Anthony Gilby (c.1510–1585) was an English clergyman, known as a radical Puritan and translator of the Geneva Bible, the first English Bible available to the general public.  He was born in Lincolnshire, and was educated at Christ's College, Cambridge, graduating in 1535.

Early life

In Gilby's early life, he served as a preacher in Leicestershire under the rule of Edward VI.  During this time, he was brought together with people who shared similar opinions to his on the corruptions of the era.  This pushed him to publish A Commentarye upon the Prophet Mycha (1551) and A Commentarye upon the Prophet Malaky (c. 1553), freely expressing through these texts his feelings about the persecution of his religion.

He converted to Protestantism in his younger years, and this would prove to be of the utmost importance in the course of his life.  Gilby graduated with a Bachelor and Master of Arts from Cambridge University in 1531-2 and 1535 respectively.  Throughout his education he was well known for "his skill in the biblical languages of Latin, Greek and Hebrew," which proved to be obvious assets to him in the translation of the Geneva Bible. When Mary Tudor took the throne in 1553, life for the Protestants only became more turbulent. This led many to flee to religiously free states; including the Gilby Family in 1555.

He became a minister in Leicestershire and a Calvinist. His Answer to the Devilish Detection of Stephen Gardiner was published in 1547 (as by AG), by John Day.

Family

Gilby was recorded to have married a woman named Elizabeth.  They had two daughters and two sons; unfortunately one of the daughters did not survive, leaving him with Ruth, Goddred, and Nathaniel Gilby.  Gilby's translation work was extremely prevalent, not only throughout the country but also within his family life. This is supported by the fact that both his sons were translators of two prominent texts during their time: A Brief and Learned Treatise, Containing a True Description of the Antichrist by Georg Sohn and An Epistle to his Brother Quintus by Marcus Tullius Cicero.  Goddred Gilby the translator was the elder son; the younger, Nathaniel, of Christ's College and fellow of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, was tutor to Joseph Hall, whose mother was one of Gilby's congregation.

Marian Exile

When the Roman Catholic religion began to be restored in England, many Protestants were forced to leave the country.  Protestants left not only for their physical safety and right to practise their own forms of worship, but, also because it gave them a chance to keep, define, and conserve their national religion for their eventual return to England.  European-Protestant artisans were given more courtesy than the colonies of foreign Protestant artisans. European Protestants were given notice to leave and warned of arrest, while foreign Protestants were ordered to dismiss quickly. They originally fled to the Protestant cities of Strasbourg and Frankfurt, but later colonies were established at Emden, Zurich, Wesel, Worms, and Duisburg. In those colonies, particularly Frankfurt, many wanted to preserve the Edwardian English church, while radical others wanted a more demanding reformation. These differing opinions caused many arguments that resulted in the splitting of Frankfurt. Each colony had its own distinct nature, but there was significant contact between the groups of religious exiles. However, there was often lack of communication and unity on their most important issues.

The Marian Exiles wanted to encourage their coreligionists back home, so they produced many works on Protestant doctrine using the continental press, and urging them to flight, martyrdom, or rebellion. However, not all of the Marian Exiles left their countries for religious reasons: a large number of them left after failed attempts of secular concerns. After war broke out in 1557, many of these secular exiles put loyalty before religion and returned home to serve their country in whatever ways they could. When Queen Mary died in 1558, the period of Marian exile ended, and the exiles returned home to mixed receptions. Many men, including Anthony Gilby, spent years living in communities they felt were more thoroughly reformed than England.

Anthony Gilby was a part of this Marian exile, in Basel, in Frankfurt where he associated with John Foxe and lodged him in 1554, and settled in Geneva in 1555. There he deputed for John Knox, with Christopher Goodman. He also wrote An Admonition to England and Scotland (1558), contesting the royal supremacy in the Church of England as imposed by Henry VIII. His work on the Geneva Bible, which was published in 1560, was as one of the main assistants to William Whittingham.

The Geneva Bible

After the Marian persecutions began, English Protestants went to Geneva. It was here that translators, including Gilby, worked on what would come to be known as the Geneva Bible. Later, after Mary's death, many of the exiles returned to England in 1558, but Gilby stayed in Geneva to complete the Geneva Bible, along with William Whittingham. Whittingham was the inspiration for this resourceful, yet prodigious task of translating the Bible because it was an extension of his New Testament of 1557. Gilby played an important role in Whittingham’s idea for the Bible. Whittingham himself gave witness to Gilby’s role in the translation of the Geneva Bible and recorded it in a piece entitled Livre des Anglais. The Geneva Bible contained easy-to-read maps, indexes, and notes for the interested reader. This nature of writing style dated back to the writing of William Tyndale, who also produced an English translation of the New Testament. The translators, including Anthony Gilby, created a piece of literature that was able to influence readers of all types during the sixteenth century, including Shakespeare and Milton. Many years later, the Geneva Bible was exchanged for the King James Version of 1611, which was more acceptable to the King.

Once the Geneva Bible was finished, Gilby finally returned to England in May 1560 and his masterpiece was published only a few weeks later. Gilby is accredited with supervising the translation and writing the annotations. However, his weakness was textual criticism, since he relinquished this part of the process to the other translators - Thomas Sampson, Thomas Bentham, William Cole, and Whittingham. The key attributes of the Geneva Bible were its print-type and size, the separation into quartos and octavos, the sectioning into verses, and the use of italics to signify the addition of words. But to Gilby’s acclaim, the most meaningful of all the characteristics were the annotations. These explanatory notes presented a political view of the history of England. Gilby’s first attempt as a translator had occurred in 1551, when he wrote a commentary on Micah. This text and the preface, both the work of Gilby, are highly significant because they corresponded to the techniques used by the translators in translating the Geneva Bible.

Under Elizabeth

After Mary Tudor's death, Gilby and other Protestant writers wrote a letter to specific English Church congregations in Aarau and Frankfurt, attempting to persuade them to support the restoration of Protestantism.

On his return to England when Elizabeth I ascended the throne, he became involved in the vestments controversy, and remained a dissident and polemicist. Though not very close to the Presbyterians of the Church of England, he supported John Field and Thomas Wilcox in their First Admonition to Parliament (1572), which was an advocacy of Presbyterianism.

He found a powerful protector in Henry Hastings, 3rd Earl of Huntingdon, and was able to live out his life as a lecturer at Ashby-de-la-Zouch. By assiduous networking, and the influence he had over education at the Ashby grammar school, Gilby became a Puritan leader. Huntingdon assured the continuation of the local evangelical tradition, after Gilby's death, by appointing Arthur Hildersham as rector at Ashby in 1587.

Works

Anthony Gilby's writing experience can be placed into three categories, including letters and treaties, the translation of the Geneva Bible and other minor commentaries, and his theological interests before and during the exile.

In November 1555, Anthony Gilby and Christopher Goodman, also a Marian Exile, both became clergymen of the Word of God for the English citizens of Geneva. After taking this oath, Anthony Gilby's accomplishments were mostly clerical, such as a letter written in 1558 to the English church encouraging uniformity to God after the news of Elizabeth's succession to the throne of England.

Before and during his exile, Gilby proceeded with the reform of religion throughout the Protestant Reformation. His religious interests, for instance, became one of his prominent efforts. His doctrine of  predestination, in which he discussed the supremacy of God, is represented in the Geneva Bible’s explanatory notes. He also wrote a preface to The Appellation from the Sentence Pronounced by the Bishops and Clergy by John Knox called An Admonition to England and Scotland, to call them to Repentance, in 1558.

Some of his additional works include:
Commentaries of the divine, John Calvin, upon the Prophet Daniel (1570)
The psalms of David truly opened and explained by Theodore Beza (1580)
A Pleasant Dialogue betweene a Souldior of Barwicke and an English Chaplaine

External links

  Anthony Gilby - A Brief Treatise of Election and Reprobation 1556

Notes

Attribution

1510 births
1585 deaths
English translators
Clergy from Lincolnshire
16th-century English writers
16th-century male writers
16th-century English Puritan ministers
16th-century translators


Chempanoda/Chempanod is a village located in the northeastern part of the Kozhikode district of Kerala, India. It is situated near the popular tourist destination of Peruvannamuzhi.
Chempanoda is a tourist spot. The village is surrounded by two rivers and is bordered by mountains to the east, which are part of the Western Ghats mountain range. The local economy primarily revolves around agriculture, with residents engaging in farming activities and cultivating crops such as rubber trees, coconut trees, areca nut trees.

The road that passes through the village leads to another nearby village called Poozhithode, which is situated in a hilly area with reserved forests.

Tourist spots

Peruvannamoozhi Dam and Surrounding areas (within 5 km from Chempanoda)
Peruvannamoozhy village is situated 60 km from Kozhikode city in Kerala. It has been recognized as an eco-tourism destination in Kerala, with the Tourism Minister inaugurating the eco-tourism project on 10 August 2008.

Located in the Western Ghats, Peruvannamoozhy is an ecological hotspot known for its rich biodiversity. It is home to more than 680 species of rare plants. The destination offers various facilities and attractions, including a wild animal rehabilitation center, bird sanctuary, crocodile farm, snake park, spice garden, trekking trails, and boating opportunities. The reservoir in the area provides options for speedboat and rowboat cruises. Additionally, there is a garden named Smaraka Thottam, which is dedicated to the memory of freedom fighters from the region.

In additional to the natural environment, the irrigation dam and the garden nearby are added attractions. As part of eco tourism initiatives, the following facilities have been created:
 Animal rehabilitation centre
 Bathing facility in river
 Bird sanctuary
 Snake park
 Trekking programmes
 Bamboo rafting
 speedboat and rowboat cruises

The Peruvannamuzhi Dam is located 60 km from the Kozhikode city. You could reach here by private bus or by taxi.

 Crocodile farm (within 5 km from Chempanoda)
 Janakikadu (within 5 km from Chempanoda)
Janakikadu is a thick forest which attracts thousands of tourists every year. There is a wide variety of birds in this forest. An ecological hotspot in the Western Ghats, the eco tourism destination of Janakikadu is home to over 680 species of rare plants.

 Pottiyapara (within 5 km from Chempanoda)
This region offers immense scope for picnicking and Trekking programmes. The there is a scenic view of the valley from the top of Pottiyapara.

Climate
Chempanoda has a generally humid tropical climate with a very hot season extending from March to May. The average annual rainfall is more than 3500 mm.this is one of the highest rain fall region in Calicut district.

Demographics
Christians constitute majority of the population, followed by Muslim and Hindu communities respectively. The majority of the inhabitants are successors of the Syrian Christians of Central Kerala who migrated to Northern Kerala by the Malabar Migration.

Nearest towns
 Kuttiyadi
 Perambra
 Vatakara
 Kozhikode

Nearest villages
 Poozhithode
 Maruthonkara
 Mullankunnu

Transportation
Chempanoda village connects to other parts of India through Vatakara town on the west and Kuttiady town on the east.  National highway No.66 passes through Vatakara and the northern stretch connects to Goa and Mumbai.  The southern stretch connects to Cochin and Trivandrum.  The eastern National Highway No.54 going through Kuttiady connects to Mananthavady, Mysore and Bangalore. The nearest airports are at Kannur and Kozhikode.  The nearest railway station is at Vatakara. Proposed WAYANAD hairpin less road is passing through chempanoda.

References

Kuttiady area


William Summers (4 November 1853 – 1 January 1893) was a British politician and barrister. He was born in Stalybridge, the second son of John Summers, the local ironmaster, and his wife Mary.

Education
William Summers was educated at the private school of a Mr. Wood, Alderley Edge, Cheshire, after which he entered Owens College in about 1869. After gaining honours in the College examinations. he studied for a BA at the university of London and became an associate of the college in 1872. In 1874 he entered University College, Oxford, and in 1877 took the BA degree with a second class. He followed this up with an MA degree at the University of London where he was awarded the Gold Medal in classics. When he left Oxford he was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1881.

Political career
In 1880 he was elected as Liberal Member of Parliament for Stalybridge, unseating the sitting Conservative MP, Tom Harrop Sidebottom. Five years later Sidebottom regained the seat.

In 1886 he returned to the Commons as MP for Huddersfield, and was re-elected in 1892.

He was unwell at the time of the 1892 election campaign, and was unable to attend a number of meetings. In October 1892 he sailed for Bombay with the twin objects of improving his health and gathering information on Indian affairs. He died at Allahabad from malignant smallpox aged 39.

References

Notes

Bibliography

Obituary, The Times, 2 January 1893, p. 5

External links

1853 births
1893 deaths
People from Stalybridge
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1880–1885
UK MPs 1886–1892
UK MPs 1892–1895
Alumni of University College, Oxford
Members of Lincoln's Inn


Eija Krogerus (19 June 1932 – 7 October 2018) was a former bowler who was well known in Finland. She played in the National Team continuously for 21 years, from 1962 until 1983.

She has won medals and success on national, Nordic and international levels, excelling in World and European Championships.  She played in six World Championships, five European Championships and eleven times in Nordic Championships and retired from the National Team after the European Cup Individual 1983.

She was born in Helsinki.

She competed in the 1972 AMF World Cup held in Magallanes, Philippines and voted "Sportswoman of the Year".

Krogerus was inducted into the WBW International Bowling Hall of Fame in 2002, almost twenty years after retiring from competitive bowling at 51 years of age.

References

External links

1932 births
2018 deaths
Sportspeople from Helsinki
Finnish ten-pin bowling players


Adam Courchaine (born May 23, 1984) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey centre. He last played with the Coventry Blaze in the Elite Ice Hockey League (EIHL).

Playing career
Courchaine was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Growing up in Winnipeg], Courchaine dominated at the minor hockey level with the AAA-midget Winnipeg Warriors, putting up 119 points in 50 games.  In 2001–02, he joined the major junior ranks with the Medicine Hat Tigers of the Western Hockey League (WHL).  He was traded during his rookie season to the Vancouver Giants during their inaugural season and became a cornerstone for the franchise in its beginning years.  Courchaine put up a team-high 85 points in his first full season with the Giants, helping them to their first playoff appearance in 2003.  His 43 goals established a Giants' franchise record which remained unbroken until Evander Kane surpassed the mark in 2008–09.  Courchaine was also named a WHL West Second Team All-Star and was subsequently chosen in the off-season by the Minnesota Wild, 219th overall, in the 2003 NHL Entry Draft.

He played two more seasons with the Giants, leading them in scoring for a second consecutive season in 2003–04 with 82 points while being named to the WHL West First All-Star Team.  In four seasons with the Giants, Courchaine led the team in scoring twice and accumulated a franchise all-time leading 126 goals and 273 points in 241 games until both records were broken in 2012 by Brendan Gallagher.  His 147 assists was also a franchise record until it was surpassed by defenceman Jonathon Blum on February 7, 2009.

Graduating from major junior in 2005–06, Courchaine was assigned to the Wild's American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Houston Aeros.  However, he was a regular healthy scratch and was demoted to the ECHL where he played with the Pensacola Ice Pilots and Gwinnett Gladiators.

Although Courchaine was signed overseas by EK Zell am See of Austria, he spent the 2006–07 season inactive. The following season, Courchaine played in the German Deutsche Eishockey Liga with the Füchse Duisburg. He enjoyed more success than his rookie season in the minors and led Duisburg in scoring with 50 points.  In the following 2008–09 season, he joined fellow German team, Düsseldorfer EG. After four year with the team and short stints with Austrian team Graz 99ers and Füchse Duisburg for a second time, he joined the Krefeld Pinguine. In 2013–14, Courchaine led the DEL in scoring, tallying 29 goals and 45 assists in 51 contests.

He parted company with the Krefeld team in January 2015 and signed with EHC Olten of the second division NLB in Switzerland the same month. He had six points (one goal, five assists) in five games for EHC.

Courchaine signed with Czech side HK Hradec Kralove for the 2015–16 campaign. He played for the Hungarian club Alba Volán Székesfehérvár in the early stages of the 2016–17 season, before returning to Germany, joining Düsseldorfer EG for a second stint. At DEG, he inked a deal for the remainder of the season.

On 31 July 2017, Courchaine moved to the UK's EIHL to sign with the Coventry Blaze.

Career statistics

Awards and honours

Records
Vancouver Giants' all-time leading point scorer – 273 (Broken in 2012 by Brendan Gallagher)
Vancouver Giants' all-time leading goal scorer – 126 (Broken in 2012 by Brendan Gallagher)

References

External links

1984 births
Living people
Fehérvár AV19 players
Canadian ice hockey centres
Coventry Blaze players
DEG Metro Stars players
Düsseldorfer EG players
Füchse Duisburg players
Graz 99ers players
Gwinnett Gladiators players
Houston Aeros (1994–2013) players
Krefeld Pinguine players
Medicine Hat Tigers players
Minnesota Wild draft picks
EHC Olten players
Pensacola Ice Pilots players
Ice hockey people from Winnipeg
Stadion Hradec Králové players
Vancouver Giants players
EK Zell am See players


Harike Wetland also known as "Hari-ke-Pattan", with the Harike Lake in the deeper part of it, is the largest wetland in northern India in the border of Tarn Taran Sahib district and Ferozepur district  of the Punjab state in India.

The wetland and the lake were formed by constructing the headworks across the Sutlej river in 1953. The headworks is located downstream of the confluence of the Beas and Sutlej rivers just south of Harike village. The rich biodiversity of the wetland which plays a vital role in maintaining the precious  hydrological balance in the catchment with its vast concentration of migratory fauna of waterfowls including a number of globally threatened species (stated to be next only to the Keoladeo National Park near Bharatpur) has been responsible for the recognition accorded to this wetland in 1990, by the Ramsar Convention, as one of the Ramasar sites in India, for conservation, development and preservation of the ecosystem.

This man-made, riverine, lacustrine wetland spreads into the three districts of Tarn Taran Sahib, Ferozepur and Kapurthala in Punjab and covers an area of 4100 ha. Conservation of this wetland has been given due importance, since 1987–88, both by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India and the Punjab State Government (through its several agencies), and over the years several studies and management programmes have been implemented.

Access

Harike or Hari-ke-Pattan as it is popularly called, is the nearest town to the wetland is Makhu (Ferozepur) Railway Station and Bus Stand is situated 10 km south of the Harike town, which connects to Ferozpur, Faridkot and Bhatinda by  the National Highway.

Hydrology and engineering aspects
Monsoon climate dominates the catchment draining into the wetland. The headworks built on the Sutlej River downstream of its confluence with Beas River and the reservoir created, which form the Harike lake and the enlarged wetland, is a purposeful project, which acts as the headworks for irrigation and drinking water supplies, through the Ferozepur, Rajasthan and Makku feeder canals with total carrying capacity of , to supply to the command areas located in the states of Punjab and Rajasthan. The grand Indira Gandhi Canal in Rajasthan is fed from this source. The lake is triangular, with its apex in the west, bounded by a bund called the Dhussi Bund forming one side, a canal in the second and a major road on the third. The periphery of the lake is surrounded by agricultural land and the wetland is reported to be rich in ground water resources.

Water quality
The Punjab State Council for Science & Technology has reported that the water quality of the lake is mostly of 'A' Class as per the designated best use criteria even though large volumes of polluted water discharge into the wetland from industries and urban centres.

Biodiversity
The rich biodiversity of the wetland, with several species of birds, turtles, snakes, amphibians, fishes and invertebrates, is reportedly unique.

Bird sanctuary
The wetland was declared a bird sanctuary in 1982 and named as Harike Pattan Bird Sanctuary with an extended area of 8600 ha. Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS) carried out research and a bird ringing programme during the period 1980–85. An ornithological field laboratory was proposed to be established by BNHS.

200 species of birds visit the wetland  during winter season of which some of the well known species (some are pictured in the gallery) are the cotton pygmy goose (Nettapus coromandelianus), tufted duck (Aythya fuligula), yellow-crowned woodpecker (Dendrocopos mahrattensis), yellow-eyed pigeon (Columba eversmanni), water cock (Gallicrex cinerea), Pallas's gull (Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus), brown-headed gull (Chroicocephalus brunnicephalus), black-headed gull (Chroicocephalus ridibundus), yellow-footed gull (Larus michahellis), Indian skimmer (Rynchops albicollis), white-winged tern (Chlidonias leucopterus), white-rumped vulture (Gyps bengalensis), hen harrier (Circus cyaneus), Eurasian tree sparrow (Passer montanus), hawk (subfamily Accipitrinae), Eurasian hobby (Falco subbuteo), horned grebe (Podiceps auritus), black-necked grebe (Podiceps nigricollis), great crested grebe (Podiceps cristatus), white-browed fantail (Rhipidura aureola), brown shrike (Lanius cristatus), common woodshrike (Tephrodornis pondicerianus), white-tailed stonechat (Saxicola leucurus), white-crowned penduline tit (Remiz coronatus), rufous-vented grass babbler (Laticilla burnesii), striated grassbird (Megalurus palustris), Cetti's warbler (Cettia cetti), sulphur-bellied warbler (Phylloscopus griseolus) and diving duck.

Vegetation

The wetland's rich floating vegetation comprises the following:

 Eichhornia crassipes dominates in 50% of the area.
 Azolla sp. are sparsely seen in open water areas.
 Nelumbo nucifera, the lotus, is the prominent rooted floating vegetation.
 Ipomoea aquatica, is at the lake periphery in the shallower regions.
 Najas, Hydrilla, Ceratophyllum, Potamogeton, Vallisneria (eelgrass, tape grass vallis) and Charales are the species of submerged vegetation
 Typha sp. str the dominant emergent marsh vegetation.
 Tiny floating islets are formed by Eichhornia crassipes and other grass species in the mud and root zone all over the wetland.

Dalbergia sissoo, Acacia nilotica, Zizyphus sp., Ficus sp., alien Prosopis juliflora in large clumps and other trees are planted along the embankment. The State Wildlife Department has constructed earthen mounds in the marsh area with trees planted on it to increase nesting sites for the birds.

Aqua fauna
Endangered turtles and smooth-coated otters, listed in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals, are found in the wetland.

26 species of fish are recorded which include rohu, catla, Puntius, Cirrhina, Channa, Mystus, Chitala chitala, Cyprinus, and Ambassis ranga.

Invertebrates recorded are: molluscs (39 & 4 taxa), insects (6 & 32 taxa), crustaceans (27 taxa), annelids (7 taxa), nematodes (7 & 4 taxa), rotifers (59 & 13 taxa), and protozoans (5 & 21 taxa).

Indus dolphins

The Indus dolphin (Platanista gangetica minor) supposed to have become extinct in India after 1930, but largely found in the Indus River system in Pakistan, was recently sighted in the Beas River in Harike wetland area. This aquatic mammal classified as an endangered species in the Red Data Book of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources is considered a significant find. The dolphins were discovered by Basanta Rajkumar, IFS who was the officer in charge of the area while touring the area on a motorboat on the morning of 14 December 2007. Freshwater dolphin conservationist of the World Wildlife Fund India team, who were called in to help in surveying the area after the discovery, sighted a family of half a dozen dolphins at two different places along the 25-km stretch upstream of the Beas and thus confirmed the veracity of the claim made by the forest officials of the state government. An authority on freshwater dolphins with the endangered species management wing of the Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun has also confirmed this finding. Discovering it in 2007, which was declared by the United Nations as Dolphin Year, was considered a special event. However, in the same Beas River, about 140 km downstream of the Harike Barrage in Pakistan territory, Indus dolphins are commonly found.

Gharials
The gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) was once found in great numbers in the Indus River system before its population dwindled and it is now classified as critically endangered in the International Union for Conservation of Nature's (IUCN) Red List of Endangered Species. The Punjab Government is now planning to release 10 gharials in the Harike Wetlands as the first step to increase their numbers and to attract more tourists.

Wetland degradation
The wetland which is in existence since 1953 underwent changes over the years because of several factors, some of which are:

 Encroachments on the wetland habitat for intensive agriculture with resultant effluents of agricultural chemicals and also controversial encroachments.
 Utilization of surface and ground waters for irrigation
 Effluent discharge of untreated waste from towns and villages from industrial, urban and agricultural activities into the rivers which feed the wetland resulting in extensive weed growth (water hyacinth) in the wetland (polluted water discharged was reported to be about 700 million liters per day (mld)
 The profuse growth of water hyacinth had covered 80 per cent of the open water surface resulting in the 33 islands getting enclosed.
 Soil erosion and siltation due to deforestation of the fragile lower Shivalik hills which form the catchment of the wetland
 Illegal fishing and poaching in spite of the Wildlife (Protection) Act.
 Indiscriminate grazing in the catchments resulting in damage to the wetland ecology
 A remote sensing study of the Wetland area coupled with the analysis of rainfall, discharge and ground water level showed that the flow pattern had diminished and the size of wetland area had reduced by about 30%, over a 13 years study period.
 The ecological crisis had reached such a stage that environmentalists estimated lifespan of the wetland to be discreasing.

Restoration measures
The gravity of the degraded status of the wetland has been addressed for implementing several restoration measures by a plethora of organizations/agencies/research institutions of the central and state governments and also the Indian Army Units located in the area. The measures undertaken to conserve the wetland have covered the following actions.
The Chief Minister of the State of Punjab instituted, in 1998, the Harike Wetland Conservation Mission to:a) To prepare a Master Plan for the integrated conservation and development of the Harike wetland;

b) To undertake specific projects and programmes for the conservation of the ecosystem of the Harike region;

c) To regulate, screen and monitor all development activities which have a bearing on the Harike wetland ecosystem;

d) To evaluate all plans and proposals of all departments of the Government which concern the future of Harike

The menace of water hyacinth was addressed by the Indian Army (Western Command, Vajra Corps.) in the year 2000, in a joint effort initiated by the Chief Minister of the State. Under the pilot project named "Sahyog" the Army adopted several innovative mechanical system of weed removal. The Army General reporting on the progress of the works stated:
Through a number of innovative methods, we succeeded in making dynamic booms, and winches etc. After the operation, we have placed static and dynamic booms at strategic points in the Harike Lake to hold back the floating mats of water hyacinth so that it doesn't spread. At the end of six months of untiring labour by our team, we had opened four channels, which had got choked with silt over the years. We also planted 750 saplings of plants of two years of age on the island for birds to nest and roost in future.
 The Punjab State Council for Science and Technology evolved a management plan which involved:
 Opening of sluice gates during monsoon
 Monitoring of water quality migration period
 Fencing some of the selected portions from encroachment
 Afforestation of the catchment area
 Survey, mapping & notification
 Soil Conservation
 Education and Public awareness

World wetlands day
On 2 February 2003 the World Wetlands Day was celebrated at Harike with the watchword "No-wetlands-No Water", which also marked the "International Year of Freshwater".

Gallery

See also
 Wetland
 Kanjli Wetland
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330736963_Study_of_Toxic_Elements_in_River_Water_and_Wetland_Using_Water_Hyacinth_Eichhornia_crassipes_as_Pollution_Monitor

References

Wetlands of India
Lakes of Punjab, India
Ramsar sites in India
Tourist attractions in Amritsar


Fortunius (Italicized Fortunio) may be

a Latin patronymic
Cassius Fortunius, son of Fortunato count of Borja (b. 685)
a given name
Fortunius Licetus (1577-1657)
a character in Philodoxus by Leon Battista Alberti
other
Papilio fortunius, a species of Papilio
Fortunio (novel), an 1836 novel by Théophile Gautier
Fortunio (opera), a 1907 opera by André Messager


Lower North East Road (and its southwestern sections as North Terrace and Payneham Road) is an arterial road in the northeastern suburbs of Adelaide, South Australia. It links the north-eastern corner of Adelaide to Houghton in the Adelaide Hills, and is an urban alternative to North East Road.

Route
North Terrace starts on the eastern side of the City Ring Route in central Adelaide and heads east until the intersection with Fullarton and Magill Roads, where it becomes Payneham Road and continues northeast though Adelaide's eastern suburbs, crossing Portrush Road, until the intersection with Glynburn and Montacute Roads Road at Glynde, South Australia, where it continues northeast as Lower North East Road to Hope Valley, where it meets the eastern terminus of Grand Junction Road. It continues up a ridge of the Adelaide Hills through Houghton to eventually end at North East Road. Payneham and Lower North East Roads are initially on the south side of the River Torrens, mirrored by North East Road on its northern side.

Major intersections

See also

References

Roads in Adelaide


Cook v Deeks [1916] UKPC 10 is a Canadian company law case, relevant also for UK company law, concerning the illegitimate diversion of a corporate opportunity. It was decided by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, at that time the court of last resort within the British Empire, on appeal from the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of Ontario, Canada.

Because decisions of the Judicial Committee have persuasive value in the United Kingdom, even when decided under the law of another member of the Commonwealth,  this decision has been followed in the United Kingdom courts.  In UK company law, the case would now be seen as falling within the Companies Act 2006 section 175, with a failure to have ratification of breach by independent shareholders under section 239.

Facts
The Toronto Construction Co. had four directors, Mr GM Deeks, Mr GS Deeks, Mr Hinds, and Mr Cook. It helped in construction of railways in Canada. The first three directors wanted to exclude Mr Cook from the business. Each held a quarter of the company's shares. GM Deeks, GS Deeks, and Hinds took a contract with the Canadian Pacific Railway Company (for building a line at the Guelph Junction and Hamilton branch) in their own names. They then passed a shareholder resolution declaring that the company had no interest in the contract. Mr Cook claimed that the contract did belong to the Toronto Construction Co and the shareholder resolution ratifying their actions should not be valid because the three directors used their votes to carry it.

Decision
The Privy Council advised that the three directors had breached their duty of loyalty to the company, that the shareholder ratification was a fraud on Mr Cook as a minority shareholder, and invalid. Giving the advice, The Lord Chancellor, Lord Buckmaster held the result was that the profits made on the contractual opportunity were to be held on trust for the Toronto Construction Co.

Lord Buckmaster said that the three had,

See also

UK company law

Notes

References
North-West Transportation Co v Beatty (1887) 12 App Cas 589
Burland v Earle [1902] AC 83

Judicial Committee of the Privy Council cases on appeal from Canada
United Kingdom company case law
1916 in Canadian case law


The 1921 Italian Grand Prix was a Grand Prix motor race held on the Circuito della Fascia d’Oro at Montichiari, near Brescia, on 4 September 1921.

Classification

References

Italian Grand Prix
Grand Prix
Italian Grand Prix
September 1921 sports events


Gordon McLeod may refer to:

Gordon McLeod (actor) (1890–1961), British actor
Gordon McLeod (basketball) (born 1956), Australian basketball player and coach
Gordon McLeod (footballer) (born 1967), Scottish footballer


is a railway station on the Kyushu Shinkansen in Tamana, Kumamoto, Japan, operated by the Kyushu Railway Company (JR Kyushu). The station opened on March 12, 2011.

Lines
Shin-Tamana Station is served by the Kyushu Shinkansen high-speed railway line which operates between  in Fukuoka Prefecture and  in Kagoshima Prefecture. Shin-Tamana Station is served by Tsubame stopping services, but a small number of limited-stop direct Sakura services to and from  also stop here.

Layout

The station has two opposed side platforms, serving two tracks.

Platforms

From October 2015, JR Kyushu plans to remove platform operating staff from the station as a cost-cutting exercise. This will become the first shinkansen station to operate without staff present on the platforms. This is possible due to the relatively straight platforms and the low passenger usage figures of around 1,000 passengers daily.

History
The station opened on 12 March 2011, coinciding with the opening of the first section of the Kyushu Shinkansen between Hakata and Shin-Yatsushiro.

Surrounding area
 Kyushu University of Nursing and Social Welfare
  National Route 208

See also
 List of railway stations in Japan

References

External links

 JR Kyushu - Shin-Tamana Station

Stations of Kyushu Railway Company
Railway stations in Kumamoto Prefecture
Railway stations in Japan opened in 2011


A drum line is an unmanned aquatic trap used to lure and capture large sharks using baited hooks. They are typically deployed near popular swimming beaches with the intention of reducing the number of sharks in the vicinity and therefore the probability of shark attack. Drum lines are often used in association with shark nets, which results in shark mortality. However SMART drum lines can be used to move sharks, which greatly reduces shark and bycatch mortality. The use of drum lines has been successful in reducing shark attacks in the areas where they are installed. The topic of shark culling became an international controversy and sparked public demonstrations and vocal opposition, particularly from environmentalists, animal welfare advocates and ocean activists.

Description
The drum line consists of a floating drum (a barrel) with two lines attached to it. One line is attached to an anchor on the sea floor, while the other features a large baited shark hook. The drum is filled with a rigid polyurethane foam, which keeps it buoyant and prevents it from being stolen for use as a storage vessel. To attract sharks, the hooks are baited with red mullet and false jacopever. Since the objective of the drum line is to prevent sharks from approaching popular beaches (and not to attract them) only about 500 grams of bait is added to each hook. Thus only sharks from the immediate vicinity are attracted to the baits.

History
Drum lines were deployed to prevent shark attacks in Queensland, Australia in 1962. They continue to be used in Queensland and continue to capture sharks (and also capture by-catch species such as dolphins). They were then used by KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), and continue to be used there. They were used intermittently in Western Australia in an "imminent threat" policy, having previously been used there for 4 months in 2014. The use of drum lines in Western Australia ceased in March 2017 following a change in the state government. From January 2019 "SMART" drum lines were deployed off the Western Australian coast, however the trial ended in 2021. Since 2014 Réunion Island has used drum lines in conjunction with long lines and shark barriers.

Advantages
Permanent or semipermanent deployment of shark-fishing gear off high-use beaches (which includes drum lines) has been successful in reducing the incidence of shark attack at protected beaches. While shark nets and drum lines share the same purpose, drum lines are more effective at targeting the three sharks that are considered most dangerous to swimmers: the bull shark, tiger shark and great white shark. Drum lines physically attract sharks from within the immediate vicinity using bait while shark nets allow the sharks to swim over or around them. Additionally, the bycatch, or unintended catch, of drum lines is considerably less than that of shark nets.

SMART drumlines can also be utilised to move sharks, which greatly reduces mortality of sharks and bycatch. In the New South Wales North Coast SMART drumline trial (Australia) 99% of targeted sharks and 98% of other animals caught were released alive.

Drum lines and long lines have also been used with great success in Recife, Brazil where the shark attack rate dropped by 97%. The purpose of the program was to relocate sharks 8 kilometres from beaches.

Disadvantages

Drum lines can result in the death of sharks and bycatch. During a shark attack mitigation program off Recife, Brazil over a 4-year period (October 2007 to December 2011) the total sharks caught, as well as bycatch and the percentage released alive is shown in the table.

During the same period in Recife, 44 potentially aggressive sharks were also hooked, including 34 tiger sharks and 4 bull sharks. The overall survival rate of potentially aggressive sharks was 70% (relocated and released). Out of all the animals caught, 22.7% of them died. Unlike in Queensland, the objective of the Recife program was to relocate potentially aggressive sharks.

The combination of drum lines and shark nets does not directly lead to extinction, but they also may not give the population room to recover from being endangered of extinction.

Using drum lines that results in the death of sharks negatively affects the marine ecosystem. The Australian Marine Conservation Society said, "the ecological cost of drum lines is high, with 97% of sharks caught [in Queensland] since 2001 considered to be at some level of conservation risk." Jessica Morris of Humane Society International says, "sharks are top order predators that play an important role in the functioning of marine ecosystems. We need them for healthy oceans."

Drum lines have been claimed to be an ineffective strategy to keep people safe, while simultaneously resulting in the death of thousands of sharks and other wildlife in the marine ecosystem. Western Australia Fisheries Minister Dave Kelly said "there is currently no scientific evidence to show that drumlines reduce the risk of a [shark] attack".

The ongoing shark control program in Queensland has been criticised. This program has been called a cull. From 1962 to the present, the government of Queensland has targeted sharks in large numbers by using drum lines — this program has also led to the death of large numbers of other animals such as dolphins; it has also resulted in the mortality of endangered hammerhead sharks. Queensland currently operates the largest shark culling program in Australia. In the first 11 months of 2013, 633 sharks were captured in Queensland — more than 95% of those sharks died. From 2013 to 2014, 667 sharks died in Queensland's "shark control" program, including great white sharks and critically endangered grey nurse sharks. From 2014 to 2015, 621 sharks died in Queensland. From 2017 to 2018, 218 sharks were killed, including 75 tiger sharks and 41 bull sharks. From 2001 to 2018, a total of 10,480 sharks died on drum lines in Queensland.

In 2015, the following was said about bycatch in Queensland's "shark control" program (which uses drum lines):

[Data] reveals the ecological carnage of [Queensland's] shark control regime. In total, more than 8,000 marine species with some level of protection status have been caught by the Queensland Shark Control Program, including 719 loggerhead turtles, 442 manta rays and 33 critically endangered hawksbill turtles. More than 84,000 marine animals have been ensnared by drum-lines and shark nets since the program began in 1962 [...] Nearly 27,000 marine mammals have been snared. The state’s shark control policy has captured over 5,000 turtles, 1,014 dolphins, nearly 700 dugongs and 120 whales, all of which are federally protected marine species.

Shark and bycatch mortality from drum lines is minor compared to Commercial fishing. On average 15 Great white sharks are caught by the NSW and Queensland shark control programme each year, compared to 186 caught in Australia from other activities. Australia's commercial shark fishing industry is catching over 1200 tonne of shark each year, of which 130 are Great white sharks. The NSW prawn trawling industry alone results in 64 tonne of shark as bycatch each year, with two thirds dying. Tuna and swordfish longline  fishing off  the  coast of South Africa  reported 39,000 to 43,000 sharks died each year between 1995 and  2005. Sharksavers estimates that in total 50 million sharks are caught unintentionally each year as bycatch by the commercial fishing industry.

There is also evidence of dolphins stealing bait on numerous occasions, thus rendering the drum lines useless.

Smart drumlines
On Réunion regular operation of "SMART" (Shark-Management-Alert-in-Real-Time) drum lines began in August 2015 and they are used in conjunction with bottom long lines. A "SMART" drum line is based on the traditional drum line design, but it includes technology that can alert rangers to the capture of marine life, who can then attend the device if sea conditions permit. In Reunion, fishermen usually attend the drum lines within 90 minutes of an alert and 90 per cent of animals caught on the hooks survive. There are now around 15 of these smart-drumlines along the coast of Réunion Island.

Since December 2015 the New South Wales State government commenced trials of "SMART" drumlines, as part of an expansion of shark attack mitigation strategies along the New South Wales North coast. Twenty five drumlines were deployed at Ballina and Evans Head beaches (15 off Ballina; 10 off Evans Head). Once a target shark is caught it is tagged with a transmitter, relocated approximately 1 km offshore and released. Non-targeted animals are immediately released. In addition, the tagged sharks provide an alert to the community if they pass within range of a series of listening stations located along the coast. Since the start of the trial 230 target sharks (209 great white, 12 tiger, and 9 bull sharks) were caught with 99% of targeted sharks and 98% of other animals released alive.  The trial has been effective in reducing shark attacks and has been expanded to other regions of New South Wales. As of 2022, the New South Wales government states that its SMART drumlines are set daily 500 metres offshore and in water between 8 and 15 metres deep. They are returned to shore at night. If an animal is detected taking the bait, the signal is responded to within 30 minutes.

In August 2018 a 12-month trial of "SMART" drumlines along Western Australia's South West coast, near Gracetown was announced.

Environmental groups oppose "SMART" drum lines; they say that "SMART" drum lines will not reduce the risk of shark attacks, and may actually make beaches more dangerous; they also say "SMART" drum lines are dangerous to sharks. In 2018, more than 7,000 Western Australians signed a petition demanding that Western Australia's "SMART" drum line trial be abandoned. Humane Society International stated the following about "SMART" drum lines in Western Australia: "HSI expects the SMART drumline trial to result in the inevitable suffering and death of marine wildlife, and therefore opposes the decision to commence the trial." Tooni Mahto, a spokesman for the Australian Marine Conservation Society, said the following about "SMART" drum lines: "Some species can't cope with being released after being caught [on "SMART" drum lines]. For example hammerhead sharks, when caught on hooks get very, very stressed."

On the 17 January 2019 the Environmental Protection Authority of Western Australia determined that the "SMART" drumline trial would have minimal impact on the environment and therefore did not warrant a formal assessment.

Controversy

Prior to 2014, drum lines were only utilised on Australia's eastern coast and in South Africa where the numbers of attacks reduced dramatically. In 2014, the Western Australian government reacted to seven fatal shark attacks in the years 2010-2013 and installed drum lines along around 200 km of its  long coastline (around 1%). The policy has been the subject of national and international protests, coming under fire from marine conservationists and animal welfare advocates and their supporters. The policy is commonly referred to as the Western Australian shark cull. Following a change in the West Australian state government in March 2017, the newly elected Premier Mark McGowan and Fisheries Minister David Kelly have stated that they do not support the previous governments' shark plan. However, in August 2018, following continual shark attacks, the West Australian state government reversed their position and announced a 12-month trial of "SMART" drumlines along Western Australia's South West coast, near Gracetown.

Drum lines have been criticised on animal rights grounds, not only for their negative effect on the environment and the mortality of endangered species, but also for their non-scientific and speciesist approach.

A number of people opposed to the Queensland's shark-killing program have sabotaged various drum lines throughout Queensland to save sharks, despite the risk of being fined.

The current shark mitigation program in Queensland has been criticized by environmentalists, conservationists, and animal rights advocates — they say Queensland's shark mitigation program is unethical and harms the marine ecosystem. Queensland's shark mitigation program has been called "outdated, cruel and ineffective". The government of Queensland currently captures sharks in the Great Barrier Reef using 173 drum lines; in 2018, Humane Society International Australia filed a lawsuit (court challenge) requesting that the drum lines be removed there. The case was heard in the Administrative Appeals Tribunal in January 2019, and in April 2019 the Tribunal ordered that sharks no longer be culled in the Great Barrier Reef based on the evidence that capturing sharks makes no difference to swimmer safety. A trial of non-lethal drumlines in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park is underway.

See also
 Shark attack prevention
 Shark culling
 Shark net

Note

References

Safety equipment
Shark attack prevention


Carsten Herrmann-Pillath (born 24 February 1959 in Dessau, Bezirk Halle) is a German economist, sinologist, and philosopher of economics. He is the professor of Economics and Permanent Fellow at the Max Weber Centre for Advanced Cultural and Social Studies, Erfurt University, Germany.

Contents

Career
After education in economics and classical Chinese studies he received a PhD in economics at the University of Cologne, Germany (1978–1988). Between 1988 and 1992 he was researcher, China desk, at the Federal Institute of East European and International Studies, Cologne. In 1992 he was appointed professor in Chinese economic studies at the Gerhard Mercator University of Duisburg, Germany. Between 1996 and 2008 he was chair of Evolutionary and Institutional Economics and director of the Institute of Comparative Research into Culture and Economy at the Private University of Witten/Herdecke, Germany, where he also founded the Sino-German School of Governance (2005–2010). In 2008, he moved to Frankfurt School of Finance and Management and established the East West Centre for Business Studies and Cultural Science, combined with a Master Program in International Business, as a successor organization of the school. Between 2015 and 2016, he resumed a position as Professor of Economics and Evolutionary Sciences at Witten/Herdecke University. In May 2016, he was appointed Permanent Fellow at the Max Weber Centre. He is distinguished visiting professor of Schwarzman Scholars at Tsinghua University, Beijing.
Herrmann-Pillath is a leading representative of evolutionary economics and Chinese studies in Germany. His research aims at developing a cross-disciplinary theory of the economy which takes account of institutional and cultural embeddedness. Building on modern philosophical resources (ontology, philosophy of language), he approaches economics as a bridging science between the natural sciences and the humanities.

Research
Carsten Herrmann-Pillath contributed widely to the cross-disciplinary foundations of economics, with applications in empirical research and policy design, especially in research on the Chinese economy and international trade policy. His essential philosophical resources are Hegel and Peirce. In the field of evolutionary and ecological economics, he proposes a theory of economic growth that takes the concepts of energy and information as fundamental building blocks. This theory has been expanded to a theory of the technospere as emergent level of Earth system evolution. He proposes a naturalistic theory of institutions, taking money as a central application, which combines modern neuroeconomics and behavioural economics with Masahiko Aoki's theory of institutions. His synthesis is grounded on a semiotic and evolutionary reformulation of neuroeconomics. His institutional theory focuses on the notion of ‘performativity’ and ties up with recent developments in sociology and philosophy (actor-network theory, science and technology studies). In the field of international economics, he proposes the new paradigm of ‘deliberative trade policy’, with applications on the WTO. His long-time research on China has been condensed in a cultural theory of the Chinese economy, that centres on the concept of ‘ritual’. Currently, he works on a ‘critical theory of the economy’.
His long-time research on China has been condensed in a cultural theory of the Chinese economy, that centres on the concept of ‘ritual’.  In his recent work (together with Stephan Bannas) he has suggested the radical transformation of the modern capitalist economy, with key features such as geocentrism, definancialization, the abolition of all forms of limiting personal liability, and a new model of Universal Basic Income.

Important works

Books (selection)
 Foundations of Economic Evolution. A Treatise on the Natural Philosophy of Economics. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham 2013,
 with Ivan Boldyrev, Hegel, Institutions and Economics: Performing the Social, Routledge, Abingdon and New York 2014,
 China's Economic Culture: The Ritual Order of State and Markets, Routledge, Abingdon and New York 2016,
 Herrmann-Pillath, Carsten, Guo Man and Feng Xingyuan (2020): Ritual and Economy in Metropolitan China: A Global Social Science Approach, Routledge.

Academic articles (selection)
 "Evolutionary mechanisms of choice: Hayekian perspectives on neurophilosophical foun-dations of neuroeconomics". Economics and Philosophy, 1–20. 2021.
 with Guo Man, "Interaction ritual chains and religious economy: Explorations on ritual in Shenzhen". Identities, 2021.
 "Power, ideas and culture in the ‘longue durée’ of institutional evolution: Theory and ap-plication on the revolutions of property rights". Russia, Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 29(5), 1483–1506, 2019.
 "From dual systems to dual function: Rethinking methodological foundations of behavioural economics". Economics & Philosophy, 35(3), 403–422. 2019.
 "The Case for a New Discipline: Technosphere Science". Ecological Economics, 149, 212–225, 2018,
 "Constitutive explanations in neuroeconomics: Principles and a case study on money". Journal of Economic Methodology. 23 (4): 374–395. 2016.
 "Fei Xiaotong's comparative theory of Chinese culture: Its relevance for contemporary cross-disciplinary research on Chinese ‘collectivism’". Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies 34(1), 2016, 25–57, http://rauli.cbs.dk/index.php/cjas/article/view/5187

References

External links
 MWK Erfurt:[erfurt.de/max-weber-kolleg/personen/herrmann-pillath/]
 Personal website:
 Blog:
 Social Science Research Network:
 Research Gate:
 Neuroscience:

1959 births
Living people
People from Dessau-Roßlau
People from Bezirk Halle
German economists


Charles Gordon McLeod (27 December 1890 – 16 October 1963) was an English actor. He was born in Market Giffard, Ivybridge, Devon.

His film appearances include Chance of a Lifetime and The Silent Passenger, but he is best known for his recurring appearance as the character Claud Eustace Teal in films such as The Saint Meets the Tiger.

Filmography

 A Smart Set (1919)
 Mixed Doubles (1933)
 Brides to Be (1934)
 Borrow a Million (1934)
 The Case for the Crown (1934)
 Lucky Loser (1934)
 The Primrose Path (1934)
 The Crimson Circle (1936)
 Talk of the Devil (1936)
 Nothing Like Publicity (1936)
 The Frog (1937)
 The Squeaker (1937)
 Victoria the Great (1937)
 Dangerous Medicine (1938)
 I See Ice (1938)
 Double or Quits (1938)
 Lucky to Me (1939)
 Hoots Mon! (1940)
 That's the Ticket (1940)
 Two for Danger (1940)
 This Man Is Dangerous (1941)
 The Prime Minister (1941)
 Banana Ridge (1942)
 We'll Smile Again (1942)
 The Saint Meets the Tiger (1943)
 He Snoops to Conquer (1944)
 I Didn't Do It (1945)
 I'll Be Your Sweetheart (1945)
 Meet Sexton Blake  (1945)
 The Winslow Boy (1948)
 Floodtide (1949)
 Chance of a Lifetime (1950)
 Once a Sinner (1950)
 Four Days (1951)
 A Case for PC 49'' (1951)

References

External links
  9306

1890 births
1961 deaths
English male stage actors
English male film actors
English male television actors
People from Ivybridge
20th-century English male actors
Male actors from Devon


A Case of Exploding Mangoes is a 2008 comic novel by the Pakistani writer Mohammed Hanif. It is based on the 1988 aircraft crash that killed Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, the sixth president of Pakistan.

The book received generally positive reviews from critics. It won the Commonwealth Foundation's Best First Book prize in 2009, and was shortlisted for the Guardian First Book Award.

Plot summary

The central theme of the book is a fictitious story behind the real-life aircraft crash which killed Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, president of Pakistan from 1977 to 1988, about which there are many conspiracy theories. After witnessing a tank parade in Bahawalpur, Pakistan on August 17, 1988, Zia leaves the small Punjabi town in the C-130 Hercules aircraft designated "Pak One," along with several of his senior army officials, the US Ambassador to Pakistan Arnold Raphel, and some crates of mangoes. Shortly after a smooth takeoff, the control tower loses contact with the aircraft. Witnesses who saw the plane in the air later claim it was flying erratically, before nosediving and exploding on impact, killing all 31 on board. Zia had ruled Pakistan for 11 years prior to his death.

Lazy, irreverent Ali Shigri narrates the story. Ali's father, Col. Quli Shigri, has recently died in what was called a suicide, but Ali discovers that his father was killed by a rogue ISI officer, Major Kiyani, under Zia's orders. The story takes place in the months before the plane crash, jumping back and forth between Ali's revenge plans and his third-person observations of Zia's life. Ali attends the Pakistani Air Force Academy with his fellow cadets and their instructors. His best friend is Cadet "Baby O" Obaid, his roommate and lover.

Interspersed between pieces of Ali's narrative are glimpses into the lives of other key Pakistani and American political players: Chief of Pakistani Intelligence General Akhtar Abdur Rahman, American ambassador to Pakistan Arnold Raphel, and President Zia ul-Haq himself. The book also touches on the perspectives of some of Zia's closest confidants.

Over the course of the book, Zia grows ever more suspicious of those in his inner circle until he is driven utterly mad by his own paranoia. Every morning, he asks his chief of security, "Who's trying to kill me?" A devout Muslim, he attends daily prayers, where he weeps loudly (an occurrence to which the other worshippers have become accustomed). He fights with his wife and takes every opportunity to leer at non-Muslim cleavage.

In one subplot, General Zia sentences Zainab, a blind woman, to death by stoning for being the victim of a gang rape. Being blind, she could not identify her attackers, so according to Zia’s sharia court, she has committed adultery. For condemning her, Zainab calls down a curse upon Zia. The curse is picked up by a sugar-obsessed crow. In another subplot, Arnold Raphel holds a Fourth of July party in Islamabad. A young, bearded Saudi known as "OBL" attends. OBL works for Laden and Co. Constructions, making this a clear reference to, and a cameo by, Osama bin Laden.

Ali's revenge plot consists of stabbing Zia in the eye with his under-officer sword, a move he practices daily in secret. But Baby O concocts a new plot to kill Zia by crashing a plane kamikaze-style down on him. He even goes so far as to steal a plane for the job, but in doing so, he accidentally lands Ali in prison at Lahore Fort, a torture center. While there, Ali listens to the screams of his tortured fellow prisoners and talks via a hole in the wall with the "Secretary General" who has been in solitary confinement there for nine years. Ali eventually learns that his own father is the one responsible for turning Lahore Fort into a torture center ("Nice work, Dad," he responds). Meanwhile, Major Kiyani appears on the scene, intending to torture Ali.

A sudden change in ISI command takes place, and Ali is freed in time to avoid torture. Upon his arrival back at the Pakistani Air Force Academy, he learns that he has been chosen as part of the squad that will perform a silent drill salute for Zia. Ali will finally have his opportunity, and he decides to stake his revenge plot on the use of snake venom from Uncle Starchy (launderer for PAF Academy), injected into Zia's hand via Ali's sword. After the silent drill salute, Zia boards the doomed Pak One.

The novel does not confirm whether or not Ali is successful in his attempt to assassinate General Zia. Rather, several alternatives are offered: the curse-carrying crow that crashed into the plane's engines while pursuing the mangoes, an explosive planted in the mangoes by the All Pakistan Sweepers Union in revenge for the death of their general-secretary at the hands of Major Kiyani, or one of Zia's confidants, each with their own secrets and motivations. The book even speculates that it could be the work of the CIA.

Themes

Corruption
General Akhtar Abdul Rehman is the chief of ISI under General Zia. He controlled the tremendously great ISI and falls resentfully to second in importance, command, and control to General Zia ul-Haq. The ISI with its government agent systems and the measure of financing makes General Akhtar an exceptionally well-off and dangerous man. As ISI is in charge of piping the assets and weapons to the Afghan mujahideen, the book indicates that every one of these assets are not given to the mujahideen. The millions are occupied somewhere else, to people with great influence, General Akhtar chief among them.

Global politics
The book explores the seemingly self-contradictory nature of American policy in the Middle East during this time. Much time is spent discussing the joint US-Pakistan effort to support Afghan mujahideen guerilla fighters against Soviet forces in the 1980s. Hanif writes, "Would-be supporters of the jihad against the Soviets were sent cards carrying a picture of a dead Afghan child (caption: Better dead than red)." Readers are reminded that the US enthusiastically collaborated with General Zia to finance, train, and supply the Afghan mujahideen in their insurgency. It was Zia who permitted the shipment of American arms and billions of American dollars to the rebels, and who allowed the border regions of Pakistan to be used as their haven and training base. Hanif highlights the irony in America wanting to purge the world of one type of authoritarianism by cultivating another. By propping up an unhinged dictator like Zia and conspiring with violent radicals, Hanif believes that the U.S. demonstrates that it will manipulate any weaker actor it can into being a pawn in their foreign policy strategy.

Islamism
Throughout the book, Zia remains convinced he is guided by Allah and feels he is receiving ominous messages straight out of the Quran predicting his demise. During his presidency Zia was credited for the Islamization of Pakistan. He was committed to enforcing his interpretation of Nizam-e-Mustafa ("Rule of the prophet" Muhammad), i.e. to establish an Islamic state and enforce sharia law. Hanif depicts this in a negative light to expose the hypocrisies he believes are present in political Islam.

Characters

Fictitious characters
  Under Officer Ali Shigri – protagonist, leader of "Silent Drill Squad" at Pakistan Air Force Academy, Risalpur
  Major Kiyani – ISI officer who pushes Shigri to sign off that his father was a suicide (may be based on 2007-2013 Pakistan Army Chief Ashfaq Pervez Kayani, but not identical—as revealed at the novel's end) and transports Shigri between prisons
 "Secretary General" – prisoner in the cell next to Ali Shigri, who claims to have been the Secretary General of the All Pakistan Sweepers Union back in the beginning of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq's era. His real name is never revealed.
 Under Officer Obaid "Baby O" – Shigri's roommate and lover at Pakistan Air Force Academy, who develops the idea of crashing his plane into an area where Zia is present (in manner of Mathias Rust's flight into Moscow)
 Brigadier TM-Tahir Mirza – bears a slight resemblance to Tariq Mehmood. Dies in a televised parachuting accident.
 Lt. "Loot" Bannon – hash-smoking USAF instructor who develops "Silent Drill"
 "Uncle Starchy" – launderer for PAF Academy, who keeps jars of krait venom which he terms "death nectar"
 Zainab – blind rape-victim whom Zia sentences to death (through stoning) for adultery, and who curses Zia

Real people appearing as characters
 General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq
 Zia's wife, Begum Shafiq Zia
 General Akhtar Abdur Rahman
 General Mirza Aslam Beg
 U.S. Ambassador to Pakistan Arnold Raphel
 Raphel's wife, diplomat Nancy Halliday Ely-Raphel
 CIA Near East & South Asia Division Chief Charles Cogan
 Osama bin Laden
 Romanian dictator Nicolae Ceaușescu
 U.S. political activist Joanne Herring

Reception
The Guardian described the novel as "woven in language as explosive as the mangoes themselves, is wickedly cynical and reveals layers of outrageous – and plausible – corruption." The New York Times, in a review, called the novel "eerie timeliness". The Washington Post concluded its review by attesting that "Hanif has his own story to tell, one that defies expectations at every turn."

Awards and nominations
 Winner of the 2009 Commonwealth Book Prize in the Best First Book category.
 Winner of the 2008 Shakti Bhatt First Book Prize.
 Shortlisted for the 2008 Guardian First Book Award.
 Longlisted for the 2008 Man Booker Prize.

References

2008 novels
Pakistani novels
Political novels
Satirical novels
Fiction set in 1988
Novels set in Pakistan
Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq
Alfred A. Knopf books
English-language novels
Novels by Mohammed Hanif
Aviation novels
2008 debut novels


Gordon "Gordie" McLeod (born 7 November 1956 in Wollongong, New South Wales) is an Australian former professional basketball player and former assistant coach for the Cairns Taipans in the National Basketball League (NBL).

Professional career
McLeod was already known as one of Australia's more talented point guards when the new NBL started in 1979. He joined his home town team the Illawarra Hawks for the inaugural season playing 17 games and averaging 10.1 points per game.

McLeod was appointed captain of the Hawks and would continue to lead the team until the end of the 1982 season. After 82 games in the red and white of Illawarra he would sign with the Sydney Supersonics for 1983. After just one season in Sydney, McLeod would re-join the Hawks from 1984, regaining the club captaincy. His return helped the Hawks make the NBL playoffs for the first time in the club's history. The team lost the Elimination Final 101–108 to the Newcastle Falcons. McLeod had a career best 15.8 points per game during the 1984 NBL season.

The Hawks missed the finals in 1985 but the club made it as far as the semi-finals in 1986 where they lost to eventual champions Adelaide and again in 1987 where they lost a three-game series again to the eventual league champions, the Brisbane Bullets. McLeods own form saw him score 9.1 points per game in 1986 and 12.4 points per game in 1987.

Following the 1988 season, McLeod again left the Illawarra Hawks, this time joining the Hobart Devils. He would play two seasons with the struggling Devils before joining 1990 NBL grand finalist Brisbane for the 1991 season. After the Bullets failed to repeat their 1990 form and failed to make the NBL finals, McLeod retired from playing professional basketball at the age of 34.

International career
McLeod played for the Australian Boomers at the 1978 FIBA World Championship in the Philippines, helping the team to a then best 7th place. He also represented the Boomers at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow where the team finished in 8th position despite the boycott of the games by the gold medal favourite United States.

Coaching career
McLeod started his NBL coaching career with a 2-game stint as player-coach for the Cascade Tassie Devils in 1989 before becoming the first head coach of the West Sydney Razorbacks in 1998. He would lead the team to the 2002 NBL grand final series against the Adelaide 36ers though the Razorbacks would lose the three game series one game to two. He would lead the Razorbacks to a second NBL grand final in the 2003–04 NBL season. In the first ever five game series the Razorbacks would lose to their cross-town rivals the Sydney Kings 2–3 in a close series. After leading by as much as 17 points in the 3rd period and 79–72 with only 3:10 left in the deciding Game 5, the 'Pigs' were overrun by a suddenly red-hot Kings team who scored the last 18 points of the game to win 90–79.

Despite leading them to the Grand Final in 2004, McLeod was not retained by the Razorbacks for the 2004–05 NBL season. He would sign to be the head coach of the league's new Singapore Slingers team for the 2006–07 NBL season, leading them to the NBL playoffs in their first year in the league.

After the Slingers withdrew from the NBL following the 2007–08 season, McLeod was appointed as assistant coach of the Aussie Boomers squad for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing where they finished in 7th place with a 3–3 record.

McLeod re-joined the Wollongong Hawks as head coach for the 2009–10 NBL season, leading the team to a second place regular season finish with a 16–12 record. The Hawks fought their way into their third NBL grand final where they lost one game to two to the Perth Wildcats. McLeod was rewarded for his coaching efforts during the season as he won his first NBL Coach of the Year award.

The Hawks had an injury hit season in 2010–11 and they just missed the playoffs despite a 15–13 record. McLeod finished the year with a career NBL coaching record of 149–173, moving him to 14th in all time coaching career wins.

In June 2014, McLeod re-signed as head coach of the Hawks for a further three years. However, in June 2015, he was released from his contract. The following month, McLeod was hired by the Cairns Taipans as an assistant coach for the 2015–16 season.

References

External links
Eurobasket.com profile

1956 births
Living people
Australian men's basketball players
1978 FIBA World Championship players
Australian Institute of Sport coaches
Basketball players at the 1980 Summer Olympics
National Basketball League (Australia) coaches
Olympic basketball players for Australia
Sportspeople from Wollongong
Basketball players from New South Wales
Point guards


Blind Husbands is a 1919 American drama film written and directed by Erich von Stroheim. The film is an adaptation of the story The Pinnacle by Stroheim.

Plot
A group of holiday-makers arrives at Cortina d'Ampezzo, an Alpine village in the Dolomites. Among them are an American Doctor who does not pay much attention to his wife and an Austrian Lieutenant, who decides to seduce her. He manages to befriend the couple so that, when the Doctor has to leave to help a local physician, he asks the Lieutenant to look after his wife. When the Lieutenant becomes too pressing, she promises to leave with him but asks him to give her more time. During the night, she puts a letter under the door of his bedroom.

The Doctor goes on a climbing expedition with the Lieutenant, who has been bragging about his exploits as a mountaineer. In fact, he is not in very good shape and the Doctor must help him to reach the summit. In the process, the Doctor finds his wife's letter in the pocket of the Lieutenant's jacket, but before he can read it, the Lieutenant throws it away. He asks the Lieutenant whether his wife had promised to leave with him and the Lieutenant gives a positive answer. The Doctor decides to leave him on the summit and starts his descent, despite the Lieutenant now saying that he has been lying because he thought the Doctor would not believe the truth. On his way back, the Doctor finds his wife's letter, in which she had written that she loved only her husband, and asked the Lieutenant not to bother her any longer with his attentions. While pondering whether he should go back to get the Lieutenant, he loses his balance and falls down. When the Doctor is finally saved by soldiers, he asks them to go and help the Lieutenant. Before they can reach him, the Lieutenant, scared by a staring vulture, falls to his death from the precipice.

Cast

Background

Von Stroheim entered the Hollywood film industry in 1914 as an extra and horse handler on the greatest cinematic spectacle of the period, D. W. Griffith’s The Birth of a Nation (1915). Von Stroheim made persistent, but futile efforts to find work with the Griffith production unit after filming was completed.  By chance, he had an encounter with Broadway director John Emerson, impressing him with his sartorial knowledge of formal military dress. This led to a small role in a film adaption of Ibsen’s Ghosts with Mutual Film productions, followed by his first screen-credited feature later that year in Farewell to Thee (1915). Emerson soon enlisted von Stroheim to serve “as an actor, assistant, and technical advisor” on the 1915 production of Old Heidelberg (1915), beginning a two-year professional relationship and “the single most important influence on von Stroheim’s early career.”  Von Stroheim’s fortunes rose with those of Emerson when the producer obtained a contract to direct a number of features starring Douglas Fairbanks.

While working as production manager on an adaption of Shakespeare’s Macbeth for the Triangle Fine Arts studio, von Stroheim was impressed into service as one of several assistant directors on Griffith’s massive production Intolerance (1916). Von Stroheim may have set up a number of shots in this so-called “modern” episode of the epic production.

Though never one of Griffith’s inner circle, von Stroheim's apprenticeship imbued him with the director’s—his obsession with linking settings with his player's character development. The “fussy perfectionism” and attention to detail displayed by von Stroheim in his own films is a legacy of Griffith’s profound influence.

With the United States’ entry into the First World War in 1917 against Germany, the Hollywood studios and distributors became anxious about presenting audiences with “Teutonic” figures. Von Stroheim's name was dropped from cast billings, then he was discharged entirely from Douglas Fairbank’s production company. When the studios turned to pro-American, pro-war, and anti-German propaganda films, opportunities arose for actors who could convincingly portray Prussian military villains. Von Stroheim “took advantage of his looks, name and reputation, and carved out a new career as a professional Hun.”

As an expert in German military uniforms and paraphernalia, Von Stroheim returned to Paramount Pictures to serve as an advisor to D. W. Griffith on Hearts of the World and at Famous Players–Lasky on The Hun Within, both 1918.

When von Stroheim was hired by Universal Studios to star in The Heart of Humanity (1918) opposite Dorothy Phillips, he came prepared to contribute his “eagerness and proficiency” to every aspect of the production. Possessing directorial expertise acquired under Griffith’s influence, Von Stroheim “honestly felt himself to be Griffith’s true heir.” His inflammatory portrayal of Prussian lieutenant Eric von Eberhard, von Stroheim made his screen image notorious to the American public, particularly a scene in which he snatches an infant from its cradle and casts it from a two-story window.

Pre-Production

At the peak of the Spanish Influenza in late 1918, von Stroheim attempted to interest film studios in his script-in-progress entitled The Pinnacle, concerning an American couple and an Austrian Lieutenant in a ménage à trois.

He decided his best prospect for funding would be Carl Laemmle at Universal Studios, where von Stroheim had recently completed the profitable The Heart of Humanity. Laemmle, of German birth and ethnicity, was known to hire German-speaking countrymen, an important consideration for von Stroheim when post-war “anti-German hysteria” briefly persisted in the United States. Unlike other established studios such as Paramount and First National Pictures that often produced elaborate and expensive features with top-rank stars, Laemmle’s vast Universal operation churned out relatively low-budget movies and offered parsimonious contracts for its actors and technicians, ensuring a high turnover.

Considering Universal’s frequent need for experienced staff, Von Stroheim approached Laemmle confident that he could enlist the producer in the project with two enticements: von Stroheim would hand over the story and script, gratis, and waive all wages for directing the picture. The only caveat was $200 per week to star in the film. After a short, intense interview, von Stroheim won the support of the movie mogul. The budget for the film was initially estimated at $25,000, and von Stroheim immediately began casting the production for The Pinnacle on 3 April 1919.

Production

Like Griffith, von Stroheim was averse to hiring theater-trained actors and established screen “stars”, preferring to assemble a stock company from “untrained talent” whom he would mentor to achieve his cinematic goals. Actors Francelia Billington and Sam de Grasse would play the American couple on vacation in the Dolomite Alps, both who had been Mutual players. British actor Gibson Gowland would play the mountain guide, Silent Sepp Innerkofler, and later star as McTeague in von Stroheim’s Greed (1924).  Von Stroheim played the meddling lover Lieutenant Eric Von Steuben.

An indication of Laemmle’s determination to ensure a commercially impressive production, he provided von Stroheim with their top cinematographer Ben Reynolds, and assistant William Daniels, both of whom would serve with the director until he moved to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1924.

By the time shooting of Blind Husbands was completed on 12 June 1919, the costs had far exceeded the initial budget estimate. Combined film stock and advertising expenses had reached over $250,000. As such, Blind Husbands emerged as a critically important project. Universal’s response was to deepen its commitment to the success of the production.

Promotional articles were planted in movie magazines that were careful to counter any residual anti-German prejudices. Von Stroheim's personal character was praised and readers were reminded of his American citizenship—a citizenship he would not possess for almost seven years.  Press releases assured moviegoers that he had relinquished his royal title of Count and dropped the nobiliary particle “von” .

The methods von Stroheim used to extract impressive performances from his actors were effective, but they required immense amounts of raw footage. Key scenes were performed and re-performed again and again until an “ideal” was provoked, often at the price of frustrating the cast and crew. Von Stroheim was then confronted with the task of sifting through this dross-like footage to discover the gems he had elicited on the set.

By mid-summer studio executives, wishing to expedite its release, submitted the partially edited footage to Grant Whytock, who prepared the final cut for distribution. Universal was sanguine about the prospects for a commercially and critically successful film. A press screening elicited fulsome praise for Blind Husbands and director von Stroheim, including one accolade that anointed him “a direct descendant of [D.W] Griffith.”

When the completed film was delivered to Universal’s New York City sales department to arrange distribution in August 1919, Universal’s vice-president, R. H. Cochrane, emphatically rejected the title of the film The Pinnacle. (n.b. The movie’s climax and denouement occur at the top of an alpine peak). Film titles, then strictly within the domain of sales and exhibition personnel, initiated a search for a new title. Von Stroheim, outraged, placed a full-page protest in Motion Picture News, without effect. Blind Husbands opened at Washington’s Rialto Theater on 19 October 1919.

Critical response

In an effort to maximize anticipated profits for Blind Husbands, Universal launched a massive promotional campaign. Nationwide, the picture grossed over $325,000 in receipts during its first year when typical five-reel feature films averaged $55,000.

Universal’s productions, which usually exhibited in less exalted venues, arranged for Blind Husbands to run at New York’s “palatial” Capitol Theater though this required a months-long delay. Blind Husbands inspired fulsome responses from American film critics and “almost without exception” both the director and his cinematic creation were hailed as an advance for the art form.

Agnes Smith of the New York Telegraph wrote:

Theme

Blind Husbands, set amidst a tourist resort in the Austrian Dolomites, opens with the arrival of an upper-middle American couple, Dr. Robert Armstrong and his wife Margaret. The story examines their reaction to the strenuous efforts of an Austrian military officer, Lieutenant Eric von Steuben, to seduce Margaret. Von Stroheim’s characterization of an unscrupulous yet sophisticated sexual predator was a refined variation of his role of “the man you love to hate” that he had cultivated in his post-WWI roles, most recently in Universal’s The Heart of Humanity (1918). Here, however, von Stroheim seeks sexual conquest through low cunning, rather than with psychological terror and physical violence.

The original title of the movie, The Pinnacle, was based on von Stroheim's original screenplay and served as a metaphor that resonated physiologically with the picture’s climax, in which Dr. Armstrong and Lieutenant von Steuben struggle for dominance on a lofty alpine mountain peak. Von Stroheim, outraged at Universal’s substitution of the title with Blind Husbands, provoked a public denunciation from the director, defending The Pinnacle as “a meaningful title, a title that meant everything to the man who created [the film].” The title Blind Husbands invokes the “aristocratic American visitors” and Dr. Armstrong, who “fails to exhibit any signs of romantic affection” towards his attractive wife, a failure that the “lounge lizard” von Steuben expects to exploit. The complacent doctor, preoccupied with his alpine hiking, is slow to discern his wife’s conflicted response to the officer’s advances.

Blind Husbands is the only film in which von Stroheim submits members of America’s leisure class to artistic analysis. This is the same social stratum that the young von Stroheim had serviced as an expert equestrian and a resort guide in Northern California during the years before World War I and before his arrival in Hollywood, a venue where “he seems to have had particular success with the ladies.”

Whereas von Stroheim’s scenario for Blind Husbands required that his “alter ego” suffer a spectacular death, his subsequent autobiographical representations avoid similar fates.

A religious component appears in the film to reinforce the film's central metaphor that culminates in a contest on the “pinnacle”. Informed by von Stroheim’s recent conversion to Catholicism, Blind Husbands’ romantic triangle unfolds during a local celebration of the Gala Peter and the reenactment of Christ’s transfiguration on Mt. Tabor, an unambiguous reference to the film’s central theme.

The most striking element in von Stroheim’s thematic scheme is the presentation of a young married woman who seriously contemplates engaging in an extramarital affair, which constitutes “a daring break with tradition” in cinematic treatments of the topic. The realism that von Stroheim brings to the first encounter among the principal characters establishes the “psychological complexity” of this theme. According to film historian Richard Koszarski:

That the film and its theme arise from von Stroheim’s own life experiences is “beyond question’: the characterization of Lieutenant Eric von Stuben “is a direct projection of von Stroheim himself.”

Accolades
The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
 2002: AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions – Nominated

Survival status
A copy of Blind Husbands is in the Museum of Modern Art film archive and in several other collections.

References

Sources
Gallagher, Cullen et al. 2009. Oh, the Depravity! The Cinema of Erich von Stroheim. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
Higham, Charles. 1973. The Art of the American Film: 1900-1971. Doubleday & Company, Inc. New York. . Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 70-186026.
Koszarski, Richard. 1983. The Man You Loved to Hate: Erich von Stroheim and Hollywood. Oxford University Press.

External links

1919 films
1919 drama films
Silent American drama films
American silent feature films
Films directed by Erich von Stroheim
American black-and-white films
Films set in Austria
Films set in Italy
Films set in the Alps
Mountaineering films
Universal Pictures films
Articles containing video clips
1919 directorial debut films
1910s American films
Silent adventure films


In computer science, a bridging model is an abstract model of a computer which provides a conceptual bridge between the physical implementation of the machine and the abstraction available to a programmer of that machine; in other words, it is intended to provide a common level of understanding between hardware and software engineers.

A successful bridging model is one which can be efficiently implemented in reality and efficiently targeted by programmers; in particular, it should be possible for a compiler to produce good code from a typical high-level language. The term was introduced by Leslie Valiant's 1990 paper A Bridging Model for Parallel Computation, which argued that the strength of the von Neumann model was largely responsible for the success of computing as a whole. The paper goes on to develop the bulk synchronous parallel model as an analogous model for parallel computing.

References

Computer architecture
Theoretical computer science

fa:مدل پل زدن


Pilgrim Pictures is the name of two production companies, one from the mid 20th century and one from the 21st century.

Mid 20th century
Chance of a Lifetime (1950)
Private Angelo (1949)
The Guinea Pig (1948)
Damaged Hearts (1924)

Late 20th century
The Pilgrims (2009)
Driven (1994) (TV)

External links
IMDB entry for Pilgrim Pictures

Film production companies of the United Kingdom


The 1985 European Junior Swimming Championships were held from July 25 to July 28, 1985, in Geneva, Switzerland.

Medal table

Medal summary

Boy's events

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| 100 m freestyle

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| 200 m freestyle

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| 400 m freestyle

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| 1500 m freestyle

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| 100 m backstroke

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| 200 m backstroke

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| 100 m breaststroke

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| 200 m breaststroke

|-
| 100 m butterfly

|-
| 200 m butterfly

|-
| 200 m individual medley

|-
| 400 m individual medley

|-
| 4 × 100 m freestyle relay

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| 4 × 200 m freestyle relay

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| 4 × 100 m medley relay

|}

Girl's events

|-
| 100 m freestyle

|-
| 200 m freestyle

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| 400 m freestyle

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| 800 m freestyle

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| 100 m backstroke

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| 200 m backstroke

|-
| 100 m breaststroke

|-
| 200 m breaststroke

|-
| 100 m butterfly

|-
| 200 m butterfly

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| 200 m individual medley

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| 400 m individual medley

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| 4 × 100 m freestyle relay

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| 4 × 200 m freestyle relay

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| 4 × 100 m medley relay

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J
S
European Junior Swimming Championships
S
Swimming competitions in Switzerland
Swimming
Sports competitions in Geneva
July 1985 sports events in Europe


Eugène Vaulot (1 June 1923 – 2 May 1945) was a Frenchman with the rank of Unterscharführer in the Waffen-SS during World War II, who was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross.

Life
Eugene Vaulot was born in Paris in 1923. He trained to be a "plumber-heating" technician, then volunteered to join the Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism (LVF) in 1941 and fought on the Eastern Front. In 1942–43, he served with the 1st company. He was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class before being partially disabled from wounds which forced him to leave the L.V.F. in 1943 with the rank of Obergefreiter.

In 1944 he volunteered for service with the German Navy (Kriegsmarine) and served with the 6th Company, 28th Schiffstammabteilung. In September 1944, a new unit, the Waffen-Grenadier-Brigade der SS "Charlemagne", was formed out of the remnants of the LVF and the French Sturmbrigade. Vaulot transferred to this new formation with the rank of Waffen-Unterscharführer. Joining him were French collaborators fleeing the Allied advance in the west, as well as Frenchmen from the German Navy, the National Socialist Motor Corps (NSKK), the Organisation Todt and the Milice security police.

In February 1945, the unit was officially upgraded to a division and renamed 33rd Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS Charlemagne (1st French) (französische Nr.1). At this time it had a strength of 7,340 men. The Charlemagne Division was sent to fight the Red Army in Poland, but on 25 February it was attacked at Hammerstein (present day Czarne) in Pomerania, by troops of the Soviet 1st Belorussian Front. The Soviet forces split the French force into three pockets. One group commanded by SS-Brigadeführer Gustav Krukenberg survived. It was evacuated from the coast by the German Navy to Denmark and later sent to Neustrelitz for refitting; Vaulot was part of this third group. He was awarded the Iron Cross 1st Class for "distinguishing himself" in combat.

Berlin, 1945
In April 1945, about 350 men volunteered to go to fight in the Battle of Berlin in a unit which became known as Sturmbataillon Charlemagne. Vaulot went with the group to Berlin. During the fighting, Vaulot destroyed two tanks in the Neukölln sector. Then on 28 April, the Red Army started a full-scale offensive into the central sector. Fighting was intense; the Sturmbataillon Charlemagne was in the center of the battle zone around the Reich Chancellery. Vaulot destroyed six more tanks by Panzerfaust near the Führerbunker. He was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross by SS-Brigadeführer Krukenberg on 29 April. Vaulot was killed three days later in the early hours of 2 May by a Red Army sniper.

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

Further reading

1923 births
1945 deaths
Military personnel from Paris
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
SS non-commissioned officers
French Waffen-SS personnel killed in action
Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism personnel killed in action
Deaths by firearm in Germany


William Archer  (6 May 1830 (1827?) – 14 August 1897) was an Irish naturalist and microscopist especially interested in Protozoa and Desmids.

Life
He was born in Magherahamlet, County Down, the eldest son of Rev Richard Archer, vicar of Clonduff in Ireland.

He was one of the twelve founder (1849) members of the Dublin Microscopical Club. Between 1858 and 1885 he wrote over 230 scientific papers in the Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, Proceedings of the Natural History Society of Dublin, the vast majority are short notes on desmids collected in Ireland. Sometimes the same article was published in two or more journals.

He was a Member of the Dublin University Zoological Association and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1875.

He was appointed Librarian of the National Library of Ireland from 1877 to 1895.

References

Further reading
Anon, 1898 Proc. Roy. Soc., Vol. 62 (1897 - 1898) Obituary.
Anon? 1897 . Irish Naturalist 6, 253 Portrait
Prescott G.W., 1984 Bibliographia Desmidiacearum Universalis (A Contribution to a Bibliography of Desmid Systematics, Biology and Ecology from 1774-1982). Koeltz Scientific Books, Koenigstein. 612 pp. Full list of papers on desmids.

External links
NBG

19th-century births
1897 deaths
Irish naturalists
Irish librarians
Fellows of the Royal Society


Pogmoor is an area of Barnsley in South Yorkshire, England. It is located to the west of the town centre, just north of junction 37 of the M1 motorway.

As a centrally located suburb, situated close to the town centre, it is considered to be an affluent residential neighbourhood of Barnsley.

Pogmoor Area Residents’ Association
Pogmoor Area Residents’ Association was formed on 14 June 2011, after a group of residents was successful in a campaign to stop a proposed planning application relating to land on West Road, Pogmoor.

They now run occasional coffee mornings that are usually well-attended with around 20 to 50 people present. Every September the Association holds an event to contribute to Macmillan's world's largest coffee morning, in which it raises hundreds of pounds for charity each time.

The Association undertakes environmental projects locally.  The largest of these is the transformation of the field behind Cresswell Street into a park.  Phase 1 of this was completed in 2012, when 34 mature trees were planted along the West Road boundary along with a wild flower meadow covering the ‘unsightly’ mound that prevented vehicular access to the site. A bid is being submitted in November, 2013 to fund phase 2, which will provide an avenue of 60 mature trees along the Royston Lead boundary plus a community orchard between the avenue and the allotments.

Local parks
 Blackburn Lane - Located next to the junction of Pogmoor Road and Gawber Road, next to the top of Blackburn Lane. This park has a children's play area suitable for ages up to 11 years old.
 Penny Pie Park - Located next to the junction of Pogmoor Road and Dodworth Road (A628).
 Pogmoor Recreation Ground - Located off Pogmoor Road, and can be access via Glendale Close which leads to its car park and also by foot via St Owens Drive. This park has a free small car park and the park contains a football pitch, which is the home of local football team AFC Pogmoor.
 Sugdens Recreation Ground - Located off Stocks Lane and Winter Road. It has a car park which can be accessed via Stocks Lane, and can be also accessed by foot through Winter Road, Cresswell Street, and West Road. This park contains a car park, Multi use games area (Football, Basketball, Cricket), Bowling Green, and a children's play area suitable for ages up to 11 years old.

References

External links

Geography of Barnsley


is a Japanese retired footballer.

Club career

Avispa Fukuoka
In June 2018, FC Tokyo loaned Yoshimoto to Avispa Fukuoka.

Shimizu S-Pulse
In July 2019, Yoshimoto signed with Shimizu S-Pulse. He retired in December 2020.

Club statistics
Updated to end of 2018 season.

Reserves performance

Last Updated: 3 March 2019

National team career statistics

Appearances in major competitions

References

External links
Profile at FC Tokyo

1988 births
Living people
Association football people from Tokyo Metropolis
People from Kodaira, Tokyo
Japanese men's footballers
J1 League players
J2 League players
J3 League players
FC Tokyo players
FC Tokyo U-23 players
FC Gifu players
Mito HollyHock players
Avispa Fukuoka players
Shimizu S-Pulse players
Men's association football defenders


Erythrina caffra, the coast coral tree or African coral tree, is a tree native to southeastern Africa, which is often cultivated and has introduced populations in California and India.  All the 17 species of coral tree in the genus Erythrina are collectively considered the official tree of Los Angeles, California in the United States.

Description

Erythrina caffra is a medium to large deciduous tree. It grows in coastal bushes and riverine forests along the southeastern coast of South Africa and up into Zululand.

Leaves

The compound leaves are made up of three leaflets. Each leaflet is broadly ovate to elliptical. The leaflets do not have prickles and are hairless.

Flowers

The flowers are made up of a main petal and four small petals. The main petal curves back to expose the stamens. The flower colour is warm red to scarlet. This is one of the main differences between Erythrina caffra and Erythrina lysistemon. The flowers form stalked axillary racemes up to 100mm long.

Trunk

The bark on the plant or tree is relatively smooth with intermittent thorns, and the thorns tend to be sharper on younger branches.

Gallery

References

External links

caffra


is a Japanese football player currently playing for V-Varen Nagasaki.

Club statistics
Updated to 1 March 2019.

References

External links

1989 births
Living people
Association football people from Saitama Prefecture
Japanese men's footballers
J1 League players
J2 League players
FC Tokyo players
Cerezo Osaka players
Shonan Bellmare players
Fagiano Okayama players
V-Varen Nagasaki players
Men's association football midfielders