The Waki Commission, officially The Commission of Inquiry on Post Election Violence (CIPEV), was an international commission of inquiry established by the Government of Kenya in February 2008 to investigate the clashes in Kenya following the disputed Kenyan presidential election of 2007.

Background

The Kenyan presidential election of 2007 was held in December 2007. The main contenders were incumbent President of Kenya, Mwai Kibaki and his former ally Raila Odinga. The election was strongly marked by tribalism, with Kibaki coming from the most numerous Kikuyu ethnic group which has dominated Kenyan politics since independence and Odinga an ethnic Luo allied with other smaller ethnic groups. Kibaki was declared the winner and sworn in on 30 December, despite opposition leader Raila Odinga's claims of victory. Odinga and many international observers claimed the elections were at least partially manipulated. Following the declaration, violent protests erupted particularly in Kibera, and this included ethnic violence targeted against Kikuyu people living outside their traditional settlement areas, especially in the Rift Valley Province. Luos and Kalenjin were also targeted in the areas surrounding Nakuru and Naivasha.

Former UN Secretary General Kofi Annan brokered a power-sharing agreement which included the appointment of the Waki Commission to investigate the violence.

Composition
The chairman of the commission was Justice Philip Waki, a Judge of Kenya's Court of Appeal. The other two commission members were Gavin Alistair McFadyen, a former police assistant commissioner in New Zealand and Pascal K. Kambale, a lawyer from the Democratic Republic of the Congo who was working on the Open Society Institute's Africa Governance, Monitoring and Advocacy Project. The secretary to the commission was George Mong’are Kegoro, an advocate of the High Court of Kenya and Kenyan section director of the International Commission of Jurists. The assisting counsel was David Shikomera Majanja, an advocate of the High Court of Kenya.

Report
The post-election violence report by Waki Commission, commonly known as the "Waki report", was handed over to president Mwai Kibaki and prime minister Raila Odinga on 15 October 2008. The report has 529 pages. The report however did not publicly disclose the alleged perpetrators in the report handed to the President. The Waki Commission instead handed the list of alleged perpetrators to Kofi Annan. In July 2009 Kofi Annan handed the envelope to Luis Moreno-Ocampo, the Prosecutor at the ICC. The Kenyan Government was then given 1-year, beginning July 2009, to set up a Tribunal to deal with issue. Failure to do this would see the ICC would pick up the matter beginning August 2010. Daily Nation, 13, 20 July

Cost
In response to a query by Joseph Lekuton, on 16 December 2008, Orwa Ojode the Assistant Minister for Provincial Administration and Internal Security confirmed to parliament that the commission had cost Kshs 7,635,694 with the Kenya Government contributing Kshs 5,951,930 and donors contributing Kshs 1,683,764.

See also
Politics of Kenya
History of Kenya
Ethnic Conflicts in Kenya
Kriegler Commission

References

External links
Waki Report (at ReliefWeb)
Waki report (at Web Archive)
International Center for Transitional Justice, Kenya

Politics of Kenya
Government agencies of Kenya
2008 in Kenya


Eddie Windass is a fictional character from the British ITV soap opera Coronation Street. Portrayed by Steve Huison, the character's first appearance on-screen was broadcast on 14 November 2008. On 5 December 2010, it was announced that Eddie was to leave Coronation Street in spring 2011 after being axed by producer Phil Collinson. Huison made his final appearance as Eddie on 25 April 2011. This was Huison's second role in the soap; he previously played criminal Andy Morgan in 2003.

Creation

Background
The character of Eddie was created as part of a new family unit that new producer Kim Crowther introduced to the soap opera, consisting of a mother, a father, a son and an uncle. They were originally billed as a storyline device for established character David Platt. An ITV spokesperson said of the character and his onscreen family: "The Windass family are very rough and ready, always ducking and diving. Early on they get involved with David Platt when he helps to fit a new kitchen in the Windass family home. However, Anna thinks the work is shoddy and refuses to pay for it. David goes round, rips out the kitchen and sets fire to it outside the family’s house." Fellow cast member Debbie Rush spoke about their odd surname and stated they were expecting comments when seen in public about it.

Development

Personality and identity
Speaking of his character Huison said: "Eddie’s a great character to play, he thinks he’s hard and head of the family, but he’s always one step behind Gary and Len. Eddie is always up to silly scams. He uses crutches but you may notice he doesn’t always limp with the same leg…"

Storylines
The character's storylines start immediately after his first on-screen appearance when David Platt (Jack P. Shepherd) and his boss Joe McIntyre (Reece Dinsdale) confront him and his family about a bounced cheque that they had used to pay for their fitted kitchen. Several weeks later, the Windasses move into Coronation Street after renting No. 6 from Jerry Morton (Michael Starke). After Anna nags him to find a job, Eddie gets a job as a taxi driver at Streetcars, but is reluctant to hand over any paperwork to Steve McDonald (Simon Gregson), due to fiddling Incapacity Benefit.

Eddie plans to start up a darts team, but once he collects the money from the team, he tells them that he's been mugged and lost all the money. Anna Windass (Debbie Rush) is disgusted and accuses him of going back to his old scheming ways., Eddie's plan backfires when Kirk Sutherland (Andrew Whyment) approaches him a few days later, telling him that he has spoken to everyone and they have agreed to keep the team going, since it means so much to Eddie. The Rovers' team consists of Dark Destroyer Eddie, Kirk, Kevin (Michael Le Vell) and Bill Webster (Peter Armitage), Ashley Peacock (Steven Arnold) and Lloyd Mullaney (Craig Charles). Eddie's ruse is uncovered when a visiting darts team arrive at the Rover's to play against his team. The rival team's captain recognises him as Eddie had tried a similar scam two years earlier and the team chase him.

In May 2009, Eddie overhears Roy Cropper (David Neilson) giving Anna the Roy's Rolls password and account number for the Cash and Carry. He deviously takes the details from his wife's handbag and buys alcohol under the pretence that he is working for Roy. He is the Cash and Carry's one-millionth customer and wins a city break to Europe. He tells Anna that he is taking her away for a romantic break and that he has been putting money aside to pay for it. However, Eddie's lie is exposed when Roy's wife Hayley (Julie Hesmondhalgh) sees a cardboard cutout of "Roy Cropper" as the millionth customer at the Cash n' Carry. Eddie is then barred from the cafe by his wife. In July 2009, it is revealed that Eddie and Anna are not in fact married, as he proposes to her. She rejects him and it becomes clear that he has proposed to her many times before in the past.

Eddie and Anna deal with son Gary for most of 2009. He goes to prison after a robbery setup, orchestrated by David Platt, and after his release, becomes interested in joining the army. Eddie is reluctant to show emotion but bakes a cake to show Gary how proud he is. Several months later, Gary goes AWOL after a friend loses limbs in battle. Eventually Eddie calls the military police and tells them Gary is at home, because he feels his son needs to face up to his responsibilities. When Gary is away from home, Anna begins keeping an eye on Chesney Brown (Sam Aston) when he's having family problems. Anna decides she wants to adopt a child, and Eddie warms to the idea. They begin a competition with Steve and Becky McDonald (Katherine Kelly), who also want to adopt.

In early-2011, Eddie and Anna begin fostering nine-year-old Faye Butler (Ellie Leach). Faye proves to be a handful for the Windasses as she doesn't take to her new home right away, her presence leads to tension between the couple and Eddie reveals he never actually wanted to adopt. Eddie pleads with Anna to send Faye back, but Anna refuses to give up on her. When Len (Conor Ryan) offers Eddie a job in Germany, he gives Anna an ultimatum to choose between him or Faye. Anna is appalled that Eddie has placed her in such a position, and tells him that given the choice, she'd choose Faye every time. With this, the couple end their relationship and Eddie packs his bags before saying goodbye to Gary and leaving Weatherfield for Germany.

Reception
Grace Dent of The Guardian slated the character because of his scrounging ways and shoddy appearance stating: "Gary's dad Eddie has no positive attributes to speak of. None. He's six feet tall with a collapsed orange Sideshow Bob hairdo and an ambidextrous limp which switches from left to right leg depending on which Social Security officer is spying on him. He has a permanently fuddled expression which could be down to Temazepam, plain idiocy or the fact all his good brain cells are engaged in working out how to rob your wallet." Tony Stewart of The Mirror also describes Eddie's character as a scrounger. MSN branded Eddie and his family as chavs and being perfect guests for the Jeremy Kyle show, and going on to calling them a million miles away from lower class yobbish families 'The Mortons' and 'The Battersbys'. Whereas Simon Swift of Soaplife magazine commented on the fact that on first looks he couldn't help feeling that Eddie and his clan are a bit too much like original neighbours-from-hell the Battersbys. Kris Green of media website Digital Spy praised and commented on the fact that the Windass clan had 'settled in so well, in such a short space of time', with fellow actor Mikey North stating that their success is down to the good writing and many plotlines the family received in the short time period.

Upon the broadcast of Eddie's final episodes in April 2011, Jane Simon of The Daily Mirror wrote that she is "gutted" to see the character depart the show and adds that she hopes "the Corrie bosses see sense and decide to glue the Windass family back together before too long".

References

External links

Coronation Street characters
Fictional taxi drivers
Television characters introduced in 2008
British male characters in television


The Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway Hughes 4-6-4T was a class of steam locomotives.  They were a 4-6-4T tank engine version of the L&YR Class 8 ("Dreadnought" Class 4-6-0), hence they were known as "Dreadnought tanks".

Construction
All were actually built by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway in 1924 after the grouping, albeit at the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway's Horwich Works.

Numbering
They had been allocated L&Y numbers 1684–1693, but these were never carried and there was no L&YR class number.  The LMS gave them the numbers 11110–11119, and the power classification 5P.

Orders modified or cancelled
Another 20 of this class were ordered but turned out as further examples of the L&YR Class 8.  Orders for an additional 30 were cancelled.  Like the Class 8 on which they were based, they were not particularly successful.

Withdrawal
Withdrawals started in 1938, with three engines (11112, 11115, 11116), one each in 1939 and 1940 (11113 and 11111 respectively), four in 1941 (11114, 11117–11119) and the last (11110) in January 1942. No examples were preserved.

References

Hughes 4-6-4T
5 Hughes 4-6-4T
4-6-4T locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1924
2′C2′ h4t locomotives
Scrapped locomotives
Passenger locomotives


Haputale (; ) is a town of Badulla District in the Uva Province, Sri Lanka, governed by an Urban Council. The elevation is 1431 m (4695 ft) above the sea level. The area has a rich bio-diversity dense with numerous varieties of flora and fauna. Haputale is surrounded by hills covered with cloud forests and tea plantations. The town has a cooler climate than its surroundings, due to its elevation. The Haputale pass allows views across the Southern plains of Sri Lanka. The South-West boundary of Uva basin is marked by the Haputale mountain ridges, which continue on to Horton Plains and Adam's Peak to the west. CNN in 2010 named Haputale as one of Asia's most overlooked destinations.

Transport

Roads
 A16 highway (Beragala-Hali Ela) a part of the Colombo-Badulla road. (Route 99)
 B147 (Haputale-Dambetenna) road.
 Haputale-Welimada road. (Via Boralanda)
 Haputale-Diyatalawa road. (via Yahalabedda)
 Haputale-Wellawaya road. (Via Beragala and Koslanda)

Rail

Haputale railway station is the 69th station on the Main Line. The station opened on 19 June 1893, following the extension of the main line from Nanu Oya railway station to Haputale.

Population
 Source

Places of interest

Horton Plains National Park Via Boralanda
Adisham Bungalow
Lipton's Seat
St. Andrew's Church
Diyaluma Falls
Bambarakanda Falls
Soragune Devalaya
Haldummulla town
Beragala Gap
Dambetenna
Idalgashinna
Thangamale Sanctuary (Protected areas of Sri Lanka)

Adisham Bungalow
Adisham Bungalow is a nineteenth-century British period building, which was modelled on Leeds Castle in Kent, England. Sir Thomas Villiers, a distinguished British resident in Sri Lanka in the early 20th century, used it as his country house. Later it became a Benedictine monastery. The Thangamale Bird Sanctuary is located next to the bungalow.

Lipton’s Seat

The Lipton’s Seat is located at Dambetenna in the Haputale Mountain region. This place was a favourite look-outpoint  for Sir Thomas Lipton. The point has a fabulous view over Uva, Southern, Sabaragamuwa, Central and Eastern provinces.

Climate
Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as subtropical highland (Cfb).

Government institutions
 Police Station
 Government Hospital
 Haputale Divisional Education Office
 Main Post Office
 Urban Council Offices

Members of Parliament
The constituency has been represented in Parliament by:
J. A. Rambukpota 1947–1952
Wilfred A. Ratwatte 1952–1956
W. P. G. Ariyadasa 1956–1977
W. J. M. Lokubandara 1977–1988

See also
Towns in Uva
History of Uva Province

References

External links

 Travel Uva
Haputale Information Website

Towns in Badulla District


Anna Windass is a fictional character from the ITV soap opera Coronation Street, portrayed by Debbie Rush. The character was introduced in the episode first broadcast on 14 November 2008. Rush announced her decision to leave the series in July 2017 and Anna departed in the episode first broadcast on 22 January 2018. She appeared in two further episodes first broadcast on 31 May to 1 June 2018.

Anna's storylines have included: a rocky relationship to her long-term partner, Eddie Windass (Steve Huison); feuds with the Platt family, Tim Metcalfe (Joe Duttine) and Sally Webster (Sally Dynevor); her wayward son Gary's (Mikey North) decision to enroll into the army; her turbulent relationship with Owen Armstrong (Ian Puleston-Davies); adopting Faye Butler (Ellie Leach), who later alleges that Anna is abusing her; being blackmailed by Owen's client-turned-business partner Pat Phelan (Connor McIntyre) into having sex with him; facing bankruptcy following the end of her relationship with Owen; coping with Faye's underage pregnancy; a relationship with Kevin Webster (Michael Le Vell); getting severely burnt in a car explosion unwittingly caused by Gary's old rival David Platt (Jack P. Shepherd); and being framed by Phelan for pushing his apprentice and Faye's boyfriend Seb Franklin (Harry Visinoni) off a ladder, which resulted in her wrongful five-years imprisonment, leading to her first departure.

The character was released off-screen after Phelan's crimes were finally exposed, and Anna returned for her two final episodes; the first on 31 May 2018 where she rescues Gary and his girlfriend Sarah Platt (Tina O'Brien) from Phelan's captivity, and the second on 1 June 2018 where she ultimately kills Phelan by mortally stabbing him with a knife after he shot his own daughter Nicola Rubinstein (Nicola Thorp) and then local resident Michelle Connor (Kym Marsh) with a gun. Anna then decides to leave Weatherfield - thus concluding the character's story arc.

Storylines
Anna first appears on screen with her long-term boyfriend Eddie (Steve Huison) when they refuse to pay Joe McIntyre (Reece Dinsdale) for a kitchen refit. David Platt (Jack P. Shepherd) then tries to force them to pay but after they refuse, he makes a number of threats, resulting in David, Tina McIntyre (Michelle Keegan) and Graeme Proctor (Craig Gazey) setting fire to the Windasses' kitchen.

The Windass family move into No. 6 Coronation Street with the rest of her family. She has a heart-to-heart with new neighbour Gail Platt (Helen Worth) to make peace as she wants a fresh start in Coronation Street even though their families are feuding and convinces Eddie to make peace with Gail's partner, Joe. This ends badly at Christmas, as Gail's invitation for the Windasses to stop in for dinner soon leads to Joe throwing food at them and forcing them out of the house.

As the New Year begins, Anna is dismayed as she senses Eddie sinking back into his con artist ways; she always objected to them and her character shows her desire to live a free life without stealing and scrounging money from society,. However the feud between her son Gary (Mikey North) and David Platt grows more volatile and in March 2009 she is relieved when Gary is cleared of assaulting David and Anna attempts to influence Gail and Tina to make David drop the charges. She is also seen breaking down on a number of occasions, trying to hold her family together.

In April 2009, Roy Cropper (David Neilson) gives Anna a job in the café. Initially, Roy's wife Hayley (Julie Hesmondhalgh) is sceptical but is impressed by Anna's work ethic and she continues to work there. Hayley also takes Anna's side when Eddie steals and poses as Roy in a scam to receive free alcohol from the cash-and-carry.

Anna is dismayed in 2010 when Gary decides that he wants to join the army. She fears for his life on the front line, but eventually comes to terms with his career decision. However, Anna is later dismayed when Gary is reported as being AWOL; after she comforts him over his secret fears he returns to duty. 2010 also sees Anna and Eddie looking into adopting a child. Anna's nephew, Rory visits while his parents are on holiday. Eddie is seen pushing Rory round in a pram, upsetting Becky as she thinks that Anna and Eddie have been given a child.

In early 2011, young Faye Windass (Ellie Leach) comes to stay with Anna and Eddie, with a view towards them becoming her foster parents. Faye is quite a troubled young girl and this causes a rift between Anna and Eddie as he becomes discouraged with fostering. Anna is adamant that she will support Faye, particularly after her biological mother is found dead, following a drug overdose. Eddie breaks the tragic news in quite a clumsy way to Faye and this angers Anna. Eventually, Eddie issues Anna with an ultimatum: him or Faye. Anna chooses Faye and Eddie moves to Germany as a result.

After Eddie's departure, Anna gets close to Owen Armstrong (Ian Puleston-Davies), whose daughter Izzy (Cherylee Houston) is dating Gary. Anna is dismayed when she discovers that her landlord Jerry Morton (Michael Starke) is planning to sell No. 6. Unable to afford to buy the house, she is worried as Faye has finally found stability in her new home. Owen, much to Anna's surprise, buys the house and becomes her new landlord. This brings them closer together, making Faye jealous as she fears that Owen will take Anna away from her. Their relationship goes well, and Anna supports Owen after he discovers his 16 year old daughter Katy (Georgia May Foote) is pregnant and later helps deliver her son Joseph on Christmas Eve 2011. Owen and Anna's relationship is later tested, after Anna goes away to visit her brother; Owen looks after Faye and after discovering that Faye had poisoned the fish he had bought for Anna's garden, slapped her. Faye locked herself in her room, and upon Anna's return, the couple split, with Anna unable to forgive Owen for hitting Faye. Anna's son, Gary, and Owen's daughter, Izzy, later discover that Izzy is pregnant. The pair are overjoyed but Izzy later miscarries. Due to her disability, they approach Izzy's younger sister Katy about being a surrogate mother, and she and Owen reconcile. Izzy is told that Katy is not a suitable candidate for surrogacy as she is too young. Chesney, Katy's partner, also objects and Tina McIntyre (Michelle Keegan) offers to be surrogate instead, and the family discover that the implantation has worked and Tina is pregnant in December 2012.

Anna is stunned to learn that Gary has developed a crush on Tina after discovering he bought her late father's wedding ring at a pawn shop after it was stolen. Anna keeps this secret, but Gary takes things too far when he tries to kiss Tina, but she rejects him. Izzy learns of this and Tina goes into premature labour. Tina gives birth to Gary and Izzy's baby son, "Jake", but Izzy does not want Gary to see him because of his betrayal. After seeing Gary and Izzy argue, Tina decides to keep the baby and raise him with her boyfriend, Tommy Duckworth (Chris Fountain). This leads to Anna insulting Tina on numerous occasions. When Gary tells Anna how long it could take to get residency, Anna storms into The Rovers and slaps Tina for taking "Jake", renamed Joe. Izzy and Gary are terrified that Tina will report Anna to Social Services, but she doesn't. Later, Izzy and Gary decide not to fight Tina but Tommy, Rita and Dennis convince Tina to allow "Joe" to be raised by his biological parents.

Anna is also stressed when Faye decides to live with her biological father, Tim Metcalfe (Joe Duttine). When Anna bans Faye from seeing Tim, she lies to Brian Packham (Peter Gunn), telling him that Anna hits her at home. Social workers Nicola Waite (Maxine Burth) and Stephen Bowyer (Dana Haqjoo) arrive to question Anna and Faye, who reveals that Anna has never hit her. Anna allows Faye to move in with Tim, making Anna break down in Owen's arms. When Tim goes on a trip to Newcastle for work, Faye tells him that she will stay with Anna and Owen but stays at Tim's flat alone. Faye is later caught stealing from Dev Alahan's (Jimmi Harkishin) shop by Mary Taylor (Patti Clare) and Sophie Webster (Brooke Vincent). Mary and Sophie tell Owen and Anna. Anna feeds Faye and gives her a shower, before angrily confronting Tim about leaving Faye home alone.

Tim begins a relationship with Anna's next-door neighbour Sally Webster (Sally Dynevor), causing friction between the two women. Anna grows annoyed when Tim and Sally are constantly buying new things that impress Faye. Sally decides to have a garden party on the same day that Anna is planning on having a barbecue, which leads to further friction and the guests being torn on which barbecue to attend, especially Roy and Hayley, as Sally is a close friend and Anna is their employee. When Anna runs out of tomato ketchup, she uses Sally's without permission, leading to a physical fight as Anna is on one side of the fence and Sally is on the other. The fight ends in disaster, however, when Sally and Anna go flying into Anna's back garden with the fence, smashed up and ruined.

Anna helps out at the Croppers' upon discovering that Hayley has been diagnosed with incurable pancreatic cancer. A few months later, Hayley collapses at home and is rushed to hospital. Anna does her best to look out for Roy but he accidentally spills the beans on Hayley's suicide wish, leaving Anna stunned. Roy is extremely guilty that he has confided in Anna about Hayley's privacy, and orders her not to say anything to anybody about it. When Roy is decorating his and Hayley's bedroom, Anna gets Owen and Gary to decorate it for him, so Roy is free to do as he likes. When Hayley returns home from hospital, she reveals to Anna that she does not like the wallpaper, but will pretend to for Roy's sake. Later that evening, Roy bumps into Anna on the street and tells her that he has told Hayley that he is fine with her suicide wish. He reveals to Anna that he feels he has lied to Hayley and betrayed her, and Anna does her best to comfort him.

Anna is wary when Faye brings her new friend Grace Piper (Ella-Grace Gregoire) home for tea. Grace seems lovely, and Anna falls for her tactics, but it is revealed that Grace is in fact a manipulative girl who uses Faye in her dangerous games. Grace and Faye cause havoc all over Coronation Street, but it isn't until the pair attack Simon Barlow (Alex Bain) that Anna loses her temper with Faye. After Simon's stepmother Leanne Tilsley (Jane Danson) has confronted Faye, Anna asks for the truth, but Faye keeps on telling her that she and Grace haven't done anything wrong. That night, Grace sends Faye a video of her attacking Simon, and it soon goes viral after she posts it onto the Internet. Mary, another victim of Grace and Faye's, sees the video first, and shows it to Simon's carer Tina. The video travels around the street, disgusting most of the residents. Simon is refusing to leave the house because he is so embarrassed that he was attacked by girls. Soon, Simon's headmaster, Brian, gets wind of what has happened to him and goes round to the Windass household, where he tells a terrified Faye that he will have to inform the police. A few days later, Anna and Owen accompany Faye to the police station and they see Grace with her mother, who clashes with Anna. When Faye is questioned, she tells the detective that Grace has been blackmailing her, saying that if she grasses her up, she will make sure that nobody at her school will like her. Anna is proud of Faye for her bravery.

Into the New Year, Anna supports Roy as Hayley's health deteriorates. On 20 January 2014, Anna decides to close the café early, after having a bad feeling about Hayley and Roy's situation all day. A few minutes later, Hayley's former boss Carla Connor (Alison King) arrives at the café and Anna answers the door. Carla also admits that she has had a bad feeling about the situation over the past few days. Carla then demands to see Hayley, but Anna tries to persuade her against the idea, thinking that leaving the couple alone would be the better choice. After giving in, Anna enters the café flat with Carla after using her spare set of keys, but to their shock, they find a deceased Hayley on the bed with Roy's arm around her. Anna sees the glass on Hayley's bedside cabinet and realizes that she had taken an overdose, and washes the glass up for them. Carla witnesses Anna washing the glass and also guesses that Hayley committed suicide. Anna then walks into The Rovers and reveals to the devastated regulars that Hayley has died. The following week Fiz Stape (Jennie McAlpine) - who was the Croppers' foster child a few years before - learns the truth about Hayley's death and shouts at Roy, storming out of the café. Anna then finds Fiz and explains that it was what Hayley wanted and that it was not assisted suicide. Following Hayley's funeral, Anna and the residents gradually cope with her passing.

By the time Anna has managed to cope with Hayley's death, she finds herself caught up in Gary and Owen's business partnership with the latter's client: Pat Phelan (Connor McIntyre). She initially suspects Phelan of being a conman when Owen learns that he has not put his share into his account to put forward their business project, but a subsequent call that Owen makes to the bank later confirms that Phelan has put his share onto the account. When Anna goes to apologize to Phelan over her reservations, he tries to flirt with her. This startles Anna, who confides in Izzy. With Phelan apparently growing interested in Anna, she decides to settle the score and invites him to her house on the following week to request that he stay away from her. However, Phelan accuses Anna of developing feelings for him and proceeds to force himself onto her - before she eventually throws him out of the house. When Phelan and his wife Valerie (Caroline Berry) arrange for another dinner meeting with the Windass and Armstrong families in the Bistro, Anna feigns illness and runs back to the house. Izzy returns to see how Anna is, where she tells her that Phelan tried to rape her. Izzy reluctantly informs Gary about this, and he plans to confront Phelan by offering him a lift back to the house. By the time Owen and the rest of the workmen have left the site, Gary confronts Phelan and warns him to stay away from his mother. This ends badly, however, as Phelan provokes Gary into punching him when he badmouths Anna and they fight - which ends with Gary hitting Phelan across the head with a large plank of wood, knocking him unconscious. Though it appeared that Gary had killed Phelan in the brawl, Phelan survives and reveals to Gary and Owen that his attack was caught on CCTV. He blackmails them, saying if they do not do as he says, he will take the footage to the police. At work, Phelan forces Gary and Owen to do silly tasks - such as Gary being forced to dig a grave for a dead pigeon, and then taking out perfectly fitted windows. This eventually gets too much for Owen and Gary, particularly when Phelan decides to keep Owen's £80,000 investment in retribution for Gary's failed attempt to retaliate against him. Anna soon learns about this when she observes Owen having a breakdown, and later finds Gary suffering a panic attack. Anna calls Valerie and tells her how Phelan tried to rape her; however, she takes no notice - prompting Anna to berate Valerie before throwing her out of the house. She later tries to speak to Phelan, and he gives Anna an indecent ultimatum: he will release Gary and Owen from the contract if Anna has sex with him. Anna initially refuses, but reluctantly complies after finding Gary having another panic attack; she meets up with Phelan at a hotel, where they proceed to have sex. Anna then furiously leaves after Phelan teases her. On the following day, Phelan retains his promise and has Owen sign the contracts that releases him and Gary from the project - before leaving the street without the family or Valerie knowing what he and Anna had done.

Following her betrayal with Phelan, a regretful Anna cannot bring herself to be close or have sex with Owen - which devastates him. He confronts her, asking her whether she has fallen out of love with him or not. Anna replies with explaining that everything she has ever done is purely for their families, and that she still loves him. Owen later confides in Katy, and breaking down in her arms. The guilt begins to get too much for Anna, who confides in Roy and tells him she has done something terrible. He urges her to tell Owen, and she organises a quiet night in so she can tell him about her night with Phelan. However, Izzy enters in floods of tears - so she does not tell Owen. In the week where Tina is murdered, Anna finally tells Owen about how she slept with Phelan to save him and Gary from further torment. Owen is distraught, even when Anna tries to make him see that she only did it for their relationship. Owen tells Anna that nothing will ever be the same for their relationship again. Owen then leaves Weatherfield for a short time for work, so Anna decides to tell Izzy and Katy about her night with Phelan. Izzy understands why Anna did what she did, but Katy is less forgiving, and implies that Anna is a "whore". When Owen returns a few weeks later, Faye organises a meal for him and Anna - explaining that it is going to get them back together. When Owen does not show up, Faye is livid, and Anna decides it is time to tell her about her and Phelan. She later disposes of the idea, and tells Owen to act like they are still a couple for their family's sake. When Faye goes out with her friends and gets drunk, Anna is furious at Gary for giving her the money, and when things get heated between Owen and Gary, Owen punches him. Anna shouts at Owen for hitting Gary, and orders Gary and Izzy to go home, while she tends to a drunken Faye.

Anna and Owen eventually manage to repair their relationship and become a proper couple, just as Gary and Izzy end their long-standing relationship. Anna and Owen are upset by Gary and Izzy's split, but are later faced with another dilemma when Owen receives letters from people who he has borrowed money from. The following week, bailiffs arrive at the Windass and Armstrong household and begin taking their belongings, leaving Anna and Faye traumatized. When the bailiffs leave with most of their things, Owen tells Anna, Gary and Faye that he will get them out of the mess he has got them into.

In 2015, Anna becomes concerned for Faye and she worries that Faye's bullying may be becoming worse as Faye tells Anna that she is being mocked for her weight gain. Eventually, it is revealed to Anna and Owen that Faye recently found out she was pregnant and Anna is beside Faye as she gives birth to a baby girl. Rather than be mad at Faye for not telling her, Anna is determined to encourage Faye to be responsible for her daughter, even if it means her no longer being in school until she learns to take maternal responsibility for the baby. Anna invites the father and his family over to discuss the baby. The father is revealed to be a boy called Jackson Hodge (Rhys Cadman). As Jackson denies taking any responsibility for getting Faye pregnant and Jackson's mother makes cruel remarks about Faye, a fuming Anna kicks out the family.

Anna's encouragement for Faye to be a mother towards baby Miley (as Faye has named her, after pop star Miley Cyrus) causes Owen to think that Anna was acting selfishly and that she was making Faye keep the baby so she can be a grandmother, but after a meeting with a social worker, when Owen confronts Anna with his suspicions, Anna breaks down over his harsh words and tells him that she only wanted Faye to be a good mother and that she didn't want her to regret giving Miley up. When their relationship doesn't work, Anna and Owen split up and Owen leaves Weatherfield with Katy to Portugal before he would proceed to embark on a new life himself in Aberdeen.

At Miley's christening, Faye does a runner from the church. Tim follows her outside and Faye admits to Tim that she's not ready to be a mother yet and that she thinks her mother doesn't understand how she feels. When Jackson's parents, Josie and Greig, offer to have Miley come live with them, both Anna and Tim are against the idea. However, they soon discovered this is the only option to prevent baby Miley from being adopted, and in that same month and year, the Windasses say a tearful goodbye to Miley and Josie drives off with the baby. In August 2015, the Hodges left Weatherfield with the baby for a new life in Canada, pretending to be on vacation. When Anna and Tim discovered this over a phone call, they told an upset Faye, who had a talk with best male friend, Craig Tinker (Colson Smith). Faye decided that Miley was better off in Canada, but when Tim confronted her for being selfish, Faye told him that she has made up her mind and that Miley is with people that love her. On New Year's Eve 2015, Anna begins a relationship with Sally's ex-husband Kevin Webster (Michael Le Vell) They kept their relationship a secret but when Tim spotted them in a taxi, he decided to keep it secret as he didn't want to hurt Sally after she had a kiss with Kevin on the previous year before her wedding.

In January 2016, Sally questions Anna's relationship with Kevin - particularly when they join her and Tim in stopping a councillor from removing the graffiti poster that Craig created in memory of Maddie Heath (Amy James-Kelly), the late girlfriend of Kevin and Sally's daughter Sophie (Brooke Vincent). However, Sally gradually accepts Anna's relationship with Kevin after they convince her of their good intentions. Later on that night, she witnesses Kevin jumping in to save a man's life after nearly getting struck by Jamie Bowman (James Atherton) - a pornographic offender who had just robbed the Bistro and left Carla brutally unconscious. Anna was relieved when she rushed over to Kevin, glad that he was unharmed, but was surprised to see that the man whom he saved was Phelan - who himself had returned to the streets. After informing Izzy of his return, Anna was startled when Phelan visited her and promised that she wouldn't cause him any trouble as long as he didn't either. Anna initially copes with Phelan's presence around the street, but is left furious when Phelan tells her that he will be staying in Weatherifeld after Kevin hired him to work at his garage. She later smashes his car with a metal pole and proceeds to physically attack him. Kevin, disgusted with Anna's behaviour, breaks up with her over her actions. The following day, Phelan arrives at the café when it is closed and attacks Anna - pinning her up against the wall. However, Kevin walks in and kicks Phelan out of the cafe. Anna later confides to him about what Phelan did to her, and Kevin promises to support her no matter what happens. When Anna learns that Phelan is spending quality time with her longtime neighbour  Eileen Grimshaw (Sue Cleaver), she attempts to warn her about his nature by explaining  how he blackmailed her into having sex with him; however, as Phelan had already manipulated Eileen into believing his version of the story between him and Anna, she refuses to believe her story and throws her out of the house. Anna leaves, and once again clashes with Phelan when he tells her that he'll be sticking around for as long as he pleases. In October 2016, Anna and Kevin eventually agree to move in together, although she is disapproving of Gary's potential romance with David's brother Sarah (Tina O'Brien). Anna is present when a car accident on the street accidentally caused by David traps Gary as well as David's own daughter, Lily Platt. The locals gather together and manage to lift the vehicle in order to free Gary and Lily, but moments later the car explodes, causing Anna to fall in a puddle of petrol. A second explosion then rips through the street, and due to her being covered in petrol, Anna is set on fire. Kevin attempts to put the fire out with help from David and Sarah's brother Nick Tilsley (Ben Price), and she is rushed to hospital - where Gary and Kevin are told that Anna's burns are severe, with her clothes melting into her skin.

After the fire, Anna is left unable to walk unaided. She decides to end her relationship with Kevin, feeling that it is unfair to burden herself onto him. However, after persuasion from her family and friends, she reunites with Kevin. In the course of recovering, Anna becomes friends with Eileen's ex-boyfriend Michael Rodwell (Les Dennis) upon learning of their mutual disliking of Phelan; earlier on in March 2016, Phelan stole Eileen from Michael after destroying their relationship. In November 2016, Anna and Michael learn that Phelan and his business partner Vinny Ashford (Ian Kelsey) have been defrauding Sarah and the other residents in the course of their "Calcutta Street" flats scam development, They hatch a plot to bring Phelan down and expose his scam; while Michael breaks into the yard to obtain evidence against him, Anna invites Phelan to talk to stall for time and bribe him into leaving Weatherfield - stating just how much she resents him for what he did to her family and also realizing that he is in fact manipulating Eileen amid their relationship. When Phelan rejects Anna's attempt to bribe him into leaving Weatherfield, his phone rings and he discovers her conspiracy with Michael as a result. After smashing Anna's house out of anger whilst promising to make her "regret crossing him", Phelan went on to confront Michael - resulting in a showdown between them that ends with Michael having a heart attack; he dies with Phelan watching as he refuses to aid him. Anna feels guilty over Michael's death and tries desperately to expose Phelan for his role within the manslaughter, but is left unsuccessful after Phelan convinces the street of his innocence; when they learn the truth about his scam, Vinny had fled the street with their money, prompting Phelan to implicate him as the sole fraudster behind the scam whilst covering up his involvement against Anna's claims. At the end of December 2016, Anna's landlord and Simon's father Peter Barlow (Chris Gascoyne) returns to Weatherfield and decides he wants to move back into his old flat, leaving Anna homeless until Kevin suggests that she and Faye move in with him and his son, Jack. On New Year's Eve, while Kevin is at work, a powercut frightens Jack, which results in Anna falling down the stairs as she rushes to be with him. Jack leaves the house to find Kevin, however he finds Phelan who helps Anna after she regains consciousness.

When Anna found out that Faye was dating Seb Franklin (Harry Visinoni), a juvenile delinquent, she was furious - recounting how her last boyfriend got her pregnant. This caused a rift between Anna and Faye, particularly as her relationship with Seb also led to her forming a friendship with Phelan - who recently hired Seb to work for him. Faye proved her love for Seb by getting a tattoo, which soon got infected. Whilst they were at the hospital, Faye bumped into Jackson and their daughter Miley. This delighted Anna and Tim, but Seb becomes jealous and punches Jackson under the threat that both he and Miley stay away from Faye. This led to Seb getting arrested and land in a young offenders' institution. Faye, however, still loves Seb and asked Phelan if he can take her to see him. Anna eventually found out and angrily ordered Faye to stay away from them, which resulted in Faye running away from her and staying with Gary and Izzy. Eventually, they forgave each other.

Soon, Anna gets herself involved in Seb's family - as she found out that Seb is looking after his twin siblings Charlie and Lexi, as their mother, Abi (Sally Carman), is a heroin addict. After Abi took a heroin overdose, an ambulance was contacted and social services got involved and took the kids away. An angry and devastated Seb angrily accuses Anna of calling social services. After confining to Phelan about the situation, Seb insults Anna so she slaps him. Anna confronts Phelan about the altercation and lashes out when he mocks Owen over the recent loss of his daughter: Katie. However, she is overpowered and leaves - telling Phelan that he can "go to hell", to which he responds by telling Anna "after you". Not realizing that she left her earring behind at Phelan's yard, Anna witnesses Seb falling off a ladder whilst cleaning the solicitors' windows and she quickly calls an ambulance. At the hospital, she meets Seb's case worker: Nicola Rubinstein (Nicola Thorp), who she recently found out was Phelan's long-lost daughter. After a friendly conversation about Seb and their own personal problems, Anna confides in Nicola about Phelan by describing the events of her ordeal with him. The next day, Nicola would discover that Phelan had previously raped her mother Annabel - causing her to realize that Anna was telling the truth about her dad; she subsequently disowned Phelan afterwards.

When Phelan learns that Anna turned Nicola against him, he vows revenge and plans to implicate her as the culprit who caused Seb's ladder accident. He tells Seb that Anna pushed him off the ladder after planting an earring by the solicitor's door. Seb then told Faye, who called the police. She was arrested and was questioned by the police, strongly insisting that Phelan is setting her up. She was released pending further investigation and was angered to find out that very few people on the street believed her. She was furious when she found that Nicola was pregnant with Gary's baby. Afterwards, she attempted to trick Phelan into confessing on her mobile phone as to why he is framing her, however Phelan does not fall for it and pretends he didn't know what she was talking about. He then told Seb that he saw Anna push him, which led to Anna being arrested for the second time. This time, she was refused bail.

Tim and Sarah found out that Gary died in an explosion whilst working for the Ukraine. Anna was devastated and started to have a mental breakdown in her cell, leading to the prison taking her to see a doctor. However, she was relieved when she found out that Gary was alive all along. During Gary's next visit, Anna was overdosed after she took medication prescribed by her doctor and she collapsed while trying to get back into her cell. She was taken to hospital, where Kevin finished with her after he couldn't take any more of her obsession with Phelan. Whilst the doctor and her prison guard are not looking, Anna makes her escape.

Phelan called the police after finding out that Anna was at the Red Rec, with undercover police searching for her. Anna finds this out after Craig talked to a copper and so she escapes to Roy's café. The next morning, Anna broke into Phelan's office to try and find evidence that Phelan is lying. However, she heard footsteps and using a wrench, she hit Eileen unconscious by mistake, when she thought it was Phelan. Realizing that she could be caught, Anna plans her escape from the country with Faye. She then went back to see Eileen, but Phelan caught her out and called the ambulance and police. Anna and Faye escape to a car park, but were surrounded by the police, who ask her to come out of the vehicle. Realizing that she is now caught, she encouraged Faye to get out of the car, which she does. Anna was taken into custody once more. Phelan visits Anna again and threatens her family. A furious Anna slaps him in front of the guards and prisoners.

In January 2018, on the eve of her trial starting, Anna receives a visit from Eileen when she plans to question her about Phelan without his knowledge. Anna deduces that Phelan in unaware of Eileen visiting her and tries again to explain his nature by repeating her accusations; that Phelan killed Michael and bullied/conned the Weatherfield community. Eileen disbelieves Anna, even when she points out how the community merely believed Phelan's story that he was a victim in the scam ordeal and that Vinny was the sole fraudster who conned them. When Eileen lets slip that Seb has accused Phelan of murder, Anna believes that Phelan killed Vinny - which unbeknownst to her is true - and shouts out that he is a murderer, but is forced back into her cell and Eileen leaves unconvinced. When Gary and Tim visit her later on, Anna is shocked to learn that the victim whom Seb has accused Phelan of murdering was in fact their friend Luke Britton (Dean Fagan). She insists that they find Seb so he can testify against Phelan to stop him from inflicting more harm against the community.

Anna's trial soon begins and Phelan sticks to his story that Anna pushed Seb off the ladder. Seb, however, tells the truth in court and states that Phelan pressured him to say it to the police - angering Phelan. This gave the Windasses hope that Anna would be found not guilty. However, Eileen found CCTV footage of Gary and Tim dragging Seb into a car - making it look like they are kidnapping him and forcing him to change his story. As a result of this, Seb's testimony is destroyed and Anna's case looks doomed even when both Roy and Tim separately protest of her innocence. Anna then makes a last-ditch effort to describe Phelan as the "monster" he is by recalling how he forced her into sleeping with him, as well as explaining what he did to Owen and Michael respectively. Unfortunately, she is silenced and Anna is later found guilty of GBH. Anna screams to the court that she is innocent and Phelan is evil, but is taken away to her cells - apologizing to a heartbroken Faye whilst Phelan taunts her for apparently one final time. Anna is later wrongfully sentenced to five years in prison off-screen.

In March 2018, Eileen learns that Anna was telling the truth about Phelan's involvement in the "Calcutta Street" flats scam ordeal; Tim had arranged a meet-up with Phelan to expose what he did to Anna, and ended up recording him confess to orchestrating the scam. Two weeks later, the truth about Phelan is finally revealed when Gary and Seb infiltrate his worksite with the intent of locating the gun he used to kill Luke - only to unknowingly expose the corpses of Vinny and Andy, thus proving Anna's statement correct despite the fact that she never knew that Phelan killed Vinny, and Michael's surrogate son: Andy Carver (Oliver Farnworth). Back in 2017 during Anna's ordeal with Phelan, she and the rest of the street were left unaware that Phelan had locked Andy in a cellar for nearly a year ever since he married Eileen - at the time of which Andy had tried unsuccessfully to bring Phelan to justice after learning the truth about Michael and "Calcutta Street". On the day Anna had told Nicola the truth about her father, Phelan forced Andy to kill Vinny before executing Andy himself - after which he buried their corpses prior to framing Anna for Seb's ladder accident. When Tim informed Eileen about this, she confronts Phelan and he confesses to his crimes - which causes Eileen to realize that Anna was telling the truth about Phelan all along. While Phelan confirms Anna's theory that he killed Michael and that Seb was telling the truth about Luke as well, Eileen realizes that her husband had in fact raped Anna before going on to frame her for pushing Seb off a ladder - both of which Phelan refuses to admit committing. Their confrontation ends with Eileen kicking Phelan into the sea, seemingly killing him, and the street later discovers in April 2018 the extent of his crimes - thus proving that Anna was right about Phelan from the start.

In May 2018, a month after Ken's son Daniel Osbourne (Rob Mallard) had launched a public campaign for Anna to be released from prison, she returns to Weatherfield when Gary informs her that Phelan had in fact survived the fall. Gary had since then planned to abduct Phelan and keep him captive for him and Anna to get revenge on for what he did towards them, but this fails when Sarah learns what Gary did and their argument over informing the police about Phelan's return allows Phelan to escape. He then retrieves his gun, locks Gary and Sarah in the builder's yard, and goes on a rampage around the street. Anna then appears for the first time in four months when she frees Gary and Sarah from Phelan's captivity, and the trio rush over to Eileen's house following a gunshot. They find that Phelan knocked down both Eileen and Seb in a failed attempt to take his grandson Zac, shot Nicola in the ensuing struggle, and is currently holding the bistro hostage in a bid to seek medical treatment for his daughter. While Gary embraces Zac and Sarah attends to Eileen and Seb while awaiting arrival of emergency services, Anna pursues Phelan and enters the bistro through the back entrance. They come face-to-face when Anna sees Phelan taking Carla's sister-in-law Michelle (Kym Marsh), who was due to marry the restaurant's owner Robert Preston (Tristan Gemmill) moments ago, hostage in the kitchen. With Phelan distracted at facing Anna once more, Michelle seizes an opportunity to free herself from him - prompting Phelan to throw her aside and shoot Michelle in response. This prompts Anna to charge at Phelan with a knife and she stabs him in the chest just as he turns to shoot her, fatally wounding Phelan as he slumps onto the floor in pain. In the moment Carla and Robert rush to Michelle's aid and her son Ali Neeson (James Burrows) begins to give her medical treatment, Phelan makes a last-ditch attempt to get one over Anna by implicating her in his "murder". He pulls the knife from his chest and boasts how she will be imprisoned for his murder, but Michelle defends Anna by telling Phelan how she would describe the attack as self-defence - even though Anna replies that she doesn't have to do that. However, when Phelan points out that Michelle would risk imprisonment as a result, she states that she would take the risk regardless in retaliation for what he did to Andy and Luke. As Phelan reels over his ultimate loss, Anna walks up to him and taunts how people like him don't get to win in the end - before she then promises that Zac will never know of his existence once she acquaints herself with him. Anna then tells Phelan that she won the feud, and watches as Phelan takes his last breath and dies in front of her - finally ending his reign of terror at long last.

Shortly after Phelan's death, Anna reunites with her children and Kevin before later informing Eileen that he is dead. Eileen apologizes to Anna for disbelieving her, and they make amends in order to move on from Phelan. Just moments before watching Phelan's lifeless body being taken away in a private ambulance, Anna explains that she is leaving Weatherfield to start a new life in Durham and invites Faye to live with her; Faye accepts and leaves with Anna for a new life away from Weatherfield, but later returns to live with Tim - but confirms that Anna is doing well following her ordeal in Weatherfield.

Creation
The character of Anna was created as part of a new family unit that new producer Kim Crowther was introducing to the soap opera, consisting of a mother, father, son and uncle. They were originally billed as a storyline device for established character David Platt. An ITV spokesperson said of the character and her onscreen family: "The Windass family are very rough and ready, always ducking and diving. Early on they get involved with David Platt when he helps to fit a new kitchen in the Windass family home. However, Anna thinks the work is shoddy and refuses to pay for it. David goes round, rips out the kitchen and sets fire to it outside the family's house." Rush said of their entrance and choice of surname for the family: "The Windasses are a very close family, who are just about on the wrong side of the law, but they mean well. And yes, I am prepared for some of the things people might shout at me in the street because of the name!" The character was originally called Donna Windass but was changed last minute to Anna Windass after a series of name changes to all the members of the family since their inception, but before appearing onscreen.

Auditions were held for the part of Anna, with actress Debbie Rush going on to get the part over a number of highly-rated actors. Of this Rush said: "I went for the casting a few months ago and then was called back for the screen test. When I got the part I couldn't believe it, I was thrilled to bits. I watched Corrie all the time growing up and all the family are tuning in now that I'm going to be in it.  It's surreal, because the cast and characters are already part of your life just from watching it."

Development
The character of Anna has been seen to differ from the rest of her family in terms of personality traits that are not present in the others. This is because she does not approve of the continuous line of scams her husband pulls, as well as the life of crime Len and Gary indulge in. Anna is often described as the only nice Windass.

Departure and return
On 3 July 2017, it was announced that Rush had opted to leave the serial to pursue other roles, following nine years in the role. The actress will finish filming in late 2017, with Anna departing in January 2018. Rush explained that the decision to leave was "not made lightly", but she is looking forward to pursuing other roles. She added, "I love playing Anna and will miss working with the fantastic cast and crew." Kate Oates, the show's series producer, promised that writers are creating an "exciting" departure plot for Anna, which sees her "fighting for her family and tackling old enemies head-on." Oates commented, "It's always sad when a huge talent like Debbie Rush decides to move to pastures new." Additionally, a show spokesperson confirmed "plenty more drama" for the character before her departure and wished Rush "every success for the future". Rush's exit aired on 22 January 2018.

On 31 May 2018, Anna returned to the series as part of Phelan's exiting storyline. Her return had not been announced beforehand and was a surprise for the audience. She appeared in the episodes first broadcast on 31 May and 1 June 2018. Rush was glad that Anna's story did not end with her last departure as she felt they could not leave Anna imprisoned. On her reasons for leaving, Rush explained, "I didn't leave because I hated it, I left for a few different reasons and I loved going back." Rush had already agreed to reprise her role for the episodes when she left and had to decline other acting opportunities for the return. The actress liked returning for the episodes. After her departure, she continued to tweet about the show, which attracted the attention of her followers. Rush filmed her scenes over five days and when she entered the studios in her car, she had to hide so nobody saw her. In her final episodes, Anna kills Phelan after he shoots Nicola and Michelle and holds several residents hostage in the Bistro. Rush explained that Anna realises that Phelan is "pure evil" so decides to kill him before he kills her. She added, "I think in a moment of pure, frenzied anger and vengeance, she just picked the kitchen knife up and stabbed him. Then she was thrilled that she'd done it, because she could finally sleep." Rush hoped the audience would enjoy the storyline and believed that Anna's story had firmly ended.

Reception
For her portrayal of Anna, Rush was nominated for Best Actress at The British Soap Awards 2015. Anna's return was nominated for Biggest OMG Soap moment at the 2018 Digital Spy Reader Awards; it came in second place with 16.2% of the total votes.

Kris Green of media website Digital Spy commented that Anna and the Windass family had "settled in so well, in such a short space of time". Actor Mikey North attributed their success as characters to a combination of good writing and prominent plotlines received in a relatively short time period.

Grace Dent of The Guardian has said that she likes the character of Anna, pointing out her redeeming personality traits: "Chief apologist for all of these people is Anna Windass, Eddie's wife and Gary's mum, who is so surprisingly sweet and non-abrasive that she manages to keep her entire clan on the right side of likable just through hapless handwringing alone." She went on to say "I rather like Anna, although Gail Platt isn't a fan. I was expecting another Cilla Battersby-Brown, but instead she's more Emily Bishop in a sea-green velour fake Juicy Couture and Asda slippers. Anna knows that, children-wise, her and Gail have lots in common and they'd work better as a team than at war." Tony Stewart of The Mirror also describes Anna's character as a scrounger. MSN branded Anna and her family as chavs and suggested they would make the perfect guests for The Jeremy Kyle Show. Simon Swift of Soaplife magazine stated that at first, he couldn't help feeling that Anna and her clan are a bit too much like original neighbours-from-hell the Battersbys.

In 2009 Ruth Deller of entertainment website Lowculture, who runs a monthly feature of the most popular and unpopular soap opera characters, profiled the Windasses, adding that Anna is the main reason to why they were initially unpopular, stating: "The Windass family's introduction has not gone down too well, and Donna (sic) seems to be the prime target for the vitriol against them. Perhaps they can be redeemed a la the Jacksons in EE or the Timminses in Neighbours, or perhaps they'll just leave…" Kate White from Inside Soap said that Anna and Owen were a "great match". She could not understand why Anna could not just forgive Owen because she had with all of Eddie's crimes.

References

External links
Anna Windass at itv.com

Coronation Street characters
Television characters introduced in 2008
Fictional waiting staff
Fictional characters with disfigurements
British female characters in television
Fictional female murderers
Fictional prisoners and detainees
Fictional criminals in soap operas
Burn survivors in fiction


Donald "XL" Robertson is an American hip-hop recording artist, record producer and entrepreneur, born and raised in New Orleans.

Background

Donald XL Robertson was exposed to soul, Funk &  Jazz music at a very young age raised in The Big Easy a city known for its rich jazz and Bounce music heritage.  He was introduced to Hip Hop by his parents Donald "Duck" Robertson Sr.& Barbara Robertson when they brought home "Rappers Delight" by The Sugarhill Gang. XL's original Rap name was DJ Jazzy D, although he had already changed it to XL after he had joined BIg Boogie to form the New Orleans-based rap group Strictly Business. He chose the name would always say "why do anything if your not going to do it Xtra Large" (sic)

Collaborations
Donald XL Robertson has produced and performed for many groups and solo artists since the mid 1990s. These include notable tracks for artist such as Master P.  ("Where Do We Go From Here feat: Nas", "Say Brah!","Get Back feat: Curren$y tha Hottspitta","Doubles Check Em feat: Traci aka Patrick Bateman", "Roll How We Roll ft Afficial") Silkk the Shocker ("He Did That Silkk The Shocker", "What's Heaven Like ft Jabo" "That's Just Me ft DJ Break") C-Murder ("Forever Tru", "Watch'Em ft Trick Daddy", "I'm Not Just ft Soulja Slim","Radio Version of "Down 4 my N's ft Snoop Dogg originally produced by KLC", "Ballers ft T-Bo", "Young Thugs ft The Ghetto Commission", "Ride ft Samm") 504 Boyz ("Wobble Wobble ft Mystikal, C-Murder, Silkk the Shocker & Magic") Mia X ("He Wanna Pay For it", "Get Crunked Up ft Lil Jon & The Eastside Boys","Verbal Assault ft DJ Cheese", "Forgive Me ft Collage", "Born With the Bomb", "Iz yall Having That") Juvenile ("Nolia Clap" ft Wacko & Skip", "Nolia Clap Remix ft Slim Thug, Bun B, & T.I.", "Get Ya Hustle On") Mos Def ("Dollar Day aka Katrina Clap") Curren$y ("In The Booth", "Strip Club Girls","I Got A Story To Tell", "Grind N") Kanary Diamonds ("I'm Killin' Em ft Stan The Guitarman", "Mirror Mirror", "Paparrazzi", "Number One, "Destiny, "I Rock", "Could it Be", "Have Some Fun") Brandy Norwood" Camouflage Remix and many more.[]

Discography
Solo albums
 "That's The Business" (2005)
"He Did That Instrumental Volume 1" (2005)
"It's Like This" (2007)
"Strickly Business" (2008)
"Strickly Business Reloaded" (2009)
"Jumpin Porches" (2009)
"Amplified" (2009)
"Lookin 4 A Grown Woman" (2010)
"Be Free" (2011)
"The Un-Intelligent" (2011)

Remixes
 "Camouflage" Remix by Brandy (2009)
 "I Get It In" Remix by Omarion ft Gucci Mane (2009)
 "Professional" Remix by Play ft Ray J & Chyna Whyte (2009)
 "Camouflage" Remix by Brandy ft Lok Akim (2009)
 "Camouflage" Remix by Brandy ft Mia X (2009)
 "I Am" by Mary J. Blige additional production by Brigg Sterns (2009)
 "I Am" by Mary J. Blige ft Mia X additional production by Brigg Sterns (2009)
 "To be Real" by Mary J. Blige ft Mia X (2009)

Collaboration albums
 "The Christmas Collection" (Andre Mieux) (2012)
 "I'm Looking for a Grown Woman" (Donald XL Robertson) (2010)
 "I Rise" (Lok Akim) (2009)
 "Mirror Mirror" (Kanary Diamonds) (2009)
 "Off Top" (VA Streetz)  (2009)
 "Hateful Girls" (Mis. Led!) (2009)
 "I'm Killin'em (Kanary Diamonds) (2008)
 "It Is What It Is" (Impromp2) (2008)
 "Ironnman" (Action Figures) (2007)
 "Kids Creative Movement" (Hip Hop Mimi) (2007)
 "Do What I Want" (Andrea Lewis of Degrassi) (2007)
 "I Got A Message To Say" (Hip Hop Mimi) (2007)
 "Could It Be" (Kanary Diamonds) (2007)
 "I Rock" (Kanary Diamonds) (2007)
 "The Tru Story: Continued" C-Murder (2006)
 "Start The Conversation" (The Movement) (2006)
 "Reality Check" Juvenile (2006)
 "No Limit Greatest Hits" (Various Artist) (2006)
 "The Truest Shit I Ever Said" C-Murder (2005)
 "Syrenz" (Syrenz) (2005)
 "The Source Presents: Hip Hop Hits, Vol. 10 (Various Artists) (2005)
 "The Best of Silkk the Shocker" Silkk the Shocker (2005)
 "Rush The Dance Floor" (Katie Marino) (2005)
 "Goodbye So Long" (Katie Marino) (2005)
 "Runaway" (Katie Marino) (2005)
 "Follow Me" (Katie Marino) (2005)
 "Instrument Of Praise" (Erica Fox) (2005)
 "All Things" (Erica Fox) (2005)
 "The Game Of Love" (Erin Thompkins) (2005)
 "The Return" (The Legendary G.H.O.S.T.) (2005)
 "Nocona Stomp" (Wild Turkey) (2005)
 "Nolia Clap" (UTP Playas) (2004)
 "Good Side, Bad Side" Master P (2004)
 "Good Side Bad Side [Bonus DVD] Master P (2004)
 "Beginning of the End..." (Juvenile/Skip/Wacko) (2004)
 "Based On A True Story" Silkk The Shocker (2004)
 "Straight from the N.O." Choppa (2003)
 "Storm" (Tru Thug) (2003)
 "Project Gotham Racing, Vol. 2:" (Original Soundtrack) (2003)
 "Malibu's Most Wanted" (Original Soundtrack) (2003)
 "Life As A Mack" Ke'noe (2002)
 "Years Later" Soulja Slim (2002)
 "Tru Dawgs" C-Murder (2002)
 "Ballers" 504 Boyz (2002)
 "Ballers" [Bonus DVD]  504 Boyz (2002)
 "Training Day" (Original Soundtrack) (2001)
 "The Streets Made Me" Soulja Slim (2001)
 "My World, My Way" Silkk the Shocker (2001)
 "Game Face" Master P (2001)
 "C-P-3.com" C-Murder (2001)
 "Breather Life" (Krazy) (2001)
 "Trapped In Crime" C-Murder (2000)
 "Time for Da Real (Wild Boyz) (2000)
 "Goodfellas" 504 Boyz (2000)
 "Ghetto Postage" Master P (2000)
 "Brick Livin'" Mr. Marcelo (2000)
 "World War III" Mac (1999)
 "Only God Can Judge Me" Master P (1999)

References
 Billboard.com
Donald XL Robertson donates album to ARP
 Allmusic.com
 Discogs.com

Website
DonaldXLRobertson.com

1973 births
Living people
Record producers from Louisiana
American hip hop record producers
African-American rappers
21st-century American rappers
21st-century African-American musicians
20th-century African-American people


William Moor (died 1765) was a British sailor and explorer associated with the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) and the annual supply ships to the bay area.

Moor was involved, under the supervision of his cousin, Christopher Middleton, with voyages to the bay from about 1730 to 1741 and carried out increasingly important duties during that period. In 1741 he and Middleton left the HBC's employ and Moor was given command of  to aid his cousin in  in a search for the Northwest Passage. They overwintered at Prince of Wales Fort where sickness plagued the crews. Their survey of the shoreline and tides of the west side of Hudson Bay was not particularly successful.

Moor and Middleton and the 1741–1742 expedition were under the scrutiny of Arthur Dobbs, an opponent of the HBC monopoly of the bay area. Middleton was accused of protecting the HBC monopoly and Moor took the side of Dobbs. In 1746, Moor was in command of a private discovery expedition to Hudson Bay funded by Dobbs and others. After a short and unsuccessful period of exploration by the two ships, they decided to overwinter at the HBC post at York Factory.

The next summer some good exploration was carried out on the western shore and discovered Chesterfield Inlet but did not fully explore it. He also examined Rankin Inlet and Wager Bay. At a point, after further exploration, illness and threats of mutiny turned the expedition for home.

Moor's competence as a commander was called into question on his return. There is little doubt that his weakness and uncertainty affected the expedition but the unhappiness of the investors was also because he refused to engage in illegal trade on their behalf.

Moor appears to have retired around this time. His explorations did add significantly to the knowledge of the area despite his problems with the command of the expedition.

References

1765 deaths
English explorers of North America
Explorers of Canada
Year of birth unknown
People from Greatham, County Durham
English sailors


Wan Man is a small island in Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia.   It is located off the east coast of that state's mainland where the Terengganu River meets the South China Sea.

Pulau Wan Man is the home of Malaysia's Islamic Heritage Park which was opened in February 2008.  The park includes Crystal Mosque along the island's northeastern shore, as well as scaled replicas of various landmarks around the world such as India's Taj Mahal and Jerusalem's Dome of the Rock.

Prior to construction of the Islamic Heritage Park, the island had no human inhabitants, but was home to reptiles, with palm forest and thick undergrowth.  The size of the island is .

See also
List of islands of Malaysia

References

Islands of Terengganu
Kuala Terengganu


In law, the principle of aut dedere aut judicare (Latin for "either extradite or prosecute") refers to the legal obligation of states under public international law to prosecute persons who commit serious international crimes where no other state has requested extradition. However, the Lockerbie case demonstrated that the requirement to extradite or prosecute is not a rule of customary international law. The obligation arises regardless of the extraterritorial nature of the crime and regardless of the fact that the perpetrator and victim may be of alien nationality. It is generally included as part of international treaties dealing with an array of transnational crimes to facilitate bringing perpetrators to justice.

Rationale
The rationale for this principle is to ensure that there are no jurisdictional gaps in the prosecution of internationally committed crimes. It is, however, unusual for states to be required to exercise this jurisdiction because often another state party will have an interest in the matter, and so will apply for extradition of the defendant(s). In this situation the state requesting extradition will have priority.

The obligation of aut dedere aut judicare for all crimes is however not assured, and Stigall notes that "some contemporary scholars hold the opinion that aut dedere aut judicare is not an obligation under customary international law but rather “a specific conventional clause relating to specific crimes” and, accordingly, an obligation that only exists when a state has voluntarily assumed the obligation." But in the international crimes for which it is applied, it is "posited [by Cherif Bassiouni] that ... it is not only a rule of customary international law but a jus cogens principle", compelling states to invoke it for any and all crimes that fall under the principle; Kelly finds within Israeli and Austrian judicial decisions "some supporting anecdotal evidence that judges within national systems are beginning to apply the doctrine on their own."

Typical offences
Typically offences classified as falling under the aut dedere aut judicare principle include:
 Hijacking of civilian aircraft
 Taking of civilian hostages
 Acts of terrorism
 Torture
 Crimes against diplomats and other "internationally protected persons", and;
 Financing of terrorism and other international crimes

Multilateral treaties
The majority of these offences rely on multilateral treaties to extend the "prosecute or extradite" principle to them. This method of granting jurisdiction has become increasingly common since World War II. Jurisdiction granting treaties include:
 The Geneva Conventions of 1949;
 Hague Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft 1970;
 International Convention Against the Taking of Hostages 1979;
 International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings 1997;
 International Convention on the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism 1999;
 Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment 1984;
 The Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes Against Internationally Protected Persons 1973;
 United Nations Convention against Corruption 2003;
 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict 1954, and;
 International Convention for the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid 1973.

References

External links
 Aut Dedere Aut Judicare -- Bibliographies on the topics of the International Law Commission (no. 6 in the list) (UNOG Library)

Legal rules with Latin names
International criminal law
Extradition


Osnağaküçə is a village in the municipality of Ambu in the Lerik Rayon of Azerbaijan.

References

Populated places in Lerik District


Steve Sutcliffe (born in 1968) is a former British motor racing driver who now works as a motoring journalist. His first serious racing took place in 1993 in the Caterham K Series Championship, where he finished the season second in points.  In 1998 he raced in the TVR Tuscan Challenge, finishing eighth.  He finished fourth in the 1999 season, and sixth in 2000 with two poles and three race wins.

In 2001 he got a drive in the British Touring Car Championship, replacing Thomas Erdos for the final two races at Brands Hatch, in a Lexus IS200 for ABG Motorsport/Total Motorsport. He finished 9th on the road (8th in class) in Race 1 and retired from Race 2 but he was a guest driver and thus was ineligible for points. He was due to drive for Total Motorsport full-time in the 2002 BTCC with Richard Dean as his team-mate but nothing came of this.
(https://www.crash.net/btcc/news/7090/1/two-lexus-for-2002-btcc)

In 2007, Sutcliffe set competitive times around the National Circuit at Silverstone in Honda's RA 107 Formula One car, and managed speeds of 178 mph along the back straight. He did it in 48.58 seconds compared to Honda F1 test driver James Rossiter 48.18 seconds.

After a long career with Autocar magazine, he has now gone freelance with work appearing in EVO magazine & Autocar's main rival, Auto Express amongst others.

Racing record

Complete British Touring Car Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position - 1 point awarded all races) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap - 1 point awarded all races) (* signifies that driver lead feature race for at least one lap - 1 point awarded)

† Not eligible for points.

References

External links
 BTCC Pages Profile

Living people
British Touring Car Championship drivers
English racing drivers
1968 births
Porsche Carrera Cup GB drivers
Britcar 24-hour drivers


The leopard complex is a group of genetically related coat patterns in horses. These patterns range from progressive increases in interspersed white hair similar to graying or roan to distinctive, Dalmatian-like leopard spots on a white coat. Secondary characteristics associated with the leopard complex include a white sclera around the eye, striped hooves and mottled skin.  The leopard complex gene is also linked to abnormalities in the eyes and vision. These patterns are most closely identified with the Appaloosa and Knabstrupper breeds, though its presence in breeds from Asia to western Europe has indicated that it is due to a very ancient mutation.

Leopard complex patterns
Coat patterns in the leopard complex range from being hardly distinguishable from an unaffected coat, to nearly pure white. Unlike most other spotting patterns, the spotting and especially the white regions associated with the leopard complex tend to be symmetrical and originate over the hips. Furthermore, a certain amount of this inherited white patterning is present at birth. The amount of white, even if none is present at birth, often grows throughout the horse's life by gradual "roaning" which is not related to graying or true roan. Colored spots reflect the underlying coat color, be it black, chestnut, gray, or silver dun-buckskin. A number of factors, each separately, genetically controlled, interact to produce familiar patterns such as "snowflake," "leopard," and "fewspot".

Leopard spotting
A single, incomplete dominant gene (Lp) controls the presence of leopard-spotting in horses. A dominant gene requires only a single copy to produce an affected phenotype; an incomplete dominant gene produces a different result depending on whether one or two copies are present. A horse's genotype may be lp/lp (homozygous recessive), Lp/lp (heterozygous), or Lp/Lp (homozygous dominant). Horses without a dominant Lp gene do not exhibit leopard-complex traits, and cannot produce offspring with the Lp gene unless it is contributed by the other parent. Such horses are termed "non-characteristic" among Appaloosa horse aficionados. Horses with at least one Lp gene possess, at the very least, leopard-complex "characteristics":

 skin that is mottled, speckled or blotchy around the muzzle, eyes, genitals, and anus; the remainder of the body may be primarily pigmented (gray or black in the absence of other genes), primarily unpigmented (pink or flesh-colored), or mottled,
 striped hooves,
 white sclera.
The presence of regions of alternating pigmented and unpigmented skin may not definitively suggest the leopard gene. They may not be visible due to the effects of other genes. For example, extensive white markings on the face may mask the presence of mottling around the eyes and muzzle, and white markings on the legs often end in white hooves. Furthermore, other genes may produce similar conditions: white sclera are associated with broad white face markings, striped hooves with the Silver dapple gene, and freckled skin with the Champagne gene.
A DNA test can now identify the Lp gene, though a combination of pedigree knowledge and coat characteristics also help.

While both heterozygous and homozygous Lp horses possess the aforementioned characteristics, heterozygotes and homozygotes differ significantly in the presence of true spots. True leopard spots are produced only by the Lp gene, and directly reflect the underlying coat color (bay, black, gray, cremello, red dun, and so on). Since these spots match the coat color, they are not visible unless the surrounding pigment is removed. As a rule, heterozygous leopards have larger, more abundant spots, while homozygotes have smaller, scarcer spots.

White patterning

There is at least one genetically controlled type of white patterning that is strictly associated with the leopard complex. These white patterns permit the spots associated with the leopard complex to become visible. Other white patterns, such as tobiano or white leg markings, obscure leopard spots. A certain amount of leopard-associated white patterning may be present at birth. Temporal changes in the amount of white patterning are discussed below. Leopard-associated white patterning is usually symmetrical and originates over the hips. A proposed gene, PATN-1, may be responsible for the most familiar expressions of white: heterozygotes possessing common-size "blankets" and homozygotes possessing extensive "blankets" that may affect the entire coat. Even horses with extensive white usually retain dark colored regions just above the hooves, on the knees and hocks, stifles and elbows, hips and points of shoulder, the tail, mane, and the bony parts of the face. The smallest amount of white patterning is just a sprinkling of white over the hips.

Leopard-associated roaning

Just as there is white patterning specifically associated with the leopard complex, there is a type of progressive roaning that is unrelated to graying out or true roan. Horses with coat patterns within the leopard complex are known for their mystifying coat changes. This unusual characteristic is due at least in part to leopard roaning, also called "varnish roaning." While the gray gene only affects the hair, some horses with the Lp gene will progressively lose pigment in both the skin and hair as they age. Also unlike graying out, the leopard spots are not affected by this roaning process. Neither are the "bony prominences" strongly affected. As a varnish roan horse lightens, the leopard spots indistinguishable from the rest of the coat become visible. Some horses without any dense white patterning at birth seem to spontaneously develop into white, leopard-spotted horses with maturity. Varnishing is more common among Appaloosa horses, and less common among Norikers and Knabstruppers, whose breed associations find it undesirable.

Interactions and terminology
Like much of coat color genetics, commonly used terms do not necessarily correspond to precise genetic states. Nevertheless, terminology can reveal a lot about the genetic interactions surrounding the leopard complex.

 Heterozygous Lp/lp horses with extensive white patterning at birth are white with large, self-colored spots. They are termed "leopard" if fully white, "near-leopard" if not. By the action of varnish roan, a near-leopard may in time become nearly indistinguishable from a full leopard.
 Heterozygous Lp/lp horses with less white patterning are described by the size of their "blanket" and the presence of spots: spotted blanket over loin and hips, for example. Again, these horses may varnish with age.
 Homozygous Lp/Lp horses with extensive white patterning at birth are white with tiny, sparse spots or none at all. In most languages, such foals are called "white-born" but the term familiar to most English speakers is "fewspot (leopard)."
 Homozygous Lp/Lp horses with less than extensive white patterning at birth possess dense white blankets and are called "snowcap."
 Heterozygous Lp/lp and homozygous Lp/Lp horses with only a tiny amount of white patterning may not possess enough white to reveal large or small spots. A sprinkling of white patterning over the hips is called a "snowflake" pattern. Such tiny blankets may varnish and grow.
 Heterozygous Lp/lp horses and homozygous Lp/Lp horses, in the absence of dense white patterning, appear much the same. That is, unless they begin to varnish. As the coat becomes more and more white, spots may become visible. A homozygous Lp/Lp horse, with only tiny spots, may simply develop this unique roaning pattern and is called "frosted" or "marble." A heterozygote may eventually show conspicuous leopard spots.

Patterns
Base colors are overlain by various spotting patterns, which are variable and often do not fit neatly into a specific category.  These patterns are described as follows:

The Lp gene

Although the spotting and roaning patterns that make up the leopard complex sometimes appear very different from each other, the ability of leopard-spotted horses to produce the full spectrum of patterns, from mottled skin to roaning to more leopard-spotted offspring, has long suggested that a single gene was responsible. This gene was termed Lp for "leopard complex" by Dr. D. Phillip Sponenberg in 1982, and was described as an autosomal, incomplete dominant gene. Horses without the gene (lplp) were solid-colored, those with two copies of the gene (homozygous or LpLp) were usually "fewspots", while those with a single copy of the gene (heterozygous or Lplp) ranged from mere mottled skin to full leopard.

In 2004, Lp was assigned to equine chromosome 1 (ECA1) by a team of researchers. Four years later, this team mapped the Lp gene to a transient receptor potential channel gene, TRPM1 or Melastatin 1 (MLSN1). The leopard complex allele contains a 1378 bp long terminal repeat insertion of retroviral DNA which disrupts transcription of TRMP1.

In 2011, a study identified the Lp allele in DNA samples collected from prehistoric horses. This finding represents evidence for the presence of leopard complex spotting in prehistoric wild horse populations. The ancient origin of the allele may explain the presence of spotted horse paintings in paleolithic cave art. It is thought that during the ice age the leopard pattern may have been helpful as camouflage against the snowy environment.

Vision issues
Congenital stationary night blindness is an ophthalmologic disorder in horses which is present at birth (congenital), non-progressive (stationary) and affects the animal's vision in conditions of low lighting. Horses with CSNB may be hesitant to enter dimly-lit places - such as indoor arenas, dark stalls, or trailers - and be apprehensive when in such conditions, which may interfere with handling or riding. CSNB is usually diagnosed based on the owner's observations, but some horses have visibly abnormal eyes: poorly aligned eyes (dorsomedial strabismus) or involuntary eye movement (nystagmus). The condition can be confirmed using electroretinography, from which a "negative ERG" indicates CSNB. While the retina is a normal shape, the nerve signal triggered when light reaches rod cells does not reach the brain. Rod cells in the retina are connected to bipolar cells, which transmit the nerve impulse to the next set of neurons. It is thought that these cells fail to undergo the basic chemical reaction for nerve impulse transmission, which involves shuttling of calcium (Ca2+).

Congenital stationary night blindness has been linked with the leopard complex since the 1970s. The presence of CSNB in non-leopard breeds and horses suggested that the two conditions might be located on close, but separate genes. However, one study used ERG findings to diagnose all the homozygous Lp subjects with CSNB, while all heterozygotes and non-Lp horses were free from the disorder. The gene to which Lp has now been localized encodes a protein that channels calcium ions, a key factor in the transmission of nerve impulses. This protein, which is found in the retina and the skin, existed in fractional percentages of the normal levels in homozygous Lp/Lp horses. A 2008 study theorizes that both CSNB and leopard complex spotting patterns are linked to the TRPM1 gene.

Equine Recurrent Uveitis (ERU) is also present in the breed. Appaloosas have an eightfold greater risk of developing Equine Recurrent Uveitis (ERU) than all other breeds combined.  Up to 25% of all horses with ERU may be Appaloosas. Uveitis in horses has many causes, including eye trauma, disease, and bacterial, parasitic and viral infections, but ERU is characterized by recurring episodes of uveitis, rather than a single incident. If not treated, ERU can lead to blindness, which occurs more often in Appaloosas than in other breeds. Up to 80% of all uveitis cases are found in Appaloosas, with physical characteristics including light colored coat patterns, little pigment around the eyelids and sparse hair in the mane and tail denoting more at-risk individuals. Researchers may have identified a gene region containing an allele that makes the breed more susceptible to the disease.

Prevalence
The Appaloosa horse is the breed best known for the leopard complex patterns, though the complex also characterizes the Knabstrupper, as well as breeds related to the Appaloosa such as the Pony of the Americas and Colorado Ranger. The gene is also relatively common in the Falabella, the Noriker and the related South German Coldblood. The existence of leopard-spotted coats among Asian breeds such as the Karabair and Mongolian Altai has been recorded since ancient times, and suggests that the gene is very old. Leopard complex patterns may exist in low frequencies among some other breeds, depending on whether horses with leopard complex genetics existed in the foundation bloodstock for a given breed.

In cave art
The approximately 25,000-year-old paintings "Dappled Horses of Pech Merle"  in a cave in France depict spotted horses with a leopard pattern. Archaeologists had debated over whether the artists were painting what they saw or whether the spotted horses had some symbolic meaning. However, a 2011 study of the DNA of ancient horses found that leopard complex was present, and therefore the cave painters most likely did see real spotted horses.

References

Horse coat colors