Karol d'Abancourt de Franqueville (1811 - 16 October 1849) was a Polish soldier, who led dissenting Poles and Hungarians into battle against Austria in 1848.

His family consisted of French immigrants to Poland. Augustyn, his father, was the brother of the war minister of King Louis XVI, Charles Xavier Abancourt. Karol's younger brother, Franciszek Ksawery (1815–1892) became a publicist.

He was educated in Sambir and Przemyśl, where he decided to join the Austrian army. As a cadet he was assigned to the 30th Infantry of the Earl of Nugent. In 1837, he became involved in an attempted military coup, and was subsequently imprisoned and sentenced to death. The sentence was commuted to 20 years imprisonment in 1838. He was granted amnesty in 1848 and released.

After his discharge from the Austrian army, he joined the ranks of the insurgent Hungarian armies. He commanded 12 regiments of hussars in Southern Hungary, where it is said that his bravery greatly inspired his soldiers. He fought in battle until the battle of Szolnok, where he was wounded and lost his voice.

He then went on to serve as adjutant General to Henryk Dembiński, marshall of the Southern army. Captured by the Austrians in battle, he was tried for his activities supporting the agitating Poles and Hungarians, as well as for his actions against Austrian troops in combat. He was convicted and sentenced to death along with fellow defendants Peter Giron and Prince Mieczysław of Woroniec. He was executed on 16 October 1849.

References

1811 births
1849 deaths
Polish Austro-Hungarians
Polish soldiers
Polish people of French descent
Executed Polish people
19th-century executions by Austria


Karol d'Abancourt de Franqueville may refer to:

 Karol d'Abancourt de Franqueville (soldier) (1811–1849), Polish soldier who fought against the Austrians
 Karol d'Abancourt de Franqueville (lawyer) (1851–1913), Polish politician, social activist, and lawyer


Fire And Fame is a memoir co-written by Joerg Deisinger, former bassist and founding member of the German hard rock band Bonfire, and Carl Begai, a Canadian writer and music journalist.

The memoir showcases Deisinger's career as a professional musician, focusing on his formative years, his career with Bonfire from 1985–1994, concluding with a brief overview of his activities from the time he left the band to 2007. The project was inspired by Deisinger's near death experience on 26 December 2004, when he narrowly missed being killed by the tsunami that ripped through Southeast Asia and decimated parts of Thailand. A last minute change of plans for a scheduled vacation while living in Thailand saved him, resulting in weeks and months of reflection, and the final decision to write his memoirs.

Deisinger outlined his idea for the project to Begai in early 2005, mapping out plans for English and German versions of the as-yet-untitled book. Deisinger made it clear from the beginning that Begai would not be a ghost writer, but play an active role in shaping the story. Over a two-year period the pair got together as schedules allowed, with Deisinger dictating the text to Begai in German, who would then translate, arrange and trim the story in English, adding facts and information when necessary. Thus, the book was a genuine collaboration and not a regurgitation of Deisinger's words.

Fire And Fame is an account of Deisinger's life and career, with no embellishment. It does not attempt to cash in on cliché tales of music industry debauchery, although the occasional sordid tale does surface. Some names have been changed to protect the not-so-innocent, and Deisinger makes a point of portraying former bandmates and rivals alike in a respectful light.

The writing for the project, eventually dubbed Fire And Fame by Begai, wrapped up in late 2007 and was released independently in cooperation with Books On Demand GmbH in August 2008. Graphic artist / photographer Thomas Riess did the final layout of the book.

An early 2009 release is planned for the German version of Fire And Fame.

References

External links
 Fire And Fame Official Website

2008 non-fiction books
Music autobiographies


Neville Coleman OAM (1938 - 4 May 2012) was an Australian naturalist, underwater nature photographer, writer, publisher and educator.

Coleman started scuba diving in 1963, exploring Sydney Harbour. Later he joined a scientific study group and, in 1969, commenced a project aiming to document the entire marine life of Australia, using underwater photography.

His first book, Australian marine fishes in colour, was published in 1974 and he subsequently authored more than 50 books. His books included various texts for scuba divers, shell collectors, amateur naturalists and children, and typically took the forms of field guides, encyclopedias and dive guides. Departures included a collaboration with a poet and CD-ROM companions to printed publications, which included video clips of marine species. His photographs often appeared in publications by other authors on marine subjects.

In 2007 Coleman was inducted to the International Scuba Diving Hall of Fame and, in 2011, he was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) for "service to conservation and the environment through the photographic documentation of Australian marine species". Coleman died of natural causes at 4:55am on 4 May 2012, in his sleep.

Taxon named in his honor
Coleman discovered many marine creatures new to science. Several species of fish, nudibranchs and other invertebrates have been named after him, including:
The mantis shrimp Lysiosquilla colemani
The nudibranch Chromodoris colemani
The pygmy seahorse Hippocampus colemani
The Sand perch Parapercis colemani

Legacy
Neville Coleman Memorial Dives are held annually, with special events including a sea slug photo competition and public art exhibition held in South Australia.

Bibliography

References

External links
Neville Coleman's website - no longer exists
Books by Neville Coleman
 National Library of Australia
Scuba Hall of Fame
CSIRO Taxon Report
Australian Museum

1938 births
2012 deaths
Australian naturalists
Australian non-fiction writers
Australian photographers
Australian underwater divers
Underwater photographers
Recipients of the Medal of the Order of Australia


Arisarum is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araceae.  It is native to the Mediterranean region, east to the Caucasus and west to Macaronesia.

Taxonomy

Species
Accepted species:

Natural Hybrids
 Arisarum × aspergillum Dunal - Spain, Algeria, Morocco   (A. simorrhinum × A. vulgare)

Phylogeny
It is closely related to the genera Ambrosina, Peltandra, and Typhonodorum. Ambrosina is the sister group to Arisarum, from which it separated about 46.1 Million years ago.

The precise relationships are displayed in the following cladogram:

Description
In A. simorrhinum, the flower stalk is shorter or equal in length to the leaf stalk, whereas in A. vulgare, the flower stalk is longer than the leaf stalk. A. vulgare also has a generally longer spadix than A. simorrhinum.

Ecology

Parasite ecology

Arisarum foliage is parasitized by the siphonous green algae Phyllosiphon arisari Kühn. It induces necrosis in leaf tissue, after invading the intracellular space. The foliage also may be affected by two species of fungi, namely Phyllosticta arisari and Melanustilospora arisari. The scale insect Icerya purchasi also feeds on Arisarum.

References

External links

Aroideae
Araceae genera
Taxa named by Philip Miller


Mark Bytheway (22 July 1963 – 9 July 2010) was an England International Quiz player best known for becoming Quizzing World Champion in 2008 and winning the Top Brain competition of Brain of Britain.

Brain of Britain
In 2007 he won Brain of Britain and in 2008 won the 3-year competition Brain of Brains beating TV's Egghead Chris Hughes and rival Pat Gibson and 9-year competition Top Brain titles, succeeding Kevin Ashman as holder.

National and International Titles
In 2008 he won the prestigious title of Quizzing World Champion. He has been capped six times for the National team (with five wins) and has a current European/World ranking of number 3, behind Kevin Ashman (his pairs partner) and Pat Gibson. In 2009 he was third in the World Quizzing Championships and won the British title for the first time. He was unable to attend the 2010 World Quizzing Championships due to serious illness.

Bytheway was one of the original British Quizzing Grandmasters (as created under the Order of Merit maintained by Quizzing.co.uk) and has the third largest haul of international medals, with 16, (5 gold, 6  silver and 5 Bronze) after Ashman (27) and Gibson (24).

Domestic Competition
In domestic competitions he played with the Milhous Warriors, the first British team to win the Club competition at the European Quizzing Championships, which comprises Ashman, captain and England international Tim Westcott, Welsh international Sean O'Neill, Eric Kilby, Keith Andrew and Brian Wilkins.

He several times appeared as an aspiring contestant on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? but never qualified for the hot seat.

Bytheway died on 9 July 2010 after having esophageal cancer.  As he was the reigning British Quiz Champion at the time of his death, the British Quizzing Championship trophy has been named in his honour, and will now be called the Mark Bytheway Trophy - aka the 'M*BY'.

2008 Interview
A 2008 interview, after winning the World title, is available on the Norwegian Quiz Association website.

References

1963 births
2010 deaths
Contestants on British game shows
IQA team event gold medalists
Deaths from esophageal cancer


In aeronautics, expansion and shock tunnels are aerodynamic testing facilities with a specific interest in high speeds and high temperature testing. Shock tunnels use steady flow nozzle expansion whereas expansion tunnels use unsteady expansion with higher enthalpy, or thermal energy. In both cases the gases are compressed and heated until the gases are released, expanding rapidly down the expansion chamber. The tunnels reach speeds from Mach 3 to Mach 30 to create testing conditions that simulate hypersonic to re-entry flight. These tunnels are used by military and government agencies to test hypersonic vehicles that undergo a variety of natural phenomenon that occur during hypersonic flight.

Expansion process

Expansion tunnel
Expansion tunnels use a dual-diaphragm system where the diaphragms act as rupture discs, or a pressure relief. The tunnel is separated into three sections: drive, driven, and acceleration. The drive section is filled with high pressure helium gas. The driven section is filled with a lower pressure desired test gas, such as carbon dioxide, helium, nitrogen, or oxygen. The acceleration section is filled with an even lower pressurized test gas. Each section is divided by a diaphragm, which is meant to be ruptured in sequence causing the first diaphragm to rupture, mixing and expanding the drive and the driven. When the shock wave hits the second diaphragm, it ruptures causing the two gases to mix with the acceleration and expand down the enclosed test section. Operation time is approximately 250 microseconds.

Shock tunnel
Reflected shock tunnels heat and pressurize a stagnant gas by using shockwaves that are redirected back into the center; this excites the gases and produces movement, heat, and pressure. The gases are then released and expanded through the nozzle and into the test chamber. Operation time is approximately 20 milliseconds.

Testing
During the expansion process, a variety of test are run to analyze the aerodynamic and thermal properties of the test vehicle.
Skin friction The drag that is created when an object travels through a fluid, such as a liquid or gas
Flow chemistry The analysis of reactions that take place during a continuous flow
Durability The ability to withstand deterioration
Turbulence The disordered movement of fluids
Heat transfer The thermal energy transfer from one system to another
Aero elastic The forces created by the movement of air and the manner in which air bends around the object
Thermal protection The ability to withstand heat transfer, reducing the temperature
Vibration The oscillation, or shaking, of the molecules

Testing instruments
Thin-film heat transfer gauge When the gauge is heated, the resistance changes; this causes a change in voltage, which is used to calculate the amount of heat transferred into an object
Piezoelectric pressure transducer Under pressure, crystals became electrically charged, proportional to that of the pressure exerted
Laser diode spectrograph Measures the properties of the refracted light, generated by the laser traveling through the turbulent gas around an object
Force -moment balance  Used to measure three or  six components, three forces (lift, drag, and side) and three moments (pitch, roll, and yaw), to completely describe the conditions on the model. Forces on the model are detected by strain gauges located on the balance. Each gauge measures a force by the stretching of an electrical element or foil in the gauge. The stretching changes the resistance of the gauge which changes the measured electric current through the gauge according to Ohm's law. This resistance change, usually measured using a Wheatstone bridge, is related to the strain by the quantity known as the gauge factor.

Facilities

Hypervelocity Expansion Tube (HET)
The HET is one of the shock tunnels in the Caltech Hypersonics group at the California Institute of Technology directed by Professor Joanna Austin.  It operates similarly to a shock tube where a shock formed by the primary diaphragm heats up the test gas.  The novel part of this facility is when its test gas is further accelerated by an expansion shock that forms when the primary shock interacts with a second downstream diaphragm.  It is a 150mm inner diameter facility with the capability to reach Mach 4-8, and was built in 2005.

HYPULSE
The Hypersonic Pulse Facility (HYPULSE) is operated by Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana on the campus of Purdue's Maurice J. Zucrow Laboratories. HYPULSE was formerly operated as NASA's HYPULSE by the General Applied Science Laboratory (GASL) in New York before it was donated to Purdue in 2020 by Northrop Grumman. The HYPULSE facility was developed for the testing of re-entry vehicles and air-breathing engines. The specifications of the HYPULSE include a diameter of 7 feet and a 19 foot length. This facility was upgraded to have two modes, Reflected Shock Tunnel (RST) and Shock-Expansion Tunnel (SET). HYPULSE-RST generates speeds from Mach 5 to 10, whereas the HYPULSE-SET produces speeds from Mach 12 to 25.

Vehicles tested at HYPULSE:
X-34
X-43
Space Shuttle thermal protection system (TPS)
HYPLUSE Scramjet Model (HSM)

LENS-I,II
Large Energy National Shock tunnels (LENS) were constructed over the past 15 years at the Aerothermal/Aero-optic Evaluation Center (AAEC) at CUBRC. The LENS facilities were developed for the testing of advanced missile seekerheads and scramjet engines. LENS I and LENS II have similar control, compression and data acquisition systems. LENS I facility has an 11-inch diameter by 25.5 foot long drive tube that is electrically heated with an 8-inch by 60 foot driven section capable of reaching Mach 7 to 18. Test models can have a maximum length of 12 feet and a diameter of 3 feet. The LENS I heats up the drive gas to 750 degrees F to operate at a maximum 30,000 psi. The LENS II facility integrates a 24-inch diameter to both the 60 foot drive and also the 100 foot driven tubes, which runs between Mach 3 and 9.
Vehicles tested at LENS-I:
HyFly
X-34
Orbiter model
National Aerospace Plane(NASP)
Vehicles tested at LENS-II:
HyFly
BLK IVA
X-43
ARRRMD
HyCause
RRSS

LENS-X
LENS-X is an 8 foot diameter by 100 foot expansion tunnel with a top speed of Mach 30. The drive chamber, filled with helium or hydrogen gas, is compressed to 3,000 psi at 1000 degrees Fahrenheit; this breaks the first diaphragm, causing the driven chamber to experience an influx of hot gas, generating pressures over 20,000 psi before the second diaphragm is ruptured.
Vehicles tested at LENS-X:
Orion
DARPA Falcon

High Enthalpy Shock Tunnel (HIEST)
It is located at Kakuda Space research centre – JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency). Both high pressure and high temperature can be simulated simultaneously in this tunnel. Major applications include Aerodynamic and aerothermodynamic tests on scale models of returnable spacecraft; and Combustion process tests on scramjet engines. HYFLEX (Hypersonic Flight Experiment) which was a re-entry demonstrator prototype vehicle of JAXA was tested in this facility. Another speciality of this tunnel is 3 pistons of different masses can be used.

T4 Shock Tunnel
It is located at University of Queensland, Australia. It is a large free piston driven shock tunnel capable of producing sub-orbital flow speeds at a range of Mach numbers. The T4 shock tunnel began operation in April 1987 and commenced routine operation, after a commissioning period, in September 1987.  The 10000th shot of T4 was fired in August 2008 and it remains significantly better than X2, though outclassed by X3R.

T5 Hypervelocity Shock Tunnel Facility
It is a free piston shock tunnel located at California Institute of Technology, USA. It is the largest free-piston shock tunnel in the world at a university. It is an impulse facility capable of reaching very high stagnation enthalpies (25 MJ/kg) and pressures (40 MPa). The test time is on the order of 1 ms. It uses helium and argon as the driver gas and a .25" steel plate as its primary diaphragm. Test gases include air, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, or mixtures thereof. The 120kg piston can reach maximum speeds in excess of 300 m/s.

References

Aerodynamics


An expansion tube is a type of impulse facility that is conceptually similar to a shock tube with a secondary diaphragm, an expansion section, a test section, and a dump tank where the endwall would be located in a shock tube.   It is typically used to produce high enthalpy flows for high speed aerodynamic flow and aerodynamic heating and atmospheric reentry testing.

It is used to engender short-duration, high-velocity gas flows. The device is composed commonly of three sections of tubing aligned in tandem. Thin plastic or metal diaphragms are used for separating from the sections from each other. As in an ordinary shock tube, the driver section is originally filled to high pressure with a light gas. The driven section is filled to a lower pressure with the test gas of interest. The third section of tubing, named the expansion section, includes a light gas at very low pressure.

During the time that the driver or driven diaphragm out of function, the driver gas expands into the driven section. A shock wave comes into being which propagates into the test gas, generating an increase in temperature and pressure behind it. The shock travels down the tube, and breaks the driven or expansion diaphragm, and accelerates upon participating in the expansion section. And the shocked test gas is then cooled and speeded up by an unsteady, constant area expansion from the driven section into the lower-pressure expansion section.

References

Engineering equipment


Arophyton is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araceae. It consists of 7 species that are found only in northeast Madagascar. Arophyton are tuberous plants with a few rhizomatous species that go through a dormant period during the dry season.

Species
 Arophyton buchetii
 Arophyton crassifolium
 Arophyton humbertii
 Arophyton pedatum
 Arophyton rhizomatosum
 Arophyton simplex
 Arophyton tripartitum

References

Aroideae
Araceae genera
Endemic flora of Madagascar


Ángel Ramón Paz Rápalo (28 October 1950 – 4 November 2008) was a Honduran footballer, who played for Olimpia and Real Juventud.

Club career
Nicknamed Mon, his debut in the Honduran league was on 22 June 1969 scoring one of the goals against Atlético Indio in the 3–0 victory.

International career
He has represented his country in two FIFA World Cup qualification matches and amassed 9 caps for Honduras.

Death
He died of stomach cancer on 4 November 2008.

References

External links
 Descanse en PAZ (Obituary) - La Tribuna

1950 births
2008 deaths
People from Tela
Men's association football midfielders
Honduran men's footballers
Honduras men's international footballers
C.D. Real Juventud players
C.D. Olimpia players
Liga Nacional de Fútbol Profesional de Honduras players
Deaths from stomach cancer
Deaths from cancer in Honduras


Human Ecology, Human Economy: Ideas for an Ecologically Sustainable Future is a 1997 book edited by Mark Diesendorf and Clive Hamilton. The authors' intent is to "develop some of the basic ideas, concepts and tools that are needed to create a set of preferred futures for the Earth". According to the editors, the book provides equal measures of human ecology and ecological economics, in order to assist the process of working towards a better future.

Human Ecology, Human Economy has been reviewed in Ecological Economics and The Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics.

See also
List of Australian environmental books
Sustainability
Ecologically sustainable development

References

Environmental non-fiction books
1997 non-fiction books
Allen & Unwin books
1997 in the environment
Energy economics
Technology in society
Sustainability books
Ecological economics
Australian non-fiction books
Books by Clive Hamilton
Books about globalization


Sambhunath De ; (1 February 1915 – 15 April 1985) was an Indian medical scientist and researcher, who discovered the cholera toxin, the animal model of cholera, and successfully demonstrated the method of transmission of cholera pathogen Vibrio cholerae.

Early career
Shambhu Nath De was born in Hooghly District, West Bengal, India. His father Mr Dasarathi De was a not so successful businessman. Supported by his uncle Asutosh De, De completed the Matriculation examination with distinction from Garbati High School that helped him to get the District scholarship as well as to pursue further education in Hooghly Mohsin College, which was then affiliated with the prestigious University of Calcutta. His higher education was supported by Kestodhan Seth, who identified De as an extraordinary student. De passed his M.B. examination in 1939 from Calcutta Medical College and completed a Diploma in Tropical Medicine (DTM) in 1942. Soon after graduation he joined Calcutta Medical College as a Demonstrator of Pathology and initiated his research under Professor B. P. Tribedi. In 1947, De joined as a PhD student under Sir Roy Cameron at the Department of Morbid Anatomy, University College Hospital Medical School, London, and obtained his PhD degree in Pathology in 1949. After his return, De worked on pathogenesis of cholera and started publishing his findings. In 1955, De became the Head of Pathology and Bacteriology Division of the Calcutta Medical College, which he continued until his retirement. De published more than 30 research papers and has written an excellent monograph on cholera and its pathogenesis.

Contributions
De made significant contributions to our recent understanding of cholera and related diarrhoeal diseases and set a permanent milestone in the modern view of diseases caused by bacterial exotoxins.  Followed by the discovery of Vibrio cholerae in 1884 by Robert Koch, many works have been carried out all over the world to answer many questions related with its pathogenesis and mode of transmission in causing outbreaks. The seminal works of De in Calcutta (now, Kolkata), during 1950–60 breached several qualms pertaining to the enteric toxin produced by bacteria including V. cholerae and Escherichia coli. Three of his works viz., ligated intestinal loop method (which was a reinvention of Violle and Crendiropoulo method in 1915, but De was unaware of this work and made an independent discovery) for studying cholera in rabbit model; ileal loop model to demonstrate the association of some strains of E. coli with diarrhoea and lastly but most importantly is his discovery of cholera toxin in 1959 in the cell-free culture filtrate of V. cholerae that stimulated a specific cellular response.

Says Eugene Garfield, founder-editor of Current Contents and Science Citation Index and publisher of The Scientist, in his 1986 tribute to De: In 1959 De was the first to demonstrate that cholera bacteria secrete enterotoxin. This discovery eventually promoted research to find a treatment aimed directly at neutralising the cholera enterotoxin. De’s paper “Enterotoxicity of bacteria-free culture-filtrate of Vibrio cholerae,” while initially unrecognised, today is considered a milestone in the history of cholera research. Biochemist W.E. van Heyningen, professor emeritus, University of Oxford, UK, and John R. Seal, former scientific director, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, note that De’s paper “deserves to go down as a classic in the history of cholera, and, indeed, as later developments have shown, in the history of cellular physiology and biochemistry.” Thanks to De’s discovery of the cholera enterotoxin, research has been redirected to find a vaccine that will spark the immune system to fight the enterotoxin specifically, rather than the bacteria.

De and colleagues also published highly cited pioneering studies on V.cholerae action on the intestinal membrane.,, The 1953 paper “An experimental study of the mechanism of action of Vibrio cholerae on the intestinal mucous membrane” is De’s most-cited paper, cited 340 times until August 1986. De’s most-cited paper has been core to cholera research fronts for many years, especially research fronts on "E. coli and Vibrio cholerae enterotoxin: detection, characterization, and role of adherence" and "Characterization of cholera enterotoxin and other enterotoxins". As noted by John Craig, State University of New York Health Science Center at Brooklyn, De’s work was truly creative and novel, and it “forever altered our concepts surrounding the pathogenesis of secretory diarrhoea.”

These famous findings came out from the work he carried out at the Nilratan Sircar Medical College, Calcutta Medical College and Bose Institute, Kolkata in extremely modest laboratory settings.  Using research methodology that was very simple, easy to perform and inexpensive, he set the highest standards of excellence in novel experimental design and execution.

In the words of Nobel Laureate Prof. Joshua Lederberg, “De’s clinical observations led him to the bold thought that dehydration was a sufficient cause of pathology of cholera, that the cholera toxin can kill ‘merely’ by stimulating the secretion of water into the bowel". Thus, the oral rehydration therapy (ORT) for replenishing the massive fluid loss in cholera patients, has saved innumerable lives, should be considered as a direct outcome of De's discovery of cholera toxin. His findings on exotoxins set the stage for the modern views of diseases caused by toxin producing bacteria, helped in the purification of cholera and heat-labile (LT) enterotoxins produced by V. cholerae and E. coli, respectively, and in the development of series of cholera and enterotoxigenic E. coli (in short ETEC strains) vaccines.

Post-retirement
De retired in 1973 from the Calcutta Medical College at the age of 58. After his retirement, he showed no interest in higher positions but continued his research at the Bose Institute, Calcutta. De's desire to purify the cholera toxin did not progress any further as the protein purification technology was not well established in his research settings. During his time of research, De worked with hypertoxin-producing classical strains of V. cholerae O1, which was abruptly replaced by El Tor biotype [producing less cholera toxin] in Calcutta from 1963. This new development was another reason why De could not continue his research on purification of cholera toxin.

In 1978, the Nobel Foundation invited De to participate in the 43rd Nobel Symposium on Cholera and Related Diarrhoeas.

De died on 15 April 1985 at the age of 70.

Significance of work
But for Eugene Garfield's 1986 tribute to De in Current Contents,6 De's great contributions to cholera research would have continued to remain unknown to many even in India. A special issue of the journal Current Science (Bangalore, India) was published in 1990 in honour of De, to which several eminent scientists of national and international repute contributed.

In the words of Dr S Sriramachari, former director of the Institute of Pathology and additional director general of the Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, De's contributions stand out as a pinnacle of excellence in our understanding of the pathogenesis of cholera.

Nobel laureate Prof. Joshua Lederberg had nominated De for the Nobel Prize more than once. Said Lederberg, "our appreciation of De must then extend beyond the humanitarian consequences of his discovery. . . he is also an examplar and inspiration for a boldness of challenge to the established wisdom, a style of thought that should be more aggressively taught by example as well as precept.”

And yet De was never elected a fellow of any Indian academy and never received any major award. Indeed as Professor Padmanabhan Balaram pointed out in an editorial in Current Science, "De died in 1985 unhonoured and unsung in India's scientific circles. That De received no major award in India during his lifetime and our Academies did not see it fit to elect him to their Fellowships must rank as one of the most glaring omissions of our time. De emerges, in retrospect, as a modest self-effacing scientist driven by inner compulsions to grapple with a major scientific problem of the time. His choice of cholera as his field of interest was remarkably appropriate to his setting. To this problem De brought a wonderfully thoughtful approach, together with deep intuition, enabling him to make the long-awaited breakthrough in the field. De's heroic story of persistence, dedication and achievement should serve as an inspiration to the many who are increasingly bewildered by the current fashion of mega projects, surrounded by fanfare and publicity and most often surprisingly little discernible scientific output.”

References

1915 births
1985 deaths
Indian medical researchers
Scientists from West Bengal
University of Calcutta alumni
Academic staff of the University of Calcutta
People from Hooghly district
Hooghly Mohsin College alumni
Medical doctors from Kolkata


Karol d'Abancourt de Franqueville (26 May 1851 – 16 August 1913) was a Polish politician and lawyer. He was born in Łówcza, Poland to Franciszek Ksawery d' Abancourt de Franqueville, a publisher and political activist. His family consisted mainly of French refugees.

His sense of patriotism was fostered not only by the political activities of his father, but also by the legacy of his uncle, Karol, who was hailed as a national hero. He attended school in Lwów, where he decided to attend university and study law. After completing his studies, he worked in the region of Galicia, especially in Bełz, Brody, Bolechów, Żurawno, and Lwów. He worked tirelessly as a social activist in every town where he practiced law. The town of Żurawno awarded him honorary citizenship in 1895.

From 1895 to 1900, he served as member of the Parliament of the Galician Galician Sejm, elected to represent Żydaczów. Initiatives he presented included bills regarding regulation of rivers and mountain streams. Though he belonged to no political party at that time (he later joined the National-Democratic Party), he was considered a nationalist, often pushing for the removal of Austrian influences from Galician politics.

As he aged he lost his sight and retired from public life. He died in August 1913 in Rabka-Zdrój.

References
 Helena d'Abancourt de Franqueville, Karol d'Abancourt de Franqueville, w: Polski Słownik Biograficzny, tom I, Kraków 1935

1851 births
1913 deaths
People from Lubaczów County
Polish people of French descent
National-Democratic Party (Poland) politicians
Members of the Diet of Galicia and Lodomeria
Lawyers from Austria-Hungary
19th-century Polish politicians
19th-century Polish lawyers
20th-century Polish lawyers
Members of the Polish Gymnastic Society "Sokół"


The Earl of Charlemont was a medium-sized, 878 ton passenger ship, which sank on a voyage to Australia.

Ship history
The ship was built at Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada, in 1849.

It sailed from the Port of Liverpool on 13 March 1853 with 366 passengers plus crew, captained by William Gardner. The first port of call was to be Port Phillip, Australia, before continuing to Sydney with the majority of the passengers.

After a passage of 97 days the ship reached Cape Otway on 17 June, and set a course for Port Phillip some 56 miles away. At 5.15 a.m. the next morning the ship struck a reef (later named Charlemont Reef) about 1½ miles from Point Flinders (now Barwon Heads). An attempt to launch the ships boats failed in the heavy surf, so the main mast was cut down to lighten ship, which then washed over the reef and grounded nearer shore. A passenger named Savage swam ashore with a light rope, and a hawser was stretched between the ship and the shore. Using a ship's boat the passengers and crew were all safely ferried ashore by 8.30 p.m., apart from one elderly passenger named Thwaites, who died from a heart attack, and was buried on the headland. The passengers were provided with shelter by a local settler Mr. McVean, who alerted the authorities at Geelong. James Cowie, the mayor of Geelong, sent food and eight bullock drays to transport the women, children and infirm to Geelong, while the able-bodied followed on foot. The people of Geelong raised £1,000 to assist the passengers who had lost all their possessions.

A subsequent inquiry laid blame for the disaster on Captain Gardner, but a sailing directory published by the Admiralty in 1855 noted that the wreck of the Earl of Charlemont and that of Sacramento two months earlier, were due to strong currents carrying the vessels inshore when hove to awaiting daylight.

In 1953, on the centenary of the wreck, a memorial service was held attended by descendants of the survivors, and in November 1953 a cairn was erected overlooking the scene of the wreck.

References

1849 ships
Shipwrecks of Victoria (state)
Maritime incidents in June 1853


The 2003 Bavarian Cup was the sixth edition of this competition which was started in 1998. It ended with the TSV Aindling winning the competition. Together with the finalist, TSV Gerbrunn, both clubs were qualified for the DFB Cup 2003-04.

The competition is open to all senior men's football teams playing within the Bavarian football league system and the Bavarian clubs in the Regionalliga Süd (III).

Rules & History
The seven Bezirke in Bavaria each play their own cup competition which in turn used to function as a qualifying to the German Cup (DFB-Pokal). Since 1998 these seven cup-winners plus the losing finalist of the region that won the previous event advance to the newly introduced Bavarian Cup, the Toto-Pokal. The two finalists of this competition advance to the German Cup. Bavarian clubs which play in the first or second Bundesliga are not permitted to take part in the event, their reserve teams however can. The seven regional cup winners plus the finalist from last season's winners region are qualified for the first round.

Participating clubs
The following eight clubs qualified for the 2003 Bavarian Cup:

Bavarian Cup season 2002-03
Teams qualified for the next round in bold.

Regional finals

 The MTV Ingolstadt, runners-up of the Oberbayern Cup is the eights team qualified for the Bavarian Cup due to the FC Bayern Munich II from Oberbayern having won the Cup in the previous season.

First round

Semi-finals

Final

The reason for the one-sided result in the final can be seen in the fact that TSV Gerbrunn had withdrawn its team from the Bayernliga to the lower Bavarian amateur leagues, therefore fielding a much weaker side.

DFB Cup 2003-04
The two clubs, TSV Aindling and TSV Gerbrunn, who qualified through the Bavarian Cup for the DFB Cup 2003-04 both were knocked out in the first round of the national cup competition:

References

Sources
 Deutschlands Fussball in Zahlen 2002/03  Yearbook of German football, author: DSFS, publisher: Agon Sport Verlag, published: 2003, page: 286

External links
 Bavarian FA website

2003
Bavarian


Arophyteae is a tribe in the family Araceae.  It contains three genera Colletogyne, Carlephyton, and Arophyton. All species in Arophyteae are endemic to Madagascar.

References

Bown, Deni (2000). Aroids: Plants of the Arum Family. Timber Press. .

Monocot tribes


Michael Maher may refer to:
Michael Maher (hurler) (1930–2017), Irish hurler
Michael Maher (Australian politician) (1936–2013), member of Parliament from 1982 to 1987
Michael Whalen Maher (1830–1905), architect, builder and politician in New Brunswick
Michael 'Moegie' Maher, mayor of County Galway, 2011–12
Mikey Maher (1870–1947), Irish hurler


Bruiser & Scratch is a WiiWare game developed and produced by American studio Steel Penny Games. It was released in North America on December 8, 2008, but it is no longer on the WiiWare service.

Story
Bruiser is a male dog who wears a tartan flat cap and a studded collar. Scratch is a female cat who wears a flower in her hair and a heart-shaped necklace. The game begins as the pair are having a walk in some nearby woods. Scratch spots a large paw-shaped marking in the ground and calls Bruiser over to have a look. However just as she does so a thin vapour comes up out of the ground and becomes a door. Bruiser trips over and they both go tumbling through the doorway.

Gameplay
The game is split into a series of levels in which the player takes control of either Bruiser or Scratch depending on the level. The aim of the game is to try to escape each level by creating a portal out of different random objects. The player does this by pushing these objects together to form a completely new object to create a portal out of the level. Objects move in a straight line and are controlled by a four-direction one-button interface. There are a few tutorials to introduce a player to the game and the actual story takes place over 48 puzzles and six landscapes. Challenge mode also offers 75 additional puzzles that range in difficulty.

Reception
Wiiloveit.com gave the game a 20/30, commenting that the game is "really challenging for almost all ages", and "will last you many, many hours". Unfortunately, the mediocre presentation and the "high price tag" are big put-off's to an otherwise pretty good game.

References

External links
Bruiser and Scratch official website

2008 video games
North America-exclusive video games
Wii-only games
WiiWare games
Puzzle video games
Video games developed in the United States
Wii games
Single-player video games
Adventure games
Steel Penny Games games


The Rātana Church () is a Christian denomination of New Zealand Māori people based on the teachings and principles of the faith healer and prophet Tahupōtiki Wiremu Rātana. On 8 November 1918, Rātana received a divine revelation from the Holy Spirit which commanded him to unite the Māori people in worship of the One True God, Jehovah. On 5 July 1925, the Rātana Established Church of New Zealand was formally established and registered with the Registrar-General of New Zealand.

Beliefs and teachings
The Ratana church believes in the Holy Trinity, the administration of the True and Faithful Angels, the commissioning and relevance of Tahupotiki Wiremu Ratana as "God's Mouthpiece" in this dispensation, the authority of the scriptures, the rejection of spiritism (tohungaism), the vitalisation and healthiness of the body and soul, faith healing and unity within the church.

Creed of faith

Glory and Praise be to Jehovah of Hosts, Father, Son and Holy Spirit, and honour also be to the Faithful Angels.

 I believe in Jehovah of Hosts, Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, the Creator of all things that do exist, and the Author of all life, who in Infinite Wisdom and Love presides over all His Creations.
 I believe that man was created in the image of Jehovah, but that through wrongdoing, he lost the possibilities and joy of this his heritage; thus the necessity arose for a Saviour/Redeemer to deliver him from the power and consequences of sin in this life and the life that is beyond the death of the body.
 I believe that Jehovah sent His Son in the human form (of Jesus Christ) to redeem man and to conquer the power of sin, of darkness and of death. Heaven is now Christ's throne and the earth is his foot-stool, but His chosen dwelling place is in the hearts of those who truly believe in Him and have union with Him in His Victory and Glory.
 I believe in the Holy Spirit, the Breath of Jehovah, the giver of life, who proceeding from the Father and from the Son is to be worshipped with the Father and the Son. The Prophets spoke by the inspiration of the Holy Spirit. He reveals to man's consciousness his sins and their correction and leads man to trust, and rest firmly upon the Saviour, transforming his heart and mind until he becomes Christ like in Holy Love.
 I believe that the Faithful Angels of Jehovah are ever active doing His will. They are His workers and messengers. They are the helpers of all those who truly believe the Gospel of Jehovah. They are Co-Workers with man. They render continuous loving to Jehovah.
  I believe in the Holy Christian Church, the company of all those who have truly received the Christ and are united with Him and with each other; in seeking righteousness and in rendering loving service to God and to man, and fighting against all evil beliefs and sinful practices.
 I believe as Jesus Christ has taught us, that JEHOVAH is our Heavenly Father and all men are brethren; that all our labours should be, not for personal gain, but in co-operation with each other as co-workers with JEHOVAH for benefit of mankind and the honour of God; that all men should be honest workers, and in love and justice and knowledge, each bear his share of the burden of life, thus serving JEHOVAH and his fellowmen.
 I believe in the Holy Bible, in both the Old Testament and the New Testament, for it is the record of JEHOVAH's greatest revelations concerning the eternal life of the Spirit and the vitality of the body.
 I believe that in JEHOVAH is the light and the great joy for my Spirit and for my body. This fact is experienced through union with Christ in the Infinite Love of the Father and the power of the Holy Spirit and the Faithful Angels, and active fellowship with the true Christian believers.
 I believe that Tahupotiki Wiremu Ratana is a MOUTHPIECE of JEHOVAH, spreading abroad new light as the above truths concerning the salvation of the Spirit and the vitalising of the body.

Amen

Headquarters at Rātana Pā
The headquarters of the Rātana Church and movement is at Rātana Pā, located 20 km south of Whanganui. Formerly the farm of Tahupotiki Wiremu Ratana, Rātana Pā became a settlement of Rātana followers in the 1920s. Located there is the Temepara Tapu o Ihoa (Holy Temple of Jehovah), the Manuao (an accommodation facility and head office of the church), the Whare Māori (which contains crutches and wheelchairs from followers who were healed by Rātana in the 1920s and 1930s) and the Ratana Archives Center, which contains artifacts and stories from the history of the Rātana Church.

25 January and 8 November are anniversary days of the Rātana Church. On these days thousands of church members converge on Rātana Pā for the special anniversary services commemorating the birth of Rātana (25 January 1873) (25 January 1873) and his first spiritual vision (8 November 1918).

Servants of the church
Servants of the Church are also called Officers. They are the Morehu (members) who hold offices in the church and movement which include the spiritual and physical aspects of the Faith. The Servants of the Church are called in Māori, Te Pou o Te Haahi. The following is the hierarchical system from Top to Bottom of all offices of the church and movement.

PRESIDENT:
The President is the head of the church on earth and is known as the Tumuaki. He/She is both Servant of Man and Servant of God. The spiritual title attributed to the Tumuaki is the Defender of the Faith. The current Tumuaki or President of the Ratana Church is Sonny Manuao Te Kohamutunga Tamou. He succeeds the late Harerangi Meihana, and he’s a great grandson of church founder Tahupōtiki Wiremu Ratana.

SYNOD:
The Synod is the policy-making body of the Church and Movement and is known as Hui Whakapumau. Synod shall convene during the annual 25 January Celebrations each year. The Synod is responsible for deciding on various issues concerning the church in local and regional areas.

COUNCIL OF TWELVE APOSTLES:
The Council of Twelves Apostles is the highest council authority in the church and is also known as Te Runanga. Members are chosen from the Ratana community itself.

CHURCH EXECUTIVE:
The Executive Committee of Ratana Pa. shall be recognised as the Head, or CHURCH COMMITTEE of the Church, or Spiritual Works, and shall be called the "RATANA CHURCH EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE".

TE WHETU MARAMA O TE KOTAHITANGA:
Te Whetu Marama is the chief newspaper and publishing arm of the Church and Movement.

DISTRICT APOSTLE:
The District Apostle (Apotoro Takiwa) is a Registered Apostle (see below) in charge of presiding over various parishes in His district.

REGISTERED APOSTLE:
The Registered Apostle (Apotoro Rehita) is a registered minister with the power to marry people and preside over a parish. The Registered Apostle wears a purple bib, a purple cassock, a white surplice, a purple stole with pink tassels, and a degree hood. All Apostles meet in July at Ratana Pa for the Apostles Annual Convention.

SPIRITUAL APOSTLE:
The Spiritual Apostle (Apotoro Wairua) is a lay-councillor in the church. He assists the Registered Apostle in Parish Life. The Spiritual Apostle wears a blue bib, a blue gown and red stole.

DISCIPLE:
The Disciple (Akonga) is a male member of the church training to become an Apostle later. The Disciple wears a white gown, yellow stole and blue bib.

SISTER OF MERCY:
A Sister of Mercy (Awhina) is a lay-woman of the church who assists the Apostle in Parish Life. She is also known as a Deaconess. A Sister of Mercy wears a purple cassock and white habit.

PSALMIST:
A Psalmist (Roopu Raupo Waiata) is a lay-woman of the church who leads the Devotional Prayers in the Worship Service. The Psalmists wear an orange cassock and orange habit.

PARISH CHURCH COMMITTEE:
The Parish Church Committee (Komiti Haahi) is responsible for the needs of the local parish.

BANDS:
The Bands (Nga Reo) are important to the church. There are seven bands:
 Te Reo o Te Arepa (Ratana Pa)
 Te Reo o Te Omeka Ratana Manuao (Mangakahia / Auckland)
 Te Reo o Piri-Wiri-Tua (Kaikohe)
 Te Reo o Hamuera (Napier, Taupō, Turangi)
 Te Reo Te Ratana Tua-Toru (Tauranga)
 Te Reo o Nga Tuahine (Wellington)
 Te Reo Te Whaea o Te Katoa (Christchurch)

The Bands are responsible for leading the Morehu to the Worship Service and Temple at Ratana Pa. These Band were formed and named after prominent people within the church who significantly helped to shape the church. The bands also have significant spiritual roles and purposes, and service the followers (Morehu) that belong in these certain areas around New Zealand.

CHOIRS:
The Choirs (Nga Koea) are important in the church. The Choirs are responsible for leading the Morehu in Congregational Singing in the Worship Service.

CHURCH WARDENS:
The Church Wardens (Kaitiaki-Whakamoemiti) are responsible for keeping peace and order in the Worship Service and recording attendance during the Worship Service (Whakamoemiti).

Important dates
 8 November – 2pm – The Birth of our Maramatanga. Date Ratana had visitation from the Holy Spirit in 1918.
 11 November – 11am – Passing of Ratanas' son Te Omeka in Wanganui at the 11th hour, the 11th day of the 11th month in 1932.
 25 December – 11am – Birth of Jesus Christ.
 1 January – Midnight – New Year. Passing of Ratanas' son Te Arepa on 31 December 1931.
 25 January – 11am – Ratana was born on this day 12 noon in 1873.
 6 February – Signing of The Treaty of Waitangi and the Opening of Kii Koopu in 1938.
 Good Friday to Easter Monday – Death and Resurrection of Jesus. Hui Whakapumau.
 5 July 1935 – Consecration of Temple Archway.
 15 July 1925 – The Ratana Established Church of New Zealand registered.
 18 September 1939 – 10am – Ratana died at age 66.
 22 October 1934 – Passing of Ratanas' son Hamuera.
 25 January 1928 – Physical opening of the Temepara by Juji Nakata & Ratana (Mangai).
 11 September 1938 – Opening of original Manuao.
 26 April 1940 – Te Urumanao Ngāpaki Baker (Te Whaea o te Katoa) died.

Worship service
All Ratana Church parishes hold the worship service known as Whakamoemiti at 11:00am each Sunday. The service is led by the Apotoro. Attendees are asked to dress formally and take no money into the Worship area. All monies must be left outside the Worship area or placed in the offering pouch. The whole service is conducted in the Māori language with parts in the English language if desired. The Hymns and Prayers are said out of the Ratana Book of Hymns and Prayers (a.k.a. Blue Book). Devotional Prayers are led by the Roopu Raupo. Congregational Singing is led by the Choir. Most parishes operate autonomously however still remaining united with the Church Administration (KOMITI HAAHI MATUA).

The following is the order of service for the Whakamoemiti:

1. Apostle – (Must confess his own sins or
wrongdoings first).

2. Apostle – (Opening Prayer) –
O Spirit of God, True and Faithful
Angels and Holy Trinity. Join us in this,
our hour of praise and thanksgiving to make final
decisions on every word that we speak in
your glorious Kingdom. For you are the
beginning and the end of our hopes and
desires in your glorious Kingdom. May
the Spirit of God confirm this
Prayer now and forever Amen.

3. Apostle – (Take Confession and Repentance) O brethren, do we agree to confess our sins and wrongdoings before The Father, Son, Holy Spirit, so that they may burn our sins in the Holy Fire until they turn to ashes, Agreed?

– Answer – "Yes we agree"
(Repentance) – And with heart and in mind, do we agree to continually abide in humble repentance, so that we may be born again in the Spirit. Agreed?

– Answer – "Yes we agree"

4. Apostle – (Thanksgiving Prayer) O Spirit of God, True and Faithful Angels and Holy Trinity, you have now heard our confessions and repentance, therefore it is fitting that we give praise and thanksgiving before you for the blessings we have received in days gone by, right up to this present day. We ask that you instil your unconditional love upon us for all times. May God's Spirit confirm this prayer now and forever – Amen .

5. Song of Praise and Thanksgiving.

6. The Psalm Singers – (Devotional Prayer) – (After the Devotional Prayer is this short prayer by the Apostle) – Be seated o brethren in the name of The Father, Son, Holy Spirit, True and Faithful Angels and the Spirit of God – Amen.

7. The Sermon – (After the sermon is this prayer) O True and Faithful Angels, instil the words of truth and righteousness within this sermon, into the hearts of the brethren an essence of goodness for the physical and spiritual body for all times. May the Spirit of God confirm this prayer now and forever Amen.

8. Doxology – Song. 70. MA TE MARIE (MAY THE PEACE)

9. Prayer from the heart.

10.(Closing Prayer)-
O Spirit of God, True and Faithful Angels, and
Holy Trinity, embrace us in true
brotherly love, bind us together in unity and peace.
May God's Spirit confirm this prayer now and
forever – Amen.

Ratana Church of Australia

Monday 15 August 1983, fifth president of the Ratana Established Church of New Zealand, Maata "Te Reo" Hura, sanctioned the Ratana Church of Australia. It is estimated that there are more than 20,000 Ratana Church members in Australia (2008).

On 31 August 2003 the seventh tumuaki Harerangi Meihana conducted a pastoral visit to the Morehu of Sydney, District of Australia. In September 2005, Te Reo O Piri-Wiri-Tua, (one of seven Ratana Brass/Silver Bands) travelled to Sydney.
A scout hall is named after them at Glenfield Scout Activity Center, Cambridge Avenue, Glenfield, New South Wales.
Recently, Te Reo O te Arepa, (one of the seven Ratana Brass/Silver Bands) have established a branch in Sydney. The District of Australia is currently being administered by District Apostle (Apotoro Takiwa) Te Kotahitanga Abraham.

List of parishes
 Kai Hapai i te Rama (Manurewa)
 Kia Mataara (Otara)
 Kia Maia (Mangere East)
 Pukekiwiriki (Papakura)
 Rotorua (Waiariki)
 Te Whitinga I Nga Moana 1924–1925 (Pukekohe)
 Takanini (Takanini)
 Te Papaioea (Palmerston North)
 Taupō ki Waimarino (Taupō)
 Manawanui (Manurewa)
 Oruawharo
 Otamatea
 Puke Ariki (Taranaki)
 Turanganui (Gisborne)
 Mangamuka me Mangataipa Pariha o te Haahi Ratana Aotearoa New Zealand (Mangamuka)
 Nga Tapuwae o te Mangai (Te Kao)
 Ponsonby
 Te Reo Powhiri (Te Hapua)
 Te Taku Tai Moana te Rohe (Ahipara)
 Te Tatau (Sydney)
 Te Piringa (Sydney)
 Te Arepa Pariha Perth WA Inc. (Western Australia)
 Huntly Morehu Parish (Waikato Te Rohe Potae)
 Kemureti Pariha Cambridge (Waikato Te Rohe Potae)
 Kirikiriroa Pariha Hamilton (Waikato Te Rohe Potae)
 Hamilton Morehu Congregation (Waikato Te Rohe Potae)
 Mangatoatoa Kihikihi (Waikato Te Rohe Potae)
 Marton Morehu Komiti Haahi (Marton)
 Glen Innes Tamaki  Pariha (Glen Innes, Auckland)
 Te Kii O Te Wairua Tapu Pariha (Melbourne)
 Taumarunui Ratana Church Parish
Piripono  (Faithful) Logan City Pariha (Brisbane)
 PiriWiriTua Pa – Te Haroto Marae
 Hamuera Pa – Moteo Marae
 Orakei Tamaki Makaurau Pariha
 Te Reo o te Morehu. (Whangarei)
 Nga Pariha o Mangakahia (Mangakahia)

Christian denominations in New Zealand
Māori organisations
Māori religion
Christian denominations in Australia
Indigenous Christianity
Rātanas


The Diamond Trellis egg is a jewelled enamelled Easter egg made by August Holmström under the supervision of the Russian jeweller Peter Carl Fabergé in 1892. It is one of the Imperial Fabergé eggs, made for Alexander III of Russia, who presented it to his wife, the Empress Maria Feodorovna. The egg is owned by Dorothy McFerrin, as part of the collection acquired by her and her husband, Artie McFerrin, who died on August 8, 2017, and is on display at the Houston Museum of Natural Science.

The egg cost 4,750 silver roubles, and contained an automaton of an ivory elephant covered with precious stones. The surprise, thought missing for many years, has since been found in the collection of the British Royal Family.

Design

The egg is made of jadeite, gold, rose-cut diamonds, and is lined with white satin. It is carved from pale green jadeite and is enclosed in a lattice of rose-cut diamonds with gold mounts. The egg is hinged, and a large diamond sits at its base. Originally it was supported on a base of three silver putti said to represent the three sons of the imperial couple, the Grand Dukes Nicholas, George and Michael. The putti were set on a jadeite base, now lost. The last record of the base was when it was photographed with the egg, by Sothebys, in 1960.

Surprise

The surprise was an automaton of an elephant in ivory. It was the first automaton made by Fabergé for an Imperial egg, his next automaton was made in 1900 for the Pine Cone egg presented to Barbara Kelch. The surprise was described in detail when the egg was held at the Gatchina Palace. A small key wound the ivory elephant which had a small gold tower on its back decorated with rose-cut diamonds. The sides of the elephant were decorated with gold and five precious stones. The tusks, trunk and harness were decorated with small diamonds, and a black mahout sat on its head. The elephant had special significance; the design resembles the badge of the highest order in Denmark, Empress Maria Feodorovna's homeland. It was likely sold by the Soviets at the same time as its egg, and may have been resold by Wartski. It was recorded as missing, but had been purchased by George V and was residing in a cabinet in Buckingham Palace, where in 2015 it was identified as Fabergé and the lost surprise by Royal Collection Trust senior curator Caroline de Guitaut.

The surprise and the egg were placed on display together for the first time at the Houston Museum of Natural Sciences in 2017 since the identification of the surprise where the surprise was loaned by the Royal Collection for a year.

Ownership
The egg was presented to the Empress Maria Feodorovna by her husband, Alexander III of Russia on 5 April 1892, and was subsequently held at the Gatchina Palace. It was one of 40 eggs sent to the Kremlin Armoury by the Russian Provisional Government for safekeeping in September 1917. It was transferred to the Council of People's Commissars in 1922, and around 1927 was sold by the Antikvariat to Michel Norman of the Australian Pearl Company. Subsequently purchased by Emanuel Snowman of the London jewellers, Wartski, it was bought from Wartski by a Mr. T. B. Kitson in October 1929. Following Kitson's death it was auctioned by Sotheby's in December 1962 for £2,400, and bought by a buyer's agent, named Drager. The egg was subsequently owned by a private collection in the United Kingdom from 1962 to 1977, and was held by a private collection in London in 1983.

The Diamond Trellis egg is currently owned by Dorothy McFerrin, the widower to successful businessman in the Houston chemical and petroleum industry Artie McFerring, who has collected one of the largest private collections of Fabergé objet d'art in the United States. As well as the Diamond Trellis egg, McFerrin owns Fabergé eggs made for the Russian nobleman Alexander Kelch, and the Swedish-Russian oil baron Emanuel Nobel.

The Diamond Trellis egg was exhibited at London's Victoria and Albert Museum in 1977, the Museum of Applied Arts in Helsinki in 1980, New York's Cooper-Hewitt Museum in 1983 and the Swedish Nationalmuseum in Stockholm in 1997.

See also
Egg decorating

References

Sources

External links

1892 works
1892 in the Russian Empire
Culture of Houston
Imperial Fabergé eggs


The Guv'nor is a 1935 British comedy film starring George Arliss, Gene Gerrard and Viola Keats, and directed by Milton Rosmer. Arliss in the title role is a tramp who rides a series of misunderstandings and becomes the president of a bank. It was a remake of the 1934 French film Rothchild. The film was re-released in England in 1944 and 1949. It was released in the US as Mr. Hobo.

It was shot at the Lime Grove Studios in Shepherd's Bush. The film's sets were designed by the art director Alfred Junge.

Plot
Monsieur Barsac is in a great deal of trouble - the Paris bank of which he is president is bankrupt, though nobody else knows yet. He tells his secret to his crony Dubois, since he needs his help. Dubois is to purchase an iron mine that is supposedly played out. However, Barsac's mining engineer has found rich, untapped deposits of ore. The mine is 51% owned by the widow Mrs. Granville and her daughter Madeleine, who are deeply in debt to his bank. Barsac uses his stepson Paul as an intermediary since Paul is a friend of the family, particularly the beautiful Madeleine.

Meanwhile, a vagabond known as the "Guv'nor" decides to head south for the winter with his friend Flit. At the Granville estate, he offers to mend some china in exchange for food and is treated very cordially by Madeleine.

Soon after, the two men are taken into custody for poaching and returned to Paris. After the policeman learns the Guv'nor's unusual real name, François Rothschild, he informs a member of the great banking dynasty who, unwilling to have their illustrious family name besmirched by an arrest, gives the Guv'nor a check for 2000 francs and has the two men released.

The Guv'nor is happy with his lifestyle, so he offers the money to Flit. They clean themselves up before trying to cash the check at Barzac's bank. Barzac mistakes the Guv'nor for one of the Rothschilds and tries to persuade him to join the board of directors to prop up the bank. During the conversation, the Guv'nor catches Barzac in a lie about Madeleine and becomes interested. He is made president of the bank.

When the Guv'nor learns details about Barsac's scheme from Madame Barzac, who is anxious to prevent her husband from investing in a "worthless" mine, he returns to the Granville estate. There, dressed as the tramp, he advises Madeleine to get Paul to ask for impartial advice about Barzac's strong recommendation to sell - from Monsieur Rothschild. Instead, she goes to see Rothschild herself and discovers his real identity. She believes that he has deceived her so he can purchase the mine himself and stalks out before he can explain. The next morning, the Guv'nor attends a meeting of the shareholders called to vote on whether to sell for the pittance Dubois is offering. The Guv'nor denounces Barzac and Dubois, but Madeleine votes to sell.

The wily Guv'nor then makes it look as if he has committed suicide. People fear he did so because there is something wrong with the bank and Dubois' company; panic selling soon drives down the price of shares in both. Meanwhile, Paul buys them on the Guv'nor's behalf. Having saved the Granvilles and ruined Barzac and Dubois, the Guv'nor gives the shares to Madeleine and Paul as a wedding present and resumes his carefree journey to warmer climes.

Partial cast
George Arliss as François Rothschild, the "Guv'nor"
Gene Gerrard as Flit
Viola Keats as Madelaine Granville
Patric Knowles as Paul
Frank Cellier as Barsac
George Hayes as Dubois
Mary Clare as Madame Barsac
Henrietta Watson as Mrs. Granville
 Mignon O'Doherty as Margot

Critical reception
Writing for The Spectator in 1936, Graham Greene gave the film a middling review, noting that although he was not an admirer of George Arliss, he found this film "rather more tolerable than his recent appearances". Greene spoke favorably about the hint of satire concerning the last name (Rothschild) of the tramp played by Arliss, and speculated that the film might have been improved if it had been directed by René Clair.

Frank Nugent wrote in The New York Times, "George Arliss, fresh as any septuagenarian can be from his personal triumphs as Disraeli, Richelieu, Wellington and Hamilton, becomes a completely non-historical tramp in "Mister Hobo," the new Gaumont-British film which opened yesterday at the Roxy. An unpretentious little picture, happily devoid of international crises and court intrigues, it is gently humorous, quietly paced and a rather pleasant breathing spell for Mr. Arliss and his admirers"; while more recently, Hal Erickson in Allmovie called it "a standard George Arliss vehicle, despite his rags and tatters"; and TV Guide wrote, "though the situation is contrived, the script is quite good and completely believable. It's all helped by a terrific ensemble effort from the cast, handled with grace and style. It's a smoothly directed, witty little piece."

References

External links

1935 films
1935 comedy films
British black-and-white films
British comedy films
British remakes of French films
Films set in Paris
Films shot at Lime Grove Studios
Films directed by Milton Rosmer
Gainsborough Pictures films
1930s business films
1930s English-language films
1930s British films


The Brain Research Foundation (BRF) is a non-profit private organization in Chicago, Illinois. The foundation was established in 1953 to promote and support scientific research concerning the brain. The BRF aides scientists in their pursuits to understand, prevent, treat, and cure brain disorders. Brain tumors, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, epilepsy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), learning disorders, depression and many others are disorders the BRF has helped raise awareness for.

External links
Brain Research Foundation Homepage

Medical and health foundations in the United States
Organizations established in 1953
Non-profit organizations based in Chicago


The 2004 Bavarian Cup was the seventh edition of this competition which was started in 1998. It ended with the Jahn Regensburg II winning the competition. Together with the finalist, TSV Aindling, both clubs were qualified for the DFB Cup 2004-05.

The competition is open to all senior men's football teams playing within the Bavarian football league system and the Bavarian clubs in the Regionalliga Süd (III).

Rules & History
The seven Bezirke in Bavaria each play their own cup competition which in turn used to function as a qualifying to the German Cup (DFB-Pokal). Since 1998 these seven cup-winners plus the losing finalist of the region that won the previous event advance to the newly introduced Bavarian Cup, the Toto-Pokal. The two finalists of this competition advance to the German Cup. Bavarian clubs which play in the first or second Bundesliga are not permitted to take part in the event, their reserve teams however can. The seven regional cup winners plus the finalist from last season's winners region are qualified for the first round.

Participating clubs
The following eight clubs qualified for the 2004 Bavarian Cup:

Bavarian Cup season 2003-04
Teams qualified for the next round in bold.

Regional finals

First round

Semi-finals

Final

DFB Cup 2004-05
The two clubs, TSV Aindling and Jahn Regensburg II, who qualified through the Bavarian Cup for the DFB Cup 2004-05 both were knocked out in the first round of the national cup competition:

References

Sources
 Deutschlands Fussball in Zahlen - Die Saison 2003-04  Yearbook of German football, publisher: DSFS

External links
 Bavarian FA website

2004
Bavarian


The Cure at Troy: A Version of Sophocles' Philoctetes is a verse adaptation by Seamus Heaney of Sophocles' play Philoctetes. It was first published in 1991. The story comes from one of the myths relating to the Trojan War. It is dedicated in memory of poet and translator Robert Fitzgerald.

Characters

Odysseus
Neoptolemus
Philoctetes
Chorus
Chorus Leader
Sentry
Merchant (in disguise)
Hercules (in person of chorus leader)

Premise
The story takes place in the closing days of the Trojan War. Before the play begins, the Greek archer Philoctetes has been abandoned on the island of Lemnos by his fellows because of a foul-smelling wound on his foot, and his agonised cries. The play opens with verses from the Chorus and the arrival of Odysseus and Neoptolemus to the shore of Lemnos. Their mission is to devise a plan to obtain the mighty bow of Philoctetes, without which, it has been foretold, they cannot win the Trojan War.

Themes

At the beginning of the play, the protagonist Philoctetes has been abandoned on an island with a wound that will not heal. His suffering and exposure to the elements have made him animal-like, a quality he shares with other outcasts in Heaney's work, such as Sweeney.

Narratives relating to the Trojan War had attracted Heaney and other Irish poets, sometimes for its resonance with the Northern Ireland conflict. Heaney also reworked The Testament of Cresseid, and had drawn on the Oresteia of Aeschylus for his sequence of poems "Mycenae Lookout".

Heaney's version is well known for its lines:History says, Don't hopeOn this side of the grave.But then, once in a lifetimeThe longed-for tidal waveOf justice can rise up,And hope and history rhyme.

The passage was quoted by Bill Clinton in his remarks to the community in Derry in 1995 during the Northern Ireland Peace Process.

Joe Biden has also frequently quoted the passage, including in his presidential acceptance speech at the 2020 Democratic National Convention and at the memorial service for Sean Collier, a campus police officer who was killed in the line of duty during the aftermath of the Boston Marathon bombing. In the opening chorus of the play, Heaney's translation emphasizes the role of poetry as "the voice of reality and justice" in expressing "terrible events".

The work was recited, in part, by Lin-Manuel Miranda at the inauguration of Joe Biden.

At the time of its composition, Heaney saw themes of the Philoctetes as consonant with the contemporary political situation in South Africa, as the apartheid regime fell and Nelson Mandela was released from prison without a full-scale war. Heaney described Mandela's return as a similar overcoming of betrayal and a display of "the generosity of his coming back and helping with the city—helping the polis to get together again."

Production history

The Cure at Troy was first performed in 1990 by the Field Day Theatre Company. The cast included Seamus Moran as Odysseus, Sean Rocks as Neoptolemus, and Des McAleer as Philoctetes. It was directed by Stephen Rea and Bob Crowley.

References

Cure
1990 plays
Plays based on works by Sophocles


The Caucasus Egg is a jewelled enameled Easter egg made by Michael Perkhin under the supervision of the Russian jeweller Peter Carl Fabergé in 1893. The Fabergé egg was made for Alexander III of Russia, who presented it to his wife, Empress Maria Feodorovna.

Currently the egg is a long term installation at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, New York, as part of the Matilda Geddings Gray Foundation.

Design

The egg is made of yellow and varicoloured gold, silver, ruby enamel, rose-cut diamonds, portrait diamonds, platinum, ivory, pearls, rock crystal and watercolour on ivory.

It commemorates Abastumani in Caucasus (Georgia) where Grand Duke George spent most of his life after being diagnosed with tuberculosis. Miniatures were done and signed by Krijitski. The miniatures are revealed by opening four pearl-bordered doors around the egg. Each door bears a diamond-set numeral of the year, forming the year 1893. Behind the hinged cover at the top is a portrait of the Grand Duke in his naval uniform.

This is the first Imperial egg known to be dated. Ruby red enamel was used only one other time for the Imperial eggs as Alexei Nikolaevich's hemophilia was a constant worry for the family.

Surprise

The surprise for this egg are the miniature paintings themselves.

See also
Egg decorating

References

Sources

External links

A detailed article by Annemiek Wintraecken on the 'Caucasus' egg and its miniatures from wintraecken.nl

Imperial Fabergé eggs
1893 works
Jewelry in the Metropolitan Museum of Art


The 1986 Detroit Lions season was their 57th in the league. The team failed to improve upon their previous season's output of 7–9 and missed the playoffs for the third straight season with a 5–11 record. The highlight of the season was first round draft choice Chuck Long’s first pass for a TD against Tampa Bay. Long would start in a Monday Night game against the Chicago Bears.

Offseason

NFL draft

Roster

Schedule

Season summary

Week 1 at Vikings

Week 6

 Source: Pro-Football-Reference.com

Standings

References

Detroit Lions seasons
Detroit Lions
Detroit Lions


The Antonov A-1 and related designs were a family of single-seat training gliders produced in the Soviet Union in the 1930s and 1940s.  All were derived from the Standard-2 (Стандарт-2) (designed and flown by Oleg Konstantinovich Antonov in 1930), which in turn was derived from the Standard-1. They were produced in large numbers, with around 5,400 built of the U-s3, U-s4 and P-s2 major versions alone. The same design formed the basis for the Antonov A-2 and its related group of two-seat designs. Altogether, including the two-seaters, production exceeded 7,600 by 1937.

While members of the family varied in detail, they shared the same basic design, and parts were interchangeable between them. The design featured a typical primary glider layout with a conventional empennage carried at the end of a long boom in place of a conventional fuselage. The boom could be folded sideways for storage. The monoplane wing was carried high on a pylon above this "keel" and was further braced to it with two struts on either side. The pilot sat in front of the wing, and was enclosed in a simple U-shaped wooden fairing that was removed by sliding it forward to allow him or her to enter and leave the aircraft. The undercarriage consisted of a single skid underneath the "keel", but this could also be fitted with small wooden wheels.

While the original primary training versions (designated У, 'U') featured wings of constant chord, subsequent variants designed for soaring flight (designated П, 'P') had longer-span wings with tapering outer panels and a streamlined nose fairing. The ultimate development in the line were gliders intended for towed flight (designated Б, 'B), which shared the longer wings and streamlined fairing of the P-types, but added a canopy to enclose the cockpit.

Unlicensed copies were produced in Turkey following World War II by THK and Makina ve Kimya Endüstrisi Kurumu (MKEK), as the THK-7 (P-s2) and THK-4 (U-s4).

Variants
In each case, the "s" stands for serii (серии: 'series')

Prototypes
Standard-1 (Стандарт-1)
Standard-2 (Стандарт-2)

Trainers
Uchebnyi (Учебный, 'Trainer')
U-s1 (У-с1)
U-s2 (У-с2) (First version built in series)
U-s3 (У-с3) (1,600 built)
U-s4 (У-с4) (Redesignated A-1, major production version. 3000 built)

Sailplanes
Paritel (Паритель, 'Sailplane'), also Upar (Упар, portmanteau of учебный паритель, uchebnyi paritel, 'training sailplane') (800 built)
P-s1 (П-с1)
P-s2 (П-с2)

Towed
Buksirovochnye (Буксировочные, 'Towed') (265 built by 1937)
B-s3 (Б-с3)
B-s4 (Б-с4)
B-s5 (Б-с5)

Specifications (A-1)

Notes

References

1930s Soviet sailplanes
Glider aircraft
A-01
Aircraft first flown in 1930


Capernwray Harbour Bible Centre is a evangelical Christian Bible School & Conference Centre located on Thetis Island, British Columbia, Canada.

The Centre was established by a Capernwray Hall alumnus, Charles Fordham, in 1979. The primary offering is a One-Year Bible School which runs from September to mid-April. During May - August over 4,000 participants are hosted for predominantly Christian-oriented conferences, retreats and Outdoor Education programmes.

The primary purpose and ministry of Capernwray Harbour is Christian education. Its goal is to offer students training in Bible study, evangelical outreach, leadership development, community living, and personal discovery through discipleship. According to school founder Charles Fordham, the mission of Capernwray Harbour is the "training of men and women to be equipped for full-time Christian service, regardless of their occupation," following the ideas expounded by Major W. Ian Thomas.

History
The site of Capernwray Harbour Bible Centre was first settled by Henry Severn in 1886. Despite the school being named for Capernwray Harbour, it is in fact located on the shores of Preedy Harbour. Severn built a log cabin on the property; the subsequent owner, H. Burchell, added Preedy Hall, one of the largest buildings on the Gulf Islands at the time, and home to a store, a chapel, and a ballroom. In 1924 the property was sold to Hans Hunter, who built the Main Hall in 1926 after a fire. In 1979, Charles and Marlene Fordham formed a Board of Directors to begin operations for a Bible School on the site, signed a lease to purchase, and opened the school with an inaugural class of 77 students. Current School buildings and facilities include a gymnasium, lecture hall, outdoor amphitheatre, climbing tower, several kilometres of trails, and accommodations for 150.

Mission statement

Statement of Faith

The Capernwray Harbour Statement of Faith asserts that God created man in such a way that the presence of God as Creator within a man as creature is imperative to his humanity, and that we as men can do nothing without him. Furthermore, according to the "Regenerative Purpose of God", Christ "rose again from the dead to live his life in us."

The Statement of Faith also declares that once one has truly assumed the Christian life, "Christ can then do the work in us as the Father then did the work in Him, and we let all God loose in the world; not, then just the sky, but God Himself is the limit!"

Ultimately, according to the Statement of Faith, "Jesus Christ established the fact that our spiritual union with him, as he was in spiritual union with the Father, is the true and ultimate basis of all evangelism, missions and Church planting."

Programmes

One of the principal ideas forwarded by Major Thomas, "simplicity in Christ", is emphasized in the curriculum at Capernwray Harbour. Students are encouraged to engage in discipleship to enable personal discovery, rather than looking for academic merit in Bible study. Thomas wrote, "If there is any situation from which you are not prepared to step back, in recognition of the total adequacy of Christ who is in you, then you are out of the will of God."

Curriculum
The Capernwray Harbour's Bible School curriculum covers about seventy-five percent of all of the Biblical books. Essential to the Capernwray Harbour approach are the creation of journals, (ungraded summaries of lecture principles), and study projects, presentations which ensure a thorough study of the Bible and the ability to impart teachings to others.

Ventures
A variety of camping and recreational programmes are offered to students in the initial autumn weekends of Bible School.  These Venture Programme activities are designed to establish relationships between the new students. The programmes are conducted at a variety of regional recreational areas and ecological preserves, such as Carmanah Walbran Park, and the Pacific Rim National Park Reserve.

Outreach
Outreach programmes for students involve visits to several elementary schools, First Nations reserves, youth drop-in centres and senior facilities. Additionally, students lead monthly church services in a medium-security prison in nearby Nanaimo. Spring break outreach programs have included ministries to Seattle USA, Mexico, Japan, India, Philippines, Israel, and Italy.

Community Life
Capernwray Harbour hosts a variety of intramural sports, including soccer, basketball, floor hockey, and volleyball. Students have opportunities to participate in other outdoor adventures such as climbing wall activities, ropes course challenges, biking and mountain hiking. Students can also organize individual team games in their free time.

Other Capernwray Harbour Programmes

Conferences and Holiday Bible Weeks
Capernwray Harbour hosts several conferences throughout the year, including the Men's Conference, Ladies Conferences, and the Pastors & Ministry Leaders Conference. Retreats are offered for families, church groups, seniors groups, and those wishing for personal getaways.

The Holiday Bible Weeks are attended by families and individuals who want to have a Christian vacation experience. Christ-centred devotionals and talks round out a program that includes several outdoor activity options each day.

The Holiday Bible Weeks outdoor recreational activities include ocean kayaking, waterskiing, Gulf Islands boat tours, trail hiking, trout fishing, and beachcombing. Team events such as ropes course challenges and beach volleyball are available to participants of all ages, from preschool to adult. Facilities include a fully equipped gymnasium, five kilometres of beach and forest trails, 32 stations on two challenge courses, and a 14-metre climbing wall/rappelling tower.

The devotional services are conducted in several meeting areas, which include the gymnasium, the lecture hall, and an outdoor amphitheatre.

Outdoor Education Programme

The Capernwray Harbour outdoor education programme takes advantage of many of the same facilities, but is geared toward youth aged 10 to 18. The outdoor education focusses on problem solving, communication skills, leadership, community, and teambuilding.

Footnotes

References
Capernwray Harbour Bible School official website

Association for Biblical Higher Education
Protestant educational institutions
Evangelical parachurch organizations


For the Liberation of Brazil is a Marxist tract on guerrilla warfare written by Carlos Marighella.  First published in France as Carlos Marighela: Pour la Libération du Brésil presented by Conrad Detrez, Editions du Seuil, 1970.  In March 1970 the Journal Official announced that the sale and distribution of the book throughout French territory would be forbidden.

It was then published in English by Penguin Books in 1971 as part of their "Pelican Latin American Library" series and with more material than the French version. This edition was translated by John Butt and Rosemary Sheed with an introduction by Richard Gott (pp. 7-15).

The first part of the book provides a timeline of events that includes actions taken by the Revolutionary Movement 8th October.

 "Marighela Calls on the People to Join the Struggle" (Sept 1969)
 "Declaration by the ALN October Revolutionary Group" (Sept 1969)
 "Greetings to the Fifteen Patriots"
 "On the Organizational Function of Revolutionary Violence" (May 1969)
 "Problems and Principles of Strategy" (Jan 1969)
 "Questions of Organization" (Dec 1968)
 "Handbook of Urban Guerrilla Warfare" (June 1969)
 "On Rural Guerrilla Warfare"
 "Guerrilla Tactics and Operations"
 "Call to the Brazilian People "
 "Letter to Fidel Castro" (Aug 1967)
 "Declaration by the Communist Group of São Paulo"

The second part consists of articles written in 1966 before he left the Brazilian Communist Party including his resignation letter penned on December 10, 1966.

Footnotes

1970 non-fiction books
Urban guerrilla warfare handbooks and manuals


The 1986 Houston Oilers season was the 27th season overall and 17th with the National Football League (NFL). The team matched their previous season's output of 5–11, and missed the playoffs for the sixth consecutive season.

Offseason

NFL draft

Personnel

Staff/Coaches

Roster

Schedule

Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text.

Standings

References

Houston Oilers
Houston Oilers seasons
Houston


Toxteth Dock railway station was on the Liverpool Overhead Railway, adjacent to the dock of the same name and the Brunswick Goods station on the Cheshire Lines railway, England. It was situated above a London Midland & Scottish goods railway station.

It was opened on 6 March 1893 by the Marquis of Salisbury and closed, along with the rest of the line, on 30 December 1956. No evidence of this station remains.

References

External links
Toxteth railway station at Disused Stations

Disused railway stations in Liverpool
Former Liverpool Overhead Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1893
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1956


The 2002 Bavarian Cup was the fifth edition of this competition which was started in 1998. It ended with the FC Bayern Munich II winning the competition. Together with the finalist, Jahn Regensburg, both clubs were qualified for the DFB Cup 2002-03.

The competition is open to all senior men's football teams playing within the Bavarian football league system and the Bavarian clubs in the Regionalliga Süd (III).

Rules & History
The seven Bezirke in Bavaria each play their own cup competition which in turn used to function as a qualifying to the German Cup (DFB-Pokal). Since 1998 these seven cup-winners plus the losing finalist of the region that won the previous event advance to the newly introduced Bavarian Cup, the Toto-Pokal. The two finalists of this competition advance to the German Cup. Bavarian clubs which play in the first or second Bundesliga are not permitted to take part in the event, their reserve teams however can. The seven regional cup winners plus the finalist from last season's winners region are qualified for the first round.

Participating clubs
The following eight clubs qualified for the 2002 Bavarian Cup:

Bavarian Cup season 2001-02
Teams qualified for the next round in bold.

Regional finals

 The SC Luhe-Wildenau, runners-up of the Oberpfalz Cup is the eights team qualified for the Bavarian Cup due to the Jahn Regensburg from Oberpfalz having won the Cup in the previous season.

First round

Semi-finals

Final

DFB Cup 2002-03
The two clubs, FC Bayern Munich II and Jahn Regensburg, who qualified through the Bavarian Cup for the DFB Cup 2002-03 both were knocked out in the first round of the national cup competition:

References

Sources
 Deutschlands Fussball in Zahlen 2001/02  Yearbook of German football, author: DSFS, publisher: Agon Sport Verlag, published: 2002, page: 282

External links
 Bavarian FA website

2002
Bavarian


Brunswick Dock railway station was on the Liverpool Overhead Railway, adjacent to Brunswick Dock and in close proximity to the Cheshire Lines Committee's extensive goods yard of the same name.

It was opened on 6 March 1893 by Robert Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury. The station had a hydraulic lift bridge which enabled a section of track to be lifted up to allow large vehicles to pass underneath. It was heavily bombed during the Liverpool Blitz.

The station closed, along with the rest of the line on 30 December 1956. No evidence of the station remains.

References

Sources

External links
 Brunswick Dock at Disused Stations

Disused railway stations in Liverpool
Former Liverpool Overhead Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1893
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1956


Vrtojba (; ) is a settlement in the Municipality of Šempeter-Vrtojba in the Slovene Littoral region of Slovenia. A border crossing into Italy is located here. On the Italian side of the border, opposite Vrtojba, is the suburb of San Andrea (), now part of the town of Gorizia ().

Name
Vrtojba was first mentioned in the early 13th century as Toyfa, Toyua, or Tojva in a list of properties belonging to the Counts of Gorizia. Its etymology is unknown, but is likely of pre-Slavic origin. By 1350 it was listed as Vertoib.

History
The population increased in the 16th and 17th centuries with settlers from areas further south affected by Ottoman raids moving to the fertile countryside around Gorizia.

In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, Vrtojba became known for its early season vegetables and potatoes with regular supply to the markets of Gorizia and beyond. Although this fame still continues to some extent today, industrialization of Nova Gorica after the Second World War meant workers also settled in the village and the urban expansion in recent decades has virtually turned Vrtojba into the southern suburbs of Nova Gorica.

References

External links
Vrtojba on Geopedia

Populated places in the Municipality of Šempeter-Vrtojba
Italy–Slovenia border crossings


Wapping Dock railway station was on the Liverpool Overhead Railway, adjacent to the dock of the same name. It was primarily used for access to the large warehouses nearby.

It was opened on 6 March 1893 by the Marquis of Salisbury. The station received some damage during the Liverpool Blitz.

The station closed, along with the rest of the line on 31 December 1956. No evidence of this station remains, save for a small number of supporting columns set into the walls at Wapping.

References

External links
Wapping Dock railway station at Disused Stations

Disused railway stations in Liverpool
Former Liverpool Overhead Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1893
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1956


James Street was a railway station on the Liverpool Overhead Railway, located just south of its namesake, within the city centre, close to the still-open Merseyrail James Street station.

It was opened on 6 March 1893 by the Marquess of Salisbury. The station was primarily used by workers travelling to the shipping offices and the Corn Exchange. Passengers could also use it to change for the Merseyrail station of the same name.

The station closed, along with the rest of the line, on 30 December 1956. No evidence of this station remains.

References

External links
 James Street station on Subterranea Britannica

Disused railway stations in Liverpool
Former Liverpool Overhead Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1893
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1956