Methiocarb is a carbamate pesticide (an acetylecholinesterase inhibitor) which is used as an insecticide, bird repellent, acaricide and molluscicide since the 1960s. Methiocarb has contact and stomach action on mites and neurotoxic effects on molluscs. Seeds treated with methiocarb also affect birds. Other names for methiocarb are mesurol and mercaptodimethur.

Due to its toxicity, methiocarb approval as a plant protection product has been withdrawn by the EU effective 2020.

Structure and reactivity
The carbamate functional group in methiocarb can be cleaved by cholinesterase to result in the carbamate, which binds to the cholinesterase, and the aromatic alcohol.

Synthesis

Methiocarb (3) is synthesised by Bayer from 4-methylthio-3,5-xylenol (1) and methyl isocyanate (2).  The xylenol (1) will act as the nucleophile in this reaction attacking the partially positively charged carbon in the isocyanate (2).

Mechanism of action
Methiocarb acts by acetylcholinesterase inhibition. The product of the cleavage of the carbamate group of methiocarb is methylcarbamic acid which is bound to cholinesterase after the reaction. The normal function of choline esterase is to cleave the acetyl-choline bond which results in the binding of acetic acid to choline sterase which is a fast reversible reaction. The carbamic acid also reversibly binds but the hydrolysis of the bond is slower and therefore the acid inhibits the function of choline sterase which results in elevated choline esterase levels. In comparison: organophosphates inhibit irreversibly and will therefore inhibit the acetylcholinesterase even more.

In addition to its cholinergic effects, methiocarb has been found to be an endocrine disruptor, acting as an estrogen, antiandrogen, and aromatase inhibitor.

Metabolism
Methiocarb is biotransformed in the liver mainly by sulfoxidation. This can happen to methiocarb itself but also to the phenol group which is cleaved from methiocarb by choline-esterase. In some cases this same sulfur can be oxidised once more to give the sulfone. A minor pathway that occurs is the hydroxylation of the N-methyl.

Absorption
Methiocarb can be taken up through different routes. The most common for humans is up take through the skin or as an aerosol, because of its use as a pesticide in agriculture. For insects and birds this would be by the oral route. The NOAEL's of these routes have been determined as follows: For the oral route, the NOAEL is set to 3.3 mg/kg per day for rats, based on a 2-year study. For absorption through the skin the NOAEL is set to 150 mg/kg per day for rabbits, based on the reduction of food consumption.

When methiocarb is fed to rats at a dose of 50 ppm, it gives a reduction of brain cholinesterase by 14% and 5% in males and females respectively.
When methiocarb is administered as an aerosol to rats, the highest concentration (96 mg/m3 in solvent) showed signs of involuntary muscle contraction (tremors). These signs weren't observed in the other groups. The brain acetylcholine esterase is reduced in comparison to the solvent controls, to 61% and 74% for males and females respectively. There were no changes in organ weight. The NOAEL was determined to be 6 mg/m3 based on the reduction of brain acetylcholine esterase activity.

Distribution
To determine the distribution of methiocarb through the body carbon-14 ([14C]) labeled methiocarb studies have been performed on rats. About 8 hours after IP injection of [14C]methiocarb more than 20 is present in the kidneys, 14 in the lungs, 14 in the heart, 6 in the body fat and 26 in the red blood cells. All the numbers are a measure of the radioactivity in dpm x 103/g of dried tissue. 30 Minutes after treatment gave, for all tissues except bodyfat, much higher values indicating that elimination takes place shortly after injection. Also, an increase in all tissues except the red blood cells has been observed between 2 and 4 hours after injection. This indicates that after two hours redistribution takes place shortly followed by elimination. This radioactivity study only measured the [14C] so the compound could already be metabolized to different compounds with different toxicities, which is not indicated in this study.

Toxicity

Short term toxicity
In rats the cholinesterase activity fell down to 50 percent of the control values in 27 days where the dose applied in their diet was 2 mg/ kg bw in the first three days and 4 mg/kg bw for the next 24 days. No abnormal clinical signs were observed.
In rabbits methiocarb was applied to the skin to a group of ten at doses of 0, 60, 150 or 375 mg/kg bw per day for 6 h/day. Two out of ten rabbits with the low dose did not survive and with the high dose had a reduced food consumption. Cholinesterase activity was reduced in males with a high dose at 14 and 21 days of treatment. There were no intergroup differences observed in cholinesterase activity among females. The erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase activity is apparently not inhibited in a dose-related fashion. The duration of the study was 24 days.

Long term toxicity
In mice, a one-year study of 50 males and 50 females was performed. The mice received diets containing methiocarb at doses of 0, 15, 43 and 130 mg/kg bw per day in males and 0, 20, 57, and 170 mg/kg bw per day in females. Food consumption, behaviour and mortality rate were not affected at any dose.  At one month the decrease in plasma acetylcholinesterase activity was the highest and the smallest reductions were observed at 24 months. Brain acetylcholinesterase activity was also lowered, more in males than in females.
In rats a two-year study of 60 rats was performed. The rats received diets containing 0, 3.3, 9.3 and 29 mg/kg bw per day for males and 0, 5, 14, and 42 mg/kg bw per day for females. Food consumption, behaviour and mortality rate were not affected at any dose. The total protein concentrations were raised at higher doses of methiocarb. The plasma acetylcholinesterase activity was lowered at the high dose at day one and from eight weeks onwards in males and at day one and 1, 2, 4 and 13 weeks in females. No brain acetylcholinesterase activity was observed.

Environmental toxicity
Because methiocarb is widely used as an insecticide on crops, environmental risks were also studied to establish safety risks for human health. The metabolism of methiocarb in plants, soil and water have been proposed from radiolabeled [14C]methiocarb studies. In plants, the major metabolites were methiocarb sulfoxide and methiocarb sulfoxide phenol. Environmental fate in water and soil has been determined from the metabolites formed by anaerobic as well as aerobic degradation, photolysis, adsorption and leaching of methiocarb. In soil the half life of methiocarb sulfone phenol is 20 days, methiocarb sulfoxide phenol is 2 days, methiocarb 1.5 days and methiocarb sulfoxide 6 days. Methiocarb is mainly metabolized to methiocarb phenol and minor to methiocarb sulfoxide and methiocarb sulfoxide phenol. Also after 217 days no methiocarb or metabolites are present anymore in the soil. This is because a lot of gets metabolized to CO2. In water, no methiocarb was present already after 32 days. The half life of methiocarb in water is strongly pH dependent but at pH 7 the half life is about 28 days.

Efficacy
Methiocarb is used as toxin for different purposes. It ranges from snails, insects, rodents and even as a bird repellent.
As an insecticide it is effective for thrips and has a low dose that is lethal for these animals. The LC99,99 for suspension concentrate is 0.34 g/L and for the wettable powder it is 2.30, which is a bit too much for effective use.

For the use as a molluscicide methiocarb is effective, but at a high dose. In a research with  E. vermiculata, methiocarb showed to be the most effective as topical applicant (although DMSO was used as a solvent). The LD50 is 414 μg per snail and the LD99,99 is roughly estimated 1400 μg per snail for methiocarb. In comparison to methomyl which was more effective, with its LD50 was 90 μg per snail. Which is a lot lower than the LD50 of methiocarb.

As snail bait methiocarb has the same effectiveness as methomyl for 1% (mass percent) and 2%. but the LC50 of methiocarb is higher than the one of methomyl. 0.93:0.31.
They both reached an average mortality of 85%, by the use of 2% methiocarb/methomyl bait.

In another comparison study (with Monacha obstructa) between methiocarb and methomyl. Methomyl showed again to be more effective. The LD50 in this study were 12 μg per snail for methomyl and 27 μg per snail for methiocarb. These compound were topically applied on the snails and these compounds were first dissolved in 95% ethanol and diluted with water to make the concentrations.

As an avian repelled to protect fruit, methiocarb was in one research not effective. The birds still damaged the figs. This happened because the methiocarb was sprayed on the fruit. The birds pinched the fruits or peeled the skin of the fruit and ate the meat of the figs. In that manner these birds are very little or not exposed to the repellent.

In another study with quelea, it was investigated if methiocarb had an adverse effect on the food choice. It showed that when quelea ate seeds with methiocarb, the next time they would choose some other food. This shows that methiocarb can be effective as a bird repellent.

In one study methiocarb is shown to be not very effective against mice as a rodenticide. In the first field trial, snail pellets of methiocarb were spread across the land and killed almost 23% of the initial mice population in one night, but the population did not decrease (probably because of reinvasion of the neighbouring land). There hasn't been searched for carcasses after that, but birds were seen scavenging on carcasses.
In the second field trial, grain was covered in methiocarb and strychnine and it showed a mortality rate of 40% for methiocarb and 90% for strychnine. Although methiocarb seems to be effective at first. Mice develop an aversion for the methiocarb, which makes it not very effective as rodenticide.

Suicidal poisoning

Methiocarb is a plant protection agent and while suicide with these type of toxins is rare, there is one case reported of a suicide with methiocarb.
An 80-year-old woman in Germany killed herself by drinking a bottle of Mesurol. The red/pink fluid was on her clothes, face, and hands (probably because of the vomiting) and in the gastrointestinal tract as in the respiratory tract.
The toxicological examination showed that the methiocarb uptake wasn't completed and the concentration of methiocarb and its metabolite in the urine was low. This is due to the short duration of exposure. Elevated concentration of methiocarb may be the result of post-mortem uptake, but it could also be the post-mortem redistribution of methiocarb and metabolites from the gastrointestinal tract.
The conclusion of the toxicological examination was death by acute poisoning of methiocarb.

The amount of methiocarb in the stomach is calculated to compare it with the LD50 of rats. The amount of methiocarb is estimated to have been 6.1 gram (by a stomach volume of 1L). The weight of this woman was 53 kg. That would make 115 mg/kg bw. When compared to the LD50 for rats, which is 30 mg/kg, it is reasonable to say that this woman died of poisoning from methiocarb.
Bear in mind that this is only the amount of methiocarb found in the stomach and that the rest was already methiocarb distributed through the body.

†Semiquantitative analysis was performed by the approximation of similar extinction coefficients of mercaptodimethur and its metabolite descarbamoylmercaptodimethur at wavelength 200 nm.

See also

References

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
Carbamate insecticides
Endocrine disruptors
Neurotoxins
Nonsteroidal antiandrogens
Thioethers
Xenoestrogens
Phenol esters
Aromatic carbamates


Ginger Wallace (January 31, 1924 – November 23, 2010) was an American artist, sculptor and philanthropist based in San Diego, California.

Biography
Wallace was born in Ogden and was raised in both Utah and Idaho, spending summers in Fish Haven. She attended the University of Utah and the Art Institute of Chicago, where she obtained her B.F.A and M.F.A. Wallace later attended the University of Chicago at the same time she ran her own gallery and created silent film. She also studied photography at the Chicago Institute of Design and at Utah State University. Her art was showcased at the San Diego Art Institute in 2007. She was a philanthropist, supporting art in San Diego and especially the San Diego Art Institute.

Philanthropy
She and her husband, Robert Wallace, worked to advance art through educational programs and direct support of regional artists. She served four terms on the board of directors of the San Diego Museum of Man. She founded the museum's auxiliary support group, the Klee Wyk Society in 1962 and was a museum member for over fifty years. She and her husband were charter board members of the Committee of One Hundred, an advocacy and support group dedicated to Balboa Park. She provided leadership and resources to re-establish the San Diego Art Institute in the reconstructed House of Charm. Also among their beneficiaries were the Art Department at San Diego State University,  Mingei International Museum, Lyric Opera San Diego and Young Audiences of San Diego.

Art
In 2006 Wallace self-published an illustrated book, Extraordinary People Plus Unique, Above Average Children,  a collection of whimsical watercolor illustrations. The book was launched through a series of events that took place in the San Diego area in December 2006.

An exhibition at the San Diego Art Institute, titled Ginger Wallace: Her Art, Her Wit and Relationships, opened on October 13, 2007, at the Museum of the Living Artist, which included art from a variety of mediums and reflects the many regions that influenced Wallace.

Recognition
 In October 2007, Wallace was honored by Balboa Park's Millennium Society with its annual Millennium Award.
 The San Diego Art Institute gives an annual "Ginger Award" to honor "an individual who has provided exceptional support to San Diego artists and the San Diego Art Institute.".
 The City of San Diego proclaimed October 23, 2007 to be "Ginger & Robert Wallace Day" in honor of the Wallace family's contributions to San Diego.

References

External links
The Works of Ginger Wallace (archived)

1924 births
2010 deaths
20th-century American women artists
School of the Art Institute of Chicago alumni
Artists from Utah
Balboa Park (San Diego)
Utah State University alumni
Place of death missing
21st-century American women


Wheelchair basketball at the 1972 Summer Paralympics consisted of men's and women's team events.

Medal summary

Source: Paralympic.org

Classification system

From 1969 to 1973, a classification system designed by Australian Dr. Bedwell was used.  This system used some muscle testing to determine which class incomplete paraplegics should be classified in.  It used a point system based on the ISMGF classification system. Class IA, IB and IC were worth 1 point.  Class II for people with lesions between T1-T5 and no balance were also worth 1 point.  Class III for people with lesions at T6-T10 and have fair balance were worth 1 point.  Class IV was for people with lesions at T11-L3 and good trunk muscles.  They were worth 2 points. Class V was for people with lesions at L4 to L5 with good leg muscles.  Class IV was for people with lesions at S1-S4 with good leg muscles.  Class V and IV were worth 3 points. The Daniels/Worthington muscle test was used to determine who was in class V and who was class IV.  Paraplegics with 61 to 80 points on this scale were not eligible. A team could have a maximum of 11 points on the floor.

See also
Basketball at the 1972 Summer Olympics

References

1972 Summer Paralympics events
1972
1972 in basketball
International basketball competitions hosted by West Germany


African Continental Bank Football Club or simply ACB FC was a Nigerian football team based in Lagos. It was sponsored by the African Continental Bank and was a founding member of the Nigerian Premier League in 1972. They were relegated from the top league for good in 1994 with a record of two wins, 12 ties and 16 losses.

External links
Team profile - Footballdatabase

Defunct football clubs in Nigeria
Football clubs in Lagos
Association football clubs disestablished in 1994
Sports clubs and teams in Nigeria


W. L. Steed was a steam tanker built in 1917–1918 by Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation of Quincy for Pan American Petroleum and Transport Company, with intention of transporting oil and petroleum products between Mexican and Gulf ports and the Northeast of the United States. The ship was briefly requisitioned by the US Government during World War I but returned to commercial service in early 1919. The ship was named after William L. Steed, superintendent of the Mexican Petroleum Company of California.

Design and construction
Early in 1917 Pan American Petroleum & Transport Co. decided to add two more tankers of approximately 9,000 deadweight to its existing fleet, expanding their oil carrying business. A contract for these vessels was awarded to the Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corp. On August 3, 1917, the future tanker along with her sister-ship George W. Barnes were requisitioned by the Emergency Fleet Corporation (EFC) for war purposes. Due to the fact that Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corp. was awarded US government contract to build several steel tankers designated as Design 1045 ships, it was decided to use the same blueprint to construct these vessels as well. The ship was laid down at the Fore River shipyard in Quincy (yard number 269) on 9 November 1917, and launched on 2 September 1918, with Mrs. Paul H. Harwood, wife of vice-president of Pan American Petroleum & Transport Company, serving as the sponsor. During the launch the vessel struck the ledge on the opposite side of the river and had several plates bent in around her starboard side #4 hold, which, however, did not prevent her speedy completion. The vessel construction was completed on September 9, which set a new record with less than nine days passing between the launching and delivery. After successfully finishing sea trials on September 10, she was placed in a drydock to repair the damage sustained during the launching, and was not officially accepted by USSB until September 18.

The ship was built on the Isherwood principle of longitudinal framing providing extra strength to the body of the vessel, and had two main decks. The vessel was later equipped with wireless of De Forest type. The tanker had a cargo pump room located amidships, and had cargo tanks constructed throughout the vessel with a total capacity to carry 3,200,000 US gallons of oil.

As built, the ship was  long (between perpendiculars) and  abeam, and had a depth of . W. L. Steed was originally assessed at  and  and had deadweight of approximately 9,030. The vessel had a steel hull, and a single 525 Nhp (2,600 ihp) vertical triple expansion steam engine, with cylinders of ,  and  diameter with a  stroke, that drove a single screw propeller and moved the ship at up to . The steam for the engine was supplied by three single-ended Scotch boilers fitted for oil fuel.

Operational history

U.S. Navy service, World War I

W. L. Steed was inspected by the U.S. Navy in the 3rd Naval District for possible World War I Navy service on 10 August 1918 while the ship was nearing the end of construction. Upon completion and delivery on 18 September 1918 the ship was formally taken over by the Navy, assigned the naval registry Identification Number (Id. No.) 3449 and was commissioned on the same day as USS W. L. Steed and transferred to the Naval Overseas Transportation Service.

W. L. Steed departed Boston on 28 September 1918 for her first trip under Navy control and proceeded first to Philadelphia to load a cargo of fuel oil. She then continued on to New York and then Sydney to finish loading before sailing on 23 October for Devonport. Once under way, the tanker developed  problems with her steering gear and had to turn back. After finalizing temporary repairs at St. John's W. L. Steed sailed again on 10 November but had to turn around next day when the Armistice with Germany that ended the war was signed. After arriving in New York on 13 November, she entered the drydock for repairs that lasted through the end of the month.

The tanker finally managed to deliver her cargo to Le Havre in France in December 1918, however, on her very next trip from New Orleans in February 1919 she again ran into problems with her machinery and had to be put into New York on 18 February 1919. Upon completion of repairs the tanker was decommissioned on 26 March 1919 and returned to USSB on the same day.

Commercial service
Soon after release from the Navy service, W. L. Steed was allocated to McAllister Bros. while still remaining under USSB control. The tanker entered oil carrying service between Mexican ports of Tampico, Tuxpan and Puerto Lobos and the US ports in the Northeast in June 1919 and remained in it through early spring 1920. On March 25, 1920, the tanker was sold by USSB to Pan American Petroleum and Transport Co. for 749,861.34 and was put under control of its subsidiary, Mexican Petroleum Co. Following the transfer the ship arrived at Galveston on April 9 to undergo repairs and maintenance, but instead was sent back to Tampico to load another cargo of oil to be delivered to New York.

During one of these trips, on May 25, 1920, W. L. Steed was leaving the Huasteca Dock on the Pánuco River fully loaded with petroleum products. While maneuvering in the river in an attempt to make a U-turn, the steamer damaged her rudder and as a result came into collision with tank barge Portsmouth being towed by steam tug Hulver up river for loading. The damage to the barge was limited to her rigging, and the tanker suffered only minor damage to her railings and stern flagpole. After undergoing temporary repairs at Tampico, the vessel sailed to New York where she entered a drydock in July for permanent repairs. The vessel continued transporting oil from Mexico to various Gulf ports, such as Galveston, Port Eads and New Orleans as well as petroleum products from the Gulf to the Northeast ports of New York, Baltimore and Philadelphia through early part of 1925.

Following a continuing decline in Mexican oilfields production, W. L. Steed was reassigned to the California to East coast route. The tanker transited through the Panama Canal for the first time on her new route on March 14, 1925, and returned on April 7 carrying 9,000 tons of gasoline from San Pedro to New Orleans. The vessel largely continued carrying gasoline from West coast refineries to various East coast ports through 1929 with occasional trips to Tampico.

In July 1929 Standard Oil of Indiana announced their intent to acquire Pan American Petroleum & Transport Co. and by late October they accumulated over 50% of the stock of the company, and extended their holding to 80% by January 1930. After becoming a subsidiary of Standard Oil, Pan American continued operating as a separate entity until 1932. During these transitional times, W. L. Steed was employed on new route carrying oil from Aruba to the ports on the Gulf and East coast of United States and continued serving it for almost two years.

On December 18, 1930, steamer  was towed by four tugs for Todd's shipyards at Brooklyn. When this flotilla was near Downey's Shipyard, W. L. Steed with the tug Mexpet approached from the opposite direction and were then in the vicinity of Shooters Island. Both vessels were on their respective sides of the channel and were about to pass each other safely. When about fifteen to sixteen hundred feet apart, W. L. Steed suddenly altered her course attempting to cross the bow of Papoose. The engines of the three tugs alongside Papoose were reversed, and her anchor was dropped, but W. L. Steed did not stop or reverse engines, increasing her speed instead, attempting to swing around the bow of Papoose. W. L. Steed parted the towing hawser between  Papoose and the tug, and then struck her starboard bow causing damage to both vessels.

In April 1932 Standard Oil of Indiana agreed to divest their newly acquired foreign assets of Pan American and sold them to Standard Oil of New Jersey. Following the acquisition, all foreign holdings and all ships acquired with them were incorporated as Pan American Foreign Company. Under new ownership W. L. Steed did not have an assigned route, but rather was used to transport oil and petroleum products from three different locations. One of them involved transporting oil from Venezuelan ports of Caripito, Guaira and Las Piedras to United States ports of Boston, New York and Baltimore. The tanker also carried gasoline and fuel oil from Gulf coast refineries of Baton Rouge, Port Eads and Baytown to a variety of ports along United States eastern seaboard. Finally, the ship continued making occasional trips to and from Aruba.

After over twenty years of nearly continuous operation, the tanker required an overhaul to her engines and arrived at Bayonne on 30 June 1939 to await her turn to be put in a drydock for repairs. She remained docked there through August 1939 and eventually proceeded to Mariner's Harbor to go through the needed maintenance work at the Bethlehem Steel Company's yard. All work with the exception of boiler replacement was finalized by the end of September, and W. L. Steed departed New York on 4 October 1939 bound for Aransas Pass.

During 1940 and 1941, W. L. Steed was primarily employed in coastwise trade transporting petroleum products from the Gulf ports to East coast, although the vessel made occasional journeys to foreign destinations such as Aruba and Cartagena among others. Overall, she made 17 voyages in 1940 and 22 trips in 1941, carrying overall bulk oil cargoes of  and , respectively. From July 4 to October 18, 1940, the tanker was tied up in Patuxent River to undergo further repairs, and in October 1941 she had finally had her old boilers removed and had a set of new ones built by Babcock & Wilcox installed.

Sinking

W. L. Steed departed on 14 January 1942 for her last voyage from Norfolk bound for Cartagena. The tanker was under command of captain Harold G. McAvenia and had a crew of 38 men. After a largely uneventful journey, the ship reached her destination a week later and after loading a cargo of  of oil, departed on 23 January 1942 for her return trip. Her return voyage was also mostly uneventful until early afternoon of January 30, 1942, when a lookout spotted what he thought was a small fishing craft but soon decided to be a submarine. The tanker radioed for help, and a U.S. Navy patrol plane showed up about an hour later but by then the submarine went away. By midnight of January 31 the weather worsened with the winds and heavy seas getting progressively stronger. W. L. Steed continued through rough weather on her northerly course to her destination.

On February 2 it started snowing and visibility had shrunk to about . At approximately 12:45 when W. L. Steed was about  east of the mouth of Delaware River, German submarine  under the command of Werner Winter fired one bow torpedo at the tanker. The vessel was struck on her starboard side, forward of the bridge and around No.3 tank setting the cargo of oil on fire. The engines were stopped and the captain ordered the crew to abandon ship. Four lifeboats were launched and the whole crew of nine officers and twenty nine seamen left the ship in orderly fashion. By this time, the submarine surfaced a few hundred yards from the tanker. Due to rough seas, the waves had extinguished the flames and captain Winter ordered to man the deck gun. W. L. Steed was hit 17 times after 83 shots were fired, which set the tanker afire again. Not willing to remain surfaced, the submarine launched two more torpedoes at the vessel delivering coup de grâce. One torpedo missed but the second one hit the ship causing explosion, shooting burning oil about 500 feet up in the air. W. L. Steed  settled by the bow and shortly sank, while the submarine departed the scene in the southwesterly direction.

The U-boat's departure left the four boats alone in the frigid waters. While the lifeboats were well stocked with water and provisions, they lacked warm clothing or blankets. As W. L. Steed had been abandoned in a haste, most men entered the lifeboats in whatever clothing they were wearing at the time of the attack. The boats soon drifted apart and, one by one, the ill-clad sailors began dying from hypothermia.

All but two men in lifeboat No.2 died one by one until the morning of February 6 when the survivors spotted a vessel passing close by and were able to attract her attention. Both seamen were taken aboard British steamer SS Hartlepool and were landed at Halifax on February 9 where one of the survivors died the next day.

Lifeboat No.3 fell behind other boats from the beginning and the men in it decided to wait out the storm in their present location. They anchored the boat and as it got darker fired a few flares. After spotting a flare in the distance, they starting rowing in that direction but a huge wave went over them washing most of their oars, sails and rudder as well as other equipment overboard. The crew spent the night frantically pouring water from the lifeboat using any available means, as the storm grew stronger. The next morning one of the men died, and by noon another one died, and the last three survivors made a fire in the lifeboat in an attempt to stay warm. In the morning of February 4 they were spotted and taken on board by Canadian armed merchant cruiser  and landed at Halifax on February 7.

On 12 February 1942 British steamer SS Raby Castle on her passage to Cape Town came across lifeboat No. 4 containing four men, with only one of them being alive. The survivor was taken on board the ship but died from exposure three days later and was buried at sea. Lifeboat No. 1 which carried the captain and three other members of the crew was found empty on February 19 by steamer SS Poza Rica northwest of Cape Hatteras.

External links
Department of the Navy: Naval Historical Center: Online Library of Selected Images: Civilian Ships: S.S. W.L. Steed (American Tanker, 1918). Served as USS W. L. Steed (ID # 3449) in 1918-1919.
Department of the Navy: Naval Historical Center: Online Library of Selected Images: Civilian Ships: S.S. W.L. Steed (American Tanker, 1918). In Drydock (ID # 3449) in 1918-1919.

References

1918 ships
Tankers of the United States
World War I tankers of the United States
Ships built in Quincy, Massachusetts
Ships sunk by German submarines in World War II
Shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean
Unique oilers and tankers of the United States Navy
Maritime incidents in February 1942
Oil tankers


Crossword Bookstores Ltd. is an Indian chain of bookstores in Mumbai. As of today, Crossword has stores in Ahmedabad, Bhopal, Bengaluru, Chennai, Delhi, Gandhinagar, Goa, Hyderabad, Indore, Jaipur, Kochi, Kohima, Kolkata, Kanpur, Kozhikode, Lucknow, Mangalore, Mumbai, Thane, Navi Mumbai, Noida, Kalyan, Nagpur, Nashik, Pune, Raipur, Ranchi, Siliguri, Surat, Thiruvananthapuram, Udaipur, and Vadodara. Crossword also founded and sponsors the Crossword Book Award.

The first bookstore opened on October 15, 1992, in Kemps Corner, Mumbai. In 2005, Crossword became a wholly owned subsidiary of Shopper's Stop Ltd.

Crossword has received wide recognition for its achievement. The Advertising Age magazine named Crossword one of the Marketing Superstars for 1994. The Bookseller has described it as "being on the cutting edge of retailing" in India.

References

External links
 Stores
Parent Company Website

Companies based in Mumbai
Bookstores of India
1992 establishments in Maharashtra
Retail companies established in 1992
Indian companies established in 1992


Wheelchair fencing at the 1972 Summer Paralympics consisted of eleven events, eight for men and three for women.

Medal summary

References

1972 Summer Paralympics events
1972
Paralympics
International fencing competitions hosted by Germany


Kojima may refer to:

Surname
 Kojima (surname)

Places
 Kōjima, an island known for wild monkeys in Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan
 Kojima, an uninhabited island belonging to the Tokara Islands, in the southern part of Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan
 Kojima, an alternative spelling of Kutsujima island off Kyoto coast
 Kojima (Hokkaido), an uninhabited island of Oshima subprefecture of Hokkaidō in the Sea of Japan
 Kojima District, Okayama

Companies
 Kojima Productions, a prominent Japanese video game development studio
 Kojima Engineering, a Japanese Formula One constructor

Astronomy
 70P/Kojima, a periodic comet with a period of 7 years


is a trans-Neptunian object and binary system of the Kuiper belt, located in the outermost region of the Solar System. The cubewano was discovered at the Mauna Kea Observatories on 27 July 2001, by JJ Kavelaars, Jean-Marc Petit, Brett Gladman, and Matthew Holman. Later in 2001, Kavelaars discovered that it is a binary system. The diameter of the two components are estimated at about  and .

In 2008, work was published showing that the binary has an extraordinarily long orbital period (for a binary trans-Neptunian object, asteroid or minor planet) of about 17 years. The orbital radius is also remarkably high (105,000 to 135,000 km) while the eccentricity is unusually low (< 0.4). All of these parameters are in the extremes of their normal ranges for such objects. The wide spacing and low eccentricity conspire to make the system prone to disruption, and its lifetime is estimated to be in the order of another billion years.

References

External links
 The Extreme Kuiper Belt Binary , Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes, 13 December 2010
 Trans-Neptunian Binaries and the History of the Outer Solar System, Gemini Observatory, 22 August 2011
 A Highly-split Kuiper Belt Pair, Gemini Observatory, 28 October 2008
 Kuiper belt pair sets record for long-distance relationship, New Scientist, 16 October 2008

Minor planet object articles (unnumbered)

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All The Good is an Irish-bred Thoroughbred racehorse who won the 2008 Australian Group 1 MRC Caulfield Cup over 2400 metres. He was ridden by Kerrin McEvoy and trained by Saeed bin Suroor for the Godolphin Racing stable. He had previously won the Totesport Newburgh, a substitute race for the 2008 Ebor Handicap.

Pedigree

References

External links
 All The Good pedigree

2003 racehorse births
Caulfield Cup winners
Racehorses bred in Ireland
Racehorses trained in the United Kingdom
Racehorses trained in the United Arab Emirates
Thoroughbred family 2-i


RRLS Academy is a TESDA Accredited Institution, located at Iloilo City. It is a part of the John B. Lacson Foundation System and acts as a sister school, which caters on short-term Information and Communications Technology courses and technical education.

The school offers two year courses in computer programming and hardware servicing along with training in medical transcription and contact center services.

History
Opened on 10 February 2003 as the Information Technology Training Center (or the ITTC of the John B. Lacson Foundation System) the school began as a support department for John B. Lacson Colleges Foundation - Arevalo. It was transferred to John B. Lacson Foundation on 1 November 2006 and again transferred to John B. Lacson Foundation Maritime University - Molo on 1 June 2007.

Eventually, the ITTC was renamed as rrls ict academy, after Ronald Raymond Lacson Sebastian, the grandson of John B. Lacson, founder of the university. Currently, Mr. Sebastian is the chairman of the board for rrls ict academy, as well as the vice-chairman of Trustees for John B. Lacson Foundation Maritime University.

TESDA registered courses

Long lerm courses
	* Computer Technology
	* Information Management

Short term courses (TESDA registered)
	*Contact Center Services NC II
	*Computer Systems Servicing  NC II
	*Medical Transcription NC II
	*Housekeeping NC II (Guimaras Campus)

Institutional trainings (short term)
	*Smart Office Training (Office Application and Basic Computer Operation)
	*Professional Web Development Application (Static and Dynamic Web Development)
	*Computer Aided Design and Drafting (AutoCAD 2D and 3D)
	*Technical Training (PC maintenance and troubleshooting)
	*Creative Design Training (Photoshop, Illustrator, Corel Draw)
	*Computer Programming

Institutional trainings
	Basic Computer Operations,
	MS Word, MS Excel,
	MS Powerpoint,
	Adobe Photoshop,
	AutoCAD 2D & AutoCAD 3D ( 20 hours each)

Scholarships
	PESFA and SEEDS Scholarship under JOLLIBEE and CHOWKING:
	· 2 – Year Computer Programming NC IV
	· 2 – Year Computer Hardware Servicing NC II

TRANSCOM Scholarship with job assistance:
	· Finishing Course for Call Center Agents NC II (100 hours)

Microsoft certification
	· Microsoft Word 2003 Expert     · Microsoft Excel 2003 Core
	· Microsoft Excel 2003 Expert     · Microsoft PowerPoint 2003 Core
	· Microsoft Word 2003 Core        · Microsoft Access 2003 Core

See also
Education in the Philippines

External links
Official website of RRLS Academy

References

Educational institutions established in 2003
Schools in Iloilo
2003 establishments in the Philippines


"What Do You Do with the Mad That You Feel?" is a song written and sung by PBS personality Fred Rogers in the PBS children's television program Mister Rogers' Neighborhood. Rogers recited the song in testimony before the United States Senate in 1969, early in the funding process of PBS, during an exchange with Senator John Pastore. Footage of the hearing was included in the 2018 documentary about Rogers, Won't You Be My Neighbor?

Rogers gave several stories for the origin of the song, but when he testified to the Senate, he said that the title and first line came from a question Rogers received from a concerned boy, who asked "What do you do with the mad that you feel when you feel so mad you could bite?"

The song first appeared on his program in 1968.

External links

 Lyrics (archived webpage from PBS Kids)

References

American children's songs
Fred Rogers
Articles containing video clips
1968 songs


"Bad Reputation" is a song by American singer-songwriter Freedy Johnston, featured on his major label debut This Perfect World. It is his best known song, and has received airplay along with being featured in the 1996 film Kingpin and in the closing credits of the 1995 film Kicking and Screaming as well as appearing on an episode of Hindsight.

The song peaked at #54 on the Billboard Hot 100 in February 1995, and remained on the chart for 12 weeks.

Covers
 Death Cab for Cutie covered the song as a bonus track for their Plans album.

References

1994 singles
Song recordings produced by Butch Vig
1994 songs
Elektra Records singles


Bradley Michael Staubitz (born July 28, 1984) is a former Canadian ice hockey forward who is currently an assistant coach for the Sarnia Sting in the Ontario Hockey League.

Playing career
Staubitz was born in Edmonton, Alberta, and raised in Sarnia, Ontario. He played his junior career as a defenceman and was converted to the wing at the pro level.

Undrafted, Staubitz signed as a free agent with the San Jose Sharks to a three-year entry-level contract on September 18, 2005. Staubitz made his NHL debut for the Sharks during the 2008–09 season and recorded a fighting major on his first career shift against the Anaheim Ducks on October 17, 2008. On February 18, 2009, Staubitz was recalled from the AHL's Worcester Sharks.

He played in 47 games for San Jose in 2009–10 recording a career-high 6 points. On June 21, 2010 he was traded to the Minnesota Wild for a fifth-round pick in the 2010 NHL Entry Draft. He was then signed to a two-year contract by the Wild on June 22.

On September 24, 2011, Staubitz was suspended for 7 games (4 preseasons, 3 regular) by the NHL for illegally checking Cody Bass from behind during a pre-season game.

Staubitz was put on waivers on February 10, 2012. He cleared waivers the next day and was assigned to the Houston Aeros of the American Hockey League, the Wild's minor league affiliate. On February 27, 2012, the Montreal Canadiens claimed Staubitz off re-entry waivers.

On July 1, 2012, he signed a two-year contract with the Anaheim Ducks.

On November 16, 2013, Staubitz was traded by the Ducks along with Peter Holland to the Toronto Maple Leafs in exchange for Jesse Blacker and two 2014 NHL Entry Draft picks. He was immediately reassigned to their minor league team, the Toronto Marlies of the American Hockey League.

As a free agent into the 2014–15 season, Staubitz with limited North American interest, opted to sign his first European contract with German DEL2 club, EV Landshut on October 22, 2014.
At the conclusion of the season he opted to retire and coach for the Sarnia Sting of the Ontario Hockey League.

Career statistics

References

External links

1984 births
Living people
Anaheim Ducks players
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Cleveland Barons (2001–2006) players
EV Landshut players
Minnesota Wild players
Montreal Canadiens players
Norfolk Admirals players
Ottawa 67's players
San Jose Sharks players
Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds players
Ice hockey people from Edmonton
Toronto Marlies players
Undrafted National Hockey League players
Worcester Sharks players


The Grierson Centre, also known as Grierson Institution, is a minimum security prison and historic site in Downtown Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. The institution is operated by the Correctional Service of Canada.

The Grierson Centre originally served as the North-West Mounted Police's Divisional headquarters in Edmonton upon its completion in 1912. Prior to 1912, the detachment was stationed in Fort Saskatchewan for a period of 34 years before moving to the growing City of Edmonton. The barracks, as designed by architect Roland Lines, were completed at a cost of CA$70,000 and included stables and ten cells within the complex.

One of the buildings in the Grierson Centre, former RCMP Centre Building 3, was designated a Recognized Federal Heritage Building on January 17, 1985. The compound was expanded in 1936 and again in 1957 to meet the growing needs of the RCMP detachment. In 1975 the RCMP would vacate the site, and the property would fall into the use of Correctional Service of Canada.

References

External links

Correctional Service of Canada institutions
Prisons in Alberta
Buildings and structures in Edmonton
National Historic Sites in Alberta
Royal Canadian Mounted Police headquarters


The Edmonton Institution () is a maximum security federal institution located in the northeastern part of Edmonton, Alberta. It is operated by Correctional Service of Canada. It is part of the Prairie Regions institutions, the Regional Headquarters is located in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan

Riots
There have been 6 riots since the prison opened.
January 24, 1986
A riot broke out in the yard after a fellow inmate was not released from solitary confinement. Fires were set and the Pharmacy was broken into, and several inmates overdosed. Lasted about five hours; no deaths were reported.
August 31, 1998
After a stabbing, some inmates started fires, broke windows and attacked a guard. The prison was on lock-down for most of the day.
November 13, 2001
A group of inmates started a riot in the gym, attacking and stabbing other inmates. They refused to return to the cells and began damaging the gym and set the bleachers on fire.
August 27, 2003
A small riot broke out after an inmate attacked a guard and was moved to solitary confinement. It was limited to one unit in the prison.
February 10, 2004
 Over $150,000 of damages were sustained after a inmate gained access to a unit unknowingly and began attacking a guard. The riot was contained to the single unit but 19 inmate with shivs and other hand made weapons destroying much of the furniture and windows in the unit.
July 1, 2008
One of the largest and the longest riot took place, after two rival gangs attacked each other. It took nine hours to gain control of the inmates again. During this time eight inmates were stabbed with homemade weapons, and one was shot after refusing to drop his weapon and continuing to attack another inmate. No deaths were reported.

Escapes
There have been two successful escapes from the prison since it opened, both by the same inmate Harvey Andres.
March 12, 1981
Harvey Andres escaped for the first time by fooling the guards with a dummy. He was able to get into a garbage can and escaped when a garbage truck transported it outside the facility. On April 19, 1981, Andres was caught after being wounded during a shoot-out with Calgary police and RCMP officers; an RCMP officer was also shot during the event.
March 13, 1982
Harvey Andres escaped for a second time during a snowstorm with three others, but Andres was the only one to make it by cutting the fencing and getting away. He had gotten a hold of a handgun and wire cutters from a maintenance worker who was working on the fence earlier. He smuggled in parts of the gun and ammo in with motorcycle gas tanks and was able to create an improvised firearm. At large until July 6, 1982, Andres was recaptured after a similar shootout in Saskatoon, which left him wounded. A Saskatoon Police officer was struck in the abdomen and arm during the shoot-out.

Notable inmates
Omar Khadr
A former child soldier convicted of terrorism. Was transferred to the Edmonton Institution from Millhaven Institution due to numerous death threats from other inmates.
Harvey Andres
Former member of the Grim Reapers Motorcycle gang twice convicted of first degree murder 1981, and 2001, five counts of rape and arson. As well over a dozen more charges. Escaped the Edmonton Institution twice.
Allan Legere
Serial killer and arsonist in New Brunswick.

See also
Edmonton Remand Centre, a provincial run prison facility also in Edmonton.

References

External links
Prison Profile
Regional Headquarters - Prairies

Correctional Service of Canada institutions
Prisons in Alberta
Buildings and structures in Edmonton


Kevin John Maguire (born 20 September 1960) is a British political journalist and is currently associate editor at the Daily Mirror newspaper. Earlier in his career, Maguire was chief reporter for The Guardian.

Early life and education
Maguire was brought up in South Shields as one of six children. His brother was a miner at Westoe Colliery, and his mother was a cleaner and factory worker. Kevin Maguire passed his eleven plus, and attended South Shields Grammar-Technical School for Boys from 1972 to 1974. Maguire studied politics at the University of York and took a journalism postgraduate diploma at Cardiff University.

Career

Newspapers
He worked at the Western Morning News (1984–1987), New Civil Engineer (1987), The Daily Telegraph (1990–1994), the Daily Mirror (1994–1999), and The Guardian  (1999–2005). During his time at The Guardian, he used the term "awkward squad" in an article in 2001 to describe the new generation of left-wing trade union leaders who had emerged at the start of the 21st century in opposition to the policies implemented by New Labour after they entered government.

Broadcasting
In April 2009, Maguire became drawn into the Damian McBride affair when it was reported that he had attended a meeting with McBride and Ray Collins to discuss the Labour Party's online political attack strategy.

Maguire is a frequent contributor to Sky News and the BBC. He appeared on Have I Got News for You for the first time on 24 October 2008.

From mid-2011, he co-hosted a Sunday morning politics show with the Daily Mails Andrew Pierce on talk radio station LBC 97.3 having previously been a regular stand-in presenter of other shows for the station. He gave up the show in March 2012 in order to concentrate on his job at the Daily Mirror. He is a frequent guest on Jeremy Vine, a Channel 5 daytime TV talk show. Maguire appears Monday–Wednesday on the ITV Breakfast programme Good Morning Britain.

Personal life
Maguire is married to the journalist and novelist Emma Burstall; they live in South West London and have two sons and one daughter. On 4 July 2018, he was awarded the Honorary degree of Doctor of Arts from the University of Sunderland.

He identifies as a republican. He supports the football club Sunderland A.F.C.

References

External links

Kevin Maguire on Twitter

1960 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of York
Alumni of Cardiff University
British male journalists
British people of Irish descent
Daily Mirror people
New Statesman people
People from Kingston upon Thames
People from South Shields
Writers from Tyne and Wear
British republicans


Snow White is a fictional character and a main character from Walt Disney Productions' first animated feature film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937). She was originally voiced by Adriana Caselotti. The character of Snow White was derived from a fairy tale known from many countries in Europe with the best-known version being the 1812 tale collected by the Brothers Grimm.

Snow White is the first Disney Princess and the first fictional female character with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Given the title the "Fairest One of All", she has continued to inspire similar traits in future Disney heroines, such as singing and communicating with animals.

After Caselotti, she has also been voiced by Jane Powell, Ilene Woods, Dorothy Warenskjold, June Foray, Mary Kay Bergman, Carolyn Gardner, Melissa Disney, Katie Von Til, and Pamela Ribon, and portrayed live by Mary Jo Salerno (musical) and Stephanie Bennett (Descendants). Rachel Zegler will portray a live-action version of the character in the upcoming live-action adaptation of the original 1937 film.

Appearances

In Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs

Snow White first appears in the film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937). In "another land, far away," "many, many years ago," about the time of fairy tales of castles, knights, fair maidens, romance, magic and witches," a mysterious and icily beautiful woman with magical powers (a 1938 promotional brochure suggests that she is able to work her witchcraft having sold "herself body and soul to the bad spirits" of Germany's Harz mountains) has gained her royal position by marrying the widowed King, giving her rule over his kingdom before he died. "From that time on the cruel Queen ruled all alone, her every word was law, and all trembled in mortal fear of her anger." The vain Queen owned a magical mirror with which she could look upon whatever she wished. The Magic Mirror shows a haunted, smokey face of her familiar demon which replies to the Queen's requests. She regularly asks the mirror who is the fairest in the realm ("Magic mirror on the wall, who is the fairest one of all?" which is often misquoted as "Mirror mirror on the wall, who is the fairest of them all"), and the mirror would always reply that she is. The Queen has magical power only over her own domain, which is the castle.

In the film, Snow White is initially depicted as living under her wicked, vain stepmother, the Evil Queen, who forces Snow White to engage in menial labor, fearing that one day Snow White's beauty might become greater than her own. After many years, the Queen's Magic Mirror confirms Snow White as being the "fairest of them all", which causes the Queen to cast Snow White out and send a huntsman to kill her. But when he is unable to bring himself to do so, the huntsman helps Snow White escape into the forest. Snow White stumbles upon the home of the Seven Dwarfs, who happily aid her.

The Queen discovers that Snow White has survived, so she uses magic to disguise herself as an old hag and creates a poisoned apple that will put anyone who eats it into a “Sleeping Death" from which only the kiss of true love will revive. When the dwarfs are away the hag arrives at the dwarfs’ cottage and offers Snow White the poisoned apple, unbeknownst to her that it is the Queen in disguise. Snow White bites into the apple and falls into a deep sleep. Upon discovering what had happened, the dwarfs track down the Queen; a short fight ensues and the Queen is killed. Believing her dead, too, the dwarfs build an open grave for Snow White to rest on. Time passes and the Prince comes across Snow White. Saddened by her apparent death, he kisses her, causing her to awaken. As the Seven Dwarfs dance with joy, Snow White and the Prince go off to live together happily ever after.

Other appearances

Actress and dancer JoAnn Dean Killingsworth became the first person to portray Snow White at Disneyland in 1955. She was hired to play Snow White for Disneyland's opening on July 17, 1955. Killingsworth's Snow White was the only Disney Princess to have own float during Disneyland's first parade down Main Street, U.S.A. on opening day. Since Killingsworth's 1955 debut as Snow White, more than 100 actresses have played the character at Disneyland.

Snow White's Scary Adventures is a dark ride dedicated to the princess and her story at the Disneyland, Tokyo Disneyland, and Disneyland Paris theme parks. Located in Fantasyland, it is one of the few remaining attractions operational on Disneyland's opening day in 1955. The ride was closed in Disney World in May 2012 as part of the New Fantasyland expansion.

She also makes appearances at Cinderella's Royal Table in Magic Kingdom and at the Akershus Restaurant in Epcot. In California, Snow White can be found at the Princess Meet-and-Greet in Fantasyland at Disneyland Park, on Main Street U.S.A., by the Wishing Well next to the Castle or at Ariel's Grotto in California Adventure. In Disneyland Paris, Snow White can often be at the Princess Pavilion in Fantasyland or at Auberge de Cendrillon in Disneyland Park. In Hong Kong, she is often up by the Wishing Well. In Tokyo, Snow White appears often in Fantasyland or World Bazaar. On Disney Cruise Line, Snow White sometimes appears, depending on a  sailing.

Snow White is an official member of the Disney Princess line, a prominent franchise directed at young girls. The franchise covers a wide variety of merchandise, including but not limited to magazines, music albums, toys, clothes, and stationery.

Aside from appearing in video games related to the Disney Princess franchise media as well as appearances on the television series House of Mouse, Snow White also appears in the popular Kingdom Hearts series as one of the Seven Princesses of Heart. She first appears in the first Kingdom Hearts as a Princess of Heart captured by Maleficent. She reprises her role from the film in the video game Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep. Snow White also appears in the video game Disney Magical World which includes multiple furniture and costume items related to the character, and is also a playable character in Disney Magic Kingdoms.

Mary Jo Salerno originated the role of Snow White in the 1970s musical adaptation. Video recordings were shown on television in early 1980s.

In a season six episode of the sitcom series Full House known as The House Meets The Mouse Parts 1 & 2, Snow White appeared in Part 2. Snow White also had cameos in the films Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988) where she appears in the Toontown scene and at the end of the film with the toons and The Lion King 1½ (2004) where she, Seven Dwarfs, and other Disney characters came to rewatch the film with Timon and Pumbaa. In 2014, Snow White made a guest appearance on Sofia the First, in "The Enchanted Feast". She tells Sofia about how her stepmother tricked her by assuming a disguise, helping Sofia to determine that a visiting sorceress is actually an old foe, Miss Nettle. Snow White, alongside other Disney Princesses, appeared in the film Ralph Breaks the Internet. She, along with the other Princesses, are portrayed in what The Washington Post described as a parody of the "Disney Princess Industrial Complex", and are later seen wearing modern outfits inspired by their respective backstories.

In the ABC television series Once Upon a Time, an alternative version of Snow White is the daughter of King Leopold and Queen Eva and later stepdaughter of the Evil Queen (Regina Mills). She is the true love of Prince Charming, mother of Emma Swan and Prince Neal, and grandmother of Emma's son Henry. In Storybrooke, she appears as Mary Margaret Blanchard, Henry Mills' teacher at Storybrooke Elementary School.

In the Disney Channel Original Movie Descendants, Snow White appears as a news reporter who reports activities in Auradon.

Snow White appears as one of the main characters in Lego's animated special Lego Disney Princess: The Castle Quest, released on Disney+ on August 18, 2023.

She is set to be played by Rachel Zegler in Disney's upcoming live-action adaptation of the animated film.

Books

The Fairest of All: A Tale of the Wicked Queen

Snow White is present in the first book of the Disney Villains series by Serena Valentino. In Fairest of All, Snow White plays a minor role, as the story is more focused on her stepmother. In the story, Snow and the Queen have a very good relationship before the Odd Sisters enchant the Magic Mirror to cause the Queen's jealousy and hatred of Snow. At the end of the novel Snow obtains the mirror and her stepmother becomes the spirit inside.

Mistress of All Evil: A Tale of the Dark Fairy

Snow White reappears as an older Queen in the fourth book of the Villains series. In the story, she is a queen, is still happily married to her Prince whom she has had children with. She also meets Circe for the first time and helps her uncover secrets about her past. It is revealed as well that Maleficent was assigned Snow White as a charge during her wish granting fairy test, and in order to help Snow White destroyed the mirror that contained Grimhilde's father's wicked spirit to free Grimhilde from her misery and allow her to return to the loving stepmother Snow White knew.

Mother Knows Best: A Tale of the Old Witch

Queen Snow White appears alongside Circe.  She alongside Circe follows Gothel's journey in the storybook kept by the Odd Sisters.

The Odd Sisters: A Villain's Novel

Snow White features prominently in the sixth book in the Villains series.  Alongside Circe the two of them set out to discover the truth about the Odd Sisters' origins as well as set to rights the trouble and chaos they caused.  Along the way they encounter several previous characters in the novels. It isn't until they go to the Dead Woods and encounter Primrose and Hazel that they discover the truth of the Odd Sisters, that they were split into three individual witches by Manea's mother, Nestis, a powerful witch. The babies were taken by Jacob, Manea's former lover and now undead servant, to be given to the White family, where they were raised.  A one on one encounter with the Odd Sisters results in the pulling of Grimhilde's spirit from the mirror, where she shatters and dies in front of Snow White.  A shaken Snow White then watches as Circe kills herself in front of the Odd Sisters, dying in Snow White's arms despite her pleas.

Mirror Mirror: A Twisted Tale

In the fifth novel of the series, the question is asked What if the Evil Queen poisoned the Prince? In this retelling, Snow White becomes a warrior princess determined to overthrow her tyrannical stepmother, who poisons Prince Charming to lure her out of hiding.

Characteristics
Snow White is a princess, described by her stepmother's Magic Mirror as having "hair as black as ebony, lips as red as the rose, skin as white as snow." Though she is first seen in rags at the film's beginning, Snow White is most well known for her iconic dress with a blue bodice, puffy red and blue striped sleeves, an ankle-length yellow skirt with a self-sewn white petticoat and a high white collar, along with yellow shoes, a brown cape with a red interior, and a red bow in her hair.

Snow White is innocent, kind, gentle, sweet, and cheerful. Her generous, trusting and helpful nature can cause her trouble, as other people might take advantage of it, such as her vain and evil stepmother. Although she is sensitive and soft-spoken, she can be energetic, stern and sarcastic to a degree, such as when she told the Dwarfs to wash their hands or when she scolded the birds for "frightening the poor old lady [the Queen disguised as an old peddler woman]". Snow White is motherly, compassionate and delights in keeping house for the lovable Seven Dwarfs while she waits to meet her beloved prince again. With her kindness and ethereal beauty, Snow White charms every creature in the kingdom except the Queen. She also shows great resilience and an inner strength against adversity.

Description
In the original film, Snow White is depicted with black bobbed hair, brown eyes and skin as white as snow. She wears subtle make-up and rouge. The red color of her lips and cheeks resembles the red color of the apple which sends her into a deep sleep. She is not yet an adult woman, but a girl in her puberty years. Her plump face is a characteristic typically associated with good health and kindness.

Snow White's clothing is traditionally feminine, and rather prudish in covering as much skin as possible. Her main costume is a long dress, with a white collar, blue and puffy sleeves with red slashing, a yellow skirt, and a laced petticoat. She also wears a brown cape with a red interior, high-heeled shoes with a bow-like ribbon on each of them, and a red ribbon on her hair.

Development

Animators' initial sketches for Snow White's character, some of which bore a resemblance to Betty Boop, did not meet Walt Disney's expectations, as they were too cartoonish. Hamilton Luske, whom Disney had selected as the supervising animator for Snow White's character, was tasked with the challenge of making Snow White more believably human and realistic than any of the Disney studio's previous animated characters. This was a challenge Luske and co-animator Les Clark had previously been asked to explore while developing the character of Persephone for the Silly Symphonies animated short The Goddess of Spring. Of that project, Les Clark later remarked, "I'm sure Walt was thinking ahead to Snow White." Though the Persephone character ended up appearing somewhat lifeless and devoid of personality, that experiment in imitating realistic human movement and anatomy was continued and its lessons were applied in the development of Snow White's animation techniques. Snow White and the Queen were refined by Grim Natwick and Norm Ferguson, who would often override Walt Disney's instructions as well as Charlie Thorson.

The relatively new technique of using live-action footage as a reference for character movements was used extensively to bring Snow White's character to life. A young dancer named Marge Champion (nicknamed Margie Bell) served as the live-action model for Snow White. (Margie Bell, daughter of animator Ernest Belcher, also later modeled for the Blue Fairy character in Disney's 1940 film Pinocchio.) Hamilton Luske directed her through the filming of numerous movement sequences, and then the animators studied and copied the footage to enhance the realism of Snow White's animated movements. Animator Ollie Johnston later recalled, "Ham's careful planning and shooting of the live-action footage, always with the idea in mind of how it would be used in animation, resulted in a very convincing character."

Originally, Disney could not find what they thought was a suitable voice for Snow White. Around 150 girls auditioned for the role of Snow White, including well-known actresses such as Deanna Durbin, whose voice seemed too old to Disney. One assistant to Disney called music teacher Guido Caselotti, complaining that Hollywood had no singing girls. Caselotti wanted to offer to send their best to listen to the students, but it turned out that his 20-year-old daughter Adriana Caselotti overheard a conversation on another phone in the house, and she began to sing in a young girl's voice. Her father was confused and told his daughter to get away from the phone, but the casting director liked her voice and invited her to audition. After Walt Disney heard her, he immediately gave her the role. The studio signed a multi-page contract with Adriana Caselotti: she was forbidden to sing in a movie or on the radio before or after the movie premiered because Walt Disney did not want the voice of Snow White to be heard anywhere else. Instead, she received $970 (now worth approximately $).

Setting
While the film never states the location of its story, "the dwarfs’ home is decorated with carved wooden furniture and instruments". This home is surrounded by mountains and an extensive forest. These details suggest a location within the Black Forest of Germany, where there is a tradition of wood carving.

BuzzFeed views Snow White as a German woman, and suggests that a "historically accurate" Snow White would have been raised within the "austere and religious" culture of the Holy Roman Empire in the 16th century.

Reception

Critical reception
Critical reception towards the character of Snow White has been polarized. TV Guide described Snow White as iconic, unique and incomparable, writing, "never again would Walt's heroine have such a fantasy singing voice, and for that reason, she's the favorite heroine of many animation auteurs." Calling Snow White a "fairy-tale princess," Otis Ferguson of The New Republic simply described the character as "just what you would have her." Variety's John C. Flinn deemed Snow White "the embodiment of girlish sweetness and kindness, exemplified in her love for the birds and the small animals of the woods that are her friends and, as it subsequently develops, her rescuers."

Contemporary critics felt that Snow White "lack[s] nerve, unlike many later Disney heroines," while her relationship with the Prince is void of chemistry. Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times felt that had "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ... been primarily about Snow White, it might have been forgotten soon after its 1937 premiere, and treasured today only for historical reasons." Ebert continued, "Snow White is, truth to tell, a bit of a bore, not a character who acts but one whose mere existence inspires others to act," describing Disney's tendency to "confuse the titles of his movies with their subjects" as a "mistake" as the film is more about the dwarfs and the Evil Queen than Snow White. The Washington Post's Desson Howe wrote, "the spirit in the mirror is dead wrong: The Wicked Queen ... is the fairest in the land" while Snow White lacks "real estate." Time Out opined, "Snow White herself might be felt to be almost unbearably winsome."

Awards
Snow White's big role is in Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs where she plays a young princess who tries and escape her evil stepmother. The character won many awards for her role like the Grand Biennale Art Trophy from the Venice Film Festival, the New York Film Critics Circle, and the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences. There was also an honorary custom-made Academy Award with the standard Oscar statuette and seven small statuettes that represented the seven dwarfs. Snow White is one of the few fictional characters with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

Trademark
On June 18, 2013, the United States Patent and Trademark Office granted the trademark application of Disney Enterprises, Inc. (filed November 19, 2008), for the name "Snow White" that covers all live and recorded movie, television, radio, stage, computer, Internet, news, and photographic entertainment uses, except literature works of fiction and nonfiction.

Cultural impact and significance

Snow White is the first Disney Princess ever and is also the pioneer of the Disney Princess franchise. Her character provided the basis for later heroines in Disney fairy tales to come. Widely referred as the “fairest one of all”, Film Magazine hailed Snow White as the Best Disney Princess ever, saying: “Snow White is the pioneer of the Disney Princess, and she is probably the most memorable. She embodies everything you think of when you think of a princess, pure innocence, beauty, kindness and grace.” San Antonio Express-News listed her as one of the most famous fictional princesses of all time. MTV ranked Snow White as the 3rd Best Disney Princess of all time. Teen Vogue also included her on their list of Top 10 Best Disney Princesses of All Time, saying: “Snow White showed us that you can make friends in unlikely places and that you should never let go of your optimism.”

In 1987, Snow White became the first female fictional character to receive a star on Hollywood Walk of Fame. She was voted as the Most popular Disney Princess in Nevada, and was also voted as Great Britain's most loved Princess in 2018. Time Magazine ranked her as the 3rd Most Popular Disney Princess (in terms of the amount they've earned on eBay since May 2013). Furthermore, Snow White is also the most successful Disney Princess in terms of office revenue.

Fashion
Art historian Carmenita Higginbotham explains how Walt Disney's Snow White became a reflection of American women during the Great Depression saying: “Snow White is the perfect embodiment of 1930s culture.” National News also discussed how cartoon characters like Snow White influenced fashion. A Cartier charm bracelet, originally created in 1937 to commemorate Disney's first animated film, earned more than five times the high-end of its pre-sale estimate.

In 2014, Valentino released an entire Snow White-inspired collection “Red Valentino”, a diffusion line aimed to attract youth culture. In 2018, Coach released their third collaboration with Disney called “A Dark Fairytale Collection”, which features iconography from both "Sleeping Beauty" and "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs." Stylist included Snow White's dark bob and pale skin as an “ideal” on their list of Best Beauty Looks in Disney. Sennet Frères released a bridalwear collection in collaboration with Disney, inspired by Snow White, Cinderella and Belle.

References

External links

 Snow White at Disney Princess

Child characters in animated films
Child characters in musical theatre
Child characters in video games
Disney Princess characters
Female characters in musical theatre
Film characters introduced in 1937
Fictional German people
Fictional maids
Fictional queens
Orphan characters in film
Snow White (franchise)
Snow White characters
Teenage characters in comics
Teenage characters in video games
Teenage characters in musical theatre
Walt Disney Animation Studios characters
Characters created by Walt Disney


Arura () is a Homeric Greek word with original meaning "arable land", derived from the verb ἀρόω (aroō), "plough". The word was also used generally for earth, land and father-land and in plural to describe corn-lands and fields. The term arura was also used to describe a measure of land in ancient Egypt (similar in manner to the acre), a square of 100 Egyptian cubits each way. This measures 2700m² or 2/3 of an acre.  The oldest attested form of the word is the Mycenaean Greek a-ro-u-ra, written in Linear B syllabic script, originally meant "plough".

Other uses
Aruru, a Mesopotamian goddess associated with vegetation at some point conflated with Ninhursag
'Arura, a Palestinian village in the northern "West Bank".

References

External links

Greek words and phrases


Coon Bid'ness is an album released by Julius Hemphill in 1975 on Arista featuring performances by Hemphill, Baikida Carroll, Abdul Wadud, Phillip Wilson, Arthur Blythe, Barry Altschul and Daniel Zebulon. The final track, "The Hard Blues," was recorded at the same recording session as Hemphill's debut album Dogon A.D.. After Hemphill's death in 1995, Freedom Records re-released the album as a CD under the name Reflections.

Regarding the album title, Hemphill recalled: "This was '75, and the title is a reference to minstrel shows. That's a reference to music and an era in which blacks had flowered a little bit. They used to call them coon shows, and stuff. And so I was just getting in some bicentennial licks."

In 2011, writer Greg Tate and musician LaTasha N. Nevada Diggs launched a print on demand magazine titled Coon Bidness, named after the Hemphill album.

Reception

The editors of AllMusic awarded the album 4½ stars, and reviewer Scott Yanow wrote: "The music throughout is quite avant-garde but differs from the high-energy jams of the 1960s due to its emphasis on building improvisations as a logical outgrowth from advanced compositions. It's well worth several listens.".

Writer Richard Williams stated that, on "The Hard Blues," "Hemphill seemed to have fused the harsh, elemental sound of John Lee Hooker, the warmth and colour of an Ellington small group and the collective exuberance of a Mingus ensemble into something that pointed a way to the future."

Critic Gary Giddins also praised "The Hard Blues," commenting: "How startlingly fresh that music remains: the sinuous, sensuous, riveting directness of his blues is at once fiercely elemental and engagingly modern."

Musician Henry Kuntz noted that the first four tracks (Side A of the LP) function "as a single composition," and suggested that "Hemphill... likes to work with several layers of sound, to slowly take them apart – to the point of near dissolution – then to put them back together again (though not necessarily the same as they were before)." He remarked: "In the U.S., it seems, the Seventies have been more a period of consolidation rather than of innovation (as if the advances of the last decade had to be justified before being built upon)... Hemphill's album offers music of this sort, and it's recommended."

Track listing
All tracks by Julius Hemphill

 "Reflections" – 2:30
 "Lyric" – 7:24
 "Skin, No. 1" – 10:07
 "Skin, No. 2" – 2:28
 "The Hard Blues" – 20:07

Personnel
Tracks 1-4:
 Julius Hemphill – alto saxophone, flute
 Arthur Blythe – alto saxophone
 Hamiet Bluiett - baritone saxophone
 Abdul Wadud – cello
 Barry Altschul – drums
 Daniel Zebulon – congas

Track 5:
 Julius Hemphill – alto saxophone, flute
 Baikida Carroll – trumpet
 Hamiet Bluiett - baritone saxophone
 Abdul Wadud – cello
 Phillip Wilson - drums

References

1975 albums
Julius Hemphill albums
Albums produced by Michael Cuscuna
Freedom Records albums
Arista Records albums


Coles Bay is an Australian town on the east Coast of Tasmania 192 km north-east of Hobart and 173 km south-east of Launceston, being the main entrance point for visitors to the Freycinet National Park.

It has a population of 353 people including the surrounding area, but many tourists visit the area for its scenery and outdoor activities, which include hiking, biking, fishing, boating and Sea kayaking.

The town is on the northern end of Great Oyster Bay with views of the red and pink granite peaks known as The Hazards, on the Freycinet Peninsula. It is in the area of the Glamorgan Spring Bay Council.

Each Easter the town is one of the three locations for the Australian Three Peaks Race, a continuous sailing and running event starting at Beauty Point just north of Launceston and ending at Hobart with runners scaling three mountains including Mount Freycinet (33 km run; 620 m ascent).

History
Whaling parties, tin and coal miners and pastoralists are some of the many people who have lived and worked on the Freycinet Peninsula since European settlement. Old mine shafts and abandoned farmers' huts remain today and attract tourists. A shore-based whaling station was established by George Meredith in 1824. It only ever operated in the winter months and had been abandoned by the 1850s.

In 1916 the area along with Mount Field became Tasmania's first national park.

Coles Bay Post Office opened on 21 December 1953.

Population
In the 2016 Census, there were 353 people in Coles Bay. 70.6% of people were born in Australia and 77.7% of people spoke only English at home, The most common response for religion was No Religion at 36.6%.

Plastic shopping bag ban
The town became one of the first in the world to ban plastic shopping bags in April 2003, after a two-year campaign. Local bakery owner and Coles Bay Tourism Association president Ben Kearney organised all the Coles Bay retailers to stop using plastic bags and worked with Planet Ark to introduce alternatives including recycled paper bags which can be purchased for a small fee and reusable calico shopping bags. On Australia Day 2005 Ben Kearney was declared Australia's Local Hero for 2005 for his commitment to the environment.

The Tasmanian Government awarded Coles Bay an Environmental Excellence Award for banning use of plastic bags.

References

External links
 Coles Bay Website

Towns in Tasmania
Bays of Tasmania
Localities of Glamorgan–Spring Bay Council
Whaling stations in Australia