The Bhishma Parva (), or the Book of Bhishma, is the sixth of eighteen books of the Indian epic Mahabharata. It has 4 sub-books and 124 chapters.

The Bhishma Parva describes the first 10 days of the 18-day Kurukshetra War and its consequences. It recites the story of Bhishma, the commander in chief of the Kauravan armies, who is fatally injured and loses his ability to lead.
This book of the Mahabharata includes the widely studied Bhagavad Gita, sometimes referred to as Gita, or The Song of the Lord, or The Celestial Song. Chapters of the Bhagavad Gita describe Arjuna's questioning of the purpose of war, the ultimate effects of violence, and the meaning of life. Arjuna's doubts and metaphysical questions are answered by Krishna. Other treatises in the Bhishma Parva include the just war theory in ancient India, as well as strategies and tactics. The book describes the deaths of Uttar (brother-in-law of Abhimanyu and brother of Uttara, the wife of Abhimanyu, and also Bhishma's fall, respectively on the 1st and 10th days of the war. Karna did not fight in these first ten days, on Bhishma's orders.

Structure and chapters
This Parva (book) traditionally has 4 sub-parvas (parts) and 124 adhyayas (sections, chapters). The following are the sub-parvas:

Karna-khanda Vinirmana Parva (Chapters: 1–10)
Karna suggests the Kauravas and Hastinapura to fight on the land of Kurukshetra.

The Parva begins with a meeting of two sides where the rules of war are agreed upon. Rishi Veda Vyasa, the grandfather to both Kauravas and Pandavas, offers the gift of sight to King Dhritarashtra – who is blind – so he can foresee the tragedy about to unfold. Dhritarashtra declines the offer, claiming he does not want to witness the slaughter of his family and friends. Vyasa then offers a celestial vision to Sanjaya, to have knowledge of everything, manifest or concealed, even thoughts. While the war was in progress weapons would not harm him. He will describe the war to blind Dhritarashtra. Vyasa then makes a final attempt at appealing to Dhritarashtra, to seek peace and avoid the war. Dhritarashtra confides that his sons do not listen to him. Vyasa counsels that war is evil, victory in war is uncertain, and only sorrow and slaughter on all sides is certain, no matter who wins.

Bhumi Parva (Chapters: 11–12)
Sanjaya continues to describe the world. He mentions island nations, nations without kings, lands with white people, black people, mixed-race people, celestial gems, an ocean of milk, and ghee. Then he describes the planets seen at night, why they are believed to be globes, that the light-giving sun, too, is a very large sphere according to calculations of Arka, with eclipses occurring when planets temporarily cover the sun or moon. Such is the merit of the world we live in, says Sanjaya.

Bhagavad-gita Parva (Chapters: 13–42)

Dhritarashtra asks Sanjaya for the details of the war over the ten days. Sanjaya describes how Bhishma marshaled the Kaurava army by declaring, "to die at home is a waste of life, a chance to die in battle for a cause is the highest honor a man can have." Arjuna described the Kaurava army as one with 100,000 elephants trained for war, 1 million chariots, 1 million horsemen, archers, and soldiers with swords and shields. Learning about this vast army, Yudhishthira is filled with grief. Arjuna reminds him that Narada told him that where there is Dharma there is Krishna and where there is Krishna there is victory. Arjuna believed that Vedas were told by God that to attain godhood, one must become a monk by leaving home and birth-caste. As Krishna had demanded five villages for settlement so Arjuna asks his charioteer Krishna whether he should become a monk or fight (Bhagavad Gita, Chapter 1, Shloka 36).

Arjuna asks Krishna to bring the chariot between the two assembled armies, to see who were assembled to fight. He sees family and friends on both sides. Introspectively, Arjuna wonders if their cause justifies the bloodbath. War only kills, it arouses only hate among human beings. Arjuna tells Krishna, "I seek neither victory nor a kingdom." Arjuna doubts whether war is ever justified. To Arjuna's doubts, Krishna gives various answers. These answers range from the nature of life to the demands of justice, to the three paths of liberated and free life, to human duty, and are collectively called the Bhagavad Gita.

Krishna allows Arjuna to view his extraordinary, divine form. Arjuna apologizes for not being able to recognize him as divine, and for the disrespect he had shown, if he had said anything carelessly in the past, and regards Krishna as a friend. Beholding Arjuna taking up his divine bow Gandiva, the Pandavas utter a tremendous shout. Then come the gods with Indra, with the desire of witnessing the great slaughter to come.

Just before the war, Yudhishthira takes off his armor, comes down off his chariot, and, in namaste pose, walks over to the enemy's side. His brothers, amazed by his act, join him and walk across the no man's land separating the forces. Yudhishthira, with his brothers, meets and bows before the enemy generals and their preceptors—Bhishma, Drona, Kripa, and Shalya—one by one, to seek their permission and blessings to fight them to the death. Bhishma, moved by this humane action, says he admires their humanity and wishes them to obtain victory. Yudhishthira asks him, how shall they, in battle, vanquish him. Bhishma refuses by saying his time is not yet come. Then he goes to Drona with the same desire. Drona blesses him with victory and says, as long as he fights, they cannot vanquish him. Then he goes to Kripa with the same intent. Kripa, too, blesses him and says it is difficult to slay him. At last to Shalya, and reminds him of the boon he granted, to weaken, in battle, the energy of Surya's son Karna. Shalya says he will look after his victory and his wish shall be realized. With choked voices and tears, their soldiers cheer the Pandava brothers for their obeisance and show of respect for the enemy. Yudhishthira and the Pandava brothers return to their side. Vasudeva goes to Radha's son and asks him to come to his side as long as Bhishma is not slain. Karna said he will not do anything disagreeable to his friend. Hearing these words of Karna, Krishna ceases and heads back to his side. Yuyutsu, moved by Yudhishthira's speech, abandons his Kaurava brothers and goes over to the Pandava side. Yudhishthira joyfully accepts. The conches signal the start of the war.

Bhishma-vadha Parva (Chapters: 43–124)

1st day of war
On the first day, flying arrows cover the sky and a cloud of dust obscures the sun. The twang of bowstrings and battle cries of the two sides creates a tempest of sound. Arjuna goes against Ganga's son. Satyaki rushes against Kritavarma. Duryodhana struggles in the battle against Bhima. Dushasana rushes against Nakula. Yudhishthira himself encounters Shalya, the ruler of Madras. Dushtdyumna rushes against Drona. Ghatotkacha and Alamvusha, both Rakshashas, encounter each other. Sikhdandin rushes against Drona's son, Ashvatthama. Bhagadatta battles Virata. Drupada rushes against Jayadratha. And a general engagement took place between all others. In that frightful and terrible battle, Bhishma causes divisions of Pandavas to waver. Bhishma, protected by five mighty car-warriors, penetrates the Pandava host. Abhimanyu, in wrath, resists all those car-warriors. In that fierce combat, the mighty Bhishma aims many low-level, air-borne celestial weapons at Abhimanyu, who is then protected by ten great bowmen and car-warriors, with Bhima, Dhrishtadyumna, and Satyaki among them. Uttara engages Shalya, cripples Shalya's chariot. Shalya then hurls an iron dart, slaying Uttara outright. Sweta beholding his brother slain, blazes up in wrath and rushes with the desire of slaying Shalya.

Sweta kills hundreds of Kaurava noble princes. Bhishma seeing this destruction impetuously rushes to that side, against Sweta. In that battle, both destroy each other's chariots, cut their bows, and pierce each other. When Bhishma gets the advantage in the fight, there come to Sweta's rescue many car-warriors, with Satyaki, Bhima, Dhrishtadyumna, and Abhimanyu among them. Bhishma checks all those car-warriors alone, until Drona, Kripa, and Shalya come to aid Bhishma, who then takes out an arrow, nocking and powering it with Brahma energy, releases it with such a force that it pierces through Sweta armor and body, and sticks into the earth. Arjuna slowly withdraws his Pandava troops from that side. Later, Virata's son, Sankha, rushes, with the desire to slay Shalya. Bhishma comes roaring to that side, against a trembling Pandava host. Then, Arjuna, to protect Sankha from Bhishma, quickly places himself in front of him and engages Bhisma. Bhishma destroys Sankha's car, and Arjuna retreats towards Drupada, the king of the Panchalas. Bhishma kills numerous Pandava soldiers. The conches and drums blare to mark the end of that day's war, and both sides withdraw their troops. Duryodhana is filled with delight, beholding Bhishma in battle. Whereas Yudhishthira is filled with grief and consults Janardhana. He consults the commander of his army, Dhrishtadyumna, to change the array of his army, in the name of Krauncharuma, for the next day.

2nd day of war
On the second day, conches blare the restart of war. Bhishma shows his terrible prowess by showering arrows upon Abhimanyu, Arjuna, Virata, Dhrishtadyumna, and many others, and causes the mighty array of the Pandavas to waver. Car divisions of the Pandavas begin to fly away. Then Arjuna, beholding Bhishma annihilating his host, angrily tells Krishna to proceed to that place where the grandsire is, to slay him. Sanjaya comments about who else saves Bhishma, Drona, and Karna are capable of advancing in the battle against the bearer of Gandiva and have a chance against him. Arjuna encounters a group protecting Bhishma and battles with them. Satyaki, Virata, Dhrishtadyumna, five sons of Draupadi and Abhimanyu come to support him. Duryodhana demands that Bhishma do something about Arjuna. Battle commences between both parties, with Bhishma against Arjuna. Arjuna was not fighting a war with all his power, because his wish was not to hurt his beloved grandsire, so the duel lasts for a long time, with neither of them vanquishing the other.

Drona battles Dhrishtadyumna and cuts his bow three times and destroys his chariot twice. Dhrishtadyumna, taking a shield and a large scimitar, rushes towards Drona, but Drona repulses him. Bhima rescues him. Duryodhana sends the Kalingan army to check Bhima. Drona, abandoning Dhrishtadyumna, encounters Virata and Drupada together. Bhima alone battles the whole Kalingan army. When Bhima's chariot is destroyed, he kills an enemy prince by hurling a mace. Then, taking up a sword, Bhima leaps onto an elephant from the tusk, divides the rider down the middle with his huge sword, cutting the elephant's neck while descending, destroying cavalry and infantry by whirling and wheeling, slaying all in his wake. In that battle, they no longer regard Bhima, as a human being. Ashoka aids Bhima and mounts him on his chariot. Bhima then continues killing the remaining warriors. Bhima dispatches 2700 warriors to the region of death. Kalinga's army shakes with terror and flees, Bhima pursuing. Shikhandi, Dhrishtadyumna, and Satyaki aid Bhima. Bhishma, hearing those cries in battle, quickly proceeds towards Bhima. Bhishma faces a whole group of combatants. Bhishma slays Bhima's steeds. Satyaki, charioteer of Kuru's grand-sire, is felled with a shaft. Bhishma steeds become alarmed and take him away. They then celebrate their victory. Dhrishtadyumna engages in battle with Drona's sons, Shalya and Kripa, and slays the steeds of Drona's son's car. Abhimanyu comes to aid the prince of Panchalas. Lakshmana, Duryodhana's son, battles Abhimanyu. Duryodhana comes to aid his son; so does Arjuna. Arjuna destroys all those warriors who block his path. Bhishma, with Drona, praises Arjuna's skills and at sunset withdraws their troops. Pandavas win the second day's battle.

3rd day of war
Bhishma forms an array named Garuda. Arjuna disposes his troops in counter-array in the form of a half-moon. Duryodhana sends thousands of car-warriors to battle Arjuna. Abhimanyu and Satyaki slaughter the Sakuni army. Drona and Bhishma slaughter division of Pandavas. Bhima and Ghatotkacha scare away Duryodhana, whose charioteer speedily bears him away. Duryodhana requests that Bhishma not to favor Pandavas. Bhishma says for him he will check the sons of Pandu. Bhishma slaughters a vast host of Pandavas and in consequence of his prowess that vast army is routed. Partha, as per Vasudeva's words, rushes to encounter Bhishma. Arjuna cuts Bhishma's bow two times and, in return, is praised by him. Bhishma mangles both Vasudeva and Arjuna with keen shafts. Krishna wonders, beholding Bhishma prowess. A group attacks Arjuna, and Arjuna slays all of them. Then, Arjuna, invoking the wonderful and terrible Mahendra weapon and causing it to appear in the sky, showers arrows on the Kaurava host. So many Kaurava and Pandava soldiers are killed that streams of blood flow on the battlefield. Both sides withdraw their forces for the night's rest. Pandava's army celebrates their victory and praises Arjuna for achieving the feat of slaying more than 10,000 warriors in that day's battle.

4th day of war
The fourth-day war starts, with Bhishma avoiding Abhimanyu, who encounters Partha. Abhimanyu fights a group with Ashvatthama among them. An army surrounds Arjuna, with his son Abhimanyu, hoping to slay them both. Dhristadyumna, beholding them both surrounded by the foe, with his division comes to aid them. Shalya battles Dhrishtadyumna and cuts off his bow. Abhimanyu comes to aid Dhrishtadyumna. A melee occurs there. Bhima terrifies the Kaurava brothers and makes them flee to save Duryodhana. Duryodhana sends the Magadha division, consisting of 10,000 elephants, to advance towards Bhima. Bhima, mace in hand, jumps down from his car and, uttering a roar, rushes towards the elephant division. He starts to slaughter those divisions and routs that large part of the army. Alamvusha (Rakshasa) battles Satyaki. Later, Bhurisravas battles Satyaki. Duryodhana and his brothers battle against Bhima.

Duryodhana breaks Bhima's bow and afflicts his charioteer Visoka by his shafts, in return his bow is broken by Bhima. In a rage, Duryodhana aims a terrible shaft at Bhima, which strikes his chest, and, deeply pierced, he swoons. Abhimanyu comes to aid Bhima. Regaining consciousness, Bhima faces 14 brothers of Kauravas and sends 8 of them to death's domain, shocking Duryodhana. Other brothers fled from the battle for fear of Bhima. Bhagadatta, riding his elephant, battles Bhima. A group of the Pandava army attack Bhagadatta, surrounding him, and striking fear into his elephant with their attack. King Bhagadatta in a rage, strikes Bhima in his chest with his shaft, which causes Bhima to swoon. Ghatotkacha comes to aid his father and, disappearing from view, creates a terrible illusion, reappearing assuming a fierce form, himself riding Airavata created by his power of illusion, with three other elephants following him. They four afflict Bhagdatta's elephants with their tusks, which causes that elephant to utter loud cries. And hearing those terrible and loud cries of that elephant, Bhishma—with Drona, Suyodhana, and other kings—comes to rescue him. Bhishma avoids fighting with Ghatotkacha as the evening was approaching, and withdraws his troops. The Pandavas shout for their victory and worship both heroes: Bhima and his son. King Duryodhana becomes cheerless at the death of his brothers and begins to pass the hours in meditation.

5th day of war
At night, Duryodhana talks with Bhishma. Bhishma tells him that let peace be made with the Pandavas, which Duryodhana ignores. After night passes away, the two armies approach each other for battle. Bhishma arrays his army in the shape of a Makara, and the sons of Pandu form their troops in an array called the Syena (hawk). Bhima and Arjuna battle Bhishma. Duryodhana tell Drona to aid Bhishma. Drona penetrates the Pandava array with his son Ashvatthama. Ashvatthama is stopped by Satyaki and battles him. Bhishma avoids Shikhandi, remembering the femininity of his sex, and Shikhandi approaches Drona, avoiding him from fear. Yudhishthira, with his troops, engages Shalya. Vikarna engages Sahadeva. Bhishma engages in battle with Arjuna. Kripa and Kritavarma both rush against Dhrishtadyumna. Bhima proceeds against vindictive Duryodhana and his brother. Sahadeva battles Sakuni. Yudhishthira goes after the elephant division, to rout it. Satyaki and Abhimanyu, with their troops, battle Shalya and his army. Pandava generalissimo Dhrishtadyumna, engages in battle with Drona. Bhishma checks the mighty Bhima with his troops and breaks his bow. Satyaki comes to aid him. Bhishma, aiming a fierce shaft, fells Satyaki's charioteer, whose steeds bolt away over the field, taking him along. All praise Bhishma for this feat. Bhishma slays Pandava forces.

Dhrishtadyumna heads the army while King Virata battles Bhishma. Drona's son battles Arjuna. Arjuna cuts Ashvatthama's bow. Taking up another bow both pierce each other. Arjuna's arrows penetrate through Ashvatthama's armor, drinking his life-blood; but Ashvatthama wavers not, still fighting unperturbed, in that battle, desirous of doing good to his side. All applaud that warrior's feat. The heroic Vibhatsu, showing mercy to the son of his preceptor, avoids him. Abhimanyu faces Lakshmana and slays his four steeds, along with his charioteer. Kripa saves Lakshmana by interrupting. Abhimanyu manages to defeat Kripa. Bhishma, excited by wrath, slays with his celestial weapons the troops of the Pandavas. Duryodhana dispatches 10,000 cars against Satyaki who was slaying his troops; but Satyaki slays with his celestial weapons all those car-warriors, and approaches, with his sons, Bhurisravas for battle. Bhurisravas respectfully challenges him, which he accepts. Bhurisravas cuts off Satyaki's sons' bows, then their heads, with sharp shafts. Satyaki, roaring, rushes against Bhurisravas. They both destroy each other's cars and, jumping down on the ground, start to fight with shields and scimitars. Bhima quickly comes to lift Satyaki on his car, and the Duryodhana brothers do the same to Bhurisravas. Dhanajaya slays a total of 25,000 car-warriors that day. Duryodhana, to slay Partha, surrounds him and his son with a part of the army. Just at that time the sun goes down, causing, as per the rules of war, both sides to retreat.

6th day of war
After night passed away, battle once more begins. Yudhishthira instructs Dhrishtadyumna to dispose of the troops in the array of Makara. Devavrata, beholding Pandava army thus arrayed, disposes of his army, in counter-array, in the form of a huge crane. Bhima rushes against the division of Bharadvaja's son and dispatches Drona's charioteer to the region of Yama. Drona himself controls his chariot and began to consume the Pandava army. Bhima faces the younger brothers of Duryodhana. Bhima slays 1,000 car-warriors protecting the Kaurava brothers. Then, leaving his car and taking up his mace, goes after his cousins to smite them, penetrating the Dhartarashtra host. Dhrishtadyumna, learning of this, goes after Bhima for his welfare and takes him to his car. Dhristadyumna battles the Kaurava brothers and applies his fierce weapon, called Pramohana, on them. Their senses and strength become afflicted by that weapon, so they flee in all directions. Drona approaches Drupada for battle and pierces him with three shafts.

Deeply pierced by Drona, Drupada leaves the battle. Drona enjoys his victory by blowing his conch. Drona rescues his side by using the Prajna weapon, which neutralizes the Dhristadyumna weapon. Ashvatthama fights Upapandavas where his chariot is broken by them. The Kaurava brothers proceed towards Bhima and Prishata's son. Yudhishthira sends 12 car-warriors with Abhimanyu and five sons of Draupadi in them, to aid them, in a Suchimukha (needle) array. Dhrishtadyumna sees his preceptor advance towards him. Drona cuts off his bow two times and slays his steeds and charioteer, causing their army to tremble in their very sight. Duryodhana and his brothers face Bhima. Bhima faces Duryodhana and makes the Kaurava brothers flee. Abhimanyu, accompanied by Bhima and Dhrishtadyumna, pursues them; and a dreadful conflict takes place between those mighty combatants. Abhimanyu pierces Vikarna and slays his steeds. Bhima faces Duryodhana and partially destroys his car. Jayadratha with his army comes to help Duryodhana. Kripa mounts Duryodhana on his car. Jayadratha with his army battles Bhima. Abhimanyu comes with his troops to battle the Kaurava brothers. Abhimanyu destroys Vikarna's car and injures him. Beholding Vikarna pierced, his other brothers rush against Abhimanyu and his troops and a terrible battle occurs there between both sides. Bhishma spends his day slaughtering Panchala's army. At last, both sides withdraw their troops and retire.

7th day of war
Duryodhana talks with Bhishma before the day's battle. Bhishma gives him a herb for healing his wounds from the previous day. Bhishma arrays his troops in the formation called Mandala. Beholding an exceedingly fierce enemy array, King Yudhishthira disposes his troops in the array called Vajra. Thousands of kings surround Arjuna for battle. Arjuna excited with wrath, invokes the Aindra weapon, wounding those kings. Drona battles Virata and destroys his car. Virata mounts his son's Sankha's car, and battles Drona with his son. The mighty son of Bhardwaja, excited with wrath, strikes Sankha with an arrow, felling him. Beholding his son slain, Virata flees from fear, avoiding Drona in battle. Shikhandi battles Ashvatthama, who, excited in wrath, overthrows Shikhandi's chariot. Shikhandi, taking scimitar and shield, moves towards him on ground. The son of Drona destroys his weapons and pierces him with winged arrows. Shikhandi, exceedingly afflicted by those arrows, flees by mounting Satyaki's car. Satyaki battles cruel Rakshasha Alamvusha. He cuts off Satyaki's bow and pierces him, by using the power of illusion. Satyaki invokes the Aindra weapon in the air, which he had obtained from his preceptor Arjuna, which destroys demoniacal illusion, and afflicts Alamvusha, making him flee in fear.

Dhrishtadyumna battles the royal son Duryodhana, and, excited with wrath, cuts off his bow, slays his steeds, and pierces him. That mighty-armed warrior runs on foot, with a sabre, towards the son of Prishata. Sakuni mounts him on his car. Kritavarma battles Bhima, for getting his car destroyed and body mangled by the latter. His army comes to cover him. Ghatotkacha, on his car, rushes against Bhagadatta, who was stationed on his elephant. Bhagadatta slays his four steeds and repulses all his efforts before mangling him. The son of Hidimba flees from fear. Shalya engages in battle with his sister's sons, the twins. Shalya dispatches four steeds of Nakula to the abode of Yama. Nakula mounts his brother's car. Sahadeva, excited with wrath, shoots a shaft, which deeply pierces the king, making him swoon away. His charioteer bears him away over the field. The twins blow their conches joyfully after vanquishing their maternal uncle in battle.

Three Kaurava brothers engage Abhimanyu. In that fierce battle, Abhimanyu deprives them of their car but does not slay them, remembering Bhima's words. Arjuna battles and vanquishes the Susarman army. The ruler of Trigartas comes to aid Susarman. Shikhandi comes to aid Arjuna. Arjuna, avoiding Duryodhana and Jayadratha, proceeds towards the son of Ganga. Yudhishthira, avoiding Shalya, proceeds towards Bhishma, accompanied by Bhima and twins. The high-souled son of Ganga and Santanu battles all the sons of Pandu united together, wavering not at all. Jayadratha breaks their bows. Bhishma cuts off Shikhandi's bow. Shikhandi flees. Yudhishthira in anger criticizes him for such cowardice, and Sikahandin returns after hearing his harsh words. Shalya resists Shikhandi's advance and employs fiery weapons that Shikhandi baffles using the Varuna weapon. Bhishma cuts off the bow of Yudhishthira and damages his car. Until then, Jayadratha with Kuru brothers battles Bhima and pierces him. But disregarding those arrows, Vrikodara destroys his car and comes down on foot to destroy more cars with his mace. Bhishma then slays the steeds of the Pandu prince and Yudhishthira quickly mounts Nakula's car. Yudhishthira orders rulers to surround Bhishma, for his destruction, and Bhishma fells the heads of those who attack him. Shikhandi rushes towards Bhishma for battle, but Bhishma, disregarding him, proceeds to another side. Dhrishtadyumna and Satyaki afflict Bhishma's host. A group attacks Dhrishtadyumna and slays his steeds. Dhrishtadyumna quickly mounts Satyaki's car. King Yudhishthira, supported by a large force, proceed against those foes for rescue. Drona, consumes the Panchalas army for sport. At sunset, both sides, proceed towards their tents.

8th day of war
Having passed the night, the rulers once more proceed to battle. Kaurava forms the ocean array. Yudhishthira orders Prishata's son to form the Sringataka array against hostile arrays. Bhishma scorches and grinds every side, excited with rage. Dharma's son sends troops under Bhima against the son of Ganga. Bhishma slaughters all of them with his weapon, save the mighty Bhima. Bhima battles Bhishma, who is protected by Duryodhana and his brothers. Bhima slays Bhishma's charioteer, making his car run on field uncontrollably. Bhima slays 8 more brothers of Duryodhana, making other the sons flee, except Duryodhana, who then goes to Bhishma in grief, to talk. Dharma's son sends a large army—with Dhrishtadyumna, Shikhandi, Satyaki, Drupada, and Virata among them—against Bhishma alone, from the desire to slay him. Drona slaughters a large part of the army from here; and Bhima, excited with wrath, causes a terrible carnage among the Kauravas and their elephant divisions. Nakula and Sahadeva fall upon the Kaurava cavalry. In this battle, Arjuna kills a great number of kings. Iravat (Naga), Arjuna's son, joins the fight and destroys enemy forces. Duryodhana sends Alamvusha for the son of Arjuna. Alamvusha displays his power of illusion and creates 2,000 terribly-armed Rakshasa to advance against Iravan. Iravan sends them to the regions of Yama and fights with difficulty against him, and with his sword cuts off his bow. Rakshasa uses his illusion, and Iravan uses his power of changing forms, to fight and cut off his body in pieces with an axe. Rakshasa, although cut, recovers his body, and increases his size.

Iravan summons his Naga force to surround him, but Rakshasa assumes the form of Garuda and devours those snakes. When Iravan becomes confounded, he fells Iravan's head on the earth. Bhishma, slaying the Pandavas army, causes them to tremble; and Drona, too, afflicts enemy forces, making Arjuna wonder. King Duryodhana, with his army, attacks Ghatotkacha's troops. Ghatotkacha slays king elephants; and attacks Duryodhana and his four Rakshasa and injures him. Ghatotkacha gets angry, and picks a huge dart to slay him; but Bhagadatta, mounting upon an elephant, places himself before the king. Hurling that dart he fells that elephant. Hearing the elephant roar, Bhishma sends a large army—with Jayadratha, Bhurisravas, Shalya, Ashvatthama, and Vikarna among it—to aid them. Ghatotkacha overwhelms them all, making them tremble. All attack him, covering him with a shower of arrows. Deeply pierced, he soars up into the sky and utters loud roar. Yudhishthira sends Bhima—with Abhimanyu, the sons of Draupadi, and other troops—to rescue him. Half the warriors fled after just looking at Bhima. King Duryodhana, excited with wrath, rushes towards Bhima, cuts off his bow, and, seeing an opportunity, deeply pierces him, injuring him. Ghatotkacha and Abhimanyu come to fight Duryodhana. Drona sends warriors—with Kripa, Bhurisravas, Shalya, Ashvatthama, and Kaurava brothers among them—to support Duryodhana. Old Drona himself pierces Bhima, but in return, is deeply pierced by Bhima, and sits down in his car. Beholding him thus pained, Ashvatthama and Duryodhana, excited with wrath, rush towards Bhima. Bhima, quickly taking up a mace, jumps down from his car and rushes towards them. All afflict Bhima, from all sides.

Abhimanyu, with his troops, comes to rescue him. Ashvatthama injures King Nila in battle. Ghatotkacha, with his kinsmen comes to battle Drona's son. Filled with wrath, he slays many Rakshasa, which enrages the giant Ghatotkacha, who uses his extraordinary powers of illusion, confounding all in that place, making them see each other cut, slain, and bathed in blood. All fly away from that place. Devavrata cries that it's just an illusion, telling them not to fly away; yet, that does not stop them, their senses having been confounded. Duryodhana talks with Bhishma about battle. Bhishma addresses Bhagadatta to fight them at his best. Bhagadatta faces the Pandavas army—with Bhima, Abhimanyu, Rakshasa Ghatotkacha, and the sons of Draupadi among them. Bhagadatta calls out his elephant, Supratika, and rushes against them. And battle begins by means of barbed arrows, muskets, and shafts. All surround, in anger, with celestial weapons, that single elephant. Bhagadatta resists all but is deeply pierced and exceedingly pained by their attack that elephant, speedily turned back, and flees, crushing Pandava ranks. Bhagadatta returns, fights with Bhima, and crushes thousands of foot-soldiers under his elephant. Ghatotkacha, assuming a terrible form, rushes towards Bhagadatta. Bhagadatta, alone, pierces all the combatants surrounding him and damages Bhima's car. Bhima, deprived of his car, jumps down, and takes up his mace. Arjuna comes there, and King Duryodhana sends an army towards Arjuna. Arjuna grieves for his slain son Iravat. Bhima faces Kaurava brothers and slays 9 more of them; others flee. Drona checks him from pursuing. Ganga's son, Bhagadatta, and Gautama resist Arjuna. The field of battle lies covered with fallen darts, swords, arrows, lances, scimitars, axes, bearded darts, iron crows, battle-axes, spiked clubs, short arrows, and rockets. As night sets in and the battle could no longer be seen, all withdraw their troops.

At night, Duryodhana consults with Sakuni, Dushasana, and Karna about battle where their generals showed mercy towards the Pandavas. Suta's son says that, let Bhishma withdraw from the fight and lay aside his weapons, he will slay Partha along with his army, in the very sight of Bhishma. Duryodhana and Dushasana go to Bhishma and ask him either slay the brave sons of Pandu or permit Karna to fight, as he will vanquish the Pandava in battle. Bhishma says that next day he will fight a fierce and famed battle.

9th day of war
The next day, Bhishma disposes his troops in an array called Sarvatobhadra (square). Abhimanyu afflicts and routs a large army, frightening them. Duryodhana sends Alamvusha. Alamvusha slaughters and routs a host of the Pandavas, and the Pandava army flees away in panic. He meets the sons of Draupadi and battles against them. They pierce Alamvusha, rendering him senseless; but regaining consciousness and excited with wrath, he cuts off their weapons, destroys their cars, and pierces each of them deeply. Beholding them afflicted, the son of Arjuna rushes at him. Both pierce each other, but Abhimanyu pushes him back.

Then Rakshasa, exhibiting his great powers of illusion, causes a thick darkness to set in, dimming visibility. Abhimanyu however, invokes into existence the blazing solar weapon, making everything visible once more, neutralizing the illusion. He conjures other diverse illusions, but the son of Arjuna neutralizes them all with his magical weapons. Rakshasa seeing his illusion destroyed and himself struck, flees in great fear. Bhishma battles hadra's son. Satyaki rushes in battle towards Drona's son, who cuts his bow in twain. Satyaki, taking up another bow, pierces him, making him sit on his car. Drona's son later damages his car. Drona comes there but Arjuna meets him in battle. Duryodhana dispatches an army to aid Drona. Arjuna engages them and shoots the Vayavya weapon against their division, causing a wind to arise that destroys their cars. Beholding the fierce Vayavya weapon, Drona shoots the Saila weapon, abating the wind. Bhagadatta surrounds Bhima with an elephant division. Bhima, taking up his mace, quickly jumps down from his car, and afflicts those elephant division, seizing and breaking some of their tusks, and slaughtering some with his mace, causing the elephant division to flee with other troops. Bhishma causes great carnage. Dhrishtadyumna, Shikhandi, Virata, and Drupada come to stop him. He pierces all except Shikhandi and cuts off Drupada's bow.

Five sons of Draupadi, Satyaki, headed by Yudhishthira, with troops, come to protect them. Bhishma's troops surrounds him to protect him, and there happened a fierce general engagement between both sides. Arjuna slaughters a large host. Drona afflicts Drupada, making him retreat. Satyaki battles Bhishma; and Yudhishthira, with his troops, surrounds Bhishma. Again a fierce battle commences. Duryodhana sends Dushasana with a large force to protect Bhishma. Bhishma pierces all surrounding him; and Drona, too, pierces his foes. Surrounded on all sides, yet unvanquished, Bhishma slaughters his foes. Afflicted by the shafts of Bhishma, all flee away. Vasudeva encourages Vibhatsu to overthrow Bhishma. Yudhishthira, with a large host, rallies, and comes again to the fight, seeing Partha proceeding for an encounter with Bhishma. Partha, with his celestial bow, twice cuts Bhishma's bow into fragments by means of his sharp shafts and is praised by Bhishma. Bhishma mangles both Partha and Vasudeva. Krishna, filled with anger and scolding Arjuna for not fighting wholeheartedly, jumps down from the car and rushes towards Bhishma, whip in hand, desirous of slaying him. Arjuna seizes Krishna and reminds him of his promise not to fight, only to drive Arjuna's chariot, or else people will call him a liar. Krishna returns, in anger, and mounts his car. Then both sides slaughter each other's army. Pandavas troops flee when they faced Bhishma, who was grinding his foes. Sunset, with withdrawal from the field.

By the end of 9th day, over 100 million have been slaughtered including many key personages of the Epic. Each night, either Duryodhana or Yudhishthira is depressed by the massive losses of their men and key generals. Embedded in the parva are treatises on war – on various ways to arrange and advance armies, various forms of attack and defense, and war logistics. The parva also describes the efforts by Pandavas and Bhishma to reach a negotiated peace, even while the war was in progress. These efforts fail.

The Pandavas lose faith in peace and discuss ways to kill Bhishma – the commander-in-chief of the Kauravas. Krishna says he will slay Bhishma in battle, if they ask. Yudhishthira refuses, for his own glorification, to falsify his words; but he wishes to slay him, the sire of his sire. When they cannot figure it out, they decide to ask Bhishma. They approach his tent, unarmed. Bhishma welcomes them. Yudhishthira asks after the means of his death, as he is the obstacle to their victory. Bhishma said, that as long he is alive, victory cannot be theirs in battle, and with weapons, he is difficult of being killed because he had the boon of icchamrityu. Bhishma suggests that the Pandavas should place Shikhandi in front of Arjuna, as he has taken an oath to never fight anyone who was once female; they should then destroy his weapons, only then, can they kill him. All return to their tents.

10th day of war
On the 10th day, Bhishma slaughters divisions of Pandavas. Shikhandi pierces him, but he does not fight him. Arjuna comes to support Shikhandi and destroys car-warriors, who all flee away in fear. Bhishma slays more than 200,000 soldiers in battle. The mighty Dushasana, abandoning all fear, battles Arjuna and Partha, who cut off his bow, split his car; but he still resists Partha. Alamvusha resists Satyaki and wounds him. Bhagadatta comes to battle Satyaki, cutting off his bow, and Duryodhana, surrounding him with a large number of cars. Ashvatthama encounters both Old Virata and Drupada. Kripa proceeds against Sahadeva, who cuts his bow. Vikarna battles Nakula. Dhrishtadyumna battles Kritavarma. Bhimsena proceeds against Bhurisravas. Drona resists Yudhishthira, who, accompanied by a large force, was going towards Bhishma. A group attacks Bhima, who resists all, breaks Kripa's and Jayadratha's bows and destroys Jayadratha's car. Shalya afflicts Bhima's charioteer and all pierce Bhima, who does not tremble, stands still, and, filled with wrath, cuts Kritavarma's bow. Arjuna, with Shikhandi, comes thither. King Duryodhana sends Susarman, with a large force, against both.

They both fell heads of combatants by hundreds and rout the fierce host of the Kauravas. Patha cuts Shalya's bow. Drona, commanded by Duryodhana, comes to that spot. Yudhisthira meets Bhishma, who tells him to slay him as planned. Abhimanyu fights with Duryodhana who is supported by a large force. The son of Drona battles Satyaki. Bhima slaughters an elephant-division. Yudhishthira encounters Shalya. Jayadratha battles Virata. Dhrishtadyumna battles Drona, who cuts his bow. Arjuna, with Shikhandi, taking the opportunity, rushes at Bhishma. King Bhagadatta comes, but Arjuna ignores him, so he proceeds against Drupada. Arjuna disperses divisions around Bhishma, and Bhishma slays fourteen-thousand car warriors, following Arjuna. Shikhandi pierces Bhishma, but Bhishma only looks, Shikhandi, however, does not understand. Arjuna encourages Shikhandi and Devavrata to check an angry Arjuna in battle. Dushasana comes and again battles Arjuna, felling down many car warriors. Arjuna vanquishes Dushasana, but Dushasana still fights. Duryodhana sends troops against Arjuna. Vibhatsu aims diverse celestial weapons at their heads and fells them, routing them and causing them to flee. Bhishma invokes a celestial weapon at Arjuna, Shikhandi comes dashing between them, and he withdraws that fiery weapon. Shalya, Kripa, Dushasana, and Vikarna slaughter a Pandava host. Bhishma slays twenty-seven thousand soldiers more, with seven great car warriors among them. Bhishma slays Satanika.

Krishna urges Arjuna to slay Bhishma. Bhishma afflicts all the Pandava generals, and Arjuna comes to rescue them all. All pierce Bhishma; and, except for Shikhandi, he fights them all back. Arjuna cuts Bhishma's bow. Seven great car warriors from Kurus come to save him, invoking celestial weapons, at Phalguni's car; and seven great Pandava car warriors come to check them. Shikhandi pierces Bhishma and Arjuna cuts off Bhishma's bow multiple times, disarming him. Bhishma thinks that if Vishnu himself was not their protector, he could have slain all Pandavas with a single strike. His time now had come. Rishis and Vasus appear to talk with him, and no one heard the words spoken by them, save Bhishma and Sanjaya, by Vyasa's grace. Both pierce Bhishma, and he still fights; but Arjuna, placing Shikhandi to the fore, cuts Bhishma's bow two more times and damages his car. Bhishma addresses Dushasana for his bravery. Bhishma takes up a shield, but Arjuna cuts off that shield. Yudhishthira sends an army at Bhishma and the Kaurava brothers surround Bhishma. Although Bhishma was pierced in all his vital limbs, yet that day he stayed calmly in the battle. Arjuna afflicts them all, breaking their formations and all flee from battle. All attack Bhishma, surrounding him, and soon fatally injure him. That foremost of all bowmen fell down from his car, pierced all over with arrows, which kept his body from touching the ground. Loud cries were heard over there. And that hero, even with loss of blood, permitted not his senses to depart, as per his father's boon to him. The Kurus, headed by Kripa and Duryodhana, sighed and wept. All Pandavas obtaining victory, blew their conches and rejoiced. Rishis and the Pitris all applauded Bhishma with high vows.

Bhishma's bed of arrows
After the defeat of Bhishma in the evening, Bhima celebrates his victory. Dushasana informs everyone of Bhishma's fall, shocking Drona. All desist from battle and go to Bhishma, offering their salutations. Bhishma blesses everyone and asks for a pillow. Arjuna, taking up the bow Gandiva and 3 arrows, inspiring them with mantras, supports Bhishma's head. As he slips into death, surgeons rush to give him medical help, but Bhishma rebuffs all attempts. All are filled with wonder, astonished at the virtuous constancy displayed by Bhishma. The combatants return to their tents. Krishna, filled with joy at the fall of Bhishma, talks with Yudhishthira. At night, Bhishma asks for water. The valiant Arjuna, stretching his Gandiva, fires the Parjanya weapon in the very sight of entire army, which pierces the earth, bringing forth a jet of water. And beholding that feat of Vibhatsu implying superhuman prowess, all are filled with great wonder. He calls on Duryodhana and makes another appeal to stop the war and enter into peace negotiations. Duryodhana refuses. All return to their respective quarters.

English translations

Bhishma Parva was composed in Sanskrit. Several translations of the book in English are available. Two translations from the 19th century, now in the public domain, are those by Kisari Mohan Ganguli and Manmatha Nath Dutt. The translations vary with each translator's interpretations.

The Clay Sanskrit Library has published a 15 volume set of the Mahabharata, which includes a translation of Bhishma Parva by Alex Cherniak. This translation is modern and uses an old manuscript of the Epic. The translation does not remove verses and chapters now widely believed to be spurious and smuggled into the Epic in the 1st or 2nd millennium AD.

J. A. B. van Buitenen has published an annotated edition of Bhagvadgita from Bhishma Parva, based on a critically edited and the least corrupted version of Mahabharata known in 1980. Debroy, in 2011, notes that the updated critical edition of Bhishma Parva, with so-far-known spurious and corrupted text removed, has 4 parts, 117 adhyayas (chapters) and 5,381 shlokas (verses). Debroy's translated version of the critical edition of Bhishma Parva appeared in Volume 5 of his series.

Salient features
The Bhishma Parva has several treatises embedded in it, such as the just war theory and the Bhagavad Gita.

Just war theory
The Jamvukhanda Vinirmana sub-parva of Bhishma Parva is one of the several instances in the Mahabharata that provides an outline of just war theory in ancient India. Book 12 (Shanti Parva) is another instance of a significant discussion of just war theory and principles of proportional punishment.

Before the first day of war, the Kurus, the Pandavas, and the Somakas meet and agree on rules of war. Some examples of the agreed rules were:

 Fairness – Every battle must be fair. Only armed and fighting soldiers can be attacked.
 Proportional and equitable response – those who fight with words, should be fought with words; chariot warriors should fight chariot warriors, horsemen with horsemen. Weapons that cause disproportionate suffering or slaughter shall not be used.
 An enemy soldier who surrenders should not be treated with violence, but with kindness and respect.
 A disarmed, injured enemy should be helped, not attacked nor killed.
 Logistical staff—such as those who play on drums or conch to announce the daily start or stop of war, or those that bring food or equipment—must not be attacked nor injured.

Bhagavad Gita

Chapters 25 through 42 of Bhishma Parva present the dialogue between Arjuna and Krishna. Arjuna sees family, friends, and good human beings on both sides of the war. He does not want to kill. Arjuna argues that gaining a kingdom with stain of blood is a tragedy. He asks Krishna, why fight? Krishna's answer is in several parts:

 Krishna starts with a foundation of Samkhya philosophy – the mystery of knowing self. He says, one must distinguish between the real and unreal, the self that is permanent and universal from the body that is temporary and fleeting. One's action should serve the cause of the permanent self, not the temporary body. In a war motivated by just cause, virtue, and ideas, the permanent self is at stake and what one fights for.
 Krishna next presents a summary of Yoga philosophy – the mystery of living in self, as a free and liberated person. One must be free, claims Krishna, from the pairs of opposite extremes (heat and cold, pain and pleasure, anxiety and craving). One must act for the goodness innate in that action, not because one craves the fruit of the action, or is angry, or is fearful.
 Krishna says there are three paths to liberation, or moksha: Jnana yoga, Karma yoga, and Dhyana yoga. Jnana, he claims, is knowledge. Karma is action. Dhyana is meditation. By fighting a just war, to the best of his abilities, without craving the outcome, Arjuna would be performing Karma yoga.
 In Chapter 29, Krishna claims pursuit of action is superior than renunciation of action, though both lead to knowledge and liberation. Chapters 31-34 discuss bhakti as the path for spiritual emancipation.

Quotations and teachings

Jamvukhanda Vinirmana Parva, Chapter 3:

Jamvukhanda Vinirmana Parva, Chapter 3:

Jamvukhanda Vinirmana Parva, Chapter 4:

Jamvukhanda Vinirmana Parva, Chapter 9:

Bhagavat Gita Parva, Chapter 15:

Bhagavat Gita Parva, Chapter 21:

Bhagavat Gita Parva, Chapter 26:

Bhagavat Gita Parva, Chapter 26:

Bhagavat Gita Parva, Chapter 26:

Bhagavat Gita Parva, Chapter 40:

See also
 Previous book of Mahabharata: Udyoga Parva
 Next book of Mahabharata: Drona Parva

References

External links
 Translation by Kisari Mohan Ganguli.
 Mahabharatham in Tamil

Parvas in the Mahabharata
Kurukshetra War


Ilan Leibovitch (, born 25 January 1967) is a former Israeli politician who served as a member of the Knesset for Shinui between 2003 and 2006.

Biography
Born in Rehovot, Leibovitch gained a BA in international relations and political science at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and a law degree from the College of Management.

For the 2003 elections he was placed 13th on Shinui's list, and entered the Knesset when the party won 15 seats. During his first term, he was a member of the Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee, the Committee on the Status of Women, the Committee on Foreign Workers, the Committee on Drug Abuse, the Committee on Foreign Workers, the Economic Affairs Committee and the State Control Committee.

Following a split in the party in January 2006, Leibovitch and Ehud Rassabi were left as the only two sitting MKs in Shinui. He was placed third on the party's list for the 2006 elections, but lost his seat when the party failed to cross the electoral threshold.

References

External links

1953 births
Living people
People from Rehovot
 Hebrew University of Jerusalem Faculty of Social Sciences alumni
Shinui politicians
Members of the 16th Knesset (2003–2006)


Lola (Greek: Λoλα, stylized as ΛΟΛΑ) was the Greek remake of the successful Argentine comedy franchise Lalola. The series premiered on September 22, 2008 in Greece on ANT1 and ran Monday through Friday. The last episode was released on July 7, 2009.

Plot
The TV series centers on the transformation of a man into a woman, sharing with the audience the comical daily events of her new life.

The story begins with Leonidas Lalos who is editor and director of "Mister", a typical men's lifestyle magazine. Young, successful and accomplished, he is an eligible bachelor who has the same attitude towards women as he portrays them in his magazine: expendable pleasure items. His philosophy on life can be summed up as follows: fast cars, fast internet, fast women! In his path he leaves many brokenhearted victims the last of which, the beautiful and mysterious Romina decides to teach him a lesson. With the help of a gypsy she casts a spell on him. On a night with a moon eclipse, the transformation takes places and Lalos wakes up the next day as a beautiful woman.

Feeling lost and trapped in a body filled with unknown hormones, Lola asks Hara, her best friend for help. Hara was secretly in love with Lalos for years. They look for Romina but can't find her. Lola is thus forced to adjust to her new identity and to address the world as a woman with Hara's help. So as to retain her authority in the magazine, Lola appears as Lalo's first cousin to replace him for as long as he is abroad.

Lola is faced with the hard reality of being a woman in the 21st century. Although women have accomplished a lot, the structures of society still remain phallocratic. She thus learns first hand all about sexual harassment and sexist work behaviour. At the same time she discovers the insanity experienced by a modern woman who has to be the professional, sexy, responsible, fashionable, and as well as a homemaker.

On the one hand Lola wants to get rid of her new self, on the other hand she feels ever more like a woman. However, in all this mess Lola has an advantage: she knows first hand male psychology coupled with female intuition. Things get more complicated when she falls in love with her colleague Fotis, who falls in love with her at first sight. Thus Lola discovers the emotional tantrums of the female nature.

The series mostly follow the structure of Lalola, but the plot is extended with longer scenes at locations.
For example, the plot timeline of 12 episodes of Lalola are equal to 17 episodes of Lola.

Cast

 Anta Livitsanou as Theodora "Lola" Lalou/Eva Ambatzoglou
 Thanasis Efthimiadis as Fotis Stergiou
 Tasos Chalkias as Argiris Paraskevopoulos (Lola's Boss)
 Anna Andrianou as Elvira Hatzifotiadi (Argiris's wife)
 Anna Rezan as Nadia
 Christos Vasilopoulos as Grigoris Exarhos
 Irini Balta as Hara Tsalikoglou (Lola's/Lalo's best friend)
 Thanos Kalioras as Teo Papas
 Sylvia Delikoura as Natalia Paraskevopoulou-Hatzifotiadi (Teo's daughter)
 Stavros Nikolaidis as Panos Nikolaou
 Valeria Kouroupi as Victoria "Vicky" Douka
 Vivian Kontomari as Ifigenia
 Ioanna Asimakopoulou as Julia
 Stelios Petrakis as Nikos
 Odisseas Stamoulis as Yiorgos (Hara's ex-boyfriend)
 Eleni Papadogia as Melina Stergiou (Foti's daughter)
 Stefanos Tsakirakis as Stefanos (Hara's friend)
 Rania Ioannidou as Eirini (Melina's grandmother)

Special appearances

 Giannis Aivazis as Leonidas Lalos/Adam Ambatzoglou
 Tonia Sotiropoulou as Romina
 Konstantina Savidi as the gypsi-witch
 Aspasia Tzitzikaki as Susanna Lalou (Lola's/Lalo's mom)
 Giorgos Lefas as Rihardos Lalos (Lola's/Lalo's dad)
 Manos Pintzis as Periklis (Susanna's lover)
 Pavlos Kontogiannidis as Jim Aniston
 Maria Georgiadou as Sonia
 Lena Fragouli as Toula
 Daisy Sebekopoulou as Monika
 Giannis Spaliaras as Alexandros Filippou
 Giannis Dritsas as Alex (Natalia's friend)
 Hara Zaronaki as Danai (Natalia's best friend)
 Spyros Mpimpilas as Dr. Koulios
 Fani Spana as Masa
 Alexandros Parthenis as Vassilis (Billy) Giakoumopoulos (Hara's ex-boyfriend)
 Magda Pensou as Maria Giannidou (Foti's ex-wife)
 Giorgos Partsalakis as Kosmas Papaliakos
 Isabella Vlasiadou as Jenny Ambatzoglou
 Giorgos Dampasis as Sergios
 Stella Giampoura as Evelina Ambatzoglou
 Maro Mauri as Jennifer Aniston

See also
IMDB page

External links

2008 Greek television series debuts
2009 Greek television series endings
Greek-language television shows
ANT1 original programming
Greek comedy television series


William Shakespeare has been commemorated in a number of different statues and memorials around the world, notably his funerary monument in Stratford-upon-Avon (c. 1623); a statue in Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey, London, designed by William Kent and executed by Peter Scheemakers (1740); and a statue in New York's Central Park by John Quincy Adams Ward (1872).

17th century
 Shakespeare's funerary monument is the earliest memorial to the playwright, located inside Holy Trinity Church, Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, UK, the same church in which he was baptised. The exact date of its construction is not known, but must have been between Shakespeare's death in 1616 and 1623, when it is mentioned in the First Folio of the playwright's works.

The monument, by Gerard Johnson, is mounted on a wall above Shakespeare's grave. It features a bust of the poet, who holds a quill pen in one hand and a piece of paper in another. His arms are resting on a cushion. Above him is the Shakespeare family's coat of arms, on either side of which stands two allegorical figures: one, representing Labour, holds a spade, the other, representing Rest, holds a torch and a skull.

18th century
As Shakespeare's reputation rose, monuments began to be created in nationally significant locations. William Kent designed a statue for Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey. The design was executed by the sculptor Peter Scheemakers and installed in 1740. Its creation was funded by Lord Burlington and Alexander Pope, among others. At least two fundraising events were led by the efforts of the Shakespeare Ladies Club: a benefit performance of Julius Caesar on April 28, 1738 at Drury Lane and a benefit performance of Hamlet on April 10, 1739 at Covent Garden.  There are carved heads on the pedestal, which probably depict Queen Elizabeth I, Henry V and Richard III. Shakespeare is depicted leaning on books and pointing to a scroll which has a slightly misquoted version of Prospero's lines from The Tempest about the globe dissolving to "leave not a wrack behind". A variant of Kent's design was installed in a Glasgow theatre in 1764. It is now in the Theatre Royal in Dunlop Street.

In 1757 the English actor David Garrick commissioned a marble statue of William Shakespeare from the French sculptor Louis-François Roubiliac for his Palladian Temple to Shakespeare at Hampton. Garrick himself is thought to have posed for the statue. It was bequeathed, along with Garrick's books, to the British Museum in 1779; in 2005 it was transferred to the British Library. Garrick later commissioned Roubiliac to produce a bust of the poet for his Shakespeare festival in Stratford in 1769;<ref name = "dob">Michael Dobson The Making of the National Poet: Shakespeare, Adaptation and Authorship, 1660–1769, Oxford University Press, p. 6</ref> this is now in the Garrick Club in London.

In 1788, in the exterior wall of John Boydell's Shakespeare Gallery building, the architect George Dance the Younger placed Thomas Banks's sculpture Shakespeare attended by Painting and Poetry, for which the artist was paid 500 guineas. The sculpture depicted Shakespeare, reclining against a rock, between the Dramatic Muse and the Genius of Painting. Beneath it was a panelled pedestal inscribed with a quotation from Hamlet: "He was a Man, take him for all in all, I shall not look upon his like again".William Shakespeare, Hamlet. Act I, scene ii. Wikisource. Retrieved on 15 January 2008. The building was later used by the British Institution. After its demolition the monument was relocated to the garden of New Place in Stratford.

19th century
By the nineteenth century Shakespeare's reputation had advanced to the point of what came to be known as bardolatry. Statues and other memorials began to appear outside Britain, while in Britain itself Shakespeare's status as national poet was consolidated.

United States

New York City's Central Park contains a statue of Shakespeare that was commissioned in 1864 as a celebration of the tricentenary of Shakespeare's birth in 1564. Funds were raised by a performance of Julius Caesar in which Edwin Booth took the lead role, with John Wilkes Booth playing Mark Antony. The statue was designed by John Quincy Adams Ward. Following the creation of the statue, in 1873 commissioners proposed that the Mall should be a designated location for sculpture and the statue was moved there, soon to be accompanied by others (in 1986, a replica of the statue was made for the State Theater in Montgomery, Alabama, which has a yearly Shakespeare Festival).

In 1888, a large seated statue by William Ordway Partridge was unveiled in Lincoln Park, Chicago and in 1896 a bronze statue of Shakespeare by Frederick William MacMonnies was erected as part of a series representing the world's geniuses in the gallery of the reading-room of the Library of Congress.

Britain

With the removal of Banks's sculpture to New Place in 1871 London boasted no outdoor public memorial to the bard, and the erection of the New York statue in 1872 made this omission particularly glaring. In 1874 the financier Baron Albert Grant, wishing to address this situation, installed a fountain with a marble statue of Shakespeare at its centre in the gardens of Leicester Square. Sculpted by Giovanni Fontana, this was a replica of Scheemakers's monument in Poets' Corner. Another statue was erected in Stratford, London, a suburb with the same name as Shakespeare's home town.

In 1877 a committee was created in Stratford-upon-Avon to erect a memorial to Shakespeare. This originally comprised a theatre building, to be sited on land donated by the bank of the Avon within sight of the church where Shakespeare was buried. A statue was also created in 1888, the work of Lord Ronald Gower. This is situated in Stratford's Bancroft Gardens. The monument shows Shakespeare seated on a pedestal, surrounded, at ground level, by statues of Hamlet, Lady Macbeth, Prince Hal, and Falstaff. These characters were intended to be emblematic of Shakespeare's creative versatility: representing Philosophy, Tragedy, History, and Comedy. Another statue is present in a niche on the exterior of the town hall building.

Other countries
Though most memorials are to be found in English speaking countries, there are also monuments elsewhere. In 1888 a statue was erected on the Boulevard Haussmann in Paris, designed by Paul Fournier.

20th century

Britain

Between 1970 and 1993, an image of the Poets' Corner statue of Shakespeare appeared on the reverse of Series D £20 notes issued by the Bank of England. Alongside the statue was an engraving of the balcony scene from Romeo and Juliet.

A complex memorial to Shakespeare was created in Southwark Cathedral, which was his parish church when he lived in London close to the Globe Theatre. It is also the burial place of Shakespeare's brother Edmund, along with other Elizabethan actors and playwrights. A recumbent statue of Shakespeare, created by Henry McCarthy in 1912, was placed in a niche on which was carved images of Elizabethan Southwark depicting the Globe, Winchester Palace and the tower of the church. An elaborate stained glass window was also created, depicting Shakespearean characters. The original window was destroyed by a bomb blast in World War II but was replaced in 1954. A birthday celebration of Shakespeare is held every year in April.

Continental Europe

Despite Germany's early role in canonising Shakespeare it was not until 1904 that a statue was erected in Weimar showing him, as one critic has put it, "seated and staring into the distance with a bemused and thoughtful look". It was designed by Otto Lessing.

In Denmark, a memorial statue was commissioned to commemorate the 300th anniversary of the publication of Hamlet in 1603. The statue, designed by Louis Hasselriis, was funded by public subscription and erected in Elsinore, along with a sculpture of Hamlet.

Australia

A memorial in Sydney, Australia was erected in 1926, designed by Australian sculptor Sir Bertram MacKennal. It was commissioned by Henry Gullett (d. 4 August 1914), a former president of the Shakespeare Society of New South Wales. Paid for with a bequest from his estate, Gullett's daughter Lucy Gullett ensured that the commission was carried out after her father's death. It depicts not only Shakespeare at the top, but five of his most famous characters around the base – Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet embracing, Portia and Falstaff. It is located in Shakespeare Place, between the Mitchell Library (part of the State Library of New South Wales) and the Royal Botanic Gardens. In 1959 the statue was repositioned to make way for the Cahill Expressway.

Though initiated in 1889, the project to create a Shakespeare statue in Ballarat was not completed until 1960. Financial problems led to repeated shelving of the project. Eventually private donations to the fund produced sufficient resources to commission a bronze sculpture from Andor Meszaros, an Australian artist originally from Hungary. The statue depicts Shakespeare bowing, as if at the end of a performance.

North America
A statue was created for Logan Circle, Philadelphia in 1926, designed by Alexander Stirling Calder. It does not depict Shakespeare himself, but rather the figures of Touchstone the jester from As You Like It, representing comedy, and Hamlet, representing tragedy. Touchstone is lounging with his head tilted laughing, his feet hanging over the top of the tall stone pedestal and his left arm resting on Hamlet's legs. Hamlet is seated, brooding, his knife dangling over Touchstone's body. The opening lines of the famous All the world's a stage speech from As You Like It'' are inscribed on the pedestal beneath the figures.

A statue made from tin was erected in the gardens outside the Festival Theatre, the principal theatre on the grounds of the Stratford Shakespeare Festival, held every year from April to November in Stratford, Ontario, Canada.

Gallery

See also
 Shakespeare's reputation
 Portraits of Shakespeare

Notes

Monuments and memorials in England
Monuments and memorials in Denmark
Monuments and memorials in Germany
Portraits of actors
Statues of writers


The Khulna Shipyard Limited () is a Bangladeshi state owned defense contractor based in Khulna, Bangladesh. It is located on  of land at Labanchara, Khulna, Bangladesh. It is about 45 km north from the Port of Mongla. The shipyard has the capacity to build steel / aluminium ships up to 90 m length and 700 tons lightweight. The shipyard has a slipway with a capacity to dock and undock vessels up to 700 tons lightweight and overall length of 84 meters.

The KSY Limited is the largest military shipbuilding company in Bangladesh, and one of Asia's largest builder of complex warships. It has built numerous small to medium sized patrol crafts, boats, oil tankers and other vessels for the Bangladesh Navy, the Bangladesh Coast Guard and other organizations. As of January 2022, the shipyard has completed a total of 775 shipbuilding (including all categories) and 2,363 ship repair work.

History
The construction works of KSY started in 1954 under supervision of the East Pakistan Industrial Development Corporation (EPIDC) with the technical support of M/s. Stulcken Sohn, who provided the design for the construction of the yard facilities. After completion of works, It was commissioned on 27 November 1957, with the objective to build and repair ships of various clients, for defense, coast guard, oil company, ports and manufacture engineering parts to support other industries.

Burness Corleft+Partner and Maienform administratively and technically managed the company up to 1967. Afterwards the control was vested with its own expert engineers both technically and administratively.  Through most of its early history the shipyard was not profitable, but it turned to profit between 1973 and 1984 before becoming unprofitable again.

On 3 October 1999, the Bangladesh Navy took over the responsibilities of KSY along with a 993.7 million taka debt. The Navy invested 614.6 million BDT in the shipyard during the handover.

In January 2005, Bangladesh Navy complained to Prime Minister Khaleda Zia that government organizations were not giving their contract to Khulna Shipyard. It also sought permission to import raw materials for the shipyard tax free. Member of parliament, Mahbubur Rahman, speculated that it could because government officials would not get kickbacks if they awarded the contract to Khulna Shipyard.

By 2008, all outstanding debts were cleared and since then, the shipyard has been making profit. Its current production includes tugs, workboats and other vessels up to 5000 DWT.

In 2015, the Maldives had expressed interest in procuring patrol craft for its Coast Guard.

Khulna Shipyard provided six patrol crafts, designed by South African Icarus Marine, to Bangladesh Coast Guard in February 2022.

The shipyard, in cooperation with Swisscontact, is the home of Bangladesh's first internationally certified welding training facility. The facility was funded by Chevron.

Projects

Padma and Sobuj Bangla-class patrol vessel
Under the first phase of FG2030 naval modernization program, Khulna Shipyard was given the contract to build an undisclosed number of Padma-class patrol vessel for the Bangladesh Navy and Sobuj Bangla-class batch 2 for the Bangladesh Coast Guard. On 2 May 2010, the Navy signed a contract for five vessel. On 17 July 2016, the Bangladesh Coast Guard awarded a contract for three vessel. On 20 May 2019, the Navy ordered five additional vessel.

Completed

1978 - BNS Sahayak (A 512), a fleet replenishment ship, for Bangladesh Navy
1987 - BNFC Balaban (A 731), a floating crane, for Bangladesh Navy
2004 - BNT Rupsha (A 723), a Fleet coastal tug, for Bangladesh Navy
2004 - BNT Shibsha (A 724), a Fleet coastal tug, for Bangladesh Navy
2012 - BNS Padma (P 312), a patrol vessel, for Bangladesh Navy
2013 - BNS Surma (P 313), a patrol vessel, for Bangladesh Navy
2013 - BNS Aparajeya (P 261), a patrol vessel, for Bangladesh Navy
2013 - BNS Adamya (P 262), a patrol vessel, for Bangladesh Navy
2013 - BNS Atandra (P 263), a patrol vessel, for Bangladesh Navy
2015 - BNS Hatiya (), a Landing Craft Utility, for Bangladesh Navy
2015 - BNS Swandwip (), a Landing Craft Utility, for Bangladesh Navy
2016 - BNS Durgam (P 814), a ASW patrol craft, for Bangladesh Navy
2017 - BNS Nishan (P 815), a ASW patrol craft, for Bangladesh Navy
2017 - BNT Halda (A 725), a Fleet coastal tug, for Bangladesh Navy
2017 - BNT Poshur (A 726), a Fleet coastal tug, for Bangladesh Navy
2018 - CGS Sonar Bangla (P 204), a patrol vessel, for Bangladesh Coast Guard
2018 - CGS Aparajeya Bangla (P 205), a patrol vessel, for Bangladesh Coast Guard
2018 - CGS Shadhin Bangla (P 206), a patrol vessel, for Bangladesh Coast Guard
2020 - BNS Darshak (H 581), a Hydrographic survey vessel, for Bangladesh Navy
2020 - BNS Tallashi (H 582), a Hydrographic survey vessel, for Bangladesh Navy

Ongoing

2019 - a Padma-class patrol vessel, a patrol vessel, for Bangladesh Navy
2019 - a Padma-class patrol vessel, a patrol vessel, for Bangladesh Navy
2019 - a Padma-class patrol vessel, a patrol vessel, for Bangladesh Navy
2019 - a Padma-class patrol vessel, a patrol vessel, for Bangladesh Navy
2019 - a Padma-class patrol vessel, a patrol vessel, for Bangladesh Navy
2020 - a self-propelled floating crane, for Bangladesh Coast Guard
2020 - a Tug Boat, for Bangladesh Coast Guard
2020 - a Tug Boat, for Bangladesh Coast Guard
2020 - a multi-hulled watercraft, for Bangladesh Navy
2020 - a multi-hulled watercraft, for Bangladesh Navy
2020 - a multi-hulled watercraft, for Bangladesh Navy
2020 - a multi-hulled watercraft, for Bangladesh Navy
2021 - a Hydrographic survey vessel, for Bangladesh Navy
2021 - a Hydrographic survey vessel, for Bangladesh Navy
2022 - a multi-hulled watercraft, for Bangladesh Navy
2022 - a multi-hulled watercraft, for Bangladesh Navy
2022 - a multi-hulled watercraft, for Bangladesh Navy
2022 - a multi-hulled watercraft, for Bangladesh Navy
Dredgers for BIWTA

See also
Chittagong Dry Dock Limited
Dockyard and Engineering Works Limited
Shipbuilding in Bangladesh
Defence industry of Bangladesh

References

External links

Defence companies of Bangladesh
Shipbuilding companies of Bangladesh
Shipyards of Bangladesh
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1957
1957 establishments in East Pakistan
Organisations based in Khulna


The Palm Beach Currumbin Australian Football Club is an Australian rules football club on the Gold Coast, Queensland. The club emblem is the lion and the club plays in both Division One and Division Two of the AFL Queensland State League.

Palm Beach won the 1999 premiership.

History
The Central Australian Football Club was established in 1961 and was one of the founding clubs of the Gold Coast Australian Football League. By 1965 the club had captured its first GCAFL premiership and would later change its name to the Palm Beach Currumbin Australian Football Club.

Premierships (13)

Drafted players in the AFL

Notable players
 Wayne Carey (Adelaide and North Melbourne)
 Liam Jones (Carlton and Western Bulldogs)
 Michael Rischitelli (Brisbane Lions and Gold Coast)

References

External links
PBCAFC - Palm Beach Currumbin Australian Football Club Inc. Website

Palm Beach Currumbin
Currumbin, Queensland
Australian rules football clubs established in 1961
1961 establishments in Australia
Australian rules football clubs on the Gold Coast, Queensland


John de Ferrers, 1st Baron Ferrers of Chartley (20 June 1271 Cardiff – 1312) was the son of Robert de Ferrers, 6th Earl of Derby and Alianore de Bohun, daughter of Humphrey de Bohun and Eleanor de Braose, and granddaughter of Humphrey de Bohun, 2nd Earl of Hereford. He was both Seneschal of Gascony and Lieutenant of Aquitaine in 1312, the year of his death.

Ferrers joined the baronial opposition to King Edward in 1297, but was summoned as a baron in 1299.

He married Hawise de Muscegros, a daughter of Robert de Muscegros.

Their eldest son John (died by 1324) inherited the title Baron Ferrers of Chartley upon his father's death from poisoning in Gascony in 1312.

References

Further reading
 Jones, M.,(2004) Ferrers, Robert de, first Earl Ferrers (d. 1139), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press[ accessed 28 Oct 2007]
 Bland, W., (1887) Duffield Castle: A lecture at the Temperance Hall, Wirksworth, Derbyshire Advertiser
 Loyd, Lewis, (1951) "The Origins of Some Anglo Norman Families," Harleian Society

01
1271 births
1312 deaths
Deaths by poisoning
Seneschals of Gascony


Jan Hamrin has spent 30 years promoting renewable energy through research, policy formulation, and the development of consumer programs. She founded the non-profit Center for Resource Solutions in 1997 and retired as president of CRS at the end of 2007.

Hamrin has served as advisor to the G-8 and numerous legislatures and regulatory commissions as well as co-authoring two books: Affected with the Public Interest: Electric Industry Restructuring in an Era of Competition (1994) and Investing in the Future: A Regulator’s Guide to Renewables (1993).  In 1981 Hamrin founded and served for nine years as Executive Director of the Independent Energy Producers’ Association (IEP) in California and played a key role in the implementation of the Public Utilities Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA) in California and elsewhere.

Jan Hamrin received her Ph.D. in Ecology, with emphasis on public policy evaluation of environmental and energy programs, from the University of California, Davis. She also holds master's degrees in Public Administration from U.C. Davis as well as a B.S. from the University of New Mexico.

In October 2008, Hamrin received a Green Power Leadership "Pioneer" award from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)'s Green Power Partnership, and the U.S. Department of Energy, for a career spent "building the market for green power".

References

People associated with renewable energy
Living people
University of California, Davis alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)


The Shalya Parva (), or the Book of Shalya, is the ninth of eighteen books of the Indian epic Mahabharata. Shalya Parva traditionally has 4 parts and 65 chapters. The critical edition of Shalya Parva has 4 parts and 64 chapters.

Shalya Parva describes the appointment of Shalya as the fourth commander-in-chief of the Kaurava alliance, on the 18th day of the Kurukshetra War. The parva recites Salya's death, how Duryodhana becomes mortally wounded and out of the entire Kaurava army, only 3 survive. Shalya parva also describes how Pandavas and Krishna are victorious in the war, but lament the enormous toll of the 18-day war on human lives on both sides. The book mentions the anger and hatred among survivors on the Kauravas side, particularly Duryodhana, Aswatthama, Kritavarman and Kripa.

Structure and chapters
This Parva (book) traditionally has 4 sub-parvas (parts or little books) and 65 adhyayas (sections, chapters). The following are the sub-parvas:

 1. Shalya-vadha Parva (Chapters: 1–22)
 2. Shalya Parva (Chapters: 23–27)
 3. Hrada-praveca Parva (Chapters: 28–29)
 4. Gadayuddha Parva (Chapters: 30–65)

After three commander-in-chiefs of Kauravas army slain, Shalya is appointed the leader. He too is killed, as is Shakuni. Millions more soldiers die on the last day of war. Duryodhana in anguish leaves the battlefield, and goes to a lake. Bhima meets him there, challenges him to a battle. Bhima mortally wounds Duryodhana by crushing his thighs and later, Duryodhana dies.

Out of 11 Akshauhinis of the Kauravas, only survivors are mortally injured Duryodhana along with Aswatthama, Kritavarman and Kripa. From Pandavas army, all five brothers, Krishna, 2000 chariots, 700 elephants, 5,000 horsemen and 10,000 foot soldiers survive. Shalya parva describes the war as over with a heavy toll on human lives, Pandavas are victorious, yet a desire for revenge is brewing in Duryodhana, Aswatthama, Kritavarman and Kripa.

English translations
Shalya Parva was composed in Sanskrit. Several translations of the book in English are available. Two translations from 19th century, now in public domain, are those by Kisari Mohan Ganguli and Manmatha Nath Dutt. The translations vary with each translator's interpretations.

Clay Sanskrit Library has published a 15 volume set of the Mahabharata which includes Shalya Parva. This translation is modern, by multiple authors and uses an old manuscript of the epic. The translation does not remove verses and chapters now widely believed to be spurious and smuggled into the epic in 1st or 2nd millennium AD.

Debroy, in 2011, notes that updated critical edition of Shalya Parva, after removing verses and chapters generally accepted so far as spurious and inserted into the original, has 4 parts, 64 adhyayas (chapters) and 3,541 shlokas (verses). Debroy has published a translated version of the critical edition of Shalya Parva in Volume 7 of his series.

Quotes and teachings

Shalya-vadha Parva, Chapter 1:

Gadayuddha Parva, Chapter 32:

Gadayuddha Parva, Chapter 60:

See also
Previous book of Mahabharata: Karna Parva
Next book of Mahabharata: Sauptika Parva

References

External links
Translation by Kisari Mohan Ganguli.
 Shalya Parva, Translation by Manmatha Nath Dutt
 Le Mahabharata, Translation in French, by H. Fauche (Paris, 1868)
 Shalya Parva in Sanskrit by Vyasadeva and commentary by Nilakantha (Editor: Kinjawadekar, 1929)

Parvas in the Mahabharata
Kurukshetra War


Jacqueline Robin (; 11 December 1917 in Saint-Astier, Dordogne – 3 February 2007 in Taverny) was a French pianist.  Born Jacqueline Pangnier, she also performed as Jacqueline Bonneau.

She entered the Paris Conservatory at the age of ten, and obtained five first prizes there. In 1945, she formed a celebrated piano duo with Geneviève Joy, who married French composer Henri Dutilleux (1916–2013) the following year.

Robin collaborated with the singers Elisabeth Schwarzkopf and Gérard Souzay as a lieder accompanist. She was best known as a performer of French modernist music and of the works of Gabriel Fauré. She taught at the Conservatoire de Paris from 1968–88 and was decorated the Légion d'honneur in 1981.

Jacqueline Robin married the composer Paul Bonneau on 22 January 1940 in Evreux. They divorced in 1959.

References

  Association Elisabeth et Joachim Havard de la Montagne

1917 births
2007 deaths
People from Dordogne
20th-century French women classical pianists
Classical piano duos


Alexander Finney (13 March 1902 – 1982) was an English football player best known for playing for Bolton Wanderers, for whom he made nearly 500 appearances in The Football League. He played for the team in the 1923 and 1929 FA Cup Finals.

References

1902 births
1982 deaths
Men's association football fullbacks
Bolton Wanderers F.C. players
Darwen F.C. players
English Football League players
English Football League representative players
English men's footballers
Footballers from St Helens, Merseyside
New Brighton A.F.C. players
South Liverpool F.C. players


Robert de Ferrers, 3rd Baron Ferrers of Chartley (Chartley, Staffordshire, 25 March 1309 – 28 August 1350), was the son of John de Ferrers, 1st Baron Ferrers of Chartley and Hawise de Muscegros, a daughter of Robert de Muscegros.

He had inherited the title Baron Ferrers of Chartley from his elder brother John, 2nd Baron, between 1321 and July 1324, and was summoned to parliament on 25 February 1342.

Robert served frequently in the Scottish and French wars of Edward III as well as participating the victory at Cressy.

Before 20 October 1333, he married a woman named Margaret. They had one son, John who succeeded his father as John de Ferrers, 4th Baron Ferrers of Chartley.

After the death of Margaret, Robert remarried to Joan de la Mote before 1350. They had one son, Sir Robert Ferrers, summoned to parliament as 'Robert Ferrers of Wem' as husband of Elizabeth Boteler, 4th Baroness Boteler of Wem, by whom he had Robert Ferrers of Wem.

Robert de Ferrers, 3rd Baron Ferrers of Chartley, died on 28 August 1350.

References

See also
Earl of Derby
Earl of Hereford

1309 births
1350 deaths
03
14th-century English people


Edward Elbert Ambrose (April 13, 1894 – June 8, 1994) was an American jockey in Thoroughbred horse racing. In the 1910s and 1920s he rode for top owners such as Harry Payne Whitney, Willis Sharpe Kilmer, and Walter M. Jeffords.

During his career Ambrose had four mounts in the Kentucky Derby and seven in the Preakness Stakes with his best result in both aboard Toro when he finished third in the 1928 Derby and second in the 1928 Preakness for owner Edward B. McLean, publisher of The Washington Post. Among his best mounts was Wildair with whom he won the 1920 Metropolitan Handicap and ran third in the 1920 Preakness and Prudery, considered in retrospect as the American Champion Two and Three-Year-Old, Filly.

In a famous 1920 edition of the Dwyer Stakes involving just two entrants, Ambrose rode John P. Grier to a strong second-place finish against Man o' War.

Ambrose lived to be 100. He was a resident of Towson, Maryland at the time of his death in 1994.

References

 Ours, Dorothy. Man o' War: A Legend Like Lightning (2006) St. Martin's Press

1894 births
1994 deaths
American centenarians
American jockeys
Men centenarians
Sportspeople from St. Louis
20th-century American sportsmen


Van Gisbergen is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 Mark Van Gisbergen (born 1977), New Zealand-born rugby union player
 Shane Van Gisbergen (born 1989), New Zealand racecar driver

Surnames of Dutch origin


Charles Symmons (1749 – 27 April 1826) was a Welsh poet and priest.

Life
Symmons was the younger son of John Symmons, the MP for Cardigan.  He was born in Cardigan in 1749 and educated at Westminster School, joining the school in 1765; he was admitted as a member of Lincoln's Inn later in the same year. He then attended the University of Glasgow in 1766, striking up a friendship with William Windham.  Symmons was ordained deacon in 1773 and priest in 1774, and was appointed rector of Narberth in Pembrokeshire in 1778. He also studied at Clare College, Cambridge from 1776 to 1786, obtaining a Bachelor of Divinity degree. He was made a prebendary of St David's Cathedral in 1789.

In 1793, Symmons prepared to take his Doctor of Divinity degree at Cambridge, which required him to preach two sermons at the Church of St Mary the Great, Cambridge.  His moderate whig views were controversial in the wake of the trial of William Frend.  One of his opponents, Thomas Kipling, sent extracts to influential clerics.  Symmons protested, but decided to take his degree from the University of Oxford instead.  He was incorporated as a member of Jesus College, Oxford on 29 March 1794 and received his DD two days later.  His whiggish views inhibited further advancement in the church, although he was additionally appointed rector of Lampeter Velfrey, an adjoining parish to Narberth, in 1794. He failed to be appointed a prebendary of Westminster Abbey as he wished. He died at Bath on 27 April 1826, survived by his wife, two sons and three daughters.

Works
His earliest works included a volume of sermons (1787), a tragedy Inez (1796) and Constantia, a dramatic poem (1800).  Family bereavements reduced his writings thereafter.  His major works were a Life of Milton, prefixed to an edition of Milton's work (1806), a rhyming translation of the Aeneid (1817) and a Life of Shakespeare, prefixed to an 1826 edition of Shakespeare's works.

References

External links

1749 births
1826 deaths
People from Cardigan, Ceredigion
Alumni of the University of Glasgow
Alumni of Clare College, Cambridge
Alumni of Jesus College, Oxford
18th-century Welsh Anglican priests
19th-century Welsh Anglican priests
Welsh poets
Welsh non-fiction writers


John de Ferrers, 4th Baron Ferrers of Chartley (c. 1331 – 3 April 1367) was the son of Robert de Ferrers, 3rd Baron Ferrers of Chartley and a woman named Margaret.

John de Ferrers was born in Southhoe, Huntingdonshire. He inherited the title of Baron Ferrers of Chartley upon his father's death in 1350 but was never summoned to parliament.

Despite his youth, John fought in Gascony for Edward III in 1345 and married Elizabeth de Stafford (1342 – 7 August 1375) - widow of Fulk le Strange (Baron Strange) and daughter of Ralph Stafford, 1st Earl of Stafford and Margaret de Audley, a daughter of Hugh de Audley, 1st Earl of Gloucester.

The couple had one son, Robert de Ferrers, 5th Baron Ferrers of Chartley.

John de Ferrers, 4th Baron Ferrers of Chartley died on 3 April 1367 at the Battle of Nájera in Castile.

See also
Earl of Stafford
Earl of Gloucester
Earl of Hereford
Earl of Derby

References

1330s births
1367 deaths
04
14th-century English people
English military personnel killed in action
Year of birth uncertain


TNSrecords (also known as TNS and That's Not Skanking) is a punk record label based in Manchester, UK. TNSrecords aims to support and spread the word about exciting bands, who could be considered punk in either sound or ethos. The emphasis is very much based around community spirit, the DIY ethos and working collectively with like-minded people. The TNS family continues to expand.  They started out as a punk zine and then a gig night way back in 2003 in Manchester. TNS evolved into an independent label in 2008.

Roster
The following all have releases on TNSrecords:
A WarAgainstSound
ACiD DROP
Autonomads
Beat The Red Light
Bethan Mary Leadley
Black Star Dub Collective
Bootscraper
BrainDead
Broken Aris (Sweden)
Faintest Idea
The Fractions
The Franceens
Fist Of The North Star (USA)
Hated Til Proven
Harijan
John Player Specials
The Kirkz
Knife Club (UK)
Kollapse (Denmark)
Leagues Apart
No Fealty (Denmark)
Nosebleed (band)
Officer Down
PIZZATRAMP (South Wales)
Revenge of the Psychotronic Man
Rising Strike
Sense of Urgency
The Shadowcops
Sounds of Swami
Stand Out Riot
Stoj Snak (Denmark)

Releases
To date (05/05/2023), TNS Records have the following releases; TNS001: TNSrecords Volume 1: Music By People Who Drink Cider In The Gutter (CD) (March 29, 2008)
 TNS002: Revenge of the Psychotronic Man vs. The Fractions (CD) (June 1, 2008)
 TNS003: Harijan/John Player Specials split (CD) (2008)
 TNS004: The Shadowcops - A Big Pot Of Hot (CD) (2009)
 TNS005: Revenge of the Psychotronic Man - Make Pigs Smoke (CD) (May 1, 2009)
 TNS006: Sounds Of Swami - Halcyon Days (7”) (2009)
 TNS007: TNSrecords Volume 2: Mainstream Music Is Shit (Double CD) (2009)
 TNS008: Stand Out Riot, A War Against Sound, and Sense Of Urgency Split (CD) (2009)
 TNS009: Beat The Red Light EP (CD) (2009)
 TNS010: The Kirkz - Agroculture (CD) (2010)
 TNS011: Leagues Apart - To Anywhere (CD) (2010)
 TNS012: Faintest Idea - Ignorance Is This (CD) (2010)
 TNS013: Bootscraper - Country And Eastern (CD) (2010)
 TNS014: Beat The Red Light - Salt The Lands (CD) (2011)
 TNS015: Stand Out Riot - The Gentlemen Bandits (CD) (2011)
 TNS016: Mighty Midgets/Revenge Of The Psychotronic Man/Fist Of The North Star/Broken Arms - The International Split EP (CD) (2011)
 TNS017: Rising Strike - Bite The Hand That Feeds (2011)
 TNS018: Autonomads/Black Star Dub Collective - From Rusholme With Dub (12”/CD) (2011)
 TNS019: Hated Til Proven - Songs For The Short Of Attention (CD) (June 1, 2012)
 TNS020: TNSrecords Volume 3: These Troublesome Thinkers (CD) (April 1, 2012)
 TNS021: BrainDead - Dub Evolution (7”) (May 17, 2012)
 TNS022: Bootscraper - S/T (CD) (July 2, 2012)
 TNS023: Faintest Idea - The Voice Of Treason (CD) (August 7, 2012)
 TNS024: Revenge of the Psychotronic Man - Shattered Dreams Parkway (12”/CD) (October 22, 2012)
 TNS025: Stöj Snak - Songs About Beliefs (7”) (June 19, 2012)
 TNS026: Kollapse - S/T (10”) (November 1, 2012)
 TNS027: Sounds Of Swami - S/T (CD) (April 1, 2013)
 TNS028: Acid Drop - The End Of Days (CD) (July 8, 2013)
 TNS029: BrainDead - Libertalia (12”/CD) (July 11, 2013)
 TNS030: No Fealty - In the Shadow of the Monolith (12”) (August 9, 2013)
 TNS031: Revenge of the Psychotronic Man - In Session From Maida Vale (7”) (December 9, 2013)
 TNS032: The Franceens - Stepford Smiles (CD) (December 9, 2013)
 TNS033: Wonk Unit - Nervous Racehorse (CD) (March 2, 2014)
 TNS034: Revenge of the Psychotronic Man - 10 Years Of Revenge (7”) (February 14, 2014)
 TNS035: Black Star Dub Collective - Vampire (12”) (May 5, 2011)
 TNS036: Officer Down - Dead Lands (12”/CD) (June 9, 2014)
 TNS037: The Franceens - S/T (7”) (November 28, 2014)
 TNS038: Black Volvo - Once We All Were Wolves (12”/CD) (November 1, 2014)
 TNS039: Roughneck Riot - Out Of Anger (12”/CD) (October 13, 2014)
 TNS040: The Domestics - Routine And Ritual (12”/CD) (December 15, 2014)
 TNS041: Revenge of the Psychotronic Man/Bootscraper - The Bear And The Tiger (12”/CD) (February 14, 2015)
 TNS042: Vanilla Pod - Seeing Out The Sunrise (12”/CD) (April 4, 2015)
 TNS043: Chewed Up/Casual Nausea - split album (12”) (September 2, 2015)
 TNS044: The Kirkz - Unregrettable (June 25, 2015)
 TNS045: Wonk Unit - Flying The Japanese Flag (12”) (November 13, 2015)
 TNS046: Mighty Midgets - Raising Ruins For The Future (12”) (December 18, 2015)
 TNS047: Stöj Snak - ScreamerSongwriter (12”) (June 9, 2016)
 TNS048: Wonk Unit - Feel The Wonkness (CD) (May 5, 2014)
 TNS049: Faintest Idea - Increasing The Minimum Rage (12”/CD) (April 1, 2016)
 TNS050: Matilda’s Scoundrel’s - Crowley’s Curse (7”) (October 3, 2016)
 TNS051: Wonk Unit - Trolley’s Thank You/Wonk Unit Saved My Life (12”) (July 1, 2016)
 TNS052: Revenge of the Psychotronic Man - Colossal Velocity (12”/CD) (July 15, 2016)
 TNS053: Shot! - Masquerade Of Wolves (7”) (August 17, 2016)
 TNS054: BrainDead vs. Conscious Youth (12”) (September 30, 2016)
 TNS055: Wonk Unit - Mr Splashy (12”/CD) (September 23, 2016)
 TNS056: Pizzatramp - Blowing Chunks (12”/CD) (November 11, 2016)
 TNS057: Kollapse - Angst (12”) (May 19, 2017)
 TNS058: Black Volvo - Bad Driving (12”/CD) (March 17, 2017)
 TNS059: TNS Tour: Wonk Unit/Roughneck Riot/Faintest Idea/Revenge of the Psychotronic Man (7”) (February 24, 2017)
 TNS060: Throwing Stuff - Fit, Fine And Well (12”/CD) (April 7, 2017)
 TNS061: Grand Collapse - Along The Dew (12”/CD) (May 19, 2017)
 TNS062: Wonk Unit - Muffy (12”) (May 5, 2017)
 TNS063: Matilda’s Scoundrel’s - As The Tide Turns (12”/CD) (August 8, 2017)
 TNS064: The Domestics - Pissing On Perfection (7”) (May 5, 2017)
 TNS065: The Domestics - Cherry Blossom Life (12”) (August 4, 2017)
 TNS066: Faintest Idea - The Voice Of Treason (12”) (October 7, 2017)
 TNS067: Wonk Unit - Nervous Racehorse (12”) (November 24, 2017)
 TNS068: Stand Out Riot - The Gentlemen Bandits (12”) (December 15, 2017)
 TNS069: Tim Loud and the Psychotronic Men - Some Of These People Have Come From Stoke (Tape) (November 17, 2017)
 TNS070: Pizzatramp - Revenge Of The Bangertronic Dan, Plus 13 Songs (12”) (January 19, 2018)
 TNS071: Random Hand - Change Of Plan (12”) (February 9, 2018)
 TNS072: Bobby Funk - Avocado Stains (12”) (April 16, 2018)
 TNS073: Nosebleed - Scratching Circles On The Dancefloor (12”/CD) (April 6, 2018)
 TNS074: Revenge of the Psychotronic Man - That Was Just A Noise (12”) (May 1, 2018)
 TNS075: Uniforms - Reasons To Breathe (7”) (August 24, 2018)
 TNS076: Tim Loud - Salvation (12”/CD) (September 28, 2018)
 TNS077: Vanilla Pod - Goodbye My Love… (7”) (October 5, 2018)
 TNS078: Incisions - S/T (12”/CD) (December 7, 2018)
 TNS079: The Domestics/Pizzatramp - Discipline (5”) (November 2, 2018)
 TNS080: Pizzatramp - Grand Relapse (12”/CD) (April 5, 2019)
 TNS081: Hardkore Dokument 1 - featuring The Domestics/Pizzatramp/Grand Collapse/Wolfbeast Destroyer/Rash Decision/Guilt Police (7”) (June 19, 2019)
 TNS082: Stöj Snak/Speed Dinosaurs - The Mass Extinction split (7”) (April 19, 2019)
 TNS083: TNSrecords: The Family (CD) (January 2, 2019)
 TNS084: Casual Nausea - Demons (12”) (April 19, 2019)
 TNS085: The Pulsebeat compilation (12”) (July 5, 2019)
 TNS086: Pi$$er - Wretched Life (7”) (July 12, 2019)
 TNS087: Haest - Anomie (12”/CD) (January 10, 2020)
 TNS088: Jodie Faster - Blame Yourself (12”) (February 13, 2020)
 TNS089: Incisions/Pizzatramp - Do You Know Who You Look Like (7”) (March 27, 2020)
 TNS090: Christmas - Hot Nights In Saint Vandal (12”/CD) (February 28, 2020)
 TNS091: Follow Your Dreams - The Half Life Of Teaspoons (12”/CD) (March 13, 2020)
 TNS092: Brassick - 2.0 (12”/CD) (April 27, 2020)
 TNS093: Knife Club - We Are Knife Club (12”/CD) (May 1, 2020)
 TNS094: Stöj Snak - Life, Death And Everything In Between (12”) (October 23, 2020)
 TNS095: Bobby Funk - Longing For The Bonging (12”/CD) (June 6, 2020)
 TNS096: The Domestics/Pizzatramp - No Life/This Is Your Life (12”) (June 12, 2020)
 TNS097: Pi$$er - Crushed Down To Paste (12”) (July 10, 2020)
 TNS098: Harijan - S/T (Double 12”/CD) (December 18, 2020)
 TNS099: Knife Club - Lockdown Acoustic EP (7”) (November 6, 2020)
 TNS100: TNS Volume 4: Cheap Cans, Broken Vans and Basement Bar Bands (Double 12”/CD) (February 19, 2021)
 TNS101: Matilda’s Scoundrel’s - The Devil’s Dues (7”) (February 26, 2021)
 TNS102: Pi$$er - Carved Up for Yuks (12”) (February 26, 2021)
 TNS103: Incisions - BLISS (12”/CD) (April 2, 2021)
 TNS104: Grand Collapse - Empty Plinths (12”/CD) (August 6, 2021)
 TNS105: Jodie Faster - (In)complete Discography (12”) (July 9, 2021)
 TNS106: Nosebleed - Dance With The Devil (12”/CD) (November 11, 2022)
 TNS107: Beng Beng Cocktail - S/T (12”/CD) (March 1, 2022)
 TNS108: Nexø - False Flag (12”) (April 15, 2022)
 TNS109: Ättestor/Zero Again - The Ä To Z Of Ignorance, Indifference and Idiocy (7”) (September 16, 2022)
 TNS110: The Sewer Cats - Cute Aggression (12”/CD) (April 15, 2022)
 TNS111: Knife Club - Club Classics (12”/CD) (June 24, 2022)
 TNS112: James Domestic - Carrion Repeating (12") (March 9, 2022)
 TNS113: Haest/Christmas/Batwölf/Electric Frankenstein - The International Split LP (12”) (September 9, 2022)
 TNS114: Faintest Idea - The Road To Sedition (12”/CD) (March 31, 2023)
 TNS115: Haest - Belabour (12”/CD) (January 13, 2023)
 TNS116: Vægtløs - Kakofoni (7”) (October 6, 2022)
 TNS117: Bruise Control - Useless For Something (12”/CD/Tape) (April 28, 2023)
 TNS118: Knife Club - Our Club, Our Rules (12”/CD) (April 7, 2023)
 TNS119: The Domestics - East Anglian Hardcore (12”/CD) (June 20, 2023)

TNSrecords Fanzine
TNSrecords also occasionally produce a fanzine. It began in 2003 as a free publication, and  was available at various music stores, and also on-line. The Fanzine features reviews of recent musical releases from the Punk rock, Ska, Hardcore, Psychobilly, and occasionally other genres, as well as articles, often of a comedy nature or left-wing political viewpoint, and news about forthcoming gigs.
That's Not Skanking fanzine originally started in 2003, in Manchester. It covered punk rock, ska and related genres.
That incarnation of the fanzine lasted 18 issues, with an average run of 250 copies.
However, the launch of TNSrecords in 2008 resulted in the fanzine being relaunched as TNSrecords fanzine. As of Summer 2011 there had been 14 issues, which usually coincided with label releases and had a print run of around 1500.
The fanzine also uses imagery of animals and has also featured comical features such as funny footballer names and human impressions of animals.
Content wise it varies from covering the ridiculous, through to more political and social issues. Band wise, as well as documenting the local scene and bands from the label, interviews have also been conducted with more established acts such as Zeke, Million Dead and many more.
The fanzine was featured in an exhibition and film at Salford Art Gallery in 2011/12, which was curated by Salford Zine Library. The film features commentary by Andy.

TNS Gigs
TNSrecords arranged DIY gigs for many years. TNS gigs are currently in hiatus. These gigs usually featured bands that play Punk rock, Ska and other similar genres.  They were held at Retro Bar, Gulliver's, Kraak Gallery & Base Cafe in Manchester. But sometimes took place further afield, including Blackpool, Leeds, and Macclesfield. The gigs started in 2004.

Manchester Punk Festival
In 2015, TNSrecords formed a collective with Moving North and Anarchistic Undertones to start a new punk festival in Manchester. The aim of Manchester Punk Festival is to bring a diverse range of bands, who could be considered punk in sound or ethos, to Manchester.

The weekend offers the opportunity for many people to congregate and listen to awesome bands from all over the world in some of the cities best independent venue.

By 2023 the festival had grown to 140 acts performing over 7 venues across Manchester.

TNSradio
In February 2009, TNSrecords launched TNSradio, a monthly podcast featuring Punk and Ska music. From February 2010 the podcast became a weekly show which is broadcast on American internet radio stations Punk Rock Demonstration. and Real Punk Radio. Due to a lack of time TNSrecords were unable to continue with the weekly show, with the episodes stopping in the summer of 2010. The show returned in June 2011, this time on a monthly basis, as part of the Punk Britannia weekly podcast which is broadcast on Punk Rock Demonstration and from the Studs and Punks website.
The podcast is currently in hiatus, although did briefly return as the 'Cheap Cans, Broken Vans and Basement Bar Bands Podcast' during lockdown, where Andy and Bev, alongside guests shared memories about each of their first 100 releases.

Other acts that have worked with TNS Records
Early in 2008 TNSrecords released a Compilation CD featuring UK Punk and Ska acts, under the title Music By People Who Drink Cider In The Gutter.  The CD received critical acclaim in the Manchester press as well as some note in the rest of the U.K. There has also been some notice taken of the Compilation CD Internationally. Tracks were included by various bands:
The Dangerfields
Revenge of the Psychotronic Man
The Kirkz
The Shadowcops
Buzzkill
Great St. Louis
Dog Toffee
Just Panic
Harijan
The Fractions
On The Turn
Speeding Bee
Faintest Idea
The Hyperjax
The Medicine Bow
Mr International and The Getawy Gang
Sounds of Swami
Death By Decibels
The Shuffle
Matt Woods

In the summer of 2009 TNSrecords released their second Compilation CD featuring UK Punk and Ska acts, under the title Mainstream Music Is Shit. Tracks were included by various bands including:
Disk 1
The Shadowcops
Sounds of Swami
Revenge of the Psychotronic Man
Rising Strike
D'Corner Bois
The Kirkz
The Emos
The Dangerfields
The Dead Reckoning
The Hyperjax
Great St. Louis
The Nova Fives
ACiD DROP
Just Add Monsters
Fair Do's
The Dangerous Aces
The Terrors
SmackRats
2 Sick Monkeys

Disk 2
Harijan
Cartoon Violence
Stand Out Riot
John Player Specials
Jimmy The Squirrel
The Hostiles
The Hijacks
Sense of Urgency
A War Against Sound
Kickback UK
Faintest Idea
The Autonomads
Rasta4eyes
Just Panic
Los Salvadores
Bootscraper
The Medicine Bow

There have been a further two volumes of TNS compilations since.

References

External links
Official site

British independent record labels
Punk record labels
Ska record labels
Record labels established in 2008


William Jennings (25 February 1893 – 1968) was a Welsh football player best known for playing for Bolton Wanderers, for whom he made over 250 appearances in The Football League. He played for Bolton in the 1923 and 1926 FA Cup Finals. He also played 11 times for the Welsh national team and later had a two-year spell in charge of Cardiff City.

Honours
Bolton Wanderers

 FA Cup: 1922–23, 1925–26

Personal life
Jennings served as a corporal in the Royal Air Force during the First World War.

References
General

Specific

1893 births
1968 deaths
Sportspeople from Barry, Vale of Glamorgan
Welsh men's footballers
Wales men's international footballers
Welsh football managers
Bolton Wanderers F.C. players
Barry Town United F.C. players
English Football League players
Cardiff City F.C. managers
Cardiff City F.C. non-playing staff
Men's association football wing halves
Men's association football fullbacks
Royal Air Force personnel of World War I


Geufer Rafael Hallmann known as Geufer born on 6 December 1980 in Estância Velha, Brazil is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Portuguese team Camacha as a striker in the Portuguese Second Division Serie A. His previous clubs include Juventude, São Bento, União Leiria, União Madeira, Fortaleza, Nacional and Villa Nova.

References

Living people
1980 births
Brazilian men's footballers
C.F. União players
Brazilian people of German descent
Men's association football forwards