Pedigree Dogs Exposed is a BBC One investigative documentary, produced by Jemima Harrison, which looks into health and welfare issues facing pedigree dogs in the United Kingdom. It was originally broadcast on 19 August 2008.

The Kennel Club (KC), the governing body of pedigree dogs in the UK which runs the prestigious dog breed show Crufts, was criticised for allowing breed standards, judging standards, and breeding practices to compromise the health of pedigree dogs.

The programme generated much criticism of the Kennel Club. It also caused various sponsors and trade exhibitors to withdraw their participation from Crufts and other Kennel Club events. The BBC—which had broadcast Crufts for 42 years—withdrew its coverage of Crufts in 2009, and chose not to renew it thereafter.

The Kennel Club initially denied the filmmakers' assertion that many of the dogs suffered from diseases and stated that the vast majority of dog breeds are healthy. It also lodged a complaint with broadcasting regulator Ofcom, claiming unfair treatment and editing. Due to strong public reaction, it later rolled out new health plans and reviewed breed standards for every breed, an action which some breeders condemned as an overreaction. Ofcom's final ruling upheld KC's complaints regarding the lack of a right of reply for some allegations made by the programme, but dismissed complaints made in various other areas. The ruling also acknowledged that KC's geneticist Jeff Sampson's views were misrepresented, but stated that as a whole, the KC was not treated unfairly by the programme.

Three separate health reports were commissioned as a result of the programme. Reports by the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Associate Parliamentary Group for Animal Welfare and Sir Patrick Bateson (funded by the Kennel Club and Dogs Trust) concluded that breeding practices held by the KC were detrimental to the welfare of pedigree dogs and made various recommendations to be taken by the Kennel Club and breeders to improve pedigree dog health.

A follow-up programme, Pedigree Dogs Exposed: Three Years On, was broadcast on BBC 4 on 27 February 2012.

Content

The documentary follows a number of dog breeds, investigating health and welfare concerns arising from the breeds and their breed standards. A Cavalier King Charles Spaniel is shown suffering from syringomyelia, a condition that reduces the space available inside the skull for the brain; veterinary neurologist Dr Claire Rusbridge describes the brain in this condition as a "size 10 foot that's been shoved into a size 6 shoe", and estimates that up to a third of the breed suffers from this problem. Cavalier King Charles Spaniels are also explained to suffer from higher rates of heart disease, with cardiologist Simon Swift explaining that roughly half of all Cavaliers aged 5 experience heart murmurs, a rate increasing to almost all Cavaliers by ages 10 to 11.

The documentary states that around three-quarters of the 7 million dogs in the UK are pedigree breeds, resulting in £10m of vet fees weekly. Geneticist Steve Jones attributes the issues faced by pedigree breeds to inbreeding; RSPCA Chief Vet Mark Evans singles out competitive dog showing as responsible for pedigree breed health issues.

The programme goes on to explain how breed standards have developed and changed in comparison with breed standards of the previous century. Old photos of the Dachshund, Basset Hound, Bull Terrier, Bulldog, Pug and German Shepherd Dog illustrate these changes, with working German Shepherds closer to old breed standards than a German Shepherd shown in the show ring. Crufts Judge Terry Hannan insists that working German Shepherds are anatomically incorrect, and that it is the show dog that conforms to the breed standard. The programme puts to the Chairman of the Basset Hound Club that the Club is breeding congenital dwarfism into the breed; the Chairman rejects this accusation, claiming that modern-day Basset Hounds resemble those of the 1800s closely.

Historian David Hancock counters the claims that Bulldogs are bred for extreme traits, such as a severe underbite and facial wrinkles, to reflect tradition, and that these traits were bred in historically for fighting purposes. The programme states that Bulldogs heads have become so large that the majority of Bulldogs undergo Caesarian sections, as they are unable to give birth without surgical intervention.

The programme analyses that dogs were initially bred for practical functions such as hunting and guarding, but in the middle of the 19th century, breed standards began to shift, as dogs became a status symbol and dog breeding became a sport, and the function of a dog became a secondary consideration after appearance. Evans describes Crufts as a "parade of mutants" and "a freakish, garish beauty pageant that has frankly nothing to do with health and welfare", pointing out that breed standards take no account of temperament and fitness for purpose.

The programme traces the Kennel Club's history to the eugenics movement, on which it says purebred dog breeding is based .  A Rhodesian Ridgeback breeder interviewed for the documentary advocates for the culling – the term culling meaning the prevention of an animal from breeding through means such as neutering, not necessarily meaning the killing of unwanted animals – of healthy puppies that do not display the "ridge" trait of the breed, as breed standards forbid ridgelessness; one in 20 puppies is born ridgeless. The Chairman of the Rhodesian Ridgeback Club states that ridgelessness is a genetic fault; the ridge, a genetic trait, is claimed to increase the likelihood of the dog suffering from dermoid sinus. The programme mistakenly claims that the ridge itself is a mild form of spina bifida . A section of the code of ethics of the Rhodesian Ridgeback Club is shown to state that "Ridgeless puppies shall be culled."

When asked about the practice of culling healthy puppies (with the implication that killing them was what was meant), Kennel Club chairman Ronnie Irving denies knowledge of such practices, and states that they were not acceptable. Following the interview, the documentary shows that the Kennel Club wrote to the Rhodesian Ridgeback Club to condemn the practice, and requested that the club review their code of ethics. The breed club responded that the Kennel Club knew about the code of ethics, as they are ratified by the Kennel Club each year.

Apart from Ridgebacks, other examples of culling for cosmetic reasons mentioned include Great Danes with nonstandard markings, white German Shepherds, and white Boxers. It is stated by the programme that culling by slaughter is not as common as it previously was, as more breeders choose to neuter individuals who do not meet breed standards, with there being a demand for pure-bred, but not show-standard, dogs available as pets. The documentary states that selectively-bred dogs had "poorer health" than mongrels.

The documentary shifts to focus on the practice of deliberate inbreeding within pedigree dogs, said to result in the serious genetic diseases present in many breeds. A 2006 report by the Companion Animal Welfare Council calls for the controlling of inbreeding practices within pedigree dogs, and that "animals with genetic defects should be barred from breed shows". Irving rejects the claims in the report, saying they are based on emotions rather than science. A 2004 paper authored by the Kennel Club's own geneticist Jeff Sampson mentions that "Unfortunately, the restrictive breeding patterns that have been developed as part and parcel of the purebred dog scene have not been without collateral damage to all breeds..." and that "increasingly, inherited diseases are imposing a serious disease burden on many, if not all, breeds of dogs." When interviewed for the programme, Sampson claims that "the vast majority of dogs we register [...] will live long, happy, and healthy lives." A study by Imperial College, London, shows that the 10,000 Pugs in the UK are so inbred that their gene pool is the equivalent of only 50 individuals.

The documentary shows that of the more than 200 breeds registered by the Kennel Club, compulsory health tests exist only for the Irish Setter and the Irish Red and White Setter. The Kennel Club defends the lack of health testing requirements, stating that increasing these requirements would drive breeders away from the Club. The President of the British Veterinary Association, Dr Nick Blayney BVSc MRCVS, agrees with the Kennel Club, stating that "if it becomes too reactionary and loses the support of the majority, it would cease to have any influence", and the Club was "doing the best they can in a very difficult situation".

The programme points out that no official system for recording hereditary diseases exists, and claims that any health screens that exist are "often inadequate or ineffective"; responsible breeders of Cavalier King Charles Spaniels have used heart screening tests since 1995, but the programme reports that many breeders ignore veterinarian advice to only breed dogs over a certain age, thus having no impact on the rates of heart disease within the breed.

The programme acknowledges the Kennel Club's attempts to fix health issues, in the form of the Accredited Breeder Scheme, and funding for DNA tests, but states that neither fix the issues of inbreeding faced in pedigree dog breeding. The programme also acknowledges that Chairman Ronnie Irving had previously spoken out about the exaggerated traits in some breeds, such as the Bulldog's, and that breed standards had been changed to temper these exaggerations; the Kennel Club had also added health and welfare issues to the curriculum for judges.

The programme shows examples of individuals with serious inherited diseases being crowned show champions. Such individuals are not forbidden from being bred and some go on to produce offspring who inherit the same diseases. It reports that the 2003 Crufts champion – a Pekingese – had to sit on an ice pack to have its photo taken, as the breed has a tendency to overheat, caused by an inability to cool down as a result of its flattened face. The dog was revealed to have undergone a soft palate resection earlier. Professor Dan Brockman from the Royal Veterinary College explains that the condition is inherited and is very likely to be passed down to later generations.

The programme states that attempts by individual dog breeders to change the system face difficulties, and that though the Kennel Club had begun funding research into syringomyelia in Cavaliers, many breeders did not take the issue seriously. A Cavalier that won a Best-in-Show was revealed by Carter to have syringomyelia (one and a half months after the programme aired, Carter was removed from the Cavalier Club Committee for this "breach of confidentiality"). Despite veterinarian advice not to breed from the dog, the dog went on to sire 26 litters, adding to the eight litters sired before the diagnosis.

When told that the Kennel Club was not doing enough, Irving rejects the claim that many breeds were in trouble, and states that the Kennel Club and its Charitable Trust are doing much to fix the problems in "some breeds". The programme ends with Evans calling for a "complete top-to-bottom review of breed standards and the rules and regulations of dog showing to move it away from its obsession with beauty through to quality of life".

Reaction
The programme, which spanned a production period of two years, was watched by 3.9 million viewers.

Before the programme aired, the Kennel Club issued a statement warning that the programme may be highly biased. After the airing, it released multiple press releases questioning the neutrality and "sensationalism" of the programme. It also lodged a complaint to broadcasting regulator Ofcom claiming "unfair treatment and editing". The BBC has stood by the journalism in the documentary.

The Rhodesian Ridgeback Club calls "absolute nonsense" the programme's claim that the ridge "serves no purpose" and says the ridge "defines the breed from any other large brown dog without a ridge which might be considered a crossbreed i.e. mastiff x pitbull or boxer x mastiff". Regarding the code of ethics statement which says "Ridgeless puppies shall be culled at birth", the Club points to the statement that follows, "if a breeder finds this morally impossible the puppy shall be homed". as indication that culling is not mandatory. They have since revised their code of ethics to say "no healthy puppy will be culled".

The RSPCA stated that it is "concerned about the unacceptably high levels of disability, deformity and disease affecting pedigree dogs".

In his speech at the Welsh Kennel Club championship two days after the programme aired, Kennel Club Chairman Ronnie Irving said that "If this programme teaches us anything, I hope it will teach the 'purists' in some breeds that they simply must get a move on and realise that in these politically correct and well informed days, some old attitudes are simply no longer sustainable." Maintaining that the majority of dogs are healthy he said that "the roughly 90% of us who thankfully have healthy breeds must continue to guard against exaggeration and must bring pressure to bear on the laggards, otherwise we will – all of us – continue to be tarred with the same brush".

Dogs Today editor Beverley Cuddy, who said in the programme that "dogs are falling apart" and "the number of genetic problems are increasing at a frightening pace" disputes the Kennel Club's 90% figure. She points to a Kennel Club/British Small Animal Veterinary Association health survey, which shows that 37.4% of dogs had at least one serious health issue by age 5, and adds that the Kennel Club had to discount conditions such as hip dysplasia, slipping patellas and hereditary cataracts to get their 90% figure.

On 5 October 2008, Margaret Carter, who revealed the health condition of the Best-of-Breed Cavalier in the film, was voted out of the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Club (CKCSC) committee by its members in a Special General Meeting for "breach of confidentiality". The Kennel Club has expressed concerns with the decision by CKCSC. In January 2009, backed by grassroots members, Carter sought reelection to the committee, but was elected without a ballot being required as she was the only nominee. She has since withdrawn her nomination and quit the breed club after the club chairman, vice-chairman and secretary announced their resignation in response to Carter's nomination. Carter told The Times: "My only interest was to improve the health of the dogs and it has never been my intention to damage the Cavalier King Charles club where I have been a loyal member for more than 30 years ... The top showing people and breeders are the ones most threatened by health testing. They either want to win in the show ring or make money and they don't want health problems talked about." Club chairman Lesley Jupp said that "Her presence on the committee was unacceptable in the circumstances. Some people would have found it very difficult to work with her".

As a consequence of the programme, cat breeders have too come under pressure from veterinary and animal welfare associations, with breeds such as the Persian, Scottish Fold and Munchkin being singled out.

Sponsorships
After the programme aired the BBC, which had broadcast Crufts for 42 years, announced that it was considering cutting its ties with the show. The Club, too, was considering their association with BBC, saying that they were confident of finding another broadcaster should things turn sour. Various sponsors, including the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, the People's Dispensary for Sick Animals and the UK's largest dog welfare charity, Dogs Trust, have since pulled out of the show. On 24 October, principal sponsor Pedigree Petfoods withdrew their sponsorship of Crufts—estimated at between £0.5 to £1.5 million per year—ending a 44-year relationship; however, it remained an official sponsor through their Royal Canin brand. This was followed by major sponsor Hill's Pet Nutrition's withdrawal from the event one week later.

On 12 December, the BBC dropped Crufts 2009 from its schedule after failing to agree on terms with the Kennel Club. Their request to drop 12 "at-risk" breeds from the main event was rejected by the Kennel Club, who called the request "unreasonable" and said that it would compromise their "contractual obligations" and "general responsibility to dog exhibitors and our audience". The Kennel Club's contract with the BBC was worth a six-figure annual sum and ended in 2010.

Revised breed standards
On 7 October 2008, the Kennel Club announced that it was rolling out new health plans. Breed standards for every breed are under review and show judges will be required to take health into judging considerations. It has also requested regulatory powers from the Government, which would allow the club to take actions against breeders who do not comply with health standards. Some breed clubs have condemned the Kennel Club for overreacting. The bulldog breed council has rejected the new Bulldog standard, saying that they are "at a loss to understand in what way the health and general welfare of the breed could be improved by the proposed changes".

On 12 January, the Kennel Club released the revised breed standards, which would "not include anything that could in any way be interpreted as encouraging features that might prevent a dog from breathing, walking and seeing freely". "This will help to prevent the practice of exaggeration, where features that are perceived to be desirable, such as a short muzzle or loose skin, are made more prominent by breeders, and which can have detrimental effects on a dog’s health." Rules to ban close inbreeding (parent/child and sibling/sibling) would take effect from 1 March 2009. Show rules were changed to state "more clearly than ever" that judges should only "reward those dogs that are healthy representatives of their breed". Judges would also have the authority to eject unhealthy dogs from competitions. A Club spokesman said that the changes would take "several generations, to have an effect".

Pedigree Dogs Exposed producer Jemima Harrison called the change "long overdue". RSPCA chief vet Evans welcomed the ban on close inbreeding but said that the breed standard changes were not "radical enough to really make a difference". He also expressed concern about how standards would be interpreted in the show ring. While some breeders showed their support for the new standards, others were upset with the new standards and threatened legal actions against the Kennel Club. The Chairman of the British Bulldog Breed Council said of the new Bulldog standard: "What you'll get is a completely different dog, not a British bulldog. There is no jowl, no upturn of the nose and the legs will no longer be wide in front and narrow behind."

Complaints to Ofcom and the BBC
Ofcom was set to release the results of its ruling on 9 November, but complaints by the BBC pressured Ofcom to hold off publishing it. The Kennel Club stated its loss of confidence in the Ofcom complaints process.

The findings were eventually released on 9 December. Four of the Kennel Club's five areas of complaint were dismissed. The complaint that was partially upheld was with regard to the lack of a right of reply for some allegations. The Kennel Club claims 15 such instances, but the ruling dismissed all but four: allegations regarding eugenics, comparison with Hitler, association with Nazi racial theory, and the implied cover-up of the operation undergone by the Crufts champion. Two complaints by the Rhodesian Ridgeback Club of Great Britain were upheld: the unfair representation of research on dermoid sinus in Ridgebacks and the club's action with regard to the issue, and the description of the ridge of the breed as a deformity and a form of spina bifida. CKCS breeder Virginia Barwell's claim that she was portrayed as a "ruthless dog breeder" was rejected by Ofcom, but it states that unfair editing oversimplified her views. Complaints by the CKCSC and Michael Randall, a German Shepherd Dog handler who appeared in brief footage, were not upheld.

The Kennel Club complaints upheld in the provisional findings that BBC had contested earlier was the unfair representation of Kennel Club geneticist Jeff Sampson's views and lack of an opportunity to respond for the Crufts champion cover-up claim. While the provisional finding stated that there was "some unfair treatment" of the Kennel Club, the released finding acknowledged that Sampson's views were misrepresented but stated that as a whole, the Kennel Club was not treated unfairly. The Kennel Club said that "Professor Sampson is our senior representative and spokesman on the health and genetic issues affecting dogs. It is therefore surprising that Ofcom doesn’t also conclude, on this occasion, that the Kennel Club itself was therefore unfairly represented. Ofcom changed its mind on this point following its provisional decision."

Breeder Dave Moger, who is the health representative of the South and West Wales Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Club, filed a complaint against the program with the BBC Editorial Complaints Unit immediately after it aired. After pursuing the case for almost two years, going through five layers of the complaints and appeals process, in the final ruling the BBC Trust did not uphold the complaint.

In June 2011, the findings of two more complaints were released. After the Ofcom ruling, Pedigree Dogs Exposed was re-edited for sale and broadcast abroad. The two complaints claimed that the film was still misleading and did not comply with the Ofcom ruling. The BBC Editorial Standards Committee ruled that the re-edited script which says "the ridge predisposes the dogs to a mild form of spina bifida" was still inaccurate. The Committee stated that RSPCA Chief Vet Mark Evans' description of the ridge as a deformity was an expression of his opinion but that the Rhodesian Ridgeback Club representative should have been given a right to reply to that criticism. With regards to a complaint on the emphasis of culling healthy animals, the committee ruled that, while the film still included the statement that "it’s still enshrined in the Rhodesian Ridgeback Club’s code of ethics that ridgeless puppies shall be culled.", the endboard which states that "Since the broadcast of Pedigree Dogs Exposed, the Kennel Club has introduced many changes...these include...a new Code of Ethics which prohibits healthy dogs being culled for cosmetic reasons." satisfied the requirements of the accuracy guidelines. Two other complaints were not upheld.

RSPCA Report
In February 2009, the results of an independent scientific report commissioned by the RSPCA concluded that "exaggerated physical features and inherited diseases cause serious welfare problems in pedigree dogs". Quoting Arman (2007), the report states that "Society and sections of the veterinary profession have become 'desensitised to the welfare issues to such an extent that the production of anatomically deformed dogs is neither shocking, nor considered abnormal'". It also states that "Breeding practices and efforts by breed societies and kennel clubs, to date, have been ineffective at protecting the welfare of many breeds of domestic dog" and that "changes in breeding and selection practices are urgently required". The Kennel Club states that the report "fails totally to recognise the real steady progress and advance of scientific knowledge that has already been made in the area of pedigree dog health."

APGAW inquiry
The Associate Parliamentary Group for Animal Welfare (APGAW) released the results of its "inquiry into the health and welfare issues surrounding the breeding of pedigree dogs" in November. The report mentioned the "serious problem with the health and welfare of many pedigree dogs" and how they can be caused by current breeding practices. It made various recommendations: Breed standards should be based less on "visual aesthetics" and more on whether the dogs would be "fit for purpose". Where available for particular breeds, health tests should be strongly recommended and individuals not tested should have their test status reflected in registration certificates and should not be eligible for champion titles.

The inquiry also stated that "the KC should make the decision about whether registering dogs or dog health and welfare is their primary objective and focus their attentions more precisely on this when taking this issue forward".

More4 was criticized for their plan to broadcast Crufts 2010. "Until the problems of health and welfare are dealt with, the showing of certain dogs with problems associated with inappropriate breed standards is wrong". A More4 spokesperson stated that its "coverage will place a particular emphasis on health and welfare issues, providing a high profile platform to keep these issues in the public eye – something that has been welcomed by the British Veterinary Association".

The APGAW report indicates that the low breeding standards practiced by some in the Kennel Club's Accredited Breeder Scheme - a scheme meant to help potential dog owners identify responsible breeders - may allow the public to be "falsely led into thinking a puppy they buy from an accredited breeder registered with the KC will have no health or welfare problems associated with its breeding history". It called for more random checks and robust enforcement of the scheme and states that "the use of the word 'pedigree' should be tied to a high standard of breeding (for health and welfare) across the board with the KC not just with the few that decide to join the Accredited Breeder Scheme (ABS)".

The Inquiry believes that ultimately the KC can win back trust by showing that they are willing to take responsibility for dogs registered with them and that they are willing to lose members who do not meet high standards.

The report warned that if the health measures implemented by the Kennel Club fails, government regulations might be necessary. The Kennel Club has issued a response to the report. PDE producer Jemima Harrison condemned the Kennel Club's response, stating that they are downplaying the criticism of the Kennel Club in the report and misrepresenting the findings.

Bateson report
A peer reviewed independent inquiry into dog breeding, headed by Sir Patrick Bateson and funded by the Kennel Club and Dogs Trust with support from Defra, was released in January 2010.

"Form-driven selective breeding has changed the shape of well-known breeds away from the norm of 50 to 100 years ago by exaggerating specific features considered particularly characteristic of the breed" and in many cases, this has had a negative impact on welfare. In some cases, selection for specific characteristics written in breed standards "can be demonstrated to be directly threatening to health and welfare".

To the outsider, it seems incomprehensible that anyone should admire, let alone acquire, an animal that has difficulty in breathing or walking. Yet people are passionate about owning and breeding animals which they know and love, even though the animals manifestly exhibit serious health and welfare problems ... Notwithstanding the motivations of the breeders, the time has surely come for society as a whole to take a firm grip on the welfare issues that evidently arise in dog breeding.

The report stated that showing and judging is a powerful lever for change, as demonstrated by the change in form for many breeds but that this powerful lever can now be used to achieve the desired improvement in welfare. Revisions to breed standards should "recognise the need to avoid the selection for extreme morphologies that can damage the health and welfare of the dog" and in breeds already with a problem, standards should "encourage the selection for morphologies that will improve the welfare status of the breed".

Excessive levels of inbreeding is caused by a small founding population (see founder effect), the deliberate use of inbreeding (including line breeding) to fix desired characteristics, and closed stud books. While inbreeding "can have the beneficial effect of purging some damaging traits", it can fix recessive deleterious traits, result in accidental selection of deleterious traits and also cause reduced fitness (see inbreeding depression). Although the Kennel Club has already banned parent/child and sibling/sibling inbreeding, the report advised against grandparent/grandchildren matings as well. In breeds with insufficient genetic variations to allow selection towards high welfare dogs, "evidence-based outcrossing to resolve problems must not be ruled out simply to support what are no more than artificial boundaries around breeds."

The formation of a non-statutory Advisory Council on Dog Breeding was recommended as "it is difficult for the club to be both judge and jury when introducing proposals for reforms to breeders who hold strong opinions about dog breeding and are often deeply intransigent."

The report called for a "rigorous, robustly policed and well-respected" quality assurance scheme to help buyers identify good breeders. The Kennel Club was advised to upgrade its Accredited Breeder Scheme promptly and apply for United Kingdom Accreditation Service accreditation, otherwise the Advisory Council should implement a new scheme. The report also covered issues beyond the programme's scope and also touched on large scale dog breeding.

The Kennel Club stated that it "welcomes the report's focus on irresponsible breeders" and the recommendations "to tackle irresponsible breeders and to change the way the public think about buying dogs". It is "glad" that the report "suggests that the Kennel Club’s Accredited Breeder Scheme, with some modification could be used". It claimed that the report "could have gone further".

International broadcast
In Australia, ABC1 aired Pedigree Dogs Exposed on 10 September 2009 provoking a similar public, breeder and media reaction that surrounded the original BBC broadcast.

See also
 Dogs portal
 Television portal

References

External links

 Pedigree Dogs Exposed at Passionate Productions

Designer animals or breeding for welfare? (video)  - British Veterinary Association Animal Welfare Foundation
Best of Breed? Pedigree Dogs Face Disease (video + text) ABC Nightline
Crisis in the kennel: Is Crufts cruel?
Top dogs and low tactics: how the pedigree of Crufts came under a shadow
Extent of inbreeding in pedigree dogs revealed in new study Imperial College London
Flaws on paws - Welfare problems in breeding pedigree dogs New Scientist
Pedigree dog breeding in the UK: a major welfare concern?  - RSPCA
A Healthier Future for Pedigree Dogs - Report of the APGAW Inquiry
Over 1.5mln pedigree database  - Database of dog pedigree

Dog health
Dog shows and showing
Dog breeding
BBC television documentaries
2008 television specials
Animal welfare
Documentary films about dogs
Dogs in the United Kingdom


Lucin (also known as Umbria Junction) is a small railroad community in Box Elder County, Utah, United States, located along the western side of the Great Salt Lake,  northwest of Salt Lake City. Abandoned in 1936 by its original occupants, the community was resettled by four retired railroad workers and their families from 1937 until 1972, and again by four owner-residents in the 1990s.

History
Lucin was founded in the late 19th century, about  north of its current location, to provide a water stop for railroads to replenish their steam locomotives.

The town was moved in 1903 to serve as a stop for the Lucin Cutoff. Historically, the town's population consisted mainly of employees of the Central and Southern Pacific Railroads. In 1936 the town was abandoned, and then resettled by a group of four retired railroad workers and their children from 1937–1972.

For a while, no one lived in Lucin, until 1997 when Ivo Zdarsky, an aviation entrepreneur and manufacturer of the Ivoprop, a plane propeller, bought it and moved there.

The area is managed for migrating songbirds and other wildlife by the Utah Division of Wildlife Resources.

The town was named for a local fossil, the bivalve Lucina subanta.

Lucin today
As of 2016, except for the intermittent (more permanent since 2008) presence of Zdarsky, one of the four property owners and avid solitary explorer, and his IVOPROP Corp research and development activities, Lucin is a ghost town. , the most prominent town features were a recent airplane hangar doubling as a residence and a workshop, an adjacent unpaved landing strip, along with several smaller, separate utility buildings (water, fuel, telecommunications, power).

The Lucin area is a popular stop for rockhounds looking for an apple-green, chert-like phosphate mineral variscite, also known as utahlite and lucinite.

Nearby is a large artwork called the Sun Tunnels, which was created by artist Nancy Holt in 1976.

Climate
According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Lucin has a semi-arid climate, abbreviated "BSk" on climate maps.

See also

 List of ghost towns in Utah

References

External links

 "A Solstice Observance in the Utah Desert" at the Sun Tunnels, NPR.

Ghost towns in Box Elder County, Utah
Populated places established in 1903
1903 establishments in Utah
Ghost towns in Utah


The Manges Cabin in Grand Teton National Park, also known as the Old Elbo Ranch Homestead Cabin, Mangus Cabin and the Taggart Creek Barn, was built in 1911 by James Manges. Manges was the second settler on the west side of the Snake River after Bill Menor, setting up a homestead near Taggart Creek. James Manges (or Mangus) arrived in Jackson Hole in 1910, where he cut wood for Charles or William Wort. Manges' cabin is stated to have been the first two-story structure in the northern part of the valley. A root cellar was excavated beneath. The log and frame structure features wide eaves to keep the winter snow away from the walls. It was heated in winter by a single stove, with one room on each level.

The cabin became part of Manges's ranch, which took on the character of a dude ranch with guest cabins. In 1926 Manges sold  of the ranch to neighbor Frank Williams, who expanded the Double Diamond Dude Ranch with partner Joseph Clark Jr.

Elbo Ranch
In 1926 Californian Chester Goss bought the property, as well as the neighboring Frank and Albert Bessette ranches. Goss, amassing a total of , expanded  the accommodations and built a rodeo ground, racetrack, baseball field and store and renaming the property the Elbo Ranch.  The Elbo's advertising called it "The Home of the Hollywood Cowboy."  The Snake River Land Company bought the Elbo ranch in 1929 as part of its work to assemble lands in Jackson Hole for preservation in an expanded national park. The SRLC allowed the National Park Service to use some Elbo Ranch cabins for employee housing.  Harry Epenscheid operated the ranch in 1942, and Katie Starratt leased the Elbo from the late 1940s until 1958, when her operation and the Elbo name moved to the Ramshorn.

The ranch was acquired by the Park Service in 1956 and was used as employee housing.  By 1973 the Park Service had removed most of the structures and was using the cabin as a barn. The Manges Cabin was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.

See also
Ramshorn Dude Ranch Lodge (second Elbo Ranch)
Historical buildings and structures of Grand Teton National Park

References

External links
Manges Cabin at Grand Teton National Park
Elbo Ranch at Grand Teton National Park
Grand Teton Historic Resource Study: The Homesteaders: Post-1900 National Park Service
Manges Cabin at the Wyoming State Historic Preservation Office

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Wyoming
Buildings and structures in Grand Teton National Park
Ranches in Wyoming
Dude ranches in Wyoming
Log cabins in the United States
Historic American Buildings Survey in Wyoming
Houses in Teton County, Wyoming
National Register of Historic Places in Grand Teton National Park
Log buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Wyoming
1911 establishments in Wyoming
Buildings and structures completed in 1911


Sahlins is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Bernard Sahlins (1922–2013), American writer, director, and comedian
Marshall Sahlins (1930–2021), American anthropologist
Peter Sahlins (born 1957), American historian

See also
Sahlin


Sibyl Sanderson (December 7, 1864May 16, 1903) was a famous American operatic dramatic coloratura soprano during the Parisian Belle Époque.

Biography
She was born in Sacramento, California, in the United States.  Sibyl's father Silas Sanderson was a California politician and lawyer; after serving as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of California, he became a highly paid legal advisor to the Southern Pacific Railroad. After his death in 1886, she and her mother and sisters moved back to Paris and became transplanted socialites.  Sanderson proved to be a remarkably gifted singer and began to appear on the stages of the Opéra-Comique, and later Opéra, in Paris, most notably in the works of Jules Massenet.  She was his favorite soprano and appeared in the premieres of a number of his operas, the roles having been created for her unique talents (her professional debut took place in Paris in the title role in Esclarmonde).  She was also a famous interpreter of Manon, Massenet's most enduring opera.

Sanderson was also admired by Camille Saint-Saëns, who wrote the title role in Phryné for her.  Success outside of Paris was elusive for Sanderson; she appeared at Covent Garden and the Metropolitan Opera (debut in title role of Manon on January 16, 1895, the last performance as Juliette in Roméo et Juliette on December 31, 1901) to lackluster reviews.

In 1897 she married a Cuban millionaire and sugar heir Antonio E. Terry (d. 1899), after which she temporarily halted her operatic activity, making an unsuccessful comeback two years later.

Her last years were marred by depression, alcoholism and illness and she died in Paris of a malignant influenza (pneumonia), at the age of thirty-eight.

Sanderson was responsible for helping launch the career of another soprano made famous in the French repertoire, Mary Garden.

Roles created for Sanderson
The title role in Esclarmonde by Massenet, on May 14, 1889
The title role in Phryné by Saint-Saëns on May 24, 1893
The title role in Thaïs by Massenet on March 16, 1894

Further reading

References

External links
  – 1903 cremated remains buried in Paris
  – remans re-interred in Minneapolis

1864 births
1903 deaths
American operatic sopranos
19th-century American actresses
American stage actresses
Musicians from Sacramento, California
American expatriate actresses in France
Deaths from pneumonia in France
19th-century American women opera singers
Singers from California
Infectious disease deaths in France
Classical musicians from California
Belle Époque


Ughelli Township Stadium is a stadium in Ughelli, Nigeria. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the temporary home stadium of Ocean Boys FC. The stadium has a capacity of 5,000 people and was built in 2002. It hosted matches for the 2006 Women's African Football Championship and  for the 2008 WAFU U-20 Championship

References

Construction pictures
Okocha Stadium ready for WAFU - Oleh, Ughelli, Oghara too

Football venues in Nigeria
Sport in Delta State


SMS Nautilus was a German minelaying cruiser built for the Kaiserliche Marine (Imperial Navy) in the 1900s, the lead ship of the . The ship was built by AG Weser, with her keel laying taking place in December 1905. She was launched in August 1906 and commissioned in March 1907. Nautilus initially carried 186 naval mines and a battery of eight  guns, but she was later modified to carry 205 mines and, in 1918, numerous light weapons to support amphibious operations.

Nautilus spent her peacetime career conducting training exercises with the main fleet and minesweeping experiments before being placed in reserve in 1911. Reactivated at the start of World War I, she initially laid both defensive and offensive mine fields in the North and Baltic Seas. She was permanently transferred to the Baltic in 1916, and the following year she supported Operation Albion, the conquest of the Gulf of Riga. After Germany's defeat, Nautilus was demilitarized and used as a hulk from 1921 to 1928 before being sold for scrap and broken up in Copenhagen.

Design

Nautilus was  long overall and had a beam of  and an average draft of  forward. She displaced  normally and up to  at full load. Her crew numbered ten officers and 191 enlisted men.

Her propulsion system consisted of two triple-expansion steam engines each driving a single screw propeller, with steam supplied by four coal-fired marine-type boilers. The ship's engines were rated to produce a top speed of  from , though Nautilus slightly exceeded those figures on speed trials. She had a cruising radius of  at a speed of .

The primary armament for Nautilus was a battery of eight  SK L/35 guns in individual mounts. Six were placed on the superstructure amidships, with three on each broadside, and the last two were mounted side by side at the stern. She initially carried 186 naval mines, though her storage capacity was later increased to 205.

Service history
Nautilus was built by the AG Weser shipyard in Bremen; her keel was laid down as "mine steamer A" on 19 December 1905, and her completed hull was launched as Nautilus on 28 August 1906. After completing fitting-out work, the ship was commissioned for sea trials on 19 March 1907, which lasted until 25 May. She was initially used for mine warfare training and was based in Cuxhaven. Nautilus took part in the annual fleet maneuvers in August and September 1907 and 1908 before being decommissioned in Kiel; her role in the peacetime fleet was then taken over by her recently commissioned sister ship . In 1909–10, Nautilus was modernized at the Kaiserliche Werft (Imperial Shipyard) in Kiel. Her stern overhang was extended by , bringing the ship's overall length to , and her superstructure deck was extended further aft. The work was completed by January 1910.

On 23 January, Nautilus returned to her previous role with the fleet, and she took part in the annual fleet maneuvers that year. At the end of the year, she went to Kiel for an overhaul; the work lasted from 27 December to 27 January 1911. On 4 April, she returned to Kiel, her role in the fleet again being taken by Albatross. Nautilus spent the rest of the year conducting experiments with minesweepers in the North Sea. These were interrupted only by the annual fleet exercises. On 30 October, she was again decommissioned in Kiel, having been replaced by the light cruiser  for the minesweeping experiments. She remained in reserve for over a year and a half, until she was reactivated on 5 June 1914 to replace the minelayer , which was at the time going through a major overhaul.

World War I
After the outbreak of World War I in July 1914, Nautilus was classified as a coastal defense mine cruiser. She was temporarily sent to the Baltic Sea to lay defensive minefields against a possible attack by the Russian Baltic Fleet. In late August, Nautilus and Albatross were sent to lay a minefield off the Humber and the River Tyne. The two minelayers proceeded independently, and were each covered by a light cruiser and half-flotilla of destroyers. Nautiluss group, which included the cruiser , departed from Helgoland early on the morning of 25 August. After arriving, Nautilus laid a pair of mine fields that were both  long. On the way back to port, the German vessels sank six British fishing vessels. Nautilus, Albatross, and the auxiliary minelayer  laid a defensive minefield in the western German Bight on 9–10 September. On 14 October 1914, Nautilus and the light cruiser  steamed into the North Sea to lay a minefield off the Firth of Forth, but upon realizing British forces were operating off the Dogger Bank, they broke off the operation and returned to port.

In April 1916, Nautilus was transferred to the Baltic after the newer, faster minelaying cruiser  entered service. By 1917, the ship was assigned to the VI Scouting Group, along with the light cruisers Kolberg, , and , and the old aviso . Nautilus was assigned to the task force that launched Operation Albion in October 1917; she remained outside the Gulf of Riga until after the German squadron had cleared Russian forces from the area. She arrived in Arensburg on 18 October to improve the defenses of the port. On the 21st, Nautilus was to have laid mines in a channel to the west of Schildau, but the depth of the water was too shallow. Instead, Nautilus transferred her mines to some vessels from the II Minesweeper Flotilla, after which she returned to Arensburg.

In 1918, the ship's armament was revised significantly to allow the ship to support amphibious operations. Her armament now consisted of two  guns, four  anti-aircraft guns, twenty-four machine guns, two flamethrowers, and four mine-launchers, in addition to her normal capacity of mines. In February that year, she was assigned to the Sonderverband (Special Unit) tasked with supporting the anti-communist faction fighting in Finland's civil war. On 30 April, Konteradmiral (Rear Admiral) Ludolf von Uslar took command of the Sonderverband, and he chose Nautilus as his flagship. Following the disbanding of the unit the next month, Nautilus remained in the northern Baltic, patrolling off Åland, until she was decommissioned on 10 December.

Following the end of the war in late 1918, Germany was forced to sign the Treaty of Versailles, which significantly reduced Germany's naval strength. The new Reichsmarine was limited to six old pre-dreadnought battleships, six light cruisers, twelve destroyers, and twelve torpedo boats. All other vessels, to include Nautilus, were to either be sold for scrap or demilitarized. As a result, the ship was stricken from the naval register on 21 March 1919 in Kiel. From 1921, she was used as a storage hulk in Bremen, before being renamed Hulk I on 1 January 1923. She was renamed again, as Hulk A on 1 April 1928 and moved to Bremerhaven, where she was assigned to the Training Inspectorate. She remained there for just four months, before being sold for 180,000 marks and broken up in Copenhagen.

Footnotes

Notes

Citations

References

Nautilus-class minelayers
Ships built in Bremen (state)
1906 ships
World War I cruisers of Germany
World War I minelayers of Germany
Minelayers of the Imperial German Navy


In the mathematical subject of group theory, small cancellation theory studies groups given by group presentations satisfying small cancellation conditions, that is where defining relations have "small overlaps" with each other. Small cancellation conditions imply algebraic, geometric and algorithmic properties of the group. Finitely presented groups satisfying sufficiently strong small cancellation conditions are word hyperbolic and have word problem solvable by Dehn's algorithm. Small cancellation methods are also used for constructing Tarski monsters, and for solutions of Burnside's problem.

History

Some ideas underlying the small cancellation theory go back to the work of Max Dehn in the 1910s. Dehn proved that fundamental groups of closed orientable surfaces of genus at least two have word problem solvable by what is now called Dehn's algorithm. His proof involved drawing the Cayley graph of such a group in the hyperbolic plane and performing curvature estimates via the Gauss–Bonnet theorem for a closed loop in the Cayley graph to conclude that such a loop must contain a large portion (more than a half) of a defining relation.

A 1949 paper of Tartakovskii was an immediate precursor for small cancellation theory: this paper provided a solution of the word problem for a class of groups satisfying a complicated set of combinatorial conditions, where small cancellation type assumptions played a key role. The standard version of small cancellation theory, as it is used today, was developed by Martin Greendlinger in a series of papers in the early 1960s, who primarily dealt with the "metric" small cancellation conditions. In particular, Greendlinger proved that finitely presented groups satisfying the C′(1/6) small cancellation condition have word problem solvable by Dehn's algorithm. The theory was further refined and formalized in the subsequent work of Lyndon, Schupp and Lyndon-Schupp, who also treated the case of non-metric small cancellation conditions and developed a version of small cancellation theory for amalgamated free products and HNN-extensions.

Small cancellation theory was further generalized by Alexander Ol'shanskii who developed a "graded" version of the theory where the set of defining relations comes equipped with a filtration and where a defining relator of a particular grade is allowed to have a large overlap with a defining relator of a higher grade. Olshaskii used graded small cancellation theory to construct various "monster" groups, including the Tarski monster and also to give a new proof that free Burnside groups of large odd exponent are infinite (this result was originally proved by Adian and Novikov in 1968 using more combinatorial methods).

Small cancellation theory supplied a basic set of examples and ideas for the theory of word-hyperbolic groups that was put forward by Gromov in a seminal 1987 monograph "Hyperbolic groups".

Main definitions

The exposition below largely follows Ch. V of the book of Lyndon and Schupp.

Pieces
Let

be a group presentation where R ⊆ F(X) is a set of freely reduced and cyclically reduced words in the free group F(X) such that R is symmetrized, that is, closed under taking cyclic permutations and inverses.

A nontrivial freely reduced word u in F(X) is called a piece with respect to (∗) if there exist two distinct elements r1, r2 in R that have u as maximal common initial segment.

Note that if  is a group presentation where the set of defining relators S is not symmetrized, we can always take the symmetrized closure R of S, where R consists of all cyclic permutations of elements of S and S−1. Then R is symmetrized and  is also a presentation of G.

Metric small cancellation conditions

Let 0 < λ < 1. Presentation (∗) as above is said to satisfy the C′(λ) small cancellation condition if whenever u is a piece with respect to (∗) and u is a subword of some r ∈ R, then |u| < λ|r|.  Here |v| is the length of a word v.

The condition C′(λ) is sometimes called a metric small cancellation condition.

Non-metric small cancellation conditions

Let p ≥ 3 be an integer. A group presentation (∗) as above is said to satisfy the C(p) small cancellation condition if whenever r ∈ R and

where ui are pieces and where the above product is freely reduced as written, then m ≥ p. That is, no defining relator can be written as a reduced product of fewer than p pieces.

Let q ≥ 3 be an integer. A group presentation (∗) as above is said to satisfy the T(q) small cancellation condition if  whenever 3 ≤ t < q and r1,...,rt in R are such that r1 ≠ r2−1,...,
rt ≠ r1−1 then at least one of the products r1r2,...,rt−1rt, rtr1 is freely reduced as written.

Geometrically, condition T(q) essentially means that if D is a reduced van Kampen diagram over (∗) then every interior vertex of D of degree at least three actually has degree at least q.

Examples

Let  be the standard presentation of the free abelian group of rank two. Then for the symmetrized closure of this presentation the only pieces are words of length 1. This symmetrized form satisfies the C(4)–T(4) small cancellation conditions and the C′(λ) condition for any 1 > λ > 1/4.
Let , where k ≥ 2, be the standard presentation of the fundamental group of a closed orientable surface of genus k. Then for the symmetrization of this presentation the only pieces are words of length 1 and this symmetrization satisfies the C′(1/7) and C(8) small cancellation conditions.
Let . Then, up to inversion, every piece for the symmetrized version of this presentation, has the form biabj or bi, where 0 ≤ i,j ≤ 100. This symmetrization satisfies the C′(1/20) small cancellation condition.
If a symmetrized presentation satisfies the C′(1/m) condition then it also satisfies the C(m) condition.
Let r ∈ F(X) be a nontrivial cyclically reduced word which is not a proper power in F(X) and let n ≥ 2. Then the symmetrized closure of the presentation  satisfies the C(2n) and C′(1/n) small cancellation conditions.

Basic results of small cancellation theory

Greendlinger's lemma
The main result regarding the metric small cancellation condition is the following statement (see Theorem 4.4 in Ch. V of ) which is usually called

Greendlinger's lemma:
Let (∗) be a group presentation as above satisfying the C′(λ) small cancellation condition where 0 ≤ λ ≤ 1/6. Let w ∈ F(X) be a nontrivial freely reduced word such that w = 1 in G. Then there is a subword v of w and a defining relator r ∈ R such that v is also a subword of r and such that

Note that the assumption λ ≤ 1/6 implies that  (1 − 3λ) ≥ 1/2, so that w contains a subword more than a half of some defining relator.

Greendlinger's lemma is obtained as a corollary of the following geometric statement:

Under the assumptions of Greendlinger's lemma, let D be a reduced van Kampen diagram over (∗) with a cyclically reduced boundary label such that D contains at least two regions. Then there exist two distinct regions D1 and D2 in D such that for j = 1,2 the region Dj intersects the boundary cycle ∂D of D in a simple arc whose length is bigger than (1 − 3λ)|∂Dj|.

This result in turn is proved by considering a dual diagram for D. There one defines a combinatorial notion of curvature (which, by the small cancellation assumptions, is negative at every interior vertex), and one then obtains a combinatorial version of the Gauss–Bonnet theorem. Greendlinger's lemma is proved as a consequence of this analysis and in this way the proof evokes the ideas of the original proof of Dehn for the case of surface groups.

Dehn's algorithm

For any symmetrized group presentation (∗), the following abstract procedure is called Dehn's algorithm:

Given a freely reduced word w on X±1, construct a sequence of freely reduced words w = w0, w1, w2,..., as follows.
Suppose wj is already constructed. If it is the empty word, terminate the algorithm. Otherwise check if wj contains a subword v such that v is also a subword of some defining relator r = vu ∈ R such that |v| > |r|/2. If no, terminate the algorithm with output wj. If yes, replace v by u−1 in wj, then freely reduce, denote the resulting freely reduced word by  wj+1 and go to the next step of the algorithm.

Note that we always have
|w0| > |w1| > |w2| >...
which implies that the process must terminate in at most |w| steps. Moreover, all the words wj represent the same element of G as does w and hence if the process terminates with the empty word, then w represents the identity element of G.

One says that for a symmetrized presentation (∗) Dehn's algorithm solves the word problem in G if the converse is also true, that is if for any freely reduced word w in F(X) this word represents the identity element of G if and only if Dehn's algorithm, starting from w, terminates in the empty word.

Greendlinger's lemma implies that for a C′(1/6) presentation Dehn's algorithm solves the word problem.

If a C′(1/6) presentation (∗) is finite (that is both X and R are finite), then Dehn's algorithm is an actual non-deterministic algorithm in the sense of recursion theory. However, even if (∗) is an infinite C′(1/6) presentation, Dehn's algorithm, understood as an abstract procedure, still correctly decides whether or not a word in the generators X±1 represents the identity element of G.

Asphericity

Let (∗) be a C′(1/6) or, more generally, C(6) presentation where every r ∈ R is not a proper power in F(X)  then G is aspherical in the following sense. Consider a minimal subset S of R such that the symmetrized closure of S is equal to R. Thus if r and s are distinct elements of S then r is not a cyclic permutation of s±1 and  is another presentation for G. Let Y be the presentation complex for this presentation. Then (see  and Theorem 13.3 in ), under the above assumptions on (∗), Y is a classifying space for G, that is G = π1(Y) and the universal cover of Y is contractible. In particular, this implies that G is torsion-free and has cohomological dimension two.

More general curvature

More generally, it is possible to define various sorts of local "curvature" on any van Kampen diagram to be - very roughly - the average excess of  (which, by Euler's formula, must total 2) and, by showing, in a particular group, that this is always non-positive (or – even better – negative) internally, show that the curvature must all be on or near the boundary and thereby try to obtain a solution of the word problem.  Furthermore, one can restrict attention to diagrams that do not contain any of a set of "regions" such that there is a "smaller" region with the same boundary.

Other basic properties of small cancellation groups
Let (∗) be a C′(1/6) presentation. Then an element g in G has order n > 1 if and only if there is a relator r in R of the form r = sn in F(X) such that g is conjugate to s in G. In particular, if all elements of R are not proper powers in F(X) then G is torsion-free.
If (∗) is a finite C′(1/6) presentation, the group G is word-hyperbolic.
If R and S are finite symmetrized subsets of F(X) with equal normal closures in F(X) such that both presentations  and  satisfy the C′(1/6) condition then R = S.
If a finite presentation (∗) satisfies one of C′(1/6), C′(1/4)–T(4), C(6), C(4)–T(4), C(3)–T(6) then the group G has solvable word problem and solvable conjugacy problem

Applications

Examples of applications of small cancellation theory include:

Solution of the conjugacy problem for groups of alternating knots (see and Chapter V, Theorem 8.5 in ), via showing that for such knots augmented knot groups admit C(4)–T(4) presentations.
Finitely presented C′(1/6) small cancellation groups are basic examples of word-hyperbolic groups. One of the equivalent characterizations of word-hyperbolic groups is as those admitting finite presentations where Dehn's algorithm solves the word problem.
Finitely presented groups given by finite C(4)–T(4) presentations where every piece has length one are basic examples of CAT(0) groups: for such a presentation the universal cover of the presentation complex is a CAT(0) square complex.
Early applications of small cancellation theory involve obtaining various embeddability results. Examples include a 1974 paper of Sacerdote and  Schupp with a proof that every one-relator group with at least three generators is SQ-universal and a 1976 paper of Schupp with a proof that every countable group can be embedded  into a simple group generated by an element of order two and an element of order three.
The so-called Rips construction, due to Eliyahu Rips,  provides a rich source of counter-examples regarding various subgroup properties of word-hyperbolic groups: Given an arbitrary finitely presented group Q, the construction produces a short exact sequence  where K is two-generated and where G is torsion-free and given by a finite C′(1/6)–presentation (and thus G is word-hyperbolic). The construction yields proofs of unsolvability of several algorithmic problems for word-hyperbolic groups, including the subgroup membership problem, the generation problem and the rank problem. Also, with a few exceptions, the group K in the Rips construction is not finitely presentable. This implies that there exist word-hyperbolic groups that are not coherent that is which contain subgroups that are finitely generated but not finitely presentable.
Small cancellation methods (for infinite presentations) were used by Ol'shanskii to construct various "monster" groups, including the Tarski monster and also to give a proof that free Burnside groups of large odd exponent are infinite (a similar result was originally proved by Adian and Novikov in 1968 using more combinatorial methods). Some other "monster" groups constructed by Ol'shanskii using this methods include: an infinite simple Noetherian group; an infinite group in which every proper subgroup has prime order and any two subgroups of the same order are conjugate; a nonamenable group where every proper subgroup is cyclic; and others.
Bowditch used infinite small cancellation presentations to prove that there exist continuumly many quasi-isometry types of two-generator groups.
Thomas and Velickovic used small cancellation theory to construct a finitely generated group with two non-homeomorphic asymptotic cones, thus answering a question of Gromov.
McCammond and Wise showed how to overcome difficulties posed by the Rips construction and produce large classes of small cancellation groups that are coherent (that is where all finitely generated subgroups are finitely presented) and, moreover, locally quasiconvex (that is where all finitely generated subgroups are quasiconvex).
Small cancellation methods play a key role in the study of various models of "generic" or "random" finitely presented groups (see ). In particular, for a fixed number m ≥ 2 of generators and a fixed number t ≥ 1 of defining relations and for any λ < 1 a random m-generator t-relator group satisfies the C′(λ) small cancellation condition. Even if the number of defining relations t is not fixed but grows as (2m − 1)εn (where  ε ≥ 0 is the fixed density parameter in Gromov's density model of "random" groups, and where  is the length of the defining relations), then an ε-random group satisfies the C′(1/6) condition provided ε < 1/12.
Gromov used a version of small cancellation theory with respect to a graph to prove the existence of a finitely presented group that "contains" (in the appropriate sense) an infinite sequence of expanders and therefore does not admit a uniform embedding into a Hilbert space. This result provides a direction (the only one available so far) for looking for counter-examples to the Novikov conjecture.
Osin used a generalization of small cancellation theory to obtain an analog of Thurston's hyperbolic Dehn surgery theorem for relatively hyperbolic groups.

Generalizations

A version of small cancellation theory for quotient groups of amalgamated free products and HNN extensions was developed in the paper of Sacerdote and Schupp and then in the book of Lyndon and Schupp.
Rips  and Ol'shanskii developed a "stratified" version of small cancellation theory where the set of relators is filtered as an ascending union of strata (each stratum satisfying a small cancellation condition) and for a relator r from some stratum  and a relator s from a higher stratum their overlap is required to be small with respect to |s| but is allowed to have a large with respect to |r|. This theory allowed Ol'shanskii to construct various "monster" groups including the Tarski monster and to give a new proof that free Burnside groups of large odd exponent are infinite.
Ol'shanskii and Delzant later on developed versions of small cancellation theory for quotients of word-hyperbolic groups.
McCammond provided a higher-dimensional version of small cancellation theory.
McCammond and Wise pushed substantially further the basic results of the standard small cancellation theory (such as Greendlinger's lemma) regarding the geometry of van Kampen diagrams over small cancellation presentations.
Gromov used a version of small cancellation theory with respect to a graph to prove the existence of a finitely presented group that "contains" (in the appropriate sense) an infinite sequence of expanders and therefore does not admit a uniform embedding into a Hilbert space.
Osin gave a version of small cancellation theory for quotiens of relatively hyperbolic groups and used it to obtain a relatively hyperbolic generalization of Thurston's hyperbolic Dehn surgery theorem.

Basic references
Roger Lyndon and Paul Schupp, Combinatorial group theory. Reprint of the 1977 edition. Classics in Mathematics. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2001. .
Alexander Yu. Olʹshanskii, Geometry of defining relations in groups. Translated from the 1989 Russian original by Yu. A. Bakhturin. Mathematics and its Applications (Soviet Series), 70. Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, Dordrecht, 1991. .
Ralph Strebel, Appendix. Small cancellation groups. Sur les groupes hyperboliques d'après Mikhael Gromov (Bern, 1988), pp. 227–273, Progress in Mathematics, 83, Birkhäuser Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, 1990. .
Milé Krajčevski,  Tilings of the plane, hyperbolic groups and small cancellation conditions. Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society, vol. 154 (2001), no. 733.

See also
Geometric group theory
Word-hyperbolic group
Tarski monster group
Burnside problem
Finitely presented group
Word problem for groups
Van Kampen diagram

Notes

Group theory
Geometric group theory
Combinatorics on words


The San Estevan archaeological site is located in northern Belize 1 km from the modern community of San Estevan, Belize. The site is a Maya civilization site occupied during the Formative (800 BC – AD 300) and Classic (AD 300 – 900) eras of Mesoamerican chronology. San Estevan is located on the New River halfway between the sites of Cerros and Lamanai. Beginning in the Late Formative period (300 BC – AD 300), San Estevan was a regional political center.

Archaeological investigations
William Bullard mapped the civic-ceremonial center of the site in the 1960s where he carried out excavations and restored two Early Classic structures (I and II). During the Corozal Survey Project, Norman Hammond excavated at San Estevan and expanded Bullard's map with several additional plaza groups around the site core. It was the ceramic collections from these excavations at San Estevan along with initial testing at Nohmul, Santa Rita, Colha and Cuello that Duncan Pring first established the Swazey, Lopez Mamom and Cocos Chicannel phases. In 1989 and 1990, Laura Levi mapped outlying house groups at San Estevan in detail and excavated several domestic structures.

During the late 1990s, much of the monumental architecture in San Estevan's core was bulldozed and a large crater excavated for the underlying limestone marl in order to construct modern roads. Mound XV, at 15 m, is the highest structure remaining at the site and dates to the Late Formative period. This mound was only saved from the bulldozers due to the intervention of the Belize Department of Archaeology in the late 1990s. The damage to San Estevan is unfortunate, but provides remarkable access to the earliest occupation at the site's center. Taking advantage of the easy access to the earliest occupation levels, Robert Rosenswig of the University at Albany – SUNY began work on the earliest occupation levels at the site in 2002.

See also
 History of Belize

References

External links
 San Estevan Archaeological Project

Maya sites in Belize
Former populated places in Belize
Buildings and structures demolished in the 1990s


College Avenue Secondary School is one of three public high schools in Woodstock, Ontario under the Thames Valley District School Board and is named after the street on which it is located.  It is built on the site of the former Woodstock College, which closed in 1926. It offers full courses for students in grade 9 through 12. The school has a visual arts program and a number of technology courses, most notably its recently introduced Hospitality program. The technological programs include; baking, cooking, horticulture, auto mechanics, welding and woodshop. The school also has a football team, as well as basketball, ice hockey, rugby, swimming, track and volleyball teams called the CASS Knights. They offer a large variety of clubs, most notably the Band as well as the Rainbow Knights, and LGBTQIA2S+ advocacy group.

Actress Andrea Roth, comedian Greg Morton, and rapper Owen Vermeersch attended this institution.

See also
List of high schools in Ontario

High schools in Oxford County, Ontario
Woodstock, Ontario
Educational institutions in Canada with year of establishment missing


Lieutenant-Colonel James Achilles Kirkpatrick (1764 – 15 October 1805) was an East India Company officer and diplomat who served as the Resident at Hyderabad Deccan from 1798 until 1805. Kirkpatrick also ordered the construction of the Koti Residency in Hyderabad, which has since come to serve as a major tourist attraction.

Biography
James Achilles Kirkpatrick was born in 1764 at Fort St George, Madras. He replaced his brother William and arrived in Hyderabad in 1795 to assume the position of Resident, which had previously been held by his brother. During his initial few months in Hyderabad, James became enamoured with the Indo-Persian culture at the Nizam of Hyderabad's court, and substituted his European dress for Persian attire.

Although a colonel in the Presidency armies, Kirkpatrick wore Mughal-style clothing at home, smoked a hookah, chewed betelnut, enjoyed nautch parties, and maintained a small harem in his zenanakhana. Born in India, Kirkpatrick was educated in Britain, spoke Tamil as his first language, wrote poetry in Urdu, and added Persian and Hindustani to his "linguistic armoury".

With fluency in Hindustani and Persian, he openly mingled with the social elite of Hyderabad. Kirkpatrick was adopted by the Nizam of Hyderabad, who invested him with many titles: mutamin ul mulk ('Safeguard of the kingdom'), hushmat jung ('Valiant in battle'), nawab fakhr-ud-dowlah bahadur ('Governor, pride of the state, and hero').

During the reign of King George III, Kirkpatrick's hookah-bardar (hookah servant/preparer) was said to have robbed and cheated Kirkpatrick, making his way to England and stylising himself as the Prince of Sylhet. The man was waited upon by the Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger, and then dined with the Duke of York before presenting himself in front of the King.

Marriage
In 1800, after falling in love with a local Hyderabadi Sayyida noblewoman called Khair-un-Nissa, Kirkpatrick not only married her, according to Muslim law, and "adopted Mughal clothes" and ways of living, but had actually "converted to Islam" and had become a double agent working against the East India Company and for the Hyderabadis.

Kirkpatrick had an extremely private, Muslim marriage ceremony in which he wed Khair-un-Nissa, who was fourteen years old, not an unusual age for the marriage of girl of her social class.  She was the granddaughter of Nawab Mahmood Ali Khan, the prime minister of Hyderabad. However, the marriage was not recorded and does not appear to  have been legally valid; in his will he described the offspring of the relationship as his "natural" children, a polite euphemism for illegitimate children that a father recognized as his own offspring.  In his will, Kirkpatrick emphasized his devotion to Khair-un-Nissa, stipulating that he left her only a token bequest in light of the fact that in addition to her jewels, she possessed a large, landed fortune inherited from her father, leaving large fortunes to their two children instead. Before their father's unexpected, early death, at ages 3 and 5, the children had been sent to be reared by Kirkpatrick's relatives in England, as was usual among the British families in India in that period.

"Hashmat Jang was believed by some of his Muslim staff and by the bride's female relations to secretly embraced Islam before a Shi'a Mujtahid (cleric); he is said to have presented a certificate from him to Khair-un-Nissa Begum, who sent it to her mother." Towards the end of autumn of 1801, a major scandal broke out in Calcutta over Kirkpatrick's behaviour at the Hyderabad court. A scandal arose due to the ethnically and racially mixed nature of the marriage.

The conditions under which Kirkpatrick operated as Resident were affected by  Lord Richard Wellesley’s appointment as Governor-General of India. Wellesley favored taking a assertive diplomatic stance with the Nizam, which included reducing the amount of autonomy he wielded. In addition, Wellesley strongly disapproved of Kirkpatrick's marriage to Khair-un-Nissa.

After Kirkpatrick died in Calcutta on 15 October 1805, Khair-un-Nissa, who was only 19 years old, had a brief love affair with Kirkpatrick's assistant, Henry Russell, who would become the Resident in Hyderabad in 1810. After what Russell appears to have regarded as a brief fling, he abandoned Khair-un-Nissa who, with her reputation now ruined, was unable to prevent greedy relatives from taking over the valuable landed estates she had inherited from her father. Russell married a half-Portuguese woman. Although she, as a disgraced woman consequent to the love affair with Russell, was not allowed by her family to return to Hyderabad for some years, after the death of a senior male relative she was eventually allowed to return, and died in Hyderabad on 22 September 1813 aged 27.

Kirkpatrick and Khair-un-Nissa together had two children: a son, Mir Ghulam Ali Sahib Allum and a daughter, Noor-un-Nissa Sahib Begum. Their father had sent them to England to live with their grandfather Colonel James Kirkpatrick, in London and Keston, Kent, shortly before his own, unexpected death at a young age. The two children were baptised on 25 March 1805 at St. Mary’s Church, Marylebone Road, and were thereafter known by their new Christian names, William George Kirkpatrick and Katherine Aurora "Kitty" Kirkpatrick. William was disabled in 1812 after falling into a copper of boiling water and had to have an arm amputated; he married and had three children but died in 1828 aged 27. Kitty was for a few years the love interest of the Scottish writer and philosopher Thomas Carlyle, then a young man of no fortune working as a tutor and an ineligible match for an heiress.  She married Captain James Winslowe Phillipps and they had seven children. She died in Torquay, Devon, in 1889.

Popular culture
A large part of White Mughals, a book by the historian William Dalrymple, concerns Kirkpatrick's relationship with Khair-un-Nissa.

Citations

References

External links
James Achilles Kirkpatrick's Memorial at St. John's Church, Calcutta (Kolkata)

1764 births
1805 deaths
Administrators in British India
British East India Company people
British East India Company Army officers
British Muslims
Indian Muslims


Yahui is a supernatural figure that takes on various mixtures of animal and human forms within the culture and belief systems of the Mixtec—indigenous Mixtecan-speaking people of La Mixteca in central-southeastern Mexico. It is an important and recurring motif in Mixtec iconography, thought and culture, especially during the pre-Columbian era. As a supernatural figure, the yahui appears in Postclassic Mixtec codices as an entity wearing a serpent or reptilian tail and headdress (similar to the xiuhcoatl motif) and the carapace of a turtle.

Depictions of yahui-figures appear in several Mixtec codices, including the Codex Zouche-Nuttall, Codex Vindobonensis Mexicanus I, Codex Selden, Codex Bodley, Codex Egerton, and Codex Becker I/II.

The yahui appears in two main forms: the nahual, or man-animal composite figure, and the animal figure.  In the animal form, a reptilian head is combined with a tortoise shell body, reptilian arms and legs, claws and the flint-fire motif on the tips of the tail and nose. The animal yahui appears in cosmogony scenes illustrating the origins of ritual and cultural phenomena.

In the nahual form, the yahui animal imagery is combined with a male, human head.  In some depictions, the nahual possesses reptilian claws, while other depictions portray the figure with human hands.  At times, the nahual figures holds sacrificial knives and perform sacrificial rites or other ceremonial activities.

A third form of yahui depiction incorporates the flint-flame motif into personal name symbolism of specific figures in the Mixtec codices. This third form has been referred to as the "glyphic" form for its significance as a phonetic signifier in personal names.  One can view the glyphic usage of the flint-flame motif on page 28 of the Codex Bodley.  The artist depicted Lord 4 Wind's mummy bundle, only his crocodile helmet and flint-flame nose poking out to aid in identification of his personage to viewers.

The yahui appears in a few other works of art from the pre-Columbian era.  One of these depictions is viewable by the public in one of the Zapotec tombs in Zaachila.

As a real, historical figure, the yahui probably performed cosmological rites in caves and on hilltops.  In his Politics of Symbolism in the Mixtec Codices (1994: 42-47), John Pohl explored the role of the yahui as a member of a group of ruling figures.

Scholarship on the Yahui
Mary Elizabeth Smith identified the yahui as the "xiuhcoatl-turtle-sacrificer" when she analyzed the Codex Muro and colonial Mexican documents.  She identified the flint-flame tail motif and turtle carapace as the key symbols that distinguish the yahui from other specific figures in the Mixtec codices.   She suggested that the meaning of those motifs extended beyond aesthetic, cosmological, and historical symbolism and into the realm of linguistics.

Pohl dedicated an entire chapter of his Symbolism in the Mixtec Codices (1994) to a discussion of the yahui.  Most recently, Pohl has suggested that one testimony provided during the mid-sixteenth century Inquisition proceedings in Yanhuitlan may be from a practicing yahui priest.

Maarten Jansen contributed a major advancement in scholarship on the yahui when he suggested in La dinastia de Anute: historia, literatura e ideologia de un reino mixteco (2000) that the yahui is incorporated into the creation story of Cuilapan recorded by fray Gregorio Garcia.  Through a linguistic comparison of the original Spanish story to a theoretical reconstruction of the pre-Columbian Mixteco version, Jansen realized that the codex from which fray Gregorio Garcia worked probably referenced the yahui.  If one follows Jansen's conclusion, one would conclude that a yahui was one of two siblings descended from the Mixtec primordial gods, the creator-couple sharing the same calendrical day-name One Deer.

Notes

References

Mixtec mythology and religion
Indigenous Mesoamerican legendary creatures


Princess Disneymania is Disney's first compilation album in the Disneymania series. It was released on September 30, 2008. The album features various artists renditions of classic songs originally from the Disney Princess films. Emily Osment's cover of "Once Upon a Dream", is the only previously unreleased song on the compilation, the song was also used to promote Sleeping Beautys Platinum Edition home video release, which was released the following month. Kari Kimmel, Amy Adams, and Sierra Boggess' contributions on the compilation were all taken from their respective soundtrack albums Ella Enchanted, Enchanted, and The Little Mermaid: Original Broadway Cast Recording, all the other songs on the compilation were previously released on a Disneymania album and are mainly sung by female artists. The album became the lowest-peaking of the series, peaking at #191 on the Billboard 200.

Track listing

Critical reception
Allmusic said "This collection features an assortment of beloved songs from classic Disney tales of love and enchantment performed by the biggest names in pop music. Standouts include former Mouseketeer Christina Aguilera’s career-making ballad, "Reflection," from MULAN; Raven-Symone delivering an almost brassy take on the always uplifting "Under the Sea" from THE LITTLE MERMAID; and delightful Oscar-nominated actress Amy Adams's sprightly take on a "Happy Working Song" from ENCHANTED."

Charts

References

Disneymania albums
Disney Princess
Walt Disney Records compilation albums
2008 compilation albums


Leek's Lodge is part of a former resort and dude ranch in Grand Teton National Park, near Jackson Lake.  The ranch was  established to offer activities to boys in a frontier setting. Its founder, Steven N. Leek, was instrumental in the establishment of the National Elk Refuge in Jackson Hole. The rustic lodge was built in 1927.

The camp operated as a park concessioner after the establishment of Jackson Hole National Monument in 1943. In 1977 the camp was operated as part of Signal Mountain Lodge and most remaining buildings were removed. A 1998 fire destroyed the main lodge, leaving only the chimney standing. The Park Service-operated Leek's Marina is located at the site.

Leek's Lodge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 5, 1975. It was removed from the National Register on April 15, 2014.

See also
 Historical buildings and structures of Grand Teton National Park

References

External links

Leek's Lodge at Grand Teton National Park
Grand Teton Historic Resource Study: The Dude Wranglers National Park Service
Leek's Lodge at the Wyoming State Historic Preservation Office

1927 establishments in Wyoming
Buildings and structures in Grand Teton National Park
Defunct resorts
Former National Register of Historic Places in Wyoming
Hotel buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Wyoming
Houses completed in 1927
Houses in Teton County, Wyoming
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Wyoming
National Register of Historic Places in Grand Teton National Park
Rustic architecture in Wyoming


Hubert Bourdot (30 October 1861 – 30 September 1937) was a French Roman Catholic priest and mycologist who was a native of Imphy, a community in the department of Nièvre.

From 1898 until his death, Bourdot was a parish priest in Saint-Priest-en-Murat. He was a member of the Société mycologique de France, serving as its vice-president in 1919, and later becoming an honorary president (1929). He bequeathed his mycological collection to the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris.

With mycologist Amédée Galzin (1853–1925), he was co-author of a series of publications (1909–1925) involving Hymenomycetes native to France (published in the Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France).

Selected publications
 Hyménomycètes de France: I. Heterobasidiés, 1909
 Hyménomycètes de France: II. Homobasidiés: Clavariés et Cyphellés, 1910
 Hyménomycètes de France: III. Corticiées: Corticium, Epithele, Asterostromella, 1911
 Hyménomycètes de France: IV. Corticiées: Vuilleminia, Aleurodiscus, Dendrothele, Gloeocystidium, Peniophora, 1912
 Hyménomycètes de France: V. Hydnées, 1914
 Hyménomycètes de France: VI. Asterostromés, 1920
 Hyménomycètes de France: VII. Stereum, 1921
 Hyménomycètes de France: VIII. Hymenochaete, 1923
 Hyménomycètes de France: IX. Meruliés, 1923
 Hyménomycètes de France. X. Phylactèriés, 1924
 Hyménomycètes de France, XI., 1925
 Heterobasidiae nondum descriptae, 1924 (descriptions of a few jelly fungi), with Galzin in: Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France.
 Contribution à la Flore Mycologique de la France: I. Hyménomycètes de France. Hétérobasidiés-Homobasidiés Gymnocarpes'', with Galzin (761 pp.), 1927.

References
 Selection of Publications of Hubert Bourdot @ Mushroom Journal
 Biographies of Leading Mycologists, translated from French

French mycologists
People from Nièvre
1861 births
1937 deaths


Panagiotis "Takis" Vougiouklakis (; 6 March 1939 – 7 April 2021) was a Greek director and producer.

Biography
Vougiouklakis was born in Athens and is the relative of the former prefectural leader of Arcadia, judge Ioannis Vougiouklakis and Aimilis Koumoundourou.

He was the brother of Aliki Vougiouklaki.

He began and finished his studies in Rome, Italy and began at the Pro-Deo University where he studied and went on to work as a director at the Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia (CSC).

In his first vocational step, he worked as second unit director, next to the best Greek and foreign directors of the Golden Age of Greek film. He effectively directed in 1963, began his radio directors for 40 theatrical works and then in television with many serials, shows and celebrated programs. He began directing films in 1970.

His next artwork tribunes were the theatrical script anevazondas and 52 musicals, comedies, dramas, etc. by 2008. In 1975 he became a show businessman.

He ran a movie production and theatrical companies and television programming.

He was BD member of Arma Thespidos (National Theatrical Stage) for three years as General Μanager.

He worked as a consultant for the Ministry of Culture. For several years, he was a member of the Critics Commission at the Thessaloniki Film Festival. He was councillor of ANT1 TV station and general commissioner of the Intellectual Property of Writers and Directors. He was elected Public Councillor of the municipality of Vrilissia; he became president of the city's Cultural Center. He was elected again and became president of that municipality's public council.

Vougiouklakis died on 7 April 2021 at the age of 82.

Filmography

References

External links

1939 births
2021 deaths
Greek theatre directors
Film people from Athens
Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia alumni


Into the Oh is the third album by the American band Geggy Tah, released in 2001. It was the band's final album. Geggy Tah supported it by playing shows with labelmate Shuggie Otis.

Production
Geggy Tah started work on the album in 1997; due to personal issues and label trouble, the album was delayed for four years. James Gadson played drums on three of the album's tracks. Laurie Anderson appears on "Aliens Somewhere", where she performs a poem. The album was mixed by Michael Patterson.

Critical reception

The Philadelphia Inquirer called the album a collection of "silky smooth and gorgeously appointed meditations on love." The Boston Phoenix determined that "amiable hippie rock doesn’t get better than this." The Chattanooga Times Free Press noted that Into the Oh "employs contemplative, but odd lyrics, trippy melodies and unique instruments that create a surreal, multilayered effect."

The Toronto Sun praised "Holly Oak", likening it to a "nimble amalgam [that] sounds like nothing so much as Tim Buckley, or perhaps a very young Paul Simon, trying to play Steely Dan's 'Only a Fool Would Say That'." Steve Slosarek, of The Indianapolis Star, listed the album as the fifth best of 2001, praising the "soothing ... funk-jazz-experimental rock music." The Tampa Tribune concluded that the band "has largely dispensed with the power pop that peppered past efforts, and instead concentrates on creating dance grooves and throwing in odd instrumental choices."

The Orange County Register included Into the Oh on its list of the 10 best "overlooked" albums of 2001. The State considered it the 16th best album of 2001.

Track listing
"Goodnight to the Machine" – 0:57
"One Zero" – 3:10
"Dumb Submarine" – 3:54
"Sweat" – 4:36
"Holly Oak" – 3:00
"Space Heater" – 4:01
"Love Is Alone" – 4:44
"Special Someone" – 3:51
"I Forgot" – 4:05
"Aliens Somewhere" – 4:10
"I'll Find My Way" – 4:03
"Love Is in Love" – 4:13

References

Geggy Tah albums
2001 albums
Luaka Bop albums


Castberg is a Norwegian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 Johan Castberg (1862–1926), Norwegian jurist and politician
 Johan Christian Tandberg Castberg (1827–1899), Norwegian politician
 Peter Hersleb Harboe Castberg (1794–1858), Norwegian priest and politician

Norwegian-language surnames


Philip Owen Arnould Sherrard (23 September 1922 – 30 May 1995) was a British author and translator. His work includes translations of Modern Greek poets, and books on Modern Greek literature and culture, metaphysics, theology, art and aesthetics. In England he was influential in making major Greek poets of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries known. Sherrard was a practising Eastern Orthodox Christian and was responsible, along with Kallistos Ware and G. E. H. Palmer, for the first full translation of the Philokalia into English. He also wrote prolifically on theological and philosophical themes, describing what he believed to be a social and spiritual crisis occurring in the developed world, specifically modern attitudes towards the biophysical environment from a Christian and perennialist perspective.

Biography
Philip Owen Arnould Sherrard was born on 23 September 1922 in Oxford. His family had many connections with the literary world of the period: his mother, Brynhild Olivier, had been a member of Rupert Brooke's circle before the First World War and his half-sister was married to Quentin Bell, the nephew of Virginia Woolf. He was educated at Dauntsey's School and at Peterhouse, Cambridge, where he obtained a degree in history.

Sherrard first came to Greece as a soldier after the liberation of Athens in 1946. The culture and traditional way of life of the country made a profound impression on him. At this time he first corresponded with the poet George Seferis, whose work he was subsequently to translate into English. He also met and married his first wife, Anna Mirodia. After living for a period in London, he returned to Greece to serve as assistant director of the British School of Archaeology at Athens in 1951-52 and again in 1957–62. His doctoral thesis on the Greek poets Solomos, Palamas, Cavafy, Angelos Sikelianos and Seferis (King's College, London) was published in 1956 as The Marble Threshing Floor.  In the same year he was baptised in the Orthodox Church.

In 1959 Sherrard bought part of disused magnesite mine near the small shipping town of Limni on the island of Evia. He planted trees and plants where the former mine installations had been, and helped to restore the homes of the former directors who had lived there before the mine was abandoned at the outbreak of the Second World War. In 1970 he accepted a lectureship on the history of the Orthodox Church, a post attached jointly to King's College, London and the School of Slavonic and East European Studies (SSEES). After his resignation in 1977, he moved back to Greece, where Limni now became his permanent home.

In 1979 he married his second wife, the publisher Denise Harvey. In 1980, together with Keith Critchlow, Brian Keeble and the poet Kathleen Raine, he was one of the founding members of the journal Temenos, a review devoted to the "arts of the imagination". This eventually led to the foundation of the Temenos Academy, a teaching organisation based in London.

Sherrard died in London on 30 May 1995 at the age of 72 and was buried near the Orthodox chapel he had had built on his property.

Writings
Sherrard's first book was The Marble Threshing Floor (1956), an "introduction to modern Greek poetry for English-speaking readers, which, together with his translations, brought the poetry of Cavafy and Seferis, together with its cultural background, to the attention of the literary world." As a translator of Modern Greek poetry, he had a long and productive collaboration with Edmund Keeley. They produced many books together, among them Four Greek Poets (1966), the Collected Poems of George Seferis (1967) and of C.P. Cavafy (1975) and Selected Poems by Angelos Sikelianos (1979) and Odysseus Elytis (1981).  The importance of these translations is indicated by the fact that both Seferis and Elytis went on to receive the Nobel Prize for Literature after their work had become known beyond the Greek-speaking world.

In his writing, Sherrard often attempted to avert what he saw as an oncoming environmental catastrophe. He saw the world's ecological crisis as evidence of a larger spiritual crisis and sought always to "emphasize the living relevance of the Orthodox spiritual tradition in a fragmented secular world." He produced a number of works developing this theme, including The Sacred in Life and Art, Human Image: World Image: The Death and Resurrection of Sacred Cosmology and The Rape of Man and Nature.

Among his works (together with his collaborators Kallistos Ware and G. E. H. Palmer) is the complete translation of the Philokalia, a compendium of mystical writings by the spiritual fathers of the Orthodox Church. Christianity: Lineaments of a Sacred Tradition was posthumously published in 1998. This book is a collection of articles dealing with subjects such as tradition, death and dying, the problem of evil and the revival of contemplative hesychast spirituality.

Bibliography

The Marble Threshing Floor: Studies in Modern Greek Poetry (London: Valentine, Mitchell, 1956; reprinted Limni (Greece): Denise Harvey, 1981, 1992)
The Greek East and the Latin West: A Study in the Christian Tradition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1959; reprinted Limni (Greece): Denise Harvey, 1992, 1995, 2002)
Six Poets of Modern Greece (with Edmund Keeley) (London: Thames and Hudson, 1960)
Constantinople: The Iconography of a Sacred City (London: Oxford University Press, 1965)
Great Ages of Man: Byzantium: A History of the World's Cultures (Time Life Books, 1966)
Modern Greece (with John Campbell) (London: Ernest Benn, 1968)
Δοκίμια γιά τόν Νέο Ἑλληνισμό (Athens: Athina Publications, 1972)
Christianity and Eros: Essays on the Theme of Sexual Love (London: SPCK, 1976; reprinted Limni (Greece): Denise Harvey, 1995, 2002)
Church, Papacy, and Schism: A Theological Enquiry (London: SPCK, 1978; reprinted Limni (Greece): Denise Harvey, 1996) ,
The Wound of Greece: Studies in Neo-Hellenism (London: Rex Collings, 1978)
Athos: The Holy Mountain (Overlook Hardcover, 1985)
The Rape of Man and Nature: An Enquiry into the Origins and Consequences of Modern Science (Ipswich: Golgonooza Press, 1987)
The Sacred in Life and Art (Ipswich: Golgonooza Press, 1990; reprinted Limni (Greece): Denise Harvey, 2004)
Human Image: World Image: The Death and Resurrection of Sacred Cosmology (Ipswich: Golgonooza Press, 1992; reprinted Limni (Greece): Denise Harvey, 2004)
This Dialectic of Blood and Light, George Seferis – Philip Sherrard, An Exchange: 1946-1971 (Limni (Greece): Denise Harvey, 2015)
 The Rape of Man and Nature: An Enquiry into the Origins and Consequences of Modern Science (Ipswich: Golgonooza Press,1987; reprinted Limni (Greece): Denise Harvey, 1991, 2015)

Poetry

Orientation and Descent (Eton: Alden and Blackwell, 1953)
Motets for a Sunflower  (Ipswich: Golgonooza Press, 1979)
In the Sign of the Rainbow: Selected Poems 1940–1989 (London: Anvil Press Poetry, 1994)

As Editor or Translator

The Pursuit of Greece  (London: John Murray, 1964; reprinted Athens: Denise Harvey, 1987)
Nikos Kazantzakis and his Odyssey. A Study of the Poet and the Poem (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1961)
George Seferis: Collected Poems (1924–1955) (with Edmund Keeley) (London: Jonathan Cape, 1969)
C. P. Cavafy: Collected Poems (with Edmund Keeley) (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975, 1992)
The Philokalia (with G. E. H. Palmer and Kallistos Ware), 4 vols, vol. 5 forthcoming (London: Faber, 1979–)
A Greek Quintet: Poems by Cavafy, Sikelianos, Seferis, Elytis, Gatsos (Limni (Greece): Denise Harvey, 1992, 2000)
Angelos Sikelianos: Selected Poems (with Edmund Keeley) (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979; reprinted Limni (Greece): Denise Harvey, 1996)
Odysseus Elytis: Selected Poems (with Edmund Keeley) (London: Anvil Press Poetry, 1981, 2007)
Edward Lear: The Corfu Years: A Chronicle presented through his Letters and Journals (editor) (Athens and Dedham: Denise Harvey, 1988)
George Seferis: Complete Poems (with Edmund Keeley) (London: Anvil Press Poetry, 1995, 2006)

As Contributor

Not of This World: A Treasury of Christian Mysticism  (World Wisdom, 2003)
Science and the Myth of Progress  (World Wisdom, 2004)
The Betrayal of Tradition: Essays on the Spiritual Crisis of Modernity  (World Wisdom, 2005)

About Sherrard

Kelley, James L., Philip Sherrard: Orthodox Theosophy and the Reign of Quantity (Norman, OK: Romanity Press, 2016).

See also
Temenos Academy Review

References

External links
Philip Sherrard: Life and Work
Temenos Academy
Denise Harvey Publisher

1922 births
1995 deaths
Christian writers
English Eastern Orthodox Christians
Non-fiction environmental writers
British poets
Converts to Eastern Orthodoxy from Anglicanism
Scholars of Greek language
Greek–English translators
20th-century translators
20th-century English poets
British male poets
20th-century English male writers
Historians of modern Greece
British Byzantinists
Scholars of Byzantine literature
Scholars of Byzantine theology
Translators of the Philokalia
Traditionalist School