100 Mothers was an art exhibition curated by Harry Pye that originally took place at the "Oh Art" Gallery at The Oxford House, Bethnal Green in March 2004. Pye put the show together with help from several artist friends including Elizabeth Haarala, Mat Humphrey, Jasper Joffe and Emma Ridgway.

Show in Bethnal Green
Pye's aim was to stage the most straightforward and irony-free exhibition possible in time for Mother's Day that year. His friends supplied fifty male and fifty female artists with the same size canvas and asked each one to make a painting based on their own mother. Among those who took part in the original show were Dinos Chapman, Vic Reeves, Grayson Perry, Richard Wathen, Neil Innes, Bob & Roberta Smith, Billy Childish and Liz Neal.

Three artists featured in the show (Daisy de Villeneuve, Geraldine Swayne, and Sarah Sparkes) were interviewed about their contributions on the BBC Radio Four show Woman's Hour. Several other artists including Mat Humphrey, Peter Harris and Rowland Smith were interviewed about their paintings and their mothers by Don't Panic magazine. A brochure designed by Elizabeth Haarala and Keith Sargent was sold at the show; this featured an introduction written by poet Benjamin Zephaniah, with contributions from John Hegley and Jock Scot.

Other versions of the show
The exhibition toured to the North Edinburgh Art Centre in Scotland. In March 2008 the exhibition took place again, this time at the Sartorial Contemporary Art gallery

References

External links

Press release for Sartorial show

2004 in art
Art exhibitions in London
Bethnal Green


"Far from Over" is a song by Frank Stallone that appeared in the 1983 film Staying Alive and was also featured in the film's soundtrack. The song was written by Stallone and Vince DiCola. The song was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song. The song was remixed by Jellybean Benitez.

It was a top-10 U.S. single in September 1983, peaking at number 10 on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming his only major hit single. The 7" single version is slightly different from the LP version, and it was the 7" version which was played on most radio stations in the US while on the Billboard Hot 100.  In the U.S., the song became RSO Records' final top 10 single and top 40 hit on the Billboard Hot 100.

Appearances in other media
The instrumental version was used as the theme for Jim Crockett Promotions wrestling show Starrcade from 1983 to 1987.
The instrumental version was used as the theme for two unsold game show pilots produced by Jay Wolpert which are Fortune Huntershosted by Bob Hanley in 1983 and Fast Friendshosted by Bob Goen in 1984.
The song was used as a opening theme for NASCAR races on TBS from 1983 to 1985.
The song was also performed live in 1983 on Val Doonican's Christmas by the Irish group The Nolans.
In 1984, the song made a memorable appearance in the famous Saturday Night Live "synchronized swimming" segment with Martin Short and Harry Shearer.
The song's instrumental bridge was the original opening theme song of The Jerry Lawler Show, which debuted in 1983 on WMC-TV in Memphis, Tennessee.
The 1987 Alpha Denshi arcade game Kyros, uses the song when the player is powered up.
WRAL-TV in Raleigh, North Carolina (which was the taping home for Jim Crockett's Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling at one time and was the broadcaster for Crockett wrestling) used it for their Action Sports Saturday broadcasts during the mid-1980s.
The song was used by WDIV-TV in Detroit for its Sunday sports wrap-up show Sports Final Edition.
The song had renewed popularity in 2010 when Australian comedy duo Hamish & Andy proclaimed on air that the song gave the listener an extra burst of energy and dubbed the phenomenon as "The Frank Effect". A special one-time concert was held in Australia as a result, which was documented in their 2010 TV special Hamish & Andy's Reministmas Special.
 In a 2016 episode of The Jim Gaffigan Show, Adam Goldberg as Dave Marks, is seen to find his creative fire in a montage as the song plays.
In Season 2 Episode 6 of the Netflix series GLOW, the song is used during a training montage.
 In Season 1 Episode 10 of the TV series Doom Patrol, when Beard Hunter is preparing for his mission.
 In Episode 1 of American Horror Story: 1984, when the crew is dancercizing.
 In season 1, episode 5 of Hamish & Andy's Gap Year, during a montage of Hamish Blake's Mr. New York State Bodybuilding Competition performance.
 In 2007, the song was featured in French electronic duo Justice's famously rejected Fabric mix, released independently as the "Justice Xmas Mix".

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Covers
 In 2015, the song was covered by the television series Glee in the episode "The Rise and Fall of Sue Sylvester". It was then released on an EP for the episode.

References

1983 songs
1983 singles
RSO Records singles
Songs written by Vince DiCola
Dance-rock songs


Betty Wade-Murphy (November 9, 1952 – September 29, 2023), better known by her ring name Joyce Grable, was an American professional wrestler. She was the long-term tag team partner of Wendi Richter. She held the NWA United States Women's Championship once and the NWA Women's World Tag Team Championship six times—three with Richter and three with her other tag team partner Vicki Williams.

Professional wrestling career

Training
Joyce Fowler (who also competed as Joyce Becker) was the first female wrestler to use the ring name "Joyce Grable". Fowler was active from 1963–1974 and then retired from professional wrestling to focus on her family. In the early 1970s, Betty Wade-Murphy was trained by professional wrestler Judy Grable (who was her childhood idol) to become a female wrestler. Upon her professional debut, she was given the ring name "Joyce Grable" both as a tribute to her idol and trainer, Judy Grable, and because Fabulous Moolah felt she bore a strong physical resemblance to the original Joyce Grable (portrayed by Fowler).

National Wrestling Alliance
The team of Grable and Vicki Williams won the NWA Women's World Tag Team Championship from Donna Christanello and Toni Rose on October 15, 1973 in New York City. It was not until October 1975 that Rose and Christanello regained the title from Grable and Williams.

In 1978 at Superbowl of Wrestling II, she defeated seven other wrestlers in an eight-woman battle royal. Later that year, she defeated Ann Casey to win the NWA United States Women's Championship. In 1979, she helped train Judy Martin. In August 1979, the team of Grable and Williams defeated The Glamour Girls (Leilani Kai and Martin) to begin their second reign as NWA Women's Tag Champions. During the time period from 1973–1983, Grable frequently competed in the World Wrestling Federation, often in singles matches against WWF Women's Champion Fabulous Moolah and in tag team matches with Williams.

In 1982, Wendi Richter became her tag team partner after Grable trained her for six months in Atlanta, Georgia. She wrestled in a series of matches in Stampede Wrestling with partner Richter against Velvet McIntyre and Judy Martin. Joyce Grable also appeared in Puerto Rico for the World Wrestling Council. The teams continued their rivalry into April 1983 in Verne Gagne's American Wrestling Association. In May 1983, she returned to Stampede Wrestling, where she once again teamed with Richter against McIntyre and Penny Mitchell.

In 1986, Grable participated in a 10-woman battle royal at the American Wrestling Association's WrestleRock 86 event, losing to Sherri Martel. She continued to appear sporadically on the independent circuit and competed in the Delta Tiger Lilies promotion in 1988.

Retirement
Grable retired in 1991 and had back surgery. On January 29, 2005, Grable appeared at WrestleReunion managing Sherri Martel, Peggy Lee Leather, Krissy Vaine, and Amber O'Neal in an eight-woman tag team match against Wendi Richter, Bambi, Malia Hosaka, and Jenny Taylor. Grable continued to make appearances at wrestling reunions and conventions, as well as occasional independent shows. Grable appeared at a Magnificent Ladies Wrestling event on April 30, 2011, where she managed Melanie Cruise in a match against "Pryme Tyme" Amy Lee, and also managed Million Dollar Baby in a street fight against Robbie Rage. On May 20, 2011, she (along with several other retired professional wrestlers) was a guest at a Total Nonstop Action Wrestling live event in Amsterdam, New York.

Personal life
Grable was originally from Columbus, Georgia. Grable had one biological son, Derek Murphy and a step daughter, Melissa Wade and stepson, Richard Wade from her second husband, Richard Wade's first marriage. She worked as a trainer at the women's wrestling training facility run by Fabulous Moolah and was responsible for training several notable female wrestlers, including Wendi Richter and Sherri Martel. After retiring from wrestling, Grable worked as a receptionist at a center for mentally and physically disabled people.

In 2013, Grable revealed she had cancer, prompting a benefit show to be held in Florida.

Joyce Grable died on September 29, 2023, at the age of 70. A few days earlier, her son had posted online that she was in hospice care.

Championships and accomplishments
 Cauliflower Alley Club
 Women's Wrestling Award (2010)
 Courage Award Winner (2022)
 Deep South Wrestling
 DSW Women's Championship (1 time, final champion)
 National Wrestling Alliance
 NWA Texas Women's Championship (1 time)
 NWA United States Women's Championship (1 time)
 NWA World Women's Tag Team Championship (6 times) – with Vicki Williams (3) and Wendi Richter (3)
 NWA Hall of Fame (Class of 2012)
 Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame
 Class of 2013
 Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 Girl Wrestler of the Year (1973)
 Pro Wrestling This Week
 Wrestler of the Week (November 23–29, 1986)
St. Louis Wrestling Hall of Fame
Class of 2022

References

External links

1952 births
2023 deaths
American female professional wrestlers
Professional wrestling trainers
Professional wrestlers from Georgia (U.S. state)
Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum
Sportspeople from LaGrange, Georgia
Stampede Wrestling alumni
21st-century American women
20th-century female professional wrestlers


Alpha-toxin may refer to:
Staphylococcus aureus alpha toxin, a toxin
Clostridium novyi alpha-toxin, a toxin
Lecithinase C, an enzyme


Franjo Bartola Babić (19 December 1908 – 15 May 1945) was a Croatian writer and journalist.

Background
Babić was born in Babina Greda. He finished elementary school in Zemun in 1919, and six grades of gymnasium in Vukovar and Vinkovci by 1926. Since 1929 he worked at the newspaper Hrvatski list in Osijek, and served as its editor-in-chief from 1941 to 1944.

He attended the trial of the bandit Čaruga, about whom he later wrote a book. From 1934 to 1943, Babić was active as a theater critic in Osijek. From 1932 on, he also wrote articles about chess.

He moved to Zagreb in 1944. During his attempt to escape to the western Allies in May 1945, he went missing near Maribor, where he was presumably killed in the Bleiburg repatriations.

Works
Općinski načelnik (comedy in two acts, 1937)
Čaruga (serialized novel, 1938–1940)
Vjerna zemlja (novel, 1943)
Graničarska ljubav ili Ivka (play, 1944)

See also
List of people who disappeared

References

1908 births
1940s missing person cases
1945 deaths
20th-century journalists
Croatian civilians killed in World War II
Croatian journalists
Croatian theatre critics
Missing in action of World War II
Missing person cases in Europe
People from Babina Greda
People from the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia
People killed by Yugoslav Partisans


Barlow House may refer to:

in the United States
(by state then town)
Barlow Apartments, Little Rock, Arkansas, listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP)
Boce W. Barlow, Jr., House, Hartford, Connecticut, NRHP-listed in Hartford, Connecticut
Aaron Barlow House, Redding Connecticut, NRHP-listed in Fairfield County
Barlow House (Barlow, Kentucky), NRHP-listed in Kentucky
Barlow House (Lancaster, Kentucky), NRHP-listed in Garrard County
Gregory-Barlow Place, Mooresville, Kentucky, NRHP-listed in Washington County
William V. N. Barlow House, Albion, New York, listed on the NRHP in Orleans County
Smith H. Barlow House, Lacona, New York, listed on the NRHP
William Barlow House, Canby, Oregon, listed on the NRHP
 William Barlow House, Barlow, Oregon, listed on the NRHP
Barlow Building, Bellingham, Washington, NRHP-listed in Whatcom County


Staphylococcus aureus beta toxin is a toxin produced by Staphylococcus aureus. It is a form of sphingomyelinase called sphingomyelinase C. This enzyme is toxic to a variety of cells, including erythrocytes, fibroblasts, leukocytes, and macrophages. Susceptible cells are subject to lysis of exposed sphingomyelin on their membrane surfaces.

The beta toxin exhibits maximum activity at 10 °C, at 37 °C (normal body temperature) seems to be inactive.

References

Bacterial toxins


Laélio Baptista Airport , formerly SDMC is the airport serving Maricá, Brazil.

Airlines and destinations
No scheduled flights operate at this airport.

Access
The airport is located  from downtown Maricá.

Gallery

See also

List of airports in Brazil

References

External links

Airports in Rio de Janeiro (state)


Phaedros Stassinos (1930 – 28 June 2012) was a Greek Cypriot actor whose international stage name was Paul Stassino.

Early life
Stassino was born in Platres and grew up in nearby Limassol, but spent most of his acting career in England. He had moved there at the age of 18 to study law. Without telling his parents, he got a scholarship to the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art.

Career
He appeared in many British films, in British TV dramas such as Danger Man and The Saint. He appeared in Coronation Street in 1968, as Hungarian demolition contractor Miklos Zadic who had a brief relationship with Emily Nugent (played by Eileen Derbyshire).

Possibly his best known performance was when he played two parts, Major François Derval and Angelo Palazzi, in the James Bond film Thunderball (see List of James Bond henchmen in Thunderball).

Other roles include "Le Pirate" in That Riviera Touch, and the first officer of the Colombian ship Paloma in Tiger Bay.

In 1972 he moved to Athens, where he worked as a director in the casino in Athens, and then because of his great love for his island, he moved to his birthplace in Cyprus where he worked in the Public Theatre in Nicosia as an actor and as a director, where after he retired he moved to his beloved Limassol. He died on 28 June 2012 in Limassol and was buried in the cemetery of Limassol Sfalagiotisa.

Personal life
He was married twice and had three children Julian Stassino, Alex Stassino, and Elvi Stassinou.

Filmography

 Ill Met by Moonlight (1957) - Yani Katsias
 Interpol (1957) - Customs Inspector
 Miracle in Soho (1957) - Paulo
 Ice Cold in Alex (1958) - Barman
 The Great Van Robbery (1959) - Toni
 The Man Who Liked Funerals (1959) - Nick Morelli
 Tiger Bay (1959) - 'POLOMA' 1st. Officer
 The Bandit of Zhobe (1959) - Hatti
 The Stranglers of Bombay (1960) - Lt. Silver
 Moment of Danger (1960) - Juan Montoya
 Sands of the Desert (1960) - Pilot
 The Criminal (1960) - Alfredo Fanucci
 Exodus (1960) - Driver-guide on Cyprus
 Man Detained (1961) - James Helder
 The Secret Partner (1961) - Man in Soho Street
 The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone (1961) - Stefano - The Barber
 Echo of Barbara (1961) - Caledonia
 Sammy Going South (1963) - Spyros Dracandopolous
 Stolen Hours (1963) - Dalporto
 The Long Ships (1964) - Raschid
 The Moon-Spinners (1964) - Lambis
 The Verdict (Edgar Wallace Mysteries) (1964) - Danny Thorne
 The Saint Season 3 Episode 9 "The Death Penalty"
 The Saint Season 5 Episode 2 "Interlude in Venice"
 The High Bright Sun (1965) - Alkis
 Thunderball (1965) - François Derval / Angelo Palazzi
 Where the Spies Are (1965) - Simmias
 That Riviera Touch (1966) - Le Pirate
 Sands of Beersheba (1966) - Salim
 The Magus (1968) - Meli
 You Can't Win 'Em All (1970) - Gunner major (uncredited)
 A Touch of the Other (1970) - Connelly
 Die Screaming, Marianne (1971) - Portuguese Police Detective
 Escape to Athena (1979) - Zeno's Man (final film role)

References

External links

Paul Stassino at Fandango
Obituary (Greek)

Cypriot male film actors
Cypriot male television actors
Greek Cypriot people
1930 births
2012 deaths
20th-century Cypriot male actors
Cypriot emigrants to England
British people of Greek Cypriot descent
British male film actors
British male television actors
20th-century British male actors
Alumni of RADA


The Carlyle Cup was a trophy contested annually by the Duke Blue Devils and the North Carolina Tar Heels.  It was awarded to the school that had the most combined head-to-head wins against the other school in all of the shared varsity sports for that academic year.  At the start of the 2010-11 season, the rivalry series was renamed the Battle of the Blues presented by Continental Tire.

Since the 2010-11 season, there has not been a recipient of the trophy.

Results

See also
 Carolina–Duke rivalry
 Victory Bell (Duke–North Carolina), the trophy awarded to the football winner

Duke Blue Devils
North Carolina Tar Heels
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill rivalries
College sports in North Carolina


Beelaerts van Blokland is an old Dutch patrician family.

History
The family came originally from the Dutch town Oirschot. The oldest recorded member is a one Zeger Lycop who lived in the 14th century. His grandson Henric was the first to carry the name Beelaerts. The family belongs to the Dutch nobility since 1815 with the honorific of jonkheer.

Famous members
Gerard Jacob Theodoor Beelaerts van Blokland (1843-1897), Speaker of the Dutch House of Representatives and envoy for the South African Republic
Frans Beelaerts van Blokland (1872-1956), Dutch envoy to China, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Vice-President of the Council of State
 Pieter Beelaerts van Blokland (1932-2021), Minister of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment, Mayor, Queen's Commissioner of the Province of Utrecht

Bibliography
Nederland's Patriciaat 58 (1972), pp. 15–39.
Nederland's Adelsboek 79 (1988), pp. 289–329.

References and sources
 Hoge Raad van Adel
 Handboek der Wapenkunde, Rietstap, J.B. (1857)

Dutch_noble_houses


Sperm whaling is the human practice of hunting sperm whales, the largest toothed whale and the deepest-diving marine mammal species, for the oil, meat and bone that can be extracted from the cetaceans' bodies.

Sperm whales are prized for the sperm oil, a waxy secretion that was especially popular as a lubricant and illuminant during the Industrial Revolution, and so they were heavily targeted in 19th-century commercial whaling, as exemplified in Moby Dick. Sperm oil has since been replaced by the cheaper kerosene-based products, but another unusual product, ambergris, is still valued as a perfume fixative.  Although the animal is classified as a vulnerable species and commercial whaling has been banned since the 1970s, aboriginal whaling in limited numbers is still permitted for subsistence, notably from two villages in Indonesia.

Economic motivation

Sperm whales were hunted in the 19th century by American, British and other national whaling fleets. As with all the species targeted, the thick layer of fat (blubber) was flensed (removed from the carcass) and rendered, either on the whaling ship itself, or at a shore station. This was the whale oil, stored in casks for the long journey home. It was sold as a lamp fuel, not a food product; the whale meat was discarded. The other species that were within reach during the Age of Sail were filter-feeders, and their baleen had many commercial uses. The sperm whale, being a toothed hunter, lacked this so-called whalebone, but it did produce a valuable commodity: sperm oil.

Each whale's head held up to a ton, in a cavity called the "case". It was part of a waxy liquid called spermaceti, from which the whale got its common name. The liquid was removed from the spermaceti organ at sea, and stored separately from the rendered whale oil for processing back in port. On return home, this headmatter, which was worth around 20% more than the oil from the blubber, was divided into two valuable commodities. One was a very pure type of sperm whale oil that required little or no additional processing. It was found particularly suitable as a lubricant for fine machinery, such as pocket watches. What remained after the oil was extracted was a waxy substance that could be made into spermaceti candles. These burned longer and brighter than tallow candles and left no smell and, as a result, sold at a higher price. Although spermaceti by-products were high-value, they made up only a small proportion, perhaps 10%, of the substances extracted from sperm whales.

These much sought after commodities had a variety of commercial applications. In addition to the manufacture of candles, spermaceti was used in soap, cosmetics, machine oil, other specialized lubricants, lamp oil, paint, putty, pencils, crayons, leather waterproofing, rust-proofing materials and many pharmaceutical compounds.

Two other products of the sperm whale are of economic importance. Ambergris, a solid, waxy, flammable substance produced in their digestive system, was also sought as a fixative in perfumery. The whales' teeth were carved by sailors into scrimshaw art.

History

Historically, whaling took a heavy toll on sperm whale populations.  Prior to the early 18th century, sperm whales were hunted in Japan and Indonesia. Legend has it that sometime in the early 18th century, supposed to be not far from 1712, Captain Christopher Hussey, while cruising for right whales near shore, was blown offshore by a northerly wind, where he encountered a school of sperm whales and killed one.  It is not clear whether this story is apocryphal, since no Christopher Hussey would have been the proper age in 1712.  However, another member of the Hussey family, possibly Bachelor (Bachelder) or Sylvanus Hussey, may have been the actual person referred to in the story.  Although the story may not be true, sperm whales were indeed soon exploited by American whalemen, as Judge Paul Dudley, in his Essay upon the Natural History of Whales (1725), states that one Atkins, ten or twelve years in the trade, was among the first to catch sperm whales sometime around 1720.

Early 18th century
Only a few sperm whales were recorded to have been caught during the first few decades (1709–1730s) of offshore whaling, as sloops concentrated on Nantucket Shoals where they would have taken right whales or were sent to the Davis Strait region to catch bowhead whales. By the early 1740s, with the advent of spermaceti candles (before 1743), American vessels appear to have begun to take sperm whales in earnest. The diary of Benjamin Bangs (1721–1769) shows that, along with the bumpkin sloop he was in, he found three other sloops with sperm whales being flensed alongside off the coast of North Carolina in late May 1743. On returning to Nantucket in the summer 1744 on a subsequent sperm whaling voyage he noted that "45 spermacetes are brought in here this day," another indication that American sperm whaling was in full swing.

Late 18th century

American sperm whaling soon spread from the east coast of the American colonies to the Gulf Stream, the Grand Banks, West Africa (1763), the Azores (1765) and the South Atlantic (1770s). From 1770 to 1775 Massachusetts, New York, Connecticut, and Rhode Island ports produced 45,000 barrels of sperm oil annually, compared to 8,500 of whale oil.  In the same decade the British began sperm whaling, employing American ships and personnel.  By the following decade the French had entered the trade, also employing American expertise.  Sperm whaling increased until the mid-19th century, as spermaceti oil was important in public lighting (for example, in lighthouses, where it was used in the United States until 1862, when it was replaced by lard oil, which was quickly replaced by petroleum) and for lubricating the machines (such as those used in cotton mills) of the Industrial Revolution.  Sperm whaling declined in the second half of the 19th century, as petroleum and other products began to replace spermaceti.

19th century
Sperm whaling in the 18th century began with small sloops carrying only a pair of whaleboats (sometimes only one). As the scope and size of the fleet increased so did the rig of the vessels change, as brigs, schooners, and finally ships and barks were introduced. In the 19th century stubby, square-rigged ships (and later barks) dominated the fleet, being sent to the Pacific (the first being the British whaleship , in 1788), the Indian Ocean (1780s), and as far away as the Japan grounds (1820; ) and the coast of Arabia (1820s), as well as Australia (1790s) and New Zealand (1790s).

Sperm whaling involved the above-named ships searching for sperm whales on certain "grounds," or areas where sperm whales were likely to be found, such as the "Western" Ground in the mid-North Atlantic or the "Offshore" Ground in the latitudes of 5–10 degrees south and 105–125 degrees west longitude. The whales were spotted from one of the several look-outs stationed at the mast-heads. When a whale was found, whaleboats would be lowered and a harpoon attached to a long line would be thrown into it.  The whale would then drag the boats (the famous "Nantucket sleighride") until it was too tired to resist, at which point the crew would lance it to death.

Hunting for sperm whales during this period was a notoriously dangerous affair for the crews of the whaleboats. Although a properly harpooned sperm whale generally exhibited a fairly consistent pattern of attempting to flee underwater to the point of exhaustion (at which point it would surface and offer no further resistance), it was not uncommon for bull whales to become enraged and turn to attack pursuing whaleboats on the surface, particularly if it had already been wounded by repeated harpooning attempts. A commonly reported tactic was for the whale to invert itself and violently thrash the surface of the water with its fluke, flipping and crushing nearby boats.

Particularly massive sperm whale specimens have also proven willing (on rare occasions) to attack comparably sized whaleships. In the most famous example, on November 20, 1820 a huge bull sperm whale (purportedly 85-ft in length) rammed the 87-ft Nantucket whaler Essex twice, staving in the hull under the waterline and forcing the crew to abandon ship. After months adrift in lifeboats, the crew eventually resorted to cannibalism, with only 8 out of the 20 sailors surviving until rescue; a 21st sailor had jumped ship in South America before the attack. The bull was unwounded and unprovoked at the time of the attack, but the crew of the Essex was in the process of hunting several smaller females from a nearby pod. Recent analysis suggests that the commotion and the bull's possible extreme size may have caused it to falsely identify the similarly sized Essex as an intruding competitive male. Bull sperm whales, especially older, solitary bulls, are known to battle amongst themselves for dominance by ramming each other, with the heavy, spermaceti-filled head spaces providing the biological equivalent of a weighted boxing glove. Another proposed factor was the vibrations from repeated sledgehammer blows as the ship's hull was being repaired prior to the attack, which scientists suggest might have carried into the water and unintentionally mimicked the echolocation "clicks" that sperm whales generate to identify and communicate with each other.

Another recorded case of a sperm whale attacking a large ship is that of the New Bedford whaleship Ann Alexander which was rammed and sunk by a wounded and enraged bull off the Galapagos Islands whaling grounds in 1851, just miles from the spot where the Essex had been sunk 31 years prior. The large and unusually aggressive bull had already attacked and chewed to pieces two pursuing whaleboats before eventually turning on the Ann Alexander itself and ramming it just above the keel at an estimated speed of 15 knots. The crew were forced to abandon ship, but unlike the Essex all were recovered safely within days. The bull (whose unusual aggressiveness was eventually blamed on old age and pain from disease) was later discovered floating on the surface, mortally injured and "full of wooden splinters" from the attack.
American writer Herman Melville was inspired by the account of the Essex, and used some facts from the story, as well as his own eighteen-month experience as a sailor aboard a commercial whaler, to write his epic 1851 novel on the oil whaling industry, Moby Dick. The sections in Moby Dick on the biology of the sperm whale were largely based on books by Thomas Beale (1839) and Frederick Bennett (1840).

20th century
Whaling activity declined from the 1880s until 1946, but picked up again after World War II. Modern whaling was more efficient than open-boat whaling, using steam and then diesel powered ships and exploding harpoons.  Initially, modern whaling activity focused on large baleen whales, but as these populations were decimated, sperm whaling increased.  Cosmetics, soap and machine oil formed the major uses of sperm whale products during this time.  Sperm whale oil was still in use in automobile transmission cooling units in the United States in the 1970s.

In modern whaling, after the oil had been extracted the meat was usually ground down into a meal for feeding livestock. After sperm whale populations declined significantly, the species was given full protection by the International Whaling Commission in 1985.  Hunting of sperm whales by Japan in the northern Pacific Ocean continued until 1988.

21st century
Sperm whales and other deep-sea species are still hunted from small open boats by hunters from two Indonesian villages, Lamalera and Lamakera. This is permitted under rules concerning aboriginal whaling.

Effect on sperm whale population

It is estimated that the historic worldwide sperm whale population numbered 1,100,000 before commercial sperm whaling began in the early 18th century.  By 1880 it had declined an estimated 29 per cent.  From that date until 1946 the population appears to have recovered somewhat as whaling pressure lessened, but after the Second World War, with the industry's focus again on sperm whales, the population declined even further to only 33 per cent.  It has been estimated that in the 19th century between 184,000 and 236,000 sperm whales were killed by the various whaling nations,  while in the modern era, at least 770,000 were taken, the majority between 1946 and 1980.

Remaining sperm whale populations are large enough so that the species' conservation status is vulnerable, rather than endangered.  However, the recovery from the whaling years is a slow process, particularly in the South Pacific, where the toll on males of a breeding age was severe.

Gallery

References

External links
 "Into the Deep: America, Whaling & the World", PBS, American Experience, 2010.

Sperm whales
Articles containing video clips
Types of whaling


The University of Santo Tomas is one of the oldest existing universities and holds the oldest extant university charter in the Philippines and in Asia. It was founded on April 28, 1611, by the third Archbishop of Manila, Miguel de Benavides, together with Frs. Domingo de Nieva and Bernardo de Santa Catalina. It was originally conceived as a school to prepare young men for the priesthood. Located Intramuros, it was first called Colegio de Nuestra Señora del Santísimo Rosario and later renamed Colegio de Santo Tomás in memory of Dominican theologian Saint Thomas Aquinas. In 1624, the Colegio was authorized to confer academic degrees in theology, philosophy and arts. On November 20, 1645 Pope Innocent X elevated the college to the rank of a university and in 1680 it was placed under royal patronage.

Through the centuries, the university was given the following titles: Royal, Pontifical, and Catholic University of the Philippines. In 1785, for the loyalty shown by the administration and students who volunteered to defend Manila against the British invasion, King Charles III of Spain granted it the title of "Royal University". Pope Leo XIII made the University of Santo Tomas a "Pontifical University" on 1902 and in 1947, Pope Pius XII bestowed upon it the title of "The Catholic University of the Philippines". Thus its complete name is Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas, Manila.

In 1927, with the continuing increase in enrollment, the university moved from Intramuros to its present site which covers an area of 21.5 hectares in the district of Sampaloc, Manila. Since its foundation, the university's academic life has been interrupted only twice: 1898 to 1899, during the Philippine revolution against Spain; and 1942 to 1945, during the Japanese occupation of Manila, when the University of Santo Tomas was transformed by the Japanese military into an internment camp.

Founder

Although a few Dominican missionaries worked together to establish the university – including Miguel de Benavides, Bernardo Navarro, and other old professors from the higher colleges and universities in Spain – the founding of the university is attributed mainly to Miguel de Benavides, the first to give a fund for the maintenance of the institution.

Miguel de Benavides was born in 1550 in the Castilian town of Carrión de los Condes, province of Palencia, Spain, in the heart of the austere, grain-producing Tierra de Campos. Benavides was steeped in the theological principles of Francisco de Vitoria and Bartolomé de las Casas, who exchanged the prestigious professorial chair for remote and difficult new missions of the Philippines. He was chosen to govern the newly created Diocese of Nueva Segovia (now Vigan) as its First Bishop (1595–1601). He wrote the Doctrina Christiana in Chinese, the first book printed in the Philippines.

Later, he was promoted to be the third Archbishop of Manila (1602–1605). On July 26, 1605, Benavides died.

In an appearance before King Philip II, he obtained a royal decree ordering the holding a referendum in the Philippines towards political self-determination. It took place in 1599. The people chose to be under the sovereignty and protection of the monarch. This event was the only plebiscite known in the entire colonial history before the 20th century.

Benavides monument

In December 1878, the University Rector conceived the idea of erecting a monument with a statue of the founder in the Plaza de Santo Tomás in Intramuros. The Benavides Monument was made in Paris in 1889 through funds collected by the faculty, students and friends of the university. It was inaugurated on July 2, 1891 – opening of the school year. The monument is a bronze figure of Benavides on a pedestal facing the old campus in Intramuros. The base of the statue has the name of the sculptor and year of the make: Tony Noël, 1889. The pedestal was decorated with the seals of the Dominican Order and the university, as well as plaques on which were written the history of UST and a brief biography of the archbishop.

The statue was blown from its place by an artillery shell during the 1945 Battle of Manila, completely obliterating its marble pedestal. It was re-erected on November 13, 1946, inside the UST campus in Sampaloc, Manila.

The present bronze statue of Benavides is in front of the Main Building of the Sampaloc campus, rising on top of a granite pedestal flanked by four lions each bearing the coats-of-arms of the Philippines, Spain, Holy See, and the Dominican Order. He dons the rugged habit of the pioneer Dominican missionaries. His right hand is elevated in the preaching fashion, his index finger pointing to heavens. His left hand rests on his chest holding a book bearing the words Santo Evangélico on its cover. A skull cap covers his head, and a pectoral cross hangs from his neck, the symbols of Episcopal dignity.

Establishment

The university seems to have originated from the Dominican Conventual School of Santo Domingo (known often by the name of Our Lady of the Holy Rosary) with which it carried a common existence until 1611. The Dominican Order arrived in 1587. A program was held to solemnize the feast of St. Dominic, an old university student at Palencia and the founder of Order of Preachers. The celebration was held in the main hall of the cathedral in the presence of prominent dignitaries of all religious orders and of the civil authorities. The academic act was directed by a professor of theology, Pedro de Soto.

From that moment Bishop Domingo de Salazar – first Bishop of the Philippines – was inspired to found a college-university similar to those in Mexico, where religious and lay persons might pursue college studies; and to begin with, a "School of Grammar" was established in addition to the "Escuela de Tiples". At that same time, it was determined that fathers Miguel de Benavides and Miguel de Santamaria give conferences in the Episcopal Palace in the cathedral, and in the Convent-School of Santo Domingo.

In his will dated July 26, 1605, Feast of St. Anne, Fray Miguel de Benavides  made provision for the foundation of the institution by bequeathing his library and goods valued at ₱1,500 which served as the nucleus of funds for the establishment of an institution of higher learning. This nucleus was increased to ₱7,140 by donations made by Pablo Rodríguez, Andrés Hermosa, and Juan Morales. After Benavides' death, in the same year, his confreres carried on – albeit with small funds – in order to realize his idea. As Fr. Sánchez wrote in his book, "Few Institutions have begun their lives in this world with such scanty material means as did our University."

In 1609, permission to open the college was requested from King Philip III, which only reached Manila in 1611. On April 28, 1611, the document of foundation was signed by Baltasar Fort, Provincial of the Dominican Province of the Holy Rosary; Francisco Minayo, Prior of the Santo Domingo Convent; and Bernardo de Santa Catalina, Commissary-General of the Holy Office of the Philippines, which thus converted into University thirty-four years later. Notary Juan Illian witnessed the signing of the act of foundation.

It was Bernardo de Santa Catalina who executed the document of foundation stating that "the residue of his (Benavides') legacy should be applied to the founding and endowing of a college. He carried out Benavides’s wishes and was able to secure a building near the Dominican church and convent in Intramuros for the College.

The historians of the University affirmed that it was "the outgrowth if the early educational labors inaugurated by the Dominican Order shortly after the arrival (in this country) of its first missionaries in 1587."

Early years
The institution started its operation with courses in theology, arts, and philosophy as the College of Our Lady of the Most Holy Rosary (). In 1617, the college was renamed as College of Santo Tomas () after the Dominican theologian St. Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274).

Prior to the act of foundation, King Philip III granted, through the Governor-General, the permission to open a college in Manila. So in 1612, Fr. Domingo González, O.P., Lector of the Santo Domingo Convent, was appointed to work on the completion the organization of the college. In that same year, when classes also began, the Dominican Province of the Holy Rosary accepted the college, an act which amounted to the Dominican Order's assuming the responsibility in the operation of the institution. In 1619, in the name of King Philip IV, the Governor-General of the Philippines, gave his approval. The Holy See granted, although indirectly or implicitly, recognition to the new college in 1619. In 1627, Pope Urban VIII also authorized the college to confer academic degrees, so that the said academic degrees had both royal and papal approval. Although the college had only been in operation for a few years, records show that degrees were already being conferred in 1640.

Upon petition of King Philip IV, Pope Innocent X converted the college into a university on November 20, 1645, in his brief, In Supreminenti, thus conferring upon it the status of university under the patronage of the Holy See. UST was later recognized as a "university for life" by the Real Audencia of Spain. Then on May 12, 1680, King Charles II of Spain extended Royal Patronage to the university. It was also that year in 1645 that the Master General of the Dominican Order, acting under the authority granted by the Roman Pontiff, assumed the authority to appoint its rector and with to "have charge of the healthy and happy direction of the University". It was thus a confirmation of the fact that the rector of the university became the highest administrator of the university, with the implementation of the different curricula, methods of instruction, and the adoption of "laudable customs of other universities". The course in Canon Law was started in 1732.

Campus in Intramuros

The first campus stood in the walled city of Intramuros opposite the old church of Santo Domingo. It is the site that was bounded on the northwest by Aduana (renamed Andres Soriano) Street, on the northeast by Solana Street and Plaza España, on the southeast by Santo Tomás Street and Plaza Santo Tomás, and on the southwest by the Ayuntamiento de Manila. The edifice had a lower and upper floor and area of .

The oldest discovered floor plan of the campus was made by the Dominican priest Juan Peguero, who was the Procurator of the Dominican Province from 1675 to 1677 and from 1680 to 1684. The plan showed two quadrangles which were properties acquired throughout the 17th century. The upper quadrangle served as a graveyard before it became a plaza where the original monument of Benavides stood in 1891. The lower quadrant marked the main campus site. It also mentioned Puerta del Colegio or the main entrance to the campus, which would later become the Arch of the Centuries.

Maps of the university in the 1870s included the Paraninfo (assembly hall), Biblioteca (library), Gabinete de Fisica, and the Museum of National History. Several attempts were made to expand the campus within Intramuros. In 1896, the university purchased the lot across the main campus from Aduana Street. The planned expansion did not push through because of the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution. There was also a plan to renovate a three-floor property along Muralla Street, probably close to the Colegio de San Juan de Letran, in the first half of the 20th century. The Paraninfo, the Museum of Natural History, and the UST Press transferred to the Sampaloc campus in 1927, 1939, and 1940, respectively.

At the end of Battle of Manila in 1945, the campus had been reduced to ruins. The vacated lot was eventually sold on December 6, 1949 to the Phil-Am Life Insurance Co. The BF Homes Condominium stands on its site at present.

First graduates
The colegio graduates during the early years were few because there were a small number of students who enrolled. There were 12 interns during the establishment of the colegio in 1619. The enrollment record during the first 30 years of the colegio was not preserved. The earliest graduation records called Libro de Asiento de Grados de la Universidad de Santo Tomas date back only from 1663.

The Informacion Juridica of 1631 mentioned three names who were graduates of 1629: Diego de Sanabria, a doctor in theology; and Juan Fernandez and Sebastian Ramos, both masters of arts. Diego de Sanabria, who became a Jesuit parish priest of the Spanish community in Manila, was considered the first graduate and was honored with the title el primer parto (colegio's first born).

Eighteenth century

Title of Royal University
Philip IV had granted his Royal approval on November 27, 1623. Official royal patronage was accorded to the University on May 12, 1680, by King Charles II of Spain.

However, the title "Royal University" was only bestowed by King Charles III on May 20, 1785, during the eight-year term of Fr. Domingo Collantes, O.P.. The title "Real" was given to the UST in recognition of its loyalty to the Crown after the university volunteered its students for the military defense of Manila during the recurrence of war between the allied countries of France, Spain against England.

Nineteenth century

The 1865 decree for the revamp of secondary education brought about major developments for UST. It was tasked as a Bureau of Education with the rector as its director. This meant that UST was to handle all matters pertaining to secondary education from the appointment of the school professors; the submission of grades, and the signing of the awarding of diplomas to the bachelor of arts graduates.

In 1870 Segismundo Moret, the Minister of colonies, issued two decrees that totally reorganized the Philippine education system. The first decree abolished all secondary schools and placed them under a single "Instituto Filipino." The second decree converted the University of Santo Tomás, being the only official institution of higher learning in the islands, into a Universidad de Filipinas, thus the name Royal and Pontifical University of the Philippines.

The fall of the Spanish liberal government (which led to Moret's removal) and the monarchical restoration abolished these decrees. The university was handed back to the Dominicans. It was only be in 1877 that Spain recognized the university again as an institution administered by the religious.

The university closed its doors during the Philippine Revolution of 1896 because of the ensuing disorder. It reopened though for the school year 1897–1898 when the rebels retreated to the provinces. The arrival of the Spanish–American War to the Philippines and the resumption of the Revolution in 1898 led again to the suspension of classes. UST closed for the school year 1898–1899.

José Rizal
José Rizal, national hero of the Philippines, entered the university in 1877. He enrolled in the pre-Law course, which was made up of philosophical subjects. The course was called Metaphysics. He passed the course with the highest grades.

He later chose to enter a career in medicine. And in 1878–1879, he took simultaneously the pre-Medical course and the first year of Medicine; this was against the rules, but Rizal was favored with a dispensation which few received. The pre-Medicine course was called Curso de Ampliación, because the student, having taken already Physics, Chemistry, and Natural History in the high school, now took an advanced course on the same subjects. Rizal did not take in Santo Tomas "class of physics" he described in El Filibusterismo, but the course of Ampliación.

While studying medicine, Rizal remained an above-average, although his grades were not high as those that he received in classes in the arts and letters. This continued even in his later studies in Madrid. Rizal was not recorded to have ever complained about his grades in the university, while he did complain about those he received in Madrid.

In the fourth and last year in the university, only seven students remained, and Rizal was one of them. And he ended that year in second place.

Twentieth century

Following the Philippine revolution, Spanish members of the Dominican Order were removed from their parishes and left the Philippines in 1899, eventually turning over some of their churches and mission stations to secular clergy, while retaining other parishes and foundations, with American friars taking over them.

In compliance with the requirements of Act No. 1459 also known as the Corporation Law of 1906, the university was incorporated. The application contained the following statements: That the name of the corporation is and will be known as the "Royal and Pontifical University of Santo Tomas" and abbreviated as "University of Santo Tomas", "that the corporation is located in Manila with its main office at 139 Calle de Sto. Tomas, Intramuros"

At the beginning of the 20th century, a  plot of land in the Sulucan Hills of Sampaloc, Manila was donated by Francesca Bustamante Bayot to the Dominican fathers for the university's expansion outside Intramuros. In 1927, Main Building, the first earthquake-proof building in the Philippines, was then inaugurated at the Sulucan site.

For the first time in the history of UST, the Faculty of Pharmacy opened its doors to women in the academic year 1924–1925. It was one of the first universities in the Philippines to become co-educational when it admitted women. There were 24 women enrollees out of the 93 who matriculated for the said Faculty that school year. The university, however, had been granting certificates through the School of Midwifery since 1879. Permission was given to the College of Education in 1926, to Faculty of Philosophy and Letters in 1927 followed by the Faculty of Medicine and Surgery and College of Commerce in 1932. The admission of women no longer became an issue in later years. Only the Faculties of Sacred Theology, Canon Law, and Philosophy remained exclusively for men.

In 1925, it became one of the first universities in the Philippines to require the use of English as a medium of instruction, to replace Spanish. When it was appropriate to Filipinize the administration, Fr. Leonardo Z. Legazpi, O.P. became the first Filipino Rector of UST on October 9, 1971.

Since its establishment in 1611, the university's academic life was interrupted only twice: from 1898 to 1899, during the Philippine Revolution against Spain, and from 1942 to 1945, during the Japanese occupation of the country. In its long history, the university has been under the leadership of more than 90 Rectors. UST's first Filipino rector was Fr. Leonardo Legaspi, O.P. who served UST from 1971 to 1977.
In recognition of its achievements, a number of important dignitaries have officially visited the university, among them, during the last three decades: Pope Paul VI on November 28, 1970;  King Juan Carlos I of Spain in 1974 and 1995; Mother Teresa of Calcutta in January 1977 and again in November 1984; Pope John Paul II on February 18, 1981, and January 13, 1995 (as part of the World Youth Day 1995).

Title of Pontifical University
On September 17, 1902, in his constitution, Quae Mari Sinico, Pope Leo XIII bestowed upon the university the title of Pontifical University.

This title may be considered a reiteration of the honor and protection previously granted when, in 1619, the Holy See had already issued the brief "Charissimi in Christo", which enabled students who had studied in the Dominican Colleges of the Indies for five years to receive degrees, in 1629 and 1639 by Pope Urban VIII, and in 1645, when Pope Innocent X converted the College of Santo Tomas into a university.

UST is Asia's only remaining Pontifical university. Annuario Pontificio, the annual official directory of the Holy See, in its edition for the year 2000, lists all the Catholic and or Pontifical institutes of higher learning, grouping them into two categories: Roman Ateneums and Catholic Universities. Only 24 are called Pontifical, and of these 24, six are located in Rome (Gregorian University, Lateran University, Urbanian University, University of Santo Tomas (known as The Angelicum), Salisian University and Holy Cross University); three are in Europe; fourteen in Latin America; and one in Asia, this one being the University of Santo Tomas of Manila. The oldest university to be denominated by the Holy See as Pontifical is the Jesuit Gregorian University in Rome. Although founded in 1551, it was Pope Pius IX who, in 1873, permitted the school to assume the title of ‘Pontifical University.’" All the other abovementioned 23 universities received the title of Pontifical in the 20th century. The University of Santo Tomas of Manila, the oldest of them, is second only to the Gregorian University to be declared Pontifical by the apostolic constitution Quae Mari Sinico in 1902.

Tricentennial celebration
For five days, on December 16–20, 1911, the university celebrated its 300th Anniversary. The main features of the celebration included: a Solemn High Mass in honor of the founder of the university, Miguel de Benavides; the unveiling of the commemorative plaque for the festivities; the unveiling of a plaque placed at the pedestal of the statue of Benavides in the college site in Intramuros; the laying of the foundation stone for the future building at University in Sampaloc; and a big banquet.

Around 300 guests, both civil and ecclesiastical authorities, professors, and alumni of the university attended the banquet at the Colegio de San Juan de Letran. The solemn investiture of the latest graduates of the university was held in the Santo Domingo Church.

The laying of the cornerstone of a new building of the university in Sampaloc was hailed by the people. On the last day of the celebrations, a fireworks display was held.

Pope Pius X, and members of the Philippine Hierarchy sent congratulatory messages to the university on the occasion of its Tricentenary celebrations.

World War II

During World War II, the Japanese converted the campus into an internment camp for civilians, foreigners and POWs. War crimes against American soldiers (Filipino soldiers were granted amnesty) and civilians living abroad occurred in Santo Tomas.

On the evening of January 2, soon after the Japanese forces entered Manila, as well as on January 3, many Americans and other Allied citizens were taken to the University Camp. The camp population totaled 3,259 of which 2,200 were American, 74 British, 920 Dutch, 28 Polish, 36 Mexicans and 1 Nicaraguan.

All the buildings of the university in Sampaloc with the exception of the seminary, the Printing Press and two first floors of Main Building were occupied. The war internees occupied three floors of the Main Building, the entire Education Building (presently UST Hospital), the Domestic Science building, and the School of Mines building. Communication between them and the outside world was prevented by the Japanese as much as possible.

Outside fences in España avenue were completely covered with tall sawali (woven bamboo matting), while the concrete walls on all other sides of the Campus remained high, preventing view between the internees and the outside world. The years of Japanese occupation were years of great suffering for the internees.

The university authorities cooperated with the internees and the Japanese officials. They were given several duties by the Japanese, which they performed. Dominican Fathers were still allowed to direct the use of disposition of the university buildings, equipment, and power plant, although subject to the final approval or disapproval of the Japanese authorities.

During the liberation of Manila buildings of the university in Intramuros, as well as in Sampaloc were damaged or destroyed. The facilities in Intramuros were burned by the Kenpeitai on February 8, 1944. As for those in Sampaloc, though they were not destroyed, some portions were slightly damaged during the shellings, including the rooms on the West of the Main Building, some rooms of the Education building, and the university gymnasium.

There were about 335 casualties among the internees, 35 died and 300 were wounded. Some were buried in a vacant lot outside the Forbes gate, and others were buried inside the campus.

The Dominicans, who introduced the first printing press in the Philippines, were fortunate to have been able to transfer the UST printing press from Intramuros to the España campus in the nick of time in 1940, a year before the Pearl Harbor bombing.

Title of Catholic University of the Philippines
On April 30, 1947, Pope Pius XII, through the Decree "Sacrae Congregationis de Seminariis et Studiorum Universitatibus", bestowed upon it the title of "The Catholic University of the Philippines". The UST is the only Catholic university in the region and in terms of student population, the largest Catholic University in the world located in one campus.

Semiseptcentennial celebration
Pope John XXIII sent a warm personal letter to the university. He called the university "Christianae Sapientiae emicantissimum" or the "most resplendent light of Christian Wisdom" in the seven page communication dispatched to Manila from the Vatican through the Apostolic Nuncio. Through the Rector Magnificus, the Pope extended his felicitations on the university's golden jubilee and maternal blessings for continued growth, prosperity, and peace. He also congratulate the university for being "A very valid bulwark of Christian civilization".

Throughout 1961, the university celebrated its 350th year. The principal festivities such as the alumni banquet and the Gala Concert were held on March 4–7, 1961.

Filipinization of the university

The Filipinization movement of the Spaniard-dominated Dominican Order in the Philippines began in 1951. Filipino Dominicans sought key positions in UST while students organized demonstrations and demanded the ouster of Spanish Dominicans.

Filipinization of UST reached its culmination when Rev. Fr. Leonardo Z. Legaspi, O.P. became the first Filipino rector of university in 1971. However, Legaspi was criticized for the supposedly slow process of appointing Filipino Dominicans to administrative positions. Under his rectorship, he implemented the translation of the heading of all diplomas to Filipino.

Filipino Dominicans in the university campaigned for the Filipinization not only of UST but also of the entire Philippines. It was fulfilled when the Dominican Province of the Philippines was established on December 8, 1971, with Fr. Rogelio Alarcon as its first prior provincial.

Modern history
 UST had a total enrollment of approximately 45,000 students, 33,000 undergraduates and 5,000 students in medicine, Law, and the Graduate School. The university admits about 8,500  new students out of 50,000 applicants per year.

After 400 years, the university has five clusters of discipline: Science and Technology; Arts and the Humanities; Education and the Social Sciences; Medicine and Health, and the Ecclesiastical Faculties – spread over 21 faculties, colleges, and institutes.

Quadricentennial celebration

The agenda ahead of the university's quadricentennial in 2011 includes the introduction of new academic programs, improvements in the university's infrastructure, and other projects to raise UST's national and international prominence and promote its role as a social catalyst.

Plans to open satellite campuses in Santa Rosa, Laguna and another in General Santos City are being put in place.

Physical developments for the Sampaloc campus are ongoing. The Plaza Mayor in front the Main Building, together with the Quadricentennial Square which will feature the Tetraglobal sculpture, the Quadricentennial Fountain, and the Quadricentennial Alumni Walkway were constructed in 2006. To accommodate the needs of extra space for the growing number of student activities, the UST Tan Yan Kee Student Center was built in front of the Miguel de Benavides Library. The more-than-80-year-old Main Building, and the artifacts and art works in the UST Museum of Arts and Sciences were recently placed under the preservation of the UST Heritage Conservation program in December 2008.

The UST Benavides Cancer Institute, part of the five-year redevelopment plan and expansion of the UST Hospital for its 60-year celebration and the quadricentennial celebration, was also established in the year 2006.

Part of the university's infrastructure modernization is the construction of the P800-million, state-of-the-art, four-storey gymnasium capable of seating 5,792, designed by Thomasian architects José Pedro Recio and Carmelo T. Casas. The construction has been completed in time for the Quadricentennial Celebration of the university. This is through the able leadership of the rector of the university, Rev. Fr.  Rolando V. de la Rosa, O.P. Another project which is under construction is the Thomasian Alumni Center, a 10-storey building that will be a symbol of the outstanding achievements of Thomasian alumni all over the world. Part of the construction cost has been donated by alumni, notably the UST Medical Alumni in America.

The UST Publishing House in 2001 launched its quadricentennial project, “400 Books at 400!”. From theology to literature to medicine-related disciplines written in both Filipino and English, the Publishing house is more than half way in completing its race.

Spanish monarchs

The series of benefices, favors and privileges granted to UST by the Spanish monarchs started in 1609 when Philip III issued a royal cédula requesting from the governor and the audencia a report on the projected college. He petitioned Pope Paul V for the granting of faculties of Philosophy and Theology. These faculties were implemented by order of Philip IV in 1624, and three years later this monarch petitioned Rome for the extension of these faculties for an additional ten years. He was the same monarch who petitioned the Pope to elevate the college to the level of a university in 1645.

King Charles II, in 1680, added to this list of benefices already granted by his predecessors, when in Royal Cédula he formally declared that the university be placed under his royal patronage.

Another Royal Cédula of Charles II, with two others from Philip V, his successor, resulted in 1733 in the creation of the Faculties of Civil and Canon Laws. At the same time, the Holy See granted the university faculties to give academic degrees in those two disciplines and in others that might eventually be established.

In 1781 King Charles III authorized the university to prepare its own statutes, independent of those of the University of Mexico through, which, up to that time, the university was governed.

When, in 1762, Manila was occupied briefly by the British, the rector of the university, Fr. Domingo Collantes, organized four companies of university youth to help in the defense of the city. Acknowledging this act of loyalty, King Charles III, in his Royal Cédula of March 7, 1785, expressed his "gratitude and benevolence," and renewed his protection and patronage, and granted the university the title of "Very Loyal", as well as the title and honors corresponding to it, as a "Royal University".

In 1865 Queen Isabel II declared the University of Santo Tomas the center for public education throughout the Philippines, and affiliated to her all colleges and schools throughout the country, and constituting the rector of the university the supervisor and inspector of all the centers of learning so affiliated to the university.

In 1871 the Faculties of Medicine and Pharmacy were established, and three years later, by authority of a Royal Order given by Alfonso XII, the School for Notaries was created.

In 1649, in response to the expressions of royal concern shown over its welfare, the university community addressed Philip IV, saying that the university "requests Your Royal Highness that you keep her within your Royal Solicitude, because she has been, from her very beginnings, a fruit of your royal bounty, and from the desire that she should grow and progress ever through efforts so Royal and so Catholic."

In expression of gratitude for the nearly 300 years of royal benevolence and to establish a continuous affinity between Spain and UST, the university bestowed the title of Royal Patron to King Juan Carlos (Royal House of Bourbon) of Spain in February 1974 (then Prince of Spain).

The University seal

The seal of the University of Santo Tomas is a shield quartered by the Dominican Cross. Superimposed on the cross is the sun of Saint Thomas Aquinas, patron of Catholic schools, after whom the university is named. The sun is actually made similar to the Sun of May.

Encircling the Dominican cross are:
 On the upper left is the papal tiara, indicating that the UST is a pontifical university.
 The upper right shows the lion derived from the Coat of Arms of Spain, indicative of royal patronage throughout the greater part of the university's centuries-old existence.
 The lower left is occupied by the sea-lion originating from the old coat of arms of the City of Manila, the national capital, symbolizing the Republic of the Philippines.
 The rose on the lower right is a symbol of the Blessed Virgin Mary under whose patronage the university was placed from its very beginnings.

The symbols are rendered in gold (except for the Dominican cross which is black and white), and are set on a field of light blue, the Marian color.

The Tongues of Fire is the official logo for the Quadricentennial celebration of the university.  This logo features the outline of the UST Main Building Tower as a concrete symbol of the stability, integrity and 400 years of existence of the university. From the cross of the Main Building emanate four tongues of fire that spell out U, S, and T. The tongues of fire reference the future of the university, some ideals, and are reminiscent of the stripes of the Tiger, the school's mascot. The Quadricentennial logo was designed by Dopy Doplon, a Thomasian.

Colors
The colors of the seal, as officially defined by the university's identity guidelines, are as follows:

Evolution

The official seal used by the university in 1868 to 1935 was a cardioid shield. On top of the seal was the world, the emblem of the university. A figure of a dog which symbolized fidelity was also seen together with the world. Below it was the sun of Aquinas.  Just below the sun were three ovals. The left oval contained the Pontifical arms symbolizing the Apostolic concession by which the College of Santo Tomas was raised to be a university. The center oval contained the Dominican cross. It was also surrounded by white lilies and crowned by a star. The right oval contained the national arms of Spain (coat of arms of the Spanish East Indies) to indicate the protection which Philip IV vouchsafed to the university. On the topmost portion of the three ovals was the world, the emblem of the university. The shield was surrounded by the Golden Fleece.

The 1935–1938 seal, 1937–1946 seal, and 1957–1983 seal had changes depending on the government/regime the Philippines had. The 1935–1938 seal contained the coat of arms of the Commonwealth of the Philippines. The coat of arms of the Spanish East Indies was retained in the 1937–1946 seal. The 1957–1983 seal replaced the coat of arms of the Commonwealth of the Philippines with the coat of arms of the Philippines.

In the 1960s, the seal was a variant of the 1868–1935 official seal (a cardioid shield with an orb and cross, the hound with the burning torch, and directly below the sun of St. Thomas Aquinas whose rays extend throughout the whole of the seal). The seal then consisted of a white field with four ovals arranged in a "T" fashion, featuring the coats of arms of the Republic of the Philippines to the left, the Holy See in the center, of Spain (only the arms without the Pillas of Hercules) to the right; and below the Holy See oval that of the Dominican Order, surrounded by a rosary, crowned by a star ("St. Dominic's star"), and flanked by a palm branch (representing martyrdom) to its left and white lilies to the right. All these symbolize the university as Pontifical, Dominican, & Spanish in origin, as well as being established in and under the laws of the Philippines. The upper half of the seal is flanked by laurel leaves on both sides and the lower half by the collar-chain of the Order of the Golden Fleece, symbolizing the university as Royal. The inner border of the seal is lined with the Latin name of the university (Pontificia et Regalis S(ancti) Thomæ Aquinatis Universitas Manilana).

When a new seal was unveiled in June 2011, it received several negative feedback from the students through social networking sites like Facebook and Twitter. The changes were made after the Curia in Rome suggested for a uniformity in the titles and name of UST. The university's council of Regents decided to include UST's name in the new seal and drop the titles of Royal and Pontifical because they are not part of the official name of university. The seal was revised a month after and is currently being used today.

The present seal bears the honorific titles and the name of the university.

Establishment of colleges

Past and present degree-conferring colleges

Histiography of the university
 Reseña Histórica de la  Universidad Santo Tomás by Manuel Artigas y Cuerva, 1911
 Sinopsis Histórica Documentada de la Universidad de Santo Tomás de Manila by Juan Garcia Sanchez, 1929, translated by translated by James H. Bass
 The University of Santo Tomas in the Twentieth Century by Josefina Lim-Pe 1973
 A History of the University of Santo Tomas: Four Centuries of Higher Education in the Philippines (1611-2011)

References

External links
University of Santo Tomas – Official website
UST Miguel de Benavides Library
UST Museum of Arts and Sciences

University of Santo Tomas
Santo Tomas
University of Santo Tomas


"I Do You" is a song by the American sibling group, The Jets. It was written by Rick Kelly and Linda Mallah.

Released as the second single from The Jets' multi-platinum album Magic, the song was somewhat successful on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, where it reached number 20. It reached number 19 on the R&B chart.

Music video
The official music video was directed by Stephen E. Rivkin.

Chart performance

References

1987 singles
The Jets (band) songs
Dance-pop songs
1987 songs
MCA Records singles


Zoogonidae are a family of trematodes. They are the namesake family of the suborder Zoogonata in the order Plagiorchiida.

Selected genera are:
 Brevicreadium
 Deretrema Linton, 1910
 Diphtherostomum Stossich, 1904
 Glaucivermis Overstreet, 1971
 Limnoderetrema Bray, 1987
 Neozoogonus Arai, 1954
 Parvipyrum
 Oesophagotrema Chaari, Derbel & Neifar, 2011
 Proparvipyrum
 Pseudochetosoma
 Pseudozoogonoides
 Steganoderma Stafford, 1904
 Zoogonoides Odhner, 1902
 Zoogonus Looss, 1901

Gallery of zoogonids

References

Trematode families
Plagiorchiida


The popularity of cat names differs by nation, even in nations with the same language. The ranking of the most popular cat names can be assessed, in particular, from pet insurance registrations, microchip registrations, and breed registries.

In the English language

Adrian Franklin, senior lecturer of the School of Sociology and Social Work at the University of Tasmania and author of Animals and Modern Cultures, told the Sunday Tasmanian in 2001: "In the 1950s and '60s dogs and cats were given 'dog' and 'cat' names. [...] Cats had names like 'Blackie' and 'Spotty', names that illustrated their physical appearance. The 1980s marked a turning point, with the 10 most popular dog names all being compatible as human names, but in the '90s this progressed even further. People are now giving animals the same names as contemporary names given to babies." He believed that as people have fewer children or no children at all, pets become more important in their lives.

In Australia, the United Kingdom and in the United States, news accounts have noted that the same popular baby names were also being given to pets. The new names for dogs more closely echoed human baby names, said Lindsey Basserabie, a company official, but the trend occurred for both pet species. "In fact, this year's list of top 10 dog and cat names could nearly be straight from the birth pages." In the United States, according to an article in The Tampa Tribune, some of the most popular cat names also appeared on the Social Security Administration's list of most common baby names: "Isabella (Bella) is No. 4 for girls, and Sophia ranks ninth on both the Social Security and pet lists."

Australia
According to "Bow Wow Meow", an Australian company that provides pet tags to pet stores and veterinarians, the 10 most popular cat names its Australian customers chose, as of 2010, are:

In 2006, a survey of 270,000 Nestle Purina PetCare customers in Australia came up with these most popular cat names:

 Tiger
 Puss
 Smokey
 Misty
 Tigger
 Kitty
 Oscar
 Missy
 Max
 Ginger

United Kingdom

Historically, the cat-specific names "Tibbles" or "Tibby" were common, and are still occasionally used. These were derived from the character of Tybalt or Tibert in the Reynard the Fox folk tale cycle, and ultimately from the Germanic name Theobald, derived from theod- "people" and bald "bold". The name was applied to cats as they were popularly thought to be daring and curious. The old cat name "Gib", a contraction of the name "Gilbert", was also thought to have arisen through the latter being used as a 'translation' of the French "Tibert". However the similar-sounding name "Tiddles", given in England to both male and female cats, was instead derived from a dialect verb tiddle, "to pet or stroke".

"Tabby", another traditional cat name, was originally used for any striped cat but later led to the widespread use of the etymologically unrelated name "Tabitha" for female cats. The cat name "Thomas" or "Tom", as well as the generic term "tomcat", appears to have been originated and popularized by an anonymous work (sometimes attributed to Fielding, although most likely by William Guthrie) first printed in 1760, The Life and Adventures of a Cat, whose hero is called "Tom the Cat"; before this time male cats were generally called "ram-cats" or "gib-cats" rather than "tomcats".

Scottish cat names included "Baudrons" or "Baudrans", an affectionate term equivalent to "puss". The word appears to be related to the dialect term bawd used for the European hare, much as the dialect names "puss", "furze cat" and "mawkin" were also recorded for the hare. In Wales, "titw" was used as a similar affectionate term for cats.

By the mid-1980s, surveys indicated that the most popular names in the UK were largely genderless and based on colour, with few personal names, although "Tabitha" remained popular and "Sam" was the most popular name for male cats.

In 2006, Direct Line, a pet insurance company, compiled a list of the most popular cat names chosen by its customers. The company's list of popular cat names "overlaps heavily with the same year's 100 most popular children's names in England and Wales", according to Melissa Lafsky, writing in the "Freakonomics" blog at the New York Times website:
Molly
Charlie
Tigger
Poppy
Oscar
Smudge
Millie
Daisy
Max
Jasper

Another survey conducted in 2006 came up with different results. In that poll, conducted for the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, 2,000 people in the United Kingdom were asked about their pets' names. The most popular names were:

 Molly
 Felix
 Smudge
 Sooty
 Tigger
 Charlie
 Alfie
 Oscar
 Millie
 Misty

A 1998 poll in Britain conducted for Petplan, an animal insurer, found the most popular cat names to be Charlie, Milly, Oscar, Tiger, Poppy, Sophie, Rosie, Smudge and Lucy.

United States
According 2005–2006 statistics from the American Pet Products Manufacturers Association 34 percent of United States households own at least one cat, an estimated 90 million cats in total.

The United States' largest pet insurer, Veterinary Pet Insurance (VPI), releases annual rankings of its customers' most popular cat names and dog names. The 2010 list (based on information from 2009 and released in January 2010) was gathered from 475,000 policies. Curtis Steinhoff, senior director of corporate communications for VPI, attributed the popularity of "Bella" (No. 3 on the cat list but No. 1 for dogs) on the 2010 list as probably having "something to do with Bella being the name of the heroine in a certain vampire book/film series that's pretty popular these days." In 2012, VPI (collected from information from 2011) listed the top 5 female cat names as Bella, Lucy, Kitty, Chloe and Sophie. The top 5 male cat names were Max, Oliver, Charlie, Tiger and Smokey.

In 2017, Find Cat Names compiled results from 2.2 million cat owners to find the most commonly chosen cat names from its search engine. It listed the top 5 female cat names as Nala, Bell, Luna, Abby, and Daisy. The top 5 male cat names were Simba, Milo, Tiger, Oreo, and Bear.

In 2009, the Chicago Sun-Times reported that according to government databases, the three most popular cat names in that city were, in order, Kitty, Tiger and Max. In 2004, the same newspaper reported differently based on information from the Cook County Department of Animal Control. The Sun-Times reported in 1987 that the same Cook County department had checked its database of 27,863 cats that had been vaccinated from 1984 through 1986 and found yet different results.

Finally, a Gallup poll of 1,242 Americans was completed in 1990. The results of all of the above polls are summarized in the table below:

In other languages

Germany
In Germany, "'exotic English and other non-German names are popular with German pet owners", according to an article in the About.com website. Typical, clichéd names for cats in Germany include that language's equivalent for "kitty", Mieze or Miezekatze ("pussycat"). Muschi was also quite common and carries the same meanings as "pussy" in English, which led to its sharp decline as a popular name in the last 20 years up to 2010.

According to another About.com article, one German list of popular cat names in that country gave these rankings:
 Felix
 Minka
 Moritz
 Charly
 Tiger (tee-gher)
 Eve
 Susi
 Lisa
 Blacky
 Muschi

In 2006, according to an article in The Guardian, the three most popular cat names in Germany were Felix, Gismo and Charlie.

Italy
According to a survey on 3000 cats by the website Amoremiao, the 10 most popular cat names in Italy are:

 Romeo
 Pallina (Small ball)
 Micio (Pussycat)
 Luna (Moon)
 Chicco (Grain)
 Birba (Scoundrel)
 Trilly
 Leo
 Minù
 Briciola (Crumb)

The popularity of Romeo and Minù is related with the names of two main characters of Disney movie Aristocats (Aristogatti Italian version).

South Korea
In South Korea, the most common name for a cat of either gender is Nabi which translates to "Butterfly" in English. This name is even used for cats in Korean cartoons such as There She Is!!. Other very popular names include:
 No-rang-i (노랑이, meaning Goldie or Yellow-)
 Ya-ong-i (야옹이, meaning Meowie)

Quebec (Canada)
According to a survey by the website Veterinet, the 10 most popular cat names in Quebec are:
 Minou
 Grisou
 Ti-Mine
 Félix
 Caramel
 Mimi
 Pacha
 Charlotte
 Minette
 Chanel

Veterinet found that nine out of the ten names are the same as 15 years ago, but in a different order. They also discovered that the 25 most popular cat names in Quebec sound French.

China
Mimi (咪咪) is the generic name for a cat in China. It is onomatopoeic, coming from the cat's meow, and is also used to call cats.

A survey of 1000 cats conducted by Chinese pet website Mao Yan Suo found that the most popular cat names in China are:

 咪咪 (Mimi)
 妹妹 (Meimei, younger sister)
 汤圆 (Tangyuan, Tangyuan (food))
 花卷 (Huajuan, Mandarin roll)
 球球 (Qiuqiu, balls)
 豆豆 (Doudou, beans)
 乖乖 (Guaiguai, well behaved)
 跳跳 (Tiaotiao, jump)
 蛋黄 (Danhuang, yolk)
 橘子 (Juzi, mandarin)

Japan
A survey of 1694 cats conducted by Japanese pet website Iris Pet found that the most popular cat names in Japan are:
 Kariri
 Momo (Peach)
 Kuro (Black)
 Hana (Flower)
 Koko (Here)
 Shiro (White)
 Sora (Sky)
 Fuku (Lucky)
 Mei
 Kai (Seashell)
 Chiro
 Chibi (Tiny)
 Mikan (Mandarin Orange)
 Kotetsu (Small Iron)
 Sakura (Cherry Blossom)
 Tora (Tiger)
 Maron (Chestnut)
 Rin (Graceful)
 Azuki (Sweet Red Beans)
 Jiji
 Hime (Princess)
 Maru (Circle)
 Tama (Pearl or Marble)
 Moka (Mocha)
 Leo
 Kinako
 Kurumi (Walnut)
 Chobi
 Haru (Spring)
 Miruku (Milk)
 Minto (Mint)
 Yuki (Snow)

Cultural references to the naming of cats

Cat names were the subject of T. S. Eliot's fanciful, well-known poem "The Naming of Cats", written in the 1930s and first published in Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats in 1939. The book was adapted into the musical Cats, which includes a song about the naming of cats.

References

Further reading
Ed. Borgna Brunner, "Most Popular Dog and Cat Names, 2005," TIME Almanac 2007 with Information Please (Boston: Pearson education, 2006), p. 141.

Cats as pets


David Gilbert Booth (born  1946) is an American businessman, investor, and philanthropist. He is the executive chairman of Dimensional Fund Advisors, which he co-founded with Rex Sinquefield.

Career
Booth graduated from Lawrence High School in Lawrence, Kansas, and then received a B.A. in economics in 1968 and an M.S. in business in 1969 from the University of Kansas, also located in Lawrence.
He then enrolled at the University of Chicago Graduate School of Business in 1969 as a doctoral student, leaving in 1971 with an M.B.A. degree. He was a research assistant to Eugene Fama, and he met his future business partner, Rex Sinquefield, at the school.

He has published research articles including "Diversification Returns and Asset Contributions" with Eugene Fama. The article won the 1992 Graham and Dodd Award of Excellence from the Financial Analysts Journal.

David Booth has served on institutional boards, including as a governor of the Kravis Leadership Institute and the UCLA Foundation; as a trustee of the American Academy in Rome and the Paintings Conservation Council of the J. Paul Getty Trust; as a trustee of the University of Chicago; as a member of the board of directors of Georgetown University; and as a trustee of the University of Kansas Endowment Association.

According to Forbes, he had a net worth of $2 billion in August 2021.

Philanthropy

David Booth and his ex-wife, Suzanne Deal Booth, focused their philanthropy efforts on educational institutions and art restoration projects. In 1998 Suzanne Booth created the Friends of Heritage Preservation, which acts as a rapid response team for art preservation initiatives, whose area of focus ranges from entire historical sites to single works of art.

In 1999, the Booths gave $10 million for construction of the Charles M. Harper Center building on the University of Chicago campus.

The Booths gave $9 million to the University of Kansas in 2004 to fund the Booth Family Hall of Athletics attached to Allen Fieldhouse.

The Booth family pledged $300 million in November 2008 to the University of Chicago's Graduate School of Business, where he earned an MBA in 1971. He is a trustee of the university, and the Graduate School of Business is now named The University of Chicago Booth School of Business. The gift of cash and stock is being spread over a period of years, and is dedicated to furthering the school's publications, international presence, research centers, and faculty professional development.

In 2010, the Booths acquired Dr. James Naismith's original 1891 copy of the 13 basic rules of basketball at auction for $3.8 million (laying out a total of $4,338,500 for the rules, auction house fees, and buyer's premium) with the intention of donating them to his alma mater the University of Kansas. The University of Kansas is known as the "Cradle of Basketball" because Naismith and his protégé Dr. Forrest C. "Phog" Allen, the "Father of Basketball Coaching", coached at KU and helped it mature into the sport as it is known today. The purchase price set a world record for sports memorabilia.  The purchase of this historical artifact was documented in the 2012 ESPN 30 for 30 film There's No Place Like Home.

The Booth Center for Special Collections at Georgetown's Lauinger Library, which contains a number of archival documents related to Georgetown as well as an extensive collection of rare books, manuscripts, and art, was funded by a $3 million donation from the Booths.

In September 2017, Booth announced a donation of over $50 million to renovate the University of Kansas football team's stadium. The school renamed the stadium in his honor for the donation.

In 2019, Booth pledged a $10 million gift to The University of Texas at Austin to support construction of the Giant Magellan Telescope.

References

External links
Chicago Booth School of Business
Dimensional Fund Advisors
David Booth Interviews

1946 births
Living people
20th-century American businesspeople
21st-century American businesspeople
21st-century American philanthropists
American billionaires
American financial analysts
American financial company founders
American financiers
American investors
Businesspeople from Kansas
Georgetown University people
People from Lawrence, Kansas
University of Chicago Booth School of Business alumni
University of Chicago people
University of Kansas alumni


"Rocket 2 U" is a song by the American sibling group, The Jets. It was written and produced by Bobby Nunn. The single, featuring lead vocals by Haini Wolfgramm, received a nomination for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals at the 31st Grammy Awards in 1989.

Released as the third single from their album Magic in 1988, the song was the second most successful single released from the album, peaking at number six on the Billboard Hot 100 and number five on the R&B chart.

In July 2022 Nunn sued The NFL and NBC for using "Rocket 2U" during football games on NBC without a license. The case was settled in April 2023 for an undisclosed amount.

Background
Nunn originally offered "Rocket 2 U" to Earth, Wind & Fire for inclusion on their 1987 album, Touch the World. During that time, Nunn was talking to Bobby Brown, who introduced him to MCA Records executive Louil Silas Jr. Nunn played Silas several demos - one of which was "Rocket 2 U". Silas then wanted to give the song to The Jets. Nunn insisted on Earth, Wind & Fire recording the song, but the group was taking too long to start recording it. After the long wait, Philip Bailey suggested letting The Jets record it, to which Nunn agreed.

Music video
The music video for the song depicts the band performing the song while wearing colorful clothes in front of a grey background, and comedic shots of a woman who has things going wrong all around her house, representing some of the song lyrics.

Chart performance

Year-end charts

References

1988 singles
The Jets (band) songs
Dance-pop songs
1987 songs
MCA Records singles


Nokia 7360 fashion cell phone was released in late 2005, as part of the "L'Amour Collection", along with the 7370, 7373, 7380 and the 7390.

Specification sheet

Images

References

7360
Mobile phones introduced in 2005
Mobile phones with user-replaceable battery


Propaganda Man is an album by Ray Wilson released in 2008.

Track listing

Personnel
 Ray Wilson - Vocals, Guitar, and Mouth Organ
 Ali Ferguson - Lead Guitar and Backing Vocals
 Lawrie MacMillan - Bass and Backing Vocals
 Ashley MacMillan - Drums and Percussion

Additional personnel
 Graeme Hughes - Guitar on "Things Don't Stop"
 Scott Spence - Additional Guitar on "Bless Me", "Progaganda Man", and "Cosmic Baby" - Guitar on "Modern Day Miracle"
 Kim McLelland - Piano on "Razorlite" and Organ on "Modern Day Miracle", "The Brakes Are Gone", "Propaganda Man", and "Frequency"
 David Archibald - Piano on "The Brakes Are Gone" and "Frequency"
 Gregor Lowrey - Accordion on "Modern Day Miracle" and "The Brakes Are Gone"
 Tesiree Priti Kaitesi - Vocals on "Bless Me" and "Propaganda Man"
 Alvin Mills - Bass on "Bless Me"
 Uwe Metzler - Guitar on "Bless Me"
 Nir Z - Drums on "Bless Me"

Production
 Album produced by Ray Wilson
 "Things Don't Stop" produced by Graeme Hughes
 "Bless Me" produced by Peter Hoff
 Additional production on "Propaganda Man" by Scott Spence
 Album mixed and engineered by Graeme Hughes
 Album mastering by Uncle Jack
 "More Propaganda" and "On the Other Side" recorded at MM Studio, Poznań Poland by Przemyslaw Sluzynski

2008 albums
Ray Wilson (musician) albums


A nucleic acid inhibitor is a type of antibacterial that acts by inhibiting the production of nucleic acids.  There are two major classes: DNA inhibitors and RNA inhibitors.  The antifungal flucytosine acts in a similar manner.

DNA inhibitors
Classic DNA inhibitors such as the quinolones act upon DNA gyrase as a topoisomerase inhibitor. Another group of DNA inhibitors, including nitrofurantoin and metronidazole, act upon anaerobic bacteria. These act by generating metabolites that are incorporated into DNA strands, which then are more prone to breakage. These drugs are selectively toxic to anaerobic organisms, but can affect human cells.

RNA inhibitors
RNA inhibitors such as rifampin, act upon DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

Antifolates (DNA, RNA, and protein)
Antifolates act primarily as inhibitors of both RNA and DNA, and are often grouped with nucleic acid inhibitors in textbooks. However, they also act indirectly as protein synthesis inhibitors (because tetrahydrofolate is also involved in the synthesis of amino acids serine and methionine), so they are sometimes considered as their own category, antimetabolites. However, the term "antimetabolite", when used literally, can apply to many different classes of drugs.

References


The General Land Exchange Act of 1922 (16 U.S.C. 485, 486) was signed into law by  President of the United States Warren G. Harding on March 20, 1922
This act allowed the U.S. Forest Service to consolidate its holdings in national forests where a large percentage of private lands were intermingled with forest lands. It made possible the exchange of inholdings within national forests for private lands of equal value and within the same state.

This act also made for better management and administration in accordance with future planning initiatives because the process of a mutually desirable exchange was greatly simplified by this legislation to a matter of just signing papers.

Chief Forester William B. Greeley predicted in 1922 that "this law would probably be regarded as one of the half-dozen most important laws affecting the National Forests."

Notes

References
Godfrey, Anthony The Ever-Changing View-A History of the National Forests in California USDA Forest Service Publishers, 2005
Steen, Harold K. The United States Forest Service A History University of Washington Press, 1976

External links
 Cornell Law Library, text of law

United States federal public land legislation
1922 in American law
United States federal legislation articles without infoboxes
History of forestry in the United States


"Anytime" is a song by the American sibling group, The Jets. It was written by Rupert Holmes, best known for his 1979 hit "Escape (The Piña Colada Song)".

"Anytime" was released as the final single from their multi-platinum album, Magic. It reached number 35 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart in late 1988.

Charts

References

1988 singles
The Jets (band) songs
Pop ballads
1987 songs
Songs written by Rupert Holmes
MCA Records singles
1980s ballads


The Prosthogonimidae are a family of trematodes. They are part of the huge of the suborder Plagiorchiata in the order Plagiorchiida. The adults of these parasites occur in the bursa of Fabricius, caecum, cloaca, liver, oviduct and sometimes even under the nictitating membrane of vertebrates and particularly birds.

Selected genera are:
 Cephalotrema
 Mediogonimus Woodhead & Malewitz, 1936
 Ophthalmogonimus
 Prosthogonimus Lühe, 1899
 previously recognized genus Schistogonimus Lühe, 1909 is newly considered a junior synonym of Prosthogonimus Lühe, 1899

References

Trematode families
Plagiorchiida
Parasites of birds


"You Better Dance" is a song by the American sibling group, The Jets. The song was released as the first single from their third album, Believe, in 1989.

On the Billboard Hot 100, the song charted at number 59. It reached number 73 on the R&B chart and had further success on the dance chart, peaking at number 28.

Chart performance

References

External links

Songs written by Michael Jonzun
1989 songs
MCA Records singles
Dance-pop songs


Oni Press is an American comic book company. They are known as a publisher of graphic novels, as well as for series like Queen & Country.

Titles

A
 The Adventures of Barry Ween, Boy Genius by Judd Winick
 Alison Dare by J. Torres and J. Bone
 Aggretsuko by Daniel Barnes and D.J. Kirkland
 The Apocalipstix by Ray Fawkes and Cameron Stewart
 Atomic City by Jay Stephens
 The Awakening by Neal Shaffer and Luca Genovese

B
 Bad Boy by Frank Miller and Simon Bisley
 Bad Ideas by Jim Mahfood, Wayne Chinsang and Dave Crosland
 Bad Medicine by Christina Weir, Nunzio DeFilippis, and Christopher Mitten
 Black Metal by Rick Spear and Chuck BB
 Blair Witch Chronicles by Jen Van Meter and Guy Davis
 Blue Monday by Chynna Clugston
 Borrowed Time by Neal Shaffer and Joe Infurnari
 Breakfast After Noon by Andi Watson
 The Bunker by Josh Fialkov and Joe Infurnari

C
 Capote in Kansas by Ande Parks and Chris Samnee
 Cheat by Christine Norrie
 Cheater Code by Alex Forte and Daryl Toh
 Ciudad by Ande Parks and Joe & Anthony Russo
 Clerks. by Kevin Smith
 Closer by Antony Johnston and Mike Norton
 The Coffin by Phil Hester and Mike Huddleston
 The Coldest City by Antony Johnston
 The Coldest Winter by Antony Johnston
 Courtney Crumrin by Ted Naifeh
 Crogan's Vengeance by Chris Schweizer
 Crogan's March by Chris Schweizer
 Crogan's Loyalty by Chris Schweizer
 Cut my Hair by Jamie S Rich

D
 The Damned by Cullen Bunn and Brian Hurtt
 Days Like This by J. Torres and Scott Chantler
 Dead Goombas by J. Torres and Andy B.
 Deep Sleeper by Phil Hester and Mike Huddleston
 Dumped by Andi Watson

F
 F-Stop by Antony Johnston and Matthew Loux
 Fortune and Glory by Brian Michael Bendis
 Frenemy of the State by Rashida Jones, Nunzio DeFilippis and Christina Weir
 Frumpy the Clown by Judd Winick

G
 Geisha by Andi Watson
 Grrl Scouts by Jim Mahfood
 Guerillas by Brahm Revel

H
 Hopeless Savages by Jen Van Meter
 Hysteria by Mike Hawthorne

I
 Invader Zim by Jhonen Vasquez
 It Took Luke: Overworked and Underpaid by Mark Bouchard and Bayleigh Underwood

J
 Jason and the Argobots by J Torres and Mike Norton
 Jay and Silent Bob by Kevin Smith and Duncan Fegredo
 Jingle Belle by Paul Dini
 Julius by Antony Johnston and Brett Weldele

K
 Kaijumax  by Zander Cannon
 Killer Princesses by Gail Simone and Lea Hernandez
 Kim Reaper by Sarah Graley
 Kissing Chaos by Arthur Dela Cruz

L
 Last Exit Before Toll by Neal Shaffer and Chris Mitten
 The Leading Man by B. Clay Moore and Jeremy Haun
 Letter 44 by Charles Soule and Alberto Jimenez Alburquerque
 Local by Brian Wood and Ryan Kelly
 The Long Haul by Antony Johnston and Eduardo Barreto
 Lost at Sea by Bryan Lee O'Malley
 Love As A Foreign Language by J. Torres and Eric Kim
 Love Fights by Andi Watson

M
 Madman by Mike Allred
 Maintenance by Jim Massey and Robbi Rodriguez
 Maria's Wedding by Nunzio DeFilippis, Christina Weir and Jose Garibaldi
 Marquis by Guy Davis
 Midnight Mover by Gary Phillips, Jeremy Love and Jeff Wasson
 Mutant, Texas: Tales of Sheriff Ida Red by Paul Dini and J Bone
 My Inner Bimbo by Sam Kieth

N
 Nocturnals by Dan Brereton
 No Dead Time by Brian McLachlan and Tom Williams
 Northwest Passage by Scott Chantler
 North World by Lars Brown

O
 Oddville! by Jay Stephens
 Off Road by Sean Murphy
 Ojo by Sam Kieth
 Once in a Blue Moon by Nunzio DeFilippis and Christina Weir
 One Bad Day by Steve Rolston
 One Plus One by Neal Shaffer and Daniel Krall
 Oni Double Feature

P
 PENG by Corey Lewis
 Petrograd by Philip Gelatt and Tyler Crook
 Pilu of the Woods by Mai K. Nguyen
 Play Ball by Christina Weir and Nunzio DeFilippis
 Polly and the Pirates by Ted Naifeh
 Pounded by Brian Wood and Steve Rolston
 Princess Ugg by Ted Naifeh
 Puffed by John Layman and Dave Crosland

Q
 Queen & Country by Greg Rucka and various
A Quick & Easy Guide to Sex & Disability by A. Andrews

R
 Resurrection by Marc Guggenheim and David Dumeer
 Rick and Morty by Justin Roiland and Dan Harmon

S
 Scandalous by J Torres and Scott Chantler
 Scooter Girl by Chynna Clugston
 Scott Pilgrim by Bryan Lee O'Malley
 The Secret History of D.B. Cooper by Brian Churilla
 Sharknife by Corey Lewis
 Shenanigans by Ian Shaughnessy and Mike Holmes
 Shot Callerz by Gary Phillips and Brett Weldele
 Sidekicks by J. Torres and Takeshi Miyazawa
 SideScrollers by Matthew Loux
 The Sixth Gun by Cullen Bunn and Brian Hurtt
 Skinwalker by Nunzio DeFilippis, Christina Weir and Brian Hurtt
 Soulwind by Scott Morse
 Space Battle Lunchtime by Natalie Riess
 Space Trash by Jenn Woodall
 Spaghetti Western by Scott Morse
 Spell Checkers by Joëlle Jones, Jamie S. Rich & Nico Hitori de
 Spooked by Antony Johnston and Sophie Campbell
 Stumptown by Greg Rucka and Matthew Southworth
 Strangetown by Chynna Clugston and Ian Shaughnessy
 Super Pro K.O.! by Jarrett Williams

T
 Tales of Ordinary Madness by Malcolm Bourne and Mike Allred
 Tek Jansen (Stephen Colbert's Tek Jansen Adventures) by John Layman, Tom Peyer and Jim Massey
 Three Days in Europe by Antony Johnston and Mike Hawthorne
 Three Strikes by Nunzio DeFilippis, Christina Weir and Brian Hurtt
 The Tomb by Nunzio DeFilippis, Christina Weir and Chris Mitten

U
 Union Station by Ande Parks and Eduardo Barreto

V
 Visitations by Scott Morse
 Volcanic Revolver by Scott Morse

W
 Wasteland by Antony Johnston and Christopher Mitten
 Wet Moon by Sophie Campbell
 Whiteout by Greg Rucka and Steve Lieber
 Whiteout: Melt by Greg Rucka and Steve Lieber

Notes

References

External links
Oni Press book list

Oni Press at the Big Comic Book DataBase

Oni Press