William Lindsay Scruggs  (September 14, 1836 – July 18, 1912) was an American author, lawyer, and diplomat. He was a scholar of South American foreign policy and U.S. ambassador to Colombia and Venezuela. He played a key role in the Venezuela Crisis of 1895 and helped shape the modern interpretation of the Monroe Doctrine.

Early life and ambassadorships
William L. Scruggs was born in Nashville in 1836. He was a lawyer and journalist in addition to being a diplomat.

Scruggs was U.S. Minister to Colombia from July 24, 1873, to October 26, 1876, and again from July 19, 1882, to December 15, 1885.  In 1884 he became known as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary,
Colombia. Previously his title was simply Minister Resident, Colombia.

Scruggs was U.S. Minister to Venezuela from  May 30, 1889, to December 15, 1892.  In  1889 he became known as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary, Venezuela. Scruggs appeared to resign his ambassadorship to Venezuela in December 1892, but in fact had been dismissed by the US for bribing the President of Venezuela.

Venezuela lobbyist

In 1893 Scruggs was recruited by the Venezuelan Government to operate on its behalf in Washington, D.C., as a lobbyist and legal attache. As a lobbyist, Scruggs published the pamphlet entitled British Aggressions in Venezuela: The Monroe Doctrine on Trial. In the pamphlet, he attacked "British aggression" claiming that Venezuela was anxious to arbitrate over the Venezuela/British Guiana border dispute of territory at west of Essequibo river limited by Schomburgk Line. Scruggs also claimed that British policies in the disputed territory violated the Monroe Doctrine of 1823. It was this relationship that eventually led to his service as Special Counsel before the Boundary Commission, three years later.

Scruggs collaborated with Georgian compatriot Congressman Leonidas Livingston to propose House Resolution 252 to the third session of the 53rd Congress of the United States of America. The bill — written by Scruggs — recommended Venezuela and Great Britain settle the dispute by arbitration. President Grover Cleveland signed it into law on February 20, 1895, after passing both houses of the United States Congress. The vote had been unanimous.
The president Cleveland adopted a broad interpretation of the Monroe Doctrine that did not just simply forbid new European colonies but declared an American interest in any matter within the hemisphere. British prime minister Lord Salisbury and British ambassador to the US Lord Pauncefote both misjudged the importance the American government placed on the dispute. The key issue in the crisis became Britain's refusal to include the territory east of the Schomburgk Line in the proposed international arbitration.

By December 17, 1895, President Cleveland delivered an address to the United States Congress which was perceived as direct threat of war with Great Britain if the British did not comply with Venezuelan demands (now openly championed by the United States). Almost immediately after Cleveland's statement to the United States Congress, the US military was put on combat alert for a potential war with Great Britain. Ultimately Britain backed down and tacitly accepted the US right to intervene under the Monroe Doctrine. This US intervention forced Britain to accept arbitration of the entire disputed territory.

On December 18, 1895, Congress approved $100,000 for the United States Commission on the Boundary Between Venezuela and British Guiana. It was formally established on January 1, 1896. Jose Andrade, the Venezuelan Minister to Washington, on February 26, 1896, announced that Scruggs had been appointed by the Venezuelan President as his "agent charged with submitting information" to the United States Venezuela Boundary Commission, and to present "reports relative to the titles and rights of Venezuela." An Arbitration Tribunal was agreed between the US and Britain in 1896, and this concluded in 1899 in Paris (France). The Schomburgk Line was re-established as the border between British Guiana and Venezuela, which had been set in 1835. The Anglo-Venezuelan boundary dispute asserted for the first time a more outward-looking American foreign policy that marking the United States as a world power. This is the earliest example of modern interventionism under the Monroe Doctrine in which the USA exercised its claimed prerogatives in the Western Hemisphere.

By standing with a Latin American nation against European colonial powers, Cleveland improved relations with the United States' southern neighbors, but the cordial manner in which the negotiations were conducted also made for good relations with Britain. However, by backing down in the face of a strong US declaration of a strong interpretation of the Monroe Doctrine, Britain tacitly accepted the Doctrine, and the crisis thus provided a basis for the expansion of US interventionism in the [Americas]. Leading British historian Robert Arthur Humphreys later called the boundary crisis "one of the most momentous episodes in the history of Anglo-American relations in general and of Anglo-American rivalries in Latin America in particular."

Later life
Scruggs retired to Atlanta, Georgia, where he died July 18, 1912. He was buried in Westview Cemetery.

Bibliography
 "Restriction of the Suffrage". The North American Review, vol. 139, issue 336 (1884)
 "Blundering American Diplomacy". The North American Review, vol. 145, issue 370 (September 1887)]
 British Aggressions in Venezuela: The Monroe Doctrine on Trial (pamphlet, 1895)
 Fallacies of the British Blue Book on the Venezuela Question (pamphlet, 1896)
 The Guyana Boundary Dispute: Important testimony by an English geographer. The Essequibo River recognized by England as the frontier line between Venezuela and British Guiana as late as 1822 (pamphlet, 1896)
 Lord Salisbury's mistakes (pamphlet, 1896)
 The Venezuelan question: British aggressions in Venezuela, or The Monroe doctrine on trial; Lord Salisbury's mistakes; Fallacies of the British "blue book" on the disputed boundary (book, collected works, 1896)
 Case of Venezuela: Brief concerning the question of boundary between Venezuela and British Guiana (book, 1898)
 The Colombian and Venezuelan Republics, with notes on other parts of Central and South America (book, 1900)
 The Monroe doctrine: Whence it came, what it is, and what it is not (pamphlet 1902)

References

Further reading
 Grenville, John A. S. and George Berkeley Young. Politics, Strategy, and American Diplomacy: Studies in Foreign Policy, 1873-1917 (1966) pp 125–57 on "The diplomat as propagandist: William Lindsey Scruggs, agent for Venezuela"

External links
United States Department of State website listing

1836 births
1912 deaths
1895 in the United States
19th-century American diplomats
Ambassadors of the United States to Colombia
Ambassadors of the United States to Venezuela
Diplomats from Nashville, Tennessee
Writers from Atlanta


Nathan "Tossy" Spivakovsky ( – July 20, 1998), a Jewish, Russian Empire-born, German-trained violin virtuoso, was considered one of the greatest violinists of the 20th century.

Biography
Tossy Spivakovsky was born in Odessa, which in 1906 was still part of the Russian Empire. Under the increasing threat of pogroms his family moved to Berlin, where he studied with Arrigo Serato privately and later with Willy Hess at the Berliner Hochschule für Musik. A violin prodigy, he gave his first recital at age 10. Together with his elder brother Jacob "Jascha" (1896–1970), a renowned concert pianist, Tossy made his first European concert tour at age 13, performing as soloist with orchestras in a number of countries including Holland, England, Norway, Sweden, and Denmark, in 1919, where the brothers played for Danish royalty. At only 18, after being talent spotted by Wilhelm Furtwängler, Spivakovsky became the youngest concertmaster hired by the Berlin Philharmonic. Two years later he left to pursue a solo career in Europe.

During the 1920s, he and his brother Jascha performed together as the Spivakovsky Duo. In 1930, Tossy and Jascha established the highly acclaimed Spivakovsky-Kurtz Trio together with cellist Edmund Kurtz. The trio was on a tour of Australia in 1933 when the Nazi Party took power in Germany, temporarily ending Spivakovsky's European career. As a result he remained in Melbourne, Australia. He sent a marriage proposal by telegram to a girl he had met in Germany, Dr. Erika Lipsker (or Zarden), philologist and Renaissance historian, who soon sailed to Melbourne and became his wife of 63 years. All three members of the Spivakovsky-Kurtz trio joined the teaching staff of the University of Melbourne Conservatorium of Music.

The youngest of nine, Spivakovsky belonged to a musical as well as artistic family. His eldest brother Simeon, a photographer and sculptor, also produced fine drawings. His brother Albert, a distinguished pianist, also played the cello and conducted orchestras in Germany and Denmark. Another brother, the violinist and cellist Isaac 'Issy' (1902–1977), who had studied violin under Willy Hess, and cello with Hugo Becker and Gregor Piatigorsky, also migrated to Australia in 1934, and for 28 years (1937–1965) taught violin, viola and cello at Scotch College, Melbourne. Adolf (1891–1958), a bass-baritone, also migrated to Melbourne in 1934 and taught at the University Conservatorium where his students included the sopranos Glenda Raymond and Sylvia Fisher. Of Spivakovsky's three sisters—Claire, Esfira and Betty—Claire and Betty were said to have had fine singing voices.

In 1939, Spivakovsky migrated to the United States on the S.S. Monterey with his wife and baby daughter, and settled in New York, New York. In 1940, he made his New York debut at Town Hall. He became concertmaster of the Cleveland Orchestra in 1942, under Artur Rodziński, in that capacity also often performing as soloist. In 1943, Rodziński invited him to present the premiere United States performance of Bartók's Violin Concerto No. 2 in Cleveland, Ohio. Spivakovsky subsequently gave this work its first performances in New York and San Francisco. Bartók himself described Spivakovsky's New York performance of his violin concerto as "first rate". His rendition of this concerto, which elicited extraordinary critical acclaim, launched his U.S. career as soloist. According to the critic Alfred Frankenstein of the San Francisco Chronicle, Spivakovsky's was "The finest violin playing of a generation!" The critic Virgil Thomson of the New York Herald Tribune wrote: "Such unfailing nobility of tone, such evenness of coloration through the scale and, most extraordinary of all, such impeccable pitch...left one a little gasping." "Was this the best since Heifetz," asked Frankenstein after a 1948 performance of the Bartók Violin Concerto, "or was this just the best, period?" Following Spivakovsky's New York performance of the violin concerto by Gian Carlo Menotti, a review appearing in the May 3, 1954 edition of Time stated: "As always, his tone was luxuriant, his pitch impeccable, and he brought the music to full-blooded life." The same article referred to Spivakovsky as "one of the most brilliant violinists alive."

Spivakovsky was soloist in the premiere performances of Leon Kirchner's Sonata Concertante and David Diamond's Canticle and Perpetual Motion. Accompanied by the New York Philharmonic Orchestra, he gave the New York premieres of violin concerti by Frank Martin and Carl Nielsen. He composed his own cadenzas for the Beethoven violin concerto that were published in 1964 by Breitkopf & Härtel, Wiesbaden, No. 6460.  He also composed cadenzas for all five Mozart violin concerti that were published in 1967 by Wilhelm Zimmermann, Frankfurt am Main. For more than four decades, represented by Columbia Artists Management, he travelled extensively throughout the U.S., Canada, South America, Israel, and Europe giving solo performances. He also found time to teach violin and chamber music at the Juilliard School in New York City from 1974 to 1989.

In order to draw from his instrument the richest, most brilliant tone possible, Spivakovsky developed an innovative method of bowing that was described in detail in a book entitled "The Spivakovsky Way of Bowing," by Gaylord Yost. In a lifelong effort to perform his repertoire just as the composers wished their music to be performed, he sought and researched their original sheet music. When he made the discovery that Bach wanted certain chords in his solo violin works played without arpeggiation, he wrote an article entitled "Problem of Arpeggiation in Bach's Music for Solo Violin" that was published in the February 1954 issue of Musical America. A later article by Spivakovsky, entitled "Polyphony in Bach's Works for Solo Violin," published in 1967 in The Music Review, Vol. 28, No. 4, provides the evidence for Bach's preference. Upon hearing, in 1957, a recording by Emil Telmányi of Bach's works for solo violin played with a curved bow, Spivakovsky purchased a VEGA BACH-Bow from Knud Vestergaard of Denmark for himself. Using the curved bow for Bach enabled him from then on to execute the whole four-string chords of the Bach sonatas and partitas with greater ease and sonority. In a spoken introduction to his live performance of the "Chaconne," now released by DOREMI, Spivakovsky explained his motivation for the use of the curved bow.

Honorary doctorates
Fairfield University, Fairfield, Connecticut, April 26, 1970
The Cleveland Institute of Music, Cleveland, Ohio, June 5, 1975

LP recordings

For the following LP recordings, Tossy Spivakovsky's violin, which he sold in 1972, was The Macmillan Stradivari of 1721:

 J.S. Bach, Sonata No. 1 in G minor, unaccompanied, on Columbia LP Masterworks, 1950.
 Bartók, Violin Sonata No. 2, Roumanian Dances, with Artur Balsam, piano, on Concert Hall Society. This was the first studio recording of Bartók's Violin Sonata No. 2 with Artur Balsam, issued in late 1947. (The earlier version by the composer accompanying Joseph Szigeti was a live performance, and only issued later.)
 Beethoven, Violin Sonata No. 8 in G major, Op. 30, with Robert Cornman, piano, on Columbia LP Masterworks, 1950.
 Beethoven, Violin Sonata No. 10 in G major, Op. 96, with Rudolf Firkusny, piano, on Columbia LP Masterworks, 1951.
 Leon Kirchner, Concerto for Violin, Cello, 10 Winds & Percussion, conducted by the composer with Aldo Parisot, cello, on Epic Stereorama.
 Menotti, Violin Concerto, conducted by Charles Munch with the Boston Symphony Orchestra on RCA Victor, 1952.
 Leroy Robertson, Violin Concerto, conducted by Maurice Abravanel with the Utah Symphony Orchestra on Vanguard.
 Sibelius, Violin Concerto in D minor conducted by Tauno Hannikainen with the London Symphony Orchestra on Everest.
 Stravinsky, Violin Concerto, conducted by Maurice Abravanel with the Utah Symphony Orchestra on Vanguard.
 Tchaikovsky, Violin Concerto in D major, conducted by Walter Goehr with the London Symphony Orchestra on Everest.

Recordings on CD

 Bartók Violin Concerto #2 on CD #6 of "Pierre Monteux in Boston" set: "Treasure of Concert Performances 1951–1958" on CODAEX Records.
 Collection of short pieces by Bazzini, Mouret, Raff, Gluck, Bloch, Kreisler, Paganini, Dvořák, Beethoven, Brahms, Wieniawski, Sarasate on PEARL, Pavilion Records LTD. (Reissued from a number of Spivakovsky's recordings that were made on the Parlophone and Decca labels during the 1920s. He was accompanied on the piano by his brothers Jascha and Albert.)
 Paganini 24 Caprices for Violin & Piano, with Lester Taylor, piano, on Omega Record Group, Inc.
 Sibelius Violin Concerto conducted by Tauno Hannikainen with the London Symphony Orchestra on Omega, Everest Record Group, Inc.
 Stravinsky Violin Concerto conducted by Maurice Abravanel with the Utah Symphony Orchestra on Vanguard Classics, Omega Record Group, Inc.
 Tchaikovsky Violin Concerto conducted by Walter Goehr with the London Symphony Orchestra on Vanguard Classics, Omega Record Group, Inc.

Live recordings on CD

Production, restoration and remastering from reel-to-reel tapes and acetate, by DOREMI

 Bach Chaconne for violin solo from Partita No. 2, Live Broadcast, performed with a VEGA BACH-Bow, Swedish Radio, Stockholm, January 26, 1969
 Beethoven Violin Concerto New York Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Amerigo Marino, December 21, 1963
 Brahms Violin Concerto New York Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Josef Krips, December 7, 1961
 Mendelssohn Violin Concerto New York Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Paul Paray, November 17, 1956
 Bartók Violin Concerto No. 2 New York Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Artur Rodziński, originally recorded on acetate, October 14, 1943
 Prokofiev Violin Concerto No. 2 New York Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Thomas Schippers, November 19, 1959
 Martin, Frank Violin Concerto New York Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Robert La Marchina, December 19, 1963
 Tchaikovsky Violin Concerto Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Nils Grevillius, February 8, 1960
 Schuman, William Violin Concerto Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Lukas Foss, January 23, 1966

Notes

Sources

 Jascha Spivakovsky, Australian Dictionary of Biography
 obituary, The New York Times, July 27, 1998
 Music web international

External links
   Film of Tossy Spivakovsky, playing in 1950.

1906 births
1998 deaths
American classical violinists
Jewish classical violinists
Male classical violinists
American male violinists
Odesa Jews
American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to Germany
German emigrants to Australia
Australian emigrants to the United States
Academic staff of the University of Melbourne
Juilliard School faculty
20th-century classical violinists
20th-century American musicians
20th-century American male musicians
20th-century American violinists


Best Moves is the first compilation album by Chris de Burgh, released by A&M Records in 1981. It includes songs from his first five studio albums as well as new tracks, "Every Drop of Rain" and "Waiting for the Hurricane". It was the first de Burgh album to chart in the UK, entering on 12 September 1981, peaking at number 65 and staying on the chart for four weeks.

Track listing
All songs written by Chris de Burgh.

"The Traveller" – 4:09
"Every Drop of Rain" (previously unreleased) – 3:33
"In a Country Churchyard [Let Your Love Shine On]" – 3:52
"Patricia the Stripper" – 3:30
"Satin Green Shutters" – 5:02
"Spanish Train" – 5:00
"Waiting for the Hurricane" (previously unreleased) – 4:11
"Broken Wings" (live version) – 3:20
"Lonely Sky" – 3:52
"A Spaceman Came Travelling" – 5:10
"Crusader" – 8:48

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications and sales

References

External links
 The Official Chris de Burgh Website

Chris de Burgh albums
1981 greatest hits albums
A&M Records compilation albums


Henshall is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Alex Henshall (born 1994), English footballer
Audrey Henshall (born 1927), British archaeologist
Daniel Henshall (born 1982), Australian actor
Douglas Henshall (born 1965), Scottish actor
Hugh Henshall (1734-1816), English civil engineer
Horace Henshall (1889-1951), English footballer
James Henshall (1907-1969), English footballer
James Alexander Henshall (1836-1925), American author
John Henry Henshall (1856-1928), English artist
May Dexter Henshall (1867–1962), American educator, clubwoman, and librarian
Nicholas Henshall (born 1962), Anglican dean
Michael Henshall, English Church of England bishop
Paul Henshall (born 1977), British actor
Richard Henshall (born 1984), English musician
Ruthie Henshall (born 1967), British singer, dancer and actress
Samuel Henshall (1764/5–1807), English clergyman, writer and inventor of type of corkscrew
Scott Henshall (born 1975), British fashion designer


Meijer Marcusz Roest (19 December 1821, in Amsterdam – 20 November 1889, in Amsterdam) was a Dutch bibliographer.

Life
When Roest became connected with a firm of booksellers in Amsterdam, he acquired a taste for bibliographical studies, and as a result published in 1857 Catalogue de livres orientaux. Roest's best-known work is the Catalog der Hebraica und Judaica aus der L. Rosenthal'schen Bibliothek (2 vols., Amsterdam, 1875). After Baron George Rosenthal presented his collection to the Amsterdam Library, Roest was appointed custodian of it. He contributed to various Jewish periodicals, such as the Dutch Spectator and the Taalkundig Magazin, and edited the (non-Jewish) Navorscher and Israelietische Nieuwsbode for several years.

Bibliography
Jew. Chron. Jan. 3, 1891, p. 14.S.

External links
Biography at the Jewish Historical Museum website (in Dutch)

 That entry was by Isidore Singer.

Dutch bibliographers
Bibliographers of Hebrew literature
Writers from Amsterdam
1821 births
1889 deaths


The 1922 Turin massacre refers to the attack by Italian Fascists against members of a local labour movement in Turin in Italy.  Over three days starting on 18 December and ending on 20 December 1922, at least 11 workers (and perhaps as many as 24) were killed in a terror campaign from 18 to 20 December 1922, to break the resistance to Fascism by the labour movement and working class.

Background
After the March on Rome and the appointment of Benito Mussolini as Prime Minister on 29 October 1922 the Turin labour movement kept on offering resistance to Fascism. The residual working class opposition was shown by the ongoing clandestine production and distribution of the Turin-based Communist newspaper L'Ordine Nuovo, headed by Antonio Gramsci, as well as political, factory and paramilitary organization, including popular uprisings against Fascist encroachment on working-class neighbourhoods and an important factory election victory.

Another important factor was the rivalry between the paramilitary and political leadership of the local Turin fascio. Once in government Mussolini sought to contain the violent excesses of local  led by Cesare Maria De Vecchi. The Turin's Fascists became increasingly angered by Mussolini's tendency to collude with local economic and political elites and police chiefs in marginalizing the leader of Turinese and Piedmontese , De Vecchi and his right-hand man Piero Brandimarte. Fascism's increasingly prominent political position at the national level required stricter discipline from Fascists to prevent disaffection of its more liberal and squeamish backers.

The massacre
The initial pretext for the large-scale offensive against the labour movement in Turin was the killing of two Fascists, Giuseppe Dresda and Lucio Bazzani, in the Barriera di Nizza, by the Communist militant and tram worker Francesco Prato, on the night of 17–18 December 1922.

In revenge Fascists raided and burned down the Camera del lavoro, the trade union headquarters, and attacked two clubs of the Italian Socialist Party. This was followed by the destruction of the Turin-based Communist newspaper L'Ordine Nuovo. A number of the editors were taken to the central park in Turin and were threatened with execution by Fascist squads.

The fascists rounded up communists and trade unionists in the city and executed a number of them in gruesome manners with one victim, Pietro Ferrero, being tied and dragged behind a truck until he died and another victim being bludgeoned to death. Officially, eleven people were killed and ten were seriously wounded by the Fascists. However, in 1924, Brandimarte declared to the Il Popolo di Roma newspaper that he had chosen 24 "subversives" from his lists and "entrusted them to our best squads to do justice. And justice was done. The dead were 22, because two escaped shooting."<ref name=rep131212> 1922 Torino: la prima strage nera, La Repubblica, 13 December 2012</ref>

Aftermath
Brandimarte was arrested in May 1945 after the fall of the Fascist regime. He was indicted for the murders in Turin, but the case was transferred to Florence. Five years later he was sentenced to 26 years and three months in jail, although he denied to have organized the massacre. However, in April 1952, the Bologna Court of Appeals absolved him because of insufficient evidence.

In 1946 a plaque with the names of the 11 victims was on the Piazza 18 dicembre 1922.

References

 Lajolo, Davide (1983). An Absurd Vice: A Biography of Cesare Pavese, New York (NY): New Directions Publishing,
 Sonnessa, Antonio (2005). "The 1922 Turin Massacre (Strage di Torino): Working class resistance and conflicts within fascism", Modern Italy'', Volume 10, Issue 2, November 2005, pp. 187–205.

Italian Fascism
1920s in Turin
Conflicts in 1922
Turin massacre
Anti-communist terrorism
Political repression in Italy
Turin 1922
1922 murders in Italy


Murder Backstage () is a 1960 Greek theatrical film noir film starring Alekos Alexandrakis, Maro Kontou, Hristos Tsaganeas, Titos Vandias, Aliki Georgouli, Georges Sarri and Dimos Starenios.  The writer was from the famous police novelist Giannis Maris.

Plot

A well known actress of the theatre is assassinated and the simultaneously one of these actors of the theatre escapes.  The police, along with the journalists of a newspaper company ask the edge of the filament for located the assassin. The action occurs during the occupation period of World War II.

Cast
Alekos Alexandrakis - Journalist Makris (Δημοσιογράφος Μακρής)
Titos Vandis - Officer Bekas (Αστυνόμος Μπέκας)
Maro Kontou - Elena Pavlidi (Έλενα Παυλίδη)
Aliki Georgouli - Mary Lambrinou (Μαίρη Λαμπρινού)
Zorz Sarri - Thaleia Halkia (Θάλεια Χαλκιά)
Christos Tsaganeas - Pavlos Stefanou (Παύλος Στεφάνου)
Efi Mella - Roza Delli (Ρόζα Δελλή)
Thanassis Mylonas - Haris Apostolidis (Χάρης Αποστολίδης)
Dimos Starenios - Stavros
Lavrentis Dianellos - barman
Sapfo Notara - cleaning lady
Vasos Andrianos
Dimitris Nikoalidis
Giorgos Damassiotis - doorman
Giorgos Belos
Gkikas Biniaris
Velisarios Kontogiannis

Awards
The movie was presented with the presentation of an American film noir that made it one of the greatest Greek movies of the time, it was awarded twice at the first Thessaloniki Film Festival in 1960 (see 1960 Thessaloniki Film Festival.

Photographer: Aristeidis Karydis-Fuchs
Second female role: Georges Sarri

External links

Egklima sta paraskinia at cine.gr

1960 films
1960 comedy films
1960s Greek-language films
Greek thriller films
1960s Greek films


Kristopher Reisz (born February 7, 1979) is an American author known for his young adult novels.

Early life
Reisz grew up in Decatur, Alabama. He became interested in writing during high school. In college, he reported for the student newspaper and edited the literary magazine, later recalling, "I set out to learn anything anyone could possibly teach me about being a writer." Reisz worked as a paramedic and in a psychiatric hospital.

Work
Reisz published the short story "Special" in Cthulhu Sex Magazine in 2004, then his first novel Tripping to Somewhere in 2006.  His second novel, Unleashed appeared in 2008, followed by the short story "Quiet Haunts" in Drops of Crimson online in 2009.

In 2008 Reisz wrote in his blog that a new novel, The Drowned Forest, was in progress; in February 2010, he wrote that it was completed.

In 2010, Reisz published an illustrated free e-book Quiet Haunts and Other Stories, including his two previously published (and two unpublished) short stories.

Reception
Reisz's writing has received recognition twice. In 2007, the New York Public Library chose Tripping to Somewhere as one of their "Books for the Teen Age." His second novel, Unleashed, was recognized by the Young Adult Library Services Association in its 2009 list of "Quick Picks for Reluctant Young Adult Readers."

Tripping to Somewhere received positive reviews. The Trades ' R.J. Carter gave a "B+" score, describing it as "heavy with teenage angst and nihilism, and lack[ing] any likeable heroes," and "a drug-filled idyll that blends Hunter S. Thompson with the works of comic book horror masters Alan Moore and Neil Gaiman", where "elements of the Norse Odin and Greek Orpheus also become evident as our two fugitives tumble pell-mell to the story's ultimate conclusion."  Kimberley Pauley, writing for Young Adult Central,  "really liked" the "unique" story, and recommended it for older young adult readers, noting that the "very intense," "gritty" fantasy and characters "stay with you."

Bibliography

 Tripping to Somewhere (2006) Simon Pulse
 Unleashed (2008) Simon & Schuster,
 Quiet Haunts and Other Stories (2010)

References

External links
 Official website
 Reisz's page at Simon & Schuster
 Interview from Teens Read Too

1979 births
21st-century American novelists
American children's writers
American fantasy writers
American male novelists
Living people
People from Decatur, Alabama
Novelists from Alabama
American male short story writers
21st-century American short story writers
21st-century American male writers


The Good Friday Agreement (GFA), or Belfast Agreement ( or ; Ulster-Scots:  or ), is a pair of agreements signed on 10 April 1998 that ended most of the violence of the Troubles, an ethno-nationalist conflict in Northern Ireland that had prevailed since the late 1960s. It was a major development in the Northern Ireland peace process of the 1990s. It is made up of the Multi-Party Agreement between most of Northern Ireland's political parties, and the BritishIrish Agreement between the British and Irish governments. Northern Ireland's present devolved system of government is based on the agreement.

Issues relating to sovereignty, governance, discrimination, military and paramilitary groups, justice and policing were central to the agreement. It restored self-government to Northern Ireland on the basis of "power sharing" and it included acceptance of the principle of consent, commitment to civil and political rights, cultural parity of esteem, police reform, paramilitary disarmament and early release of paramilitary prisoners, followed by demilitarisation. The agreement also created a number of institutions between Northern Ireland and Ireland ("North–South"), and between Ireland and the United Kingdom ("East–West").

The agreement was approved by voters across the island of Ireland in two referendums held on 22 May 1998. In Northern Ireland, voters were asked in the 1998 Northern Ireland Good Friday Agreement referendum whether they supported the multi-party agreement. In Ireland, voters were asked whether they would allow the state to sign the agreement and allow necessary constitutional changes (Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland) to facilitate it. The people of both jurisdictions needed to approve the agreement to give effect to it.

The BritishIrish Agreement came into force on 2 December 1999. The Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) was the only major political group in Northern Ireland to oppose the Good Friday Agreement.

History and process
When the Irish Free State was established in 1922 (under the Anglo-Irish Treaty of December 1921), six of the island's northern counties remained part of the United Kingdom. For Northern Ireland, the decades that followed were marked by tensions and controversies, sometimes spilling over into violence, between unionists who favoured remaining with Britain and nationalists who favoured unification with the Irish Free State (later the Republic of Ireland). Starting in the late 1960s, this conflict became more intense and more violent. In the ensuing period of over 30 years, over 3,500 deaths were attributed to these hostilities, which came to be known as The Troubles.

Serious political efforts to end the conflict began in the late 1980s and continued through the 1990s. Ceasefires were declared and later broken.
The agreement came after very many years of complex talks, proposals, and compromises. Many people made major contributions. Tony Blair and Bertie Ahern were leaders of the UK and the Republic of Ireland at the time. The talks were chaired by United States special envoy George J. Mitchell.

Structure
The agreement is made up of two inter-related documents, both agreed in Belfast on Good Friday, 10 April 1998:

 a multi-party agreement by most of Northern Ireland's political parties (the Multi-Party Agreement);
 an international agreement between the British and Irish governments (the BritishIrish Agreement).

The agreement set out a complex series of provisions relating to a number of areas, including:
 The status and system of government of Northern Ireland within the United Kingdom. (Strand 1)
 The relationship between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. (Strand 2)
 The relationship between the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom. (Strand 3)

Parties
The agreement was made between the British and Irish governments and eight political parties or groupings from Northern Ireland. Three were representative of unionism: the Ulster Unionist Party which had led unionism in Ulster since the beginning of the 20th century, and two smaller parties associated with Loyalist paramilitaries, the Progressive Unionist Party (linked with the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF)), and Ulster Democratic Party (the political wing of the Ulster Defence Association (UDA)). Two were broadly labelled nationalist: the Social Democratic and Labour Party, and Sinn Féin, the republican party associated with the Provisional Irish Republican Army. Independent of these rival traditions were two other Assembly parties, the cross-community Alliance Party and the Northern Ireland Women's Coalition. There was also the grouping Labour Coalition. US senator George J. Mitchell was sent by US president Bill Clinton to chair the talks.

The agreement comprises two elements:

 a treaty between the two states, signed by the leaders of the two governments; and
 a more substantial agreement between the eight political parties and the two governments.

The former text has just four articles; it is that short text that is the legal agreement, but it incorporates in its schedules the latter agreement. Technically, this scheduled agreement can be distinguished as the Multi-Party Agreement, as opposed to the Belfast Agreement itself.

The vague wording of some of the provisions, described as "constructive ambiguity", helped ensure acceptance of the agreement and served to postpone debate on some of the more contentious issues. Most notably these included paramilitary decommissioning, police reform and the normalisation of Northern Ireland.

Status of Northern Ireland
The agreement acknowledged:

 that the majority of the people of Northern Ireland wished to remain a part of the United Kingdom;
 that a substantial section of the people of Northern Ireland, and the majority of the people of the island of Ireland, wished to bring about a united Ireland.

Both of these views were acknowledged as being legitimate. For the first time, the Irish government accepted in a binding international agreement that Northern Ireland was part of the United Kingdom. The Irish Constitution was also amended to implicitly recognise Northern Ireland as part of the United Kingdom's sovereign territory, conditional upon the consent for a united Ireland from majorities of the people in both jurisdictions on the island. On the other hand, the language of the agreement reflects a switch in the United Kingdom's statutory emphasis from one for the union to one for a united Ireland. The agreement thus left the issue of future sovereignty over Northern Ireland open-ended.

The agreement reached was that Northern Ireland was part of the United Kingdom, and would remain so until a majority of the people both of Northern Ireland and of the Republic of Ireland wished otherwise. Should that happen, then the British and Irish governments are under "a binding obligation" to implement that choice.

Irrespective of Northern Ireland's constitutional status within the United Kingdom, or part of a united Ireland, the right of "the people of Northern Ireland" to "identify themselves and be accepted as Irish or British, or both" (as well as their right to hold British or Irish citizenship or both) was recognised. By the words "people of Northern Ireland" the Agreement meant "all persons born in Northern Ireland and having, at the time of their birth, at least one parent who is a British citizen, an Irish citizen or is otherwise entitled to reside in Northern Ireland without any restriction on their period of residence."

The two governments also agreed, irrespective of the position of Northern Ireland:

the power of the sovereign government with jurisdiction there shall be exercised with rigorous impartiality on behalf of all the people in the diversity of their identities and traditions and shall be founded on the principles of full respect for, and equality of, civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, of freedom from discrimination for all citizens, and of parity of esteem and of just and equal treatment for the identity, ethos and aspirations of both communities.

As part of the agreement, the British parliament repealed the Government of Ireland Act 1920 (which had established Northern Ireland, partitioned Ireland and asserted a territorial claim over all of Ireland) and the people of the Republic of Ireland amended Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution of Ireland, which had asserted a territorial claim over Northern Ireland.

New institutions

The agreement sets out a framework for the creation and number of institutions across three "strands".

Strand 1

Strand 1 dealt with the democratic institutions of Northern Ireland and established two major institutions:

 Northern Ireland Assembly
 Northern Ireland Executive

The Northern Ireland Assembly is a devolved legislature for Northern Ireland with mandatory cross-community voting on certain major decisions. The Northern Ireland Executive is a power-sharing executive with ministerial portfolios to be allocated between parties by the D'Hondt method.

Strand 2

Strand 2 dealt with "north-south" issues and institutions to be created between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. These are:

 North/South Ministerial Council
 North/South Inter-Parliamentary Association
 North/South Consultative Forum

The North/South Ministerial Council is made up of ministers from the Northern Ireland Executive and the Government of Ireland. It was established "to develop consultation, co-operation and action" in twelve areas of mutual interest. These include six areas where the Northern Ireland Executive and the Government of Ireland form common policies but implement these separately in each jurisdiction, and six areas where they develop common policies that are implemented through shared all-Ireland institutions.

The various "institutional and constitutional arrangements" set out in the Agreement are also stated to be "interlocking and interdependent".

As part of the Agreement, the newly created Northern Ireland Assembly and the national parliament of Ireland (the Oireachtas) agreed to consider creating a joint parliamentary forum made up of equal numbers from both institutions. In October 2012, this forum was created as the North/South Inter-Parliamentary Association.

The Northern Ireland political parties who endorsed the agreement were also asked to consider the establishment of an independent consultative forum representative of civil society with members with expertise in social, cultural, economic and other issues and appointed by the two administrations. An outline structure for the North/South Consultative Forum was agreed in 2002 and in 2006 the Northern Ireland Executive agreed it would support its establishment.

Strand 3
Strand 3 dealt with "east-west" issues and institutions to be created between Ireland and Great Britain (as well as the Crown dependencies). These are:

 British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference
 British–Irish Council
 An expanded British–Irish Interparliamentary Body

The British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference was agreed to replace the Anglo-Irish Intergovernmental Council and the Intergovernmental Conference created under the 1985 Anglo-Irish Agreement.

The conference takes the form of regular and frequent meetings between the British and Irish ministers to promote co-operation at all levels between both governments. On matters not devolved to Northern Ireland, the Government of Ireland may put forward views and proposals. All decisions of the conference will be by agreement between both governments and the two governments agreed to make determined efforts to resolve disagreements between them.

The British–Irish Council is made up of ministerial representatives from the British and Irish governments, the UK's devolved administrations (Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales), as well as from the Crown dependencies, the Isle of Man, Jersey, and Guernsey. The purpose of the council is to promote co-operations and pose a forum for the creation of common policies.

Under the agreement, it was proposed that the already-existing British–Irish Interparliamentary Body would be built upon. Prior to the agreement, the body was composed of parliamentarians from the British and Irish parliaments only. In 2001, as suggested by the agreement, it was expanded to incorporate parliamentarians from all of the members of the British–Irish Council.

These institutional arrangements created across these three strands are set out in the agreement as being "interlocking and interdependent". In particular, the functioning of the Northern Ireland Assembly and the North/South Ministerial Council are stated to be "so closely inter-related that the success of each depends on that of the other" and participation in the North/South Ministerial Council is "one of the essential responsibilities attaching to relevant posts in [Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland]".

In the opinion of analyst Brendan O'Leary, the institutions established by the deal "made Northern Ireland bi-national" and reinforced "imaginative elements of co-sovereignty".

Decommissioning and normalisation

Against the background of political violence during the Troubles, the agreement committed the participants to "exclusively democratic and peaceful means of resolving differences on political issues". This took two aspects:

 decommissioning of weapons held by paramilitary groups;
 the normalisation of security arrangements in Northern Ireland.

The participants to the agreement comprised two sovereign states (the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland) with armed and police forces involved in the Troubles. Two political parties, Sinn Féin and the PUP, were linked to paramilitary organisations: the IRA and the UVF respectively. The UDP, which was linked to the UDA, had withdrawn from the talks three months previously.

The multi-party agreement committed the parties to "use any influence they may have" to bring about the decommissioning of all paramilitary arms within two years of the referendums approving the agreement. The process of normalisation committed the British government to the reduction in the number and role of its armed forces in Northern Ireland "to levels compatible with a normal peaceful society". This included the removal of security installations and the removal of special emergency powers in Northern Ireland. The Irish government committed to a "wide-ranging review" of its Offences against the State legislation.

The agreement called for the establishment of an independent commission to review policing arrangements in Northern Ireland "including [the] means of encouraging widespread community support" for those arrangements. The British government also committed to a "wide-ranging review" of the criminal justice system in Northern Ireland.

A date of May 2000 was set for total disarming of all paramilitary groups. This was not achieved leading the assembly to be suspended on a number of occasions as a consequence of unionist objections. A series of rounds of decommissioning by the IRA took place (in October 2001, April 2002 and October 2003) and in July 2005 the IRA announced the formal end of its campaign. Loyalist decommissioning did not follow immediately. In June 2009, the UVF announced it had completed decommissioning and the UDA said it had started to decommission its arsenal. On 6 January 2010, the UDA announced that it had put its weapons "verifiably beyond use". The decommissioning was completed five weeks before a government amnesty deadline beyond which any weapons found could have been used as evidence for a prosecution.

Prisoner release
Both the British and Irish governments committed to the early release of the approximately 400 prisoners serving sentences in connection with the activities of paramilitary groups, provided that those groups continued to maintain "a complete and unequivocal ceasefire". Cases were reviewed individually by the Sentence Review Commission. Prisoners from the Continuity Irish Republican Army, the Loyalist Volunteer Force, the Irish National Liberation Army and the Real Irish Republican Army were not eligible for release as those groups had not agreed to an unequivocal ceasefire. There was no amnesty for crimes which had not been prosecuted.

The Northern Ireland (Sentences) Act 1998, received Royal Assent on 28 July 1998. 167 prisoners were released by October 1998. By December 1999 308 prisoners had been released. The final group of prisoners was released by 28 July 2000, giving a total of 428 prisoners released.

Equality and human rights

The agreement affirmed a commitment to "the mutual respect, the civil rights and the religious liberties of everyone in the community". The multi-party agreement recognised "the importance of respect, understanding and tolerance in relation to linguistic diversity", especially in relation to the Irish language, Ulster Scots, and the languages of Northern Ireland's other ethnic minorities, "all of which are part of the cultural wealth of the island of Ireland".

The British government committed to incorporate the European Convention on Human Rights into the law of Northern Ireland and to the establishment of a Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission. Establishing statutory obligations for public authorities in Northern Ireland to carry out their work "with due regard to the need to promote equality of opportunity was set as a particular priority". The Irish government committed to "[taking] steps to further the protection of human rights in its jurisdiction" and to the establishment of an Irish Human Rights Commission.

Many of the rights-based provisions have yet to be fully implemented, including a Bill of Rights for Northern Ireland. The Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission delivered advice to the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland on 10 December 2008 as required by the Belfast Agreement. That advice was not taken forward.

The Agreement recognised divergent political aspirations and complex identities. Article 1 (vi), commonly referred to as the birthright provisions, states that both governments, "Recognise the birthright of all the people of Northern Ireland to identify themselves and be accepted as Irish, or British, or both, as they may so choose, and accordingly confirm that their right to hold both British and Irish citizenship is accepted by both Governments and would not be affected by any future change in the status of Northern Ireland."

Referendums

Under the agreement, the British and Irish governments committed to organising referendums on 22 May 1998, in Northern Ireland and in the Republic respectively. The Northern Ireland referendum was to approve the agreement reached in the multi-party talks. The Republic of Ireland referendum was to approve the British-Irish Agreement and to facilitate the amendment of the Constitution of Ireland in accordance with the Agreement.

The result of these referendums was a large majority in both parts of Ireland in favour of the agreement. In the Republic, 56% of the electorate voted, with 94% of the votes in favour of the amendment to the constitution. The turnout in Northern Ireland was 81%, with 71% of the votes in favour of the agreement. Of those who voted, almost all of the Catholics voted for the agreement, compared with 57% of the Protestants. The fragility of cross-community enthusiasm for parts of the agreement helps to explain subsequent difficulties in maintaining the powersharing executive.

In the Republic, the electorate voted upon the nineteenth amendment to the Constitution of Ireland. This amendment both permitted the state to comply with the Belfast Agreement and provided for the removal of the "territorial claim" contained in Articles 2 and 3. A referendum on the Amsterdam Treaty (Eighteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland) was held on the same day.

Implementation

Direct rule from Westminster came to an end in Northern Ireland when power was formally devolved to the new Northern Ireland Assembly, the North/South Ministerial Council and the British–Irish Council, as the commencement orders for the British-Irish Agreement came into effect on 2 December 1999. Article 4(2) of the British-Irish Agreement (the Agreement between the British and Irish governments for the implementation of the Belfast Agreement) required the two governments to notify each other in writing of the completion of the requirements for the entry into force of the British-Irish Agreement; entry into force was to be upon the receipt of the later of the two notifications. The British government agreed to participate in a televised ceremony at Iveagh House in Dublin, the Irish department of foreign affairs. Peter Mandelson, the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, attended early on 2 December 1999. He exchanged notifications with David Andrews, the Irish foreign minister. Shortly after the ceremony, at 10:30 am, the Taoiseach, Bertie Ahern, signed the declaration formally amending Articles 2 and 3 of the Irish Constitution. He then announced to the Dáil that the British-Irish Agreement had entered into force (including certain supplementary agreements concerning the Belfast Agreement).

Speaking at the 1998 commemoration of the Easter Rising of 1916, Ahern said:

The Assembly and Executive were eventually established in December 1999 on the understanding that decommissioning would begin immediately, but were suspended within two months due to lack of progress, before being re-established in May 2000 as Provisional IRA decommissioning eventually began. Aside from the decommissioning issue, ongoing smaller-scale paramilitary activity by the Provisional Irish Republican Army—e.g., arms importations, smuggling, organised crime, punishment beatings, intelligence-gathering and rioting—was also a stumbling block. The loyalist paramilitaries also continued similar activity although as they were not represented by a significant political party, their position was less central to political change.

The overall result of these problems was that confidence in the agreement among unionists was damaged. The DUP, the sole anti-agreement party, overtook the pro-agreement UUP in the 2003 Assembly election. The UUP had already resigned from the power-sharing Executive in 2002 following the Stormontgate scandal, which saw three Sinn Féin members charged with intelligence-gathering. These charges were eventually dropped in 2005 on the controversial grounds that pursuit would not be "in the public interest". One of the three, Denis Donaldson, was afterwards exposed as a British agent.

In 2004, negotiations were held between the two governments, the DUP, and Sinn Féin on an agreement to re-establish the institutions. These talks failed, but a document published by the governments detailing changes to the Belfast Agreement became known as the "Comprehensive Agreement". On 26 September 2005, it was announced that the Provisional Irish Republican Army had completely decommissioned its arsenal of weapons and "put them beyond use". Nonetheless, many unionists notably the DUP, remained sceptical. Of the loyalist paramilitaries, only the Loyalist Volunteer Force had decommissioned any weapons. Further negotiations took place in October 2006, leading to the St Andrews Agreement.

In May 2007, a power-sharing executive was again established to govern Northern Ireland in devolved matters. The second Northern Ireland Executive had Ian Paisley of the DUP as First Minister and Martin McGuinness of Sinn Féin as deputy First Minister in a diarchy.

Paisley retired from the office of First Minister and from the leadership of the DUP on 5 June 2008 and was succeeded in both functions by Peter Robinson. In the third Northern Ireland Executive, the same political relationship existed between Robinson and McGuinness as existed formerly between Paisley and McGuinness. After Robinson resigned as First Minister on 11 January 2016, he was replaced by Arlene Foster. Upon McGuinness's resignation on 9 January 2017, the devolved government in Stormont collapsed, as the Agreement demands when no new leader is appointed. An election was called by Secretary of State for Northern Ireland James Brokenshire, whereby the DUP and Sinn Féin were returned as the largest parties, and so began a countdown of talks between both leaders before devolved government could be restored. In January 2020, the Executive was re-established.

Comparison to the Sunningdale Agreement

Seamus Mallon referred to the Agreement as "Sunningdale for slow learners", which suggests that it was nothing more than what was on offer in the Sunningdale Agreement of 1973. This assertion has been criticised by political scientists like Richard Wilford and Stefan Wolff. The former stated that "there are ... significant differences between them [Sunningdale and Belfast], both in terms of content and the circumstances surrounding their negotiation, implementation, and operation".

The main issues omitted by Sunningdale and addressed by the Belfast Agreement are the principle of self-determination, the recognition of both national identities, British-Irish intergovernmental cooperation and the legal procedures to make power-sharing mandatory, such as the cross-community vote and the D'Hondt system to appoint ministers to the executive. Former IRA member and journalist Tommy McKearney says that the main difference is the intention of the British government to broker a comprehensive deal by including the IRA and the most uncompromising unionists. Regarding the right to self-determination, two qualifications are noted by the legal writer Austen Morgan. Firstly, the cession of territory from one state to another state has to be by international agreement between the UK and Irish governments. Secondly, the people of Northern Ireland can no longer bring about a united Ireland on their own; they need not only the Irish government but the people of their neighbouring state, Ireland, to also endorse unity. Morgan also pointed out that, unlike the Ireland Act 1949 and the Northern Ireland Constitution Act 1973, devised under Sunningdale, the 1998 agreement and the consequent British legislation did expressly foresee the possibility of a united Ireland.

As well as the number of signatories, Stefan Wolff identifies the following similarities and differences between the issues addressed in the two agreements:

 Wolff identifies this issue as being implicitly addressed in the Sunningdale Agreement.

Constitutional relevance
Because the Good Friday Agreement binds the British government on several points of law in Northern Ireland, it has de facto become part of the constitution of the United Kingdom. Legal commentator David Allen Green described it as "a core constitutional text of the UK, and of Ireland ... of more everyday importance than hallowed instruments such as, say, Magna Carta of 1215 or the 1689 Bill of Rights".

Because the Agreement commits the government to enshrine the European Convention on Human Rights in law and allows Northern Ireland residents access to the European Court of Human Rights, it required enactment of the Human Rights Act 1998. Consequently, the Agreement was a significant factor preventing the repeal of that Act and its replacement with the proposed British Bill of Rights that Prime Minister David Cameron had promised.

The Agreement also makes reference to the UK and the Republic of Ireland as "partners in the European Union", and it was argued in R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union that the Agreement meant that the consent of Northern Ireland's voters was required to leave the European Union (Brexit). The UK Supreme Court unanimously held that this was not the case, but the Agreement has nevertheless strongly shaped the form of Brexit.

Brexit
During the negotiations on Britain's planned 2019 withdrawal from the European Union, the EU produced a position paper on its concerns regarding the Good Friday Agreement. The paper identified a range of issues  including the avoidance of a hard border,  North–South cooperation, citizenship, and the Common Travel Area. Anyone born in Northern Ireland, who is also entitled to Irish citizenship, will also be able to retain EU citizenship after Brexit. Under the European Union negotiating directives for Brexit, the UK was asked to satisfy the other EU members that these topics had been addressed in order to progress to the second stage of Brexit negotiations.

In order to protect North–South co-operation and avoid controls on the Irish border, the UK, led by Prime Minister Theresa May, agreed to protect the Agreement in all its parts and "in the absence of agreed solutions, the United Kingdom would maintain full alignment with those rules of the Internal Market and the Customs Union which, now or in the future, support North-South cooperation, the all-island economy and the protection of the 1998 Agreement", with the acknowledgement that this is "under the caveat that nothing is agreed until everything is agreed". This provision formed part of a UK-EU deal which was rejected by the British parliament on three occasions. May's successor, Boris Johnson, called for the "Irish backstop" to be removed from the proposed withdrawal agreement. The new Northern Ireland Protocol replaced the Irish backstop as part of the deal which Johnson brokered on 17 October 2019.

In September 2020, while negotiations with the EU over future trading arrangements continued, the Internal Market Bill was introduced in which the Northern Ireland secretary Brandon Lewis told the House of Commons that the British government planned to break international law in a "specific and limited way", by introducing new powers through notwithstanding clauses that would circumvent certain treaty obligations to the EU as set out in the withdrawal agreement. The Bill was criticised in the UK and internationally, with the First Ministers of Scotland and Wales both describing the Conservative government's proposals as an attempt to seize power and undo devolution. Most parties in Northern Ireland expressed concern at the Bill, though some within the Democratic Unionist Party welcomed it. Taoiseach Micheál Martin said that "trust has been eroded". The bill was enacted in December 2020 without the controversial Northern Ireland provisions.

The DUP and other Brexit supporters have criticised the British government for erecting a trade border "down the Irish Sea"—in other words, between the island of Ireland and Britain. They state that in order to prevent a 'hard border' on the island of Ireland, customs and other controls have instead been imposed on goods travelling from Britain to Northern Ireland; and that Northern Ireland remains for many purposes in the EU Single Market and Customs Union, subject to a regulatory regime into which it has no input.

In March 2021, the Loyalist Communities Council, representing loyalist paramilitary groups, said they were temporarily withdrawing their support for the agreement, but emphasised that unionist opposition to the protocol should remain "peaceful and democratic".

See also

David Trimble
Downing Street Declaration
John Hume
Martin McGuinness
Unionism in Ireland

Notes

References

Further reading
 Gormley-Heenan, Cathy. Political leadership and the Northern Ireland peace process: Role, capacity and effect (Springer, 2006).
 Mitchell, George J. "Toward Peace in Northern Ireland." Fordham International Law Journal 22 (1998): 1136+.

External links

Full text of the Good Friday Agreement, Northern Ireland Office
All peace agreements for the United Kingdom, UN Peacemaker
North-South Ministerial Council
British-Irish Council
Irish Government – British-Irish Intergovernmental Conference
Inside Out: An Integrative Critique of the Northern Ireland Peace Process U.S. Institute of Peace, July 2006
Address given at the Exchange of Notifications ceremony, whereby the Republic of Ireland dropped its territorial claim to Northern Ireland, Iveagh House, Dublin, 2 December 1999

1990s in Northern Ireland
1998 in British politics
1998 in international relations
1998 in Irish politics
1998 in Northern Ireland
20th century in Belfast
April 1998 events in Europe
April 1998 events in the United Kingdom
Bilateral treaties of Ireland
Bilateral treaties of the United Kingdom
Constitution of the United Kingdom
Events in Belfast
Government of Northern Ireland
History of Northern Ireland
Ireland–United Kingdom relations
Northern Ireland Executive
Northern Ireland peace process
Peace treaties of Ireland
Peace treaties of the United Kingdom
Politics of Belfast
Politics of Northern Ireland
Power sharing
Treaties concluded in 1998
Treaties entered into force in 1999


Tsay Keh Dene, meaning "people of the rocks" in the Sekani language, may mean:

 Sekani people of northern British Columbia, Canada
 Tsay Keh Dene First Nation, the band government of the Sekani people
 Sekani language

Language and nationality disambiguation pages


Wahpeton may refer to the following ships of the United States Navy:

 , a United States Navy tug in service from 1946, reclassified YTM-527 in 1962, and stricken in 1985
 , a United States Navy tug acquired in 1968 and sold in 1974

United States Navy ship names


South Central Siberia is a geographical region north of the point where Russia, China, Kazakhstan and Mongolia come together.

The Four Corners

At approximately , the borders of Russia, China, Mongolia and Kazakhstan intersect in the Altai Mountains. Mongolia and Kazakhstan are separated by a 55km stretch of the Sino-Russian border between the Altai Republic, a federal subject of Russia, and Altay Prefecture in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China. To the east, Tavan Bogd Uul in Bayan-Ölgii Province, Mongolia, marks the end of the Sino-Russian border. To the west, is Kazakhstan's East Kazakhstan Province.

The Altai mountains on the Russian side of the border have been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

South: Altai Republic
Above the "Four Corners" and in the southern part of South Central Siberia is the Altai Republic (not to be confused with the Altai Krai to the northwest). It contains the central knot to the Altai Mountains. The area is very mountainous and has few good roads. It was inhabited by various Turkic groups who gradually became the Altay people. As the surrounding steppes filled with Russians, many of the lowland Turks were Russified or retreated to the mountains. The area only came under definitive Russian control in the 1860s. The M52 highway (Russia) runs northwest from here.

Northern mountain range: Abakans and Kuznetsk Alatau
Northern South Central Siberia includes the Altai Republic, which is a 400 km projection of forested mountains which bends slightly to the west at the tip. It is called the Abakan Range in the south and Kuznetsk Alatau in the north. North of its northern end is the town of Tomsk.

West: Kuznetsk Depression
The west part of South Central Siberia includes the steppe of the Kuznetsk Depression, which contains the large Kuznetsk Basin coal fields, the mountains of the Abakans and Kuznetsk Alatau and the Salair Ridge which ends near Novosibirsk.

In the Soviet era, the Kuznetsk Basin coal fields were the largest Russian coal field after the Donets Basin. The name Kuznets means blacksmith and comes from the 'Blacksmith Tatars' or Shors, who were notable metal workers.

The Russians reached the area as early as 1618. The Abakans, Kuznetsk Alatau and the Kuznetsk Basin form the Kemerovo Oblast with its mostly Russian population. The Tom River drains the basin and joins the Ob River north of Tomsk. The town of Novokuznetsk was founded in 1618.

East: Minusinsk Depression
The eastern part of South Central Siberia, between the Kuznetsk Alatau and the Sayan Mountains, includes the steppe of the Minusinsk Depression which is the core of Khakassia. The Yenisei River flows north through its center. The Abakan River flows from the base of the depression north and slightly east to the Yenisei at Abakan town, near where another river comes in from the east. Minusinsk town is a few kilometres east of Abakan. The Chulym River (Ob River) starts in the northwest corner of the depression, arcs into the Taiga north of the Alatau and joins the Ob River. East of the river is the southern tip of Krasnoyarsk Krai.

This area was a center of the Afanasevo culture, a suggested homeland for the Tocharians. Later it was the home of the Yenisei Kirghiz, who gave their name to the Kirgiz further south. The Khakas of Khakassia may be their descendants.

Southeast: Tuva
East of the Altai and southeast of Minusinsk is Tuva. Tuva is bordered on the south by the Tannu-Ola Mountains, which separate it from the Mongolian Great Lakes Depression, on the west by the Altai, on the northwest by the Western Sayans which separate it from the Minusinsk Depression, on the north by the Eastern Sayans and on the east by mountains on the Mongolian border.

The core area is the Tuva Depression, where Kyzyl is located, the capital city of the Tuva Republic. The Yenisei River flows west here and then breaks through the Western Sayans in a long narrow gorge which contains the Sayano-Shushenskaya Dam north of the Tuva border.

Tuva was traditionally part of Mongolia, and only passed to the Soviet Union—Russia in the 20th century.

Surrounding area
To the north, South Central Siberia merges into the Siberian forests.

To the south, South Central Siberia merges into the mountains along the former Sino-Soviet border. Dzungaria is directly to the south.

To the west of South Central Siberia is the agricultural steppe of the Altai Krai with its Russian population. Here the Katun River and the Biya River join to form the Ob River. Further west, between the Ob and Irtysh Rivers are the Baraba steppe in the north and the Kalunda Steppe in the south.

To the east, the Western and then Eastern Sayan Mountains extend east to the southern tip of Lake Baikal.

Other information
Large cities in South Central Siberia include Novosibirsk on the Ob River, Tomsk north of the Kuznetsk Alatau, Krasnoyarsk north of the Minusinsk Depression on the Yenisei, and Barnaul on the steppe south of Novosibirsk.

The Trans-Siberian Railway runs through this region from Novosibirsk to Krasnoyarsk.

The area to the west is steppe or forest-steppe. The steppe curves around north of the Kuznetsk Alatau into the Minusinsk Depression. The land to the north and east is Taiga.

The Russians first entered the area in about 1620. Seeking furs, they stayed in the forest area to the north. Massive peasant colonization of the steppe area only began after about 1860.

See also

Altai-Sayan region
Barabinsk Steppe
Kanas Lake
Great Lakes Depression
Saylyugemsky National Park
Shorsky National Park
Denisova Cave
Ukok Plateau
Pazyryk Culture
Lykov family
South Siberian Mountains

References

Further reading
Forsyth, James, "A History of the Peoples of Siberia", 1992.

Regions of Asia
North Asia

Geography of Mongolia
Geography of Central Asia


The 2007–08 season was Inverness Caledonian Thistle's fourth in the Scottish Premier League and 14th since the merger that created the club. They also competed in the Scottish League Cup and the Scottish Cup.

Scottish Premier League

Caley Thistle finished 9th of 12 teams in the SPL, on 43 points from 38 matches. They managed only a disappointing −11 goal differential, from 51 goals scored and 62 allowed. It was a mixed season for statistics, as this tied the club's record for goals scored in an SPL season, set in 2004–05, but also demolished their record for SPL goals conceded by 14. But overall, it could be called a poor season for the Caley, with the lowest total points and lowest finishing league standing since their promotion in 2004.

The exception to this poor form, and the main reason for the team's survival in the SPL, was the month of December. A streak that included wins against Hearts and Celtic earned Craig Brewster Manager of the Month and Marius Niculae Player of the Month honors.

Scottish Cup

To go along with the lackluster league season was a short and poor Scottish Cup. Caley Thistle entered the tournament in the fourth round, and faced Hibernian at Easter Road. Dean Shiels scored a hat trick and sunk Caley's hopes for a cup run at the first possible point as the match finished 3–0 to Hibs.

League Cup

The League Cup provided a bit more positive news for Caley Thistle fans, as the club reached the quarterfinals for the second time in three seasons, on the strength of a 4–1 win over Arbroath and a 3–0 win over Gretna. The run stopped abruptly, however, away to Aberdeen, who beat Caley Thistle 4–1 on the strength of another hat trick (albeit including two penalties), this time from Barry Nicholson.

Results
All the results of the regular matches

Scottish Premier League

Scottish League Cup

Scottish Cup

Club Records Set
 (+) Tied - Most SPL goals scored: 51 (also scored 51 in 2004–05)
 (−) Lowest SPL finish: 9th (previous was 8th in 2004–05 and 2006–07)
 (−) Least SPL points: 43 (previous was 44 in 2004–05)
 (−) Worst SPL goal difference: −11 (previous was −6 in 2004–05 and 2006–07)
 (−) Most SPL goals allowed: 62 (previous was 48 in 2006–07)

Transfers in

Transfers out

References

Inverness Caledonian Thistle F.C. seasons
Inverness Caledonian Thistle


The Love Songs is the fourth compilation album by Chris de Burgh, released by A&M Records in 1997. Three new tracks are included in addition to songs found on previous albums, several of which were re-recorded for this release.

Track listing
All songs written by Chris de Burgh.

"Here Is Your Paradise"
"Missing You"
"So Beautiful" (previously unreleased)
"In Love Forever" (new recording)
"Borderline"
"The Lady in Red"
"Much More Than This"
"It's Me (And I'm Ready To Go)" (previously unreleased)
"Separate Tables" (new recording)
"Fatal Hesitation"
"Forevermore" (previously unreleased)
"The Head and the Heart"
"Lonely Sky" (new remix)
"Suddenly Love"
"If You Really Love Her, Let Her Go" (new recording)
"In a Country Churchyard" (new recording)

Charts

References

External links
 The Official Chris de Burgh Website

Chris de Burgh albums
1997 greatest hits albums
A&M Records compilation albums


Souls Protest () is a 2000 North Korean film directed by Kim Chun-song. The film is an epic dramatisation of the Ukishima Maru incident in which hundreds of Koreans were killed when the ship was sunk by a mysterious explosion, and supports the Korean view that the explosion was deliberately set off by the ship's Japanese crew. It has been dubbed as "Korea's Titanic".

Souls Protest was imported to South Korea by Narai Film, a Seoul-based film trader, and was approved for release after five minutes of footage was cut which showed jubilant Koreans crediting Kim Il Sung with liberating Korea from Japanese colonial rule. The film was shown intact, however, for its Seoul premiere on 24 August 2001, the 56th anniversary of the incident. One survivor of the incident, Lee Chul-woo, said of the film: "I didn't like the propaganda stuff about Kim Il Sung... But the scene about the explosion was so real, and it is laudable for North Korea to make a movie about this incident."

Souls Protest was later screened at the 2003 Jeonju International Film Festival.

Notes

References

 "Korean Titanic Amazes Moscow And Hong Kong Audience; To Be Exported to West" . People's Korea, 25 July 2001. Retrieved on 27 October 2008.
 Rajpal, Minita. "North Korean Film Inspires Emotions, Questions" . CNN.com, 7 September 2001. Retrieved on 27 October 2008.
 Cho, Grace M.. "Voices from the teum: Synesthetic truma and the ghosts of the Korean diaspora". The Affective Turn, pp. 151–169. Duke University Press, 2007. .

External links

2000 films
Films based on actual events
2000s Korean-language films
North Korean drama films
Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea


Herlihy is an Irish surname. Notable people with the surname include:

David Herlihy (1930–1991), American historian
David V. Herlihy (born 1958), American author and historian
Ed Herlihy (1909–1999), American newsreel narrator
Gavan Herlihy (born 1947), New Zealand politician
James Leo Herlihy (1927–1993), American writer
Maurice Herlihy (born 1954), American computer scientist
Patricia Herlihy (1930-2018), American historian
Thomas Herlihy (1956-2015), American politician
Tim Herlihy (born 1966), American actor and producer

See also
 O'Herlihy (surname)
 Hurley (surname)
 O'Hurley (surname)

Surnames of Irish origin
Surnames of British Isles origin
Anglicised Irish-language surnames


Roesler is a red Austrian wine grape developed in 1970 by Dr. Gertraud Mayer at Höhere Bundeslehranstalt und das Bundesamt für Wein- und Obstbau in Klosterneuburg, Austria. It is the result of a crossing Zweigelt x (Seyve-Villard 18-402 x Blaufränkisch).
It is named after the former director of Austria's oldest viticultural college, Leonard Roesler (1839–1910), who was a German-Austrian chemist and oenologist. The variety is deep in colour and with abundant extract. It is frost resistant and can withstand temperatures as low as -25°C (-13°F). It is also resistant to mildew.

References

External links
 Grape varieties in Austria: Roesler  Wines from Austria
 Höhere Bundeslehranstalt und das Bundesamt für Wein- und Obstbau in Klosterneuburg
 Vitis International Variety Catalogue

Red wine grape varieties


A list of Rugby Football League seasons since its inception as the Northern Rugby Football Union in 1895:

Seasons

External links
 Rugby Football League official website
 Super League official website

Seasons
Seasons


Cimoliasaurus was a plesiosaur that lived during the  Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of New Jersey. It grew up to  long and weighed up to .

Etymology
The name is derived from the Greek  , meaning "white chalk", and  , meaning "lizard", in reference to the fact that the deposits in which it was found bear a superficial resemblance to the chalk deposits of the Western Interior Seaway.

Taxonomic history

The name Cimoliasaurus magnus was coined by Joseph Leidy for ANSP 9235, one anterior and 12 posterior cervical vertebrae collected in Maastrichtian-aged greensand deposits in Burlington County, New Jersey.

In his catalogue of plesiosaur and ichthyosaur specimens preserved in the NHM, the British zoologist Richard Lydekker referred several Jurassic and Cretaceous plesiosaur species to Cimoliasaurus, including the new species C. richardsoni (now considered a species of Cryptoclidus) and C. cantabrigiensis, as well as Colymbosaurus and a number of previously described species from the Cambridge Greensand and Chalk Group.

Nowadays, Cimoliasaurus is now recognized as being a derived elasmosaurid, effectively making the family name Cimoliasauridae Delair, 1959 a junior synonym of Elasmosauridae.

Misassigned nominal species

 Cimoliasaurus laramiensis Knight, 1900, now Tatenectes
 Cimoliasaurus richardsoni Lydekker, 1889, now Cryptoclidus richardsoni
 Cimoliasaurus valdensis Lydekker, 1889, now Hastanectes
 Cimoliasaurus teplicensis Fritsch, 1906 (nomen dubium)

See also
 List of plesiosaur genera
 Timeline of plesiosaur research

References

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20080414142638/http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/220Lepidosauromorpha/220.820.html#Cimoliasaurus

Late Cretaceous plesiosaurs of North America
Elasmosaurids
Fossil taxa described in 1851
Taxa named by Joseph Leidy
Sauropterygian genera


Florida's Shipwrecks is a 2008 history book by Michael C. Barnette about shipwrecks in the coastal waters of Florida. Barnette has been actively diving and researching shipwrecks for close to twenty years, and this has resulted in the identification of seventeen wreck sites. He applies this knowledge and passion for wrecks to this overview of shipwrecks around Florida. Barnette's "diligent research" details famous ship owners and those who used the ships. The photographs are a "truly amazing" collection of yachts and tankers in "their full glory" and before they sank below the surface.

The first chapter, "After the Storm", begins by reviewing shipwrecks left following the many hurricanes that have disrupted the shipping trade. The second chapter, "River of Gold", is an overview of the wrecks from Spanish treasure ships such as the Atocha. The third chapter, "Coursing waters", centers on wrecks from shipping that occurred before rail systems became popular for shipping. The fourth chapter, "Legacy of War", reviews wrecks that remained following the heavy German U-boat activity during World War II. The fifth chapter, "That Sinking Feeling", brings the reader to the modern wrecks reminding them of the unforgiving nature of the sea.

This book by Arcadia Publishing is another in their "Images of America" series.

References

External links
 Author's web site

2008 non-fiction books
Maritime history of Florida
Shipwrecks of the Florida coast
History books about shipwrecks
Books about Florida


Eusuchia is a clade of neosuchian crocodylomorphs that first appeared in the Early Cretaceous, which includes modern crocodilians. Along with Dyrosauridae and Sebecosuchia, they were the only crocodyliformes who survived the K-T extinction.

Definition
Eusuchia was originally defined by Thomas Henry Huxley in 1875 as an apomorphy-based group, meaning that it was defined by shared characteristics rather than relations. These characteristics include pterygoid-bounded choanae and vertebrae which are procoelous (concave from the front and convex from the back). The possibility that these traits may have been convergently evolved in different groups of neosuchians rather than one lineage spurred some modern paleontologists to revise the group's definition to make it defined solely by relations. In 1999, Christopher Brochu redefined Eusuchia as "the last common ancestor of Hylaeochampsa and Crocodylia and all of its descendants". In this definition, "Crocodylia" specifically refers to descendants of the common ancestor of the three modern lineages of eusuchians: Gavialoidea (gharials), Alligatoroidea (alligators and caimans), and Crocodyloidea (crocodiles). Whether certain families or genera qualify as basal eusuchians or non-eusuchian neosuchians is a matter of debate over which definition is used for the group. At least one genus, Isisfordia, would qualify as a eusuchian under Huxley's definition of the group but would not necessarily qualify under Brochu's definition.

Description
Unlike primitive crocodylomorphs, crocodyliforms have secondary bony palates.  This feature enables living crocodylians to safely breathe in through their nostrils while the rest of the head (including the mouth) remains submerged.  This structure reaches its greatest elaboration among eusuchians, in which the internal nares are completely surrounded by the pterygoid bones.

Unlike more basal neosuchians, eusuchians have four rather than two rows of dorsal armour plates, which are square in shape, with 2 to 4 rows of accessory plates.

Phylogeny
A 2018 tip dating study by Lee & Yates using both molecular, morphological and stratigraphic data recovered the cladogram below:

A 2021 Rio & Mannion phylogenetic study using a heavily modified morphological data set recovered the cladogram below:

References

Neosuchians


Howard Frederic Sachs (born September 13, 1925) is a senior United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Western District of Missouri. He also is a former federal judicial nominee to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit.

Education and career
Born in Kansas City, Missouri, Sachs earned an Artium Baccalaureus degree from Williams College in 1947 and a Juris Doctor from Harvard Law School in 1950. Sachs worked as a United States Navy Electrical Technician's Mate from 1944 until 1946 and as a law clerk for Judge Albert Alphonso Ridge of the United States District Court for the Western District of Missouri from 1950 until 1951. Sachs then entered private legal practice in Kansas City, where he worked as a lawyer from 1951 until 1979.

Federal judicial service
Sachs was nominated by President Jimmy Carter on May 17, 1979, to the United States District Court for the Western District of Missouri, to a new seat authorized by 92 Stat. 1629. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on September 25, 1979, and received his commission on September 26, 1979. He served as Chief Judge from 1990 to 1992. He assumed senior status on October 31, 1992. On August 27, 2019, Sachs blocked Missouri's abortion restriction that would ban abortion after eight weeks of pregnancy.

Unsuccessful Eighth Circuit nomination
On July 29, 1980, Carter nominated Sachs to be a judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit to fill a seat vacated when Judge Floyd Robert Gibson assumed senior status. Given that the nomination occurred after the unofficial Thurmond Rule governing judicial nominations during presidential election years, however, the Senate never took up Sachs' nomination. President Ronald Reagan initially brought forth the name of Hallmark Cards associate general counsel Judith Whittaker as a nominee to replace Gibson. After it emerged that Whittaker had supported the Equal Rights Amendment, however, conservatives opposing her nomination launched a letter-writing campaign objecting to her nomination and Whittaker eventually withdrew her name from consideration. Reagan ultimately wound up nominating United States District Judge John R. Gibson to the seat in February 1982. Gibson was confirmed on March 4, 1982.

See also
 Jimmy Carter judicial appointment controversies
 List of United States federal judges by longevity of service

References

Sources

1925 births
Living people
Williams College alumni
Harvard Law School alumni
Judges of the United States District Court for the Western District of Missouri
United States district court judges appointed by Jimmy Carter
20th-century American judges
21st-century American judges
United States Navy personnel of World War II
United States Navy sailors


Sega Race TV is a racing game for the Sega Lindbergh arcade system board. It was released on February 19, 2008, in Japan, July 4, 2008, in the US and on March 13, 2009, in Europe.

Featured cars
The eight cars featured in the game are Ford Mustang GT, Chevrolet Camaro Concept, Chevrolet Corvette C3 Stingray, Plymouth HEMI Cuda, Mazda MX-5, Mitsubishi Eclipse, Ruf RK Roadster, Plymouth Prowler and Mercury Convertible, all exist in convertible forms. All can be customized, and customized cars can be obtained through passwords in an arcade cabinet.

Development
This was the only game Yu Suzuki was successfully able to complete after his departure from Sega AM2, the other two projects that he worked on Psy-Phi and Shenmue Online were never released.
Sega Race TV was Suzuki's last game with Sega, after which he established his own studio YS.NET and subsequently retired from the company.

References

External links
 Official website
 Sega Race TV at GameFAQs

2008 video games
Racing video games
Arcade video games
Arcade-only video games
Sega arcade games
Video games developed in Japan


The first Wahpeton (YTB-527), later YTM-527, was a harbor tug in commission from 1946 through at least 1981.

Wahpeton was laid down on 23 June 1945 at Jacksonville,  Florida, by the Gibbs Gas Engine Company, Inc. She was launched on 29 September 1945, sponsored by Mrs. Emery H. Price, the wife of Congressman Emery H. Price, a member of the U.S. House Naval Affairs Committee, and was completed on 2 January 1946.

Listed as "out of service" with the Texas group of the National Defense Reserve Fleet as of March 1946, Wahpeton was activated in August 1946. She was assigned to the 6th Naval District and placed in service at Charleston, South Carolina, soon thereafter. She was reclassified as a medium harbor tug and redesignated YTM-527 in February 1962.

From 1968 until 1974, she was one of two U.S. Navy tugs in service as Wahpeton, the other being tug .

Wahpeton was stricken from the Navy List on 31 December 1985.

References

External links
 Photo gallery at navsource.org

Sassaba-class tugs
Cold War auxiliary ships of the United States
Ships built in Jacksonville, Florida
1945 ships


Riverhurst (2016 population: ) is a village in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within the Rural Municipality of Maple Bush No. 224 and Census Division No. 7. It is in the southwest Coteau Hills area of the province, north of the Vermillion Hills. The community is located on Highway 42 east of Riverhurst Ferry. The village is primarily a farming community.

The name is a portmanteau of Riverside and Boldenhurst, two nearby post offices.

History
Riverhurst incorporated as a village on June 22, 1916.

Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Riverhurst had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

In the 2016 Census of Population, the Village of Riverhurst recorded a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a  change from its 2011 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2016.

Infrastructure

Riverhurst is situated close to the east bank of Lake Diefenbaker, and is the location of the Riverhurst Ferry, a cable ferry that crosses  to Lucky Lake on the west bank. Highway 42 (which provides access to the community) crosses Lake Diefenbaker by the Riverhurst Ferry. The village is located 8 km south of the Elbow crater.

Notable residents

Royal Canadian Mounted Police Constable Thomas Brian King (who was shot to death in Saskatoon) lived in Riverhurst.

See also

 List of villages in Saskatchewan
 List of communities in Saskatchewan
 List of geographic names derived from portmanteaus

References

External links

Villages in Saskatchewan
Maple Bush No. 224, Saskatchewan
Division No. 7, Saskatchewan


Hannu Koponen (born 8 November 1959, in Kaavi) is a Finnish ski-orienteering competitor and world champion.

Awards
He received a gold medal in the short course, a gold medal in the relay, and a silver medal in the long course at the 1988 World Ski Orienteering Championships in Kuopio.

See also
 Finnish orienteers
 List of orienteers
 List of orienteering events

References

1959 births
Living people
People from Kaavi
Finnish orienteers
Male orienteers
Ski-orienteers
Skiers from North Savo


"Ex-Factor" is a song by American recording artist Lauryn Hill for her debut solo studio album The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill (1998). Written and produced by Hill herself, it incorporates elements of R&B, neo soul and hip hop soul. The song features a sample of "Can It Be All So Simple" by Wu-Tang Clan. It has been claimed to be about Hill's former Fugees groupmate Wyclef Jean. The song was released as the second single from The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill on December 14, 1998, by Ruffhouse Records and Columbia Records.

Upon its release, "Ex-Factor" received widespread critical acclaim. The song peaked at number 21 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and at number seven on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. Internationally, it peaked within the top five in Iceland and the United Kingdom. It won the Best R&B/Soul Single - Female award at the 2000 Soul Train Music Awards. Spin named it the third best single of 1999. In 2020, The Ringer ranked it as the 18th greatest breakup song of all time. Since its release, the song has been sampled and covered by numerous artists.

Music and lyrics
"Ex-Factor" was written and produced by Lauryn Hill and it features replayed elements of "Can It Be All So Simple" by Wu-Tang Clan, which itself samples Gladys Knight & the Pips' cover of Barbra Streisand's "The Way We Were".

"Ex-Factor" is a soul number which serves as a painful dissection of a failing relationship. The accompaniment is driven by two-chord progressions all throughout its melodic variations. Its refrain contains soaring harmonies.

Commercial performance
"Ex-Factor", although not as successful as Hill's previous single "Doo Wop (That Thing)", still entered several international charts. It spent 22 weeks on the US Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number 21 on the chart dated April 10, 1999. The song peaked atop the US R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay. It also charted on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, spending 31 weeks and peaking at number seven on March 13, 1999. It reached number four on the UK Singles Chart and spent 16 weeks on the chart, remaining Hill's biggest hit in the United Kingdom to date.

Legacy
Since its release, "Ex-Factor" has been sampled by numerous artists in their songs, including rapper Lil B's "Money Over Suckas" (2012), singer Kehlani's "Till the Morning" (2014), singer Omarion's "Show Me" (2014) featuring Jeremih, rapper Drake's "Nice for What" (2018), and rapper Cardi B's  "Be Careful" (2018). Additionally, it has been covered by Beyoncé, Kelly Clarkson, John Legend, and H.E.R.

Track listings and formats

 US 7-inch single
A. "Ex-Factor" (radio edit) – 4:38
B. "When It Hurts So Bad" (album version) – 5:42

 UK CD1
 "Ex-Factor" (album version) – 5:27
 "Ex-Factor" (Part II remix) – 4:38
 "Ex-Factor" (A Simple Mix) – 4:37

 UK CD2
 "Ex-Factor" (radio edit) – 4:38
 "Ex-Factor" (A Simple Breakdown) – 4:10
 "Lost Ones" (remix) – 4:17

 UK cassette single
 "Ex-Factor"
 "Can't Take My Eyes Off You"

 European CD1
 "Ex-Factor" (radio edit) – 4:38
 "Ex-Factor" (A Simple Mix) – 4:37

 European CD2
 "Ex-Factor" (radio edit) – 4:38
 "Ex-Factor" (A Simple Breakdown) – 4:10
 "Lost Ones" – 4:17
 "Ex-Factor" (A Simple Mix) – 4:37

 Japanese CD single
 "Ex-Factor"
 "Ex-Factor" (remix)
 "Lost Ones" (remix)

Credits and personnel
Credits are adapted from The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill liner notes.

 Leads and background vocals: Lauryn Hill
 Additional background: Chuck Young
 Bass: Paul Fakhourie
 Piano: Tejumold Newton
 Wurlitzer, organ and rhodes: James Poyser
 Percussion: Rudy Byrd
 Guitar: Johari Newton
 Drum programming by Vada Nobles

 Recorded by Commissioner Gordon
 Mixed by Commissioner Gordon
 Assistant recording engineer: Chip Verspyck
 Assistant mix engineer: Greg Thompson
 Recorded at RPM Studios, (NYC), Marley Music, Inc. (Kingston, Jamaica) and Chung King Studios (NYC)
 Mixed at Hit Factory Studios and Chung King Studios (NYC)

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

Release history

Notes

References

External links

1990s ballads
1998 singles
Contemporary R&B ballads
Holly Miranda songs
Lauryn Hill songs
Song recordings produced by Lauryn Hill
Songs about heartache
Songs written by Lauryn Hill
Soul ballads
Ruffhouse Records singles


"Jesus" is a song by Austrian rock musician Helmut Grabher, under the alias Jeremy Faith, released as a single in June 1971 from his album Lord. It was a hit in several European countries and was later covered by Cliff Richard, who had a minor hit with it.

Charts

Certifications

Cliff Richard version

Release
Richard released his version in February 1972 with the B-side "Mister Cloud" which was written by songwriting duo Guy Fletcher and Doug Flett. It was produced by Nick Ingman, credited on the record as 'An NP [Norrie Paramor] production by Nick Ingman'. Ingman also arranged the song and it features his orchestra.

Richard has said "I didn't record a gospel song for a long time after I became a Christian. And Jesus was the first one I did. I was convinced that it would be wrong for me just to record a single – religious sort of gospel content single – just because I was a Christian. And I wanted very much to be sure that it was a good song. And I waited a long time for that particular song, Jesus. But when it came, I instantly knew I had to record that one. We spent a bit time on it too, of course, and did a, you know, did some phasing on it and gave it some effect. And I must say, I was really quite pleased with the recording".

However, after it failed to be particularly successful, Richard said that "somehow it seems very difficult for people to accept me with a gospel single. Everybody else can make them but somehow whenever I do, the motive or intention is held suspect. A number of BBC producers would not play Jesus because of the title although they are perfectly prepared to plug a Hari Krishna [sic] or Maharishi inspired song".

Track listing
7": Columbia / DB 8864
 "Jesus" – 4:15
 "Mister Cloud" – 3:45

Charts

References

Cliff Richard songs
1971 singles
1972 singles
1971 songs
Songs written by Michel Berger
Decca Records singles

Columbia Graphophone Company singles
Song recordings produced by Michel Berger
Songs about Jesus


Joseph Heintz may refer to:
Joseph Heintz the Elder (1564–1609), Swiss painter, draftsman and architect
Joseph Heintz the Younger (1600–1678), German painter


Deutscher Kriegerbund () was a war veterans' and reservists' association in Germany established in April 1873 in Weißenfels.

Its origins lie in a Warrior Association established in 1786 by fusiliers of Frederick II of Prussia's army in Wangerin/Pomerania. The original purpose of the war veterans' associations was to provide their members and former soldiers with proper burial arrangements. Former soldiers felt the need of commemorative tombs that would preserve the dignity of their former comrades-in-arms and honor them even after their death. This type of association received a considerable boost after Prussia's victorious battles against the Danish (1864), Austrian (1866) and French armies in 1871.

A number of these veterans' associations established the Deutscher Kriegerbund by joining efforts for a common cause in 1873. In April 1897, the Deutscher Kriegerbund became the Prussian Country's Warrior League (). Its former name Deutscher Kriegerbund was kept for certain economic and social dealings. In this form, it was a forerunner of later German military social welfare provisions like the National Socialist War Victim's Care. Since it was initially dominated by groups of soldiers of the former Prussian army, local veterans' associations of Bavaria, Saxony, Württemberg, Hessen and Baden preferred to remain out of its circle. The Deutscher Kriegerbund began the efforts to build a memorial that would honor and represent the German warriors in 1888.

This monument, located on top of the 473 m high Kyffhäuser mountain, was finally inaugurated on 16 June 1896. The building of the memorial pleased and inspired the other German war veterans' associations who had been reluctant to join the Deutscher Kriegerbund. As a result of this change of attitude, the steps to form a wider organization were taken in 1900 and the Kyffhäuserbund was formed. This inclusive organization integrated the formerly scattered German war veterans' associations, which had been one of the main aims of the Deutscher Kriegerbund.

Related organizations
 Bayerischer Soldatenbund 1874
 Kyffhäuserbund

See also
 List of veterans organizations
 National Socialist War Victim's Care

Notes and references

 Kyffhäuserbund e.V.
 Kyffhäuser-Bund der Deutschen Landeskriegerverbände e.V. (Historisches Lexikon Bayerns).
 Dieter Fricke et al.: Kyffhäuser-Bund der Deutschen Landeskriegerverbände (KB) 1900-1943. In: Dieter Fricke (Hrsg.): Die bürgerlichen Parteien in Deutschland. Berlin 1968, S.296–312.
 Karl Saul: Der "Deutsche Kriegerbund". Zur innenpolitischen Funktion eines nationalen Verbandes im kaiserlichen Deutschland. In: Militärgeschichtliche Mitteilungen (MGM). 2/1969. S.95–159.
 Karl Führer: Der "Deutsche Reichskriegerbund Kyffhäuser" 1930-1934. Politik, Ideologie und Funktion eines "unpolitischen" Verbandes. In: Militärgeschichtliche Mitteilungen (MGM). 2/1984. S.57–76.
Heinz Kleene Das Kriegervereinswesen im Emsland zur Zeit des Kaiserreiches In: Jahrbuch des Emsländ. Heimatbundes Sögel 2005. S.137–159.

German veterans' organisations
Military of Prussia
Non-profit organisations based in Saxony-Anhalt
Organizations established in 1873
Organizations disestablished in 1900
1873 establishments in Germany
1900 disestablishments in Germany