Ezekiel "Kell" Brook (born 3 May 1986) is a British former professional boxer who competed from 2004 to 2022. He held the IBF welterweight title from 2014 to 2017, and challenged once for a unified middleweight world title in 2016. At regional level, he held multiple welterweight titles, including the British welterweight title from 2008 to 2010. In May 2017, Brook was ranked as the world's best active welterweight by The Ring magazine.

Amateur career
Brook had his first amateur fight at age 12 under the guidance of Brendan Ingle. At the end of his amateur career, he had won 31 of his 36 fights, winning two Amateur Boxing Association of England titles and two National Association of Boys Clubs British Boxing Championships and a gold medal in the 4 Nations. An early inspiration for Brook was Naseem Hamed, who was also trained by Ingle at the same Wincobank gym.

Professional career

Welterweight

Early career
Brook's first fight as a professional took place in September 2004 with a 6-round points victory over experienced journeyman Peter Buckley at the Don Valley Stadium in Sheffield.  He would fight again four more times that year to end 2004 with a record of 5–0 in just four months.  Brook went about learning his trade against a host of journeymen before getting the opportunity in June 2008 to fight for the British welterweight title having compiled a winning record of 16–0.

Domestic and regional success
The championship fight at London's York Hall saw Kell Brook take on Welshman Barrie Jones for the vacant title.  The fight was not without controversy however as the previous incumbent, Kevin McIntyre, had been stripped of the title after he sustained an injury and had to pull out of his scheduled defence against the Yorkshireman.  Brook ended up winning the vacant title with a seventh-round technical knockout (TKO) of Jones who had come in at relatively short notice.

Having won the title Brook was then ordered to face the former champion and the bout took take place in Glasgow's Kelvin Hall on 14 November 2008.  Prior to the fight and referring to the bad blood that has built up between the two fighter's Brook said,  "Once I knock out McIntyre in style then there will be no question mark over who should be British champion." When the fight finally did happen, Brook put McIntyre down three times in the first round to win by TKO to send the Glasgow crowd home disappointed.

On 30 January 2009 Brook returned to the York Hall to meet former marine Stuart Elwell in a voluntary second defence.  The fight again ended quickly when the referee stopped the fight in the second round, handing victory to Brook.  He claimed the Lonsdale belt outright on 20 July 2009 when making his third defence against Prizefighter winner Michael Lomax.  The fight, at the MEN Arena in Manchester, was on the undercard to Amir Khan's world championship victory over Andreas Kotelnik and saw Brook win by TKO in the third round.  After the fight Brook said that he believed he was the best in Britain but couldn't say for sure until he's beaten Chorley's Michael Jennings who he challenged to a match-up.

On 25 September 2009, Brook pipped fellow champion Nathan Cleverly for the prestigious title of Young British Boxer of the Year award, as voted for by the Boxing Writer's Club.  The vote was the closest in the history of the award with Brook claiming the honour by one vote over Cleverly who held both the British and Commonwealth light-heavyweight titles.  In winning the award Brook joined a list of boxers which included the likes of Ken Buchanan, John H Stracey, Barry McGuigan, Nigel Benn, Naseem Hamed, Joe Calzaghe and Amir Khan.

Brook's first fight of 2010 took place in Liverpool on 12 March 2010.  The fight, for the WBO Inter-Continental title, pitched Brook against Poland's Krzysztof Bienias, a man last beaten by Junior Witter in 2005 and with a run of seventeen straight wins.  Brook collected his second career title when in the sixth round the fight was stopped by the referee following a dominant display by the Yorkshireman.  Brook's long-awaited fight against Michael Jennings was due to be next on 3 July 2010 until a rib injury forced the fight to be postponed for a second time.  The fight, for Brook's British title was then scheduled to take place between Jennings and former Commonwealth welterweight champion John O'Donnell before O'Donnell pulled out and was then rescheduled between Brook and Jennings.  Finally, on 18 September 2010 Brook boxed Michael Jennings at the LG Arena in Birmingham. Brook defeated Jennings via fifth-round TKO after the latter sustained a cut, with the referee deeming the injury too severe for the bout to continue.  The win doubled as Brooks's fourth defence of his British title and the first defence of his WBO regional title.  On 9 December 2010 Brook made his second defence of his WBO Inter-Continental title, defeating Phillip Kotey via second-round TKO.  The win ensured that Brook kept his number one ranking with the WBO.

On 8 April 2011 Brook split from promoter Frank Warren and joined the Matchroom Sport boxing stable under Eddie Hearn, with Brook saying that he was "really buzzing" to have joined the outfit.  Hearn said that he was "excited about adding Kell to our stable".  Speaking of Brook he said "Kell oozes class and has that something special about him – in short he is going to be a superstar."  Brook's first contest for the promotional outfit was on 25 June 2011 at the Hillsborough Leisure Centre in Sheffield and resulted in a twelve-round unanimous decision (UD) victory against Lovemore N'dou, capturing the vacant WBA Inter-Continental title in the process.

Miscellaneous wins
On 17 March 2012, Kell Brook took his undefeated run to 27 fights by beating Matthew Hatton, brother of Ricky Hatton, by UD in Sheffield. The scores were 119–107, 119–108 and 118–109 all in favour of Brook. In front of nearly 10,000 fans at the Motorpoint Arena, Brook added the IBF International welterweight title to his WBA Inter-Continental title. Brook floored Hatton in the ninth round but could not knock out his Mancunian opponent. The fight gave record breaking viewing figures for Sky Sports' Fight Night Live programme as well as being the most watched fight of the year in Britain. Afterwards he said on the prospect of facing Khan: "Of course I want Khan, I've been banging on about Amir Khan, but I'm going to do my own thing and if that fight happens, it happens, and I'll smash him. I want to be fighting at that top table now with elite fighters. I think I've proved I deserve to be there."

Brook faced Carson Jones at the Motorpoint Arena in Sheffield on Saturday 7 July 2012. Eddie Hearn's Matchroom Sport promoted the fight with it being billed "Edge of Glory" as both fighters saw this fight as a stepping stone to a shot at a world title. The fight was shown live on Sky Sports 1. The weigh in took place in Sheffield's Winter Gardens on 6 July with Brook weighing in at 10 st 6 lb 10 oz (60.16 kg) and Jones weighing slightly less at 10 st 6 lb 6 oz (60.04 kg). Brook dominated the early rounds, moving well and connecting regularly with two and three punch combinations. However, as the fight went on he began to tire and Jones was able to land shots of his own. Brook's nose was broken in the eighth round. He was almost floored in the final round but was able to hold on until the bell. Brook did enough in the early rounds to win the fight by majority decision (MD), as the judges' scorecards read 114–114, 116–113, and 115–113 in Brook's favour. Brook was taken to hospital after the fight due to blood loss from his broken nose.

In August 2012 Matchroom Sport announced that Brook would face veteran Hector Saldivia at the Motorpoint Arena in Sheffield on 20 October 2012. The winner would then become the mandatory challenger for the IBF welterweight title held at the time by Randall Bailey. At a packed weigh-in the day before the fight at Sheffield's Meadowhall Centre, both fighters weighed in under the 147 lbs limit. Brook started strongly, knocking Saldivia down midway through the first round. The second round was very similar with Saldivia unable to deal with Brook's accuracy and power. In the third Brook landed a solid, well timed straight which sent the Argentinian to the floor again. This time he struggled to get up as his legs wobbled beneath him and the referee stopped the contest in the third round.

Brook vs. Alexander cancellation
After becoming the mandatory challenger, Brook was set to fight Devon Alexander for the world title on 19 January 2013 at the Nokia Theatre in Los Angeles, California. However, Brook announced he had sustained an ankle injury and the fight was pushed back until 23 February 2013 and the venue changed to the Masonic Temple in Detroit, Michigan. Then Alexander announced he had a bicep injury causing the fight to be rescheduled yet again to 18 May 2013 in Atlantic City, New Jersey. However, Brook would later pull out of the fight again after injuring his foot, scrapping the fight for a third time, with fellow Brit and Matchroom stablemate Lee Purdy taking his place and going on to lose via seventh-round corner retirement (RTD).

Brook vs. Jones II, Senchenko
After the saga with Devon Alexander Jr., Brook took a rematch with Carson Jones in [Kingston upon Hull|Hull] on 13 July 2013. Brook took the early rounds of this contest looking far too powerful and quick for the American. Brook went on to win by eighth-round TKO to take his record to 30–0.

It was announced shortly after the rematch with Jones that Brook would next face Vyacheslav Senchenko at the Motorpoint Arena in Sheffield on 26 October 2013. Senchenko had recently beaten Ricky Hatton, causing him to retire for good from boxing. Brook said he was using this as motivation and wanted to "get revenge" for a British boxing hero and a personal friend within the sport. Hatton was ringside for the fight and spoke to Brook in the dressing room just prior to the fight. The first and second rounds were very cagey encounters with neither fighter wanting to give too much away, with Brook using his jab more effectively and taking both the rounds. In the third Brook knocked his opponent down with a powerful right, forcing Senchenko to take the eight count before continuing. Brook started the fourth strongly by out-boxing his Ukrainian opponent, although Senchenko did unsteady Brook for a few seconds before Brook sent Sencheko back to the canvas with another right. Referee Shada Murdaugh concluded that Senchenko was in no position to continue and Brook was declared the winner by TKO.

Brook vs. Porter

After beating Senchenko, Brook was once again the mandatory challenger for the IBF welterweight title and faced newly crowned champion Shawn Porter on 16 August 2014 at the StubHub Center in Carson, California. Porter was the favorite to win and came out aggressively as he pressurised Brook, relying heavily on looping shots. Brook kept his composure, however, and showcased his defensive attributes, strength, and clean punching throughout the fight. Brook's technical ability took over after the middle rounds as the straight one-two combinations hurt Porter. Brook defeated Porter, capturing the title by a MD with scores 114–114, 116–112, and 117–111. Brook landed 158 of his 441 punches (36%), mostly jabs. Porter threw 308 more power punches, in total landing 156 of 626 thrown (25%). Porter felt as though he won the fight, "I thought that I was effective with my attack, but he was ready. I'm not giving any excuses. I want the rematch. I'll find him where he's at, and I'll take it from him." Brook claimed he wanted an all-British showdown with Amir Khan. The fight did not generate as many viewers as expected, an average of 661,000 viewers on Showtime. The whole card averaged just 514,000 viewers.

Brook vs. Dan, Gavin
Six months after sustaining a life-threatening injury, it was confirmed that Brook would finally make the first defence of his IBF title against mandatory challenger Jo Jo Dan (34–2, 18 KOs). The fight took place on 28 March 2015 in Brook's home town, Sheffield. Dan became the mandatory after beating Kevin Bizier in December 2014 via split decision (SD). Brook came out landing straight punches. In round two, a straight right hand wobbled Dan. Brook followed up with a right uppercut that sent Dan to the canvas. Soon after, Brook landed two straight right hands, the first wobbling Dan and the second creating another knockdown. In the fourth round, Brook threw a straight right and left hand that hurt Dan and followed up with a furry that resulted in the third knockdown. The final knockdown was scored at the bell with a counter left hand. Dan's corner subsequently stopped the fight in between rounds. The fight was broadcast live in the afternoon on Showtime in USA averaging 143,000 viewers and peaked at 166,000 viewers. A replay aired in the evening averaging 230,000 viewers, peaking 284,000 viewers.

On 10 April 2015, Matchroom Sport announced that Brook would be making his second defence in the space of two months against Frankie Gavin (22–2, 13 KOs) at the O2 Arena on 30 May on Sky Sport Box Office with a strong undercard including Lee Selby, Kevin Mitchell and Olympic gold medalist Anthony Joshua.  The bout was known for being the first all-British welterweight world title fight. Brook successfully defended his IBF title for the second time. Brook landed his jab from the start and picked up the pace as the fight went on, cutting off the ring and walking through his opponent. Gavin remained defensive but did occasionally find success. In round six, Brook showed versatility in throwing a variety of combinations, mixing soft and hard punches, while Gavin attempted to avoid trading. As Brook landed an uppercut however, Gavin exchanged a right hand, which was countered by Brook's straight left hand. Gavin staggered back to the ropes, and the referee stopped the fight as Brook threw another flurry.

Brook vs. Bizier
On 2 September 2015, Hearn announced a deal had been reached for Brook to defend his title against Argentine slugger Diego Chaves (23–2–1, 19 KOs), after a deal could not be made with Brandon Rios. The fight was scheduled to take place at the Motorpoint Arena in Sheffield on 24 October, which would be Brook's third fight in seven months. Brook praised Chavez ahead of the fight, "Chaves is a rough, tough, durable fighter who is very dangerous. He's bringing something new to the table. He's coming off a draw to Tim Bradley, was ahead on the cards against Brandon Rios until he was disqualified and gave Keith Thurman a solid fight, so we know what level he has mixed at and how good he is." The fight was postponed and ultimately cancelled on 16 October after Brook injured his ribs during a sparring session. The rest of the card still took place as scheduled.

In January 2016, it was announced that after nearly a year without fighting, Brook would make a third defence of his IBF title against mandatory challenger Kevin Bizier (25–2, 17 KOs) at the Sheffield Arena on 26 March. Hearn and Bizier's promoter Yvon Michel agreed a deal to avoid purse bids. Bizier became the mandatory after knocking out Fredrick Lawson on 7 November 2015 in Miami, Florida. Brook stopped Bizier in the second round. En route to landing a 'big fight', Brook rocked Bizier with a left to the jaw and then further dazed him with a series of hooks. After taking a count, Bizier did not look that interested in carrying on and Brook unleashed a combination that left the Canadian crumpled in a heap. This was Brook's second mandatory fight since winning the IBF title in 2014. After the bout, Brook and Hearn talked about potential unification fights against the likes of Tim Bradley, Danny García, Keith Thurman and Jesse Vargas.

Jessie Vargas negotiations
It was announced on 12 May 2016 that negotiations for a unification fight with WBO titleholder Jessie Vargas (27–1, 10 KOs) were under way. Eddie Hearn told Sky Sports he had "offered a huge amount of money" to make the fight happen and while he conceded Brook might have to travel to America, Vargas insisted he was willing to cross the Atlantic. Danny García, the WBC champion, was top of the list, but Hearn conceded the Vargas fight looked more likely. Hearn said the fight will take place on 20 August, 27 August, or 3 September at Bramall Lane in Sheffield. Vargas confirmed via his Twitter account that the bout was set for 3 September. Negotiations fell through on 9 July for the unification title fight, when it was announced that Brook would be moving up two weight divisions to challenge Gennady Golovkin instead.

Middleweight

Brook vs. Golovkin

On 8 July 2016, it was announced that Brook would face undefeated, unified WBA (Super), WBC, IBF, and IBO middleweight champion Gennady Golovkin (35–0, 32 KOs). The fight took place on 10 September 2016 at the O2 Arena in London. There were negotiations for Golovkin to fight Chris Eubank Jr. However, negotiations fell through and Brook agreed to move up two weight divisions to challenge Golovkin. The fight aired in the US on HBO and on Sky Box Office pay-per-view in the UK.

On 5 September, the WBA withdrew its sanction for the fight. Although they granted Golovkin a special permit to take the fight, they stated that their title would not be at stake. The reason for the withdrawal was because Brook had never competed in the middleweight division. WBA president Gilberto Mendoza Jr. said, "What I most regret is that there are no boxers at 160 pounds who will fight against 'Triple G,' and Brook has to move up two divisions to fight against him." The Golovkin camp were said to be disappointed with the decision with promoter Tom Loeffler saying, "somehow the WBA thought it was too dangerous for a welterweight to move up to middleweight to fight the biggest puncher in boxing. I guess that is a compliment to GGG as they sanctioned [Adrien] Broner moving up two divisions [from lightweight to welterweight] to fight Paulie Malignaggi in 2013, and Roy Jones moving up two divisions [from light heavyweight to heavyweight] to fight John Ruiz [in 2003] for WBA titles, and Kell Brook is undefeated and considered a top pound-for-pound boxer."

On the night, Brook was staggered early in the first round, but kept his composure, growing stronger as the rounds unfolded. In the opening rounds, he was trading blows with Golovkin but suffered a damaged eye socket, and after heavy punishment in the fifth, trainer Dominic Ingle threw in the towel to hand Brook the first defeat of his professional career, losing by TKO. Despite this, Brook won many admirers for his spirited performance and stepping up two weight divisions to make the fight. Ingle confirmed Brook had gone through surgery successfully. According to CompuBox punch stats, Golovkin landed 133 of his 301 punches thrown (44.2%), whilst Brook landed 85 punches, having thrown 261 (32.6%). The fight was aired live on HBO in the afternoon and drew an average of 843,000 viewers and peaked at 907,000 viewers. This was considered to be a huge success for an afternoon showing. A replay was shown later in the evening as part of the world super flyweight title fight between Roman Gonzalez and Carlos Cuadras. The replay averaged 593,000 viewers.

Return to welterweight

Brook vs. Spence Jr.
In January 2017, Brook and his team were in talks with Amir Khan over a potential grudge fight, whilst also keeping the mandatory fight with Errol Spence Jr. as second choice. During negotiations, Khan urged Brook to fight Spence first and eventually talks broke down between Brook and Khan. Eddie Hearn mentioned talks were already ongoing with Spence's manager Al Haymon for a fight to take place possibly in the UK in May. Hearn received an extension from the IBF for negotiations between himself and TGB Promotions boss Tom Brown, as they were progressing. The purse bids for the fight were set for 7 February by the IBF. On 1 February, Hearn claimed that Brook would be keeping his title and making a defence against Spence and that he had reached out to Spence's team, to no reply. He assumed that they wanted the fight to go to purse bids. Spence said that he had no problem travelling to the UK for the fight, regardless of negotiations. With a deal close to being reached a day before the purse bids, the IBF granted a week extension, pushing the purse bid back 7 days. On 13 February a deal was reached for the fight to take place in Sheffield on 20 May 2017. At a press conference at Bramall Lane, Sheffield on 22 March, the fight was officially announced to take place on 27 May 2017 live on Sky Box Office in the UK and Showtime in the US.

In front of 27,000 fans in attendance, Brook lost his IBF welterweight title after being stopped in round eleven. In a fight where mostly power shots were landed, Spence threw combinations to the head and more to the body, wearing down Brook. Brook did well working the counter, and landed his own shots to the body, but Spence came back with his own shots. In round ten, Spence, having Brook against the ropes, unloaded some heavy power shots, which caused Brook to take a knee. In round eleven, before the fight was stopped, Brook motioned many times that he couldn't see through his left eye and voluntarily took a knee, again counting as a knockdown. The referee started the ten count which Brook couldn't make, giving him back to back defeats and his first as a welterweight. His trainer Dominic Ingle was also on the apron before the fight was officially stopped. At the time of stoppage, all three judges had Spence ahead on their scorecards with 97–92, 96–93, and 95–94. In the post-fight interview, Brook credited Spence, admitting he lost to the better boxer, "It was a very tough fight. I would say Spence is one of the best kids I’ve been in with, if not the best. I got caught in the seventh round, in the eye, and it felt like the same as in the Golovkin [fight]. Probably not as bad as that time, but I was getting hit on it over the rounds and it was getting worse. The last round, he caught me in it and I just stood there, double vision, and I couldn't see out of the eye [...] so I had to stop." Spence landed 246 of 633 punches thrown (39%) whilst Brook landed 136 of 442 (31%). For the fight, Spence earned around £1 million and Brook earned a guaranteed £3 million.

The fight was shown in the afternoon in the US on Showtime and averaged 291,000 viewers, peaking at 337,000 viewers. This was considered low numbers, even for an afternoon showing, possibly due to it being a holiday weekend. Brook spoke to Sky Sports the following day and confirmed that a CT scan showed he had broken his eye socket, meaning he would likely have surgery.

Light-middleweight
On 30 May 2017, Brook admitted he may have to move up to light-middleweight. Brook had successful surgery on his eye in June 2017 and said that he would start training again in the summer looking to make a ring return in late 2017. On 21 November, promoter Eddie Hearn announced that Brook would be moving up to light-middleweight in hopes of becoming a two-weight world champion. In an interview, Brook stated that he would return at light-middleweight for the sake of his health, however could still return to welterweight afterwards.

Brook vs. Rabchenko
Eddie Hearn, on 11 December 2017, announced that Brook would return to Sheffield at the FlyDSA Arena on 3 March 2018 against former European champion Sergey Rabchenko (29–2, 22 KOs) on Sky Sports. Rabchenko is known for fighting in the UK on some occasions, most notably defeating Brook's fellow gym buddy Ryan Rhodes in 2012. Rabchenko was ranked #5 by the WBC at the time. The WBC Silver light-middleweight title would be at stake for the fight. Brook weighed 153.4 pounds while Rabchenko weighed 153.7 pounds. Brook stopped Rabchenko in round two to claim the vacant WBC Silver title. In round one, Brook used his jab and right hand, with Rabchenko on the back foot leaving himself open. In round two, Brook hurt Rabchenko with a right uppercut. The shot wobbled Rabchenko, causing him to back up on unsteady legs. Brook then hit Rabchenko with a straight right hand to the head which put him down. Rabchenko slowly got to his feet at the count of nine, however clearly hurt, referee Steve Gray halted the fight at 1 minute 27 seconds of round two. In the post-fight interview, Brook said, "I've put everyone in the division on notice. It was all about getting timing right, and I was getting it right. Timing beats speed. I felt very comfortably. I've only gone up 10 pounds from yesterday. I needed to get back to winning ways. I'm back at it." Along with Hearn, Brook stated he would put pressure on rival Amir Khan for a future fight.

On 24 May, promoter Hearn confirmed Brook would return to the ring in July 2018. At the time, no specific date or venue was stated. It was also said that Brook would look to challenge for a world title after the bout in July, likely to be WBA and IBF light-middleweight champion Jarrett Hurd. Hearn made it known that he was interested in the Hurd fight. 28 July was the date set for Brook's return. On 13 June, it was announced that Brook would appear on the undercard of Dillian Whyte vs. Joseph Parker at The O2 Arena against Brandon Cook in a title eliminator. During the early days of July, there were rumours stating Brook had suffered an injury and would withdraw from the bout. On 14 July, Cook confirmed that the bout had been cancelled pending an official announcement from Hearn. It appeared Brook had injured his ankle and would be out of action until November 2018. On 19 July, Sam Eggington replaced Brook, keeping Cook on the card. Eggington suffered a cut in training a few days later and also withdrew from the bout. Hearn offered Cook a monetary compensation.

Brook vs. Zerafa
In early October 2018, it was reported that Brook and Khan had made some progress in their ongoing negotiations. With Brook stating that 147 pounds would not be an issue, Khan demanded they include a 10-pound rehydration limit, which meant neither boxer could weigh over 157 pounds on the morning of the fight. Brook rejected the idea and insisted they fight at catchweight. On 19 October, according to The Sheffield Star, Brook had split with longtime trainer Dominic Ingle. The same reports stated Brook would train with longtime friend John Fewkes. Ingle denied rumours that he and Brook had a falling out. Fewkes stated it was the first he had heard of the news. On 27 October, Brook told Sky Sports that he would be returning to the ring at the FlyDSA Arena in Sheffield on 8 December 2018. Although an opponent was not named, it was speculated it would be Michael Zerafa, as Zerafa later spoke out confirming he would cause on upset and then challenge Khan himself. Brook was ranked #2 by the WBA and WBC, #4 by the WBO and #5 by the IBF while Zerafa was ranked #8 by the WBA at super welterweight. On 29 October, Brook denied he had split with Ingle, however confirmed that because Ingle was in Canada training other fighters, he would keep his camp in Fuerteventura, therefore Ingle would not be in his corner for the fight. On 5 November, Zerafa (25–2, 14 KOs) was confirmed as Brook's opponent. Showing that he could easily make the 147 limit, Brook weighed in 150 pounds, compared to Zerafa, who weighed 153 pounds. It was said the bout would be a final eliminator for Jarrett Hurd's WBA title.

In front of his hometown crowd, Brook put on a below-par performance to defeat Zerafa via twelve-round UD to become the WBA mandatory challenger. The three judges scored the fight comfortably in Brook's favour with 119–109, 118–110, and 117–111. Brook started the fight quick, landing shots on Zerafa in the opening couple of rounds. He started to then slow down his workrate and by the midway point, his punch output began to drop. Brook, although landed plenty himself, allowed himself to be hit more than usual. It was the first time Brook went the twelve round distance since 2014 when he won the IBF title against Porter. After the fight, Brook admitted he was not at his best and also stated his performance might tempt a lot of boxers to now get in the ring with him. Hearn also voiced his opinion, stating Amir Khan should take the fight next. Brook's new trainer John Fewkes stated the performance was not his best as he 'tried too hard', but also raised the positive point that it should now entice other boxers to fight him.

In the post-fight press conference, Brook accepted Khan's rehydration request that he would weigh no more than 157 pounds on fight night. A few days later, Hearn made it public that he had offered Khan an £8m flat fee, plus an upside of the revenue to fight Brook. The offer was made a week after Top Rank offered Khan a flat fee of £3.9m to face WBO welterweight champion Terence Crawford.

Brook vs. DeLuca
After a layoff of 14 months, Brook returned to the ring on 8 February 2020 to face Mark DeLuca for the vacant WBO Inter-Continental light-middleweight title. Brook was ranked #10 by the WBC while DeLuca was ranked #7 by the WBA at super welterweight. Brook knocked his opponent down in the third round and ultimately won by seventh-round knockout when he connected with a strong left hook.

Return to welterweight

Brook vs. Crawford, Khan
On 14 November 2020, Brook moved back down to the welterweight division and attempted to become a two-time welterweight champion when he faced undefeated Terence Crawford in Paradise, Nevada for his WBO world title. In the fourth round, Crawford caught Brook with a stiff, hard right jab, and the referee administered a standing count to the latter. The fight continued, but Crawford quickly landed a flurry of shots which prompted the referee to step in and halt the contest, making Crawford the winner by fourth-round technical knockout.

On November 29, 2021, It was announced that Brook would face long time rival Amir Khan on February, 19th 2022 at the AO Arena in Manchester, England in a 149 catchweight bout. Brook dominated and battered Khan to score a 6th round TKO.

Retirement

Brook announced his retirement from boxing in May 2022.

Outside of boxing
Brook has been involved in two stabbing incidents, the first in Sheffield in 2007. Secondly, on 4 September 2014, whilst on holiday with his pregnant wife in Tenerife, Brook was stabbed in the leg, in what he said was an unprovoked attack. The incident took place around 2 a.m. local time at Golf del Sur in San Miguel de Abona. A spokeswoman stated that he had lost a lot of blood. There were no immediate arrests. It was later reported that Brook had been stabbed three times in the leg and once in the arm. Brook spoke about the attack whilst in hospital, "I was out enjoying a night out before returning home to the UK when I was the victim of an unprovoked attack. I’m devastated right now after being on such a high having achieved my dream of becoming world champion in Los Angeles last month. This is obviously a major setback. I want to thank everyone for their support and ask for privacy for myself and my family at this time. Make no mistake – I will be back."

Professional boxing record

References

External links

Kell Brook profile at Matchroom Boxing
Kell Brook - Profile, News Archive & Current Rankings at Box.Live

1986 births
English male boxers
Black British sportsmen
Sportspeople from Sheffield
English people of Jamaican descent
Living people
World welterweight boxing champions
International Boxing Federation champions
British Boxing Board of Control champions
Middleweight boxers
Light-middleweight boxers


Wang Sheng may refer to:

Wang Sheng (Han dynasty) ( 94–125), wet nurse of Emperor An of Han
Wang Sheng (general) (1915–2006), Kuomintang general and political figure
Wang Sheng (footballer) (born 1981), Chinese footballer


The Eolica Varna Wind Farm () is a proposed wind power project in Varna, Bulgaria. It will have 30 individual wind turbines with a nominal output of around 2 MW which will deliver up to 60 MW of power, enough to power over 23,940 homes, with a capital investment required of approximately US$120 million.

See also

Plambeck Bulgarian Wind Farm
Kavarna Wind Farm
Murgash Wind Farm

References

Wind farms in Bulgaria
Proposed wind farms in Bulgaria


Buried Country is the name of a documentary film, book, and soundtrack album released in 2000, and a stage show which toured from 2016 to 2018. A prosopography created by Clinton Walker, it tells the story of Australian country music in the Aboriginal community by focussing on the genre's most important stars.

Components
The book Buried Country: The Story of Aboriginal Country Music by Clinton Walker was published by Pluto Press in 2000.

The Film Australia documentary was directed by Andy Nehl, written by Walker, and narrated by Kev Carmody.

The 2-CD set Buried Country: Original Film Soundtrack (Larrikin Records) produced by Walker contains 45 classic and rare tracks featured in the book and film.

Buried Country has also been produced as a touring stage show that had its premiere at the Playhouse in Newcastle, New South Wales in August 2016, starring surviving elders of the tradition and a younger generation of singers and songwriters. It continued to tour the festival circuit until 2018. It featured a rotating cast of the original artists, with backing band the Backtrackers.

Featured artists
1940s-50s
Jimmy Little
Georgia Lee
Vic Sabrino
Herbie Laughton
1960s-70s
Dougie Young
Black Allan Barker
Lionel Rose
Vic Simms
Bobby McLeod
Harry and Wilga Williams
George and Ken Assang
1970s-80s
Gus Williams
Auriel Andrew
Bob Randall
Isaac Yamma
1980s-90s
Roger Knox
Kevin Gunn
 Warren H. Williams
Kev Carmody
Troy Cassar-Daley
Archie Roach
Ruby Hunter
Tiddas
Warumpi Band

References

External links
Official website
YouTube channel
Music Australia Collection Listing for Buried Country: The Story of Aboriginal Country Music by Clinton Walker
Screen Australia Film Listing

2000 non-fiction books
2000 films
Australian country music
Indigenous Australian musicians
Australian documentary films
Books about Australian music
Documentary films about country music and musicians
2000 soundtrack albums
Documentary films about Aboriginal Australians
Documentary film soundtracks


The Lazio regional election of 2000 took place on 16 April 2000.

Francesco Storace (National Alliance) was elected President, defeating incumbent Piero Badaloni (The Democrats).

Results

Elections in Lazio
2000 elections in Italy


The Stara Planina Wind Farm () is a proposed wind power project in Varna, Bulgaria. It will have 30 individual wind turbines with a nominal output of around 2 MW each that will deliver up to 60 MW of power, enough to power over 23,940 homes, with a capital investment required of approximately US$120 million.

References

Proposed wind farms in Bulgaria


Super single may refer to:
 Super single wheels on large trucks, where a single larger wheel and tire substitutes for a pair of adjacent wheels on one hub.
 Formula 450 motorcycle racing, originally called "Super Single" for its use of single cylinder engines


The Dobrin Wind Farm () is a proposed wind power project in Dobrin, Dobrich Province, Bulgaria. It will have 100 individual wind turbines with a nominal output of around 2 MW which will deliver up to 200 MW of power, enough to power over 79,800 homes, with a capital investment required of approximately US$180 million.

See also

Kavarna Wind Farm

References

Buildings and structures in Dobrich Province
Proposed wind farms in Bulgaria


Hydro Power Company Gorna Arda is a Bulgarian company, established in 1999 by the National Electricity Company and the Turkish Ceylan Holding. It is established after the signing of an intergovernmental agreement between Bulgaria and Turkey for a long-term barter. The Turkish side constructs roads and a cascade of hydropower plants in Bulgaria, and Bulgaria exports energy in return.
Three hydro power plants are foreseen to be included in the cascade (Madan, Sarnitsa and Ardino), placed on the upper stream of Arda river. The groundbreaking was made in the end of 1999, planning to finish the construction of the cascade in 2006. Soon after that the project was frozen due to contradictions between the shareholders.
In 2008 the Austrian company EVN expressed its interest in the Gorna Arda project. The company operates on the Bulgarian market since 2005 executing business activities in the field of distribution and trade of electricity in South-Eastern Bulgaria.
On September 2, 2009 the government of the Republic of Bulgaria appointed Hydro Power Company Gorna Arda AD as the investor in the Gorna Arda Cascade. The Council of Ministers approved a letter of support for the realization of the investment project. This letter is not a state guarantee, does not burden the state budget and does not raise any financial obligations for the state. NEK, EVN and Alpine Bau expressed their wish to be shareholders in HEC Gorna Arda. In the beginning of 2010 Аlpine Bau reviewed its business development plans and decided to withdraw from the project. Thus only shareholders in the project left NEK and EVN.
On July 19, 2010 in the Bulgarian Embassy in Vienna, in the presence of the Bulgarian Prime Minister Mr. Boyko Borissov, shareholders agreement for construction and operation of hydro power cascade Gorna Arda was signed. This contract arranged the collaboration base between NEK and EVN. On behalf Bulgaria the document was signed by Krasimir Parvanov, the CEO of NEK EAD, and on behalf of Austria it was signed by Burkhard Hofer, Chairperson of the Board of Directors in EVN.
The establishment of the new company proves the will of EVN and NEK to restore a long time planned project for a hydro power cascade on the upper stream of Arda river in South-Eastern Bulgaria.
At the moment the work is based on the technical redesign. The plan is in the region of Madan, Ardino and Kitnitsa to be constructed plants with total capacity up to 170 MW. Up to 350 GWh per year electricity will come from those plants in the Bulgarian network, this amount covers the electricity needs of over 100 000 households.

This hydro power project is an important step towards using of renewable energy sources in Bulgaria. By 2020 16% of the electricity produced in Bulgaria should be from renewable energy sources. A successful implementation of Gorna Arda project could provide a specific contribution.

Furthermore, the flexible production of energy from hydro power plants will contribute to the stability of the electricity supply in Bulgaria.

EVN and NEK realize the great importance of this project for the Bulgarian economy and population. The preliminary work on the project started in 2010. During the construction period, new job positions will be opened in the region and stable economic impulses for the infrastructure and the tourism will be created.

Hydroelectric power stations in Bulgaria
Proposed renewable energy power stations in Bulgaria
Proposed hydroelectric power stations


Peter Smith, CBE (born 15 May 1942) is a retired British diplomat who was the British Ambassador to Madagascar, the British High Commissioner to Lesotho and in his final position was Governor of the Cayman Islands. He held this position from May 1999 until retirement in May 2002.

References

1942 births
Living people
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Governors of the Cayman Islands
High Commissioners of the United Kingdom to Lesotho
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Madagascar


Daniel Morais Reis (born 12 May 1986) is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as a forward.

Career
Morais Reis joined Allsvenskan club GAIS in the beginning of 2008 from Belo Horizonte club América FC. He and the club agreed on terminating the contract in September 2009.

After the good passage for União Araxá, from Araxá, Brazil, in the first half of 2012, Morais Reis joined with Uberaba Sport, from Uberaba, to play on the Taça Minas championship. Uberaba won the Taça Minas championship for three times. He scored four goals in the three last matches for Uberaba.

References

External links

 Profile at svenskfotboll.se

1986 births
Living people
Brazilian men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
GAIS players
América Futebol Clube (MG) players
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Sweden
Expatriate men's footballers in Sweden


Apraxia of speech (AOS), also called verbal apraxia, is a speech sound disorder affecting an individual's ability to translate conscious speech plans into motor plans, which results in limited and difficult speech ability. By the definition of apraxia, AOS affects volitional (willful or purposeful) movement pattern. However, AOS usually also affects automatic speech.

Individuals with AOS have difficulty connecting speech messages from the brain to the mouth. AOS is a loss of prior speech ability resulting from a brain injury such as a stroke or progressive illness.

Developmental verbal dyspraxia (DVD), also known as childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) and developmental apraxia of speech (DAS), is an inability to utilize motor planning to perform movements necessary for speech during a child's language learning process. Although the causes differ between AOS and DVD, the main characteristics and treatments are similar.

Presentation
Apraxia of speech (AOS) is a neurogenic communication disorder affecting the motor programming system for speech production. Individuals with AOS demonstrate difficulty in speech production, specifically with sequencing and forming sounds. The Levelt model describes the speech production process in the following three consecutive stages: conceptualization, formulation, and articulation. According to the Levelt model, apraxia of speech would fall into the articulation region. The individual does not have a language deficiency, but has difficulty in the production of language in an audible manner. Notably, this difficulty is limited to vocal speech, and does not affect sign-language production. The individual knows exactly what they want to say, but there is a disruption in the part of the brain that sends the signal to the muscle for the specific movement.  Individuals with acquired AOS demonstrate hallmark characteristics of articulation and prosody (rhythm, stress or intonation) errors. Coexisting characteristics may include groping and effortful speech production with self-correction, difficulty initiating speech, abnormal stress, intonation and rhythm errors, and inconsistency with articulation.

Wertz et al., (1984) describe the following five speech characteristics that an individual with apraxia of speech may exhibit:

Effortful trial and error with groping
Groping is when the mouth searches for the position needed to create a sound. When this trial and error process occurs, sounds may be held out longer, repeated or silently voiced. In some cases, someone with AOS may be able to produce certain sounds on their own, easily and unconsciously, but when prompted by another to produce the same sound the patient may grope with their lips, using volitional control (conscious awareness of the attempted speech movements), while struggling to produce the sound.
Self correction of errors
Patients are aware of their speech errors and can attempt to correct themselves. This can involve distorted consonants, vowels, and sound substitutions. People with AOS often have a much greater understanding of speech than they are able to express. This receptive ability allows them to attempt self correction.
Abnormal rhythm, stress and intonation
People with AOS present with prosodic errors which include irregular pitch, rate, and rhythm. This impaired prosody causes their speech to be: too slow or too fast and highly segmented (many pauses). An AOS speaker also stresses syllables incorrectly and in a monotone. As a result, the speech is often described as 'robotic'. When words  are produced in a monotone with equal syllabic stress, a word such as 'tectonic' may sound like 'tec-ton-ic' as opposed to 'tec-TON-ic'. These patterns occur even though the speakers are aware of the prosodic patterns that should be used.
Inconsistent articulation errors on repeated speech productions of the same utterance
When producing the same utterance in different instances, a person with AOS may have difficulty using and maintaining the same articulation that was previously used for that utterance. On some days, people with AOS may have more errors, or seem to "lose" the ability to produce certain sounds for an amount of time. Articulation also becomes more difficult when a word or phrase requires an articulation adjustment, in which the lips and tongue must move in order to shift between sounds. For example, the word "baby" needs less mouth adjustment than the word "dog" requires, since producing "dog" requires two tongue/lips movements to articulate.
Difficulty initiating utterances
Producing utterances becomes a difficult task in patients with AOS, which results in various speech errors. The errors in completing a speech movement gesture may increase as the length of the utterance increases. Since multisyllabic words are difficult, those with AOS use simple syllables and a limited range of consonants and vowels.

Causes
Apraxia of speech can be caused by impairment to parts of the brain that control muscle movement and speech. However, identifying a particular region of the brain in which AOS always occurs has been controversial.  Various patients with damage to left subcortical structures, regions of the insula, and Broca's area have been diagnosed with AOS.  Most commonly it is triggered by vascular lesions, but AOS can also arise due to tumors and trauma.

Acute apraxia of speech
Stroke-associated AOS is the most common form of acquired AOS, making up about 60% of all reported acquired AOS cases. This is one of the several possible disorders that can result from a stroke, but only about 11% of stroke cases involve this disorder. Brain damage to the neural connections, and especially the neural synapses, during the stroke can lead to acquired AOS. Most cases of stroke-associated AOS are minor, but in the most severe cases, all linguistic motor function can be lost and must be relearned. Since most with this form of AOS are at least fifty years old, few fully recover to their previous level of ability to produce speech.

Other disorders and injuries of the brain that can lead to AOS include (traumatic) dementia, progressive neurological disorders, and traumatic brain injury.

Progressive  apraxia of speech
Recent research has established the existence of primary progressive apraxia of speech caused by neuroanatomic motor atrophy. For a long time, this disorder was not distinguished from other motor speech disorders such as dysarthria and in particular primary progressive aphasia. Many studies have been done trying to identify areas in the brain in which this particular disorder occurs or at least to show that it occurs in different areas of the brain than other disorders. One study observed 37 patients with neurodegenerative speech disorders to determine whether or not it is distinguishable from other disorders, and if so where in the brain it can be found. Using speech and language, neurological, neuropsychological and neuroimaging testing, the researchers came to the conclusion that PAS does exist and that it correlates to superior lateral premotor and supplementary motor atrophy. However, because PAS is such a rare and recently discovered disorder, many studies do not have enough subjects to observe to make data entirely conclusive.

Diagnosis
Apraxia of speech can be diagnosed by a speech language pathologist (SLP) through specific exams that measure oral mechanisms of speech. The oral mechanisms exam involves tasks such as pursing lips, blowing, licking lips, elevating the tongue, and also involves an examination of the mouth. A complete exam also involves observation of the patient eating and talking. SLPs do not agree on a specific set of characteristics that make up the apraxia of speech diagnosis, so any of the characteristics from the section above could be used to form a diagnosis. Patients may be asked to perform other daily tasks such as reading, writing, and conversing with others. In situations involving brain damage, an MRI brain scan also helps identify damaged areas of the brain.

A differential diagnosis must be used in order to rule out other similar or alternative disorders. Although disorders such as expressive aphasia, conduction aphasia, and dysarthria involve similar symptoms as apraxia of speech, the disorders must be distinguished in order to correctly treat the patients. While AOS involves the motor planning or processing stage of speech, aphasic disorders can involve other language processes.

According to Ziegler et al., this difficulty in diagnosis derives from the unknown causes and function of the disorder, making it hard to set definite parameters for AOS identification.  Specifically, he explains that oral-facial apraxia, dysarthria, and aphasic phonological impairment are the three distinctly different disorders that cause individuals to display symptoms that are often similar to those of someone with AOS, and that these close relatives must be correctly ruled out by a Speech Language Pathologist before AOS can be given as a diagnosis.  In this way, AOS is a diagnosis of exclusion, and is generally recognized when all other similar speech sound production disorders are eliminated.

Possible co-morbid aphasias
AOS and expressive aphasia (also known as Broca's aphasia) are commonly mistaken as the same disorder mainly because they often occur together in patients. Although both disorders present with symptoms such as a difficulty producing sounds due to damage in the language parts of the brain, they are not the same. The main difference between these disorders lies in the ability to comprehend spoken language; patients with apraxia are able to fully comprehend speech, while patients with aphasia are not always fully able to comprehend others' speech.

Conduction aphasia is another speech disorder that is similar to, but not the same as, apraxia of speech. Although patients with conduction aphasia have full comprehension of speech, as do those with AOS, there are differences between the two disorders. Patients with conduction aphasia are typically able to speak fluently, but they do not have the ability to repeat what they hear.

Similarly, dysarthria, another motor speech disorder, is characterized by difficulty articulating sounds. The difficulty in articulation does not occur due in planning the motor movement, as happens with AOS. Instead, dysarthria is caused by inability in or weakness of the muscles in the mouth, face, and respiratory system.

Management
In cases of acute AOS (stroke), spontaneous recovery may occur, in which previous speech abilities reappear on their own. All other cases of acquired AOS require a form of therapy; however the therapy varies with the individual needs of the patient. Typically, treatment involves one-on-one therapy with a speech language pathologist (SLP). For severe forms of AOS, therapy may involve multiple sessions per week, which is reduced with speech improvement. Another main theme in AOS treatment is the use of repetition in order to achieve a large number of target utterances, or desired speech usages.

There are various treatment techniques for AOS. One technique, called the Linguistic Approach, utilizes the rules for sounds and sequences. This approach focuses on the placement of the mouth in forming speech sounds. Another type of treatment is the Motor-Programming Approach, in which the motor movements necessary for speech are practiced. This technique utilizes a great amount of repetition in order to practice the sequences and transitions that are necessary in between production of sounds.

Research about the treatment of apraxia has revealed four main categories: articulatory-kinematic, rate/rhythm control, intersystemic facilitation/reorganization treatments, and alternative/augmentative communication.
 Articulatory-kinematic treatments almost always require verbal production in order to bring about improvement of speech. One common technique for this is modeling or repetition in order to establish the desired speech behavior. Articulatory-kinematic treatments are based on the importance of patients to improve spatial and temporal aspects of speech production.
 Rate and rhythm control treatments exist to improve errors in patients' timing of speech, a common characteristic of Apraxia. These techniques often include an external source of control like metronomic pacing, for example, in repeated speech productions.
 Intersystemic reorganization/facilitation techniques often involve physical body or limb gestural approaches to improve speech. Gestures are usually combined with verbalization. It is thought that limb gestures may improve the organization of speech production.
 Finally, alternative and augmentative communication approaches to treatment of apraxia are highly individualized for each patient. However, they often involve a "comprehensive communication system" that may include "speech, a communication book aid, a spelling system, a drawing system, a gestural system, technologies, and informed speech partners".

One specific treatment method is referred to as PROMPT. This acronym stands for Prompts for Restructuring Oral Muscular Phonetic Targets, and takes a hands on multidimensional approach at treating speech production disorders. PROMPT therapists integrate physical-sensory, cognitive-linguistic, and social-emotional aspects of motor performance. The main focus is developing language interaction through this tactile-kinetic approach by using touch cues to facilitate the articulatory movements associated with individual phonemes, and eventually words.

One study describes the use of electropalatography (EPG) to treat a patient with severe acquired apraxia of speech.  EPG is a computer-based tool for assessment and treatment of speech motor issues.  The program allows patients to see the placement of articulators during speech production thus aiding them in attempting to correct errors. Originally after two years of speech therapy, the patient exhibited speech motor and production problems including problems with phonation, articulation, and resonance.   This study showed that EPG therapy gave the patient valuable visual feedback to clarify speech movements that had been difficult for the patient to complete when given only auditory feedback.

While many studies are still exploring the various treatment methods, a few suggestions from ASHA for treating apraxia patients include the integration of objective treatment evidence, theoretical rationale, clinical knowledge and experience, and the needs and goals of the patient

History and terminology
The term apraxia was first defined by Hugo Karl Liepmann in 1908 as the "inability to perform voluntary acts despite preserved muscle strength."  In 1969, Frederic L. Darley coined the term "apraxia of speech", replacing Liepmann's original term "apraxia of the glosso-labio-pharyngeal structures."  Paul Broca had also identified this speech disorder in 1861, which he referred to as "aphemia": a disorder involving difficulty of articulation despite having intact language skills and muscular function.

The disorder is currently referred to as "apraxia of speech", but was also formerly termed "verbal dyspraxia". The term apraxia comes from the Greek root "praxis," meaning the performance of action or skilled movement.  Adding the prefix "a", meaning absence, or "dys", meaning abnormal or difficult, to the root "praxis", both function to imply speech difficulties related to movement.

Research
Many researchers are investigating the characteristics of apraxia of speech and the most effective treatment methods. Below are a couple of the recent findings:

Sound Production Treatment:
Articulatory-kinematic treatments have the strongest evidence of their use in treating Acquired Apraxia of Speech. These treatments use the facilitation of movement, positioning, timing, and articulators to improve speech production. Sound Production Treatment (SPT) is an articulatory-kinematic treatment that has received more research than many other methods. It combines modeling, repetition, minimal pair contrast, integral stimulation, articulatory placement cueing, and verbal feedback. It was developed to improve the articulation of targeted sounds in the mid-1990s. SPT shows consistent improvement of trained sounds in trained and untrained words. The best results occur with eight to ten exemplars of the targeted sound to promote generalization to untrained exemplars of trained sounds. In addition, maintenance effects are the strongest with 1–2 months post-treatment with sounds that reached high accuracy during treatment. Therefore, the termination of treatment should not be determined by performance criteria, and not by the number of sessions the client completes, in order to have the greatest long-term effects. While there are many parts of SPT that should receive further investigation, it can be expected that it will improve the production of targeted sounds for speakers with apraxia of Speech.

Repeated Practice & Rate/Rhythm Control Treatments:
Julie Wambaugh's research focuses on clinically applicable treatments for acquired apraxia of speech. She recently published an article examining the effects of repeated practice and rate/rhythm control on sound production accuracy. Wambaugh and colleagues studied the effects of such treatment for 10 individuals with acquired apraxia of speech. The results indicate that repeated practice treatment results in significant improvements in articulation for most clients. In addition, rate/rhythm control helped some clients, but not others. Thus, incorporating repeated practice treatment into therapy would likely help individuals with AOS.

Nuffield Dyspraxia Programme-3 (NDP-3) and Rapid Syllable Transition Treatment (ReST):  A 2018 Cochrane review found that when delivered intensively both the NDP-3 and ReST may effect improvement in word accuracy in 4 - 12-year-old children with CAS.

See also

 Apraxia
 Aphasia
 Conduction aphasia
 Developmental coordination disorder
 Developmental verbal dyspraxia
 Dysarthria
 FOXP2
 KE family
 Origin of speech
 Speech and language impairment

References

External links
 Dysarthria vs. Apraxia: A Comparison

Communication disorders
Stroke
Dementia
Aphasias
Language disorders


Giorgio Gorgone (born 18 August 1976) is an Italian football coach and former player in the role of midfielder, currently serving as the head coach of  club Lucchese.

Playing career
Gorgone made his professional debut in 1994 with Lodigiani and successively left the Roman club in 1998 to join Serie B club Lucchese. He successively had a career in the minor leagues of Italy, up to Serie B level, with Chievo, Cagliari, Pescara and Perugia.

Coaching career
In 2012, after a season as a youth coach for Triestina, Gorgone accepted to join Roberto Stellone as the assistant coach of Frosinone. He successively followed Stellone on his coaching endeavours at Bari, Palermo, Ascoli and Arezzo.

In 2021, he returned to Frosinone as a youth coach. In 2023, he took on his first head coaching role at Serie C club Lucchese.

References

External links

1976 births
Living people
Italian men's footballers
AS Lodigiani players
AC ChievoVerona players
Cagliari Calcio players
Delfino Pescara 1936 players
AC Perugia Calcio players
US Triestina Calcio 1918 players
SSD Virtus CiseranoBergamo 1909 players
Men's association football midfielders
Footballers from Rome
Italian football managers
Serie C managers
Lucchese 1905 managers


"When the Lights Go Down" is the fourth single released from American DJ Armand Van Helden's sixth album, Nympho. It features samples from Nick Gilder's song "Rockaway", so he and James McCulloch are given writing credits. The song was released in Australia on September 12, 2005, and reached number 52 on the ARIA Singles Chart. In Europe, the song stalled at number 70 in the United Kingdom but entered the top 10 in Finland, where it reached number eight.

Track listing
UK and Australian CD single
 "When the Lights Go Down" (radio edit)
 "When the Lights Go Down" (original club mix)
 "When the Lights Go Down" (Deepgroove's Dirty House dub remix)
 "When the Lights Go Down" (Backstage Sluts Drama remix)
 "When the Lights Go Down" (Paul Masterson's Subway remix)
 "When the Lights Go Down" (Trophy Twins Digital dub remix)

Charts

Release history

References

2005 singles
2005 songs
Armand Van Helden songs
Shock Records singles
Songs written by Armand Van Helden
Songs written by Nick Gilder


The Kardzhali Hydro Power Plant () is an active hydro power near Kardzhali, southern Bulgaria constructed on the dam of the same name on the river Arda. It has 3 individual turbines with a nominal output of around 36 MW which deliver up to 108 MW of power.

Together with the Ivailovgrad HPP and Studen Kladenets HPP, Kardzhali HPP forms the Dolna Arda Hydro Cascade with total capacity of 276 MW. There is a 65,000,000 euro modernization plan for the three power plants.

External links

References

Hydroelectric power stations in Bulgaria
Buildings and structures in Kardzhali Province
Kardzhali


Robin Hood is a ballad opera by Michael Tippett based on the legend of Robin Hood. Composed in 1934, the score remains unpublished. However, Tippett later used an expanded version of the overture as the finale to his 1948 Suite in D major (For the Birthday of Prince Charles).

Background
During the Great Depression of the 1930s, Tippett was hired to organize the musical life at the Cleveland Work Camps for unemployed miners in North Yorkshire. As part of his work there, he revised and abridged John Gay's  The Beggar's Opera for performances in the church hall next to the Miners' Institute in Boosbeck. Encouraged by its success, he composed a ballad opera of his own, Robin Hood, with a subtext that reflected the difficulties faced by the unemployed miners. At this time in his life Tippett was involved with radical left-wing politics and the libretto reflected these socialist views. Performers in the opera included friends of the composer such as Wilfred Franks, and local miners such as Tom Batterbee. It was first performed in 1934 by the local villagers, miners, and students at the work camps. Although a success both with the participants and the audience, the work bears little resemblance to the composer's mature style, and Tippett would later not allow it to be performed. Nevertheless, some of the songs from the opera were sung again in 2009 at the Station Hotel in Boosbeck and recorded for the BBC Radio 3 Programme Music Matters.

References
Notes

Sources
 Anderson, Don (2008) Program Notes: Nakamatsu Plays Mozart, The Rochester Philharmonic Orchestra. Accessed 31 October 2008.
 Myers, Alan (2004) Sir Michael Tippett (1905 - 1998),  Myers Literary Guide: The North-East (online version first published in 2004 with the Centre for Northern Studies). Accessed 31 October 2008.
 North, John (2009) The Northern Echo, UK, A Snippet Of Tippett
 See also http://ironawecleveland.blogspot.it/2009/11/snippet-of-tippett-2.html

Operas
Operas by Michael Tippett
English-language operas
1934 operas
Depictions of Robin Hood in music
Ballad operas


The Sestrimo Hydro Power Plant is an active hydro power project in the eastern Rila mountains near Sestrimo village, Bulgaria. Water is supplied by the Belmeken Dam to three turbines with a nominal output of around 80 MW which will deliver up to 240 MW of power. It is part of the Belmeken-Chaira-Sestrimo Hydropower Cascade. The same reservoir is used for pumped storage with the Chaira Hydro Power Plant.

References

Hydroelectric power stations in Bulgaria
Buildings and structures in Pazardzhik Province


The Bateshwar hills are situated in the Bhagalpur district, in Bihar state, India. They are located four miles (6 km) south of the town of Kursela. There is an ancient temple to Mahadeva (Shiva and Vishnu) located in the hills.

References

Bteshwar hills  a

Purnia division
Hills of Bihar


The Teshel Hydro Power Plant is an active hydro power project near Teshel, Bulgaria, part of the Dospat-Vacha Hydro Power Cascade. It has 2 individual Francis turbines which will deliver up to 60 MW of power.

External links

References

Hydroelectric power stations in Bulgaria
Buildings and structures in Smolyan Province


Katedral (Swedish; "Cathedral") is the name, or part of the name, of several Swedish language schools in Sweden and Finland, each of which traces its origin to a medieval cathedral school or a 17th-century gymnasium near a cathedral:

Katedralskolan, in Linköping, Sweden
Katedralskolan, in Lund, Sweden
Katedralskolan, in Skara, Sweden
Katedralskolan, in Uppsala, Sweden
Katedralskolan, in Växjö, Sweden
Katedralskolan, in Åbo (Finnish: Turku), Finland

sv:Katedralskolan


Adelolf, Count of Boulogne (died 933), was a younger brother of Arnulf I, Count of Flanders and was given the County of Boulogne by his father.

He was a son of Baldwin II, Count of Flanders, and of Ælfthryth, daughter of Alfred the Great. He was probably named for his maternal great-grandfather, King Æthelwulf of Wessex. Baldwin II's extensive lands and many offices in what is now the north of modern France and the west of Belgium were divided among his sons on his death in 918. The elder, Arnulf, became Count of Flanders while Adelolf succeeded his father as count of Saint-Pol, Count of Boulogne and of Thérouanne. He was also the lay abbot of the Abbey of Saint Bertinus (Saint-Bertin) at Saint-Omer.

In 926 Adelolf was sent as an ambassador to his maternal first cousin King Æthelstan of England by Count Hugh the Great, effective ruler of northern France under Rudolph, Duke of Burgundy, who had been elected king of France in 923. Adelolf was to seek the English king's agreement to a marriage between Hugh and another of Æthelstan's sisters. Among the lavish gifts sent to Æthelstan, an avid collector of relics, were said to be the sword of the Roman Emperor Constantine the Great and the Holy Lance. The embassy was a success and Hugh was married to Æthelstan's half-sister Eadhild. In 933, Æthelstan's half-brother Edwin was drowned and his body cast ashore. Adelolf received the body of his kinsman with honour and took it to the Abbey of Saint Bertin for burial.

Adelolf was the father of Arnulf II, Count of Boulogne († 971), and of an illegitimate son named Baldwin (died 973) who was guardian of Arnulf II, Count of Flanders.
Adelolf died November 13, 933. He was buried at Saint-Bertin.

Notes

References

Year of birth unknown
933 deaths
10th-century French people
Counts of Boulogne
House of Flanders
French people of English descent


The Ligurian regional election of 2000 took place on 16 April 2000.

Sandro Biasotti (an independent close to Forza Italia) was elected president, defeating incumbent Giancarlo Mori (PPI).

Electoral system
Regional elections in Liguria were ruled by the "Tatarella law" (approved in 1995), which provided for a mixed electoral system: four fifths of the regional councilors were elected in provincial constituencies by proportional representation, using the largest remainder method with a droop quota and open lists, while the residual votes and the unassigned seats were grouped into a "single regional constituency", where the whole ratios and the highest remainders were divided with the Hare method among the provincial party lists; one fifth of the council seats instead was reserved for regional lists and assigned with a majoritarian system: the leader of the regional list that scored the highest number of votes was elected to the presidency of the Region while the other candidates were elected regional councilors.

A threshold of 3% had been established for the provincial lists, which, however, could still have entered the regional council if the regional list to which they were connected had scored at least 5% of valid votes.

The panachage was also allowed: the voter can indicate a candidate for the presidency but prefer a provincial list connected to another candidate.

Parties and candidates

Results

References

2000 elections in Italy
Elections in Liguria


Tore Lindbekk (8 April 1933 – 29 September 2017) was a Norwegian sociologist and politician for the Conservative Party.

He was born in Oslo as the son of Odd Lindbäck-Larsen. He graduated as mag.art. in sociology in 1959, was chairman of the Norwegian Students' Society in 1962, and wrote for the Conservative periodical Minerva. In 1969 he was appointed professor of sociology at the University of Trondheim (later merged and renamed the Norwegian University of Science and Technology). He was dean of his institute from 1981 to 1989.

In politics, he was a member of Trondheim city council from 1976 to 1983, and also a member of Sør-Trøndelag county council.

Selected bibliography
This is a list of his most notable works:

Skolesosiologi (1973)
Den populistiske utfordring (1975)
Skilleveier i forskningspolitikk (1983)
Samfunnsteori: fra Marx til Giddens (1996)

References

1933 births
2017 deaths
Norwegian sociologists
University of Oslo alumni
Academic staff of the Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Conservative Party (Norway) politicians
Politicians from Trondheim


James William Reid (May 30, 1859 – October 30, 1933) was a physician and political figure in Nova Scotia, Canada. He represented Hants County in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1911 to 1925 as a Liberal member.

He was born in Musquodoboit, Nova Scotia, the son of Robert Reid and Mary A. Archibald, of United Empire Loyalist descent. He was educated at Dalhousie University and set up practice in Hants County. In 1891, Reid married Mary Falconer. He served on the town council. Reid was also president of the Colchester-Hants Counties Medical Society and of the Hants County Temperance Alliance. He died at Windsor in 1933.

References
 Allison, D & Tuck, CE History of Nova Scotia, Vol. 3 (1916) p. 132-3

1859 births
1933 deaths
Nova Scotia Liberal Party MLAs
Physicians from Nova Scotia


Katedralskola (Swedish; "Cathedral School") is the name, or part of the name, of several Swedish language schools in Sweden and Finland, each of which traces its origin to a medieval cathedral school or a 17th-century gymnasium near a cathedral:

Katedralskolan, in Linköping, Sweden
Katedralskolan, in Lund, Sweden
Katedralskolan, in Skara, Sweden
Katedralskolan, in Uppsala, Sweden
Katedralskolan, in Växjö, Sweden
Katedralskolan, in Åbo (Finnish: Turku), Finland

sv:Katedralskolan


is an EP released by An Cafe on October 29, 2008 in Japan.  The E.P peaked at No. 12 on the Japanese chart.

Track listing

References

An Cafe albums
2008 EPs


First Floor Power is an indie rock band from Sweden. FFP recorded and released their debut EP We Are the People in 2000 on the Swedish label Silence Records. In 2001 their debut album There is Hope was released. Swedish National TV produced a one-hour documentary about the band which focused on the struggle and attempts of the band in its early career. Their sound has been described as a combination of afrobeat and 70s pop music. The band was listed in the "ten albums of the year" in Time Out Magazine.

Jenny Wilson left the band to pursue a solo career after the band's second album.

Discography

Albums
There Is Hope  CD (2001)
Nerves  CD (2003)
Don't Back Down  CD (2008)

Singles/EPs
We Are the People  CDM (2000)
Time Time (EP)  CDM (2000)
Love Will Come Knocking  CDS (2001)
The Covers  7" (2002)
Happy Endings CDM (2003)
The Jacket  12" (2008)

Members
Current
 Karl-Jonas Winqvist
 Sarah Wilson
Per Lager

Past
Jenny Wilson

References

External links
 Myspace

Swedish indie pop groups
Musical groups established in 1997


Payel Sarkar (born 10 February 1982) is an Indian actress who has appeared in Bengali films and Hindi television. On 25 February 2021, she joined the Bharatiya Janata Party.

Political career
Sarkar joined Bharatiya Janata Party in 2021 and is fighting in 2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election from Behala Purba constituency.

Filmography

Television
 Ekdin Pratidin as Diya [2005-2007]
 Love Story  as Shruti opposite to Mishal Raheja [30 April 2007 – 17 January 2008]
 Waqt Batayega Kaun Apna Kaun Paraya as Rudra (Protagonist; also Shamli in her previous birth who was killed by her husband Jayant) [14 April 2008 – 30 October 2008]
 Shakuntala as Rajkumari Gauri [2 February 2009 – 15 May 2009]
 Ladies Special as Pooja Singh [25 May 2009 – 9 December 2009]

Web series

Awards
 Anandalok Award, 2010 Best Actress for Le Chakka
 Kalakar Awards, 2016 Best Actress for Jomer Raja Dilo Bor

References

External links

21st-century Indian actresses
Living people
Actresses from Kolkata
Indian film actresses
Actresses in Bengali cinema
Jadavpur University alumni
Indian television actresses
Bengal Film Journalists' Association Award winners
1978 births
Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from West Bengal
Indian actor-politicians


The 1953 Yenice–Gönen earthquake occurred at 21:06 local time (19:06 UTC on 18 March in the province of Çanakkale and Balıkesir in the Marmara Region at western Turkey. It had a surface wave magnitude of 7.5 and a maximum felt intensity of IX (Violent) on the Mercalli intensity scale. It caused widespread damage, killing 1,070 and causing damage that was estimated at US$3,570,000 repair value.

Tectonic setting
The tectonics of northern and eastern Turkey are dominated by the two strike-slip fault zones that accommodate the west to southwestward movement of the Anatolian Plate relative to the Eurasian Plate and the Arabian Plate as it is effectively being squeezed out by convergence between them. The quake occurred along the Yenice–Gönen Fault, which is a southern extension of the North Anatolian Fault Zone.

Damage and casualties
The quake had a surface wave magnitude of 7.5 and it killed at least 1,070; 998 of those deaths were in Yenice, with another 50 in Gönen, 20 in Çan, and 3 in Manyas. The cost of repair was estimated at US$3,570,000. Several thousand buildings were affected in the Can-Yenice-Gonen area. Damage of intensity VI occurred at Sakarya (Adapazari), Bursa, Edirne, Istanbul and Izmir. The quake was felt throughout the Aegean Islands and in much of mainland Greece, with damage occurring as far away as Crete. Shaking was also recorded in Bulgaria.

Although officials predicted the earthquake would cause only 265 deaths, it multiplied with a death toll seven times the number as expected.

Characteristics
Approximately  of surface faulting occurred, with as much as  of strike-slip (horizontal) faulting was observed by geologists east of Yenice.

Aftermath
The damage caused by this earthquake led to a new national reconstruction law in Turkey. In Greece the damage was severe enough that new building codes were introduced.

Future seismic hazard
Trenching and other fieldwork along the trace of the Yenice–Gönen Fault has identified three earthquakes before the 1953 event, about 1440 AD, between 620 and 1270 AD, and another event of uncertain age. These past events give a mean recurrence interval for large earthquakes of 660±160 years. This indicates that there is no significant current threat from ruptures along this fault zone.

See also
List of earthquakes in 1953
List of earthquakes in Turkey

Notes

Further reading

External links

1953 Yenice
1953 earthquakes
1953 in Turkey
History of Çanakkale Province
History of Balıkesir Province
March 1953 events in Europe
1953 disasters in Turkey
Strike-slip earthquakes


The Belmeken Hydro Power Plant is an active pumped storage hydro power project in the eastern Rila mountains, Bulgaria. It receives its water from the Belmeken Reservoir and has 5 individual turbines with a nominal output of around  which can deliver up to  of power, as well as 2 pumps with an installed capacity of 104 MW. It is part of the Belmeken-Chaira-Sestrimo Hydropower Cascade.

References

Pumped-storage hydroelectric power stations in Bulgaria
Hydroelectric power stations in Bulgaria
Buildings and structures in Pazardzhik Province


The Abbey of Saint Bertin was a Benedictine monastic abbey in Saint-Omer, France. The buildings are now in ruins, which are open to the public. It was initially dedicated to  but was rededicated to its second abbot, . The abbey is known for its Latin cartulary () whose first part is attributed to Folquin.

The abbey was founded on the banks of the Aa in the 7th century by Bishop Audomar of Thérouanne, who is now better known as . He sent the monks Bertin, Momelin, and Ebertram from Sithiu (now St-Omer) to proselytize among the pagans in the region. The abbey soon became one of the most influential monasteries in northern Europe and ranked in importance with Elnon (now St-Amand Abbey) and . Its library included the codex of the Leiden Aratea, from which two copies were made. The Annals of St Bertin are an important source of the history of 9th-century France.

Already in the 9th century, the abbey had a priory in Poperinge. A Romanesque church was constructed in the mid-11th century. It was  high with a  tower. It included a large 14th-century semi-circular sanctuary with five side-chapels. It served as a model for the church, whose construction was not completed until the beginning of the 16th century.

Bishop Herman of Ramsbury was a monk at the abbey from 1055 to 1058, having abandoned his duties but not his title, which he resumed upon his election as bishop of Sherborne. From 1106, the abbey had the right of appointing the priests at Lissewege and Ruiselede. William Clito was buried here in 1128. The abbey had a 'refuge-house' in the now-demolished Sint-Lodewijkscollege in Bruges.

The abbey ceased to flourish after the 13th century, although it survived until its closure during the French Revolution. In 1830, the commune ordered the demolition of the church, though they spared the tower. The buttress they erected to support it is still visible, although the tower itself collapsed in 1947 owing to damage sustained in the shelling of the town during World War II. St-Omer's town hall was constructed with stone removed from the site in 1834.

List of abbots

 638–659 —  Mummolin I
 655–700  — Bertin
 700–??? — Rigobert
 Erlefred
 712 — Erkembode
  — Waimar
 Nantharius I
 Dadbert
 Hardrad
 795–804 — Odland
 804–820 — Nantharius II
 820–834 — Fridugisus
 834–844 — Hugh I
 844–859 — Adalard (first time)
 859–881 — Hugh II
 861–864 — Adalard (second time)
 864–866 — Hunfrid I
 866–878 —
 878–883 — Fulk the Venerable (first time)
 884–892 — Rudolf
 893–900 — Fulk the Venerable (second time)
The following were abbots in commendam:
 900–918 Baldwin II, Margrave of Flanders
 918–933 Adelolf, Count of Boulogne
 933–958 Arnulf I, Count of Flanders
 958–962 Baldwin III, Count of Flanders
 965–987 Arnulf II, Count of Flanders
 944–947 — Gerard I
 947–950 — Guy
 950–954 — Hildebrand (first time)
 954–961 — Ragenold
 961–962 — Adolf
 962–971 — Hildebrand (second time)
 973–984 — Walter I
 985–986 — Trutgaud
 986–1007 — Odbert
 1008–1021 — Hunfrid II
 1021–1043 — Roderic
 1043–1065 — Bovo
 1065–1081 — Heribert
 1081–1095 — John I
 1095–1124 — Lambert
 1124–1131 — John II of Furnes
 1131–1136 — Simon I of Ghent
 1138–1163 —
 1163–1176 — Godescal
 1176–1186 — Simon II
 1186–1230 — John III of Ypres
 1230–1237 — Jacques I of Furnes
 1237–1249 — Simon III of Ghent
 1249–1264 — Gilbert
 1265–1268 — Jacques II
 1268–1271 — Guillaume I d'Oye
 1271–1278 — Jean IV Dubois
 1278–1294 — Walter II Bloc
 1294–1297 — Eustache Gomer
 1297–1311 — Gilles d'Oignies
 1311–1334 — Henri de Coudescure
 1334–1365 —
 1365–1383 —
 1383–1407 — Jacques III de Condète
 1407–1420 — Jean VI de Blicquère
 1420–1425 — Alard Trubert
 1425–1447 — Jean VII de Griboval
 1447–1450 — Jean VIII de Medon
 1450/1–1473 — Guillaume Fillastre
 1473–1492 — Jean IX Launay
 1492–1493 — Jacques IV Duval
 1493–1531 — Antoine I de Berghes
 1531–1544 — Angelbert d'Espagne
 1544–1571 — Gérard II de Haméricourt
 1571–1583 — vacancy
 1583–1603 — Waast de Grenet
 1604–1611 — Nicolas Mainfroy
 1612–1623 — Guillaume III Loemel
 1623–1631 — Philippe Gillocq
 1631–1641 — vacancy
 1641–1650 — Antoine II Laurin
 1650–1674 — François I de Lières
 1674–1677 — François II Boucault
 1677–1705 — Benoît I de Béthune des Plancques
 1706–1723 — Mommelin II Le Riche
 1723–1723 — Guillaume IV Dubois
 1723–1744 — Benoît II Petit Pas
 1744–1763 — Charles de Gherboode d'Espaing
 1764–1774 — Antoine III Clériade de Choiseul-Beaupré
 1774–1791 — Joscio d'Allesnes

References

Saint Bertin
7th-century establishments in Francia
Saint Bertin
Ruins in Hauts-de-France
Burial sites of the House of Normandy
Burial sites of the Herbertien dynasty
Saint-Omer
Monuments historiques of Pas-de-Calais
1830 disestablishments in France


The Chaira Pumped Storage Hydro Power Plant (Chaira PSHPP) was built in the Rila mountains, about  southeast of Bulgaria's capital city, Sofia. Chaira has generating capacity of  and a pumping capacity of . The power plant is equipped with four reversible Francis pump-turbines, each rated at  in the generating mode, and  in pumping mode.
Units 1 and 2 have been in operation since 1995, and at that time Chaira was the largest pumped-storage plant in southeast Europe with the highest head in the world for a single-stage pump turbine ( generating and  pumping). Units 3 and 4 came online in 1999.
The pump-turbines and motor-generators were supplied by Toshiba, and three of them were manufactured under Japanese supervision in Bulgaria. The upper basin for Chaira is formed by the Belmeken Dam which connects to the pumped storage plant by two headrace tunnels with a diameter of  and two penstocks with diameter , reducing to . Outflow from the Belmeken reservoir supplies the Sestrimo Hydro Power Plant

References

Energy infrastructure completed in 1995
1995 establishments in Bulgaria
Hydroelectric power stations in Bulgaria
Buildings and structures in Pazardzhik Province
Pumped-storage hydroelectric power stations in Bulgaria


Jan Inge Sørbø (born 16 September 1954) is a Norwegian philologist, author and poet.

He was born at Bru in Rennesøy municipality in Rogaland, and took the cand.philol. degree in the history of literature at the University of Bergen in 1982. He debuted as a poet in 1986, and has also written novels. He has a background in the media, as journalist in Dagen from 1980 to 1987 and Stavanger Aftenblad from 1987 to 1989, and editor of Syn og Segn from 1993 to 1997. He was appointed professor at the Volda University College in 2001, and has been affiliated with the Ivar Aasen Centre.

References

1954 births
Living people
Norwegian philologists
20th-century Norwegian novelists
21st-century Norwegian novelists
Norwegian essayists
20th-century Norwegian poets
Norwegian male poets
Norwegian biographers
Male biographers
Norwegian journalists
Norwegian editors
University of Bergen alumni
Academic staff of Volda University College
People from Rennesøy
Norwegian male novelists
Male essayists
20th-century essayists
21st-century essayists
20th-century Norwegian male writers
21st-century Norwegian male writers


The Devin Hydro Power Plant is an active hydro power project in Devin, Bulgaria. It has 2 individual turbines with a nominal output of 40 MW which will deliver up to 80 MW of power.

External links

References

Hydroelectric power stations in Bulgaria
Buildings and structures in Smolyan Province


Pristava () is a settlement in the Municipality of Tržič in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia.

References

External links
Pristava on Geopedia

Populated places in the Municipality of Tržič


The Bateshwar Hindu temples (romanised: baṭeśvar; /bəʈeːɕvər/) are a group of nearly 200 sandstone Hindu temples and their ruins in north Madhya Pradesh in post-Gupta, early Gurjara-Pratihara style of North Indian temple architecture. It is about  north of Gwalior and about  east of Morena town. The temples are mostly small and spread over about  site. They are dedicated to Shiva, Vishnu and Shakti - representing the three major traditions within Hinduism. The site is within the Chambal River valley ravines, on the north-western slope of a hill near Padavali known for its major medieval era Vishnu temple. The Bateshwar temples were built between the 8th and the 10th-century. The site is likely named after the Bhuteshvar Temple, the largest Shiva temple at the site. It is also referred to as Batesvar temples site or Batesara temples site.

The temples as they now appear are in many cases reconstructed from the fallen stones in a project begun by the Archaeological Survey of India in 2005. Dacoit Nirbhay Singh Gujjar and his gang helped Archaeological Survey of India restore the temple complex.

According to the Madhya Pradesh Directorate of Archaeology, this group of 200 temples were built during the reign of Gurjara-Pratihara Dynasty. According to Michael Meister, an art historian and a professor specializing in Indian temple architecture, the earliest temples in the Bateshwar group near Gwalior are likely from the 750-800 CE period. Cunningham reports that one of the inscriptions was dated Samvat 1107 or 1050 AD.

The temples were destroyed after the 13th century; it is not clear if this was by an earthquake, or Muslim forces.

Description
The site is mentioned in historical literature as Dharon or Paravali, later as Padavali. The local name for the group of temples is Batesvar or Bateshwar temples.

According to the Cunningham's report of 1882, the site was a "confused assemblage of more than one hundred temples of various sizes, but mostly small". The largest standing temple was of Shiva, wrote Cunningham, and the temple was locally called Bhutesvara. However, to his surprise the temple had a relief of Garuda on top, leading him to speculate that the temple may have been a Vishnu temple before it was damaged and reused. The Bhutesvara temple had a square sanctum with a  side, with a relatively small 20 square feet mahamandapa. The sanctum doorway was flanked by river goddesses Ganga and Yamuna. The tower superstructure was a pyramidal square starting off from a  sided square seated on a flat roof, then rhythmically tapering off.

The standing temples, stated Cunningham, all had sides made from single slabs set upright, above which sat flat roofs then pyramidal top as a part of their architecture. The site had a water tank cut into the hill rock, with rows of small temples arranged to form a street to the tank. Cunningham also reported seeing Shiva linga inside one of the temples, a trimurti statue, a Ganesha, Shiva and Parvati together around this temple. Next to the Shiva temple was a Vishnu temple, about the same size as the Siva temple, again a square sanctum of  side with river goddesses Ganga and Yamuna flanking the doorway on its jambs.

In north-northeast corner of the site was a large platform of about  length and  breadth, with an integrated platform projection of a square with  side. Cunningham speculated that this may have been the largest temple at the Bateshvara site before its destruction, and he noted that not a stone remains near the platform to offer further clues as to what the lost temple was like. Cunningham also noted that one of the small temples to the northwest of the Bhuteshwara temple had a short inscription dated Samvat 1107 (1050 CE), thus establishing the floruit for the site.

The ASI team ruins identification and restoration efforts since 2005 have yielded the following additional information about the site:
Some of the temples had a Nataraja on the kirti-mukha
Reliefs with "exquisite carving" of Lakulisa
Reliefs of Siva holding the hand of Parvati
Reliefs narrating the legend of Kalyana-sundaram, or the marriage of Shiva and Parvati with Vishnu, Brahma and others attending
Small sculptures of women playing the lute, veena or drums in Vishnu temples, suggesting that music profession in pre-11th century India encouraged women to participate as musicians
Amorous couples in various stages of courtship and intimacy (mithuna, kama scenes)
Secular scenes such as men riding elephants, men wrestling, lions
Friezes with narratives from the Bhagavata Purana such as Krishna leela scenes such as Devaki holding baby Krishna who is suckling her breasts in prison that is guarded by a woman; Baby Krishna draining away the life of the demon with poisoned breasts, etc.

According to Gerd Mevissen, the Batesvar temples complex has many interesting lintels, such as one with Navagraha, many with Dashavatara (ten avatars of Vishnu) of the Vaishnavism tradition, frequent display of Saptamatrikas (seven mothers) from the Shaktism tradition. The presence of Navagraha lintel suggests, states Mevissen, that the temple complex must be dated after 600 CE. The diversity of the theological themese at the site suggest that Batesvar (also called Batesara) was once a hub for temple-related arts and artists.

Significance

According to Michael Meister, the Bateshwar site illustrates the conception and construction of "Mandapika shrine" concept in central India. It is reducing the Hindu temple idea to its basics, in a simple concept that is one step further from the single cave cell design. This design has roots in more ancient Hindu temples found in this region such as one that survives at Mahua and has a Sanskrit inscription that calls the design as sila mandapika (literally, a "stone pandal or pavilion". This has vedi-platform roots that combines the traditional square plan with various combinations of Hindu temple architecture elements. The temples explore a square sanctum mounted on a basement platform (jagati) that is rectangular, states Meister, so as to incorporate a small praggriva (porch).

These temples have a "simple pillared wall topped by a broad, flat-edged awning which extends beyond the sanctum to shade the entry as well. The square pillars rest directly on the vedibandha, and are crowned by "leaf capitals, their shafts engraved with decorative medallions. At its best this type has a very individual and decorative quality, still like a wooden or ivory box, intervening bands of meandering foliage especially vital, the whole framed by the flat, deeply shadowed vedibandha mouldings and the crisp chadya (with saw-tooth edge) above", according to Meister. The significance of these temples is that they fuse and experiment with a variety of temple building ideas, such as topping the nagara sikharas that may have been dominant by that time possibly in western India, on the simplest of temple grid plans with more ancient roots in central India.

Modern history

The site was visited and its ruins reported by Alexander Cunningham in 1882 as a "collection of more than 100 temples large and small to the southeast of Paravali Padavali", the latter with a "very fine old temple". Bateshwar was notified by Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) as a protected site in 1920. Limited recovery, standardized temple numbering, ruins isolation with photography, and site conservation effort was initiated during the colonial British era. Several scholars studied the site and included them in their reports. For example, the French archeologist Odette Viennot published a paper in 1968 that included a discussion and photographs of the numbered Batesvar temples.

In 2005, the ASI began an ambitious project to collect all the ruins, reassemble them and restore as many temples as possible, under an initiative led by the ASI Bhopal region's Superintending Archaeologist K.K. Muhammed. Under Muhammed's leadership, some 60 temples were restored. Muhammed has continued to campaign for the site's further restoration and calls it "my place of pilgrimage. I come here once in every three months. I am passionate about this temple complex."

Gallery

See also
Siddhachal Caves
Teli ka Mandir

References

Bibliography

Dehejia, V. (1997). Indian Art. Phaidon: London. .

Harle, J.C., The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent, 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art,

External links

Hindu temples in Madhya Pradesh
Tourist attractions in Morena district


NonStop Clusters (NSC) was an add-on package for SCO UnixWare that allowed creation of fault-tolerant single-system image clusters of machines running UnixWare.  NSC was one of the first commercially available highly available clustering solutions for  commodity hardware.

Description

NSC provided a full single-system image cluster:

Process migrationProcesses started on any node in the cluster could be migrated to any other node.  Migration could be either manual or automatic (for load balancing).
Single process spaceAll processes were visible from all nodes in the cluster.  The standard Unix process management commands (ps, kill and so on) were used for process management.
Single rootAll files and directories were available from all nodes of the cluster
Single I/O spaceAll I/O devices were available from any node in the cluster.  The normal device naming convention was modified to add a node number to all device names.  For example, the second serial port on node 3 would be /dev/tty01h.3.  A partition on a SCSI disk on node 2 might be /dev/rdsk/n2c3b0t4d0s3.
Single IPC spaceThe standard UnixWare IPC mechanisms (shared memory, semaphores, message queues, Unix domain sockets) were all available for communication between processes running on any node.
Cluster virtual IP addressNSC provided a single IP address for access to the cluster from other systems.  Incoming connections were load-balanced between the available cluster nodes.

The NSC system was designed for high availability—all system services were either redundant or would fail-over from one node to another in the advent of a node crash.  The disk subsystem was either accessible from multiple nodes (using a Fibre Channel SAN or dual-ported SCSI) or used cross-node mirroring in a similar fashion to DRBD.

History

NSC was developed for Tandem Computers by Locus Computing Corporation based on their Transparent Network Computing technology.  During the lifetime of the project Locus were acquired by Platinum Technology Inc.  The NSC team and product were then transferred to Tandem.

Initially NSC was developed for the Compaq Integrity XC packaged cluster, consisting of between two and six Compaq ProLiant servers and one or two Compaq ServerNet switches to provide the cluster interconnect inter-node communication path. In this form NSC was commercialized by the Tandem Computers division of Compaq and only supported on qualified hardware from Compaq, and later Fujitsu-Siemens.

In 2000 NSC was modified to allow standard Fast Ethernet and later Gigabit Ethernet switches as the cluster interconnect and commercialized by SCO as UnixWare NonStop Clusters 7.1.1+IP.
This release of NSC was available on commodity PC hardware, although SCO recommended that systems with more than two nodes used the ServerNet interconnect.

After the sale of the SCO Unix business to Caldera Systems it was announced that the long-term goal was to integrate the NSC product into the base UnixWare code
but this was not to be, Caldera Systems ceased distribution of NSC, replacing it by the Reliant HA clustering solution and in May 2001 Compaq announced that it would release a GPLed version of the NSC code, which eventually became OpenSSI.

References

Cluster computing
Internet Protocol based network software
High-availability cluster computing


Arnulf II of Boulogne (died 972) was Count of Boulogne from 964 to 972. He was the son of Count Adelolf of Boulogne. He succeeded as count in 964 after the death of his uncle Arnulf I, who was also Count of Flanders, and held it until his own death. He is the father of Arnulf III, Count of Boulogne, who succeeded him as Count of Boulogne. He is the ancestor of the Godfrey of Bouillon and Baldwin I, Kings of Jerusalem.

972 deaths
10th-century French people
Counts of Boulogne
House of Flanders
Year of birth unknown


Arnulf III of Boulogne (died 990) was a son of Arnulf II, Count of Boulogne. He succeeded his father as Count of Boulogne from 972 to 990.  On his death his lands were divided among his three sons:
Baldwin received Boulogne
Arnulf received Ternois
a third son received Thérouanne.

990 deaths
10th-century French people
Counts of Boulogne
House of Flanders
Year of birth unknown


The A2 road is a long road in Kenya extending from Nairobi to the Ethiopian border.

The northern section of the road, from Isiolo to Moyale, was completely paved in 2016.

Towns

The following towns, listed from north to south, are located along the highway.

 Moyale
 Marsabit
 Isiolo
 Nanyuki
 Thika
 Nairobi

References

Roads in Kenya


The A3 road is a long road in Kenya extending from Thika to the Somali border.

The road is paved all the way to Modika, where it then is unpaved for the remainder of the way to the Somali border.

Towns

The following towns, listed from west to east, are located along the highway.

Thika (intersection with A2 road)
Mwingi
Garissa
Dadaab
Liboi (the last town before the Somalian border)

References

Roads in Kenya


Baldwin II of Boulogne († ) was a son of Arnulf III, Count of Boulogne, whom he succeeded as count of Boulogne.

Life

Baldwin II was the son of Arnulf III, Count of Boulogne and succeeded his father as count circa 990. Both Arnulf III and his father Arnulf II had freed themselves of Flemish rule during the minority of Baldwin IV, Count of Flanders. In 1022 both Baldwin and his son Eustace, along with the counts of Normandy, Valois, and Flanders, met with Robert II, King of France and formed an alliance against Odo II, Count of Blois who was challenging the king's authority. But when Emperor Henry II died in July 1024 the alliance quickly fell apart as King Robert reconciled with count Odo II. In the wake of these changing alliances and for reasons that remain unclear, Baldwin was killed in battle c. 1027 warring with Enguerrand I, Count of Ponthieu, who then wed Baldwin's widow.

Family and issue

He married Adelina of Holland, possibly the daughter of Arnulf, Count of Holland and Lutgardis of Luxemburg. and was the father of:

 Eustace I of Boulogne, who succeeded him.

After Baldwin's death Adelina married secondly, Enguerrand I, Count of Ponthieu.

References

10th-century births
1020s deaths
10th-century French people
11th-century French people
Counts of Boulogne
House of Flanders


Adelina of Holland  ( – ) was possibly a daughter of Arnulf, Count of Holland, and Lutgardis of Luxemburg. She married firstly Baldwin II, Count of Boulogne (with whom she had Eustace I of Boulogne), and secondly Enguerrand I of Ponthieu.

990s births
1040s deaths
10th-century women from the Holy Roman Empire
Nobility of the County of Holland
Women of medieval Luxembourg
Place of birth unknown
Place of death unknown
Medieval Luxembourgian nobility
Medieval Dutch women
11th-century women from the Holy Roman Empire