The President's House in Philadelphia was the third U.S. Presidential Mansion. George Washington occupied it from November 27, 1790, to March 10, 1797, and John Adams occupied it from March 21, 1797, to May 30, 1800.

The house was located one block north of the Pennsylvania Statehouse, now known as Independence Hall, and was built by widow Mary Masters about 1767. During the 1777–1778 British occupation of Philadelphia, it was headquarters for General Sir William Howe and the British Army. The British abandoned the city in June 1778, and the house became headquarters for Military Governor Benedict Arnold.

Philadelphia served as the national capital from 1790 to 1800 while Washington, D.C. was under construction. During this time, the house was owned by Revolutionary War financier and Founding Father Robert Morris, who gave the house to George Washington. Washington brought nine enslaved Africans from Mount Vernon to work in his presidential household.

The house also served as the executive mansion for the second U.S. president, John Adams, who later moved to the not-yet-completed White House in Washington, D.C., on November 1, 1800.

In 1951, confusion over the exact location of the Philadelphia President's House led to its surviving walls being unknowingly demolished. Advocacy by historians and African American groups resulted in the 2010 commemoration of the site.

History
The three-and-a-half-story brick mansion on the south side of Market Street was built in 1767 by widow Mary Lawrence Masters. In 1772, she gave it as a wedding gift to her elder daughter, Polly, who married Richard Penn, the lieutenant-governor of the colony and a grandson of William Penn. Richard Penn entertained delegates to the First Continental Congress at the house, including George Washington. Penn was entrusted to deliver Congress' Olive Branch Petition to King George III in a last-ditch effort to avoid war between Great Britain and the colonies. Penn, his wife, and in-laws departed for England in July 1775.

During the British occupation of Philadelphia, September 1777 to June 1778, the house was headquarters for General Sir William Howe. Following the British evacuation, it housed the American military governor, Benedict Arnold, and it was here that Arnold began a secret correspondence with the British that resulted in his treason. The next resident was John Holker, a purchasing agent for the French, who were American allies in the war. During Holker's residency the house suffered a fire. Financier Robert Morris purchased the house from Richard Penn in 1781, although transfer of the deed was delayed because of the war.

Morris refurbished and expanded the house, and lived there while Superintendent of Finance. Washington lodged with Morris during the 1787 Constitutional Convention. In 1790, Morris gave up the house for his friend to use as the Executive Mansion, and moved to the house next door.

President Washington occupied the Philadelphia President's House from November 1790 to March 1797, and President Adams occupied it from March 1797 to May 30, 1800. Adams then visited Washington, D.C., to oversee the transfer of the federal government and returned to his home in Quincy, Massachusetts for the summer. He moved into the not yet completed White House on November 1, 1800, the first U.S. president to live there, and occupied it for just over four months. Thomas Jefferson won the Presidential election of 1800 and was inaugurated on March 4, 1801.

Post-presidential
Following President Adams's 1800 departure, the house was converted into Francis's Union Hotel. Hardware merchant Nathaniel Burt purchased the property in 1832, and gutted the house, inserting three narrow stores between its exterior walls. He and his descendants owned these stores for just over a century.

Merchant John Wanamaker opened his first clothing store, "Oak Hall," at 536 Market Street in 1861. He expanded into the stores at 532 and 534 Market, and eventually built up their height to six stories. The party wall between 530 and 532 Market was the four-story west wall of the President's House, and would have been incorporated into the expanded "Oak Hall." "Oak Hall" was demolished in 1936, leaving two stories of the party wall intact. The four-story east wall of the President's House was the party wall shared between 524 and 526 Market Street. This survived intact until 1951.

What was left of the Burt stores, along with the house's surviving walls, were demolished in 1951 for the creation of Independence Mall. A public toilet was built upon the house's footprint in 1954, later demolished, and replaced by a memorial site in 2010 after archeology studies.

President Washington in Philadelphia

President Washington, First Lady Martha Washington, and two of her grandchildren, "Wash" Custis and Nelly Custis, lived in the house. He had an initial household staff of about 24, eight of whom were enslaved Africans, plus an office staff of four or five, who also lived and worked there. The house was too small for the 30-plus occupants, so the President made additions:
"...a large two-story bow to be added to south side of the main house making the rooms at the rear thirty-four feet in length, a long one-story servants' hall to be built on the east side of the kitchen ell, the bathtubs to be removed from the bath house's second floor and the bathingroom turned into the President's private office, additional servant rooms to be constructed, and an expansion of the stables."

Major actions as president
 Oversaw the establishment of the federal judiciary
 Oversaw the establishment, location and planning of the future District of Columbia.
 Quashed the Whiskey Rebellion in western Pennsylvania.

Use of slave labor

Washington brought eight slaves from Mount Vernon to Philadelphia in 1790: Moll, Christopher Sheels, Hercules, his son Richmond, Oney Judge, her half-brother Austin, Giles, and Paris.

Pennsylvania had begun a gradual abolition of slavery in 1780, freezing the number of slaves in the state and granting freedom to their future children. The law did not free anyone at once; its gradual abolition was to be accomplished over decades as the enslaved aged and died off. The law allowed slaveholders from other states to hold personal slaves in Pennsylvania for six months, but empowered those same enslaved to claim their freedom if held beyond that period.

Washington recognized that slavery was unpopular in Philadelphia, but argued (privately) that he remained a resident of Virginia and subject to its laws on slavery. He gradually replaced most of the President's House enslaved servants with German indentured servants, and rotated the others in and out of the state to prevent them from establishing an uninterrupted six-month residency. He was also careful that he himself never spent six continuous months in Pennsylvania. Joe (Richardson) was the only slave added to the presidential household. He was brought up from Virginia in 1795, following Austin's December 20, 1794, death in Maryland.

Oney Judge

Oney Judge was the personal slave of Martha Washington, and was about 17 when she was brought to the President's House in 1790. More is known about her than any of the other enslaved because she gave two interviews to abolitionist newspapers in the 1840s. She escaped to freedom from the President's House in May 1796, and was hidden by Philadelphia's free-black community. The President's House steward placed runaway advertisements in Philadelphia newspapers offering a reward for her recapture. She was smuggled aboard a ship to Portsmouth, New Hampshire, where she was recognized on the street by a friend of the Washingtons. Through intermediaries, Washington attempted to convince her to return, but she refused unless she was guaranteed her freedom upon their deaths. Martha Washington's nephew, Burwell Bassett, traveled to Portsmouth in 1798. He lodged with Senator John Langdon and revealed his plan to abduct Judge. Langdon sent word for her to go into hiding, and Bassett was forced to return without her.

Hercules

Hercules was the chief cook at Mount Vernon by 1786, and was brought to the President's House in November 1790 to run the kitchen. He requested that his 12-year-old son Richmond accompany him, but Richmond spent only a year in Philadelphia. Much of what is known about Hercules comes from a nostalgic and affectionate account by Martha Washington's grandson, who presumed that "Uncle Harkless" had been content in slavery. Stephen Decatur Jr., author of The Private Affairs of George Washington (1933), wrote that Hercules had escaped to freedom in Philadelphia at the end of Washington's presidency, and for 79 years this was accepted as true. Research published in 2012 establishes that Hercules escaped to freedom from Mount Vernon on February 22, 1797, Washington's 65th birthday.

Hercules left behind Richmond and daughters Evey and Delia at Mount Vernon. There was a reported sighting of him in New York City in 1801, but by then he had been freed under the terms of George Washington's will. The mystery of his journey after escaping Mount Vernon seems to have been solved in 2019. Genealogist Sara Krasne, searching records at the Westport Historical Society in Massachusetts, found a Hercules Posey, born in Virginia, who died of consumption on May 15, 1812, age 64, and was buried in the Second African Burying Ground in New York City. John Posey was the Virginia slaveholder who mortgaged Hercules to George Washington in 1767, and later defaulted on the loan.

President Adams in Philadelphia

Major actions as president
 Built six frigates for the United States Navy.
 Established the modern United States Marine Corps.
 French seizure of more than 300 American ships and the XYZ Affair's demand for bribes led to the Quasi War with France.
 Completed construction of the White House and much of the United States Capitol.

Archaeology and advocacy

Liberty Bell Center
As the turn of the 21st century approached, a major new building to house the Liberty Bell was being planned for Independence Mall. Nearly the length of a football field, including its  porch, the Liberty Bell Center would stretch along the east side of Sixth Street from Chestnut Street almost to Market Street.

2000 archaeology

An archaeological excavation of the LBC's footprint was undertaken in November/December 2000. The most significant President's House-related artifact uncovered was the bottom half of its icehouse pit. A technological marvel built by Robert Morris in the early 1780s, the icehouse had been a windowless building erected over an octagonal stone-walled pit,  in diameter and  deep. In midwinter the pit would be packed with blocks of ice harvested from the Schuylkill River. The icehouse provided refrigeration for most of the year:
The Door for entering this Ice house faces the north, a Trap Door is made in the middle of the Floor through which the Ice is put in and taken out. I find it best to fill with Ice which as it is put in should be broke into small pieces and pounded down with heavy Clubs or Battons such as Pavers use, if well beat it will after a while consolidate into one solid mass and require to be cut out with a Chizell or Axe. I tried Snow one year and lost it in June. The Ice keeps until October or November and I believe if the Hole was larger so as to hold more it would keep  Christmas..."
The truncated icehouse pit was measured and photographed by the National Park Service, and then reburied. It lies beneath the concrete slab of the Liberty Bell Center's floor.

Presidential slavery campaign

Abolitionists gave the "Liberty Bell" its name in the 1830s, and adopted it as their emblem for the movement to end slavery in America. In 1790, Washington brought 8 enslaved Africans from Mount Vernon to Philadelphia to work in his presidential household. He directed that his white coachman and enslaved stableworkers be housed in a building behind the kitchen. The footprint of this building was located under the porch of the planned Liberty Bell Center, about 5 feet from the LBC's main entrance. The Liberty Bell Center was under construction in January 2002, when the Historical Society of Pennsylvania published Edward Lawler, Jr.'s research on the President's House, including the revelation that future visitors to the LBC would "walk over" the footprint of Washington's "slave quarters" as they entered the new building.

In a March 12, 2002, evening lecture at the Arch Street Friends Meeting House and an interview the next morning on WHYY-FM, Philadelphia's National Public Radio affiliate, UCLA historian Gary Nash scathingly criticized Independence Park for its refusal to interpret the enslaved Africans at the President's House site. INHP Superintendent Martha Aikens countered with an op-ed proposing that the enslaved be interpreted at the Germantown White House, some 8 miles away. Nash's anger inspired the founding of the Ad Hoc Historians, a group of Philadelphia area scholars whose immediate concern was the interpretation for the under-construction Liberty Bell Center.

The public controversy also led to the formation of two African-American groups that advocated for the enslaved: Avenging the Ancestors Coalition, founded by attorney Michael Coard; and Generations Unlimited, founded by local historian Charles Blockson and activist Sacaree Rhodes. Coard delivered a petition signed by 15,000 people to Independence Park urging it to build a memorial to the President's House and Washington's slaves.

The Philadelphia Inquirer published a front-page, banner-headlined article on Sunday, March 24, 2002, "Echos of Slavery at Liberty Bell Site." This included a terse statement from Independence Park: "The Liberty Bell is its own story, and Washington's slaves are a different one better told elsewhere." The Inquirer followed up with more major articles, and its lead editorial on March 27 was titled: "Freedom and Slavery. Just as they coexisted in the 1700s, both must be part of the Liberty Bell's story." The Inquirer published an op-ed by Nash and St. Joseph's University historian Randall Miller on Sunday, March 31, alongside one by Rutgers University historian Charlene Mires. The next day, the Associated Press issued a national story: "Historians Decry Liberty Bell Site."

NPS Chief Historian Dwight Pitcaithley wrote to Independence Park's superintendent, urging her to consider a different perspective:
The contradiction in the founding of the country between freedom and slavery becomes palpable when one actually crosses through a slave quarters site when entering a shrine to a major symbol of the abolition movement. ... How better to establish the proper historical context for understanding the Liberty Bell than by talking about the institution of slavery? And not the institution as generalized phenomenon, but as lived by George Washington's own slaves. The fact that Washington's slaves Hercules and Oney Judge sought and gained freedom from this very spot gives us interpretive opportunities other historic sites can only long for. This juxtaposition is an interpretive gift that can make the Liberty Bell "experience" much more meaningful to the visiting public. We will have missed a real educational opportunity if we do not act on this possibility.
Pitcaithley read Independence Park's interpretive script for the Liberty Bell Center's exhibits, and found it disappointing. He described it as "an exhibit to make people feel good but not to think," that "works exactly against NPS's new thinking," and "would be an embarrassment if it went up." Members of the Ad Hoc Historians, ATAC and Generations Unlimited participated in a May 13, 2002, planning session on the LBC interpretation, overseen by Pitcaithley. Later in the month, he assembled a panel of top NPS historians to rewrite the interpretation.

President's House site
The Philadelphia City Council and the Pennsylvania General Assembly each passed resolutions urging the National Park Service to interpret the story of the enslaved Africans at the President's House site. In July 2002 a provision was inserted into the FY2003 Department of Interior appropriation bill requiring NPS to study this and report back to the U.S. Congress.

A design process for the President's House site began in October 2002, although it was boycotted by Generations Unlimited. Preliminary designs for the site were unveiled at a January 15, 2003, public meeting at the African American Museum in Philadelphia. These were angrily rejected by most of those present, and the design team withdrew from the project. Philadelphia City Council appropriated $1.5 million toward a commemoration of the site, which Mayor John Street announced at the Liberty Bell Center's opening, October 9, 2003.

A second design process was undertaken as a joint project by Independence Park and the City of Philadelphia. Congressmen Chakka Fatah and Robert Brady secured $3.6 million in federal funds for the project, which they jointly announced on September 6, 2005. A national design competition for the President's House site was announced in late 2005, and more than twenty teams of architects, artists and historians submitted proposals. Six of these teams were selected as semi-finalists, and were given stipends to create models and finished drawings. The models and drawings were exhibited at the National Constitution Center and the African American Museum in Summer 2006, and the public had several weeks to comment and cast votes for their favorite design. Philadelphia architectural firm Kelly-Maello was announced as the winner of the design competition on February 27, 2007.

2007 archaeology

A second archaeological excavation was begun on March 27, 2007. This was focused on the house's backbuildings, and a temporary observation platform was erected atop the footprint of the main house.

Early discoveries included brick foundations of the three Burt stores, built between the exterior walls of the gutted house. Excavation of the kitchen established that it had a basement, and a section of this had a root cellar below it. At the juncture of the kitchen's foundations and the stores' was found an 1833 coin, possibly left by the builders to mark their completed work. As the stores' plaster cellar floors were chipped away, older foundations were revealed beneath them.

The excavation uncovered the rear wall of the main house and, most surprisingly, much of the curved foundation of Washington's  bow window. This two-story semi-circular expansion of the State Dining Room (and the State Drawing Room above it) was designed by the President to be a ceremonial space in which he would receive guests. "There can be little doubt that in Washington's bow can be found the seed that was later to flower in the oval shape of the Blue Room [of the White House]."

Hundreds of thousands of people visited the observation platform between March and July 2007. As the excavation's closing approached, the City and Independence Park issued a joint press release:
More than a quarter million visitors have stood at the public viewing platform to witness this extraordinary place, to learn from the archaeologists, and to interact with each other on important topics such as race relations in the United States. The reaction to the site has served as a signal that the President's House site has the potential to become a major national icon in the heart of the City.
The excavation was closed with a July 31 ceremony that included speeches, the dedication of a bronze plaque listing the names of the nine enslaved held at the site, a prayer, and the African ritual of spilling of sand and water as oblations.

President's House Memorial
Completed in 2010, the memorial, President's House: Freedom and Slavery in the Making of a New Nation, is an open-air pavilion that shows the outline of the original buildings and allows visitors to view the remaining foundations. Some artifacts are displayed within the pavilion. Signage and video exhibits portray the history of the structure, as well as the roles of Washington's slaves in his household and slaves in American society. The memorial was a joint project of the City of Philadelphia and the National Park Service.

See also

 Samuel Osgood House, first Presidential mansion
 Alexander Macomb House, second Presidential mansion
 Germantown White House, twice temporarily occupied by President Washington
 President's House, house intended for the president on Ninth Street, Philadelphia
 List of residences of presidents of the United States

References

External links

 National Park Service: History of the President's House
 "President's House in Philadelphia", from ushistory.org
 Edward Lawler, Jr., "A Brief History of the President's House in Philadelphia", US History, updated May 2010
 "President's House Opens on Independence Mall in Philadelphia", Press Release, City of Philadelphia and Independence National Historical Park
 "Mansion originally belonging to Richard Penn", Historical Society of Pennsylvania

Houses in Philadelphia
Buildings and structures in Independence National Historical Park
Old City, Philadelphia
Presidential residences in the United States
Presidency of George Washington
Presidency of John Adams
Washington family residences
Demolished buildings and structures in Philadelphia
Demolished hotels in the United States
Demolished buildings and structures in Pennsylvania
Houses completed in 1767
1767 establishments in Pennsylvania
1832 disestablishments in Pennsylvania
Monuments and memorials in Philadelphia
Georgian architecture in Pennsylvania
Slave cabins and quarters in the United States
Presidential homes in the United States
Buildings and structures demolished in 1832
Penn family
Homes of United States Founding Fathers
Official residences in the United States


Christmas with Buck Owens and his Buckaroos is a Christmas album by Buck Owens and his Buckaroos, released in 1965.  The album charted for 10 weeks peaking at #12 on Billboard's Best Bets For Christmas December 25, 1965. It was re-issued on CD by Sundazed Records in 1999,  and again via digital download in 2011.

Reception

In his Allmusic review, critic Cub Koda wrote of the CD reissue, "this is prime Buck Owens and His Buckaroos in the holiday mode. Featured here are "Santa Looked a Lot Like Daddy," "Santa's Gonna Come in a Stagecoach," and enough Yule-time weepers to make you realize that the holidays have a mighty dark side, too."

Track listing

Side one
 "Santa Looked a Lot Like Daddy" (Buck Owens, Don Rich) – 2:15
 "Blue Christmas Lights" (Owens, Red Simpson) – 2:42
 "Christmas Ain't Christmas Dear Without You" (Owens, Simpson) – 2:21
 "Jingle Bells" (James Pierpont) – 2:17 (instrumental)
 "All I Want for Christmas, Dear, Is You" (Owens, Rich) – 2:14
 "Santa's Gonna Come in a Stagecoach" (Rich, Simpson) – 2:02

Side two
 "Christmas Time's a Comin'" (Owens, Simpson) – 1:53
 "Blue Christmas Tree" (Eddie Miller, Bob Morris) – 2:30
 "Here Comes Santa Claus Again" (Owens, Simpson) – 2:08
 "Christmas Morning" (Owens, Rich) – 1:40 (instrumental)
 "It's Christmas Time for Everyone But Me" (Dixie Dean, Ray King) – 2:15
 "Because It's Christmas Time" (Owens, Simpson) – 2:11

References

1965 Christmas albums
Buck Owens albums
Christmas albums by American artists
Capitol Records Christmas albums
Albums produced by Ken Nelson (United States record producer)
Country Christmas albums
Albums recorded at Capitol Studios


Xinjiang University of Finance and Economics () is a university in Ürümqi, Xinjiang, China. Founded in 1950, it is the key institution for the study of economics.  There is a total enrollment of more than 20,000 students. There are 1302 staff in total, including 750 full-time teachers, 36 professors and 215 associate professors. It ranks at 378th in China having an all-around score of 17.00.

Location
The university is located at Beijing Road in the new urban area of the city.

Academics
The institute comprises 14 academic departments, namely banking, finance, accounting, business administration, statistics, information management, economics, marketing, law, computer science, foreign languages, preparatory studies, Chinese language, Marxism and Leninism, physical education, and one affiliated school for adult education. Among all the departments, finance, accounting and business administration have been chosen as Xinjiang's key provincial disciplines.

The library has more than 600,000 books.

Research
The university has set up a scientific research fund of  RMB1,000,000. It has undertaken research projects at national and provincial levels and at all other sorts of levels and won many awards. Improvement of the quality of teaching has been the central task of the institute. It has carried out a full-scale educational reforms based on the tenets of popularization, personalization, digitization, and internationalization.

See also
 List of universities in Xinjiang
 Xinjiang
 Urumqi

References

External links
 Ministry of Education The People's Republic of China
 Xinjiang University of Finance and Economics Website

Business schools in China
Education in Ürümqi
Universities and colleges in Xinjiang


Numerous narratives and folk beliefs make up the ghostlore of Indiana, a U.S. state in the Midwest, and there are many locations that are considered to be haunted by locals. Some of the hauntings are celebrated in festivals, and most have some history behind them.

Angola theatre
The town of Angola, Indiana has several locations where residents have claimed to have sighted specters. An old theatre sits on the town circle, and some residents claim that at midnight a man with a long red beard appears on the roof of the building pacing back and forth and cries aloud, "Marie please come back to me, please." Movie goers also say that sometimes during movies you can hear a man sobbing in the back of the theatre, but when you look, no one is there.

Haunted bridges
In the town of Avon, Indiana stands a railroad bridge constructed across the White Lick Creek in the 1850s by immigrant Irish workers. Designed by engineer W.M. Dunne, cement was mixed in large narrow vats and hardened into the form of a pylon. According to local legend, while working on the bridge a platform collapsed and a worker fell into the cement vat. As he slowly sank down into the vat, his fellow workers could not reach him in time and they had no way to save him. They could hear him knocking from the inside of the vat. The company decided to continue building rather than tear down the pylon to extract his body.

While the men finished the work on the bridge, and for years afterward, many claimed to hear knocks and screams from inside the pylon. Decades later, when the bridge was torn down, there were a number of sightings of a man wandering along the tracks trying to flag down trains.
The haunted bridge is on the official seal to Avon, Indiana.  The Big Four Railroad, lifeblood of the connecting arteries in Central Indiana and beyond, required a bridge spanning Country Road 625 and White Lick Creek, so the bridge was built in 1906-1907 and double-tracked in 1908. It is about 300 feet long and 70 feet high, an imposing structure whose image graces the Avon town seal today.

The legend of Avon's Haunted Bridge has been around for generations. According to locals, those who get near the bridge report hearing moaning, whispering, and pleading sounds. And if you cross the bridge on a hot summer day, you may see the ghost of the worker's tears on the bridge.

There are various explanations for the hauntings. No one, of course, knows whether they are being carried out by a single ghost or many. Over the years, some theories have come to be popular regarding who the ghosts might be. A few of the most widely accepted versions are summarized below.

Henry Johnson, an alcoholic construction worker, slipped one night during the building of the bridge and fell into some wet cement, dying there in the lonely night. The following morning he was found, face frozen in the cement that killed him.

There is a similar report that another construction worker fell to his death during the making of the bridge. He landed inside the framework of one of the bridge's supports. The railroad decided that, since the unfortunate laborer was already dead, they would simply inter his body in the bridge when they sealed the support with cement. Some say that the poor man's arm hung out, and they cut it off.

Perhaps, as some Avon residents aver, the ghosts on the Haunted Bridge belong to a young woman and her baby. The story goes that she was walking to the doctor's house late one night with her sick baby when she had the bad luck to get her foot caught among the railroad ties on the bridge. Then, disaster struck in the form of a huge locomotive barreling down on them. She struggled mightily, finally getting free of the railroad ties, but had no time to run across the bridge to escape the train. So, clutching her sick child, she jumped off the bridge. She survived, but the baby, falling from her arms, did not. Within a few weeks, the mother died of grief and a broken heart. The story concludes that if you drive under the bridge at night, you might very well hear her screaming for her baby.

The haunted bridge in Avon is still a functional railroad crossing, servicing the CSX Railroad, and regularly visited by residents and guests to get spine-tingling adrenaline rush.

Located in Clinton Falls, Indiana over Little Walnut Creek, the Edna Collins Bridge is said to be haunted by the ghost of a little girl. Built in 1922 by Charles Hendrix, the Burr Arch bridge stands as the shortest covered bridge in the county its located - Putnam County, Indiana. Originally built to replace a concrete bridge that became overwhelmed by water and eventually washed out, the Burr Arch bridge gained its notoriety through the haunted experiences locals have encountered while crossing the bridge.

Local legend claims that the bridge is haunted by a woman and her child. A child named Edna Collins enjoyed playing in the creek underneath the bridge with her dog, and was often left unaccompanied at the site. When her parents arrived by car to the bridge to bring her home, they would honk their horn three times to notify the girl that it was time to leave. One day, while she had been left to play, her parents honked their horn three times and she did not arrive at her usual pick-up location. Worried, the parents decided to search the area for their missing daughter. When they looked underneath the bridge she was known to play at - she was found to have drowned. Circumstances surrounding her death have never been clarified.

Variations of the story concerning her family post-death exist but none are confirmed. Some say that the mother became so distraught by the event, that she hung herself. Others claim that her father constructed the bridge after the fact, to honor his daughter's death.

According to legend, in order to summon Edna Collins, individuals must drive into the Edna Collins bridge, turn off their engine, then honk three times to summon the ghost. Many report hearing a childlike laugh, seeing fingerprints on their car, and seeing shadowy figures that seem to represent a child. Others claim that in order to summon the mother, you must retrieve a piece of rope hanging from a nearby church. Then, you must cross onto the bridge to summon Edna Collin's mother.

Edna Collins bridge has become a subject of tourism despite its function as a covered bridge, and is one of 9 within Putnam County.

Diana of the Dunes

One of the most well known, and most celebrated ghost legends in Indiana is that of Diana of the Dunes.
 Near Chesterton, Indiana, in the Indiana Dunes, there is a legend that fisherman around Lake Michigan would occasionally sight a naked woman swimming in the lake. The legend dates back to at least 1915, and goes on to say that a beautiful woman was living as a hermit near the lake. Because no one knew her name they began to refer to her as Dianne, because of her beauty. In actuality, she was Alice Mable Gray, the daughter of a wealthy Chicago family, who had come to live on the dunes after she began to lose her eyesight. She had grown up near the dunes, and sought to enjoy the remainder of her life there. In 1920 a man named Paul Wilson moved into the cabin with her. He was an unemployed boatwright, and a suspected murderer. The two eventually married, but he began to treat her badly, and was abusive. She died shortly after the birth of their second child from being poisoned.

The local legend claims that Alice's ghost still returns to the beach at the dunes to relive her happier days. For decades there have been sightings of a naked ghostly looking woman running along the beach and disappearing into the lake. The legend is commonly referred to as Diana of the Dunes. The story is commemorated in an annual Diana of the Dunes Festival and Pageant.

Whitcomb's library
Former Indiana Governor James Whitcomb donated his vast library to Ashbury University—now DePauw University—in his will after his death in 1852. Whitcomb was an avid reader and had amassed a large collection of books in his lifetime, and kept almost every book he had ever read. During the years his library was in public use there were numerous sighting of Whitcomb's ghost trying to protect his books. In one notable incident, a boy had supposedly borrowed The Poems of Ossian from the library. That night, Whitcomb's ghost appeared in his room wailing, "'Ossian! Who stole the Ossian". The next day the boy immediately returned the book to the library and told about the experience. The collection of now rare books is now protected, but there are still occasional sightings of Whitcomb's ghost.

References

Sources

Indiana culture
Indiana, Ghost legends of
Reportedly haunted locations in Indiana


Ellispet is a small village near Erode, Tamil Nadu, India. The village is named after a Christian missionary Ellis. This village was created by settling a small number of families during British India period as a settlement of early Christians.

History
Ellispet (called as Ellispettai)  used to be known as "Ottagamedu" means "camel mound". There was a rock in the East of the village that looked like a camel sitting with its head raised.  During early 19th century, due to rare human presence, it was a place for robbers, who robbed the travelers in an ambush that passed by the area in bullock cart . Shikakai also known as Acacia concinna trees grow very well here. The branches of Shikakai tree create unusual sounds when the wind blows through them that used to scare people. It is the way to Sathyamangalam from Erode.

Ellispet was named after Ellis, a foreigner who settled World War I veterans, each of whom were given 4 acres of farmland and a residential plot, which is irrigated by Bhavanisagar alternative canal projects.  It was a barren land without any irrigation system, but after the initiatives from government officials, the land is watered with a canal called Rettai Vaaikaal.

Ellispet has a population of approximately 3,000 people. Well cultivated area for doing agriculture from the dam LBP Bhavanisagar.

While Tamil is the main language in the village, Hindi is also spoken by the majority of ex-service men and laborers working in the steel factories. English is also spoken widely by the foreign students studying in the nearby colleges.

Transportation
Ellispet is located on the highway, which goes to Mysore from Erode. Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation operates route no 7, 7C,7B,B2,44  from Erode to Kavandapadi. Other than these, all the route buses and private buses will stop in this village. Between Chithode to Kavandapadi all the nearby villages can get the buses from Ellispet. There are four bus stops for this village, Rattai Vaikaal, Ellispet, Mettu Kadai, and Therkathu Vaikaal. Other than the highway, a road goes through the village to Kanjikoil, called Kanjikoil Road.

Schools
Tamil Medium CSI Elementary school is the only school: it provides instruction up to 5th grade. High school students travel to nearest places, which are, Chithode, Kavandapadi, and Kanjikoil.

An arts and science college in Ellispet, Bharathidasan Arts and Science College, accommodates students from all over the world. An English medium orphanage school, called "Anbin Ootru", is also available near Therkathu vaaikkaal.

Strategically Chess Academy located in middle of Ellispettai provides Chess Education to students Across INDIA via online & Offline.

Industry
Cast India, which is exporters of all types of aluminum scraps.

Religion
Almost 98% of the population follows Christianity and there is no Hindu temple or Muslim mosque in this village. There are two Christian churches, one is Church of South India (CSI)directed by Ellispet postrate and another one is a Pentecostal church founded by Yasu Manoharan.

Festivals
Christmas is celebrated widely with the houses newly painted and the sports events conducted.

Medical facilities
There is no hospital in the village.

References

Villages in Erode district


Truncatella subcylindrica is a species of small land snail that lives at the edge of the sea. It has gills and an operculum and is gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Truncatellidae.

Description

This species of snail has a shell which is light in color, and which can reach 5 mm in length.

Like all other species in this genus, the shell loses its apical whorls as it grows, giving it a truncated and cylindrical appearance.

Distribution
This snail is native to areas of the northeastern Atlantic coastline, from Morocco and the Mediterranean coast to the Black Sea. This native distribution includes Great Britain.

There are also some early records from the late 1800s for the eastern United States, on the coast of Newport, Rhode Island, where it was presumably introduced.

Habitat

This species is found in marine coastal environments, near or just above the high tide line on stones and pebbles, fine sediments and decomposing vegetation. It prefers the edge of sheltered waters where the salinity is at 18–40 psu.

Life cycle
The sexes are separate. Fertilized eggs are laid as egg capsules, which are attached to detritus.

References
This article incorporates public domain text from the reference

 Locard, A. (1894). Description des mollusques quaternaires nouveaux recueillis aux environs de Crémieu (Isère) par M. le Dr Jaquemet. Annales de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon (N.S.). 41: 201-220.
 Rowson, B., Powell, H., Willing, M., Dobson, M. & Shaw, H. (2021). Freshwater Snails of Britain and Ireland. FSC Publications, Telford, UK.

External links
 Linnaeus, C. (1767). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Ed. 12. 1., Regnum Animale. 1 & 2. Holmiae
 Monterosato, T. A. di. (1878). Note sur quelques coquilles provenant des côtes d'Algérie. Supplément. Journal de Conchyliologie. 26 (4): 313-321
 Issel, A. (1880). Crociera del Violante comandato dal capitano armatore Enrico d'Albertis dureante l'anno 1877. I. Parte narrativa (pp. 199-236). II. Risultati Scientifici. Cenni sulla geologia della Galita (pp. 237-258). Molluschi terrestri e d'acqua dolce, viventi e fossili (pp. 259-282). Annali del Museo civico di storia naturale di Genova. (1) 15: 199-282
 Scacchi, A. (1836). Catalogus conchyliorum Regni Neapolitani. Neapoli (Naples): Typis Filiatre-Sebetii. 18 p., 1 pl.
 Risso, A. (1826-1827). Histoire naturelle des principales productions de l'Europe Méridionale et particulièrement de celles des environs de Nice et des Alpes Maritimes. Paris, F.G. Levrault. 3(XVI): 1-480, 14 pls.
 Leach, W. E. (1852). Molluscorum Britanniae Synopsis. A synopsis of the Mollusca of Great Britain arranged according to their natural affinities and anatomical structure. Van Voorst, London, viii + 376 pp. (edited posthumously by J. E. Gray).
 ayraudeau, B. C. (1826). Catalogue descriptif et méthodique des annelides et des mollusques de l'Ile de Corse; avec huit planches représentant quatre-vingt-huit espèces, dont soixante-huit nouvelles. 218 pp. Paris
 Mousson, A. (1873). Diagnosen neuer Mollusken aus West-Marokko, von Dr. von Fritsch und Dr. Rein gesammelt. Malakozoologische Blätter. 21: 149-157. Cassel.
 Shuttleworth, R. J. (1852). Diagnosen einiger neuen Mollusken aus den Canarischen Inseln. Mittheilungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Bern. 1852 (241/242): 137-146. Bern
 Lowe, R. T. (1832). On the genera Melampus, Pedipes and Truncatella with experiments tending to demonstrate the nature of the respiratory organs of these Mollusca. Zoological Journal. 5: 280-305, pl. 13
 Montagu, G. (1803). Testacea Britannica or natural history of British shells, marine, land, and fresh-water, including the most minute: Systematically arranged and embellished with figures. J. White, London, Vol. 1, xxxvii + 291 pp;; Vol. 2, pp. 293–606, pl. 1-16
 Bucquoy, E., Dautzenberg, P. & Dollfus, G. (1882-1886). Les mollusques marins du Roussillon. Tome Ier. Gastropodes. Paris: Baillière & fils. 570 pp., 66 pls
  Serres, M. de. (1853). Note sur les dépôts diluviens, les sables et les marnes teriaires d'eau douce mis à découvert lors des fondations du Palais-de-Justice de Montpellier. Revue et magasin de zoologie pure et appliquée, 2e série. 5: 446-461, 557-565
 Gofas, S.; Le Renard, J.; Bouchet, P. (2001). Mollusca. in: Costello, M.J. et al. (eds), European Register of Marine Species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Patrimoines Naturels. 50: 180-213
 Shuttleworth, R. J. (1854). Beiträge zur näheren Kenntniss der Land- und Süsswasser-Mollusken der Insel Portorico (Schluss). Mittheilungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Bern. 1854 (321/322): 89-103
 Smith, E. A. (1896). A list of the land and freshwater Mollusca of Trinidad. Journal of Conchology. 8: 231-251, pl. 8, London
 Martens, E. von. (1877). Land- und Süsswasser-Schnecken von Puerto Rico. Jahrbücher der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft. 4(3): 340-362, pl. 12
 Guppy, R. J. L. (1893). The land and freshwater Mollusca of Trinidad. Journal of Conchology. 7: 210-231

Truncatellidae
Molluscs of the Atlantic Ocean
Gastropods of Africa
Marine molluscs of Europe
Molluscs of the Black Sea
Molluscs of the Mediterranean Sea
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Gastropods described in 1767


The 2002 BNP Paribas Masters was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts. It was the 30th edition of the Paris Masters and was part of the Tennis Masters Series of the 2002 ATP Tour. It took place at the Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy in Paris in France from 28 October through 3 November 2002.

The singles draw was headlined by ATP No. 1, San Jose, Indian Wells, Queen's, Wimbledon champion and Cincinnati finalist Lleyton Hewitt, Scottsdale, Miami, Rome and Los Angeles winner Andre Agassi and Australian Open, Hamburg runner-up and 2000 Paris champion Marat Safin. Other top seeds were Hong Kong and Monte Carlo winner Juan Carlos Ferrero, Madrid finalist Jiří Novák, Tim Henman, Sébastien Grosjean and Roger Federer.

Finals

Singles

 Marat Safin defeated  Lleyton Hewitt 7–6(7–4), 6–0, 6–4
 It was Safin's only singles title of the year and the 11th of his career.

Doubles

 Nicolas Escudé /  Fabrice Santoro defeated  Gustavo Kuerten /  Cédric Pioline 6–3, 7–6(8–6)
 It was Escudé's 3rd title of the year and the 5th of his career. It was Santoro's 2nd title of the year and the 13th of his career.

References

External links
 Official website
 ATP tournament profile

BNP Paribas Masters
BNP Paribas Masters
BNP Paribas Masters


The Dirty Game (, , ) is a 1965 anthology spy film starring Henry Fonda, Vittorio Gassman, Bourvil and Robert Ryan. Robert Ryan as American General Bruce is the link between three different spy stories, helmed by different directors; original James Bond director Terence Young and co-director Werner Klingler for the sequences in Berlin, Christian-Jaque for the French sequences, and Carlo Lizzani for the Italian sequences.

Plot
A man tells of three different spy missions he took part in.

Cast
 Henry Fonda as Dimitri Koulov
 Robert Ryan as General Bruce
 Vittorio Gassman as Perego / Ferrari (French)
 Annie Girardot as Suzette / Monique (French)
 Bourvil as Lalande
 Robert Hossein as Dupont
 Peter van Eyck as Petchatkin
 Maria Grazia Buccella as Natalia
 Mario Adorf as Callaghan
 Jacques Sernas as Sernas
 Georges Marchal as Serge
 Wolfgang Lukschy as Russian general
 Louis Arbessier as Ivanov
 Jackie Blanchot as Joe
 Gabriel Gobin as O'Hara
 Helmut Wildt as Perry
 Violette Marceau as Lisa
 Gabriella Giorgelli
 Nino Crisman
 Oreste Palella
 Renato Terra
 Klaus Kinski as Russian agent

See also
 List of American films of 1965
 Henry Fonda filmography
 Klaus Kinski filmography

References

External links

1965 films
1965 drama films
1960s spy drama films
American International Pictures films
American spy drama films
American anthology films
American black-and-white films
Cold War spy films
1960s English-language films
Films directed by Carlo Lizzani
Films directed by Christian-Jaque
Films directed by Terence Young
Films directed by Werner Klingler
Films set in Berlin
Films set in West Germany
Films set in Djibouti
Films set in Italy
French anthology films
French spy drama films
Italian spy drama films
West German films
German spy drama films
German anthology films
German black-and-white films
French black-and-white films
Italian black-and-white films
Italian anthology films
1960s thriller films
English-language French films
English-language German films
English-language Italian films
1960s American films
1960s Italian films
1960s French films
1960s German films


Ein Bokek () is a hotel and resort district on the Israeli shore of the Dead Sea, near Neve Zohar. It is under the jurisdiction of the Tamar Regional Council.

History
Archaeological findings at Ein Bokek include the ruins of Metzad Bokek (Arabic: Qasr Umm Baghaq), a small Roman-era fortress commanding the main road, and the remains of an ancient partly reconstructed perfume and medicine factory. The Bokek Stream, for which the district is named, is a canyon-like gorge with water springs and unique fauna and flora.

The first hotel was built in 1960. In 2000, fourteen hotels were operating in Ein Bokek, offering various types of spas and Dead Sea health treatments.

The Zohar Hot Springs (, Hamei Zohar) are located three kilometers south of Ein Bokek. Rich in sulphur, the water is believed to be particularly beneficial in the treatment of muscular ailments, diseases of the joints and allergies.

The world's lowest installed ATM is at Ein Bokek; it was installed independently by a grocery store at 421 metres (1381 feet) below sea level.

Panorama

See also
Tourism in Israel

References

External links

Ein Bokek Guide at Fodor's

Archaeological sites in Israel
Buildings and structures in Southern District (Israel)
Dead Sea
Destination spas
Populated coastal places in Israel
Resorts in Israel
Seaside resorts
Tamar Regional Council
Tourist attractions in Southern District (Israel)


Sibylle was a 38-gun  of the French Navy. She was launched in 1791 at the dockyards in Toulon and placed in service in 1792. After the 50-gun fourth rate  captured her in 1794, the British took her into service as HMS Sybille. She served in the Royal Navy until disposed of in 1833. While in British service Sybille participated in three notable single ship actions, in each case capturing a French vessel. On anti-slavery duties off West Africa from July 1827 to June 1830, Sybille captured many slavers and freed some 3,500 slaves. She was finally sold in 1833 in Portsmouth.

French service

From 23 April 1790 to October–December 1792, Sibylle escorted a convoy and transferred funds from Toulon to Smyrna, first under Capitaine de vaisseau (CV) Grasse-Briançon and then CV de Venel. From March 1793 to January 1794, under CV Rondeau, she escorted convoys between Toulon and Marseilles and then she moved to the Levant station. She cruised the Aegean Sea, and in June 1794 she was escorting a convoy from Candia to Mykonos.

On 17 June, as Sybille was anchored in Miconi along with three merchantmen bound for Cadiz, a British convoy escorted by , under Captain Paget, and three frigates appeared. Romney approached and demanded that Sibylle hoist a white flag, to which Rondeau retorted that he could not fly another flag than that of the Republic.

Romney opened fire, and after one hour and a half of gunnery exchanges, Sibylle struck to her much more powerful opponent. Paget took possession of Sibylle and the merchantmen, but put the crew and Rondeau ashore. Sibylle was taken into British service as HMS Sybille.

British service in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars
In 1798, now named Sybille, the ship served off the Philippines, participating in the bloodless Raid on Manila. In December, she gave chase to the privateer Clarisse, under Robert Surcouf. Clarisse escaped by throwing eight guns overboard.

In February 1799, while under the command of Captain Edward Cooke, Sybille patrolled the Indian Ocean in a hunt for the French frigate , under Captain Beaulieu-Leloup. The ships met on 28 February in the Balasore Roads in the Bay of Bengal at the action of 28 February 1799. Sybille took Forte by surprise and captured her, as Fortes captain mistook Sybille for a merchantman. Cooke was wounded in the action and died at Calcutta 23 May, aged 26. Though his grave is in Calcutta, the East India Company erected a monument to him in Westminster Abbey in appreciation of the benefit to British trade of his capture of Forte. In all, Sybille lost five dead and 17 wounded. In 1847 the Admiralty authorized the issuance of the Naval General Service Medal with clasp "Sybille 28 Feby. 1799" to all remaining survivors of the action.

In June 1799, Sybille came under the command of Captain Charles Adam. On 23 August 1800, Sybille, with , , and , captured a Dutch brig. The Royal Navy took her into service as . The British ships had entered Batavia Roads and captured five Dutch armed vessels and destroyed 22 other vessels. Sybille alone apparently captured one brig of six guns, four proas armed with swivels, four proas armed with between three 8-pounder and three 4-pounder guns, and some 21 unarmed proas, of which five were lost. How many of these, if any, are among the vessels reported as being taken in the Batavia Roads is not clear.

On 19–20 August 1801, in the Roads of Mahé, Seychelles, Sybille captured the French frigate , under the command of Capitaine de Vaisseau Guieyesse. Chiffonne had captured the Portuguese corvette Andorinha off the coasts of Brazil on 5 May, and the East Indiaman Bellona in the Madagascar Channel on 16 June. (Later, from 23 May 1803 to 1805, Charles Adams would command Chiffonne.)

In 1803, the insurance industry in Calcutta presented Captain Charles Adam of Sybille, and Captain Hart, of , and with valuable swords for having captured French warships and privateers.

On 3 May 1807, under Captain Robert Winthrop, Sybille captured the French 4-gun privateer Oiseau in the English Channel.

Sybille, under the command of Capt. Clotworthy Upton, participated in Battle of Copenhagen in 1807, where she bombarded the city. The battle resulted in the British capturing the Danish Fleet.

On 25 January 1808, while on the Home station, Sibylle captured the French privateer lugger Grand Argus. Grand Argus was pierced for 12 guns but carried only four. She and her crew of 41 men were under the command of Michael Daguinet. She was on her first cruise from Granville but had made no captures in the three days she had been out.

Then on 16 August, Sybille captured the French brig-corvette Espiègle, later recommissioned in the Royal Navy as . Espiègle arrived in Cork on the evening of 31 August.

In the summer of 1809 Sybille cruised off the Greenland ice. Her role was to protect the whalers from privateers and then to escort them back to Britain.

In subsequent years she captured several privateers. In October 1810 she captured the French privateer Edouard off the coast of Ireland. Edouard, under Guillaume Moreau, was armed with 14 guns and had a crew of 90 men. She was eight days out of Abrevarake.

On 28 January 1812 Sybille was in company with  and , when Surveillante captured the American ship Zone.

On 10 May Sybille captured the French privateer Aigle at . Aigle was the former Weymouth to Guernsey packet Chesterfield. Aigle, of 61 men under the command of Captain Alexander Black, had thrown eight of her 14 guns overboard while trying to escape Sybille. Aigle was three days out of Bennodet, near Quimper, and had earlier captured the brig Alicia as Alicia was sailing from Bristol to Gibraltar. Aigle had captured , Le Brun, master, at .  had recaptured Alicia Hill, which arrived on 19 July at Plymouth. Aigle arrived at Cork on 15 July.

On 2 August Sybille detained and sent into Cork Perseverance of New York.

Lastly, on 5 February 1813 Sybille captured the French privateer Brestois at sea. Brestois was a schooner armed with 14 guns and carrying a crew of 121 men. Sybille sent her into Cork too.

Post-war service
Captain Sir John Pechell took command of Sybille on 1 July 1823 and fitted her out for service in the Mediterranean. She sailed in October and proceeded to spend three years protecting the Ionian Islands and suppressing piracy.

A year later, Sybille enforced an indemnity on the government of the First Hellenic Republic for an attack on a Turkish vessel at Ithaca in December 1823 in violation of the neutrality of the United States of the Ionian Islands. On 5 October 1824, Pechell seized three Greek schooners in the harbour of Nauplia (Polyxenes of eight guns and 69 men; San Niccolo of 10 guns and 73 men; and Bella Poula of eight guns and 37 men) as a provision until the indemnity of 40,000 dollars was forthcoming. The ship took the prizes to Zante and the prisoners to Corfu.

In October 1825, boats from Sybille and , Captain Timothy Curtis, found a Greek pirate mistico and her prize at anchor in a cove at Catacolo. The British handed the Ionian prize over to the authorities in Zante and sent the mistico to Corfu.

Sybilles next notable action occurred when she attacked a pirate lair at Kaloi Limenes at the end of June 1826. Sybille sent in her boats but they were unsuccessful. The British suffered some 13 dead and 31 wounded, five of whom died subsequently. Gunfire from Sybille killed many pirates until the pirates traded a Royal Marine they had captured from one of the boats for a cease-fire. Sybille left the island though some time later a Turkish brig chased the pirates' remaining boat ashore in Anatolia, thus ending that threat.

Suppressing the slave trade
In 1822 Sybille was in the West Indies. That year her tender, the 5-gun schooner , shared with the frigate  in the capture of two pirate schooners on 5 November, Union and Constantia (alias Espereanza), and in the destruction of Hawke and Paz.

From 4 December 1826 until 1830, Sybille was part of the West Africa Squadron, which sought to suppress the slave trade. There she was under the command of Commodore Francis Augustus Collier.

On 6 September 1827, Sybille captured the Brazilian ship Henriqueta (also Henri Quatre), with 569 slaves on board, of whom 546 survived to be liberated in Sierra Leone. In December the Admiralty purchased Henriquetta for £900 as a tender to Sybille and renamed her . Black Joke would go on to be one of the most successful anti-slavery vessels in the squadron.

On 14 March 1828 Sybille was reported to have captured three slave vessels: possibly a Dutch schooner with 272 slaves, a Spanish schooner with 282 slaves, and Hope, former tender to Maidstone, with a cargo on board for the purchase of slaves. When Sybille arrived at Sierra Leone on 17 May for refitting in preparation for a passage to Ascension Island, she reported that since she arrived on the station in July 1827 she had freed over 1100 slaves.

In 1829, 204 men died on board  from yellow fever. To convince the crew of Sybille that the fever was not contagious, her surgeon, Robert McKinnal, drank a glassful of black vomit from an ailing crew member.

Between February and March 1829 Sybille captured a Brazilian brig, and her tenders captured the slave schooner Donna Barbara. By 11 April 1829, Sybille claimed to have released over 3,900 slaves in the previous 22 months. On 29 April she captured a Spanish schooner with 291 slaves on board. Then on 12 May she sent in to the prize court a schooner with 185 slaves on board.

Sybille also seized and condemned a number of vessels for illicitly trafficking in slaves. On 11 October it was the brigantine Tentadora and on 1 November the brigantine Nossa Senhora da Guia, with 310 slaves, of whom 238 survived. On 30 January 1830 Sybille seized and condemned a third, unnamed vessel. Then on 15 January she took Umbelino, with 377 slaves of whom only 163 survived, and eight days later, Primera Rosalia, with 282 slaves, of whom 242 survived. She also captured a brigantine from Lagos after a 27-hour chase; the vessel turned out to have 282 slaves on board. Her last capture occurred on 1 April when she captured Manzanares. Sybille finally returned to Portsmouth from the coast of Africa on 26 June and was paid off.

Fate
Between January 1830 and July 1831 she was fitted as a lazaretto for Dundee, Scotland. She was eventually sold to a Mr. Henry for £2,460 on 7 August 1833.

Notes

Citations

References

  (1671-1870)

External links

Age of Sail frigates of France
Hébé-class frigates
Ships built in France
1791 ships
Ships of the West Africa Squadron
Captured ships


Cherokee Lake, also known as Cherokee Reservoir, is an artificial reservoir in the U.S. state of Tennessee formed by the impoundment of the Holston River behind Cherokee Dam.

Hydrology
The reservoir has a surface area of about , a flood-storage capacity of , and nearly  of shoreline. In a normal year, the lake water level fluctuates over a range of about .

In order to maintain dissolved oxygen concentrations in the river below the dam at levels that will support aquatic life, perforated hoses suspended above the bottom of Cherokee Reservoir are used to inject oxygen into the reservoir water and devices which resemble large underwater fans located just above the dam are used to push warm oxygenated water downward to the depths where water is released for hydroelectric generation.

Geology
Silt loam, slate, and red clay are commonly found in the basin and surrounding shoreline of Cherokee Lake.

Natural history
Black bass, sauger, walleye, crappie, various sunfish, and the usual rough-fish species, are often found in the reservoir.

History
From 1940 to 1942, the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) began purchasing property and performing acquisitions by eminent domain in the communities of Jefferson City in Jefferson County, and Bean Station in Grainger County, for the construction of Cherokee Dam and the impounding of the Holston River for Cherokee Lake. Many residents, at first in refusal, would reluctantly give up their farms and homes for the promise of flood control and electricity offered by the TVA. For Bean Station, the Cherokee Project included wiping out the site where the town was originally settled. Of the 195 to 200 families who lived at the original site of Bean Station, 140 were mandated to move by the TVA. Because of the historical significance, size and potential relocation problems presented with Bean Station, officials from the TVA, the Tennessee state government, and concerned community members gathered to discuss the future of the town and its relocation efforts in 1941. A planning commission from the state government and TVA personnel developed plans for sites for Bean Station to relocate to as a community. After controversy arose from negotiations from unwilling property owners, and reluctance from citizens to relocate as a town, the planned community relocation project was abandoned, having Bean Stationers relocating on their own will.

The reservoir was would be filled after the construction of Cherokee Dam near Grainger-Jefferson border in 1942.  The dam, operated by the TVA, is used for hydroelectric generation and flood control. The dam was built on a crash schedule; construction started August 1, 1940, and was completed on December 5, 1941.

The dam and the reservoir were named after the Native American tribe of the same name by the TVA, as before the Holston's impoundment, the area was once inhabited by the tribe. The Great Indian Warpath, once used by pioneer Daniel Boone, lies in the basin of the reservoir.

Economy

Cherokee Lake in recent times has seen a large transition into a popular recreational tourist destination. Public boating access areas, Panther Creek State Park and other public parks, commercial boat docks, lakefront resorts, RV and tent campgrounds, and a state wildlife management area on the shores of the lake attract extensive recreational use, such as swimming, boating, paddling activities (such as canoeing, kayaking and paddleboarding), camping, water sports, and fishing. The lake is also home to a sailing club and regattas are hosted seasonally on its waters.

Since the lake has a greater fish density than most reservoirs maintained by the TVA, it has become one of the most popular for anglers in the East Tennessee region. In 2019, Cherokee Lake was ranked #20 by Bassmaster of the top 25 bass fishing lakes in the Southeastern United States. In October 2020, the reservoir was the location of the 2020 Bassmaster Eastern Open tournament.

References

External links
TWRA Cherokee Reservoir Access Map
Cherokee Reservoir Recreation Areas (TVA)

Holston River
Protected areas of Grainger County, Tennessee
Protected areas of Hamblen County, Tennessee
Protected areas of Hawkins County, Tennessee
Protected areas of Jefferson County, Tennessee
Tennessee Valley Authority
Reservoirs in Tennessee
Bodies of water of Grainger County, Tennessee
Bodies of water of Hamblen County, Tennessee
Bodies of water of Hawkins County, Tennessee
Bodies of water of Jefferson County, Tennessee
1941 establishments in Tennessee
Tourist attractions in Hamblen County, Tennessee
Tourist attractions in Grainger County, Tennessee
Tourist attractions in Jefferson County, Tennessee
Tourist attractions in Hawkins County, Tennessee


The MDG Midgy-Club was a post-war cabin biplane designed and built by Instruments de Precision M.D.G at Garches, France. The company designed and built precision instruments and due to the close relationship with the aviation industry, the company designed and built two aircraft. The first, MDG LD.45, was a single-seat biplane. The MDG LD-261 Midgy-Club was a follow-on design with an enclosed cabin with two seats arranged in tandem layout. It was built in small numbers.

Specifications

References

1940s French civil utility aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1946


Victoria Girls' High School is a state (public) school in Grahamstown, South Africa with a 100% pass rate and 94% endorsement. It is a girls-only school that caters for learners from Grade 8 to Grade 12. Victoria Girls' High School is a leading school in the province.  It has repeatedly produced the top matric pupil in its educational district of Cacadu.  VGHS has twice, in 2007 and again in 2011, been the winner of the PetroSA Proudly South African HomeGrown Awards, "Educational Institute of the Year." The school is also a member of the Allan Gray Orbis Foundation's "Circle of Excellence. Victoria Girls' High has also been placed sixth in the Eastern Cape based on its outstanding Mathematics and Science results.
Victoria Girls' High School also offers boarding facilities ranging from small and homely to large and social.
Victoria Girls' High offers a wide range of facilities including the Johan Carinus Art Centre, computer centres, three science labs and a ninety-seat audio-visual presentation venue. Currently under construction is a new music centre.

School hymn
The school hymn is adapted from Who Would True Valour See - by John Bunyan.

Notable alumnae
Unathi Msengana
Zola Nombona -  Actress
Samela Tyelbooi  -  Actress
Rachel Kolisi
Lunathi Mampofu
Vuyiseka Cawe - Actress

References

External links

Schools in the Eastern Cape
Buildings and structures in Makhanda, Eastern Cape


Hombre is the only American bilingual, upmarket national magazine targeting Latin men. The bimonthly launched in 2006. The magazine is based in New York City.

Hombre includes interviews with prominent Latin men, news features relevant to the Latin community, sports stories, fashion editorials, and photo layouts of Latin women. Lifestyle columns include sections on travel, restaurants and hotels, nightlife, as well as health and fitness. The Entertainment section has features and reviews of theater, film, music and television projects. Musical reviews focus on Latin artists.  The Events section lists national and international happenings. The first woman featured in the photo layout section of Hombre was Roselyn Sanchez.

Hombre is a sponsor of Latin events throughout the United States.

References

Bimonthly magazines published in the United States
Men's magazines published in the United States
Hispanic and Latino American mass media
Magazines established in 2006
Magazines published in New York City


The 1998 Stuttgart Masters (known as the Eurocard Open for sponsorship reasons) was a tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts. It was the 3rd edition of the Stuttgart Masters, and was part of the ATP Super 9 of the 1998 ATP Tour. It took place at the Schleyerhalle in Stuttgart, Germany, from 26 October until 2 November 1998. Richard Krajicek won the singles title.

Finals

Singles

 Richard Krajicek defeated  Yevgeny Kafelnikov 6–4, 6–3, 6–3
It was Krajicek's 2nd title of the year and his 15th overall. It was his 1st Masters title of the year, and overall.

Doubles

 Sébastien Lareau /  Alex O'Brien defeated  Mahesh Bhupati /  Leander Paes, 4–6, 6–3, 7–5

References

External links
 ITF tournament edition details

Eurocard Open
Eurocard Open
Eurocard Open


Kareem Rashad Sultan Khan (February 12, 1987 – August 6, 2007) was a United States Army specialist who was killed during Operation Iraqi Freedom. He is a recipient of the Bronze Star and Purple Heart for his service, and is buried in Arlington National Cemetery.

Khan was born in Neptune, New Jersey to Trinidad and Tobago-born parents, Feroze Khan and Elsheba Khan of Indian descent. He was a 2005 graduate from Southern Regional High School in the Manahawkin section of Stafford Township, New Jersey. He enlisted in the U.S. Army following his graduation and was assigned to the 1st Battalion, 23rd Infantry Regiment, 3rd Brigade, 2nd Infantry Division (Stryker Brigade Combat Team), based in Fort Lewis, Washington.
According to the Gannett News Service, he was "spurred by the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center [and] wanted to show that not all Muslims were fanatics and that many, like him, were willing to lay their lives down for their country, America. He enlisted immediately after graduation and was sent to Iraq in July 2006."
Khan and three other soldiers were killed when a bomb exploded while they were clearing a house—he was 20 years old. He was promoted posthumously to the rank of corporal.

His service was cited during an October 2008 interview on Meet the Press with General Colin Powell. In particular, Powell referred to a photograph in The New Yorker which showed Khan's mother by his gravestone in Arlington National Cemetery. Powell said that Khan's example refutes the anti-Muslim sentiment present in the Republican campaign during the 2008 U.S. Presidential election (q.v.), namely that being Muslim disqualifies a person from being a genuine, patriotic American, or that a Muslim could not become President.

See also

 Humayun Khan, another Muslim soldier of the U.S. Army killed during Operation Iraqi Freedom whose service came up during the 2016 U.S. presidential election

References

External links

  (Obituary)

1987 births
2007 deaths
American military personnel killed in the Iraq War
United States Army soldiers
American Muslims
People from Neptune Township, New Jersey
People from Stafford Township, New Jersey
Southern Regional High School alumni
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
American people of Trinidad and Tobago descent
United States Army personnel of the Iraq War


The Custos Brevium was an official in the English court system: in the Court of Common Pleas and Court of King's Bench. The post was abolished by Act of Parliament in 1830.

In the Court of Common Pleas the Custos Brevium served as Chief Clerk, in charge of the officials that supported the Justices of the Common Pleas in their business. In practice the position was a royal favour, and the actual clerking was done by the Custos Brevium's Deputy.

The Custos Brevium of the King's Bench is a much more obscure figure because he was not appointed by the King. The office of Custos Brevium of the King's Bench was combined with the Clerk of the Treasury and Clerk of the Warrants by the 17th century, and there is enough evidence to suggest this had probably occurred by the middle of the 15th century.

List of Custodes Brevium of the Court of Common Pleas
In the reign of Edward IV, the post was held by John Fogge.

On the English Restoration of 1660, the remuneration was set at £80. The post was given to William Thursby, who held it to his death in 1701. During much of the 18th century, to 1776, the custos was from the Lee family of the Earl of Lichfield, Edward Lee, 1st Earl of Lichfield having been given the post in 1700 (?). The second, third and fourth Earls occupied the position, which had been attached to the title, and which typically brought in £1000 annually.

The post was later held by Sir William Eden, 6th and 4th Baronet (1803–1873).

List of Custodes Brevium of the Court of King/Queen's Bench

References

Bibliography

Historical legal occupations