Sejil, or Sejjil, (, a Quranic word meaning "baked clay", see Surat al-Fil) is a family of Iranian solid-fueled medium range ballistic missiles. The Sejil are replacements for the Shahab liquid-fueled ballistic missiles. According to US Pentagon sources, the missile profile of the Sejil closely matches those of the Ashura, Ghadr-110 and the Samen. The Sejil-2 was seen in the Great Prophet 15 war games conducted by Iran on the 15th of January, 2021.

Design
According to Jane's Information Group, details of the design other than the number of stages and that it uses solid fuel have not been released. Uzi Rubin, former director of Israel's Ballistic Missile Defense Organization, indicated that, "Unlike other Iranian missiles, the Sajil bears no resemblance to any North Korean, Russian, Chinese or Pakistani (missile technology). It demonstrates a significant leap in Iran's missile capabilities." Rubin went on to state that the Sejil-1 " ... places Iran in the realm of multiple-stage missiles, which means that they are on the way to having intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) capabilities ..."

The missile utilizes composite solid fuel and unlike the Shahab-3 medium-range ballistic missile (MRBM), which is launched only vertically, the Sejil could be launched at a variable angle. As a weapon, Sejil presents much more challenge to Iran's potential enemies, as solid-fuel missiles can be launched with much less notice than liquid-fueled missiles, making them more difficult to strike prior to launch.

Political commentator Kiyan Nader Mokhtari elaborated more about the features of the new missile. "The engine and various fuels have been tested and the platform is now highly reliable. The latest tests to be carried out are mainly to do with the variety of warheads that it has to carry," he said.
"Some of the warheads obviously have been designed to be able to evade anti-ballistic missile defenses of the enemy in actual battle conditions," he added.

Iran claims that if launched from the city of Natanz, it could reach Tel Aviv in less than seven minutes.

Variants

 Sejil-1: The Sejil is a two-stage, solid-propellant, surface-to-surface missile (SSM) produced by Iran with a reported  range.  A successful test launch took place on 13 November 2008. Its range, if confirmed, would allow it to strike targets as far away as Israel and southeastern Europe, though Iran asserts that it is intended for purely defensive purposes.
 Sejil-2: Sejil-2 is an upgraded version of the Sejil. The Sejil-2 two-stage solid-fuel missile has a 2,000 km range and was first test-fired on 20 May 2009. The Sejil-2 surface-to-surface medium-range ballistic missile (MRBM) was first tested eight months prior to the actual test launch, which took place in the central Iranian province of Semnan. Improvements include better navigation system, better targeting system, more payload, longer range, faster lift-off, longer storage time, quicker launch and lower detection possibility. On December 16, 2009, an upgraded version of Sejil-2 was test fired.
 Sejil-3: An unconfirmed report stated the a Sejil-3 may be in development. The Sejil-3 would reportedly have three stages, a maximum range of 4,000 km, and a launch weight of 38,000 kg. The Sejil-3 is intended to be the first IRBM of the Sejil series.It is based on the design of the Sejil-2, but with an improved engine and guidance system and better survivability. The Sejil-3 is more maneuverable than its predecessor, making it harder for ABM systems to intercept. The final phase of testing is due to commence in early 2016, with entry into service by 2017.

See also
 Military of Iran
 Iranian military industry
 List of military equipment manufactured in Iran
 Iran's missile forces
 Fateh-110
 Equipment of the Iranian Army
 Science and technology in Iran

External links
CSIS Missile Threat - Sejjil

References

Medium-range ballistic missiles of Iran
Intermediate-range ballistic missiles of Iran
Military equipment introduced in the 2010s


Antonio Smith may refer to:

 Antonio Smith (artist) (1832–1877), Chilean landscape painter and caricaturist
 Antonio Smith (basketball), university basketball player from Flint, Michigan
 Antonio Smith (cornerback) (born 1984), American football cornerback
 Antonio Smith (defensive end) (born 1981), American football defensive end
 Antonio Arnelo Smith, involved in an alleged police brutality incident in Valdosta, Georgia, in 2020

See also
Tony Smith (disambiguation)


Dana King (born March 7, 1960) is an American broadcast journalist and sculptor. She served as an anchor for the CBS owned-and-operated station KPIX-TV in San Francisco. In 2012, King left KPIX to pursue her passion in sculpting and art. Her outdoor sculpture commemorating the Montgomery bus boycott is displayed at the National Memorial for Peace and Justice in Montgomery, Alabama. King uses historically generalized and racist ideas that requires indepth researches, to provide information on the normative misrepresentation of Black peoples' emotional and physical sacrifices.

Journalism career
King won her second of five local Emmy Awards for her reporting in Honduras in 1998 and 2000, reporting on the consequences of Hurricane Mitch. King also won an RTNDA Edward R. Murrow Award in March 2005 for her reporting on the tenth anniversary of the Rwandan genocide. She won another Murrow Award in 2009 for a series called "Assignment Africa." She is also known for her coverage of the conflict in Afghanistan, and the September 11 Attacks.

In 1993, King co-anchored the debut of ABC's Good Morning America Sunday, before moving to CBS's CBS Morning News (1994–95) and other CBS News programs, including the short-lived syndicated newsmagazine Day and Date.

Art career
King announced her departure as a news anchor for CBS San Francisco on December 7, 2012. Although this departure allowed King more free time to pursue her art career, she initially began her career while simultaneously working as a news anchor for KPIX-TV (CBS 5). In the time following her departure, King planned to pursue her passion for art and sculpting. King regarded sculpting to be her "third career," explaining art and sculpture to be her passion and true calling. King's art includes the mediums of sculpture, charcoal drawing, and oil painting. Furthermore, King explains her departure from journalism, saying, "I'm still a journalist, but now my medium is clay."

Throughout her art career, King is known for her sculptures and community projects that revolve around the goal of portraying a political message. One of King's best known sculptures is her outdoor sculpture dedicated to the memory of the women who led and sustained the Montgomery bus boycott. This sculpture is on display at the National Memorial for Peace and Justice that opened in 2018 in Montgomery, Alabama. This sculpture depicts a teacher, grandma, and pregnant woman who are standing in a triangular formation. Furthermore, King utilized her knowledge gained through journalism to portray these women as if they were from 1950s Alabama. This sculpture of women, according to King, was meant to portray how the women involved were "quiet activists" who were silently making a difference although faced with discrimination. She was recognized as one of "10 Emerging Black Female Artists To Collect" by Black Art in America. King is also an entrepreneur and the owner of a thriving artists’ enclave located in Oakland, California.

King prefers sculptures because they inhabit space and according to her space is power. She believes sculpture provides an opportunity to shape culturally significant memories that determine how African descendants are publicly regarded and remembered. She believes that the African descendants deserve public monuments of truth that radiate their powerful, resilient, and undying endurance created from a Black aesthetic point of view.

On October 13, 2018, in Oakland, California, members of the Oakland community began the painting of a mural near a local homeless encampment with the theme "Oakland for all of us." This mural project was made possible by King who donated the space from the building she owns at East 12th Street and 13th Avenue. King donated the wall with the hope to bring the community together as well as bring awareness to political change. King explained, "Oakland is in the midst of an economic renaissance, but so many are being left behind."

In 2016, King created a sculpture, entitled A Man for the People, dedicated to William Byron Rumford, the first African American member of the California State Assembly elected from Northern California, in 1948.  The art piece was the first in Berkeley, California to honor an African American.

A year after the statue of Francis Scott Key in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park was toppled by protesters on June 19, 2020 in the wake of the murder of George Floyd, King unveiled Monumental Reckoning, which now encircles the plinth of the empty monument. These 350 sculptures, each four feet (1.2 meters), represent the first Africans kidnapped from their homeland in Angola and sold into chattel slavery in Virginia in 1619.

Works

 Chrysalis
 A Man for the People, Berkeley, California, a sculpture of Byron Rumford
 Archangel of the Forest, Thelma Harris Art Gallery, Oakland
 Waiting on the Wind, Thelma Harris Art Gallery, Oakland
 Monumental Reckoning, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco

Notes

External links

American television journalists
American women television journalists
Ferris State University alumni
Living people
1960 births
California Democrats
ABC News people
CBS News people
American sculptors
21st-century American women


Dana M. King  (1890 – April 19, 1952) was an American football and baseball coach.  He served as the head football coach at the University of Cincinnati from 1931 to 1934, compiling a record of 25–10–1.

Early life and education
King graduated from Ohio University in 1917. He played football for the Bobcats as an end.

Coaching career

Hamilton High School
King served as football coach at Hamilton High School. He coached 16 seasons (1917, 1919–1929 and 1943–1945), going 104–26–8, with his only losing season being in 1917 (3–5–1). From 1926 to 1929, his team went 35–2–1 with a 10–0 season in 1929 in which they scored 332 points while allowing only 19. From 1928 to 1930, his team had an 18-game winning streak. His teams used single-wing and double-wing offenses for most of his career before going to a T-formation attack in his term in the 1940s. He also served time as coach for baseball, track, and basketball. For basketball, he coached from 1917 to 1929, with an 18–0 team in 1926–27 before losing in the District Tournament finals. He went 148–59 as coach. In the 1920s, he served as city recreation director, along with overseeing development of the playground system in the city. He also helped establish softball leagues and coached a local American Legion football team.

University of Cincinnati
King joined the University of Cincinnati as an assistant football coach in 1930. He became coach the next year, along with athletic director in 1932. In his four seasons as coach, he went 25–10–1, with two conference titles. He stepped down as coach in 1934, although he stayed on as athletic director until 1936.

Cincinnati Bengals
In 1939, King became coach of the original Cincinnati Bengals. They went 6–2 in 1939, good for second in the American Professional Football Association. They joined the American Football League in 1940. They went 1–7 in 1940 and 1–5–2 in 1941 before disbanding after World War II shuttled the league and the team.

Return to Hamilton High School
King returned to Hamilton High School in 1942 to serve as head football coach and athletic director. He left coaching after 1945 due to ill health.

Later life and death
After the 1946–47 school year, he retired as a math teacher. He was inducted into the Butler County Sports and Hamilton School Athletic Halls of Fame.
King died on April 19, 1952, at his home in Glenford, Ohio.

Head coaching record

College football

References

External links

1890 births
1952 deaths
American football ends
Cincinnati Bearcats athletic directors
Cincinnati Bearcats baseball coaches
Cincinnati Bearcats football coaches
Ohio Bobcats baseball players
Ohio Bobcats football players
High school baseball coaches in the United States
High school basketball coaches in Ohio
High school football coaches in Ohio
People from Perry County, Ohio
Players of American football from Ohio
Baseball players from Ohio


Cyril Graham Primmer (19 April 1924 – 1 November 2003) was an Australian politician. Born in Warrnambool, Victoria, he was educated at state schools before becoming a dairy farmer at Koroit. He served in the military 1943–1945, and was a member of Belfast Shire Council. In 1970, he was elected to the Australian Senate as a Labor Senator for Victoria. He remained in the Senate until his retirement in 1985.

Primmer died in Warrnambool in 2003.

References

1924 births
2003 deaths
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Members of the Australian Senate for Victoria
Members of the Australian Senate
People from Warrnambool
20th-century Australian politicians


The Van Renesse family is an old Dutch aristocratic family that stems from the town of Renesse in Zeeland. The current Belgian branch resides in 's Herenelderen Castle since 1540.

History
The eldest ancestor of this family was Jan van Renesse who is mentioned in a charter as a minor in 1318. The Dutch branch ended in 1855, the Belgian noble branch van Renesse van Elderen survived until modern times.

Heraldry
The Renesse coat of arms is depicted in the medieval Gelre Armorial (folio 84r).

Members
 John III, Lord of Renesse
 Camille of Renesse-Breidbach (1836-1904), Belgian writer and entrepreneur.

Lords of Warfusée
 Jean VIII of Renesse, Lord of Warfusée  (1505-1549);married to Isabelle of Nassau; daughter of Henry III of Nassau-Breda.
 René de Renesse, 1st Count of Warfusée,
 Alexander de Renesse, Count of warfusée, Lord of Gaesbeecq.
 Florence-Marguerite de Renesse-Warfusée
Philippe François de Berghes, 1st Prince of Grimberghen
 Frederik I of Renesse, born 1470 : Lord of Oostmalle;Married Anne of Halmale, Lady of Elderen and Warfusée.
 Frederik II of Renesse, Lord of Elderen
 René III of Renesse, lord of Elderen; married to Catherin d'Arkel.
 Claire de Renesse: married to Philippe II of Hornes, Lord of Bassignies : Imperial Lord Chamberlain.

Sources
Nederland's Adelsboek, 2004–2005, p. 153-165.
 Oscar COOMANS DE BRACHÈNE, État présent de la noblesse belge, Annuaire 1997, Brussel, 1997.
 Jean-François HOUTART, Anciennes familles de Belgique. Bruxelles, Office généalogique et héraldique de Belgique, 2008, p. 52.

Notes

References

Renesse
People from Schouwen-Duiveland
Belgian noble families


Cyclooxygenases are enzymes that take part in a complex biosynthetic cascade that results in the conversion of polyunsaturated fatty acids to prostaglandins and thromboxane(s).
Their main role is to catalyze the transformation of arachidonic acid into the intermediate prostaglandin H2, which is the precursor of a variety of prostanoids with diverse and potent biological actions.
Cyclooxygenases have two main isoforms that are called COX-1 and COX-2 (as well as a COX-3). COX-1 is responsible for the synthesis of prostaglandin and thromboxane in many types of cells, including the gastro-intestinal tract and blood platelets. COX-2 plays a major role in prostaglandin biosynthesis in inflammatory cells and in the central nervous system. Prostaglandin synthesis in these sites is a key factor in the development of inflammation and hyperalgesia.
COX-2 inhibitors have analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity by blocking the transformation of arachidonic acid into prostaglandin H2 selectively.

The rise for development of selective COX-2 inhibitors

The impetus for development of selective COX-2 inhibitors was the adverse gastrointestinal side-effects of NSAIDs. Soon after the discovery of the mechanism of action of NSAIDs, strong indications emerged for alternative forms of COX, but little supporting evidence was found. COX enzyme proved to be difficult to purify and was not sequenced until 1988. In 1991 the existence of the COX-2 enzyme was confirmed by being cloned by Dr. Dan Simmons at Brigham Young University. Before the confirmation of COX-2 existence, the Dupont company had developed a compound, DuP-697, that was potent in many anti-inflammatory assays but did not have the ulcerogenic effects of NSAIDs. Once the COX-2 enzyme was identified, Dup-697 became the building-block for synthesis of COX-2 inhibitors. Celecoxib and rofecoxib, the first COX-2 inhibitors to reach market, were based on DuP-697. It took less than eight years to develop and market the first COX-2 inhibitor, with Celebrex (celecoxib) launched in December 1998 and Vioxx (rofecoxib) launched in May 1999.  Celecoxib and other COX-2 selective inhibitors, valdecoxib, parecoxib, and mavacoxib, were discovered by a team at the Searle division of Monsanto led by John Talley.

Development of COX-2 inhibitors
Early studies showed that, when inflammation is induced, the affected organ unexpectedly develops an enormous capacity to generate prostaglandins. It was demonstrated that the increase is due to de novo synthesis of fresh enzyme. In 1991, during the investigation of the expression of early-response genes in fibroblasts transformed with Rous sarcoma virus, a novel mRNA transcript that was similar, but not identical, to the seminal COX enzyme was identified. It was suggested that an isoenzyme of COX had been discovered. Another group discovered a novel cDNA species encoding a protein with similar structure to COX-1 while studying phorbol-ester-induced genes in Swiss 3T3 cells. The same laboratory showed that this gene truly expressed a novel COX enzyme. The two enzymes were renamed COX-1, referring to the original enzyme and COX-2.
Building on those results, scientists started focusing on selective COX-2 inhibitors. Enormous effort was spent on the development of NSAIDs between the 1960s and 1980 so there were numerous pharmacophores to test when COX-2 was discovered. Early efforts focused on modification on two lead compounds, DuP-697 and NS-398. These compounds differ greatly from NSAIDs that are arylalkonic acid analogs. Encouraged by the "concept testing" experiments with selective inhibitors, and armed with several solid leads and clear idea of the nature of the binding site, development of this field was rapid. In vitro recombinant enzyme assays provided powerful means for assessing COX selectivity and potency and led to the discovery and clinical development of the first rationally designed COX-2 selective inhibitor, celecoxib. Efforts have been made to convert NSAIDs into selective COX-2 inhibitors such as indometacin by lengthening of the alkylcarboxylic acid side-chain, but none have been marketed.

Structure Activity Relationship (SAR)
DuP-697 was a building-block for synthesis of COX-2 inhibitors and served as the basic chemical model for the coxibs that are the only selective COX-2 inhibitors on the market today. DuP-697 is a diaryl heterocycle with cis-stilbene moiety. Structure activity relationship (SAR) studies for diaryl heterocyclic compounds have indicated that a cis-stilbene moiety and changes in the para-position of one of the aryl rings play an important role in COX-2 selectivity. Celecoxib and parecoxib have a sulfonamide substituent (SO2NH2) in para-position on one of the aryl rings while etoricoxib and rofecoxib have a methylsulfone (SO2CH3). The oxidation state on the sulfur is important for selectivity; sulfones and sulfonamides are selective for COX-2 but sulfoxides and sulfides are not. The ring system that is fused in this stilbene system has been extensively manipulated to include every imaginable heterocyclic and carbocyclic skeleton of varying ring sizes. It is known that a SO2NHCOCH3 moiety as in parecoxib, which is a prodrug for valdecoxib, is 105 – 106 more reactive acetylating agent of enzyme serine hydroxyl groups than simple amides. Due to the fact that varying kinetic mechanisms affect potency for COX-1 versus COX-2, relying Potency and selectivity in human whole blood is used by many groups and has been accepted as a standard assessment of COX-2 potency and selectivity.

The relationship between amino acid profile of COX-2 enzyme and inhibition mechanism

One of the keys to developing COX-2 selective drugs is the larger active site of COX-2, which makes it possible to make molecules too large to fit into the COX-1 active site but still able to fit the COX-2. The larger active site of COX-2 is partly due to a polar hydrophilic side-pocket that forms because of substitution of Ile523, His513, and Ile434 in COX-1 by Val523, Arg513, and Val434 in COX-2. Val523 is less bulky than Ile523, which increases the volume of the active site. Substitution of Ile434 for Val434 allows the side-chain of Phe518 to move back and make some extra space. This side-pocket allows for interactions with Arg513, which is a replacement for His513 of COX-1. Arg513 is thought to be a key residue for diaryl heterocycle inhibitors such as the coxibs. The side-chain of Leu384, at the top of the receptor channel, is oriented into the active site of COX-1, but, in COX-2, it is oriented away from the active site and makes more space in the apex of the binding site.
The bulky sulfonamide group in COX-2 inhibitors such as celecoxib and rofecoxib prevent the molecule from entering the COX-1 channel.
For optimal activity and selectivity of the coxibs, a 4-methylsulfonylphenyl attached to an unsaturated (usually) five-membered ring with a vicinal lipophilic group is required (rofecoxib). The SO2CH3 can be replaced by SO2NH2, wherein the lipophilic pocket is occupied by an optionally substituted phenyl ring or a bulky alkoxy substituent (celecoxib). Within the hydrophilic side-pocket of COX-2, the oxygen of the sulfonamide (or sulfone) group interacts with Hist90, Arg513, and Gln192 and forms hydrogen bonds. The substituted phenyl group at the top of the channel interacts with the side-chains of amino acid residues through hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. Tyr385 makes for some sterical restrictions of this side of the binding site so a small substituent of the phenyl group makes for better binding. Degrees of freedom are also important for the binding. The central ring of the coxibs decides the orientation of the aromatic rings and, therefore, the binding to COX enzyme even though it often has no electrostatic interactions with any of the amino acid residues. The high lipophilicity of the active site does require low polarity of the central scaffold of the coxibs.

Mechanism of binding
Studies on the binding mechanism of selective COX-2 inhibitors show that they have two reversible steps with both COX-1 and COX-2, but the selectivity for COX-2 is due to another step that is slow and irreversible and is seen only in the inhibition of COX-2, not COX-1. The irreversible step has been attributed to the presence of the sulfonamide (or sulfone) that fits into the side-pocket of COX-2. This has been studied using SC-58125 (an analogue of celecoxib) and mutated COX-2, wherein the valine 523 residue was replaced by isoleucine 523. The irreversible inhibition did not happen, but reversible inhibition was noticed. A model has been made to explain this three-step mechanism behind the inhibitory effects of selective COX-2 inhibitors. The first step accounts for the contact of the inhibitor with the gate of the hydrophobic channel (called the lobby region). The second step could account for the movement of the inhibitor from the lobby region to the active site of the COX enzyme. The last step probably represents repositioning of the inhibitor at the active site, which leads to strong interactions of the phenylsulfonamide or phenylsulfone group of the inhibitor and the amino acids of the side pocket. It is directly inhibition to postaglanding

Pharmacokinetics of coxibs
The coxibs are widely distributed throughout the body. All of the coxibs achieve sufficient brain concentrations to have a central analgesic effect, and all reduce prostaglandin formation in inflamed joints. All are well absorbed, but peak concentration may differ between the coxibs. The coxibs are highly protein-bound, and the published estimate of half-lives is variable between the coxibs.

Celecoxib
Celecoxib was the first specific inhibitor of COX-2 approved to treat patients with rheumatism and osteoarthritis. A study showed that the absorption rate, when given orally, is moderate, and peak plasma concentration occurs after about 2–4 hours. However, the extent of absorption is not well known. Celecoxib has the affinity to bind extensively to plasma proteins, especially to plasma albumin. It has an apparent volume of distribution (VD) of 455 +/- 166 L in humans and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) increases proportionally to increased oral doses, between 100 and 800 mg. Celecoxib is metabolized primarily by CYP2C9 isoenzyme to carboxylic acid and also by non-CYP-dependent glucuronidation to glucuronide metabolites. The metabolites are excreted in urine and feces, with a small proportion of unchanged drug (2%) in the urine. Its elimination half-life is about 11 hours (6–12 hours) in healthy individuals, but racial differences in drug disposition and pharmacokinetic changes in the elderly have been reported. People with chronic kidney disease appear to have 43% lower plasma concentration compared to healthy individuals, with a 47% increase in apparent clearance, and it can be expected that patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment have increased steady-state AUC.

Parecoxib and valdecoxib
Parecoxib sodium is a water-soluble inactive ester amide prodrug of valdecoxib, a novel second-generation COX-2-specific inhibitor and the first such agent to be developed for injectable use. It is rapidly converted by hepatic enzymatic hydrolysis to the active form valdecoxib. The compound then undergoes another conversion, which involves both cytochrome P450-mediated pathway (CYP2C9, CYP3A4) and non-cytochrome P450-mediated pathway, to hydroxylated metabolite and glucuronide metabolite. The hydroxylated metabolite, that also has weak COX-2-specific inhibitory properties, is then further metabolized by non-cytochrome P450 pathway to a glucuronide metabolite. These metabolites are excreted in the urine.
After intra-muscular administration of Parecoxib sodium peak plasma concentration is reached within 15 minutes. The plasma concentration decreases rapidly after administration because of a rather short serum half-life, which is about 15–52 minutes. This can be explained by the rapid formation of Valdecoxib. In contrast to the rapid clearance of Parecoxib, plasma concentration of Valdecoxib declines slowly because of a longer half-life. On the other hand, when Valdecoxib is taken orally it is absorbed rapidly (1–2 hours), but presence of food can delay peak serum concentration. It then undergoes the same metabolism that is described above. It is extensively protein-bound (98%), and the plasma half-life is about 7–8 hours. Note that the half-life can be significantly prolonged in the elderly or those with hepatic impairment, and can lead to drug accumulation.
The hydroxyl metabolite reaches its highest mean plasma concentration within 3 to 4 hours from administration, but it is considerably lower than of Valdecoxib or about 1/10 of the plasma levels of Valdecoxib.

Etoricoxib
Etoricoxib, that is used for patients with chronic arthropathies and musculoskeletal and dental pain, is absorbed moderately when given orally. A study on its pharmacokinetics showed that the plasma peak concentration of etoricoxib occurs after approximately 1 hour. It has shown to be extensively bound to plasma albumin (about 90%), and has an apparent volume of distribution (VD) of 120 L in humans. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) increases in proportion to increased dosage (5–120 mg). The elimination half-life is about 20 hours in healthy individuals, and such long half-life enables the choice to have once-daily dosage. Etoricoxib, like the other coxibs, is excreted in urine and feces and also metabolized in likewise manner. CYP3A4 is mostly responsible for biotransformation of etoricoxib to carboxylic acid metabolite, but a non CYP450 metabolism pathway to glucuronide metabolite is also at hand. A very small portion of etoricoxib (<1%) is eliminated unchanged in the urine. Patients with chronic kidney disease do not appear to have different plasma concentration curve (AUC) compared to healthy individuals. It has though been reported that patients with moderate hepatic impairment have increased plasma concentration curve (AUC) by approximately 40%. It has been stated that further study is necessary to describe precisely the relevance of pharmacokinetic properties in terms of the clinical benefits and risks of etoricoxib compared to other clinical options.

Lumiracoxib
Lumiracoxib is unique amongst the coxibs in being a weak acid. It was developed for the treatment of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and acute pain. The acidic nature of lumiracoxib allows it to penetrate well into areas of inflammation. It has shown to be rapidly and well absorbed, with peak plasma concentration occurring in about 1–3 hours. A study showed that when a subject was given 400 mg dose, the amount of unchanged drug in the plasma 2.5 hours postdose suggest a modest first pass effect. The terminal half-life in plasma ranged from 5.4 to 8.6 hours (mean =6.5 hours). The half-life in synovial fluid is considerably longer than in plasma, and the concentration in synovial fluid 24 hours after administration would be expected to result in a substantial COX-2 inhibition. This fact can explain why some users may suffice with once-daily dosage despite a short plasma half-life. The major plasma metabolites are 5-carboxy, 4’-hydroxy, and 4’-hydroxy-5-carboxy derivatives. Lumiracoxib is extensively metabolized before it is excreted, and the excretion routes are in the urine or feces. Peak plasma concentrations exceed those necessary to maximally inhibit COX-2, and that is consistent with a longer pharmacodynamic half-life. In vitro lumiracoxib has demonstrated a greater COX-2 selectivity than any of the other coxibs.

Rofecoxib
Rofecoxib was the second selective COX-2 inhibitor to be marketed, and the first one to be taken off the market. When the pharmacokinetics were studied in healthy human subjects, the peak concentration was achieved in 9 hours with effective half-life of approximately 17 hours. A secondary peak has been observed, which might suggest that the absorption of rofecoxib varies with intestinal motility, hence leading to high variability in time until peak concentration is met. Seventy-one and a half percent of the dose was recovered in urine (less than 1% unmetabolised) and 14.2% was recovered in feces (approximately 1.8% in the bile). Among the metabolites were rofecoxib-3’,4’-dihydrodiol, 4’-hydroxyrofecoxib-O-β-D-glucuronide, 5-hydroxyrofecoxib-O-β-D-glucuronide, 5-hydroxyrofecoxib, rofecoxib-erythro-3,4-dihydrohydroxy acid, rofecoxib-threo-3,4-dihydrohydroxy acid, cis-3,4-dihydrorofecoxib and trans-3,4-dihydrorofecoxib.

Cardiovascular events associated with selective COX-2 inhibitors
Even before the first selective COX-2 inhibitor was marketed, specialists began to suspect that there might be a cardiovascular risk associated with this class of medicines. In the VIGOR study (Vioxx Gastrointestinal Outcomes Research), rofecoxib (Vioxx) was compared to naproxen. After a short time, it became evident that there was a fivefold higher risk of myocardial infarction in the rofecoxib group compared to the group that received naproxen. The authors suggested that the difference was due to the cardioprotective effects of naproxen. The APPROVe (Adenomatous Poly Prevention on Vioxx) study was a multicentre, randomized, placebo-controlled, double blind trial aimed to assess the effect of three-year treatment with rofecoxib on recurrence of neoplastic polyps in individuals with a history of colorectal adenomas. In 2000 and 2001, 2587 patients with a history of colorectal adenomas were recruited and followed. The trial was stopped early (2 months before expected completion) on recommendations of its data safety and monitoring board because of concerns about cardiovascular toxicity. When looking at the results of the study, it showed a statistically significant increase in cardiovascular risk when taking rofecoxib compared to placebo beginning after 18 months of treatment. Then on 30 September Merck gave out a news release announcing their voluntary worldwide withdrawal of Vioxx.
Some studies of other coxibs have also shown increase in the risk of cardiovascular events, while others have not. For instance, the Adenoma Prevention with Celecoxib study (APC) showed a dose-related increase in risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke, or heart failure when taking celecoxib compared to placebo; and the Successive Celecoxib Efficacy and Safety Study I (SUCCESS-I) showed increased risk of myocardial infarction when taking 100 mg twice a day of celecoxib compared to diclofenac and naproxen; but taking 200 mg twice a day had lower incidence of myocardial infarction compared to diclofenac and naproxen. Nussmeier et al. (2005) showed in a study increase in incidence of cardiovascular events when taking parecoxib and valdecoxib (compared to placebo) after coronary artery bypass surgery.

Possible mechanisms
It has been proposed that COX-2 selectivity could cause imbalance of prostaglandins in the vasculature.  If this were the explanation for the increased cardiovascular risk then low-dose aspirin should negate this effect, which was not the case in the APPROVe trial. Also, the non-selective COX inhibitors, have also shown increase in cardiovascular events.
Another possible explanation was studied by Li H. et al. (2008). They showed that in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) non-selective NSAIDs and the coxibs produce oxidative stress, indicated by enhanced vascular superoxide(O2−) content and elevated peroxide in plasma, which is in tune with enhanced expression of NADPH oxidase, which was noticed with use of diclofenac and naproxen and, to a lesser degree, rofecoxib and celecoxib. Nitrite in plasma was also decreased suggesting a diminished synthesis of vascular nitric oxide (NO). This decrease in NO synthesis did not result from decreased expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) because expression of eNOS mRNA was not reduced, and even upregulated for some products. The decrease in NO synthesis could, rather, be explained by loss of eNOS function. For eNOS to be normally functional, it needs to form a dimer and to have its cofactor BH4, which is one of the most potent naturally occurring reducing agents. BH4 is sensitive to oxidation by peroxynitrite (ONOO−), which is produced when NO reacts with O2−, so it has been hypothesized that depletion of BH4 can occur with excessive oxidative stress (that can be caused by NSAIDs) and, hence, be the cause of eNOS dysfunction. This dysfunction, which is referred to as eNOS uncoupling, causes the production of O2− by eNOS, thereby leading to more oxidative stress produced by eNOS. In a study, both the selective COX-2 inhibitors and the non-selective NSAIDs produced oxidative stress, with greater effects seen with non-selective NSAIDs use. This could fit with the hypothesis concerning the prostacyclin/thromboxane imbalance. That is, although the non-selective NSAIDs produce more oxidative stress, they prevent platelet aggregation, whereas the COX-2 inhibitors reduce prostacyclin production, and, hence, the cardiovascular risk for the non-selective NSAIDs is not higher than for the coxibs.
Among other hypotheses are increased blood pressure, decreased production of epi-lipoxins (which have anti-inflammatory effects), and inhibition of vascular remodeling when using selective COX-2 inhibitors.

See also

 Arachidonic acid
 Cyclooxygenase
 Cyclooxygenase 1
 Cyclooxygenase 2
 NSAID
 COX-2 selective inhibitor

References

Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors, Discovery And Development Of
COX-2 inhibitors


Science and Religion: Some Historical Perspectives is a book on the relationship between religion and science by John Hedley Brooke.

The book identifies three traditional views of the relationship between science and religion found in historical analyses: conflict, complementarity, and commonality.  The book portrays all three as oversimplifications. It offers up the alternative notion of complexity, which bases the relationship between science and religion on changing circumstances where it is defined upon each particular historical situation and the actual beliefs and ideas of the scientific and religious figures involved.

Reception
American Historical Review states that the book's bibliographic essay "identifies and … incorporates the results of virtually every significant and relevant article published in the past fifty years."

References

Further reading

List of reviews

1991 non-fiction books
Science books
Religious studies books
Books about religion and science
Cambridge University Press books


Li Ximing (; February 1926 – November 10, 2008) was the Chinese Communist Party boss in Beijing during the 1989 crackdown on pro-democracy protests in the capital and across the country.

Li was elected to the 13th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party on November 2, 1987 by the 13th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party.

Tiananmen Square protests of 1989
In late April 1989, the official press reported that Li and Beijing mayor Chen Xitong would be willing to consider disclosing their wealth, apparently in response to student claims of corruption by Government officials.

On May 20, 1989, the New China News Agency released an English-language transcript of remarks from Prime Minister Li Peng cited a briefing from Li Ximing in which Li described the situation in Beijing as already "anarchic" and getting worse, with increasing violations of law and order. The briefing stated that the situation had begun to "cool down" before the start of May, in response to "great efforts", but that the turmoil had since revived.

A speech written by Li in May 1989 criticizing the student protests and implicitly criticizing General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party Zhao Ziyang (a reformer who sympathized with the demonstrators and was ultimately purged from power) was passed on to mid-level party officials with instructions that it be studied and then passed down to local units. The New York Times reported that some of these officials balked at passing the speech to lower levels or did not fully comply with the terms of the request.

Li, along with Chen Xitong, was described as part of a group of conservatives who advocated for a military response to the student protests in Tiananmen Square in 1989, though Li himself did not play a public role in the official crackdown. As reported in the Tiananmen Papers, published in 2001, Li and Chen foreclosed the option of negotiating with the students by describing the protests as an "anti-party and anti-Socialist political struggle". In Beijing, the resulting military actions on the night of June 3–4, 1989 left many civilians dead or injured, with reported tolls ranged from 200 to 300 (PRC government figures) and to 2,000–3,000 (Chinese student associations and Chinese Red Cross).

After Tiananmen Square
In October 1992, Li was one of eight officials who submitted resignations to the Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party as part of a major shakeup in which the majority of the 14 seats on the Politburo were to be replaced. Li was one of a number of hardliners included in the list who was described as having been pushed out.

He was vice chairman of the Standing Committee of the 8th National People's Congress, China's top legislative body, which was in session from 1993 to 1998.

Li died at age 82 on November 10, 2008 in Beijing. A statement released by the CCP announcing his death described Li as "an outstanding CPC member, a long-tested and loyal Communist fighter and an excellent leader in his work".

References

1926 births
2008 deaths
People's Republic of China politicians from Hebei
Politicians from Shijiazhuang
Political office-holders in Beijing
Chinese Communist Party politicians from Hebei
Delegates to the 7th National People's Congress
Members of the 13th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party
Vice Chairpersons of the National People's Congress
People from Xinji


The Barrow Area Information Database (BAID) is designed to support Arctic science with a special focus on the research hubs of Barrow, Atqasuk, and Ivotuk on the North Slope of Alaska.

The BAID Internet Map Server (BAID-IMS) is freely available to scientists, land managers, educators and the local community.  Users can navigate to areas of interest and explore or query information about field-based scientific research.  Current and historic research sites are shown as points with links to details about project investigators, discipline, funding program, year, related web sites, site photos and other information.  Users can print or export maps for presentations and export tabular information.

BAID-IMS currently includes the locations of over 7000 research plots and instrument locations.  This ongoing effort incorporates both new research locations and sampling sites dating back to the 1940s. BAID-IMS includes satellite imagery and other remote sensing products, topographic maps, land ownership information and local infrastructure that facilitates research and science communication.

History
The Barrow Area Information Database (BAID) was initiated in June 2000 as a cooperative project between Michigan State University's Arctic Ecology Laboratory and the Barrow Arctic Science Consortium (BASC).  The project had humble beginnings as a Microsoft Access database which was used to centralize information about research plots mapped with BASC's new DGPS system.  In 2003, BASC's Digital Subcommittee saw an opportunity to visualize the BAID database with Internet Map Server (IMS) technology and commonly requested base maps.  The BAID-IMS prototype was soon released.  On September 1, 2005 NSF awarded funding for the project to continue through August 30, 2009.

BAID-IMS currently includes the locations of over 7000 research plots and instrument locations.  This ongoing effort incorporates both new research locations and sampling sites dating back to the 1940s.

In order to facilitate the documentation of field research sites in the Barrow area, the University of Texas at El Paso Systems Ecology Laboratory provides Differential GPS support to National Science Foundation researchers during the peak Summer field season (June 1 - August 15).  Support for historical studies and for other agencies working the vicinity of the Barrow Environmental Observatory also provided.

Capabilities
BAID-IMS can be used to mine information about research locations, project descriptions, photographs and contact information.

Metadata that meets the standards of the Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) is available (or under development) for many data layers in BAID-IMS. Data that is considered unrestricted can be downloaded at the Arctic System Science (ARCSS) Data Coordination Center (ADCC) at the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) located at University of Colorado at Boulder.

BAID-IMS is linked to the Circumarctic Environmental Observatories Network and efforts to develop an Arctic Spatial Data Infrastructure.

Technical details
BAID-IMS is hosted at the University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP).  The application was designed with ESRI's ArcIMS 9.2 software.  BAID-IMS currently integrates geospatial data from SDE databases, shapefiles, GeoTiffs and ERDAS Imagine files.  Testing is underway to migrate the application to an ArcGIS Server Web Mapping Application.  Dell blade server technology is employed to host the IMS application and associated database.  Bulk purchases agreements and educational discounts available to UTEP have been leveraged in the acquisition of computer hardware, software, mapping grade GPS units and digital cameras in support of this effort.  Support for Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) standards are enhanced with each upgrade to the application.  An OGC Web Mapping Service (WMS) and a KML for use in Virtual Globes, such as Google Earth are also planned for release in 2008.

References
This article incorporates text from Barrow Area Information Database under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License.

External links
The Barrow Area Information Database
BAID-IMS
Environmental Systems Research Institute
ArcGIS
Circumarctic Environmental Observatories Network
The University of Texas at El Paso
The University of Texas at El Paso's Systems Ecology Lab
Mass media in Alaska
Geographical databases in the United States


Alan Joseph Missen (22 July 192530 March 1986) was an Australian lawyer and politician. He was a member of the Liberal Party and served as a Senator for Victoria from 1974 until his death in 1986. He was known as a leader of the party's social liberal wing.

Early life

Missen's parents were Clifford Missen, labourer, and Violet (née Bartley). Clifford hailed from Lismore in western Victoria and Violet from Chiltern in northern Victoria. They met in Melbourne where they married in 1920 and settled in the inner eastern Melbourne suburb of Kew. Alan Missen was educated at Kew Primary School, Box Hill High and matriculated from the selective Melbourne High School. He commenced a law degree at the University of Melbourne in 1943 and immediately became active in student politics.

Formation of the Liberal Party of Australia

When the Liberal Party of Australia was formed by Robert Menzies in 1944, Missen, who lived in Menzies' electorate of Kooyong, became a founding member of the Liberal Party and the Melbourne University Liberal Club. He commented in later years: "What was formed was not a radical party on the model of the British Liberal Party. The members of Parliament constituting its first MPs were the same men who were United Australia Party members immediately before, and they brought with them their conservative ways of thought." In 1947 he commenced a legal career that was to last for 27 years until his election to Federal Parliament. He established a successful partnership with Roy Schilling and Bill Impey.

Communist Party referendum

Robert Menzies was elected as the first Liberal Prime Minister of Australia in 1949 on a platform that included outlawing the Communist Party of Australia. In 1951 the Menzies Government called a referendum to provide the Commonwealth with the constitutional power to implement its policy. Alan Missen and a small group of other Liberal Party members opposed the referendum proposal. Missen's opinion piece in The Argus newspaper caused a furore in the Liberal Party. In a scathing critique of the referendum proposal, he poses the following rhetorical question: "Have we so little faith in our ability to defeat Communism in a free encounter that we must employ totalitarian methods against them?" The Liberal Party's Victorian Division voted to suspend Missen as vice-president of the Young Liberal and Country Movement. The referendum proposal was narrowly defeated, a major setback for the Menzies Government. Missen's defiant position on the Communist referendum caused him to be overlooked for Liberal preselection for the next two decades.

Marriage

Missen was engaged to Mollie Anchen, school teacher, in 1962. They met through the Debaters' Association of Victoria. Missen was the Association's president from 1958–1960. Former Labor Senator John Button debated against both and rated Missen as very good  "but not half as good as Mollie, who was terrifying – really!" The Missens married in 1963.

Political career
During the period from 1951 until his eventual election to the Senate, Missen was passed over for pre-selection for a Parliamentary seat on several occasions, due in part to his strong position taken on the Communist Party Dissolution Bill. He contented himself with significant activism at a "grass-roots" level, particularly with younger Liberal Party members and adherents. He was elected to the Victorian State Executive and participated energetically in its committee system and also was an early supporter of the quarterly Checkpoint formed in 1969 to stimulate a greater level of policy debate.

Following the defeat of the Liberal Government in 1972, after 23 consecutive years in office, the Liberal Party in Victoria underwent substantial changes. Missen was elected vice-president of the Victorian Division on the same ticket as the party's new president Peter Hardie. Missen also served as chairman of the Liberal Party's State Platform Committee, with a mandate to revise the party's platform for the first time since 1952.

Another Missen ally, Billie Snedden, was elected Federal Opposition Leader following the Liberal Party's electoral loss in December 1972. In 1973 Missen was elected by the Liberal Party's Victorian State Executive to a winnable position on the party's Senate ticket for the following Federal election. Journalist Alan Trengove speculated: "Whether Alan Missen has learned the art of political compromise or whether the Liberal Party has simply come to terms with his brand of liberalism only time will tell." In 1974, he was elected to the Australian Senate as a Liberal Senator for Victoria.

On 13 August 1974 he delivered his maiden speech to the Senate. The following year Missen found himself at the centre of the 1975 constitutional crisis. In March 1975 Malcolm Fraser had replaced Billie Snedden as leader of the Liberal Opposition. In October 1975 Fraser moved to defer supply to the Whitlam Government on the basis of the Government's economic mismanagement. Missen had serious misgivings about denying supply to an elected Government. In a speech to Liberal MPs and Senators on 15 October 1975 he recognised the Senate's constitutional power to defer or block supply but queried whether the circumstances warranted such a measure. He also raised concerns that the Liberal Party may win a subsequent election but be tainted by the divisive means of obtaining power. While Missen reserved the right to vote according to his conscience he never broke ranks on the floor of the Senate. The crisis ended unexpectedly on 11 November 1975 when the Governor-General dismissed the Prime Minister and issued writs for a double dissolution Federal election. Gerard Henderson has written extensively on the events of 1975 and reflected on Missen's pivotal role.

During the term of the Fraser Government (1975–1983) Missen made his mark as an activist backbencher and champion of the Senate committee process. In 1976 he was elected as chairman of the Senate Standing Committee on Constitutional and Legal Affairs and in 1978 he also took on the chairmanship of the Senate Standing Committee on Regulations and Ordinances. In 1981 he became the founding chairman of the Senate Standing Committee for the Scrutiny of Bills. These roles enabled Missen to focus on his policy priorities – human rights and civil liberties. He also served as chairman of the Amnesty International Australian Parliamentary Group.

During his parliamentary career - most particularly during the term of the Fraser Government - Missen crossed the floor on a remarkable 41 occasions, much to the chagrin of Government ministers and party officials. Reflecting on Missen's role, Malcolm Fraser commented in 1992: "People often confuse the concept of loyalty. You can be loyal to ideas, beliefs, philosophy and make that pre-eminent and I think that’s probably the most important form of loyalty. Then there’s another kind of loyalty which is one underpinning personal human relationships. Alan’s pre-eminent loyalty was I think to ideas and concepts and I understand that very much because that is the kind of thing that any party leader has to understand."

When the Liberal Party returned to Opposition in 1983 Missen was among a small and shrinking band of small 'L' liberals. Missen found himself increasingly isolated as a new generation of economic reformers took control of the Liberal Party in Victoria and elsewhere across Australia. To compound matters, Missen was a supporter of Andrew Peacock during the mid-1980s when the Liberal Party was divided by leadership tensions between Peacock and John Howard. When Howard replaced Peacock as Liberal leader in 1985 Missen was further alienated. Soon after Howard's elevation he wrote a paper entitled 'The Winter of Our Discontent' about the direction of the Liberal Party. Missen was also seriously unwell. He had long been a diabetic and suffered a heart attack (which was not disclosed publicly) in early 1986.

Death

Alan Missen suffered a second heart attack and died at home on 30 March 1986. His death was recorded in The Age on 31 March 1986, including a tribute from the Prime Minister, Bob Hawke. When the Senate met for the first time after Missen's death on 8 April 1986 a white rose was placed on his vacant desk by his close friend Senator Chris Puplick. Tributes flowed from all sides of the Senate, including heartfelt words from the Labor Attorney-General, Senator Gareth Evans: "He was absolutely, unequivocally and uncompromisingly an idealist – right over at the far, idealistic end of the political spectrum ... There have not been very many like him in Australian politics, and there will not be again". Alan Missen was survived by his wife Mollie, who died 12 October 2008.

Richard Alston was appointed by the Liberal Party to fill the casual vacancy following Alan Missen's death. Justice Michael Kirby delivered the inaugural Alan Missen Memorial Lecture on 10 November 1986 in Melbourne.

Legacy

The Alan Missen Foundation was established in 1988. The Foundation, in conjunction with Liberty Victoria, holds an annual Alan Missen Oration. The Amnesty International Australian Parliamentary Group also holds an annual Alan Missen Memorial Lecture at Parliament House, Canberra. In 2010 the Accountability Round Table instituted the Alan Missen Award for parliamentary integrity. Missen's entry in the Australian Dictionary of Biography was published in 2012.

References

Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Australia
Members of the Australian Senate for Victoria
Members of the Australian Senate
1925 births
1986 deaths
People educated at Melbourne High School
Melbourne Law School alumni
20th-century Australian politicians
People from Kew, Victoria
Politicians from Melbourne


Nancy Clarke may refer to:
 Nancy Clarke (1945–2014), White House Chief Floral Designer

 Nancy Clarke (entrepreneur) (fl. 1791–1812), Barbadian free woman of colour and hotelier
 Nancy Clarke (swimmer), American competitor at the 1988 Summer Paralympics

See also
 Nancy Clark (disambiguation)


Roger Elliott Salmon (May 11, 1891 – June 17, 1974), was an American professional baseball pitcher who played in  with the Philadelphia Athletics of Major League Baseball. He batted and threw left-handed. Salmon had a 1–0 record, with a 9.00 ERA, in two games, in his one-year career.

Biography
He was born in Newark, New Jersey on May 11, 1891. Salmon played college baseball at Princeton University.  He died in Belfast, Maine on June 17, 1974.

References

External links

1891 births
1974 deaths
Major League Baseball pitchers
Baseball players from Newark, New Jersey
Philadelphia Athletics players
Princeton Tigers baseball players
People from Belfast, Maine
Wilmington Chicks players
Holyoke Papermakers players
Hartford Senators players


Thomas Joseph Tehan (18 January 1916 – 1 June 1996) was an Australian politician. Born in Kyabram, Victoria, he was educated at the University of Melbourne before becoming a barrister and solicitor. In 1975 he served as leader of the Victorian branch of the National Country Party. Later that year, he was elected to the Australian Senate as an NCP Senator for Victoria. He was defeated in 1977, when he was third on the Liberal-NCP ticket due to the inclusion of former House of Representatives MP David Hamer.

Tehan died in 1996, aged 80.

References

National Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Australia
Members of the Australian Senate for Victoria
Members of the Australian Senate
1916 births
1996 deaths
20th-century Australian politicians


Soul Survivor or Soul Survivors may refer to:

 Soul Survivors (band), an American soul and rhythm and blues band
 Soul Survivor (book), a 2001 book by Christian author Philip Yancey
 Soul Survivor (charity), a worldwide Christian charity based in Watford, Hertfordshire

Music

Albums
 Soul Survivors (Soul Survivors album), 1974
 Soul Survivors (Hank Crawford and Jimmy McGriff album), 1986 jazz album
 Soul Survivor (Al Green album), 1987
 Soul Survivor, a 1995 album by Bobby Caldwell
 Soul Survivor (Gorefest album), 1996
 Soul Survivor (Pete Rock album), 1998 album
 Soul Survivor II, a 2004 album by Pete Rock

Songs
 "Soul Survivor", a song by the Rolling Stones from the 1972 album Exile on Main St.
 "Soul Survivor", a song by C. C. Catch from the 1987 album Like a Hurricane
 "Soul Survivor", a song by L.L. Cool J from the 1993 album 14 Shots to the Dome
 "Sole Survivor" (Helloween song), 1994
 "Soul Survivor", a song by the Dead 60s from the 2005 album The Dead 60s
 "Soul Survivor" (Young Jeezy song), 2005
 "Soul Survivor" (Beverley Knight song), 2010
 "Soul Survivor (...2012)", a song by Angels & Airwaves from the 2010 album Love
 "Soul Survivor", a song by Rita Ora from the 2018 album Phoenix

Film
 Soul Survivor (film), a 1995 film by Stephen Williams
 Soul Survivors (film), a 2001 film starring Melissa Sagemiller

Television
 "Soul Survivor" (Charmed), an episode in 2003 of the television series Charmed
 Soul Survivor (Supernatural), an episode in 2014 of the television series Supernatural

See also
Sole Survivor (disambiguation)


Theodosius of Skopje (, ; 1846–1926) was a  Bulgarian religious figure from Macedonia who was also a scholar and translator of the Bulgarian language. He was initially involved in the struggle for an autonomous Bulgarian Church and later in his life, he became a member of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. Although he was named Metropolitan Bishop of the Bulgarian Exarchate in Skopje, he is known for his failed attempt to establish a separate Macedonian Church as a restoration of the Archbishopric of Ohrid. Theodosius of Skopje is considered a Bulgarian in Bulgaria and an ethnic Macedonian in North Macedonia.

Biography

Theodosius of Skopje was born as Vasil Iliev Gologanov (Bulgarian & Macedonian: Васил Илиев Гологанов) in the then Slavic populated village of Tarlis (now part of Kato Nevrokopi, Greece) in the Ottoman Empire. His brother Ivan Gologanov was a collector of folk songs, most famous for editing the book Veda Slovena. Vasil studied in the classical Greek gymnasium in Serres. In 1862 Theodosius became a monk in the monastery of Saint John Prodromus near Serres, and later was ordained as a hierodeacon from the Greek Patriarch of Constantinople. Sometime in 1867, he left for Hercegovina, where he worked as a protosingel of Metropolitan Prokopius. After he came back to Bulgarian lands in 1868, Theodosius became a priest in Plovdiv and then in Krichim. In Plovdiv (1867 – 1878), he contacted famous Bulgarian National Revival activists such as  Yoakim Gruev, Nayden Gerov and Dragan Manchov. When the Bulgarian Exarchate was established in 1870 he joined it. While in the Krichim Monastery (1869 – 1873), he hid the founder of the Internal Revolutionary Organization, Vasil Levski, who at that time formed a revolutionary committee there.

From 1873 he headed the Bulgarian church community in Serres but under the pressure from the Patriarchate of Constantinople, he was arrested by the Ottomans, tortured and received threats to his life, In 1874 he was imprisoned in Sеrres by the Ottoman authorities on charges of his involvement in the Bulgarian revolutionary movement in the Plovdiv region. Later Theodosius was released with the assistance of the Greek Metropolitan, and due to the strong pressure to be set free, he renounced the Exarchate. However, in the same year, after the Christian population of the bishoprics of Skopje and Ohrid voted overwhelmingly in favour of joining the Exarchate, Theodossius repentеd and the Bulgarian Holy Synod restored him to communion. Between 1874 and 1875 Theodosius was the head of the local Bulgarian Orthodox Church organization in the region of Serres. He was ordained as an archmandrite in 1875 and became an assistant of the Metropolitan of Nish, who at the time was under the jurisdiction of the Bulgarian Exarch. In 1876 -1877 he was in Istanbul again served in the Bulgarian St. Stephen Church. Between 1878 and 1880 Archimandrite Theodosius performed there the duties of Exarch Joseph I, since the exarch was stuck in Plovdiv after the start of the Russo-Turkish War.

Afterwards Theodosius continued to hold high ranking positions within the Exarchate. From 1880 to 1885 he was a representative of the Exarchate at the Sublime Porte, and in 1885 he was chosen as a bishop of the episcopacy of Skopje However under the pressure of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople the Sultan issued official ordinance only in 1890 and he has to wait five years to take office. Meanwhile, in 1887 he met with Kosta Grupchev and Naum Evrov, agents of the Serbian politician Stojan Novakovic, representatives of the so-called Association of Serbo-Macedonians. The organization was headed by Novakovic, who at the time was Serbia's plenipotentiary minister in the Ottoman capital. The Serbian government then supported the Macedonist ideas to counteract the Bulgarian influence in Macedonia, and planned the gradual Serbianisation of the Macedonian Slavs. As a result of these meetings, Theodosius came under their influence. Afterwards, as a bishop of Skopje (1890-1891), Theodosius renounced de facto again the Bulgarian Exarchate and attempted to restore the Archbishopric of Ohrid and to separate the episcopacies in Macedonia from the Bulgarian Exarchate. His plans were to create a Macedonian Uniat Church with help from Bishop of Rome, but they failed soon. At first the Bulgarian  Exarchate waited, but after the first Serbian high school was opened in Skopje in 1891, with the consent of Theodosius, Bulgarian patience ran out.

At the insistence of the Exarchate at the end of 1891, he was extradited by the Ottomans to Istanbul. Despite Theodosius repented he was fired there from his high position by the Exarchate in 1892 because of his separatism. According to Simeon Radev, bishop Theodosius' separatism stemmed from his personal hatred of Exarch Joseph I. Petko Slaveykov believed Theodosius' Macedonism was inspired by the Greek propaganda and in fact his activity was favorably regarded by pro-Greek activists. Most of the Macedonian specialists on the history of the Macedonian Orthodox Church, consider that the religious separatism of Theodosius represented indeed a form of early Macedonian nationalism. He was overthrown by the Exarchate and exiled in the Dragalevtsi Monastery near Sofia. There he spent the period from 1892 to 1901, when he was engaged in translations of fiction and religious literature and as before demonstrated a pro-Bulgarian position on the Macedonian Question.

As result he was rehabilitated and between 1901 and 1906 served as bishop of the Plovdiv eparchy, and then in the  Bachkovo Monastery and in the Rila monastery. In 1910 he tried again to run for Metropolitan of Skopje, whose position was then vacant, but he was refused, despite the pro-Exarchate positions he demonstrated in the press. During 1913 he participated on the Christianization of the Pomaks in the Rhodopes, a mission held from the Bulgarian Exarhate and IMORO. Completely repenting of his Catholic aspirations, he wrote the pamphlet The Orthodox Church and Catholic Propaganda, which the Synod printed and used in the struggle against the Uniate movement in 1914. During this period he served in Sofia, where in November 1915, when the Bulgarian army defeated Serbian troops in Macedonia, he performed a solemn prayer on the occasion of the Victory Day. Bishop Theodosius also led the short-lived eparchy of Gyumyurdzhina, (Komotini) between 1915 and 1919, when the area was part of Bulgaria. He spent the last years of his life in Sofia in literary activity - writing books and translations of foreign literature.

Since 1910, Theodosius was a member of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, he wrote articles on religion and translated into Bulgarian some of the works of Virgil, François-René de Chateaubriand, John Milton and others. In one of his articles, published in the newspaper "Mir", he first claimed that the forefather of the Bulgarian National Revival, Saint Paisius of Hilendar had been born in Bansko, Pirin Macedonia, contributing significantly to the construction of the image of Macedonia as a source of the Bulgarian National Revival.

Gallery

References

External links

1846 births
1926 deaths
People from Kato Nevrokopi
Bulgarian Orthodox priests
Members of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
Bulgarian translators
Early Macedonists
Macedonian priests
19th-century Eastern Orthodox priests
20th-century Eastern Orthodox priests
Writers from Skopje


Gladiator Energy Drink is a lucha libre-themed line of energy drink sodas first released in México in 2008 by The Coca-Cola Company. This product is endorsed by lucha libre stars of Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre like Místico, Perro Aguayo, Jr., Último Guerrero and Dr. Wagner, Jr. In July of the same year, Gladiator Energy Drink is released in Dominican Republic and in 2009 is released in Brazil.

This sparkling drink was first introduced in Ukraine in 2009; One year after, the production line for Gladiator added the 0,5-litre PET bottle.

Flavors

 Fruits
 Red Citrus
 Citrus Punch (only in Mexico)

External links
 Mexican Gladiator Energy Drink website
 Brazilian Gladiator Energy Drink website

Coca-Cola brands
Products introduced in 2008


Irish Twins is a 2008 film which was written and directed by brothers Rider Strong and Shiloh Strong. The lead roles were performed by Rider and Shiloh. The film also features John Di Maggio, Al Vicente, Devon McGinn, and Chris Solari.

Rider and Shiloh won the DC Shorts Film Festival Best First Time Director Award, and an Action/Cut Special Jury Prize. They also won both the Audience Award and Jury Award for Best Dramatic Short at the Woods Hole Film Festival.

The film premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival, and was an official selection of the Los Angeles International Shorts, Edmonton International Film Festival, Ischia Film Festival, The Raindance Film Festival, Ojai Film Festival, Bend Film Festival, Eugene Film Festival, DC Shorts, Woods Hole Film Festival, Denver Film Festival, and the St. Louis International Film Festival.

The film was produced by Toby Wilkins and Jay Chapman. The soundtrack features music by Marwood, The Ebbs, Brian Jonestown Massacre, Q Brothers, Common Rotation and other artists.

References

External links

2008 films
2008 short films
2008 drama films
2008 directorial debut films
2000s English-language films
American drama short films
2000s American films


Austin William Russell Lewis (born 5 December 1932) was an Australian politician.

Born in Melbourne, he was educated at the University of Melbourne before becoming a solicitor, company director and farmer. On 7 December 1976, he was appointed to the Australian Senate as a Liberal Senator for Victoria, filling the casual vacancy caused by the death of Liberal Senator Ivor Greenwood. He held the seat until his retirement in 1993.

References

Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Australia
Members of the Australian Senate for Victoria
Members of the Australian Senate
1932 births
Living people
Melbourne Law School alumni
20th-century Australian politicians


Yangjin Pak, or Pak Yangjin, is an archaeologist and Professor in the Department of Archaeology at Chungnam National University in Daejeon, South Korea.

Education
Pak received his BA degree in Archaeology and Art History in 1984 from Seoul National University and his MA and PhD degrees in Anthropology in 1992 and 1996, respectively, from Harvard University in the United States. At Harvard, Yangjin Pak was one of the last graduate students of Professor Kwang-chih Chang.

Career
Pak has conducted archaeological research on the northern provinces of China and Korean Peninsula. His research interests include Chinese archaeology, especially Bronze Age cultures in the northern frontiers of China; archaeology of northeast China; prehistoric and early historical archaeology of Korea; social complexity; cultural, ethnic, and gender identities; and relation between archaeology and contemporary societies.

Pak was a post-doctoral fellow at Korea Institute, Harvard University in 1995-1996 and a visiting scholar at Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, China, in 2004-2005, and at Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, UCLA, in 2008-2009. He has been a full-time faculty member of Department of Archaeology, Chungnam National University since 1997. Pak also served as Vice President for International Affairs of Chungnam National University in 2005-2007. He has been President of the Society for East Asian Archaeology since 2012. Pak is currently a visiting scholar at Harvard University.

References

Living people
Harvard University alumni
Seoul National University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Academic staff of Chungnam National University


The men's 100 metre freestyle was a swimming event held as part of the swimming at the 1936 Summer Olympics programme. It was the ninth appearance of the event, which had not been featured only at the 1900 Games. The competition was held on Saturday and Sunday, 8 and 9 August 1936. Forty-five swimmers from 23 nations competed. Nations had been limited to three swimmers each since the 1924 Games. The event was won by Ferenc Csik of Hungary, the nation's first victory in the event since 1904 and third overall (second all-time behind the United States with 5). For the second consecutive Games, Japan took two medals in the 100 metre freestyle, this time silver (Masanori Yusa) and bronze (Shigeo Arai). The United States' seven-Games medal streak in the event ended as the nation's best result was sixth place by Peter Fick.

Background

This was the ninth appearance of the men's 100 metre freestyle. The event has been held at every Summer Olympics except 1900 (when the shortest freestyle was the 200 metres), though the 1904 version was measured in yards rather than metres.

None of the six finalists from 1932 returned. American Peter Fick, the world record holder, was a slight favorite. The Japanese team was strong once again. European champion Ferenc Csik of Hungary was considered a tier below the Americans and Japanese.

Bermuda, Bolivia, the Republic of China, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, and Peru each made their debut in the event. The United States made its ninth appearance, having competed at each edition of the event to date.

Competition format

This freestyle swimming competition used a three-round (quarterfinals, semifinals, final) format. The advancement rule was a modification of the one used since 1912, allowing the top swimmers in each race plus one or more wild cards to advance. For this event, the top two in each preliminary heat plus the next two fastest swimmers would advance to the semifinals; the top three in each semifinal plus the fastest fourth-place swimmer would move on to the final. There were 7 heats of between 6 and 8 swimmers, allowing 16 swimmers to advance to the semifinals. The 2 semifinals had 8 swimmers each; 7 advanced to the final.

Each race involved two lengths of the 50-metre pool.

Records

These were the standing world and Olympic records (in seconds) prior to the 1936 Summer Olympics.

Peter Fick set a new Olympic record in the first heat with 57.6 seconds. In the fifth heat Masaharu Taguchi bettered the Olympic record with 57.5 seconds. Masanori Yusa equalized this record in the second semifinal with 57.5 seconds.

Schedule

Results

Heats

Saturday 8 August 1936: The fastest two in each heat and the next two fastest from across the heats advanced to the semi-finals.

Heat 1

Heat 2

Heat 3

Heat 4

Heat 5

Heat 6

Heat 7

Semifinals

Saturday 8 August 1936: The fastest three in each semi-final and the fastest fourth-placed from across the heats advanced to the final.

Semifinal 1

Semifinal 2

Final

Sunday 9 August 1936:

Results summary

References

External links
Olympic Report

Swimming at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Men's events at the 1936 Summer Olympics


Laurence William Neal (born 18 July 1947) is a former Australian politician. Born at Wangaratta, Victoria, he was educated at La Trobe University in Melbourne before becoming a teacher and private tutor. On 11 March 1980, he was appointed to the Australian Senate as a National Country Senator for Victoria, filling the vacancy caused by the resignation of Senator James Webster. He contested the election later that year but was defeated, his term expiring in 1981.

References

National Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Australia
Members of the Australian Senate for Victoria
Members of the Australian Senate
1947 births
Living people
People from Wangaratta
La Trobe University alumni
20th-century Australian politicians


Electronic Attack Squadron 134 (VAQ-134) is an electromagnetic warfare squadron of the United States Navy. It is nicknamed "Garudas" and is based at Naval Air Station Whidbey Island, Washington. The squadron is currently equipped with the Boeing EA-18G Growler.

Squadron History

1970s
Electronic Attack Squadron (VAQ-134) was originally established on 7 June 1969 at Naval Air Station Alameda, California, flying the EKA-3B electronic warfare/tanker and KA-3B tanker Skywarriors. VAQ-134 transitioned to Detachment 134 of VAQ-135 for its 1970-71 WestPac deployment aboard the , and stood down in July 1971, moving to its current homeport, Naval Air Station Whidbey Island.

In 1972, the squadron received the EA-6B Prowler and became the U.S. Navy's third operational Prowler squadron.

In September 1977, the squadron received the newer Improved Capability (ICAP I) version of the EA-6B Prowler.

2 years later, in 1979, the squadron moved to the CVW-8 in the Atlantic on board the  for a deployment. It was during this deployment that the squadron took part in the failed rescue attempt of American hostages in Iran. Late that year, the squadron celebrated 10 years of flying mishap free.

1980s
VAQ-134 moved back to the Pacific deploying aboard the  as part of CVW-9 in the Indian Ocean in 1982. This included taking part in exercises with  and USS Ranger.

Starting from September 1982, VAQ-134 would join Carrier Air Wing 15 (CVW-15) for 13 years. On 1 March 1983, the air wing and VAQ-134 deployed for the first cruise of the new Nimitz class carrier  around the world which lasted until 29 October. CVW-15 and VAQ-134 later make six more deployments on the Carl Vinson which included taking part in RIMPAC 84' and 86' as well as PACEX 89', the largest fleet exercise since World War II.

Before PACEX 89' the squadron transitioned to ICAP II Prowler in early 1989 which allowed them to fire the AGM-88 HARM missile. Later during PACEX 89' they would become the first carrier-deployed Prowler squadron to fire one.

1990s
After 1990, the squadron and CVW-15 moved to the older  between 1991 and 1994, they made three deployments. In 1991, the squadron won the "Top Hook" award for best landing grades during the cruise Kitty Hawk made when moving from Norfolk on the Atlantic side to San Diego on the Pacific side, dubbed the "Around the Horn" cruise.

In 1993, during operations as part of Operation Southern Watch, the squadron fired the AGM-88 HARM in combat for the first time. The last deployment with CVW-15 in June to December 1994 included passing through the Yellow Sea and Sea of Japan and Western Pacific as well as the KEEN EDGE, ANNUAL EX and TANDEM THRUST exercises. On 17 December, the squadron celebrated yet another milestone passing 34,000 hours and 24 years without mishap before returning home on the 22nd.

On 31 March 1995, after 26 years of service, VAQ-134 was disestablished for the first time along with CVW-15. The squadron would, however, be recommissioned again, this being called upon to deploy to MCAS Iwakuni in Japan as the U.S. Air Force retired the EF-111A Raven. In 1999, the "Garudas" took part in Operation Allied Force against Serbia while stationed in Italy.

2000s and 2010s
During 2003, the squadron moved to Incirlik Air Base in Turkey to take part in Operation Northern Watch. This, however, was short-lived as Operation Iraqi Freedom came about, in which the squadron took part.

In December 2010, VAQ-134 deployed on a carrier for the first time in 10 years while on board the Carl Vinson again.

The EA-6B was originally going to be replaced by the EA-18G in early 2015, and the last deployment with the EA-6B was on  in 2014. This transition however came in 2016 and after this, VAQ-134 deployed to Pacific as an expeditionary squadron. In 2017, they took part in Exercise Red Flag at Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada, as well as being stationed at Misawa Air Base in Japan with the 35th Fighter Wing of the United States Air Force.

2020s
In March 2022, six squadron aircraft were deployed to Spangdahlem Air Base, Germany, in support of NATO's air policing efforts in the wake of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Gallery

References

External links
VAQ-134 Official Website

See also
 History of the United States Navy
 List of United States Navy aircraft squadrons

Electronic attack squadrons of the United States Navy
Military units and formations in Washington (state)
Military units and formations disestablished in 1995
Military units and formations established in 1995
Military units and formations established in 1969


Albert Henry Severinsen (November 9, 1944 – January 27, 2015) was a Major League Baseball pitcher who played in  with the Baltimore Orioles and in  and  with the San Diego Padres. He batted and threw right-handed. Severinsen had a 3–7 record, with a 3.08 ERA, in 88 games, in his three-year career. He was signed by the Chicago Cubs as an amateur free agent in 1963. He attended Wagner College. He was traded along with Enzo Hernández, Tom Phoebus and Fred Beene from the defending World Series Champion Orioles to the Padres for Pat Dobson and Tom Dukes on December 1, 1970. He was assigned to the Tidewater Tides after being dealt to the New York Mets for Dave Marshall exactly two years later on December 1, 1972.

Severinsen died January 27, 2015, at his home in Mystic, Connecticut.

References

External links

1944 births
2015 deaths
Major League Baseball pitchers
Baseball players from New York (state)
Baltimore Orioles players
San Diego Padres players
Hawaii Islanders players
Wagner Seahawks baseball players
People from Mystic, Connecticut


Sir William Laird Clowes  (1 February 1856 – 14 August 1905) was a British journalist and historian whose principal work was The Royal Navy, A History from the Earliest Times to 1900, a text that is still in print. He also wrote numerous technical pieces on naval technology and strategy and was also noted for his articles concerning racial politics in the Southern United States. Despite having trained as a lawyer, Clowes had always preferred literature and writing, publishing his first work in 1876 and becoming a full-time journalist in 1879. For the services rendered in his career, Clowes was knighted, awarded the gold medal of the United States Naval Institute and given a civil list pension. He died in Sussex in 1905 after years of ill-health.

Life
Born in 1856 in Hampstead, Clowes was educated at Aldenham School and studied law at King's College London and Lincoln's Inn. In 1876 his first work, a poetic Egyptian love story named Meroë was published and in 1879 he left the law to become a journalist, training outside London but returning in 1882 with his new wife Ethel Mary Louise. Clowes first job was with the Army and Navy Gazette, at which he rapidly learned about the British military, in particular the Royal Navy. Writing under the pseudonym Nauticus, Clowes covered the Royal Navy's manoeuvres in home waters for several newspapers and became an established authority on naval tactics and technology, publishing articles on gunnery, torpedoes and other naval issues of the time. An article written in 1893 has been credited with affecting the naval estimates of that year, the standard by which the relative power of navies was assessed. His 1894 novel, The Captain of the Mary Rose described a fictional modern naval war between Britain and France.

In his professional career, Clowes took a keen interest in the United States and travelled there many times, beginning in 1890, when he made an extensive study of race relations in the Southern States. Clowes' articles appeared in The Times entitled Black America: a Study of the ex-Slave and his Master, and described the segregation then in place in the region, predicting that it could one day erupt in a civil war. He also worked on the European continent, writing or translating articles in French and German. He spent much time as a contributor and editor of encyclopedias, principally on naval issues and was editor of the Naval Pocket Book for some years. He also promoted the publication of inexpensive paperbacks.

In 1877, Clowes published an article titled "An Amateur Assassin"  about his experiences taking hashish. The article is thought to be a precursor to the 1884 book, "Confessions of an English Hachish Eater."

In 1897, Clowes gave up his journalistic career to focus on naval history, spending the next six years compiling his best known work, The Royal Navy, A History from the Earliest Times to 1900. This publication was well received at the time and remains a standard reference text and in print. During the last years of his life he was also a contributor to Traill and Mann's six-volume series Social England and author of Four Modern Naval Campaigns (1902). Much of his research into naval history was carried out abroad, especially in Davos, Switzerland, due to repeated bouts of ill health. For his services to journalism and naval history, he was knighted in the 1902 Coronation Honours, receiving the accolade from King Edward VII at Buckingham Palace on 24 October that year. He was further given a civil list pension of £150, invited to join the Institute of Naval Architects and the Royal United Service Institution and presented with the gold medal of the United States Naval Institute. He also became a Fellow of King's College London. He died in August 1905 at his home in St Leonards, East Sussex, leaving his wife and their son Geoffrey. Lady Clowes was awarded a pension of £100 some months later.

Notes

References

1856 births
1905 deaths
People from Hampstead
Knights Bachelor
British male journalists
Alumni of King's College London
Fellows of King's College London
Members of Lincoln's Inn
People educated at Aldenham School
English naval historians


The Diary of a Chambermaid may refer to:

The Diary of a Chambermaid (novel), a 1900 novel by Octave Mirbeau, and its adaptations:
The Diary of a Chambermaid (1946 film), a 1946 film directed by Jean Renoir
Diary of a Chambermaid (1964 film), a 1964 film directed by Luis Buñuel
Diary of a Chambermaid (2015 film), a 2015 film directed by Benoît Jacquot


Balerno railway station was opened in 1874 and served the area of the village of Balerno that now forms part of the city of Edinburgh. Although primarily built as a goods line, with a dedicated goods station at Balerno, serving the many mills on the Water of Leith, a passenger service was provided by the Caledonian Railway using the Balerno Loop and after grouping by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway, seeing formal closure to passenger traffic shortly after nationalisation. The station was the only one with a separately served goods station on the 'loop' line and lay in rural surroundings that had been popular with families having a day out in the country.

History
Opened by the Caledonian Railway, it became part of the London Midland and Scottish Railway during the Grouping of 1923, and the LMS ran the last train to serve the station in 1943 with the expectation that the line would re-open after the war. The line passed to the Scottish Region of British Railways upon nationalisation in 1948 who then officially closed Balerno in 1949. The line had many tight curves and the low line speeds made it vulnerable to competition from road transport.

Infrastructure

Passenger station
The station had a stationmaster's house, ticket office, waiting room, etc and was located on the western side of the line with a typical Caledonian Railway style small wooden station building with a short canopy. The station had a single platform and at first stood on a single track section, however later a passing loop was added. The stationmaster's house survives as a private dwelling. A signalbox was located on the south side of the road bridge close to Balerno Goods Junction. The Balerno Loop line joined the Shotts Line to the west at Ravelrig Junction, near where Ravelrig Junction Platform station stood from 1884 until 1920.

Balerno goods station
The OS map of 1893 shows the goods station (NT163668) with its signal box near Balerno Goods Junction standing to the south-west of the passenger station with several sidings, a crane, small associated buildings and a large goods shed. The goods station was closer to the village than the passenger station. The track layout and buildings show several changes over the years. The site is now occupied by a school.

References

Notes

Sources

 Wignall, C.J. (1983). Complete British Railways Maps and Gazetteer From 1830-1981. Oxford : Oxford Publishing Co. .

External links
 RAILSCOT on the Balerno Loop

Disused railway stations in Edinburgh
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1874
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1943
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1949
Former Caledonian Railway stations


Live at the Copa is Bobby Vinton's first live album, released in 1966.

It is a recording of a performance that Vinton made at the Copacabana in New York with the Dixieland band of the Village Stompers and the Joe Mele Orchestra. In the "Old MacDonald Medley", Vinton plays different instruments rather than sing. This performance demonstrates Vinton's range as a well-rounded performer rather than just a ballad singer.

Track listing

References

1966 live albums
Bobby Vinton live albums
Epic Records live albums


The Bottler (died 1908) was the pseudonym of an Egyptian-born American gambler and underworld figure in New York. He ran a highly popular stuss parlor in the Five Points district during the early 20th century, one which was considered the most successful in the East Side, until his death when he confronted Kid Twist and the Eastman Gang from taking over his gambling establishment. It was his death, according to gangland lore, that resulted in the murder of Kid Twist and his bodyguard Cyclone Louie by Louie the Lump in 1908.

Biography
Little is known of his life prior to his arrival in New York, except only that he was of Egyptian origin, and was described as "round, inoffensive, well-dressed and affable". He soon gained a reputation as a "money maker" in the underworld, specifically for his clever methods for cheating, and began building up a successful illegal gambling empire based around his Glonconda stuss parlor on Suffolk Street. The Bottler's success soon attracted Kid Twist, then leader of the Eastman Gang, who took advantage of The Bottler's affiliation with the rival Five Points Gang and sought to take over his operation by forcing The Bottler to take on Kid Dahl as his partner. Unsure that the Five Pointers could protect him, especially in the midst of their gang war with the Eastmans, The Bottler was forced to agree to Kid Twist's terms. He and Kid Dahl split the profits equally for six weeks until Kid Dahl brought in The Nailer and ordered The Bottler to leave. Although he considered going to the police, The Bottler decided against it and instead barred his doors to Dahl and sent word to the Five Pointers in preparation to make a stand against the Eastmans.

At this time, a police detective from Central Office was tracking down a lush worker when he stumbled upon the scene between the desperate gambler and Kid Dahl both brandishing firearms at each other. The detective managed to relieve both men of their weapons and took them into custody whereupon he marched them both to the local police precinct where the two were charged with disturbance of the peace. Both were tried and Kid Dahl, who repeatedly threatened the life of The Bottler, was fined $5 and released. It was soon after this incident that Kid Dahl allegedly began planning the murder of The Bottler. A few days later, while The Bottler was at his place, a stranger entered the stuss parlor, shot him in the chest twice and left. Despite there being at least twenty people in the room at the time of the shooting, the resort was empty by the time police arrived. Both shots had struck The Bottler's heart and he had died at the scene. An inquest was held, however with Kid Twist being at the Delancy station house arguing over the release of an Eastman member and Kid Dahl seen arguing with the owner of a Houston Street restaurant, both men were released due to lack of evidence. Some time after that, a young member of the Five Points Gang known as Louie the Lump ambushed Kid Twist and his bodyguard Cyclone Louie at a Coney Island dance hall and gunned down the two men. The argument had been over a showgirl, Carroll Terry, however it was widely speculated that this had been the Five Pointers retribution for The Bottler's murder.

The Bottler was portrayed in the 1999 historical novel Dreamland by Kevin Baker.

References

Further reading
Pilat, Oliver and Jo Ranson. Sodom by the Sea: An Affectionate History of Coney Island. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Doran & Co., 1941.

Year of birth missing
1908 deaths
Criminals from New York City
Egyptian emigrants to the United States


Guo or GUO may refer to:

People
 Guo (郭), a Chinese surname
 Consort Guo (disambiguation)
 Empress Guo (disambiguation)
 Prince Guo

Places
 Guo Prefecture (disambiguation)
 Eastern Guo, an ancient Chinese state
 Western Guo, an ancient Chinese state, divided into Northern Guo and Southern Guo

Other uses
 Guayabero language, a Guahiban language of Colombia
 Gualaco Airport, in Honduras
 Main Guard Directorate (Russian: ), a branch of the Soviet Union's KGB


The LT&SR 49 class was a class of 0-6-0 steam locomotives.  They were the only tender engines used by the London, Tilbury and Southend Railway.  They were originally ordered by the Ottoman Railway in Turkey, however that order was cancelled after they had been built and instead they were sold to the LT&SR in 1898.  The LT&SR numbered them 49 and 50.

Both passed to the Midland Railway when it merged the LT&SR in 1912.  The Midland renumbered them 2898–2899 and gave them the power classification 2F.  The Midland fitted them with Belpaire firebox boilers, plus some standard fittings.  Both passed into LMS ownership in 1923, and they initially retained their numbers.

In 1935, number 2899 was renumbered with the addition of 20000 to 22899; 2898 having been withdrawn in 1933. Number 22899 was withdrawn in 1936.  Neither was preserved.

References

 Bob Essery The London, Tilbury and Southend Railway and its Locomotives, OPC (2001)
 Bob Essery and David Jenkinson An Illustrated History of LMS locomotives. Volume 4. Absorbed Pre-Group Classes Midland Division

49
0-6-0 locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1898
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
Scrapped locomotives


Beach House on the Moon is the twenty-third studio album by American singer-songwriter Jimmy Buffett and was released on May 24, 1999. It is his second and last studio album released on Island Records and the last release of Margaritaville Records. It reached #8 on the Billboard 200 chart.

Songs
The song "Math Suks" caused a minor and brief media frenzy over Jimmy Buffett's seeming disdain for math education. The lyrics tell of the author's frustration as a math student. The song's lyrics refer to hearing the phrase "Math sucks" on an interview on TV, though Buffett later noted that the inspiration actually came from graffiti on a bridge in Key West Florida. Mathematical  terms are used in a superficial way in the song, which drew criticism from mathematicians and mathematics teachers. The song was condemned by the US National Council of Teachers of Mathematics and the National Education Association for its alleged negative effect on children's education.

Track listing

Personnel

The Coral Reefer Band
 Keyboards: Michael Utley
 Harmonica: Greg "Fingers" Taylor
 Steel drums: Robert Greenidge
 Percussion: Ralph MacDonald
 Drums: Roger Guth
 Guitar: Jimmy Buffett, Peter Mayer, Mac McAnally
 Bass guitar: Jim Mayer
 Saxophone: Amy Lee, Tom Mitchell
 Trumpet: John Lovell
 Vocals: Peter Mayer, Jim Mayer, Mac McAnally, Nadirah Shakoor, Tina Gullickson

Additional musicians
 Steel guitar: Doyle Grisham ("If you hear steel guitar it's Doyle.")
 Slide guitar: Jack Pearson (Tracks 3, 7, 5, and 10)
 Bass guitar: David Hood (Tracks 3, 6, 7, and 10)
 Drums: Roger Hawkins (Tracks 3, 6, 7, and 10)
 Flute: Bill Miller (Track 1)
 Fiddle: Stuart Duncan (Tracks 7 and 10)
 Tenor saxophone: Jim Horn (Track 6)
 Accordion: Marc Savoy (Track 7)
 Vocals: The Tams (Track 6)

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

References

Jimmy Buffett albums
1999 albums
Island Records albums


Cavitations are an area of dead or dying bone. They are caused by infections, physical trauma, or a dearth of blood flow to that part of the bone.

There is little evidence to support the theory of cavitation in the jawbone, and their diagnosis is highly controversial. Proponents claim they primarily affect the jawbone, yet that cavitations are able to affect any bone. Jawbone cavitations, also called neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis (NICO) if they are associated with pain, might be extraction sites in the jaw that have not healed.

References

Jaw disorders


Christmas Mountain: The Story of a Cowboy Angel is a 1981 Western film about the true meaning of the Christmas spirit. Starring  Mark Miller of Savannah Smiles and Slim Pickens in one of his final roles, the film was originally produced and released in 1981. The original 16MM master was then lost for 20 years. Jack Evans, a partner and financier of the original film, eventually regained possession of the master. It was digitally remastered by Victory Studios of Los Angeles in 2008, and is now available on  DVD.

A review of the original release in The New York Times said, "This heartwarming Christmas tale contains a western twist as it tells the tale of a heavenly cowpoke who rides down to earth to ride herd on a few people in need of some miracles."

Cast
Mark Miller as Gabe Sweet
Slim Pickens as the cowboy angel
Barbara Stanger as Teresa

Production
Parts of the film were shot in Utah County and Salt Lake City, Utah.

See also
 List of Christmas films
 List of films about angels

References

External links
movie website

1981 films
1980s Christmas films
1981 Western (genre) films
American Christmas films
American Western (genre) films
Films shot in Utah
1980s English-language films
1980s American films
Films about angels


Haqqani or Haqani may refer to:

Things
 Haqqani Anjuman, an organisation in Bangladesh
 Haqqani network, an insurgent group in Afghanistan and Pakistan
 Haghani Circle (also Haqqani), a Shi'i school of thought (philosophy)
 Naqshbandi-Haqqani Golden Chain, the lineage of a Sufi Naqshbandi religion order

People
 Abdul Fatah Haqqani (?–2011), Afghanistani who was held in the Bagram Internment Facility
 Anas Haqqani, Afghan Taliban leader, commander and poet
 Ezatullah Haqqani (born c. 1963), Taliban civil leader
 Husain Haqqani (born 1956), Pakistani diplomat
 Ibrahim Haqqani, prominent member of the Zadran tribe
 Irshad Ahmed Haqqani (1928–2010), journalist from Pakistan
 Jalaluddin Haqqani (1939–2018), Afghan military leader
 Khalil Haqqani, senior member of the Haqqani network
 Nazim Al-Haqqani (1922–2014), Turkish Cypriot Sufi and leader of the Naqshbandi-Haqqani Order
 Sayeedur Rahman Haqani, senior member of the Taliban leadership
 Sirajuddin Haqqani (born c. 1970), Pashtun military leader
 Yahya Haqqani, senior member of the Haqqani network, on the Rewards for Justice Terror List
 Abdul Aziz Haqqani, Afghan military leader and senior members of the Haqqani network


The Worms family is a family from Frankfurt and England, tracing its descent from Aaron Worms of Frankfurt am Main in the middle of the eighteenth century. Aaron's great-great-grandson was created hereditary baron of the Austrian empire on April 23, 1871, and a later descendant, Baron Henry de Worms, was raised to the British peerage as Lord Pirbright.

Members
 René Worms, French auditor of the council of state, sociologist, founder of the Institut International de Sociologie in 1893.
 Eleazar ben Judah ben Kalonymus of Worms, Talmudist and cabalist
 Henry de Worms, 1st Baron Pirbright, English statesman ()
 Jacqueline Worms de Romilly (Jacqueline de Romilly), French philosopher, see French article

Surnames
Jewish-German families
Jewish French history


Eagle Peak is a mountain in Catron County, New Mexico, near the town of Reserve. The summit is the highest point in the Tularosa Mountains.

References

External links

Landforms of Catron County, New Mexico
Mountains of New Mexico
Mountains of Catron County, New Mexico


Alberto Conrad Machuca (born March 26, 1910, date of death unknown) was a Bolivian freestyle swimmer who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics. He was the first ever Olympic competitor for Bolivia and the Bolivian flag bearer at the Berlin Games. At the swimming competitions he was eliminated in the first round of the 100 metre freestyle event.

External links
Alberto Conrad's profile at Sports Reference.com

1910 births
Year of death missing
Bolivian male swimmers
Olympic swimmers for Bolivia
Swimmers at the 1936 Summer Olympics
20th-century Bolivian people


Hudson Middle School may refer to:
 Hudson Middle School - Pasco County Schools - Hudson, Florida
 Hudson Middle School - Hudson City School District (Ohio) - Hudson, Ohio
 B. G. Hudson Middle School - Garland Independent School District - Sachse, Texas
 Hudson Middle School - Hudson Independent School District - Hudson, Texas, near Lufkin