Clara Eleonore "Clärenore" Stinnes-Söderstrom (née Stinnes; 21 January 1901 – 7 September 1990) was a German female auto racer, heiress and socialite. Together with Swedish cinematographer Carl-Axel Söderström, the two were the first to circumnavigate the world by automobile.

Early life and education
Stinnes was born in Mülheim to the German industrialist and politician Hugo Stinnes. At the age of 24 she participated in her first motor race; by 1927 she had won 17 races and was one of the most successful race car drivers in Europe. On 25 May 1927 Stinnes started to journey around the world, together with Carl-Axel Söderström, whom she had met only two days before her departure, in a mass production Adler Standard 6 automobile and escorted by two mechanics and a freight vehicle with spare parts and equipment. The journey was sponsored by the German automotive industry (Adler, Bosch and Aral) with 100,000 Reichsmark.They passed through the Balkans via Beirut, Damascus, Baghdad and Tehran to Moscow, where the two mechanics left, then they travelled to Siberia, crossed the frozen Lake Baikal and the Gobi desert and came to Peking. They travelled by ferry to Japan, later to Hawaii and South America. Arriving in Lima they travelled across the Andes Mountains to Buenos Aires, then back again and north through Central America.  The pair continued on to Vancouver and New York. In Washington, D.C. Stinnes and Söderström were welcomed by President Herbert Hoover. They travelled by ferry to Le Havre and arrived with their car in Berlin on 24 June 1929, after a journey of  by car.

Personal life
After their happy return Carl-Axel Söderström was divorced; Söderström and Stinnes married and lived on an estate in Sweden, where they raised three children of their own and several foster children. In later years they spent some time of the year in Irmenach. Söderström died in 1976, aged 82, while Stinnes survived her husband by 14 years.

Other sources
 Stinnes, Clärenore: Im Auto durch zwei Welten: Die erste Autofahrt einer Frau um die Welt, 1927 bis 1929, Promedia Verlag 1996,
 Stinnes C. (1927-1929). En auto a través de los continentes. Madrid. Ediciones Casiopea. 2016.  (papel)  (digital). Spanish edit.
 Tejera, P. (2018). Reinas de la carretera. Madrid. Ediciones Casiopea.  (papel) /  (digital). Spanish edit.

References

External links
"Foreign News: Stinnes Daughter". Time. September 26, 1927.
"Germany: Fraulein and Swede". Time.  June 11, 1928.

IMDb entry on the 2009 documentary film "Fräulein Stinnes fährt um die Welt (Fraulein Stinnes Travels the World)"

1921 births
1990 deaths
German female racing drivers
German racing drivers
People from Mülheim
Racing drivers from North Rhine-Westphalia
Circumnavigators of the globe


Charles Wilson (20 July 1905 – 8 April 1985) was an English footballer who played as an inside forward.

Biography
Wilson was born in Heeley, Sheffield. He joined West Bromwich Albion as an amateur in December 1920 and turned professional two years later. In February 1928 he moved to Sheffield Wednesday for a £3,000 transfer fee. He moved on to Grimsby Town in March 1932, before joining Aston Villa in August 1933. In June 1934 he signed for Coventry City, and remained with the club until a move to Kidderminster Harriers in July 1935. Wilson joined Worcester City in August 1936, before re-joining Kidderminster in May 1937. During the Second World War he appeared as a guest player for Charlton Athletic and Aldershot. After playing for the Kidderminster Police team in 1946, he finally retired from football in 1947. He died in Kidderminster in 1985.

References

1905 births
1985 deaths
Footballers from Sheffield
English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
West Bromwich Albion F.C. players
Sheffield Wednesday F.C. players
Grimsby Town F.C. players
Aston Villa F.C. players
Coventry City F.C. players
Kidderminster Harriers F.C. players
Worcester City F.C. players


Elections were held on 15 May 2005 in Zagreb, the capital of Croatia. Following the last local elections in 2001, Milan Bandić of the Social Democratic Party of Croatia (SDP) had been re-elected as the mayor of Zagreb. In 2002, an incident made him resign in favor of Deputy Mayor Vlasta Pavić, also from the SDP. Pavić remained formally in control of the city until 2005. In the 2005 elections, she was moved down the list of candidates to the 16th place, while the list holder and SDP's candidate for mayor was Bandić.

The elections mainly pitted two former mayors, Bandić of the SDP and Marina Matulović Dropulić of the  Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ). The SDP formed a coalition with the Croatian Peasant Party (HSS) and the Croatian Party of Pensioners (HSU), while the HDZ was in a coalition with the Democratic Centre (DC), the Croatian Social Liberal Party (HSLS), and the Croatian Demochristians (HD). The SDP gained 25 seats in the Zagreb Assembly, receiving 40.95% of the vote, with Milan Bandić winning his third term as the Zagreb mayor.

Coalitions
The Social Democratic Party of Croatia (SDP) ran with the Croatian Peasant Party (HSS) and the Croatian Party of Pensioners (HSU). Former Mayor Milan Bandić, who had to resign from his earlier term due to a driving under the influence scandal in 2002, was the list holder and the coalition's candidate for mayor. Vesna Pusić, the head of the Croatian People's Party (HNS), announced that the HNS won't be a member of the coalition due to the candidacy of Bandić. Pusić added that Milan Bandić is "at the top of each affair causing damage" to the city.

The SDP and the HNS were in coalition in the previous Assembly. Due to this breakup, the HNS ran together with the Liberal Party (LS), with Pusić as the list holder.  The Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) entered a coalition with the Democratic Centre (DC), the Croatian Demochristians (HD), and the Croatian Social Liberal Party (HSLS).

Results

The turnout at the election was 35%. The SDP–HSS–HSU coalition, led by incumbent Mayor Milan Bandić, won 41% of the vote and 25 out of 51 seats in the Zagreb Assembly. Bandić was elected mayor by the new Assemby and started his third term as the mayor of Zagreb. The HDZ–DC–HSLS–HD coalition, with former Mayor Marina Matulović Dropulić as the list holder, won 9 seats, while the HSP list, led by Miroslav Rožić, finished third with 6 seats. The HNS–LS coalition won 8% of the vote and 4 seats, down from 12 in the 2001 elections. The LS was later incorporated into the HSLS.

Milan Bandić was elected mayor by the Assembly on 14 June 2005.

Assembly election

|-
!align= center rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Parties and coalitions
! rowspan="2" |List holder
! colspan="3"| Popular vote
! colspan="2"| Seats
|- align="center"
!width="85"| Votes
!width="50"| %
!width="50"| ±pp
!width="40"| Total
!width="40"| +/−
|-
|bgcolor=|
|align = left  | Social Democratic Party of Croatia (SDP)Croatian Peasant Party (HSS)Croatian Party of Pensioners (HSU)
|align = left | Milan Bandić
|align = right | 102,857
|align = right | 40.95%
|align="right" style="color:green;"| +13.88
|align = right | 25
|align = right style="color:green;"| +5
|-
|bgcolor=|
|align = left  | Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ)Democratic Centre (DC)Croatian Social Liberal Party (HSLS)Croatian Demochristians (HD)
|align = left | Marina Matulović Dropulić
|align = right | 38,672
|align = right | 15.40%
|align="right" style="color:red;"| –4.51
|align = right | 9
|align = right style="color:red;"| –5
|-
|bgcolor=|
|align = left  | Croatian Party of Rights (HSP)
|align = left | Miroslav Rožić
|align = right | 28,534
|align = right | 11.36%
|align = right | *
|align = right | 6
|align = right | *
|-
|bgcolor=|
|align = left  | Croatian People's Party (HNS)Liberal Party (LS)
|align = left | Vesna Pusić
|align = right | 20,368
|align = right | 8.11%
|align = right style="color:red;"| –9.43
|align = right | 4
|align = right style="color:red;"| –8
|-
|bgcolor=|
|align = left  | Independent list of Tatjana Holjevac
|align = left | Tatjana Holjevac
|align = right | 17,497
|align = right | 6.97%
|align = right | New
|align = right | 4
|align = right | New
|-
|bgcolor=|
|align = left  | Independent list of Boris Mikšić
|align = left | Boris Mikšić
|align = right | 14,807
|align = right | 5.90%
|align="right" | New
|align = right | 3
|align = right | New
|-
| |
| align=left colspan=2  | Other lists
|align = right | 28,415
|align = right | 11.31%
|align = right |
|align = right | 0
|align = right |
|-
| align=left colspan=3 style="background-color:#eaecf0" | Total:
| align=right style="background-color:#eaecf0"| 251,150
| align=right style="background-color:#eaecf0"|
| align=right style="background-color:#eaecf0"|
| align=right style="background-color:#eaecf0"| 51
| align=right style="background-color:#eaecf0"|
|-
| align=left colspan=3 | Invalid votes:
| align=right | 4,019
| align=right | 1.57%
| align=right |
| align=right |
| align=right |
|-
| align=left colspan=3 | Turnout:
| align=right | 255,321
| align=right | 35.94%
| align=right style="color:red;"| –3.85
| align=right |
| align=right |
|-
| align=left colspan=3 | Registered voters:
| align=right | 710,344
| align=right |
| align=right |
| align=right |
| align=right |
|-
| colspan="8" align="left" |
|-
| colspan="8" align="left" | Source: City Election Committee
|-
| colspan="8" align="left" | Notes:
|}

Councils of districts

See also
List of mayors of Zagreb

References

External links

 Izbori

Zagreb 2005
Elections in Zagreb
Zagreb
Zagreb
2000s in Zagreb
Zagreb local election


The King Hussein Bin Talal Convention Centre, managed by Hilton (KHBTCC) is a convention center located on the eastern shores of the Dead Sea, near Sweimeh. It is named after the late king of Jordan, Hussein Bin Talal (1952–1999).

The KHBTCC launched in 2005. The three-story centre hosts over 3,000 guests and has 27 conference halls, lounges, foyers, and several outdoor terraces on  of floor space. It is distanced by 65 kilometers from Queen Alia International Airport and 45 kilometers from Amman.

The KHBTCC can accommodate approximately 4,000 people. The center hosted a 2007 regional meeting of the World Economic Forum and meetings of the International Monetary Fund.

External links
 King Hussein Bin Talal Convention Center managed by Hilton website

Jordan
Event venues in Jordan
Dead Sea


Dominique Gonzalez-Foerster (born 30 June 1965, in Strasbourg) is a French visual artist and educator. She is known for her work in video projection, photography, and art installations. She has worked in landscaping, design, and writing. "I always look for experimental processes. I like the fact that at the beginning I don't know how to do things and then, slowly, I start learning. Often exhibitions don't give me this learning possibility anymore."

She lives and works in Paris and Rio de Janeiro.

Biography
Dominique Gonzalez-Foerster was born in Strasbourg, France in 1965. At the age of 17, she worked as a museum guard in Grenoble while studying at the École du Magasin of the National Centre of Contemporary Art in Grenoble. She also studied at the Institute des Hautes Études en Arts Plastiques, in Paris. She began her career as an artist in the 1990s, working primarily in film.

Work
Inspired by film, literature, modernist architecture, and art history, her work is often characterized by a quiet, intimate interrogation of contemporary urban life. Often she will use fragments from her international travels in her work and reassembles them into something new. "My approach to art is quite radical. It has more to do with theater and staging than making objects such as paintings or sculptures. Sometimes I think that the fetishism of objects is pathetic. It's one way to deal with art, but I'm obsessed with other things". She also hopes that her installations will encourage people to interact with them. "I want to coax people to engage with my art, in the same way that a writer might entice people to read a book".

Her early work was mainly short, minimalistic and oneiric films. She now collaborates on everything from the writing of a science fiction novel with fellow artist Philippe Parreno to working with rock singer Alain Bashung on set design. In 2008 she worked with designer M&M to realize the typeface of "Expodrome" a large time-based luminous public art work on the rooftop of a building in Geneva. In 2009, she collaborated with composer Ari Benjamin Meyers on “K62”, a performance shown at Performa 09, New York’s biennial festival of performing arts. She has also collaborated with Nicolas Ghesquière on designing displays for Balenciaga boutiques in New York and Paris. She has even designed a house for a collector in Tokyo.

For the season 2015–2016 in the Vienna State Opera Gonzalez-Foerster designed a large-scale picture (176 sqm) as part of the exhibition series "Safety Curtain", conceived by museum in progress.

Exhibitions
Her first solo exhibition in New York City, "Equinimod and Costumes" was held in 2014 at 303 Gallery and featured an art installation of her wardrobe. González-Foerster has had solo exhibitions at the Centre Pompidou, the Dia Art Foundation, the Kunsthalle Zürich, the Musée d'Art Moderne de Paris, the Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Castilla y León, the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía, the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, and the Tate Modern.

She participated in the 2006 São Paulo Art Biennial, and the 2009 Venice Biennale.

Tate Modern's Turbine Hall installation
The show was entitled "The Unilever Series: Dominique Gonzalez-Foerster: TH.2058" and appeared in the Turbine Hall of Tate Modern in Londonhttps from October 14, 2008 to April 13, 2009. At the opening of the show Dominique said, " Some months ago, I used to wake up in the silence of the night to think about what I was going to do. But not anymore. People ask me, 'Are you scared?' No, I am not scared. If I was, I wouldn't do it. Rather, I'm excited. I am putting one third of my energy into just staying calm. The work is on such a scale that if you got too excited, you would explode,". The show was her first public commission in the UK and filled half of the 3,400 square meter hall. "TH.2058 by Dominique Gonzalez-Foerster, imagines Tate Modern 50 years into the future, set in a London afflicted by perpetual rain. Tate Modern is being used as a shelter for people, a storage space for art works and for the remains of culture. The vast Turbine Hall is filled with monumental replicas of iconic sculptural works. Rows of bunk beds are scattered with books, and on a giant screen The Last Film is continuously running. Made up of short excerpts from science-fiction films, The Last Film suggests a potential state of catastrophe as well as the possibility of collective memory,".

Hispanic Society of America installation
The installation at the Hispanic Society of America in New York was installed in 2009, and was entitled "chronotopes & dioramas". The Hispanic Society of America is a museum and research library with an impressive collection of paintings, decorative objects, books, documents, prints, and photographs. However, Dominique discovered it only had a limited supply of 20th century literature and wanted to fill in the gaps. She enlisted help from experts at the American Museum of Natural History. The project involved crafting three habitats in which volumes by nearly 40 authors replaced taxidermied fauna. One evokes water and verticality; another, aridity and flatness; the third, trailing vines. They represent three zones: North America, the Desert, and the Tropics. Aside from the books, each diorama contains a single, mute trace of human presence. In the underwater ocean scene there is an oil barrel. In the desert scene there are ruins of a concrete bunker. In the tropical scene there is a desolate, glass house. They each show the wear and tear of passing time. Many of the books in the dioramas are about anxiety and exile. She also created a mural-sized calligram (an arrangement of words that creates a related visual image). This is Mikhail Bakhtin's concept of the chronotope; "functioning as the primary means for materializing time in space with the novel". The installation is housed in an annex to the library.

Collections
Gonzalez-Foerster's work is in the collections of the Centre Pompidou, the Dia Art Foundation, the Guggenheim, the Louis Vuitton Foundation, the M+ Museum, the Moderna Museet, and the Tate Modern.

Recognition
Gonzalez-Foerster was the recipient of an artist residency in Villa Kujoyama, Kyoto in 1996, the Mies van der Rohe Award in Krefeld in 1996, and the 2002 Marcel Duchamp Prize in Paris.

References

Further reading
 "Dominique Gonzalez-Foerster: Public-Personal Space." by Graham Coulter-Smith

External links
 images of Gonzalez-Foerster's work at Galerie Jan Mot
 examples of Gonzalez-Foerster's films at Anna Sanders Films

French contemporary artists
Living people
1965 births
Artists from Strasbourg
20th-century French women artists
20th-century French artists
21st-century French women artists
21st-century French artists


The 107th Pennsylvania House of Representatives District is located in the Coal Region and has been represented since 2023 by Joanne Stehr.

District profile
The 107th Pennsylvania House of Representatives District is located in Northumberland County and Schuylkill County. It is made up of the following areas:

 Northumberland County
 Coal Township
 East Cameron Township
 Jackson Township
 Jordan Township
 Herndon
 Little Mahanoy Township
 Lower Augusta Township
 Lower Mahanoy Township
 Kulpmont
 Marion Heights
 Mount Carmel
 Mount Carmel Township
 Ralpho Township
 Shamokin
 Shamokin Township
 Upper Mahanoy Township
 Washington Township
 West Cameron Township
 Zerbe Township
 Schuylkill County
 Barry Township
 Eldred Township
 Foster Township
 Frailey Township
 Hegins Township
 Hubley Township
 Pine Grove
 Pine Grove Township
 Porter Township
 Reilly Township
 Tower City
 Tremont
 Tremont Township
 Upper Mahantongo Township
 Washington Township

Representatives

Recent election results

References

External links
District map from the United States Census Bureau
Pennsylvania House Legislative District Maps from the Pennsylvania Redistricting Commission.
Population Data for District 107 from the Pennsylvania Redistricting Commission.

Government of Columbia County, Pennsylvania
Government of Montour County, Pennsylvania
Government of Northumberland County, Pennsylvania
107


The Grünhornlücke (el. 3280 m.) is a high mountain pass in the eastern Bernese Alps, connecting the Aletsch Glacier and the Fiescher Glacier in the canton of Valais. The pass is located between the Grünhorn on the north and the Fiescher Gabelhorn on the south.

On the west side of the pass (Aletsch Glacier) is the Konkordiaplatz. The Grünhornlücke is approximately halfway between the Konkordia Hut and the Finsteraarhorn Hut.

See also
List of mountain passes in Switzerland

References

Mountain passes of Valais
Mountain passes of the Alps


The Gala-Salvador Dalí Foundation is a private cultural institution founded by the painter Salvador Dalí with the mission of promoting his artistic, cultural and intellectual œuvre. Although the Foundation manages the assets, trademark rights, intellectual property and image of the painter, it is not its owner, since Dalí bequeathed all of his assets to the Spanish State in his last will.

The foundation is also named after his wife, Gala Dalí.

Created on 23 December 1983 at Púbol Castle, Dalí presided over and directed the foundation in person from the outset. His death on 23 January 1989 inaugurated a period of transition until 1991, when the board of the foundation appointed Ramon Boixadós Malé president.

The Foundation's museums
 Dalí Theater-Museum (Figueres)
 Dalí-Jewels (Figueres)
 Home-Museum Salvador Dalí (Portlligat)
 Home-Museum Gala-Dalí Castle (Púbol)

References

External links

The Gala-Salvador Dalí Foundation
Museu Salvador Dalí a St. Petersburg (Florida)

Arts foundations based in Europe
Salvador Dalí
1983 establishments in Spain


The Gloster II was a British racing floatplane of the 1920s. A single-engined biplane, two were built to compete in the 1924 Schneider Trophy air race. However the crash of the first prototype during testing meant that it could not be made ready for the race, which was postponed. The second aircraft was also lost in a crash.

Design and development
The 1923 Schneider Trophy race for seaplanes had been won by the United States Navy with the Curtiss CR-3, a floatplane which outclassed Britain's entry, the Supermarine Sea Lion III flying boat. In a change from previous years, where Britain's entries had been privately funded, the British Air Ministry ordered two racing seaplanes from the Gloster Aircraft Company to compete for the 1924 race.

The resulting aircraft, designated the Gloster II, was a floatplane development of Gloster's earlier Gloster I racing aircraft, which had won the annual Aerial Derby air race three years running between 1921 and 1923, and had attempted unsuccessfully to break the World airspeed record in 1922.  It was a small single-seat biplane of fabric covered wooden construction, powered by a closely faired Napier Lion engine.  It had short-span single bay wings and a twin float undercarriage, with radiators mounted on the struts supporting the floats.

The first aircraft, with the serial number J7504, was ready for flight testing in September 1924. However, when attempting to land after its first test flight, on 19 September 1924, the undercarriage collapsed and the aircraft sank, with pilot Hubert Broad escaping unhurt.   There was insufficient time to prepare the second aircraft for the race, scheduled for October, but as no other European nation had an entry ready to compete, the Americans postponed the race until 1925.

The second aircraft was converted to a landplane and used for flight testing equipment to be used for the Gloster III racer being designed for the 1925 competition. It was lost in a high-speed crash landing at RAF Cranwell following elevator flutter in June 1925, the pilot, Larry Carter, being seriously injured, fracturing his skull.

Specifications (Gloster II seaplane)

See also

References

"British Schneider Cup Seaplane Lost"  Flight, 25 September 1924. p. 630.
"The Accident to the Gloster II". Flight, 18 June 1925. p. 374.
Jackson, A.J. British Civil Aircraft since 1919: Volume 2. London:Putnam, Second edition 1973. .
James, Derek J. Gloster Aircraft since 1917. London:Putnam, 1971. .
Mondey, David. "Britain Captures Schneider Trophy". Air Enthusiast, Seventeen, December 1981 – March 1982. Bromley, Kent, UK:Pilot Press. pp. 36–50.

1920s British sport aircraft
Schneider Trophy
Floatplanes
II
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1924


"Ooh Yeah" is a song by American electronica musician Moby. It was released as the fourth and final single from his eighth studio album Last Night on November 23, 2008, as a digital download.

Music video

The "Ooh Yeah" music video was directed by Matteo Bernardini. It starts out on the set of a pornography video shoot. People are getting ready and rushing around while the director is smoking and the makeup artist is applying makeup to some of the porn stars (whose names are Angelica La Lapin (Angel Rabbit), Crystal Menthe (Crystal Meth), Foxy Candy, and Bunny). Then the movie begins shooting. The pizza boy (whose name is Big Rod) is called by two of the girls. He brings them over pizza and then starts having wild sexual intercourse with them. This continues until the end of the music video.

Track listing
 Digital single
 "Ooh Yeah"  – 3:38
 "Ooh Yeah"  – 4:53
 "Ooh Yeah"  – 6:33
 "Ooh Yeah"  – 7:52
 "Ooh Yeah"  – 8:16
 "Ooh Yeah"  – 7:28

Charts

References

External links

2008 singles
Moby songs
Songs written by Moby
Mute Records singles
2008 songs


HM Prison Everthorpe was a Category C men's prison, located to the south-west of Everthorpe, (near Brough) in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. The prison was operated by Her Majesty's Prison Service, and was situated next to HMP Wolds.

In 2014, HM Prison Everthorpe was merged with HM Prison Wolds, and renamed HM Prison Humber.

History
Originally a borstal at its creation in 1958 to replace Dartmoor Prison, in 1991 Everthorpe Prison was converted to house male convicts.

During the Christmas and New Year period of 1995/1996, Everthorpe experienced some prisoner unrest that resulted in a large, two-day prison riot. According to investigators, the unrest was caused by official steps to eliminate drug use by inmates and also by shortages of tobacco and phonecards, which had run out over the holiday period. The prison was criticised for its lack of security, bad management and the deployment of inexperienced staff during the riot.

An inspection report from the Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Prisons in July 2004 praised Everthorpe Prison for its education and training programmes, but warned that Everthorpe needed to ensure that all inmates at the prison benefitted from these programmes.

The prison was substantially expanded in 2005. In an inspection report a year later, Everthorpe was criticised by the Chief Inspector of Prisons because places on resettlement and offending behaviour programmes had "failed to keep pace" with the increased number of prisoners held at the prison. The report also highlighted problems with bullying amongst inmates.

In January 2008 it emerged that inmates at Everthorpe had been regularly smuggling drugs, mobile phones and women's clothing into the prison. A ladder had been used by an accomplice on the outside to scale the 20-foot perimeter wall of the prison to supply these items, with the racket reportedly continuing for at least six months.

The prison
Everthorpe was a Category C training prison with a strong emphasis of on education and training. Education at Everthorpe was provided by The Manchester College and East Riding College with courses including Literacy, Numeracy, Art and Design, Information Technology, Business, wall and floor tiling, Painting and Decorating, Bricklaying, Industrial cleaning, and Computer Aided Design. The PE department at the prison also ran various Physical Education courses as well as recreational gym.

It was announced in June 2013 that HM Prisons Everthorpe and Wolds would merge into one larger prison under a new name: HM Prison Humber.

References

External links
 Ministry of Justice Pages on Everthorpe
 A Memorable Moral Moment—redemptive memories of Everthorpe by an ex-inmate
 HMP Everthorpe - HM Inspectorate of Prisons Reports

Everthorpe
Everthorpe
1958 establishments in England


Dainius Kamaitis is the Lithuanian diplomat, former Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Lithuania to Japan, the Philippines, Australia and New Zealand.

During 2007–2012, he was the Lithuanian Governor to Asia-Europe Foundation (ASEF).

In 2003, he was awarded with The Cross of the Knight of the Order for Merits to Lithuania.

D.Kamaitis is the initiator and key coordinator of a series of events held under the Lithuania-Japan architecture forum known as East-East. For this initiative, he was nominated by the Embassy of Japan in Lithuania and the Čiurlionis Foundation for the award with the Čiurlionis Cup 2013 for having contributed to cultural relations between Japan and Lithuania.

In 2019, the Government of Japan awarded D.Kamaitis with The Order of the Rising Sun, Gold and Silver Star, in recognition to his contribution to strengthening and promoting friendly relations between Japan and Lithuania.

References

Lithuanian diplomats
Living people
1965 births
Ambassadors of Lithuania to Japan
Vilnius Gediminas Technical University alumni
Knight's Crosses of the Order for Merits to Lithuania


Jamal Malik (born 1956) is a Pakistani-born German professor of Islamic Studies and the chair of Religious Studies — Islamic Studies at the University of Erfurt, Germany.

Malik was born in 1956 in Peshawar, Pakistan. After finishing his MA in Islamic Studies at the University of Bonn (1982), Jamal Malik received his doctoral degree from the University of Heidelberg (1989), and completed his post-doctoral work at the University of Bamberg (1994). In 1998, he was appointed head of Religious Studies at the University of Derby. Since 1999 he has been the Chair of Religious Studies — Islamic Studies at the University of Erfurt, Germany. He is also a fellow of the Royal Asiatic Society, a member of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts, and has served as Directeur d'Etudes at EHESS (1994), in addition to having been a visiting professor at Oberlin College (1997), Jamia Millia Islamia (2004-5) and Government College Lahore (2006-7). His areas of interest include the social history of Muslim South Asia, the sociology of knowledge and Muslims in the West.

Bibliography (select)
 Islam in South Asia – A Short History, Leiden: Brill, 2008 (Indian Edition: Hyderabad: Orient Blackswan Ltd., 2012)
 Madrasas in South Asia. Teaching Terror?, London and New York: Routledge, 2008 (editor & co-author)
 Sufism in the West, London and New York: Routledge, 2006 (co-author & co-editor with John Hinnells)
 Religious Pluralism in South Asia and Europe, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2004 (co-editor & co-author with Helmut Reifeld)
 Islamische Gelehrtenkultur in Nordindien. Entwicklungsgeschichte und Tendenzen am Beispiel von Lucknow, Leiden: Brill, 1997
 Colonialization of Islam: Dissolution of Traditional Institutions in Pakistan, New Delhi: Manohar Publications, and Lahore: Vanguard Ltd., 1996
 Islamisierung in Pakistan, 1977-1984. Untersuchungen zur Auflösung autochthoner Strukturen, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner, 1989

External links
Homepage
Chair of Islamic Studies – University of Erfurt
University of Erfurt

1956 births
Pakistani educators
Academics of the University of Derby
Academic staff of the University of Erfurt
Pakistani emigrants to Germany
Living people
Academics from Karachi
Members of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts


Christoph Cremer (born in Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany) is a German physicist and emeritus at the Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, former honorary professor at the University of Mainz and was a former group leader at Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB) at the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Germany, who has successfully overcome the conventional limit of resolution that applies to light based investigations (the Abbe limit) by a range of different methods (1971/1978 development of the concept of 4Pi-microscopy; 1996 localization microscopy SPDM; 1997 spatially structured illumination SIM (first developed in 1995 by John M. Guerra at Polaroid Corp.)). In the meantime, according to his own statement, Christoph Cremer is a member of the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry (Otto Hahn Institute) and the Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research.

His actual microscope Vertico-SMI is the world's fastest nano light microscope that allows large scale investigation of supramolecular complexes including living cell conditions. It allows 3 D imaging of biological preparations marked with conventional fluorescent dyes and reaches a resolution of 10 nm in 2D and 40 nm in 3D.

This nanoscope has therefore the potential to add substantially to the current revolution in optical imaging which will affect the entire molecular biology, medical and pharmaceutical research. The technology allows the development of new strategies for the prevention, the lowering of risk and therapeutic treatment of diseases.

Biography
Following a few semesters studying philosophy and history at Freiburg University and Munich University, Cremer studied physics in Munich (with financial support from the Studienstiftung des Deutschen Volkes) and completed his Ph.D. in genetics and biophysics in Freiburg. This was followed by post-doctoral studies at the Institute for Human Genetics at Freiburg University, several years in the United States at the University of California, and his "Habilitation" in general human genetics and experimental cytogenetics at Freiburg University. From 1983 until his retirement, he was teaching as a professor (chair since 2004) for "applied optics and information processing" at the Kirchhoff Institute for Physics at the University of Heidelberg. In addition, he was a member of the Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing  Cremer was a participant in three "Projects of Excellence" of the University of Heidelberg (2007–2012), and was also a partner in the Biotechnology Cluster for cell-based and molecular medicine, one of five clusters selected in 2008 as German BMBF Clusters of Excellence. Elected as Second Speaker of the Senate of the University of Heidelberg, Cremer was also involved in university governance and politics. In his function as adjunct professor at the University of Maine and as member of the Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, Maine), where he undertakes research for several weeks each year during the semester breaks, he was involved in the establishment of the biophysics center (Institute for Molecular Biophysics), which is linked with the University of Heidelberg through a "Global Network" collaboration.

Cremer is married to architect and artist Letizia Mancino-Cremer.

Fundamental developments

Developing the concept of 4Pi microscopy
Cremer was involved early in the further development of laser based light microscopy approaches. First ideas had their origin in his graduate student years in the 1970s. Jointly with his brother Thomas Cremer, now professor (chair) of Anthropology and Human Genetics at the Ludwigs-Maximilian University in Munich, Christoph Cremer proposed the development of a hologram-based laser scanning 4Pi microscope. The basic idea was to focus laser light from all sides (space angle 4Pi) in a spot with a diameter smaller than the conventional laser focus and to scan the object by means of this spot. In this manner, it should be possible to achieve an improved optical resolution beyond the conventional limit of approx. 200 nm lateral, 600 nm axial.  However the publication from 1978   had drawn an improper physical conclusion (i.e. a point-like spot of light) and had completely missed the axial resolution increase as the actual benefit of adding the other side of the solid angle. Since 1992, 4Pi microscopy developed by Stefan Hell (Max-Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen) into a highly efficient, high-resolution imaging process, using two microscope objective lenses of high numeric aperture opposing each other.

Development of the first DNA laser-UV-microirradiation technique for living cells
In the early 1970s, the brothers realized a UV laser micro irradiation instrument which for the first time made it possible to irradiate in a controlled manner only a tiny part of a living cell at the absorption maximum for DNA (257 nm). This replaced the conventional UV partial irradiation practiced for over 60 years. In this way, it was possible for the first time to induce alterations in the DNA in a focused manner (i.e. at predetermined places in the cell nucleus of living cells) without compromising the cells ability to divide and to survive. Specific very small cell regions could be irradiated and thus the dynamics of macromolecules (DNA) contained there quantitatively estimated. Furthermore, due to the high speed of the process using irradiation times of fractions of a second, it became possible to irradiate even moving cell organelles. This development provided the basis for important experiments in the area of genome structure research (establishing the existence of so-called chromosome territories in living mammalian cells) and led, a few years later (1979/1980) to a successful collaboration with the biologist Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard (Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen). In this collaboration Cremer used his UV laser micro irradiation equipment to elicit cellular changes in the early larval stages of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.

Development of the confocal laser scanning microscopy for fluorescence
On the basis of experience gained in the construction and application of the UV laser micro irradiation instrument, the Cremer brothers designed in 1978 a laser scanning process which scans point-by-point the three-dimensional surface of an object by means of a focused laser beam and creates the over-all picture by electronic means similar to those used in scanning electron microscopes. It is this plan for the construction of a confocal laser scanning microscope (CSLM), which for the first time combined the laser scanning method with the 3D detection of biological objects labeled with fluorescent markers that earned Cremer his professorial position at the University of Heidelberg. During the next decade, the confocal fluorescence microscopy was developed into a technically fully matured state in particular by groups working at the University of Amsterdam and the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) in Heidelberg and their industry partners. In later years, this technology was adopted widely by biomolecular and biomedical laboratories and remains to this day the gold standard as far as three-dimensional light microscopy with conventional resolution is concerned.

Development of the super resolution microscopy methods

The goal of microscopy is in many cases to determine the size of individual, small objects. Conventional fluorescence microscopy can only establish sizes to around the conventional optical resolution limit of approximately 200 nm (lateral). More than 20 years after submitting the 4 pi patent application, Christoph Cremer returned to the problem of the diffraction limit.
With the Vertico SMI microscope he could realize his various super resolution techniques including SMI, SPDM, SPDMphymod and LIMON. These methods are mainly used for biomedical applications

Spatially Modulated Illumination SMI
Around 1995, he commenced with the development of a light microscopic process, which achieved a substantially improved size resolution of cellular nanostructures stained with a fluorescent marker. This time he employed the principle of wide field microscopy combined with structured laser illumination (spatially modulated illumination, SMI) Currently, a size resolution of 30 – 40 nm (approximately 1/16 – 1/13 of the wavelength used) is being achieved. In addition, this technology is no longer subjected to the speed limitations of the focusing microscopy so that it becomes possible to undertake 3D analyses of whole cells within short observation times (at the moment around a few seconds). Disambiguation SMI: S = spatially, M = Modulated I= Illumination.

Localization Microscopy SPDM
Also around 1995, Cremer developed and realized new fluorescence based wide field microscopy approaches which had as their goal the improvement of the effective optical resolution (in terms of the smallest detectable distance between two localized objects) down to a fraction of the conventional resolution (spectral precision distance/position determination microscopy, SPDM; Disambiguation SPDM: S = Spectral, P = Precision, D = Distance, M = Microscopy).

Localization Microscopy SPDMphymod
With this method, it is possible to use conventional, well established and inexpensive fluorescent dyes, standard like GFP, RFP, YFP, Alexa 488, Alexa 568, Alexa 647, Cy2, Cy3, Atto 488 and fluorescein.
 in contrast to other localization microscopy technologies that need two laser wavelengths when special photo-switchable/photo-activatable fluorescence molecules are used. A further example for the use of SPDMphymod is an analysis of Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) particles. or virus–cell interaction.

Disambiguation SPDMphymod: S = Spectral, P = Precision D = Distance, M = Microscopy, phy = physically, mod = modifiable

3D Light microscopical nanosizing (LIMON) microscopy
Combining SPDM and SMI, known as LIMON microscopy. Christoph Cremer can currently achieve a resolution of approx. 10 nm in 2D and 40 nm in 3D in wide field images of whole living cells. Widefield 3D "nanoimages" of whole living cells currently still take about two minutes, but work to reduce this further is currently under way. Vertico-SMI is currently the fastest optical 3D nanoscope for the three-dimensional structural analysis of whole cells worldwide
 As a biological application in the 3D dual color mode the spatial arrangements of Her2/neu and Her3 clusters was achieved. The positions in all three directions of the protein clusters could be determined with an accuracy of about 25 nm.

References

External links
 History of Super Resolution Microscopy / Optical Nanoscopy
 Christoph Cremer's lab at the imb Mainz, Germany
 List of publications
 Interview in World of Photonics
 Festschrift "Uncovering cellular sub-structures by light microscopy in honour of Professor Cremer's 65th birthday", European Biophysics Journal

20th-century German physicists
Living people
Molecular biology
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century German physicists
Scientists from Freiburg im Breisgau
Academic staff of Heidelberg University


A virtual incumbent or quasi-incumbent is a candidate in an election who campaigns as though they currently hold the office being contested, though the actual incumbent is not running for re-election. Traditionally, the virtual incumbent is the nominee from the party of the sitting office-holder. In the 2008 U.S. presidential election, however, virtual incumbency was also determined less formally, either by the policies of the actual candidates or the state of the polls.

2008 U.S. presidential election
Kevin Hassett used the idea in its traditional sense when discussing Ray Fair's model, which ties the incumbent's party to the current state of the economy. In 2008, however, argued Hassett,

"it may not be possible for the Democrats to portray the Republican candidate, who has taken his own principled stands on any number of issues throughout the past seven years, as a virtual incumbent. Hence, Senator John McCain may be spared the typical negative incumbent bounce in a recession."

The concept was used in a different way on Face the Nation on November 2, 2008 by Senator Lindsey Graham to describe Barack Obama's candidacy. In that case, the assumption was that the virtual incumbent, like an actual incumbent, would be held to a higher standard by the electorate, and would therefore be less likely to win in a tight race in a given state. This argument had been previously made by Dick Morris to suggest the likelihood that undecided voters would overwhelmingly vote for John McCain:

"But as Obama surged into a more or less permanent lead in October, animated by the financial crisis, he has assumed many of the characteristics of an incumbent. Every voter asks himself one question before he or she casts a ballot: Do I want to vote for Obama? His uniqueness, charisma and assertive program have so dominated the dialogue that the election is now a referendum on Obama."

John Fund described Obama as the "quasi-incumbent" on CNN Late Edition on November 2, 2008, by which he also meant that the election had become "referendum on Barack Obama".

David Plouffe, Obama's campaign manager, had previously described Hillary Clinton as the "quasi-incumbent" during the primaries. As in the case of Obama himself, the characterization is intended to "downplay expectations of [the challenger's] performance in upcoming polls". Katrina Vanden Heuvel has also used this term to describe Clinton: "Hillary Clinton started this race last year as the one to beat--she had the money, the machine and the name recognition that assured her of quasi-incumbent status. And, indeed, she ran as a quasi-incumbent, an establishment candidate in a change- year election."

References

Political terminology of the United States


Joe Bainbridge (11 March 1888 – 1954) was an English professional footballer. He spent ten years at Blackpool in the 1900s, making over 100 Football League appearances for the club. He played as a centre-forward.

Blackpool
Bainbridge made his debut for Blackpool on 2 January 1911, in a 1–1 draw with Gainsborough Trinity at Bloomfield Road. He went on to make a further five appearances in the 1910–11 season, scoring once (in his second appearance, a 3–1 victory at Stockport County).

In the 1911–12 campaign, Bainbridge made ten league appearances. He didn't find the net in the league, but he did score in an FA Cup first-round (second replay) victory over Crewe Alexandra.

Bainbridge scored nine league goals in 1912–13, his third season with Blackpool, before being moved into a midfield role in 1913–14. After his change of position, he did not score again until the final game of the following 1914–15 term — the winner at Fulham on 24 April 1915.

In 1919–20, after four inter-war seasons, new Seasiders manager Bill Norman gave only one start to Bainbridge, at left-back as deputy to Horace Fairhurst. Blackpool lost the game, at South Shields, 0–6.

He was given two starts the following season, 1920–21, his final one with the club. The latter came in a 3–1 defeat at Nottingham Forest on 15 January 1921.

Notes

References

1888 births
1954 deaths
Footballers from South Shields
English men's footballers
Gateshead A.F.C. players
Blyth Spartans A.F.C. players
Blackpool F.C. players
Southport F.C. players
English Football League players
Men's association football forwards


The Oberaarjoch (el. 3212 m.) is a high mountain pass across the eastern Bernese Alps, connecting the Fiescher Glacier in the canton of Valais to the Oberaar Glacier in the canton Bern. The pass is located between the Oberaarhorn on the north and the Oberaarrothorn on the south. Above the col, on the Valais side, lies the Oberaarjoch Hut.

The nearest settlements are Fieschertal (Valais) and Handegg (Bern).

See also
List of mountain passes in Switzerland

References

External links
Oberaarjoch on Hikr

Mountain passes of Switzerland
Mountain passes of the Alps
Mountain passes of Valais
Bern–Valais border
Mountain passes of the canton of Bern


Giovanni Melchiorre Calosso (1759 – 21 November 1830) was an Italian priest. He is significant due to his mention in John Bosco's memoirs for having assisted Bosco greatly in becoming a priest himself.

Biography
Little to nothing is known concerning Calosso's youth. In 1872, he graduated from the University of Turin with a degree in theology. In 1813, he became a guest of his brother and the priest of the town Berzano di San Pietro. LaIn 1829, aged 70, he relocated and became Murialdo's chaplain. It was there that he met young Bosco. He was impressed by the youth's ability to memorize and recite that day's sermon, so much so that he decided to instruct Bosco personally, so that Bosco could become a priest as he wished.

One year later, on 21 November 1830, Calosso was struck by apoplexy, while Bosco was out on an errand. On his death bed, he asked to see Bosco one last time. Bosco ran to Calosso's house, where, just before he died, unable to speak because of the pain, Calosso gave Bosco the key to a drawer, telling him that what it contained was for him, and him alone. At the funeral, Bosco gave the key to Calosso's grandnephews. Contained within the safe was six thousand lira, which Bosco refused to accept, overcome with the loss of his father-figure.

References

People from the Province of Asti
Clergy from Turin
Salesian Order
1759 births
1830 deaths


Captain Frederick James Harry Thayre  (20 October 1894 – 9 June 1917) was a British two-seater flying ace in World War I who, in conjunction with his observer-gunners, was credited with twenty aerial victories.

Background
Thayre was born in London on 20 October 1894. He lived in Littlehampton, Sussex, before the war.

World War I service
Thayre learned to fly as a civilian, being granted Royal Aero Club Aviators' Certificate No. 1478 on 29 July 1915, after soloing a Maurice Farman biplane at the Military School at Brooklands, and was commissioned as a second lieutenant (on probation) in the Royal Flying Corps the same day. On completion of his military flight training he was appointed a flying officer on 29 December 1915, and was confirmed in his rank on 12 January 1916.

Thayre first flew operationally with No. 16 Squadron RFC in France, in B.E.2 two-seater aircraft, gaining his first victory on 18 March 1916 when his observer, Lieutenant C. R. Davidson, shot down an attacking German Fokker E.III fighter aircraft. On 30 April he received a mention in despatches for his "gallant and distinguished conduct in the field" from General Douglas Haig, Commander-in-Chief of the British Forces in France. On 10 July, Thayre was appointed a flight commander with the temporary rank of captain, and on 1 September, he was promoted to the substantive rank of lieutenant.

Thayre was later posted to No. 20 Squadron, flying F.E.2d aircraft.  He teamed up with Francis Cubbon, with whom he claimed two victories on 29 April 1917. On 1 May, the duo shot down an Albatros two-seater of FA 6, killing its crew of two, while on 3 May 1917 Thayre and Cubbon engaged twenty-six Albatros D.III scouts, claiming two enemy aircraft shot down. At last, having exhausted their machine gun ammunition in that fight, Thayre and Cubbon used their automatic pistols as weapons of last resort.

They would score fifteen victories together during the course of May 1917. When Britain's leading ace, Albert Ball crashed to his death on 7 May, Thayre found himself lagging only his own gunner, Cubbon, and Billy Bishop in the ace race of the Royal Flying Corps.

Killed in action
On 7 June, Thayre and Cubbon shot down and killed the five-victory ace Leutnant Weissner of Jasta 18. On 9 June 1917,  their F.E.2d aircraft, No. A6430, received a direct hit from anti-aircraft fire from K Flak Battery 60 near Warneton and both men were killed.

The nineteen victories they shared included five D.IIIs shot down in flames, eleven destroyed, an Albatros C reconnaissance two-seater set afire, and another destroyed. Another D.III was driven down out of control. To that, Thayre added his victory with Davidson—a Fokker E.III fighter destroyed.

Along with his gunner Cubbon, Thayre was posthumously awarded the Military Cross, and a Bar in lieu of a second award, on 18 July 1917.

Honours and awards
Military Cross
Lieutenant (temporary Captain) Frederick James Harry Thayre, Royal Flying Corps, Special Reserve.
"For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty. He has consistently displayed great dash and skill and determination when acting as a pilot in bombing raids. His fine offensive spirit and determination to close with the enemy has set a splendid example to his squadron."

Bar to Military Cross
Lieutenant (temporary Captain) Frederick James Harry Thayre, MC, Royal Flying Corps, Special Reserve.
"For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty. When in command of an offensive patrol he showed fine leadership and skill, being personally responsible for bringing down three hostile machines. His coolness and courage enabled his small command to inflict severe losses on numerically superior forces."

References

Bibliography

1890s births
1917 deaths
People from Littlehampton
British Army personnel of World War I
Royal Flying Corps officers
British World War I flying aces
British military personnel killed in World War I
Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in France
Recipients of the Military Cross
Military personnel from London


Alfaskop was a brand, developed in Sweden by Standard Radio & Telefon AB (SRT) and applied to data terminals and later IBM-compatible PCs.  The term was also used to name Alfaskop AB, a listed Swedish IT services company., that filed for bankruptcy in 2001.

History
SRT, owned by the ITT Corporation during the 1960s, specialised in Air Traffic Control systems and military radar systems. In 1971, SRT provided the core technology for Stansaab AS, a joint venture with Saab and the state-owned Swedish Development Company.  The company's primary focus was systems for real-time data applied to commercial and aviation applications.  To this was added the data terminal operations of Facit in 1972.
The Alfaskop terminals quickly gained a foothold in the market for airline reservations with 1,000 in use at Scandinavian Airlines alone.

In 1978, Stansaab was merged with the Data Saab division of Saab to form Datasaab.  In 1981, Ericsson, believing that growth in telecoms would be lower than that in IT, purchased Datasaab and integrated it with two of its own divisions to form Ericsson Information Systems (EIS).  Accurately predicting convergence between telephony and data technologies, EIS instructed the Alfaskop group to begin working on a design for Ericsson's first PC – the EPC, which was released 16 months later in 1984.

Following market difficulties in the United States, particularly with a disappointing launch of its PC, Ericsson decided to abandon its "paperless office" strategy.  In 1988, the division was sold to Nokia and later to ICL in 1990.  The final act was its sale by ICL to Wyse Technology who eventually wound down manufacturing.

The Alfaskop range

Due to its work for the aviation industry, one of SRT's core competencies was the display of radar images.  It was this expertise that led to the development of the Alfaskop terminal, which was inspired by the launch of IBM's range of display terminals.   These terminals made interaction with computers much easier than with earlier punched card or paper tape interfaces.  The alphanumeric, 80 character, 24 line terminal quickly became a standard.  The Alfaskop terminals were designed to be pin compatible with the IBM equipment.  The Alfaskop 3100, the first model, was designed to compete with the IBM 2260, while the later 3500 was developed in response to the IBM 3270.  There followed a refreshed 3500 called System 37 followed by a System 41 – a new design. The 3500 series were also produced in Poland under the name MERA 7900.

The first Ericsson PC - the EPC, was released at the CeBit fair in Hanover in 1984.  The Ericsson Portable PC followed a year later.  In subsequent years, with the growth in demand for IBM-compatible PCs, several Alfaskop PC models were released.

While Ericsson had tried to build its own brand in the PC business, Nokia was willing to trade on the Alfaskop name.  By 1989, they were showing the "Alfaskop Workgroup System" comprising 80386-based servers, 80286-based desktops and Ethernet or Token Ring networking.  Office software included the X400-compatible Alfaskop Mail, WordPerfect and Lotus Freelance.  The systems were offered with either MS-DOS or OS/2.

Commercial success
The Alfaskop terminals enjoyed considerable success, even outselling IBM in some markets, particularly in Sweden.  By the early 1980s the company had accumulated profits of about one billion kronor.  Customers included airlines, newspapers, police, councils and telecommunications companies.

A key benefit of the terminals was that they were IBM compatible but cost less. This meant discounts for volume customers made the terminals attractive. Reflecting the profit contribution made by Alfaskop (other product ranges at Stansaab/Datasaab were losing money), Ericsson invested 40 million kronor in the manufacturing facility at Järfalla outside Stockholm.  Ericsson had predicted that their Eritex workstation comprising a telex and data terminal would take over from Alfaskop but demand continued with 100,000 units sold by 1983 with annual sales climbing above 25,000.  Eritex was retired by the mid-1980s. Deliveries of Alfaskop continued through the Nokia years and by the time production ceased, more than 900 000 units had been shipped.

Alfaskop AB
From 1990, Nokia Data encouraged the development of several franchise partners to drive sales of PCs and network technologies.  From 1994 these companies were co-operating closely and delivering network technologies, Microsoft solutions, and systems integration.  In 1995, these companies were merged to form Alfaskop AB.
In 1997, the company was listed on the Stockholm Stock Exchange.

By 2000, Alfaskop had 660 employees with 18 offices in Sweden.  However, by 2001, the company was bankrupt and its remaining 400 employees were laid off.  Business Wire reported that about half of the employees found employment at Meteorit AB, another IT consultancy.

References

Science and technology in Sweden
Defunct companies of Sweden
Defunct computer hardware companies
Saab


The Women's K-2 500 metres event was a pairs kayaking event conducted as part of the Canoeing at the 2000 Summer Olympics program.

Medalists

Results

Heats
13 crews entered in two heats. The top three finishers in each heat advanced to the final while the rest advanced to the semifinal.

Overall Results Heats

Semifinal
The top three finishers in the semifinal advanced to the final.

Final
The final was held on 1 October.

Fischer made history in this race in three ways. First, she became the first woman to win two or more medals in four Summer Olympics. Second, Fischer became the fourth woman to earn seven gold medals. Third, she joined American swimmer Jenny Thompson as the only non-gymnastics competitors to win ten medals in the Summer Olympics.

References
2000 Summer Olympics Canoe sprint results.
Sports-reference.com 2000 women's K-2 500 m results.
Wallechinsky, David and Jaime Loucky (2008). "Canoeing: Women's Kayak Pairs 500 Meters". In The Complete Book of the Olympics: 2008 Edition. London: Aurum Press Limited. p. 494.

Women's K-2 500
Olympic
Women's events at the 2000 Summer Olympics


Alexander Michael DeLeon (born April 8, 1989), also known as Bohnes, is an American singer, best known as the lead singer for the rock band The Cab. With the band, he signed to Fueled by Ramen and Decaydance in 2007, subsequently releasing their debut album, Whisper War, in 2008. In 2011, The Cab released their second studio album, Symphony Soldier. The following year, the group signed with Universal Republic Records. They released the Lock Me Up EP in 2014.

As a solo musician, DeLeon began his musical project Bohnes in 2015. He released the singles "Guns and Roses" and "Middle Finger" the same year. The following year, he released the single "Witchcraft". He released his debut extended play (EP), 206: Act I, in March 2018, and his second EP, 206: Act II, in November 2018.

Career

2004–present: The Cab

DeLeon and Cash Colligan first began playing music together at Liberty High School (Henderson, Nevada) and recorded demos as a duo which they put up on their MySpace page. At this time, future guitarist Ian Crawford went to school in Auburn, WA and started out playing his guitar in talent shows and posting them on YouTube.  DeLeon asked drummer Alex Johnson, who was playing in a local hardcore band, to join The Cab. In late 2005, it became a full band with guitarist Paul Garcia, guitar/pianist Alex Marshall, and drummer Alex Johnson, playing its first show at The Alley in Las Vegas. The band signed to local label Olympus Records in January 2006 but released no material. Spencer Smith of Panic! at the Disco helped them sign to Decaydance Records in May 2007. Shortly after this, the band's members graduated from high school. During this time they decided to replace Garcia with Ian Crawford, who moved from Washington to join the band.

The band released their first studio album Whisper War, on April 29, 2008, featuring Brendon Urie of Panic! at the Disco and Patrick Stump of Fall Out Boy on "One of Those Nights", co-written by Stump and the first single from the CD. The video for "One of Those Nights" features members of both Panic! at the Disco and Pete Wentz and Patrick Stump of Fall Out Boy.

On August 19, 2009, bassist Cash Colligan announced that he would also be leaving the band.
On June 22, 2011, The Cab announced on their website that they were departing from their label Fueled by Ramen and Decaydance Records before finally releasing their new album, Symphony Soldier. The band then release their second studio album Symphony Soldier was released on August 23, 2011,. Around the time of the release of "Symphony Soldier" the band started to experience lineup changes. DeLeon is the only consistent member of The Cab at this point.

After remaining independent for over a year, on August 31, 2012, The Cab announced that they had signed a record deal with Universal Republic. With the signing to the record label, in late 2012, the band stated, during an interview, that they have begun work on their new album, to be released in mid-2014. An EP, Lock Me Up, was released on April 29, 2014.

Bohnes

On October 31, 2015, DeLeon introduced his solo musical project, title Bohnes, uploading a minute-long teaser music video. The following month, he released his debut single, "Guns and Roses", accompanied with its music video, which premiered on Alternative Press. On December 17, 2015, he released another track, titled "Middle Finger".

On March 4, 2016, he released the single "Witchcraft".

On September 22, 2017, DeLeon released the single "Six Feet Under" with its music video premiering on the same day. In tribute to the 2017 Las Vegas shooting, which took place on October 1, 2017, DeLeon released the song "702"; all proceeds from the acoustic track were donated to the Las Vegas Victims' Fund. Speaking about "702", DeLeon stated: "Las Vegas isn't about the neon lights, it isn't about the big names on the marquees or the fancy hotels with the chocolates on the pillows. Las Vegas isn't about the nightclubs, the world class chefs and restaurants. It's not about the gambling or the dollar signs. Last week, we found out what Las Vegas really is. What it has always been. What it will always be."

The song "Six Feet Under" was remixed by producer/dj Badhabit and released on October 20, 2017, followed by an acoustic version released a week later. On November 17, he released the single "My Friends". The song was remixed by various artists and the remixes were released together inside the "My Friends: Remix EP".

On February 16, 2018, DeLeon officially announced his debut extended play (EP), titled 206: Act I, with a scheduled release date for March 30, 2018. A second act, 206: Act II, was released on November 23, featuring the lead single "Straightjacket".

Other projects
On December 17, 2013, DeLeon announced that he would be releasing a clothing line featuring both male and female clothes. His clothing line is called 42799, Be the Black Sheep. The name comes from Frank Sinatra, a major influence on DeLeon, and a blog post DeLeon has written on his blog, called Black Sheep. The number 42799 related to Sinatra, because it was the number of Sinatra's mug shot.

On September 29, 2015 Panic! at the Disco released the single Victorious from their album Death of a Bachelor, which DeLeon co-wrote.

Personal life
In November 2018, DeLeon became engaged to Victoria's Secret Angel Josephine Skriver, whom he had been dating since 2013. They married in Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, in 2022.

Discography

Albums

Singles

References

External links
 Alex DeLeon's Official Blog
 Alex DeLeon's Clothing Line

1989 births
Living people
American male singer-songwriters
21st-century American singer-songwriters
21st-century American male singers


Uruachi  (a name in the Tarahumara language of disputed meaning;
also known as Mineral de Urachi on account of its mining activities)
is a village in the Mexican state of Chihuahua, close to the border with the state of Sonora.
It serves as the municipal seat of the surrounding municipality of  Uruachi.

As of 2010, the town of Uruachi had a population of 1,199. up from 806 as of 2005.

The settlement was founded by Jesuit missionaries in 1736.

References

Populated places in Chihuahua (state)
Populated places established in 1736


Airports of Peru () is a private company that operates twelve regional airports in Peru. It is the first group of regional airports the government of Peru transferred to a private operator. The company was incorporated on October 30, 2006.

History
In 2013, AdP invested US$112 million in the renovation of the runways of three airports: Chiclayo, Piura y Talara.

Activity
In December 2014, AdP was 100% acquired by Talma, a Peruvian airport services company that belongs to the Sandoval group and Enfoca Inversiones.

AdP's partners comprise Swissport GBH Perú, an air cargo warehousing, ramp services, and maintenance company in the Jorge Chávez International Airport area, and GBH Investments, the holding of Swissport GBH group that brings expertise in infrastructure project management.

AdP is being advised by the ANA Aeroportos de Portugal, providing know-how, experience and expertise in airports management to Aeropuertos del Perú. ANA operates six regional airports in Portugal: Flores, Horta, Ponta Delgada, Santa María, Lisbon and Faro.

Airports operated by AdP

The following airports are operated by Aeropuertos del Perú (AdP). All but one (in Pisco) are located in Northern Peru.

References

See also

 Lima Airport Partners
 Jorge Chávez International Airport
 CORPAC

External links
 Official website

Airport operators
Transport companies of Peru
!Aeropuertos del Peru


Henry Beighton (c. 20 August 1687 – 9 October 1743) was an English engineer and surveyor.

He was born at Chilvers Coton near Nuneaton, Warwickshire and worked in the neighbouring village of Griff.  In 1717, he published an engraving of the Newcomen engine erected there in 1714 by Thomas Newcomen.  In 1718 he erected one at Oxclose colliery at Washington, County Durham.  By measuring the work done by the Griff engine, he was able to compile a table of quantity of water that could be raised by an engine with a six-foot stroke working at 16 strokes per minute. He published this table in The Ladies' Diary which he edited at the time.

On his return to his native county he made a plane table and prepared a map of the county, which was published in 1728 at a scale of one inch to one mile.

He was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1720 and contributed four papers to the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, including a description of his plane table, and of George Sorocold's waterworks at London Bridge.

His interest in the working of the Griff engine brought him into contact with J. T. Desaguliers and contributed details and illustrations of hydraulic machines for the second volume of the latter's Course of Experimental Philosophy, eventually published in 1744.  This included a description by Beighton of an overshot mill, with an engraving of a corn mill by the abbey in Nuneaton.  This is the earliest illustration of a mill where a single waterwheel drove more than one set of machinery.

His outstanding county map of Warwickshire was one of the first soundly based on trigonometrical survey methods.  A remarkably wide range of features is depicted on the map, reflecting the whole life and economy of the county: Parish churches, chapels, depopulated places, seats of nobility, chases, parks, king's houses, monasteries, castles, Roman ways, etc.  Beighton's map was well ahead of its time.

References
A. W. Skempton, 'Henry Beighton, FRS' in A. W. Skempton et al., Biographical Dictionary of Civil Engineers: 1 1500-1830, 49.
J. T. Desaguliers, A Course of Experimental Philosophy II (1744; 1763 edition).
Alan G. Hodgkiss, Discovering Antique Maps, Shire Publications Limited, 2007

Notes

1687 births
1743 deaths
English engineers
People from Nuneaton
Fellows of the Royal Society


Point Penmarc'h, often spelled Point Penmarch, or in French Pointe de Penmarc'h, is the extremity of a small peninsula in Finistère department in Brittany in northwestern France, and the northern limit of the Bay of Biscay.

It contains the fortified remains of a town which was of considerable importance from the 14th to the 16th centuries, and included today's commune of Penmarc'h, which covers the harbours of Saint-Guénolé and Kerity. The town owed its prosperity to its cod-banks, the disappearance of which together with the discovery of the Newfoundland cod-banks and the pillage of the place by the bandit La Fontenelle in 1595 contributed to its decline.

The Phare d'Eckmühl, a lighthouse with a light visible for , stands on the point.

See also
Penmarc'h

References

Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary, Third Edition. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster Incorporated, 1997. .

Headlands of Brittany
Landforms of Finistère


Truncilla truncata, the deertoe, is a species of freshwater mussel, an aquatic bivalve mollusk in the family Unionidae.

Deertoe are found in the Mississippi River drainage system and in tributaries of Lake Erie and Lake St. Clair.  T. truncata is a state endangered species in Virginia.  It is designated by the state of Kansas as a "species in need of conservation".

Deertoe have generalist habitat preferences and are found in both lakes and rivers.

Deertoe are believed to be bradytictic, with a gestation period of approximately 10 months.  Hosts for their glochidia include freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens) and sauger (Sander canadensis).

References

Unionidae


The Battle of al-Harra () was fought between the Umayyad army of the caliph Yazid I () led by Muslim ibn Uqba and the defenders of Medina from the Ansar and Muhajirun factions, who had rebelled against the caliph. The battle took place at the lava field of Harrat Waqim in the northeastern outskirts of Medina on 26 August 683 and lasted less than a day.

The elite factions of Medina disapproved of the hereditary succession of Yazid (unprecedented in Islamic history until that point), resented the caliph's impious lifestyle, and chafed under Umayyad economic acts and policies. After declaring their rebellion, they besieged the Umayyad clan resident in Medina and dug a defensive trench around the city. The expeditionary force sent by Yazid and local Umayyads, who had since been released from the siege, encamped at Harrat Waqim, where the rebels confronted them. Despite an initial advantage, the Medinans were routed due to the defection of one of their factions, the Banu Haritha, which enabled Umayyad horse riders led by Marwan ibn al-Hakam to attack them from the rear.

Afterward, the army pillaged Medina for three days, though accounts of the plunder vary considerably. The Syrian army proceeded to besiege the rebel leader Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr in Mecca, though Ibn Uqba died en route. In contrast to Ibn al-Zubayr's call for a  to decide the caliphate and his success in resisting the Umayyads, the rebels in Medina lacked a political program and military experience. The traditional Islamic sources list the Battle of al-Harra and its aftermath as one of the Umayyads' 'major crimes' and malign Ibn Uqba for his role in the plunder of Medina.

Location

The location of the battle was the lava field of Harrat Waqim, which straddles the eastern outskirts of Medina in the Hejaz (western Arabia). It was named after the Waqim fortress of the Banu Qurayza tribe that had been resident in the area during the pre-Islamic period and was alternatively known as Harrat Bani Qurayza or Harrat Zuhra. It formed part of the vast geological system of  (basaltic deserts) which spanned the region east of the Hauran in Syria southward to Medina's environs. As a result of the fame of the battle, Harrat Waqim was thenceforth referred to in Muslim sources as 'the Harra'.

Background
Under the Islamic prophet Muhammad, beginning in 622, and the first three caliphs, Abu Bakr (), Umar () and Uthman (), Medina served as the capital of the early Muslim state, which by Uthman's time came to rule over an empire spanning Arabia, most of the Persian Sasanian Empire and the Byzantine territories of Syria and Egypt. The capital was moved to Kufa in Iraq by the fourth caliph, Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law Ali (), during the First Muslim Civil War. Ali's rival for the caliphate, the governor of Syria Mu'awiya, won the war and made Damascus capital of the Umayyad Caliphate, which he founded in 661.

Political and pious opposition to Yazid
The hereditary succession of Mu'awiya's son, Yazid, in 680 was an unprecedented act in Islamic politics. It was a point of contention among the people of Medina, especially the eminent Muslim leaders of the Hejaz. One of them, Husayn, a son of Ali and grandson of Muhammad, left Medina to lead a revolt against Yazid in Iraq. He was slain alongside his band of about seventy followers at the Battle of Karbala by the forces of the Umayyad governor Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad; Yazid is alleged to have put the head of Husayn on display in Damascus.

In 680, Yazid dismissed his cousin al-Walid ibn Utba ibn Abi Sufyan from the governorship of Medina for having failed to prevent Husayn and the other major opponent to his rule, Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, a grandson of Abu Bakr, from leaving Medina. Al-Walid's replacement, the Umayyad Amr ibn Sa'id al-Ashdaq, failed to capture Ibn al-Zubayr, who took refuge in the Kaaba in Mecca, or extract from him the oath of allegiance to Yazid. Al-Ashdaq mobilized a troop of Medinans enrolled in the army, as well as  (sing. ; non-Arab, Muslim freedmen or clients) of the Umayyad clan, to assault Ibn al-Zubayr, but many of the recruited Medinans were reticent to participate and paid others to fight in their place. Ibn al-Zubayr defeated this force, and partly as a consequence, Yazid dismissed al-Ashdaq and reappointed al-Walid ibn Utba in August 681. Feigning an attempted reconciliation with the caliph, Ibn al-Zubayr requested that Yazid replace al-Walid ibn Utba with a milder governor. Yazid acceded, installing his young and politically inexperienced cousin Uthman ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Sufyan in December 682.

Most of the Medinans, and many in the wider Muslim community, sympathized with Ibn al-Zubayr amid general uncertainty about the stability of Umayyad rule and the prospect of Ibn al-Zubayr coming to power. Reports of impious behavior by Yazid, including entertainment by singing girls and a pet monkey, contributed to prevailing attitudes in Medina of his unsuitability as caliph. The Medinans mainly consisted of the Ansar (native Medinans who had hosted and allied with Muhammad after his emigration from Mecca in 622) and the Muhajirun (Muhammad's early supporters who had emigrated with him). The Muhajirun were predominantly from the Quraysh, the tribe to which Muhammad, Ali, and the Umayyads all belonged. At the time of the opposition to Yazid, the Medinans were mostly the children of these two factions, which collectively represented Islam's first military generation, and felt threatened at the potential loss of the inherited military pensions brought about by Umayyad fiscal reforms. The reforms called for pensions to be given only in exchange for active military service.

To reconcile with the Medinans, Yazid requested they send a delegation to his court in Damascus. Uthman ibn Muhammad organized the Medinan embassy. Yazid attempted to win over the delegates by lavishing them with gifts and money. This proved fruitless when the delegates returned and incited the people of Medina with accounts detailing Yazid's scandalous lifestyle. The most vociferous critic among the delegates was Abd Allah ibn Hanzala. He declared that he and his sons would fight against Yazid should others not join him, and though Yazid respected him, he would use the gifts the latter gave him against the caliph. Ibn al-Zubayr took control of Mecca in September 683 and allied with Ibn Hanzala in opposition to Yazid. The leaders of the Medinan opposition dismissed counsel from Yazid's messengers and friends in Damascus to avoid rebellion as attempts to undermine the unity of the Medinans. Prominent exceptions to this united bloc included the Alids (family of Ali), Abd Allah ibn Umar ibn al-Khattab, son of the second caliph, and the companion of Muhammad Abu Barza. They all considered the anti-Umayyad opposition in the Hejaz to be fighting for power and wealth rather than for a just and pious cause.

Economic and social grievances
Mu'awiya had acquired extensive properties and agricultural estates in Medina from its inhabitants. These lands were referred to as  in the sources, a term usually reserved for conquered lands that became state property, but in the case of Medina meant acquired lands that became the personal domains of the caliph. According to reports cited by the 9th-century historian Ibn Qutayba, the people of Medina alleged that Mu'awiya purchased the lands at a hundredth of their value during hunger and desperation. The 9th-century historian al-Ya'qubi held that the properties were confiscated. The people of Medina considered the acquisitions illegitimate and damaging to their economic interests.

Mu'awiya launched cultivation and irrigation projects on the lands and derived considerable returns from dates and wheat. To meet the workforce needs for cultivation and maintenance, Mu'awiya employed numerous , consisting of war captives from the conquered provinces, including many skilled laborers. The  were loyal to their patron, in this case, Mu'awiya and later Yazid. The  of the Umayyads in Medina were numerous, and the sources record several instances of tensions involving them and the people of Medina. Yazid inherited the estates and  of his father. The dispossessed landowners of Medina demanded the restitution of their ownership rights from Yazid. The historian Meir Jacob Kister asserts the Medinan rebellion emanated from "the conflict between the owners of estates and property in Medina and the unjust Umayyad rulers who robbed them of their property".

Prelude
Uthman ibn Muhammad was unable to control the growing opposition to Umayyad rule. According to the historian al-Mada'ini (d. 843), the inaugurating act of rebellion by the Medinans occurred during a gathering in the mosque where the attendees each tossed an article of clothing, such as a turban or a shoe, an Arab custom symbolizing a severing of ties, to renounce their allegiance to Yazid. According to the historian Abu Mikhnaf (d. 774), the first act of rebellion by the Medinans was giving allegiance to Ibn Hanzala. Afterward, they assaulted the Umayyads and their supporters in the city, together about 1,000-strong, who fled to the quarter of their leading elder, Marwan ibn al-Hakam. The latter sent urgent requests for assistance from Yazid, who dispatched an army to suppress the opposition from both the Medinans and Ibn al-Zubayr.

According to alternative accounts by al-Ya'qubi and al-Waqidi (d. 823), for up to a month leading to the battle, several attempts by the chief of Yazid's estates in Medina, Ibn Mina, to collect the crops for the caliph were disrupted by the estates' former owners, in particular from the Ansarite Balharith clan. Uthman ibn Muhammad responded by assigning a guard force to help Ibn Mina and his men gather the crops. They were met by a group of Ansar and Quraysh, who refused to allow the Umayyads' men to proceed with their work. Uthman ibn Muhammad then requested intervention by Yazid, who dispatched an expedition against the townspeople of Medina. In these accounts, the Medinans expelled and pelted the Umayyads with stones in response to Uthman ibn Muhammad's rebukes to their leaders for barring the caliph's men from the estates.

The caliph's expeditionary force consisted of 4,000 to 12,000 well-equipped Syrian Arab tribesmen, dominated by the Banu Kalb. As an incentive to the troops, who anticipated an arduous campaign ahead, each soldier was paid 100 silver dirhams over their regular stipend. Yazid's initial choice for the commander of this force, al-Ashdaq, refused the position out of a principle not to shed the blood of his fellow Quraysh, while Ibn Ziyad, still reeling from the fallout from his role in the death of Husayn, also refused. Instead, the loyal, elderly, non-Qurayshite veteran Muslim ibn Uqba was given the command. According to al-Ya'qubi, Ibn Uqba's forces were composed of equal numbers of troops from the five  ('armies') of Syria: Rawh ibn Zinba al-Judhami led the men of Palestine, Hubaysh ibn Dulja al-Qayni led the men of Jordan, Abd Allah ibn Mas'ada al-Fazari led the men of Damascus, Husayn ibn Numayr al-Sakuni led the men of Homs and Zufar ibn al-Harith al-Kilabi led the men of Qinnasrin.

Upon hearing of the Syrian advance, the Medinans reinforced the siege against the Umayyads of Medina before allowing them to leave after they gave oaths not to assist the incoming army. On their way to Syria, the exiled Umayyads encountered Ibn Uqba's army in the Wadi al-Qura region between Syria and Medina. Ibn Uqba's inquiries about Medina's defenses were rebuffed by most of the Umayyads, some of whom continued on their way north, but Marwan's son Abd al-Malik cooperated and offered valuable intelligence. Under Marwan's leadership, most of the exiles joined the expedition. In Medina, the defenders, numbering about 2,000 men, dug a trench to protect a vulnerable northern corner of the city and divided themselves into four units, two of which were commanded by members of the Quraysh, including Abd Allah ibn Muti, one by Ibn Hanzala of the Ansar and the last by a non-Qurayshite and non-Ansarite, Ma'qil ibn Sinan al-Ashja'i.

For three days, starting on 23 August, Ibn Uqba attempted negotiations with the Medinan leaders. He appealed for unity and promised two annual payments to the Medinans from Yazid and a significant price reduction on corn. Yazid may have offered these or similar terms before the expedition to a representative of the Medinans, Ali's nephew Abd Allah ibn Ja'far. According to the historian Laura Veccia Vaglieri, this indicates that economic concerns contributed to the Medinan opposition of the Umayyads.

Battle

The negotiations between Ibn Uqba and the Medinans faltered, and clashes ensued. The Medinan horsemen marched against Ibn Uqba in the Harra, and may have advanced as far as Ibn Uqba's litter, from which he commanded his troops. Upon their approach, Ibn Uqba confronted them on horseback and actively participated in the fighting. The Medinans gained an early advantage, but were ultimately overtaken by the Syrians and several Ansarite and Qurayshite notables were slain, including Ibn Hanzala, eight of his sons and a handful of other men from the Medinan elite.

Squadrons of Medinan , fighting under the command of the  Yazid ibn Hurmuz, defended a large section of the ditch, and held off an assault by the Syrians, refusing demands to surrender. The historians Wahb ibn Jarir (d. 822) and al-Samhudi (d. 1533) held that Medinan lines were compromised by the defection of the Banu Haritha, whose members gave Marwan and his horse riders access through their quarter in Medina, enabling them to assault the Medinans at the Harra from the rear. The Quraysh under Ibn Muti fled the battlefield and headed for safety to Ibn al-Zubayr in Mecca. According to al-Waqidi, the battle concluded on 26 August 683. The fighting lasted less than a day.

Aftermath
Conflicting accounts abound regarding the aftermath of the Syrian victory. According to Abu Mikhnaf and al-Samhudi, Ibn Uqba gave his troops free rein to pillage Medina for three days. The number of Medinan casualties incurred during the battle and immediate aftermath range from 180 to 700 members of the Ansar and Quraysh, and 4,000 to 10,000 other Medinans. Al-Samhudi further claimed that as a result of the alleged rape of Medinan women by Ibn Uqba's troops, 1,000 illegitimate children were later born by them as a result.

The account of the historian Awana ibn al-Hakam (d. 764) describes a more orderly capture, in which Ibn Uqba summoned the notables of Medina to give allegiance to Yazid at the Quba Mosque and used the occasion to execute several prominent leaders of the opposition movement, including a number from the Quraysh and Ma'qil ibn Sinan al-Ashja'i. The latter had been a close friend and belonged to the same Ghatafan tribal grouping as Ibn Uqba but was nonetheless executed for his disavowal of Yazid. A son of Caliph Uthman (), a member of the Umayyad clan, had his beard cut as punishment for suspected collusion with the Medinans, though Ali ibn al-Husayn, a son of Husayn, was well-treated on the personal instructions of Yazid. Wahb ibn Jarir likewise did not make a note of a three-day plunder of Medina, and Wellhausen doubts that it occurred.

The accounts of Abu Mikhnaf and Awana agree that following the ordering of affairs in Medina, Ibn Uqba left to subdue Ibn al-Zubayr in Mecca but fell ill and died on the way in al-Mushallal. As ordered by Yazid, he left as second-in-command Husayn ibn Numayr al-Sakuni, who proceeded to besiege Mecca in September.

Assessment
In Kister's observation, the rebellion in Medina lacked a political program, in contrast to the revolt of Ibn al-Zubayr, who called for a  (consultation) to decide the caliphate. The Medinans felt assured of victory in any confrontation with the Syrians. In organizing the defense of their city, they adopted Muhammad's tactics at the Battle of the Trench, where he repulsed a siege against Medina by digging ditches to prevent the entry of enemy horsemen. At al-Harra, the Medinans lacked horses and weapons of their own, as indicated by counsel Marwan gave to Ibn Uqba, where he further advised that the Medinans were not warlike and few would have the resolve to fight. The survivors among Medina's leaders lamented the quick defeat of their pious men at the Harra, contrasting it to the successful six-month resistance against the Syrian army by Ibn al-Zubayr and his smaller coterie of supporters in Mecca. Kister considers the release of the besieged Umayyads, instead of their effective use as hostages, "heedless" and the rebels' belief that the Umayyads would not aid the Syrians or convince them to turn back "credulous".

The alleged cruelty against the townspeople of Medina by the Umayyad army became a cause célèbre that was invoked by future generations. Ibn Uqba was thenceforth known as 'Musrif', a play on his name 'Muslim', which meant "he who exceeds all bounds of propriety". The historian Michael Lecker considers the reports of Syrian atrocities in Medina as "undeniably anti-Umayyad and probably exaggerated". Moreover, Wellhausen dismisses the depiction by later Muslim and western sources of Ibn Uqba as a brutal heathen with a deep hatred for Islam, in general, and the people of Medina, in particular, as a falsity that developed over time and is unsupported by the early and more credible Muslim sources. In Wellhausen's assessment, the suppression of the Medinan revolt was not the cause of the significant decline of the city's political status; this had already been precipitated by the assassination of Caliph Uthman in 656, the aftermath of which marked Medina's end as the capital of the nascent Muslim state. The city continued to be a center for religious scholarship, Arab high culture, and a redoubt for poets and singers. Vaglieri counters Wellhausen's doubts about the extent of the army's pillage, asserting that the "[traditional Muslim] sources are unanimous on this point".

References

Sources

Further reading

Battles involving the Umayyad Caliphate
Second Fitna
683
680s conflicts
680s in the Umayyad Caliphate
Medina under the Umayyad Caliphate


The 108th Pennsylvania House of Representatives District is located in Montour County and Northumberland County and includes the following areas:

 All of Montour County
 Northumberland County
 Delaware Township
 East Chillisquaque Township
 Lewis Township
 McEwensville
 Milton
 Northumberland
 Point Township
 Riverside
 Rockefeller Township
 Rush Township

 Northumberland County (continued)
 Snydertown
 Sunbury
 Turbot Township
 Turbotville
 Upper Augusta Township
 Watsontown
 West Chillisquaque Township

Representatives

References

Sources

Government of Northumberland County, Pennsylvania
Government of Snyder County, Pennsylvania
108


Louis Rocca (1882–13 June 1950) was an English football administrator and scout who played a pivotal role in the development of Manchester United F.C. He had several roles within the club from the 1890s to the 1940s, most notably putting them in contact with Matt Busby in 1945; Busby would go on to manage the club for 25 years.

Biography

Early years
A family of Italian gelato purveyors, Louis Rocca (senior) and his wife Mary, emigrated to England in the early 1870s and established an ice cream business at 64 Rochdale Road in the Newton Heath district of Manchester. Their son, Louis Rocca (junior), was born in Manchester between September and December 1882. He began his association with Manchester United (then known as Newton Heath F.C.) in the 1890s when he got a job as a tea boy at the club's Bank Street ground. He even played for the club's reserve team on a couple of occasions.

Manchester United
In 1902, the club was in severe financial difficulty but was saved at the 11th hour by local brewer John Henry Davies. He changed the club's colours from green and gold halves to red and white, but decided it would be more appropriate to convene a meeting of the club's fans, directors and other interested parties to determine a new name for the club. Rocca attended the meeting on 26 April 1902 and claims that, after hearing other people's suggestions of "Manchester Celtic" and "Manchester Central" be rejected for sounding "too Scottish" and "too industrial," he suggested the name "Manchester United." There is no documentary evidence that Rocca was actually the one to suggest the name "Manchester United," but Rocca maintained that Manchester United was his brainchild for the rest of his life. In 1903 Louis married Mary Emily Wrenshall and by 1911 he had taken over the family business and was living in Oldham Road in Manchester with his wife and four children. By the time of his mother's death in 1924, Louis was still managing the family ice cream and confectionery business and he was father to nine children.

Assistant manager and James Gibson
Over the years, Rocca came to be the club's chief "fixer" – if the club needed anything done, Rocca was the man for the job – until, in 1931, it was decided that he ought to be given some level of responsibility over the affairs of the team. With Herbert Bamlett's tenure as manager over, club secretary Walter Crickmer stepped into the breach as manager, with Rocca as his assistant. However, the club was yet again in financial turmoil at the time, and Rocca set about finding a new investor. The man he turned to was James W. Gibson, a partner in the clothing firm Briggs, Jones and Gibson, who had made their money in the manufacture of Army uniforms. As well as being an entrepreneur, Gibson was a fiercely proud Mancunian and unwilling to see such an integral part of the city's culture go under, so when club secretary Walter Crickmer visited Gibson at his Cheshire mansion, it didn't take much persuasion to convince Gibson to invest £2,000 in the club. Gibson then promised extra funds if other investors would match his £2,000 investment.

Chief scout
One of the legacies of the Gibson administration at Manchester United was the Manchester United Junior Athletic Club (MUJAC). Set up at the behest of the supporters', the MUJAC was charged with bringing the best young players in the local area to Manchester United, with the aim of eventually filling the first team with local talent. Rocca was appointed as the MUJAC's chief scout, and, through his connections to the Manchester Catholic Sportsman's Club, he appointed a network of scouts from the Catholic Church.

The two names that Rocca's scouting system is best known for discovering are Johnny Carey and Stan Pearson, and both go to show the breadth of the club's scouting network. Pearson was a local boy who Rocca spotted playing for Adelphi Lads' Club as a 16-year-old before signing for the club as an amateur on 1 December 1935, while Carey was a native of Dublin. Rocca had actually intended to scout another player when he went over to Ireland, but he was so impressed with Carey's air of authority that he immediately signed him for £250.

Busby
In 1932, United appointed Scott Duncan as manager, with Crickmer and Rocca reverting to their previous roles. However, Duncan resigned in 1937, and the two backroom men stepped into the breach again. They were in charge for two seasons before the outbreak of the Second World War and the suspension of all football in Britain. By the end of the war, the United board decided that a new permanent manager should be installed, and Rocca knew just the man, telling the board to "leave it to [him]". In 1930, Rocca had attempted to sign Manchester City wing-half Matt Busby for United, but the club was unable to pay the £150 transfer fee.

Nevertheless, Rocca and Busby stayed in touch, both being members of the Manchester Catholic Sportsman's Club, and when Rocca learned that Busby had been offered the manager's job at his then-club, Liverpool, he immediately wrote Busby a letter (addressed to his army regiment, in case it was intercepted by the Liverpool management) informing him of the job opportunity at United. Busby turned up at James Gibson's Trafford Park factory in February 1945 with demands for unprecedented control over the football team, but Rocca reassured his chairman that the Scot was the right man for the job and the contract was signed that day.

Later years, death and legacy
In the first few years after Busby's appointment as manager, the Manchester United team was almost entirely composed of players discovered by Rocca and his scouting system. Then, in 1948, Rocca had the ultimate honour bestowed upon him as his protégés won the FA Cup. In the team that day, Crompton, Carey, Aston, Anderson, Morris, Pearson and Mitten had all come through the youth system. However, this was to be his last major contribution to the club, as he died in 1950, bringing an association with the club of more than 50 years to an end. His legacy would continue, though, through Joe Armstrong, the man appointed as Rocca's replacement in the role of chief scout. Like Rocca, Armstrong would seek out the best young players in the Manchester area, and even further afield as the North East of England, where he discovered a 15-year-old Bobby Charlton in 1953.

In 2005, Rocca was honoured with the naming of an annual football match after him. The match was originally to be played between Salford Boys and Manchester Boys, but Manchester Boys were uninterested and Glasgow Boys were chosen as the opposition for the Salford side, in recognition of the ties between the cities of Manchester and Glasgow. The match, named "The Louis Rocca Trophy", was conceived by Salford-based artist Harold Riley, who had himself been a player for Salford Boys and a discovery of Rocca's for Manchester United, and Manchester-based restaurateur Bruno Cabrelli. Rocca was chosen as the inspiration for the match because, according to Riley, "one person never mentioned when people talk about United's history is Louis Rocca". Manchester United manager Alex Ferguson convinced Nike to provide both teams with kits for the occasion. Two matches were played on the inaugural occasion, one for the senior teams of both clubs and one for the juniors, with Glasgow Boys winning both; they won the senior match 1–0 and the junior match 5–4.

References
Notes

Footnotes

Bibliography

1882 births
1950 deaths
People from Newton Heath
Manchester United F.C. non-playing staff
English people of Italian descent
Association football scouts


Truncilla is a genus of freshwater mussels, aquatic bivalve mollusks in the family Unionidae, the river mussels.

Species within the genus Truncilla
 Truncilla donaciformis
 Truncilla macrodon
 Truncilla truncata

References

Unionidae
Bivalve genera


is a limited edition box set album released by Gackt on December 13, 2006. It contains nine different versions of the previously released single Jūnigatsu no Love Song, including the Chinese version duet with Leehom Wang, and four new versions. The box set also contained an aromatherapy diffuser and gold & silver foil postcards of the CD covers. It ranked 55th on Oricon's album chart.

Track listing

References

Gackt compilation albums
2006 compilation albums


Birger Forell (September 27, 1893 in Söderhamn, Sweden - July 4, 1958 in Borås, Sweden) was a priest. He supported refugees, deported and prisoners of war during the Second World War and afterwards.

There is a memorial dedicated to him in the Swedish Church in Berlin.  In 1993, a postage stamp was released to commemorate his 100th birthday.

1893 births
1958 deaths
20th-century Swedish Lutheran priests
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany