The Children's Overseas Reception Board (CORB) was a British government sponsored organisation. The CORB evacuated 2,664 British children from England, so that they would escape the imminent threat of German invasion and the risk of enemy bombing in World War II. This was during a critical period in British history, between July and September 1940, when the Battle of Britain was raging, and German invasion forces were being amassed across the English Channel.

The children were sent mainly to the four Dominion countries, Canada 1,532 (in nine parties), Australia 577 (three parties), New Zealand 202 (two parties), and South Africa 353 (two parties), and 838 to the USA under the United States Committee for the Care of European Children programme. In the first few months over 211,000 children were registered with the scheme. A further 24,000 children had been approved for sailing in that time and over 1,000 volunteer escorts, including doctors and nurses, enrolled. It was planned as a temporary exile for the children, to return home to their families when conditions permitted.

Historical background
Even before the Second World War began in September 1939, the British government had prepared for the evacuation of over a million vulnerable people, mainly children, from the towns and cities to safe areas in the countryside away from the risk of enemy bombing. It was widely believed that up to four million people could be killed by enemy attacks on British towns and cities.

When war did eventually break out, the question of sending British children to Commonwealth countries was brought up in Parliament. It was initially rejected on the grounds of creating panic or spreading defeatism. Instead the government decided that the evacuation to rural areas of Britain should continue as it was felt that this was adequate.

Nonetheless, it is estimated that, by the end of 1941, some 14,000 British children had been evacuated overseas by private arrangement, over 6,000 to Canada and some 5,000 to the United States.

They went either to relatives or friends or left as part of private schemes, run by businesses such as Hoover and Kodak, who would evacuate the children of their British employees. At the beginning of the War America was neutral, and had strict immigration laws. This presented a serious obstacle to the U.S.A. accepting any significant number of British refugees.

Initially these British evacuations to America were a private undertaking and not a British Government sponsored or aided evacuation, but this changed later (see below).

In a related American activity, the quasi-governmental "U.S. Committee for the Care of European Children" (USCOM) was established in June 1940. Its purpose, was to try to save mainly Jewish refugee children who came from Continental Europe (as contrasted with those of the CORB from Great Britain), and to evacuate them to America. Images of German bombing raids and European refugees had a major impact on American opinion and this increased when the Germans began bombing the UK. America was neutral until December 1941, which meant that USCOM was still able to operate in Vichy France after May 1940. On the ground in France, the Quaker American Friends Service Committee (AFSC) (the Quakers - see History of the Quakers) worked with the OSE to select children. In a complicated process, several hundred children made it to the United States, though the rescue of many more was ultimately thwarted by the Nazi occupation of southern France. The organisation called the United States Committee for the Care of European Children was strongly supported by First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt (She was the honorary president). This program helped evacuate more than 838 children to America. Other organisations and individuals also worked to save Jewish children and send them to the United States.

In 1941 Geoffrey Shakespeare, British Under-Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs, announced that a total of 838 children had been sent under the auspices of the United States Committee for the Care of European Children, with the collaboration of the Children’s Overseas Reception Board.

Organisation of the scheme

Prelude to CORB
The first British civilian casualties of World War II occurred when a German U-boat sank the Cunard passenger liner SS Athenia (1922) chartered from the Anchor Donaldson Line on September 3, 1939, the day Britain entered the War. It was sunk without warning west of Scotland by U-30, which had been shadowing the liner and attacked when it received news that Britain and Germany were at war. ‘Athenia’ was carrying evacuees from Liverpool to Canada. There was a total of 1,103 passengers in addition to the crew. Survivors were rescued by the British destroyers HMS Electra, Escort and Fame as well as merchantmen ‘City of Flint’ and ‘Southern Cross’ and the Norwegian tanker ‘Knute Nelson’. The survivors were brought to Galway in neutral Ireland. 118 passengers were killed, including 28 Americans.

On 10 May 1940, the Germans started their second blitzkrieg that overran the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg, and threatened France. Neville Chamberlain, resigned immediately as Prime Minister, and Winston Churchill was appointed to head a coalition government. Shortly afterwards the Germans initiated their assault on France, quickly overrunning the northern part of the country and forcing the evacuation of British and French troops from Dunkirk between 27 May and 4 June.

With the fall of France imminent, the children's evacuation scheme was again presented in the British Parliament, and this time approved.

Use of Thomas Cook's expertise
In Churchill’s newly formed War Cabinet on 17 June, Under-Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs Geoffrey Shakespeare was tasked with implementing the evacuation programme.
The same day, negotiations opened with the travel agency Thomas Cook & Son, for the new department to be housed in their London Head Office at 45 Berkeley Street. The British Government would meet the cost of the voyages with contributions taken from parents on a sliding scale, involving a means test.

Although the British Government was now involved, and this scheme was sanctioned by the Cabinet, Churchill and some others were not personally keen on the idea. Queen Elizabeth, wife of King George VI, had made her views clear at the outbreak of war. There was some suggestion that the Queen and her daughters should be evacuated to North America or Canada. To this the Queen replied in a letter, written on Windsor Castle headed notepaper: “The children will not leave unless I do. I shall not leave unless their father does, and the king will not leave the country in any circumstances, whatever.”  Throughout the Second World War the Queen and her children shared the dangers and difficulties of the rest of the nation.

The new organisation and staff were quickly assembled and the scheme launched. Applications for children would be made through schools throughout the country. They would travel alone and be accompanied by selected teachers or escorts at a ratio of one to every 15 children, in addition to nurses and doctors. They would travel to the port of embarkation and be accommodated in a hostel, where final medical checks were made. In order to embark rapidly; the usual formalities were dispensed with, there would be no passports. Each child was given a luggage label with its C.O.R.B. number and as each child embarked they were given an identity disc, also with its C.O.R.B. number.

At its height the C.O.R.B. employed some 620 staff.

Sinkings of Volendam and City of Benares

Within two weeks of each other, two ships carrying CORB children ‘Sea Evacuees’ as they were known, were torpedoed by German U-boats.

Volendam
First was Holland America Line's , whose passengers included 320 children bound for Halifax and New York. She left Liverpool on 29 August with convoy OB 205, consisting of 32 other ships, and including , carrying 113 evacuee children bound for Wellington, New Zealand. On 30 August 1940 at about 11.00pm, the convoy was attacked by , firing two torpedoes that hit No. 1 hold and damaged and caused flooding in No.2 hold. The passengers and crew abandoned ship and were rescued by other ships in the convoy, including the British cargo ship Bassethound, tanker Valldemosa and Norwegian Olaf Fostenes, and the British destroyer . They were taken to Greenock and other west coast ports in Scotland. All 321 children were rescued. The only casualty was the ship's purser, who was drowned. Volendam did not sink, and was subsequently taken in tow to Scotland for repairs. When she was docked, an unexploded second torpedo was found embedded in her bow. Had it exploded, she would have probably sunk.

All but two of the 321 children returned to their families after the attack on Volendam. Twelve-year old Patricia Allen of Liverpool and ten-year old Michael Brooker of Kent returned to find that their homes had been badly damaged in the Luftwaffe raids and their families were living in shelters. The two were labelled as "priority candidates" and sent back to the program to await the next available voyage.

City of Benares
The second incident, which led to the cancellation of the program, occurred 17 September 1940, when Ellerman Lines' , carrying 90 children bound for homes in Canada, was sunk by torpedoed. Patricia Allen and Michael Brooker were aboard. She had left Liverpool on 13 September for Quebec and Montreal. She was in convoy OB 213 with 19 other ships and was 253 miles west-southwest of Rockall, with the Atlantic weather getting worse and the ship sailing slowly. City of Benares was the flagship of the Convoy Commodore, and was leading the convoy. At about 10:00 PM  attacked her with two torpedoes, but they missed. A second torpedo attack at 10:01 hit the ship in the port stern at 119 seconds later, at 10:03 PM. In the time it took the Benares to sink, 31 minutes, dozens were dead, many of them children. The first lifeboat to be lowered, Lifeboat 8 on the port-side, had been struck by a wave, tipping all of its occupants, more than thirty people (including 18 CORB girls and 2 escorts), into the frigid sea. Everyone in that lifeboat died. Three lifeboats had capsized, spilling occupants into the water, and leaving them in a desperate fight to climb onto the lifeboats upturned hulls. Only two lifeboats were lowered correctly, one was Lifeboat 4, with 33 occupants, of whom only one was a child (this was one of the private passenger children, her family was also saved), and the other was Lifeboat 12, with 46 occupants, of whom 6 were CORB boys. Hundreds more people died during the night, and a fourth lifeboat was capsized. By the time the British destroyer  got to the scene, there were only 105 survivors, thirteen of whom were children (7 CORB children and 6 private passenger children) and 19 of whom were women. Only 2 escorts had been rescued, both women. They were landed at Greenock. 46 survivors were left adrift in a lifeboat for eight days (including 2 escorts – one of whom was a woman, Mary Cornish – and 6 CORB boys), one Indian deckhand dying, until being picked up by  and also landed at Greenock (two more Indian crew members died there). The ship's master, three convoy staff members (including the commodore), 120 crew members and 134 passengers were lost. 77 of the 90 CORB children died in the sinking, including Patricia Allen and Michael Brooker. In all, 258 people out of 406 on board had died, and 148 had survived. Of 100 children on board (this figure includes the 10 private passenger children) 81 had died, 19 had survived. This event brought the evacuation programme to a halt.

Reactions
The sinking of Benares caused outrage when it was reported on 23 September 1940. The British government protested that children should not have been innocent victims of war. The Americans called it a ‘dastardly act’. The Germans defended the U-boat attack, considering the ship a legitimate military target, and insisted that the British government was to blame for allowing children to travel on such ships in a war zone. The sinking was a public relations disaster for both the CORB programme and the Admiralty. The British public seemed more enraged at the Admiralty than at the Germans. The fact that the escorts were detached, Benares was at the head of the convoy, and the convoy was not taking any evasive action all featured prominently, though there was never an official enquiry.

End of the scheme
After the disaster of City of Benares, British public opinion opposed the continuation of overseas evacuation, fearing further tragedies. Winston Churchill had been opposed to the scheme, so the government announced the cancellation of the CORB program. However, private evacuation efforts continued into late 1941. By September 1940 the Royal Air Force had achieved mastery over the German Luftwaffe in the Battle of Britain, and the threat of an imminent German invasion (Operation Sea Lion) had abated.

Although the evacuation scheme had ceased in September 1940, CORB remained active. It was not disbanded, along with the advisory councils, until 1944, by which point the perceived German military threat had reduced.

The German captain of U-48, Kapitänleutnant Heinrich Bleichrodt survived the war, and was held and tried by the Allies on war crimes charges concerning the sinking of the City of Benares. He was accused of sinking the ship with the full knowledge that it had been transporting evacuees. He reaffirmed the German position that there was no way that he or the crew of the submarine could have known who was on board. It was upheld and he was acquitted. However, Bleichrodt refused to apologise to the survivors, despite several crew members of U-48, including the radio operator, expressing their shock and regret once the facts became known.

Ships employed
Liverpool was the principal port used for evacuation for the North Atlantic routes to Canada and America. Gourock and Greenock in Scotland were also used. Between 21 July and 20 September 1940, 16 voyages were made carrying 2,664 CORB children. In addition there were also privately sponsored voyages. The programme itself was very limited in size; nineteen ships set sail with 3,127 children, the vast majority of whom made it to their temporary foster homes in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa.

Children's Overseas Reception Scheme (Advisory Council)

The following members were appointed to the Advisory Council as announced in Parliament on 26 June 1940.They met at 45 Berkeley Street London W1, Thomas Cook & Sons, Head Office.

The Right Honourable Lord Snell (Chairman), C.B.E., LL.D.
Miss Florence Horsbrugh, M.P., Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Health.
Mr. James Chuter Ede, M.P., Parliamentary Secretary, Board of Education.
Mr. J. Westwood, M.P., Parliamentary Under-Secretary for Scotland.
Miss Ellen Wilkinson, M.P., Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Pensions.
Mr. E. R. Appleton, Organizer of Empire Youth movements.
Major Cyril Bavin, O.B.E., Y.M.C.A.
Reverend John Bennett, Catholic Council of British Overseas Settlement.
The Countess of Bessborough, Chairman of Council, Society for Overseas Settlement of British Women.
Miss, Grace Browning, Girl Guide's Association.
Mr. Laurence Cadbury, O.B.E., M.A., Chairman, Cadbury Brothers, Limited, an authority on school and welfare problems.
Lieut.-Colonel Culshaw, Salvation Army.
Miss Doggett, O.B.E., League of Empire.
Miss Ellen Evans, Principal, The Glamorgan Training College: also appointed with special reference to Wales.
Captain G. F. Gracey, Save the Children's Fund.
Mr. Gordon Green, Fairbridge Farm School.
Mr. W. A. F. Hepburn, O.B.E., M.C., LL.D., Director of Education for Ayrshire, also appointed with special reference to Scotland.
Reverend S. W. Hughes, Free Church Council.
Reverend Canon H. E. Hyde, Church of England Council for Empire Settlement.
Miss M. F. Jobson, J.P., Member of Fife Education Authority and County Council; also appointed with special reference to Scotland.
Miss E. A. Jones, M.A., Headmistresses' Association.
Mr. P. J. Kirkpatrick, Dr. Barnardo's Homes (Thomas John Barnardo).
Mr. Harold Legat, Boy Scouts' Association (The Scout Association).
The Right Honourable Sir Ronald Lindsay, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., sometime His Majesty's Ambassador to Washington.
Mr. W. A. Markham, M.A., Member of Executive National Children's Home and Orphanage.
Mrs. Norman, Vice-Chairman, Women's Voluntary Services.
Mrs. E. Parker, Ex-President, National Union of Teachers.
Dr. Donald Paterson, M.D., F.R.C.P., Physician, Great Ormond Street Hospital.
Miss Gladys Pott, C.B.E., ex-Chairman of Executive of Society for Overseas Settlement of British Women.
Mr. Brendan Quin, 1820 Memorial Settlement.
Sir William Reardon Smith, Baronet, an authority on shipping; also appointed with special reference to Wales.
Miss Edith Thompson, C.B.E., Chairman of Executive, Society for the Overseas Settlement of British Women.

A Scottish Advisory Council for CORB was also appointed, which met at 27, St. Andrew's Square, Edinburgh 2.

The Right Honourable the Lord Provost of Glasgow, P. J. Dollan, Esq., (Chairman).
Mr. Joseph Westwood, M.P., Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Scotland. (also attended London HQ meetings)
Mr. A. L. Fletcher, B.A., former Director of Education for the County of Midlothian.
Miss Mary Tweedie, former Headmistress of the Edinburgh Ladies' College (The Mary Erskine School).
Mrs. McNab Shaw, a member of the Ayr County Council.
Miss Margaret Jobson, J.P., a member of the Fife County Council, and Fife Education Authority, (also attended London HQ meetings).
Mr. W. A. F. Hepburn, O.B.E., M.C., LL.D., Director of Education for Ayrshire, (also attended London HQ meetings).
A representative of the Quarrier's Homes, Bridge of Weir, who was appointed.

See also
Evacuations of civilians in Britain during World War II
 National Museums Liverpool
 The National Archives: Evacuation to Canada
 BBC MEMORIES OF A C.O.R.B. (CHILDREN'S OVERSEAS RECEPTION BOARD) EVACUEE 1940 - 1944:
 IWM THE STORY OF CHILD EVACUEE BERYL MYATT AND THE SINKING OF THE SS CITY OF BENARES:
 Keep Calm and Carry On?: Examining WWII Great Britain through the Lens of Overseas Evacuation:
 Oceans Apart: the stories of overseas evacuees in World War Two, Penny Starns, The History press, 2014,
 Thomas Cook Archive: *Thomas Cook's Archives, Westpoint, Peterborough Business Park, Lynch Wood, Peterborough, PE2 6FZ, Archivist: Paul Smith The company ceased trading in September 2019, and the archived moved to, Company archive: The Thomas Cook Archive has been transferred to the Record Office for Leicestershire, Leicester and Rutland in Long Street, Wigston Magna, Leicestershire, LE18 2AH as of January 2020

Sources
 The People’s War: Britain 1939-45, (1969) Angus Calder, Jonathan Cape Ltd., London
 The Home Front: Witness History, (1990) Stewart Ross, Hodder Wayland
 Innocents Abroad: Story of British Child Evacuees in Australia, 1940–45, (1994) Edward Stokes, Allen & Unwin
 The Absurd and the Brave: CORB, The True Account of the British Government's World War II Evacuation of Children Overseas, (1990) Michael Fethney, The Book Guild, Lewes
 A History of the Twentieth Century, Vol. 2 1933-54, (1998) Martin Gilbert, William Morrow and Company, Inc. New York
 Children of the Doomed Voyage, (2005) Janet Menzies, John Wiley & Sons (story of the tragedy of the SS City of Benares)
 Thomas Cook, 150 Years of Popular Tourism, (1991) Piers Brendon, Secker & Warbug, London, pages 278-9
 The Singing Ship: an odyssey of evacuee children, Meta Maclean, Angus and Robertson, Sydney. 1941, (MS Batory)
 HANSARD 1940, Commons Sitting, DOMINIONS OFFICE, CHILDREN'S OVERSEAS RECEPTION SCHEME.HC Deb 2 July 1940 vol 362 cc699-760
 HM Queen Elizabeth, The Queen Mother 1900-2002 (The Churchill Centre)
 Canada’s Immigration Museum, Pier 21 Halifax (SS Oronsay, SS Antonia, SS Duchess of York)
 The National Archives (SS Llanstephan Castle)
 WW2 Peoples memory Archives collected by the BBC (RMS Llanstephan Castle) l
 Imperial War Museum, London Collections
 The Wartime Memories Project - Evacuees

References

External links
Children's Overseas Reception Board

United Kingdom home front during World War II
The National Archives (United Kingdom)


Johann Köler (8 March 1826 – 22 April 1899) was a leader of the Estonian national awakening and a painter. He is considered as the first professional painter of the emerging nation. He distinguished himself primarily by his portraiture and to a lesser extent by his landscape paintings. Some of his most notable pictures depict the Estonian rural life in the second half of the 19th century.

Life and work
Johann Köler was born as the seventh child to a peasant family in Lubjassaare farmstead in Wast (present-day Ivaski), Viljandi County. Despite the poverty of the parents Köler managed to attend the elementary and the district schools in Fellin (present-day Viljandi), Livonia. Then he attended a workshop of master painters in Cēsis. In 1846, Köler travelled to St. Petersburg to work as a sign writer, where his talent was soon discovered. From 1848 to 1855 Johan Köler studied drawing and painting at the St. Petersburg Imperial Academy of Arts.

During 1857 Köler travelled to Paris via Berlin, later returned to Germany, then travelled to the Netherlands and Belgium. In 1858, he travelled across the Alps to Milan, Geneva, Florence and Rome. There, he studied in a private academy and devoted his time to watercolor technique. In Rome during 1859 he presented his composition "Christ on the Cross".

Answering the call of the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts, Köler returned to the city in 1861. From 1862 to 1874 he was a teacher of the Grand Duchess Maria Aleksandrovna, the daughter of Czar Alexander II. In 1869–1870, he worked as a lecturer at the academy. From 1886 to 1889 Köler worked in Vienna, Nice, and Paris.

Estonian national awakening
The peak of Johann Köler's career coincided with the rise of the Estonian national awakening and he used his position in the imperial court to promote the cause of the Estonian people. He also was a friend of the journalist Carl Robert Jakobson, one of the authors of the idea of the Estonian self-determination.

From 1891 to 1893 Köler was the president of the Society of Estonian Literati (Eesti Kirjameeste Selts).

Miscellaneous
The town of Viljandi inaugurated a monument to Köler in 1976. Eesti Post issued a commemorative postage stamp celebrating the 175th anniversary of his birth in 2001.

Best-known works

Italian Woman with Children by a Stream
Italian Woman with Children by a Stream is an 1862 painting by Köler. The work has dimensions 82.5 cm x 53.5 cm. The work belongs to the Art Museum of Estonia's collection and is exhibited in Kumu Art Museum.

The painting is a realistic view with a warm color palette.

Lorelei Cursed by Monks
Lorelei Cursed by Monks () is an oil painting on canvas painted in 1887, depicting the mythological nymph of the Rhine. It is part of the collection of the Art Museum of Estonia and is exhibited in the Kumu Art Museum in Tallinn. The dimensions of the painting are 345 cm wide by 395 cm high. (136 in X 156 in)

Gallery

References

External links

 Works by Johann Köler at the Art Museum of Estonia
 EKM Digitaalkogu
 Europeana

1826 births
1899 deaths
People from Põhja-Sakala Parish
People from Kreis Fellin
19th-century Estonian painters
19th-century Estonian male artists


This is a list of the members of the Australian House of Representatives in the 16th Australian Parliament, which was elected at the 1940 election on 21 September 1940. The incumbent United Australia Party led by Prime Minister of Australia Robert Menzies with coalition partner the Country Party led by Archie Cameron narrowly defeated the opposition Australian Labor Party led by John Curtin and continued to hold power with the support of two independents. In October 1941 the two independents switched their support to Curtin, bringing him to power.

Notes

References

Members of Australian parliaments by term
20th-century Australian politicians


Great Scotland Yard is a street in Westminster, London, connecting Northumberland Avenue and Whitehall. By the 16th century, this 'yard', which was then a series of open courtyards within the Palace of Whitehall, was fronted by buildings used by diplomatic representatives of the Kingdom of Scotland. In the 19th century, it was a street and open space, which was the location of a public entrance to the original headquarters of the Metropolitan Police Service of London, causing the name "Scotland Yard" to become synonymous with the police service.

History

Although the etymology is not certain, according to a 1964 article in The New York Times, the name derives from buildings that accommodated the diplomatic representatives of the Kingdom of Scotland and the Scottish kings when they visited the English court – in effect, acting as the Scottish embassy, although such an institution was not formalized. Scotland Yard was certainly built and so named by 1515, as Henry VIII's sister, Margaret Tudor, Queen of Scots, was lodged there.

By the 17th century, the yard housed government buildings and residences for English civil servants. The architects Inigo Jones and Christopher Wren lived there, as did the poet John Milton from 1649 to 1651, during the Commonwealth of England under the rule of Oliver Cromwell. Towards the end of the 17th century, the district was already associated with prominence and prestige; for example in the 1690s in his satirical A Tale of a Tub, Jonathan Swift claimed the regard of "my worthy brethren and friends at Will’s Coffee-house, and Gresham College, and Warwick Lane, and Moorfields, and Scotland Yard, and Westminster Hall, and Guildhall; in short, to all inhabitants and retainers whatsoever, either in court, or church, or camp, or city, or country...".

According to the Metropolitan Police Service, the original Metropolitan Police Commissioner's office at 4 Whitehall Place, had a rear entrance on Great Scotland Yard. An 1862 map of Westminster shows the location. Over time, Scotland Yard was used generally as a metonym for the police headquarters.

Richard Horwood's 1799 map of London shows Great Scotland Yard on the eastern side of Whitehall, opposite the Admiralty. Below it are two streets that are culs-de-sac: Middle Scotland Yard, where Whitehall Place is today, and Lower Scotland Yard, entered from Middle Scotland Yard. Lower Scotland Yard was where the War Office building was erected in 1906, but was, according to the 1862 map, renamed Middle Scotland Yard when Whitehall Place, originally a cul-de-sac, took the place of the original Middle Scotland Yard.

The Clarence public house, named after the Duke of Clarence, dates from 1896. It was originally attached to the opposite corner of Great Scotland Yard by an archway. The archway was removed during the 1908 redevelopment of Great Scotland Yard, and the end of the building was refaced with slightly different coloured bricks.

Since 1953, The Civil Service Club has been based in the Old Fire House at numbers 13–15, and is a social club for current and former members of the Civil Service.

Great Scotland Yard Hotel
3–5 Great Scotland Yard is now a five-star Hyatt luxury hotel located on Great Scotland Yard Road in Westminster. It has a very long history as it sits on the previous site of the Ministry of Defence Library, but was built in 1906 as the Central London Recruiting Office. The hotel has 152 rooms with 15 suites and a stand-alone townhouse located at 1 Great Scotland Yard. The Edwardian townhouse has its own private entrance and has two bedrooms across five floors. The hotel also contains four bars and restaurants and a gym.

The history of the building is split between the back and the front of the hotel.

The back of the hotel

997–1541
It has been claimed that the Kings of Scotland had part of Whitehall Palace for their use when they visited Westminster, and that this is the origin of the name "Great Scotland Yard".

In approximately 997–1105, a residence was first given to Kenneth III of Scotland, as his residence. The last of the Scottish royal family who resided here was Margaret, Queen of Scots, wife of James IV of Scotland and sister to King Henry VIII. She resided here after the death of her husband at the Battle of Flodden.

1541–1910
After 1541, it was used as the homes of prominent civil servants due to its proximity to Whitehall Palace. These included Inigo Jones, who designed Covent Garden, Lincoln Inn Fields and Banqueting House, and Christopher Wren who designed St Paul's Cathedral and many London churches. The English poet John Milton, who wrote Paradise Lost, lived on-site from 1649 to 1651.

This house was originally named the Marshalsea Court House. There were also numerous private residences until 1910. On the right-hand side of the Marshalsea Court House were Royal Stables constructed before 1812 (exact date unknown). They were the stables for the Admiralty and then was used by the police from 1837 onwards. The police also expanded into the Marshalsea Court House from 1847.

The current building as we know it was constructed in 1910.

The front of the hotel

Pre-1812
Not much is known about this space. It is likely that it was an empty courtyard until 1812, where a coach house and reservoir were built to house the king's horses and stewards.

1812–1874
Not much changed between these years and the building continued to be used as the Royal Stables. Then, in 1873 the Metropolitan Police brought the stables from the Waterloo and Whitehall Railway company and built the ‘Hackney Carriage & Detective Department’ in 1874. The building was the first dedicated space for the detective department and was where all the high-profile cases were processed and high-profile prisoners were held.

The striking and individual architecture of Great Scotland Yard is recognisable and iconic to many worldwide. Its Edwardian red brick, Portland stone and the famous green doors were all part of the 1874 design. The green doors have borne witness to many historic events and characters and have become a symbol and shorthand for Great Scotland Yard as part of the city of London's rich heritage.

1874–1910
On 30 May 1884, the Fenians exploded a bomb at the location, which blew a hole in the wall of Scotland Yard, and damaged the Rising Sun public house. People came to inspect the damage, and the proprietor charged 3d () a head for spectators, and his premises thereby gained unsought attention.

Later that year, the Metropolitan Police repaired the building and converted it to accommodate living quarters for the Police Commissioner and his top deputies on the first floor. The façade as we know it was refurbished in 1910, along with the sides of the hotel, creating the building as we know it now.

History of the whole building, 1910–2013
The current Edwardian building was completed in 1910 and served as the British Army Recruitment Office for World War I and World War 2. It was used by the Ministry of Defence until 2013, first as a recruitment office and then as a library until 2004.

In 2013, the building was purchased by the UAE company LuLu Group for £110 million.

Filming location
A World War II scene in the motion picture Atonement (2007) with Keira Knightley and James McAvoy was filmed in this road, as was a scene from Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (2010). The road was also used as part of the car chase scene from the James Bond film Skyfall (2012).. It was also used for the opening scene of the Marvel Studios film Doctor Strange in 2016.

References

External links

 The Story of 13–15 Great Scotland Yard

Streets in the City of Westminster


Michael Ian Shamos (born April 21, 1947) is an American mathematician, attorney, book author, journal editor, consultant and company director. He is (with Franco P. Preparata) the author of Computational Geometry (Springer-Verlag, 1985), which was for many years the standard textbook in computational geometry, and is known for the Shamos–Hoey sweep line algorithm for line segment intersection detection and for the rotating calipers technique for finding the width and diameter of a geometric figure. His publications also include works on electronic voting, the game of billiards, and intellectual property law in the digital age.

He was a fellow of Sigma Xi (1974–83), had an IBM Fellowship at Yale University (1974–75), was SIAM National Lecturer (1977–78), distinguished lecturer in computer science at the University of Rochester (1978), visited McGill University (1979), and belonged to the Duquesne University Law Review (1980–81). He won the first annual Black & White Scotch Achiever's Award in 1991 for contributions to bagpipe musicography, and the Industry Service Award of the Billiard and Bowling Institute of America, 1996, for contributions to billiard history. Since 2001 he is a Billiard Worldcup Association official referee.

He has been editor in chief of the Journal of Privacy Technology (2003–2006), a member of the editorial boards of Electronic Commerce Research Journal and the Pittsburgh Journal of Technology, Law and Policy, and a contributing editor of Billiards Digest magazine.

Shamos is the author of The New Illustrated Encyclopedia of Billiards (Lyons, 1999) among other related works, and is the curator of the Billiards Museum and Archive.

Michael Shamos is the Director of the MS in Artificial Intelligence and Innovation program at Carnegie Mellon University. Before that, he was the Director of the MS in IT eBusiness Technology program.

Education
Shamos received a PhD in 1978 at Yale under David P. Dobkin.

References

Resume of Michael Ian Shamos

1947 births
Living people
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
Researchers in geometric algorithms
Voting theorists
University of Rochester faculty
Duquesne University faculty
Cue sports writers and broadcasters


2 Harihar Nagar is a 2009 Indian Malayalam-language comedy thriller film written and directed by Lal and produced by P. N. Venugopal starring Mukesh, Siddique, Jagadish and Ashokan. It is the sequel to In Harihar Nagar (1990). The film chronicles the story of four childhood friends Mahadevan (Mukesh), Govindan Kutty (Siddique), Appukuttan (Jagadish) and Thomas Kutty (Ashokan) who revisits their home residence Harihar Nagar after many years to relive their old days. However, problems arise when one of them goes missing.

The film was a box office success. A sequel, In Ghost House Inn was released in 2010.

Plot
The movie starts with a flashback, in front of a church, in 1980 when the four main characters were children. This scene shows the beginning of their friendship. Thomas Philip (a.k.a. Thomas Kutty) loses money to a scam artist, who responds to his complaints with violence. He is rescued by the other three who respond to his calls of distress.

They then invite Thomas Kutty to join their group who, above all, vow never to cheat on one another. The scene is transitioned by the quote "Thomas Kutty Vittodaa!" (Thomas kutty, run!) once the scam artist brings his friends to return the beating he got.

The movie transitions to the current time: each of them are introduced again, 20 years later. Mahadevan is a Psychologist and an unhappily married father in the Middle East. Govindan Kutty is a Civil Engineer-CEO who's happily married Parvathi and settled in Kochi. Appukuttan (now Dr. Appukuttan Nair) is a dental specialist, living in Mumbai who often fights with his wife and twins.

The prologue show them preparing to travel back to Harihar Nagar to attend Thomas Kutty's wedding; he, after years of "enjoying" his bachelor life, has decided to settle down and marry an orphan who belonged to the same church as him. The prologue also highlights that none of them have really changed from their flirtatious ways, despite being married.

After arriving at Harihar Nagar, they settle into Govindan Kutty's old house at Harihar Nagar. Disappointed at how life has become sombre after growing up, they decide to revert to their younger selves for the rest of the trip. To jump start their "trip back to youthfulness", Mahadevan suggests that they should create problems in the neighbourhood: according to him, its only with problems that one becomes youthfully energetic.

While staying at Govindan Kutty's house, they are greeted with flowers left at the doorstep with a tag reading "Maya". Immediately thinking that this is their old Maya, they go to meet her in a café. They barely miss her, but Appukuttan throws a rock and breaks her car's rear window. An anonymous woman steps out of the car, but it is not "their" Maya. They are immediately arrested. Later, "Maya" comes and gets them out of jail saying that they are her friends and didn't recognise it because she hadn't seen them in a long time. Once out, she says not to bother her any more because of this. Maya lives right across from Govindan Kutty's house. Trying to find the weakness that will draw her attention, one night Appukuttan looks to the window and is frightened by the sight of a ghostly figure with a "burned" face.

Thomas Kutty is not staying with the other three on that night, but he arrives the next morning. Mahadevan says a sentimental story to make Maya believe that they're not here for wrong reasons. She later comes and visits them and becomes their friend. A hilarious sequence follows.

It is revealed that Maya is John Honai's daughter, in cahoots with her evil brother (John was the villain in the first part). Thomas Kutty gets kidnapped days before his wedding and his three friends are suspected. They are followed by the police. Meanwhile, Freddy Honai, son of John Honai reveals that he has Thomas kutty. When the threesome (with great difficulty) enters Freddy Honai's hiding place they find Thomas Kutty. Freddy Honai demands the box filled with money which the old Maya had given them. The three friends say to Freddy that they will give the box when the original owner comes in front of them. Freddy calls them to a room where a face covered man with his wheelchair by halfly burned face is sitting. Appukkuttan remembers the face that he had seen earlier at Christina's their known Maya's house.

Freddy reveals it is the person the foursome knows as John Honai, his father. The box is now in a bank with each of the foursome knowing two digits of the password. The four escape, but now Appukuttan is missing. Maya is found and chided, but she tells her story full of dire circumstances. The correct code for the box sounds faulty. It seems that Appukuttan who is in the hands of Honai has forgotten his two digits.

After a lot of twists and turns they confround Honai who has a time bomb attached to his pet Lousie, a clinging lizard. The time bomb comically gets caught over each person. But then things get serious. The time bomb gets caught on Thomas kutty while Honai presses the ignition to burst in 30 seconds. Thomas Kutty runs to Honai in the last few seconds and pushes Honai and himself into the next room. The bomb explodes killing them both.

In the end, the other three friends eventually find out that Thomas Kutty is alive and was cheating them the whole time. Everything that happened thus far was a plan made by Thomas Kutty to get the money to pay a debt he had while gambling. They beats him up in pain and anger and leaves him at the same church where they started their friendship. He apologises for everything he did and they all reconcile at his wedding and becomes best friends again.

Cast

 Mukesh as Mahadevan
 Siddique as Govindan Kutty
 Jagadish as Dr. Appukuttan Nair
 Ashokan as Thomas Philip a.k.a. Thomas Kutty
 Lakshmi Rai as Serina, (fake names) Maya, Christina Honai
 Rohini as Sulochana, Mahadevan's wife
 Lena as Parvathi, Govindan Kutty's wife
 Reena Basheer as Janaki, Appukuttan's wife
 Rakhi as Jessy, Thomas Kutty's fiancee turned wife
 Sudipto Balav as Freddy Honai (voice over by Anoop Chandran)
 Appa Haja as SI Cherian
 Janardhanan as Fr. Stephen Varghese
 Kochu Preman as Chandy, Thomaskutty's uncle
 Salim Kumar as Ayyappan
 Narayanankutty as Rajappan
 Chali Pala as Hotel Manager Vishwanathan Kurup
 Kunchan as Advocate Surendran
 Kalabhavan Rahman as Constable Ganeshan
 Vineeth as Shyam Sundar (guest appearance)
 Cherthala Lalitha as Mother Superior
 Rizabawa as John Honai (Photo Archieve)
 Thrissur Elsy as Mahadevan's mother (guest appearance)
 Atlas Ramachandran as himself (guest appearance)
 N. L. Balakrishnan as Air Passenger (guest appearance)
 Revathy Sivakumar as Mahadevan's Daughter
 George and Rafail Joseph as Appukuttan's twin sons

Release

Box office
The film was released in 130 screens all over Kerala and had a successful opening, owing to the cult following of its prequel. The film was highly successful which ran over 100 days in theatres, and was one of the highest grossing Malayalam film of the year. The satellite rights of the film was sold for an amount of 13 crore.

The film was a commercial success. The film grossed 18 crore in 3 days in Kerala box office. It grossed  over ₹38 crore at the box office.

Critical reception
The film mostly opened to high positive reviews from the critics.

Sify wrote "2 Harihar Nagar is just what intelligent filmmaking is all about and, no wonder, this delightful comedy is a winner from the word go". Rediff wrote: "The main reason 2 Harihar Nagar works is because the performance of the foursome that Lal is able to extract, giving us a sense of deja vu" and gave it 3 stars out of 5. Indiaglitz wrote: "To Harihar Nagar definitely offers rib tickling comedy and delightful watch from the word goes, with apt mixing up of inexhaustible laughter and few moods of seriousness at intervals".

References

External links

 2 Harihar Nagar

2009 films
2000s Malayalam-language films
Films directed by Lal
Films shot in Kochi
Indian sequel films
In2


Brian Lawrence Wildsmith (22 January 1930 – 31 August 2016) was a British painter and children's book illustrator. He won the 1962 Kate Greenaway Medal for British children's book illustration, for the wordless alphabet book ABC. In all his books, the illustrations are always as important as the text.

For his contribution as a children's illustrator, Wildsmith was a runner-up for the Hans Christian Andersen Medal in 1966 and 1968.

Biography

Brian Wildsmith was born in 1930 in Penistone, a small market town in the West Riding, now in South Yorkshire, England. He was educated at the De La Salle College for Boys in Sheffield, but from the age of seventeen studied at the Barnsley School of Art (1946–1949). It was also while he was seventeen that he met Aurélie Ithurbide, daughter of the chef at Wentworth Woodhouse, whom he would later marry. From Barnsley he won a scholarship to the Slade School of Fine Art in London, where he studied for three years (1949–1952), and where Sir William Coldstream was among his teachers.

On leaving the Slade School he did National Service in the British Army. In 1955 he married his wife Aurélie, and in the same year began teaching at Selhurst High School (1955–1957). At this time he began designing book jackets for the publisher John Murray and others, and line illustrations for children's books published by Faber and Faber, Penguin Books, Oxford University Press and others. His work as a line draughtsman continued from 1957 to 1964. From 1960 to 1965 he also taught for one day a week at Maidstone College of Art (later part of Kent Institute of Art & Design, now University for the Creative Arts).

Wildsmith's first love was for painting and he was eager to illustrate books in color. Mabel George of Oxford University Press, whom he first met in 1957, gave him his first opportunity when she commissioned from him, as an experiment, some illustrations for Arabian Nights (1961). When the experiment was a success, she commissioned ABC (1962), which won the Greenaway Medal. Since then he has worked with a succession of sympathetic editors, including Antony Kamm and Ron Heapy.

From 1971 Wildsmith lived in France at Castellaras, a hill village near Cannes and Grasse, with his wife, Aurélie, and their four children, Clare, Rebecca, Anna and Simon. His son, Simon (b. 1965), is a printmaker, and lives near Cahors.

Wildsmith is considered as one of the greatest children's illustrators. The British Library Association recognised his first book, the wordless alphabet book ABC (Oxford, 1962), with the Kate Greenaway Medal for the year's best children's book illustration by a British subject.
Four of his works were subsequently commended runners-up for the Medal, all published by Oxford University Press: Oxford Book of Poetry for Children, edited by Edward Blishen, 1963; The Lion and the Rat: A Fable, by Jean de La Fontaine (1668), adapted from Aesop, also 1963; Birds, 1967; and The Owl and the Woodpecker, 1971.
Each page of Birds illustrates a term such as "gaggle of geese".
The Owl and the Woodpecker is a story both written and illustrated by Wildsmith.

The biennial Hans Christian Andersen Award conferred by the International Board on Books for Young People is the highest recognition available to a writer or illustrator of children's books. Wildsmith was one of two runners-up for the inaugural illustration award in 1966 and one of three runners-up in 1968.

In 1994 a Brian Wildsmith Art Museum was opened in Izu-kogen, in the south of Tokyo, Japan.  About one and a half million people visited an exhibition of his work in 2005. Eight hundred of his paintings are on loan to the museum.

In 2017 The Story Museum, UK, ran an exhibition called Wild About Colour featuring a number of pieces by Wildsmith alongside works by contemporary illustrators who had been influenced by his use of colour. The exhibition was curated by Helen Cooper and displayed the work of Shaun Tan and Korky Paul amongst others.

Wildsmith died in Grasse, France, in 2016.

Selected works

 ABC (Oxford, 1962) —winner of the Greenaway Medal
 1 2 3 (Oxford, 1965)
 Birds (Oxford, 1967)
 The Circus (Oxford, 1970)
 The Owl and the Woodpecker (Oxford, 1971)
 Little Wood Duck, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1972.
 A Christmas story (Oxford, 1989)
 The Easter story (Oxford, 1993)
 Saint Francis (Oxford, 1997)
 Exodus (Oxford, 1998)
 Jesus (Oxford, 2000)
 Mary (Oxford, 2007)
 Moses (Oxford, 2007)

Works about Wildsmith

 Brian Wildsmith and Edna Edwards, Focus on Brian Wildsmith, the great illustrator talks about making images for children (The Center for Cassette Studies, 1974), 50-minute sound recording)
 Stephanie Nettell, "Crossing barriers: an interview with Brian Wildsmith", in Children's Book Supplement to British Book News (March 1987), pp. 2–5
 Brian Wildsmith, Brian Wildsmith (1930- ) A Short Autobiography (1988. Gale Research, Detroit)
 D. Martin, "Brian Wildsmith", in Douglas Martin, The Telling Line Essays On Fifteen Contemporary Book Illustrators (1989), pp. 126–47
 Brian Wildsmith [exhibition catalogue, Tokyo] (1995)

See also

Notes

References

External links

 "Brian Wildsmith: Technicolor artist of wonder and beauty", The Independent 11 April 2010

1930 births
2016 deaths
Alumni of the Slade School of Fine Art
British children's book illustrators
English children's writers
English expatriates in France
English illustrators
Kate Greenaway Medal winners
People from Penistone


Process flowsheeting is the use of computer aids to perform steady-state heat and mass balancing, sizing and costing calculations for a chemical process. It is an essential and core component of process design.

The process design effort may be split into three basic steps
 Synthesis
 Analysis and
 Optimization.

Synthesis

Synthesis is the step where the structure of the flowsheet is chosen. It is also in this step that one initializes values for variables which one is free to set.

Analysis

Analysis is usually made up of three steps
 Solving heat and  material balances
 Sizing and costing the equipment and
 Evaluating the economic worth, safety, operability etc. of the chosen flow sheet

Optimization

Optimization involves both structural optimization of the flow sheet itself as well as optimization of parameters in a given flowsheet. In the former one may alter the equipment used and/or its connections with other equipment. In the latter one can change the values of parameters such as temperature and pressure. Parameter Optimization is a more advanced stage of theory than process flowsheet optimization.

Plant design project

The first step in the sequence leading to the construction of a process plant and its use in the manufacture of a product is the conception of a process. The concept is embodied in the form of a "flow sheet". Process design then proceeds on the basis of the flow sheet chosen. Physical property data are the other component needed for process design apart from a flow sheet. The result of process design is a process flow diagram, PFD. Detailed engineering for the project and vessel specifications then begin. Process flowsheeting ends at the point of generation of a suitable PFD.

General purpose flowsheeting programs became usable and reliable around 1965-1970.

See also
 List of chemical process simulators
 CAPE-OPEN Interface Standard
 Process simulation

References

 Westerberg A. W., Hutchinson H. P., Motard R. L., and Winter P., (1979), "Process Flowsheeting", Cambridge Universities Press,
 Veverka V. V., and Madron, F. (1997), "Material and Energy balancing in the Process Industries", Elsevier,
 Babu, B. V.(2004), "Process Plant Simulation", Oxford Universities Press, ISBN

External links
Process flowsheet development using process simulation software
Chemical process engineering

Process engineering


is a Japanese football player currently playing for Matsumoto Yamaga FC.

Career statistics
Updated to 23 February 2017.

FIFA Club World Cup Career Statistics

Team honors

Gamba Osaka
AFC Champions League - 2008
Pan-Pacific Championship - 2008
Emperor's Cup - 2008, 2009
J2 League - 2013

References

External links

Profile at Matsumoto Yamaga

1986 births
Living people
Ryutsu Keizai University alumni
Association football people from Tochigi Prefecture
Japanese men's footballers
J1 League players
J2 League players
Gamba Osaka players
Vegalta Sendai players
Matsumoto Yamaga FC players
Men's association football midfielders


Lahovče (; in older sources also Lahoviče, ) is a village in the Municipality of Cerklje na Gorenjskem in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia.

Geography
Lahovče is a clustered village along Reka Creek. The intermittent channel of Voje Creek lies above the village to the northeast. Both creeks are tributaries of the Pšata River. The part of the village near the inn is named Pod Budno. Fields surround the village and are also known by microtoponyms; those to the northeast, towards Zalog pri Cerkljah, are named Pod Vogam, to the south Ilovico and Lačenberg, and to the east, toward Nasovče, Novine. The soil is sandy and fertile.

Name
The name Lahovče is derived from the root Lah, today usually 'Italian' but also meaning 'pre-Slavic settler'. The latter meaning is the source of the name, referring to a village inhabited at one time by non-Slovenes.

History
Roman pitchers and urns were found in Kalvarija Meadow south of the village at the beginning of the 20th century, testifying to early settlement of the area.

During the Second World War, four Partisans were killed on 4 October 1944 in the Cerklje Plain (). A monument commemorating the men stands in front of the village church.

In 1966, Britannia Airways Flight 105 crashed in the woods outside Lahovče, killing 98 of the 117 passengers and crew. This is still the worst aircraft crash in Slovenia ever.

Church

The local church is dedicated to Saint Florian and belongs to the Parish of Cerklje na Gorenjskem. It dates from the 17th century and was renovated in 1830.

Lahovče Pond

Lahovče Pond ( or Lahovški ribnik) lies north of the village. Fishing is possible in the pond year round, and it is used for other recreational activities. The locals often use it for summer or winter gatherings.

References

External links

Lahovče on Geopedia

Populated places in the Municipality of Cerklje na Gorenjskem


Powell v Lee (1908) 99 LT 284 was an English contract law case. The ruling established that acceptance of an offer must be communicated to offeror by offeree himself or authorized agent.

Facts
Mr. Powell applied for a job as headmaster and the school managers decided to appoint him. One of them, acting without authority, told Powell he had been accepted. Later the managers decided to appoint someone else. Then Powell brought an action alleging that by breach of a contract to employ him he had suffered damages in loss of salary.

Judgment
The county court judge held that there was no contract as there had been no authorised communication of intention to contract on the part of the body, that is, the managers, alleged to be a party to the contract. This decision was upheld by the King's Bench Division.

References

1908 in case law
English agreement case law
High Court of Justice cases
1908 in British law


Poženik () is a village in the Municipality of Cerklje na Gorenjskem in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia.

References

External links

Poženik on Geopedia

Populated places in the Municipality of Cerklje na Gorenjskem


is a Japanese footballer currently playing for Tiamo Hirakata.

Club career statistics
Updated to 23 February 2018.

Honours
Gamba Osaka
 AFC Champions League (1) : 2008

Kashima Antlers
 J. League Cup (1) : 2012
 Suruga Bank Championship (1) : 2012

References

External links

Profile at Renofa Yamaguchi

1987 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Sakai, Osaka
Association football people from Osaka Prefecture
Japanese men's footballers
Japan men's youth international footballers
J1 League players
J2 League players
J3 League players
Gamba Osaka players
Avispa Fukuoka players
Kashima Antlers players
Albirex Niigata players
Oita Trinita players
Fagiano Okayama players
Renofa Yamaguchi FC players
AC Nagano Parceiro players
Men's association football forwards


Alain Elkann (born 23 March 1950) is an Italian novelist and journalist. Elkann is the conductor of cultural programs on Italian television. He is president of the Scientific Committee of the Italy–USA Foundation. A recurring theme in his books is the history of the Jews in Italy, their centrality to Italian history, and the relation between the Jewish faith and other religions. He is a writer for La Règle du Jeu, Nuovi Argomenti, A, and Shalom magazines.

Early life and family
A member of the wealthy and influential Elkann family, he was born in New York City; the family returned to Italy soon after his birth. His Italian Jewish mother, Carla Ovazza, is from the influential Turinese Ovazza banking family; on 26 November 1975, she was a victim of kidnapping in Turin. His uncle, Ettore Ovazza, had been an early financer of Benito Mussolini, of whom he was a personal friend, and Italian fascism, which he supported until the Italian racial laws of 1938; the founder of an anti-Zionist journal, La nostra bandiera, he was murdered in 1943 by Nazis, along with the rest of his family, whose bodies were burned in boiler of the schools of Intra, Italy. His father, Jean-Paul Elkann, was a French Jewish industrialist, the chairman of Dior and the president of the Israelite Central Consistory of France, responsible for appointing the Chief Rabbis of France, from 1982 to 1992.

Career
Elkann was a collaborator of important Italian writers, such as Alberto Moravia and Indro Montanelli. He wrote novels, essays, and articles, among which are a book he co-wrote with Italian Chief Rabbi Elio Toaff, a former religious leader in Rome, called How to Be a Jew and Other Works and a book of conversation with him called The Messiah and the Jews (Il Messia e gli ebrei). He also published a book with Milan archbishop Carlo Maria Martini, as well as a book about Islam with Prince El Hassan bin Talal of Jordan. In 2010, Elkann argued that all Jews should develop a strong connection to Israel.

Since 2007, Elkann has been the president of Fondazione CittàItalia, and is also president of the Alliance française of Turin, president of Mecenate 90 (Rome), president of the scientific committee of Palazzo Te (Mantua),  president of the FIAC of New York (Italian Foundation for Art and Culture), vice-president of the Fondazione Rosselli, board member of the IULM University of Milan where he teaches literature and arts, board member of the Museo Mega (Gallarate), member of the jury of Premio Internazionale Mondello Palermo and of Premio Roma, and image consultant for the municipality of Milan. For five years, he was counselor to the culture minister Giuliano Urbani. From 2004 to 2012, he was the president of the Egyptian Museum of Turin; he was replaced by Evelina Christillin.

On 16 May 2008, Elkann was appointed by the Italian government Adviser for Cultural Events and Foreign Relations to the Italian Minister Sandro Bondi. He received the America Award of the Italy-USA Foundation in 2010. He was awarded Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur in July 2009, and he received the Medaille de Vermeil award from the Académie Française in November 2010. A journalist since 1992 and member of Lazio's Order of Journalists, he works at La Stampa, the daily newspaper of Turin, teaches at the University of Pennsylvania, and appears on La7.

Personal life
In 1975, Elkann married Margherita Agnelli, daughter of the deceased president of Fiat Gianni Agnelli, with whom he had three children; two (Lapo Elkann and John Elkann) were involved in their grandfather's company, with Lapo now in fashion, while his daughter (Ginevra Elkann) is in the movie industry. His children were baptized and raised Catholic. After divorcing his wife in 1981, Elkann remarried with Rosy Greco in 2002; she was also Catholic. They divorced in 2009. In addition to his American citizenship, he has French and Italian citizenships.

Ancestry

Institutional roles
 President of the Scientific Committee of the Italy-USA Foundation
 President of Amici dei Giardini, Giardini Botanici Hanbury (La Mortola, Ventimiglia, Imperia)
 Member of the Board of Scientific Committee of the Museum of Italian Judaism and the Shoah
 Member of the Board of the Italian Academy at Columbia University of New York City
 President of FIAC Foundation of New York (Foundation for Italian Art and Culture)

Works
 Il tuffo (1981)
 Stella Oceanis (1983)
 Piazza Carignano (1985) (in English, 1986)
 Le due babe (short story collection, 1986)
 Montagne russe (1988) – Misguided Lives (in English, 1989)
 Vita di Moravia (with Alberto Moravia, 1990, new ed. 2000) – Life of Moravia (in English, 2001)
 Rotocalco (novel, 1991)
 Delitto a Capri (novel, 1992)
 Vendita all'asta (short stories, 1993)
 Cambiare il cuore (with Carlo Maria Martini, 1993, new revised ed. 1997)
 Essere ebreo (with Elio Toaff, 1994, new ed. 2001)
 Emma, intervista a una bambina di undici anni (1995)
 I soldi devono restare in famiglia (1996)
 Diario verosimile (1997)
 Il padre francese (1999) – The French Father (in English, 2011)
 Le mura di Gerusalemme (2000)
 Interviste 1989-2000 (2000)
 John Star (2001)
 Essere musulmano (with B. Hassan, 2001) – To Be a Muslim: Islam, Peace, and Democracy (in English, 2003)
 Il Messia e gli ebrei (2002)
 Boulevard de Sébastopol e altri racconti (2002)
 Una lunga estate (2003)
 Mitzvà (2004)
 Giorno dopo Giorno (2005)
 L'Equivoco (2008) – L'imprevue (in French, 2010)
 Envy (in English, 2008)
 Nonna Carla (2010)
 Hotel Locarno (2011)

Honours and awards
  Knight of the Legion of Honour, 4 December 2009.
  Commander of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic, 30 December 2020.
 Cesare Pavese Prize, 2002.
 America Award of the Italy-USA Foundation, 2010.
 Bellezze d'Italia Award, 2011
 Pannuzzio Prize, 2016

References

External links
 Biography at La7 (in Italian)
 Elkann Alain at La7 (in Italian)
 Interview with Elkann at La7 (in Italian)
 Two minutes, a book at La7 (in Italian)
 A week with Elkann at La7 (in Italian)
 Alain Elkann at Radio Radicale (in Italian)
 Spring 2009 book review of Mitzva at Azure: Ideas for the Jewish Nation (in English)
 March 2008 Book review of Envy at Booklit.com (in English)
 May 2008 Book review of Envy at The Asylum (in English)
 Alain Elkann at the Center for Italian Studies at the University of Pennsylvania (in English)
 Alain Elkann at the Italian Academy for Advanced Studies in America at Columbia University (in English)
 Alain Elkann Interviews (in English)
 Staff at Italy-USA Foundation (in Italian)

1950 births
20th-century Italian Jews
Italian journalists
Italian male journalists
Italian male writers
Italian novelists
Italian people of French-Jewish descent
Italian people of American descent
Jewish Italian writers
Living people
Novelists from New York City


Jocelyn Herbert RDI (22 February 1917 – 6 May 2003) was a British stage designer.

Early life
Born in London the second of the four children of playwright, novelist, humorist and parliamentarian A. P. Herbert (1890–1971), through her father she had contact with artists, writers and stage people. She began her artistic training in Paris under the painter André Lhote (1885–1962). She then continued her education at the Slade School of Art, London where she trained in theatre design before joining the London Theatre Studio in 1936 where her theatre designs were used in the Studio's theatrical experiments. It was here that she was taught by Margaret Harris and Sophie Harris of the Motley Theatre Design Group. World War II (1939–45) interrupted this final stage of training, leading Herbert to concentrate on her family life.

The Royal Court Theatre and George Devine
Herbert's professional career began in 1956 when she joined George Devine's English Stage Company. Devine was a theatrical manager, director, teacher and actor. The Company was based at The Royal Court Theatre, London. Her first production was Eugène Ionesco's (1909–1994) play The Chairs. The Court attracted a hub of writers and Herbert worked on new material by the playwrights John Arden, Arnold Wesker, John Osborne, Samuel Beckett and David Storey. It was also at the Court that she first collaborated with the directors Lindsay Anderson, John Dexter and Tony Richardson.

The National Theatre and Sir Laurence Olivier
Herbert then moved on to the National Theatre under the director, actor and producer Laurence Olivier (1907–89) at the Old Vic, an association that led to her being invited by Olivier to join the Committee planning the National's new building on London's South Bank (opened 1976) and over which she exerted considerable influence on the shaping of the auditoria. It was at the National that Herbert first collaborated with the playwright Tony Harrison on his translation of  The Oresteia (1980) which also played in the amphitheatre at Epidaurus, Greece.  This was the beginning of a rich partnership with Harrison which went on to span both a series of theatre projects and also the Channel 4 film, Prometheus (1998).   A rare sympathy grew between Harrison and Herbert to the extent that the boundaries between script and design became fluid.

Influence and style
Herbert's designs were characterised by simplicity to draw attention to the actors and the writing. The use of sparse structures, visible rigging, gauzes, arches and shadows were employed to create ambience rather than realism. Herbert created acting spaces on stage by using lighting that highlighted different areas of the stage. Herbert fostered an artistic policy of close collaboration with script and playwrights and directors; Devine championed this method of collaborative working at the Court. She was influential in set design, as prior to her the trend was for sumptuous sets that recreated a room/place rather than a mood or atmosphere. Her tryptic working methods brought the designer, directors and authors of plays and productions closer together. Among Herbert's productions were: The Kitchen, Happy Days and Home (starring Ralph Richardson and John Gielgud) at the Royal Court; Laurence Olivier's Othello and Early Days (starring Ralph Richardson) at the National Theatre, London; The Seagull (starring Vanessa Redgrave and Peggy Ashcroft) in the West End, London. From 1967 she also designed for the opera. Herbert's first design for opera was for Sadler's Wells.  She later worked at the Paris Opera House and the Metropolitan Opera, New York.  Her New York production of Berg's Lulu in 1977, in collaboration with director John Dexter, was so acclaimed that it was still in the repertoire as late as 2010, and has been preserved on DVD. Her last opera was Harrison Birtwistle's The Mask of Orpheus at the Coliseum in 1986.

Cinema work
In addition to stage work Herbert also designed for the cinema, where she worked as production or costume designer. Her film work began in 1963 with Tony Richardson's Tom Jones and she worked with him again on Ned Kelly (1970) and The Hotel New Hampshire (1984).  For Karel Reisz she designed Isadora (1968), and films with Lindsay Anderson included If.... (1968), O Lucky Man! (1973) and The Whales of August (1987).

Personal life
Herbert had one marriage, to the Arts administrator Anthony Baruh Lousada. They had four children. The family were neighbours of George and Sophie Devine, on Lower Mall in Hammersmith, London. A love affair developed between Jocelyn and George – love letters were discovered by George's daughter Harriet, and in due course they moved to Rossetti Studios in Flood Street, Chelsea, together. They never married, but Devine willed his estate to her. Herbert died on 6 May 2003, in Long Sutton, Hampshire. Herbert and Lousada divorced in 1960.

Herbert's legacy
The Jocelyn Herbert Award was established after her death and was given until 2007 by the Linbury Trust and by Jocelyn Herbert's family (in 2009 it was given by the Jocelyn Herbert Archive at Wimbledon College of Art and sponsored by the Rootstein Hopkins Foundation) to the candidate epitomising her belief in theatre. The successful candidate needs to have:
A genuine interest in all aspects of theatre and belief in the importance of the collaborative effort needed to make the end result work at its best, in short a passion for the art of theatre.
An exciting imagination and the artistic skill to visually demonstrate their ideas clearly.
A respect and feeling for the original work being designed – text or music.
A strength of personality and determination to see the work process through to the end.
A desire for further study, time or simply some space to develop their ideas or missing knowledge.

These qualities reflect Herbert's own words about design:
"For me, there seems no right way to design a play, only, perhaps, a right approach. One of respecting the text, past or present, and not using it as a peg to advertise your skills, whatever they may be, nor to work out your psychological hang-ups with some fashionable gimmick."

References

Cathy Courtney, 'Herbert, Jocelyn (1917–2003)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, online edn, Oxford University Press, January 2007; online edn, October 2008 accessed 21 Nov 2008 (Note that online access to this requires a subscription, either as an individual or through a library that has a subscription.)

Footnotes

External links
Jocelyn Herbert: A Theatre Workbook' was created using images from her Archive and interview script.
Obituary, The Independent.
Brief biography

Images of Herbert held at the National Portrait Gallery, London.
Guardian Obituary Thursday 8 May 2003
 Archival Material at

1917 births
2003 deaths
Alumni of the London Theatre Studio
Alumni of the Slade School of Fine Art
Artists from London
British designers


A kinetic energy recovery system (KERS) is an automotive system for recovering a moving vehicle's kinetic energy under braking. The recovered energy is stored in a reservoir (for example a flywheel or high voltage batteries) for later use under acceleration. Examples include complex high end systems such as the Zytek, Flybrid, Torotrak and Xtrac used in Formula One racing and simple, easily manufactured and integrated differential based systems such as the Cambridge Passenger/Commercial Vehicle Kinetic Energy Recovery System (CPC-KERS).

Xtrac and Flybrid are both licensees of Torotrak's technologies, which employ a small and sophisticated ancillary gearbox incorporating a continuously variable transmission (CVT). The CPC-KERS is similar as it also forms part of the driveline assembly. However, the whole mechanism including the flywheel sits entirely in the vehicle's hub (looking like a drum brake). In the CPC-KERS, a differential replaces the CVT and transfers torque between the flywheel, drive wheel and road wheel.

Use in motorsport

History
The first of these systems to be revealed was the Flybrid. This system weighs 24 kg (53 lbs) and has an energy capacity of 400 kJ after allowing for internal losses. A maximum power boost of 60 kW (81.6 PS, 80.4 HP) for 6.67 seconds is available. The  diameter flywheel weighs 5.0 kg (11 lbs) and revolves at up to 64,500 rpm. Maximum torque at the flywheel is 18 Nm (13.3 ftlbs), and the torque at the gearbox connection is correspondingly higher for the change in speed. The system occupies a volume of 13 litres.

Already in 2006, a first KERS system based on supercapacitors has been studied at EPFL (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) in the framework of the development of the "Formula S2000". A 180kJ system has been developed in collaboration with other institutes (Multiphysic Modeling of a Hybrid Propulsion System for a Racecar Application, A. Rufer, P. Barrade, M. Correvon and J.-F. Weber, iamf EET-2008 : European Ele-Drive Conference, International Advanced Mobility Forum, Geneva, Switzerland, 11–13 March 2008).

Two minor incidents were reported during testing of various KERS systems in . The first occurred when the Red Bull Racing team tested their KERS battery for the first time in July: it malfunctioned and caused a fire scare that led to the team's factory being evacuated. The second was less than a week later when a BMW Sauber mechanic was given an electric shock when he touched Christian Klien's KERS-equipped car during a test at the Jerez circuit.

Formula One
Formula One has stated that they support responsible solutions to the world's environmental challenges, and the FIA allowed the use of  KERS in the regulations for the 2009 Formula One season. Teams began testing systems in 2008: energy can either be stored as mechanical energy (as in a flywheel) or as electrical energy (as in a battery or supercapacitor).

With the introduction of KERS in the 2009 season, only four teams used it at some point in the season: Ferrari, Renault, BMW and McLaren. Eventually, during the season, Renault and BMW stopped using the system. Nick Heidfeld was the first driver to take a podium position with a KERS equipped car, at the Malaysian Grand Prix. McLaren Mercedes became the first team to win an F1 GP using a KERS equipped car when Lewis Hamilton won the Hungarian Grand Prix on July 26, 2009. Their second KERS equipped car finished fifth. At the following race, Lewis Hamilton became the first driver to take pole position with a KERS car, his teammate, Heikki Kovalainen qualifying second. This was also the first instance of an all KERS front row. On August 30, 2009, Kimi Räikkönen won the Belgian Grand Prix with his KERS equipped Ferrari. It was the first time that KERS contributed directly to a race victory, with second placed Giancarlo Fisichella claiming "Actually, I was quicker than Kimi. He only took me because of KERS at the beginning".

Although KERS was still legal in F1 in the 2010 season, all the teams had agreed not to use it. New rules for the 2011 F1 season which raised the minimum weight limit of the car and driver by 20 kg to 640 kg, along with the FOTA teams agreeing to the use of KERS devices once more, meant that KERS returned for the 2011 season.  Use of KERS was still optional as in the 2009 season; and at the start of the 2011 season three teams chose not to use it.

WilliamsF1 developed their own flywheel-based KERS system but decided not to use it in their F1 cars due to packaging issues, and have instead developed their own electrical KERS system. However, they set up Williams Hybrid Power to sell their developments. In 2012 it was announced that the Audi Le Mans R18 hybrid cars would use Williams Hybrid Power.

Since 2014, the power capacity of the KERS units were increased from  to . This was introduced to balance the sport's move from 2.4 litre V8 engines to 1.6 litre V6 turbo engines.

Working diagram for KERS

Autopart makers

Bosch Motorsport Service is developing a KERS for use in motor racing. These electricity storage systems for hybrid and engine functions include a lithium-ion battery with scalable capacity or a flywheel, a four to eight kilogram electric motor (with a maximum power level of 60 kW (81 hp)), as well as the KERS controller for power and battery management. Bosch also offers a range of electric hybrid systems for commercial and light-duty applications.

Car manufacturers

Several automakers have been testing KERS systems. At the 2008 1000 km of Silverstone, Peugeot Sport unveiled the Peugeot 908 HY, a hybrid electric variant of the diesel 908, with KERS. Peugeot planned to campaign the car in the 2009 Le Mans Series season, although it was not allowed to score championship points.

McLaren began testing of their KERS system in September 2008 at Jerez in preparation for the 2009 F1 season, although at that time it was not yet known if they would be operating an electrical or mechanical system. In November 2008, it was announced that Freescale Semiconductor would collaborate with McLaren Electronic Systems to further develop its KERS for McLaren's Formula One cars from 2010 onwards. Both parties believed this collaboration would improve McLaren's KERS system and help the system to transfer its technology to road cars.

Toyota has used a supercapacitor for regeneration on its Supra HV-R hybrid race car that won the Tokachi 24-Hour endurance race in July 2007. This Supra became the first hybrid car in the history of motorsport to win such a race.

At the NAIAS 2011, Porsche unveiled a RSR variant of their Porsche 918 concept car which uses a flywheel-based KERS that sits beside the driver in the passenger compartment and boosts the dual electric motors driving the front wheels and the 565 BHP V8 gasoline engine driving the rear to a combined power output of 767 BHP. This system has many problems including the imbalance caused to the vehicle due to the flywheel. Porsche is currently developing an electrical storage system.

In 2011, Mazda has announced i-ELOOP, a system which uses a variable-voltage alternator to convert kinetic energy to electric power during deceleration. The energy, stored in a double-layer capacitor, is used to supply power needed by vehicle electrical systems. When used in conjunction with Mazda's start-stop system, i-Stop, the company claims fuel savings of up to 10%.

Bosch and PSA Peugeot Citroën have developed a hybrid system that uses hydraulics as a way to transfer energy to and from a compressed nitrogen tank. An up to 45% reduction in fuel consumption is claimed, corresponding to 2.9 L/100 km (81 mpg, 69 g CO2/km) on the NEDC cycle for a compact frame like Peugeot 208. The system is claimed to be much more affordable than competing electric and flywheel systems and was expected on road cars by 2016 but was abandoned in 2015.

In 2020, FIAT launched the series of the FIAT Panda mild-hybrid with KERS technology.

Motorcycles

KTM racing boss Harald Bartol revealed that the factory raced with a secret kinetic energy recovery system fitted to Tomoyoshi Koyama's motorcycle during the 125cc race of the 2008 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix. Koyama finished 7th. The system was later ruled illegal and thus was banned. The Lit C-1 electric motorcycle will also use a KERS as a regenerative braking system.

Bicycles

KERS is also possible on a bicycle. The EPA, working with students from the University of Michigan, developed the hydraulic Regenerative Brake Launch Assist (RBLA)

This has also been demonstrated by mounting a flywheel on a bike frame and connecting it with a CVT to the back wheel.  By shifting the gear, 20% of the kinetic energy can be stored in the flywheel, ready to give an acceleration boost by reshifting the gear.

Races

Automobile Club de l'Ouest, the organizer behind the annual 24 Hours of Le Mans event and the Le Mans Series, has promoted the use of kinetic energy recovery systems in the LMP1 class since the late 2000s. Peugeot was the first manufacturer to unveil a fully functioning LMP1 car in the form of the 908 HY at the 2008 Autosport 1000 km race at Silverstone.

The 2011 24 Hours of Le Mans saw Hope Racing enter with a Flybrid Systems mechanical KERS, to be the first car ever to compete at the event with a hybrid. The system consisted of high speed slipping clutches which transfer torque to and from the vehicle, coupled to a 60,000 rpm flywheel.

Audi and Toyota both developed LMP1 cars with kinetic energy recovery systems for the 2012 and 2013 24 Hours of Le Mans. The Audi R18 e-tron quattro uses a flywheel-based system, while the Toyota TS030 Hybrid uses a supercapacitor-based system. When Porsche announced its return to Le Mans in 2014, it also unveiled an LMP1 car with a kinetic energy recovery system. The Porsche 919 Hybrid, introduced in 2014, uses a battery system, in contrast to the previous Porsche 911 GT3 R Hybrid that used a flywheel system.

Use in public transport

London buses

A KERS using a carbon fibre flywheel, originally developed for the Williams Formula One racing team, has been modified for retrofitting to existing London double-decker buses. 500 buses from the Go-Ahead Group will be fitted with this technology from 2014 to 2016, anticipated to improve fuel efficiency by approximately 20%. The team who developed the technology were awarded the Dewar Trophy of the Royal Automobile Club in 2015.

Parry People Mover

Parry People Mover railcars use a small engine and large flywheel to move. The system also supports regenerative braking.

See also

 Regenerative brake
 Make Cars Green

References

Automotive technologies
Dynamic braking
Energy recovery
Energy storage
Flywheels
Formula One

es:Freno regenerativo#Uso en el automovilismo (KERS)


is a Japanese former football player who last played for Roasso Kumamoto.

Career
On October 30, 2011, he scored the only goal for his team against Yokohama FC with his head from his own half. The distance of 58.6 metres was thought to be a world record, but later measurements showed that the ball was headed in from 57.8 metres out. That means Jone Samuelsen still holds the record with 58.13 metres.

Ueda retired at the end of the 2019 season.

Club career statistics
Updated to 23 February 2017.

References

External links
Profile at Roasso Kumamoto

1988 births
Living people
Association football people from Osaka Prefecture
People from Kadoma, Osaka
Japanese men's footballers
J1 League players
J2 League players
J3 League players
Gamba Osaka players
Fagiano Okayama players
Roasso Kumamoto players
Men's association football defenders


James Duncan  (1804–1861) was a Scottish naturalist. After his education in Edinburgh, he followed the family tradition to work in the Scottish church. He however retired and worked with publishing firms, and among other works helping produce an index of Encyclopaedia Britannica.

He wrote
 with James Wilson Entomologia Edinensis: Or A Description and History of the Insects Found in Edinburgh (1834)
Beetles, British and Foreign, edited by William Jardine (1835)
in William Jardine's The Naturalist’s Library. Entomology, 7 volumes. (Year unknown)
Introduction to Entomology.: Comprehending a General View of the Metamorphoses, William Home Lizars, Samuel Highley, W. Curry, Junr. & Co. 662 pages. (1840).
with William Jardine Bees: Comprehending the uses and economical management of the honey-bee of Britain and other countries, together with the known wild species. Edinburgh London, W.H. Lizars; Henry G. Bohn. 602 pages. (1859).

James Duncan's papers on Diptera appeared in the Magazine of Zoology and Botany ( 1, ii: 145-61; iv: 359-68; v: 453-6)

References
Salmon, M. A. 2000 The Aurelian Legacy. British Butterflies and their Collectors. Martins, Great Horkesley : Harley Books : 147-148.

External links
Digital Gallery, NY Public Library
The Naturalists Library
 Foreign Butterflies (1858) Digitised
 Beetles, British and Foreign (1876 edition) Digitised

Scottish entomologists
Hymenopterists
1804 births
1861 deaths


Praprotna Polica (; ) is a village in the Municipality of Cerklje na Gorenjskem in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia.

References

External links

Praprotna Polica on Geopedia

Populated places in the Municipality of Cerklje na Gorenjskem


Gunasena de Soyza, CMG, OBE (20 December 1902 – 12 October 1961) was a Sri Lankan civil servant. He served as the Permanent Secretary to the Ministry of External Affairs and Defence before appointment as Ceylon's High Commissioner to the United Kingdom.

Early life and education
Gunasena De Soyza was born on 20 December 1902 in Colombo, Sri Lanka. He attended Ananda College, Colombo one of the leading Buddhist schools in Sri Lanka for his primary and secondary education and later gained admission to the Ceylon University College, graduating in 1923 with a Bachelor of Arts a degree from the University of London, and studied classics at Jesus College, Oxford.

Civil service career
He was appointed to the Ceylon Civil Service in 1926 by the Secretary of State. On his returned to Ceylon he was attached to the Matara Kachcheri as a cadet. He thereafter served as an Office Assistant to the Government Agent in Hambanthota, Jaffna and Kegalle. We thereafter served as Landing Surveyor, Customs. He thereafter served as Assistant Government Agent in Badulla and Mullattivu before he returned to Colombo as Deputy Registrar of Co-operative Society. In 1944, he was appointed Commissioner of Cooperative Department. In 1948, he was appointed Permanent Secretary to the Ministry of Food and Co-operative Undertakings and served till 1949. He thereafter served as the acting Ministry of Industries, Ministry of Posts, before taking over as Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Health and Local Government. In 1953, he was seconded to Secretary, Cabinet Planning Committee and Chief Planning Commission. In October 1953, he was appointed Permanent Secretary to the Ministry of External Affairs and Defence. He was appointed Ceylon's High Commissioner to the United Kingdom in December 1957 and served till October 1958. He was reappointed in February 1960 and was serving until his death on 12 October 1961. He was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in the 1948 Birthday Honours in recognition of his work for the cooperative movement, and he was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in the 1954 Birthday Honours.

See also
List of Salagamas
Sri Lankan Non Career Diplomats

References

1902 births
1961 deaths
Alumni of the University of Ceylon
Alumni of Jesus College, Oxford
Ceylonese Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Ceylonese Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
Sinhalese people
Sri Lankan civil servants
Permanent secretaries of Sri Lanka
High Commissioners of Sri Lanka to the United Kingdom


The 1989–90 FDGB-Pokal was the 39th and penultimate East German Cup, the last before reunification. The competition was won by Dynamo Dresden, who sealed their seventh cup win, and the Double, when they beat second tier team Dynamo Schwerin.

Preliminary round

First round

2nd round

Round of 16

Quarter-finals

Semi-finals

Final

External links
 DDR Football 1989/90 at rsssf.com

FDGB-Pokal seasons
East
Cup


Allingham is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
 Alex Allingham, (born 1984), English Rally Driver and Car Dealer
 Cedric Allingham, fictional British writer of a 1954 book in which he claimed to have encountered the pilot of a Martian spacecraft
 Helen Allingham (née Paterson, 1848–1926), British watercolourist and illustrator
 Henry Allingham (1896–2009), English supercentenarian, World War I veteran and briefly the world's oldest living man
 Herbert Allingham (1867–1936), English editor and writer
 Herbert William Allingham (1862–1904), British surgeon
 John Till Allingham (1776–1812), English dramatist
 Margery Allingham (1904–1966), English crime writer
 Maurice Allingham (1896–1993), Australian rules footballer
 Michael Allingham (born 1943), British economist
 Mike Allingham (born 1965), Scottish cricketer
 William Allingham (1824–1889), Irish man of letters and poet

Places:
 Allingham, Queensland, town in Australia

English-language surnames


Jean Dupuy (25 May 1934, Vic-en-Bigorre-27 October 2010, same town) was a French rugby union footballer.  He was a left-wing for Stadoceste Tarbais, where he debuted aged 19, and the French national side, gaining 40 caps and scoring 19 tries.  He was 1.75 m high and weighed 84 kg.

He consecutively won 4 Five Nations Championships (along with Michel Crauste, Alfred Roques, Jacques Bouquet and Henri Rancoule), in 1959, 1960 (along with England), 1961 and 1962.

External links
Statistics on espnscrum.com

French rugby union players
1934 births
2010 deaths
Sportspeople from Hautes-Pyrénées
Rugby union players from Occitania (administrative region)
Rugby union wings


is a Japanese football player, currently playing for Ehime FC in the J2 League.

Club statistics
Updated to 23 February 2018.

References

External links

Profile at Ehime FC

1989 births
Living people
Association football people from Osaka Prefecture
People from Suita
Japanese men's footballers
J1 League players
J2 League players
J3 League players
Gamba Osaka players
Giravanz Kitakyushu players
Tokyo Verdy players
Gainare Tottori players
Ehime FC players
Men's association football midfielders


Daniel Sheehan may refer to:

 D. D. Sheehan (Daniel Desmond Sheehan, 1873–1948), Irish nationalist and author
 Daniel E. Sheehan (1917–2000), American Roman Catholic prelate, archbishop of Omaha
 Daniel Joseph Sheehan (1894–1917), son of D. D. Sheehan, Irish aviator
 Daniel Sheehan (attorney), co-founder of the Christic Institute
 Dan Sheehan (rugby union) (born 1998), Irish rugby union player

See also
 Dan Sheahan, American baseball player


is a former Japanese football player.

Playing career
Hirai was born in Kyoto on July 16, 1978. He joined J1 League club Kyoto Purple Sanga (later Kyoto Sanga FC) in 1997. He could not play at all in the match behind Shigetatsu Matsunaga until early 2000. He became a regular goalkeeper from the middle of 2000. However the club was relegated to J2 League end of 2000 season. Although he lost regular position behind Masahiko Nakagawa from the middle of 2001, the club returned to J1 League in a year. From 2002, he became a regular goalkeeper again and the club won the champions 2002 Emperor's Cup first major title in club history. After that, although the club results were bad, he played many matches until 2007. However the club gained Yuichi Mizutani in 2008 and Hirai he could hardly play in the match behind Mizutani. He retired end of 2010 season. In September 2017, when he coached Renofa Yamaguchi FC, he was registered as player because many goalkeeper could not play in the match. However he did not play in the match and his registration was deleted a week later. In March 2018, when he coached Kataller Toyama, he was registered as player because many goalkeeper could not play for injury. However he did not play in the match and his registration was deleted in April.

Coaching career
After retirement, Hirai started coaching career at Kyoto Sanga FC in 2011. He served as goalkeeper coach until 2012. In 2013, he moved to Ehime FC and coached until 2014. In 2015, he returned to Kyoto. In 2017, he moved to Renofa Yamaguchi FC. In 2018, he moved to Kataller Toyama.

Club statistics

References

External links

1978 births
Living people
Japanese men's footballers
J1 League players
J2 League players
J3 League players
Kyoto Sanga FC players
Renofa Yamaguchi FC players
Kataller Toyama players
Men's association football goalkeepers
Association football people from Kyoto


Thomas Parits (born 7 October 1946) is a former international Austrian football player and manager.

Currently, he is working as the sporting director of FK Austria Wien.

References

External links

 Player profile at Austria-Archiv
 Manager profile at Austria-Archiv

Austrian men's footballers
Austria men's international footballers
FK Austria Wien players
1. FC Köln players
Eintracht Frankfurt players
Granada CF footballers
LASK players
Austrian Football Bundesliga players
Bundesliga players
La Liga players
Austrian football managers
FK Austria Wien managers
FC Admira Wacker Mödling managers
People from Eisenstadt-Umgebung District
1946 births
Living people
Austrian expatriate sportspeople in West Germany
Expatriate men's footballers in West Germany
Austrian expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Expatriate men's footballers in Spain
Men's association football forwards
Footballers from Burgenland
Burgenland Croats
Austrian expatriate men's footballers


Pšata (; ) is a village in the Municipality of Cerklje na Gorenjskem in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia.

Church

The local church is dedicated to Mary Magdalene. It was built in 1738, on the site of an earlier church.

References

External links

Pšata on Geopedia

Populated places in the Municipality of Cerklje na Gorenjskem


Gillot or Gillott () is a French surname. It may refer to:

Gillot
Claude Gillot (1673–1722), French painter
Dominique Gillot (born 1949), French politician
Firmin Gillot (c. 19th century), French inventor and photoengraver
Francis Gillot (born 1960 ), French footballer and manager
François-Xavier Gillot (1842–1910), French physician, mycologist, and botanist
Jacques Gillot (born 1948), Guadeloupean politician
Jacques Gillot (jurist) (c. 1550–1619), French priest and jurist
Marie-Agnès Gillot (born 1974 or 1975), Parisian ballet dancer and choreographer

Gillott
Eric Gillott (born 1951), New Zealand cricketer
Jacky Gillott (1939–1980), English novelist and broadcaster
Joseph Gillott (1799–1873), English pen-maker and art patron
Samuel Gillott (1838–1913), Australian lawyer and politician

See also
Gillotts School, a secondary school in Oxfordshire, U.K.


The Palio di Asti (or Palio Astese in its most archaic nomenclature) is a traditional Italian festival of medieval origin that culminates with a bareback horse race.

The race has been run each year since the 13th century. The earliest record, cited by Guglielmo Ventura, dates from the third quarter of the 13th century. It has taken place every year, with the exception of a period in the 1870s and a 30 year interruption in the 20th century.

Since 1988, the race has taken place in a triangular 'square' in the center of Asti, the Piazza Alfieri, on every third Sunday of September.

Etymology
The word Palio derives from the Latin pallium, a rectangular sheet of cloth that the Romans wore as a cloak. Originally, the word applied only to the piece of cloth that was placed at the finishing post and awarded to the winner of the race.

Over time the word came to apply to the event in general, including all the rituals and traditions associated with the race, as well as the race itself.

History

Origins
Since the inception of the race, the citizens of Asti have struggled to maintain the privilege of running the Palio on the feast day of their patron saint, San Secondo, bishop of Asti, martyred on the 30th of March 119. The race is mentioned in many treaties and alliance agreements with various sovereigns, patrons and rulers.

The first certain record of the race dates from 1275. In that year Guglielmo Ventura wrote that Asti, sicut fieri solet Ast, in festo Beati Secundi (as is usual in Asti, during the Feast of San Secondo), ran a Palio under the walls of enemy city of Alba in order to mock its inhabitants, in the meantime devastating the surrounding vineyards.

Considering that the Palio was already a tradition in 1275, it is probable that the origins of the race date to some time after 1000, with established rules from the 13th century onwards - the period of Asti's greatest splendor.

From the end of the 13th century to the first half of the 14th century, the race took place alla tonda (in the round), along a circular course that corresponds to the modern Piazza Alfieri and Piazza Libertà. This course had already been called the curriculum (race course in Latin) in the periods of Lombard and Carolingian domination.

Seeking to strengthen the city militarily, Gian Galeazzo Visconti, who became the signore (lord) of Asti in 1382, built a new fortified citadel at the curriculum.

To accommodate the new fortifications, the race was moved to a straight course of about two and a half kilometers that started outside the town and ended near its center. The new course started at the cippo del pilone (the milestone that gave its name to Viale Pilone), passed through the Porta San Pietro, along the bridge on Rio Valmanera, along the Contrada Maestra (now the Corso Alfieri, the main street of the town), finishing at the Palazzo Gabuti di Bestagno, the current Palazzo Ottolenghi.

Visconti agreed that the race should continue to be held

Documents kept in Asti's archives at the Palazzo Mazzola record that the expenditure incurred for the race was two palii (the plural of palio): one offered to the church of San Secondo, the other given to the winner. This is significant, because it reveals the degree of religious devotion that once accompanied the event.

Sometime between 1440 and 1464, Charles, Duke of Orléans, visiting the County of Asti that he inherited from his mother Valentina Visconti, offered as a prize a palio of crimson velvet, decorated by three golden lilies on a blue background.

The Savoys

When Emanuele Filiberto assumed the regency of the city on May 20, 1545, he confirmed and documented the ancient customs of the festival, promising that he and his successors would supply the palii in perpetuity.

His code stated that the following could enter horses in the race: "all the city of Asti, all the churches of Asti, including those of the trade associations, the college, the university, the company and the citizenry, all in the name of the said churches and chapels, everything that conforms with the ancient styles, customs and privileges of that city."

In the 18th century the palii were combined to make a banner, usually blue, decorated with coats of arms of Savoy, the comune, the governor and the podestà (chief magistrate). The image of San Secondo riding a horse made its appearance on the palio banner dedicated to the church: at the end of the nineteenth century, it was also present on the palio banner given to the winner.

The race originally took place on March 30 each year, at the Feast of San Secondo. From the 15th century both the day of the Palio and the Feast of San Secondo were moved to the Thursday after the Domenica in Albis - i.e. the second Thursday after Easter. In the early years of the 19th century the race was held three days later, on the second Sunday after Easter.

In 1818 the celebration of San Secondo was moved again, to the first Tuesday of May, so the race was moved to that date.

In 1861, new "Regulations for the horse race around the new Market Square" were published. The market square referred to is the Campo del Palio (Palio Field), a very large square that is today a car park and the site of Asti's weekly market. This new venue represented a radical change: from the late 14th century, the Palio had run along a straight course.

In 1863, the event became a secular horse race, losing its traditional religious significance.

The Fascist Era

The festival was revived in 1929 by the Podestà (Mayor) of Asti, Vincenzo Buronzo. In that year, the Palio was again held on a straight course, this time on Corso Dante - an uphill distance of about 1300 m.

In 1936, Benito Mussolini ordered that the palio be changed to a certame cavalleresco (chivalrous contest). The palio of Legnano received similar instructions. In spite of this, the seven events held in Asti during the two decades of fascism kept the memory of the Palio alive, and the loss of this ancient tradition was avoided.

On May 3, 1936, during the Second Italo-Abyssinian War, soldiers of the 104th Legion of Black Shirts, mainly composed of Asti residents, ran a special donkey palio on the banks of Lake Ashenge in Ethiopia. The events of the day were recorded in the Asti daily paper La Provincia:

The participants were the Borgo di Santa Maria Nuova, the Rione (district) of San Martino, the Borgo di Ponte Tanaro, and the Rione Duomo (Cathedral District). The Borgo di Santa Maria Nuova won.

The Restoration

In 1967, to mark the 1000th anniversary of the foundation of the Marquisate of Montferrat and the 800th anniversary of the Lombard League, the palio was resurrected. The race was moved to September, to coincide with the celebrations of the Douja d'Or and to follow the Festa delle sagre astigiane - Asti's Festival of Festivals. The 1861 route in the Piazza Campo del Palio was used; stands were built with 5,000 seats, and a large area was dedicated to standing spectators. The 1967 event was attended by 100,000 spectators; 14 villages, districts and comuni (municipalities) took part.

Since 1988 the Palio has been held in the Piazza Vittorio Alfieri in the heart of the city, in an even more impressive and engaging setting.

In 1992 the Palio di Asti was combined with the national lottery.

The Istituto Luce has in its files five brief movies of the Palio of Asti. The two that record the events of 1932 and 1934 are particularly important.

References

"Asti edifi e palazzi nel Medioevo" G.Luigi Bera- Lorenzo Fornaca editore 2004 Asti

External links
Palio di Asti Discover the story about Asti and his Palio.
Official Site including the date of the next Palio.

Asti
Horse races in Italy
Historical competitions of Italy
Italian traditions
Sports festivals in Italy
Tourist attractions in Piedmont