Deities depicted with horns or antlers are found in many religions across the world. In religions that venerate animal deities, horned bulls, goats, and rams may be worshiped as deities or serve as the inspiration for a deity's appearance. Many pagan religions include horned gods in their pantheons, such as Pan in Greek mythology and Ikenga in Odinala. Some neopagan religions have constructed these deities as the Horned God, representing the male part of their duotheistic theological system.

In Abrahamic religions, horned deities are closely associated with demonology. Christian demons are described as having horns in the Book of Revelation, and other demons such as Satan, Baphomet, and Beelzebub are typically portrayed with horns.

Horned goddess Hathor

Hathor is commonly depicted as a cow goddess with head horns in which is set a sun disk with Uraeus. Twin feathers are also sometimes shown in later periods as well as a  necklace. Hathor may be the cow goddess who is depicted from an early date on the Narmer Palette and on a stone urn dating from the 1st dynasty that suggests a role as sky-goddess and a relationship to Horus who, as a sun god, is "housed" in her.

Hathor had a complex relationship with Ra, in one myth she is his eye and considered his daughter but later, when Ra assumes the role of Horus with respect to Kingship, she is considered Ra's mother. She absorbed this role from another cow goddess 'Mht wrt' ("Great flood") who was the mother of Ra in a creation myth and carried him between her horns. As a mother she gave birth to Ra each morning on the eastern horizon and as wife she conceives through union with him each day.

Bat was a cow goddess in Egyptian mythology depicted as a human face with cow ears and horns. By the time of the Middle Kingdom her identity and attributes were subsumed within the goddess Hathor. The worship of Bat dates to earliest times and may have its origins in Late Paleolithic cattle herding. Bat was the chief goddess of Seshesh, otherwise known as Hu or Diospolis Parva, the 7th nome of Upper Egypt.
The imagery of Bat as a divine cow was remarkably similar to that of Hathor the parallel goddess from Lower Egypt. The significant difference in their depiction is that Bat's horns curve inward and Hathor's curve outward slightly. It is possible that this could be based in the different breeds of cattle herded at different times.

Cult of the bull deities

In Egypt, the bull was worshiped as Apis, the embodiment of Ptah and later of Osiris. A long series of ritually perfect bulls were identified by the god's priests, housed in the temple for their lifetime, then embalmed and encased in a giant sarcophagus. A long sequence of monolithic stone sarcophagi were housed in the Serapeum of Saqqara, and were rediscovered by Auguste Mariette at Saqqara in 1851. The bull was also worshipped as Mnevis, the embodiment of Atum-Ra, in Heliopolis.  Ka in Egyptian is both a religious concept of life-force/power and the word for bull.

Mnevis was identified as being a living bull. This may be a vestige of the sacrifice of kings after a period of reign, who were seen as the sons of Bat or Hathor (see:horned goddess Hathor), the ancient cow deity of the early solar cults. Thus, seen as a symbol of the later sun god, Ra, the Mnevis was often depicted, in art, with the solar disc of their mother, Hathor between its horns.

The Canaanite deity Moloch (according to the bible) was often depicted as a bull, and became a bull demon in Abrahamic traditions. The bull is familiar in Judeo-Christian cultures from the Biblical episode wherein an idol of the Golden Calf is made by Aaron and worshipped by the Hebrews in the wilderness of the Sinai Peninsula (Exodus).  The text of the Hebrew Bible can be understood to refer to the idol as representing a separate god, or as representing the God of Israel himself, perhaps through an association or syncretization with Egyptian or Levantine bull gods, rather than a new deity in itself.

Exodus 32:4 "He took this from their hand, and fashioned it with a graving tool and made it into a molten calf; and they said, 'This is your god, O Israel, who brought you up from the land of Egypt'."

Nehemiah 9:18 "even when they made an idol shaped like a calf and said, 'This is your god who brought you out of Egypt!' They committed terrible blasphemies."

Calf-idols are referred to later in the Tanakh, such as in the Book of Hosea, which would seem accurate as they were a fixture of near-eastern cultures.

King Solomon's "bronze sea"-basin stood on twelve brazen bulls, according to 1. Kings 7:25.

Young bulls were set as frontier markers at Tel Dan and at Bethel the frontiers of the Kingdom of Israel.

Ram deities in ancient Egypt

The ram was revered in ancient Egypt in matters of fertility and war. Early gods with long wavy ram horns include Khnum and the equivalent god in Lower Egypt, Banebdjedet, the "Ram Lord of Djedet" (Mendes), who was typically shown with four ram heads to represent the four souls (Ba) of the sun god. Banebdjedet may also be linked to the first four gods to rule over Egypt, Osiris, Geb, Shu and Ra-Atum, with large granite shrines devoted to each in the Mendes sanctuary. The Book of the Heavenly Cow describes the "Ram of Mendes" as being the Ba of Osiris, but this was not an exclusive association.

List of Egyptian gods associated with the ram:
 Khnum (one of the earliest Egyptian deities)
 Heryshaf (a ram god of Heracleopolis)
 Kherty (a variant of Aken, The chief deity in Egyptian mythology)
 Andjety (precursor of Osiris, Auf "Efu Ra").
 Horem Akhet (a god depicted as a sphinx with the head of a man, lion, or ram)
 Banebdjedet (ram god linked to the first four Egyptian gods: Osiris, Geb, Shu, Ra-Atum)
 Amun (the ram deity that inspired the cult of Ammon)

Cult of Ammon

The worship of Ammon was introduced into Greece at an early period, probably through the medium of the Greek colony in Cyrene, which must have formed a connection with the great oracle of Ammon in the Oasis soon after its establishment. Ammon had a temple and a statue, the gift of Pindar, at Thebes, and another at Sparta, the inhabitants of which, as Pausanias says, consulted the oracle of Ammon in Libya from early times more than the other Greeks. At Aphytis, Chalcidice, Ammon was worshipped, from the time of Lysander, as zealously as in Ammonium. Pindar the poet honoured the god with a hymn. At Megalopolis the god was represented with the head of a ram (Paus. viii.32 § 1), and the Greeks of Cyrenaica dedicated at Delphi a chariot with a statue of Ammon.

Such was its reputation among the Classical Greeks that Alexander the Great journeyed there after the battle of Issus and during his occupation of Egypt, where he was declared the son of Amun by the oracle.  Alexander thereafter considered himself divine.  Even during this occupation, Amun, identified by these Greeks as a form of Zeus, continued to be the principal local deity of Thebes.

The Cyrenaican Greeks built temples for the Libyan god Amon instead of their original god Zeus. They later identified their supreme god Zeus with the Libyan Amon. Some of them continued worshipping Amon himself.
Amon's cult was so widespread among the Greeks that even Alexander the Great decided to be declared as the son of Zeus in the Siwan temple by the Libyan priests of Amon.

Although the most modern sources ignored the existence of Amun in the Berber mythology, he was maybe the greatest ancient Berber god. He was honored by the Ancient Greeks in Cyrenaica, and was united with the Phoenician/Carthaginian god Baal-hamon due to Libyan influence. Some depictions of the ram across North Africa belong to the lithic period which is situated between 9600 BC and 7500 BC.
The most famous Amun's temple in Ancient Libya was the temple at the oasis of Siwa.
The name of the ancient Berber tribes: Garamantes and Nasamonians are believed by some scholars to be related to the name Amon.

In Awelimmiden Tuareg, the name Amanai is believed to have the meaning of "God". The Ancient Libyans may have worshipped the setting sun, which was personified by Amon, who was represented by the ram's horns.

In Carthage and North Africa Baal-hamon was especially associated with the ram and was worshiped also as Baʿal Qarnaim ("Lord of Two Horns") in an open-air sanctuary at Jebel Bu Kornein ("the two-horned hill") across the bay from Carthage.

The Egyptian god Ammon-Ra was depicted with ram horns. Rams were considered a symbol of virility due to their rutting behavior. The Horns of Ammon may have also represented the East and West of the Earth, and one of the titles of Ammon was "the two-horned." Alexander was depicted with the horns of Ammon as a result of his conquest of ancient Egypt in 332 BC, where the priesthood received him as the son of the god Ammon, who was identified by the ancient Greeks with Zeus, the King of the Gods. The combined deity Zeus-Ammon was a distinct figure in ancient Greek mythology. According to five historians of antiquity (Arrian, Curtius, Diodorus, Justin, and Plutarch), Alexander visited the Oracle of Ammon at Siwa in the Libyan desert and rumors spread that the Oracle had revealed Alexander's father to be the deity Ammon, rather than Philip. Alexander styled himself as the son of Zeus-Ammon and even demanded to be worshiped as a god:

He seems to have become convinced of the reality of his own divinity and to have required its acceptance by others ... The cities perforce complied, but often ironically: the Spartan decree read,  'Since Alexander wishes to be a god, let him be a god.'

By continent

Europe

Pan was a Greek god of shepherds and flocks, of mountain wilds and rustic music. The moon goddess, Selene, was also commonly described as "horned", that is the crescent moon upon her head or shoulders.

Depictions in Celtic cultures of figures with antlers are often identified as Cernunnos ("horned one" in Gaulish). The prime evidence for this comes from a pillar in Paris which also features the Roman god Jupiter.

Cocidius was the name of a Romano-British war-god and local deity from the region around Hadrian's Wall, who is sometimes represented as being horned. He is associated with warfare and woodland and was worshipped mostly by military personnel and the lower classes.

Eliphas Levi, the 18th century French occultist, believed that the pseudohistorical god Baphomet (that the Roman Catholic Church had claimed was worshipped by the heretical Knights Templar), was actually the horned Libyan oracle god (Ammon), or, the Goat of Mendes.

For many years scholars have interpreted the Gundestrup Cauldron's images in terms of the Celtic pantheon. The antlered figure in plate A has been commonly identified as Cernunnos.

Africa

A ram-shaped oracle god whose name is unknown (Baal Hamon – Phoenician / Carthaginian ) was worshiped by Libyan tribes at Siwa. The figure was incorporated by the Egyptians into depictions of their god Amun that's considered an "Interpretatio graeca" of the Greek Zeus-Ammon.

Adherents of Odinani (the traditional folk religion of the Igbo people of south-eastern Nigeria) worship the Ikenga, a horned god of honest achievement, whose two horns symbolise self-will. Small wooden statues of him are made and praised as personal altars.

Asia
The Pashupati seal, a seal discovered during the excavation of Mohenjo-daro in Pakistan has drawn attention as a possible representation of a "proto-Shiva" figure. This "Pashupati" (Lord of animal-like beings – Sanskrit ) seal shows a seated figure with horns, possibly ithyphallic, surrounded by animals.

Several Indus Valley seals show a fighting scene between a tiger-like beast and a man with horns, hooves and a tail, who has been compared to the Mesopotamian bull-man Enkidu, also a partner of Gilgamesh, and suggests a transmission of Mesopotamian mythology (see Indus-Mesopotamia relations).

Americas
The Horned Serpent appears in the mythologies of many Native Americans.  Details vary among tribes, with many of the stories associating the mystical figure with water, rain, lightning and thunder.  Horned Serpents were major components of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex of North American prehistory.

Horns mentioned in the bible
The Canaanite gods Baal and El were likely originally horned bull gods.

Psalm 75:10
"I will cut off the horns of all the wicked, but the horns of the righteous will be lifted up."
Deuteronomy 33:17
In majesty he (Jacob) is like a firstborn bull; his horns are the horns of a wild ox. With them he will gore the nations, even those at the ends of the earth.
Revelation 13:11
Then I saw a second beast, coming out of the earth. It had two horns like a lamb, but it spoke like a dragon.
Leviticus 4:7
The priest shall then put some of the blood on the horns of the (Yahweh's) altar of fragrant incense that is before the LORD in the tent of meeting. The rest of the bull's blood he shall pour out at the base of the altar of burnt offering at the entrance to the tent of meeting.

Exodus
The depiction of a horned Moses stems from the description of Moses' face as "cornuta" ("horned") in the Latin Vulgate translation of the passage from Exodus in which Moses returns to the people after receiving the Ten Commandments for the second time. The Douay–Rheims Bible translates the Vulgate as, "And when Moses came down from the mount Sinai, he held the two tables of the testimony, and he knew not that his face was horned from the conversation of the Lord."

Influence on demonology

Christian demonology

The idea that demons have horns seems to have been taken from the Book of Revelation chapter 13. The book of Revelation seems to have inspired many depictions of demons. This idea has also been associated with the depiction of certain ancient gods like Moloch and the shedu, etc., which were portrayed as bulls, as men with the head of a bull, or wearing bull horns as a crown.

Baphomet of Mendes
The satanic "horned god" symbol known as the baphomet is based on an Egyptian ram deity that was worshipped in Mendes, called Banebdjed (literally Ba of the lord of djed, and titled "the Lord of Mendes"), who was the soul of Osiris. According to Egyptian Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Goddesses, and Traditions of ancient Egypt, the book's author Geraldine Harris, said the ram gods Ra-Amun (see: Cult of Ammon), and Banebdjed, were to mystically unite with the queen of Egypt to sire the heir to the throne (a theory based on depictions found in several Theban temples in Mendes).

Occultist Eliphas Levi in his Dogme et Rituel de la Haute Magie (1855), combined the images of the Tarot of Marseilles' Devil card and refigured the ram Banebdjed as a he-goat, calling it the "Baphomet of Mendes," (or, "Goat of Mendes"). The inaccurate description can be traced back to Herodotus' Histories Book II, where Herodotus describes the deity of Mendes as having a goat's head and fleece, when Banebdjedet was really represented by a ram, not a goat.

The Baphomet of Lévi was to become an important figure within the cosmology of Thelema, the mystical system established by Aleister Crowley in the early twentieth century.  Baphomet features in the Creed of the Gnostic Catholic Church recited by the congregation in The Gnostic Mass, in the sentence: "And I believe in the Serpent and the Lion, Mystery of Mystery, in His name BAPHOMET" (see: Aleister Crowley: Occult).

Lévi's Baphomet is the source of the later Tarot image of the Devil in the Rider–Waite design. The concept of a downward-pointing pentagram on its forehead was enlarged upon by Lévi in his discussion (without illustration) of the Goat of Mendes arranged within such a pentagram, which he contrasted with the microcosmic man arranged within a similar but upright pentagram. The actual image of a goat in a downward-pointing pentagram first appeared in the 1897 book La Clef de la Magie Noire by Stanislas de Guaita, later adopted as the official symbol—called the Sigil of Baphomet—of the Church of Satan, and continues to be used among Satanists.

Neopaganism

Few neopagan reconstructionist traditions recognize Satan or the Devil outright.  However, many neopagan groups worship some sort of Horned God, for example as a consort of the Great Goddess in Wicca. These gods usually reflect mythological figures such as Cernunnos or Pan, and any similarity they may have to the Christian Devil seems to date back only to the 19th century, when a Christian reaction to Pan's growing importance in literature and art resulted in his image being translated to that of the Devil.

Witch-cult hypothesis

In 1985 Classical historian Georg Luck, in his Arcana Mundi: Magic and the Occult in the Greek and Roman Worlds, theorised that the origins of the Witch-cult may have appeared in late antiquity as a faith primarily designed to worship the Horned God, stemming from the merging of Cernunnos, a horned god of the Celts, with the Greco-Roman Pan/Faunus, a combination of gods which he posits created a new deity, around which the remaining pagans, those refusing to convert to Christianity, rallied and that this deity provided the prototype for later Christian conceptions of the Devil, and his worshippers were cast by the Church as witches.

Beelzebub

There is an implied connection between Satan and Beelzebub (lit. Lord of the Flies), originally a Semitic deity called Baal (lit. "lord"). Beelzebub is the most recognized demon in the Bible, whose name has become analogous to Satan. Occult and metaphysical author Michelle Belanger believes that Beelzebub (a mockery of the original name) is the horned god Ba'al Hadad, whose cult symbol was the bull. According to The Encyclopedia of Witches, Witchcraft and Wicca, Beelzebub reigned over the Witches' Sabbath ("synagoga"), and that witches denied Christ in his name and chanted "Beelzebub" as they danced.

Beelzebub was also imagined to be sowing his influence in Salem, Massachusetts: his name came up repeatedly during the Salem witch trials, the last large-scale public expression of witch hysteria in North America or Europe, and afterwards Rev. Cotton Mather wrote a pamphlet entitled Of Beelzebub and his Plot.

Neopaganism

In 1933, the Egyptologist Margaret Murray published the book, The God of the Witches, in which she theorised that Pan was merely one form of a horned god who was worshipped across many European cultures. This theory influenced the Neopagan notion of the Horned God, as an archetype of male virility and sexuality. In Wicca, the archetype of the Horned God is highly important, and is thought by believers to be represented by such deities as the Celtic Cernunnos, Indian Pashupati and Greek Pan.

Horned God in Wiccan based neopagan religions represents a solar god often associated with vegetation, that's honoured as the Holly King or Oak King in Neopagan rituals. Most often, the Horned God is considered a male fertility god. The use of horns as a symbol for power dates back to the ancient world. From ancient Egypt and the Ba'al worshipping Cannanites, to the Greeks, Romans, Celts, and various other cultures. Horns have ever been present in religious imagery as symbols of fertility and power. It was not until Christianity attributed horns to Satan as part of his iconography that horned gods became associated with evil in Western mythology:

Many modern neo-Pagans focus their worship on a horned god, or often "the" Horned God and one or more goddesses. Deities such as Pan and Dionysus have had attributes of their worship imported into the Neopagan concept as have the Celtic Cernunnos and Gwynn ap Nudd, one of the mythological leaders of the Wild Hunt.

See also
 Bull (mythology)
 Cattle in religion and mythology
 Cernunnos
 Deer in mythology
 Devil
 Golden calf
 Horned God
 Horned Serpent

References

External links

Comparative mythology
Iconography
Mythological archetypes


Tylosin is a macrolide antibiotic and bacteriostatic feed additive used in veterinary medicine.  It has a broad spectrum of activity against Gram-positive organisms and a limited range of Gram-negative organisms.  It is found naturally as a fermentation product of Streptomyces fradiae.

Tylosin is used in veterinary medicine to treat bacterial infections in a wide range of species and has a high margin of safety. It has also been used as a growth promotant in some species, and as a treatment for colitis in companion animals.

Mode of action

Like other macrolides, tylosin has a bacteriostatic effect on susceptible organisms, caused by inhibition of protein synthesis through binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome.

Spectrum of activity

Tylosin has a wide spectrum of activity against Gram-positive bacteria including Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Corynebacterium, and Erysipelothrix. It has a much narrower Gram-negative spectrum of activity, but has been shown to be active against Campylobacter coli, and certain spirochaetes. It has also been shown to be extremely active against Mycoplasma species isolated from both mammalian and avian hosts. The following represents MIC susceptibility data for a few medically significant pathogens:
 Mycoplasma bovis: 0.06 - 4 μg/ml
 Staphylococcus aureus: 0.5 - >128 μg/ml

Clinical use

Tylosin has been used to treat a variety of different diseases throughout the world. Differing formulations and licensing conditions mean it may not be a recognized method of treatment for certain conditions in certain countries. In general, tylosin is licensed for the treatment of infections caused by organisms susceptible to the drug, but it has also been used as a treatment of colitis in small animals, as a growth promotant in food-producing animals, and as a way of reducing epiphora (tear staining) around the eyes of white-faced dogs. In these cases, the result is positive only when using the tylosin in the form of tartrate, a chelating porphyrin. No marketing authority exists for the use of other tylosin forms as a tear-stain remover, thus it is not legal to use it for such purposes; the exception is as a prescription-only medicine of last resort by veterinarians under the cascading rule (UK) or the extra-label use rule (US).

Examples of bacterial infections that could potentially be treated with tylosin include respiratory infections, metritis, and acute mastitis in cattle; mastitis in sheep and goats; enteritis, pneumonia, erysipelas, and infectious arthritis in swine; and soft-tissue infections in small animals.
While tylosin may be one appropriate therapeutic choice in theory for the conditions listed above, many other antibiotics may be preferable for treating a specific infection, and tylosin will not be the first choice.

It is also used as a growth promoter for a variety of terrestrial and aquatic animals grown for human consumption.

Available forms

Tylosin is available in injectable, intramammary, and oral formulations with different product ranges available in different countries.

Composition
Tylosin is a mixture of four major components: tylosins A, B, C, and D. Tylosin A is considered the major component of tylosin (comprises about 90% of tylosin); however, tylosins B, C, and D contribute to the overall potency of tylosin.

Precautions and contraindications

Administration of tylosin should be avoided in animals with a known hypersensitivity to the product, or to other macrolides.

Oral administration can result in diarrhoea and gastrointestinal disturbance. This is particularly true of horses, such that it can be fatal.  Tylosin also has a foul taste that is difficult to disguise.

The injectable formulations of tylosin can cause pain, inflammation, and itchiness around the injection site.

Since tylosin has a relatively poor spectrum of activity against Gram-negative organisms, it may not be a sensible therapeutic choice in the treatment of infections caused by unknown, potentially unsusceptible organisms.

Drug interactions

Tylosin may increase digitalis blood levels, thus its toxicity, and may be antagonistic to chloramphenicol or lincosamides.

Colorimetric assays of serum ALT and AST may be falsely elevated by macrolide antibiotics.

References

Macrolide antibiotics
Veterinary drugs


Mitemcinal (GM-611 or 3'-N-dimethyl-11-deoxy-3'-N-isopropyl-12-O-methyl-11-oxo-8,9-didehydroerythromycin) is a motilin agonist derived from the macrolide antibiotic, erythromycin.  It was discovered in the labs of Chugai Pharma. Mitemcinal is orally administered and it is believed to have strong promotility (or prokinetic) effects.  Promotility drugs relieve symptoms of reflux by speeding the clearance of acid from the oesophagus and stomach. The parent compound, erythromycin, has these characteristics, but mitemcinal lacks the antibiotic properties of erythromycin.

Presently, erythromycin is commonly used off-label for gastric motility indications such as gastroparesis. If mitemcinal can be shown to be as effective a promotility agent, it would represent a significant advance in the GI field as treatment with this drug would not carry the risk of unintentional selection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.  This concept greatly intrigued Chugai, and the company pursued it as an ideal candidate for a long-term prokinetic agent to treat lower gastrointestinal deficiencies including gastroparesis.

The Phase II trials did not detect an increase in gastric emptying among the population of diabetic gastroparesis patients above placebo.  Thus, although Chugai was able to demonstrate the required safety of the compound, development of this drug has stalled due to a lack of convincing efficacy data.

Notes and references

Macrolides


John Montague (August 25, 1903 – May 25, 1972) was an American golfer, who also played some minor-league baseball. Under the name LaVerne Moore, which was his original birth name, he was charged with armed robbery and assault over a 1930 case in upper New York State. He was acquitted in a 1937 trial.

Montague's life was covered in mystery and numerous stories about his extraordinary golf skills and physical strength. At the time of his arrest he lived with Esther Plunkett, and friends believed they were married. After leaving the jail, he could not regain his previous golf shape, due to gained weight and lack of practice. Hence he focused on his real estate business and private golf matches with celebrities. His 1937 charity game against Babe Ruth, Babe Didrikson, and Sylvania Annenberg drew approximately 10,000 spectators. Montague qualified for the 1940 U.S. Open, but performed poorly there. He died of heart problems, in obscurity, at a residence motel in Studio City, California.

References

American male golfers
Golfers from New York (state)
Sportspeople from Syracuse, New York
1903 births
1972 deaths


Tekin Kurtulus (born 16 September 1968, Usak, Turkey) is a German actor of Turkish descent. He is the older brother of actor Mehmet Kurtuluş.

Filmography

References

External links
 Company Hamburg: Das Team, companyhamburg.de (1. Dezember 2006)
 kick-media ag: Tekin Kurtulus, pool.position.de (1. Dezember 2006)

1968 births
German people of Turkish descent
People from Salzgitter
German male television actors
Living people
Turkish male singers
Turkish male film actors
People from Uşak
Turkish emigrants to Germany
21st-century German male actors


Julián Alberto Morrinson Gales (; born July 27, 1951) is a former discus thrower from Cuba. He competed for his native country at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montréal, Quebec, Canada, where he did not reach the final in the men's discus throw event. He won the gold medal at the 1974 Central American and Caribbean Games.

References
sports-reference

1951 births
Living people
Cuban male discus throwers
Olympic athletes for Cuba
Athletes (track and field) at the 1975 Pan American Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Pan American Games silver medalists for Cuba
Pan American Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Central American and Caribbean Games gold medalists for Cuba
Central American and Caribbean Games silver medalists for Cuba
Competitors at the 1974 Central American and Caribbean Games
Competitors at the 1978 Central American and Caribbean Games
Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in athletics
Medalists at the 1975 Pan American Games
21st-century Cuban people
20th-century Cuban people


Leonard Thompson (18 February 1901 – 26 August 1968) was an English professional footballer. He was born in Sheffield as the next to youngest child of Arthur William Thompson and Annie Willy. Too young to go to war, Thompson was encouraged to play for Sheffield school.

Playing career
Thompson first joined Barnsley in 1917 as a 16-year-old amateur, he was on a trial and he managed to play in the afternoon match after the inside left was unable to; he scored a hat trick. He turned professional upon moving to Birmingham in 1918, a move he regretted later, as Manchester United and Liverpool were both looking to sign him. After this brief spell he moved to Swansea Town in 1922. In six seasons with Swansea he played nearly 200 league games scoring almost 100 goals as an inside forward, asgot  part of the so-called "great little team" (being lower than average height), winning a Third Division South winners' medal in 1924–25, scoring the final goal to take them into the second division.

In Swansea's first season in the Second Division, his 19 goals helped Swansea finish in fifth place in the league. He also featured prominently in Swansea's 1925–26 FA Cup run in which they reached the semi-final, where they were beaten 3–0 by the eventual winners, Bolton Wanderers. During the cup run, Thompson scored four goals, including the opening goal against Arsenal in a 2–1 victory in round 6 (quarter finals).

The following season, Thompson was the club's leading goalscorer with 26 league and four cup goals, including a hat-trick on 8 January 1927 in a 4–1 FA Cup victory against Bury.

On 17 March 1928, he was signed by Arsenal for £4,000 but his career at Arsenal was plagued by a knee injury. He made his debut in a 2–0 defeat by Portsmouth on 28 March 1928 and at first shared the inside left position with Harold Peel, playing 17 times in 1928–29, scoring five goals as the side's penalty expert. With his injury restricting him, despite many operations, he only made nine more appearances in four seasons for Arsenal, and spent most of his time there regularly coaching the reserve team. Under him they were the London Combination Champions from 1928 to 1931, and they won the London FA Challenge Cup in 1930–1. After not making any appearances at all in 1932–33 he left Arsenal for Crystal Palace, having made 27 appearances and having scored six goals in total. He retired from professional football the following season.

After Thompson retired, he briefly reinstated as an amateur at Islington Corinthians then later coached Tottenham Hotspur's reserve team and had a spell as a scout with Arsenal. Between 1947 and 1956 he was Arsenal's so called 'man in black' who watched the team Arsenal was to play the next week. He featured in advertisements for Sandeman's Port but no one ever discovered his identity, even when the Daily Express got a picture of him. On 26 August 1968, Len Thompson died of a heart attack aged 67.

Honours
Swansea Town
Third Division South winners: 1926–27

References

1901 births
Footballers from Sheffield
English men's footballers
Barnsley F.C. players
Birmingham City F.C. players
Swansea City A.F.C. players
Arsenal F.C. players
Crystal Palace F.C. players
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. non-playing staff
Arsenal F.C. non-playing staff
1968 deaths
Men's association football inside forwards


Oscar Wayne Tyrone (born August 1, 1950) is a former Major League Baseball player. He played in the 1976 baseball season with the Chicago Cubs. Tyrone batted and threw right-handed. He played in 30 games in his one-year career, having a .228 batting average. He is the brother of former Major Leaguer, Jim Tyrone.

External links

Chicago Cubs players
1950 births
Living people
Major League Baseball outfielders
Baseball players from Texas
Miami Amigos players
UT Rio Grande Valley Vaqueros baseball players
People from Alice, Texas
Denver Bears players
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American expatriate baseball players in Mexico
Midland Cubs players
Quebec Metros players
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
Quincy Cubs players
Rochester Red Wings players
Sultanes de Monterrey players
Wichita Aeros players


Crossroads Plaza may refer to:
Crossroads Plaza (North Carolina)
Crossroads Plaza (Utah)


World records in disability athletics are ratified by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC). In Paralympic athletics competitions, athletes are given a class depending on the type and extent of their disability. The classes are as follows:
 11–13: Blind and visually impaired
 20: Intellectually disabled
 32–38: Athletes with cerebral palsy; classes 32–34 compete in wheelchairs, while 35–38 are ambulant
 40–46: Ambulant athletes with amputations or other disabilities such as dwarfism
 51–58: Wheelchair athletes with spinal cord injuries or amputations
The IPC recognizes records for each of these classes.

Key:

Outdoor

Men

100 m

200 m

Notes:

400 m

800 m

1500 m

3000 m

5000 m

10000 m

110 m hurdles

400 m hurdles

4 × 100 m relay

4 × 400 m relay

High jump

Long jump

Triple jump

Club throw

Shot put

Notes:

Discus throw

Javelin throw

Pentathlon

Women

100 m

200 m

400 m

800 m

1500 m

3000 m

5000 m

10000 m

100 m hurdles

400 m hurdles

4 × 100 m relay

4 × 400 m relay

High jump

Long jump

Triple jump

Club throw

Shot put

Discus throw

Javelin throw

Pentathlon

Road

Men

Half marathon

Marathon

Women

Half marathon

Marathon

See also

 List of IPC world records in swimming

Notes and references

Notes

References
General
IPC Athletics Outdoor World records
IPC Athletics Road World records.
Specific

IPC
IPC


Henry Bernt Erentz (17 September 1874 – 19 July 1947) was a Scottish footballer who played as a right-back for various clubs in both Scotland and England.

Career
Born in Dundee to a Danish father, Erentz began his football career with Dundee in 1895. At the end of the 1895–96 season, Erentz transferred to Oldham County, before signing for Newton Heath a year later, where he joined his brother Fred. It would be eight months, however, before Erentz made his debut for the Heathens, playing alongside his brother at full-back in a 5–1 away defeat to Woolwich Arsenal on 8 January 1898. Erentz only made nine appearances for Newton Heath (six in the league and three in the FA Cup) before being transferred to Tottenham Hotspur in May 1898.

Erentz remained with Tottenham for six years, making appearances in 130 Southern League games and over 250 games overall, including the 1901 FA Cup Final and replay against Sheffield United, helping Spurs to become the first club from outside The Football League to win the FA Cup. In December 1904, Erentz was transferred to Swindon Town, for whom he made 16 appearances before retiring through injury. He later became the trainer for London side Corinthians.

Honours
Tottenham Hotspur
Southern League: 1899–1900
FA Cup winner: 1901

References
General

Specific

External links
Profile at StretfordEnd.co.uk
Profile at MUFCInfo.com
Swindon Town career details

1874 births
1947 deaths
Footballers from Dundee
Scottish people of Danish descent
Scottish men's footballers
Men's association football fullbacks
Dundee F.C. players
Manchester United F.C. players
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players
Swindon Town F.C. players
Southern Football League players
English Football League players


Alfred Ernest Yates Trestrail (24 January 1876, Hallatrow, Somerset – 5 February 1935, New Milton, Hampshire) was an English lawyer and cricketer.

Trestrail was educated at New College, Eastbourne and at Christ's College, Cambridge. He was a lawyer by profession. He played in one first-class cricket match for Somerset in the 1905 season.

An amateur who batted in the lower order, Trestrail was picked for the Somerset match against Lancashire at Taunton. After Lancashire had made 401 on the first day, he made 4 and then 3 as Somerset were beaten by an innings. He was one of three Somerset debutants in the match; for one of the others, Ernest Shorrocks, this was also the only first-class match. The third, John Harcombe played six further matches for Somerset up to 1919.

At the December 1910 United Kingdom general election, Trestrail stood unsuccessfully for the Liberal Party in Tiverton.   He served in World War I, achieving the rank of major, and this changed his political outlook.  He wrote to Arthur Henderson offering his services to the Labour Party, and was adopted as its candidate for Torquay.  He stood there in the 1918 United Kingdom general election, but was not elected.

Following the war, Trestrail joined a law firm in Huddersfield, lived in Kirkburton, and was the moving spirit behind the building of the Woodsome Hall Golf Club.

References

External links

1876 births
1935 deaths
English cricketers
Labour Party (UK) parliamentary candidates
Liberal Party (UK) parliamentary candidates
Somerset cricketers
Alumni of Christ's College, Cambridge
British Army personnel of World War I
Cheshire Regiment officers
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Military personnel from Somerset
Cricketers from Somerset


Henderson is a former New Zealand parliamentary electorate, from 1969 to 1978 and then from 1993 to 1996.

Population centres
Henderson was first created through the 1967 electoral redistribution, which resulted from the Electoral Act 1965 that fixed the number of South Island electorates at 25. As a result, three additional electorates were created in the North Island, and one additional in the South Island. One of those new electorates was Henderson, which took over most of 's area. These changes came into effect with the . Localities that were covered by the electorate include Henderson, Oratia, Waiatarua, Parau, Huia, and Piha. In the 1972 electoral redistribution, there were slight boundary adjustments with the adjoining  and  electorates. Henderson existed for three electoral cycles and was abolished again through the 1977 electoral redistribution, when Waitakere was recreated; this came into effect with the .

Henderson was recreated for the  and existed for one parliamentary term. In 1996, the first mixed-member proportional (MMP) election, the area was absorbed into the new Waipareira electorate.

History
Martyn Finlay of the Labour Party had been Waitakere's representative since the . He transferred to the Henderson electorate and was successful against three different National Party opponents in 1969, , and . When Henderson was abolished for 1978 election, Finlay went into retirement.

Members of Parliament
Key

Election results

1993 election

1975 election

1972 election

1969 election

Notes

References

Historical electorates of New Zealand
Politics of the Auckland Region
1969 establishments in New Zealand
1993 establishments in New Zealand
1978 disestablishments in New Zealand
1996 disestablishments in New Zealand


Water cart may refer to:

 A type of railway tender
 A Furphy water cart


Water carts may refer to:

 A type of railway tender
 A Furphy water cart


is the third animated film adaptation of the anime and manga series Bleach. In the film, Ichigo Kurosaki enters the Soul Society once more in order to save Rukia Kuchiki, who has been kidnapped by two spirits who have a history with Rukia. They also erase Rukia's memories along with the Gotei 13, who now view Ichigo as a threat. Directed by Noriyuki Abe, the film was released on December 13, 2008 in Japan, later to be released in the US. The film's theme music is "Koyoi, Tsuki ga Miezutomo", performed by Porno Graffitti and its screenplay was written by Natsuko Takahashi and Masahiro Ōkubo. The DVD was released on September 30, 2009, in Japan, with additional footage of Ichigo, Rukia and Kon leaving for the World of the Living. The English dub was released on DVD and Blu-ray on November 15, 2011, in the United States and on May 28, 2012, in the United Kingdom.

Plot
In the Soul Society, Soul Reaper scientist Mayuri Kurotsuchi is attacked in his laboratory by a pair of mysterious siblings wielding a scythe that erases his memories. In a frightened panic, Kurotsuchi damages one of his machines, causing a massive spirit energy explosion that covers much of Soul Society, killing or freezing many Soul Reapers. Rukia Kuchiki is the next to be attacked by the siblings, erasing her memories and those of everybody that has memories of her, and is carried away to Soul Society's Rukon District by the siblings.

In the real world, one of Rukia's friends, Ichigo Kurosaki, briefly forgets her but Kon, being a modified soul, is unaffected by the memory wipe and reminds him. Ichigo and Kon go to former Soul Reaper Kisuke Urahara for information; but Urahara does not remember Rukia. Ichigo and Kon travel to the Soul Society with all the captains unable to remember Ichigo, believing him to be a threat. Meanwhile, Rukia wakes up in the Rukon District with no memory of being a Soul Reaper. The nameless siblings, a sister and a brother, remind Rukia that they used to be close friends living together and she was to give them names, although she has forgotten them. Ichigo seeks the help of Rukia's adopted brother, Byakuya, but he does not remember Rukia either. After another confronting with Renji Abarai, Rukia's childhood friend, Byakuya directs Ichigo to his wife, Hisana's, birthplace, where they are briefly reunited with Rukia before the siblings flee with her from Ichigo and Kon.

Ichigo and Kon are attacked again by other Soul Reapers, but are saved by Renji Abarai, who follows his instinct to trust Ichigo. When Soul Society's head-captain and other captains arrive to capture Ichigo, Urahara interferes. He sends Ichigo, Renji and Kon off to save Rukia, and explains to the captains that he studied a parasitic Hollow which could erase memories with its scythe-like tentacle, but it escaped and appears to be influencing the siblings' actions to an extent. Meanwhile, the siblings go to Kurotsuchi's laboratory to fully destroy the Soul Reapers with another spiritual machine of Kurotsuchi's, under the belief that the Soul Reapers were responsible for taking Rukia away from them when they were younger. Rukia suddenly objects to this, and Ichigo and Renji's arrival prompts her to remember them and her entire past, with both the siblings and her time as a Soul Reaper. The female sibling succumbs to rage, and she forces herself, her brother and Rukia to all fuse into one, creating "Dark Rukia".

Dark Rukia, seemingly hollowfied, unleashes the machine upon Soul Society before battling Ichigo. The machine takes the form of a monster, and the Soul Reapers fight against it. Ichigo fights Dark Rukia and holds back initially to refrain from injuring her. Byakuya arrives and claims that he should be the one to finish this, but Ichigo intervenes and manages to free her with his own similar spirit energy, destroying the Hollow; Byakuya and Renji also destroy the monster. Rukia regains her memories, but the siblings are left mortally wounded, though they are regretful for their actions. Urahara arrives and explains that the Hollow attacked Rukia and the siblings while controlling a Soul Reaper's body previously, but when the body was destroyed, the siblings trapped the Hollow in their bodies and were sent to Hueco Mundo—the Hollow's world—for a time, managing to escape to reunite with Rukia because of their desire to be with her. Rukia tells the siblings their names, Homura and Shizuku, but the two die from their wounds, much to Rukia's despair. Later, Ichigo asks Rukia at the hill shrine where she previously visited before, about the shrines were made in remembrance of her childhood friends who died during adolescence due to poverty, reminding her that her memories of the siblings will not fade.

Cast

Novelization
Light novel adaptation of movie was published on December 15, 2008.

Reception
The film opened in second or third place at the Japanese box office (sources vary) and held a top ten location until its fifth week.

Notes

References

External links

2008 anime films
2008 films
Anime films composed by Shirō Sagisu
Fade to Black
Films directed by Noriyuki Abe
2000s Japanese-language films
Toho animated films
Viz Media anime


Water-carts may refer to:

 A type of railway tender
 A Furphy water cart


Jorge Eduardo Costilla Sánchez (born 1 August 1971) is a former Mexican drug lord and top leader of the criminal drug trafficking organization known as the Gulf Cartel. He was among Mexico's most-wanted drug lords.

He joined the ranks of the Gulf Cartel in the late 1990s after he had served as a policeman in Matamoros, Tamaulipas. Under the tutelage of Osiel Cárdenas Guillén, Costilla Sánchez became a lieutenant for the cartel and started controlling several drug trafficking activities for the organization. In 1999, two U.S. federal agents were stopped at gunpoint in Matamoros by several gunmen of the cartel while conducting an investigation. Among the dozen heavily armed men were Cárdenas Guillén and Costilla Sánchez. After the tense standoff, the agents persuaded the gunmen to let them go, but Costilla Sánchez and the other cartel members earned a U.S. indictment.

When Cárdenas Guillén was arrested and extradited to the United States in 2003 and 2007 respectively, Costilla Sánchez took the control of the cartel along with Antonio Cárdenas Guillén, who was later killed in a gunbattle in November 2010. Amid the power struggles, Los Zetas separated from the cartel to work independently initially working in tandem with the gulf cartel as an organisation known as la compania, until in 2010 going to war transforming northeastern Mexico into a "war zone" with daily confrontations and gruesome assassinations.

Costilla Sánchez was arrested by the Mexican marines in the city of Tampico, Tamaulipas, on 12 September 2012. The Gulf Cartel, however, was suffering from an infighting by the time of his arrest.

On 16 September 2022, Costilla Sánchez pleaded guilty to conspiracy to distribute cocaine and marijuana into the United States. He was sentenced to life in prison and was ordered to pay a forfeiture judgement of $5 million.

Criminal career
Costilla Sánchez was born on 1 August 1971 in the city of Matamoros, Tamaulipas; he is the son of a woman who worked as the principal of a middle school in Matamoros. At the age of 21, he became a municipal police officer in Matamoros and worked from 1992 to 1995, where he became familiar with the drug trade. Costilla Sánchez then left the police and formed a kidnapping ring called "Los Sierra."

He joined the works of the Gulf Cartel in the late 1990s and become a lieutenant during the reign of then-leader Osiel Cárdenas Guillén. The Gulf Cartel is responsible for the importation and distribution of thousands of kilograms of cocaine and marijuana into the United States annually. After the arrest of the cartel leader Osiel Cardenas, Costilla Sánchez took control and became partner with Antonio Cárdenas Guillén, Heriberto Lazcano and Héctor Manuel Sauceda Gamboa (El Karis). Sauceda was killed in a gun battle with the Federal Police on 17 February 2009, and Heriberto Lazcano transformed Los Zetas into his own cartel in 2010, becoming rival to the Gulf Cartel.

Costilla Sánchez is one of a number of high-ranking members of the Gulf Cartel who has been indicted in the United States for drug trafficking activities. Costilla Sánchez has also been indicted for threatening U.S. law enforcement officials in November 1999. In that incident, FBI and DEA agents in Mexico were forcibly stopped at gunpoint by a group of heavily armed men, allegedly including Costilla Sánchez and other key members of the Gulf Cartel. Costilla Sánchez and the other cartel members were said to have pointed AK-47 rifles at the U.S. federal agents and threatened to kill them. After a tense standoff, the FBI and DEA agents were allowed to leave.

When Osiel was arrested in 2003, Costilla Sánchez joined the drug lord's brother, Antonio Cárdenas Guillén, in running the Gulf Cartel's operations. The power struggle after Osiel's extradition in 2007 prompted for Los Zetas, the mercenary gang formed by ex-commandos of the Mexican Army and the former armed wing of the cartel, to separate and former their own criminal organization. Both groups officially went to war in early 2010, after a Zeta leader was assassinated allegedly under orders of Costilla Sánchez. The fight between the Gulf Cartel and Los Zetas transformed northeastern Mexico into a "war zone" with daily gunfights, decapitations, and other gruesome slayings. After the death of Antonio in a gunfight with the Mexican Marines on 5 November 2010, Costilla Sánchez took full control of the Gulf Cartel and began directing the daily drug trafficking activities of the organization.

The recent fights between Los Metros and Los Rojos, the two subgroups within the Gulf Cartel, were reportedly caused by Costilla Sánchez, who set up his rivals to get arrested or killed by the government. Among other charges, Costilla Sánchez is accused of being involved in the 2004 assassination of the journalist Francisco Arratia Saldierna, who covered drug trafficking and organized crime reports in Matamoros. In addition, the Proceso magazine alleges that Costilla Sánchez had some connections with high-ranking military officials in the Mexican Armed Forces between 2011 and 2012.

Standoff with U.S. agents
On 9 November 1999, two U.S. agents from the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) and Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) were threatened at gunpoint by Cárdenas Guillén, Costilla Sánchez, and approximately fifteen of his henchmen in Matamoros. The two agents travelled to Matamoros with an informant to gather intelligence on the operations of the Gulf Cartel. Cárdenas Guillén demanded the agents and the informant to get out of their vehicle, but they refused to obey his orders. The incident escalated as Cárdenas Guillén threatened to kill them if they did not comply and as his gunmen prepared to shoot. The agents tried to reason with him that killing U.S. federal agents would bring a massive manhunt from the U.S. government. Cárdenas Guillén eventually let them go and threatened to kill them if they ever returned to his home turf.

The standoff triggered a massive law enforcement effort to crackdown the leadership structure of the Gulf Cartel. Both the Mexican and U.S. government increased their efforts to apprehend Cárdenas Guillén. Prior to the standoff, he was regarded as a minor player in the international drug trade, but this incident catapulted his reputation and made him one of the most-wanted criminals. The FBI and the DEA mounted numerous charges against him and issued a US$2 million bounty for his arrest.

Gulf-Zeta cartels split
In the late 1990s, Osiel Cárdenas Guillén, the former leader of the Gulf Cartel, began recruiting members of the Mexican Army to protect his territory, personnel, and drug trafficking operations. These original deserters, who were known as Los Zetas, came from the Special Forces squadron of the army, arguably the best trained branch of the Mexican military. Upon the arrest and extradition of Cárdenas Guillén in 2003 and 2007 respectively, Los Zetas strengthen its role in the Gulf Cartel, but managed to retain its alliance. Nonetheless, that alliance lasted until early 2010, when disagreements reached a turning point. On 18 January 2010, several members of the Gulf Cartel kidnapped Víctor Peña Mendoza, a leader of Los Zetas nicknamed Concord 3 and a close associate and friend of Miguel Treviño Morales, alias Z-40. When he was held captive, Peña Mendoza was asked to switch alliances and join the Gulf Cartel, but he refused, earning a beating and an execution, presumably carried out by Samuel Flores Borrego.

Treviño Morales heard about the incident and issued an ultimatum to Flores Borrego and Costilla Sánchez:

Both of the Gulf Cartel leaders ignored the command, and Treviño Morales did not wait to avenge the death of his friend. On 30 January 2010, Treviño Morales kidnapped and murdered 16 Gulf Cartel members in Reynosa, Tamaulipas, marking the start of the cartel war between the Gulf Cartel and Los Zetas in the Mexican states of Tamaulipas, Nuevo León, and Veracruz that has left thousands of people killed. Los Zetas used violent and intimidation tactics to expand, emerging with a notorious reputation as Mexico's most violent drug trafficking organization. Through these tactics, it has managed to take control of most of the territories "owned" by the Gulf Cartel where they had once essentially served as a single organization.

PRI candidate assassination
On the morning of 28 June 2010, Rodolfo Torre Cantú, the leading candidate of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) for the Tamaulipas state elections, was heading to the airport in Ciudad Victoria to close his campaign in Valle Hermoso and Matamoros, Tamaulipas six days before the elections. While heading to the airport, Torre Cantú's convoy was ambushed by armed assailants, killing the candidate and six other people who were in his entourage. His death marked the highest-profile murder in the Mexican Drug War and the highest-profile assassination in Mexico since the death of Luis Donaldo Colosio, the PRI presidential candidate for the 1994 elections. By 2011 and into 2012, the Mexican authorities still did not have solid evidence to prosecute Torre Cantú's assassins.

Nonetheless, Costilla Sánchez was linked to Torre Cantú's assassination by the PGR and the DEA agencies on 20 September 2012. Reportedly, Torre Cantú was killed by an armed squad directly linked to Costilla Sánchez for refusing to protect the cartel's investments that allowed money laundering from drug proceeds. Tamaulipas' former governor, Tomás Yarrington, has also been linked to Torre Cantú's death by the DEA since February 2012.

Arrest
The Mexican Navy arrested Costilla Sánchez on 12 September 2012 at the residential Lomas de Rosales neighborhood in Tampico, Tamaulipas without firing a single bullet. Around 30 marines chased a convoy of gunmen that led to the house where Costilla Sánchez was staying. Hours before the arrest, five men working for Costilla Sánchez were apprehended in Río Bravo, Tamaulipas. Costilla Sánchez was presented on camera on the morning of 13 September 2012, handcuffed and wearing a long-sleeve shirt. Ten bodyguards of Costilla Sánchez were also arrested during the operation. Ernesto Banda Chaires, one of the detainees, is believed to be the regional boss of the cartel in Tampico. In the Wednesday arrest, the Mexican authorities confiscated several assault rifles, pistols encrusted with jewelry, and a number of expensive-looking watches. When asked if he had anything to say about his criminal charges and if he had a lawyer, Costilla Sánchez shook his head. His arrest came a few days after the apprehension of Mario Cárdenas Guillén, the leader of one of factions in the cartel. Moreover, Costilla Sánchez is currently detained at the installations of the SIEDO, Mexico's intelligence agency.

Costilla Sánchez was an evasive capo who preferred to stay low-profile. Only two photographs of him were ever made public prior to his arrest.

It is likely that Costilla Sánchez will be extradited to the United States, raising political implications for the top politicians in the states of Tamaulipas and Veracruz who have been accused of taking bribes from the Gulf Cartel. Among them is Tomás Yarrington, the former governor of Tamaulipas who is now a fugitive. If the testimonies end up being damaging, President Enrique Peña Nieto will have to take steps to clean up the image of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), which governed Mexico for 71 years and was tainted with an image of corruption. In addition, with Costilla Sánchez's capture, the Gulf Cartel appears to be extremely weakened and the stage is set for Mexico's two largest criminal organizations – the Sinaloa Cartel and Los Zetas – to fight for the turf of the Gulf Cartel. This will be troubling for the government, which has vowed to reduce the drug violence that has left more than 55,000 dead in six years.

Two days after the arrest of Costilla Sánchez, 16 people were killed as a result of the Gulf Cartel infighting in two separate attacks carried out in Nuevo Laredo and San Fernando, Tamaulipas. Reportedly, a message was left aside the bodies, which were dumped in public view.

Theoretical aftermaths
The capture of Costilla Sánchez and Mario Cárdenas Guillén leaves the Gulf Cartel without a definite successor. Both arrests, in effect, wipe out the traditional old-time bosses of the cartel, putting an end to a generation of drug traffickers. When Cárdenas Guillén was arrested on 4 September 2012, it looked as if Costilla Sánchez had finally won the leadership of the Gulf Cartel. Throughout the end of 2011 and until the time of his arrest in 2012, Costilla Sánchez had carried out a campaign to put down Cárdenas Guillén and his faction – the Rojos – by reportedly setting up its members to get arrested or killed. His attempts to successfully put down his rivals allegedly gave him the protection of some high-ranking officials in the Mexican Armed Forces.

Nonetheless, Costilla Sánchez's own tactics backfired after a group of his henchmen arrested in Río Bravo, Tamaulipas reportedly betrayed him and notified the authorities of his whereabouts. It is also possible Cárdenas Guillén's declarations resulted in the apprehension of Costilla Sánchez as well.

Without a clear successor of Costilla Sánchez, his faction – the Metros – could come to an end, although it is still likely that there are other old-crime bosses of lesser importance still trying to keep the Gulf Cartel operating. With the arrest of a Gulf Cartel representative in Colombia on 10 September 2012, the drug business could be disrupted even further. One clear benefactor of the fall of the Gulf Cartel is its rival group, Los Zetas. It is also possible that several within the Gulf Cartel may decide to join the Sinaloa Cartel or Los Zetas, although the latter seems unlikely given the bitter feelings between both groups. The Mexican government has essentially gotten rid of the leadership in both the Metros and the Rojos factions in the Gulf Cartel. The first possible group to take control of the smuggling routes in Tamaulipas is Los Zetas, who can decide to make a violent push into the last territories of the Gulf Cartel and finally take control of Matamoros, Tamaulipas. That city is the birthplace of the Gulf Cartel and has been the stronghold of the cartel ever since its creation. By taking Matamoros, Los Zetas will not only take a valuable drug corridor from the hands of the cartel, but it can score a major "psychological victory" over the Gulf Cartel.

As of mid-2013, however, Los Zetas is also experiencing a power struggle within its own ranks, so the future of the Gulf Cartel is difficult to predict.

The Mexican authorities believe that the next leader of the Gulf Cartel could be a woman, presumably one of the two sisters of Osiel, Antonio, and Mario. While women leading Mexico's "macho" criminal underworld is quite unusual, it is not entirely unprecedented. Enedina Arellano Félix of the Tijuana Cartel now manages the organization along with her son Luis Fernando Sánchez Arellano. Another woman, Sandra Ávila Beltrán, served as an important link between the Sinaloa Cartel and the Norte del Valle Cartel in Colombia until her arrest in 2007. The authorities believe that if one of the Cárdenas Guillén sisters takes over leadership of the Gulf Cartel, it could serve to unite the broken organization. Nonetheless, InSight Crime argues that if the Gulf Cartel's last chance to regain its hegemony lies on a female successor, there is little chance that the cartel will ever recover. As previously reported by the agency, "drug queens" in Mexico tend to have difficulty commanding their cartels, and have been forced to work alongside men to legitimize their positions.

In addition, the arrest of Costilla Sánchez opens a bigger role for the Sinaloa Cartel in the state of Tamaulipas. Since their leader Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán and the Gulf Cartel tend to be "business-oriented," both organizations may possibly strengthen their alliances by acknowledging that "violence is bad for business." This is one reason why the Gulf Cartel and El Chapo might fight off Los Zetas together. Mario Ramírez Treviño, the right-hand man of the fallen Samuel Flores Borrego, was the next in line after Costilla Sánchez. Nonetheless, whoever decides to lead the Gulf Cartel will most likely have a close relationship with El Chapo. The Gulf Cartel is knowledgeable of the trafficking routes and operations in Tamaulipas, and it would not be convenient for the Sinaloa Cartel to take them "out of the picture." If the Sinaloa Cartel manages to have significant presence in Tamaulipas, the population can expect a decrease in violence just like in Tijuana and Ciudad Juárez, which saw downturns in drug-related homicides after the Sinaloa Cartel gained control of the smuggling routes.

Extradition and case
On 30 September 2015, Costilla Sánchez was extradited to the U.S. along with twelve other criminals, including former high-ranking Beltrán Leyva Cartel leader Edgar Valdez Villarreal. On 1 October, he declared himself not guilty of the charges imposed at a federal court in Brownsville, Texas. On 26 September 2017, he pleaded guilty to conspiracy to possess narcotics with intent to distribute cocaine and cannabis, in addition to two counts of assault on federal agents for the standoff in 1999. His sentencing was originally scheduled for 18 January 2018. On 22 September 2022, Costilla Sánchez was sentenced to life in prison and was ordered to pay a forfeiture judgment of $5 million, the amount that he was found to have profited from his involvement in drug trafficking.

Gulf Cartel infighting

Background
In the late 1990s, Osiel Cárdenas Guillén, the former leader of the Gulf Cartel, had other similar groups besides Los Zetas established in several cities in Tamaulipas. Each of these groups were identified by their radio codes: the Rojos were based in Reynosa; the Metros were headquartered in Matamoros; and the Lobos were established in Laredo. The infighting between the Metros and the Rojos of the Gulf Cartel began in 2010, when Juan Mejía González, nicknamed El R-1, was overlooked as the candidate of the regional boss of Reynosa and was sent to La Frontera Chica, an area that encompasses Miguel Alemán, Camargo and Ciudad Mier – directly across the U.S.–Mexico border from Starr County, Texas. The area that Mejía González wanted was given to Samuel Flores Borrego, suggesting that the Metros were above the Rojos.

Unconfirmed information released by The Monitor indicated that two leaders of the Rojos, Mejía González and Rafael Cárdenas Vela, teamed up to kill Flores Borrego. Cárdenas Vela had held a grudge on Flores Borrego and the Metros because he believed that they had led the Mexican military to track down and kill his uncle Antonio Cárdenas Guillén (Tony Tormenta) on 5 November 2010. Other sources indicate that the infighting could have been caused by the suspicions that the Rojos were "too soft" on the Gulf Cartel's bitter enemy, Los Zetas. When the Gulf Cartel and Los Zetas split in early 2010, some members of the Rojos stayed with the Gulf Cartel, while others decided to leave and join the forces of Los Zetas.

InSight Crime explains that the fundamental disagreement between the Rojos and the Metros was over leadership. Those who were more loyal to Mario Cárdenas Guillén stayed with the Rojos, while those loyal to Jorge Eduardo Costilla Sánchez, like Flores Borrego, defended the Metros.

Originally, the Gulf Cartel was running smoothly, but the infighting between the two factions in the Gulf Cartel triggered when Samuel Flores Borrego was killed on 2 September 2011. When the Rojos turned on the Metros, the largest faction in the Gulf Cartel, firefights broke throughout Tamaulipas and drug loads were stolen among each other, but the Metros managed to retain control of the major cities that stretched from Matamoros to Miguel Alemán, Tamaulipas.

Alleged ties with the Mexican military
The power struggle within the Gulf Cartel in northeastern Mexico throughout 2011 and 2012 was a sign of the organization's decline. Part of the shifting landscape, according to Proceso magazine, is attributed to the alleged protection the Mexican Armed Forces gave to Costilla Sánchez. An anonymous source told the magazine that Costilla Sánchez set up his rivals, the Cárdenas Guillén family, to get arrested or killed by the Mexican Navy, consequently allowing him to emerge as the leader of the Gulf Cartel. Costilla Sánchez reportedly gave millions of dollars to the Navy to allow him to operate freely in Tamaulipas, and in return the Navy reportedly protected his faction by ceasing to target them and going against the Cárdenas Guillén clan.

The last days of Costilla Sánchez's leadership began on 3 September 2012, when several banners were reportedly put up in Ecatepec, State of Mexico, accusing the capitan of the Mexican Naval Infantry, Marina Efraín Martínez Talamantes, of protecting Costilla Sánchez. Nine days later, Costilla Sánchez was arrested in an operative where not a single shot was fired. The anonymous source said that the Navy arrested him because the accusations were starting to gain some weight, while others said that once the Navy was done "using Costilla Sánchez" to their advantage, they "betrayed him" so that his capture could serve as a symbolic medal for the Navy and the administration of Felipe Calderón. The sources stated that before his arrest, Costilla Sánchez was allegedly seeking to forge an alliance with Miguel Treviño Morales (Z-40), one of the leaders of Los Zetas, the former armed wing of the Gulf Cartel.

InSight Crime, however, states that the fact that the whole article relies on a single anonymous source and that there are no voice recordings raises suspicions about the reliability of the story. The agency does recognize that Costilla Sánchez's ties with the Navy were possible, but indicated that "if his enemies were looking to make life difficult both for him and for the military units operating in Tamaulipas, feeding falsehoods to reporters would be an easy way to do so."

Bounty
Costilla Sánchez was placed among the most-wanted drug lords in Mexico, and the government was offering a 30 million pesos (US$2.3 million) bounty for information leading to his arrest. In the United States, he has been charged with 12 counts of drug trafficking and money-laundering and is also wanted for assaulting a federal law enforcement officers in 1999 in Matamoros, Tamaulipas.

The U.S. Department of State was offering a reward of up to US$5 million for information leading to his arrest and/or conviction.

Costilla Sánchez has several aliases, including but not limited to: Cos, El Coss, Costi, El Judas, George XX, and Sombra.

Kingpin Act sanction
On 20 July 2009, the United States Department of the Treasury sanctioned Costilla Sánchez under the Foreign Narcotics Kingpin Designation Act (sometimes referred to simply as the "Kingpin Act"), for his involvement in drug trafficking along with three other international criminals. The act prohibited U.S. citizens and companies from doing any kind of business activity with him, and virtually froze all his assets in the U.S.

See also
List of Mexico's 37 most-wanted drug lords
Mérida Initiative
Mexican Drug War
War on Drugs

References

Bibliography

External links
 Mexico 'Gulf cartel boss' caught – International Business Times (Video)
 Mexico Announces Capture of Gulf Cartel Leader (archive) – The New York Times
  Presenta SEMAR a "El Coss", presunto líder del cártel de Golfo – Federal government of Mexico (Video)

People of the Mexican Drug War
Gulf Cartel members
1971 births
Mexican prisoners and detainees
Mexican crime bosses
Living people
People from Matamoros, Tamaulipas
People sanctioned under the Foreign Narcotics Kingpin Designation Act
People involved in the 1999 Matamoros standoff


Geerdijk was a railway station in Geerdijk, The Netherlands. The station was opened on 1 October 1906 and is on the Mariënberg–Almelo railway. The station was on a single track line but had 2 platforms. This is because there is a level crossing in between. The train runs over the level crossing first and then stops on the platform. This is so that the level crossing doesn't have to be closed while the train waits.

The station was announced as the second-least used station in the Netherlands in 2005 with an average of 60 passengers a day. For this reason, the railway station was closed on 29 April 2016. This allows Arriva to extend the train service from Mariënberg to Hardenberg..

Platforms

 Platform 1a is the northern one, formerly offering the service to Mariënberg.
 Platform 1b is the southern one, formerly offering the service to Almelo.

External links
NS website
Dutch Public Transport journey planner

Railway stations in Overijssel
Railway stations opened in 1906
Twenterand
1906 establishments in the Netherlands
Railway stations in the Netherlands opened in the 1900s


Haris Alihodžić  (born 12 April 1968) is a Bosnian football manager and former player.

Club career
For a big part of his career, Alihodžić played for hometown club Željezničar, with whom he won three Bosnian Premier League titles, three Bosnian Cup's and three Bosnian Supercup's. He also had brief spells with Rapid Wien and Favoritner AC in Austria, Antalyaspor in the Turkish Süper Lig and Mura in Slovenia.

International career
Alihodžić made his senior debut for Bosnia and Herzegovina in an October 2002 friendly match against Germany and has earned a total of 2 caps, scoring no goals. His final international was a March 2003 European Championship qualification match against Luxembourg.

Managerial and administrative career

Željezničar
After Edis Mulalić was sacked as manager, Alihodžić, who was the sporting director of Željezničar at the time, on 7 May 2016, took over as the caretaker manager of the  club until a new permanent manager was to be named. He led the team in one game, a 1–1 draw against Slavija Sarajevo in the last round of the 2015–16 Bosnian Premier League season.

On 12 July 2017, Alihodžić became the director of the youth academy of Željezničar. He worked as director until July 2022, when he was replaced by Edin Ćurić.

Bosnia and Herzegovina U21
On 6 March 2020, after Slobodan Starčević became the new head coach of the Bosnia and Herzegovina U21 national team, it was announced that Alihodžić, alongside Mario Ivanković, had been named as the new assistant coaches of Starčević.

Honours

Player
Željezničar
Bosnian Premier League: 1997–98, 2000–01, 2001–02
Bosnian Cup: 1999–2000, 2000–01, 2002–03
Bosnian Supercup: 1998, 2000, 2001

References

External links

1968 births
Living people
Footballers from Sarajevo
Men's association football defenders
Yugoslav men's footballers
Bosnia and Herzegovina men's footballers
Bosnia and Herzegovina men's international footballers
FK Željezničar Sarajevo players
Favoritner AC players
SK Rapid Wien players
Antalyaspor footballers
NK Mura players
Yugoslav First League players
2. Liga (Austria) players
Austrian Football Bundesliga players
Süper Lig players
Slovenian PrvaLiga players
Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina players
Bosnia and Herzegovina expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Austria
Bosnia and Herzegovina expatriate sportspeople in Austria
Expatriate men's footballers in Turkey
Bosnia and Herzegovina expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
Expatriate men's footballers in Slovenia
Bosnia and Herzegovina expatriate sportspeople in Slovenia
Bosnia and Herzegovina football managers
FK Željezničar Sarajevo managers
Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina managers


James Styles (3 July 1841 – 4 February 1913) was a contractor, civil engineer and politician in Victoria, Australia.

Early life
Born in Croydon, Surrey, Styles migrated to Australia in 1849 with his family, where he was educated at private schools in Melbourne. He became a civil engineer and railway contractor, working with his father in Queensland on the construction of the Western railway line between Toowoomba and Dalby before returning to Victoria in 1869 where he undertook further railway construction. In the 1870s he moved to South Australia where he was the resident engineer on the construction of the Peterborough railway line between Burra and Hallett and was a contractor on the construction of water and sewerage systems in Adelaide.

He returned to Victoria in 1883 and was elected to the Williamstown Council. Styles was the council's representative on the Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works and applied unsuccessfully for the position of chairman in 1891. Styles frequently clashed with the Board's chairman, Edmond Gerald FitzGibbon.

Political career
Styles was a candidate for the Victorian Legislative Assembly seat of Williamstown in 1889 and 1889, but was unsuccessful, before winning the seat in 1894, a position he held until 1900. He was a Protectionist candidate for Victoria at the 1901 senate election where he was elected fourth, for the short term seat, ending on 30 December 1903. At the 1903 Senate election he again finished fourth and so filled the vacancy due to the death of Sir Frederick Sargood. He stood again at the 1906 senate election but was defeated, finishing fifth, part of the decline of the Protectionist Party in Victoria.

Personal life
While working in Queensland, Styles married Teresa Dignam on 23 February 1865 and they would have a son, James, and two daughters, Teresa and Maude. He died in Hawthorn in 1913, aged 71, survived by his wife, James and Maude.

References

Protectionist Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Members of the Australian Senate for Victoria
Members of the Australian Senate
Engineers from Melbourne
Victoria (state) state politicians
1841 births
1913 deaths
20th-century Australian politicians


Finland-Ethiopia relations are foreign relations between the Finland and Ethiopia.  Both countries established diplomatic relations on July 17, 1959. Ethiopia is represented in Finland through its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.  Finland has an embassy in Addis Ababa.

History
The Ethiopian Ministry of Foreign Affairs traces the relationship between the two countries to the 1950s when Finnish missionaries first came to Ethiopia. In March 1984 the two countries signed a Memorandum on Development Cooperation. In 2003, the Finnish Foreign Minister, Erkki Tuomioja, visited Ethiopia.

Finnish assistance
Ethiopia is one of Finland's long-term partners in economic development and in the water and education sectors. Finland began bilateral development cooperation with Ethiopia in 1967. Development cooperation was suspended during the Ethiopian Civil War in 1991–93, and again in 1998–2000 during the Eritrean-Ethiopian War. Finland, like other donors, did not make any new cooperation commitments in 2005 as a result of the violence following the parliamentary elections, but did resume cooperation at the previous level in 2007.

On 29 April 2009, the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development announced that the Finnish government had made a grant of 11.4 million Euros to enable the Benishangul-Gumuz Region upgrade its capacity of planning and managing its rural water supply and sanitation program to achieve universal access for all Ethiopians. On 28 July 2009, the Finnish Ambassador, Kirsti Aarnio, praised Ethiopia's effort to pull itself out of poverty by achieving successive economic growth. She described their trade as Finland importing coffee, spices and leather from Ethiopia, while Ethiopia buys in various high-tech products from Finland. She also stated that ample opportunities existed where the two sides can boost cooperation in the areas of environment, information technology, telecommunication services and energy.

See also
 Foreign relations of Ethiopia
 Foreign relations of Finland

References

External links
  Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland about Ethiopia

Finland
Ethiopia


Vriezenveen is a railway station in Vriezenveen, The Netherlands. The station was opened on 1 October 1906 and is on the single track Mariënberg–Almelo railway. The line is primarily used by school children in the mornings and afternoons. The train services are operated by Arriva.

Train services

Bus services

There is no bus service at this station. The nearest bus stop is De Merel, 15 minutes away (by walking) from the station.

External links
NS website
Dutch Public Transport journey planner

Railway stations in Overijssel
Railway stations opened in 1906
Twenterand
1906 establishments in the Netherlands
Railway stations in the Netherlands opened in the 1900s


The Houston Cougars softball team is the college softball team of the University of Houston. The team is a member of the Big 12 Conference as a Division I team. Their home games are played at Cougar Softball Stadium on-campus. The team was established in 2001, and was the regular season champion of Conference USA three times. The Cougars are coached by Kristin Vesely.

Until their permanent home field was completed near the end of their inaugural season, the Cougars played their home games at Baseball USA, a complex in West Houston.

Head coaches

Notes: Through 2023 season.

Awards and honors

Conference awards
AAC Pitcher of the Year
Savannah Heebner, 2018

AAC Player of the Year
Shelby Miller, 2017
Sarah Barker, 2019

AAC Rookie of the Year
Arielle James, 2017

See also
List of NCAA Division I softball programs

References

External links

Houston Cougars softball
2001 establishments in Texas


William Hepburn Cozens-Hardy, 2nd Baron Cozens-Hardy, KC (25 March 1869 – 25 May 1924) was a British Liberal politician and lawyer.

Family
Cozens-Hardy was the eldest son of Herbert Cozens-Hardy, 1st Baron Cozens-Hardy and Maria Hepburn. Herbert Cozens-Hardy was a lawyer and Liberal Member of Parliament for North Norfolk from 1885 to 1899. He was then appointed a judge and eventually became Master of the Rolls. The Barony was created in 1914 and William succeeded as 2nd Baron on the death of his father in 1920. In 1895, he married Gertrude Lilian the eldest daughter of Colonel Sir William Everett KCMG. They had one daughter.

Education
William was educated at University College School in Hampstead where he was leader of the school debating society and Captain of School. He then went up to New College, Oxford where he took his degree with classical honours.

Career
Like his father, William went into the law. He was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1893 and took silk in 1912. He was made a Bencher of Lincoln's Inn in 1916. He also sat as a Justice of the Peace in Norfolk.  In 1913 he was offered the post of Chief Justice of Bengal but refused for private reasons. Throughout the four years of the First World War, he was a Commander in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve, serving on the Admiralty War Staff, attached to the Intelligence Department. He was awarded the Italian Order of St Maurice and St Lazarus. He was knighted in 1912.

Politics
Cozens-Hardy also followed his father in his political affiliation. While at Oxford University he was involved in Liberal politics, being a member of the Russell Club and he was President of the Union. He was elected as Liberal MP for South Norfolk at the 1918 general election. Although he stood as a Coalition Liberal at that election he did not receive the Coalition coupon. One source indicates this was because he was late entering the field. He then chose to take the Coalition whip in Parliament. William's political stance in the election has been described as a "...conventional Coalition programme: support for Lloyd George and harsh peace with Germany, jobs and houses for the returning soldiers all topped off with expressions of concern about agriculture and repeated references to his own Norfolk roots."
When William succeeded his father to the peerage he had to stand down from the House of Commons and in the by-election of 27 July 1920 which followed, his seat was won by George Edwards, the Labour candidate with the Liberal vote split between Lloyd George Coalition Liberal and Asquithian Independent Liberal candidates.

Death
Cozens-Hardy was a pioneer of motoring. In the early days of his marriage he and his wife would undertake long and hazardous trips around continental Europe. This love of cars was the cause of his death as he was killed in a motor accident at Bucchof, Starnberg in Bavaria on 25 May 1924 aged 55. As he had no male heir, the title passed to his younger brother, Edward Herbert Cozens-Hardy (1873–1956).

Arms

References

Who was Who, OUP 2007

External links

1869 births
1924 deaths
Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
People from Letheringsett with Glandford
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1918–1922
UK MPs who inherited peerages
People educated at University College School
Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve personnel of World War I
Alumni of New College, Oxford
Members of Lincoln's Inn
Presidents of the Oxford Union
English King's Counsel
Royal Navy officers of World War I
Royal Navy officers


High School Musical: el desafío is a spin-off film to the High School Musical franchise. It is one of three feature film adaptations of a script written by Pablo Lago and Susana Cardozo and based on the book Battle of the Bands. The film stars the finalists of the Argentine reality television High School Musical: La Selección competition series, and features Andrea del Boca, Adriana Salonia, Peter McFarlane, and Liz Solari.

Principal photography commenced in February 2008, and is notable for being the first Disney-branded feature film made in Latin America. The film was developed for theatrical release in the Argentina market. Eight new songs have been produced exclusively for the film. In addition to these songs, Alejandro Lerner also composed the main theme, which he performed.

High School Musical: el desafío was released in Argentine theaters on July 17, 2008, reaching in its debut week second place in the national box-office charts.

Plot
A new school year begins at the High School Argentina (HSA), and the students return from the summer vacations. Fer, the captain of the school rugby team, the Jaguars, discovers that Agus, his neighbour and classmate, has changed a lot over the summer. Delfi, however, continues being vain and wastes her time dominating her poor brother, Walter, and her associates Alicia, Clara and Valeria, or, as she prefers to call them, "The Invisibles".

The principal of the school and Ms. D'Arts, the art teacher, invite the students to take part in the school's first battle of the bands, where the kids will have a chance to be showcased as true music stars. Anne-Claire, a former student and now a famous singer, comes to the school as adviser to the contest. Delfi envies her greatly.

Working against the clock and with limited resources, the kids put all the forces for the big day. Fer and Agus, together with Juanchi, Sofi, Facha, Gaston and Walter participate in the contest, forming a band called the Scrum. At the same time, Delfi participates with her friends, and she tries the impossible task of separating Walter from his new friends. But only one band could be the winner, the one that understood teamwork, personal development, and studying would make them better artists and also better people.

Characters

Main
Fer (Fernando Dente) is the male protagonist of the film. He is the most popular boy at High School Argentina, and the captain of the varsity rugby team, the Jaguars. He faces a new challenge this year in the school: forming a band for the Battle of the Bands, where he will show, despite the difficulties, his true leadership. He is similar to Troy Bolton from the English film.
 Agus (Agustina Vera) is the female protagonist of the film. She is the shy and studious student who, under the astonished eyes of all her peers, suddenly becomes an attractive young girl with a talent for singing. When she feels insecure, Anne-Claire encourages her to be herself and exhibit her artistic talents without fears. She is similar to Gabriella Montez from the English film.
 Delfi (Delfina Peña) is the antagonist of the film. She is the stereotypical "rich girl", vain, selfish, someone who does not spare a second for anyone, not even for her brother Walter. She is only nice when she wants something and her goal is for everyone in the school to love her. At the end of the film, she learns from her mistakes and learns a valuable lesson. She is similar to Sharpay Evans from the English film.
 Walter (Walter Bruno) is Delfi's brother. He wants to be independent from his sister and his goal is to become the coach of Fer's band. With help from Agus, and with his perseverance and recklessness, Walter manages to become independent and show his true artistic abilities. He is similar to Ryan Evans from the English film.

Other students
 Gastón (Gastón Vietto) is Fer's best friend, he has a deep love for Anne-Claire. There is nothing in the world he wouldn't do for her. He and Juanchi are both similar to Chad Danforth from the English film.
 Juanchi (Juan Macedonio). Juanchi is a hilarious person. He will never stop cracking jokes. Everyone loves his sense of humour. He is also a very good drummer. He and Gastón are similar to Chad Danforth from the English film.
 Facha (Augusto Buccafusco). Facha is a klutz. All he wants is to be able to play his guitar but he always messes up during performances. In an important performance, Anne-Claire helps him out at a crucial moment. He is similar to Jason Cross from the English film.
 Sofi (Sofía Agüero Petros) is a talented composer who is part of Fer's band. She thrives under pressure and creates great music. She is similar to Kelsi Nielsen from the English film.
 Vale (Valeria Baroni) is a great singer, but she is always over shadowed by Delfi. She and Anne-Claire are both similar to Taylor McKessie from the English film.
 Clarita and Alicia (María Clara Alonso and Sophie Oliver Sánchez) are Delfi's best friends and members of her band. The two girls are completely okay with all of Delfi's shenanigans. They are similar to the Sharpettes from the English film.

Supporting
 Ms. D'Arts (Andrea del Boca) is the school's art teacher, who, together with the principal, organises the Battle of the Bands. She is similar to Ms. Darbus of the English film.
 Anne-Claire (Liz Solari) is the adviser of the contest. She is a former student of the school and is a famous musician. She and Vale are similar to Taylor McKessie from the English film.
 Fer's Dad (Mauricio Dayub) is the coach of the school's rugby team. He makes his players work very hard. He is similar to Jack Bolton from the English film.

Minor characters
 Agus' Mum (Adriana Salonia)
 Donato (Daniel Martins)
 Marta (Carolina Ibarra)
 The High School Principal (Peter McFarlane)

Premiere
The special premiere took place on July 14, 2008 at the Gran Rex Theater. Following the film, the cast and the director, Jorge Nisco, went to the Alvear Hotel for a photo session and a press conference.

The film debuted in cinemas throughout Argentina on July 17, 2008.

Soundtrack

Before the release of the film, the film's soundtrack CD was released, featuring eight new songs produced by Fernando López Rossi. The album has a bonus track with the song "Now Is Time to Shine" (originally in Spanish, "Ya es tiempo de brillar") written by Alejandro Lerner especially for the film, and includes the music video of the song "Summer Has Ended" ("El Verano Terminó").

List of songs

Other international versions

Following this production in Argentina, the film was also remade for Mexico and in Brazil:

In Mexico, as in Argentina, the winners were chosen by a contest (HSM: La Selección), from which Cristobal Orellana and Mariana Magaña emerged to play the leads. The antagonists were not cast from the contest; they were played by Cesar Fernando Soberanes and Mar Contreras. This version generally used the same dialogue (although the wording varied to reflect the Mexican version of Spanish) and songs as the Argentine version, although the songs were adapted with a reggaeton and hip hop style to appeal to the Mexican public. Ironically, the Mexican version was also filmed in Argentina. The Mexican version premiered on September 4, 2008.

In Brazil, the finalists were chosen on HSM - A Seleção. From there emerged Renata Pinto Gomes Ferreira and Olavo Setembro Cavalheiro as the leads, along with Paula Pereia Barbosa and Fellipe Ferreira Guadanucci as the antagonists. The Brazilian version premiered in February 2010.

References

External links
 Official Page of the film
 Official page of the TV show High School Musical, La Selección

2008 films
High School Musical films
2000s Spanish-language films
Walt Disney Pictures films
2000s Argentine films


Ponts et Chaussées (Bridges and Roads) may refer to:

 Conseil général des ponts et chaussées, organization of  inspectors general of bridges and roads in France
 Corps des Ponts et Chaussées, organization of civil engineers in France
 École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, school of civil engineers in France
 Ingénieur des ponts et chaussées, a civil engineer in France


John Battendieri is a businessman and pioneer of the U.S. Organic movement.

History
Raised in New Jersey, Battendieri has been working since he came to California in the early 1970s to bring natural food to people.  He initially produced "Mr. Natural" apple juice, which paved the way for other growers to recognize a demand for packaged organic products and follow suit. Mr. Natural claims to be "one of the original makers of organic juices--definitely the only pure Santa Cruz mountain apple juice" at that time on the market.

He is a former president of Organic Food Products Inc., a Morgan Hill company that merged with Spectrum Naturals in May 1999 and produces Millina’s Finest pasta sauces and products.

He is the founder of Santa Cruz Organics, which is now owned by J.M. Smucker.

He is the CEO of Blue Horizon Organic Seafood Company, based in Aptos, California, which produces hormone and antibiotic-free shrimp that is raised by family farmers using sustainable and organic methods.  Their Last Minute Chef products have no MSG, preservatives, or flavor-enhancing synthetic chemicals.  Because California does not have an official definition for "organic seafood", New Leaf Markets has sold the shrimp from Blue Horizon as "Organic Everywhere But California."

Charity
Battendieri has participated with friends the past several years in the Santa Cruz Cancer Benefit Group (SCCBG) to raise funds for cancer research and treatment through Gourmet Grazing on the Green, a charitable food fest of local produce. Formed in 1995, the Santa Cruz Cancer Benefit Group has given over $800,000 to fund support services and cancer research. Mr. Battendieri is a founder. Earlier charitable work includes donations to Second Harvest Food Bank based on every jar of sauce sold. This was estimated to be about 12,000 free meals in Santa Cruz county in 1994.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American chief executives of food industry companies


John George Barrett (17 December 1858 – 19 May 1928) was an Australian politician, a senator in the federal Australian parliament.

Born in Carlton, Barrett was educated there at St Mary's Anglican School before becoming apprenticed as a tinsmith. He was founder and President of the Tinsmith's Society, and also served as President of the Melbourne Trades Hall Council. In 1895, he was elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly as the member for Carlton South,
where he remained until 1897. In 1901, he was elected to the Australian Senate as a Labor Senator from Victoria, although he was also endorsed by the Protectionist Party. He was one of only three Labor members elected to the first Parliament from Victoria (the other two were members of the House of Representatives, Frank Tudor and James Ronald). He was defeated in 1903, but continued to be active in the union movement; he was also an active prohibitionist. Barrett died in 1928.

References

Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Members of the Australian Senate for Victoria
Members of the Australian Senate
Members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly
1858 births
1928 deaths
20th-century Australian politicians
19th-century Australian politicians
People from Carlton, Victoria
Politicians from Melbourne


Vittorio Torre  died 16 January 1921 in Turin (Italy) was an Italian chess player.

He became unofficial Chess Champion of Italy in Turin (VI Torneo Nazionale) in 1895, beating Beniamino Vergani.

References

Italian chess players
1921 deaths
Year of birth missing


Museo de Arte Precolombino (Spanish) or Pre-Columbian Art Museum (English) may refer to:
Museo de Arte Precolombino (Peru), in Cusco, Peru
Museo Chileno de Arte Precolombino, in Santiago, Chile
Museu Barbier-Mueller d'Art Precolombí, in Barcelona, Spain
Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, in Washington DC, containing the Pre-Columbian Art Museum

See also
:Category:Pre-Columbian art museums, for museums exhibiting pre-Columbian art and artefacts, in general