Yarasuchus (meaning "red crocodile") is an extinct genus of avemetatarsalian archosaur that lived during the Anisian stage  of the Middle Triassic of India. The genus was named and described in 2005 from a collection of disarticulated but fairly complete fossil material found from the Middle Triassic Yerrapalli Formation. The material is thought to be from two individuals, possibly three, with one being much more complete and articulated than the other. The type and only species is Y. deccanensis. Yarasuchus was a quadruped roughly  long, with an elongated neck and tall spines on its vertebrae. Unlike other quadrupedal Triassic reptiles, the limbs and shoulders of Yarasuchus were slender, and more like those of ornithodirans.

Yarasuchus has had a complicated taxonomic history, after originally being described as a "prestosuchid rauisuchian", it was later variously recovered as a poposauroid pseudosuchian and a non-archosaurian archosauriform of unstable position. In 2017 it was determined to be related to the similarly enigmatic Triassic reptiles Teleocrater, Dongusuchus and Spondylosoma. Together, they belong to a group called Aphanosauria and are placed at the base of Avemetatarsalia, sister to Ornithodira, making Yarasuchus one of the earliest diverging bird-line archosaurs known. The relative completeness of Yarasuchus and its evolutionary position helps to shed light on the origins of later, well known bird-line archosaurs such as the dinosaurs and pterosaurs.

Description
Yarasuchus was a relatively small, gracile, low-slung quadruped with a long neck and a small head, estimated to be around  long. Despite its appearance, Yarasuchus has a number of features in common with other avemetatarsalians, such as its elongated neck vertebrae. It has long, slender limb bones, unlike the more robust limbs of most pseudosuchians, but similar to other avemetatarsalians. Unlike later avemetatarsalians though, Yarasuchus has a "crocodile-normal" ankle configuration, more similar to pseudosuchians and some stem-archosaurs. Yarasuchus is very similar in appearance to its close relative Teleocrater, and differs in only a few minor anatomical features of the skeleton, such as having a less of a rear facing glenoid (the bony shoulder socket) than that of Teleocrater.

Skull
The skull of Yarasuchus is poorly represented, known from only a few isolated pieces. A number of bones were initially identified by Sen (2005), including a jugal, quadrate and part of the quadratojugal, squamosal, both pterygoids and two maxilla that included a portion of premaxilla attached to one of them, as well as an associated tooth. However both maxillae differ from the known maxilla in Teleocrater and instead more closely resemble those of an allokotosaur. Nesbitt and colleagues also regarded the jugal, quadrate and quadratojugal as indeterminate bones, and re-identified the squamosal as a postorbital belonging to a larger individual than the holotype specimen. As of 2017, the right postorbital and both pterygoids are the only positively identified cranial material belonging to Yarasuchus.

Skeleton

Almost the whole vertebral column is represented in Yarasuchus, including at least 8 cervicals (including the atlas and axis), 17 dorsals, 2 sacral, and at least 11 proximal caudal vertebrae. The long neck of Yarasuchus is made up of a series of characteristically elongated cervical (neck) vertebrae, in contrast to its proportionately small skull. The articulating surfaces of the zygapophyses that connect between each vertebra are inclined and the centra are strongly curved along the bottom margin with offset faces, indicating that the neck was held raised up from the body and arched along its length. The cervicals are uniquely characterised by a prominent midline keel that runs along the front half of the underside of each centrum, followed by two separate keels that continue to the rear edge. The posterior cervical ribs have three heads, an unusual condition in archosaurs, and the corresponding cervicals possess an accessory articular facet to accommodate this.

Unlike the cervicals, the dorsal (back) vertebra are short and compact, almost only half the length of the cervicals, as are the two sacral (hip) vertebra. The front-most two or three dorsal vertebra possess similar keels to the cervicals, unlike the condition in Teleocrater which has no keeled dorsals. The preserved proximal caudal (tail) vertebra are consistently elongate, however the distal caudals are missing and so the end of the tail is unknown. The vertebrae all have tall neural spines that run down the back, the tallest of which are over the hip where the spines are two times taller than the corresponding centra. The neck has similarly tall neural spines, however they are longer than tall and inclined forward so as to overhang the vertebra before it. The cervical neural spines are also unusually thickened and roughly textured at the top. The caudal neural spines are also tall and narrow, unlike the elongated centra, and are inclined backwards, decreasing in height further down the tail. The tall, broad neural spines were initially believed to be associated with rows of paramedian osteoderms (although see below).

The pectoral (shoulder) girdle is delicately built, with a tall and slender scapula that is expanded distally and constricted near the glenoid. The scapula has a continuous acromion process, as well as an unusual sharp, thin ridge of bone running down its posterior margin, a feature only found in aphanosaurs and silesaurids. The coracoid is small and rounded, and forms a down and rearward facing glenoid fossa with the scapula. The ilium of the pelvic (hip) girdle has a prominent posterior process and supraacetabular crest—a ridge of bone over the acetabulum. The acetabulum itself is relatively large and almost completely closed, unlike the fully open acetabulum of dinosaurs. The pubis is short and points downwards, with a thickened, flattened end. The ischium is very similar to that of Teleocrater, and is directed down and back from the hips, with a tapered shaft and slightly expanded distal end. The pelvic girdle articulates with the spine via the sacral ribs, of which the first is larger and more robust. The nature of the articulation between the ilium and the sacral ribs suggests the hip was held sub-horizontally and faced ventrolaterally, causing the legs to be positioned down and outwards from the body.

The limb bones of Yarasuchus are characteristically slender. The humerus is long and cylindrical, with a moderately developed elongated deltopectoral crest that occupies roughly 30% of the length of the bone, similar to the condition in dinosaurs. The ulna is arched somewhat, and is roughly equal in length to the humerus. The femur is similarly gracile, and has a sigmoidal (s-shaped) curve along its length. The head of the femur is not turned in. A moderately developed fourth trochanter is placed proximally on the femur, unlike the well developed fourth trochanters of dinosaurs. The manus and pes are almost entirely missing, except for the calcaneus of the ankle joint. The calcaneus indicates that Yarasuchus had a "crocodile-normal" ankle, which allowed for more rotation of the foot than the derived hinge-like avemetatarsalian ankle. The forelimb to hindlimb length ratio is roughly 3:5, with much longer back legs than the front. Although the manus is missing, the overall similarity of Teleocrater suggests it would have had a relatively small hand.

The osteoderms attributed to Yarasuchus are greatly sculptured with a ridge running anteroposteriorly along each one. This is unusual in comparison to Teleocrater, which has been interpreted as lacking any form of similar dermal armour. However, these osteoderms are larger in proportion to the presacral vertebra than would be expected and bear a close similarity to osteoderms of an erythrosuchid also found in the same formation. Nesbitt and colleagues considered it probable that the osteoderms do not belong Yarasuchus and so it may have also lacked osteoderms like other aphanosaurs and avemetatarsalians.

Discovery and naming
Yarasuchus is known from at least two individuals collected from a single  assemblage in the Yerrapalli Formation, located near the Bhimaram village in the Adilabad district of India, in a layer of fine red mudstone. The material was found disarticulated, however it represents the majority of the skeleton, missing only the distal caudal vertebrae, radius, fibula, manus, and most of the pes and skull. The name is derived from 'Yara', meaning red in the local dialect, and the Greek suchos ("crocodile"), referring to the red mudstones the fossils were discovered in. The specific name refers to the Deccan region of India, where the Yerrapalli Formation and surrounding Pranhita-Godavari Basin are situated. The fossils were also found in association with two specimens of the allokotosaur Pamelaria. It was initially reported on in a 1993 thesis by Dasgupta, who considered it an indeterminate rauisuchid, before being officially described and named as a new taxon by Sen in 2005. All the material is held at the Geology Museum of the Indian Statistical Institute in Kolkata, India.

In 2016, the material was re-examined by Nesbitt and colleagues in their description of Teleocrater, which revealed a number of previously unrecognised anatomical characteristics. This re-evaluation prompted the inclusion of Yarasuchus within the newly recognised avemetatarsalian clade Aphanosauria. In their examination, Nesbitt and colleagues were able to refer a number of previously undescribed calcanea collected at the site to the hypodigm of Yarasuchus based on their similarity to Teleocrater, and identified ischia that were originally reported as missing. They also removed a number of erroneously referred skull bones and osteoderms from the hypodigm. The relatively complete skeleton of Yarasuchus allowed Nesbitt and colleagues to confidently refer a number of isolated bones as all belonging to specimens of Teleocrater because of their close similarity to those of Yarasuchus, which provided a key reference point for understanding the anatomy of the previously enigmatic taxon.

Classification
Yarasuchus was originally described as a "prestosuchid", similar to Prestosuchus, Ticinosuchus, and Mandasuchus by Sen, however no phylogenetic analysis was performed and the referral was made based on general morphological similarities, despite the already debated validity of "Prestosuchidae". In 2010, Brusatte and colleagues conclusively demonstrated that "Prestosuchidae" was a paraphyletic grade of paracrocodylomorphs, and that the supposed shared characteristics of the group were in fact found throughout Pseudosuchia. They also performed a detailed cladistic analysis of fossil Triassic archosaurs, which instead found Yarasuchus to be a basal member of Poposauroidea, although support for this position was weak.

The position of Yarasuchus in subsequent studies has been similarly unstable, though it has nonetheless typically been regarded as a pseudosuchian. A study by Ezcurra on archosauromorph phylogeny in 2016 found Yarasuchus in a position outside of Archosauria, clading together with Dongusuchus in a polytomy with Euparkeria and a clade made up of Proterochampsia and archosaurs. The left cladogram depicts the results of Brusatte and colleagues in 2010, while the right cladogram depicts that of Ezcurra in 2016:

Further complicating the issue were suggestions that the hypodigm of Yarasuchus was a chimeric assemblage of material from both a "rauisuchian" archosaur and a prolacertiform archosauromorph, if not including material from yet other archosauromorphs. However, later examination of the material by Ezcurra found that none of it could be assigned to either a "rauisuchian" or prolacertiform, and that they all likely pertained to a single non-suchian archosauriform taxon.

In 2017, Yarasuchus was included in an updated analysis of Triassic archosauromorphs by Nesbitt and colleagues in their official description of Teleocrater, utilising two modified datasets, those of Nesbitt (2011) and Ezcurra (2016). Both analyses recovered Yarasuchus in a newly recognised clade they named Aphanosauria, which included Yarasuchus in a polytomy with Teleocrater and Dongusuchus, as well as Spondylosoma. Indeed, the clade Aphanosauria was cladistically defined as "the most inclusive clade containing Teleocrater rhadinus and Yarasuchus deccanensis but not Passer domesticus or Crocodylus niloticus". Aphanosaurs were found to be the earliest diverging clade of Avemetatarsalia, sister taxon to the clade Ornithodira that includes the Pterosauria and Dinosauromorpha. The results of their analyses are reproduced and simplified below, combining the general topology of the Ezcurra dataset with the Nesbitt dataset results for Avemetatarsalia.

Evolutionary significance

The recognition of a close relationship between Yarasuchus, Teleocrater and other aphanosaurs and their relation to other avemetatarsalians settled a number of the unusual anatomical features of Yarasuchus. Many of the previously unique features of Yarasuchus unite it with other aphanosaurs, including the elongated neck, high neural spines, three-headed cervical ribs and slender appendicular skeleton. Yarasuchus and the other aphanosaurs play a significant role in our understanding of early avemetatarsalian evolution, exemplified in the relatively completely known anatomy of Yarasuchus. The structure of the foot, particularly the bones of the ankle (such as the calcaneus), demonstrate that avemetatarsalians evolved from ancestors with 'crocodile-normal' ankles, unlike the simple hinge-like ankles characteristic of derived ornithodirans. The 'crocodile-normal' ankle was once thought to be unique to pseudosuchians, but its presence in aphanosaurs like Yarasuchus imply that the evolution of the avemetatarsalian ankle was a more complicated process than initially believed. The anatomy of Yarasuchus also demonstrates that other typical avemetatarsalian features, such as slender limb girdles, had evolved prior to the eponymous 'advanced mesotarsal' ankles.

Unusually, Yarasuchus and other aphanosaurs share a number of features convergently evolved with poposauroids. Aphanosaurs and poposauroids share only one unique trait (the presence of an accessory articulation facet just above the parapophysis of the cervicals for the three-headed cervical rib), however they have also convergently acquired a similar set of traits that are found throughout archosaurs. The previous phylogenetic position of Yarasuchus as a poposauroid by Brusatte and colleagues was likely due to this convergence. The convergence between Yarasuchus and poposauroids could be attributed to the broader trend of poposauroids converging on coelurosaurian theropods, a derived clade of avemetatarsalians. The similarity between poposauroids and aphanosaurs like Yarasuchus means it is difficult to determine the identity of isolated archosaur material that has features present in both groups, particularly as aphanosaurs are the earliest diverging avemetatarsalians while poposauroids are the oldest known pseudosuchians and so their stratigraphic ranges broadly overlap with each other.

Palaeobiology
Yarasuchus was proposed to be facultatively bipedal by Dasgupta in 1993 on the basis of its gracile body, slender shoulder girdle and proportionately short forelimbs, among other features, and this suggestion was repeated by Sen in its official description in 2005. The closely related Teleocrater has since been interpreted to have been a quadruped, and as Yarasuchus has similar limb proportions, it likely was as well. The lack of definitive jaw material leaves the diet of Yarasuchus ambiguous, however the teeth of Teleocrater imply aphanosaurs were carnivorous, as with other early avemetatarsalians. Furthermore, histological samples from Teleocrater show that its growth rates were more similar to those of other avemetatarsalians compared to pseudosuchians and stem-archosaurs, and so Yarasuchus may have also had a similarly higher growth rate.

Palaeoecology

Many other vertebrate remains have been found from the Yerrapalli Formation alongside those of Yarasuchus, and would have coexisted with it during the Middle Triassic. Remains of the allokotosaur Pamelaria in particular have been found in close proximity to those of Yarasuchus. Other vertebrate remains include those of the lungfish Ceratodus, the actinopterygian fish Saurichthys, the temnospondyl Parotosuchus, the dicynodonts Rechnisaurus and Wadiasaurus, the rhynchosaur Mesodapedon, and a large undescribed erythrosuchid.

The anatomical similarity between Yarasuchus and Teleocrater is mirrored by the similarities in fauna and environment shared between the Yerrapalli Formation and the Manda Formation in Tanzania, and both are estimated to be Anisian in age. At the time, India was still a part of the supercontinent Gondwana in Pangaea, and was located directly adjacent to East Africa. This demonstrates that early avemetatarsalians like Yarasuchus were geographically widespread in the Middle Triassic, as with other archosauriforms, in contrast to previous suggestions that pseudosuchians were more diverse. The close similarity between Yarasuchus and the Russian Dongusuchus further supports this, indicating biogeographical affinities between India and Russia despite their widely separated palaeolatitudes.

The sediments of the Yerrapalli Formation are interpreted as fluvial deposits, indicative of a broad, interchannel floodplain environment with seasonal ephemeral stream channels. The climate is thought to have been hot and dry with seasonal rainfall. This is consistent with the preservation state of the fossils, as the remains of Yarasuchus were found dismembered and disarticulated, suggesting the material was left exposed at the surface for a period before being buried by suspended fluvial sediments. There are few plant fossils known from the Yerrapalli Formation, however this is not believed to be due to it being an arid environment, but rather due to the hot and dry conditions being unsuitable to the fossilisation of plant material.

References

External links
 Yarasuchus in the Paleobiology Database

Middle Triassic archosaurs
Prehistoric reptile genera
Anisian life
Middle Triassic reptiles of Asia
Triassic India
Fossils of India
Fossil taxa described in 2005
Prehistoric avemetatarsalians


Magnus von Behm (27 March 1727, in Livonia – 9 July 1806) was the chief commander of Kamchatka in Russia from 1773 to 1779. His wife was Eva von Borning. They had four children; Maria, Eva, Peter and Charlotte Christina.

1727 births
1806 deaths
People from the Governorate of Livonia
Baltic-German people
18th-century military personnel from the Russian Empire


Wellpark is a suburb of Galway city, Ireland. The area is bordered by the N6 Dublin Road to the south, the Tuam Road to the West and the suburb of Mervue on the east.

Amenities
(Irish: Garrain Phairc An Uarain, meaning "the home of the well")[2][3]  Wellpark is a Gaeltacht[2] suburb of Galway city, Ireland. The area is bordered by the N6 Dublin Road to the south, the Tuam Road to the West and the suburb of Mervue on the east. It is 3 km (2 mi) east of Galway city, on the R336. Wellpark is on the eastern side of the county's Gaeltacht (Irish-speaking district) and of the city region. It is a tourist centre with a scenic beach, harbour, and shore fishing.

The area is home to the Wellpark Retail Centre which is a shopping area which boasts outlets such as Peter Pan, Reid Furniture, Maplin, Sony Centre, Toy City, Atlantic Homecare,  PC World, Eddie Rocket's, Carpet Right and the Eye Cinema. It also has underground car-parking, and is based behind the plush "g" Hotel. The broadcasting headquarters of i102-104FM radio are also based here.

The area is also home to numerous housing developments, and various employers in the Mervue Business Park and the Thermo King plant.

Demographics
Wellpark is home to 1,509 people  based on the 2006 Census. It is a relatively small area sized 0.816 km².

See also
 List of towns and villages in Ireland

References

Geography of County Galway


The Morane-Saulnier MS.43 was a French two-seat training biplane designed and built by Morane-Saulnier for a 1924 French War Ministry requirement for an intermediate training biplane.

The MS.43 was developed from the prototype MS.42; the equal-span wings of the MS.42 were replaced with the upper wing having a greater span than the lower. The structure was also strengthened for its training role, it being expected that trainee pilots would land it hard on airfields with rough surfaces. The aircraft had tandem cockpits with dual controls and was powered by a 180 hp (134 kW) Hispano-Suiza V-8 engine. The aircraft entered service with the French Air Force and 79 were built. In 1929 the aircraft were withdrawn from service and sold on the civilian market.

Specifications

References

Further reading

1920s French military trainer aircraft
MS.043
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1924


Retro was the only EP (7") by Ultravox, then Ultravox!, released on 10 February 1978. It was the last recording released by the band as Ultravox!. Also this was the last disc featuring original guitarist Stevie Shears, who left the band after its release.

The EP featured four live tracks recorded in 1977 or early 1978, while Ultravox! were promoting one of their first two albums, Ultravox! and Ha! Ha! Ha!, both released in 1977. An Australian only 12" was also released with the added tracks Quirks and Modern Love. These were previously available as a free 7" single given away with the first 10000 copies of "Ha Ha Ha". In or around 1990 the Australian record company 'Festival Records' made a limited amount of cd singles of the 6 track Retro EP but shelved the release. It is not known if any were issued for sale.

In 2006, Island Records re-released the tracks, adding them to remastered versions of Ultravox!'s albums. The tracks from side two of the EP were included on the reissue of Ultravox! and the side one tracks on the reissue of Ha! Ha! Ha!.

Track listing
All tracks written by Ultravox!

A-Side
The Man Who Dies Every Day (Live At Huddersfield Polytechnic)
Young Savage (Live At The Marquee)

B-Side
The Wild, The Beautiful And The Damned (Live At The Rainbow)
My Sex (Live At Huddersfield Polytechnic)

Personnel
John Foxx: vocals
Stevie Shears: guitars
Chris Cross: bass guitar
Billy Currie: keyboards and violin
Warren Cann: drums

References

External links
Metamatic.com - Discography
Discogs.com

1978 debut EPs
Albums produced by Steve Lillywhite
1978 live albums
Live EPs
Ultravox EPs
Ultravox live albums
Island Records live albums
Island Records EPs


Walt Disney (1901–1966) won or received a total of twenty-six Academy Awards and holds the record for most Academy Awards in history. He won twenty-two competitive Academy Awards from a total of fifty-nine nominations, and also holds the records for most wins and most nominations for an individual in history.

Disney won his first competitive Academy Award and received his first Honorary Academy Award at the 5th Academy Awards (1932). He received the Honorary Academy Award for the creation of Mickey Mouse and won the Academy Award for Best Short Subject (Cartoon) for the film Flowers and Trees. In the seven Academy Award ceremonies that followed (6th–12th), Disney consecutively earned nominations and won in the same category.

Disney received three more Honorary Academy Awards, one in 1939 and two in 1942. At the 26th Academy Awards (1954), Disney won the Academy Award in all four categories in which he was nominated: Best Short Subject (Cartoon), Best Short Subject (Two-reel), Best Documentary (Feature), and Best Documentary (Short Subject). In 1965, Disney earned his sole Best Picture nomination, for the film Mary Poppins. He was posthumously awarded his final Academy Award in 1969 for Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day.

Competitive Academy Awards

Footnotes
≠ indicates the award was accepted by someone else (in this case, the winning film's director Wolfgang Reitherman)

Honorary Academy Awards

See also

 List of Academy Award records
 List of people who have won multiple Academy Awards in a single year
 List of posthumous Academy Award winners and nominees

References

External links
D23 entry

Academy Awards
Academy Awards
Disney
Disney, Walt, Academy Awards received by


Corn sugar may refer to:
Glucose (dextrose monohydrate) produced from corn starch
The name for high-fructose corn syrup proposed by the Corn Refiners Association, and ultimately rejected by the FDA.


Goran Trobok (; born 6 September 1974) is a Serbian former footballer who played as a defensive midfielder.

Early life
A Bosnian Serb, Trobok was born in Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina, but moved to Budva, Montenegro at the age of 17 with the onset of the Bosnian War.

Club career
While playing for Budućnost Podgorica (1993–1997) and Partizan (1997–2003) in the First League of Serbia and Montenegro, Trobok became the most capped player in the competition's history. He also won three national championship titles and two national cups with the Crno-beli.

International career
Between 2000 and 2004, Trobok made 10 official appearances for the Serbia and Montenegro national team (previously known as FR Yugoslavia). He also represented the nation at the Millennium Super Soccer Cup in India, winning the tournament (not officially recognized by FIFA).

Career statistics

Honours
Partizan
 First League of FR Yugoslavia: 1998–99, 2001–02, 2002–03
 FR Yugoslavia Cup: 1997–98, 2000–01

References

External links

Men's association football midfielders
Chinese Super League players
Expatriate men's footballers in China
Expatriate men's footballers in Russia
FC Shinnik Yaroslavl players
FC Spartak Moscow players
First League of Serbia and Montenegro players
FK Budućnost Podgorica players
FK Partizan players
FK Smederevo 1924 players
Montenegrin First League players
OFK Petrovac players
Russian Premier League players
Serbia and Montenegro expatriate men's footballers
Serbia and Montenegro expatriate sportspeople in China
Serbia and Montenegro expatriate sportspeople in Russia
Serbia and Montenegro men's footballers
Serbia and Montenegro men's international footballers
Serbian SuperLiga players
Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Shanghai Shenhua F.C. players
Footballers from Sarajevo
1974 births
Living people


London Books is an independent publishers based in London, founded in 2007 by the authors John King and Martin Knight.  It is notable for its London Classics imprint, which focuses on forgotten works of London working-class and realist fiction from the 20th century. London Books also runs a New Fiction list in the same spirit, and has released several non-fiction titles.

The London Classics series features writers such as Gerald Kersh and James Curtis, and each book comes with a new introduction by a contemporary author, among these the likes of Iain Sinclair and Cathi Unsworth. London Books’ New Fiction includes debuts by Pete Haynes and Dan Carrier. The Working Man’s Ballet by Alan Hudson – which comes with a Foreword and Afterword by John King and Martin Knight respectively – leads its non-fiction.

Authors
• Simon Blumenfeld
• Dan Carrier
• James Curtis
• Pete Haynes
• Alan Hudson
• Gerald Kersh
• Arthur La Bern
• Alan Sillitoe
• John Sommerfield
• Robert Westerby

References

External links
 London Books homepage
 Guardian Books blog by Sam Jordison
 London Books reviews archive at 3:AM Magazine

Book publishing companies based in London


Phoebe Ann Babcock Patten Bentley (c. 1807 – January 15, 1841) was an early member and missionary of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, as well as a caretaker during the 1838 Mormon War and wife of early church leader and apostle David W. Patten. Little is known about her childhood except that she was born "Ann Babcock" sometime around 1807. At age 21, Babcock met David W. Patten. The two married in 1828, and Babcock adopted Patten's surname.

After her husband joined the Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints) in 1832, Ann was converted and baptized in the same year. While David was away on various missions, Ann Patten lived with other members of the church in Ohio and Missouri and supported herself financially by working as a seamstress. Ann also served a mission to Tennessee with her husband, an assignment almost unheard of at the time.

Following her husband's death at the Battle of Crooked River in 1838, Ann remarried Benjamin R. Bently, a young carpenter and non-Mormon who was living with the Pattens when David died. After a couple of years of marriage, Ann died of consumption on January 5, 1841, at the age of 34.

Early life
Little is known about Phoebe Ann Babcock's early life. Born sometime around 1807, Babcock was living in Dundee, Michigan with her family when she met David W. Patten, a farmer who had recently moved to Michigan from New York and who was seven years her senior. The two married in 1828 in Dundee. It is not known how many children they had, but not one survived to adulthood.

Conversion and membership
David W. Patten joined the Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints) in 1832 after hearing about it from his older brother, John Patten. After her husband's conversion, Ann joined the church the same year. In the years that followed, David was sent on several missions throughout the United States. During this time, Ann Patten supported herself by working as a seamstress and sharing housing with other members of the church in Ohio and Missouri.

Ann continued to support her husband for the rest of his life as he served as a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. When David was called to serve a mission to Tennessee, Ann decided to accompany him. A wife traveling with her husband on a mission was almost unheard of in the early days of the church. In addition, during conflicts between Mormons and non-Mormons during the 1838 Mormon War, while many of the leaders of the church were imprisoned or away, Ann served as a caretaker for many of the members in the area. Helen Mar Whitney, a member at the time, wrote about Patten:

"She was a noble and self-sacrificing woman, who left all for the gospel's sake... she was early thrown upon her own resources, and though she had a slight and delicate frame she had a persevering and energetic spirit..."

In 1838, David W. Patten was mortally wounded at the Battle of Crooked River. During this time, Ann was living in Far West, Missouri and was quite ill. Ann went with Joseph Smith, Jr., Hyrum Smith, and Heber C. Kimball to where David was dying. Right before he died, David spoke to Ann and said "Whatever you do else, Oh do not deny the faith." Soon afterwards he died.

Immediately after David's death all of the men in Far West were compelled to surrender their weapons and several members of a mob were looting houses in Far West, as a result of Missouri Executive Order 44. Vilate Kimball, a Mormon in Far West, said of Ann Patten's response to the mobs:
"I can never forget her fearless and determined look. Around her waist was a belt to which was attached a large Bowie knife. She had a fire in her stove and a large iron kettle full of boiling water and a big tin dipper in her hand intending, she said, to fight if any of the demons came there. She did not seem in the least excited, her countenance was perfectly calm and she shed no tears."

Despite her illness, during this time Ann Patten took care of several members of the church, including several women whose husbands were imprisoned at the time.

Remarriage
During this time of turmoil, Ann remarried Benjamin R. Bently soon after David W. Patten's death. Bently was a young non-Mormon carpenter who had been living with the Pattens at the time of David's death. Unable to work because she was seriously ill with consumption, Ann accepted when Bently proposed, even though the marriage was deemed inappropriate for the wife of an Apostle to marry a non-Mormon. Bently later joined the church.

Death
Following the expulsion of the Mormons from Missouri, the couple moved to Quincy, Illinois, where they rented a two-bedroom home. However, Ann Patten Bently finally died of consumption on January 5, 1841, after having the disease for five years, at the age of 34.

After Ann's death, Benjamin Bently remarried Rhonda Ann Thompson in 1846.

References

1807 births
1841 deaths
American Latter Day Saint missionaries
Latter Day Saints from Illinois
Converts to Mormonism
19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
Female Mormon missionaries
Latter Day Saint missionaries in the United States
People from Quincy, Illinois
People from Dundee, Michigan
People from Far West, Missouri
Tuberculosis deaths in Illinois


The Lagorai is a mountain range in the Eastern Alps, in Trentino, northern Italy.

It is located between the Monte Panarotta (16 km) from Trento and Rolle Pass, for a length of some 70 km. It is bounded southwards by the Valsugana, by the Val di Fiemme from the north, the Val di Cembra from the west and the Primiero and Vanoi eastwards.

The chain is mostly made of porphyry rocks. It was the site of fierce mine warfare on the Italian Front in the First World War.

The north-eastern part in the massif is part of the Paneveggio-Pale di San Martino Natural Park. Near the Rolle Pass, at 2,000 m altitude, are the small lakes of Colbricon, home of pre-historic settlements dating to the Neolithic age.

Highest peaks
Cima di Cece, 2,754 m
Monte Colbricon, 2,602 m
Cima Lastè, 2,682 m
Monte Cauriol, 2,494 m

Mountain ranges of Trentino
Fiemme Mountains


"Tell Me Do U Wanna" is a song by American R&B singer Ginuwine. It was written by Robert Reives, Jimmy Douglass, and Timbaland for his debut studio album Ginuwine...The Bachelor (1996), while production was helmed by the latter. It was released as the album's second single released in March 1997 and reached the top 20 on the UK Singles Chart.

Music video

The official music video for the song was directed by Michael Lucero.

Track listing

Notes
 denotes additional producer

Charts

References

External links

1996 songs
550 Music singles
Ginuwine songs
Music videos directed by Michael Lucero
Song recordings produced by Timbaland
Songs written by Timbaland
Songs written by Ginuwine
1997 singles


Isaac Albéniz’s Suite española, Op. 47, is  a suite for solo piano. It is mainly composed of works written in 1886 which were grouped together in 1887, in honour of the Queen of Spain. Like many of Albeniz’s works for the piano, these pieces depict different regions and musical styles in Spain.

Origins of the suite
The work originally consisted of four pieces: Granada, Cataluña, Sevilla and Cuba.  The editor Hofmeister republished the Suite española in 1912, after Albéniz's death, but added Cádiz, Asturias, Aragón and Castilla.  The other pieces had been published in other editions and sometimes with different titles (Asturias was originally the prelude from the suite Chants d'Espagne).

The four pieces that Hofmeister added do not exactly reflect the geographical region to which they refer. A clear example of this is Asturias (Leyenda), whose Andalusian Flamenco rhythms have little to do with the Atlantic region of Asturias. Opus 47, the number assigned by Hofmeister, does not have any chronological relation to any of Albéniz’s other works, since the opus numbers of the pieces were randomly assigned by publishers and Albéniz himself. Despite the spurious nature of the Suite española, however, it has become one of the most performed of Albéniz's piano works, a favorite of both pianists and audiences.

The music
In these works the first title refers to the geographical region portrayed, and the title in parentheses is the musical form or dance from that region. From Granada in Andalusia there is a Serenata, from Catalonia a Curranda or Courante, from Sevilla a Sevillanas and from Cuba (which was still part of Spain in the 1880s) a Notturno in the style of a habanera, from Castile a seguidillas, from Aragon a Fantasia in the style of a jota, and from Cadiz a saeta. This last example, like Asturias (Leyenda), is geographically inaccurate.

Pieces
In the works constituting the Suite española, the first title makes reference to the region that each piece represents and the subtitle in brackets indicates the musical form of the dance of the region.

Granada (Serenade)
Cataluña (Courante)
Sevilla (Sevillanas)
Cádiz (Canción)
Asturias (Leyenda)
Aragón (Fantasía)
Castilla (Seguidilla)
Cuba (Nocturno)

The suite has been orchestrated by other hands, including a well-known version by Rafael Frühbeck de Burgos.  Arrangements of individual works and indeed the entire suite are often played in concert by classical guitarists.
In fact, "Granada", "Sevilla", "Cadiz" and "Asturias" are more often heard on guitar than in their original piano versions; all four have been staples of the guitar literature since early in the 20th century.  "Cataluña"  and "Cuba" became solo guitar staples in the 1980s.  The remaining pieces, "Aragón" and "Castilla," have been transcribed for guitar solo but are more often heard in multiple-guitar transcriptions.

Media

External links
 A free copy of the Suite can be downloaded from the International Music Score Library Project.
 Variations of Asturias by Carolina García and Pedro Gan
 Asturias by Edgardo Roffé
 Granada by Paulo López
 Sevilla by Edgardo Roffé
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6zrwCjjUqs0

Suite espanola (Albeniz)
Suites by Isaac Albéniz
1887 compositions
Orchestral suites


Robert L. (Bob) Glass (born 1932) is an American software engineer and writer, known for his works on software engineering, especially on the measuring of the quality of software design and his studies of the state of the art of software engineering research.

Biography
Glass held his first job in computing in 1954. He worked from 1954 to 1957 in the aerospace industry at North American Aviation, from 1957 to 1965 at Aerojet-General Corp. and from 1965 to 1982 at Boeing Company, where he built software tools used by applications specialists.

Between 1970 and 1972, Glass had worked on a tools-focused research grant at the University of Washington. From 1982 to 1987, he taught in the Software Engineering graduate program at Seattle University, and subsequently spent a year at the Software Engineering Institute. Early 2000s he has been visiting professor at the Linköping University in Sweden and at the Griffith University in Queensland, Australia. The Linkoping University awarded him a honorary PhD in 1995.

He is the emeritus editor-in-chief of the Journal of Systems and Software and also writes regular columns for Communications of the ACM and IEEE Software. In 1995 he was awarded an honorary Ph.D. from Linkoping University of Sweden, and in 1999 he was named a fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) professional society. Using the pseudonym Miles Benson, Glass in the 1970's regularly wrote disguised stories of failed computing projects for industry publication Computerworld.

After 45 years in the field Glass described himself as "my head is in the academic area of computing, but my heart is in its practice."
Writing in IEEE Software in 2000, Glass criticized open-source software, predicting that it will not reach far, and "will be limited to one or a few cults emerging from a niche culture." Glass's basis for this bold prediction was that open-source software "goes against the grain of everything I know about the software field".

Publications
Glass authored more than 200 papers and 25 books. A selection:
 1977. The universal elixir and other computing projects which failed
 1978. Tales of computing folk : hot dogs and mixed nuts
 1979. Software reliability guidebook
 1979. Power of peonage
 1980. The second coming : more computing projects which failed. With "Sue deNim".
 1981. Software soliloquies
 1981. Software maintenance guidebook
 1983. Real-time software (edited by)
 1983. Computing catastrophes (compiled by)
 1988. Modern programming practices : a report from industry
 1988. Software communication skills
 1989. Software runaways
 1990. Measuring software design quality. With David N. Card.
 1991. Software conflict : essays on the art and science of software engineering
 1992. Measuring and motivating maintenance programmers. With Jerome B. Landsbaum.
 1995. Software creativity
 1996. ISO 9000 approach to building quality software. With Östen Oskarsson.
 1998. In the Beginning: Recollections of Software Pioneers. Editor. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, California.
 1999. Computing calamities : lessons learned from products, projects, and companies that failed.
 2001. ComputingFailure.com : war stories from the electronic revolution
 2003. Facts and fallacies of software engineering
 2006. Software Conflict 2.0
 2006. Software Creativity 2.0
 2011. The Dark Side of Software Engineering: Evil on Computing Projects

Notes

References

External links
 The Official Robert Glass Web Site

1932 births
Living people
American software engineers
Software engineering researchers
Seattle University faculty


Brashlyan (, "ivy") is a village in Malko Tarnovo Municipality, in Burgas Province, in southeastern Bulgaria.. Known as Sarmashik until 1934, today the entire village is an architectural reserve displaying characteristic Strandzha wooden architecture from the mid-17th to the 19th century.

Brashlyan lies in the low Strandzha mountains of Bulgaria's southeast,  northwest of Malko Tarnovo,  south of Burgas and  from the Bulgaria–Turkey border. The village traces its foundation to the 17th century when the residents of the Yurtet, Selishte and Zhivak neighbourhoods settled in the Lower Neighbourhood of Brashlyan. The village was mentioned in Ottoman tax registers of the mid-17th century as part of the district of Anchialos (Pomorie) and grew into a major centre of animal husbandry by the 19th century. The old name Sarmashik was from Ottoman Turkish sarmaşık and had the same meaning, "ivy".

The Sarmashik Affair, a predecessor of the Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising, took place in Brashlyan in 1903. A band of the Internal Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Revolutionary Organization was surrounded by Ottoman troops in the Balyuva House on 2 April; the band leader (voivode) Pano Angelov and the member Nikola Ravashola were killed by the Ottomans. The locals also participated in the actual uprising. According to Lyubomir Miletich's demographic survey of the Ottoman province of Edirne in The Destruction of Thracian Bulgarians in 1913, published in 1918, before the wars Sarmashik (Сармашикъ) was a village in the district of Malko Tarnovo inhabited by 150 Bulgarian Exarchist families.

The village became part of the Kingdom of Bulgaria in 1913, after the Balkan Wars. Since the mid-20th century, many local residents have moved to Burgas or Malko Tarnovo. From a population of 650 in 1926, the village's inhabitants have decreased to around 50 by 2008. In 1982, Brashlyan was proclaimed an architectural and historical reserve. 76 local houses from the 18th–19th century are cultural monuments, of which nine are of national importance. The oldest house dates to the mid-17th century and is still inhabited. The monastical school (working in 1871–1877), the St Pantaleon, St Petka and St Marina chapels and the 17th-century bell tower of the St Demetrius Church have been restored by a local association; an ethnographic collection and an open-air museum of agriculture were set up as well. There are traces of Thracian sanctuaries and dolmens several kilometres from the village.

Brashlyan is part of the Strandzha Nature Park. The village's territory borders that of the Vitanovo Reserve, the Veleka river valley and the trout breeding pool on the Katun River. The village's fair is organized annually in early August, usually around the 8th, and lasts two days. Brashlyan is mentioned in the "Strandzha Marseillaise", the song The Clear Moon is Already Rising, written by the leader of the Lozengrad revolutionary district Yani Popov:

Gallery

Honours
Brashlyan Cove in Smith Island, Antarctica is named after the village.

References

 The Forest Front - Граница в гората - about the Village (youtube.com)

Villages in Burgas Province
Open-air museums in Bulgaria
Strandzha


The Nimrod Islands were a group of islands first reported in 1828 by Captain Eilbeck of the ship Nimrod while sailing from Port Jackson around Cape Horn. Their reported location was east of Emerald Island and west of Dougherty Island, at approximately . They are now considered phantom islands.

The explorer John Biscoe in the brig Tula searched for the Nimrod Group without success in 1831 during the Southern Ocean Expedition. John King Davis, sailing aboard a different Nimrod, searched the location in June 1909 following Shackleton's famous Nimrod Expedition to Antarctica, and the Norwegian vessel Norvegia outfitted by Lars Christensen searched again in 1930; both expeditions reported empty seas. Captain J.P. Ault of the magnetic survey vessel Carnegie attempted to approach the location in December 1915 but was deterred by weather.

See also
 1906 German map showing Nimrod Group
 Royal Company's Islands
 Emerald Island (phantom)
 Dougherty Island

References

Phantom subantarctic islands


Aleksandar Selkić (Serbian Cyrillic: Александар Селкић; born 24 May 1983) is a Swiss-Serbian former footballer.

Football career
Selkić started his youth football career with FC Solothurn. After playing for Zurich Grasshoppers and FC Zurich, he was sold to FC Spartak Moscow where he played 3 seasons. He also played for the Yugoslavia national team from 1998 - 2002 where he participated in the UEFA European Championship where the team placed 4th. After leaving FC Spartak Moscow, he signed with Serbian top league club FK Železnik, where he played in the 2004–05 UEFA Cup, and won the Serbia and Montenegro Cup.

Selkić exited professional football in 2005 due to a series of injuries.

Professional career
Selkić moved back to Switzerland where he held various positions in telecommunications and insurance before moving to private banking. He worked for Bank Sarasin, UBS, Credit Suisse, Vontobel in private banking & wealth management as a relationship manager to high and ultra high net worth individuals.

Political career
Selkić joined Free Democratic Party (FDP) of Switzerland in 2016. He ran for office of the Grand communal council in 2018. Since he has been an integral member of the election campaign team.

References

External links
  Player page on FC Spartak Moscow website
Yugoslavia U-19 match at Archive.uefa.com

1983 births
Living people
Serbian men's footballers
Serbian expatriate men's footballers
FK Železnik players
FC Spartak Moscow players
Expatriate men's footballers in Russia
Men's association football defenders
Place of birth missing (living people)


Thornton v. United States, 541 U.S. 615 (2004), was a decision by the United States Supreme Court, which held that when a police officer makes a lawful custodial arrest of an automobile's occupant, the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution allows the officer to search the vehicle's passenger compartment as a contemporaneous incident of arrest. Thornton extended New York v. Belton, ruling that it governs even when an officer does not make contact until the person arrested has left the vehicle. Thornton also suggests a separate justification for an evidentiary search "when it is reasonable to believe evidence relevant to the crime of arrest might be found in the vehicle."

Thornton and Belton were distinguished by Arizona v. Gant, which restricted searches incident to arrest to circumstance where: 1) it is reasonable to believe that the arrested individual might access the vehicle at the time of the search; or 2) it is reasonable to believe that arrested individual's vehicle contains evidence of the offense that led to the arrest; or 3) the officer has probable cause to believe that there may be evidence of a crime concealed within the vehicle.  Thus, while Arizona v. Gant modifies the search incident to arrest doctrine, it also leaves intact certain legal justifications for warrantless searches set forth in Chimel v. California, Thornton, and United States v. Ross.

See also
 List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 541
List of United States Supreme Court cases

References

Further reading

External links

United States Supreme Court cases
United States Fourth Amendment case law
2004 in United States case law
United States Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court


The Mawé, also known as the Sateré or Sateré-Mawé, are an indigenous people of Brazil living in the state of Amazonas. They have an estimated population of about 13,350. The Sateré-Mawé were the first to domesticate and cultivate guaraná, a popular stimulant.

Name
The name "Sateré-Mawé" comes from Sateré, meaning "caterpillar of fire", and Mawé, meaning "intelligent and curious parrot".

They are also called Maué, Mawé, Mabue, Maragua, Sataré, Andira, Arapium.

Language
The Mawé speak the Sateré-Mawé language, which belongs to the Tupian family. A grammar book was developed for the language in 1986.

Initiation rites

The Sateré-Mawé people intentionally use bullet ant stings as part of their initiation rites to become a warrior. The ants are first rendered unconscious by submerging them in a natural sedative and then hundreds of them are woven into a glove made out of leaves (which resembles a large oven mitt), stinger facing inward. When the ants regain consciousness, the boy slips the glove onto his hand. The goal of this initiation rite is to keep the glove on for a full five minutes. When finished, the boy's hand and part of his arm are temporarily paralyzed due to the ant venom. In addition to suffering intense pain, he may hallucinate and shake uncontrollably for days. The only "protection" provided is a coating of charcoal on the hands, supposedly to confuse the ants and inhibit their stinging. To fully complete the initiation, however, the boys must go through the ordeal a total of 20 times over the course of several months.

References

Further reading
 Alvarez, Gabriel O. Pós-dradiviano: parentesco e ritual. : sistem de parentesco e rituais de afinabilidade os sateré-mawé. Série Antropologia (Brasília, Brazil), no.403. Brasília: Departamento de Antropologia, Universidade de Brasília, 2006.
 Garfield, S. (2022). Guaraná: How Brazil Embraced the World’s Most Caffeine-Rich Plant. University of North Carolina Press.
 Gordon, Nick, Hildy Rubin, and Jessica Siegel. Gremlins Faces in the Forest. Nature video library. South Burlington, VT: WNET/Thirteen, 1998. (video - Satere Mawe customs involving marmosets)
Groes-Green, Christian. Courageous Caterpillars and Images of the Whiteman: Storytelling and Exchange as Indigenous Strategies in the Face of Discrimination in Manaus, Brazil. MA Thesis, Department of  Anthropology. Copenhagen: University of Copenhagen (Denmark), 2002.
 Lattas, Andrew. "Anthropological Knowledge, Secrecy and Bolivip, Papua New Guinea: Exchanging Skin." Ethnos 74.3 (2009): 433-435.
 Lorenz, Sônia da Silva. Sateré-Mawé: os filhos do guaraná. Coleção Projetos, 1. São Paulo, SP, Brasil: Centro de Trabalho Indigenista, 1992.
 Salzano F. M., T.A. Weimer, M.H.L.P. Franco, and M.H. Hutz. "Demography and Genetics of the Sateré-Mawé and their Bearing on the Differentiation of the Tupi Tribes of South America." Journal of Human Evolution 14.7 (1985): 647-655.
 Vilaça, Aparecida, and Robin Wright. Native Christians: Modes and Effects of Christianity Among Indigenous Peoples of the Americas. Vitality of indigenous religions. Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate, 2008.
 Uggé, Henrique. Mitología sateré-maué. Quito, Ecuador: Ediciones ABYA-YALA, 1991.

External links
Sateré-Mawé artwork, National Museum of the American Indian

Indigenous peoples in Brazil
Indigenous peoples of the Amazon


"Selfless" is the 69th episode of the American television series Prison Break and was broadcast on November 24, 2008 in the United States on the Fox Network.

Plot
The General and two of his bodyguards enter the vault to stop Michael from taking Scylla. However, when they exit the elevator, they are held at gunpoint by Lincoln, Mahone, and Sucre. The General reluctantly hands over the sixth final card. He gloats that the convicts are five cards short, but is shocked when he sees that the convicts possess perfect copies of the other cards, allowing Michael to access the unit and take Scylla. The convicts then take the elevator back upstairs and barricade themselves in the General's office. Meanwhile, Self and Trishanne are still being held captive by Feng, but Trishanne yells to create a distraction, and Self gets free and kills their captors, and Trishanne kills Feng instinctively, which seems to make Self concerned. At GATE, Mr White introduces himself to Gretchen, who is once again conferring with T-Bag, only to see their machine guns under the desk. Mr White slips back to his office, but Gretchen holds him at gunpoint while T-Bag forces the other hostages into the office. Back at Company headquarters, the General believes that the convicts have no plan and are trapped when he gets a phone call. It's from Sara, who has Lisa Tabak—a cardholder and the General's daughter—at gunpoint in a hotel bathroom. To save his daughter, the General allows the convicts to go free. They drive to the airport in a Company truck for a rendezvous with Self, where Sucre and Mahone go their own way while Michael and Lincoln head into the airport. Company agents stop the brothers and take their backpack (which contains the Scylla unit), only to be caught themselves by airport police tipped off by Mahone. When the agents and the police search the brothers' backpack, they realise Scylla isn't there: Sucre and Mahone had it the whole time. In the GATE offices, Trishanne returns to resume her cover only to discover the hostage situation. She tries to free the hostages, and although Mr. White is killed by Gretchen, she manages to force T-Bag and Gretchen out of the building. In the parking lot, Gretchen tries to double-cross T-Bag when Trishanne shows up in a car. Gretchen escapes, but T-Bag is caught and arrested by Trishanne, who reveals that she is actually Miriam Holtz from Homeland Security.

Self meets the group at the warehouse after the successful mission. Michael hands over Scylla, and Self gives them an envelope full of release papers and tells them that Homeland Security are sending vans to take them for final processing, and an ambulance to take Michael to the hospital. While the group contemplates their imminent freedom, Self meets Holtz in an abandoned lot, where she has T-Bag handcuffed in her car. Self verifies what she and T-Bag know about the potential Scylla buyers, before apologizing to her and pulling out his gun and shooting her dead. In the warehouse, the group has been waiting for an hour. Michael calls Self on his mobile phone, which is now disconnected. He opens the envelope that supposedly contains the group's release papers, but it's full of blank sheets of paper, and they realize that Self has betrayed them.

Reception
IGN called it the best episode of the entire series, giving it a perfect score of 10 out of 10.

References

External links

Prison Break episodes
2008 American television episodes


"The Sweetest Love" is a song by American R&B singer Robin Thicke. The R&B ballad is the follow-up single to the moderately successful "Magic" and is the second official single from Something Else. The song was released to radio on September 9, 2008.

Charts
The single charted on various amounts of Billboard charts in late November/early December 2008 and peaked at #20 on Billboard's Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. While successful on many other Billboard R&B charts, "The Sweetest Love" has not been successful on many mainstream or pop charts. For example, the single has only peaked at #5 on Billboard's Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles Chart, (which would actually be equivalent to #105 if the Hot 100 singles went beyond 100 positions).

Chart positions

Year-end charts

Music video
The music video premiered on Yahoo! Music on November 13 and later was released on MTV's TRL. It shows Thicke playing the piano, and at bed with model Jessica White. It was directed by fashion photographer Marc Baptiste.

References

External links
 Robin Thicke - "The Sweetest Love" music video

2008 singles
Robin Thicke songs
Songs written by Robin Thicke
Contemporary R&B ballads
2008 songs
Interscope Records singles
Smooth jazz songs
2000s ballads
Vocal jazz songs


Beaver may refer to the following places in the U.S. state of Michigan:

 Beaver, Bay County, Michigan
 Beaver, Delta County, Michigan
 Beaver Island, Michigan
 Beaver Township, Bay County, Michigan
 Beaver Township, Newaygo County, Michigan

See also
 Beaverton, Michigan, city in Gladwin County
 Beaverton Township, Michigan in Gladwin County
 Beaver Creek Township, Michigan in Crawford County
 Beaver Island (Lake Michigan)


Buck Owens Sings Tommy Collins is an album by Buck Owens, released in 1963. It reached number one on the Billboard Country Albums charts.

It was re-issued on CD in 1997 by Sundazed Records.

Reception

In his Allmusic review, critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine wrote "Owens didn't have hits with this record, but it did go to number one, and it does stand as one of his most consistently satisfying long-players, thanks to the pen of Tommy Collins and the wonderful performances of Buck Owens & His Buckaroos."

Track listing
All songs by Tommy Collins unless otherwise noted.

Side one
 "If You Ain't Lovin' (You Ain't Livin') – 2:01
 "But I Do" – 2:26
 "It Tickles" (Tommy Collins, Wanda Collins) – 2:13
 "I Always Get a Souvenir" – 2:19
 "My Last Chance With You" – 2:26
 "Smooth Sailin'" – 2:11

Side two
 "You Gotta Have a License" – 2:15
 "High on a Hilltop" – 2:32
 "There'll Be No Other" – 2:48
 "Whatcha Gonna Do Now?" – 2:24
 "No Love Have I" – 2:18
 "Down, Down, Down" – 1:59

Personnel
Buck Owens – guitar, vocals
Don Rich – guitar, fiddle
Mel King – drums
Bob Morris – bass guitar
Jay McDonald – pedal steel guitar
Jelly Sanders – fiddle, guitar
Bonnie Owens – vocals
Production notes
Bob Irwin – mastering
Ken Nelson – producer
Richard Russell – design

References

External links
Reissue review at No Depression magazine.

1963 albums
Buck Owens albums
Capitol Records albums
Bakersfield sound
Albums produced by Ken Nelson (United States record producer)

Albums recorded at Capitol Studios


The Pakistan and West Indies cricket teams played a series of three one day international (ODI) matches in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, between November 12 and November 16, 2008. The Pakistanis won all three matches.

Squads

Matches

1st ODI

2nd ODI

3rd ODI

References

External links

2008 in Pakistani cricket
2008 in West Indian cricket
West
West
2009 in Pakistani cricket
2009 in West Indian cricket
Cricket in the United Arab Emirates
International cricket competitions in 2008–09
Pakistani cricket seasons from 2000–01
2008–09


Sweetheart 2005: Love Songs is a compilation album, released under Starbucks' Hear Music label in January 2005 in the United States. Sold in stores, the album features contemporary musicians covering classic love songs.

Track listing
"My Funny Valentine", performed by Rufus Wainwright (originally by Rodgers and Hart)
"Let My Love Open the Door", performed by M. Ward (originally by Pete Townshend, 1980)
"Buckets of Rain", performed by Neko Case (originally by Bob Dylan, 1975)
"Love Will Tear Us Apart", performed by Calexico (originally by Joy Division, 1980)
"She's Got Everything", performed by Old 97's (originally by The Kinks)
"How Can I Tell You", performed by Gary Jules (originally by Cat Stevens)
"Give Your Mama One Smile", performed by Madeleine Peyroux (originally by Big Bill Broonzy)
"The More I See You", performed by Sondre Lerche (music originally written by Harry Warren with lyrics by Mack Gordon, 1945)
"I Only Have Eyes for You", performed by Martina Topley-Bird (originally by The Flamingos)
"There is a Light That Never Goes Out", performed by Joseph Arthur (originally by The Smiths, 1986)
"Your Sweet Voice", performed by Milton Mapes (originally by Matthew Sweet)
"Use Me", performed by Jim White (originally by Bill Withers, 1972)
"Forever", performed by Dean Wareham (originally by The Beach Boys, 1970)
"Inutil Paisagem", performed by Vinicius Cantuária (originally by Antonio Carlos Jobim)
"A Nightingale Sang in Berkeley Square", performed by Mindy Smith (made famous by The Manhattan Transfer)

Personnel

Kato Aadland – guitar
Joseph Arthur – guitar, vocals, mixing, author, engineer, producer
Brendon Bell – assistant engineer
Paulinho Braga – drums
Paul Brainard – pedal steel guitar
Rob Burger – piano
Joey Burns – bass, guitar, vocals, double bass
Calexico – author
Vinicius Cantuária – guitar, producer, author, percussion, vocals
Neko Case – vocals, producer, author
Don Cobb – mastering
Eric Conn – mastering
John Convertino – piano, drums
Mike Coykendall – engineer, mixing
Danny Frankel – drums, snare drum
Maurice Gainen – mastering
Howe Gelb – piano
William Lee Golden – engineer
Patrick Granado – assistant engineer
Murry Hammond – bass, vocals
David Hungate – guitar, double bass
John Jarvis – piano
Larry Klein – producer
Lisa Laarman – creative director
David R. Legry – liner notes
Sondre Lerche – vocals, author
Stewart Lerman – producer, engineer, mixing
M. Ward – guitar, keyboards, author, vocals
Tucker Martine – drums (bass), hi-hat, snare drum, producer

Ed Maxwell – organ, bass, synthesizer, engineer
Mario J. McNulty – assistant engineer
Rhett Miller – vocals
Salim Nourallah – engineer, mixing
Old Joe Clarks – bass, drums
Gary Jules – producer, author
Gary Paczosa – mixing
Ben Peeler – lap steel guitar
Philip Peeples – drums
Madeleine Peyroux – guitar, mixing, author, engineer, vocals
Britta Phillips – bass, engineer, vocals, keyboards
Jon Rauhouse – Hawaiian guitar
Dorothy Robinett – clarinet
Rip Rowan – mixing
Tom Schick – engineer, mixing
Craig Schumacher – producer, engineer
Dave Sinko – engineer
Morten Skage – double bass
Mindy Smith – vocals, producer, author
Paul Socolow – bass
Jerry Tubb – mastering
Greg Vanderpool – electric guitar, author, vocals
Tony Visconti – mixing
Rufus Wainwright – vocals, author, producer
Dean Wareham – guitar, engineer, author, vocals
Joan Wasser – violin
Jim Waters – mellotron
Jim White – banjo, percussion, programming, vocals, keyboards, drums, melodica, slide banjo, author, producer

See also
 Sweetheart 2014

References

2005 compilation albums
Hear Music compilation albums
Covers albums
Pop compilation albums
Rock compilation albums


Junction transistor usually means bipolar junction transistor.  It may also refer to:

 Grown-junction transistor
 Alloy-junction transistor
 Unijunction transistor
 JFET (junction field-effect transistor)


The Pala group (also known as Pale di San Martino) is the largest massif of the Dolomites, with about 240 km² of surface, located between eastern Trentino and Veneto (province of Belluno), in the area between Primiero (valleys of Cismon, Canali, Travignolo), Valle del Biois (Falcade, Canale d'Agordo) and Agordino.

In the central sector of the group, discovered by the Marquis Déodat Gratet de Dolomieu in 1788, consisting of dolomite, a sedimentary rock formed by double calcium carbonate  and magnesium, extends the plateau, on an area of about 50 km², forming a huge empty space, rocky and almost lunar that fluctuates between 2500 and 2800 m above sea level.

The part of the group extended in Trentino is entirely included in the Paneveggio-Pale di San Martino Natural Park. According to some sources, the group inspired the Belluno writer Dino Buzzati (a great lover of the chain) in the setting of his novel "The Tartar Steppe". Due to the exceptional universal value of this natural beauty, the geological system of the Pale is included in the site "The Dolomites", declared in 2009 a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Main peaks
Vezzana, 3,192 m
Cimon della Pala, 3,184 m
Cima dei Bureloni, 3,130 m
Cima di Focobon, 3,054 m
Pala di San Martino, 2,982 m
Fradusta, 2,939 m
Mulaz, 2,906 m
Monte Agnèr 2,872 m
Sass Màor, 2,812 m
Cima Madonna, 2,752 m
Rosetta, 2,743 m

References

External links

Rifugio Pradidali, (english pages available here)

Mountain ranges of Trentino
Mountain ranges of the Alps
Dolomites


Macrocognition indicates a descriptive level of cognition performed in natural instead of artificial (laboratory) environments. This term is reported to have been coined by Pietro Cacciabue and Erik Hollnagel in 1995. However, it is also reported that it was used in the 1980s in European Cognitive Systems Engineering research. Possibly the earliest reference is the following, although it does not use the exact term "macrocognition":
A macro-theory is a theory which is concerned with the obvious regularities of human experience, rather than with some theoretically defined unit. To refer to another psychological school, it would correspond to a theory at the level of Gestalten. It resembles Newell’s suggestion for a solution that would analyse more complex tasks. However, the idea of a macro-theory does not entail an analysis of the mechanistic materialistic kind which is predominant in cognitive psychology. Thus we should have a macro-theory of remembering rather than of memory, to say nothing of short-term memory, proactive inhibition release, or memory scanning. To take another example, we should have a macro-theory of attending, rather than a mini-theory of attention, or micro-theories of limited channel capacities or logarithmic dependencies in disjunctive reaction times. This would ease the dependence on the information processing analogy, but not necessarily lead to an abandonment of the information processing terminology, the Flowchart, or the concept of control structures. The meta-technical sciences can contribute to a psychology of cognition as well as to cognitive psychology. What should be abandoned is rather the tendency to think in elementaristic terms and to increase the plethora of mini-and micro-theories.
...
To conclude, if the psychological study of cognition shall have a future that is not a continued description of human information processing, its theories must be at what we have called the macro-level. This means that they must correspond to the natural units of experience and consider these in relation to the regularities of human experience, rather than as manifestations of hypothetical information processing mechanisms in the brain. A psychology should start at the level of natural units in human experience and try to work upwards towards the level of functions and human action, rather than downwards towards the level of elementary information processes and the structure of the IPS.

The use of the term suggests that there is strong evidence in which naturalistic decision-making and the environments in which they occur are navigated in cognitively different ways than artificial or controlled environments.

Macrocognition is distinguished from microcognition by elements of time-pressure and risk, performance by experts (as opposed to college students or novices), ambiguity of goals and outcomes, and complex and unclear conditions.

References

See also
 Metacognition
 Naturalistic decision-making
 Foltz, P. W., Bolstad, C. A., Cuevas, H. M., Franzke, M., Rosenstein, M., & Costello, A. M. (in press). Measuring situation awareness through automated communication analysis. To appear in M. Letsky, N. Warner, S. M. Fiore, & C. Smith (Eds.), Macrocognition in teams. Aldershot, England: Ashgate.
 Klein, G., Moon, B. and Hoffman, R.F. (2006b). Making sense of sensemaking II: a macrocognitive model. IEEE Intelligent Systems, 21(5), 88-92
 Klein, G., Ross, K. G., Moon, B., Klein, D. E., Hoffman, R. R., Hollnagel, E. (2003). Macrocognition. IEEE Intelligent Systems, 81-85.

Cognitive science


The 12th Cannes Film Festival was held from 30 April to 15 May 1959. The Palme d'Or went to the Orfeu Negro by Marcel Camus. The festival opened with Les Quatre Cents Coups, directed by François Truffaut and closed with The Diary of Anne Frank, directed by George Stevens.

In 1959, the Marché du Film (lit. Film Market) was established as the business counterpart of the Cannes Film Festival, with the aim of helping meet the needs of film industry professionals. Before this year the market was held unofficially in the cinemas of the rue d'Antibes in Cannes. Another important development of that year for the Festival, was that the French cinema moved away from  the Ministry of Industry and became part of Ministry of Cultural Affairs.

Jury
The following people were appointed as the Jury of the 1959 competition:

Feature films
Marcel Achard (France) Jury President
Antoni Bohdziewicz (Poland)
Michael Cacoyannis (Greece)
Carlos Cuenca (Spain)
Pierre Daninos (France)
Julien Duvivier (France)
Max Favalelli (France)
Gene Kelly (USA)
Carlo Ponti (Italy)
Micheline Presle (France)
Sergei Vasilyev (Soviet Union)
Short films
Philippe Agostini (France)
Antonin Brousil (Czechoslovakia)
Paula Talaskivi (Finland)
Jean Vivie (France) (CST official)
Véra Volmane (France) (journalist)

Feature film competition
The following feature films competed for the Palme d'Or:

The 400 Blows (Les Quatre Cents Coups) by François Truffaut
Araya by Margot Benacerraf
Arms and the Man (Helden) by Franz Peter Wirth
Black Orpheus (Orfeu Negro) by Marcel Camus
Bloody Twilight (Matomeno iliovasilemma) by Andreas Labrinos
The Chasers (Jakten) by Erik Løchen
Compulsion by Richard Fleischer
Court Martial (Kriegsgericht) by Kurt Meisel
Desire (Touha) by Vojtěch Jasný
The Diary of Anne Frank by George Stevens
Édes Anna by Zoltán Fábri
Eva (Die Halbzarte) by Rolf Thiele
Fanfare by Bert Haanstra
Hiroshima Mon Amour by Alain Resnais
A Home for Tanya () by Lev Kulidzhanov
Honeymoon (Luna de Miel) by Michael Powell
Lajwanti by Narendra Suri
Middle of the Night by Delbert Mann
A Midsummer Night's Dream (Sen noci svatojanske) by Jiří Trnka
Miss April (Fröken April) by Göran Gentele
Nazarín by Luis Buñuel
Policarpo (Policarpo, ufficiale di scrittura) by Mario Soldati
Portuguese Rhapsody (Rapsódia Portuguesa) by João Mendes
Room at the Top by Jack Clayton
The Snowy Heron (Shirasagi) by Teinosuke Kinugasa
The Soldiers of Pancho Villa (La Cucaracha) by Ismael Rodríguez
Stars (Sterne) by Konrad Wolf
Sugar Harvest (Zafra) by Lucas Demare
Tang fu yu sheng nu by Tien Shen
Train Without a Timetable (Vlak bez voznog reda) by Veljko Bulajić

Short film competition
The following short films competed for the Short Film Palme d'Or:

 A Telhetetlen mehecske by Gyula Macskássy
 Cinématographier or Préhistoire du cinema by Emile Degelin
 Corrida interdite by Denys Colomb Daunant
 Deca sa granice by Purisa Djordjevic
 Eine Stadt feiert Geburtstag by Ferdinand Khittl
 Espana 1.800 by Jesús Fernández Santos
 Fartsfeber by Finn Carlsby
 Histoire d'un poisson rouge by Edmond Sechan
 Hsi yu chi by Tei Yang
 La mer et les jours by Alain Kaminker, Raymond Vogel
 La primera fundacion de Buenos Aires by Fernando Birri
 Le petit pecheur de la Mer de Chine by Serge Hanin
 Le Seigneur Julius by Khaled Abdul Wahab
 Ligeud ad luftvejen by Henning Carlsen
 Butterflies Don't Live Here (Motyli zde neziji) by Miro Bernat
 Neobjknovennie vstretchi by Archa Ovanessova
 New York, New York by Francis Thompson
 Paese d'America by Gian Luigi Polidoro
 Pecheurs de Sozopol by Nikolay Borovishki
 See Pakistan by W.J. Moylan
 Sinn im Sinnlosen by Bernhard Von Peithner-Lichtenfels
 Taj Mahal (short film) by Shri Mushir Ahmed
 Ten Men in a Boat by Sydney Latter
 The Fox Has Four Eyes by Jamie Uys
 The Living Stone by John Feeney
 Tussenspel bij kaarslicht by Charles Huguenot Van Der Linden
 Zmiana warty (The Changing of the Guard) by Włodzimierz Haupe

Awards

Official awards
The following films and people received the 1959 awards:
Palme d'Or: Orfeu Negro by Marcel Camus
Prix spécial du jury: Stars by Konrad Wolf
Best Director: François Truffaut for The 400 Blows (Les Quatre Cents Coups)
Best Actress: Simone Signoret for Room at the Top
Best Actor: Dean Stockwell, Bradford Dillman and Orson Welles for Compulsion
Best Comedy Award: Policarpo, ufficiale di scrittura by Mario Soldati
International Award: Nazarín by Luis Buñuel
Special Mention: The Snowy Heron (Shirasagi) by Teinosuke Kinugasa
Award of the best selection to Czechoslovakia:
Desire (Touha) by Vojtěch Jasný
A Midsummer Night's Dream (Sen noci svatojanske) by Jiří Trnka
Short films
Short Film Palme d'Or: Butterflies Don't Live Here (Motyli zde neziji) by Miro Bernat
Short film Jury Prize:
 New York, New York by Francis Thompson
 Zmiana warty (The Changing of the Guard) by Włodzimierz Haupe
Prix spécial du Jury:  Histoire d'un poisson rouge by Edmond Sechan
Short film - Special mention: Le petit pecheur de la Mer de Chine by Serge Hanin
Short film - Hommage: La mer et les jours by Alain Kaminker, Raymond Vogel

Independent awards
FIPRESCI
 FIPRESCI Prize:
Hiroshima Mon Amour by Alain Resnais
Araya by Margot Benacerraf
Commission Supérieure Technique
 Technical Grand Prize: Honeymoon (Luna de Miel) by Michael Powell
OCIC Award
 The 400 Blows (Les Quatre Cents Coups) by François Truffaut

References

Media
Institut National de l'Audiovisuel: Opening of the 1959 festival
INA: Arrival of the celebrities in Cannes (commentary in French)
INA: List of winners of the 1959 Festival (commentary in French)

External links
1959 Cannes Film Festival (web.archive)
Official website Retrospective 1959
Cannes Film Festival Awards for 1959 at Internet Movie Database

Cannes Film Festival, 1959
Cannes Film Festival, 1959
Cannes Film Festival
Cannes Film Festival
Cannes Film Festival


Common Turkic, or Shaz Turkic, is a taxon in some classifications of the Turkic languages that includes all of them except the Oghuric languages.

Classification
Lars Johanson's proposal contains the following subgroups:

 Southwestern Common Turkic (Oghuz)
 Northwestern Common Turkic (Kipchak)
 Southeastern Common Turkic (Karluk)
 Northeastern Common Turkic (Siberian)
 Arghu Common Turkic (Khalaj)

In that classification scheme, Common Turkic is opposed to Oghur Turkic (Lir-Turkic). The Common Turkic languages are characterized by sound correspondences such as Common Turkic š versus Oghuric l and Common Turkic z versus Oghuric r.

Siberian Turkic is split into a "Central Siberian Turkic" and "North Siberian Turkic" branch within the classification presented in Glottolog v4.8.

In other classification schemes (such as those of Alexander Samoylovich and Nikolay Baskakov), the breakdown is different.

References

Literature
 Johanson, Lars & Éva Agnes Csató (ed.). 1998. The Turkic languages. London: Routledge. .

External links
 Turkic Languages: Resources – University of Michigan

Agglutinative languages
Turkic languages
Vowel-harmony languages


Friederike of Brandenburg-Schwedt (Friederike Sophia Dorothea; 18 December 1736 – 9 March 1798) was Duchess of Württemberg by marriage to Frederick II Eugene, Duke of Württemberg. She is an ancestor to many European royals of the 19th and 20th century.

Biography
Friederike was a daughter of Margrave Frederick William of Brandenburg-Schwedt and Princess Sophia Dorothea of Prussia. Her mother was a sister of Frederick the Great. Her siblings included Elisabeth Louise, Princess Augustus Ferdinand of Prussia and Philippine, Landgravine of Hesse-Cassel.

On 2 November 1753, she married Frederick Eugen of Württemberg. He would succeed his brother in 1795, making her Duchess consort of Württemberg.

Friederike was described as witty and charming. She belonged to the reformed faith, while her husband was Catholic; however, she brought up her children as Lutheran upon agreement with the Lutheran council, from whom she received an allowance.

From 1769, she lived at Montbéliard, which was being managed by her husband. In 1792, she abandoned Montbéliard because of the French Revolution. Her husband inherited the Dukedom of Württemberg in 1795–1797.

Issue
She had twelve children:

 Duke Frederick Wilhelm Karl of Württemberg (6 November 1754 – 30 October 1816); succeeded his father as Duke of Württemberg; would later become the first King of Württemberg.
 Duke Louis Frederick Alexander of Württemberg (30 August 1756 – 20 September 1817), of whom King Charles III of the United Kingdom is a descendant.
 Duke Eugen Frederick Henry of Württemberg (21 November 1758 – 20 June 1822).
 Duchess Sophie Dorothea Auguste Luise of Württemberg (25 October 1759 – 5 November 1828), married to Paul I, Emperor of Russia), of whom Charles III of the United Kingdom and Queen Sofia of Spain are direct descendants.
 Duke William Frederick Philip of Württemberg (27 December 1761 – 10 August 1830); father of Wilhelm, 1st Duke of Urach.
 Duke Ferdinand Frederick Augustus of Württemberg (22 October 1763 – 20 January 1834).
 Duchess Friederike Elisabeth Amalie of Württemberg (27 July 1765 – 24 November 1785), married to Peter, Duke of Oldenburg.
 Duchess Elisabeth Wilhelmine Luise of Württemberg (21 April 1767 – 18 February 1790), married to Francis I, Emperor of Austria.
 Duchess Friederike Wilhelmine Katharina  of Württemberg (3 June 1768 – 22 October 1768).
 Duke Charles Frederick Henry  of Württemberg (3 May 1770 – 22 August 1791).
 Duke Alexander Frederick Charles of Württemberg (24 April 1771 – 4 July 1833), the founder of the fifth branch of Württemberg, from which today's head of the House, Duke Carl Maria of Württemberg.
 Duke Charles Henry of Württemberg (3 July 1772 – 28 July 1833).

Ancestry

Notes

|-

1736 births
1798 deaths
People from Schwedt
People from the Margraviate of Brandenburg
House of Hohenzollern
Duchesses of Württemberg
Margravines of Brandenburg-Schwedt
House of Württemberg
Brandenburgian nobility
German Lutherans
Daughters of monarchs
Mothers of monarchs


The 2008–09 Georgian Cup (also known as the David Kipiani Cup) was the sixty-fifth season overall and nineteenth since independence of the Georgian annual football tournament. The competition began on 30 August 2008 and ended with the Final held on 30 May 2009. The defending champions are Zestafoni.

Round of 32
The first legs were played on 1 August and the second legs were played on 4 August 2008.

Section West

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Section East

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Round of 16
In this round entered winners from the previous round as well as three teams that finished first, second and third in last year's Umaglesi Liga: Dinamo Tbilisi, WIT Georgia and Zestafoni. The first legs were played on August 30 and 31 and the second legs were played on September 16 and 17, 2008.

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Quarterfinals
The matches were played on 12 November (first legs) and 26 November 2008 (second legs).

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Semifinals
The matches were played on 14 April (first legs) and 29 April 2009 (second legs).

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Final

See also
 2008–09 Umaglesi Liga
 2008–09 Pirveli Liga

External links
 Official site
 goli.ge
 es.geofootball.com

Georgian Cup seasons
Cup
Georgian Cup, 2008-09


The following is a list of football stadiums in Serbia, in order by capacity. The capacities listed are seating capacities, which means the potential number of spectators the stadiums can accommodate in non-seated stands are not listed. The minimum capacity is 2,000.

Current stadiums

Bold: Teams competing in the Serbian SuperLiga

Over 15,000 capacity

Under 15,000 capacity

Under 5,000 capacity

Stadiums under construction

Proposed stadiums

See also
List of association football stadiums by capacity
List of stadiums in Europe
List of European stadiums by capacity

References

Serbia
stadiums
Football stadiums


Open het Dorp ("Open the Village") was the first big fundraising TV show in the Netherlands. It aired on Dutch TV on 26 and 27 November 1962.

Het Dorp is a special village or community for disabled people. To raise the required funds to build and open the community, a TV show was organized.

The program was at that moment the first nationwide fundraising TV show, and it was done in the format of a telethon, lasting for 23 hours. Mies Bouwman entirely presented it. Most local corner-shops cooperated: viewers could donate by putting cash in a small box (matchbox) and bring it to the local shop: most shops opened their doors on the evening of 26 November; the show was aired on TV and radio simultaneously as large numbers of people did not own a TV at that time.

The director of the TV show was Theo Orderman. During the show, over 400 artists and other VIPs appeared in the show.

After 23 hours of fundraising, a total amount of 21 million guilders was collected, which was used to open Het Dorp near the city of Arnhem.

In the archives only short fragments are available regarding this event.

References

Telethons
1962 television specials
Dutch television shows
1960s in Dutch television
Dutch-language television shows
1962 Dutch television series debuts
1962 Dutch television series endings
1962 in the Netherlands
Black-and-white Dutch television shows


Johan Woldemar Hägglund (August 10, 1893 – February 12, 1963) was a Finnish lieutenant general () in the Finnish Army in the Second World War, and an early volunteer of the Jäger Movement. He participated in the Eastern Front of World War I, the Finnish Civil War, the Winter War and the Continuation War, commanding army corps in the latter two. Between 1944 and 1945, he was in charge of a committee investigating Finnish war crimes, especially those committed against prisoners-of-war.

Early years
Johan Woldemar Hägglund was born on 10 August 1893 in Helsinki to parents Johan Alfred Hägglund and Aleksandra Henriksson. He graduated as an ylioppilas in 1912 from a lyceum in Vyborg after which he studied civil engineering for four terms at the Helsinki University of Technology. During his studies, he worked as a train driver on the Vyborg-St. Petersburg railway.

During his studies, he became involved in the Finnish Jäger Movement, traveling to Germany in February 1915 to receive military training with other Finnish volunteers. During his time in Germany, Hägglund fought for the imperial German Army on the Eastern Front of World War I as a member of the 27th Royal Prussian Jäger Battalion, taking part in several battles in the regions of Misa, Gulf of Riga and Lielupe. He was promoted Hilfsgruppenführer () in 1915, followed by promotions to first Gruppenführer () and later to Zugführer () in 1916.

Civil war
In August 1917, Hägglund traveled to Sweden where he was involved in the planning of a future war of independence. The planning effort was led by , who had been the last commander of the Finnish Guard prior to its dissolution in 1905. He had traveled to Sweden for discussions with envoys of the German General Staff. The Germans had proposed an insurgency plan, where the first step was the insertion of a small team of Finnish volunteers by submarine to cut railway connections on the Karelian Isthmus. This was to take place on 11 August 1917 in preparation for the landing of the bulk of the Finnish Jägers in mid-September. The Finns, however, were unable to agree to these plans because they did not involve active German military participation. As such, the plans were cancelled in early August, and Hägglund returned to Germany in September.

Following the October Revolution, on 17 November 1917 an 8-man team of Finnish Jäger movement members under the command of Hägglund was inserted by the German submarine UC-57 to Pernå. Equipped with small arms, explosives and communications equipment, the team moved to Vyborg, where they stashed the materiel intended for railway sabotage.

In Vyborg, Hägglund took command of the Vyborg White Guard. As the escalation towards the  Finnish Civil War continued in January 1918, he began the establishment of a Karelian Front. He was soon after replaced by Aarne Sihvo, under whom Hägglund continued as the chief of staff of Army Corps Karelia (). That same year, he received a sequence of promotions, ending the year as a lieutenant colonel.

Interwar period
Following the end of the civil war in 1918, Hägglund was posted as the chief of staff of the 3rd Division and from 1920 to 1921 he was a regimental deputy commander in Keski-Suomen Rykmentti. He was posted as the chief of staff of the 2nd Division from 1921 to 1922, after which he returned to Keski-Suomen Rykmentti, commanding it until 1923 when he transferred to the Finnish Ministry of Defense. While in command of Keski-Suomen Rykmentti, Hägglund was supportive of the regimental Master Armorer Aimo Lahti, who had begun to plan an improved version of the German MP 18 submachine gun. Despite initial lukewarm reception by high ranking army officials, Lahti would go on to develop several influential Finnish firearms such as the  Suomi KP/-31 submachine gun.

In 1926, Hägglund was promoted colonel and took command of the Helsinki White Guard. Between 1932 and 1934 he commanded first the Uusimaa Military District and then the Savo Military District, before being made the commander of the 2nd Division in 1934. During this posting, he attended the Swedish Military Academy and was promoted general major in 1936.

In 1920, Hägglund married Anna-Lisa Alleen, with whom he had three children. His youngest son Gustav Hägglund (born 1938) later became a general and Chief of Defence. During the 1920s and 1930s, Hägglund also wrote and contributed to several books about the Finnish Civil War.

Second World War
Following the start of the Finno-Soviet Winter War in late 1939, Hägglund was given command of the IV Corps on 4 December 1939. The corps was on the northern shore of Lake Ladoga, and consisted of two understrength divisions and three separate battalion-sized formations. By 7 December, his forces had retreated to Kollaa, where they began the Battle of Kollaa which lasted to the end of the Winter War.

During the heavy fighting, Hägglund asked lieutenant Aarne Juutilainen Will Kollaa hold? (), to which he received the reply Kollaa will hold, unless we are told to run! This exchange was widely reported and the shortened phrase Kollaa kestää! () became a lasting part of the Finnish lexicon. According to Nenye, Munter, Wirtanen and Birks, Hägglund's actions in the Winter War also "introduced the word motti into military jargon", even if he himself is not credited with coming up with the term.

Following a 15-month period of peace known as the Interim Peace, the Finnish Army mobilized on 10 June 1941 in preparation for the Continuation War, the Finnish component of the German invasion of the Soviet Union. Hägglund's IV Corps was renamed VII Corps, and consisted first of the 11th, 7th and 14th divisions. During a reorganization of the Finnish forces prior to the onset of hostilities, the corps was moved to the southern flank of the Army of Karelia into a region spanning from the line Onkamo-Vyartsilya in the north to Pyhäjärvi in the south and now consisted of the 19th and 7th Divisions. The corps was ordered to push the enemy on its sector toward either Lake Ladoga or Jänisjoki. Concurrently, other forces of the Army of Karelia would attack to the north of Lake Yanisyarvi before turning south. Together, these two movements would trap enemy formations on the isthmus between Lake Ladoga and Lake Yanisyarvi. The attack would then continue to the Svir and Lake Onega. Hostilities began with an artillery preparation on 9 July at 23:40, with the Finnish infantry pushing off 28 minutes later. The planned envelopment was completed in the morning of 15 July, and split in two the Soviet 7th Army, with parts of the 168th and 71st Divisions being cut off north of Lake Ladoga.

In 1942, Hägglund was promoted lieutenant general and from 1943 to 1944 he acted as an inspector general for the Finnish commander-in-chief. During this time, he was also in charge of secret preparations to prevent a potential German attempt to replace the Finnish political leadership. In 1944 he became first the chief of the Fortifications Planning Command () and later the chief of the Finnish Committee for Investigation of Prisoner-of-War Camps (). The latter investigated Finnish war crimes, especially those committed against prisoners-of-war. Hägglund held the position until 27 January 1945, when he retired from active duty and was moved to the reserve.

Death and legacy
Hägglund died on 12 February 1963 in Helsinki.

During his life, Hägglund was given several notable awards. These include the Finnish Grand Cross of the Order of the Lion of Finland, Order of the Cross of Liberty, Order of the White Rose of Finland; the Lithuanian Order of the Cross of Vytis; the Swedish Order of the Sword; multiple German and Prussian Iron Crosses; the Danish Order of the Dannebrog; and the Estonian Order of the Cross of the Eagle.

Notes

References

Further reading
 Eeva-Kaisa Ahtiainen, Woldemar Hägglund – Kollaan kenraali.   Otava

1893 births
1963 deaths
Military personnel from Helsinki
Military personnel from Uusimaa Province (Grand Duchy of Finland)
Swedish-speaking Finns
Finnish lieutenant generals
German Army personnel of World War I
People of the Finnish Civil War (White side)
Finnish military personnel of World War II
Jägers of the Jäger Movement


Mare Nostrum is a multiplayer team-based first-person action video game by American developer Sandstorm Productions, created as a total conversion modification of Red Orchestra: Ostfront 41-45.

The overall aim of the modification is to incorporate the African, Mediterranean and Middle East theatres of World War II as a supplement to the Red Orchestra: Ostfront 41-45 title.

Gameplay
Mare Nostrum game play is similar to its parent game, in that players assume the role of an individual infantryman or tank crew during World War II battles in an online multiplayer environment. Each team then attempts to accomplish objectives varying by game level.
Most play revolves around an Attack and Defend style, whereby one team has to take objective areas from the opposing team in order to claim victory.

History
The Mare Nostrum team was formed 8 Aug 2006 with the merger of 2 separate Red Orchestra: Ostfront 41-45 modification teams; Campagna Italiana team and the Burning Sands team.

The Mare Nostrum game project is current subdivided into two phases which reflects the original merger. The first is titled 'Mare Nostrum: Afrikafeldzug 40-43' which concentrates on the actions during the North African Campaign. The second, unreleased, phase is titled 'Mare Nostrum: Campagna Italiana 43-45', and will encompass actions in and around Sicily and main land Italy.

The first public release of the modification was on 1 March 2008. Subsequent additional releases quickly came to address software bugs and gameplay issues with the 1.1 release on 8 March 2008 and 1.2 release on 23 March 2008.

On October 17, 2008, Mare Nostrum was released on Steam. Due to Steam's automatic update feature, version numbers were dropped and all further versions were released exclusively on Steam.

On December 11, 2009 Mare Nostrum received a large content update through Steam which added Steam Achievements, making it the first Red Orchestra mod to do so.

Reception
Mare Nostrum was named as one of the ModDB top 100 unreleased mods during the 2007 event.

Although the 1.2 release was considered a playable product, there were issues building an online player base.

References

External links
 Official Mare Nostrum website
 Official Red Orchestra: Ostfront 41-45 website
 Mare Nostrum ModDB page
 Steam Powered content page for Mare Nostrum

2008 video games
First-person shooters
Multiplayer online games
Video games developed in the United States
World War II first-person shooters
Windows games
Linux games


Sunny Corner is a small village in the central west of New South Wales, Australia and former mining area located between Lithgow and Bathurst just north of the Great Western Highway (Route 32). At the , Sunny Corner had a population of 92 people (down from 626 people ten years earlier at the ).

Sunny Corner was never officially known as Sunny Corner until it was gazetted in 1885. In consequence the place was brought into existence by the development and success of the Sunny Corner Silver-mining Company's mine, and therefore the people generally acquired the habit of calling the whole place, including the newly surveyed town, after the company's property. By November 1884 there was talk of Sunny Corner being named Mitchell. This became a reality by February 1885, however the townsfolk were not in favour of the new name. The township was also called Mitchell's Creek but the local community always called the area Sunny Corner and the name continued in use.

History
The original inhabitants of the area later called Sunny Corner were probably Wiradjuri people. Although by the time written records of the area were created there were no Aboriginal people living there, Powys notes some archaeological evidence of their occupation in the form of stone axes.

The town of Sunny Corner grew up following the discovery of silver lodes in the area in 1884. This prompted a "rush" to the area, which had previously not been settled, and a town grew up on Crown Land adjacent to the mining leases.

The village of Sunny Corner was formally gazetted on 2 October 1885 (as R No 122). The gazette also revoked temporary reserves presumably gazetted to cover the rush to Sunny Corner. Immediately to the north-west a recreation reserve was gazetted, and a camping reserve was located on the southern border of the town.

In January 1886 an anonymous correspondent to the Sydney Morning Herald described Sunny Corner as having a population "anything from 1600 to 3000". The town was described as follows:

There is one long, comparatively straight street, on which most of the dwellings are built, while here and there about the ranges habitations are dotted in all sorts of nooks and corners. A galvanised iron roof is de rigueur, but the materials for the wall may be either "wattle and daub" sawn hardwood, or slabs cut with an adze. The names for such buildings as are the general resort of the public are of the most select type. There are the Royal, the Criterion, and Star Hotels, and the Carrington billiard room the Sunny Corner Boot Palace, Sunny Corner Coffee Palace and the Tattersall's saddler's store."

Later, on 3 September 1887, the village was gazetted as a town.

The 1885 survey plan shows a number of buildings and features in situ at the time of the survey and thus records the nature of the township at that time. Like many working class settlements of the time Sunny Corner had a School of Arts. In the late 1890s it had a well-regarded choir with a classical repertoire.

Climate
Being on the crest of the dividing range at an elevation of well over  Sunny Corner is exposed to both westerly and Tasman rainfall systems. Snow occurs in the winter and spring months, and has been known to fall in early summer on rare occasions. The region is prone to severe thunderstorms and heavy fog throughout much of the year.

Mining
Early mining in the Sunny Corner area is poorly documented, largely because it was a small field and systematic reporting by the Mines Department had not been implemented at that time (in the 1850s). Matters are even more confused as there was another Mitchell's Creek near Wellington (located near Bodangora, to the north east of Wellington) which is mentioned in newspapers of the early 1850s as being a goldfield. Thus records of gold being found at Mitchell's Creek could refer to several locations.

A report in the Bathurst Free Press in July 1852 of a Mr Moffitt finding gold in a quartz reef at Mitchells Creek located in the headwaters of the Turon River is likely to be in the vicinity of Sunny Corner. A newspaper description of the field in 1884 notes:  "Gold was first discovered about Mitchell's Creek in 1852, and two years afterwards it was somewhat extensively worked as an alluvial held, every watercourse about the place returning payable gold, and in some instances proving very rich. In 1856 auriferous quartz was found on the field…"

The quartz reefs were mined from the early 1860s until the 1880s. In 1881 assays of the ore found in association with the quartz revealed a rich concentration of silver and mining interest turned to the exploitation of the silver ores rather than the gold. By 1897 the price of silver dropped so low that the mine had to be closed down.

Silver, gold, zinc and antimony were mined between 1875 and 1922, during which time more than 100 tonnes of silver were won.

Despite the mine closing over 100 years ago, the Sunny Corner mine area environment remains toxic and polluted with a range of elements. Water in the area contains high levels of arsenic, cadmium, copper, nickel, lead and zinc.

References

Mining towns in New South Wales

Towns in the Central West (New South Wales)
Underground mines in Australia


Mont Tendre is a mountain of the Jura, located between the valley of Joux and the basin of Lake Geneva in the canton of Vaud. With an elevation of 1,679 metres above sea level, it is the highest summit of the Swiss portion of the Jura Mountains and, therefore, the highest summit of Switzerland outside the Alps. It is also the most isolated mountain of the canton. It is found in the community of Montricher.

A paved road from Montricher reaches a height of 1,615 metres, northeast of the summit. A restaurant is located at its end, the Chalet du Mont Tendre.

See also
List of mountains of Vaud
List of mountains of Switzerland
List of most isolated mountains of Switzerland

References

External links

Mont Tendre on Hikr
Chalet du Mont Tendre

Mountains of Switzerland
Mountains of the Jura
Mountains of the canton of Vaud
One-thousanders of Switzerland


Marco Antonio Villaseca Cabezas  (born March 15, 1975) is a Chilean former footballer who played as a defensive midfielder. Throughout his career, he had a reputation as a 'violent' player.

International career
Villaseca played for Chile at the 2001 Copa América where the team reached the quarter-finals. In total, he made 20 appearances for the national team. In addition, he made an appearance for Chile B in the friendly match against Catalonia on 28 December 2001.

Honours

Club
Colo-Colo
 Primera División de Chile (2): 1997 Clausura, 1998

References

External links

 Marco Villaseca at PartidosdeLaRoja

1975 births
Living people
Footballers from Santiago
Chilean men's footballers
Chilean expatriate men's footballers
Chile men's international footballers
2001 Copa América players
Audax Italiano footballers
Colo-Colo footballers
Unión Española footballers
FC Spartak Moscow players
FC Rostov players
Deportes Concepción (Chile) footballers
Santiago Morning footballers
Rangers de Talca footballers
O'Higgins F.C. footballers
Chilean Primera División players
Primera B de Chile players
Russian Premier League players
Expatriate men's footballers in Russia
Chilean expatriate sportspeople in Russia
Men's association football midfielders