Street Fighter V is a 2.5D fighting game developed by Capcom and Dimps and published by Capcom for PlayStation 4 and Windows in 2016. An arcade version exclusive to Japan was released by Taito in 2019.

Similar to the previous games in the Street Fighter series, Street Fighter V features a side-scrolling fighting gameplay system. The game also introduces the "V-Gauge", which builds as the player receives attacks and adds three new skills. The game featured 16 characters at launch, with four of them being new to the series. A main story mode and 30 additional characters were added through updates and downloadable content.

According to Capcom, the game is a PlayStation 4 console-exclusive due to both Sony and Capcom having "the same vision for the growth potential in the fighting game space". The game is powered by Unreal Engine 4, and had a beta test prior to its launch. Upon release, the game received mixed reviews, with critics praising the game's graphics and gameplay, but criticizing its lack of content and characters, as well as its technical issues such as broken servers at launch and software bugs. Capcom was expecting the game to sell at least 2 million units by the end of their fiscal year 2016, a target that was missed, selling only 1.4 million units as of March 31, 2016. As of March 2023, the game has sold 7.2 million units, making it the best-selling Street Fighter game on home consoles, surpassing Street Fighter II.

Its update, Street Fighter V: Arcade Edition, was released on January 16, 2018, and was received more positively, with improvements to the user interface and content, in particular its single-player modes and the addition of the much-requested Arcade Mode. A second update, titled Street Fighter V: Champion Edition, includes all fighters, stages, and most of the costumes released through its first four seasons. It was released on February 14, 2020, receiving a physical release in the form of the original Street Fighter V disc, containing a voucher code to download the remaining content. A sequel, Street Fighter 6, was released in June 2023.

Gameplay

Street Fighter V carries on the 2D fighting gameplay of its predecessors, in which two fighters use a variety of attacks and special abilities to knock out their opponent. The game features the EX gauge introduced in Street Fighter III, which builds as the player lands attacks and can be used to either power up special moves or perform super combos known as Critical Arts, although the Focus Attacks from the previous game have been removed. New to this game is the "V-Gauge", which builds as the player receives attacks and adds four new techniques: V-Skills, V-Reversals, V-Triggers, and V-Shifts. V-Skills are special attacks unique to each fighter; for example, Ryu can parry an attack while M. Bison can reflect projectiles, some of which build V-Gauge when successfully performed. V-Reversals allow players to use a section of the V-Gauge to perform a counter move whilst being attacked. Similarly, V-Shifts use one section of the V-Gauge to dodge and potentially counter an incoming attack. Finally, V-Triggers use the entire V-Gauge to allow the player to perform a unique ability, such as a temporary damage boost for Ryu's energy balls or added hits to Chun-Li's attacks. Additionally, the Stun Meter, which has been present since Street Fighter III, is made visible under the health bars in this game. The Stun Meter increases when receiving consecutive attacks and will cause the player to become stunned if filled; thus, it encourages players to play offensively when the opponent's Meter is close to full. The game also features an interactive arena, showcasing special animations when a player is defeated at the edge of the arena.

Characters

The game featured 16 characters at launch, four of whom were new to the Street Fighter series. Following the game's launch, several additional characters were developed and added to the game via updates, split between several "seasons" of content. These characters, among other post-launch content, are able to be purchased via either real-world currency, or "Fight Money", earned through gameplay.

New playable characters are highlighted in “italics.

Base Roster

 Birdie
 Cammy
 Chun-Li
 Dhalsim
 F.A.N.G. Karin
 Ken
 Laura M. Bison
 Nash
 Necalli R. Mika
 Rashid Ryu
 Vega
 Zangief
 Season One*†
 Alex
 Balrog
 Guile
 Ibuki
 Juri
 UrienSeason Two*†
 Abigail Akuma
 Ed Kolin Menat ZekuSeason Three†
 Blanka
 Cody
 Falke G Sagat
 SakuraSeason Four†
 E. Honda
 Gill
 Kage Lucia Poison
 SethSeason Five Akira Dan
 Eleven Luke Oro
 Rose

* Included in Arcade Edition.
† Included in Champion Edition.

The four new characters include Necalli, an intelligent yet wild Aztec-like warrior who seeks a strong opponent's soul; Rashid, a Middle Easterner who is capable of manipulating wind and is searching for a missing friend who has been kidnapped by Bison and Shadaloo; Laura Matsuda, a Brazilian fighter and older sister to Street Fighter III character Sean Matsuda who uses Brazilian jiu-jitsu and electricity in her attacks; and F.A.N.G., a new member of the Shadaloo Grand Masters replacing Sagat in the organization, who combines long ranged attacks and slippery movements with his ability to poison his opponents. Newly playable characters introduced into the game following its launch include Kolin, the Russian assistant to the Illuminati's leader Gill; Ed, Balrog's Psycho-powered protégé; Abigail, a Canadian member of the Mad Gear gang from Final Fight; Menat, Rose's Egyptian teenage apprentice; Zeku, Guy's Bushinryu master; Falke, a Neo Shadaloo member; G, the self-proclaimed "President of the World"; Kage, the personification of Ryu's Satsui no Hado, which becomes a separate entity after Ryu purges it from himself; Lucia, a Metro City police officer who previously appeared in Final Fight 3; Akira Kazama, a high school student from the Rival Schools series; Luke, an American mixed martial arts fighter; and Eleven, a prototype of Street Fighter III character Twelve, acting as a randomizer character for the roster.

Plot

The story takes place between the events of Street Fighter IV and Street Fighter III. Years after he was killed by M. Bison, Charlie Nash awakens in a tomb and is instructed by a young woman named Helen to retrieve an item from his old friend Guile that will help him destroy Bison. Meanwhile, the Shadaloo organization initiates "Operation C.H.A.I.N.S." by launching seven artificial satellites in orbit known as the "Black Moons", planning to spread fear and despair, the source of Bison's Psycho Power, and siphon this energy in order to render him and his forces invincible. Rashid infiltrates the headquarters of Shadaloo looking for a friend who was kidnapped by them, but is discovered and defeated by F.A.N.G. F.A.N.G. steals a chess piece-like item in Rashid's possession and uses it to detonate one of the Black Moons, triggering a high altitude electromagnetic pulse above New York City.

Unsuccessfully attempting to stop Bison and his subordinates in New York, Guile and Chun-Li are attacked by Charlie, who attempts to take the pieces sent to them before fleeing. Charlie reunites with Helen, who also convinces Rashid and Juri to form an alliance with them to retrieve the pieces. She explains they are the keys to control the Black Moons, which were sent to certain individuals in order to prevent their use. In possession of the same information, Karin Kanzuki summons warriors from around the globe to help gather the pieces before Shadaloo as well. All of them answer Karin's call except Ryu, who stays behind at Ken's suggestion to train further in order to keep his Satsui no Hadou at bay.

As the warriors travel the world in search for the pieces, they are repeatedly attacked by Shadaloo's minions and Dolls, as well as the ancient Aztec god Necalli, who seeks to devour the strongest fighters' souls. During a fight, Cammy defeats and restrains her sister Decapre. Knowing she was being brainwashed by Shadaloo, Cammy refuses to surrender Decapre to the police and takes her away with Juri's help. Having gathered all remaining pieces and more allies, the warriors storm Shadaloo's base and successfully deactivate the Black Moons, but fail to defeat Bison's troops and are forced to retreat. F.A.N.G. threatens Li-Fen, a young girl among those kidnapped and forced to create the Black Moons. He demands she alter their course and have them fall on Earth instead, striking six main cities around the globe in 24 hours to cause havoc and generate the Psycho Power they need.

Ryu returns from his training and defeats Necalli in combat, purging the Satsui no Hadou from himself and forcing the god to permanently retreat. He rejoins his companions in a second attack on the Shadaloo base. Rashid discovers his missing friend was killed by F.A.N.G. long ago, but manages to stop the Black Moons completely using a hint his friend left for him. Charlie confronts Bison and fails to defeat him, but sacrifices himself to drain part of Bison's Psycho Power, weakening him enough for Ryu to destroy him once and for all. Chun-Li takes Li-Fen, and the warriors evacuate the Shadaloo base as it is destroyed. The brainwashed Dolls recover their senses, while Rashid receives a pre-recorded message from his now deceased friend, thanking him for helping to save the world and telling him to move on with his life. Meanwhile, Helen returns to her master, Gill, who declares he shall restore order to the world and asks Helen, revealed to be Kolin, to follow him.

In a post-credits scene, Ryu and Ken have a sparring match and, afterwards, conclude that their journeys have no end and vow to keep moving forward.

Development and releaseStreet Fighter V was developed by Capcom and Dimps. The game was unofficially revealed through a YouTube video on December 5, 2014, which was promptly taken down. It was officially revealed the next day during the 2014 PlayStation Experience in Las Vegas and was announced as being developed exclusively for PlayStation 4 and Windows. The game was initially announced for Linux through use on SteamOS but didn't release despite claims of development. Valve's Steam Deck, utilizing SteamOS 3.0, can run the Windows version of Street Fighter V through Proton. The game was built using Unreal Engine 4 and features cross-platform gameplay. The image song was chosen by Capcom to be "Survivor" by Man with a Mission.

On June 12, 2015, Capcom further clarified that the game would not be released on any other platforms due to a development partnership between Sony Computer Entertainment and themselves. On the partnership, Capcom's Matt Dahlgren said "Part of the reason we partnered up with Sony is, we share the same vision for the growth potential in the fighting game space. I'd say the key aspect is working with us on executing cross platform play, this is going to be the first time we've ever united our community into a centralized player base." Starting that July the game was available to play for a limited time at various Six Flags parks around the United States. On July 23, 2015, Capcom offered a beta program for players on the PS4 in North America that preordered the game and European players that signed up on the PSN website. However, while it was expected to last for five days, the beta suffered from significant server problems and was taken offline early as a result. On August 14, 2015, the beta for the PS4 was put back online for an internal stress test. Following the stress test, the beta was put back online on August 28, 2015. Street Fighter V was released for PlayStation 4 and Windows on February 16, 2016.

According to director Takayuki Nakayama, Street Fighter V was originally planned to feature six seasons of DLC content before getting cut to five.

Post-release
In January 2016, Capcom announced a post-launch update containing a single-player cinematic story mode, titled "A Shadow Falls". The mode was made available as a free update on July 1, 2016.

One update for the PC version caused a driver with the name "Capcom.sys", a rootkit, to be installed into the system that allowed applications to run arbitrary code with kernel-level permissions. On newer processors, it disabled supervisor mode execution prevention (a processor capability that is used to prevent low privilege code like applications from running instructions with higher level privileges) and then re-enabled supervisor mode execution prevention when the application was done running kernel-level code. This was done to prevent cheating. This driver did not validate what application was trying to use it, so any malware could have used the driver to execute kernel-level code. Following the controversy Capcom recalled the rootkit update, reverting to an earlier PC version of the game while still including the new content.

In May 2016, PS4 players became aware that Street Fighter V has an 8 frames of input latency, which affects play at high levels. In June 2016, Capcom apologized for its lack of communication surrounding issues and future updates, saying "We’ll be the first to admit that we can improve our communication with the community, in terms of where our priorities lie around the game and status updates."

Beta changes
During the beta stage of the game, changes were introduced to certain animations, apparently to tone down their sexual content. Namely, a camera angle in Cammy's intro was changed, which originally provided a peek at her crotch, and a shot of R. Mika slapping her butt during her critical art was modified to make the slapping happen off-screen. Reaction to the changes were mixed, many expressing distaste for what they felt was needless censorship that took away from the character's personalities, while others, specifically in the West, praised the changes, feeling the originals were too sexualized. Capcom refused to comment on specific changes, only stating that the game was still in active development, and as such, changes in general were to be expected.

Street Fighter V: Arcade Edition

On October 5, 2017, Capcom announced Street Fighter V: Arcade Edition, for release on January 16, 2018, in United States and Japan and on 19 January 2018 in Europe. The game includes codes for all of the DLC characters from seasons 1 and 2, as well as new interface graphics, two new gameplay modes (Arcade Mode and Extra Battle Mode), one additional V-Trigger per character, and a new CG opening cinematic. The game is available both as a free downloadable update for owners of the original game, and a standalone retail game sold at a reduced price. The Arcade Edition has been developed to use the NESiCAxLive system.

Street Fighter V: Champion Edition
A second update to Street Fighter V, Champion Edition was released on February 14, 2020. Champion Edition makes several gameplay and balance changes, including giving every character a second V-Skill; these changes were distributed as a free update to all versions of Street Fighter V. Like Arcade Edition, Champion Edition was released at retail at a discounted price. The retail package includes every character, stage and costume released from Season 1 through Season 4, with the exception of Capcom Pro Tour content, sponsored costumes, and Fighting Chance outfits. Existing Street Fighter V players were given the option of purchasing a digital upgrade kit, which immediately unlocks all content included in the retail release.

On May 27, 2020, Capcom announced that due to the positive reception of Champion Edition, they would be releasing an additional fifth season for the game, titled "Season V", in which they would add five additional characters, along with three new stages. Capcom later confirmed in February 2021 that a bonus sixth character, Eleven, would be included with the season pass.

A physical release containing the voucher code for Champion Edition upgrade kit and all previously released DLC fighters, titled Champion Edition - All Characters Pack, was announced by Capcom during the Pro Tour 2021 Tournament. It was only released in Japan for PlayStation 4 on December 9, 2021.

Street Fighter V: Type Arcade

During Tokyo Game Show 2018's Street Fighter V tournament prize ceremony event, Capcom's Yoshinori Ono announced that the game would get an actual arcade release exclusively in Japan in 2019, named Street Fighter V: Type Arcade. This version has USB ports on its sides, allowing players to use their own controllers, and features online support for players to link their Capcom Fighters Network account. This version also features time-limited events, Arcade Mode and Training Mode. In June 2020, a new game mode named Boss Rush was announced for Street Fighter V: Type Arcade, which features Extra Battle and Arcade Mode boss characters: Shadow Nash, Shin Akuma, Necalli, The Gief, The Master Ryu, Shadow Lady Chun-Li, Shin M. Bison and Gill. Clearing a certain amount of stages and bosses would reward the player with points and exclusive in-game rewards. "Boss Rush" is a timed event and would only last a few weeks. The first instance of the event lasted between June 24 and July 8, 2020.

In-game advertising
Starting on December 11, 2018, Capcom introduced in-game advertising, which appears on loading screens and in the stages and character costumes. This immediately drew criticism from journalists and sparked debate among fans.

Related media
Street Fighter: Resurrection
The web mini-series Street Fighter: Resurrection serves as a narrative prologue to the events of the game, with Charlie Nash being the protagonist. It aired on go90 from March 15, 2016, to April 5, 2016.

Street Fighter V: Pachislot Edition
A pachislot version of Street Fighter V was released exclusively in Japan on July 17, 2018. As of September 2018, Capcom had sold 3,300 machines to pachinko parlors.

Reception

The PlayStation 4 version of Street Fighter V received generally favorable reviews from critics, as indicated by review aggregation website Metacritic, holding a score of 77/100 out of 80 reviews. Reception of the Windows version was more mixed, holds one of 74/100, from 33 reviews. The game was praised for its graphics and gameplay, but was criticized for its lack of single-player content, characters, and unstable online performance at launch. Players of the game complained of similar issues (as well as others such as a lack of controller support) with 54% of the reviews on Steam being negative. Capcom's Yoshinori Ono issued an apology to fans for the host of server issues. On May 12, Capcom CEO Kenzo Tsujimoto admitted that Street Fighter V had a "lack of content" and that it "needed more polish". In November 2016, Ono said "we all know that we didn’t put out a complete product, in a way that is a learning experience"

Despite the initial launch issues, reviewers praised the game's core gameplay mechanics. GamesRadar praised the game's core fighting engine and accessibility (to newcomers), stating that it would be "...a real shame if the curious new players it has so much to offer were turned off by its limited early content", ultimately concluding that the game was "at its core, still brilliant", just that "during the early phase of its life at least – will vary greatly depending on the availability of fight-ready friends in your immediate vicinity." Similarly, IGN described the game as "An excellent fighting game that's missing too many features", explaining that "Finding the right mix of old-guard fighting game fundamentals and newer, more modern takes on the genre is no small task, but Street Fighter 5 handles that balancing act with grace", at the same time, they were disappointed that "so many key and standard features would be absent on launch day." The Daily Dot gave the game a 4.5/5 score, recognizing improved graphics and sound over its predecessor, while also noting a "lack of polish" in places, including some graphical glitches. Edge magazine also had mixed feelings on the game, stating "Mechanically, it's fantastic. Structurally, it's a mess and a missed opportunity". Metro compared the game to Splatoon as in that "the core gameplay is clearly very good but the content is relatively sparse", and as such, said that they may eventually raise their score from 8/10 to 10/10 if future content downloads are comparable to the ones Splatoon eventually had received from Nintendo. Other reviewers were harsher; Slant praised the balance, however, they said that "the game essentially gives the middle finger to a sizable portion of the audience" due to the lack of content or game modes. The Guardian refused to score the game, concluding "Street Fighter V is an unfinished catastrophe, a game delivered half-cooked, as if to meet a financial deadline rather than an artistic one. Nobody could offer a definitive judgement on the game today in good conscience. One thing, however, is certain: buying Street Fighter V today is a speculative gamble." Famitsu gave it a 35/40.

The game was initially criticized for having too many "rage-quitters", due to there being no penalty system. 75% of players quit the game after a dozen matches. On March 9, Capcom took steps to fix the issue. Ono stated that one of multiple reasons for the game's February release date was for it to be out in time for the Capcom Pro Tour.

The Shadows Falls update was not well received by Destructoid, who scored it 4/10 and summarised it as "The blemishes are raw and sore, the flaws impossible not to gawk at. This is what took another five months? It’s a damned shame that only adds to the increasingly sad story of Street Fighter V". The deputy editor of Kotaku said it was "ridiculous and silly", while the Financial Post scored it 6/10, stating "everything surrounding it has been a dismal failure. The Story Mode is barely a narrative."

Some of the DLC has been attacked as too expensive. Commenting on the $10 stages and $6 costumes, Eurogamer said "It all amounts to a sense that Capcom's perhaps been a bit misguided in its DLC pricing." Professional tournament commentator David "UltraDavid" Graham said that while he loved the gameplay, the game had "the worst fighting game release in modern history," and that it needed a re-release. The addition of loot boxes in June 2018 was criticised by journalists and players alike.

Arcade EditionStreet Fighter V: Arcade Edition holds a Metascore of 87/100 based on 36 critics, citing generally favorable reviews. Positive reviews came from IGN, GameSpot, Hardcore Gamer, and Electronic Gaming Monthly; all of which gave the game a 9/10 citing the game as a transformation from being an unfinished product to a fully fledged experience. Each praised the addition of the content in Arcade Mode and the option to select a second V-Trigger, with some praising the addition of the Team Battle mode and having frame data in the training mode. EGM praised "the ability to bring up a 3D viewer in the Shop (in order to get a proper look at new costumes and color variants before purchasing them), combined with the option to filter certain purchasables (such as outfits) only for certain characters". Push Square was less positive, giving the game an 8/10, saying that "There's a cynical part of us that says Arcade Edition is little more than a glorified season three update, but the simple truth is that there's never been a better time to jump in". 4Players and NY Daily News both said it was the game "you always wanted".

The Arcade Edition was nominated for "Best Fighting Game" at The Game Awards 2018 and for "Fan Favorite Fighting Game" at the Gamers' Choice Awards, both losing to Dragon Ball FighterZ. Said Arcade Edition was also nominated for the Raging Bull Award for Best Fighting Game at the New York Game Awards, losing to Super Smash Bros. Ultimate. It was also nominated for "Best eSports Game" at the Famitsu Dengeki Game Awards 2019, losing to Fortnite.

Champion Edition

It was nominated for the category of Best Fighting at The Game Awards 2020, losing to Mortal Kombat 11.

Sales
In May 2015, Capcom announced that the company was expecting the game to sell at least 2 million units worldwide before the end of the company's fiscal year. In Japan, Street Fighter V entered the chart at number four, with sales of 42,000 in the first week. The game reached number one in the UK PS4 physical sales chart, but was held off the top spot in the multiformat chart by Call of Duty: Black Ops III. It also reached number five in the US PlayStation Store download chart, but failed to enter the top 20 in Europe. The game was the seventh best-selling retail game in the US in February 2016 according to the NPD Group.Arcade Edition reached number 12 in the Japanese sales charts, and number 23 in the UK physical sales charts.Champion Edition spent 2 weeks in the Japanese sales charts, debuting at number 11, before falling to number 24 in the second week. It reached number 37 in the UK. The "Upgrade kit" season pass reached number 5 in the US DLC chart, but failed to make the chart in Europe.

By February 2020, Capcom announced that Street Fighter V had shipped a combined total of 4.1 million units across the PS4 and PC platforms (digital downloads included), surpassing the first version of Street Fighter IV. By May 2020, Capcom announced that Street Fighter V had shipped a combined total of 4.5 million units across the PS4 and PC platforms (digital downloads included), surpassing Monster Hunter 4 and making it to Capcom's top 10 best selling games of all time. As of March 2023, Street Fighter V has sold 7.2 million units.

In popular cultureStreet Fighter V was featured in a Roadblock task during the 2017 cycle of the reality television show, The Amazing Race 29, during a leg taking place in South Korea. The contestant had to learn how to play the game from the coach, and then needed to beat a professional eSports player in one round to continue to race. The professional player would play one-handed if the contestant could not win in ten rounds, and then played blindfolded after another ten rounds.

Professional wrestler Kenny Omega uses a move called the "V-Trigger", named after the mechanic in the game.

Tournament scene

In 2016, Street Fighter V'' broke the Evolution Championship Series's record for most entrants in a single game with over 5,000 registrations.

See also
 List of video games that support cross-platform play

Notes

References

External links

2.5D fighting games
2016 video games
Arcade video games
Dimps games
Esports games
Fighting games used at the Evolution Championship Series tournament
The Game Awards winners
Interquel video games
Martial arts video games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
NESiCAxLive games
PlayStation 4 games
Street Fighter games
Unreal Engine games
Video game sequels
Video games developed in Japan
Video games scored by Hideyuki Fukasawa
Video games set in Australia
Video games set in Brazil
Video games set in China
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Video games set in India
Video games set in Italy
Video games set in Japan
Video games set in Malaysia
Video games set in New Zealand
Video games set in Russia
Video games set in Spain
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Video games set in the United Arab Emirates
Video games set in the United States
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Video games with alternative versions
Video games with cel-shaded animation
Video games with cross-platform play
Windows games


Mohd Farizal Rozali (born 10 September 1983 in Selama, Perak), often known as Jai among teammates and fans, is a Malaysian football player who currently plays in Malaysia FAM League for  MOF FC.

Career
Farizal previously played for northern teams Perlis FA, Kedah FA and Penang FA.

On 16 October 2008, he signed a two-year contract that confirmed his transfer from Penang to Kedah. When Kedah publicly announced Farizal's transfer, Farizal was handed the number 10 shirt; Kedah heavyweight Nelson San Martín had previously worn that number. Farizal spoke of his excitement at having joined Kedah and his eagerness to prove himself worthy as an exchange of Marlon Alex James.

In 2012, he joined PBAPP FC, a team which played in the third-tier 2012 Malaysia FAM League. In 2013, he changed clubs again, this time to Malaysia Premier League side SPA FC.

Perlis FA
In 2014, Farizal Rozali played with Perlis FA

Kedah United F.C.
In 2015, Farizal Rozali played with Kedah United F.C. in 2015 Malaysia FAM League.

Style of play
Farizal plays forward and on the flank side. Farizal has a preference for playing on the right wing, as this gives him opportunities to cut inside and take shots with his right foot, which he favours.

References

External links

1983 births
Living people
Malaysian men's footballers
Malaysian people of Malay descent
Kedah Darul Aman F.C. players
Perlis F.A. players
Penang F.C. players
Footballers from Perak
Men's association football forwards
Men's association football midfielders


Tinea pellionella, the case-bearing clothes moth, is a species of tineoid moth in the family Tineidae, the fungus moths. This species has a cosmopolitan distribution, occurring nearly worldwide.

Taxonomy
Being a widespread species and often affiliated with humans, T. pellionella was among the first moths to be scientifically described in the modern sense. At that time most moths were included in a single genus "Phalaena", but Tinea was already recognized as a distinct subgenus. Some later researchers who studied this moth erroneously believed they had discovered populations formerly unknown to science and described them as new species, but today these are all included within T. pellionella. Obsolete scientific names for this moth thus may be encountered in the literature, and include:

It is the type species of the genus Tinea, which in turn is the type genus of the subfamily, family, as well as the superfamily Tineoidea. Its scientific name is derived from "tinea", a generic term for micromoths, and the Latin term for a furrier, pellionellus.

Another common name is "bagworm" due to the case that their larvae carry around, but not to be confused with the Psychidae that are also called "bagworms" in English.

Description
It is silvery grey to shiny light brown in color, with dark grayish hairs on the top of its head. The adult of this species has a wingspan of 9 to 16 millimeters. Its forewings are grizzled brown with one large spot and a few smaller, indistinct black spots. The hindwings are plain pale brown-grey. Difficult to distinguish from Tinea columbariella, Tinea dubiella and  Tinea svenssoni but the genitalia are diagnostic. The forewings, but especially the hindwings are surrounded by a hairy fringe. The larva eats mainly fibrous keratin, such as hairs and feathers. It can become a pest when it feeds on carpets, furs, upholstery, and woolen fabrics. It also consumes detritus, cobwebs, bird nests (particularly of the domestic pigeon), stored vegetable produce and wallpaper. It stays inside a snug case it constructs from debris such as fibers and hairs.

Biology
It is synanthropic; the adult is typically encountered during summer and early autumn, but populations that live in human dwellings may be seen at other times of the year.

Control measures for the case-bearing clothes moth are similar to those for the common clothes moth (Tineola bisselliella), and include physical, chemical, and biological measures.

References

Gaedike,R. 2019  Tineidae II : Myrmecozelinae, Perissomasticinae, Tineinae, Hieroxestinae, Teichobiinae and Stathmopolitinae Microlepidoptera of Europe, vol. 9. Leiden : Brill, [2019]
Petersen, G., 1957: Die Genitalien der paläarktischen Tineiden (Lepidoptera: Tineidae). Beiträge zur Entomologie 7 (1/2): 55–176.

External links
 UK Moths
Lepiforum de

External links
Lepiforum.de

Tineinae
Moths described in 1758
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Cosmopolitan moths


Linden Community School District is a public school district in Genesee County in the U.S. state of Michigan and in the Genesee Intermediate School District.

High school

Athletics

In 2008, the Linden Eagles Cross Country team won the MHSAA DIV II Cross Country meet, becoming the first sports team to win a state championship in the school's history.

References

External links
lindenschools.org

School districts in Michigan
Education in Genesee County, Michigan


Slavka Maneva (; February 2, 1934 – January 8, 2010) was a Macedonian writer and poet. She was born and died in Skopje, North Macedonia. She finished her literature studies at the Faculty of Philosophy at the University of Skopje, and has worked as a professor of Macedonian language and literature in the secondary schools Cvetan Dimov and Josip Broz Tito in Skopje. Her works have been translated into Serbian, Turkish, Albanian, Russian, Bulgarian, Polish, Armenian, Georgian and Lithuanian. She won the Vančo Nikoleski Award in 1996 for her book Pillows of Stars (Ѕвездени перничиња).

Works

Свирипиле (The Singing Bird)
Џиџа (Marijuana)
Камчето на сакањето (The Rock of Friendship)
Волшебниот лифт (The Magic Elevator)
Готварски сказни (Cook's Stories)
Виножитото што пее (The Singing Rainbow)
Од дедо Марковото торбуле (From Grandfather Marko's Bag)
Приказни без крај (Endless Stories)
Куќата на божилакот (The House of the Rainbow)
Sвездени перничиња (Pillows of Stars)

References

Macedonian women writers
Yugoslav women writers
1934 births
2010 deaths
Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje alumni
20th-century women writers
20th-century Macedonian writers
Macedonian children's writers


The Israel Amateur Radio Club (IARC) (in Hebrew, אגודת חובבי הרדיו בישראל) is a national non-profit organization for amateur radio enthusiasts in Israel.  The organization uses IARC as its official international abbreviation, based on the English translation of the Hebrew name.  IARC promotes amateur radio by sponsoring amateur radio operating awards and radio contests.  The IARC operates a QSL bureau for those members who regularly communicate with amateur radio operators in other countries.  The IARC represents the interests of Israeli amateur radio operators and shortwave listeners before Israeli and international telecommunications regulatory authorities.  IARC is the national member society representing Israel in the International Amateur Radio Union.

See also
International Amateur Radio Union

References

Israel
Clubs and societies in Israel
Radio in Israel
Organizations based in Tel Aviv


Witold Maliszewski (, ; 20 July 1873 – 18 July 1939) was a Polish composer, founder of Odessa Conservatory, and a professor of Warsaw Conservatory.

Biography
Maliszewski was born in Mohyliv-Podilskyi, Russian Empire (now Ukraine). He graduated from Saint Petersburg Conservatory, in the class of Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov. He was a member of Belyayev circle. In 1913 he became a founder and the first director of the Odessa Conservatory, which gave the world a number of outstanding musicians, such as David Oistrakh, Emil Gilels and Yakov Zak.

After the Russian revolution, because of the imminent threat of Bolshevik persecution, Maliszewski immigrated to Poland in 1921. In 1925–1927 he was teaching at the Chopin Music School and was the Director of the Warsaw Music Society. In 1927 he served as Chairman of the First International Frederic Chopin Piano Competition. From 1931 to 1934 Maliszewski was the Director of the Music Department at the Polish Ministry of Education. From 1931 to 1939 he was a professor at the Warsaw Conservatory. He died in Zalesie near Warsaw.

Maliszewski's symphonic works were largely shaped by Russian musical traditions. His symphonies belong to the non-programmatic (Glazunov's) type, and only the Fourth symphony in D Major op. 21 contain elements of Polish dances.

In the Soviet Union, Maliszewski's name was prohibited, and in 1950 the conservatory which he founded in Odessa was renamed after Antonina Nezhdanova, who had no links with the institution.

His students included Witold Lutosławski, Mykola Vilinsky, Shimon Shteynberg, Boleslaw Woytowicz, Feliks Roderyk Łabuński, Feliks Rybicki.

Selected works
Stage
 Syrena (The Mermaid), Opera-Ballet in 4 acts, Op. 24; libretto by Ludomir Michał Rogowski (1927)
 Boruta, Ballet (1929)

Orchestral
 Symphony No. 1 in G minor, Op. 8 (1902)
 Joyful Overture (Ouverture joyeuse; Fröhliche Ouverture) in D major, Op. 11  (1910)
 Symphony No. 2 in A major, Op. 12 (1912)
 Symphony No. 3 in C minor, Op. 14 (1907?)
 Symphony No. 4 in D major, Op. 21, Odrodzonej i odnalezionej ojczyźnie (To the newborn and recovered homeland) (1925)

Concertante
 Fantazja kujawska (Kuyavian Fantasy) for piano and orchestra (1928)
 Concerto in B minor for piano and orchestra, Op. 29 (1938)

Chamber music
 Sonata for violin and piano, Op. 1 (1900)
 String Quartet No. 1 in F major, Op. 2 (1902)
 Quintet in D minor for 2 violins, viola and 2 cellos, Op. 3 (1904)
 String Quartet No. 2 in C major, Op. 6 (1905)
 String Quartet No. 3 in E major, Op. 15 (1914)
 Quatre morceaux for violin & piano, Op. 20 (1923)

Piano
 Six Piano Pieces, Op. 4 (1904)
 Prélude et fugue fantastiques in B minor, Op. 16 (1913)

Choral
 Requiem (1930)
 Missa Pontificalis (1930)

Discographie

Archive recordings
1952 : Fantazja kujawska (Wladyslaw Kedra, Polish Radio Orchestra of Bydgoszcz, cond. Arnold Rezler)
1959 : Piano Concerto (Jakub Kalecki, Jerzy Gert)
Piano Concerto (Andrzej Stefański, Polish Radio National SO)

Commercial recordings
2014 : Works for Violin and Piano – Acte Préalable AP0285
2014 : Chamber Music vol. 1 – Acte Préalable AP0327
2015 : Complete Works for Piano – Acte Préalable AP0320
2017 : Chamber Music vol. 2 – Acte Préalable AP0376

References
 Wrocki E., W. Maliszewski, Warszawa, 1932.
 Valentyna Nazarenko, Ukrainian page of Maestro Maliszewski. "Day" Newspaper, No. 143, August 15, 2009 (translated from Ukrainian)
 Nazarenko, V.I., Vilinsky, Yu. S., Volosatykh, O. Yu. Witold Maliszewski in the musical life of Ukraine
and Poland. Chasopys of the Tchaikovsky National Academy of Music of Ukraine. - 2019. - № 2. P. 20-48.

Notes

External links
 Witold Maliszewski

 Scores by Witold Maliszewski in digital library Polona

20th-century classical composers
Polish classical composers
Pupils of Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov
Russian classical composers
Russian male classical composers
Academic staff of the Chopin University of Music
1873 births
1939 deaths
Polish male classical composers
20th-century Polish musicians
People from Mohyliv-Podilskyi
20th-century Russian male musicians


Count  was the 8th and final daimyō of Okutono in Mikawa Province, and 1st (and final) daimyō of Tanoguchi Domain in Shinano Province. He served in the Tokugawa shogunate in the positions of Rōjū and Wakadoshiyori, and became a leader in the Meiji government following the Meiji Restoration as a politician. He was one of the founders of the Japanese Red Cross. He is also known as .

Biography
Matsudaira was born in Okudono as the eldest son and heir to Matsudaira Noritoshi. His father retired in March 1852. The following year, with the arrival of American Commodore Matthew C. Perry and his fleet, the Shogunate increased military preparations against possible foreign invasion. Matsudaira was appointed Second Assistant Director to the Shogunal military, a largely ceremonial position, but one which enabled him to train the peasants of his domain into a rudimentary military force along western lines. In 1860, he was appointed master of ceremonies for the annual pilgrimage to the grave of Tokugawa Ieyasu in Nikkō. In 1863, he became obangashira, and rose to the ranks of the wakadoshiyori later that year. Towards the end of the year, he shifted the seat of his domain from Okudono to Tanoguchi. (Okudono domain was unusual in that it consisted of several small territories that were widely separated geographically). As Matsudaira was a proponent of western-style modernization of the military, he had his new castle built in the style of a western-style five-pointed star fort; this became Tatsuoka Castle. The domain was also called "Tatsuoka-han", after the location of the castle. Along with the Goryōkaku in Hakodate, Hokkaido, it is one of only two star forts in Japan.

Matsudaira disagreed with Matsudaira Yoshinaga with regards to the question of ending the sakoku national isolation policy and was expelled from the ranks of the wakadoshiyori, but was recalled for his military expertise the following year, and reinstated. He further rose to the ranks of the rōju in June 1866, which enabled him to participate in negotiations between the Tokugawa Shogunate and the Imperial Court later that year. He also encouraged the Shogunate to hire French military advisors to help modernize its forces, and to expand on his concept of a peasant conscript army to supplement the traditional forces of the samurai warriors, along with taking steps to increase industrialization to increase Japan’s economic strength. However, before any of the steps to could take effect, the Boshin War of the Meiji Restoration began. Despite his nominal rank as a general of the Tokugawa armies, Matsudaira refused to take up arms against the Imperial armies and retired to his domain in Shinano to await the outcome. Arrested as a central figure in the Tokugawa government by Satchō Alliance leaders, Matsudaira was given a chance to prove his loyalty by leading a military force against the Ōuetsu Reppan Dōmei in northern Japan. After having accomplished this task, he was allowed to retain his position as daimyō of Tanoguchi.

Matsudaira changed his name officially in July 1869, dropping the Matsudaira name due to its associations with the Tokugawa clan and reverting to his family’s former name of Ogyu.  In 1871, with the abolition of the han system, Ogyu was confirmed as appointed governor of Tanoguchi, until it was merged into the new Nagano Prefecture. In 1873, he entered the Meiji government, and was assigned the task of researching the medals and decorations issued by foreign governments, and developing an award system which would be suitable for Japan. In 1884, under the new kazoku peerage system, he was elevated to the rank of viscount (shishaku). The title was further raised to that of count (hakushaku) in 1907. He was also active with Sano Tsunetani in the founding of the Hakuaisha, the predecessor of the Japanese Red Cross. In 1909, he was asked to become a member of the Privy Council. Ogyu died the following year, and was awarded the Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia clusters posthumously.

References
Nishikawa, Yukiko. Japan's Changing Role in Humanitarian Crises. Routledge (2005). . pg50

External links
Matsudaira genealogy

Notes

1839 births
1910 deaths
Tokugawa clan
Daimyo
Wakadoshiyori
Rōjū
People of Meiji-period Japan
Kazoku
Japanese politicians
People from Aichi Prefecture


Daniel Webb (born 22 March 1991 in Tunbridge Wells, Kent, England) is a British motorcycle racer. For 2021 he competed in the World Supersport Championship until mid-way through the season, then in the British Supersport Championship as a replacement for injured Kyle Smith.

During 2020 he competed in World Supersport for Wepol Racing on a Yamaha R6, after racing in the International Road Race Championship aboard a BMW S1000RR. In 2022 FIM Endurance World Championship he rides for Polish based Wojcik Racing Team in superstock category.

Career
In 2005 Webb was selected to be part of Dorna's MotoGP Academy project—which included participation in the Spanish 125cc Championship—and was confirmed for 2006.

After entering the 2006 Catalan Grand Prix as a wild-card rider, he has competed full-time in the 125cc World Championship for the following five years, starting out in 2007 where he failed to score points in all but one of the races. In 2008 the season started off really well for Webb, claiming a career best fifth position in the third race of the season, however he could not keep this up and fell away towards the end of the season. 2009 was hampered by too many retirements and thus did not improve on his performances from the previous year. In 2010 Webb has been at his most consistent regularly breaking into the top 10 of the championship close to the end of the season. Webb joined Mahindra for 2011 and ended the season in 19th overall. The highlight of the season was a pole position in the final 125cc race, the first pole for Mahindra.

He stayed with Mahindra for 2012 but the season in the Moto3 World Championship was a disaster due to an under powered motorcycle and failed to score any points. He started 2013 riding for Ambrogio Racing aboard a Suter Honda but was released by the team mid season due to unsatisfactory results. He then signed for PTR Honda to contest the remaining four rounds of the Supersport World Championship aboard a Honda CBR600RR.

For 2014, he signed to ride in the British National Superstock 1000 Championship aboard a Kawasaki ZX-10R for the Moto Breakers team. He left after a few rounds due to poor performances and later joined Collisions Recovery to ride their Kawasaki ZX-6R in the British Supersport Championship, he finished the season in 24th position overall. He remained in the British Supersport class for 2015 but switched teams and motorcycles as he signed for Appleyard / Macadam & Doodson to ride a Yamaha YZF-R6.

Isle of Man TT & FIM Endurance Championship
Webb started competing for the German squad in 2016 at the Isle of Man TT as well as Macau Grand Prix and further road races. He stayed with the team throughout the seasons of 2017, 2018 and 2019, while he took the championship title in 2018 in the International Road Racing Championship, while also competing in the FIM Endurance World Championship.

Career statistics

Grand Prix motorcycle racing

By season

By class

Races by year
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Supersport World Championship

Races by year
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete TT record

CIV National Superbike

Races by year
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

References

External links

1991 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Royal Tunbridge Wells
Sport in Kent
British motorcycle racers
English motorcycle racers
125cc World Championship riders
Moto3 World Championship riders
Supersport World Championship riders


The brown-dotted clothes moth (Niditinea fuscella) is a species of tineoid moth. It belongs to the fungus moth family (Tineidae), and therein to the nominate subfamily Tineinae. It is (under its junior synonym Tinea fuscipunctella) the type species of its genus Niditinea.

It is widespread and common in much of the western Palearctic (except for outlying islands, e.g. Iceland, and cold regions such as the far north of Scotland), but has also been introduced elsewhere (e.g. in Australia and New Zealand). The adult moths are on the wing around May to September, depending on the location; they are not fond of bright daylight and will only come out in the late afternoon.

Adults of this small moth have a wingspan of 14 mm. They are of a rather dull coloration, with brown-grey forewings that bear three large blackish-brown dots each. The hindwings are a silvery white; they are surrounded by a long-haired fringe, as usual for fungus moths and relatives. The body is dull brown, and the head bears a tuft of reddish-brown hair.

The caterpillars feed on dry animal and plant remains. Despite the species' common name, they are rarely recorded as a pest of clothing. Though they will eat discarded wool and similar fabrics, they are more commonly found in bird nests – particularly of chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus), domestic pigeon (Columba livia domestica), swallows (Hirundinidae) and woodpeckers (Picidae) –, where they feed on shed feathers and feces. Less usual foodstuffs of this species are dry peas and dried fruit, bran, dry rose flowers, the dead beetles in mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) cultures and even pigskin bookbindings.

Synonyms
Invalid scientific names (junior synonyms and others) of the brown-dotted clothes moth are:
 Niditinea frigidella (Packard, 1867)
 Niditinea fuscipunctella (Haworth, 1828)
 Niditinea griseella (Chambers, 1873)
 Niditinea ignotella (Walker, 1864) (non Walker 1863: preoccupied)
 Niditinea nubilipennella (Clemens, 1859)
 Niditinea spretella (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
 Oecophora frigidella Packard, 1867
 Tinea abligatella Walker, 1863
 Tinea crinitella Schrank, 1802
 Tinea distans Gozmány, 1959
 Tinea eurinella Zagulajev, 1952
 Tinea fuscella Linnaeus, 1758
 Tinea fuscipunctella Haworth, 1828
 Tinea griseella Chambers, 1873
 Tinea ignotella Walker, 1864 (non Walker 1863: preoccupied)
 Tinea nubilipennella Clemens, 1859
 Tinea spretella Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775

N. spretella is sometimes still considered a distinct species, but most recent authors include it here.

Footnotes

References

 Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS) (2008): Australian Faunal Directory – Niditinea fuscella. Version of 2008-OCT-09. Retrieved 2010-MAY-05.
 Fauna Europaea (FE) (2009): Niditinea fuscella. Version 2.1, 2009-DEC-22. Retrieved 2010-MAY-05.
 Grabe, Albert (1942): Eigenartige Geschmacksrichtungen bei Kleinschmetterlingsraupen ["Strange tastes among micromoth caterpillars"]. Zeitschrift des Wiener Entomologen-Vereins 27: 105-109 [in German]. PDF fulltext
 Kimber, Ian [2010]: UKMoths – Niditinea fuscella. Retrieved 2010-MAY-05.
 Pitkin, Brian & Jenkins, Paul (2004): Butterflies and Moths of the World, Generic Names and their Type-species – Niditinea. Version of 2004-NOV-05. Retrieved 2010-MAY-05.
 Robinson, Gaden S. [2010]: Global Taxonomic Database of Tineidae (Lepidoptera) – Niditinea fuscella. Retrieved 2010-MAY-05.
 Savela, Markku (2009): Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and some other life forms – Niditinea. Version of 2003-DEC-28. Retrieved 2010-MAY-05.

External links
 Lepiforum de
 Lepidoptera of Belgium

Tineinae
Moths described in 1758
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Moths of Africa
Moths of Europe
Moths of Seychelles
Moths of New Zealand
Moths of Asia


The M-40, in Spanish transport, is a Madrid orbital motorway. It is the second-outermost of the Madrid orbital highways, the M-30 being the closest to the centre of Madrid. It surrounds 17 out of the 21 districts of Madrid and the contiguous town of Pozuelo de Alarcón. In terms of length and surface surrounded, it may be compared to London's North and South circular roads, or Paris' A86 super-périphérique.

Overview
The M-40 is the second highway belt of Madrid and was built between 1989 and 1996. It has a total length of , looping around Madrid and its suburb Pozuelo de Alarcón at a mean distance of  to the Puerta del Sol. The actual distance is much closer in the southern and eastern spans, which have been engulfed by the city in some points; than in the west, where the Casa de Campo and the projection towards Pozuelo brings it further from Madrid itself.

Furthermore, it is the only one of the several ring roads serving Madrid that runs as a full-fledged motorway for all its length: a span about  long at the northern arc of the inner M-30 are not freeway-grade, having level crossings and traffic lights; while the outermost M-50 is not a full ring road due to the interruption caused by the Mount of El Pardo protected natural zone. With the "normal" M-40 traffic already being one of the heaviest in Spain, this provides for mighty jams in its northern span during peak hours. The Madrid regional government, which built the M-45 motorway external to the M-40 specifically to decongest the southern and eastern spans of the older beltway, has recently aired plans to address the northern jams by effectively "closing" the M-50 ring with a tunnel under the protected area.

Somewhat counterintuitively to foreigners and natives alike, the M in the road name does not indicate a hypothetical ownership of the road by the autonomous regional administration. Instead, both the M-40 and the M-50 are state-owned freeways, as shown by the white text on blue background of their signals, whereas Madrid regional motorways like the M-45 use black text on an orange background that identify them as pertaining to the "regional first order roads" category of the Spanish Traffic Code. The M-30, on the other hand, is managed by the Madrid City Council as an urban freeway.

References

Notes

External links

Transport in Madrid
Transport in the Community of Madrid
Ring roads in Spain


Veleçik ( 'Veleçiku') is a mountain located in the Albanian Alps, within the boundaries of Malësia e Madhe municipality, reaching a height of .

Geology
Composed entirely of Mesozoic limestone and dolomite, the mountain features a conical shape with steep slopes and is connected to Maja e Sprehtë  from the east. The southern slope is mostly devoid of vegetation, while the northern slope is covered by dense beech forests.

Settled on the southeastern foothills of the mountain is the village of Razmë, an important tourist attraction, hosting the country's oldest and largest mountain holiday retreats.

See also
 List of mountains in Albania

References

Mountains of Albania
One-thousanders of Albania


VUCA is an acronym based on the leadership theories of Warren Bennis and Burt Nanus, to describe or to reflect on the volatility, uncertainty, complexity and ambiguity of general conditions and situations. The U.S. Army War College introduced the concept of VUCA in 1987, to describe a more complex multilateral world perceived as resulting from the end of the Cold War. More frequent use and discussion of the term began from 2002. It has subsequently spread to strategic leadership in organizations, from for-profit corporations to education.

Meaning
The VUCA framework provides a lens through which organizations can interpret their challenges and opportunities. It emphasizes strategic foresight, insight, and the behavior of entities within organizations. Furthermore, it highlights both systemic and behavioral failures often associated with organizational missteps.
V = Volatility: Characterizes the rapid and unpredictable nature of change.

U = Uncertainty: Denotes the unpredictability of events and issues.

C = Complexity: Describes the intertwined forces and issues, making cause-and-effect relationships unclear.

A = Ambiguity: Points to the unclear realities and potential misunderstandings stemming from mixed messages.

These elements articulate how organizations perceive their current and potential challenges. They establish the parameters for planning and policy-making. Interacting in various ways, they can either complicate decision-making or enhance the ability to strategize, plan, and progress. Essentially, VUCA lays the groundwork for effective management and leadership.

The VUCA framework is a conceptual tool that underscores the conditions and challenges organizations face when making decisions, planning, managing risks, driving change, and solving problems. It primarily shapes an organization's ability to:

 Anticipate the key issues that emerge.
 Understand the repercussions of particular issues and actions.
 Appreciate how variables interrelate.
 Prepare for diverse scenarios and challenges.
 Interpret and tackle pertinent opportunities.

VUCA serves as a guideline for fostering awareness and preparedness in various sectors, including business, the military, education, and government. It provides a roadmap for organizations to develop strategies for readiness, foresight, adaptation, and proactive intervention.

Themes
VUCA, as a system of thought, revolves around an idea expressed by Andrew Porteous: "Failure in itself may not be a catastrophe. Still, failure to learn from failure is." This perspective underlines the significance of resilience and adaptability in leadership. It suggests that beyond mere competencies, it is behavioural nuances, like the ability to learn from failures and adapt, that distinguish exceptional leaders from average ones. Leaders using VUCA as a guide often see change not just as inevitable but as something to anticipate.

Within VUCA, several thematic areas of consideration emerge, providing a framework for introspection and evaluation:

 Knowledge management and sense-making: An exploration into how we organize and interpret information.
 Planning and readiness considerations: A reflection on our preparedness for unforeseen challenges.
 Process management and resource systems: A contemplation on our efficiency in resource utilization and system deployment.
 Functional Responsiveness and Impact Models: Understanding our capacity to adapt to changes.
 Recovery systems and forward practices: An inquiry into our resilience and future-oriented strategies.
 Systemic failures: A philosophical dive into organizational vulnerabilities.
 Behavioural failures: Exploring the human tendencies that lead to mistakes.

Within the VUCA system of thought, an organization's ability to navigate these challenges is closely tied to its foundational beliefs, values, and aspirations. Those enterprises that consider themselves prepared and resolved align their strategic approach with VUCA's principles, signaling a holistic awareness.

The essence of VUCA philosophy also emphasizes the need for a deep-rooted understanding of one's environment, spanning technical, social, political, market, and economic realms.

Psychometrics which measure fluid intelligence by tracking information processing when faced with unfamiliar, dynamic, and vague data can predict cognitive performance in VUCA environments.

Social categorization

Volatility
Volatility is the V component of VUCA, which refers to the different situational social-categorizations of people due to specific traits or reactions that stand out in particular situations. When people act based on a specific situation, there is a possibility that the public categorizes them into a different group than they were in a previous situation. These people might respond differently to individual situations due to social or environmental cues. The idea that situational occurrences cause certain social categorization is known as volatility and is one of the main aspects of self-categorization theory.

Sociologists use volatility to better understand the impacts of stereotypes and social categorization on the situation at hand and any external forces that may cause people to perceive others differently. Volatility is the changing dynamic of social categorization in environmental situations. The dynamic can change due to any shift in a situation, whether social, technical, biological or anything. Studies have been conducted, but finding the specific component that causes the change in situational social categorization has proven challenging.

Two separate components connect people to social identities. The first social cue is normative fit. This describes how a person relates to the stereotypes and norms that others associate with their specific identity. For example, when a Hispanic woman is cleaning the house, most of the time, people connect gender stereotypes with this situation, while her ethnicity is not concerned, but when this same woman eats an enchilada, ethnicity stereotypes surface while her gender is not concerned. The second social cue is comparative fit. This is when a specific characteristic or trait of a person is prominent in certain situations compared to others. For example, as mentioned by Bodenhausen and Peery, when there is one woman in a room full of men. She stands out, because she is the only one of her gender. However, all of the men are clumped together because they do not have any specific traits that stand out. Comparative fit shows that people categorize others based on the relative social context. In a particular situation, particular characteristics are made obvious because others around that individual do not possess that characteristic. However, in other cases, this characteristic may be the norm and would not be a key characteristic in the categorization process.

People can be less critical of the same person in different scenarios. For example, when looking at an African American man on the street of a low-income neighborhood and the same man inside a school in a high-income neighborhood, people will be less judgmental when seeing him in school. Nothing else has changed about this man, other than his location. When individuals are spotted in certain social contexts, the basic-level categories are forgotten, and the more partial categories are brought to light. This helps to describe the problems of situational social-categorization. This also illustrates how stereotypes can shift the perspectives of those around an individual.

Uncertainty
Uncertainty in the VUCA framework occurs when the availability or predictability of information in events is unknown. Uncertainty often occurs in volatile environments consisting of unanticipated interactions that are complex. Uncertainty may occur in the intention to imply causation or correlation between the events of a social perceiver and a target. Situations where there is either a lack of information to prove why a perception is in occurrence or informational availability but lack of causation, are where uncertainty is salient.

The uncertainty component of the framework serves as a grey area and is compensated by the use of social categorization and/or stereotypes. Social categorization can be described as a collection of people that have no interaction but tend to share similar characteristics. People tend to engage in social categorization, especially when there is a lack of information surrounding the event. Literature suggests that default categories tend to be assumed in the absence of any clear data when referring to someone's gender or race in the essence of a discussion.

Individuals often associate general references (e.g. people, they, them, a group) with the male gender, meaning people = male. This usually occurs when there is insufficient information to distinguish someone's gender clearly. For example, when discussing a written piece of information, most assume the author is male. If an author's name is unavailable (due to lack of information), it is difficult to determine the gender of the author through the context of whatever was written. People automatically label the author as male without having any prior basis of gender, thus placing the author in a social category. This social categorization happens in this example, but people will also assume someone is male if the gender is not known in many other situations as well.

Social categorization occurs in the realm of not only gender, but also race. Default assumptions may be made, like in gender, to the race of an individual or a group based on prior known stereotypes. For example, race-occupation combinations such as basketball or golf players usually receive race assumptions. Without any information on the individual's race, people usually assume a basketball player is black, and a golf player is white. This is based upon stereotypes because each sport tends to be dominated by a single race. In reality, there are other races within each sport.

Complexity
Complexity is the “C” component of VUCA, which refers to the interconnectivity and interdependence of multiple parts in a system. When conducting research, complexity is a component that scholars have to keep in mind. The results of a deliberately controlled environment are unexpected because of the non-linear interaction and interdependencies within different groups and categories.

In a sociological aspect, the VUCA framework is utilized in research to understand social perception in the real world and how that plays into social categorization and stereotypes. Galen V. Bodenhausen and Destiny Peery's article, Social Categorization and Stereotyping In vivo: The VUCA Challenge, focused on researching how social categories impacted the process of social cognition and perception. The strategy used to conduct the research is to manipulate or isolate a single identity of a target while keeping all other identities constant. This method clearly shows how a specific identity in a social category can change one's perception of other identities, thus creating stereotypes.

There are problems with categorizing an individual's social identity due to the complexity of an individual's background. This research fails to address the complexity of the real world and the results from this highlighted an even great picture of social categorization and stereotyping. Complexity adds many layers of different components to an individual's identity and creates challenges for sociologists trying to examine social categories. In the real world, people are far more complex than a modified social environment. Individuals identify with more than one social category, which opens the door to a more profound discovery about stereotyping. Results from research conducted by Bodenhausen reveal that specific identities are more dominant than others. Perceivers who recognize these distinct identities latch on to it and associate their preconceived notion of such identity and make initial assumptions about the individuals and hence stereotypes are created.

On the other hand, perceivers who share some identities with the target become more open-minded. They also take into consideration more than one social identity at the same time and this is also known as cross-categorization effects. Some social categories are embedded in a larger categorical structure, which makes that subcategory even more crucial and outstanding to perceivers. Research on cross-categorization reveals that different types of categories can be activated in the mind of the social perceiver, which causes both positive and negative effects. A positive outcome is that perceivers are more open-minded despite other social stereotypes. They have more motivation to think deeply about the target and see past the most dominant social category. Bodenhausen also acknowledges that cross-categorization effects lead to social invisibility. Some types of cross-over identities may lessen the noticeability of other identities, which may cause targets to be subjected to “intersectional invisibility,”  where neither social identities have a distinct component and are overlooked.

Ambiguity
Ambiguity is the “A” component of VUCA. This refers to when the general meaning of something is unclear even when an appropriate amount of information is provided. Many get confused about the meaning of ambiguity. It is similar to the idea of uncertainty, but they have different factors. Uncertainty is when relevant information is unavailable and unknown, and ambiguity where relevant information is available but the overall meaning is still unknown. Both uncertainty and ambiguity exist in our culture today. Sociologists use ambiguity to determine how and why an answer has been developed. Sociologists focus on details such as if there was enough information present and if the subject had the full knowledge necessary to make a decision. and why did he/she come to their specific answer.

Ambiguity is considered one of the leading causes of conflict within organizations.

Ambiguity leads people to assume an answer, and many times this leads assuming ones race, gender, or sexual orientation and can even lead to class stereotypes. Suppose a person has some information but still does not have the overall answer. In that case, the person starts to assume his/her own answer based on the relevant information he/she already possesses. For example, as mentioned by Bodenhausen, we may occasionally encounter people who are sufficiently androgynous to make it difficult to ascertain their gender, and at least one study suggests that with brief exposure, androgynous individuals can sometimes be miscategorized based on gender-atypical features (very long hair, for a man, or very short hair, for a woman). Ambiguity leads to categorizing people without further important details, which could lead to untrue conclusions.

Sociologists believe ambiguity can lead to race stereotypes and discrimination. In a study undertaken in South Africa by three sociologists, the researchers had white citizens of South Africa look at pictures of racially mixed faces, and they had to decide whether these faces were European or African. Because these test subjects were all white, they had difficulty defining these mixed-race faces as European and deemed them all African. The reason they did this was attributed to ambiguity. The available information was the skin tone of the people in the pictures and their facial qualities; with this information, the test subjects had all of that information available but still did not know the answer. They assumed they could not be European because they did not look exactly like them.

Responses and revisions
Levent Işıklıgöz has suggested that the "C" of VUCA be changed from Complexity to Chaos, arguing that it is more suitable according to our era. This is still discussed in sociology society.

Bill George, a professor of management practice at Harvard Business School, argues that VUCA calls for a leadership response which he calls VUCA 2.0: Vision, Understanding, Courage and Adaptability.

German academic Ali Aslan Gümüsay adds "paradox" to the acronym, calling it VUCA + paradox or vucap.

See also
Antifragile (disambiguation)
Cynefin framework
Fear, uncertainty, and doubt (FUD)
Global Simplicity Index
Goldilocks process
Innovation butterfly

References

Business models


Zuan Francesco Venier (died 1518) was a co-lord of Cerigo.

Ancestry
He was a son of Moisé Venier (c. 1412 – c. 1476) and wife (married 1437) Caterina Vitturi, paternal grandson of Biagio Venier (died 1449) and wife (married 1406) Lucia Contarini, great-grandson of Antonio Venier.

Marriage and issue
He married in 1479 Fiorenza Sommaripa, Lady of Paros (died 1518), and had Nicolò Venier, Lord of Paros and Cecilia Venier.

References

1518 deaths
Zuan Francesco
Year of birth unknown
Kythira


The Eastwood Park Historic District is a historic district in Minot, North Dakota.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.  The listing included 118 contributing buildings and one contributing structure on .

This 12 block area, in an oxbow of the Mouse River, was subdivided and platted into the city of Minot by K. E. and Belle Leighton in August 1906. The neighborhood's proximity to the downtown business district made it appealing to Minot's prominent families

The area reflects a variety of early 20th century architectural styles including: Princess Ann, Craftsman, Tudor Revival, Mission Revival, Dutch Colonial, Greek Revival, Arts and Crafts, Georgian Colonial and Sears Catalog Homes.

Catalog homes were mail-order kits from Sears Roebuck and Company and other companies. “Kit” homes were delivered by rail and pieced together by the owner. The reason for the popularity of kit homes was threefold. The homes were fairly easy to finance, the kits supplied all or nearly all of the supplies needed to build the home and they mimicked nearly every popular style. One significant advantage of the catalog homes was the ease with which they could be added onto. If the house was built between 1900 and 1940 and bears a resemblance to a particular style, but has differences, it still may be a catalog home.

Many houses are virtually unchanged while others have been modified over the past 100 years. In spite of the passing of time, the neighborhood and tree-covered homes of Eastwood Park have retained their early-20th Century character.

In 1969 the area suffered major damage from the flood waters of the Mouse River.

Eastwood Park has also been the home to the Jewish Synagogue and the Greek Orthodox Church, which is still located here.

The only remaining “False Arch” bridge in North Dakota still provides pedestrian access from downtown Minot.

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in North Dakota
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in North Dakota
Neighborhoods in Minot, North Dakota
Houses in Ward County, North Dakota
National Register of Historic Places in Ward County, North Dakota
Bungalow architecture in North Dakota
Tudor Revival architecture in North Dakota
American Craftsman architecture in North Dakota


Mohd Azrul Ahmad (born 25 March 1985, in Penang, Malaysia) is a Malaysian professional football player who plays as a midfielder for Kelantan in the Malaysia Premier League.

Club career

Azrul made his debut with Penang in 2005. A transfer from Penang to Kedah was confirmed on 16 October 2008 when he and his teammate Mohd Farizal Rozali signed a two-year contract with the team.

During the 2009 season, he signed with Perlis and later signed with Felda United in 2011. After two seasons with Felda United, Azrul signed with ATM for 2014 season.

Penang FA
Azrul went back to where he started, The Panthers Penang FA. Since then, he is plying his trade with The Panthers.

International career
Azrul earned his first international call-up while at Penang where he was a part of Malaysia squad for the 2008 Olympic Games qualification round. He played five out of six matches during the qualification with three of them as substitutions.

Honours
Kedah
Malaysian Charity Cup runners-up   : 2009
Penang
Malaysia Premier League runners-up : 2015

References

External links

1985 births
Living people
Malaysian men's footballers
Malaysian people of Malay descent
Perlis F.A. players
Footballers from Penang
Men's association football midfielders


Billboard Top Hits: 1980 is a compilation album released by Rhino Records in 1992, featuring 10 hit recordings from 1980.

The track lineup includes five songs that reached the top of the Billboard Hot 100 chart, including the No. 1 song of 1980, "Call Me" by Blondie. The remaining four songs each reached the top five of the Hot 100.

Track listing

Track information and credits were taken from the album's liner notes.

References

1992 compilation albums
Billboard Top Hits albums
Rhino Records compilation albums


Jacek Krzyżaniak (born 18 October 1968 in Toruń, Poland) is a former international motorcycle speedway rider from Poland, who was a member of Poland national team and won silver medals at 1997 Speedway World Team Cup and 2001 Speedway World Cup. He won Individual Polish Champion title in 1997 and Team Polish Champion title in 1990.

Speedway Grand Prix results

Career details

World Championships
 Individual World Championship (Speedway Grand Prix)
 1998 - 30th place (3 points in German SGP)
 Team World Championship (Speedway World Team Cup and Speedway World Cup)
 1992 - 2nd place in Group B (14 points)
 1993 - 3rd place in Group A (7 points)
 1997 -  Piła - Runner-up (0 points)
 2001 -  Wrocław - Runner-up (0 points)

European Championships
 Individual European Championship
 2004 -  Holsted - 5th place (10 points)

Domestic competitions

 Individual Speedway Polish Championship
 1994 -  Wrocław - Runner-up
 1997 -  Częstochowa - Polish Champion
 1999 -  Bydgoszcz - Bronze medal
 2000 -  Piła - Bronze medal
 2002 -  Toruń - Bronze medal
 Team Speedway Polish Championship
 1990 - Polish Champion
 1991 - Bronze medal
 1992 - Bronze medal
 1993 - Bronze medal
 1994 - Bronze medal
 1995 - Runner-up
 1996 - Runner-up
 1999 - Runner-up
 2001 - Runner-up
 2002 - Bronze medal
 2003 - Bronze medal
 2005 - Runner-up
 Polish Golden Helmet
 1994 -  Wrocław - Bronze medal
 1999 -  Wrocław - Winner

See also
 Poland national speedway team
 List of Speedway Grand Prix riders

External links
 (pl) GTŻ Grudziądz webside

1968 births
Living people
Polish speedway riders
Polish speedway champions
Polonia Bydgoszcz riders
Sportspeople from Toruń


Sally Morgan (born Sally Mary  West on 20 September 1951; also known by her stage name Psychic Sally) is a British television and stage artist, author and controversially, a self-proclaimed psychic medium.

Career
Morgan claims to have had her first psychic experience at the age of nine months and has said she saw her first spirit when she was aged four. In her early 20s, Sally would do ‘readings’ for her friends at parties as party-tricks. She lived with her supposed ability for nearly 25 years, before leaving her career as a dental nurse to become a professional medium.

Morgan has appeared in various television shows, starting with the ITV2 programme Sally Morgan: Star Psychic in 2007, which showcased her attempts to seemingly connect audiences with the spirits and ghosts of their loved ones. Subsequent programmes included the Sky Bio channel programmes The Psychic Life of Sally Morgan and Psychic Sally: On the Road, together with Sky Living's Psychic Sally's Big Fat Operation. Following the notoriety of her first television show, Morgan embarked upon the first of numerous, nationwide theatre tours.

In September 2011, during a show in Dublin, Ireland, an audience member had claimed that she overheard a man relaying information to Morgan from the control room at the rear of the theatre. The woman later called in to the Irish, National, radio network RTÉ to report the situation.  On her website, Morgan responded to The Guardian report by denying the involvement of all Grand Canal Theatre employees and stating that her head microphone was a one-way device. Morgan also went on to sue the Daily Mail for libel due to an article they published, that in her words "Was completely false and defamatory". The Daily Mail later published an apology and paid £125,000 in libel damages after accepting that the earpiece claim was "untrue". At around this time, The Merseyside Skeptics Society and science writer Simon Singh requested a "test" of Morgan's psychic abilities. However, Morgan declined to participate.

At a public show on 23 February 2012 Morgan gave a reading to two members of the audience, Drew McAdam and his wife Elizabeth. The reading described a man called Toby who had died in an explosion. However, prior to the show, Drew and his wife say they fed Morgan this information by emailing her website and leaving notes in a box provided in the foyer for so-called "love-letters". McAdam's description of the death of "Toby" was taken from a fictional character who died in an explosion in the 1970s BBC drama, Doomwatch.

Morgan performed a psychic reading for Big Brother winner Brian Dowling on ITV2 in 2007. Asked on camera whether she knew him, she said "well, I know of him". She had actually given a similar reading for him in 2005. She later claimed that her original response was made "because the director told me to".

In March 2014, Morgan became embarrassed during a performance after contacting the spirit of a woman who was still alive in the audience. The woman had mistakenly given Morgan a photo of herself instead of a photo of a dead loved one. Morgan then proceeded to contact and communicate with the spirit of the woman, and when the truth became known, the audience erupted in laughter and Morgan was unable to recover the performance.

On 16 August 2018, Morgan entered the Celebrity Big Brother House, where she finished in 5th place.

In mid-2021, Morgan took a brief hiatus after losing her husband of 46 years, John Morgan (aged 74), to Coronavirus. Morgan stated: “The support I have been receiving both online and, on the road, has kept me buoyant and allowed me to keep going in such a tough time.”

Criticism
Morgan has been criticised on multiple occasions for claiming she has psychic abilities, and has been accused of being a fraud.

Members of the public called a radio station claiming to have heard Morgan appearing to repeat back information that they said moments earlier they had overheard coming from the theatre lighting box during one of Morgan's shows at The Grand Canal Theatre in Dublin. Citing "substantial damage to her reputation, as well as hurt, distress and embarrassment", Morgan sued Associated Newspapers for £150,000 over magician Paul Zenon's 22 September 2011 article in the Daily Mail about these public claims. JREF President, D.J. Grothe, writing for The Huffington Post questioned why Morgan would sue for £150,000 when she could prove her ability by winning JREF's "Million Dollar Paranormal Challenge". "It makes one wonder if even Sally Morgan believes that Sally Morgan's powers are real."

Legal issues
In October 2014, Morgan had used legal threats, while her husband and son-in-law had used homophobic slurs and verbal intimidation, in a confrontation with sceptical activist Mark Tilbrook. Tilbrook had been in the vicinity of many stage psychic shows handing out leaflets entitled "Look After Yourself", advising audience members of clues that might distinguish between a person with genuine supernatural powers and someone who "just appears to have them". Morgan fired her husband and son-in-law from her management team a week later, after video footage of the incident emerged.

In summer 2018, Sally Morgan Enterprises went into voluntary liquidation following an £2.9m Accelerated Payment Notice claim by HMRC.

Bibliography
 Medium at Large CICO Books (2006)
 My Psychic Life Penguin (2009)
 Healing Spirits: How the Other Side can help your grieving heart Penguin (2009)
 Life After Death: Messages of Love from the Other Side Penguin (2011) ASIN B004S25O66

References

External links
Official Sally Morgan website

1951 births
Living people
English women writers
English psychics
English spiritual mediums
English television personalities


Fiorenza Sommaripa (died after 1520) was a Latin noblewoman of the Aegean islands.

Life
She was a daughter of Nicolò I Sommaripa and his spouse, a woman from the da Pesaro family, whose first name is unknown.

She married in 1479 the Venetian Zuan Francesco Venier, Co-Lord of Cerigo (died 1518).

Her brother Crusino succeeded their father in Paros at the latter's death ca. 1505. He died without issue in late 1517 or early 1518; since he hated her, he had bequeathed the island to a relative, Polimeno Sommaripa.

The island of Paros was thus disputed among several pretenders, including the Duke of Naxos who claimed it as its overlord after the extinction of its successoral line. However, the Republic of Venice did not wish to see Paros incorporated with Naxos and took it from Naxos claiming that Venice would hold it until the matter of succession could be solved by a senate of experts in Venice.

The senate decided in July 1520 that Fiorenza Venier was its rightful heir and attributed the island to her, which introduced a Venetian dynasty in Paros. She gave the island to her son the same year.

Issue
 Nicolò Venier, Lord of Paros, lord in 1520-1530.
 Cecilia Venier, lady in 1531-1537.

References

Fiorenza
House of Venier
Fiorenza
Year of birth unknown
16th-century women rulers


Heinrich Wolf (born 1924, Siegen) is a German entomologist who specialised in Hymenoptera. His collection  is conserved in the Castle Museum in Linz (Landesmuseum Linz).

External links
   Pdf Biography (in German), portrait, complete bibliography. From the website of LandesMuseum Linz

German entomologists
Hymenopterists
1924 births
2004 deaths
20th-century German zoologists
Recipients of the Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany


Bhonsala Military School is a secondary school in Nasik, Maharashtra, India, specialising in military education. It was founded by Dr B. S. Moonje in 1937.

Establishment
Bhonsala Military School, Nasik was established by Dr. Balkrishna Shivramji Moonje, who established the Central Hindu Military Education Society at Nasik in 1935 and started the school on June 12, 1937.

Over the years, the school has established itself as a school catering for educational needs of students from all over India while also serving as a focal point for military education. In 1995, the school was granted affiliation by the Indian Public Schools' Conference, an association of heads of leading public schools of the country.

The school began in the Surgana Palace in Nasik City with 90 students on its roll. The maharaja of erstwhile Gwalior State, H.H. Shriman Jivajirao Scindia, inaugurated the main building of the school. In his inaugural speech, he said, "It is not a mere coincidence that within a short period of the opening of a first rate public school in India (Doon School, Dehradun), we are here today to open a first rate Military School." The governor of Bombay State, Sir Roger Lumley, laid the foundation stone of the school's present main building.

Founder
In 1935, B. S. Moonje established the Central Hindu Military Education Society at Nashik at the age of 63 with the aim of 'Indianisation' of the army (Indian Defense) and started 'Bhonsala Military School' in 1937. He was a believer in the Indianisation of the armed forces during the British rule, and he was also a believer in the indispensability of military training to Indian youth.

Current administration
The school's Commandant is Brig. M.M.Masur (Retd) and The principal is Mr.R.G.Jagtap.

Facilities
The school has a large athletics facility including a football ground, athletic track, basketball court, volleyball court, hockey ground, an area for horse riding, a rifle shooting yard and an international level swimming pool. Bhonsala has also been known for high performance in sports, recognized by the Sports Authority of India (SAI). Virendra Singh is one of the experienced coaches of Bhonsala military School, who has encouraged many international level performers. One of his students is the long distance runner Sanjivani Jadhav.

References

External links
 Bhonsala Military School, Nashik
Bhonsala Military School, Nagpur

Military schools in India
Boarding schools in Maharashtra
Schools in Nashik
1937 establishments in India
 Educational institutions established in 1937


The Brandenburglied (also known under the title of "Märkische Heide", or Märkish Heath) was a music piece written by Gustav Büchsenschütz (1902–1996) for the Province of Brandenburg, then within the Kingdom of Prussia of the German Empire.

It was used in the province from 1920's to 1936.

In present days it is used as unofficial anthem of the German federal state of Brandenburg.

There is an adaptation of this melody by the Chilean Army, which named Mi Fusil y Yo (My rifle and me).

References

See also

German anthems
Kingdom of Prussia
20th century in Brandenburg
Culture of Prussia
Songs about Germany


Montrose Community School District is a public school district in the northwestern corner of Genesee County in the U.S. state of Michigan and in the Genesee Intermediate School District. The District serves all of the city of Montrose and most of Montrose Township.

According to the district's web site, in 2010 approximately 1400 students in 2016 were estimated to attend one of three schools in the district: Carter Elementary School for grades K-4 (600 students), Kuehn-Haven Middle School for grades 5-8 (400 students), Hill-McCloy High School for grades 9-12 (400 students).

Athletics
Montrose joined the Mid-Michigan Activities Conference in 2018. Previously, Montrose had been a charter member of the Genesee Area Conference (originally known as the Genesee 8 Conference) since 1978 after leaving the now defunct Mid-Eastern 8 Conference. Since the Genesee Area Conference's  inaugural season, Montrose has been successful in football and wrestling, winning numerous conference, district, regional and state championships in boys' and girls' athletic sports.

Football success and championships
Montrose has one of the top high school American football programs in Genesee County.

At the end of the 2013 season, The Rams had amassed a record of 423-187-6 since 1950, with a winning percentage of .693. Over this 62-year period, the Rams have won or shared 42 conference titles.

Beginning in 1979, the Rams won 29 Genesee Area Conference titles in football, including 17 consecutive championships from 1988 through 2004. It was during this era that the Rams won two MHSAA state football championships. The first of these two state titles came in 1998 when Montrose defeated the Wittemore-Proscott Cardinals 24-14 in the Class "C" title game held at the Pontiac Siverdome. Montrose again captured the Division "5" state football crown in 2002 by defeating Constantine 14-0 to cap and undefeated 14-0 campaign.

Including their two state titles, Montrose has appeared in the MHSAA state football playoffs 18 times between 1980 and 2010.

The book No Quitters Here: Quest for the Dome by B.M. Woodward discusses the Montrose High School football team's ten-year winning streak from 1988 to 1998.

Ram wrestling
Along with its success in football, Montrose also enjoys a tradition of wrestling championships. The Rams have won ten MHSAA team wrestling championships between 1975 and 2005.

The Rams have also won many GAC, district and regional championships.

Notable alumni
 Former Michigan Lt. Governor John D. Cherry (2002–2010), graduated from Hill-McCloy High School.
 Former major league pitcher Scott Aldred, graduated from Hill-McCloy High School in 1986. He was drafted by the Detroit Tigers and played for seven teams in his 10-year major league career.
 Dan Severn was an amateur wrestler at Hill McCloy High School. He held the national record for consecutive pins (112 over 4 years). He won a World Junior amateur wrestling title in 1977. He was a three-time All-American at Arizona State University, and an alternate on the 1984 Olympic team.
 NFL Wide receiver Malik Taylor
 NFL Coach Aubrey Pleasant

References

External links
 montroseschools.org

School districts in Michigan
Education in Genesee County, Michigan


The 86th edition of the KNVB Cup (at the time called Amstel Cup) started on 9 August 2003. The final was played on 23 May 2004, with FC Utrecht beating FC Twente 1–0, lifting the trophy for the third time. A total of 88 clubs participated.

Teams
 All 18 participants of the Eredivisie 2003-04, six of which entering in the round of 16
 All 19 participants of the Eerste Divisie 2003-04
 48 teams from lower (amateur) leagues
 Two youth teams
 One professional clubs' second (reserve) team

First round
The matches of the first round were played on August 9, 12 and September 1, 2003.

E Eredivisie; 1 Eerste Divisie; A Amateur teams

Second round
The matches of the second round were played on September 23 and 25, 2003.

Third round
The matches of the third round were played on October 28 and 29, 2003.

Round of 16
The matches were played on December 16 and 17. Six Eredivisie clubs entered the tournament here, because they had been playing in the Champions League and the UEFA Cup.

E six Eredivisie entrants

Quarter-finals
The matches of the quarter finals were played on 3-4 February 2004.

Semi-finals
The matches of the semi-finals were played on March 16 and 17, 2004.

Final

FC Utrecht would play in the UEFA Cup.

See also
 Eredivisie 2003-04
 Eerste Divisie 2003-04

References
<references/>

External links
 Results by Ronald Zwiers

2003-04
2003–04 domestic association football cups
2003–04 in Dutch football


Billboard Top Hits: 1981 is a compilation album released by Rhino Records in 1992, featuring 10 hit recordings from 1981.

The track lineup includes eight songs that reached the top of the Billboard Hot 100 chart, including the No. 1 song of 1981, "Bette Davis Eyes" by Kim Carnes. Also included is the No. 1 song of 1982, "Physical" by Olivia Newton-John; the song began a 10-week run at No. 1 in November, after Billboard magazine's 1982 chart year had started.

The remaining two songs (Queen of Hearts and Being with You) reached No. 2 on the Hot 100.

Track listing

Track information and credits were taken from the CD liner notes.

References

1992 compilation albums
Billboard Top Hits albums