Scott Painter (born September 30, 1968) is an American investor and entrepreneur in the technology and automotive industries.

In 2016, he founded Fair, Inc., a Los Angeles-based automotive financial technology company.

Previously, Painter founded and served as the CEO of TrueCar, Inc. Prior to TrueCar, he was the founder and CEO of CarsDirect.com.

He has advised a number of automotive businesses including Tesla motors.

Early life and education
Painter was born in Seattle on September 30, 1968, and grew up in Placer County, California, near Sacramento. He started his first company, Scott's Auto Dealing, at the age of 14. After high school, he joined the United States Army and trained to become a Spanish interrogator. He attended West Point, where he studied military strategy and systems engineering. While at West Point, he served as class president before transferring to UC Berkeley, where he studied political economics.

Career
Painter left UC Berkeley before graduating to sell his first auto-related startup company, AUTOAccess, an electronic database listing used cars for sale. Prior to founding TrueCar, he initiated and was involved in other ventures. Painter was also an early advisor to Tesla.

TrueCar

In 2005, Painter founded TrueCar, Inc., which is headquartered in Santa Monica, California. TrueCar is a negotiation-free car buying platform. TrueCar provides car-buyers with a transparent insight into what other buyers have paid, upfront pricing information, and a network of TrueCar certified dealers.

In August 2015, Painter stepped down as CEO. He was replaced by Chip Perry as of Dec.15, 2015.

Fair, Inc.
Painter’s current venture is Fair, Inc., an automotive financial technology company.

Disruption with the auto industry
In late 2011, TrueCar raised significant debt and equity capital (>$200m) which enabled it to advertise nationally on television. Consumer usage increased in response to the television campaign that was developed in conjunction with TrueCar investor Guthy-Renker, but dealer and industry criticism was significant and well documented in a series of Automotive News articles. Painter, who is commonly associated with vehicle pricing transparency, up-front pricing and the value of big data in auto retail, received pushback from auto dealers and manufacturers over the fear that TrueCar was responsible for significant retail price discounting. The industry resistance led to nearly a dozen states launching investigations into the company's practices and policies. As a result, Painter and TrueCar underwent a nine-month regulatory compliance overhaul and initiated industry outreach programs. TrueCar went through a business turnaround in 2012 that resulted in the company reporting in its S-1 filing that it had generated positive adjusted EBITDA in 2013 after having lost over $40 million in 2012. In November 2012, Painter spoke directly to the industry about the current status of TrueCar in an Autoline TV interview and Painter was also recently featured in Forbes. In November 2012, TrueCar went back on television with new commercials and a completely new version of its web experience for both dealers and consumers.

Honors
The Technology Council of Southern California named Painter its 2009 and 2012 Entrepreneur of the Year. In 2011 and 2014, he was named a finalist for the Ernst and Young Entrepreneur of the Year Award for the Greater Los Angeles Area. Painter won the EY Award for Entrepreneur of the Year in consumer services for 2014.

In 2011, Scott became a member of the Swiss non-profit organization known as the World Economic Forum. In 2012, Painter was named a Technology Pioneer by the WEF.

In 2011, Painter launched TrueCar Racing, an all-female racing team, co-sponsored by Penske Media Corporation and Virgin Group. The racing team supported high-potential women aspiring to become premier race series race car drivers. TrueCar and its partners provided full sponsorship support, professional coaching and training, marketing exposure, and top-tier racing team opportunities throughout the U.S. with the goal of winning races and championships.

Painter was one of the youngest members to join of the Board of Governors at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center.

Personal life
Scott Painter lives in Los Angeles with his wife; they have four children.

References

External links
 Official TrueCar Website

American investors
1968 births
Living people
Defense Language Institute alumni


Fred S. Fraenkel is an investment professional and was a vice chair of Cowen Inc. He was on the Barron's year end roundtable for four years and managed large research organizations at several Wall Street firms. He ran his own venture fund for eight years and was until September 2015 the president and chief research officer of a Miami-based advisor of mutual funds.

Early life and education
Fraenkel received a B.S. in economics and finance from Lehigh University, and an M.B.A. from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. Fraenkel was elected to membership of Beta Gamma Sigma and Omicron Delta Epsilon the national business school and economics honorary societies.

Career
Fraenkel has spent over  40 years in investing, and his career includes being a member of Barron's year-end roundtable from 1982 to 1985, and heading global research at Lehman Brothers from 1987 to 1993. During that time, Lehman Brothers had its first number-one ranking in the Institutional Investor rankings. He is currently  a vice chairman of Cowen Group, an investment bank and asset manager in New York.  Until September 2015 he was chief research officer of Fairholme Capital Management, an advisor to value-oriented mutual funds founded by Bruce Berkowitz.  Prior to Fairholme he was vice chairman of Beacon Trust Company in Morristown, New Jersey for three years and prior to that he was a founding partner of Millennium 3 Capital.  Millennium 3 was a venture firm specializing in early-stage companies. Before founding Millennium 3 Capital in 2000, Fraenkel served as vice chairman of ING Barings Furman Selz and chief operating officer of Furman Selz. Before joining Furman Selz in March 1995, Fraenkel spent nine years at Lehman Brothers, where he was a managing director and director of global research, overseeing 110 analysts located in New York, London, Tokyo and Hong Kong. As global research director, Fraenkel was responsible for managing the department's ascension in the Institutional Investor poll from a rank of 15th in 1987 to 1st in 1990, 1991, and 1992.

Prior to Lehman Brothers, Fraenkel was chairman and chief executive officer of Market America Group, an investment advisory firm. He also spent four and a half years as director of equity research and a member of the board of directors at Prudential Securities. Fraenkel began his Wall Street career in 1974 as a securities analyst with Goldman Sachs & Company, and was chief investment strategist for E. F. Hutton & Co. from 1980 to 1982.

Affiliations
Mr. Fraenkel is a member of the CFA Institute, New York Society of Security Analysts and the AIMR. He is a past chairman of the board of advisors of the College of Business and Economics of Lehigh University. Fraenkel guest lectures at Harvard Business School, Harvard Law School, Columbia University Business School and Lehigh University College of Business and Economics.

Personal life
Fraenkel is married to Andrea Silberg Fraenkel and has three children, and six
grandchildren.  He resides in Boca Raton, Florida.

References

Barron's Year End Rountable Editions for 1982, 1983, 1984 and 1985.
WSJ Who's News article on page 1 announcing the departure of Mr. Fraenkel from Lehman Brothers February 1994.
Biography section of Millennium 3 Capital website (www.mill3cap.com), Clear Asset Management website (www.clearam.com), Invention Machine website (www.invention-machine.com)
Investment News – Beacon Trust Buys Clear Asset Management http://www.investmentnews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20081203/REG/812039977/-1/rss02
www.foxnews.com
http://www.dailyfinance.com/2013/01/03/fairholme-announces-appointment-of-fred-fraenkel-a/

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
People from Miami Beach, Florida
Lehigh University alumni
Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania alumni


A time-of-flight camera (ToF camera), also known as time-of-flight sensor (ToF sensor), is a range imaging camera system for measuring distances between the camera and the subject for each point of the image based on time-of-flight, the round trip time of an artificial light signal, as provided by a laser or an LED. Laser-based time-of-flight cameras are part of a broader class of scannerless LIDAR, in which the entire scene is captured with each laser pulse, as opposed to point-by-point with a laser beam such as in scanning LIDAR systems.
Time-of-flight camera products for civil applications began to emerge around 2000, as the semiconductor processes allowed the production of components fast enough for such devices. The systems cover ranges of a few centimeters up to several kilometers.

Types of devices
Several different technologies for time-of-flight cameras have been developed.

RF-modulated light sources with phase detectors
Photonic Mixer Devices (PMD), the Swiss Ranger, and CanestaVision work by modulating the outgoing beam with an RF carrier, then measuring the phase shift of that carrier on the receiver side. This approach has a modular error challenge: measured ranges are modulo the RF carrier wavelength. The Swiss Ranger is a compact, short-range device, with ranges of 5 or 10 meters and a resolution of 176 x 144 pixels. With phase unwrapping algorithms, the maximum uniqueness range can be increased. The PMD can provide ranges up to 60 m. Illumination is pulsed LEDs rather than a laser. CanestaVision developer Canesta was purchased by Microsoft in 2010. The Kinect2 for Xbox One was based on ToF technology from Canesta.

Range gated imagers
These devices have a built-in shutter in the image sensor that opens and closes at the same rate as the light pulses are sent out. Most time-of-flight 3D sensors are based on this principle invented by Medina. Because part of every returning pulse is blocked by the shutter according to its time of arrival, the amount of light received relates to the distance the pulse has traveled.
The distance can be calculated using the equation, z = R (S2 − S1) / 2(S1 + S2) + R / 2 for an ideal camera. R is the camera range, determined by the round trip of the light pulse, S1 the amount of the light pulse that is received, and S2 the amount of the light pulse that is blocked.

The ZCam by 3DV Systems is a range-gated system. Microsoft purchased 3DV in 2009. Microsoft's second-generation Kinect sensor was developed using knowledge gained from Canesta and 3DV Systems.

Similar principles are used in the ToF camera line developed by the Fraunhofer Institute of Microelectronic Circuits and Systems and TriDiCam. These cameras employ photodetectors with a fast electronic shutter.

The depth resolution of ToF cameras can be improved with ultra-fast gating intensified CCD cameras. These cameras provide gating times down to 200ps and enable ToF setup with sub-millimeter depth resolution.

Range gated imagers can also be used in 2D imaging to suppress anything outside a specified distance range, such as to see through fog. A pulsed laser provides illumination, and an optical gate allows light to reach the imager only during the desired time period.

Direct Time-of-Flight imagers
These devices measure the direct time-of-flight required for a single laser pulse to leave the camera and reflect back onto the focal plane array.  Also known as "trigger mode", the 3D images captured using this methodology image complete spatial and temporal data, recording full 3D scenes with single laser pulse.  This allows rapid acquisition and rapid real-time processing of scene information.  For time-sensitive autonomous operations, this approach has been demonstrated for autonomous space testing and operation such as used on the OSIRIS-REx Bennu asteroid sample and return mission and autonomous helicopter landing.

Advanced Scientific Concepts, Inc. provides application specific (e.g. aerial, automotive, space) Direct TOF vision systems known as 3D Flash LIDAR cameras.  Their approach utilizes InGaAs Avalanche Photo Diode (APD) or PIN photodetector arrays capable of imaging laser pulse in the 980 nm to 1600 nm wavelengths.

Components
A time-of-flight camera consists of the following components:
 Illumination unit: It illuminates the scene. For RF-modulated light sources with phase detector imagers, the light has to be modulated with high speeds up to 100 MHz, only LEDs or laser diodes are feasible. For Direct TOF imagers, a single pulse per frame (e.g. 30 Hz) is used.  The illumination normally uses infrared light to make the illumination unobtrusive.
 Optics: A lens gathers the reflected light and images the environment onto the image sensor (focal plane array). An optical band-pass filter only passes the light with the same wavelength as the illumination unit. This helps suppress non-pertinent light and reduce noise.
 Image sensor: This is the heart of the TOF camera. Each pixel measures the time the light has taken to travel from the illumination unit (laser or LED) to the object and back to the focal plane array. Several different approaches are used for timing; see Types of devices above.
 Driver electronics: Both the illumination unit and the image sensor have to be controlled by high speed signals and synchronized. These signals have to be very accurate to obtain a high resolution. For example, if the signals between the illumination unit and the sensor shift by only 10 picoseconds, the distance changes by 1.5 mm. For comparison: current CPUs reach frequencies of up to 3 GHz, corresponding to clock cycles of about 300 ps - the corresponding 'resolution' is only 45 mm.
 Computation/Interface: The distance is calculated directly in the camera. To obtain good performance, some calibration data is also used. The camera then provides a distance image over some interface, for example USB or Ethernet.

Principle

The simplest version of a time-of-flight camera uses light pulses or a single light pulse. The illumination is switched on for a very short time, the resulting light pulse illuminates the scene and is reflected by the objects in the field of view. The camera lens gathers the reflected light and images it onto the sensor or focal plane array. Depending upon the distance, the incoming light experiences a delay. As light has a speed of approximately c = 300,000,000 meters per second, this delay is very short: an object 2.5 m away will delay the light by:

For amplitude modulated arrays, the pulse width of the illumination determines the maximum range the camera can handle. With a pulse width of e.g. 50 ns, the range is limited to

These short times show that the illumination unit is a critical part of the system. Only with special LEDs or lasers is it possible to generate such short pulses.

The single pixel consists of a photo sensitive element (e.g. a photo diode). It converts the incoming light into a current. In analog timing imagers, connected to the photo diode are fast switches, which direct the current to one of two (or several) memory elements (e.g. a capacitor) that act as summation elements. In digital timing imagers, a time counter, that can be running at several gigahertz, is connected to each photodetector pixel and stops counting when light is sensed.

In the diagram of an amplitude modulated array analog timer, the pixel uses two switches (G1 and G2) and two memory elements (S1 and S2). The switches are controlled by a pulse with the same length as the light pulse, where the control signal of switch G2 is delayed by exactly the pulse width. Depending on the delay, only part of the light pulse is sampled through G1 in S1, the other part is stored in S2. Depending on the distance, the ratio between S1 and S2 changes as depicted in the drawing. Because only small amounts of light hit the sensor within 50 ns, not only one but several thousand pulses are sent out (repetition rate tR) and gathered, thus increasing the signal-to-noise ratio.

After the exposure, the pixel is read out and the following stages measure the signals S1 and S2. As the length of the light pulse is defined, the distance can be calculated with the formula:

In the example, the signals have the following values: S1 = 0.66 and S2 = 0.33. The distance is therefore:

In the presence of background light, the memory elements receive an additional part of the signal. This would disturb the distance measurement. To eliminate the background part of the signal, the whole measurement can be performed a second time with the illumination switched off. If the objects are further away than the distance range, the result is also wrong. Here, a second measurement with the control signals delayed by an additional pulse width helps to suppress such objects.
Other systems work with a sinusoidally modulated light source instead of the pulse source.

For direct TOF imagers, such as 3D Flash LIDAR, a single short pulse from 5 to 10 ns is emitted by the laser.  The T-zero event (the time the pulse leaves the camera) is established by capturing the pulse directly and routing this timing onto the focal plane array.  T-zero is used to compare the return time of the returning reflected pulse on the various pixels of the focal plane array.  By comparing T-zero and the captured returned pulse and comparing the time difference, each pixel accurately outputs a direct time-of-flight measurement.  The round trip of a single pulse for 100 meters is 660 ns.  With a 10 ns pulse, the scene is illuminated and the range and intensity captured in less than 1 microsecond.

Advantages

Simplicity
In contrast to stereo vision or triangulation systems, the whole system is very compact: the illumination is placed just next to the lens, whereas the other systems need a certain minimum base line. In contrast to laser scanning systems, no mechanical moving parts are needed.

Efficient distance algorithm
It is a direct process to extract the distance information out of the output signals of the TOF sensor.  As a result, this task uses only a small amount of processing power, again in contrast to stereo vision, where complex correlation algorithms are implemented.
After the distance data has been extracted, object detection, for example, is also a straightforward process to carry out because the algorithms are not disturbed by patterns on the object. The accuracy is usually estimated at 1 % of the measured distance.

Speed
Time-of-flight cameras are able to measure the distances within a complete scene with a single shot. As the cameras reach up to 160 frames per second, they are ideally suited to be used in real-time applications.

Disadvantages

Background light
When using CMOS or other integrating detectors or sensors that use visible or near infra-red light (400 nm - 700 nm), although most of the background light coming from artificial lighting or the sun is suppressed, the pixel still has to provide a high dynamic range. The background light also generates electrons, which have to be stored. For example, the illumination units in many of today's TOF cameras can provide an illumination level of about 1 watt. The Sun has an illumination power of about 1050 watts per square meter, and 50 watts after the optical band-pass filter. Therefore, if the illuminated scene has a size of 1 square meter, the light from the sun is 50 times stronger than the modulated signal.  For non-integrating TOF sensors that do not integrate light over time and are using near-infrared detectors (InGaAs) to capture the short laser pulse, direct viewing of the sun is a non-issue because the image is not integrated over time, rather captured within a short acquisition cycle typically less than 1 microsecond.  Such TOF sensors are used in space applications and in consideration for automotive applications.

Interference
In certain types of TOF devices (but not all of them), if several time-of-flight cameras are running at the same time, the TOF cameras may disturb each other's measurements. There exist several possibilities for dealing with this problem:
 Time multiplexing: A control system starts the measurement of the individual cameras consecutively, so that only one illumination unit is active at a time.
 Different modulation frequencies: If the cameras modulate their light with different modulation frequencies, their light is collected in the other systems only as background illumination but does not disturb the distance measurement.

For Direct TOF type cameras that use a single laser pulse for illumination, because the single laser pulse is short (e.g. 10 nanoseconds), the round trip TOF to and from the objects in the field of view is correspondingly short (e.g. 100 meters = 660 ns TOF round trip). For an imager capturing at 30 Hz, the probability of an interfering interaction is the time that the camera acquisition gate is open divided by the time between laser pulses or approximately 1 in 50,000 (0.66 μs divided by 33 ms).

Multiple reflections
In contrast to laser scanning systems where a single point is illuminated, the time-of-flight cameras illuminate a whole scene.  For a phase difference device (amplitude modulated array), due to multiple reflections, the light may reach the objects along several paths.  Therefore, the measured distance may be greater than the true distance.  Direct TOF imagers are vulnerable if the light is reflecting from a specular surface.  There are published papers available that outline the strengths and weaknesses of the various TOF devices and approaches.

Applications

Automotive applications
Time-of-flight cameras are used in assistance and safety functions for advanced automotive applications such as active pedestrian safety, precrash detection and indoor applications like out-of-position (OOP) detection.

Human-machine interfaces and gaming
As time-of-flight cameras provide distance images in real time, it is easy to track movements of humans. This allows new interactions with consumer devices such as televisions. Another topic is to use this type of cameras to interact with games on video game consoles. The second-generation Kinect sensor originally included with the Xbox One console used a time-of-flight camera for its range imaging, enabling natural user interfaces and gaming applications using computer vision and gesture recognition techniques. Creative and Intel also provide a similar type of interactive gesture time-of-flight camera for gaming, the Senz3D based on the DepthSense 325 camera of Softkinetic.
Infineon and PMD Technologies enable tiny integrated 3D depth cameras for close-range gesture control of consumer devices like all-in-one PCs and laptops (Picco flexx and Picco monstar cameras).

Smartphone cameras

Several smartphones include time-of-flight cameras. These are mainly used to improve the quality of photos by providing the camera software with information about foreground and background.

The first mobile phone released with such technology was the LG G3, from early 2014. The BlackBerry Passport and the LG G Flex 2 were also launched with a ToF sensor.

Measurement and machine vision

Other applications are measurement tasks, e.g. for the fill height in silos. In industrial machine vision, the time-of-flight camera helps to classify and locate objects for use by robots, such as items passing by on a conveyor. Door controls can distinguish easily between animals and humans reaching the door.

Robotics
Another use of these cameras is the field of robotics: Mobile robots can build up a map of their surroundings very quickly, enabling them to avoid obstacles or follow a leading person. As the distance calculation is simple, only little computational power is used. Since these cameras can also be used to measure distance, teams for FIRST Robotics Competition have been known to use the devices for autonomous routines.

Earth topography
ToF cameras have been used to obtain digital elevation models of the Earth's surface topography, for studies in geomorphology.

Brands

Active brands (
ESPROS - 3D TOF imager chips, TOF camera and module for automotive, robotics, industrial and IoT applications
3D Flash LIDAR Cameras and Vision Systems by Advanced Scientific Concepts, Inc. for aerial, automotive and space applications
DepthSense - TOF cameras and modules, including RGB sensor and microphones by SoftKinetic
IRMA MATRIX - TOF camera, used for automatic passenger counting on mobile and stationary applications by iris-GmbH
Kinect - hands-free user interface platform by Microsoft for video game consoles and PCs, using time-of-flight cameras in its second generation of sensor devices.
pmd - camera reference designs and software (pmd[vision], including TOF modules [CamBoard]) and TOF imagers (PhotonICs) by PMD Technologies
 2+3D - High-resolution SXGA (1280×1024) TOF camera developed by startup company odos imaging, integrating conventional image capture with TOF ranging in the same sensor. Based on technology developed at Siemens.
Senz3D - TOF camera by Creative and Intel based on DepthSense 325 camera of Softkinetic, used for gaming.
SICK - 3D industrial TOF cameras (Visionary-T) for industrial applications and software
3D MLI Sensor - TOF imager, modules, cameras, and software by IEE (International Electronics & Engineering), based on modulated light intensity (MLI)
TOFCam Stanley - TOF camera by Stanley Electric
TriDiCam - TOF modules and software, the TOF imager originally developed by Fraunhofer Institute of Microelectronic Circuits and Systems, now developed by the spin out company TriDiCam
Hakvision - TOF stereo camera
Cube eye - ToF Camera and Modules, VGA Resolution, website : www.cube-eye.co.kr

Defunct brands
CanestaVision - TOF modules and software by Canesta (company acquired by Microsoft in 2010)
D-IMager - TOF camera by Panasonic Electric Works
OptriCam - TOF cameras and modules by Optrima (rebranded DepthSense prior to SoftKinetic merger in 2011)
ZCam - TOF camera products by 3DV Systems, integrating full-color video with depth information (assets sold to Microsoft in 2009)
SwissRanger - an industrial TOF-only camera line originally by the Centre Suisse d'Electronique et Microtechnique, S.A. (CSEM), now developed by Mesa Imaging (Mesa Imaging acquired by Heptagon in 2014)
Fotonic - TOF cameras and software powered by Panasonic CMOS chip (Fotonic acquired by Autoliv in 2018)
S.Cube - ToF Camera and Modules by Cube eye

See also
Laser Dynamic Range Imager
Structured-light 3D scanner
Kinect

References

Further reading

 Horaud, Radu; Hansard, Miles; Evangelidis, Georgios; Ménier, Clément (2016). "An Overview of Depth Cameras and Range Scanners Based on Time-of-Flight Technologies" Machine Vision and Applications 27, 1005-1029.

Digital cameras
Image sensor technology in computer vision
Emerging technologies


Carl Thomas Miles (March 22, 1918 – September 9, 2016) was an American Major League Baseball pitcher who played in  with the Philadelphia Athletics. He was born in Trenton, Missouri. He graduated from the University of Missouri. Miles played in two games, with a 13.50 ERA, in his one-year career. He died in September 2016 at the age of 98.

References

External links

1918 births
2016 deaths
Major League Baseball pitchers
Baseball players from Missouri
Philadelphia Athletics players
People from Trenton, Missouri
Missouri Tigers baseball players


A Quiet Life () is a 2010 Italian neo-noir film directed by Claudio Cupellini. It entered the competition at the 2010 Rome International Film Festival, in which Toni Servillo was awarded for Best Actor.

Plot
Antonio de Martino is living as Rosario Russo with his wife Renate and their young son Mathias in an idyllic place near Wiesbaden running a hotel and restaurant. He is wanted back in his home country of Italy and too many people have marked to kill him. For fifteen years, he has lived as a respected member of the town and a versatile cook. One day in his little hotel, his first son Diego with his friend Edoardo comes to stay for a couple of days. They are planning to assassinate a manager of a waste incineration plant. What seemed peaceful with consistent pacing turns into chaos. He murders and disposes Diego's friend after he claims to know Rosarios identity. Diego reveals his father's identity to his backers. Getting doubts he tries to save his father's life but while trying to flee he is killed by Italian gang members. Antonio leaves his wife and son for their safety and is again on the run, looking back impassively Antonio boards a bus.

Cast
Toni Servillo: Rosario Russo / Antonio de Martino
Marco D'Amore: Diego
Francesco Di Leva: Edoardo
Juliane Köhler: Renate
Maurizio Donadoni: Claudio
Alice Dwyer: Doris
Leonardo Sprengler: Mathias

References

External links

2010 films
Italian drama films
2010 drama films
Italian neo-noir films
Films directed by Claudio Cupellini
2010s Italian films
Films set in Germany


Yevgeny Yuryevich Alyoshin (; born 4 May 1979 Nizhny Novgorod) is a former Russian swimmer who specialized in backstroke. He competed at the 2004 Olympics and the 2007 World Championships.

In November 2010, Aleshin was banned for two years for violation of FINA DC Rule 2.4 (failure to file required whereabouts information and missed tests).  He subsequently retired.

References

1979 births
Russian male swimmers
Male backstroke swimmers
Swimmers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Olympic swimmers for Russia
Living people
Medalists at the FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)
European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Doping cases in swimming
Sportspeople from Nizhny Novgorod
20th-century Russian people
21st-century Russian people


George Stephen Nason was an Anglican priest.  He was born on 30 March 1901 and  educated at Shrewsbury and Pembroke College, Cambridge. Ordained in 1927 he was a Curate at St Luke’s Battersea followed by a period as  Rector of Bamford. He then served his country during World War II  as a Chaplain in the RNVR after which he was Dean of Gibraltar. Returning to England in 1950 he became Vicar of St Alphege’s Church, Greenwich, Rural Dean of Greenwich and Deptford, following which he was Vicar of St Peter and St Paul, Hambledon, Hampshire. He  died on 13 March 1975.

Notes

1901 births
People educated at Shrewsbury School
Alumni of Pembroke College, Cambridge
Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve personnel of World War II
Royal Navy chaplains
Deans of Gibraltar
1975 deaths
World War II chaplains


California is the third album by Gianna Nannini and was released in 1979. The album, a rock record - with the single "America" – took her straight to the top of the charts in Germany and Northern Europe in 1980. The album went platinum in Italy and gold in Germany, Switzerland and Austria.

Track listing
All songs by Gianna Nannini except as noted.
"America" – 4:20
"California" – 8:14
"Good Bye My Heart" – 6:19
"Io e Bobby McGee" (Cover version of "Me and Bobby McGee") (Kris Kristofferson / Fred Foster / Gianna Nannini) - 4:38
"Sognami" – 4:01
"La lupa e le stelle" – 4:08
"Lei" – 5:44

Personnel
 Walter Calloni	- Drums, Percussion
 Dino d'Antonio	- Bass
 Kris Kristofferson	- Composer
 Gianna Nannini	- Composer, Piano, Primary Artist, Vocals
 Mauro Paoluzzi	- Composer, Guitar
 Claudio Pascoli	- Saxophone
 	- Keyboards
 Michelangelo Romano	- Producer

External links
 Gianna Nannini homepage

1979 albums
Gianna Nannini albums


Dominant species may mean:

Dominant species (ecology), one of a small number of species which dominate in an ecological community
 Dominant Species (novel) by Michael E. Marks
Dominant Species (board game)
Dominant Species (video game)
 Dominant Species (album), an album by New Zealand singer King Kapisi


Spectacle Reef Light is a lighthouse  east of the Straits of Mackinac and is located at the northern end of Lake Huron, Michigan. It was designed and built by Colonel Orlando Metcalfe Poe and Major Godfrey Weitzel, and was the most expensive lighthouse ever built on the Great Lakes.

Because of the challenges of building on a shoal, including laying an underwater crib, it is said to be the "most spectacular engineering achievement" in lighthouse construction on Lake Huron. It took four years to build because weather limited work to mostly the summer season. Workers lived in a structure at the site; one of the limiting conditions. It ranks high as an engineering achievement among all the lighthouses built on the Great lakes.

In 2020, The Spectacle Reef Preservation Society was formed and began to restore the lighthouse.

History

Overview
From 1852 to the beginning of the 20th century, the United States Lighthouse Board was active in building lighthouses to support ship traffic on the Great Lakes.  Between 1852 and 1860, it built 26 new lights.  Even as the United States Civil War and its aftermath slowed construction, it completed a dozen new lights in that decade. In the 1870s alone, it built 43 new lights on the Lakes.  During the 1880s, more than 100 lights were constructed.

As the new century began, the Lighthouse Board operated 334 major lights, 67 fog horns and 563 buoys on the Great Lakes.

During the 19th century, design of Great Lakes lights slowly evolved. Until 1870 the most common design was to build a keeper's dwelling with the light on the dwelling's roof or on a relatively small square tower attached to the house. In the 1870s, so as to raise lights to a higher focal plane, conical brick towers, usually between 80 and 100 feet tall, were constructed. In the 1890s steel-lined towers began to replace the older generation of brick buildings.  See Big Sable Point Light for a striking transition and transformation.

The Spectacle Reef Light was built during a forty-year period—between 1870 and 1910—when engineers began to build lights on isolated islands, reefs, and shoals that were significant navigational hazards. To that time, light ships were the only practical way to mark the hazards. They were dangerous for the sailors who crewed them, and difficult to maintain.
"Worse, regardless of the type of anchors used, lightships could be blown off their expected location in severe storms, making them a potential liability in the worst weather when captains would depend on the charted location of these lights to measure their own ship's distance from dangerous rocks." See, United States lightship Huron (LV-103).

Using underwater crib designs, the Board built the Waugoshance Light (1851) on a shoal, and demonstrated a "new level of expertise" in constructing of the Spectacle Reef Light (1874), Stannard Rock Light (1882), and Detroit River (Bar Point Shoal) (also known as the Detroit River Entrance Light) (1885). "The long and expensive process of building lights" in remote and difficult sites "ended in nationally publicized engineering projects that constructed" Rock of Ages Light (1908) and the White Shoal (1910) lights.

In the first three decades of the twentieth century, the Lighthouse Board and the new Lighthouse Service continued to build new lights on the Great Lakes. For 1925, the Board administered around the Great Lakes: 433 major lights; ten lightships; 129 fog signals; and about 1,000 buoys. Of these 1,771 navigational aids, only 160 stations had resident keepers. By that time, most navigational aids were automated.  Most of the 21st century's Great Lakes lighthouses (excepting e.g., Poe Reef Light and Gravelly Shoal Light) had been constructed by 1925.

Building on shoals was part of a larger pattern of building 14 reef lights around Michigan, also intended to help ships navigate through and around the shoals and hazards around the Straits of Mackinac.

Construction
The site was first marked by a buoy in 1868. The construction was undertaken under the auspices of the Lighthouse Board, and was a feat of civil engineering and endurance.  Construction began in 1870, in answer to the disastrous loss of a large number of ships during the 1860s at the site; in particular, two schooners ran aground and broke up in 1867.  The massive cost of the loss helped convince Congress that it would be more cost effective to build a light and reduce the potential of future shipwrecks.
The lighthouse is built upon a reef shaped like a pair of eyeglasses (hence its name) and is located in the path of littoral commerce on Lake Huron.  The increase in freighter traffic through the straits increased the risk of more ship losses without better signing of hazards.

The Spectacle Reef Lighthouse cost $406,000. One costly item was the purchase of a steamer to convey the materials to the site.

The foundation was laid in a cofferdam protected by a crib made from  timber and submerged  below the surface.  The crib was constructed upon slipways at the depot, like building a ship, then launched and towed by tugboats to the reef, where it was sunk and grounded on the site. This crib is massive:  and  high (). It created a protected pond, making a base for the cofferdam, a wharf, and worker's quarters. The cofferdam was pumped out to expose the bedrock, upon which the masonry courses were laid.

The light's 20-month construction process had to be spread out over a calendar period of four years (1870–1874). No work was possible during the winter, most of the spring, and most of the fall, due to heavy weather.

Bois Blanc Island is the nearest point of land,  to  to the northwest; but neither it nor Ninemile Point,  to the south, formed a suitable staging area for construction. This took place entirely on site.  After the construction of workers' quarters on the pier, a fourth-order Fresnel lens was temporarily installed on the roof of one of the buildings. Construction was almost complete in the fall of 1873, when the onset of winter's storms forced the work site to be abandoned until the following spring. In the spring of 1874, work on the lighthouse began again.  With the installation of the cast-iron lantern room and a new second-order Fresnel lens, the work was complete, and the light was put into service for the first time in June 1874.

The location of the lighthouse makes it susceptible to wave fetch, which for this reef is  to the southeast.  Lake Huron ice fields, known as drift ice, which in this lake can be as much as two or more feet thick and measure thousands of acres in size, are moved by wintertime currents.  Masses of these dimensions create "an almost irresistible force", which for Spectacle Reef Light was "overcome by interposing a structure against which the ice is crushed and by which its motion is so impeded that it grounds on the 7–foot shoal." This creates an effective wall "against other ice fields."

The tower is formed as a "frustum of a cone".  The  diameter base rises  above water level, and is  below water level.

As the Coast Guard notes: "The focal plane is  above the top of the parapet, making it  above the top of the submerged rock and  above the surface of the water. For  up the tower is solid and from them on up it is hollow. In it are five rooms, one above the other each  in diameter, with varying heights. The walls of the hollow portion are  at the bottom, tapering to  at the spring of the cornice."

Just below the cornice, the blocks of stone are  thick.  They are interlocked in each course, and fastened together with wrought iron bolts  thick and  long. Likewise, the tower is bolted to the foundation rock with bolts  long. After "the stones were in place they were plugged with pure portland cement, which is now as hard as the stone itself. Hence the tower is, in effect, a monolith."

The stones were cut at the depot at Scammon's Harbor,  away.  They were fitted, course by course, on a platform of masonry. The stones fit so well that each course was laid in three days: to set, drill, and bolt.  The light has been described as "the best specimen of monolithic stone masonry in the United States" and "one of the greatest engineering feats on the Great Lakes."

In September 1872, a severe gale did considerable damage to the lighthouse, which had to be repaired at very great expense. The term "gale" is being used loosely, as there was no wind speed device being monitored in the winter at that location. But, in a similar location and storm on Lake Superior at Granite Island, Michigan, wind speeds of  were recorded on January 18, 2003.

"After the winter of 1873–74, when the keepers returned to the newly completed tower, they found the ice piled against it at a height of , or  higher than the doorway, and they could not gain entrance until they had cut away the iceberg of which the lighthouse formed the core."

The light has an attached fog signal building, oil house and storage building.  There are davits to raise and lower boats.

The Lighthouse Board built a model of this light that was featured in the Aids to Navigation display at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition, also known as "The Chicago World's Fair" in Chicago, Illinois.

The combination of a crib foundation with monolithic stone masonry worked so well that the Lighthouse Board used the design and a similar process in constructing the Stannard Rock Light in Lake Superior in 1878.  The Board achieved economies by getting 'double duty' from the "costly apparatus and machinery purchased" for the Spectacle Reef project.

Current status

The original second-order Fresnel lens (by HenryLepaute of Paris, France) was removed in 1982.  It is now on display at the Inland Seas Maritime Museum (also known as the Great Lakes Historical Society Museum) at the Vermilion Light in Vermilion, Ohio. Since the Fresnel lens was replaced by a modern acrylic lens, the Spectacle Reef Light has continued to serve as an active aid to navigation as of 2007.

In July 2005, "Spectacle Reef Light Station" was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as site #05000744, defined as "Located in northern Lake Huron, . NNE of Ninemile Point, Benton Township, Michigan".

Spectacle Reef Lighthouse was one of five lighthouses chosen for the "Lighthouses of the Great Lakes" series; the postage stamp was designed by Howard Koslow in 1995.  One lighthouse was chosen on each of the Great Lakes for this series.  The five lighthouses are Split Rock Light on Lake Superior, St Joseph Light on Lake Michigan, Spectacle Reef Light on Lake Huron, Marblehead Light (Ohio) on Lake Erie and Thirty Mile Point Light on Lake Ontario.

In 2020, The Spectacle Reef Preservation Society was formed and swiftly began the process of restoring the lighthouse.

Getting there
As the light and crib are closed to the public, it can only be viewed closely by a private boat.  It is a long way from shore in dangerous and open water, fraught with shoals.

Shepler's Ferry Service out of Mackinaw City offers periodic lighthouse tours in the summer season.  Its "Eastbound Tour" includes passes by St. Helena Island Light, and includes a luncheon. Schedules and rates are available from Shepler's.

Another alternative is to charter a seaplane to make a tour of the Mackinac Straits and environs.

As of 2008, the Great Lakes Light Keepers' Association operates a single annual "Grand Light Tour" that is conducted by Shepler's Mackinac Island Ferry, and it includes a pass-by of the Spectacle Reef Light.

Notes

Sources

Barnard, J.G. "Lighthouse Engineering As Displayed at the Centennial Exhibition." American Society of Civil Engineers Transactions 8 (Mar 1879), p. 55.

Further reading
 "A Tour of the Lights of the Straits." Michigan History 70 (Sep/Oct 1986), pp. 17–29.
 Taylor, Paul (October 2009) Orlando M. Poe: Civil War General and Great Lakes Engineer (Kent State University Press) ; .

External links

 Interactive map, pictures, descriptions of Northern Lake Huron lights.
 Lighthouses in the Mackinac Straits.

Lighthouses completed in 1874
Buildings and structures in Cheboygan County, Michigan
Lighthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Michigan
National Register of Historic Places in Cheboygan County, Michigan


Prince Andrew (born 1960) is the second son of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.

Prince Andrew may also refer to:

People
 Prince Andrew Alexandrovich of Russia (1897–1981), second child of Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich
 Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark (1882–1944), seventh child of George I of Greece and father of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
 Prince Andrew of Yugoslavia (1929–1990), third son of Alexander I of Yugoslavia
 Prince Andrew Romanoff (1923–2021), youngest child of Prince Andrei Alexandrovich

Places
 Prince Andrew High School, in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada
 Prince Andrew Plateau, in the Queen Elizabeth Range of Antarctica


Martina Löw (born 9 January 1965 in Würzburg, West Germany) is a German sociologist.

Vita

Martina Löw, former president of the German Sociological Association; Professor of sociology/sociology of architecture and planning at Technical University Berlin; Director of Collaborative Research Centre SFB 1265 “Re-Figuration of Spaces” in Berlin. In January 2023 the ranking website Academic Influence ranked her #3 of "Influential Women in Sociology from the Last 10 Years."

Work
In 2001, Martina Löw published the study Soziologie des Raums, a major contribution to a previously neglected area of sociology. The book translated into many different languages addressed the complex ways in which spaces are socially constructed and in turn structure everyday life. Löw understands space as a relational arrangement of social goods and living beings produced by an operation of synthesis and placement of these elements. Space conceived as an ongoing, dynamic process contrasts with the traditional view that space is a static (pre-existing) background to the social processes under study, which had previously prevailed in sociology.

In the field of urban research, Löw is widely known for a new approach to analyzing the “intrinsic logic of cities”. This logic implies a complex ensemble of knowledge stocks, means of expressions, and manifestations, which are intrinsically related and based on rule-governed, routinized forms of actions stabilized by specific resources. This line of argument implies that, over time, cities condense into distinct provinces of meaning.
In the field of urban sociology, Martina Löw is internationally recognized as an urban research expert known for having developed a fresh approach to the analysis of the intrinsic logic of cities. This new concept captures a complex, dynamic array of forms of knowledge and expressions that are structurally related, based on rule-governed, routinized forms of (inter)action stabilized through various resources, which contribute to cities condensing into characteristic “provinces of meaning”.

In 2008 – 2013, Löw was director of the collaborative project „Intrinsic Logic of Cities “, a joint research venture of the Technical University Darmstadt and Darmstadt University of Applied Sciences, sponsored by the Hessian Ministry of Higher Education, Research and the Arts as part of the program “Offensive for the development of scientific and economic excellence (LOEWE) “. In methodically structured comparative studies, the research project analysed the fundamental structures of cities in Europe and Brazil, their similarities, differences, and relationships. The intrinsic-logic approach differs from most other methodologies in urban research studies, which do research in cities but fail to account for the structures shaping the city under investigation, assuming it to be a given fact that requires no further examination. By exploring the intrinsic logic of cities, however, the city becomes a research object in its own right.

Since 2018, Löw is Director of the Collaborative Research Centre SFB 1265 “Re-Figuration of Spaces“ sponsored by the German Research Foundation DFG. Research focuses on the radical global re-ordering of spaces over the past decades theoretically conceived as re-figuration of spaces. The key argument is that alongside the traditional spatial figure of territorial space, multiple competing spatial figures are now impacting the new spatial order and communicative actions. The observable pluralization of (often conflicting) spatial figures has far-reaching consequences for sociality and social cohesion; on the individual level it is often experienced as a general sense of being overwhelmed and losing control. Together with Jörg Stollmann, she is currently leading the research project ‘Smart People: Queer Everyday Life in Digitalized Spaces’, as part of the Collaborative Research Centre SFB 1265 in Berlin.

Books and articles

2022 Communicative Constructions and the Refiguration of Spaces (with Christmann, G. and Knoblauch, H.). London: Routledge.
2022 Fabrication of Space: The Design of Everyday Life in South Korean Songdo (with Bartmanski, D.; Kim, S.; Löw, M.; Pape, T.; & Stollmann, J.):. In: Urban Studies. online first https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980221115051
2021 Comparison, Refiguration, and Multiple Spatialities (with Knoblauch, H.). In: Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 22(3). Vol. 22, No. 3, p. 1-17, https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-22.3.3791
2021 Space. Urban, Rural, Territorial. In: B. Hollstein, R. Greshoff, U. Schimank, A. Weiß (ed.), Sociology in the German Speaking World. Special Issue Soziologische Revue, p. 499-514.
2020 The Spatial Refiguration of Society and the Interaction Orders (with Knoblauch, H.). In: Space and Culture, Vol. 23 (3): 221–225.
2019 Social and Spatial Uncertainty and Inequality: The Refiguration of Spaces as Today’s Challenge for Cities. In: M. Smagacz-Poziemska u.a. (ed.): Inequality and Uncertainty. Current Challenges for Cities. London: Palgrave Macmillan, p. 23-41.
2017 Spatial Sociology: Relational Space After the Turn (with Martin, F.). Current Sociology Monographs, 65(4).
2016 The Sociology of Space – Materiality, Social Structures and Action. Cultural Sociology, Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
2015 Managing the urban commons: Public interest and the representation of interconnectedness In: Christian Borch und Martin Kornberger (ed.), Urban Commons: Rethinking the City, Routledge, p. 109-126.
2013 The City as Experiential Space: The Production of Shared Meaning, in: International Journal of Urban and Regional Research Vol. 37/3, p. 894-908.
2008 The Constitution of Space: The Structuration of Spaces Through the Simultaneity of Effects and Perception. In: European Journal of Social Theory 1, 11.

References

External links

  Homepage of Martina Löw at the Technical University of Berlin
 Website of the Collaborative Research Center SFB 1265: "Re-Figuration of Spaces"
 Website of SFB 1265 Subproject B03: Smart People: Queer Everyday Life in Digitalized Spaces

1965 births
Living people
Gender studies academics
German sociologists
Writers from Würzburg
Academic staff of the Technical University of Berlin
Academic staff of Technische Universität Darmstadt
Academic staff of the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg
Urban sociologists
German women academics
German women sociologists
Goethe University Frankfurt alumni


Uroš Stamatović (Serbian Cyrillic: Урош Стаматовић; born November 9, 1976) is a Serbian retired professional footballer and coach. He is the head coach of Serbian White Eagles FC of the Canadian Soccer League.

Club career

Serbia
Stamatović began his career in 1992 in the First League of FR Yugoslavia with FK Borac Čačak. In 1995, he continued playing in the country's top-tier league by signing with Sloboda Uzice.

Throughout his time in the top tier, he played with Mladost Lučani, and Hajduk Kula. In total, Stamatović played over 200 first-league matches and scored over 30 goals.

Canada
In 2007, he went abroad to play in the Canadian Soccer League with the Serbian White Eagles. He made his debut on June 17, 2007, against Trois-Rivières Attak. In his debut season, he assisted the club in securing the International Division title. The club would ultimately reach the championship final where the western Toronto side was defeated by Toronto Croatia in a two-game series. Stamatović re-signed with the White Eagles the following season. Throughout the season he aided the Serbs in clinching a playoff berth by finishing second in the division. For the third consecutive season, the Serbs reached the championship final where they successfully defeated Trois-Rivières Attak in a penalty shootout.

In 2009, he helped the White Eagles in claiming their second divisional title. During the season he made his third championship appearance where the Serbs were defeated by Trois-Rivières. In 2011, he officially retired from professional football and transitioned into the managerial side.

Managerial  career
Upon retiring in 2011, Stamatović became the assistant coach of the Serbian White Eagles. In 2012, he was promoted to head coach. Stamatović's first season in charge saw the club secure a postseason berth by finishing seventh in the First Division. In the first round of the postseason tournament, he led the White Eagles to a victory over SC Toronto. The club's playoff run concluded in the next round after a defeat by Toronto Croatia.

He continued coaching the team for the 2013 season. In his second term as head coach, he secured another consecutive playoff berth by finishing eighth in the division. The Serbs would be eliminated from the postseason in the first round by Kingston FC. The 2014 season marked his third as head coach of the organization where he led them to another playoff berth bus finishing sixth. Once more their playoff stint was cut short as they were eliminated by Kingston in the quarterfinals. In 2015, he achieved his first piece of silverware as a head coach when the Serbs successfully clinched the divisional title. Their playoff run ended in the second round after a defeat by SC Waterloo Region.

For the 2016 season, the Serbs appointed Mirko Medić as head coach while Stamatović served as his assistant coach. Throughout the season the club successfully won the championship title after defeating Hamilton City. He briefly returned to his previous role the following season but was ultimately succeeded by Milan Mijailović and named the club's sports director.

In 2019, he contributed to the establishment of the club's academy where along with Branislav Vukomanović served as directors. He also returned to coach the team for the 2019 season. After a season with Zoran Rajović in charge, Stamatović once again became head coach in 2022. Throughout the season he successfully managed to secure the regular season title. In the postseason the Serbs were eliminated from the competition in the semifinals by FC Continentals. He also secured an affiliation agreement between the White Eagles and his former club Sloboda Uzice.

Honours

Player
Serbian White Eagles
 Canadian Soccer League: 2008
 Canadian Soccer League International Division: 2007, 2009

Manager
Serbian White Eagles
 Canadian Soccer League: 2016 (assistant coach)
 Canadian Soccer League Regular Season: 2022

References

1976 births
Living people
People from Požega, Serbia
Footballers from Zlatibor District
Canadian Soccer League (1998–present) players
Expatriate men's soccer players in Canada
Men's association football midfielders
Serbian expatriate men's footballers
Serbian men's footballers
FK Borac Čačak players
FK Hajduk Kula players
Serbian SuperLiga players
Serbian White Eagles FC players
Serbian White Eagles FC coaches
Canadian Soccer League (1998–present) coaches
Serbian football managers


The former Elks Lodge (B.P.O. E. #54) is a historic building in Lima, Ohio, United States.  The lodge was the fifty-fourth of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks to be chartered; it is the largest lodge in Ohio.  It is located within the Ohio West Central District No. 7120.  The original lodge building, built in 1909, has been sold and is, as of 2019, used by Tabernacle Baptist Church.

The lodge building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 7, 1982.  It was one of seventeen Lima buildings listed on the Register as a group, the "Lima Multiple Resource Area."  Of these buildings, it was one of the newest.  Around the time of its construction in the early twentieth century, oil and railroading had taken Lima's economy to an extremely prosperous point.

See also
Elks Lodge
List of Elks buildings

References

External links
Homepage
Alternative homepage
Elks Lodges Directory

Churches completed in 1909
Baptist churches in Ohio
Buildings and structures in Lima, Ohio
Prairie School architecture in Ohio
Elks buildings
Clubhouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio
Properties of religious function on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio
National Register of Historic Places in Allen County, Ohio


Laurence Alan Bristow (born 18 July 1952) is a British racing driver and businessman, best known for his time in the British Touring Car Championship. He is son of helicopter magnate Alan Bristow.

Racing career

He first started racing in 1985 when he entered the MG Metro Challenge. In 1987 he raced in the Uniroyal Production Car Championship driving a Ford Sierra RS500 where he finished second in class. A year later he stepped up to the BTCC, again driving a class A Ford Sierra RS500. In 1989 he drove for the Labatts team along with team mate Tim Harvey. This year he got his only BTCC win along with Tiff Needell at the Donington Park 1 hour endurance race. Bristow got his highest championship finish of 9th in 1990. When the BTCC switched to the single Super Touring class in 1991, the Labatts team changed to a BMW M3 for two more years with Bristow.

Other racing in 1989 included the British Sportscar Championship and the 24 hours of Le Mans. The 1991 season was sit between the BTCC and the Thundersaloon championship, which Bristow won. In 1993 he left the BTCC and raced in the Thundersaloons full time, back in a Ford Sierra.  He is now director of Bristow Helicopters, following in his father's footsteps.

Racing record

Complete British Touring Car Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position – 1988–1990 in class) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap – 1 point awarded ?–1989 in class)

 – Race was stopped due to heavy rain. No points were awarded.

Complete European Touring Car Championship results

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

References

External links
 Official BTCC 1990 Standings

1952 births
Living people
British Touring Car Championship drivers
English racing drivers
24 Hours of Le Mans drivers
BMW M drivers


Petra Granlund (born 15 October 1987) is a swimmer from Valla, representing Väsby SS. Granlund participated in the 2008 Summer Olympics for Sweden in the 200 m butterfly and in the 4 × 200 m freestyle relay. She finished 14th in the 200 m butterfly and 8th in the 4×200 freestyle relay, alongside Josefin Lillhage, Gabriella Fagundez and Ida Marko-Varga.

Clubs
 S77 Stenungsund
 Väsby SS

References

1987 births
Swedish female butterfly swimmers
Swedish female freestyle swimmers
Swimmers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Olympic swimmers for Sweden
Medalists at the FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)
People from Katrineholm Municipality
Living people
S77 Stenungsund swimmers
Väsby SS swimmers
Sportspeople from Södermanland County


Thomas Ronald "Tom" Baron ( 1938 – 27 April 1967) was a quality control and safety inspector for North American Aviation (NAA), when it was the primary contractor to build the Apollo command module.

Biography
Baron was born in Wilkes-Barre. and attended Liberty High School in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.

Baron was initially employed by the U.S. Air Force, and stationed at Eglin Air Force Base. He was later hired as a quality control inspector with North American Aviation, the prime NASA contractor for construction of the Apollo spaceship.

Baron's report
Baron compiled a 169-page report critical of safety standards at North American Aviation, and leaked his report to the media. After NAA learned of this, they fired him.

After the Apollo 1 fire, Baron wrote a 275-page report on NASA safety protocol violations, which he gave to Rep. Olin E. Teague's investigation at Cape Kennedy, Florida, on April 21, 1967.

The chairman of the NASA Oversight Committee claimed that Baron had made a valuable contribution to the Apollo fire probe, but that he had been "overzealous".

Death
Six days after his testimony, Baron was killed instantly, along with his wife and stepdaughter, when a train crashed into their car near their home in Florida.

References

External links
 Smithsonian, Denying the Apollo Moon Landings
 Missing 500 page report

1967 deaths
Apollo program
Apollo 1
North American Aviation
Road incident deaths in Florida
Place of birth missing
Place of death missing
People from Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania
Liberty High School (Bethlehem, Pennsylvania) alumni
Year of birth uncertain
1930s births


Claire Hedenskog (born 10 March 1980) is a Swedish swimmer from Gothenburg, representing Göteborg Sim. Hedenskog participated in the 4 × 100 m freestyle relay prelims at the 2008 Summer Olympics, where the Swedish team finished 11th.

Clubs
 Göteborg Sim

References

1980 births
Living people
Swimmers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Olympic swimmers for Sweden
European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Göteborg Sim swimmers
Swedish female freestyle swimmers
Swimmers from Gothenburg
20th-century Swedish women
21st-century Swedish women


The Beast with a Million Eyes (a.k.a. The Unseen) is a 1955 independently made American black-and-white science fiction film, produced and directed by David Kramarsky, that stars Paul Birch, Lorna Thayer, and Dona Cole. Some film sources have said that the film was co-directed by Lou Place. The film was co-produced by Roger Corman and Samuel Z. Arkoff. and was released by American Releasing Corporation, which later became American International Pictures.

The film's storyline concerns a space alien that is able to see through the eyes of a large array of Earth life that it can also mentally control, part of its plan to conquer the Earth.

Plot
Allan Kelley and his family struggle to survive on their small date ranch, located in the bleak California desert landscape well away from civilization. His wife Carol hates living so far from civilization, often taking her frustration out on their daughter Sandra. The only bright spot in Sandra's life is her boyfriend Larry Brewster.

After a mysterious object, initially thought to be a plane crashes nearby, both wild and domesticated animals begin attacking the family. Soon, the farm's handyman (Leonard Tarver) turns on the family, attacking them.

It is finally revealed that a space alien (the "beast" of the title) has taken total control of the area's lesser animals and is working its way up to humans, all part of its master plan to conquer the Earth.

In the end the family bond together, fighting against the alien menace. They must unite their minds in a show of love to have a chance of finally thwarting its plan of conquest.

Unable to counter this attack, the alien flees into the mind of a rat, where it is promptly killed and carried off by a hawk.

Cast
Paul Birch as Allan Kelley
Lorna Thayer as Carol Kelley
Dona Cole as Sandy Kelley
Dick Sargent (credited as Richard Sargeant) as Larry
Leonard Tarver as "Him" aka Pervy Bill
Bruce Whitmore (voice only) as The Beast (uncredited)
Chester Conklin as Old Man Webber

Production
Reportedly the film was based on a script called The Unseen by Tom Filer. Roger Corman was attracted to the project because in the original draft of the script, the monster was invisible, which meant the film could be done cheaply. Executive producer Sam Arkoff insisted on a visible monster and space ship, but there was very little in the budget to realize these effects. Corman's original idea was an alien that was an ethereal force incapable of being seen.

In April 1955, it was announced in Variety the film would be the first for Pacemaker Productions, a new company formed by Roger Corman. By that stage, the film had been renamed The Beast with a Million Eyes by Corman's distributor James Nicholson. To circumvent union rules, it would be produced and directed by David Kamarsky, Corman's former aide, while Corman would executive produce. Paul Birch's casting was announced in April 1955.

This film was Dona Cole's only onscreen credit, having appeared uncredited in Daddy Long Legs (1955) and The Long Grey Line (1955).

The Beast with a Million Eyes was the third of a three-picture deal Roger Corman had with the American Releasing Company following The Fast and the Furious (1955) and Five Guns West (1955). Reportedly, cost over-runs on Five Guns West meant only about $29,000 remained to make the science fiction film for Pacemaker Productions.

The title, Beast with a Million Eyes, reportedly came from American Releasing Company president James H. Nicholson. His lurid title and poster had film exhibitors signed on before seeing the finished film. The "million eyes" of the title refers to the alien's ability to see through the eyes of the animals and people it controls by inhabiting their bodies.

Reportedly, The Beast with a Million Eyes was a non-union filming of a script originally titled The Unseen, with Lou Place set to direct. After one day's filming, the union threatened to shut down the production unless everyone signed with the Guild. With production running overtime, Roger Corman took over the film's directing chores and replaced the cinematographer with Floyd Crosby; but Corman took no official screen credit.

Filming took place in Indio and the Coachella Valley, California. Corman shot 48 pages of interiors in just two days at a studio on La Cienega Blvd. in Los Angeles.

The movie is also infamous for its exaggerated promotional poster. It features an eye-catching monster different from that seen in the movie.

Paul Blaisdell
When the company vice-president Samuel Z. Arkoff received The Beast with a Million Eyes he was unhappy that it did not even feature "the beast" that was implicit in the title. Paul Blaisdell, responsible for the film's special effects, was hired to create a three-foot-tall spaceship (with "beast" alien) for a meager $200. Notably, the art director was Albert S. Ruddy.

It was Blaisdell's first monster made for the movies. He later said:
The creature seen in  the last reel ... was actually the slave of The Beast, which had no physical being. It used a being from another star system to pilot its ship, but that fact doesn't come across very well in the script. The creature was an automaton and he was quite capable of doing a lot more than he was allowed to do in the film. He was about eighteen inches high — built to the same scale as King Kong. Unfortunately, all of his scenes were shot in about ten minutes, with the wrong camera angles and everything. But it's just one of those  things which happens on a low-budget picture.

Blaisdell later donated the monster head to the movie prop collection of Forrest J. Ackerman, who negligently displayed the piece in a sun-drenched room of his house for many years until it rotted away and fell apart.

According to Alex Gordon, when the film was first shown, Joseph E. Levine, then a distributor, offered Nicholson $100,000 to junk the movie and make a new one more in line with the advertising campaign. Gordon says James Nicholson spent two weeks analyzing the film and scratching over the negative to make it seem like lightning strikes to add to the dramatic qualities of the film.

Music
The tiny budget meant music in The Beast with a Million Eyes, credited to "John Bickford", is actually a collection of public-domain record library cues by classical composers Richard Wagner, Dimitri Shostakovich, Giuseppe Verdi, Sergei Prokofiev, and others, used to defray the cost of an original score or copyrighted cues.

Reception
Film historian Leonard Maltin called The Beast with a Million Eyes, "Imaginative though poorly executed sci-fi melodrama with desert setting; a group of people is forced to confront an alien that can control an unlimited number of animal hosts, hence the title." He further described the film as, "(an) early Roger Corman production (that) features Paul Blaisdell's first movie monster".

The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction found the movie to be minimal and the effects unconvincing, but noted this was one of, if not the first, movie to feature animals attacking humans, predating The Birds.

TV Guide called the movie a turkey.

Moria gave the movie 2.5 stars, liking the idea and the setting, however the animal attacks are not viewed as scary and the direction was seen as pedestrian. It did however also note the similarities with Hitchcock's movie The Birds.

Home media
In 2007 Metro-Goldwyn Mayer released The Beast with a Million Eyes as part of its Midnight Movies DVD catalog as a double-feature with The Phantom from 10,000 Leagues (1955).

See also
List of American films of 1955

References

Notes

Bibliography

Lentz, Harris M. III. Science Fiction, Horror & Fantasy Film and Television Credits, Vol. 1. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, 1983. .
McGee, Mark. Faster and Furiouser: The Revised and Fattened Fable of American International Pictures. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, 1996. .

Smith, Gary A. American International Pictures Video Guide. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, 2009. .
Smith, Gary A. American International Pictures: The Golden Years. Albany, Georgia: Bear Manor Media, 2014. .
Warren, Bill. Keep Watching the Skies: American Science Fiction Films of the Fifties, 21st Century Edition (revised and expanded). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, 2009. .

External links

Review of film at CineSevant

1950s independent films
1950s science fiction films
1955 horror films
American science fiction horror films
American black-and-white films
Films about extraterrestrial life
Films shot in California
Films directed by Roger Corman
Alien invasions in films
Films shot in Los Angeles
1950s English-language films
Films produced by Roger Corman
1950s American films


Mogote is a district of the Bagaces canton, in the Guanacaste province of Costa Rica.

History
Mogote was created on 26 November 1971 by Decreto Ejecutivo 2077-G. Segregated from Bagaces.

Geography
Mogote has an area of  km² and an elevation of  metres.

Villages
The town of Guayabo is the administrative center of the district.

Other villages include Barro de Olla, Horcones, La Ese, Limonal, Manglar, Mochadero, Pueblo Nuevo, Rincón de La Cruz, San Isidro de Limonal, San Jorge, San Pedro and Torno.

Demographics

For the 2011 census, Mogote had a population of  inhabitants.

Transportation

Road transportation
The district is covered by the following road routes:
 National Route 164
 National Route 165

Economy
The economic activity of Mogote is based on agriculture (kidney beans, onions, and sugarcane), and on livestock and dairy industry.

Thanks to the energy-producing potential of the Miravalles, the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad (ICE) started a geothermal project in the region, which brought employment opportunities. Something new in this area is the Eolic Power; more than 25 wind turbines were installed.

Nowadays, the area's commerce and tourism industries have developed rapidly, taking advantage of the potential offered by the use of thermal waters, horseback riding, and canopy tours.

References

Districts of Guanacaste Province
Populated places in Guanacaste Province


The Ralph Waldo Emerson Award is a non-fiction literary award given by the Phi Beta Kappa society, the oldest academic society of the United States, for books that have made the most significant contributions to the humanities. Albert William Levi won the first of these awards, in 1960.

Winners
1960: Albert William Levi, Philosophy and the Modern World (Indiana University Press)
1961: W. T. Stace, Mysticism and Philosophy (J.B. Lippincott)
1962: Herbert J. Muller, Freedom in the Ancient World (Harper & Brothers)
1963: Richard Hofstadter, Anti-intellectualism in American Life (Knopf)
1964: Thomas F. Gossett, Race: The History of An Idea in America (Southern Methodist University Press)
1965: Howard Mumford Jones, O Strange New World: American Culture - The Formative Years (Viking Press)
1966: John Herman Randall, Jr., The Career of Philosophy: From the German Enlightenment to the Age of Darwin (Columbia University Press)
1967: Robert Coles, Children of Crisis: A Study of Courage and Fear (Atlantic-Little, Brown)
1968: Winthrop D. Jordan, White Over Black: American Attitudes Toward the Negro, 1550-1812 (University of North Carolina Press)
1969: Peter Gay, Weimar Culture: The Outsider as Insider (Harper & Row)
1970: Rollo May, Love and Will (Norton)
1971: Charles A. Barker, American Convictions: Cycles of Public Thought, 1600-1850 (J.B. Lippincott)
1972: John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press)
1973: Barrington Moore, Jr., Reflections on the Causes of Human Misery and upon Certain Proposals to Eliminate Them (Beacon Press)
1974: Frederic C. Lane, Venice: A Maritime Republic (Johns Hopkins University Press)
1975: Marshall Hodgson, The Venture of Islam (University of Chicago Press)
1976: Paul Fussell, The Great War and Modern Memory (Oxford University Press)
1977: Eugen Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870-1914 (Stanford University Press)
1978: Bruce Kuklick, The Rise of American Philosophy: Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1860-1930 (Yale University Press)
1979: Elizabeth L. Eisenstein, The Printing Press As an Agent of Change, Volumes I and II (Cambridge University Press)
1980: Frank E. Manuel and Fritzie P. Manuel, Utopian Thought in the Western World (The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press)
1981: George M. Fredrickson, White Supremacy: A Comparative Study in American and South African History (Oxford University Press)
1982: Robert Nozick, Philosophical Explanations (The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press)
1983: Daniel Joseph Singal, The War Within: From Victorian to Modernist Thought in the South, 1919-1945 (University of North Carolina Press)
1984: David G. Roskies, Against the Apocalypse: Responses to Catastrophe in Modern Jewish Culture (Harvard University Press)
1985: Joel Williamson, The Crucible of Race: Black-White Relations in the American South since Emancipation (Oxford University Press)
1986: Benjamin I. Schwartz, The World of Thought in Ancient China (The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press)
1987: Alfred W. Crosby, Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900-1900 (Cambridge University Press)
1988: David Montgomery, The Fall of the House of Labor (Cambridge University Press)
1989: Peter Brown, The Body and Society: Men, Women, and Sexual Renunication in Early Christianity (Columbia University Press)
1990: William L. Vance, America’s Rome, Volumes I and II (Yale University Press)
1991: Carl N. Degler, In Search of Human Nature: The Decline and Revival of Darwinism in American Social Thought (Oxford University Press)
1992: Gordon S. Wood, The Radicalism of the American Revolution (Knopf)
1993: Theda Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States (The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press)
1994: David Levering Lewis, W. E. B. Du Bois: Biography of a Race, 1868-1919 (Henry Holt and Company)
1995: Caroline Walker Bynum, The Resurrection of the Body in Western Christianity, 220-1336 (Columbia University Press)
1996: Eloise Quiñones Keber, Codex Telleriano-Remensis: Ritual, Divination, and History in a Pictorial Aztec Manuscript (University of Texas Press)
1997: Steven B. Smith, Spinoza, Liberalism, and the Question of Jewish Identity (Yale University Press)
1998: Jill Lepore, The Name of War: King Philip's War and the Origins of American Identity (Alfred A. Knopf)
1999: H.C. Erik Midelfort, A History of Madness in Sixteenth-Century Germany (Stanford University Press)
2000: Peter Novick, The Holocaust in American Life (Houghton Mifflin)
2001: Debora Silverman, Van Gogh and Gauguin: The Search for Sacred Art (Straus and Giroux)
2002: Fredric L. Cheyette, Ermengard of Narbonne and the World of the Troubadours (Cornell University Press)
2003: David Freedberg, The Eye of the Lynx: Galileo, His Friends, and the Beginnings of Modern Natural History (University of Chicago Press)
2004: Jennifer Michael Hecht, The End of the Soul (Columbia University Press)
2005: Isabel V. Hull, Absolute Destruction: Military Culture and the Practices of War in Imperial Germany (Cornell University Press)
2006: Susan Scott Parrish, American Curiosity: Cultures of Natural History in the Colonial British Atlantic World (University of North Carolina Press and the Omohundro Institute for Early American History and Culture)
2007: David Brion Davis, Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World (Oxford University Press)
2008: Leor Halevi, Muhammad's Grave: Death Rites and the Making of Islamic Society (Columbia University Press)
2009: Peter Trachtenberg, The Book of Calamities: Five Questions About Suffering and Its Meaning (Little, Brown and Company)
2010: Susan M. Reverby, Examining Tuskegee: The Infamous Syphilis Study and Its Legacy (University of North Carolina Press)
2011: Timothy Snyder, Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin (Basic Books)
2012: Jay Rubenstein, Armies of Heaven: The First Crusade and the Quest for Apocalypse (Basic Books)
2013: Timothy Egan, Short Nights of the Shadow Catcher: The Epic Life and Immortal Photographs of Edward Curtis (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt)
2014: David Nirenberg, Anti-Judaism: The Western Tradition (W.W. Norton)
2015: Joan Breton Connelly, The Parthenon Enigma: A New Understanding of the West’s Most Iconic Building and the People Who Made It (Knopf)
2016: E.M. Rose, The Murder of William of Norwich: The Origins of the Blood Libel in Medieval Europe (Oxford University Press)
2017: Elizabeth Hinton, From the War on Poverty to the War on Crime: The Making of Mass Incarceration in America (Harvard University Press)
2018: Mike Wallace, Greater Gotham: A History of New York City from 1898 to 1919 (Oxford University Press)
2019: Sarah E. Igo, The Known Citizen: A History of Privacy in Modern America (Harvard University Press)
2020: Sarah Seo, Policing the Open Road: How Cars Transformed American Freedom (Harvard University Press)
2021: Alice Baumgartner, South to Freedom: Runaway Slaves to Mexico and the Road to the Civil War (Basic Books)
2022: Tiya Miles, All That She Carried: The Journey of Ashley's Sack, a Black Family Keepsake (Random House)

See also
Phi Beta Kappa Award in Science
List of general awards in the humanities

References

External links
The Phi Beta Kappa Society: Ralph Waldo Emerson Award — List of Previous Winners
Ralph Waldo Emerson Award at lovethebook

American non-fiction literary awards
Awards established in 1960
Humanities awards


The British Caving Association (BCA) is the sports governing body for caving in the United Kingdom. It is recognised by UK Sport, Sport England and SportScotland.

History

The British Speleological Association (BSA) was founded in 1935, but this was not a national governing body. The National Caving Association (NCA) was established in 1968 as the first governing body, recognised by the Sports Council. However, the British Cave Research Association, the successor to the BSA, continued perform some 'national body' functions after its formation in 1973.

The NCA existed until 2005 when it passed its responsibilities to the British Caving Association, which had been established the prior year. At the same time, the BCA also took over 'national body' functions from the British Cave Research Association.

Structure
The membership of the BCA  is composed of Constituent Bodies, Regional Councils, clubs and individuals.

The Constituent Bodies are:

 Association of Caving Instructors (ACI)
 Association of Scout Caving Teams (ASCT)
British Cave Research Association (BCRA)
British Cave Rescue Council (BCRC)
Cave Diving Group (CDG)
 Council of Higher Education Caving Clubs (CHECC)
 National Association of Mining History Organisations (NAMHO)
 William Pengelly Cave Studies Trust (WPCST)

The Regional Councils are:

Cambrian Caving Council - responsible for Wales, The Marches and The Royal Forest of Dean.
Council of Northern Caving Clubs - responsible for the north of Britain.
Council of Southern Caving Clubs - responsible for the Mendip Hills, West Wiltshire and The Isle of Portland.
Derbyshire Caving Association - responsible for  the Peak District, South Yorkshire, North Notts and Cheshire.
Devon & Cornwall Underground Council - responsible for Devon & Cornwall.

See also
 Caving in the United Kingdom
 List of cave rescue organizations § United Kingdom

References

External links
 British Caving Association
Constituent Bodies
 Association of Caving Instructors
 Association of Scout Caving Teams
 British Cave Research Association
 British Cave Rescue Council
 Cave Diving Group of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
 Council of Higher Education Caving Clubs
 National Association of Mining History Organisations
 The William Pengelly Cave Studies Trust
Regional Councils
 Cambrian Caving Council
 Council of Northern Caving Clubs
 Council Of Southern Caving Clubs
 Derbyshire Caving Association
 Devon & Cornwall Underground Council

Caving organisations in the United Kingdom
Derbyshire Dales
Organisations based in Derbyshire
Caving
Sport in Derbyshire


De Haar Castle (Dutch: Kasteel de Haar) is located outside Utrecht, Netherlands. It is the largest castle in The Netherlands.

Original site
The oldest historical record of a building at the location of the current castle dates to 1391. In that year, the De Haar family received the castle and the surrounding lands as a fiefdom from Hendrik van Woerden. The castle remained in the ownership of the De Haar family until 1440, when the last male heir died childless. The castle then passed to the Van Zuylen family. In 1482, the castle was burned down and the walls were destroyed, except for the parts that did not have a military function. These parts probably were incorporated into the castle when it was rebuilt during the early 16th century. The castle is mentioned in an inventory of the possessions of Steven van Zuylen from 1506, and again in a list of fiefdoms in the province Utrecht from 1536. The oldest image of the castle dates to 1554 and shows that the castle had been largely rebuilt by then. After 1641, when Johan van Zuylen van de Haar died childless, the castle seems to have gradually fallen into ruins. The castle escaped total destruction by the French during the Rampjaar 1672.

In 1801 the last Catholic van Zuylen in the Netherlands, the bachelor Anton-Martinus van Zuylen van Nijevelt (1708–1801), bequeathed the property to his cousin Jean-Jacques van Zuylen van Nyevelt (1752–1846) of the Catholic branch in the Southern Netherlands.

1892 restoration
In 1887, Jean-Jacques' grandson, Etienne Gustave Frédéric Baron van Zuylen van Nyevelt van de Haar (1860–1934), married Baroness Hélène de Rothschild, of the Rothschild family. When Etienne inherited the ruined castle in 1890 from his grandfather, the couple set about rebuilding the castle, fully financed by Hélène's family.  For the restoration of the castle, they contracted famous architect Pierre Cuypers. He would work on this project for 20 years (from 1892 to 1912). The castle has 200 rooms and 30 bathrooms, of which only a small number on the ground and first floor have been opened to be viewed by the public. Cuypers placed a statue of himself in a corner of the gallery on the first floor.

The castle was equipped by Cuypers with the most modern gadgets, such as electrical lighting with its own generator, and central heating by way of steam. This installation is internationally recognized as an industrial monument. The kitchen was for that period also very modern and still has its copper pots and pans, the largest extant set in the Netherlands, and an enormous furnace approximately 6 metres long, which was heated with peat or coals. The tiles in the kitchen are decorated with the coats of arms of the families De Haar and Van Zuylen, which were for this purpose especially baked in Franeker. Cuypers emphasized the difference between the old and new walls by using different kinds of bricks. For the interior Cuypers made extensive use of cast iron.

Many details in the castle refer to the Rothschild family, such as the Stars of David on the balconies of the knight's hall and the coat of arms of the family right underneath on the hearth in the library. The coat of arms of the Van Zuylen family are omnipresent. Their motto is on the hearth in the knight's hall (A majoribus et virtute).

Interior

The interior of the castle is decorated with richly ornamented woodcarving, reminiscent of the interior of a Roman Catholic church. This carving was made in the workshop of Cuypers in Roermond, who even designed the tableware. The interior is furnished with many works from the Rothschild collections, including beautiful old porcelain from Japan and China, and several old Flemish tapestries and paintings with religious illustrations. The centrepiece is a carrier coach of the wife of a Japanese shōgun, which reportedly is only one of two worldwide, the other one being exhibit in Tokyo. Japanese tourists come to De Haar to admire this coach, which was donated from the Rothschilds' collections.

Park and gardens
Surrounding the castle there is a park, designed by , for which Van Zuylen ordered 7,000 grown trees. Because these could not be transported through the city of Utrecht, Van Zuylen bought a house and demolished it. The park contains many waterworks and a formal garden reminiscent of the French gardens of Versailles. During the Second World War many of the gardens were lost, because the wood was used to light fires, and the soil was used to grow vegetables. Today most are restored to their original state.

For the decoration of the park, the village Haarzuilens, except for the town church, was demolished. The inhabitants were moved to a place a kilometre away, where a new Haarzuilens arose and where they lived as tenants of the lord of the castle. This new village was also built in a pseudo-medieval style, including a rural village green. The buildings were for the most part designed by Cuypers and his son Joseph Cuypers. Since 2000, the estate is partly owned by Natuurmonumenten.

Arms
The colours of the family van Zuylen are red and white. The coat of arms consists of three red columns on a white field. The different branches of this family differ slightly on these colours.  This coat of arms does not only live on in the colours of the castle, but also in nearly all of the houses of Haarzuilens, even in the newly constructed ones.

Current ownership
In 2000, the family Van Zuylen van Nyevelt passed ownership of the castle and the gardens (45 ha) to the foundation Kasteel de Haar. However, the family retained the right to spend one month per year in the castle. In the same year, the Dutch society Natuurmonumenten bought the surrounding estate of 400 ha. An extensive restoration programme of the castle and the gardens was initiated in 2001 and was completed in 2011.

After the death in 2011 of the last male heir, Thierry van Zuylen, his five daughters also sold the castle's art collection and furnishings to the new owners.

Fairs
The castle terrain is regularly used for fairs and markets, such as the Elf Fantasy Fair.

Gallery

See also
List of castles in the Netherlands
Hélène van Zuylen
Marie-Hélène de Rothschild
Rothschild family
Waddesdon Manor
Van Zuylen van Nievelt
Van Zuylen van Nijevelt
Slot Zuylen

References

External links

Virtual tour

Historic house museums in the Netherlands
Castles in Utrecht (province)
Museums in Utrecht (province)
Rijksmonuments in Utrecht (city)
Pierre Cuypers buildings
Rothschild family residences
Buildings and structures in Utrecht (city)


John Sampson (1862–1931) was an Irish linguist, literary scholar and librarian. As a scholar he is best known for The Dialect of the Gypsies of Wales (1926), an authoritative grammar of the Welsh Romani language.

Early life
He was born in Schull, County Cork, Ireland, the son of James Sampson (1813-c. 1871), a chemist and engineer, and his wife Sarah Anne Macdermott; he was brother to Ralph Allen Sampson (1866-1939). James Sampson left Ireland after losing all his money in a bank failure. The family with four sons moved to Liverpool in 1871. John Sampson, the eldest, left school at the age of 14, after his father's death, and was apprenticed to the engraver and lithographer Alexander MacGregor. MacGregor retired when Sampson was aged 22, and from 1888 he ran his own printing business, in Liverpool's Corn Exchange.

Sampson became librarian at University College, Liverpool in 1892, largely self-taught. His printing business had failed that year, and his application was supported by Kuno Meyer.

In 1894, on a camping trip with others from the College, he encountered the musician Edward Wood, near Bala. The Wood family to which he belonged, descendants of Abram Wood (died 1799), were noted as speakers of Welsh-Romani, a quite pure inflected Romani dialect, which was to become Sampson's major study, and which earned him the sobriquet Romano rai ("Romany Lord", Gypsy scholar), or just "the Rai". They were also musicians, twenty-six harpists being noted from the 18th century. In 1896, through Lloyd Roberts, a harpist and Edward Wood's brother-in-law, Sampson found Matthew Wood, on Cader Idris, who moved shortly to Abergynolwyn. He was brother to Edward, and with his four sons more fluent in Welsh Romani, in which they told folk tales. Sampson spent vacations with them, and began a thirty-year lexicographical and philological project on the language. Matthew Wood, however, abruptly disappeared some three years later.

In 1901 Sampson met the artist Augustus John, who was teaching in an art school connected with University College. They struck up a long friendship, leading to an emphasis in John's works on Romani subjects. At this period Sampson also knew the Polish painter Albert Lipczyński, who was in Liverpool with an introduction to John; Sampson found him an interpreter, "Doonie", who became his wife.

Researcher with assistants
In the work of compiling The Dialect of the Gypsies of Wales, Sampson had assistants, notably Dora Esther Yates, who resisted his advances but found him intriguing. Other followers were Gladys Imlach, Eileen Lyster and Agnes Marston. Yates was in revolt against a strict family background, and recalled as comic the occasion when she and Marston were sent in 1906 to research the language of some German Roma in Blackpool. They returned late to family homes, both to find they had been locked out.

Yates and Marston were sent in 1907 to find the burial place of Abram Wood, which they did, at Llangelynnin; Lyster later confirmed it, with a 1799 register entry. Yates and Marston were also successful in tracking down Matthew Wood, Sampson's important Welsh Romani source who had then been out of contact for nine years, at Betws Gwerfil Goch in 1908.

Later life, death and funeral
Sampson separated from his wife Margaret in 1920. In the intermittent history of the Gypsy Lore Society, Dora Yates supported its revival in 1922 (the Society had ceased to function during World War I, after Robert Andrew Scott Macfie had set it up again around 1906 and Sampson's presidency of 1915), and became its secretary in 1932.

Sampson retired as librarian in 1928, and died at West Kirby, Cheshire on 9 November 1931. His funeral was non-religious with Romani elements, and his ashes were scattered on Foel-goch.

Macfie and Yates were Sampson's executors, with Yates becoming the keeper of his literary estate. It was Yates who organised Sampson's funeral that took place on 21 November 1931 at Llangwm, west of Corwen and north of Bala. At Margaret Sampson's request, women (other than Yates) were excluded. Augustus John was there, Michael Sampson for the immediate family, and Roma including Ithal Lee and musicians. The event had extensive national newspaper coverage.

Scholar
While still a printer, Sampson investigated Shelta, a language used in the United Kingdom and United States with Irish origins. His work in this area was eventually published in 1937, by R. A. Stewart Macalister. An early work on the Roma was "English Gypsy Songs and Rhymes", containing eighteen Anglo-Romani pieces. It was published in 1891, in the Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society.

Sampson edited a collection of the poetry of William Blake, Blake's "Poetical Works" (1905), that restored the text from original works and annotated the published variants; Alfred Kazin described this as "the first accurate and completely trustworthy edition". The 1913 edition published for the first time Blake's poem The French Revolution. As a reviser, Sampson was involved in Geoffrey Keynes's 1921 Blake bibliography. They met for the first time in Liverpool, in 1910.

The University of Oxford awarded Sampson an honorary degree in 1909. It was a D.Litt., and recognised both his linguistic studies and his work as a literary scholar.

The Dialect of the Gypsies of Wales (1926) was Sampson's major work. It was started with the collaboration of Edward Wood, who died in 1902.

Family
Sampson married in 1894 (Jessie) Margaret Sprunt (1871–1947). The match was against the wishes of her father David Sprunt, and took place in secret at the Church of St Luke, Liverpool. They had two sons, Michael, and Amyas, who was killed fighting in World War I, and a daughter Honor. Sampson also had a daughter with his research assistant Gladys Imlach (d. 1931). From about 1909 he led a double life, with Margaret, Amyas, and Honor living in a cottage rented at Betws Gwerfil Goch in north Wales, and with Gladys, a relationship that was covert in his lifetime.

Michael Sampson was the father of the writer Anthony Sampson, who published a biography of John Sampson, The Scholar Gypsy: The Quest For A Family Secret (1997).

References

External links

Linguists from Ireland
Linguists of Romani
British librarians

People from Schull
1862 births
1931 deaths
19th-century linguists
20th-century linguists
19th-century Irish writers
20th-century Irish writers


The Newfoundland Seamounts are a group of seamounts offshore of Eastern Canada in the northern Atlantic Ocean. Named for the island of Newfoundland, this group of seamounts formed during the Cretaceous period and are poorly studied.

The Newfoundland Seamounts appear to have formed as a result of the North American Plate passing over the Azores hotspot. Scruncheon Seamount in the middle of the chain has given an isotopic date of 97.7 ± 1.5 million years for the Newfoundland Seamounts. This indicates that the Newfoundland Seamounts were volcanically active in the earliest Cenomanian stage.

Seamounts
The Newfoundland Seamounts include:

Dipper Seamount
Screech Seamount
Shredder Seamount
Scruncheon Seamount
Touton Seamount

See also
Volcanism of Canada
Volcanism of Eastern Canada
List of volcanoes in Canada

References

Volcanoes of Newfoundland and Labrador
Seamounts of the Atlantic Ocean
Seamount chains
Seamounts of Canada


Tyria may refer to:

Tyria (moth), a genus of moths in the family Erebidae
Tyria (river), a river in northwestern Greece
Tyria, Greece, a village in the municipal unit Selloi, Ioannina regional unit, Greece
Tyria (planet), fantasy world on which Guild Wars and Guild Wars 2 video games are set
Tyria (plant), a synonym of the Euphorbiaceae Bernardia
Tyria (mythology)


A drop kick in rugby union is a type of kick that involves someone dropping a ball and then kicking when it hits the ground, in contrast to a punt wherein the dropper kicks the ball without letting it hit the ground first.

In rugby union, a drop kick is used for the kick-off and restarts and to score a field or drop goal. Originally it was one of only two ways to score points, along with the place kick.

Drop kicks are mandatory:
from the centre spot to start a half (a kick-off)
from the centre spot to restart the game after points have been scored
to restart play from the 22-metre line (called a drop-out) after the ball is touched down or made dead in the in-goal area by the defending team when the attacking team kicked or took the ball into the in-goal area
to score a field goal or drop goal (or dropped goal) in open play, which is worth three points.

Drop kicks are optional:
for a conversion kick after a try has been scored, but this is rare, as place kicks are generally used for the conversion
for a penalty kick to score a penalty goal, but this is rare, as place kicks are generally used
when kicking for touch (the sideline) from a penalty, although the option of a punt kick is usually taken instead.

Additionally, in rugby sevens, the drop kick is used for all conversion attempts which must be taken within 40 seconds of the try being scored.

Technique
The drop kick technique in rugby union is to hold the ball with one end pointing downwards in two hands above the kicking leg, and the fingers pointing to the ground. The ball is dropped onto the ground in front of the kicking foot, which makes contact at the moment or fractionally after the ball touches the ground, called the half-volley. The kicking foot usually makes contact with the ball slightly on the instep.

In a rugby union kick-off or drop out, the kicker usually aims to kick the ball very high but not a great distance, and so usually strikes the ball after it has started to bounce upwards off the ground, so the contact is made close to the bottom of the ball.

For the tactics of the drop goal in open play (field goal), see drop goal.

References

Rugby union terminology