The Apega of Nabis, also known as the Iron Apega, was described by Polybius as an ancient torture device similar to the iron maiden. It was invented by Nabis, a king who ruled Sparta as a tyrant from 207 to 192 BC.

Device description

The mechanical Apega, according to Polybius, was a machine, a well-executed replica of the real wife of Nabis, and was used by Nabis to collect money from unwilling Spartan citizens.  Those who did not give money were sent to deal with his wife.  This was the replica, dressed in expensive clothing, with arms outstretched.  When the drunken visitors hugged her, this triggered the arms to close.  The device's arms, hands, and breasts were covered with iron nails, and the arms were capable of crushing the body of its victim. Nabis would control the machine through hidden devices until the victim agreed to pay a tribute or to the point of death.

The automaton, Apega, was one of the advancements in technology of the ancient Greco-Roman world used as implements of torture, along with other torture devices such as the cross, the wheel, and the brazen bull of Phalaris.

Origins

Nabis, tyrant of Sparta, reportedly created the device in the image of his own wife, Apega (; also known as Ἀγαπήνα or Ἀπία), a tyrant herself who helped in furthering her husband's ambitions.  The Greek historian Polybius (203–120 BC, author of The Histories) further described the real Queen Apega as a female ruler who ruled Sparta like a Hellenistic queen, similar to Cleopatra and Arsinoe, because she "received men at court alongside her husband." Polybius also mentioned that she was a woman who knew how to dishonor men by humiliating women belonging to the families of male citizens. Both Nabis and Apega brought suffering and violence to their subjects by stealing their wealth and valuables.

The historical Apega was described as a Spartan woman who had exceeded her husband's viciousness and wielded power to satisfy her own greed. The Iron Apega was further described as the personification of the evilness and deceitfulness of the real Apega, and was said to be equal to Pandora, the first woman in Greek mythology.

Literary references
In Arthur Machen's episodic horror novella The Three Impostors (1895), one story centers on an execution device named the "Iron Maid", which in its outstretched arms bears a great resemblance to the Iron Apega.
Nabis and Apega are mentioned in Adrienne Mayor’s “Gods and Robots”.

References

Ancient instruments of torture
European instruments of torture
Nabis
Individual instruments of torture


The 'Keitt' mango is a late-season mango cultivar which originated in south Florida.

History
Keitt was reportedly a seedling of the Mulgoba cultivar that was planted on the property of Mrs. J.N. Keitt in Homestead, Florida in 1939. However, recent genetic analysis suggests Keitt was actually a seedling of Brooks, which would help explain its late-season ripening and large fruit size. The cultivar was selected and named in 1945, after which it quickly gained commercial nursery acceptance for its flavor, productivity and lack of fiber. The fruit lacked color, however, and was much larger than most varieties, limiting it from becoming a widespread commercial staple. It did gain popularity among Florida home growers and remains one of the more widely planted trees in the state today.

Keitt trees are planted in the collections of the USDA's germplasm repository in Miami, Florida, the University of Florida's Tropical Research and Education Center in Homestead, and the Miami–Dade Fruit and Spice Park, also in Homestead.

Description
The trees are vigorous growers, but tend not to reach heights much over 20 feet. It has a low spreading habit that is not as compact as most other mango trees, and develops an open canopy. Fruit production is relatively heavy and consistent.

The fruit is comparatively large, some reaching up to several pounds in weight. They are of ovoid shape with a rounded apex lacking a beak. The skin color is typically green with some light red blush. The flesh has fibers, tangy and sweet, with a monoembryonic seed. The fruit generally has good disease resistance, and typically ripens from August until September in Florida, often into October as well, making it one of the more valued late-season varieties.

See also
List of mango cultivars

External links
  http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-7827883500929791807  - video description of 'Keitt' by Dr. Jonathan Crane of the University of Florida.

References

Mango cultivars
Flora of Florida
Agriculture in Florida


St. Lawrence Centre is a shopping mall in Massena, New York, United States. It includes one anchor store, JCPenney.

History
The mall was built in 1990 by the Heritage Company. At that time the Massena economy could support it, with a strong manufacturing base built around several local Alcoa plants and heavy cross-border shopping by Canadians from the area of Cornwall, Ontario, just across the St. Lawrence River. The cost of construction was $50 million. In 1995 it was sold to AP Massena Partners. During this time the mall went through serious financial troubles, falling to just a 75% occupancy rate. In September 2003, the mall was sold for $3.6 million to the Carlyle Development Group who hired General Growth Properties to manage it beginning February 2004.

One anchor, originally occupied by Hills until 1998, Ames until 2002 and Steve & Barry's from 2007 to 2008, is vacant. Before Steve & Barry's opened, the town of Massena had attempted to use eminent domain to replace the Hills/Ames with a Wal-Mart in 2006. In 2009, the mall owners circulated a petition to replace the former Hills/Ames/Steve & Barry's building with a Target.

Several tenants moved out of the mall in 2011 and 2012, including original anchor store TJ Maxx. Sears closed its store at the mall in 2014 and was replaced with Sears Hometown Store but closed in 2017. The mall's ice rink closed in August 2016 due to mechanical problems and has yet to reopen.

After Payless ShoeSource closed its store in the mall in spring 2017, many residents of the Massena area, where the Alcoa now only runs one of its former plants and Canadians no longer come in their former numbers, believed the mall was now dead and called for it to be closed and demolished. Erica Leonard, the mall's director, hired by a group of Canadian investors who bought the mall around that time and made immediate physical improvements, went on a local radio station to urge people to stop being so negative and seeing the mall's decline as irreversible. "I just stopped listening to them," she later told The New York Times.

Leonard began to find local businesses to fill the spaces vacated by national retailers, and made it clear to those engaging in criminal activity on the premises that they were not welcome. New tenants have included North Country Showcase, a local company which sells products by local artists; an event planner; a specialty popcorn store run by a local member of the Mohawk Native American tribe, and other local merchants who sell chainsaw-carved wooden statues and bourbon maple syrup. Under Leonard's direction, local residents converted the former Sears space into an elaborate Christmas village for the holidays using empty cardboard refrigerator boxes.

While sales at some of the local stores were better than expected during the 2017 holiday season, the mall still faces other challenges. Bon-Ton closed in early 2018 leaving JCPenney as the only anchor left.

See also

List of shopping malls in New York

References

External links
Official website

Shopping malls in New York (state)
Indoor ice hockey venues in the United States
Buildings and structures in St. Lawrence County, New York
Tourist attractions in St. Lawrence County, New York
1990 establishments in New York (state)
Shopping malls established in 1990


Apega may refer to:
Apega of Sparta, wife of the Spartan tyrant Nabis, who also acted as his co-ruler
Apega of Nabis, an ancient torture device invented and used by Nabis, said to be modelled after Queen Apega
Association of Professional Engineers and Geoscientists of Alberta (APEGA), a Canadian engineering society


Not to be confused with Ronny Jordans 1993 second album.Quiet Revolution'' is the thirteenth studio album by British-Irish singer Chris de Burgh, released in 1999. Two singles were released from the album: "When I Think of You", which reached number 59 in the UK Singles Chart and number 75 in Germany, and "A Woman's Heart", which reached number 96 in Germany.

Track listing
All tracks written by Chris de Burgh.Note'''
 "When I Think of You" ("Quand Je Pense A Toi") and "A Woman's Heart" ("Le Coeur D'Une Femme") were recorded in French for release in Canada.

Personnel

 Chris de Burgh – lead and backing vocals
 Peter Gordeno – keyboards
 Phil Palmer – guitars
 Neil Taylor – guitars
 John Giblin – bass
 David Levy – bass
 Tony Kiley – drums
 Andy Duncan – drum programming, percussion
 Chris White – saxophones
 Neil Sidwell – trombone
 Steve Sidwell – trumpet
 Chris Cameron – string arrangements (4, 15)
 Richard Hewson – string arrangements (7, 10)
 Peter Oxendale – orchestral agent
 Gavyn Wright – orchestral agent
 The Heart of England Philharmonic – orchestra (4, 7, 10, 15)
 Tommy Blaize – backing vocals
 Hazel Fernandez – backing vocals
 Derek Green – backing vocals
 Helen Hampton – backing vocals
 Katie Kissoon – backing vocals
 Chris Porter – backing vocals

Production

 Produced by Chris de Burgh and Chris Porter
 Engineered and mixed by Chris Porter and Jason Clift
 Assistant engineer – Andrew Nicholls
 Recorded and mixed at Whitfield Street Recording Studios (London, England).
 Art direction – Tom Bird
 Sleeve design – Rick Lecoat
 Photography – Paul Cox

Charts

References

Chris de Burgh albums
1999 albums
A&M Records albums


This is a list of films produced by the Tollywood (Bengali language film industry) based in Kolkata in the year 2003.

A-Z of films

References

External links
 Tollywood films of 2003 at the Internet Movie Database

2003
Lists of 2003 films by country or language
Bengali


Yasmin Deliz (born June 2, 1987) is an American singer and actress. She is best known for her starring role in Next Day Air and her work as co-host on mun2's music video countdown show Vivo and reality television show The Chicas Project.

Career
In 2006, Deliz was offered a deal on Mun2 for two shows Deliz started working as a VJ on the show "Vivo" for Universo, a Latin music television network.

In January 2007, she teamed up with fellow VJ, Crash in mun2's reality show The Chicas Project. The show is based on two close friends of different styles and backgrounds that are sent out on adventures each week, where they learn new talents like how to surf, host events, or perform outrageous stunts like skydiving. Keeping with the mission of mun2, no matter what they do, the chicas always try to keep themselves and their identity rooted in their Latin background. The show is premiered its 4th season on July 9. Deja The Great then introduced Deliz to long-time friend Director Benny Boom (Next Day Air) on the set of Brooke Valentine's video shoot Dope Girl featuring Pimp C directed by Boom which Deliz featured in.

She appeared in as the main girl in New Kids on the Block's 2008 music video Single, which also features Ne-Yo.

She made her film debut as Chita in the 2009 film Next Day Air alongside Donald Faison, Mike Epps, Omari Hardwick and Wood Harris.

Filmography

References

External links

 Yasmin Deliz on Myspace

1987 births
Living people
Female models from New York (state)
American film actresses
Venezuelan emigrants to the United States
American television actresses
Actresses from New York City
Hispanic and Latino American female models
American people of Dominican Republic descent
American people of Colombian descent
Hispanic and Latino American actresses
Musicians from Queens, New York
21st-century American singers
21st-century American women singers


Vartkes Serengülian (; also known as Hovhannes  or Gisak; 1871, in Erzurum – 1915, in Urfa), was an Ottoman Armenian political and social activist, and a member of Ottoman Parliament.

Biography
He studied in the Ardzinian and Sanasarian colleges of Karin (Erzurum). In late 1880s he organized demonstrations in Karin and was arrested. After he was released in 1892 he worked in Constantinople, then in Bulgaria and the Russian Empire as a revolutionary activist. In Van, Serengyulian supported the ideas of Hrayr Dzhoghk, and cooperated with the Armenakan Party. He was arrested in Van and in 1901 was sentenced to a 101-year prison sentence. The Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF) reportedly attempted to organize a prison break for him in the beginning of 1908. In the same year, after the Young Turk Revolution he was released from prison and elected as a member of the Ottoman parliament representing the ARF. As an MP he advocated the creation of trade unions within the Ottoman Empire and, spoke out against the atrocities perpetrated against the Armenian population in Adana. He had also several disputes with an other deputy known for his feeling hostile to the Armenians, Aziz Feyzi Pirinççizade. On the 2 June 1915 he was arrested together with the other Armenian deputy in Constantiople, Krikor Zohrab. They were deported to Urfa, where they were killed by Cherkes Ahmet.

References

1871 births
1915 deaths
People from Erzurum
Armenian politicians
People who died in the Armenian genocide
Armenians from the Ottoman Empire
Political people from the Ottoman Empire


Ian William West (born 3 August 1951) is an Australian politician and former Labor Party member of the New South Wales Legislative Council, serving from 2000 until his retirement in 2011.

Ian West was born on 3 August 1951 to parents Bill and Rita, one of three siblings. Raised in the Western Suburbs of Sydney, he attended Bass High School. Ian West attended University of Technology Sydney to study law. He obtained a distinction in Advanced Industrial Law, but ultimately did not complete his degree.

He joined the Chester Hill branch of the Labor Party in 1968. He became an organizer for the NSW Federated Miscellaneous Workers' Union in 1976. He was elected NSW Assistant Secretary of the Liquor Hospitality and Miscellaneous Workers' Union in 1981 and held that role until 2000. In 1991 he became a member of the New South Wales Administrative Committee, and remained a member until 2001.

Ian West was touted for nomination to the New South Wales Legislative Council in 1998 when he faced a party pre-selection battle for the vacancy caused by the departure of Ann Symonds. Ian West was not successful at that pre-selection.

Ian West did later enter the New South Wales Parliament following his nomination to the casual vacancy in the Legislative Council caused by the resignation of Andy Manson. West was sworn into Parliament in a joint sitting on 1 November 2000.

He first faced election in the 2003 New South Wales general election, where he was pre-selected as number fourth on the Labor Party ticket. He was elected with the eighth highest quota.

In Parliament Ian West was the Chair of the Standing Committee on Social Issues and is also a general member of the Stay Safe Committee and General Purpose Standing Committee 3.

He was Deputy Government Whip from 28 March 2003 to 2 March 2007. He was a member of the Joint Standing Committee on Road Safety between 5 May 2003 and 2 March 2007, and also the Standing Committee on Social Issues from 21 May 2003 to 2 March 2007.

He was the Legislative Council Representative on the Macquarie University Council from 7 May 2003 to 31 December 2005.

References

Members of the New South Wales Legislative Council
Living people
1951 births
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of New South Wales
21st-century Australian politicians


Beautiful Dreams is the twelfth album by British-Irish singer-songwriter Chris de Burgh, released in 1995. It is a collection of songs recorded with a full orchestra. It includes a mix of his own songs from previous albums, three new songs and three cover versions.

Track listing
All tracks composed by Chris de Burgh; except where indicated.

Bonus track listing

"In Love Forever", "I'm Not Crying Over You" and "One More Mile to Go" were three new songs written for this album.

"Girl" is missing on compact cassette.

"This is the album I've always wanted to make; a live studio recording of personal favourites, old classics and new songs, with full orchestra and choir. It was recorded in London over a period of eight days (instead of the usual three-four months) in July '95, and to sing each track surrounded by an orchestra, without the benefit of the safety-net of modern technology, was immensely exciting - everything in one take, the way it used to be!"

Personnel

 Chris de Burgh – vocals
 Peter Oxendale – acoustic piano, musical director
 Dave "Clem" Clempson – acoustic guitar, electric guitar
 John Themis – acoustic guitar, guitar soloist
 John Giblin – bass guitar
 Ian Thomas – drums
 Miles Bould – percussion
 Nick Ingman – arrangements and conductor (1, 2, 5, 7-13)
 Richard Hewson – arrangements and conductor (3, 4, 6)
 The London Session Orchestra – orchestra
 Gavyn Wright – orchestra leader
 GWALIA – Welsh Male Voice Choir

Production

 Produced by Chris de Burgh
 Recorded by Ben Darlow and Mike Ross at Whitfield Street Recording Studios (London, England).
 Mixed by Ben Darlow at Nomis Studios (London, England).
 Art Direction and Design - Mike Ross
 Photography - Richard Haughton
 Cover Painting - Fletcher Sibthorp
 Cover Typography - Richard Carroll
 Management - Kenny Thomson

Concert video release
In September 2005, de Burgh performed a concert at the Symphony Hall, Birmingham; a 90-minute VHS video of this concert was released as Beautiful Dreams Live. The first half of this concert saw de Burgh perform a solo set of songs from throughout his career. The second half was a performance of tracks from the Beautiful Dreams album, with a full orchestra. It was later released on DVD with bonus behind the scenes footage and music videos.

Video track listing
Solo set
 "Carry On"
 "Here Is Your Paradise"
 "Transmission Ends"
 "The Head and the Heart"
 "Spanish Train"
 "This Weight on Me"
 "The Simple Truth"
 "The Last Time I Cried"
 "Borderline"
 "Oh, My Brave Hearts"
 "Don't Pay the Ferryman"

Beautiful Dreams set
 "Missing You"
 "Carry Me (Like a Fire in Your Heart)"
 "Discovery"
 "In Love Forever"
 "The Lady in Red"
 "In Dreams"
 "I'm Not Crying Over You"
 "Always on My Mind"
 "Say Goodbye to It All"
 "One More Mile to Go"
 "The Snows of New York"

Note: The tracks "Girl" and "Shine On" from the Beautiful Dreams album are not included in the video but may have been performed at the concert.

References

Chris de Burgh albums
Albums produced by Rupert Hine
1995 live albums
A&M Records live albums


Dikran Chögürian (Տիգրան Չէօկիւրեան, 1884, Gümüşhane, Ottoman Empire – 1915) was an ethnic Armenian writer and teacher, editor of the journal Vostan (Ոստան) and a victim of the Armenian genocide.

Life

He graduated from the Berberian College of Constantinople (now Istanbul) in 1907 and then worked as a teacher in Armenian schools. Chogurian became known in 1910 with the publication of a collection of short stories entitled Voices from the Homeland (Հայրենի Ձայներ). In 1914 he published his most important work, the novel The Monastery (Վանքը), dedicated to the power and victory of civilization and freedom. He was arrested and killed in 1915 among a number of Armenian intellectuals.

Sources
"Armenian Question", encyclopedia, ed. by acad. K. Khudaverdyan, Yerevan, 1996, p. 373

External links
Biography

1884 births
1915 deaths
People from Gümüşhane
Armenians from the Ottoman Empire
20th-century Armenian writers
People who died in the Armenian genocide
Ethnic Armenian painters
20th-century writers from the Ottoman Empire
20th-century Armenian painters
Berberian School alumni


Cyprianus Gallus or Cyprian the Gaul (fl. c. 397–430) is the conventional name of the poet who wrote a Late Latin epic versification of the historical books of the Old Testament based on the Old Latin translation, although only his version of the Heptateuch (Heptateuchos) has survived to the present day. He has sometimes been credited with the authorship of two other poems, Carmen de Sodoma and Carmen de Iona, but neither fits his style and language. These have also been attributed to Cyprian of Carthage and Tertullian.

The name "Cyprianus Gallus" was coined by  based on the misattribution of the Heptateuchos to Cyprian of Carthage and the actual author's presumed origin in Gaul. The author has also been called "Pseudo-Cyprian".

Notes

Sources
Kriel, D. M. (1991). "Sodoma in fifth century Biblical Epic," Acta classica, 34, 7–20.
Longpré, André  (1972). "Traitement de l'Elision chez le Poete Cyprianus Gallus," Phoenix, 26(1), 63–77.

5th-century writers in Latin
5th-century Roman poets
5th-century Gallo-Roman people


Nazaret Daghavarian (, Western Armenian: Նազարէթ Տաղաւարեան, ; 1862 in Sebastia, Western Armenia, Ottoman Empire – 1915) was an Ottoman Armenian medical doctor, agronomist and public activist, and one of the founders of the Armenian General Benevolent Union (AGBU). He was an author of scientific works on medicine, religion and history.

Biography
He was born as Chaderjian () in Sebastia and studied in the colleges of Constantinople, then finished at the University of Paris. He was the chief director of the Armenian schools of Sebastia province, then directed the Aramian school and St Savior hospital in Constantinople. Being arrested by the Turkish authorities, he was released after mediation by the French embassy and in 1905 he moved to Cairo, where he worked as a doctor and teacher and participated in the foundation of the AGBU charity organization. In 1908 after the Young Turk revolution he returned to Constantinople and was elected as a member of the Ottoman parliament and Armenian National Central Committee. He was a member of the Ramgavar Party (Armenian Democratic Liberal Party), upon which he visited the Caucasus to establish committees for this party. He was one of the founders of the Ottoman Freedom and Accord Party, which was the major opposition party to the Committee of Union and Progress. On April 24, 1915, he was arrested in Constantinople on orders of the CUP and was killed on his way to deportation, during the opening stages of the Armenian genocide.

Sources
The Doctors who became Victims of the Great Calamity, G. Karoyan, Boston, 1957
"Armenian Question", encyclopedia, ed. by acad. K. Khudaverdyan, Yerevan, 1996, p. 439

1862 births
1915 deaths
People who died in the Armenian genocide
19th-century physicians from the Ottoman Empire
Armenian physicians
19th-century Egyptian physicians
Political office-holders in the Ottoman Empire
Legislators in Turkey
Educators from the Ottoman Empire
Armenian educators
Armenians from the Ottoman Empire
Emigrants from the Ottoman Empire to Egypt
Armenian atheists
University of Paris alumni
Expatriates from the Ottoman Empire in France
Physicians from the Ottoman Empire


Keitt may refer to:
 Laurence M. Keitt, South Carolina politician
 Keitt (mango), mango cultivar


Bappaditya Bandopadhyay or Bappaditya Banerjee (; 28 August 1970 – 7 November 2015) was an Indian film director and poet.

Career
Bandopadhyay was the recipient of the Most Promising Director award for the year 2003, by the BFJA (Bengal Film Journalists' Association). His second feature film Silpantar (Colours of Hunger) was premiered at the Sofia International Film Festival, Bulgaria. The film was selected in the competitive section of the International Film Festival Bratislava in 2003. It was the only Indian film other than Devdas selected at the 2003 Helsinki International Film Festival. Debashree Roy won the Kalakar Award for Best Actress for her performance in the film.

Bappaditya Bandopadhyay’s first feature film Sampradan (The Offering of the Daughter) was selected in the competitive section of the 6th Dhaka International Film Festival, 2000. The film won three major awards in the categories of Best Supporting Actress, Best Supporting Actor and Best Female Playback Singer in the BFJA Awards that year. It also won the Dishari Award in the category of Best Music Director.

His third feature film Devaki, starring Perizaad Zorabian and Suman Ranganathan, two Bollywood actresses, in English and Hindi was released in 2006. The film was selected and screened at the Indian Osean section of the 7th Osian’s Cinefan Film Festival. The film was in the competition section in the Temecula Valley International Film Festival and the Idaho International Film Festival. It also won the Best Feature Film Award at the Asheville Film Festival.

Kantatar, the fourth feature film directed by Bandopadhyay was selected in the Asian competition of the 7th Osian’s Cinefan Film Festival. The film was also screened at the Raindance Film Festival in London.

Bandopadhyay also directed a television serial, Anandanagarir kathakata, on the architectural history of Kolkata for the Bengali television channel Alpha Bangla. His documentary on the tribal masks was broadcast by Doordarshan.

His film, Kagojer Bou, based on the novel of the same name by Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay, released in 2010.

He was a long time associate of the editor Dipak Mandal with whom he worked 2009 to 2015.

Bandopadhyay was also a poet. His published works include Pokader Atmiyasajan (Friends and Relatives of the Insects). He wrote regularly on the various aspects of modern cinema.

Death
Bappaditya died of multiple organ failure on 7 November 2015 in Kolkata, aged 45.

Filmography
The following is the list of films directed by Bappaditya Bandopadhyay. For many of these movies, Bappaditya Bandopadhyay is also credited for the story and screenplay:

Director

References

External links

1970 births
2015 deaths
20th-century Indian film directors
21st-century Indian film directors
Asutosh College alumni
Bengali film directors
Film directors from Kolkata
Hindi-language film directors
Ramakrishna Mission schools alumni
University of Calcutta alumni


The Lerici class is a class of minehunters constructed by Intermarine SpA and owned and operated by the Italian Navy. The class incorporates two subclasses: the first four ships are referred to specifically as the first series of the Lerici class, while eight more ships produced to a slightly modified design are known as "second series Lericis" or as the Gaeta class.

The class design has also been used as the basis for ships of the Royal Malaysian Navy (as the Mahamiru class), the Nigerian Navy, the United States Navy (as the ), the Royal Australian Navy (as the ), and the Royal Thai Navy (as the Lat Ya class). Three updated vessels were constructed for the Finnish Navy (the ). The Republic of Korea Navy operates an unlicensed derivative, known as the Ganggyeong class.

Design and service history
Twelve ships were constructed by Intermarine SpA between 1985 and 1996. The first four, referred to as the Lerici subclass) were ordered on 7 January 1978. Six more ships of an improved design (known as the Gaeta subclass) were ordered on 30 April 1988, with two more Gaetas ordered in 1991.

Lerici class
The four Lerici-class ships were launched from September 1982 through to April 1985, and were all commissioned into the Italian Navy during 1985.

Lerici-class ships have a displacement of 620 tons full load,  long,  wide, and a draught of . The ships have a maximum speed of , provided by a single diesel engine (GMT BL.230-8M for ) connected to an electric engine () with a variable-pitch propeller. This speed is reduced to  for mine-warfare operations; three active rudders (small propellers mounted in a unit which can rotate through 360 degrees, powered by three diesel-engines generators Isotta Fraschini ID-36-SS6V) are used to keep the minehunters on station. The ships have a range of  at operational speed.

Each ship has a standard complement of 47, made up of 4 officers, 7 clearance divers, and 36 ratings. They are equipped with one hyperbaric chamber, one mechanical minesweeper system Oropesa Mk4, two ROV Whitehead-Riva Calzoni MIN-77 (then replaced by one ROV Gaymarine Pluto GIGAS) and Gaymarine Pluto, remote-operated submersibles for mine investigation and clearance, and VDS FIAR SQQ-14 (IT) sonar. CMS (Combat Management System) is Datamat MM/SSN-714(V)3.
Two navigation radars: one GEM Elettronica SPN-754 (I band) and one GEM Elettronica SPN-753(V)1 ARPA (I band), completed by integrated navigation system Motorola MRS III.
The ships are armed with a single Oerlikon 20 mm cannon (then replaced by Browning M2 12.7 mm).

Gaeta class

Depending on the source, the Gaeta-class ships are considered to be either a Lerici subclass, or a separate class of ships.
The eight ships of the Second Series Lerici class, more commonly known as the Gaeta class, were all launched in the early 1990s, and were commissioned by May 1996. The Gaeta class is almost identical to the Lerici class: the main structural differences between the ships are that displacement of the latter is 77 tons greater, the hull is  longer, and the communications mast was moved from above the bridge to just forward of the exhaust funnel. The Gaetas also used an improved version of the VDS FIAR SQQ-14 (IT) sonar, which was fitted in 1991 to the four Lerici-class ships. ROV are Gaymarine Pluto and Gaymarine Pluto GIGAS.Navigation radar GEM Elettronica SPN-753 replaced with (V)9 ARPA version (I band).CMS was evolved version (Combat Management System) Datamat SSN-714(V)3UL. On board one larger hyperbaric chamber (8 seats).

Gaeta MLU
In 2010 Intermarine began MLU (mid-life update), expected to complete in 2018. New sonar is Thales 2093 Mk2, new CMS (Combat Management System) Selex ES SSN-714(V)4, new containerized and removable hyperbaric chamber and added new EMDV (Expendable Mine Disposal Vehicle) Gaymarine Plutino (MIKI, MIne KIller).

Derivatives
The Lerici class design has been successfully exported to Algeria, Australia, Finland, Malaysia, Nigeria, the United States, Thailand and Taiwan. However, an inflexible export policy and demands by Intermarine that all ships be built in Italy are believed to have prevented wider sales. These restrictions were lessened in the leadup to the deals with the United States and Australia.

Mahamiru class
The Royal Malaysian Navy operates four ships based on the Lerici class design: KDs Mahamiru (11), Jerai (12), Ledang (13), and Kinabalu (14). The four ships were ordered from Intermarine on 20 February 1981, commissioned into the Royal Malaysian Navy on 11 December 1985, and arrived in Malaysia on 26 March 1986. Referred to as "Malaysian Lericis" or as Mahamiru-class ships, two each are based in Lumut and Labuan.

Mahamiru-class ships vary in design from the Lerici class. Most significant of these is that Mahamirus are equipped with two diesel engines with dedicated propeller shafts instead of a single engine and propeller, giving them a maximum speed of  and a minehunting speed of . The Malaysian ships are also equipped with Thomson Sintra TSM 2022 sonar, Thomson-CSF radar, and two PAP-104 remote-operated submersibles, and are  longer than the Italian vessels they were based on. Instead of the 20 mm Oerlikon, the ships are armed with a single Bofors 40 mm L/70 gun. The standard crew complement is 42, 5 of whom are officers.

In 2008, Mahamiru and Ledang were modernised by Thales as part of the Royal Malaysian Navy's Service Life Extension Program. The TSM 2022 sonars were upgraded to the Mark III version, and the ships were reconditioned to meet a minimum of ten more years active service.

Nigerian Lerici
In the late 1980s, the Nigerian Navy acquired two Lerici-class ships. Ohue (M 371) was ordered in April 1983, laid down on 23 July 1984, launched on 22 November 1985, and commissioned on 28 May 1987. Marabai (M 372) was laid down on 11 March 1985, launched on 6 June 1986, and commissioned on 25 February 1988.

The Nigerian Lericis are based on the Mahamiru class, but use the Pluto submersible, a Racal Decca 1226 radar, and are slightly slower with a maximum speed of . The Nigerian ships are armed with two 30 mm cannons, and have a crew complement of 50, including 5 officers.

Because of a lack of funding and maintenance, Ohue and Marabai were among several ships of the Nigerian Navy that were non-operational by 1996. However, as at 2013, both of these vessels are currently undergoing refurbishment prior to rejoining the Nigerian Naval fleet.

Osprey class

In August 1986, following the cancellation of a 17-strong mine warfare ship class after the prototype failed shock testing, the United States Navy placed an order for a mine warfare ship based on the Lerici class. In order to keep construction of the twelve ships, referred to as the Osprey class, under the control of Intermarine, the company established Intermarine USA by acquiring the Sayler Marine Corporation. Initially, the twelve ships were to be built by Intermarine USA in Savannah, Georgia, but in October 1989, construction for four ships was contracted out to Avondale Industries. The ships were launched between March 1991 and June 1997, and were commissioned between November 1993 and December 1998.

The Osprey-class ships are larger than the other Lerici designs: they displace 918 tons fully loaded, are  long,  wide, and with a draught of . The ships are fitted with two diesel motors driving two Voith Schneider Propellers; these cycloidal propellers eliminate the need for the aft two active rudders. The ships use a Raytheon/Thomson Sintra SQQ-32 VDS sonar for minehunting, and Alliant SLQ-48 remote vehicles for mine disposal. The ships normally carry a crew of 51, including four officers, and are armed with two  machine guns.

Upon entering service, the twelve ships were assigned to the United States Atlantic Fleet, with the intention that they remain in service for approximately twelve months before being transferred to the United States Navy Reserve. However, all of the ships remained in service until decommissioning in 2006 and 2007. The class was replaced in service by the s, and as of 2008, eight Ospreys had either been transferred to or marked for transfer to other navies: two each to the Hellenic Navy, Lithuanian Navy, Turkish Navy, and Republic of China (Taiwan) Navy.

Huon class

In 1991, a force structure review saw the need to replace the  inshore minehunters. The operating capabilities of the Bay class were found to be severely lacking, with four of the six ships cancelled before construction started. In 1994, a contract was awarded to Australian Defence Industries (ADI) to construct six minehunters based on the Gaeta subclass. The construction was to be a joint venture with Intermarine.

The hull of the first ship,  was constructed by the Intermarine shipyard in Sarzana, Italy, then was sent to Australia in 1995 for fitting out at ADI's shipyard in Newcastle, New South Wales. ADI constructed the other five ships in the class, which were all named after Australian rivers.

The Australian ships, which are referred to as the , have a slightly greater displacement and draft than the Gaetas. The ships use a GEC-Marconi Type 2093 sonar, two SUTEC Double Eagle remote mine disposal vehicles, and are armed with a 30 mm DC30B gun. The ships have a crew of 36 (including 6 officers), with further accommodation for 13 more, including 6 divers. The class entered service between 1998 and 2002 and is based at  in Sydney.

Lat Ya class
Eight minehunters based on the Gaeta class were ordered by the Royal Thai Navy on 19 September 1996, after Intermarine won the tendering process initiated in April that year. Built at Intermarine's Sarzana shipyard, the first two ships of this class (HTM Ships  and  were laid down in 1998 and launched in 1999. The other six ships were cancelled before they were laid down.

In comparison to the Gaetas, Lat Ya-class ships have a slightly greater displacement of 680 tons, with a corresponding increase in draught to . They use Atlas Elektronik radar and sonar, Pluto ROVs, and are fitted with a  MSI cannon. Each ship carries 8 officers, and 42 other crew.

Katanpää class

In 2004, the Finnish Navy began to look at replacements for the s, which had been in service since 1974. On 23 November 2006, a contract was signed with Intermarine to build three mine countermeasures vessels (initially referred to as the MCMV 2010 class, then as the MITO class).

The MITOs are based on the Huon class design, but with a redesigned superstructure.

Unlicensed designs

Ganggyeong class

The six Ganggyeong- (Swallow-) class ships of the Republic of Korea Navy are an unlicensed derivative of the Lerici class. Constructed by the Kangnam Shipbuilding Corporation, the class was commissioned into service between 1986 and 1994. The ships are smaller and less capable than the other Lerici designs.

List

Citations

References

External links

Mine warfare vessel classes
Minehunters of the Royal Australian Navy
Minehunters of the Italian Navy
Minehunters of the Royal Malaysian Navy
Minehunters of the Nigerian Navy
Minehunters of the Republic of Korea Navy
Minehunters of the United States Navy
Ships of the Royal Thai Navy


Joe Watson was an Australian folklorist born in the New South Wales township of Boorowa on 15 August 1881.

External links
Biography
Recordings

1881 births
Australian folklorists
Year of death missing


Anorak is the second album by the band Ruth. They completed recording this album in May 2008 and is their most successful album to date. It was released on October 28, 2008 through Tooth & Nail Records. The lead single "Back to the Five" has become a minor hit in Christian radio. There is a music video for the song as well. The video placed on the X 2009 DVD Christian rock hits compilation.

Track listing
"Hibernation Pieces"
"Back to the Five"
"Who I Was and Who I Am"
"Rolling With the Punches"
"Hearts on Sleeves"
"Pure Concept"
"Forgetting to Remember"
"Nothing to Hide"
"Miracle Photo"
"Speechless Mess"
"Dead Giveaway"

References

2008 albums
Ruth (band) albums
Tooth & Nail Records albums
Albums produced by Aaron Sprinkle


Musicians of the Sky (French:Les Musiciens du ciel) is a 1940 French language motion picture drama directed by Georges Lacombe, based on novel "Musiciens Du Ceil" by René Lefèvre who co-wrote screenplay with Jean Ferry. The music score is by Arthur Honegger and Arthur Hoérée. The film stars Michèle Morgan, Michel Simon and René Lefèvre.

The principal actors Michèle Morgan and Michel Simon, had earlier appeared together in Port of Shadows (1938), but then they had not been comrades.

Primary cast
Michèle Morgan as Le lieutenant Saulnier
Michel Simon as Le capitaine Simon
René Lefèvre as Victor
René Alexandre as Louis
Auguste Bovério as Le commissaire
Sylvette Saugé as La Louise
Alexandre Rignault as Le grand Georges

External links
Les Musiciens du ciel at DvdToile

1940 films
Films directed by Georges Lacombe
French drama films
1940 drama films
1940s French-language films
French black-and-white films
Films scored by Arthur Honegger
Films scored by Arthur Hoérée
1940s French films


Karapet Pashayan (1864, Constantinople – 1915) was an Armenian medical doctor and public activist. He lived in the Ottoman Empire.

He finished the Medical College of Constantinople in 1888, then worked as a doctor in Balu and Malatia provinces. In 1890 he was arrested for the support of Armenian fedayee groups, was sentenced to death but then released after the mediation of British consul's family. In 1895 he moved to Iran and became the Persian shah's doctor. For his efforts he was awarded by the khan title. In 1903-1906 Pashayan lived in Alexandria, Egypt, where he founded an Armenian school and a printing house. In 1908 after the Young Turk revolution he returned to Constantinople and was elected as a member of Ottoman parliament. In 1915 he was arrested among the other Armenian intellectuals and was sent to Ayash, where he was tortured and killed.

Pashayan is an author of literary and scientific works ("The Friends of the People", 1909).

Sources
The Doctors who became Victims of the Great Calamity, G. Karoyan, Boston, 1957, pp. 24–36
"Armenian Question", encyclopedia, ed. by acad. K. Khudaverdyan, Yerevan, 1996, p. 452

1864 births
Physicians from Istanbul
Ethnic Armenian physicians
People who died in the Armenian genocide
Armenians from the Ottoman Empire
Political people from the Ottoman Empire
1915 deaths
Physicians from the Ottoman Empire


Magnesian limestone can refer to:

 Dolomite (rock), rock made of magnesium carbonate
 Magnesian Limestone, the traditional name of a specific suite of Permian age rocks in north-east England


Lieutenant General Javed Ashraf Qazi (), HI(M), SBt, (born 4 September 1941) is a Pakistani general and politician who is currently a Senator in the Parliament of Pakistan. During his army career, Qazi headed the ISI from 1993 to 1995 and Military Intelligence from 1990 to 1991. During his political career, he served as a cabinet minister under President-General Pervez Musharraf, first as Communications Minister (2000–2002) and then as Education Minister (2004–2007).

Military career
Qazi joined Pakistan Military Academy after graduating from Cadet College Hasan Abdal. He was commissioned in the Pakistan Army April 1962 in the 25th PMA Long Course in the Regiment of Artillery. He later rose in his career to be the DG Military Intelligence under General Mirza Aslam Beg in 1990. Promoted to Lieutenant General in 1992, Qazi served as Master-General of Ordnance (MGO) from 1992 to 1993. He was then brought in to head the ISI by General Abdul Waheed Kakar in May 1993. Gen Waheed mandated Qazi not only to cleanse the ISI of "Islamists" but to rein in the "Jihadis" in Kashmir. Qazi left the post in 1995 to assume the command of XXX Corps at Gujranwala. Qazi retired from the army in February 1996 thus relieving the corps.

Political career
Qazi started his political career after taking over as the Secretary of Science and Technology Division in 1996. He continued this post under Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif until 1997. He was later inducted as the Secretary of Railways in October 1999 by the new military leader General Pervez Musharraf, which he continued until 2000. Then he became the Minister of Communications and Railways in addition to Housing and Works from 2000 to 2002. He successfully fought the Senate seat in 2003, and became a senator on Pakistan Muslim League (Q) seat. The government later inducted him as Minister of Education in 2004 replacing Zubaida Jalal. His three-year stint ended in 2007, when the 5-year mandate for PML-Q government ended. He later was senator of PMLQ.

Controversies
During his tenure as Federal Education Minister in General Pervez Musharraf's cabinet, Mr. Qazi stirred up controversy when in a talk show he erroneously mentioned that Quran has 40 parts (Juz') instead of 30.

He was accused of transferring tens of hundreds of acres of prime railway land in Lahore to a Malaysian firm during General Musharraf's regime in 2001 for development of a golf course called Royal Palms Gold and Country Club.

Railway Golf course was on lease for Rs 12 per year to an association of retired railway officers. This lease was cancelled by the Railway Executive Committee and was awarded to a Malaysian firm after a bidding process. A case was initiated against the minister and Railway executive committee for misuse of power but was cleared by Accountability court as there was no allegations of corruption.

References

External links
Profile of Senator Javed Ashraf Qazi
Roundtable with Lt. General (ret.) Javed Ashraf Qazi

Pakistani generals
Directors General of Inter-Services Intelligence
1941 births
Living people
People from Shimla
Federal ministers of Pakistan
Members of the Senate of Pakistan
Cadet College Hasan Abdal alumni
Pakistan Military Academy alumni
Education Ministers of Pakistan
Communications Ministers of Pakistan


Tlgadintsi or Tlkatintsi (), Hovhannes Harutiunian (, 1860, Tlkatin village, Kharpert, Ottoman Empire – 1915) was an Ottoman Armenian writer and teacher noted for his leading role in rural literature.  He is credited with giving the first authoritative response to a call from Constantinople's Armenian intelligentsia, issued in the early 1890s, for writing firmly rooted in the village life of historic Western Armenia. Tlgadintsi's unique realist works range from probing the darkest corners of village life to revisiting cherished moments of childhood. Through his esteem as a mentor and his power as a writer he opened the way for a new generation of important writers such as Rupen Zartarian, Peniamin Noorigian, Vahé Haig, Vahan Totovents, Hamasdegh, and others.

Early life and education
Tlgadintsi was born in 1860 in the village of Tlgadin (present-day Kuyulu) ten miles south of Kharpert. His father was a farmer who died when Tlgandintsi was quite young, leaving him and his mother in poverty. Despite their misfortune his mother persevered and enrolled him in the parish school to begin his education. On finishing the parish school, Tlgadintsi continued his education at the Smpadian School in Kharpert, where his courses included classical Armenian, grammar, geography, and mathematics.

Career and outlook
By 1878, Tlgadintsi had completed his studies at the Smpadian School and embarked on his dual career as village schoolmaster and journalist, this in the immediate aftermath of the Russo-Ottoman War of 1877-78 which had left the Armenian populace of the Ottoman Empire in widespread misery. He found his first teaching position in the village of Chunkoush (Çüngüş), and he established himself as a writer with the reports he sent to the Constantinople (Istanbul) newspapers Arevelk and Masis through the 1880s. In 1893, responding to the call of the Armenian literati in Constantinople, Tlgadintsi emerged as a distinctive new voice in fiction with the publication in the newspaper Hairenik of "Emily," a satirical sketch about an American missionary and her activities in an Armenian village. This work, the first he signed with the name "Tlgadintsi", was welcomed by the critics and enthusiastically received by the readers.

Tlgadintsi spent his whole life in the immediate environs of Kharpert. His stories focus exclusively on the psychology, values and interpersonal relationships of completely ordinary villagers. In an era when thousands of his compatriots were abandoning their homeland for America, Tlgadintsi stood staunchly opposed to the wave of emigration.  He also took a dim view of the famed revolutionary parties of his day and was never affiliated with any of them. At the same time, Tlgadintsi was seriously concerned with the inroads that missionary Protestantism was making among Armenians, an issue at the core of Just One Glass.

In 1884, Tlgadintsi was appointed director of his alma mater and left his teaching duties to settle in Kharpert. In 1887, he founded the Central National School in Kharpert and in 1888 became its director, a post which he held continuously, with one exception [see below], until his death in 1915. The school stood in Kharpert's Upper Quarter next to St. Hagop church and was commonly known as the Central School or "Red College" because its exterior was painted red. It was also simply designated with Tlgadintsi's name. Its advanced level included courses in Armenian secular and church history, classical and modern Armenian, grammar and composition, English, English literature, French, French literature, Turkish and Turkish composition, mathematics, music, and physics.

In 1895, at the height of the Hamidian massacres, the school was attacked by an anti-Armenian mob and totally burned to the ground. With the return of normalcy, Tlgadintsi and some colleagues managed to open a few classes in a building in the Lower Quarter of Kharpert, while work to rebuild the Central School at its original site was undertaken with the financial help of Kharpert educational associations in the United States. The move back to the original location took place in 1900. The rebuilt school continued to be called the "Red College" even though it was no longer painted red.

In 1903, in the course of a crackdown on Armenian militants, Tlgadintsi was arrested and thrown in jail for nine months as a supposed subversive, along with his leading disciple, Rupen Zartarian. Upon his release, Tlgadintsi was allowed to resume his post as director of the Central School.

Last moments
When Turkish forces arrived in Kharpert in 1915 to destroy its Armenian community, Tlgadintsi found temporary hiding in the house of a childhood Muslim friend of his to whom he entrusted his large collection of unpublished works for safekeeping. Quite notably, the collection included his accounts of the infamous massacres of 1895. One day, Tlgadintsi was completely devastated to learn that in a moment of panic his friend had set fire to the entire collection and reduced it to ash. Shortly afterward, he was found out and thrown into a jail crowded with other Armenian notables. At this point, Tlgadintsi learned that his wife, six daughters, and son had already been sent to their deaths on the deportation routes. Nevertheless, under those grim circumstances he still managed to show a few flashes of his characteristic wit to lift the spirits of his fellow prisoners.

On 20 June 1915, Tlgadintsi was murdered in a gorge near his birthplace in the course of the Armenian Genocide.

Novels
From Dark Corners
Just One Glass
I Have Done My Part

References

External links
Tlgadintsi at Armeniapedia
Photography and the Empty Landscape:Excavating the Ottoman Armenian Image World

Armenian-language writers
1860 births
People from Elazığ
People who died in the Armenian genocide
Armenians from the Ottoman Empire
1915 deaths
19th-century writers from the Ottoman Empire
20th-century writers from the Ottoman Empire
Date of birth missing


Oakley "Tad" Hall III (May 26, 1950 – February 13, 2011) was an American playwright, director, and author. The co-founder and first artistic director of Lexington Conservatory Theatre, in 1978 he suffered a traumatic brain injury in a fall from a bridge; he spent decades in recovery and in the process of creating a new life.

Early life and education
Hall was the eldest child of novelist Oakley Hall and photographer Barbara E. Hall, and the brother of  Sands Hall. In 1963 he enrolled at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, where he first became involved in theatre. After being expelled, he returned to Los Angeles to live with his father, where he enrolled in the newly formed University of California, Irvine.

At Irvine, Hall met future collaborators Bruce Bouchard and Michael Van Landingham. He acted in numerous productions as part of the prestigious Irvine Repertory Theater, including a minor role in Clayton Garrison's production of Marat/Sade by Peter Weiss, alongside lead actors Bob Gunton and Robert Cohen as well as Dark of the Moon by Howard Richardson and William Berney. In fall of 1968, Hall, Bouchard, and Steven Nisbet (another future Lexington collaborator) received scholarships to study at San Francisco's American Conservatory Theater.

In 1969, at age 18, Hall made national news in refusing the draft, mailing back his draft card and citing US war crimes in Vietnam for his reason in doing so.

In 1970, he starred in a short film ‘’Dionysus and the Maenads’’, conceived by writer Blair Fuller.

In 1974, he completed an MFA in writing from Boston University, studying under John Cheever.

Career
By age 28, he was a rising star in the New York theatre scene. In 1977, his play Mike Fink was optioned by Peter Clough and Mandy Patinkin, with a reading starring Patinkin and William Hurt produced for Joseph Papp at the Public Theater. Oakley founded and was the artistic director of the Lexington Conservatory Theatre in upstate New York, where his plays Grinder's Stand and Beatrice (Cenci) and the Old Man, and his stage adaptation of Frankenstein, enjoyed their première productions.

In 1977, Hall received a grant from the National Endowment for the Arts.

In 1976–1977 Hall translated and adapted Alfred Jarry's bizarrely comic and revolutionary 1896 French play Ubu Roi (called Ubu Rex) and its sequels, and directed them in New York City Off-Off-Broadway and at the Lexington Conservatory Theatre. The adaptations starred Richard Zobel, who also produced the play and created the masks for it.

In 1979, Lexington Conservatory premiered his play Grinder's Stand, a historical drama written in blank verse exploring the mysterious death of Meriwether Lewis. Directed by Peter Clough, the show starred Court Miller, Michael J. Hume, Richard Zobel, Sofia Landon Geier, Richard E. Council, Red Sutton and Bruce Bouchard. "If you care, really care, about theater you will get to Lexington to see Grinder's Stand between now and Sunday," said critic Dan DiNicola. "More than any other new play I have seen, it has the potential to become a richly significant piece of American drama."

The publication of Otis Bigelow's play The Prevalence of Mrs. Seal is dedicated to Hall.

Accident

In 1978, Hall suffered a traumatic brain injury in a fall from a bridge. He eventually returned to California to live in Nevada City near his family; there his play Grinder's Stand, which he had been writing at the time of his accident, was produced by The Foothill Theatre Company, directed by Philip Sneed. The story of this production, entwined with Oakley's fall and the slow process of creating a new life, are movingly told in Bill Rose's award-winning documentary, The Loss of Nameless Things.

Later life
In 1990, Hall submitted his play A Dying Art for consideration at the Reality Theatre Company's new play festival in Columbus, Ohio. It was selected for a staged reading that year. After revisions working with producing director Frank A. Barnhart and Artistic Director Dee Shepherd, it received a full production at the theatre in 1991, where it was noted as a highlight of the festival by The Columbus Dispatch. Richard Ades of The Other Paper described it as "a clever and gleefully perverse black comedy," noting that "it's well-served by Dee Shepherd's intense direction, and set designer Chris Jones's crumbling wall backdrop is more than adequate for a play too self-consciously theatrical to be mistaken for real life."

In 2002, Foothill Theatre Company in Nevada City, California received a $6,000 grant from the National Endowment for the Arts to support the development of Hall's 1979 play Grinder's Stand.

Hall dated poet Molly Fisk in the 2000s. Her poem "A Theatrical Death" is dedicated to him.

Hall made a lifelong study of the pre-surrealist playwright Alfred Jarry, and over the years translated several of Jarry's plays from the original French. In 2008, he moved to Albany, New York to live with Hadiya Wilborn, who fostered a collaboration with acclaimed puppeteer Ed Atkeson. This resulted in a production of Jarry's Ubu Rex, performed by the Firlefanz Puppets at Steamer No. 10 Theatre in Albany, New York, directed by Oakley, with actor Steven Patterson in the title role. In the fall of 2010, Moving Finger Press published Oakley's novel, Jarry and Me, in which Oakley intertwines a memoir of his own life with a sly "autobiography" of Jarry. One of the last sentences of the book is, "Jarry dies with a grin on his face." That summer, he returned to the Community of Writers conference, co-founded by his father, as an author presenting his new work.

On February 13, 2011, Hall died of a heart attack at his Albany home.  He was survived by his two children, Oakley and Elizabeth.

The Highlander Theater Company of Chase Collegiate School in Waterbury, Connecticut performed Oakley Hall III's Frankenstein in March 2012, directed by Robert Cutrofello, currently an English teacher and playwright in Hamden Hall Country Day School. This was the first production of this play in three decades.

In 2013, producer Curtis Burch announced he was developing a feature film about Hall's life, based upon the 2004 documentary by Bill Rose. Burch hoped the film would go into production in 2014. Screenwriter Fred Dekker had earlier been interested in directing it.

In 2015, Catskill's Bridge Street Theatre revived Grinder's Stand. It starred William Dobbins, along with Steven Patterson. Patterson had previously been a member of Lexington Conservatory Theatre in 1977, where he appeared in Hall's Ubu Rex and Hall's version of Tis Pity She's a Whore; in 2010 Patterson also starred in Halls' Albany revival of Ubu Rex.

Plays
Produced Plays
  Ubu Rex (translated and adapted from the play Ubu Roi by Alfred Jarry)
  Doorman
  Mike Fink
  Frankenstein (based on the novel by Mary Shelley)
 Ubu Enchained (translated and adapted from the play by Alfred Jarry)
  A Dying Art
  Grinder's Stand
  Beatrice (Cenci) and the Old Man (based on the 1935 play by Antonin Artaud)

Unproduced Plays
 Melmoth the Wanderer (based on the 1820 novel by Charles Maturin)
 The Monks of Monk Hall (based on the 1945 novel by George Lippard)
 The Moonstone (based on the 1871 novel by Wilkie Collins)
 The Occultation and Lumification of Mr. Ubu

Productions and Notable Readings
1976 Frankenstein at Lexington Conservatory Theatre
1976 Ubu Rex at Hansen Galleries, New York City. Directed by Oakley Hall III
1977 Ubu Rex at Lexington Conservatory Theatre, a PROVOS series presentation
1977 Doorman, Cash and Mental Health at Lexington Conservatory Theatre, a PROVOS series presentation.
1977 Mike Fink, a staged reading at New York Shakespeare Festival starring Mandy Patinkin, Dwight Shultz, Dominic Chianese, John Glover, Lenny Baker, Glenn Close, William Hurt, Clifton James. Directed by Peter Clough.
1977 Frankenstein reading at Fairfield University, October 31, 1977
1977 Doorman at New York Stageworks. Directed by Bill Partlan, starring Brent Jennings December 12, 15, 21 and 22.
1978 Beatrice (Cenci) and the Old Man at Lexington Conservatory Theatre. Directed by Wendy Chapin
1978 Grinder's Stand staged reading produced by Phoenix Theatre, starring John Seitz, Tom Klunis, Kenneth Welsh and Mimi Kennedy. Directed by Bill Partlan. At Marymount Manhattan Theatre.
1978 Ubu Enchained at Lexington Conservatory Theatre, a PROVOS series reading
1979 Grinder's Stand at Lexington Conservatory Theatre. Starring Court Miller and Sofia Landon Directed by Peter Clough
1982 Frankenstein at Capital Repertory Theatre. Directed by Peter Clough
1991 A Dying Art at Reality Theatre, Columbus Ohio. Starring Richard Boorman, Elaine Miracle and Michael Day. Directed by Dee Shepherd
2002 Grinder's Stand at Foothill Theatre Company.
2010 Ubu Rex in collaboration with Firlefanz Puppets at Steamer 10 Theatre in Albany, NY
2013 Frankenstein at Cleveland Ensemble Theatre, Directed by Ian Wolfgang Hinz
2015 Grinder's Stand at Bridge Street Theatre. Directed by John Sowle

Novels
The Archons 1974 (unpublished)
Jarry and Me 2010

Cultural references
Hall has been mentioned in music, including The Tigersharks' "The Ballad of Oakley Hall III"

References

Bibliography

External links
The Loss of Nameless Things (2004) – documentary on Hall, his life, accident, and recovery

Writers from New York (state)
1950 births
2011 deaths
University of California, Irvine alumni
Boston University alumni
French–English translators
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American translators
American male dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American male writers


"Make a Move on Me" is a song recorded by singer Olivia Newton-John for her eleventh studio album. Physical (1981). It was written by John Farrar and Tom Snow, and produced by the former. The follow-up single to the number-one hit "Physical", it was released in January 1982 and peaked at number five on the US Billboard Hot 100 that April. It also became her twelfth and final single to be certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).

In Canada, "Make a Move on Me" reached number four on the pop chart and number two for two weeks on the Adult Contemporary chart. It was blocked from the top spot on that chart by "Key Largo" by Bertie Higgins.

Record World said that John's "saucy vocal solicitation and John Farrar's production make pop-A/C magic."

Juliana Hatfield covered the song on her album Juliana Hatfield Sings Olivia Newton-John.

Track listing and formats
7-inch vinyl single (MCA, EMI, 1981)
 Make a Move on Me – 3:13
 Falling – 3:42

7-inch vinyl single (EMI, 1981)
 Make a Move on Me – 3:13
 Stranger's Touch – 3:49

12-inch promo single (MCA, 1981)
 Make a Move on Me – 3:17
 Make a Move on Me (extended mix) – 8:29

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

External links

1982 singles
Olivia Newton-John songs
Songs written by Tom Snow
Songs written by John Farrar
Song recordings produced by John Farrar
MCA Records singles
1981 songs


Koryun Nahapetyan (; ; 1926 in Leninakan – 1999 in Moscow) was an Armenian-Russian painter-nonconformist, sociologist, philosopher and public activist, a participant of the Bulldozer Exhibition. He was a member of UNESCO International Federation of Painters.

Biography
Nahapetyan was born in Hatsik village, near Leninakan, Soviet Armenia. In 1950 he moved to Moscow and worked there in the ZiL factory.

Nahapetyan finished the art school in Leninakan and Stroganov Moscow State University of Arts and Industry, entered the post-graduate courses at the VNIITE. In 1978 he founded the "20 Moscow painters" movement.

In 1988 he became one of the founders of Karabakh Committee of Moscow. In 1999 Nahapetyan was killed in his studio.

External links

 https://web.archive.org/web/20170516023454/http://m-mos.ru/2008/01/34.htm
 http://www.museum.ru/N27429

Armenian painters
Russian people of Armenian descent
20th-century Russian painters
Russian male painters
Soviet painters
1926 births
1999 deaths
People from Gyumri
Armenian people murdered abroad
People murdered in Russia
20th-century Russian male artists
Stroganov Moscow State Academy of Arts and Industry alumni


The 2010 Major League Soccer season was the 15th season of Major League Soccer. It was also the 98th season of FIFA-sanctioned soccer in the United States, and the 32nd with a national first-division league.

Negotiations between the league and the players' union resulted in a new collective bargaining agreement being agreed to on March 20, 2010. The new Designated Player Rule permitted teams to sign two such players, up from one under the previous rule, and pay a luxury tax of $250,000 for the right to sign a third.

The Philadelphia Union joined the league as its 16th team. The club's first two home games were played at Lincoln Financial Field while the construction of their permanent home, PPL Park in Chester, was being completed. The New York Red Bulls opened their new stadium, Red Bull Arena, on March 27 against the Chicago Fire.

The regular season began on March 25, and concluded on October 24. The LA Galaxy won the Supporters' Shield by one point over Real Salt Lake. The 2010 MLS Cup Playoffs began on October 28, and concluded with MLS Cup 2010 on November 21. The Colorado Rapids won their first MLS Cup by defeating the FC Dallas, 2-1, at BMO Field in Toronto. It was the first MLS Cup to be played outside the United States.

Overview

Season Format
The season began on March 25 and concluded with MLS Cup on November 21. The 16 teams were split evenly into two conferences. For the first time in league history, the season had a balanced schedule where each team played every other team in the league once at home and once away for a total of 30 games.

The top two teams from each conference automatically qualified for the MLS Cup Playoffs. In addition, the four highest remaining point totals, regardless of conference, also qualified. In the first round, aggregate goals over two matches determined the winners. The conference finals were played as a single match, and the winners advanced to MLS Cup. In all rounds, draws were broken with two 15-minute periods of extra time, followed by penalty kicks if necessary. The away goals rule was not used in any round.

The team with the most points in the regular season was awarded the MLS Supporters' Shield and qualified for the CONCACAF Champions League. Additionally, the winner of MLS Cup, and the runner-up, also qualified for the CONCACAF Champions League. An additional berth in the Champions League was also awarded to the winner of the U.S. Open Cup. If a team qualified for multiple berths into the Champions League, then additional berths were awarded to the highest overall finishing MLS team(s) not already qualified. Also, Toronto FC, as a Canadian-based team, could not qualify for the CONCACAF Champions League through MLS, and had to instead qualify through the Canadian Championship.

Automatic qualification for the U.S. Open Cup was awarded to the top six overall finishers. The rest of the U.S.-based MLS teams had to qualify for the remaining two berths via a series of play-in games.

Stadiums and locations

Personnel and sponsorships

Note: Flags indicate national team as has been defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players and Managers may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

Managerial Changes

Results table

Standings

Eastern Conference

Western Conference

Overall Standings

MLS Cup Playoffs

Player statistics

Goals

Assists

Clean Sheets

Individual awards

Monthly awards

Weekly awards

Related Competitions

International competitions

CONCACAF Champions League

The Columbus Crew continued their 2009–10 CONCACAF Champions League campaign that began during the previous season. They were defeated by Mexican club Toluca in the quarterfinals, 5–4 on aggregate.

Seattle Sounders FC became the first team to qualify for the 2010–11 CONCACAF Champions League by winning the 2009 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup. The Columbus Crew qualified next by winning the 2009 MLS Supporters' Shield. The Los Angeles Galaxy and Real Salt Lake also qualified by being the two 2009 MLS Cup finalists, while Toronto FC took the Canadian berth by virtue of their Canadian Championship win. Los Angeles, Seattle, and Toronto entered the competition in the preliminary round, while RSL and Columbus were seeded directly into the group stage.

Seattle and Toronto won their preliminary round ties, beating Isidro Metapán of El Salvador and Motagua of Honduras, respectively. Los Angeles crashed out of the preliminary round after losing their home match 4–1 to the Puerto Rico Islanders of the USSF D-2 Pro League and failing to make up the deficit in the away leg.

The group stage was held August 17 – Oct 21. Real Salt Lake won Group A with 13 points over Cruz Azul, Toronto, and Arabe Unido of Panama. Toronto finished in 3rd place with 8 points. Columbus finished 2nd in Group B behind Club Santos Laguna but ahead of C.S.D. Municipal of Guatemala and Joe Public F.C. of Trinidad. Seattle finished 4th in Group C with 3 points behind C.F. Monterrey, C.D. Saprissa of Costa Rica, and C.D. Marathón of Honduras.

On November 1, the draw for the Championship round was held. Real Salt Lake will face Columbus in the quarterfinal in February/March 2011, immediately prior to the 2011 MLS Regular Season.

SuperLiga

As was the case for the 2009 SuperLiga, the top four overall finishers in MLS in 2009 that hadn't already qualified for the Champions League qualified for SuperLiga. This year's competition was contested by the Houston Dynamo, the Chicago Fire, Chivas USA, and the New England Revolution from MLS. The four Mexican teams were Pachuca, Morelia, Puebla, and UNAM.

New England, Houston, Morelia and Puebla advanced from their groups, with the Revolution beating Puebla on penalties in one semifinal, and Morelia defeating Houston in the other. Morelia defeated New England 2–1 in the final at Gillette Stadium on September 1.

Domestic competitions

Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup

The top six overall teams from the 2009 MLS season (Columbus, Los Angeles, Houston, Seattle, Chicago, and Chivas USA) received automatic berths into the third round of the 2010 U.S. Open Cup, while the eight remaining U.S.-based MLS teams and the expansion Philadelphia Union competed in a single-elimination qualification tournament to determine the MLS's final two official entrants into the competition. Teams were seeded one through nine, with the seventh-place MLS team from 2009 earning the first seed (and would play the winner of the eight v. nine play-in game), while each following team would receive its respective seed. The New York Red Bulls and D.C. United earned the final two MLS spots in the third round.

For the first time since 2006, the semifinals were contested exclusively by MLS teams, with Seattle beating Chivas USA and Columbus defeating D.C. United. The final was played October 5 at Qwest Field in Seattle with the defending cup holders, the Sounders, defeating the Crew 2–1. The Sounders became the first MLS team ever to successfully defend the U.S. Open Cup, and the first team from any league to do so since New York Pancyprian-Freedoms in 1983.

Canadian championship

Toronto FC, as a Canadian-based MLS team, is not eligible to compete in the Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup, and instead contested the Canadian Championship with the two Canadian-based teams in the Division-2 Pro League, Vancouver Whitecaps and Montreal Impact. Toronto FC won the tournament, claiming the Voyageurs Cup and Canada's entry into the preliminary round of the 2010–11 CONCACAF Champions League.

References

External links
 2010 Major League Soccer season at ESPN

2010
1


Sheram (born Grigor Talian, 20 March 1857, Alexandropol – died 7 March 1938, Yerevan) was an Armenian  composer, poet-musician (gusan), and folk musician (ashug).

He is known as the founder of the modern gusan (Armenian popular composing) art. He created melodies and songs that are popular to this day:

"The Roses Blossom in the Garden"
"I Beg You, Mountains"
"She is Graceful"
"You are my Muse"
"Undefeated Fairy"
"We are Brothers"

He authored "Like an Eagle", a song dedicated to Armenian national hero Andranik Ozanian. According to Vazgen I, Supreme Patriarch and Catholicos of All Armenians, this song is "one of the most popular and loved songs today", and it is "sung in family circles, at receptions, and on other occasions in Armenia".

A selection of Sheram's works was published in 1959.

References

External links
Biography

1857 births
1938 deaths
Musicians from the Russian Empire
Poets from the Russian Empire
Musicians from Yerevan
Armenian poets


The bumpnose trevally (Carangoides hedlandensis), also known as the bumpnose kingfish or onion kingfish, is a species of relatively small inshore marine fish classified in the jack family Carangidae. The bumpnose trevally is fairly common in the tropical and subtropical waters of the Indo-west Pacific region, ranging from South Africa in the west to Japan and Samoa in the east. It is a small species by carangid standards, reaching a maximum known length of 32 cm, and can be distinguished from the similarly shaped Carangoides armatus by a distinct 'bump' on the snout, which gives the fish its common name. The species inhabits coastal waters, often living along bays and beaches, where it takes shrimp, small crabs, and juvenile fish as prey. The bumpnose trevally is of minor importance to fisheries throughout its range, taken by hook and line, trawls, and seine nets. It is also of minor importance to anglers, taken by baits from beaches and piers, and is considered a modest table fish.

Taxonomy and naming
The bumpnose trevally is classified within the genus Carangoides, a group of fish commonly called jacks and trevallies.  Carangoides falls into the jack and horse mackerel family Carangidae, the Carangidae are part of the order Carangiformes.

The species, as it is currently accepted, was first described and classified by the Australian ichthyologist Gilbert Percy Whitley in 1934 based upon a sample taken from Port Hedland in Western Australia, which was designated to be the holotype. Whitley named the species Olistus hedlandensis, placing the fish in what was at the time a valid genus of jacks. When Olistus was synonymised with Carangoides, the fish was placed either in Caranx or Carangoides, and is currently accepted as belonging in the latter. The specific epithet refers to the type location of the species, Port Hedland. This was not the first time the fish had been described though, with Georges Cuvier applying the name Olistus malabaricus to the species in 1833, which would give it priority over Whitley's name. However, when Olistus was merged into Carangoides, a taxonomic homonym was created with Carangoides malabaricus, thus Whitley's name has been accepted to overcome this problem. The bumpnose trevally is very similar to Carangoides armatus, and appears to have been misidentified as such many times, with 1980 review of the two species finding many misidentified fish in museum collections.

Description
The bumpnose trevally is one of the smaller members of the genus Carangoides, growing to a known maximum of 32 cm in length. It is quite similar in appearance to a number of co-occurring trevallies, especially C. armatus and Atropus atropos, with the simplest identifying feature being the distinct break in the contour ('bump') of the interorbital region, which becomes more pronounced with increasing size. The body is compressed and deep, with the head profile very steep in adults, leading to a more convex dorsal profile in comparison to the ventral profile. The dorsal fin is in two sections, the first consisting of eight spines while the second has one spine and between 20 and 22 soft rays. The anal fin has two anteriorly detached spines followed by 1 spine and 16 to 18 soft rays, while the pelvic fin has one spine and 18 soft rays. The lobes of the second dorsal and anal fins are elongated and filamentous, being longer than the head. In males, a number of the central soft rays are also produced into filaments of varying lengths. The lateral line has a moderate anterior arch, which contains 63 to 70 scales, while the straight section has eight to 14 scales and 21 to 27 scutes. The curved and straight sections intersect below the 10th to 12th soft rays of the second dorsal fin. The breast is devoid of scales, with the scaleless area extending to the origin of the pelvic fins and up to the base of the pectoral fins. Both jaws have bands of villiform teeth, which are widest anteriorly. It has a total of 20 to 27 gill rakers and 24 vertebrae.

The body of the bumpnose trevally is a silvery green-blue above, becoming more silvery-white below, with a dark blotch present on the operculum. The spinous dorsal fin and the soft dorsal fin rays are black, while the anal fin is brownish, with the filaments and lobe often blackish. The caudal fin has black trailing and leading edges, and the pelvic fin is dusky to black. Juveniles often have five to seven vertical crossbars on their sides.

Distribution and habitat
The bumpnose trevally is widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions of the Indian and west Pacific Oceans. In the Indian Ocean, the species ranges from South Africa, Madagascar, and the Seychelles north along east Africa to Mozambique, but has no records further north until India and Sri Lanka. Its distribution extends into Southeast Asia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and northern Australia, with the species extending as far north as Japan and as far east as Samoa in the Pacific.

The bumpnose trevally is an inshore fish, rarely venturing to depths greater than 50 m. It inhabits sandy bays and beaches, and appears to be quite tolerant of turbid waters, often living in the dirty waters near river mouths. Despite this, it appears to have a fairly low tolerance to reduced salinities and is not found in estuaries themselves.

Biology and fishery
The bumpnose trevally is usually founds in small groups of two or more, swimming along beaches where they take prey which consists of shrimp, small crabs, and fish. Studies on the North West Shelf of Australia have found the species often aggregates with other carangids, particularly Carangoides humerosus, Ulua aurochs, and Selaroides leptolepis, and together these make up a large proportion of the resident fish fauna. Reproduction in the species is very poorly known, with young fish often showing up in South Africa during summer.

The bumpnose trevally is of minor importance to fisheries throughout its range, caught using hook and line, bottom trawls, beach seines, and various fish traps. In some areas, such as Fiji, it is of more importance, but no catch statistics are available for the species. It is also of minor importance to anglers, often taken from beaches and piers using baits, and is considered marginal table fare.

References

External links
Bumpnose trevally at Fishbase
Encyclopedia of Life page

bumpnose trevally
Fish of Micronesia
Fish of South Africa
Marine fish of Southern Africa
bumpnose trevally


Far Beyond These Castle Walls is the first album by Chris de Burgh, released by A&M Records in 1974. The title refers to Bargy Castle, which is shown on the back of the album cover.

Reception
Billboard in its review of 29 March 1975 considered the album's "sophisticated lyrics and production are good for college market" and expressed a hope that A&M Records will found "another deserving artist" in face of Chris De Burg.
Mike DeGagne of AllMusic retrospectively praised the album, saying: "His gentle, beguiling vocal style is introduced, which instantly trademarks him as a genuine master of the soft ballad... What is most important about this album is the manner in which it reveals de Burgh as one of the finest mood-invoking artists ever."

Track listing
All compositions by Chris de Burgh

"Hold On" – 4:03
"The Key" – 4:08
"Windy Night" – 4:53
"Sin City" – 4:35
"New Moon" – 4:59
"Watching the World" – 3:32
"Lonesome Cowboy" – 4:23
"Satin Green Shutters" – 5:02
"Turning Round", released outside the UK and Ireland as "Flying" – 6:24
"Goodnight" – 2:07

Musicians

 Chris de Burgh – lead and backing vocals, acoustic guitars, additional synthesizers
 Ray Glynn – electric guitars
 B.J. Cole – pedal steel guitar
 Ray Jackson – harmonica, mandolin
 Brian Odgers – bass guitar
 Chris Laurence – double bass
 Ronnie Leahy – keyboards
 Ken Freeman – string synthesizer
 Phillip Goodhand-Tait – harmonium
 Barry De Souza – drums
 Lennox Laington – percussion
 Del Newman – arrangements (1, 8)
 Richard Hewson – arrangements (2, 9)
 Chris Hughes – brass arrangements
 Madeleine Bell – backing vocals
 Liza Strike – backing vocals
 Joy Yates – backing vocals

Production

 Produced and Engineered by Robin Geoffrey Cable
 Assistant Engineers – Mark Dodson and Mike Stavrou
 Recorded at Ramport Studios and AIR Studios (London, UK).
 Mixed at AIR Studios and Trident Studios (London, UK).
 Art Direction – Fabio Nicoli
 Design – Nick Marshall
 Photography – Dave Morse

Notes

Chris de Burgh albums
1974 debut albums
A&M Records albums
Albums recorded at Trident Studios
Albums recorded at AIR Studios


Vote for Change? 2004 is a 2008 American documentary film produced and directed by Rick Charnoski and Coan Nichols. It follows the American alternative rock band Pearl Jam on the 2004 Vote for Change tour.

Plot
The film follows Pearl Jam on the 2004 Vote for Change tour, a politically motivated American popular music concert tour that took place in October 2004. The live performance footage of Pearl Jam is intercut with interviews with the members of the band, its fans, and people on the street about voting and politics. The film's timespan runs from just prior to the start of the tour to Election Day 2004.

Production
In April 2004, independent filmmakers Rick Charnoski and Coan Nichols met Pearl Jam bassist Jeff Ament. Ament had been a fan of the filmmakers' skateboarding films (Fruit of the Vine, Northwest, Tent City, etc.). He asked them if they would be interested in working with Pearl Jam, and mentioned that the band would be going out on the Vote for Change tour prior to the 2004 presidential election.

The filmmakers began shooting in October 2004 in Seattle, Washington at Pearl Jam's rehearsal sessions. They traveled with Pearl Jam through Reading, Pennsylvania, Toledo, Ohio, Grand Rapids, Michigan, St. Louis, Missouri, Asheville, North Carolina and Kissimmee, Florida. The film was shot entirely in Super-8. The soundtrack was recorded and mixed by Pearl Jam's sound engineer, Brett Eliason.

Release
After the tour, Charnoski and Nichols edited the film, but held off on releasing it due to the outcome of the 2004 election. Charnoski and Nichols said that they decided to release the film before the 2008 presidential election to "remind people why it is so important to vote." The film was released digitally and for free through Pearl Jam's official website in the days prior to Election Day 2008. Pearl Jam's official website offered a contest for Pearl Jam fans to host their own movie premieres on November 3, 2008. Among the prizes for the 50 winners were DVDs of the film.

References

External links
Trailer for Vote for Change? 2004 on Nichols/Charnoski Productions' homepage (QuickTime)

2008 films
Concert films
American independent films
Internet films
Rockumentaries
Pearl Jam
2004 United States presidential election in popular culture
2000s English-language films
2000s American films


The Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (FDACS) is an executive department of the government of Florida.

The Commissioner of Agriculture (directly elected by voters statewide for a four-year term, and a member of the Florida Cabinet) is the head of the department. The current commissioner is Wilton Simpson.

History

The Florida Constitution of 1868 provided for the creation of the Office of Commissioner of Immigration, whose duties consisted of attracting settlers to engage in agriculture. The Florida Constitution was amended in 1871 to consolidate the offices of Surveyor General and Commissioner of Immigration as the new Commissioner of Lands and Immigration. In 1885, the Constitution was revised and the Commissioner of Lands and Immigration post was renamed Commissioner of Agriculture. The duties of the Commissioner of Agriculture were revised to include supervision of the state prisons. (A Division of Corrections was created in 1957 and state prisons were removed from the list of Commissioner of Agriculture responsibilities).

The Agricultural Services Reorganization Act (ASRA) was passed in 1959 and became effective January 15, 1961. This state law abolished some independent boards and bureaus, which were assigned to the Department of Agriculture's divisions. These included: Administration, Animal Industry, Dairy Industry, Fruit and Vegetable Inspection, Marketing, Plant Industry, Inspection and Standards. The State Chemist, a position that existed since 1891, was moved to the new Division of Chemistry.

The Legislature created the Office of Consumer Services in 1967. The Executive Reorganization Act of 1969 renamed the Office of Consumer Services the Division of Consumer Services and the Board of Forestry the Division of Forestry. The Department of Agriculture was renamed the Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (FDACS).

The 1992 Legislature passed Chapter 92-291 of the Laws of Florida, which formally organized the Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services into the following divisions: Administration, Agricultural Environmental Services (AES), Animal Industry, Plant Industry, Marketing and Development, Dairy Industry, Food Safety, Fruit and Vegetables, Consumer Services, Forestry, Standards, Aquaculture, and Licensing.

In addition to the above divisions, the FDACS includes separate offices for Agricultural Law Enforcement, Agricultural Water Policy, Agricultural Emergency Preparedness, the Inspector General, as well as for the Commissioner of Agriculture.

Organization

The Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services is headed by the commissioner, who is elected statewide to a four-year term. The commissioner is assisted in managing the department by a chief of staff, three deputy commissioners and one assistant deputy commissioner. The department is organizated into twelve programmatic Divisions and one support division, each headed by a division director. Each division is subdivided into bureaus, with each headed by a bureau chief. The bureaus are further subdivided into sections.

Discrimination policy

In January 2019, the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (in the past was called the Florida Agricultural Commission) explicitly added sexual orientation and gender identity to their discrimination workplace policy.

References

External links

Official website (department homepage)
Division of Consumer Services official website

State agencies of Florida
State departments of agriculture of the United States
1870 establishments in Florida


Two Tickets to London is a 1943 drama film made by Universal Pictures, and directed by Edwin L. Marin. The screenplay was written by Tom Reed, based on story by Roy William Neill. The film stars  Michèle Morgan and Alan Curtis.

Premise
A U.S. naval officer is found guilty for treason, but escapes with the help of a café entertainer.

Cast
Michèle Morgan as Jeanne
Alan Curtis as First Mate Dan Driscoll
C. Aubrey Smith as Admiralty Detective Fairchild
Barry Fitzgerald as Captain McCardle
Dooley Wilson as Accordionist
Robert Warwick as Ormsby
Matthew Boulton as Brighton
Tarquin Olivier as Roddy, Jeanne's son
Oscar O'Shea as Mr. Tinkle
Mary Gordon as Mrs. Tinkle
Holmes Herbert as Kilgallen
Mary Forbes as Dame Dunne Hartley
Marie De Becker as Barmaid (uncredited)

Critical reception
Allmovie wrote "Too expensive for a B"-picture, yet not quite an A, Two Tickets to London is an acceptable vehicle for French leading lady Michele Morgan and Universal contract player Alan Curtis;" while TV Guide called it "A standard programmer," and rated it 2/5 stars.

References

External links

Two Tickets to London at the British Film Institute

1943 films
American drama films
American black-and-white films
1940s English-language films
Films directed by Edwin L. Marin
Films set in England
Universal Pictures films
World War II films made in wartime
Films scored by Frank Skinner
1943 drama films
English-language drama films


Graham Leslie "Buzz" Bidstrup (born 30 August 1952) is an Australian musician, songwriter, music producer and talent manager. He was a member of the Angels (1976–1981), the Party Boys (1983–1984) and Gang Gajang (1984–1987, 1993–1996, 1997–2010, 2013–present). He has managed Jimmy Little, Nathan Cavaleri and Diana Ah Naid. He was the CEO of the Jimmy Little Foundation from 2005 to 2015 and is the founder and Managing Director of associated Uncle Jimmy Thumbs Up Ltd.

Biography

Early years

Graham Leslie Bidstrup was born on 30 August 1952 in Adelaide. He began his professional career in 1967 as a 15-year-old  in Fahrenheit 451 on drums, alongside Roger Ball on lead vocals, Bob Barford on lead guitar, Graham Betteny on bass guitar, Tony Faeshe, Steve Hopgood and Bill Semple on rhythm guitar. He completed a mechanical engineering course at the Adelaide University of Technology in the early 1970s before travelling to Europe. In the mid-1970s Bidstrup was back in Adelaide and joined Red Angel Panic, which variously included Ron Anderson on bass guitar, Chris Bailey on bass guitar and backing vocals, Jim Cane, Fred Cass, John Freeman on drums and backing vocals, Peter McCormack, Ken Skinner on keyboards, Rob Tillet on lead guitar and lead vocals and Chris Timms. He also played in other Adelaide bands Taxi (1970s), Pegasus (1970s) and Gotham City (1982).

The Angels

Bidstrup ( Buzz Throckman until 1978) joined Adelaide-band the Angels in August 1976 after the release of their first single "Am I Ever Gonna See Your Face Again". He recorded four studio albums with the band, The Angels (1977), Face to Face (1978), No Exit (1979) and Dark Room (1980). Three of these albums were certified platinum, with two reaching the top ten Kent Music Report albums chart. In 1980, Bidstrup co-wrote and co-produced the Angels' top ten single, "No Secrets" with their singer Bernard "Doc" Neeson. Bidstrup left the Angels in 1981 to focus on screen music production. He worked on Heatwave (1982), Starstruck (1982) and Greetings from Wollongong (1983). The related soundtracks had performances by Australian bands, the Riptides, the Honeymoon, and the Numbers.

Gang Gajang

Bidstrup was a founding member of Gang Gajang in Sydney in 1984. During 1983 Bailey (bandmate from the Angels), Mark Callaghan from the Riptides, (a band Bidstrup had previously produced) and Kayellen Bee wrote songs and performed on the soundtrack to the ABC TV series, Sweet and Sour (1984). Bidstrup was also Associate Music Director for the series. With the addition of Geoffrey Stapleton on keyboards and Robert James on lead guitar in 1985, Gang Gajang released four albums. Their self titled album includes the track, "Sounds of Then (This is Australia)". Bidstrup was the music director for the Quiksilver cult surf film, Mad Wax, which showcased Gang Gajang's music. They were consequently voted No. 1 band in the world by the World Professional Surfers' Association for 1988/1989. The group were intermittently active for both live performances and recording; they celebrated their 30th anniversary in 2015.

The Party Boys

Bidstrup was a founding member of The Party Boys, an all-star covers band in 1982 featuring Kevin Borich, Paul Christie, Harvey James and James Reyne. Their first live album, Live at Several 21st's, achieved gold sales, and their second album, Greatest Hits of Other People, featured singer Richard Clapton and Robin Riley in place of Harvey and Reyne. The last recording Bidstrup made with the Party Boys was in 1983 on "No Song Too Sacred", which featured Shirley Strachan on lead vocals.

Other live work

He recorded a soundtrack for the film Starstuck with The Swingers, co-wrote and produced two albums for country band The Stetsons, recorded a live album as drummer for Riptides and has played live with many artists including Catfish, The Suave Fucks, Richard Clapton,  Dave Steel Band and Jimmy Barnes Band, Australian Crawl and Mondo Rock.

Studio work
Bidstrup learned his early engineering and production skills under the mentorship of Harry Vanda and George Young at Alberts Records, and then with young engineer Mark Opitz, who co-produced two Angels albums Face to Face and No Exit.  To date he has produced or co-produced over 50 albums by artists such as Riptides, The Party Boys, Gang Gajang, The Stetsons, Dave Steel, James Blundell, The Sunnyboys, Nathan Cavaleri, Diana Ah Naid and Jimmy Little and Leah Purcell. He has played as a session musician on albums by artists such as Swanee, Mondo Rock, Richard Clapton, Broderick Smith, Australian Crawl, Dave Steel, James Blundell, Nathan Cavaleri, Aly Cook,  Johanna Campbell and Jimmy Barnes

Awards

Tamworth Songwriters Awards
The Tamworth Songwriters Association (TSA) is an annual songwriting contest for original country songs, awarded in January at the Tamworth Country Music Festival. They commenced in 1986. Bidstrup has won one award.
 (wins only)
|-
| 2015
| "Bringing Me to Tears" by Adam James and Graham "Buzz" Bistrup
| Alt, Blues n Roots Song of the Year
|
|-

References

General
  Note: Archived [on-line] copy has limited functionality.
Specific

External links
Graham 'Buzz' Bidstrup homepage
GANGgajang: Official Website

Living people
Australian rock drummers
Male drummers
Australian male songwriters
Musicians from Adelaide
The Angels (Australian band) members
1952 births


The Golgi tendon reflex
(also called inverse stretch reflex, autogenic inhibition, tendon reflex)
is an inhibitory effect on the muscle resulting from the muscle tension stimulating Golgi tendon organs (GTO) of the muscle, and hence it is self-induced. The reflex arc is a negative feedback mechanism preventing too much tension on the muscle and tendon. When the tension is extreme, the inhibition can be so great it overcomes the excitatory effects on the muscle's alpha motoneurons causing the muscle to suddenly relax.
This reflex is also called the inverse myotatic reflex, because it is the inverse of the stretch reflex.

GTOs' inhibitory effects come from their reflex arcs: the Ib sensory fibers that are sent through the dorsal root into the spinal cord to synapse on Ib inhibitory interneurons that in turn terminate directly on the motor neurons that innervate the same muscle.  The fibers also make direct excitatory synapses onto motoneurons that innervate the antagonist muscle.
Note that the disynaptic reflex pathway does not always have inhibitory effects: under certain conditions, GTO stimulation can result in motoneuron excitation.

Besides protecting against too much tension on the muscle and tendon, the tendon reflex may help spread muscle load throughout the muscle fibers, thereby preventing damage to isolated fibers.
Whereas the stretch reflex regulates muscle length, the tendon reflex helps regulate muscle force.
It helps maintain steady levels of tension and stable joints to counteract effects that reduce muscle force (such as fatigue).
Because the Ib inhibitory interneurons receive convergent multisensory inputs and descending pathways, they may allow fine control of muscle forces, and may be better at protective functions.
Also, because the Ib fibers connect widely with the motoneurons innervating muscles working on different joints, the Golgi tendon reflex forms part of reflex networks that control movements of the whole limb.

Protective function, autogenic inhibition, and others
The Golgi tendon reflex operates as a protective feedback mechanism to control the tension of an active muscle by causing relaxation before the tendon tension becomes high enough to cause damage.
First, as a load is placed on the muscle, the afferent neuron from the Golgi tendon organ fires into the central nervous system.
Second, the motor neuron from the spinal cord is inhibited via an IPSP and muscle relaxes.

Because the Ib inhibitory interneurons receive convergent descending pathways and multisensory inputsincluding cutaneous receptors, muscle spindles, and joint receptors, they can provide better protection, such as when the joint receptors are signaling joint hyperextension or hyperflexion.

Autogenic inhibition refers to a reduction in excitability of a contracting or stretched muscle, that in the past has been solely attributed to the increased inhibitory input arising from Golgi tendon organs (GTOs) within the same muscle. It was first thought GTOs only had protective function which was to prevent muscles from damages because of the assumptions that they always inhibited motoneurons and that they fired only under high tension.  But it is now known that GTOs signal muscle tension continuously providing precise information about muscle force, that the reflex pathway has multisensory inputs that may allow precise control of muscle forces for fine activities, and that Ib fibers connect widely with motoneurons innervating muscles acting on different joints, which when complemented with their reflex pathways, are part of reflex networks that control movements of the whole limbs.

The reduced efferent (motor) drive to the muscle by way of autogenic inhibition is a factor historically believed to assist target muscle elongation, although current literature casts doubt on this hypothesis.

Protective steps
With muscle tension, a Golgi tendon reflex operates as follows:
 As tension is applied to a tendon, the Golgi tendon organ (sensor) is stimulated (depolarized)
 Nerve impulses (action potentials) arise and propagate along sensory fiber Ib into the spinal cord
 Within the spinal cord (integrating center), sensory fiber Ib synapses with and activates (via glutamate) an inhibitory interneuron
 The inhibitory interneuron releases the neurotransmitter glycine that inhibits (hyperpolarizes) the α motor neuron
 As a consequence fewer nerve impulses are generated in the α motor neuron
 The muscle relaxes and excess tension is relieved

Flexibilities
The output of the Ib inhibitory interneurons are flexible because they receive inputs from golgi tendon organs, muscle spindles, cutaneous receptors, joint receptors, and different descending pathways.
The multiple sensory/control inputs may allow fine motor activities, such as grasping a delicate object, in which other senses may guide force control.
In addition, stimulating GTO does not always inhibit motor neurons, because during activities such as walking, the Ib inhibitory interneurons are inhibited, and Ib excitatory interneurons stimulate the motoneurons.

Contrast to stretch reflex
The stretch reflex operates as a feedback mechanism to control muscle length by causing muscle contraction. In contrast, the tendon reflex operates as a negative feedback mechanism to control muscle tension. Although the tendon reflex is less sensitive than the stretch reflex, it can override the stretch reflex when tension is great, for example, causing a person to drop a very heavy weight. Like the stretch reflex, the tendon reflex is ipsilateral. The sensory receptors for this reflex are called tendon Golgi receptors, which lie within a tendon near its junction with a muscle. In contrast to muscle spindles, which are sensitive to changes in muscle length, tendon organs detect and respond to changes in muscle tension that are caused by muscular contraction, but not passive stretch.

Pathology

Upper motor neuron lesions which damage the descending pathways down to the spinal cord may cause increase in muscle tone, partly because alpha motoneurons respond more to muscle spindle afferent inputs.  This causes increased resistance to passive movement (that the patient doesn't initiate), called spasticity, which is associated with another neurological sign, the clasp-knife response, in which the spastic muscle initially resists passive movement strongly, and then suddenly yieldslike the motion of a pocketknife.  The increased initial resistance comes from the stretch reflex hyperactivity, and the sudden collapse may involve the Golgi tendon reflex.
The response is also known as the lengthening reaction because of the spastic muscle's reaction to lengthening.

See also
 H-reflex
 Motor control
 Reflex action

References

Other references

Reflexes