Cypraea tigris, commonly known as the tiger cowrie, is a species of cowry, a large sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cypraeidae, the cowries.

Taxonomy

The tiger cowry was one of the many species originally described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae, and the species still bears its original name of Cypraea tigris. Its specific epithet tigris relates to its common name "tiger" (the shell however is spotted, not striped). This species is the type species of the genus Cypraea.

Subspecies and forms
 Cypraea tigris form incana Sulliotti, G.R., 1924
 Cypraea tigris form lyncicrosa Steadman, W.R. & B.C. Cotton, 1943
 Cypraea tigris var. schilderiana  Cate, C.N., 1961 The variety Cypraea tigris var. schilderiana was recognized by Cate in 1961. It differs from Cypraea tigris in its large size (10–13 cm) and the lack of a thick marginal callus. This variety is found in the Hawaiian Islands, Johnston Island, and Vietnam.
 Cypraea tigris form tuberculifera  Sulliotti, G.R., 1924

Description

Roughly egg-shaped and dextral, the glossy shell is large and heavy for a cowry. It measures up to 15 cm (6 in) in length, and the upper or dorsal side is white, pale bluish-white, or buff, densely covered with dark brown or blackish barely circular spots. Akin to many other Cypraea snails, the shells surface is notably effulgent, as if it were deliberately polished. There is sometimes a blurred red line along the length of the shell at the midline on the dorsal surface. The lower margins are rounded (that is, there is no sharp margin between the upper and lower surfaces of the shell as is found in some other cowries). The ventral side is white or whitish, and the shell opening is lined with tooth-like serrations.

As is the case in almost all cypraeids, two lateral extensions of the mantle are able to extend so as to cover the shell completely, meeting at the midline of the dorsal surface. The mantle can also withdraw into the shell opening when threatened. In this species, the exterior surface of the mantle has numerous pin-like projections that are white-tipped.

Distribution and habitat
The tiger cowrie is found on the ocean floor in the Indo-Pacific region, from the eastern coast of Africa to the waters of Micronesia and Polynesia, the Coral Sea and around the Philippines. Along the Australian Coast it is found from northern New South Wales to northern Western Australia, as well as Lord Howe Island, and along the east coast of Africa including Madagascar. Found between depths of 10 and 40 metres (35–130 ft), it is often associated with live coral colonies, such as the table-forming Acropora, either found on the reefs themselves or the sandy sea bottom nearby. Once common, it is now much less abundant due to shell collecting and the destruction of its habitat by such processes as dynamite fishing, especially in shallower areas. Carnivorous, the adult tiger cowrie eats coral and various invertebrates, while juveniles eat algae.

This species is endangered in Singapore.

Diet
The Hawaiian subspecies C. t. schilderiana naturally predates on invasive sponges. Sponge species included Dysidea spp., Mycale parishii, M. grandis, Haliclona caerulea, Halichondria coerulea, Cladocroce burapha, and Gelliodes wilsoni. (Compounds in Monanchora clathrata acted as a repellent and so C. t. schilderiana avoided them.) Thus C. t. schilderiana was found to be controlling invasive populations. This shows the importance of C. t. schilderiana in maintaining the normal variety of life in Hawaiian marine habitats by constraining invasive species in Hawaii.

Human use

Despite the fact that this species does not occur in the Mediterranean Sea, shells of the tiger cowrie and the related panther cowrie, Cypraea pantherina, have been unearthed at Pompeii, the ancient Roman city near Naples, Italy, where these shells may have been used as some form of ornament. It is also conceivable that the shells were part of a natural history collection. There was an interest in natural history at the time, as exemplified by Pliny the Elder who wrote extensively about seashells in his book Natural History and who died investigating the eruption of Vesuvius.

The shells of this species of cowry are still popular among shell collectors, and are also used as a decorative object, even in modern times.

The shell of Cypraea tigris is believed to help to facilitate childbirth: some women in Japan hold a shell of this species during childbirth.

Large cowry shells such as that of this species were used in Europe in the recent past as a frame over which sock heels were stretched for darning, i.e. instead of using a darning egg. The cowry's smooth surface allows the darning needle to be positioned under the cloth more easily than when using a darning mushroom made of wood.

Gallery

See also

References

External links

 On-line articles with Cypraea tigris in the HAWAIIAN SHELL NEWS (1960-1994)
 OBIS Indo-Pacific Molluscan Database
 Photos of specimens of Cypraea tigris by Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History
 Photo of Cypraea tigris schilderiana by Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History

Gastropods described in 1758
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Cypraeidae


The Shiba Inu Puppy Cam (also known as Puppy Cam or variations) is a website that featured a live-streamed webcam trained on the puppy-pen for six newborn Shiba Inu dogs born on October 7, 2008. It became an Internet phenomenon. There have been seven further litters.

Background and A-Team
The live webcam was set up on Ustream in October 2008 by a San Francisco, California, couple to monitor their Shiba Inu puppies while they were at work. The live streaming website showed the puppies interacting with each other in a variety of ways: sleeping, playing with toys, tearing up wee pads, and snuggling with their mother, Kika. Links to the site spread virally. By October 13, 2008, three million viewers had spent 1.2 million hours watching the puppies via the Internet.  the Shiba Inu Puppy Cam streaming page on Ustream has received over 60 million views.

The six puppies (three females: Autumn, Ayumi, and Amaya and three males: Aki, Akoni, and Ando) were identified mainly by their different-colored collars. The collars associated with the pups of the A-Team are: Autumn (purple collar); Ayumi (yellow collar); Amaya (red collar); Aki (green collar); Akoni (black collar); and Ando (blue collar). This litter became known as "The Shiba Six" as well as "The A-Team", referring to the fact that they were Kika's first litter. The sire was a dog called Ch Jogoso's Notorious. The list of countries from which people watched the live webcast of the puppy cam from all around the globe grew to 74 countries in total with this first litter.

By December 7, 2008, Autumn, Akoni, and Ando had been adopted by new owners. Two other pups, Aki and Amaya, went to their new homes later that month around December. The couple kept one pup from this litter, Ayumi, and the camera continued functioning so that viewers were able to watch her interact with the other three adult Shibas in the house. The dogs' owners remain anonymous.

Second litter:  B-Team
Kika's second litter of puppies were born on January 16, 2010. They are referred to as the "B-team" of puppies to mark the 2nd litter. Their father was a red dog named GCH Morningstar's Dances With Wolves. There were a total of two female and three male Shibas. Two of the three males are cream-colored, the rest of the pups red. The puppies in birth order are the girls: Bella and Beni-Bara, and the boys: Bonsai, Bento (cream), and Byakko (cream).

By March 21, 2010, all five puppies of the second litter were adopted.

Third litter:  C-Team
On April 14, 2011, over fifteen hundred viewers tuned in to see Kika's third and final litter.  As in the original litter there are six puppies, three of each sex.  Unlike the previous two litters, the "C-Team" sire was a black-and-tan Shiba (a Japanese-born dog by the name of Kurosuzutama Go Aomori Sakaesou); however, despite the sire's color, all the puppies are red.

The C-Team puppies are, in order of birth:  Chozen, aka "Zen" (boy); Chame (boy); Chisaki, fka "Saki" now known as Emi (girl); Charlotte (girl); Chiyoko, aka "Yo-Yo" (girl); and Chikara, aka "Taz" (boy). The last boy pup, Chikara, has the highest birth weight of any of the pups at 11 ounces.

Fourth litter:  D-Team
The fourth litter of puppies was born on May 21, 2012, to Ayumi (who was retained from the "A-Team" litter). They were sired by a red Shiba named GCH CH Kobushi Justa Draco Rosso AOM. They are referred to as the "D-team" of puppies to mark the 4th litter. There were a total of three female and two male Shiba puppies. One of the three females is cream-colored; the rest are red.

The names of the D-Team are as follows: Daiichi (boy, blue collar); Dango (boy, green collar); Dosha (girl, pink collar); Daisuki (girl, purple collar); and Dakota (girl, no collar, cream).

Fifth litter:  E-Team
The fifth litter of puppies was born on August 21, 2013, to parents Ayumi and sire Morningstar Dr McDreamy Chouseisou. This was the second and final litter born to Ayumi (who herself was from the "A-Team" litter). They are referred to as the "E-team" of puppies to mark the 5th litter. There were a total of three red female puppies (Eiko, pink collar; Eisha, purple collar; and Ember, red collar) and two cream-colored males (Enoki, green collar; and Edo, blue collar).

Sixth litter:  F-Team
The sixth litter of puppies was born on November 10, 2015, born to Chiyoko (aka Yo-Yo) from the "C-Team" litter, and Hiro, an AKC/UKC/NIPPO-USA Champion male Shiba imported by the family from Japan in 2013. This litter of pups are referred to as the "F-team" to mark the 6th litter that the couple have raised in their home. The litter had five pups in total; four female and one male. There were 3 red pups and 2 black and tan pups born.

The names of the F-Team, in order of birth, are as follows: Fuyuka (female, pink collar); Fumiyo (female, purple collar); Fate (female, red collar); Fuji (male, blue collar); and Fusami (female, green collar). Fate and Fuji are the black-and-tan colored pups from the litter. All the other puppies went to new homes as family pets in mid-late January 2016 with the exception of Fuji, the black-and-tan puppy.

New Pup:  Nori
A new black-and-tan female pup was added to the household at the end of September 2016 and given the name of Minori with the call name of "Nori". It is believed that this female will enter the AKC dog show circuit and possibly be the couple's new foundation girl moving forward once all appropriate health tests have been verified. By August 2018 all required OFA health tests were performed and Nori was given an Excellent rating and a CHIC number. After Nori's third litter of pups (G, H, and I-Teams) she was spayed and now lives out her happy life with her new forever family.

Seventh litter:  G-Team
The seventh litter of puppies was born on December 13, 2018, to parents Nori and Hiro. This litter of pups are referred to as the "G-Team" to mark the 7th litter that the couple have raised, and the first in their new home. On another first, this is both Nori's first litter and will also mark a new lineage in the household as Nori is not related to Kika, the Shiba girl who is the mother of the first litter of Shiba Inu Puppy Cam pups. The "G-Team" consists of two pups, both girls with one being red colored, named Garnet, and the other being black-and-tan colored, named Genki. Both girls currently reside in the San Francisco Bay Area.

Eighth litter:  H-Team
The eighth litter of puppies was born on December 19, 2019, to parents Nori and GCH Jogoso's Forged In Fire (aka Max). Three puppies were born, each a different color; one red boy named Haiku (now named Toshi), one cream girl named Holly, and one black & tan girl named Hime (now named Hana). Two of the pups reside in California while the third pup lives in Canada. Hana has recently started showing in UKC and AKC conformation rings.

Ninth litter:  I-Team
The ninth litter of pups, Nori's third litter, were born on December 29, 2020, and was the first litter to include sesame pups. The father of the pups is a sweet sesame colored Shiba named Ushiro Kuro No Morningstar Go Ino Daikakusou (aka Kuro). Three puppies were born, one black & tan girl named Izumi (renamed to Miya), one red sesame girl named Imari (renamed to Ari), and one red sesame boy named Indy. At this time Indy has remained with the couple and who is currently shown in conformation.

Fundraising efforts
The owners created a calendar in 2009 showing the various pups from the first litter on each month. Shortly afterward they created a mousepad and a number of greeting cards, which also featured images of the pups. Donations from the calendar are being sent to various Shiba Inu Rescue organizations around the United States, and that year the amount totaled over $6,000. In their 2010 calendar, the couple included their other Shibas, Yuuki (the eldest, a red female) and Haru (black and tan male) as well as pictures of the now adult Shiba Six, courtesy of their owners. As with the previous year's calendar, proceeds from the sale were donated to Shiba Inu rescue organizations around the US.

From April to November 2009, regular viewers of the Puppy Cam (who call themselves Shibaholics) collectively donated $11,172 to  Shiba Inu Rescue Resources of America in honor of the SFShiba family.

The Summer 2009 issue of the Shiba E-News had an article on the Puppy Cam and the fundraising efforts of its followers on behalf of the Shiba rescue organizations supported by SIRRA.

In November 2009, the American Kennel Club Gazette featured an article on the continued efforts of the puppy cam fans as significant contributors to SIRRA.

Shortly afterward, the Winter 2009 edition of Shiba World magazine featured an article on the Shibaholics, their donations to Shiba Rescue and their being ringside at the 2009 Nationals dog show in Clemmons, North Carolina.

, an estimated total of almost $30,000 had been raised for Shiba rescue organizations in connection with the Shiba Inu Puppy Cam.

Media attention
Less than two days after the pups were born, the first news articles about the "B" team started appearing. One of the first was on a Los Angeles NBC affiliate's website. Cute Overload, where many people first learned of the original pups in October 2008, again featured the pups on their website. The sites Gawker.com and Mashable.com also featured the pups. Before their one-week birthday, national attention to the puppies grew as they appeared on PeoplePets.com as well as the Bay Area Blog of The New York Times. A few days later the puppies were in the national spotlight again in the L.A. Unleashed section of the Los Angeles Times.

On November 14, 2008, NBC Nightly News broadcast a live feed of the camera to its national TV audience. On November 15, 2008, The Today Show interviewed the founders of Ustream about the puppies. On November 18, 2008, CNN coverage played several clips from the feed. Bill O'Reilly used footage from the camera as representative of the overall trend of popular animal videos on the Internet. On December 11, 2008, Jeff Horwich of Minnesota Public Radio posted a song written about the puppy cam. Other major broadcast networks, including MSNBC and ABC, have also broadcast the feed. The puppies have been featured in magazines including Time, People, Entertainment Weekly, TV Guide, and online sites like boingboing, dlisted and Gawker.

In April 2009, the Shiba Inu Puppy Cam was nominated for a Webby Award in the Viral category, and won the People's Voice Award. According to UStream, the Puppy Cam triumphed over nearly 10,000 entries from more than 60 countries.

In December 2010, Kika and her litter were featured on Animal Planet's Dogs 101 Shiba Inu segment, where the phenomenon of the puppy cam was noted.

In the animated cartoon The Mighty B! episode "Awww-esome!", the puppy cam's webcast was parodied as a "Puppy Net", and all the show's characters were hooked on watching it.

The Shiba Inu Puppy Cam was cited in the introduction of Cesar Millan's 2009 book, How to Raise the Perfect Dog: Through Puppyhood and Beyond, in which Cesar notes that he was "impressed".

In 2012 the couple turned down offers from Ricki Lake and Anderson Cooper to appear on their TV shows.

References

External links
Official YouTube Channel
Official UStream
Message Board website
Dogs 101 - Shiba Inu, Animal Planet

Internet memes about dogs
Dogs
Internet properties established in 2008
Internet broadcasting


Jógvan Poulsen was the Lawman of the Faroe Islands twice, from 1654 to 1655, and from 1662 to 1677.

Jógvan Poulsen was Faroese. He married the daughter of previous Lawman Jógvan Justinusson. Jógvan Poulsen was raised on a farm in Oyri, before he became elected leader of the Lagting. King Frederik III of Denmark did not like Jógvan Poulsen as Lawman, and replaced him with the Dane Balzer Jacobsen, one of Christoffer Gabel's supporters. Gabel at this time had a monopoly on trade to and from the Faroe Islands, so this was much better for him. Jacobsen was Lawman until 1661, when Jógvan Poulsen again took over.

His son, Jákup Jógvansson, later also became Lawman of the Faroe Islands.

References

Løgtingið 150 - Hátíðarrit. Tórshavn 2002, Bind 2, S. 366. (Avsnitt Føroya løgmenn fram til 1816) (PDF-Download)

17th-century heads of government
Lawmen of the Faroe Islands
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown


Tsepelovo () is a village in the Zagori region (Epirus region). It stands at a height of 1,200 meters in a panoramic location on the mountain range of Tymfi. It is the biggest of the 45 villages of Zagori and it was the seat of Tymfi municipality. Its name is of Slavic origin. It lies in the middle of the Vikos–Aoös National Park, 48 km from Ioannina.

Nearest places

Skamneli, east (distance: 4 km)
Vradeto, west (distance: 7 km)

Population

History
Founded in the 16th century, Tsepelovo became from the 18th century onwards the administrative center of Zagori. It remained relatively prosperous until the end of the Ottoman occupation (1912). The village was a local trade center, and remains so especially because of the trade of timber. In 1820, before the outbreak of the Greek Revolution and the defeat of Ali Pasha, the poet Ioannis Vilaras and the famous Epirote scholar Athanasios Psalidas came from Ioannina to prepare the people for the great national revolt. Psalidas also taught for 2 years at the local school.

The traditional stone architecture is visible in every building, in the village paths, dwellings and churches. The historical church of Agios Nikolaos was renovated at 1753 and decorated with unique wall paintings by exceptional painters of nearby Kapesovo.

Two kilometers out of the village, in the Vikaki (Greek: small Vikos) canyon lies the monastery of St John Rogovou. It was founded at 1028 by the sister of Emperor Romanos III Argyros of Byzantium. It was rebuilt in 1749, possibly after it was damaged by fire, and the frescoes were painted by iconographers from Kapesovo. Neofytos Doukas wanted to establish there the Higher School of Epirus (), a high level educational institution. Because of the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence and the military conflicts the idea could not become reality.

The village has historically also been settled by Christian Orthodox Albanians, who largely came after the 15th century, later assimilating into the local population. Sarakatsani have settled at the beginning of the 20th century.

The people of Tsepelovo used to emigrate within Greece to Macedonia, Thrace and to areas of southern Greece. Outside Greece, they mainly migrated to Asia Minor and the U.S.

Today, the village is a popular destination for tourists during the winter season.

Notable people
Konstantinos Rados, merchant and member of Filiki Eteria.
Dimitrios Kotopoulis, actor.
Marika Kotopouli (1887–1954), actress.
Dimitrios Myrat, actor.

Gallery

See also
Zagori
Vikos–Aoös National Park

References

Bibliography

External links
Official website of Tsepelovo
Prefecture of Ioannina. Tourist department of Greece

Populated places in Ioannina (regional unit)
Zagori


The World Charter for Prostitutes' Rights is a declaration of rights adopted in 1985 to protect sex workers' rights (or prostitutes' rights) worldwide. It was adopted on 15 February 1985 at the first World Whores Congress in Amsterdam by the newly formed International Committee for Prostitutes' Rights (ICPR). The Charter established a human rights-based approach to prostitution, demanding that sex workers be guaranteed freedom of speech, travel, immigration, work, marriage, motherhood, health, and housing, amongst other things. This approach has subsequently been further elaborated by the sex workers' rights movement.

Background
The World Charter emerged from the prostitutes' / sex workers' rights movement starting in the mid-1970s. The distinction between voluntary and forced prostitution was developed by the movement in response to feminists and others who saw all prostitution as abusive. The World Charter for Prostitutes' Rights calls for the decriminalisation of "all aspects of adult prostitution resulting from individual decisions." The World Charter further states that prostitutes should be guaranteed "all human rights and civil liberties", including the freedom of speech, travel, immigration, work, marriage, and motherhood, and the right to unemployment insurance, health insurance and housing. Furthermore, the World Charter calls for protection of "work standards", including the abolition of laws which impose any systematic zoning of prostitution, and calls for prostitutes having the freedom to choose their place of work and residence, and to "provide their services under the conditions that are absolutely determined by themselves and no one else." The World Charter calls for prostitutes to pay regular taxes "on the same basis as other independent contractors and employees," and to receive the same benefits for their taxes.

Text

Laws
 Decriminalize all aspects of adult prostitution resulting from individual decision.
 Decriminalize prostitution and regulate third parties according to standard business codes. Existing standard business codes allow abuse of prostitutes. Therefore, special clauses must be included to prevent the abuse and stigmatization of prostitutes (self-employed and others).
 Enforce criminal laws against fraud, coercion, violence, child sexual abuse, child labor, rape, racism everywhere and across national boundaries, whether or not in the context of prostitution.
 Eradicate laws that can be interpreted to deny freedom of association, or freedom to travel, to prostitutes within and between countries. Prostitutes have rights to a private life.

Human Rights
 Guarantee prostitutes all human rights and civil liberties, including the freedom of speech, travel, immigration, work, marriage, and motherhood and the right to unemployment insurance, health insurance and housing.
 Grant asylum to anyone denied human rights on the basis of a "crime of status," be it prostitution or homosexuality.

Working Conditions
 There should be no law which implies systematic zoning of prostitution. Prostitutes should have the freedom to choose their place of work and residence. It is essential that prostitutes can provide their services under the conditions that are absolutely determined by themselves and no one else.
 There should be a committee to insure the protection of the rights of the prostitutes and to whom prostitutes can address their complaints. This committee must be  prostitutes and other professionals like lawyers and supporters.
 There should be no law discriminating against prostitutes associating and working collectively in order to acquire a high degree of personal security.

Health
 All women and men should be educated to periodical health screening for sexually transmitted diseases. Since health checks have historically been used to control and stigmatize prostitutes, and since adult prostitutes are generally even more aware of sexual health than others, mandatory checks for prostitutes are unacceptable unless they are mandatory for all sexually active people.

Services
 Employment, counseling, legal, and housing services for runaway children should be funded in order to prevent child prostitution and to promote child well-being and opportunity.
 Prostitutes must have the same social benefits as all other citizens according to the different regulations in different countries.
 Shelters and services for working prostitutes and re-training programs for prostitutes wishing to leave the life should be funded.

Taxes
 No special taxes should be levied on prostitutes or prostitute businesses.
 Prostitutes should pay regular taxes on the same basis as other independent contractors and employees, and should receive the same benefits.

Public Opinion
 Support educational programs to change social attitudes which stigmatize and discriminate against prostitutes and ex-prostitutes of any race, gender or nationality.
 Develop educational programs which help the public to understand that the customer plays a crucial role in the prostitution phenomenon, this role being generally ignored. The customer, like the prostitute, should not, however, be criminalized or condemned on a moral basis.
 We are in solidarity with workers in the sex industry.

Organization
 Organizations of prostitutes and ex-prostitutes should be supported to further implementation of the above charter.

Impact
In an article announcing the adoption of the World Charter, the United Press International reported: "Women from the world's oldest profession, some wearing exotic masks to protect their identity, appealed Friday at the world's first international prostitutes' convention for society to stop treating them like criminals."

Support: development of a human rights approach

The World Charter, together with the two World Whores Congresses held in Amsterdam (February 1985) and Brussels (October 1986), epitomised a worldwide prostitutes' rights movement and politics. The Charter established a human rights-based approach to prostitution, which has subsequently been further elaborated by the sex workers' rights movement.

In 1999, the Santa Monica Mirror commented on the popularization of the term "sex worker" as an alternative to "whore" or "prostitute" and credited the World Charter, among others, for having "articulated a global political movement seeking recognition and social change."

In 2000, the Carnegie Council published a report commenting on the results of the World Charter, fifteen years after its adoption. The report concluded that the human rights approach embodied in the World Charter had proven "extremely useful for advocates seeking to reduce discrimination against sex workers." For example, human rights advocates in Australia utilized the language of human rights to resist "mandatory health tests" for sex workers and to require that information regarding health be kept confidential. However, the report also found that efforts from anti-prostitution activists to define prostitution (as a whole) as a human rights abuse might open the way some governments to try and "abolish the sex industry".

And in 2003, Kimberly Klinger in The Humanist noted that the World Charter had become "a template used by human rights groups all over the world."

Opposition
In other circles, the World Charter was initially met with scepticism and ridicule. The Philadelphia Daily News asked, "Does it contain a layoff clause?" Another writer referred to it derisively as "a Magna Carta for whores". When the second World Whores Congress was held in Brussels in 1986, Time reported: "Just what were all those hookers doing in the hallowed halls of the European Parliament in Brussels last week? The moral outrage echoing in the corridors may have suggested that a re-creation of Sodom and Gomorrah was being staged. Reason: about 125 prostitutes, including three men, were attending the Second World Whores Congress."

The Charter remains controversial, as some feminists consider prostitution to be one of the most serious problems facing women, particularly in developing countries. In Jessica Spector's 2006 book Prostitution and Pornography, Vednita Carter and Evelina Giobbe offer the following critique of the Charter:"Pretending prostitution is a job like any other job would be laughable if it weren't so serious.  Leading marginalized prostituted women to believe that decriminalization would materially change anything substantive in their lives as prostitutes is dangerous and irresponsible.  There are no liberating clauses in the World Charter.  Pimps are not 'third party managers.'"

See also
A Vindication of the Rights of Whores
COYOTE
Decriminalisation of sex work
International Day to End Violence Against Sex Workers
Margo St. James
Sex workers' rights
Sex worker

References

Bibliography

Sex workers' rights
1985 documents


William Middleton Grant (14 November 1904 – 23 September 1994) was a Scottish professional footballer. He spent eight years at Blackpool, making over 200 Football League appearances for the club. He played as a defender.

Career
Grant, who had been signed from Scottish club East Stirlingshire for a then record fee of £1600 for a second division player, made his debut for Blackpool eighteen games into their 1927–28 league season, a 2–2 draw at South Shields  on 10 December 1927. He went on to make seventeen further league appearances that campaign, and one in the FA Cup. The following season, 1928–29, Grant made 27 league appearances. This was under a new manager, Harry Evans, who succeeded Sydney Beaumont.

Grant appeared in all but two of Blackpool's league games as captain in 1929–30 as the club won the Division Two championship. Only Jimmy Hampson appeared in more games than he did. In 1930–31, Blackpool's first season in English football's top flight, Grant was ever-present in the club's 42 league games — the only player at the club to claim such an achievement that particular season. He achieved the same feat the following season, 1931–32, sharing the honour with Hampson. 1932–33 saw Grant's appearances limited, with only eighteen in the league to his name, as Blackpool returned to Division Two. He did, however, appear in the club's FA Cup fifth-round defeat at Sunderland in February 1933.

Sandy MacFarlane was appointed as Blackpool manager for the 1933–34 term, and Grant found himself surplus to requirements,  making just five league starts. He was given more chances in 1934–35 (28 appearances), but this proved to be his (and MacFarlane's) last season with the club. His 220th and final league appearance for Blackpool occurred on 4 May 1935, in a final-day 1–1 draw with Bolton Wanderers at Bloomfield Road.

He finished his career back in his native land with Motherwell, playing right back in an 8–0 win against Celtic on 30 April 1937, to date Celtic's biggest ever defeat. He continued to play there until he retired in 1939. He then worked as a miner for many years in various pits around is home town of Bo'ness.

Notes

References

SoccerMistral.co.uk

1904 births
Scottish men's footballers
Bo'ness F.C. players
East Stirlingshire F.C. players
Blackpool F.C. players
Motherwell F.C. players
English Football League players
People from Bo'ness
1994 deaths
Footballers from Falkirk (council area)
Scottish Football League players
Men's association football defenders


Víctor Samuel Turcios Pacheco (born April 13, 1988 in La Unión) is a retired Salvadoran footballer who last played for Alianza F.C.

Club career
Nicknamed El Tiburón (the Shark), Turcios started his career at Atlético Balboa in 2005 and moved to Luís Ángel Firpo before the 2009 Clausura. In December, 2011 Turcios signed a two-year contract with Águila.

Finland
On February 16, 2012, it was confirmed Turcios would sign with Ykkönen side RoPS from Finland.  He made his league debut in a 2-0 victory over Viikingit. On August 25, he suffered a strained ligament in his right knee that would keep him out for approximately 6 months. He was a key member in helping his team gain promotion to the Veikkausliiga to play in the 2013 season. He and the club mutually terminated his contract in January 2014.

Match-fixing ban
On September 20, 2013, Turcios was banned for 6 months due to his involvement with match fixing.

International career
Turcios made his debut for El Salvador in an October 2007 friendly match against Costa Rica and has, as of February 2012, earned a total of 29 caps, scoring 1 goal. He has represented his country in 6 FIFA World Cup qualification matches and played at the 2011 UNCAF Nations Cup, as well as at the 2009 and 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cups.

International goals

Honours and awards

Club

RoPS
Ykkönen: 2012
Suomen Cup: 2013 Finnish Cup

References

External links
 Turcios: “Prometo trabajo y entrega en la cancha”(Interview) - El Gráfico

1988 births
Living people
People from La Unión Department
Men's association football central defenders
Salvadoran men's footballers
El Salvador men's international footballers
2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
2013 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
Veikkausliiga players
Atlético Balboa footballers
C.D. Luis Ángel Firpo footballers
Rovaniemen Palloseura players
Alianza F.C. footballers
Salvadoran expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Finland
Sportspeople involved in betting scandals
El Salvador men's under-20 international footballers
El Salvador men's youth international footballers


The  also Sagami Trench, Sagami Megathrust, or Sagami Subduction Zone is a long trough, which is the surface expression of the convergent plate boundary where the Philippine Sea Plate is being subducted under the Okhotsk Plate. It stretches from the Boso Triple Junction in the east, where it meets the Japan Trench, to Sagami Bay in the west, where it meets the Nankai Trough. It runs north of the Izu Islands chain and the Izu–Bonin–Mariana Arc (IBM).

Megathrust earthquakes associated with the Sagami Trough, known as Kantō earthquakes, are a major threat to Tokyo and the Kantō Region because of the proximity to a population center (with over 36 million living in Tokyo's metro area, with a total of 43 million living in the Kanto Region) and the magnitude the Sagami Trough can create.

Earthquakes

The Sagami Trough megathrust generated the 1703 Genroku earthquake, which was the greatest rupture along the trough in the last thousand years, and the 1855 (Ansei) and 1923 (Great Kanto or Taisho) earthquakes.

See also
 Suruga Trough

References

Subduction zones


Avenida Vicente Guerrero is the principal north-south avenue in  Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Downtown Nuevo Laredo runs throughout the whole avenue. The avenue is the starting point for Mexican Federal Highway 85. It was named after Vicente Guerrero a Mexican historical figure. The avenue is considered the main "strip", which is filled with tourist shops, restaurants, night clubs and bars (most accept US dollars in addition to Mexican pesos). Avenida Vicente Guerrero is filled with many plazas and monuments. Avenida Guerrero is a two-lane, one-way street running from north to south.  Avenida Vicente Guerrero north terminus is on Gateway to the Americas International Bridge to Convent Street in Laredo, Texas. Its southern terminus is on Avenida Reforma.

Establishments
Many establishments are located on or by Avenida Vicente Guerrero. Many include Cananas Revolution Bar, La Mina Bar & Liquor Store, 57th Street, Cadillac Bar, Afrika, Willy's and The Mercado. Various pharmacists include Calderon, Farmacia Guadalajara, Fenix, Farmacias Benavides and locally owned pharmacists.

Financial Institutions
Many financial institutions are on Avenida Vicente Guerrero for example: HSBC, Banco Santander, BBVA Bancomer and Banamex.

Gallery

References

Nuevo Laredo
Streets in Mexico
Transportation in Tamaulipas


Goffredo Cappa (1644–1717), also known as Gioffredo Cappa or Jofredus Cappa, was an Italian luthier, known for his violins and cellos.

Cappa was born in Saluzzo.  After working with the Amati family in Cremona he set up his own workshop in Saluzzo.  He died in Turin.

Contemporary players

 Meta Weiss plays a cello made in 1690
 Amiram Ganz from the Altenberg Trio plays a violin made in 1686
 Luca Fanfoni plays a violin made in 1694
 Geneviève Laurenceau plays a violin made in 1700
 Jean-Guihen Queyras plays a cello made in 1696
 Elizabeth Layton plays a violin made in 1732
 Stéphane Grappelli played a violin made in 1695

References

1644 births
1717 deaths
Italian luthiers
People from Saluzzo


Balzer Jacobsen was Lawman (prime minister) of the Faroe Islands from 1655 to 1661.

Balzer Jacobsen was Danish, and was put in place by King Frederik III against the will of the Faroese Løgting. Jacobsen was first and foremost of Christoffer Gabel's men, who was vogt (overseer) of the Faroe Islands. Gabel also had a monopoly on trade to and from the islands during this period. In 1661, Jógvan Poulsen regained control as Lawman and Jacobsen withdrew to Denmark, but the real power in the Faroe Islands still lay with the land owners. This period of Faroese history is known in Faroese as Gablatíðin, and was difficult due to the trade monopoly and wishes from Copenhagen about the crown's absolute control of the fiefdom.

References

Løgtingið 150 - Hátíðarrit. Tórshavn 2002, Bind 2, S. 366. (Avsnitt Føroya løgmenn fram til 1816) (PDF-Download )

Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Faroese people of Danish descent
Lawmen of the Faroe Islands
17th-century Danish people


In 1951-52 the South Africa national rugby union team toured England, France, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales, playing a series of test matches, as well as games against club, regional, and representative teams. South Africa accomplished their third Grand Slam by winning all four tests against the Home Nations sides, and also won the test match against France. This was the sixth South Africa tour and the fourth tour of the Northern Hemisphere. It was also the first time the South Africans played the invitational British Barbarian team.

The tour was the most successful the South African team had undertaken; the team only lost a single match. In the tests played the team beat all four Home Nations, France and the Barbarians. The only team to beat the Springboks was the invitational London Counties team. The final tour record saw 31 matches played, with South Africa winning 30 and losing just the one game.

Touring party

Management

Managers: F.W. Mellish, Danie Craven
Captain: Basil Kenyon

Full backs

Johnny Buchler (Transvaal)
Jakkals Keevy (Eastern Transavaal)

Three-quarters

Paul Johnstone (Western Province)
Tjol Lategan (Western Province)
Buks Marais (Boland)
Chum Ochse (Western Province)
Cowboy Saunders (Border)
Ryk van Schoor (Rhodesia)
Des Sinclair (Transvaal)
Basie Vivier (Orange Free State)

Half backs

Hannes Brewis (Northern Transvaal)
Dennis Fry (Western Province)
J.S. Oelofse (Transvaal)
P. A. du Toit (Northern Transvaal)

Forwards

W.H.M. Barnard (Griqualand West)
Jaap Bekker (Northern Transvaal)
G. Dannhauser (Transvaal)
W.H. Delport (Eastern Province)
Ernst Dinkelmann (Northern Transvaal)
Stephen Fry (Western Province)
Okey Geffin (Transvaal)
Basil Kenyon (Border) capt.
A.C. Koch (Boland)
Hennie Muller (Transvaal)
B. Myburgh (Eastern Transvaal)
Jan Pickard (Western Province)
Salty du Rand (Rhodesia)
F.E.B. van der Ryst (Transvaal)
P.W. Wessels (Orange Free State)
Basie van Wyk (Transvaal)

Results

The matches

Cardiff

Cardiff: Frank Trott, Haydn Morris, Bleddyn Williams, Jack Matthews (capt.), Alun Thomas, Cliff Morgan, Rex Willis, Arthur Hull, Geoff Beckingham, Cliff Davies, Bill Tamplin, Malcolm Collins, Sid Judd, Des O'Brien, CD Williams

South Africa: JU Buchler, MJ Saunders, MT Lategan, RA van Schoor, JK Ochse, JD Brewis, JS Oelofse, HJ Bekker, PW Wessels, AC Kosh, SP Fry, WHM Barnard, E Dinkelmann, CJ van Wyk, HSV Muller

Scotland

Scotland: Dod Burrell, John Hart, Donald Scott, Oliver Turnbull, David Rose, Angus Cameron (capt), Arthur Dorward, Hamish Dawson, John Macphail, Bob Wilson, James Johnston, Hamish Inglis, Doug Elliot, Bob Taylor, Peter Kininmonth

South Africa: Johnny Buchler, Buks Marais, Tjol Lategan, Ryk van Schoor, Paul Johnstone, Hannes Brewis, Fonnie du Toit, Chris Koch, Willa Delport, Okey Geffin, Salty du Rand, Ernst Dinkelmann, Basie van Wyk, Stephen Fry, Hennie Muller (capt)

Ireland

Ireland:  Gerry Murphy, William McKee, Noel Henderson, Antony Browne, Mick Lane, Jackie Kyle, John O'Meara, Tom Clifford, Karl Mullen, John Hartley Smith, Patrick Lawlor, Robin Thompson, Bill McKay, Jim McCarthy, Des O'Brien (capt)

South Africa: JU Buchler, PG Johnstone, RA van Schoor, MT Lategan, JK Ochse, JD Brewis, E Dinkelmann, A Geffin, WH Delport, AC Kosh, SP Fry, WHM Barnard, JD du Rand, CJ van Wyk, HSV Muller

Wales

Wales: Gerwyn Williams (Llanelli), Ken Jones (Newport), Malcolm Thomas (Newport), Bleddyn Williams (Cardiff), Lewis Jones (Llanelli), Cliff Morgan (Cardiff), Rex Willis (Cardiff), Billy Williams (Swansea), Dai Davies (Somerset Police), Don Hayward (Newbridge), Rees Stephens (Neath), Roy John (Neath), Len Blyth (Swansea), John Gwilliam (Edinburgh Wanderers) (capt.), Allen Forward (Pontypool)

South Africa: JU Buchler, PG Johnstone, RA van Schoor, MT Lategan, JK Ochse, JD Brewis, PA du Toit, A Geffin, WH Delport, AC Kosh, SP Fry, WHM Barnard, JD du Rand, CJ van Wyk, HSV Muller

England

England: William Hook, Ted Woodward, Albert Agar, Lewis Cannell, Chris Winn, Nim Hall (capt), Gordon Rimmer, Wally Holmes, Eric Evans, Bob Stirling, John Matthews, Squire Wilkins, Don White, Alec Lewis, John Kendall-Carpenter

South Africa: Johnny Buchler, Paul Johnstone, Tjol Lategan, Ryk van Schoor, Chum Ochse, Hannes Brewis, Fonnie du Toit, Chris Koch, Willa Delport, Jaap Bekker, Salty du Rand, Ernst Dinkelmann, Basie van Wyk, Stephen Fry, Hennie Muller (capt)

Barbarians

Barbarians: Gerwyn Williams (Llanelli), Ken Jones (Newport), Bleddyn Williams (Cardiff), LB Cannell (St. Mary's Hospital), Ted Woodward (Wasps), Cliff Morgan (Cardiff), Rex Willis (Cardiff), John Kendall-Carpenter (Penzance), Dai Davies (Somerset Police), RV Stirling (RAF), Rees Stephens (Neath), Roy John (Neath), Doug Elliot (Edinburgh Academicals), JE Nelson (Malone) (capt.), VG Roberts(Harlequins)

South Africa: AC Keevy, PG Johnstone, RA van Schoor, FP Marais, JK Ochse, MT Lategan, PA du Toit, HJ Bekker, WH Delport, FEB van der Ryst, SP Fry, E Dinkelmann, JM du Rand, CJ van Wyk, HSV Muller

France

France:  Pierre Guilleux, Georges Brun, Jacques Mauran, Maurice Prat, Jean Colombier, Georges Carabignac, Gerard Dufau, Rene Bienes, Paul Labadie, Rene Brejassou, Lucien Mias, Bernard Chevallier, Jean Prat, Jean-Roger Bourdeu, Guy Basquet (capt)

South Africa:

Bibliography

References

South Africa tour
South Africa tour
South Africa national rugby union team tours of Europe
Rugby union tours of England
Rugby union tours of Ireland
Rugby union tours of Scotland
Rugby union tours of Wales
Rugby union tours of France
1951 in South African rugby union
1952 in South African rugby union
tour
tour
tour
tour
tour


Jákup Jógvansson was Lawman of the Faroe Islands from 1677 to 1679.

Jákup Jógvansson was Faroese, and son of former Lawman Jógvan Poulsen. Jákup had also been a sysselmann (sheriff) on Sandoy. He lived and worked on the farm of Dalsgarður in Skálavík.

References

Løgtingið 150 - Hátíðarrit. Tórshavn 2002, Bind 2, S. 366. (Avsnitt Føroya løgmenn fram til 1816) (PDF-Download)

Lawmen of the Faroe Islands
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown


Philippe Forest (born 18 June 1962) is a French author and professor of literature. He has been awarded the First Novel Prix Femina (1997) and the Prix Décembre (2004), and his works have been translated into English, Italian, Spanish, Japanese, Korean, and Chinese. He has taught at several Universities, including Cambridge, Edinburgh, and Saint-Andrews, and the University of Nantes.

Publications

Novels, French
 L'enfant éternel (Prix Femina), Gallimard, 1997; Folio, 1998
 Toute la nuit, Gallimard, 1999
 Sarinagara (Prix Décembre), Gallimard 2004; Folio, 2006
 Le Nouvel Amour, Gallimard, 2007
 Le siècle des nuages, Gallimard, 2010

Novels, translated
 Sarinagara, Mercury House, 2009

Essays
Philippe Sollers, Seuil, 1992
Camus, Marabout, 1992
Le Mouvement surréaliste, Vuibert, 1994
Textes et labyrinthes : Joyce, Kafka, Muir, Borges, Butor, Robbe-Grillet, éd. Inter-universitaires, 1995
Histoire de Tel Quel, Seuil, 1995
Oé Kenzaburô, Pleins Feux, 2001
Le roman, le je, Pleins Feux, 2001
Près des acacias, l'autisme, une énigme (avec des photos d'Olivier Menanteau), Actes Sud/ 3CA, 2002
Raymond Hains, uns roman, Gallimard 2004
La beauté du contresens et autres essais sur la littérature japonaise (Allaphbed 1), Cécile Defaut, 2005
De Tel Quel à L'Infini, nouveaux essais (Allaphbed 2), Cécile Defaut, 2006
Le Roman, le réel et autres essais (Allaphbed 3), Cécile Defaut, 2007
 Tous les enfants sauf un, Gallimard, 2007

External links
"French Literature Today: Philippe Forest in conversation with Yann Nicol" in The Brooklyn Rail, April 2006.

20th-century French essayists
21st-century French essayists
Sciences Po alumni
Paris-Sorbonne University alumni
Academics of the University of Cambridge
Academics of the University of St Andrews
Academics of the University of London
Academic staff of the University of Nantes
Officiers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
Prix Décembre winners
Writers from Paris
1962 births
Living people
Nouvelle Revue Française editors


A Portrait of Merle Haggard is the tenth studio album by American recording artist Merle Haggard and The Strangers, released September 2, 1969.

History
The album contains two number-one country hits, "Hungry Eyes" (sometimes referred to as "Mama's Hungry Eyes") and "Workin' Man Blues". According to The Smithsonian Collection of Classic Country Music, Haggard wrote "Hungry Eyes" as a tribute to his mother and the sacrifices she made for her family as a single mother (Haggard's father having died when he was 9), but it also stands as a tribute to Oklahomans and others who lived in labor camps during the Great Depression, Haggard's way of "commemorating a whole generation of Okies who persisted through persecution and suffering to transplant their culture to California."  "Hungry Eyes" is considered by many to be one of Haggard's greatest pieces of songwriting.  According to Daniel Cooper's essay for the 1994 Haggard box set Down Every Road, Haggard had been carrying the title around in his head for two years before deciding what to do with it, and the "canvass-covered cabin" referred to in the song is a direct reference to the home of Escar and Willie, the great-uncle and great-aunt with whom he stayed after his father died.  In the documentary Beyond Nashville, Haggard explains, "'Mama's Hungry Eyes' was written about a period in America where there were places like labor camps, and the people in these labor camps that weren't ignorant and they weren't a lot of things Steinbeck thought they were."  The song would also serve as the title to the 1994 tribute album Mama's Hungry Eyes: A Tribute to Merle Haggard.

The album's other number-one hit is "Workin' Man Blues", referencing blue collar pride, an oft-used subject of Haggard's songwriting.
In his 2013 book The Running Kind, David Cantwell praises the contributions of guitarists James Burton and Roy Nichols, as well as session bassist Chuck Berghofer, stating, "Burton and the Strangers had ridden a kindred rocking guitar groove on 1968's 'I'm Bringing Home Good News,' but 'Workin' Man Blues' sets the standard."  Lines such as "I ain't never been on welfare, and that's one place I won't be" reinforced Haggard's status as "Poet of the Common Man."

Haggard wrote four of the LP's ten songs himself, including the mournful "Silver Wings" which, much like his earlier composition "Today I Started Loving You Again," was never released as a single but became immensely popular with audiences.  A Portrait of Merle Haggard includes four songs penned by Haggard as well as compositions by Willie Nelson, Leon Payne and Hank Cochran.

Reception

The album rose to number 3 on the Billboard country albums chart. Mark Deming of AllMusic: "Three of Haggard's finest songs appear on this set—'Silver Wings,' 'Hungry Eyes,' and 'Workin' Man's Blues'—and most country artists would be happy to cut three tunes this strong during the course of their career, let alone as part of one of six albums Hag would release in 1969... The production and arrangements are admirably low-key and to the point, and Haggard's vocals are deeply emotive without overplaying his hand."

Track listing
"Workin' Man Blues" (Merle Haggard)
"What's Wrong With Stayin' Home" (Bob Morris)
"Silver Wings" (Haggard)
"Who Do I Know in Dallas" (Hank Cochran , Willie Nelson)
"She Thinks I Still Care" (Dickey Lee, Steve Duffy)
"Hungry Eyes" (Haggard)
"I Die Ten Thousand Times a Day" (Leon Payne)
"Every Fool Has a Rainbow" (Haggard)
"I Came So Close To Living Alone" (Jimmie Davis, Ken Hunt)
"Montego Bay" (Cochran, Glenn Martin)

Personnel
Merle Haggard– vocals, guitar

The Strangers:
Roy Nichols – guitar, harmonica
Norman Hamlet – steel guitar
George French – piano
Jerry Ward – bass
Eddie Burris – drums

with
Lewis Talley – guitar
Tommy Collins– guitar
Billy Mize –  harmony vocals
Bonnie Owens – harmony vocals

and
James Burton – guitar, dobro
Glen D. Hardin– piano
Bob Morris – bass
Leon Copeland– bass
Roy Huskey, Jr. – bass
Chuck Berghofer– bass
Jim Gordon – drums

Chart positions

References

1969 albums
Merle Haggard albums
Capitol Records albums
Albums produced by Ken Nelson (United States record producer)

Albums recorded at Capitol Studios


The Duc de Bourgogne was an 80-gun ship of the line of the French Navy.

Career
She was refitted twice, in 1761 and 1779, when she received a copper sheathing.

On 2 May 1780, she departed Brest as the flagship of the 7-ship and 3-frigate Expédition Particulière under Admiral Ternay, escorting 36 transports carrying troops to support the Continental Army in the War of American Independence. The squadron comprised the 80-gun Duc de Bourgogne, under Ternay d'Arsac (admiral) and Médine (flag captain); the 74-gun Neptune, under Sochet Des Touches, and Conquérant, under La Grandière; and the 64-gun Provence under Lombard, Ardent under Bernard de Marigny, Jason under La Clocheterie and Éveillé under Le Gardeur de Tilly, and the frigates Surveillante under Villeneuve Cillart, Amazone under La Pérouse, and Bellone. Amazone, which constituted the vanguard of the fleet, arrived at Boston on 11 June 1780.

She took part in the Battle of Cape Henry on 16 March 1781 under Nicolas-Louis de Durfort.

Duc de Bourgogne took part in the Battle of the Saintes, where she collided with Bourgogne.

In 1792, she was renamed Peuple, and Caton in 1794.

She was condemned in February 1798 at Brest, and eventually broken up in January 1800.

Citations

References

Ships of the line of the French Navy
1751 ships


Svein Hatløy (12 May 1940 – 5 July 2015) was a Norwegian architect, professor and founder of the Bergen School of Architecture.

He was born in Årdal, Rogaland. Hatløy was the principal of the Bergen School of Architecture from its foundation in 1986 until August 2007. After his retirement as the school's principal, he still works as professor for the institution. He was educated as an architect at the Norwegian Institute of Technology in 1964 and later studied at the Warsaw Academy of Fine Arts.

He was given the Norwegian National Association of Architects' Honorable Membership in 2001 because of his long work with BAS. He died in 2015.

References

1940 births
2015 deaths
People from Rogaland
Norwegian Institute of Technology alumni
Academic staff of the Bergen School of Architecture
Rectors of universities and colleges in Norway
Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw alumni


Clanculus puniceus, common names the strawberry top shell or purplish clanculus, is a species of small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Trochidae, the top shells.

Shell description
 The size of an adult shell of Clanculus puniceus varies between 13 mm and 22 mm. These small, robust shells are wide-conical, low spired and have a granulated coral red surface, with a pattern of small black and white dots. In shape, size, color, and sculpture, the shell of this species is reminiscent of that of a small strawberry, hence the common name. The body whorl bears 20 or 21 cinguli, of which the 4th and 9th, as well as one or two upon the base, are articulated with black. The aperture is oval, with a strongly ridged lip. The shell is pearly (has nacre) on the inside. This species differs from Clanculus pharaonius in being more finely granulate. Moreover, the body whorl is more deflected anteriorly than in Clanculus pharonius.

Distribution
This species occurs in the Indian Ocean off Madagascar, the Mascarene Basin, Mozambique, KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa) and Tanzania.

Habitat
These sea snails live on rock in eulittoral zone.

References

 Herbert G.G. (1993). Revision of the Trochinae, tribe Trochini (Gastropoda: Trochidae) of southern Africa. Annals of the natal Museum 34(2):239-308.
 Branch, G.M. et al. (2002). Two Oceans. 5th impression. David Philip, Cate Town & Johannesburg

External links

puniceus
Gastropods described in 1846
Taxa named by Rodolfo Amando Philippi


Jóhan Hendrik Weyhe was Lawman of the Faroe Islands from 1679 to 1706.

Jóhan Hendrik Weyhe was Faroese, and the largest land owner in the Faroe Islands. He was also the father-in-law of Lawman Sámal Pætursson Lamhauge, who took over from him in the post.

References

Løgtingið 150 – Hátíðarrit. Tórshavn 2002, Bind 2, S. 366. (Avsnitt Føroya løgmenn fram til 1816) (PDF-Download)

Lawmen of the Faroe Islands
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown


Sámal Pætursson Lamhauge (died 1752 in Lamba) was Lawman of the Faroe Islands from 1706 to 1752.

Lamhauge was the father-in-law of Hans Jákupsson Debes, who followed him in the post.

He was the longest serving lawman of the Faroe Islands, serving for 46 years.

References

Løgtingið 150 – Hátíðarrit. Tórshavn 2002, Bind 2, S. 366. (Avsnitt Føroya løgmenn fram til 1816) (PDF-Download)

1752 deaths
Lawmen of the Faroe Islands
Year of birth unknown


Raitt's sand eel (Ammodytes marinus), also known as the lesser sand eel, is a small semi-pelagic ray-finned fish found in the North Atlantic Ocean. The Raitt's sand eel is member of the family Ammodytidae which includes all 31 species of sand eels, often referred to as sand lances. Contrary to their name sand eels, including Raitt's sand eel, are not true eels and instead belong to the order of “weever-like” fishes, the Trachiniformes.

Description
The Raitt's sand eel is a small elongated fish that is usually about 20 cm long. The maximum length reported for this species of sand eel is 25 cm. They are silver all over with darker scales on their dorsal side.
Raitt's sand eels have a short tail fin that is deeply forked. They have a long and low dorsal fin that is twice as long as the tail fin and runs along almost the entire body. The scales on their underside are arranged randomly instead of in a distinct pattern as in many other fish. The Raitt's sand eel has a pointed jaw where the lower jaw projects further than the upper jaw.

It is difficult to distinguish this species from the other members in its genus ‘’Ammodytes’’ as they are all very similar in appearance.

Evolution
The evolutionary history of the Raitt's sand eel is still debated and its exact relationship to the other members of its order Perciformes is unknown. There is currently no universally accepted phylogeny for the Raitt's sand eel's suborder the Trachinoidei.

Distribution and habitat
The Raitt's sand eel is found across the Northeast Atlantic Ocean and is particularly abundant in the North Sea. They live in both the shallow open ocean and coastal waters. Four other species of sand eel are also distributed in this part of the Atlantic. The fisheries here are dominated by Raitt's sand eel suggesting the Raitt's sand eel is the most abundant in the area.

The southern boundary of the Raitt's sand eel is predicted to move further North in the future due to climate change. The Raitt's sand eel survives better in cooler waters and may move North to avoid warming sea temperatures.

Sand eels live amongst sandy sediment of the sea bed where they spend most of the year burrowed avoiding predators. They are also found living in bedrock and kelp habitats. Sandbanks are the most important habitat for the sand eel as they are used as nursery, spawning and resting grounds.
Raitt's sand eels live in turbulent areas of the ocean and do not live in depths below 100m.

Raitt's sand eel have very specific habitat requirements. They are specialised to live in waters high in oxygen but with low levels of silt and clay.
These requirements mean the Raitt's sand eel is found in distinct patches across the North Atlantic and instead of one continuous population.

Population
Due to their lifestyle, it has been very difficult to estimate the population size of the Raitt's sand eel. Most monitoring techniques are inappropriate and cannot detect the burrowed sand eels.

Biological indicators, or bioindicators, are now being used to assess the size of the Raitt's sand eel population. The main indicator used for sand eels are black-legged kittiwake seabirds. These coastal breeding birds are heavily reliant on sand eels and therefore their population size changes in response to the amount of Raitt's sand eel present. This can give a lot of information about the abundance of sand eels in the area.

The Raitt's sand eel is known from fishing records to have regular population fluctuations. Overfishing, climate change and food web effects have all been shown to have contribute to these fluctuations. As the Raitt's sand eel is found in the North Atlantic Ocean its climate is altered by the North Atlantic Oscillation. This weather fluctuation can alter the recruitment of sand eel. Warmer temperatures decrease the number of sand eel juveniles that survive to adulthood and so yearly changes to temperature can cause fluctuating population size.
Changes to the abundance of species connected to the Raitt's sand eel in the food web has also caused variable population size. Calanus copepods are an important prey item for sand eels. The population of Raitt's sand eel has been related to changes in the availability of this prey. Young Raitt's sand eels have lower survival when copepods are less abundant.

Ecology
The Raitt's sand eel is a keystone species in the North Sea food web. They are the prey of a significant number of species including seabirds, marine mammals and larger fish.
Seabirds in particular rely heavily on the Raitt's sand eel to feed their chicks. When the sand eels leave their burrows to feed seabirds dive into the water to catch them and then return to their nests. Atlantic puffin, black-legged kittiwake, common guillemot and razorbills are all known predators of this species. Common guillemots feed exclusively on Raitt's sand eel during the breeding season.

In the sea many larger fish species prey on the Raitt's sand eel including cod, haddock, whiting, saithe and mackerel. Many of these are very commercially valuable species and declines in sand eel have caused declines in their numbers due to lack of prey. Marine mammals also feed on Raitt's sand eels but less regularly. Mostly species such as grey seals, harbour seals and harbour porpoise consume many sand eels in the spring and early summer.

Raitt's sand eels feed mainly on zooplankton. By consuming zooplankton they act as a link through to the higher trophic level predators that eat sand eels.

Behaviour
Sand eel species switch between open water swimming and burying themselves in the sand to avoid nearby predators. When they are not burrowed they live in shoal formations. They spend most of the winter burrowed in the sediment but then enter the open water between March and June to feed as the abundance of prey increases. Even in the summer months when Raitt's sand eels emerge to feed they still burrow in the sand in the night.

Life cycle
Raitt's sand eels breed in December and January when they briefly leave their winter burrows in the sediment.
They lay their eggs in the sand which incubate there until they hatch in February and March. The hatched sand eels live in the open water above the sediment until metamorphosis. After this, they return to burrow in the sediment.
Most Raitt's sand eels live for only 3 or 4 years as they have a high level of natural death.

Commercial uses

All species of sand eels are used extensively in the fish oil and fishmeal industries. Their bodies are rich in lipids which makes them an ideal fish for these purposes. The demand for fishmeal has increased with the rise of aquaculture over the last few decades. Global production of farmed fish doubled between 1985-2000 and this created huge demands for fishmeal to feed the farmed fish. Raitt's sand eel alongside capelin and Norway pout are the primary species used for this purpose.

Sand eels have been fished since the 1950s. However, this was not done for industrial purposes until the 1970s when the fishing fleet for sand eel increased rapidly.
The Raitt's sand eel is the most abundant species of sand eel in these fisheries and makes up over 90% of the catch. In 1977 the sand eel fishery became the largest fishery in the North Sea, with landings regularly exceeding 1 million tonnes. This high level of fishing caused a decline in stocks over time as the fishery became unsustainable. This led to both financial losses for the fishing industry and negative environmental consequences.

Raitt's sand eel fisheries are difficult to manage due to lack of population size data and regular population fluctuations. No catch predictions can be made for the fishery due to its instability.

Environmental concerns
Sand eel fisheries produce a lot of bycatch due to the techniques used to collect them. The netting used has a very small mesh size in order to catch the small Raitt's sand eel and larger species get caught in them. Common guillemot seabirds have repeatedly been found caught and killed in these nets and this has sparked concerns over the negative impacts of the fishery on the environment.

Fisheries of sand eel can also be harmful to seabird colonies. Fishing the Raitt's sand eel means there are less available to be eaten by the seabirds. Populations of Atlantic puffin and black-legged kittiwake have declined in response to decreased prey levels of sand eel in the sea.

Fishery closure

As a result of overfishing of the Raitt's sand eel the sand eel fishery in the North Sea off the coast of Scotland was closed down in 2000.
An observed decline in Atlantic puffins was linked to reduced numbers of sand eel prey and the fishery was closed in the hope to recover the puffin population. After the closure the numbers of Raitt's sand eel increased and benefited many top predators including the black-legged kittiwake. The fishery continues to be closed except for a small area carefully managed to make assessments of the sand eel stock.
These previous problems with Raitt's sand eel fisheries and the concerns for seabirds, commercially valuable fish and marine mammals have led to calls for better management and monitoring of sand eel abundance.

Controversy
The impacts of intense Raitt's sand eel fishing has been debated. Census data has shown that seabird populations as a whole are not negatively impacted by sand eel fisheries. Some has suggested that the observed declines in seabirds such as puffins were isolated incidences that do not represent the whole population.

Conservation status
The Raitt's sand eel is currently not assessed by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

References

Ammodytidae
Fish of the Atlantic Ocean
Fish of the Baltic Sea
Fish of the North Sea
Taxa named by Douglas S. Raitt
Fish described in 1934


Das Echo is a monthly German language newspaper based in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

History

Das Echo began as the Das Echo des Deutschen Hauses für die deutsch-kanadische Gemeinschaft, founded by Paul Christian Walter in 1978. It first began printing as a quarterly newssheet for the German community in Greater Montreal. Like the majority of newspapers in Germany, it is a subscriber's publication with a comparably small number of freely sold issues. Das Echo and the Deutsche Rundschau are the only newspapers by an ethnic minority (German) in Canada to have stringers in most Canadian provinces and many European countries.

Das Echo faced the delocalisation of its readers from Montreal and the rest of Quebec to other Canadian provinces. Like their English speaking neighbours, many German speaking Quebeckers left the province because of the political turmoil and changes that followed the Quiet Revolution.  In 1979 Walter turned the news sheet into a bimonthly newspaper and two years later it became a monthly newspaper, reporting about the activities of and covering information for the German-speaking communities in the Canadian provinces. In 1982 the title was finally shortened to Das Echo featuring the subtitle von Küste zu Küste, meaning from coast to coast.

From 1984 to 1995 Das Echo experienced a period of extensive growth, exceeding a circulation of 80,000. Das Echo has usually been an ethnic press newspaper, but established itself as an independent source of information in central European affairs in North America. Since the mid 90s Das Echo has earned a steadily growing number of subscriptions from the United States.

A substantial loss of subscriptions during the late 1990s and early years of the new millennium forced the Walter family into restructuring to avoid a financial collapse; the result was more advertising in the newspaper in order to keep a low retail price. On the other hand, the editorial staff was required to reorient the central theme of traditional German Canadian affairs, to reinforce its distinguishing character as German Canadian newspaper.

In about 2006 Das Echo started recovering subscription numbers. The newspaper currently has an average monthly readership of about 100,000. The paper remains one of the largest nationwide German language newspaper in Canada and the United States. Its largest regional readership can be found in the Canadian prairie provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba. In 2012 Das Echo received the award of the National Ethnic Press and Media Council of Canada.

Das Echo is member of the globally active IMH network, the International Association of German Media (IDM), the National Ethnic Press & Media Council of Canada, dpa, APA, SDA and swissinfo.

See also
List of newspapers in Canada

References

External links

1978 establishments in Quebec
German-Canadian culture in Quebec
Multicultural and ethnic newspapers published in Canada
Monthly newspapers
Newspapers published in Montreal
Newspapers established in 1978
German-language newspapers published in Canada


Hans Jákupsson Debes (1723–1769) was Lawman of the Faroe Islands from 1752 to 1769.

Hans Jákupsson came from Oyri and was married to the daughter of lawman Sámal Pætursson Lamhauge, from whom he took over as lawman.

References

Løgtingið 150 - Hátíðarrit. Tórshavn 2002, Bind 2, S. 366. (Avsnitt Føroya løgmenn fram til 1816) (PDF-Download )

1723 births
1769 deaths
Lawmen of the Faroe Islands


Okan Kadri Ersoy (born September 5, 1945, in İstanbul, Turkey) is a professor of electrical engineering and director of Statistical and Computational Intelligence Laboratory at Purdue University, West Lafayette School of Electrical and Computer Engineering. He is a Fellow of IEEE, a Fellow of OSA and a Fellow of ISIBM. Ersoy contributed to the research and education in computer science and engineering, artificial intelligence and bioinformatics. He is on the editorial boards of International Journal of Functional Informatics and Personalized Medicine and International Journal of Computational Biology and Drug Design. He is also on the advisory board of IJCBS.

Biography
He received B.S.E.E. degree from Boğaziçi University (Formerly Robert College) in Istanbul in 1967; M.S.E.E. degree in 1968, MS degree in Systems Science and PhD in Electrical Engineering in 1972 respectively, all from University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) with specialization on Lasers, Quantum Electronics, Optics and Image Processing.

Research areas
His current research is concentrated in the fields of digital signal/image processing and imaging, neural networks, decision trees and support vector machines, optical communications, networking and information processing, diffractive optics with scanning electron microscope, Fourier-related transforms and time-frequency methods, probability and statistics. He has written many books on signal, image processing and fast transforms.

Books
 Diffraction, Fourier Optics and Imaging

References

External links
 Website at Purdue
 DOI.org
 https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/ecetr/69/
 http://sru.lib.purdue.edu/dir/sru?operation=searchRetrieve&recordSchema=dc&maximumRecords=50&sortKeys=DateCreated,0&recordXpath=&stylesheet=http%3A//www.lib.purdue.edu/research/sru/etd/etd.xsl&ScanClause=&version=1.1&recordPacking=xml&query=adviser+%3D+%22Ersoy%22+and+%22Okan%22

Boğaziçi University alumni
Academic staff of Boğaziçi University
UCLA Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
Purdue University faculty
Living people
1945 births
Optical engineers
Systems engineers
American bioengineers
American electronics engineers
Turkish electronics engineers
Turkish electrical engineers
Turkish bioengineers
Turkish mathematicians
American academics of Turkish descent
Fellow Members of the IEEE
Fellows of Optica (society)


A veteran, often referred to as a military veteran or war veteran, is a person who has served in the armed forces.

Veteran or Veterans or The Veteran may also refer to:

Places

United States
 Veteran, Nevada
 Veteran, New York
 Veteran, Ulster County, New York
 Veteran, Wyoming
 Veterans Stadium (New Britain, Connecticut)
 Veterans Stadium, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Other places
 Veteran, Alberta, Canada
 Veteran, Queensland, Australia

People
 Julius the Veteran (3rd century), a Roman soldier and saint

Arts, entertainment, and media

Films
 The Veteran (1972 film), horror film
 The Veteran (2006 film), a 2006 American made-for-TV war film
 The Veteran (2011 film), a 2011 British action film
 Veteran (2015 film), a 2015 South Korean film

Literature
 The Veteran (short story collection), a book by Frederick Forsyth and the titular story
 The Veteran, a novel by Stephen Crane

Music
 Veteran (Marques Houston album), 2007 album by American R&B artist Marques Houston
 Veteran (JPEGMafia album), 2018 album by American rapper JPEGMafia
 "The Veteran", a song by British clergyman and composer Joseph Philip Knight
 ”VETERAN”, a song by American rapper Destroy Lonely & Ken Carson on the mixtape NO STYLIST.

Television
 "Veterans" (Justified), a 2010 episode of Justified

Ships
 French ship Vétéran (1803)
 HMS Veteran, the name of three ships of the Royal Navy

Other uses
 Veteran car, a car built before 1905
 Veterans General Hospital, a national hospital in Taiwan
 Veteran tree, trees of distinction due to age

See also
 Sons of Veterans (disambiguation)
 Veterans Administration Hospital (disambiguation)
 Veterans Bridge (disambiguation)
 Veterans Day (disambiguation)
 Veterans Memorial Auditorium (disambiguation)


The Gould Amendment sponsored by Rep. Samuel W. Gould (D) of Maine, amended the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 by requiring that the contents of any food package had to be “plainly and conspicuously marked on the outside of the package in terms of weight, measure, or numerical count and ingredients”

External links

1913 in American law
62nd United States Congress
United States federal trade legislation


Quick Objects is an object–relational mapping tool for Microsoft .NET Framework, a built in framework for business logic and validation. The architecture for Quick Objects is different from other ORM tools (See: List of object–relational mapping software). Focus of Quick Objects to provide the advantages of code reuse, code generation and object relational mapping in a single tool set.

LINQ is fully supported and it can be used against any of the supported databases. Classes generated by Quick Objects are ready for Web Services, Windows Communication Foundation and Remoting. Comprehensive data access and modification capabilities are complemented by an object model that allows the developer to specify and control every aspect of the CRUD operations.

History

Quick Objects
On September 15, 2008, Version 4.2 was released which included enhanced support for Windows Forms visual databinding.

On September 1, 2008, Version 4.1 was released with support for Microsoft .NET Compact Framework.

On August 1, 2008, Version 4.0 was released with several new features. VistaDB, Microsoft Access and MySQL were added to the list of supported databases. Quick Object's designer added support for adding multiple custom templates for code generation. V4.0 also added support for LINQ and enabled the capability to specify queries in LINQ and run them against any of the supported databases.

On April 7, 2008, Version 3.5 was released with a new free edition of the product called Community Edition. In addition to the Community Edition, the Quick Objects Designer also added a visual validation designer. Business Logic Framework also introduced support for databases with multiple schemas, and introduced support for aggregate sub queries.

On March 3, 2008, Version 3.3 was released with support for Visual Studio 2008.

On October 30, 2007, a major release of Quick Objects V3 was released with the addition of the validation framework among other features. V3 also introduced support for disconnected mode and delayed synchronization. A new component called Quick Objects Data Source for ASP.NET was introduced in V3 as well.

On April 25, 2007, Quick Objects version 2.2 was released to the public.

Quick Objects components for .NET Framework

Quick Objects features

Supported database servers
 Microsoft SQL Server / SQL CE
 Microsoft Access
 Oracle
 MySQL

See also
 List of object–relational mapping software

References

External links

Object–relational mapping


Moon Ik-hwan (June 2, 1918 – January 18, 1994) was a South Korean pastor, theologian, poet, and activist engaged in various social movements.  He was also the father of Moon Sung-keun, a noted actor in South Korea.

Early life and education
He was born in Longjing, Jilin as the first son of the Reverend, Moon Jae-rin and mother, Shin Sin-muk. He had two brothers and two sisters.  He and his brother became pastors. He was raised in Bukgando where Korean independence movement was centered. After finishing up education at Myeongdong Elementary school and Eunjin Middle school that ethnic Koreans established, Moon went to Sungsil Middle School in Pyongyang, and then Yongjeong Gwangmyeong School in Bukgando. Although Moon Ik-hwan entered Tokyo Union Theological Seminary in Japan, he was dismissed from the school because of his refusal to enlist himself to Japanese army. He then transferred to Bongcheon Seminary (봉천신학교) in Manchuria and served as a preacher at a Korean church. In 1947, he graduated Hansin University and received the imposition of hands. After he earned his master's degree from Princeton Theological Seminary in the United States, he returned to South Korea and began to lecture the Old Testament at Yonsei University and Hanshin University. Later, he worked on translating the Old Testament until he devoted himself on unification of two Koreas and democracy of South Korea.

Career

Moon worked as the main chief for the translation on the Old Testament by a joint collaboration of the Protestant and Catholic church in South Korea for 8 years. Moon was imprisoned in 1976 for dissident activities and again in 1986 for his alleged encouragement of student activists at Seoul National University and his leadership in the protest at Inch'on in May of that year. (3·1민주구국선언). According to the New York Times:
Moon was jailed five times, for a total of 10 years, for dissident activities. In the spring of 1993 he was released early from a five-year sentence for making an unapproved visit to North Korea, where he spoke with leaders about the possibility of unification, in 1989. South Korean law bars contacts with Communists without prior approval.

References

1918 births
1994 deaths
Korean nationalists
South Korean democracy activists


Heriot is a small settlement in West Otago, in the South Island of New Zealand. It is located 20 kilometres southwest of Raes Junction and 15 kilometres north of Tapanui.

The township is likely not to have been named after the Scottish border town of Heriot (unlike other local towns named after Borders places, such as Kelso and Roxburgh), but may have been named from the maiden name of the wife of early settler William Pinkerton.

The main economic activities in Heriot are related to livestock and forestry.

Demographics
Heriot covers , and is part of the larger West Otago statistical area.

Heriot had a population of 111 at the 2018 New Zealand census, a decrease of 18 people (−14.0%) since the 2013 census, and a decrease of 30 people (−21.3%) since the 2006 census. There were 51 households. There were 57 males and 54 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.06 males per female. The median age was 39.8 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 24 people (21.6%) aged under 15 years, 21 (18.9%) aged 15 to 29, 48 (43.2%) aged 30 to 64, and 18 (16.2%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 91.9% European/Pākehā, 13.5% Māori, and 2.7% other ethnicities (totals add to more than 100% since people could identify with multiple ethnicities).

Although some people objected to giving their religion, 48.6% had no religion, 40.5% were Christian and 2.7% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 9 (10.3%) people had a bachelor or higher degree, and 21 (24.1%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $31,100, compared with $31,800 nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 54 (62.1%) people were employed full-time and 12 (13.8%) were part-time.

Education

Heriot School is a co-educational state primary school for Year 1 to 6 students, with a roll of  as of . The school was established in 1879.

References

Populated places in Otago


or  (1740 – 19 November 1796) was an Icelandic lawyer who practised law in Copenhagen from 1763 to 1769. From 1769 to 1772, he was Lawman (prime minister) of the Faroe Islands.

After that, he moved to Norway. From 1772 to 1778 he was county governor of Finnmark county. In 1778–1780, he became county governor of Bornholm County in Denmark. From 1780 to 1786, we was a judge in Christianssand. In 1786, he became a county governor of Trondhjem county. He held that post until 1796 when he died in Trondhjem.

References

Thorkild Fjeldsted
County governors of Norway
Prime Ministers of the Faroe Islands
1740 births
1796 deaths


In 1913 the Roads and Trails Fund Act in the United States created a permanent Federal fund which states could use to cover 10% of the cost for road construction or reconstruction, supervising, inspecting, actual building, and incurrence of all costs incidental to the construction or reconstruction of a road.

1913 in American law
62nd United States Congress
United States federal legislation
United States federal legislation articles without infoboxes


Nicomachus Flavianus ( 382–432), sometimes referred to as Flavianus the Younger, was a grammarian and a politician of the Roman Empire. He was the son of Virius Nicomachus Flavianus. He held several offices under emperors Valentinian II (371–392), Theodosius I (379–395), Honorius (393–423), and Valentinian III (425–455); together with his father he supported the usurper Eugenius until his defeat and death (392–394). Flavianus also edited a corrected version of Livy's work.

Biography

Flavianus belonged to the Nicomachi, an influential family of senatorial rank. His father was the pagan politician and historian Virius Nicomachus Flavianus, and he had a brother. He married a daughter (who some sources say was called Galla and other sources say is unnamed) of Quintus Aurelius Symmachus, from whom he received over 80 letters, and whose family had a long-time friendship and alliance with the Nicomachi. It may have been in occasion of Flavianus' wedding that the "Nicomachorum-Symmachorum" diptych was produced. Alternatively, it may have been produced on the occasion of the wedding of Galla, daughter of Nicomachus Flavianus and his unnamed wife, with the son of Symmachus. As was traditional for his family, he was patron of Naples; and, sharing a common interest in his family, he edited works of pagan authors of the Roman literature: in particular, around 408 he produced a corrected edition of the first ten books of the Ab Urbe condita of Livy, while he was staying near Enna (he had estates in Sicily). His edition had been corrected by Victorinus before him, then bought by Symmachus, and finally, after Flavianus' edition, emended another time by his nephew Appius Nicomachus Dexter; all of the manuscripts of the first ten books of Livy's Ab Urbe condita that were subsequently copied through the Middle Ages into modern times are derived by this single manuscript, thanks to whom those books have survived.

His political career is reported on an inscription (CIL, VI, 1783). His first office was consularis Campaniae, that is governor of the region of Campania, a position held at a date unknown, but before the following office, the one of proconsul Asiae (382–383), governor of Asia Minor. His father delayed his departure for his province; in this office he was the addressee of some laws later included in the Codex Theodosianus, while Himerius dedicated in his honour three orations. He clubbed a decurion, and for this reason was dismissed from his office, taking a ship to go home. He was later recalled at court by Theodosius I, when the emperor was in Italy (389/391), but he did not receive any office.

After the death of Valentinian II, Eugenius usurped the throne of the Western part of the empire; both father and son sided with the usurper, and Flavianus iunior became praefectus urbi of Rome. After the defeat and death of Eugenius at the battle of the Frigidus (September 394), Flavianus senior committed suicide, while Flavianus iunior received no harm from his support to the usurper, apart having to repay his father's wages as praetorian prefect. He received several letters from his father-in-law Quintus Aurelius Symmachus, a close and influential friend of his father, to suggest him to take part to the senatorial delegation to the emperor (397), in order to rehabilitate himself, but it is probable he did not follow Symmachus' suggestions. However he was invited in late 398 to the celebrations for the inauguration of the Emperor as consul for 399.

He was twice appointed praefectus urbi of Rome, first between 399 and 400 and then again in 408. The total number of prefectures was officially two, as the office held under Eugenius was not recognized, but one inscription refers vaguely to the number of terms, and on his edition of Livius' work there is a note referring to three prefectures. In 414 was sent to Africa together with Caecilianus to investigate a matter.

In 431–432 he was praetorian prefect of Italia, Illyricum and Africa.

Notes

Bibliography
Primary sources
 Augustine of Hippo, Civitas Dei
 Codex Theodosianus
 Himerius, Orationes
 Libanius, Orationes
 Quintus Aurelius Symmachus, Epistulae
Secondary sources
 Arnold Hugh Martin Jones, John Robert Martindale, J. Morris, "Nicomachus Flavianus 14", The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, Cambridge University Press, 1971, , pp. 345–346.
 James J. O’Donnell, "The Career of Virius Nicomachus Flavianus". In: Phoenix. Vol. 32, 1978, pp. 129–143 (online).

4th-century Romans
5th-century writers in Latin
5th-century Romans
Correspondents of Symmachus
Late-Roman-era pagans
Urban prefects of Rome
Virii


The Loobu is a river in Northern Estonia. Its source is about 12 km southwest from Rakvere in Lääne-Viru County and it drains into Eru Bay (part of Finnish Gulf) near the village of Vihasoo in Lahemaa National Park.

Its drainage basin is rather small and narrow, Loobu lacks any major tributaries.

At Joaveski, 10 km upstream from its mouth, the Loobu flows over the Baltic Klint, forming the Joaveski Waterfall.

Kadrina (population: 2,600) is the only significant settlement on the river.

Gallery

References

Rivers of Estonia
Landforms of Lääne-Viru County


The Burnett Act of 1913 was sponsored by United States Representative John L. Burnett (Democrat) of Alabama. It authorized $40 million in spending on new government buildings in the District of Columbia and in smaller towns across the nation.

References

1913 in American law
62nd United States Congress
United States federal legislation
History of Washington, D.C.


Zoğallıq is a village and municipality in the Ismailli Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 436.

References

Populated places in Ismayilli District


The Belly River Ranger Station Historic District in Glacier National Park includes several historic structures, including the original ranger station, now used as a barn. The rustic log structures were built beginning in 1912. Other buildings include a woodshed, built in 1927 to standard National Park Service plans and a cabin used as a fire cache.

The ranger station building is similar to those at Sherburne and Upper Lake McDonald, with the ranger's office and quarters downstairs and space for guests in the loft. The station is one of the oldest locations, established in 1912 and staffed by District Ranger Joe Cosley. It remains the only ranger station in Glacier which cannot be accessed by road. The present barn was the original 1912 ranger station.

The woodshed is a standard National Park Service design, built according to standard drawing G811. Woodsheds were an essential element of early ranger stations, providing shelter from the snow for work and storage. The fire cache, which is used to house fire-fighting tools, was built in 1928 and used for accommodations for a time, then converted to fire cache use.  It is substantially similar to the Kintla Lake fire cache.

There is no utility power at Belly River.  Propane is used for heat, cooking and refrigeration.

References

Ranger stations in Glacier National Park (U.S.)
Park buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Montana
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Montana
National Register of Historic Places in Glacier County, Montana
Log buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Montana
National Register of Historic Places in Glacier National Park
National Park Service rustic in Montana
1912 establishments in Montana
Government buildings completed in 1912


Uştalqışlaq is a village and municipality in the Ismailli Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 233.

References

Populated places in Ismayilli District


The Weeks–McLean Act was a law of the United States sponsored by Representative John W. Weeks (R) of Massachusetts and Senator George P. McLean (R) of Connecticut that prohibited the spring hunting and marketing of migratory birds and the importation of wild bird feathers for women's fashion, ending what was called "millinery murder". It gave the Secretary of Agriculture the power to set hunting seasons nationwide, making it the first U.S. law ever passed to regulate the shooting of migratory birds.  It became effective on 4 March 1913 but, because of a constitutional weakness, was later replaced by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918.

Henry Ford supported the legislation, "The only time I ever used the Ford organization to influence legislation was on behalf of the birds, and I think the end justified the means."

See also
 Missouri v. Holland
 Lacey Act of 1900

References

1913 in the environment
1913 in American law
62nd United States Congress
Bird conservation
United States federal environmental legislation
United States federal legislation articles without infoboxes
United States environmental case law
Fowling
Wildlife law in the United States


Jacob Hveding was a Norwegian lawyer. From 1772 to 1786 he was Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands. Later, he moved back to Norway, and Stavanger, where he took over as a presiding judge.

References
Løgtingið 150 - Hátíðarrit. Tórshavn 2002, Bind 2, S. 366. (Avsnitt Føroya løgmenn fram til 1816) (PDF-Download )

Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Norwegian judges
Prime Ministers of the Faroe Islands


The first USS Honolulu (ID-1843) was a cargo ship that served in the United States Navy probably from 1918 to 1919.

Honolulu was built as SS Setos by Armstrong Whitworth Ltd., Newcastle upon Tyne, England, in 1905 on Order of the Deutsche Dampfschiffahrts-Gesellschaft Kosmos, a shipping company with lines from Germany to the west coast of South and North America. 1914 she searched for shelter at Honolulu.

She was taken over by the United States for World War I on 12 June 1917, transferred to United States Shipping Board ownership, renamed Itasca and assigned to United States Army service. Although she operated as a U.S. cargo transport with a U.S. Navy crew, there is no record of her commissioning. Her  name was changed to Honolulu on 26 July 1918.

Honolulus service included cargo cruises between the United States and various French ports.

U.S. Navy personnel were released from the ship in March 1919 and she was rejected for further U.S. Navy service on 2 April 1919. Honolulu was returned to the United States Shipping Board and sold on 26 January 1920.

Honolulu resumed commercial service, and was sold 1923 to Moore-McCormack. Renamed Commercial Trader she was assigned to their Gulf Line until 1934 scrapped. The Company used more ex-German ships. One was Commercial Pathfinder ex Osage ex German Serapis, a sistership of Setos, between 1920 and 1928 too in service of their Gulf Line, which 1914 stayed at San Francisco.

Notes

References

External links
Department of the Navy: Naval Historical Center Online Library of Selected Images: Civilian Ships: SS Honolulu (U.S. Cargo Ship, 1905); Formerly named Setos and Itasca. Possibly served as USS Honolulu (ID # 1843) during World War I.

World War I cargo ships of the United States
Ships built on the River Tyne
1905 ships
Cargo ships of the United States Navy


The Apedale Heritage Centre was created at the site of Staffordshire's Apedale Mine and is run by volunteers. It is located just outside the village of Chesterton near Newcastle-under-Lyme in the Apedale Community Country Park.

Attractions include mine tours and a museum which concentrates on the area's history, and industrial heritage. Opening times are 10:30 to 16:00 daily with the underground tours taking place on weekends and bank holidays.

The site is also the home of the Moseley Railway Trust's collection of narrow gauge industrial locomotives.  A selection of locomotives can be viewed in the heritage centre museum and the trust holds open days for the public.  Work is under way to construct a separate museum and railway for the collection.

External links
Apedale Heritage Centre
The Moseley Railway Trust

Coal mines in Staffordshire
Mining museums in England
Museums in Staffordshire
Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme
Underground mines in England


Güdəyli is a village in the municipality of Kurd Eldarbeyli in the Ismailli District of Azerbaijan.

References

Populated places in Ismayilli District


The Federal Revenue Sharing Act, also called the Expenditures from Receipts Act, was a bill passed in 1913 by the US Congress. It allowed the federal government to split national forest and park revenues 50–50 between itself and the states for National Forest Road and Trail repair.

1913 in American law
62nd United States Congress
United States federal public land legislation
United States federal legislation articles without infoboxes


Çərmədil is a village in the municipality of Qubaxəlilli in the Ismailli Rayon of Azerbaijan.

References

Populated places in Ismayilli District


Bernard Hackett (7 September 1933 - 21 May 2022) was an English former professional footballer, builder and Black Country poet. He played in The Football League for Chester in the 1950s.

Playing career
Although born in Ramsbottom, Hackett grew up in the West Midlands. As a youngster he represented Worcestershire at county level and Birmingham City's junior side before joining Aston Villa. He turned professional in 1953 but left two years later without making a league appearance.

Hackett was one of several forwards to sign for Chester in the summer of 1955, as manager Louis Page also purchased Charlie Jolley, George Allman, Jack Haines, Jim Collins and Frank Wayman. The competition for places and a knee injury meant Hackett was not a regular in the side and he was released in the summer of 1957.

After leaving Chester, Hackett dropped into non-league football and played for Altrincham, Witton Albion, Macclesfield Town, Lockheed Leamington, Halesowen Town and Cradley Town while working in the building trade.

References

1933 births
2022 deaths
People from Ramsbottom
Sportspeople from the Metropolitan Borough of Bury
English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
English Football League players
Aston Villa F.C. players
Chester City F.C. players
Leamington F.C. players
Halesowen Town F.C. players
Cradley Town F.C. players
Footballers from Greater Manchester


Külüllü is a village in the municipality of İvanovka in the Ismailli Rayon of Azerbaijan.

References

Populated places in Ismayilli District


In United States federal legislation, the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1913 appropriated money for various Congressional river and harbor improvement projects, the most prominent of which was Indiana Harbor, Indiana.

1913 in American law
62nd United States Congress
United States federal legislation
United States federal appropriations legislation


Ivan Klánský (born 1948) is a Czech pianist.

He studied at that Academy of Performing Arts in Prague with František Rauch (1968-1973) and at the Prague Conservatory with Valentina Kameníková (1963-1968).

He is laureate of some of the most prestigious international competitions (Bolzano 1967, Naples 1968, Bach Competition Leipzig 1968, Warsaw 1970, Barcelona 1970, Fort Worth, Texas 1973, Paloma O'Shea Santander International Piano Competition 1976), to which he later returned as a jury member in 1998.
He has performed as a soloist and chamber musician internationally since. In addition, he has recorded for Naxos Records, Supraphon and Praga Digitals (Harmonia Mundi) and Editio Onta.

Klánský held a professorship at the Musikhochschule Luzern (1991-2011) and is professor and head of the keyboard instrument department at the Academy of Performing Arts in Prague where he is also sub-dean. Ivan Klánský was chairman of the Czech Chopin Society from 1995 to 1998 and is honorary president of the Chopin Festival in Marienbad as well as chairman of the Frederyk Chopin International Piano Competition.

In 1986 he founded with Čeněk Pavlík and Marek Jerie the Guarneri Trio Prague - a trio that to this day still performs in his original line-up.

Records
(non exhaustive list):
 Klánský plays Chopin (2016)
 Masterpieces For Piano Left Hand (2015)
 Martinů: Piano Quintets H. 229, 298 and Piano Quartet H. 287 (2009)
 Smetana: Complete Works for Piano, Vol. 4 (2005)
 Johannes Brahms: Cello Sontatas Nos. 1 and 2, Scherzo (2005)
 Ernest Bloch: The Two Piano Quintets (2003)
 Leoš Janáček: Works for pianoa Solo (2010)
 Schubert: Impromptus

References

External links
  of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's 20th Piano Concerto together with I Virtuosi di Praga, conducted by Jiří Bělohlávek. Wallenstein Palace, November 1990.
  Naxos Records
  1995 Fryderyk Chopin Competition
  Fondazione Concorso Pianistico Internationale Ferruccio Busoni
  Bach-Archiv Leipzig
   ArkivMusic - Discography
  Alink-Argerich Foundation
 [7] Guarneri Trio Prague
 [8] Czech National Radio Station -  Ivan Klánský (in Czech)
 [9] Chopin Society
 [10] Chopin Festival Marienbad
 [11] Prague Music Performance -Ivan Klánský

Living people
1948 births
Czech pianists
Prize-winners of the Paloma O'Shea International Piano Competition
Prize-winners of the Ferruccio Busoni International Piano Competition
21st-century pianists
Prague Conservatory alumni
Academy of Performing Arts in Prague alumni
Recipients of Medal of Merit (Czech Republic)


Şirvanmeşə is a village in the municipality of Topçu in the Ismailli Rayon of Azerbaijan.

References

Populated places in Ismayilli District