Liu Zi (劉滋; 729 – November 19, 794), courtesy name Gongmao (公茂), was an official of the Chinese Tang dynasty, briefly serving as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Dezong.

Background
Liu Zi was born in 729, during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong.  His family traced its ancestry to the imperial house of the Han dynasty and a line of officials of the Jin dynasty (266–420), Northern Wei, Northern Qi, Sui dynasty, and Tang dynasty.  Liu Zi's grandfather Liu Zixuan was a prominent official and historian during Emperor Xuanzong's reign, and his father Liu Kuang (劉貺) continued in the role of historian thereafter.

Career prior to chancellorship
Because of his heritage, Liu Zi was made a scribe to the crown prince when he was young.  He later served as the magistrate of Lianshui County (漣水, in modern Huai'an, Jiangsu).  Thereafter, the deputy minister of civil service affairs, Yang Wan, recommended him as someone who can serve as an advisor to the emperor, and so he was recalled to be Zuo Bujue (左補闕), a low-level official at the examination bureau of government (門下省, Menxia Sheng).  He later resigned in order to take care of his mother, then at the eastern capital Luoyang, and while there, Li Yi (李廙) the mayor of Henan Municipality (河南, i.e., the Luoyang region) commissioned him to be a civil service officer.  When his mother died, he left government service to observe a period of mourning for her.  After the period of mourning was over, he was recalled to the imperial government to serve as Tuntian Yuanwailang (屯田員外郎), a low-level official at the ministry of public works (工部, Gongbu).  He later served as Sixun Yuanwailang (司勳員外郎), a low-level official at the ministry of civil service affairs (吏部, Lìbu), but took on the additional responsibility of selecting low level officials.  It was said that he was diligent in his duties and followed the law.  He was later promoted to be Sixun Langzhong (司勳郎中), the supervisor of the officials who served as Sixun Yuanwailang, and yet later became an imperial attendant (給事中, Jishizhong).

In 783, Emperor Xuanzong's great-grandson Emperor Dezong was forced to flee the capital Chang'an when soldiers from Jingyuan Circuit (涇原, headquartered in modern Pingliang, Gansu) mutinied and supported the general Zhu Ci as their leader.  Emperor Dezong fled to Fengtian (奉天, in modern Xianyang, Shaanxi).  Liu Zi followed him there, and served as deputy minister of worship (太常少卿, Taichang Shaoqing), in charge of ceremonies.  In 784, he was made the deputy minister of civil service affairs (吏部侍郎, Libu Shilang).  At that time, as the persons from the southern parts of the empire, who normally would have gone to Chang'an to stand for imperial examinations, were unable to do so due to the wars and the famine in the Chang'an region at the time, Emperor Dezong sent Liu to Hong Prefecture (洪州, in modern Nanchang, Jiangxi), to examine them there.  It was said that he carried out his duties well there.

During and after chancellorship
In 786, Liu Zi was made Zuo Sanqi Changshi (左散騎常侍), a high-level consultant at the examination bureau, and given the designation Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi (同中書門下平章事), making him a chancellor de facto, along with Qi Ying and Cui Zao.  It was said that Emperor Dezong gave Cui the responsibilities because Cui was daring to speak and act, and that Liu and Qi were both thus yielding much of the responsibilities to Cui.  Emperor Dezong also put the chancellors in direct command over the six ministries of the executive bureau (尚書省, Shangshu Sheng), and Liu was given the responsibilities over the ministries of civil service affair and rites (禮部, Lǐbu, notice different tone than the ministry of civil service affairs).  In 787, he was removed from his chancellor position and served as Zuo Sanqi Changshi only.  In 788, he was again deputy minister of civil service affairs, and in 790 he was made the minister of civil service affairs.  While Dou Can was chancellor, because Dou wanted to also be minister of civil service affairs, Liu was made the minister of justice (刑部尚書, Xingbu Shangshu).  Soon thereafter, Liu was indicted by imperial censor Wei Zhenbo (韋貞伯) for having been insufficiently selective when selecting officials at the ministry of civil service affairs, and he, while not demoted, was stripped of the privilege of wearing gold and purple as due an official of his rank, along with his deputy minister Du Huangchang.  Despite this, Liu's biography in the Old Book of Tang stated that he was well-learned, good at commenting, frugal, hard-working, and hated wickedness, and that while selecting officials, he was careful in examining officials' qualifications.  It also stated that, as a result, those who submitted false credentials were particularly fearful of him.  He died in 794 and was given posthumous honors.

Notes and references

 Old Book of Tang, vol. 136.
 New Book of Tang, vol. 132.
 ''Zizhi Tongjian', vol. 232.

729 births
794 deaths
Chancellors under Emperor Dezong of Tang


The Piano Concerto in E-flat was John Ireland’s only concerto.  It was composed in 1930 and given its first performance on 2 October of that year by its dedicatee Helen Perkin at a Promenade Concert in the Queen's Hall. The work was an immediate success and was frequently performed by pianists such as Clifford Curzon, Moura Lympany, Eileen Joyce, Gina Bachauer and Arthur Rubinstein.  While it is considered one of the best piano concertos ever written by an Englishman, it is not often heard nowadays and is not part of the standard repertoire.

Encouraged by its success, Ireland planned to write a second concerto, but he only completed one movement, which he called Legend. This was also dedicated to Helen Perkin and she performed it for the first time on 12 January 1934, with the BBC Symphony Orchestra conducted by Adrian Boult.

Ireland was romantically interested in Perkin, but these feelings were not reciprocated.  Perkin took up with George Mountford Adie (1901–1989), an architect and a disciple of George Gurdjieff, later marrying him and moving with him to Australia.  As a result, Ireland withdrew the dedications of both works.

Helen Perkin had played Prokofiev's Piano Concerto No. 3 at the Royal College of Music, and it is likely Ireland heard this performance and was influenced by the Russian's work.  He had not, however, heard Ravel's G major Concerto since it did not appear until after Ireland's concerto was published.  It is puzzling, therefore, that many commentators see echoes in Ireland's concerto not only of Prokofiev's concerto but also of Ravel's.  In its jazzy rhythms, there are also hints of George Gershwin.

The first person to record the Piano Concerto in E-flat was Eileen Joyce, in 1942, with the Hallé Orchestra under Leslie Heward. She was also the soloist when the concerto was played at a special Proms concert in 1949, to celebrate Ireland's 70th birthday (this performance was also recorded, and released commercially).  After the concert, Eileen Joyce and her partner took Ireland to dinner, and Percy Grainger also attended.  The concerto was again played at Ireland's 80th birthday concert.  It has also been recorded by Eric Parkin (twice), Piers Lane, Kathryn Stott, Colin Horsley, Geoffrey Tozer, Mark Bebbington (as part of his complete John Ireland piano music edition) and John Lenehan.

The Piano Concerto is in three movements, with the slow movement leading directly into the finale without a break. Ireland is said to have included a quotation from Helen Perkin's Phantasy String Quartet, which won a Cobbett Prize for composition earlier that year. But Perkin herself said it was "more a reminiscence than a direct quotation".

Notes

Sources
 Hyperion Records: The Romantic Piano Concerto, Vol. 39 – Delius & Ireland
 Alan Bush Music Trust: The Correspondence of Alan Bush and John Ireland
  Review of Piers Lane recording

External links

Ireland
Concertos by John Ireland
Piano music by John Ireland
1930 compositions
Compositions in E-flat major


USS Wexford County (LST-1168), previously USS LST-1168, was a United States Navy landing ship tank (LST) in commission from 1953 to 1971, which saw service in the Atlantic, Caribbean, and Pacific and served in the Vietnam War..

Construction and commissioning
USS LST-1168 was designed under project SCB 9A and laid down on 27 February 1952 by the Christy Corporation, Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin. She was launched on 28 November 1953, sponsored by Mrs. Philip K. Wrigley, and commissioned on 15 June 1954.

Atlantic and Caribbean service
Following commissioning, LST-1168 was assigned to the United States Atlantic Fleet with a home port at Norfolk, Virginia. She spent the remainder of 1954 in training, shakedown, upkeep, and independent ship exercises.

On 14 February 1955, LST-1168 departed Norfolk for a three-month tour of duty in the Caribbean, operating from the Vieques Island, Puerto Rico. While in the Caribbean, the ship visited San Juan and Ponce, Puerto Rico and St. Thomas, United States Virgin Islands. Upon returning to Norfolk in May, she engaged in exercises and spent the summer of 1955 on United States Naval Reserve cruises and midshipmen training exercises. Her name was changed from USS LST—1168 to USS Wexford County (LST-1168) on 1 July 1955.

In late 1955, Wexford County entered the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, for overhaul and remained there into April 1956. She completed overhaul and arrived at Naval Amphibious Base Little Creek, Virginia Beach, Virginia, on 4 April 1956. The ship then participated in United States East Coast operations until July 1956, when she deployed to the Caribbean. After stops at Vieques Island and Roosevelt Roads, Puerto Rico, she returned briefly to Little Creek, then set out for the United States West Coast via the Panama Canal.

Pacific service

Wexford County arrived at Long Beach, California, on 2 September 1956 and spent the rest of 1956 conducting routine operations off the California coast.

In January 1957, Wexford County reported to Long Beach for overhaul and remained there until April 1957. She departed for San Francisco, California, on 4 April 1957 and entered an upkeep period which lasted until 20 June 1957. She arrived at San Diego, California, on 22 July 1957, where she continued operations along the California coast.

Wexford County departed for Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, and her first deployment to the Western Pacific on 23 January 1958 en route to Yokosuka, Japan. From Yokosuka, the ship made stops in Hong Kong; Sasebo, Japan; and Inchon, South Korea. On 24 June 1958, she left for San Diego and arrived there on 18 August 1958. After several months of activity, she went into upkeep on 5 December 1958 at Long Beach.

On 29 January 1959, Wexford County departed for Yokosuka again via Hong Kong and Okinawa. She arrived at Yokosuka on 24 March 1959. The ship made several shuttles between Yokosuka and Sasebo, Japan, and Naha, Okinawa. She left Yokosuka for San Diego, arriving there on 7 June 1959. The remainder of 1959 was spent in exercises off the coast and routine upkeep.

During the next several years, Wexford County was involved in numerous routine operations along the California coast. A highlight of these years was a deployment to Guam, for which she departed San Diego on 2 January 1962. After steaming 5,480 nautical miles (10,149 kilometers), she arrived on 23 January 1962. She conducted operations for reconnaissance and installation of weather stations in the eastern Caroline Islands. The ship returned to San Diego on 1 September 1962. On 10 July 1963, she commenced overhaul at the Naval Station in San Diego, California, which lasted through late November 1963.

January and February 1964 found Wexford County engaged in training. She was in a restricted availability status during March and April 1964. In May, she participated in Exercise Pine Tree, in which she served as a secondary control ship. During July 1964, she was in landing ship tank training. This was followed by Exercise Sea Bar, held near Fort Lewis, Washington, in conjunction with the United States Army. In this exercise, Wexford County acted as primary control ship. Returning to San Diego in mid-September, Wexford County entered upkeep for several weeks. She then took part in amphibious exercises with United States Marine Corps forces. Upon completion of various training exercises, the ship entered a Christmas holiday upkeep period.

Wexford County was subjected to simulated chemical weapon attacks in January and February of 1965 under Project SHAD.

Also in early 1965, Wexford County took part in Operation Bubble Ops and Operation Silver Lance, which were at that time the largest peacetime amphibious operations ever conducted in the Pacific Ocean. Shortly after, she departed for Okinawa and Yokosuka, Japan. Following a brief stay, she sailed in early May 1965 for San Diego. During June and July 1965, she carried out local operations.

Vietnam War service
In August 1965, Wexford County again deployed for the Western Pacific and spent September 1965 in Da Nang, South Vietnam. Subsequent stops were made in Chu Lai and Qui Nhon, South Vietnam, and at Hong Kong. In December 1965, Wexford County returned to San Diego for the duration of the year.

Wexford County was involved in local operations from January through April 1966 and provided services for the Amphibious School, Coronado, California. In late April, she steamed to Newport, Oregon, to participate in Newport's Loyalty Day celebration. On 1 May 1966, Wexford County returned to San Diego.  On 12 July 1966, she arrived at the Long Beach Naval Shipyard in Long Beach, California, for overhaul. She returned to San Diego on 9 November 1966 and began underway and refresher training on 27 November 1966. This training period ended on 16 December 1966.

Amphibious training for Wexford County commenced on 16 January 1967 and continued through 27 January 1967. She briefly returned to Long Beach for further repair, then continued on to Hawaii to participate in landing exercises on Moloka'i and to lift U.S. Marine Corps forces to San Diego. In June 1967, Wexford County sailed to San Francisco, California; Portland, Oregon; and Seattle, Washington, to embark U.S. Marine Corps troops bound for training at Camp Pendleton, California. She participated in various operations during July 1967, and, in late August, she repeated her stops along the United States West Coast to return Marine Corps units to their respective home ports.

After returning to San Diego in September 1967, Wexford County began a tender availability period. Amphibious exercises and deployment preparations lasted through October 1967. In early November 1967, she sailed for South Vietnam by way of Pearl Harbor and Yokosuka. In December 1967, Wexford County reached South Vietnam and assumed her duties.

On 4 January 1968, Wexford County arrived in Subic Bay, the Philippines, to off-load cargo and departed on 14 January 1968 to return to South Vietnam. She remained on station until 13 March 1968, at which time she left for Subic Bay, arriving there on 16 March 1968. She returned to Vietnam, via Hong Kong, on 5 April 1968 to rejoin forces off Vietnam.

Wexford County left Vietnam in early May 1968 and returned to San Diego via Taiwan, Yokosuka, and Pearl Harbor. She arrived in San Diego on 26 June 1968, after approximately seven and one-half months overseas. For the next two months, she was in a restricted availability status.

On 28 August 1968, she got underway for South Bend, Washington, to help celebrate the city's Labor Day festival. She returned to San Diego on 6 September 1968. Throughout September and October 1968, Wexford County carried out operations along the California coast. On 15 November 1968, she entered drydock at San Diego.

Wexford County got underway on 12 January 1969 with a task group headed for Mazatlán, Mexico, arriving on 18 January 1969. She spent two weeks there involved in various training exercises. In February and March 1969, Wexford County was again in San Diego for routine maintenance. She departed for exercises at Treasure Island, California, on 14 April 1969. She sustained heavy damage to a main engine and spent May 1969 undergoing repairs at San Diego.

A midshipmen cruise occupied the months of June and July 1969. August and September 1969 were devoted to exercises, and Wexford County spent the rest of 1969 in overhaul at San Diego.

The yard period ended on 20 February 1970. Inspections, training, and preparations for deployment occurred from March through May 1970; and, on 2 June 1970, the ship left for Pearl Harbor and Guam. Wexford County reached Guam on 25 June 1970, and, after taking on new cargo, she left for Subic Bay, Philippines, and then to Vietnam. After unloading a construction battalion and their equipment, she departed for Hong Kong, arriving there on 30 July 1970.

From 2 September 1970 through early November 1970, Wexford County was involved in numerous troop lifts, cargo transports, and exercises between Okinawa and Yokosuka and Numazu, Japan. On 2 November 1970, she detached and began the voyage back to San Diego via Subic Bay, Guam, Ponape, the Caroline Islands, and Pearl Harbor. She arrived at San Diego on 22 December 1970.

Wexford County received a Meritorious Unit Commendation and five battle stars for her Vietnam War service.

Decommissioning and transfer to Spain

Wexford County spent 1971 in preparation for transfer to Spain. She was decommissioned on 29 October 1971 and transferred to the Spanish Navy through the Security Assistance Program that same day, although she was not stricken from the Navy List until 1 November 1976.

In the Spanish Navy, she served as Martin Alvarez (L 12) from 1971 until 1995, when she was decommissioned and sold for scrapping.

See also
List of United States Navy LSTs

References

External links
NavSource Online: Amphibious Photo Archive: LST-1168 Wexford County

Cold War amphibious warfare vessels of the United States
Vietnam War amphibious warfare vessels of the United States
Terrebonne Parish-class tank landing ships
Ships built in Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin
Terrebonne Parish-class tank landing ships of the Spanish Navy
1953 ships


Dariusz Rzeźniczek  (born 22 May 1968 in Chorzów) is a retired Polish professional footballer who played for GKS Katowice and GKS Bełchatów in the Polish Ekstraklasa.

Club career
Rzeźniczek began his professional career with GKS Katowice, and played in 110 Ekstraklasa league matches over eight seasons. Following the 1993-94 season, he moved to GKS Bełchatów where he spent the next six seasons and made another 80 Ekstraklasa league appearances.

International career
Rzeźniczek made two appearances for the Poland national football team, his debut coming in a friendly match against Cyprus on 27 August 1996.

References

External links

1968 births
Living people
Polish men's footballers
Poland men's international footballers
GKS Katowice players
Śląsk Wrocław players
GKS Bełchatów players
Stal Stalowa Wola players
Footballers from Chorzów
Men's association football midfielders


The following are the national records in athletics in New Zealand. Those maintained by New Zealand's national athletics federation, Athletics New Zealand (ANZ), are the official records. This list also includes those listed by the IAAF but not recognised by ANZ as well as the best performances from lists maintained by other individuals and organisations.

Outdoor

Key to tables:

+ = en route to a longer distance

h = hand timing

A = affected by altitude

NWI = no wind information

OT = oversized track (> 200m in circumference)

Men

Women

Indoor

Men

Women

Notes
General
New Zealand Athletics Records 21 July 2023 updated
Specific

References

External links
ANZ web site
Association of Road Racing Statisticians – National Records

New Zealand
Records
Athletics
Athletics


A  government contract proposal, often called a government proposal in business, is a response to written requirements issued by a government entity that wants to buy something. All areas of government (national, state/provincial, and local) use written requirements to buy products or services to make purchasing fair and reduce costs. Outside of business circles, government proposal is commonly used to mean a legislative or other proposal by a government, in other words a legislative motion.

Governments request competitive contract proposals when they believe there are more issues than initial cost in buying a needed product or service. In addition to cost, governments often consider issues such as risk (i.e., Will the product or service meet the government need?), schedule (i.e., Will the product or service be delivered or finished in time?), quality (i.e., Will the product or service meet the need each time it is delivered or needed?), long-term cost (i.e., What is the total cost of a product or service over its lifetime?). Most governments use proposals to buy any product that is not a commodity or to buy services that are not routine.

In the United States, federal proposals are governed by the Federal Acquisition Regulation, commonly referred to as the FAR. Most countries have at least some form of purchasing regulations that govern proposals. Regional and local governments have similar laws, although enforcement varies greatly.

Government proposals are written in response to specific requests for proposals (RFPs). The RFPs specify the government's requirements for the product or service it intends to buy. In the United States, federal RFPs also specify, in accordance with the FAR, how the proposal should be prepared (Section L in the RFP) and what criteria will be used to evaluate proposals (Section M) Federal Acquisition Regulations. Other countries, states and local governments may also provide requirements for proposal preparation and evaluation criteria, although this is not always the case.

Government proposal contents
Most government proposals contain the following sections:

Requirements matrix, a pairing proposal requirements with where in the proposal the vendor's response will be found
Executive summary, a synopsis of why the government customer should buy from the proposing vendor
Technical/management discussion, a requirement-by-requirement narrative of how the vendor meets the requirements and a discussion  of how the vendor will manage the contract if it is awarded
Cost volume, a presentation of all costs, including the cost basis (e.g., how labor rates were calculated), implementation plan, and implementation schedule
 Past performance/relevant experience volume, detailing performance on past contracts of similar size and scope
Most government proposals require a quality assurance plan, usually synonymous with AS9100.

Size
Because government proposals are always produced in response to written requirements, the proposals are lengthy in order to address adequately each requirement and, in the case of competitive proposals, the vendor's need to differentiate its product or service from other vendors. Short government proposals, including cost data, are at least 10 pages. Large proposals can range up to thousands of pages.

Expense
Government proposals are expensive to produce because of detailed requirements and necessary cost and scheduling information. Experts estimate the cost of producing a successful government proposal to be in the range of 0.5% to 2% of the initial contract value.

See also
Proposal Theme Statements
Proposal (business)

References
Khalsa, Mahan. Let's Get Real. Salt Lake City, UT: FranklinCovey, 1999
Shipley Associates. Proposal Guide, 3rd ed. Farmington, UT: Shipley Associates, 2007

Government procurement


Jeanette Louise Baker (born 22 April 1955) is an Australian ten-pin bowler. She is the first Australian to win a World Tenpin Championship.  She Won the AMF World Cup in 1982 in Scheveningen in the Netherlands and for a second time in 1983 in Mexico City, making her the only athlete to win back-to-back AMF World Cup titles ever. She won both titles from top seed.

Following her victory in Scheveningen, Baker took an office job with AMF in Australia. The Australian Tenpin Bowling Congress took notice, saying that the paid employment with a bowling company made Baker a "professional".  This complaint was lodged in the days of "pure" amateurism, but an appeal to the Federation Internationale des Quilleurs, bowling's international governing body, restored Baker's amateur status but not before she had missed out on the 1983 FIQ World Championships.

Baker was named the World Bowling Writers Female Bowler of the Year in 1982 and elected to the (WBW) International Bowling Hall of Fame in 1994.

References

Living people
Australian ten-pin bowling players
Australian sportswomen
1955 births
Place of birth missing (living people)


Mika Salmi (born 16 November 1965) is a Finnish-American entrepreneur in technology and media.

Biography
Mika Salmi is a pioneer in the creative and technology industries, founding AtomFilms – a forerunner in short-form, user-created content – in 1998, preceding YouTube by several years. He also ran the internet's most popular casual games web sites, Addicting Games, and Shockwave and built one of the first sports tracking apps. He has discovered Grammy, Oscar, and Emmy recognized artists, and has been profiled in dozens of trade, business and lifestyle publications and is a voting member of the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences.

At AtomFilms, he provided the first online video platform for Oscar winners Jason Reitman, Aardman Animation, and David Lynch. He was also the first to work with a major intellectual property rights owner to allow derivative works by the general public when AtomFilms created a partnership with George Lucas and LucasFilm for The Official Star Wars Fan Film Awards in November 2000.

Prior to founding Atom, Salmi worked in the music business at Sony Music and TVT Records, discovering and bringing Grammy-winning artists Nine Inch Nails and Presidents of the United States of America to the labels.

Salmi was CEO and founder of Atom Entertainment, AtomFilms, Shockwave, and Addicting Games – which together were ranked in the top 20 most popular entertainment websites and had over 28 million monthly active users. Sequoia Capital, led by Michael Moritz, was the lead investor in Atom Entertainment, which was purchased by Viacom for $200 million in 2006. From 2006 to 2009, Salmi promoted new media as president of global digital media for MTV Networks/Viacom. At a time of change for the media industry, Salmi is credited with helping MTV transition to digital.

For his role in the tech transformation of entertainment, the Wall Street Journal featured a front-page feature on Salmi; Vanity Fair named Salmi part of The Next Establishment, on a 2008 list that included Elon Musk and Tina Fey; and a 2000 Bloomberg Businessweek profile of Salmi stated he was almost 'the Man'. USA Today placed Salmi on a list of tech people to watch in 2001, in an article stating that Salmi's biggest challenge might be to get people to watch content on their computer screens. In addition to dozens of print publications, like those noted above and The New York Times, Salmi has appeared on multiple television news programs and morning talk shows, both in the US and overseas.

Salmi also created MadRaces in 2010, one of the first sports gaming apps, which he sold to Betaworks. Later, he became CEO of CreativeLive, a live video education company. Following that, he served as senior advisor to The Raine Group. Today Salmi is Managing Partner at the European venture capital firm Lakestar, known for investments in Airbnb, Blockchain, Glovo, Public, Revolut, and Spotify. He served on the board of international business school INSEAD, where he earned his MBA, and spearheaded the opening of its first location in the United States.

References

1965 births
Living people
Businesspeople from Helsinki
Finnish emigrants to the United States


The casa-grande (Portuguese and Spanish: "big house") was the Brazilian equivalent of a Southern plantation in the United States. These casas-grandes were predominantly located in the northeast of Brazil (areas such as present day Bahia and Pernambuco). Additionally, sugar cane was grown in the interior, in the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.

The casa-grande was made up of three main components: the Big House, the senzala (slave quarters), and the engenho (sugar cane mill). The master of sugar production was called the senhor de engenho ("master of the sugar works"). His word was final, and he had control over the land, the slaves, and the women who made up the plantation community.

The larger casas-grandes were self-sustaining, since they were isolated from the more developed coastal regions. Essential structures that were built included the school, the nursery, the infirmary, the family chapel, the master’s harem, the bank, and the cemetery. In the early days it was necessary to maintain an army on the plantation. Those armies were sometimes very large, having up to one hundred Indians/half-breeds.

These plantations constituted a largely self-contained economic, social, political, and cultural system.

Master of sugar works
Gilberto Freyre wrote in his book Casa-Grande & Senzala, “Once the Jesuit was overthrown the senhor de engenho dominated colonial life almost without interference. He was the true master of Brazil, more powerful than viceroys or bishops.” He added, “The truth is that around these senhores de engenho was created the most stable type of civilization in Hispanic America; and that type of civilization is exemplified by the heavy-set, horizontal architecture of the Big House."

These land owners were usually very powerful Portuguese men, and they did their best to keep their blood pure. This of course meant heavy inbreeding to keep the aristocracy. Freyre also says in his book that their motto was “ A white woman to marry, a mulatto to take to bed, a Negress to do the work.”

These sugar cane plantations were somewhat similar to the larger Southern plantations in the U.S., being an agricultural industry run on slave labor, which became very powerful in both Brazil and the United States.

See also
 History of slavery in Brazil
 Plantation economy
 Sugar plantations in the Caribbean
 House Negro
 Fazenda

References

History of agriculture in Brazil
Agricultural economics
Slavery in Brazil
History of sugar
Portuguese colonization of the Americas


The  is a statute passed in Japan in 1962. Along with the Administrative Litigation Act, it provides rules for the appeal and review of government decisions.

Types of appeal

There are three types of appeal provided under the Act:

 , filed against the deciding entity
 , filed against an entity which has oversight over the deciding entity
 , an appeal of a review

Ordinarily, when the deciding entity has no administrative oversight (e.g. a cabinet ministry, mayor or governor), an objection must be filed in the first instance. When the deciding entity has an overseeing entity, a demand for review must be filed in the first instance. There are a number of exceptions provided by statute, however. Moreover, where the appeal concerns a failure to act, either an objection or a demand for review may be used at the discretion of the petitioner.

An objection or demand for review must be filed within 60 days of receiving notice of the act in question, and within one year of the act itself (the one-year limit may be extended upon showing of cause). There is no time limit on filing appeal of an inaction.

All substantive portions of these procedures are conducted in writing, although parties may be called to give oral testimony as part of the process.

Injunctions

An appeal petition does not ordinarily stop the government from continuing the act in question. However, there are two situations where the government may be enjoined from further action:

 In a demand for review, the overseeing entity may voluntarily order the deciding entity to suspend execution of its decision pending resolution of the appeal. This injunction may be issued unilaterally or at the request of the petitioner.
 An injunction must be granted by an overseeing entity if necessary to avoid grave harm to the petitioner as a result of the decision; however, if the injunction would cause major effects on the public welfare, the injunction may be withheld.

Decision

The response to an objection is called a , and the response to a demand for review is called a . In either case, there may be one of four results:

 is decided when the appeal has procedural flaws, such as when it is provided in an incorrect format or outside the prescribed time frame.
 is decided when the appeal is procedurally sound, but when there is no factual reason to support the appeal.
A  decision or ruling is issued where the appeal has merit, but where overturning the decision would cause major harm to the public. This has the same effect as dismissal on the merits.
Otherwise,  of the appeal is issued.

Should the appeal be accepted, the act in question may be overturned in whole or in part and any past enforcement may be declared invalid (and the appellant restored to their pre-enforcement position). The act may also be amended to the extent necessary to make it legal.

If an appeal of an inaction is accepted, the non-acting entity must act promptly following the acceptance of the appeal.

External links
Wikisource text (Japanese)
Administrative Complaint Review Act (in English) Ministry of Justice, Japan

Government of Japan
Japanese legislation


Domenico Leccisi (20 May 19202 November 2008) was an Italian politician, who is best known for stealing the corpse of the fascist dictator Benito Mussolini from an unmarked grave in 1946.

Grave robbing incident
On the eve of the first anniversary of Italy's liberation from Nazi occupying forces, Leccisi, then a right-wing journalist, and two helpers dug up the corpse from the city's Musocco cemetery and spirited it away.

Leccisi left behind a note that said: "Finally, O Duce, you are with us. We will cover you with roses but the smell of your virtue will overpower those roses."

Authorities discovered Mussolini's remains four months later, hidden at a 15th-century monastery at Pavia south of Milan. Two monks were charged with hiding the body.

In 1957 Mussolini found a final resting place at his birthplace in Predappio, northern Italy, after a campaign led by Leccisi and his party.

Political career
Leccisi served as a parliamentary deputy for the neo-fascist Italian Social Movement from 1953 to 1963. He was also a Milan city councillor and wrote an autobiography, With Mussolini Before and After Piazzale Loreto.

Death
Leccisi died at age 88 on 2 November 2008 at a retirement home in Milan due to heart and respiratory disease.

References

1920 births
2008 deaths
People from Molfetta
Italian Social Movement politicians
People of the Italian Social Republic
Respiratory disease deaths in Lombardy
20th-century Italian politicians


Toofan Aur Deeya (Storm and Lamp) is a 1956 Bollywood film directed by Prabhat Kumar and starring Satish Vyas, Nanda, Rajendra Kumar, Vatsala Deshmukh, Shanta Kumari, Krishna Kumar, Keshavrao Date, and Ulhas.

Plot

Summary of Toofan Aur Diya

The film depicts a period in our society, not so long past when the postcard was a  trusted and cheap means of communication and the cycle the most common mode of commuting; when people were sensitive to the sufferings of others in their neighborhood and faith was the rule rather than the exception in social relationships.

 The film relates the inspiring story of a boy Sadanand and his sister Nandini who endeavor to live with honor after their father(poet  Milind Madhav) died in penury. Many people who were uprooted from familiar surroundings following the partition of the country and had to endure numerous struggles to survive, rebuild their lives, and bring up their families in new surroundings will be able to identify themselves with the travails of Sadanand and his sister.

The boy, aptly called Sadanand, is ever cheerful and active and assumes the responsibility of his sister and their sick mother. The boy sacrifices his studies to do several odd jobs -selling vegetables, newspapers, carrying luggage at the railway station, etc.- while his simple and sensitive elder sister Nandini chips in with preparing and feeding lunch to a few regulars who conduct themselves more like family members than customers. The regulars include young Satish Sharma (called  Masterji by Sadanand) a college student with scholarly inclinations. A mutual affection develops between Masterji and Nandini which is a regular topic of playful banter between the siblings.

The film opens with Masterji being presented with a gold medal for his literary essay on the poetic works of the late Milind Madhav.  Masterji shares the happy tidings with Chachiji (widow of the deceased poet )who is moved to tears seeing on the gold medal the image of her late husband who never got recognition for his works and had to battle with poverty throughout his life.

Sometime thereafter, Masterji having completed his course, decides to take up employment nearer to his native village so as to help his father who has run into debt for educating him. Chachiji tells him that her end is nearing and requests him to marry Nandini so that she can die peacefully. However, Masterji is not ready to marry as he has three unmarried younger sisters at home and takes leave wishing well for Nandini's marriage into a good family.

When their mother dies, the siblings decide to move away from painful memories associated with the familiar surroundings and sell away their meager possessions including their father's collection of books and Sadanand's beloved ("pyari") cycle to settle their debts. They leave the town and take shelter in a remote temple with the permission of a Sanyasi who meditates there in seclusion. Assured that her sister is safe with the holy man around, Sadanand goes daily to the nearby town selling vegetable door to door to earn a living. One day, he comes across Alkaji, a dancer whose luggage he had earlier carried at the railway station. She takes an instant liking for him as she sees the likeness of her own son in Sadanand. She assures him that she will be the first customer of whatever wares he sells and asks him to visit her regularly. One day when Sadanand asks why her son is not staying with her, the dancer confides that she sends money regularly for his upkeep in a different town and if she keeps him with her, she will have to live in poverty as she will not be able to pursue her dancing business. This upsets Sadanand who walks away saying he will come back only when her son comes to live with her.

Knowing the mutual affection between Nandini and Masterji, Sadanand writes regularly to Masterji to keep him informed of their welfare. However, the course of life does not run smoothly for them as  Nandini who has been long complaining of watering in her eyes, becomes blind. Sadanand is devastated with grief and guilt when he learns this. He holds himself responsible for not arranging timely medical treatment for her and runs to jump into the river. The holy man saves him in time and reprimands him for trying to run away from the problem. He assures him that Nandini will recover her sight with treatment as she was not born blind. With monetary help from the kindly dancer, Sadanand gets the operation done and Nandini recovers her eyesight.

While they are still rejoicing over this, news comes that Masterji is bedridden with typhoid in a nearby town and there is no one to take care of him. Sadanand rushes there to learn that his condition is serious and he needs urgent treatment with some costly medicines. With self-belief and faith in God, he toils day and night and arranges the medicines, and Masterji recovers.

Masterji and Nandini get married in the temple and after a tearful departure of the newlywed couple, Sadanand bursts out crying that he is now left all alone. The holy man assures him that he is not alone as his sense of purpose, selfless dedication, and determination have compelled a Sanyasi to willingly give up his “Sanyas“. He will now take care of Sadanand so that he completes his studies as he foresees that Sadanand is destined to achieve great accomplishments for the country in the future. The film ends with a grateful and beaming Sadanand hugging the holy man.

While Sadanand is away to take care of Masterji, Alkaji, the dancer goes to the temple looking for him. Learning that he is away, she asks the Sanyasi to inform Sadanand that he has helped a woman gone astray to mend her ways and reform and she is leaving the town to live with her son.

The lyrics by Bharat Vyas and music by Vasant Desai only add to the inspirational and sublime tenor of the story. The film's title song (nirbal ki ladai balwaan) soulfully rendered by the inimitable Manna De, recurs several times during the film highlighting the exigent situation the protagonist is faced with. The song will continue to ring in your ears long after the film has ended conveying the sublime message of hope and belief that with determination, unstinting efforts, and faith in God, no adversity is impossible to overcome.

Cast
 Satish Vyas
 Nanda
 Rajendra Kumar

Songs
 "Ye Kahani Hai" (aka Nirbal se ladaayee) - Manna Dey
 "Muraliya Baje Ri" - Lata Mangeshkar
 "Aankhon Mein Aankhen" - Shamshad Begum
 "Piya The Kahan Gayo" - Lata
 "Giridhari Mhane" - Lata
 "Aaya Re Bhajiwala" - Geeta Dutt
 "Dil Tumne Liya" - Shamshad
 "Meri Choti Si Bahen" - Geeta, Lata
 "Meri Aan" - Geeta

References

External links

1956 films
1950s Hindi-language films
Films scored by Vasant Desai
Indian drama films
1956 drama films
Indian black-and-white films


NJIT Steel Bridge Team is a team within the New Jersey Institute of Technology's ASCE chapter). It consists of undergraduate students who are attending at NJIT, majoring in civil engineering, and also members of ASCE. Every year, the team competes against other schools in a steel bridge competition.

Every year, the team has a few fund raising events, which are very crucial for the competition because the team needs to have proper finance in order to order parts and fabricate them. Besides fund raising, sponsors from other corporates and companies are very important too.

A lot of time the team members get together and have outside activities such as hiking, paint ball, go cart, or whatever anyone wants to do. The team also does many productive activities such as visiting high schools and talking about civil engineering and the steel bridge competition.

There is at least a meeting every week talking about the process of the team and keeping members informed. Meetings are always held during common hours. Sometimes pizzas and drinks are served.

The competition
The objective of the competition is to design a light bridge yet strong and economically and assembly it fast with as few team members as possible.

The competition has 3 processes: Design & testing, which students do that themselves using programs, knowledges they learned from classes, and sometimes help from professors and alumni; Fabrication, which is when students grind, weld, and fit the parts together; and finally Assembly, which is when students put the parts together to achieve the designed bridge.

There are 6 categories in scoring: Display (how the bridge look), construction speed (time management), construction economy (low cost to build), lightness, stiffness (aggregate deflection), and structural efficiency (a formula used to calculate this based on weight and deflection).

The competition occurs every year. It is hosted at different places every time. This year, 2008, the regional competition will be hosted at Polytechnic Institute of NYU, New York City, on Saturday April 4, 2009; and the national competition will be hosted at University of Nevada, Las Vegas on May 22 and May 23.

If there are 1-4 teams competing in the region, the best team will proceed to the national competition

If there are 5-10 teams competing in the region, the 2 best teams will proceed to the national competition

If there are more than 10 teams competing in the region, the 3 best teams will proceed to the national competition

The price for winning the national competition is $2,500

Awards
2012 National Competition at Clemson, SC
15th Place Overall - Highest in History
9th Place in Construction Speed

2012 Regional Competition
1st Place Overall
1st Place Economy
1st Place Stiffness
1st Place Build Time

2010 National Competition (at Purdue University)
 Nineteenth Place Overall

2010 Regional Competition (Regional competition score-sheet)
 First Place Overall (first place all categories including Construction speed, Lightness, Stiffness, Construction economy, Structural efficiency and Display)

2009 National Competition (at University of Nevada, Las Vegas)
 Twenty-Fourth Place Overall

2009 Regional Competition (Regional competition score-sheet)
First Place Overall
First Place Efficieny
First Place Stiffness

2008 National Competition (at University of Florida)
 Nineteenth Place Overall ($3.390 Million)
 Twenty-fourth Place Efficiency ($1.327 Million)
 Sixteenth Place Economy ($2.062 Million)
 Twenty-sixth Place Stiffness (0.75” Aggregate Deflection)
 Twenty-second Place Aesthetics
 Twenty-fifth Place Lightness (267.6 lbs)
 Nineteenth Place Construction Speed (7.85 mins including Penalties)
 In a field of 42 Teams

2008 Regional Competition
 First Place Overall
 Second Place Efficiency
 First Place Economy
 Second Place Lightness
 First Place Construction Speed
 Second Place Stiffness

2007 National Competition
2007 Regional Competition
 First Place Overall
 First Place Efficiency
 First Place Economy
 First Place Lightness
 First Place Construction Speed

2006 National Competition

2006 Regional Competition

2005 National Competition

2005 Regional Competition

· Second Place Overall

· First Place Efficiency

· First Place Aesthetics

· First Place Stiffness

2004 National Competition

2004 Regional Competition

2003 National Competition

2003 Regional Competition

· First Place Overall

· First Place Lightness

· First Place Efficiency

· First Place Economy

· First Place Stiffness

· First Place Construction Speed

2002 National Competition

2002 Regional Competition

· First Place Overall

· First Place Efficiency

· First Place Stiffness

2001 National Competition

2001 Regional Competition

· Second Place Overall

· First Place Efficiency

· First Place Aesthetics

Corporate Partners
 SCHIAVONE - Constructors & Engineers
 Acrow Bridges

Corporate Sponsors
 Weiss-aug
 EECRUZ
 Hardesty & Hanover
 Lapatka Associates, Inc.
 Bloomfield Mason Supply
 Chalet Construction Corp
 S.Seltzer Construction Corp.

Previous Sponsors
 Acrow Bridges
 EECRUZ
 Local No. 11
 Parsons Brinckerhoff
 ASCE North Jersey Branch
 CIAP of NJ
 The Conti Group
 Mueser Rutledge Consulting Engineers
 Braemar Homes, L.L.C.
 Conklin Associates
 Greenberg Farrow
 Moretrench
 Northeast Remsco Construction
 Phoenix Site Management
 Tishman
 Kelly Engineering
 S.Seltzer Construction Corp.
 Suburban Consulting Engineers INC.

External links
 'NJIT Steel Bridge Team'
 'ASCE/AISC Student Steel Bridge Competition 2011 Competition Guide'

References

Engineering organizations


Camp Nelson National Monument, formerly the Camp Nelson Civil War Heritage Park, is a  national monument, historical museum and park located in southern Jessamine County, Kentucky, United States,  south of Lexington, Kentucky. The American Civil War era camp was established in 1863 as a depot for the Union Army during the Civil War. It became a recruiting ground for new soldiers from Eastern Tennessee and enslaved people, many of whom had fled their living conditions to be soldiers.

On October 26, 2018, President Donald Trump proclaimed the site as Camp Nelson National Monument, the 418th unit of the National Park Service (NPS) system. The Office of Kentucky Nature Preserves' Kentucky Heritage Land Conservation Fund funded the forested portion overlooking Hickman Creek.

The American Battlefield Trust and its partners joined forces in 2018 to help preserve more than 380 acres of Camp Nelson.

History

Early years
Camp Nelson was established as a supply depot for Union advances into Tennessee.  It was named for Major General William "Bull" Nelson, who had recently been murdered. It was placed near Hickman Bridge, the only bridge across the Kentucky River upriver from the state capital (Frankfort, Kentucky). The site was selected to protect the bridge, to have a base of operations in central Kentucky, and to prepare to secure the Cumberland Gap and eastern Tennessee. The camp was also used to train new soldiers for the Union army. The Kentucky River and Hickman Creek steep palisades contributed to the selection of the site. Only the northern side needed fortifications against Confederate attack since three sides have 400–500 feet almost vertical steep cliffs .

Camp Nelson may have been the choice for a central Kentucky depot, but it had disadvantages. When Union Major General Ambrose Burnside attacked the Cumberland Gap and Knoxville, Tennessee, Camp Nelson's distance from the Gap and Knoxville, combined with lack of railroads and the weather, hampered the Union advance.

Its drawbacks as a well situated supply depot led General William Tecumseh Sherman to prioritize Camp Nelson to take a major role in training 10,000 black soldiers who volunteered there for the U.S. Colored Troops. He advocated this role in response to overall Union commander Ulysses S. Grant who visited Camp Nelson in January 1864. Grant had observed the inadequacies in the overland supply routes employed and leaned toward abandoning it entirely. Despite Grant's misgivings, Camp Nelson continued supplying major battles in 1864 such as Saltville VA I and Saltville VA II, as well as Atlanta for which the site provided 10,000 horses.

Recognizing that the Camp Nelson supply depot and the nearby Hickman Bridge were valuable targets for Confederate raider General John Hunt Morgan, Union forces geared up for attacks in July 1863 and June 1864. The most serious threat was mid-June 1864 when Brig. General Speed S. Fry called upon volunteers from among civilian employees. Six hundred were armed and performed guard duty at the northern fortifications around the clock for 6 days. Major C. E. Compton said that due to these civilians, “the depot was saved from capture and destruction.”

Black History: troops, impressed workers, refugees, and emancipation
Kentucky was one of four slaveholding states not joining the 11 other slaveholding southern states in forming the Confederate States of America which was in a rebellion rooted in decades of disputes over slavery. Kentucky blacks, enslaved and not, men and women, majorly contributed to the Union war effort in Kentucky initially as laborers, but ultimately as soldiers in infantry, artillery, and cavalry.

Because Kentucky was a slaveholding state, but not one in rebellion, those escaping could not be included as contrabands as defined by the Confiscation Act of 1861. This law applied to the Confederacy only and declared that if enslaved people are considered property, then the military has the right to not only deny the access to the owner but also to impress these individuals into work. Nonetheless, the Union Army in the state began impressing thousands of enslaved men, initially only the disloyal or those who had already fled into Union camps. In the case of disloyal or unknown slave holders, wages and subsistence were paid to the enslaved person. Loyal slaveholders were compensated.

Specific to Camp Nelson August 1863, Brig. General Jeremiah Boyle, authorized Commander Speed S. Fry to impress enslaved males, ages 16–45 within 14 counties of Central Kentucky, up to one-third of the enslaver's workforce. Just as the military contracted to buy food and livestock, likewise it contracted with slave owning Union loyalists to procure enslaved men to labor at Camp Nelson. An example is agent George Denny who impressed Gabriel Burdett from nearby farm of Hiram Burdett. Compensation of $30 per month for each impressed worker went to slave owners. By 1864, some like Gabriel Burdett would eventually enlist in the U.S. Colored Troops.

Consequentially, an estimated 3,000 impressed workers were stationed at Camp Nelson in 1863 performing labor-intensive tasks critical to the camp's founding and defense. Starting with fortifying the strategic Hickman Bridge in May, 1863, they aided in the construction of railroads, the northern fortifications and forts, and the 300 buildings.

President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation of January 1, 1863 freed the enslaved only in the rebellious 11 states in the Confederacy. The War Department then publicly authorized the recruitment and training of African Americans in these states. Though a slave holding state, Kentucky was not in rebellion, so the proclamation and the military authorization did not apply.

Upon enlistment African Americans were emancipated from slavery in exchange for service in the Union Army. Kentucky recruited and trained more than 23,000 of the approximate 200,000 U.S. Colored Troops (USCT), making it the second largest contributor of any state. Camp Nelson was the largest site in Kentucky with more than 10,000 recruits. Eight regiments were founded at Camp Nelson and five others were stationed there during the war.

With the goal of enlistment of Kentucky blacks into the Union Army, Lincoln authorized a special census in 1863 which showed 1,650 freemen and 40,000 enslaved males of military age. Given this figure and using the justification that whites were not fulfilling the state's draft quota, pro-slavery Governor Thomas E. Bramlette reluctantly agreed in March 1864 that African-American men in Kentucky were allowed to join the US Army with consent of their owners who received $300.

By April, enslaved men, despite the stipulation of owner consent, fled to enlist. The military, when uncertain of the consent, routinely sent men back to their owners. This situation led to a wave of violence as the military allowed squads hired to seize runaways from Camp Nelson. Chief Quartermaster Captain Theron E. Hall reported the site had become a “hunting ground for fugitives.” The army's help led to brutality. Owners severed ears and flayed men alive as they were bound to trees.

Due to the wave of violence, by June 1864 owners’ consent was no longer required, as ordered by Union Army Adj. Gen. Lorenzo Thomas.
Among groups of African-American recruits, the largest arrived between June and October 1864, with 322 men enlisting on a single day on July 25. In May, 1864, the first large group arrived, 250 recruits from Danville, a distance of 16 miles. These groups and others en route to Camp Nelson were subject to harassment and violence. For example, the Danville group “was assailed with stones and the content of revolvers,” reported Thomas Butler, superintendent of the United States Sanitary Commission.

Peter Bruner's attempt to enlist was initially thwarted when he was captured by men unknown to him and jailed in nearby Nicholasville with 24 others seeking USCT enlistment at Camp Nelson.

Rev. John Gregg Fee of the American Missionary Association (AMA) observed that “three of five recruits bore on their bodies marks of cruelty.” Despite this, army surgeons upon examining recruits found the vast majority to be healthy and very fit to serve.

Families of soldiers and others fleeing slavery seeking refuge at Union camps such as Camp Nelson were referred to as refugees. Unlike the soldiers, the refugees were initially not eligible for emancipation. The army did not have a clear policy for refugees, but they were allowed to establish a shanty village at Camp Nelson.

However, seven eviction orders were issued between July and November 1864, all intended to rid the camp of refugee families. Ordered to leave, the women and children habitually returned because they had nowhere else to go.

Since these orders were ineffective, on November 22–25, 1864, District Commander Speed S. Fry, native of Danville, KY, under pressure from slave-owners, resorted to violence. He ordered soldiers to force out under threat of death 400 women and children onto wagons and escort them out of the camp. Fry ordered soldiers to torch the refugee huts. Temperatures that day were well below freezing.  The refugees suffered 102 deaths due to exposure and disease.

Camp Nelson Chief Quartermaster Theron E. Hall and Reverend John Gregg Fee of the American Missionary Association led a public outcry to newspapers, high ranking Washington officials, and the northern public.  Hall gathered testimony from USCT soldiers on the battered conditions of their families and submitted them to Brig. General Stephen G. Burbridge, commander of the District of Kentucky. Burbridge ordered Fry to immediately cease expulsions, allow the families to return, and provide quarters. Edwin Stanton, Lincoln's Secretary of War, followed up with an order that a permanent shelter be established for all refugees, regardless of any family ties to USCT troops.

The New York Tribune published a front page account on Nov. 28, 1864 entitled Cruel Treatment of the Wives and Children of U.S. Colored Soldiers. “At this moment, over four hundred helpless human beings....having been driven from their homes by United States soldiers, are now lying in barns and mule sheds, wandering through the woods....literally starving, for no other crime than their husbands and fathers having thrown aside the manacles of Slavery to shoulder Union muskets.”

By December 1864, the military reversed its policies, and authorized the construction of the Home for Colored Refugees. Included were 16 by 16 foot duplex cottages for families, a mess hall, barracks, a school, teachers’ quarters and a dormitory.

Spurred by these events, on March 3, 1865, a Congressional Act was passed that freed the wives and children of the U.S. Colored Troops. This blow to slavery caused the population of the Home to peak at 3,060 by July 1865.  This surpassed capacity, and added were 60 army supplied large wall tents as well makeshift housing constructed by the refugees, similar to before the expulsion. An obelisk at the refugee cemetery north of the Interpretive Center honors the memory of about 300 of the refugees who died at Camp Nelson. Some of those perished as a result of the expulsion of November 1864.

The two story school was staffed by the AMA and the Western Freedman's Aid Commission. Two African Americans were included, E. Belle Mitchell and Reverend Gabriel Burdett who was also a USCT soldier and assisted Fee in ministry work. The AMA's position on total racial equality was tested at Camp Nelson when Fee hired Mitchell. The AMA-salaried white teachers refused to eat in the same dining room with her and walked out in protest.

Also included were two barracks that became the refugee hospital. Infectious disease was prevalent and some 1300 refugees died at Camp Nelson.

Units raised at Camp Nelson are the 5th and 6th U.S. Colored Cavalry (USCC);  the 114th, 116th, 119th, and 124th Colored Infantry; and the 13th and 12th United States Colored Heavy Artillery.

Notable engagements of Camp Nelson Colored Troops

Among notable engagements of the 5th and 6th USCC are the Battle of Saltville I and the Battle of Saltville II in southwestern Virginia. Brig. General Stephen G. Burbridge lead the Ill-fated Saltville I, the objective of which was to destroy the Confederate saltworks, which had been fortified by impressed enslaved workers whose owners were compensated. Though Saltville I in October 1864 was a defeat, Colonel James Sanks Brisbin reported his admiration for the bravery and tenacity of the 400 soldiers, noting that he'd been in 27 battles with the white troops and seen none more courageous. Of the colored troops, 10 were killed in action and 37 wounded. Post battle, a scene of criminal violence was unleashed. Soldiers in the 5th USCC and in two companies of the 6th USCC were murdered, some in a hospital, totaling 47. Leading these attacks was Champ Ferguson, who after the war was tried in Nashville, TN for War crimes, sentenced to death, and hanged in October 1865.

In December 1864, in the successful second assault on Saltville were the 5th and 6th USCC, units which included survivors of the first battle. General George Stoneman and Burbridge engaged General John C. Breckinridge, a Kentuckian and former vice president, in nearby Marion, VA, outnumbering their opponents by four to one. Breckinridge retreated after two days. Union troops destroyed the saltworks, and considerably damaged neighboring lead mines and railroads. The USCC troops continued to add to their hard-won reputation.

The USCC 5th were again subjected to a murderous assault like that of Saltville I in January 1865 in Simpsonville, KY. Assigned to herd about 1,000 cattle from Camp Nelson to Louisville, KY, 80 soldiers of Company E 5th USCC were ambushed by Confederate guerrillas led by Capt. Dick Taylor. First attacked were the 41 soldiers bringing up the rear, most of whom could not fire due to fouled powder. Locals found 15 dead and 20 wounded and reported Taylor's men boasting about murdering 19 Union soldiers. Lt. Colonel Louis H. Carpenter of the 5th documented the names of the guerrillas and urged a prosecution. This never happened. In 2009, a memorial was placed on the site of the ambush.

The 6th USCC and the 114th and 116th Colored Infantry were active in General Grant's Appomattox Campaign, March to April 1864. These units took part in both the siege of Petersburg, Virginia and of Richmond, Virginia, the capitol and seat of government of the Confederacy. These soldiers were engaged in the pursuit of Confederate General Robert E. Lee to the Appomattox Courthouse where they witnessed the surrender of the Confederate Army.

White Refugees and Union Troops from East Tennessee
Though Tennessee was officially a state in rebellion, loyalty to the Confederacy was weak in its eastern Appalachian section. This may be attributable to the comparably low rate of enslaved population, which ranged from 3.5 to 11% as opposed to the 40% to 50% in the western part of the state. View this on an 1860 U.S. Census map, which shows this rate for all counties in slave-holding states.

Thousands of the destitute from this area came in a constant steam seeking succor at Camp Nelson. Thomas D. Butler, a superintendent of the United States Sanitary Commission, who had as his responsibility their care, described the situation of one refugee family with six children, “...the rebels had driven her and her children from their home, and destroyed their property...for many weeks...wandered, homeless, hungry and sick, through cold and stormy weather, to reach Camp Nelson.” The husband was a discharged Union soldier who was captured en route with the family. He escaped and journeyed to Camp Nelson where the family was reunited.

Several East Tennessee regiments were trained and organized here.

 Commanded by Felix A. Reeve, the 8th Tennessee Volunteer Infantry, organized at Camp Dick Robinson and Camp Nelson from November 1862 to August 1863, participated in the Knoxville Campaign and subsequent East Tennessee operations from November 4 to December 23, 1863.
 Five companies of the 5th East Tennessee Cavalry (also known as the 8th Tennessee Cavalry) June to August 1863
 The 10th, 12th, 13th Cavalry and Battery E of First Tennessee Light Artillery

For a 10-minute video summary of the site's history and significance narrated by Dr. W. Stephen McBride, director of interpretation and archaeology, go to this link.

Post War

After the war, Camp Nelson was a center for giving ex-slaves their emancipation papers. Many have considered the camp as their "cradle of freedom".

The United States Sanitary Commission (USSC) operated a soldiers' home for a time at Camp Nelson, in former barracks. It was one of a series of homes and rest houses they operated for soldiers.

Here are some post-war achievements of Camp Nelson U.S. Colored Troops.

Angus Burleigh was literate and enlisted at age 16, becoming a sergeant with the 12th Regiment Heavy Artillery U.S. Colored Troops after an escape from an Anderson County farm. In 1875, he was the first black graduate of Berea College as well as the first black adult male to enroll. The college was founded by John Fee and the American Missionary Association in 1855 and students, black and white, were enrolled. He was among blacks from Berea and Oberlin College who taught in Freedman's Schools, conducting a school in Garrard County in 1869. Later he was ordained a Methodist Episcopal minister and held pastorates in several states and served as chaplain to the Illinois State Senate. He lived until 1914 when he was Berea's oldest living graduate.

Elijah P. Marrs led 27 others from to Louisville from neighboring Simpsonville, Ky. to join the USCT. Marrs, another sergeant with the 12th US Colored Heavy Artillery, trained at Camp Nelson where he also taught reading. After the war, Marrs taught school and was ordained a Baptist minister. In 1879, he and his brother founded Baptist Normal and Theological Institute in Louisville, which became Simmons Bible College. Marrs was active with the Republican party in Kentucky. His autobiography is downloadable from the University of North Carolina's Documenting the American South Digital Publishing Initiative.

Peter Bruner wrote with his daughter his autobiography, A Slave’s Adventure Toward Freedom, Not Fiction, but the True Story of a Struggle, also included in the UNC's Documenting the American South. He recounts his frequently made unsuccessful escape attempts and subsequent severe punishments.  Another member of the 12th, he enlisted with 16 other men, walking 41 miles from Irvine, Ky. Post war, Bruner moved to Oxford, Ohio and became the first African American to work at Miami University where he also enrolled. In addition to his work as a custodian and messenger, he served as a ceremonial greeter wearing a top hat and tails. He raised five children with his wife Frances Proctor. He is listed on plaque B-26 at the African American Civil War Memorial in Washington DC. His ceremonial top hat is on display at the McGuffey House and Museum of Miami University.

Gabriel Burdette while enslaved in neighboring Garrard County became active in the ministry serving at the Forks Dix River Church. Having been among the 1863 impressed workers, he enlisted July 1864 in the 114th U.S. Colored Infantry. He served as a teacher, nurse, and minister, leading in the development of education, housing, and aid for the refugees. He began a 12-year association with John Fee and the American Missionary Association. After serving in both Tennessee and Texas, Burdett returned and was instrumental in establishing Ariel Academy. He became the first African American on the Berea College Board of Trustees, serving 12 years. Involved in the Republican Party, the same party of President Lincoln, he campaigned in the 1872 presidential for the reelection of former Union General Grant. He served as a voting member at both the 1872 and 1876 Republican National Conventions. The violence associated with the 1876 election convinced Burdett to join the Exodusters Movement to the West and emigrate with his family to Kansas. The path of his life is followed in some detail in this account of African Americans’ struggle for freedom during and post Civil War.

Recent times

Presently,  of the original property are preserved as the Camp Nelson National Monument. Most of the buildings at the camp were sold. The camp is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and was declared a National Historic Landmark District in March 2013.  The site is also part of the National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom, which runs through several states and has sites in Canada and the Antilles.

In a more rural area than the other former USCT recruitment sites, Camp Nelson is the only one whose land was never developed after the war for other purposes.

During its existence as Camp Nelson Civil War Heritage Park, Camp Nelson was controlled by the Jessamine County Fiscal Court.  The forested portion overlooking Hickman Creek was funded by the Office of Kentucky Nature Preserves' Kentucky Heritage Land Conservation Fund. In August 2017, U.S. Secretary of the Interior Ryan Zinke suggested to U.S. president Donald Trump that Camp Nelson Civil War Heritage Park be made into a national monument. On June 5, 2018, the United States House of Representatives approved U.S. Representative Andy Barr's sponsored H.R. 5655, Camp Nelson Heritage National Monument Act, aimed at establishing Camp Nelson as a part of the national park system. On July 26, 2018, a companion bill, S. 3287, was introduced in the United States Senate. On August 15, 2018, a national park committee hearing was held regarding the bill, but Congress took no further action on the legislation. On October 26, 2018, Trump used the Antiquities Act to approve the creation of Camp Nelson National Monument, transferring ownership and management of Camp Nelson to the National Park Service. The John D. Dingell, Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act, signed March 12, 2019, incorporated the bill and statutorily established the monument under the name Camp Nelson Heritage National Monument, though the National Park Service has maintained the original name.

The Oliver Perry House is the only surviving structure from its years as a camp. It was built in about 1846 for the newlywed couple of Oliver Perry and the former Fannie Scott. General Burnside confiscated the house during the war to serve as officers quarters. In many official letters, the house was called the "White House". It currently is under renovation.

The park has five miles of walking trails, open dawn to dusk, lining the northern border where remnants of the forts and fortifications are marked with historic signage. Fort Putnam has been reconstructed to the specifications of the original engineering plan. Re-enactors of the USCC 5th fire the site's Napoléon 12 pound cannon there during the Annual Civil War Heritage Weekend held in mid-September. The date of President Lincoln's death, April 15, 1865, is commemorated with a ceremonial firing at Fort Putnam. The Visitor Center offers a 17-minute film and a museum. The National Park Service offers year-round indoor and outdoor programming.

Camp Nelson National Cemetery is one mile to the south. It has organized records of burials online so that families may trace relatives buried here, in addition to those who trained or lived at the camp.

Gallery

See also
List of national monuments of the United States
African Americans in the Civil War
Colored Soldiers Monument in Frankfort
United States Sanitary Commission, photo of Camp Nelson soldiers' home
12th Regiment Heavy Artillery U.S. Colored Troops, organized and sometimes stationed at Camp Nelson
E. Belle Mitchell, first African American educator at Camp Nelson
5th United States Colored Cavalry Regiment

Notes

References
Official site

Amy Murrell Taylor (2018) Embattled Freedom: Journeys Through the Civil War's Slave Refugee Camps. University of North Caroline Press ISBN 9781469643625
Marion B. Lucas (2003) A History of Blacks in Kentucky: From Slavery to Segregation 1760–1891. The Kentucky Historical Society ISBN 0-916968-32-4

External links

Official National Park Service site
Camp Nelson photographic collection
History of Hall, Kentucky

Kentucky in the American Civil War
Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War
National Register of Historic Places in Jessamine County, Kentucky
National Historic Landmarks in Kentucky
American Civil War museums in Kentucky
Museums in Jessamine County, Kentucky
Historic house museums in Kentucky
Geography of Jessamine County, Kentucky
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Kentucky
Parks in Kentucky
Houses in Jessamine County, Kentucky
Protected areas of Jessamine County, Kentucky
Military facilities on the National Register of Historic Places in Kentucky
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Kentucky
American Civil War on the National Register of Historic Places
National Monuments in Kentucky
National Park Service National Monuments in Kentucky
Protected areas established in 2018
2018 establishments in Kentucky
African-American history of Kentucky


Return of the Cuckoo  (Traditional Chinese: 十月初五的月光, literally "The Moonlight at the 5th of October [Street]", also known as 澳門街, literally "The Streets of Macao") is a 20-episode TVB drama broadcast between July 2000 and August 2000. It was originally produced to be a sitcom, however later edits made the production into a regular drama.

Synopsis
As a child, Man Cho (Julian Cheung) was rendered mute as a result of the cruel actions of his mother and was adopted by the kind-hearted Ah Kiu (Nancy Sit). Man Cho grew up with Ah Kiu's daughter Kwan-Ho (Charmaine Sheh), and the two eventually develop romantic feelings for one another. Man Cho is extremely self-sacrificing, has an inferiority complex due to his disability, and therefore feels unworthy for Kwan-Ho. Ah Kiu is also against their relationship and things are further complicated when Szto Lai-Sun (Steven Ma) enters the picture after falling for Kwan-Ho too.

Cast
 Julian Cheung as Man Cho 文初 (age 23)
 Charmaine Sheh as Chuk Kwan-Ho 祝君好 (age 22)
 Nancy Sit as Chu Sa-Kiu or Kiu Yee
 Steven Ma as Szto Lai-Sun
 Michael Tong as Kam Sing 金勝 (age 25)
 Sherming Yiu as Kong Yi-Man
 Johnny Ngan as Chuen Hoi-King
 Irene Wong as Wong Hoi-Lam

Sequel & Remake
The sequel film Return of the Cuckoo was released in the fall of 2015. It is a continuation of the story where the drama left off.

A remake under the same title in Chinese, but titled A Love of No Words in English, was released in November 2021 on TVB starring Regina Ho and Hubert Wu. However, it immediately received criticism from audiences despite only several episodes having aired.

Awards and achievements
TVB Anniversary Awards (2000)
 "Favorite On-screen Partners" (Julian Cheung and Charmaine Sheh – Man Chor and Chuk Kwan-Ho)
 "Top 10 Favorite Television Characters" (Julian Cheung – Man Chor)
 "Top 10 Favorite Television Characters" (Charmaine Sheh – Chuk Kwan-Ho)
 "Top 10 Favorite Television Characters" (Nancy Sit – Chu Sa-Kiu)

References

TVB dramas
2000 Hong Kong television series debuts
2000 Hong Kong television series endings
Television shows set in Macau


Mesa de Ocaña is a comarca in Castilla-La Mancha, Spain, in the province of Toledo. Its capital and administrative center is Ocaña. The comarca is located in the northeast part of the province, and encompasses an area that includes several hundred meters of the Tajo River Valley.

The comarca is bordered on the North by Aranjuez (Las Vegas); to the south by Los Yébenes and the  comarca; to the West by La Sagra and Toledo; and to the East by the Mancha Alta de Toledo and .

Geography

Geomorphology
The altitude changes radically through the region. The height differences between the escarpments of the banks of the Tajo river to the North versus the steppes of La Guardia, and between the valleys and ravines of the Algodor River to the West and those of the Cedrón River to the East, have given rise the region's nickname of "the staircase." The area has a very distinct and unique set of geological formations which set it apart from its neighbors.

Location
The comarca consists of 1,453.49 km2, and contains the following municipalities: Cabañas de Yepes (17.97 km2), Ciruelos(22.94 km2), Dosbarrios (111.59 km2), La Guardia (195.59 km2), Huerta de Valdecarábanos (83.00 km2), Noblejas (69.67 km2), Ocaña (147.91 km2), Ontígola (41.49 km2), Santa Cruz de la Zarza (264.54 km2), Villarrubia de Santiago (155.29 km2), Villasequilla (76.95 km2), Villatobas (181.58 km2), and Yepes (84.97 km2).

Climate
The comarca's climate can be considered continental mediterranean due to its extreme temperatures. Average summer temperatures are over 26 °C, while winters average less than 6 °C.

Demographics
According to the Instituto Nacional de Estadística in 2007, the population of the comarca is 39,175, with an average population density of 26.94 people/km2.

The capital of the comarca is Ocaña.

Cultural Heritage

Mesa de Ocaña has a rich cultural and architectural heritage, not to mention the area's many archeological treasures which document the lives of various different cultures who settled the area throughout the centuries.

One of the most spectacular of these architectural treasures is the "Plaza de Moros" in Villatobas, an Iron Age village whose walls are covered in murals. The ancient town of Ocaña itself is considered a historical monument in and of itself. The town of Yepes was an ecclesiastical dominion during the rule of the archbishop of Toledo, and is now a historical and artistic monument.

The towns which make up the comarca share two common characteristics: a plethora of religious architecture and the remains of ancient medieval fortifications. The many religious buildings -- churches, monasteries, convents, and hermitages—are reminders of bygone days of military orders and ecclesiastical dominions. Old defensive buildings include castles in Ontígola and Dosbarrios, the ruins of the castle in Valdecarábanos, and the fortress in La Guardia.

Handicrafts

The local handicrafts are very traditional and varied. These include pottery, a legacy of the Moors, which is popular in Ocaña, Villarrubia de Santiago, Santa Cruz de la Zarza, and Villamuelas. Ironwork, carpentry, wickerwork, basketweaving, cooperage and crafting with glass and ebony, along with the production of wineskins are all popular traditional trades.

Cuisine

The cuisine of Mesa de Ocaña is typical of Castilla-La Mancha, with many game-based dishes, especially partridge. Other traditional dishes include various types of roasts, lamb stew, gachas, migas, , hare, and cuchifritos.

Popular desserts include a wide range of sweets and pastries, including , puff pastries, and borrachos de Ocaña (literally "the drunks of Ocaña").

In terms of wine, the comarca is a part of the Denominación de Origen La Mancha, and its wineries enjoy the same international acclaim as those of . The most-developed winemaking municipalities include Villamuelas, Ocaña, Yepes, Villarrubia de Santiago, Santa Cruz de la Zarza, and Noblejas. Some of these municipalities are considered part of the Denominación de Origen Uclés.

These wines tend to be made of Airén, Viura, Macabeo, Tempranillo, Cencibel, Cabernet Sauvignon, or combinations of these.

Monuments and Places of Interest

Ocaña: the Plaza Mayor, the Palace of the Cárdenas, the Great Fountain, and the Dominican Convent, all of which are registered National Monuments.

Santa Cruz de la Zarza: Church of St. James, Church of St. Michael the Archangel, Convent of the Trinitarian Order, Casa del Gallo, Casa de Chacón, Plaza Mayor, Casa de las Cadenas, Casa de la Tercia, Fountain of the Caños.

Yepes: a declared historic-artistic area, with ancient walls, the Plaza Mayor, and the Church of San Benito Abad.

Villatobas: "Plaza de Moros" archeological site, Shrine of Jesus the Nazarean.

Lillo: the Longar, Altillo, and Albardiosa Lakes, the Don Quixote de la Mancha Aerodrome, and the San Pedro Bautista hospice.

Noblejas: Traditional bodegas and almazaras (mills for making olive oil).

Villarrubia de Santiago: Church of St. Bartholomew, Castellar Hermitage, archeological site of Hoyo de la Serna.

La Guardia: Hermitage of the Holy Child, Church of the Assumption, prehistoric cave dwellings.

References

Bibliography

External links
Guide to the comarca rom the Asociación Don Quijote website

Comarcas of Castilla–La Mancha
Geography of the Province of Toledo


A Surtseyan eruption is an explosive style of volcanic eruption that takes place in shallow seas or lakes when rapidly rising and fragmenting hot magma interacts explosively with water and with water-steam-tephra slurries. The eruption style is named after an eruption off the southern coast of Iceland in 1963 that caused the emergence of a new volcanic island, Surtsey.

Surtseyan eruptions are hydromagmatic eruptions, in that they are violently explosive as a result of vigorous interaction between rising magma and lake or sea water. The magma is commonly basaltic and fragments into small pyroclasts (known as 'ash' and 'lapilli'), and these accumulate around the crater to form a small cone or ring-shaped heap. Volcanoes of this type are known as 'tuff cones' and 'tuff rings' because the volcanic ash of which they are made soon solidifies by chemical reaction into a hard rock known as 'tuff'.

Surtseyan eruptions are characteristically unsteady, with phases of rapid repeated short, violent explosions separated by more quiescent phases dominated by steam generation and condensation. Ash and lapilli are emplaced by ash fall (frequently moist or wet), and by short-duration, pyroclastic density currents. The resultant deposits are characteristically well bedded with abundant evidence for moist conditions (e.g. ash aggregates, vesiculated ash layers, and soft-state deformed layers). Much of the wet tephra repeatedly slumps back down into the volcano's crater to be re-ejected by further watery explosions.

The etymology of the “Surtsean Eruption” comes from the island surtsey which was formed by a very similar type of eruption in the 1960’s

Characteristics

Although similar in nature to phreatomagmatic eruptions, there are several specific characteristics:

Physical nature of magma: basaltic.
Character of explosive activity: violent ejection of solid, warm fragments of new magma; continuous or rhythmic explosions; base surges.
Nature of effusive activity: short, locally pillowed, lava flows (which may be rare).
Nature of dominant ejecta: lithic, blocks and ash; often accretionary lapilli; spatter, fusiform bombs and lapilli absent.
Structures built around vent: tuff rings

Examples of Surtseyan eruptions

 Bogoslof Island - Alaska, United States, 1796
 Fire Island - Alaska, United States, 1796
Graham Island - Sicily, Italy, 1831
 Anak Krakatau - Sunda Strait, Indonesia, 1927–1930 (with smaller eruptions continuing today) - further Surtseyan eruptions took place following the December 2018 eruption which left large sections of the volcano underwater
 Shōwa Iōjima - Iōjima, Kagoshima, Japan, 1934
 Capelinhos - Faial Island, Azores, 1957–1958
 Surtsey - Iceland, 1963
 Jólnir - Iceland, 1966
 Taal Volcano - Batangas, Philippines (last erupted in 2021)
 Zubair Group - Yemen, 2011–2012
 El Hierro - Canary Islands, 2011–2012 (see 2011–12 El Hierro eruption)
Fukutoku-Okanoba, Bonin Islands, Japan, 2021
Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai, Tonga, 2021—2022 (see 2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai eruption and tsunami)

References

Kokelaar, B.P (1983) The Mechanisms of Surtseyan volcanism. Journal of the Geological Society, London.140, 939–944.


Shake Your Pelvis is a 2000 album released by the Red Elvises.

Track listing
Everybody Disco (Igor)
Beat of a Drum (Zhenya)
Girl from Malibu (Zhenya)
200 Lbs Of Pure Love (Igor)
Girls Gonna Boogie Tonight (Zhenya)
We Got the Groove (Igor)
Heroic Interlude
Rocketship (Zhenya)
Colors of Rainbow (Igor)
Techno Surfer (Zhenya)
City of Angels (lyrics by John Montobello/ music by Igor and Oleg)
Cosmic Surf (Zhenya)
Romantic Interlude
Good Guys (Igor)

Credits
Igor: vocals, guitars, bass
Zhenya: vocals, guitars, guitar synth, harmonica, violin, piano, bass, digital editing
Oleg: vocals, bass, keyboard, percussion, programming, digital editing
Avi: vocals, drums, percussion, cheerful spirit

Guest Performers:
Dianne Sellers - vocal
Letitia Jones - vocal
Shana Halligan - vocal
Galina Shlimovich - violin
Oleg "Schramm" Gorbunov - Hammond organ
Dmitry Mamokhin - trumpet
ххeo Chelyapov - saxophone
Jay Work - saxophones
Vladimir Tchekan - trombone
Iouri Ionidi - guitar

Recorded  at Shooba-Doobah Studios, Venice, CA   November 1999 - January 2000
Engineers: Doctor Z and Professor O.
Mixed at Shooba-Doobah Studios
Engineers: Barry Connely, Jeff King, Doctor Z and Professor O.
Mastered at Paramount Recording Studios by King himself
Photography by Tanya Thuringer
Design and layout by Christy A. Moeller-Masel
Avi Sills plays DW (Oleg's first car was VW)

Red Elvises albums
2000 albums


The Georgian National Ballet () is the first professional state dance company in Georgia. Founded by husband and wife Iliko Sukhishvili and Nino Ramishvili in 1945, it was initially named as the Georgian State Dance Company.

The Georgian National Ballet has performed at the Albert Hall, The Colosseum, The Metropolitan Opera and Madison Square Garden, among others. In 1967, the dance company performed at La Scala, reportedly the first and the only time a folklore group was given a chance to perform on its stage.

The costumes were designed by Simon (Soliko) Virsaladze from 1908–1989. Currently, the founders' son Tengiz Sukhishvili is the artistic director and general manager of the Georgian National Ballet. His spouse, Inga Tevzadze, is also a former dancer, now a ballet master. Iliko Sukhishvili Jr. is a chief choreographer of the Georgian National Ballet today. Nino Sukhishvili (the granddaughter of Iliko and Nino) is a deputy-manager and costume designer.

The Georgian National Ballet has seventy dancers and a small orchestra. The dance company also owns a school, which provides dance lessons to children and adolescents. In 2020, the School of the Georgian National Ballet began offering online lessons in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

A performance by the Georgian National Ballet's dancers in which the female dancers, wearing long skirts, appeared to glide across the floor was an inspiration for writer Terry Nation in creating the Daleks for the television series Doctor Who.

References

External links

Dance in Georgia (country)
Folk dance companies


The Metropolitan Municipality of Lima () is the local government entity of the Lima Province and Lima District. It is the only provincial municipality of special regime with faculties of regional government. It is established according to the 2002 Organic Law of Regional Governments () and the 2003 Organic Law of Municipalities ().

Organization
The organs of the Metropolitan Municipality of Lima are:

 the Council ();
 the Mayor of Lima (); and
 the Metropolitan Assembly ().

The Council consists of the Mayor and five aldermen, according to the Municipal Elections Law (). The Metropolitan Assembly is an advisory and coordinating body.

Function and powers
According to Article 154 of, the Metropolitan Municipality of Lima exerts jurisdiction, in matters within its competence, on the districts of Lima.

References

 Ley Orgánica de Municipalidades (Organic Law of Municipalities), Ley Nº 27972, published in El Peruano on 27 May 2003.

External links
 Municipalidad Metropolitana de Lima

Lima Province