Nemo Design is a brand design agency and creative workshop based in Portland, Oregon, in the United States. The company was established by Jeff Bartel, a snowboarding photographer Trevor Graves, and by Chris Hotz in 1999. It offers a variety of services, specializing in active lifestyle and culture brands.

Description and history
Nemo Design is a brand design agency and creative workshop based in Portland, Oregon, offering a variety of services and specializing in active lifestyle and culture brands. The company was established by Jeff Bartel, snowboarding photographer Trevor Graves, and Chris Hotz in 1999, after they were laid off at Morrow Snowboards following its acquisition by K2 Skis. Bartel, formerly Morrow's art director, is a longtime graphic designer for snowboards. The trio named the company "Nemo", which means "no one" in Latin, because they wanted a more collective culture and thought using their surnames would give the unwanted impression of a law firm.

According to Transworld Skateboarding, "[Nemo's] curiosity and desire to create has pushed them to bridge the gap between print, product graphics, consulting, packaging, motion graphics, photography, and web design." The company has been located at 1875 Southeast Belmont Street, in Portland's Buckman neighborhood, since c. 2004. In 2008, the agency brought on Mark Lewman as a partner and creative director. Hotz left Nemo in the early 2010s, leaving Bartel, Graves, and Lewman as the three principals. Bartel and Graves continue to serve as executive art director and president, respectively. By August 2015, the agency had 38 employees.

Culture and events

According to Lewman, Nemo strives for "collective progression" and operates in the belief that "we're stronger together than as individuals". He has also said of the company's culture, "We want to feel like we're on summer vacation. We work really hard, but it should be for something fun and rewarding. It's like the Mark Twain quote: 'If it feels like play, it's not really work.'" Nemo offers "Skateboard Wednesdays" (also known as "Nemo Nooners") as an employee benefit, spending $300 per month to rent out the Commonwealth Skateboarding Park for personnel and their friends for three hours each week. In addition, the firm provides evening access to a company boat housed along the Willamette River. It also offers more traditional benefits like 401(k) matching and health insurance. Nemo has hosted a variety of events in their office space, including art shows, forums and panel discussions, fundraisers, and photography exhibits.

In 2008, the regional chapter of the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences hosted "PDX in the Mix" at Nemo. The panel featured Tucker Martine and Portia Sabin, among others, and was moderated by English musician Dave Allen (Gang of Four, Shriekback), who has served as Nemo's Director of Insights and Digital Media. Nemo hosted "I Am Snowboarding", a traveling art show, in 2010. More than 500 people visited the exhibit; a raffle featured snowboards and other products provided by Burton Snowboards, Lib Technologies, Skullcandy, Vans, and Volcom, among other companies. In December, the company hosted a screening of The Birth of Big Air, a film directed by Jeff Tremaine and co-produced by Lewman. Two-hundred BMX riders and Mat Hoffman fans attended the screening, which also served as a fundraise. It featured a collection of BMX bikes, courtesy of the BMX Museum, and an appearance by Hoffman.

In November 2014, Graves and Nemo hosted a benefit for snowboarding photographer Chris Brunkhart following his cancer diagnosis. The event included an auction of historical art and photography and raised more than $50,000 for Brunkhart and his family. The agency hosted an opening party for the 2015 "Everything Is Festival", a 4-day popular culture event billed as "the world's most completely indefinable festival of fun". Nemo has also hosted in its office space a happy hour organized by the women of Studio Co/Create, plus events associated with Design Week Portland.

Clients

Nike Inc. was one of Nemo's first clients. The agency worked with Nike's All Conditions Gear brand and Nike Skateboarding, which targeted the snowboarding and skateboarding industries, respectively. Nemo's early staff had experience with the snowboarding industry, based on their previous employer, and Graves was uniquely qualified because of his work as a snowboarding photographer. The agency later worked on the now-defunct Nike 6.0 action sports brand and continues to work with Nike. Adidas, American Eagle Outfitters, Eckō Unltd., and Robotfood were also early clients. In 2004, Smith Optics announced its partnership with Nemo to consult on branding and marketing strategies and design all of Smith's visuals, including advertisements, catalogs, and point of sale materials. In 2006, the collective Lobo confirmed its collaboration with Nemo on a three-spot television advertising campaign for NKE6, Nike's extreme sports brand. The animated, 15-second ads, which aired on MTV2 and Fuel TV, show the points of view of a skateboarder, snowboarder, and surfer.

Major clients have included Converse, Hewlett-Packard, JVC, Mammoth Mountain Ski Area, Mattel's Hot Wheels, and Oakley, Inc. In November 2013, Converse named Nemo its North American agency of record for retail after working together for six months. Previously, the show company handled retail responsibilities in-house. The two companies had collaborated on a Jack Purcell shoe using the hybrid name "Converse x Deus Ex Machina", for which Nemo created "retail elements" in Deus Ex Machina's Venice, California shop. Nemo helped Converse launch three shoes (Aerojam, Anarchy and Star Player Plus), branded as the CONS lifestyle sneaker collection, in Champs Sports, Foot Locker, and Footactions stores. According to Graves, around 25 percent of Nemo's business came from Converse after being named its agency of record; other clients at the time were Bell Helmets, Mammoth Mountain, MasterCraft, and Nike (SPARQ Training).

Recognition
Nemo has been honored multiple times by the Davey Awards, which "provide winners with tools, details, and assistance to create high-impact press releases and other useful communications touting their achievement". Nemo earned awards for their "Smith Motorcross Catalog" and "Smith Optics Brand Book", both created on behalf of Smith Optics. The company has received eight Davey Awards for entries related to Nike; recognized works include "Nike Rockstar Workout Hip", "Hips", "Hips & Lips", "Hogtide", "Lips", "Nike 360 PR Kit", "Nike 6.0 Press Kit", and the Nike 6.0 website.

The agency has also been recognized multiple times by the Portland Advertising Federation's Rosey Awards, which honor the best creative work in Oregon. In 2006, the company was recognized for their online advertising and sales kits for Nike. In 2007, Nemo earned three of nine awards at the 50th annual Rosey Awards in the categories "sales material/advertising poster", "advertising arts/illustration, single", and "advertising arts/illustration, series" for their Nike 6.0 campaigns called "The Compass", "Superball", and "Vertigo", respectively. In 2014, the Nemo-produced MasterCraft video "Mission 04: History Is History" earned Digital One, a post-production studio based in Portland, a Rosey in the audio category.

Nemo was included in Oregon Business list of the "100 Best Green Companies to Work for in Oregon" in 2009. In 2013, the agency's "Fast Is Faster", created for Nike, was named a "Best of Division" winner in the category "Best of Packaging-Cartons and Containers" at the Print Rocks awards, which are presented annually by PPI, Pacific Printing Industries Association, and the Northwest's Visual Communications Industries Association, the latter of which covers the U.S. states of Alaska, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, and Washington. One designer affiliated with Nemo was recognized for a poster he designed for Portland's Doug Fir Lounge in Type Directors Club's (TDC) 2013 "Communication Design" competition. "Mission 04: History Is History" earned Nemo an AICP Award for Sound Design from the Association of Independent Commercial Producers in 2014. The Clio Awards, which have recognized creativity and high achievement in advertising since 1959, honored the agency for "Amazing Comes Standard", a catalog designed to showcase MasterCraft's equipment. Nemo received a bronze award in the category "Product/Service – Brochures, Calendars, Catalogs" in 2014. The company's brochure for MasterCraft was one of 152 projects (from 3,632 entries) recognized by a jury panel for Communication Arts 2014 Design Annual.

In 2015, Nemo was named one of Advertising Age small agencies of the year, earning a silver award in the category covering the Northwestern United States. Nemo ranked number seven in Outside list of "The 100 Best Places to Work in 2015". The magazine also ranked Nemo number six on its list of "The Best Advertising Jobs". Outside noted access to the skate park and company boat as employee perks.

References

External links

  Note: Features illustrations by Jeff Bartel (pg. 10), Leo Battersby (pg. 164), Ben Gurnsey (pg. 20), and Chris Hotz (front cover).
  Note: Site of the Day.

  Note: A version of this article was originally posted as a black paper for Nemo Design.

1999 establishments in Oregon
Advertising agencies of the United States
Buckman, Portland, Oregon
Companies based in Portland, Oregon
Design companies established in 1999
Privately held companies based in Oregon


Andrew Raymond McNeilly (born February 1972) is a Trinidad and Tobago bobsledder. He competed for Trinidad and Tobago at the 2002 Winter Olympics.

Early life
McNeilly was born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada and is of Trinidad and Tobago descent.

External links
Sports-Reference
List of Trinidad and Tobago Participants in the Olympic Games, 1948 to Present
2002 Olympic Two-Man Bobsleigh Results

1972 births
Sportspeople from Toronto
Citizens of Trinidad and Tobago through descent
Canadian male bobsledders
Trinidad and Tobago male bobsledders
Canadian sportspeople of Trinidad and Tobago descent
Olympic bobsledders for Trinidad and Tobago
Bobsledders at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Living people


Benito Juárez is a municipality in the Mexican state of Veracruz. It is located in the state's Huasteca Baja region. The municipal seat is the village of Benito Juárez, Veracruz.

In the 2005 INEGI Census, the municipality reported a total population of 16,446 (down from  33,798 in 1995), of whom 1,069 lived in the municipal seat.
Of the municipality's inhabitants, 11,757 (79.53%) spoke an indigenous language, primarily Nahuatl.

The municipality of Benito Juárez covers a total surface area of 217.15 km².

Settlements
Benito Juárez (2005 population: 1069)
Tenantitla (1232)
Hueycuatitla (993)
Primo Verdad (San Miguel) (859)
Tlatlapango Grande (757)

See also
Benito Juárez, 19th century statesman after whom these places are named.

References

External links

  Municipal Official Site
  Municipal Official Information

Municipalities of Veracruz


is a 1923 black-and-white Japanese silent film directed by Koroku Numata. It is significant because it is the oldest preserved film featuring jidaigeki star Tsumasaburo Bando, appearing in a minor role. The value is further increased by the film being one of the very few extant works featuring the period-drama star Banya Ichikawa in the lead.

References

1923 films
Japanese silent films
Japanese black-and-white films


The Young Women's Leadership School at E. Washington Rhodes High School was a public secondary school for girls located at 3100 North 29th Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. The school was a part of the School District of Philadelphia.

History
In September 2005 the School District of Philadelphia converted Rhodes Middle School, a coeducational middle school, into an all-female middle and high school. During that year the district established The Young Men's Leadership School at Thomas FitzSimons High School for males. The males zoned to the former FitzSimons and Rhodes zones were assigned to FitzSimons, while the females in the zones were assigned to Rhodes. After the redesign Rhodes reported a smooth transition.

In March 2012, the Philadelphia School Reform Commission voted to turn Rhodes back into a co-educational middle school. The students were reassigned to Strawberry Mansion High School. The Rhodes campus now serves as a K-8 school.

Transportation
SEPTA serves the school with Routes 32, 48, and 60.

Feeder patterns
Feeder elementary schools included Thomas M. Peirce Elementary School, Anna B. Pratt School, John G. Whittier School, and Richard R. Wright School. Ethel Allen School, a K-8 school, fed into Rhodes.

School uniforms
Rhodes students were required to wear school uniforms.

See also

References

External links

 Rhodes High Attendance Boundary ( (Archive)

High schools in Philadelphia
Public middle schools in Pennsylvania
School District of Philadelphia
Girls' schools in Pennsylvania
Public girls' schools in the United States
Schools in Philadelphia
Women's Leadership Schools
Public high schools in Pennsylvania
2005 establishments in Pennsylvania
Upper North Philadelphia
History of women in Pennsylvania


Fjords in Canada are long, narrow inlets characterized by steep sides, created in a valley carved by glacial activity. A fjord can have two or more basins separated by sills. The bowls can have a depth of  and the dividing sills can raise up to a few metres below the water surface. Mountainous glaciated areas in Canada are along the British Columbia Coast: from the Alaskan border along the Portland Canal to Indian Arm. Kingcome Inlet is a typical west coast fjord.

In Newfoundland and Labrador, Saglek Fiord, Nachvak Fiord, and Hebron Fiord, are in Labrador. While Western Brook Pond, Trout River Big Pond, and Bonne Bay in Gros Morne National Park are located along the coastline of the island of Newfoundland.

Quebec's Saguenay River valley contains a fjord. The Saguenay Fjord is  long and  deep.

The Arctic Archipelago features fjords such as those around Ellesmere and Baffin Island, including Alexandra Fiord, Ellesmere Island, and Kangiqtualuk Uqquqti, Baffin Island.

When a portion of the high cliff wall falls off, it may cause a tsunami. This occurred in the early 20th century at Western Brook Pond of Gros Morne National Park when a  tsunami was created after Broke Off Cliff fell.

Fjords listed here may consist of several complex waterways. These waterways may contribute to the length of the fjord. For more information on these please see the main fjord source or Wikipedia article. Some examples are Dean Channel and Douglas Channel. The locality of Hagensborg in the Bella Coola Valley in the Dean Channel fjord was settled by Norwegian immigrants in 1894 as it reminded them of home. The total length of the fjord from the head of Dean Channel to the mouth of Fitz Hugh Sound is about  rivalling Hardangerfjord in Norway for length. The Hardangerfjord, the Queen of fjords, at a length of  is claimed to be fourth largest fjord in the world and second largest of Norway.

Anaktalak Bay, Saglek Fiord and Nachvak Fiord off the coast of Newfoundland and Labrador are being studied for environmental changes due to global warming. Increased tourism and marine traffic, contaminants from air, water or industrial pollution, changing weather patterns are affecting what once had been pristine water basins of the fjords protected by sills.

The use of the word canal to name fjords or inlets on the British Columbian and Southeast Alaskan coast is a legacy of the Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest in the 18th century. For example, Haro Strait between Victoria and the San Juan Islands was originally Canal de Haro. The English cognate to the Spanish canal is "channel", which is found throughout the coast, cf. Dean Channel.

Some fjords on the British Columbian coast have rapids, termed skookumchucks which means strong waters in Chinook Jargon). Skookumchucks are caused by the shallows and narrows near the mouth of a fjord as the water inside the fjord's depths is drawn through, to or from, the more open waters beyond.

The phenomenon of mountain-gap wind or squamish or outflow affects the fjords of Canada and Norway. The outflow winds at the Salt and Bols fjords of Norway and the Howe Sound and Portland Inlet of Canada have been compared. European winds may be termed bora. The cold dry air of the continental interior seeks out the easier passage through the fjord valley creating hurricane-force winds.

According to the definition, fjord, Western Brook Pond and Trout River Big Pond in Newfoundland's Gros Morne National Park, are also often described as a fjords, but are actually freshwater lakes cut off from the sea, so is not a fjord in the English sense of the term. Such lakes are sometimes called "fjord lakes". It is of interest to note that Pissing Mare Falls at  high, is one of several waterfalls to drain into Western Brook Pond, Along the British Columbia Coast, a notable fjord-lake is Owikeno Lake, which is a freshwater extension of Rivers Inlet.

List of fjords

See also
 List of fjords of the United States

References

External links

Lists of landforms of Canada
Canada


What's Left? The Death of Social Democracy is written by Australian Professor Clive Hamilton and was published as Issue 21 of the Quarterly Essay in 2006. In What's Left? Hamilton comments on topics written about in his previous books Growth Fetish and Affluenza: When Too Much is Never Enough.  He argues that there is an emergence of new forms of "alienation and exploitation", and what he calls the ravages of the free market and the profit motive. According to Hamilton, they have "robbed life of its meaning".

Hamilton defines alienation as the inability or incapacity for people to lead authentic lives and to manifest who they are. He contends that there is a massive advertising industry designed to persuade us that the way to a happy and fulfilling life is to "go shopping, to construct an identity, a sense of self, by the brands we buy, by the goods we have and put on display".

See also
Consumerism
Overconsumption

References

2006 non-fiction books
Books about politics of Australia
Australian non-fiction books
Books by Clive Hamilton


James Jarvist Arnold (12 April 1902 – 29 October 1967) was an Australian politician. He was an Australian Labor Party member of the Australian Senate for New South Wales from 1940 to 1967.

Arnold was born at Wallaroo Mines in South Australia and was educated at St Joseph's School in Kadina and Christian Brothers College in Adelaide. He worked as private secretary to the managing director of an insurance company and then for a motor firm. Arnold then moved to Sydney  1928 to become a probationary firefighter, later moving to Newcastle  1930, where he was assigned to the Newcastle East Fire Brigade. He studied accountancy alongside his work there, and qualified as an accountant in 1937, but remained a firefighter until his election to parliament. Arnold was president of the Newcastle Fire Brigades Association, a delegate to the Newcastle Trade Hall Council, secretary of the Newcastle Workers' Educational Association, a member of the Newcastle School of Arts Committee, secretary of the Newcastle branch of the Labor Party, president of the party's Newcastle state assembly and secretary of its Newcastle regional assembly. He was a fellow of the Federal Institute of Accounts and the Chartered Institute of Secretaries.

Arnold was elected to the Senate at the 1940 federal election, and was re-elected four times. He was temporary chairman of committees from 1941 to 1951, was an assistant to Minister for the Navy and Munitions Norman Makin during World War II and after the war was deputy chairman of the Australian Shipbuilding Board and the parliamentary representative on the Commonwealth Council of National Fitness. In 1957, he was in hospital recovering from surgery when the Menzies government refused him a pair on controversial proposed banking legislation; with his vote critical in a tightly divided Senate, Arnold was brought to Parliament House in an ambulance and had to attend Senate proceedings in a wheelchair and hospital garb in order to defeat the bill. He lost Labor preselection to Les Haylen for the 1964 Senate-only election, and left office when his term expired in 1965.

Arnold died in October 1967 at Royal Newcastle Hospital and was cremated at what is now the Newcastle Memorial Park.

He married Ida Isabelle Brent on 6 August 1935; they had four children.

References

Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Members of the Australian Senate for New South Wales
Members of the Australian Senate
1902 births
1967 deaths
20th-century Australian politicians
Australian firefighters


Benito Juárez is a village in the  Mexican state of Veracruz. Located in the state's Huasteca Baja region, it serves as the municipal seat for the surrounding municipality of the same name.

In the 2005 INEGI Census, Benito Juárez reported a total population of 1,069.

Prior to 1932, Benito Juárez was known as Santa Cruz de Juárez.

See also
Benito Juárez, 19th century statesman after whom these places are named.

References

External links

  Municipal Official Site
  Municipal Official Information

Populated places in Veracruz


William James Large (28 March 1878 – 2 March 1964) was an English-born Australian politician. Born in Kent, he was educated at St Botolph's School in Northfield before migrating to Australia as a young man. He became a public servant with the New South Wales Department of Labour and an official of the Amalgamated Engineering Union, as well as an importer and company director. In 1940, he was elected to the Australian Senate as a Labor Senator for New South Wales. He held the seat until his defeat in 1951.

Large died in 1964 (aged 85).

References

External links

Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Members of the Australian Senate for New South Wales
Members of the Australian Senate
1878 births
1964 deaths
20th-century Australian politicians
British emigrants to Australia


"Sweet Dreams" is a song recorded by American singer Beyoncé from her third studio album I Am... Sasha Fierce (2008). Originally titled "Beautiful Nightmare", it leaked online in March 2008. The song was written and produced by Beyoncé, James Scheffer, Wayne Wilkins, and Rico Love. Columbia Records released "Sweet Dreams" as the album's sixth single, to mainstream radio and rhythmic contemporary radio playlists in the United States on June 2, 2009, and elsewhere on July 13. It is an electropop song whose instrumentation includes synthesizers, a keyboard, and snare drums. Beyoncé employs slinky vocals to sing the lyrics, which describe a romantic relationship that the female protagonist believes could be a dream.

Music critics praised the beats, synthpop sound and Beyoncé's vocals in "Sweet Dreams". Some critics noted that the sliding bassline gave the song a dark quality and resembles the one used in some of Michael Jackson's songs on Thriller (1982). "Sweet Dreams" gained popularity for its electronic style, which contrasts her earlier R&B, urban, and  releases. The song was nominated for the Viewers Choice Award at the 2010 BET Awards. "Sweet Dreams" peaked at number ten on the Billboard Hot 100. Outside of the United States, "Sweet Dreams" topped the charts in New Zealand, and peaked within the top ten of the charts in many countries, including Australia, the Czech Republic, the Republic of Ireland, Slovakia, and the United Kingdom. "Sweet Dreams" was certified platinum in the United States, Australia, and New Zealand.

The song's accompanying music video was directed by Adria Petty, and was filmed in Brooklyn, New York. It mainly uses a green screen and  effects, making the clip minimal and . The video sees Beyoncé wearing a golden robot suit designed by French fashion designer Thierry Mugler. Critics described it as  and noted that she reprised some of the choreography from her 2008 video for "Single Ladies". Beyoncé promoted the song by performing it live at the 2009 MTV Europe Music Awards and occasionally during the I Am... World Tour (2009–10). "Sweet Dreams" was recognized as one of the most performed songs of 2009 at the 27th American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) Pop Music Awards. The song was used in a Crystal Geyser Water Japanese advertisement that featured Beyoncé.

Production and recording
Initially titled "Beautiful Nightmare", "Sweet Dreams" became one of the first songs composed for Beyoncé Knowles' 2008 double album I Am... Sasha Fierce. Record producer Rico Love regarded writing "Sweet Dreams" with Knowles as "the experience of a lifetime". When Knowles went to the South Beat Studios in Miami Beach, Florida, she was not prepared to record and had to attend the opening concert of her husband  tour. However, when she heard a demo of the song, she was impressed and wanted to record it immediately. She sang and recorded “Sweet Dreams” in 15 minutes.

Knowles, Wayne Wilkins and Jim Jonsin did some additional writing and produced the song alongside Love at the same studio. Knowles and Love worked on the vocal arrangements; Knowles appreciated Love's background vocals in the hook and retained them. Jim Caruana assisted in recording the music. Love then recorded Knowles' vocals; the recording session lasted for an hour. Lastly, Wilkins mixed the track. "Sweet Dreams" appears on the Sasha Fierce disc of I Am... Sasha Fierce as it allowed Knowles to portray her alter ego Sasha Fierce, whom Knowles described as her "fun, more sensual, more aggressive, more outspoken [...] and more glamorous side".

Composition and lyrical interpretation

"Sweet Dreams" is an electropop song that incorporates elements of rock and  funk music. The song is built on undulating electro rhythms and a thumping beat; its groove fits into hip hop phrasing. It is mainly driven by a keyboard and also has guitar, piano, synthesizer, snare drum and bass instrumentation. Many music critics noted that several components of "Sweet Dreams" are reminiscent of the songs on Michael Jackson's 1982 album Thriller. James Montgomery of MTV News said that the "gnarly low end" sounds like Jackson's song "Beat It" (1983). Nick Levine of Digital Spy noted that the electronic bassline is similar to those used in Jackson's songs "Thriller" (1983) and "Bad" (1987). Arielle Castillo of the Miami New Times noted that Jackson could use the beat of "Sweet Dreams" to bring up to date his  style.

The lyrics of "Sweet Dreams" are about a female protagonist who has some insecurities about her new romantic relationship; she is confused about whether her relationship with her partner is a "sweet dream or a beautiful nightmare". The song starts with a bassline, which is occasionally interrupted by spare snare kicks, drum fills and Knowles' chanting, "Turn the lights on". She then adopts slinky vocals to begin the first verse. The  chorus then starts with the line, "You can be a sweet dream or a beautiful nightmare / Either way, I don't wanna wake up from you". The song is written in the key of E-flat minor with a tempo of 122 beats per minute. Beyoncé's vocals span from D♭4 to E5 in the song.

Leak and release
"Sweet Dreams" was leaked under its original title the day after it was recorded in March 2008, eight months before the album's release. It was the first time that a song by Knowles was leaked before its inclusion on an upcoming album. She responded to the leak on her official website, thanking her fans for the positive response towards the song, before clarifying that it was just a work in progress and that she did not intend to release new material in the near future. About the leak, Love told MTV News:

I was more concerned that [Beyoncé] would feel that we did it. A lot of times producers or songwriters leak records because they feel if you put the song out there it would go [on to become a hit]. Usually a leak that far in advance of an album release puts the song in serious jeopardy of being excluded from the final track list. It was frustrating. I felt like you work hard to get in the studio to work with Beyoncé. [But] I was blessed ... that song turned out [to] have nine lives.

Under the song's original title "Beautiful Nightmare", "Sweet Dreams" gained some attention in the United States, where it amassed enough airplay to chart at number  on Hot Dance Club Songs chart and at number  on Pop 100 Airplay chart.  "Broken-Hearted Girl" was initially intended as the sixth US and fourth international single alongside the stateside-only single "Ego" (2009). However, its release was scrapped at the last minute, and replaced by "Sweet Dreams", which Knowles selected for a summer single release because she wanted a dance song. She added, "It's very rare to find an uptempo song [...] that's not just about going to a club or partying or being a sexy girl".

"Sweet Dreams" was added to US contemporary hit radio and rhythmic contemporary radio playlists on June 2, 2009. Dance remixes of the song alongside the album version of "Ego" and its remixes were later released on the same digital EP on August 17, 2009, in the US.

Critical reception

Reviews
"Sweet Dreams" was acclaimed by critics, some of whom praised its dark tone and electropop sound that is different from Knowles' previous work. James Montgomery of MTV News wrote that Knowles' vocals, which he called, "icy and cool, slippery like mercury [and] nothing to scoff at either", help make the song an "undeniable smash" that is unique compared to the work of other artists. Jennifer Vineyard of the same publication argued that the rock elements and smooth vocals contribute to Knowles' "fierce" alter ego, who "dares the listener to dream of her, warning that it might be a 'beautiful nightmare'." Arielle Castillo of Miami New Times noted that "Sweet Dreams" is another one of Jim Jonsin's productions with a keyboard-propelled arrangement, but unlike the material Jonsin crafted for Soulja Boy, the song is "swirling, and darker". Joey Guerra of the Houston Chronicle and Gary Trust of Billboard magazine agreed and said the song is one of Knowles' purest dance songs and is "an irresistible call to the dance floor". Describing "Sweet Dreams" as a "cool dance track", Dennis Amith of  complimented its arrangement, calling it "experimental" with "cool transitions".

Adam Mazmanian of The Washington Times described the song as "a gritty slow grind with a salacious bassline" and noted that Knowles "delivers a near parody of a  voice" while singing the chorus. Ryan Dombal of Pitchfork Media wrote that "Sweet Dreams" sounds like a song Rihanna would sing. Echoing Dombal's sentiments, Nick Levine of Digital Spy wrote that the best song on the Sasha Fierce disc is a "dark[ish] electropop track called 'Sweet Dreams', [which] actually sounds like the cousin of Rihanna's 'Disturbia'". On a separate review for the single, Levine awarded "Sweet Dreams" a rating of four stars out of five, and commented that the song seduces listeners with its catchy chorus hook, and thereafter keeps them intrigued by "placing a hint of darkness just beneath the shiny, synthy surface". Spence D. of IGN Music wrote that though "Sweet Dreams" is not a "stellar track", it is superior to other album tracks, including "Diva" and "Radio". Similarly, Vicki Lutas of BBC Music wrote that even though "Sweet Dreams" appears to lack something, it is undeniably a good song overall. She added that "Sweet Dreams" may not be Knowles' finest or most memorable work, but it remains her best offering since her 2003 song "Crazy in Love". Lutas also commended Knowles' vocal delivery, which he described as "beautiful and soft, yet strong and powerful". Talia Kraines of the same publication wrote that "Sweet Dreams" is one of the standout tracks on the Sasha Fierce disc though she believed Knowles did not get as experimental as she did on her 2006 song "Ring the Alarm".

Recognition and accolades
"Sweet Dreams" earned Knowles the Best Female Vocal accolade at the 2009 Music MP3 Awards. It was nominated for Best R&B/Urban Dance Track at the 25th Annual International Dance Music Awards, but lost to the Black Eyed Peas's 2009 song "I Gotta Feeling". It was also nominated for the Viewers Choice Award at the 2010 BET Awards. The American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) recognized "Sweet Dreams" as one of the most performed songs of 2009 at the 27th ASCAP Pop Music Awards. On the occasion of Knowles' thirtieth birthday, Erika Ramirez and Jason Lipshutz of Billboard magazine ranked the song at number 21 on their list of Knowles' 30 biggest Billboard hits, and noted that its electropop sound, which was in contrast to Knowles' previous singles, showcased her range of talent. On The Village Voices 2009 Pazz & Jop singles list, "Sweet Dreams" was ranked at number 115. In 2013, John Boone and Jennifer Cady of E! Online placed the song at number five on their list of ten best Knowles' songs, writing that Knowles "stepped away from R&B roots with this surreal electropop tune, which features these standout lyrics: 'My guilty pleasure, I ain't going nowhere / As long as you're here, I'll be floating on air' (which, from Bey's mouth, sounds like the greatest threat ever)".

Chart performance
"Sweet Dreams" debuted at number 97 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart issue dated August 8, 2009. It peaked at number ten for two non-consecutive weeks on the charts issued dated November 7 and 21, 2009. The song became Knowles' thirteenth top ten Hot 100 single as a solo artist during the 2000s, and tied her with Ludacris and  for second-most top tens on the chart since 2000; Knowles' husband Jay-Z lead with fourteen in that period. Knowles' is the third song titled "Sweet Dreams" to reach the top ten of the Hot 100 chart, following "Sweet Dreams" by Air Supply in 1982 and "Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)" by Eurythmics in 1983. For the week ending September 12, 2009, it topped the US Hot Dance Club Songs chart; it became Knowles' eleventh number-one song, and was the fourth song from I Am... Sasha Fierce to top that chart. "Sweet Dreams" tied Knowles with Kristine W for second-most number one songs on the Hot Dance Club Songs during the 2000s. "Sweet Dreams" was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), denoting sales of one million digital copies. As of October 2012, it had sold 1,691,000 digital downloads in the US.

In the United Kingdom, "Sweet Dreams" debuted at number 52 on the UK Singles Chart on July 18, 2009. It peaked at number five on the UK Singles Chart on August 9, 2009 for three consecutive weeks, and became Knowles' eighth top ten single in Britain as a solo artist. In Australia, the song peaked at number two on the ARIA Singles Chart on August 9, 2009. The song spent 38 consecutive weeks on the ARIA Singles Chart, where it last charted on March 1, 2010; it was certified 4× platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) in 2023, for 280,000 equivalent units.

Music video

Background and concept

The accompanying music video for "Sweet Dreams" was directed by Adria Petty, whom Knowles chose because of her intelligence and beautiful visual references. After Knowles learned the choreography in Los Angeles, the video was shot in a studio in Brooklyn, New York City. It was the seventh video from the album, and the second to have complete color, being "Halo" the first. Knowles described it as more "graphic" when compared to the previous six videos, and commented it took "Sasha [Fierce] to the next level". In the video, Fierce is symbolized by the golden robot suit she wears; it was designed by French fashion designer Thierry Mugler.

A  and  (CGI) were used for the video to create a minimal and performance-based clip. The CGI was employed to create a context-less void, as the background was deleted and a void-like digital canvas was created for the dance routine that is executed by Knowles and her dancers Saidah Nairobi and Ashley Everett, who all sport numerous flashy and symmetrical costumes throughout the video. Accordingly, there were no concerns of cutting as the images were merged into one another using computers. A high number of camera lens glare effects was used in the video, part of which was inspired by British designer Gareth Pugh's Autumn/Winter 2009 video presentation. Knowles further commented about the fashion and choreography:

The fashion was extremely important in this video because everything was so minimal ... With the choreography, we really focused on hitting all of the accents in the drum beat. What makes this choreography so interesting is that in one instance, it is very staccato and hard... And the next instance; the movement is very smooth and there are lots of melts with inter-kit movement in the fingers and hands.

On June 12, 2009, a  video with Knowles dance rehearsal was released; Knowles was dressed in golden costumes and was performing some robotic movements. A  clip from the video was posted online on July 8, 2009; it showed Knowles alongside her two female  dancers in a virtual desert. The following day, the full video was leaked online but was soon deleted after Knowles' label issued warnings to infringing websites. The video for "Sweet Dreams" premiered on MTV later the same day.

Synopsis and analysis
The video opens with Knowles tossing and turning in her bed; her idea was to make the opening shot look like "a dark fairy tale". As she tries to sleep, Johannes Brahms's "Wiegenlied" plays softly in the background. She then levitates off her bed using her stomach muscles to move the top half of her body. Knowles said that the levitation shot was the hardest one as she had difficulties making her neck look straight. She added that the scene represents the nightmare and the white bird flying above her takes her into her dream, which unfolds after the screech of an electric guitar. Knowles is transported to a desert and several clouds are present in the background. She wears a black Roberto Cavalli dress and boots; as the music begins, her two backup dancers wearing Gareth Pugh pieces appear. The scene changes into a   landscape where Knowles is inscribed with a circle and square in a similar fashion to Leonardo da Vinci's Vitruvian Man. The first chorus is brought in by a subtle  sound effect as the  special effects disappear and Knowles appears in a silver  mini dress on a white background. Accompanied by her backup dancers, she performs dance moves described as "sophisticated", "street and ".

The second chorus shows Knowles wearing a  bodysuit while smashing mirrors. During the bridge, the video fades to black and white and Knowles appears wearing the gold robot suit, and gold and diamond nail rings valued at $US 36,000 and designed by Jules Kim. With it, she executes some robotic movements. As the chorus begins to play for the third and final time, digital doubling and mirroring are used to create a collection of dance moves and multiple images of Knowles arching her back. The gold outfit is then reused, this time in color. Knowles performs another dance routine with her two backup dancers, then says, "Turn the lights out", and the video ends.

Reception
James Montgomery of MTV News wrote that the video is "an , , " one. He praised the way Knowles "[pops] her pelvis in ways never imagined", and the wardrobe changes in the clip, before concluding: "She expands on her burgeoning robot fetish, flashes the crazy eyes and contorts her body in downright unsettling ways. All of which is to say that 'Sweet Dreams' is just like every amazingly crazy Beyoncé video from the past three years, which — to extend the point — also means that it's pretty great." Olivia Smith of Daily News noted that in the video, Knowles references Jane Fonda in the movie Barbarella (1968), Tin Woodman and Pamela Anderson through the different costumes she wears. Smith further compared the video with the one for "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)", writing that Knowles reprises some of the moves she performed there. Brandon Soderberg of Slant Magazine described the introductory part of the video as a  mixture of eroticism and symbolism. He added that the video was "one part Victoria's Secret commercial, another part dream logic , and a  freakout all around", and commended the video for being "an excess of body and action, not filmic techniques", adding that the dancing in the video "blow[s] our minds anew".

Rolling Stone found similarities between the video for "Sweet Dreams", Kanye West's video for "Paranoid" (2009) and the cover artworks of English rock band Yes. Canadian magazine Dose also compared the video with "Paranoid" due to their similar dream sequences. Vicki Lutas of the BBC did not appreciate the first 30 seconds of the video, writing that "the dark, horror-type music, the pumping heartbeat, the equally spooky lullaby, the screech of an electric guitar", gave her the impression that she was watching "some [19]80s magician, with a Knowles soundtrack". However, she complimented the rest of the video writing that "things (thankfully) move away from the Hallowe'en cheese and into familiar Beyoncé territory (right from the fact it's proper [19]80s pop through to the video essentially being 'Single Ladies' with Beyoncé and 2 dancers)". Lutas concluded that the video might not be remembered for long or hailed as Beyoncé's finest and more memorable work, but it remains one of the best music videos from Knowles she has seen since "Crazy in Love". Nick Levine of Digital Spy compared the dancing moves in the video with those in "Single Ladies".

It was ranked at number 13 on BET's Notarized: Top 100 Videos of 2009 countdown. Tamar Anitai of MTV placed the video at number three on his list of the best five videos of 2009, wrote that it "isn't just another  look at Beyoncé", and continued, "It's the dark yin to the brighter, lighter fare of 'Single Ladies.' This is a  look at Beyoncé's life: Beyoncé the woman, Sasha Fierce the performer, and the powerful force that occupies the spaces in between." In 2013, John Boone and Jennifer Cady of E! Online placed the video at number ten on their list of Knowles' ten best music videos, praising Knowles' sexy robotic look.

Promotion

Knowles was due to perform "Sweet Dreams" at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards on September 13. However, last minute changes were brought to her performance that night; wearing a leotard and a silver glove, Knowles sang a short drum-led remix of "Sweet Dreams" before switching to "Single Ladies", accompanied by two female backup dancers. Wearing a red Agent Provocateur corset, stockings and long satin gloves, Knowles sang "Sweet Dreams" at the MTV Europe Music Awards 2009 on November 5. Charly Wilder of Spin magazine commented that Knowles overshadowed American singer Katy Perry (host of the event) "with her mesmerizing,  rendition" of "Sweet Dreams".

"Sweet Dreams" was not regularly performed on the I Am... World Tour, a 2009–10 world tour in support of I Am... Sasha Fierce, but a video interlude featuring the song was included. Knowles sang an acoustic and downtempo rendition of the song live during the concert residency I Am... Yours that was held at the Encore Theater in Las Vegas on August 2, 2009. She blended it into a romantic medley that also included her 2003 song "Dangerously in Love 2" and Anita Baker's 1986 song "Sweet Love". The performance was subsequently included on her 2009 CD/DVD live album I Am... Yours: An Intimate Performance at Wynn Las Vegas. Knowles performed "Sweet Dreams" live at the Glastonbury Festival on June 6, 2011; she mixed it with "Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)" by Eurythmics.

"Sweet Dreams" was used in a commercial for Crystal Geyser bottled water in which Knowles appeared; she dances and drinks water while the song is played in the background.

Cover versions
An unofficial remix of "Sweet Dreams", featuring American rappers Lil Wayne and Nicki Minaj, was included on Wayne's 2009 mixtape No Ceilings. English  duo the Big Pink covered the song in a live session for BBC Radio 1 on November 7, 2009. They also performed it at the 2010 Isle of Wight Festival on June 13, 2010. The cover later became the B-side to their 2010 single "Tonight". Jon Caramanica of The New York Times commented that their version had a "disarmingly flat affect, delivering it as the ramble of a neurotic" when compared to the original. Likewise, Pitchfork's Ryan Dombal felt that their cover "obliterates the original's  pulse, turning it into something a lot moodier and creepier".

On November 1, 2010, American professional basketball player, Shaquille O'Neal, dressed as his female alter ego Shaquita for Halloween, and gave a  performance of Knowles' "Sweet Dreams". In September 2011, Jade Collins covered "Sweet Dreams" during an episode of the ninth series of The X Factor. On October 27, 2012, boy band Union J covered the song during the same season of the show.

Jessica Sanchez version
On March 28, 2012, Jessica Sanchez, a contestant of the eleventh season of American Idol, covered "Sweet Dreams" performing a slow-tempo ballad version of the song accompanied at the beginning by harps. Her performance received favorable comments and a standing ovation from the judges of the show. Jennifer Lopez commented, "You did a beautiful job on it ... If I was Beyoncé and I was home and I heard that, I'd be like 'I got to do that in my next concert, slow that one down.'" Steven Tyler described Sanchez's performance as "great" while Randy Jackson noted that it was "unbelievable, sensational". James Montgomery of MTV News graded her performance with a B, and called the cover "a bit of an odd choice, and yet also a supremely confident one". He added, "For once, she pulled things back, and maybe suffered a bit for doing so, but there were still plenty of subtly great moments, particularly in the verses. Might not have been her best—it definitely lacked in vocal fireworks ... And really, it was good enough".

Mellisa Locker of Rolling Stone praised Sanchez's performance, calling it a "brilliant job" and adding that "it's risky, but Beyoncé has done it, and if anyone can pull off a dazzling repeat performance, it's Jessica". She further compared the performance with the dream sequence from the 1945 film Spellbound but noted that it was "slightly weirder". Jim Farber of the Daily News commented that "her take on a song by her clear role model, Beyoncé, showed too much similarity in their timbres and phrasing, making Sanchez's voice seem redundant ... despite the fact she switched up the arrangement of the bootylicious song she chose, 'Sweet Dreams.'" Amy Reiter of the Los Angeles Times wrote, "Sanchez gave yet another perfectly calibrated performance with Beyoncé's 'Sweet Dreams,' balancing restraint and power. Everything from her voice to her dress to the red door she walked through seemed polished and tour-ready". The Arizona Republics Randy Cordova praised the performance, saying that the slow-tempo version allowed Sanchez "to really delve into the song's emotional core". The Hollywood Reporters Erin Carlson praised the tonned-down theatrical stage during the performance and Sanchez's vibrato voice, further describing the performance as a .

Formats and track listings

"Ego / Sweet Dreams (Singles & Dance Mixes)"
 "Ego"  – 3:57
 "Ego" (DJ Escape & Johnny Vicious Club Remix)  – 8:22
 "Ego" (Slang "Big Ego" Club Remix)  – 6:18
 "Sweet Dreams"  – 3:28
 "Sweet Dreams" (OK DAC Club Remix)  – 5:14
 "Sweet Dreams" (Karmatronic Club Remix)  – 6:36

Germany digital EP
 "Sweet Dreams"  – 3:28
 "Sweet Dreams" (Groove Police Remix – Radio Edit)  – 3:10
 "Ego"  – 3:57
 "Ego" (Remix) [feat. Kanye West]  – 4:43
 "Sweet Dreams" (Video)  – 4:00
 "Ego" (Remix) [feat. Kanye West] (Video)  – 4:52

Digital EP
 "Sweet Dreams" (Dave Spoon Remix)   – 7:07
 "Sweet Dreams" (Steve Pitron & Max Sanna Remix – Radio Edit)   – 3:37
 "Sweet Dreams" (Steve Pitron & Max Sanna Club Remix)   – 7:38
 "Sweet Dreams" (Oli Collins & Fred Portelli Remix)   – 5:38
 "Sweet Dreams"  – 3:28

Digital single; Germany and UK CD single
 "Sweet Dreams"  – 3:28
 "Sweet Dreams" (Steve Pitron & Max Sanna Remix) [Radio Edit]  – 3:35

UK download single

 "Sweet Dreams"  – 3:28

Credits and personnel
Credits are taken from I Am... Sasha Fierce liner notes.
Beyoncé Knowles – lead vocals, music producer, songwriter
Rico Love – vocal producer, music producer, songwriter, additional vocals
Jim Caruana – recording engineer
James Scheffer – music producer, songwriter
Wayne Wilkins – songwriter, audio mixer, music producer

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

Release history

See also

List of Billboard Hot Dance Club Play number ones of 2009
List of Billboard Rhythmic number-one songs of the 2000s
List of number-one singles from the 2000s (New Zealand)

Notes

References

External links

2008 songs
2009 singles
Beyoncé songs
Columbia Records singles
Electropop songs
Number-one singles in New Zealand
Songs about dreams
Song recordings produced by Beyoncé
Song recordings produced by Jim Jonsin
Song recordings produced by Rico Love
Songs written by Beyoncé
Songs written by Jim Jonsin
Songs written by Rico Love
Songs written by Wayne Wilkins


is a Buddhist temple in Sakai, Osaka Prefecture, Japan and one of head temples of the Nichiren Sect. It is known as the location of the 1868 Sakai incident.

History
Myokokuji Temple (109m by 182m) was established by Nichiko Shonin in 1592 and has been rebuilt several times since then. When Osaka Castle was burnt down in 1615 during the Summer War of Osaka, Toyotomi forces also burnt down Myokokuji Temple because they had heard that their enemy, Ieyasu Tokugawa, was hiding inside. The buildings of Myokokuji were rebuilt in 1628, but were again destroyed in World War II in July 1945. In autumn of 1973 the present buildings were built again for the third time.

Sacred Tree: The Great Cycad
The cycad tree in the temple is over 1100 years old and is well known for its mysterious history. Oda Nobunaga, a major daimyō during the Sengoku era who tried to unite Japan in 1580, transplanted this cycad to Azuchi Castle in what is now Shiga prefecture. However, every night a strange voice was heard in Azuchi Castle saying "Take me back to Myokokuji", and an unnatural atmosphere covered the castle and disturbed the people there. This angered Nobunaga and he let his men cut the tree down. The tree is said to have bled from the blows, fainted from the pain and looked so much like a great snake that even brave Nobunaga became afraid and sent the tree back to Myokokuji. Upon receiving the dying cycad Nichiko Shonin felt sorry for the tree and recited 1000 Hokkekyo (sutras) for it. A god with a face of a man and a body of a snake appeared in his dream saying "Thank you for your prayers. In return, I will swear three oaths. First, I will ease the pain of childbirth. Second, I will free those from the tragedy of hardship. Third, I will give happiness to those who are poor."  Shonin named this guardian god of the temple Ugatoku-ryujin and built a hall on the location.  On December 13, 1923 the tree became a national natural monument.

Sakai Incident

On February 15, Keiō 4, (March 8, 1868) almost 100 sailors from a French warship offshore boarded boats and landed at Sakai Port. They came into Sakai for sightseeing and loitered inside temples and shrines and scared women and children who were astonished by the foreigners. The guardians of Myōkoku temple from the Tosa clan sought out the French sailors, but were unable to resolve the problem because of mass confusion and the inability to understand each other's language. When the French sailors took a flag from the Tosa clan, the samurai opened fire, killing thirteen. The French returned fire and retreated to their boat and this incident became an international problem. France pressed Japan for compensation and Japan was forced to pay a large sum of money and twenty samurai involved in the incident were ordered to commit seppuku. On February 23 in front of Myōkoku temple with witnesses from both countries present the samurai began to cut their stomachs open. The sun had already set by the time eleven samurai had committed seppuku. The French witnesses hastily left the temple and the remaining nine samurai were ordered to stop seppuku and were later exiled back to Tosa (Kochi Prefecture) by the government. Like many other samurai, these Tosa samurai died in service of their country. However, because Myōkoku temple is a designated temple by Imperial Order, the burial of the samurai was not permitted on Myōkoku temple grounds. Their remains are kept at the nearby Hojuin Temple.

See also
Sakai incident

References

Buddhist temples in Osaka Prefecture
Nichiren-shū temples


Congo Grille is a chain of family restaurants in the Philippines named for its African jungle-themed interiors. In contrast to the decor, the cuisine is predominantly Filipino with a smidgen of Western and Chinese foods. The restaurant is also popularly known as The Sisig King for its recent achievements in a food feast celebrating the favorite Filipino dish.  The chain has plans to build stores overseas, especially in the United States.

History

Congo Grille was established in 1999 by Kenneth Sytin and his brothers. That year, the business had as many as 13,000 customers a month and was dubbed "the fastest growing grill in town." In 2006, Congo Grill participated in the Annual Sisig Festival held in Angeles City. Their pork sisig and two other sisig dishes won first prizes in the major categories.

The restaurant operates based on three concepts; a Philippine restaurant in an air conditioned environment, food without monosodium glutamate, and a mascot (an ape in a safari outfit) for entertaining youngsters. Congo Grille was opened for franchising in 2008.

The first franchised-operated store opened at the Araneta Center in 2009.

Charities

In 2007, Congo Grille, along with other companies, organized a party to feed 407 children of low-income families in the city of Valenzuela. This was part of a program dealing with nationwide hunger.

Two years later, they teamed up with local television network GMA in feeding low-income individuals. Workers of the restaurant chain offered meals to 300 people in Quezon City, its birthplace. Toys and other collectibles were also donated.

References

Restaurants established in 1999
Restaurant chains in the Philippines
Companies based in Pasig
1999 establishments in the Philippines


Arthur Roche (born 6 March 1950) is a British  cardinal of the Catholic Church who has served as prefect of the Congregation for Divine Worship since 2021. He previously served as secretary of the congregation from 2012 to 2021.

Prior to his service in the Roman Curia, Roche was Bishop of Leeds from 2004 to 2012. He served as coadjutor bishop of Leeds under Bishop David Konstant (2002-2004), and before that as an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Westminster (2001–2002). He was appointed an archbishop when he joined the Roman Curia in 2012.

On 27 August 2022, Pope Francis elevated him to the College of Cardinals.

Early life and ministry
Arthur Roche was born in Batley Carr, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, to Arthur and Frances Roche.  He attended St Joseph's Primary School, St John Fisher High School and Christleton Hall. From 1969 to 1975, he studied at St Alban's College in Valladolid, Spain, where he obtained a degree in theology from the Comillas Pontifical University. Upon his return to England, he was ordained to the priesthood by Bishop William Wheeler for the Catholic Diocese of Leeds on 19 July 1975.

Roche's first appointment in the diocese was as assistant priest at Holy Rood Church in Barnsley until 1978, when he became private secretary to Bishop William Gordon Wheeler. He was appointed Vice-Chancellor of the diocese in 1979. From 1982 to 1989, he served on the staff of St Anne's Cathedral in Leeds, and helped to organise the visit of Pope John Paul II to York in May 1982.

Roche was the diocesan Financial Secretary from 1986 to 1991 and parish priest at St Wilfrid's Church from 1989 to 1991. In 1991, he studied at the Pontifical Gregorian University, earning a Licence in Theology (STL). He then became spiritual director of the Venerable English College. He was appointed General Secretary of the Catholic Bishops' Conference of England and Wales in April 1996 and given the title of Monsignor.

Auxiliary bishop of Westminster
On 12 April 2001, Pope John Paul II named Roche an auxiliary bishop of Westminster and titular bishop of Rusticiana. He received his episcopal consecration on the following 10 May in Westminster Cathedral from Cardinal Cormac Murphy-O'Connor, with Bishops David Konstant and Victor Guazzelli serving as co-consecrators.

Coadjutor and Bishop of Leeds
Roche was named Coadjutor to the Bishop of Leeds, David Konstant, on 16 July 2002. Roche became the ninth bishop of Leeds when Pope John Paul accepted Bishop Konstant's resignation on health grounds on 7 April 2004.

In the Leeds diocese, in 2008 Roche's plans to close seven parishes produced vigorous protests, especially on the part of a parish in Allerton Bywater that offers Mass in Latin.

Roche had been mentioned as a possible successor to Cardinal Murphy-O'Connor as Archbishop of Westminster, head of the Catholic Church in England and Wales. He was even said to be the cardinal's favoured candidate. His name had also been mentioned as a possible successor to Archbishop Kevin McDonald as Archbishop of Southwark. Whilst Bishop of Leeds, he was appointed a Patron of the Newman Society in Oxford.

Commission on English in the Liturgy
In July 2002, while continuing as bishop of Leeds, Roche was elected chairman of the International Commission on English in the Liturgy, which oversees the translation of the Latin liturgical texts into English. The Commission had failed to win the Holy See's confirmation of its 1998 translation of the Missal, and Roche's appointment, along with replacement of staff, was part of an overhaul to ensure a more accurate translation that an increasing number of bishops and Vatican officials had wanted over the years.

As the chairman of the International Commission on English in the Liturgy, it fell to Roche to superintend the final stages of the work and then to announce that the new translation of the Missal into English was ready. There followed a positive outcome of voting on the text by all English-speaking episcopal conferences throughout the world. This new translation of the Roman Missal was introduced into Catholic parishes in the United Kingdom in September 2011.

Dicastery for Divine Worship
On 26 June 2012, Pope Benedict XVI appointed Roche Secretary of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments (CDW) and raised him to the rank of archbishop. As Secretary, he maintained the low profile typical of his curial rank, signing statements and doing press relations in tandem with the prefect of the CDW, until 2014 Cardinal Antonio Cañizares Llovera and from 2014 to 2021 Cardinal Robert Sarah. In 2016 he explained Pope Francis' decision to allow the Holy Thursday footwashing ceremony to include women. He described it as a return to practices before Pope Pius XII reorganized Holy Week services in 1955. He contradicted press reports that Cardinal Sarah was at odds with the pope on this change. He said, "I'm not aware of that, and I'm [Sarah's] closest collaborator."

Pope Francis asked him in December 2016 to chair an informal commission to determine who should have responsibility for translating liturgical texts into the vernacular. In September 2017, when Francis released his document Magnum principium giving national bishops' conferences the dominant role and constraining the authority of the CDW, Roche alone authored the CDW's accompanying commentary.

On 29 March 2014, Pope Francis named Roche a member of the Pontifical Council for Culture. On 29 July 2019, Pope Francis named him a member of the group that reviews appeals of convictions for delicta graviora, the gravest crimes dealt with by the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith.

On 27 May 2021, Pope Francis named him Prefect of the CDW. With this appointment Roche became the highest-ranking English cleric in the Vatican. On 13 July 2022, Pope Francis named him a member of the Dicastery for Bishops. On 27 August 2022 Pope Francis created him a Cardinal Deacon, assigned San Saba as his deaconry.

Traditionis Custodes and restrictions on the Missal of 1962

A few months into Roche's tenure as prefect, Pope Francis issued the motu propio, Traditionis Custodes, which severely restricted the celebration of Mass according to the Missal of 1962, more commonly known as the Traditional Latin Mass. Roche and his congregation were tasked with implementing the Motu Propio. On 18 December 2021, Roche issued a Responsa ad Dubia concerning Traditionis Custodes. In this document restrictions were clarified, including restrictions on the celebration of sacraments according to the old rite and a total ban on the celebration of the sacraments of Holy Orders and Confirmation according to the old rite. Roche has also stated that the promotion of the Traditional Latin Mass has been "curtailed" and that the permission to celebrate the old rite is a concession being made to those who are attached to the old rite but is not an opportunity for the old rite to be promoted.

Criticism over the suppression of the Traditional Latin Mass
Roche has come under criticism from numerous groups for his role in the implementation of Traditionis Custodes, with some claiming the steps that are being taken by Roche are "cruel", "unnecessarily harsh" or even unlawful. Despite extensive criticism by canon lawyers, Roche has rejected claims that the restrictions being implemented are unlawful, stating in an interview that the restrictions are "legitimate and fully compliant with Canon Law." Cardinal Roche added authorizing the traditional Latin mass in parishes to a very small list of decisions previously reserved to the Holy See. In a letter to Cardinal Vincent Nichols, the Archbishop of Westminster, Roche claimed that Pope Paul VI had "abrogated" the Old Rite. Roche's assessment seemed to contradict Pope Benedict XVI's assertion in his 2007 Motu Propio, Summorum Pontificum, that the Old Rite had never been abrogated. Some have claimed that Roche has contradicted himself during the process of implementing restrictions on the Old Rite, given that in 2015 when speaking about why the celebration of the Tridentine Mass was permitted, he stated "we want unity in the Church and not just simple uniformity, Pope Francis wants unity with diversity". In January 2022, in an interview with Catholic News Service, Roche stated that if the faithful do not take Traditionis Custodes seriously, then that is "a serious decision people are making". Roche also stated in the interview that the path Pope Francis has chosen to take on the matter of the celebration of the old rite is something that he has been mandated to do by the Second Vatican Council. In the same interview Roche, also indicated that the promulgation of Traditionis Custodes was done, because it was clear that the Old Rite was being promoted rather than just being seen as a concession and according to Roch the allowance of the Old Rite was simply a concession and caring for those attached to it.

See also
 Cardinals created by Pope Francis

Notes

References

Additional sources

External sources

1950 births
Living people
People from Batley
Comillas Pontifical University alumni
21st-century Roman Catholic bishops in England
Pontifical Gregorian University alumni
Officials of the Roman Curia
People associated with Leeds Trinity University
Roman Catholic bishops of Leeds
English cardinals
Cardinals created by Pope Francis


The gentleman detective, less commonly lady detective, is a type of fictional character. He (or she) has long been a staple of crime fiction, particularly in detective novels and short stories set in the United Kingdom in the Golden Age. The heroes of these adventures are typically both gentlemen by conduct and often also members of the British gentry. The literary heroes being in opposition to professional police force  detectives from the working classes.

Gentlemen detectives include amateurs, private detectives and professional policemen. They are always well educated, frequently have unusual or eccentric hobbies, and are commonly found in their natural environment, an English country house. This archetype of British detective contrasts with the more "hardboiled" counterpart in American crime fiction.

Early examples

Gentlemen detectives appeared early in modern detective fiction, which began in the late 19th century.

C. Auguste Dupin, created by  Edgar Allan Poe, is widely considered to be the first fictional detective in English literature. He appeared in three short stories written in the 1840s: "The Murders in the Rue Morgue" (1841), "The Mystery of Marie Rogêt" (1842) and "The Purloined Letter" (1844).

Poe created Dupin before the word detective had been coined, but began many common elements of detective fiction: Dupin shares some features with the later gentleman detective. He was "…the first fictional detective of importance and the model for virtually every cerebral crime solver who followed." More specifically, Dorothy L. Sayers noted that "Sherlock Holmes modelled himself to a large extent upon (Poe's) Dupin, substituting cocaine for candlelight, with accompaniments of shag and fiddle-playing."

Dupin is French, not English, but is probably a gentleman. He comes from a once wealthy family but has been reduced "by a variety of untoward events" to more humble circumstances. He is entirely amateur and contents himself only with the basic necessities of life. He lives in Paris with his close friend, the anonymous narrator of the stories. Like the much later Lord Peter Wimsey (see below), Dupin is a bibliophile, and met his narrator friend while both were searching for "the same rare and very remarkable volume" in an obscure library. For hobbies, Dupin is "fond" of enigmas, conundrums, and hieroglyphics. Dupin also bears the French title Chevalier, meaning that he is a knight in the Légion d'honneur.

The classic British gentleman detective appears soon after Poe's Dupin. A gentleman amateur is the ultimate hero of The Moonstone (1868), a famous epistolary novel widely considered the first true detective novel in English. Its author, Wilkie Collins was a lawyer, and a close friend of Charles Dickens. Collins also used gifted amateurs in his earlier mystery novel, The Woman in White (1859).

In The Moonstone, Rachel Verinder is the only child of a rich, aristocratic widow. On her eighteenth birthday, she is bequeathed an enormous diamond; that night, this 'moonstone' is stolen from the country house of her mother, Lady Verinder. After local police are baffled, a Bow Street Runner called Sergeant Cuff is called in. Sergeant Cuff is honourable and skilful, but he is not a gentleman, and is unable to break Rachel's reticence about what is clearly an inside job.

The mystery is eventually solved by Franklin Blake, who is a gifted amateur—and definitely a member of the gentry. The social difference between Collins' two detectives is nicely shown by their relationships with the Verinder family: Sergeant Cuff becomes a great friend of Lady Verinder's steward (chief servant), whereas Franklin Blake eventually marries Rachel, her daughter.

Sherlock Holmes

The most famous of all fictional detectives, Sherlock Holmes, may also be considered a gentleman, at least by background. Holmes was the creation of Scottish author and physician Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. He appeared in four novels and fifty-six short stories, all but four stories narrated by his associate, the notable Dr Watson. These works cover in fiction a period from around 1878 up to 1907, with a final case in 1914. Both characters also appear in many pastiches.

Holmes is a brilliant London-based and self-styled consulting detective. In their debut (the 1887 novel, A Study in Scarlet), he tells Watson that this occupation is unique (which at that date it was). As a retired army doctor, Dr Watson is far closer to the stereotypic English gentleman than Holmes, yet has no social reservations about beginning his long association with the detective. In the best traditions of the gentry, Holmes proves to be physically brave, and competent with fists, sword and pistol. Like the earlier Dupin and the later Lord Peter Wimsey (see below), Holmes is also a competent cryptanalyst (for instance, The Dancing Men, 1903).

Conan Doyle never gave much background about Holmes' family, but his hero was apparently born in 1854 (estimated from His Last Bow, 1917). He also has an eccentric older brother, Mycroft Holmes, a senior public servant and member of the Diogenes Club. As further indirect evidence that Holmes is an educated gentleman, Conan Doyle indicates that Holmes is fluent in Latin (A Study in Scarlet, 1887), and as the series continues his speech is replete with references to the Bible, Shakespeare, and even Goethe. Holmes had earlier attended university, where he began his detecting as an amateur (The Gloria Scott, 1893, and The Musgrave Ritual, 1893).  A violinist himself, Holmes loves music (The Red-Headed League, 1890), sometimes to the point of eccentricity; in The Bruce-Partington Plans (1912), Watson reports that "Holmes lost himself in a monograph which he had undertaken upon the Polyphonic Motets of Lassus."

Holmes and Watson were often depicted wearing traditional gentleman's attire in illustrations set in London by Sidney Paget, whose illustrations accompanied Sherlock Holmes stories in The Strand Magazine. While Paget is credited with depicting Holmes wearing a deerstalker hat and Inverness cape, Paget only depicted Holmes wearing these garments in situations that would have been considered appropriate at the time, such as when Holmes was working in a rural setting or travelling to the countryside.

Golden Age examples

The renowned crime writers of the Golden Age of Detective Fiction were mostly British and mostly women, including the four "Queens of Crime" (Margery Allingham, Agatha Christie, Ngaio Marsh and Dorothy L. Sayers). They all produced at least one gentleman detective. Their books featuring these characters are still generally in print.

Hercule Poirot first appeared in 1920, in Agatha Christie's first book, The Mysterious Affair at Styles. He was immensely popular during the "Golden Age", becoming the most famous detective since Sherlock Holmes. He appeared in 33 novels, one play, and more than 50 short stories published between 1920 and 1975 and set in the same era. Poirot was formerly Chief of Police of Brussels, until "the Great War" (WWI) forced him to leave for England. It was there that he met his longtime friend Arthur Hastings, who accompanied him on many cases. Throughout his career, he solved many cases across Europe, occasionally undertaking cases for the British government and Secret Service, including foiling the attempted abduction of the British Prime Minister. Poirot operates as a fairly conventional detective, depending on logic, which is represented by two common phrases he uses: his use of "the little grey cells" and "order and method". Poirot is occasionally assisted by his secretary, Miss Felicity Lemon, and friend Chief Inspector Japp, of Scotland Yard. Poirot's appearance is of a short, dignified man. His head is exactly the shape of an egg, with a stiff and military-like moustache. His attire consists of a three-piece suit, accompanied by a pocketwatch, spats, patent leather shoes and a pair of pince-nez. He also wears a "Tussie-mussie" lapel pin he received as a gift in The Mysterious Affair at Styles.
Lord Peter Wimsey was the creation of Dorothy L. Sayers. Wimsey is an archetype for British gentlemen detectives. Reputedly born in 1890, he  first appeared in Whose Body? (1923), the first of 11 chronological novels and several collections of short stories. Wimsey is a purely amateur sleuth, and is unquestionably an English gentleman. He is polished, aristocratic, wealthy, and the younger brother of a duke. Wimsey is extremely clever, though he usually tries to hide it. As shown in Have His Carcase (1932), Wimsey is a competent cryptanalyst, like both the earlier Dupin and Sherlock Holmes. Again like Holmes, Wimsey is physically brave (despite being physically small), and is competent with his fists (Clouds of Witness, 1926). Wimsey is notably eccentric in manner; this is most evident in the first five novels. As Sayers' work progress and as Wimsey ages, he rounds out and mellows greatly. At age 45 he marries Harriet Vane, a crime writer. According to Barbara Reynolds, her friend and biographer, Sayers remarked that Lord Peter began as a mixture of Fred Astaire and Bertie Wooster. She claimed that she had developed the "husky voiced, dark-eyed" Harriet to put an end to Lord Peter via matrimony. Vane features in two further novels (Have His Carcase, 1932, & Gaudy Night, 1935) before agreeing to marry Wimsey. In the course of writing these novels, Sayers gave Lord Peter and Harriet so much life that she was never able to, as she put it, "see Lord Peter exit the stage." In an essay by one of her "Golden Age" rivals, Ngaio Marsh (see below), Sayers is accused of having "fallen in love" with Wimsey.
Albert Campion first appeared in 1929, and was created by Margery Allingham as a parody of Lord Peter Wimsey. Albert Campion is supposedly the pseudonym used by a man who was born in 1900 into a prominent British aristocratic family. He was educated at Totham School and the (fictitious) St. Ignatius' College, Cambridge (according to a mini-biography included in Sweet Danger, 1933). Ingenious, resourceful and well-educated, in his 20s he assumed the name Campion and began a life as an adventurer and detective. As Allingham's work progressed, Campion established his own identity. He first appeared as a supporting character in The Crime at Black Dudley (1929), an adventure story involving a ring of criminals, and would go on to feature in another 17 novels and over 20 short stories.
Roderick Alleyn first appeared in 1934, the creation of New Zealander, Ngaio Marsh, who was then living in London. Alleyn featured in a chronological series of 32 detective novels, which finished as late as 1982. He was apparently born around 1893, schooled at Eton, graduated from Oxford around 1915, served in the army for three years in the First World War, then spent a year (1919-1920) in the British Foreign Service. He finally joined the Metropolitan Police as a constable in about 1920 or 1921. When the series opens, Alleyn is aged about 40 and is already a Chief Detective-Inspector in the CID at Scotland Yard. As the series progresses, Alleyn marries and has a son, and eventually rises to the rank of Chief Superintendent. Alleyn is a thoroughly professional policeman, but socially is very like Wimsey. Both were reputedly educated at Eton and Oxford (being only three or so years apart, they perhaps should have known each other). Both detectives eventually marry a former murder suspect and have children. As depicted by Marsh, Alleyn's family is similar to that created by Sayers for her Wimsey, in that Alleyn has a titled older brother, who however is much less grand (merely a baronet rather than a duke). Like Wimsey, Alleyn's titled brother is less intelligent and more conventional than his more famous younger sibling. Alleyn's mother, Lady Alleyn, closely resembles in manner Wimsey's mother, the Dowager Duchess of Denver. Both ladies are affable, intelligent, and strongly support (and perhaps prefer) their younger sons. One marked difference between the fictional biographies of Alleyn and Wimsey, who are about the same age, is in their supposed military service during the First World War. Alleyn's army service is glossed over and never discussed, whereas Wimsey's distinguished service on the Western Front has mentally scarred him for life. Another difference is that Wimsey deliberately cultivates his aristocratic eccentricities (inter alia, he wears a monocle, delights in his Oxford accent, and collects incunabula), whereas Alleyn is not at all eccentric, and plays down his upper-class background.
Miss Marple is one of the two great detective creations of Agatha Christie, the best known of all the "Golden Age" writers. Miss Marple is an amiable elderly spinster who first appeared in 1927. Her detective feats are largely based on her profound knowledge of human nature, gained (she maintains) from closely observing life in her small village. The daughter of a clergyman, she is not from the aristocracy or landed gentry, but is quite at home amongst them. Miss Marple would probably have been happy to describe herself as a gentlewoman. Christie had a rather upper-class background herself:  she grew up in a large house with servants, with a father rich enough not to work, a private education, and many country house parties before World War 1. In her autobiography, Christie stated that she partly based Miss Marple upon her grandmother and her friends.
Mr. Satterthwaite is one of Christie's lesser known amateur detectives. This charming, elderly gentleman only appears in  The Mysterious Mr. Quin (1930) and Three Act Tragedy (1934). He is physically small, highly cultivated, an inveterate snob with a taste for duchesses, and is wealthy besides. By way of contrast, Christie's most famous detective character (Hercule Poirot) is a foreigner, and is thus outside the English class system. Poirot takes full advantage of this subtlety, not least in Three Act Tragedy in which he catches a serial killer with Mr. Satterthwaite's assistance.
Arsène Lupin, the French "gentleman thief" who debuted in 1905, may just as well be considered a gentleman detective.

Modern examples
Several modern day fictional characters may be considered examples of gentlemen detectives. Like Alleyn but unlike earlier gifted amateurs such as Wimsey, Campion or Miss Marple, several modern "gentleman detectives" are professional policemen.

Adam Dalgliesh, the creation of P. D. James, first appeared in 1962. He flourishes in the Metropolitan Police, despite being definitely gentry where such a background may be a disadvantage. Like the earlier Miss Marple, Dalgliesh is the child of an Anglican clergyman. He is somewhat of a recluse and, more eccentrically, a successful poet.

Cormoran Strike, the main character in a series of detective novels written by British author J. K. Rowling, published under the pseudonym Robert Galbraith from 2013 on, and the novels' BBC television adaptations. A private detective, Strike had a bohemian upbringing as the bastard child of a rock and roll superstar and a groupie, and a veteran Royal Military Police Special Investigation Branch investigator. However, he was educated at Oxford (thouh he left without taking a degree) and has a series of affairs with aristocratic or wealthy women.

Inspector Morse, the subject of works by Colin Dexter, first appeared in 1975. He works in Oxford and is (or was) upwardly mobile: he won a scholarship to Oxford but subsequently failed. Like Alleyn and Wimsey, Morse served in the British army before joining the police, but unlike them, he served not as a commissioned officer in a prestigious regiment but as a non-commissioned officer in the Royal Military Police. Morse's snobbery is intellectual rather than a question of breeding or social advantage.

Detective Inspector Lynley, first introduced in 1988, is another truly aristocratic member of the Police, being an Earl. Much of the plot of the novels by Elizabeth George revolve around his working relationship with Detective Sergeant Barbara Havers, who is of lower-class origins. Both show greater loyalty to each other than to official regulations and accepted attitudes to their relative stations, and both are capable of self-sacrificing actions of noblesse oblige.

Carmen Isabella Sandiego, the "World's Greatest Thief", was first introduced in 1985. She was originally ACME Crimenet's most intelligent and distinguished lady detective with a flawless record in solved cases. She got so bored, she changed careers as a lady thief and became spymaster and CEO of V.I.L.E., all just for the challenge.

Professor Layton from the video game series named after him. He first appeared in 2007. He is a professor of archaeology who solves various puzzles with his young apprentice Luke Triton.

Goro Akechi from the Atlus video game series Persona. Akechi is known as the Detective Prince of Tokyo who seems to solve various crimes and is adored whenever he shows up on TV. In 5, he's referred to as the second coming of the detective prince, a reference to Naoto Shirogane from 4.

Detective Inspector Alexandra "Alex" Drake (née Price), the well-bred, posh protagonist of Ashes to Ashes (2007–2009, mentioned in Life on Mars in 2006). DI Drake, the orphaned daughter of a solicitor and barrister, was reared from adolescence by her parents' associate after she witnessed their violent deaths and narrowly avoiding being killed with them. She attended good schools and studied psychology before joining the Metropolitan Police and fast-tracking up the ranks. A gunshot to her head in 2007 sends her back in time to 1981, three months before her parents' murders, and places her in the company of comparatively Neanderthal detectives who had transplanted themselves from the North a year earlier.

Detective Sergeant Makepeace, Lady Harriet "Harry" Makepeace, one of the two eponymous characters of Dempsey and Makepeace (1985–1988). The well-schooled daughter of Lord Winfield, Lady Harriet is assigned as an armed detective sergeant in the Metropolitan Police's [fictional] specialised task force, SI 10, and finds herself partnered with (and subordinate to) working-class NYPD Lieutenant James Dempsey who is on extended loan to the Met.

Benoit Blanc, a detective depicted in the film Knives Out and its sequel Glass Onion, described by one of the film's characters as "The last of the gentlemen sleuths." He has a characteristic southern accent, and uses a unique technique of interpreting information he calls Gravity's Rainbow to solve crimes. Despite not being British, encompasses all the characteristics of the traditional gentleman detective.

Skulduggery Pleasant, a real gentleman detective and one of the main characters of the book series of the same name. He has an interesting look, considering that he is a skeleton, which he takes full advantage of. With his partner Valkyrie Cain and some magic, Skulduggery solves world-shattering crimes.

See also
Crime fiction
Gentleman thief

References

External links

Anime and manga terminology
Stock characters

Gentry


The Plaza Monumental de Tijuana (also called "Plaza Monumental de Playas de Tijuana" after the neighborhood in which it is located), and popularly known in English as the Bullring by the Sea, is a bullring in the city of Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico. It is currently used for bullfighting; the bullring has also been the scene for great boxing matches, concerts, cultural, and sporting events that have benefited the Tijuana community greatly. The stadium holds 21,621 people and its opening was held on June 26, 1960. It is located just 60 meters from the United States border and one block from the Pacific Ocean.

The bullring was constructed in only 90 days, resulting from a contract between Salvatore Hurtado, the owner, and Raymundo Muzquiz Ayala.  Muzquiz accomplished the construction so quickly by use of pre-fabricated blocks that were made in San Diego and assembled in Tijuana.

Bullfights were broadcast in Los Angeles in Spanish during the 1960s and 1970s. Celebrated American bullfighter Sidney Franklin provided commentary in English in the 1960s and by bullfighting expert Syd Love in the 1970s via FM simulcast.

The Tijuana Pop Festival was held in the Bullring on 13 October 1968. The festival was slated to feature the Animals, Iron Butterfly, Patchwork Security Blanket, the Collectors, the Chicago Transit Authority and the Yellow Pages; however, the Animals and Iron Butterfly never played. Other issues which marred the event included rumors that the festival had been canceled, long pauses between acts, police activity at the border and at the ring and the political impact of the Tlatelolco massacre only eleven days before. Roger B. Stovold of the Teaspoon Door called the event "one of the biggest fiascos in pop festival history" and concluded that it "left enough of a black mark that any future pop festival in Mexico is unlikely."

References

External links

Official homepage
 www.worldstadiums.com

Sports venues in Tijuana
Tijuana


John Percival Tate (21 March 1894 – 21 January 1977) was an Australian architect, urban planner and politician. He was born in New Zealand where he trained as an architect and engineer. He moved to Sydney as a young man and went into private practice, later working for the federal government during World War II. Tate served on the Ryde Municipal Council and Sydney City Council in the 1940s and 1950s. As chairman of the Cumberland City Council he was a key figure behind the Cumberland Plan for Greater Sydney. He also served as a Senator for New South Wales from 1950 to 1953, representing the Liberal Party.

Early life
Tate was born on 21 March 1894 in Wellington, New Zealand. He was the son of English immigrant parents Frances Lillian (née Gormley or Gumley) and Robert Gillies Tate. As a young man he changed his middle name from "Henry" to "Percival". After leaving school, he completed an apprenticeship with Panton & Son, a civil engineering and architectural firm in Timaru.

Professional career
Tate moved to Sydney in about 1920, where he went into partnership with William Auburn Young in the firm of John P. Tate & Young. One of the firms earliest commissions was the Manchester Unity Building on Elizabeth Street (later known as the St James Trust Building), which was designed in 1921 and finished in 1924 as one of the city's first high-rise buildings. Tate "built up a diverse private practice designing aeroplane hangars, theatres and various types of factories". He also supervised the construction of the Port Kembla steelworks in the 1920s. In 1923, his firm was selected to design a refurbishment of the Queen Victoria Building. The Sydney City Council ultimately decided not to continue with the renovations, with Tate & Young suing for breach of contract; they sought £17,448 () but ultimately settled for £7,000 ().

In 1940, Tate joined the Department of the Interior as superintending architect, responsible for defences work programmes in New South Wales. He was appointed state construction manager for the Allied Works Council in 1942, and advised the Chifley government on housing. In 1945, Tate was appointed as the inaugural chairman of the Cumberland County Council, established by the New South Wales state government to prepare  a planning scheme for the Greater Sydney area which spanned 69 local government areas. He worked closely with chief planner Sidney Luker to prepare what became known as the Cumberland Plan, which "advocated decentralization, zoning, green belts, open spaces, and improved road and rail systems". It was presented to the state government in 1948, but was not formally adopted until 1951. Tate resigned as chairman in protest at its late adoption, which he described as a "civic tragedy".

In the mid-1950s, Tate returned to private practice as the principal of John P. Tate and Associates. He also served as chairman of A. E. Goodwin, a shipbuilding and engineering firm. He was elected as a fellow of the Royal Australian Institute of Architects in 1950 and a fellow of the Town and Country Planning Institute of Australia in 1962.

Politics
Tate served on the Ryde Municipal Council from 1944 to 1948 and was chairman of its housing committee. He was also elected to the Sydney City Council in 1947. He was a leader of the Civic Reform Association, serving as an alderman until 1956. He also served on the executive of the Local Government Association of New South Wales.

In May 1949, Tate won preselection for the Liberal Party's Senate ticket in New South Wales at the 1949 federal election. He was elected to a six-year term beginning on 22 February 1950, which was cut short by a double dissolution in 1951. He was re-elected to a three-year term at the 1951 election, but was defeated for preselection by Ken Anderson prior to the 1953 half-Senate election.

Positions
Tate supported increased immigration and "saw population growth as essential to Australia's economic development and international standing". However, he was concerned about overpopulation in the capital cities and was an advocate of decentralisation, suggesting that immigrants be directed to regional areas. He supported increased autonomy for the Northern Territory as well as the development of New Guinea. Tate also supported electoral reform. He was opposed to proportional representation in the Senate, which had been introduced for the 1949 election, and was "highly critical of the partisan nature of Senate deliberations, which he believed detracted from the chamber’s original role as a States House and a house of review". He suggested that state governments be allowed to directly appoint senators.

Personal life
Tate married Gladys Woodland () in 1920, with whom he had four sons. After being widowed in 1974 he remarried in 1976 to Bernice Cheetham. He moved to Canberra in the same year and died at Canberra Hospital on 21 January 1977.

References

Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Australia
Members of the Australian Senate for New South Wales
Members of the Australian Senate
New Zealand emigrants to Australia
1894 births
1977 deaths
20th-century Australian politicians
Australian architects
Australian urban planners


WCXZ (740 AM) is a radio station licensed to serve Harrogate, Tennessee, United States. The station is owned by Lincoln Memorial University, a private four-year co-educational liberal arts college.

It broadcasts a Country/Bluegrass/Americana format to the Harrogate, Tennessee and Middlesboro, Kentucky area.

History
The new station was assigned the call letters WSVQ by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on October 20, 1980 and signed on November 17, 1980. WSVQ received its license to cover from the FCC on January 8, 1981.

In June 1986, Appalachian Communications reached an agreement to sell this station to Pine Hills of Tennessee, Inc. The deal was approved by the FCC on July 15, 1986, and the transaction was consummated on September 2, 1986.

The station was assigned new call letters WRWB by the FCC on July 5, 1994.

From February 1997 to February 2007, WRWB was operated by Lincoln Memorial University as part of the Sigmon Communications Center under a time brokerage agreement with license holder Pine Hills of Tennessee, Inc. The agreement stipulated that Pine Hills would apply, at the university's expense, to have the station's callsign changed to "WLMU" to match LMU's existing non-commercial FM station, WLMU (which would have become "WLMU-FM"), but FCC records show no such application was ever made.

In July 2007, Pine Hills of Tennessee, Inc., reached an agreement to sell this station outright to Lincoln Memorial University. The deal was approved by the FCC on February 8, 2008, and the transaction was consummated on March 28, 2008.

The station was assigned the current WCXZ call letters by the FCC on December 14, 2007.

References

External links
74 WCXZ Online
Lincoln Memorial University - Sigmon Communications Center

CXZ
CXZ
Country radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1980
Claiborne County, Tennessee
Americana radio stations


"Koisuru Velfarre Dance ~Saturday night~" is MAX's debut single released under Avex Trax.  It is a Japanese language cover of the song "Saturday Night" released in 1994 by Whigfield. As the song was originally recorded for the opening of Avex's Velfarre club, it was meant to be MAX's only release as the group was created solely for promoting the club. However, following the official demise of their original group Super Monkey's, the group released another single "Kiss Me Kiss Me, Baby" beginning their reign as one of Japan's most successful and enduring girl groups.

Overview
MAX's version of "Saturday Night" although a cover, is not a direct translation of the original Whigfield version. Besides new lyrics, MAX's version contains an entirely new comedic spoken word verse. The "Nite Mix" version that appears as a b-side on the single is closer to the original Whigfield version, although it is sped up. A music video for the song was filmed in the Velfarre night club and features MAX and club-goers performing the same dance routine popularized by Whigfield.

Track list

Charts
Oricon Sales Chart (Japan)

References

1995 songs
1995 debut singles
MAX (band) songs
Songs with lyrics by Yasushi Akimoto
Songs written by Larry Pignagnoli


Campbell County Public Schools can refer to:
Campbell County Public Schools (Tennessee), a school district in Tennessee
Campbell County Public Schools (Virginia), a school district in Virginia
Campbell County Schools, a school district in Kentucky
Campbell County School District Number 1, a school district in Wyoming


Thomas Clive Wheelwright (born 29 April 1953) is an Australian politician. He was an Australian Labor Party member of the Australian Senate from May 1995 until June 1996, representing New South Wales.

Wheelwright was born at Huddersfield in England. His family migrated to Australia in 1961, living initially in Hurstville in Sydney, where he attended Kingsgrove Primary School, and then Croydon in Melbourne, where he attended Box Hill High School. He subsequently returned to Sydney, where he studied arts at the University of New South Wales and then an MBA with the Australian Graduate School of Management. He was a university tutor from 1978 to 1981, the education and research officer for the New South Wales Branch of the Labor Party from 1981 to 1984, a stockbroker from 1984 to 1989, an economist for Legal & General from 1989 to 1994, and a senior adviser to Prime Minister Paul Keating (1994) and government minister Michael Lee (1994 to 1995). He was involved with the Labor Party from the early 1970s and during the early 1980s was a regular commentator on Labor Party affairs with the ABC's AM radio program.

Wheelwright was appointed to the Senate on 24 May 1995 to fill the casual vacancy caused by the resignation of Senator Stephen Loosley. He was preselected with the strong support of the Labor Right faction over the wishes of Keating, who advocated a cross-factional deal to install George Campbell in the vacancy. In September 1995, he was one of nine international parliamentarians to travel to Moruroa atoll to protest French nuclear testing in the Pacific; Wheelwright declared that it was time for "direct personal action" on the issue, and stated that he was willing to break the law, enter the exclusion zone and stand on the test platform if necessary. Wheelwright was preselected in the marginal third position on the Labor ticket for the 1996 federal election and was widely tipped to face an "uphill battle" for re-election amidst poor Labor polling. He was defeated at the election and left office with the expiry of his term on 30 June 1996.

After his political defeat, Wheelwright variously formed his own consulting firm, 'Politic', worked as an adviser to shadow treasury spokesperson Gareth Evans, worked for Lucent Technologies in Hong Kong and then as a Singapore-based vice-president for Deutsche Post DHL.

References

Living people
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Members of the Australian Senate for New South Wales
Members of the Australian Senate
University of New South Wales alumni
20th-century Australian politicians
1953 births


Castillo de Teayo Municipality is a municipality of the Mexican state of Veracruz. It is located in the state's Huasteca Baja region. The municipal seat is the village of Castillo de Teayo.

In the 2005 INEGI Census, the municipality reported a total population of 18,424  (down from 19,335 in 1995), of whom 4,159 lived in the municipal seat.
Of the municipality's inhabitants, 1,970 (10.52%) spoke an indigenous language, primarily Nahuatl.

The municipality of Castillo de Teayo covers a total surface area of 447.46 km².

Name
"Teayo" comes from the Nahuatl te-ayo-k, which means "tortoise atop stone". This is a reference to the archaeological site known as the  Castle of Teayo, a syncretic blend of the Toltec, Mexica, and Huastec  cultures.

Settlements
Castillo de Teayo (municipal seat; 2005 population 4159)
Mequetla (1614)
La Guadalupe (1504)
Teayo (1402)
La Defensa (1117)

References

External links
  Municipal Official Site
  Municipal Official Information

Municipalities of Veracruz


George Rogers House is a private home in Lake Oswego, Oregon, United States. Located at the corner of Durham Street and Wilbur Street, the house was the home of George Rogers, who donated the land to the City of Lake Oswego that became George Rogers Park. During the time that Lake Oswego was an industrial town, the park was the location of Lake Oswego's China Town district. Built in 1929, the two-story craftsman house was added to the United States National Register of Historic Places listings in 1996.

References

Buildings and structures in Lake Oswego, Oregon
National Register of Historic Places in Clackamas County, Oregon
Houses completed in 1929
Houses in Clackamas County, Oregon
1929 establishments in Oregon


Castillo de Teayo is a small town in the Mexican state of Veracruz. Located in the state's Huasteca Baja region, it serves as the municipal seat for the surrounding municipality of the same name.

In the 2005 INEGI Census, Castillo de Teayo reported a total population of 4,159.

Name
"Teayo" comes from the Nahuatl te-ayo-k, which means "tortoise atop stone". This is a reference to the main pyramid of the nearby archaeological site known as the Castle of Teayo, a syncretic blend of the Toltec, Mexica, and Huastec  cultures.

References

Populated places in Veracruz