The Supreme Court (, lit. Highest Court, , ) is the supreme court and the third and final instance in all civil and criminal cases in the Kingdom of Denmark. It is based at Christiansborg Palace in Copenhagen which also houses the Danish Parliament and the Prime Minister's office.

History
The Supreme Court was founded on 14 February 1661 by King Frederik III as a replacement of King Christian IV's King's Court (da. Kongens Retterting).  It was based at first Copenhagen Castle later Christiansborg Palace, which was built in its place on the same site at Slotsholmen, and originally  consisted of 30 justices. From its foundation and until the adoption of the Constitution of 1849, the court was formally an instrument of the king, only deciding cases by a majority vote in the king's absence, most kings only attended the first meeting each supreme court year. An office as justitiarius to lead the court was instituted as early as 1674 (from 1919 with title of President). As absolute monarch the king retained the inherent power to overrule the court, which happened on one occasion. Aside from this the court routinely exercised the power to commute criminal sentences, a power that was written into the constitution of 1849.

After the 1794 Fire of the Christiansborg Palace, the Supreme Court moved first to the Prince's Mansion (da. Prinsens Palæ) until 1854, now housing the National Museum of Denmark, and then to one of the four mansions of Amalienborg Palace (1854–1864), before moving back to Slotsholmen. After the fire of the second Christianborg Palace in 1884 the Supreme Court had to move once again and was based at Bernstorffs Palæ in Bredgade until 1919 when it could move back to the present Christiansborg Palace.

Since a rule change in 2007, the court have had a greater focus on test cases that establish precedent.

Function
The Supreme Court functions as a civil and criminal appellate court for cases from the subordinate courts. Since a decision cannot normally be appealed more than once, County Court cases rarely reach Supreme Court-level, though this may be the case if the independent Board of Appeals grants a leave of appeal.

Significant civil cases with issues of principle, however, are typically deferred to one of the two Danish High Courts as courts of first instance. In those cases sentences from the Eastern or Western High Courts (Østre Landsret and Vestre Landsret) may be directly appealed to The Supreme Court.

As its name indicates, the Supreme Court is the highest Court in the Kingdom of Denmark and its judgments cannot be appealed to another Danish court. It is split into two chambers which both hear all types of cases. A case is heard by at least five judges. In all, the court consists of normally 15 judges and a President.

Unlike criminal cases in the lower courts, the Supreme Court does not deal with the issue of guilt. However, the basis on which the lower court reached its verdict may be brought into consideration and edited. In criminal trials by jury in the first instance, the defence may appeal on grounds of judicial error regarding the judges' direction to the jury (the summing-up of the theoretical foundations, which should be taken into consideration when the jurors deliberate).

Current members
There are 18 judges in the Supreme Court. One of the Supreme Court justices is president of the Supreme Court, appointed by the other judges. A judge is the chairman of the Appeals Permission Board and a judge is on leave to serve as a judge of the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg.

The Judges of the Supreme Court, like other judges, are appointed by the Minister of Justice on the recommendation of the Independent Board of Judges.

Judges shall be retired at the end of the month in which they reach the age of 70, as according to section 5 of the Civil Service Act.

See also

 Courts of Denmark

References

External links
 Source

Denmark
1661 establishments in Denmark
Courts and tribunals established in 1661


Matachí is one of the 67 municipalities of Chihuahua, in northern Mexico. The municipal seat lies at Matachí. The municipality covers an area of 829.8 km².

As of 2010, the municipality had a total population of 3,104, down from 3,169 as of 2005.

As of 2010, the town of Matachí had a population of 1,710. Other than the town of Matachí, the municipality had 78 localities, none of which had a population over 1,000.

Geography

Towns and villages
The municipality has 28 localities. The largest are:

References

Municipalities of Chihuahua (state)


Lobosculum pustula is a species of small air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial gastropod mollusk in the family Polygyridae.

References

Polygyridae
Gastropods described in 1822


Bitten is a 2008 Canadian black comedy vampire film directed by Harv Glazer.  It stars Jason Mewes as a paramedic who rescues Danika (Erica Cox), a female vampire, from an alley way.

Plot
Jack, a paramedic, is frustrated with his life after he breaks up with his girlfriend.  He discovers a girl (Danika) in an alleyway covered in blood, clinging to life. Jack takes Danika in and soon discovers that she is a vampire.

Jack and Danika try to find a way to feed her cravings to drink blood while killing as little as possible.  All their attempts end without success because a vampire needs fresh human blood. Jack also must find places to hide the bodies in his apartment, including the body of his ex-girlfriend, who had gone to his apartment to reclaim several of her possessions before Danika had bitten and killed her. Jack discovers upon his ex-girlfriend's corpse reanimating into a vampire (and having to kill her when she attacks him in a rage) that only a stab to the heart will kill a vampire.

When Danika becomes more violent, killing several people, including a young woman, Jack is forced to kill her with the help of Roger, his paramedic co-worker and friend. Roger stabs Danika in the heart while she attacks Jack and kills her, but not before Jack is bitten. Jack becomes a vampire, cared for by Roger, who feeds him from a dish of blood.

Cast

Release
It aired on Sci Fi Channel on March 15, 2009. RHI Entertainment released it on DVD on July 6, 2010.

Reception
Mark Voger of NJ.com recommended it to fans of Mewes and said that the film, despite its "considerable flaws", is better than many competitors.  R.L. Shaffer of IGN rated it 3/10 stars and wrote, "Bitten had tremendous potential to be pretty darn amusing, but it fails on nearly every conceivable level."  Steve Barton of Dread Central rated it 2.5/5 stars and wrote that the film's tone is ruined by out-of-place slapstick.  Annie Riordan of Brutal as Hell wrote that the film remains entertaining despite its lack of originality.  Jeremy Blitz of DVD Talk rated it 2.5/5 stars and wrote, "The humor and the horror counteract rather than reinforce each other."

References

External links

2008 films
2008 comedy horror films
Canadian comedy horror films
English-language Canadian films
Vampire comedy films
Canadian vampire films
2000s English-language films
2000s Canadian films
English-language comedy horror films


Charles Brigham (June 21, 1841 – July 1925) was an American architect based in Boston, Massachusetts.

Life
Brigham was born, raised, and educated in Watertown, Massachusetts schools and graduated at age 15 in 1856 in the first class of Watertown High School. He had no formal education in architecture.

He apprenticed to Calvin Ryder and later to Boston architect Gridley J.F. Bryant.  Brigham served as a sergeant in the Union Army during the American Civil War, then returned to working with Bryant.  In 1866, Brigham and John Hubbard Sturgis formed a partnership which lasted 20 year.  In that times the firm was recognized for its innovative and groundbreaking designs, including the original building for the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.

Brigham subsequently designed the 1898 annex to the Massachusetts State House in Boston, the 1906 The First Church of Christ, Scientist in Boston, and many residential buildings especially in the Boston Back Bay and Newport Rhode Island.

Brigham's work reflects the eclecticism and historicism prevalent in the last quarter of the 19th century, initiating fusion of the complex eclectic references of the English Queen Anne revival with American colonial design. The resulting coastal New England houses of the 1880s by Brigham and other Boston architects defined the shingle style in one of the most original and distinguished epochs of American architectural history, from which other notable architects, such as Henry Hobson Richardson, emerged. He also designed the Watertown town seal.

Work

With John Hubbard Sturgis

 Codman Building, Boston, 1873
 Church of the Advent, Boston, 1875–1888
 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 1876
 86 Marlborough Street, Boston 1872

In solo practice

 Trinity Episcopal Church (Melrose, Massachusetts), 1886
Hollis Hunnewell Cottage, Wellesley, Massachusetts, 1869
 Stoughton (MBTA station), Stoughton, Massachusetts, 1888
 Unitarian Building, First Parish of Watertown, Massachusetts, 1889
 Fairhaven Town Hall, Fairhaven, Massachusetts, 1892
 Millicent Library, Fairhaven, Massachusetts, 1893
 Annex to the Massachusetts State House in Boston, 1895
 New Bedford Institution for Savings, New Bedford, Massachusetts, 1897
 Scollay Square and Adams Square station entrances, 1898
 Albert C. Burrage House, Back Bay, Boston, 1899; designated as a Boston Landmark by the Boston Landmarks Commission in 2003
 Albert C. Burrage House, 1205 West Crescent Avenue, Redlands, California, 1899/1900
 Madison Public Library, now the Museum of Early Trades and Crafts, Madison, New Jersey, 1900
 Unitarian Memorial Church, Fairhaven, Massachusetts, 1901
 Fairhaven High School, Fairhaven, Massachusetts, 1905
 Messiah Home for Children, The Bronx, New York City, 1905–19hool
 Old Watertown High School, Watertown, Massachusetts, 1913
St. Mark the Evangelist Church, Dorchester, Massachusetts
St. Francis of Assisi Church, Braintree, Massachusetts

References

 Watertown Tribune-Enterprise, Watertown, Mass., Friday, July 24, 1925
Burrage House Study Report

Further reading
 Adams, Oscar Fay, "A NEW ENGLAND ARCHITECT AND HIS WORK", The New England Magazine, June 1907

19th-century American architects
1841 births
1925 deaths
Architects from Boston
American Christian Scientists
Architects of Roman Catholic churches
20th-century American architects
People from Watertown, Massachusetts
People of Massachusetts in the American Civil War
Union Army soldiers
Watertown High School (Massachusetts) alumni


Naksansa () or Naksan Temple is a Korean Buddhist temple complex in the Jogye order of Korean Buddhism that stands on the slopes of Naksan Mountain (also called "Obongsan Mountain"). It is located about midway between Sokcho and Yangyang, Gangwon Province, eastern region of South Korea. Naksansa is one of the few temples in Korea to overlook the East Sea.

Naksan is an abbreviated term of Botarakgasan () in Korean that refers to Mount Potalaka, the place where the Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva is believed to live. Thus, Naksan Mountain is also known as Korea's Mount Potalaka. The Bodhisattva is said to live on a sea-bound island along with guardian dragons. Naksansa is regarded as one of the great eight scenic areas in the Eastern region of Korea, known as "Gwandong Palgyeong" (관동팔경).

History
Naksansa was founded in 671, by the Buddhist monk, Uisang Daesa (Grand Master Uisang), an ambassador of the 30th King Munmu of the Silla period (BC 57 – AD 935) after he had returned from studying abroad during the Chinese Tang dynasty, who, while meditating near the cave in which the Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva (Gwaneumbosal) was believed to have lived, was told by the Bodhisattva to build the temple there.

Today, the octagonal Uisangdae Pavilion sits on the spot where Uisang once meditated, the current pavilion having been built in 1925.

Treasures

Mount Naksan is crowned by the Buddhist statue of Haesugwaneumsang (해수관음입상, Bodhisattva of Mercy), known as the goddess Gwanseum-Bosal, facing southeast standing  high on a  high pedestal. The white granite statue stands in a clearing at the top of the hill, eyes and fingers closed in peaceful meditation as it gazes out to sea. The massive statue is the work of Busan sculptor Gwon Jeong-hwan (권정환) and was dedicated in 1977. 700 tons of granite and six months were required to complete the sculpture. It is the largest Buddhist statue of its kind in the Orient.

Hongreanam was built by Uisang as a Hermitage above a stone cave. In the sanctuary floor there is a 10-centimeter (4 in) opening through which you can see the sea below.

Naksansa's seven storied stone pagoda, Naksansa Chilcheung Seoktap (Seven storied stone pagoda in Naksansa Temple) built in 1467, the 13th year of the reign of King Sejo, is Treasure No.499. During a repair, it is said that a Buddhist rosary and a magic bead were sealed inside the pagoda. The seven storied stone pagoda is an example of the Goryeo style pagoda having a single square foundation. The square foundation on this pagoda is carved with 24 lotus petals. Of special note is a stone prop in each story, which is larger and thicker than its body stone. The pagoda is formed with thin eaves, a straight slope, and upward edges. On the finial, around the long thin, bronze rod are ornaments similar to those in Lama pagoda of Yuan dynasty (1279–1368) in China. Mostly it follows the rather simple style of the Goryeo pagodas though.

Temple gallery

2005 fire and reconstruction

Most of Naksansa was destroyed by a fire that started in the surrounding forest on April 5, 2005. The Naksansa bronze bell, a national treasure dated 15th century, was also melted and destroyed in the fire. The museum displays a violin and cello built from wood found on the temple grounds that survived the fire. A replicate of the bell was constructed and installed back to the temple.

The temple was earlier destroyed by fire during the Mongolian invasion of the 13th century. During the Joseon dynasty (1392–1910) the temple was repeatedly reconstructed and expanded by royal order in 1467, 1469, 1631 and 1643. The pre-2005 fire facilities were constructed in 1953 after the buildings were again destroyed during the 1950–53 Korean War.

Present reconstruction is well under way as can be seen in the gallery below. The new construction projects are expected to be completed and the temple fully restored by 2010.

Reconstruction Gallery

See also
Korean Buddhist temples
Religion in South Korea

References

External links and references
Naksansa official site, in Korean
Naksansa Temple stay, in Korean
Naksansa-The Temple of Compassion
Naksansa burns – a flash presentation
Cultural Properties Administration
 LeBass, Tom. "Insight Guides – South Korea"

15th-century Buddhist temples
Buildings and structures completed in 1926
Religious organizations established in the 7th century
Buddhist temples of the Jogye Order
Buddhist temples in South Korea
Buildings and structures in Gangwon Province, South Korea
Yangyang County
Tourist attractions in Gangwon Province, South Korea
Temples that participate in Templestay


Patera perigraptus is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Polygyridae.

References

Polygyridae


LNFA 2 (initials of Liga Nacional de Fútbol Americano 2) was the name of the second most important american football league in Spain, behind LNFA, and Portugal´s most important at the time.

The league was run by the Spanish Association of American Football (Agrupación Española de Futbol Americano (AEFA) in Spanish language).

It was established in 2004 and folded in 2009.

It was played under nine-man football rules.

History

Last season (2009)
11 teams divided into two conferences competed in the league's last season, in 2009.

Final play-offs

External links
Agrupación Española de Fútbol Americano
European Federation of American Football
International Federation of American Football

Liga Nacional de Fútbol Americano
American football in Portugal
Sports leagues established in 2003
2003 establishments in Portugal
2003 establishments in Spain
Sports leagues disestablished in 2009


Endel Aruja (5 July 1911 – 4 February 2008) was an Estonian physicist specialising in X-ray crystallography, encyclopedian, librarian, supporter of libraries and a long-term Estonian expatriate activist.

Short biography

Aruja was born in Soontaga, Kreis Dorpat, in the Governorate of Livonia, and was initially schooled in his birthplace.  For high school and later, university education, he moved to Tartu.  After earning his M.Sc., he worked in 1938–1939 as a physics laboratory assistant in the Tallinn Technical University, then moved to England, where he received his PhD in 1943.  In 1962, he moved to Canada.

Education
In 1935, Aruja graduated from the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences at the University of Tartu.

In 1938, Aruja successfully defended his M.Sc. thesis.

In 1939, Aruja was granted a scholarship by the British Council and moved to Cambridge, England, where he received his PhD in physics from the Cambridge University in 1943.

Estonian expatriate activism

Aruja participated in founding and running of a number of Estonian organisations in England: the London Estonian Society, which he chaired for six years, the Estonian Association of England and the London Estonian House.  He was the vice chairman of the organising committee of the 1984 ESTO, which was held in Toronto.

Aruja was an active participant of the Baltic Estonian Council, the Baltic Humanitarian Association, the Estonian National Fund () and the Estonian National Council, and he both edited and distributed periodical publications of these organisations.  For this, he set up the publishing house Northern Publications.  He's also written a number of Estonia-themed articles for the Encyclopædia Britannica, appearing among contributors of articles such as Estonia: Independence lost.

Most recently, Aruja was the first secretary of the Tartu Institute in Ontario, Canada from its founding in 1972 until 2004.

Book deliveries

Since 1986, Aruja had been organising supplies Estonian libraries with Estonian books published abroad.  (The libraries had been unable such books during the Soviet occupation due to the Iron Curtain.)  The first major shipment of 160 boxes, weighing about 5000 kg, arrived in 1989.  Eventually, Aruja succeeded in delivering over 7000 boxes of books to various Estonian libraries, including all the major ones.

Collections

As an archivist and librarian, Aruja collected eight roomfuls, totalling about 236 square metres, worth of archival material, resulting in one of the most extensive cultural compendiums of Estonian expatriates.

Awards

In 1990, Endel Aruja was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Tartu; in 1998, the President of Estonia recognised his work by an Order of the White Star of class V, in 2002, he was awarded a medal of service by the Tartu University Library, and in 2003, the corporation Rotalia awarded him an honorary colour band.

Sources
 Baltic Heritage Network: Obituary. Dr Endel Aruja (5.07.1911-4.02.2008) by Piret Noorhani
 Universitas Tartuensis: Endel Aruja in memoriam
 eesti.ca: Dr. Endel Aruja — In Memoriam by Olev Träss

References

1911 births
2008 deaths
People from Tõrva Parish
People from Kreis Dorpat
20th-century Estonian physicists
University of Tartu alumni
Estonian expatriates in Canada
Recipients of the Order of the White Star, 5th Class
Estonian expatriates in the United Kingdom


Eva Ström (born 4 January 1947 in Lidingö, Stockholm County) is a Swedish lyricist, novelist, biographer and literary critic. She made her literary debut in 1977 with the poetry collection Den brinnande zeppelinaren. Ström trained as a physician and worked in the medical profession 1974-1988 before becoming a full-time author.

She was awarded the Nordic Council's Literature Prize in 2003 for the poetry collection Revbensstäderna ("The Rib Cities"). In January 2010, she was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

She is the mother of Karin Ström.

Awards
Nordic Council's Literature Prize 2003
Jan Smrek Prize 2018, Slovakia

References

1947 births
Living people
People from Lidingö Municipality
Swedish women novelists
Swedish women physicians
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Nordic Council Literature Prize winners
Litteris et Artibus recipients
Swedish women poets
20th-century Swedish women writers
21st-century Swedish women writers
20th-century Swedish poets
21st-century Swedish poets
Swedish literary critics
Swedish women literary critics
21st-century Swedish physicians
20th-century Swedish physicians
20th-century women physicians


Linisa tamaulipasensis is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Polygyridae.

Gastropods described in 1857
Polygyridae


Caecilia Metella (died around 80 BC) was a Roman matron at the beginning of the 1st century BC. The daughter of the pontifex maximus Lucius Caecilius Metellus Dalmaticus, she married two of the most prominent politicians of the period, first the princeps senatus Marcus Aemilius Scaurus, then Lucius Cornelius Sulla.

Life
Caecilia belonged to the plebeian family of the Caecilii Metelli, at the time the most important family of the late second century. Her father was Lucius Caecilius Metellus Dalmaticus, consul in 119 BC and pontifex maximus circa 114.

Her first marriage was to Marcus Aemilius Scaurus, an ageing politician at the peak of his power. Scaurus was a patrician, the princeps senatus (leader of the Senate) and a traditional ally of her family. Caecilia bore Scaurus two children: Marcus Aemilius Scaurus and Aemilia.

Following Scaurus' death in 89, Caecilia married Lucius Cornelius Sulla, who was fifty. In his account of the life of Sulla, Plutarch wrote that this was a prestigious marriage for Sulla due to Caecilia being the daughter of the Pontifex Maximus, the high priest of Roman state religion. The marriage was ridiculed by the people and many leading men were dissatisfied because they thought that it was unworthy of Caecilia. She became Sulla's third wife and he married her only a few days after divorcing Cloelia for 'barrenness'. Because of this and despite the fact that Sulla praised Cloelia and gave her gifts, many thought that he had accused her unfairly. However, he always showed Caecilia great deference. Because of this, when Sulla refused the request of the people to restore the exiled supporters of Marius (after Sulla's march on Rome in 88 BC) they asked Caecilia for help. Plutarch wrote that it "was thought also that when [Sulla] took the city of Athens, he treated its people more harshly because they had scurrilously abused Caecilia  from the walls." In another passage, Plutarch specified that the scurrilous abuse against Sulla and Caecilia was from Aristion, the tyrant of Athens.

Sulla had her daughter Aemilia marry to Pompey to forge an alliance with him.

While Sulla was in Greece, the supporters of Gaius Marius seized Rome and perpetrated violence against those of Sulla. Caecilia thus fled with her and Sulla's children with difficulty, informed Sulla that his villas had been burned and offered to help the Optimates (who supported Sulla) at home. After Sulla celebrated his triumph for his victory in Greece, Caecilia bore him twin children, "[Sulla] named the male child Faustus, and the female Fausta; for the Romans call what is auspicious and joyful, 'faustum.'"

While Sulla was devoting a lavish feast in honour of the god Hercules, Caecilia was sick and dying. The priests forbade Sulla "to go near her or to have his house polluted by her funeral." Sulla divorced her and had her taken to another house while she was still alive. In this way he respected the law. Sulla transgressed his laws limiting the expenses of funerals and of banquets, organised a sumptuous funeral and drowned his sorrows in drinking parties and extravagant banquets. Plutarch mentioned that another, unnamed son who died shortly before the death of his mother Caecilia appeared to him in a dream. Plutarch clarified this by saying that when Sulla died he left two young children by Caecilia.

See also
 Women in ancient Rome
 Caecilia gens
 Caecilii Metelli family tree

Notes

References
 Plutarch, Parallel Lives, The Live of Sulla, The Complete Collection of Plutarch's Parallel Lives, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2014; ; see: The Life of Sulla, accessed June 2016.

80s BC deaths
1st-century BC Roman women
Caecilii Metelli
Wives of Sulla


is a song by Japanese rock band Asian Kung-Fu Generation. It was released as the lead single of their second full-length studio album, Sol-fa, on April 4, 2004. With the band's then-newly emerging popularity, the single managed to debut at number two on the Oricon charts. Although the song's B-side, "Siren#," shares a nearly identical title with the single, the two are somewhat different from each other. While both retain the same instrumental, the lyrics and melody of "Siren#" are different from that of "Siren." In a sense, "Siren#" can be considered a continuation or a remix of its A-side.

Music video
The music video for "Siren" and "Siren#" were directed by Toshiaki Toyoda. The video presented a sweeping tour past a suspension bridge and through a city by translucent astral projections of the band. As the end of the song, Masafumi Gotoh walk toward the camera, put his hand in front of it and then he slowly disappeared. For "Siren#", the video presented in the same way as Siren, but with different scenes. The Siren# video ends with Gotoh followed by other members exit from film set.

Track listing

Personnel
Masafumi Gotoh – lead vocals, rhythm guitar
Kensuke Kita – lead guitar, background vocals
Takahiro Yamada –  bass, background vocals
Kiyoshi Ijichi – drums
Asian Kung-Fu Generation – producer
Tohru Takayama – mixing
Mitsuharu Harada – mastering
Kenichi Nakamura – recording
Yusuke Nakamura – single cover art

Charts

References

Asian Kung-Fu Generation songs
2004 singles
Songs written by Masafumi Gotoh
Songs written by Takahiro Yamada (musician)
2004 songs
Ki/oon Music singles


is a song by the Japanese rock band Asian Kung-Fu Generation. It was the second single released from their second full-length studio album, Sol-fa, on May 19, 2004.

The song was used as the theme song for the drama Dame Nari! and, in the following year, it was used in Osu! Tatakae! Ouendan, a Japanese rhythm game released on Nintendo DS.

Music video
The music video for "Loop & Loop" was co-directed by Kazuyoshi Oku and Masafumi Gotoh. The PV takes place within a classroom populated by four young boys. Over the course of the video, the students ride bikes, play jumprope, and pretend to be a band using brooms for guitars. All the while, they listen to headphones and lip-sync the lyrics to the song. In Eizō Sakuhinshū Vol. 1, it showed the boy at the beginning listening to CD called Romance (ロマンス) by Takamitsu Shibuyama (渋山貴光) (Takahiro Yamada's pseudonym) and at the end, it change with Loop & Loop's cover. However, they cut the both scenes in their official Youtube.

Track listing

Personnel
Masafumi Gotoh – lead vocals, rhythm guitar
Kensuke Kita – lead guitar, background vocals
Takahiro Yamada –  bass guitar, background vocals
Kiyoshi Ijichi – drums
Asian Kung-Fu Generation – producer
Tohru Takayama – mixing
Mitsuharu Harada – mastering
Kenichi Nakamura – recording
Yusuke Nakamura – single cover art

Charts

References

Asian Kung-Fu Generation songs
2004 singles
Songs written by Masafumi Gotoh
Japanese television drama theme songs
2004 songs
Ki/oon Music singles


is a song by Japanese rock band Asian Kung-Fu Generation. It was released as the third single of their second full-length studio album, Sol-fa, on August 4, 2004. In 2016, they re-recorded Rewrite along with all songs from Sol-fa and released on November 30, 2016.

Reception
The song experienced immense domestic and international popularity after it was chosen as the fourth and final opening theme of the first Fullmetal Alchemist anime series. Peaking at number four on the Oricon charts, the single sold nearly 150,000 units by the end of the year it was released, making it the 63rd single of the year. It later went on to win Best Anime Theme Song at the 2007 American Anime Awards.

The song is listed on the appendix of Robert Dimery's book 1001 Songs You Must Hear Before You Die (And 10001 You Must Download).

Music video
The music video for "Rewrite" was directed by Kazuyoshi Oku. The video primarily features the band playing in front of enormous speakers. During the song's breakdown, they temporarily levitate in the air. In 2016, they released new music video of Rewrite to promote Sol-fa 2016. The video primarily features the band playing in front of fans and speakers. During the song's breakdown, they drowned in a sea.

Track listing

Personnel
Masafumi Gotoh – lead vocals, rhythm guitar
Kensuke Kita – lead guitar, background vocals
Takahiro Yamada –  bass, background vocals
Kiyoshi Ijichi – drums
Asian Kung-Fu Generation – producer
Tohru Takayama – mixing, recording
Mitsuharu Harada – mastering
Kenichi Nakamura – recording
Yusuke Nakamura – single cover art

Charts

Certifications

Cover versions and media usage
 American rock band, Darling Thieves, covered this song with English lyrics in 2012.
 The song was used for karaoke scene in 2019 Japanese film, Startup Girls.
 Japanese voice actor and singer, Shugo Nakamura, covered this song for cover song project CrosSing and released it in 2022.
 Japanese singer, Nano, covered this song with English lyrics on her 2023 album, NOIXE.

References

2004 singles
2004 songs
Asian Kung-Fu Generation songs
Ki/oon Music singles
Fullmetal Alchemist songs
Songs written by Masafumi Gotoh


Tony Bhullar is a Canadian politician, who represented the electoral district of Surrey-Newton in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia from 2001 to 2005. He sat as a member of the BC Liberal Party.

Electoral record

|-

|-

|NDP
|Param Grewal
|align="right"|3,949
|align="right"|28.93%
|align="right"|
|align="right"|$32,318

|- bgcolor="white"
!align="right" colspan=3|Total Valid Votes
!align="right"|13,649
!align="right"|100.00%
!align="right"|
!align="right"|
|- bgcolor="white"
!align="right" colspan=3|Total Rejected Ballots
!align="right"|92
!align="right"|0.67%
!align="right"|
!align="right"|
|- bgcolor="white"
!align="right" colspan=3|Turnout
!align="right"|13,741
!align="right"|65.51%
!align="right"|
!align="right"|
|}

References

BC United MLAs
Living people
People from Surrey, British Columbia
21st-century Canadian politicians
Independent MLAs in British Columbia
Canadian people of Indian descent
Year of birth missing (living people)


A speed record is a world record for speed by a person, animal, or vehicle. The function of speed record is to record the speed of moving animate objects such as humans, animals or vehicles.

Overall speed record
Overall speed record is the record for the highest average speed regardless of any criteria, categories or classes that all the more specific records belong to, provided that the route was completed. It helps to compare various performances that differ by the type of the craft, vessel or vehicle, the departure and the arrival points (provided that the distances are comparable), number, age and gender of the crew members, departure date, etc. The distance used for calculating the overall speed record is usually the distance in a straight line. In the case of man-powered races, overall speed record doesn't always reflect the best performance. It is highly dependent on technological advantages generating the speed of the craft, vessel or vehicle.

Term Overall Speed Record is also used to compare the highest momentary speed achieved by a vehicle, vessel or craft in the highest land speed, water speed or air speed contest.

Vehicle speed records

 In the air
 Flight airspeed record
 Cross-America flight air speed record
  Manned Spacecraft speed record

 On land
 Land speed record
 Land speed record for rail vehicles
 List of fastest production cars
 Motorcycle land-speed record
 Fastest speed on a bicycle
 British land speed record

 In the water
 Water speed record
 Speed sailing record
 Underwater speed record

Natural speed records
 List of world records in athletics
 List of speed skating records
 Fastest known time
 Fastest animals

See also
Orders of magnitude (speed)
Transport
Transportation engineering
Energy efficiency in transport

References

Velocity
World records


Cryptomastix mullani  is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Polygyridae.

Subspecies
Cryptomastix mullani blandi (Hemphill, 1892)
Cryptomastix mullani clappi (Hemphill, 1897)
Cryptomastix mullani hemphilli (W. G. Binney, 1886)
Cryptomastix mullani latilabris (Pilsbry, 1940)
Cryptomastix mullani olneyae (Pilsbry, 1891)
Cryptomastix mullani tuckeri (Pilsbry and Henderson, 1930)

References

Polygyridae
Gastropods described in 1861
Taxa named by James Graham Cooper


Ancestors was a public television mini-series on family history, (or genealogy). It was produced by KBYU-TV in conjunction with the Family History Library and PBS. It has also been available on DVD.

Episode list

Series one
"Getting Started"
"Looking at Home"
"Gathering Family Stories"
"The Paper Trail"
"Libraries and Archives"
"Census and Military Records"
"African American Research"
"Your Medical Heritage"
"High-Tech Help"
"Leaving a Legacy"

Series two
"Records at Risk"
"Family Records"
"Compiled Records"
"Genealogy and Technology"
"Vital Records"
"Religious Records"
"Cemetery Records"
"Census Records"
"Military Records"
"Newspapers"
"Probate Records"
"Immigration Records"
"Writing a Family History"

External links
Ancestors web page

PBS original programming
Television series about family history


Alpine skiing at the 1992 Winter Paralympics consisted of 48 events, 30 for men and 18 for women.

Medal table

Medal summary
The competition events were:
Downhill: men – women
Super-G: men – women
Giant slalom: men – women
Slalom: men – women

Each event had separate standing, sitting, or visually impaired classifications:

LW2 - standing: single leg amputation above the knee
LW 3 - standing: double leg amputation below the knee, mild cerebral palsy, or equivalent impairment
LW4 - standing: single leg amputation below the knee
LW5/7 - standing: double arm amputation
LW6/8 - standing: single arm amputation
LW9 - standing: amputation or equivalent impairment of one arm and one leg
LW 10 - sitting: paraplegia with no or some upper abdominal function and no functional sitting balance
LW 11 - sitting: paraplegia with fair functional sitting balance
B1 - visually impaired: no functional vision
B2 - visually impaired: up to ca 3-5% functional vision
B3 - visually impaired: under 10% functional vision

Men's events

Women's events

See also
Alpine skiing at the 1992 Winter Olympics

References

 Winter Sport Classification, Canadian Paralympic Committee

1992 Winter Paralympics events
1992
Paralympics


Golden Software LLC is a privately held, American company based in Golden, Colorado.  It develops and markets a small catalog of GIS and scientific software.

Founded in 1983, Golden Software was the first to market three-dimensional surface and contour mapping applications for the PC.

History
Patrick Madison, a CSM computer science instructor, and Dan Smith, a graduate student, began a partnership in 1983 with the development of a printer interface language that took advantage of the full resolution available to dot-matrix printers.

Their first commercial program, PlotCall, transformed plotter instructions into dot-matrix instructions compatible with over 20 commercial printers. This opened the computer graphing and mapping market to the wider arena of users with inexpensive commercial printers.

Between 1985 and 1986 the company released two DOS applications: Surfer, a surface and contour mapping program, and Grapher, a spreadsheet-plotting application.

In 1990 it released its first Windows program: MapViewer.  Their next product, Didger was released in 1996.

Strater, a subsurface log and cross section plotting application, and Voxler, a 3D well and volumetric data visualization application, began shipping in 2004 and 2006 respectively.

In October 2014, General Manager Blakelee Mills became CEO of Golden Software. Patrick Madison remained the company's President, and Dan Smith remained the lead developer.

Golden Software released its newest product, Raster Tools in April 2016. Raster Tools is an add-in for Esri's ArcMap that creates raster data sets from XYZ data.

References

External links

Software companies based in Colorado
Privately held companies based in Colorado
Companies based in Colorado
Software companies of the United States


Triodopsis hopetonensis, common name the magnolia threetooth, is a species of air-breathing land snail, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Polygyridae.

References

 Jacksonville Shell Club site, images and authority & date, also links to original description

Polygyridae
Gastropods described in 1852


State Route 133 (SR 133) is a  mostly multi-lane state highway and is a primary artery through the Florence–Muscle Shoals metropolitan area in the northwestern part of the U.S. state of Alabama.

Route description
SR 133 begins at an intersection with US 72 Alternate/SR 20/SR 157 just south of Muscle Shoals, in Colbert County. Here, the roadway continues as Colbert County Route 57 (CR 57) SR 133 and SR 157 travel concurrently to the north along Wilson Dam Road. They cross over Dry Creek and then enter the city limits of Muscle Shoals. They travel underneath a railroad bridge that carries railroad tracks of Norfolk Southern Railway. After that, they briefly leave the city limits. After they re-enter the city, they intersect Colbert CR 24 (CR 24; 6th Street). The road becomes a six-lane highway at Avalon Avenue. There is an intersection with SR 184 (East 2nd Street) just before a crossing of Pond Creek. They curve to the northwest and then cross the Tennessee River on the Singing River Bridge. They enter Lauderdale County and the city limits of Florence. Almost immediately, SR 133 splits off from SR 157 at an interchange. It travels to the northeast on Veterans Drive. It passes the Shoals Chamber of Commerce and the River Heritage Park. Just after passing Veterans Park, the highway curves to a nearly due north direction. At an intersection with the western terminus of Lauderdale CR 32 (Huntsville Road), SR 133 curves to the north-northwest. It has an intersection with US 43/US 72 (internally designated as SR 2)/SR 13 (Florence Boulevard). The highway curves to the northwest. It begins to travel along the northern edge of Delbert Park; on the northern edge of the park is an intersection with the western terminus of Lauderdale CR 46 (Gresham Road). On the northwestern edge of the park, after SR 133 has curved to a due west direction, it has an intersection with both the southern terminus of Lauderdale CR 47 (Old Jackson Highway South) and the northern terminus of Darby Drive. Just after curving to the west-southwest, it begins a concurrency with SR 17/SR 157 (Helton Drive). Almost immediately, the three highways cross over some railroad tracks of CSX. A short distance later, SR 17 splits off to the north onto Chisolm Road, while SR 133 and SR 157 travel to the southwest. They travel along the northern edge of Cox Creek Park and then curve to the west-northwest. They cross over Cox Creek and immediately split, with SR 157 heading to the north-northwest onto Cloverdale Road, and SR 133 continuing to the west-northwest. SR 133 leaves the city limits of Florence and curves to the southwest. It intersects Lauderdale CR 41 (Jackson Road) and then crosses over Cypress Creek. It curves to the west before curving back to the southwest. It then reaches its northern terminus, an intersection with SR 20 (Savannah Highway/General John Coffee Highway).

History

SR 133 was likely formed around 1927 with the completion of Wilson Dam on the Tennessee River and the opening of it to automobile traffic. At this time, the highway would have started at an old alignment of SR 20 just a few hundred yards north of its current alignment. It followed Wilson Dam Road north through Muscle Shoals to the TVA Reservation. Here, it intersected Reservation Road, which traveled east to the dam. Crossing the dam, it would have entered Florence and followed Wilson Dam Road, just east of the current Cox Creek Parkway alignment. It ended at Huntsville Road, which at the time carried US 72.

In the mid-1950s, US 72 in Florence shifted to a new alignment on Florence Boulevard, about  north of Huntsville Road. It is unclear, but SR 133 may have taken Middle Road to between Huntsville Road and Florence Blvd. to reach US 72. Also around this time, SR 20 south of Muscle Shoals shifted southward to a new routing, extending the route south about .

Big changes occurred in the early 1970s with the construction of Cox Creek Parkway, a northern loop for the city of Florence. The new road placed SR 133 on a four-lane highway for the first time. From Wilson Dam, Cox Creek Parkway replaced Wilson Dam Road to carry SR 133 to Florence Boulevard. From there, the highway was extended some  along the entirety of Cox Creek Parkway.

In 2002, the Singing River Bridge (Patton Island Bridge) opened, forming a new Tennessee River crossing  west of Wilson Dam. As part of a long-term "Patton Island Corridor", SR 133 was shifted to this new six-lane bridge. The move necessitated construction of an overpass on Wilson Dam Road on the TVA Reservation. SR 133's routing on Reservation Road and Wilson Dam itself was removed. After crossing the new bridge into Florence, the route turned east on Veterans Drive to rejoin Cox Creek Parkway just north of Wilson Dam.

Future

As part of the ongoing Patton Island Corridor development, changes will be made to SR 133.

In Lauderdale County, the final extension of the project, from Huntsville Road to Helton Drive, opened on October 16, 2008. This included the opening of an overpass and interchange at the intersection with Florence Boulevard. (US 43/US 72/SR 13). The highway is six lanes from the Patton Island Bridge north to the connection with Helton Drive and its intersection with Hermitage Drive. The routing of SR 133 on this new portion is unclear, however; signage still points SR 133 to Veterans Drive. It is possible that SR 133 will eventually be routed on this new roadway to Helton Drive, then follow Helton Drive to Cox Creek Parkway.

In Colbert County, Wilson Dam Road continues to be upgraded to a multi-lane highway. As of late 2008, the road is six lanes from the Tennessee River south through Muscle Shoals to Avalon Avenue. Plans call for the highway to eventually be four-laned from Avalon Avenue south to SR 20; however, those plans are on hold after landowners' disputed the State of Alabama's offers to purchase their land along the proposed right-of-way.

Major intersections

See also

References

133
Transportation in Colbert County, Alabama
Transportation in Lauderdale County, Alabama
Florence–Muscle Shoals metropolitan area
Florence, Alabama


Eoandromeda is an Ediacaran organism consisting of eight radial spiral arms, and known from two taphonomic modes: the standard Ediacara type preservation in Australia, and as carbonaceous compressions from the Doushantuo formation of China,
where it is abundant.

Morphology

A few dozen fossil specimens are known, ranging from about 1 to 4 cm in diameter; they are circular in outline and their eight arms, with closed ends, spiral either clockwise or counterclockwise.
Ridges cut across both the inside and outside of the spiral arms.  The arms of the Australian individuals are longer and more tightly coiled than those of the Chinese, despite the Australian individuals not attaining as large a diameter; they are more often kinked.

Affinity

The organism was first interpreted as a trace fossil, and has also been considered to represent an agglutinating foraminiferan.  However, the discovery of the Chinese fossils, which have preserved organic matter, ruled out these interpretations, because the Burgess shale type preservation displayed required relatively robust organic material to start with.  Its spiral form has also led to comparison with the fossil embryos also preserved in the Doushantuo formation; the exact purpose still remains out on this until intermediate forms are found.

The organism bears a very superficial resemblance to echinoderms, ctenophores and to some of the other Ediacara biota, but it lacks sufficient physical characteristics to ascertain with any degree of certainty whether it is indeed an animal or not.  If it is, it would be the earliest known fossil of an adult animal; and its anatomy is consistent with that expected from the earliest animals.  However, it is not perfectly clear that it is an animal; algae, the dominant constituent of the Doushantuo biota, cannot be ruled out, except that Eoandromeda seems a little too complex.

Taphonomic significance

In the Ediacaran (Vendian) period there are two biotas of multicellular organisms; as now understood, these biota do not generally share members, as was considered until recently:
 Ediacara-type biota (it is in broad sense: Ediacara-, Nama-, Avalon-type ecological assemblage) it is community of the Metazoa and problematic organisms: Dickinsonia, Yorgia, Kimberella, Charnia, Charniodiscus, Cyclomedusa, Ediacaria, Parvancorina, Pteridinium, Rangea, Fractofusus, Tribrachidium, Hiemalora, palaeopascichnids and others. These organisms mainly are negative and positive imprints on the base of sandstone beds with the "elephant skin" and tubercle texture diagnostic of microbial mats (Ediacara-type preservation), sandy casts in the beds of sandstone (Nama-type preservation), Avalon-type preservation characterized imprints on the top mudstone surface covered by volcanic ash, and in Khatyspyt-type preservation the fossils are found in finely laminated to medium-bedded, nodular bituminous limestones.
Miaohe-type biota characterizes assemblage of algal macrofossils: Beltanelloides, Mezenia, Sinospongia, Jiuqunaoella, Grypania, Liulingjitaenia, Tawuia, Calyptrina, Cucullus and others. These fossils are of the form of flat organic carbonaceous films; it is shadow left by organic matter of the organism flesh (it is looks like of the Burgess shale type preservation).

Trying to relate organisms that are preserved in the two modes is immensely problematic, because they preserve such different parts of organisms; the imprints preserve a casts of the organism's outline, whereas the carbonaceous films display a shadow left by any resistant organic matter. This has made relating the two taphonomic types very difficult: Eoandromeda is one of the few organisms which can convincingly be compared in both taphonomic modes.
Such cases of preservation are known also for organisms related to the Anfesta-Albumares-like fossils from the Doushantuo Formation, for Beltanelloides sorichevae from the Lyamtsa Formation of the White Sea area, Russia and Doushantuo Formation, and possible for Cyclomedusa davidi from Perevalok Formation of the Central Urals.

See also
 List of Ediacaran genera

References

Enigmatic animal taxa
Ediacaran life
Fossils of China


Alpine borane is the commercial name for an organoboron compound that is used in organic synthesis.  It is a colorless liquid, although it is usually encountered as a solution.

Preparation and reactions
This reagent is generated by treating 9-BBN with α-pinene.

This sterically crowded chiral trialkylborane can stereoselectively reduce aldehydes in what is known as the Midland Alpine borane reduction, or simply the Midland reduction.
C8H12B-pinanyl + RCDO → C8H12BOCHDR + (+)-d-pinene

Hydrolysis of the resulting borinic ester affords the alcohol:
C8H12BOCHDR + H2O → C8H12BOH + HOCHDR

It is also effective for the stereoselective reduction of certain acetylenic ketones.

The reaction is proposed to involve formation of an adduct by coordination of the carbonyl oxygen to boron. Intramolecular hydride transfer from the pinane substituent to the carbonyl carbon ensues.

Related reagents
A range of alkyl-substituted borane are specialty reagents in organic synthesis.  Two such reagents that are closely related to Alpine borane are 9-BBN and diisopinocampheylborane.

References

Organoboranes
Reducing agents


"Just Because" is a song by American R&B singer Ginuwine. It was co-written by Greg Lawson and Damon Sharpe and recorded for his third studio album The Life (2001). Production on the track was helmed by Ric Wake, with additional production by Richie Jones. The song was released as the album's second international single in August 2001. "Just Because" reached the top 20 of the New Zealand Singles Chart.

Background
"Just Because" was written by Ginuwine along with Greg Lawson and Damon Sharpe, while production was overseen by Ric Wake. Lawson and Richie Jones were also credited as additional producers. In a 2016 interview, Ginuwine commented on the song: "I hate that song. My label made me do that. There were deals made and I was like 'I’ll do it.' I had to do a video for it too. Have you seen the video? They were trying to make me Pop. Now I see what they were trying to do. Back in the day, I was like 'I want to do this!.' It’s alright though."

Track listing

Notes
 denotes additional producer

Credits and personnel
Credits lifted from the liner notes of The Life.

Ginuwine – vocals, writer
Richie Jones – additional production
Greg Lawson – additional production, writer
Damon Sharpe – writer
Ric Wake – producer

Charts

References

2001 singles
Ginuwine songs
Songs written by Ginuwine
Songs written by Damon Sharpe
Song recordings produced by Ric Wake
Epic Records singles
2001 songs


Temósachic is a town and seat of the municipality of Temósachic, in the northern Mexican state of Chihuahua. As of 2010, the town of Temósachic had a population of 1,841, up from 1,786 as of 2005.

Geography

Climate

References

Notes

Populated places in Chihuahua (state)


The London and North Western Railway (LNWR) Prince of Wales Class  was a class of express passenger locomotive. It was in effect, a superheated version of the Experiment Class 4-6-0.

History
They were introduced in 1911 by Charles Bowen-Cooke. A total of 245 were built for the LNWR, of which 135 were built at Crewe between 1911 and 1919, and unusually for the LNWR, 110 were contracted out: 20 were built by the North British Locomotive Company in 1915–1916, and ninety were built by William Beardmore & Co. in 1921–1922.

The LNWR reused names and numbers from withdrawn locomotives, with the result that the numbering system was completely haphazard. All passed into London Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) ownership on the grouping in 1923. The LMS gave them the power classification 3P. The LMS renumbered them into a more logical series of 5600–5844. A final locomotive was built by Beardmore in February 1924, which was displayed at the British Empire Exhibition that year; the LMS bought it in November 1924, and numbered it 5845. Later most of the class were again renumbered by the addition of 20000 into the 25600–25844 series in 1934–1935 to make room for Jubilee class locomotives. The arrival of Stanier 4-6-0s also displaced them from their work so withdrawals which had started in 1933 meant that by 1939 only 22 remained. Withdrawals were suspended during World War II, but recommenced in 1944, and just six were inherited by British Railways in 1948. In March 1948, the four then remaining (25648 Queen of the Belgians, 25673 Lusitania, 25752 and 25787) were allocated the numbers 58000–3, but were all withdrawn before renumbering could be applied. (The majority of LMS engines had 40000 added to their numbers but doing so would have intruded on the 6xxxx ex-LNER series).

The LNWR also built a suburban pacific tank engine version - the LNWR Prince of Wales Tank Class.

Variations included Belpaire fireboxes from 1924, and outside Walschaerts valve gear was fitted to four engines in 1923–4 and also to no. 5845 from new, to drive the inside cylinders and valves.

None has been preserved.

Accidents and incidents

On 28 September 1934, locomotive No. 25648 was hauling an express train which was in a rear en collision at Winwick Junction, Cheshire. It collided with the rear of a passenger train, hauled by LNWR 5ft 6in Tank Class 2-4-2T No. 6632. 11 people were killed and 19 people were injured.

On 1 January 1946, locomotive No. 25802 was hauling a passenger train that was crashed into by a fish train, hauled by LMS Stanier Class 5 4-6-0 No. 5495, at  station, Staffordshire due to that train being derailed by defective points. Twenty people were killed and 21 were injured.

Named locomotives

 See Named LNWR "Prince of Wales" Class locomotives

Notes

References

Prince of Wales
4-6-0 locomotives
NBL locomotives
William Beardmore and Company locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1911
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
Scrapped locomotives
Passenger locomotives


Patty Sahota is a Canadian politician, who represented the electoral district of Burnaby-Edmonds in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia from 2001 to 2005. She sat as a member of the BC Liberal Party.

Sahota was defeated in her 2005 bid for re-election by Raj Chouhan of the NDP.

Electoral record

|-

|NDP
|Raj Chouhan
|align="right"|10,337
|align="right"|46.71%
|align="right"|

|-

|- bgcolor="white"
!align="left" colspan=3|Total
!align="right"|22,128
!align="right"|100.00%
!align="right"|

External links
 Profile at the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia
 Collection of pictures and information about Patty Sahota

BC United MLAs
Women government ministers of Canada
Members of the Executive Council of British Columbia
Women MLAs in British Columbia
Living people
21st-century Canadian politicians
21st-century Canadian women politicians
Canadian people of Indian descent
Year of birth missing (living people)


Szymon Matuszek (born 7 January 1989) is a Polish professional footballer who plays as a midfielder.

Career

Club
In February 2011, he was loaned to Chojniczanka Chojnice on a half year deal. He returned to Piast Gliwice at the conclusion of the loan spell.

On 4 August 2020, he moved to Miedź Legnica.

On 9 September 2023, Matuszek joined II liga side GKS Jastrzębie on a deal until June 2025.

Honours
Miedź Legnica
I liga: 2021–22

References

External links

1989 births
Sportspeople from Cieszyn
Footballers from Silesian Voivodeship
Living people
Polish men's footballers
Polish expatriate men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Poland men's under-21 international footballers
Jagiellonia Białystok players
Piast Gliwice players
Chojniczanka Chojnice players
Wisła Płock players
Ząbkovia Ząbki players
Górnik Zabrze players
Miedź Legnica players
GKS Jastrzębie players
Ekstraklasa players
I liga players

III liga players
Expatriate men's footballers in Spain
Polish expatriate sportspeople in Spain


Gastrocopta pellucida is a species of minute air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Vertiginidae, the vertigo snails.

Subspecies
Subspecies within this species include:
 Gastrocopta pellucida hordeacella (Pilsbry)
 Gastrocopta pellucida parvidens (MacMillan, 1946) - slim snaggletooth

References

Vertiginidae
Gastropods described in 1840


Biathlon at the 1992 Winter Paralympics consisted of four events for men.

Medal table

Medal summary
The competition event was:
7.5 km: men

The event had separate standing, or visually impaired classifications:

LW2 - standing: single leg amputation above the knee
LW4 - standing: single leg amputation below the knee
LW6/8 - standing: single arm amputation
B1 - visually impaired: no functional vision
B2 - visually impaired: up to ca 3-5% functional vision
B3 - visually impaired: under 10% functional vision

See also
Biathlon at the 1992 Winter Olympics

References

 Winter Sport Classification, Canadian Paralympic Committee

1992 Winter Paralympics events
1992
Paralympics
Biathlon competitions in France


This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Modoc County, California.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Modoc County, California, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in a Google map.

There are 18 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 1 National Historic Landmark.

Current listings

|}

See also

List of National Historic Landmarks in California
National Register of Historic Places listings in California
California Historical Landmarks in Modoc County, California

References

Modoc


Urique (Tarahumara: Urike) is a town and seat of the municipality of Urique, in the northern Mexican state of Chihuahua. As of 2010, the town of Urique had a population of 1,102, up from 984 as of 2005. Located in the southwest corner of the state in the region of the cliffs, the town is at the bottom of the valley Barranca de Urique, formed by the river of the same name, due to its relatively low elevation above sea level (about 550 meters) the climate of Urique is close to tropical.  It's the principal village of the Municipality of Urique.

Geography

Climate

References

Populated places in Chihuahua (state)


Lawrence J. Prelli is Professor and Chair of the Communications Department at the University of New Hampshire. He is known for his book on rhetoric of science, A Rhetoric of Science: Inventing Scientific Discourse (1990), which has been well-reviewed and cited.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
University of New Hampshire faculty


"Tribute to a Woman" is a song by American R&B singer Ginuwine. It was co-written and produced by Troy Oliver along with Cory Rooney for his studio third album The Life (2001). The song was released as the album's fourth and final single and reached number 61 on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.

Background
"Tribute to a Woman" was written by Ginuwine and Troy Oliver, while production was helmed by Oliver along with Cory Rooney. In a 2016 interview, Ginuwine commented on the song: "I love that song. Everybody tells me about that song, especially the women. I just felt women needed a song like that. It was sort of like "Dear Mama" by 2Pac. When I made that one, I was really trying to get all of the power women like Oprah. It didn’t work out, but the thought was there because I was thinking about it."

Track listing

Credits and personnel
Credits lifted from the liner notes of The Life.

Ginuwine – executive producer, vocals, writer
Troy Oliver – producer, writer
Cory Rooney – producer
Vlad the Impaler – mastering

Charts

References

2002 singles
Ginuwine songs
Songs written by Troy Oliver
Songs written by Ginuwine
Song recordings produced by Troy Oliver


Stewart David Yetton (born 27 July 1985) is an English footballer who plays as a striker for, and is assistant-manager at, Southern League Premier South side Truro City.

Career

Early career
Born in Plymouth, Devon, Yetton began his career at Plymouth Argyle in 2003, but found his chances in the first team were limited. After a trial with St Mirren and a month-long loan spell at Weymouth, in which his only appearance was as a substitute in the 3–0 win over St Albans City on 13 November 2004, he moved to Tiverton Town on 11 February 2005. He scored twice on his debut in a 2–0 win at Cirencester Town the following day, and scored ten goals in league and cup during his time at the Devon club.

Truro City
Yetton moved to Truro City late in 2005, with the club then in the South Western League. He proved to be a prolific goalscorer with 200 goals in all competitions by February 2010 as City progressed through the Western League and the Southern League. These included 72 goals during the 2006–07 season (a club record), and six goals in the 8–5 victory over Radstock Town in 2007–08.

Stewart Yetton went on a month's loan at Ivybridge Town at the start of the 2009–10 season for one month to regain fitness from his shoulder injury, scoring four goals in three games. On his first match back from his loan, in the FA Cup Third Qualifying Round, Yetton scored the equaliser for Truro against Mangotsfield United in the 90th minute to earn a replay.

On 20 February 2010, Yetton scored his 200th league goal for Truro City, a late goal against Bedford Town. His total number of goals at that point was greater than the number of games he had played in the league, and he is the record goalscorer at the club.

After five months on the sidelines with a knee injury during the 2012–13 season, Yetton returned to the Truro squad and scored three goals in three games, although the club were relegated from the Conference South. However, his career at Truro was ended after a training ground incident on 18 April 2013, in which City defender Ben Gerring suffered a broken jaw. Yetton was initially suspended until the end of the season, and was linked with a return to Weymouth. In nearly eight years at Truro, he scored 226 goals in 315 league and cup appearances, also scoring in his last game, a 2–1 win at A.F.C. Hornchurch on 13 April. He became a free agent on 2 May and signed for the Terras on 4 May.

Later career
In 2013 Yetton joined Weymouth and scored 27 league goals in 44 league games in his first season with the Terras. In May 2014, Yetton signed a contract to keep him at Weymouth until the end of the 2015–16 season.

Short spells back at Truro City followed, as well as a stint as a player-coach at Plymouth Parkway in 2018. In December 2018, Yetton rejoined Southern League side Tiverton Town.

For the start of the 2019–20 season, Yetton once again rejoined Truro City, as a player and as assistant-manager to Paul Wotton.

Outside football
In August 2011, Yetton took a five-wicket haul on debut for Old Suttonians Cricket Club, helping them to a nine-wicket win.

Honours
Truro City
 FA Vase: 2007
 Southern League Premier Division: 2010–11
 Southern League Division One South & West: 2008–09
 Western League Premier Division: 2007–08
 Western League Division One: 2006–07
 South Western League runner-up: 2005–06
 Cornwall Senior Cup: 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08

References
Infobox statistics
Tiverton Town: Tivvy Archive season reports
Truro City: Official Truro City match programme (20 April 2013)

General

External links

1985 births
Living people
Footballers from Plymouth, Devon
English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Plymouth Argyle F.C. players
Weymouth F.C. players
Tiverton Town F.C. players
Truro City F.C. players
English Football League players


Azmon ( or ; ) is a Biblical site in the Land of Israel marking the western portion of the southern frontier of the Kingdom of Judah before the point where "it went out at the Brook of Egypt".

History
Azmon  is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible books of Numbers () and Joshua ().
According to a researcher of Bedouin culture, biblical Azmon was an oasis known to Arabic-speaking Bedouin as Gusayma, named for the gaysum plant (achillea fragrantissima) which grows abundantly in the region. It appears on the 6th-century Byzantine Madaba Map as Asemona ().

References

Hebrew Bible places


In fluid dynamics the Borda–Carnot equation is an empirical description of the mechanical energy losses of the fluid due to a (sudden) flow expansion. It describes how the total head reduces due to the losses. This is in contrast with Bernoulli's principle for dissipationless flow (without irreversible losses), where the total head is a constant along a streamline. The equation is named after Jean-Charles de Borda (1733–1799) and Lazare Carnot (1753–1823).

This equation is used both for open channel flow as well as in pipe flows. In parts of the flow where the irreversible energy losses are negligible, Bernoulli's principle can be used.

Formulation

The Borda–Carnot equation is

where
 ΔE is the fluid's mechanical energy loss,
 ξ is an empirical loss coefficient, which is dimensionless and has a value between zero and one, 0 ≤ ξ ≤ 1,
 ρ is the fluid density,
 v1 and v2 are the mean flow velocities before and after the expansion.

In case of an abrupt and wide expansion, the loss coefficient is equal to one. In other instances, the loss coefficient has to be determined by other means, most often from empirical formulae (based on data obtained by experiments). The Borda–Carnot loss equation is only valid for decreasing velocity, v1 > v2, otherwise the loss ΔE is zero without mechanical work by additional external forces there cannot be a gain in mechanical energy of the fluid.

The loss coefficient ξ can be influenced by streamlining. For example, in case of a pipe expansion, the use of a gradual expanding diffuser can reduce the mechanical energy losses.

Relation to the total head and Bernoulli's principle

The Borda–Carnot equation gives the decrease in the constant of the Bernoulli equation. For an incompressible flow the result is for two locations labelled 1 and 2, with location 2 downstream to 1 along a streamline:

with
 p1 and p2 the pressure at location 1 and 2,
 z1 and z2 the vertical elevation (above some reference level) of the fluid particle,
 g the gravitational acceleration.
The first three terms on either side of the equal sign are respectively the pressure, the kinetic energy density of the fluid and the potential energy density due to gravity. As can be seen, pressure acts effectively as a form of potential energy.

In case of high-pressure pipe flows, when gravitational effects can be neglected, ΔE is equal to the loss Δ(p + ρv2/2):

For open-channel flows, ΔE is related to the total head loss ΔH as

with H the total head:

where h is the hydraulic head the free surface elevation above a reference datum: h = z + p/(ρg).

Examples

Sudden expansion of a pipe

The Borda–Carnot equation is applied to the flow through a sudden expansion of a horizontal pipe. At cross section 1, the mean flow velocity is equal to v1, the pressure is p1 and the cross-sectional area is A1. The corresponding flow quantities at cross section 2 – well behind the expansion (and regions of separated flow) – are v2, p2 and A2, respectively. At the expansion, the flow separates and there are turbulent recirculating flow zones with mechanical energy losses. The loss coefficient ξ for this sudden expansion is approximately equal to one: ξ ≈ 1.0. Due to mass conservation, assuming a constant fluid density ρ, the volumetric flow rate through both cross sections 1 and 2 has to be equal:

     so

Consequently – according to the Borda–Carnot equation – the mechanical energy loss in this sudden expansion is:

The corresponding loss of total head ΔH is:

For this case with ξ = 1, the total change in kinetic energy between the two cross sections is dissipated. As a result, the pressure change between both cross sections is (for this horizontal pipe without gravity effects):

and the change in hydraulic head h = z + p/(ρg):

The minus signs, in front of the right-hand sides, mean that the pressure (and hydraulic head) are larger after the pipe expansion.
That this change in the pressures (and hydraulic heads), just before and after the pipe expansion, corresponds with an energy loss becomes clear when comparing with the results of Bernoulli's principle. According to this dissipationless principle, a reduction in flow speed is associated with a much larger increase in pressure than found in the present case with mechanical energy losses.

Sudden contraction of a pipe

In case of a sudden reduction of pipe diameter, without streamlining, the flow is not able to follow the sharp bend into the narrower pipe. As a result, there is flow separation, creating recirculating separation zones at the entrance of the narrower pipe. The main flow is contracted between the separated flow areas, and later on expands again to cover the full pipe area.

There is not much head loss between cross section 1, before the contraction, and cross section 3, the vena contracta at which the main flow is contracted most. But there are substantial losses in the flow expansion from cross section 3 to 2. These head losses can be expressed by using the Borda–Carnot equation, through the use of the coefficient of contraction μ:

with A3 the cross-sectional area at the location of strongest main flow contraction 3, and A2 the cross-sectional area of the narrower part of the pipe. Since A3 ≤ A2, the coefficient of contraction is less than one: μ ≤ 1. Again there is conservation of mass, so the volume fluxes in the three cross sections are a constant (for constant fluid density ρ):

with v1, v2 and v3 the mean flow velocity in the associated cross sections. Then, according to the Borda–Carnot equation (with loss coefficient ξ=1), the energy loss ΔE per unit of fluid volume and due to the pipe contraction is:

The corresponding loss of total head ΔH can be computed as ΔH = ΔE/(ρg).

According to measurements by Weisbach, the contraction coefficient for a sharp-edged contraction is approximately:

Derivation from the momentum balance for a sudden expansion

For a sudden expansion in a pipe, see the figure above, the Borda–Carnot equation can be derived from mass- and momentum conservation of the flow. The momentum flux S (i.e. for the fluid momentum component parallel to the pipe axis) through a cross section of area A is – according to the Euler equations:

Consider the conservation of mass and momentum for a control volume bounded by cross section 1 just upstream of the expansion, cross section 2 downstream of where the flow re-attaches again to the pipe wall (after the flow separation at the expansion), and the pipe wall. There is the control volume's gain of momentum S1 at the inflow and loss S2 at the outflow. Besides, there is also the contribution of the force F by the pressure on the fluid exerted by the expansion's wall (perpendicular to the pipe axis):

where it has been assumed that the pressure is equal to the close-by upstream pressure p1.

Adding contributions, the momentum balance for the control volume between cross sections 1 and 2 gives:

Consequently, since by mass conservation :

in agreement with the pressure drop Δp in the example above.

The mechanical energy loss ΔE is:

which is the Borda–Carnot equation (with ξ = 1).

See also

Darcy–Weisbach equation
Prony equation

Notes

References

, 634 pp.
, 634 pp.
, 706 pp.

Equations of fluid dynamics
Fluid dynamics
Hydraulics
Piping


In electrical engineering and computer science, analog image processing is any image processing task conducted on two-dimensional analog signals by analog means (as opposed to digital image processing).
Basically any data can be represented in two types named as
1.Analog
2.Digital
if the pictorial representation of the data represented in analog wave formats that can be named as analog image.
E.g.:
television broadcasting in older days.. through the dish antenna systems..
Where as the digital representation or storing the data in digital form is termed as a digital image processing
E.g.:image data stored in digital logic gates..

References

Image processing


The île d'Or is a private island located at the east of the city of Saint-Raphaël in France, facing the cape of Le Dramont. This small island is composed of porphyry (russet rocks) and surmounted by a tower reminiscent of the Middle Ages said to have been the inspiration for The Black Island in Hergé's The Adventures of Tintin series. Viewed from the sea from the left side of the tower, a rock, commonly thought to resemble the profile of a gorilla, also recalls the comic books of Hergé.

The île d'Or is a "site classé" (a protected geographical formation), since 17 March 1941. The island is included with this status inside the Massif de l'Esterel since 3 January 1996.

Gallery

See also
The îles d'Hyères, in the same region, are also called the îles d'Or (Golden islands).

References

Or
Micronations in France
Private islands of France


Tinklenberg is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 Elwyn Tinklenberg (born 1950), American politician
 Jared Tinklenberg (born 1939), American psychiatrist
 Karla Jurvetson (née Tinklenberg, born 1965/66), American psychiatrist, philanthropist, and political organizer


Colonel Nicholas Spencer, Jr. (1633–1689) was a merchant, planter and politician in colonial Virginia. Born in Cople, Bedfordshire, Spencer migrated to the Westmoreland County, Virginia, where he became a planter and which he represented in the Virginia House of Burgesses. Spencer later served as Secretary and President of the Council of the Virginia Colony, and on the departure of his cousin Thomas Colepeper, 2nd Baron Colepeper in 1683, was named Acting Governor (1683–84), in which capacity Spencer served until the arrival of Governor Lord Howard of Effingham. Spencer's role as agent for the Culpepers helped him and his cousin Lt. Col. John Washington, ancestor of George Washington, secure the patent for their joint land grant of the Mount Vernon estate.

Early life and migration to Virginia
Nicholas Spencer was born to an aristocratic English family long seated at Cople, Bedfordshire. The family was related to the Spencer family of Northamptonshire, with whom they shared a coat of arms. In 1531 the Spencers bought the manor of Rowlands at Cople, which they owned for several centuries. Nicholas Spencer, Sr., father of the Virginia emigrant, and his wife, the former Mary Gostwick, second daughter of Sir Edward Gostwick, 2nd Baronet, had several sons, of these William inherited the family estates but died childless after making his heir his nephew, also William, son of his next-brother Nicholas who had moved to Virginia. Another brother, Robert Spencer later removed from Surry County, Virginia, to Talbot County, Maryland, where his descendants long lived at Spencer Hall, the family plantation.

Nicholas Spencer moved from London to Westmoreland County, Virginia, in the 1650s, where he served as agent for his cousin John Colepeper, 1st Baron Colepeper. Colepeper had inherited his father's share of ownership in the Virginia Company in 1617, and was subsequently knighted and afterwards raised to the peerage. He became the one-seventh proprietor of the Northern Neck of Virginia under the charter of 1649. Colepeper never lived in the colonies, and his son Thomas Culpeper, 2nd Baron Culpeper of Thoresway, who lived at Leeds Castle, did not arrive in Virginia until 1680. In the meantime Nicholas Spencer had come to Virginia to help oversee his cousin John's investment.

Becoming a Virginia administrator and agent

On his arrival in the colony, Spencer secured an appointment as a customs collector, in addition to his post as the administrator of his cousin's Virginia estates. (Spencer's job as agent for his Colepeper cousins included such functionary tasks as seizing 'winter beaver skins' or casks of tobacco for debts owed the Colepeper interests). Spencer and John Washington jointly held the post of customs collector on the Potomac. (After Washington's death in 1679, Spencer was sole customs collector on the Potomac.) He also won his own land grant. But Spencer was, unlikely as it sounds, apparently an efficient administrator on his own, later being appointed to additional posts in Virginia by virtue of his abilities. Spencer was apparently a pragmatic administrator. He was also a hard-nosed capitalist. When it came to slavery, for instance, Spencer weighed the benefits of enslaved labor in a strictly cost-benefit way. "The low price of Tobacco," Spencer wrote, "requires it should bee made as cheap as possible, and that Blacks can make it cheaper than Whites." Spencer's rationale for slavery was probably as succinctly heartless as any committed to paper.

Spencer's role as an aristocratic bureaucrat in the new colony was a tricky one. He was navigating the shoals of dilemmas which have perplexed a nation for centuries. While simultaneously attempting to rationalize slavery, Spencer was also writing to the Privy Council in England about the Virginia Colony's precarious place on the edge of Catholic Maryland. "Unruly and unorderly spirits lay hold of ye motion of affairs," Spencer wrote, "and that under the pretext of Religion, soe as from those false glasses to pretend to betake themselves to Arms... from the groundless Imaginacon (sic) that the few Papists in Maryland and Virginia had conspired to hyre the Seneca Indians, to ye Cutting off, and totall distroying of all ye Protestants."

At the same time, the forces that were propelling the Virginia Colony into the forefront of American economic and social might – primarily the raising of tobacco based on slavery – were simultaneously making Spencer's administrative role tricky. The Virginia colony of the era was, as the eminent colonial historian Edmund S. Morgan wrote, "the volatile society." There were popular uprisings such as Bacon's Rebellion, as well as the tobacco plant-cutting riots. A communication to the Crown in 1674 noted that his opposition to the Bacon Rebellion, for instance, had taken a toll on Spencer's estates. Having done the country "very good service against the Rebells, in that hee affected part of the Country where he resided, and as wee are credibly informed, by his Correspondence here is much Impaired in his Estate by the late Rebells."

In 1682 Spencer wrote to London in the wake of the events roiling Virginia. "Bacon's Rebellion," Spencer told colonial overseers in London, "had left an itching behind it". It was "plaine" that the class tensions stirred by the Rebellion had lingered, with a "mutinous mob" subsequently engaged in "wild and extravagant" rioting, going from farm to farm, tearing tobacco plants out by their roots. The Virginia government reacted harshly with militia patrols and the promise of steep fines. The "frenzy," according to Spencer, destroyed crops on over 200 plantations, and was driven by a glutted tobacco market which had depressed prices. Even the wives, Spencer wrote, took up hoes laid down by their husbands and continued to rip out the plants. Such civil disobedience, Nicholas Spencer saw, was the price paid by colonial administrators acting the foil for the empire's merchants back home.

When taken with symptoms of illness, Spencer wrote to his brother in England outlining his pains, and asked him to consult an English doctor and send him the diagnosis as quickly as possible.

Nor was Spencer's role as his Colepeper cousins' agent an easy job. As landlords of an almost-feudal domain eventually encompassing over five million acres (20,000 km²) in the new colony, the Colepeper Northern Neck grant, eventually passed on to their Fairfax heirs, came to be seen by some colonists as an onerous reminder of English aristocratic privilege. In Colepeper's absence, it fell to their relation Spencer to do the heavy-lifting of collecting rents and taxes on the Colepeper barony.

In the meantime, Spencer married Frances, the daughter of Col. John Mottrom of Coan Hall of Northumberland County, Virginia. Mottrom was likely the first white settler of the Northern Neck in the early seventeenth century. He later served as the first Burgess for Northumberland in 1645, and presided over the county court for four years. Mottrom's daughter and her husband Nicholas Spencer named one of their sons, Mottrom, after John Mottrom. Another Spencer son, William, returned to England for schooling and remained there, serving as a Whig Member of Parliament for Bedfordshire. William Spencer, the son of the Virginia emigrant Nicholas, married Lady Catherine Wentworth, daughter of Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Cleveland. (Following the early death of William, his brother Nicholas Jr. returned to England to succeed to the family estates.)

Nicholas Spencer was prominent in the affairs of the Virginia colony, residing at his plantation on Nomini Creek. Westmoreland County's Cople Parish, the Anglican parish which embraced half the county, was renamed in 1668 to honor Spencer and his English birthplace at Cople. The Spencer family were related to the Washington family in England, and later in Virginia. Col. Spencer patented the  land grant at Mount Vernon with his cousin Lt. Col. John Washington in 1674, with Spencer acting as the go-between in the sale. The successful patent on the acreage was due largely to Spencer, who acted as agent for his cousin Thomas Colepeper, 2nd Baron Colepeper, who controlled the Northern Neck of Virginia, in which the tract lay.

Spencer's business interests and later life

When John Washington died in 1677, his son Lawrence, George Washington's grandfather, inherited his father's stake in the Mount Vernon property. (Following Col. Nicholas Spencer's death, the Washingtons and the Spencers divided the land grant, with the Spencer heirs taking the larger southern half of the Mount Vernon grant bordering Dogue Creek, and the Washingtons the portion along Little Hunting Creek. The Spencer heirs paid Lawrence Washington 2,500 pounds of tobacco as compensation for their choice.) Later the Washingtons bought out the Spencer interest at Mount Vernon.

Aside from acting as agent for the Colepeper interests, Spencer was frequently involved in Virginia Colony business, and he often corresponded with English administrators in London, as well as family members in Bedfordshire and elsewhere. When his cousin Thomas Colepeper departed Virginia in 1683, Spencer was named Acting Governor, in which capacity he served for nine months until the April 1684 arrival of Francis Howard, 5th Baron Howard of Effingham. Because of the early deaths of his brothers, Spencer was the only surviving son of his father Nicholas, and so inherited extensive family estates in Bedfordshire and Huntingdonshire.

Spencer also was left land by other early prominent settlers in Westmoreland County. In a deposition of 1674 by Lt. Col. John Washington, for instance, who was related to the Pope family of Popes Creek, Washington testified that in his will of 24 June 1674, Washington's kinsman Richard Cole had left all his Virginia lands to Nicholas Spencer. Washington "declareth that hee hath heard Mr. Richard Cole Deceased declare that hee had made a will, and given his whole estate to younge Mr. Nicholas Spencer and further saith not." The controversial Richard Cole had also specified that his body be buried on his plantation in a black walnut coffin with a gravestone of English black marble (to be imported for the purpose) and a tombstone whose epitaph read: "Heere lies Dick Cole a grievous Sinner, That died a Little before Dinner, Yet hopes in Heaven to find a place, To Satiate his Soul with Grace."

Nicholas Spencer died in Virginia in 1688. In his will in April 1688, Spencer styled himself "of Nominy in Westmoreland Co. in Virginia." Nicholas Spencer left five sons: William, Mottrom, Nicholas Jr., John, and Francis (to whom his father left Mount Vernon). Spencer probably had at least two daughters, Elizabeth Spencer and Lettice Barnard to whom Mottrom Spencer referred to in his will as "my sister Mrs. Lettice Barnard" In his will, filed with the English courts at Canterbury, Col. Spencer named his "singular good friends Coll. Isaac Allerton of Matchotick, Capt. George Brent of Stafford Co. (former Governor of Maryland), and Capt. Lawrence Washington" to serve as trustees of his estates. Capt. Washington, named by Spencer as a trustee, was the younger brother of Lt. Col. John Washington and was born in 1635. He and the other trustees named by Col. Spencer in his will received forty shillings for mourning rings.

Following Nicholas Spencer's death, the family's  plantation at Nomini in Westmoreland was sold. In 1709 Robert Carter purchased the Spencer property from the heirs of Col. Spencer for £800 sterling, marking the end of the Spencer family's residence in Westmoreland, and delineating the future site of Nomini Hall, the Carter family seat in Westmoreland occupying the former Spencer estate.

The English branch of the family continued to live in Bedfordshire, where members of the family served in Parliament and were large landowners. The Spencer family continued to hold its land at Cople, Bedfordshire, until the nineteenth century. "The Spencers' Cople estates," according to the Bedfordshire County Council, "were bought by Francis Brace for the Dowager Duchess of Marlborough, and the manor still was known as Rowlands when part of the Duke of Bedford’s estate at the start of the 19th century."

References

External links
  Deed to Col. Nicholas Spencer and Lt. Col. John Washington, Mount Vernon, George Washington as an Inventor and Promoter of the Useful Arts, Joseph Meredith Toner, Washington Patent Centennial Celebration 1891, D. C., Gedney & Roberts Co., 1892
 George Washington's Survey of Mount Vernon, 1–2 October 1759, George Washington's Mount Vernon Estate & Gardens

Sources
 Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America (), David Hackett Fischer, Oxford University Press, 1989
 Big Chief Elizabeth: The Adventures and Fate of the First English Colonists in America, Giles Milton, Macmillan, New York, 2001
 American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia, Edmund S. Morgan, W. W. Norton & Co. (reissue), 2003
  Cople, A History of the County of Bedford, Vol. 3, William Page (ed.), Victoria County History, British History Online, british-history.ac.uk

1633 births
1689 deaths
Colonial governors of Virginia
People from Cople
House of Burgesses members
People from Westmoreland County, Virginia
Virginia colonial people
English merchants
English emigrants
American planters
Colonial American merchants


Sheila Orr (born 1949 or 1950) is a Canadian politician, who represented the electoral district of Victoria-Hillside in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia from 2001 to 2005. She sat as a member of the BC Liberal Party.

Electoral record

References

External links
 Profile at the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia

BC United MLAs
Politicians from Victoria, British Columbia
Women MLAs in British Columbia
Living people
Candidates in the 2006 Canadian federal election
Liberal Party of Canada candidates for the Canadian House of Commons
21st-century Canadian women politicians
Year of birth uncertain
Year of birth missing (living people)


FG Sagittae is a supergiant star in the constellation Sagitta at a distance of 4000 light-years. When first noted in 1943, it was identified to be a variable star, and it was found to be a hot, blue star of stellar spectral type B in 1955. Since then it has expanded and cooled, becoming a yellow G-type star by 1991, and then further cooling to become an orange K-type star. It started to pulsate when becoming an A-type star with a period of 15 days. This period later increased to over 100 days.

Since 1992 the star has exhibited fadings and recoveries similar to that of a R Coronae Borealis variable star; this behavior is emphasized by a hydrogen deficiency typical for this class of stars. It has been proposed that this star has undergone a late thermal pulse (LTP) of helium fusion after having left the asymptotic giant branch (AGB) to move towards the hottest end of the "white dwarf cooling track". This thermal pulse is believed to have revived this aged star to once again, for a short time, behave as an AGB star.

FG Sagittae is the central star of the planetary nebula Henize 1-5.

Observations

In 1943, a star designated AN 377.1943 was discovered to be a previously-unknown variable star.  It was designated CSV 5066 as a suspected variable, and then FG Sagittae as a confirmed variable star.  At the time, its variations were described as being irregular, but it was soon noted that the average brightness was steadily increasing.  It brightened by about two magnitudes between 1943 and 1970, and then began to fade.  Examination of old photographic observations found that the star had been brightening since at least 1900, with extrapolations suggesting that the minimum had occurred around 1880.  As it faded, FG Sagittae began to show periodic variations, at first a period of 80 days, but increasing to 130 days.  In 1992, the periodic variations ceased and the brightness decreased by five magnitudes in only two months.  Since then, it has continued to show occasional deep fading events, appearing much like an R Coronae Borealis star.

The spectrum of FG Sagittae when it was first noted as a variable star was that of a blue supergiant.  The first reliable spectral class is B0 in 1930.  Extrapolation of the brightness and colour indices suggest it may have been an O3 star in 1890.  It then steadily cooled, with the spectral class becoming as late as K2 in the 1980s.  The spectral class has since stayed as a G or K type supergiant, but there have been dramatic changes.  The abundances of various elements have either increased or decreased: s-process elements became at least 25 times more abundant between 1967 and 1974; iron peak elements became less visible; and carbon-rich dust became strongly visible after 1992.  Observations of the spectrum after 1992 are hindered by the dust formation, but the s-process and rare earth elements appear to have continued becoming more abundant.

Planetary nebula
There is a very faint visible planetary nebula, Henize 1-5, around FG Sagittae, around visual magnitude 23.  This formed when FG Sagittae first left the asymptotic giant branch.  FG Sagittae is now losing mass at about  every million years and a dust shell has formed around the star.  This may form a second planetary nebula.

Evolution
The effective temperature of FG Sagittae in 1930 would have been about , possibly as hot as  in 1890, then cooling to about  by 1975.  Detailed analysis of the spectral energy distribution during the 1980s show a slow decrease in temperature to as low as .  During the deep fades since 1992, even lower temperatures have been calculated, but these may represent observations of obscuring dust rather than the surface of the star itself.

The bolometric luminosity of FG Sagittae increased steadily from around  at the end of the 19th century to over  by 1965.  The luminosity then became more or less stable until 1992.  As the star cooled and became more luminous, its radius increased from around  in 1900 to about  by 1992.

When the star faded in 1992, it was obscured by dust formation and comparisons of temperature and luminosity became more difficult.  The visual luminosity dropped by about five magnitudes, but the infrared brightness increased by a comparable amount.  Models of the dust around the star suggest that the luminosity dropped sharply for a few hundred days as dust formed and was heated, but the underlying stellar luminosity was essentially constant and remained constant until at least 2001.

The underlying properties of FG Sagittae changed on a timescale almost unheard-of for a star, from a small very hot post-asymptotic giant branch star becoming a white dwarf, to a hot supergiant and then a cool supergiant.  This is believed to have been due to a helium flash in a shell that had previously been inactive since the star left the asymptotic giant branch.  This is known as a late thermal pulse or very late thermal pulse, depending on the exact timing.  Models approximate the behaviour of FG Sagittae although there are still detailed discrepancies.

See also
 Sakurai's Object, also known as V4334 Sgr, another presumed late thermal pulsing object.
 V605 Aquilae.

References

External links
 AAVSO Variable Star of the Month. FG Sagittae: June 2008
 AAVSO Variable Star of the Month. FG Sagittae: November 1998

Variable stars
Sagitta
Sagittae, FG
Supergiants
099527
J20115606+2020044
Emission-line stars


Stamatis Kraounakis ( ; born 25 December 1955) is a Greek music composer, music producer, lyricist, writer and director. He was born and lives in Athens and has studied Political Science in Panteion University. He has composed music for more than 40 albums and 50 theatre plays.

Biography
Kraounakis studied music with Klelia Terzakis and made his first appearance in 1978, writing the music for the album To Spiti Tou Agamemnona. One year earlier he had made his debut in theatre, with the music for the performance Varieme (1977). In 1981 he made his first big collaboration, with the music for the album Skouriasmena Hilia (Σκουριασμένα χείλια) performed by Vicky Mosholiou.

In Panteion University Kraounakis met the poet Lina Nikolakopoulou, with whom he produced more than 80% of his work. In October 1985 they created and released the album Kikloforo Ki Oploforo with Alkistis Protopsalti as leading singer.

Since 1982 Kraounakis has collaborated with a number of important Greek singers, including Manolis Mitsias, Dimitra Galani, Tania Tsanaklidou, Eleftheria Arvanitaki. He also introduced new singers through collaborations, including Kostas Makedonas, Dimitris Basis, Stelios Dionisiou, and Polina Misailidou.

In 1997 he accepted the position of artistic director at the Municipal Theater of the city of Kavala, where he directed three significant productions - Ktistes by Giorgos Chimonas, Gro Plan by Giorgos Maniotis, and Aristophanes' Plutus under the direction of Nikos Mastorakis.

In 1998, Kraounakis directed a group of young actors called Speira Speira, which successfully performed the All in Black and a Piano show from October 1999 to April 2001.

In 2000 his music for the movie of Nikos Panagiotopoulos Afti I Nihta Menei won the National Award in Thessaloniki Film Festival, while his music for the TV series Istera Irthan I Melisses won the Award for Best Music in the Television Awards. In 2002 his music for the movie Kourastika Na Skotono Tous Agapitikous Sou (Tired of Killing Your Lovers) won the Arion Award for Best Soundtrack.

During 2004 Stamatis Kraounakis composed the music for Delivery, as well as music for Aristophanes' Ploutos for the Athens Festival in Epidavros. In May 2004 he was invited by the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London to compose music for the project "Installation 496".

He has written the theme song for one of the most popular TV series in Greece, Maria, i Aschimi, the Greek version of Ugly Betty.

In 2010 he voiced Louis the alligator in the Greek language version of The Princess and the Frog.

In an interview given in August 2020 edition of antivirus magazine, Kraounakis came out as LGBT, emphasizing that although as an artist he belongs to the whole world, he was always a part [of the LGBT], "I'm panerotic. I could fall in love with a 90-year-old person and devote myself to them, whether they are a man or a woman."

Discography
 Album discography: 60 albums and 14 collaborations
 Shows: Music for 20 shows and 1 ballet
 Theatre: Music for 54 performances (31 contemporary theatre, 9 comedies, 8 Ancient Greek drama, 6 children theatre)
 Cinema: Music for 4 films
 Television: Music for 6 TV series

References

External links
Official website

Living people
1955 births
Greek film score composers
Male film score composers
Greek LGBT composers
Greek LGBT musicians
Greek male songwriters
Pansexual musicians
Musicians from Athens
Panteion University alumni
Thessaloniki Song Festival entrants


Heterophile antigens are antigens of similar nature, if not identical, that are present in different tissues in different biological species, classes, or kingdoms. Usually different species have different antigen sets, but the hetereophile antigen is shared by different species. Other heterophile antigens are responsible for some diagnostic serological tests such as:
Weil-Felix reaction for typhus fever
Paul Bunnell test for infectious mononucleosis
Cold agglutinin test in primary atypical pneumonia

Chemically, heterophile antigens are composed of lipoprotein-polysaccharide complexes. There is a possibility of there being identical chemical groupings in the structure of mucopolysaccharids and lipids.
Example: Forssman antigen, cross reacting microbial antigen
so antibodies to these antigens produced by one species cross react with antigens of other species. It is widely present  in some plants bacteria animal and birds. However  it is not present  in rabbit.  Therefore antibodies are produced in rabbit serum by injecting the antigen (antiforssman antibodies).

References

Antibodies
Immunology
Antigens


Radical skepticism (or radical scepticism in British English) is the philosophical position that knowledge is most likely impossible. Radical skeptics hold that doubt exists as to the veracity of every belief and that certainty is therefore never justified. To determine the extent to which it is possible to respond to radical skeptical challenges is the task of epistemology or "the theory of knowledge".

See also
Pyrrhonism
Cratylism
Epistemological nihilism
Nihilism
Skepticism
Ajñana

References

Leavitt, Fred (2021) If Ignorance is Bliss We Should All be Ecstatic. Open Books

Notes
The Epistemology Page

Skepticism