Srednekolymsky District (; , Orto Xalıma uluuha, ) is an administrative and municipal district (raion, or ulus), one of the thirty-four in the Sakha Republic, Russia. It is located in the north of the republic and borders with Verkhnekolymsky District in the south, Abyysky District in the west, Allaikhovsky District in the northwest, Nizhnekolymsky District in the north, Bilibinsky District of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug in the east, and with Srednekansky District of Magadan Oblast in the southeast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Srednekolymsk. Population:  8,353 (2002 Census);  The population of Srednekolymsk accounts for 44.6% of the district's total population.

Geography
The landscape of the district is mostly flat. The main rivers in the district include the Kolyma, the Alazeya and the Rossokha with the Arga-Yuryakh. There are many lakes, the largest of which are Lakes Pavylon and Balyma. Mount Chubukulakh is located in the district.

Climate
Average January temperature is  and average July temperature is . Annual precipitation ranges from  in the north to  in the east.

History
The district was established on May 25, 1930.

Demographics
As of the 2021 Census, the ethnic composition was as follows:
Yakuts: 79.9%
Russians: 9.8%
Evens: 7.8%
Yukaghirs: 1.0%
others: 1.5%

Economy
The economy of the district is mostly based on grazing-based animal husbandry, including reindeer, horse and cattle industries. There are deposits of construction materials.

Inhabited localities

Divisional source:

*Administrative centers are shown in bold

References

Notes

Sources

Districts of the Sakha Republic
States and territories established in 1930


The 1985 Bavarian Tennis Championships was a Grand Prix Tennis Circuit  tournament held in Munich, West Germany which was played on outdoor clay courts. It was the 69th edition of the tournament and was held from 6 May through 12 May 1985. Joakim Nyström won the singles title.

Finals

Singles

 Joakim Nyström defeated  Hans Schwaier 6–1, 6–0
 It was Nystrom's 1st title of the year and the 7th of his career.

Doubles

 Mark Edmondson /  Kim Warwick defeated  Sergio Casal /  Emilio Sánchez 4–6, 7–5, 7–5
 It was Edmondson's 1st title of the year and the 37th of his career. It was Warwick's 2nd title of the year and the 24th of his career.

References

External links
 ATP tournament profile

Bavarian Tennis Championships
Bavarian Tennis Championships
Bavarian International Tennis Championships
Bavarian Tennis Championships
Bavarian Tennis Championships
German


Vilyuysky District (; , Bülüü uluuha, ) is an administrative and municipal district (raion, or ulus), one of the thirty-four in the Sakha Republic, Russia. It is located in the western central part of the republic and borders with Zhigansky District in the northeast, Kobyaysky District in the east, Gorny District in the south, Verkhnevilyuysky District in the west, and with Olenyoksky District in the northwest. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Vilyuysk. Population:  25,696 (2002 Census);  The population of Vilyuysk accounts for 40.6% of the district's total population.

Geography
Main rivers in the district include the Vilyuy and its tributaries the Tyung and Chybyda, as well as the Tympylykan and Lungkha tributaries of the Lena.

History
The district was established on January 9, 1930.

Demographics
As of the 2021 Census, the ethnic composition was as follows:
Yakuts: 87.4%
Russians: 9.1%
Evens: 2.1%
other ethnicities: 1.4%

Economy
The economy of the district is mostly based on agriculture.

Inhabited localities

Divisional source:

*Administrative centers are shown in bold

References

Notes

Sources


Ust-Aldansky District (; , Uus-Aldan uluuha, ) is an administrative and municipal district (raion, or ulus), one of the thirty-four in the Sakha Republic, Russia. It is located in the center of the republic and borders with Kobyaysky District in the north, Tomponsky District in the northeast, Tattinsky District in the east, Churapchinsky District in the southeast, Megino-Kangalassky District in the south, and with Namsky District in the west. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Borogontsy. Population:  22,372 (2002 Census);  The population of Borogontsy accounts for 23.6% of the district's total population.

Geography
The landscape of the district is mostly flat. Its main rivers include the Lena and the Aldan. There are many lakes in the district, the largest of which are Lakes Myuryu, Oner, and Targyldzhyma.

History
The district was established on January 9, 1930.

Demographics
As of the 2021 Census, the ethnic composition was as follows:
Yakuts: 98.9%
Evenks: 0.6%
Russians: 0.2%
other ethnicities: 0.3%

Economy
The economy of the district is mostly based on agriculture.

Inhabited localities

Divisional source:

*Administrative centers are shown in bold

References

Notes

Sources

Districts of the Sakha Republic
States and territories established in 1930


Yemenis or Yemenites () are the nationals of Yemen.

Social hierarchy
There is a system of social stratification in Yemen that was officially abolished at the creation of the Republic of Yemen in 1962 but, in practice, this system has not disappeared and Yemeni society is still organized around hierarchical ranks. The difference between ranks is manifested by descent and occupation and is consolidated by marriages between people of the same ranks.

There are five status groups. At the top of hierarchy, there are the religious elites, also called sada. These are then followed by the strata of judges (quad). The third hierarchical status is the qaba’il, who are the peasants who belong to tribes and who live mainly from agriculture and trading. The fourth group is called the mazayanah. This group is composed of people who had no land and provide different kinds of services such as butchers and craftsmen. Finally, at the bottom of the hierarchy are the slaves (a’bid) and even further below them Al-Akhdam, which means servants.

Diaspora

The Yemeni diaspora is largely concentrated in the United Kingdom, where between 70,000 and 80,000 Yemenis live. Over 20,000 Yemenis reside in the United States, and an additional 2,812 live in Italy. Other Yemenis also reside in Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar and Bahrain, as well as Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, Madagascar and the former USSR. A smaller number of modern-day Pakistanis are of Yemeni descent, their original ancestors having left Yemen for the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia over four centuries ago. 350,000 Yemenite Jews live in Israel. In 2015, due to the conflict in Yemen, many have migrated to the northern coasts of Djibouti, Madagascar and Somalia.

Notable Yemenis

 Tawakkol Karman, Yemeni Nobel Laureate, journalist, politician, and human rights activist
 Anwar al-Awlaki, Yemeni-American imam
 Ali al-Jifri,  Yemeni Islamic scholar
 Naseem Hamed, Yemeni-British Boxer
 Shoshana Damari, Yemeni-Israeli singer
 Ofra Haza, Yemeni-Israeli singer
 Zohar Argov, Yemeni-Israeli singer
 Haim Moshe, Yemeni-Israeli singer

References and notes

Ethnic groups in the Middle East
Ethnic groups in Yemen
Arab people


Events in the year 1850 in India.

Events
National income - ₹5,910 million
The ceremony of turning the first sod for the Great Indian Peninsula Railway from Mumbai to Kalyan was performed by J. P. Willoughby at a place near Sion.

Law
Judicial Officers Protection Act
Piracy Act (British statute)

Births
9 September – Bharatendu Harishchandra, writer and poet (died 1882).

India
Years of the 19th century in India


Cara Black and Liezel Huber were the defending champions, but Katarina Srebotnik and Ai Sugiyama defeated them  6–4, 7–5, in the final.

Seeds

Draw

Draw

External links
Draw

Generali Ladies Linz


Chuck is an American television series developed by writer/producers Josh Schwartz and Chris Fedak and is broadcast by NBC. The title character of the series is Chuck Bartowski (Zachary Levi), an affable and anxious Nerd Herd associate at Buy More who unwittingly downloads the entire CIA/NSA secret database subliminally into his brain. During the series he is protected by CIA agent Sarah Walker (Yvonne Strahovski) and NSA agent John Casey (Adam Baldwin) while helping the CIA and NSA in spy missions.

Main and supporting characters

Special agents and intelligence officers
Charles Irving "Chuck" Bartowski (Zachary Levi), the protagonist of the series, begins the series as an affable and anxious Nerd Herd associate at Buy More who unwittingly downloads the entire CIA/NSA secret database subliminally into his brain through an e-mail from old friend/nemesis Bryce Larkin, and must use his newly found knowledge to help the CIA and NSA in spy missions. He sometimes goes by the self-chosen alias and codename "Charles Carmichael." In "Chuck Versus the Final Exam" he passes his final spy test, and by "Chuck Versus the American Hero" he has been officially inducted into the CIA, although he was fired after going rogue in "Chuck Versus the Cliffhanger." He, alongside his new wife Sarah, choose to form a freelance spy company in the aftermath of the episode. First seen in: Chuck Versus the Intersect (Pilot)
Sarah Walker (Yvonne Strahovski), whose real name is Sam and has lived under a series of assumed identities since childhood, is for most of the series a CIA agent whose mission is to protect the Intersect, and becomes Chuck's partner when he passes his final exam to be officially a spy. Little is known about her family, except that her father is a conman who was arrested during her teens.  She is quite protective of her past.  She is fired by the CIA alongside Chuck after his rogue operation in "Chuck Versus the Cliffhanger," but decides to form a freelance spy company with her new husband. First seen in: Chuck Versus the Intersect (Pilot)
Colonel John Casey (Adam Baldwin) is an NSA agent, and is one of the agents assigned to guard the Intersect. Casey is promoted from Major to Colonel in "Chuck Versus the Colonel".  He is dismissed for treason in "Chuck Versus the Tic Tac", but reinstated after his capture of the Ring director in "Chuck Versus the Other Guy". Casey joins Chuck and Sarah's spy company at the end of "Chuck Versus the Cliffhanger." First seen in: Chuck Versus the Intersect (Pilot)
Brigadier General Diane Beckman, USAF (Bonita Friedericy) is the Director of the NSA and works for the Office of the Director of National Intelligence. Casey and Sarah report to her for Operation Bartowski, as does Chuck himself following his induction into the CIA. First seen in: Chuck Versus the Helicopter
CIA Agent Bryce Larkin (Matthew Bomer) was Chuck's college roommate at Stanford. He joined the CIA in 2002, his and Chuck's junior year, then learned that the CIA intended to take Chuck on as an operative, as tests had shown that his brain was capable of processing a staggering amount of visual information. Fearing that working for the CIA would destroy his good-hearted friend, Bryce manufactured evidence that Chuck had cheated on the test, thus removing him from the CIA's recruitment list. Five years later, Bryce sent Chuck the Intersect because he knew that Chuck had the mental capacity to interpret it. Bryce is killed in "Chuck Versus the Ring" attempting to destroy the Intersect 2.0 . First seen in: Chuck Versus the Intersect (Pilot)
CIA Agent Daniel Shaw (Brandon Routh) is a CIA officer assigned to assume command of Operation Bartowski during their pursuit of The Ring. He has tracked the organization for some time, and the operation has also led to the death of his wife, CIA agent Evelyn Shaw. In "Chuck Versus the American Hero" he is shown video footage by The Director that reveals Sarah killed his wife as part of her "Red Test." He defects to the Ring and is apparently shot and killed in Paris by Chuck at the climax of "Chuck Versus the Other Guy" when he threatens to kill Sarah in revenge. He is revealed to have survived in "Chuck Versus the Living Dead", and attempts to seize control of the CIA and NSA before being captured in "Chuck Versus the Ring: Part II." First seen in: Chuck Versus Operation Awesome
CIA Director Langston Graham (Tony Todd) was a supervisory agent at the CIA. He recruited Sarah Walker after her father's arrest. He had seen Sarah's birth certificate and is thus is the only other recurring character presumed to have known her real name.  He acted as Sarah's supervisor on her mission to protect Chuck.  Agent Graham was killed during the events of "Chuck Versus The First Date" when the replacement Intersect exploded due to Fulcrum sabotage. First seen in: Chuck Versus the Intersect (Pilot)
CIA Agent/Scientist Stephen J. Bartowski (Scott Bakula) is Ellie and Chuck's father, who left them eight years before the series began.  At the end of the episode "Chuck Versus the Broken Heart," Sarah reveals she has located Stephen and takes Chuck to his mobile home located 100 miles east of Barstow, California.  Mr. Bartowski, identified as a software genius (and later as Orion, chief architect of the Intersect supercomputer), does not appear until the following episode ("Chuck Versus the Dream Job"). Stephen reappeared in "Chuck Versus the Living Dead" and attempts to help Chuck control the malfunctioning Intersect, before being killed by Shaw in "Chuck Versus the Subway." First seen in: Chuck Versus the Predator (as Orion), "Chuck Versus the Dream Job" (as Stephen)
CIA Agent Mary Elizabeth Bartowski (Linda Hamilton) is the estranged and long-lost mother of Chuck and Ellie. Very little is known about her other than that she left the family when Chuck was in the 5th Grade. In "Chuck Versus the Ring: Part II" a video recording left by Stephen after his death reveals that he has been waging a secret spy war and that everything he's done has been "for her." Mary's whereabouts are currently unknown, even to Stephen. However it has been revealed that her disappearance was actually the result of capture, and that for an undetermined period of time she was a hostage of Volkoff Industries. Later it is discovered that she went undercover for the CIA and acted as a double-agent, eventually gaining Volkoff's trust and becoming his favorite agent. Her code name is Frost. First seen in: Chuck Versus the Ring: Part II

Buy More employees

Current and former employees of the Buy More where Chuck and Casey worked for most of the series.

Morgan Grimes (Joshua Gomez) is Chuck's best friend and, as of the fourth season, the manager of the Burbank Buy More.  During the course of the series, he has progressed from "green shirt" salesman to assistant manager and ultimately store manager. As a green shirt, he tended to avoid work on the sales floor.  His conflict with the scheming Emmett Milbarge and his "on-again, off-again" relationship with Anna Wu culminate in Morgan and Anna quitting Buy More and moving to Hawaii, but he returns well over six months later having lost both his dream job and Anna.  Shortly thereafter, Big Mike promotes him to assistant manager. In "Chuck Versus the Beard" he discovers Chuck's secret spy life and his story as the intersect. When the government rebuilds the destroyed Buy More as a cover for an expanded Castle base, Morgan is rehired by Brigadier General / manager Diane Beckman as a green shirt, but appoints him store manager almost immediately. He begins a relationship with Casey's daughter Alex McHugh in season 4, to Casey's dismay. First seen in: Chuck Versus the Intersect (Pilot).
Jeff Barnes (Scott Krinsky) is a member of the Nerd Herd specializing in Apple products. An alcoholic in his forties, he is shown to be regularly scheming with Lester, with whom he formed a band called "Jeffster!" First seen in: Chuck Versus the Intersect (Pilot)
Lester Patel (Vik Sahay) is a member of the Nerd Herd who specializes in Apple products and is regularly scheming with Jeff. He and Jeff form the band "Jeffster!"  First seen in: Chuck Versus the Intersect (Pilot)
Michael "Big Mike" Tucker (Mark Christopher Lawrence) is the manager of the Burbank Buy More, who for the first two seasons relied on a few others, including Chuck, to ensure that he worked (and dealt with his subordinates) as little as possible. After his wife divorced him, he began dating Morgan's mother.  He was demoted to an ordinary Buy More salesman ("Green Shirt") as a result of a scheme by Emmett Milbarge, and following Emmett's disappearance he was promoted back to manager.  In the episode Chuck Versus Santa Claus it is shown that Big Mike is a cousin to Al Powell (Reginald Vel Johnson), the officer who helped John McClane (Bruce Willis) in "Die Hard", when Powell shows up for the hostage situation at the Buy More.  First seen in: Chuck Versus the Intersect (Pilot)
Annabelle Melinda Wu (Julia Ling) worked for the Nerd Herd and is Morgan's girlfriend throughout the course of the first and second season. Anna is bisexual, skilled in martial arts, and defended Morgan against all of the Mighty Jock bullies in a cage match in "Chuck Versus the Break-Up."  She moves to Hawaii with Morgan, but ultimately leaves him for another man. First seen in: Chuck Versus the Intersect (Pilot)
Emmett Milbarge (Tony Hale) was the manager of the Buy More. He enters the store as an efficiency expert and is kept on as assistant manager. Emmett is promoted to the position of store manager of the Burbank Buy More after tricking Morgan and the other Buy More employees into making him look good while making "Big Mike" look bad. Emmett was murdered by an assassin searching for Chuck in the Buy More parking lot. First seen in: Chuck Versus Tom Sawyer
Harold (Harry) Tiberius Tang (C.S. Lee) was a Buy More sales supervisor appearing at the beginning of the first season who applied for and received the Assistant Manager position, which he promptly used to lord over his subordinates. He stumbled upon Chuck, Sarah, and Casey video-conferencing with their superiors, so to keep him quiet, he was relocated by the U.S. government. First seen in: Chuck Versus the Intersect (Pilot)

Other friends and relatives
Dr. Eleanor Faye "Ellie" Woodcomb (Sarah Lancaster) is Chuck's older sister and a physician.  She is married to Dr. Woodcomb, whom she met at UCLA.  First seen in: Chuck Versus the Intersect (Pilot)
Dr. Devon Christian "Captain Awesome" Woodcomb (Ryan McPartlin) is Ellie's husband and a physician.  He is referred to as Captain Awesome due to both his love of extreme sports (rock climbing, hang gliding, and "flossing" as Chuck says) as well as his constant use of the word to describe things ("Group hug?... [joins in]... awesome"). Devon became slightly suspicious of the activities of both Chuck and Casey toward the end of the second season, leading to his discovery of Chuck's spy life.  Since then, he has helped to cover for Chuck.  First seen in: Chuck Versus the Intersect (Pilot)
Clara Woodcomb is the daughter of Devon and Ellie, and Chuck's niece. She was first named in "Chuck Versus the Gobbler," before being born in "Chuck Versus the Push Mix." The unborn child played a central part in subplots concerning Chuck's family life. First seen in: Chuck Versus the Push Mix.
Alex McHugh is Morgan's girlfriend and the daughter of Casey. First seen in: Chuck versus the Tic Tac.

Antagonists

The Ring

The Ring is a hostile organization introduced in passing in the season two finale, "Chuck Versus the Ring." The episode revealed no further information about the organization, other than that FULCRUM is only one part of it. According to Chris Fedak, the Ring has a specific goal revealed only as different from the goals of Fulcrum.

The Director (Mark Sheppard) is the leader of The Ring. He first appeared in "Chuck Versus the American Hero," revealing that it was Sarah Walker who killed Shaw's wife, Evelyn, rather than one of his own agents.  This caused Shaw to defect to the Ring, agreeing to pass them information on perfecting their own Intersect.  The Director met up again with Shaw in Paris during the events of "Chuck Versus the Other Guy", only to be captured by Casey moments after receiving the information.  First seen in: Chuck Versus the American Hero.

FULCRUM

FULCRUM is the codename of a hostile espionage organization which served as the series' main antagonist, and it was later revealed to be a part of The Ring.

 Dr. Jill Roberts (Jordana Brewster) was Chuck's girlfriend at Stanford. Bryce introduced Chuck and Jill as noting that Jill had a fondness for games such as Zork.  After he was expelled Jill broke up with him, claiming to have started dating Bryce Larkin, and later obtained a Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. Five years and four months after they broke up, the two bump into each other at a technology conference at which she is presenting on behalf of the biotechnology company she works for and begin seeing each other again. Chuck reveals to her that he is a CIA agent. After decrypting a database, Casey and Sarah discover that Jill is a FULCRUM agent. She later admits that she and Larkin never actually dated. After being arrested Jill later returns and, with Chuck's help, escapes both FULCRUM and government control. First seen in: Chuck Versus the Ex.
 Ted Roark (Chevy Chase) was the founder and CEO of Roark Instruments and is the nemesis of Stephen J. Bartowski. He is credited with creating some of today's most successful computer technologies but stole many of Stephen's ideas as his own when they were graduate school classmates. Though a major media figure, he is in charge of creating the new Intersect for Fulcrum. He captures Stephen, now revealed as Orion, and threatens to kill his family unless he helps him finish the Intersect. Stephen covertly double-crosses him and reprograms the computer to instead remove the Intersect images from Chuck's head when Roark tries to use it to upload the Intersect into a group of Fulcrum agents. After Beckman's airstrike begins, Roark flees and surprisingly survives the attack. He comes to Ellie's wedding, threatening to kill Ellie if Chuck doesn't turn over the Intersect, but is thwarted by Chuck, Sarah, Stephen, Bryce Larkin, and a special forces team led by John Casey. They arrest Roark and detain him in a cell in Castle, but he is executed by a member of Casey's team who is actually a member of the Ring. First seen in: Chuck Versus the Dream Job.

Volkoff Industries

Volkoff Industries is the public business front owned by an international arms dealer named Alexei Volkoff. They maintained a headquarters building in a former KGB installation in Moscow, and possess other known assets in Venezuela and Hong Kong. Like The Ring and Fulcrum before it, Volkoff Industries is the central antagonist of Chuck's fourth season. Little other specific information has been revealed so far in the series, other than that they use a number of other companies as public fronts for their arms shipments. Casey and Sarah had spent several months prior to "Chuck Versus the Anniversary" on assignment attempting to track down the organization, and it has been revealed that Volkoff Industries is somehow tied to the disappearance of Mary Elizabeth Bartowski. Volkoff has established an underground weapons pipeline called "Project Beacon," which extends to Burma and Costa Gravas. Beacon includes a stolen nuclear controlled panel that could have bombed several American cities.
Volkoff has been present in the series as early as "Chuck Versus the Cougars," when Heather Chandler attempts to extort F-22 plans from her husband for Volkoff (revealed when Hugo Panzer was hired to kill her for the failure). Volkoff's ability to manipulate prison transfers, relationship with Mary, and former connections to the Soviet Union would suggest a far-reaching political power. Volkoff has a valuable database named Hydra.

Alexei Volkoff (Timothy Dalton) is the head of Volkoff Industries. For the first six episodes of Season 4, Volkoff was an unseen character, directing his operatives from behind the scenes. Mary Bartowski was ordered by the CIA to track him down when she was placed under cover in his organization under Project ISIS. It was first revealed in "Chuck Versus the Ring: Part II," and over the course of the first part of the fourth season, that Stephen had spent the last 20 years since Mary's disappearance privately attempting to track down and stop him. Chuck, Sarah and Casey are later assigned to this same task by General Beckman.  Volkoff first appears in person in the seventh episode of season four, "Chuck Versus the First Fight." Chuck first meets him masquerading as "Gregory Tuttle," Frost's enthusiastic, if bumbling and completely inexperienced in the matters of field-work, MI6 handler. With Chuck's assistance, "Tuttle" escapes several Volkoff agents and helps Chuck recover data that would clear Mary and prove she has been working deep undercover to bring down his organization. However, after being apparently wounded in a gunfight while recovering the disks, Volkoff follows Chuck, Sarah and Mary to Stephen Bartowski's base of operations and reveals himself, explaining that the entire operation was a plan to locate and destroy Stephen's intelligence. He attempted to kill Chuck and Sarah in the explosion that destroyed Stephen's work, but was unknowingly betrayed by Mary, who left a means for them to escape. In "Chuck Versus the Push Mix he was arrested. It is revealed in "Chuck Versus the Leftovers" that he is in love with Mary (Frost) Bartowski. "Chuck Versus Agent X"  reveals that Volkoff was a scientist named Harley Winterbottom who became Volkoff after being the first test subject for The Intersect. First seen in: Chuck Versus the First Fight.
Vivian McArthur Volkoff (Lauren Cohan) is Volkoff's daughter and chosen successor. She had no knowledge of her father's criminal organization, having believed her whole life that he was an oil company executive. Team Bartowski is ordered to protect her when Boris Kaminsky begins a killing spree in search of a key to unlock a part of Volkoff's office and claim the company. When Boris confronts her, he reveals that Vivian's entire life, including martial arts training, target practice and learning multiple languages, her father had been about preparing her for the spy world. After shooting Boris with a shotgun at point-blank range, Vivian goes alone to the Volkoff Industries headquarters in Moscow and unlocks a compartment with a locket from her father, revealing a card to access Volkoff's vault at the First Bank of Macau, which contain various pictures of Vivian's life. Although Vivian initially declines her father's legacy, she is later shown to have joined his lawyer Riley, and they drive away to learn the truth about her father. She then hires a CIA agent named Damien to kill Chuck for $10 million, effectively becoming Chuck's nemesis.

Verbanski Corporation
Verbanski Corporation is the main competition to Carmichael Industries, the freelance spy organization operated by Chuck and his colleagues, in season 5.

Gertrude Verbanski (Carrie-Anne Moss) is the head of a rival, successful freelance security/espionage firm and a former rival to John Casey, illustrated by one of Casey's guns mounted in her office as a trophy. Her initial actions against Carmichael Industries were to steal the two most prominent assets of Chuck's team: Sarah, for her experience; Morgan, for the Intersect. However, Verbanski's feelings towards Casey led her to soften her attempt at a hostile takeover of Carmichael Industries; and, after Casey is arrested, ally herself with Chuck and Sarah in an attempt to free him in "Chuck Versus the Hack Off". She admits to Sarah that she loves Casey.  Like Casey, Verbanski is hostile and doesn't hesitate to use violence to solve problems. When working with Chuck and Sarah, Verbanski's demeanor and attitude is shockingly similar to Casey's, as she growls at Chuck and Sarah, poisons a suspect with ipecac-laced jelly beans to get him to throw up in order to retrieve a drive that the suspect swallowed, and verbally abuses Chuck. Chuck's reaction is to state, "It's as though Casey never left."

Minor characters

The series features a number of minor roles for villains and allies that only appear in a few episodes.

References

Chuck
Chuck


References

Environment of the East Riding of Yorkshire
Sports venues in the East Riding of Yorkshire
Yorkshire, East Riding
King


The Norwegian Nobel Committee awards the Nobel Peace Prize annually "to the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses". As dictated by Nobel's will, the award is administered by the Norwegian Nobel Committee and awarded by a committee of five people elected by the Parliament of Norway.

Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma, and a monetary award prize (that has varied throughout the years). It is one of the five prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel (who died in 1896), awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.

Overview
The Peace Prize is presented annually in Oslo, in the presence of the King of Norway, on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death, and is the only Nobel Prize not presented in Stockholm. Unlike the other prizes, the Peace Prize is occasionally awarded to an organisation (such as the International Committee of the Red Cross, a three-time recipient) rather than an individual.

The Nobel Peace Prize was first awarded in 1901 to Frédéric Passy and Henry Dunant, who shared a prize of 150,782 Swedish kronor (equal to 7,731,004 kronor in 2008), and most recently in 2023 to Narges Mohammadi.

 Linus Pauling, the Nobel Peace Prize laureate in 1962, is the only person to have been awarded two unshared Nobel Prizes; he won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1954.
 At 17 years of age, Malala Yousafzai, the 2014 recipient, is the youngest to be awarded the Peace Prize.
 The first woman to receive a Nobel Peace Prize was Bertha von Suttner in 1905. Of the 110 individual Nobel Peace Prize Laureates, 19 have been women.
 The International Committee of the Red Cross has received the most Nobel Peace Prizes, having been awarded the Prize three times for its humanitarian work.
 Five Nobel Peace Prize Laureates were under arrest at the time of their awards: Carl von Ossietzky, Aung San Suu Kyi, Liu Xiaobo, Ales Bialiatski, and Narges Mohammadi.

Laureates
, the Peace Prize has been awarded to 111 individuals and 27 organizations. Eighteen women have won the Nobel Peace Prize, more than any other Nobel Prize. Only two recipients have won multiple Peace Prizes: the International Committee of the Red Cross has won three times (1917, 1944 and 1963) and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has won twice (1954 and 1981). There have been 19 years in which the Peace Prize was not awarded.

Awardees by gender

See also
 List of Nobel laureates
 List of peace activists
 List of organizations nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize
 List of individuals nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize
 PRIO Director's Shortlist

Notes
 The following laureates were all awarded their respective Prizes one year late because the Committee decided that none of the nominations in the year in which they are listed as being awarded the Prize met the criteria in Nobel's will; per its rules the Committee delayed the awarding of the Prizes until the next year, although they were awarded as the previous year's Prize:
Elihu Root (1912), Woodrow Wilson (1919),  Austen Chamberlain (1925), Charles G. Dawes (1925), Frank B. Kellogg (1929), Norman Angell (1933), Carl von Ossietzky (1935), International Committee of the Red Cross (1944), Albert Schweitzer (1952), Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (1954), Albert Lutuli (1960), Linus Pauling (1962)
Carl von Ossietzky's Prize was awarded in absentia because he was imprisoned and was refused a passport by the government of Germany.
Dag Hammarskjöld's Prize was awarded posthumously.
Lê Đức Thọ declined to accept the Prize.
Andrei Sakharov's Prize was awarded in absentia because he was refused a passport by the government of the Soviet Union.
Aung San Suu Kyi's Prize was awarded in absentia because she was being held prisoner by the government of Burma. Following her release from house arrest and election to the Pyithu Hluttaw, Suu Kyi accepted her award in person on 16 June 2012.
Liu Xiaobo's Prize was awarded in absentia because he was imprisoned in China.

References

Citations

Sources

External links

 Official website of the Norwegian Nobel Committee

Peace


Stas Misezhnikov (; born 28 February 1969) is an Israeli politician who served as a member of the Knesset for Yisrael Beiteinu and as the country's Minister of Tourism.

Biography
Born in Moscow in the Soviet Union (today in Russia), Misezhnikov made aliyah to Israel on 7 September 1982. He attended high school in Rishon LeZion. After finishing his military service in the Israel Defense Forces, he studied at Tel Aviv University, earning a BA in Social and Political Sciences in 1992 and an MA in Business Administration and Marketing in 2000. Between 1997 and 1999 he worked as a parliamentary aide in the Knesset, and then from 1999 until 2006 as a marketing manager at Clalit.

In 2003 he became a member of Rishon LeZion city council, on which he served until 2006. For the 2006 Knesset elections he was placed sixth on the Yisrael Beiteinu list, and became a Knesset member when the party won 11 seats. He retained his seat in the 2009 elections, for which he was placed third on the party's list. Following the election he was appointed Minister of Tourism in Binyamin Netanyahu's government.

The Israeli Embassy in Madrid called his visit to Spain an embarrassment after Misezhnikov allegedly canceled a dinner with business contacts in favor of private partying. Misezhnikov hotly denied the charge, claiming he was stuck at a Holocaust memorial event. There was further controversy in October 2010 when Misezhnikov was accused of politicizing a forthcoming OECD tourism conference in Jerusalem, when he stated that by holding a meeting in Jerusalem, the OECD recognized the city as Israel's capital. The Israeli government intervened and the head of the Knesset Committee on Jerusalem called Misezhnikov as a "diplomatic neophyte".

In the aftermath of the 2012 Burgas bus bombing, Misezhnikov traveled to Bulgaria in an effort to maintain its tourism connections with Israel. He met with Prime Minister Boyko Borisov and President Rosen Plevneliev.

On 4 December 2012, it was announced that Misezhnikov would not be a candidate for the 2013 Knesset elections.

Misezhnikov is married to Hila and is a father of three. He lives in Rishon LeZion.

Controversy
A Channel 2 report cited anonymous former bodyguards of Misezhnikov's who claimed that the minister regularly went out drinking and attended strip clubs. They also alleged that Misezhnikov nightlife habits caused him to miss an emergency cabinet meeting on the Gilad Shalit negotiations. Misezhnikov denied the allegations and claimed he had been cleared of wrongdoing in an investigation by the Israeli Civil Service Commission.

Corruption case
Misezhnikov was one of the Yisrael Beiteinu officials indicted for corruption and other crimes as part of Israel's 'Case 242' investigation. His charges included a quid pro quo exchange of funding for a student festival in 2012 on the conditional employment of Misezhnikov's romantic partner, as well as straw purchases of cocaine by Misezhnikov through his ministerial aides. Misezhnikov entered a plea deal for all charges in October 2017 and was sentenced to 15 months imprisonment. On 17 December 2017, he arrived at Hermon Prison in the Galilee to begin serving his sentence.

References

External links

1969 births
Living people
Israeli Jews
Israeli people of Russian-Jewish descent
Jewish Israeli politicians
Members of the 17th Knesset (2006–2009)
Members of the 18th Knesset (2009–2013)
Ministers of Tourism of Israel
Politicians from Moscow
Soviet emigrants to Israel
Soviet Jews
Tel Aviv University alumni
Yisrael Beiteinu politicians
Israeli politicians convicted of crimes


Germany men's national Pitch and Putt team represents Germany in Pitch and putt international competitions.

It is managed by the DPPV – DEUTSCHER PITCH & PUTT VERBAND e.V. and the GPPGA – German Pitch & Putt Golf Agency.

It is an associated member of the European Pitch and Putt Association since 2008. Germany reached the 13th place in the 2008 Pitch and putt World Cup and the 8th plance in the 6th European Championship in 2010.

National team

Players
National team in the European Championship 2010
Manfred Kolvenbach
Harald Brinkmeyer
Philipp von Witzendorff
Sven Göth
Max Hergt

National team in the World Cup 2008
 Heiko Tigges
 Ralf Kerkeling
 Silvio Dietz

See also
World Cup Team Championship
European Team Championship

External links
DPPV DEUTSCHER PITCH & PUTT VERBAND e.V.
GPPGA German Pitch & Putt Golf Agency
EPPA European Pitch and Putt Association website
FIPPA Federation of International Pitch and Putt Associations website

National pitch and putt teams
Pitch and putt


Apollo Broadcast Investors, Inc. is a broadcast media company. Its head offices are located at Unit 1703, Cityland 10, Tower 1, H.V. De la Costa St., Makati. Apollo Broadcast owns and represents 2 radio companies: GV Radios Network Corporation (also known as GV Broadcasting System), which operates its flagship stations GVAM 792 and GVFM 99.1 in Pampanga; and Allied Broadcasting Center. It also owns Pinoy Xtreme Channel, a 24-hour sports and entertainment channel.

History
Prior to its current network, it was founded in 1983 as GV Broadcasting System by the Galang family. GV then operated its radio stations in Pampanga and later expanded in Batangas. GV's broadcast franchise was granted in 1995, and was later amended in 1998 allowing the inclusion of establishing its pay TV business.

In 2007, MediaQuest Holdings acquired a majority stake in GV and its parent Satventures, with the Galangs being part of MediaQuest. The Galangs later spun off its own radio assets into a new entity called Metro City Media Services.

In 2014, MCMS merged with the pay TV business of Apollo Global Corporation (the company whose associated with the Santa Ana racetrack owner Philippine Racing Club) to form Apollo Broadcast Investors. With this, the radio assets became GV Radios Network Corporation while keeping its only pay TV channel Pinoy Xtreme.

Properties

Radio
Note: Mediascape serves as the licensee of these following stations.

Former stations

Pinoy Xtreme

Pinoy Xtreme is a 24-hour sports and entertainment cable channel. It is available via Channel 106 on Cignal (Nationwide), Channel 88 on G Sat (Nationwide), Channel 217 on SkyCable in Metro Manila, Channel 59 on Cablelink in Metro Manila and in various pay TV providers in key provinces.

Pinoy Xtreme's current programming consists of a variety of sports (boxing, extreme/combat sports, and cockfighting) and acquired programming from Leader News Philippines (such as Kamaong Asero), as well as other entertainment and educational programming. In some cases, the channel is timeshared with the live racetrack broadcasts of MJCI, MetroTurf and (the channel's former partner) PRCI, thus pre-empting its programming during live racing coverages at the discretion of a local pay TV provider.

References

Mass media companies of the Philippines
Companies based in Angeles City
Companies based in Makati
Mass media in Angeles City
Mass media companies established in 1983
1983 establishments in the Philippines
Privately held companies of the Philippines


British Columbia is a province of Canada, which has given its name to many associated places and institutions:

Geographic locations
 British Columbia Coast
 British Columbia Interior
 British Columbia Southern Interior

Companies
 Bank of British Columbia
 British Columbia Lottery Corporation
 Insurance Corporation of British Columbia

Educational and scientific institutions
 British Columbia Institute of Technology
 British Columbia Wildlife Park, a zoo
 Royal British Columbia Museum in Vancouver, British Columbia
 University of British Columbia
 University of British Columbia Library
 University of Northern British Columbia

Rail
 British Columbia Electric Railway
 Southern Railway of British Columbia
 45559 British Columbia, a British LMS Jubilee Class locomotive

Politics
 British Columbia Action Party
 British Columbia Conservative Party
 British Columbia Democratic Alliance
 British Columbia Democratic Coalition
 British Columbia Liberal Party
 British Columbia Moderate Democratic Movement
 British Columbia Party
 British Columbia Treaty Process
 British Columbia Unity Party
 British Columbia Utilities Commission
 Communist Party of British Columbia
 Executive Council of British Columbia
 Green Party of British Columbia
 Order of British Columbia, the Canadian province's highest honour
 Reform Party of British Columbia

Sports
 British Columbia Derby
 British Columbia Hockey League
 British Columbia Intercollegiate Hockey League
 British Columbia Lacrosse Association
 British Columbia Lions, a Canadian Football League team
 British Columbia Mountaineering Club
 British Columbia Rugby Union

Other
 The British Columbia Dragoons
 British Columbia Magazine
 British Columbia Pipers Association
 Spirit of British Columbia, an S class ferry in the BC Ferries fleet


Baddomalhi is a town located 35 miles northeast of Lahore, Pakistan in Narowal District. It is located at 31°58'60 North 74°40'0 East with an altitude of 217 metres (715 feet).
The boundary of Baddomalhi post office is extended to cheenay kay dograa village and this is the last village of District Narowal and village is small but violent areas.

Origin
In the reign of Shahjahan, Rai Jani (being converted to Islam, called Muhammad Jani), an ancestor of the Badhomalhi family of Malhi Jatts who actually led the foundation of this city, was granted a Jagir by Shahjahan. The town is named after the Sufi a landlord named Baddo Malhi. The other ancient and prominent figure of that time from rhis village is a Muslim Saint named Syed Faqir Ullah Shah Kazmi. The tomb of Kazmi is also situated in Baddomalhi.

History
Baddomalhi was a well-organized town, before partition. It had good economy before partition; it is because it was the center between 4 very famous cities i.e., Lahore, Sialkot, Gujranwala and Amritsar. Baddomalhi has the exact 40-mile distance from above-mentioned cities.

Economy
Baddomalhi is rich in rice production and most of the population is linked to this one way the other e.g. Harvesting to finish product. The contribution of Baddomalhi to the national consumption and export of rice is above c18%. There are more than thirty-five Rice Mills in the town. A very latest and state of the art rice processing mill with the names of "Al Karim Rice Mills" and " S.J. Rice Mills" has also started working there to facilitate the local rice farmers and dealers. Baddomalhi is surrounded by many small villages and has a good influx of villagers to its markets. Since Baddomalhi is only 35 miles from Lahore, a good number of people commute every day to Lahore for work, shopping and leisure activities.
The area is divided as the lines mated with Sialkot and Sheikhupura.
The weather is rainy and cloudy nowadays.

Education
Baddomalhi is a very fertile land regarding education though people here are mostly poor and it has very small number of educational institutes.

Educational Institutes

 City Model High School
 Government Islamia Degree College
 Government Degree College For Women
 Government Islamia High School
 Government Muslim High School
 Iqra Grammar School http://www.igs.school/
 Allama Iqbal Standard K.G High School
 Dar-e-Arqam High School
 Government Girls High School
 Iqra Academy
 Victorious college
Scholars Science Academy

Notable People
Mujaddid Ahmed Ijaz
Naseer Ahmad Malhi

References

External links
http://wikimapia.org/country/Pakistan/Punjab/Baddomalhi/
http://www.airport-images.com/city_1998737_Baddomalhi
http://www.ecp.gov.pk/content/na/NA-117.pdf
http://www.worldcitydb.com/baddomalhi_-3823989.aspx

Cities and towns in Sialkot District


The 1986 Bavarian Tennis Championships was a men's Grand Prix Tennis Circuit held in Munich, West Germany. The tournament was held from 5 May through 12 May 1986. It is now part of the ATP Tour. Emilio Sánchez won the singles title.

Finals

Singles

 Emilio Sánchez defeated  Ricki Osterthun 6–1, 6–3
 It was Sánchez's 3rd title of the year and the 6th of his career.

Doubles

 Sergio Casal /  Emilio Sánchez defeated  Broderick Dyke /  Wally Masur 6–3, 4–6, 6–4
 It was Casal's 1st title of the year and the 5th of his career. It was Sánchez's 2nd title of the year and the 5th of his career.

References

External links
 ATP tournament profile

1986
Bavarian Tennis Championships
Bavarian Tennis Championships
Bavarian Tennis Championships
Bavarian Tennis Championships
German


The Communauté de communes d'Yères et Plateaux was located in the Seine-Maritime département of the Normandy region of northern France. It was created in January 2003. It was dissolved in January 2017.

Participants
The Communauté de communes comprised the following communes:

See also
Communes of the Seine-Maritime department

References

Yeres et Plateaux


Markus Nomil Iversen (born 1834, date of death unknown) was a Norwegian ship-owner and politician.

He was elected to the Parliament of Norway in 1877, representing the constituency of Sarpsborg. He worked as a timber merchant and ship-owner there. He served only one term.

References

1834 births
Year of death missing
Norwegian businesspeople in shipping
Members of the Storting
Østfold politicians
People from Sarpsborg


The 1987 Bavarian Tennis Championships was a men's Grand Prix Tennis Circuit tournament held on outdoor clay courts at the MTTC Iphitos in Munich, West Germany. The tournament was held from 4 May through 11 May 1987. It is now part of the ATP Tour. Unseeded Guillermo Pérez Roldán won the singles title.

Finals

Singles

 Guillermo Pérez Roldán defeated  Marián Vajda 6–3, 7–6
 It was Perez-Roldan's 1st singles title of the year and of his career.

Doubles

 Jim Pugh /  Blaine Willenborg defeated  Sergio Casal /  Emilio Sánchez 7–6, 4–6, 6–4
 It was Pugh's 3rd title of the year and the 3rd of his career. It was Willenborg's 1st title of the year and the 6th of his career.

References

External links
 ITF tournament edition details
 ATP tournament profile
 Official website

Bavarian Tennis Championships
Bavarian Tennis Championships

Bavarian Tennis Championships
Bavarian Tennis Championships
Bavarian International Tennis Championships
German


The Nice () model is a scenario for the dynamical evolution of the Solar System. It is named for the location of the Côte d'Azur Observatory—where it was initially developed in 2005—in Nice, France. It proposes the migration of the giant planets from an initial compact configuration into their present positions, long after the dissipation of the initial protoplanetary disk. In this way, it differs from earlier models of the Solar System's formation. This planetary migration is used in dynamical simulations of the Solar System to explain historical events including the Late Heavy Bombardment of the inner Solar System, the formation of the Oort cloud, and the existence of populations of small Solar System bodies such as the Kuiper belt, the Neptune and Jupiter trojans, and the numerous resonant trans-Neptunian objects dominated by Neptune.

Description

The original core of the Nice model is a triplet of papers published in the general science journal Nature in 2005 by an international collaboration of scientists. In these publications, the four authors proposed that after the dissipation of the gas and dust of the primordial Solar System disk, the four giant planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) were originally found on near-circular orbits between ~5.5 and ~17 astronomical units (au), much more closely spaced and compact than in the present. A large, dense disk of small rock and ice planetesimals totalling about 35 Earth masses extended from the orbit of the outermost giant planet to some 35 au.

According to the Nice model, the planetary system evolved in the following manner: Planetesimals at the disk's inner edge occasionally pass through gravitational encounters with the outermost giant planet, which change the planetesimals' orbits. The planet scatters inward the majority of the small icy bodies that it encounters, which in turn moves the planet outwards in response as it acquires angular momentum from the scattered objects. The inward-deflected planetesimals successively encounter Uranus, Neptune, and Saturn, moving each outwards in turn by the same process. Despite the minute movement each exchange of momentum produces, cumulatively these planetesimal encounters shift (migrate) the orbits of the planets by significant amounts. This process continues until the planetesimals interact with the innermost and most massive giant planet, Jupiter, whose immense gravity sends them into highly elliptical orbits or even ejects them outright from the Solar System. This, in contrast, causes Jupiter to move slightly inward.

The low rate of orbital encounters governs the rate at which planetesimals are lost from the disk, and the corresponding rate of migration. After several hundreds of millions of years of slow, gradual migration, Jupiter and Saturn, the two inmost giant planets, cross their mutual 1:2 mean-motion resonance. This resonance increases their orbital eccentricities, destabilizing the entire planetary system. The arrangement of the giant planets alters quickly and dramatically. Jupiter shifts Saturn out towards its present position, and this relocation causes mutual gravitational encounters between Saturn and the two ice giants, which propel Neptune and Uranus onto much more eccentric orbits. These ice giants then plough into the planetesimal disk, scattering tens of thousands of planetesimals from their formerly stable orbits in the outer Solar System. This disruption almost entirely scatters the primordial disk, removing 99% of its mass. Although the scenario explains the absence of a dense trans-Neptunian population, alternative models that achieve the same depletion of trans-Saturnian asteroids, but without planet migration or chaotic resonances have been proposed.

The details of the calculations of the Nice model are sensitive to chaotic interactions between planets and asteroids. Such calculations are notoriously plagued by numerical errors, in particular round-off and time discretisation errors. Originally it was thought that the model would cause some of the planetesimals to be thrown into the inner Solar System, producing a sudden influx of impacts on the terrestrial planets: the Late Heavy Bombardment.
Recently, however,
demonstrated that the late heavy bombardment is inconsistent with abundances and cratering on Vesta, and that the lunar results are a statistical aberrations in the crater age determination.

Following the Nice model, the giant planets eventually reach their final orbital semi-major axes, and dynamical friction with the remaining planetesimal disc damps their eccentricities and makes the orbits of Uranus and Neptune circular again.

In some 50% of the initial models of Tsiganis and colleagues, Neptune and Uranus also exchange places.
Such statistics, however,  can not be interpreted as a probability in a dynamically chaotic system. Although, an exchange of Uranus and Neptune would be consistent with models of their formation in a disk that had a surface density that declined with distance from the Sun, there is no compelling argument why planet mass should follow the disc's density profile.

Solar System features
Running dynamical models of the Solar System with different initial conditions for the simulated length of the history of the Solar System produce various distributions of minor bodies in the Solar System. In order to explain the wide variety of object families in their respective observed abundances, a wide range of initial conditions for the solar system are necessary. This diversity in initial conditions renders then the model unpractical and suspect, because there can only be one realization of the early Solar System: that realization should explain all the families of minor bodies in their observed abundancees.

Proving of a model of the evolution of the early Solar System is difficult, since the evolution cannot be directly observed. However, the success of any dynamical model can be judged by comparing the population predictions from the simulations to astronomical observations of these populations. At the present time, there is no satisfactory computer model that explains the current Solar System's architecture.

The Late Heavy Bombardment

The main motivation for the introduction of the Nice model is to explain the Late Heavy Bombardment (LHB), a hypothetical surge in asteroid impacts and crater formation on the lunar surface and the terrestrial planets at about 600 million years after the Solar System's formation.
However, newer studies on the age of lunar craters show no peak in the cratering record, but rather an exponential decay of the number of craters with time. The surge may be a statistical artifact, with a finite uncertainty on the determination of a crater´s age combining with the cutoff age of the moon to create an apparent peak in the inferred age distribution, the LHB.
Also recent measurements of laser ablation microprobe of the 40 to 39 Argon isotope ratio on the surface of (4)Vesta are in considerable tension with the LHB.

The Nice model would explain the LHB as follows.
Icy planetesimals are scattered onto planet-crossing orbits when the outer disc is disrupted by Uranus and Neptune, causing a sharp spike of impacts by icy objects. The migration of outer planets also causes mean-motion and secular resonances to sweep through the inner Solar System. In the asteroid belt these excite the eccentricities of the asteroids driving them onto orbits that intersect those of the terrestrial planets causing a more extended period of impacts by stony objects and removing roughly 90% of its mass. The number of planetesimals that would reach the Moon is consistent with the crater record from the LHB. However, the predicted orbital distribution of the remaining asteroids does not match observations. In the outer Solar System the impacts onto Jupiter's moons are sufficient to trigger Ganymede's differentiation but not Callisto's. The impacts of icy planetesimals onto Saturn's inner moons are excessive, however, resulting in the vaporization of their ice.

The strong doubts of the LHB as a unique phase in the Solar System's early evolution also weaken the credibility of the Nice model.

Trojans and the asteroid belt
After Jupiter and Saturn cross the 2:1 resonance their combined gravitational influence destabilizes the Trojan co-orbital region allowing existing Trojan groups in the L4 and L5 Lagrange points of Jupiter and Neptune to escape and new objects from the outer planetesimal disk to be captured. Objects in the Trojan co-orbital region undergo libration, drifting cyclically relative to the L4 and L5 points. When Jupiter and Saturn are near but not in resonance, the location at which Jupiter passes Saturn relative to their perihelia circulates slowly. If the period of this circulation falls into resonance with the period at which the Trojans librate, then the libration range can increase until they escape. When this phenomenon occurs, the Trojan co-orbital region is "dynamically open" and objects can both escape and enter it. Primordial Trojans escape and a fraction of the numerous objects from the disrupted planetesimal disk temporarily inhabit it. Later when the separation of the Jupiter and Saturn orbits increases, the Trojan region becomes "dynamically closed", and the planetesimals in the Trojan region are captured, with many remaining today. The captured Trojans have a wide range of inclinations, which had not previously been understood, due to their repeated encounters with the giant planets. The libration angle and eccentricity of the simulated population also matches observations of the orbits of the Jupiter Trojans. This mechanism of the Nice model similarly generates the Neptune trojans.

A large number of planetesimals would have also been captured in Jupiter's mean motion resonances as Jupiter migrated inward. Those that remained in a 3:2 resonance with Jupiter form the Hilda family. The eccentricity of other objects declined while they were in a resonance and escaped onto stable orbits in the outer asteroid belt, at distances greater than 2.6 au as the resonances moved inward. These captured objects would then have undergone collisional erosion, grinding the population away into progressively smaller fragments that can then be subject to the Yarkovsky effect, which causes small objects to drift into unstable resonances, and to the Poynting–Robertson drag which causes smaller grains to drift toward the sun. These processes may have removed >90% of the origin mass implanted into the asteroid belt. The size frequency distribution of this simulated population following this erosion are in excellent agreement with observations. This agreement suggests that the Jupiter Trojans, Hildas, and spectral D-type asteroids some objects in the outer asteroid belt, are remnant planetesimals from this capture and erosion process. The dwarf planet  may be a Kuiper-belt object that was captured by this process. A few recently discovered D-type asteroids have semi-major axes <2.5 au, which is closer than those that would be captured in the original Nice model.

Outer-system satellites
Any original populations of irregular satellites captured by traditional mechanisms, such as drag or impacts from the accretion disks, would be lost during the encounters between the planets at the time of global system instability. In the Nice model, the outer planets encounter large numbers of planetesimals after Uranus and Neptune enter and disrupt the planetesimal disk. A fraction of these planetesimals are captured by these planets via three-way interactions during encounters between planets. The probability for any planetesimal to be captured by an ice giant is relatively high, a few 10−7. These new satellites could be captured at almost any angle, so unlike the regular satellites of Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, they do not necessarily orbit in the planets' equatorial planes. Some irregulars may have even been exchanged between planets. The resulting irregular orbits match well with the observed populations' semimajor axes, inclinations, and eccentricities. Subsequent collisions between these captured satellites may have created the suspected collisional families seen today. These collisions are also required to erode the population to the present size distribution.

Triton, the largest moon of Neptune, can be explained if it was captured in a three-body interaction involving the disruption of a binary planetoid. Such binary disruption would be more likely if Triton was the smaller member of the binary. However, Triton's capture would be more likely in the early Solar System when the gas disk would damp relative velocities, and binary exchange reactions would not in general have supplied the large number of small irregulars.

There were not enough interactions between Jupiter and the other planets to explain Jupiter's retinue of irregulars in the initial Nice model simulations that reproduced other aspects of the outer Solar System. This suggests either that a second mechanism was at work for that planet, or that the early simulations did not reproduce the evolution of the giant planets' orbits.

Formation of the Kuiper belt
The migration of the outer planets is also necessary to account for the existence and properties of the Solar System's outermost regions. Originally, the Kuiper belt was much denser and closer to the Sun, with an outer edge at approximately 30 au. Its inner edge would have been just beyond the orbits of Uranus and Neptune, which were in turn far closer to the Sun when they formed (most likely in the range of 15–20 au), and in opposite locations, with Uranus farther from the Sun than Neptune.

Gravitational encounters between the planets scatter Neptune outward into the planetesimal disk with a semi-major axis of ~28 au and an eccentricity as high as 0.4. Neptune's high eccentricity causes its mean-motion resonances to overlap and orbits in the region between Neptune and its 2:1 mean motion resonances to become chaotic. The orbits of objects between Neptune and the edge of the planetesimal disk at this time can evolve outward onto stable low-eccentricity orbits within this region. When Neptune's eccentricity is damped by dynamical friction they become trapped on these orbits. These objects form a dynamically cold belt, since their inclinations remain small during the short time they interact with Neptune. Later, as Neptune migrates outward on a low eccentricity orbit, objects that have been scattered outward are captured into its resonances and can have their eccentricities decline and their inclinations increase due to the Kozai mechanism, allowing them to escape onto stable higher-inclination orbits. Other objects remain captured in resonance, forming the plutinos and other resonant populations. These two populations are dynamically hot, with higher inclinations and eccentricities; due to their being scattered outward and the longer period these objects interact with Neptune.

This evolution of Neptune's orbit produces both resonant and non-resonant populations, an outer edge at Neptune's 2:1 resonance, and a small mass relative to the original planetesimal disk. The excess of low-inclination plutinos in other models is avoided due to Neptune being scattered outward, leaving its 3:2 resonance beyond the original edge of the planetesimal disk. The differing initial locations, with the cold classical objects originating primarily from the outer disk, and capture processes, offer explanations for the bi-modal inclination distribution and its correlation with compositions. However, this evolution of Neptune's orbit fails to account for some of the characteristics of the orbital distribution. It predicts a greater average eccentricity in classical Kuiper belt object orbits than is observed (0.10–0.13 versus 0.07) and it does not produce enough higher-inclination objects. It also cannot explain the apparent complete absence of gray objects in the cold population, although it has been suggested that color differences arise in part from surface evolution processes rather than entirely from differences in primordial composition.

The shortage of the lowest-eccentricity objects predicted in the Nice model may indicate that the cold population formed in situ. In addition to their differing orbits the hot and cold populations have differing colors. The cold population is markedly redder than the hot, suggesting it has a different composition and formed in a different region. The cold population also includes a large number of binary objects with loosely bound orbits that would be unlikely to survive close encounter with Neptune. If the cold population formed at its current location, preserving it would require that Neptune's eccentricity remained small, or that its perihelion precessed rapidly due to a strong interaction between it and Uranus.

Scattered disc and Oort cloud
Objects scattered outward by Neptune onto orbits with semi-major axis greater than 50 au can be captured in resonances forming the resonant population of the scattered disc, or if their eccentricities are reduced while in resonance they can escape from the resonance onto stable orbits in the scattered disc while Neptune is migrating. When Neptune's eccentricity is large its aphelion can reach well beyond its current orbit. Objects that attain perihelia close to or larger than Neptune's at this time can become detached from Neptune when its eccentricity is damped reducing its aphelion, leaving them on stable orbits in the scattered disc.

Objects scattered outward by Uranus and Neptune onto larger orbits (roughly 5,000 au) can have their perihelion raised by the galactic tide detaching them from the influence of the planets forming the inner Oort cloud with moderate inclinations. Others that reach even larger orbits can be perturbed by nearby stars forming the outer Oort cloud with isotropic inclinations. Objects scattered by Jupiter and Saturn are typically ejected from the Solar System. Several percent of the initial planetesimal disc can be deposited in these reservoirs.

Modifications

The Nice model has undergone a number of modifications since its initial publication. Some changes reflect a better understanding of the formation of the Solar System while others were made after significant differences between its predictions and observations were identified. Hydrodynamical models of the early Solar System indicate that the orbits of the giant planets would converge resulting in their capture into a series of resonances. The slow approach of Jupiter and Saturn to the 2:1 resonance before the instability and their smooth separation of their orbits afterwards was also shown to alter the orbits of objects in the inner Solar System due to sweeping secular resonances. The first could result in the orbit of Mars crossing that of the other terrestrial planets destabilizing the inner Solar System. If the first was avoided the latter would still leave the orbits of the terrestrial planets with larger eccentricities. The orbital distribution of the asteroid belt would also be altered leaving it with an excess of high inclination objects. Other differences between predictions and observations included the capture of few irregular satellites by Jupiter, the vaporization of the ice from Saturn's inner moons, a shortage of high inclination objects captured in the Kuiper belt, and the recent discovery of D-type asteroids in the inner asteroid belt.

The first modifications to the Nice model were the initial positions of the giant planets. Investigations of the behavior of planets orbiting in a gas disk using hydrodynamical models reveal that the giant planets would migrate toward the Sun. If the migration continued it would have resulted in Jupiter orbiting close to the Sun like recently discovered exoplanets known as hot Jupiters. Saturn's capture in a resonance with Jupiter prevents this, however, and the later capture of the other planets results in a quadruple resonant configuration with Jupiter and Saturn in their 3:2 resonance. A mechanism for a delayed disruption of this resonance was also proposed. Gravitational encounters with Pluto-massed objects in the outer disk would stir their orbits causing an increase in eccentricities, and through a coupling of their orbits, an inward migration of the giant planets. During this inward migration secular resonances would be crossed that altered the eccentricities of the planets' orbits and disrupted the quadruple resonance. A late instability similar to the original Nice model then follows. Unlike the original Nice model the timing of this instability is not sensitive to the planets' initial orbits or the distance between the outer planet and the planetesimal disk. The combination of resonant planetary orbits and the late instability triggered by these long distant interactions was referred to as the Nice 2 model.

The second modification was the requirement that one of the ice giants encounters Jupiter, causing its semi-major axis to jump. In this jumping-Jupiter scenario, an ice giant encounters Saturn and is scattered inward onto a Jupiter-crossing orbit, causing Saturn's orbit to expand; then encounters Jupiter and is scattered outward, causing Jupiter's orbit to shrink. This results in a step-wise separation of Jupiter's and Saturn's orbits instead of a smooth divergent migration. The step-wise separation of the orbits of Jupiter and Saturn avoids the slow sweeping of secular resonances across the inner solar System that increases the eccentricities of the terrestrial planets and leaves the asteroid belt with an excessive ratio of high- to low-inclination objects. The encounters between the ice giant and Jupiter in this model allow Jupiter to acquire its own irregular satellites. Jupiter trojans are also captured following these encounters when Jupiter's semi-major axis jumps and, if the ice giant passes through one of the libration points scattering trojans, one population is depleted relative to the other. The faster traverse of the secular resonances across the asteroid belt limits the loss of asteroids from its core. Most of the rocky impactors of the Late Heavy Bombardment instead originate from an inner extension that is disrupted when the giant planets reach their current positions, with a remnant remaining as the Hungaria asteroids. Some D-type asteroids are embedded in the inner asteroid belt, within 2.5 au, during encounters with the ice giant when it is crossing the asteroid belt.

Five-planet Nice model

The frequent ejection in simulations of the ice giant encountering Jupiter has led David Nesvorný and others to hypothesize an early Solar System with five giant planets, one of which was ejected during the instability. This five-planet Nice model begins with the giant planets in a 3:2, 3:2, 2:1, 3:2 resonant chain with a planetesimal disk orbiting beyond them. Following the breaking of the resonant chain Neptune first migrates outward into the planetesimal disk reaching 28 au before encounters between planets begin. This initial migration reduces the mass of the outer disk enabling Jupiter's eccentricity to be preserved and produces a Kuiper belt with an inclination distribution that matches observations if 20 Earth-masses remained in the planetesimal disk when that migration began. Neptune's eccentricity can remain small during the instability since it only encounters the ejected ice giant, allowing an in situ cold-classical belt to be preserved. The lower mass planetesimal belt in combination with the excitation of inclinations and eccentricities by the Pluto-massed objects also significantly reduce the loss of ice by Saturn's inner moons. The combination of a late breaking of the resonance chain and a migration of Neptune to 28 au before the instability is unlikely with the Nice 2 model. This gap may be bridged by a slow dust-driven migration over several million years following an early escape from resonance.
A recent study found that the five-planet Nice model has a statistically small likelihood of reproducing the orbits of the terrestrial planets. Although this implies that the instability occurred before the formation of the terrestrial planets and could not be the source of the Late Heavy Bombardment, the advantage of an early instability is reduced by the sizable jumps in the semi-major axis of Jupiter and Saturn required to preserve the asteroid belt.

See also
Formation and evolution of the Solar System
Grand tack hypothesis
Jumping-Jupiter scenario
Late Heavy Bombardment
Planetary migration

References

External links

Animation of the Nice model
Solving solar system quandaries is simple: Just flip-flop the position of Uranus and Neptune''

Solar System dynamic theories
2005 introductions
2005 in science
21st century in Nice
Astronomy in France


Sofa Landver (; , born 28 October 1949) is an Israeli politician who served as a member of the Knesset for Yisrael Beiteinu and as the country's Minister of Aliyah and Integration.

Biography
Born in Leningrad in the Soviet Union (today Saint Petersburg in Russia), Landver made aliyah (immigrated) to Israel in 1979. She served on Ashdod city council, has been director with the Ashdod Development Company, and a member of the Jewish Agency's board of trustees.

In the 1996 elections she was elected to the Knesset on the Labor Party list. She was re-elected in 1999 and served as Deputy Minister of Transportation between 12 August and 2 November 2002. She lost her seat in the
2003 elections, but entered the Knesset on 11 January 2006 as a replacement for Avraham Shochat. However, she resigned on 8 February, and was replaced by Orna Angel.

Prior to the 2006 elections Landver joined Yisrael Beiteinu, and was placed seventh on its list. The party won 11 seats and she retained her place in the Knesset. She was re-elected again in the 2009 elections after winning fifth place on the party's list. On 31 March she was appointed Minister of Immigrant Absorption.

She was re-elected again in 2013 and retained her place in the cabinet. Although she retained her seat in the 2015 elections, Yisrael Beiteinu did not join the coalition government and Landver lost her ministerial portfolio. However, after the party rejoined the government in May 2016, she was again appointed Minister of Immigrant Absorption, with the ministry renamed in 2017 to become the Ministry of Aliyah and Integration.

Landver currently lives in Ashdod, and is widowed, with one daughter.

References

External links

1949 births
Russian Jews
Soviet emigrants to Israel
Women members of the Knesset
People from Ashdod
Living people
One Israel politicians
Israeli Labor Party politicians
Yisrael Beiteinu politicians
Members of the 14th Knesset (1996–1999)
Members of the 15th Knesset (1999–2003)
Members of the 16th Knesset (2003–2006)
Members of the 17th Knesset (2006–2009)
Members of the 18th Knesset (2009–2013)
Members of the 19th Knesset (2013–2015)
Members of the 20th Knesset (2015–2019)
Deputy ministers of Israel
21st-century Israeli women politicians
20th-century Israeli women politicians
Women government ministers of Israel
Deputy Speakers of the Knesset


Douglas Matthew Davis, Jr. (April 11, 1933 – January 16, 2014) was an American artist, critic, teacher, and writer for among other publications Newsweek.

Artistic career
In 1977, at the opening of documenta 6, alongside Nam June Paik and Joseph Beuys, Douglas Davis took part in one of the first international satellite telecasts with his live performance The Last Nine Minutes. Davis received grants for his work by the Rockefeller Foundation, the National Endowment for the Arts & the Trust for Mutual Understanding, among other institutions.

Early internet works
His exploration of interactivity involving various media continued throughout the 1980s and 1990s. He is the author of one of the earliest art pieces on the World Wide Web, The World's First Collaborative Sentence (1994). His early work is featured on his website, The World's First Collaborative Sentence (1994), with elements from his exhibition InterActions 1967-1981. They include critical essays by Susan Hoeltzel, Michael Govan, David Ross, and Nam June Paik. Commissioned by the Lehman College Art Gallery, the Sentence was given by its collectors, Barbara and Eugene M. Schwartz, to the Whitney Museum of American Art. In 1997, P.S.1/The Institute of Contemporary Art joined with several other museums to host MetaBody (The World's First Collaborative Visions of the Beautiful), commissioned by George Waterman III. In 1997, Davis launched Terrible Beauty, an evolving global multi-media theater piece. Its "chapters" have been performed before audiences in New York, Dublin, San Francisco, and Berlin.

Teaching and writing

Davis taught advanced media at more than 25 universities and art colleges and served as consultant in this field for several corporations & foundations. Davis published the book Art and the Future in several countries in 1973. ArtCulture: Essays on the Post-Modern (1977), is a book of theoretical essays. The Five Myths of TV Power (or, Why the Medium is Not the Message), 1993, focuses on the crucial importance of the viewer, the "human" element in media theory.

Personal life
Davis lived and worked in New York City until his death on January 16, 2014. He was survived by three daughters, and two granddaughters. His wife of over 30 years, Jane Bell Davis, died in 2005.

Exhibitions
 The Anagrammatic Body, Neue Galerie, Graz, Austria, 1999
 The Net. Condition, Center for Art and Media, Karlsruhe, Germany, 1999
 The American Century, Part II, Whitney Museum, 1999
 Governor's Conference on the Arts and Technology, Information Technology Center, New York (installation), 1998
 P.S. 1/Institute of Contemporary Art, New York (website), 1997
 WithDrawing, Ronald Feldman Fine Arts, New York, 1996
 X-Art Foundation, New York, 1996
 Kwangju Biennale, Korea, 1995
 Museum Sztuki, Lodz, Poland, 1995 (retrospective)
 InterActions (1967–1981), Art Gallery, Lehman College, New York City, 1994
 Discours Amoureux, Galerie St. Gervais, Geneva, 1994
 TranceSex, Amanda Obering Gallery, Los Angeles, 1993
 Ronald Feldman Fine Arts (one-man), 1992, 1985, 1984, 1981, 1980, 1977
 Centro de Arte y Communicacion—Harrod's en Arte, Buenos Aires, 1991
 Kunstverein, Cologne, Germany, 1989
 Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, 1986, 1988
 Whitney Museum of American Art, (Biennial 1985), 1981, 1977, 1972
 Venice Biennale, 1976, 1978, 1986
 The New Museum, New York City, 1983, 1984
 The Museum of Modern Art, 1983,
 The Hirshhorn Museum & Sculpture Garden, 1983, 1984
 Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1982 (traveling exhibition)
 Wadsworth Atheneum, 1982–1983
 Centre Pompidou, Paris, 1981

Publications
Essays on the Post-Modern. New York: Harper & Row, 1977.
The Museum Transformed: Design and Culture in the Post-Pompidou Age. New York: Abbeville Press Publishers, 1990.
The Five Myths of Television Power, Or, Why the Medium is Not the Message. Riverside, New Jersey, U.S.A.: Simon & Schuster, 1993.

References

Further reading

 Selz, Peter and Kristine Stiles. Theories and Documents of Contemporary Art. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1997.
 Stanislawski, Ryszard, ed. Douglas Davis: Video Objekty Grafika. Lodz, Poland: Museum Sztuki, 1982.
 Kuspit, Donald. Douglas Davis. New York, NY: Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, 1988.
 Walther, Ingo, ed. Art of the 20th Century. Cologne, Germany: Taschen, 1998.
 Weibel, Peter and Christa Steinle, eds. Anagrammatic Body. Graz, Austria: Neue Galerie, 2000.

External links
 Douglas Davis biography at Electronic Arts Intermix
 Douglas Davis biography at Media Art Net
 Douglas Davis timeline of projects at 1904.CC
 Interview with Douglas Davis

 {http://blogs.getty.edu/iris/vitaly-komar-exploring-the-lines-between-us/}
 Douglas Davis, Critic and Internet Artist, Dies at 80 - The New York Times

1933 births
2014 deaths
American video artists


Venezuelans (Spanish: venezolanos) are the citizens identified with the country of Venezuela. This connection may be through citizenship, descent or cultural. For most Venezuelans, many or all of these connections exist and are the source of their Venezuelan citizenship or their bond to Venezuela.

Venezuela is a diverse and multilingual country, home to a melting pot of people of distinct origins, as a result, many Venezuelans do not regard their nationality with ethnicity, but with citizenship or allegiance. Venezuela as Argentina and Brazil, received most immigrants, during 1820s to 1930s Venezuela received a major wave of 2.1 million European immigrants, being the third country in Latin America to have received Europeans, behind Argentina and Brazil.

Historical and ethnic aspects

Pre-Columbian period

Writing was not used in pre-Columbian times, a historical stage where various groups began to move throughout the Americas, thus making it difficult to find evidence of the people who began to populate this land. However, archaeological excavations show evidence of certain periods that were taking place on the continent.

Venezuela was probably first settled by humans 16,000 years ago, due to migration flows from other indigenous cultures of America, from the south to the Amazon, from the west through Los Andes and north by the Caribbean Sea.

There are four periods of diversity that develop in the current Venezuela, which also entering a new period, it did not mean the end of the previous.

The first migrations to the continent were probably from East Asia to 15,000 years. C. These early migrants (called forth by the generic name "Indians") came at first to be located in North America, later moving to the territory of present Venezuela. Now for their offspring, it was clear verify the Asian features on their faces that will adapt to the climate and lifestyle.

During this period, various mammals were disappearing by climatic changes already beginning to take place from 5000 years ago, so the population in the mainland, starts to move towards the coast and spread to some nearby islands, trying to find new feeding alternatives.

Colonization
On August 2, 1498 (516 years), Christopher Columbus, and the Spanish colonizers' ships, first landed on the American mainland in what is currently Venezuelan territory. Colonization was rapid despite small local indigenous rebellions, and the Spaniards manage to conquer the territory. During this period, the most significant crossbreeding process took place. One that will later define the social profile of the country.

With the passage of time, and the introduction of the African continent, a third race, the Africans, started to integrate into the population, creating heterogeneity in the faces of the society of the time.

During colonial centuries in Venezuela began to settle the "peninsular whites", coming directly from the Iberian Peninsula and which were those who held positions in the crown, representing only 15% of the population. Another group of whites who were born in Venezuela were originally called "Creole", representing 20% of the population: they were mostly from the Canary Islands and they worked mainly in petty trade. The other two smaller groups were the original inhabitants and indigenous blacks brought from Africa: they were about 5% of the population. Soon the original groups started to have interbreedings and this created a process of "fusion" between the different racial groups: The "brown" were descendants of the unions between Whites, Indians and Blacks and by the 18th century were the largest racial and social group being more than 60% of the population.

This process is currently responsible for the majority of Venezuelans who are of mixed race. This number, however, would continue to decrease after the economic boom in the mid 20th century.

Current ethnic groups

The country has a diverse population that reflects its rich history and the people that have lived here since antiquity to the present. The historic amalgam of different principal groups form the basis of the current demographics of Venezuela: the European immigrants, the Amerindian peoples, African, Asian, Middle Eastern and other recent immigrants.

Many of the indigenous peoples were absorbed by the mixed population, but the remaining 500,000 currently represent more than 85 different cultures.

European immigrants were mainly Spanish colonists, but another large and growing number are descendants of Europeans (Portuguese, Italians, Germans and Americans) who migrated to the region in mid-twentieth century during the oil growth in the country. Small numbers are descendants of French, English and Polish, as they emigrated during World War II and the Cold War.

Black Africans were brought as slaves, mostly coastal lowlands, beginning early in the sixteenth century and continuing into the nineteenth century. Other immigrant populations are Asian and Middle East, particularly Lebanon, Syria and the Arab world, some Jews from southern Spain, Israel and Central European nations, East Asians like Chinese and Japanese, Dominicans, Trinidadians and Tobagonians, Haitians, Cubans, Peruvians, Argentinians, Uruguayans, Chileans, Ecuadorians and Colombians, this being the greatest social impact due to a large number of displaced individuals who entered the Venezuelan territory during the armed conflict in that country; which generated a high supply of labor, personnel and domestic economy informal.

Ethnic-somatic characteristics

As of 1981, according to the critic D'Ambrosio and other academics, about 51.6% of Venezuelans are mestizos or mulattos (called Criollos: the 40% of them are with mostly white features, 20% with mostly black features and 10% with mostly Indians features), 45% are white, 2% are black and 1% Indians. According to these scholars, is the fact that virtually there are no pure blacks nor indigenous people in Venezuela. With the exception of direct descendants of immigrants or specific indigenous tribes.

In addition, according to a genetic autosomal DNA study conducted in 2008 by the University of Brasilia (UNB), the composition of the population of Venezuela is: 60.60% European, 23% of Native American contribution and 16% of Africa's contribution.

Demography

The population of approximately 28 million people (in 2011)
made Venezuela the sixth-most populous country in Latin America (after Brazil, Mexico, Colombia, Argentina and Peru). Approximately more than one million (4-6% of the total population) are living in other countries. Due to the worsening economic conditions in Venezuela, there are 100,000 Venezuelans living in neighbouring Guyana and larger numbers living in Colombia, Brazil, Ecuador, the USA, Trinidad and Tobago,  Peru, Chile and Panama.

More than ninety percent of the Venezuelans live in urban areas – a figure significantly higher than the world average. The literacy rate (98 percent) in Venezuela is also well above the world average, and the rate of population growth slightly exceeds the world average. A large proportion of Venezuelans are young, largely because of recent decreases in the infant mortality rate. While 30 percent of the people are 14 years old or younger, just 4 percent are aged 65 or older.

Ethnic groups

The country has a diverse population that reflects its colorful history and the peoples that have resided there throughout. The historic amalgam of the different main groups forms the basics of Venezuela's current demographics: European immigrants, Amerindian peoples, Africans, Asians
(including the Arabs/West Asians) and other recent immigrants. The autosomal DNA genetic composition of population in Venezuela, is 60.60% of European contribution, 23% of Amerindian contribution, and 16.30% of African contribution.

Morenos

Many of the indigenous peoples were absorbed into the Moreno population, because of the heavy mixture of European and African people. They represent over half of the country's population (about 51.6%). This proportion is beginning to decrease, though, as mixed lower income Venezuelans are more likely to flee to other South American countries.

Europeans

Early European settlers and post-independence immigrants were mostly Spanish colonists, but a high number of other Europeans brought in were from Portuguese, Italian, and German immigrants to the region in the middle 20th century by the Petroleum Growth, and in much smaller numbers of French, English, Polish, Russian, Greek, Scandinavian, Romanian, Ukrainian and Hungarian communities who immigrated during the Second World War and the Cold War. 300,000 Italians and an equal numbers of Spaniards immigrated in the 1940s and 1950s, and earlier who were fleeing from the Spanish Civil War (1930s).

Up to 95% of Venezuelans live principally in important urban areas like Greater Caracas, Maracaibo, Maracay, Valencia, Lecheria, Barquisimeto/Cabudare, Colonia Tovar, Punto Fijo; the Andean States, Margarita Island and Araya Peninsula. They represent almost half of the population with 43.6% self-identifying as ‘blanco’ (white) in the 2011 census.

Afro-Venezuelans

African slaves were brought as slaves, mostly to the coastal lowlands, beginning early in the 16th century, and continuing into the mid 19th century.
Although they are located in almost the entire country, the Black and African population are concentrated in places where they used to be slaves and worked as farm hands on subsistence farms of plantains, cocoa, tobacco, sugar cane and cotton in the Aroa Valley, Litoral varguense, Eastern Falcon state; Gibraltar, Bobures and Palmarito in the Sur del Lago Region; and in areas where slaves would run away during Colonial Venezuela and formed cumbes, communities in mountainous and isolated areas, such as, the Sierra de Falcón, Barlovento Region (Acevedo, Andrés Bello, Brión, Buroz and Páez municipalities), Ocumare de La Costa, Choroní; El Callao and Paria Peninsula (where Afro-Trinidadian also migrated); and through Los Llanos, well dispersed in small to decent percents. They represent 3.6% of the population.

Amerindians

Before the Spanish colonization of the region that would become the country of Venezuela, the territory was the home to many different indigenous peoples. Today more than fifty different indigenous ethnic groups inhabit Venezuela. Most of them speak languages belonging to the Arawakan, Cariban, and Chibchan languages families. Pure indigenous Amerindians comprise around 2 percent of the population. There are 101 languages listed for Venezuela in the Ethnologue database, of which 80 are spoken today as living languages. Today, they're mostly located south of the Orinoco, in the Guayana Region, an area that covers half of the country but the population represents just 2.7% of Venezuelans; other important regions where they're located are on Zulia state, Apure state, the Eastern Region and Orinoco Delta.

Asians

East and South Asians

The largest sub-groups are immigrants or descendants of immigrants from Mainland China, India, Japan and Korea. The first wave of immigrants began in 1847 and consisted of mainly Cantonese immigrants; then the second wave during beginning of the 1940s and 1950s, consisted of Chinese and Japanese immigrants; reaching a peak in the mid-1970s in connection with the oil boom, where Korean and Indian immigrants (mostly Indo-Caribbeans) formed a new group to the country. Asian people represent around 1% of the Venezuelan population.

The Chinese in Venezuela are the 4th largest diaspora in the Americas after the United States, Canada and Peru.

Arabs/West Asians

Arab immigration to Venezuela started as early as the 19th and 20th centuries. They came mostly from Western Asia, particularly Lebanon, Syria, and Palestine. They are mostly located in the most important urban areas and Margarita Island, representing around 5% of the population in Venezuela. In religion, the majority of Arab-Venezuelans are Christians who belong to the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Rite Catholic Churches. There are few Muslims.

Israel has been chosen by many Venezuelan Jews, along with the United States and other countries.

According to the Venezuelan Institute of Statistics, about one million Venezuelans have Syrian origins and more than 20,000 Venezuelans are registered in the Venezuelan Embassy in Damascus. Other sources stated that there is around 60,000 Syrian-Venezuelans living in Syria. More than 200,000 people from the Sweida area carry Venezuelan citizenship and most are members of Syria's Druze sect, who immigrated to Venezuela in the past century.

Religion

According to a 2011 poll, 88.3 percent of the population is Christian, primarily Roman Catholic (71%), 17 percent Protestant, and the remaining 0.03 percent Mormons (LDS Church). The Venezuelans without religion are 9% (atheist 2%, agnostic or indifferent 6% and doesn't know/doesn't respond 1% ), almost 3% of the population follow other religions (1% of them are of santeria).

See also

List of notable Venezuelans
Culture of Venezuela
Venezuelan Americans
Venezuelans in Spain
Venezuelans in Uruguay
Venezuelan Mexicans
Venezuelan diaspora
Hispanics
Race and ethnicity in Latin America
Venezuelan cuisine
Indigenous peoples in Venezuela

References

External links
Venezuela at CIA.gov

Ethnic groups in Venezuela
South American people by nationality
People


In mathematical logic and computer science, Gabbay's separation theorem, named after Dov Gabbay, states that any arbitrary temporal logic formula can be rewritten in a logically equivalent "past → future" form.  I.e. the future becomes what must be satisfied.  This form can be used as execution rules; a MetateM program is a set of such rules.

References

Artificial intelligence
Theorems
Temporal logic


Diderik Iversen Tønseth (24 September 1818 – 12 January 1893) was a Norwegian politician for the Liberal Party.

He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament in 1862, representing the constituency of Søndre Trondhjems Amt. He worked as a teacher there. He was later elected in 1868, 1871, 1874, 1877, 1880 and 1883.

References

1818 births
1893 deaths
Members of the Storting
Liberal Party (Norway) politicians
Sør-Trøndelag politicians
People from Røros


The 2008 Fortis Championships Luxembourg was a women's tennis tournament on indoor hard courts. It was the 13th edition of the Fortis Championships Luxembourg, and was part of the Tier III Series of the 2008 WTA Tour. The tournament took place in Kockelscheuer, Luxembourg, from 20 October until 26 October 2008. First-seeded Elena Dementieva won the singles title and earned $35,000 first-prize money.

Finals

Singles

 Elena Dementieva defeated  Caroline Wozniacki 2–6, 6–4, 7–6(7–4)
 It was Elena Dementieva's 3rd singles title of the year and the 11th of her career.

Doubles

 Sorana Cîrstea /  Marina Erakovic defeated  Vera Dushevina /  Mariya Koryttseva 2–6, 6–3, 10–8

External links

 Official website
 ITF tournament edition details
 Tournament draws

Fortis Championships Luxembourg
2008
Fortis Championships Luxembourg