Deed from the Five Nations to the King, of their Beaver Hunting Ground, more commonly known as the Nanfan Treaty, was an agreement made between the representatives of the Iroquois Confederacy with John Nanfan, the acting colonial governor of New York, on behalf of The Crown. The treaty was conducted in Albany, New York, on July 19, 1701, and amended by both parties on September 14, 1726.

The Five Nations (which became the 'Six Nations' after 1720) granted "after mature deliberation out of a deep sense of the many Royal favours extended to us by the present great Monarch of England King William the Third" the title to a vast area of land, covering significant portions of the present-day Midwestern United States and southern Ontario that they had claimed as a hunting ground, as far west as 'Quadoge' (now Chicago), by right of conquest during the later Beaver Wars of the 17th century.

As the vast majority of the Beaver Hunting Grounds described in the Nanfan Treaty were also claimed by New France or its Algonquian Indian allies, the French did not recognize the treaty (it did recognize Iroquois suzerainty to the British crown in the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht) and the English made no real attempt to settle these parts for the time being. In the amended agreement 25 years later, the strip of land 60 miles wide adjoining Lakes Erie and Ontario, starting at Sandusky Creek, was reserved for continued Six Nations occupation and use, with the permission of its owner under the 1701 agreement, the King of Great Britain.

A copy of the treaty, containing the totem images of more than a dozen Iroquois chiefs, is part of the collections of the British National Archives.

See also
 Ohio Country

References

Other sources
"Deed from the Five Nations to the King, of their Beaver Hunting Ground," in A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774–1875
Copy of the Nanfan Treaty

Iroquois
Treaties of indigenous peoples of North America
Treaties of the Kingdom of Great Britain
1701 treaties
1701 in New France
1701 in the Thirteen Colonies
Native American history of Illinois
Native American history of Indiana
Native American history of Michigan
Native American history of New York (state)
Native American history of Ohio
Native American history of Pennsylvania
First Nations history in Ontario
First Nations history in Quebec
Louisiana (New France)
Northwest Territory
History of the Midwestern United States
Collection of The National Archives (United Kingdom)


Liu Zhennian () (1898 in Nangong, Hebei, China - May 13, 1935) was a Chinese military commander during the Warlord Era and Nanjing decade in the history of the Republic of China.

Liu graduated from the Baoding Military Academy and served as a regimental and brigade commander under the warlords Li Jinglin, Chu Yupu, and Zhang Zongchang.  After the defeat of Zhang Zongchang, Liu switched sides and his forces were absorbed by the Kuomintang.  He captured and killed his former patron Chu Yupu on 4 September 1929.  Subsequently, Liu was appointed commander of the 21st Division in 1930.

Having eastern Shandong as his defense area, he became known as the "King of Shandong East" and was unpopular for levying heavy taxes.  In autumn 1932, he was attacked and evicted from Shandong by its governor Han Fuju because Liu had refused to obey his orders.  After his defeat, Nanjing transferred him and his 21st Division south to Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province at the end of 1932.  There his troops, removed from their familiar surroundings, suffered from sickness and became mutinous.  Despite his appeal to Chiang Kai-shek in January 1933, his Division was sent to participate in the Fourth Encirclement Campaign against Jiangxi Soviet in Jiangxi Province.  He soon resigned from the army, but was arrested in May by Li Duping for disobeying Chiang's order to attack the Chinese Red Army and was executed as a consequence in 1935.

References

brief biography from rulers.org
The Generals of WWII; Generals from China; Biography of Major-General Liu Zhennian
 陈贤庆(Chen Xianqing), 民国军阀派系谈 (The Republic of China warlord cliques discussed), 2007 revised edition

Republic of China warlords from Hebei
Politicians from Xingtai
1898 births
1935 deaths
Executed Republic of China people


VT5 or variant, may refer to:

Places
 Vermont's 5th congressional district (VT 5), Vermont, USA
 Vermont Route 5 (VT-5), Vermont, USA
 Viitostie 5 (Vt5), Finnish national road 5, Finland; see List of highways numbered 5

Military
 VT-5 tank, a Chinese light tank
 VFA-14, formerly VT-5, a U.S. Navy fighter attack squadron based at Naval Air Station Lemoore, California
 VA-55 (U.S. Navy), formerly Torpedo Squadron VT-5, an attack squadron 1943–1975
 VT-5, a U.S. Navy training squadron based at Saufley Field, Florida; disestablished 1976

See also

 VTS (disambiguation)
 VT-55 (disambiguation)


Operation Sea Signal was a United States Department of Defense operation in the Caribbean in response to an influx of Cuban and Haitian migrants attempting to gain asylum in the United States. As a result, the migrants became refugees at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base. The operation took place from May 1992 to February 1996 under Joint Task Force 160. The task force processed over 50,000 refugees as part of the operation. The U.S. Coast Guard and U.S. Navy rescued refugees from the sea and other migrants attempted to cross the landmine field that then separated the U.S. and Cuban military areas. Soldiers, Airmen, and Marines provided refugee camp security at Guantanamo Bay, and ship security on board the Coast Guard cutters. This mass exodus led to the U.S. immigration implementation of the Wet Feet Dry Feet Policy. The mass Cuban exodus of 1994 was similar to the Mariel boat lift in 1980.

Background
As economic, political, and social problems continued in Cuba many citizens were looking to the United States for better opportunities. These problems led to several demonstration across Cuba in early 1994. In response to anti-government demonstrations in Havana on August 5, 1994, Fidel Castro threatened to allow a mass exodus to the United States. A few days later Castro ordered his security forces not to interfere with anyone trying to leave. Almost immediately a wave of boat people known as Balseros, set out in home made rafts, boats, and inner-tubes to try to reach the United States. These devices were hastily made, overcrowded, and lacked enough food and water for the trip. The United States Military set out to help save the lives of the Balseros, and provide safety and security for them at the U.S. military base at Guantanamo Bay. Upon finding the Balseros they were rescued and boarded unto U.S. Navy, and U.S. Coast Guard vessels. Many of the boat people were already suffering from heat injuries, and many had no food or fresh water. Several young boys and girls under the age of 10 were found floating alone on inner-tubes. The children talked of their mothers or fathers being taken by sharks during the voyage. Several refugees died during the journey and numerous rafts were found completely empty or broken into several pieces. Many of the boats that had engines were out of fuel and were floating in the current.

Operations
Early in the operation migrants were being transported to Key West, Florida. However, as the exodus did not abate, preparations began to quickly accommodate the large influx of migrants to the base at Guantanamo. Military dependents were sent back to the United States not only for security, but also to help alleviate the water shortages that would plague the base during the course of the Operation. Tent cities were constructed by military personnel at several sites across the windward side of the base, including Camp Alpha, Camp Bravo. Camp Golf, and Camp X-Ray. The base golf course and the McCalla airfield on the windward side were also reutilized as refugee holding camps. First established for Operation Sea Signal, notably Camp X-Ray, were reopened after the September 11 terrorist attacks to form the basis of the Guantanamo Bay detention camp.

Camp conditions were challenging due to high heat conditions, water shortages, lack of restroom facilities, and large amounts of trash. The camps were secured using fences constructed of concertina wire covered in netting and were surrounded by portable light generators. Refugees lived in tents, and slept on military issue cots. Portable restrooms were located throughout the camp, and Navy Seabees constructed concrete shower facilities within the camps. Camp security included interior camp patrols, exterior camp patrols, and fixed exterior towers.

Refugees were assigned to specific camps for several different reasons. Cuban and Haitian camps were separated from each other. There were specific camps for intact families, camps for single men, and separate camps for unaccompanied minors. There were not enough unaccompanied single women to fill an entire camp, but the camps often had tents that were set aside for only them. There was also a camp located at Camp X-Ray for refugees who committed various crimes while at Guantanamo Bay. Originally there was a combined camp for all single Men and Women, however due to several problems that arose from these combined living conditions the two groups were separated.

Camp living conditions improved on a daily basis throughout the operation. All day long you could view camp soccer matches, with many different teams within each camp. In the beginning of the mission U.S. Humanitarian rations were distributed as the main meals, and then military style chow halls were added to the camps. August/September 1994 Haitian migrants rioted in protest of the plain white rice they were given to eat three times a day. The riots got violent causing many injuries to military personnel. Military personnel brought riot control gear to the deployment but were not allowed to use it as the US Army deemed the situation a humanitarian effort. Rioters threw rocks, tent poles and glass bottles of Gerber baby food during the uprisings. Meat and flavoring were added to the rice at that point. Rioting resumed after several weeks of calmness when it was purported to Haitian refugees by a news organization that the Cuban refugees on the other side of the base were being given money for being detained and Haitians were not. Artwork was constantly being created by the refugees, and the art work was displayed for the refugees, and the U.S. military to view. Several of the drawings and painting depicted the refugees travels across the Ocean, with several depictions of shark attacks.

All refugees were interviewed and screened by U.S. immigration personal deployed to the base for operations. Haitian refugees were repatriated and returned to their country under a joint agreement between Haiti and the United States. Following an agreement between the U.S. and Cuban governments exodus was once again prevented by Cuba. The Cuban refugees were allowed entry into the United States, and the camps were removed and the base returned to normal conditions.

United States military forces
United States Army

1st Battalion, 12th Infantry Regiment of the 4th Infantry Division deployed to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba from 29 August 1994 - 25 February 1995 in support of Joint Task Force 160 to provide refugee camp security at Camp Alpha, Camp Bravo, Camp Golf, Camp Mike, Camp Quebec, Camp Romeo, Camp Sierra, and Camp X-Ray. This unit also served as a quick reaction force to quell any refugee uprisings, built refugee housing camp facilities, escorting refugees for medical treatment, repatriation of Haitian refugees, distribution of food and supplies, and main base security. The Regiment was housed in a tent city located on the football field of the W.T. Sampson High School. Awards for participation in Joint Task Force 160 include the Humanitarian Service Medal, and the Joint Meritorious Unit Award.

9th Infantry Regimental Combat Team (L), 7th Infantry Division (L) Fort Ord, California and Fort Lewis, Washington. 2–9, "Manchus" along with augmentation from the 79th Forward Support Battalion and the 13th Engineer Company, deployed from Ft. Lewis to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba in support of Operation Sea Signal where they provided security and humanitarian assistance. Task Force 3rd Manchu as they became known returned to Ft. Lewis in June 1995. December 1994 to May 1995: C Company 3/9 was sent to Panama for operation joint task force - "Safe Haven" Cuban migrant humanitarian relief to support the 92D military police battalion
 1st Battalion, 3rd ADA, 4th Infantry Division, Fort Carson, Colorado. 1-3 ADA with attached Alpha and Charlie Companies of the 299th Engineer Battalion deployed in early February 1995 to Guantanamo Bay to assist in the construction of four camps (Alpha, Bravo, Charlie, and Delta) on Radio Range near the southeast corner of the naval base. subsequently TF 1-3 ADA received Cuban refugees from Panama and McCalla Camps then secured and administered the new camps through the unit's redeployment to Fort Carson on 19 July.  In early March 1995 TF1-3 ADA was enlarged with the attachment of the 366th Security Police Company (USAF) which assumed the internal security mission for Camp Bravo.
2nd Battalion, 2nd ADA (31st ADA Bde, Ft Hood TX), was tasked with quick reaction force and external security at Camp Xray
2nd Armored Division, 1-66th Armor, Fort Hood, Texas
Delta Battery, 2nd Battalion, 5th ADA, 31st Air Defense Brigade, Fort Hood
411th Civil Affairs Battalion (Tactical)
ARFOR 161
75th Field Artillery Brigade
 5th Battalion, 18th Field Artillery Regiment
 1st Battalion, 17th Field Artillery Regiment
89th Military Police Brigade, Fort Hood June - November 1994.
209th Military Police Company, Ft. McClellan Alabama. August 1994 - February 1995 Camp Romeo and Camp Tango
293rd Military Police Company, Ft. Stewart, Georgia. September 1994 through January 1995. Camps India, Kilo and Lima, Mag 110, Mag 291.
65th Military Police Company (Airborne), Ft. Bragg, North Carolina. August 1994 through December 1994. Multiple Camps
977th Military Police Company, Ft. Riley, Kansas. January 1995 through July 1995. Camps Kilo, Mike & X-Ray
300th MP Company, Ft. Leonard Wood, Missouri, September 5, 1994 - February 1, 1995. Integral to the operation.
293rd MP Co, Ft Meade, Oct 91 to Feb 92
463rd Military Police Company, Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri February 1995 - August 1995. Camp X-Ray
571st Military Police Company, Fort Lewis WA, November 1, 1993 - April 1, 1994 Camp Mike.
13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary)
The 43rd Sustainment Brigade is a U.S. Army Forces Command combat service support unit stationed at Fort Carson, Colorado.
 553rd Corps Support Battalion at Fort Hood
 24th Quartermaster Company, Fort Lewis WA, March 1995 - August 1995. Food, fuel, clean water, generators and water pumps. Moving 2+ Barges of food a week into warehouses on McCalla Hill and then onto trucks for distro to the camps.
C Company, 61st Area Support Medical Battalion, Ft Hood TX

United States Marine Corps
Marine Barracks Ground Defense/Security Force was re-designated in 2000 as Marine Corps Security Force Company.
2nd Battalion 4th Marines participated in Operation Sea Signal, augmented by 1st Battalion 8th Marines Weapons Company. During this deployment, over 2,500 Haitian immigrants were processed aboard the USNS Comfort (T-AH-20), CMV Ivan Franco, and CMV Griuzy. 2/4 also provided security for refugee camps aboard the U.S. Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba during this operation.
1st Battalion 2nd Marines participated from August - November 1994
2nd Battalion 25th Marines participation from September - October 1994
2nd Battalion 24th Marines participation from October - November 1994
1st Battalion 6th Marines
2nd Battalion 6th Marines
3rd Battalion 6th Marines January - March 1995
1st Battalion 23rd Marines
3rd Battalion 2nd Marines July - October 1995
2nd Marine Aircraft Wing 1995
8th Marine Regiment- Headquarters Co., August - December 1994
 4th Civil Affairs Group September - October 1994
MARFOR 160
Task Force 167
2nd Tank Btln TOW Platoon July - October 1994

United States Coast Guard
USCGC Courageous (WMEC-622) First Vessel On-scene
USCGC Gallatin (WHEC-721)
USCGC Boutwell (WHEC-719)
USCGC Tampa (WMEC-902)
USCGC Forward (WMEC-911)

United States Navy
USS Whidbey Island LSD-41 In August 1994, Whidbey Island rescued and transported over 8,100 Cuban migrants from the Straits of Florida.
USNS Comfort (T-AH-20) Comfort was ordered to activation to serve as migrant processing center for Haitian migrants. During this mission, Comfort served as the first afloat migrant processing center. She set out for the Caribbean with a crew of 928 military and civilian personnel from various federal government and international agencies. On June 16, 1994, the first Haitian migrants were taken aboard. Over the months deployed, the population on board swelled to 1,100. Shortly after, Comfort was ordered to discontinue processing and sailed for Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, Cuba to drop off its remaining 400 migrants.
USS Klakring (FFG-42) from Charleston, S.C. transports Cubans, who were picked up at sea, to the Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay August 1994.
Naval Mobile Construction Battalion 74- Deployed to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba in June, 1994.
Naval Mobile Construction Battalion 4- deployed to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, Grand Turk Island and Panama in support of Operation Sea Signal to construct facilities for 20,000 Cuban migrants. The 35 million dollar quality of life improvement program consisted of two cities on 125 and 150-acre (0.61 km2) sites. Work included constructing 1,341 strong back tents, building 67 concrete block buildings, installing over 17 miles (27 km) of underground piping and 53 miles (85 km) of electrical cable and placing 11,700 cubic yards (8,900 m3) of concrete.
USS Ashland (LSD 48)
NAVFOR 165
Task Force 165

United States Air Force
6th Air Transportable Hospital (ATH) was deployed from the 6th Medical Group (MacDill Air Force Base, Florida) in July 1994
59th Air Transportable Hospital (ATH) was deployed from the Wilford Hall U.S. Air Force Medical Center (Lackland Air Force Base, Texas) in August 1994.
141st Resource Management Squadron
81st Medical Group was deployed from Keesler AFB Medical Center starting in August 1994.
21st Airlift Squadron
21st Security Police Squadron (13-man team plus three K9 handlers; Peterson Air Force Base)
22d Security Police Squadron (McConnell AFB, Kansas)
781st Security Police Squadron
60th Security Police Squadron (Travis Air Force Base)
314th Services Squadron (Little Rock Air Force Base, Arkansas)
50th Airlift Squadron (Little Rock Air Force Base, Arkansas)
5th Combat Communications Group (Robins Air Force Base, Georgia)
99th Security Police Squadron, Law Enforcement Element (Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada)
436th APMF (aug 1995)
5th Civil Engineer Squadron (Minot Air Force Base) North Dakota
7th Civil Engineer Squadron (Dyess Air Force Base) Texas
1st Civil Engineering Squadron (Langley Air Force Base) Virginia
347 Security Police Squadron (Moody Air Force Base) Georgia
176th Medical Group (1 RN; Kulis Air National Guard Base, Anchorage Alaska)
95th Security Police Squadron, 44 person Law Enforcement Team (Edwards AFB, California) was the final United States Air Force Security Police unit to perform security duties at the McCalla Hangar and the original Camp X-ray. Upon completion of their mission in summer 1995, the mission was turned over to U.S. Marine Corps personnel.

Other
Joint Task Force Comfort
Joint Task Force Services Group
Joint Logistics Support Group
Joint Task Group Bulkeley
Joint Task Force GTMO
Headquarters, Joint Task Force 160
American Red Cross

Operations Safe Haven and Safe Passage
These operations by the United States Joint Task Force 160 (September 8, 1994 – March 15, 1995)  to relieve the overcrowded migrant camps at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base.

Safe Haven established four camps on Empire Range, Panama to provide a safe haven for up to ten thousand Cuban migrants. Safe Passage then returned the migrants to Guantanamo after the crowded conditions could be alleviated. Camps were established in Panama as a result of an agreement between the US and Panamanian governments that permitted the Cubans to remain in Panama for six months. Cuban migrants continued to arrive until the camps reached their peak occupancy of 8,600. Of these 8,600, approximately 1,280 Cubans entered the United States in mid-October 1994 as a result of a program of parole entry by the US Department of Justice. In addition, 110 Cubans were accepted by Spain, and 10 by Venezuela.

Due in part to uncertainty about their future, some of the Cuban migrants became increasingly restless as the weeks went by. The growing tension led to disturbances and riots on December 7–8, 1994, which were quickly controlled by US military members. During the riots, more than 200 US military personnel and 30 Cubans were injured and two Cuban migrants drowned in the Panama Canal while attempting to flee from the camps. There was also considerable property damage, including the destruction of various military vehicles, computers, and telephones.

As the expiration of the US-Panamanian agreement permitting the Cubans to stay in Panama approached, planning began for Operation Safe Passage—the return of the Cubans to Guantanamo Bay Naval Facility. Between February 1, 1995, and February 20, 1995, several hundred Cubans were transported from Panama to Guantanamo Naval Base. The mission of the transfer operation was to move the Cuban migrants from Safe Haven camps in Panama to Guantanamo in a safe, orderly manner.

The 299th Engineer Battalion and the 1st Battalion, 3rd Air Defense Artillery Regiment, 4th ID, Fort Carson, Colorado was also part of Operation Sea Signal and JTF 160 from January 1995 - June 1995.

Joint Meritorious Unit Award
Citation to accompany the award of the Joint Meritorious Unit Award to the Joint Task Force 160 (23 June 1995) General John Shalikashvili, USA, Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff

The Joint Task Force 160, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, distinguished itself by exceptionally meritorious achievement from 20 May 1994 to 19 May 1995. During this period, the soldiers, sailors, Marines, airmen, and coast guardsmen of the Joint Task Force 160 provided emergency temporary humanitarian assistance to both Cuban and Haitian migrants under extraordinary circumstances that involved international interest. The Joint Task Force interdicted on the high seas, transported and off loaded over 50,000 Caribbean migrants from Coast Guard and Navy vessels, and provided shelter, security, nourishment, and medical attention. It also coordinated multi-agency operations at various centers throughout the Caribbean to identify, process, and transport Cuban and Haitian migrants to the United States safe haven locations, and back to Haiti or Cuba. With empathy and dedication to duty the Joint Task Force professionally aided large numbers of migrants during periods of extreme tension, while simultaneously serving US immigration interests and furthering US national policy. These difficult and complex tasks were accomplished in a superior fashion over many months despite political and legal controversy, limited logistical support, overwhelming numbers of migrants and the extraordinary nature of this non-doctrinal mission. By their exemplary performance of duty, the members of Joint Task Force 160 have brought great credit upon themselves and the Department of Defense.

Notes

References

1994 CUBAN EXODUS REMEMBERED

Humanitarian military operations
20th-century history of the United States Army
Non-combat military operations involving the United States


Training Squadron Six (VT-6) or TRARON SIX, known as the Shooters, callsign "Shooter", is a United States Navy primary training squadron stationed at Naval Air Station Whiting Field flying the T-6B Texan. The Shooters are one of five primary training squadrons in operation today.

History

On July 1, 1956, Multi-Engine Training Group (METG) was established at NAS Pensacola. At the time, student aviators would receive primary training in the T-34B and intermediate training in the T-28B/C. On May 1, 1960, METG was redesignated into Training Squadron 6 (VT-6) as a primary squadron stationed aboard NAS Whiting Field in Milton, FL, flying the TC-45. At the time VT-6 provided primary and intermediate flight training for students, as well as advanced flight training for students in the rotary and lighter-than-air pipeline. During the T-28 era, VT-6 functioned as a complete training squadron, primary to advanced. With the introduction of the T-34C and T-6B, the mission of VT-6 shifted to only primary training. Since that time, VT-6 has served as one of five primary training squadrons in the Navy, responsible for initial training of Student Naval Aviators.

Awards

 Chief of Naval Operations Aviation Safety Award, 2005, 2013

See also
Naval aviation
Student Naval Aviator
U.S. Navy Training Squadrons
Training Air Wing Five
Naval Air Training Command

References

External links

VT-6


The Estonian Air Force had more than 130 aircraft in the middle of the 1930s. Estonian engineers had previously designed and constructed several trainer and light fighter aircraft types, of which the most famous is the PTO-4 which entered service in 1938 as a military training aircraft.

Before the Soviet occupation, Estonia had placed an order for 12 Supermarine Spitfire fighters and 2 Westland Lysander aircraft from Britain, and was also seeking to purchase 12 Messerschmitt 109 fighters from Germany. Deliveries were interrupted by the start of World War II and the Spitfires later served in the Royal Air Force.

Aircraft

This is a list of aircraft formerly used by the Estonian Õhukaitse:

Reconnaissance aircraft
Halberstadt CL.IV: 4
Halberstadt C.V: 5
RAF BE2e: 2
Shchetinin M-16: 1
Farman HF.30: 1
DFW C.V: 4
AGO C.IV: 1
FBA Type H: 1
Friedrichshafen FF.41AT: 1
Letov Šmolík 228E: 4
Henschel Hs 126B-1: 5
Short 184: 6
Lebedev 12: 1

Trainer aircraft
Avro 504K: 12
Avro 504R: 12
Avro 594 Avian: 6
Avro 626 Prefect: 4
Avro Anson: 1
PN-3: 1
PTO-4: 6
Hanriot HD.14: 2
PON-1A: 4
Miles Magister: 1

Jet Trainer aircraft
Aero L-39 Albatros

Fighter aircraft
Sopwith Camel 2F1: 1
Nieuport 17: 2
Nieuport 21: 1
Nieuport 23: 1
Nieuport 24bis: 3
Gourdou-Leseurre GL-22: 15
Grigorovich M-11: 1
SPAD S.VII: 2
Bristol Bulldog Mk.II: 12
Siskin IIIDC: 2

Bomber aircraft
RAF RE8: 8
Potez 25 A.2: 9
Hawker Hart: 8
Airco DH.9: 13

Multi-role aircraft
Sopwith 1½ Strutter: 1

Flying Boat
Norman Thompson NT2B: 2

See also
 Military of Estonia
 List of active Estonian Air Force aircraft

Notes and references

 Gerdessen, Frederik "Estonian Air Power 1918 - 1945". Air Enthusiast No 18, April  - July 1982. Pages 61–76. ISSN 0143-5450.
 Humberstone, Richard. Estonian Air Force, 1918-1940 (Insignia Air Force Special No.3). London: Blue Rider Publishing, 1999.
 Gerdessen, Frederik; Kitvel, Toivo and Tilk, Johannes. "Aeg, mehed, lennukid" Tallinn: Eesti Entsüklopeediakirjastus 2001
 Kitvel, Toivo and Tilk, Johannes ""Eesti lennukroonika: tekste ja pilte aastani 1940" Tallinn: Aviopol 2003

Military equipment of Estonia
Estonian Air Force


Nick Veasey is a British photographer working primarily with images created from X-ray imaging. Some of his works are partial photomanipulations with Photoshop. He therefore works with digital artists to realise his creations.

Born in London in 1962, he worked in the advertising and design industries and pursued work in conventional still photography before being asked to X-ray a cola can for a television show. Veasey also X-rayed the shoes he was wearing on the day and upon showing the finished image to an art director was galvanised by the response it provoked.

He lives near Maidstone, England.  His work has featured in many international advertising campaigns and adorned products and packaging worldwide, notably Adobe's Creative Suite livery and Lenor/Downy fabric conditioner.

In 2009, a major exhibition of his works began at Maddox Fine Arts in Mayfair, London. Artworks are also exhibited in galleries internationally, with exhibitions running in 2018 in Europe, North America and Asia.

Veasey's first collection of images collated into hardback format: X-ray: See Through The World Around You was released by Carlton/Goodman in the UK and Penguin in North America. The book collects images captured over a 13-year period of experimentation with X-ray imaging and equipment.

He is the recipient of many photographic and design awards including IPA Lucie Awards, AOP, Graphis, Communication Arts, Applied Arts, PX3 and awards from the D&AD also being nominated for the IPA Lucie International Photographer of the Year 2008.
He claims to be responsible for realising the possibly largest X-ray to date, a life size Boeing 777 jet, which currently resides upon a hangar at Logan Airport, Boston. The image was largely debunked as an authentic X-ray in 2009.

References

External links
 Nick Veasey's web site
US Agent Art Department's web site
 “The X-Ray Vision of Nick Veasey” on Twisted Sifter

1962 births
Living people
Photographers from London
People from Maidstone


Boris Becker defeated Michael Chang in the final, 7–6(7–3), 6–0, 7–6(7–5) to win the singles tennis title at the 1995 ATP Tour World Championships.

Pete Sampras was the defending champion, but was defeated in the semifinals by Chang.

Seeds

Draw

Finals

White group
Standings are determined by: 1. number of wins; 2. number of matches; 3. in two-players-ties, head-to-head records; 4. in three-players-ties, percentage of sets won, or of games won; 5. steering-committee decision.

Red group
Standings are determined by: 1. number of wins; 2. number of matches; 3. in two-players-ties, head-to-head records; 4. in three-players-ties, percentage of sets won, or of games won; 5. steering-committee decision.

See also
 ATP World Tour Finals appearances

References

Singles
Tennis tournaments in Germany
ATP Tour World Championships – Singles
ATP Tour World Championships – Singles
Sports competitions in Frankfurt


The Last Ride to Santa Cruz () is a 1964 West German-Austrian Western film directed by Rolf Olsen and starring Edmund Purdom, Mario Adorf, and Marianne Koch. The film was shot at the Spandau Studios, and on location in the Canary Islands. The sets were designed by the art directors Hertha Hareiter, Leo Metzenbauer and Otto Pischinger

Cast
 Edmund Purdom as Rex Kelly
 Mario Adorf as Pedro Ortiz
 Marianne Koch as Elizabeth Kelly
 Klaus Kinski as José
 Marisa Mell as Juanita
 Walter Giller as Woody Johnson
 Thomas Fritsch as Carlos
 Sieghardt Rupp as Fernando
 Florian Kuehne as Steve Kelly
 Kurt Nachmann
 Peter Martin Urtel (as Martin Urtel)
 Rainer Brandt as Voice of Pedro Ortiz (voice) (uncredited)
 Edmund Hashim (uncredited)
 Rolf Olsen as John (bank employee) (uncredited)

References

Bibliography

External links

1964 films
1964 Western (genre) films
1960s German-language films
German Western (genre) films
Austrian Western (genre) films
West German films
Films directed by Rolf Olsen
Films shot in the Canary Islands
Constantin Film films
Films shot at Spandau Studios
1960s German films


Grant Connell and Patrick Galbraith defeated Jacco Eltingh and Paul Haarhuis in the final, 7–6(8–6), 7–6(8–6), 3–6, 7–6(7–2) to win the doubles tennis title at the 1995 ATP Tour World Championships.

Jan Apell and Jonas Björkman were the reigning champions, but failed to qualify that year.

Seeds

Draw

Finals

Group A
Standings are determined by: 1. number of wins; 2. number of matches; 3. in two-players-ties, head-to-head records; 4. in three-players-ties, percentage of sets won, or of games won; 5. steering-committee decision.

Group B
Standings are determined by: 1. number of wins; 2. number of matches; 3. in two-players-ties, head-to-head records; 4. in three-players-ties, percentage of sets won, or of games won; 5. steering-committee decision.

References

Doubles


"Let's Make a Night to Remember" is a song written by Canadian rock artist Bryan Adams, and Robert John "Mutt" Lange. It was recorded by Adams and released on August 12, 1996, as the second single from his seventh studio album, 18 til I Die (1996). The song's musical-style and production were heavily inspired by rock and pop music from the 1980s, and its lyrics chronicle a relationship.

This song was the third single from the album to chart in the United States, peaking at number 24 on the Billboard Hot 100, and was Adams' eighth number-one single in Canada, topping the RPM 100 Hit Tracks chart for two weeks. It additionally reached number one on the UK Rock Chart and the top 10 in Australia and on the UK Singles Chart. For producing the track, Adams was nominated for Best Producer at the Juno Awards of 1997.

Critical reception
Paul Verna from Billboard described the song as an "epic ballad". The magazine's Larry Flick felt that "this rhythmic ballad is a far more obvious top 40 entry than Adams' previous
single, "The Only Thing That Looks Good On Me (Is You)"—but it's not nearly as much fun." He added, "Still, this cut is notches above its competition in quality. And Adams succeeds in lowering his well-worn rasp to a sexy whisper here, transforming simple words of love into an irresistible seduction. Gratefully, the band kicks through the walls of synths with enough rock bite to keep this track from withering into fluff." Daina Darzin from Cash Box noted that it "sports a languid, romantic groove." British magazine Music Week rated the song three out of five, adding, "A smoochier ballad than of late, from his 18 'Til I Die album, although it retains the classic Adams' touch. Another hit."

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

Release history

References

Bryan Adams songs
1990s ballads
1996 singles
1996 songs
A&M Records singles
Rock ballads
RPM Top Singles number-one singles
Song recordings produced by Robert John "Mutt" Lange
Songs written by Bryan Adams
Songs written by Robert John "Mutt" Lange


This article details the fixtures and results of the Myanmar national football team in 2000s.

Results and upcoming fixtures

2000

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

unofficial matches

2007

unofficial matches

2008

unofficial matches

2009

References

2000s in Burmese sport
2000


Scuderia Milano was an Italian Formula One motor racing team founded in Milan by Arialdo and Emilio Ruggeri, two brothers who had raced Maseratis in the early post-war period. The team scored two World Championship points on its debut, when Felice Bonetto finished fifth at the 1950 Swiss Grand Prix.

The team mostly raced modified Maserati 4CLT single-seaters with a shorter wheelbase, De Dion suspensions, and larger brakes. They had engines redesigned by Mario Speluzzi, refitted with two-stage superchargers, and raced them in the  and  F1 seasons. One Scuderia Milano original chassis, the 4CLT, was entered in the 1950 Italian Grand Prix with Bonetto at the wheel. He managed to qualify 23rd, three places ahead of his teammate Franco Comotti in a Maserati, but failed to start. The car was later purchased and modified by Scuderia Arzani-Volpini in 1955.

Complete World Championship results
(key)

* Constructor's Championship not awarded until .

References

Formula One constructors
Formula One entrants
Auto racing teams in Italy
Italian racecar constructors
Sport in Milan


Crutchfield Crossroads is an unincorporated community in northwestern Chatham County, North Carolina, United States, north of the town of Siler City. Crutchfield Crossroads is commonly defined as the area in and around the rural intersection of Silk Hope-Liberty Road. and Siler City- Snow Camp Road. At the intersection of the two roads, there are some stores, but other than that the entire community is agricultural. Children living in this area attend schools in Silk Hope and Siler City.

Some of North Carolina's oldest farms are located near this intersection. The Whitehead-Fogleman Farm was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.

References

Unincorporated communities in Chatham County, North Carolina
Unincorporated communities in North Carolina


William Franklin Skiff (October 16, 1895 – December 25, 1976) was an American professional baseball player, manager and scout.  Although he appeared only briefly in Major League Baseball in 22 total games as a catcher and pinch hitter for the   Pittsburgh Pirates and the  New York Yankees, he had a long career in the minor leagues: 19 seasons as a player or player-manager, and another 14 as a manager.

Born in New Rochelle, New York, the ,  Skiff batted and threw right-handed. During his two big-league stints, he  hit .250 in 56 at bats. His 14 hits included two doubles. His minor league career extended from 1916 to 1931 and 1933–51. As a manager he piloted the top-level Seattle Rainiers, Newark Bears and Kansas City Blues. He served the Yankees' organization for many years as a minor league skipper and scout.

Skiff died at age 81 in Bronxville, New York.

External links

1895 births
1976 deaths
Binghamton Triplets managers
Bridgeport Americans players
Durham Bulls managers
Durham Bulls players
Hartford Senators players
Kansas City Blues (baseball) managers
Kansas City Blues (baseball) players
Los Angeles Angels (minor league) players
Major League Baseball catchers
Milwaukee Brewers (minor league) players
Newark Bears (International League) players
New Haven Bulldogs players
New York Yankees players
New York Yankees scouts
Norfolk Tars players
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Sportspeople from New Rochelle, New York
Baseball players from Westchester County, New York
Toronto Maple Leafs (International League) players


Dwight Alan Armstrong (August 29, 1951 – June 20, 2010) was an American anti-Vietnam War activist who helped use a truck bomb to shatter  Sterling Hall, a centrally located building on the University of Wisconsin–Madison campus, on August 24, 1970. Armstrong and three others targeted  an army mathematical research center on an upper floor. They considered the University complicit in military research that enabled aggression. The bomb gutted the building, killing one person and injuring three. Armstrong spent several years on the run before being imprisoned.

Armstrong was born on August 29, 1951, in Madison, Wisconsin. He grew up there as "an ordinary Midwestern boy, fond of playing baseball and bicycling around his exurban community" as described by The New York Times in his obituary. He dropped out of high school in 10th grade and by 1970 he had joined his brother Karl in actively opposing the American war in Vietnam. In a previous action on New Year's Eve 1969, Dwight and Karl stole a light plane and dropped homemade bombs that failed to explode on an area ordnance factory.

In response to the Kent State shootings on May 4, 1970, in which four protesters were shot and killed by the Ohio National Guard, they conceived of an attack on the Army Mathematics Research Center at the University of Wisconsin, which had been a frequent site of anti-War protests. Karl made a bomb out of dynamite,  of fuel oil and  of ammonium nitrate fertilizer.

The bomb was placed in a stolen van left next to Sterling Hall, a building that housed the Army Mathematics Research Center, as well as the university's physics department. They lit the fuse after checking the windows of Sterling Hall and seeing no activity, assuming that the building was empty. A bomb threat was phoned in to the Madison Police Department, giving five minutes notice of the planned detonation, though previous such calls turned out to be pranks. A police cruiser was dispatched to the site minutes before the explosion. The bomb detonated at 3:42 AM on August 24, 1970, killing Robert Fassnacht, a physics post-doctoral researcher who was working late, injuring three others, and causing millions of dollars in damage to the building.

Dwight Armstrong drove away with his brother, Leo F. Burt and David Fine to a truck stop where they celebrated the bombing. When they heard a news report on their car radio that someone had been killed by the explosion, all four went on the run, with Dwight's seven years at large the longest of the four people suspected in the bombing aside from Leo Burt, who is still at large. On September 4, the Federal Bureau of Investigation began a search for the four fugitives, placing them on the FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list. Armstrong remained underground until he was arrested in April 1977 in Toronto. He pleaded no contest to state murder charges and federal conspiracy charges. As part of his plea bargain he was sentenced concurrently to seven years each in state and federal prison and was released on parole in 1980 on the condition that he participate in a community rehabilitation program.

He was arrested again in 1987 in Indiana where he was charged with operating a meth lab. He was sentenced to 10 years in prison and was released in 1991. He came back to Madison, where he tended to his mother and worked driving a taxi. In 2001, he purchased the Radical Rye Deli with Karl.

In a 1992 interview with The Capital Times of Madison, he stated that "My life has not been something to write home about". He justified the bombing, stating that "We did what we had to do; we did what we felt a lot of other people should have done", continuing that "I don't care what public opinion is; we did what was right."

Armstrong died of lung cancer at age 58 on June 20, 2010, at the University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics in Madison, Wisconsin. He was survived by his mother, his brother, two sisters, and a daughter.

References

1951 births
2010 deaths
American anti–Vietnam War activists
Deaths from lung cancer in Wisconsin
People from Madison, Wisconsin
American people convicted of murder
American people convicted of drug offenses
People convicted of murder by Wisconsin
Terrorism in the United States
People convicted of murder by the United States federal government


Valtteri Viktor Bottas (; born 28 August 1989) is a Finnish racing driver currently competing in Formula One for Alfa Romeo, having previously driven for Mercedes from  to  and Williams from  to . Bottas has scored  race wins and  podiums. He contributed to five constructors championship wins for Mercedes, and has been drivers' championship runner-up twice, in  and .

Bottas started his racing career in karting, later advancing to single-seater championships such as the Formula Renault UK Winter Series, Formula Renault Eurocup and the Formula Renault Northern European Cup, winning the latter two in 2008. In 2009, he moved up to the Formula 3 Euroseries, finishing third in the championship and also winning the Masters of Formula 3 event. In 2010, he was hired as a test driver for the Williams Formula One team, a position he would retain throughout 2011 and 2012, taking part in 15 Friday Free Practice sessions. In 2011, he also took part in the GP3 Series, winning the championship in the final race of the season.

In 2013, he joined Williams as a full-time driver partnering Pastor Maldonado. He would remain at Williams until 2017, achieving a top championship position of fourth in 2014 and finishing on the podium nine times during his time with Williams. Following Nico Rosberg's decision to retire following the 2016 season, Bottas was signed by Mercedes as his replacement to partner Lewis Hamilton. During his time with Mercedes which would go on to last until 2022, Bottas finished in the top three of the championship four times and won 10 races in addition to 58 podiums. After five constructor championships won alongside Hamilton, he joined Alfa Romeo for the 2022 season.

Early life
Valtteri was born in Nastola, Finland, on 28 August 1989 to Rauno Bottas and Marianne Välimaa. His father owns a small cleaning company, and his mother is an undertaker. He was educated in Heinola. Bottas served in the army briefly, which is mandatory for adult males in Finland. His military rank is lance corporal.

Early career

Junior formulae
Bottas's interest in motorsport was sparked at the age of six by a chance visit to a karting event that he had seen advertised at his local supermarket while shopping with his grandfather. His racing hero while growing up was compatriot Mika Häkkinen.

Bottas finished eighth in the 2005 Karting World Cup for the P.D.B. Racing Team, using a Gillard chassis and Parilla engines.

Bottas won both the 2008 Formula Renault Eurocup and the 2008 Formula Renault Northern European Cup. In doing so, he repeated the feat of Filipe Albuquerque, who won both the NEC and Eurocup in the same season, in 2006.

Bottas would have also won the 2007 Formula Renault UK Winter Series, had he been holding an MSA-registered licence for the championship. This did not stop him from competing, and he won three out of the four races in the championship.

Formula Three
He moved up into the Formula Three Euroseries for the 2009 season, competing for reigning champions ART Grand Prix. Despite not winning a race, Bottas set two pole positions on his way to third in the championship, edging out future BMW i Andretti Motorsport driver Alexander Sims at the final race. In June 2009, Bottas won the 2009 Masters of Formula 3, also claiming the pole position and setting the fastest lap of the race. By winning the event again in 2010, he became the first driver to win the F3 Masters title for the second time.

In 2010, Bottas was assigned test driver for the Williams Formula One team and would continue as such for the 2011 and 2012 (where he took part in 15 Friday Free Practice sessions) seasons. Also in 2011, he contested the GP3 Series, remaining with F3 squad ART. After a tough start to the season, he claimed a win in each of the last four race weekends and secured the title by winning the penultimate race ahead of his teammate and future Jaguar Racing driver James Calado.

Formula One

Williams (2013–2016)

2013

Bottas returned to racing in 2013, as he was confirmed as teammate to Pastor Maldonado at Williams-Renault for the  season on 28 November 2012. On 8 June 2013, Bottas qualified in 3rd position at the  behind Sebastian Vettel (1st), and Lewis Hamilton (2nd). He scored his first points finish at the  by finishing 8th. This result allowed Bottas to finish ahead of Maldonado in the Drivers' Championship.

2014

On 11 November 2013, Bottas was confirmed to continue with Williams-Mercedes in 2014 alongside Felipe Massa, who was signed from Ferrari to replace Pastor Maldonado. At the first race of the 2014 season in Australia, Bottas qualified 10th and finished 6th, after recovering from a crash earlier in the race. He was later promoted to 5th after Daniel Ricciardo was disqualified from 2nd position. At the , Bottas qualified 2nd, his then-best grid position in Formula One and achieved his first podium in the sport, finishing third behind Nico Rosberg (first) and Lewis Hamilton (second). Despite qualifying 14th on the grid at the , Bottas charged through the field to finish second, following Rosberg's retirement from the race, thereby achieving his second consecutive career podium. At the , he qualified second and ended the race in the same position despite a late challenge from Hamilton. After achieving three more podiums in Belgium, Russia (where he set his first fastest lap of a race) and Abu Dhabi (part of the Williams team's first double podium since the 2005 Monaco Grand Prix), Bottas finished 4th overall in the Drivers' Championship, beating the likes of former world champions Sebastian Vettel and Fernando Alonso.

2015

In September 2014, it was announced that Bottas and Massa would retain their drives with Williams for the  season. At the opening race of the season in Australia, Bottas qualified sixth for the race, but injured his back during qualifying. He was taken to The Alfred Hospital for precautionary checks, where he was diagnosed with soft tissue damage to his lower back, and was not medically cleared to race. Both Bottas's and Williams's season did not live up to their hopes. Williams lost out in the development war to Ferrari over the winter and slipped further behind Mercedes. Bottas achieved two podium finishes across the 2015 season. The first came at the Canadian Grand Prix when Kimi Räikkönen's Ferrari experienced an engine mapping issue resulting in him spinning, leaving an easy podium opportunity for the Williams driver. The second podium of the season came in Mexico behind the Mercedes duo. Two races earlier, Bottas had been on course to finish third in Russia before Räikkönen collided with him while trying to overtake on the final lap of the race. Sergio Pérez was rewarded with the podium, while Räikkönen was penalised, dropping him to 8th and Bottas retired. Bottas finished 5th in the Drivers' Championship beating his experienced teammate Felipe Massa for the second consecutive year.

2016

Bottas and Massa remained teammates at Williams for the  season. They were the only two drivers to achieve points finishes in all of the first five races of the season. Bottas claimed third place at the Canadian Grand Prix, matching his result of the previous year. This turned out to be Williams's only podium finish of the season. He achieved an unofficial Formula One record speed of  at the Baku City Circuit during qualifying for the European Grand Prix. The second half of the season was less eventful for Bottas. He finished 8th in the Drivers' Championship, once again ahead of his teammate Massa's 11th place. He also out-qualified his teammate 17–4 throughout the season.

Mercedes (2017–2021)

2017
On 16 January 2017, Mercedes announced that they had signed Bottas for the 2017 season to partner Lewis Hamilton, replacing 2016 World Champion Nico Rosberg following his retirement from the sport. Bottas finished 3rd in his first race as a Mercedes driver, the 2017 Australian Grand Prix, behind Sebastian Vettel and Lewis Hamilton. At the 2017 Chinese Grand Prix he spun behind the safety car and fell from 5th to 12th but managed to fight his way back to 6th place behind Lewis Hamilton, Sebastian Vettel, the two Red Bulls and Kimi Räikkönen.

He managed to qualify on pole ahead of Lewis Hamilton at the 2017 Bahrain Grand Prix, marking his first career pole position. In the race, he finished in third place after suffering from tyre pressure problems during his first stint and being unable to find the pace to battle Vettel and Hamilton.

He won the 2017 Russian Grand Prix on 30 April 2017, his first Grand Prix win, after jumping the Ferraris of Sebastian Vettel and Kimi Räikkönen from 3rd on the grid on the first lap, making him the fifth Finn to win a Grand Prix. He retired from 3rd in the next race in Spain with an engine issue, having previously survived a collision with Verstappen and Räikkönen on the first lap that took the other two drivers out of the race. Mercedes was off the pace in Monaco, struggling to generate heat in the tyres. Nevertheless, Bottas qualified 3rd, less than a tenth of a second off the pole time, while his teammate, Lewis Hamilton, could only qualify 14th. Bottas finished 4th in the race.

Bottas finished 2nd in Canada, behind teammate Hamilton, followed by a recovery drive in Azerbaijan to 2nd, having been in last place and a lap down following a collision with Räikkönen on the first lap. He used the multiple safety cars and red flag period to catch up to the pack and the ensuing chaos and drama in front of him allowed him to eventually snatch 2nd at the last moment of the last lap from Lance Stroll. Bottas topped this at the next race with a pole and victory at Austria, holding off Sebastian Vettel's charging Ferrari towards the end of the race, putting him only 15 points behind Hamilton in the championship.

Having started the next race in Britain in 9th, following a five-place grid penalty for a new gearbox, he made his way up the field to third and eventually finished second, behind Hamilton, courtesy of a late-race tyre failure for Ferrari's Kimi Räikkönen. In Hungary, he qualified and finished third, with Hamilton giving him the position on the last corner of the last lap after he let Hamilton go through to attack the Ferraris.

After the summer break, Bottas finished fifth in Belgium, having started third, as he was overtaken by both Ricciardo and Räikkönen after the safety car restart, while his teammate Lewis Hamilton won the race. He qualified sixth in Italy (he would start fourth due to penalties for the Red Bulls), more than two seconds slower than pole-sitter Lewis Hamilton. He recovered to finish second. In Singapore, he qualified sixth and good strategy meant that he finished the race in third following the four-car collision on the first lap that occurred in front of him. He then finished off the podium for the next three races, while Hamilton racked up two wins and a second place, as Mercedes clinched their fourth consecutive Constructors' Championship in the USA. He got his third pole position of the season at the Brazilian Grand Prix, but finished the race in 2nd place after conceding the lead to Vettel at the first corner. Bottas qualified on pole for the fourth time and achieved his third win at the last race of the season in Abu Dhabi. Bottas finished 3rd overall in the Drivers' Championship with 305 points.

2018

On 13 September 2017, Mercedes announced that Bottas would be driving for them once again in the 2018 season. Bottas started the season poorly in Australia, where he crashed out in Q3 and was given a five-place grid penalty for changing his gearbox as a result, meaning he would start the race in 15th place; his teammate Hamilton started the race from pole. In the race, Bottas made it up to the eighth place, benefiting from the virtual safety car as well as performing a few overtakes on a track where it is difficult to pass cars.
Bottas bounced back in Bahrain by putting his car third on the grid, behind the Ferraris of Vettel and Räikkönen but ahead of Hamilton who qualified fourth. In the race, Bottas got past Räikkönen, at the start. At the end of the race, Vettel's tyres began to go off quickly, and Bottas closed the gap to Vettel to within a second and eventually finished second, with Hamilton just a few seconds behind him.

Bottas again out-qualified his teammate to take third place on the grid, as the Ferraris locked out the front row again, in China. He again pounced on Räikkönen at the start, after his fellow Finn had been squeezed by Vettel, and moved up to second. He then managed to overtake Vettel during the first pit stop phase and took the lead with a move around the outside of Räikkönen, who had yet to pit, at the first corner. When the Toro Rossos of Brendon Hartley and Pierre Gasly collided and forced a safety car period, both Bottas and Vettel had passed the pit entrance and were unable to stop for fresh tyres. Both the Red Bulls pitted for softer and faster soft tyres. Ricciardo came through the field from sixth place and performed an audacious overtake on Bottas with only eight laps to go. Bottas finished second in the race and remained third in the championship, and 14 points behind leader Vettel.

At the next race, in Baku, Bottas again qualified third, behind Vettel and Hamilton. He remained in third for the first period of the race, but when both Hamilton and Vettel pitted for new tyres Bottas inherited the lead. He stayed out for 15 more laps until the Red Bulls collided and brought out the safety car. When the safety car came in, with less than a handful of laps to go, Vettel tried to pass into turn 1 and ran wide, and consequently fell to fifth place. With just two laps to go, Bottas ran over a piece of debris, sustained a right rear puncture and retired from the race, handing Hamilton the victory. This meant that Bottas fell to fourth in the championship, 30 points behind Hamilton in first.

Ahead of the German Grand Prix, Bottas signed a new contract with Mercedes for the 2019 season with an option for the 2020 season.

By the end of the season, Bottas became the first Mercedes driver to finish a season without a win since Michael Schumacher in 2012. With seven second-place finishes, he also set a new record for the most second-place finishes without taking a win in a season. Bottas finished fifth overall in the 2018 Formula One World Championship with 247 points.

2019

Bottas was again signed to race with Mercedes for the 2019 season alongside world champion Lewis Hamilton. In the first race weekend of the year in Australia, Bottas qualified second fastest behind Hamilton. On Sunday, 17 March, race day, he overtook Hamilton into turn 1 and he held the position the whole race after some stellar driving. He also recorded the fastest lap of the race and therefore gained the extra point awarded to the driver who records the fastest race lap, according to the 2019 regulations. He carried on to win by over 20 seconds to his nearest rival and team-mate Lewis Hamilton.

In Bahrain he finished second to his team-mate for another one-two. In the following race in China, Formula 1's 1,000th race, he took pole for the first time since Russia 2018. His teammate jumped him at the start and stayed there for the entire race to win. Bottas meanwhile finished 2nd to give Mercedes their third one-two in a row for 2019.

In Azerbaijan, he took his second consecutive pole position, securing a front-row lockout alongside his teammate Hamilton, subsequently converting his position on the grid into the fifth race victory of his career and his second of 2019. Hamilton finished second, making it Mercedes' fourth consecutive one-two finish.

In Spain, he took yet another pole position and secured another front-row lockout alongside his teammate. Bottas went on to finish second behind Hamilton, making it the team's fifth one-two in a row.

In the following race, the Monaco Grand Prix, Bottas qualified 2nd, behind team-mate Hamilton, breaking his streak of three consecutive poles, starting from China. He eventually finished 3rd, behind Sebastian Vettel and ahead of Red Bull's Max Verstappen, who faced a five-second penalty for an unsafe release into the pit lane, into Bottas. This was the first race in 2019 to not have a Mercedes 1–2 on the podium as Vettel took 2nd ahead of Bottas. This race extended Hamilton's lead over Bottas in the Drivers' Championship to 17 points.

For the British Grand Prix at Silverstone, Bottas held off Hamilton to take pole position with a 0.006 second faster time; poor timing of the safety car resulted in Hamilton taking the lead and victory of the race. Both Mercedes drivers finished ahead of Ferrari's Charles Leclerc who finished third. The last two races before the 2019 summer break, the German Grand Prix and Hungarian Grand Prix did not go well for Bottas. Due to a small mistake in wet conditions, he crashed during the German Grand Prix and retired from the race. In the first lap during the Hungarian Grand Prix, Charles Leclerc clipped the front wing of Bottas' car, forcing an extra pit stop and causing him to fall back down the order. Bottas eventually finished the race in 8th place.

At the end of the summer break before the Belgian Grand Prix, Bottas was confirmed to drive for Mercedes again in 2020, after the team decided not to promote reserve driver Esteban Ocon. Bottas took his first victory in thirteen races at the Japanese Grand Prix where Mercedes achieved their sixth consecutive Constructors' Championship. In Mexico, he crashed heavily at the end of the final qualifying session, before eventually finishing the race in 3rd place. Bottas took his seventh career victory at the following race in the United States. Despite his victory, this race saw the end of Bottas' 2019 championship hopes, as teammate Hamilton finished second to clinch the World Driver's Championship title. Bottas suffered an engine failure in Brazil leading to his second retirement of the season, and ended the season with a 4th-place finish in Abu Dhabi after starting from the back of the grid.

Bottas finished the 2019 season in 2nd place in the championship with 326 points, the most successful season of his career to date. He recorded four wins, fifteen podium finishes, five pole positions and three fastest laps.

2020

Bottas continued driving at Mercedes alongside Hamilton for , having agreed to a one-year extension to his contract during the 2019 season. He set the fastest time in pre-season testing at the Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya.

Bottas took pole position at the season-opening  and led the race from start to finish. Before the Styrian Grand Prix, it was revealed that Bottas and his team Mercedes were under investigation by the FIA for potentially breaching COVID-19 safety protocols after he returned home to Monaco. Whilst it was initially reported that Mercedes would receive warning letters, Bottas and Mercedes were eventually cleared of any wrongdoing. Bottas qualified fourth in wet conditions for the Styrian Grand Prix and went on to finish second in the race behind Hamilton, cutting his championship lead to six points. Bottas qualified second behind Hamilton at the , but made a false start and lost four places at the first corner. He was able to recover to third place by the end of the Grand Prix but lost the lead of the championship to Hamilton.

Bottas again qualified second behind Hamilton at the . He ran closely behind Hamilton for most of the race but fell back in the closing laps before suffering a tyre failure with four laps remaining. He returned to the pits for a tyre change and eventually crossed the finish line in 11th place. Bottas secured pole position at the following week's 70th Anniversary Grand Prix, but tyre issues for the Mercedes cars allowed Max Verstappen to pass both and win the race. Bottas fell to third place behind Hamilton in the closing laps. This result caused Bottas to drop to third place in the drivers' championship. Bottas qualified second for the  but lost positions at the start and finished third behind Verstappen. At the , he qualified second and held the position during the race. He again qualified second for the , but dropped to sixth place in the opening laps and would only recover to fifth by the finish line. Verstappen's retirement in the race allowed Bottas to regain second place in the drivers' championship, 47 points behind Hamilton.

At the , Bottas took the lead from pole-sitter Hamilton on the first lap. The race was red-flagged on lap seven after a multi-car accident, and Bottas lost the lead of the race to Hamilton shortly after the restart, eventually finishing second. He qualified third behind Hamilton and Verstappen for the , but benefited from penalties issued to Hamilton for pre-race practice infringements to cross the finish line first, claiming the ninth Grand Prix win of his career. Bottas took pole position for the  at the Nürburgring, but was overtaken by Hamilton for the lead after a lock-up at turn 1, and later fell further behind after Hamilton was able to make a pit stop during a virtual safety car period. Shortly afterwards, Bottas complained of power loss and was forced to retire from the race, extending Hamilton's championship lead to 69 points. Bottas finished second at both the Portuguese and Emilia Romagna Grands Prix. He took pole position at the latter, but took damage from debris in the early laps and fell to third before Verstappen retired with a tyre failure.

Both Mercedes cars struggled for pace during the wet  qualifying session, with Bottas qualifying ninth. The rain continued during the race and Bottas spun six times after damaging his front wing due to contact with the Renault of Esteban Ocon, finishing a lap behind eventual race winner Hamilton in 14th place. This gave Hamilton an unassailable 110-point lead over Bottas in the drivers' championship, resulting in Hamilton claiming his seventh world title. At the Bahrain Grand Prix, Bottas qualified 2nd before suffering a puncture during an early safety car period, dropping him right to the back. He eventually finished in 8th place. At the following Sakhir Grand Prix, Hamilton was unable to race and was replaced by George Russell. Bottas qualified on pole by pipping Russell by 0.026 seconds. In the race he was passed by Russell into turn 1. In the second stint of the race, Bottas began catching Russell before a spin by Jack Aitken brought out the safety car. When Russell went into the pits for a tyre change, he was mistakenly fitted with Bottas' tyres, causing Bottas a slow stop of almost half a minute before getting sent out without a tyre change. When the race restarted Bottas suffered against cars on much fresher tyres, falling from 4th to 8th by the end of the race. In the final race of the year at the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix, Bottas qualified and finished 2nd ahead of Hamilton, capping off a mixed season. Bottas finished the Driver's Championship in 2nd with 223 points, recording two wins, five pole positions, eleven podiums, and two fastest laps.

2021

Bottas extended his contract with Mercedes into . At the Bahrain Grand Prix, he finished third. At the Emilia Romagna Grand Prix, he struggled compared to his teammate Lewis Hamilton, unable to work his tyres and stuck in the ninth position. Bottas' difficult race concluded with a retirement, after a crash with George Russell as the latter was attempting to overtake Bottas. At the Portuguese Grand Prix, Bottas qualified on pole position but was passed by Hamilton and later Verstappen. Despite showing better pace than Verstappen in the late stages of the race, a sensor issue deprived him of challenging for second. He achieved the same result at the Spanish Grand Prix after qualifying third and being overtaken by Leclerc at the start. At the Monaco Grand Prix, Bottas was challenging for pole position, until Charles Leclerc crashed at the 16th corner, causing a red flag to be displayed and qualifying to be immediately ended before Bottas could complete his lap. Due to this, Bottas started third on the grid. He was promoted to second after Charles Leclerc could not start the race due to a car issue. His race, ended on lap 31 after his team was unable to remove a wheel during a routine pitstop.

At the Azerbaijan Grand Prix, he qualified in 10th place, after a red flag prevented him and other drivers from setting a second flying lap in the third and final session, and was unable to make up positions in the race, eventually finishing 12th, ahead of only the Haas cars, Nicholas Latifi and his teammate Hamilton, who had made a mistake on lap 50. At the French Grand Prix, Bottas qualified in 3rd place behind teammate Hamilton and Verstappen. In the final stages of the race, he struggled with tyre wear as he had to pit early to undercut Verstappen. He was eventually passed by Verstappen and Pérez, leaving Bottas furious with the one-stop strategy implemented by Mercedes as he finished the race in fourth. In the Styrian Grand Prix, Bottas qualified 2nd ahead of Hamilton but was demoted to fifth due to a penalty for dangerously spinning in the pitlane in FP2. During the race, he overtook the McLaren of Lando Norris using DRS and undercut Pérez during the pitstop phase, and despite coming under pressure from the two-stopping Red Bull at the end of the race, finished 3rd, his first podium since Spain. In the Austrian Grand Prix, he qualified 5th directly behind Hamilton. During the race, several close battles resulted in cars being forced off-track and drivers receiving time penalties. Hamilton suffered damage to his car and the team ordered Hamilton to allow Bottas to overtake him. Bottas finished 2nd behind Verstappen. At the Italian Grand Prix, Bottas took first in the Friday qualifying session and went on to win the sprint qualifying on Saturday, but incurred grid penalties for changing components. Starting from last in the race, he eventually fought back to 3rd, behind the two McLarens of Daniel Ricciardo and Lando Norris. In the Russian Grand Prix, Bottas qualified 7th in tricky conditions but was demoted to 17th after another engine change. During the race he was passed by Verstappen early on in the race and suffered from understeer, yet recovered to 5th after a well-timed pitstop for intermediate tyres on the rapidly dampening track.

At the Turkish Grand Prix, Bottas qualified 2nd behind teammate Hamilton but started on pole after Hamilton incurred a grid penalty. Bottas comfortably led most of the race from Verstappen until his pitstop. After pitting for new inters he easily passed Leclerc's Ferrari and went on to achieve his first and only victory of the year, over 14 seconds ahead of 2nd placed Verstappen. At the following United States Grand Prix, Bottas qualified 4th but was forced to take yet another engine penalty, thus starting 9th. Bottas struggled with dirty air throughout the race, which made overtaking difficult, but he managed to climb back to 6th after overtaking the Ferrari of Carlos Sainz on the last lap. At the Mexico City Grand Prix, Bottas qualified on pole position despite the Red Bulls of Verstappen and Pérez looking faster all weekend. He suffered a poor start in the race and was tagged by Daniel Ricciardo going into Turn 1, sending him to the back of the field. Having suffered from a poor pitstop and being stuck behind Ricciardo for much of the race, he was pit by Mercedes to take the fastest lap off Verstappen, thus maintaining Mercedes' lead over Red Bull in the constructors' championship. In the São Paulo Grand Prix, Bottas qualified in 3rd, but due to a disqualification from qualifying for Hamilton, he started that week's sprint race from the front row. A good start on the soft tyres meant he jumped Verstappen at the start, and he went on to win the sprint. In the race on Sunday, Bottas was passed by both Red Bulls on the opening lap after contact with Verstappen. Bottas let Hamilton past and re-overtook Pérez during the pitstop phase, ending the race in third. In the Qatar Grand Prix, Bottas started the race in sixth position after failing to slow down for yellow flags in Q3. He eventually retired on lap 48 after suffering a front-tyre damage. Bottas qualified third for the inaugural Saudi Arabian Grand Prix. On lap 10 Mick Schumacher's Haas lost control of his car and crashed into the barriers, prompting Mercedes to pit both Hamilton and Bottas during safety car conditions, as Verstappen opted to stay out. The race was red-flagged after four laps behind the safety car, thus allowing Verstappen to change his tyres. Bottas would finish the race in third place after snatching the last podium spot from Ocon on the last lap. In Abu Dhabi, Bottas qualified sixth and finished the race in the same position for his last race with Mercedes. Bottas finished third overall at the Driver's Championship with 226 points.

Alfa Romeo (2022–)

2022

Bottas is under contract to race with Alfa Romeo from  on a multi-year deal. He is partnered by rookie Zhou Guanyu. In the season-opening Bahrain Grand Prix, Bottas achieved a sixth-place finish even after a poor start. In the second race in Saudi Arabia, he retired his car on lap 46 due to a cooling issue. At the 2022 Emilia Romagna Grand Prix, Bottas set a target of a top five finish. In qualifying he suffered from reliability issues, managing to qualify eighth in tricky conditions. During the sprint and the race he made up multiple positions to finish fifth, with a poor pitstop of over 10 seconds costing him a chance to fight Russell for fourth place. At the Miami Grand Prix, Bottas qualified fifth despite almost no running in practice. During the race, he comfortably maintained his position ahead of Hamilton until a late-race safety car. Once the race was resumed, Bottas faced pressure from both Mercedes, as Russell had taken advantage of the safety car to fit new tyres while the rest of the field were on worn hards compound tyres. On lap 50, Bottas made a mistake going into the last corner, outbreaking himself and tapping the wall, which allowed both his pursuers to overtake him. Bottas finished the race in seventh. At the Spanish Grand Prix, Bottas qualified seventh and temporarily moved up to fourth in the race. Alfa Romeo opted to place Bottas on a one-stop strategy, which eventually allowed both Hamilton and Sainz to overtake him as his tyres faded away, finishing sixth. At the Monaco Grand Prix, Bottas qualified 12th, managing to finish in ninth place in the changing conditions. At the Azerbaijan Grand Prix, Bottas was out-qualified for the first time by his teammate and finished outside of the points, lacking the pace to fight with the upper midfield. Zhou again managed to outqualify Bottas in Canada, but Bottas took advantage of a late-race safety car to jump to eighth. On the last lap, he attempted to overtake the Alpine of Alonso but was repeatedly blocked. After the race the stewards gave Alonso a five-second penalty for weaving, allowing Bottas and Zhou to finish seventh and eighth, Alfa's first double-points score since Bahrain. In the following British Grand Prix, Bottas was knocked out in Q2 again, recovering up to ninth before retiring from a gearbox issue on lap 20.
At the Austrian Grand Prix, Bottas made up places at the start to finish 10th in the sprint race, he finished 11th in the main race. Bottas would not score any points for the next eight races, with three consecutive retirements in Hungary, Belgium, and Netherlands round. Bottas would finish in the points for two consecutive races when he finished tenth in Mexican Grand Prix, followed by a ninth-place finish in São Paulo. Bottas finished fifteenth in the season finale at Abu Dhabi, with Alfa Romeo claiming sixth place in the Constructors' Championship ahead of Aston Martin who are tied for the same amount of point; but Alfa Romeo would claim the sixth spot thanks to Bottas' fifth place finish in Imola earlier. Bottas himself finished tenth overall in the Drivers' Championship with 49 points.

2023

Bottas continued driving for Alfa Romeo with Zhou for 2023. He started the season opener in Bahrain by qualifying 12th, but would go on to finish the race in eighth.

2024
On 14 September Alfa Romeo announced that Bottas and Zhou were to be retained for the 2024 season.

Rallying and other racing
In January 2019, Bottas took part in the Arctic Rally, recording a stage win and finishing fifth overall. In December 2019, he won the Paul Ricard-based Rallycircuit Côte d'Azur.  In 2020, Bottas again participated in the Arctic Lapland Rally, where he drove a Citroën DS3 WRC car and finished ninth. He later partook in an Extreme E test in October 2020, alongside Jean-Éric Vergne and Sébastien Loeb. In January 2021, Bottas competed in his third Arctic Lapland Rally. He scored a class podium and finished sixth overall.

Bottas was set to make his Race of Champions debut in 2022, partnering two-time Formula One champion Mika Häkkinen. However, he dropped out of the event last minute. Instead, Bottas is set to race in the 2023 Race of Champions alongside Häkkinen.

Personal life
On 11 September 2016, Bottas married his long-time girlfriend, Emilia Pikkarainen, a fellow Finn and an Olympic swimmer whom he had been dating since 2010. The couple were married at St. John's Church in Helsinki. On 28 November 2019, Bottas announced their separation and divorce, citing the "challenges my career and life situation bring". Since February 2020, Bottas has been in a relationship with Australian cyclist Tiffany Cromwell.

Bottas resides in Monaco, and also has a lake house in his native Finland.

Other ventures and philanthropy
Bottas co-owns coffee roastery "Kahiwa Coffee Roasters" in Lahti, Finland.

In 2017, Bottas launched the Valtteri Bottas Duathlon, an annual sporting event held in Finland. Bottas uses the Valtteri Bottas Duathlon to raise money for charity and various "good causes".

In April 2022, Bottas, in partnership with his girlfriend, Australian cyclist Tiffany Cromwell, launched Oath, a premier gin with inspiration borrowed from their family heritages of Finland and Australia.

Bottas is a co-founder and partner of FNLD GRVL, a gravel cycling event in Lahti, Finland. He is partnered with Amy Charity of SBT GRVL and Tiffany Cromwell.

In March 2021, Bottas became a co-owner of the Lahti Pelicans of Liiga when he bought a 10 percent stake in the team.

Awards
 Sky Sports Award for Most Improved Driver 2014
 Confartigianato Motori Driver of the Year 2017
 Lorenzo Bandini Trophy 2018
 DHL Fastest Lap Award 2018
 AKK-Motorsport Driver of the Year 2019

Karting record

Karting career summary

Racing record

Racing career summary

† As Bottas was a guest driver, he was ineligible for points.
 Season still in progress.

Complete Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap.)

Complete Formula 3 Euro Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap.)
<div style="overflow-x:auto; margin: 1em 0">

† Driver did not finish the race but was classified as he completed over 90% of the race distance.

Complete GP3 Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap.)

Complete Formula One results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicates fastest lap.)

 Did not finish, but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance.
 Season still in progress.

References

External links

 ESPN Profile

1989 births
Living people
British Formula Renault 2.0 drivers
British Formula Three Championship drivers
Formula Renault Eurocup drivers
Finnish expatriates in Monaco
Finnish Formula One drivers
Finnish racing drivers
Formula 3 Euro Series drivers
Formula One race winners
Formula Renault 2.0 NEC drivers
GP3 Series Champions
Finnish GP3 Series drivers
People from Nastola
Williams Formula One drivers
Mercedes-Benz Formula One drivers
Koiranen GP drivers
Motopark Academy drivers
ART Grand Prix drivers
Prema Powerteam drivers
Double R Racing drivers
Alfa Romeo Formula One drivers
Sportspeople from Päijät-Häme
Karting World Championship drivers


David Sylvan Fine (born March 18, 1952) is an American anti-Vietnam War radical who was one of four perpetrators of the August 24, 1970, Sterling Hall bombing on the campus University of Wisconsin–Madison, in an act of political protest to the University's research efforts on behalf of the U.S. military. The bomb destroyed the building, killing one person and injuring three others. Fine spent five and a half years as a fugitive after the incident.

Early life and education
Fine was born in Wilmington, Delaware, the second of two children in middle-class family. He attended the Wilmington Friends School, a private Quaker-run school. He enrolled at the University of Wisconsin-Madison beginning in the fall of 1969 on a full academic scholarship. At the university, he was reporter and editor for the student newspaper, The Daily Cardinal, and earned a 3.75 grade point index in his freshman year—the only year he was in attendance.

Sterling Hall bombing
In response to the Kent State shootings on May 4, 1970, in which four protesters were shot and killed by the Ohio National Guard, Fine, along with brothers Karleton and Dwight Armstrong and Leo Burt conceived of an attack on the Army Mathematics Research Center at the University of Wisconsin, which had been a frequent site of antiwar protests. At age 18, Fine was the youngest of the four. Karleton made a bomb out of dynamite,  of fuel oil and  of ammonium nitrate fertilizer.

The bomb was placed in a stolen van left next to Sterling Hall, a building that housed the Army Mathematics Research Center, as well as the university's physics department. The bombers claim to have lit the fuse after checking the windows of Sterling Hall and seeing no activity, assuming that the building was empty. The bomb detonated at 3:42 AM on August 24, 1970, killing Robert Fassnacht, a physics post-doctoral researcher who was working late, injuring three others, and causing millions of dollars in damage to the building. When they heard a news report on their car radio that someone had been killed by the explosion, all four went on the run and were placed on the FBI's Most Wanted List.

Life as fugitive, capture, trial and imprisonment
Fine was eventually captured in San Rafael, California on January 7, 1976. After the arrest, his former University of Wisconsin roommate Rod Beaton formed a fundraising committee to assist with the legal defense for Fine.

On June 8, 1976, Fine pleaded guilty to two felonies in federal district court:  conspiracy and unlawful flight to avoid prosecution. On the same day, he also pleaded guilty in Dane County Wisconsin Circuit Court to charges of destruction of property and to murder in the third degree for causing the death of Robert Fassnacht.

He was sentenced to a total of seven years in prison on the federal charges and received a sentence in the state court of seven years; the two sentences were to run concurrently. Fine was paroled on August 15, 1979, and remained on parole for approximately three additional years.

Later life
After his release, he earned a college degree at the University of Delaware and a J.D. degree at the University of Oregon. In 1984, after passing the Oregon Bar exam, Fine was denied admission to the Bar on the grounds that "he had failed to show good moral character." Fine appealed the decision to the Supreme Court of Oregon which upheld the decision. In the court's decision it was written: He has not shown himself to be a credible person and did not establish that he now has the good moral character required to practice law. We base our decision on applicant's present statements about his past acts. We recognize that persons can and do reform. However, in this case applicant's deceitful, self-serving conduct persisted at the time of the hearing (appealing his denial of admission).

As of October 2014, Fine is married and works as a law clerk at Chernoff Vilhauer LLP in Portland, Oregon.

References

1952 births
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
American anti–Vietnam War activists
Living people
Activists from Wilmington, Delaware
Criminals from Portland, Oregon
University of Delaware alumni
University of Oregon School of Law alumni
Activists from Portland, Oregon
American people convicted of murder


Arise (foaled 1946 at Hamburg Place in Kentucky) was a Canadian Hall of Fame Thoroughbred racehorse.

Background
Arise was sired by the 1936 Santa Anita Derby winner, He Did, a son of the 1928 Preakness Stakes winner, Victorian. Out of the dam Coralie B., his damsire Apprehension was a grandson of English Triple Crown champion, Rock Sand.

Breeder R. M. Wood sold Arise in 1946 to Torontonians Harry Addison, Sr. and Mrs. Jack Addison. They entrusted the colt's race conditioning to future Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame trainer, Jim Bentley.

Racing career
In 1948 the two-year-old Arise was sent south to race in New York State where he won twice and was notably second in the Youthful Stakes, a race that at the time was one of the most important of the year for juveniles. As a three-year-old in 1949, Arise earned wins of importance in both Canada and the United States. At Toronto's Thorncliffe Park Raceway he set a track record for six furlongs and at Long Branch Racetrack he won the Canadian Championship Stakes. Racing in the United States, at New York's Saratoga Race Course Arise captured the Travers Stakes, marking the first-ever win in that prestigious race by a Canadian-owned horse. In the Jerome Handicap, he finished second by a nose to Capot. At age four, Arise continue to perform with the best. At Aqueduct Racetrack in Queens, New York he won the Excelsior Handicap and the Fall Highweight Handicap plus the American Legion Handicap at Saratoga Race Course.

Arise was sent back to the track at age six and won the 1951 Monmouth Handicap, the Questionnaire Handicap and defeated Piet in winning the Carter Handicap.

Stud record
Retired from racing, in 1953 Arise was sent to stand at stud at Kentucky's renowned Claiborne Farm. His time as a stallion was limited as he produced only a few offspring in 1954 and 1955, non of which met with racing success.

References
 Arise's pedigree and partial racing stats
August 14, 1949 New York Times article on Arise winning the Travers Stakes
 Arise at the Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame

1946 racehorse births
Racehorses bred in Kentucky
Racehorses trained in the United States
Horse racing track record setters
Thoroughbred family 4-m


Spruce Grove is a city in Alberta, Canada.

Spruce Grove may also refer to:

Canada
Edmonton—Spruce Grove, federal electoral district in Alberta
Spruce Grove-Sturgeon-St. Albert, provincial electoral district in Alberta

United States
Spruce Grove, California, former name of Harris, California
Spruce Grove Township, Becker County, Minnesota, township in Minnesota
Spruce Grove Township, Beltrami County, Minnesota, township in Minnesota


Waiting Room to the Beyond ( and also known as Mark of the Tortoise) is a 1964 German thriller film directed by Alfred Vohrer and starring Hildegard Knef.

Cast
 Hildegard Knef as Lorelli
 Götz George as Donald 'Don' Micklem
 Richard Münch as Mario Orlandi di Alsconi
 Heinz Reincke as Inspektor Dickes
 Carl Lange as Crantor
 Pinkas Braun as Felix
 Adelheid Seeck as Lady Helen Bradley
 Hans Paetsch as Sir Cyrus Bradley
 Jan Hendriks as Carlos
 Klaus Kinski as Shapiro
 Hans Clarin as Harry Mason

References

External links

1964 films
1960s crime thriller films
German crime thriller films
West German films
1960s German-language films
German black-and-white films
Films based on works by James Hadley Chase
Films based on British novels
Films directed by Alfred Vohrer
Films produced by Horst Wendlandt
Films about kidnapping
1960s German films


Benjamin Pierce Cheney Jr. (April 8, 1866 – June 5, 1942), was an American business executive. He had extensive investments in railroad securities and served as a director of Wells Fargo & Company and the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad.

Biography
Cheney was born in Boston on April 8, 1866, the eldest child of Benjamin Pierce Cheney and Elizabeth Stickney (Clapp) Cheney. His father was one of the pioneer expressmen of the United States. The younger Cheney prepared for college at English High School in Boston and with a private tutor. He received his BA degree from Harvard University in 1890.

Until the death of his father in 1895 Cheney aided him in the management of his interests, which included the largest portfolio of railroad securities held in the Boston area. Upon his father's death, he was elected to succeed him as a director of Wells Fargo & Company.

Having extensively studied railroad operations, Cheney was elected a director of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad and took an active part in the management of the Santa Fe system.

Besides his directorships with Wells Fargo and the Santa Fe system, Cheney was a director of Manchester Mills, Manchester, Massachusetts, and of numerous Boston banks and trust companies. He also served as president of the San Diego Land & Town Company, one of his father's old ventures. At one time he was a member of the Algonquin, Union, Boston Amateur Athletic and University clubs of Boston, the Metropolitan, Players and Harvard clubs of New York City, and the University Club of San Diego California.

He was married at Covington, Kentucky, on February 23, 1898, to Julia Arthur (née Ida Lewis), a noted actress. She was born at Hamilton, Ontario, on May 3, 1868, the daughter of Thomas J. Lewis, a tobacco manufacturer, and Elizabeth (née Arthur) Lewis. The Cheneys made their home in Boston, with a summer estate on Calf Island. The couple were childless.

In August 1899 Andrew Christeson was elected to succeed Cheney as a director of Wells Fargo. It is not said that Cheney had resigned, nor is any other information given in the meeting minutes.

As a young man Cheney had taken part in amateur theatricals, and after his marriage he financed a number of professional productions, including a number that starred his wife at venues in Boston, New York City and elsewhere in the Northeast. She also appeared in ten silent films between 1908 and 1919. Her last screen performance was a benefit film to aid victims of World War I. Julia Arthur Cheney made her last Broadway performance in 1921, playing Lady Macbeth opposite Lionel Barrymore.

The Cheneys were also patrons of the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, where they donated a number of antiquities.

Cheney later suffered heavy financial reverses, and during the last years of his life he was no longer active in business. He died of thirst in the desert near Kingman, Arizona, on June 5, 1942. Julia Arthur Cheney died in Boston on March 28, 1950.

Notes

1866 births
1942 deaths
Wells Fargo
Harvard University alumni
Businesspeople from Boston


Piet (foaled 1945) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse best known for winning three consecutive runnings of the Jamaica Handicap.

Background
Bred by Charles B. Bohn and Peter A. Markey, Piet raced under their nom de course, BoMar Stable. He was sired by multiple stakes winner Grand Slam, a son of 1927 American Horse of the Year Chance Play. His dam was Valdina Lark, a daughter of the U.S. Racing Hall of Fame inductee who is considered one of the greatest broodmare sires of all time, Blue Larkspur.

Racing career
At age two, Piet won two races in Maryland, taking the 1947 Spalding Lowe Jenkins Stakes and the Richard Johnson Stakes at Laurel Park Racecourse but got his most important victory of the year at Chicago's Arlington Park when he won the Arlington Futurity.

In his three-year-old debut, Piet won the Ral Parr Stakes at Pimlico Race Course. His other significant win of 1948 saw him defeat Coaltown in capturing the Skokie Handicap at Washington Park Race Track.  In 1949, Piet won the first of his three straight editions of the Jamaica Handicap at Jamaica Racetrack. The following year, in addition to another Jamaica Handicap, Piet also won the Whitney, Toboggan, and Bay Shore Handicaps.

1951 was six-year-old Piet's last year of racing. At the Jamaica Racetrack he won the Apache Handicap then six days later his third consecutive Jamaica Handicap.
In other top-level 1951 races, Piet notably ran second to Casemate in the Metropolitan Handicap and was third behind winner Arise in the Carter Handicap.

Stud record
Retired to stud duty, Piet met with modest success. His last foal was born in 1967.

External links
 Piet's pedigree and partial racing stats

References

1945 racehorse births
Racehorses bred in the United States
Racehorses trained in the United States
Thoroughbred family 15-d


Brain Quest 5 & 6 is an Educational Puzzle video game released for the Nintendo DS in North America on September 22, 2008. The game was published by Electronic Arts and was developed by Planet Moon Studios. The game was released at the same time as Brain Quest Grades 3 & 4. Staying true to the curriculum-based card deck series of Brain Quest.

Gameplay
The player plays as an unnamed character, who has young children quiz the player trivia questions in multiple categories; such as English, Science, Mathematics, history, geography and a mixed mode, where all categories are combined into one quiz.

There are multiple formats of question that the player has to answer in. The player is given Multiple choice questions, sorting questions and dot connection question. Answering questions correctly gives you points, with the highest score possible for one round being 5000 points. One round has a total of 5 questions. Getting points allows the player to unlock rewards.

References

2008 video games
Electronic Arts games
Nintendo DS games
Nintendo DS-only games
Planet Moon Studios games
Puzzle video games
Video games based on works
Video games developed in the United States


The International Olympiad on Astronomy and Astrophysics (IOAA) is an annual Astronomy and Astrophysics competition for high school students. It is one of the international science olympiads.

The Olympiad was founded from a dissidence inside the International Astronomy Olympiad, in order to increase the scope of the organization.

History
The first Olympiad was held in the city of Chiang Mai (Thailand) from November 30 to December 9, 2007. The International Council, consisting of team leaders, elected a president (Dr. Boonrucksar Soonthornthum, Thailand) and a secretary general (Dr. Chatief Kunjaya, Indonesia) for a five-year term.

The second Olympiad was held in 2008, from August 19 to 28, in the city of Bandung (Indonesia). It was attended by representatives of 22 countries.

The third Olympiad was held in 2009, from October 17 to 27, in Tehran. An observation tour was conducted in the desert. Representatives of 20 countries took part in the Olympiad.

The fourth Olympiad was held in 2010, from September 12 to September 21, in Beijing. 114 participants of the Olympiad came from 23 countries.

The fifth Olympiad was held in 2011, from August 25 to September 4, in the Polish cities of Katowice, Chorzow and Krakow. For the first time the Olympiad was held in Europe. Representatives of 26 countries took part in the Olympiad. In Poland, the International Council elected a new president (Dr. Chatief Kunjaya, Indonesia) and a secretary general (Dr. Greg Stachowski, Poland). Regional coordinators were also elected (Dr. Thaís Mothé Diniz, Brazil, for America and Dr. Aniket Sule, India, for Asia).

The sixth Olympiad was held in 2012, from August 4 to 13. For the first time the Olympiad was held in America in the Brazilian cities of Rio de Janeiro and Vassouras. Representatives of 28 countries took part in the Olympiad.

The seventh Olympiad was held in 2013, from July 27 to August 4 in the Greek city of Volos. The competition was attended by 39 teams from 35 countries, including for the first time teams from the USA, New Zealand, Canada, Malaysia, Armenia, the Republic of Macedonia and Cyprus.

The fourteenth Olympiad was supposed to be held in Bogota, Colombia. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the competition was moved to an online format and Colombia was moved to 2021. This competition was not named IOAA, but GeCAA (meaning Global e-Competition on Astronomy and Astrophysics) and did not count as the 14th IOAA. It was held 23rd September 2020 to 23rd October 2020. Estonia was the host country.

Summary

The 1st IOAA-Jr, for the students under 16 years of age was held in Romania from 30th October to 7th November 2022. The 2nd IOAA-Jr was held in Volos, Greece from 24th to 30th September 2023, and its age restriction was lowered to students under 15.

Participating Countries
Source: https://www.ioaastrophysics.org/participating-countries/

Results
Source: https://www.ioaastrophysics.org/results/

Prize Winners

High-scoring participants
The following table lists multiple (triple and more) gold medal winners of IOAA with their ranks and corresponding years.

Note: Several countries (e.g. India, Indonesia, Iran, Thailand) do not allow their students to contest in IOAA more than two times, even if they are eligible. Thus, statistics from those countries is not included in the table above.

References

https://www.ioaastrophysics.org/history-2/

https://www.ioaastrophysics.org/national-olympiad-pages/

https://www.ioaastrophysics.org/gecaa/

https://www.ioaastrophysics.org/

https://www.ioaastrophysics.org/solutions/

Astronomy competitions
International Science Olympiad


Friedrich Feyrter (2 June 1895, Vienna – 2 December 1973, Bad Fischau-Brunn) was an Austrian pathologist.

In 1934 he obtained his habilitation with the thesis "Carcinoid und Carcinom", later serving as a professor in Danzig, Graz and Göttingen.

Best known for establishing the concept of the diffuse neuroendocrine system (DNES), he also made contributions in his research of various benign and malignant tumors, the transformation of lipids, the origin of the nevus and on disorders of cellular metabolism.

Associated eponyms
 "Feyrter's cells": Synonym for neuroendocrine cells, also known as "clear cells" or Kultschitzky cells.
 "Feyrter disease": Plasmacytosis of pulmonary tissue that affects premature infants.

Selected works
 Über diffuse endokrine epitheliale Organe, 1938 – On diffuse endocrine epithelial organs.
 Über die Histopathologie der Masern des Menschen, 1947 – On the histopathology of measles in humans.
 Über Neurome und Neurofibromatose, nach Untersuchungen am menschlichen Magendarmschlauch, 1948 – On neuromas and neurofibromatosis, according to studies on the human gastrointestinal tract.
 Über die Pathologie der vegetativen nervösen Peripherie und ihrer ganglionären Regulationsstätten, 1950 – On the pathology of the autonomic nervous periphery and associated ganglionic regulatory regions.
 Über die peripheren endokrinen (parakrinen) Drüsen des Menschen, 1953 – On the peripheral endocrine (paracrine) glands of humans.

See also
 Small cell carcinoma

References

1895 births
1973 deaths
Austrian pathologists
Scientists from Vienna
Academic staff of the University of Graz
Academic staff of the University of Göttingen