Cape Preston is a rocky headland located in the Pilbara region of Western Australia, situated  West South West of Karratha. It lies on the tribal land of the indigenous Nhuwala.

Cape Preston is a standard Bureau of Meteorology reference point for coastal weather reports, it is located between Wallal and North West Cape.

The area is noted for its rich marine biodiversity and contains a large number of species of crustaceans, corals, molluscs, fish and echinoderms. A number of habitats suitable for sustaining exist around the cape including mangroves, sandy beaches, algal meadows, coral reefs, rocky reefs and soft sediment communities.

In 1889, a pearl lugger was seen sinking off Cape Preston. Its name was variously reported as the Waratah or Paratch from Fremantle, belonging to James Clarke. It was witnessed by the crew of the lugger Mikado and it was later confirmed that all hands were lost.

On 23 April 1989, the category four Tropical Cyclone Orson hit the cape, killing four Indonesian fisherman.

During the mid-late 1960s, Cape Preston was considered as a possible location for an iron ore outport. A similar plan was ultimately realised in 2012, and iron ore exports commenced in 2013.

Sino Iron Project
Resources company Austeel was granted permission to build an iron ore operation in the area in 2003 following environmental approval being given by then minister Judy Edwards.
Construction of the operation was to commence in late 2004.

A contract was awarded to develop the mine to a Chinese state-owned company, China Metallurgical Group Corp, in 2007.
The project was estimated to cost $1.98 billion, including a magnetite mine, a seawater desalination plant, a thermal power plant and port facilities.

Between 2007 and 2011, a seawater desalination plant was built to provide water for the mining project, then known as the Sino Iron Project. Its daily production capacity is 140 megalitres, or 51 gigalitres annually. Waste brine is returned to the sea via a 3 km pipeline.

The project started producing magnetite concentrate in late 2012 and the first shipment was exported to China in 2013.

, the project is owned by Chinese state-owned Hong Kong-based CITIC Limited and according to the company represents "one of China's largest investments into the Australian resources sector".

On 15 July 2017 the private Cape Preston – Sino Iron Aerodrome [YCPR] was opened. About a dozen flights land each week.  Nominally aimed at fly-in fly-out travel for company staff, it has drawn criticism from the United Australia Party for its possible strategic uses.

See also
Coastal regions of Western Australia
 Port Darwin
 Port of Newcastle

References

Pilbara Coast
Preston


Get Me Some is an album by The Jeff Healey Band. Their fifth and final album, it was released in 2000.

Track listing

Production
The Jeff Healey Band - Producer
Tom Stephen - Executive Producer
Arnold Lanni - Producer
Marti Frederiksen - Digital Editing, Producer
Jim Scott - Engineer, Mixing
Richard Chycki - Digital Editing, Engineer, Mixing
Greg Calbi - Mastering
Garnet Armstrong - Art Direction
Ken Johnson - Art Direction
Margaret Malandruccolo - Photography

Personnel
The Jeff Healey Band
Jeff Healey - vocals, electric guitar, acoustic guitar, piano
Joe Rockman - bass guitar
Tom Stephen - drums, percussion

Additional Musicians
Richard Chycki- rhythm guitar, percussion
Marti Frederiksen - guitar, twelve-string guitar, percussion, background vocals
Arnold Lanni - guitar
Lou Pomanti - keyboards, piano
Philip Sayce - guitar
Benmont Tench - keyboards

References

2000 albums
The Jeff Healey Band albums
Albums produced by Arnold Lanni


Mark Rhys Weldon  (born 19 September 1967) is a New Zealand businessman and swimmer.

Education
Born in Auckland, Weldon has Bachelor of Commerce, Bachelor of Arts, and Master of Commerce (First Class Hons) degrees from the University of Auckland. From Columbia Law School in New York, Weldon has a Juris Doctor degree, and a diploma in International Law (Hons)

Career
Weldon worked at Skadden, Arps and McKinsey & Company, both in New York City.

Weldon has served as the CEO of NZX Limited (NZX). When Weldon took over NZX, it was a mutual organization that had nearly been sold to the ASX for a peppercorn. He led the exchange through a demutualization and a listing, leading the organization for a ten-year period, from 2002 to 2012.

Weldon has given a significant amount of time to public policy in New Zealand. Service includes:

 leading the Prime Minister's Appeal for Christchurch, after the 22 February 2011 earthquake
 chairing the Prime Minister's Job Summit in 2009
 participating on the Capital Markets Development Taskforce in 2009/10; the Tax Working Group in 2009; and the Climate Change Leadership Forum in 2007

From 2012 to 2012 Weldon served on the board of High Performance Sport New Zealand, appointed by the government along with Hamish Carter as independent members to drive an enhanced focus on high performance outcomes in sport. He was previously on the Board of the New Zealand Olympic Committee (2004–2006).

After leaving NZX Weldon invested in the wine industry, buying vineyards on Felton Road, Bannockburn, and establishing the Terra Sancta winery. Terra Sancta was named in the Top 100 Wineries of the World by Wines & Spirits Magazine in 2015.

In 2014, Weldon was appointed as the CEO of MediaWorks New Zealand, managing the company's radio, television and digital businesses. Weldon resigned in May 2016 amidst media controversy over his management decisions and a line of high-profile resignations, saying "the personal cost is now too high to continue in this role".

Weldon has since invested in a number of private companies.

Sport
Weldon represented New Zealand as a swimmer at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, in the men's 50 m freestyle and the 4 × 100 m freestyle relay. He also swam for New Zealand at the 1990 Commonwealth Games in Auckland, and won numerous national titles, with national records. Weldon has also won a number of World Masters Swimming Championship titles.

Honours and awards
In 1990, Weldon was awarded the New Zealand 1990 Commemoration Medal. He received a Blake Leader Award in 2005, and a Distinguished Alumni Award from the University of Auckland in 2006. In the 2012 Queen's Birthday and Diamond Jubilee Honours, he was appointed a Companion of the Queen's Service Order, for services to the community and business.

Notes

References
Black Gold by Ron Palenski (2008, 2004 New Zealand Sports Hall of Fame, Dunedin)

External links

1967 births
Living people
Commonwealth Games competitors for New Zealand
Columbia Law School alumni
New Zealand businesspeople
New Zealand male freestyle swimmers
Olympic swimmers for New Zealand
Swimmers at the 1990 Commonwealth Games
Swimmers at the 1992 Summer Olympics
University of Auckland alumni
Companions of the Queen's Service Order
Swimmers from Auckland
20th-century New Zealand people
21st-century New Zealand people


Holmes is an unincorporated community in Ridley Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania, United States.  It is located at  (39.9042791, -75.3085204).

History
The town was named for Richard Holmes a farmer whose family lived in Holmes for almost 100 years. The family's homestead stood where the MacDade Mall stands today.

References

Unincorporated communities in Delaware County, Pennsylvania
Unincorporated communities in Pennsylvania


Bobby Wayne Woods (October 11, 1965 – December 3, 2009) was an American convicted murderer, kidnapper and rapist executed by the state of Texas for the murder and rape of 11-year-old Sarah Patterson in 1997. Woods also received a 40-year sentence for the abduction of Patterson's younger brother, whom he beat unconscious and left for dead but who survived. On May 28, 1998, Woods was sentenced to death for Patterson's murder and was executed on December 3, 2009, after a failed appeal based on Woods's low IQ.

Biography
A seventh-grade dropout, Woods was so illiterate that he had to refer to a spelling list just to write simple notes to his family. He had IQ scores of 70 and 68 during elementary school. His IQ score right before his murder trial was 70, and another in 2002 returned 68. Woods also worked as a short-order cook and roofer.

On April 30, 1997, Woods entered the home of his ex-girlfriend Schwana Patterson through the open window of her children's bedroom; Patterson had expelled Woods two months earlier. Woods then kidnapped Patterson's two children, 11-year-old Sarah Patterson and 9-year-old Cody Patterson, and raped Sarah. After driving to a cemetery, Woods beat and stomped Cody's head, strangled Cody, and abandoned the boy at the cemetery. Cody notified police, and Woods told police that Sarah was dead and led the police to her body.

Trial
Because the Woods case was heavily reported in Dallas-area media, Woods's trial was held in Llano, Texas. During his trial Woods admitted to kidnapping Patterson's children and beating Cody Patterson unconscious. A psychologist representing the defense but who did not evaluate Woods testified that Woods was mentally retarded and no longer a threat to society. In response, a psychiatrist representing prosecution testified that Woods was not mentally retarded and could commit future violent crimes. Woods, a resident of Granbury, Texas, was sentenced to death on May 28, 1998.

Patterson was also tried on charges of child neglect and was found guilty on October 14, 1998. She was sentenced to 23 years in prison.

Execution
Woods was scheduled to be executed at 6 p.m. on October 23, 2008. However, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals delayed the execution after lawyers raised issue that Woods's IQ would make him ineligible for the death penalty due to the United States Supreme Court case Atkins v. Virginia. That court ruled 8–1 on October 7, 2009, that there was insufficient evidence that Woods was retarded. The Supreme Court of the United States denied Woods's appeal hours before Woods's final execution day.

Woods was executed at 6:48 p.m. local time on December 3, 2009, in the Huntsville Unit state prison. He was the 50th murderer executed in the U.S. in 2009 and 1,186th since the U.S. Supreme Court ruled capital punishment constitutional in the 1976 case Gregg v. Georgia. In Texas, Woods was the 24th murderer executed in 2009 and 447th executed since 1976.

He is buried at Captain Joe Byrd Cemetery.

See also
 Capital punishment in Texas
 Capital punishment in the United States
 List of people executed in Texas, 2000–2009
 List of people executed in the United States in 2009

References

1965 births
2009 deaths
21st-century executions by Texas
American kidnappers
American murderers of children
American people executed for murder
American rapists
People convicted of murder by Texas
21st-century executions of American people
People executed by Texas by lethal injection
People with intellectual disability
People from Livingston, Texas


Indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO) is a semiconducting material, consisting of indium (In), gallium (Ga), zinc (Zn) and oxygen (O). IGZO thin-film transistors (TFT) are used in the TFT backplane of flat-panel displays (FPDs). IGZO-TFT was developed by Hideo Hosono's group at Tokyo Institute of Technology and Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) in 2003 (crystalline IGZO-TFT) and in 2004 (amorphous IGZO-TFT).  IGZO-TFT has 20–50 times the electron mobility of amorphous silicon, which has often been used in liquid-crystal displays (LCDs) and e-papers. As a result, IGZO-TFT can improve the speed, resolution and size of flat-panel displays. It is currently used as the thin-film transistors for use in organic light-emitting diode (OLED) TV displays.

IGZO-TFT and its applications are patented by JST. They have been licensed to Samsung Electronics (in 2011) and Sharp (in 2012).

In 2012, Sharp was first to start production of LCD panels incorporating IGZO-TFT. Sharp uses IGZO-TFT for smartphones, tablets, and 32" LCDs. In these, the aperture ratio of the LCD is improved by up to 20%. Power consumption is improved by LCD idling stop technology, which is possible due to the high mobility and low off current of IGZO-TFT. Sharp has started to release high pixel-density panels for notebook applications. IGZO-TFT is also employed in the 14" 3,200x1,800 LCD of an ultrabook PC supplied by Fujitsu, also used in the Razer Blade 14" (Touchscreen Variant) Gaming Laptop and a 55" OLED TV supplied by LG Electronics.

IGZO's advantage over zinc oxide is that it can be deposited as a uniform amorphous phase while retaining the high carrier mobility common to oxide semiconductors. The transistors are slightly photo-sensitive, but the effect becomes significant only in the deep violet to ultra-violet (photon energy above 3 eV) range, offering the possibility of a fully transparent transistor.

The current impediment to large-scale IGZO manufacturing is the synthesis method. The most widely used technique for Transparent Conducting Oxide (TCO) synthesis is Pulsed Laser Deposition(PLD). In PLD, a laser is used to focus on nano-sized spots on solid elemental targets. Laser pulse frequencies are varied between the targets in ratios to control the composition of the film. IGZO can be deposited onto substrates such as quartz, single-crystal silicon, or even plastic due to its ability for low-temperature deposition. The substrates are placed in a PLD vacuum chamber, which controls oxygen pressure in order to ensure favorable electrical properties. After synthesis, the film is annealed, or gradually exposed to air to adjust to the atmosphere.

While PLD is a useful and versatile synthesis technique, it requires expensive equipment and plenty of time for each sample to adjust to regular atmospheric conditions. This is not ideal for industrial manufacturing.

Solution Processing is a more cost effective alternative. Specifically, combustion synthesis techniques can be used. Kim et al. used a metal nitrate solution with an oxidizer to create an  exothermic reaction. One common type of combustion synthesis is spin coating, which involves depositing In and Ga solution layers onto a hot plate and annealing at temperatures roughly between 200 and 400 degrees C, depending on the target composition. The films can be annealed in air, which is a large advantage over PLD.

References

Japanese inventions
Liquid crystal displays
Semiconductor fabrication materials
Oxides


David Lewis (1682 – April 1760) was an 18th-century British poet.

Life
Lewis was the son of Roger Lewis of Llanddewi Felffre, in the county of Pembrokeshire, and was probably born in Wales.  He studied at Jesus College, Oxford, matriculating in 1698 and obtaining his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1702.  He was undermaster at Westminster School (1726–1732).  During this time, he started to publish poetry, beginning in 1726 with Miscellaneous Poems by Several Hands, which mixed various styles of poetry from different London-based poets from Oxford and Cambridge.  Some unidentified poems were by Lewis himself.  The collection contained the final revision of John Dyer's Grongar Hill as well as the first draft of Alexander Pope's Vital spark of heavenly flame (1712). Lewis and Pope were in contact thereafter, and Pope's support was acknowledged by Lewis in the introduction to Philip of Macedon, a tragedy by Lewis performed in May 1727.  A second volume of poetry, by various people (including Lewis) was published in 1730.  Lewis died at Low Leyton in Essex in April 1760, and was buried at Leyton Parish Church.  His wife, Mary, died in 1774 and was buried with him.

References

1682 births
1760 deaths
Welsh poets
Alumni of Jesus College, Oxford


Trenchtown Mix Up was The Gladiators' debut LP, recorded at Joe Gibbs' studio and released in 1976 on TR International/Virgin Records'. It included re-recordings of two songs originally recorded at Studio One ("Mix Up", originally titled "Bongo Red", and their 1968 debut release "Hello Carol"), and also included cover versions of Bob Marley's "Soul Rebel" and "Rude Boy Ska". Jo-Ann Greene, writing for Allmusic, said of the album: "Everything about this set is masterful, and it remains a classic".

Track listing
All songs by Albert Griffiths unless noted.
Side One

 "Mix Up" - 3.00
 "Bellyfull" - 2.18
 "Looks is Deceiving" - 2.30
 "Chatty Chatty Mouth" - 3.16
 "Soul Rebel" - 3.54 (Bob Marley)

Side Two

 "Eli Eli" - 3.03
 "Hearsay" - 3.06
 "Rude Boy Ska" - 2.26 (Bob Marley)
 "Know Yourself Mankind" - 2.50
 "Thief in the Night" - 3.39
 "Hello Carol" - 3.36

Personnel
"Prince" Tony Robinson - Producer
Albert Griffiths - Lead Guitar, Vocals
Clinton Fearon - Bass Guitar, Vocals
Gallimore Sutherland - Rhythm Guitar, Vocals
Lloyd Parks - Bass
"Sly" Dunbar - Drums
Uziah "Sticky" Thompson - Percussion

References

External links
Trenchtown Mix Up at Roots Archives

1976 debut albums
The Gladiators (band) albums
Virgin Records albums


A Service Award Cross (Dienstauszeichnungskreuz) was an award for long-time service as a civil servant or member of the military.  Prussia had a service cross for 25-years service for officers as well as service awards in the form of buckles for nine-, 15 - and 25-years' service in the active Army.

In addition, there was a Landwehr Service Award in two categories: a cross for 20-years service by officers and a buckle for 12-years' service by officers and men of the Landwehr if they took part in a campaign or had served at least three months on active service convened for an extraordinary initiative.

Similar rules and orders - mostly in Prussian-like orders - were produced in the kingdoms of Bavaria and Saxony.  Even in the Weimar Republic, the Third Reich and other states there were distinctions for long periods of service.  The German Federal Republic had service awards, not restored on German unification.

See also
Service award

Military history of Germany
Orders, decorations, and medals of Prussia
Long service medals


A Service award was awarded by a country to a soldier or civilian for long service.  It is comparable to a service medal but can be awarded to civilians as well as soldiers.

Germany

Kingdom of Bavaria
Königliches Ludwigsorden for 50 years' service.
Service Award Cross, first and second class for 40 or 24 years' service - officers, doctors and officials received the cross of both classes, but teams were also awarded first class.

Nazi Germany
The Nazi Party (NSDAP) awarded the NSDAP-Dienstauszeichnung (Nazi Party Long Service Award) for 25  (Gold), 15 (Silver) and 10 (Bronze) years' service, while the SS awarded a separate SS-Dienstauszeichnung for 4, 8, 12 and 25 years of service.

The Wehrmacht awarded the 4-class Dienstauszeichnung for 4 (silver medal); 12 (gold medal); 18 (silver cross) and 25 (gold cross) years' service, with oak leaves on the first class for 40 years.

Similarly there was a Loyal Service Medal for active members of the German police or "an administrator" in the police service known as the Polizei Dienstauszeichnung. In addition there was a Service Award for Public Work.

Austrian Empire
From 1849 it awarded a cross made out of cannon-metal for military service.

Sources

Military history of Austria
Orders, decorations, and medals of Germany
Orders, decorations, and medals of the German Empire
Orders, decorations, and medals of Nazi Germany


Film1 Action is a Dutch premium television channel owned by SPI International. Its main focus is on thriller, action and horror films. Film1 launched together with its sister service Sport1 on 1 February 2006 and replaced the Canal+ Netherlands television channels. Film1 offers multiple channels with Dutch and international film and television series productions. On 1 October 2008 Film1 launched Film1 Action.

The channel is available on most digital cable and IPTV providers, and satellite provider CanalDigitaal. DVB-T provider Digitenne does not provide Film1.

See also
 Film1
 Television in the Netherlands
 Digital television in the Netherlands

External links
 film1.nl
 alleenopeen.tv

References

Television channels in the Netherlands
SPI International
Television channels and stations established in 2008
Mass media in Amsterdam


An availability cascade is a self-reinforcing cycle that explains the development of certain kinds of collective beliefs. A novel idea or insight, usually one that seems to explain a complex process in a simple or straightforward manner, gains rapid currency in the popular discourse by its very simplicity and by its apparent insightfulness. Its rising popularity triggers a chain reaction within the social network: individuals adopt the new insight because other people within the network have adopted it, and on its face it seems plausible. The reason for this increased use and popularity of the new idea involves both the availability of the previously obscure term or idea, and the need of individuals using the term or idea to appear to be current with the stated beliefs and ideas of others, regardless of whether they in fact fully believe in the idea that they are expressing. Their need for social acceptance, and the apparent sophistication of the new insight, overwhelm their critical thinking.

The idea of the availability cascade was first developed by Timur Kuran and Cass Sunstein as a variation of information cascades mediated by the availability heuristic, with the addition of reputational cascades. The availability cascade concept has been highly influential in finance theory and regulatory research, particular with respect to assessing and regulating risk.

Cascade elements
Availability cascades occur in a society via public discourse (e.g. the public sphere and the news media) or over social networks—sets of linked actors in one or more of several roles. These actors process incoming information to form their private beliefs according to various rules, both rational and semi-rational. The semi-rational rules include the heuristics, in particular the availability heuristic. The actors then behave and express their public beliefs according to self-interest, which might cause their publicly expressed beliefs to deviate from their privately held beliefs.

Kuran and Sunstein emphasize the role of availability entrepreneurs, agents willing to invest resources into promoting a belief in order to derive some personal benefit. Other availability entrepreneurs with opposing interests may wage availability counter-campaigns. Other key roles include journalists and politicians, both of which are subject to economic and reputational pressures, the former in competition in the media, the latter for political status. As resources (e.g. attention and money) are limited, beliefs compete with one another in the "availability market". A given incident and subsequent availability campaign may succeed in raising the availability of one issue at the expense of other issues.

Belief formation
Dual process theory posits that human reasoning is divided into two systems, often called System 1 and System 2. System 1 is automatic and unconscious; other terms used for it include the implicit system, the experiential system, the associative system, and the heuristic system. System 2 is evolutionarily recent and specific to humans, performing the more slow and sequential thinking. It is also known as the explicit system, the rule-based system, the rational system, or the analytic system. In The Happiness Hypothesis, Jonathan Haidt refers to System 1 and System 2 as the elephant and the rider: while human beings incorporate reason into their beliefs, whether via direct use of facts and logic or their application as a test to hypotheses formed by other means, it is the elephant that is really in charge.

Cognitive biases
Heuristics are simple, efficient rules which people often use to form judgments and make decisions. They are mental shortcuts that replace a complex problem with a simpler one. These rules work well under most circumstances, but they can lead to systematic deviations from logic, probability or rational choice theory. The resulting errors are called "cognitive biases" and many different types have been documented. These have been shown to affect people's choices in situations like valuing a house or deciding the outcome of a legal case. Heuristics usually govern automatic, intuitive judgments but can also be used as deliberate mental strategies when working from limited information. While seemingly irrational, the cognitive biases may be interpreted as the result of bounded rationality, with human beings making decisions while economizing time and effort.

Kuran and Sunstein describe the availability heuristic as more fundamental than the other heuristics: besides being important in its own right, it enables and amplifies the others, including framing, representativeness, anchoring, and reference points.

Availability heuristic
Even educated human beings are notoriously poor at thinking statistically. The availability heuristic, first identified by Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky, is a mental shortcut that occurs when people judge the probability of events by how easy it is to think of examples. The availability heuristic operates on the notion that, "if you can think of it, it must be important." Availability can be influenced by the emotional power of examples and by their perceived frequency; while personal, first-hand incidents are more available than those that happened to others, availability can be skewed by the media. In his book Thinking, Fast and Slow, Kahneman cites the examples of celebrity divorces and airplane crashes; both are more often reported by the media, and thus tend to be exaggerated in perceived frequency.

Examples
An important class of judgments is those concerning risk: the expectation of harm to result from a given threat, a function of the threat's likelihood and impact. Changes in perceived risk result in risk compensation—correspondingly more or less mitigation, including precautionary measures and support for regulation. Kuran and Sunstein offer three examples of availability cascades—Love Canal, the Alar scare, and TWA Flight 800—in which a spreading public panic led to growing calls for increasingly expensive government action to deal with risks that turned out later to be grossly exaggerated. Others have used the term "culture of fear" to refer to the habitual achieving of goals via such fear appeals, notably in the case of the threat of terrorism.

Disease threats
In the early years of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, many believed that the disease received less attention than warranted, in part due to the stigma attached to its sufferers. Since that time advocates— availability entrepreneurs that include LGBT activists and conservative Surgeon General of the United States C. Everett Koop—have succeeded in raising awareness to achieve significant funding. Similarly, awareness and funding for breast cancer and prostate cancer are high, thanks in part to the availability of these diseases. Other prevalent diseases competing for funding but lacking the availability of HIV/AIDS or cancer include lupus, sickle-cell anemia, and tuberculosis.

Vaccination scares
The MMR vaccine controversy was an example of an unwarranted health scare. It was triggered by the publication in 1998 of a paper in the medical journal The Lancet which presented apparent evidence that autism spectrum disorders could be caused by the MMR vaccine, an immunization against measles, mumps and rubella.
In 2004, investigations by Sunday Times journalist Brian Deer revealed that the lead author of the article, Andrew Wakefield, had multiple undeclared conflicts of interest, had manipulated evidence, and had broken other ethical codes. The Lancet paper was partially retracted in 2004 and fully retracted in 2010, and Wakefield was found guilty of professional misconduct. The scientific consensus is that no evidence links the vaccine to the development of autism, and that the vaccine's benefits greatly outweigh its risks.
The claims in Wakefield's 1998 The Lancet article were widely reported; vaccination rates in the UK and Ireland dropped sharply, which was followed by significantly increased incidence of measles and mumps, resulting in deaths and severe and permanent injuries. Reaction to vaccine controversies has contributed to a significant increase in preventable diseases including measles and pertussis (whooping cough), which in 2011 experienced its worst outbreak in 70 years as a result of reduced vaccination rates.
Concerns about immunization safety often follow a pattern: some investigators suggest that a medical condition is an adverse effect of vaccination; a premature announcement is made of the alleged adverse effect; the initial study is not reproduced by other groups; and finally, it takes several years to regain public confidence in the vaccine.

Global warming
Extreme weather events provide opportunities to raise the availability of global warming. In the United States, the mass media devoted little coverage to global warming until the drought of 1988, and the testimony of James E. Hansen to the United States Senate, which explicitly attributed "the abnormally hot weather plaguing our nation" to global warming. The global warming controversy has attracted availability entrepreneurs on both sides, e.g. the book Merchants of Doubt claiming that scientific consensus had long ago been reached, and climatologist Patrick Michaels providing the denialist viewpoint.

Gun violence
The media inclination to sensationalism results in a tendency to devote disproportionate coverage to sympathetic victims (e.g. missing white woman syndrome), terrifying assailants (e.g. Media coverage of the Virginia Tech massacre), and incidents with multiple victims. Although half the victims of gun violence in the United States are black, generally young urban black males, media coverage and public awareness spike after suburban school shootings, as do calls for stricter gun control laws.

International adoption scandals
International adoption scandals receive disproportionate attention in the countries of adoptees' origins. As the incidents involve abuse of children, they easily spark media attention, and availability entrepreneurs (e.g. populist politicians) fan the flames of xenophobia, without making statistical comparisons of adoptee abuse in the source and target nations, or of the likelihood of abuse vs. other risks.

Poisoned candy myths
Poisoned candy myths are urban legends that malevolent individuals could hide poison or drugs, or sharp objects such as razor blades, needles, or broken glass in candy and distribute the candy in order to harm random children, especially during Halloween trick-or-treating. Several events fostered the candy tampering myth. The first took place in 1964, when an annoyed Long Island, New York housewife started giving out packages of inedible objects to children who she believed were too old to be trick-or-treating. The packages contained items such as steel wool, dog biscuits, and ant buttons (which were clearly labeled with the word "poison"). Although nobody was injured, she was prosecuted and pleaded guilty to endangering children. The same year saw reports of lye-filled bubble gum being handed out in Detroit and rat poison being given in Philadelphia.

The second milestone in the spread of the candy-tampering myths was an article published in The New York Times in 1970. It claimed that "Those Halloween goodies that children collect this weekend on their rounds of ‘trick or treating’ may bring them more horror than happiness", and provided specific examples of potential tampering.

In 2008, candy was found with metal shavings and metal blades embedded in it. The candy was Pokémon Valentine's Day lollipops purchased from a Dollar General store in Polk County, Florida. The candy was determined to have been manufactured in China and not tampered with within the United States. The lollipops were pulled from the shelves after a mother reported a blade in her child's lollipop and after several more lollipops with metal shavings in them were confiscated from a local elementary school. Also in 2008, some cold medicine was discovered in cases of Smarties that were handed out to children in Ontario.

Over the years, various experts have tried to debunk the various candy tampering stories. Among this group is Joel Best, a University of Delaware sociologist who specializes in investigating candy tampering legends. In his studies, and the book Threatened Children: Rhetoric and Concern about Child-Victims,  he researched newspapers from 1958 on in search of candy tampering. Of these stories, fewer than 90 instances might have qualified as actual candy tampering. Best has found five child deaths that were initially thought by local authorities to be caused by homicidal strangers, but none of those were sustained by investigation.

Despite the falsity of these claims, the news media promoted the story continuously throughout the 1980s, with local news stations featuring frequent coverage. During this time, cases of poisoning were repeatedly reported based on unsubstantiated claims or before a full investigation could be completed and often never followed up on. This one-sided coverage contributed to the overall panic and caused rival media outlets to issue reports of candy tampering as well. By 1985, the media had driven the hysteria about candy poisonings to such a point that an ABC News/The Washington Post poll that found 60% of parents feared that their children would be injured or killed because of Halloween candy sabotage.

Media feeding frenzy

The phenomenon of media feeding frenzies is driven by a combination of the psychology described by the availability cascade model and the financial imperatives of media organizations to retain their funding.

Policy implications

Technocracy vs. democracy
There are two schools of thought on how to cope with risks raised by availability cascades: technocratic and democratic.
The technocratic approach, championed by Kuran and Sunstein, emphasizes assessing, prioritizing, and mitigating risks according to objective risk measures (e.g. expected costs, expected disability-adjusted life years (DALY)). The technocratic approach considers availability cascades to be phenomena of mass irrationality that can distort or hijack public policy, misallocating resources or imposing regulatory burdens whose costs exceed the expected costs of the risks they mitigate.

The democratic approach, championed by Paul Slovic, respects risk preferences as revealed by the availability market. For example, though lightning strikes kill far more people each year than shark attacks, if people genuinely consider death by shark worse than death by lightning, a disproportionate share of resources should be devoted to averting shark attacks.

Institutional safeguards
Kuran and Sunstein recommend that availability cascades be recognized, and institutional safeguards be implemented in all branches of government. They recommend expanded product defamation laws, analogous to personal libel laws, to discourage availability entrepreneurs from knowingly spreading false and damaging reports about a product. They recommend that the legislative branch create a Risk Regulation Committee to assess risks in a broader context and perform cost-benefit analyses of risks and regulations, avoiding hasty responses pandering to public opinion. They recommend that the executive branch use peer review to open agency proposals to scrutiny by informed outsiders. They also recommend the creation of a Risk Information Center with a Risk Information Web Site to provide the public with objective risk measures. In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Federal Bureau of Investigation maintain web sites that provide objective statistics on the causes of death and violent crime.

References

See also
 Preference falsification
 Availability heuristic
 Knowledge falsification
 Information cascade
 Reputational cascade
 Moral panic
 Groupthink
 The Emperor's New Clothes
 Frequency illusion

Belief
Cognitive biases


The Iron Mountain Micropolitan Statistical Area, as defined by the United States Census Bureau, is an area consisting of two counties – one in Michigan and one in Wisconsin – anchored by the city of Iron Mountain, Michigan. As of the 2000 census, the μSA had a population of 32,560 (though a July 1, 2009 estimate placed the population at 31,245).

Counties
Dickinson County, Michigan
Florence County, Wisconsin

Communities

Cities
Iron Mountain, Michigan (Principal city)
Kingsford, Michigan
Norway, Michigan

Census-designated places
Note: All census-designated places are unincorporated.

Florence, Wisconsin
Quinnesec, Michigan

Unincorporated places
Alfred, Michigan
Channing, Michigan
East Kingsford, Michigan
Felch, Michigan
Felch Mountain, Michigan
Floodwood, Michigan
Foster City, Michigan
Granite Bluff, Michigan
Hardwood, Michigan
Hylas, Michigan
Loretto, Michigan
Merriman, Michigan
Metropolitan, Michigan
Ralph, Michigan
Randville, Michigan
Sagola, Michigan
Skidmore, Michigan
Spread Eagle, Wisconsin
Theodore, Michigan
Vulcan, Michigan
Waucedah, Michigan

Townships/Towns

Dickinson County Townships

Florence County Towns

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 32,560 people, 13,519 households, and 9,024 families residing within the μSA. The racial makeup of the μSA was 97.99% White, 0.12% African American, 0.50% Native American, 0.38% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.14% from other races, and 0.84% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.64% of the population.

The median income for a household in the μSA was $34,788, and the median income for a family was $41,931. Males had a median income of $33,682 versus $21,725 for females. The per capita income for the μSA was $21,725.

See also
Michigan census statistical areas
Wisconsin census statistical areas

References

Dickinson County, Michigan
Geography of Florence County, Wisconsin
Metropolitan areas of Michigan
Metropolitan areas of Wisconsin


John Fawcett (died 1793) was an actor who played at the Theatre Royal in Drury Lane as well as in Dublin and on several occasions at the Theatre Royal in Richmond.  He is best known today for having fathered a rather more famous actor of the same name.

References
"Performances at Richmond's Theatre Royale: 15 June 1765." London Borough of Richmond upon Thames. 10 October 2008.  (accessed October 22, 2008).

See also
John Fawcett (actor).

1793 deaths
British male stage actors
Year of birth unknown
18th-century British male actors


The men's K-1 500 metres event was an individual kayaking event conducted as part of the Canoeing at the 1996 Summer Olympics program that took place at Lake Lanier.

Medalists

Results

Heats
26 competitors first raced in three heats. The top three finishers from each of the heats advanced directly to the semifinals with the rest competing in the repechages.

Repechages
The top four finishers from each of the repechages along with the fastest fifth-place finisher advanced to the semifinals.

Semifinals
The top four finishers in each of the two semifinals along with the fifth fastest advanced to the final.

Final
The final was held on August 4.

References
1996 Summer Olympics official report Volume 3. p. 166.
Sports-reference.com 1996 men's K-1 500 m results
Wallechinsky, David and Jaime Loucky (2008). "Canoeing: Men's Kayak Singles 500 Meters". In The Complete Book of the Olympics: 2008 Edition. London: Aurum Press Limited. p. 470.

Men's K-1 500
Men's events at the 1996 Summer Olympics


was one of four s built for the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II.

Background and description
The Japanese called these ships  Kaibōkan, "ocean defence ships", (Kai = sea, ocean, Bo = defence, Kan = ship), to denote a multi-purpose vessel. They were initially intended for patrol and fishery protection, minesweeping and as convoy escorts. The ships measured  overall, with a beam of  and a draft of . They displaced  at standard load and  at deep load. The ships had two diesel engines, each driving one propeller shaft, which were rated at a total of  for a speed of . The ships had a range of  at a speed of .

The main armament of the Shimushu class consisted of three Type 3  guns in single mounts, one superfiring pair aft and one mount forward of the superstructure. They were built with four Type 96  anti-aircraft guns in two twin-gun mounts, but the total was increased to 15 guns by August 1943. A dozen depth charges were stowed aboard initially, but this was doubled in May 1942 when their minesweeping gear was removed. The anti-submarine weaponry later rose to 60 depth charges with a Type 97  trench mortar and six depth charge throwers.

Construction and career
In July 1943 Kunashiri participated in the Kiska evacuation aspect of Operation Ke. During the war Kunashiri operated mostly in the Kuriles and Hokkaido area escorting various convoys. On 28 July 1944. she was reported "damaged" by unknown cause- . After the end of World War II Kunashiri returned to Sasebo and was later used by the Allied Repatriation Service. On 4 June 1946 while en route to Uraga the vessel ran aground and was later abandoned. In attempts to rescue her, the  also ran aground, while at the same time, she too was repatriating Japanese troops from Singapore.

Notes

References

World War II naval ships of Japan
Shimushu-class escort ships
1940 ships
Ships of the Aleutian Islands campaign
Maritime incidents in 1946
Ships built in Japan


Eco-Agents () is a member-based environmental organization for children. A subsidiary of the Norwegian Society for the Conservation of Nature, it has 3000 members. The three focus issues are conservation of nature, global warming and consumption.

The organization was founded in 1992 as Blekkulfs venner, later Blekkulfts miljødetektiver. In 2006, it changed to the current name, and discontinued its cooperation with the mascot Blekkulf, a fictional octopus. The reason was in part to communicate better with older children, and in part because the organization had problems funding the license fees to the creators of the fictional characters.

In 2015, the Children's Climate Panel was started by the Environmental Agents.

Every year, the Environmental Agents organize the school competition Batterijakten.

References

External links
 Official site

Environmental organisations based in Norway
Organizations established in 1992


Mṛtyu (), is a Sanskrit word meaning death. Mṛtyu, or Death, is often personified as the deities Mara (मर) and Yama (यम) in Dharmic religions such as Hinduism and Buddhism.
 Mara (Hindu goddess), the goddess of death according to Hindu mythology.
Mṛtyu-māra as death in Buddhism or Māra, a "demon" of the Buddhist cosmology, the personification of Temptation.
Yama () is the god of death and the underworld in Hinduism and Buddhism.
Yama in Hinduism.
Yama in Buddhism.

Etymology
The Vedic mṛtyú, along with Avestan mərəθiiu and Old Persian məršiyu comes from the Proto-Indo-Iranian word for death, *mr̥tyú-, which is ultimately derived from the Indo-European root *mer- ("to die") and thus is further related to Latin mors.

Literature

Vedas
Mrtyu is invoked in the hymns of the Rigveda:

Upanishads
The Brhadaranyaka Upanishad (a mystical appendix to the Shatapatha Brahmana and likely the oldest of the Upanishads) has a creation myth where  "Death" takes the shape of a horse, and includes an identification of the Ashvamedha horse sacrifice with the Sun:

Padma Purana
Mrtyu fights in the war between the devas and the asuras in the legend of Jalandhara.

Mahabharata
The Mahabharata references a legend regarding a dispute between Time, Mrityu, Yama, Ikshvaku, and a Brahmana. Mrityu is female in this legend.

See also
Yama
Yamaduta
Chitragupta

Notes and references

External links
SpokenSanskrit dictionary translation of Mrtyu

Sanskrit words and phrases
Hindu deities
Hindu mythology


The Trenton Gas Field is located in east central Indiana and the most western portion of west central Ohio. The field was discovered in 1876, but the size and magnitude of the field was not known until the 1880s. The field was the largest natural gas discovery up to that time, with an area of , somewhat smaller in area than the state of Connecticut, containing over  of natural gas. The field also contained the first giant oil reserve discovered in the United States, with an estimated  of oil. The discovery led to the Indiana Gas Boom.

Almost all of the natural gas was removed from the field by 1910, but only about 10% of the oil had been removed at that point. The lack of pressure caused by the removal of the gas led to a complete stoppage of oil production, even though an estimated  of oil remained in the field. Beginning in the late 20th century, oil production resumed at a slow pace after advances in artificial lift technology.

Oil and gas production from this field led the Standard Oil Company to establish refinery operations in Indiana. The firm's production and refinery interests led, in turn, to Standard's Indiana interests being grouped together after the 1911 breakup of the firm due to antitrust action, leading to the formation of the Standard Oil Company of Indiana.

See also

Trenton Limestone
Petroleum industry in Ohio

Notes

Sources

Energy in Indiana
Oil fields of the United States
Energy in Ohio


The Portland Golf Club is a private golf club in the northwest United States, in suburban Portland, Oregon. It is located in the unincorporated Raleigh Hills area of eastern Washington County, southwest of downtown Portland and east of Beaverton.

PGC was established  in the winter of 1914, when a group of nine businessmen assembled to form a new club after leaving their respective clubs. The present site was chosen due to its relation to the Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railway's interurban railroad line with frequent passenger service to the site because automobiles and roads were few.

The PGA Championship, then a match play competition, was held at the club in 1946. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, as the Portland Golf Club Clubhouse and Golf Course, in 2023.

Tournaments hosted

Major championships for all tours are shown in bold.

See also
 List of sports venues in Portland, Oregon
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington County, Oregon

References

External links

Oregon Golf.com – Portland Golf Club

Golf clubs and courses in Oregon
Sports venues completed in 1914
Sports venues in Portland, Oregon
Buildings and structures in Washington County, Oregon
Ryder Cup venues
1914 establishments in Oregon
National Register of Historic Places in Washington County, Oregon
Sports venues on the National Register of Historic Places in Oregon
Golf clubs and courses on the National Register of Historic Places


Calvillo () is a municipality in the Mexican state of Aguascalientes. The city of Calvillo, the second largest in the state, serves as the municipal seat. It is located to the western part of the state, at about 52 kilometers of the city of Aguascalientes. It stands at   in the southwestern corner of the state. It is bounded by Jalisco and Zacatecas. The municipality, which has an area of 931.26 km² (359.56 sq mi), reported a population of 54,136 by 2010. The town of Ojocaliente is another significant community in the municipality. Calvillo is one of the richest, most prosperous municipalities in Aguascalientes.

During the French invasion of Mexico, the north part of the valley of Huajuacar in which Calvillo lays, was occupied by the French.  At the time, they intermixed with the descendants of Spaniards which already inhabited the south part of the valley. This fact made Calvillo the municipality with most Caucasian-origin inhabitants in the state, compared with the other municipalities.

Calvillo is the largest guava producer in Mexico and famous for its superb confectionery and liqueurs made from this fruit, which you can sample at the Guava Fair held during the first week of December.

The economy in Calvillo is centered on the guava, although there is other agriculture and a great deal of commerce.  Calvillo is better known as the world capital of the guava.

Demographics

As of 2010, the municipality had a total population of 54,136,

As of 2010, the city of Calvillo had a population of 19,742. Other than the city of Calvillo, the municipality had 307 localities, the largest of which (with 2010 populations in parentheses) were: Ojocaliente (6,914), classified as urban, and El Cuervero (Cuerveros) (2,350), Valle Huejúcar (Fraccionamiento Popular) (1,991), La Labor (1,988), Malpaso (1,697), San Tadeo (1,507), Chiquihuitero (San Isidro) (1,318), La Panadera (1,212), Mesa Grande (1,149), Jaltiche de Arriba (1,114), and Crucero las Pilas (1,031), classified as rural.

References

Link to tables of population data from Census of 2005 Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática (INEGI)
Aguascalientes Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México
Spanish version of the history of Calvillo

External links
Ayuntamiento de Calvillo Official website
http://calvillo.blogspot.com
https://web.archive.org/web/20190121024015/https://calvillo.com.mx/
http://calvillo.sdmexico.com
Gobierno del Estado de Aguascalientes Official website of State of Aguascalientes
http://www.calvilloweb.com
 https://web.archive.org/web/20081121201222/http://www.livevideo.com/liveshow/calvillo
 http://www.myspace.com/calvisranch

Municipalities of Aguascalientes


"Faces of Evil" is a DC Comics "event" in January 2009, that editor Dan DiDio described as "inspirationally tied to Final Crisis," with focus placed on the villains of the particular titles involved in and associated with the event. Numerous monthly books had villains displayed on their covers while four additional one-shots were published.

Titles

The full list of issues is:

The kids-friendly book Tiny Titans also featured a "Faces of Mischief" issue around the same time, written by Art Baltazar and Franco Aureliani, and illustrated by Art Baltazar.

The issues of Superman and Action Comics are epilogues to the Superman: New Krypton crossover series. Nightwing is a continuation of the "Batman R.I.P." aftermath storyline, "Last Rites".  Detective Comics and Batman comprise a self-contained storyline dependent on each other.

The Faces of Evil event continued in the storyline "Deathtrap", that focuses on Jericho, which starts in Teen Titans Annual 2009, and then carries on in a crossover between Teen Titans #70-71, Titans #12-13 and Vigilante #5.

A seven-part Solomon Grundy miniseries, by Johns and Kolins, picked up where Faces of Evil: Grundy left off.

Notes

References
 DC Comics January 2009 titles

External links
 Faces of Evil at the DC Database Project


The EFL Cup is a knockout cup competition in English football organised by and named after the English Football League (EFL). The competition was established in 1960 and is considered to be the second-most important domestic cup competition for English football clubs, after the FA Cup. The competition is open to all 72 members of the English Football League and the 20 members of the Premier League. For the first six seasons of the competition, the final was contested over two legs, one at each participating club's stadium. The first Football League Cup was won by Aston Villa, who beat Rotherham United 3–2 on aggregate, after losing the first leg 2–0. The competition's first single-legged final was held in 1967: Queens Park Rangers defeated West Bromwich Albion 3–2 at Wembley Stadium in London.

As of 2023, 23 clubs have won the EFL Cup. Liverpool hold the record for the most EFL Cup titles, with nine victories in the competition. Liverpool's wins include four consecutive titles from 1981 to 1984, while Manchester City's, who have won eight times, include four consecutive titles from 2018 to 2021. Nottingham Forest and Manchester United are the only other clubs to have won consecutive titles. Forest won two consecutive titles twice – in 1978 and 1979, and 1989 and 1990, while United won consecutive editions in 2009 and 2010. Arsenal have been runners-up more than any other club; they have lost the final six times. The current holders are Manchester United, who beat Newcastle United 2–0 in the 2023 final to win their sixth League Cup.

History

The first winners of the tournament were Aston Villa. The final was contested over two legs for the first six years of the competition. During this period many First Division clubs refused to take part, allowing clubs from outside the First Division to regularly reach the final. The first club from outside the First Division to win the competition was Norwich City of the Second Division in 1962. Queen's Park Rangers and Swindon Town, both then of Division Three, matched this feat in 1967 and 1969 respectively. Sheffield Wednesday, then in the Second Division, became the last club to win the competition while competing outside the First Division, when they beat Manchester United in the 1991 final.

In the late 1960s, the winners of the competition were granted automatic qualification to the UEFA Cup. With the promise of potential European football, First Division clubs entered the competition, and all 92 Football League clubs entered the League Cup for the first time in 1969–70. Meanwhile, the final of the competition had also been altered; it would now be played over a single leg at Wembley Stadium. The final went to a replay for the first time in 1977, with Aston Villa requiring two replays to overcome Everton; the first was held at Hillsborough Stadium in Sheffield, and the second at Old Trafford in Manchester.

The following year, Nottingham Forest won the first of two consecutive titles, the first time that any club won back-to-back League Cup titles. The first took a replay at Old Trafford to beat Liverpool, and they beat Southampton 3–2 to win the second. Liverpool won four consecutive titles between 1981 and 1984, a record equalled by Manchester City in 2021. Nottingham Forest won two more consecutive titles in 1989 and 1990.

The last League Cup final replay was held in 1997; Leicester City beat Middlesbrough 1–0 after extra time at Hillsborough, after the two clubs had played out a 1–1 draw at Wembley. The rules were changed afterwards with a penalty shootout incorporated instead of replays. The first single-match final to be played outside London was held in 2001, as the final was moved to Cardiff's Millennium Stadium while the new Wembley Stadium was under construction. Liverpool and Chelsea were the two most prolific League Cup sides in Cardiff, as both clubs won two titles each. The final returned to London in 2008, where Tottenham Hotspur became the first side to win the competition at the new Wembley, beating Chelsea 2–1 after extra time.

Finals

Results by club

Top Goalscorers
All Players with two or more goals

Notes

References
General

Specific

Finals
EFL Cup
EFL Cup


Plum Hollow Country Club is a country club located in Southfield, Michigan, a suburb northwest of Detroit The club is privately owned and was established in 1921. Plum Hollow was designed by architects Harry Colt and Charles Hugh Alison of the British firm Colt and Alison. The PGA Championship was held at its golf course in 1947; then a match play event, it was won by Jim Ferrier. Plum Hollow also hosted the 1957 Western Open which was won by Doug Ford, and also hosted the 2015 Michigan Amateur. The club is currently managed by PGA Pro Richard Burkardt.

References

External links

 PGA of America – 1947 PGA Championship

Golf clubs and courses in Michigan
Southfield, Michigan
Sports venues in Oakland County, Michigan
Event venues established in 1921


Arabic weddings (, , or ) are ceremonies of matrimony which contain Arab influences or Arabic culture.

Traditional Arabic weddings are intended to be very similar to modern-day Bedouin and rural weddings. What is sometimes called a "Bedouin" wedding is a traditional Arab Islamic wedding without any foreign influence. Ceremonies may, in some cases, be unique from one region to another, even within the same country.

The marriage process usually starts with meetings between the couple's families and ends with the consummation of the betrothed (leilat al-dokhla). For a wedding to be considered Islamic, the bride and groom must both consent, and the groom must be welcomed into the bride's house, although only in the presence of her parents, to maintain propriety on both sides.

The most common events of a Muslim marriage are variations of the following: marriage proposal, engagement, henna, nikah, registration, reception, walima, and honeymoon. The only Islamic requirement is to hold the nikah and walima. Other events are cultural additions. Civil registration is usually a legal requirement.

Arranged marriages

Arranged marriage prevails in the Arab world, as it does in the Indian subcontinent and in most of East Asia. The traditions of these societies forbid premarital sex as well as socializing between men and women before marriage. In these societies, when a young woman is considered old enough to be married, her family will look around to identify several potential families of similar social background where she would find happiness in marriage and where she would become an integral part of her new family without much of an adjustment problem. Likewise, when a young man is considered old enough to be married, his family will look around to identify several potential brides from good families with good values.

While this is the case in most other societies named above, there are further factors that add to the comfort and assurance of the couple in the Arab nations of West Asia and North Africa: the tradition of consanguineous marriage. In these countries, at least one-sixth of all marriages are consanguineous. In Saudi Arabia, the majority (65%+) of all marriages are endogamous and consanguineous arranged marriages. More than 40% of all marriages are endogamous and consanguineous in Iraq, Jordan, Syria, Yemen, Kuwait, the UAE, Oman, Sudan, Libya, and Mauritania, and over 1 in 5 marriages in Egypt and Algeria. Arranged marriages include endogamous and non-consanguineous marriages and therefore exceed the above observed rates of endogamous and consanguineous marriages. Arab Christians, such as Coptic Christians in Egypt, have similar patterns of marriage. Marriage was a central feature of traditional Aboriginal societies. Freedom of marriage was restricted to ensure children were produced according to the correct family groups and affiliations and to avoid marriages with certain close relatives or marriages with anyone outside the group. Opinions vary on whether the phenomenon should be seen as exclusively based on Islamic practices, as a 1992 study among Arabs in Jordan did not show significant differences between Christian Arabs and Muslim Arabs when comparing the occurrence of consanguinity.

Whereas perceived beauty is considered a factor, much more importance is given to traditional virtues like modesty, respectable behavior, calm temperament, homeliness, and simplicity. Similar family values and chastity are the typical traits families look for when choosing spouses. Traditionally, the process of investigation takes into consideration the bride's physical beauty, her behavior, her cleanliness, her education, and finally her qualities as a housewife.In carrying out this traditional investigation, parents also take the behavior of the prospective bride's family into account.

Traditionally, the first meeting usually takes place between the bride, groom, and their respective mothers. They meet, usually in a public place or in the bride's house, and get to know each other. The bride, groom, and their chaperones will typically sit separately but within sight of each other in order to get to know each other. In recent history, the man might suggest to his family who he would like them to consider, and it may be that the man and the woman already know each other. It is also common in urban families for a bride and the groom to agree to marry before the groom approaches the bride's family for their permission.

Tulba

Tulba or Tolbe () is essentially a formal request of hand.The event is more private, limited to the relatives of the bride and groom. This occurs after both families have agreed to the couple's decision to marry. In "Tulpa," the groom, along with his family members, asks the bride, with her family for her part, to lend her hand in marriage. Families then formally recognize that the couple will be married.

Engagement
Engagements ( '' in Saudi as well as in earlier Arabic and Islamic jurisprudence fiqh. Or called  '' in Egypt and the Levant) in the Arab world usually take place during a simpler wedding party or a dinner for the families. The bride wears any dress she pleases and there is no zaffah procession. Usually, the bride and groom dress in matching colors. They exchange rings, putting the rings on each other's right-hand ring finger.

Radwa
This event usually occurs one or two days before the wedding day. It is a small gathering of close male relatives on both sides of the bride and groom, usually in the home of the bride's family. In this exchange, the men on the groom's side make sure that the bride's family is satisfied with the party. Male family members on the groom side also make sure to resolve any last-minute issues before the wedding. The eldest man on the side of the groom congratulates all the male relatives on both sides.

Henna night (Ghomrah)

In Old Palestine, the henna night was a night used to prepare all the necessary wedding decorations and last-minute arrangements. It was also a chance for the families to celebrate together before the wedding. The groom's family would sahij, or dance, through the streets of the village until they reached the house of the bride. Once there, the family would mix henna, which would then be used to decorate the bride and groom’s hands (with the groom's being merely the initials of his bride and himself), and then offer the bride her mahr (a Muslim woman's condition for accepting a man into marriage, usually paid in gold as it does not decline in value like other wealth). The families would then dance and sing traditional Palestinian music.

In modern times, particularly for those not living in Palestine, the henna night remains traditional in customs but is very similar to a bachelorette party; the bride's female friends and relatives join her in celebrating, which includes food, drinks, and dancing. A women's group plays Arabic music, sometimes Islamic music, while everyone dances. A woman draws henna or mehndi, a temporary form of skin decoration using henna, on the bride's and guests' skin—usually the palms and feet, where the henna color will be darkest because the skin contains higher levels of keratin there, which binds temporarily to lawsone, the colorant of henna.The men will also have a party, in which the groom's family and friends will dance to traditional Palestinian music. In some village customs, the groom's face is shaven by a close family member or friend in preparation for his wedding. The tradition of giving the bride her gold is also still used. The groom will enter where the bride is; they will both get their henna done, and the groom will then offer the bride her mahr. Thus, the wedding is merely a dance and celebration.

An important element of the henna night in both traditional and non-traditional henna parties is the dress adorned by the Palestinian women and the groom. The women dress in traditional (usually hand-embroidered) gowns, known as Palestinian ithyab. The brides would be extravagant and exquisitely embroidered. The groom will wear the usual traditional Arab men's thobe and hata (head covering).

The henna wedding tradition has remained popular with Jewish descendants of predominantly Muslim countries.

Sahrah
In some areas (e.g., Palestine), the male friends and relatives also celebrate an evening party (sahra in Arabic) in the garden or on the street in front of the groom's house. Music and dance groups perform, and the men dance with the groom. Women are not allowed and may view the program via video projection inside the house or the closed-off garden. In strict Islamic families, this is the only way to allow males from outside the family to attend the wedding.

Wedding reception/party
Weddings usually include a zaffa, a procession that loudly announces the couple's wedding. The zaffa differs from region to region. In Egypt, for example, the Dumiyati zaffa is popular in the north. In the Levant, the traditional dabkeh is popular. Other versions of the zaffa can be found in North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, as well as the khaliji; the zaffa even reached Malaysia with the first Arab traders, called the Zapin.

Urban weddings
After the zaffa or zefaf, the bride and the groom (this is mostly in Egypt) sit on a dais, or kosha (), which usually consists of two comfortable seats in front of the guests, from which the bride and groom reign as though king and queen. As soon as the bride and groom are seated in the kosha, a sharbat drink is passed to the guests, and all drink to their health.

The bride and groom then switch rings from their right hand to their left index finger. With this ritual, the festivities begin. The bride and groom have the first dance, after which the other wedding guests join in. Usually a belly dancer or a singer entertains the guests, but more luxurious weddings will have more than one entertainer. Guests will dance and sing with the newlywed couple, and the groom will sometimes be tossed in the air by friends. In modern weddings, after the formal entertainment, a disc jockey will extend the festivities.

Next comes the cutting of the cake. As is done elsewhere in the world, the bride and groom cut the cake, which is several layers high. The bride then tosses her bouquet behind her back to other hopeful women. By tradition, whoever catches the bouquet is seen as lucky because she is foretold to be the next to marry. Next, the couple opens the buffet for the guests, which is usually a wide variety of salads, meats, stews, sweets, fruits, and other Arab cuisine dishes. Food is considered one of the factors that reflect the wealth of the families of the bride and groom. After the guests have eaten, many of them, particularly those who are not close family or friends of the couple, will leave after congratulating the couple. In some weddings, there may be more entertainment, including a DJ, dancing, and sometimes a singer or band, which continues until very late in the night. The bride and groom then usually receive a complimentary stay of a night or two at the hotel where the wedding was held.

In strict Muslim families, men may not dance with women or even watch women in immodest dresses. So only the female guests and children enter the hall with the wedding couple. Also, photographers and other personnel must be women, and the DJ, if he is male, has to operate behind a closed door. Men wait outside in a separate room or garden. At the end of the party, women cover their shoulders, and male family members may enter the hall. Family by family visits the couple to offer congratulations and money presents. At the end, they may dance together.

Celebratory gunfire is considered one of many practices during Arab weddings.However, these practices are often criticized since they sometimes lead to fatal casualties. For instance, an Iraqi man from Hawija, Iraq, lost control of his weapon and ended up shooting and killing his own son at his wedding in June 2020.

Rural weddings

Modern urban weddings are influenced by Western traditions—for example, the cutting of the cake and tossing of the bouquet. This is not the case with rural areas, or, for example, most parts of Saudi Arabia, where they still do the original traditional Arab Islamic wedding style. In rural areas of countries like Egypt, after the zaffa, the wedding ceremony will usually take place in a big clearing, where a huge Arabic tent called a sewan () has been set up. The entertainment includes a belly dancer or singer, sometimes both. Drinks are passed to guests, and food is served on huge plates. The customary food is fattah, pieces of lamb meat embedded in rice and bread dipped in stew. The bride and groom will leave the wedding early, but the guests will continue the festivities.

Islamic practices

Reading of the Fatiha

In Egypt and parts of Palestine and Jordan, the bride's family hosts a reception in their home, where the groom formally asks for the bride's hand in marriage from her father or the eldest man in the family. After the father agrees, the families read the Fatiha (the first sura in the Quran) and serve sharbat, a sweet cordial prepared from flowers or fruit (usually in Egypt) or Arabic coffee (usually in the Levant).

Marriage contract
The marriage contract, called Aqd Nikah, Aqd Qiran, Aqd Zawaj, and Katb el-Kitab, is the focus of the official marriage ceremony. It starts with a sheikh or imam giving a short speech about how the Prophet honored his wives, how to honor women, and how women should treat their husbands and honor them. Then the imam tells the groom to heed the speech that was just given, and the father (or eldest male of the bride's family) accepts the proposal. The ceremony resembles the reading of the Fatiha but is also when the legal documents are filled out and then filed. Two witnesses, usually the eldest men in each family, sign their names to the marriage contract, and the couple is now officially married.

In the Levant, this event is usually held in the house of either the bride or the groom's family, or sometimes in the wedding hall itself, in a mosque, or in court if the couple decides to do so.

Christian practices

The large minority of Arab Christians, who mainly live in the Levant region and in Egypt, belong mainly to Catholic and Orthodox Christian Churches and they use ancient Christian symbolic traditions in their weddings.

References

External links
Zawaj Halal
The Wedding Engineers
 Marriage Iraqi Style

Arab culture
Society of the Arab world
Weddings by culture


Madre de Dios () is one of the five provinces of the Bolivian Pando department and is situated in the southern parts of the department. Its name derives from Madre de Dios River on the northern border of the province.

Location
Madre de Dios province is located between 10° 54' and 12° 28' South and between 66° 05' and 67° 58' West. It extends over a length of 390 km from northeast to southwest, and up to 150 km from northwest to southeast.

It is situated in the Amazon lowlands of Bolivia and borders Manuripi Province in the north, La Paz Department in the southwest, and Beni Department in the southeast.

Population
The population of Federico Román Province has increased by 50% over the recent two decades:
1992: 8,097 inhabitants (census)
2001: 9,521 inhabitants (census)
2005: 11,220 inhabitants (est.)
2010: 12,290 inhabitants (est.)

49.8% of the population are younger than 15 years old. (1992)

99.3% of the population speak Spanish, 0.7% speak Quechua, 0.1% Aymara, and 5.6 speak other indigenous languages. (1992)

The literacy rate of the province's population is 82.4%. (1992)

94.7% of the population have no access to electricity, 71.8% have no sanitary facilities. (1992)

80.2% of the population are Catholics, 18.8% are Protestants. (1992)

Division
The province comprises three municipios:
Puerto Gonzalo Moreno Municipality – 4,714 inhabitants (2005)
San Lorenzo Municipality – 4.018 inhabitants
El Sena Municipality – 2.488 inhabitants

Places of interest
 Manuripi-Heath Amazonian Wildlife National Reserve

References

External links
Population data (Spanish)
Social data (Spanish)

Provinces of Pando Department


Tekmal is a village, and Mandal in Medak District in Telangana, India. It is 140 km to the north of Hyderabad.

Geography
Tekmal is located near Jogipet at . It has an average elevation of 455 metres (1496 feet).

References

Villages in Medak district


Lengthens FC are a football club who play in the Zimbabwe Premier Soccer League.

Performance in CAF competitions
CAF Confederation Cup: 1 appearance
2010 – First Round

Association football clubs established in 2002
Football clubs in Zimbabwe
2002 establishments in Zimbabwe


Plasmon biscuits are a biscuit containing plasmon, a proprietary dried milk. The manufacturers claimed that  of plasmon equalled  of milk.  Plasmon was manufactured by the International Plasmon Company and was added to a number of different products to make Plasmon Oats, Plasmon Cocoa and Plasmon Biscuits. Plasmon biscuits are still manufactured in Italy by the H. J. Heinz Company.

History

Plasmon biscuits were popular around the turn of the 20th century and were considered a health food. They were used by Ernest Shackleton in his Antarctic Expedition of 1902.  On Christmas Day he wrote "Had a hot lunch. I was cook: – Bovril, chocolate and plasmon biscuit, two spoonfuls of jam each. Grand!". A variety of plasmon biscuit, said to be like digestives, was also made by Jacob's in 1915.

Plasmon itself was a powder, milk albumen, which could be mixed into various other foods to make it palatable. Plasmon consumption was advocated by the physical culture and vegetarian communities the early 20th-century. It was marketed as a food to gain muscle and strength. In 1901, Eugen Sandow stated that "Plasmon is the essential food I have so long wish for and I would never be without it". Adverts for Plasmon often contained pseudoscientific health claims that promoted concepts of masculinity.

Victor Whitechurch's fictional vegetarian detective Thorpe Hazell ate them daily. The journal of actress Ellen Terry records that George Bernard Shaw "generally dined off a plasmon biscuit and a bean!".  George Strachey Fawle (1856–1936), a director of the International Plasmon Company (Ltd.), said he attributed his recovery from serious illness to plasmon. Samuel L. Clemens (Mark Twain) was an investor in the company and also promoted the powder's health benefits. He ate it daily himself, induced various members of his family to take it in its more palatable forms and kept the reading table by his bed well stocked with a variety of the products, inviting callers to try a sample. J.Y.M. MacAlister, another investor in the company, and Clemens are credited by Clemens' biographer, Albert Paine, with convincing the Medical Director-General of the British Army to adopt plasmon as a food for convalescent soldiers during the Second Boer War.

In a letter to William Dean Howells, Clemens advised: "Yes—take it as a medicine—there is nothing better, nothing surer of desired results. If you wish to be elaborate—which isn't necessary—put a couple of heaping teaspoonfuls of the powder in an inch of milk & stir until it is a paste; put in some more milk and stir the paste to a thin gruel; then fill up the glass and drink. Or, stir it into your soup. Or, into your oatmeal. Or, use any method you like, so's you get it down—that is the only essential." Paine himself was urged to try the various products and reports that one of its more palatable forms was the "preparation of chocolate".

In Italy, the Plasmon Society, founded initially as the Italian Plasmon Syndicate in 1902 until its renaming in 1916, based in Milan, would grow to prominence during the interwar period and after World War II, going from importing and marketing pure plasmon, to producing and selling plasmon biscuits, plasmon pasta, and plasmon chocolate. They would later be acquired by the H. J. Heinz Company in 1963, renamed to Plasmon Dietetic Food in 1976, and directly incorporated into the company by 1995, still producing its products such as its Plasmon biscuits to this day.

In Serbia, it is often said that following the acquisition of the Plasmon Society by Heinz, mass layoffs occurred at the factories which operated at the time, with one of the workers laid-off, Petar Tutavac (1934-2022), deciding to return to his native hometown of Požarevac and setting in motion the foundation of the Serbian food company Bambi a.d. and the creation of its popular Plazma biscuits in 1967 and 1968 respectively, sold as Lane biscuits outside of former Yugoslavia to avoid further litigation from Heinz. This origin story however has been disputed by Bambi's founder, Momčilo Filipović, who explained in an interview how Plazma's creation stemmed from his ambition to expand Leskovac’s wheat mill into biscuit production, an idea which was not met with much enthusiasm by the city, which wanted to develop its more traditional textiles industry instead. After acquiring the rights and technology from Italian producers after lengthy negotiations, Bambi was set up in Požarevac, and Tutovac, in actuality a master-baker from a small biscuit factory in Croatia, was brought on board, only to rise up to become the technical director.

References

Biscuit brands
Biscuits
Italian brands
Heinz brands


Dhimitër Tutulani (19 March 1857 – 1937), also known as Taq Tutulani or Dhimitraq Tutulani, was an Albanian lawyer and politician from city of Berat. He was one of the signatories of the Albanian Declaration of Independence.

Life
Dhimitër Tutulani was born in the Goricë neighbourhood of Berat, on 19 March 1857, in a relatively rich Aromanian family. His family roots originated from Vithkuq, near Korçë, having been settled there after they left Voskopojë. Tutulani family had settled to Berat and since then had been merchants. Certain old toponyms in Berat, i.e. "Ara e Tutulanëve" (Tutulani's field) or "Çezma e Tutulanit" (Tutulani's drinking fountain) give hints on the economical state and prestige of the family.
After finishing the first studies in his home town, he finished the Zosimea high school in Yannina where he learned several foreign languages, and later studied at the University of Athens where he graduated in jurisprudence. During his studies he got in touch with the philosophies of Illuminism and Humanism, which had been the precursors of the freedom movements throughout the Balkans. Tutulani returned home and opened a law firm, working as a lawyer. He married Marie Nova from the Kala neighborhood of the town. The couple had a son and two daughters.

Tutulani joined the intellectual and patriotic circles in Berat, cooperating with Jorgji (Dudë) Karbunara, Sulo Resuli, Llambi Goxhomani, Jorgji Manushi, Nyzhet Vrioni. On 22 December 1908, the patriotic club "Bashkimi" ("The Union"), opened in Berat, being one of the many with the same name among Albanian towns and colonies. The club gathered patriotic elements from various social groups, which performed patriotic activities while being masked as cultural ones. Tutulani would soon become one of the strongest and more eloquent voices inside the club.
In 1911, the Committee of Albanians for Defending the National Rights () was formed in Berat. It was led by a Consulting Counsel (), while on 23 July 1912 the Assembly of Sinjë would take place. The Assembly went along with the Albanian Revolt of 1912 and came out with political demands, including the Autonomy of Albania. Tutulani's active role in all events brought him to being chosen as a delegate at the Assembly of Vlora together with Jorgji Karbunara and Iliaz Vrioni, which would culminate with the Albanian Declaration of Independence on 28 November 1912. Tutulani was a signatory, signing as Dh. Tout.

Six years later, in December 1918, he was elected delegate of Berat at the Congress of Durrës which took place during 25–27 December. The congress was a serious endeavor in establishing a continuity in the newly created Albanian state after World War I, and came out with a provisional government. Two years later, he was again delegate, this time at the Congress of Lushnje which would establish the territorial and political sovereignty of Albania.

Tutulani has left traces in the social and cultural perspective as well. He was a delegate at the Congress of Berat. This time the congress was about the declaration of the Orthodox Autocephalous Church of Albania. It was held on 10 September 1922 inside a school in the Mangalem neighborhood. Fan Noli and other patriotic religious (orthodox) figures came out with the decision which disconnect the Albanian church from the Church of Constantinople, and the Albanian orthodox population from the Greek influence under the moto '"Free church in a free state"' (). Tutulani served for 35 years as member of Dhimogjerondia in the Metropolis of Berat until his death.

He also server in a few public positions. In 1923 he was elected vice prefect, and in January 1925 he became Mayor of Berat. In the first local elections of the town, held in May 1922, he was a member of the Election Commission. In 1930, he was voted as Permanent Council Members from the Municipal Assembly of Berat. He also served in civic administrative organizations.

Tutulani died in his beloved town of Berat, having written a will stating that part of his wealth should go to the town, for improving education, infrastructure, and helping those in need.

Dhimiter Tutulani was the father of Miltiadh Tutulani, member of Albanian Senate 1922-1923, Albanian Minister of Justice of Ahmet Zogu's government September 1925 - September 1928, Minister of Finances of Koço Kota's governments of September 1928 - January 1929, and January 1929 - March 1930, and Minister of Justice of Pandeli Evangjeli's government of January 1933 - October 1935.
His grandson and granddaughter Kristaq & Margarita Tutulani were nationalist and anti-fascist activists during World War II, and were arrested, tortured, and execute by the Italians in the Gosë village near Kavajë in July 1943. Both are awarded "People's Hero" ().

References

19th-century Albanian politicians
20th-century Albanian politicians
Activists of the Albanian National Awakening
Signatories of the Albanian Declaration of Independence
1857 births
1937 deaths
People from Berat
Aromanians from the Ottoman Empire
Albanian people of Aromanian descent
Albanian philanthropists
Zosimaia School alumni
All-Albanian Congress delegates
Congress of Durrës delegates


Babë Dud Karbunara (22 April 1842 – 19 December 1917), born Jorgji Karbunara was an Albanian teacher and politician. He was one of the signatories of the Albanian Declaration of Independence.

Early life

His grandfather had moved from Trozhar near Tërpan to Berat, where his son Theodhor later worked as a gold work embroiderer. Babë Dud Karbunara, son of Theodhor, was born as Jorgji Karbunara on April 22, 1842 in the Kala neighborhood of Berat. He initially studied in Corfu and later continued his studies in Trieste.

Career
During the League of Prizren era he started an emigre branch of the organization in Corfu. Karbunara's activism primarily focused on the opening of Albanian-language schools in his native region, Berat. Karbunara's activity as a teacher of Albanian was banned in the 1890s and it led to his house being burnt by Ottoman agents on September 14, 1894. After the establishment of the 1908 constitution, along with other Rilindas of the city, he opened two Albanian-language schools in Berat. During the Albanian Revolt of 1912 he organized the assembly of Sinjë, where the rebel bands of southern Albania signed the memorandum of Sinjë, a list of demands regarding Albanian rights in the Ottoman state.

In November 1912, he participated as a delegate and signatory of Berat in the Assembly of Vlorë, in which the independence of Albania was declared and a national congress was formed. The deputies of the national congress also elected eighteen delegates of the assembly to form the Albanian Senate, of which Ajdin Draga was a member as a senator of Berat. On June 30, 1914 he was attacked by pro-Ottoman Islamic rebels led by Essadist Musa Qazimi. He was brutally beaten after being questioned "Are you Albanian or Osman (Ottoman)?", and after answering "Albanian, just like you are".

Death
He died on December 19, 1917 and was buried in the cemetery of St. George's church of the city. The ceremony was held in Mangalem neighborhood church, with a huge participation of the town's population. Vatra's musical band came from Boston to pay respect to him at his grave.

Honours
In 1937, a bust of Karbunara by sculptor Dhimitër Çani was presented in Berat, while during the Communist era he was posthumously awarded the Mësues i Popullit (English: Teacher of the People) medal.
Today, a high school in Berat keeps the name "Babë Dud Karbunara" in his honour.

References

1842 births
1917 deaths
Signatories of the Albanian Declaration of Independence
People from Berat
19th-century Albanian politicians
20th-century Albanian politicians
Albanian people from the Ottoman Empire
Eastern Orthodox Christians from Albania
19th-century Albanian educators
20th-century Albanian educators
All-Albanian Congress delegates


Norwood Hills Country Club, formerly known as North Hills Country Club, is a country club located in Jennings, Missouri.  Norwood Hills Country Club has a rich tradition and history dating back to the 1920s, when Norwood found its beginning as North Hills Country Club. It has an excellent youth golf program, and is the home course to Lutheran High School North. Norwood is very youth oriented and friendly. It is also known for its high value to cost ratio compared to other area country clubs. The club has hosted many prestigious events including the National Left-Handed Golfer's Championship in 1936 and 1940, the PGA Championship in 1948 won by Ben Hogan, the LPGA Tour's St. Louis Women's Invitational from 1965 to 1969, the PGA Tour's Greater St. Louis Golf Classic in 1972 and 1973, the U.S. Senior Amateur in 2001, and the U.S. Women's Mid-Amateur in 2018, and the Ascension Charity Classic in 2021.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.

References

External links
Official site

Buildings and structures completed in 1922
Golf clubs and courses in Missouri
Buildings and structures in St. Louis County, Missouri
Clubhouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Missouri
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Missouri
National Register of Historic Places in St. Louis County, Missouri
Event venues on the National Register of Historic Places in Missouri
Golf clubs and courses on the National Register of Historic Places
1922 establishments in Missouri
Sports venues on the National Register of Historic Places in Missouri


Xhelal Bey Koprëncka (187621 October 1919) was an Albanian politician. He was one of the signatories of the Albanian Declaration of Independence.

References

Signatories of the Albanian Declaration of Independence
1919 deaths
People from Skrapar
All-Albanian Congress delegates
Congress of Durrës delegates
Albanian politicians
1876 births


Hajredin Cakrani (1860 – 1940) was a 19th-century Albanian politician. He was one of the signatories of the Albanian Declaration of Independence and a member of the senate of the Independent Albania.

Charity work

The Cakrani Family and humanitarian aid after 1920

This is from the diary of a member of a prominent family, Hajredin Bey Cakrani, who was based in Cakran, Fier, South of Albania. He was one of three brothers called Bektash, Hajredin and Sulo Bey. They formed The Cakrani Foundation which was active in Albania from 1920.
Initially, The Cakrani Foundation provided humanitarian aid for refugees affected by the Spanish Flu, the Balkan Wars and World War One. Later, it supported poor children through offering scholarships during King Zog’s reign, and saved all Jewish refugees who lived in Berat after the German occupation of Albania in September 1943.
The family helped refugees from Kosovo between the year 1932-1935 after King Zog had sent most of them to settle in Fier, around the Seman river. All Albanian-Kosovars who now live in that part of Albania are the descendants of the Kosovar refugees of the year 1932-1935.
The Cakrani Foundation tried to aid The Perugia Division, which numbered 8,000 in total after the Italian capitulation in September 1943. They rescued 500 of them and hid them in Mallakaster, where with the family’s help they built a camp, which also functioned as a hospital.
Kujtim Cakrani a leading officer of Balli Kombetar, managed to hide all the Jewish families in Lushnja and Mallakaster. To stop people denouncing the Jews, Kadri Cakrani gave a roof to all of the families who they found in Berat.
The level of humanitarian aid offered by this one family to people who needed it in Albania from 1914-1944 is extraordinary. All the help offered and given came from their own pockets. This family had to stop their help to the ones who were most in need in early 1945, following the persecution of the family by the communists.
Today, The Cakrani Foundation has been renewed since 2000. It offers similar help to the original foundation to the ones that need it most. This foundation is run by the lawyer Kujtim Cakrani, who is a descendant of the original Cakrani family.

Spanish flu aid relief
Here is a quote taken from the Hajredin Bej’s diary, a book published in Albanian by the historian Kastriot Bimo, stating:
“We returned back home and saw refugees on the way which possibly are as a result of the flu and the victims of the Greeks, who have burnt down their villages, and 50-100 souls are dying every day, which is not a inconsiderable loss of life. We have been told that this flu is spread across Europe, and it’s killing people en masse. Refugees, we have been told, have come via Vlora and from both sides of Vjosa river. This is the last we needed at this time for our nation. I can easily call this a tragedy. We didn’t wait for the summer, but got together with all the local notables and appealed to everyone to collect things for the refugees, like clothes, food and money, and we as brothers to get this done, decided to give this responsibility to our ladies. Also, we have instructed our servants to help with this”.
According to Marigo Posio’s chronicle of the times, the contribution of the Cakrani brothers, Hajredin, Sule and Bektash Bey, and their family to the refugees they were able to help was fourteen cows, 120 sheep, 200 Francs in money and clothes.

References
WWI and Spanish flu victims Albania 1918
Albanian Jewish refugees
Kosovan refugees in Albania 1932-1935
King Zog of Albania
WWII Jewish Refugee Albania and Perugia Division

19th-century Albanian people
Signatories of the Albanian Declaration of Independence
Members of the Parliament of Albania
All-Albanian Congress delegates
Congress of Durrës delegates
1860 births
1940 deaths
Albanian people from the Ottoman Empire


Qemal bej Mullai (1882 - 1966) was a 20th-century Albanian politician. He was one of the signatories of the Albanian Declaration of Independence.

References

Albanian people from the Ottoman Empire
Signatories of the Albanian Declaration of Independence
1882 births
1966 deaths
All-Albanian Congress delegates
People from Berat


Ferid Vokopola (18 August 1887–28 June 1969) was an Albanian politician, theologist, translator and delegate of Lushnjë in the Assembly of Vlora held on 28 November 1912, and one of the 40 signatories of the Albanian Declaration of Independence.

Life
He was born on August 18, 1887, in the village of Vokopole in the southern part of Berat County now known as the Dimal municipality, then part of the Ottoman Empire. Born into the Vokopola family with the same name as their place of origin, this makes Ferid a relative to Ilias Vrioni (and his son Jusuf Vrioni) who maternally is from Vokopole and the Vokopola family, his mother's name being Hysnije Vokopola. The Vokopola family were landowners that had their chifliks in the surroundings of Vokopolë. In the early 19th century, his family moved to the city of Berat, where he completed his elementary schooling. He completed high school in Istanbul, where he later also completed his university studies in law and economics. After finishing school, he returned to Berat and lived for several years in the city, where he served as a lawyer.In November 1912, he was elected delegate of Lushnjë in the National Assembly of Vlora, and he was the youngest among all participants. He signed the Declaration of Independence with the initials "M. Ferit Vokopola". He was among the signatories of Independence and a delegate of Vlora.

In 1920, he was one of the organizers of the Congress of Lushnjë. He was among the founders of the Madrasah of Tirana and a collaborator with the secular and religious press. He was the first to translate the Quran from English into Albanian. In 1914, he was Minister of Agriculture. During this time, he developed the rules for the translation of the Quran. He was a prominent representative of Islamic Mysticism in Albania in the first half of the 20th century, and was ranked as one of the most important Albanian scholars specializing in Persian studies. He was a well-known figure in his time. In 192–1928, he was elected Member of Parliament of Vlora, and during the years 192–1939, he was Member of Parliament of Berat. He was the fifth secretary of the Congress of Lushnjë. He wrote  to the members of Congress. He was a very successful politician, economist, theologian, poet, philosopher, and essayist.

References

19th-century Albanian politicians
20th-century Albanian politicians
Signatories of the Albanian Declaration of Independence
1887 births
1969 deaths
People from Berat
People from Janina vilayet
Government ministers of Albania
Agriculture ministers of Albania
Members of the Parliament of Albania
Albanian economists
All-Albanian Congress delegates
Congress of Lushnjë delegates
Translators of the Quran into Albanian
Sufi poets
Turkish–Albanian translators
20th-century translators
Istanbul University Faculty of Law alumni


Nebi Sefa (1861 - 2 November 1942) was a 19th-century Albanian politician. He was one of the signatories of the Albanian Declaration of Independence.

References

19th-century Albanian people
Signatories of the Albanian Declaration of Independence
Albanian politicians
1861 births
1942 deaths
People from Lushnjë
All-Albanian Congress delegates
Politicians from the Ottoman Empire
Albanian people from the Ottoman Empire


Abdyl Aziz Vehbi Dibra Agolli (12 March 186724 March 1937) was an Albanian Islamic scholar and politician. He served as the first grand mufti of the Muslim Community of Albania.

He was a delegate of Dibër at the Albanian Declaration of Independence. He was elected as chairman of the Elderly Assembly, the precursor to what is today the Parliament of Albania and the first Grand Mufti of the Muslim Community of Albania from 1920 to 1929. Vehbi Dibra will also be remembered as the main organizer of the Congress of Dibra.

Life
Vehbi Agolli was born in the city of Dibra on 12 March 1867 to Ahmet Effendi Agolli, mufti of Upper Debre. He studied Islamic theology, law and philosophy and was appointed mufti of Dibër. In 1909, he was elected chairman of the Congress of Dibër, a precursor assembly of the Albanian Revolt of 1910. In November 1912, he participated as a delegate of Dibër in the Assembly of Vlorë, in which the independence of Albania was declared and a national congress was formed. The deputies of the national congress also elected eighteen delegates of the assembly to form the Albanian Senate, of which Vehbi Dibra was the first chairman.

In order to favourably influence the part of the Sunni community that based its view towards the declaration of independence of Albania on the clergy, he presented a fatwā and saluted the declaration as God's gift. A member of the reformist faction of the Sunni community of Albania, in 1920 he was elected to head it as Grand Mufti. During his tenure which lasted until 1929, the waqf properties were documented and registered, the administration was centralized and the religious services reached normalization. Dibra also began the publication of the weekly journal Zani i Naltë and introduced the use of Albanian in religious ceremonies.

References

19th-century Albanian politicians
20th-century Albanian politicians
Grand Muftis of Albania
Signatories of the Albanian Declaration of Independence
1867 births
1937 deaths
Albanian publishers (people)
People from Debar
People from Scutari vilayet
People from Manastir vilayet
All-Albanian Congress delegates
Congress of Dibër delegates