Direct action is militant political action outside the usual political channels.

Direct action may also refer to:

Books
 Direct Action: An Ethnography, a 2009 book by David Graeber
 Direct Action: Memoirs of an Urban Guerrilla, a book about anarchism by Ann Hansen

Organizations
 Action Directe (English: Direct Action), a French leftist terrorist group
 Direct Action (trade union), an independent Ukrainian students union
 Direct Action, also known as the Squamish Five, a Canadian anarchist organization

Periodicals
 Direct Action (magazine), an anarchist magazine published by the Solidarity Federation
 Direct Action (newspaper), an Australian newspaper published in Sydney, New South Wales

Other uses
 Act of War: Direct Action, a 2005 real-time strategy game
 Action Directe (climb), a rock climb in Frankenjura, Germany
 Direct Action, a 2004 film directed by Sidney J. Furie starring Dolph Lundgren
 Direct action (military), a military operation involving special operations forces
 Direct Action: Day 21, a 2001 album by punk rock band Sham 69
 Direct Action Day (16 August 1946), a day of rioting and killing in Calcutta also known as the Great Calcutta Killings
 Direct-action lawsuit (legal)


San José de Gracia, or simply San José, is a municipality and town in the Mexican state of Aguascalientes. The town of San José de Gracia serves as the municipal seat for the surrounding municipality of San José de Gracia.

History

The origins of San José de Gracia go back to the time of the congregation of indigenous Chichimecas who worked in the hacienda de garabato but when dying their last benefit was that they could settle in the foothills of the Sierra Fría, in a place that over time would be called "de Martha" ", this between the years 1673 and 1675. In 1928, due to the construction of the President Calles Dam, the municipal seat was suppressed, being decreed again in 1934 and confirmed as a municipality in 1953.

The small community was made up of sixteen families and subsisted on hunting, fishing, cutting and carving wood. It was headed by the Indian Juan Domínguez. This was made up of men, women and children and their dress was Nahua with a blanket, long hair, they used as a defense weapon the bow and arrow, their homes were made of stone, mud and grass. They were conforming their small society that commonly was called "Jacales".

Among the most outstanding historical vestiges of regional history, are the memories of the appointment to the old town as "San Joseph" in honor of the son of King Ferdinand VII (Joseph Villaseñor) in 1862.

In the epoch of Independence the Priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla arrived in this land, leaving an indelible mark on this town inside the Freedom Route after having been defeated in the Puente de Calderón, on January 19, 1811. He took refuge in the arms of this cozy social niche for five days and then leaves for the Pabellón de Hidalgo Hacienda where he is removed from command as leader of the Insurgent movement.

In the life of the town an event happened that changed the way of thinking of the inhabitants and that undoubtedly increased the religious devotion in Christianity: the arrival of the Original Lord, the image most loved and adored by those faithful dwellers. Legend has it that this Christ arrived inside a wooden box on a mule. This animal after wandering a few days in the streets went to the main door of the temple, no muleteer was its owner, some men to see the animal outside the church put the box to the place. When they uncovered it, they were surprised to see what it contained: a beautiful image of Christ the Redeemer Crucified. They tolled the bells to gather the people, they took him on a pilgrimage, they cheered him with songs, prayers and prayers, they asked for their crops and the blessing for their families.

In 1926, church and government lived an open confrontation: the Cristero War. Strong attacks of generals against religious happened in the mountains and in the streets of San José, all this for the struggle of a fair distribution of their lands.

Within this same year, the government of President Plutarco Elías Calles decided to build the first hydraulic work in the country, using communal and ejidal land. The construction lasted approximately one year, starting on May 30, 1927, and ending on June 30, 1928. This large concrete curtain would make up the First Water Storage Irrigation District for the agricultural irrigation of the Aguascalientes Valley shoal.

But the channel of the Presa would be so great that the small town where the tower of the temple was distinguished in the distance, would be devastated by the levels, reaching an absolute disappearance.

By 1930 the Old Town of San José had been abandoned. However, thanks to the decision of people like Antonio Ventura Medina, Rafael González Guerra and Juan García, among others, to found a new town and with the help of ejidatarios who fought over the land to find a safe place to live, the town He resurfaced as San José de Gracia.

Geography

Climate

Demographics

As of the 2015 Mexican Intercensal Survey, San José de Gracia municipality has a population of 8,896.

As of 2010, the town of San José de Gracia had a population of 4,927. Other than the town of San José de Gracia, the municipality had 130 localities, the largest of which (with 2010 populations in parentheses) were: San Antonio de los Ríos (1,043) and Paredes (1,017), classified as rural.
As of 2010, the town had a total population of 4,927.

References

External links
http://www.aguascalientes.gob.mx/estado/m_sjg.html

Populated places in Aguascalientes
Pueblos Mágicos


The Hielanman's Umbrella () is a landmark in the centre of Glasgow, Scotland. It is the local Glaswegian nickname for the glass walled railway bridge which carries the platforms of Glasgow Central station across Argyle Street. It is built in Victorian style.

History
Due to the forced displacement of people during the second phase of the Highland Clearances in the 19th century, 30,000 highlanders who spoke Scottish Gaelic, but not English, came to Glasgow to find work. When arriving in the city they were housed in many different areas of Glasgow.

The highlanders predominantly found work within domestic service in areas like Park Circus or in one of the many industries, where they would work, for example, for the river ferries. Over many years highlanders continued to arrive and began to keep in touch by meeting under the bridge, mostly at weekends. With the city's inclement weather and the meeting of the highlanders it came to be known as the Hielanman's Umbrella. At the meetings they would share news and gossip from the homelands and of events in the city.

The Umbrella tradition reached its height in the '20s and '30s, however, due to the Second World War and the resulting blackout, the tradition of meeting under the bridge died.

The first long-distance television pictures transmitted in the UK were sent to Glasgow Central Station in 1927.

Recent Development
Glasgow Central Station and the Hielanman's Umbrella has been renovated several times.

In 1998, the bridge was substantially refurbished by Railtrack (which later became Network Rail in 2002) in line with the rest of the station - its distinctive Venetian style windows were reglazed, and the gold "Central Station" lettering was applied.  Efforts were also made to improve the environment underneath the bridge to encourage retailers back into the shop units - high powered lighting and extractor fans were installed.  The street level entrances to Central Station under the bridge were also upgraded.

In 2001, a new entrance to the burgeoning Arches nightclub and restaurant complex was added under the bridge which has led to the level of pedestrian footfall increasing markedly.

In 2015 The Hielanman's Umbrella, as part of the Glasgow Central Station, won the Scottish Design Award.

In November 2019 a ten-year-regeneration plan for the Glasgow city centre was announced, including a plan of turning the Hielanman's Umbrella into a light and attractive station lobby.

Appearances in Literature
The Hielanman's Umbrella is mentioned in Jackie Kay's novel Trumpet from 1998:

It also appears in Simon Jenkins' book Britain's 100 Best Railway Stations from 2017.

References

External links

Highland Clearances
Buildings and structures in Glasgow
Bridges in Glasgow
1879 establishments in Scotland
Bridges completed in 1879


Tenshi no Solitaire is a Japan-only WiiWare game developed by G-Mode. It costs 500 Wii points.

Overview
The game features three basic versions of solitaire to play.  Rather than using the pointer function of the Wii Remote to select and move cards, the game instead uses the Wii Remote on its side, with players using the d-pad to control an on-screen finger "cursor" which can be moved around the screen.

The game runs in 16:9 and 480p display.

References

2008 video games
Japan-exclusive video games
Patience video games
Video games developed in Japan
Wii games
Wii-only games
WiiWare games


The Jacksonville Consolidation was the city-county consolidation of the governments of the City of Jacksonville and Duval County, Florida. It was effected on October 1, 1968.

Background
In 1934, the Florida Constitution was amended to give the Florida Legislature the “power to establish, alter or abolish, a Municipal corporation to be known as the City of Jacksonville, extending territorially throughout the present limits of Duval County," but for many years thereafter, the Legislature did not exercise the power.

Through the 1960s, Jacksonville, like many other large cities in the US, suffered from the effects of urban sprawl, with the city losing tax base to new residential and business development in the suburbs, which also drew out jobs.

Both the city and county suffered corruption scandals, following virtual one-party rule by Democrats since the turn of the 20th century, when the state legislature had disenfranchised most African Americans and effectively hollowed out the Republican Party, with which most blacks had been allied since they were granted the franchise as freedmen following the Civil War.

In the 1960s, a grand jury indicted 11 Jacksonville and Duval County officials on 142 counts of bribery and larceny including:
 4 of 9 city councilmen
 2 of 5 city commissioners
 the city auditor
 executive secretary of city recreation department
 1 of 5 county commissioners
 the county purchasing agent
The city tax assessor took the Fifth Amendment, refused to testify, and resigned.

Yates Manifesto
Claude Yates had recently retired as vice president and general manager of Southern Bell in Jacksonville and been named president of the Jacksonville Chamber of Commerce in 1964 when all 15 public high schools lost their accreditation; they were still segregated despite the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education ruling by the US Supreme Court. That year Congress had passed the Civil Rights Act that ended legal racial segregation of public facilities, and the state was working to adapt to other changes.

On January 19, 1965 Yates called a lunch meeting of the chamber at the Robert Meyer Hotel to decide on a course of action for the region. Attendees included Glenn Marshall Jr., Roger L. Main, W. S. Johnson, Charles W. Campbell, Gert H.W. Schmidt, Edward Ball, C. G. Whittaker, Luke Sadler, B. D. Fincannon, George B. Hills, Jacob F. Bryan III, B. N. Nimnicht, James R. Stockton Sr., J. T. Lane, J. H. Coppedge, Gen. Maxwell Snyder, Harold Meyerheim, Joseph W. Davin, Thompson S. Baker, Richard Lewinson, Henry M. French and S. Kendrick Guernsey.

The date was significant as it was the deadline for submitting requests for the upcoming state legislative session. At the time, the legislature met for only 60 days every other year. These  business and civic leaders signed a 45-word petition to the Duval County legislative delegation, consisting of State Senator John E. Mathews and Representative Fred Schultz, that would later be dubbed as the "Yates Manifesto". It stated:
We, the undersigned, respectfully request the Duval County Delegation to the Florida Legislature to prepare an enabling act calling for the citizens of Duval County to vote on the consolidation of government within Duval to secure more efficient and effective government under one governmental body.

Under the Florida Constitution as it existed at that time, cities and counties had limited home rule powers and often needed special legislation by the Florida Legislature to accomplish many objectives.  The Legislature generally deferred to the decision of the county delegation on whether to enact such special legislation, which gave the county delegation in a particular county great political influence.  Following the adoption of a new Constitution, effective January 7, 1969, home rule powers of cities and counties were expanded, and the influence of the county delegation declined.

Commission established
In response, the 1965 Florida Legislature created the Local Government Study Commission (LGSC). The legislature chose J. J. Daniel as chairman to design a new government and write its charter. Daniel was known, according to The Florida Times, for his "powerful personality, unquestioned integrity, strong leadership and history of civic involvement." Lex Hester was hired as the executive director of the LGSC. He was the "key architect of Jacksonville's consolidated government", transition coordinator and chief administrative officer following consolidation.
Claude Yates was among the 50 business and civic leaders invited to participate; elected officials and government employees were intentionally excluded. On October 1, 1965 the commission was established and given until May 1, 1967 to complete their work. In January, 1967, after 15 months of effort and three months ahead of schedule, the LGSC submitted a consolidation proposal entitled, Blueprint for Improvement. The legislative delegation altered the plan slightly to make it more appealing and ordered it to be placed on a referendum in 1967.

Plan promotion
Claude Yates also helped promote the government merger plan. Yates led the Citizens for Better Government committee, which successfully disseminated information about the advantages of consolidation to voters who had consistently defeated consolidation referendums since 1935. Lower taxes, increased economic development, unification of the community, better public spending and effective administration by a more central authority were all cited as reasons for a new consolidated government.

Influential individuals who supported consolidation included:
 Earl M. Johnson, a lawyer, served as secretary of the LGSC. He was the first black member of the Jacksonville Bar Association, and had worked with Thurgood Marshall and Constance Baker Motley to sue the School Board on behalf of the NAACP in 1960, seeking integration of schools and better funding for improvement.
 Sallye B. Mathis, a retired teacher, dean, and civic activist, was "one of two black women elected to the old City Council in 1967", along with Mary L. Singleton, the first women and the first blacks in 60 years to be elected to the Council. She supported the consolidation as more efficient. She was also elected to the new City Council, where she served for 15 years.
 W. E. "Ted" Grissett was vice chairman of the LGSC. He was elected as the first City Council president under consolidation.
 Mary L. Singleton was a teacher and restaurant owner who was elected to the old City Council in 1967, the same year as Sallye B. Mathis. Singleton was initially opposed to consolidation, but changed her mind and was influential among the black community. She was elected without opposition to the new consolidated City Council, where she served for two terms. In 1972 she was "the first black and the first woman to be elected to the Florida Legislature from North Florida since Reconstruction." She was the third black in the state elected to the legislature in the 20th century. She later held statewide appointed positions, and died at age 54 in 1980.
 Gert H.W. Schmidt was a German-born immigrant and Jacksonville business executive on the executive committee of the Local Government Study Commission. He also served on the Florida Board of Regents and was board chairman of the Jacksonville branch of the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta.

Results
Duval county voters approved the consolidation referendum 54,493 - 29,768 on August 8, 1967 but the old government did not go quietly. A lawsuit was filed by a few elected officials contesting consolidation because their term in office would be shortened and they would be required to face re-election after one year in office. Other elected officials attempted to pass zoning changes or sign long-term government contracts for their friends.

After a year of transition, the consolidated government went into effect on October 1, 1968. Jacksonville celebrated with a parade and fireworks that attracted 200,000 spectators. Hans Tanzler, elected mayor of Jacksonville the year before, became the first mayor of the consolidated government. Jacksonville became the largest city (by population) in Florida and the 13th largest in the United States. According to the Jacksonville Historical Society, the city "became the largest city in land area in the entire world", a distinction it eventually yielded to Juneau, Alaska.

All land in Duval County is considered part of Jacksonville except the four independent municipalities of Jacksonville Beach, Atlantic Beach, Neptune Beach and Baldwin. Residents of these towns vote in city elections and are eligible for other services. Jacksonville was the second consolidated government in the state of Florida and one of ten in the nation.

See also
 Timeline of Jacksonville, Florida

References

Further reading
 Richard A. Martin. Consolidation, Jacksonville, Duval County: The Dynamics of Urban Political Reform. Jacksonville, FL: Crawford Publishing, 1969.

External links
Jacksonville Historical Society: Consolidation

Government of Jacksonville, Florida
History of Jacksonville, Florida
20th century in Jacksonville, Florida
1968 in Florida
Government in the Jacksonville metropolitan area


Hawgsmoke is a biennial United States Air Force (USAF) bombing, missile, and tactical gunnery competition for A-10 Thunderbolt II units. It is hosted by the winners of the previous competition and provides both skills competition and an opportunity to share in the camaraderie and fellowship within the A-10 community.

Operations

Remembering the fallen
Hawgsmoke opens with a remembrance ceremony for fallen comrades. Following the reading of the names of all fallen A-10 pilots, a missing-man formation flies overhead. At the conclusion, the participants drink a shot of whiskey then smash the shot glasses, in honor and remembrance of old friends and colleagues.

Competition
The competition itself takes place over two days and includes team and individual scoring of strafing, high-altitude dive-bombing, 30-degree dive-bombing, low-angle high-delivery, Maverick missile precision, and team tactics.

History
Hawgsmoke grew out of the discontinued "Gunsmoke" Air Force Worldwide Gunnery Competition. Gunsmoke had been the USAF's air-to-ground gunnery and bombing competition involving multiple airframes, first held in 1949 and then biennially (except for 1963–1980) from 1954 to 1995 at Nellis Air Force Base.

Colonel Cliff Latta of the 172d Fighter Squadron is credited with initiating the first Hawgsmoke competition at the Alpena Combat Readiness Training Center, Michigan which was hosted by the Michigan Air National Guard's 172d FS from Battle Creek Air National Guard Base. A-10 units from around the world sent four aircraft and associated crew to compete in ground attack and target destruction events. The 118th Fighter Squadron from the Connecticut Air National Guard won the first event and in turn hosted Hawgsmoke 2002, at Fort Drum, New York.

In 2002 17 teams and 62 aircraft competed. The overall winner was the four-member team from the 47th Fighter Squadron from Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana. Hawgsmoke 2002 emphasized target acquisition and focused on accurately dropping practice bombs, firing the AGM-65 Maverick missile, and strafing proficiency with the 30 mm GAU-8 Gatling gun.

Hawgsmoke 2004 was hosted by the 47th FS and held at England Air Park, Louisiana. The competition grew to include 18 teams and more than 70 aircraft. Weather conditions forced the cancellation of the competition events and consequently the event became known as "Hawgwash" 2004.

As there was no winner in 2004 the 355th Fighter Wing was selected to host the 2006 event. It was held 22–25 March at Davis Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona. Hawgsmoke 2006 coincided the 30th Anniversary of the A-10; consequently, over 140 aircraft flew in to take part. The 303d Fighter Squadron from Whiteman Air Force Base, Missouri emerged the winner.

October 14 to 18, 2008, the 303d hosted Hawgsmoke 2008 at Salina Airport, Kansas. The location was chosen because of its location near the Smoky Hill Range, Kansas and the ample ramp space. The Idaho Air National Guard's 190th Fighter Squadron based at Gowen Air National Guard Base, Boise, Idaho, won the prize for Top Team.

Hawgsmoke 2010 was held between 13–15 October 2010, again at Gowen ANGB. The home-based 190th FS won Top Team in the competition for the second time in a row. The 190th won a second prize when Maj. Scott Downey was named top pilot at Hawgsmoke 2010.

The 355th Fighter Wing hosted Hawgsmoke 2012, between 15–17 August 2012 at Davis Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona and utilized the Barry M. Goldwater Range. Davis Monthan's resident 357th Fighter Squadron won the prestigious Al “Mud” Moore Trophy for Top Overall A-10 unit.

Hawgsmoke 2014 was held again at Davis Monthan AFB, with 355 FW hosting the event between 9–12 July 2012. The 14 A-10 units made extensive use of the Barry M. Goldwater Range during the competition. The 47th Fighter Squadron, an Air Force Reserve Command unit based at Davis-Monthan was awarded the Top Overall A-10 unit.

13 A-10 teams gathered to compete at Hawgsmoke 2016, once again taking place at Davis Monthan. Running from 1–3 June 2016, pilots expended their ordnance over the vast Barry M. Goldwater Range. Davis Monthan's 47th FS was again named Top Overall A-10 unit. Capt. David "Gnome" Knighton of the 47th FS won the top pilot trophy at Hawgsmoke 2016.

Hawgsmoke 2018 took place from 17 to 20 October 2018 at Whiteman AFB. The Cannon Range located near Laquey, Missouri, was used for the competition. 74th Fighter Squadron from Moody AFB, Georgia won the prize for Top A-10 Unit. The 74th also won Top Tactical and Top Conventional team awards.

Hawgsmoke 2020 was due to be hosted by the 74th FS at Moody AFB, but took place from 14 to 17 April 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

The 190th FS outperformed twelve other A-10 units to win Hawgsmoke 2021 after winning the Top Overall Team Award, Top Overall Flying Team, Top Tactical Team & Top BSA award. Other awards were: Individual Top Gun Overall, Captain Taylor ‘Pistol’ Price, 104th FS; Individual Top Gun Dive Bomb, Lieutenant Colonel Aaron ‘Puff’ Palan, 358th FS;  Individual Top Gun Low Bomb, Captain Taylor ‘Pistol’ Price; Individual Top Gun Strafe, Captain Taylor ‘Petrie’ Bye, 75th FS; Weapons Load Competition, Staff Sergeant Riley McIrvin, Airman First Class Maria Bermudez and Senior Airman Najee King, 354th Aircraft Maintenance Unit; Marshalling Award, 354th AMU, Airman First Class Derek Delosh; &  Overall Maintenance Award, 104th AMU.

Hawgsmoke 2022 was held between 6–9 September 2022 at Gowen ANGB. The home-based 190 FS won the competition for a fourth time, beating 14 active duty, Air National Guard, and Air Force Reserve units.

Categories

45-Degree High Altitude Dive Bomb
30-Degree Dive Bomb, HARS (Heading and Altitude Reference System; degraded delivery)
10-Degree Low Angle, High Drag Pop-up
Long-Range Strafe
Low Angle Strafe
Top Conventional Team (Maj. Jeff "Burger" Watterberg Trophy)
Top Tactical Team (Capt Steve "Syph" Phillis Trophy)
Top Overall Pilot (Lt. Col. Robert "Muck" Brown Trophy)
Top Overall Team (Col. Al "Mud" Moore Trophy)

List of winners
2000 – 118th Fighter Squadron
2002 – 47th Fighter Squadron
2004 – None
2006 - 303d Fighter Squadron
2008 - 190th Fighter Squadron
2010 - 190th Fighter Squadron
2012 - 357th Fighter Squadron
2014 - 47th Fighter Squadron
2016 - 47th Fighter Squadron
2018 - 74th Fighter Squadron
2020 – None
2021 - 190th Fighter Squadron
2022 - 190th Fighter Squadron

2008 participants

25th Fighter Squadron
45th Fighter Squadron
47th Fighter Squadron
66th Weapons Squadron
74th Fighter Squadron
75th Fighter Squadron
81st Fighter Squadron
103d Fighter Squadron
104th Fighter Squadron
172d Fighter Squadron
190th Fighter Squadron
303d Fighter Squadron
354th Fighter Squadron
357th Fighter Squadron
358th Fighter Squadron
422d Test & Evaluation Squadron

References

Notes

Bibliography
Hawgsmoke website
Hawgsmoke 2004

See also

Military excellence competitions
United States Air Force exercises


Edgar Marion Villchur (28 May 1917 – 17 October 2011) was an American inventor, educator, and writer widely known for his 1954 invention of the acoustic suspension loudspeaker which revolutionized the field of high-fidelity equipment. A speaker Villchur developed, the AR-3, is exhibited at The Smithsonian Institution's Information Age Exhibit in Washington, DC.

Villchur's speaker systems provided improved bass response while reducing the speaker's cabinet size. Acoustic Research, Inc. (AR), of which he was president from 1954 to 1967, manufactured high-fidelity loudspeakers, turntables, and other stereo components of his design, and demonstrated their quality through "live vs. recorded" concerts. The company's market share grew to 32 percent by 1966. After leaving AR, Villchur researched hearing aid technology, developing the multichannel compression hearing aid, which became the industry standard for hearing aids.

Background

Villchur received his bachelor's and master's degrees in art history from City College in New York City. He worked in the theater, and had plans to be a scenic designer. During World War II he was trained by the US Army in maintenance and repair of radios, radar, and other equipment. He was stationed in New Guinea, where he rose to the rank of captain and was in charge of the electronic equipment for his squadron.

After the war, Villchur opened a shop in New York's Greenwich Village where he repaired radios and built custom home high fidelity sets. He continued to educate himself in the area of audio engineering, taking courses in mathematics and engineering at New York University. After submitting an article to Audio Engineering magazine (later renamed Audio), he was asked to write a regular column.

Despite having a master's degree was in Art History, Villchur applied for a teaching job at NYU in the mid-fifties, presenting the administration with an outline of a course he titled Reproduction of Sound. His proposal was accepted, and he taught that course at night for several years. At the same time, he worked at the American Foundation for the Blind in Manhattan, organizing their laboratory and designing or redesigning devices to make it easier for blind people to live independently. The tone arm on the turntable made by the Foundation had 12% distortion. Villchur redesigned it so that the distortion was less than 4%.

One of his inventions for the Foundation for the Blind was a turntable tone arm that descended slowly to the surface of a vinyl record. This prevented the possibility that a blind person might drop the arm accidentally and that the sudden fall might damage the stylus or the record. In later years, when he was designing the AR turntable, he added this same feature to the tone arm. In the ads describing the advantages of the product, the photo showed a person accidentally dropping the tone arm, with a caption noting that this turntable was "For butterfingers."

Acoustic-suspension loudspeaker

Villchur recognized that the weak link in home equipment was the loudspeaker. Amplifiers, record players, tape players, and tuners were fairly faithful to the original sound, but speakers of the time were unable to reproduce the bass notes of records or tapes without distortion. He came up with the idea for a new form of audio loudspeaker, one that would greatly reduce distortion by replacing the nonlinear mechanical spring with a linear air cushion. This "acoustic suspension" design demonstrated a greater undistorted SPL (sound pressure level) at 25 Hz than any previous loudspeaker type, including bass reflex, infinite baffle, or large horn designs. Villchur's new and sophisticated understanding of the inexorable relationship among low-frequency extension, efficiency, and cabinet volume was later termed, by Henry Kloss, "Hofmann's Iron Law".

Villchur built a prototype of his new speaker out of a plywood box. The dimensions of the face of the box were taken from a picture frame that Villchur had hanging in his house. His wife, Rosemary, who had been a draftswoman during the war, sewed the pattern for the flexible surround out of mattress ticking. Unable to afford the full services of a patent attorney, he found a patent lawyer who was willing to explain the patent process briefly, and Villchur applied for a patent himself. In 1956, he received  for the acoustic-suspension loudspeaker. He tried to sell the idea to several loudspeaker manufacturers, but his idea was rejected as impossible.

Acoustic Research, Inc.

One of his students at NYU, Henry Kloss, listened to Villchur's explanation of acoustic suspension and agreed that a speaker built on this principle would be a major improvement in hi-fi sound reproduction. Villchur decided that since the established manufacturers were not interested in the invention, the only way to make it available to the public was to go into business producing the new speaker. Kloss had a loft in Cambridge, Massachusetts  where he was making loudspeaker cabinets, and the two men became business partners in Acoustic Research, Inc. (AR) in 1954. The partnership lasted until 1957, when Kloss left to form KLH, manufacturing loudspeakers using Villchur's acoustic suspension principle, under license from AR.

Over the next two decades, almost all major loudspeaker manufacturers gradually changed from mechanical to acoustic suspension. At first they did so under license to AR, paying royalties to use the principles of Villchur's patent. When the Electro-Voice Company refused to pay the royalties, AR sued them for patent infringement. Electro-Voice countersued, claiming prior art in the form of a mention of an air spring in a different system. The ensuing lawsuit resulted in the loss of the patent for Acoustic Research, a decision which Villchur chose not to appeal. In an interview about the case, Villchur says that he knew the judge's decision to void the patent was incorrect, but that he felt he had better things to do than to spend his life in litigation. He cited the example of Edwin Howard Armstrong, the inventor of FM radio, whose patent was rendered unprofitable through the actions of RCA. Armstrong spent years unsuccessfully fighting that injustice, and eventually committed suicide. Villchur decided not to contest the loss of his loudspeaker patent, but rather to move on and continue improving the quality of high fidelity equipment.

The first acoustic-suspension loudspeaker, the AR-1, was introduced at the New York Audio Show in 1954, and was an instant success. Villchur continued to improve loudspeakers, coming out with new models roughly every two years. The AR-2, produced in 1956, was a no-frills version of the speaker at a lower price. The independent testing agency Consumers Union, publisher of Consumer Reports magazine, did a report on loudspeakers that year. The AR-2 was one of only four speakers that received the Check Rating for highest quality, regardless of price. Of the four speakers that received the check rating, two were made by AR, and two were made by KLH under license from AR. After the CU rating, sales tripled.

Villchur continued to research improvements in sound reproduction, turning his attention to the tweeter. He received  for his invention of the direct-radiator dome tweeter. This greatly improved high-frequency fidelity by its smooth response and wide dispersion of sound, and complemented the acoustic suspension woofer's improved bass response. The AR-3, which combined the acoustic suspension woofer with the dome tweeter, is considered Villchur's ultimate achievement in speakers. An example of this model is on display in the Information Age Exhibit of The National Museum of American History at The Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC. Virtually every loudspeaker today uses Villchur's innovations: Acoustic Suspension Woofers and Dome Tweeters.

Villchur continued to do research, production design, and technical writing during his tenure as president of AR. One of his strongly held views was that the only appropriate criterion to determine the quality of high-fidelity components was comparison with the actual live music in performance. In keeping with that philosophy, AR produced a series of "Live versus Recorded" concerts in which live performances by musical ensembles were compared with previously taped performances played through AR stereo equipment. Musicians participating in these concerts included the Fine Arts String Quartet and classical guitarist Gustavo Lopez, as well as performances on a thirty-two foot pipe organ and an old-fashioned nickelodeon. The Washington Post featured the Live vs. Recorded concerts with a half-page article with pictures, providing free publicity for AR, in which they said that audiences were fooled over and over by the seamless transitions between live performance and sound reproduced through the AR speakers.

As president of AR, Villchur was known for progressive employment practices and innovative advertising techniques. AR used equal opportunity employment practices, and employees received health insurance and profit sharing—benefits which were highly unusual in any but the largest firms in the 1950s and 1960s. The company was also known for its liberal repair policies, fixing most products for free no matter how old they were, and in general providing excellent customer service.

AR's advertising was distinct from the sensationalistic ads of its competitors, instead concentrating on technical information, reviews by impartial critics, and endorsements from well-known musicians and other personalities who actually used Acoustic Research components.  Villchur believed that each ad should provide accurate information and unsolicited endorsements in order to convince the reader of the quality of the product.  The list of well-known artists who appeared with their AR stereo equipment in print advertisements included Virgil Thomson, Miles Davis, and Louis Armstrong.

In addition, the company established locations called "Music Rooms" where the public could listen to music through AR components and could ask questions of knowledgeable hosts, but where no selling took place. The most famous of the Music Rooms was in Grand Central Station, and became known as a quiet haven in the middle of the noisy terminal. During one year the New York Music Room counted over one hundred thousand visitors. Another Music Room was located in Cambridge, Massachusetts at Harvard Square.

In 1961, Villchur designed a turntable (record player), and published an article explaining its several innovations. The tone arm and turntable platen were mounted together and suspended independently from the body of the turntable, so that a shock to the body of the turntable would have little effect on the playing of the record. Indeed, Villchur was fond of demonstrating this independent suspension by hitting the wooden base of the turntable with a mallet while the record played on flawlessly.  The mechanical isolation of the tone-arm-platen assembly from the base had a further advantage. It eliminated the "muddy" bass sound that often resulted when vibrations from the loudspeaker were conducted through the floor and caused feedback through the pickup into the amplifier.

The low mass and damped suspension of the tone arm itself compensated for any irregularities on the surface of the disk so that even warped records could often be played without distortion. When released, the tone arm floated down to the record, so that if it were dropped, it would not crash into the disc (which could harm both the needle and the record). With its quiet motor and precision-ground rubber drive belt, the turntable had extremely low wow and flutter (the lowest of any turntable on the market at that time), and far exceeded the National Association of Broadcasters (National Association of Broadcasters) standards for turntable measurements. The overall look of the turntable was given an award by Industrial Design magazine.

Acoustic Research continued to expand its loudspeaker line, producing the smaller "bookshelf" speaker, the AR-4, which was popular among college students and younger families. In 1966, Stereo Review's yearly summary of the high-fidelity equipment showed that AR's loudspeaker sales represented almost one-third of the entire market, a share that had never been achieved by any hi-fi company before that, and which has never been equalled since.

In 1967, Villchur sold AR to Teledyne, and signed an agreement not to go into business in the field of sound reproduction equipment. Teledyne kept the AR name, and continued to produce stereo equipment. Although it was Villchur's plan for the company to produce a complete set of sound reproduction components, he sold the company before the amplifier and receiver became part of the line.

Hearing aid research and development, and death

After selling AR, Villchur turned to hearing aid research, feeling there was considerable room for improvement with the devices. He pointed out to an interviewer that when you see a person with eyeglasses, you assume that whatever vision problem they might have is fully corrected by their glasses. But when you see a person with a hearing aid, you assume that the person still has hearing difficulties. He set out to change that, and spent several years investigating the problem in his home laboratory in Woodstock, NY.

Villchur worked with many volunteer subjects to analyze the various types of hearing loss. He discovered that traditional hearing aids of the day amplified loud sounds to the same extent as quiet sounds.  He quickly realized, however, that quiet sounds needed more amplification than loud sounds.  In fact, loud sounds might need no amplification at all.  Many of his subjects complained that their hearing aids made soft sounds audible, but amplified moderately loud sounds to a painful level.

By 1973, he had come up with a concept based on the early work of Steinberg and Gardner on loudness recruitment, proposing multi-channel compression to make up for the variable loss of loudness compression (recruitment). Each patient's audiogram, combined with individual testing, would determine a custom gain-map program keyed to the individual person. The multi-channel system  was adapted to an individual's hearing losses in specific frequency ranges, providing amplification where needed. Equally important, one band would not "pump" another. For example, the bass would not control the gain in the mid and high frequency bands.  More importantly, he used "wide dynamic range compression" (WDRC).  Unlike the previous "compression limiting" circuits, which limited loud sounds to a certain level but did nothing to increase the gain for quiet sounds, Villchur's WDRC amplifiers increased gain for softer sounds without excessively amplifying louder sounds.

Rather than apply for a patent, he decided to publish his findings and make them freely  available. Fred Waldhauer of Bell Labs heard Villchur lecture on this new hearing aid system, and started a Bell Labs project to develop a hearing aid. Bell Labs assigned a team of experts, including Jont B. Allen, David A. Berkley, Joseph L. Hall and Harry Levitt (City University of NY, Graduate center). Bell Labs developed the first analog circuit, a three-band WDRC, at Allentown PA. This development circuit and effort was then purchased by Rodney Perkins, who created ReSound. Several of the Bell Labs development team from the Holmdel facility went on to work for ReSound, and bought the rights from them for the technology. Based on the AT&T design, and manufactured by AT&T, a programmable hearing aid based on Villchur's principles was marketed under the ReSound label. This effort has been documented in the article by Jont Allen.  Over the next twenty-five years, Villchur's innovations became the industry standard for hearing aid design.  It is nearly impossible to find a hearing aid today – digital or analog – that does not use multi-channel wide dynamic range compression.

Edgar Villchur has written three books and over one hundred and fifty articles on high fidelity, sound reproduction, audio engineering, and hearing aid technology in both peer-reviewed scientific journals and popular magazines, including two articles written when he was ninety years old. At the 1995 meeting of the Acoustical Society of America he received the Life Achievement Award from the American Auditory Society.

Edgar Villchur died on Monday, October 17, 2011 of natural causes at his Woodstock, New York home, his daughter, Miriam Villchur said. He was 94.

Books by Edgar Villchur

Bibliography

Sound reproduction

Articles by Edgar Villchur
 Villchur, E. (1954) "Revolutionary Loudspeaker and Enclosure," Audio 38, October 1954, p. 25-27, 100.
 Villchur, E. (1957) "Problems of Bass Reproduction in Loudspeakers" Journal of the Audio Engineering Society Vol. 5, No. 3, July 1957, pp. 122–126.
 Villchur, E. (1958) "New High-Frequency Speaker," Audio 42, October 1958, p. 38.
 Villchur, E. (1961) "High Fidelity to What?" Saturday Review, November 25, 1961.
 Villchur, E. (1962) "A New Turntable-Arm Design," Audio, September and October 1962.
 Villchur, E. (1962) Reproduction of Sound in High-Fidelity, rev. ed., New York: Dover Publications, 1965; 1st published in Cambridge, Mass.: Acoustic Research, 1962.
 Villchur, E. (1962) "A Method of Testing Loudspeakers with Random Noise Input", Journal of the Audio Engineering Society, October 1962, Vol. 10, No.4, 306–309.
 Villchur, E. (1964) "High Fidelity Measurements - Science Or Chaos?" Electronics World, August 1964 p. 33-35, 54,
 Villchur, E. (1964) "Techniques of Making Live-Versus-Recorded Comparisons," Audio, October 1964.
 Villchur, E. (1986) "Comments on 'Theory, ingenuity, and wishful wizardry in loudspeaker design—A half-century of progress?'" [Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 77, No. 4, April 1985, p. 1303-1308] Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 79, No. 1, January 1986 [Letter].
 Villchur, E. (2000) "A Short History of the Dynamic Loudspeaker," Voice Coil, July 2000, p. 26-32, paper presented at the 133rd meeting, Acoustical Society of America, June 1997.

Hearing aids

Articles by Edgar Villchur
 Villchur, E. (1973) "Signal processing to improve speech intelligibility in perceptive deafness," Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 53, No. 6, 1646–1657.
 Villchur, E. (1974) "Simulation of the effect of recruitment on loudness relationships in speech," Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 56, 1601–1611. (Recording bound in with article).
 Villchur, E. (1977) "Electronic models to simulate the effect of sensory distortions on speech perception by the deaf," Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 62, 665–674.
 Villchur, E. (1987) "Multichannel Compression processing for profound deafness," Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 24, 135–138.
 Villchur, E. and Waldhauer, F. (1988) "Full Dynamic Range Multiband Compression in a Hearing Aid," The Hearing Journal, Sep. 1988.
 Villchur, E. (1989) "Comments on 'The negative effect of amplitude compression in multichannel hearing aids in the light of the modulation-transfer function,'" Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 86, 425-427 [Letter]
 Villchur, E. (1993) "A Different Approach to the Noise Problem of the Hearing Impaired" American Journal of Audiology July 1993, 47–51. Transcription of a presentation made at the Mayo Clinic. Online at:
 Villchur, E. (1996) "Multichannel Compression in Hearing Aids," in Hair Cells and Hearing Aids, C. Berlin ed., Singular Publishing Group, Inc. San Diego, 1996.
 Villchur, E. (2004) "Elements of Effective Hearing-Aid Performance," Audiology Online, February 2004. Online at: https://www.audiologyonline.com/articles/article_detail.asp?article_id=565
 Villchur, E. (2008) "Compression in Hearing Aids: Why Fast Multichannel Processing Systems Work Well." Hearing Review, June 2008.

References

External links

Edgar Villchur official website
The Villchur Blog, a blog about the life and career of Edgar Villchur, inventor, educator, and author.
"A Glorious Time: AR's Edgar Villchur and Roy Allison", Stereophile, Jan 6, 2005, David Lander
Acoustic Research and the Acoustic Suspension Loudspeaker by Andrew Hayden
The Classic Speaker Pages, Specializing in Acoustic Research and its New England Progeny
Revolution: The Sealed Enclosure Loudspeaker
The Audio Century, Part II: The Twentieth Century and the Birth of Audio Technology, by John Pearsall, Audio Discourse, Positive Feedback Online
Steve Hoffman Music Forums: History of the AR-3
Technology Makes Music: A short, distortionfree history of high fidelity by David Lander
The Loudspeaker Part 3 Arcane Radio Trivia, March 7, 2007
Acoustic Research AR-2a Loudspeakers: Replacement of the Tone Control Potentiometers
History of the AR-3
AR Turntable History
"Edgar Villchur and the Acoustic Suspension Loudspeaker" by Steven E. Schoenherr

1917 births
2011 deaths
American acoustical engineers
American inventors
City College of New York alumni


Špitalič pri Slovenskih Konjicah () is a small village in the Municipality of Slovenske Konjice in the Styria region of Slovenia.

The church in the village, dedicated to the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, is the only remaining part of the Ecclesia minor (lay monastery) associated with the nearby Carthusian monastery.

References

External links
Špitalič pri Slovenskih Konjicah on Geopedia

Populated places in the Municipality of Slovenske Konjice


Dirigent may refer to:
 Conducting
 Dirigent protein, a class of proteins which dictate the stereochemistry of a compound synthesized by other enzymes


Chrysanthos of Madytos (; c. 1770 – 1846) was a Greek poet, chanter, Archimandrite, and Archbishop, born in Madytos. In preparation of the first printed books of Orthodox chant, he was responsible for a reform of the Byzantine notation within the New Music School of the Patriarchate, along with Gregorios the Protopsaltes and Chourmouzios the Archivist who transcribed the traditional repertory into the Chrysanthine notation.

Life

Chrysanthos and the reform of Orthodox chant

Works

.

Publications made in his name

Translations

See also
Neobyzantine Octoechos—Byzantine music
Ottoman classical music

Notes and references

Sources

External links

Chrysanthos of Madytos Entry at Orthodox Wiki

Composers from the Ottoman Empire
Eastern Orthodox liturgical music
1770s births
1846 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Music theorists
19th-century Greek people
Greeks from the Ottoman Empire
19th-century Eastern Orthodox bishops
People from Madytos
Male classical composers
18th-century Greek musicians
19th-century Greek musicians
18th-century Greek poets
18th-century Greek writers
19th-century Greek poets
19th-century Greek writers
19th-century male musicians
19th-century musicians


The 17th Annual Gotham Independent Film Awards, presented by the Independent Filmmaker Project, were held on November 27, 2007, and were hosted by Sarah Jones. The nominees were announced on October 22, 2007.

Winners and nominees

Gotham Tributes
 Javier Bardem
 Michael Bloomberg
 Roger Ebert
 Mark Friedberg
 Mira Nair
 Jonathan Sehring

Notes

References

External links

2007
2007 film awards


Inam-ul-Haq (born September 8, 1943) was a Pakistani cricketer. He was a right-handed batsman and a right-arm off-break bowler and wicket-keeper. He was born in Lahore.

Inam made his first-class debut in the Quaid-e-Azam Trophy competition of 1969/70, playing for Lahore B, for whom he took one wicket, and scored a duck in the only innings in which he batted.

Inam didn't make another first-class appearance for more than three years, playing for Pakistan Customs. Ul-Haq made six appearances for Pakistan Customs over the next four seasons, achieving a top score of 48 in his final first-class appearance, against Sargodha in 1975/76.

Inam, who started his career in the lower order, moved to the opening order by the end of his career.

External links
Inam-ul-Haq at Cricket Archive

1943 births
Living people
Pakistani cricketers
Lahore Blues cricketers
Pakistan Customs cricketers
Cricketers from Lahore


Pierre Joseph Édouard Deperthes (Édouard Deperthes) (31 July 1833–23 July 1898) was a French architect.

Early life

Deperthes was born in Houdilcourt, a commune in the Ardennes in July 1833. He was the son of two farmers.

Education

Around the time he was 18, Deperthes travelled to Reims to study architecture, and excelled under his teacher, known only as Mssr. Brunette, at that time the chief architect in Reims.

Early career

He started his first project in 1855, at the age of 22 - working on the design of Lille Cathedral () in Lille. He co-operated with two architects known only by their surnames, Leblan and Reimbeau. He then aided in the reconstruction of Saint-Ambrose church in Paris in the same year.

Death

He died in 1898 of unknown causes, aged 64, in Reims. He left two sons. He was buried in the Montparnasse Cemetery in Paris on 27 July 1898.

Work

Buildings
 Lille Cathedral (1855–1857)
 A parish church in Berne, Switzerland (1857–1864)
  in Brest (1869–1873)
 A chateau in Rouen named Chateau d'Eau (1875–1880)

Projects
 Renovation of Saint-Ambrose Church, Paris
 Renovation of the Basilica of St. Anne, Sainte-Anne-d'Auray (1865–1876)
 Renovation of the Hôtel de Ville, Paris (1873–1886)

Awards
 First prize in architecture competitions in Berne, Vannes, Paris, Rouen, and Oran
 Second prize in architecture competitions in Rambouillet, Tours, Paris, Milan, and Saint-Nazaire
 Medal awarded in Salon, 1865
 Prize at the Exposition Universelle (1867), Paris
 Medal awarded at an exposition in Lyon, 1872
 Other medals from Reims, Paris, Le Havre, Lille, Grenoble, Montpellier, and Amsterdam
 He was made a knight of the Legion d'Honneur in the 1870s

References
 Notices nécrologiques AMB (fr)

1833 births
1898 deaths
19th-century French architects
People from Ardennes (department)
Burials at Montparnasse Cemetery
Architects from Reims


Papyrus 16 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), designated by 𝔓16, is an early copy of the New Testament in Greek. Originally, it may have been part of a papyrus manuscript of the Pauline Corpus of letters, but now only contains Philippians 3:10-17; 4:2-8. The manuscript has been paleographically assigned to the late 3rd century.

Description

The manuscript is written in a documentary hand. There are about 37-38 lines per page. Grenfeld and Hunt conjectured that 𝔓15 and 𝔓16 might have been part of the same manuscript. Both manuscripts have the same formation of letters, line space, and punctuation.

The nomina sacra are written in an abbreviated way. The text was not corrected.

The Greek text of this codex is a representative of the Alexandrian text-type (rather proto-Alexandrian). Aland placed it in Category I. This manuscript diverges from the text of UBS4 8 times, from Codex Vaticanus 9 times, and from Codex Sinaiticus 10 times. P16 diverges from readings of the majority of all New Testament manuscripts 11 times.

It is currently housed at the Egyptian Museum (JE 47424) in Cairo.

See also
 List of New Testament papyri
 Philippians 3; 4

References

Further reading

External links
 P. Oxy. VII 1009

New Testament papyri
3rd-century biblical manuscripts
Early Greek manuscripts of the New Testament
Epistle to the Philippians papyri


Eduard Vilde ( – 26 December 1933) was an Estonian writer, a pioneer of critical realism in Estonian literature, and a diplomat. Author of classics such as The War in Mahtra and The Milkman from Mäeküla. He was one of the most revered figures in Estonian literature and is generally credited as being the country's first professional writer.

Life and career
Vilde grew on the farm where his father worked. In 1883 he began working as a journalist. He spent a great deal of his life traveling abroad and he lived for some time in Berlin in the 1890s, where he was influenced by materialism and socialism. His writings were also guided by the realism and naturalism of the French writer Émile Zola (1840–1902).  In addition to being a prolific writer, he was also an outspoken critic of Tsarist rule and of the German landowners. With the founding of the first Estonian republic in 1919, he served as an ambassador in Berlin for several years, and spent the last years of his life editing and revising an enormous volume of his collected works. After his death in 1933, he became the first person to be interred at Metsakalmistu, in the Pirita district of Tallinn.

Works

Gallery

References

External links

1865 births
1933 deaths
People from Väike-Maarja Parish
People from Kreis Wierland
Estonian Social Democratic Workers' Party politicians
Members of the Estonian Constituent Assembly
Ambassadors of Estonia to Germany
Estonian non-fiction writers
Estonian male novelists
Male non-fiction writers
19th-century Estonian novelists
20th-century Estonian novelists
19th-century male writers
20th-century male writers
Recipients of the Military Order of the Cross of the Eagle
Burials at Metsakalmistu
Writers from the Russian Empire


Sarel Daniel van der Merwe (born 5 December 1946) is a former rally and racing driver, who was a multiple South African Rally Drivers Champion. He is referred to by his nickname "Supervan".

Van der Merwe won the South African Rally Drivers Championship a record eleven times in 1975, from 1977 to 1985 and in 1988. Van der Merwe's IMSA career included time at Hendrick Motorsports during the Corvette GTP era, which also led to one NASCAR Sprint Cup start for the team, Watkins Glen in 1990 when Hendrick driver Darrell Waltrip was recuperating from a severe leg injury at the Firecracker 400 final practice, where he finished 24th; van der Merwe had attempted to qualify for the 1988 Daytona 500 in a Hendrick-owned car, but failed to make the race. He also held the SA Saloon Car Championship (1994), SA Modified Saloon Car Championship (1994 & 2001), and won the 1996 Castrol International Rally ending in Swaziland. He received his Springbok Colours in 1976 and his South African National Colours in 1997. In 2002, van der Merwe was awarded the Motorsport South African (MSA) Lifetime Achievement award.

Racing career
Van der Merwe began his racing career in 1967 racing saloon cars. His international career took off in 1983 in the IMSA series in the United States, with his most notable win in the 1984 24 Hours of Daytona race driving for Kreepy Krauly Racing, an all-South African team in a March 83G-Porsche. He shared the win with Graham Duxbury and Tony Martin. Van der Merwe did exceptionally well in the 1984 24 Hours of Le Mans where he finished 3rd on debut. In the 1986 Le Mans race, Sarel pulled in a lap early, and Jo Gartner took over. A lap later the suspension broke and the car veered off the Mulsanne Straight in the middle of the night and Gartner was killed.

His South African rallying days were extensive and colorful, and he displayed spectacular driving skills even under severe weather conditions. He started off with a private DKW around 1965, a motor car that had the reputation of being unbreakable, even so by Van. His father Sarel Senior had a long history racing DKWs (and Porsches), and had even won an award from the Auto Union mother company in Germany. Van der Merwe then moved up the ranks to sport a works-Ford Escort Mk II BDA (Belt Driven Assembly), the state-of-the-art machine around 1975−1979. The yellow car was jointly sponsored by the Ford Motor Company and Southern Suns hotel group, and later in the blue colours of Kreepy Krauly (South Africa). After leaving Ford because of a disagreement, Supervan had a short stint in the Datsun 160Y and Datsun Stanza, teamed up with U.K. rally ace Tony Pond around 1980. But van der Merwe always complained that his lanky body did not fit into the smaller Japanese cars. His final rally successes were in a factory team Audi Sport Quattro (1981−1986) with his rally swan song in the Volkswagen Golf front wheel drive hatchback in 1988. His co-driver/navigator was the ever-faithful Franz Boshoff, also a crowned Springbok, through all the years rallying with Ford, Datsun, Audi and Volkswagen.

He retired from competitive motor racing on 23 November 2002 after Round 12 of the Vodacom Power Tour at Kyalami, where he helped get the win for his team member Johan Fourie (Racing) whom he mentored, but he is still seen around some motorsport events, organising a few events and raising publicity for the sponsors of these events.

Other activities
Van der Merwe also worked as a correspondent for South African motor publications in the 1970s.

Motorsports career results

NASCAR
(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)

Winston Cup Series

24 Hours of Le Mans results

References

External links

1946 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Port Elizabeth
South African rally drivers
South African racing drivers
24 Hours of Le Mans drivers
24 Hours of Daytona drivers
World Sportscar Championship drivers
24H Series drivers
Audi Sport drivers
Team Joest drivers
Porsche Motorsports drivers
Hendrick Motorsports drivers


Tepezalá is a municipality and town in the Mexican state of Aguascalientes. The town of Tepezalá serves as the municipal seat for the surrounding municipality of Tepezalá.

Tepezala is located on the foothills of the eastern mountains of the state, a land rich in minerals and arid in vegetation that was on the old Silver Route during the 16th century, which brought so much wealth to the region and help conquer the inhospitable north of Mexico. The town's mines made it famous and brought wealth to the state.

Demographics

As of the 2015 Mexican Intercensal Survey, Tepezalá municipality has a population of 20,926. As of 2010, the town of Tepezalá had a total population of 4,511. Other than the town of Tepezalá, the municipality had 132 localities, the largest of which (with 2010 populations in parentheses) were: San Antonio (3,345), classified as urban, and El Chayote (1,817), and Carboneras (1,261), classified as rural.

Geography

Climate

Gallery

References

External links
http://www.aguascalientes.gob.mx/estado/m_tep.html

Populated places in Aguascalientes


Love at First Sight may refer to:

 Love at first sight, a personal experience and a literary trope

Film and television

Film
 Love at First Sight (1929 film), an American musical comedy film
 Love at First Sight (1932 film), a German comedy film
 Love at First Sight (1977 Georgian film), a Georgian/Soviet comedy film
 Love at First Sight (1977 Canadian film), a comedy film
 Love at First Sight (1985 film), an Italian comedy film
 Love at First Sight (2000 film) or Sausalito, a Hong Kong film
 Love at First Sight (2011 film), a British short film
 Love at First Sight, a 2017 short film included in the home release of Sing
 Love at First Sight (2023 film), an American romantic comedy film

Television
 "Love at First Sight", a 1980 episode of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
 "Love at First Sight", a 1993  episode of Red Shoe Diaries
 "Love at First Sight" (The Bellflower Bunnies), a 2004 episode

Music

Albums
 Love at First Sight (Dionne Warwick album), 1977
 Love at First Sight (Sonny Rollins album), 1980

Songs
 "Love at First Sight" (Kylie Minogue song), 2002 (for the 1988 song, see below)
 "Love at First Sight" (Styx song), 1991
 "Love @ 1st Sight", by Mary J. Blige, 2003
 "Je t'aime... moi non plus", written by Serge Gainsbourg, 1967; covered by several performers as "Love at First Sight"
 "Love at First Sight", by Amanda Lear from I Don't Like Disco, 2012
 "Love at First Sight", by the Brobecks from Violent Things, 2009
 "Love at First Sight", by Carmela Marner and Nick Curtis from the film Puss in Boots, 1988
 "Love at First Sight", by Cherie Currie from Beauty's Only Skin Deep, 1978
 "Love at First Sight", by Emerson, Lake & Palmer from Love Beach, 1978
 "Love at First Sight", by Fairport Convention from Myths and Heroes, 2015
 "Love at First Sight", by Kylie Minogue from Kylie, 1988
 "Love at First Sight", by Michael Bublé from Totally Bublé, 2003
 "Love at First Sight", by Prudence Liew from Loving Prince, 1988
 "Love at First Sight", by Roddy Jackson, 1958
 "Love at First Sight", by Spagna, 1991
 "Love at First Sight", by Super Junior-T from Devil, 2015
 "Love at First Sight", by XTC from Black Sea, 1980

Other uses
 Love at First Sight (play), a 1704 play by David Crauford
 Love at First Sight, an 1846 Pre-Raphaelite painting by William Holman Hunt
 Love at First Sight, a 1949–1956 romance comic published by Ace Magazines
 "Love at First Sight", a poem by Wisława Szymborska

See also
 Amor a primera vista (lit. Love at first sight), a 1956 Argentine film
 Entre Nous (film) or Coup de foudre, a 1983 French film
 Le Coup de Foudre, a 2019 Chinese streaming television series
 Pehli Nazar Ka Pyaar (), a 2008 Indian film
 Love at First Bite, a 1979 horror comedy film
 Love at First Byte (disambiguation)
 "Love at First Light", a 2012 song by Olivia Ong and Natanya Tan


George Morton or George Mourt (c. 1585 – 1624) was an English Puritan Separatist.  He was the publisher of, and perhaps helped write, the first account in Great Britain of the founding of Plymouth Colony, called Mourt's Relation.

Biography

He was from Bawtry, West Riding of Yorkshire, England, and member of the Scrooby Congregation of separatists who eventually became the Mayflower Pilgrims.  Morton, who had moved to Leyden, Holland with the congregation, stayed behind when the first settlers left for Plymouth, Massachusetts.  He continued to orchestrate business affairs in Europe and London for their cause—presumably arranging for the 1622 publication of, and perhaps helping write, Mourt's Relation. In 1623 Morton himself emigrated on the ship Anne to Plymouth Colony with his wife Juliana Carpenter and her sister, Alice Southworth, who was to become the second wife of Governor William Bradford.

George Morton died in 1624, the year after he arrived in Plymouth.  His widow Juliana then married Manasseh Kempton, who had also arrived in 1623 on the Anne.  After Morton's death, Governor Bradford took a keen interest in helping to raise the Morton children.

Family
George Morton's children by his only wife, Juliana, were:

Nathaniel Morton, m. Plymouth 25 December 1635 Lydia Cooper.(Plymouth Public Schools named Nathaniel Morton Elementary School after him.)
Patience Morton, m. by 1633 John Faunce. (She was the mother of famed and last Plymouth church elder, Thomas Faunce.)
John Morton, m. by 1649 Lettice (__).
Sarah Morton, m. 20 December 1644 George Bonum. (Sarah is the subject of the children's book Sarah Morton's Day by Kate Waters.)
Ephraim Morton, m. Plymouth 18 Nov. 1644 Ann Cooper. (Their oldest child was the second George Morton (1645–1727) of Plymouth. He was a deacon of the Plymouth church. He m. Joanna Kempton and had ten children; note that no sons were named Richard and William as previously claimed here. See specifically pages 13 and 14 of Allen George Morton as referenced below.)
George Morton II, b. 1624 m. Phoebe Cooper. Son: Richard Morton [please note: there is no documentation that George and Juliana Morton had a son named George.]

Notable descendants
George Morton's descendants found prosperity in the New World and became leaders in business and government.  Among the most notable are:

Nathaniel Morton, Clerk/Secretary of Plymouth Colony from 1645 until his death in 1685 and publisher of the first history of New England, New England's Memorial, Cambridge, 1669.
Elder Thomas Faunce, the originator of the story of Plymouth Rock.
Perez Morton, seventh Massachusetts Attorney General and husband of American poet Sarah Wentworth Apthorp Morton.
Marcus Morton, fourth acting, 16th and 18th Governor of Massachusetts.
Levi Parsons Morton, 22nd Vice President of the United States and 31st Governor of New York.
Henry Martyn Dexter and son Henry Morton Dexter, prominent American clergymen, historians, and authors.
Julius Sterling Morton, Third United States Secretary of Agriculture and founder of Arbor Day.
Joy Morton, son of J. Sterling Morton and founder of The Morton Salt Company.
Paul Morton, son of J. Sterling Morton and 36th United States Secretary of the Navy.
Lydia Jackson, second wife of philosopher, poet and Transcendentalist Ralph Waldo Emerson
Henry Cotton Morton, son of Eleazor Morton and founder of Benton Harbor, Michigan, builder of the Morton House Museum in Benton Harbor, Michigan.

See also

 Nathaniel Morton

Notes

References

 John K. Allen, George Morton of Plymouth Colony and Some of His Descendants,1908, Publisher: Printed for private circulation by J. K. Allen, Chicago, 43 pages.
 Robert Charles Anderson, The Great Migration Begins. Immigrants to New England, 1620-1633, 3 volumes (Boston, MA: New England Historic Genealogical Society, 1995),  -- "George Morton", pp. 1296–1299.
 William Bradford, introduction by Dwight B. Heath, Mourt's Relation: A Journal of the Pilgrims in Plymouth, 1622, annotated September 1986, Publisher: Ingram Pub Services, paperback, 96 pages, .
 Nathaniel Morton, New England's Memorial, 1669, Cambridge, 1855 Sixth Edition, Publisher: Congregational Board of Publication, Boston, 515 pages, .

External links

Mourt's Relation as transcribed by Caleb Johnson

1585 births
1624 deaths
People from Bawtry
16th-century English writers
16th-century male writers
17th-century English writers
17th-century American writers
17th-century English male writers
English separatists
English emigrants
People of colonial Massachusetts
People from Plymouth, Massachusetts
Immigrants to Plymouth Colony
17th-century English Puritans
American Puritans


Allyson Pollock is a consultant in public health medicine and was the Director of the Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University. She is an academic who is known for her research into, and opposition to, part privatisation of the UK National Health Service (NHS) via the Private Finance Initiative (PFI) and other mechanisms.

Education
Pollock gained a BSc in physiology at the University of Dundee in Scotland then became a medical graduate (MB ChB) of the same university. She later completed an MSc at the London School of Hygiene. She became a consultant in public health medicine in 1991.

Career
Pollock was head of the Public Health Policy Unit at University College London and director of research and development at University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust.

Pollock set up and directed the Centre for International Public Health Policy at the University of Edinburgh from 2005 to 2011.

She was professor of public health research and policy at Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London

In 2014, she was elected to the Council of the British Medical Association, for a four-year term.

In January 2017, she became the Director of the Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University.

Work on PFI
Allyson Pollock has provided evidence to the British Parliament and the Welsh National Assembly regarding PFI. Under her directorship CIPHP provided evidence to the Scottish Parliament regarding PFI.

In their statements of evidence, Allyson Pollock and her co-researcher Mark Hellowell argue that capital investment through PFI creates a large public sector cash liability. For example, they say that the £5.2billion of PFI investment in Scotland has created a public sector cash liability of £22.3bn. This cash liability is 'off balance-sheet' and does not show up on government statistics such as the Public Sector Borrowing Requirement (PSBR).

Pollock and Hellowell also say that, although the UK government's support for PFI is based on its supposed ability to deliver good value for money, the mechanisms for testing this are skewed. While developing PFI proposals, contracting authorities such as NHS trusts are required to construct a theoretical alternative to the use of PFI, which compares the value for money offered by a public versus a private finance scheme. The publicly funded alternative is called a 'public sector comparator'. In theory, if this exercise concludes that PFI does not represent good value for money compared to public finance, then the latter should be used for the procurement. However, in practice this rarely happens.

The reasons for this are discussed in a paper co-written by Pollock and published in the BMJ. Pollock et al. conclude that the true risks of many privately financed contracts are not calculated correctly. They argue that the system involves a high degree of subjectivity regarding the value of the risk being transferred to the private sector. They take one example of an NHS project in which one of the risks theoretically being transferred was that the target for clinical cost savings would not be met. The cost of this risk was estimated at £5m. However, in practice the private consortium had no responsibility for ensuring that there would actually be clinical cost-savings, and faced no penalty if there were none. The paper concludes therefore that the risk transfer was "spurious".

Jeremy Colman, former deputy general of the National Audit Office and the current Auditor General for Wales has supported Pollock's findings. In a Financial Times article he is quoted as saying many PFI appraisals suffer from "spurious precision" and others are based on "pseudo-scientific mumbo-jumbo". Some, he says, are simply "utter rubbish". He noted the pressures on contracting authorities to weight their appraisal in favour of taking their projects down the PFI route: "If the answer comes out wrong you don't get your project. So the answer doesn't come out wrong very often."

School rugby injuries
Pollock's son played rugby and suffered serious injury on three occasions before the age of 16: a broken nose, a fractured leg and a fractured cheekbone with concussion. Following this she has spent more than a decade researching the risks involved. In 2014 she said "rugby union in schools must distinguish itself from the very brutal game practiced by the professionals." She criticised poor monitoring of injuries sustained during games played by school children. She cited research from Ireland which found that in children of secondary school age the rate of injury in rugby was three times higher than other sports. In the course of a season, children have a 20% chance of concussion or bone fracture and one in seven parents have considered withdrawing their child from the games.

In March 2016, Pollock was one of more than 70 doctors and academics who were signatories to an open letter seeking a ban on tackling in school level rugby matches. This group set out details of the risks involved in the letter addressed to ministers, chief medical officers and children's commissioners in England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. World Rugby, the sport's governing body, responded by releasing the results of a survey that stated 92% of parents of children aged between seven and 18-years-old believed that the benefits of children playing sport outweighs the risks.

Publications (selection)

In the popular press
 The Guardian

 The Herald

 The Real News Network

References

Further reading

External links
 Allyson Pollock's blog

Academics of Queen Mary University of London
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
National Health Service people
Alumni of the University of Dundee
Academics of University College London


U.S. Route 19 (US 19) runs south to north up through central West Virginia. The route runs from the Virginia state line at Bluefield, north to the Pennsylvania state line south of Mount Morris, Pennsylvania.

Route description

US 19 passes through the limits of the cities and towns of Bluefield, Princeton, Beckley, Oak Hill, Fayetteville, Summersville, Flatwoods, Weston, Jane Lew, Clarksburg, Shinnston, Worthington, Monongah, Fairmont, Rivesville, Westover, Morgantown, and Star City, in addition to the smaller communities of Kegley, Spanishburg, Flat Top, Ghent, Cool Ridge, Shady Spring, Daniels, Beaver, Johnstown, Hico, Heaters, Napier, Letch, Ireland, Ben Dale, Homewood, Kitsonville, Hepzibah, Meadowbrook, Enterprise, Arnettsville, and Georgetown.

Between Bluefield and Beckley, US 19 has been largely supplanted by Interstate 77 (I-77) and the West Virginia Turnpike. Between Prosperity and northeast of Canfield, the route serves as a major southwest–northwest artery as Corridor L of the Appalachian Development Highway System (ADHS). It is along Corridor L that it crosses the New River via the well-known New River Gorge Bridge. Between Canfield and into Pennsylvania, the route has largely supplanted by I-79.

Aside from the four-lane limited access Corridor L, US 19 remains largely two-lane rural road with numerous curves outside of major cities.

History
By May 1973, hearings had been planned on widening the highway to four lanes in between Claypool Hill and Lebanon; at that time, such work had been completed between Abingdon and Hansonville, with a contract allocated for work from Hansonville to Lebanon.

Major intersections

References

External links

 West Virginia
Transportation in Braxton County, West Virginia
Transportation in Fayette County, West Virginia
Transportation in Harrison County, West Virginia
Transportation in Lewis County, West Virginia
Transportation in Marion County, West Virginia
Transportation in Mercer County, West Virginia
Transportation in Monongalia County, West Virginia
Transportation in Nicholas County, West Virginia
Transportation in Raleigh County, West Virginia
19


The Tubb 2000 (also known as the T2K) rifle is a fully adjustable modular sports target rifle produced in the United States by the McMillan Brothers Rifle Company.  It was designed and endorsed by 11-time NRA Highpower Rifle and ICFRA Palma World Champion David Tubb and Rock McMillan for long-range target shooting.

The Tubb 2000's barrel can be changed by the end-user, allowing the same rifle to support various calibers. Adjustable or user-changeable features include stock, sights, hand grip, trigger. It includes a quiet shock absorbing stock instead of a loud muzzle brake.

The successor to the Tubb 2000 was launced in 2017, and is called Tubb ATR (Advanced Tactical Rifle).

References

External links
David Tubb
Tubb 2000 detail photos NRA Museum display example from the Camp Perry competition showcase

Bolt-action rifles of the United States
Shooting sports equipment


RAF Graveley is a former Royal Air Force station located  south of Huntingdon. The station was originally intended to operate under No. 3 Group RAF, alongside RAF Tempsford and RAF Gransden Lodge.

Station history
Work on the site started in 1941, and it was opened as an operational base in March 1942 with No. 161 Squadron flying Lysander aircraft under No. 3 Group RAF, until it transferred to the Pathfinder Force with No. 35 Squadron in August 1942. Originally, the base was intended for special operations and would have operated alongside RAF Tempsford and RAF Gransden Lodge. No. 35 Sqn (No. XXXV Squadron) arrived in August 1942 using the Handley Page Halifax (which it had used since 1940) it became a pathfinder unit, forming part of No. 8 Group. In March 1944 the squadron re-equipped with the Avro Lancaster and continued at Graveley until it was posted to RAF Stradishall in September 1946. During November 1945, Michael Beetham, then a Squadron Leader, was posted onto the squadron.

In 1943, RAF Graveley was the one of the first operational stations to use the fog dispersal system FIDO. It was tested in July of that year with fog being burnt off and visibility vastly increased, though the descending aircraft had to cope with turbulence caused by the heated air from the evaporated fog. In November 1943, the first operational use of the FIDO system saw four Halifax aircraft of No. 35 Sqn landing in fog after a bombing operation.

No. 692 Squadron was formed on 1 January 1944 at RAF Graveley, equipped with Mosquito IV bombers, as part of the Light Night Striking Force of No. 8 Group RAF in Bomber Command. It re-equipped with the Mosquito XVI bombers in March.

No. 227 Squadron moved to Graveley from Strubby in June 1945, and was disbanded here on 5 September 1945.

Post-war, the airfield was used as a relief landing ground for No. 206 Advanced Flying School and No. 5 Flying Training School which were based at RAF Oakington. The airfield was closed in December 1968.

In popular culture

Part of the filming for the 1967 movie picture "'Robbery" (which was based on the Great Train Robbery) was filmed at the airfield with a number of exterior shots showing parts of the airfield.

Current use
The airfield is mostly agriculture with a few buildings surviving. A wind farm was built on the site in the 2010s.

References

Sources

External links

 http://www.raf.mod.uk/history/692squadron.cfm

Royal Air Force stations in Huntingdonshire
Royal Air Force stations in Cambridgeshire
Royal Air Force stations of World War II in the United Kingdom


David Ward (16 July 1934 – 12 January 1996) was a Welsh former professional footballer and Wales international. During his career in The Football League, he averaged a goal every other game, scoring 160 goals in 316 matches between 1954 and 1965.

Career

Ward began his career at his hometown side Barry Town and his eight goals in five appearances during the 1951–52 Southern and Welsh League seasons led a number of teams to take an interest in him. He eventually signed for Bristol Rovers but it was a number of years before he managed to hold down a regular place in the side due to the presence of one of the club's all-time greats in Geoff Bradford. Eventually handed a chance in the side he responded by scoring nine times in his first eight games. His most prolific season for the club was in 1958–59 when he finished the season with 27 goals in 38 matches. It was this form that resulted in him earning his first cap for Wales in a 2–2 draw with England on 26 November 1958 in the 1959 British Home Championship.

Ward's spell at the club turned sour when he fell out with manager Bert Tann and began a bitter battle to leave the club, even at one time threatening to quit football entirely unless he was allowed to leave. He left the club in February 1961 to return to his home country to sign for Cardiff City. In his first full season at the club he finished as the top scorer with 17 goals and was handed his second Wales cap in a 1–1 draw with England on 14 October 1961. However his efforts could not stop the club being relegated from Division One and the following season he fell out of favour and was allowed to join Watford, where he spent one year before finishing his professional career at Brentford. Dai went on to play for Worcester City, Bath City, Cambridge United and Cambridge City.  He also was assistant manager at Histon in 1983 where his son, also a David, was a member of the squad.

References

1934 births
1996 deaths
Welsh men's footballers
Wales men's international footballers
Barry Town United F.C. players
Bristol Rovers F.C. players
Cardiff City F.C. players
Watford F.C. players
Brentford F.C. players
Worcester City F.C. players
Bath City F.C. players
English Football League players
Sportspeople from Barry, Vale of Glamorgan
Men's association football forwards
Southern Football League players


Desiccation tolerance refers to the ability of an organism to withstand or endure extreme dryness, or drought-like conditions. Plants and animals living in arid or periodically arid environments such as temporary streams or ponds may face the challenge of desiccation, therefore physiological or behavioral adaptations to withstand these periods are necessary to ensure survival.  In particular, insects occupy a wide range of ecologically diverse niches and, so, exhibit a variety of strategies to avoid desiccation.

In general, desiccation resistance in insects is measured by the change in mass during dry conditions.  The overall mass difference between measurements before and after aridity exposure is attributed to body water loss, as respiratory water loss is generally considered negligible.

Desiccation and plants
Desiccation tolerant plants include Craterostigma plantagineum, Lindernia brevidens and Ramonda serbica.

Desiccation sensitive plants include members of Arabidopsis genus, Lindernia subracemosa, Gossypium hirsutum, Triticum aestivum and Zea mays.

Types of desiccation resistance
There are three main ways in which insects can increase their tolerance to desiccation: by increasing their total body water content; by reducing the rate of body water loss; and by tolerating a larger proportion of overall water loss from the body.  Survival time is determined by initial water content, and can be calculated by dividing water loss tolerance (the maximum amount of water that may be removed without resulting in death) by water loss rate.

Increasing body water content
Insects with a higher initial body water content have better survival rates during arid conditions than insects with a lower initial body water content.  Higher amounts of internal body water lengthen the time necessary to remove the amount of water required to kill the organism.  The way in which body water content is increased may differ depending on the species.

The accumulation of glycogen during the insect larval stage has been linked to increased body water content and is likely a source of metabolic water during dry conditions.  Glycogen, a glucose polysaccharide, acts as an oxidative energy source during times of physiological stress.  Because it binds up to five times its weight in bulk water, insects with increased levels of body glycogen also have higher amounts of internal water.  In general, insects selected for desiccation resistance also exhibit longer larval stages than those sensitive to desiccation.  This increase in development time is likely a response to the environment, allowing larvae more time to accumulate glycogen, and therefore more water before eclosion.

Another possible source contributing to higher levels of initial body water in insects is hemolymph volume.  The insect equivalent to blood, hemolymph is the fluid found within the hemocoel, and is the largest pool of extracellular water within the insect body.  In the fruit-fly Drosophila melanogaster, flies selected for desiccation resistance also yielded higher amounts of hemolymph.  Higher hemolymph volume is linked to an increase in carbohydrates, in particular trehalose, a common sugar found in many plants and animals with high desiccation resistance.  Drosophila melanogaster flies selected for desiccation resistance show a 300% increase in hemolymph volume compared to control flies, correlating to a similar increase in trehalose levels.  During periods of aridity, cells dehydrate and draw upon hemolymph stores to replenish intracellular water; therefore, insects with higher levels of this fluid are less prone to desiccation.

Insects may also increase body water content by simply feeding more often.  Because sugar is slowly absorbed into the hemolymph at each meal, increasing the frequency at which the insect ingests a sugar source also increases its desiccation tolerance.  Furthermore, the crop may also act not only to store food prior to digestion but to provide an additional reservoir for water and sugar.

Reducing rate of water loss
Another strategy used to reduce the risk of death by dehydration is to reduce the rate at which water is lost. The three main ways through which insects can lose water are (1) the surface of the body (integument); (2) the tracheae (respiration); and (3) excretion, or waste products. The important feature in reducing water loss in land snails during inactivity is an epiphragm.

Integument
The exoskeleton or integument of insects acts as an impermeable, protective layer against desiccation.  It is composed of an outer epicuticle, underlain by a procuticle that itself may be further divided into an exo- and endocuticle.  The endocuticle provides the insect with toughness and flexibility and the hard exocuticle serves to protect vulnerable body parts.  However, the outer cuticular layer (epicuticle) is a protein-polyphenol complex made up of lipoproteins, fatty acids, and waxy molecules, and is the insect's primary defense against water loss.  Many insect orders secrete an additional cement layer over their wax layer, likely to protect against the abrasion or removal of waxy molecules.  This layer is composed of lipids and proteins held together by polyphenolic compounds and is secreted by the dermal glands.

In general, the rate of water loss in insects is low at moderate temperatures.  Once a species-specific critical temperature (Tc) is reached, as temperatures continue to increase, rapid water loss occurs.  The “lipid melting model” is used to explain this sudden increase in the rate of water loss.  The lipid melting model states that increased cuticular water loss is directly related to the melting of surface lipids.   Insects already adapted to more arid environments have a higher Tc; that is, their cuticular properties change and lipid structures melt at a higher critical temperature.

In some insects, the rate of cuticular water loss is controlled to some extent by the neuroendocrine system.  Immediately following head removal, decapitated cockroaches exhibit a large increase in transpiration across the cuticle, leading to severe dehydration. Injection of brain hormones into freshly separated bodies results in a sharp reduction in cuticular water loss.

Tracheae
In general, insects adapted to arid environments also have an impermeable cuticular membrane that prevents water loss.  Therefore, a majority of water lost to the atmosphere occurs via the air-filled tracheae.  To help reduce water loss, many insects have outer coverings to their tracheae, or spiracles, which shut when open respiration is unnecessary and prevent water from escaping.  Insects at a greater risk for water loss face the challenge of either a depleted oxygen supply or desiccation, leading to an adaptive increase in tracheal volume in order to receive more oxygen.

Excretion
Following feeding, most insects retain enough water to completely hydrate their bodies, excreting the remainder.  However, the amount of water excreted differs between species, and depends on the relative humidity and dryness of the environment.  For example, Tsetse flies maintained at a high relative humidity, and thus non-arid conditions, excrete fecal matter with approximately 75% water content, whereas Tsetse flies maintained at a low relative humidity, and thus dry conditions, excrete fecal matter with only 35% water content.  This adaptation helps minimize water loss in unfavorable conditions and increase chances of survival.

Tolerating greater water loss
Most insects can tolerate a 30-50% loss of body water; however, insects adapted to dry environments can tolerate a 40-60% loss of body water.  Initial body size also plays a large role in how much water loss can be tolerated, and, in general, larger insects can tolerate a larger percentage of body water loss than smaller insects.  The female beetle Alphitobius diaperinus, for example, is larger than its male counterpart and can thus tolerate 4% more water loss.  It is hypothesized that larger insects have increased lipid reserves, preventing dehydration and desiccation.

Behavior modification
In addition to physiological adaptations that increase desiccation resistance, behavioral responses of insects to arid environments significantly decrease dehydration potential.  Drosophila melanogaster fruit flies, for example, will actively move to areas with higher atmospheric water content when placed in dry environments.  Also, the dung beetle buries food in underground chambers, thereby ensuring water and energy sources during periodically dry conditions.  Feeding location may also be altered to ensure body hydration.  Some caterpillars preferentially feed on the underside of leaves, where microclimate has higher relative humidity.  In a highly time-consuming activity such as feeding, these insects significantly reduce their chances of desiccation.

Cryptobiosis (Anhydrobiosis)
Cryptobiosis refers to the state of an organism that has no detectable metabolic activity, resulting from extreme and unfavorable environmental conditions; anhydrobiosis refers to the state of surviving the loss of (almost) all body water.  Although this state is commonly observed in invertebrates, only one insect is known to be cryptobiotic (anhydrobiotic), the African chironomid Polypedilum vanderplanki.  Polypedilum vanderplanki undergoes anhydrobiosis, a cryptobiotic state wherein the body is completely dehydrated.   The larvae of P. vanderplanki inhabit rock pools that commonly dry out completely.  In response, P. vanderplanki larvae enter an anhydrobiotic state, during which changes in body osmolarity trigger the production of large amounts of trehalose.  Due to its capacity for water replacement and vitrification, the accumulation of trehalose prevents the death of the larvae from water loss.

References

Droughts
Physiology


Julie Harhart (born August 7, 1945) represented the 183rd Legislative District in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, United States from 1994 to 2016. She was the Republican Chairman of the House Local Government Committee and a member of the House Professional Licensure Committee.

Career
Prior to her election to the House, Harhart was a legislative aide.

Personal
Harhart is a 1963 graduate of Allentown Central Catholic High School and graduated from Bethlehem Business School in 1965.

She and her husband reside in North Catasauqua, Pennsylvania.

References

External links
Representative Harhart's site Representative Julie Harhart's official web site
Pennsylvania House Republican Caucus Pennsylvania House Republican Caucus site

1945 births
Living people
Republican Party members of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
Women state legislators in Pennsylvania
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians
People from Northampton, Pennsylvania


Robert S. Williams (born 1949) is an American bassoonist.

Education
Robert Williams began playing bassoon in junior high school and graduated from Catalina High School in Tucson, Arizona in 1967. He received a Bachelor of Music with honors from the University of Arizona and did further study at the University of Southern California. His bassoon teachers include Wendal Jones in Arizona, Leonard Sharrow at Aspen Music School and Norman Herzberg at Music Academy of the West and University of Southern California.

Career
While in his sophomore year at the University of Arizona, Robert Williams won the principal bassoon position of the Tucson Symphony Orchestra. From 1972 to 1974, he held solo bassoon positions with the Winnipeg Symphony, Winnipeg CBC Orchestra, Colorado Philharmonic and Tucson Symphony. In 1974, at the age of 24, he won the principal bassoon position of the Detroit Symphony Orchestra. He has also played summer engagements with the Minnesota Orchestra and Boston Symphony at Tanglewood.

Williams also plays in the DSO Bassoon Quartet, the DSO Woodwind Quintet, and the Bellingham Music Festival.

He is on the faculty of Wayne State University and formerly has been on the music faculties of the Aspen Music School and Festival, University of Michigan, Michigan State University, the Grand Teton Orchestra Training Institute, Claremont Music Festival and the Utah Music Festival. He has also given master classes at Tanglewood, the University of Michigan, Michigan State University and the University of Arizona.

Williams can be heard on all of the Detroit Symphony recordings conducted by former Music Director Antal Doráti on the London/Decca label, as well as the recordings on the Chandos label led by Neeme Järvi.

Together with his wife Treva Womble, former English hornist of the Detroit Symphony, he is the owner of Womble/Williams Double Reeds, a home business that specializes in products for the oboe and bassoon.  They are authorized Fox dealers, produce bassoon cane and sell supplies for both oboe and bassoon.

Instrument
Williams plays on a Fox model 601 bassoon, serial number 55,555 built in South Whitley, Indiana in 2012.

References

American classical bassoonists
Aspen Music Festival and School faculty
1949 births
Living people
Wayne State University faculty
University of Michigan faculty
Michigan State University faculty
University of Arizona alumni
University of Southern California alumni


Wu Leichuan (; alt.  ) (1870–1944) was a leading Chinese theologian in the early 20th century and Chancellor of Yenching University.

Biography
From his childhood, Wu poured his energy into mastering the Confucian classics and working his way up through the imperial examinations, obtaining the level of Jìnshì (進士) in 1898 in Beijing after passing the metropolitan and imperial examinations.  He converted to Christianity in 1915 and became Yenching University's first Chinese vice-president and chancellor between 1926 and 1934.

Confucianism and Christianity
During the Anti-Christian movement of the 1920s, Wu wrote prolifically in an attempt to fuse Christian theology with Confucian concepts.  He argued that important Christian values had Confucian counterparts: love as ren (仁), prayer with self-cultivation (修养), and Christmas as a time to celebrate the birthdays of Christ and Confucius. Wu also drew parallels between the Christian Bible and the Confucian Zhongyong, from the Genesis 2:7 creation account with Zhongyong chapter 1 to the Messiah of Isaiah 11:1-10 with the Zhongyong savior in chapter 31.

See also

 Protestant missions in China 1807-1953
 T. C. Chao

References

Further reading

1870 births
1944 deaths
Presidents of Yenching University
Converts to Protestantism
Chinese Protestants
Chinese religious leaders
Chinese Christian theologians


Most jackets have a variety of inner pockets, and two main outer pockets, which are generally either patch pockets, flap pockets, or jetted pockets.

The patch pocket is, with its single extra piece of cloth sewn directly onto the front of the jacket, a sporting option, sometimes seen on summer linen suits, or other informal styles.

The jetted flap pocket is standard for hip pockets, with a small strip of fabric taping the top and bottom of the slit for the pocket. It has a lined flap of matching fabric covering the top of the pocket, sewn in along the seam of the jetting.  This flap was initially created to protect the contents of the pocket from any rain, and is therefore traditionally meant to be tucked in when indoors, leaving the jettings exposed for show. However, because this fact is now often ignored and the flap is seen as an accessory that completes the style, it is commonly left out indoors, even during formal events.

A jetted pocket with no flap is most formal. This style is most often on seen on formal wear, such as a dinner jacket.

In addition to the standard two outer pockets, some suits have a third, the ticket pocket, usually located just above the right pocket and roughly half as wide.  While this was originally exclusively a feature of country suits, used for conveniently storing a train ticket, it is now seen on some town suits. Another country feature also worn sometimes in cities is a pair of hacking pockets, which are similar to normal ones, but slanted; this was originally designed to make the pockets easier to open on horseback while hacking, also called pleasure riding.

References

Bibliography

Pocket
Parts of clothing


Shehab Kankoune (; born 28 April 1981) is a Kuwaiti footballer who plays for Kazma Sporting Club in the Kuwaiti Premier League. He is a goalkeeper.

Kankoune played for Kuwait at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney.

References

External links

Living people
1981 births
Kuwaiti people of Iranian descent
Kuwaiti men's footballers
Kuwait men's international footballers
Olympic footballers for Kuwait
Footballers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
2000 AFC Asian Cup players
2004 AFC Asian Cup players
Footballers at the 2002 Asian Games
Al-Sulaibikhat SC players
Footballers from Kuwait City
Men's association football goalkeepers
Asian Games competitors for Kuwait
Al-Yarmouk SC (Kuwait) players
Kazma SC players
Al-Arabi SC (Kuwait) players
Kuwait Premier League players
Al-Fahaheel FC players
Al-Tadamon SC (Kuwait) players


PQ1 or variation, may refer to:

 Convoy PQ 1, WWII Allied Arctic Convoy
 Persona Q: Shadow of the Labyrinth, a 2014 video game
 Police Quest: In Pursuit of the Death Angel, 1987 video game
 PQ: Practical Intelligence Quotient, a 2005 video game
 PQ1, a rating used for the UK Royal Mail in Address Point

See also
 PQ (disambiguation)
 PQI (disambiguation)
 PQL (disambiguation)


PQ2 or variation, may refer to:

 Convoy PQ 2, WWII Allied Arctic Convoy
 Persona Q2: New Cinema Labyrinth, a 2018 video game
 PQ2: Practical Intelligence Quotient 2, a 2006 video game
 Police Quest II: The Vengeance, a 1988 video game
 PQ2, a rating used for the UK Royal Mail in Address Point

See also
 PQQ (disambiguation)
 PQ (disambiguation)


PQ3 or variation, may refer to:

 Convoy PQ 3, WWII Allied Arctic Convoy
 Police Quest III: The Kindred, a 1991 video game
 PQ3, a rating used for the UK Royal Mail in Address Point

See also
 PQ (disambiguation)


The men's 50 metre freestyle S2 event at the 2008 Paralympic Games took place on September 13, at the Beijing National Aquatics Center.

Two heats were held, with five swimmers each. The swimmers with the eight fastest times advanced to the final; there, they all competed in a single final heat to earn final placements.

Heats

Heat 1

Heat 2

Final

External links
 Heats and Final Results - Men's 50 Meter Freestyle S2

Swimming at the 2008 Summer Paralympics