Washington Goode (1820 – May 25, 1849) was an African-American sailor who was hanged for murder in Boston in May 1849. His case was the subject of considerable attention by those opposed to the death penalty, resulting in over 24,000 signatures on petitions for clemency to Massachusetts governor George N. Briggs.

His trial was presided over by Justice Lemuel Shaw who the following year would sentence Professor John White Webster to death for the murder of Harvard Medical School benefactor, George Parkman, another trial that would capture Boston's imagination and blur the lines of distinction between opponents and advocates of capital punishment. Goode's trial was reported widely in the newspapers, including The Tioga Eagle of June 13, 1849, published in Wellsboro, Pennsylvania, which carried a brief notice of his hanging:

Washington Goode,a colored man, was hung at Boston on Friday, for the murder of Thomas Harding. He made a desperate attempt the night previous to commit suicide by cutting the veins of his arm with glass, and swallowing tobacco and tarred rope. Goode was only 20 [sic] years of age, and was with General Taylor through all the Florida War. He protested his innocence to the last.

Life

Washington Goode was born in 1820 in Mercersburg, Pennsylvania. He lived for a time in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania. Goode reportedly fought for General Zachary Taylor who would eventually become the twelfth president of the United States in the Florida war. There is some discrepancy to the date and place of Goode's birth. While Goode claimed to have been born in Pennsylvania, his uncle George Myres claimed that Goode was born in Baltimore, Maryland and was 28 years of age in 1849 which would have made his birth year 1821.

His uncle also claimed that 15-year-old Washington accompanied him to Boston in 1836 and after settling among the city's small black population, began working as a servant on board ships that sailed from Boston. Myers rarely saw his nephew while he was in port in Boston as Goode preferred to hang out in the North End section of Boston known as the "Black Sea."

By 1848, Goode was a seaman who had reportedly served as second cook on board the steamer William J. Pease and also as a cook aboard the barque Nancoockee. While in port in Boston, it was known that Goode was friends with Mary Ann Williams, whom he considered to be his girlfriend although she was married. At the same time, another black seaman, Thomas Harding was friends with Williams and also considered her to be his girlfriend. On the night of Wednesday, June 28, 1848, an argument broke out between Thomas Harding and Washington Goode regarding a handkerchief that Harding had given to Williams. Sometime thereafter, Thomas Harding was dead of a blow to the head and a knife wound between the ribs. Goode was promptly arrested for the murder of his fellow seaman.

Trial

Goode's trial began on January 1, 1849. As it was a capital case, it was tried before the Supreme Judicial Court presided over by Chief Justice Lemuel Shaw, one of the most influential jurists in nineteenth-century America. The evidence used by District Attorney Samuel D. Parker to build his case against Goode was largely circumstantial. Although no one saw Goode crack Harding's skull or stab him between the ribs, several witnesses at the trial testified that they saw a person fitting Goode's description in the area of the crime. Also, when he was arrested Goode had in his possession a knife whose blade measured ten or eleven inches. Harding's stab wound was measured at nine inches deep.

Goode was defended by two young distinguished attorneys, William Aspinwall (who had not previously defended a capital case), while Edward Fuller Hodges (his name is erroneously given as E.F. or Edgar F.) assisted Aspinwall. The two attorneys argued that their client was innocent, denouncing the testimony of the prosecution's witnesses and casting doubt on the circumstantial evidence presented by Samuel Parker. In his closing argument, Hodges began to discuss the inappropriateness of capital punishment in Massachusetts when Parker objected and was told by Chief Justice Shaw that he was out of order to discuss the appropriateness of justice of the death penalty. The jury deliberated for only thirty-five minutes before finding Goode guilty of murder and on January 15, 1849 he was sentenced to death by Chief Justice Shaw. He was to be hanged on May 25, 1849.

Debate over capital punishment and petitions for clemency

Goode's case came about in the midst of a national debate over capital punishment and served as a rallying point for Boston's opponents of the death penalty who hoped to save Goode from the gallows. By most accounts, the community's opposition to the death penalty was solid and widespread. Meetings were held in several Massachusetts cities and towns in support of Washington Goode with a committee being appointed by the Massachusetts Society for the Abolition of Capital Punishment to advocate on his behalf.

Those volunteering to serve on the committee included his attorneys Aspinwall and Hodges, as well as Wendell Phillips, Walter Channing, Samuel May, Robert Rantoul, Jr.,  James Freeman Clarke and Frederick Douglass, among other politicians, ministers and reformers. One such meeting was chaired by Amasa Walker and took place on Good Friday, April 6, 1849 at the Tremont Temple. Attendees of the meeting were addressed by several prominent figures of the time including Reverend William H. Channing, Wendell Phillips and Reverend James Freeman Clarke. Each speaker implored attendees of the meeting to sign a petition to have Goode's death sentence commuted on the grounds that society, by its neglect, prejudice, and injustice, had in fact made Goode into a murderer and was now using him as an example.

While others who had been given the same sentence had already been pardoned, Goode's sentence was still scheduled to be carried out even though the evidence presented against him was not clear and conclusive. Committee meetings were held in all the principal towns throughout the state to collect signatures from those who opposed Goode's impending execution. More than twenty four thousand signatures were obtained. In all, 130 petitions from Massachusetts communities were compiled.

A document entitled "Protest of 400 inhabitants of Concord against the execution of Washington Goode" is preserved at the Institute at Walden Woods as a document of vital historical interest in the history of human rights. In the effort to save Washington Goode from execution, 400 citizens of Concord, Massachusetts, including Henry David Thoreau, two of his sisters, Sophia Thoreau and Helen D. Thoreau, and his mother, Cynthia D. Thoreau, as well as Ralph Waldo Emerson, signed the petition now known as the "Protest of 400...against the execution of Washington Goode."

William Lloyd Garrison, editor of The Liberator, became involved in the debate over the commutation of Goode's death sentence. In The Liberator Garrison argued that the verdict relied on "circumstantial evidence of the most flimsy character..." and feared that the determination of the government to uphold its decision to execute Goode was based on race. As all other death sentences since 1836 in Boston had been commuted, Garrison concluded that Goode would be the last person executed in Boston for a capital offense writing, "Let it not be said that the last man Massachusetts bore to hang was a colored man!" Parker Pillsbury also used the pages of a prominent newspaper, the Semi-Weekly Republican as well as The Liberator to plead for commutation of Goode's sentence. The activists involved in the protest relied heavily on the question of race to play a large role in saving Goode from the gallows. Through his case, reformers not only sought to express their opposition to the death penalty but also to racism.

Despite the powerful and numerous appeals to spare Goode's life including an application by his counsel to commute his sentence, Governor George N. Briggs adamantly refused to commute Goode's death sentence. Goode's execution marked a turning point in the early 19th-century campaign to abolish the death penalty in Massachusetts. As no person had been hanged in Boston since 1836, those opposed to the death penalty thought this showed a shift in the public's attitude away from capital punishment. However, Goode was to be hanged as scheduled on May 25.

Hanging

In the days before the scheduled hanging, Goode repeatedly professed his innocence to the clergymen who entered his prison cell. On the night before the hanging, Goode attempted suicide by swallowing large pieces of tobacco and paper and slashing the veins in his arms with a piece of glass. When the prison guards entered his cell, he had already lost a considerable amount of blood. However, the prison doctor stopped the bleeding thus saving his life so that he could be put to death the next day. Exhausted and weakened by the loss of blood, Goode was carried to the gallows at 9:30am on May 25, by prison guards who had strapped him to a chair. A large crowd had gathered in the rain to watch the event that took place inside the walls of the Leverett Street Jail.

At 9:45am Goode was placed still strapped to the chair on the platform over the drop, the sheriff placed a white hood over his head and the rope was adjusted around his neck. The sheriff then read the warrant signed by the Governor after which the trap door sprang open and Goode plunged several feet. Twenty-five minutes later, doctors examined the body and pronounced him dead. His body was then turned over to his uncle George Myres who took his body back to his house to prepare for the funeral. Perhaps as a testament to their continued opposition to the death penalty, over one thousand people paraded through the tenement where Goode's body laid, escorting it to the South Burying Ground where it was laid to rest in one of the city's tombs.

General references

 Masur, Louis. "Ritual and Reform in Antebellum America," Rites of Execution Capital Punishment and the Transformation of American Culture, 1776-1865 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991, ©1989).
 Rogers, Alan. "Under Sentence of Death": The First Effort to Abolish the Death Penalty, Murder and the Death Penalty in Massachusetts. (Amherst & Boston: University of Massachusetts Press, 2008).
 Profile of case, walden.org; accessed March 30, 2017.
 The Inquirer. Vol. 29, Issue 65. June 1, 1849. Page 2.
 Levesque, George. "Black Crime and Crime Statistics in Antebellum Boston." Australian Journal of Politics and History. Vol. 25, Issue 2. Pages 216-227.
 Barre Gazette. Vol. XVI, Issue 3. June 1, 1849.
 "The Execution of Washington Goode, at Boston." The Weekly Herald. Vol. XV, Issue 23. June 2, 1849. Page 175.
 "Enthusiastic Meeting at the Tremont Temple." The Liberator. Vol. XIX. No. 15. April 13, 1849. Pages 58–59.
 "Shall He Be Hung?". The LiberatorVol. XIX. No. 13. March 30, 1849. Page 52.

1820 births
1849 deaths
Executed African-American people
People executed by Massachusetts by hanging
People convicted of murder by Massachusetts
American people convicted of murder
19th-century executions by the United States
19th-century African-American people
Executed people from Pennsylvania
American people executed for murder
19th century in Boston
People from Mercersburg, Pennsylvania
19th-century executions of American people
1848 murders in the United States


Magne Johnsen Rognved (27 June 1858 - 28 October 1933) was a Norwegian politician for the Moderate Liberal Party and the Liberal Party.

He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament in 1904, representing the constituency of Søndre Bergenhus Amt. He had served as a deputy representative during the term 1900–1903, and returned as a deputy in 1913–1915. He represented the Moderate Liberal Party in the first two terms.

Born in Haus, Rongved first had a career in the military before returning to his home island in 1909 to serve as police sergeant in Hammer. Besides this, he worked as a farmer. He was mayor of Haus for twelve years.

He married three times.

References

1858 births
1933 deaths
Members of the Storting
Moderate Liberal Party politicians
Liberal Party (Norway) politicians
Mayors of places in Hordaland


Dogs have occupied a powerful place in Mesoamerican folklore and myth since at least the Classic Period right through to modern times. A common belief across the Mesoamerican region is that a dog carries the newly deceased across a body of water in the afterlife. Dogs appear in underworld scenes painted on Maya pottery dating to the Classic Period and even earlier than this, in the Preclassic, the people of Chupícuaro buried dogs with the dead. In the great Classic Period metropolis of Teotihuacan, 14 human bodies were deposited in a cave, most of them children, together with the bodies of three dogs to guide them on their path to the underworld.

The Xoloitzcuintli is a hairless dog from Mesoamerica. Archaeological evidence has been found in the tombs of the Colima, Mayan, Toltec, Zapotec, and Aztec people dating the breed to over 3500 years ago. Long regarded as guardians and protectors, the indigenous peoples believed that the Xolo would safeguard the home from evil spirits as well as intruders. In ancient times the Xolos were often sacrificed and then buried with their owners to act as guide to the soul on its journey to the underworld. These dogs were considered a great delicacy, and were consumed for sacrificial ceremonies – including marriages and funerals.

In many versions of the 20-day cycle of the Mesoamerican calendar, the tenth day bears the name dog. This is itzcuintli in Nahuatl, the language of the Aztecs, tz'i''' in the Kʼicheʼ Maya language and oc in Yucatec Maya. Among the Mixtecs, the tenth day was taken by the coyote, ua.

The Maya

Maya burials from the Classic Period are frequently found with associated animal remains, often dogs. For example, in the ruins of the Classic Maya city of Kaminaljuyu in Guatemala, a dog was found interred with a sitting skeleton, along with grave goods offered to the deceased. The frequent finds of dog skeletons in Classic Maya burials confirms that the belief that dogs guided the souls of the departed on their journey into the underworld already existed at this time.

The dog is sometimes depicted carrying a torch in the surviving Maya codices, which may be a reference to the Maya tradition that the dog brought fire to mankind.

In the Postclassic Popul Vuh of the Kʼicheʼ Maya of highland Guatemala, dogs and turkeys killed the people of the second age in retaliation for the people beating them. The people who escaped this fate were transformed into monkeys. Another account in the Popol Vuh describes the Hero twins sacrificing a dog that belonged to the Lords of the Underworld, also known as Xibalba. After the dog was dead, the Hero Twins brought it back to life. The Lords were so impressed that they asked the twins to sacrifice and resurrect them. In the end, the Hero Twins sacrificed the Lords of Xibalba and did not follow through on bringing them back to life. This made it possible for humans to live on earth. The story linked dogs with renewal and human life. Dogs are associated with death and have the job of leading people into the Underworld. They represent fire and are protectors of the hearth, two components of Maya life.

The Aztecs and their contemporaries
In Aztec mythology, the Fourth Sun disappeared in a great flood. A man and a woman survived inside a log and were washed up upon a beach, where they promptly built a fire and roasted some fish. The smoke from the fire upset the stars Citlallatonac and Citlalicue, angering the great god Tezcatlipoca. In his fury, he severed their heads and stitched them onto their rears, creating the first dogs.

Among the Aztecs, the god Xolotl was a monstrous dog. During the creation of the Fifth Sun, Xolotl was hunted by Death and escaped him by transforming himself first into a sprout of maize, then into maguey leaves and finally as a salamander in a pool of water. The third time that Death found Xolotl, he trapped and killed him. Three important foodstuffs were produced from the body of this mythological dog. Mictlantecuhtli, Lord of the Dead, had the bones of man in the underworld, kept over from the previous creations. Xolotl descended to the underworld to steal these bones so that man could be reborn in the new creation of the Fifth Sun. Xolotl managed to recover the bones and brought man to life by piercing his penis and bleeding upon them. Xolotl was seen as an incarnation of the planet Venus as the Evening Star (the Morning Star was his twin brother Quetzalcoatl). Xolotl was the canine companion of the Sun, following its path through both the sky and the underworld. Xolotl's strong connection with the underworld, death and the dead is demonstrated by the symbols he bore. In the Codex Borbonicus Xolotl is pictured with a knife in his mouth, a symbol of death, and has black wavy hair like the hair worn by the gods of death.

The fourteenth 13-day period of the tonalpohualli ritual calendar started with the day ce itzcuintli (1-dog) and people, especially rulers, were fated to be especially lucky if born on this day. The tenth day of the xiuhpohualli 20-day agricultural calendar, itzcuintli (dog), was governed by Mictlantecuhtli, the grim lord of the dead. In the Postclassic, when an Aztec commoner died he had to pass through each of the nine levels of Mictlan, the underworld. Mictlan was only reached after four years of wandering, accompanied by a dog that had been cremated with the deceased. The first level of Mictlan was called Apanoayan (where one crosses the river), this place was also known as Itzcuintlan (the Place of Dogs) because of the many dogs that roamed the near shore. A dog that recognised its former owner would carry him across the river on its back. In some accounts, the dogs on the shore act differently according to their colour, yellow dogs would carry the soul of the deceased across the river, while white dogs refuse because they have just washed themselves and black dogs refuse because either they have just swum the river or because they are dirty.

In Aztec folklore, the ahuizotl was a dog-like water monster with a hand on the end of its coiled tail. It was said to dwell underwater near river banks and would drag the unwary to a watery death. The victim's soul would be carried off to Tlalocan, one of the three Aztec paradises. A similar belief existed among the neighbouring Purépechas, their dog-god was called Uitzimengari and he saved the souls of drowned people by carrying them across to the Land of the Dead.

Modern folklore

In modern times, the Chinantecs and Mixes of Oaxaca believe that a black dog will help the newly dead to cross a body of water, either a river or a sea, to the land of the dead.Torres Cisneros 2004, p.12. The Huitzilan believe that a dog carries the dead across the water to reach the underworld home of the Devil.

Across much of Mexico, evil sorcerers are believed to be able to transform themselves into a black dog in order to prey upon the livestock of their neighbours. In the states of central Mexico (such as Oaxaca, Tlaxcala and Veracruz) such a sorcerer is known as a nahual, in the Yucatan Peninsula they go by the name of huay chivo. Another supernatural dog in the folklore of Yucatan is the huay pek (witch-dog in Yucatec Maya), an enormous phantom black dog that attacks anybody that it meets and is said to be an incarnation of the Kakasbal, an evil spirit.Burchell 2008, pp.4-5.

A folktale from Tlaxcala tells how some hunters saw an enormous black dog one night and decided to capture and keep it. It fled at their approach, so one hunter shot at it, wounding it in one leg. Following the blood trail they came to a richly furnished peasant hut, whose owner was tending a wound in his leg. They gave up the chase and headed for the nearest village, where the locals told them that the peasant had been a nahual'' who could transform into a dog to steal riches.

The Tzeltal and Tzotzil Maya of highland Chiapas in Mexico say that a white dog mated with Eve in the Third Creation, producing Ladinos, while a yellow dog fathered the indigenous peoples.

A Jakaltek tale from the Guatemalan Highlands relates how the first dog witnessed the creation of the world and ran everywhere telling everyone the secrets of creation. Hunab' Kuh, the Creator-God, was furious and swapped the dog's head for its tail and its tail for its head. Now, whenever a dog wants to talk and give away its secrets, it cannot speak, instead it may only wag its tail.

See also
Cadejo
Dogs in Mesoamerica
Dogs in religion
Psychopomp
Nagual

Notes

References

Further reading

Mesoamerican mythology and religion
Aztec mythology and religion
Maya mythology and religion
Traditional narratives of indigenous peoples of the Americas
Latin American folklore
Mexican folklore
Guatemalan folklore
Mythological dogs


Andreas Thidemand Carlsen Ruud (28 July 1857 - ??) was a Norwegian politician for the Conservative Party.

He served as a deputy representative to the Norwegian Parliament during the terms 1900–1903 and 1904–1906, representing the constituency of Drammen.

Born in Sande, he worked in Drammen as a molder. He was a member of Drammen city council from 1901 to 1907.

References

1857 births
Buskerud politicians
Conservative Party (Norway) politicians
Members of the Storting
Moldmakers
Politicians from Drammen
Year of death missing


Nike ( is a family name and feminine given name found in various cultures, deriving from Greek νίκη (nikē), "victory".

It is sometimes traceable to Nike, the Greek goddess of victory, which is also present in the more frequently-occurring names Nicholas and Nicole.

In the case of people of Nigerian heritage, Nike is an element of Yoruba names signifying "cherished".

An alternative spelling is Nyke.

People with the given name Nike
Nike Ardilla (1975-1995), Indonesian singer
Nike Bent, Swedish Olympic alpine skier
Nike Borzov, Russian singer
Nike Davies-Okundaye, Nigerian designer
Nike Doggart, conservationist
Nike Kornecki (born 1982), Israeli Olympic sailor
Nike Oshinowo-Soleye, Nigerian businesswoman
Nike Sun, mathematician
Nike Wagner (born 1945), German arts festival director
Nyke Slawik (born 1994), German politician

Fictional characters
Nike in The Underland Chronicles children's books by Suzanne Collins

People with the surname Nike
John Nike, British hotel entrepreneur

See also
Nike (disambiguation)
Nika (given name)

References

Feminine given names
Greek feminine given names
Pages including recorded pronunciations


The postage stamps and postal history of Christmas Island, in the Indian Ocean, was linked to its original economic situation until 1993. Mainly ruled by a phosphate production commission, the island was part of the British Straits Settlements colony from 1901 to 1942, then of Singapore from 1946 to 1958. Although it was placed under Australian control in 1958, the island remained postally and philatelically independent until 1993 when Australia Post became the island's postal operator.

The island issued its own postage stamps from 1958. Those issued by Australia Post since 1993 are also valid in Australia, as are Australian stamps in Christmas Island.

According to the Stanley Gibbons stamp catalogue, 32 stamps were issued when postal responsibility was exercised by the Phosphate Commission between 1958 and 1969, and 335 under the responsibility of the Christmas Island Administration between 1969 and 1993. From March 1993 to February 2003, during its ten first years of postal responsibility, Australia Post issued 153 stamps for Christmas Island.

Linked to the Straits Settlements
Christmas Island was annexed by the United Kingdom in 1888 and run by the Christmas Island Phosphate Company since 1899 with European employees and Malayan and Chinese workers. A post agency was opened in 1901, managed by the District Officer, the representative of the Straits Settlements colony on the island. The agency sold stamps of this colony, figuring the British monarch.

Mail travelled between Christmas Island and Singapore with cargo and migrant workers by the ships commanded by the company. Most of the small amount of mail was sent and received by the European part of the population.

During World War II, the Japanese forces invaded the island on 31 March 1942. After the British forces liberated Christmas Island, British Military Administration overprinted stamps of Malaya were in use in the island. The civil postal agency was reopened by the end of 1946.

After these events, the local postal system followed the political changes in British Malaya. Administratively linked to Singapore in April 1946, Christmas Island received this colony's stamps in 1948, but the mail was transported by the Pan Malayan Postal Union.

Postal independence under Australian administration

1958–1959 transition

While Singapore prepared its accession to self-government, the United Kingdom decided to transfer Christmas Island administration to Australia, a country which had been controlling along with New Zealand the phosphate company, the British Phosphate Commission, since 1948. The Australian Christmas Island Act accepted the continuity of the Singapore legal system on the island, including the postal system. The Malayan dollar remained the currency because of the needs of South-East Asian workers. Consequently, the island's postal system was independent of Australia's and placed under the responsibility of the Christmas Island Phosphate Commission. Inhabitants could collect their mail at the post office in Flying Fish Cove. For outgoing mail, specific postage stamps would be issued even if the Australian Department of Territories asked the Australian post office to produce them. Postal rates remained those of Singapore, placing this State inside the interior rate zone of Christmas Island.

However, two modifications were made on the Singapore postal system in Christmas Island: the airmail postage rate to Australia was reduced and Australian cancelling stamps were sent in 1958 with the designation: "CHRISTMAS ISLAND / INDIAN OCEAN / AUST".

The first philatelic issue was released on 15 October 1958. It was an adaptation of Australia's 1 shilling 7 pence stamp of March 1955, using a bas-relief profile of Queen Elizabeth II by W.L. Bowles with floral ornament. The design by F.D. Manley was reshaped by engraver G. Lissenden to include a black "CHRISTMAS ISLAND" and encircled value in Malayan dollars overprint. The face values and part of the chosen colours were inspired by the last definitive stamps of Singapore in use in Christmas Island. Stamps were printed in recess for the effigy and the word "Australia" and in typography for the overprint by the Note Printing Branch of the Commonwealth Bank in Melbourne. The philatelic office in Melbourne, in charge of the Australian Territories stamp sales, delivered one hundred stamp sheets to the Phosphate Commission which expedited them to the island by a ship sailing from Fremantle. The same royal effigy served for the registered postal stationery issued on 18 May 1959.

Under the Phosphate Commission's postal responsibility

The first stamps were viewed as a temporary issue, but it took five years to produce the next series. Under the supervision of the Department of Territories, the Stamp Advisory Committee and representatives of the island, the Australian Post Office and Note Printing Branch's artists and printers worked on the project from photographs taken on the island presenting its flora, fauna and mining industry. Finally, ten stamps were scheduled, drawn and engraved by G. Lissenden, Peter Morris and Bruce Stewart. They were issued on 28 August 1963.

Two years later, the island participated in the omnibus issue for the 50th anniversary of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps landing in Gallipoli during World War I.

These two issues bore the designation "CHRISTMAS ISLAND" without any reference to Australia like the new cancelling datestamps on which the "AUST" abbreviation disappeared. Nonetheless, on 6 May 1968, the monetary and postal systems of Christmas Island were brought closer to the Australian ones: the Malayan dollar was replaced by the Australian dollar and the Australian Post and Telegraphs Act came into force. Local adaptations remained possible, like the localisation in Western Australia of Christmas Island to calculate the postal rates, and the special low rate for letters to Malaysia and Singapore.

A third definitive issue was released on 6 May 1968 too, depicting Indian Ocean fish. This zoological topic was proposed as early as 1966 by the Christmas Island representatives for the second series, who approved artist George Hamori's designs. But the twelve stamps were not issued until 1968 to coincide with the monetary change. The designation "CHRISTMAS ISLAND / INDIAN OCEAN" appeared for the first time on these 1968 stamps and remained in use until 1993.

Under the local administration's responsibility
On 1 February 1969, postal responsibility on the island was transmitted by the Phosphate Commission to the Christmas Island Administration. It quickly created a philatelic office and in 1971 chose an agent for sale in the rest of the world, the Crown Agents. The stamp program was then decided locally, produced with the Agents' expertise and printed by specialised printers in Europe, and in Australia starting in the late 1980s.

The philatelic program did not surpass four issues per year. The major topics were local: fauna and flora, local history (political, economic and daily life). Christmas became an annual topic from the 1970s due to the name of the island, with some gaps around 1990: the seasonal issue was replaced by mini sheets announcing international philatelic exhibitions.

Mail was moved by the ships exporting phosphate to Australia or the liners to Singapore. In June 1974, the mail transportation took advantage of the establishment of new regular air services between the island, Perth and Singapore.

Australian postal territory

At the beginning of the 1990s, Australia decided to impose full Australian legislation to Christmas Island. In postal matters, starting 2 March 1993, Australia Post became the postal operator of the island and responsible for its philatelic program. Consequently, Christmas Island stamps issued after March 1993 were usable in Australia, and Australian stamps in Christmas Island.

On 4 March 1993 the first five Australia Post stamps were issued with a new designation: "CHRISTMAS ISLAND / AUSTRALIA". The philatelic program topics remained limited. Australia Post promised three issues per year: a Christmas stamp that was issued every two years during the 2000s, a Chinese New Year stamp since 1995 (later a twelve stamp issue after 2002) and one issue on local life.

Synthesis

References

Philately of Christmas Island
Postal history of Australia
Philately of Singapore
Postage stamps of Australia


Ladies Love Brutes is a 1930 American pre-Code comedy film starring George Bancroft, Mary Astor, and Fredric March. The film was directed by Rowland V. Lee and based on the play Pardon My Glove by Zoë Akins.

Cast
George Bancroft as Joe Forziati, a New York building contractor
Mary Astor as Mimi Howell, a socialite
Fredric March as Dwight Howell, Mimi's ex-husband
Margaret Quimby as Lucille
Stanley Fields as Mike Mendino, a gangster
Lawford Davidson as George Winham, Joe Forziati's lawyer
Paul Fix as Slip, a member of Mike's gang
Freddie Burke Frederick as Jackie Howell, kid

Sources

External links

"Ladies Love Brutes" at Turner Classic Movies

1930 films
Films directed by Rowland V. Lee
1930s English-language films
Films with screenplays by Herman J. Mankiewicz
American films based on plays
1930 comedy films
American comedy films
American black-and-white films
Paramount Pictures films
1930s American films


The RML 6.3-inch howitzer was a British rifled muzzle-loading "siege" or "position" howitzer/mortar proposed in 1874 and finally introduced in 1878 as a lighter version of the successful 8-inch howitzer that could be carried by the existing 40-pounder gun carriage.

By 1880, the RML  was superseded by a longer  howitzer with a higher muzzle velocity.

Description

The barrel consisted of an inner "A" tube of toughened mild steel, surrounded by wrought-iron "B" tube and jacket.

Rifling was of the "polygroove" type, with 20 grooves and a twist increasing from 1 turn in 100 calibres (i.e. ) to 1 in 35 (i.e. ).

The howitzers could be mounted on either a travelling siege carriage, which enabled them to be semi-mobile, or on a steel bed, which were then positioned in fixed defences or fortifications.

Operational use
Ten  Howitzers were landed in Egypt in 1882 to form part of a Royal Artillery Siege Train during the Anglo-Egyptian War, however they were not used in action. Many were mounted in Forts and batteries around the United Kingdom as part of the fixed defences scheme. Most were dismounted and scrapped after 1902.

A number of RML  howitzers were used by the British forces during the Second Boer War, normally mounted on 40 pr RML carriages.

Ammunition

The  Howitzer used a number of different types of projectiles, depending on the selected target. This included common shell for use against buildings, earthworks or vehicles, or shrapnel shell for use against 'soft' targets, such as infantry or cavalry on open ground. Case shot could be used against soft targets at close range, typically less than .

The howitzer used black powder propellant, in silk bags which were ignited by friction tube.

The gun was the first British rifled muzzle-loader to dispense entirely with studs on shells to impart spin : its shells from the beginning had gas checks attached to their base which expanded and engaged with rifling on firing to impart spin to the shell.

Surviving examples

Two of these guns, called Castor and Pollux, used during the Siege of Ladysmith, stand in front of the Ladysmith town hall. They have been declared Heritage Objects by the South African Heritage Resource Agency. Both the guns and their ammunition were outdated by the time of the siege and they tended to make a lot of smoke when fired.

See also
List of howitzers

Notes

References
 Text Book of Gunnery, 1902. LONDON : PRINTED FOR HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, BY HARRISON AND SONS, ST. MARTIN'S LANE
Treatise on the Construction and Manufacture of Ordnance in the British Service. War Office, UK, 1879

External links

 Handbook for the 6.3 inch R. M. L. howitzer on bed and ground platform, or on siege travelling carriage, 1886 at State Library of Victoria
 History of the 6.3-inch RML ordnance

Artillery of the United Kingdom
Howitzers
160 mm artillery


Elle Evans Bellamy (born Lindsey Gayle Evans; December 9, 1989) is an American model and actress who lives and works in Los Angeles.  She appeared in the music video for "Blurred Lines". She is also one of the faces of NYX Cosmetics.

Early life
Lindsey Gayle Evans (later known as Elle Evans) was born on December 9, 1989 in Paris, Texas and grew up in Blanchard, Louisiana. She studied at Northwood High School and attended Northwestern State University, where she majored in broadcast journalism.

Evans is a former pageant titleholder who held the Miss Louisiana Teen USA 2008. Evans also competed in the Miss Teen USA 2008 pageant, where she was third runner-up. However, she was stripped of her state title after eleven months following her arrest over an incident in a restaurant, where marijuana was found in her purse, and she and three friends were accused of not paying their bill.

Immediately after the much publicized arrest, Evans was asked to pose as a centerfold for Playboy. At the age of 19, she became Playboy Playmate of the Month for October 2009 under her full, legal name, Lindsey Gayle Evans. Her pictorial was photographed by Stephen Wayda.

Career
In 2010, Evans was cast by MMG in her first commercial. It was shot in China, and she appeared in it styled to look like Marilyn Monroe. The commercial aired all throughout Shanghai.

Evans is represented by United Talent Agency as well as Wilhelmina Models in Miami, Florida. Elle is managed by 3 Arts Entertainment and represented commercially by Agency for the Performing Arts. In 2013, she appeared bare-breasted in Robin Thicke's music video for his single "Blurred Lines", featuring Pharrell Williams. The music video generated over 600 million views and made the "Texas-born model part of a pop culture phenomenon." Shortly after that, Evans was cast in two of Beyoncé's music videos: "Haunted" and "Superpower". Both videos were directed by Jonas Akerlund in 2013.

Evans, one of the faces of NYX Cosmetics, appeared in Kmart's 2013 national ad campaign "Money Can't Buy Style", was featured in Relapse Magazine's 2013 and 2014 Photo Annual Issue, and starred in an AXE Apollo Cologne commercial that aired during the 2013 MTV Movie Awards.

Evans modeled for Samuel Bayer. She was shot fully nude, along with 15 other models, for Bayer's exhibition "Diptychs & Triptychs". The black-and-white series of 6-foot-tall diptychs and 12-foot-tall triptychs was "to capture beauty in its most vulnerable state", and was on view at the ACE Gallery in Beverly Hills from March 2013 to April 2013.

In 2014, she guest starred in an episode of Two and a Half Men, which originally aired on February 6, 2014. Also in February, she landed the cover of FHM France. Then in September she was featured in an issue of Maxim for their "Golden Girl" spread celebrating the 50th anniversary of the film Goldfinger, where she was painted gold from head to toe.

That same year, Evans was cast in a Wet 'n Wild cosmetics commercial shot by director David LaChapelle titled "Steal the Look", in addition to landing two national ads for Mary Kay Cosmetics which aired during the premiere of the thirteenth season of Project Runway on Lifetime in November 2014.

In 2015, Evans appeared in another music video, this time for the band Muse and their single, "Mercy". The video was directed by Sing J Lee and was released in June.

In September 2015 Evans was cast in a Carl's Jr. commercial for their new "Tex Mex Bacon-Thickburger". Donning a patriotic bikini to represent the ladies of Team USA, Evans faces off in a volleyball game against model Alejandra Guilmant and Team Mexico to determine if the burger is "More Tex, or more Mex." The commercial, aired on September 28.

Shortly after that, Evans appeared as Amber in the film Scouts Guide to the Zombie Apocalypse (2015) directed by Christopher Landon, and as Star in the horror-thriller film The Love Witch, which was directed by Anna Biller.

Personal life
Evans started dating Matt Bellamy, the lead singer and guitarist of the band Muse in February 2015. In December 2017, they announced their engagement. On August 10, 2019, Bellamy and Evans married.

In February 2020, Evans announced on her Instagram account that she and Bellamy were expecting their first baby together for late May 2020. On June 13 the couple announced the birth of their daughter.

References

Further reading
 "Elle Evans Model, Actress and 'IT' Girl in Hit Music Video 'Blurred Lines, diamonds.net, Rapaport Magazine, Retrieved January 2014
 Ones to Watch - Rebel Issue - Elle Evans: Robin Thicke's Blurred Lines, XEX Mag. January 2014 Issue, Retrieved 2014
 Celebrity Beauty Secrets: 'Blurred Lines' Video Vixen, Elle Evans, BeautyWorldNews.com, November 2013, Retrieved January 2014
 Elle Evans - Blurred Lines - Interview, Starry Constellation Magazine, 2013, Retrieved January 2014
 'Blurred Lines' Vixen Going Places, Miami Herald, October 2013, Retrieved January 2014
 Exclusive ITW: Elle Evans of Blurred Lines: A Conversation We Needed to Have, Her Report, October 2013, Retrieved February 2014

External links
Elle Evans official website

1989 births
Living people
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from Louisiana
Actresses from Texas
Female models from Texas
American people of English descent
American people of Dutch descent
American television actresses
Beauty pageant contestants from Louisiana
Northwestern State University alumni
People from Paris, Texas
People from Blanchard, Louisiana
2000s Playboy Playmates


The Ruthless Four () is a 1968 Western film directed by Giorgio Capitani and starring Van Heflin.

Cast
 Van Heflin as Sam Cooper
 Gilbert Roland as Mason
 Klaus Kinski as Brent the Blonde
 George Hilton as Manolo Sanchez
 Sarah Ross as Anna
 Federico Boido (as Rick Boyd)
 Sergio Doria
 Giovanni Ivan Scratuglia (as Ivan Scratuglia)
 Giorgio Gruden
 Hardy Reichelt
 Teodoro Corrà (as Doro Corra)

Release
The Ruthless Four was released in West Germany on 6 August 1968 as Das Gold von Sam Cooper.

References

External links

The Ruthless Four movie online at AMCtv.com

1968 films
1968 drama films
1968 Western (genre) films
1960s adventure drama films
1960s Italian-language films
Spaghetti Western films
Films directed by Giorgio Capitani
Films scored by Carlo Rustichelli
Films about mining
Films shot in Almería
1960s Italian films


Exit Art was a non-profit cultural center that ran from 1982 to 2012 that exhibited contemporary visual art, installation, video, theater, and performance in New York City, United States. In its last location in Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan, it was a two-story gallery.

Jeanette Ingberman and Papo Colo founded Exit Art as an alternative exhibition space. Beginning with its first show, “Illegal America,” and continuing through to 2012, the gallery focused on representing the underdog, dedicating shows to the exploration of ideas and people outside the political, social, sexual, and aesthetic mainstreams. Throughout its history, Exit Art was located in various places. The first location, in 1982, was on West Broadway, in SoHo. In 2002, the gallery moved to its last location in Hell's Kitchen.

The gallery was known for its support of outsider artists. The 1992 show “Fever” was declared one of the ten most important shows of the decade by Peter Plagens from Newsweek, and the gallery's 18-year retrospective, "The End", won the Association of International Art Critics Award for Best Show in an Alternative Space in 2000.

Artists who exhibited at Exit Art include Chakaia Booker, Gabo Camnitzer, Patty Chang, Shu Lea Cheang, COOPER, John Drury, Jimmie Durham, Nicole Eisenman, Inka Essenhigh, Jane Hammond, David Hammons, Tehching Hsieh, Steve Giovinco, Brad Kahlhamer, DG Krueger,  Alfredo Martinez, Julie Mehretu, Yucef Merhi, Shirin Neshat, Joshua Neustein, Roxy Paine, Adrian Piper, Ursula von Rydingsvard, Rirkrit Tiravanija, Fred Tomaselli, Cecilia Vicuña, Cynthia von Buhler, Krzysztof Wodiczko, David Wojnarowicz, Martin Wong, World War 3 Illustrated, and Ricardo Miranda Zuniga.

Exit Art co-founder Jeanette Ingberman died on August 24, 2011, from complications of leukemia. The gallery closed in May 2012.

References

External links
 Exit Art Archive at Fales Library and Special Collections at New York University

1982 establishments in New York City
Art galleries established in 1982
Arts centers in New York City
Defunct art museums and galleries in Manhattan
Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan


The Point was a Canadian radio program, which aired weekday afternoons on CBC Radio One. Hosted by Aamer Haleem, the program presented a mix of current affairs and lifestyle interviews and panel discussions.

Each day's episode also featured two guest "Point People", who participated with Haleem in further discussion on the topics raised by the program's main segments. Point People featured on the show have included journalists Jacqueline Hennessy, Fiona Forbes, Michael Hlinka, Sharon McLeod, Simi Sara and Victor Dwyer, political strategist Tasha Kheiriddin, writers Kevin Patterson and Heather Mallick,  and Sarnia mayor Mike Bradley.

The Point was cancelled by the CBC after one season as part of cost-cutting measures. Its final show aired on 26 June 2009.

References

External links
 The Point

CBC Radio One programs
Canadian talk radio programs
2008 radio programme debuts
2009 disestablishments in Canada
2000s Canadian radio programs


My Home may refer to:

Films
 Mera Pind, a 2008 Punjabi romantic musical comedy film

Music
 My Home (Dvořák), Můj domov, an overture by Antonín Dvořák
 "My Home" (traditional pipe tune)

Songs
 "My Home" (song), Japanese song by Kanjani Eight
 "My Home", 1962 song by Christine Campbell; written by Ruvin, Ladbrooke, James
 "My Home", 1988 song by Kamahl; written by Jackie Trent, Tony Hatch
 "My Home", 2012 song by Nneka
 "My Home", a song by Got7 from their 2016 album Flight Log: Turbulence
 "My Home", a song by Thousand Foot Krutch from their 2007 album The Flame in All of Us

See also
 "My Hometown", a 1984 single by Bruce Springsteen


Jacopo Salviati (15 September 1461 – 6 September 1533) was a Florentine politician and son-in-law of Lorenzo de' Medici. On 10 September 1486 he married Lorenzo's daughter Lucrezia de' Medici, with whom he had ten children. The son of Giovanni Salviati and Maddalena Gondi, he devoted himself to the economic affairs of the family, becoming very wealthy. He then engaged in political life. He was Prior of the Guilds of Florence in 1499 and 1518, then gonfaloniere of Justice in 1514. In 1513, he was appointed ambassador to Rome.

When his brother-in-law was elected as Pope Leo X, Jacopo benefited significantly. He was granted a salt monopoly in Romagna, and became a high officer in the Vatican treasury.  He earned an income from these of 15,000 ducats each year.

He tried unsuccessfully to prevent the Siege of Florence (1529–1530), and was among the advisers of Pope Clement VII during his meeting with Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor.

In 1531, he was part of the balìa of 200 Florentine citizens charged with reforming the republican government.

He died on 6 September 1553.

Issue

His marriage to Lucrezia produced eleven children, six sons and five daughters:
Cardinal Giovanni Salviati (Florence, 1490 - Ravenna, 1553)
Lorenzo Salviati (Florence, 1492 - Ferrara, 1539), senator and patron
Piero Salviati, patrician
Elena Salviati (Florence, 1495 circa - Genoa, 1552), married the Marquis Pallavicino Pallavicino and second marriage to the Prince Iacopo V Appiani in Appiano
Caterina Salviati, married in 1511 Filippo Nerli, Florentine historical
Battista Salviati (1498–1524)
Maria Salviati (1499–1543), married to Giovanni dalle Bande Nere. This marriage reunited the main and Popolano branches of the Medici family. His son, Cosimo, was named to lead Florence after the death of Duke Alessandro de' Medici
Luisa Salviati, married Sigismund de Luna and Peralta
Francesca Salviati, married first to Piero Gualterotti (they had a daughter, Maria, who married Filippo Salviati) and second, in 1533, to Ottaviano de' Medici and had by him a son, Pope Leo XI
Bernardo Salviati (1505/1508 - Rome, 1568), was a knight of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, created a Cardinal in 1561
Alamanno (1510–1571), patrician

References

Sources

 Lauro Martines, April Blood: Florence and the Plot against the Medici [Paperback], 328 pages, Oxford Univ. Press,(2004), also accessible through Kindle, Publisher: Vintage Digital (January 31, 2011)., (ebook). Also,
 Miles J. Unger, Magnifico: The Brilliant Life and Violent Times of Lorenzo de' Medici, edit. (May 5, 2009). Simon&Schuster Paperbacks, New York. American Journalist resident for 5 years in Florence, Italy,
 Miles J. Unger, Machiaveli:A Biography", published June 14, 2011, accessible also through Kindle., 499 pages.
 Christopher Hibbert, (1924 - 2008),  & Mary Hollingsworth: The Borgias and Their Enemies: 1431-1519'',  [Paperback], 321 pages, Harcourt Publ. Co, Orlando, Florida

1461 births
1533 deaths
Jacopo
Ambassadors of the Republic of Florence
15th-century people from the Republic of Florence
16th-century people from the Republic of Florence


John Skinner Wilson (5 January 1849, Fyvie – 11 November 1926, Strathtay) was an eminent Episcopalian minister in the first quarter of the twentieth century.

John Skinner Wilson was born in 1849 and educated at Trinity College, Glenalmond and St Catharine's College, Cambridge. He was ordained in 1873 and was Rector of St George's, Edinburgh after which he was appointed Provost of St Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh in 1897, a post he held until he died on 11 November 1926.

References

1849 births
1926 deaths
People educated at Glenalmond College
Alumni of St Catharine's College, Cambridge
Provosts of St Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh (Episcopal)
People from Fyvie


The EWU–UM Governors Cup is the college football rivalry game between the University of Montana Grizzlies and the Eastern Washington University Eagles, both members of the Big Sky Conference in the Football Championship Subdivision (FCS).

History
The Governors Cup is a very intense and heated rivalry, with the winner often the eventual conference champion. The original Governors Cup game was between EWU and University of Idaho Vandals until they left the Big Sky Conference in 1997.

Since 2009, the game has sold out and its winner has advanced to the FCS playoffs. It is usually played in the mid-season in October, alternating between Roos Field and Washington–Grizzly Stadium. In the 1980s and from 1998 to 2002, EWU hosted the Montana game at Spokane's Joe Albi Stadium.

Montana leads in the overall rivalry with 28 wins, 18 losses, and a tie. The first seven meetings were held before 1951; Montana was a member of the Pacific Coast Conference through the 1949 season. Of the first seven games, two were played in eastern Washington, both at night: the 1947 game was in Spokane at Gonzaga Stadium, which was soon deemed unsafe, and the 1950 game was in Cheney. The 1948 game was Eastern's only win in the early series, played in Great Falls. Following the 1950 game, the teams did not meet for three decades, renewing the series in 1980.

Eastern joined the NCAA in 1978 in Division II, moved up to Division I-AA in 1984, and joined the Big Sky in 1987. The only one tie was in 1984, when it was a non-conference contest; the Big Sky introduced overtime for conference games in 1980.

Montana broke Eastern's four-game winning streak in 2015 with a lopsided 57–16 victory in Missoula. Eastern won 35–16 in 2016 for their fifth straight win over the Griz on the red turf in Cheney.

The Governor's Cup debuted  in 1984 and was originally between EWU and the University of Idaho Vandals of Moscow. Eastern pulled off a seven-point upset at Joe Albi Stadium in Spokane, with chief executives John Spellman and John Evans in attendance. Idaho's last year in the Big Sky was 1995 and the two played annually in mid-season through 1997; the non-conference series continued for two more years, in the season openers in early September. The game with Montana in October became the Governors Cup in 1998, and was played at Joe Albi.

As part of the scheduling of Big Sky Conference games, each school has traditionally played two opponents every year as a rival. Eastern's current rivals are Montana and Portland State, however, with the return of Idaho to the Big Sky Conference for football in 2018, that will change to the Vandals and Portland State, with Montana becoming Idaho's second rival. This change will begin in the 2018 season, meaning EWU will not play a regular season game versus Montana in 2018 for the first time since 1982, and the two teams will no longer be guaranteed to play each other on an annual basis.

Game results

Coaching records
Since 1980

Eastern Washington

Montana

 Only tie was in 1984; Big Sky enacted overtime for conference games in 1980; all Division I games went to overtime in 1996.
 Two games in 2014, regular season and FCS playoffs, both in Cheney and both won by Eastern
 Not played: 1982, 2018, 2020, 2023
 Eastern started conference play in 1987, and first Governors Cup against Montana was in 1998

Stadiums

Roos Field

With more than 2,000 bleacher seats added, record crowds of 11,702 in 2010 and 11,583 in 2006 attended the showdowns with Montana, the most recent match up in 2010 was won by the Eagles. The previous record before 2004 was 6,879 for the Eastern – Idaho game on Oct. 17, 1992, when temporary bleachers were employed in addition to the 5,000 permanent seats. The top 25 attendances at Roos Field have come since the early 1990s, including the top eight in the last three seasons.

In February 2010, Eastern Washington announced its plans to remove the natural turf at Woodward Field and replace it with red SprinTurf, making it the second Division I college football program to have a non-green playing surface (Boise State changed to a blue surface in 1986.)  On May 20, the university's board of trustees approved a name change to Roos Field, upon the successful completion of the project. All-pro offensive tackle Michael Roos donated a half million dollars to the project; a three-year starter for the Eagles, he was a second round selection in the 2005 NFL Draft.

Washington–Grizzly Stadium

The stadium is named after construction magnate Dennis Washington, a Montana business pioneer who donated $1 million to finance its construction in 1985. The stadium has been expanded three times since its opening in 1986, most recently in 2008 with an upper deck expansion of 2,000 seats on the east side.

The original capacity in 1986 was 12,500 permanent seats on the sidelines with open grass seating behind the end zones, an approximate capacity of 15,000. Permanent seating for the end zones increased the seating capacity to over 19,000 in 1995, and a 2008 expansion pushed it over 25,000.

Eastern's first game at the stadium was in 1988; previous games were at Dornblaser Field.

See also
 List of NCAA college football rivalry games

References

Eastern Washington Eagles football
Montana Grizzlies football
Big Sky Conference rivalries
College football rivalries in the United States


CHI Health (formerly Alegent Health) is a regional healthcare network headquartered in Omaha. The combined organization consists of 28 hospitals, two stand-alone behavioral health facilities, and more than 150 employed physician practices in Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, and North Dakota. CHI Health is part of CommonSpirit Health and is legally designated a non-profit organization.

History
Alegent Health was created in 1996, resulting from the merger between the Lutheran Immanuel Medical Center and the Catholic Bergan Mercy Medical Center under the Community Health Vision. Also merged were Mercy Hospital in Council Bluffs, Iowa, and two regional health partners, Corning and Schuyler, each retaining their religious affiliations. In 1997, Midlands Hospital was also absorbed.

Mergers and acquisitions
In 2012, Alegent acquired Creighton University Medical Center and renamed it as Alegent Creighton Health. Also in 2012, Immanuel left the Alegent partnership to focus on its senior programs and Alegent became solely sponsored by Catholic Health Initiatives. In 2014, Alegent Creighton Health merged with CHI Nebraska and was renamed CHI Health.

In February 2019, parent company CHI merged with Dignity Health, forming CommonSpirit Health, the second-largest nonprofit hospital chain in the United States.

Hospitals

See also
 Hospitals in Omaha, Nebraska
 CHI Health Center Omaha, the city's largest indoor sports venue, bearing the company's name due to a sponsorship deal

References

External links

Catholic health care
Health care companies based in Nebraska
Healthcare in Omaha, Nebraska
Hospital networks in the United States
Organizations based in Omaha, Nebraska
Religious corporations
Catholic hospital networks in the United States


Ben Addelman (born 1977) is a Canadian filmmaker. He is known for directing four documentaries: Discordia, Bombay Calling, Nollywood Babylon, and Kivalina vs. Exxon. Besides directing, he is known for work as a cinematographer, screenwriter and sound designer.

Career
His first film Discordia (2004) co-directed with Samir Mallal follows three students during the aftermath of the Netenyahu Incident at Concordia University in Montreal in 2002.

His second film, Bombay Calling (2006) also co-directed with Samir Mallal follows the lives of telemarketers working outsourced jobs in a call center in Bombay (Mumbai), India.  Both films were produced by Adam Symansky from the National Film Board of Canada.

His third film, Nollywood Babylon (2008) with co-director Samir Mallal, a documentary co-produced with the National Film Board of Canada in association with the Documentary Channel is about the explosive popularity of Nigerian movies.

His fourth film, Kivalina v. Exxon (2011), follows the efforts of a small town in Alaska in a lawsuit against the oil and gas industries for climate change-related damages.

He has directed documentary television for Vice, Apple TV+, Disney+ and BBC. A recent Apple TV+ show that he was a director on is Becoming You.

Awards
In 2009, he was nominated with co-director Samir Mallal for "Best World Cinema - Documentary" award during 2009 Sundance Film Festival for the film Nollywood Babylon.
Won Best Documentary at the Whistler Film Festival in 2011 for Kivalina V. Exxon.

References

External links

NFB page of Ben Addelman
Discordia
Bombay Calling
Nollywood Babylon

Canadian documentary film directors
Living people
Concordia University alumni
1977 births


Methyldihydromorphine is a semi-synthetic opioid originally developed in Germany in 1936, controlled under both domestic law and UN conventions because of its possible potential for abuse.  Methyldihydromorphine is related to heterocodeine and is not a synonym for dihydrocodeine or dihydroheterocodeine (6-methoxydihydromorphine).

This compound is a derivative of hydromorphone  It has been found to be 33 percent the analgesic potency of morphine with a substantially longer duration of action.

So far, little is currently known about this compound. It is a Schedule I controlled substance in the United States with an ACSCN of 9304 and a 2013 annual manufacturing quota of 2 grams.

References

4,5-Epoxymorphinans
Ethers
Mu-opioid receptor agonists
Phenols
Semisynthetic opioids


Caine Black Knife is a 2008 science fantasy novel by American writer Matthew Stover. It is labeled as the third of the Acts of Caine, and is act one of the Atonement story arc. It is published by the Ballantine Books  division of Del Rey. This is the third book in "The Acts of Caine" series, following Heroes Die and Blade of Tyshalle.

Setting
The story takes place on a futuristic Earth, and the parallel dimension world called Overworld. The futuristic Earth is a strictly caste-based society, the reason of which is explained in Blade of Tyshalle. After the discovery of Overworld, Actors are sent there to entertain Earth's population, by "putting their lives in danger in interesting ways". Overworld is a fantasy world, featuring an array of Tolkien-inspired races, such as primals/feys (elves), stonebenders (dwarves), ogrilloi (orcs), ogres, and trolls.

Summary
The novel is split between the adventure that made Caine a star (Retreat from the Boedecken) and events in the present day.  Both events take place in the same area, and both involve the Ogrillo Black Knife clan who roam the Boedecken Wastes.  A twenty-five-year gap separates the two timelines.

The arc was completed in Caine's Law (earlier working title: "His Father's Fist"), released April 2012.

Reception
Publishers Weekly gave the novel a somewhat mixed review saying, "Stover has a gift for brutal, detailed action sequences, and Caine is at his most enthralling when he's fighting or discussing tactics, but the high levels of (occasionally creative) profanity and the cliffhanger ending may put off some readers."

References

External links

mwstover.com

American fantasy novels
2008 science fiction novels
2008 American novels
Del Rey books
Dystopian novels
Science fantasy novels


The Science History Institute  is an institution that preserves and promotes understanding of the history of science. Located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, it includes a library, museum, archive, research center and conference center.

It was founded in 1982 as a joint venture of the American Chemical Society and the University of Pennsylvania, as the Center for the History of Chemistry (CHOC). The American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) became a co-founder in 1984. It was renamed the Chemical Heritage Foundation (CHF) in 1992, and moved two years later to the institution's current location, 315 Chestnut Street in Old City.

On December 1, 2015, CHF merged with the Life Sciences Foundation, creating an organization that covers "the history of the life sciences and biotechnology together with the history of the chemical sciences and engineering."  As of February 1, 2018, the organization was renamed the Science History Institute, to reflect its wider range of historical interests, from chemical sciences and engineering to the life sciences and biotechnology.

The institute focuses on the history of chemistry, the history of science, the history of technology, trends in research and development, the impact of science on society, and relationships between science and art. It supports a community of research scholars and an oral history program.  As of 2012, it was the largest U.S. grantor of research fellowships for the history of science.

History
The idea of creating "a library of reference and a chemical museum" in the United States can be found in the Proceedings of the first meeting of the American Chemical Society (ACS) in 1876.

The idea of a Science History Institute dates to 1976, when the nation's bicentennial and the ACS' centennial stimulated interest in history and chemistry. As part of the ACS centennial activities, John H. Wotiz of its history-of-chemistry division organized a session on the history of chemistry; he was a strong proponent of a national center for historical chemistry.

Center for the History of Chemistry
In 1979, the ACS formed a task force chaired by Ned D. Heindel to look at creating a national center for the history of chemistry. Arnold Thackray, a professor in the Department of History and Sociology of Science at the University of Pennsylvania, and curator of the Edgar Fahs Smith Memorial Collection on the history of chemistry at the University of Pennsylvania, argued for the formation of such a center in Philadelphia. Thackray obtained promises of private support from chemist John C. Haas and institutional support from the Dow Chemical Company and DuPont. In December 1981, the ACS approved the establishment of the Center for the History of Chemistry, with support of $50,000 per year for five years, in cooperation with the University of Pennsylvania, which was to provide an equivalent in goods and services. An agreement to create the Center for the History of Chemistry was signed by officers of the American Chemical Society and the University of Pennsylvania on January 22 and 26, 1982.  A policy council was appointed by the sponsoring institutions to oversee routine operations of the center, and Arnold Thackray was appointed part-time director of the center on April 29, 1982. The center was inaugurated on March 11, 1983, in several vacant basement rooms on the University of Pennsylvania campus. Its "immediate aims" included gathering oral histories of important chemists and inventorying papers and manuscripts in repositories throughout the country to map "the largely unexplored territory of the history of chemistry and chemical technology."

A National Advisory Board was also formed from a wide-ranging group of people in academia and industry. In 1982, its members included John C. Haas, historians Margaret W. Rossiter and Alfred D. Chandler, Jr. and at least three Nobel Prize winners, Christian B. Anfinsen, Herbert C. Brown, and Glenn T. Seaborg. The American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) became a co-founder of the center, signing an agreement on August 27 and 28, 1984. In addition, the institution began to establish relationships with affiliated organizations such as The Chemists' Club, the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists, the Electrochemical Society and the American Society for Mass Spectrometry.

As early as 1983, the Center for the History of Chemistry expressed an interest in "The Conservation of Historic American Chemical Instruments", in discussions of a possible joint project with the Smithsonian.  However, the center did not yet have exhibition or collections space to allow for the acquisition of any but the most limited quantities of documents. The center did curate a number of traveling exhibitions by collaborating with other organizations, including "Joseph Priestley: Enlightened Chemist", "Polymers and People", "Scaling Up",  and "Chemical Education in the United States".

Arnold and Mabel Beckman Center for the History of Chemistry (BCHOC)
During the 1980s, the center came to the attention of Arnold Orville Beckman. The Arnold and Mabel Beckman Foundation provided a $2 million challenge grant in 1986 to stimulate expansion of the center as a research institute, the Arnold and Mabel Beckman Center for the History of Chemistry (BCHOC).
Beckman challenged the center to define its mission more broadly, reaching out to academic, professional and trade organizations, and including biochemistry, materials science, petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals and instrumentation within its mandate. The National Foundation for History of Chemistry was established in 1987 as a supporting Pennsylvania nonprofit.  The renamed Beckman Center began a major capital campaign, listing as its needs "offices, an exhibit gallery, a reading room, library stacks, and archives and storage areas." It celebrated its inauguration on November 5, 1987.  With support from the American Chemical Society's "Campaign for Chemistry", the center was able to move to 3401 Walnut Street, on the University of Pennsylvania campus, as of March 9, 1988.

Othmer Library of Chemical History
In 1989, the center received a further challenge grant, this time from Donald F. Othmer and his wife, Mildred Topp Othmer.  Donald Othmer was a quiet chemical engineering professor from Polytechnic University in Brooklyn.  The Othmers donated $5 million towards the creation of the Othmer Library of Chemical History. Again, efforts to match the grant were supported by the National Foundation for History of Chemistry and the American Chemical Society's Campaign for Chemistry.   The new library was further supported by the donation of 8,500 monographs, textbooks and reference works from The Chemists' Club of New York.

Chemical Heritage Foundation
On July 1, 1992, the National Foundation for History of Chemistry changed its name to the Chemical Heritage Foundation, in recognition of the international nature of chemical history. By 1994, the organization was searching for a permanent home for the Beckman Center and Othmer Library. One candidate was the First National Bank building at 315 Chestnut Street, an 1866 masonry-and-brick structure with a two-story Palazzo facade. The institution bought the bank building and nearby property in 1995, in part with a matching grant from Donald Othmer.  Soon afterward, its endowment was expanded by a bequest from Othmer's estate.  The Chemical Heritage Foundation moved to 315 Chestnut Street on February 1, 1996.  The buildings were renovated by Richard Conway Meyer over the next few years. Phase 1, providing temporary office space and book storage, was completed in 1998.  Phase 2, a move to more permanent facilities, was completed in 2000. Phase 3, construction of the adjoining Ullyot conference space for meetings and events, began soon after.

Creating a public museum

Acquisition of a permanent building finally made it possible for the institution to develop "a public museum and display area".  One possible focus was the history of instrumentation. As early as 1989, the Beckman Center had requested the loan or gift of Beckman Instruments such as the Beckman pH meter and the DU spectrophotometer for display at the center. Some of those instruments were included in an instrumentation exhibition organized by W. Richard Howe of the University of Pittsburgh for the Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy (PITTCON) in 1994, and expanded in 1999. In the early 1990s, inspired by John Ferraro, a committee was formed within the Society for Applied Spectroscopy (SAS), to pursue the creation of an instrumentation museum. Edward Brame and other members of that committee connected with Arnold Thackray and formed the nucleus of the institution's Chemical Instrumentation Museum Group (CIMG) in 1994. In 1997, on the recommendation of the CIMG, the Chemical Heritage Foundation's board approved a collections policy for the acquisition of "historically significant chemical instruments and apparatus".  Instrumentation, however, was only one of several areas of interest as the institution began to expand its collections.

Alchemical collections
The Science History Institute is particularly interested in the origins of early science and chemistry. Its varied holdings have considerable depth both in alchemical books and fine-art depictions of early modern alchemists. The institution's collection of alchemy-related artwork, one of the largest in the world, builds upon two significant collections. Chester Garfield Fisher, founder of Fisher Scientific, started collecting alchemical art in the 1920s.  In 2000, his collection of alchemical paintings was donated by Fisher Scientific International to the Chemical Heritage Foundation.  In 2002, the institution received another gift from Roy Eddleman, founder of Spectrum Laboratories, whose collection contained paintings from the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries. Together, the two collections contain more than 90 paintings and 200 works on paper illustrating the work of alchemists and their influence on the development of chemistry as a science.

Instrument collections

The Chemical Heritage Foundation's collections include such pioneering and landmark instruments as a 1934 Beckman Model G pH Meter, a DuPont 900 Differential Thermal Analyzer, an early custom Electro-spray Ionization Mass Spectrometer used by John B. Fenn, a 1947 Mettler B5 Single-Pan Balance, a 1963 Perkin-Elmer Model 125 Infrared Grating Spectrophotometer, and a c. 1980's Automated Peptide Synthesizer created by Bruce Merrifield.

The foundation expanded its instrument collections slowly, mostly through donations of single instruments or small groups of instruments. In 2000, the CIMG was transformed into the Heritage Council Instruments and Artifacts Committee (HCIAC), which included staff and supporters and began meeting under founding chair W. Richard Howe. In 2002, the institution was given hundreds of instruments by Stephen P. DeFalco, president of PerkinElmer, after the company closed a plant in Überlingen, Germany. An interim exhibition of Revolutionary Tools was curated at the Chemical Heritage Foundation by David Brock, showing fifteen 20th-century instruments, including Arnold Beckman's pH meter.

In 2004, a list of "50 Instruments That Changed the World" was identified as a basis for further expansion. In 2008, the institution released a list of its ten most wanted instruments.

The Arnold O. Beckman Permanent Exhibit and the Clifford C. Hach Gallery

As early as 1996, the Chemical Heritage Foundation had envisioned a broadly-based museum of chemical progress in which instruments would have "a major, but not exclusive role". That  vision was followed when Peter Saylor of Dagit•Saylor Architects created the public museum and conference space. The Arnold O. Beckman Permanent Exhibit and the Clifford C. Hach Gallery for rotating exhibitions  opened in 2008.    The Arnold O. Beckman permanent exhibition, Making Modernity, was designed by Ralph Appelbaum Associates.  It has been described as an "art gallery for science", and showcases objects from the institution's widely varying collections. "The instruments are only a fraction of the objects on display.  The exhibition also includes books, documents, and artwork from CHF's collection, as well as an array of consumer products."  The exhibition is organized around thematic arcs illustrative of the history of science, particularly chemistry. Displays include the influence of alchemy in early chemistry, the development of the first plastics, the development of brilliantly colored synthetic dyes, scientific advocacy for public health in the 19th and 20th centuries, and the teaching of chemistry through books and chemistry sets.

Science History Institute
On December 1, 2015, the Chemical Heritage Foundation merged with the Life Sciences Foundation, also founded by Arnold Thackray.  Recognizing that the joint organization's interests extended beyond the field of chemistry, the organization began a two-year renaming process, whose outcome required the agreement of its founding partners, the American Chemical Society and the American Institute of Chemical Engineers.  On February 1, 2018, the organization was renamed the Science History Institute, to reflect its wider range of historical interests, extending from the chemical sciences and engineering to the life sciences and biotechnology.

Leaders
Arnold Thackray, the institution's first president, was awarded the 1983 Dexter Award for his contributions to the history of chemistry. Thackray was succeeded by Thomas R. Tritton, under whose leadership (2008-2013) the history of science museum opened to the public in its present location, and the fellowship program expanded.
 Following a global search, Carsten Reinhardt, a professor of the history of science from Bielefeld University, Germany, was chosen in August 2013 as president and CEO of the organization. In 2016, Reinhardt returned to Germany, and his place was taken by interim president Robert G. W. Anderson. On January 11, 2017, it was announced that Anderson would take the job permanently. As of May 20, 2020, David Allen Cole, previously executive director of the Hagley Museum and Library, became president and CEO.

Collections
The Science History Institute holds many collections relevant to the history of chemistry.

 The Othmer Library: In 2004, the Othmer Library became the steward of the Roy G. Neville Historical Chemical Library, which represents one of the most comprehensive single deposits of books on the history of chemistry in the world. Roughly 6,000 titles in all, the Neville collection comprises materials that date from the late 15th century to the early 20th century and includes many of the most important works in the history of science and technology from this period.
 Center for Oral History: The Center for Oral History at the Science History Institute aims to create a collection of comprehensive, professionally edited interviews with leading figures in chemistry and related fields.
 Archives: The Science History Institute collects, preserves, describes, and makes available the unique, unpublished materials that document the past 200 years of scientific history. The institute actively collects archival materials from outstanding scientists, industries, and professional organizations. Spanning over 5,000 linear shelf feet, these collections are a major attraction for scholars of the history of chemical and molecular sciences.
 Photographs: The Science History Institute's Image Archive contains an extensive collection of photographic prints, negatives, and slides reflecting the chemical history of the past century. The institute currently holds more than 20,000 images of notable chemists, laboratories, industrial scenes, historic gatherings, and chemical artifacts. These images hold considerable interest for scholars, journalists, and publishers who are active in chemistry-related fields. Informal snapshots and personal photos capture notable scientists at work and at play, such as the polymer chemists Wallace Carothers and Carl Shipp Marvel on a fishing trip and chemical engineer Donald Othmer and his wife on their wedding day. Highlights include:
 Williams Haynes Portrait Collection: nearly 1,000 formal portraits of important chemists from the early 1900s
 Travis Hignett Collection: images from the Fixed Nitrogen Research Laboratory (1920–1950)
 Joseph Labovsky Collection: the history of nylon
 Dow Historical Collection: 20th-century industrial images
 Fine Art: Strengths of the Science History Institute's fine-art collection include the Fisher Scientific International Collection and the Roy Eddleman Collection, more than 90 paintings and 200 works on paper that unmask the world of the alchemists. In their pursuit of the elusive philosophers' stone, alchemists created a body of knowledge about the material world through experiments and lab work, setting the stage for modern chemistry. Other highlights of the fine-art collection include oil paintings depicting such early modern chemical activities as distillation and metallurgy and watercolors showing the production process of the textile ramie.
 Artifacts: The Science History Institute collects three-dimensional artifacts to create a representative group of material-culture objects that can be used as resources for both research and exhibition. The institute holds a variety of historical artifacts related to chemistry and chemical education, including instrumentation. It has one of the best public collections of chemistry sets, with approximately 100 different sets from all over the world, including Australia and Germany.  Other special artifact collections include The Beauty of Bakelite and Chemistry and Fashion. Highlights include the Beckman IR-1 spectrophotometer, John Fenn's electrospray mass spectrometer and Bruce Merrifield's solid-phase peptide synthesizer.

Distillations
The Science History Institute's magazine, Distillations, appeared in print three times a year until 2019, when content became digital-only.  As an online resource, it continues to present stories about the history of science for a popular readership.  Distillations first appeared in spring 2015, as a publication of the Chemical Heritage Foundation.  It was predated by the Chemical Heritage Magazine, published as a quarterly by the Chemical Heritage Foundation.

Fellowships
The Science History Institute offers many fellowships-in-residence, of varying lengths.

Awards
The Science History Institute presents a number of annual awards to recognize outstanding contributions to science and technology by researchers, business leaders and entrepreneurs.

The annual Heritage Day Awards honor achievements in science and technology and comprise the Othmer Gold Medal,
the Richard J. Bolte Sr. Award for Supporting Industries and, in conjunction with The Chemists' Club of New York, the
Winthrop-Sears Medal.

The annual Affiliate Partnership Awards, presented in conjunction with affiliate organizations, recognize achievement with the
Biotechnology Heritage Award,
the Franklin-Lavoisier Prize,
the Petrochemical Heritage Award
and the Pittcon Heritage Award.

The Roy G. Neville Prize in Bibliography or Biography recognizes a biographical work in the field of chemical or molecular science. Established in 2006, the prize is awarded biennially.

See also
 Ullyot Public Affairs Lecture
 Burndy Library
 Harvard Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments
 Whipple Museum of the History of Science

References

External links

1982 establishments in Pennsylvania
Heritage organizations
History of chemistry
History of science museums
Museums in Philadelphia
Organizations established in 1982
Science museums in Pennsylvania
Research libraries in the United States


New York State Forests are public lands administered by the Division of Lands and Forests of the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC). New York State Forests are designated as reforestation, multiple use, and unique areas; and state nature and historic preserves, with approximately  classified as reforestation areas and approximately  classified as multiple use lands. Land within the Adirondack Park or the Catskill Park is not included as part of the State Forest system.

State Forest management
The purpose of state forest management in New York is to promote forest conservation, improve ecosystem health and biodiversity, provide recreational opportunities, and derive economic benefits from forests by employing sustainable management practices. As of 2016, more than  of forests are managed by the NYSDEC; this includes areas designated as state forests, reforestation areas, multiple-use areas, and unique areas, but does not include forest preserve lands within Adirondack Park and Catskill Park.

Permissible activities on New York state forest lands include hunting, trapping, fishing, hiking, snowshoeing, cross-county skiing, horseback riding, snowmobiling, and camping, although some properties prohibit some of these activities. Motorized vehicle use is prohibited except for on specified roads and trails. Camping for longer than three consecutive nights, or in groups of ten or greater people, requires a free permit issued by the NYSDEC; in addition, campsites must be located at least  away from roads, trails, and streams unless previously established by the NYSDEC.

Classifications

There are four categories of state forest lands established under New York State law; their descriptions are below.

Reforestation areas
Lands obtained for reforestation and maintained for watershed protection, the production of timber and other forest products, and for recreation and related purposes. These areas must have at least  of contiguous lands that shall be forever devoted to the planting, growth and harvesting of such trees as shall be reforested.

Multiple use areas
Funded by the park and recreation land acquisition bond acts of 1960 and 1962 to provide opportunities for outdoor recreation, including public camping, fishing, hunting, boating, winter sports. Wherever possible, the multiple-use-areas should also serve multiple purposes involving the conservation and development of natural resources, including the preservation of scenic areas, watershed protection, forestry and reforestation.

Unique areas
Lands of special natural beauty, wilderness character, geological, ecological or historical significance; the unique areas may include lands within a forest preserve county outside the Adirondack and Catskill Parks.

State Nature and Historic Preserve
Lands dedicated to the State Nature and Historic Preserve (as referred to in Section 4 of Article XIV of the State Constitution) are declared to be put to their highest, best and most important use for one or more of the following purposes:

 As natural communities for maintaining plants, animals and natural communities;
 As reservoirs of natural materials and ecological processes that contribute to the state's biological diversity;
 As field laboratories for scientific research and education in the natural sciences, including the fields of biology, conservation, ecology, natural history and paleontology; and
 As places of natural and historical interest and beauty which provide the public with passive recreational opportunities including, where appropriate, fishing, hunting and trapping, or commercial fishing opportunities that are compatible with protecting the ecological significance, historic features and natural character of the area.

List of New York State Forests
The following sortable table includes several classifications of state forests in New York. Those labelled as "State Forests" are managed for a variety of goals; many are reforestation areas that are intended for timber production and watershed protection, in addition to providing space for outdoor recreation. "Multiple Use Areas" are managed primarily to provide space for outdoor recreation, with the additional purpose of land conservation and protection. "Unique Areas" are intended to protect areas with significant geological, ecological, aesthetic, or historical features.

See also
Long Island Central Pine Barrens
New York State Wildlife Management Areas

References

External links

Forestry in the United States
Types of formally designated forests


Thomas Smyth (1 December 1884 – 19 May 1928) was an Irish international, rugby union prop forward who played club rugby for Newport and Malone and invitational rugby with the Barbarians. He won fourteen caps for Ireland and was selected to captain the British Isles 1910 tour of South Africa, and played in two of the test games.

Rugby career
Smyth first played for Ireland in 1908, in the Home Nations Championship against England at Richmond's Athletic Ground. Although Ireland lost the match 13-3 Smyth was back for the next game of the tournament against Scotland. With the match played at Lansdowne Road, the Irish beat the Scottish team in a game which was notable as the last game for Scotland's David Bedell-Sivright, the British Isle's captain of the 1904 campaign to Australia and New Zealand. Smyth played out the 1909 and 1910 Championships and scored his first international try in the 1910 game against France. Smyth's next and last score for his country was in a 3–0 win at Lansdowne road versus England, when the Harlequin centre Frank Stoop's poor clearing kick led to Smyth scoring the only points of the game when he took the ball over the line for a try.

International matches played

Ireland
  1908, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912
  1910
  1908, 1909, 1910, 1911
  1908, 1909, 1910, 1911

British Isles
  1910, 1910

References

Rugby union props
Rugby union players from Belfast
Irish rugby union players
Ireland international rugby union players
1884 births
1928 deaths
Newport RFC players
British & Irish Lions rugby union players from Ireland
Barbarian F.C. players
Malone RFC players


Methyldesorphine is an opioid analgesic. First synthesized in Germany in 1940 and patented in the US in 1952, it has a high potential for abuse as with any potent opioid agonist, and is sometimes found along with desomorphine as a component of the home-made opioid mixture known as "Krokodil" used in Russia and the neighboring former Soviet republics. It is approximately 15 times more potent than morphine as an analgesic but if the 6-7 bond is saturated, the β isomer is some 50 times more potent than morphine.

Methyldesorphine is listed as a Schedule I Narcotic controlled substance under the Controlled Substances Act 1970 in the United States with a DEA ACSCN of 9302 and zero annual aggregate manufacturing quota.  The free base conversion ratio of the hydrochloride is 0.89.

See also
 6-Methylenedihydrodesoxymorphine

References

4,5-Epoxymorphinans
Ethers
Mu-opioid receptor agonists
Opioids
Phenols
Semisynthetic opioids


San Antonio Christian School, SACS for short, is a private, non-denominational Christian school in San Antonio, Texas. It was established in 1972 to provide a Christ-centered, college preparatory education (grades PK-12).  It is accredited by the Association of Christian Schools International and the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools.

SACS competes in the Texas Association of Private and Parochial Schools as a 6A school in Division 1. Other extracurricular activities include band, 4-H, art, theater, and journalism.

References

External links

1972 establishments in Texas
Christian schools in Texas
Schools in San Antonio
High schools in San Antonio
Private K-12 schools in Texas
Educational institutions established in 1972


The Frankfurt City Link Line (, commonly just called the Verbindungsbahn) in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, emerged in the 19th century as a link line between Frankfurt's western stations at the  Gallustor and the Frankfurt-Hanau railway in the east of the city. It was an initiative by the government of the Free City of Frankfurt.

On 31 July 1859, services opened on the 6 km long route that, for the most part, followed the northern bank of the river Main. It was initially operated by the Frankfurt-Hanau Railway Company and, from 1872, the Hessian Ludwig Railway Company (Hessische-Ludwigs-Eisenbahngesellschaft). Since the annexation of the free city into the Kingdom of Prussia in 1866 the line has remained in the ownership of the city authorities.

To begin with only freight services ran between the stations within the city to the customs house and the harbour. From 1 June 1869 passenger services were also operated, including express trains from Frankfurt's western stations to central Germany. This traffic ended when in 1873 the state-operated Frankfurt–Bebra railway picked up these services on the left bank of the Main.

In 1880 the line was extended by 1.7 km to the west. At that time the Hessian Ludwig Railway ran trains from Frankfurt East station to Limburg along the river Main, where a halt had been built at Fahrtor. Passenger services were withdrawn on 1 April 1913, when the Frankfurt-Hanau railway was linked to Frankfurt South station from the East station via the Deutschherrnbrücke bridge.

Since then, the line has been operated as the Frankfurt Harbour Railway (Städtische Hafenbahn). Its importance for the newly developed harbour facilities, industrial estates on the Hanau state highway and Frankfurt's wholesale market, the Grossmarkthalle grew continuously in the period after the Second World War.

When all the bridges over the Main were destroyed in 1945 after the end of the war, the line gained increased importance for transit traffic, because it was the only line for goods services from Frankfurt to the east. Even a modest amount of passenger traffic flourished: the Frankfurt-Königstein branch line ran its trains over the line from 13 July to 30 September 1945 from the Taunus via Frankfurt-Höchst station and Fahrtor to Frankfurt-Mainkur station.

Today there are daily transfers of goods to the Harbour Railway and occasional passenger train specials run by the Historic Railway, Frankfurt (HEF) with steam and diesel locomotives as well as railcars.

See also
History of rail transport in Germany

References

Railway museums in Germany
Heritage railways in Germany
Transport in Hesse
Railway lines in Hesse
Museums in Frankfurt


Rieu can refer to:
André Rieu (born 1949), Dutch violinist and conductor
Annette Rieu, a character in Jeanne Galzy's 1929 novel L'Initiatrice aux mains vides (Burnt Offering)
Bún riêu, a Vietnamese meat
D. C. H. Rieu (1916–2008), scholar
Charloun Rieu (1846–1924), French farmer and poet
Charles Pierre Henri Rieu (1820–1902), Swiss Orientalist
E. V. Rieu (1887–1972), translator
Jean Rieu (18th century), banker, owner of Prangins Castle (1719–1723)
Jean-Louis Rieu (1788–1868), soldier and politician
Jean Louis Rieu (1872–1964), Commissioner of Sind in British India (1920–1925)
Nicole Rieu (born 1949), French singer
 (1859 (?)–1901), architect
Willem Nicolaas du Rieu (1829–1896), librarian of Leiden University Library


Trust Me is an American drama series created by Hunt Baldwin and John Coveny that aired for on TNT from January 26 to April 7, 2009. On April 10, 2009, TNT canceled the series after one season.

Synopsis
The series revolves around Rothman, Greene, and Moore, a fictional advertising firm. The storylines center on the difficulties of securing accounts and the characters' personal lives.

Cast
Tom Cavanagh – Conner, the firm's brilliant but irresponsible ad copywriter who began his partnership less than a decade ago with Mason. Twitchy Conner is a bachelor with a checkered history of failed romances and a growing debt to the company which he incurred by abusing the expense account.
Eric McCormack – Mason McGuire, the firm's newly promoted Creative Director and straitlaced family man. Mason's levelheaded nature often counteracts Conner's unpredictable behavior even though Mason is highly neurotic. He works well with Conner because of their work ethic but he has workaholic tendencies that affect his marriage.
Geoffrey Arend – Hector Culligan, one of the firm's idealistic young ad men who shares office space with colleague and best friend Mike, with whom he used to play Xbox games. Hector is known for celebrity impersonations.
Sarah Clarke – Erin McGuire, Mason's wife and mother to their son and daughter. She tolerates Mason's workaholic tendencies.
Mike Damus – Tom Fuller, Hector's colleague and one half of their team. He has been dating someone in their company.
Griffin Dunne – Tony Mink, the firm's boss who had a tendency to break promises in the wake of business, but still maintains a healthy relationship with his employees, primarily Mason.
Monica Potter – Sarah Krajicek-Hunter, the new hire and ad copywriter who regrets her hiring at the company. She is divorced and later finds out that her former husband is gay. She seems to be attracted to Conner.

Episodes

References

External links

2000s American workplace drama television series
2009 American television series debuts
2009 American television series endings
English-language television shows
Television shows set in Chicago
Television series by Warner Horizon Television
TNT (American TV network) original programming
Television series about advertising


Big Spring Country Club is a country club located in Louisville Metro. Prior to the 2003 city-county merger, the club's location was in an unincorporated part of Jefferson County, Kentucky, bordered by Louisville (old city) and St. Matthews. The club borders the Middle Fork of Beargrass Creek and the site of Floyd's Station, a fort built by John Floyd in 1779. It was named Big Spring because of a "big spring" which once furnished water for pioneer settlers in the area. This spring, located just below the 13th green of the golf course, is still flowing today.

The club was founded in 1926. The golf course at the club hosted the PGA Championship in 1952, which Jim Turnesa won.

References

External links
Official site

Golf clubs and courses in Kentucky
Buildings and structures in Louisville, Kentucky
1926 establishments in Kentucky
Organizations based in Louisville, Kentucky
Sports venues completed in 1926


Codeine methylbromide (Eucodin) is the bromomethane (methylbromide) salt of codeine. Its possession is prohibited in many jurisdictions. It is considered a Schedule I controlled substance in the United States, with a DEA ACSCN of 9070 and nil annual aggregate manufacturing quota. as of 2014.  As it is used in a different way than basic salts of codeine like the phosphate or hydrochloride owing to its below-mentioned dual action, it is considered to be a different drug related to codeine rather than merely a salt of it in many contexts.

Also known by the genericised trade name eucodeine, and the salt name also sometimes given as methobromide, this drug was first synthesised in Austria-Hungary in 1903.  As it is a bromide in addition to a codeine salt, it has a dual mechanism of action and is indicated for pain with insomnia or nervousness and violent coughing. This codeine-based bromide also has morphine, dihydrocodeine, dihydromorphine, hydromorphone, isocodeine, hydrocodone, and other such analogues; also, there are codeine-based barbiturates and salicylates.

References

4,5-Epoxymorphinans
Opioids
Catechol ethers


Modern Asian Studies is a bimonthly peer-reviewed academic journal in the field of Asian studies, published by Cambridge University Press. The journal was established in 1967 by the Syndics of the University of Cambridge and the Committee of Directors at the Centre of South Asian Studies (CSAS), a joint initiative among SOAS University of London, University of Cambridge, University of Hull, University of Leeds, and University of Sheffield. The journal covers the history, sociology, economics, and culture of modern Asia.

Since 2021, the journal has been co-edited by Johan Elverskog, (Southern Methodist University), Sumit Guha, A. Azfar Moin, and Robert M. Oppenheim (all at the University of Texas, Austin). The previous editor was Norbert Peabody (University of Cambridge).

History
In 1947, the Scarbrough Commission asserted that knowledge of Asian countries needed to be granted a permanent place in British academia. The commission, in its report, believed that knowledge of the histories, cultures, and languages of Asia were "quite inadequate for Britain's national purposes." Ralph Lilley Turner, the second Director of the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), requested state funding to implement the commission's recommendations, which began in 1948. SOAS planned to appoint 18 professors, 35 readers, and 114 lectures over a five-year time period. The launching of an academic journal in 1967 represented the culmination of these efforts.

The journal nowadays publishes monographic essays on a wide range of topics that are supported with empirical data. It is one of the leading journals in the field and has long been considered the flagship area studies journal of Cambridge University Press.

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
Bibliography of Asian Studies
Scopus
Social Sciences Citation Index
Worldwide Political Science Abstracts
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 1.075.

References

Further reading
Woo, Park Seung and Victor T. King. The Historical Construction of Southeast Asian Studies: Korea and Beyond Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2013.

External links

Asian studies journals
Bimonthly journals
Academic journals established in 1967
Cambridge University Press academic journals
English-language journals