the Government of Georgia free of charge. As a result, the Chairman of the Board of Directors of IDS BORJOMI International became the representative of the Government of Georgia.

Today, the company produces 3 products in the Borjom-Bakuriani valley:

Borjomi
Likani
Bakuriani

Features

Borjomi is a water of volcanic origin which is over 1,500 years old. It is pushed up to the surface from 1500m  below ground by natural carbon dioxide pressure. Borjomi does not cool down before it reaches the surface and comes out at a temperature of . The Borjomi springs are located in the central part of the Adjara-Imereti mountain range of Greater Caucasus at an altitude of   above sea level. The average depth of each of the nine spring wells is .

In order to preserve the mineral composition of the springs, in 2006 the Georgian Ministry of Environment Protection and Natural Resources approved a production plan for 2006–2031 estimating 561,000 litres per day which allows bottling of over 1 million bottles a day using 10 wells in Borjomi Gorge. The wells are located in 3 exploitation lots: Central (in the vicinity of Borjomi town), Likani (in Likani village) and Vashlovani-Kvibisi (in villages Vashlovani and Kvibisi). The water received from the wells travels by a  stainless steel pipeline to two bottling plants where it is cooled and bottled. The first plant specializes in glass bottling, the second in PET bottling.

The production of mineral water and the associated tourist economy in Borjomi and the nearby Borjomi-Kharagauli National Park make up 10 percent of Georgia's export trade. Construction of the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline near the Borjomi has been controversial because of potential negative environmental and economic impacts on the region.

Packaging

Borjomi comes in glass bottle sizes of 0.33 and 0.5 litres, plastic bottle sizes of 0.5 litre, 0,75l  litres,1 litre and 1.25 litres and in 0.33 litre aluminum can. Glass bottles and PET bottles are screw-capped. The signature greenish color of the glass bottles (so-called Georgian Green) is based on a proprietary formula. As with other single-use plastic products, used water bottles make up a significant portion of Georgia's plastic pollution problem.

In February 2011, new packaging of Borjomi water presenting a new "modern look" was introduced, accentuating relief of the deer image and sign of the manufacturer on the label. In the end of 2019 Borjomi adopted a new design, following key design trends - simplicity and minimalism. The new bottles are more modern, feature the phrase "Georgian mineral water," and includes silver stripes.

Awards
 1907 SPA Grand Prix
 1909 Kazan  Grand Golden Medal
 1911 Dresden Diploma of Honour
 1940 Tallinn Golden Medal
 1975 Budapest Diploma of Honour, World Exhibition
 1998 Novosibirsk Golden Medal
 1996, 1997, 1998 St. Petersburg Golden Medal

References

External links

Photos of the Borjomi botteling process
Indifications for treatment of Borjomi mineral water

Mineral water in Georgia (country)
Bottled water brands
Carbonated water
Soviet brands
Food and drink in the Soviet Union


The Eighth Federal Electoral District of Chiapas (VIII Distrito Electoral Federal de Chiapas) is one of the 300 Electoral Districts into which Mexico is divided for the purpose of elections to the federal Chamber of Deputies and one of 12 such districts in the state of Chiapas.

It elects one deputy to the lower house of Congress for each three-year legislative period, by means of the first past the post system.

District territory
The Eighth District of Chiapas covers eight municipalities near the Guatemalan border: Bella Vista, Chicomuselo, Comitán de Domínguez, Frontera Comalapa, La Independencia, La Trinitaria, Socoltenango and Tzimol.

The district's head town (cabecera distrital), where results from individual polling stations are gathered together and collated, is the city of Comitán.

Previous districting schemes

1996–2005 district
Between 1996 and 2005, the Eighth  District had a slightly different configuration. Still in the same broad region and centred on Comitán, it covered the following municipalities:
Comitán de Domínguez, La Independencia, La Trinitaria, Socoltenango and Tzimol, as at present, plus:
Amatenango del Valle, Chanal, Las Rosas, and Teopisca.

The Eighth District of Chiapas was created in 1977. Prior to that year, Chiapas only had six federal electoral districts. The Eighth District elected its first deputy, to the 51st Congress, in 1979.

Deputies returned to Congress from this district

LI Legislature
1979: Juan Sabines Gutiérrez (PRI)
1979–1982: Alberto Cuesy Balboa (PRI)
LII Legislature
1982–1985:
LIII Legislature
1985–1988:
LIV Legislature
1988–1991: Leyber Martínez González (PRI)
LV Legislature
1991–1994:
LVI Legislature
1994–1997: Germán Jiménez Gómez (PRI)
LVII Legislature
1997–2000: Juan Carlos Gómez Aranda (PRI)
LVIII Legislature
2000–2003: Roberto Javier Fuentes Domínguez (PRI)
LIX Legislature
2003–2006: Mario Culebro Velasco (PRI)
LX Legislature
2006–2009: Arnulfo Cordero Alfonzo (PRI)

References and notes

Federal electoral districts of Mexico
Government of Chiapas


John Nutting (born in Margate, England) is an Australian radio presenter.

Nutting was host of country music show Saturday Night Country on ABC Local Radio across Australia for 17 years between 1993 and 2010.

In 2010, Nutting announced he was retiring from radio and was replaced by Felicity Urquhart on Saturday Night Country from the end of February 2010.

In 2013, Nutting returned to radio as host of Saturday Breakfast on ABC North Queensland in Townsville. He continued in this role until October 2015.

In January 2016, Nutting commenced work with Australian Country Radio programming and presenting country music, the Australian Country Radio website and associated streaming platforms.

In 2015, Nutting was critical of the ABC's decision to reduce local programming at regional ABC stations such as ABC North Queensland in 2016, suggesting the ABC might as well broadcast local programming for Townsville listeners from Wagga Wagga, New South Wales.

References

Living people
People from Margate
People from Queensland
Australian radio presenters
Australian radio personalities
21st-century American politicians
Year of birth missing (living people)


Stephen Barker (1846 – 21 June 1924) was an English-born Australian politician. Born in Sussex, he received a primary education before becoming a tailor. He migrated to Australia where he became an organiser of the Tramways Union. He served as secretary of the Melbourne Trades Hall Council from 1901 to 1910. In 1910, he was elected to the Australian Senate as a Labor Senator from Victoria. He was defeated in 1919 but re-elected in 1922. However, he died in 1924, and Joseph Hannan was appointed as his replacement.

References

1846 births
1924 deaths
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Members of the Australian Senate for Victoria
Members of the Australian Senate
Australian trade unionists
20th-century Australian politicians
English emigrants to colonial Australia
Australian tailors


Anything Goes is a contemporary jazz album by the Brad Mehldau trio. The title track is Cole Porter's "Anything Goes" arranged for the trio. The album, like many of Mehldau's other albums, contains several jazz arrangements of pop/rock songs, including "Still Crazy After All These Years" by Paul Simon, and "Everything in Its Right Place" by Radiohead.

Reception
Tim Perlich of Now stated, "Jazz pianist Brad Mehldau has never been much of a risk-taker, preferring instead to straddle the thin line that divides the progressively minded traditionalists and the conservative modernists. On the disappointing Anything Goes, Mehldau surrenders to his commercial impulses and adopts the clichéd contemporary pop-jazz album formula." John Fordham of The Guardian wrote, "As before, it's a mix of standards, quirkily personal choices and a Radiohead theme, but Anything Goes is likely to rank very high in the Mehldau trio list." Matt Collar of AllMusic commented, " Anything Goes moves from the expected to the inspired and that alone makes this worth a listen."

Track listing
 "Get Happy" (Harold Arlen, Ted Koehler) – 9:47
 "Dreamsville" (Raymond B. Evans, Jay Livingston, Henry Mancini) – 5:03
 "Anything Goes" (Cole Porter) – 7:08
 "Tres Palabras" (Osvaldo Farrés) – 5:01
 "Skippy" (Thelonious Monk) – 5:24
 "Nearness of You" (Hoagy Carmichael, Ned Washington) – 6:43
 "Still Crazy After All These Years" (Paul Simon) – 5:21
 "Everything in Its Right Place" (Thom Yorke, Jonny Greenwood) – 6:55
 "Smile" (Charlie Chaplin, Geoff Parsons, James John Turner Phillips) – 6:48
 "I've Grown Accustomed to Her Face" (Alan Jay Lerner, Frederick Loewe) – 4:49

Personnel

Brad Mehldau – Piano
Larry Grenadier – Bass
Jorge Rossy – Drums

Credits

Produced by Brad Mehldau and Matt Pierson
Mastered by Greg Calbi
Engineered by James Farber, Steve Mazur, Aya Takemura
Photography by Warren Darius Aftahi
Production Coordination by Dana Watson

References

External links
 One Way Magazine article: Brad Mehldau, Anything Goes

2004 albums
Albums produced by Matt Pierson
Brad Mehldau albums
Warner Records albums


Genoa-Kingston High School is a public high school located in Genoa, Illinois. The school has an enrollment of 617.

About the school
Genoa-Kingston High School is located in DeKalb County in Northern Illinois. The high school is part of the Genoa-Kingston School District #424 which comprises the two communities of Genoa and Kingston, Illinois.

GKHS offers a variety of curricular courses in the areas of math, science, foreign language, English, career and technical education, physical education and fitness, fine arts, social sciences, and special education. The high school is also a member of the Kishwaukee Education Consortium, where juniors and seniors are offered the opportunity to explore a variety of technical classes being conducted with students from neighboring districts.

In the areas of extra curricular activities, students may become involved in drama, music, athletics, and various clubs and organizations. Students are encouraged to become involved in activities as this is viewed as the way to further enhance the learning experience.

Current education
Genoa-Kingston High School has an average class size of 21. The average ACT score for GKHS is 19.2, compared to Illinois’ state average of 20.3.

Athletics
Genoa-Kingston High School competes in the Big Northern Conference. Sports include:

Baseball
Basketball
Cheerleading
Cross Country
Football
Golf

Soccer
Softball
Track and Field
Volleyball
Wrestling

References

External links

Public high schools in Illinois
Schools in DeKalb County, Illinois


Albert Edward Howarth Blakey (9 November 1879 – 4 July 1935) was an Australian politician. Born in Balmoral, Victoria, he received a primary education before becoming a clerk, and an official with the Clerks' Union. Blakely also served as secretary of the Hamilton branch of the ALP and a member of the board of directors of the Australian Natives' Association. In 1906 he served as a member of the central executive of the Victorian ALP.

In 1910, he was elected to the Australian Senate as a Labor Senator for Victoria. He was defeated in 1917, and died in Mooroopna in 1935 after a long illness.

The Age called him a good platform speaker and referred to his genial personality.

References

Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Members of the Australian Senate for Victoria
Members of the Australian Senate
1879 births
1935 deaths
20th-century Australian politicians


The Ninth Federal Electoral District of Chiapas (IX Distrito Electoral Federal de Chiapas) is one of the 300 Electoral Districts into which Mexico is divided for the purpose of elections to the federal Chamber of Deputies and one of 12 such districts in the state of Chiapas.

It elects one deputy to the lower house of Congress for each three-year legislative period, by means of the first past the post system.

District territory
The Ninth  District of Chiapas is the state's smallest federal electoral district in area. It covers the north-eastern section of the municipality of Tuxtla Gutiérrez, approximating to the eastern half of that city (the state capital), together with a portion of its rural hinterland.

The district's head town (cabecera distrital), where results from individual polling stations are gathered together and collated, is the city of Tuxtla Gutiérrez.

Previous districting schemes

1996–2005 district
Between 1996 and 2005, the Ninth  District covered the whole of the municipality of Tuxtla Gutiérrez, with the city serving as the head town.

The Ninth District of Chiapas was created in 1977. Prior to that year, Chiapas only had six federal electoral districts. The Ninth District elected its first deputy, to the 51st Congress, in 1979.

Deputies returned to Congress from this district

LI Legislature
1979–1982: César Augusto Santiago (PRI)
LII Legislature
1982–1985: Eloy Morales Espinoza (PRI)
LIII Legislature
1985–1988:
LIV Legislature
1988–1991: Arely Madrid Tovilla (PRI)
LV Legislature
1991–1994:
LVI Legislature
1994–1997: Lázaro Hernández Vázquez (PRI)
LVII Legislature
1997–2000: Carlos Morales Vázquez (PRD)
LVIII Legislature
2000–2003: Enoch Aráujo Sánchez (PAN)
LIX Legislature
2003–2006: Francisco Rojas Toledo (PAN)
LX Legislature
2006–2009: Carlos Morales Vázquez (PRD)

References and notes

Federal electoral districts of Mexico
Government of Chiapas


Andrew Nelson McKissock (6 December 1873 – 17 July 1919) was an Australian trade unionist and politician. He was a member of the Australian Labor Party (ALP) and served as a Senator for Victoria from 1914 to 1917. He was also a member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly from 1908 to 1911.

Early life
McKissock was born on 6 December 1872 in Ballarat East, Victoria. He was the son of Helen (née Rattray) and John McKissock, his father being a butcher. He was educated at a local school and then apprenticed to a compositor. In 1896, McKissock travelled to South Africa and met up with "a group of young adventurers from his home town", calling themselves the Ballarat Boys. He briefly worked in Cape Town as a printer. He and two others subsequently enlisted in Herbert Plumer's Matabele Relief Force and took part in the Second Matabele War. His unit proceeded to Mafeking on foot and took part in several engagements, culminating in the Battle of Umlugulu Mountain. He detailed his experiences in letters to the Ballarat Courier, and after the war's end resumed working as a compositor with Ballarat newspapers and printers.

McKissock became involved in the labour movement as a member of the Ballarat Typographical Society. He became a delegate to the Ballarat Trades and Labor Council in 1900 and later served as the council's president. He was also chairman of the Eight Hours Committee, president of the Ballarat branch of the Tramways Employees' Association, and chairman of the Victoria–Riverina branch of the Australian Workers' Union (AWU).

State politics

McKissock was an unsuccessful Labor candidate at the 1907 state election, running in the seat of Ballarat West. He reprised his candidacy at the 1908 election and was elected by 81 votes. In parliament he spoke mainly on workers' issues and local matters. He was defeated at the 1911 election after a single term and subsequently joined the staff of the Evening Echo, the ALP's newspaper in Ballarat.

Federal politics and later activities
McKissock was elected to the Senate at the 1914 federal election, which saw the ALP win all six Senate seats in Victoria. He was not a regular speaker in parliament, but as an anti-conscriptionist "vigorously attacked the concept of conscription and the Military Service Referendum Bill, both of which he held to be essentially undemocratic". He remained in the ALP following the 1916 party split over conscription, but was defeated at the 1917 election after a single term.

After his defeat, McKissock attempted to return to state parliament, unsuccessfully contesting the seat of Ballarat East at the 1917 Victorian state election. He was subsequently appointed as a professional organiser for the ALP, concentrating on rural areas.

Personal life
McKissock married Margaret Keay in 1899, with whom he had two daughters. He died on 17 July 1919 at the age of 46 as a result of the Spanish flu pandemic.

References

1873 births
1919 deaths
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Members of the Australian Senate for Victoria
Members of the Australian Senate
Members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly
20th-century Australian politicians
Deaths from Spanish flu
People of the Second Matabele War


The 2008–09 Houston Cougars men's basketball team, also known as the Houston Cougars, Houston, or UH, represented the University of Houston in the college basketball 2008–09 season.  It was their 64th year of season play.  The head coach for the Cougars was Tom Penders, who was serving in his 5th year in that position.  The team played its home games at Hofheinz Pavilion on-campus in Houston, Texas.  The Cougars played in the first game of the NCAA Division I season in the 2K Sports College Classic.

Pre-season
The 2007–08 Cougars finished with a 24–10 record, and were invited to compete in the inaugural College Basketball Invitational (CBI).  Houston defeated Nevada and Valparaiso, but was defeated in the semifinals by Conference USA rival Tulsa.

Schedule

|-
!colspan=7|2K Sports College Classic

|-
!colspan=7|Regular season

|-
!colspan=7|Conference USA men's basketball tournament

|-
!colspan=7|College Basketball Invitational

Roster

References

Houston
Houston Cougars men's basketball seasons
Houston
Houston
Houston


The 1960 Alabama Crimson Tide football team (variously "Alabama", "UA" or "Bama") represented the University of Alabama in the 1960 NCAA University Division football season. It was the Crimson Tide's 66th overall and 27th season as a member of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). The team was led by head coach Bear Bryant, in his third year, and played their home games at Denny Stadium in Tuscaloosa and Legion Field in Birmingham, Alabama. They finished with a record of eight wins, one loss and two ties (8–1–2 overall, 5–1–1 in the SEC) and with a tie against Texas in the Bluebonnet Bowl.

After Alabama upset Georgia in week one, they entered the polls for the first time at the No. 5 position for their game against Tulane. However, they tied the Green Wave and dropped to No. 15 prior to their win over Vanderbilt. The next week, Alabama was upset in Knoxville by Tennessee and as a result exited the polls. The Crimson Tide then proceeded to win all six of their regular season games that remained.

After a victories over Houston on homecoming and on the road at Mississippi State, Alabama scored their most points in a game since the 1952 season when they defeated  51–0. After an unsuccessful bid to allow for a "sudden death" overtime period in the event of a tie in their game against Georgia Tech, Alabama defeated both the Yellow Jackets in Atlanta and Tampa at home prior to their victory over Auburn in the Iron Bowl. The Crimson Tide then closed the season with a tie against Texas in the Bluebonnet Bowl.

Schedule

Game summaries

Georgia

Sources:

To open the 1960 season, the Crimson Tide scored 21 second quarter points en route to a 21–6 upset over the Georgia Bulldogs at Legion Field. After a scoreless first quarter, touchdowns were scored on a three-yard run by Tommy White and on runs of one and nine-yards by Bobby Skelton that made the halftime score 21–0. Alabama never relinquished the lead, but Georgia ended the shutout bid late in the fourth quarter when Fran Tarkenton threw a three-yard touchdown pass to Dan Davis that made the final score 21–6. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Georgia to 24–18–4.

Tulane

Source:

After their upset victory over Georgia in their first game of the season, Alabama entered the polls for the first time of the season at the No. 5 position. In their first road game of the season, the Crimson Tide scored a touchdown in the final minute that prevented an upset by the Tulane Green Wave in this 6–6 tie at New Orleans. After a scoreless first quarter, Tulane took a 6–0 halftime lead after Tommy Mason scored on a three-yard touchdown run. Pat Trammell tied the game in the final minute with his four-yard touchdown run, but the game then ended in a tie after a failed extra point by the Crimson Tide. The tie brought Alabama's all-time record against Tulane to 18–10–3.

Vanderbilt

Sources:

After their tie against Tulane, Alabama dropped ten spots to the No. 15 position in the AP Poll prior to their game against Vanderbilt. In their game against the Commodores, the Crimson Tide rallied to a  21–0 victory after being held scoreless in the first half. Billy Richardson scored the first points of the game with his one-yard touchdown run in the third quarter. Later in the quarter, Alabama's lead was extended further to 9–0 after Charles Binkley snapped the ball over the head of Russell Morris on a punt attempt and out of the endzone for a safety. The Crimson Tide then took the free kick that ensued 49-yards for a touchdown with the points made on a 36-yard Bobby Skelton touchdown pass to Norbie Ronsonet for a 15–0 lead. The last touchdown of the game came in the final minute of the fourth quarter when Bud Moore returned an interception 32-yards and made the final score 21–0. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Vanderbilt to 19–16–4.

Tennessee

Source:

In their annual rivalry game against Tennessee, early turnovers proved costly for the Crimson Tide in this 20–7 loss to the Volunteers at Knoxville. Ray Abruzzese fumbled the first play of the game for Alabama to set up the Vols' first score on an eight-yard Bill Majors touchdown pass to Charles Wyrick. Later in the first quarter, Tennessee took a 14–0 lead after a Tommy White fumble was recovered by Cotton Letner and returned 41-yards for a touchdown. After a three-yard Glenn Glass touchdown early in the second quarter made the Volunteers' lead 20–0, Alabama responded with their only points of the game on a 13-yard Laurien Stapp touchdown pass to Leon Fuller that made the final margin 20–6. The loss brought Alabama's all-time record against Tennessee to 18–19–6.

Houston

Sources:

A week after their first loss of the season at Tennessee, the Crimson Tide returned home and shutout the Houston Cougars 14–0 on homecoming in Tuscaloosa. Both Crimson Tide touchdowns were set up after Cougar turnovers gave them good field position. The first touchdown was set up after Lee Roy Jordan recovered a Charlie Rieves fumble at the Cougars' 31-yard line. Eight plays later Alabama led 7–0 after Laurien Stapp scored on a one-yard run. On the Houston drive that ensued, Billy Richardson intercepted a Don Sessions pass and returned it to the Cougars' 18-yard line. Four plays later Alabama scored what proved to be the final points of the game on a one-yard Richardson run. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Houston to 2–0.

Mississippi State

Sources:

On homecoming in Starkville, Alabama scored their only touchdown in the first quarter and shutout the Mississippi State Maroons 7–0. The Crimson Tide scored the lone points of the game on their second offensive possession when Pat Trammell scored on an 18-yard touchdown run. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Mississippi State to 32–10–3.

Furman

Sources:

Against the Furman Paladins, Alabama scored their most points in a game since the 1953 Orange Bowl in this 51–0 victory at Denny Stadium. After Bobby Skelton threw and eight-yard touchdown pass to Butch Wilson in the first, he followed it with a three-yard touchdown pass to Richard O’Dell in the second quarter. Pat Trammell then made the halftime score 21–0 with his one-yard run late in the half. After a one-yard Cotton Clark touchdown run extended the Alabama lead to 29–0 in the third, the Crimson Tide scored 22 fourth quarter points to win 51–0. Fourth quarter points were scored on a blocked punt for a safety, and touchdowns on a 62-yard Walter Cureton touchdown run, a 52-yard Laurien Stapp pass to Jerry Spruiell and a five-yard Stapp run. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Furman to 5–0.

Georgia Tech

Sources:

Behind a 24-yard game-winning Richard O’Dell field goal with only six seconds left in the game, the Crimson Tide upset the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets 16–15 at Grant Field. Tech dominated the first half and built a 15–0 halftime lead over Alabama. They scored on an eight-yard Jimmy Nail touchdown run, a 47-yard Thomas Wells field goal and on a three-yard Stanley Gann touchdown run. Alabama responded in the third quarter with a one-yard Leon Fuller touchdown run that cut the Jackets' lead to 15–6. The Crimson Tide then closed the game with a three-yard Bobby Skelton touchdown pass to Norbie Ronsonet and the 24-yard O'Dell field goal as time expired to win 16–15. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Georgia Tech to 21–18–3.

In the week that led into this game, Bear Bryant and Georgia Tech head coach Bobby Dodd agreed to make a request to then SEC commissioner Bernie Moore to allow for a "sudden death" overtime period in the event the game was tied at the end of regulation. At the time, it marked the first time that an overtime period was formally requested by college football teams. Ultimately, Moore denied the request and cited that as a conference he was unable to violate existing NCAA rules that specified only 60 minutes for football games.

Tampa

Source:

After their upset over Georgia Tech, Alabama reentered the AP Poll at the No. 18 position in the week leading to their game against Tampa. In what was the first and only meeting against the Spartans, Alabama won 34–6 in the final Denny Stadium game of the season. The Crimson Tide took an 18–0 halftime lead after they scored three first half touchdowns. The first was on a one-yard Mike Fracchia run, the second on a one-yard Pat Trammell run and the third on a 30-yard Bobby Skelton pass to Bill Oliver. After a one-yard Laurien Stapp run in the third extended the Alabama lead to 26–0, Tampa scored their only points on a three-yard Ronnie Perez touchdown pass to Charles Truelock. The Crimson Tide then closed the game win a second, one-yard Trammell touchdown run and won 34–6.

Auburn

Sources:

As they entered their season finale against No. 8 Auburn, the Crimson Tide moved up one spot to the No. 17 position after their victory over Tampa. At Legion Field in the annual Iron Bowl game, Alabama shut out the Tigers for the second consecutive season, this time by a score of 3–0. The only points in this defensive struggle came in the second quarter on a 22-yard Tommy Brooker field goal. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Auburn to 11–13–1.

Texas

Sources:

Immediately after their victory over Auburn in their season finale, Bryant accepted an invitation to play in the Bluebonnet Bowl against Texas. Against the Longhorns, each team only scored a single field goal in this 3–3 tie. Tommy Brooker connected on a 30-yard field goal for Alabama in the third and Dan Petty tied the game in the fourth for Texas with his 20-yard kick. The tie brought Alabama's all-time record against Texas to 0–4–1.

NFL/AFL Draft
Several players that were varsity lettermen from the 1960 squad were drafted into the National Football League (NFL) and the American Football League (AFL) in the 1962 and 1963 drafts. These players included the following:

Freshmen squad
Prior to the 1972 NCAA University Division football season, NCAA rules prohibited freshmen from participating on the varsity team, and as such many schools fielded freshmen teams. For the 1960 season, the Alabama freshmen squad was coached by Sam Bailey and finished their season with a record of two wins and one loss (2–1). In their first game of the season, Alabama was shut out by Tulane at New Orleans, 19–0. Green Wave touchdowns were scored by Bill Hatchett on a one-yard run in the first and on a pair of fourth-quarter scores that were set up by Crimson Tide turnovers.

In their second game, the Crimson Tide defeated Mississippi State by a final score of 10–6 at Denny Stadium on a Monday. After a scoreless first quarter, State took a 6–0 lead in the second quarter on a 66-yard Wayne Gaines touchdown pass to Bobby Jones. Alabama responded later in the period with a 14-yard Hudson Harris touchdown run to take the lead and then added a 35-yard Tim Davis field goal in the third that made the final score 10–6. In the final freshmen game of the season, Alabama defeated Auburn 23–6 before 4,000 fans on a Monday at Denny Stadium. Alabama points were scored on a six-yard Dale Layton touchdown pass to Jerry Beard, a nine-yard Layton touchdown run, a 26-yard Larry Wall touchdown run and a 37-yard Tim Davis field goal. Auburn scored their only points in the fourth on a touchdown pass from Frank James to Reggie Allen, and in the loss, the Tigers fumbled the ball eight times with Alabama having recovered seven of them.

Personnel

Varsity letter winners

Coaching staff

References
General

Specific

Alabama
Alabama Crimson Tide football seasons
Alabama Crimson Tide football