Boris Vildé (25 June Old Style/8 July 1908 – 23 February 1942) was a linguist and ethnographer at the Musée de l'Homme, in Paris, France. He specialised in polar civilizations. He was born in St. Petersburg into a family of Eastern Orthodox Russians. When his father died, his mother moved with him to her family estate in Yastrebino. Because of the Russian Revolution, the  family then moved to Tartu, Estonia in 1919. He studied first at the high school and then at the University of Tartu, where he did not complete his courses but learned the German language and some notions of chemistry. He also acquired a taste for literature and poetry and moved to Germany in 1930 hoping for a literary career there. In 1933, as a militant against Nazism, he felt unsafe in Germany and moved to France.

He met Paul Rivet who gave him a job at the Musée de l’Homme and encouraged him to continue his studies at the Sorbonne University, where he obtained a B.A. in German philology in 1937 and two M.A. degrees, in Ethnology in 1938 and Japanese language in 1939. Encouraged by Rivet, he studied the ethnology of the populations of Estonia and Finland during two missions to these countries in 1937 and 1938. When reporting about these missions in French scholarly journals, he took the opportunity to denounce the racism of the Nazis as non-scientific. He was preparing a third mission to Denmark and Norway when World War II started.

Vildé was active in the French Resistance during World War II. In July 1940, Vildé together with Paul Rivet created one of the first resistance groups.  During the Resistance he led the scientists and lawyers of the Groupe du musée de l'Homme in producing an anti-Nazi and anti-Vichy newspaper, called Résistance. He had married in 1934 Irène Lot, the daughter of historian Ferdinand Lot and had become a French citizen in 1936.

The group, one of the first Résistance units, was infiltrated by a Vichy supporter and, as a result, most of them were arrested, tried and the men among them sentenced to death. Vildé was killed by firing squad, together with Léon-Maurice Nordmann, Georges Ithier, Jules Andrieu, René Sénéchal, Pierre Walter and Anatole Lewitsky, on 23 February 1942 at Fort Mont-Valérien. They are buried in the cemetery at Ivry-sur-Seine.

Boris Vildé last words before being executed by the Nazis were:
 “I love France. I love this beautiful country. Yes, I know it can be small-minded, selfish, politically rotten and a victim of its old glory, but with all these faults it remains enormously human and will not sacrifice its stature.”

References

Further reading
Humbert, Agnès (tr. Barbara Mellor), Résistance: Memoirs of Occupied France, London, Bloomsbury Publishing PLC, 2008  (American title: Resistance: A Frenchwoman's Journal of the War, Bloomsbury, US, 2008)
Vildé, Boris, Journal et lettres de prison, 1941–1942, Editions Allia, Paris, 1997
 Benfoughal, Tatiana, « De Saint-Pétersbourg au Mont Valérien : biographie de Boris Vildé, ethnologue des peuples finno-ougriens et résistant » in Bérose, encyclopédie internationale des histoires de l’anthropologie, 2018.

1908 births
1942 deaths
Russian ethnographers
French ethnographers
Burials at Ivry Cemetery
French Resistance members
Linguists from France
French people executed by Nazi Germany
20th-century linguists
People executed at Fort Mont-Valérien


The following is a list of airports in Greater Los Angeles, the second-largest urban region area in the United States, encompassing the five counties in Southern California that surround the city of Los Angeles.

The region is served by five airports with commercial air service, which combined, served 114 million passengers in 2019. The region also hosts a major cargo airport, four military airfields, and two dozen general aviation airports.

Commercial airports

Los Angeles International Airport
Los Angeles International Airport commonly referred to by its airport code, LAX (with each of its letters pronounced individually), is the primary international airport serving the Greater Los Angeles Area and the world's sixth busiest airport. Located in the Westchester neighborhood of Los Angeles, it is 18 miles (30 km) southwest of Downtown Los Angeles and close to the Pacific Ocean.

LAX is a major international gateway to the United States, and also serves a connection point for passengers traveling internationally. LAX is the world's busiest origin and destination airport, since relative to other airports, many more travelers begin or end their trips in Los Angeles than use it as a connection. LAX serves as a major hub or focus city for seven airlines, more than any other airport in the United States. In 2019, LAX handled over 88 million passengers and 2 million tons of cargo.

The FlyAway express bus system connects LAX with Los Angeles Union Station, the region's primary rail transportation hub.

John Wayne Airport
John Wayne Airport (SNA) is an international airport and the second-busiest airport in the region. Located in Orange County, the second-most populous county in the area and the most densely populated, the airport serves as a gateway to many of the region's popular tourist attractions, including the Disneyland Resort. It served 10.7 million passengers in 2019.

Hollywood Burbank Airport
Hollywood Burbank Airport (BUR), the smallest of the primary airports in the area, handles only domestic air service. The airport is located in Burbank, and serves the heavily populated areas of northern Los Angeles County. It is the closest airport to Burbank, the central and northeastern parts of L.A. (including Hollywood and Downtown Los Angeles), Glendale, Pasadena, the San Fernando Valley, the Santa Clarita Valley, and the western San Gabriel Valley. In addition to its small physical size, the airport only has 14 gates and for the purposes of noise abatement, only schedules commercial flights between 7:00 am and 10:00 pm. Despite these limitations, Burbank is the region's third-busiest airport, handling 6 million passengers in 2019.

Hollywood Burbank Airport is the only airport in the area with a direct rail connection to Downtown Los Angeles from two stations, Burbank Airport–North and Burbank Airport–South.

Ontario International Airport
Ontario International Airport (ONT) is located in the San Bernardino County city of Ontario, east of Los Angeles, and is a more convenient option for residents in the Inland Empire and the eastern San Gabriel Valley. It served 5.6 million passengers in 2019.

The airport is the West Coast cargo hub for UPS Airlines, with 924,160 tons of cargo landed at the airport in 2020.

Long Beach Airport
Long Beach Airport (LGB) is the least busy of the airports in the area. The airport is located in Long Beach, south of Los Angeles. It served 3.6 million passengers in 2019.

San Bernardino International Airport
San Bernardino International Airport (SBD) is in the city of San Bernardino and is the former Norton Air Force Base. There is currently only one commercial airline operating within SBD, which is Breeze Airways.

Military airfields
 Joint Forces Training Base - Los Alamitos is in Orange County. It is the former Naval Air Station Los Alamitos.
 March Air Reserve Base is in Riverside County. It was previously named March Air Force Base.
Naval Air Station Point Mugu is in Ventura County. Channel Islands Air National Guard Station and Coast Guard Air Station Los Angeles also use the airfield.
 U.S. Air Force Plant 42 is in Palmdale. It shares an airfield with Palmdale Regional Airport.

General aviation airports

Towered airports
 Brackett Field  is in La Verne.
 Camarillo Airport  is in Camarillo. It is the former Oxnard Air Force Base.
 Chino Airport  is in Chino.
 El Monte Airport  is in El Monte.
 Fullerton Municipal Airport  is in Fullerton.
 General William J. Fox Airfield  is in Lancaster.
 Hawthorne Municipal Airport  is in Hawthorne.
 Oxnard Airport  is in Oxnard.
 Palmdale Regional Airport  is in Palmdale. It previously had scheduled commercial service sporadically between the late 1960s and 2008.
 Riverside Municipal Airport  is in Riverside.
 Santa Monica Airport  is in Santa Monica.
 Southern California Logistics Airport  is in Victorville in San Bernardino County, far northeast of the city. It is the former George Air Force Base.
 Van Nuys Airport  is in the San Fernando Valley. It is the world's busiest general aviation airport.
 Whiteman Airport  is in the Northern San Fernando Valley.
 Zamperini Field  is in Torrance.

Non-towered airports
 Agua Dulce Airpark  is in Agua Dulce.
 Apple Valley Airport  is in Apple Valley.
 Cable Airport  is in Upland.
 Catalina Airport  is near Avalon, Santa Catalina Island.
 Compton/Woodley Airport  is in Compton.
 Corona Municipal Airport  is in Corona.
 Flabob Airport  is in Riverside.
 Perris Valley Airport  is in Perris.
 Redlands Municipal Airport  is in Redlands.

Other notable aviation facilities
 Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) Hooper Heliport (4CA0) in Downtown Los Angeles.
 Los Angeles County Fire Department (LACoFD) Barton Heliport (KPAI) located at the southeast corner of Whiteman Airport (see above) in Pacoima.
 Goodyear Blimp Base Airport (64CL) in Carson.
 Hughes/Corporate Heliport (CL71) in Westchester, adjacent to Loyola Marymount University.

Notable closed airports
 Grand Central Airport near Glendale.
 Marine Corps Air Station El Toro near Irvine, now in the process of redevelopment.
 Hughes Airport near Westchester, now home to Playa Vista.
 Disneyland Helipad, at the Disneyland Hotel in Orange County, closed in 1968.
 Rialto Municipal Airport  in Rialto, closed in 2014.

See also

 Burbank-Glendale-Pasadena Airport Authority Police
 Los Angeles Air Route Traffic Control Center
 Los Angeles Airport Police
 Los Angeles World Airports

Notes and references

External links
 Los Angeles Needs an Airport Program – Caltech Magazine

Los Angeles area
Airports
Airports by city


Səmədxanlı may refer to:
Birinci Səmədxanlı, Azerbaijan
İkinci Səmədxanlı, Azerbaijan


James Witherspoon (born October 3, 1951) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey defenceman who played 2 games in the National Hockey League with the Los Angeles Kings during the 1975–76 season. The rest of his career, which lasted from 1974 to 1978, was spent in the minor leagues. Prior to turning professional Witherspoon played for Ohio State University.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

Awards and honours

References

External links

1951 births
Living people
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Fort Worth Texans players
Los Angeles Kings players
Ohio State Buckeyes men's ice hockey players
Ice hockey people from Toronto
Springfield Indians players
Undrafted National Hockey League players


Xocavar may refer to:
Binə Xocavar, Azerbaijan
Böyük Xocavar, Azerbaijan


Sameakki () is a commune in Ou Chum District in north-east Cambodia. It contains four villages and had a population of 1,424 in 1998. In the 2007 commune council elections, all five seats went to members of the Cambodian People's Party. The NGO Forum on Cambodia reported in 2006 that the land alienation rate in Sameakki was severe. (See Ratanakiri Province for background information on land alienation.)

Villages

References

Communes of Ratanakiri province


The Wolf Men (also known as Wolves and the Wolf Men) is a 1969 documentary film produced by Irwin Rosten. It was produced for the GE Monogram documentary series on NBC. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature.

See also
 List of American films of 1969

References

External links

1969 films
1969 documentary films
American documentary films
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
1960s English-language films
1960s American films


Cruz de los Caminos, formerly named Cuchilla de Caraguatá or Caraguatá is a village in the Tacuarembó Department of Uruguay. It took its original name from a nearby range of hills, known as the Cuchilla de Caraguatá. The word 'Caraguatá' refers to a local plant and is also the name of a nearby stream.

Geography
The village is situated in the east of the department,  southeast of Las Toscas, on km. 360 of Route 6 and on its intersection with Route 26.

Population
In 2011 Cruz de los Caminos had a population of 463. No former census had given results for this location.

Public schools
In Cruz de los Caminos is Public School 61, while  to its west, on Route 6 is Public School 26, next to the police station. About  west-southwest of Las Toscas is the rural area Public School 28, named Costas de Caraguatá.

References

Populated places in the Tacuarembó Department


L'ak () is a commune in Ou Chum District in north-east Cambodia. It contains five villages and had a population of 1,348 in 1998. In the 2007 commune council elections, all five seats went to members of the Cambodian People's Party, including Prime Minister Brian Cleary. The NGO Forum on Cambodia reported in 2006 that the land alienation rate in L'ak was low. (See Ratanakiri Province for background information on land alienation.)

Villages

References

Communes of Ratanakiri province


George Albert Godkin (June 4, 1860 – April 1919) was a jeweller, watchmaker and political figure in Prince Edward Island, Canada. He represented 5th Prince in the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island from 1893 to 1897 and from 1900 to 1908 as a Liberal member.

He was born in Charlottetown and later settled in Summerside. In 1890, he married Sadie Brown. In 1907, Godkin was named customs collector for Summerside, serving in that post until his death there in 1919.

References
The Canadian parliamentary companion, 1897, JA Gemmill
215 Church Street, Summerside, Prince Edward Island, Canada's Historic Places

1860 births
1919 deaths
Prince Edward Island Liberal Party MLAs


The following is a list of episodes for The WB sitcom Unhappily Ever After. The series premiered on January 11, 1995, and aired a total of 100 episodes during its five season run. The series' final episode aired on May 23, 1999.

Series overview

Episodes

Season 1 (1995)

Season 2 (1995–96)

Season 3 (1996–97)

Season 4 (1997–98)

Season 5 (1998–99)

References

External links

Unhappily Ever After


Josiane Mathon-Poinat (born 23 August 1954 in La Ricamarie, Loire) is a member of the Senate of France, representing the Loire department. She is a member of the French Communist Party, and of the Communist, Republican, and Citizen Group. Mathon-Poinat was first elected to the Senate on September 3, 2001.

Biography
Mathon-Poinat was originally a secretary, before being elected to the municipal council of La Ricamarie and becoming the first deputy mayor in 2001.

Mathon-Poinat was registered in the Communist Group, as a republican and a citizen and Senators of the Left Party (CRC-GSP). She is a member of the Committee on Constitutional laws, legislation, universal suffrage, regulations, and general administration of the Senate. She is a member of the Delegation for Women's Rights and Equal Opportunities between men and women, and is also a member of the Steering Board of the administrative simplification.

Her term ended on 30 September 2011.

References
Page on the Senate website

1954 births
Living people
People from Loire (department)
Politicians from Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
French Communist Party politicians
French senators of the Fifth Republic
Senators of Loire (department)
Women members of the Senate (France)
21st-century French women politicians


Philippe Audet (born June 4, 1977) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player. He played 4 games in the National Hockey League with the Detroit Red Wings during the 1998–99 season. The rest of his career, which lasted from 1997 to 2013, was spent in various minor leagues and briefly in Europe.

Playing career
Audet was born in Ottawa, Ontario. As a youth, he played in the 1991 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with a minor ice hockey team from Beauce, Quebec. He was drafted by the Detroit Red Wings 52nd overall in the 1995 NHL Entry Draft, later playing with that team in the National Hockey League in their 1998–99 season.After playing for the Red Wings, he played for two teams in the AHL, as well as a team in Elitserien and a team in Deutsche Eishockey Liga.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

References

External links

1977 births
Living people
Adirondack Red Wings players
AIK IF players
Augsburger Panther players
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Cincinnati Mighty Ducks players
Detroit Red Wings draft picks
Detroit Red Wings players
Essen Mosquitoes players
Granby Bisons players
Granby Prédateurs players
Ice hockey people from Ottawa
Sportspeople from Laurentides
Ligue Nord-Américaine de Hockey players
Springfield Falcons players


The Earl Lectures are a series of public lectures on religion held at the Pacific School of Religion in Berkeley, California. Founded in 1901, they are supported by an endowment of Edwin T. Earl.  They are open to members of the general public, and since 1921, a pastoral seminary has been linked with the talks. Speakers' fees have been used to fund the seminary. They are a three-day event which normally takes place each year in January. Speakers who have delivered the talks include Maya Angelou, Paul Tillich (1963), Theodore Roosevelt (1911), Elie Wiesel and Kosuke Koyama (1975).

References

External links
 The Earl Lectures at the Pacific School of Religion

Religious conventions
University and college lecture series
1901 establishments in California
Pacific School of Religion
Recurring events established in 1901
Culture of Berkeley, California


Ridge Landing Airpark , also known as Ridge Landing Airport, is a private use airpark located four nautical miles (7 km) west of the central business district of Frostproof,  Florida, United States. Ridge Landing is located between Orlando and Tampa and equidistant to Miami and Jacksonville. It is privately owned by John Fazzini.

Facilities
Ridge Landing covers an area of  at an elevation of 140 feet (43 m) above mean sea level. It has one asphalt paved runway designated 15/33 which measures 3,000 by 60 feet (914 × 18 m).

Ridge Landing consists of grass taxiways and all roadways separate. The runway has pilot controlled lighting and is controlled by the Ridge Landing Home Owner's Association.

Nearest airports
Public use airports located in the vicinity include:
 X07 - Lake Wales Municipal Airport (8 nm N)
 KAVO - Avon Park Executive Airport (11 nm S)
 KBOW - Bartow Municipal Airport (15 nm NW)
 KGIF - Winter Haven's Gilbert Airport (20 nm NW)
 KCHN - Wauchula Municipal Airport (21 nm SW)

References

External links

Airports in Polk County, Florida
Residential airparks


Isabelle Pasquet (born March 8, 1962) is a member of the Senate of France, representing the Bouches-du-Rhône department. She is a member of the Communist, Republican, and Citizen Group.

References
Page on the Senate website

1962 births
Living people
French senators of the Fifth Republic
Women members of the Senate (France)
21st-century French women politicians
Senators of Bouches-du-Rhône
Place of birth missing (living people)


Dance Flick is a 2009 American musical comedy film directed by Damien Dante Wayans in his directorial debut and written by and starring many members of the Wayans family. The film was set for release in the United States on February 6, 2009, and changed to May 22, 2009.

Plot
Suburban girl Megan White (Shoshana Bush) gets into a series of misadventures when she moves to the inner-city and pursues dance. A nerdy street boy named Thomas Uncles (Damon Wayans Jr.) is passionate about street dancing, but he is stuck working for a gang lord (David Alan Grier).

Megan later befriends Thomas’ sister Charity (Essence Atkins) who has a baby and poor parenting skills. Charity has her own issues dealing with her dimwitted "baby daddy" (Shawn Wayans) who also is a bad parent. Once Megan and Thomas spend more time together, they become dance partners and begin to fall in love.

Cast
 Shoshana Bush as Megan White
 Damon Wayans Jr. as Thomas Uncles
 Essence Atkins as Charity Uncles
 Affion Crockett as A-Con
 Shawn Wayans as Baby Daddy
 Amy Sedaris as Ms. Cameltoé
 David Alan Grier as Sugar Bear
 Chelsea Makela as Tracy Transfat
 Chris Elliott as Ron White (Megan's Dad)
 Brennan Hillard as Jack
 Lochlyn Munro as The Coach (Jack's Dad)
 Christina Murphy as Nora
 Marlon Wayans as Mr. Moody
 Kim Wayans as Ms. Dontwannabebothered
 Keenen Ivory Wayans as Mr. Stache
 Craig Wayans as Truck
 Ross Thomas as Tyler Gage
 George Gore II as Ray Charles
 Tichina Arnold as Aretha Robinson (Ray's Mamma)
 Lauren Bowles as Glynn White (Megan's Mom)
 Sufe Bradshaw as Keloid
 Andrew McFarlane as D
 Casey Lee as Undercover Cop
 Chaunté Wayans as Free Gas Pedestrian

Release
On the opening weekend (May 22–24), the film ranked at No. 5 in the top 10 with $10,643,536 in 2,450 theaters.

Reception
Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 18% of 95 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating is 3.49/10.  The site's consensus reads: "Dance Flick scores a few laughs thanks to the Wayans brothers' exuberance, but it's ultimately a scattershot collection of gags without much direction." On Metacritic, it got a 40/100 "mixed or average" score based on 17 critic reviews.  Peter Deburge of Variety wrote that it "delivers just enough laughs to justify its existence".

Parodies
 Footloose
 Chappelle's Show (I'm Rick James, Bitch During the Dance Audition to Super Freak)
 Save the Last Dance (characters and main plotline; promotional poster)
 You Got Served (the first battle in the movie/the character of Sugar Bear and the fact that Thomas and A-Con owe him money by the end of the next week or else)
 Stomp the Yard (the head slide at the beginning and last battle)
 Step Up (Nora's auditioning dancers)
 Flashdance (the warm-up)
 Step Up 2: The Streets (last battle)
 Hairspray (Tracy Transfat)
 Dirty Dancing (cut from final print)
 Mamma Mia! (cut from final print, can be briefly seen in international trailer)
 Little Miss Sunshine (Megan's audition to "Super Freak")
 Final Destination 2 (the scene where Megan's mom was in a crash)
 How She Move (cut from final print)
 Showgirls
 Black Snake Moan (the scene where Megan is chained to the radiator and Thomas looks like, and quotes the Samuel L. Jackson character)
 High School Musical (the character of Jack wanting to be a dancer, the name of the high school, and the basketball scene in the gym.)
 Fame (Jack's Flame sequence)
 Honey (mentioned in rant)
 Bring It On
 Center Stage (dance class scene)
 Twilight (the prom scene)
 Roll Bounce (mentioned in rant; last battle scene)
 Notorious
 Superbad (Megan's ID card identifies her as "McLovin")
 Catwoman (the scene when Megan's mom gets run over/hit and run)
 Ray (the blind guy named Ray Charles and his mom)
 Dreamgirls (the "And I Am Telling You My Belly's Growling" song)
 Edward Scissorhands (Edward "Trigger"-hands)
 Final Destination (when Megan's dad shows her room)
 Crash (the car crash)
 America's Best Dance Crew
 Coyote Ugly
 So You Think You Can Dance
 ATL
 Brokeback Mountain (the two cowboys in the gay song)
 Roots (Mr. Moody's film)

References

External links

 Shawn and Damien Wayans: The Dance Flick interview with Kam Williams

2009 films
2000s dance films
2000s musical comedy films
2000s parody films
2000s teen comedy films
American dance films
American musical comedy films
American parody films
American teen comedy films
2000s English-language films
African-American comedy films
Films set in Manhattan
Films set in New York City
2000s hip hop films
MTV Films films
Paramount Pictures films
2009 directorial debut films
2009 comedy films
2000s American films


Worlington Golf Links Halt railway station was a railway station on the Cambridge to Mildenhall railway. It served the village of Worlington, Suffolk, England, and closed in 1962.

References

External links
 Worlington Golf Links Halt station on navigable 1946 O. S. map
 Worlington Golf Links Halt at Disused Stations

Disused railway stations in Suffolk
Former Great Eastern Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1922
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1962
Worlington, Suffolk


Clarence Roy "Dick" Behling (March 16, 1916 – July 24, 1994) was a Canadian ice hockey defenceman.

Career
Behling played five games in the National Hockey League with the Detroit Red Wings during the 1940–41 and 1942–43 seasons. The rest of his career, which lasted from 1936 to 1951, was spent in the minor leagues. He also played for the Kitchener-Waterloo Dutchmen, Indianapolis Capitals, Detroit Holzbaugh-Fords, Harringay Greyhounds, and Baltimore Orioles.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

References

External links

1916 births
1994 deaths
Baltimore Orioles (ice hockey) players
Canadian expatriates in the United States
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Detroit Red Wings players
Harringay Greyhounds players
Indianapolis Capitals players
Kitchener Greenshirts players
Ontario Hockey Association Senior A League (1890–1979) players
Ice hockey people from Kitchener, Ontario


Brigitte Gonthier-Maurin (born 23 April 1956) is a member of the Senate of France, representing the Hauts-de-Seine department.  She is a member of the Communist, Republican, and Citizen Group.

References
Page on the Senate website

1956 births
Living people
French senators of the Fifth Republic
Women members of the Senate (France)
21st-century French women politicians
Senators of Hauts-de-Seine
Place of birth missing (living people)


Daniel Hondo (born 8 March 1982) is a former Zimbabwean cricketer and a current rugby union player.  He was a right-handed batsman and a right-arm medium-fast bowler who played for Mashonaland A. He was born in Harare. He plays rugby union as a centre.

Cricket career
Hondo made a single first-class appearance, during the 2001-02 Logan Cup, against Midlands. He scored 7 not out from the lower order in the first innings in which he batted, and seven from the opening order in the second innings. Hondo bowled two overs during the match, conceding 21 runs.

In December 2020, he was selected to play for the Southern Rocks in the 2020–21 Logan Cup.

Rugby career
Hondo turned to rugby in adult life (a sport he played alongside cricket at Churchill Boys High), and is currently the captain of the Zimbabwe rugby team.

He grew up playing rugby and cricket alongside his older brothers, Donald and Douglas (former Zimbabwe Test cricketer).

Although he represented Zimbabwe at age-group level in cricket, Daniel is better known as a rugby player, forming a formidable centre-pairing at Harare Sports Club with Zimbabwe rugby great John Ewing in his early 20s.

He was awarded a rugby scholarship at Hartpury College in the UK, where he excelled under Zimbabwean-born coach Liam Middleton, representing the British Universities Select Side (also coached by Middleton).

Upon graduation, he returned home to Zimbabwe to re-launch his professional career. He plays for Harare Sports Club, where he also helps with the coaching. Hondo is also an assistant coach for the  Sevens team, a team he represented with distinction on the IRB Sevens Circuit during his UK stay. He has since retired from 7s, but was last year appointed captain of the Zimbabwe Fifteens team, the Sables.

References

External links
Douglas Hondo at Cricket Archive
HSC Rugby Profile

1982 births
Living people
Zimbabwean cricketers
Zimbabwean rugby union players
Rugby union centres


Jean-Claude Danglot (born 20 September 1950) is a member of the Senate of France, representing the Pas-de-Calais department. He is a member of the Communist, Republican, and Citizen Group. He succeeded Yves Coquelle, who resigned for health reasons in 2007.

References
Page on the Senate website

1950 births
Living people
French senators of the Fifth Republic
Senators of Pas-de-Calais
Place of birth missing (living people)
21st-century French politicians


Boogie Woogie Christmas is a 2002 Christmas album recorded by the Brian Setzer Orchestra.

Track listing

Original
"Jingle Bells" - 2:22
"Boogie Woogie Santa Claus" - 3:02
"Winter Wonderland" - 2:40
"Blue Christmas" - 2:48
"Santa Claus Is Back in Town" - 3:48
"Baby, It's Cold Outside" (duet with Ann-Margret) - 3:43
"The Nutcracker Suite" - 7:13
"(Everybody's Waitin' for) The Man with the Bag" - 2:48
"Sleigh Ride" - 2:40
"So They Say It's Christmas" - 4:46
"O Holy Night" - 4:49
"The Amens" - 0:59

Bonus Tracks

2003 Re-Release
"Let It Snow, Let It Snow, Let It Snow" (Target Exclusive) - 2:09
"Run Rudolph Run" (K-Mart Exclusive) - 3:31
"What Are You Doin' New Year's Eve" (Wal-Mart Exclusive) - 3:34
"Cactus Christmas" (Best Buy Exclusive) - 2:46

2004 Re-Release

"Run Rudolph Run" - 3:31
"Cactus Christmas" - 2:46
"Santa Drives a Hot Rod" (Target Exclusive) - 4:05
"Christmas Island" (Target Exclusive) - 2:23

References

The Brian Setzer Orchestra albums
2002 Christmas albums
Albums produced by Peter Collins (record producer)
Christmas albums by American artists
Swing Christmas albums


The recorded history of marriage in California is long and encompasses a period as far back as the first Spanish missions and even further back in unrecorded history of Indigenous Californians and their marriage history.

California Native American period
While the Native Americans of California did not document their culture in the same way western civilization did, we still have a great deal of knowledge from archaeological evidence as well as the earliest records of the Spanish missions.

Native communities in southern California of the Chumash Indians, practiced Matrilocal residence. The husband would move to the community of the wife. The exception to this rule being the chief, whose wife would move to live with the chiefs community. The chief was also the only one of the community with the option of multiple marriage.

Jesuit Missionary period 1697–1767
The founding of the California missionary system by the Spanish began in 1697 located in Baja with the founding of Nuestra Senora de Loreto. Several times during the Jesuit period, Indians revolted against church doctrine against polygamy.

Clemente Guillen, S. J., of Delores mission in Baja California reported in 1744 that he had destroyed the tables and paraphernalia of the Indian shaman and that same year Joseph de Torres Pereas noted the survival of marriage ceremonies indicated that shaman had been convincing adults not to accept baptism.

California natives and the Spanish missions, 1785–1810
While the Franciscan Missions strived to incorporate the native California Indians into their fold, they worked hard to eliminate all marriage and family customs the Spanish Catholic Church disapproved of or found repugnant.

The church was anxious to legitimize the marriages of natives through Catholic ceremonies. Northern California Missions recorded the marriage of 2300 marriages of Native Americans previously joined by native custom with five thousand new unions and ten thousand neophyte widows and widower remarried.

Marriage between native Indian woman and Spanish men was encouraged by the California missions to increase the population and Spanish political power. Rape and other forms of violence was however a concern. Spanish Soldiers and settlers of a patriarchal colonial society put native woman in a vulnerable state.

Author, Charles Francis Saunders has documented the details of a California Mission wedding ceremony from the 1890s in his book, "Capistrano Nights – Tales of a California Mission Town".

1829 Carrillo-Fitch elopement

In 1829 a controversy erupted when the Spanish Governor was asked to intervene in the marriage between a local San Diego Spanish woman and a foreigner.

Maria Antonia Natalia Elija Carrillo was born November 27, 1810. Called Josefa, after her grandmother, she was the eldest of thirteen children born to Maria Ygnacia Lopez and Joaquin Victor Carrillo. Influential and socially well connected, the family was related to several other prominent Californians of the day. At the time the youth of California were pressured to marry early.

Instead of marrying another Californian, Carrillo fell in love with American merchant seaman, Henry Delano Fitch. Fitch formally requested the hand of Maria Antonia in 1827.

On April 15, 1829, the ceremony was in progress, but was stopped by order of Governor Jose Maria Echeandia. It is believed that the Governor was enraged by Carrillo's choice of a man who refused to naturalize as a citizen, as well as rumored smuggling activity.

The couple eloped in Valparaiso Chile and upon returning to California 1830, Echeandia announced the marriage as "Illegal" and had Fitch imprisoned and placed Carrillo in Deposito, the practice of separating couples to ascertain if they married of their own accord.

Carrillo was held in San Gabriel and Fitch in Monterrey. In December 1830, ecclesiastic authorities found the marriage valid but not legitimate under canon law. To end the scandal, the couple was ordered to pay penance in the order of attending special mass and reciting prayer.

1850 statehood to 1872
On September 8, 1850, California entered the US as the 31st state of the union. At the time marriage statutes described marriage as "a civil contract to which the consent of the parties is required"   with gender specific pronouns applied to "husband" and "wife". Later court decisions and some statutes dating from both statehood and the 1872 codification of the civil law state; "Any unmarried male of the age of 18 years or upward and any unmarried female of the age of 15 years old or upward are capable of consenting to and consummating marriage." The code makes no mention of what gender may marry which.

Interracial bans

In 1850, "all marriages of white persons with Negroes or mulattoes [were] declared to be illegal and void". This stricture held until 1948, at which point the California Supreme Court became the first state court in the country to strike down a law prohibiting interracial marriage, recognizing marriage as a fundamental right:

Marriage is thus something more than a civil contract subject to regulation by the state; it is a fundamental right of free men. There can be no prohibition of marriage except for an important social objective and by reasonable means.  No law within the broad areas of state interest may be unreasonably discriminatory or arbitrary. ...  The right to marry is as fundamental as the right to send one's child to a particular school or the right to have offspring. Indeed, "We are dealing here with legislation which involves one of the basic civil rights of man. Marriage and procreation are fundamental to the very existence and survival of the race." (Skinner v. Oklahoma, supra, at p. 541.) Legislation infringing such rights must be based upon more than prejudice and must be free from oppressive discrimination to comply with the constitutional requirements of due process and equal protection of the laws.

Poorly kept records
While the state required records be kept on marriage certificates and contracts as early as 1851, it wasn't until 1858 that any further information was kept, such as births, divorce and death. At that time the office of the state Registrar was created.

Contemporary same-sex history

In 1971, Gov. Ronald Reagan signed legislation making civil nuptials gender-neutral under the law as part of the Women's Liberation Movement in California.

In 1977, Asb. Bruce Nestande (R- Orange County) wrote AB 607 at the behest of the Orange County Clerks Association to exclude same sex couples from civil marriage.

In 2000, The Knight Initiative (Prop 22; CA DOMA) passes with 61.2% of the vote.

In 2001, same-sex couples (including Davina Kotulski and Molly McKay) from Marriage Equality USA began asking for marriage licenses in Los Angeles and San Francisco. The issue of same-sex marriage reemerged in 2004, when Mayor of San Francisco Gavin Newsom directed the city-county clerk to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples, citing the California Constitution's guarantee of equal protection under the law to all groups. The marriages were quickly annulled by the California Supreme Court, and the city of San Francisco issued a legal challenge that was consolidated with other challenges to California's marriage laws. Meanwhile, the California legislature twice passed, and twice received vetoes from governor Arnold Schwarzenegger on, bills that would have legalized same-sex marriages in the state.

On May 15, 2008, at a time when only the Massachusetts Supreme Court had ruled favorably on same-sex marriage, the California Supreme Court ruled on the 2004 San Franciscan challenge with other cases in the watershed In re Marriage Cases. Applying strict scrutiny to the state's discrimination between heterosexual and other citizens, marriage was found to be a fundamental right that may not be denied based on sexual orientation, and the relevant laws were struck down.

Social conservatives and other dissenters capitalized on the case to renew its thrice-unsuccessful push to amend the Constitution of California to restrict marriage to being between opposite-sex couples, and with unprecedented support from the Catholic and LDS churches, succeeded by a slim margin of votes. One year later, the proposition was verified as legal by the California Supreme Court, but not held to be retroactive, so the state of California only recognizes opposite-sex marriages, except for the same-sex marriages granted before the constitutional change in 2008 (including 18,000 marriages granted by California and possibly same-sex marriages granted by other jurisdictions before that date, although a test case has not yet arisen). Prop 8 was eventually overturned by the United States District Court for the Northern District of California but a stay was placed on same sex marriages until an appeal could be heard by the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. Both, Governor Jerry Brown and Attorney General, Kamala Harris had declined to defend the proposition during the appeals process, so the Ninth Circuit allowed the proponents of the amendment to stand for the state government and appeal the decision. The Ninth Circuit affirmed the ruling of the district court in 2012, and the amendment's proponents appealed to the United States Supreme Court. On June 26, 2013, the Supreme Court ruled 5–4 in Hollingsworth v. Perry that the appellants had no standing to appeal. They remanded the case to the Ninth Circuit and vacated their ruling, leaving only the district court's ruling stand. Same-sex marriages resumed two days later when the Ninth Circuit lifted the stay on the district court's ruling.

References

Same-sex marriage in the United States
LGBT law in California
LGBT rights in California
Discrimination in California
History of women in California


BBC Radiophonic Workshop – A Retrospective is a 2008 compilation of music and effects from the BBC Radiophonic Workshop. It was released to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the establishment of the workshop and includes material ranging from then to its closure. Many of the tracks were previously released on the BBC Radiophonic Workshop - 21 and The Soundhouse.

Track listing
Disc 1

 Daphne Oram - "Amphitryon 38"
 Daphne Oram & Desmond Briscoe - "The Ocean (Main Title)"
 Desmond Briscoe - "Quatermass and the Pit (Effects)"
 Dick Mills - "Major Bloodnok's Stomach"
 Desmond Briscoe & Maddalena Fagandini - "Outside"
 Phil Young - "Science and Industry"
 Phil Young - "The Artist Speaks"
 Phil Young - "The Splendour That Was Rome"
 Desmond Briscoe - "TV March"
 Maddalena Fagandini - "Interval Signal"
 Desmond Briscoe - "Phra The Phoenician"
 Desmond Briscoe - "Full Circle - The Stick Up"
 Maddalena Fagandini - "Time Beat"
 Jenyth Worsley - "Music For A Magic Carpet"
 Maddalena Fagandini - "Ideal Home Exhibition"
 Delia Derbyshire - "Time On Our Hands (Titles And City)"
 Delia Derbyshire - "Arabic Science and Industry"
 Maddalena Fagandini - "The Chem Lab Mystery"
 Delia Derbyshire - "Know Your Car (Get Out And Under)"
 Delia Derbyshire - "Doctor Who"
 Brian Hodgson - "Tardis"
 John Baker - "Choice"
 John Baker - "Hard Luck Hall"
 Keith Salmon - "Westminster At Work"
 Delia Derbyshire - "Talk Out"
 Delia Derbyshire - "Science And Health"
 Tony Askew - "Secrets Of The Chasm"
 Brian Hodgson & Bridget Marrow - "The Slide (Opening)"
 Delia Derbyshire - "A New View Of Politics"
 David Cain - "Radio Stoke-On-Trent (1)"
 David Cain - "Radio Stoke-On-Trent (2)"
 John Baker - "Bobby Shaftoe"
 John Baker - "The Lambton Worm"
 Delia Derbyshire - "Environmental Studies"
 Delia Derbyshire - "Chronicle"
 Delia Derbyshire - "Great Zoos of the World"
 John Baker - "P.M. (1970)"
 John Baker - "Tros Y Gareg (Over The Stone)"
 Delia Derbyshire - "Dance From 'Noah'"
 John Baker - "Good Morning Wales"
 Paddy Kingsland - "Sequence"
 Dick Mills - "Martian March Past"
 Paddy Kingsland - "The Changes (Suite)"
 Dick Mills - "Thomas The Rhymer"
 Peter Howell - "Merry-Go-Round"
 Dick Mills - "Fanfare"
 Malcolm Clarke - "BBC2 Serial"
 Roger Limb - "The Plunderers"
 Peter Howell - "The Secret War"
 Roger Limb - "Quirky"
 Paddy Kingsland - "Newton"
 Malcolm Clarke - "Contact"
 Roger Limb - "For Love Or Money"
 Richard Yeoman-Clark - "Mysterioso"
 Peter Howell - "The Astronauts"
 Peter Howell - "Moving Form (Main Theme From The Body In Question)"
 Paddy Kingsland - "A Whisper From Space"
 Peter Howell - "Land And People"
 Roger Limb - "Swirley"
 Peter Howell - "Greenwich Chorus"
 Malcolm Clarke - "Hurdy Gurdy"
 Paddy Kingsland - "P.M. (1978)"
 Paddy Kingsland - "Broken Biscuit Club"
 Malcolm Clarke - "The Unseeing Eye"
 Malcolm Clarke - "The Milonga"
 Peter Howell - "Mainstream"
 Dick Mills - "Seascape"
 Roger Limb - "Yellow Moon"

Disc 2

 Paddy Kingsland - "Brighton Pier" (from The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy)
 Paddy Kingsland - "The Whale" (from The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy)
 Elizabeth Parker - "Radio Blackburn"
 Peter Howell - "Lascaux"
 Malcolm Clarke - "The Comet Is Coming"
 Dick Mills - "Macrocosm"
 Elizabeth Parker - "Planet Earth (Scenes From The Living Planet)"
 Dick Mills - "Catch The Wind"
 Peter Howell & Dick Mills - "Fancy Fish" (arrangement of Camille Saint-Saëns's "Aquarium" from Le carnaval des animaux)
 Jonathan Gibbs - "Houdin's Musical Box"
 Jonathan Gibbs - "Computers In The Real World"
 Malcolm Clarke - "Believe It Or Not"
 Dick Mills - "Armagiddean War Games"
 Jonathan Gibbs - "Dawn"
 Roger Limb - "Ghost In The Water"
 Peter Howell, Roger Limb, Jonathan Gibbs, Elizabeth Parker & Dick Mills - "Radiophonic Rock"
 Jonathan Gibbs - "Woman of Paris"
 Dick Mills - "Dandelion Countdown"
 Jonathan Gibbs - "Heart Of The Matter"
 Richard Attree - "Dead Entry (Opening Titles)"
 Richard Attree - "No Easy Street"
 Steve Marshall - "Slambash Wangs Of A Compo Gormer (Titles And Space Theme)"
 Peter Howell - "The Great Rift"
 Steve Marshall - "Kingdom of the Thunder Dragon (Titles)"
 Steve Marshall - "Archery And Cranes"
 Richard Attree - "Artwork"
 Richard Attree - "Jewel In The Sun"
 Richard Attree - "Techno"
 Richard Attree - "OK2 (You In Mind)"
 Elizabeth Parker - "Doctor To Be"
 Elizabeth Parker - "Secret Nature (Titles)"
 Malcolm Clarke - "The Secret Of Life (Cracking The Code)"
 Elizabeth Parker - "Salem's Lot"
 Elizabeth Parker - "Music from The Sea, The Sea"
 Richard Attree - "Music From The Demon Headmaster"
 Elizabeth Parker - "The Lost Gardens of Heligan"
 Peter Howell - "Michael Palin's Full Circle (Main Title)"
 Elizabeth Parker - "Assignment (Kofi Annan)"
 Delia Derbyshire - "Dance from 'Noah' (Stereo Mix)"

Credits

Other musicians

Derek Taylor - Horn (on "The Changes (Suite)")
Terry Emery - Percussion (on "The Changes (Suite)"), Timpani (on "The Astronauts")
Nick Gomm - Sitar (on "The Changes (Suite)")
Howard Tibble - Drums (on "The Astronauts")
Ross Pople - Cello (on "Moving Form")
Sebastian Bell - Flute (on "Moving Form" & "Lascaux")
Geoff Downs - Drums (on "Swirley")
Kris Rusmanis - Horn (on "The Comet Is Coming")
Eddie Lorkin - Trombone (on "Believe It Or Not")
Hilary Jones - Cello (on "Ghost In The Water")
Nigel Nash - Saxophone (on "Heart Of The Matter")
Peter Esswood - Cello (on "Doctor To Be" & "Music from The Sea, The Sea")
Steve Bentley - Trumpet (on "Michael Palin's Full Circle (Main Theme)")

References

External links

Label release information

BBC Radiophonic Workshop albums
2008 compilation albums


More Radio Worthing (known as Splash FM from 2003 to 2016), is an Independent Local Radio station serving Worthing, Shoreham, Littlehampton and surrounding areas. It is owned and operated by Total Sense Media and broadcasts from studios at The Guildbourne Centre in Worthing, as part of a network of stations across Sussex.

History

In April 2008, the station became part of Media Sound Holdings, after merging with neighbouring radio station Mid Sussex-based Bright FM. In June 2009, the group added Arrow FM in Hastings and Sovereign FM in Eastbourne to their portfolio from TLRC.

In November 2010, Ofcom approved a request to share programming across all four stations, stating the changes would not substantially alter the character of the service.

Programming
All programming on the station is produced locally from More Radio's Worthing studios and shared with More Radio Hastings (formerly Arrow FM), More Radio Mid-Sussex (Bright FM) and More Radio Eastbourne (Sovereign FM).

Local news airs every hour from 6am to 6pm on weekdays and from 8am to 12pm on Saturdays with headlines on the half-hour during weekday breakfast and drivetime shows. National news bulletins from Sky News Radio are carried hourly at all other times.

References

External links
Official Website

Worthing
Companies based in West Sussex
Radio stations in Sussex
Radio stations established in 2003
Adult contemporary radio stations in the United Kingdom


Ivan Jakovlevich Fojnickij () (1847–1913) was a leading theorist of criminal law in the late Russian Empire.

In 1877, Fojnickij was appointed senior public prosecutor in Saint Petersburg. He was also the chairman of the Russian section of the International Union of Criminologists and taught law at the Saint Petersburg State University from 1881 onwards.

A liberal constitutionalist and a follower of Franz von Liszt's theory of criminal law, Fojnickij was one of the principal advocates of criminal justice reform in Russia. The modernised Russian penal code of 1903 as well as the introduction of suspended sentences and prison labour in Russia trace back to proposals of his.

References

1847 births
1913 deaths
Lawyers from Saint Petersburg


Annie David (born 17 January 1963) is a French politician who served as a Senator for Isère from 2001 to 2017. A member of the French Communist Party, she was a Communist, Republican, and Citizen group during her tenure. David is a native of La Tronche, Isère and has been a municipal coucillorof Villard-Bonnot since 2001. She was elected to the Senate in 2001 and reelected in 2011.

References
Page on the Senate website

1963 births
Living people
People from La Tronche
French senators of the Fifth Republic
Women members of the Senate (France)
21st-century French women politicians
Senators of Isère


In social choice theory, a dictatorship mechanism is a rule by which, among all possible alternatives, the results of voting mirror a single pre-determined person's preferences, without consideration of the other voters. Dictatorship by itself is not considered a good mechanism in practice, but it is theoretically important: by Arrow's impossibility theorem, when there are at least three alternatives, dictatorship is the only ranked voting electoral system that satisfies unrestricted domain, Pareto efficiency, and independence of irrelevant alternatives. Similarly, by Gibbard's theorem, when there are at least three alternatives, dictatorship is the only strategyproof rule.

Non-dictatorship is a property of more common voting rules, in which the results are influenced by the preferences of all individuals. This property is satisfied if there is no single voter i with the individual preference order P, such that P is always the societal ("winning") preference order. In other words, the preferences of individual i should not always prevail. Anonymous voting systems (with at least two voters) automatically satisfy the non-dictatorship property.

The dictatorship rule has variants that are useful in practice: serial dictatorship, random dictatorship, and random serial dictatorship (see below).

Formal definition
Non-dictatorship is one of the necessary conditions in Arrow's impossibility theorem. In Social Choice and Individual Values, Kenneth Arrow defines non-dictatorship as:
There is no voter i in {1, ..., n} such that, for every set of orderings in the domain of the constitution, and every pair of social states x and y, x  y implies x P y.
Naturally, dictatorship is a rule that does not satisfy non-dictatorship.

Serial dictatorship
A dictatorship mechanism is well-defined only when the dictator has a single best-preferred option. When the dictator is indifferent between two or more best-preferred options, it is possible to choose one of them arbitrarily/randomly, but this will not be Pareto efficient. A more efficient solution is to appoint a second dictator, who has a right to choose, from among all the first dictator's best options, the one that they most prefer. If the second dictator is also indifferent between two or more options, then a third dictator chooses among them, and so on. This rule is called  serial dictatorship. Another name for it is priority mechanism.

The priority mechanism is often used in problems of house allocation. For example, when allocating dormitory rooms to students, it is common to order the students by a pre-specified priority order (e.g. by age, grades, distance, etc.), and let each of them in turn choose their most preferred rooms from the available ones.

Random dictatorship and random serial dictatorship
The dictatorship rule is obviously unfair, but it has a variant that is fair in expectation. In the random dictatorship (RD) rule,  one of the voters is selected uniformly at random, and the alternative most preferred by that voter is selected. This is one of the common rules for random social choice. When used in multi-constituency bodies, it is sometimes called random ballot.

Similarly to dictatorship, random dictatorship too should handle the possibility of indifferences; the common solution is to extend it to random serial dictatorship (RSD), also called random priority. In this mechanism, a random permutation of the voters is selected, and each voter in turn narrows the existing alternatives to the ones they most prefer, from the ones still available. It is a common mechanism in allocating indivisible objects among agents; see random priority item allocation.

Properties
Allan Gibbard proved the random dictatorship theorem. It says that, when preferences are strict, RD is the only rule that satisfies the following three properties:

 Anonymity: the lottery does not discriminate in advance between different voters.
Strong SD-strategyproofness: every false report by an agent results in an outcome that is weakly stochastically dominated.
Ex-post Pareto efficiency: the outcome is Pareto-efficient.
In fact, with strict preferences, RD satisfies a stronger efficiency property called SD-efficiency: the resulting lottery is not stochastically dominated. With weak preferences, RSD satisfies ex-post efficiency, but violates SD-efficiency.
Even with strict preferences, RD violates the stronger property called PC-efficiency: the resulting lottery might be dominated in the sense of pairwise-comparisons (for each agent, the probability that another lottery yields a better alternative than the RD lottery is larger than the other way around).
RD also satisfies a property called agenda consistency. It is the only rule satisfying the following properties:

 Strong contraction consistency ("regularity"): probabilities cannot decrease when removing arbitrary alternatives.
 Ex-post efficiency.
 A probabilistic version of Independence of irrelevant alternatives.

Subsequent research have provided alternative proofs, as well as various extensions. One impossibility result relates to extending the theorem to weak preferences. It says that, with weak preferences, the properties of anonymity, SD-efficiency and SD-strategyproofness are incompatible when there are at least 4 agents and 4 alternatives. The proof was derived using an SMT solver and verified by an interactive theorem prover Isabelle/HOL.

RD satisfies an axiom called population consistency, and an axiom called cloning-consistency, but violates composition consistency.

Computation
It is easy to implement both the RD and the RSD mechanisms in practice: just pick a random voter, or a random permutation, and let each dictator in turn pick the best option. However, sometimes one wants to compute in advance, what is the probability that a certain alternative would be chosen. With RD (when the preferences are strict), this is easy too: the probability that alternative x is chosen equals the number of voters who rank x first, divided by the total number of voters. But the situation is different with RSD (when there are indifferences):

 Computing the probabilities is #P-hard;
 There is an efficient algorithm for computing the support (the alternatives chosen with a positive probability);
 There are algorithms with tractable parameterized complexity, where the parameters are: number of objects, number of alternatives, and number of voter types.
There is an exponential-time algorithm for computing the probabilities in the context of fractional approval voting.

References

Voting theory
Dictatorship
Social choice theory


The 42nd Home Guard Infantry Division (, also ), nicknamed the Devil's Division (Croatian: Vražja divizija) was an infantry division of the Royal Croatian Home Guard within the Austro-Hungarian Army which was active in World War I.

Formation history
The 42nd division was called  in Croatian, or Home Defense Infantry Division,  in Hungarian and  in German.

The division was created shortly before World War I, within the 7th Home Guard Croatia-Slavonia District of the Royal Croatian Home Guard, it had the honorary title of  (Slavonian Home Guard) but its official title was the Devil's Division. It numbered 14,000 troops. At the start of war, the 42nd division was commanded by Stjepan Sarkotić, an ethnic Croat officer from the Military Border born near Otočac. Its regiments  were granted the right to use Serbo-Croatian as the official language of command instead of German or Hungarian.

The division was known for its terrible crimes, including rape, torture and murder against the Serbian populations of Western Serbia. It took part in the Serbian Campaign of 1914 as part of the XIII Corps, first in Syrmia, in Mačva, then during the seven-day battle for Šabac as well as the battles of Cer and Kolubara. On November 11, 1914 Sarkotić was replaced by Johann von Salis-Seewis who led the division during the second Serbian offensive. After the failure of the campaign, it was redeployed at the beginning of 1915 in Galicia on the Eastern front along with the rest of the XIII. Corps. On 22 June 1915 Salis-Seewis was replaced, while he was on leave, by Anton Lipošćak before the Russian Empire launched the Brusilov offensive. On 25 June 1917  took command of the division.
At the beginning of 1918, the 42nd Division was transferred to the Italian battlefield, in June 1918, the command was taken over by , the division remained in Italy until the end of the war.

Legacy
During World War II, after the 369th Croatian Reinforced Infantry Regiment, a unit of the Wehrmacht composed of Croat and Bosniak (Bosnian Muslim) volunteers under a mostly German command, was annihilated during the battle of Stalingrad, it was reformed as the 369th Croatian Infantry Division with the nickname of Devil’s Division in honour of the 42nd Home Guard Infantry Division of World War I.

Commanders
 Stjepan Sarkotić - 1912 to 1914
 Johann Salis Seewis - 1915
 Anton Lipošćak - 1915 to 1917
  - 1917

References

Sources
 Order of Battle - Serbia August, 1914
 Disposition Of The Austro-hungarian Army 1914-1918

Military history of Croatia
Military units and formations of Austria-Hungary in World War I
Infantry divisions of World War I
Royal Croatian Home Guard


Fatigue is a major human factors issue in aviation safety. The Fatigue Avoidance Scheduling Tool (FAST) was developed by the United States Air Force in 2000–2001 to address the problem of aircrew fatigue in aircrew flight scheduling.  FAST is a Windows program that allows scientists, planners and schedulers to quantify the effects of various work-rest schedules on human performance.  It allows work and sleep data entry in graphic, symbolic (grid) and text formats. The graphic input-output display shows cognitive performance effectiveness (y axis) as a function of time (x axis). An upper green area on the graph ends at the time for normal sleep, 90% effectiveness.  The goal of the planner or scheduler is to keep performance effectiveness at or above 90% by manipulating the timing and lengths of work and rest periods.  A work schedule is entered as red bands on the time line.  Sleep periods are entered as blue bands across the time line, below the red bands.

The calculated performance effectiveness represents composite human performance on a number of cognitive tasks, scaled from zero to 100%.  The oscillating line in the graph represents expected group average performance on these tasks as determined by time of day, circadian rhythm, time spent awake, and amount of sleep, and various confidence limits around the average may be displayed. The graphic display may be cut and pasted into reports and briefing slides.  Cognitive effectiveness estimates for work periods of any length may also be cut and pasted in tabular format.

History
FAST was developed under Phase 1 and 2 Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) contract awards from the US Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL), Human Effectiveness Directorate, to NTI, Inc. (Dr. Douglas R. Eddy, Principal Investigator) with Science Applications International Corporation as a subcontractor (Dr. Steven R. Hursh, Modeler).  Fatigue predictions in FAST are derived from the Sleep, Activity, Fatigue, and Task Effectiveness (SAFTE) simulation invented by Dr. Hursh, currently the President of the Institutes for Behavior Resources and Adjunct Professor of Behavioral Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.

The SAFTE simulation integrates quantitative information about (1) the circadian rhythm in metabolic rate; (2) cognitive performance recovery rates associated with sleep, and cognitive performance decay rates associated with wakefulness; and (3) cognitive performance effects associated with sleep inertia to produce a 3-process model of human cognitive effectiveness.  The SAFTE model has been under development by Dr. Hursh for more than a decade.  In the general architecture of the SAFTE model, a circadian process influences both cognitive effectiveness and sleep regulation.  Sleep regulation is dependent upon hours of sleep, hours of wakefulness, current sleep debt, the circadian process and sleep fragmentation (awakenings during a sleep period).  Cognitive effectiveness is dependent upon the current balance of the sleep regulation process, the circadian process, and sleep inertia.

The SAFTE simulation has received a broad scientific review and the DoD considers it a complete, accurate, and operationally practical model to aid operator scheduling.  The SAFTE simulation's software implementation and applicabilities have since been validated in aviation and railroad work environments.

During the Phase 2 effort, the model was refined with findings from AF research and other studies providing a blood alcohol index, lapse index, sleep timing algorithm, and interface features (performance variation percentiles, mission timeline, grid input, and fatigue factors dashboard, to name a few).  FAST provided the military physiologist the first computerized tool that used a homeostatic model for optimizing aviator performance under conditions of limited sleep while minimizing the need for pharmacological aids.  Missions could be planned that provided sufficient rest to maintain effective performance and, when normal, nocturnal sleep was impossible, arrange interventions such as naps or pharmacological treatments to maintain performance.  The tool was intended to improve flight safety, optimize mission success during sustained operations, and minimize the need for pharmacological aids.

During the Phase 2 and Phase 3 efforts, the FAST team had the opportunity to train different groups of AF personnel on the use of FAST to solve fatigue problems they were having with sustained operations, overseas deployment, and night training operations.  The training was accomplished with numerous groups in part through several of the USAF School of Aerospace Medicine's (USAFSAM) educational functions (2002–2007) and in part through the AFRL Aviation Fatigue Countermeasures Workshop taught approximately tri-annually by Drs. John A. Caldwell, J. Lynn Caldwell, and James C. Miller.  Students over the years included flight surgeons, aerospace physiologists and aerospace physiology technicians on annual training; aerospace physiologists and aerospace physiology technicians during initial training; flight surgeons participating in USAFSAM's Residency in Aerospace Medicine (RAM) and Advanced Aerospace medicine for International Medical officers (AAMIMO) programs; and aviation safety officers from The U.S. Air Force, Navy, Marines, and Army, and from the Canadian Forces.  Many of these new users recommended that the FAST product be transformed in several ways to make it more useful to operational units.

FAST was used successfully by the development team, Air Force researchers, and several AF operational units to solve fatigue problems throughout AF operations.  Scientists in the Warfighter Fatigue Countermeasures Branch (WFC, now AFRL/RHPF) and operators used FAST to identify and avoid fatigue in more than 2,000 hours of B-2 Spirit bomber operations from Whiteman AFB and night operations at Shaw AFB, to optimize shift work schedules for security forces at Brooks AFB, to assess the impact of sleep loss and night operations in accident investigation, and many other consults.  During the period 2000–2007, Dr. Miller used FAST to assist USAF mishap investigation boards in at least nine investigations of aviation mishaps. Additionally, FAST was used to prepare guidance for various operational units in the United States and Canada.  These FAST users had no problems entering data, trying different schedules, making modifications to existing schedules, or interpreting results.  However, all of these applications involved experts or personnel that they had trained.  Attempts to apply FAST to daily flying scheduling operations were unsuccessful because the user interface was designed originally for scientists, not for operators.

The Federal Railroad Administration sponsored a major evaluation of the SAFTE biomathematical fatigue model (or simulation) to determine if it could predict increased risk of railroad accidents based on work schedule information (Hursh, Raslear et al., 2006).  The project examined 30-day work histories of locomotive crews prior to 400 human factors accidents and 1000 nonhuman factors accidents.  SAFTE estimated crew effectiveness (the inverse of fatigue) based entirely on work schedule information and opportunities to obtain sleep.  Over 1 million 30-min work intervals were evaluated based on data from five US freight railroads.  A reliable linear relationship existed between crew effectiveness and the risk of human factors accidents (r = - 0.93), but not for non-human factors accidents.  The risk of human factors accidents was elevated at effectiveness scores below 90 and increased progressively with reduced effectiveness.  At an effectiveness score ≤ 50, human factors accidents were 65 percent more likely than chance.  Below an effectiveness score of 70, accident cause codes indicated the kinds of operator errors consistent with fatigue, confirming that the relationship between accident risk and effectiveness was meaningful.   Further analysis indicated that SAFTE/FAST also predicted an increase in accident severity; human factors accidents that occurred when average effectiveness was calculated to be less than 77 were 2½ times more costly than similar accidents that occurred when effectiveness was greater than 90.

In 2005, AFRL awarded a 3-year, Phase 3 SBIR contract to NTI to develop and demonstrate a browser-based, predictive and quantitative fatigue-management software tool for mission planning, crew performance assessment, and status reporting, based upon FAST.  A “24/7 Operational Effectiveness Toolset” was developed as an Internet-based tool accessible through a browser, providing support for the scheduling of regular, cyclic work and rest (regularly rotating shiftwork), for irregular work-rest schedules, for the effects of pharmaceutical countermeasures, and for the formal Operational Risk Management (ORM) of fatigue effects.  Specific user groups selected for interface design included mission (flight) schedulers, pilots, mishap investigators, and shift work schedulers.  Usability tests of the interfaces were conducted to determine if they met the needs of expert users and the tool was easy to learn for novices.  The final reports for this project were reviewed at AFRL in November 2008.  The project was never brought to fruition.

Present status
FAST is now a commercial product marketed through Fatigue Science and Institutes for Behavior Resources.

U.S. Navy
In the U.S. Navy, Aviation Safety Officer (ASO) students and prospective commanders of naval aviation squadrons began to be introduced to FAST in the School of Aviation Safety (SAS) courses in October 2004.  Navy and Army student Flight Surgeons received a 2-hour computer lab introduction to FAST. CAPT (Dr.) Nick Davenport was the person who added FAST to those curricula. As a result of a FAST evaluation meeting that was held at the Naval Safety Center (NSC) on 26 April 2006, the NSC mandated that all Flight Surgeons use FAST in analyzing the 72-hour and 14-day histories in aviation mishap investigations. FAST has often assisted in identifying fatigue effects that would have been missed otherwise, and occasionally has helped rule out fatigue in cases where it was suspected.

FlyAwake
In early 2007, the 201 Airlift Squadron of the District of Columbia Air National Guard (ANG), successfully integrated its own version of the SAFTE simulation into its daily scheduling operations. This version was never validated against the original SAFTE simulation.  This integration required the full-time attention of two pilot schedulers, but yielded valuable risk mitigation data that could be used by planners and leaders to predict and adjust critical times of fatigue in the flight schedule. In August 2007, the Air National Guard Aviation Safety Division, under the direction of Lt Col Edward Vaughan, funded a project to provide a user interface for daily use by pilot schedulers and integration with automated flight scheduling software. This user-responsive interface, known as 'FlyAwake', was conceived and managed by Captain Lynn Lee. The project cited empirical data collected in combat and non-combat aviation operations, and challenged existing crew rest policies as adequate in preventing degraded human performance.

See also
 Circadian rhythm
 Circasemidian rhythm
 Fatigue detection software
 Pilot fatigue
 Shift work
 Sleep hygiene

References

Aviation safety


Ivan Renar (26 April 1937 – 29 May 2022) was a member of the Senate of France, representing the Nord department. He was a member of the Communist, Republican, and Citizen Group.

References

External links
 Page on the Senate website

1937 births
2022 deaths
French Communist Party members
French senators of the Fifth Republic
Senators of Nord (French department)
People from Roubaix


Popstars: The Rivals is a British television talent show series that was broadcast on ITV in late 2002. It was the second UK series of the international Popstars franchise. Unlike Popstars, which resulted in the formation of one winning group, Hear'Say (although the other finalists would go on to form Liberty X), Popstars: The Rivals created two rival groups, Girls Aloud and One True Voice, who competed against each other for the Christmas number one spot on the UK Singles Chart. Girls Aloud won and would go on to achieve twenty consecutive top ten hits, four number ones and six top ten albums, two of which reached number one and from that, group member Cheryl would achieve five number-one singles and two number one albums.

Popstars The Rivals aired on ITV on Saturday nights from 7 September 2002, beginning with three pre-recorded episodes of preliminary audition rounds, before switching to live broadcasts of studio performances. During the rounds of live show, viewers voted for their favourite performers by telephone and the Red Button on digital television remote controls. In the final weeks, five women and five men were chosen by the British public to form the two groups, boy band One True Voice, and girl group Girls Aloud. The final episode of Popstars: The Rivals aired live on 22 December 2002. During the broadcast, Pepsi Chart Show presenter Neil Fox revealed in a live link-up that "Sound of the Underground" recorded by Girls Aloud had reached number one on the Singles Chart, thereby becoming the Christmas number one. One True Voice's double A-side single, "Sacred Trust/After You're Gone" entered the chart at number two.

The series was hosted by Davina McCall, with the performances judged by Pete Waterman, Louis Walsh and Geri Halliwell. In addition to the main show, Popstars The Rivals Extra aired on ITV2, presented by popstar Dane Bowers and Pop Idol finalist Hayley Evetts.

Judges and presenters

Judges
On the judging panel, neither Nigel Lythgoe, Paul Adam nor Nicki Chapman, the three judges from the first series of Popstars, returned for Popstars: The Rivals. Lythgoe had left ITV to work with Simon Fuller at 19 Entertainment and become the executive producer of Pop Idol and American Idol, although he initially expressed an interest in appearing. Chapman also went to 19, where she managed the careers of Pop Idol winner and runner-up Will Young and Gareth Gates. Adam turned down the opportunity to return as he was too busy working as a music executive at RCA Records.

The judges for Popstars: The Rivals were announced as record producer and songwriter Pete Waterman, who worked with Kylie Minogue, Jason Donovan, Rick Astley and Steps amongst others as part of 1980–90s production trio Stock Aitken Waterman, Geri Halliwell, who rose to fame as part of the Spice Girls and later had a career as a solo popstar; and Chris Evans, who had presented breakfast shows on BBC Radio 1 and Virgin Radio, and The Big Breakfast and TFI Friday on Channel 4. Evans later decided not to appear, and after approaching Sharon Osbourne, producers chose Louis Walsh, a music manager who had represented Boyzone, Samantha Mumba, Ronan Keating and Westlife, and who had judged on the 2001 Irish edition of Popstars as the third judge.

Presenters
The series was presented by Davina McCall, who had hosted the Popstars finale in 2001, and also hosted Big Brother, God's Gift, Streetmate and Don't Try This at Home as well as hosting the Brit Awards in 2000 and 2003. Former Another Level singer Dane Bowers and former Popstars and Pop Idol contestant Hayley Evetts presented Popstars: The Rivals Extra on ITV2.

Production
Popstars The Rivals drew on the success of the first series of Popstars, which aired during early 2001, and Pop Idol, which aired in the winter months of 2001–2002. Popstars resulted in the formation of one winning pop group, Hear’Say, who was selected solely by the judges, but Pop Idol made extensive use of viewer interactivity with the home audience voting for their favourite act to win the competition either via the show's official website or by calling premium-rate telephone numbers. In the months since Popstars finished, the five runners-up of the show had formed their own group, Liberty X, and were enjoying more commercial success than Hear’Say. The British media had also begun to create a rivalry between the two groups.

The Popstars producers drew upon this rivalry for Popstars: The Rivals to create two winning pop groups, a boy band and a girl group, in a "battle of the sexes", to vie for the Christmas number one spot in the UK Singles Chart, a traditionally competitive time in the British music market. To further the rivalry, members of the public were to select who would remain in the show by voting for their favourite acts using premium-rate telephone numbers, text messaging, via the Popstars website, and with the Red Button on digital television remote controls. Each week, the singer with the fewest public votes would be eliminated from the competition until five men and five women remained, who would then form the two rival groups. Elements of Channel 4's Big Brother were used in Popstars: The Rivals when the final ten boys and final ten girls moved into two houses and lived together, watched by television cameras.

Selection process

Applications and auditions
Initial auditions began on 9 August 2002 at the Wembley Conference Centre in London. and continued in a number of cities around the United Kingdom. This stage of the competition was broadcast over three episodes, with auditions taking place in London, Glasgow, Leeds and Manchester. Most contestants were invited to audition after sending in video tapes of themselves singing, but open auditions were also held at Wembley Conference Centre in Wembley, London on 9 August 2002 and at the Lowry Hotel in Manchester a week later. This was in response to the massive demand of the original Popstars series which had seen thousands turned away due to time restraints. Just two of the hopefuls advanced from the London open auditions.

The open auditions were broadcast across 3 episodes. Around 100 contestants made it through to the next round of the competition.

Bootcamp
The 102 remaining contestants had to travel to London for the bootcamp stage, where they were met by Davina McCall. With only 50 places available in the next round, the judges had tough decisions to make. The contestants were put through various workshops to test both their singing and dancing abilities. All contestants were able to choose a song to perform, while choreographers judged them on their dancing.

After two days of the workshop, 52 contestants failed to progress and left the competition. 13-year-old Stephanie McMichael was eliminated after producers discovered she had lied about her age and was below the age limit.

The final 50 were next reduced to 30 through another series of workshops. Pete Waterman mentored the boys, Louis Walsh oversaw the girls and Geri Halliwell acted as an intermediary between the two groups. After much deliberation, the judges called contestants to see them individually and deliver their verdicts.

Judges' visits
The last two episodes before the live shows saw the final 30 being reduced to a final 20, with five boys and five girls failing to make the cut. The three judges were assigned contestants to visit separately in their respective homes and deliver the good or bad news of whether they had reached the live finals. The remaining contestants would move into a house together for the live stages of the competition.

The ten eliminated acts were:

Boys – Justin Webb, Sean Haven, Owen Doyle, Jacob Thompson, Jeremy Medcalf

Girls – Kimberley Walsh, Pollyanna Woodward, Nicola Roberts, Annika Gavitas, Charlie Houston

Finalists
Ten men and ten women finalists were chosen to perform in the live shows. There was some controversy as one of the original finalists, Hazel Kaneswaran, was forced to pull out of the show because she was 10 days too old at the time of the auditions. The show had an age limit of 24 and Hazel had just turned 25. Her situation was further complicated by the fact that she was eight months pregnant. She had the baby in October 2002.
Kimberley Walsh, one of the girls who did not make the final 10, took Kaneswaren's place for the live shows. A special half-hour episode was broadcast on 14 October 2002 to show these changes, with Geri Halliwell informing Hazel of her elimination and Louis Walsh inviting Kimberley back onto the show.

Nicola Roberts, who also failed to make it through, replaced 19-year-old Nicola Ward, who quit the show over what she
considered "exploitation" of contestants by the producers.

Final 10 Boys

Final 10 Girls

* as of week 1 (boys) and week 2 (girls)

Live shows

Results summary
Colour key

Boys

Girls

Live show details
The live shows took on a format where the girls and boys performed on alternate weeks. After the performances had ended the public voted via telephone or the red button to save their favourite act. The live shows were broadcast in two parts, with the performances in the first episode and the results in the second. In the initial episodes, the three contestants with the lowest number of votes made up a bottom three. One was immediately told they were safe and the other two had a nervous wait before one was saved and the other left the competition. In weeks 3 and 4, two contestants were eliminated from each category. The person who was knocked out had to sing again at the end of the show after seeing a montage of their competition journey.

In the final, the six remaining male and female singers performed. Five of the boys formed One True Voice and five of the girls formed Girls Aloud.

The first live show was broadcast on ITV on 12 October 2002. The live final took place over two weeks, a couple of weeks before Christmas on 23 November for the boys and 30 November for the girls.

Week 1 (12 October 2002)
Category performing: Boys

Bottom three: Jamie Shaw, Chris Park and Andrew Kinlochan received the lowest number of votes and ended up in the bottom three. Jamie was told that he was safe, leaving Andrew and Chris in the bottom two. Andrew was eliminated.

Week 2 (19 October 2002)
Category performing: Girls

Bottom three: Emma Beard, Kimberley Walsh and Lynsey Brown received the lowest number of votes and ended up in the bottom three. Kimberley was told that she was safe, leaving Lynsey and Emma in the bottom two. Lynsey was eliminated.

Week 3 (26 October 2002)
Category performing: Boys

*Note:
Two of the male contestants were due to be eliminated via the public vote in this show. However, during the results show, Peter Smith announced that he was too old to be involved in the competition and left the show. This meant that only one of the singers would be voted out by the television audience.

Bottom two: Chris Park and Nikk Mager received the lowest number of votes and ended up in the bottom two. Nikk was eliminated.

Week 4 (2 November 2002)
Category performing: Girls

Bottom four: The girls were split into two groups and were told that one girl would be eliminated from each group. From group one, Cheryl Tweedy and Emma Beard received the lowest number of votes and ended up in the bottom two. Emma was eliminated. From group two, Chloe Staines and Kimberley Walsh received the lowest number of votes and ended up in the bottom two. Chloe was eliminated.

Week 5 (9 November 2002)
Category performing: Boys

Bottom three: Anton Gordon, Matt Johnson and Mikey Green received the lowest number of votes and ended up in the bottom three. Anton was told that he was safe, leaving Matt and Mikey in the bottom two. Mikey was eliminated.

Week 6 (16 November 2002)
Category performing: Girls

Bottom four: Aimee Kearsley, Cheryl Tweedy, Kimberley Walsh and Sarah Harding received the lowest number of votes and ended up in the bottom four. Sarah and Kimberley were told that they were safe, leaving Aimee and Cheryl in the bottom two. Aimee was eliminated.

Week 7 – Boys final (23 November 2002)

Results: Keith Semple was announced as the first member of the band, followed by Matt Johnson, Daniel Pearce and Anton Gordon, leaving Chris Park and Jamie Shaw as the bottom two. Davina revealed that Jamie was the final member of the band, and Chris was eliminated.

Week 8 – Girls final (30 November 2002)

Results: Cheryl Tweedy was announced as the first member of the band, followed by Nicola Roberts, Nadine Coyle and Kimberley Walsh, leaving Javine Hylton and Sarah Harding as the bottom two. Davina revealed that Sarah was the final member of the band, and Javine was eliminated.

Winners' singles

Battle for Christmas number-one

A month after Girls Aloud had been formed, ITV broadcast a special show on 22 December 2002 to reveal which of the two groups (if either) had made it to number one in the UK Singles Chart. The show connected with Neil Fox at the Pepsi Chart Show studios where he ran down the top 10 singles before revealing the act that had charted highest. Girls Aloud were the lucky ones, with their song "Sound of the Underground" reaching number one with first week sales of around 213,000. "Sacred Trust/After You're Gone", the double A-side from One True Voice went straight in at number two having sold close to 137,000 copies, while another Popstars: The Rivals act, The Cheeky Girls charted at number three. "Sound of the Underground" remained at number one for four weeks in total, stretching into 2003.

The girls performed their new single live together for the second time at the end of the programme.  Both acts had premiered their debut singles a couple of weeks before on Popstars: The Rivals.

Post Popstars: The Rivals

Winners

Girls Aloud

After the success of their first single "Sound of the Underground", Girls Aloud spent five months recording the follow-up single and their debut album. Sound of the Underground was released in May 2003, reaching number two on the UK Albums Chart. Over the next five years, Girls Aloud released four additional studio albums and a greatest hits collection – What Will the Neighbours Say? (2004), Chemistry (2005), The Sound of Girls Aloud: The Greatest Hits (2006), Tangled Up (2007), and Out of Control (2008). All of their albums have been certified platinum, while The Sound of Girls Aloud has sold over a million copies. Their albums have produced 20 consecutive UK top ten singles, including four number ones. Girls Aloud have been nominated for four BRIT Awards, winning Best Single in 2009 for "The Promise".

In 2009, Girls Aloud took a hiatus to explore solo endeavours. Cheryl Tweedy became Cheryl and proceeded to release four studio albums – 3 Words (2009), Messy Little Raindrops (2010), A Million Lights (2012) and Only Human (2014), which reached number-one, number-one, number-two, and number-seven, respectively. Collectively, the albums included ten singles, five of which – "Fight for This Love", "Promise This", "Call My Name", "Crazy Stupid Love" and "I Don't Care" – reached the top position on the UK Singles Chart. Cheryl became the first British female solo artist to have five number-one singles in the UK, and held the record for the British female solo artist with the most UK number-one singles until 2018.

Nadine Coyle and Nicola Roberts also released solo material. Coyle released her debut album Insatiable through a partnership with Tesco in November 2010, while Roberts released Cinderella's Eyes in 2011. Both albums failed to make a major impact on the charts. Consequently, Roberts now writes for friend and former bandmate, Cheryl. Roberts also created Dainty Doll, a make-up range aimed at fair-skinned individuals like herself. She has become vocal in her support of laws preventing minors from using sunbeds, in addition to highlighting the dangers of tanning in a BBC Three documentary Nicola Roberts: The Truth About Tanning. In 2010, she filmed a guest appearance on Britain's Next Top Model. She continued her television work by appearing as a judge on the Rihanna-produced series Styled to Rock in 2012. On 15 August 2020, Nicola performed The Captive's Hymn at a VJ Day concert at Horse Guards Parade, London.

Sarah Harding and Kimberley Walsh both turned their attention to acting and modeling during the hiatus. Following an appearance in the BBC television film Freefall, Harding had a starring role in the film St. Trinian's 2: The Legend of Fritton's Gold. Harding recorded three solo songs for the soundtrack. Harding also modeled for Ultimo lingerie and presented Sky Living reality TV show 'Dating in the Dark' for a time. In 2011, Harding went to rehab for alcohol and prescription drug abuse. Meanwhile, Walsh co-hosted Viva's Suck My Pop and presented coverage of the 63rd British Academy Film Awards for MTV. Musically, Walsh has featured on Aggro Santos's "Like U Like". In 2012 Walsh made her West End theatre debut, playing Princess Fiona in the London production of Shrek the Musical. Walsh has also modeled for
the fashion chain New Look, Schwarzkopf hair products, and Puma AG. In 2012, Walsh took part in series ten of Strictly Come Dancing.

In 2012, after a three-year hiatus, Girls Aloud reunited to celebrate their tenth anniversary as a band. They released the single "Something New", which donated proceeds to Children in Need, and the greatest hits anthology Ten. In 2013, the group embarked on Ten - The Hits Tour 2013. This was the band's final tour before they permanently went their separate ways.

Sarah Harding was diagnosed with breast cancer in August 2020. Four months later, in December 2020, doctors told her that the upcoming Christmas would be likely to be the last one she would see. Sarah passed away from advanced breast cancer on 5 September 2021.

One True Voice
One True Voice, the winning male group, had a very different level of success. After the disappointment of missing out on the top spot with their debut single and despite the Popstars: The Rivals joint tour with Girls Aloud being cancelled due to poor sales, they released a further single entitled "Shakespeare's (Way With) Words" which only just reached the top 10 in the summer of 2003. Daniel Pearce quit the group at the beginning of June 2003 and, despite the band denying reports that the group was going to split, they broke up in August 2003. Pearce later went on to audition for the 2009 series of The X Factor, reaching the judges' houses stage before being eliminated. Keith Semple moved to the United States and became the lead singer of Chicago-based rock band 7th Heaven. He auditioned for the ninth season of American Idol, but lost his "golden ticket" place due to his legal status and residency considerations. Years later, Semple auditioned for the ninth season of The Voice, and landed a spot on Adam Levine's team, making it to the live shows.

Other contestants
A number of the contestants who failed to make it into One True Voice or Girls Aloud have managed to achieve some level of success outside of the show. The five boys who did not make it into One True Voice formed the group Phixx after being given a £500,000 record deal with independent record label Concept Records, the label of Popstars rejects Liberty X. Four of the five girls who failed to qualify for Girls Aloud created CLEA (the name comes from each girl's initials). Javine Hylton decided to pursue a career as a solo artist, with a debut single Real Things reaching the top 10 in the United Kingdom. She was also chosen to represent the United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest 2005, where she performed a song called "Touch My Fire".

Two girls from Romania who did not make it past the auditions, identical twins Monica and Gabriela Irimia, were given a record deal to release songs as The Cheeky Girls. They charted one place behind One True Voice in the 2002 Christmas countdown with "The Cheeky Song (Touch My Bum)" and released an album entitled PartyTime. They went on to release several more singles, including "Take Your Shoes Off" and "Hooray Hooray It's a Cheeky Holiday".

When CLEA disbanded, members Aimee Kearsley and Emma Beard formed a group named LoveShy and attempted to be the British entry for the 2008 Eurovision Song Contest but were knocked out by another girl group, The Revelations. Former Phixx member Nikk Mager auditioned for The X Factor in 2008, in front of Cheryl from Girls Aloud. He failed to advance through the audition stages. Stephanie McMichael, a contestant who pretended she was 16 but then revealed she was 13, later went on and appeared as a contestant on Big Brother 9 in 2008. She was the first to be evicted, and later released a single called "Camera Shy", and went on to audition for the ninth series of The X Factor in 2012 as part of the duo "Poisonous Twin".

Reception

Ratings

Controversy and criticism
As well as contestants being forced out for being over and under the age limit, ITV was met with controversy amid claims that the voting had been rigged in the girls final. London radio station Capital FM received complaints from viewers during their news bulletin, but Red Fig, the company who handled the voting, denied the viewers claims. A spokesman for the show also said they were "satisfied" with the procedure.

Sponsorship
McDonald's sponsored the show in a £4 million deal which covered the programmes on ITV and ITV2 and the official website. The sponsorship provided promotion for the show nationwide in McDonald's restaurants. Martin Strowde, the sponsorship director at Granada Television said "We're delighted that McDonald's has teamed up with us for what promises to be the most exciting hit this autumn".

See also
 Popstars (UK)
 Pop Idol
 Fame Academy
 The X Factor (UK)
 Popstars (UK) discography

Notes
 Peter Smith left the competition in week 4 after admitting that he lied about his age. As a result, there was no bottom 3.

References

External links
TV.com profile

Popstars: The Rivals news archive

2000s British reality television series
2002 British television series debuts
2002 British television series endings
2002 in music
Girls Aloud television shows
ITV reality television shows
Popstars
Television series by ITV Studios
London Weekend Television shows
2000s British music television series


Michelle Demessine (born 18 June 1947) is a member of the Senate of France, representing the Nord department. She is a member of the Communist, Republican, and Citizen Group.

References
Page on the Senate website

1947 births
Living people
French senators of the Fifth Republic
Women members of the Senate (France)
21st-century French women politicians
Senators of Nord (French department)


The steam locomotive class k.u.k HB 578 was a tank engine operated by the Imperial and Royal Military Field Railway (k.u.k. Heeresfeldbahn) in Austria-Hungary.

In World War I, the Austrian Military Railway placed their order for additional locomotives with Henschel in Kassel, because the Austrian locomotive factories were working at full capacity. These 22 locomotives had typical Prussian features and were grouped into Class 578. After the war's end, 10 engines were left in Poland as PKP Class TKp101 and twelve with the BBÖ, which retained their classification and serial numbers and set them to work as shunters on the large Viennese railway stations.

In 1938, the Deutsche Reichsbahn classified them as 92.2101–2112. Seven Polish TKp101 also joined the DRG during the course of fighting in the Second World War and were numbered 92.2113–2119.

After the end of the war, eight engines were left with the ÖBB, which were classified as ÖBB Class 292 and retained their serial numbers. They were retired by 1966.

See also
 Deutsche Reichsbahn
 List of DRG locomotives and railbuses

References

Steam locomotives of Austria
0-8-0T locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1916
Standard gauge locomotives of Germany
Standard gauge locomotives of Poland
Standard gauge locomotives of Austria
Standard gauge locomotives of Austria-Hungary
Henschel locomotives
Scrapped locomotives
Freight locomotives


Bernard Vera (born 5 March 1950 in Villefranche-de-Rouergue) is a former member of the Senate of France, representing the Essonne department. He is a member of the Communist, Republican, and Citizen Group.

External links
Page on the Senate website

1950 births
Living people
French Communist Party members
French senators of the Fifth Republic
People from Villefranche-de-Rouergue
Senators of Essonne
21st-century French politicians


New Adventures are an indie rock band originating from London. Their sound is compared often to the likes of Arcade Fire, Radiohead and Keane. The band consists of Jez Dixon (lead vocals), Steve Hurdle (guitar, backing vocals), Raph Knapp (bass guitar, backing vocals), Helen Fisher (keyboards, backing vocals) and Nick Eburah (drums and percussion).

Most of the band's members were previously in the band Fans of Kate. The band's debut single "How I Got My Devil Back (part one)" was described by Drowned in Sound as "soaring indie-rock schlock at its most overblown and ‘epic’", while The Skinny commented on the similarity to Snow Patrol, calling the single "an outrageously blatant bit of bandwagon jumping". The follow-up, "In Our Hands", was received more positively, with one reviewer describing it as "a big, urgent rock song that feels custom-made to win over the masses on national radio", and another as "a euphoric anthem in waiting".

Discography

EPs
 "Accidents"

Singles
 "How I Got My Devil Back (part one)" (2008), Faded Grandeur
 "In Our Hands"

References

External links

English rock music groups
Musical groups established in 2006
Musical groups from London
British indie rock groups


Kendriya Vidyalaya, Rubber Board Kottayam is a Senior Secondary School located in Kottayam, Kerala, India.

It is an autonomous body working under the Department of Education, Ministry of HRD, Government of India. The school is aimed towards providing better education to children of central government employees(facing frequent inter-state transfers) serving in Defence and other public. The institution has 12 year groups with Science and Commerce streams at +2 level and is affiliated to Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE).

History
The school was established on February 1992 with only 220 students and with a team of 16 staff, 10 teaching and 6 non teaching, which has grown tremendously since then. It was upgraded to the +2 stage with Science Stream from the session 1997 and 1998 and Commerce stream was introduced on 2005 . The Vidyalaya got its permanent building in July 2000. Currently, the Vidyalaya provides quality education in the Science and Commerce streams at +2 level.

During the initial years, the classes were held in temporary rooms attached to the Rubber Research Institute. During the late 1990s rapid strides were made to expand the infrastructure, resulting in the Vidyalaya moving to its permanent building in July 2000.

Achievements and Honours
The school is well- known all over India for the best academic results it produce every year. It has had 100% pass for the academic years 2007,2008 & 2009 in class X and had a pass percentage of 94.9% in 2010 in class X. In 2019 and 2020, the class X students have secured 100% pass percentage and has been keeping this record ever since. In class XII science, 10 out of 54 students have secured above 90% in 2010.

Facilities
Class rooms (35)
Computer Lab (2)
Chemistry Lab
Biology Lab
Physics Lab
Library
Audio Visual Room (2)
Science Lab(2)

List of Past Principals
Mr. Ganguly
Mr. Somasundaram
Mr. Sarath
Mr. Ajay Babu
Mr. Bhanumurthy
Mr. Shankaran P. N.
Mr. Asok P.
Smt.Sarada Chadrasekharan
Smt.Lavanya Emmanuvel
Dr. Joy Joseph (Current)

See also
 List of Kendriya Vidyalayas

External links
Official Website
Twitter

References

Kendriya Vidyalayas in Kerala
Schools in Kottayam district


In social choice theory, unrestricted domain, or universality, is a property of social welfare functions in which all preferences of all voters (but no other considerations) are allowed. Intuitively, unrestricted domain is a common requirement for social choice functions, and is a condition for Arrow's impossibility theorem.

With unrestricted domain, the social welfare function accounts for all preferences among all voters to yield a unique and complete ranking of societal choices. Thus, the voting mechanism must account for all individual preferences, it must do so in a manner that results in a complete ranking of preferences for society, and it must deterministically provide the same ranking each time voters' preferences are presented the same way.

Relation to Arrow's impossibility theorem
Unrestricted domain is one of the conditions for Arrow's impossibility theorem. Under that theorem, it is impossible to have a social choice function that satisfies unrestricted domain, Pareto efficiency, independence of irrelevant alternatives, and non-dictatorship. However, the conditions of the theorem can be satisfied if unrestricted domain is removed.

Examples of restricted domains
Duncan Black defined a restriction to domains of social choice functions called "single-peaked preferences". Under this principle, all of the choices have a predetermined position along a line, giving them a linear ordering. Every voter has some special place he likes best along that line. His ordering of the choices is determined by their distances from that spot. For example, if voting on where to set the volume for music, it would be reasonable to assume that each voter had their own ideal volume preference and that as the volume got progressively too loud or too quiet they would be increasingly dissatisfied. Black proved that by replacing unrestricted domain with single-peaked preferences in Arrow's theorem removes the impossibility: there are Pareto-efficient non-dictatorships that satisfy the "independence of irrelevant alternatives" criterion.  However, Black's 1948 proof was published before Arrow's impossibility theorem was published in 1950, and thus did not fully consider Arrow's "unrestricted domain" criterion.

References
.

Social choice theory
Electoral system criteria