The Conversion of Chełm Eparchy was the forced conversion of the Eparchy of Chełm–Belz that took place between January and May 1875. It was the last eparchy of the Ruthenian Uniate Church that remained on the territory of the Russian Empire following the partitions of Poland. The episcopal seat of the eparchy was in the  city of Chełm (Kholm) in Congress Poland. Adherants and clergy were forced to join the Russian Orthodox Church — a Caesaropapist entity.

Background

In 988 East Slavic state of Kievan Rus' was converted to the Eastern form of Christianity by Vladimir I of Kiev. Following the East-West Schism between the Roman and Byzantine Churches, the form of Christianity that Kievan Rus followed became known as Eastern Orthodox Church. In 1241, Kievan Rus was conquered by the Mongols. Over the centuries, the parts of Rus that would one day become northern Ukraine and Belarus were absorbed by Poland. Within the mostly Roman Catholic Polish state, the appointment of Orthodox bishops by the Polish kings tended to favor lay members of the Ruthenian nobility, often with extremely disastrous results. Meanwhile, the elevation of the Metropolitan See of Moscow to a Patriarchate in 1588 enraged many Orthodox Ukrainians, who saw the move as an insult to the seniority of the See of Kyiv. Meanwhile, the religious and cultural revival caused by the Counter-Reformation in Poland drew admiration from many Orthodox priests, who began to consider a transfer of allegiance from the Ottoman-controlled Patriarch of Constantinople to the Pope of Rome. Between 1595-1596, the Union of Brest saw the creation of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church and the 1636 Union of Uzhhorod similarly created the Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church in Ruthenian Transcarpathia. Like all the other Eastern Catholic Churches, the Ruthenian and Ukrainian Churches maintain the liturgical, theological and devotional traditions of the Christian East while in communion with the Holy See and the Latin Church.

As the Russian Empire gained the territories along its western frontier through a series of wars and Partitions of Poland that lasted from the seventeenth through the end of the eighteenth centuries, the Greek Catholic Church was deliberately incorporated into the State-controlled Russian Orthodox Church. In 1839, as part of the Tsarist crackdown following the defeat of the November Uprising of 1831, membership in the Eastern Catholic Churches outside Congress Poland was criminalized outright by the Synod of Polotsk. However, this was yet to affect the Eparchy of Chełm.

The longevity of Byzantine Catholicism in this region was attributed to several factors. The eparchy's territory came under Russian control later than did any other Greek Catholic territories ultimately absorbed by Russia (1815 unlike 1795). During the Third Partition of Poland in 1795, it was granted to Austria. Only two decades later, after the Russian victory in the Napoleonic Wars did it become part of Russia. Also, unlike other Greek Catholic regions within the Russian Empire, it had been part of the autonomous Congress Poland. Another factor affecting the Greek Catholic Church's longevity was its deep roots in the local population, which was deeply intermixed between Poles and Ukrainians. Both ethnic groups in the Chełm region viewed the Russian authorities as a mutual enemy. Furthermore, Liturgical Latinisations such as the singing of Polish-language hymns, the playing of organ music, and the reciting of the rosary within the Byzantine Rite were widely considered a matter of national pride, and all attempts to curtail their use were widely ignored.

In contrast to the Polonophilia of Chełm's Greek Catholic parishioners and clergy, during the mid-nineteenth century the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in neighboring Galicia was dominated by anti-Polish and pro-Slavophile Ukrainian Russophiles Galician Greek Catholic priests with Tsarist sympathies were routinely recruited by spymasters under Russian Foreign Office cover in Vienna or by Yakiv Holovatsky, the Russophile president of the University, in Lviv. They also often accepted posts in Chełm because the Russian government paid them much higher salaries than they could ever hope to expect in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. These Pro-Tsarist clergymen were often intensely disliked by the population of Chełm, and petitions by the laity to the last Greek Catholic Bishop often referred to them as, "Galician wolves". These Russophile Galician priests would play a major role in the forced conversion of the Chełm Eparchy.

Conversion
By the end of the 1860s, political circumstances had changed. Following the defeat of the 1865 January Uprising against Tsar Alexander II, all the remaining autonomy of Congress Poland was abolished. After having struggled with Tsarist authorities, Greek Catholic Bishop Mikhail Kuzemsky issued a letter of resignation and left Chełm. Even though the Bishop's resignation was rejected by the Vatican, the Russian authorities immediately appointed a Galician Russophile priest, Fr. Markell Popel, who was living in open concubinage, as Exarch of the eparchy.

Forced conversion to Orthodoxy was preceded by the "purification" the Chełm eparchy of all Latin rituals from the Divine Liturgy, ordered by Popel in October 1873. Initially, it was ignored by many priests, until the Russian state ordered them to sign a declaration that they would abide by the new rules by the New Year of 1874. Over twenty priests refused, and were either arrested or escaped to Galicia. Resistance to the changes was widespread among the Laity, particularly in the northern areas of the eparchy. In numerous parishes, the priests attempting to implement the reforms were dragged out of the church or their belongings were packed outside the rectory. Russian police Constables and Cossacks were used to force the parishioners to accept the de-Latinised Rites; and parishioners who refused to agree were routinely beaten or shot. The struggle has often been compared to that of the Old Believer schism of 1666, and at least one case of self-immolation has been recorded.

The "purification" having been completed by the end of 1874, from January and May 1875, all of the parishes officially proclaimed their union with the Orthodox Church. The Eparchy was dissolved and incorporated into the newly created Orthodox eparchy of Chełm and Warsaw, with Bishop Popel becoming suffragan bishop of Lublin residence in Chełm. During the struggle over purification and forced conversion, a total of 600 faithful were deported to Siberia and 108 lost their lives. Sixty-six native Chełm priests who refused to convert to Orthodoxy fled to Galicia, 74 were exiled to Siberia or imprisoned, and seven died as martyrs. Chełm eparchy was purged in the process of most of its native priests, who were replaced by anti-Polish and anti-Catholic Russophile priests recruited from eastern Galicia. In March 1881, out of 291 Orthodox priests in the former eparchy, only 95 were native Chełm priests who had converted, 53 were Orthodox priests assigned to the eparchy from elsewhere, and 143 were Galician Russophiles.

Aftermath
In Galicia, the forced conversion of Chełm was met with support on the part of the Russophiles and indifference among other segments of the Ukrainian Catholic Church. The Russophile priests at the time were very influential and succeeded in preventing many refugee priests from Russian Poland from obtaining positions in Galicia's Greek Catholic parishes.

Despite their opposition to Tsarism, Orthodoxy, and local Russophiles, many Galician Ukrainophiles were equally opposed to Liturgical Latinisations within the Byzantine Rite and felt contempt for those who wished to preserve them. Furthermore, as the Ruthenian nobility of Galicia had been completely Polonized for centuries and was widely disliked. Many Ukrainian intellectuals in Galicia were accordingly anti-Polish to such an extreme that they even looked down upon ethnic Poles who were fellow Byzantine Catholics experiencing both religious persecution and a policy of coercive Russification disturbingly similar to that imposed upon Tsarist ruled Ukrainians since the 1876 Ems Ukaz.

Meanwhile, the local unpopularity of the forced conversion was strong enough that, a generation later, following the religious toleration decree during the Russian Revolution of 1905 which finally allowed Orthodox Christians to legally convert to other religions, 170,000 out of the 450,000 Orthodox in the former Chełm Eparchy had returned to Catholicism by 1908, despite the Russian Government only grudgingly allowing conversion to Catholicism of the Roman Rite.

In 1912 the Imperial authorities created a new Kholm Governorate, split from Congress Poland, to facilitate the continued policy of coercive Russification and the religious conversion of the non-Eastern Orthodox population.

Following World War I, Chełm was incorporated into the Second Polish Republic. In an ironic reversal, the Eastern Orthodox, Eastern Catholic, and non-Polish-speaking population were persecuted, under a policy of coercive Polonization of all minorities by the State. According to Tomaszewski and Gil some of the Ukrainians opposed the conversions and Polonization. After World War II, Chełm was retained by the Polish People's Republic and, by irony, today it is a strong centre for the non-Galician Ukrainian culture and the Polish Orthodox Church.

Commemoration
In 1938, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Siedlce chose, following careful investigation, to submit a cause for the beatification of the Greek Catholic Pratulin Martyrs; 13 men and boys who were fatally shot by soldiers of the Imperial Russian Army on January 24, 1874, while nonviolently resisting the Orthodox confiscation of their parish church in the village of Pratulin, Biała Podlaska. All 13 were beatified by Pope John Paul II on October 6, 1996. In 1998, their relics were transferred to the Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church in nearby Kostomłoty, where the pilgrimage Shrine of the Martyrs of Pratulin has been established.

See also
Ukrainian Russophiles

References

External links
 Keheler, S. Trapped between two churches: Orthodox and Greek-Catholics in eastern Poland. A history of the conversion of the Eparchy of Chelm according to a noted priest and scholar from the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church.
 Semeniuk, S. Kholm land is a Ukrainian historical land. Kiev veteran legal association of deported Ukrainians in memory of Mykhailo Hrushevsky.
 Truglia, C. The Reversion of the Eparchy of Chelm to Orthodoxy. An Eastern Orthodox assessment of the event, concluding that the Eparchy of Chelm was not truly an example of forced conversion.

History of Eastern Catholicism in Poland
Persecution of Catholics
History of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church
Chełm
Congress Poland

Anti-Catholicism in Poland
Anti-Catholicism in Eastern Orthodoxy
Ruthenian Uniate Church


Tornado Mania! is a mobile game developed by Digital Chocolate. Players assume the role of a scientist who has decided to create his own Utopia by collecting buildings with the tornadoes he creates.

Gameplay
Players assume the role of a scientist who has grown weary of the world and therefore decides to create his own isolated Utopia. The game's 'Utopia Mode' combines elements of Katamari Damacy and Sim City; after buildings have been claimed by the player's tornado they are placed in the target location, optimal placement increases the Utopia's inhabitants' happiness. Players do not have direct control over the tornado's path; it sweeps across the landscape in a clockwise arc, players can alter the direction of movement by reversing to counter-clockwise movement.

Reception
Tornado Mania! received a positive response from game critics, including being awarded a perfect 10/10 and IGN's game of the month award for December 2006.

References

2006 video games
Action games
Mobile games
IOS games
Windows games
Digital Chocolate games
Video games developed in the United States
Single-player video games


The 2008 Congressional election for the Delegate from the United States Virgin Islands was held on November 4, 2008.

The non-voting delegate to the United States House of Representatives from the United States Virgin Islands is elected for two-year terms. The winner of the race will serve in the 111th Congress from January 3, 2009 until January 3, 2011.  The election coincided with the 2008 U.S. presidential election.

Candidates
Incumbent U.S. Virgin Islands Delegate Donna Christian-Christensen announced that she intended to seek a fourth term in the United States House of Representatives.  Her announcement of her decision to seek re-election came in a press conference held at her congressional district office in Sunny Isle, United States Virgin Islands, on January 10, 2008.

Christensen, who has held the seat since 1996, easily won re-election in the previous contest in 2006.  She received 66% of the vote in 2006, in contrast to her nearest rival, Warren Mosler, who garnered 29% of the vote.

Christensen ran unopposed in the 2008 Congressional election.  This all but guaranteed her successful re-election to the House of Representatives. As such, Christensen was re-elected again with over 99% of the popular vote.

Results

References

United States House of Representatives
United States Virgin Islands
2008


The CECAFA U-17 Championship is a football tournament organized by CECAFA. Held annually, it includes national under 17 teams from East and Central Africa.

Past winners

|}
1: The tournament was to be hosted in 2008 but CECAFA could not raise enough money so the tournament was delayed a year.

References

CECAFA competitions


Wazbones is a 1995 album by Tigertailz. Originally recorded in 1992, with line-up consisting in Kim Hooker (vocals), Pepsi Tate (bass), Jay Pepper (guitar) and Andy Skinner (drums), replacing Ace Finchum. They were signed to Amuse America, but the company dropped them. Pepper left, being replaced by Cy Dahnar. The band continued but they changed their name to Wazbones, and re-recorded the original album.

The sound is a drastic change to their previous work, dealing with some kind of mid-tempo Thrash metal, but in the vein of their previous work with power ballads, and for moments emulating Slayer.

Track listing
 "Tyfho"
 "Dirty Needles"
 "Belly of the Beast"
 "Pigface"
 "Love Junkie"
 "Make Me Bleed"
 "Perish"
 "Let Your Flesh Instruct Your Mind"
 "Love Can Kill"
 "In the Name of the Gun"
 "Wazbones"
 "I Believe"
 "Show Me"
 "Tyfho (version #1)"
 "The Final Solution"

Personnel
Kim Hooker - vocals
Cy Dahnar - guitars
Pepsi Tate - bass
Andy Skinner - drums

1995 albums
Tigertailz albums


Ruth J. Person was the first woman and the seventh chancellor of the University of Michigan–Flint. In January 2014, she announced her intention to resign as chancellor and return to the faculty in the University of Michigan–Flint School of Management in January 2015. Her term as chancellor ended on July 31, 2014.

References

University of Michigan alumni
University of Michigan–Flint people
Harvard University alumni
George Washington University alumni
Catholic University of America faculty
Gettysburg College alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


Norquist is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 Gerry Norquist (born 1962), American golfer
 Grover Norquist (born 1956), president of anti-tax lobbying group Americans for Tax Reform
 John Norquist (born 1949), mayor of Milwaukee, Wisconsin from 1988 through 2003

See also
 Nordquist (surname)


The 2007 CECAFA U-17 Championship was the first CECAFA U-17 Championship, a football tournament contested by the CAF men's national under-17 teams. All games were played at Bujumbura in Burundi

The final took place on 27 August, between Burundi and Uganda. Burundi won the match 2–0 to claim their first CECAFA U-17 Championship title.

Teams

Group stage

Group A

Group B

Knockout stage

Bracket

Semi-finals

Third place play-off

Final

References
https://www.rsssf.org/tablesc/cecafa-u17-07.html

CECAFA competitions
CEC
CEC
Bujumbura


Pedro Rodolfo Dellacha (9 July 1926, Lanús – 31 July 2010) was an Argentine football defender and coach. He was the captain of the Argentina national team that won the 1957 Copa América and earned the nickname "Don Pedro del Area". As a manager, he won the Copa Libertadores twice and league championships in four countries.

Playing career

Dellacha joined Quilmes Atlético Club in 1945, and in 1947 he made his debut for the first team. He was part of the squad that won the Primera B championship and promotion to the Argentine Primera in 1949. he played with the club until 1951, making a total of 141 appearances.

In 1952, Dellacha joined Racing Club where he went on to make 184 appearances and help the club to win the 1958 league championship.

In 1953, he appeared in the film "El hijo del crack".

Dellacha played 35 times for the Argentina national team between 1953 and 1958. he played in three editions of the Copa América winning the tournament twice in 1955 and 1957. In 1957 he was the captain of the team and was awarded the Olimpia de Oro for his role in leading them to victory. He also played in the 1958 FIFA World Cup.

Dellacha finished his playing career in Mexico with Club Necaxa.

Managerial career

Dellacha went on to become a successful football manager, he won league titles in four countries (Argentina, Uruguay, Colombia and Peru) and led Independiente to two Copa Libertadores championships in 1972 and 1975.

Honours

As a player

 Racing Club
 Argentine Primera División: 1958

 Necaxa
 Copa MX: 1959–60

 Argentina
 Copa América: 1955, 1957

As a manager

 Independiente
 Argentine Primera División: 1971
 Copa Libertadores: 1972, 1975

 Nacional
 Uruguayan Primera División: 1977

 Millonarios
 Categoría Primera A: 1978

 Alianza Lima
 Peruvian Primera División: 1992

References

External links
 Racing Club profile
 Olé micro profile

1926 births
2010 deaths
Footballers from Lanús
Argentine men's footballers
Argentine expatriate men's footballers
Argentina men's international footballers
1958 FIFA World Cup players
Men's association football defenders
Quilmes Atlético Club footballers
Racing Club de Avellaneda footballers
Club Necaxa footballers
Argentine Primera División players
Liga MX players
Expatriate men's footballers in Mexico
Argentine football managers
Ferro Carril Oeste managers
Club Atlético Lanús managers
Club Atlético Platense managers
San Lorenzo de Almagro managers
Club Atlético Independiente managers
RC Celta de Vigo managers
Racing Club de Avellaneda managers
Club Atlético Huracán managers
Millonarios F.C. managers
Club Nacional de Football managers
C.F. Monterrey managers
Santos Laguna managers
Club Alianza Lima managers
Argentine people of Italian descent


The 100 Orders are "binding instructions or directives to the Iraqi people that create penal consequences or have a direct bearing on the way Iraqis are regulated, including changes to Iraqi law" created in early 2004 by Paul Bremer under the Coalition Provisional Authority in Iraq. The orders called for the de-Baathification of Iraq as well as extensive economic changes. Most of the economic changes are focused on transitioning the economy of Iraq from a centrally planned economy to a market economy, as outlined in the contract by BearingPoint:

"It should be clearly understood that the efforts undertaken will be designed to establish the basic legal framework for a functioning market economy; taking appropriate advantage of the unique opportunity for rapid progress in this area presented by the current configuration of political circumstances... Reforms are envisioned in the areas of fiscal reform, financial sector reform, trade, legal and regulatory, and privatization."

List of Orders

 Order 1: De-Ba'athification of Iraqi Society
 Order 2: Dissolution of Entities
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 3: Weapons Control – Bans possession of heavy weapons, and possession of small arms except at home or in a place of work; exceptions granted for Coalition personnel and for Iraqi police and soldiers; establishes weapons collection programme. CPA Memorandum 5 (1 September 2003) governs aspects of implementation.
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 4: Management of Property and Assets of the Iraqi Baath Party (Rescinded per Order 100 Sec 4) (28 June 2004)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 5: Establishment of the Iraqi De-Baathification Council (Rescinded per Memo 7 Sec 3) (25 May 2003)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 6: Eviction of Persons Illegally Occupying Public Buildings (Rescinded per Order 100 Sec 4) (28 June 2004)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 7: Penal Code (10 June 2003)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 8: Traveling Abroad for Academic Purposes (7 June 2003) – removed all restrictions on foreign travel for students and academics (7 June 2003)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 9: Management and Use of Iraqi Public Property (Revised) (27 June 2004)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 10: Management of Detention and Prison Facilities (5 June 2003)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 11: Licensing Telecommunications Services and Equipment (Rescinded per Order 100 Sec 4) (28 June 2004)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 12: Trade Liberalization Policy (Annex) (Rescinded per Order 54 Sec 3 Para 4) (26 February 2004)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 13: The Central Criminal Court of Iraq (Revised)(Amended) (22 April 2004)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 14: Prohibited Media Activity (10 June 2003)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 15: Establishment of the Judicial Review Committee (23 June 2003)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 16: Temporary Control of Iraqi Borders, Ports and Airports (13 June 2004)
 Order 17: Status of the Coalition Provisional Authority, MNF–Iraq, Certain Missions and Personnel in Iraq
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 18: Measures to Ensure the Independence of the Central Bank of Iraq (7 July 2003)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 19: Freedom of Assembly (10 July 2003)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 20: Trade Bank of Iraq (17 July 2003)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 21: Interim Exercise of Baghdad Mayoral Authority (Rescinded per Order 100 Sec 4) (6 August 2003)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 22: Creation of a New Iraqi Army (Order 22, 7 August 2003)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 23: Creation of a New Code of Military Discipline for the New Iraqi Army, 23 August 2003, Annex A (7 September 2003)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 24: Ministry of Science and Technology (24 August 2003)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 25: Confiscation of Property Used In Or Resulting From Certain Crimes (3 September 2003)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 26: Creation of Department of Border Enforcement (1 September 2003). Section 1 calls for the establishment of the Department of Border Enforcement for Iraq as a department within the Ministry of the Interior to monitor and control the movement of persons and goods to, from, and across the borders of Iraq.
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 27: Establishment of the Facilities Protection Service (7 September 2003)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 28: Establishment of the Iraqi Civil Defense Corps (9 September 2003)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 29: Amendment To Law of Estate Lease (7 September 2003)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 30: Reform of Salaries and Employment with Annex A (8 September 2003)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 31: Modifications of Penal Code and Criminal Proceedings Law (10 September 2003)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 32: Legal Department of the Ministry of Justice (4 September 2003)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 33: Ministry of Municipalities and Public Works (8 September 2003)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 34: Amendment To Coalition Provisional Authority Order Number 2 (13 September 2003)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 35: Re-Establishment of the Council of Judges (18 September 2003)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 36: Regulation of Oil Distribution (Annex A) (3 October 2003)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 37: Suspension of most taxes (including income tax and property rent tax) from April–December 2003 (21 September 2003).
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 38: Reconstruction Levy (Amended per Order 70) (4 April 2004)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 39: Foreign Investment (Amended by Order 46) (20 December 2003) – liberalized trade [and proclaimed] "the independence of the central bank; set rules for the new currency and securities markets; declared policies for trademarks, patents, copyrights, public contracts, and debt resolution; and privatized state enterprises, thus establishing the basic conditions for the neoliberal political economy that the United States meant to launch in Iraq.
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 40: Bank Law with Annex A (Rescinded per Order 94 Sec 3) (19 September 2003)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 41: Notification of Criminal Offenses (19 September 2003)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 42: Creation of the Defense Support Agency (23 September 2003) New body, under CPA control, to provide legal, medical, financial, logistical, recruitment, training and property management support to the Iraqi army
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 43: New Iraqi Dinar Banknotes (14 October 2003)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 44: Establishment of The Ministry of Environment (14 November 2003)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 45: Non-Governmental Organizations (Amended per Order 61) (23 February 2004)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 46: Amendment of CPA Order 39 on Foreign Investment (20 December 2003)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 47: Amendment of CPA Order 38 on Reconstruction Levy (Rescinded per Order 70 Sec 2) (4 April 2004)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 48: Delegation of Authority Regarding Establishment of an Iraqi Special Tribunal with Appendix A (10 December 2003)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 49: Tax Strategy for 2004 with Annex A and Explanatory Notes (Amended per Order 84 Sec 3) (20 February 2004)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 50: Creation of Ministry of Displacement and Migration (11 January 2004)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 51: Suspension of Exclusive Agency Status of Iraqi State Company for Water Transportation (14 January 2004)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 52: Pensions for Judges and Prosecutors who die while holding Office (8 January 2004)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 53: Public Defender's Fees (18 January 2004)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 54: Trade Liberalization Policy 2004 with Annex A (Amended per Order 70) (4 April 2004)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 55: Delegation of Authority Regarding the Iraq Commission on Public Integrity (28 January 2004)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 56: Central Bank Law with Annex A (6 March 2004)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 57: Iraqi Inspectors General (10 February 2004)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 58: Maysan and Muthanna Courts of Appeal (10 February 2004)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 59: Protection and fair Incentives for Government Whistleblowers (1 June 2004)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 60: Establishment of the Ministry of Human Rights (22 February 2004)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 61: Amendment to Order 45 [Rescinded per Order 100 Sec 4] (28 June 2004)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 62: Disqualification From Public Office (Rescinded per Order 100 Sec 4) (28 June 2004)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 63: Public Sector Death and Disability Benefits (6 March 2004)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 64: Amendment to the Company Law No. (21 of 1997) with Annex A (5 March 2004)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 65: Iraqi Communications and Media Commission (20 March 2004)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 66: Iraq Public Service Broadcasting (20 March 2004)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 67: Ministry of Defense (21 March 2004)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 68: Ministerial Committee for National Security (4 April 2004)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 69: Delegation of Authority Regarding Establishment of the Iraqi National Intelligence Service (1 April 2004)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 69 Annex A: Order 69 Annex A (2 April 2004)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 70: Amendments to Reconstruction Levy (4 April 2004)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 71: Local Governmental Powers (Appendix not available) (6 April 2004)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 72: Iraqi Radioactive Source Regulatory Authority (15 June 2004)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 73: Transfer of the Iraqi Civil Defense Corps to the Ministry of Defence (25 April 2004)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 74: Interim Law on Securities Markets (19 April 2004)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 75: Realignment of Military Industrial Companies with Annex A (20 April 2004)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 76: Consolidations of State-Owned Enterprises with Annex A (28 May 2004)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 77: Board of Supreme Audit (25 April 2004)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 78: Facilitation of Court-Supervised Debt Resolution Procedures (20 April 2004)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 79: The Iraqi Nonproliferation Programs Foundation with Annex (19 June 2004)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 80: Amendment to the Trademarks and Descriptions Law No. (21 of 1957) (26 April 2004)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 81: Patent, Industrial Design, Undisclosed Information, Integrated Circuits and Plant Variety Law (26 April 2004) – According to Order 81, paragraph 66 – [B], issued by L. Paul Bremer [CFR], the people in Iraq are now prohibited from saving newly designed seeds (not the traditional ones) and may only plant seeds for their food from licensed, authorized U.S. distributors.
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 82: Iraqi National Foundation for Remembrance (28 April 2004)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 83: Amendment to the Copyright Law (1 May 2004)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 84: Amendments to CPA Order No. 37 and CPA Order No. 49 (30 April 2004)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 86: Traffic Code with Annex A (20 May 2004)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 87: Public Contracts (16 May 2004)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 88: Rights of Judicial Officials to Return to the Judiciary After Certain Government Service (12 May 2004)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 89: Amendments to the Labor Code Law No. (71 of 1987) (30 May 2004)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 90: Special Task Force for Compensating Victims of the Previous Regime (29 May 2004)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 91: Regulation of Armed Forces and Militias within Iraq (7 June 2004) – Established a process to incorporate militias into the Iraqi Armed Forces and other Iraqi security forces (2 June 2004)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 92: The Independent Electoral Commission of Iraq (31 May 2004)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 93: Anti-Money Laudering Act of 2004 with Annex A (3 June 2004)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 94: Banking Law of 2004 with Annex A (7 June 2004)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 95: Financial Management Law and Public Debt Law with Annex A and B (4 June 2004)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 96: The Electoral Law (15 June 2004)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 97: Political Parties and Entities Law (15 June 2004)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 98: Iraqi Ombudsman for Penal and Detention Matters (27 June 2004)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 99: Joint Detainee Committee (27 June 2004)
 Coalition Provisional Authority Order 100: Transition of Laws, Regulations, Orders, and Directives Issued by the CPA (28 June 2004)

References

External links
http://gjpi.org/2009/08/23/status-of-coalition-provisional-authority-regulations-orders-memoranda-and-notices/comment-page-1/

Law of Iraq


William Thompson Scott (born July 20, 1947) is an American jurist who is a former Associate Justice of the Kentucky Supreme Court. He was elected in November 2004 to represent the 7th Supreme Court District, which consists of 22 counties in Eastern Kentucky.

Effective July 1, 2006, Justice Scott replaced Justice Martin E. Johnstone (who retired June 30, 2006) as Deputy Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. Then-Chief Justice Joseph Lambert conducted the formal swearing-in ceremony for Deputy Chief Justice Scott on July 17, 2006. Scott served as Deputy Chief Justice from 2006 to 2010.

A Vietnam veteran, he is a recipient of the Bronze Star Medal. He suspended his studies after a year at Eastern Kentucky University to volunteer in 1966, serving as a first lieutenant. After serving, he received a bachelor's degree from Pikeville College and a J.D. degree from the University of Miami in Florida.

Scott previously served as a trial attorney from 1975 to 1980, as an assistant commonwealth's attorney for Pike County from 1981 to 1982 and as a Kentucky Circuit Court judge from 1984 to 1988.

Scott was the Republican Party nominee for Kentucky's 7th congressional district in 1988 and 1990, losing to Democratic incumbent Carl C. Perkins on both occasions. He was also the Republican nominee for Attorney General of Kentucky in 1995, losing to Democrat Ben Chandler.

In November 2014, Scott revealed that he was considering running for Governor of Kentucky in the 2015 election. On December 29, 2014, he announced that he would resign from the bench effective January 2, 2015. On January 6, he announced his candidacy for Governor. On January 13, 2015, Scott kicked off his Republican campaign for governor Tuesday by announcing that former Menifee County Sheriff Rodney Coffey would be his running mate.

Scott urged Kentuckians to contact Senator Rand Paul and Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell and ask them to help push the Obama Administration to move ahead faster with oil and gas drilling in the Alaskan Arctic.

After resigning from the Kentucky Supreme Court, David Allen Barber was appointed in Scott's place until Samuel T. Wright III was elected and replaced him.

References

1947 births
Eastern Kentucky University alumni
Justices of the Kentucky Supreme Court
Living people
People from Pike County, Kentucky
University of Miami School of Law alumni
University of Pikeville alumni


Pediatric spaying (also known as “prepuberal” or “early” spaying) or neutering is defined as performing an ovariohysterectomy (spaying) or orchidectomy (castration or neutering) on a kitten or puppy between the ages of 6 and 14 weeks.  Spaying and neutering are sterilization procedures which prevent the animals from reproducing.  The procedures are also referred to as “gonadectomies” in the veterinary literature.

Background
It was once believed that female cats and dogs should not be spayed until the animal delivered one litter or, at least, experienced one estrus or “heat” cycle.  (There was little concern about neutering males, other than for behavioral reasons, since males do not get pregnant.)  Research in the 1960s proved that female animals permitted to reach sexual maturity prior to being spayed were susceptible to a higher risk of mammary cancer than those animals spayed prior to their first cycle.  As a result, the recommendation was revised to perform surgeries just prior to the average anticipated age for the first cycle, 4 to 6 months for cats and 6 to 12 months for dogs.

Research from the 1990s and early 2000s suggests that it is safe, and maybe even desirable, to perform sterilization surgeries prior to sexual maturity and as early as 6 weeks old (but no less than 1 kilogram [2 lbs]).

Preventing breeding through sterilization is considered one approach to controlling the population and reducing the number of animals surrendered to shelters, thus reducing the number of healthy but homeless animals killed in shelters.  Animal shelters typically have policies requiring adopters to spay or neuter cats and dogs after adoption but compliance rates are usually low.  While a majority of adopted animals are eventually sterilized, many females have a litter prior to the surgery.

Shelters that have access to spay/neuter services and participate in pediatric spay/neuter programs can ensure that nearly 100% of adopted animals are sterilized prior to adoption.

AVMA policy on pediatric spay/neuter
The American Veterinary Medical Association issued a policy on  Early-Age (Prepubertal) Spay/Neuter of Dogs and Cats in 1994.  It was revised by the AVMA Executive Board April 1999 and April 2004 and now reads as follows:

The AVMA supports the concept of early (prepubertal, 8 to 16 weeks of age) spay/neuter in dogs and cats in an effort to reduce the number of unwanted animals of these species. Just as for other veterinary medical and surgical procedures, veterinarians should use their best medical judgment in deciding at what age spay/neuter should be performed on individual animals.

Although it is desirable to spay/neuter early for population control, there has been considerable concern from the veterinary community over these practices that have not been validated by substantial third party study of the long term outcomes. They revised their recommendation in 2017 to extend the feline spay age.

The AVMA Board of Directors has endorsed a document recommending that cats not intended for breeding be gonadectomized prior to five months of age.

Anesthesia and surgical considerations
Some of the concerns expressed about pediatric sterilization include the possibility of complications due to the effects of anesthesia or the surgery itself on the younger patients.  For instance, younger patients have a higher oxygen consumption rate than adults requiring a higher respiratory rate.  Since anesthetic drugs depress respiration, kittens and puppies must be monitored for hypoventilation.

By using recommended drugs and procedures, anesthetic and surgical risks can be reduced.  Protocol was established through research by the Massachusetts SPCA and Texas A&M University which mitigates the risk involved in anesthetizing pediatric patients and includes ensuring proper doses of anesthetic agents.

Surgical techniques are similar to those used for older or adult animals.  The primary areas of concern for pediatric patients are predisposition to hypothermia and hypoglycemia, relatively small volume of blood, and delicate tissues.   Maintaining body heat, ensuring proper blood glucose levels by minimizing the fasting period prior to surgery, and gentle handling reduce the risks.

Veterinarians frequently report that surgery takes less time and has lower risk of hemorrhage with pediatric patients than with adults.  Pediatric patients usually recover more quickly from anesthesia than adult patients, as well.

Long term health and behavioral concerns
In addition to the immediate concerns related to anesthesia and surgery, veterinarians expressed concern that early sterilization would result in:

Increased risk of obesity due to lack of activity;
Stunting of normal growth;
Impaired development of the urinary tract leading to an increased incidence of cystitis or urinary obstruction in cats and urinary incontinence in dogs;
Increased susceptibility to infection; and
Behavioral problems.

Results of studies and post-operative investigations

Controlled studies and anecdotal reports have addressed many of these issues:

Studies have found no significant difference in weight between cats and dogs sterilized between 6 and 14 weeks of age and those sterilized at an older age.
Limbs of animals sterilized at a younger age tended to continue growing for a longer period of time than those of animals sterilized later (or not at all), resulting in slightly taller individuals.  There is a higher occurrence (by 2 percentage points) of dogs sterilized at an early age with hip dysplasia; however, these dogs are three times less likely to be euthanized for the condition than dogs altered at an older age, so the condition suffered by the dogs sterilized at an earlier age may be less severe.
While external sexual organs of the animals who were sterilized at a younger age did not mature fully or to the same extent of those sterilized later, there was no significant negative impact on urinary tract health for most animals.  Male cats sterilized at a younger age experienced a lower rate of urinary tract blockage than male cats sterilized at an older age.  The one significant cause for concern in the studies was an increased incidence of urinary incontinence in female dogs, leading to recommendations to delay spaying female dogs until 3 months of age when there is no concern about non-compliance with spay policies.
There was no evidence of increased risk of infection for cats.  Cats sterilized at a younger age showed a lower incidence of gingivitis (a condition which may be associated with immune suppression) than those sterilized at an older age.  For dogs, there was a significant increase in the risk of parvovirus during the post-operative period for younger age patients, but the researchers are not convinced that this translates into long term disposition to infection or is directly related to the nature of the procedure.  It may be because dogs in shelters are at a higher risk for infectious disease and any surgery increases the risk of infection.
While animals sterilized at younger ages were more prone to noise phobias and engaging in sexual behaviors, such as undesirable mounting, other behavioral issues such as separation anxiety, escaping behaviors, inappropriate elimination when frightened, and relinquishment were decreased in the population.

References

Veterinary castration


Founded in 2004 in New York City, Pando Networks was a managed peer-to-peer (P2P) media distribution company backed by Intel Capital, BRM Capital and Wheatley Partners. The company specialized in cloud distribution of games, video and software for publishers and media distributors and also operated a freemium consumer business for sending large files.

Pando Network's technology was based on BitTorrent but with modifications. Its hybrid P2P- and server-based network included central control over file distribution, intelligent throttling between peers and servers, reporting/analytics and security.

In the spring of 2006, the company publicly launched Pando, a small application that let consumers bypass email's attachment limits and send large files (up to 1GB) regardless of email service provider. By late May 2009, over 30 million people had installed the Pando application.

In late 2007, along with Verizon Communications, Pando Networks co-founded the P4P (“Proactive network Provider Participation for P2P”) Working Group, to serve both P2P companies and Internet service providers (ISPs), who were seeing as much of 70 percent of bandwidth go to P2P traffic. The P4P working group includes a mix of more than 50 P2P companies and ISPs including Telefónica and Comcast. A Yale computer science research team developed the P4P technical protocol, which they believed could speed P2P content delivery while lowering ISP network utilization. In collaboration with Yale and the P4P working group, Pando Networks adopted the technology and Laird Popkin coordinated a test in the summer of 2008, showing promising results.

The company released its first commercial service in May 2008; media distributors could now plug Pando Networks' peer cloud into their existing content delivery networks (CDNs). The combination of a peer cloud plus a CDN allows files in high demand to be quickly and cost effectively delivered by the peers and long tail content to be reliably served off the CDN.

NBC Universal incorporated Pando Networks’ technology later that year to deliver high-definition TV episodes to consumers’ PCs.

The game industry was Pando Networks’ largest customer segment. Installation files, particularly for massively multiplayer online games (MMOs), can reach well over 1GB. Pando Networks' game customers included Nexon, Turbine, Riot Games, Gala-Net, and LevelUp. In May 2010, Pando Networks surpassed 30 million game downloads.

Pando Networks was acquired by Microsoft in March 2013.

See also
 Pando (application)

References

External links
 US 8,250,191 B2 METHODS AND APPARATUS FOR COOPERATIVE FILE DISTRIBUTION WITH TARGET DATA DELIVERY RATE

Online mass media companies of the United States
Companies based in New York City
Cloud computing providers
Microsoft acquisitions
Former Microsoft subsidiaries


Johnny Lee Schell is an American guitarist and songwriter. In the late 1960s, he first recorded with producer Norman Petty in Group Axis. In the 1970s, he joined the Amarillo, Texas-based southern rock band, Baby. Since his professional debut, he has played with dozens of well-known recording artists. His inclusion on albums such as Bonnie Raitt's Green Light (1982) and Nick of Time (1989) has lent him his bearing in American pop music culture. Yet, Schell's works had already journeyed from North America to Australia, when he worked with Australian soul singer Renée Geyer on her album So Lucky (1981). As a member of Bonnie Raitt's road band, Schell backed the Australian Geyer while recording So Lucky (renamed Renee Geyer for international market) at Shangri La studios in Malibu, California. Other members included Ian McLagan (formerly of The Faces) and drummer/producer extraordinaire Ricky Fataar.

Some of Schell's 21st century interests have included working with Memphis-based Barbara Blue on her album, Memphis 3rd and Beale (2004), and recording Eric Burdon's albums My Secret Life (2004), Soul of a Man (2006), and co-producing The Voice'''s Season One semi-finalist, Nakia's EP with Barry Goldberg, in his own Ultratone Studios in Studio City, California. Schell was integral to Freight Train Love, the 2014 album of American singer-songwriter Hilary Scott, playing guitar as well as engineering and mixing. A collaborator with American actor/musician James Belushi, Schell worked as a music coordinator for the American TV sitcom According to Jim from 2005 to 2009.

In 2015, Schell played guitar on Karen Lovely's album Ten Miles of Bad Road. In 2016, Schell played guitar on Annika Chambers album, Wild & Free''.

References

American male songwriters
American session musicians
Living people
20th-century American guitarists
21st-century American guitarists
Guitarists from Texas
American male guitarists
20th-century American composers
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians
Year of birth missing (living people)
Lyle Lovett and His Large Band members


In military munitions, a fuze (sometimes fuse) is the part of the device that initiates function. In some applications, such as torpedoes, a fuze may be identified by function as the exploder. The relative complexity of even the earliest fuze designs can be seen in cutaway diagrams.

A fuze is a device that detonates a munition's explosive material under specified conditions. In addition, a fuze will have safety and arming mechanisms that protect users from premature or accidental detonation. For example, an artillery fuze's battery is activated by the high acceleration of cannon launch, and the fuze must be spinning rapidly before it will function. "Complete bore safety" can be achieved with mechanical shutters that isolate the detonator from the main charge until the shell is fired.

A fuze may contain only the electronic or mechanical elements necessary to signal or actuate the detonator, but some fuzes contain a small amount of primary explosive to initiate the detonation. Fuzes for large explosive charges may include an explosive booster.

Etymology

Some professional publications about explosives and munitions distinguish the "fuse" and "fuze" spelling. The UK Ministry of Defence states (emphasis in original):

Fuse: Cord or tube for the transmission of flame or explosion usually consisting of cord or rope with gunpowder or high explosive spun into it. (The spelling fuze may also be met for this term, but fuse is the preferred spelling in this context.)
Fuze: A device with explosive components designed to initiate a main charge. (The spelling fuse may also be met for this term, but fuze is the preferred spelling in this context.)

Historically, it was spelled with either 's' or 'z', and both spellings can still be found. In the United States and some military forces, fuze is used to denote a sophisticated ignition device incorporating mechanical and/or electronic components (for example a proximity fuze for an artillery shell, magnetic/acoustic fuze on a sea mine, spring-loaded grenade fuze, pencil detonator or anti-handling device) as opposed to a simple burning fuse.

Munition types

The situation of usage and the characteristics of the munition it is intended to activate affect the fuze design e.g. its safety and actuation mechanisms.

 Artillery artillery fuzes are tailored to function in the special circumstances of artillery projectiles. The relevant factors are the projectile's initial rapid acceleration, high velocity and usually rapid rotation, which affect both safety and arming requirements and options, and the target may be moving or stationary. Artillery fuzes may be initiated by a timer mechanism, impact or detection of proximity to the target, or a combination of these.
 Hand grenades Requirements for a hand grenade fuze are defined by the projectile's small size and slow delivery over a short distance. This necessitates manual arming before throwing as the grenade has insufficient initial acceleration for arming to be driven by "setback" and no rotation to drive arming by centrifugal force.
 Aerial bombs Aerial bombs can be detonated either by a fuze, which contains a small explosive charge to initiate the main charge, or by a "pistol", a firing pin in a case which strikes the detonator when triggered. The pistol may be considered a part of the mechanical fuze assembly.
 Landmines The main design consideration is that the bomb that the fuze is intended to actuate is stationary, and the target itself is moving in making contact.
 Naval mines Relevant design factors in naval mine fuzes are that the mine may be static or moving downward through the water, and the target is typically moving on or below the water surface, usually above the mine.

Activation mechanisms

Time

Time fuzes detonate after a set period of time by using one or more combinations of mechanical, electronic, pyrotechnic or even chemical timers. Depending on the technology used, the device may self-destruct (or render itself safe without detonation) some seconds, minutes, hours, days, or even months after being deployed.

Early artillery time fuzes were nothing more than a hole filled with gunpowder leading from the surface to the centre of the projectile. The flame from the burning of the gunpowder propellant ignited this "fuze" on firing, and burned through to the centre during flight, then igniting or exploding whatever the projectile may have been filled with.

By the 19th century devices more recognisable as modern artillery "fuzes" were being made of carefully selected wood and trimmed to burn for a predictable time after firing. These were still typically fired from smoothbore muzzle-loaders with a relatively large gap between the shell and barrel, and still relied on flame from the gunpowder propellant charge escaping past the shell on firing to ignite the wood fuze and hence initiate the timer.

In the mid-to-late 19th century adjustable metal time fuzes, the fore-runners of today's time fuzes, containing burning gunpowder as the delay mechanism became common, in conjunction with the introduction of rifled artillery. Rifled guns introduced a tight fit between shell and barrel and hence could no longer rely on the flame from the propellant to initiate the timer. The new metal fuzes typically use the shock of firing ("setback") and/or the projectiles's rotation to "arm" the fuze and initiate the timer : hence introducing a safety factor previously absent.

As late as World War I, some countries were still using hand-grenades with simple black match fuses much like those of modern fireworks: the infantryman lit the fuse before throwing the grenade and hoped the fuse burned for the several seconds intended. These were soon superseded in 1915 by the Mills bomb, the first modern hand grenade with a relatively safe and reliable time fuze initiated by pulling out a safety pin and releasing an arming handle on throwing.

Modern time fuzes often use an electronic delay system.

Impact

Impact, percussion or contact fuzes detonate when their forward motion rapidly decreases, typically on physically striking an object such as the target. The detonation may be instantaneous or deliberately delayed to occur a preset fraction of a second after penetration of the target. An instantaneous "Superquick" fuze will detonate instantly on the slightest physical contact with the target. A fuze with a graze action will also detonate on change of direction caused by a slight glancing blow on a physical obstruction such as the ground.

Impact fuzes in artillery usage may be mounted in the shell nose ("point detonating") or shell base ("base detonating").

Proximity fuze

Proximity fuzes cause a missile warhead or other munition (e.g. air-dropped bomb or sea mine) to detonate when it comes within a certain pre-set distance of the target, or vice versa. Proximity fuzes utilize sensors incorporating one or more combinations of the following: radar, active sonar, passive acoustic, infrared, magnetic, photoelectric, seismic or even television cameras. These may take the form of an anti-handling device designed specifically to kill or severely injure anyone who tampers with the munition in some way e.g. lifting or tilting it. Regardless of the sensor used, the pre-set triggering distance is calculated such that the explosion will occur sufficiently close to the target that it is either destroyed or severely damaged.

Remote detonation

Remote detonators use wires or radio waves to remotely command the device to detonate.

Barometric

Barometric fuzes cause a bomb to detonate at a certain pre-set altitude above sea level by means of a radar, barometric altimeter or an infrared rangefinder.

Combinations

A fuze assembly may include more than one fuze in series or parallel arrangements. The RPG-7 usually has an impact (PIBD) fuze in parallel with a 4.5 second time fuze, so detonation should occur on impact, but otherwise takes place after 4.5 seconds. Military weapons containing explosives have fuzing systems including a series time fuze to ensure that they do not initiate (explode) prematurely within a danger distance of the munition launch platform. In general, the munition has to travel a certain distance, wait for a period of time (via a clockwork, electronic or chemical delay mechanism), or have some form of arming pin or plug removed. Only when these processes have occurred will the arming process of the series time fuze be complete. Mines often have a parallel time fuze to detonate and destroy the mine after a pre-determined period to minimize casualties after the anticipated duration of hostilities. Detonation of modern naval mines may require simultaneous detection of a series arrangement of acoustic, magnetic, and/or pressure sensors to complicate mine-sweeping efforts.

Safety and arming mechanisms

The multiple safety/arming features in the M734 fuze  used for mortars are representative of the sophistication of modern electronic fuzes.

Safety/arming mechanisms can be as simple as the spring-loaded safety levers on M67 or RGD-5 grenade fuzes, which will not initiate the explosive train so long as the pin is kept in the grenade, or the safety lever is held down on a pinless grenade. Alternatively, it can be as complex as the electronic timer-countdown on an influence sea mine, which gives the vessel laying it sufficient time to move out of the blast zone before the magnetic or acoustic sensors are fully activated.

In modern artillery shells, most fuzes incorporate several safety features to prevent a fuze arming before it leaves the gun barrel. These safety features may include arming on "setback" or by centrifugal force, and often both operating together. Set-back arming uses the inertia of the accelerating artillery shell to remove a safety feature as the projectile accelerates from rest to its in-flight speed. Rotational arming requires that the artillery shell reach a certain rpm before centrifugal forces cause a safety feature to disengage or move an arming mechanism to its armed position. Artillery shells are fired through a rifled barrel, which forces them to spin during flight.

In other cases the bomb, mine or projectile has a fuze that prevents accidental initiation e.g. stopping the rotation of a small propeller (unless a lanyard pulls out a pin) so that the striker-pin cannot hit the detonator even if the weapon is dropped on the ground. These types of fuze operate with aircraft weapons, where the weapon may have to be jettisoned over friendly territory to allow a damaged aircraft to continue to fly. The crew can choose to jettison the weapons safe by dropping the devices with safety pins still attached, or drop them live by removing the safety pins as the weapons leave the aircraft.

Aerial bombs and depth charges can be nose and tail fuzed using different detonator/initiator characteristics so that the crew can choose which effect fuze will suit target conditions that may not have been known before the flight. The arming switch is set to one of safe, nose, or tail at the crew's choice.

Base fuzes are also used by artillery and tanks for shells of the 'squash head' type. Some types of armour piercing shells have also used base fuzes, as have nuclear artillery shells.

The most sophisticated fuze mechanisms of all are those fitted to nuclear weapons, and their safety/arming devices are correspondingly complex. In addition to PAL protection, the fuzing used in nuclear weapons features multiple, highly sophisticated environmental sensors e.g. sensors requiring highly specific acceleration and deceleration profiles before the warhead can be fully armed. The intensity and duration of the acceleration/deceleration must match the environmental conditions which the bomb/missile warhead would actually experience when dropped or fired. Furthermore, these events must occur in the correct order.

Note: some fuzes, e.g. those used in air-dropped bombs and landmines may contain anti-handling devices specifically designed to kill bomb disposal personnel. The technology to incorporate booby-trap mechanisms in fuzes has existed since at least 1940 e.g. the German ZUS40 anti-removal bomb fuze.

Reliability

A fuze must be designed to function appropriately considering relative movement of the munition with respect to its target. The target may move past stationary munitions like land mines or naval mines; or the target may be approached by a rocket, torpedo, artillery shell, or air-dropped bomb. Timing of fuze function may be described as optimum if detonation occurs when target damage will be maximized, early if detonation occurs prior to optimum, late if detonation occurs past optimum, or dud if the munition fails to detonate. Any given batch of a specific design may be tested to determine the anticipated percentage of early, optimum. late, and dud expected from that fuze installation.

Combination fuze design attempts to maximize optimum detonation while recognizing dangers of early fuze function (and potential dangers of late function for subsequent occupation of the target zone by friendly forces or for gravity return of anti-aircraft munitions used in defense of surface positions.) Series fuze combinations minimize early function by detonating at the latest activation of the individual components. Series combinations are useful for safety arming devices, but increase the percentage of late and dud munitions. Parallel fuze combinations minimize duds by detonating at the earliest activation of individual components, but increase the possibility of premature early function of the munition. Sophisticated military munition fuzes typically contain an arming device in series with a parallel arrangement of sensing fuzes for target destruction and a time fuze for self-destruction if no target is detected.

Gallery

See also

References

Sources

 Canada. Army Electronic Library. Field Artillery Volume 6. Ballistics and Ammunition. B-GL-306-006/FP-001 1992-06-01

External links

 A range of modern munitions fuzes, together with detailed technical specifications
 Bomb fuze data - US guide dated 1945
 Safing, Arming, Fuzing, and Firing (SAFF) info from Globalsecurity.org
 Tutorial regarding fuzes for air-dropped bombs
 Internal view of 1940s aerial bomb fuze, featuring 2 strikers held back by single screw-thread and 2 creep springs
 90th Infantry Division Preservation Group - page on 81mm Mortar Fuzes

Fuzes
Military slang and jargon
Artillery
Ammunition


Nagler is a surname. In Polish language it has an archaic feminine form, Naglerowa, used as a surname by marriage.

Notable people with the surname include:

Alfons Nagler (born 1893), German flying ace
Cathryn Nagler, American immunologist
Ellen Torelle Nagler (1870–1965), American biologist, author, lecturer
Eric Nagler (born 1942), American musician
Georg Kaspar Nagler (1801-1866), German art historian
Gerald Nagler (1929-2022), Swedish businessman
Gern Nagler (born 1932), American football wide receiver
Herminia Naglerowa (1890 - 1957),  Polish writer and publicist
Ivan Nagler (born 1999), Italian luger
Judah Nagler (born 1980), American singer
Larry Nagler (born 1940), American tennis player
Michael N. Nagler (born 1937), American peace activist
Richard Nagler (born 1947), American businessman
Stephen E. Nagler (born 1956), Canadian physicist

See also
10715 Nagler

Surnames of German origin


Discovery Turbo is an Indian male-oriented factual television channel devoted to programming regarding cars, bikes, boats, and planes. The channel is owned by  Warner Bros. Discovery. The channel was launched in January 2010 replacing Discovery Real Time and was later converted into a men's only channel on 1 December 2014.

History
The channel was launched in 2004 as Discovery Home & Leisure.

In 2005 the channel was revamped as Discovery Real Time

The channel was relaunched on 25 January 2005 with new name as Discovery Turbo along with Discovery Science.

Programming
This is list of programs broadcast by Discovery Turbo
 A Bike is Born
 The AA Torque Show
 Air Dogs
 Airplane Repo
 American Icon: The Hot Rod
 American Chopper
 American Hot Rod
 American Trucker
 Auto Trader
 Bangla Bangers
 Beetle Crisis
 Biker Build-Off
 British Biker Build-Off
 Campervan Crisis
 Car Crazy Central
 Car Science
 Carfellas
 Chasing Classic Cars
 Chop Shop: London Garage
 Classic Car Club
 Dallas Cars Sharks
 Desert Car Kings
 Drift Style
 Engineering The World Rally
 Extreme Car Hoarders
 Extreme Machines
 FantomWorks
 Fast N' Loud
 Fat N' Furious: Rolling Thunder
 Fifth Gear
 FlightPathTV
 Flying Heavy Metal
 The Great Biker Build-Off
 Hard Shine
 Heartland Thunder
 High Tech Rednecks
 Hot Rod TV
 I Could Do That
 In a Fix
 Inside West Coast Customs
 Kings of Crash
 Kit: An Autobody Experience
 Kustomizer
 Last Car Standing
 Martin Shaw: Aviators
 Mean Green Machines
 Million Dollar Auctions
 Motor City Motors
 Motor Morphers
 Monster Garage
 Off Limits
 Off The Road
 Overhaulin'
 Patrick Dempsey: Racing to Le Mans
 Pit Crews
 Playing Parking Only
 Racer Girls
 Railroad Alaska
 Redline TV
 Restoration Garage
 Retro Car Kings
 Rides
 The Road to Le Mans
 The Secret Club of Speed
 The Secret Life of Formula One
 Street Customs
 Top Marques
 Thunder Races
 Trick My Truck
 Trick My What?
 Twist the Throttle
 Ultimate Biker Challenge
 Ultimate Car Build-Off
 Unique Whips: Special Edition
 What's in the Barn?
 Wheeler Dealers
 Wrecked
 Wreck Rescue
 Wrecks to Riches

See also
  CNN International
 Discovery Real Time
  Discovery Science

References

External links

Warner Bros. Discovery networks
Television channels and stations established in 2010
English-language television stations in India
Warner Bros. Discovery India
Warner Bros. Discovery


The 2002 NCAA Division I women's volleyball tournament began on December 5, 2002 with 64 teams and concluded on December 21 when Southern California defeated Stanford 3 games to 1 in New Orleans, Louisiana for the program's second NCAA title and fifth overall national title.

It was Southern California's first national title since 1981, while Stanford was the defending 2001 national champion.  Semifinalist Hawaii was making the program's seventh NCAA final four appearance, while Florida made the program's first final four appearance in four years.

Records
The conference champion from each of 31 conferences earned a bid to the 2002 NCAA Volleyball Tournament, along with 33 at-large bids. The Big Ten and Pac-10 led all conferences with eight bids each. In all, ten conferences had a team ranked in the top 16 of the tournament. As of 2017, this is the most conferences represented by seeded teams in a single tournament in the 64-team era (since 1998).

West Regional (Santa Barbara)

East Regional (Gainesville)

Central Regional (Lincoln)

Pacific Regional (Stanford)

Final Four – New Orleans Arena, New Orleans, Louisiana

National Semifinals

Southern California vs. Florida

When Florida took the first set, it was the first time in 6 NCAA Semifinal appearances that a Florida team was able to win a single set. However, the rest didn't go their way as USC won the next three to advance to the national championship. In the deciding fourth set, USC took the 16-8 lead before Florida came back to cut the lead to 19-17, but the Gators were unable to take the lead before USC won the fourth set, 30-24 and the match.

Stanford vs. Hawaii

Stanford got a chance to defend their 2001 NCAA title after dismantling Hawaii, 3-0. The 3-0 loss was only Hawaii's second loss of the season, with their other loss coming to Stanford in a 3-0 sweep in the preseason. Ogonna Nnamani led Stanford with 15 kills, while Hawaii was led by Kim Willoughby who had 22 kills.

National Championship: Southern California vs. Stanford

USC dethroned defending NCAA national champion Stanford in a 3-1 match to finish the season 31-1, with their only loss coming to Stanford. In set one, USC had 22 kills while Stanford had just 8, leading them to a 30-27 victory. In set two, Stanford came back to take 9 of the first 12 points en route to the easy 30-23.

USC sprinted to the 19-10 lead in set 3, before the Cardinal cut the advantage at 20-17. USC's offense proved to be too much, as they won it 30-24. In set 4, USC cruised out to an early 6-1 lead and then 17-11. The lead soon disappeared, with Stanford tying it up at 19, before USC pulled away again to win the fourth set 30-26 and take home the national title. It was USC's first national championship since 1981, the first year that NCAA started to sponsor women's volleyball.

References

NCAA women's volleyball tournament
NCAA
Volleyball
Volleyball in New Orleans
2002 in sports in Louisiana
December 2002 sports events in the United States
Women's sports in Louisiana


Captain Battle is a fictional hero and one of the features in Lev Gleason's Silver Streak Comics, from the period known as the "Golden Age of Comic Books". The character is a wounded World War I veteran who has devoted his life to stopping war. He was created by Carl Formes and Jack Binder.

Publication history
The character appeared in Silver Streak Comics from issue #10 (May 1941) to #21 (May 1942).

The character was popular enough to get a brief solo series, published in Summer and Fall 1941.

Captain Battle is one of the four features in the second issue of Image Comics' Next Issue Project, Silver Streak Comics #24.

Fictional character biography
Jonathan Battle was the youngest combatant in World War I, and lost his eye. Since then, Jonathan Battle uses his jetpack, called a luceflyer, and a series of fantastic inventions to prevent World War II from taking place, including a Curvoscope, which allows him to see anywhere on the Earth by following the curvature of the Earth, and Dissolvo, which breaks down nerve and bone tissue into gelatin.

In his first three-part story, Captain Battle fought an Asian wizard known as the Black Dragon, and his army of Deaglos, humans that the Dragon had transformed into angry bird-men. At the end of the story, the surviving Deaglos were changed back to human — including an orphan, Hale, who became Battle's ward and teenage sidekick.

During his run he had three sidekicks: Hale, Kane and Captain Battle, Jr. (his son, William Battle).

The villains that Captain Battle faces include Dr. Dracula, Herr Skull, Herr Death, Sir Satan, Baron Doom, and Friar Diablo.

Film
In 2013, the film Captain Battle: Legacy War was released.

References

External links
Captain Battle at the International Catalogue of Superheroes

Fictional military personnel in comics
Fictional World War I veterans
Golden Age superheroes
Male characters in film
Captain Battle
United States-themed superheroes
Image Comics superheroes
Comics characters introduced in 1941
Male superheroes


National Palace of Arts Ukraina () or Palace Ukraina () is one of the main theatre venues for official events along with Palace of Sports in Kyiv, Ukraine. The venue is a state company administered by the State Directory of Affairs. The main concert hall has a capacity of 3,714 people.

History

It was opened in April 1970 as the biggest center of culture and arts. The building was primarily intended to serve as a venue for party congresses and events of the Communist Party of Ukraine, and secondarily as a concert hall. The building was designed by a group of architects P. Zhylytskyi, I. Vayner, under the directorship of the project's author the distinguished architect of Ukrainian SSR Yevhenia Marychenko.

All of the architects were awarded Shevchenko National Prize (1971) for its design and construction. The building is trapezoidal, twenty-eight meters tall and consists of over 300 rooms. The exterior of the building, which was remodeled in 1996, is characteristic of the sober and functional Soviet architecture of its time. The interiors and equipment of the lobby as well as artistic rooms of the palace "Ukraine" are designed by the architect I. Karakis.

Although it was finally built on a former market square on Krasnoarmeyskaya street (present vul. Velyka Vasylkivska), it was originally suggested to be built in the place of St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery.

On 22 April 1998, the Palace Ukraina received the status of National Palace. Director of the building until 2010 was Mykola Mozhovyy.

During Russian full-scale invasion the palace got damaged after Russian rocket fell nearby on 31 December 2022.

Major events
The first major event was the 42nd Miss Europe 1997 pageant, held on 6 September 1997.

Usually taking place in the Verkhovna Rada building, on 30 November 1999 the venue hosted the presidential inauguration of the newly elected president of Ukraine Leonid Kuchma. Lana Del Rey, Christina Aguilera, Enrique Iglesias, Luciano Pavarotti and Sofia Rotaru are some of the artists that have performed there.

The arena hosted the 11th Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2013, and also hosted the Kiev Major Dota 2 eSports tournament in April 2017.

References

Bibliography

External links

 Official website
 History of the building at official website
 Information about the palace at the State Management of Affairs website

Concert halls in Ukraine
Arts centers in Ukraine
Performing arts centers in Ukraine
Buildings and structures in Kyiv
Pecherskyi District
Event venues established in 1970
Buildings and structures built in the Soviet Union
Culture in Kyiv
Government buildings in Ukraine
Institutions with the title of National in Ukraine
Buildings and structures destroyed during the Russian invasion of Ukraine


Baby was an American southern rock band from Texas that formed in 1970.

Recording history

The band's 1974 self-titled album Baby got the attention of the executives at Mercury Records based on their regional album sales in Texas. The album was remixed and re-released in mid-1975 on Mercury and thereby derived a national distribution network. The follow-up album was called Where Did All The Money Go? which got released on Chelsea Records in 1976.

References

American southern rock musical groups
musical groups from Texas


Keep It Simple is the seventh studio album by blues artist Keb' Mo'. The album won the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Blues Album in 2005.

Track listing

Keb' Mo' - Vocal, guitar ( tr. 1-7, 9 -12 ), Bass (tr. 2, 5, 6 ), Mandolin [Steel] (tr. 2, 4 ), Mandolin ( tr. 6 ), Banjo [Bazuki] - ( tr. 6 ), Banjo ( tr. 9 ), Bouzouki [Bazuki] ( tr.12 ), synth ( tr. 12 ), percussion (tr. 9 )
Reggie McBride- Bass ( tr.1,7, 8, 9, 11 ) / Nathan East - (tr.3, 4, 10 ) /  Willie Weeks - bass ( tr. 12 )
Ricky Lawson| – Drums (tr. 1-3, 5,6, 10 ) / Steve Ferrone ( tr.7, 8, 9, 11 ) Chad Cromwell  - ( tr. 12 )
Jeff Paris – Harmonica ( tr. 1, 7 ), keyboards ( tr.8 ), organ ( tr.2, 10 ) piano ( tr. 11 ), Mandolin ( tr 2 )
Greg Phillinganes– Piano ( tr.1, 2,4, 5 ), el. piano ( tr. 6, 10 )| Written-By, Guitar, Vocals – Keb' Mo' (tr.1)
John Hobbs - electricl piano ( tr. 11 )
Robert Cray - Rhythm Guitar, Backing Vocals, 1-st solo , Robben Ford - Rhythm Guitar, Backing Vocals, 2-nd solo ( tr.8 )
Paul Franklin – Dobro (tr. 9, 12 ),  Sam Bush - Mandolin, Andrea Zonn – Backing Vocals, Violin ( tr.9 )

References

2004 albums
Keb' Mo' albums


The Heiress is a 1947 play by American playwrights Ruth and Augustus Goetz adapted from the 1880 Henry James novel Washington Square. Two years later, the play was adapted into the film The Heiress starring Olivia de Havilland.

Productions
The play opened on Broadway at the Biltmore Theatre on September 29, 1947, and closed on September 18, 1948, after 410 performances. Directed by Jed Harris, the cast included Wendy Hiller and Basil Rathbone. The play then opened in London at the Theatre Royal, Haymarket on February 1, 1949; directed by John Gielgud, it starred Ralph Richardson and Peggy Ashcroft and ran for 644 performances, until August 19, 1950. In January 1950, Richardson and Ashcroft were replaced by Godfrey Tearle and Wendy Hiller.

The play has been revived four times on Broadway:
 February 8, 1950, to February 19, 1950, at the New York City Center – 16 performances
 April 20, 1976, to May 9, 1976, at the Broadhurst Theatre – 23 performances
 March 9, 1995, to December 31, 1995, at the Cort Theatre – 340 performances and 33 previews
 November 1, 2012, to February 9, 2013, at the Walter Kerr Theatre

The 1995 production starred Cherry Jones as Catherine Sloper, Philip Bosco as Dr. Austin Sloper, Jon Tenney as Morris Townsend, and Frances Sternhagen as Lavinia Penniman and was directed by Gerald Gutierrez. The play won the Tony Award for Best Revival of a Play, with Jones, Sternhagen and director Gerald Gutierrez winning Tonys as well.

A Broadway revival began previews in October 2012 at the Walter Kerr Theatre for a limited engagement, with direction by Moisés Kaufman and starring Jessica Chastain, David Strathairn, Dan Stevens, and Judith Ivey.

Plot
In New York City, sometime in the 1850s, Catherine Sloper is a plain, painfully shy woman whose father, Dr. Austin Sloper, makes no secret of his disappointment in her. Catherine, as her father painfully reminds her, has limited talent and cannot "hold a candle" to her deceased mother. Catherine's gregarious Aunt Lavinia Penniman moves into the household after becoming widowed and attempts to prod Catherine into being more social and finding a husband.

When she meets the handsome Morris Townsend at a ball, Catherine is taken by the attention he lavishes upon her. Catherine falls madly in love with Morris and they plan to marry. Dr. Sloper believes Morris, being far more attractive and charming than Catherine, but poor and with few prospects after he wasted his own inheritance, is courting Catherine only to get her sizable income. Aunt Lavinia favors the match regardless, being both romantic and pragmatic enough to view this as Catherine's chance at a happy married life. Morris is genuinely fond of Catherine's honesty and kindness despite his largely monetary motivations, and treats her with respect, unlike her father.

A frank discussion with Morris's sister confirms Dr. Sloper's opinion of Morris as a gold digger. The doctor takes his daughter to Europe for an extended time to separate them. When they return to New York, Dr. Sloper threatens to disinherit his daughter if she marries Morris and they have a bitter argument in which Catherine realizes how poorly he views her.

Catherine and Morris make plans to elope with the help of Aunt Lavinia. Catherine packs her bags and waits all night for Morris to come and take her away, but he never does. Catherine is heartbroken and grows cold.

Soon afterward, Dr. Sloper reveals he is dying. He tells Catherine that he is proud she resisted Morris, but Catherine tells her father she still loves Morris and dares him to change his will if he is afraid they will waste his money after he dies. He does not alter the will and dies, leaving her his entire estate. Catherine refuses to see him on his deathbed.

A few years later, Morris returns from California having made nothing of himself and having even fewer prospects. Aunt Lavinia arranges for Morris to visit Catherine, thinking this is Catherine's last chance. Catherine gives Morris a gift of ruby buttons that she had bought for him in Paris. Morris eagerly promises to come back for her that night and she tells him she will start packing her bags. After Morris leaves, Catherine informs her aunt that she has no intention of offering her love to him. Her aunt asks her if she can be so cruel, and Catherine coldly responds "Yes, I can be very cruel. I have been taught by masters." When Morris arrives later that night with the promised carriage, he rings the bell, and Catherine orders the maid to bolt the door, leaving Morris locked outside, shouting her name and banging on the door.

Characters
 Catherine Sloper
 Dr Austin Sloper
 Morris Townsend
 Lavinia Penniman, Catherine's widowed aunt
 Maria, the Slopers' maid
 Mrs Montgomery, Morris Townsend's widowed sister
 Marian Almond, Catherine's cousin
 Elizabeth Almond, Catherine's aunt
 Arthur Townsend, Marian's fiancé and Morris' distant cousin

Awards and nominations
Original 1947
 Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play – Basil Rathbone (winner)
 Tony Award for Best Costume Design – Mary Percy Schenck (winner)

1976 revival
 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actor in a Play – Richard Kiley (nominee)
 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actress in a Play – Toni Darnay (nominee)

1995 revival
 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Revival of a Play (winner)
 Tony Award for Best Revival of a Play (winner)
 Tony Award for Best Direction of a Play – Gerald Gutierrez (winner)
 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play – Cherry Jones (winner)
 Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play – Frances Sternhagen (winner)

2012 revival
 Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play – Judith Ivey (nominee)

References
Citations

Works cited

Further reading

External links

1947 plays
Plays by Augustus and Ruth Goetz
Broadway plays
Drama Desk Award-winning plays
Tony Award-winning plays
West End plays
Plays based on novels
American plays adapted into films


¡Adiós, Cordera! (1892) is a Spanish short story written by Leopoldo Alas (also known as Clarín). Although the author's works are considered examples of realism or naturalism, many consider him a harbinger of modernism. The story is a dystopian work that deals with the rise of industrialization and modernity in Spain.

Plot
The tale centers upon a poor family in rural Spain and the gradual mechanization of their environment. Widower Antón de Chinta and his two young children (Pinín and Rosa) own a cow. The animal, which serves as a representation of the family's deteriorating economic situation, is affectionately called Cordera or lamb, and has become a family pet.

The story begins in a pastoral setting interrupted by a telegraph pole. Soon after, a railway is put through the field, which further ruptures the tranquility of the bucolic countryside and foreshadows the ending of the tale. Eventually the family's economic situation forces the father to sell the cow, which is taken away on the train for slaughter and gives the work its name.

Years later, Pinín is drafted to fight in the war and departs on the same train as the cow, an act that implies his future death. At the same time, it implies that the slaughter of innocents is a result of modernity and the city's expansion into rural areas.

References

1892 short stories
Spanish short stories


The 2009 CECAFA U-17 Championship was the 2nd edition of the CECAFA U-17 Championship organized bt CECAFA (Council of East and Central Africa Football Association. The second edition of the CEFAFA U-17 Championship, all games were originally to be played in Nairobi, Kenya but have since been moved to Sudan. due to financial reasons, the Sudanese FA and El Merreikh Investment Group have agreed to sponsor the tournament.

The cup is also referred to as the Bashir Cup and the Hassan el Bashir Cup by East African media due to Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir's involvement.

There is a possibility that a third group will be based at Kessala.

Participants

 (invited)
 (invited)

Officials

Group stage

Group A

Group B

Group C

Knockout stage
In the knockout stages, if a match is level at the end of normal playing time, extra time is played (two periods of 15 minutes each) and followed, if necessary, by a penalty shoot-out to determine the winners.

Bracket

Quarter-finals

Semi-finals

Third place play-off

Final

References

CECAFA competitions
2009 in Sudanese sport
2009 in African football


Charles Noel Brown (June 21, 1933 – July 24, 1962) and Charles Edwin Kelley (February 17, 1941 – September 6, 1962) were American spree killers who killed three people and wounded three others in a five-day, three-state rampage in February 1961. The duo, who said they shot the victims to avoid leaving witnesses, were labeled the "Mad Dog Killers". Sentenced to death for a murder committed in Iowa, Brown and Kelley became the second-to-last and last people executed in the state, respectively. Iowa abolished capital punishment in 1965.

Early lives
According to Brown's mother, sister, and uncle, he had a rough life and dropped out of school after 8th grade to help his family. His father was a frequently absent alcoholic.

In 1956, Kelley was diagnosed with epilepsy after becoming dizzy and falling down. During his murder trial, he testified that he stopped taking medication after about a year. When he was 17, Kelley volunteered for the Marines with his father's permission, but was discharged 17 days later after suffering from a gran mal seizure.

Murders
Brown, an ex-con who had served prison time for forgery, met Kelley as they were working together as parking lot attendants. The two soon became drinking buddies. After Kelley robbed a gas station armed with a screwdriver, Brown used the money to buy two handguns.

On February 18, 1961, Brown and Kelley robbed a gas station in Minnesota. They shot the attendant, 17-year-old James Peterson, three times. Two of the shots hit Peterson in the head, and the third likely would've hit him in the heart, but was deflected by a button on his work uniform. Peterson went into a coma, emerged from it a few days later long enough to talk to police, and then went into unconsciousness once more. He would remain in critical condition for more than a month, but survived. Peterson died from complications from his injuries in 2007.

On February 20, Brown and Kelley shot and killed 52-year-old Howard Trowbridge while robbing his tavern in Minneapolis, Minnesota. They also shot the bartender, 30-year-old George Koch, six times. He survived his injuries. They then took a bus to Nebraska.

The next day, the duo killed 60-year-old Harry Goldberg during a liquor store robbery in Omaha. Brown later said "I took this old man into the rear room, and I told him to turn around. He didn't do as I asked, so I shot him with my gun."

The two then took a taxi to Council Bluffs, Iowa, where they planned to steal a car and make their getaway. Brown and Kelley carjacked 54-year-old Alvin Koerhsen and ordered him to drive at gunpoint. After driving several blocks, they had him pull over. The two then shot Koerhsen seven times and dumped him onto the street. He died from his injuries two days later. After failing to turn the car back on, the two were forced to move on foot. About 20 minutes later, they went to a parking lot, where they saw Kenneth Vencel was getting into his car. When they threatened him, he ran away. Brown and Kelley shot Vencel three times, once in the stomach and twice in the back. He survived his injuries. The two then drove north. However, they only drove about 25 miles before the car broke down in Missouri Valley.

Kelley and Brown took a bus en route to Kansas City, Missouri. However, they drew the suspicion of a ticket manager in Iowa, who contacted the police. The two were promptly arrested in Council Bluffs.

Trials and executions
Kelley and Brown were charged with first degree murder and armed robbery for killing Koerhsen in Iowa. Prosecutors announced they would seek a death sentence for both of them.

Brown was tried first. He made no attempt to contest his guilt and was quickly found guilty. Several of his family members testified during the sentencing phase. On the stand, Brown said he had a drinking problem, had started drinking when he was around 10 or 11, and was drinking heavily during his crime spree.

During their deliberations, the jury asked the judge if Brown would have a chance of parole if he was given a life sentence, and how many years he would have to serve in prison if that was the case (all life sentences are without parole in Iowa, and a lifer's only chance of freedom is if the governor commutes their sentence to make them eligible for release). The judge said "You have a right to assume any verdict returned by you will be faithfully carried out. Should you desire to make any recommendations after you have agreed upon your verdict you may write them on paper and return it with your verdict." Hearing this, Brown's uncle, Paul Day, became hopeful that his nephew might be spared execution. However, less than two hours later, after nearly 14 hours of deliberation, the jury came out with a recommendation for a death sentence. In response, Brown said "I knew this was coming. I don't care. The only thing I feel bad about is my folks."

Kelley's lawyers initially planned for an insanity defense, but that was thrown out. He was convicted of both charges. Kelley presented a much stronger defense than Brown during the sentencing phase, with his defense emphasizing his epilepsy. A psychiatrist who examined Kelley said he had a "sociopathic personality", and found no evidence of a "psychotic reaction which would indicate that Mr. Kelley is not responsible for his acts." Another mitigating factor mentioned was Kelley's youth. At the age of 20, he would be one of the youngest people executed in Iowa.

After deliberating for 48 hours, the jury deadlocked, resulting in a mistrial and leaving Kelley’s fate up to Judge Leroy H. Johnson. The jury foreman, Sam Garnett, said all of the jurors knew Kelley was guilty, but that he and another juror wanted a life sentence. "I couldn't ask for hanging when there were small doubts in my mind whether the killing was premeditated, whether Kelley altogether was a mentally sound person, and how much influence the older man (Brown) had on him.”

Hoping for leniency, Kelley pleaded guilty rather than face a retrial. At his sentencing hearing, his attorney, Robert C. Heithoff, presented additional evidence of his client possibly having a history of epilepsy. He told Johnson that "the easy thing and perhaps the popular thing is to hang Kelley. Many people would applaud you. Some would rejoice. But later, after consideration and thought, people would not gain in any acclaim of death. All life is worth saving, and mercy is the highest attitude of man."

Johnson announced that he would need two weeks to reach his decision, which was considered an unusually long amount of time. On June 7, 1961, Johnson sentenced Kelley to death.

After their appeals failed and governor Norman A. Erbe declined to intervene, Brown and Kelley were both executed at the Iowa State Penitentiary in Fort Madison. Brown was hanged on July 24, 1962, becoming the first man executed in Iowa since 1952. As he walked to the gallows, he said he hoped that "the people will forgive me for what I've done." Brown's last words immediately before dropping through the trapdoor were "God forgive me." He was pronounced dead at 5:05 a.m. CST. Kelley was hanged on September 6, 1962. His last words were "I'm sorry what I did." Kelley was pronounced dead at 5:46 a.m. CST. His last request was for the prison chaplain, Lester Peter, to read the 23rd Psalm. At 21, Kelley became both the second youngest and last person to be executed in Iowa. Among the witnesses to his executions was Vencel, who still had a bullet lodged near his spine. "I'm pretty happy to be here today," he said. "He's got it coming to him. At least they got a trial. The other fellows shot by Kelley and Brown didn't get one."

Another man, Victor Feguer, was executed in 1963, but he was hanged for a federal conviction.

In 1965, the Iowa General Assembly passed a law that abolished the death penalty as a possible punishment; it was signed into law by Governor Harold Hughes. Although there have been a number of attempts to reinstate the death penalty in Iowa, none have been successful. Since Kelley’s executions, prisoners of the United States federal government have been executed in Iowa but no one has been executed under Iowa law.

See also
 Capital punishment in Iowa
 Capital punishment in the United States
 List of most recent executions by jurisdiction
 List of people executed in Iowa

References

1933 births
1941 births
1962 deaths
20th-century executions by Iowa
20th-century executions of American people
Criminal duos
Executed American spree killers
History of Iowa
People convicted of murder by Iowa
People executed by Iowa by hanging


Artavious Courtez Smith (born May 3, 1980), better known by his stage name Tay Dizm, is an American rapper and hype man best known for being signed to T-Pain's Nappy Boy Entertainment record label.

Biography
Smith spent his entire childhood raised in foster homes before finding his biological family in Miami, Florida. His two brothers taught him how to rap and recorded mixtapes with him. He moved to Tallahassee, Florida, where he met singer T-Pain, for whom Smith would become a hypeman. Under stage name Tay Dizm, Smith did guest performances on tracks from T-Pain's first three albums.

Dizm is the first artist to release an album under T-Pain's Nappy Boy Digital label. He has appeared on the singles "Who the Fuck is That?" by Dolla and "She Got It" by 2 Pistols, which charted on the Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2008. On August 19, 2008, Dizm released his debut single, "Beam Me Up," featuring T-Pain and Rick Ross, which was released online via Nappy Boy Digital. It quickly sold 4,000 downloads, according to Nielsen SoundScan, without significant promotion. He is featured in all three of T-Pain's solo albums.

The second single, "Dream Girl", features Akon and charted on the Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart in February 2009. It was featured on Dizm's album, Welcome to the New World. The album's third single, "Nothing But The Truth", original version featured Atlanta rapper Dolla a Picallo. The album version features Picallo and Young Cash. Single "Club Pack" was released on MTV on February 20, 2013.

Discography

Albums
 TBA: Welcome to the New World

Extended plays
 TBA: The Tempataions [sic?]

Mixtapes
 2007: Tha Hottest Hotboy
 2009: Dreamgirl
 2010: Point 'Em Out
 2011: Thank You For Being A Friend
 2012: ART

Singles
2007: "Like Me" (Feat. Lil Wayne)
2008: "Beam Me Up" (Feat. T-Pain & Rick Ross)
2009: "Dreamgirl" (Feat. Akon)
2009: "Nothing But the Truth" (Feat. Young Cash & Piccalo)
2012: "Getting to the Money"  (Feat. T-Pain & J-Bo)
2013: "Club Pack" (Feat. Young Cash)
2014: "Pop It" (Feat. Young Cash)
2016: "Good Lil Bit" (Feat. T-Pain & Krayzie Bone)

Guest appearances

Notes
 "Never Leave Her" is a promotional single to Revolver.

References

External links
Official website

1980 births
Living people
African-American male rappers
American male rappers
Jive Records artists
RCA Records artists
Musicians from Tallahassee, Florida
Rappers from Florida
Singers from Florida
21st-century American singers
21st-century American rappers
21st-century American male singers


USS Wahaka (YTB-526), later YTM-526, was a yard tug placed in commission in 1947.

Wahaka was laid down on 2 June 1945 at Jacksonville, Florida, by the Gibbs Gas Engine Company, Inc. and launched on 9 September 1945, sponsored by Mrs. Charles Strohmeyer, wife of Lieutenant Charles Strohmeyer, an officer who was attached to the Industrial Manager's Office, Jacksonville, Florida. She was completed on 3 December 1945.

Allocated to the 11th Naval District at San Diego, California, upon completion, Wahaka was briefly placed in reserve before being activated once more in December 1947 for service in the 6th Naval District. She operated out of Charleston, South Carolina, through the 1950s, providing tug and tow service as well as pilot assistance.

From 1961 to 1963, Wahaka was assigned to Naval Station Rota at Rota, Spain.

In 1962, Wahaka was reclassified as a medium harbor tug and redesignated YTM-526. She was then assigned to Advanced Bases, Atlantic Area. She remained active in that assignment into 1979.  Wahaka was stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 30 September 1985 and was later sold.

References

External links
 Photo gallery at navsource.org

Sassaba-class tugs
Cold War auxiliary ships of the United States
1945 ships


Wahaka may refer to:

 The phonetic pronunciation of the state of Oaxaca in Mexico
 The name of a brand of an artisanal mezcal produced by Zapotec family in San Dionisio, Oaxaca
 Wahaka, the name of the rock also known as the "Three Brothers (Yosemite)", in Yosemite Valley, Mariposa County, California
 Wahaka, a former Awami village at the base of the rock known as the "Three Brothers", in Yosemite Valley, Mariposa County, California
 USS Wahaka (YTB-526), later YTM-526, a United States Navy tug placed in commission in 1947

See also
 Oaxaca—a homonym


Ratna (रत्न) ( Ratna or Rathan) is a Sanskrit term for "jewel". It is also a popular female Hindu name.
Ratna sunuwar born  1985/01/19 in Sindhuli .   Read more ratna.com.np
Ratna may refer to:

People
 Ratna, Queen Mother of Nepal (born 1928), Queen Consort of Nepal from 1955 to 1972
 Ratna Fabri, museologist of India
 Ratna Pathak (born 1963), Indian actress of Bollywood films
 Ratna Sari Devi Sukarno (born 1940), one of the wives of the first President of Indonesia, Sukarno
 Ratna Singh (born 1959), Indian politician from the Indian National Congress party

Other uses
 The 14 ratnas that emerged from the sea of milk during the Samudra manthan
 The Ratna is the pinnacle of a Hindu temple
 Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award
 Karnataka Ratna, highest civilian honour of the State of Karnataka

See also
 Navaratna (disambiguation)
 Ratnakar (disambiguation)
 Ratan (disambiguation)
 Ratner (disambiguation)