This is a list of the native wild mammal species recorded in Central America. Central America is usually defined as the southernmost extension of North America; however, from a biological standpoint it is useful to view it as a separate region of the Americas. Central America is distinct from the remainder of North America in being a tropical region, part of the Neotropical realm, whose flora and fauna display a strong South American influence. The rest of North America is mostly subtropical or temperate, belongs to the Nearctic realm, and has far fewer species of South American origin.

At present Central America bridges North and South America, facilitating migrations in both directions, but this phenomenon is relatively recent from a geological perspective. The formation of this land bridge through volcanic activity three million years ago precipitated the Great American Interchange, an important biogeographical event. In part because of this history, Central America is extremely biodiverse; it comprises most of the Mesoamerican biodiversity hotspot. The mountains running down the spine of Central America have also contributed to biodiversity by creating montane habitats, including cloud forests and grasslands, and by separating species from the lowlands along the Pacific and Caribbean coasts. However, Central America's biodiversity suffered a blow in the Quaternary extinction event, which started around 12,500 cal BP, at roughly the time of arrival of Paleoindians; much of the megafauna died out at this time. The effects of modern human activities on climate and ecosystem integrity pose a further threat to Central America's fauna.

This list consists of those mammal species found from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec to the northwestern border of Colombia, a region including the Mexican states of Chiapas, Tabasco, Campeche, Yucatán and Quintana Roo, and the nations of Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama. As of May 2012, the list contains 378 species, 177 genera, 47 families and 13 orders. Of the taxa from nonflying, nonmarine groups (203 species, 91 genera, 31 families and 10 orders), those of South American origin (opossums, xenarthrans, monkeys and caviomorph rodents) comprise 21% of species, 34% of genera, 52% of families and 50% of orders. Thus, South America's contribution to Central America's biodiversity is fairly modest at the species level, but substantial at higher taxonomic levels. In comparison to South America, a famously biodiverse continent, Central America has 27% as many species, 51% as many genera, 81% as many families and 86% as many orders (considering noncetacean taxa only), while having only 4.3% of the land area.

Of the species, two are extinct, eleven are critically endangered, thirteen are endangered, twenty are vulnerable, twenty are near threatened, thirty-five are data deficient and five are not yet evaluated. Mammal species presumed extinct since AD 1500 (two cases) are included. Domestic species and introduced species are not listed.

Note: this list is almost inevitably going to be incomplete, since new species are continually being recognized via discovery or reclassification. Places to check for missing species include the Wikipedia missing mammal species list, including recently removed entries, and the species listings in the articles for mammalian genera, especially those of small mammals such as rodents or bats.

The following tags are used to highlight each species' conservation status as assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature; those on the left are used here, those in the second column in some other articles:

The IUCN status of the listed species was last updated between November 2008 and March 2009.

Subclass: Theria

Infraclass: Metatheria

Marsupials are an infraclass of pouched mammals that was once more widely distributed. Today they are found primarily in isolated or formerly isolated continents of Gondwanan origin. Those of Central America are relatively recent immigrants from South America. Central America's 10 extant genera compares with 22 in South America, 1 in North America north of Mexico, 52 in Australia, 28 in New Guinea and 2 in Sulawesi. South American marsupials are thought to be ancestral to those of Australia and elsewhere.

Superorder: Ameridelphia

Order: Didelphimorphia (common opossums)

Didelphimorphia is the order of common opossums of the Western Hemisphere. Opossums probably diverged from the basic South American marsupials in the late Cretaceous or early Paleocene. They are small to medium-sized marsupials, about the size of a large house cat, with a long snout and prehensile tail.

Family: Didelphidae (American opossums)
Subfamily: Caluromyinae
Genus: Caluromys
 Derby's woolly opossum, C. derbianus
Subfamily: Didelphinae
Genus: Chironectes
 Water opossum, Chironectes minimus
Genus: Didelphis
 Common opossum, Didelphis marsupialis
 Virginia opossum, Didelphis virginiana
Genus: Marmosa
Subgenus: Exulomarmosa
 Isthmian mouse opossum, Marmosa isthmica
 Mexican mouse opossum, Marmosa mexicana
 Robinson's mouse opossum, Marmosa robinsoni
 Marmosa zeledoni NE
Subgenus: Micoureus
 Alston's mouse opossum, Marmosa alstoni
Genus: Marmosops
 Panama slender opossum, Marmosops invictus
Genus: Metachirus
 Brown four-eyed opossum, Metachirus nudicaudatus
Genus: Monodelphis
 Sepia short-tailed opossum, Monodelphis adusta
Genus: Philander
 Gray four-eyed opossum, Philander opossum
Genus: Tlacuatzin
 Grayish mouse opossum, Tlacuatzin canescens

Infraclass: Eutheria

Superorder Afrotheria

Order: Sirenia (manatees and dugongs)

Sirenia is an order of fully aquatic, herbivorous mammals that inhabit rivers, estuaries, coastal marine waters, swamps, and marine wetlands. All four extant species are endangered. They evolved about 50 million years ago, and their closest living relatives are elephants. The manatees are the only extant afrotherians in the Americas. However, a number proboscid species, some of which survived until the arrival of Paleoindians, once inhabited the region. Mammoths, mastodons and gomphotheres all reached Central America.

Family: Trichechidae
Genus: Trichechus
 West Indian manatee, Trichechus manatus VU

Superorder Xenarthra

Order: Cingulata (armadillos)

The armadillos are small mammals with a bony armored shell. Two of 21 extant species are present in Central America; the remainder are only found in South America, where they originated. Their much larger relatives, the pampatheres and glyptodonts, once lived in North and South America but became extinct following the appearance of humans.

Family: Dasypodidae (long-nosed armadillos)
Subfamily: Dasypodinae
Genus: Dasypus
 Nine-banded armadillo, D. novemcinctus LC
Family: Chlamyphoridae (armadillos)
Subfamily: Tolypeutinae
Genus: Cabassous
 Northern naked-tailed armadillo, C. centralis DD

Order: Pilosa (sloths and anteaters)

The order Pilosa is confined to the Americas and contains the tree sloths and anteaters (which include the tamanduas). Although their ancestral home is South America, all 5 extant genera and 6 of 10 extant species are present in Central America. Numerous ground sloths, some of which reached the size of elephants, were once present in both North and South America, as well as on the Antilles, but all went extinct following the arrival of humans. Extant two-toed sloths are more closely related to some extinct ground sloths than to three-toed sloths.

Suborder: Folivora
Family: Bradypodidae (three-toed sloths)
Genus: Bradypus
 Pygmy three-toed sloth, Bradypus pygmaeus CR
 Brown-throated sloth, Bradypus variegatus LC
Family: Choloepodidae (two-toed sloths)
Genus: Choloepus
 Hoffmann's two-toed sloth, Choloepus hoffmanni LC
Suborder: Vermilingua
Family: Cyclopedidae (silky anteaters)
Genus: Cyclopes
 Silky anteater, C. didactylus  LC
Central American silky anteater, C. dorsalis
Family: Myrmecophagidae (American anteaters)
Genus: Myrmecophaga
 Giant anteater, Myrmecophaga tridactyla VU
Genus: Tamandua
 Northern tamandua, Tamandua mexicana LC

Superorder Euarchontoglires

Order: Primates

The order Primates includes the lemurs, monkeys, and apes, with the latter category including humans. It is divided into four main groupings: strepsirrhines, tarsiers, monkeys of the New World (parvorder Platyrrhini), and monkeys and apes of the Old World. Central America's 6 genera of nonhuman primates compares with 20 in South America, 15 in Madagascar, 23 in Africa and 19 in Asia. Central American monkeys are recent immigrants from South America, where their ancestors arrived after rafting over from Africa 25 million years ago.

Parvorder: Platyrrhini (New World monkeys)
Family: Aotidae (night monkeys)
Genus: Aotus
 Panamanian night monkey, Aotus zonalis DD – may be A. lemurinus VU subspecies
Family: Callitrichidae (marmosets and tamarins)
Genus: Saguinus
 Geoffroy's tamarin, Saguinus geoffroyi LC
Family: Cebidae (capuchin and squirrel monkeys)
Subfamily: Cebinae
Genus: Cebus
 Colombian white-faced capuchin, Cebus capucinus LC
 Panamanian white-faced capuchin, Cebus imitator NE
Subfamily: Saimiriinae
Genus: Saimiri
 Central American squirrel monkey, Saimiri oerstedii VU
Family: Atelidae (howler, spider and woolly monkeys)
Subfamily: Alouattinae
Genus: Alouatta
 Coiba Island howler, Alouatta coibensis VU – may be A. palliata subspecies
 Mantled howler, Alouatta palliata LC
 Guatemalan black howler, Alouatta pigra EN
Subfamily: Atelinae
Genus: Ateles
 Black-headed spider monkey, Ateles fusciceps CR
 Geoffroy's spider monkey, Ateles geoffroyi EN

Order: Rodentia (rodents)

Rodents make up the largest order of mammals, with over 40% of mammalian species. They have two incisors in the upper and lower jaw which grow continually and must be kept short by gnawing. Most rodents are small, although the capybara can weigh up to . Central America's 11 species of caviomorph rodents (10% of its total rodent species) are recent immigrants from South America, where their ancestors washed ashore after rafting across the Atlantic from Africa over 30 million years ago. The remainder of Central America's rodents are of Nearctic origin. Ancestral sigmodontine rodents apparently island-hopped from Central America to South America 5 or more million years ago, prior to the formation of the Panamanian land bridge. They went on to diversify explosively, and now comprise 60% of South America's rodent species, while only making up 27% of Central America's.

Suborder: Hystricomorpha
Parvorder: Caviomorpha
Family: Erethizontidae (New World porcupines)
Subfamily: Erethizontinae
Genus: Coendou
 Andean porcupine, Coendou quichua DD
 Rothschild's porcupine, Coendou rothschildi LC
 Mexican hairy dwarf porcupine, Coendou mexicanus LC
Family: Caviidae (guinea pigs)
Subfamily: Hydrochoerinae (capybaras and rock cavies)
Genus: Hydrochoerus
 Lesser capybara, Hydrochoerus isthmius DD
Family: Dasyproctidae
Genus: Dasyprocta
 Coiban agouti, Dasyprocta coibae VU
 Mexican agouti, Dasyprocta mexicana CR
 Central American agouti, Dasyprocta punctata LC
 Ruatan Island agouti, Dasyprocta ruatanica EN
Family: Cuniculidae
Genus: Cuniculus
 Lowland paca, Cuniculus paca LC
Family: Echimyidae
Subfamily: Echimyinae
Genus: Diplomys
 Rufous soft-furred spiny-rat, Diplomys labilis LC
Subfamily: Eumysopinae
Genus: Hoplomys
 Armored rat, Hoplomys gymnurus LC
Genus: Proechimys
 Tome's spiny-rat, Proechimys semispinosus LC
Family: Capromyidae
Subfamily: Capromyinae
Genus: Geocapromys
 Little Swan Island hutia, †Geocapromys thoracatus EX

Suborder: Sciuromorpha
Family: Sciuridae (squirrels)
Subfamily: Sciurinae
Tribe: Sciurini
Genus: Microsciurus
 Central American dwarf squirrel, Microsciurus alfari LC
 Western dwarf squirrel, Microsciurus mimulus LC
Genus: Sciurus
 Mexican gray squirrel, Sciurus aureogaster VU
 Deppe's squirrel, Sciurus deppei LC
 Red-tailed squirrel, Sciurus granatensis LC
 Richmond's squirrel, Sciurus richmondi NT
 Variegated squirrel, Sciurus variegatoides LC
 Yucatan squirrel, Sciurus yucatanensis LC
Genus: Syntheosciurus
 Bangs's mountain squirrel, Syntheosciurus brochus NT
Suborder: Castorimorpha
Family: Geomyidae
Genus: Orthogeomys
 Chiriqui pocket gopher, Orthogeomys cavator LC
 Cherrie's pocket gopher, Orthogeomys cherriei LC
 Oaxacan pocket gopher, Orthogeomys cuniculus DD
 Darien pocket gopher, Orthogeomys dariensis LC
 Giant pocket gopher, Orthogeomys grandis LC
 Variable pocket gopher, Orthogeomys heterodus LC
 Hispid pocket gopher, Orthogeomys hispidus LC
 Nicaraguan pocket gopher, Orthogeomys matagalpae LC
 Underwood's pocket gopher, Orthogeomys underwoodi LC
Family: Heteromyidae
Subfamily: Heteromyinae
Genus: Heteromys
 Panamanian spiny pocket mouse, Heteromys adspersus LC
 Southern spiny pocket mouse, Heteromys australis LC
 Desmarest's spiny pocket mouse, Heteromys desmarestianus LC
 Gaumer's spiny pocket mouse, Heteromys gaumeri LC
 Nelson's spiny pocket mouse, Heteromys nelsoni EN
 Cloud-dwelling spiny pocket mouse, Heteromys nubicolens NE
 Mountain spiny pocket mouse, Heteromys oresterus LC
 Painted spiny pocket mouse, Heteromys pictus LC
 Salvin's spiny pocket mouse, Heteromys salvini LC

Suborder: Myomorpha
Family: Cricetidae
Subfamily: Arvicolinae
Genus: Microtus
 Guatemalan vole, Microtus guatemalensis NT
Subfamily: Tylomyinae
Genus: Nyctomys
 Sumichrast's vesper rat, Nyctomys sumichrasti LC
Genus: Otonyctomys
 Hatt's vesper rat, Otonyctomys hatti LC
Genus: Ototylomys
 Big-eared climbing rat, Ototylomys phyllotis LC
Genus: Tylomys
 Chiapan climbing rat, Tylomys bullaris CR
 Fulvous-bellied climbing rat, Tylomys fulviventer DD
 Peters's climbing rat, Tylomys nudicaudus LC
 Panamanian climbing rat, Tylomys panamensis DD
 Tumbala climbing rat, Tylomys tumbalensis CR
 Watson's climbing rat, Tylomys watsoni LC
Subfamily: Neotominae
Genus: Baiomys
 Southern pygmy mouse, Baiomys musculus LC
Genus: Habromys
 Crested-tailed deermouse, Habromys lophurus NT
Genus: Isthmomys
 Yellow isthmus rat, Isthmomys flavidus NT
 Mount Pirri isthmus rat, Isthmomys pirrensis LC
Genus: Neotoma
 Nicaraguan woodrat, Neotoma chrysomelas LC
 Mexican woodrat, Neotoma mexicana LC
Genus: Peromyscus
 Aztec mouse, Peromyscus aztecus LC
 Big deer mouse, Peromyscus grandis NT
 Guatemalan deer mouse, Peromyscus guatemalensis LC
 Naked-eared deer mouse, Peromyscus gymnotis LC
 White-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus LC
 Nimble-footed mouse, Peromyscus levipes LC
 Plateau mouse, Peromyscus melanophrys LC
 Maya mouse, Peromyscus mayensis CR
 Mexican deer mouse, Peromyscus mexicanus LC
 Stirton's deer mouse, Peromyscus stirtoni LR
 Yucatan deer mouse, Peromyscus yucatanicus LC
 Chiapan deer mouse, Peromyscus zarhynchus VU
Genus: Reithrodontomys
 Short-nosed harvest mouse, Reithrodontomys brevirostris LC
 Chiriqui harvest mouse, Reithrodontomys creper LC
 Darien harvest mouse, Reithrodontomys darienensis LC
 Fulvous harvest mouse, Reithrodontomys fulvescens LC
 Slender harvest mouse, Reithrodontomys gracilis LC
 Mexican harvest mouse, Reithrodontomys mexicanus LC
 Small-toothed harvest mouse, Reithrodontomys microdon VU
 Nicaraguan harvest mouse, Reithrodontomys paradoxus DD
 Rodriguez's harvest mouse, Reithrodontomys rodriguezi LC
 Cozumel harvest mouse, Reithrodontomys spectabilis CR
 Sumichrast's harvest mouse, Reithrodontomys sumichrasti LC
 Narrow-nosed harvest mouse, Reithrodontomys tenuirostris VU
Genus: Scotinomys
 Alston's brown mouse, Scotinomys teguina LC
 Chiriqui brown mouse, Scotinomys xerampelinus LC
Subfamily: Sigmodontinae
Genus: Handleyomys
 Alfaro's rice rat, Handleyomys alfaroi LC
 Chapman's rice rat, Handleyomys chapmani LC
 Black-eared rice rat, Handleyomys melanotis LC
 Striped rice rat, Handleyomys rhabdops VU
 Long-nosed rice rat, Handleyomys rostratus LC
 Cloud forest rice rat, Handleyomys saturatior NT
Genus: Ichthyomys
 Tweedy's crab-eating rat, Ichthyomys tweedii DD
Genus: Melanomys
 Dusky rice rat, Melanomys caliginosus LC
Genus: Neacomys
 Painted bristly mouse, Neacomys pictus DD
Genus: Nephelomys
 Tomes's rice rat, Nephelomys albigularis LC
 Boquete rice rat, Nephelomys devius LC
Genus: Oecomys
 Bicolored arboreal rice rat, Oecomys bicolor LC
 Trinidad arboreal rice rat, Oecomys trinitatis LC
Genus: Oligoryzomys
 Fulvous pygmy rice rat, Oligoryzomys fulvescens LC
 Sprightly pygmy rice rat, Oligoryzomys vegetus LC
Genus: Oryzomys
 Coues' rice rat, Oryzomys couesi LC
 Nicaraguan rice rat, Oryzomys dimidiatus LC
Genus: Rheomys
 Goldman's water mouse, Rheomys raptor LC
 Thomas's water mouse, Rheomys thomasi NT
 Underwood's water mouse, Rheomys underwoodi LC
Genus: Rhipidomys
 Splendid climbing mouse, Rhipidomys nitela LC
 Broad-footed climbing mouse, Rhipidomys latimanus LC
Genus: Sigmodon
 Southern cotton rat, Sigmodon hirsutus LC
 Jaliscan cotton rat, Sigmodon mascotensis LC
 Toltec cotton rat, Sigmodon toltecus LC
Genus: Sigmodontomys
 Alfaro's rice water rat, Sigmodontomys alfari LC
 Harris's rice water rat, Sigmodontomys aphrastus DD
Genus: Transandinomys
 Bolivar rice rat, Transandinomys bolivaris LC
 Talamancan rice rat, Transandinomys talamancae LC
Genus: Zygodontomys
 Short-tailed cane mouse, Zygodontomys brevicauda LC

Order: Lagomorpha (lagomorphs)

The lagomorphs comprise two families, Leporidae (hares and rabbits), and Ochotonidae (pikas). Though they can resemble rodents, and were classified as a superfamily in that order until the early 20th century, they have since been considered a separate order. They differ from rodents in a number of physical characteristics, such as having four incisors in the upper jaw rather than two. Central America's lagomorph diversity is considerably less than that of Mexico as a whole, but is greater than that of South America.

Family: Leporidae (rabbits, hares)
Genus: Sylvilagus
 Dice's cottontail, Sylvilagus dicei VU
 Eastern cottontail, Sylvilagus floridanus LC
Central American tapetí, Sylvilagus gabbi LC
Northern tapetí, Sylvilagus incitatus NE
Genus: Lepus
 Tehuantepec jackrabbit, Lepus flavigularis EN

Superorder Laurasiatheria

Order: Eulipotyphla (shrews, hedgehogs, moles, and solenodons)

Eulipotyphlans are insectivorous mammals. Shrews and solenodons closely resemble mice, hedgehogs carry spines, while moles are stout-bodied burrowers. Central America's shrew diversity is comparable to that of Mexico as a whole, and is considerably greater than that of South America. Moles are not found in the Americas south of northern Mexico.

Family: Soricidae (shrews)
Subfamily: Soricinae
Genus: Cryptotis
C. mexicana group
 Mexican small-eared shrew, Cryptotis mexicana LC
 goldmani set
 Goldman's broad-clawed shrew, Cryptotis goldmani LC
 Goodwin's broad-clawed shrew, Cryptotis goodwini LC
 Guatemalan broad-clawed shrew, Cryptotis griseoventris VU
 Cryptotis lacertosus NE
 Cryptotis mam NE
C. nigrescens group
 Honduran small-eared shrew, Cryptotis hondurensis DD
 Yucatan small-eared shrew, Cryptotis mayensis LC
 Darién small-eared shrew, Cryptotis mera EN
 Merriam's small-eared shrew, Cryptotis merriami LC
 Blackish small-eared shrew, Cryptotis nigrescens LC
C. parva group
 Central American least shrew, Cryptotis orophila DD
 North American least shrew, Cryptotis parva LC
 Tropical small-eared shrew, Cryptotis tropicalis DD
ungrouped/relict
 Enders's small-eared shrew, Cryptotis endersi EN
 Talamancan small-eared shrew, Cryptotis gracilis VU
Genus: Sorex
 Subgenus: Otisorex
 Verapaz shrew, Sorex veraepacis LC
 Subgenus: incertae sedis
 Saussure's shrew, Sorex saussurei LC
 Sclater's shrew, Sorex sclateri CR
 San Cristobal shrew, Sorex stizodon CR
 Veracruz shrew, Sorex veraecrucis LC

Order: Chiroptera (bats)

The bats' most distinguishing feature is that their forelimbs are developed as wings, making them the only mammals capable of flight. Bat species account for about 20% of all mammals.

Family: Noctilionidae
Genus: Noctilio
 Lesser bulldog bat, Noctilio albiventris LC
 Greater bulldog bat, Noctilio leporinus LC
Family: Vespertilionidae
Subfamily: Myotinae
Genus: Myotis
 Silver-tipped myotis, Myotis albescens LC
 Southwestern myotis, Myotis auriculus LC
 California myotis, Myotis californicus LC
 Guatemalan myotis, Myotis cobanensis DD
 Elegant myotis, Myotis elegans LC
 Cinnamon myotis, Myotis fortidens LC
 Hairy-legged myotis, Myotis keaysi LC
 Black myotis, Myotis nigricans LC
 Montane myotis, Myotis oxyotus LC
 Riparian myotis, Myotis riparius LC
 Fringed myotis, Myotis thysanodes LC
 Cave myotis, Myotis velifer LC
Subfamily: Vespertilioninae
Genus: Bauerus
 Van Gelder's bat, Bauerus dubiaquercus NT
Genus: Eptesicus
 Little black serotine, Eptesicus andinus LC
 Brazilian brown bat, Eptesicus brasiliensis LC
 Chiriquinan serotine, Eptesicus chiriquinus LC
 Argentine brown bat, Eptesicus furinalis LC
 Big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus LC
Genus: Lasiurus
 Desert red bat, Lasiurus blossevillii LC
 Tacarcuna bat, Lasiurus castaneus DD
 Hoary bat, Lasiurus cinereus LC
 Southern yellow bat, Lasiurus ega LC
 Big red bat, Lasiurus egregius DD
 Northern yellow bat, Lasiurus intermedius LC
Genus: Pipistrellus
 Eastern pipistrelle, Pipistrellus subflavus LC
Genus: Plecotus
 Mexican big-eared bat, Plecotus mexicanus NT
Genus: Rhogeessa
 Yucatan yellow bat, Rhogeessa aeneus LC
 Genoways's yellow bat, Rhogeessa genowaysi EN
 Slender yellow bat, Rhogeessa gracilis LC
 Thomas's yellow bat, Rhogeessa io LC
 Little yellow bat, Rhogeessa parvula LC
 Black-winged little yellow bat, Rhogeessa tumida LC

Family: Molossidae
Genus: Cynomops
 Mexican dog-faced bat, Cynomops mexicanus LC
 Southern dog-faced bat, Cynomops planirostris LC
Genus: Eumops
 Black bonneted bat, Eumops auripendulus LC
 Dwarf bonneted bat, Eumops bonariensis LC
 Wagner's bonneted bat, Eumops glaucinus LC
 Sanborn's bonneted bat, Eumops hansae LC
 Underwood's bonneted bat, Eumops underwoodi LC
Genus: Molossus
 Aztec mastiff bat, Molossus aztecus LC
 Bonda mastiff bat, Molossus currentium LC
 Coiban mastiff bat, Molossus coibensis LC
 Velvety free-tailed bat, Molossus molossus LC
 Miller's mastiff bat, Molossus pretiosus LC
 Black mastiff bat, Molossus rufus LC
 Sinaloan mastiff bat, Molossus sinaloae LC
Genus: Nyctinomops
 Peale's free-tailed bat, Nyctinomops aurispinosus LC
 Broad-eared bat, Nyctinomops laticaudatus LC
 Big free-tailed bat, Nyctinomops macrotis LC
Genus: Promops
 Big crested mastiff bat, Promops centralis LC
Genus: Tadarida
 Mexican free-tailed bat, Tadarida brasiliensis LC
Family: Emballonuridae
Genus: Balantiopteryx
 Thomas's sac-winged bat, Balantiopteryx io VU
 Gray sac-winged bat, Balantiopteryx plicata LC
Genus: Cormura
 Chestnut sac-winged bat, Cormura brevirostris LC
Genus: Cyttarops
 Short-eared bat, Cyttarops alecto LC
Genus: Diclidurus
 Northern ghost bat, Diclidurus albus LC
Genus: Peropteryx
 Greater dog-like bat, Peropteryx kappleri LC
 Lesser doglike bat, Peropteryx macrotis LC
Genus: Rhynchonycteris
 Proboscis bat, Rhynchonycteris naso LC
Genus: Saccopteryx
 Greater sac-winged bat, Saccopteryx bilineata LC
 Lesser sac-winged bat, Saccopteryx leptura LC

Family: Mormoopidae
Genus: Mormoops
 Ghost-faced bat, Mormoops megalophylla LC
Genus: Pteronotus
 Davy's naked-backed bat, Pteronotus davyi LC
 Big naked-backed bat, Pteronotus gymnonotus LC
 Parnell's mustached bat, Pteronotus parnellii LC
 Wagner's mustached bat, Pteronotus personatus LC

Family: Phyllostomidae
Subfamily: Phyllostominae
Genus: Chrotopterus
 Big-eared woolly bat, Chrotopterus auritus LC
Genus: Glyphonycteris
 Davies's big-eared bat, Glyphonycteris daviesi LC
 Tricolored big-eared bat, Glyphonycteris sylvestris LC
Genus: Lampronycteris
 Yellow-throated big-eared bat, Lampronycteris brachyotis LC
Genus: Lonchorhina
 Tomes's sword-nosed bat, Lonchorhina aurita LC
Genus: Lophostoma
 Pygmy round-eared bat, Lophostoma brasiliense LC
 Davis's round-eared bat, Lophostoma evotis LC
 White-throated round-eared bat, Lophostoma silvicolum LC
Genus: Macrophyllum
 Long-legged bat, Macrophyllum macrophyllum LC
Genus: Macrotus
 Waterhouse's leaf-nosed bat, Macrotus waterhousii LC
Genus: Micronycteris
 Hairy big-eared bat, Micronycteris hirsuta LC
 White-bellied big-eared bat, Micronycteris minuta LC
 Schmidts's big-eared bat, Micronycteris schmidtorum LC
Genus: Mimon
 Cozumelan golden bat, Mimon cozumelae LC
 Striped hairy-nosed bat, Mimon crenulatum LC
Genus: Phylloderma
 Pale-faced bat, Phylloderma stenops LC
Genus: Phyllostomus
 Pale spear-nosed bat, Phyllostomus discolor LC
 Greater spear-nosed bat, Phyllostomus hastatus LC
Genus: Tonatia
 Stripe-headed round-eared bat, Tonatia saurophila LC
Genus: Trachops
 Fringe-lipped bat, Trachops cirrhosus LC
Genus: Trinycteris
 Niceforo's big-eared bat, Trinycteris nicefori LC
Genus: Vampyrum
 Spectral bat, Vampyrum spectrum NT
Subfamily: Glossophaginae
Genus: Anoura
 Handley's tailless bat, Anoura cultrata NT
 Geoffroy's tailless bat, Anoura geoffroyi LC
Genus: Choeroniscus
 Godman's long-tailed bat, Choeroniscus godmani LC
Genus: Choeronycteris
 Mexican long-tongued bat, Choeronycteris mexicana NT
Genus: Glossophaga
 Commissaris's long-tongued bat, Glossophaga commissarisi LC
 Gray long-tongued bat, Glossophaga leachii LC
 Western long-tongued bat, Glossophaga morenoi LC
 Pallas's long-tongued bat, Glossophaga soricina LC
Genus: Hylonycteris
 Underwood's long-tongued bat, Hylonycteris underwoodi LC
Genus: Leptonycteris
 Southern long-nosed bat, Leptonycteris curasoae VU
 Greater long-nosed bat, Leptonycteris nivalis EN
Genus: Lichonycteris
 Dark long-tongued bat, Lichonycteris obscura LC
Genus: Lionycteris
 Chestnut long-tongued bat, Lionycteris spurrelli LC
Genus: Lonchophylla
 Goldman's nectar bat, Lonchophylla concava NT
 Godman's nectar bat, Lonchophylla mordax LC
 Orange nectar bat, Lonchophylla robusta LC
 Thomas's nectar bat, Lonchophylla thomasi LC
Subfamily: Carolliinae
Genus: Carollia
 Silky short-tailed bat, Carollia brevicauda LC
 Chestnut short-tailed bat, Carollia castanea LC
 Seba's short-tailed bat, Carollia perspicillata LC
 Sowell's short-tailed bat, Carollia sowelli LC
 Gray short-tailed bat, Carollia subrufa LC
Subfamily: Stenodermatinae
Genus: Ametrida
 Little white-shouldered bat, Ametrida centurio LC
Genus: Artibeus
 Honduran fruit-eating bat, Artibeus inopinatus DD
 Jamaican fruit bat, Artibeus jamaicensis LC
 Great fruit-eating bat, Artibeus lituratus LC
Genus: Centurio
 Wrinkle-faced bat, Centurio senex LC
Genus: Chiroderma
 Salvin's big-eyed bat, Chiroderma salvini LC
 Little big-eyed bat, Chiroderma trinitatum LC
 Hairy big-eyed bat, Chiroderma villosum LC
Genus: Dermanura
 Aztec fruit-eating bat, Dermanura azteca LC
 Pygmy fruit-eating bat, Dermanura phaeotis LC
 Toltec fruit-eating bat, Dermanura tolteca LC
 Thomas's fruit-eating bat, Dermanura watsoni LC
 Solitary fruit-eating bat, Dermanura watsoni incomitata CR
Genus: Ectophylla
 Honduran white bat, Ectophylla alba NT
Genus: Enchisthenes
 Velvety fruit-eating bat, Enchisthenes hartii LC
Genus: Mesophylla
 MacConnell's bat, Mesophylla macconnelli LC
Genus: Platyrrhinus
 Thomas's broad-nosed bat, Platyrrhinus dorsalis LC
 Heller's broad-nosed bat, Platyrrhinus helleri LC
 Greater broad-nosed bat, Platyrrhinus vittatus LC
Genus: Sturnira
 Little yellow-shouldered bat, Sturnira lilium LC
 Highland yellow-shouldered bat, Sturnira ludovici LC
 Louis's yellow-shouldered bat, Sturnira luisi LC
 Talamancan yellow-shouldered bat, Sturnira mordax NT
Genus: Uroderma
 Tent-making bat, Uroderma bilobatum LC
 Brown tent-making bat, Uroderma magnirostrum LC
Genus: Vampyressa
 Striped yellow-eared bat, Vampyressa nymphaea LC
Genus: Vampyrodes
 Great stripe-faced bat, Vampyrodes caraccioli LC
Subfamily: Desmodontinae
Genus: Desmodus
 Common vampire bat, Desmodus rotundus LC
Genus: Diaemus
 White-winged vampire bat, Diaemus youngi LC
Genus: Diphylla
 Hairy-legged vampire bat, Diphylla ecaudata LC
Family: Natalidae (funnel-eared bats)
Genus: Natalus
 Mexican greater funnel-eared bat, Natalus mexicanus LC
Family: Furipteridae
Genus: Furipterus
 Thumbless bat, Furipterus horrens LC
Family: Thyropteridae
Genus: Thyroptera
 Peters's disk-winged bat, Thyroptera discifera LC
 Spix's disk-winged bat, Thyroptera tricolor LC

Order: Carnivora (carnivorans)

There are over 260 species of carnivorans, the majority of which feed primarily on meat. They have a characteristic skull shape and dentition. All of Central America's terrestrial carnivorans are of Nearctic origin. Central America has the greatest diversity of procyonids in the world. Large extinct carnivorans that lived in the area prior to the coming of humans include the saber-toothed cat Smilodon fatalis, the scimitar cat Homotherium serum, American lions, dire wolves and short-faced bears.

Suborder: Feliformia
Family: Felidae (cats)
Subfamily: Felinae
Genus: Herpailurus
 Jaguarundi, H. yagouaroundi LC
Genus: Leopardus
 Ocelot, Leopardus pardalis LC
 Oncilla, Leopardus tigrinus VU
 Margay, Leopardus wiedii NT
Genus: Puma
 Cougar, Puma concolor LC
Subfamily: Pantherinae
Genus: Panthera
 Jaguar, Panthera onca NT
Suborder: Caniformia
Family: Canidae (dogs, foxes)
Subfamily: Caninae
Genus: Canis
 Coyote, Canis latrans LC
Genus: Cerdocyon
Crab-eating fox, Cerdocyon thous LC
Genus: Speothos
 Bush dog, Speothos venaticus NT
Genus: Urocyon
 Gray fox, Urocyon cinereoargenteus LC
Family: Ursidae (bears)
Subfamily: Tremarctinae
Genus: Tremarctos
 Spectacled bear, Tremarctos ornatus VU
Family: Procyonidae (raccoons, coatis and relatives)
Genus: Bassariscus
Ringtail, Bassariscus astutus LC
 Cacomistle, Bassariscus sumichrasti LC
Genus: Procyon
 Crab-eating raccoon, Procyon cancrivorus LC
 Common raccoon, Procyon lotor LC
 Cozumel Island raccoon, Procyon pygmaeus CR
Genus: Nasua
 White-nosed coati, Nasua narica LC
 Cozumel Island coati, N. n. nelsoni EN
Genus: Bassaricyon
 Northern olingo, Bassaricyon gabbii LC
 Western lowland olingo, Bassaricyon medius LC
Genus: Potos
 Kinkajou, Potos flavus LC
Family: Mustelidae (weasels, otters)
Subfamily: Guloninae
Genus: Eira
 Tayra, Eira barbara LC
Subfamily: Ictonychinae
Genus: Galictis
 Greater grison, Galictis vittata LC
Subfamily: Mustelinae
Genus: Neogale
 Long-tailed weasel, N. frenata LC
Subfamily: Lutrinae
Genus: Lontra
 Neotropical otter, Lontra longicaudis NT
Family: Mephitidae (skunks)
Genus: Spilogale
 Southern spotted skunk, Spilogale angustifrons LC
 Pygmy spotted skunk, Spilogale pygmaea VU
Genus: Mephitis
 Hooded skunk, Mephitis macroura LC
Genus: Conepatus
 American hog-nosed skunk, Conepatus leuconotus LC
 Striped hog-nosed skunk, Conepatus semistriatus LC
Clade: Pinnipedia (seals, sea lions and walruses)
Family: Phocidae (earless seals)
Subfamily: Monachinae
Genus: Neomonachus
 Caribbean monk seal, N. tropicalis EX

Order: Perissodactyla (odd-toed ungulates)

The odd-toed ungulates are browsing and grazing mammals. They are usually large to very large, and have relatively simple stomachs and a large middle toe. While native equids once lived in the region, having evolved in North America over a period of 50 million years, they died out around the time of the first arrival of humans, along with at least one ungulate of South American origin, the notoungulate, Mixotoxodon. Sequencing of collagen from a fossil of one recently extinct notoungulate has indicated that this order was closer to the perissodactyls than any extant mammal order.

Family: Tapiridae (tapirs)
Genus: Tapirus
 Baird's tapir, Tapirus bairdii EN

Order: Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates and cetaceans)

The weight of even-toed ungulates is borne about equally by the third and fourth toes, rather than mostly or entirely by the third as in perissodactyls. There are about 220 noncetacean artiodactyl species, including many that are of great economic importance to humans. All of Central America's extant ungulates are of Nearctic origin. Prior to the arrival of humans, Nearctic camelids also lived in the region.

Family: Tayassuidae (peccaries)
Genus: Dicotyles
 Collared peccary, Dicotyles tajacu LC
Genus: Tayassu
 White-lipped peccary, Tayassu pecari NT
Family: Cervidae (deer)
Subfamily: Capreolinae
Genus: Mazama
 Amazonian brown brocket, Mazama nemorivaga LC
 Central American red brocket, Mazama temama DD
Genus: Odocoileus
 Yucatan brown brocket, O. pandora VU
 White-tailed deer, O. virginianus LC

Infraorder: Cetacea (whales, dolphins and porpoises)

The infraorder Cetacea includes whales, dolphins and porpoises. They are the mammals most fully adapted to aquatic life with a spindle-shaped nearly hairless body, protected by a thick layer of blubber, and forelimbs and tail modified to provide propulsion underwater. Their closest extant relatives are the hippos, which are artiodactyls, from which cetaceans descended; cetaceans are thus also artiodactyls.

Parvorder: Mysticeti
Family: Balaenopteridae (rorquals)
Subfamily: Balaenopterinae
Genus: Balaenoptera
 Bryde's whale, Balaenoptera edeni DD
 Blue whale, Balaenoptera musculus EN
 Fin whale, Balaenoptera physalus VU
Subfamily: Megapterinae
Genus: Megaptera
 Humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae LC
Parvorder: Odontoceti
Family: Physeteridae (sperm whales)
Genus: Physeter
 Sperm whale, Physeter macrocephalus VU
Family: Kogiidae (pygmy and dwarf sperm whales)
Genus: Kogia
 Pygmy sperm whale, Kogia breviceps DD
 Dwarf sperm whale, Kogia sima DD
Family: Ziphidae (beaked whales)
Genus: Ziphius
 Cuvier's beaked whale, Ziphius cavirostris LC
Genus: Mesoplodon
 Blainville's beaked whale, Mesoplodon densirostris DD
 Ginkgo-toothed beaked whale, Mesoplodon ginkgodens DD
 Pygmy beaked whale, Mesoplodon peruvianus DD
Family: Delphinidae (marine dolphins)
Genus: Steno
 Rough-toothed dolphin, Steno bredanensis LC
Genus: Sotalia
 Guiana dolphin, Sotalia guianensis NT
Genus: Tursiops
 Bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus LC
Genus: Stenella
 Pantropical spotted dolphin, Stenella attenuata LC
 Clymene dolphin, Stenella clymene LC
 Striped dolphin, Stenella coeruleoalba LC
 Atlantic spotted dolphin, Stenella frontalis LC
 Spinner dolphin, Stenella longirostris LC
Genus: Delphinus
 Long-beaked common dolphin, Delphinus capensis DD
 Short-beaked common dolphin, Delphinus delphis LC
Genus: Lagenodelphis
 Fraser's dolphin, Lagenodelphis hosei LC
Genus: Grampus
 Risso's dolphin, Grampus griseus LC
Genus: Peponocephala
 Melon-headed whale, Peponocephala electra LC
Genus: FeresaLC
 Pygmy killer whale, Feresa attenuata LC
Genus: Orcinus
 Orca, Orcinus orca DD
Genus: Pseudorca
 False killer whale, Pseudorca crassidens NT
Genus: Globicephala
 Short-finned pilot whale, Globicephala macrorhynchus LC

See also
List of chordate orders
Lists of mammals by region
List of prehistoric mammals
Mammal classification
List of mammals described in the 2000s

Notes

References

Lists of Western Hemisphere mammals from north to south

 01
Central America


"Without You" is a song by American rock band Hinder, that was the second single released from their second studio album Take It to the Limit (2008). It was released as a digital download on September 23, 2008. A music video was produced for the song, featuring actors Kellan Lutz and Aimee Teegarden. "I play the bad boyfriend," Lutz told MTV. "Aimee is the sweet cheerleader girl ... who shouldn't be with me. I lead her life on the wrong track until she gets rid of me, and her life finally goes to where it should go. She graduates high school, while I am left in the dust."

Music video
A teenage girl (Aimee Teegarden) sees her boyfriend flirting with another girl (actress Kayla Ewell). The girl scowls and turns her head away. Later the girl starts fighting with her boyfriend (Kellan Lutz). He puts his arms up and walks away. The girl's face is red with tears and they seemed to have broken up. The next scene shows the girl in a classroom as papers are being handed out, the girl gets a D− on the paper. The next scene shows the boy as he runs into two jocks, while the girl receives an A+ on a paper. The jocks push him and then he starts fighting with them. A teacher breaks the fight up and sends them to the principal's office. The next scene is the girl is hanging out with two friends and laughing, the girl passes the office and sees her ex sitting in a chair, with the two jocks sitting next to him. She turns her head and walks on. At the end, the girl is at her graduation ceremony, free from her ex, who stands next to his truck and sulks.

Charts

References

2008 songs
2008 singles
Hinder songs
Universal Republic Records singles
Songs written by Brian Howes
Songs written by Cody Hanson
Songs written by Austin John Winkler


The  is a one-off concept car produced by Mazda, and is the fourth car in Mazda's 'Nagare' design series. Mazda says the Taiki "reflects one possible direction for a future generation of Mazda sports cars aimed at helping to create a sustainable society".

The car

Drivetrain
The Taiki uses a front engine, rear-wheel drive layout and is powered by Mazda's next generation RENESIS rotary 16X engine, which is mated to a 7-speed, double-clutch gearbox. The 16X engine is said to replace the RX-8's 13B engine. The name Taiki means 'atmosphere' in Japanese.

Design

Exterior

The exterior design, created by Joseph Reeve under the direction of Atsuhiko Yamada, is inspired by flowing robes. The Taiki has butterfly doors and a very impressive drag coefficient of 0.25. Even the wheels and tires were designed with aerodynamics in mind.

Interior
The interior, designed by Troy Trinh, is influenced by 'koinobori' - Japanese carp streamers, and the black & white colour break is inspired by the symbol for Yin-Yang. The driver's side of the cabin is black, while the passenger side is white.

External links
Mazda Taiki at Sydney Motor Show

References
www.drive.com.au
www.themotorreport.com.au
http://www.cardesignnews.com/site/home/design_reviews/display/store4/item93943/

Taiki
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Cars powered by Wankel engines


Raywood is a town in northern Victoria, Australia.  The town is in the City of Greater Bendigo,  north of the state capital, Melbourne.  At the , Raywood had a population of 318.

Raywood Post Office opened on 4 January 1864.

Golfers play at the course of the Raywood Golf Club on Speke Street.

Raywood is the home of the Bendigo Gliding Club.

See also
 Raywood railway station

References

External links

Towns in Victoria (state)
Bendigo
Suburbs of Bendigo


Caladenia carnea, commonly known as pink fingers, is a plant in the orchid family Orchidaceae and is endemic to eastern and south-eastern Australia, including Tasmania. It has a single thin, green leaf and one to five white or pink flowers with red stripes and two rows of yellow-tipped "calli" on their labellum.

Description
Caladenia carnea is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber and a single, sparsely hairy, narrow linear leaf,  long and  wide.

The inflorescence is a raceme,  tall with between one and three, sometimes five flowers. The flowers are sometimes sweetly scented or musky. The dorsal sepal is usually erect,  long,  wide.  The lateral sepals and petals are usually  long with their outer surfaces covered with glandular hairs. Their outer surface is greenish-pink, sometimes striped, and the inner surface is pinkish or greenish white. The labellum is roughly egg-shaped,  long and wide, white or pinkish with prominent red stripes. The sides of the labellum turn upwards while the centre part has a toothed edge, usually with yellow calli and there are two lines of raised, club-like, yellow-tipped calli in the centre. The column is curved with red bars on the inside surface and has narrow wings on its sides. Flowering occurs between August and November and is followed by a non-fleshy, dehiscent capsule containing a large number of seeds.

This species is often confused with Caladenia fuscata but that species always has one flower per plant and flowers a few weeks earlier than C. carnea.

Taxonomy
Caladenia carnea was first formally described by Robert Brown in 1810 and the description was published in Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae. In 2001, David Jones and Mark Clements proposed changing the name to Petalochilus carneus but the change has not been widely accepted.

Distribution and habitat
Pink fingers orchid occurs in Queensland south from Hervey Bay, the eastern half of New South Wales, most of Victoria apart from the alps and far north west of that state. It also occurs in south-eastern South Australia and Tasmania. It grows in a wide range of habitats including heath, scrubland, woodland and forest, preferring well-drained soil. It often survives land clearing.

References

carnea
Plants described in 1810
Endemic orchids of Australia
Orchids of South Australia
Orchids of Tasmania
Orchids of Victoria (state)
Orchids of New South Wales
Orchids of Queensland
Taxa named by Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)


John Paris Bickell, also known as Jack Bickell, (September 26, 1884 – August 22, 1951) was a Canadian businessman, philanthropist, and sports team owner. He is best known for his long-time association with the Toronto Maple Leafs professional ice hockey team as the owner, president, chairman and director 1924–1951.

Early life

Bickell's parents were Rev. David Bickell and Annie Paris, who was a teacher. Born in Molesworth, near Listowel, and raised in Toronto, Bickell was their second child of four. His father died when he was six years old; his younger brother died when John was eight years old; and his older brother died in 1898 when John was 12 years old.

Bickell attended St. Andrew's College, where he was one of the first 100 graduates.

Brokerage interests

Bickell started his own brokerage firm, J. P. Bickell & Co., at the age of 23 and was a millionaire by 30. He sold his firm in 1919 to concentrate on his various movie and mining interests. His hiatus from the industry did not last long as on April 15, 1926, he was a senior partner in the New York brokerage firm of Thomson McKinnon. He left the firm in to take on his WWII responsibilities in late 1939.

Movie interests

Bickell was a key player in the development of the movie industry in Canada. He served as president of both Eastern Theatres Limited and Hamilton United Theatres Limited. Eastern Theatres oversaw the construction of Toronto’s Pantages Theatre, which specialized in the era's vaudeville acts.  Similarly, Bickell also served as vice-president of the Select Pictures Corporation, a Canadian distribution company, and was also part of the team that acquired Montreal’s Théâtre St-Denis in October 1917. Bickell was vice-president of the Regent Theatre Company, one of Toronto’s first large movie theatres which stood on Adelaide between Yonge and Bay Streets.  The theatre’s company was formed in 1916 by a group of Toronto financiers including; P. W. Cushman, E. L. Ruddy, W. J. Sheppard, J. B. Tudhope and, of course, Bickell. Anticipating the ever-increasing interest in moving pictures, the company sought to acquire and transform J. Ambrose Small’s theatre, The Majestic, into a deluxe movie theatre.  In 1920 Famous Players Canadian Corporation Limited was founded in Bickell's office and he served as the vice president with Nathan Nathanson as managing director. Bickell's friend W.D. Ross, head of the Bank of Nova Scotia and later Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario, Izaak Walton Killam of Royal Securities, Sir Herbert Samuel Holt of the Royal Bank, and Bickell, were all members of the Board of Directors that underwrote the necessary  million of the company's initial share offerings. He ultimately sold out his interests in the movie industry in 1930 to the president of the corporation, Adolph Zukor of New York. Bickell then concentrated on his mining interests.

Mining interests

Bickell's initial involvement in mining was in the early 1900s in Cobalt, Ontario.  In 1911 he invested in McIntyre Porcupine Mines Ltd. in Schumacher, Ontario. He became the president and later chairman, a position he held until his death. His work in mining earned him a place in the Canadian Mining Hall of Fame.

McIntyre Mine was formed in 1911, adding land staked by Sandy McIntyre to nearby ground obtained by Bickell. The initial assays were lean, but Bickell kept the faith and the company afloat through these tough times. Later, as grades improved, he obtained additional ground. The result was the McIntyre Porcupine Mine Limited, which has earned a place in Canadian mining history as one of the nation’s most important mines. Between 1912 and 1955, total production was valued at $230 million, and the company paid $62 million in dividends to shareholders. McIntyre also controlled the Belleterre gold mine in Quebec and the Castle-Trethewey silver mine near Gowganda, Ontario.

Involvement in sports

Boxing
In 1919, Bickell’s sponsorship of boxing was with a belt that he put forth for Canada’s featherweight champion, known as the Bickell Belt.
Boat racing - In 1920, Bickell was associated with the Toronto Syndicate, a group that built and sponsored racing boats in both Canada and the United States, including the hydroplanes Miss Toronto I and Miss Toronto II.  Not surprisingly, the syndicate included some heavy hitters in the financial world, including; Bickell’s friend Alfred Rogers, the coal and cement baron, as well as: F. Ericson, Thomas Rea, S.A. Sylvester, Fred Miller, Cecil Allison, W.B. Cleland, and others. The Syndicate made several entries into various high-profile races on both sides of the U.S.-Canada border. At the Thousand Island Gold Cup in Alexandria Bay, New York, Miss Toronto II, with Bickell and Ericson at the helm, represented the Toronto Motor Boat Club: Miss Toronto II logged the fastest five miles ever recorded in competition up until that point. In doing a five-mile lap in five minutes flat, Miss Toronto II set a new North American record, and she was dubbed "the mile-a-minute boat".

Hockey
In 1924, Jack came into the hockey business when Charlie Querrie needed to financially reorganize his hockey team in Toronto called the Toronto St. Patricks. They had previously won a Stanley Cup in 1922. Bickell initially invested in the St. Pats in 1924 as a favor to his friend Charlie Querrie. When Querrie needed to sell the team in 1927, Bickell arranged for a group to buy the shares in the team and hired Conn Smythe to be the managing director, which kept the team in Toronto. Bickell owned the majority stake in the team, which was renamed the Toronto Maple Leafs. With Smythe, Bickell helped in the organization and financing of the construction of the arena, named Maple Leaf Gardens, for the Leafs in 1931. "You could say, without exaggerating, that Bickell was the cornerstone of the whole project," said Smythe. He was to be the first president of Maple Leaf Gardens Ltd. and also served as chairman, until a board of directors meeting on November 19, 1947, when Bickell made arrangements for Conn Smythe to have controlling interest and become the president. Bickell then served as a director until his death. His name is on the Stanley Cup six times: 1932, 1945, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1951. He was not included on the Cup with 1942 Toronto, as he was overseas serving in World War II. Bickell died in 1951, and work was underway to appropriately honor his contribution to the organization. In 1953, the Toronto Maple Leafs board of directors established the J. P. Bickell Memorial Award. Bickell was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1978 in the Builders category.

Golf
In 1922, he built a mansion, adjacent to the Mississaugua Golf & Country Club, in the town of Port Credit, Ontario, where he would live for the rest of his life. Bickell's involvement in the club was significant as he had sat on the board of directors, and he loaned the club $50,000 during the depression and was a life member. On the morning of August 15, 1925, Bickell made a 215-yard hole-in-one on the third hole, the first person to ever "ace" the hole. On November 15, 1924, it was J.P. Bickell who gave Ada Mackenzie the final $8,000 two hours before her deadline to secure the land for the Ladies Golf Club of Toronto. "it was Mr. Bickell who saved our life". - Ada Mackenzie

Baseball
In 1931, Bickell also served as a director of the Toronto Maple Leafs baseball club, owning an interest and joining the board of directors when George Oakley took control of the team.

General
In 1939, Bickell bought the 2600-acre island in Georgian Bay, Ontario. He formed Griffith Island Estates Inc., as the president with his friends; Bernard E. Smith, R.S. "Sam" McLaughlin, Thomas Seagram, Francis Farwell, J.L Sullivan, W. Anderson. The estate was for the purpose of a hunting and fishing retreat entertaining various dignitaries as the island boasted pheasants, deer, and wild game. They were also raising Hereford cattle on the island. As an avid fisherman Bickell also had shares in the Hillsburgh Fishing Club.

Second World War
During the Second World War, Bickell was a key member of a group under Canadian Max Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook, the British Minister of Aircraft Production, which ensured an adequate supply of airplanes for the British forces. On July 24, 1940, in London, UK he was appointed the Controller of the Air Transport Auxiliary] (ATA), in July 1941 the ATA became the RAF Ferry Command and subsequently The Atlantic Ferry Organization (ATFERO). Bickell served two years with the British Airplane Supply Board. Along with other important businessmen and industrialists known as the "4 Busy B's" with Beaverbrook, (former Prime Minister) R. B. Bennett and Beverly Baxter (M.P.). Bickell was recruited by his friend Lord Beaverbrook to become one of the famous "dollar-a-year" men who headed up wartime industry and special projects. In 1942, he returned to Canada to become the president and chairman of the board of Victory Aircraft Ltd. in Malton, Ontario, the largest airplane manufacturer in Canada. Bickell was tasked with increasing the Avro Lancaster bomber production resulting in one per day rolling off the assembly line. This effort was credited with ultimately having a dramatic influence on winning the war.

It was no secret that Bickell was not a fan of the federal government of the day. Regardless, Bickell’s sense of duty to the nation prevailed, and his commitment to the war effort on both sides of the Atlantic was unassailable. Bickell’s personal actions at the outbreak of the Second World War were very generous. On September 12, 1939, Bickell donated his Grumman Goose G21A CF BKE to the RCAF, which took it on strength with the military serial RCAF924. On November 1, 1940, J.P. donated his other plane, a Grumman Goose G-21A CF-BQE, which became RCAF 941 on November 1, 1940. The Grumman Goose G-21A aircraft were amphibious planes and during that time known as the rich man’s aircraft.

In 1942 Bickell wrote a cheque for five thousand dollars, which he donated to the RCAF’s Benevolent Fund. In a letter that accompanied the cheque, Bickell wrote

Aviation history
After the war, Bickell co-founded A. V. Roe Canada Limited (AVRO), Avro Canada with Sir Roy Dobson which took over the Victory Aircraft Plant and was a wholly owned subsidiary of Hawker Siddeley. He paid the $1,200 incorporation fee out of his own pocket, and personally backed a $2.5 million dollar line of credit at the Canadian Bank of Commerce, of which he was a director. Dobson became the President and Bickell became the Chairman, a position he held until his death in August 1951.

Directorships
In business, Bickell served as the Chairman of McIntyre-Porcupine Mines Limited, Maple Leaf Gardens, Toronto Maple Leafs and A. V. Roe Canada Limited (AVRO) He was also a director of Canadian Bank of Commerce, International Nickel Company of Canada (INCO), Imperial Life Assurance, and National Trust. He was also an active in healthcare, serving on several boards, including that of Wellesley Hospital, St. John's Ambulance Association and he was the honorary president of the Health League of Canada.

Philanthropy
In the late 1930s, the radio station and newsprint building burnt down in Timmins. It was owned by Roy Thomson and it was J.P. Bickell who loaned him the necessary funds to re-build. In 1945, he provided the loan Jack Kent Cooke needed to buy Toronto radio station CKEY. During his life, Bickell gave generously and in death, he willed $13 million of his $14.6 million estate to the creation of the J.P. Bickell Foundation managed by National Trust Company (now ScotiaTrust a division of Scotiabank). He established it to donate half of its interest income each year at; 50% to the Hospital for Sick Children, 10% for bursaries aiding in Medical Research, 5% to Mining scholarships and 35% to be distributed to general charities in Ontario at the discretion of the J.P. Bickell Foundation Management Committee. The Foundation has generated over $300M and contributed $160 million to charity from 1953-2017. Upon his death he bequeathed a multi-million dollar collection of approximately 112 pieces of original artwork and artifacts to the Art Gallery of Ontario (AGO),of which he was a founder-member. Camp Bickell is a non-profit children's camp that was established on Chapman Lake initially in 1939 with the assistance of Mr. Bickell and in 1949, he provided the necessary funds of $5,000 to permanently secure the land. The camp near Iroquois Falls is still in operation today (2017) and receives approximately 600 campers per season.

Death
J.P. Bickell died in New York City on August 22, 1951, at age 66 and was buried in the Mausoleum at Mount Pleasant Cemetery in Toronto. Bickell’s life work and philanthropy isn’t well known because he was a private man who did not seek self promotion. His self-built business empire allowed him to be extremely charitable, a legacy that has continued after his death.

References

Further reading
 "J.P. Bickell, The Life the Leafs and the Legacy", Dundurn Press, 2017.

External links

 Canadian Mining Hall of Fame
 Camp Bickell

1884 births
1951 deaths
20th-century Canadian businesspeople
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment
People from Huron County, Ontario
Stanley Cup champions
Toronto Maple Leafs executives
Burials at Mount Pleasant Cemetery, Toronto


Helen Spurway (12 June 1915 – 15 February 1978) was a British biologist and the second wife of J. B. S. Haldane. She emigrated to India in 1957 along with him and conducted research in field biology with Krishna Dronamraju, Suresh Jayakar, and others. Sometimes known as Helen Spurway-Haldane.

Life and career

Spurway was born in 1915 in the London borough of Wandsworth, the daughter of Frank Spurway and Kate Lea, who were employees of the Post Office, as a telegraphist and a telegraphist and postal clerk. She had an unimpeachable proletarian background (cf. Haldane who was clearly patrician).

She obtained her Ph.D. in genetics in 1938 at University College London under the supervision of Haldane, whom she met as an undergraduate and married in 1945. Her early research was in the genetics of Drosophila subobscura, but later switched to the reproductive biology of the guppy, Lebistes reticulatus. Her claim, in 1955, that parthenogenesis, which occurs in the guppy in nature, may also occur (though very rarely) in the human species, leading to so-called "virgin births" created some sensation among her colleagues and the lay public alike.

She and Haldane left University College London in 1956, and went to work at the Indian Statistical Institute in Kolkata. Haldane officially stated that he left the UK because of the Suez Crisis, writing: "Finally, I am going to India because I consider that recent acts of the British Government have been violations of international law." He believed that the warm climate would do him good, and that India shared his socialist dreams. Additionally, Helen had been arrested for being drunk and disorderly, and for refusing to pay a fine was sent to prison; the university sacked her, triggering Haldane's resignation.

At the Indian Statistical Institute, she turned her attention in 1959 to the genetics of the giant silkworm Antheraea paphia, raising them in captivity to test the quality of their silk. In January 1961 she and Haldane, assisted by their associate Krishna Dronamraju, were hosts to United States National Science Fair biology winners Gary Botting (zoology) and Susan Brown (botany). Using a novel technique of pheromone transfer, Botting had cross-bred an Antheraea paphia female with a Telea polyphemus male, with viable offspring. Botting and Spurway concluded that the Polyphemus moth was misclassified and should be included under the genus Antheraea.

At the time, the larvae of her specimens were developing black dots, which she attributed to adaptation to their artificial, dark environment in a similar way that the peppered moth (Biston betularia) had apparently adapted to its changing urban environment in Manchester, England. That "urban adaptation" scenario had been quoted in many textbooks as clear evidence of evolution in action. Haldane had himself made statistical calculations as early as 1924 about the strength of natural selection which would have been needed to replace the original peppered form with the black form. However Gary Botting diagnosed the black spots on Spurway's larvae as pébrine, a disease deadly to Lepidoptera.

Botting, being at that time a convinced biblical creationist and missionary for the Jehovah's Witnesses, concluded from Spurway's observations about the black dots on her larvae, and from other similar statements, that she and Haldane were "committed Lamarckian evolutionists" who were prepared to believe, without sufficient evidence, in the possibility of rapid evolutionary adaptation. Botting later credited the Haldanes with encouraging him to accept the precepts of Darwinian evolution.

Helen Spurway, Haldane, and Krishna Dronamraju were present at the Oberoi Grand Hotel in Kolkata when 1960 U.S. National Science Fair winner Susan Brown reminded the Haldanes that she and Botting had a previously scheduled event that would prevent them from accepting an invitation to a banquet proposed by Haldane and Helen in their honour and scheduled for that evening. After the two students had left the hotel, Haldane went on his much-publicized hunger strike to protest what he regarded as a "U.S. insult".

The following month (February 1961), the Haldanes, who were also irritated by the abrupt changes made by Director Mahalanobis in the social programme of the visiting Soviet leader Alexei Kosygin, resigned from the Indian Statistical Institute. Eventually, they moved to Bhubaneswar, Orissa, to found the Genetics & Biometry Laboratory. However, Haldane soon developed cancer of the rectum and died there in 1964.

Helen Spurway's lifelong research interests also included animal behavior and domestication, which led to her close contacts with several eminent zoologists including Konrad Lorenz, Salim Ali, T. Dobzhansky and Ernst Mayr.

After her husband's death in 1964, in Bhubaneswar, Spurway moved to Hyderabad in Southern India and spent her remaining years there studying animal domestication, until her death in 1978.

Publications
A partial list:
 Spurway, Helen. 1955. The Causes of Domestication: An attempt to integrate some ideas of Konrad Lorenz with evolution theory. Journal of Genetics 53:325-362.
 Spurway, Helen, and J. B. S. Haldane. 1953. The comparative ethology of vertebrate breathing. I. Breathing in newts, with a general survey. Behaviour 6:8-34
 Spurway, Helen, and K.R. Dronamraju. 1959. The biology of the two commercial qualities cocoons spun by Antheraea mylitta (Drury) with a note on the cocoons of the related A. assama (westwood). Genetica Agraria 45: 175.
 Dronamraju, K.R. and H. Spurway. 1960. Constancy to horticultural varieties shown by butterflies, and its possible evolutionary significance. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society, 57:136-150.
 Spurway Helen, S.D. Jayakar, and K.R. Dronamraju 1964. One nest of Sceliphron madraspatanum (Fabr.).(Sphecidae: Hynemoptera). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 61: 1-42.
 Jayakar S. D. and Spurway H. 1966 Sex ratios of some mason wasps. Nature (London) 212:306-307
 Dronamraju, K.R. 1985. Haldane: The Life and Work of J.B.S. Haldane With Special Reference to India. Aberdeen University Press.

References

External links
 Letters from Joshua Lederberg to Helen Spurway
 Bonner, John Tyler 1998. An Extract From "Memoirs for Family and Friends" Genetics 150: 519-521

1978 deaths
1915 births
People from Wandsworth
Academics of University College London
Alumni of University College London
British emigrants to India


The Pagoda of Monk Wansong or Pagoda of the Old Man of Wansong () is a brick pagoda originally built during the mid 13th-century. It stands near the Xisi intersection in the Xicheng District of Beijing, China.

History
The pagoda was a sepulchral pagoda for the famous Chan Buddhist monk Wansong Xingxiu (1166–1246), who lived under the Jin dynasty and Mongol Empire.  He called himself the Old Man of Wansong ("ten thousand pine trees"), referring to the Ten Thousand Pine Trees studio where he once lived.  After Wansong's death his disciples built a pagoda for his remains in the west of the former central capital of the Jin dynasty, then called Yanjing (modern Beijing).

The pagoda was octagonal in shape, with a flat top, and constructed from thin bricks.  It was about  in height.  On its front there was a stone plaque engraved with the words "Pagoda of the Old Man of Wansong" (萬松老人塔).

By the late Ming dynasty the pagoda had become hidden amongst the streets and buildings of the flourishing commercial city of Beijing, and it was not until a 1606 that a monk called Le'an (樂庵) noticed the overgrown pagoda, and raised money to repair it.

In 1753, during the Qing dynasty, the Qianlong Emperor ordered that the pagoda should be restored, and under direction of the Prince Kang (Aisin Gioro Yong'en 愛新覺羅･永恩) a new nine-storeyed octagonal brick pagoda was built around the original pagoda.  The new pagoda was  in height, three times as tall as the original pagoda, and completely encased the smaller pagoda.  An area of  around the pagoda was set aside, and an inscription commemorating the pagoda's renovation was placed to the south of the pagoda.

In 1927 Ye Gongchuo 葉恭綽 (1881–1968), deputy minister of communications, led a campaign to restore the pagoda and the wall surrounding the grounds it stood in.  Ye, who was also a famed calligrapher, wrote a new inscription "Yuan dynasty Pagoda of the Old Man of Wansong" (元萬松老人塔) on a stone tablet (Yuan dynasty is an anachronism as the dynasty was not founded until 1271, some time after the construction of the pagoda during the period of the Mongol Empire).

The pagoda was damaged by the Tangshan earthquake in 1976, when the tip of the pagoda fell to the ground, but it was soon restored to its position on top of the pagoda.

In 1986 the local Xicheng government paid for the restoration of the pagoda, and it was during this renovation that it was discovered that the original seven-storeyed octagonal brick pagoda was still intact inside the pagoda shell constructed around it in 1753. The bricks used for the original pagoda were thin bricks typical of the Yuan dynasty.

Present situation
Until 2010 the pagoda was largely hidden by shops and residential buildings, but after redevelopment of the area for the construction of Xisi Underground Station and further restoration of the pagoda in 2013 the pagoda is open to the public. The pagoda is set in a courtyard, surrounded by pomegranate trees and roses. Bookshops specializing in Beijing history occupy the north and south sides of the courtyard, along with an exhibition room displaying artefacts and information relating to the history of the pagoda.

References

External links

Buddhism in Beijing
Buildings and structures in Beijing
Architecture in China
Pagodas in China
18th-century architecture
Octagonal buildings in China


Bub or BUB may refer to:

People
 Bub Asman (born 1949), American film editor and sound effects editor
 Bub Bridger (1924–2009), New Zealand poet and short story writer
 Bub Kuhn (1899–1956), Major League Baseball pitcher who pitched one inning for the Cleveland Indians in 1924
 Bub McAtee (1845–1876), Major League baseball player
 Bub Strickler (1938–2005), retired NASCAR Winston Cup Series driver who competed from 1965 to 1980
 Bub Walker (1907–1963), American football player and coach
 Bub Weller (1902–1993), American college football and National Football League player

Other uses
 Bub, a character from Bubble Bobble
 Bub (film) (English 'Father'), 2001 Kashmiri-language movie
 Belgische Unie – Union Belge, a political party in Belgium
 BUB Seven Streamliner, an American-built motorcycle that held the motorcycle speed record from 2006 to 2008 and 2009 to 2010
 The ISO 639-3 code for the Bua language, spoken in Chad
 Lil Bub (2011–2019), a female cat and Internet celebrity known for her unique appearance

See also
 Human genes:
 BUB1, budding uninhibited by benzimidazoles 1 homolog (yeast)
 BUB1B, budding uninhibited by benzimidazoles 1 homolog beta (yeast)
 BUB3, budding uninhibited by benzimidazoles 3 homolog (yeast)
 Buba, river in Guinea-Bissau
 Bubb (disambiguation)
 Bubba, a relationship nickname formed from brother
 Bubble (disambiguation)

Nicknames


Stab Wounds is an album by German melodic black metal band Dark Fortress which was released on June 11, 2004. The whole layout and cover art of the booklet has been designed by Travis Smith. A strictly limited 2-LP Vinyl version was released in December 2004 by the new German label Imperium Productions.

Track listing
 "Iconoclasm Omega" - 6:41
 "Self Mutilation" - 6:45
 "Stab Wounds" - 8:11
 "When 1000 Crypts Awake" - 4:00
 "Despise the "Living"" - 5:36
 "A Midnight Poem" - 8:47
 "Rest in Oblivion" - 8:29
 "Vanitas...No Horizons" - 1:24
 "Like a Somnambulist in Daylight's Fire" - 7:52
 "Sleep!" - 3:16

Total playing time	69:22

Digipak bonus tracks
 "Endtime" (Katatonia cover) - (8:21)

Vinyl bonus tracks
 "I Am the Black Wizards" (Emperor cover)
 "The Cryptic Winterforest"
 "Towards Immortality"

Personnel
 Azathoth - vocals
 Asvargr - guitar
 V. Santura - guitar, mixing
 Draug - bass guitar
 Paymon - keyboard
 Seraph - drums
 Travis Smith - art designs

Guest appearances
  Adimiron (Angst) and Jens Rydén (Naglfar) did some of the vocals on the song Rest in Oblivion.
  Herr Morbid (Forgotten Tomb) did some of the vocals on the song Like a Somnambulist in Daylight's Fire.

Cultural reference
The sample "Manche Menschen sagen ich bin ein Psycho... und sie haben recht, ich bin ein Psycho! Sehen Sie mich an." at the beginning of the song Self Mutilation is from the film The Sixth Sense.

References

External links
 Encyclopaedia Metallum

2004 albums


"Bartender Song (Sittin' at a Bar)" is a song by Rehab. It was released in May 2008 as the third single from their fourth album, Graffiti the World (2005). It was the band's first single to chart on the Billboard Hot 100, at #64.

The song originally appeared as "Sittin' at a Bar" on the band's second album Southern Discomfort in 2000, released by Epic Records. The band were subsequently dropped by Epic in 2002, but the song became an underground hit on the internet and on jukeboxes. Rehab were later signed by Universal Records, with Avery Lipman (Co-President of Universal) describing the single as a "viral phenomenon" and stating that he had signed the band based on the success of their jukebox airplay,

2008 Re-recording
Rehab re-recorded the song, now titled Bartender Song (Sittin' at a Bar) for the Universal Records re-release of their independent 2005 album Graffiti the World. The song was released as a single in May 2008, charting at #64 on the Billboard Hot 100, their most successful release to date. The music video for the single featured Danny Trejo as the bartender and has a cameo from Larry Wilcox. Without their permission, their old label Epic re-released Southern Discomfort, retitling the album Sittin' at a Bar in order to capitalize on the success of the 2008 single.

Remix featuring Hank Williams Jr.
In August 2008, a new radio-friendly remix of the single was released by Universal, featuring Hank Williams Jr. singing the second verse. The song peaked at #60 on the country charts. The music video takes place primarily in a bar, and depicts the events in the song. Hank Williams and his daughter Holly Williams also appear in that version's music video, with Holly playing the role of the bartender. The remix was covered by Internet cartoon band Your Favorite Martian on August 29, 2012.

Charts

Certifications

References

2008 singles
Rehab (band) songs
2008 songs
Universal Republic Records singles
Songs about alcohol
Songs about occupations


Technocity is a technology park an under construction integrated township in Trivandrum,India dedicated to electronics, software, and other information technology (IT). It was conceived in 2005 as the fourth phase of development of Technopark, Technocity is a complete IT City, spread across about 500 acres (200 hectares), which includes not just space for IT/ITES firms but also residential, commercial, hospitality, medical and educational facilities. The project is a new self-dependent satellite city, which would not strain the resources and infrastructure of the city of Thiruvananthapuram.

The units in Technocity includes a wide variety of companies engaged in a range of activities, which include embedded software development, enterprise resource planning (ERP), process control software design, engineering and computer-aided design software development, IT Enabled Services (ITES), process re-engineering, animation and e-business. The firms will include domestic companies as well as subsidiaries of multi-national organisations.

Technocity is being jointly developed by the Government of Kerala and private developers. The Govt. is represented by Technopark and a special company called the Kerala State Information Technology Infrastructure Limited (KSITIL). Individual phases of the project will be developed as Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs) between KSITIL and individual developers. KSITIL plans to hold 26% equity share in all the SPVs. Once fully operational, Technocity is expected to create about 200,000 employment opportunities.

Infrastructure

Technocity provides infrastructure and support facilities for IT/ITES and electronics companies. This is done either directly or through private partners. In addition, Technocity, like Technopark, may provide business incubation facilities.

IT Space

Technocity have up to 20 million square feet (1.9 million square meters) of built-up space within multiple buildings for its tenant organisations. This facility will be developed in phases across as many as 10 years.

Non-IT Space

Technocity is being developed as an Integrated Township  and it will include residential space, commercial space, retail facilities, multiplexes, hospitals and schools.

Utilities and support facilities
Technocity supply electricity through a 220 KV, 100 MVA dedicated internal power sub-station and distribution system with built-in redundancies at all levels. Water supply is from a dedicated treatment plant while there will be a sewage treatment plant built especially for Technocity. All these facilities will be developed by KSITIL and Technopark for the entire area.

Connectivity
Thiruvananthapuram is connected to the National Internet Backbone and Technocity will be serviced by a variety of bandwidth providers, including Reliance Infocomm, Bharti Airtel, Videsh Sanchar Nigam and Asianet Dataline, through fibre optic lines in the campus.

FLAG Telecom—a subsidiary of Reliance Infocomm—has landed its FALCON global cable system at Thiruvananthapuram, providing direct connectivity to the Maldives and Sri Lanka. Technocity will be connected through fiber link, in self-healing redundant ring architecture to Reliance Internet Data Center and Gateway at Mumbai, directly connecting to FLAG, the undersea cable system backbone that connects 134 countries including U.S, U.K, Middle East and Asia Pacific. This provides connectivity with the Middle East, South East Asia, Far East, Europe and North America.

Institutions

Technocity will host at least two educational and research institutes. The Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management–Kerala (IIITM–K), which has now being upgraded to Kerala University of Digital sciences, Innovation, and Technology, has been allocated 10 acres (4 hectares) in Technocity to develop its own campus. IIITM–K is a premier institution of higher education, research and development in applied information technology and management. In addition to providing post graduate courses in Information Technology, IIITM–K is a leader in educational networking and in setting up web portals which benefit the community. Portals for computational chemistry and agricultural information dissemination are among its focus areas. IIITM–K is located at present in Technopark, Thiruvananthapuram.

The Asian School of Business (ASB) is an institution of post graduate management education. It was started in 2005. The ASB is currently located inside Technopark and plans to move to a campus in Technocity by 2020–21. ASB offers the full-time Post Graduate Programme in Management (PGPM). The Asian School of Business is managed by a Board of Governors which includes stalwarts of the Indian IT industry like Tata Consultancy Services CEO S. Ramadorai and Infosys CEO Kris Gopalakrishnan.

Phases of Development

Technocity will be developed in multiple phases by a number of private developers in association with KSITIL and Technopark. The developers will chosen through global bidding as each phase becomes ready to be developed.

The proposed TCS Learning Campus in Thiruvananthapuram will be located on a 97-acre property in the Technopark area of the city. The campus will be built over an area of 6.1 million square feet and feature residential accommodation for students and faculty at the center.

Phase I

KSITIL has called for the Request for Proposal to develop about 60 acres (0.23 km².) of land as mixed-use IT/ITES park on 16 October 2008. This will be the First Phase of Technocity.

Nine major developers had qualified for the bid including the Indian subsidiary of the world's leading developer - Emaar Properties, a consortium of Forest City Enterprises and Sun Group, K.Raheja Corporation, Larsen and Toubro, Suzlon, Maytas Infrastructure and the Brigade Group.

Special Economic Zones in Technocity

There are plans for nine Special Economic Zones (SEZs) within Technocity. These will be developed by multiple developers in association with KSITIL and Technopark. One SEZ has been set apart for development by Technopark itself.

See also
 Digital Science Park, Thiruvananthapuram
 Technopark, Trivandrum

Notes

2008 establishments in Kerala
Organisations based in Thiruvananthapuram
Science and technology in Thiruvananthapuram
Software technology parks in Kerala


Sachar may refer to:

 Sachar (biblical figure), a minor biblical figure
  Sachar- A Punjabi Khatri Surname
 Abram L. Sachar, an American historian and university president
 Bhim Sen Sachar, an Indian politician
 Howard Sachar, an American historian and an author
 Louis Sachar, an American author of children's books
 Raghav Sachar, an Indian singer
 Rajinder Sachar, Chief Justice of High Court of Delhi, New Delhi

See also
 Sacchar (Greek for sugar), the root word of saccharine.
 Sakar (disambiguation)


Veltuzumab is a monoclonal antibody (targeted at CD20) which is being investigated for the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. , it is undergoing Phase I/II clinical trials. When used with milatuzumab it showed activity.

This drug was developed by Immunomedics, Inc. and was originally known as IMMU-106.

In August 2015 the US FDA granted it orphan drug status for immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). A phase II trial is planned to run for 5 years.

See also
CD20 antagonist

References

Monoclonal antibodies


Cycling was part of the 2007 All-Africa Games competition schedule.

Results

Men's 150 km Road Race

Women's 80 km Road Race

Medal table

References
Sport 123: Men's Road Race
Sport 123: Women's Road Race

2007 All-Africa Games
Cycling at the African Games
2007 in cycle racing
2007 in road cycling


Vedolizumab, sold under the brand name Entyvio, is a monoclonal antibody medication developed by Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc. for the treatment of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. It binds to integrin α4β7 (LPAM-1, lymphocyte Peyer's patch adhesion molecule 1, a dimer of Integrin alpha-4 and Integrin beta-7), blocking the α4β7 integrin results in gut-selective anti-inflammatory activity.

Medical use

Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease
Vedolizumab has been approved for use in adults with moderate to severe ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease having a poor response to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) blockers or corticosteroids, or for those who are steroid-dependent.

Checkpoint inhibitor colitis

Vedolizumab may be used to treat steroid refractory checkpoint inhibitor induced colitis, if infliximab is ineffective or contraindicated.

Clinical trials

Ulcerative colitis
Vedolizumab has been investigated in several studies in adult patients. Patients with moderate to severe active disease in whom conventional therapy or TNF-alpha antagonists were ineffective or could not be tolerated received either vedolizumab or placebo. The main measure of effectiveness was the proportion of patients whose symptoms improved after six weeks of treatment. Vedolizumab was shown to be more effective than placebo: 47% (106 out of 225) of patients who received vedolizumab showed an improvement in symptoms, compared with 26% (38 out of 149) of patients who received placebo. The study also showed that vedolizumab maintained the effect up to 52 weeks more effectively than placebo. Moreover, vedolizumab treatment was shown to achieve higher percentage of clinical remissions (31.3% vs. 22.5%) in patients with ulcerative colitis in comparison to adalimumab treatment.

Crohn's disease
In one main study in adult patients with moderate to severe active Crohn's disease in whom conventional therapy or TNF-alpha antagonists were ineffective or could not be tolerated, vedolizumab was shown to be more effective than placebo: 15% (32 out of 220) of patients receiving vedolizumab showed improved symptoms after 6 weeks of treatment, compared with 7% (10 out of 148) of patients on placebo. The maintenance of the effect up to 52 weeks was more effective with vedolizumab than with placebo.

History
The cell line used to develop vedolizumab was created by physician scientists at the Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston as a result of work executed in Dr. Robert Colvin's lab. This was part of a program to analyze the molecular basis of lymphocyte activation. An antibody was isolated that reacted with long term activated antigen-specific (tetanus toxoid) T-lymphocytes originally isolated from blood lymphocytes. The cell lines were created in Dr. Jim T. Kurnick's lab. Although the antibody did not block primary activation of T-lymphocytes, it appeared late after activation with a number of lymphocytic stimuli, and was named "Act-1" because it was the first activation marker identified by this group of investigators. Dr. Andrew Lazarovits, a postdoctoral fellow in the laboratory, discovered the murine homologue of MLN0002, chiefly published the original key papers, and up until the late 1990s, coordinated and led the studies for its development and application for Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Dr. Lynn Baird's group showed the antibody reacted with a single protein band of 63Kd, and Dr. Atul Bhan's group showed that it stained tissue lymphocytes but did not react with non-lymphoid tissues. Although Act-1 had limited efficacy in its ability to prevent kidney rejection in a sub-human primate transplantation model, Dr. Lazarovits continued to investigate the activities of Act-1 when he returned to Canada to become the Director of Transplantation at the University of Western Ontario.

It was later determined that the Act-1 monoclonal antibody reacted with an α4β7 integrin that was subsequently shown to interact with a gut-associated addressin, MadCAM. Early work with Dr. Bruce Yacyshyn showed differential expression in inflammatory bowel disease. Dr. Lazarovits isolated the antibody to produce the murine homologue MLN0002 which he licensed with the Massachusetts General Hospital to Millennium Pharmaceuticals of Boston for further development. Scientists at LeukoSite realized the potential of this antibody to treat inflammatory bowel disease, and this company was eventually acquired by Millennium which took an exclusive license to the cell line from Massachusetts General Hospital. In vivo proof of concept ultimately led to the decision to humanize the antibody and move it into clinical trials as "Vedolizumab". In addition to its reactivity to gut-associated lymphoid tissues, Act-1 antibody also stains large numbers of lymphocytes in rheumatoid synovium, and has been shown by Dr. A. A. Ansari of Emory University to prevent or delay onset of AIDS in a monkey-model of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-induced AIDS. Thus, reactivity with this antibody may show widespread applicability in inflammatory processes of diverse etiologies.

Society and culture

Legal status

Takeda filed a Marketing Authorization Application (MAA) in the European Union on 7 March 2013 and a biologic license application (BLA) with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration on 21 June 2013 for both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. On 4 September 2013, vedolizumab was given a Priority Review Status, which functions to expedite potential acceptance to market.

In March 2014, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a marketing authorization for vedolizumab (brand name Entyvio).

In May 2014, vedolizumab (Entyvio) was approved by the FDA for treatment of both moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis and moderate-to-severe Crohn's disease. In May 2014, Entyvio was approved for medical use in the European Union. In April 2015, Health Canada approved Entyvio.

Research
Vedolizumab eventually completed a number of phase III clinical trials for Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis (GEMINI I, GEMINI II, and GEMINI III) that demonstrate that vedolizumab is an effective and well tolerated drug. The results of the GEMINI 1 and GEMINI 2 randomized, placebo controlled multicenter trials of induction and maintenance therapy in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis have been published. An additional clinical trial, GEMINI LTS (Long-term Safety), is still being run.

HIV infection
In October 2016, scientists from Emory University and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) published a paper which claimed that they applied daily ART (antiretroviral therapy) of 90 days followed by simianized (rhesus macaques) anti α4β7 antibody on SIV+ rhesus macaques for 23 weeks. Twenty three months after stopping both ART and anti-α4β7 antibody treatment, the in vivo SIV level still remained undetectable. Therefore, treating HIV+ people with ART and anti-α4β7 simultaneously may be a new therapy that could potentially lead to an HIV infection cure. In mice vedolizumab was not able to prevent or control HIV-infections. Phase 1 clinical trial of that therapy has been initialized by NIAID since May 2016. For each of the participants, they will get vedolizumab infusions every four weeks for 30 weeks. Before the 23rd week of vedolizumab infusions, cART (combination ART) is kept. During the 30 weeks, blood draws are repeated for baseline tests. After the 22-week-cART is stopped, both viral load and CD4 count will be monitored biweekly. If HIV viral load goes high or their CD4 cell counts decrease by too much during when vedolizumab is used alone, cART will be brought back on the participants. The published results from this clinical trial suggest "that blockade of α4β7 may not be an effective strategy for inducing virological remission in HIV-infected individuals after ART interruption" because only one patient showed prolonged virus suppression.

References

External links

Monoclonal antibodies
Immunosuppressants
Takeda Pharmaceutical Company brands


Roelof Paul Citroen (15 December 1896 – 13 March 1983) was a German-born Dutch artist, art educator and co-founder of the New Art Academy in Amsterdam. Among his best-known works are the photo-montage Metropolis and the 1949 Dutch postage stamps.

Biography

Early life
Citroen was born and grew up in a middle-class family in Berlin to Hendrik Roelof Citroen (1865–1932), a Dutch Jew from Amsterdam while his mother, Ellen Philippi (1872–1945), was from a Berlin Jewish family. His father owned a fur shop and passed away in Berlin just before the onset of Nazi Germany while his mother died due to illness at the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. His sister Ilse Citroen (died with her husband at the Auschwitz concentration camp) was the mother of Sanne Ledermann, a friend of Anne Frank. At an early age, Citroen began drawing, provoking strong support from his parents. He soon started to experiment with photography with Erwin Blumenfeld and studied art in Berlin.

As a painter, he was a Dadaist.  As a visual artist in photography, he used the Bauhaus Style of physical portraits, many times with the subject peering intensely into the camera.

In 1919 Citroen began studying at the Bauhaus, where he started taking lessons from Paul Klee and Wassily Kandinsky (part of Der Blaue Reiter) and Johannes Itten, who became one of his biggest influences. Around this time, he started Metropolis (1923), which became his best-known piece. Citroen's Metropolis influenced Fritz Lang to make his classic film Metropolis. Between 1929 and 1935, Citroen made many photographs, clearly influenced by his work with Blumenfeld.

Citroen's work was included in the 1939 exhibition and sale Onze Kunst van Heden (Our Art of Today) at the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam.

Later life
He soon started up the Nieuwe Kunstschool (New Art School) with Charles Roelofsz. It ran out of money and closed down in 1937. That year, Citroen became a scholar at the Royal Academy of Art in The Hague. When Citroen was warned that he was due to be arrested on August 28, 1942, he fled to Maria Helena Friedlaender (nee Bruhn), a German woman, wife of Henri Friedlaender. She hid him with other fugitives in the attic of her house in Wassenaar, South Holland, for several months.

Among his many students are Kees Bol, Madeleine Gans, Henk Hartog, and Jos Zeegers. He designed his monumental postage stamps in 1949. In 1960 he stopped teaching and started painting portraits as his main focus. He painted portraits of famous Dutch people, including a well-known portrait of Liesbeth List in 1979.

Paul Citroen died in 1983 in Wassenaar.

Public collections
 Gemeentemuseum Den Haag
 Hermann-Hesse-Museum, Calw
 Literatuurmuseum, Den Haag
 Museum De Fundatie, Zwolle
 Rijksmuseum Amsterdam
 Prentenkabinet Rijksuniversiteit, Leiden
 Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam
 MoMA, New York
 Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
 Art Institute of Chicago

References

 Answers - The Most Trusted Place for Answering Life's Questions
 Paul Citroen (1896-1983)
 Discover painter, watercolorist, draftsman Paul Citroen

External links

1896 births
1983 deaths
Bauhaus alumni
Dutch Jews
Jewish painters
Painters from Berlin
20th-century Dutch painters
Dutch male painters
Royal Academy of Art, The Hague alumni
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the Netherlands
Anne Frank


Cho Byung-Kwan (born May 5, 1981) is a male freestyle wrestler from South Korea. He participated in Men's freestyle 74 kg at 2008 Summer Olympics. In the 1/16 of final he lost to Buvaisar Saitiev, but he got to the repechage round. There he beat Ahmet Gülhan, but then lost to Iván Fundora and was eliminated.

References

External links

1981 births
vLiving people
South Korean wrestlers
South Korean male sport wrestlers
Olympic wrestlers for South Korea
Wrestlers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Asian Games medalists in wrestling
Wrestlers at the 2002 Asian Games
Wrestlers at the 2006 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2002 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2006 Asian Games
Asian Games gold medalists for South Korea
Asian Games silver medalists for South Korea
21st-century South Korean people


Alacizumab pegol is an antineoplastic agent. Chemically, it is a pegylated F(ab')2 fragment of a monoclonal antibody.

References

Monoclonal antibodies
Experimental cancer drugs


Leopold Wagner (1927, Klagenfurt – 26 September 2008) was an Austrian politician of the Social Democratic Party (SPÖ), serving as governor (Landeshauptmann) of Carinthia from 1974 to 1988.

Wagner was governor of Carinthia for three consecutive terms, with an absolute majority in the state parliament each time, making him the only Carinthian governor with such a lengthy period of unchallenged rule. Along with his deputies, Erwin Frühbauer and Rudolf Gallob, he modernized the state considerably, and was considered a leading figure in its post-World War II politics.

He was controversial within his generally left-wing party, however, for his populist, nationalist tone. He replaced Hans Sima as governor amidst a wave of popular nostalgia for pan-German and nationalist sentiment, which he took advantage of by speaking unapologetically of his former high-ranking position in the Hitler Youth, and inveighing against Carinthia's Slovene minority.

He stepped down as governor in 1988, after being shot and seriously wounded in late 1987 at his 40th high school reunion, during a dispute with a former classmate. His populist nationalism is seen as a forerunner for that of Jörg Haider, who took over as governor of Carinthia a year later, in 1989.

References

1927 births
2008 deaths
Politicians from Klagenfurt
Governors of Carinthia (state)
Social Democratic Party of Austria politicians
Grand Crosses with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Hitler Youth members


Eva María Delgado Macías (born 18 October 1971 in El Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz) better known as Eva Santamaría is a Spanish singer, known for representing Spain at the Eurovision Song Contest 1993 with her song "Hombres" (Men), composed by the journalist Carlos Toro.

Before participating in the song festival, Santamaría became well known for participating in the musical television programs Gente Joven, El Salero and Las Coplas. She also collaborated with other artists on several albums and presented her own radio show on Radio Nacional de España. In the months before the Contest in early 1993, Carlos Toro helped Santamaría record her debut album A buen puerto (Successful) in Los Angeles, on which "Hombres" became a hit single. To date, however, this album was her only release.

Coming off the album's success, Televisión Española selected Santamaría to represent the network and all of Spain at Eurovision 1993 in Millstreet, Ireland, with her hit "Hombres." She beat out other popular singers such as Yossek and Julián Contreras. Her song placed eleventh out of 25 in the Contest.

Santamaría did not pursue her pop career after disagreements with her manager, and sporadically appeared on television since then. She has since dedicated her focus on theatre and singing copla.

References

1971 births
Singers from Andalusia
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Spain
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 1993
Living people
People from El Puerto de Santa María
21st-century Spanish singers
21st-century Spanish women singers


Tanezumab (INN, codenamed RN624) is a monoclonal antibody against nerve growth factor as a treatment for pain via a novel mechanisms different from conventional pain-killer drugs. Tanezumab was discovered and developed by Rinat Neuroscience and was acquired by Pfizer in 2006.

In 2009 there was a Phase III trial for knee pain due to osteoarthritis (OA).
Another Phase III trial for hip pain in OA was halted in June 2010 when some patients needed hip replacement.

Tanezumab is undergoing Phase II clinical trials for the treatment of various pain entities, including chronic low back pain, bone cancer pain, and interstitial cystitis.

In March 2012, the Anti-NGF Testing - FDA Committee voted in favor of a continuation of the development of nerve-blocking medications, as long as certain safety precautions were observed.

A Phase III trial published in 2013 found tanezumab was superior to placebo for painful hip osteoarthritis.

At February 19, 2019 the co-development partners - Eli Lilly and Pfizer - announced that treatment with tanezumab 10 mg met the primary endpoint, demonstrating a statistically significant improvement in chronic low back pain at 16 weeks compared to placebo (however, 5 mg arm demonstrated a numerical improvement in pain, but did not reach statistical significance compared to placebo at the week 16 analysis).

Society and culture

Legal status
On 16 September 2021, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) recommended the refusal of the marketing authorization for tanezumab (Raylumis), a medicine intended for the treatment of pain associated with osteoarthritis.

On 25 March 2021, the FDA Joint Arthritis Advisory Committee and Drug Safety and Risk Management Advisory Committee voted 1 to 19 against the question :  on whether the proposed risk evaluation and mitigation strategy (REMS) for tanezumab will ensure its benefits outweigh its risks.

See also
 List of investigational analgesics

References

External links
 All registered trials involving Tanezumab

Analgesics
Monoclonal antibodies
Pfizer brands