A-League expansion in Tasmania has been proposed since the establishment of the A-League in 2005. Before the introduction of the league, Football Federation Australia (FFA) chairman Frank Lowy said he hoped to expand the competition into cities such as Hobart and Launceston, among others.

Football Tasmania president Bob Gordon stated in 2021 that he was confident a club would likely be entering the competition as soon as 2023. However in 2023 the proposal was pushed back to the 2025-2026 season, on the condition that either the Macquarie Point Stadium is made convertible or a new rectangular stadium is built.

The bid has the backing of the Tasmanian government.

Tasmania United bid

History
Following the success of the A-League, a Tasmanian football task force headed by Hobart-based businessman John McGirr was given the task of finding funding for a Tasmanian-based A-League side. The taskforce has registered the name "Tasmania United FC" and is submitting a bid for the 2011–12 season. In September 2008 McGirr Announced the adoption of an official club logo for the proposed club and announced that the taskforce was on target "to present an extremely strong business case to both FFA and the Tasmanian community and intend to be ready to put a formal proposal for an A-League licence by mid-2009". Tasmanian Football Taskforce official Ken Morton has stated that should Tasmania United FC be awarded an A-League licence then the competition would become "a far more 'national' competition than rivals AFL and NRL, which are based in Melbourne and Sydney respectively. Indeed, the AFL has consistently refused Tasmania's push to have its own team, with economic factors being brought into play. We have a good cricket team down there who compete well at national level and we believe we can do the same in the A-League." In February 2008, Ken Morton stated "we meet the criteria but we require an owner."

In October 2007, Football Federation Tasmania CEO Martin Shaw suggested that Tasmania would be a viable location for an A-League club, mentioning the fact that it would need support from state and local government. It has been suggested that such a team would play games in both Hobart and Launceston. In 2008, a Tasmanian football taskforce was formed to investigate an A-League bid. The taskforce registered the name "Tasmania United FC" and submitted a bid for the join the 2011–12 A-League season. Despite multiple failed attempts to join the A-League, Tasmania United remains active in promoting a Tasmanian-based A-League club.

In October 2007, Football Federation Tasmania CEO Martin Shaw suggested that Tasmania would be a viable location for an A-League club. It was further suggested, in something of a contradiction, that a Tasmanian team would require Tasmanian Government support. On 16 March 2009, the Tasmanian Football Taskforce Chairman John McGirr clarified this statement by pointing out that "Obviously as a task force we would welcome any sort of funding from whoever," John McGirr then added "from day one we have seen this as a private business enterprise and we are not looking for any Government funds to prop the bid up".

The Tasmanian task force, which has the backing of the state government, has scheduled the launch of Tasmania United FC for 25 November, and that a deal with a major sponsor is close at hand. Ken Morton states that "we had good news regarding the major investor and once that is finalised in the next few days I think you will see our bid progress very aggressively."

On 12 February 2009, the task force announced it was "still in the mix" and "working harder than ever of late to entice investors and sponsors, as well as being in regular contact with the FFA". The Taskforce was unable to complete a formal proposal in time for the early expansion, although the Taskforce continued operating with the intention of obtaining a future A-league licence. Ken Morton has since stated that he believes Tasmania United FC's chance of entering the A-League to be "100%. I believe the A-League want us, the Tasmanian community want us and for this reason I believe it will become reality."
On 16 March 2009, Chairman John McGirr stated that the task force was in negotiation with a Dubai businessman regarding sponsorship and ownership of Tasmania United FC. The businessman has since been named as Sheik Mohammed Hussein Ali Al Amoudi—the 77th richest man in the world with a net worth of $13.7 billion. As of December 2010, it is unknown if Sheik Mohammed Hussein Ali Al Amoudi has any involvement with the consortium.

On 22 April 2009 the Tasmanian Government launched a six-week feasibility study to determine the possibility of a Tasmanian A-League side being viable. Stratcorp Consulting and Sporting Management Concepts, the same business to successfully manage the Melbourne Heart A-League licence bid have been engaged to manage the study utilising their experience in this field.
The outcome was a final Report that considered the key issues and questions that decision makers and potential funding partners may have in relation to the need for the proposed A-League team.
The Report was aimed at exciting key Ministers and Government staff about the opportunities to establish the team and provide sufficient need and justification to enable Government commitment.
This feasibility study succeeded in obtaining State Government and FFA support and shortly after its review the State Government agreed to provide funding towards the preparation of a Business Plan.

With the positive feedback obtained from the completed feasibility study, the taskforce obtained funding from the Tasmanian State Government to cover those costs associated with the preparation of a business plan that could be made available to both investors and the FFA. The business plan was completed successfully in late December 2010, with the consortium stating that it would be making a presentation to both the FFA and key investors in early to mid-2011 with the express intention of winning the now vacant 11th A-league licence for the 2012–2013 Season along with gaining crucial private investment. There is unknown if Sheik Mohammed Hussein Ali Al Amoudi—the 77th richest man in the world, may be one of these potential investors.
Early in 2011 the results of the business plan were released to the public by Tasmania United FC and these demonstrated that Tasmania could hold an A-league licence.

Shortly after the business plan was released to the public the current state government made a media release alongside representatives of Football Federation Tasmania, who had no involvement with Tasmania United FC or a Tasmanian bid until that point, and with no members of the Tasmania United FC board present. At the media release the State Government stated that they would not be pursuing any bid and that if they were to do so in the future then they would utilise a business model where Football Federation Tasmania controlled all aspects of the bid and club. A short time afterwards the board of Tasmania United FC who had laid the foundation stated that they would continue to press for a future Tasmanian A-League licence that worked with the State Government and Football Federation Tasmania, though as a wholly independent body.

Club culture
It has been decided that Tasmania United FC will be a club with a nickname that represents all Tasmanians. Many oppose using the name 'Tigers' as the state cricket team already has this nickname. For similar reasons the name 'Tassie Devils' may also be excluded as the former Tasmanian VFL side used this name and there is the expectation that it will be the name of a future Tasmanian-based AFL side.

The Taskforce has obtained supporter opinion of the names Wolves, Apples, Lions, Convicts, Pirates and Islanders and several others through the use of website polling. Another suggestion was The Wanderers due to the famous overland walking track, however this title is now taken. No firm decisions have been made although Wolves remains a highly popular choice making use of the thylacines name 'native marsupial wolf', although that name in football is already associated with the Wollongong Wolves, another team who may eventually enter the A-League.

Potential home ground
Despite a growing national interest supporters of a Tasmanian A-League club are still divided over the location of home games with both the north and south ends of the state supporting home games being played in their own region. The two supporter groups are focused on either Hobart or Launceston. Both cities contain sporting venues; Bellerive Oval in Hobart and Aurora Stadium in Launceston, but both are oval designs and would be far from ideal. In spite of these concerns the Tasmanian A-league Taskforce have in consultation with the FFA implemented a policy directed towards delivering one A-League Club for all Tasmanians playing home games in both the north and south of the state. This has resulted in considerable frustration for some football fans in both the north and south of the state who believe that football should be solely located in their region only.

Given that the future establishment of a 20/20 League in Australia may prevent the use of Bellerive stadium for A-League matches, other facilities have been suggested including the redevelopment of King George V Oval, North Hobart Oval, Wentworth Park or Rugby Park, along with the possible complete development of an entirely new sporting precinct somewhere in the Greater Hobart region. These possibilities are all reliant upon potential investment from third parties.
Many potential supporters of A-League in Tasmania have encouraged the redevelopment of North Hobart Oval as Tasmania's premier association rules and rugby field in Tasmania.

Other grounds that may be suitable for friendly matches include both the Devonport Oval and West Park in Burnie, as a Tasmanian A-league side will no doubt want a presence on the North West Coast of the state, if only in friendly matches.

Squad
During the bidding process, although there were no plans to sign players until the granting of an A-League licence, Ken Morton stated that he already had in mind "2 Dutch Under 21 stars who I think would do very well and they would be great acquisitions for the A-League. Both played in Under 21 European Championships for Holland." However, with a delay to submission of the bid these acquisitions did not eventuate.
While no firm decisions have been made Ken states that he is establishing scouting networks "through existing scouts in Brazil, the UK and Asia." and intends to look at recruiting both locally and from "Asia, Africa and Europe." When asked if he would be prepared to apply for the senior coach position once an A-League licence was granted, Ken Morton stated "Yes, without a doubt."

National Youth League squad
Following the successful friendly matches played between a Tasmanian Youth Side and National Youth League squads Ken Morton has stated that "given a chance our youngsters can compete at this level" and that "the passion shown by these boys was tremendous."
Tasmanian sides have also performed in previous National Championships

See also

Expansion of the A-League

References

External links
 Official Tasmania United website

Expansion of the A-League Men
Soccer clubs in Tasmania
Association football clubs established in 2008


Bulgaria has an embassy in Belgrade. Serbia has an embassy in Sofia. Bulgaria is a European Union member state and Serbia is a European Union candidate.

Both countries are full members of the Southeast European Cooperation Process, of the Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe, of the Central European Initiative, of the Southeast European Cooperative Initiative and of the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation. The countries share 318 km of common borderline.

Bulgaria recognized Kosovo as an independent self-proclaimed country in 2008, which strained relations between two nations, however the two countries enjoy good cooperation in the area of culture, as seen in the examples of co-production of Serbian movies.

History

Bulgarian revolutionary Georgi Sava Rakovski was provided shelter in Belgrade, revolutionary publications were printed in the city and Rakovski's armed group joined clashes against Ottomans in Belgrade in 1862. In 1867, a Bulgarian society, active in Bucharest approached the Serbian state with a draft-agreement. The Bulgarian side proposed the founding of a common Serbo-Bulgarian (Bulgaro-Serbian) dual state called South Slav Tsardom, headed by the Serbian Prince. Serbian Prime minister Ilija Garašanin accepted the Bulgarian proposal in a letter from June 1867, but he diplomatically refused to sign the document, fearing how representative this organisation had been. The establishment of this common state concerned other Bulgarian organisations, which perceived it as an implementation of Garašanin's plan called Načertanije.

Despite the cultural similarities, the two countries were enemies during the Second Balkan War and World War I, due to disputes over territory and spheres of influence, such as North Macedonia.

In 2018, Serbia and Bulgaria celebrated 140 years of modern diplomatic relations.

Serbian Presidents Aleksandar Vučić and Bulgarian PM Boyko Borisov concluded that the opening of the Balkan Pipeline through Bulgaria and Serbia in 2021 was a "remarkable success of the two fraternal states".

See also
 Foreign relations of Bulgaria
 Foreign relations of Serbia
 Accession of Serbia to the European Union
 Bulgaria–Montenegro relations
 Bulgaria–North Macedonia relations
 Bulgaria–Kosovo relations
 Bulgarians in Serbia
 Serbs in Bulgaria
 Craiova Group
 Bulgaria–Yugoslavia relations

References

Sources and further reading
Antić, Dejan D. "A view of Serbian-Bulgarian relations at the end of the 19th and at the beginning of the 20th century." Godišnjak Pedagoškog fakulteta u Vranju 7 (2016): 55–67.

 Hering, Gunnar. "Serbian-Bulgarian relations on the eve of and during the Balkan Wars.} Balkan Studies (1962) 4#2 pp 297-326.

 Rossos, Andrew. "Serbian-Bulgarian Relations, 1903-1914." Canadian Slavonic Papers 23.4 (1981) pp 347–378. and 394-408 .

External links
  Bulgarian embassy in Belgrade
  Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Bulgaria
  Serbian embassy in Sofia

Serbia
Bilateral relations of Serbia


The Libyan Center for Remote Sensing and Space Science also known as LCRSSS, established in 1989, is a governmental research organization dedicated to the researches in remote sensing, space, and earthquake sciences, currently with more than 5 research stations. Headquartered in Tripoli, LCRSSS has a staff of close to 300 with an annual budget of about €7 million in 2008.

Education in Libya
Government of Libya


Eyal Golasa (or Golsa, ; born 7 October 1991) is an Israeli professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Maccabi Tel Aviv.

Early life
Golasa was born in Netanya, Israel, to a family of Mizrahi Jewish (Yemeni-Jewish) descent. His father is former Israeli footballer Avner Golasa.

Club career

Maccabi Haifa
Born in Netanya, Israel, Golasa came from the highly successful youth system of Beitar Nes Tubruk. In the summer of 2008, he joined Maccabi Haifa. He made his debut in the 2008–09 Israeli Premier League. The midfielder remained a substitute at the beginning of this season until coming off the bench in a UEFA Champions League match against Kazakh champion FK Aktobe on 4 August. Golasa came off the bench, almost singlehandedly turning around a 0–3 deficit as Maccabi claimed a vital 4–3 victory. After leading Maccabi to the playoff stage of the UEFA Champions League, Golasa scored a goal against Red Bull Salzburg, as the Israelis won 3–0. This result enabled the Israelis to return to the group stages of Europe's elite competition. At that time he was being monitored by major European clubs. Websites specializing on football scouting would present him as the new star of the Israeli football.

On 1 February 2010, Golasa had reportedly signed a contract with Italian club S.S. Lazio. Five days later, the club announced the signing on a 4.5-year deal. However, Golasa decided to return to Israel to rejoin Maccabi Haifa and apologised for joining Lazio without informing Maccabi Haifa. Maccabi Haifa confirmed the player was staying and stated the Lazio contract was not valid because they had not been informed of negotiations between Golasa and Lazio.

He was suspended for six months by Maccabi Haifa after agreeing to sign a new contract. He made a verbal agreement but later backed out, causing club boss Ya'akov Shahar to suspend him until the end of the season, after which he was sold to Greek football club PAOK...

PAOK
On 24 June 2014, Golasa was transferred to the Greek football team PAOK for an undisclosed fee till summer 2017.  He could not help the club during the Super League 2014–15 play-offs as he suffered a second degree sprain in the left groin and medical reports stated he would be back in action after four to six weeks.

Maccabi Tel Aviv
In July 2016, Golasa returned to his native Israel, joining Maccabi Tel Aviv.

Career statistics

Club

Honours
Maccabi Haifa
 Israeli Premier League (2): 2008–09, 2010–11

Maccabi Tel Aviv
 Israeli Premier League (2): 2018–19, 2019-20
 Toto Cup (3): 2017–18, 2018–19, 2020-21
 Israel Super Cup (2): 2019, 2020

References

External links

1991 births
Living people
Israeli Mizrahi Jews
Israeli men's footballers
Beitar Nes Tubruk F.C. players
Maccabi Haifa F.C. players
PAOK FC players
Maccabi Tel Aviv F.C. players
Israeli Premier League players
Super League Greece players
Expatriate men's footballers in Greece
Israeli expatriate sportspeople in Greece
Footballers from Netanya
Israeli people of Yemeni-Jewish descent
Israeli twins
Men's association football midfielders
Israel men's international footballers


Stathmopoda aposema is a species of moth of the family Stathmopodidae. The common name is Kowhai Seed Moth. It is found in New Zealand.

References

Stathmopodidae
Moths of New Zealand
Moths described in 1901
Taxa named by Edward Meyrick


Antonio Santarelli (22 April 1832 in Forlì – 12 August 1920) was an Italian archaeologist.

A member of the Governing Commission of Fine Arts, royal inspector of excavations and monuments, and director of the Pinacoteca and civic museums of his birthplace of Forlì.  He carried out several digs in the outskirts of his town, at Villanova, Vecchiazzano and other sites, wrote many works of history and archaeology and founded the nucleus of what would become the National Archaeological Museum at Sarsina. The Museo Civico Archeologico at Forlì, which he founded and formed, is named after him and, among others, houses stone finds from Montepoggiolo, among the oldest from Europe.  He and his brother Apelli were great philanthropists and benefactors, founding a map archive and children's asylum bearing their name.

1832 births
1920 deaths
Italian archaeologists


Romania–Serbia relations are foreign relations between Romania and Serbia. Both countries established diplomatic relations on April 19, 1841. As of 2023, relations are very close and a mutual friendship sentiment is present in both countries.

History
Although Serbia unofficially opened a kind of diplomatic agency in Bucharest in March 1836, officially, the first Serbian diplomatic agency in Bucharest was established in February 1863, with Kosta Magazinović, as its first diplomatic agent. Reciprocally the first Romanian diplomatic agency in Belgrade was established on 12/24 March 1863 and the first diplomatic agent was Teodor Calimachi.

In 1879, as a consequence of the independent state status, the diplomatic agencies from Belgrade and Bucharest became legations and the diplomatic agents, resident ministers. Thus on 14/26 April 1879 the Romanian diplomatic agency in Belgrade became legation, having Lascăr Catargiu as its first resident minister. In the summer of 1879 Milan A. Petronijević became Serbia's first resident minister in Romania. Later, after Romania and Serbia became kingdoms, in 1881 and 1882, their diplomatic representatives became "extraordinary envoy and plenipotentiary ministers". It was only in 1939 when the legations from Belgrade and Bucharest became embassies.

However, a gradual cut-off of international relations between Romania and Serbia (in that time Yugoslavia) happened in May 1941, after Romania recognized the independence of the German-controlled Independent State of Croatia, due to Romania being an Axis power at the time.

Modern relations
Modern relations between Romania and Serbia began right after the Romanian Revolution and the beginning of the Yugoslav Wars. In the last decade of the 20th century, relations between the two countries were mostly affected after Romania decided to join the international community and enforced the embargo UN imposed over Yugoslavia during the Bosnian War, leading to a political rupture of the good historical relations between the two countries.

This, inadvertently, led to one of the biggest illegal trafficking network in Europe at the time. As the embargo prevented Yugoslavia from purchasing fuel, Romanian citizens, impoverished by the internal crisis inadvertely caused by the fall of the communist regime, began illegaly crossing the Danube in order to sell petrol, diesel and other forms of fuel to their Serbian neighbours. During a two years period, between 1993 and 1995, a lot of Romanians in the villages on the Danube shore got rich by illegal means, helping their Serbian counterparts. Any form of gas in Yugoslavia was around five times more expensive than in Romania. The network abruptly shut down in 1995, and it is believed that, despite their position, the Romanian government involved in it. Around ten to twenty people were killed during those years, either by the Romanian border guards or other smugglers.

Politic relations got even worse during the late years of the same decade, when Romania, on its way of accession to NATO, allowed NATO planes to use Romanian airspace in order to strike targets in Serbia. Supporting NATO during the Yugoslav Wars got Romania's position as an official NATO member in 2004. However, civilians continued showing support to Serbia, most Romanian citizens not agreeing with their government position.

After the end of the Yugoslav Wars, relations gradually improved, with Romania supporting Serbia's integration with the international community. Nowadays, symbolizing the good relations between Romania and Serbia, there is in the former a sentence that says "Romania only has two friends: the Black Sea and Serbia". However, this phrase and the state of the relations between both has been disturbed by the Romanians in the Timok Valley in Serbia, where they are known in Serbian as "Vlachs", claiming a separate ethnic identity from the Romanians.

Romania-Kosovo relations

Relations between Romania and the Republic of Kosovo are inexistent as of 2023. Kosovo's declaration of independence from Serbia caused debates and outrage in Romania, as the country strongly opposes Kosovo's independence. Romania is among the five countries part of the European Union who does not recognize Kosovo, and one of the seven countries boycotting Kosovo's admission to the Council of Europe in 2023.

The main reason for this is the Székely Land problem that Romania faces: it is considered that, if Romania would recognize Kosovo's independence, Székely Land, with a majority of ethnic Hungarians and Székelys, would seek to obtain its autonomy or independence, with some public nationalist individuals such as Corneliu Vadim Tudor claiming that Székely Land would instantly follow joining neighbouring Hungary, country that used to control the area for hundreds of years.

A vote was held on 18 February 2008 in the Parliament of Romania, the very next day after Kosovo declared its independence from Serbia, to determine if Romania shall recognize Kosovo as an independent country, but the results were divided by a landslide for voting against, with 357 votes for ”No” and only 27 votes for ”Yes”, mostly coming from the ethnic-Hungarian party UDMR (Hungary recognized Kosovo's independence on March 19 of the same year). Furthermore, both the president Traian Băsescu and prime-minister Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu opposed.

A possible change was shown during the leadership of Victor Ponta, who stated that ”Romania must follow EU's lead" after the European Union urged Cyprus, Greece, Romania, Slovakia and Spain to reconsider their decisions regarding Kosovo. However, after his resign in 2015, no such thing was considered by the Government of Romania.

Romania mantains a liaison office in Pristina, but not an official embassy.

Romania-Kosovo football match in 2023

Relations between Romania and Kosovo got even worse after a football match between the two national football teams in 2023. Despite not having relations and Romania not recognizing Kosovo as a sovereign state, the two national teams were drawn in the same group for the qualifiers to the UEFA Euro 2024 tournament.

During the second leg match between the teams taking place on Arena Națională in Bucharest, an extremist fan faction of the Romanian side, named ”Uniți Sub Tricolor” (”United Under Tricolour” in Romanian) displayed two banners quoting ”Basarabia e România” (”Bessarabia is Romania” in Romanian) and ”Kosovo je Srbija” (”Kosovo is Serbia” in Serbian) and began shouting pro-Serbia chants. Moreover, in the 19th minute, a fan threw a torch on the pitch, causing the Kosovar side to leave the pitch in protest, with the match getting interrupted.

The Romanian ”Jandarmerie” unit forcefully removed the banners, but not also the hooligans. Despite being called back on the pitch, the Kosovar players still refused to come back on the pitch, disrupting the match even more. The match was eventually relaunched 50 minutes later and Romania won 2-0.

After the match, the Football Federation of Kosovo filled a report against the Romanian Football Federation to UEFA, demanding that Kosovo should be awarded a 3-0 victory because of the events. The complain was denied but the Romanian Football Federation was given a 52,000 Euros fine and was ordered to play the next home match in the group (against Andorra) without fans.

Embassies

Romania has an embassy in Belgrade and a consulate-general in Vršac. Serbia has an embassy in Bucharest and a consulate-general in Timișoara.

Memberships
Both Romania and Serbia are members of the:

 South-East European Cooperation Process Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe
 Central European Initiative
 Southeast European Cooperative Initiative
 Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation

Romania's position in Serbia's accession to the European Union
Serbia borders four European Union member states while not being itself a member state. Out of 1343.4 kilometers of border, 546.4 are of shared border with Romania, which is considered to be one of Serbia's key allies in its European Union integration path.

Serbia officially applied for European Union membership on December 22, 2009, and has become an official candidate on March 1, 2012. Before this, Romania unsuccessfully tried to veto Serbia on receiving the candidate status, quoting the lack of minority rights for the Romanian minority in Serbia. However, ever since then, Romania intensively intervened in Serbia's accession by sending aid in forms of financiar and technical means to their Serbian counterparts.

Romania has not recognized Kosovo's independence from Serbia despite European Union's general support for Kosovo's autodetermination. In order for Serbia to become a European Union member state, it is considered that it should recognize Kosovo's legitimacy, thing that was completely unnacceptable for any Serbian government ever since Kosovo's declaration of independence or since Serbia applied for European Union membership. Kosovo itself tries to become an European Union member state but opposition from some European Union member states, as well as its disputed status, is making this very hard.

Both Serbia and Romania are firm with their positions regarding Kosovo, thus making Serbia's accession to the European Union a harder mission. The 35th chapter of the negociations between Serbia and the European Union regard the relations with Kosovo, and while some progress has been made, neither Belgrade's or Pristina's positions are clear.

However, despite any of those reasons, with the progress that has been made, Serbia is widely believed to be the next country to join the European Union (maybe in the same time as Montenegro), somewhere between 2025 and 2030 (between 12 and 17 years since the last country, Croatia, joined the European Union).

Serbs of Romania

The Serbs of Romania are a recognized ethnic minority. According to the 2011 census, there were 18,076 Serbs in Romania (~0.1%). Serbs mostly live in western Romania, in the Romanian part of the Banat region, where they constitute an absolute majority in two communes and a relative majority in one other.

Romanians of Serbia

The Romanians of Serbia are a recognized ethnic minority. According to the 2022 census, there were 23,044 Romanians in Serbia (~0.3%), while 21,013 people declared themselves "Vlachs". There are differing views among some of the "Vlachs" over whether or not they should be regarded as Romanians or as members of a distinctive nationality. Romanians and "Vlachs" mostly live in northeastern Serbia, in the Timok Valley and in the Serbian part of the Banat region to be exact, where they constitute a minority in two municipalities and in Vojvodina. Romanians of the Timok Valley have no schools where to practice their maternal language.

Diplomacy

Romania
Belgrade (Embassy)

Republic of Serbia
Bucharest (Embassy)

See also
 Foreign relations of Romania
 Foreign relations of Serbia
 Accession of Serbia to the European Union
 Romania–Serbia border
 Romania's reaction to the 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence
 Romania–Yugoslavia relations

References

Further reading

External links
 Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Romania
 Serbian embassy in Bucharest
 Serbian general consulate in Timișoara (in Romanian and Serbian only)
 Romanian-Serbian Relations (late 19th century – early 20th century)
 General Consulate of Romania in Vršac

Serbia
Bilateral relations of Serbia


Serbia–Slovenia relations  Before 1991, both countries were part of Yugoslavia. Slovenia gained its independence after the Ten-Day War. Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 December 2000. Serbia has an embassy in Ljubljana. Slovenia has an embassy in Belgrade.

Both countries are full members of the Central European Initiative and of the Southeast European Cooperative Initiative. Also Serbia is an EU candidate and Slovenia is an EU member.

Serbs are the biggest national minority in Slovenia.

See also
 Foreign relations of Serbia
 Foreign relations of Slovenia
 Agreement on Succession Issues of the Former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
 Accession of Serbia to the European Union

References

External links
 Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about the relation with Slovenia
 Serbian embassy in Ljubljana (in Serbian and Slovenian only)
 Slovenian embassy in Belgrade

Slovenia
Bilateral relations of Slovenia


Wearable Augmented task-List Interchange Device (W.A.L.I.D) system was designed by computing researchers of the wearable computing group at the University of Oregon as a simulator to test wearable communities projects. The first version was used in testing the Negotiation System described in When Cyborgs Meet: Building Communities of Cooperating Wearable Agents, and as described in Modeling Wearable Negotiation in an Opportunistic Task Oriented Domain. The WALID simulator is also modified for the trust domain.

The experimental system of WALID is developed to test the weighing of trust versus self-interest. The experiment was made easy by the fact that Oregon computing researchers live and worked in the same neighbourhood in Eugene, Oregon.

In this experiment, two individuals use their mobile devices to negotiate about and to exchange real world tasks such as dropping off someone's dry cleaning of returning a book to the library. It is based on the ideal of "doing a favour for others knowing that one day they will do it for you".

The WALID system utilizes personal agent software to find nearby community members in close proximity to negotiate the exchange of tasks. Agents are made aware of the activities of the tasks and their locations via a user's task list. When an encounter occurs, negotiation is made and the tasks are exchanged if the negotiation goes through.

Ideas from game theory are employed to ensure that results negotiations are mutually beneficial; cooperation is conducted only if there is opportunity to enhance the user's objective.

Notes

Robotics projects
University of Oregon
Mobile computers


The , enacted in 1993, governs general functions of government agencies in Japan.

Chapters

 General Provisions
 Dispositions Upon Applications: Requires administrative agencies to implement concrete standards of review and indicate processing times for applications.
 Adverse Dispositions: Establishes procedures and evidentiary standards for hearings and rulings.
 Administrative Guidance: Establishes regulations for non-dispositive advice conducted by the government.
 Notifications
 Public Comment Procedure, Etc.

Exclusions

A number of government activities are excluded from the Act. These include:

 Diet, judicial and prosecutorial activities
 Law enforcement
 Tax and securities regulation
 Prisons
 Schools
 Immigration control

External links
 Text of the law (Japanese and English)

Japanese legislation
Government of Japan


Konstantin Shamray (born 27 May 1985, Novosibirsk, Soviet Union) is a Russian pianist.
Shamray was born in Novosibirsk and began musical-schooling at the age of six in the Kemerovo Music School with Natalia Knobloch. From 1996 he continued his studies in Moscow  at the Gnessin Special School of Music , later at the Russian Gnessin Academy of Music with Tatiana Zelikman and Vladimir Tropp, and then at Musikhochschule Freiburg with Tibor Szasz.

Konstantin came into the music scene in August 2008 as Winner of the Sydney International Piano Competition. He captured people's attention as the first in the history of the competition to take out both First and Peoples’ Choice Prize along with six other special prizes.

The young pianist has performed at such festivals as Ruhr Klavier Festival, the Bochum Festival and Kissinger Sommer in Germany, White Nights Festival in St. Petersburg, receiving critical acclaim. In October 2011 the pianist won the First prize at the piano competition Kissinger Klavierolymp and in 2013 the Luitpoldpreis (Luitpold Prize) of the festival Kissinger Sommer in Bad Kissingen, Germany.

References

External links
  ABC Classic FM - Sydney International Piano Competition
  Brisbane Times
  Australian String Quartet

 Performance of Sergey Prokofiev's 2nd Piano Concerto (finale)

Russian classical pianists
Male classical pianists
1985 births
Living people
Musicians from Novosibirsk
Sydney International Piano Competition prize-winners
21st-century classical pianists
21st-century Russian male musicians


The Verzocchi collection or the Galleria Verzocchi - work in contemporary painting is a collection of over seventy 20th-century Italian paintings formed by the entrepreneur Giuseppe Verzocchi from 1949 to 1950.  It contains only paintings of 90 by 70 cm and only on the themes of work and self-portraiture. Each painting is marked "V & D", the Verzocchi brand. It now forms part of the Pinacoteca civica di Forlì.

Artists and works

 Afro, Tenaglia e camera oscura
 Amerigo Bartoli Natinguerra, L'impiegato
 Luigi Bartolini, Le mietitrici
 Aldo Bergamini, Pittrice di ceramiche
 Ugo Bernasconi, Vangatori
 Renato Birolli, Il porto di Nantes
 Marcello Boccacci, La stiratrice
 Leonardo Borgese, Indossatrici
 Pompeo Borra, Compagni di lavoro
 Giovanni Brancaccio, Pescatori di fondo
 Gastone Breddo, Il ciabattino
 Anselmo Bucci, Il ponte sul Metauro
 Guido Cadorin, Pittori di barche
 Corrado Cagli, Il vasaio
 Massimo Campigli, L'architrave
 Domenico Cantatore, Cucitrice
 Giuseppe Capogrossi, Lavoro
 Felice Carena, Lo scultore
 Aldo Carpi, Studio del pittore
 Carlo Carrà, Costruttori
 Felice Casorati, Mani, oggetti, testa...
 Bruno Cassinari, Pescatori del porto di Antibes
 Primo Conti, Giardiniere
 Antonio Corpora, I lavoratori del mare
 Giorgio de Chirico, Forgia di Vulcano
 Raffaele De Grada, Massaie al lavoro
 Fortunato Depero, Tornio e telaio
 Filippo De Pisis, Piccolo fabbro
 Francesco De Rocchi, Semina di primavera
 Antonio Donghi, Carico di fascine
 Cesare Fratino, La pressa idraulica
 Achille Funi, Lo scultore
 Bepi Galletti, Allieve di pittura
 Luciano Gaspari, Merlettaia di Burano
 Romano Gazzera, I pionieri
 Virgilio Guidi, Il lavoro del metallo
 Renato Guttuso, Bracciante siciliano
 Mino Maccari, Scuola di pittura
 Mario Mafai, Gli scaricatori di carbone
 Concetto Maugeri, Ricostruzione
 Francesco Menzio, Nello studio
 Giuseppe Migneco, Contadino che zappa
 Cesare Monti, Ai campi
 Enzo Morelli, La strada nuova
 Mattia Moreni, La fucina
 Ennio Morlotti, Riparatrici di reti
 Marco Novati, "El remer" (Il fabbricante di remi)
 Giuseppe Novello, Ricamatrice
 Cipriano Efisio Oppo, La fiorista
 Carlo Parmeggiani, Il santo lavoro
 Fausto Pirandello, I vangatori
 Armando Pizzinato, I costruttori di forni
 Enrico Prampolini, Il lavoro del tempo (Ritmi geologici)
 Ottone Rosai, I muratori
 Bruno Saetti, La mondina
 Alberto Salietti, La vendemmia
 Aldo Salvadori, La modella
 Giuseppe Santomaso, Piccola vetreria
 Aligi Sassu, Il campo arato
 Pio Semeghini, Piccola merlettaia
 Gino Severini, Simboli del lavoro
 Mario Sironi, Il lavoro
 Ardengo Soffici, La vangatura
 Orfeo Tamburi, La fornace
 Fiorenzo Tomea, Il raccolto dell'orzo
 Arturo Tosi, Terre arate
 Giulio Turcato, Gli scaricatori
 Gianni Vagnetti, Il lavoro del pittore
 Italo Valenti, Le locomotive
 Emilio Vedova, Interno di fabbrica
 Mario Vellani Marchi, Piccole merlettaie buranelle
 Umberto Vittorini, Donna che lavora

External links
 Deeper article
Time Magazine Article

Art museums and galleries in Emilia-Romagna
Forlì
Former private collections in Italy


Maltese-Serbian relations are foreign relations between Malta and Serbia. Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1964. Malta is represented in Serbia through a non-resident ambassador based in Valletta (in the Foreign Ministry). Serbia has an Embassy Office in Valletta.
Malta is an EU member and Serbia is an EU candidate.

History

Relations between Maltese and Serbians took place in early history in the framework of the relations between their masters, the British and the Ottoman empire.

One of the first Maltese public figures of Serbian/Montenegrin descent was Giorgio Mitrovich (1795 – 1885), patriot and politician known for his role in the struggle for freedom of the press in Malta, whose homonym grandfather was a successful privateer originally from Venice-ruled Kotor who moved to Malta around 1770.

In 1918, a group of cadets and personnel of the Serbian army, on board of the SS Polynesien, was rescued to Malta and healed at Cottonera Hospital after the ship was sunk by a German torpedo.

During the Second World War, as during the first, Malta provided a rest and recuperation setting for British allies - in this case, Tito's Yugoslav partisans, led by Major Jerko Juricic, who set up a camp at Bingemma. While in Malta, the partisans (both male and female) could be trained by British experts in the use of both Ally as well as Axis weapons. At least one Yugoslav partisan died of his wounds in Malta, and was buried at the Military Cemetery.

In the late 1940s, Maltese emigrants left to Australia on board of the Yugoslav steamers S.S. Partizanka and S.S. Radnik.

Relations between newly independent Malta and socialist Yugoslavia during the Cold War were shaped by the Cold War context. Malta under socialist PM Dom Mintoff joined the Non-Aligned Movement, which had been launched by Tito. Economic cooperation was marked by the construction of a small factory on the island with Yugoslav capitals. In the early 1980s, Yugoslavia donated a ship to Malta, upon request of Mintoff.

During Mintoff's rule, marked by relations with Qaddafi's Libya, Yugoslavia was a rather warm ally of Malta, probably the main one in Europe. Future foreign minister Michael Frendo wrote his graduate thesis in 1977 on "Workers' self-management: A new concept of the legal structure of the enterprise in Malta and Yugoslavia".

Agreements
Malta signed its 12th bilateral double taxation agreement with Serbia on 9 September 2009. Foreign Affairs Minister of Malta, Tonio Borg signed two agreements with Serbia during a two-day visit in 2010 about readmission of people residing without authorisation.

Diasporas

The Serbian community is one of the fastest-growing diasporas in Malta. Their number has steadily grown throughout the 2010s, and in 2017 - with 2,757 workers - Serbians were the second biggest non-EU foreign community on the islands after Libyans and just ahead of Filipinos. Though the actual number is probably bigger. Serbian citizens in Malta work in the tourist industry and often follow a seasonal migration pattern. Crime rates, hooliganism and integration matters of the Serbian community has also come to the attention of Maltese society. Few Serbian-Maltese have come to the fore in Maltese society too.

See also
 Foreign relations of Malta
 Foreign relations of Serbia
 Malta–Yugoslavia relations
 Yugoslavia and the Non-Aligned Movement
 Malta and the Non-Aligned Movement
 Accession of Serbia to the European Union

References

External links
  Direction of the Maltese representation in Serbia
  Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Malta

Serbia
Bilateral relations of Serbia


Stathmopoda melanochra is a species of moth of the family Stathmopodidae. It is found in Australia and New Zealand.

References

Stathmopodidae
Moths of New Zealand


The portmanteau micromorph is a combination of the words microcrystalline and amorphous. It is used for a type of silicon based multijunction thin-film solar cell.

The micromorph cell

Micromorph cells are thin film solar cells based on a multijunction–architecture consisting of two solar cells that are stacked on top of each other. While the thin amorphous silicon top cell absorbs the blue light, the thicker microcrystalline silicon bottom cell absorbs the red and near-infrared light, allowing this so-called tandem cell to cover a wider range of the solar spectrum.

Since the bandgaps of amorphous silicon (1.7eV) and microcrystalline Silicon (1.1eV) are well suited for tandem solar cells, the Shockley-Queisser limit of this cell allows conversion efficiencies of over 30%.
In reality this limit can not be reached and typical stable efficiencies are about 9% (world record 11.7%). That is well over the stable efficiencies of single junction thin film silicon solar cells which are around 6%. One reason of the low costs of silicon thin film solar cells is its very low thickness (2 μm) compared to silicon wafer (200 μm). In the red and infrared wavelength range 2 μm of silicon are not enough to absorb all light and therefore 'light trapping' is needed.

The advantage of the micromorph approach is that it keeps the thickness of the amorphous top cell low. This reduces the effect of degradation induced by light (Staebler-Wronski effect).
In multijunction cells top and bottom cell have to produce the same current. But the top cell is limited by the Staebler-Wronski effect and therefore light trapping and an intermediate reflector are needed to keep the thickness of the top cell low while increasing its current.

The intermediate reflector
The intermediate reflector is a layer (IRL) of zinc oxide (ZnO intermediate reflector: ZIR) or silicon oxide (SiOx intermediate reflector: SOIR) between the top and the bottom cell. Due to its lower refractive index of around 2 comparing to the surrounding silicon (4) light is reflected back into the top cell. This increases the top cell current from around 10mA/cm to 12mA/cm, but reduces the bottom cell current by an equal amount.

The word micromorph
This artificial word was first mentioned in a scientific publication of the University of Neuchâtel research group of Prof. Arvind Shah by the author J. Meier in the year 1995, but is based on long pioneering research of several authors and of several years. For a detailed list of publications, see the two main research group's publications website under http://pvlab.epfl.ch and under https://web.archive.org/web/20110222142422/http://www.fz-juelich.de/ief/ief-5/publicger/

Years later, other European, Japanese and American research groups started research activities in the field of improving the conversion efficiency of thin-film silicon solar cells by utilizing the stacked solar cell concept, naming the micromorph device 'hybrid' solar cell or naming the microcrystalline silicon absorber 'nanocrystalline' or even 'policrystalline' silicon.

The word 'micromorph' has been lately claimed to belong to an equipment manufacturer of silicon coating tools, but in a patent judgement, this claim has not been accepted by European patent offices.

See also
 TEL Solar (former Oerlikon solar)

External links
 Presentation with informative pictures and current state of industrial production: http://www.swisslaser.net/libraries.files/UlrichKrollOerlikon.pdf

References

Solar cells


Balaklava High School is a country high school of around 300 students ranging from years 8 to 12. The school has around 30 teachers. It is located in Balaklava, in the Adelaide Plains in South Australia, Australia.

The school has a strong emphasis on Vocational Education and Industry and training partnership programs such as VET, Agriculture, Performing Arts, and an Engineering Pathways programs.

Facilities
Balaklava High School has facilities for its students to use, including:

References

External links
Official school website

High schools in South Australia


Amir Edri (Hebrew: אמיר אדרי), (born July 26, 1985) is an Israeli goalkeeper. After a loan spell with Maccabi Herzliya in the 2007/08 season, Edri returned to Haifa and played 11 games after the first-string 'keeper was injured.

Honours
Israeli Premier League (2):
2008–09, 2010–11

References

1985 births
Living people
Israeli Jews
Israeli men's footballers
Maccabi Haifa F.C. players
Maccabi Herzliya F.C. players
Maccabi Netanya F.C. players
Israeli Premier League players
Israeli people of Moroccan-Jewish descent
People from Or Akiva
Men's association football goalkeepers


Relations between Hungary and Serbia, or Serbo-Hungarian relations form a part of the wider politics of Central and Southeast Europe. The two countries have a long relationship stretching back to the Middle Ages. History of official diplomatic relations of Hungary and Serbia dates back to 21 November 1882, when they were established between the Kingdom of Serbia and Austria-Hungary. Today, Hungary has an embassy in Belgrade and a general consulate in Subotica, while Serbia has an embassy in Budapest and an honorary consulate in Szeged.

The two countries share 151 km of common border. There are around 254,000 people of Hungarian descent according to the latest census living in northern Serbia (particularly in Vojvodina) and around 7,000 people of traditional Serbian descent living in Hungary (not counting workers and refugees from Serbia to Hungary since the 1990s). In recent years, the relations between the two countries have been characterized by a strong partnership.

History

Hungary and Serbia share a long historical contact, but both have been characterized between cooperation and conflict. Contacts begin with the immigration of Hungarian tribes to Pannonia around the 10th century. The first serious ties between Serbs and Hungarians came with the formation of the medieval Kingdom of Serbia and the Kingdom of Hungary. Daughter of Serbian ruler Uroš I, Grand Prince of Serbia Jelena married the son and heir of Stephen II of Hungary around 1130 while marking the first dynastic marriage between the ruling families of the two countries. Later, the Hungarian princess Catherine (Katalin) will become the wife of Stephen Dragutin I, King of Serbia, while his brother, the later King Stephen Milutin I of Serbia, married the Hungarian princess Elizabeth (Erzsébet). Serbian Prince Stefan Lazarević had a great alliance with King Sigismund of Luxembourg and formed the knightly Order of the Dragon. He also received Belgrade as a gift in 1403, which then became the capital for the first time. During the defense against Turkish attacks, especially during the siege of Belgrade in 1456, the Hungarian hero John Hunyadi stood out, who is mentioned in many Serbian epic poems as Sibinjanin Janko. King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary was a great friend of the Serbs and helped the Serbian states in their defense against the Turkish invasion. After the Fall of Smederevo in 1459, he accepted thousands of Serbian refugees into Hungary and allowed the descendants of Đurađ Branković to bear the title of despot while fighting under the Hungarian flag. One of them was the famous Black Army commander Vuk Grgurević-Branković, known as Vuk the Fiery Dragon, a friend of Matthias Corvinus who conquered Sarajevo and brought thousands of Serbian refugees from Bosnia to Syrmia. Hungarian and Serbian refugees fled from Ottoman occupations, and used to be part of the famous Winged Hussars, a military regiment of the previous Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

However, relationship between two states turned tense in the later half of the 19th century, with the establishment of the Kingdom of Serbia and Serbian interests toward Bosnia and Herzegovina and Vojvodina, both have significant Serbian population. As part of Austria-Hungary, the Hungarian army formed a significant part of the invading army on Serbia at the World War I. After the war, Hungary lost Vojvodina, a former territory of the Kingdom of Hungary, to Serbia.

Hungary signed a non-aggression and "Treaty of Eternal Friendship" with Yugoslavia on 12 December 1940. However, Hungary participated in the Axis invasion on Yugoslavia which prompted the then Prime Minister of Hungary Pál Teleki to commit suicide. In the communist era, Yugoslavia's Josip Broz Tito was against the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 and supportive of Soviet military uses against Hungarians; but the suppression of Hungarian protesters by Soviet army might have influenced Tito's decision to change against the Soviets at the Prague Spring a decade later.

The relationship between Serbia and Hungary went downhill in the 1990s, when Yugoslavia started to disintegrate. Hungary was one of the earliest supporters of newly independent Croatia and allowed the Croats to supply weapons through their territory.However, during the NATO-led bombing of Serbia, Hungary under Prime Minister Viktor Orbán refused the requests of the United States and Great Britain to invade the north of Serbia in order to hinder the intervention of Serbian forces in Kosovo but expressed concern about the situation of the Hungarian minority in Serbia and had to cede airspace to NATO forces because it got membership in NATO before the war. Several protests against the bombing were also organized in Budapest. Therefore, relations between the two countries slowly improved in the post-war period. During the premiership of Ferenc Gyurcsány, the relations continued to worsen, with Hungary being one of the earliest nations in the world to recognize Kosovo as an independent state.

In 2013, a historical reconciliation was marked after decades of tensions between Belgrade and Budapest. The President of Hungary, János Áder gave a speech in front of the National Assembly where he issued an official apology for the Hungarian role in the World War II persecution of Serbs such as Novi Sad raid. In turn, in 2014 the National Assembly in Belgrade symbolically voided Yugoslav laws on collective guilt of Hungarian people for crimes committed during World War II.

Since then, relations between Serbia and Hungary progressed to the point where the two countries are extremely friendly. The project of building a high-speed railway between Belgrade and Budapest was started, and the Hungarian government financed many projects in the north of Serbia, such as the stadium in Bačka Topola. During the energy crisis in Serbia at the end of 2021 and the beginning of 2022, the government in Budapest allowed Serbia to store gas in Hungarian warehouses due to a lack of space in the Banatski Dvor warehouse. Also, although it officially recognizes Kosovo's independence, in many cases Hungary was on the Serbian side when Kosovo was discussed, for example it voted against Kosovo's membership in the Council of Europe in 2023.

Neither Hungary nor Serbia have joined the sanctions against Russia following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, with the exception of those Hungary had to adopt as a member of the European Union. Both countries have been vocally against restricting Russian gas imports, and as a consequence have also suffered a deterioration in relations with Ukraine. On the other hand, because of their common stance, relations between the two countries have continued to improve. Recently, Serbia and Hungary started planning the construction of an oil pipeline from Hungary to refineries in Serbia.

Today, Hungary strongly supports Serbia's membership in the European Union and, along with Greece, is considered Serbia's strongest ally in the EU. Along with Poland, Serbia is considered Hungary's biggest friend in foreign policy.

Serbian heritage in Hungary

The presence of Serbs in the territory of present-day Hungary dates from the Middle Ages. The mother of the Hungarian king Géza II (1141-1162) was Helena of Serbia, a daughter of Uroš I, ruler of the Grand Principality of Serbia,. During the rule of Géza II, her brother Beloš Vukanović was a palatine of the Kingdom of Hungary. Since the 14th century, escaping from the Ottoman threat, a large number of Serbs migrated to the Kingdom of Hungary.

The most complex example of Serb architectural heritage in Hungary is the old town of Szentendre (Serbian: Sentandreja), next to the Danube, with 7 Orthodox Churches (two of which have been sold), brightly coloured merchant houses and the Museum of Serb Orthodox Heritage. In Budapest, the Serb Orthodox Cathedral in the Tabán district was damaged in WWII and later demolished. There is an old Serb Orthodox Church in Serb Street, Pest and the famous Serb college, Thökölyanum (Serbian: Tekelijanum).

There are Serbian churches in Vác (Vac), Székesfehérvár (Stoni Beograd) with a Serbian open-air village museum, Szeged (Segedin), Baja (Baja) with two churches, Mohács (Mohač), Siklós (Šikloš), Eger (Jegra), Győr (Đur), Esztergom (Ostrogon), Hódmezővásárhely (Vašarhelj).

There are also village churches in Pomáz (Pomaz), Csobánka (Čobanac), Izbég, Ráckeve (Srpski Kovin, rare example of Serb Gothic architecture from the 15th century), Lórév (Lovra), Szigetcsép (Čip), Budakalász (Kalaz), Magyarcsanád (Čanad), Battonya (Batanja), Deszk (Deska), Szőreg (Sirig), Dunapentele (Pantelija, now Dunaújváros), Százhalombatta (Bata), Dunaföldvár (Feldvar), Alsónána (Donja Nana), Bátaszék (Batsek, demolished in the 1960s), Medina (Medina), Illocska (Iločac), Magyarbóly (Madžarboja), Dunaszekcső (Sečuj), Villány (Viljan), Sárok (Šarok), Majs (Majš), Lippó (Lipova), Beremend (Breme), Erdősmecske (Racmečka), Somberek (Šumberak), Véménd (Vemend, demolished), Nagybudmér (Veliki Budmir, demolished in 2001), Hercegszántó (Santovo), Újszentiván (Novi Sentivan).

There are two Serbian Orthodox Monasteries, one in Ráckeve (Srpski Kovin) and one in Grábóc (Grabovac).

Hungarian heritage in Serbia

Parts of the Vojvodina region were included into the medieval Kingdom of Hungary in the 10th century, and Hungarians then began to settle in the region, which before that time was mostly populated by Slavs. During Hungarian administration, Hungarians formed the largest part of population in northern parts of the region. Count Imre Csáky settled Hungarians in his possessions in Bačka in 1712. In 1745, Hungarian colonists settled in Senta, in 1750 in Topola, in 1752 in Doroslovo, in 1772 in Bogojevo, in 1760 in Stara Kanjiža, in 1764 in Iđoš, in 1767 in Petrovo Selo, in 1776 in Martonoš, in 1786 in Pačir and Ostojićevo, in 1787 in Piroš, and in 1789 in Feketić. Between 1782 and 1786, Hungarians settled in Crvenka and Stara Moravica, and in 1794 in Kula. Between 1751 and 1753, Hungarians settled in Mol and Ada (Those originated mostly from Szeged and Jászság). In 1764–1767, Hungarians settled in Subotica, Bajmok and Čantavir, and in 1770 again in Kanjiža, Mol, Ada and Petrovo Selo, as well as in Feldvarac, Sentomaš and Turija. In Banat, the settling of Hungarians started later. In 1784 Hungarians settled in Padej and Nakovo, in 1776 in Torda, in 1786 in Donji Itebej, in 1796 in Beodra and Čoka, in 1782 in Monoštor, in 1798 in Mađarska Crnja, in 1773 in Krstur and Majdan, in 1774 in Debeljača, in 1755–1760 in Bečkerek, and in 1766 in Vršac. In the 19th century, the Hungarian colonization increased. From the beginning of the century, the Hungarian individuals and small groups of settlers from Alföld constantly immigrating to Bačka. In the first half of the 19th century larger and smaller groups of the colonists settled in Mol (in 1805), as well as in Feldvarac, Temerin and Novi Sad (in 1806). In 1884, Hungarian colonists settled in Šajkaška and in Mali Stapar near Sombor. In 1889, Hungarians were settled in Svilojevo near Apatin and in 1892 in Gomboš, while another group settled in Gomboš in 1898. Many Hungarian settlers from Gomboš moved to Bačka Palanka. After the abolishment of the Military Frontier, Hungarian colonists were settled in Potisje, Čurug, Žabalj, Šajkaški Sveti Ivan, Titel and Mošorin. In 1883 around 1,000 Székely Hungarians settled in Kula, Stara Kanjiža, Stari Bečej and Titel. In 1800, smaller groups of Hungarian colonists from Dunántúl settled in Čoka, while in the same time colonists from Csanád and Csongrád counties settled in area around Itebej and Crnja, where they at first lived in scattered small settlements, and later they formed one single settlement - Mađarska Crnja. In 1824, one group of colonists from Čestereg also settled in Mađarska Crnja. In 1829 Hungarians settled in Mokrin, and in 1880 an even larger number of Hungarians settled in this municipality. In 1804, Hungarian colonists from Csongrád county settled in Firiđhaza (which was then joined with Turska Kanjiža), as well as in Sajan and Torda. Even a larger group of Hungarians from Csongrád settled in 1804 in Debeljača. In 1817–1818 Hungarians settled in Veliki Bikač, and in 1820–1840 smaller groups of Hungarians settled in Vranjevo. In 1826, colonists from Jászság and Kunság settled in Arač near Beodra. In 1830, Hungarians from Alföld settled in Veliki Lec, in 1831 in Ostojićevo, in 1832 in Malenčino Selo near Veliki Gaj, in 1839 and 1870 in Padej, in 1840 in Jermenovci and Mađarski Sentmihalj, in 1840–1841 in Dušanovac, in 1841 in Hetin, in 1859 in Sanad, in 1869 in Đurđevo (later moved to Skorenovac), and in 1890 in Gornja Mužlja. In 1883–1886, Székely Hungarians from Bukovina were settled in Vojlovica, Skorenovac, Ivanovo and Đurđevo. Total number of Székely colonists was 3,520.

The first Hungarian settlers in Syrmia moved there during the 1860s from neighbouring counties, especially from Bačka.

Hungarians of Roman Catholic faith originated mostly from Dunántúl, while Hungarians of Protestant faith originated mostly from Alföld.

Economy

A mutual trade plays an important role in the economy of both countries. In 2015, Serbia was the 18th most important trading partner of Hungary. Serbia was among the most important countries for Hungary (export: the 18th place, import: the 26th place).

Most important Hungarian investors in Serbia: OTP Bank, MOL and Masterplast.

Resident diplomatic missions
 Hungary has an embassy in Belgrade (Belgrád) and a general consulate in Subotica (Szabadka). Ambassador of Hungary in Serbia is dr. Attila Pintér as of 22 November 2021.
 Serbia has an embassy in Budapest (Будимпешта) and an honorary consulate in Szeged (Сегедин). Ambassador of Serbia, in Hungary is dr. Ivan Todorov as of 22 November 2021.

See also
 Foreign relations of Hungary
 Foreign relations of Serbia
 Hungary–Yugoslavia relations
 Hungarians in Serbia
 Serbs in Hungary
 Accession of Serbia to the European Union

References and notes

Notes

References

Sources

External links
 Hungarian embassy in Belgrade
  Hungarian general consulate in Subotica(in Hungarian and Serbian only)
  Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Hungary
  Serbian embassy in Budapest (in Hungarian and Serbian only)

Serbia
Bilateral relations of Serbia


Polish-Serbian relations are foreign relations between Poland and Serbia. Diplomatic relations have been maintained since Poland and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes established them in 1919. Poland is a European Union member state and Serbia is a European Union candidate.

Middle Ages

Queen Jadwiga of Poland (1384–99) had partial Serbian ancestry, through King Stefan Dragutin (r. 1276–82) of the Nemanjić dynasty. Serbian fiddlers (guslars) were mentioned at the court of Polish king Władysław II Jagiełło (r. 1386–1434) in 1415.

Polish knight Zawisza Czarny, who joined Hungarian–Bohemian King Sigismund's war against the Ottomans, fell at the Golubac fortress in eastern Serbia in 1428; there is a commemorative plaque on the fortress in his honour (Česma Zaviše Crnog). Hungarian commander John Hunyadi led a long campaign against the Ottomans in 1443–44, accompanied by Polish king Władysław III, Serbian despot Đurađ Branković, Wallachian voivode Vlad II Dracul, and a Polish contingent. They marched throughout Serbia and defeated the Ottomans at Niš.

The Polish hussars (cavalry) originated in mercenary units of exiled Serbian warriors, the concept having originated in Serbia in the late 14th century. The oldest mention of hussars in Polish documents date to 1500, although they were probably in service earlier.

Early modern history
After the Ottoman conquest of Serbia, Serbian guslars (fiddlers) found refuge throughout Europe, as mentioned in sources. Polish poets of the 17th century mentioned Serbian epic poetry and the gusle in their works. In a poem published in 1612, Kasper Miaskowski wrote that "the Serbian gusle and gaidas will overwhelm Shrove Tuesday" (Serbskie skrzypki i dudy ostatek zagluszą). In the idyll named Śpiewacy, published in 1663, Józef Bartłomiej Zimorowic used the phrase "to sing to the Serbian gusle" (przy Serbskich gęślach śpiewać).

Modern history

19th century
After the November Uprising (1830–31), Polish revolutionaries fled to the Principality of Serbia.  Serbian commander, and later politician, Ilija Garašanin (1812–1874) contacted these Polish emigrees. It was a Pole, Adam Czartoryski, who initiated the Načertanije project (the precursor to Greater Serbia). While in 1804, during his mandate as a Russian foreign minister, Czartoryski tended to dismiss what he perceived as Serb ambitious requests, he later substantially changed his view when as one of the exiled Polish leaders he perceived the Principality of Serbia as the key member of the future anti-imperialist (Austrian and Russian) aliance of small European states.

The great Polish poet Adam Mickiewicz (1798–1855) thought highly of Serb epic poetry, and chose it as a theme of lectures at Collège de France.

The Serbians and Poles were part of the Pan-Slavic Sokol organizations, along with other Slavic nations.

World War I
In March 1914, Serbian, French, Polish and Greek allied troops landed at Odessa. In the early fall of 1918, an Allied account said that Serbs and Poles in a region from the Urals to Volga had been recruited by a French officer. In 1918, Serbs and Poles together with Chinese, were part of the "Officer's Corps", a unit of the Russian Consul at Harbin.

World War II
Serbs and Poles were some of the major Slavic victims of Nazi German war crimes in Europe. Nazi Germany considered all Poles and Serbs as Untermensch, meaning "subhumans". Many ethnic Poles and ethnic Serbs died in concentration camps, or during retaliative guerrilla fights. Poles joined the Yugoslav Partisans in the beginning of the war. Yugoslav Partisans were often compared to the Polish Underground State and the Polish Resistance Movement which was the largest anti-Nazi guerrilla movement in all of German-occupied Europe. Ethnic Serbian prisoners of war were among Allied POWs held in German POW camps operated in occupied Poland.

In the mountains of Serbia in the years 1942–43 there were three Polish companies attached to the Chetnik Corps. The Rules of Chetnik Warfare was first published in Polish, then translated into Serbian.

On 1 June 1944, a Balkan Air Force was established by the British. It had mostly British, but also Italian, a Yugoslav squadron, and a Polish flight.

2022
A large number of terrorist threats sent to Serbia from Poland occurred in year 2022, which targeted schools, hospitals, dormitories, museums, stadiums, embassies, shopping malls, water plants, planes and more.
Serbian president claimed that one EU country secret service is involved. Polish side didn't try to catch those responsible.
Two Polish citizens were arrested for filming Serbian arms factory Sloboda.

Politics

April 15, 2010, was declared a day of national mourning in Serbia to commemorate the 96 victims of the Smolensk air disaster, including Polish President Lech Kaczyński and his wife Maria Kaczyńska.

In November 2021, Poland donated 200,000 COVID-19 vaccines to Serbia.

Kosovo

Polish opinion on NATO intervention in FR Yugoslavia during the Kosovo War (1998–99) was mixed: 37% favoured involvement while 43% were against. The government decided in favor of a NATO-led operation to bring cease-fire in the conflict. During the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia in May 1999, a poll found 51% felt attacks to be justified, 26% opposed. Another poll found 53% in favour and 35% opposed.

Kosovo declared its independence from Serbia on 17 February 2008 and Poland recognized it on 26 February 2008. Poland was the first Slavic country to do so.

In September 2008, President of Poland, Lech Kaczyński, stated that the original cause of the 2008 South Ossetia war was not the Georgian operation, but the recognition of Kosovo's independence and that he would block attempts to establish diplomatic relations of Poland with Kosovo at ambassadorial level; however, the government has not proposed to send an ambassador to Pristina.

The recognition of Kosovo Albanian independence has been criticized in Poland. Dozens of protests and demonstrations have been organized by various groups in Poland in support of the Serbian cause in Kosovo, with some attracting up to 1,500 to 2,000 people. An organization called "Poles for Serbian Kosovo" was formed in order to provide and support for Serbs in Kosovo. Also Poland is an EU member and Serbia is an EU candidate.

Peacekeeping
Poland had (as of July 2009) 274 troops serving in Kosovo as peacekeepers in the NATO-led Kosovo Force. Originally there were 800 Polish troops in KFOR.

Cultural relations
The Polish and Serbian languages, both part of the Slavic languages (West and South branches, respectively), are related and partially mutually intelligible.

Due to huge popularity of the Yugoslav rock scene in Poland in the 1970s and 1980s, many Yugoslav artists toured Poland. Električni orgazam recorded a live album titled Warszawa "'81'" to support the Polish opposition against Wojciech Jaruzelski. These connections in the 1980s led to albums being produced in Poland based on covers of popular Serbian and Yugoslav Rock bands with the albums Yugoton and Yugopolis covering artists such as Bajaga i Instruktori, Idoli and Električni orgazam.

The Kayah i Bregović-album by Polish singer-songwriter Kayah and Serbian musician Goran Bregović became a bestseller after its release in 1999.

Poles in Serbia
There are documents on Polish officers participating in the First Serbian Uprising (1804-1813). In the second half of the 19th century, especially after the suppression of the January Uprising in Poland (1864), some 20 Polish doctors arrived in Serbia, most of which settled down and gave a great contribution to the development of medical culture in the renewed Serbian state. The League of Yugoslavia–Poland (Liga Jugoslavija-Poljska) was active in the Interwar period, aimed at economical and cultural cooperation with Poland. The League was not a diaspora organization, although it gathered also a small number of Yugoslav Poles at its seat in Uzun–Mirko's Street 5 in Belgrade, especially during national and Catholic holidays. Members of the League helped Polish soldiers and civilians who in autumn 1939 fled from Romania via Yugoslavia to the West. Immediately after World War II some tens of Polish women with their Serbian husbands arrived in Serbia; they had met at forced labor and concentration camps in Germany. The largest part of the Polonia (Polish diaspora) in Serbia is made up of women who married in Yugoslavia in the 1960s and 70s. During the Yugoslav wars, when Yugoslavia broke up, many Polish and their families either returned to Poland or emigrated to the West. According to the Embassy of the Republic of Poland in Serbia, there are around 1,000 Polish citizens living in Serbia. These are individuals born in Poland, as well as their descendants from mixed marriages. Apart from Belgrade, larger numbers exist in Niš, Novi Sad, Kraljevo, Vrnjačka Banja and Subotica. The only community regarded starosedeoci ("natives"), is the one inhabiting Ostojićevo in northern Serbia, having settled in the mid-19th century from the Wisła.

Serbian people of Polish descent
Serbian aviators Tadija Sondermajer and Stanislav Sondermajer, the youngest fighter in the Battle of Cer (1914), were of paternal Polish descent. Serbian officer and journalist Stanislav Krakov (1895–1968) had a father of Polish origin. Journalist and military analyst Miroslav Lazanski is of paternal Polish ancestry. Film director and political commentator Boris Malagurski is of distant paternal Polish ancestry.

Resident diplomatic missions
 Poland has an embassy in Belgrade.
 Serbia has an embassy in Warsaw.

See also
 Foreign relations of Poland
 Foreign relations of Serbia
 Croatia–Poland relations
 Poles in Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Poland–Yugoslavia relations
 Accession of Serbia to the European Union

References

External links
  Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Poland

Further reading

Serbia
Bilateral relations of Serbia


Iveagh ( ) was a constituency of the Parliament of Northern Ireland.

Boundaries
Iveagh was a county constituency comprising part of northern County Down, south west of Belfast.  It was created when the House of Commons (Method of Voting and Redistribution of Seats) Act (Northern Ireland) 1929 introduced first-past-the-post elections throughout Northern Ireland.  Iveagh was created by the division of Down into eight new constituencies. The constituency survived unchanged until 1969, when its eastern part became part of the new Lagan Valley constituency.  It returned one Member of Parliament until the Parliament of Northern Ireland was temporarily suspended in 1972, and then formally abolished in 1973.

The original seat was centred on the town of Dromore and also included parts of the rural districts of Banbridge, Hillsborough, Waringstown and Moira.

Politics
The seat had a substantial unionist majority and was always won by Ulster Unionist Party candidates.  It was often contested by independent Unionists, and once by a member of the Protestant Unionist Party, some of whom were able to take more than 40% of the votes cast.

Members of Parliament

Election results

At the 1933 Northern Ireland general election, John Charles Wilson was elected unopposed.

At the 1945 Northern Ireland general election, Brian Maginess was elected unopposed.

At the 1962 Northern Ireland general election, Brian Maginess was elected unopposed.

At the 1964 by-election and the 1965 Northern Ireland general election, Samuel Magowan was elected unopposed.

References

Historic constituencies in County Down
Northern Ireland Parliament constituencies established in 1929
Constituencies of the Northern Ireland Parliament
Northern Ireland Parliament constituencies disestablished in 1973


Foreign relations exist between Austria and Serbia and their predecessor states.  Austria has an embassy in Belgrade. Serbia has an embassy in Vienna and a general consulate in Salzburg. Austria is a European Union member and Serbia is a European Union candidate.

History

The history of relations between the two countries goes back to the Great Turkish War, Habsburg-occupied Serbia (1686–91) and Great Serb Migrations (formation of Military Frontier and building of Petrovaradin Fortress), to the era when the Kingdom of Serbia (1718–1739) had been a province of the Habsburg monarchy, and the last Austro-Turkish War (1787–91) at the time of Habsburg-occupied Serbia (1788–92).

Foreign relations, as such, date from the proclamation of the Austrian Empire in 1804 and the formation in 1817 of the Principality of Serbia, an autonomous state within the Ottoman Empire.  The Habsburg recognized the independence of Serbia and established diplomatic relations in  1874, supported by the Treaty of Berlin (1878).

Hungarian suppression of Serbian revolts during the 1848 Revolutions were not opposed by the Habsburg rulers.  Serbian claims were not recognized by Hungary was eventually placated with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, further angering Serbian nationalists.  One notable flare-up between the two countries was the 1906-1909 economic conflict known as the Pig War followed with the diplomatic and military crisis over the Austrian annexation of Bosnia which contributed to inflame pan-Serb sentiment and helped lay the grounds for World War I. Ultimately, the tensions between the two countries could not withstand the strain of the Assassination of the Austrian Archduke, by a young Bosnian Serb, an opportunity for the Austro-Hungarian government to solve Slav nationalism.

Following the July Crisis, Austro-Hungary launched three unsuccessful offensives to punish Serbia for allegedly supporting the assassins. In October 1915 with the help of German and Bulgarian forces, Serbia was finally conquered and divided into separate occupation zones. The northern three-quarters of Serbia was placed under a harsh Austro-Hungarian occupational regime until its liberation by allied forces in 1918.

The First World War eventually destroyed the Austro-Hungarian Empire, leaving a shrunken First Austrian Republic as a rump state. Serbia annexed much of the former Austrian holdings in the Balkans to become the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, later the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.  Austria was eventually annexed by Germany, ending its separate foreign relations.

A number of Serb medical doctors and veterinarians got educated in Austria during the interwar period and earlier as well.

Population
There are between 200,000 and 300,000 people of Serbian descent living in Austria.
There are also 3,000 Austrian expats in Serbia, making it home to the largest Austrian population in the Eastern European region (besides Romania).

Diplomacy
 Serbia has an embassy in Vienna and a consulate-general in Salzburg
 Austria has an embassy in Belgrade and a consulate-general in Niš

See also
 Foreign relations of Austria
 Foreign relations of Serbia
 Accession of Serbia to the European Union
 Serbs in Austria
 Austria–Yugoslavia relations
 Serbskija novini

References

Further reading
 Trivanovitch, Vaso. "Serbia, Russia, and Austria during the Rule of Milan Obrenovich, 1868-78" Journal of Modern History (1931) 3#3 pp. 414-440 online

External links
   Austrian Foreign Ministry: list of bilateral treaties with Serbia (in German only)
  Austrian embassy in Belgrade (in German and Serbian only)
  Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Austria
  Serbian embassy in Vienna (in German and Serbian only)
  Serbian general consulate in Salzburg (in German and Serbian only)

Serbia
Bilateral relations of Serbia


British – Serbian relations are foreign relations between the United Kingdom and Serbia. Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1837. The UK has an embassy and consulate in Belgrade and Serbia has an embassy in London. The Serbian ambassador to the United Kingdom is Dr Dejan Popovic and the British ambassador to Serbia is Sian MacLeod.

Trade between the two countries in 2004 amounted to US$245.8 million. In the first ten months of 2005 exports of Serbia and Montenegro to Great Britain accounted for US$68.2 million (110.6 per cent increase compared to the same period in 2004) and the imports from the UK were US$104.2 million (85 per cent increase compared to the same period in 2004).

The 2001 UK Census recorded 31,244 people born in the former state of Serbia and Montenegro, which are now the independent states of Serbia and Montenegro, while Kosovo's independence from Serbia is still disputed.

History

During Gascoyne-Cecil's first tenure as Prime Minister from 1885-1886, his cabinet held negative views of Kingdom of Serbia and instead supported the Kingdom of Bulgaria. A Times correspondent claimed that Serbia was the biggest threat to peace in the Balkans. This view was refuted by archeologist Arthur Evans, who stated that Serbs in Kosovo and Metohija were facing terror from the hand of local Albanian population, with murders being a daily occurrence.

The Kingdom of Serbia and the UK were allies in World War I. British influence in Serbia became more relevant only after WWI. Around 350 Serb pupils and students received an education in the United Kingdom during this period and afterwards, under the supervision of university professor Pavle Popović, who was a visiting professor at King's College. The Serbian Relief Fund and Serbian Minister's Fund were formed for the purpose of providing financial and other aid to Serb students in UK, and a hostel for Serb students was opened. In the 1920s, Serbs went to Britain to study banking, finances and economics, while in the 1930s mining engineering was the main field of study.

In the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, the UK was perceived as a friendly country and an ally. Serb elites, based mostly in Belgrade, like Slobodan Jovanovic and Bogdan Bogdanovic considered that Serbs and the British shared a joint love of liberty and fierce patriotism, and they advocated looking upon United Kingdom in order to further develop democracy in the country.

As early as the 1920s, London made its way to Serbia, mostly through banks. In 1920, the  British Trade Corporation was founded in Belgrade. Although this bank only operated until 1928, its work led to serious improvements in the local industry, primarily mining. In the same period, relations between the Serbian Orthodox Church and the Church of England were established. Several big donations of books by British to Serbian libraries took place in the 1920s. British citizens were the main foreign sponsors of scientific research in the interwar period. Archaeological excavations in Vinča were funded by sir Charles Hyde.

Bishop Nikolaj Velimirović played an important role in furthering the relations between the two countries. He was held in high regard in London, and Velimirović was the first Orthodox clergyman to preach at St. Paul’s Cathedral. He established firm relations between the Serbian Orthodox Church with the Church of England.

An English Language and Literature Department was formed in Belgrade in 1929. Cultural and other exchanges became popular in the interwar period. A number of societies of Yugoslav-British friendship were functioning in Belgrade in 1930s, with full support from the Yugoslav government. Several important local cultural figures were part of the friendship society, such as Isidora Sekulić, Raša Plaović, and Viktor Novak. As of 1935, the English language was taught in schools in Serbia, but to a smaller degree compared to French and German, due to lack of teachers and political reasons. A total of 75 students with Yugoslav citizenship were enrolled at British faculties in the Interwar period, of which six got their PhD in the country, mostly in the subject of English literature.

Following the Yugoslav coup d'état, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia entered World War II on the Allied side.

See also
 Foreign relations of the United Kingdom
 Foreign relations of Serbia
 Serbs in the United Kingdom
 Britons in Serbia
 United Kingdom–Yugoslavia relations

References

Sources and further reading
 Antić, Čedomir D. "Crisis and Armament: Economic Relations Between Great Britain and Serbia 1910–1912." Balcanica 36 (2005): 151-163 online.
 Bataković, Dušan T. "Serbia and Greece in the First World War: an overview." Balkan Studies 45.1 (2004): 59-80 online.
 Antić, Čedomir. Ralph Paget: a diplomat in Serbia (Institute for Balkan Studies, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 2006) online free.
 Boyd, James. "Representing the Western Balkans, Post-war Understandings: A discourse analysis of contemporary representations of Bosnia, Serbia and Croatia in UK press media." (2018) online.

 Gavrilović, Michael. "The Early Diplomatic Relations of Great Britain and Serbia." Slavonic Review (1922):  1#1 86-109 online.
 Gavrilović, Michael. "The Early Diplomatic Relations of Great Britain and Serbia.(II)." Slavonic Review (1922): 333-351 online.
 Gavrilović, Michael. "The Early Diplomatic Relations of Great Britain and Serbia.(III)." Slavonic Review (1923): 552-560 online.
 Glaurdić, Josip. The hour of Europe: Western powers and the breakup of Yugoslavia (Yale UP, 2011).
 Hodge, Carole. Britain and the Balkans: 1991 until the Present (Routledge, 2006).
 McCourt, David. "Embracing humanitarian intervention: Atlanticism and the UK interventions in Bosnia and Kosovo." British Journal of Politics and International Relations 15.2 (2013): 246-262 online.
 Markovich, Slobodan G., ed. British-Serbian Relations from the 18th to the 21st Centuries (Faculty of Political Science of the University of Belgrade [and] Zepter Book World, 2018) online link.
 Pavlowitch, Stevan K. Anglo-Russian rivalry in Serbia 1837-1839 (1961)
 Simms, Brendan. Unfinest hour: Britain and the destruction of Bosnia (Penguin UK, 2002).

External links

 British Foreign and Commonwealth Office about relations with Serbia
 British embassy in Belgrade
 Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with the United Kingdom
 Serbian embassy in London

Bilateral relations of the United Kingdom
United Kingdom
1837 establishments in Europe


French-Serbian relations are foreign relations between France and Serbia. Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1839, between the French Third Republic and the Principality of Serbia. Both countries are members of the United Nations, the Council of Europe, the Partnership for Peace, and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). After a short period of severance caused by the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, France's diplomatic relations with Serbia (then the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) were restored on 16 November 2000. Since 2006, Serbia is an observer on the Francophonie.
France is also an EU member and Serbia is an EU candidate.
There are between 70,000 and 100,000 people of Serbian descent living in France.

The last official visit of the French President to Serbia took place in July 2019, when the head of the French state, Emmanuel Macron, went to Serbia.

History
Serbia and France have a history of close relations. Those were seriously shaken with France's participation in the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, and Kosovo war, but have been improving since 2000.

The oldest documented possible contact between the two sides was the marriage of Stephen Uroš I of Serbia and Helen of Anjou. The first important contacts of French and Serbs came only in the 19th century when French travel writers first wrote about this Balkan country. In the 19th century, Karađorđe Petrović, leader of Serbian Revolution, sent a letter to Napoleon expressing his admiration, while in the French parliament, Victor Hugo made a speech asking France to assist Serbia and to protect the Serbian population from Ottoman crimes. Rapid development of bilateral relations followed, so that the people in Serbia saw a great new friend in "mighty France", that could protect them from the Ottomans and Habsburgs. Relations between Serbia and France continued to improve until the First World War, when the "common struggle" against a common enemy reached its peak. Before the war France won the  sympathy of the Serbian population by building railways, opening French Schools, a Consulate and a French Bank. Several Serbian kings from this period studied at universities in Paris, as well as large part of the future diplomats. Serbs gained a sense of Francophile because all these activities moved them away from the Ottoman and Habsburg empires. The Serbian-French alliance until 1914 even threatened the traditional inclination towards Russia. Great humanitarian and military assistance was sent by France to Serbia during the First World War, including assistance in the evacuation of children, civilians and military at the end of the war, and the support of French newspaper headlines. In the interwar period, rivaling German political influence became less relevant, and France became the primary influence in Kingdom of Yugoslavia and French culture was favored by Serb elites.

The members of four generations of the national elite known as 'Parisians' played an important role in the political life of modern Serbia. Liberals, Progressives, Radicals and Independent Radicals pursued and shaped modern political principles and values in 19th century Serbia. Implementing and creatively adapting French models and doctrines, and the 'Parisians' contributed to the democratization and Europeanization of Serbia and the eminent place the French influence had in her politics and culture before the WWI. Also, a number of notable Serb painters were educated and worked in France, mostly Paris. French was the second language in schools during the whole interwar period, and it was studied as the second language in Kingdom of Serbia.

French influence was visible in the literary production which drew on French models. This influence was explained with “strong spiritual similarity between the French and Serbian mentalities and the French and Serbian languages" and it had a fundamental role in creation of the "Belgrade style".

Some French travelers wrote that “Serbia is the most Francophile country in the world”.

Even today, actions and alliance from the WWI remain deeply ingrained in the collective consciousness of a large number of Serbs. In 1964 Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and France signed 6 year bilateral trade agreement which provided Yugoslavia with the same trading conditions France was providing for the OECD member countries contributing to further development of Yugoslav relations with the European Economic Community.

Kosovo
When Kosovo declared its independence from Serbia on 17 February 2008, France became one of the first countries to recognize its independence. A WikiLeaks report suggested that France had made it clear that Serbia could not enter the EU without recognizing Kosovo's independence. France participated in the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, which resulted in a UN administration of Kosovo and then to eventual independence in which Serbia does not recognise. France currently has 1,368 troops serving in Kosovo as peacekeepers in the NATO led Kosovo Force. Originally there was 7,000 French troops in KFOR.

Cooperation
With the signing of the Agreement on the Succession of Interstate Treaties on 26 March 2003, the procedure of consolidation of the treaty status between the two countries has been completed. Among the treaties, the most important ones are: the Agreement for the Protection of Investments (1974); the Agreement on the Avoidance of Double Taxation (1974); the Convention on Social Security (1950); the Agreement on Cultural Cooperation (1964); the Agreement on Road Transport (1964). In 2005, the volume of trade between the two countries was US$453,827 million. Serbian and French Presidents Boris Tadić and Nicolas Sarkozy signed in Paris at April 2011 a political declaration meant to support Serbia's EU integration.

Resident diplomatic missions
 France has an embassy in Belgrade.
 Serbia has an embassy in Paris with a consulate-general in Strasbourg.

See also
 Serbian Embassy, Paris
 Banque franco-serbe
 Serbs in France
 Accession of Serbia to the European Union
 France–Yugoslavia relations

References

External links
  French Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Serbia
  French embassy in Belgrade (in French and Serbian only)
  Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with France
  Serbian embassy in Paris(in French and Serbian only)
 Serbs in France NGO
  French-Serbian friendship site (in French and Serbian only)
  Serbian Orthodox Church in France (in French and Serbian only)
  Serbian-French association (in French and Serbian only)
  Serbian-French cultural and sports association (in French and Serbian only)

Sources

Serbia
Bilateral relations of Serbia


The Eclipse Award of Merit is part of the American Eclipse Awards in Thoroughbred horse racing. The industry's highest honor, it is presented to an individual or entity displaying outstanding lifetime achievement in, and service to, the Thoroughbred industry.

First awarded in 1976, the Eclipse Award of Merit is voted on by a panel of representatives from the National Thoroughbred Racing Association, Daily Racing Form and the National Turf Writers Association.

Winners
2022 - No Award Presented
2021 - Earle I. Mack
2020 - No Award Presented
2019 - No Award Presented
2018 - Joe Harper
2017 - No Award Presented
2016 - Andrew Beyer / Steven Crist
2015 - Leonard Lavin
2014 - Tom Durkin
2013 - D. Wayne Lukas
2012 - Nick Nicholson
2011 - W. Cothran "Cot" Campbell
2010 - Claiborne Farm / Marylou Whitney
2009 - William S. Farish III, Lane's End Farm
2008 - Alice Headley Chandler of Mill Ridge Farm
2007 - No Award Presented
2006 - John A. Nerud
2005 - Penny Chenery
2004 - The Cella Family
2003 - Richard L. Duchossois
2002 - Ogden Phipps / Howard Battle
2001 - Harry T. Mangurian Jr. / Pete Pederson
2000 - Jim McKay
1999 - No award presented
1998 - D. G. Van Clief Jr.
1997 - Bob and Beverly Lewis
1996 - Allen E. Paulson
1995 - James E. "Ted" Bassett III
1994 - Alfred G. Vanderbilt II
1993 - Paul Mellon
1992 - Joe Hirsch / Robert P. Strub
1991 - Fred W. Hooper
1990 - Warner L. Jones Jr.
1989 - Michael Sandler
1988 - John Forsythe
1987 - James B. Faulconer
1986 - Herman Cohen
1985 - Keene Daingerfield
1984 - John R. Gaines
1981 - Bill Shoemaker
1980 - John D. Shapiro
1979 - Frank E. Kilroe
1978 - Ogden Mills Phipps
1977 - Steve Cauthen
1976 - Jack J. Dreyfus

References
 The Eclipse Awards at the Thoroughbred Racing Associations of America, Inc.
 The Bloodhorse.com Champion's history charts

Horse racing awards
Horse racing in the United States


Limbani Kalilani (born 15 June 1984) is a Malawian hip hop artist better known by his stage name  Tay Grin. In 2009 Tay Grin founded an Entertainment & Event Promotion company, which helps to promote events across Malawi. The company is known as Black Rhyno Entertainment. In 2014, Grin won a Black Entertainment Film Fashion Television and Arts (BEFFTA) award for Best International African Act. In 2016, he won the BEFFTA Star Award in the music category. He has performed at the annual Lake of Stars Music Festival. He also won the 2016 WatsUp TV Africa Music Video Awards Best Traditional Video award, with the Video Chipapapa featuring 2baba. He has also won numerous local awards like the Nyasa Music awards and the Urban Music People (UMP Awards) in categories such as best live act, best video and best Male artist. In 2018, he won the UMP Fashion awards for Most Fashionable Celebrity.

Business ventures

Tay is the CEO of Black Rhyno Entertainment. Under this label he signed other local artists, notably Kumbu, who is now no longer with the label. Most notable achievements of the label was bringing international artists to perform most notably Brick and Lace, Ice Prince, Sean Kingston and Naeto C.

Tay Grin also launched a fruit drink called Chipapapa in 2018.

Politics

In September 2018, Tay Grin announced his intentions to contest in the 2019 tripartite elections for a parliamentary seat in Lilongwe City Centre, Malawi. He lost the elections.

Personal life

Tay Grin is a son to Dr Jean Kalilani, a former cabinet minister and a senior official in the Malawi's Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) led government. He is not married but has a daughter from his previous relationship

References

21st-century Malawian male singers
Living people
1984 births
People from Blantyre


The Anillo Periférico known by locals as el periférico(Spanish for peripheral ring) is the outer beltway of Mexico City.

The Periferico was originally planned by architect Carlos Contreras as early as 1925, together with other major roads such as the Viaducto Miguel Alemán. Some parts of the beltway were built to follow the bed of a river; the flow of the river was modified to flow through a pipe.

The beltway gained major media attention when the then Mexico City mayor, Andrés Manuel López Obrador, started a project to turn a southern section of the ring into a two-story highway. The second level was finished in 2006 in the Federal District and in the State of Mexico in 2009.  From Cuautitlán in the north (State of Mexico) to Naucalpan at the Federal District border the second floor operates as the Viaducto Elevado Bicentenario ("Bicentennial Elevated Viaduct"). From the old bullring (Toreo) at the north of the Federal District to San Jerónimo in the southwest the second level is called the Autopista Urbana Norte ("Northern Urban Tollway"). At San Jerónimo the second level intersects directly with a toll road to Santa Fe, the Supervía Poniente. From San Jerónimo to the intersection with the Calzada de Tlalpan in the south of the city, the second level is called the Autopista Urbana Sur ("Southern Urban Tollway").

References

Highways in Greater Mexico City
Ring roads in Mexico
Transportation in the State of Mexico


The Bolus Herbarium was established in 1865 from a donation by Harry Bolus of his extensive herbarium and library to the South African College, which later became the University of Cape Town.

Its collection of specimens numbers over 320 000, making it the third largest university herbarium in the Southern Hemisphere. The collection is highly representative of the Cape Flora and also houses many type specimens. The international herbarium abbreviation BOL is used when referring to the Bolus Herbarium.

Although the building caught on fire during the 2021 Table Mountain fire, which gutted several other collections in the university including the Plant Conservation Unit, the Bolus Herbarium managed to narrowly escape being destroyed in the blaze.

History

Dr. Harry Bolus (1834-1911), a rich Cape Town businessman, began his collection in 1865 in Graaff-Reinet, and it is now the oldest functioning herbarium in the country. In 1903 Louisa Bolus who was a grand-niece of Harry Bolus was appointed a Curator of the herbarium. After his death, the South African College (which changed its name to the University of Cape Town on April 2, 1918) inherited his herbarium; a library featuring many expensive, unique, and rare books on botany; and a substantial amount of money for the maintenance and expansion of the collection. In 1924, a dedicated building was erected for the herbarium in Kirstenbosch, but it proved unsuitable later. Therefore, the herbarium was moved onto the campus in 1938. Dr. Louisa Bolus was also involved with the herbarium until her death in 1970.

Goal
Botanical and ecological research at the herbarium runs the gamut. The focus is primarily on Cape Province flora, including their taxonomy, invasive plants, biogeography, systematics, and evolution. Scientists from around the world conduct research here.

Special collections
The best-known of the several collections of plants in the herbarium are Harry Bolus's set of orchids and heaths, Dr. H.M.L. (Lulu) Bolus's Mesembryanthemum, Dr. Augusta Vera Duthie's fungi, and Henry Georges Fourcade's trees from the area between Humansdorp and George.

Bequests
Several botanists bequeathed  their collections of flora and books to the Bolus Herbarium. Among them were Dr. C. Louis Leipoldt in 1946, Fourcade in 1948, and Gen. Jan Smuts in 1950.

Publications
Between 1915 and 1928, 4 editions were published of the Annals of the Bolus Herbarium. Later, Contributions from the Bolus Herbarium appeared.

See also
List of herbaria
Isobel Agnes Arbuthnot

Bibliography
 Floyd, K.B. "The Bolus Herbarium. University of Cape Town." Lantern, tydskrif vir kennis en kultuur. Yearbook 23, no, 1, September 1973.
 Standard Encyclopaedia of Southern Africa, several vol. Cape Town: Nasou. 1970–1976.

References

External links
Official Bolus Herbarium website

Herbaria in Africa
1865 establishments in the Cape Colony
University of Cape Town buildings
Libraries in Cape Town


Serbian-Swiss are foreign relations between Serbia and Switzerland. Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1916. Switzerland has an embassy in Belgrade. Serbia has an embassy in Bern and two general consulates (in Geneva and Zürich).

There are around 59,000 people of Serbian descent living in Switzerland. The Serbs are the ninth largest foreign population in Switzerland.

Assassination plot

In 2022, Swiss media reported that one of Switzerland’s top prosecutors (Dick Marty) was the target of an assassination plot by the Serbian government and Serbian mafia.

See also
 Foreign relations of Serbia
 Foreign relations of Switzerland
 Serbs in Switzerland
 Switzerland–Yugoslavia relations

References

External links
 Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about the relation with Switzerland
 Serbian embassy in Bern
 Serbian general consulate in Zurich (in German only)
 Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs about the relation with Serbia
 Swiss embassy in Belgrade

Switzerland
Bilateral relations of Switzerland