Euxoa obelisca, the square-spot dart, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in the Palearctic realm (Europe, Central Asia, North Africa Asia minor).

Technical description and variation

Forewing purplish brown; costa pale to outer line: cell dark brown; stigmata large, greyish ochreous: the claviform dark; hindwing in male white, with narrow grey shade along margin, in female more or less grey-tinged throughout.- in ab. fictilis Hbn. the forewing is more variegated, the submarginal line preceded by a row of distinct black teeth; - ab. ruris Hbn. , larger than typical, reddish grey or reddish brown, with or without the pale costa: stigmata large and pale: - ab. villiersii Guen. is also larger than typical; forewing ochreous grey with costa and both stigmata whitish, darker in the female; — ab. plectoides Guen. the same size as type, forewing with more acute apex, deep shining violet brown, with traces of subterminal only: costa and stigmata (which are small) pale testaceous; the orbicular somewhat angulated, the reniform constricted in middle: claviform obsolete: the cell deep black; hindwing very dark; described from a female only from Lapland; omitted by Staudinger, but probably a distinct species: a very distinct form from the Urals, which may be called ab. carbonis nov.[Warren] has the ground colour purplish black, with the costal streak and upper stigmata pale and the cell deep black: all the lines indistinct: several examples of both sexes sent from Uralsk by M. Bartel.

The caterpillar is obscure greyish or brownish, with a dark-edged pale line along the middle of the dorsum, and a dusky line on each side of it; low down on the sides is another dusky line.

Biology
The moth flies from July to October depending on the location.

The larvae feed on various herbaceous plants, such as Helianthemum nummularium and Galium species.

Similar species

Euxoa obelisca  is difficult to certainly distinguish from its congeners. See Townsend et al.Euxoa tritici (Linnaeus, 1761) Euxoa nigricans (Linnaeus, 1761) Euxoa cursoria'' (Hufnagel, 1766)

References

External links
Lepiforum
Funet Taxonomy
Fauna Europaea
waarneming.nl
Vlindernet
Square-spot dart at UKmoths

Moths described in 1775
Euxoa
Moths of Africa
Moths of Asia
Moths of Europe
Taxa named by Michael Denis
Taxa named by Ignaz Schiffermüller


Chenuala is a monotypic moth genus in the family Anthelidae described by Charles Swinhoe in 1892. Its only species, Chenuala heliaspis, the rose anthelid, was described by Edward Meyrick in 1891. It is endemic to Australia.

The wingspan is approximately 6 cm for males and 7 cm for females.

The larvae feed on the leaves of Eucalyptus, Acacia and Pinus species.

References

Anthelidae
Moths described in 1891
Monotypic moth genera


Belair Mansion may refer to:
Belair Mansion (Bowie, Maryland), a historic home built in Collington, Maryland c. 1745, home to two colonial governors of Maryland and having influenced thoroughbred horse racing as one of only two stables to raise two Triple Crown champions
Belair (Nashville, Tennessee), a historic home built in Nashville, Tennessee in the 1830s, home to a Mayor of Nashville

See also
Belair (disambiguation)
Bel Air (disambiguation)
Bel-Aire (disambiguation)
Belleair, Florida
Bellaire (disambiguation)


The Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) (in English: Italian Institute of Technology) is a scientific research centre based in Genoa (Italy, EU).
Its main goal is the advancement of science, in Italy and worldwide, through projects and discoveries oriented to applications and technology. Some account IIT as the best Italian scientific research centre.

In June 2016, the science journal Nature named Italian Institute of Technology among the list of the top 100 rising stars scientific institutes in the world, that is the ranking of the top 100 institutions which most improved their publication quality scores in the Nature index between 2012 and 2015, on world basis.

In November 2016, the Nature Index database named IIT among the list of the top 100 scientific centres running successful international collaborations, on world basis.

In February 2017, the scientific evaluation agency Anvur of Italy's Ministry of Education evaluated and ranked the Italian Institute of Technology as the top national scientific research centre for computer science-mathematics, biology, industrial engineering, psychology, and as the second national top for physics.

Structure and scientific sectors
IIT was established by Italian government in 2003, and it started to work in October 2005. It receives around €90 million per year from the Italian Government.
The founders decided to create it in Genoa because of the presence of the branches of important hi-tech companies such as Siemens, Ericsson, and Ansaldo STS.

Differently from other scientific institutes such as universities or Italian National Research Council (CNR), its scientific research fields are limited to few sectors.
These scientific areas include:
 robotics
 drug discovery
 neuroscience
 nanotechnology
 computer vision
 optical microscopy
IIT mainly collaborates to the local University of Genoa, and also has other affiliated research centres (twelve in Italy and two in Boston, USA).

Future expansions

IIT is currently constructing a new scientific centre, called Center for Human Technologies, in the GREAT Campus scientific technology park in Genoa Erzelli.

The first IIT laboratory in the Genoa Erzelli park opened in November 2016 and is part of the robotics department. Additional novel IIT laboratories were established and inaugurated in July 2019; for these new scientific laboratories, the institute plans to recruit approximately 300 new researchers.

The new research facilities will be dedicated to robotics, motion perception, neuroscience, human-robot interaction, computational statistics, neurogenomics, neurodiagnostics, and other scientific areas.

H4E – Hub For Enterpreneurship
On 13 June 2023, H4E – Hub For Enterpreneurship was inaugurated in the Erzelli headquarters.

Delivered applications

One of the main goals of IIT is to carry on projects able to produce real-life applications. Therefore, scientific projects are not oriented to reach theoretical discoveries, but rather to deliver new technologies in robotics and nanotechnology.

The most famous application developed and delivered by the Italian Institute of Technology is the humanoid robot iCub. IIT dedicates a complete facility to the study and the development of this robot.

In 2014, IIT released BlindPad, an electronic device for blind people, developed by IIT researchers in collaboration with Istituto David Chiossone in Genoa.

In 2015, the Italian Institute of Technology produced a robotics application for an artificial hand, a prosthesis able to replace a missing human arm.

In June 2015, another of IIT's robot named Walkman, participated to the pre-eminent DARPA Robotics Challenge, in Los Angeles (USA).

In 2016, the Italian Institute of Technology won the robotics grasping challenge at the IEEE/RJS International Conference On Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS 2016) in South Korea.

In 2017, IIT and Momodesign released a motorcycle helmet made of graphene.

Scientific plans
The Scientific Plan 2009–2011 aims at developing the results of the start-up and sets a general framework which combines the integration and the reinforcement of the departments, the national network and the research platforms.

The Scientific Plan 2009–2011 is the evolution of the 2005–2008 plan, which was dealing with a large scale program on Humanoid Robotics. According to the 2005–2008 strategic plan, the Humanoid Robotics program had a strong interdisciplinary character, merging human and humanoid technologies through the development of 3 technology platforms: Robotics, Neuroscience and Drug Discovery and Development (D3), supported by a few facilities for nano-biotechnologies (such as material science, nanofabrication, chemistry and biochemistry, electron microscopy laboratories etc.). Each platform was meant to develop specific topics/tasks in different IIT research units, such as the Departments built in Genoa, or, in some cases, the external research units forming the multidisciplinary research network of IIT country-wide.

To date the research infrastructure of IIT in Genoa has been completed. It consists of more than 500 staff from 30 countries, operating in a 25000 sqm facility equipped with laboratories distributed over three Robotics departments (Robotics, Brain and Cognitive Sciences; Advanced Robotics; TeleRobotics and Applications) and two life-science oriented departments (Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, and Drug Discovery and Development, D3), and a few shared facilities including nanofabrication clean room, material science lab, chemistry lab, biochemistry lab, animal facility, electron microscopy, mechanical and electronic workshops. The growth of the Humanoid Robotic program at IIT is witnessed by the exceptional development of the iCub robot (see the movie below), which merges in a unique way the engineering, the neuroscience, and the material science know-how existing at the Institute.

The new strategic plan 2009–2011 aims at consolidating the capabilities accomplished by IIT in the start-up phase, by developing a few new platforms instrumental to the evolution of the Humanoid Robotic program, meanwhile providing new opportunities to foster technological solutions useful in many fields of everyday life. The new platforms represent the natural evolution of the existing ones, and they originate from the idea of making iCub closer and closer to a human, namely: to power the robot with portable, high efficiency energy sources, to develop smart materials with biomimetic characteristics, to investigate the interaction between artificial nanosystems and biological entities (such as cells) in view of future interconnections but also to assess safety issues. These activities, will be supported by an integrated multiscale computation activity. Though each one the above topics have their own rationale and field of application, their combination and synergic development within the humanoid robotic program is the great challenge of the 2009–2011 strategic plan of IIT. With reference to the scheme above, the 2009–2011 strategic plan prioritised technological platforms can be identified as:

 Energy: portable energy sources, plastic solar cells, energy harvesting, energy storage, energy scavenging, fuel cell technologies (descending from the Robotics platform. Relevant to self-powered technologies);
 EHS (Environment, Health, Security): interaction of nanosystems with biological entities, in pharmacology, therapies, and any other human environment (descending from the Neuroscience platform, the Drug Discovery and Development platform and from the nanobiotech facilities. Relevant for future safety standards at nanoscale currently targeted by all advanced countries, and of great relevance for quality assessment in many fields such as new materials, environment, pharmacology, food and agriculture, new security standards for living creatures and human environment in the presence of nanosystems);
 Smart Materials: lightweight nanocomposites, intelligent biocompatible surfaces, interface living systems/inorganic systems, textile/fiber engineering (descending from the Robotics platform and the nanobiotech facilities. Relevant for future non-metallic robots, for environmentally friendly materials, biocompatible materials, new generation sensors, etc.)
 4D (Diagnostic, Drug-Delivery Development): this is an extension and a completion of the existing drug discovery development platform (pursued by the D3 department) . In addition to the D3 activities, advanced diagnostic tools such as chip for genomic and proteomic analysis, multifunctional magnetic/fluorescent nanoprobes, nanocarrier for in vivo drug delivery, nanospectroscopies will be developed.
 Integrated Multiscale Computational Technology: developing advanced modeling of complex systems of interest to the above platforms.

The implementation of the scientific program outlined so far will require the following actions:
 Empowerment of the shared laboratories, consolidating the interdisciplinary facilities in the following structures:
 Creation of eight IIT centers established nationwide:
 Launch of exploratory research programs (Seed projects) in collaboration with other research Institutions.

See also
 Genoa
 Genoa Erzelli GREAT Campus
 University of Genoa
 Liguria
 iCub
 DARPA Robotics Challenge
 Artificial Intelligence Exposition | C1A0 EXPO in Genoa

References

External links

 NatureIndex.com - Profile of Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
ScimagoIR.com - Profile of IIT

Robotics organizations
Robotics in Italy
Neuroscience research centers in Italy
Nanotechnology institutions
Computer vision research infrastructure
Artificial intelligence laboratories
Information technology research institutes
Computer science institutes in Italy
Laboratories in Italy
Scientific organizations established in 2005
2005 establishments in Italy
Manufacturing companies based in Genoa
Companies based in Genoa


Uche Okafor (born 10 February 1991) is a Nigerian football goalkeeper currently playing for Enugu Rangers.

International career
Okafor represented Nigeria national under-17 football team at the 2007 U-17 World Cup in South Korea and played one game on the world championship team. He represented the Flying Eagles at 2009 African Youth Championship in Rwanda at the 2009 U-20 World Cup.

Titles
2007 FIFA U-17 World Cup - Winner

References

1991 births
Living people
Igbo sportspeople
Nigerian men's footballers
Nigeria men's under-20 international footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Kaduna United F.C. players


First round selections

The following are the first round picks in the 1972 Major League Baseball draft.

* Did not sign

Other notable selections

* Did not sign

Background
The Montreal Expos had perhaps their best draft in franchise history. The Expos grabbed outfielder Ellis Valentine in round two of the June regular phase and then selected catcher Gary Carter one round later. The Pirates also did well, selecting pitcher John Candelaria in round two and second baseman Willie Randolph in round seven.

Some of the significant picks from the regular phase in June included Dennis Eckersley and Rick Manning (Cleveland). Scott McGregor (New York Yankees) in round one. Also selected in the first round were Chet Lemon (Oakland), Larry Christenson (Philadelphia) and the number one pick, Dave Roberts (San Diego). Roberts went directly to the Padres starting third base position from the University of Oregon campus. The biggest steal was pulled off by the Texas Rangers when they selected infielder Mike Hargrove from Northwestern State University in the 25th round.

Jerry Manuel and Mike Ondina became the first pair of high school teammates to be drafted in the first round of a Major League draft. Both attended Cordova High School in Rancho Cordova, California.

Notes

External links
Complete draft list from The Baseball Cube database

References

Draft
Major League Baseball draft


Frederick Robert Trotter (August 20, 1861 – September 4, 1934) was a farmer and political figure in Nova Scotia, Canada. He represented Antigonish County in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1903 to 1919 as a Liberal member.

He was born in Antigonish, Nova Scotia, the son of Robert Trotter, a Scottish immigrant, and Ann Maclennan. He was the grandson of the Reverend Thomas Trotter. He was educated at Saint Francis Xavier College. Trotter served on the town council for Antigonish and was mayor in 1897 and 1898. He was first elected to the provincial assembly in a 1903 by-election held after Angus McGillivray was named to the bench. Trotter died in Antigonish.

References
 Photograph, Frederick Robert Trotter, Artefacts Canada

1861 births
1934 deaths
Mayors of places in Nova Scotia
Nova Scotia Liberal Party MLAs
People from Antigonish, Nova Scotia


Archanara geminipuncta, the twin-spotted wainscot, is a moth of the family Noctuidae which is found in Europe, Lebanon, Israel, Turkey, Iraq and the Caucasus. The species was first described by Adrian Hardy Haworth in 1809.

Technical description and variation

A. geminipuncta Haw. (= guttans Hbn., paludicola Hbn. f. 637, arundinis Sepp.) (49 g). Forewing reddish fuscous, with a broad paler space along the inner margin; the reniform stigma with two white spots; hindwing fuscous; the ground colour is very variable; — in ab. pallida Tutt it is reddish-or greyish ochreous; in rufa Tutt uniform reddish brown; and in nigricans Stgr. (= fusca Tutt) (49 g) sooty-black; from another point of view, the reniform stigma may contain, only one, — the lower, — white spot, or neither; ab. unipuncta Tutt (49 h) and ab. obsoleta Tutt (49 g) respectively; ab. paludicola Hbn. f. 624, if the figure is not exaggerated, represents a dark reddish brown specimen, with the median and costal veins white; a small black orbicular stigma and large black reniform with a white lunule on its inner edge; and all the veins white before termen; the hindwing grey, with paler base and a dark cellspot. Larva pinkish ochreous; the spiracular line paler; head dark brown.
 Its wingspan is 27–32 mm.

Biology
The moth flies from June to October depending on location. The larvae feed on Phragmites species.

References

External links

Lenisa geminipuncta at Fauna Europaea
 Lepidoptera of Belgium
 Lenisa geminipuncta at Lepiforum e.V.
 De Vlinderstichting

Acronictinae
Moths described in 1809
Moths of Europe
Moths of the Middle East
Moths of Asia
Taxa named by Adrian Hardy Haworth


Grand Alatau  is a residential building complex in Astana, Kazakhstan. The complex has four towers of 20, 28, 38 and 43 floors and reaches a structural height of 150 m. It is located in the historical centre of the city, on the right bank of Ishim River opposite to the Central Park.

External links
Reference

Buildings and structures in Astana


In economics, supplier induced demand (SID) may occur when asymmetry of information exists between supplier and consumer. The supplier can use superior information to encourage an individual to demand a greater quantity of the good or service they supply than the Pareto efficient level, should asymmetric information not exist. The result of this is a welfare loss.

Health economics
The doctor-patient relationship is key to the practice of healthcare and is central to the delivery of high quality efficient care while maintaining costs. Controversy surrounds the extent and existence of supplier induced demand (SID). Some believe it is ideological rather than evidence-based. Validity of results from different models is reported to lack consensus, making policy difficult to develop and implement.  Normative definitions cast negative aspersions on physicians indicating they act as imperfect agents for their own self-interests.  A positive perspective of SID focuses on a physician's ability to shift a patient's demand curve to the right.  Demand inducement refers to a "physician's alleged ability to shift patients' demand for medical care at a given price, that is, to convince patients to increase their use of medical care without lowering the price charged."  Economists have explored how this additional care will affect patient welfare.

In health economics, supplier induced demand (SID) can be defined as the amount of demand that exists beyond what would have occurred in a market in which patients are fully informed. In healthcare, a physician acts as an agent on behalf of the patient (the principal) guiding them to make the best possible treatment decisions.  This agency relationship is influenced by information asymmetry between a physician and a patient, where it is assumed that the physician has more knowledge about diagnostic and treatment options than the patient.  Asymmetry of information can also be influenced by the physician's own clinical experiences, expertise, and professional judgment as sometimes a patient will request their physician's personal opinion to aid them in making a healthcare decision.  A physician who is a "perfect agent" is one who would make recommendations for a patient that the patient would make for themselves if they had the same information.  SID can occur because of a breakdown in this agency relationship and happens when a physician recommends or encourages a patient to consume more care than is required for their medical problem, for example, ordering tests that the physician knows are not needed to make a diagnosis or ordering treatments that the physician knows will have minimal benefit.

Research however suggest that the identification of supplier induced demand (SID) in the health sector may not always be accurate. An empirical study examining the effect of surgeon supply in certain areas on the demand for surgical operations found that surgeon supply is completely wage inelastic, concluding that the incentive to surgeons to increase consumer demand is therefore questionable. A further study examining the effectiveness of cross-sectional studies identifying supplier induced demand in the health sector raised the question that if suppliers can influence demand, there must be a limit on their ability to do so. The suggestion is then made that a formal mechanism is required to outline the reasoning and driving forces behind driving the demand curve outwards. Following this identification, it can be said that empirical tests for supplier induced demand may not be practical and accurate with cross-sectional aggregate date used in foundational research. Furthermore, a weakness in these studies can be found in their date of publication, 1978 and 1981 respectively. The development of medical treatments, drugs and therapeutics has advanced greatly in the last decades since these studies were published and consequentially will have likely shifted the nature of supplier induced demand in the health sector.

Explanatory theories

Target income hypothesis
The target income hypothesis suggests that a physician is motivated to maintain a certain level of desired income (the target) and if their actual income falls below this level, they will then modify their behavior to restore their income back up to the target. Behavior modifications may include alterations in the physician's recommendations to patients as to the extent or appropriateness of diagnostic and treatment modalities in order to produce additional income to meet the target. Obstetricians who recommend C-sections as a standard of care for delivering babies may be using their power and authority over pregnant women and their partners as a revenue generator to reach or maintain their target income.  Jonathan Gruber and Maria Owings looked at the relationship between physician financial incentives and cesarean section delivery by examining declining fertility rates in the United States. The fee-for-service (FFS) physician incentive structure makes it easier for SID to occur since it rewards the physician for increasing the quantity of services delivered rather than for the actual quality of the services; this could induce the physician to offer a higher number of services than would be the optimal amount for the patient in order to increase revenue. Some of the proposed healthcare models in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) could modify how a physician is reimbursed for delivering care that would reward quality over quantity thereby reducing SID. One of these models, the Accountable care organization (ACO), reimburses a physician through a gain-sharing model that encourages them to collaborate with other providers to deliver care thus removing some of the individual incentives to induce demand.  Pay for performance may also provide a strategy to discourage overuse of unnecessary, low-value interventions by reimbursing for quality of care delivered.

Professional uncertainty hypothesis
The professional uncertainty hypothesis suggests that due to autonomy and individual practice patterns, physicians differ in their opinions regarding the effectiveness, appropriateness, and success rates of various treatment options for a particular condition. This leads to a level of uncertainty which may result in a lack of uniformly acceptable standards of care that can be followed by all physicians. This uncertainty may lead to different levels of recommended consumption (demand) to patients for healthcare services. The use of evidence-based guidelines based on scientific evidence of improved outcomes for the diagnosis and treatment of a particular condition may reduce some physician autonomy but have a greater impact in reducing the professional uncertainty that may lead to SID.

Variations in care and SID
It is unclear the extent to which SID explains geographic variations in care. It is a complicated topic. It is difficult to know how much is done explicitly to raise a physician's income and how much is practice style or professional uncertainty. Physicians who are more entrepreneurial may be interested in maximizing income. Surgeons may have more opportunity to manipulate demand.  They may be more enthusiastic about certain procedures they perform because they generate more revenue or because they value the surgical treatment.

Overutilization
The simple adage, "if you build it they will come," applies to SID and the medical profession. It appears when resources are available, overutilization occurs even when improved quality and outcomes are uncertain. This occurs daily in hospital intensive care units, at primary care physician offices and with overutilization of expensive radiologic technology and laboratory testing. "Research suggests that those who invest in imaging equipment order more CT and MRI tests than doctors who haven't made the investment." Analysts report that physicians reflexively respond to receiving positive test results by ordering more tests. Variation in medical practices can result in SID without producing increased quality outcomes. When standardized treatment pathways are unavailable to agents and principals a degree of uncertainty exists resulting in increased requests for unwarranted services. As a result, overutilization of supplies and services may occur without evidence of improved quality.

Due to the number of contributing factors for the consumption of healthcare resources, it is difficult to isolate instances of supplier induced demand. However, there are many reasons for SID in healthcare that are important to understand including reimbursement rates, competition, physician incentives and practices.  Increased levels and costs of technology, as well as changing practices and the lack of evidence-based medicine or defined standards of care  allow more room for supplier induced demand.  To further elaborate, take the example of PSA (prostate specific antigen) testing and early stage prostate cancer.  Published guidelines have varied over the past few decades enough to cause doubt in a true standard of care.   With a number of treatment options including minimal to no healthcare interventions (watchful waiting, active surveillance, surgery, radiation therapy, etc.), patients may be influenced by providers to consume more healthcare than they would have otherwise given the asymmetry of information and marketing of treatment options from hospitals, physicians and industry.  Externalities which influence supplier induced demand include direct to consumer marketing and patient susceptibility to marketing to the extent that demand induced supply  is now being documented in health economics.

New technology and overutilization
Physicians are by nature and duty patient advocates, guiding the patient through joint decision making.  This in part stems from a large knowledge differential between the two, a term known as asymmetric information, and evidenced by the differential between patients and physicians' interpretation of medical terms, underscoring the need for physicians to cross examine patients to verify whether they understand the terminology used in the clinical encounter. While the physician bears the brunt of the knowledge differential, the patient is also responsible for sharing their entire medical history, concerns, barriers to and preferences for treatment in order for the physician to be an effective advocate for their health .  In effect, the patient provides all relevant information to the physician and relies on the physician to make the clinical decisions for them.  This relationship requires a great deal of trust on the part of the patient, assuming that the clinical decisions made solely focus on patient health.

However, a physician's behavior may also be influenced by their desired income level.  The current system is oriented towards fee for service, punishing lower utilization and rewarding overutilization through increased revenue.  Physicians may use their knowledge differential and influence over patients to increase utilization of imaging or screening services, given the potential financial rewards.

The behaviors seen in supplier induced demand in healthcare have contributed to our current overuse of imaging and diagnostic tests, which has resulted in an upward spiraling of medical costs projected to equal 20% of our GDP by 2015.   The advent of newer technology has not only led to improvements in care, but also to potentially unnecessary screening and diagnostic testing possibly influenced by financial incentives to referring physicians, practice behavior of referring physicians, US health system, comparative effectiveness research, appropriateness criteria, and quality gaps in evidence-based care.  It has been suggested that fragmented care processes, imperfect patient memory, and lack of electronic medical records also contribute to the overutilization of imaging services. As a result, imaging services and physicians' reliance on these technologies have increased at a dramatically higher rate than other technologies.  Advancements in imaging have broadened their application, increasing uptake.  For instance, positron-emission technology (PET) is now used in oncology and degenerative diseases of the central nervous system.  Similarly, overutilization is evidenced in the promotion of CT scans for private offices.

As physician owned surgical centers and specialty hospitals increasingly use imaging services, insurers question the cost benefit ratio of the technology.  Data also suggests that physicians tend to refer well insured patients to physician owned facilities, while referring Medicaid patients to hospital outpatient clinics, thus financial incentives to self-refer to physician owned facilities may affect the referral patterns of less financially beneficial patients.  As pointed out in one case, it is difficult to identify this type of overutilization "fraud".  In the high-profile case of Dr. Mark Midei, he inserted cardiac stents in over 500 patients whose artery occlusion rates did not warrant surgical intervention according to standards of care.  The hospital Dr. Midei practiced at agreed to pay $22 million fine to settle charges.

Another cardiologist in Louisiana was sentenced to 10 years in prison, convicted on 51 counts of billing private and government health insurers for unnecessarily implanting cardiac stents, and the hospital he practiced at was forced to pay a $3.8 million settlement to the Department of Justice and $7.4 million class action lawsuit.

Another contributing factor to overutilization is a lack of real time cost available to both the physician and the patient.  Physicians are unable to ascertain the true cost of a screening, imaging, or lab test thereby making it difficult for them to determine how much they are charging the system.  Effects of overutilization on patients can include unnecessary radiation exposure and false positive results. Initiatives are underway to curtail excessive screenings that have been deemed unnecessary, such as limiting prostate cancer screening as the United States Preventive Services Task Force recently found inadequate evidence to determine whether treatment for prostate cancer detected by screening actually improves health outcomes.  Studies in geographic variation have shown no difference in patient outcomes between physicians who practice in high cost areas and those who practice in low cost areas.

A 2009 American Board of Radiology Foundation summit to address overutilization also identified defensive medicine and patients as contributory factors to the issue.  Defensive medicine is an order for imaging as a result of potential malpractice, rather than benefit to the patient.  It has been estimated to account for 5-25% of all imaging costs.  Patient demand often stems from little financial responsibility for costs associated with imaging, as well as information from other individuals, radio, the media, and the Internet with disproportionate understanding of the implications of imaging (further testing, exposure to radiation).  Patients are being targeted to "self-present" to imaging facilities for uncovered imaging services that claim to offer screen for undetected coronary artery disease and cancer in the lungs and other organs.  However, the false positives observed for CT screening of coronary artery disease are similar to the levels of other noninvasive tests for ischemic heart disease and some data indicate these services do not yield more precise results.  For instance, data from electron-beam CT did not outperform the Framingham Risk Index for predicting coronary events.8  Researchers suggest that the use of CT scanning for cancer screening cannot offer patients complete "peace of mind" as there are still issues of sensitivity and specificity, raising concerns over the implications of false negatives.

Concerns over overutilization of diagnostic tests have prompted the definition of "high value care" as the health benefits of an intervention justifies its harms and costs.  Some examples of low value care include a repeat ultrasonography for abdominal aortic aneurysm following a negative study or screening low risk individuals for hepatitis B virus infection.  Routine low back pain imaging is another area of overutilized imaging.  To curb future costs, it has also been proposed to include stewardship of resources (avoiding the overuse and misuse of diagnostic tests) as a general competency of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education/American Board of Medical Specialties for residency training and evaluation.12  Value based insurance design and personalized medicine are other methods being touted as solutions to bending the cost curve and reducing overutilization.

Physician-owned facilities
In one report that identified the influence of the location of care delivery on SID, it was found that physicians were more likely to treat the low-severity patients at their physician-owned facility rather than to increase the overall number of procedures that were done in the population in order to increase revenue.

Geography
Variation may also exist from regional or local community practice, and utilization of healthcare services can vary widely. McAllen, Texas, is one of the most expensive healthcare markets in the U.S., where in 2006 Medicare spent $15,000 per enrollee here, which was almost twice the national average.

Direct-to-consumer advertising Three out of four patients who ask a physician about a particular medication have that medication prescribed to them because they saw advertising for it.  This results in a change in prescribing habits such that a physician will prescribe the more expensive requested medication rather than a lower price generic alternative.  Advertising for cosmetic surgery services can influence patients and physicians, extending even into the area of cosmetic gynecology where outcomes are unproven.

Internationally, countries with fixed-fee universal healthcare systems such as those in Scandinavia are not shown to engage in supplier-induced demand profiteering. Norwegian contract physicians’ gross revenue and profits were found to be declining functions of physician density despite more than half of all Norwegian physicians receiving payouts on a fee-for-item basis.  Additionally, in Japan where hospitals are required by law to be run as non-for-profit organizations run by physicians, it was found that increases in medical charges both in clinics and hospitals are associated with higher density of physicians. The clinical benefits gained by patients with a higher level of medical charges was however not measured and must be investigated in order to determine the extent to which supplier-induced demand plays a roll in this relationship.

Ethical concerns
The growing trend of "boutique" or "concierge" primary care physicians who advertise "more personal care" can be viewed as an example of SID.  Concierge medicine is based on an annual fee paid by the consumer.  Proponents believe this model will increase the quality of care delivered to those individuals who subscribe to it. Opponents argue it creates a two tier system, with better care for those who can afford it.

SID can be associated with Medicare fraud and can be a prosecutable offense for reasons that include conducting and billing for unnecessary medical procedures in patients who have little or no disease. Another ethical concern is the rise in healthcare spending that can be caused by SID. SID may also be influenced by moral hazard where consumption of healthcare services may be increased when an individual's responsibility for the cost of a treatment is low.

Economics of healthcare reform
The number of physicians entering primary care practice decreases, while the number of specialists increases. Thus, despite the growing number of patients who are demanding access to healthcare, there continues to be a greater supply of specialists, and fewer primary care physicians.  This phenomenon leads to greater costs and strain in the system in terms of unnecessary procedures, less access and consumer apathy on cost of care within an already fragmented healthcare system.  Additionally, many economists question whether or not doctors use their relationship with the patient for their own financial advantage by recommending and providing health services that the patient would have refused if well informed. This concept is referred to as supplier induced demand.

Access to care challenges are exacerbated by the introduction of the baby boomers into the healthcare system.  The aging boomer population is just now reaching the age of 65 and becoming eligible for Medicare. At the same time, fee for service reimbursement from the public payers, followed by the private payers is declining. Not only is the number of primary care physicians dwindling, but this decline in reimbursement causes many of these physicians to reduce the number of appointment slots for Medicare patients.  This growing barrier to primary care physicians and the preventive care they provide means that more patients are being seen in less appropriate and less efficient venues of care (such as emergency rooms).

However, the passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) and the recent SCOTUS affirmation of the individual mandate attempt to solve some of the challenges behind the current supplier induced demand. This includes Section 3021 of the Act, which calls for the development of a Center of Medicare and Medicaid Services Innovation Center (CMMI). This new Center fosters health care transformation by finding new ways to pay for and deliver care that improves quality and health while lowering costs. These innovative models of payment and care service delivery include care for Medicare, Medicaid and CHIP beneficiaries using an open, transparent, and competitive process.  Other provisions of PPACA include the establishment of additional methods designed to move the current system from volume (fee for service) to value (outcomes based payment), such as  the Medicare Shared Savings Program. Standard economic theory makes no allowance at all for the possibility that the supplier would influence the position of the demand curve.

The patient's role in supplier induced demand has not gone ignored by public or private stakeholders. There are numerous efforts underway to understand how to involve the consumer in shared decision making and taking responsibility for health that may contribute to supplier induced demand. The development of the Patient Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI) was created to conduct research to provide information about the best available evidence to help patients and their health care providers make more informed decisions. PCORI's research is intended to give patients a better understanding of the prevention, treatment and care options available, and the science that supports those options. PCORI was established by Congress through the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act but is by law an independent, non-profit organization.

Lastly, reimbursement for providers is mostly on a fee for service basis and services rendered are paid for on an individual basis.  There is no limit to the number of services rendered, or expectation that payment is based on any particular outcome.  In recent years however, attention has been paid to entities in the industry (payer or payer/provider collaborations) who have innovated on different ways to pay for services rendered which depend entirely on outcomes.  These methods hold all parties accountable for the outcomes of the services rendered.
What is supplier Induced demand

A phenomenon known as "supplier-induced demand" happens when a provider of an item or service stimulates or produces more demand for their offering than would otherwise exist in the market. This may be accomplished in a number of ways, including marketing, price plans, or the swaying of customer preferences.

Supplier-induced demand examples include:

Upselling is a sales tactic that salespeople use to persuade consumers to buy more goods or services. A vehicle dealership could try to upsell a buyer on a more expensive automobile, more options, or warranties, for instance.
Advertising: By highlighting the features and attraction of a product, advertising may be used to generate demand for goods or services.
Expansion of services: Some providers could increase the scope of their offerings in an effort to boost demand for their goods. For instance, a physician could advise extra tests or treatments that are not medically required in order to increase income.
Consumers may suffer from increased pricing and needless use of products and services as a result of supplier-induced demand. Additionally, it may cause market inefficiencies and contribute to resource misuse.

Asymmetries in market knowledge can also lead to supplier-induced demand. As in the case of a dentist recommending treatments to a patient.

How Supplier induced demand affect the health care system

Finance for health promotion has a significant issue from induced demand, which occurs when healthcare professionals influence patients' need for treatment by taking advantage of their lack of knowledge. This study's goal was to determine the elements contributing to increased demand for healthcare services in 2018 at hospitals affiliated with Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS).

Even when all expenditures are covered by the patients, induced demand compromises the effective deployment of public resources. This circumstance places an additional load on the patients while upsetting the equilibrium between supply and demand in the healthcare industry. Receivers of care can have medical issues as a result of improper diagnosis and/or treatment. Induced demand creates two key issues in terms of health policy. On the one hand, it pushes the burden of health spending onto government budgets. However, when a greater proportion of a country's resources are allocated to health care with limited returns, it has an impact on efficiency. Furthermore, induced demand for care might cause significant economic loss on a national scale, particularly if the government provides subsidies for pharmaceuticals and medical services.

Empirical findings and implications

he professional connection emerges as a result of the significant information gap that exists between a physician and his or her patient, allowing the physician to exercise direct, non-price impact on the demand for his or her own services. For instance, in Iran, physicians are both overseers and decision-makers, putting their own interests ahead of patients (Keyvanara et al.,2014). Models of demand for health care that do not explicitly take into account supplier behavior are regarded poorly defined as long as the physician's economic position has an impact on the level and direction of influence exerted. Evans (1974) discovered 24 subthemes or aspects, which were subsequently classified into four categories: health-care system, insurer, health-care provider, and health-care recipient themes. Poor monitoring and control, the fee-for-service payment system, insurance companies' limited role, insufficient monitoring of insurance companies, the educational nature of our health centers, health-care providers' interests, and the information gap that exists between patients and providers were all significant factors in the induced demand for health-care services in the United States. By researching the elements that influence supplier-induced demand, health policymakers and management can design methods to lower induced demand for health care. Monitoring and control, FFS payment system, medical guidelines and protocols, weak health information technology systems, ineffective referral system, dysfunctional tax system, educational nature of health centers, and health policy were mentioned by interviewees as factors in induced demand for health care (Evans, 1974). Inadequate monitoring is one of the most critical variables impacting induced demand. The most important factor in induced demand is an intermediary between the giver and the recipient. When physicians and patients have differing levels of expertise, there is an incentive to create demand. The problem will endure because no one is filling the informational hole. Another factor that contributes to demand is the educational nature of our health facilities. Some facilities, for example, perform duplicate CT scans or angiographies for students to see. One of the reasons of induced demand is a flawed health-care tax structure. A progressive tax can aid in the prevention of induced demand. Of course, there must be some form of regulation to prevent doctors from selecting easy patients and rejecting difficult ones (Evans, 1974)

See also
Direct-to-consumer advertising
Health economics
Induced demand
Information asymmetry
Principal–agent problem
Market failure
Moral hazard

References
 Evans, R.G. (1974). Supplier-Induced Demand: Some Empirical Evidence and Implications. In: Perlman, M. (eds) The Economics of Health and Medical Care. International Economic Association Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-63660-0_10 Seyedin, H., Afshari, M., Isfahani, P., Hasanzadeh, E., Radinmanesh, M., & Bahador, R. C. (2021). The main factors of supplier-induced demand in health care: A qualitative study. Journal of education and health promotion, 10, 49. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_68_20
Demand
Health economics


Ivo Dominik Pękalski ( born 3 November 1990) is a Swedish footballer who plays as a midfielder for Utsiktens BK. Beginning his career with Landskrona BoIS in 2007, he went on to represent Malmö FF, BK Häcken, Halmstads BK, and Oxford United before signing with Norrby IF in 2019. Having represented the Sweden U17, U19, and U21 teams between 2005 and 2011, he made his full international debut for Sweden in 2013.

Career

Early career
Born and raised in Lund, Pękalski began his career with Linero IF and has also played for Lunds BK. After few years with the club, he was bought by Landskrona BoIS in December 2005. While progressing through his career at Landskrona BoIS, Pękalski was linked with a move to Premier League side Liverpool and was offered to join the club. However, he rejected a move to Liverpool, preferring to stay at Landskrona BoIS.

Soon after, Pękalski was promoted to Landskrona BoIS’ first team ahead of the 2007 season. Shortly after, he then signed a three–year contract with the club. Pękalski made his debut for Landskrona BoIS on 23 April 2007 against IF Sylvia, starting a match and played 75 minutes before being substituted, in a 0–0 draw. In follow–up match, he scored his first goal for the club, in a 2–1 win against Gefle. His second goal for Landskrona BoIS came on 8 July 2007, in a 4–2 win against Åtvidabergs. Following this, Pękalski quickly established himself in the first team for the club, playing in the midfield position. At the end of the 2007 season, he went on to make twenty–nine appearances and scoring times in all competitions.

The first two months to the 2008 season saw Pękalski continue to feature in and out of the starting line–up for Landskrona BoIS. It wasn't until on 25 August 2008 when he scored his first goal of the season, in a 3–1 win against Jönköpings Södra. However, Pękalski suffered an injury that saw him sidelined for the rest of the 2008 season.

Pękalski started in the first three matches of the 2009 season, including scoring his first goal of the season against IK Sirius on 19 April 2009 before missing one match due to suspension. After returning, he continued to feature in a number of matches in the first team despite facing sidelined along the way. By the time Pękalski left the club, he made sixteen appearances and scoring once in all competitions.

Malmö FF

On 27 July 2009, Pękalski was transferred from Landskrona BoIS to Malmö FF, signing a four–year contract, keeping him until 2013. However, he was assigned to playing for the reserve team during his first year at the club. At one point, Pękalski appeared in the club's first team, appearing as an unused substitute against IFK Göteborg on 19 October 2009.

Ahead of the 2010 season, Pękalski was promoted to the Malmö FF's first team. It wasn't until on 19 March 2010 when he made his debut for the club, coming on as a 71st-minute substitute, in a 3–0 win against Örebro. Since making his debut for Malmö FF, Pękalski then clinched a permanent spot in the starting eleven for the club in the 2010 season and formed a very strong central midfield with Wílton Figueiredo. He then scored his first goal for Malmö FF, which the only goal of the game, in a 1–0 win against GAIS on 1 August 2010. His performance attracted interests from Serie A side Bologna. However, Pękalski missed a match against Mjällby AIF on 7 November 2010, which saw the club win 2–0, a result that saw Malmö FF win the league for the first time in six years. Despite missing three more matches later in the 2010 season, he went on to make twenty–six appearances and scoring two times in all competitions. For his performance, Pękalski was named Swedish Newcomer of the Year.

The start of the 2011 season saw Pękalski sidelined with a thigh injury, which he sustained two months prior. It wasn't until on 2 May 2011 when Pękalski made his first appearance of the season, starting a match and played 85 minutes before being substituted, in a 2–0 loss against IFK Göteborg. He made three more starts for Malmö FF, including scoring his first goal of the season, in a 1–1 draw against BK Häcken on 20 May 2011. However, during a match against BK Häcken, Pękalski suffered a finger injury that saw him substituted in the 55th minute and was sidelined for a month. It wasn't until on 23 June 2011 when he made his return from injury, coming on as a 70th-minute substitute, in a 0–0 draw against Gefle. In a match against GAIS on 20 August 2011, Pękalski scored his second goal of the season, but was sent–off in the 55th minute for a second bookable offence, in a 2–1 win. He then played all six matches Malmö FF of the UEFA Champions League qualifying round matches by beating the likes of against Havnar Bóltfelag and Rangers. However, Pękalski was unable to help the club failed to advance to the UEFA Champions League after losing 4–3 on aggregate against Dinamo Zagreb. Despite suffering sidelined once more later in the 2011 season, he continued to be involved in the first team in a number of matches. His performance continued to attract interests from European clubs, such as, Milan, Ajax and Newcastle United. At the end of the 2011 season, Pękalski went on to make thirty–two appearances and scoring two times in all competitions.

Ahead of the 2012 season, Pękalski said: "The first is of course that I can be injury-free and have the opportunity to train on exactly everything I need. Then I want to explode and make my best season so far. I have lost time because I could not train. I'm still young, but the years are coming. It's ticking. I know that my development would have continued after the golden year if I had been whole." However, he suffered an injury that saw him miss the opening game of the season against Gefle. But Pękalski made his first appearance of the season, coming on as a 68th-minute substitute, in a 5–0 loss against BK Häcken on 7 April 2012. Following this, he appeared in the next seven matches for the club, including scoring his first goal of the season, in a 3–0 win against Helsingborgs on 10 May 2012. However, Pękalski missed one match, due to a hip problem and made his return to the starting line–up against IF Elfsborg on 17 May 2012, as he helped Malmö FF win 1–0. Pękalski then started in the next four matches for the club before suffering an injury that kept him out for weeks. It wasn't until on 12 August 2012 when he returned to the first team from injury, coming on as a 75th-minute substitute, in a 1–0 win against Elfsborg. However, his return was short–lived when Pękalski suffered another injury that kept him out for weeks. But he made his return from the first team from injury, coming on as a 73rd-minute substitute, in a 2–1 loss against IFK Göteborg. Following this, Pękalski found his playing time, mostly coming from the substitute bench. Throughout the 2012 season, he continued to struggle with his injury problems during the 2012 season but nevertheless played 21 matches and scored one goal for Malmö FF. Following this, Pękalski was in a discussion over a new contract with the club.

At the start of the 2013 season, Pękalski made his first appearance of the season, coming on as a 74th-minute substitute, in a 1–1 draw against Östers in the Svenska Cupen match. It wasn't until on 16 March 2013 when he scored his first goal of the season, in a 4–1 win against GIF Sundsvall in the Svenska Cupen match. However, Pękalski was dropped from the first team, due to competitions in the midfield position and his own injury concern. Having played only one league match due to injuries as well as being discontented with the club's rehab procedures, Pękalski left the club after the 2013 season.

BK Häcken
It was announced on 25 November 2013 that Pękalski joined BK Häcken on a free transfer, signing a two–year contract.

He made his debut for the club, starting a match and played 60 minutes before being substituted, in a 2–0 win against Örgryte on 1 March 2014 in the Svenska Cupen. Seven days later on 8 March 2014, Pękalski scored his first goal for BK Häcken, in a 4–1 win against Sandvikens in the Svenska Cupen. He then set up two goals in two matches between 20 April 2014 and 27 April 2014 against Mjällby AIF and AIK. However, Pękalski found himself placed on the substitute bench and his playing time came from the club's reserve side throughout the 2014 season. At the end of the 2014 season, he went on to make sixteen appearances and scoring once in all competitions.

At the start of the 2015 season, Pękalski established himself in the first team, playing in the midfield position. However, his form soon dipped that saw him placed on the substitute bench, as well as, his own injury concern. At the end of the 2015 season, he went on to make eighteen appearances in all competitions. Following this, it was announced on 4 November 2015 that Pękalski left the club when his contract expired at the end of the 2015 season. While being a free agent, he volunteered in a refugee camp in Lebanon.

Halmstads BK
It was announced on 23 March 2016 that Pękalski signed for Halmstads BK on a two–year contract. However, he continued to be sidelined for the next three months, due to his continuous injury concern that he sustained last season.

It wasn't until on 18 June 2016 when Pękalski made his debut for the club, starting the match and played 69 minutes before being substituted, in a 5–2 loss against IK Frej. Since joining Halmstads BK, he quickly established himself in the first team, playing in the midfield position. Pękalski played in both legs for the league's play–offs against Helsingborgs, as Halmstads won 3–2 on aggregate to send the club promoted to the Allsvenskan next season. Despite missing two matches later in the 2016 season through suspension, he went on to make sixteen appearances in all competitions.

At the start of the 2017 season, Pękalski continued to establish himself in the first team, playing in the midfield position. He then captained the side for the first time, coming against IFK Norrköping on 4 March 2017, as the club lost 7–0 in the Svenska Cupen. Pękalski captained three more times for Halmstads BK in the next four months. Despite missing two matches due to suspension up until his departure, he went on to make eighteen appearances in all competitions. Prior to his departure from the club, Halmstads BK have been discussing with the player over a new contract.

Oxford United
On 8 August 2017, it was confirmed that Pękalski had left Halmstads to sign for EFL League One side Oxford United on a two-year deal for an undisclosed fee. Upon joining the club, he was joined by Manager Pep Clotet, who was his coach during their time at Malmö FF and teammate, Agon Mehmeti. Just four days later, Pękalski suffered a cruciate ligament injury during training which ruled him out until the New Year.

By February, he made his return to training and was featured in Oxford United's friendly matches. Despite his return from injury, Pękalski never played for the club for the entirety of the 2017–18 season. Following this, he was told by the club that he can leave Oxford United after being  deemed surplus to requirements.

Loan to Halmstad
On 18 July 2018, Pękalski re-joined Halmstads on loan until November 2018.

He made his second debut for the club, coming on as a 64 minute substitute, against Degerfors on 31 July 2018 and set up a goal for Kosuke Kinoshita, who scored the winning goal, in a 2–1 win. Since joining Halmstads for the second time, Pękalski has been involved in a number of matches for the side. Despite missing one match, he went on to make fourteen appearances in all competitions. Following this, Pękalski returned to his parent club.

Return from loan and departure
After his loan spell at Halmstads came to an end, Pękalski was given an ultimatum by the club – find a club in Sweden by next week or face the consequences. He left Oxford by mutual consent on 28 February 2019 without making a single first-team appearance.

Norrby IF
Having been a free agent for five months, Pękalski joined Norrby IF on 3 July 2019.

He made his debut for the club, coming on as a 64th-minute substitute, in a 1–0 loss against Halmstads on 14 July 2019. Since joining Norrby IF, Pękalski quickly been involved in a number of matches in the first team. Despite being on a sidelined on two occasions, he went on to make fourteen appearances in all competitions. For his performance, Pękalski signed a contract extension with the club, keeping him until 2021.

Despite the 2020 season was pushed back to three months due to the pandemic, Pękalski was given the club's captaincy. He captained his first match for the side, coming against GAIS on 21 June 2020, as Norrby IF won 3–0. Pękalski continued to establish himself in the starting eleven for Norrby IF, playing in the midfield position. Despite missing two matches later in the 2020 season, he went on to make twenty–nine appearances in all competitions.

International career
Pękalski is eligible to play for Poland or Sweden. At one point, Poland tried to convince him to play for the national team and even tried to call him up in August, but he refused to respond to questions about his choice of nationality by the Swedish media. In December 2011, Pękalski ended up making a decision by choosing to represent Sweden.

Youth career
In August 2005, Pękalski was called up to the Sweden U15 squad for the first time and he went on to make three appearances for the U15 side. In February 2006, Pękalski was called up to the Sweden U16 squad for the first time and he went on to make two appearances for the U16 side. In August 2006, Pękalski was called up to the Sweden U17 for the first time and went on to make six appearances for the U17 side.

In February 2008, Pękalski was called up to the Sweden U18 squad for the first time and he went on to make two appearances for the U18 side. In February 2009, Pękalski was called up to the Sweden U19 squad for the first time and he went on to make five appearances for the U19 side. On two occasions, Pękalski was called up to the Sweden U21. It wasn't until on 11 August 2010 when he made his U21 debut, starting a match and played 68 minutes before being substituted, in a 1–1 draw against Scotland U21. Pękalski went on to make five appearances for Sweden U21.

Senior career
Pękalski was selected for the annual training camp for the Sweden national team in January 2011, but withdrew due to minor injury problems.

He was also selected for the same camp in 2012, but also this time he missed out due to injury problems. The squad selection for the camp traditionally feature the best Swedish players in domestic and other Scandinavian leagues. Pękalski was selected for the third time in 2013 and was finally able to accept the invitation after an injury-ridden season. He made his début for the national team in the 2013 King's Cup on 23 January 2013 against North Korea when he was subbed on in the second half. Pękalski played from the start in the following fixture against Finland on 26 January in the same tournament.

Personal life
Pękalski's parents are from Rzeszów, Poland. His father, Roman Pękalski, coached him until he was 14. He has a brother, Phillip, 12 years younger. Because of his parents’ nationality, Pękalski has a Polish passport, making him a dual citizen for Poland and Sweden.

During his time at Malmö FF, Pękalski earned a nickname called "King Ivo", due to his always calm and controlled – preferably also reasonably angry. In February 2017, he spoke about mental health, dealing with his struggles as a footballer.

Career statistics

Club

International
As of 26 January 2013.

Honours
Malmö FF
 Allsvenskan: 2010, 2013

BK Häcken
 Svenska Cupen: 2015–16
Individual
 Swedish Newcomer of the Year: 2010
 LISA (stands for Landskrona Idrottsföreningars Samorganisations): 2008

Footnotes

External links

 Malmö FF profile

1990 births
Living people
Men's association football midfielders
Landskrona BoIS players
Malmö FF players
BK Häcken players
Halmstads BK players
Oxford United F.C. players
Norrby IF players
Superettan players
Allsvenskan players
Swedish men's footballers
Sweden men's youth international footballers
Sweden men's under-21 international footballers
Sweden men's international footballers
Footballers from Skåne County
Swedish people of Polish descent


Enargia paleacea, the angle-striped sallow, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in the Palearctic realm from Ireland to Siberia East to Japan.

Description

The wingspan is 40–60 mm. Forewing pale yellowish ochreous, dusted with rufous; the female deeper yellow than the male; inner and outer lines fine, reddish brown; median shade reddish-brown, more diffuse, angulated: subterminal line hardly marked; orbicular and reniform stigmata outlined with reddish brown, the lower lobe of reniform filled up with grey; a series of dark terminal spots; hindwing whitish yellow: ab. angulago Haw. is deep orange instead of pale yellow: teichi Krul. occurring in Germany and W. Russia has the space, between inner and outer lines or between median and submarginal suffused with reddish grey or brown.

Biology
The moth flies from June to October depending on the location.

The larvae feed on birch and sometimes Populus tremula.

References

External links

Angle-striped Sallow at UKmoths
Funet Taxonomy
Lepiforum.de
Vlindernet.nl

Caradrinini
Moths of Asia
Moths of Europe
Taxa named by Eugenius Johann Christoph Esper


The Globe Tobacco Building is a manufacturing building located at 407 East Fort Street in Downtown Detroit, Michigan. It is the oldest tobacco manufactory extant in Detroit, and is listed by the National Register of Historic Places.

History
The tobacco industry was a leading component of Detroit's economy during the latter half of the nineteenth century, and by the 1890s was the largest industry in the city. Globe Tobacco, which was one of the largest five manufacturers in the city, was established in 1871 by O. P. Hazard, Thomas McGraw, Hiram Walker, and William Moore. The company was originally located on Atwater Street, and by 1878 manufactured about 300,000 pounds of tobacco annually. The company was incorporated in 1880, and by 1883 production was over 1,300,000 pounds annually.

By 1888, the company had outgrown its facility on Atwater, and decided to construct a new facility. The company hired  Alexander Chapoton to build the factory, and construction began in 1888. By 1892, Globe production was up to 2.5 million pounds annually. However, by 1916, the property was transferred to trustees, and by 1925 the Globe Tobacco Company was out of business. Various small manufacturers rented portions of the building from 1916 until well into the 1970s. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.

At one time the company Real Times Media, owner of black newspapers in the US, had its headquarters in the Globe Tobacco Building. Redstone Architects designed the renovation for the building into office space in 1984. In 2014, Rock Ventures purchased the building and renovated it to house office space for various tech and small businesses.

Architecture

Designed by William Scott & Company, Alexander Chapoton built this six-story red brick Romanesque mill-style building with load-bearing masonry walls and heavy timbered roof and floors. The facade is divided into five bays. A -story entrance archway is located in the center bay on the south side, and is flanked by two concrete spheres. Large arched windows are located on the first floor in the other bays. Pilasters run between the first story and the fourth, starting win a limestone block base and ending in forms that continue into round-arched windows on the fifth story. Brick denticulation separates the sixth floor from the lower ones, and the sixth floor is not divided into bays, but rather has evenly spaced rectangular window openings separated by pilasters.

Square brick panelling is stepped out above the sixth floor, providing a bearing surface for the heavy roof timbers and protection from fire. On the interior, heavy timber floor beams are spaced about four feet apart and held up by girders, forming fireproof layers between floors.

References

Industrial buildings and structures in Detroit
Downtown Detroit
Tobacco buildings in the United States
Industrial buildings completed in 1888
Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Michigan
National Register of Historic Places in Detroit
Rock Ventures
Romanesque Revival architecture in Michigan


This Is My Live is the name of the second live album by Greek singer Sakis Rouvas, released on 12 December 2007 in Greece and Cyprus by Minos EMI. The album was recorded on 9 September 2007 at Rouvas' sold-out show at Lycabetus Theatre with an audience of 7,000. The concert was the final stop on the musician's Benefit Tour for the Greek fire victims of 2007. The combined effort of the tour and other appearances by Rouvas raised over €1,000,000 in fundraiser, becoming one of the greatest sources of aid and relief. The majority of the proceeds of this concert went to fire victims in Greece, particularly those of the 2007 Greek forest fires, however, another intention was to promote blood donation which was running short in Athens. As a result, thousands of pints of blood were collected.

The album ranked at number 34 on the IFPI Greece 2007 Annual Top 50 Greek Albums.

Track listing

CD
"Stous 31 Dromous" (On 31st Street)
"Ola Gyro Sou Gyrizoun" (Everything Revolves Around You)
"Yiati Se Thelo" (Because I Want You)
"Mia Zoi Mazi" (One life together)
"Ipirhes Panda" (You Were Always There)
"S'eho Erotefthi" (I'm in Love With You)
"Den Ehi Sidera I Kardia Sou" (Your Heart Does Not Have Metal Rails)
"Andexa" (I Endured)
"Zise Ti Zoi" (Live Life)
"Se Thelo San Trelos" (I Want You Like Crazy)
"Suspicious Minds"
"To Hrono Stamatao" (I'm Stopping Time)
"Thelo Na Kitao" (I Want to Watch)
"Min Andistekese" (Don't Resist)
"Kane Me" (Make Me)
"Theleis I Den Theleis" (Do You Want It Or Not)
"Mikros Titanikos (Se Latrevo)" (Little Titanic (I Adore You))
"We Will Rock You"
"Satisfaction"
"Liomeno Pagoto" (Melted Ice Cream)
"Ela Mou" (Come to Me)
"Stous 31 Dromous (Rock Version)" (On 31st Street)

DVD
"Ola Gyro Sou Gyrizoun" (Everything Revolves Around You)
"Yiati Se Thelo" (Because I Want You)
"Mia Zoi Mazi" (One Life Together)
"Ipirhes Panda" (You Were Always There)
"S'eho Erotefthi" (I'm in Love With You)
"Den Ehi Sidera I Kardia Sou" (Your Heart Does Not Have Metal Rails)
"Andexa" (I Endured)
"Zise Ti Zoi" (Live Life)
"Se Thelo San Trelos" (I Want You Like Crazy)
"Suspicious Minds"
"To Hrono Stamatao" (I'm Stopping Time)
"Na M'agapas" (You Should Love Me)
"18 (Iparhi Agapi Edo)" (18 (There Is Love Here))
"Thelo Na Kitao" (I Want to Watch)
"Min Andistekese" (Don't Resist)
"Kane Me" (Make Me)
"Theleis I Den Theleis" (Do You Want It Or Not)
"Shake It"
"Mikros Titanikos (Se Latrevo)" (Little Titanic (I Adore You))
"We Will Rock You"
"Satisfaction"
"Liomeno Pagoto" (Melted Ice Cream)
"Ela Mou" (Come to Me)
Extras
"Stous 31 Dromous" (Video) (On 31st Street)
"Stous 31 Dromous" (Behind The Scenes Making Of) (On 31st Street)

Singles
"Stous 31 Dromous"
"Stous 31 Dromous was the only single from the album and was released in December as a pop version for the video and radio airplay, while the rock version was released as a bonus track and is often more commonly performed by Rouvas. The song was the theme for the short-lived show of the same name on Mega Channel, also commonly known as 31st Street in its English subtitle version. The show is a Greek TV drama primarily filmed in New York City, while the music video shows Rouvas walking through the city as well as featuring character footage from the show. The song fared moderately well on radio airplay charts.

Music videos
"Ola Gyro Sou Gyrizoun"
"Andexa"
"Stous 31 Dromous"
"Xana"

References

External links
Sakis Rouvas' official website
IFPI official Greek charts

Albums produced by Dimitris Kontopoulos
Albums produced by Nikos Karvelas
Albums produced by Sakis Rouvas
Greek-language albums
Sakis Rouvas live albums
Sakis Rouvas video albums
Live video albums
2007 video albums
2007 live albums
Minos EMI live albums
Minos EMI video albums


Polia bombycina (pale shining brown) is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in the Palearctic realm from Ireland to Japan including the Russian Far East and Siberia.

Technical description and variation

The wingspan is 43–52 mm. Forewing pale or dark lilac grey, more or less suffused with grey brown, especially in costal half; a slight dark basal streak below median vein; claviform stigma outlined with black: orbicular and reniform large, paler, with dark centres; reniform with white on outer edge and often followed by a rufous patch; submarginal line preceded by blackish wedge-shaped marks, and acutely indented on submedian fold; hindwing brownish fuscous; — specimens in which the glaucous tint predominates are ab. nitens Haw.; — the much rarer uniformly reddish brown form is unicolor Tutt - flavescens Spul., from the Bukowina, has the forewings pale brownish yellow; — ab. mongolica Stgr. the common form in central and eastern Asia is uniformly darker grey brown with a reddish undertone, the submarginal line equally distinctly indented.

Biology
The moth flies from May to July depending on the location.

Larva pale brown; dorsal line pale; some dark oblique streaks; a whitish dark -mottled lateral line containing the spiracles which are bright red-brown, edged with black. The larvae feed on various herbaceous plants - Betula sp., Alnus incana, Sorbus aucuparia, Prunus padus, Pimpinella saxifraga, Angelica silvestris, Galium verum, Leucanthemum vulgare, Artemisia campestris, Artemesia absinthium, Artemesia vulgaris, Hieracium umbellatum.

References

External links

Pale shining brown on UKmoths
Funet Taxonomy, Subspecies
Lepiforum.de
Vlindernet.nl

Hadenini
Moths of Japan
Moths of Europe
Moths of Asia
Moths described in 1766
Taxa named by Johann Siegfried Hufnagel


The 1990 German Open was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the 84th edition of the Hamburg Masters (Hamburg Masters), and was part of the ATP Super 9 of the 1990 ATP Tour. It took place at the Rothenbaum Tennis Center in Hamburg, West Germany, from 7 May through 14 May 1990.

The men's field was headlined by ATP No. 3, Brussels, Stuttgart titlist, Australian Open, Monte Carlo quarter-finalist Boris Becker, Miami, San Francisco winner, recent Indian Wells finalist Andre Agassi and Tokyo Outdoor winner and U.S. Open semi-finalist Aaron Krickstein. Other top seeds were Estoril titlist Emilio Sánchez, Jay Berger, Andrés Gómez and Michael Chang.

Finals

Singles

 Juan Aguilera defeated  Boris Becker, 6–1, 6–0, 7–6(9–7),
It was Juan Aguilera's 2nd title of the year, and his 5th overall. It was his 1st Masters title of the year, and overall.

Doubles

 Sergi Bruguera /  Jim Courier defeated  Udo Riglewski /  Michael Stich, 7–6, 6–2

References

External links

 Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) tournament profile

Hamburg European Open
German Open
May 1990 sports events in Europe


Roosevelt College Quirino is a defunct college founded in 1953 in Quezon City, Philippines. Its former name was Roosevelt Memorial High School.  The college closed in 2007.

Notable alumni

 Francisco Tatad - former Senator
 Ireneo V. Incha - former Post Master General
 Mario Parial - National Artist

External links
Official website
Batch 1998 Website

Defunct universities and colleges in the Philippines


Tommy Scott may refer to:

 Tommy Scott (coach) (1907–1962), head American football coach at Old Dominion University
 Tommy Scott (cricketer) (1892–1961), West Indian cricketer
 Ramblin' Tommy Scott (1917–2013), aka "Doc" Tommy Scott, American country and rockabilly musician
 Tommy Scott (English musician) (born 1964), English musician and the lead singer, principal songwriter and guitarist of the Liverpool indie band Space
 Tommy Scott (Scottish musician) (born 1940), Scottish songwriter, producer and singer
 Tommy Scott (police officer), an officer of the Los Angeles Airport police who died in the line of duty
 Tommy Scott and the Senators, a band for which Tom Jones used to be the frontman

See also
 Thomas Scott (disambiguation)
 Tom Scott (disambiguation)


Harold Hering Knerr (September 4, 1882 – July 8, 1949) was an American comic strip creator, who signed his work H. H. Knerr. He was the writer-artist of the comic strip The Katzenjammer Kids for 35 years.

Born in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, Harold Knerr's father was Calvin B. Knerr, a German physician who had migrated to the United States. His mother was Melitta Hering, daughter of Constantine Hering, a pioneer of homeopathy. After attending the Episcopal Academy, he studied for two years at the Pennsylvania Museum and School of Industrial Art and then became a newspaper illustrator. He recalled, "My first newspaper work was drawing pictures of gravestones atop the oldest graves in a local cemetery for The Philadelphia Record. These were paid for at the fee of three dollars each."

Comic strips

According to Knerr authority James Lowe, Knerr was extremely prolific, producing more than 1,500 Sunday comic pages between 1901 and 1914 for a half-dozen continuing features in three different Philadelphia newspapers.

He created his first comic strip, Zoo-Illogical Snapshots, for the Public Ledger. In 1899, when he was 18, he started working for The Philadelphia Inquirer. In 1901, he drew the Sunday strip, Willie's Revenge, followed by a number of comic strips, including the Mr. Jack-inspired Mr. George and His Wife (1904–14). In 1906, he took over the strip Scary William and continued it until 1914. From June 15, 1913 to November 15, 1914, he drew The Irresistible Rag. (The cartoonist Joe Doyle drew both Scary William and The Irresistible Rag after Knerr left these strips.)

From 1903 to 1914, he drew The Fineheimer Twins, an imitation of The Katzenjammer Kids, which made it obvious he was the ideal artist to replace Rudolph Dirks on The Katzenjammer Kids.

The Katzenjammer Kids
Knerr took over The Katzenjammer Kids Sunday strip in November 1914 when Dirks left the Hearst-owned New York Morning Journal after a legal dispute.

During World War I, some newspapers retitled the strip as The Shenanigan Kids, and the nationality of the characters was changed to Dutch instead of German because of World War I anti-German sentiments. It changed back to its original name and contents in 1920. He continued to write and draw the strip until his death in 1949, when it was taken over by Charles H. Winner.

Knerr's continuation of The Katzenjammer Kids has been praised as "a particularly brilliant job... true to the spirit of the original, and yet stylistically his own."

Dinglehoofer und His Dog Adolph
On May 16, 1926, Knerr started  (sometimes titled  Dinglehoofer und His Dog Adolph during the early 1930s), a topper that accompanied The Katzenjammer Kids until two years after Knerr's death. By 1936, to avoid any association with Adolf Hitler, the dog's name was changed to Schnappsy.

Personal life
Knerr never married. In New York during the 1940s, he lived in the Hotel Blackstone at 50 East 58th Street. On July 8, 1949, he died in Manhattan from heart disease, survived by a sister in Carmel, California, and a brother in Philadelphia.  He is buried at West Laurel Hill Cemetery in Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania.

Bibliography
Zoo-Illogical Snapshots
Mr. George and His Wife (1904–14)
Hard Luck Bill (1903–04)
Die Fineheimer Twins (1903–14)
Scary William (1906–14)
The Irresistible Rag (1913–14)
The Katzenjammer Kids (1913–49)
Dinglehoofer und His Dog (1926–49)

Books of Katzenjammer Kids comics were produced in the 1930s, including Katzenjammer Kids in the Mountains (1934, Saalfield Publishing) and The Katzenjammer Kids (1939, Dell Publishing). In 1935, Whitman published Dinglehoofer und his Dog Adolph.

See also
The Katzenjammer Kids
List of American comics creators

References

External links
Lambiek

1882 births
1949 deaths
American comic strip cartoonists
University of the Arts (Philadelphia) alumni
American people of German descent
American male artists
The Katzenjammer Kids


Thelymitra pauciflora, commonly called the slender sun orchid in Australia and maikaika or maika in New Zealand is a species of orchid in the family Orchidaceae. It is one of the most widespread and common orchid species in Australia, growing in all states except Western Australia and the Northern Territory, and also in New Zealand including Chatham Island.

Description
Thelymitra pauciflora is a terrestrial, tuberous herb growing up to 60 cm high when in flower. It has a single erect, fleshy leaf, 30 cm long by 6 mm wide, ribbed on the outer side and channelled on the inner. The leaf is tinged with purple, especially near the base and often spotted with rust. The flower stem has up to twelve flowers but only two or three open at a time. Each flower is 1.5–2.0 cm across, dark blue, mauve or magenta in colour in New Zealand but pale blue, rarely pink or white in Australia. The top of the column is yellow and the column arms have a mop-like tuft of white or mauve hairs. The flowers generally open only in warm weather. In Australia, flowers mostly appear from August to January and in New Zealand from November to January.

Taxonomy and naming
The species was first formally described by botanist Robert Brown in 1810 in  Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae. The specific epithet (pauciflora) is derived from Latin, paucus, "few" and flos, "flower".

Distribution and habitat
Thelymitra pauciflora occurs in the Australian Capital Territory and all states of Australia except Western Australia and Northern Territory. In Australia it grows in sclerophyll forest, woodland and heath. It also occurs in New Zealand where it grows in open areas amongst scrub, clay banks, open grassland and from lowlands to low montane.

References

External links

pauciflora
Endemic orchids of Australia
Orchids of New South Wales
Orchids of South Australia
Orchids of Tasmania
Orchids of Victoria (state)
Orchids of New Zealand
Plants described in 1810


The effective exchange rate is an index that describes the strength of a currency relative to a basket of other currencies. Suppose a country has  trading partners and denote  and as the trade and exchange rate with country  respectively. Then the effective exchange rate is calculated as:

Although typically that basket is trade-weighted, the trade-weighted effective exchange rate index is not the only way to derive a meaningful effective exchange rate index.  Ho (2012) proposed a new approach to compiling effective exchange rate indices.  It defines the effective exchange rate as the ratio of the "normalized Exchange Value of Currency i against the US dollar" to the normalized exchange value of the "benchmark currency basket" against the US dollar. The US dollar is here used as numeraire for convenience, and since it cancels out, in principle any other currency can be used instead without affecting the results.   The benchmark currency basket is a GDP-weighted basket of the major fully convertible currencies of the world.

Bilateral exchange rate involves a currency pair, while an effective exchange rate is a weighted average of a basket of foreign currencies, and it can be viewed as an overall measure of the country's external competitiveness. A nominal effective exchange rate (NEER) is weighted with the inverse of the asymptotic trade weights. A real effective exchange rate (REER) adjusts NEER by the appropriate foreign price level and deflates by the home country price level. There are four aspects for alternative measures of REER which are (a) using end-of-period or period averages of the nominal exchange rate. (b) choosing price indexes. (c) in obtaining the real effective exchange rates, deciding upon the number of trading partners in calculating the weights. (d) deciding upon the formula to use in aggregation. Considering all these aspects together led to the calculation of a great number of alternative series.

The Bank for International Settlements provides four sets of effective exchange rates, updated monthly. One pair uses a "narrow" set of 27 countries with data going back to 1964, both in nominal terms and as a "real" effective exchange rate adjusted using consumer price inflation. The "broad" set covers 61 economies, but with data only from 1994, again available both as a nominal series and adjusted for relative inflation. The trade weights are not updated monthly; as of March 2016, the base period was the average over 2011–13.

Effective exchange rates are useful for gauging whether a currency has appreciated overall relative to trading partners. For example, in 2015 the Chinese RMB depreciated about 8% against the US dollar. However, more of China's trade is with Asia and Europe than with the United States, and the dollar appreciated against those currencies. The net effect was that once weighted by trade shares the value of the Chinese currency actually appreciated approximately 10% relative to its trading partners.

EER are still volatile over short periods of time and a poor guide for comparing standards of living across countries. For that purpose Purchasing Power Parity measures are more appropriate.

See also

 Foreign exchange market
 Purchasing Power Parity

References

External links
 BIS Effective Exchange Rate Home Page
 FRED2 Database BIS Data as graphs
 Lok Sang Ho, "Globalization Exports,and Effective Exchange Rate Indices," Journal of International Money and Finance, Volume 31, Issue 5, September 2012, Pages 996–1007
 Global Nominal and Real Effective Exchange Rates Online

Foreign exchange market


Purbeck Miniature Railway is a  gauge miniature railway, located at The Purbeck School near Wareham, Dorset, England. Construction started in the late 1980s in co-operation with the Weymouth & District Society of Model Engineers and has closed due to building works on The Purbeck School.

The line runs from a passenger station at Monument, around the main playground, before crossing a bridge and passing through a tunnel to reach the second station where the main sheds are located. The line is approximately  long.

Rolling stock
The line built its own rolling stock over the years, inspired by Heywood designs. There was a range of wagons for maintenance purposes including a ballast hopper, weedkiller tank, guards vans and open wagons. The passenger stock also varied from enclosed 4 wheel coaches to open sit astride trolleys.

Petrol and electric locomotives

Steam locomotives

Signalling
There was a signal box at Purbeck South which controlled the points and semaphore signals, allowing more than one train to operate at once. At Monument there was a simple arrangement of two platforms and a turntable, which was operated by the guard, shunter or driver.

Public operating
The line used to give rides to the public at car boot events, which were normally held on the first Sunday of each month. The railway has now been dismantled and is no longer in operation.

Junior Members Club
The line runs its own club for young people run by Noel Donnely, a former Purbeck school teacher. Public are welcome to come along and look and ride on the railway at the meetings or on special occasions and open days.

References

7¼ in gauge railways in England
Miniature railways in the United Kingdom
Rail transport in Dorset
Railway lines closed in 2013
Wareham, Dorset


Mirza Jelečak (born 2 March 1983) is a Bosnian-born Swedish football manager and former player who serves as the coach for the Sweden U18 team.

Club career
Jelečak was born in Sarajevo. He previously played for Örebro SK, Landskrona BoIS, Dalkurd FF and FC Väsby United.

International career
Jelečak has represented the Sweden U18 team and the Sweden U19 team.

Personal life
He holds both a Swedish and a Bosnian citizenship.

References

External links

 (archive)

1983 births
Living people
Footballers from Sarajevo
Men's association football midfielders
Bosnia and Herzegovina men's footballers
Swedish men's footballers
Sweden men's youth international footballers
Örebro SK players
Landskrona BoIS players
Dalkurd FF players
AFC Eskilstuna players
IK Sirius Fotboll players
Allsvenskan players
Superettan players
Ettan Fotboll players
Swedish football managers
IK Sirius Fotboll managers


Charles Uniacke Mader (April 10, 1856 – May 27, 1929) was a merchant and political figure in Nova Scotia, Canada. He represented Lunenburg County in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly as a Liberal member from 1904 to 1911.

Early life
He was born in Maders Cove, Lunenburg County, Nova Scotia, the son of Francis Mader, of German descent, and Mary Andrews.

Career
He first worked as a clerk in a general store and then went into business on his own in Mahone Bay in 1880. Mader built a general store in Mahone Bay in 1887 and also operated a fishing fleet. He served as a member of the local school board.

Death
He died in Mahone Bay on May 27, 1929.

Personal life
He married Martha Ernst in 1880. In 1884, he married Charlotte A. Keddy after the death of his first wife.

References

1856 births
1929 deaths
Nova Scotia Liberal Party MLAs


The following are airports serving the Durban area.

List

See also

List of airports in South Africa

References

South African Air Force Bases

External links
 Lists of airports in South Africa:
 Great Circle Mapper
 FallingRain.com
 Aircraft Charter World
 The Airport Guide
 World Aero Data
 A-Z World Airports
 Durban International Airport home page
 AFB Durban home page
 Dube Tradeport website (King Shaka International Airport)

Buildings and structures in Durban
Airports in KwaZulu-Natal
List, Durban
Transport in Durban
Airports, Durban
Airports
Airports, Durban


Bandwan is a census town in the Bandwan CD block in the Manbazar subdivision of the Purulia district in the state of West Bengal, India.

Geography

Location
Bandwan is located at .

Area overview
Purulia district forms the lowest step of the Chota Nagpur Plateau. The general scenario is undulating land with scattered hills. Manbazar subdivision, shown in the map alongside, is located in the eastern part of the district. It is an overwhelmingly rural subdivision with 96.32% of the population living in the rural areas and 3.68% living in the urban areas. There are 3 census towns in the subdivision. The map shows the Kangsabati Project Reservoir. The Mukutmanipur Dam is in Bankura district but the upper portion of the reservoir is in Manbazar subdivision. The remnants of old temples and deities are found in the subdivision also, as in other parts of the district. The subdivision has a very high proportion of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. Bandwan CD block has 51.86% ST population, Manbazar II CD block has 48.97% ST population. Manbazar I CD block has 22.03% ST and 22.44% SC. Puncha CD block has 24.74% ST and 14.54 SC. Writing in 1911, H. Coupland, ICS, speaks of the aboriginal races largely predominating in the old Manbhum district. He particularly mentions the Kurmis, Santhals, Bhumij and Bauri.

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

Demographics
As per 2011 Census of India Bandwan had a total population of 5,993 of which 3,112 (52%) were males and 2,881 (48%) were females. Population below 6 years was 692. The total number of literates in Bandwan was 4,131 (77.93% of the population over 6 years).

Civic administration

Police station
Bandwan police station has jurisdiction over the Bandwan CD block. The area covered is 367.08 km2 and the population covered is 95,002. It has 52.44 km of inter-state border with Galudih, Patamda and Kamalpur police stations in East Singhbhum district of Jharkhand.

CD block HQ
The headquarters of the Bandwan CD block are located at Bandwan.

Infrastructure
According to the District Census Handbook 2011, Puruliya, Bandwan covered an area of 3.6145 km2. Among the civic amenities, it had 5 km roads with both open and covered drains, the protected water supply involved overhead tank, tap water from treated sources, tank/pond/lake. It had 1,235 domestic electric connections, 218 road light points. Among the educational facilities it had were 9 primary schools, 3 senior secondary schools. Among the social, recreational and cultural facilities, it had 1 stadium, 1 auditorium/ community hall, 1 public library, 1 reding room. Three important commodities it produced were bakery products, puffed rice, pot making. It had branches of 1 nationalised bank, 1 non-agricultural credit society.

Transport
SH 5 running from Rupnarayanpur (in Bardhaman district) to Junput (in Purba Medinipur district) passes through Bandwan. The road from Bandwan to Mahulia, on NH 18, in East Singhbhum district of Jharkhand, and the Barabazar-Bandwan Road meets SH 5 at Bandwan. SBSTC has a bus depot at Bandwan.

Education
Bandwan Mahavidyalaya at Bandwan is a government aided private college at village: Chilla, PO Jitan. It is affiliated to Sidho Kanho Birsha University. It offers courses in B.A. honours in Bengali, English , Sanskrit, Santhali, Political Science ,  history, Education and B.A. pass.

Healthcare
Bandwan Rural Hospital, with 30 beds, is a major government medical facility in Bandwan CD block.

References

Cities and towns in Purulia district


Laspeyria flexula, the beautiful hook-tip, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Michael Denis and Ignaz Schiffermüller in 1775. It is found in the Palearctic realm.

The wingspan is 23–27 mm. The moth flies from May to June depending on the location.

The larvae feed on willow and Populus tremula (aspen).

External links

Fauna Europaea
Lepiforum e.V.
De Vlinderstichting

Boletobiinae
Moths of Japan
Moths of Europe
Moths of Asia
Taxa named by Michael Denis
Taxa named by Ignaz Schiffermüller
Moths described in 1775
Palearctic Lepidoptera


Eupithecia simpliciata, the plain pug, is a moth of the family Geometridae. It is found in the Palearctic realm, from western Europe to north-western China (Xinjiang).
The species primarily colonizes wastelands, rubble and abandoned vineyards, and in Asia also salt steppes. In the Alps, the range of altitude extends up to 1200 metres.

The wingspan is 21–23 mm. Eupithecia simpliciata has a relatively broad rounded forewing. The forewing ground colour is pale ochre. The forewing has indistinct, curved fuscous striae. The postmedian fascia has curved pale edges, the outer one zig-zagged towards the tornus. The forewing fringes are chequered. The hindwings are whitish-grey, darkened in the postmedian field. The discal spot is small. The moths vary significantly in colour and pattern.
See also Prout

The caterpillars are greenish or brownish coloured and usually show indistinct dark angular or diamond markings on the back.The pupa is brownish, the wing sheaths shimmer greenish. The cone-shaped cremaster is equipped with two curved thorns as well as some short hook bristles.

The moth flies from May to September, depending on the location.

The larvae feed on Atriplex, Chenopodium, Artemisia maritima and Artemisia vulgaris.

References

External links

Plain pug on UKmoths
Lepiforum.de
Vlindernet.nl

Moths described in 1809
simpliciata
Moths of Europe
Moths of Asia
Taxa named by Adrian Hardy Haworth


The 1928–29 FA Cup was the 54th season of the world's oldest football cup competition, the Football Association Challenge Cup, commonly known as the FA Cup. Bolton Wanderers won the competition for the third time, beating Portsmouth 2–0 in the final at Wembley.

Matches were scheduled to be played at the stadium of the team named first on the date specified for each round, which was always a Saturday. Some matches, however, might be rescheduled for other days if there were clashes with games for other competitions or the weather was inclement. If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played, a replay would take place at the stadium of the second-named team later the same week. If the replayed match was drawn further replays would be held until a winner was determined. If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played in a replay, a 30-minute period of extra time would be played.

Calendar

First round proper
At this stage 41 clubs from the Football League Third Division North and South joined the 25 non-league clubs who came through the qualifying rounds. Of those Third Division sides not playing in the first round proper, Northampton Town and Swindon Town were given a bye to the third round, while Nelson were not involved at any stage of the competition. To make the number of matches up, non-league Northfleet United and Leyton were given byes to this round. 34 matches were scheduled to be played on Saturday, 24 November 1928. One match was drawn and went to a replay in the following midweek fixture.

Second round proper
The matches were played on Saturday, 8 December 1928. Two matches were drawn, with replays taking place in the following midweek fixture.

Third round proper
The 44 First and Second Division clubs, entered the competition at this stage, along with Third Division Northampton Town and Swindon Town. Also given a bye to this round of the draw were amateur side Corinthian. The matches were scheduled for Saturday, 12 January 1929. Eight matches were drawn and went to replays in the following midweek fixture, of which one went to a second replay.

Fourth round proper
The matches were scheduled for Saturday, 26 January 1929. Five games were drawn and went to replays in the following midweek fixture.

Fifth round proper
The matches were scheduled for Saturday, 16 February 1929. There were three replays played in the next midweek fixture.

Sixth round proper
The four quarter-final ties were scheduled to be played on Saturday, 2 March 1929. There were two replays.

Semi-finals
The semi-final matches were played on Saturday, 23 March 1929. Bolton Wanderers and Portsmouth won their matches to meet in the final at Wembley.

Final

The 1929 FA Cup Final was contested by Bolton Wanderers and Portsmouth at Wembley. Bolton won 2–0, with goals by Billy Butler and Harry Blackmore.

Match details

See also
FA Cup Final Results 1872-

References
General
Official site; fixtures and results service at TheFA.com
1928-29 FA Cup at rssf.com
1928-29 FA Cup at soccerbase.com

Specific

FA Cup seasons
Fa Cup, 1928-29
Cup


libLAS is a library for reading and writing geospatial data encoded in the ASPRS laser (LAS) file format, versions 1.0, 1.1 and 1.2. LAS-formatted data is heavily used in lidar processing operations. The LAS format is a sequential binary format used to store data from sensors and as intermediate processing storage by some applications.

libLAS software consists of base library with multiple application programming interfaces available for programming languages like C, C++, Python as well as languages available in .NET Framework and Mono. Also, a variety of useful command-line utilities is provided for translating LAS files from one version of the LAS format to another, inspecting header information, and translating LAS data to and from text.

Initial development of libLAS software was supported by the Iowa Geological Survey of the Iowa DNR for use in its statewide lidar project.

External links

libLAS homepage
LAStools developed by Martin Isenburg and Jonathan Shewchuk
LAS file format overview, with link to specification, at ASPRS web site

C++ libraries
Free computer libraries
Free GIS software
Free software programmed in C++
Lidar