Mayadunne () was the founder and ruler of Sitawaka from 1521 to 1581. A fierce opponent of the Portuguese, he devoted his life to oust his father and brother Bhuvanekabahu VII, the king of Kotte in order to preserve the independence of the island, being undermined by Portuguese intrigue. He constantly invaded the territory of Bhuvanekabahu of Kotte.

Early life
Mayadunne was born in 1501 in Kotte of the Kingdom of Kotte. He was the son of Vijayabahu VII who reigned as king from 1509 to 1521. Mayadunne was the youngest child born to Vijaya Bahu VII and his main Queen. He had two full brothers, Bhuvanekabahu and Raigama Bandara. Bhuvanekabahu who was also king of Kotte from 1521 to 1551.

Wijayaba Kollaya

In 1521 together with his two full brothers Bhuvanekabahu and Raigama Bandara, who were born to the main queen of Vijaya Bahu VII, he revolted against his father, suspecting him of planning to pass the throne of Kotte to one of Vijaya Bahu VII's other queen's sons (Devaraja) after his death. Although Mayadunne was the youngest of the three brothers he was the mastermind behind this revolt which ended with the death of their father Vijaya Bahu VII (he was assassinated by a hired foreigner) and the Kotte Kingdom was divided between the three brothers. This incident is known as "Wijayaba Kollaya" and can roughly be translated as the "Spoiling of Vijayabahu". Bhuvanekabahu came to power as Bhuvanekabahu VII of Sri Lanka and he got established in the Kotte Kingdom with a region roughly including present day Colombo, Gampaha, Districts, North Western Province and Southern Province coastline. Raigama Bandara got established in Raigama with his control roughly over present day Kalutara District & Southern Province except the coastline (which was under Kotte Kingdom). Mayadunne got established in the Kingdom of Sitawaka (Present day Avissawella) controlling roughly the modern day Sabaragamuwa Province (Kegalle, Ratnapura Districts).

Reign
Since Mayadunne was the main actor during the rebellion against their father, Bhuvanekabahu VII was from the beginning suspicious of him and developed close ties with the Portuguese who had established a fort in Colombo (1517). Before long Mayadunne got popular support from the local chiefs and population who didn't like Bhuvanekabahu VII collaborating with Portuguese. Mayadunne led several invasions against Kotte but Bhuvanekabahu VII was able to drive Sitawakan forces back with the help of Portuguese. During the first phase of these battles Mayadunne was helped by an anti-Portuguese Kingdom in Calicut, India. The Portuguese wanted to kill Mayadunne fearing one day he would become a greater threat to their foothold on the Island but Bhuvanekabahu VII didn't let them to conduct an all out invasion against Sitawaka.

Several years later after Raigam Bandara died, in 1538, Mayadunne annexed the Kingdom of Raigama to Sitawaka. The all out rivalry between Sitawaka and Kotte started to unroll here on. By this time the Buddhist monks in Kotte who were responsible of the Dantha Dhathuwa, the Sacred Tooth Relic of Buddha, secretly smuggled it into Sitawaka and placed it under the protection of Mayadunne since they saw Portuguese as hostile towards Buddhism. According to the local tradition if someone has the ownership of the Tooth Relic he can claim the throne of all the Kingdoms within Sri Lanka. Mayadunne's popularity grew rapidly among locals and similarly Bhuvanekabahu VII of Kotte and later Dharmapala of Kotte had to rely more and more on Portuguese for help. Mayadunne started frequent attacks against the Kotte Kingdom and more and more of the lands of Kotte became part of Sitawaka. Since Kotte lacked local support the Portuguese automatically became the protectors of that Kingdom. Hence the rivalry between Kotte and Sitawaka turned into a rivalry between Sitawaka and Portuguese.

During the period of Kingdom of Sitawaka King Mayadunne  had stopped at the Nawagamuwa Pattini Devalaya to make a vow before he went to war with the Portuguese in the Colombo Fort. According to the reports of the Portuguese, in 1550, the King of Portuguese sent 600 troops to help King Bhuvanaikabahu VII of Kotte. They fought with King Mayadunne at Nawagamuwa. It is also recorded that in 1576, the Portuguese army destroyed Nawagamuwa Devale and established an army camp there.

Sinhalese–Portuguese War

Mayadunne and the Kingdom of Sitawaka was a part of the Sinhalese–Portuguese War, which was an effort to get rid of the occupying Portuguese forces and stop them from colonizing the island. At the time, it was the worst ever defeat by a colonial power on eastern soil. Mayadunne and his son Rajasigha fought the Portuguese in the Battle of Mulleriyawa and won, where the Kingdom of Sitawaka emerged all-powerful, able to challenge the Portuguese, who lost the opportunity to ensure their total control of the island.

Death and legacy
Due to the fact that he stood against Portuguese invaders and stopping them from conquering the whole island, Mayadunne is considered one of the greatest kings of Sri Lanka. He died aged 80, in 1581.

See also
Mahavamsa
List of monarchs of Sri Lanka
History of Sri Lanka
Nawagamuwa Pattini Devalaya

References

External links
Kings & Rulers of Sri Lanka

Monarchs of Sitawaka
Sinhalese kings
1581 deaths
1501 births
House of Siri Sanga Bo
16th-century Sinhalese monarchs


Laser-heated pedestal growth (LHPG) or laser floating zone (LFZ) is a crystal growth technique. A narrow region of a crystal is melted with a powerful CO2 or YAG laser. The laser and hence the floating zone, is moved along the crystal. The molten region melts impure solid at its forward edge and leaves a wake of purer material solidified behind it. This technique for growing crystals from the melt (liquid/solid phase transition) is used in materials research.

Advantages
The main advantages of this technique are the high pulling rates (60 times greater than the conventional Czochralski technique) and the possibility of growing materials with very high melting points. In addition, LHPG is a crucible-free technique, which allows single crystals to be grown with high purity and low stress.

The geometric shape of the crystals (the technique can produce small diameters), and the low production cost, make the single-crystal fibers (SCF) produced by LHPG suitable substitutes for bulk crystals in many devices, especially those that use high-melting-point materials. However, single-crystal fibers must have equal or superior optical and structural qualities compared to bulk crystals to substitute for them in technological devices. This can be achieved by carefully controlling the growth conditions.

Optical elements

Until 1980, laser-heated crystal growth used only two laser beams focused over the source material. This condition generated a high radial thermal gradient in the molten zone,  making the process unstable. Increasing the number of beams to four did not solve the problem, although it improved the growth process.

An improvement to the laser-heated crystal growth technique was made by Fejer et al., who incorporated a special optical component known as a reflaxicon, consisting of an inner cone surrounded by a larger coaxial cone section, both with reflecting surfaces. This optical element converts the cylindrical laser beam into a larger diameter hollow cylinder surface. This optical component allows radial distribution of the laser energy over the molten zone,  reducing radial thermal gradients. The axial temperature gradient in this technique can go as high as 10000 °C/cm, which is very high when compared to traditional crystal growth techniques (10–100 °C/cm).

Convection speed
A feature of the LHPG technique is its high convection speed in the liquid phase due to Marangoni convection. It is possible to see that it spins very fast. Even when it appears to be standing still, it is in fact spinning fast on its axis.

See also

 Crystal structure
 Crystallite
 Crystallization and engineering aspects
 Fractional crystallization
 Micro-pulling-down
 Nucleation
 Protocrystalline
 Recrystallization (metallurgy)
 Seed crystal

References

Crystals
Crystallography
Materials science
Mineralogy
Methods of crystal growth


Marjeta na Dravskem Polju (; ) is a village in the Municipality of Starše in northeastern Slovenia. It lies on the right bank of the Drava River southeast of Maribor. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included in the Drava Statistical Region.

Name
The name of the settlement was changed from Sveta Marjeta na Dravskem polju (literally, 'Saint Margaret on the Drava Plain', in older sources also Sveta Marjeta na Dravskem Polji) to Marjeta na Dravskem polju (literally, 'Margaret on the Drava Plain') in 1955. The name was changed on the basis of the 1948 Law on Names of Settlements and Designations of Squares, Streets, and Buildings as part of efforts by Slovenia's postwar communist government to remove religious elements from toponyms.

Church
The local church from which the settlement gets its name is dedicated to Saint Margaret () and belongs to the Parish of Šent Janž na Dravskem Polju. It was built in 1685.

References

External links
Marjeta na Dravskem Polju on Geopedia

Populated places in the Municipality of Starše


Jalan Jengka 21, Federal Route 1547, is a main federal road in Bandar Pusat Jengka, Pahang, Malaysia.

At most sections, the Federal Route 1547 was built under the JKR R5 road standard, with a speed limit of 90 km/h.

List of junctions

Malaysian Federal Roads


Bernard Finegan Gribble (10 May 1872 – 21 February 1962) was a prolific British marine artist and illustrator.

Life and works

Gribble was born in Chelsea in 1872. His father Herbert A. K. Gribble ARIBA was an architect known for his design of the Brompton Oratory. Gribble was set to follow in his father's footsteps but instead elected to become a full-time painter in oils and watercolours. He was educated at the College of St Francis Saviour, Bruges, Belgium; South Kensington Art School; and under Albert Toft. He married Eleanor Mabel Clunn (nicknamed "Nellie"). They settled in Poole, Dorset, sometime between 1915 and 1924 (or perhaps in the 1930s), living at 3 Springfield Crescent, Parkstone. He became a member — along with Henry Lamb and Augustus John — of the Poole and East Dorset Art Society.

Although his work included landscapes of Poole and portraits, Gribble was best known as a painter of historical (and often romanticised) maritime scenes. It was once suggested that he had painted "almost every historic event that took place on water, from the landing of William the Conqueror to the Scuttling of the German fleet in Scapa Flow in 1919". Spanish galleons and treasure vessels are well represented in his work, and one critic described him as a "specialist in burning ships". Others compared his paintings to the fine marine vistas of the late 19th-century seascape artist, Henry Moore, acknowledging Gribble's skill in the accurate portrayal of costume and technical detail and his ability to convey an authentic period atmosphere.(1)

In his preparatory sketches of ships, Gribble made notes on the precise structure and names of sails, masts, and rigging. He had studied the movement of water closely, and made highly technical analyses of the construction of rigging and sails to a level where it naturally informed his naval subjects. He also paid close attention to the detail of costume. The evident quality of Gribble's marine pictures lies in the artist's mastery of the oil painting medium adapted to a profound understanding of his chosen subject.(2)

Gribble exhibited regularly at the Royal Academy and the Paris Salon, and his paintings were widely sought after. Franklin D. Roosevelt was one of many celebrity owners of Gribble paintings. He purchased a painting showing the arrival of American destroyers at Queenstown in Ireland, during World War I. It hung in the Oval Office of the White House when Roosevelt became United States President in 1933. The President reputedly suggested the painting's name —The Return of the Mayflower — to the artist. Roosevelt also purchased Surrender of the German Fleet to the Grand Fleet at Scapa Flow. Gribble had been one of the few civilian witnesses to this event in 1918; in his capacity as Official Maritime Painter to the Shipwrights' Company. Both works are believed to have been painted in 1919.(3)

Other notable purchasers of Gribble paintings included Queen Mary, the German Kaiser, and Jackie Onassis. The Kaiser was so impressed by Gribble's work that King George V summoned the artist to a royal residence to meet him.

Gribble was in demand as an illustrator, and his work appeared in many leading magazines, including The Illustrated London News and The Graphic. He illustrated numerous books and other items, including royal postcards and chocolate boxes.

After his death in 1962, his widow donated many of his works to Poole Museum, which now possesses the world's largest collection of Gribbles. The collection numbers 250 paintings, drawings, prints and photographs. Typical paintings in the Poole collection are The Plague Ship, The Whelp of the Black Rover and The Return of the Argosy Galleons, but there are also some local topographical works such as depictions of the Guildhall, the Custom House, views of the Quay and harbour, a portrait of former Mayor of Poole, Herbert Carter, in civic regalia, and one of a woman believed to be Gribble's wife Nellie.

Although Gribble's work has been out of fashion for some decades, Poole Museum has taken the opportunity provided by the First World War Centenary to reassess Gribble's art by staging an exhibition of his marine paintings, based on its collection and focusing on his war paintings. Part of the national centenary programme led by Imperial War Museums, the exhibition also includes loans from private and public collections, including the National Maritime Museum, and the highlight of these is a painting of the scuttling of the German Fleet at Scapa Flow, of which Gribble was an eye witness, from the Harris Museum and Art Gallery, Preston. The exhibition, titled Painting Drama at Sea, continued until February 2014.

Personal life and burial
Gribble is buried with his wife in Parkstone Cemetery, Poole, Dorset. They had no children.

Official purchases

 Sinking of German Fleet, Scapa Flow 1918 (7 ft canvas) -- Preston Art Gallery and Museum
 The Doomed Fleet -- Bristol Museum and Art Gallery
 The Captain’s Last Landing -- Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery
 No Surrender from the Pirate Captain—Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery
  Departure of the Pilgrim Fathers—Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery
 Market St, Poole -- Russell-Cotes Art Gallery & Museum, Bournemouth
 Bournemouth, Our Golden Argosies (canvas)—Presented by D Elliot Alves esq to the Federal Parliament House, Australia
 Surrender of the German Fleet 1918, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis
 The Mayflower’s Return, United States Naval War College, Rhode Island
 Two similar subjects to the above, President Roosevelt for the White House
 The Duchess of York Receiving the Freedom of the Worshipful Company of Shipwrights (4), National Maritime Museum, Greenwich

Sources and external links

 The Paintings of Bernard Finnigan Gribble
 "No-one could paint the sea as well", Roger Guttridge, DorsetLife, Oct 2001

 Paintings fit for a President, Dorset Echo Jan 20 2001
 Who’s Who in Art, The Art Trade Press, Ltd., 1962, 10th Edition

19th-century English painters
English male painters
20th-century English painters
English illustrators
British marine artists
1872 births
1962 deaths
Artists' Rifles soldiers
19th-century English male artists
20th-century English male artists


ABS Hovercraft is a British hovercraft designer and producer, founded in the early 1990s in Chandlers Ford, Hampshire.

History
ABS Hovercraft researched the introduction of new materials to innovate Hovercraft technology.

In 1993 ABS created the world's fastest recreational Hovercraft fully made from advanced composite materials.

In 1994 ABS launched the largest Hovercraft entirely made from advanced composite materials, called the ABS M-10, which was built by Vosper Thornycroft in Southampton. The M-10 crossed the English Channel and was the first hovercraft to circumnavigate the Baltic Sea during winter trials in 1994.

In 1995 the ABS M-10 was sold to a commercial operator, Eurosense, in Belgium as a replacement for an SR-N6 for use as a hydrographical survey vessel along the coastline off Zeebrugge. Other ABS M-10 hovercraft were sold as logistic supply vessels to the Sri Lanka Navy and to the Swedish Amphibious Corps, the latter built under licence by Kockums AB of Sweden.

In 1998 the then Prime Minister, Tony Blair, announced on television the Millennium Product award of the UK Design Council for the ABS M-10 Hovercraft.

Models

So far ABS has concentrated on larger Hovercraft that can carry up to 100 passengers as ferry or more than 10 tons of disposable payload for military, paramilitary or commercial applications. Their vessels can be used as commercial ferry or for cargo operations, as a work boat or for logistic supply in arduous environments.

Their technology is licensed to a number of international shipyards.

Currently the ABS M-10 is being built under licence by EPS Corporation of Tinton Falls, NJ as the "EPS M-10" .

The EPS M-10 has the following specifications:
Length:
Beam:
Cushion height:
Max Payload: 10 tonnes (22,000 lb)
Max Speed:
Max Speed (fully laden):
Range: up to 500 nmi

References

Jane's Amphibious and Special Forces

Jane's High-Speed Marine Transportation

External links
 ABS Hovercraft official website
 ABS Hovercraft video: model donar video on YouTube
 ABS Hovercraft video: model m10 video on YouTube
 EPS M-10 video on website

Hovercraft manufacturers


The red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) is a species of beetle in the family Tenebrionidae, the darkling beetles. It is a worldwide pest of stored products, particularly food grains, and a model organism for ethological and food safety research.

Description

Adult beetles are small, around 3–4 mm long (1/8 inches), of a uniform rust, brown or black color. Head and pronotum are sometimes darker than rest of body.

Ecology
The red flour beetle attacks stored grain and other food products including flour, cereals, pasta, biscuits, beans, and nuts, causing loss and damage. The United Nations, in a recent post-harvest compendium, estimated that Tribolium castaneum and Tribolium confusum, the confused flour beetle, are "the two most common secondary pests of all plant commodities in store throughout the world." A research on Hermetic storage of wheat and maize flour protects against red flour beetle (2017) was conducted that found 12 days under hermetic storage results in 100% RFB mortality and confirms that hermetic environments are sufficient for controlling insect pests.

Distribution and habitat
The red flour beetle is of Indo-Australian origin and less able to survive outdoors than the closely related species Tribolium confusum. It has, as a consequence, a more southern distribution, though both species are worldwide in heated environments. The adult is long-lived, sometimes living more than three years. Although previously regarded as a relatively sedentary insect, it has been shown in molecular and ecological research to disperse considerable distances by flight.

Polyandry
Female red flour beetles exhibit polyandrous mating behavior. Within a single copulation period, a female will mate with multiple males. Any one male may have a low sperm count, having depleted its supply through prior matings, so mating with several increases the female's likelihood of obtaining an adequate amount of sperm.

Potential advantages
Although multiple mating events may also increase the likelihood of finding genetically compatible sperm, genetic compatibility is not always a major factor driving polyandrous behavior. Increased embryo viability due to increased genetic compatibility did not significantly increase the number of adult beetles over time, which indicates that it did not play a significant role in the fitness of the overall population. However, increased genetic compatibility could increase the genetic diversity of a population, which can be advantageous in situations of rapid environmental change.

Potential disadvantages

Male competition
The availability of resources and population size can greatly affect how many matings each individual participates in. Increased population size within a given area with fixed resources can limit how many offspring can survive. This can result in heavy competition between males to be a female's last mate, which carries an advantage as ejaculate from one mating can be removed during subsequent matings. When resources are limited, increased cannibalism among competing males can ultimately decrease fitness for the population as a whole, as it decreases both offspring production and survival.

Offspring fitness
In red flour beetles, a male's ability to attract females (via pheromones) is genetically based. Higher attractiveness does not, however, correlate with higher fitness of offspring. Genes for more attractive pheromones are not a reliable indicator that the male also has genes which will improve offspring survival.

Mate choice
Females from different populations of red flour beetles are highly polyandrous, while others avoid having multiple mates. This may indicate that the overall advantage or disadvantage likewise varies across environments.

Mate choice strategies vary among female beetles. Moreover, they are capable of cryptic choice – the use of multiple sperm receptacles to store sperm from different males, allowing a later choice of which to use.

Mate choice also varies among male beetles, though they generally prefer mature, virgin females (identified by the absence of any scent from secretions left by previous mates). If a female beetle has only one mate, and his sperm count is sufficient, that male has a very high chance of siring offspring with her. Males with a greater ability to identify preferred mates have an advantage, as do males with more strongly scented secretions that better deter subsequent males.

Sexual selection

Experimental populations of red flour beetles that had been subjected to strong sexual selection for multiple years became resilient to extinction, and furthermore, when subjected to inbreeding, maintained fitness for up to 20 generations.  By contrast, lineages derived form populations that experienced either weak or no sexual selection exhibited rapid fitness decline under inbreeding, and all such populations became extinct within 10 generations.  These results indicated that sexual selection reduces mutational load, and by doing so improves population viability.

Polygamy
Polygamy in red flour beetles is a behavior common to both males and females of this species. Polyandry is thus polygamy in the female members of a population as discussed in the section above. On the other hand, polygyny refers to polygamy practiced by males in a population.

Polygamy in populations that lack genetic diversity
In red flour beetles, females that engage in polygamous behavior produce more offspring than those that are less polygamous. Polygamy is mostly seen in populations that lack genetic diversity. Polygamy in less genetically diverse populations is a means of avoiding fertilization between beetles that are closely related since they may be genetically incompatible. The more partners that a male or female has, the higher the chances that at least one of the matings is with an unrelated partner and the greater the genetic diversity in the offspring. In this way, genetic incompatibility is reduced and diversity is increased in a population. For this reason, females copulate with more males when genetic diversity is low in order to attain fertilization success and also increase fitness in their subsequent offspring.

In some studies, however, it has been noted that fertilization can still occur when related beetles mate. Nonetheless, it is worth noting that there is a significantly lower number of offspring produced when inbred beetles mate than when the matings are between out-bred partners. Successful fertilization observed in a small portion of research in related beetles has led some biologists to claim that there may be no inbreeding depression in red flour beetles. Even though there is successful fertilization, it is observed that a lower number of total offspring is produced, which can be argued to be a type of inbreeding depression since it lowers reproduction fitness.

During mating, red flour beetles are known to engage in polygamous behavior. Male flour beetles have been known to recognize their relatives while the females do not have this capability. Lack of the ability to recognize their relatives has led females to mate with any male within the population. Female red flour beetles are also known to store sperm after mating. More sperm is stored by the first mating, which leads to less sperm stored in subsequent matings. However, amount of stored sperm does not stop the last male mate from fertilizing the egg. This is due to the fact that with each mating, males can remove previously stored sperm thus giving their own sperm an advantage to fertilize the egg.

Polygyny and fertilization success
In red flour beetles, males are known to engage in polygamous behavior. Research largely shows that Male red flour beetles engage in polygamous behavior to avoid inbreeding depression, especially when there is competition from other males. There is a higher fertilization success in out-bred males when they compete with inbred males to fertilize the same female.

In polygamous beetles, the male that last fertilizes the female ends up having a higher fertilization success. Polygamy can thus be seen as an evolutionary result as males compete to be the last to fertilize the female's egg and contribute more to the next generation. Sperm precedence is thus a means of evolutionary competition through which the males try to achieve greater reproductive success.

As a model organism
The Red Flour beetle has played an important role as a model organism serving as a model for development and functional genomics. Compared to Drosophila, the Red Flour beetle more closely represents the development of other insects. In 2008, the genome of Tribolium castaneum was sequenced, analyzed, and compared to other organisms such as Drosophila. The Red flour beetle and the fruit fly share about 10,000-15,000 genes. Despite their shared genes, they do have their differences. During development, anterior-posterior patterning is normally regulated by the bicoid gene in Drosophila. However, in the Red Flour beetle, there is no bicoid orthologue, but instead the genes orthodenticle and hunchback substitute for bicoid in anterior patterning.

Red Flour beetles are particularly useful for doing RNAi (RNA interference) experiments. RNAi is RNA that degrades mRNA transcripts to show a knock-down of gene function. Compared to in Drosophila, RNAi has a greater response in the Red Flour beetle, making it ideal for knock-down experiments.

CRISPR technology has been shown to be useful in studying Tribolium castaneum. In one experiment, researchers used CRISPR to knock out the E-cadherin gene. E-cadherin is a membrane bound protein of epithelial cells involved in cell-cell adhesion.  This resulted in developmental issues in dorsal closure. RNAi knock-down of E-cadherin shows the same effect. This shows that CRISPR technology and gene editing are viable options for studying the Red Flour beetle as an insect model organism.

Synonyms
Synonyms of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) are:
 Colydium castaneum Herbst, 1787
 Margus castaneus Dejean, 1833
 Phaleria castanca Gyllenhal, 1810
 Stene ferruginea Westwood, 1839
 Tenebrio castaneus Schönherr, 1806
 Tribolium ferrugineum , Wollaston, 1854
 Tribolium navale (Fabricius, 1775)
 Uloma ferruginea Dejean, 1821

The following names have been cited as synonyms of T. castaneum by some authors but they actually refer to other species:
 Dermestes navalis Fabricius, 1775
 Ips cinnamomea Herbst, 1792
 Ips testacea Fabricius, 1798
 Lyctus navalis (Fabricius, 1775)
 Margus ferrugineus Kuster, 1847
 Stene ferruginea Stephens, 1832
 Tenebrio bifoveolatus Duftschmid, 1812
 Tenebrio ferrugineus Fabricius, 1781
 Tenebrio ochraceous Melsheimer, 1806
 Trogosita ferruginea (Fabricius, 1781)
 Uloma ochracea
 Uloma rubens Dejean, 1836

See also
 Flour beetle
 Home stored product entomology

References

Further reading
 Granousky, T. A. 1997. "Stored Product Pests". In: Handbook of Pest Control, 8th Ed. Hedges, S.A. and D. Moreland (editors). Mallis Handbook and Technical Training Company.

External links

 Tribolium castaneum genome.  Beetlebase.
 Tribolium species comparison.
 Confused and red flour beetles. University of Florida IFAS.

Beetles described in 1797
Household pest insects
Storage pests
Ethology
Animal models
Tenebrioninae
Beetles of Australia
Insect pests of millets


The New England Annual Conference is an Annual Conference (a regional episcopal area, similar to a diocese) of the United Methodist Church. This conference serves the congregations in Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, eastern Connecticut, and all of Vermont. The conference's administrative offices and the office of the bishop are located in Lawrence, Massachusetts. It is part of the Northeastern Jurisdictional Conference. The bishop is the Reverend Sudarshana Devadhar (Boston Area).

"HISTORY:"
(SOURCE- The Wesley Center)
Asbury traversed New England each of these years down to the last before that of his death. He always approached it with peculiar feelings; with mingled repugnance and hopefulness. He seemed there as in a foreign land, while all the rest of the nation was his familiar domain. Everywhere else he was welcomed by enthusiastic throngs; there he was repelled, and pursued his solitary journeys comparatively a stranger, finding refuge in families which were proscribed as heretical by public opinion, and in "meetings" which were impeached as fanatical "conventicles." Yet he believed that Methodism would "radiate" over these elder communities. "I feel," he writes, "as if God will work in these states and give us a great harvest; a glorious work of God will be wrought here. Surely we shall rise in New England in the next generation." He lived to see the verification of his prediction. To him the religious life of New England presented an example of the rigid Hebrew legalism, strangely combined with the speculative dogmatism of the early Greek Church but unrelieved by the spiritual mysticism of the latter, and nearly destitute of the vital charity and joyousness primitive faith.

Its distinctive theology he detested; it seemed to him to bind, as in iron bands, the souls of the people; depressing, by its tenets of election and reprobation with uncomplaining but profound distress, scrupulous, timid, and therefore often the best consciences; inflating the confidence and Pharisaism of the self-reliant or self-conceited, who assumed their predestination to heaven; enforcing the morality without the gracious consolation of religion; and giving to the recklessly immoral an apology for their lives in their very demoralization, their lack of "effectual grace," of "an effectual call." Devout Augustinian theologians would not indeed admit his logic; such was nevertheless his honest estimate of the New England Church, and he continually returned to the East, directing the best energies of Methodism against its traditional beliefs and ecclesiastical stagnancy.

There, more than anywhere else, we have to regret the scantiness of his journals, for there, in his hardest field, his reflections as well as his facts would be most interesting to us. He re-entered it in the spring of 1804, and on the fourteenth of July opened the New England Conference at Buxton, Me. The ordination was held in a wood, where the bishop preached from a heavy heart. He describes the occasion as "an open time." "The work of God broke forth," he says, "on the right and on the left." A great sensation spread among the multitude, and before the session closed it was estimated that fifty persons were converted. Snelling says, "There was a greater display of divine power at this Conference than any I ever attended. Many of the people were wrought upon in a very powerful manner; but, as is generally the case, there was some opposition. At one meeting a man, appearing to be in a violent passion, came in, and called for his wife, bidding her leave immediately. She urged him to stay a little longer. 'No,' said he; 'let us go.' He then started to go, but paused a few moments, then turned back, fell upon his knees, and prayed for mercy as earnestly as any. The preachers were placed in different directions in the grove, praying and exhorting. The people would gather around them in companies, similar to what are called praying circles at camp-meetings. In the circle which I was in there were eleven persons who professed to be brought from darkness to light, besides many
others who were inquiring what they must do to be saved." [1] "It was," wrote Joshua Taylor, "the greatest time that we have seem in New England."

The New England Annual Conference maintains four campground/retreat centers:
Camp Aldersgate, North Scituate, Rhode Island
Camp Mechuwana, Winthrop, Maine
Rolling Ridge Conference and Retreat Center, North Andover, Massachusetts
Wanakee United Methodist Center, Meredith, New Hampshire

Districts
The New England Annual Conference is further subdivided into 8 smaller regions, called "districts," which provide further administrative functions for the operation of local churches in cooperation with each other. This structure is vital to Methodism, and is referred to as connectionalism. The districts that comprise the New England Annual Conference are:

District 1 - Northern Maine

District Superintendent the Rev. Jackie Brannen

District 2 - Mid-Maine

District Superintendent the Rev. Karen Munson

District 3 - New Hampshire

District Superintendent the Rev. Gwen Puroshotham, interim

District 4 - Tri-State

District 5 - Connecticut/Western Mass

District 6 - Central Massachusetts

District Superintendent the Rev. Rene A. Perez

District 7 - Metro Boston Hope

District 8 - Rhode Island/Southeastern Mass
District Superintendent - Rev. Dr. Andrew Foster III
Southeastern Massachusetts
Acushnet Wesley United Methodist Church, Acushnet
Long Plain United Methodist Church, Acushnet, MA
Myricks United Methodist Church, Berkley
Bourne United Methodist Church, Bourne
Northside United Methodist Church, Brewster
Bridgewater United Methodist Church, Bridgewater
Bryantville United Methodist Church, Bryantville
Carver United Parish, Carver
Cataumet United Methodist Church, Cataumet
First United Methodist Church, Chatham
Chilmark Community Church, Chilmark
Cotuit Federated Church, Cotuit
Cuttyhunk Union Methodist Church, Cuttyhunk Island
High Street United Methodist Church, Duxbury
East Bridgewater United Methodist Church, East Bridgewater
Eastham United Methodist Church, Eastham
Harwich United Methodist Church, East Harwich
Haven United Methodist Church, East Providence, RI
Edgartown United Methodist Church, Edgartown
Union United Methodist Church, Fall River
John Wesley United Methodist Church, Falmouth
Faith Fellowship United Methodist Church, Mansfield
 Central United Methodist Church, Middleborough
South Middleborough United Methodist Church, Middleborough
Nantucket United Methodist Church, Nantucket
Centre Trinity UMC, New Bedford
Saint Paul's United Methodist Church, New Bedford
Chartley Norton United Methodist Church, Norton
Trinity United Methodist Church, Oak Bluffs
Saint Mark's United Methodist Church, Onset
Orleans United Methodist Church, Orleans
Osterville United Methodist Church, Osterville
Plymouth United Methodist Church, Plymouth
Provincetown United Methodist Church, Provincetown
Swift Memorial United Methodist Church, Sagamore Beach
Somerset United Methodist Church, Somerset
South Yarmouth United Methodist Church, South Yarmouth
Memorial United Methodist Church, Taunton
Trinity United Methodist Church, Taunton
Christ United Methodist Church, Vineyard Haven
Wesley United Methodist Church, Wareham
Wellfleet United Methodist Church, Wellfleet
Cochesett United Methodist Church, West Bridgewater
West Falmouth United Methodist Church, West Falmouth
Westport Point United Methodist Church, Westport Point
Rhode Island
Barrington United Methodist Church, Barrington
Arnold Mills United Methodist Church, Cumberland
Cornerstone of Faith United Methodist Church, Coventry
Greene United Methodist Church, Coventry
East Greenwich United Methodist Church, East Greenwich
Shepherd of the Valley United Methodist Church, Hope
Christ United Methodist Church, Kingston
Wesley United Methodist Church, Lincoln
Calvary United Methodist Church, Middletown
Saint Paul's United Methodist Church, Newport
North Kingstown United Methodist Church, North Kingstown
Epworth United Methodist Church, Pawtucket
Portsmouth United Methodist Church, Portsmouth
Mathewson Street United Methodist Church, Providence
Trinity United Methodist Church, Providence
Vida Abundante United Methodist Church, Providence
First United Methodist Church of Warren/Bristol, Warren
Asbury United Methodist Church, Warwick
Open Table of Christ United Methodist Church, Warwick and Providence
Zion Korean United Methodist Church, Warwick
Grace United Methodist Church, Westerly
The River United Methodist Communities of Faith, Woonsocket

See also
Annual Conferences of the United Methodist Church

External links
New England Annual Conference of The United Methodist Church

Methodism in Connecticut
Methodism in Massachusetts
Methodism in Maine
Methodism in New Hampshire
Methodism in Rhode Island
Methodism in Vermont
United Methodism by region
United Methodist Annual Conferences
Religion in New England


HMS Virulent was a V-class submarine of the Royal Navy. She was built during the Second World War as part of the second batch (18 in number) of V-class submarines ordered on 21 May 1942.

Vickers-Armstrongs  built her at High Walker, Newcastle upon Tyne. She was laid down on 30 March 1943, launched on 23 May 1944, and commissioned on 1 October 1944.

Fate
Virulent was lent to the Hellenic Navy as Argonaftis (U15) from 29 May 1946 until 3 October 1958. She was intended to be towed from Malta to the River Tyne. She broke adrift from the tow on 15 December 1958 and became stranded on the northern Spanish coast. She was then found and towed by two Spanish trawlers, the frigate Hernán Cortés and the patrol boat V-18 to Pasajes on 6 January 1959. Sold to a Spanish scrap company in spring 1961, she was eventually scrapped in April 1961 at Pasajes.

Notes

References

 HMS Virulent at Uboat.net

British V-class submarines
Ships built on the River Tyne
1944 ships
World War II submarines of the United Kingdom
Submarines of the Hellenic Navy
Maritime incidents in 1958
Maritime incidents in Spain
Ships built by Vickers Armstrong


Auchenheath railway station was just outside Auchenheath, a hamlet in the county of South Lanarkshire, Scotland. It was served by local trains on the Coalburn Branch south of Glasgow.

The nearest railway station to Auchenheath is now Lanark.

History
Opened by the Lesmahagow Railway, then joining the Caledonian Railway it became part of the London Midland and Scottish Railway during the Grouping of 1923. Passing on to the Scottish Region of British Railways during the nationalisation of 1948. It was then closed by the British Railways Board.

The site today
The station house still exists and there are remains of the platforms at the northern end.

References

 Station on navigable O.S. map

Disused railway stations in South Lanarkshire
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1866
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1951
1866 establishments in Scotland
Former Caledonian Railway stations


is a train station operated by JR Kyushu on the Kagoshima Main Line in Hakata-ku, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan.

Lines
The station is served by the Kagoshima Main Line and is located 84.9 km from the starting point of the line at .

Layout
The station consists of one side and two island platforms serving five tracks.

Platforms

Adjacent stations

History
11 December 1889: The station was opened as  by the privately run Kyushu Railway during the first phase of its network construction when a track was laid between  and .
1 July 1907: Kyushu Railways is nationalized. Japanese Government Railways (JGR) took over the control of the station.
12 October 1909: The station became part of the Hitoyoshi Main Line.
21 November 1909: The station became part of the Kagoshima Main Line.
15 October 1919: Double-track line between  and  laid down.
14 October 1960: Minami-Fukuoka train yard opened.
1 June 1961: Line is electrified between  and , including this station.
1 November 1966: Station renamed Minami-Fukuoka Station. This was due to users complaining that a nearby station on the Tenjin Ōmuta Line bore the same name.
1 April 1987: Privatization of Japanese National Railways (JNR), the successor to JGR Line. Control of the station passed to JR Kyushu.
1994: Station burned down in arson attack.
July 1999: Station rebuilt with automatic ticket gates.
2006: Elevators added to platforms.

Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2016, the station was used by 9,819 passengers daily, and it ranked 14th among the busiest stations of JR Kyushu.

Vicinity
Lawson Convenience Store
Motomachi Shopping Street
JR Kyūshū train yard
 : Tenjin Ōmuta Line
NTT Building
Japan Ground Self-Defense Force, Camp Fukuoka (4th Division Headquarter)
Nakoku no okarekishi Park
Nishitetsu Bus station

See also
List of railway stations in Japan

References

External links
Minami-Fukuoka Station (JR Kyushu)

Railway stations in Japan opened in 1890
Railway stations in Fukuoka Prefecture


Eric Cross (31 May 1902 in London – 1 March 2004 in Middlesex) was an English cinematographer.

Selected filmography
 The Flaw (1933)
 The Lure (1933)
 Money for Speed (1933)
 On Thin Ice (1933)
 The Laughter of Fools (1933)
 The Way of Youth (1934)
 Death Drives Through (1935)
 Song of Freedom (1936)
 The Bank Messenger Mystery (1936)
 Strange Cargo (1936)
 Make-Up (1937)
 Splinters in the Air (1937)
 Mr. Reeder in Room 13 (1938)
 Ships with Wings (1941)
 The Man at the Gate (1941)
 The Black Sheep of Whitehall (1942)
 Don't Take It to Heart (1944)
 Chance of a Lifetime (1950)
 The Dark Man (1951)
 Hunted (1952)
 Private Information (1952)
 Escape Route (1952)
 Glad Tidings (1953)
 Death Goes to School (1953)
 Tiger by the Tail (1955)
 Fun at St. Fanny's (1956)
 Private's Progress (1956)
 The One That Got Away (1957)
 The Man Who Liked Funerals (1959)
 Deadly Record (1959)
 Tiger Bay (1959)
 Inn for Trouble (1960)
 Crosstrap (1962)

References

External links

1902 births
2004 deaths
English cinematographers
English centenarians
Men centenarians


Chiang Saen is a capital of the ancient Lanna kingdom, and namesake of the modern district.

Chiang Saen may also refer to:

 Chiang Saen district, in Chiang Rai Province, northern Thailand
 Chiang Saen Lake, a natural freshwater lake in Chiang Saen district, Thailand
 Chiang Saen languages, a subgroup of the Southwestern Tai languages


The foreign policy of the Evo Morales administration concerns the policy initiatives made towards other states by the former President of Bolivia, in difference to past, or future, Bolivian foreign policy. Morales' foreign policy can be roughly divided between that of the Americas (led by the United States and Canada) and the rest of the world.

World tour

From December 29, 2005, Evo Morales undertook an international tour described by Latin American media as exceptional. For two weeks, Morales visited several countries in search of political and economic support for his agenda for the transformation of Bolivia.
This tour is said to have constituted a break with decades of tradition in which the first international destination visited by a president-elect in Bolivia was the United States. His itinerary also reinforced the view that his election was part of a strengthening of "anti-imperialist" governments and movements in Latin America.

In September 2006, he spoke at the United Nations General Assembly, holding a coca leaf, saying:

In September 2007, Morales appeared on "The Daily Show with Jon Stewart". There he discussed various political issues. Morales was only the second sitting head of state to appear on the show and the first to be interviewed on the show using a translator.

On April 28, 2008, again he addressed the United Nations at the inauguration of the UN's VII Indigenous Forum UNPFII - United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, with his proposed 10 Commandments to save the Planet, summarized as:

 In order to save the planet, the capitalist model must be eradicated and the North pay its ecological debt, rather than the countries of the South and throughout the world continuing to pay their external debts.
 Denounce and PUT AN END to war, which only brings profits for empires, transnationals, and a few families, but not for peoples. The million and millions of dollars destined to warfare should be invested in the Earth, which has been hurt as a result of misuse and overexploitation.
 Develop relations of coexistence, rather than domination, among countries in a world without imperialism or colonialism. Bilateral and multilateral relations are important because we belong to a culture of dialogue and social coexistence, but those relationships should not be of submission of one country to another.
 Water is a human right and a right for all living things on the planet. It is not possible that there be policies that permit the privatization of water.
 Develop clean energies that are nature friendly; put an end to energy wastefulness. In 100 years we are doing away with the fossil fuels that have been created over millions of years. Avoid the promotion of agrofuels. It is incomprehensible that some governments and economic development models can set aside land to make luxury cars run, rather than using it to provide food for human beings. Promote debates with governments and create awareness that the earth must be used for the benefit of all human beings and not to produce agrofuels.
 Respect for the mother Earth. Learn from the historic teachings of native and indigenous peoples with regard to the respect for the mother Earth. A collective social consciousness must be developed among all sectors of society, recognizing that the Earth is our mother.
 Basic services, such as water, electricity, education, healthcare, communications, and collective transportation should all be considered human rights; they cannot be privatized but must rather be public services.
 Consume what is necessary, give priority and consume what is produced locally, put an end to consumerism, waste, and luxury. It is incomprehensible that some families dedicate themselves to the search for luxury, when millions and millions of persons do not have the possibility to live well.
 Promote cultural and economic diversity. We are very diverse and this is our nature. A plurinational state, in which everyone is included within that state – whites, browns, blacks, everyone.
 We want everyone to be able to live well, which does not mean to live better at the expense of others. We must build a communitarian socialism that is in harmony with the Mother Earth.

Timeline of Morales World tour
 December 30, 2005: Evo Morales visits Cuba after celebrating his democratic victory in his base town of Orinoca. In Havana Morales is extended the red carpet and receives full honors from Cuban president Fidel Castro. Morales signs a cooperation agreement between Bolivia and Cuba whereby Castro promises assistance to Bolivia in issues such as health and education. During his speech Morales describes Castro and Chávez as "the commanders of the forces for the liberation of the Americas and the world".
 January 3, 2006: He meets Hugo Chávez in Caracas. Chávez offers Bolivia 150 000 barrels of diesel per month to substitute the current imports made from other countries. In exchange Bolivia will pay Venezuela with agriculture products from Bolivia.
 January 4, 2006: Spanish Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero receives Morales in the palace of La Moncloa. Zapatero announces the writing-off of Bolivia's debt with Spain, a sum of 120 million euros.
 January 5, 2006: Juan Carlos of Spain receives Morales in his palace at La Zarzuela. Conservative Spanish media criticizes Morales for dressing informally, wearing a sweater made of alpaca wool with Amerindian motifs and colors during his encounter with the king. At the same time José María Aznar shows through his private fund-raising organization his criticism against Castro, Morales and Chávez.
 January 6, 2006: Morales meets French President Jacques Chirac in Paris. Chirac promises economic and political support as long as French investments in Bolivia are protected. The same day he meets Dutch Foreign Minister Ben Bot who promises aid of €15 million a year.
 January 7, 2006: Morales meets Javier Solana in Brussels, who also promises economic support for Bolivia in return for protection of European investments in Bolivia.
 January 9, 2006: Morales meets Hu Jintao and the Chinese Minister of Commerce Bo Xilai. Morales invites entrepreneurs and the government of China to invest in projects of exploration and exploitation of gas, and to participate in the construction of gas refineries in Bolivia.
 January 10, 2006: Morales is received in Pretoria by South African President Thabo Mbeki. Morales compares the struggle of black Africans during Apartheid with the struggle of the Amerindians in the Americas.
 January 11, 2006: Morales meets with Archbishop Desmond Tutu, who describes him as a man of 'remarkable humility and warmth', as well as former president F.W. de Klerk.
 January 13, 2006: Morales visits Brazil and meets with President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, describing him as "comrade and brother". Morales and Lula agree to work together on a program of cooperation to end poverty.

Relations with other Latin American governments

A further boost with grassroots cross-South American support came when social organizations meeting in Lima supported Bolivia's negative by Colombia and Peru to bypass collective bargaining with the European Union. La Prensa, El Diario and La Razon reported that the leaders of 15 groups from Bolivia, Peru and Colombia summoned mobilizations demanding that agreements with the EU be negotiated as a bloc and that the association of the Community of Andean Nations be respected. They demanded a popular referendum be conducted in each of the four countries. The first such action of protest would be carried out in Lima, with other measures being coordinated for December. The said organizations also gave support to Bolivia for not having given up to transnationals the negotiation on strategic topics such as the national control over foreign investments and other issues.

UNASUR
Following the September 11, 2008, massacre in the northern department of Pando, an emergency meeting of the regional grouping UNASUR was called in Santiago, Chile.  On September 15, 2008, the 12 countries that make up UNASUR declared their unanimous support for the government of Evo Morales and condemned attempts by the opposition to destabilise the country and attempt a "civil coup" by occupying public buildings.

OAS
As the date for the referendum on a new constitution approached, Morales asked members of the OAS to send election observers and to help with the repercussions to the vote for a new constitution. He said that he was "not too worried about the approval, but I'm concerned about the implementation."

Brazil
Brazil and Bolivia have been working on expanding and diversifying trade between the two countries in the last quarter of 2008. The 6th Meeting of the Commission for Monitoring Brazil-Bolivia trade was used to this end. As it stood, at the time Brazil was the main destination for exports from Bolivia, having bought, in 2007, 35.7% of the products that Bolivian companies sell to other countries. They were also the main exporter to Bolivia, sending 24.7% of products imported into Bolivia. As industrialized products represented 94.6% of Brazilian sales up to September of the year, Bolivian sales in the same period were limited largely to natural gas, which accounted for up to 92.7% of the total purchased from the country, or US$1.89 billion. The products with the greatest scope for an increase in trade from Brazil to Bolivia were crude oil, insecticides, aircraft, vehicle engines, soy in grain, vegetable oils and ironworks products, amongst others. From Bolivia to Brazil, products such as animal feed, vegetable oil, crude oil, tin, ores of precious metals, precious gems, dried and fresh fruit, plants, leather and garments were also capable of seeing sales grow.

Venezuela
Venezuelan relations with Bolivia were largely centered around personal relations with the Leftist leaders of the region. Hugo Chávez strongly supported Morales when he came under attack from the elite in the east of his country and the United States.

Following the rift with the United States, Venezuela came to Bolivia's rescue to double the country's textile exports from what it was selling to the U.S. under an agreement for lax duties that Washington suspended for the cessation of support in the War on Drugs by Bolivia. Bolivian Vice Minister, Huáscar Ajta said at the first round of the Bolivia-Venezuela Business Fair in La Paz that the nearly $47 million in sales was agreed to "double what is being exported in textiles and manufacturing to United States via ATPDEA." Ajta also noted that total trade—the agreement would be signed within the framework of the Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas (ALBA) and the Trade Treaty of Peoples (TCP) – "is three times what Bolivia [had previously] exported to Venezuela in textiles and manufacturing." In like measure, the Venezuelan Minister of Production, Susana Rivero said that Venezuela "is not a substitute" for the United States, but "a new market with new conditions, with many facilities. This is an agreement that will allow the export sector – even if there is a financial crisis – to not be affected." The previous year U.S. imports from Bolivia totaled $362.6 million, including $73 million worth of jewelry and about $20 million of clothing and household textile goods, as well as $64 million of tin and $46 million of crude oil. It was estimated that more than 30,000 jobs in Bolivia depended on duty-free exports to the United States.

Argentina
The Bolivian government announced the formation of a bilateral technical commission to assess the viability of supplying gas to Argentina. The Hydrocarbon Minister, Saul Avalos, said deliberations would begin upon his return from Buenos Aires on December 1 to agree on the terms, including the volume and payment commitments. As it stood at the time Bolivia exported nearly 1.7 million cubic meters of gas a day to Argentina, but was trying to redefine the terms of the contract in force, which established that 7.7 million cubic meters should have been supplied in the year, and with projected supplies of 16.6 million cubic meters in 2009 and 27.7 million cubic meters in 2010. Due to the limited extraction capacity the country was bound to promise only what it could accomplish with Brazilian internal markets priority.

Relations with Europe

In summer 2013, Morales was returning from a summit in Moscow where he made comments that he would consider giving political asylum to U.S. citizen Edward Snowden. On his trip to Europe, his plane was forced to land for 14 hours in Austria after Italy, France, Spain and Portugal denied him access to their airspace on fears that Snowden was aboard the airplane. It turned out that Snowden was not on board. However, the Spanish ambassador to Austria came to the airport with two staff members to search his plane. The following week, at a summit in Cochabamba, five Latin American leaders, Argentina's Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, Uruguay's José Mujica, Ecuador's Rafael Correa, Suriname's Dési Bouterse and Venezuela's Nicolás Maduro, denounced Morales' "virtual kidnapping" and the United States pressure they believed resulted in the action. A statement at the end of the summit demanded answers from France, Portugal, Italy and Spain, but did not mention the U.S. Morales also later said "We don't need a United States embassy in Bolivia. My hand would not shake to close the US embassy. We have dignity, sovereignty. Without the US, we are better politically, democratically." Maduro said "Europe broke all the rules of the game. We're here to tell President Evo Morales that he can count on us. Whoever picks a fight with Bolivia, picks a fight with Venezuela." Correa said that all the leaders present were offering "all of our support" to Morales and called the move an aggression against the Americas. Russia also criticised France, Spain and Portugal said that "the actions of the authorities of France, Spain and Portugal could hardly be considered friendly actions towards Bolivia [...] Russia calls on the international community to comply strictly with international legal principles." Though France apologised in a statement to the Bolivian government with French President François Hollande saying that there was "conflicting information" over the passenger manifest, Morales said "apologies are not enough because the stance is that international treaties must be respected." Bolivia said that it would summon the French and Italian ambassadors and the Portuguese consul to demand explanations. Peru's Ollanta Humala was also at the summit that he had arranged. In the end, Venezuela said that it had offered Snowden asylum. Bolivia also offered him asylum.

Relations with India
India's largest investment project in Latin America was the Jindal Steel and Power iron ore project worth US$2.1 billion and said to be the largest single module of any commercial direct reduction technology project in the world. However, there were hurdles when Bolivian Mines Minister Jose Pimentel said that an addendum may have been required for the Mutun iron ore reserves, amidst Morales' protective provisions in the new constitution to ensure foreign entrepreneurs do not gain an unfair advantage over underdeveloped resources. However, Jindal, later said that the project was back on track.

Relations with Iran

Iran's top diplomat in Bolivia said his country would open two low-cost public health clinics in the country, which is South America's poorest. Iranian business attache Hojjatollah Soltani said his country planned to use Bolivia as a base for future Red Crescent medical programmes across the continent.

On a visit to Iran, Morales also secured Iranian assistance in promotion of hydrocarbon development. Bolivia described the trip as an attempt to reach out to other states "rejected by the international community." Morales added that the two are as "two friendly and revolutionary countries" that are strengthening ties; adding that Iran's efforts to provide economic and political backing would "support the peasant struggle in Latin America." Iran's investments would boost bilateral economic and agricultural ties, from milk processing plants, to television and radio stations, including an agreement to provide Bolivian state television with Spanish-language programming, to funding hydroelectric exploration. Reports also indicated an interest in Bolivia's reserves of uranium and lithium for use in the Iranian nuclear program. Morales previously joked that he too is a part of the "axis of evil."

Relations with Libya
Following Libya's establishment of diplomatic relations on August 13 and Libyan ambassador to Bolivia, Ali Farfar's, announcement of US$80 million in investments, Morales attended the thirty-ninth anniversary of the Libyan Revolution, where he met the Libyan leader Colonel Muammar al-Gaddafi at Benghazi. In Libya he secured support for his government and for democratic change in Bolivia, more active trade, energy cooperation and improved diplomatic relations. The secretary of the Popular Congress, Muftah Queepe, said Libya ratified its support for the revolutionary and democratic process Morales was applying in Bolivia. Queepe praised Gaddafi's philosophy of Islamic socialism. Along with Iran, he also secured Libyan investment in Bolivia's hydrocarbons industry which, despite substantial energy reserves, was struggling to meet a commitment to pump natural gas to Argentina and Brazil.

Relations with Russia

 Russia has an embassy in La Paz, and Bolivia has an embassy in Moscow.

With Bolivia the focus on relations with Russia is mainly economic, as opposed to political and strategic, as an agreement to invest in Bolivia's natural gas fields shows. It is seen to "help Latin America...[as it] expands Latin America's economic opportunities, diversifies its relationships...that's healthy."

2008 saw, as a first step to re-establish ties with Russia, the Bolivian government had plans to purchase a small batch of helicopters. Ambassador Leonid Golubev told The Associated Press that he would like to see Russia's ties to Bolivia one day "approach the level" of its growing partnership with Venezuela.

In 2009, amid improving relations between the two countries, Bolivia and Russia signed various agreements pertaining to energy and military ties, mining activities and illegal drug eradication.

Relations with the United States

Prior to becoming president a rift with the U.S. was foreshadowed after Morales called President George W. Bush a terrorist: "Bush is the only terrorist, because he is the only one who intervenes militarily in the affairs of other countries. This is state terrorism, but those who demand their rights, those people are not terrorists."

On September 10, 2008, Evo Morales declared the US Ambassador to Bolivia, Philip Goldberg, persona non grata—the eighth U.S. ambassador to be declared so, which was quickly followed by the ninth. Goldberg said of the decision that "I regret that the Bolivian government took this decision. I think this has set back U.S.-Bolivian relations." Morales had accused him of conspiring with the opposition after Goldberg was caught on film leaving the office of opposition prefect Rubén Costas following a secret meeting in the early hours of the morning. The U.S. reciprocated by expelling the Bolivian ambassador in Washington. Tensions grew further when Bolivia refused permission for planes from the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration to fly over Bolivian territory. Morales said: "It's important that the international community knows that here, we don't need control of the United States on coca cultivation... We can control ourselves internally. We don't need any spying from anybody."

Morales said his country should not fear U.S. suspension of trade preferences with Bolivia. In Vallegrande, near where Che Guevara died, he said: "We don't have to be afraid of an economic blockade by the United States against the Bolivian people." Still, his government announced it would send a delegation to Washington to lobby for the country's continued participation in the ATPDEA, a regional trade pact with Andean states offering lowered import tariffs for cooperating with U.S. anti-narcotics efforts.

Relations took a further bite when Morales ordered DEA agents to leave the country within three months from November 1, 2008. In expelling the U.S. agents, he accused them of supporting the opposition separatists, conspiring to overthrow him, spying and having killed farmers. Morales said his country can fight cocaine trafficking on its own. Morales told police officers in the administrative capital of La Paz that, "Some politicians say that with the withdrawal of the DEA, drug trafficking will increase ... I trust that our national police is prepared to fight drug traffickers. We're capable of funding the operations of the national police against drug trafficking." This followed moves earlier in the year where the presidents anti-drug czar Felipe Caceres said Bolivia should "nationalize" the fight against the drug trade, and that the government was ready to invest about $16 million to achieve this.

A 2008 annual report to the U.S. Congress cited three states, including Bolivia, for failing to fight illegal drugs, the first time Bolivia made it onto the most severe category on the list with other political opponents like Venezuela and Myanmar. Morales upped the ante and condemned the United States in saying that it has no such authority to certify whether other countries are successfully fighting drug trafficking. He added that the counter-narcotics "certification process of the U.S. government has to end. It's just political vengeance. It would have to be the OAS or the United Nations that would lead an effort like that."

Rapprochement
In November 2008, Morales said that he wanted to improve ties with the incoming U.S. administration of Barack Obama. After addressing the U.N. General Assembly, he told the press that "My interest is how to improve relations with the new president. I think we could have a lot of things in common. If we talk about change I have some experience now. I think it would be good to share experiences with the new president-elect." However, ominous signs were also apparent when he repeated allegations against the DEA, saying "The DEA will not return while I am still president. The DEA ... had an intelligence structure, but it wasn't so much to fight drugs, it had more to do with the political aggression against my government...In recent times, we've seen some officials of the DEA involved in political conspiracy."
He added that his government would set up a new intelligence operation involving the military and police to fight drug trafficking in place of the DEA. Later Morales met with four U.S. lawmakers to discuss the expulsion of the U.S. Ambassador. After the meeting Richard Lugar (R-In) said that the United States rejected any suggestion that it did not respect Bolivia's sovereignty or the legitimacy of its government. Morales responded that he was confident relations with the United States would improve when Obama becomes president.

Vietnam and China
In the light of the declining U.S. economy following the economic crisis of 2008, Bolivian trade officials looked for alternative markets to close an export gap with trade reduction between the U.S. and Bolivia. The country chose Vietnam and China in this regard. Deputy Foreign Minister Pablo Guzman said he would be looking into the possibility of signing bilateral trade agreements with the two countries. The move was said to not only cover the gap, but also expand exports in general.

Criticism and controversy

Dispute with the Europe Union (EU) over immigration
A new European Union (EU) immigration law detaining illegal immigrants for up to 18 months before deportation triggered outrage across Latin America, with Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez threatening to cut off oil exports to Europe.

Evo Morales wrote an open letter to the EU criticizing the new restrictions, published in the British Guardian newspaper as an opinion-editorial on June 16, 2008. On June 18, Morales said that the European law was "racist."

On EU immigration law, Morales said:

"We, too, could say that we are going to expel those who have looted and stolen from us, those who imposed policies of hunger and misery, those who exported illness, exploitation, discrimination."

2008 G20 summit
Together with Former Cuban President Fidel Castro, Morales said the summit of Group of 20 states was dominated by U.S. President George W. Bush and didn't focus on the problems that plague poorer countries. While Castro said a statement published at the end of the summit didn't address any of the "abuses" caused by the U.S. economic system, Morales said developed countries have provided more money to help distressed banks than they have committed to poor countries to improve health, education and development. "The so-called consensus of the G-20 continues to emphasize market principles and free trade. To get out of this crisis we have to break with the neo-liberal economic model and the capitalist system."

References

External links
 Evo Morales on President Obama: "I Can’t Believe a Black President Can Hold So Much Vengeance Against an Indian President"

Foreign relations of Bolivia
Evo Morales


Tokoriki is an island within the Mamanuca Islands of Fiji in the South Pacific. It is home to two independent resorts, the privately owned luxury award winning resort Tokoriki Island Resort for honeymooners and couples and nearby is the Marriott Sheraton Resort & Spa. The island has its own reef which has many diving and snorkeling sites.

References

Islands of Fiji
Ba Province
Mamanuca Islands


Eric Cross (1903/1905 – 5 September 1980) was an Irish writer and broadcaster.

Early life and family
Eric Cross was born in Newry, County Down in 1903 or 1905. His father was a British civil servant, James Cross. Cross was an only child, though his Irish Times obituary stated that he was survived by a sister. He stated in 1976 that he had no memory of County Down and very few memories of his father. He recalled his childhood with his mother, and that she had been a nurse in South Africa. Cross attended numerous schools in northern England from age 10. He entered Manchester University where he studied medicine for 6 months before transferring to study chemistry in London.

Career
After Cross graduated, he authored a chemistry textbook, and worked in biochemical industry for 15 years. The writer Benedict Kiely alleged that Cross was working on projects related to chemical warfare, and decided to leave to become a writer. Cross moved to Ireland in 1936, first living in Dublin. He supposedly bought a caravan and horse, taking 6 weeks to travel to Gougane Barra, County Cork, where he lived in the caravan. He ate at a local hotel.

He published The Tailor and Ansty, in The Bell in 1942 as a collection of stories and sayings from an old country tailor and seanchaí called Timothy Buckley and his wife Anastasia that Cross had recorded. This was later issued as an expanded book with a foreword by Frank O'Connor. He had first met the couple in the 1920s, and it is thought he moved to Gougane Barra to live close to them. It was well received critically, but was denounced by the catholic dean of Cork and who also accused Cross of being a freemason. The book was banned by the Censorship Board on 28 September 1942  during the government of Éamon de Valera possibly due to the uncensored references by the couple to animal reproduction.  Some neighbours were furious and Buckley was forced by three priests to go on his knees and burn the book in his own fireplace. Following the liberalisation of the censorship laws in the 1960s, Cross' book was the first to have the ban rescinded. In 1968, P. J. O'Connor adapted it for the stage, and it was performed in the Peacock Theatre. It has been restaged a number of times since.

Cross invented a method of making turf as durable as coal, and created "magnastone" a new substance with the appearance of marble. In 1968, he published Map of time, a world history with a focus on Ireland from 400 AD. During World War II, Cross devised a method for making knitting needles from bicycle wheel spokes, and made platform shoes using the rejected bungs of Beamish porter barrels. He moved to Cloona Lodge, near Westport, County Mayo in 1953, where he taught the children of Joseph and Sonia Kelly.

Cross was one of the contributors of spoken essays to the RTÉ Radio series Sunday Miscellany and short stories for the BBC. Silence is Golden, a selection of stories and essays by Cross, appeared in 1978.

Death and legacy
Cross lived a secluded life in County Mayo. He died on 5 September 1980. Sean O'Faolain compared Cross' book to other Irish rural literature classics, including The islandman and Twenty years a-growing. Vivian Mercier had less praise, and since its publication it has received little critical attention.

See also
 Jude the Obscure

References

1900s births
1980 deaths
Irish essayists
RTÉ people
20th-century Irish writers
20th-century male writers


Orahovac is a town and municipality in Western Kosovo.

Orahovac may also refer to:

Orahovac (liqueur), a Dalmatian walnut liqueur; see Croatian cuisine


Auchlochan Platform railway station served Auchlochan, a village in the county of South Lanarkshire, Scotland. It was served by local trains on the Coalburn Branch south of Glasgow.

History

Opened by the Caledonian Railway it became part of the London Midland and Scottish Railway during the Grouping of 1923. Passing on to the Scottish Region of British Railways during the nationalisation of 1948. It was then closed by the British Railways Board.

The site today

The platform has been removed but the alignment of the line and a level crossing gate show its location.

See also
 Auchlochan Collieries

References

 Site of station on navigable O.S. map On line near colliery at centre of map

Disused railway stations in South Lanarkshire
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1907
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1965
Former Caledonian Railway stations


Protected Streaming is a DRM technology by Adobe. The aim of the technology is to protect digital content (video or audio) from unauthorized use.

Protected Streaming consists of many different techniques; basically there are two main components: encryption and SWF verification.

This technique is used by the Hulu desktop player and the RTÉ Player. Fifa.com also uses this technique to serve the videos on the official site. Some videos on YouTube also use RTMPE, including those uploaded there by BBC Worldwide.

Encryption
Streamed content is encrypted by the Flash Media Server "on the fly", so that the source file itself does not need to be encrypted (a significant difference from Microsoft's DRM). For transmission ("streaming"), a special protocol is required, either RTMPE or RTMPS.

RTMPS uses SSL-encryption. In contrast, RTMPE is designed to be simpler than RTMPS, by removing the need to acquire a SSL Certificate. RTMPE makes use of well-known industry standard cryptographic primitives, consisting of Diffie–Hellman key exchange and HMACSHA256, generating a pair of RC4 keys, one of which is then used to encrypt the media data sent by the server (the audio or video stream), while the other key is used to encrypt any data sent to the server. RTMPE caused less CPU-load than RTMPS on the Flash Media Server.

Adobe fixed the security issue in January 2009, but did not fix the security holes in the design of the RTMPE algorithm itself. Analysis of the algorithm shows that it relies on security through obscurity. For example, this renders RTMPE vulnerable to Man in the Middle attacks.

Tools which have a copy of the well-known constants extracted from the Adobe Flash Player are able to capture RTMPE streams, a form of the trusted client problem. Adobe issued DMCA takedowns on RTMPE recording tools, including rtmpdump, to try to limit their distribution. In the case of rtmpdump, however, this led to a Streisand effect.

SWF verification
The Adobe Flash Player uses a well-known constant, appended to information derived from the SWF file (a hash of the file and its size), as input to HMACSHA256. The HMACSHA256 key is the last 32 bytes of the server's first handshake packet. The Flash Media Server uses this to limit access to those clients which have access to the SWF file (or have been given a copy of the hash and the size of the SWF file).

All officially allowed clients (which are in fact *.swf files) need to be placed on the Flash Media Server streaming the file. Any other client requesting a connection will receive a "connection reject".

The combination of both techniques is intended to ensure streams cannot be sniffed and stored into a local file, as SWF verification is intended to prevent third party clients from accessing the content. However, it does not achieve this goal. Third party clients are free to write the decrypted content to a local file simply by knowing the hash of the SWF file and its size. In practice, therefore, Adobe's own implementation of the Macromedia Flash Player is the only client which does not allow saving to a local file.

The only possible way to restrict connections to a Flash Media Server is to use a list of known hosts, to avoid the whole player (the Flash client) being placed on an unauthorised website. Even this has no real benefit for mass-distributed files, as any one of the known hosts could take a copy of the data and re-distribute it at will.  Thus "known host" security is only useful when the known hosts can be trusted not to re-distribute the data.

Notes

References
 Whitepaper by Adobe
 RTMPE (Adobe LiveDocs)
 RTMPS (Adobe LiveDocs)
 rtmpdump 2.1+ (Source code and binaries)
 Source code of rtmpdump v1.6 by Andrej Stepanchuk
 RTMPE specification, generated from the rtmpdump source code
 RTMFP encryption mechanism (DRAFT), reverse engineered from scratch

Multimedia
Network protocols


A Coventry Cross of Nails (in German, Nagelkreuz von Coventry) is a Christian cross made from iron nails, employed as a symbol of peace and reconciliation.  The original version was made from three large medieval nails salvaged from the Coventry Cathedral after the building was severely damaged by German bombs on 14 November 1940, during the Second World War.  In the following decades, several hundred crosses have been given as gifts to various organisations, including churches, prisons and schools.  The form of the cross echoes the crucifixion of Christ, and the nails with which Christ was affixed to the cross according to some accounts.

In Coventry
Coventry Cathedral was severely damaged during the Coventry Blitz, and its roof was destroyed on 14 November 1940.  The idea for the cross came from Rev Arthur Philip Wales, who was then rector of St Mark's church in Coventry, which was also damaged in the bombing, and later rector at St Michael's church in Warmington, Warwickshire.  He found several large hand-forged medieval carpenters nails as he walked through the ruins of the cathedral on the morning after the bombing.  He used some wire to bind together three nails into the shape of a Latin cross, with one nail vertical and two head-to-tail as a cross-piece, and presented them to the Bishop of Coventry, Mervyn Haigh.  The Cathedral's Provost Richard Howard had the words "Father Forgive" carved into the wall behind the altar of the ruined building, and two charred beams fallen together into the shape of a cross were erected among the rubble.  The original charred cross is now displayed in the new cathedral, constructed after the war adjacent to the ruins of the medieval cathedral, with a replica placed in the standing ruins of the old cathedral.

The original cross of nails is also retained by the new cathedral.  It made a progress around the churches of the diocese in Lent 1962, returning to the new cathedral on the eve of its consecration on 25 May 1962, and is now often displayed at the High Altar, with the nails now welded into place.

Elsewhere
In September 1947, Richard Howard visited Kiel and presented a cross made from medieval nails found in the ruins of Coventry Cathedral to the church of St Nikolai; in return, Howard was presented with a stone from the ruins of the German church. Over subsequent years, hundreds of nail crosses have been given to various organisations, originally using medieval nails from the old cathedral but more recently using modern replicas. In many places the Coventry Cross of Nails is mounted on a wall, or displayed on an altar.

The recipients of nail crosses from Coventry were brought together in 1974 to form an ecumenical "Community of the Cross of Nails", developed by Bill Williams, Provost at Coventry Cathedral from 1958 to 1981. The network of over 200 organisations in 45 countries shares a commitment to peace, justice and reconciliation. It includes dozens of churches in Germany, including the Dresden Frauenkirche, and Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church and Chapel of Reconciliation (Kapelle der Versöhnung) in Berlin, and in other cities in the UK and elsewhere. At many, the Coventry Litany of Reconciliation is recited each Friday; the short prayer was written by Canon Joseph Poole in 1958.

A Coventry Cross of Nails was on board the Type 42 destroyer  during the Falklands War, sunk with the ship and later salvaged by Royal Navy divers. It was returned to Coventry Cathedral, kept by the next , a Type 22 frigate, from 1988 until she was decommissioned in 2002, and later presented to the Type 45 destroyer , which is affiliated to Coventry.

Gallery

See also

References
 The Cross of Nails: Joining in God's mission of reconciliation, Oliver Schuegraf, p. 35-52
 Read our story, The Community of the Cross of Nails, Coventry Cathedral
 The Community of the Cross of Nails, Coventry Cathedral
 Our History, Community of the Cross of Nails (CCN) North America
 Introduction to our reconciliation ministry, Coventry Cathedral
 Coventry Cross of Nails at St Anne's, Belfast Cathedral
 New Chapel of Reconciliation and Coventry Cross of Nails, Christchurch Cathedral
 The Coventry Cross of Nails, Frauenkirche Dresden
 HMS Diamond and her crew were honoured with the Freedom of Entry to the City of Coventry, Coventry Freemens Guild
 The story of the Cross of Nails, The Archbishop of Canterbury
 The Cross of Nails from Coventry to Dresden, Crosskeys, 11 December 2015
 The Coventry Litany of Reconciliation

Christian crosses
Iron sculptures in the United Kingdom
Coventry Cathedral
Nail (fastener)
1940 sculptures
Peace symbols
Aftermath of World War II in the United Kingdom
Reconciliation


Peter or Pete Price may refer to:
Peter O. Price (born 1941), former journalist and CEO of the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences
Peter Price (bishop) (born 1944), English bishop
Peter Price (politician) (born 1942), English politician
Peter Price (footballer, born 1932) (1932–2015), Scottish footballer (Ayr United)
Peter Price (footballer, born 1949), Welsh footballer (Peterborough United, Barnsley)
Pete Price (born 1946), English disc jockey
Peter Xavier Price (born 1985), British artist, illustrator and academic historian


The 1970 Tonghai earthquake () occurred at  with a moment magnitude of 7.1 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme). The strike-slip rupture originated on the Red River Fault, which had not experienced an earthquake above magnitude 7 since 1700, and affected Tonghai County, Yunnan province, China. At least 10,000 people were killed, making it one of the deadliest in its decade. The tremor caused between US$5 and $25 million in damage, felt over an area of . In Hanoi, North Vietnam, almost  from the epicenter, victims left their homes as the rupture rumbled through the city.

Occurring during the height of the Cultural Revolution, it was not widely publicized by the Chinese government for well over a decade. The amount of aid and finances distributed was described by the Beijing Morning Post as "pathetically small". Much of the aid provided to survivors was in "spiritual" form, including Mao Zedong badges and condolence letters. Nevertheless, the earthquake was among the first to be studied over a long term by the Chinese government. It was cited as one of the reasons behind creating the largest earthquake monitoring system in China, 25 years later.

Background and tectonics

Yunnan, the epicentral region, is one of the more seismically active Chinese provinces. The earliest earthquake recorded there was in the 9th century; however, moderate to strong ones have been observed since the 15th century. Since the 9th century, 32 earthquakes with a magnitude of 7 or greater have occurred in the province. Shallow strike-slip faulting is a characteristic of Yunnan quakes.

Earthquakes in southwestern Yunnan, such as the 1970 Tonghai event, are less frequent than in other parts of the province. The Red River Fault, the fault on which this quake is alleged to have occurred, has lacked seismological activity as a whole. Red River temblors generally rise at high angles, as shown in a 1962 Ministry of Geology report. Marking in sedimentary rocks indicate that several large earthquakes formed on the fault during the Pleistocene and Holocene epochs. Until this quake, no earthquake above magnitude 7.0 on the Richter scale had occurred on this fault since about 1700, and the fault was believed to be "dead". Since the 1970 Tonghai rupture, it is believed that the Red River fault is instead experiencing a long seismic gap similar to that of the Japan Median Tectonic Line, on which no major temblor has formed since 700 but produced massive ones during the Holocene epoch.

Damage and casualties

The epicenter of the quake was about  southwest of Kunming and  northwest of Gejiu; this area was mainly a tobacco-growing region. Effects of the rupture were felt over an area of . In Hanoi, North Vietnam, almost  from the epicenter, victims left their homes as the rupture rumbled through the city.

The earthquake measured 7.1 on the moment magnitude scale. It may have killed more than 15,000 people, making it the third deadliest in China during the 20th century, and injured an additional 26,783. The tremor caused between US$5 to $25 million in damage. A Reuters news report, the only one in the immediate aftermath, mentioned the recording of a "severe" quake by Hong Kong's Royal Observatory and cited an unconfirmed report that it might have destroyed part of Kunming. It caused  of visible surface faulting on the Tonghai Fault. There was a maximum horizontal offset of 2.5 m (8 ft) and vertical offset of about 0.5 m (1.5 ft). As a result of inversion techniques, scientists were able to decide that several events comprised the surface faulting. This further confirmed that the earthquake, along with a later earthquake in Yunnan in 1973, corresponded to a fault within the area.

Aftermath

Scientific study
The earthquake was among the first to be studied over a long term by the Chinese government. More than 40 Chinese seismologists, engineers, and geologists visited the disaster zone to conduct research into the cause and damage of the earthquake; some spending as much as a year collecting soil samples and recording other primary research evidence for future study. Such data was collected over a broad area of almost 1,400 towns within the area.

Reaction
According to the Reuters report, the survivors came together to "fight against the disaster". Much of the aid provided to survivors was in "spiritual" form. The Chinese government sent tens of thousands of Quotations from Chairman Mao Zedong books and badges in his honor to victims as part of the relief effort, and survivors also received 14,350 sympathy letters. However, the amount of aid and finances distributed was described by the Beijing Morning Post 30 years later as "pathetically small."

The details of the earthquake were not widely publicized by Chinese authorities until about 18 years after its occurrence. In China's first decades of Communist rule, its policy was to not disclose natural disasters or accidents unless foreigners were injured. While the Chinese official press had not released a comprehensive report, Reuters and the Royal Hong Kong Observatory both released information soon after the disaster. At the time of the quake, Xinhua News Agency briefly mentioned a smaller magnitude quake but did not provide information on damage or casualties.

On 19 November 1988, nearly 19 years later, Chen Zhangli of the State Seismology Bureau, speaking at a news conference for another earthquake that had recently occurred, estimated the death toll of the 1970 quake to be 10,000. He did not give a reason why his government had not previously disclosed this knowledge. Government officials from China released a different estimate in 2000, putting the death toll at 15,621. China published the estimate after a memorial service for survivors and relatives was held in Yuxi on 5 January. A Yuxi Seismology Bureau official noted that the information had been classified for "political reasons" and the death toll estimate had been known among bureaucrats as early as 1997.

Twenty-five years after the earthquake, the largest earthquake-monitoring network nationally was established in Yunnan. It set up earthquake offices in every county to prepare for another large rupture. The 1970 Tonghai earthquake was cited as one of the reasons behind creating the monitoring system.

See also
 List of earthquakes in 1970
 List of earthquakes in Yunnan
 List of earthquakes in China

Notes

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

1970 earthquakes
1970 Tonghai
1970 in China
January 1970 events in Asia
Geography of Yuxi
1970 disasters in China


The Broadway is a shopping and leisure complex in the centre of Bradford, West Yorkshire,  England, which opened on 5 November 2015. It was built and was operated, in its first year, by the Westfield Corporation but is owned by Ellandi. It is currently operated by Munroe K Asset Management Ltd.

Buildings were demolished and roads rerouted to make way for the development in 2004; but because of continued failure to secure buy-in from enough businesses, construction did not begin in earnest until January 2014: for most of the intervening years, the site had little apart from a deep excavation, though from 2010 the area round the edge of the site was laid out as an urban park.

The "hole in the ground" was very unpopular in Bradford, and at one point the site was occupied by protestors.

History
In 1998 the Forster Square Development Partnership was established between Magellan Properties, Caddick Developments and the City of Bradford Metropolitan District Council. They planned a 51,096 m² (570,000 sq ft) shopping centre containing Debenhams, Next, C&A, Marks and Spencer and 100 shops and other leisure facilities. (BHS had a store in Broadway, but it demolished as part of the demolition of the previous development on the site and C&A also had a store on the old Broadway but closed all UK stores in 2001 and thus cancelled plans to be part of this redevelopment). The partnership sold it to Stannifer which was bought out by the Westfield Group in December 2004.

Planning permission for the development was approved on 10 September 2003, with the claim that 3,000 new jobs could be created.  Demolition on the Forster Square site started on 18 March 2004 and by mid-2006 the site was empty apart from a large pile of rubble. It was originally hoped that the complex would be open by late 2007 (with construction commencing in early 2006), but with a lack of anchor tenants and with many workmen still working on Westfield Derby, the start date for construction was pushed back.  The delays led to Bradford Council threatening to take back control of the site from Westfield, if progress was not made.

By 2006 demolition work had freed for development a site encompassed by Hall Ings, Well Street, the new Lower Kirkgate and Charles Street.
In April 2010, after several years in which no construction had taken place, the project was mothballed and work began on creating a temporary park on part of the site.
The site was subsequently occupied by protesters unhappy about the lack of development. In January 2014, the park was demolished, and work resumed on the construction.

The centre was opened at 10 am on 5 November 2015, by Alexandra Burke at the Forster Square entrance, and simultaneously at other entrances by representatives from Bradford City and the Bradford Burns Unit, and by the world's longest-married couple Karam and Kartari Chand.

Temporary urban park

In February 2010, almost 6 years after the start of demolition, Bradford Council announced a plan to convert part of the construction site into a temporary park. The park would include new footpaths, seating, grassed areas, urban allotments and a performance area The funding for the park scheme was provided partly by central government, as part of a fund to help local councils invest after recession, Yorkshire Forward, and the developers Westfield. Work began on the park in April 2010. The park was a temporary measure; and was closed on 6 January 2014 as construction of the development was about to begin.

Timeline
 20 November 2007 – Westfield installed staff cabins and began preparatory work prior to beginning construction.
 Also in November 2007, Westfield applied to change the planning permission to include a hotel.
 August 2008 – No formal start date for construction yet announced, as Westfield are waiting for more 'anchor tenants' to sign up for shop space; currently half of the total shop space has been let.  The developers have pledged to start work 'as soon as possible' and preparatory work on the site was due to be completed by mid-August 2008.
 January 2009 – site consists of excavated foundations but nobody is working on site and all staff entrances chained up.
 March 2009 – announced that work on the site is 'on hold' until 2010 due to the recession.
 20 May 2009 – Bradford West Member of Parliament Marsha Singh raised the lack of progress on the site during Prime Minister's Questions in the House of Commons.  Gordon Brown, the Prime Minister, stated that he would be willing to hold a meeting with Westfield to discuss the issue
 February 2010 – Bradford Council announced plan to convert part of the site into a temporary park
 April 2010 – Work started on the temporary park
 June 2011 – Westfield to submit new revised plans for a smaller centre containing 77 shops.
 October 2011 – Bradford Council pass revised planning application.
 July 2013 - Announcement made. Restarting construction in the second half of 2013
 January 2014 – The temporary garden closed to allow workers to start the project.
 May 2015: Westfield 75% of construction completed
 5 November 2015 – Final touches and the Broadway Bradford opened its doors to the city centre with 73 shops to shop and explore

References

External links

Buildings and structures in Bradford
Bradford
Shopping centres in West Yorkshire