In vehicle acrobatics, a wheelie, or wheelstand, is a vehicle maneuver in which the front wheel or wheels come off the ground due to sufficient torque being applied to the rear wheel or wheels, or rider motion relative to the vehicle. Wheelies are usually associated with bicycles and motorcycles, but can be done with other vehicles such as cars, especially in drag racing and tractor pulling.

History
The first wheelie was performed by trick bicyclist Daniel J. Canary in 1890, shortly after modern bicycles became popular. Writing in 2009, Mike Seate related to the U.S. Army motorized cavalry training in 1943, pictured in Life magazine. Seate described "vaulting trenches and beach obstacles" and interpreted this technique as "High speed wheelies, naturally". Daredevil Evel Knievel performed motorcycle acrobatics including wheelies in his shows.  Doug "The Wheelie King" Domokos has accomplished such feats as a  wheelie.

Types
Types of wheelie can be divided into two broad categories:
1. wheelies in which the vehicle power is sufficient by itself, as described in the Physics section below. These include:
 Clutch wheelies: performed by revving the engine with the clutch disengaged, and then abruptly engaging (a.k.a. 'dumping') the clutch.
 Power wheelies or roll-on wheelies: performed by simply opening the throttle. If the engine has sufficient power, it will be able to lift the front wheel.

2. wheelies performed with the aid of suspension dynamics or rider motion. These include:
 Bounce wheelies or slap wheelies: performed by opening and closing the throttle in time with suspension rebounding, tire rebounding, rider motion, or any combination of the three.
 Manuals: performed without applying torque to the rear wheel at all, but instead by moving the rider's body backwards relative to the bike, and then pulling back on the handlebars near the end of available travel.

Bicycles
Wheelies are a common stunt in artistic cycling and freestyle BMX. The bike is balanced by the rider's weight and sometimes use of the rear brake. A style of bicycle, the wheelie bike, has a seating position, and thus center of mass, nearly over the rear wheel that facilitates performing wheelies.

Motorcycle

A wheelie is also a common motorcycle stunt. The principles is the same as the bicycle wheelie, but the throttle and rear brakes are used to control the wheelie while a rider uses body weight and the steering to control the direction the inertia of the spinning front wheel acting as a balance.

The world's fastest motorcycle wheelie record is  by Patrik Fürstenhoff. April 18, 1999.
The world record for the fast wheelie over  is , set by Egbert van Popta at Elvington airfield in Yorkshire, England.

In some countries, such as the United Kingdom and USA, motorcyclists performing a wheelie on a public road may be prosecuted for dangerous driving, an offense which can carry a large fine and a ban of a year or more.

In Pakistan, India, and some other countries, it is illegal to perform these kinds of stunts. If someone is caught performing these acts, the rider can have their motorcycle impounded and potentially face jail time.

Automobiles
Wheelies are common in auto- or motorcycle drag racing, where they represent torque wasted lifting the front end, rather than moving the vehicle forward. They also usually result in raising the center of mass, which limits the maximum acceleration. In the absence of wheelie bars, this effect is quantified in the physics section below. If wheelie bars are present then a wheelie results in a reduction of load on the rear driving wheels, along with a corresponding reduction in friction.

Monster trucks

Monster trucks often perform wheelies during shows. Monster trucks have performed power wheelies, slap wheelies, and sky wheelies. To perform a sky wheelie, a monster truck jumps in such a way that the truck is vertical in the air, with the front end of the truck pointing upwards.

Snowmobiles
Wheelies are possible with some snowmobiles, whereby it is the skis that are lifted off the ground.

Wheelchairs
Some wheelchair users can learn to balance their chair on its rear wheels and do a wheelie. This enables them to climb and descend curbs and maneuver over small obstacles. Occasionally wheelchair dancers perform wheelies.

Aircraft
In an airplane, a wheelie is performed by conducting a soft-field landing or take-off procedure. The pilot increases the elevator backpressure so the nose wheel of the landing gear has minimal contact with the ground.

On 14 February 2020, the Guinness World Record for the longest-distance wheelie in an airplane was set in a Cessna 172 at Southern California Logistics Airport in Victorville, California on runway 17. The pilot kept the plane's nose wheel from touching the runway for a distance of 14,319 feet.

Wheelie bars

Wheelie bars help prevent a vehicle's front end from raising too high or flipping over. Wheelie bars are required for some tractor and truck pull events. Wham-O developed and sold an add-on wheelie bar for wheelie bikes.

Dougie's Wheelie
On September 25, 2016, British trials motorcyclist Dougie Lampkin successfully wheelied around the Isle of Man TT course. He completed the challenge in one hour and 35 minutes, after the attempt was postponed 24 hours because of strong winds.

Physics
A wheelie is imminent when the acceleration is sufficient to reduce the load borne by the front axle to zero. The conditions for this can be calculated with the so-called "weight transfer equation":

where  is the change in load borne by the front wheels,  is the longitudinal acceleration,  is the center of mass height,  is the wheelbase, and  is the total vehicle mass.

An equivalent expression, which does not require knowing the load borne by the front wheels nor the total vehicle mass, is for the minimum longitudinal acceleration required for a wheelie:

where  is the acceleration due to gravity,  is the horizontal distance from the rear axle to the center of mass, and  is the vertical distance from the ground to the center of mass. Thus the minimum acceleration required is directly proportional to how far forward the center of mass is located and inversely proportional to how high it is located.

Since mechanical power can be defined as force times velocity, in one dimension, and force is equivalent to mass times acceleration, then the minimum power required for a wheelie can be expressed as the product of mass, velocity, and the minimum acceleration required for a wheelie:

Thus the minimum power required is directly proportional to the mass of the vehicle and to its velocity. The slower a vehicle is moving, the less power is required to perform a wheelie, and that is without even considering the power required to overcome air drag, which increases with the cube of velocity. Therefore, the least amount of power required is when the vehicle begins accelerating from rest.

In the case of tractor and truck pulling, the force to the pull the load is applied above the ground, and so it also acts to lift the front wheels and thus reduces the forward acceleration necessary to lift the front wheels.

The total power  required during a wheel, neglecting air drag can be shown to be:

where  is vehicle with mass,  is the vehicle radius of gyration,  and  are distance from rear wheel contact patch to center of mass,  is horizontal acceleration,  is horizontal velocity,  is angle of vehicle from horizontal,  is angular velocity of vehicle rotation, and  is angular acceleration of vehicle rotation. This can be separated into components necessary only for horizontal acceleration

and components necessary only for raising and rotating the vehicle

A factor M can be calculated as the ratio of the power required to raise and rotate the vehicle and the power required only for horizontal acceleration.

Gallery

See also
 Bicycle and motorcycle dynamics
 Ski (driving stunt)
 Stoppie
 Weight transfer

Notes

External links

Articles containing video clips
Cycling
Motorcycle stunts

de:Fahrtechnik#Auf dem Hinterrad fahren


William Joseph Halloway (born 1912) was a rugby league footballer in the New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL) competition. Halloway played for the Eastern Suburbs in 1935, the season that the club won their fifth premiership. Halloway played for the South Sydney Rabbitohs the following season.

References
The Encyclopedia Of Rugby League; Alan Whiticker & Glen Hudson

External links
Reference Page.com page

1912 births
Year of death missing
Australian rugby league players
Place of birth missing
Rugby league halfbacks
South Sydney Rabbitohs players
Sydney Roosters players


Etrek Etraby is a district (estrap) in Balkan Province, Turkmenistan. It has an area of 13,850 km2 and an estimated population of 54,000 (2000).  Its capital is Gyzyletrek. The former name of the district was Gyzyletrek District.

Administrative Subdivisions
 Cities (şäherler)
 Etrek

 Towns (şäherçeler)
 N/A

 Village councils (geňeşlikler)
 Akýaýla (Akýaýla, Çetli, Güdürolum)
 Garaagaç (Garaagaç)
 Gyzylbaýyr (Gyzylbaýyr)
 Madaw (Madaw)

References

Balkan Region
Districts of Turkmenistan


Jacqueline Brumaire (born Herblay, 5 November 1921, died in Nancy 29 October 2000) was a French operatic soprano and later teacher.

Life and career
After training at the Conservatoire de Paris under Madeleine Mathieu, she debuted on 13 October 1946 at the Opéra-Comique as the Countess in Le nozze di Figaro. She then embarked on a successful career at that opera house, being admired particularly in roles for lyric soprano from French and Italian operas: Mimi in La bohème, Micaëla in Carmen, the title heroine in Massenet's Manon, Antonia in Les contes d'Hoffmann, Fiordiligi in Così fan tutte, and Mireille in Gounod's opera under the same title.

She sang Emma Bovary in the 1951 Opéra-Comique premiere of the opera Madame Bovary by Emmanuel Bondeville (in 1962 she sang in the same opera at the Paris Opéra). At Paris Opéra she had a very successful career her singing roles including Juliette in Roméo et Juliette by Gounod, Donna Elvira in Don Giovanni, Pamina in Die Zauberflöte, and Violetta in La Traviata. She also performed in the other main opera houses in France: Marseille, Nice, Bordeaux, Strasbourg, Lyon and Toulouse. In 1956 she debuted at La Scala, Milan as Fiordiligi in Così fan tutte, in 1957 as Louise in the opera of the same name by Charpentier, in the season of 1956-57 as Concepción in L'heure espagnole by Maurice Ravel.

She appeared as a guest in Johannesburg (1957) and in Prague (1967), in the Opéra Royal de Wallonie (1964 in title role in Thaïs by Massenet) and in Oran (1961). In 1962 she took part in Toulouse at the premiere of the opera Hop! Signor by Manuel Rosenthal.

She sang the title role in Esclarmonde by Massenet on 19 November 1963 during the concert performance of that opera for RTF  (Radiodiffusion-Télévision Française). In 1969 she sang the role of Hélen (Elena) during the concert performance of Les vêpres siciliennes which was made available as a commercial recording.

From her other versatile stage repertoire, she sang Konstanze in Die Entführung aus dem Serail, the Marschallin in the Der Rosenkavalier, Renata in The Fiery Angel by Prokofiev (Opéra-Comique, 1967), and Béatrice in Un sguardo sul ponte by Renzo Rossellini (Bordeaux 1965, possibly the first French performance of that opera).

In 1981 she started to teach at the Conservatoire in Nancy, preparing among others Chinese singers for their first performances of Carmen in the People's Republic of China. From 1992 up to her death she was a member of the Académie de Stanislas in Nancy. She published an autobiography La Baraka ou si Jacqueline Brumaire m'était contée.

Discography
Her recordings include albums collections of various arias for Philips and also some for Decca. She took part in recordings of Les Malheurs d'Orphée and Le Pauvre Matelot by Darius Milhaud (conducted by the composer) for Adès (1956), Pribaoutki and Les noces under Boulez (Concert Hall), sang Duchesse Hélène in Les vêpres siciliennes (BBC/Opera Rara) and Rosalinde (Carolina) in Chauve Souris for EMI France. For EMI she also recorded highlights from Massenet's Thaïs.
In 1952 she sang the soprano part in the recording of Mozart's Coronation Mass by the Pasdeloup Orchestra directed by Alphonse Hoch, Pathe 33 DT 1015

References

Brief biography with birth and death dates from "Dénomination de voiries - Plateau de Haye", Minutes of Council of Greater Nancy meeting, 22 September 2008 (in French). Accessed 23 October 2008.
Biography of Jacqueline Brumaire at operissimo.com (in German and Italian). Accessed 23 October 2008.

1921 births
2000 deaths
People from Herblay
French operatic sopranos
Conservatoire de Paris alumni
Knights of the Ordre national du Mérite
Chevaliers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
20th-century French women opera singers


Judith Green (born 1947) is an English medieval historian, who is Emerita Professor of Medieval History at the University of Edinburgh. A graduate of King's College, London and Somerville College, Oxford, she held a research fellowship and then a lectureship at the University of St Andrews before transferring to a lectureship at Queen's University, Belfast. There she became a Reader and, eventually, Professor. In 2005, she took the professorship at Edinburgh, retiring in 2011.

Specialising in Anglo-Norman England, her notable works include:

The Government of England Under Henry I, (Cambridge, 1986)
The Aristocracy of Norman England, (Cambridge, 1997)
Henry I, King of England and Duke of Normandy, (Cambridge, 2006)

The Normans: Power, Conquest and Culture in 11th century Europe (New Haven, 2022)

References

 "University of Edinburgh Staff Profile Page: Professor Judith Green"

Further reading
 The Aristocracy of Norman England, Judith A. Green, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 1997
 « Judith A. Green » at LibraryThing

Academics of the University of Edinburgh
Alumni of King's College London
Associates of King's College London
Alumni of Somerville College, Oxford
British medievalists
Women medievalists
English historians
British women historians
Fellows of the Royal Historical Society
1947 births
Place of birth missing (living people)
Living people


Wow, WOW or WoW may refer to:

Games and toys
World of Warcraft, a massively multiplayer online role-playing game
World of Warplanes, an online flight simulator
World of Warships, an online naval simulator
Wizard of Wor, a 1981 arcade game by Midway
Sega Wow, a video game company
Worlds of Wonder (toy company), a 1980s American toy company

Music
Wow (band), a Dutch 1990s girl group
WOW Music, a Hong Kong record label
SRS Wow, and SRS Wow HD, an audio enhancement suite of Sound Retrieval System technologies
Wow, a member of the animated girl group VBirds

Albums
WOW series, a series of compilation albums of contemporary Christian music
Wow! (Bananarama album), 1987
Wow (Bibi Zhou album), 2007
Wow! (Bill Doggett album), 1965
WOW (Junko Onishi album), 1993
Wow (Kate NV album), 2023
WOW (Mouse on Mars album), a 2012 mini album by Mouse on Mars
Wow (Superbus album), 2006
Wow (Verdena album), 2011
WOW (Wendy O. Williams album), a 1984 album by Wendy O. Williams
Wow/Grape Jam, a 1968 album by Moby Grape

Songs
"Wow" (Kate Bush song), 1979
"Wow" (Kylie Minogue song), 2008
"Wow" (Ruslana song), 2011
"Wow" (Inna song), 2012
"Wow" (Beck song), 2016
"Wow" (Marilyn Manson song), 2009
"Wow" (Post Malone song), 2018
"Wow" (Zara Larsson song), 2020
Wow (Zola song), 2020
"Wow", a 2003 song by Snow Patrol from Final Straw

Organizations and companies

War on Want, a British anti-poverty charity
Warbirds Over Wanaka, a biennial international airshow held in New Zealand
Wide Open West, an American ISP, internet, cable, and phone company
Wider Opportunities for Women, U.S. non-profit
Women of the Wall, a Jewish women's organization in Israel
Women of the World Festival, a festival based in London with global satellite venues
Women of Wrestling, an American women's wrestling promotion
Women on Waves, a Dutch pro-choice non-profit organization
Women on Web, a Canadian pro-choice non-profit organization
Woodmen of the World, a fraternal organization in Omaha, Nebraska, United States
Woolworths Limited, an Australian retailing company, by Australian Stock Exchange code
World of Wearable Art, a museum and award show in New Zealand
World of Wonder (company), an American production company
World Organization of Workers, an international trade union federation
WOW! (online service), a defunct ISP from CompuServe
WOW Promotions, an American mixed martial arts organization
WOW Sight & Sound, an Australian electronics and music retailer

Places
Wall of Wind, a wind engineering testing facility in Florida, United States
WOW counties, Waukesha, Ozaukee, and Washington counties of Wisconsin, United States
WOW (Wasatch over Wasatch) Trail, a trail along the course of Snake Creek in Utah, United States
Wau, South Sudan (or Wow), a town in South Sudan

Television, radio and film
World of Winx (also titled Winx Club WOW), a spin-off of Winx Club
WOW (channel), an Indian television channel in Mumbai
WOW (TV station), the local WIN Television station broadcasting to remote Western Australia
KXSP, formerly known as WOW, a radio station in Omaha, Nebraska
WOWT, formerly known as WOW-TV, a TV station in Omaha, Nebraska
WOW: The CatholicTV Challenge, a television game show
WOW! (TV series), a 1996 UK CITV programme
Wow (film), a 1970 Québécois movie directed by Claude Jutra
wow (Barry), a 2023 TV episode

Transport
WOW air, an Icelandic low-cost airline.
WOW Alliance, a global air-cargo alliance
Air Southwest, an airline based in the Southwest of England, by ICAO Airline Code
Woolwich railway station, London, England, by National Rail station code

Other
Way of working or ways of working, a concept for software development in disciplined agile delivery within the project management framework Disciplined Agile Toolkit
Lay's WOW chips, a brand of fat-free potato chips
Wendy O. Williams (1949–1998), U.S. singer
Windows on Windows, an application compatibility layer in 32-bit Microsoft Windows
WoW64, an application compatibility layer in 64-bit Microsoft Windows
Wow! (comic), a British comic from 1982–1983
Wow (recording), a pitch variation while playing a sound recording
WOW Film Festival (disambiguation), several film festivals
Wow! signal, a strong radio signal of unknown origin detected by a SETI project in 1977

See also

Pow wow (disambiguation)

The WOW! Awards


Magic Boy is a platform game developed by Blue Turtle and published for the Amiga, Atari ST, and MS-DOS by Empire Interactive in 1993. A Super Nintendo Entertainment System version was published in 1996 in North America and Europe by JVC Musical Industries.

For the Amiga and Atari ST, Magic Boy was bundled with a bonus game Cool Croc Twins.

Plot
Hewlett, a wizard's apprentice, has accidentally caused havoc which he must undo. Hewlett was working late one night and accidentally tripped over a hidden trapdoor and released his master's collection of crazy animals out of the basement. Hewlett's goal is to correct his mistakes by capturing and imprisoning the monsters/crazy animals and returning everything to normal.

Super NES
The Super NES has a different plot on the back of the box, but it does not affect the game itself. Hewlett accidentally added mercury to a potion despite his master telling him to use parsley. The result is that his master is turned into an elephant and every creature in a 100-mile radius turned into a monster.

Gameplay
Magic Boy is a 2D platform game taking place over 4 worlds; Sand Land, Wet World, Plastic Place and Future World. Each of these worlds feature 8 levels, bringing the total standard levels to 32. The game also features another 32 bonus levels, bringing the total to 64. The first four levels of any world can be completed in any order, which unlocks levels 5 to 8 for that world. The levels themselves are vertically scrolling.

The player starts with 3 lives and 3 continues. Touching an enemy that is not stunned will result in a lost life, as does falling into water or onto spikes. However simply walking over spikes does not harm Hewlett.

Hewlett is armed with a magic wand that he can use to stun enemies. Once stunned he can pick them up by walking into them, and then by pressing the "down button" they are sent back to the basement  which is represented in the information panel/icon by two rows of initially empty rooms that fill once you drop the enemies down. This capturing mechanic is the main goal of the game and a requirement to complete each level, but there is also a points/score system. When a creature is captured, a bonus is released. There are also blocks with exclamation marks that once destroyed release a bonus. When collected these bonuses reward the player with points.

Laurie Yates stated in Electronic Games magazine that the background music is upbeat and of a Caribbean styling reminiscent of calypso.

Objects and obstacles
In addition to enemies, spikes, exclamation mark boxes and water there are other platforming objects and obstacles to help or hinder Hewlett. Springs act as trampolines when jumped on and pistons automatically move up and down allowing the player to reach otherwise unreachable areas. Trap squares have one of three outcomes - red ball traps result in a lost life, big spikes allow Hewlett to shoot monsters he couldn't normally reach, or the previously mentioned spikes that kill when jumped on but can be safely walked on. There are also ice blocks that speed up Hewlett and enable him to make longer jumps, blue dissolving squares disappear once stood on, and sticky squares slow Hewlett down and prevent him from jumping.

Power-ups and collectables
Various power-ups are available throughout the game including extra lives and continues. Once an enemy is captured and sent to the basement, the bonus it drops can be one of several items: points to add to your score, new abilities such as shooting through walls, shooting up, or down, double shots and triple shots. "E-X-T-R-A" letters are scattered around levels and collecting them all rewards the player with an extra life. There are also level warps, which send the player to a random level and the magic book which reveals hidden rooms.

Reception

ST Format gave the Atari ST version a rating of 84%

PC Zone Magazine gave the MS-DOS version a 60/100, stating that it was "Not very 'magic' at all"

Amiga Game Zone magazine gave the Amiga version a "B" rating

Electronic Games magazine gave the SNES version 80%

References

External links
Magic Boy at Lemon Amiga
Magic Boy at Atari Mania

DOS games
Amiga games
Atari ST games
Platformers
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
Video games about magic
Video games about witchcraft
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Empire Interactive games


Broadrick v. Oklahoma, 413 U.S. 601 (1973), is a United States Supreme Court decision upholding an Oklahoma statute which prohibited state employees from engaging in partisan political activities. Broadrick is often cited to enunciate the test for a facial overbreadth challenge that "the overbreadth of a statute must not only be real, but substantial as well, judged in relation to the statute's plainly legitimate sweep."

External links

United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Burger Court
United States Free Speech Clause case law
Void for vagueness case law
Overbreadth case law
1973 in United States case law


Soy Diferente (I'm Different) is India's eighth studio album released in February 2006, under record label SGZ Entertainment/Univision Music Group. Under the production of Sergio George and Isidro Infante, India sets herself as composer of all of the songs. On the album, she collaborates with Cheka, Ivy Queen, Tito Nieves and her mother, in the song "Madre e Hija" ("Mother and Daughter").

Track listing
Standard Edition:

Chart performance

Sales and certifications

See also
List of number-one Billboard Tropical Albums from the 2000s

References

2006 albums
La India albums
Albums produced by Sergio George


In neuroanatomy, a ganglion cell is a cell found in a ganglion (a cluster of neurons in the peripheral nervous system). Examples of ganglion cells include:
  Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) found in the ganglion cell layer of the retina
 Cells that reside in the adrenal medulla, where they are involved in the sympathetic nervous system's release of epinephrine and norepinephrine into the blood stream
 Cells of the sympathetic ganglia
 Cells of the parasympathetic ganglia
 Cells of the spiral ganglia

Neurons


Motor Speedway Resort (MSR) Houston is a road course race track located in Angleton, Texas. The track uses a membership system similar to that of country clubs where members may use the course for a nominal fee per use. The track has recently begun hosting its own racing series for club members.

The main 17-turn  track is  wide and driven counter-clockwise (typical) or clockwise. The facility has a separate  banked-turn karting course also with 17 turns, a rally track  in size, and a  skidpad.

The course is also often used for track rentals that may involve professional race teams, particularly those in various sports car series as well as the IndyCar Series and Atlantic Championship.

MSR Houston is the home of the following: Hands On Driving Academy, DESports Racing, WildWing America, Tramontana America, and Spec Racer Sports.

References

External links

MSR Houston official website
Spec Racer Sports
Hands On Driving Academy veterans outreach driving school

Motorsport venues in Texas
Buildings and structures in Brazoria County, Texas


John Sloan Brown (born 30 August 1949) is a retired Brigadier General in the United States Army who was the Chief of Military History of the United States Army Center of Military History (CMH) from December 1998 to October 2005.

Born in West Germany to Texas-based parents and raised in South Carolina, Brown graduated from the United States Military Academy with a B.S. degree in 1971. He earned an M.A. degree in history from Indiana University in 1977 and then taught history at the U.S. Military Academy from 1981 to 1984 while completing his Ph.D. degree in history at Indiana University. His 1983 doctoral thesis was entitled Draftee Division: a study of the 88th Infantry Division, first all selective service division into combat in World War II. Brown earned a Master of Military Art and Science degree at the Army Command and General Staff College in 1985 with a thesis entitled Winning Teams: mobilization-related correlates of success in American World War II infantry divisions.

Brown commanded the 2nd Battalion, 66th Armor, in Iraq and Kuwait during the Gulf War and returned to Kuwait as commander of the 2nd Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division, in 1995. He served as Chief Historian and Commander of the United States Army Center of Military History from 1998 to 2005; however, he retired from active duty on 1 August 2004.

Publications

References

This article incorporates text in the public domain from the United States Army.

1949 births
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
United States Military Academy alumni
Military personnel from South Carolina
Indiana University alumni
United States Military Academy faculty
United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni
United States Army personnel of the Gulf War
United States Army generals
United States Army historians
American male non-fiction writers


The Neapolitan Mastiff or  is an Italian breed of large dog of mastiff type. It descends from the traditional guard dogs of central Italy. It was recognised as a breed by the Ente Nazionale della Cinofilia Italiana in 1949, and accepted by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale in 1956.

It is closely related to the Cane Corso.

History

The Neapolitan Mastiff derives from the traditional catch and guard dogs of central Italy. Selection of the breed was begun in 1947 by Piero Scanziani, who had seen one at an exhibition in Naples in 1946. He drew up the first standard, which in 1949 was officially recognised by the Ente Nazionale della Cinofilia Italiana. It received full acceptance from the Fédération Cynologique Internationale in 1956.

Characteristics

The Neapolitan Mastiff is large and powerful, with a weight in the range  and a height at the withers of  The length of the body is about 15% greater than the height.

The skin is abundant and loose, particularly on the head where it hangs in heavy wrinkles. The preferred coat colours are black, grey and leaden, but mahogany, fawn, fulvous, hazelnut, dove-grey and isabelline are also acceptable; all coats may be brindled, and minor white markings on the toes and chest are tolerated.

A Neapolitan Mastiff may be expected to live for up to 10 years. A survey in the United Kingdom found an average lifespan of 7 years, with some 16% living past the age of 9 years.

References

FCI breeds
Mastiffs
Dog breeds originating in Italy


This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Butte County, California.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Butte County, California, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in a Google map.

There are 28 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.

Current listings

|}

See also

List of National Historic Landmarks in California
National Register of Historic Places listings in California
California Historical Landmarks in Butte County, California

References

Butte


Finan is a surname. Notable people with the name include:
 Bobby Finan  (1912–1983), Scottish professional football player
 Joe Finan (1927–2006), American popular radio show host
 John Finan (1898–1984), Irish Clann na Talmhan politician
 W. Timothy Finan (born 1950), American politician and jurist

See also
 Finan of Lindisfarne (died 661), or Saint Finan, Irish monk
 Finnan (disambiguation)

fr:Finan


Swoopo was a bidding fee auction site where purchased credits were used to make bids. Prior to changing its name to Swoopo in 2008, the website was called Telebid. In March 2011, Swoopo's website became inaccessible, and a notice page claimed that Swoopo was experiencing "technical issues." In February 2012, DealDash obtained the domain name for Swoopo.com. The penny auction was invented by Lloyd Liske and William Buckell when the site was first created and known as telebid.com. At that time the site received bids by phone and charged to transfer their bids to the internet site. This is where the format of paying to place a bid started.

Mechanics
In order to participate in an auction, registered users had to first buy bids (called credits, and henceforth referred to as "Bid-credits") before entering into an auction. For the US version of the site, bid-credits cost $0.60 apiece and were sold in lots (called BidPacks) of 40, 75, 150, 400, and 1,000. Each credit was good for one bid. Standard auctions began with an opening price of $0.12 and every time someone bids the price increases by $0.12. Other bidding fee auctions use different values - "penny auctions" use $0.01, 6¢ auctions $0.06, etc. The price of bids and the incremental values vary depending on the regional version of the site used. The auction ends when time runs out. However, because each bid extends the length of the auction by 10–20 seconds, the auction could theoretically continue on indefinitely.

Besides making single bids anytime, users could use a so-called "Bidbutler", which was an automatic bidding tool. Users could employ a maximum of 50 Bidbutler bids each time. Once a Bidbutler was active, it would automatically bid in the final 10 seconds of the auction in an attempt to keep the user as the highest bidder. This means if two or more Bidbutlers were active they would repeatedly bid against each other until the one with the most bids left was the "winner".

The money collected by Swoopo consisted of the cost of bids placed plus the final auction amount. As an example, a MacBook Pro with a suggested retail price of $1,799 was sold on Swoopo for $35.86. However, a total of 3,585 bids were placed, so the total amount paid by Swoopo customers was $2,151.

Controversy
The method of selling employed by Swoopo is controversial and has been criticized. The company, responding to claims that Swoopo is a type of gambling, stated that winning auctions involves skill and is not reliant upon chance. Ted Dziuba writing for The Register stated that Swoopo "does not amount to a hustle, it's simply a slick business plan," and that while it might be close to gambling, "the non-determinism comes directly from the actions of other users, not the randomness of a dice roll or a deck of cards." Nevertheless, the argument about "skill game" is put down by MSN Money: "Chris Bauman, director of Swoopo in the US, told one blogger: 'Winning takes two things: money and patience. Every person has a strategy.' Indeed, he undoubtedly does. The problem is that, as with the gambling systems peddled by countless books, none of those strategies will actually work. Just remember that no matter how many times you bid, your chance of winning does not increase". Ian Ayres writing for New York Times blog called Swoopo a "scary website that seems to be exploiting the low-price allure of all-pay auctions". MSN Money has called Swoopo "The crack cocaine of online auction websites", and stated that "in essence, what your 60¢ bidding fee gets you at Swoopo is a ticket to a lottery". The New York Times has called the process "devilish."

Speaking to the BBC, Professor Mark Griffiths of Nottingham Trent University, stated that "penny auction" sites in the UK should be regulated by the Gambling Commission. However the Gambling Commission said that it "was not convinced that penny auctions amounted to gambling".

Speaking to the New York Times, Glen Whitney, a mathematician and a former quantitative analyst at the hedge fund Renaissance Technologies, stated. "In aggregate, consumers trying to obtain these products are overpaying. Unless you have an edge over other people who are bidding, and you can get them to subsidize your purchase, you shouldn't do it. It's a chump's game."

German consumer protection bodies also warn about the auction type offered by Swoopo and other similar auction platforms, likening them to gambling.
Techcrunch states that Swoopo is an "'entertainment shopping' site that’s one part auction-house, one part virtual casino"; whereas the alarm:clock calls it a "gambling auction biz". Toptenreviews states: "it warrants considering Swoopo with some different terminology. Rather than "auction" site, maybe we should designate Swoopo as a gambling site—a type of QVC-meets-the-internet-age ponzi scheme".

Finances
Swoopo has received financing from two venture capital firms: an undisclosed amount in December 2006 by Wellington Partners in Munich and $10 million in April 2009 by August Capital in Silicon Valley.

Closure
Swoopo went offline on 17 March 2011, with a message that read

On 23 March 2011, Swoopo filed for bankruptcy in Munich Germany.

On 26 March 2011, Swoopo's parent company filed for bankruptcy.

In December 2011, the Swoopo website was inaccessible.

On 8 February 2012, DealDash, the longest running "penny auction" website in the United States acquired the domain Swoopo.com, and the URL currently redirects to DealDash's own website.

See also
Bidding fee auction
All-pay auction
Dollar auction

References

Online auction websites of Germany


Gail Robinson (August 7, 1946 – October 19, 2008) was an American operatic soprano who sang with many of the world's leading opera companies during the 1970s and 1980s. She spent most of her career singing lyric coloratura roles at the Metropolitan Opera. After her performance career ended she taught singing to young artists and also directed the Metropolitan Opera's Young Artist Program for over ten years. Upon leaving the Met, she joined the voice faculty at the University of Kentucky.

Biography
Robinson was born in Meridian, Mississippi, but moved to Jackson, Tennessee, shortly thereafter. She showed musical talent early, performing locally on radio and television. She graduated from Jackson High School in 1964 and went on to study voice under Norvell Taylor at Memphis State University. While at MSU, she won the Metropolitan Opera's Audition of the Air (the precursor to the National Council Auditions) at the age of 19. Following this important win, Robinson left MSU to the Met's development program for young artists, with which Robinson sang leading roles in school performances throughout New York, beginning in 1966.

Robinson made her professional opera debut in 1966 with Memphis Opera as the title heroine in Donizetti's Lucia di Lammermoor conducted by Fiora Contino. That same year she toured to Rhode Island with the Met to perform the role of the Swallow in the American premiere of Malcolm Williamson's The Happy Prince. She made her debut at the company's opera house three years later as the First Genii in Mozart's The Magic Flute. She became a regular performer at the Met during the next two decades singing in more than 200 performances with the company. Her roles with the Metropolitan Opera included Adina in L'Elisir d'Amore, Almirena in Rinaldo, Amore in Orfeo ed Euridice, Annina in La traviata, Barbarina in Le nozze di Figaro, Flower Maiden in Parsifal, Garsenda in Francesca da Rimini, Gilda in Rigoletto, Gretel in Hänsel und Gretel, Guadalena in La Périchole, Juliette in Roméo et Juliette, Konstanze in Die Entführung aus dem Serail, Lucia in Lucia di Lammermoor, Norina in Don Pasquale, Oscar in Un ballo in maschera, Pamina in The Magic Flute, Princess in L'enfant et les sortilèges, Rosina in Il Barbiere di Siviglia, Servilia in La clemenza di Tito, Sophie in Der Rosenkavalier, and Sophie in Werther among others. Her last performance both with the Met and on the operatic stage was as Echo in Ariadne auf Naxos on October 10, 1987. Robinson decided to retire at the time due to health reasons.

She was featured in the April 2, 1971 issue of LIFE magazine in the story "Pops' Girl Gail Makes it at the Met" (pages 57–61).

Robinson's career also took her to other leading opera houses around the world including the Hamburg State Opera, Berlin State Opera, the Munich State Opera, and Grand Théâtre de Genève among others. She also sang at numerous companies in the United States including the Lyric Opera of Chicago, San Antonio Grand Opera Festival, Opera Company of Philadelphia, New Orleans Opera, Opera Omaha and the Kentucky Opera among others.

Robinson also had a fruitful career as a concert artist and recitalist, giving performances in more than 80 cities in the United States alone and singing at such distinguished places as the White House and Carnegie Hall. She performed with several prestigious orchestras including the Hollywood Bowl Orchestra and the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra among others.

After her career on stage she began mentoring young singers in the Metropolitan Opera's Young Artist Program, becoming director of both that program and the Met's National Council Auditions for almost fifteen years. In 1999 she became a professor of voice at the University of Kentucky and held the position until she died. Several of her students have gone on to have successful opera careers including Stephanie Blythe, Dwayne Croft, Christine Goerke, Paul Groves and Heidi Grant Murphy.

Robinson was the recipient of numerous honours including an honorary PhD in fine arts from Rhodes College, Memphis, and the inaugural Obelisk Award of the Center for Contemporary Opera.

Robinson died of complications from rheumatoid arthritis on October 19, 2008, aged 62. She was the wife of Henno Lohmeyer, a journalist and writer. They had two children together, Patrick Lohmeyer and Jennifer Toney, and four grandchildren.

Recordings
Very little of Robinson's work has been recorded. She was never offered a recording contract with a record label and the only surviving records of her work are a videotaped performance of the Met's production of Francesca da Rimini, several operetta films, such as Millöcker's Die Dubarry, that she made in Germany during the 1970s, and several television appearances.

Opera roles

 Adele, Die Fledermaus (Johann Strauss II)
 Adina in L'elisir d'amore (Donizetti)
 Almirena, Rinaldo (Handel)
 Amina, La sonnambula (Bellini)
 Amore, Orfeo ed Euridice (Gluck)
 Annina, La traviata (Verdi)
 Barbarina, The Marriage of Figaro (Mozart)
 Echo Ariadne auf Naxos (Richard Strauss)
 Fiordiligi, Così fan tutte (Mozart)
 Flower maiden, Parsifal (Wagner)
 Garsenda, Francesca da Rimini (Zandonai)
 Gilda, Rigoletto (Verdi)
 Gretel, Hänsel und Gretel (Humperdinck)
 Guadalena, La Périchole (Offenbach)
 Juliet, Roméo et Juliette (Gounod)
 Konstanze, The Abduction from the Seraglio (Mozart)
 Leila, Les pêcheurs de perles (Bizet)
 Lucia, Lucia di Lammermoor (Donizetti)
 Lucy, The Telephone (Menotti)
 Margot, Die Dubarry (Millöcker)
 Marie, La fille du régiment (Donizetti)
 Norina, Don Pasquale (Donizetti)
 Oscar, Un ballo in maschera (Verdi)
 Pamina in Die Zauberflöte (Mozart)
 Princess, L'enfant et les sortilèges (Ravel)
 Romilda, Xerxes (Handel)
 Rosina in Il barbiere di Siviglia (Rossini)
 Servilia, La clemenza di Tito (Mozart)
 Sophie, Der Rosenkavalier (Richard Strauss)
 Sophie, Werther (Massenet)
 Zerlina, Don Giovanni (Mozart)

References

External links
Gail Robinson biography, Operissimo.com

1946 births
2008 deaths
University of Kentucky faculty
University of Memphis alumni
American operatic sopranos
People from Jackson, Tennessee
Deaths from arthritis
Voice teachers
20th-century American women opera singers
Kentucky women musicians
American music educators
American women music educators
American women academics
21st-century American women


The Gendarmery () is the national gendarmerie force of Serbia, tasked with high-risk and specialized law enforcement duties. It is under the authority of the Police Directorate of the Serbian Police and consists of about 2,800 members.

History

The word žandarmerija is a French loanword ("gendarmerie"), and is pronounced "zhandarmeriya". The Žandarmerija corps date back to the Principality of Serbia, established on June 28, 1860, and originally consisted of 120 infantrymen and 15 cavalrymen. From 15 to 17 June 1862, the Serbian Gendarmerie played a crucial role in the conflicts around the Čukur fountain in Belgrade - a little more than 100 gendarmes opposed a Turkish force several hundred times stronger and practically saved Belgrade and Serbia. The 1884 Law on the Gendarmerie established the State Gendarmerie which was organized into detachments with one detachment in Belgrade and every district town. In 1919, the Gendarmerie became an integral part of the Royal Army of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, tasked for watching over public order and security, maintaining order and peace and ensuring the execution of the laws. The Gendarmerie was subordinated to the Minister of Military Affairs in terms of supply, discipline and military training, and in terms of use, training, maintenance of public security and gendarmerie service - to the Ministry of the Internal Affairs.
After World War II gendarmery was disbanded only to be re-establishe more than half a century later, in 2001, after the disbandment of the Special Police Units (, PJP). One of its first major assignments of newly-formed Gendarmery was capture of the suspects in the assassination of Prime Minister Zoran Đinđić. That same year, the Counter-Terrorist Unit was established within Gendarmery, but was separated in 2007 to become an independent unit within the Police. In 2005 the Persons and Infrastructure Protection Unit was established, to carry out close protection and technical protection tasks. In 2011 the Gendarmery was reorganized and the First Quick Response Detachment was established, consisting of the specialist companies of all Gendarmery detachments along with the Diving Center.

Missions
The Gendarmery's missions include:

 Restoring public peace and order if it has been heavily disturbed (including riot control)
 Countering organized crime, terrorist and other violent groups
 Repressing prison riots
 Providing security to the security-sensitive foreign embassies in Serbia (those of the United States, China, Russia, Germany, United Kingdom, France, Italy, Turkey, Israel, Croatia and Albania)
 Securing the 384 kilometers long and 5 km wide Ground Safety Zone along the administrative line between Serbia and Kosovo (in joint action with infantry battalions of the Serbian Army)

It may also perform any duties decreed in the laws and regulations.

Organization
Gendarmery is organized in four "detachments" (odredi), battalion-size units, each with their own territorial jurisdiction (based in Belgrade, Novi Sad, Niš, and Kraljevo). Detachment is organized as independent unit in order to be able to execute every-day duties on its territory of jurisdiction although, if needed, can provide assistance to other detachments as well. The structure of the detachment is as follows:

 Command
 General-purpose unit (composed of a general-purpose company and fire support platoon); specialized in crowd and riot control.
 Specialist unit (composed of: counter-terrorist company, reconnaissance platoon, sniper team, K-9 team and mine-explosive team), specialized in counterterrorism, fighting violent groups, organized crime groups.
 Security unit (company-size unit in Belgrade-based detachment, platoon-size unit in other detachments); specialized in tasks of physical and technical protection of sensitive sites (protection of certain foreign embassies in case of Belgrade-based detachment or other sensitive sites in case of other detachments).
 Armored vehicles unit, tasked with mechanized support to other units of the detachment.

In addition to the detachments deployed throughout the country, the Gendarmery has one specialized unit: the Diving Unit of the Gendarmery (Ronilačka jedinica Žandarmerije), headquartered in Belgrade. It is tasked with conducting special actions in water-dominated environment and is consisted of three specialist teams: intervention team, searching team and nautical team.

Equipment
Firearms

Vehicles

Commanders
Since its establishment, the Serbian Gendarmery has had six Commanders:

See also
 Police of Serbia

References

External links

 Official Žandarmerija of the Ministry of Internal Affairs
 Short video about Žandarmerija
 "Nadležnosti" [Duties]. Ministry of the Interior, Republic of Serbia

Serbian Gendarmerie
1860 establishments in Serbia
1940s disestablishments in Serbia
2001 establishments in Serbia
Articles containing video clips
Specialist law enforcement agencies of Serbia
Serbia


Boxed In is the alias for British singer, songwriter and record producer Oli Bayston (born Oliver George Bayston). The name is partly inspired by Francis Bacon's infamous painting Head VI, once described as "the operation through which the entire body escapes through the mouth", a phrase which also seemed to befit the act of singing.

After featuring in The Guardian'''s "New band of the day" in October 2013, Boxed In released his first single "All Your Love Is Gone" through Moshi Moshi Records in November 2013. His eponymous, electro-dance-pop debut album followed in January 2015, released by Nettwerk Records, to a swathe of positive reviews, including from NME, Clash, and The Line of Best Fit. Stylistically, the album drew comparisons with LCD Soundsystem and Hot Chip.

The album, and lead singles "Mystery", "Run Quicker" and "False Alarm", were supported across BBC Radio 1 (including Huw Stephens' It's Album Time session), BBC Radio 6 Music (including a live session with Lauren Laverne), KCRW (the album reached the station's top 10 albums of 2015) and Spotify. This led to sold-out shows at London's XOYO and Oslo (Hackney) venues. After seeing them perform at SXSW in March 2015, KCRW music director Jason Bentley invited the band to Los Angeles to perform alongside TV on the radio at the station's Sound In Focus festival.

On 22 April 2016, producer Dan Carey's Speedy Wunderground label (which invites a band to write and record a track in 24 hours at Carey's South London studio) released its 16th single "Running Out" by Boxed In feat. Formation, a British breakthrough dance-pop act.

Single Jist was released in June 2016, ahead of Boxed In's second album, Melt, which was released in September that year. A second single from the album, Forget, followed a month later, remixed by George FitzGerald.

Band members

 Oli Bayston – vocals, keyboards, guitars, programming

 Discography
 Boxed In (2015)
 Melt'' (2016)

References

21st-century British musicians
British electronic musicians
British record producers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Nettwerk Music Group artists


Kenville is an unincorporated community in the Municipality of Swan Valley West, Manitoba, Canada.

It hosted a school for the Kenville school district between 1906 and 1967, when it became part of the Swan Valley School Division.

References

Unincorporated communities in Parkland Region, Manitoba


Hell or High Water may refer to:

Film and television
 Hell or High Water (film), a 2016 American film
 "Hell or High Water" (Prison Break), an episode of Prison Break

Music

Artists
 Hell or Highwater, the side-project of Atreyu's drummer, Brandon Saller

Albums
 Hell or High Water (Tinsley Ellis album), 2002
 Hell or High Water (As Cities Burn album), 2009
 Hell or Highwater (album), by David Duchovny, 2015
 Come Hell or High Water, a 1994 live album by Deep Purple
 Come Hell or High Water (The Flowers of Hell album), 2009

EPs
 The Hell or High Water EP, by The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus, 2010

Songs
 "Hell or High Water", a song by AC/DC from the 1985 album Fly on the Wall
 "Hell or High Water", a song by Kiss from the 1987 album Crazy Nights
 "Hell or High Water", a song by Quiet Riot from the 1995 album Down to the Bone
 "Hell, or High Water", a song by Woe, Is Me from the 2010 album Number[s]
 "Hell or High Water", a song by Passenger from the 2018 album Runaway

Other uses
 Hell or high water clause, a contract clause

See also

 Hell and High Water (disambiguation)


Cell test/s/ing may mean:

Biology
 Cell culture assays
 Biopsy test, testing cells from a biopsy
 Sickle cell test, the test for sickle cell anemia
 Antigen leukocyte cellular antibody test

Telecomm
 CDMA mobile test set, mobile phone tester
 Mobile Device Testing, cell phone testing

Entertainment
 Cell Test (Prison Break) an episode of the TV series Prison Break


In the context of computer supplies, the word spindle or cakebox may refer to a plastic container for packaging optical discs.  It typically consists of a round base with a vertical rod (which matches the center holes of the disks) and a cylindrical cover made from polypropylene plastic.  Bulk blank CDs, DVDs, and BDs are often sold in such a package.

Dummy discs made of clear polycarbonate without a recording surface are often packed on the ends of the stack to avoid scratches from contact with surrounding things.

See also

 Optical disc packaging

Packaging
Optical disc authoring


Etrek may refer to:

 Atrek River, a river in Iran and Turkmenistan
 Etrek District, a district in Balkan Province, Turkmenistan
 Etrek, Turkmenistan, a city in Balkan Province, Turkmenistan, capital of Etrek District


Behind the Walls may refer to:
 Behind the Walls, the first special episode of Prison Break
 Derrière les murs, the first French live-action feature to be shot in 3D
 "Behind the Walls", a song on The N.W.A Legacy, Vol. 2
 Behind the Walls (film), a 2008 French film
 "Behind the Walls", a 2018 US film, written and directed by The Kondelik Brothers


Guam Premier Outlets or GPO (formerly known as Guam Shopping Center and Guam Premium Outlets) (Japanese:グアムプレミアアウトレット) (Korean: 괌 프리미어 아울렛) (Russian: Премьер-министр Гуама), located along GH-14, is an enclosed outlet mall located in Tamuning, Guam. GPO is the only outlet mall in the United States territory of Guam with Ross Dress for Less being the only anchor of the mall.

Located just north of the island's busiest intersection of Marine Corps Drive (Route 1) and Chalan San Antonio (Route 14), stores at GPO include Calvin Klein, GUESS?, Levi's, Tommy Hilfiger, Nike, Skechers, Famous Footwear and ABC Stores. Notable restaurants inside the mall include KFC, Cinnabon, Häagen-Dazs, Cold Stone Creamery, Panda Express (with Tea Bar), Subway, Charleys Philly Steaks, Taco Bell, and Chatime. Stand-alone restaurants include Ruby Tuesday, Wendy's, Longhorn Steakhouse, Applebee's, and King's. Other places on the outskirts of the mall include a Regal Multiplex.

A Chuck E. Cheese's opened at GPO in November 2010, being the first such location for the chain in the territory. The location would operate for 10 years until closing in October 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.

GPO is served by Guam's private tourist bus systems and public transit buses.

Places on the outskirts of the mall
Regal Multiplex
Cost-U-Less
Wendy’s
Applebee’s
Ruby Tuesday
Longhorn Steakhouse
King's
Cold Stone Creamery
Cold Stone Yogurt Bar

References

External links
Official website of Guam Premier Outlets

Shopping malls in Guam
Outlet malls in the United States
Tamuning, Guam


Rie Takaki (高木 理江 Takaki Rie, born 9 August 1983) is a Japanese volleyball player who plays as vice captain for Victorina Himeji.

Profile
She became a volleyball player at 10 years old.
While attending junior high, she played as a wing-spiker.
While attending high school, the volleyball team won in the Japanese high school league with Megumi Kurihara and Seiko Kawamura.
She served as a captain of JT Marvelous between 2006 and 2009.
In June 2011, she retired from JT Marvelous.
She signed with Victorina Himeji on 2018-07-01

Clubs
 Mitajiri Girls' High School (now MakotoEi high)
 JT Marvelous (2002–2011)
 Victorina Himeji (2018–

Awards

Team
2003 52nd Kurowashiki All Japan Volleyball Championship -  Runner-Up, with JT Marvelous.
2004 53rd Kurowashiki All Japan Volleyball Championship -  Runner-Up, with JT Marvelous.
2006-2007 V.Premier League -  Runner-Up, with JT Marvelous.
2007 56th Kurowashiki All Japan Volleyball Championship -  Runner-Up, with JT Marvelous.
2009-2010 V.Premier League -  Runner-Up, with JT Marvelous.
2010 59th Kurowashiki All Japan Volleyball Tournament -  Runner-Up, with JT Marvelous.
2010-11 V.Premier League -  Champion, with JT Marvelous.
2011 60th Kurowashiki All Japan Volleyball Tournament -  Champion, with JT Marvelous.

National team

Senior team
Japan 2002

References

External links
JVA Biography
JT Official Website

Japanese women's volleyball players
Living people
Sportspeople from Yamaguchi Prefecture
1983 births
JT Marvelous players


Bosk may refer to:

 Bosk or Baška, Košice-okolie District, a village and municipality in Kosice Region, Slovakia
 Bosk of Port Kar, a character in the Gor series by John Norman

See also
 Bosque, a type of gallery forest habitat
 Bosc (disambiguation)


Seth Green (born 1974) is an American actor and comedian.

Seth Green may also refer to:

Seth Green (pisciculture) (1817–1888), American pioneer in fish farming
Seth Green (executive), founder of Americans for Informed Democracy
Bruce Seth Green, an American television director


A total return index is an index that measures the performance of a group of components by assuming that all cash distributions are reinvested, in addition to tracking the components' price movements. While it is common to refer to equity based indices, there are also total return indices for bonds and commodities.

A total return index (TRI) is different from a price return index. A price return index only considers price movements (capital gains or losses) of the securities that make up the index, while a total return index includes dividends, interest, rights offerings and other distributions realized over a given period of time. Looking at an index's total return is usually considered a more accurate measure of performance.  Typically, taxation is different between capital gains and dividends, so that the total return index only forms a rough approximation of what a long term investor can expect to keep after taxation.

Many stock indexes are calculated as a price return index and a total return index as well: The US stock index S&P 500 is an example of a price return index and the German stock market index DAX is an example of a total return index.

The TRI is also used to develop a portfolio as a weighted combination of assets, as it is described in modern portfolio theory. Though this theory is working with historical data, the models following this theory are trying to calculate the expected return based on a selected combination of assets. For example, in this way a stock portfolio representing a part of a stock index can be compared with the performance version of the stock index.

References

Stock market indices


USS West Lianga (ID-2758) was a cargo ship for the United States Navy during World War I. She was later known as SS Helen Whittier and SS Kalani in civilian service under American registry, as SS Empire Cheetah under British registry, and as SS Hobbema under Dutch registry.

West Lianga was launched for the United States Shipping Board (USSB) in May 1918 as a part of the West boats, a series of steel-hulled cargo ships built on the West Coast of the United States for the World War I war effort. West Lianga briefly had the distinction of being the fastest-launched and fastest-completed ocean-going ship in the world. Pressed into cargo service for the US Navy, USS West Lianga was commissioned into the Naval Overseas Transportation Service (NOTS) and completed four round-trip voyages to France for the Navy. After decommissioning in mid 1919, she was briefly in cargo service out of Seattle before being laid up in late 1921.

West Lianga was sold to the Los Angeles Steamship Company (LASSCO) in early 1929, refurbished, and renamed Helen Whittier for intercoastal cargo service. When Matson Navigation Company purchased LASSCO in 1931, Helen Whittier frequently sailed on Matson's Hawaiian sugar routes. She was renamed Kalani in 1938 and continued in Hawaiian service until 1940 when she was sold to British interests to help fill the United Kingdom's urgent need for merchant ships.

After sailing to the UK as Kalani, the ship was renamed Empire Cheetah and sailed in transatlantic convoys, making three round trips between February 1941 and May 1942. At that time, Empire Cheetah was transferred to Dutch interests and renamed Hobbema. She successfully completed one transatlantic roundtrip under Dutch registry and was on the homeward leg of her second in Convoy SC 107, when that convoy was attacked by a wolf pack of German submarines. Shortly after midnight on 4 November 1942, Hobbema was struck in the engine room by a single torpedo fired by . Of Hobbemas complement of 44 men and British gunners aboard, only 16 survived the attack. Hobbema was one of 19 Allied ships in the convoy sunk by German submarines.  The sinking of Hobbema (or possibly Hatimura, also sunk by U-132 at the same time) resulted in one of the largest non-nuclear man-made explosions in history, with the German submarine also destroyed by the ensuing explosion.

Design and construction
The West ships were cargo ships of similar size and design built by several shipyards on the West Coast of the United States for the USSB for emergency use during World War I. All were given names that began with the word West, like West Lianga, one of some 24 West ships built by Skinner & Eddy of Seattle, Washington. West Lianga (Skinner & Eddy No. 21; USSB No. 1176) was laid down on 14 February 1918. When she was launched on 20 April with an elapsed time of 55 working days—65 calendar days—from keel laying to launch, it was reported in the New York Times as a new world-record.

When all remaining post-launch work on West Lianga was completed and she was delivered on 4 May, 67 working days after her keel laying, it was another world record for ocean-going vessels. By 1920, West Lianga still counted as the third-fastest delivery, behind two ships that were over one-third smaller than West Lianga. Shipbuilder Skinner & Eddy received a $71,600 bonus ($ million today) for completing West Lianga early.

West Lianga was , and was  long (between perpendiculars) and  abeam. West Lianga had a steel hull and a deadweight tonnage of . The ship had a single steam turbine that drove her single screw propeller which moved the ship at an  pace.

World War I
West Liangas activities after her 4 May delivery to the USSB are not entirely clear. Many West ships, to avoid sailing empty to the East Coast, loaded grain products intended for the United Kingdom, France, and Italy and sailed to Europe without unloading or transferring their cargo, but it is not known whether West Lianga did so or not. Whatever her early activities, West Lianga was handed over to the United States Navy at Brooklyn in August 1918 and assigned the identification number 2758. USS West Lianga was commissioned into the NOTS on 19 August.

At New York, West Lianga took on a load of 6,882 tons of materiel for the United States Army and a deck-load of 32 trucks and departed for France in a convoy. After unloading her cargo at Bordeaux, she returned to New York on 16 October. After voyage repairs, she loaded another 6,685 tons of cargo for the Quartermaster Corps and departed for Europe on 3 November. West Lianga was en route to France when the Armistice that ended fighting was signed on 11 November. West Lianga delivered her cargo to Saint-Nazaire and took on a load of 1,700 tons for delivery to the United States. After departing from France on 21 December, West Lianga arrived at New York on 4 January 1919.

After shifting to New Orleans and taking on a load of cargo there, West Lianga began her third voyage to France. After making her delivery at Brest, the cargo ship took on a load of steel rails and sand as ballast and sailed for Newport News, Virginia, where she arrived on 21 March. She loaded railroad supplies for the Quartermaster Corps and sailed on 4 April on what would be her final NOTS trip to France. After delivery at La Pallice, West Lianga returned to New York on 10 June. Two weeks later, she was decommissioned, struck from the Navy list, and returned to the USSB.

Interwar career
After her return to the USSB in June 1919, West Lianga returned to Seattle and was based out of there for several years of operation. The United States Official Number 216274 was allocated. On 7 September 1921, the ship was laid up in the reserve fleet at Norfolk. On 19 February 1929, the USSB sold West Lianga to the LASSCO for $100,000 on the basis of unrestricted operation. LASSCO, which announced plans for a $50,000 overhaul and reconditioning of the ship for operation on its Arrow Line intercoastal cargo service, paid ten percent in cash and signed a note for the balance to be paid over the next ten years.

On 12 March, LASSCO changed West Liangas port of registry from Seattle to Los Angeles, and on 26 March, announced that the ship had been renamed Helen Whittier after the daughter of California oil pioneer Max Whittier. The Code Letters LKQR were allocated. LASSCO also announced that Helen Whittier, to be operated by Sudden and Christenson Steamship Company for LASSCO, was scheduled to sail from Baltimore on 25 April to begin her intercoastal service.

Helen Whittiers activities over the next two years were not recorded in contemporary newspaper accounts, but she was affected by the absorption of LASSCO into its former competitor, Matson Navigation Company, on 1 January 1931. In late August 1931, Helen Whittier was added to Matson's Hawaiian sugar service to Gulf Coast and North Atlantic ports.

Helen Whittier had returned to intercoastal service by early 1934 when The New York Times reported that she had sailed from San Francisco on 23 March and arrived at New York on 25 April. In June that same year, Helen Whittier was one of the Matson ships added to carry food cargo to Hawaii. Shipments of food from the mainland—which accounted for up to 90% of Hawaii's needs—had been curtailed as a coastwise strike had affected all ports except Los Angeles. Helen Whittier sailed on her first food delivery on 23 June with 2,500 tons of food from Los Angeles to Honolulu.

During 1935, her Code Letters were changed to LKAO. In February 1935, Helen Whittier was returned to the Hawaiian sugar service full-time. During her time on this service, Helen Whittier often called at New York. One typical voyage, as tracked in The New York Times, began when she departed New York on 23 November for Honolulu, passed through the Panama Canal on 4 December, and arrived at Honolulu. Helen Whittier departed there on 11 January 1936 and arrived at New York again on 16 February. Occasionally, Helen Whittier would make side trips to Baltimore for voyage repairs between her arrival at New York and her next departure for Hawaii. The cargo ship continued her Honolulu – New York service through September 1936.

In 1938, Matson renamed the ship Kalani, and continued using her in Hawaiian service through 1940. On 15 July 1940, Matson received the permission of the United States Maritime Commission (USMC), a successor to the USSB, to sell Kalani to Sir R. Ropner & Co., Ltd., of West Hartlepool. Six days after the approval, Kalani, now under British registry, departed from Los Angeles for New York.

World War II
Kalani, acquired to fill the United Kingdom's urgent need for merchant vessels, was operated by Ropner under the authority of the Ministry of War Transport. After departing Panama on 4 August, Kalani arrived at New York on 13 August. Kalani shuttled between New York, Albany, and Boston, ending up at Baltimore on 25 August. Sailing from there on 15 September with a load of pig iron, she arrived at Halifax five days later. She departed from Halifax for Liverpool as a part of convoy HX 78 on 4 October but had to turn back and put in at Sydney, Nova Scotia. Kalani set out again on 15 October as a part of Convoy SC 8, a Sydney – Liverpool convoy. Kalani departed the convoy and arrived at Clyde on 31 October.

Empire Cheetah
Kalani was renamed Empire Cheetah on 12 November, two weeks into a three-and-a-half-month stay at Clyde. Her port of registry was London. The United Kingdom Official Number 168041 and Code Letters GMJT were allocated. Empire Cheetah departed on her first transatlantic voyage under her new name when she sailed with convoy OB 288 on 18 February 1941. After the convoy came under attack by German bombers and the convoy escorts departed, the convoy dispersed. Although nine convoy ships were sunk by six German and two Italian submarines on 23–24 February, Empire Cheetah safely reached her destination of Philadelphia on 10 March.

After taking on a load of steel, Empire Cheetah sailed for Halifax, and then on to Newport, Monmouthshire, as a part of convoy HX 122, arriving on 9 May. She sailed for Swansea on 27 May, and on to Milford Haven on 9 June. On 26 June, she sailed as a part of convoy OB 339 but put back into Milford Haven with defects. Empire Cheetah tried again as a part of convoy OB 343 on 6 July but had to return once again, putting in at Clyde on 9 July.

After a month at Clyde, Empire Cheetah set out a third time for North America in convoy ON 7 which, although dispersed mid-ocean, lost no ships to submarines. Empire Cheetah successfully reached her destination of Boston on 3 September. From there she made her way to Philadelphia on 3 October, and on to Sydney on 23 October. There she joined convoy SC 51 sailing for Holyhead and Manchester the same day with a cargo of grain, steel, and cotton. She arrived at Holyhead on 8 November, but departed for Liverpool three days later. After returning to Holyhead later in the month, Empire Cheetah sailed in convoy BB 106 to Barry, where she arrived on 1 December.

Empire Cheetah spent two and a half months at Barry before sailing to Swansea on 14 February 1942. Heading to Milford Haven on 23 February, she sailed the next day as a part of convoy ON 70 headed to Portland, Maine, where she safely arrived on 20 March after an intermediate stop at Halifax from 15 to 18 March. Four days later, Empire Cheetah sailed for Boston. She departed Boston on 12 April for Halifax and departed from there in convoy SC 80 five days later for Hull with a general cargo. Empire Cheetah arrived at Loch Ewe on 2 May and sailed the next day for Methil. After arriving at Methil on 6 May, she headed to her destination of Hull on 7 May.

Hobbema

On 18 May at Hull, Empire Cheetah was transferred to the Dutch government and assigned to the Netherlands Shipping & Trading Committee. The ship's name was changed to Hobbema and the port of registry changed to The Hague, even though the Netherlands were under German occupation. Hobbema was placed under the management of the British & Continental Shipping Agency Ltd.

Hobbema departed Hull on 23 May and called at Methil and Loch Ewe before sailing for New York as a part of convoy ON 100 on 2 June. After an intermediate stop at Halifax, Hobbema arrived at the Cape Cod Canal on 19 June and proceeded on to New York where she arrived the next day. After making two trips to Philadelphia and back, she departed for Cape Cod Bay to form up with convoy BX 28 for Halifax, where she arrived on 11 July. Hobbema sailed from Halifax to Sydney, Nova Scotia, in convoy HS 28, and from there sailed on 17 July for Liverpool with convoy SC 92. After her arrival on 31 July, she spent nearly a month at Liverpool before joining convoy ON 126 for New York, arriving at that destination on 19 September.

Hobbema sailed the next day for Newport News and took on  of general cargo and ammunition and returned to New York on 15 October. She sailed nine days later as a part of convoy SC 107 headed for Liverpool. On 30 October, German submarine  sighted the eastbound convoy and relayed the convoy's position to the Wolfpack Veilchen of thirteen U-boats and to two other U-boats— and —patrolling nearby. After getting into position and dodging convoy escorts over the next two days, the wolf pack attacked the convoy on the night of 1–2 November and sank seven ships. Another ship was sunk during the day on 2 November. On the night of 2–3 November the convoy sailed through thick fog that concealed its location and kept the U-boats at bay. At dawn the fog had lifted and another ship was sunk.

After dark, the wolf pack struck again. At 00:10 on 4 November  closed in and torpedoed Hobbema, SS Empire Lynx and SS Hatimura. At 00:15, a single torpedo from U-132 hit Hobbema on the starboard side in the engine room, immediately knocking out power to the ship, and caused her to begin rapidly sinking. The lifeboats and several life rafts from the port side were launched with 16 men on board. The ship's master and 20 crewmen along with 7 British gunners died in the attack and sinking. US Navy tugs  and Pessacus rescued Hobbemas survivors.

At 00:40 the entire convoy and nearby U-boats were jolted by a very heavy explosion thought to have been one of the largest prior to atomic bomb testing. The explosion stopped the engine of the tug Uncas rescuing survivors six miles astern of the convoy. SS Titus was rescuing survivors from Empire Lynx when the explosion lifted her bow so violently the crew believed Titus had been torpedoed. The crew abandoned ship before the master realized Titus was undamaged and reboarded to sail to England with a skeleton crew including some Empire Lynx and Hatimura survivors. Titus was drydocked upon arrival in England, but the only damage found was a small dent in her port side. U-132 is believed to have been destroyed by the explosion. The cause of the explosion is unknown, but it is assumed to have resulted from detonation of the ammunition cargo aboard either Hobbema or Hatimura. In all, 19 Allied ships were sunk from convoy SC 107.

See also
 Operation CHASE for a description of experimental detonation of obsolete munition cargoes in sinking ships to simulate nuclear testing.

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links

Design 1013 ships of the United States Navy
Ships built by Skinner & Eddy
1918 ships
World War I cargo ships of the United States
World War I auxiliary ships of the United States
World War II merchant ships of the United States
Empire ships
Design 1013 ships of the Ministry of War Transport
World War II merchant ships of the Netherlands
Ships sunk by German submarines in World War II
World War II shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean
Maritime incidents in November 1942


Dunlap Community Unit School District 323 is a public school district in Peoria County, Illinois.  It is based near Dunlap, Illinois and has one high school, two middle schools, and five elementary schools.  Its territory consists of Radnor Township, northeastern Kickapoo Township, the western third of Medina Township, and parts of Akron, Hallock, and Richwoods Townships. It serves the towns of Dunlap and Princeville, the unincorporated communities of Edelstein and Edwards, and the outer northern portions of Peoria.

, the district had 4,565 students, and a student-teacher ratio of 20:1 for elementary/middle schools and 21:1 for the high school.

Dunlap is a growing school district.

Its mascot is an eagle, typically represented as an American bald eagle.

Superintendent: Scott Dearman

Schools
 Dunlap High School – High school education in Dunlap started in 1893. The high school got its own building in 1926. It was its own high school district, #158, until District 323 was created. The current high school was built in 1976.
Principal: Katie Cazalet
 Dunlap Middle School This school opened in spring 1999. Additions of the new modular building in 2016 to add more students.
Principal: Antonio Johnson
Assistant Principal: Camron Stanley
 Dunlap Valley Middle School This school opened in fall 2008. Additions are planned for 2019 to increase the capacity to 700 students.
Principal: Jason Holmes
Assistant Principal: Dustin Hess
 Dunlap Grade School – across from the Rock Island Trail in Alta
Principal: Mandy Ellis
 Banner Elementary School – not to be confused with the old District 81 school
Principal: Greg Fairchild
 Ridgeview Elementary School This school opened in fall 2001
Principal: Todd Jefferson
Assistant Principal: Kyle James
 Wilder-Waite Grade School – This school was opened in autumn 1948 to replace the schools whose five districts had consolidated into new District 303 in 1946.
Principal: Stacy Berg
 Hickory Grove Elementary School This school opened in fall 2012
Principal: Jeremy Entyre
Assistant Principal: Michaela Rychener

History
By 1945, Radnor Township had at least 9 grade school districts; most of these districts, along with a few in nearby townships, merged around 1945–1946.  In 1969, District 323 was created by the consolidation of the three remaining districts: Dunlap Township High School District 158, Dunlap Consolidated Grade School District 302, and Wilder-Waite Consolidated Grade School District 303.

Dunlap Grade School District 302
Dunlap District #302 traced is lineage back to several school districts.

 Potter School (District #7), was located in Section 35 of Akron Township.  The school was built in 1867, west of the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad, and was named after a family who migrated to the area in 1847 and had several generations of students attend the school.  The district merged into Dunlap #302 in 1953.
 Summit (#8), was originally represented by Toehead School, built in 1858; this building was sold off and moved to a nearby farm when the new school, named the Summit, was built on the same property in 1883.  This district merged into Dunlap #302 in 1954.
 Rice School (#80) was built in 1855.  The district was split in 1953 and given to Dunlap #302 (which later consolidated into #323) and Edelstein #313 (which later consolidated into Princeville #326).  The Rice School building still exists as a house on Illinois Route 40.
 Banner School (#81) was originally District 3, started around 1844.  Medina's District 3 merged with Radnor's District 10, and the new school was built in 1872; the county school superintendent called it a "Banner School" and the name stuck.  It was the first school in Peoria County to have single desks.  This school closed in 1953 and the district split among Dunlap #302, Wilder-Waite #303, and Mossville #306 (which later consolidated into IVC #321).  The school was at the corner of "Dunlap Road" and Illinois 88 (now Illinois 40), and the original bricks from this old Banner School are on display at the new Banner School on Allen Road.
 Keady (#102), consolidated to form Dunlap #302 in 1945.
 Bell Tree (#103), split from Hazel Dell #108 around 1865, then consolidated again with it and others to form Dunlap #302 in 1945.
 Salem (#104), was established around 1849; it moved to a new school in 1868 on the spare ground of the Methodist Church church yard.  The school was rebuilt there in 1913 after a fire.  It consolidated to form Dunlap #302 in 1945.
 Dunlap (#105) traced its history back to 1841, in the more populated sections south of what is now the village of Dunlap.  Three schools were built.  When Dunlap itself was laid out in 1871, one of the schools moved to just south of the new village; in 1877, it moved into a building in town owned by Alva Dunlap; and 1899, a newer school was erected.  #105 consolidated to form Dunlap #302 in 1945.
 Hazel Dell (#108) had the first building actually built as a school in Radnor Township, built around 1850.  Township sections 17, 18, 19, and 20 were in this district.  It consolidated to form Dunlap #302 in 1945.
 Parks (#109) (originally Radnor School District #8) was township sections 3, 4, 9, and 10.  The school was built in the southwest quarter of section 3, and was named Dunlap School, after Napoleon Dunlap, who donated the land in 1848.  There is no record for the date of the first school building, but the second was built in 1875.  This school was renamed to Parks School, from a prominent new family in the area, to avoid confusion after the new village of Dunlap got its own school.  Around 1945, District #109 was divided between Dunlap District #105 (soon to consolidate into #302) and Akron Township, Peoria County, Illinois's Summit District #8, which itself merged into Dunlap #302 in 1954.

Wilder-Waite District 303
Wilder-Waite District 303 was created in 1946 by the consolidation of several school districts. The school itself opened in autumn 1948.

 Orange Prairie (#53) was originally Kickapoo Township District 1; the first school was a log building built in 1840; it was replaced with a brick building in 1876. It was on Illinois Route 91 near U.S. Route 150. Orange Prairie School was one of the District 303 schools that remained open while Wilder-Waite was being built. It has since been demolished.
 An Orange Grange School or Grange Hall was across from Orange Prairie School. It was also one of the District 303 schools that remained open while Wilder-Waite was being built.
 Alta School (#84), originally District 6, was originally built around 1858.  The new school was built in the summer of 1877 in the then-new town of Alta. The school burnt down in 1945; the students completed the year in the Alta Masonic hall, and then went to other schools when the district consolidated into #303 at the end of the year.
 Glendale School (#106), Alta, had a history back to 1849. It was one of the District 303 schools that remained open while Wilder-Waite was being built.
 Tucker School (#107), Edwards, was established in 1855, but with education traceable back to 1840; there was a District 9 that merged into it in 1858.
 Dewey School (#110), township section 34, had a history back to 1856 and was known as District 9 until 1903. Its first school, built in 1856, was known as the British Institute. Dewey School was built in 1898, and named after General George Dewey from the Spanish–American War.
 Richwoods School (#116) was in the northwest corner of Richwoods Township. Its first building was a log school; the second was built in 1860 on the south side of the road, east of the original school; when it burnt down 1906, a third school was built. The final school was at the corner of what is now University Street and Pioneer Parkway (former Illinois Route 174). The school was dormant for six years starting in 1912 due to lack of students, but re-opened in spring 1918 and continued from then until 1946. The district consolidated into Wilder-Waite #303 in 1946. The school building itself was moved down University Street, where it was used as a house for a few years until it burnt down. The district's former territory was gradually transferred into Peoria District 150 over the years as the city of Peoria grew.

References

External links

School districts established in 1969
Education in Peoria County, Illinois
School districts in Illinois
1969 establishments in Illinois


Dayamani Barla is an Indian tribal journalist and activist from the Indian state of Jharkhand. She became notable for her activism in opposing Arcelor Mittal's steel plant in Eastern Jharkhand that tribal activists say would displace forty villages.

Barla has won a number of prestigious awards for journalism. She unsuccessfully ran from the Khunti Lok Sabha Constituency, Jharkhand in the 2014 Lok Sabha elections as an Aam Aadmi Party candidate.

Early life
Dayamani was born in a tribal family (also known as Adivasi in India) in the Jharkhand state of eastern India. Her family belonged to the Munda tribe. Dayamani's father, like other tribals in the region, was cheated out of his property because he could not read and lacked paperwork to show his rights to the land. Her father became a servant in one city, and her mother a maid in another. Barla remained in school in Jharkhand but worked as a day laborer on farms from the 5th to 7th grades. To continue her education through secondary school, she moved to Ranchi and worked as a maid to pay her way through university. She sometimes slept at railway stations in order to continue her education in journalism.

Career
Barla works in a popular Hindi newspaper  to bring attention to myriad problems facing the Munda people and other tribal communities in the Jharkhand region. She is the National President of Indian Social Action Forum INSAF. Her early journalistic work was supported by a small fellowship through the Association for India's Development (AID). Barla owns and runs a tea shop that effectively supports her journalistic work and career. She chose the business consciously because tea shops are gathering places where social issues are discussed.

Activism
The Jharkhand region is rich in natural resources and many government and private companies have appropriated land to build a number of natural resource extracting factories. Although the tribal people are supposed to receive compensation, a number of activists allege that they do not receive adequate compensation.
Arcelor Mittal wants to invest US$8.79 billion to set up one of the world's biggest steel plants in the area. The Greenfield steel project requires  of land and a new power plant. According to Barla, that would displace forty tribal villages. Barla and her organisation, Adivaasi, Moolvaasi, Astitva Raksha Manch (Forum for the Protection of Tribal and Indigenous People's Identity) argue that, apart from causing massive displacement, the project will destroy the forests in the area. It will also affect the water sources and ecosystems, thereby threatening the environment and the very source of sustenance for indigenous peoples. Arcelor Mittal on its part says that it does not want to grab local people's land and that it is willing to negotiate with all stake holders. But Barla counters that the subsistence tribal communities will not survive the alienation from their native land and they cannot be compensated for such a loss.

Barla's activist work was the subject of the 2013 documentary film Ballad of Resistance by filmmaker Leena Manimekalai.

Awards
Barla won the Counter Media Award for Rural Journalism in 2000 and the National Foundation for India Fellowship in 2004. Counter Media Award is funded by royalties from journalist P. Sainath's book Everyone Loves a Good Drought, and is meant for rural journalists whose (often outstanding) work gets ignored or even appropriated by the larger press at the state or national level in India.
 In 2013, she was the recipient of the Ellen L. Lutz Indigenous Rights Award instituted by Cultural Survival, an international NGO. In 2023, she was named the Greeley Peace Scholar by the University of Massachusetts Lowell.

References

External links

Dayamani Barla:The voice of Jharkhand

Journalists from Jharkhand
Indian women environmentalists
Indian women journalists
Munda people
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Aam Aadmi Party candidates in the 2014 Indian general election
Aam Aadmi Party politicians
Women in Jharkhand politics
21st-century Indian journalists
21st-century Indian women writers
21st-century Indian writers
Indian activist journalists
Indian human rights activists
Indian environmentalists
Women writers from Jharkhand
Adivasi women writers
Activists from Jharkhand
Adivasi activists
Adivasi writers
20th-century Indian journalists
20th-century Indian women writers
People from Khunti district
21st-century Indian women politicians
21st-century Indian politicians
Adivasi women
Scheduled Tribes of India
Indian newspaper journalists
Indian environmental writers


This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Tuolumne County, California.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Tuolumne County, California, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in an online map.

There are 35 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 2 National Historic Landmarks.

Current listings

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See also

List of National Historic Landmarks in California
National Register of Historic Places listings in California
California Historical Landmarks in Tuolumne County, California

References

Tuolumne


Francis Webb Wentworth-Sheilds (born Sheilds; 8 October 1820 – 18 January 1906) was an Anglo-Irish civil engineer on the Sydney Railway Company during its construction but before its opening.

In Great Britain and Ireland, Sheilds worked on a number of railway projects, including the then  Dublin and Kingstown Railway. He considered himself to be a born railway engineer.

City Surveyor
Sheilds was the Sydney City Surveyor in 1843 for a few years where he worked on water works. He resigned in 1849, in order to take up a post with the Sydney Railway Company.

Sydney Railway Company engineer
Sheilds is mainly remembered because he persuaded the company to adopt the  rail gauge, rather than the English standard gauge of . Sheilds had worked on railways in Ireland, which had adopted  as its own standard gauge. His proposal was backed by the British Board of Trade, and agreed to by all Australian colonies.

Sheilds resigned in 1850 when his pay was cut due to the company's financial difficulties. His replacement, Scotsman James Wallace, recommended that the track gauge be changed to the , and the New South Wales government concurred. However, the construction of  broad gauge lines had already started in Victoria and South Australia, and the necessary rolling stock had been ordered. The two colonies strongly protested about the change and declined to follow suit.

Sheilds's recommendation, and its overturning by New South Wales, is the origin of the huge problems caused by breaks of gauge between  and  rail tracks in Australia. To add to the predicament, most other Australian colonies, including parts of South Australia, later adopted the cheaper narrow gauge of . Tasmania's first railway was constructed with a  gauge, as per the original agreement, but it was converted to  in 1888.

See also
 Rail gauge in Australia

References

 Wentworth-Sheilds Family History details

External links

Irish engineers
19th-century Irish people
People from County Meath
Australian engineers
1820 births
1906 deaths


Laodice (also spelled Laodike; Greek: Λαοδίκη; died 38 BC) was a princess from the Kingdom of Commagene and a queen of the Parthian Empire by marriage to Orodes II. She was of Greek and Iranian descent.

Biography
Laodice was the first daughter born to King Antiochus I Theos of Commagene and Queen Isias Philostorgos.

She married King Orodes II of Parthia. Through this marriage, she became Queen of the Parthian Empire. In 38 BC Laodice and Orodes with their children, were killed in a parricidal and fratricidal massacre perpetrated by Phraates IV of Parthia to whom Orodes II handed over the Parthian throne after the death of Orodes’ son Pacorus I of Parthia in battle in 38 BC.

When Laodice died, her brother King Mithridates II of Commagene had her body returned to Commagene. She was buried near her mother Isias, her sister Antiochis of Commagene and her niece Aka I of Commagene. Mithridates in her honour built and dedicated a funeral monument.

Tomb
The tomb tumulus of Laodice measures 21 metres or 69 feet. Only one column is still standing with a stele on top of it. The stele depicts a dexiosis relief or a scene between Mithridates II and Laodice shaking hands. The inscription underneath the dexiosis relief is so weathered that the inscription was not noticed until 1938. It was not until 1979 that the inscription was finally recorded and revealed:

The great King Mithridates, the son of the great King Antiochus and Queen Isias, dedicated this image to the unfading memory of Queen Laodice, the king’s sister and the wife of Orodes, the king of kings, and to her own honour.

This inscription dedicated to Laodice suggests a cenotaph, as Mithridates II is saying farewell to his sister, Laodice. The grave chamber of Laodice was located inside the tumulus. After the Kingdom of Commagene was annexed in 72 by the Roman Emperor Vespasian, her tomb was plundered. Romans removed stone blocks from her tomb and used the stones for construction projects in Commagene.

References

Sources

Princesses of Commagene
38 BC deaths
1st-century Iranian people
1st-century Greek people
Year of birth unknown
Queens consort of Parthia


William James Douglas Allum (October 9, 1916 – March 14, 1992) was a Canadian ice hockey defenceman and coach. He played one game in the National Hockey League, with the New York Rangers on November 16, 1940. The rest of his career, which lasted from 1937 to 1953, was spent in minor and senior leagues. He later coached the 1959 Memorial Cup-winning Winnipeg Braves.

Playing career
Born in Winnipeg, Allum moved through the local hockey ranks, playing for the junior-level Winnipeg Rangers, and senior-level Winnipeg Canada Packers of the OHASL, competing for the latter in the 1937 Allan Cup tournament.   That October, Allum was signed by the New York Rangers, who assigned him to their local farm team, the EAHL New York Rovers. In his second season with the Rovers, Allum was named a First Team EAHL All-Star, and earned a call up to the Philadelphia Ramblers of the IAHL. In 1940-41, Allum played in one game for the Rangers, recording an assist against the Toronto Maple Leafs, but was returned to Philadelphia afterwards. He never played in the NHL again. In September 1941, his professional rights were sold to the Buffalo Bisons of the AHL.

Allum played two seasons in Buffalo, winning the Calder Cup with the Bisons in 1942-43. From 1943 through 1945, Allum served in the Canadian Forces during World War II, and played for Royal Canadian Navy teams in Winnipeg (while serving with ) and Cornwallis, Nova Scotia; he played with the  squad in the 1944 Allan Cup tournament. After the war, he returned to the Bisons, and went on to play for the St. Louis Flyers, Cleveland Barons of the AHL and the Minneapolis Millers of the USHL. After retiring from playing professional hockey in 1948,  Allum returned to the senior ranks, and played a number of years for the Owen Sound Mercurys of the OHASL, winning the 1951 Allan Cup.

Lacrosse
Bill Allum also played lacrosse for the Owen Sound Crescents and Fergus Thistles of the Ontario Lacrosse Association. Allum won the Mann Cup with Owen Sound in 1950.

Coaching
After his playing career ended, Allum had a lengthy coaching career in the Manitoba Junior Hockey League (MJHL), most notably with the Winnipeg Braves, whom Allum coached to 1959 Turnbull Cup, Abbott Cup and Memorial Cup championships. The Braves team that year included future professionals Ted Green, Gary Bergman, and defeated future Hockey Hall of Fame member Scotty Bowman, who was coaching the Peterborough Petes. In the late-1960s, Allum went on to coach the Selkirk Steelers.

Legacy
Bill Allum was inducted to the Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame in the builder category in 1990.

In 2003 Allum was inducted into the Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame and Museum with the entire members of the 1958-59 Winnipeg Braves, honoring them for their 1959 Memorial Cup victory.

Allum is also a member of the Owen Sound Sports Hall of Fame, having been inducted with the entire 1950-51 Owen Sound Mercurys team.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

References

External links

Photo of 1951 Owen Sound Mercurys with Allan Cup

1916 births
1992 deaths
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Royal Canadian Navy personnel of World War II
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States
Canadian ice hockey coaches
Minneapolis Millers (AHA) players
New York Rangers players
New York Rovers players
Ontario Hockey Association Senior A League (1890–1979) players
Philadelphia Ramblers players
Ice hockey people from Winnipeg


Kurt John Sorensen (born 8 November 1956) is a New Zealand former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s.

Background
He is the brother of fellow Kiwi international, Dane Sorensen, and the nephew of another pair of Kiwi brothers, Bill and Dave Sorensen. He is of Tongan and Danish descent.

Playing career
While playing in the Auckland Rugby League competition, Sorensen made his début for the New Zealand national rugby league team in the 1975 World Cup. The following year, while playing for Mt Wellington, he won the Auckland Rugby League's Rothville Trophy, which is awarded to the Premier One player of the year as chosen by the Auckland Coach. Sorensen then moved to England to play for Wigan for the 1976–77 season. He later played for the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks, finishing the 1982 season as the club's top try scorer.

While at Widnes, Sorensen played in 252 games and captained the side that won the Championship in 1987-88 and 1988-88, the Premiership in 1987-88, 1988-89 and 1989-1990 and the 1989 World Club Challenge. He also played in the Widnes side that were losing finalists in the 1992-93 Challenge Cup bursting through the defensive line from 20 yards out to score the opening try at Wembley. In 1986, after returning from the English season, Sorensen made some cameo appearances for the Northcote Tigers in the Auckland Rugby League competition. During the 1989–90 season, Sorensen captained defending champions Widnes at second-row forward in their 1989 World Club Challenge victory against the visiting Canberra Raiders. Kurt Sorensen played left- in Widnes' 24–18 victory over Salford in the 1990 Lancashire Cup Final during the 1990–91 season at Central Park, Wigan on Saturday 29 September 1990.

Kurt Sorensen played left- in Widnes' 6–12 defeat by Wigan in the 1988–89 John Player Special Trophy Final during the 1988–89 season at Burnden Park, Bolton on Saturday 7 January 1989, and played left-, and scored a try in the 24–0 victory over Leeds in the 1991–92 Regal Trophy Final during the 1991–92 season at Central Park, Wigan on Saturday 11 January 1992.

After leaving Widnes, Sorensen was the player-coach at Whitehaven before controversially joining rivals Workington Town in 1995. He resigned a year later before resuming his playing career with Chorley in England, and Cudgen on the Gold Coast.

Legacy
In 2000 Sorensen was inducted as one of the NZRL's Legends of League.

References

External links
 Wigan Playing Career Details
 Widnes Playing Career Details

1956 births
Living people
Auckland rugby league team players
Chorley Lynx players
Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks players
Mount Wellington Warriors players
New Zealand national rugby league team players
New Zealand expatriate sportspeople in England
New Zealand expatriate sportspeople in Australia
New Zealand people of Danish descent
New Zealand sportspeople of Tongan descent
New Zealand rugby league coaches
New Zealand rugby league players
Northcote Tigers players
Rugby league props
Rugby league second-rows
Sydney Roosters players
Whitehaven R.L.F.C. coaches
Whitehaven R.L.F.C. players
Widnes Vikings captains
Widnes Vikings players
Wigan Warriors players
Workington Town coaches