The MetroWest Regional Transit Authority (MWRTA) is a regional public transit authority in the state of Massachusetts providing bus and paratransit service to sixteen communities in the Boston MetroWest. The MWRTA was formed in 2006 and began service on July 1, 2007 with the purpose of filling a void in public transportation service in the MetroWest. Through a commitment to deliver expanded public transportation service to the business and commercial hubs across the MetroWest region, the goals and purpose of the MWRTA are embodied in its mission statement: "Build a public transportation system to deliver convenient and dependable service that enhances mobility, environmental quality and economic vitality in the region." Funding for the MWRTA comes partially from the state and local governments of the communities it operates within.

Paratransit
Paratransit service is a flexible passenger transportation service which does not follow fixed routes or schedules. According to ADA requirements, the MWRTA must provide paratransit service as a curb-to-curb service to eligible residents having a physical, cognitive, or mental disability within a 3/4 mile radius of a fixed route regular bus service. In addition, MWRTA paratransit service is also provided to eligible residents within any of its sixteen member communities. All MWRTA buses are equipped with lift systems to accommodate the physically handicapped along their regular fixed routes. The MWRTA also provides paratransit service to MWRTA service area border towns at an increased fare. The paratransit service is provided in the form of a call-ahead multi-passenger shuttle allowing disabled residents of MWRTA communities to be picked up at their houses and shuttled to any other location within or bordering the MWRTA service region, such as other residences, grocery stores, hospitals, or job sites.

Prior to the creation of the MWRTA, the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) provided part of its paratransit service, called The RIDE (see MBTA accessibility) to the two communities of Framingham and Natick within the current MWRTA service area. The MBTA continue to provide The RIDE to Framingham and Natick until 2009 under contractual obligations. On July 1, 2009, administration of paratransit service to Framingham and Natick switched from the MBTA to MWRTA in alignment with the change in assessments paid to the MWRTA by those communities rather than to the MBTA.

Buses
The MWRTA provides sixteen fixed bus routes. The fleet consists of Ford E-Series cutaway-based 16-passenger buses. All buses contain lift systems capable of carrying up to 1,000 pounds for physically disabled passengers.

Routes
Displayed below is the MWRTA route listing. Following each route entry is a listing of points of interest which can be reached along the route..

The MWRTA partnership with GeoGraphics Lab provides live-updates of bus locations via an online map service. The service displays current bus locations on a map with the use of bus-mounted GPS devices. The map service also allows the individual bus routes to be displayed overlaying the map.

MicroTransit
In 2021 MWRTA launched a new MicroTransit service called Catch Connect, in coordination with MWRTA's mobile app, Catch. Catch Connect was launched in the Town of Wellesley in February 2021, alongside the existing Fixed Route 8. In March the Route 8 was removed from service and replaced entirely with Catch Connect.  The MicroTransit service parameters include the entire Town of Wellesley, as well as the Woodland and Waban MBTA Green Line Stations, Newton-Wellesley Hospital, and Natick Community Center.  The MBTA Stations and Natick COA served as connecting points to the MBTA, and to MWRTA's Fixed Routes 10 and 11.

In July 2021 using MassDOT Discretionary Funding, MWRTA launched Catch Connect service in Framingham and Natick on Saturdays and Sundays, from 8 AM - 6PM.  The service area includes Downtown Framingham, Downtown Natick, and the Route 9 Golden Triangle retail area.

In June 2022 with funded by ARPA Grants and aided by Representative Kate Hogan, MWRTA launched Catch Connect service in Hudson, MA on Saturday's from 8 AM - 6PM.  MWRTA's Route 15 began service in Hudson in 2016 and had increased continuously in ridership over the years.  The new CC service provides Hudson and Marlborough residents flexible Saturday service.  The service area includes the entire Town of Hudson, and a small portion of Downtown Marlborough to connect riders to the existing Routes 7 and 7C Saturday.

Riders of the Catch Connect service are able to book their trips directly through the MWRTA Catch App. If riders do not have access to a smartphone they can call the MWRTA Central Reservations department to have a representative book the trip for them. The Catch Connect service is a shared-ride service open to the public, and uses fully accessible Ford Transit Vans and Ford cutaway 12 passenger vehicles.

Framingham Intermodal
In 2017 MWRTA began a partnership with the MBTA and entered into a lease agreement for the Framingham Commuter Rail Station.  MWRTA hired a full time Operations Manager and part time Security Officer for the station, added a caboose purchased from Edaville Railroad for office space, and created bus shelters for MWRTA buses to stop.  Over the course of a few years MWRTA increased parking at the Station by 150+ spaces, added lighting and security cameras, replaced both staircases location on the platform that were in a state of disrepair, added signage and information, updated and maintained the elevators which were also in a state of disrepair, and increased security presence, creating a safer area for riders, commuters, and pedestrians. MWRTA also build a partnership with Greyhound to allow Greyhound buses going to and from New York to make a stop at the Intermodal Station (also known as the "Banana Lot"). MWRTA also added bike lockers to the station, allowing commuters to park their bike in a safe, clean, and dry space when they board the train for a small monthly fee.

MWRTA renewed the lease agreement with the MBTA in 2022 and continues to maintain the Commuter Rail Station; providing daily cleaning and oversight, snow removal in the winter, additional trash receptacles, access to multiple modes of transportation and 9 MWRTA bus routes, as well as Catch Connect service on the weekends.

History

The birth of the MWRTA
In 2006, an Economic Stimulus Bill passed in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts included legislation pushed by Karen Spilka and other MetroWest area legislators. The legislation opened the possibility of a new Regional Transit Authority to be formed in the MetroWest region. The legislation states that any community providing an annual assessment to the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) but not served directly by the MBTA may form their own Regional Transit Authority (RTA) using that funding instead.

Under the advisement of the legislation, the MWRTA was created in Framingham with the neighboring communities of Holliston, Hopkinton, Natick, Ashland, and Wayland. At the time, Framingham had its own community bus system called The LIFT (Local Inter Framingham Transit).The newly formed MWRTA was based on The LIFT. With this system, the communities of the MWRTA would have a basis for their new RTA.

Natick neighborhood bus system
As part of the growth of the MWRTA and due to Natick joining the system, Natick's own Neighborhood Bus system was incorporated into the MWRTA in the summer of 2008. Rates rose from $1 to $1.50 for adults with the rate hike justified as allowing residents of Natick to move anywhere in the system, as far out as Marlborough. The incorporation of this system created a link of service from Natick to Marlborough across two routes spanning more than 25 miles combined.

The RIDE
The RIDE is a paratransit service provided by the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) to regions of the Greater Boston Area. Prior to the creation of the MWRTA, the MBTA provided paratransit service to the MWRTA member communities of Framingham and Natick through The RIDE. Due to the formation of the MWRTA as a new Regional Transit Authority (RTA) within the MetroWest, annual assessments can now be funneled toward the MWRTA rather than the MBTA. Administration of paratransit service to Framingham and Natick switched from the MBTA to the MWRTA on July 1, 2009.

MBTA Green Line shuttle

Green Line shuttle service is targeted at commuters traveling to work in the Metrowest from Boston. It poses an alternative to the MBTA Commuter Rail Framingham/Worcester Line which focuses more on Boston inbound traffic during the morning hours, and outbound traffic from Boston to Framingham during the evening hours. Consequently, the commuter rail provides less frequent service in the opposite direction during those respective times. The Green Line shuttle instead links the MWRTA bus system with the MBTA subway system and provides service every twenty-five minutes during morning and evening commute hours.

Future plans

The MWRTA is discussing expansion of bus service within its service region particularly to the four communities which receive only paratransit service. In particular, Sherborn is a member community of the MWRTA, but does not receive fixed route bus service. Prior to the creation of the MWRTA, Sherborn paid annual assessments to the MBTA although it did not receive public transportation service. Since joining the MWRTA, selectmen conducted surveys through mass mailings to the residents of Sherborn, and responses were mostly positive toward creating a bus route between downtown Sherborn and a Natick commuter-rail station.

References

External links

 MetroWest Regional Transit Authority Website
 GeoGraphics Lab MetroWest
 YouTube - MWRTA new buses
 The RIDE

Framingham, Massachusetts
Bus transportation in Massachusetts
Organizations established in 2006
Public transportation in the Boston area
Transit authorities with natural gas buses
Paratransit services in the United States


Malaysia–Singapore relations refers to the bilateral relations between Malaysia and the Republic of Singapore, after the expulsion of Singapore from Malaysia in 1965. Singapore has a high commission in Kuala Lumpur and a consulate general in Johor Bahru, while Malaysia has a high commission in Singapore. Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations and ASEAN.

Country comparison

Leaders of the two countries

Diplomatic relations
Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations and ASEAN.

Bilateral relations
Singapore and Malaysia enjoy close bilateral relations, and there is an annual Singapore-Malaysia Leaders' Retreat for bilateral talks between the two countries.

Socio-economic relations

As at 2015, Singapore is Malaysia's biggest trading partner, with imports and exports totalling approximately US$28 billion. Conversely, Singapore's biggest trading partner is China, followed by Hong Kong and Malaysia respectively. Former Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak has suggested that both nations can promote regulations and e-commerce, and encourage electronic payments.

Specifically, Malaysia's southernmost state of Johor has enjoyed close bilateral relations with Singapore. Both territories neighbour each other and share natural resources such as water. In addition, Johor and Singapore, together with Indonesia's Riau Islands, form the SIJORI Growth Triangle. Singapore is consistently one of the top sources of foreign direct investments into Iskandar Malaysia, an economic corridor spanning much of southern Johor. Meanwhile, almost 300,000 Malaysians from Johor transit across the two border crossings between Johor and Singapore - the Causeway and the Second Link - on a daily basis, either for work or education opportunities.

In 2018, Singapore Deputy Prime Minister Teo Chee Hean during his visit to Sabah said that they were keen to assist the latter in technical and vocational education in efforts to build up skills for state youths to meet the needs of the state's industries with an invitation to Singapore were also delivered to Sabah Chief Minister Shafie Apdal and other state officials to further discuss about working together on technical skills development for the state youths. Further in 2019, Sarawak opened its trade and tourism office in Singapore to boost investment with several other trade deals were also signed between the two. During a visit by Singapore's senior Minister of State for Trade and Industry Chee Hong Tat to Sabah State Administrative Centre in August, he said Sabah has been an important partner for Singapore over the years and hopes to elevate the relations into further levels with the setting up of a Sabah trade office in Singapore. During the meeting, Chee adding that Singapore are keen to investing in developing tourism hospitality facilities as well on cruise tourism. Sabah Minister of Agriculture and Food Industry Junz Wong also said that Sabah was in the process to form a strategic alliance with Singapore to facilitate and create platforms for the business community of the two and discovering potential trade in agriculture-based manufactured food products.

Tourism
Singaporeans account for a majority of tourist arrivals into Malaysia, at nearly 13 million . Malaysia was also Singapore's third largest market in terms of inbound visitors, contributing 8.5% of the total tourists in the city-state in 2012; tourists from Kuala Lumpur, Sarawak, Penang, Sabah and Perak formed the bulk of Malaysian tourist arrivals into Singapore in that year.

According to a study conducted by the Singapore Tourism Board, Malaysians tend to view Singapore as an extension of their lifestyle rather than a holiday destination, due to the close geographical proximity, cultural similarities and family ties between the two countries. Aside from leisure, 41% of Malaysian tourists in Singapore cited meetings, incentives, conferencing and exhibitions (MICE) as their purpose of visit.

Cultural relations
Malaysia and Singapore share significant historical and cultural affinities, as both countries have multiracial populations consisting of Malays, Chinese and Indians, and had experienced British colonial rule. These are in addition to cross-border family ties due to migration between the two countries. In recent years, more arts and cultural activities have been jointly organised by artists from both sides of the Causeway, including the Titian Budaya showcase in Kuala Lumpur in 2015 and the Causeway Exchange during the George Town Festival that year.

In particular, Singapore is culturally linked with its former fellow Straits Settlements, Penang and Malacca - both of which are now among the 13 Malaysian states. Aside from being governed directly by the British as crown colonies until the mid-20th century, the three territories are renowned for their cosmopolitan populaces, which include the Peranakans. There has been a recent resurgence of Peranakan culture, fuelled by conservation efforts at historic sites and the mass media. One of the key regional events aimed at promoting Peranakan culture is the International Baba Nyonya Convention, which was last held in Penang's capital city of George Town in 2017.

Security relations

Singapore and Malaysia are part of the Five Power Defence Arrangements (FDPA), along with New Zealand, Australia and the United Kingdom, in which the five nations are to consult one another in the event of an armed attack on either Malaysia or Singapore. An Integrated Air Defence System (IADS) for both Malaysia and Singapore was set up at RMAF Butterworth in the Malaysian state of Penang in 1971.

Both countries, along with Indonesia, help each other respond to threats by Jemaah Islamiah (JI).

Transport links
The two countries are connected by the Johor–Singapore Causeway and the Tuas Second Link. The Second Link is a bridge connecting Singapore and Johor, Malaysia. In Singapore, it is officially known as the Tuas Second Link. The bridge was  built to reduce traffic congestion at the Johor–Singapore Causeway which have been operated since 2 January 1998. The twin-deck bridge supports a dual-three lane carriageway linking Kampong Ladang at Tanjung Kupang in Johor to Jalan Ahmad Ibrahim at Tuas in Singapore. The span over water is . On the Malaysian side, the bridge is connected to the Second Link Expressway (Malay: Lebuhraya Laluan Kedua Malaysia-Singapura), also known as Linkedua Expressway, which links from Senai North Interchange Exit 253 at North-South Expressway, Senai Airport and Taman Perling, Johor Bahru via its extension known as Johor Bahru Parkway. In Singapore, the bridge connects to the Ayer Rajah Expressway.

On 7 April 2014, during a joint press conference with Lee Hsien Loong, after the annual Malaysia-Singapore Leaders' Retreat in Putrajaya, Najib proposed a Friendship Bridge` between the two countries to strengthen and enhance the relationship between both countries.

The Rapid Transit System (RTS) Link, a high-speed rail line between Malaysia and Singapore, under development, is scheduled to open in 2024. This long-delayed project required the resolution of a dispute between the two countries over transportation links and Singaporean investment in Iskandar Malaysia in 2010. Malaysian and Singaporean counterparts thereby agreed to modify the Points of Agreement signed in 1990. Specifically, the two sides agreed to move the KTM railway station from Tanjung Pagar to Woodlands and created a joint venture to be called M-S Pte Ltd to develop six parcels of Singapore land, develop a rapid transit link between Tanjung Puteri in Johor Baru and Woodlands in Singapore, and allow Temasek Holdings and Khazanah to set up a joint venture for the purpose of developing a town in Iskandar Malaysia. The deadline to form the aforementioned joint venture company lapsed on 30 June 2018, thus both nations have to decide to mutually extend the deadline or open an international tender for the rail operator.

Singapore and Malaysia also agreed to build the Kuala Lumpur–Singapore High Speed Rail in 2013. The project was expected to be completed by 2026, and would connect Kuala Lumpur and Johor Bahru to Singapore. Under the administration of the new Malaysian government, Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad however announced that Malaysia have postponed the HSR project while Singapore spent S$250 million (US$184 million) on the project and another S$40 million is expected to be spent from August 2018 till the end of 2018. On 18 July 2018, former Malaysian Prime Minister and opposition member of parliament (MP) Najib Razak questioned the government on the economic impact of cancelling the project. On 1 January 2021, the project's cancellation was announced by the Prime Ministers of both countries as no agreement was reached after the final deadline extension of 31 December 2020 lapsed.

Other bilateral projects
There have been schemes to raise the water levels in Johor's Linggiu Reservoir to meet the needs of both countries. There is an ongoing joint hydrometric modelling study of the Johor River. This has been prompted by the parching of the Reservoir, with its water level dropping to a historic low of 20 per cent after a long spell of rainless days in October 2016. The study aims to help find out why water levels in the Reservoir fell recently, and can also analyse what happens when it rains in Johor, and how this translates into inflows to Linggiu and outflows to the Johor River. The dip in supply was previously pegged to persistent dry weather, as well as large discharges of water to prevent salinity levels downstream from getting too high.

Disputes and diplomatic incidents
Since the expulsion of Singapore from the Federation in 1965, several other differences developed between Singapore and Malaysia, including a dispute over water prices (under the 1961 and 1962 water agreements) and ownership of Pedra Branca, an island off the coast of Johor.

Water conflicts

Under the 1962 Water Agreement, Singapore refines up to 250 million gallons of water per day from the Johor River and sells the majority of it back to Malaysia. This right expires in 2061. There has been numerous disputes between the two nations over the fairness of the deal, with Malaysia arguing Singapore is an affluent nation profiting from Malaysia's water resources due to the deal, and Singapore arguing that its treatment of water and subsequent resale of said treated water to Malaysia is done at a generous price, as Singapore makes no economic profit off the resale due to the costs involved in refining the water. Malaysia has threatened to cut off the water supply prematurely to pressure Singapore politically, a move that has sparked tensions between the two states.

Territorial dispute

On 23 May 2008, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled in favour of Singapore on the question of ownership over Pedra Branca with 12 to 4 votes whereas the UN court ruled almost unanimously in favour of Malaysia regarding its legal ownership of Middle Rocks. In its Judgment, the ICJ expressly noted that Singapore had plans for reclamation at Pedra Branca. Both the microsized features are valued for their respective strategic positions at the junction of the Straits of Malacca and the South China Sea where 40% of global trade passes through on annual basis.

In February 2017, Malaysia filed an application for the revision of the ICJ's judgement. In its filing, Malaysia cited three documents recently declassified by the United Kingdom to support the application. Singapore has set up its legal team to respond to Malaysia's application. The team includes Attorney-General Lucien Wong, Professor S. Jayakumar, Professor Tommy Koh, and former Chief Justice Chan Sek Keong. Responding to the application, Singapore's Prime Minister, Lee Hsien Loong, said: "I am confident of the eventual outcome, because (we have) strong lawyers (and) a strong case".

On 30 June 2017, Malaysia filed a second application, requesting interpretation over the judgement delivered by the ICJ in 2008 over the sovereignty of Pedra Branca. According to Malaysia, this was "separate and autonomous" from the earlier application filed in February 2017, seeking revision of the ICJ judgement. In response, Singapore said that "Malaysia's request for the ICJ to interpret the judgement is puzzling. Singapore will therefore oppose Malaysia's application for interpretation, which we consider to be both unnecessary and without merit. Singapore is committed to resolving these issues in accordance with international law".

To implement the ICJ's judgement in 2008, Malaysia and Singapore have attempted to implement the 2008 judgement through co-operative processes. Both countries established the Malaysia-Singapore Joint Technical Committee (MSJTC) to implement the ICJ's judgement, which was inter alia, tasked with addressing the delimitation of the maritime boundaries between the territorial waters of both countries. According to Malaysia, the MSJTC reached an impasse in November 2013. Malaysia asserted that one of the reasons was both parties being unable to agree over the meaning of the 2008 judgement as it concerns South Ledge and the waters surrounding Pedra Branca.

Malaysia's latest legal bid, according to international experts, could be an attempt by the Barisan Nasional government to stir up nationalist fervour against a convenient, smaller neighbour, Singapore, ahead of a key general election. In the aftermath of the general election under the new government of Pakatan Harapan, Malaysia has dropped its appeal on the Pedra Branca case while announcing plans to convert the Middle Rocks that are under its sovereignty into an island.

Maritime and aviation dispute

Maritime dispute over port limits
On 25 October 2018, the Malaysian Attorney General's Chamber announced changes to the port limits for the Johor Bahru Port. This was followed by the Marine Department of Malaysia issuing a Notice to Mariners on 22 November 2018 detailing an extension of the port limits that brought it closer to the Tuas area in Singapore which indeed was previously under Malaysian maritime claims. Tensions have erupted before in the past as Singapore launched a move to reclaim land in the Johore Straits (off Tuas, Singapore and Tanjung Piai, Malaysia) which was in an area of overlapping claims between the 2 respective nations.

In response, the Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore (MPA) issued a circular on 30 November instructing ship masters and owners of vessels to disregard Malaysia's Notice to Mariners. On 4 December 2018, Singapore's Ministry of Transport (MOT) announced that it had lodged a "strong protest" with the Malaysian government over the extension of the Johor Bahru port limits "in a manner which encroaches into Singapore's territorial waters off Tuas". Meanwhile, both nations had started blaming each other for intruding into their own claimed territorial waters. The MOT statement also indicated that vessels from the Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency (MMEA) and Marine Department of Malaysia had repeatedly intruded into Singapore's territorial waters off Tuas over the past two weeks, saying that the extension of the Johor Bahru port limits were "a serious violation of Singapore's sovereignty and international law" and "unconducive to good bilateral relations, cause confusion for the international shipping community, and lead to increased navigational and safety risks for all parties."

On 6 December 2018, Singapore's Transport Minister Khaw Boon Wan described Malaysia extension of port limits as a "blatant provocation", and indicated that fourteen intrusions into Singapore's territorial waters had occurred. He also announced that the Republic had extended its port limits off Tuas in response to Malaysia's actions.

Aviation dispute
On 4 December 2018, Malaysian Transport Minister Loke Siew Fook announced Malaysia's intention to "reclaim" airspace over southern Johor that was previously accorded under an agreement in 1974 to Singapore to provide air traffic control services as Malaysia now had adequate technological, financial, and aviation expertise to control its own airspace. It is sketched begin in phases between 2019 and 2023. He also said that Malaysia would send a protest note to Singapore over the latter's plan to implement an instrument landing system (ILS) at Seletar Airport. Malaysia claimed that the implementation of the ILS would violate Malaysia's sovereignty, independent rights over its own airspace, and also cause restrictions on building heights and port activities that would stunt the development of the Pasir Gudang industrial area. Singapore's Transport Minister Khaw Boon Wan countered Loke's claim by saying that the ILS would not cause any additional restricts or impact, and that cross-border airspace arrangements did not amount to a violation of sovereignty, pointing to other similar arrangements where Malaysia managed airspace over Brunei and Indonesia although both the latters have given full consent to Malaysia in managing civil air traffic in their designated airspaces as both the nations lack the needed expertise in this matter.

On 25 December 2018, the Civil Aviation Authority of Malaysia published a Notice to Airmen (NOTAM) that it would establish an area of permanently restricted airspace over Pasir Gudang from 2 January 2019. Singapore protested the new permanent restricted area on 1 January 2019, saying that the restricted area was in a "controlled and congested airspace" and would affect aircraft travelling through the area.

Negotiations
On 8 January 2019, following a meeting, the foreign ministers of both countries, Singapore's Vivian Balakrishnan and Malaysia's Saifuddin Abdullah, announced that the implementation of the ILS by Seletar Airport and the permanent restricted airspace by Malaysia would be suspended, and that a working group would be set up to study and discuss the issues relating to the maritime dispute, pending further discussions and negotiations.

On 9 January 2019, Johor Chief Minister Osman Sapian made a visit to one of the Malaysian vessels, MV Pedoman, that were still anchored within the disputed waters and posted photos of the visit on Facebook. This prompted Singapore to suspend the Joint Ministerial Committee for Iskandar Malaysia (JMCIM) talks scheduled for 14 January.

On 14 March 2019, Malaysia and Singapore agreed to mutually suspend the implementation of their overlapping port limits, which effectively represented a reversion to the status quo prior to Malaysia's initial announcement of alteration to the Johor Port limits. Other measures announced included: the suspension of commercial activities in the area; an agreement to not anchor government vessels; and Singapore and Malaysia vessels will operate in the area "in accordance with international law including the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)".

See also
 Malaysia–Singapore border
 Pedra Branca dispute
 People's Action Party–United Malays National Organisation relations, the governing parties of Singapore and Malaysia
 Singaporeans in Malaysia
 Malaysians in Singapore

References

Singapore
Bilateral relations of Singapore
Singapore
Malaysia


Princess Maria Theresia of Liechtenstein (Maria Theresia Anna Felicitas; 11 May 1694 – 20 February 1772) was the heiress to the Silesian Duchy of Troppau (now Opava in Czech Republic). Countess of Soissons by marriage, she was the last person to hold the title. She had one son who predeceased her in 1734. Her son was engaged to Maria Teresa Cybo-Malaspina, duchess of Massa and heiress to the Principality of Carrara.

Biography

Maria Theresia's father was Prince Hans-Adam I of Liechtenstein – who had purchased the counties of Vaduz and Schellenberg, which is now the modern state of Liechtenstein (although the first Prince to visit Vaduz did so only in 1844). Her mother, Erdmuthe Maria Theresia of Dietrichstein was the great-granddaughter of Adam von Dietrichstein (1527–1590), Hofmeister to the court of Emperor Rudolf II and buried in St Vitus Cathedral, Prague Castle.

Maria Theresia's father died in 1712 – and both her brothers before that.

In Vienna on 24 October 1713, Maria Theresia married Thomas Emmanuel, Count of Soissons and Governor of Antwerp (born on 8 December 1687), second son of Louis Thomas of Savoy-Carignano and his wife, Uranie de La Cropte de Beauvais (1655-1717). They had one son, Eugenio Giovanni.

Through this marriage she also became a Princess of Savoy, having married into a cadet branch of the reigning Dukes of Savoy, Kings of Sicily (13 July 1713) and later of Sardinia. Her husband was a descendant of the princes of Carignano, which had been raised by Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy, into a principality as an appanage for his third son, Thomas Francis. The house of Carignano developed two junior branches, those of Soissons and Villafranca.

In 1662, the town of Yvois in the Ardennes was raised by Louis XIV of France into a duchy in his favour, its name being changed at the same time to Carignan, to remember Carignano. The Prince Eugene of Savoy was the second son of the first Duke of Carignan and grandson of the first Prince of Carignano.

Prince Eugene was Thomas Emmanuel's uncle. Eugene served under Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor – and for his leadership at the Battle of Vienna (against the Turks) in 1683 he became known as "The Atlas of the Austrian monarchy". In 1697, as Field Marshal and chief of Austrian armies, he defeated the forces of the Ottoman sultan, Mustafa II, at the decisive Battle of Zenta (now Senta in Serbia) in Hungary.

After her husband died in Vienna on 28 December 1729, Maria Theresia made Škvorec Castle her seat.

On 20 February 1772 Maria Theresia died in Vienna. She was a descendant of Georg Hartmann who had become Lutheran c. 1540, while her great-grandfather, Karl, a stattholder of Bohemia had found it wise to become a Catholic in 1599.

Maria Theresa's son, Eugene Jean Francois, Count of Soissons and Duke of Troppau (born 23 September 1714; died at Mannheim on 24 November 1734) had died at only 20 years old, thus her estate passed to Franz Joseph I, Prince of Liechtenstein – great-grandson of Prince Hartmann III of Liechtenstein (1613–1686). The title of Count of Soissons became extinct with the young son's death and was returned to the French crown.

Issue

Eugène Jean François de Savoie (Eugene John Francis; 23 September 1714 – 24 November 1734); married Maria Teresa Cybo-Malaspina by proxy, but died 13 days after without issue.

Ancestry

1694 births
1772 deaths
Liechtenstein princesses
Princesses of Savoy
Princesses in Germany
Habsburg Bohemian nobility
Countesses of Soissons
18th-century German women
18th-century German people
18th-century Liechtenstein women
18th-century Liechtenstein people
Burials at St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna
Daughters of monarchs


The MTV Russia Movie Awards (Before 2009 MTV Movie Awards Russia ()) made its debut in 2006 and have celebrated local Russian movies as well as International. The MTV Russia Movie Awards (RMA) is the first event of such kind, featuring local and international actors and movie celebrities being honoured by Russian viewers.

Host Cities
 April 21, 2006 – Oktyabrskiy Theatre, (Moscow) hosted by Dmitry Nagiev and Milla Jovovich
 April 19, 2007 – Pushkinskiy Theatre, (Moscow) hosted by Pamela Anderson and Ivan Urgant
 April 26, 2008 – Pushkinskiy Theatre, (Moscow) hosted by Paris Hilton
 April 23, 2009 – Barvikha Luxury Village Concert Hall, (Barvikha) hosted by Pavel Volya and Kseniya Sobchak

Award winners

2006

2007

See also
 MTV Russian Music Awards
 MTV Networks Europe

References

External links
 Official MMA'06 Russia Website
 Official MMA'07 Russia Website
 Official MMA'08 Russia Website
 Official MTV Russia Website

MTV
2006 establishments in Russia
Awards established in 2006
Awards disestablished in 2009


Tenatumomab is a monoclonal antibody designed for the treatment of cancer.

References

Monoclonal antibodies


Brunei and Malaysia established diplomatic relations in 1984. Brunei has a high commission in Putrajaya, as well as consulate-generals in Kota Kinabalu and Kuching. Malaysia maintains a high commission in Bandar Seri Begawan. Both countries are full members of ASEAN and the Commonwealth of Nations. The two countries share a land border on the island of Borneo. Both countries are majority ethnic Malays and maintain excellent and close economic, cultural, political and defence ties to each other.

Country comparison

History
Relations between the two countries has been established since January 1984.

Cultural links
Brunei and Malaysia have many similarities in culture especially in the East Malaysian areas as they were once a part of the Bruneian Empire. In 2011, around 61,470 Bruneians visited Malaysia while Brunei received 1,238,871 Malaysian tourists in 2013.

Transport links
The states of Sarawak and Sabah in East Malaysia are connected to Brunei via the Pan Borneo Highway through the Brunei–Malaysia Friendship Bridge.

Disputes
Before 2009, Malaysia's land boundary with Brunei around Limbang was in dispute. Brunei and Malaysia agreed to cease gas and oil exploration in their disputed offshore and deep water seabeds until negotiations progressed into an agreement over allocation of disputed areas in 2003. In March 2009, it seemed a solution was achieved between the two governments when the Malaysian press reported that Brunei dropped all claims to Limbang, thus recognising it as a Malaysian territory. Brunei however immediately denied Malaysian press reports, saying the Limbang Question was never discussed during negotiations for the Exchange of Letters.

See also
 Bruneian Malay people
 Brunei–Malaysia border

References

Bilateral relations of Malaysia
Malaysia
Malaysia
Brunei


Lost Command (aka Les Centurions) is a 1966 American war film directed and produced by Mark Robson and starring Anthony Quinn, Alain Delon, George Segal, Michèle Morgan, Maurice Ronet and Claudia Cardinale. It is based on the best-selling 1960 novel The Centurions by Jean Lartéguy. The film focuses on the story of French paratroopers battling in French Indochina and French Algeria.

Plot
In the final moments of the 1954 Battle of Dien Bien Phu, a weakened French battalion awaits a last assault by communist Việt Minh troops.

The battalion commander, Basque Lt. Col. Pierre-Noël Raspéguy (Anthony Quinn), has called central headquarters for reinforcements. Headquarters sends only a single plane load of French paratroopers, under the command of Major de Clairefons. Despite Raspéguy's attempts to provide covering fire, the paratroopers are slaughtered as they land. Major de Clairefons is killed when his parachute drags him into a minefield. Raspéguy is enraged that General Melies (Jean Servais) sent only one plane, and further believes that Melies intends to make him responsible for the entire debacle at Dien Bien Phu.

The Việt Minh overrun the French, with the survivors captured and imprisoned. Among Raspéguy's friends are military historian Captain Phillipe Esclavier (Alain Delon), Indochina-born Captain Boisfeures (Maurice Ronet), surgeon Captain Dia (Gordon Heath) and Lt. Ben Mahidi (George Segal), an Algerian-born paratrooper who turns down a Việt Minh leader's (Burt Kwouk) offer for preferential treatment because he is an Arab. Raspéguy's leadership keeps the men together in their captivity. When released after a treaty between the Việt Minh and France, Raspéguy leads his men in demolishing a delousing station that they see as a humiliation.

Upon his return home to Algeria, Ben Mahidi is disgusted at the treatment of his people, especially when his teenaged brother is machine gunned by the police for painting graffiti in support of independence from France. He deserts from the army to join the rebels of the Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN), becoming a guerrilla leader.

Upon his own return from Indochina, Lt. Col. Raspéguy starts a relationship with Countess Nathalie de Clairefons (Michèle Morgan), widow of the Major who died while trying to reinforce Raspéguy's battalion. The Countess' military contacts result in Raspéguy being given command of the new 10th Regiment of Parachutistes Coloniaux, serving under General Melies in the Algerian War.

The General briefs him that the command is his last chance in the military: if his Regiment fails, Raspéguy's career is finished. Raspéguy recruits his comrades-in-arms from Indochina and trains his battalion with harsh methods, such as using live ammunition on an assault course to encourage speed and initiative.

Soon after beginning counter-insurgency operations in both urban and rural environments, Esclavier falls in love with Mahidi's sister Aicha (Claudia Cardinale), who is loyal to the FLN and uses her friendship with Esclavier to smuggle explosive detonators. The previously naive Esclavier begins to have a new view of his nation's conduct as the FLN rebels and French paratroopers try to outdo each other in breaking the rules of war.

Raspéguy eventually turns on his old comrades who have become too sympathetic to the FLN. Referred to as General, but still wearing Lt. Col. ranks, Raspéguy's last scene shows him receiving a medal while his Regiment is presented with a unit citation. Outside the compound where this is happening Esclavier, who has left the army in disgust, laughs when he sees a child painting a pro-independence slogan on the wall.

Cast
 Anthony Quinn as Lieut. Col. Pierre Raspéguy
 Alain Delon as Captain Phillipe Esclavier
 Maurice Ronet as Captain Julien Boisfeuras
 George Segal as Lt. Mahidi
 Michèle Morgan as Countess Natalie de Clairefons (as Michele Morgan)
 Claudia Cardinale as Aicha Mahidi
 Grégoire Aslan as Doctor Ali Ben Saad (as Gregorie Asian)
 Jean Servais as General Melies
 Maurice Sarfati as Merle
 Jean-Claude Bercq as Orsini
 Syl Lamont (voice: Robert Rietti) as Verte
 Jacques Marin as Mayor
 Jean-Paul Moulinot as DeGuyot (as Jean Paul Moulinot)
 Andrés Monreal as Ahmed (as Andres Monreal)
 Gordon Heath as Dia
 Albert Simono as Sapinsky (as Simono)
 René Havard as Fernand (as Rene Havard)
 Armand Mestral as Administration Officer
 Burt Kwouk as Viet Officer
 Al Mulock as Mugnier
 Marie Burke as Madame Raspeguy
 Aldo Sambrell as Ibrahim (as Aldo Sanbrell)
 George Rigaud as Priest (as Jorge Rigaud)
 Roberto Robles as Manuel
 Emilio Carrer as Father Mahidi
 Carmen Tarrazo as Mother Mahidi
 Howard Hagan as Pilot
 Mario De Barros as Geoffrin
 Walter Kelley as Major M.P. (as Walter Kelly)
 Robert Sutton as Yusseff
 Simon Benzakein as Arab Customer
 Héctor Quiroga as Bakhti (as Hector Quiroga)
 Félix de Pomés as Aged Speaker (as Felix de Pomes)

Production

Writing
Mark Robson bought the novel's film rights for his Red Lion company in March 1963. The screenplay was written by Nelson Gidding, who had previously adapted Nine Hours to Rama for Robson.

Casting
Robson reportedly held off making the film for a year so he could get Anthony Quinn for the lead.
Quinn's character is loosely based on Marcel Bigeard, the actual commander in French Indochina, who led the unit that was the predecessor to the 6th Marine Infantry Parachute Regiment (the 6th Colonial Parachute Battalion). Bigeard later commanded the 3rd Colonial Parachute Regiment in French Algeria.

Filming
The film was shot on location in Spain. Technical support was provided by Commandant René Lepage, who had served in the 6th Marine Infantry Parachute Regiment of the French Army.

Release
Despite the novel's success, the release of another film called The Centurians led to the film's title being changed. At one stage it was going to be From Indo-China to the Gates of Algiers then Not For Honor and Glory before it was decided to use Lost Command. It premièred in the United States in May 1966. It was released in France a few months later.

Box Office
The film was not particularly popular in the US, earning rentals of $1,150,000. It was the fifth most popular movie at the French box office in 1966, after La Grande Vadrouille, Dr Zhivago, Is Paris Burning? and A Fistful of Dollars.

Critical reception
The film received mixed reviews. The New York Times described it as mundane concluding it "is all too reminiscent, except for the labels of name, time and place of the many standard war films that have preceded Lost Command."

Sequel
In 1963 Robson bought the rights to Larteguy's The Praetorians, a follow-up to The Centurions. The film was never made.

See also
 The Battle of Algiers, a 1966 classic Italian docudrama on the Algerian War
 Chronicle of the Years of Fire, a 1975 Algerian drama historical film directed by Mohammed Lakhdar-Hamina. It depicts the Algerian War of Independence as seen through the eyes of a peasant.
 Lion of the Desert, a similar movie featuring Quinn about Omar Mukhtar's Libyan resistance against Italian occupation.

Notes
Citations

External links

 original film trailer https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uoFoyHHpw_c

1966 films
Films directed by Mark Robson
American war drama films
1966 drama films
1966 war films
American political drama films
Algerian War films
Cold War films
First Indochina War films
Films scored by Franz Waxman
Films based on French novels
Films set in the French colonial empire
Columbia Pictures films
Films shot in Almería
1960s English-language films
1960s American films


The 2008 Volleyball America's Cup was the seventh edition of the annual men's volleyball tournament, played by six countries from North, Central and South America. The tournament was held from September 24 to September 28, 2008 in Cuiabá, Brazil.

Competing Nations

Squads

First round

Pool A

September 24, 2008

September 25, 2008

September 26, 2008

Pool B

September 24, 2008

September 25, 2008

September 26, 2008

Final round

September 27, 2008

September 28, 2008

Final standings

Awards
Best scorer
 Roberlandy Simon
Best spiker
 Roberlandy Simon
Best blocker
 Éder Carbonera
Best server
 Evan Patak
Best setter
 Bruno Rezende
Best receiver
 Sérgio Dutra Santos
Best digger
 Martín Meana
Best libero
 Sérgio Dutra Santos

References
 Results

Volleyball America's Cup
A
A
Volleyball


Kevin Gary Olsen (born July 26, 1976) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He pitched for the Florida Marlins of Major League Baseball (MLB) from - and played his final season in  for the Sacramento River Cats, the Triple-A affiliate of the Oakland Athletics.

External links

1976 births
Living people
Albuquerque Isotopes players
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
Brevard County Manatees players
Calgary Cannons players
Florida Marlins players
Jupiter Hammerheads players
Kane County Cougars players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Midland RockHounds players
Oklahoma Sooners baseball players
Baseball players from Covina, California
Portland Sea Dogs players
Riverside City Tigers baseball players
Sacramento River Cats players
Sussex Skyhawks players
Utica Blue Sox players


Reverend William Walter Watts (1856–1920) was one of New South Wales's greatest authorities on moss. He might be best known for his unfinished Census of Australian Mosses. The fern genus Revwattsia is named in his honour as are at least 30 other species including the fern species Grammitis wattsii.

Further reading

References

Bryologists
20th-century Australian botanists
Colony of New South Wales people
1856 births
1920 deaths
19th-century Australian botanists


Malaysia–Philippines relations (; ) refers to the bilateral relations between Malaysia and the Philippines. The Philippines has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur, and Malaysia has an embassy in Manila and a consulate general in Davao City. The people of the two neighbouring countries have a long history of cultural and political relations.

They are both founding members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, both countries are of Malayo-Polynesian stock, and both are important trading partners. The two countries have participated in joint conservation and security measures in the Sulu Sea, which lies between the two countries.

Malaysia has assisted in peacekeeping efforts in Mindanao, although in the past  the attempt of President Ferdinand Marcos to retake eastern Sabah under the claim of the Sultanate of Sulu by forces through "Operation Merdeka" failed badly. Following the arrest of Nur Misuari in 2001, Malaysia Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad said in a statement that they previously funded and supported the insurgencies in Mindanao, to fight against the Philippines, which also economically devastated the Moro people, but now have ceased doing so. Both countries are now involved in the ongoing disputes over ownership of the Spratly Islands and parts of Sabah.

History

Both Malaysia and the Philippines was once part of the Maritime Jade Road. In the precolonial era, before Portugal then the United Kingdom conquered Malaysia and before Spain then the United States conquered the Philippines, the Malaysian and Philippine kingdoms had Datus, Rajahs and Sultans who intermarried with each other and were related. In the Philippines, the Kedatuan of Madja-as were founded by Datus from the collapsing Malay Peninsula and Sumatra centered Srivijaya Empire which extended even to Brunei (At their colony in Vijayapura at Sarawak), was a rump state of Srivijaya  in the Visayas islands at the Philippines, the Rajah Makatunao whom the Visayan 10 Datus of the Kedatuan of Madja-as rebelled against was said to be Rajah Tugao, leader of the Melanao nation in Sarawak. Then the Rajahnate of Cebu, otherwise known as the Hindu nation of Sokbu (束務) in ancient Chinese records, which had a Sanskrit-Tamil named capital: "Singhapala" (சிங்கப்பூர்) meaning "Lion-City" which is the same rootword as Malaysia's neighbor, Singapore, was founded by a half Malay and half Tamil from Sumatra named Sri Lumay; while the founder of the Sultanate of Maguindanao (کسلطانن ماڬيندناو), Sharif Kabungsuwan, who ruled in the Philippines, was born from what is now the Malaysian state of Johor ( کسلطانن جوهر ); The Sultans and Rajahs of Malacca, Johor, Brunei, Banjar, and Sambas in what is now Malaysia and the Sultans of Sulu, Maguindanao, Lanao and Manila, as well as the Rajahs of Cebu and Butuan at the Philippines, also intermarried each other. Migration wasn't one-way though, Malaysia also had Filipino immigrants, some of whom were called Luzones and they had administrative positions and commercial networks, as in the case of Regimo Diraja who was a Governor/Temenggong (تمڠݢوڠ) in the Sultanate of Malacca, another Filipino, was Surya Diraja who was a shipping magnate based in Malaccca that sent 175 tons of pepper to China annually. There is also Mjmjam in Northwest Malaysia (Now the state of Perak), which hosted a colony of Luzones (Filipinos). There were lively commercial and population exchanges between what is now the Philippines and Malaysia during the precolonial period, however, the onset of Western colonization broke the trade and political links between the nations of the two areas as Malaysia fell under Portuguese and then British Imperialism while the Philippines fell to Spanish rule.

Eventually, the Latin American Wars of Independence inspired the revolt of Andres Novales as Latin American immigrants and military exiles to the Philippines: from Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Chile, Argentina and Costa Rica, supported Andres Novales' revolt against Spain, which though defeated, inspired the successful Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire which created the First Philippine Republic. However, it was crushed by an invasion of the United States. Nevertheless, the Philippines was eventually granted by the United States the status of independence after the devastation of the Japanese occupation. The Malaysians on the other hand, supported by Chinese and Indians, also fought for their independence from British rule during the Malayan Emergency. The British thereafter promised eventual independence in the aftermath of the Japanese invasion.

In 1959, shortly after, the Federation of Malaya, the predecessor state of Malaysia, became independent, the Philippines established a legation in Kuala Lumpur. Both countries are current members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, and the Asian Union. In 1961, the Philippine legation was elevated into an embassy. On the same year, then Philippine President Carlos P. Garcia made a state visit to Malaya where he discussed the formation of an Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) with then Malayan Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman. The ASEAN was founded on 8 August 1967 by five Southeast Asian states including then Malaya and the Philippines.

Together with the Indonesia, the two countries were also members of Maphilindo, a short-lived nonpolitical union formed during a summit in Manila from 31 July to 5 August 1963. The organisation was dismantled after one month, partly due to Indonesia's policy of Konfrontasi with Malaysia. The two countries co-operate closely in many areas.

Diplomatic relations

Cultural
The people of the island complex that includes Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines are ethnically similar, with most speaking closely related Malayo-Polynesian languages. Both countries also have large Chinese minorities, who often maintain close cross-border ties.

Economic
Malaysia and the Philippines are important trading partners. In 2002, the Philippines was the 16th largest export market and the 9th largest import market of Malaysia. Malaysia on the other hand is the 7th largest export market and 8th largest import market of the Philippines. Malaysia is also second main source of foreign investments for the Philippines among all of the members of the ASEAN countries. There is also a Malaysia Philippines Business Council.

Labour and domestic workers

Most Filipinos near the border have been traditionally engaging in barter trade with the coastal people in eastern Sabah since the Sultanate of Sulu period and maintains close relationship between them with a constant movement of people from the southern Philippines to Sabah. The barter system was stopped in 2016 when Malaysia close its border prior to the persistent kidnapping of its tourists and citizens by militant groups based in the southern Philippines. There are many transient workers from the Philippines in Malaysia, subject to periodic expulsions by Malaysia due to overstaying and involved in crimes.

Marine conservation and security collaboration
Malaysia and the Philippines have participated in joint conservation measures in the Sulu Sea, which lies between the two countries. Both countries, together with Indonesia are working together to secure Sulu Sea against piracy and extremist militant groups based in the southern Philippines such as the Abu Sayyaf.

Aid from Malaysia
During the 2013 Bohol earthquake, the Malaysian Government has donated a total of MYR100,000 for children affected by the disaster. While after the Typhoon Haiyan hit Philippines, the Malaysian Defence Minister Hishammuddin Hussein has quickly contacted the Philippine Defense Secretary Voltaire Gazmin to determine the aid required. Malaysian Filipinos communities also help to collect relief items to be sent to the country. By 13 November, the Malaysian Government has donated a total of $1 million along with the sending of essential items such as food and medicines worth $310 thousand using the RMAF Charlie C-130 aircraft. One of Malaysian major commercial bank Maybank also contributed to donate $330,000 to the Philippine Red Cross along with the arriving of the Malaysian disaster relief team. While on 22 November, the Malaysian Red Crescent has raised a total of $55,000 donations from the Malaysian citizens and deploy a Rapid Deployment Squad to the Philippines. In 2014, the Malaysian state of Sarawak also had delivered P1.32M to help the Yolanda (Haiyan) typhoon survivors to continue their lives.

Malaysia also become the main facilitator for the Framework Agreement on the Bangsamoro to create peace and establish the Bangsamoro area in Southern Philippines, but the peace process was put on hold in 2015 after the killing of 44 Special Action Force Filipino soldiers by Islamic insurgents.

Following the Battle of Marawi, the Malaysian Armed Forces mulling to send humanitarian relief for the civilians in the city. Through the country RMAF A400M, food and medical supplies are being sent for the city internally-displaced residents, with more humanitarian aid are being promised as the situation worsened.

Disputes and diplomatic incidents

Sabah dispute

Between September 1963 and May 1964, diplomatic relations between the two countries were suspended due to a dispute over the Philippines’ claim to North Borneo, which the eastern part had once been part of the Sulu Sultanate. Relations were suspended again, due to the same issue, between 1968 and 1969.

In February 2013, a group of armed men claiming to have been sent by Jamalul Kiram III, a self-proclaimed Sultanate of Sulu have landed in Sabah which led to an armed clashed with the Malaysian security forces. During the standoff, at least 56 Sulu forces were killed including 6 civilians and 10 Malaysian forces. His desperate action were widely criticised by both Sabah residents and Filipino migrants and expatriates in Sabah as the main cause for the increase of Anti-Filipino sentiment, negative perceptions and discrimination towards Filipinos in the state. This discrimination was a result of Filipino immigrants to Sabah fleeing the violence of the Moro conflict which destroyed their homes in Mindanao and Sulu; a conflict originated from the atrocities committed during Ferdinand Marcos dictatorship in the 1970s under his Martial Law, which include massacres and abuses towards the Muslim community in Southern Mindanao.  Filipino refugees also feel trapped as the Malaysian government refuse granting citizenship to many such refugees, classfying them as a stateless people.

The Philippine government offered numerous attempts to Malaysia to resolve the dispute through an International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruling in the United Nations, although recent Philippine government attempt for intervention on the Ligitan and Sipadan dispute between Malaysia and Indonesia on the basis of its claim to Sabah was rejected by the ICJ in 2002. In 2016, Malaysia officially closed its Sabah borders from the Philippines, effectively rising the cost of goods in three provinces in the southern Philippines, namely, Tawi-Tawi, Sulu, and Basilan prior to the infiltration of illegal immigrants and persistent kidnapping by militant groups based in the southern Philippines. In the same year, the Filipino President Rodrigo Duterte announced in a live telecast that his new administration will pursue the Philippine claim on eastern Sabah through a peaceful dialogue with the Malaysian government. However, prior to the recent meeting between Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak and President Duterte in late 2016, both leaders have agreed to set aside the issues on "back burner" as President Duterte want to focus more to the social condition improvements of Filipino migrants in Sabah. Both leaders have reach an agreement to establish a school, hospital and a consulate in Sabah to make an easy contact with the Philippine central government for any problems facing by the Filipino community in the state, while deporting "problematic and undocumented Filipino refugees and immigrants" that has long been a thorn in bilateral ties for both countries.

Claim over Spratly Islands

Malaysia and the Philippines both claim a portion of the disputed Spratly Islands, some or all of which are also claimed by Vietnam, the People's Republic of China, and the Republic of China. The Philippines have had a claim on the islands, officially since independence in 1946, though they have only actively pursued the claims since 1956. In 1979, they said they only wanted seven of the islands that were under their control. Malaysia has staked a claim since 1976, claiming the southern islands which is nearest to them as part of their country under the Law of the Sea regarding continental shelf. But unlike the Philippines, along with Vietnam, who has internationalised the dispute due to Chinese aggression, Malaysia has a weak stand on the issue as the country receiving large infrastructure development investments from China, thus cannot pressure its claims more aggressively.

Sabah attacks and Mindanao conflict

It is believed that the Philippine government under Ferdinand Marcos were once planning an attack to "destabilise" Sabah through an operation known as the "Operation Merdeka". As a consequence, the Malaysian government were once supporting the insurgency in Mindanao, although recently Malaysia has assisted in the peacekeeping efforts. The threats were continued until today when some Filipino politicians seems supporting militants raids over Malaysia, which threatening ties between the two countries. Due to the frequent threats and attacks, the Royal Malaysia Police and the Malaysian Deputy Prime Minister has made a proposal to ban barter trade between Malaysia and the Philippines as it was seen only benefited to one side and threatening the security of the state. This was enforced then although facing numerous opposition from the Malaysian opposition parties and Filipino resident on the nearest Philippine islands due to the raise of the living cost in their region after the ban, while receiving positive welcomes by Sabahans residents and politicians. The barter trade activity was resumed on 1 February 2017 with the increase of security surveillance and enforcement from both Malaysia and the Philippines authorities to jointly secure their borders. Despite the return of barter trade activity, the state of Sabah has maintained they will always be cautious on their trade with the Philippines.

See also
 Malaysia–Philippines border
 Filipinos in Malaysia
 Filipinos of Malay descent

References

External links

 Overview of Philippine–Malaysia relations from the Philippine embassy in Kuala Lumpur
 Embassy of Malaysia in the Philippines
 Embassy of the Philippines in Malaysia

Philippines
Bilateral relations of the Philippines


Obinutuzumab, sold under the brand name Gazyva among others, is a humanized anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody used as a treatment for cancer. It was originated by GlycArt Biotechnology AG and developed by Roche.

Medical uses
Obinutuzumab is used in combination with chlorambucil as a first-line treatment for chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

It is also used in combination with bendamustine followed by obinutuzumab monotherapy for the treatment of people with follicular lymphoma as a second line treatment to a regimen containing rituximab.

It was not tested in pregnant women.

Side effects
Obinutuzumab has two black box warnings: hepatitis B reactivation and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.

In the clinical trial of obinutuzumab in combination with chlorambucil, participants experienced infusion reactions (69%; 21% grade 3/4), neutropenia (40%; 34% grade 3/4), thrombocytopenia (15%; 11% grade 3/4), anemia (12%), and pyrexia and cough (10% each).  More than 20% of subjects had abnormal lab tests including low calcium and sodium, high potassium, increases in serum creatinine and liver function tests, and low albumin levels.

Chemistry
Obinutuzumab is a fully humanized monoclonal antibody that binds to an epitope on CD20 that partially overlaps with the epitope recognized by rituximab.

GlycArt's technology platform allowed control of protein glycosylation; the cells in which obinutuzumab is produced were engineered to overexpress  two glycosylation enzymes, MGAT3 and Golgi mannosidase 2, which reduce the amount of fucose attached to the antibody, which in turn increases the antibody's ability to activate natural killer cells.

Details of the antibody's structure are disclosed in the 2008 WHO INN naming proposal.

History
Obinutuzumab was created by scientists at GlycArt Biotechnology, which had been founded in 2000 as a spin-out company of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich to develop afucosylated monoclonal antibodies; GA101 was one of its lead products when it was acquired by Roche in 2005.

Roche developed the drug in the US through its US subsidiary, Genentech, and in Japan through its Japanese subsidiary, Chugai. Genentech partnered with Biogen Idec to explore the use of the drug for primary biliary cirrhosis but as of 2014 it appeared the development in that indication had halted.

In November 2013, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved obinutuzumab in combination with chlorambucil as a first-line treatment for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and was the first drug with breakthrough therapy designation to gain approval.

In October 2014, NICE announced that NHS England would not fund use of the drug, due to data uncertainties in Roche's application.  In June 2015, NICE announced that it would fund restricted use of the drug.

In their final recommendation of obinutuzumab, in the January 2015 Pan-Canadian Oncology Drug Review (pERC) for treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, published by the Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health, the list price of obinutuzumab provided by the manufacturer Hoffmann-La Roche was $CDN 5,275.54 per 1,000 mg vial. At the recommended dose obinutuzumab costs $15,826.50" for the first 28-day cycle and "$5275.50 per 28 day cycle for subsequent cycles."

In February 2016, obinutuzumab was approved by the FDA under the Priority Review program for use in combination with bendamustine followed by obinutuzumab monotherapy for the treatment of patients with follicular lymphoma as a secondline treatment to a regimen containing rituximab.

In January 2019, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved ibrutinib in combination with obinutuzumab for people with chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma who have not received prior treatment.

Research
As of 2014 clinical trials had been conducted exploring the use of obinutuzumab as a second line monotherapy in relapsed/refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia, as a monotherapy for relapsed/refractory non-Hodgkin lymphoma in people who had high expression of CD20; and in combination with CHOP chemotherapy as a first line treatment for people with advanced CD20-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. It was called GA101 during research.

References

External links

Hoffmann-La Roche brands
Genentech brands
Breakthrough therapy
Monoclonal antibodies for tumors
Orphan drugs


Malaysia–Thailand relations (; Jawi: هوبوڠن مليسيا–تايلاند;  ) refers to bilateral foreign relations between the two neighbouring countries, Malaysia and Thailand. Thailand has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur, and consulate-general offices in George Town and Kota Bharu. Malaysia maintains an embassy in Bangkok. During Mahathir Mohamad's second term as the Prime Minister of Malaysia from 2018 to 2020, he made four visits to Thailand.

Malaysia and Thailand usually co-operate in areas such as trade and investment, security and defence, education and vocational training, youth and sports, tourism, connectivity and socio-economic development in border areas. Due to the ethnically-Malay Pattani separatists in three southern provinces of Thailand, previously there have been blatant claims by certain politicians in Thailand that some parties in Malaysia have taken an interest in the cause of their opponents in the war, which is vehemently refuted by the latter government as Malaysia has since been assisting in peace talks between the Thai government and separatists.

Country comparison

History

Chinese protection of Malays against Siam

The Sultanate of Malacca voluntarily became a protectorate and tributary state to Ming dynasty China, which protected Malacca against its enemies with military force, allowing the Muslim Sultanate to prosper. The Chinese warded off Siam and Majapahit from conquering Malacca, and also engaged in war against Portugal during the Battle of Shancaowan for conquering Malacca.

At the foundation of Malacca, the native peoples were the peoples with Hinduism and Buddhism influence. According to the annals record, at the time Parameswara founded Malacca, the country was often attacked by the old enemies Majapahit and the rivals from northern area of Malacca, Ayutthaya Kingdom. Malacca was able to hold position and fight back the enemies. Parameswara decided to send his ambassador to visit the Emperor of China, one of the superpowers of the period, the Emperor of the Ming Dynasty, and both agreed to become allies. Ever since the agreement between Malacca Empire and China Empire, the Thai Ayutthaya Kingdom and Majapahit Empire never intended to attack Malacca. Later, some records suggested that during the trade activities and arrival of the Chinese-Muslim admiral "Cheng Ho" or Zheng He, Parameswara converted to Islam and adopted an Islamic name, Sultan Iskandar Shah. The new religion spread quickly throughout his conversion and the voyage of Zheng He.

Ming dynasty China warned Thailand and the Majapahit against trying to conquer and attack the Malacca sultanate, placing the Malacca Sultanate under Chinese protection as a protectorate, and giving the ruler of Malacca the title of King. The Chinese strengthened several warehouses in Malacca. The Muslim Sultanate flourished due to the Chinese protection against the Thai and other powers who wanted to attack Malacca. Siam was also a tributary to China and had to obey China's orders not to attack.

Japanese invasion during World war Two

Imperial Japan invaded Thailand in December 1941 and within a few hours, the country had formed an alliance with Japan. A campaign against Malaya and Singapore then commenced. Thailand helped the Japanese conduct strikes against them.

Mahathir Mohamad administration (1981–2003)
On 5 July 2002, Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad arrived Chiang Mai to begin a two-day official visit to Thailand.

Economic relations
Bilateral trade between Malaysia and Thailand has an upward trend. The 2011 trade value was at US$22.95 billion. In 2015, both Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM) and Bank of Thailand (BOT) agreed to promote the greater use of their currencies to settle trade between the two countries. In 2016, the combined total trade was US$20 billion, with border trade accounted for over 60% of the figure. In March 2017, both countries are determined to see bilateral trade achieve US$30 billion by the following year. The Thai side had submitted several proposals to boost border trade to achieve the U$30 billion target, such as proposing 24-hours or longer custom operation hours at the border to facilitate movement of goods and the improvement of facilities especially in transportation and logistic infrastructure at the border to further improve trade, while Thailand has also been supporting the Malaysian-based proposal for better port connectivity. In September 2017, the Kuala Lumpur Business Club (KLBC) made a business mission to Bangkok to strengthen further business relations and economic co-operation. The delegation also seeking for more investments from Thailand. There is also a Malaysian Thai Business Chamber of Commerce to facilitate trade between the two countries. In December 2017, both countries and Indonesia agreed on a framework where trade between the three countries can be settled in local currencies instead of the US dollar.

In 2019, Thailand Ambassador to Malaysia Narong Sasitorn are looking to enhance its investment in Sabah, particularly in the medical tourism sector and niche tourism packages while at the same time announcing their country interest to be part of the Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia and Philippines–East Asia Growth Area (BIMP-EAGA) through Kota Kinabalu with the development of port and terminal facilities in the city, the Pan Borneo Highway and diversification of industrial base. As a response, Sabah Chief Minister Shafie Apdal said they looking forward to welcoming more investors from Thailand in light of the emergence of numerous industries and business sectors in Sabah where further partnerships with Thailand can be developed. Sabah's neighbour of Sarawak also considering to set up a trade office in Bangkok if there is increasing trade volume between Sarawak and Thailand over the next couple of years. The Thai government through its Deputy Prime Minister and Commerce Minister Jurin Laksanawisit said that Thailand is looking to double the number of immigration personnel within the Sadao District border to 100 as well as widen existing roads to six lanes from only four in 2019 as existing checkpoints were said to have been plagued by customs bottlenecks, blocking the entry of goods and tourists as part of their plan to boost trade relations with Malaysia.

Security relations
Both countries participate in the Cooperation Afloat Readiness and Training (CARAT) annually together with other ASEAN countries such as Bangladesh, Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, the Philippines and Singapore. Both Malaysia and Thailand also announce a plan to replace their border fence into a wall border according to Thai Defence Minister Prawit Wongsuwan who got the idea from a recent meeting in Laos with Malaysian counterparts.

See also
 Bunga mas
 Malaysia–Thailand border
 Malaysian Siamese
 Thai Malays

References

Thailand
Bilateral relations of Thailand


EFL is a programming language originated by programmer A.D. Hall in the late 1970s and completed by Stuart Feldman. It was intended to improve on Fortran by adding control structures similar to those of C and was implemented as a preprocessor to a Fortran compiler. Its name is an initialism for Extended Fortran Language. It is roughly a superset of Ratfor.

References

Fortran programming language family


FC Stade Nyonnais is an association football club based in the town of Nyon, Switzerland. The team currently competes in the Challenge League from 2023–24, the second tier of the Swiss football league system after promotion from Promotion League in 2022–23 and plays its home matches at Stade de Colovray, where it has been since 1991. Founded in 1905, it is nicknamed the "jaune et noir" (which translates to "yellow and black") and affiliated to the Vaud Cantonal Football Association.

History

FC Stade Nyonnais was founded in 1905 by then-teenagers Oscar Aeby, Edmond Delay, Emile Aeby and Pierre Robin as Bluet. Football was rapidly popularising in Nyon and Switzerland at the start of the 20th Century and the club was one of many emerging football teams in the town along with FC Nyon (who were the first club in Nyon), Fortuna Nyon, Nyon-Sport, Nyon FC, and Rive. They initially played their home games at a courtyard of a local Catholic church in Nyon. The pitch dimensions, however, did not meet requirements and they therefore relocated to Place Perdtemps (now converted into a car park) in 1906. Their stay there ended swiftly as the local authorities took issue with allowing a group of boys (their oldest player was 18 at the time) playing football in a public space. The club played their first 4 seasons in the Coup de Léman; a competition created by FC Nyon in which all clubs in Romandy competed in. After undergoing several name changes, the club had eventually settled on FC Stade Nyonnais by 1907. 2 years later, Stade Nyonnais were admitted to the Association Cantonale Vaudoise de Football; the regional football association of the Vaud canton in which Nyon is located. The club competed in the second tier of the competition and proceeded to win their first title when they were crowned champions of the division in 1910. Les Nyonnais, as they are often referred as, joined the Swiss Football Association in 1918 following the end of World War I.

By 1924, the club moved away from Place Perdtemps and began to play their matches at a newly built ground in Marens, Nyon (the land is now in use by local secondary school Ecole Secondaire de Nyon-Marens). In 1925, the team earned promotion to the second tier of Swiss football after being crowned regional champions of Romandy (French-speaking region of Switzerland) and would proceed to remain in the league for the subsequent six years. The same year, they competed in the inaugural Swiss Cup tournament in which they reached the round of 16. In 1926, Jean Wirz, who was elected Stade Nyonnais president the following decade, formed a youth academy for the club.

By 1946, Stade Nyonnais gained promotion back to the third tier of Swiss football (Première Ligue) in which they survived for the subsequent four years. Relegation from the Première Ligue saw them compete in the fourth tier of Swiss football and the fans awaited 17 years to see their team back in the Première Ligue.

1991 marked the opening year of the club's current stadium Stade Colovray.

In 2001 the club had a big game against Real Madrid, in which they reached a record attendance of 6,800 spectators. High-profile players such as Zinedine Zidane participated in the match.

The club enjoyed their best ever Swiss Cup run in 2007 when they managed to reach the quarter-finals. The tournament came to an end for Les Nyonnais in a 2–0 defeat to top-tier side FC Basel.

Nyon had survived several seasons in the second tier of Swiss football, the Challenge League, until the 2011–12 season. Due to restructuring of the Swiss Football League, it was announced that the bottom 6 teams of the 10 team division would be relegated to a newly formed division in 2012, rather than the usual two teams being relegated. Nyon was close to survival but finished two points from safety, and were relegated to the Promotion League. They have remained in the league ever since.

On 20 May 2023, Stade Nyonnais secure promotion to Challenge League for the second time after defeat Breitenrain 3–1 on Matchweek 33. Due to obtaining Swiss Football League, the club return to second tier after 11 years absence since relegation to new third tier from 2012–13.

Club colours

FC Stade Nyonnais' colours have been black and yellow ever since the club's foundation in 1905. It is established historically through archival documents that said colours were adopted by the founders as a tribute to BSC Young Boys who were crowned Swiss champions in 1903. The yellow and black also distinguished them from the colours of FC Nyon United (now defunct) who played their matches in the same city.

Misconceptions surrounding Jean Wirz
Bern-born Jean Wirz is often credited as the founder of Stade Nyonnais and the reason behind their yellow and black colour. This claim, however, is not supported by historical evidence. Wirz, who was involved in Nyon sports circles for almost half a century, only settled in Nyon in April 1920. He formed the youth section of the club in 1926 before taking up the role of vice-president in 1930. After a 5-year vice-presidency, he operated as club president from 1935–37.

Stadium

Current squad
Updated 18 August 2023.

Backroom staff and club committee members

First team staff

Central committee

Former players

List of presidents

List of head coaches
Below is a list of current and former Stade Nyonnais head coaches since 1965.

Honours
 Promotion League
 Runner-up (1): 2022–23

Footnotes
 From 1946 to 2003, 'Ligue National A' referred to the top tier of Swiss football, 'Ligue National B' referred to the second tier of Swiss football, and 'Première Ligue' referred to the third tier of Swiss football.

References

External links
Official Website

Football clubs in Switzerland
Association football clubs established in 1905
Nyon
1905 establishments in Switzerland


The Yakovlev Yak-53 was a single seat aerobatic trainer aircraft produced in the USSR during 1981/2. Only one prototype was produced.

Development
The prototype Yak-53 was derived from the Yak-52, differing in being a single seater designed as an aerobatic trainer. The front cockpit was deleted and the canopy modified to suit. The cockpit used the flying controls of the Yak-50 without the spring loading of the Yak-52, and the use of the undercarriage and tankage of the prototype Yak-52 to save weight, making the Yak-53 100 kg (220 lb) lighter than the Yak-52.

Operational history
The prototype Yak-53 set two world records for time to height in its class on 15 February and 23 February 1982. Some sources state that a 3-bladed propeller of western origin was used for the record setting flights.

Specifications (Yak-53)

References

Further reading

1970s Soviet civil trainer aircraft
1970s Soviet military trainer aircraft
Yak-053
Aerobatic aircraft


Ulla Hahn is a German poet and novelist.

Partial bibliography

Poetry collections
 Herz über Kopf (1981),
 Spielende (1983),
 Unerhörte Nähe (1988),
 Freudenfeuer (1989),
 Liebesgedichte (1993),
 Epikurs Garten (1995),
 Galileo und zwei Frauen (1997),
 Bildlich gesprochen (1999),
 Süßapfel rot (2003),
 So offen die Welt (2004),

Novels
 Ein Mann im Haus (1991),
 Das verborgene Wort (2001),
 Unscharfe Bilder (2003),

Awards
 1986 Roswitha Prize
 2018 Hannelore Greve Literature Prize

References

External links
 Ulla Hahn in: NRW Literatur im Netz

Living people
German women novelists
German women poets
Year of birth missing (living people)


Thistle Yolette Harris  (29 July 1902 – 5 July 1990), also known as Thistle Stead, was an Australian botanist, educator, author and conservationist.

Biography
She was one of three daughters born to Charles Thomas Harris and Illma Richardson Harris (née Rokes). She was educated at Redlands School SCECGS Redlands, Cremorne, where she was taught by the English teacher, Constance Le Plastrier (1864–1938), who was a member of the Naturalists Society of New South Wales and co-author of Botany for Australian Students (1916), and helped foster Harris' interest in native plants. Harris died in 1990 at a nursing home in Summer Hill, New South Wales.

Education
Harris studied botany at the University of Sydney, graduating with a degree in botany in 1924 followed by a diploma of education in 1925 from Sydney Teachers College. After several years as a science teacher in secondary schools, she became a lecturer in science education at Sydney Teachers' College (1938–61). In 1945 she was awarded a Master of Education degree from the University of Melbourne and studied for a Diploma in Landscape Design at the University of New South Wales between 1968 and 1969. Harris later featured her efforts to revegetate the mine-workings at the Central Mine of the Sulphide Corporation in her book Australian Plants for the Garden (1953). Harris also lectured on Biological Science at University of Sydney and on Botany at Sydney Technical College.

According to John Walter, her interest in Australian plants was also developed when she met Albert Morris (1886-1939) while she taught at the school in Broken Hill between 1929 and 1930.

Marriage
In 1951 she married pioneer conservationist and marine biologist David Stead, to whom she had been introduced by Le Plastrier in 1918, when she was sixteen. By marrying Stead she became the second stepmother to the Australian novelist and short-story writer, Christina Stead. Stead was twenty-five years older than Harris and died six years after their marriage.

Work
Harris was a member of the Australian Institute of Landscape Architects and she served as President and Honorary Secretary of the Wildlife Preservation Society of Australia. She was instrumental in facilitating the publication of the Society's journal Australian Wild Life, which was issued intermittently from 1934. She authored twelve books on Australian flora and their cultivation in suburban gardens. Harris's first book, Wildflowers of Australia (1938), provided a popular flora of Australia and included studies of approximately 250 plants. Her book, Gardening with Australian Plants, Shrubs (1977), describes over 100 genera covering 600 species.

In 1963 Harris established the 50 ha Wirrimbirra Sanctuary at Bargo, New South Wales, in memory of her late husband, who had died in 1957. She also established the David G. Stead Memorial Wildlife Research Foundation of Australia to undertake its management. In 1965 she donated the property to the National Trust of Australia (NSW) and it is managed by the Foundation. With financial assistance from the Gould League of New South Wales, a building was erected on the property in 1971 to act as a Field Studies Centre and in 1973, a teacher from the Education Department was appointed to be a full-time education officer. Harris devoted herself to many causes, especially focused in conservation.

In 1963 she was awarded the Field Naturalists Club of Victoria's Australian Natural History Medallion. In 1985 she was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Science by the University of Wollongong.

In 1980 her work in wildlife conservation was recognised with the award of Member of the Order of Australia.

Publications
Books authored by Harris include:
 1939 – Wildflowers of Australia, illustrated by Adam Forster. Angus & Robertson: Sydney. (With several later editions).
 1945 – Nature Problems. A book of nature study for young Australians. Brooks & Co: Sydney.
 1953 – Australian Plants for the Garden. A handbook on the cultivation of Australian trees, shrubs, other flowering plants, and ferns. Angus & Robertson: Sydney.
 1956 – Naturecraft in Australia; a guide for the nature-lover, the bushwalker, the student, and the teacher. Angus & Robertson: Sydney.
 1962 – Eastern Australian Wildflowers. Angus & Robertson Limited.
 1966 – Around Australia Program - Australian Plant Life. Nelson Doubleday.
 1970 – Alpine Plants of Australia Including Subalpine and Montane Plants. Angus & Robertson: Sydney.
 1976 – The Ellis Stones Garden Book: Australian Landscape Gardening. Nelson: Melbourne. (With Ellis Stones).
 1977 – Gardening With Australian Plants: Shrubs. Nelson: Melbourne.
 1979 – Gardening With Australian Plants: Small Plants and Climbers. Nelson: Melbourne.
 1980 – Gardening With Australian Plants: Trees. Nelson: Melbourne.

References

Notes

Sources
 Walter, J. (2009). Thistle Harris reflects on a trip to Melbourne (1964). Australian Garden History 21(1): 18-23.
 Webb, J. (2002). 'Harris, Thistle Yolette', p. 290 in: R. Aitken and M. Looker (eds), Oxford Companion to Australian Gardens. South Melbourne, Oxford University Press.

Further reading
 Webb, Joan. (1998). Thistle Y. Harris, (a biography of Thistle Yolette Stead). Surrey Beatty & Sons: Sydney.

External links
 Wirrimbirra Flora and Fauna Sanctuary

1902 births
1990 deaths
20th-century Australian botanists
Australian conservationists
Australian women scientists
Australian women botanists
University of Sydney alumni
20th-century women scientists
People educated at Redlands, Cremorne
Members of the Order of Australia
20th-century Australian women


The Shirley Bassey Singles Album is a compilation album released in 1975 by British singer Shirley Bassey.

Having seen a sales dip in the latter half of the 1960s, Bassey enjoyed a successful comeback in the 1970s, beginning with the single and album hits, "Something". This continued over the next few years with several high-selling albums and in 1975, her record label United Artists, released a collection of songs taken from this period, plus "Big Spender" and "If You Go Away" (which were featured on a 1960s album that had been re-released and a hit in 1971).The Shirley Bassey Singles Album was an immediate hit, going gold a month after its release, and peaking at No.2 in the UK—her highest charting album—during a 24-week run. The album included the top 10 singles "Something", "For All We Know" and "Never Never Never" as well as featuring the hits "Fool on the Hill" and "Diamonds are Forever", which had not featured on any of her albums up to this point.

This album was first released on CD in 1988 with bonus tracks and retitled as Shirley Bassey The Singles.

Track listing

Side One
 "Something" (George Harrison) – 3:35 (Recorded in 1970)
 "(Where Do I Begin?) Love Story" (Francis Lai, Carl Sigman) – 3:13 (Recorded in 1971)
 "Diamonds Are Forever" (John Barry, Don Black) – 2:41 (Recorded in 1971)
 "The Fool on the Hill" (John Lennon, Paul McCartney) – 3:14 (Recorded in 1970)
 "Make the World a Little Younger" (Terry Howell, L. O'Hara) – 3:31 (Recorded in 1973)
 "Big Spender" (Cy Coleman, Dorothy Fields) – 1:49 (Recorded in 1967)

Side Two
 "Never, Never, Never" (Tony Renis, Alberto Testa, Norman Newell) – 3:37 (Recorded in 1973)
 "When You Smile" (William Salter, Ralph MacDonald) – 3:28 (Recorded in 1974)
 "If You Go Away" (Rod McKuen, Jacques Brel) – 4:31 (Recorded in 1967)
 "And I Love You So" (Don McLean) – 4:27 (Recorded in 1972)
 "Does Anybody Miss Me" (Les Reed, Johnny Worth) – 2:27 (Recorded in 1969)
 "For All We Know" (Fred Karlin, Arthur James, Robb Wilson) – 2:43 (Recorded in 1971)

Bonus tracks on CD re-issue:
 "Goldfinger" (Leslie Bricusse, Anthony Newley, John Barry) - 2:49 (Recorded in 1964)
 "No Regrets" (Charles Dumond, Michel Vaucaire, Hal David) - 2:45 (Recorded in 1963)
 "I (Who Have Nothing)" (Mogal, Carlo Domida, Jerry Leiber, Mike Stoller) - 2:41 (Recorded in 1963)
 "What Kind of Fool am I" (Leslie Bricusse, Anthony Newley) - 3:16 (Recorded in 1963)

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications and sales

References

Shirley Bassey albums
1975 compilation albums
United Artists Records compilation albums


Camocim is a municipality in the state of Ceará, Brazil, founded in 1879. The population is 63,907 people (2020 estimate) in an area of .

References

External links

Populated coastal places in Ceará
Municipalities in Ceará


T56 or T-56 may refer to:

 Allison T56, a turboprop aircraft engine
 Borg-Warner T-56 transmission, an automotive transmission
 Cooper T56, a British racing car
 Type 56 assault rifle, a Chinese assault rifle
 Utility Vehicle, Tracked, Infantry, T56, an American armored personnel carrier prototype
 Type 56 armored personnel carrier, a Chinese armored personnel carrier derived from the BTR-152


Theodore Cyrus Karp (17 July 1926 – 5 November 2015) was an American musicologist. His principal area of study was Secular music, mainly mediaeval monophony, especially the music of the trouvères. He was a major contributor in this area to the Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians.

Biography
Born in New York, New York, he attended Queens College of the City University of New York, where he received his B.A. in 1947. He later attended the Juilliard School of Music and, from 1949 to 1950, the Catholic University of Leuven. He returned to New York University, where he studied under Curt Sachs and Gustave Reese. He received his PhD from New York University in 1960. In 1963 he was taken on as a faculty member by the University of California at Davis and in 1971 became a music professor. He moved to Northwestern University in 1973, where he was dean of the department until 1988 and a professor until his retirement in 1996.

Besides trouvère monophony, Karp wrote articles on the polyphony of the schools of Saint Martial, Santiago de Compostela, and Notre Dame. He proposed new methods for the transcription of polyphony from the manuscripts. In more recent research Karp studied the application of computers to his field.

Writings
(with Gustave Reese) "Monophony in a Group of Renaissance Chansonniers", JAMS, v (1952), 4–15.
"Borrowed Material in Trouvère Music", AcM, xxxiv (1962), 87–101.
"A Lost Medieval Chansonnier", MQ, xlviii (1962), 50–67.
"The Trouvère Manuscript Tradition", The Department of Music, Queens College of the City of New York: Twenty-Fifth Anniversary Festschrift, ed. A. Mell (New York, 1964), 25–52.
"Modal Variants in Medieval Secular Monophony", The Commonwealth of Music, in Honor of Curt Sachs, ed. G. Reese and R. Brandel (New York, 1965), 118–29.
"The Secular Works of Johannes Martini", Aspects of Medieval and Renaissance Music: a Birthday Offering to Gustave Reese, ed. J. LaRue and others (New York, 1966), 455–73.
"Towards a Critical Edition of Notre Dame Organa Dupla", MQ, lii (1966), 350–67.
"St. Martial and Santiago de Compostela: an Analytical Speculation", AcM, xxxix (1967), 144–60.
"Rhythmic Architecture in the Music of the High Middle Ages", Medievalia et humanistica, new ser., i (1970), 67–80 Dictionary of Music (New York, 1973, 2/1983).
"Medieval Music in Perspective", Medieval Studies, ed. J. M. Powell (Syracuse, NY, 1976, 2/1992), 401–31.
"Interrelationships between Poetic and Music Form in Trouvère Song", A Musical Offering: Essays in Honor of Martin Bernstein, ed. E. H. Clinkscale and C. Brook (New York, 1977), 137–61.
"Music", The Seven Liberal Arts in the Middle Ages, ed. D. L. Wagner (Bloomington, IN, 1983), 169–95.
"The Trouvère Chansons in Mensural Notation", Gordon Athol Anderson (1929–1981) in Memoriam (Henryville, PA, 1984), 474–94.
"The Cataloguing of Chant Manuscripts as an Aid to Critical Editions and Chant History", Foundations in Music Bibliography (Evanston, IL, 1986), 241–69.
"Compositional Process in Machaut's Ballades", Music from the Middle Ages through the Twentieth Century: Essays in Honor of Gwynn S. McPeek, ed. C. P. Comberiati and M.C. Steel (New York, 1988), 64–78.
"Interrelationships among Gregorian Chants: an Alternative View of Creativity in Early Chant", Studies in Musical Sources and Style: Essays in Honor of Jan LaRue, ed. E. K. Wolf and E. H. Roesner (Madison, WI, 1990), 1–40.
"Interrelationships between Old Roman and Gregorian Chant: some New Perspectives", Cantus Planus IV: Pécs (1990), 187–203.
"Mensural Irregularities in La Rue's Missa de Sancto Antonio", Israel Studies in Musicology, v (1990), 81–95.
"Some Chant Models for Isaac's Choralis Constantinus", Beyond the Moon: Festschrift Luther Dittmer, ed. B. Gillingham and P. Merkley (Ottawa, 1990), 322–49.
The Polyphony of Saint Martial and Santiago de Compostela (Berkeley and Oxford, 1992).
"Editing the Cortona Laudario", JM, xi (1993), 73–105.
"The Offertory in die solemnitatis", Laborare fratres in unum: Festschrift Laszlo Dobszay zum 60. Geburtstag, ed. J. Szendrei and D. Hiley (Hildesheim, 1995), 151–65.
Aspects of Orality and Formularity in Gregorian Chant (Evanston, IL, 1998).
An Introduction to the Post-Tridentine Mass Proper (Middleton, Wisconsin, 2005).
"Some Tropes in Provins, Bibl. mun. MS 12", John Ohl Festschrift (Evanston, IL, forthcoming).

Grove articles
Grove Music Online. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 2001

References
Morga, Paula. "Karp, Theodore C.." Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. Accessed 20 September 2008.

External links
Obituary

1926 births
Writers from New York City
American musicologists
American medievalists
New York University alumni
University of California, Davis faculty
Northwestern University faculty
2015 deaths
Historians from New York (state)