The 2012 United States presidential election was the 57th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 6, 2012. Incumbent Democratic President Barack Obama and his running mate, incumbent Vice President Joe Biden, were re-elected to a second term. They defeated the Republican ticket of businessman and former Governor Mitt Romney of Massachusetts and Representative Paul Ryan of Wisconsin.

As the incumbent president, Obama secured the Democratic nomination without serious opposition. The Republicans experienced a competitive primary. Romney was consistently competitive in the polls and won the support of many party leaders, but he faced challenges from a number of more conservative contenders. Romney secured his party's nomination in May, defeating former Senator Rick Santorum, former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich, and Texas congressman Ron Paul, among other candidates.

The campaigns focused heavily on domestic issues, and debate centered largely around sound responses to the Great Recession. Other issues included long-term federal budget issues, the future of social insurance programs, and the Affordable Care Act, Obama's marquee legislative program. Foreign policy was also discussed, including the end of the Iraq War in 2011, military spending, the Iranian nuclear program, and appropriate counteractions to terrorism. Romney attacked Obama's domestic policies as ineffective and financially insolvent while Obama's campaign sought to characterize Romney as a plutocratic businessman who was out of touch with the average American.  The campaign was marked by a sharp rise in fundraising, including from nominally independent Super PACs.

Obama defeated Romney, winning a majority of both the Electoral College and the popular vote. Obama won 332 electoral votes and 51.1% of the popular vote compared to Romney's 206 electoral votes and 47.2%. Obama was the first president to ever win a second term with fewer electoral votes and a smaller popular vote percentage. Nonetheless, he was the first president since Ronald Reagan in 1984 to win a majority of the national popular vote more than once, and the first Democrat to do so since Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1944.

Obama did not hold onto Indiana, North Carolina, or Nebraska's 2nd congressional district, but crucially won all 18 "blue wall" states and defeated Romney in other swing states the Republicans had won in 2000 and 2004, most notably Colorado, Florida, Ohio, and Virginia. Ultimately, of the nine swing states identified by The Washington Post in the 2012 election, Obama won eight, losing only North Carolina. This is the most recent presidential election in which the Democratic candidate won the states of Iowa, Ohio, and Florida, along with Maine's 2nd congressional district, the most recent presidential election in which the incumbent president won reelection, and the most recent in which neither major party's ticket included a woman.

This was the last election in which a presidential candidate received above 70% of the vote in any state, with Hawaii for Obama and Utah for Romney.

All four major candidates for president and vice president went on to hold significant public office after this election. Obama served his second term as president, while Biden also served his second term as vice president and initially retired from politics but was later elected president in 2020, defeating the incumbent president (and Obama's successor), Donald Trump. This is the most recent election in which two major party nominees would go on to become president. Romney initially retired from politics and moved to Utah in 2014 but was later elected to the Senate there in 2018, succeeding Orrin Hatch. Ryan served three more terms in the House and eventually became Speaker from 2015 until his retirement from politics in 2019.

State changes to voter registration and electoral rules
In 2011, several state legislatures passed new voting laws, especially pertaining to voter identification, with the stated purpose of combating voter fraud; the laws were attacked, however, by the Democratic Party as attempts to suppress voting among its supporters and to improve the Republican Party's presidential prospects. Florida, Georgia, Ohio, Tennessee, and West Virginia's state legislatures approved measures to shorten early voting periods. Florida and Iowa barred all felons from voting. Kansas, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Wisconsin state legislatures passed laws requiring voters to have government-issued IDs before they could cast their ballots. This meant, typically, that people without driver's licenses or passports had to gain new forms of ID. Former President Bill Clinton denounced them, saying, "There has never been in my lifetime, since we got rid of the poll tax and all the Jim Crow burdens on voting, the determined effort to limit the franchise that we see today". He was referring to Jim Crow laws passed in southern states near the turn of the twentieth century that disenfranchised most blacks from voting and excluded them from the political process for more than six decades. Clinton said the moves would effectively disenfranchise core voter blocs that trend liberal, including college students, Blacks, and Latinos. The Obama campaign fought against the Ohio law, pushing for a petition and statewide referendum to repeal it in time for the 2012 election.

In addition, the Pennsylvania legislature proposed a plan to change its representation in the electoral college from the traditional winner-take-all model to a district-by-district model. As the governorship and both houses of its legislature were Republican-controlled, the move was viewed by some as an attempt to reduce Democratic chances. Ultimately they did not do it, leaving their winner take all format intact as of 2020.

Nominations

Democratic Party nomination

Primaries
With an incumbent president running for re-election against token opposition, the race for the Democratic nomination was largely uneventful. The nomination process consisted of primaries and caucuses, held by the 50 states, as well as Guam, Puerto Rico, Washington, D.C., U.S. Virgin Islands, American Samoa, and Democrats Abroad. Additionally, high-ranking party members known as superdelegates each received one vote in the convention. A few of the primary challengers surpassed the president's vote total in individual counties in several of the seven contested primaries, though none made a significant impact in the delegate count. Running unopposed everywhere else, Obama cemented his status as the Democratic presumptive nominee on April 3, 2012, by securing the minimum number of pledged delegates needed to obtain the nomination.

Candidate

Republican Party nomination

Primaries
Candidates with considerable name recognition who entered the race for the Republican presidential nomination in the early stages of the primary campaign included U.S. Representative and former Libertarian nominee Ron Paul, former Minnesota Governor Tim Pawlenty, who co-chaired John McCain's campaign in 2008, former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney, the runner-up for the nomination in the 2008 cycle, and former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich.

The first debate took place on May 5, 2011, in Greenville, South Carolina, with businessman Herman Cain, former New Mexico Governor Gary Johnson, Ron Paul, Tim Pawlenty, and former Pennsylvania Senator Rick Santorum participating. Another debate took place a month later, with Newt Gingrich, Mitt Romney, former Utah Governor Jon Huntsman, and Minnesota Congresswoman Michele Bachmann participating, and Gary Johnson excluded. A total of thirteen debates were held before the Iowa caucuses.

The first major event of the campaign was the Ames Straw Poll, which took place in Iowa on August 13, 2011. Michele Bachmann won the straw poll (this ultimately proved to be the acme of her campaign). Pawlenty withdrew from the race after a poor showing in the straw poll, as did Thaddeus McCotter, the only candidate among those who qualified for the ballot who was refused entrance into the debate.

It became clear at around this point in the nomination process that while Romney was considered to be the likely nominee by the Republican establishment, a large segment of the conservative primary electorate found him to be too moderate for their political views. As a result, a number of potential "anti-Romney" candidates were put forward, including future President Donald Trump, former Alaska Governor and 2008 vice-presidential nominee Sarah Palin, New Jersey Governor Chris Christie, and Texas Governor Rick Perry, the last of whom decided to run in August 2011. Perry did poorly in the debates, however, and Herman Cain and then Newt Gingrich came to the fore in October and November.

Due to a number of scandals, Cain withdrew just before the end of the year, after having gotten on the ballot in several states. Around the same time, Johnson, who had been able to get into only one other debate, withdrew to seek the Libertarian Party nomination.

For the first time in modern Republican Party history, three different candidates won the first three state contests in January (the Iowa caucuses, the New Hampshire primary, and the South Carolina primary). Although Romney had been expected to win in at least Iowa and New Hampshire, Rick Santorum won the non-binding poll at caucus sites in Iowa by 34 votes, as near as could be determined from the incomplete tally, earning him a declaration as winner by state party leaders, although vote totals were missing from eight precincts. The election of county delegates at the caucuses would eventually lead to Ron Paul earning 22 of the 28 Iowa delegates to the Republican National Convention. Newt Gingrich won South Carolina by a surprisingly large margin, and Romney won only in New Hampshire.

A number of candidates dropped out at this point in the nomination process. Bachmann withdrew after finishing sixth in the Iowa caucuses, Huntsman withdrew after coming in third in New Hampshire, and Perry withdrew when polls showed him drawing low numbers in South Carolina.

Santorum, who had previously run an essentially one-state campaign in Iowa, was able to organize a national campaign after his surprising victory there. He unexpectedly carried three states in a row on February 7 and overtook Romney in nationwide opinion polls, becoming the only candidate in the race to effectively challenge the notion that Romney was the inevitable nominee. However, Romney won all of the other contests between South Carolina and the Super Tuesday primaries, and regained his first-place status in nationwide opinion polls by the end of February.

The Super Tuesday primaries took place on March 6. Romney carried six states, Santorum carried three, and Gingrich won only in his home state of Georgia. Throughout the rest of March, 266 delegates were allocated in 12 events, including the territorial contests and the first local conventions that allocated delegates (Wyoming's county conventions). Santorum won Kansas and three Southern primaries, but he was unable to make any substantial gain on Romney, who became a formidable frontrunner after securing more than half of the delegates allocated in March.

On April 10, Santorum suspended his campaign due to a variety of reasons, such as a low delegate count, unfavorable polls in his home state of Pennsylvania, and his daughter's health, leaving Mitt Romney as the undisputed front-runner for the presidential nomination and allowing Gingrich to claim that he was "the last conservative standing" in the campaign for the nomination. After disappointing results in the April 24 primaries (finishing second in one state, third in three, and fourth in one), Gingrich dropped out on May 2 in a move that was seen as an effective end to the contest for the nomination. After Gingrich's spokesman announced his upcoming withdrawal, the Republican National Committee declared Romney the party's presumptive nominee. Ron Paul officially remained in the race, but he stopped campaigning on May 14 to focus on state conventions.

On May 29, after winning the Texas primary, Romney had received a sufficient number of delegates to clinch the party's nomination with the inclusion of unpledged delegates. After winning the June 5 primaries in California and several other states, Romney had received more than enough pledged delegates to clinch the nomination without counting unpledged delegates, making the June 26 Utah Primary, the last contest of the cycle, purely symbolic. CNN's final delegate estimate, released on July 27, 2012, put Romney at 1,462 pledged delegates and 62 unpledged delegates, for a total estimate of 1,524 delegates. No other candidate had unpledged delegates. The delegate estimates for the other candidates were Santorum at 261 delegates, Paul at 154, Gingrich at 142, Bachmann at 1, Huntsman at 1, and all others at 0.

On August 28, 2012, delegates at the Republican National Convention officially named Romney the party's presidential nominee. Romney formally accepted the delegates' nomination on August 30, 2012.

Candidate

Withdrawn candidates

Third party and other nominations

Four other parties nominated candidates that had ballot access or write-in access to at least 270 electoral votes, the minimum number of votes needed in the 2012 election to win the presidency through a majority of the electoral college.

Libertarian Party

 Gary Johnson, former governor of New Mexico. Vice-presidential nominee: Jim Gray, retired state court judge, from California

Green Party

 Jill Stein, medical doctor from Massachusetts. Vice-presidential nominee: Cheri Honkala, social organizer, from Pennsylvania.

Constitution Party

 Virgil Goode, former Representative from Virginia. Vice-presidential nominee: Jim Clymer from Pennsylvania

Justice Party

 Rocky Anderson, former mayor of Salt Lake City and founding member of the Justice Party, from Utah. Vice-presidential nominee: Luis J. Rodriguez from California.

Candidates gallery

Campaigns

Ballot access

Candidates in bold were on ballots representing 270 electoral votes.

All other candidates were on the ballots of fewer than 10 states, 100 electors, and less than 20% of voters nationwide.

Financing and advertising
The United States presidential election of 2012 broke new records in financing, fundraising, and negative campaigning. Through grassroots campaign contributions, online donations, and Super PACs, Obama and Romney raised a combined total of more than $2 billion. Super PACs constituted nearly one-fourth of the total financing, with most coming from pro-Romney PACs. Obama raised $690 million through online channels, beating his record of $500 million in 2008. Most of the advertising in the 2012 presidential campaign was decidedly negative—80% of Obama's ads and 84% of Romney's ads were negative. The tax-exempt non-profit Americans for Prosperity, a so-called "outside group", that is, a political advocacy group that is not a political action committee or super-PAC, ran a television advertising campaign opposing Obama described by The Washington Post as "early and relentless". Americans for Prosperity spent $8.4 million in swing states on television advertisements denouncing the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 loan guarantee to Solyndra, a manufacturer of solar panels that went bankrupt, an advertising campaign described by The Wall Street Journal in November 2011 as "perhaps the biggest attack on Mr. Obama so far".

Party conventions

 April 18–21, 2012: 2012 Constitution Party National Convention held in Nashville, Tennessee; Virgil Goode won the nomination.
 May 3–6, 2012: 2012 Libertarian National Convention held in Las Vegas, Nevada; Gary Johnson won the nomination.
 July 13–15, 2012: 2012 Green National Convention held in Baltimore, Maryland; Jill Stein won the nomination.
 August 27–30, 2012: 2012 Republican National Convention held in Tampa, Florida; Mitt Romney won the nomination.
 September 3–6, 2012: 2012 Democratic National Convention held in Charlotte, North Carolina; Barack Obama won the nomination.

Presidential debates

The Commission on Presidential Debates held four debates during the last weeks of the campaign: three presidential and one vice-presidential. The major issues debated were the economy and jobs, the federal budget deficit, taxation and spending, the future of Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid, healthcare reform, education, social issues, immigration, and foreign policy.

Debate schedule:

An independent presidential debate featuring minor party candidates took place on Tuesday, October 23 at the Hilton Hotel in Chicago, Illinois. The debate was moderated by Larry King and organized by the Free & Equal Elections Foundation. The participants were Gary Johnson (Libertarian), Jill Stein (Green), Virgil Goode (Constitution), and Rocky Anderson (Justice). A second debate between Stein and Johnson took place on Sunday, November 4, and was moderated by Ralph Nader.

Notable expressions, phrases, and statements
  – In a speech he made at the Conservative Political Action Conference in February 2012, Romney claimed that he had been a "severely conservative Republican governor". Romney's description of his record as "severely conservative" was widely criticized by political commentators as both rhetorically clumsy and factually inaccurate. Later, the phrase "severely conservative" was frequently brought up by Democrats to make fun of Romney's willingness to associate himself with the far-right of the Republican Party as well as his apparent lack of sincerity while doing so. Conservative radio host Rush Limbaugh, who played the clip on his radio show, said: "I have never heard anybody say, 'I'm severely conservative.' "
 You didn't build that – A portion of a statement that Obama made in a July 2012 campaign speech in Roanoke, Virginia. Obama said that businesses depend on government-provided infrastructure to succeed, but critics of his remarks argued that he was underplaying the work of entrepreneurs and giving the government credit for individuals' success. The Romney campaign immediately used the statement in an effort to contrast Romney's economic policies with Obama's and to appeal to small business owners/employees. A major theme of the 2012 Republican National Convention was "We Built It".
 47 percent – An expression Romney used at a private campaign fundraising event, which was secretly recorded and publicly released. At the private event, Romney said that 47 percent of the people would vote for Barack Obama no matter what Romney said or did because those people "...are dependent upon government... I'll never convince them they should take personal responsibility and care for their lives." Ironically, Romney received almost exactly 47% of the vote.
 The 1980s are now calling to ask for their foreign policy back – A portion of a statement that Obama made in an October 2012 debate.  In the debate, Obama was deriding an earlier Romney statement in the campaign that Russia is "without question, our No. 1 geopolitical foe."
 Binders full of women – A phrase that Romney used in the second presidential debate to refer to the long list of female candidates that he considered when choosing his cabinet members as Governor of Massachusetts.
 Horses and bayonets – After Romney said in the third presidential debate that the U.S. Navy was smaller than at any time since 1917, Obama replied, "We have fewer ships than we did in 1916. Well, governor, we also have fewer horses and bayonets, because the nature of our military's changed."
 Shovel-ready jobs – a phrase used to describe some stimulus projects promoted by the administration. During the debate on September 23, 2011, Gary Johnson quipped, "My next-door neighbor's two dogs have created more shovel-ready jobs than this president."
  – A term coined by a blogger in April 2011 and used by Obama late in the campaign to describe Romney's alleged inability to take responsibility for his past statements.
 $10,000 bet – During a Republican debate, Romney facetiously bet Texas governor Rick Perry $10,000 that he (Perry) was wrong about Romney's position on the individual mandate under the Affordable Healthcare Act. The statement was vilified by Democrats as exemplary of Romney being out of touch with working-class and middle-class Americans.
 Romneyshambles – a word used by the British press after Romney criticized British preparations for the 2012 Summer Olympics. The word is a play on omnishambles, and it became a popular hashtag on Twitter. It was subsequently chosen as one of Collins English Dictionary's words of the year.
 Malarkey – a word used by Joe Biden in his debate with Paul Ryan to mean bullshit. Biden later used the word in his own campaign in 2020.

Results

Electoral results
On the day of the election, spread betting firm Spreadex were offering an Obama Electoral College Votes spread of 296–300 to Romney's 239–243. In reality Obama's victory over Romney was far greater, winning 332 electoral votes to Romney's 206. Romney lost all but one of nine battleground states, and received 47 percent of the nationwide popular vote to Obama's 51 percent.

Popular vote totals are from the Federal Election Commission report. The results of the electoral vote were certified by Congress on January 4, 2013.

Results by state
The table below displays the official vote tallies by each state's Electoral College voting method. The source for the results of all states, except those that amended their official results, is the official Federal Election Commission report. The column labeled "Margin" shows Obama's margin of victory over Romney (the margin is negative for every state that Romney won).

Maine and Nebraska each allow for their election results votes to be split between candidates. The winner within each congressional district gets one electoral vote for the district. The winner of the statewide vote gets two additional electoral votes. In the 2012 election, all four of Maine's electoral votes were won by Obama and all five of Nebraska's electoral votes were won by Romney.

Close states

Red denotes states (or congressional districts that contribute an electoral vote) won by Republican Mitt Romney; blue denotes those won by Democrat Barack Obama.

State where the margin of victory was under 1% (29 electoral votes):
 Florida, 0.88% (74,309 votes)

States where the margin of victory was under 5% (46 electoral votes):
 North Carolina, 2.04% (92,004 votes)
 Ohio, 2.98% (166,272 votes)
 Virginia, 3.88% (149,298 votes)

States/districts where the margin of victory was between 5% and 10% (120 electoral votes):
 Colorado, 5.36% (137,858 votes) (tipping point state)
 Pennsylvania, 5.38% (309,840 votes)
 New Hampshire, 5.58% (39,643 votes)
 Iowa, 5.81% (91,927 votes)
 Nevada, 6.68% (67,806 votes)
 Wisconsin, 6.94% (213,019 votes)
 Nebraska's 2nd Congressional District, 7.15% (19,087 votes)
 Minnesota, 7.69% (225,942 votes)
 Georgia, 7.82% (304,861 votes)
 Maine's 2nd Congressional District, 8.56% (28,783 votes)
 Arizona, 9.06% (208,422 votes)
 Missouri, 9.38% (258,644 votes)
 Michigan, 9.50% (449,313 votes)

Statistics

Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Democratic)
 Shannon County, South Dakota 93.39%
 Kalawao County, Hawaii 92.59%
 Bronx County, New York 91.45%
 Washington, D.C. 90.91%
 Petersburg, Virginia 89.79%

Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Republican)
 King County, Texas 95.86%
 Madison County, Idaho 93.29%
 Sterling County, Texas 92.91%
 Franklin County, Idaho 92.77%
 Roberts County, Texas 92.13%

Romney's concession

After the networks called Ohio (the state that was arguably the most critical for Romney, as no Republican had ever won the Presidency without carrying it) for Obama at around 11:15 pm EST on Election Day, Romney was ready to concede the race, but hesitated when Karl Rove strenuously objected on Fox News to the network's decision to make that call. However, after Colorado and Nevada were called for the President (giving Obama enough electoral votes to win even if Ohio were to leave his column), in tandem with Obama's apparent lead in Florida and Virginia (both were eventually called for Obama), Romney acknowledged that he had lost and conceded at around 1:00 am EST on November 7.

Despite public polling showing Romney behind Obama in the swing states of Nevada, Colorado, Iowa, Wisconsin, Ohio, and New Hampshire, tied with Obama in Virginia, and just barely ahead of Obama in Florida, the Romney campaign said they were genuinely surprised by the loss, having believed that public polling was oversampling Democrats. The Romney campaign had already set up a transition website, and had scheduled and purchased a fireworks display to celebrate in case he won the election.

On November 30, 2012, it was revealed that shortly before the election, internal polling done by the Romney campaign had shown Romney ahead in Colorado and New Hampshire, tied in Iowa, and within a few points of Obama in Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, Minnesota, and Ohio. In addition, the Romney campaign had assumed that they would win Florida, North Carolina and Virginia. The polls had made Romney and his campaign team so confident of their victory that Romney did not write a concession speech until Obama's victory was announced.

Reactions

Foreign leaders reacted with both positive and mixed messages. Most world leaders congratulated and praised Barack Obama on his re-election victory. However, Venezuela and some other states had tempered reactions. Pakistan commented that Romney's defeat had made Pakistan-United States relations safer. Stock markets fell noticeably after Obama's re-election, with the Dow Jones Industrial Average, NASDAQ, and the S&P 500 each declining over two percent the day after the election.

All 50 states had a petition on the White House website We The People calling for their state to secede from the union. These petitions were created by individual people, with some gaining thousands of signatures.

Voter demographics

Hispanic vote
The United States has a population of 50 million Hispanic and Latino Americans, 27 million of whom are citizens eligible to vote (13% of total eligible voters). Traditionally, only half of eligible Hispanic voters vote (around 7% of voters); of them, 71% voted for Barack Obama (increasing his percentage of the vote by 5%); therefore, the Hispanic vote was an important factor in Obama's re-election, since the vote difference between the two main parties was only 3.9%

Exit polls were conducted by Edison Research of Somerville, New Jersey, for the National Election Pool, a consortium of ABC News, Associated Press, CBS News, CNN, Fox News, and NBC News.

Analysis
Combined with the re-election victories of Bill Clinton (1996) and George W. Bush (2004), Obama's victory in the 2012 election marked only the second time in American history that three consecutive presidents were each elected to two full terms after the consecutive two-term presidencies of Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and James Monroe ending in 1820, which is the only other time any two-term president succeeded another. This was also the first election since 1928 in which neither of the major candidates had any military experience. Eight years later, Obama's successor, Donald Trump, also ran for his own re-election in 2020, but ultimately defeated by Joe Biden, who served as vice president under Obama.

The 2012 election marked the first time since Franklin D. Roosevelt's last two re-elections in 1940 and 1944 that the incumbent Democratic president won a majority of the popular vote in two consecutive elections. Obama was also the first president of either party to secure a majority of the popular vote in two elections since Ronald Reagan in 1980 and 1984. Obama is the third Democratic president to secure at least 51% of the vote twice, after Andrew Jackson and Franklin D. Roosevelt. Romney won the popular vote in 226 congressional districts making this the first time since 1960 that the winner of the election did not win the popular vote in a majority of the congressional districts.

Romney lost his home state of Massachusetts, becoming the first major party presidential candidate to lose his home state since Democrat Al Gore lost his home state of Tennessee to Republican George W. Bush in the 2000 election. Romney lost his home state by more than 23%, the worst losing margin for a major party candidate since John Frémont in 1856. Even worse than Frémont, Romney failed to win a single county in his home state, something last seen by Theodore Roosevelt in 1912. This was the first time a Republican lost his home state since Richard Nixon in 1968. In addition, since Obama carried Ryan's home state of Wisconsin, the Romney–Ryan ticket was the first major party ticket since the 1972 election to have both of its nominees lose their home states. Romney won the popular vote in every county of three states: Utah, Oklahoma, and West Virginia; Obama did so in four states: Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Hawaii.

Romney's loss prompted the Republican National Committee to try to appeal to the American Latino population by concentrating on different approaches to immigration. These were short-lived due to activity and anger from the Republican base and may have contributed to the selection of Donald Trump as their presidential candidate four years later.

Gary Johnson's popular vote total set a Libertarian Party record, and his popular vote percentage was the second-best showing for a Libertarian in a presidential election, trailing only Ed Clark's in 1980. Johnson would go on to beat this record in the 2016 presidential election, winning the most votes for the Libertarian ticket in history. At the time, Green Party candidate Jill Stein's popular vote total made her the most successful female presidential candidate in a general election in United States history. This was later surpassed by Hillary Clinton in the 2016 election.

Obama's vote total was the fourth most votes received in the history of presidential elections (behind Obama's 2008 victory and both major candidates in 2020) and the most ever for a reelected president. The 2012 election marked the first time since 1988 in which no state was won by a candidate with a plurality of the state's popular vote. Furthermore, it is the only post-World War II presidential election in which no states were won by margins smaller than 30,000 votes. Obama's narrowest victories were in New Hampshire by 39,643 votes, followed by Florida by 74,309 votes. Every other presidential election in modern history has seen states narrowly won by several thousand votes. So far, this is the only presidential election in history where both the Republican and Democratic vice presidential candidates are practicing Roman Catholics. It is also the only presidential election where there are no white Protestants on either major party ticket.

Obama was the fourth of just four presidents in United States history to win re-election with a lower percentage of the electoral vote than in their prior elections, the other three were James Madison in 1812, Woodrow Wilson in 1916 and Franklin Roosevelt in 1940 and 1944. Additionally, Obama was the fifth of only five presidents to win re-election with a smaller percentage of the popular vote than in prior elections, the other four are James Madison in 1812, Andrew Jackson in 1832, Grover Cleveland in 1892, and Franklin Roosevelt in 1940 and 1944.

Maps

Gallery

See also

 Planned presidential transition of Mitt Romney
 2012 United States Senate elections
 2012 United States House of Representatives elections
 2012 United States gubernatorial elections
 Nationwide opinion polling for the 2012 United States presidential election
 Statewide opinion polling for the 2012 United States presidential election
 Timeline of the 2012 United States presidential election
 Second inauguration of Barack Obama

References

Further reading

 Gardner, Liz, et al. "Press Coverage of the 2012 US Presidential Election: A Multinational, Cross-Language Comparison". in Die US-Präsidentschaftswahl 2012 (Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2016). pp 241–267.
 Hansen, Wendy L., Michael S. Rocca, and Brittany Leigh Ortiz. "The effects of Citizens United on corporate spending in the 2012 presidential election". Journal of Politics 77.2 (2015): 535–545. in JSTOR

 Masket, Seth, John Sides, and Lynn Vavreck. "The Ground Game in the 2012 Presidential Election". Political Communication (2015) 33#2 pp: 1-19.
  Scholars explore nominations in the post-public-funding era, digital media and campaigns, television coverage, and the Tea Party.
 Miller, William J., ed. The 2012 Nomination and the Future of the Republican Party: The Internal Battle (Lexington Books; 2013) 265 pages; essays by experts on Romney and each of his main rivals
 Nelson, Michael, ed. The Elections of 2012 (2013) excerpt and text search; topical essays by experts
 Sides, John, and Lynn Vavreck. The Gamble: Choice and Chance in the 2012 Presidential Election (Princeton U.P. 2013) excerpt and text search
 Stempel III, Guido H. and Thomas K. Hargrove, eds. The 21st-Century Voter: Who Votes, How They Vote, and Why They Vote (2 vol. 2015).

External links

 The 9 Swing States of 2012
 2012 Presidential Form 2 Filers at the Federal Election Commission (FEC)
 Election 2012 Presidential Primaries, Caucuses, and Conventions

 2012 Interactive Electoral Map
 Election of 2012 in Counting the Votes

Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign
Barack Obama
Joe Biden
Mitt Romney 2012 presidential campaign
Mitt Romney
Paul Ryan
November 2012 events in the United States


Daniel Wilkinson may refer to:
Dan Wilkinson (born 1973), professional player of American football
Daniel Wilkinson (murderer) (1845–1885), last person to be executed by Maine

See also
Daniel Leech-Wilkinson, musicologist


Jacob G. Rosenberg (1922–2008) was an author and Holocaust survivor.  Rosenberg's poetry and prose have been published in both Australia and overseas.

Life
Jacob G. Rosenberg was born in 1922 in Łódź, Poland and grew up as the youngest member of a working-class family.  After the Germans occupied Poland, he was confined with his parents, two sisters, and their little girls in the Łódź Ghetto until they were sent to Auschwitz.  All of the members of his family – except for himself and his sister, who committed suicide a few days later – were gassed on the day of their arrival.  He remained in Auschwitz for about two months and spent the rest of the war in various other concentration camps.

In May 1945, he was liberated and moved to a Displaced Persons camp in Italy where he met and married Esther Laufer, who was a survivor of eight camps.  He and his wife emigrated to Australia in 1948.  Their only child, Marcia, was born in Melbourne.

Jacob G. Rosenberg died in 2008 in Melbourne, at age 86.

Works
Rosenberg wrote in Yiddish prose and poetry for Yiddish journals Snow in Spring (1984), Wooden Clogs Shod with Snow (1988) and Light - Shadow - Light (1992) but in order to reach a wider audience he switched to English. He wrote collections of poetry and prose but it was his two volumes of memoirs East of Time (2005) and Sunrise West (2007) which won him awards and nominations. He described them as, " ... a personal weave of autobiography, history and imagination".

Reviews
Following Rosenberg's death in 2008 Jason Steger wrote in the Sydney Morning Herald that, "Rosenberg was a unique writer who inspired immense love in readers who delighted in the fable-like quality of his writing, its gentle humour and the depth of his humanity." In the same article Melbourne poet Chris Wallace-Crabbe said, "Rosenberg was a noble soul, 'one who swallowed nobody's easy answers or solutions. His writing salts dignity with wit and unobtrusive learning.'"

The Sydney Morning Herald in its obituary described him as, "...a poet, storyteller and author who lived through one of history's darkest nightmares, and in his writings created a passionate and unique testament. His prize-winning autobiographies, East of Time and Sunrise West, were written in his third language, English."

Selected works
 שניי אין פרילינג : Snow in Spring in Yiddish (1984)
 אין טרעפעס געקאוועטע מיט שניי : Wooden Clogs Shod with Snow  (1988)
 ליכט, שאטן, ליכט : Light-Shadow-Light  (1992)
 My Father's Silence (1994)
 Twilight Whisper (1997)
 Behind the Moon (2000)
 Lives and Embers (2003)
 East of Time (2005)
 Sunrise West  (2007)
 The Hollow Tree  (2008)

Awards

East of Time
2006 Winner New South Wales Premiers Award Douglas Stewart Prize for Non-Fiction
2006 Shortlisted Victorian Premier's Literary Awards — The Nettie Palmer Prize for Non-Fiction
2006 Shortlisted ASAL (Association for the Study of Australian Literature)  Awards — ALS Gold Medal
2006 Shortlisted Festival Awards for Literature (SA) — Award for Innovation in Writing
2007 Winner  National Biography Award 2007

Plus three major state awards

Sunrise West
2008 Winner Adelaide Festival's  Awards for Literature (SA) non-fiction prize
2008 Winner New South Wales Premier's Literary Awards - Community Relations Commission Award
2008 shortlisted New South Wales Premier's Literary Awards —Douglas Stewart Prize for Non-Fiction

References

External links
 Acclaimed author Jacob Rosenberg dies at 86
 Facing Adversity Jacob Rosenberg

1922 births
2008 deaths
Polish emigrants to Australia
Łódź Ghetto inmates
Auschwitz concentration camp survivors
20th-century Australian non-fiction writers
Jewish Australian writers
20th-century Australian poets
Australian male poets
20th-century Australian male writers


The Brookeville Woolen Mill and House is a historic home and woolen mill located in Brookeville, Maryland, in Montgomery County.  The complex consists of two buildings constructed of rubble masonry. The woolen mill is a small one-story structure. South of the mill are two stone worker's houses, one of which is a three-by-two-bay, -story stone house. The house was most likely constructed prior to 1783. The complex may have been built by the Riggs family, who later became well-known bankers and merchants in Washington, D.C.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.

References

External links
"Brookeville Woolen Mill," Maryland State Archives (Biographical Series)
, including photo in 2003, at Maryland Historical Trust website

Houses completed in 1783
Houses in Montgomery County, Maryland
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Maryland
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Maryland
National Register of Historic Places in Montgomery County, Maryland
Woollen mills


is a railway station on the Hakata-Minami Line in Kasuga, Fukuoka, Japan. The station is operated by West Japan Railway Company (JR West).

Lines
The station is served by the Hakata-Minami Line from Hakata Station, and forms the only station on this  line. Hakata-Minami Line services are classed as "Limited express", although many are actually extensions of Sanyō Shinkansen Hikari or Kodama services.

Layout
The station consists of one elevated side platform, located adjacent to Hakata Shinkansen Depot.

History
The station opened on 1 April 1990.

See also
 List of railway stations in Japan

References

External links

 JR West station information

Railway stations in Fukuoka Prefecture
Sanyō Shinkansen
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1990


The Pacification of Tonkin (1886–1896) was a slow and ultimately successful military and political campaign undertaken by the French Empire in the northern portion of Tonkin (modern-day north Vietnam) to reestablish order in the wake of the Tonkin campaign (1883 1886), to entrench a French protectorate in Tonkin, and to suppress Vietnamese anti-French uprising.

Background

Following their conquest of Cochinchina (southern Vietnam) in the 1860s, the French attempted to extend their influence into Tonkin (northern Vietnam). A first, abortive attempt to intervene in Tonkin was made by Francis Garnier in 1873. Nine years later, in April 1882, Henri Rivière seized the citadel of Hanoi, inaugurating the second French intervention. Although Rivière's career ended in disaster a year later, with his defeat and death at the hands of the Black Flag Army at the Battle of Paper Bridge (19 May 1883), Jules Ferry's expansionist government in France sent strong reinforcements to Tonkin to avenge this defeat. Although it would take many years before Tonkin was truly pacified, the second French attempt to subdue Tonkin was ultimately successful.

In August 1883, in the wake of Admiral Amédée Courbet's victory at the Battle of Thuận An, the Vietnamese court at Huế was forced to recognise a French protectorate over both Annam (French protectorate) and Tonkin.  Efforts by the French to entrench their protectorate in Tonkin were complicated by the outbreak of the Sino-French War in August 1884, which tied down large French forces around Hưng Hóa and Lạng Sơn, and later by the Cần Vương uprising in southern Vietnam in July 1885, which required the diversion of French forces from Tonkin to Annam.  When the Sino-French War ended in April 1885, there were 35,000 French troops in Tonkin, but the area of French control was restricted to the Red River Delta. Between April 1885 and April 1886 French troops closed up to the Chinese border, raising the tricolour and establishing customs posts at Lào Cai and other frontier crossings into Yunnan and Guangxi provinces, but large swathes of Tonkinese territory remained under the control of insurgent groups.

The Tonkin campaign, a struggle by France since June 1883 against various opponents, including Vietnamese forces under the command of Prince Hoàng Kế Viêm, Liu Yongfu's Black Flag Army, and finally the Chinese Yunnan and Guangxi Armies, officially came to an end in early 1886. On the recommendation of General Charles-Auguste-Louis Warnet (1828–1913), the commander-in-chief of the Tonkin Expeditionary Corps, Tonkin was declared 'pacified' in April 1886, and this achievement was symbolised by the formal downgrading of the expeditionary corps into a division of occupation under the command of General . This declaration, made for domestic consumption in France, where opposition to French adventures in Tonkin was growing, was purely cosmetic, and concealed the reality of a continuing, low-level insurgency in Tonkin.

Character of the Tonkin insurgency

The Cần Vương insurgency against the French launched in Annam in July 1885 after Hàm Nghi's flight from Huế was portrayed by the insurgents as a patriotic, anti-French, struggle to 'aid the king'. The insurgency in Tonkin was rather more complex.  Many of the insurgents fought for patriotic motives, but others simply wanted to exploit the anarchy that prevailed in much of Tonkin at the end of the Sino-French War. The Chinese armies that had fought the Sino-French War dutifully withdrew from Tonkin in May and June 1885, but their ranks were by then full of Vietnamese volunteers or conscripts, and these men, unpaid for months, were simply disbanded on Tonkinese soil and left to fend for themselves. They kept their weapons and supported themselves by brigandage, in many cases sheltering behind the patriotic rhetoric of the Cần Vương insurgency. The French, although reluctant to admit that any of the 'brigands', 'bandits' and 'pirates' in arms against them had noble motives, were well aware that they were fighting a range of enemies in Tonkin:The reign of the mandarins was now ended, but...the Black Flags and the other professional brigands who had been fighting us were swollen by discharged Chinese soldiers, other soldiers who had deserted with their arms and equipment because they had not been paid, Annamese ne’er-do-wells who preferred pillage to agriculture, and sometimes law-abiding peasants who had been forcibly conscripted.

Liu Yongfu's Black Flag forces continued to harass and fight the French in Tonkin after the end of the Sino-French War.

With support from China, Vietnamese and Chinese freebooters fought against the French in Lạng Sơn in the 1890s. They were labelled "pirates" by the French. The Black Flags and Liu Yongfu in China received requests for assistance from Vietnamese anti-French forces. Pirate Vietnamese and Chinese were supported by China against the French in Tonkin. Women from Tonkin were sold by pirates. Dealers of opium and pirates of Vietnamese and Chinese origin in Tonkin fought against the French Foreign Legion.

The bandits and pirates included Nung among their ranks. By adopting their clothing and hairstyle, it was possible to change identity to Nung for pirate and exile Chinese men. Pirate Chinese and Nung fought against the Meo. The flag pirates who fought the French were located among the Tay.

In 1891 "Goldthwaite's Geographical Magazine, Volumes 1-2" said "FOUR months ago, a band of 500 pirates attacked the French residency at Chobo, in 'l‘onkin. They beheaded the French resident, ransacked and burned the town, and killed many of the people." In 1906 the "Decennial Reports on the Trade, Navigation, Industries, Etc., of the Ports Open to Foreign Commerce in China and Corea, and on the Condition and Development of the Treaty Port Provinces ..., Volume 2" said "Piracy on the Tonkin border was very prevalent in the early years of the decade. Fortified frontier posts were established in 1893 by the Tonkin Customs at the most dangerous passes into China, for the purpose of repressing contraband, the importation of arms and ammunition, and specially the illicit traflic of women, children, and cattle, which the pirates raided in Tonkin and carried beyond the Chinese mountains with impunity. These posts were eventually handed over to the military authorities." In 1894 "Around Tonkin and Siam" said "This, in my view, is too pessimist an estimate of the situation, a remark which also applies to the objection that these new roads facilitate the circulation of pirates. Defective as they may be, these roads must, it seems to me, be of service to cultivation and trade, and, therefore, in the long run to the pacification of the country." In 1893 "The Medical World, Volume 11" said "Captain Hugot, of the Zouaves, was inclose pursuit of the fnmous Thuyet, one of the most redoubtable, ferocious, and cunning of the Black Flag (Annamite pirates) leaders, the man who prepared and executed the ambuscade at Hue. The captain was just about to seize the person of the young pretender Ham-Nghi, whom the Black Flags had recently proclaimed sovereign of Armani, when he was struck by reveral ar rows, discharged by the body-guard of HamNghi. The wounds were all light, scarcely more than scratches, and no evil effect was feared at the time. After a few days, however, in spite of every care, the captain grew weaker, and it became apparent that he was suffering from the effects of arrow poison. He was removed as quickly and as tenderly as possible to Tanh-Hoa, where he died in horrible agony a few days later, in spite of the most scientific treatment and the most assiduous attention."— National Druggist. The 1892 "The Imperial and Asiatic Quarterly Review and Oriental and Colonial Record" said "The French port of Yen Long was surprised by Chinese and Annamite pirates and the troops driven out with loss."

French and insurgent tactics

The terrain of Tonkin was ideal for the hit-and-run tactics used by the insurgents.  In the flat and fertile Delta, the insurgents were able to move much more quickly than the French from village to village along the dykes that separated the flooded rice paddies.  Most Tonkinese villages were encircled with earth walls, ponds and thick bamboo hedges, and were consequently difficult to attack. If a band of insurgents was detected by the French, it could choose either to disperse or to strengthen a village's fortifications and wear the French down by fighting a regular defensive battle.  In the mountainous regions of Upper Tonkin, the insurgents could exploit the scarcity of paths and the difficulties the French faced in supplying their columns to build strong lairs in nearly inaccessible spots.  From these hideouts they would fan out into the surrounding regions, laying ambushes for French detachments.  As the French troops they met were often sick and exhausted, these ambushes were sometimes successful.

To counter these tactics, the French used 'shandy columns' (colonnes panachées), so-called because they normally contained a mix of white and native troops.  Typically, a column would contain legionnaires and marine infantry, supported by companies of Tonkinese riflemen.  To find the bandits, the French had to march into forests on the basis of imprecise and often misleading intelligence.  When they discovered their position, they attacked, but in most cases it had already been abandoned for another.  It was a tiring and frustrating struggle, which was not even interrupted during the stormy heats and the rains of summer.  The soldiers of the Foreign Legion soon learned that it was more merciful to shoot wounded comrades who could not keep up with the marching columns than to leave them to be captured and tortured to death by the bandits.

For several years the French had frustratingly little to show for the enormous military efforts they were making to crush the insurgency.  This was above all due to the duality of the command.  The regional commanders only had military powers, and in all their operations had to obtain the agreement of the native authorities and the residents of the administrative provinces corresponding to their region.  The residents themselves were assisted by merchants who improvised a transport business on which the supply of food and ammunition to the posts depended, and there was no recourse against these entrepreneurs if they failed to fulfil their engagements.  Military action under such conditions could be neither swift nor sure.  The insurgency resumed as soon as the columns had left, and the installation of posts in some important points did not, as had been hoped, win the French control of the country.  Nevertheless, the French did win some successes, and by the end of 1890 the Delta was almost pacified and the insurgent bands had been pushed back into Upper Tonkin.

Progress of the pacification

Beyond the Delta, however, the French had much less to show for their efforts.  Their first major victory against the insurgents, at Ba Dinh in January 1887, owed more to the folly of the Vietnamese commander Dinh Cong Trang, who deliberately challenged the French to a set-piece battle near the Annam-Tonkin border, than to the skill of the French high command.  The Vietnamese defeat at Ba Dinh was a disaster for the Cần Vương movement in Annam, and cost the lives of many Vietnamese insurgents, but it did little to lessen the problems that the French faced in Tonkin.

The collapse of the Cần Vương insurgency in Annam at the end of 1888 also did little to alter the state of affairs in Tonkin.  Only two months after the capture of the young Vietnamese emperor Hàm Nghi in October 1888 a French column of 800 men under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Borgnis-Desbordes incurred heavy casualties (95 men killed and wounded) driving a strong force of insurgents from the villages of Cho Moi and Cho Chu on the Song Cau River.

Nevertheless, though resistance continued behind their lines, the French were able to widen their zone of occupation slowly but surely.  In western Tonkin, a column under the command of chef de bataillon Bergougnioux advanced up the Clear River and occupied Bac Muc and Vinh Thuy in May 1886.  On 1 September 1887 the French occupied Hà Giang.  A column under Colonel Brissaud penetrated almost as far as the border with Siam and dislodged a Siamese force that had taken advantage of the chaos in Tonkin to cross the frontier and occupy the small town of Dien Bien Phu.

In northern Tonkin Commandant Servière traversed the region between Lạng Sơn and Zhennan Pass at Cua Ai, and protected the operations of the Border Delimitation Commission set up under the Treaty of Tientsin to demarcate the frontier between Vietnam and China.  He dispersed several insurgent bands that had been operating around Lạng Sơn, and established a post at Chi Ma, on the Tonkin-Guangxi border.  In November 1886 a large expedition under the command of General Mensier drove the insurgents from other localities near the Tonkin-Guangxi border and occupied the important frontier town of Cao Bằng.

Considerable progress was also made in eastern Tonkin, a region that had seen little fighting during the Sino-French War and was still almost unexplored by the French.  Between 1886 and 1888 capitaine de vaisseau de Beaumont's naval division hunted down the pirates who still infested Along Bay and most of the Delta coasts and completed the work that Admiral Amédée Courbet had begun in 1884.  The wild country between Lạng Sơn and the Guangdong border that the French had been unable to subdue during the war with China was now tamed by the French occupation of Tien Yen, Ha Coi and Mong Cai.  A vital preliminary to these operations was the completion of the naval survey of the coast of Tonkin by the naval hydrographer La Porte, who took over the work begun in 1883 by Renaud and Rollet de l'Isle.  La Porte's moment of glory came when, as a result of this survey, he personally guided the French gunboats up the narrow river channels to Mong Cai, enabling the French to confront the town's defences with overwhelming strength.  Mong Cai was occupied by the French in December 1886.  La Porte crowned his career by making a general triangulation of Tonkin, from Haiphong to Hưng Hóa and to Phu Lang Thuong, drawing on a series of topographical maps produced since 1883 by military engineering officers.  Finally, a column of 600 soldiers and 400 coolies under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Alphonse Dugenne, the hero of the Bắc Lệ ambush in June 1884, marched along the coastal plain of eastern Tonkin as far as the Chinese border and explored the sparsely-populated and mountainous hinterland running back to Lạng Sơn.  The French completed their penetration of eastern Tonkin in January 1887 by driving insurgent bands from the Pak Lung peninsula, a border region disputed between Vietnam and China.  In July 1887 the peninsula was awarded to China by the Border Delimitation Commission.

A joint political and military solution

The tide finally turned in France's favour in Tonkin with the appointment of Jean-Marie de Lanessan as governor-general of Indochina in 1891. De Lanessan, an able, intelligent and energetic administrator, quickly put in place the administrative structures that would enable the military commanders first to contain and ultimately to master the insurrection.  He reversed the policy of his predecessors, recalling the unwieldy militia units to the Delta and returning control of the mountain region of Tonkin to the military.  He divided Upper Tonkin into four territories, centred respectively on Sept Pagodes, Lạng Sơn, Sơn Tây and Sơn La, and placed each territory under the orders of a military commander who was also entrusted (subject to his own oversight) with the civil powers of a résident supérieur.  This concentration of military and civil power in the hands of a small number of officers was potentially dangerous, but de Lanessan got on well with General Duchemin, the army commander in Tonkin, and was able to ensure that the commands went to the best officers available.  These men included Lieutenant-Colonel Théophile Pennequin, who developed the famous 'oilstain' (tache d'huile) tactics that were eventually to prove so effective in stamping out the insurgency, Colonels Joseph Gallieni and Servière, and chef de bataillon Hubert Lyautey.  De Lanessan was lucky.  Duchemin and his immediate subordinates were among the finest soldiers then serving in France's colonial empire.  Two of them, Joseph Gallieni and Hubert Lyautey, would distinguish themselves in the First World War and end their lives as Marshals of France.

This galaxy of talented administrators and soldiers pursued French aims in Tonkin with a judicious mixture of political and military action.  Political action came first.  De Lanessan and Gallieni agreed that the most important task for the French was to win over the population to their side.  If the ordinary Tonkinese farmers could be persuaded that French rule was preferable to anarchy, they would cooperate with the colonial power.  The insurgents would eventually be isolated, and military victory would then follow as a matter of course.  Accordingly, the French set out to demonstrate the benefits of their rule.  Roads and paths were built to link up the French posts, enabling small French columns to move quickly from place to place.  As it became easier for the French to protect law-abiding villagers from the depredations of the bandits, confidence gradually returned.  Markets and schools were built in the villages, and the conditions were established in which agriculture, industry and commerce could once more flourish.

Seeing that the French were there to stay, and that they were increasingly capable of imposing law and order, the Tonkinese gradually turned against the insurgents.  The French began to receive valuable intelligence on the whereabouts of guerrilla bands.  Eventually, they felt secure enough to form local militia units to protect the villages, at last certain that their rifles would be turned against the bandits rather than against themselves.  At this point the scales tipped decisively against the insurgents.  Once they had lost the sympathy of the local population, they could not hope to win.

With the ground thus prepared politically, the French were able to implement Pennequin's 'oilstain' method with considerable success.  This method involved building a strong barrier of solid posts, judiciously placed, to push back the insurgents little by little, to occupy effectively the conquered terrain, and to establish new posts further forward.  The French did not enter a new troubled region until they had finished with the previous one.  The dispatch of attack columns became the exception, and was used only to achieve a clear objective that could not be achieved by political means.

Gradual collapse of the insurgency
In this way, the French were able between 1891 and 1896 to reduce the final centres of resistance in Tonkin.  In November 1891 they finally secured control of the Dong Trieu massif, a thorn in their side since 1884, and dispersed the Chinese guerrillas who had operated there for so long.  Trouble in the region subsided immediately on the death of the insurgent leader Luu Ky a few months later.  In March 1892 the French destroyed the last bandit concentrations in the Yen The region.  This remote, wooded, mountain fastness between Tuyên Quang and Thái Nguyên had been colonised by guerrilla bands during the war with China and held against the French ever since by the bandit chiefs Ba Phuc, De Nam and De Tham.  Although French troops continued to skirmish with bandits in the Yen The until De Tham's death in 1913, they were no longer a serious threat to law and order.  With the removal of these two running sores, the French were able to scale down their military operations in Tonkin between 1892 and 1896 to a very low level.  The insurgents, once so formidable, were now reduced to kidnapping isolated French and Vietnamese officials and demanding ransoms for their safe return.  They had become a nuisance rather than a threat.  Routine sweeps and patrols by single companies now sufficed to police both the Delta and the mountain regions, and in 1896 it became possible for French politicians to speak of the 'pacification' of Tonkin with genuine conviction.

Frontier security
As internal order was restored, the security of the border with China loomed larger.  The border had long been porous, and Chinese bands took advantage of the weakness of the French frontier garrisons to cross over into Tonkin, plunder as many villages as they could, then retreat back into China before the French could catch up with them.  In 1887 China and France had agreed on the delimitation of the frontier, but this agreement proved to be almost worthless in practice, because the Chinese authorities in the frontier districts actively connived at the activities of the raiders.  Indeed, the raiding bands often consisted of parties of regular soldiers of the Guangxi and Yunnan armies.  Some French commanders, notably Gallieni, raided villages on the Chinese side of the border in retaliation, or conducted 'hot pursuit' operations across the border into China to track down bands of raiders.  Formally, France and China now enjoyed the best of relations, and both the French and Chinese governments turned a blind eye to such incursions.  Frontier security for Tonkin was finally achieved in the closing years of the nineteenth century, after the French lined the border with China with blockhouses and stationed enough soldiers there to deter incursions.

Notes

References
 Fourniau, C., Annam–Tonkin 1885–1896: Lettrés et paysans vietnamiens face à la conquête coloniale (Paris, 1989)
 Fourniau, C., Vietnam: domination coloniale et résistance nationale (Paris, 2002)
 Porch, D., The French Foreign Legion (New York, 1991)
 Sarrat, L., Journal d'un marsouin au Tonkin, 1883–1886 (Paris, 1887)
 Thomazi, A., Histoire militaire de l'Indochine française (Hanoi, 1931)
 Thomazi, A., La conquête de l'Indochine (Paris, 1934)

French conquest of Vietnam
Conflicts in 1886
Conflicts in 1887
Conflicts in 1888
Conflicts in 1889
Conflicts in 1890
Conflicts in 1891
Conflicts in 1892
Conflicts in 1893
Conflicts in 1894
Conflicts in 1895
Conflicts in 1896
French Indochina
Military campaigns involving Vietnam
History of Vietnam
Military history of Vietnam
1886 in Vietnam
1887 in Vietnam
1888 in Vietnam
1889 in Vietnam
1890 in Vietnam
1891 in Vietnam
1892 in Vietnam
1893 in Vietnam
1894 in Vietnam
1895 in Vietnam
1896 in Vietnam
19th century in Vietnam
Wars involving Vietnam


The Edward Beale House is a historic home located at Potomac, Montgomery County, Maryland.  It is a Colonial Revival residence built in 1938, and designed to look like a Pennsylvania farmhouse that has evolved over centuries. The -story house has a modified telescope form composed of stone and frame sections covered with side-gable slate shingle roofs.  It was designed and built by Delaware architects Pope and Kruse.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.

References

External links
, including photo in 1988, at Maryland Historical Trust website

Colonial Revival architecture in Maryland
Houses completed in 1938
Houses in Montgomery County, Maryland
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Maryland
National Register of Historic Places in Montgomery County, Maryland


William Barlow House (or Barlow House) is a historic building in Clackamas County, Oregon, United States.

Barlow House was home to William Barlow, namesake of the city of Barlow and son of Samuel K. Barlow, who built the Barlow Road.  The house is located south of Barlow, between Canby and Aurora on 99E.  It was built in an Italianate style in 1885,
and listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 15, 1977.  It now operates as a privately owned museum and is open by appointment.

References

External links

 Historic Barlow House - Touring information
 Photo of Barlow House taken in 1885

1885 establishments in Oregon
Historic house museums in Oregon
Houses completed in 1885
Houses in Clackamas County, Oregon
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Oregon
Italianate architecture in Oregon
Museums in Clackamas County, Oregon
National Register of Historic Places in Clackamas County, Oregon


This is a list of films which have placed number one at the weekend box office in the Philippines during 2008.

Total Gross

*Local Film

Notes

References
 Note: Click on the relevant weekend to view specifics.

Philippines
Numb
2008


Audley and Bignall End railway station was a station on the North Staffordshire Railway, which operated in the West Midlands county of Staffordshire, in England.

History
The station was opened by the North Staffordshire Railway, then joined the London Midland and Scottish Railway during the Grouping of 1923. That company then closed it eight years later.

The site today

References

Further reading

External links
 Station on navigable O.S. map

Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1880
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1931
Disused railway stations in Staffordshire
Former North Staffordshire Railway stations


Roderick Cook (9 February 1932 – 17 August 1990) was an English playwright, writer, theatre director and actor of stage, television and film. Cook is known for creating, directing and starring in the musical review Oh, Coward! and portraying Count Von Strack in the Oscar-winning film Amadeus.

Career
Cook attended Queens' College, Cambridge, graduating in 1953, and then began his career appearing in plays at London's West End during the 1950s. He made his professional stage debut in 1954 as Feste in Twelfth Night; a production directed by Peter Hall. That same year, he worked under Hall again in the English language premiere of Waiting for Godot by Samuel Beckett at the Arts Theatre, London. He also starred alongside Maggie Smith in the original 1954 production of Listen to the Wind at the Oxford Playhouse. Cook worked with Smith again in the original 1957 production of Share My Lettuce at the Lyric Theatre, Hammersmith. In 1956, Cook worked under Hall's direction as Gaston in the English language premiere of The Waltz of the Toreadors at London's Arts Theatre where he played opposite Hugh Griffith and Beatrix Lehmann. In 1957, he appeared in the ill-fated musical Zuleika at the Saville Theatre.

Cook made his first film appearance in the 1959 British film Idle on Parade. Two years later, he made his first television appearance as a guest star on the series Jango followed by work on the series No Hiding Place. Shortly thereafter, he emigrated to the United States, making his Broadway debut as Lord Neville in the 1961 musical Kean. He returned to Broadway two years later to portray Peter Northbrook in Noël Coward's 1963 musical The Girl Who Came to Supper followed by the role of Edward in the 1964 play Roar Like a Dove. In February 1965, Cook began writing book reviews and poetry for Harper's Magazine. He wrote nineteen entries for the magazine over the next two years, with his last entry appearing in the November 1967 issue. In 1969, Cook returned to Broadway when he replaced Alec McCowen as Fr. William Rolfe in Hadrian the Seventh. That same year, he portrayed the role of Scrivens in the original cast of James Saunders' A Scent of Flowers at the Martinique Theatre.

In the late 1960s, Cook began appearing sporadically in American television appearing on such programmes as the Hallmark Hall of Fame (1967), One Life to Live (1968) and Lotsa Luck (1973). He also appeared in several films during the 1970s including Our Time (1974), The Great Waldo Pepper (1975) and Girlfriends (1978).

On the stage, Cook remained active off-Broadway and in regional theatre productions during the 1970s, but did not appear in a single Broadway show during the decade. His greatest success came from Oh, Coward!, a musical revue that Cook devised himself on the life and works of Noël Coward. The production premiered off-Broadway on 4 October 1972 and was one of the last Noël Coward shows staged during Coward's lifetime. Cook directed and starred in the show which ran for a total of 294 performances. The show then proceeded to tour the United States and Britain over the next several years in London, Los Angeles, Chicago, Washington, D.C., and San Francisco among other cities. His other stage credits during this time include Ernest in Design for Living opposite Maggie Smith at the Ahmanson Theatre and Lincoln Center (1971) and the Devil in Don Juan in Hell at the Alley Theatre (1979). Cook also worked as a director on several productions in the 1970s, including directing Peter O'Toole in both Present Laughter and Uncle Vanya in 1978.

In 1980, Cook returned to Broadway to portray Beverly Carlton in the revival of The Man Who Came to Dinner. For his performance, he received a Drama Desk Award nomination for Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play. That same year he devised a musical revue of the works of William Roy, entitled Special Delivery, that premiered at the Oakland West Dinner Theatre in Lauderdale Lakes, Florida. In 1981, Cook returned to Broadway as Gerald in the 1981 musical Woman of the Year, a role he played for two years. In 1982, he directed Tom Ziegler's The Ninth Step at the Riverwest Theatre in New York City. In 1987, he received a Tony Award nomination for his role in the original Broadway cast of Oh Coward!, a production which he also directed.

During the 1980s, Cook remained active in television with his work consisting of such series as One Life to Live (1983), All My Children (1985), Newhart (1988), Sledge Hammer! (1988), MacGyver (1988), Tattingers (1989) and Tales from the Crypt (aired posthumously in 1992) among others. He also portrayed Count Von Strack in the film Amadeus (1984) and Von Klammer in Garbo Talks (also 1984). His other film credits include Silent Madness (1984), 9½ Weeks (1986), Spellbinder (1988) and A More Perfect Union (1989).

Cook died of a heart attack on 17 August 1990 in Los Angeles.

Filmography

References

Sources
Obituary in the New York Times, August 19, 1990
Biography of Roderick Cook at Music Theatre International
Biography of Roderick Cook at filmreference.com

External links

1932 births
1990 deaths
Alumni of Queens' College, Cambridge
English male film actors
English male stage actors
English male television actors
20th-century English male actors


The John A. Belt Building is a historic commercial building located at 227 East Diamond Avenue in Gaithersburg, Montgomery County, Maryland.

Description and history
It was constructed in 1903, and consists of a two-story rectangular brick building. In the center of the east elevation parapet is raised half-lunette inscribed "1903" and underneath, "J.A. Belt." John A. Belt, was a well known and substantial entrepreneur in Montgomery County in the late 19th and early 20th century.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 9, 1984.

References

External links

, including photo in 1983, at Maryland Historical Trust website

Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Maryland
Commercial buildings completed in 1903
Buildings and structures in Montgomery County, Maryland
National Register of Historic Places in Montgomery County, Maryland
1903 establishments in Maryland


Taryn Davidson (born February 2, 1991) is a Canadian model.

Early life
Davidson is the second eldest of four children, Talia, Lauren, and Sean, and lived her first few years in New Liskeard, before moving to Brooklin, Ontario.

Career
In 2007, she signed with DNA Model Management and ahead of debut she was compared with the supermodels of the 1980s. In September 2007, she debuted at the Calvin Klein show in New York as an exclusive, and in the same month walked as an exclusive for Jil Sander in Milan, leading Models.com to feature Davidson as a "Top 10 Newcomer". Vmagazine.com added her as the third ranked model of Spring 2008.

In 2008, she became the face of "See by Chloé" for fall, replacing Karlie Kloss.

References

External links

1991 births
Living people
Female models from Ontario
People from Ottawa


Sutil Island, formerly known as Gull Island, is a 13-acre rocky islet in the Channel Islands National Park, California, United States. It is named after a ship of the Galiano expedition of 1792. It is located 0.4 miles southwest of Santa Barbara Island. It is 300 feet high. The island is an important wildlife habitat, particularly for seabirds. It is an important nesting site for Brandt's cormorant and the endangered Guadalupe murrelet, and is the only breeding site on the pacific coast of the US for the black storm petrel. It is also home to the island night lizard, which is only found on Sutil, Santa Barbara, San Nicolas and San Clemente islands.

References

Channel Islands National Park
Islands of Southern California
Islands of the Channel Islands of California
Islands of Santa Barbara County, California
Miocene volcanism
Miocene geology
Paleogene California
Uninhabited islands of California
Islands of California


New Again is the fourth studio album by American rock band Taking Back Sunday. When guitarist Fred Mascherino left the group after the Projekt Revolution tour ended in September 2007, band members took a break after years of touring. New Again was recorded in October and November 2008 at several studios in New York and California with David Kahne and Matt Squire as producers. Matthew Fazzi of Facing New York joined Taking Back Sunday in early 2008. He was praised by vocalist Adam Lazzara and the group's manager for incorporating new instruments into the group's sound. Guitarist Eddie Reyes called the album "one of the most aggressive records we've ever written". Towards the end of 2008, the group revealed the album's title, went on a US tour, and made "Carpathia" available for streaming.

Following a European tour in April 2009, the title-track was released as a free download. Later in the month, "Carpathia" was released as a Record Store Day release, and "Sink into Me" was released as a single. After "Everything Must Go" was made available for streaming, the band toured the US in May and June. New Again was released on June 2 through Warner Bros. Records, with several editions of the album featuring bonus tracks and video content. Following the release of the title-track as a single in July, the group had a support slot on Blink-182's North American tour in August and September. The group embarked on a short US tour in October, followed by a co-headlining US tour with The All-American Rejects in November and December. After an appearance at Soundwave festival in Australia in February and March 2010, Fazzi and Rubano left the group; in their place, former members John Nolan and Shaun Cooper returned to the band.

New Again sold 48,000 copies in its first week of release, charting at number 7 on the Billboard 200. It also reached the top 10 on several other Billboard charts. The album also reached the top 40 in Canada and Australia. "Sink into Me" reached the top 40 on the Alternative Songs and Hot Rock Songs charts. New Again received a generally favorable response from critics, who praised the album's sound and Lazzara's vocals despite the latter's own dislike of the record. Subsequently, few songs have been performed live after the release of the band's fifth studio album, Taking Back Sunday. "Everything Must Go,” “Catholic Knees,” and “Lonely, Lonely” have made rare appearances, with no other songs from the album being played.

Background
In June 2007, vocalist Adam Lazzara said Taking Back Sunday were preparing to write the follow-up album to Louder Now (2006). In July, bassist Matthew Rubano mentioned that the other members of the band were in the process of writing individually in separate locations: Rubano in Manhattan, Lazzara in Texas, guitarist Fred Mascherino in Jersey, drummer Mark O'Connell on Long Island and guitarist Eddie Reyes in Ohio. From late July to early September, the band participated in the 2007 Projekt Revolution tour. During the tour, they brought along a mobile recording studio and demoed material, and continued writing for their next album. Plans to do serious writing, as well as record their next album towards the end of the year, were in place.

However, Mascherino left the band following the end of the tour. He said, "It was getting to the point where I felt I had taken the road as long as I possibly could," and his compositions were "more pop than anyone else [in the band] wanted to go". In October, the group revealed that their next album was "in its very early stages". In December, Rubano said the group was in New York City working on new material, having already written six songs. Prior to demoing, O'Connell had to have back surgery, having injured it during the Projekt Revolution tour. During the demoing process, the group tried different drummers, but according to Rubano: "They just weren't Mark. Not enough ferocity, intensity." Following this, the band's members took time to refocus themselves after several years of constant touring. Lazzara sorted his life out following addiction issues, ending his engagement to Chauntelle DuPree of Eisley. He subsequently moved to another town, got married, and had a child. O'Connell also got married, Reyes spent time with his family, and Rubano recorded music for the TV show Electric Company.

In May 2008, it was announced that guitarist Matthew Fazzi, formerly of Facing New York, had joined the band. Reyes, who had met Fazzi during Facing New York's stint on the 2004 Warped Tour, asked him by text whether he wanted to audition for Taking Back Sunday. In a statement, the group called Fazzi "talented and versed in many musical instruments", mentioning that he would be "bring[ing] his unique talent and style to the mix". Rubano was uneasy with Fazzi initially: "He was this very nice, very talented, ambitious, happy guy, and I was like, 'This guy isn't going to last with us, this guy's the wrong fit.'" Around this time, Fazzi and Rubano visited Lazzara in Texas; accompanied by acoustic guitars and a bass, the trio practiced in Lazzara's living room. Here, the trio wrote "New Again" which helped "catapult the energy for the beginning of writing [New Again] forward," according to Rubano. During an appearance at the Virgin Mobile Festival in August 2008, Spin reported that the band was on the brink of entering a recording studio.

Production
In September 2008, the band began recording a new album aiming to release it in early 2009. They initially wanted Eric Valentine as a producer, but according to Lazzara, "the timing didn't work". David Kahne produced the sessions and engineered the overdubs. He aimed to capture the "power and scope" of the band's live performances. The group worked with Kahne because of Fazzi. According to Lazzara, when the band learned he produced Paul McCartney's Memory Almost Full (2007) album, they said, "let's go work with him". Evil Joe Barresi engineered the tracking, with additional production and engineering performed by Jamie Siegel.

Recording was done at Avatar Studios, with Justin Gerrish, and at See Squared Studios in New York City. The majority of the album was recorded in five days. Additional recording took place at J-Rock Studios in New York City, with Anthony Lenoci. "Sink into Me" was recorded at J-Rock Studios, as well as NRG Studios in North Hollywood, California, and The Village in Los Angeles, California. "Where My Mouth Is" was produced by Matt Squire with engineer Bill Appleberry. It was recorded at NRG Studios, with assistance from Casey Lewis, and at The Village, with help from Jared Nugent. Squire also provided additional production and engineering on "Sink into Me".

On October 24, the band mentioned that they had nearly finishing recording the album and would start the mixing process shortly afterwards. On November 6, the band announced they were "still putting the finshing  touches on the album". The recordings were mixed by Tom Lord-Alge with Fernio Hernandez at South Beach Studios in Miami, Florida. Ted Jensen mastered the recordings at Sterling Sound in New York City. In retrospect, Lazzara called Kahne "a good producer," but didn't think he was "the right fit" for the group. He added that what the group aimed to accomplish was "just different than what he had envisioned both sonically and with all of that stuff". Reyes said he was "pre-warned about working with him and I didn't listen to that. ... It was kind of very blank. I think I put my guitar tracks on and then I flew back home and that was it."

Music and lyrics

Overview
An early title for the album was When All Is Said and Done More Is Said Than Done, suggested by Fazzi. The group liked it, however, Fazzi said it was "way too long to fit on a side of a CD". According to Lazzara, the album was given the title New Again because "that's what it feels like. We are in a totally different band, just because there has been this new life breathed into the band with the addition of Matt[hew Fazzi]." The album was written in Williamsburg, Brooklyn. Here, Rubano said the group "stuck out on the street because we were so loud". For the album, the band embraced the concept that "it's up to us to decide what Taking Back Sunday sounds like. We always want to be redefining what that means, and there's stuff on this record I think in the past we would have stayed away from", according to Rubano. Fazzi said the group wanted to "put a new foot forward ... to show people that we're expanding the music". He noted that the song structures and chord patterns were "just a bit stronger and smarter".

According to Lazzara, Fazzi was a major contributor in writing New Again. The band was, "Experimenting ... [with] a lot of different instruments, horns, glockenspiels, there's a flautist on the record. And it's stuff we never would've tried before." Jillian Newman, the group's manager, also mentioned Fazzi's influence: "[Fazzi] brought a really positive, happy energy to the band. A lot of the walls came down during writing. He allowed everybody to try new things." They were able to do three-part vocal harmonies as Rubano was beginning to sing in the band. With New Again, Lazzara considered his lyrics to be "a lot more forward," compared those on earlier songs. Reyes called the album "one of the most aggressive records we've ever written". The album's sound has been described as alternative rock, pop punk, pop rock and post-hardcore, shifting away from the emo sound of their earlier work.

Songs
Rubano had a bassline that, within an hour of playing it, became the track "New Again." After writing it, Fazzi said it was a "no-brainer for an opener". O'Connell called it "powerful" and said it "sets the mood" for the album. One day during rehearsals, Fazzi played a guitar riff, then O'Connell played along, resulting in "Sink into Me." The song begins with cheerleader-esque "hey!"s that Fazzi came up with, as well as handclaps. Lazzara referred to it as a "freight train. ... if you were to stand in front of it, you would get pummeled". Lazzara also mentioned that the music to it was "unlike anything we've ever done before. It's real[ly] upbeat." For "Lonely, Lonely," Lazzara said it was the "first time that we just turned it up to ten and went with it". With this song, Fazzi said the group wanted something "short, to the point and just punishing from start to finish". The song's bridge had been suggested by Fazzi during his audition for the band. Rubano said the track was "a freight train of rock & roll" and was inspired by Queens of the Stone Age. "Summer, Man" was one of the first songs written for New Again. It was composed during the Projekt Revolution tour, and consisted originally of a bridge guitar riff by Reyes. Rubano said it was the band's take on a Beach Boys-esque song, and has been compared to a mix of Weezer and Bush with its power pop chorus sections.

O'Connell came up with "Swing," a song that Rubano said "speaks to what the sound of the band is right now". The power ballad "Where My Mouth Is" was the last song recorded for New Again. According to Lazzara, the lyrics were "the most blatant that I've ever been in a song". The demo for the song was originally acoustic with an organ, mostly instrumental, and ran for 6–7 minutes. Fazzi praised the track, as did Rubano. The song subsequently went through various arrangement changes. The riff for "Cut Me Up Jenny" came from Lazzara: "I was so bored and so lazy, I picked up the guitar and then the [mimics intro guitar riff]. That's where it came from and we made a song out of it." Lazzara described it as "a little choppy" with "a nice groove to it". Fazzi said the track has a "crazy 80s vibe, it's a very different song for Taking Back Sunday", while Rubano said it contained hints of Phoenix and Bloc Party. When "Catholic Knees" existed as a rough idea, Fazzi suggested that the group change the time signature to . Lazzara cited it as an example of Fazzi's influence on the band: "Cause none of us would have thought to [change the time signature]." Reyes compared the track to Queens of the Stone Age and Foo Fighters; the bridge section recalled Glassjaw.

Rubano came up with the main riff for "Capital M-E," which Lazzara called "too easy" after hearing it for the first time, "like it needs something else". Rubano was adamant, saying "work on it, we'll figure it out". While Reyes compared it to Weezer, Rubano compared it to early Taking Back Sunday, in the sense that "it's a very simple song and about the energy you put behind it". Lyrically, it was inspired by a comment Mascherino made during an interview after leaving the band: "[Taking Back Sunday was] more about cooking food than making music." Lazzara said, "it would probably be the first and last time that I'll go in-depth about that subject". "Carpathia" was named after the ship RMS Carpathia, which was the first ship to hear a distress call from the RMS Titanic. With the lyrics, Lazzara said he tried to be "really obvious with it". The track features a bass solo, which was originally suggested by Fazzi and Lazzara. "Everything Must Go" details the split between Lazzara and DuPree. The title originally appeared as a lyric in an early draft of the song. Lazzara called "Didn't See That Coming" "really slow and almost haunting". He said it was a prequel to "Cut Me Up Jenny."

Release and promotion

In November 2008, the band revealed the name of their next album: New Again. Later that month, the band performed a few shows with The (International) Noise Conspiracy in the US. In December, the group went on a tour of the US with Envy on the Coast dubbed Hurray Tour!. On every night of the tour, local acts were added to the lineup. In addition, fans could purchase holiday cards on the tour. The cards contained a code that, upon being entered on a website, would allow them to download "Carpathia". On December 21, "Carpathia" was made available for streaming on YouTube. In addition, it was mentioned that New Again was expected to be released in spring. On March 14, the album's artwork was revealed. In addition, fans could hear snippets of new tracks on the group's website. Three days later, New Again was announced for release. On April 8, the band posted a clip of "Sink into Me" online. Following an appearance at Bamboozle Left in April, the band went on a tour of Europe with Underoath, Emery and Innerpartysystem as part of the Give it a Name festival. On April 17, the album's track listing was revealed, and "New Again" was released as a free download. The band released a 7" vinyl single of "Carpathia," with a live version of "Catholic Knees" as the B-side, on April 18 as part of Record Store Day.

On April 19, "Sink into Me" was made available for streaming, and released via the iTunes Store on April 24. "Catholic Knees (26th St. Shakedown)" served as the single's B-side. The music video for "Sink into Me", which had been filmed in New York with director Travis Kopach in early April, premiered on May 13 on MTV. It features the band covered in black goo, a reference to The X-Files black oil, sinking into a stage. The following day, Rubano revealed that "an entirely acoustic reinterpretation" of New Again was in the works. On May 19, "Everything Must Go" was made available for streaming on the band's Myspace profile. Following an appearance at the Bamboozle Festival, the band toured the US in May and June with Anberlin and Envy on the Coast. With every two tickets purchased for the tour, fans received a digital download copy of New Again. New Again was made available for streaming via the band's Myspace account on May 28, and released on June 2 through major label Warner Bros. Records. People who pre-ordered the limited version of the album received two extra songs: "Didn't See That Coming" and "Catholic Knees (26th St. Shakedown)."

A deluxe edition included a DVD with a making-of feature of the recording process, as well as a track-by-track commentary by the band. The iTunes edition included "Long Time Comin'" and the music video for "Sink into Me" as bonus tracks. In promoting the album, Warner Bros. Senior Vice-President of Marketing Rob Gordon said the promotional campaign would accomplish two objectives: "No. 1 is energizing the fan base. No. 2 is taking this band from the world of ... whatever you want to call it to an arena-rock band," such as the Foo Fighters. To help with the first point, the label worked with Myspace to hold listening sessions aboard the band's tour bus in various cities. The album's release was followed by a European tour in July. "New Again" was released as a single on July 24 with an acoustic version of "Sink into Me" as the B-side. In late July and early August, the band toured the UK with support from Twin Atlantic. In August and September, the band supported Blink-182 on their North American tour and performed at Virgin Mobile FreeFest. "Where My Mouth Is" was released to radio on September 1. In late October, the band went on a brief tour of the US.

In November and December, the band co-headlined a US tour with The All-American Rejects, with support from Anberlin. The Japanese edition of the album was released on December 9 through Warner Music Japan and included "Didn't See That Coming" as a bonus track. In February and March 2010, the band participated in the Soundwave festival in Australia. On this tour, the band performed sideshows with Enter Shikari. After returning home, Rubano sent the rest of the band song ideas, which were ignored: "No responses to like half a dozen songs being sent out. Just, very weird." Following two weeks of no communication with the band, three members of the band and their manager held a conference call with Rubano. During the call, the band stated their intention of continuing without him. Likewise, Fazzi received a call saying that the group were letting him go. On March 29, statements by Fazzi and Rubano announcing their departure from the group were posted on the band's website. Two days later, it was announced that former members guitarist John Nolan and bassist Shaun Cooper had re-joined the band.

Reception

Critical response
New Again received generally favorable reviews from critics, according to review aggregation website Metacritic. AllMusic reviewer Stephen Thomas Erlewine wrote that, like their peers, Taking Back Sunday "gets increasingly poppy as their career winds on". He mentioned that their sound was "brighter and bigger in every regard". Writing for Alternative Press, Scott Heisel praised the record highly, stating that it "leaps forward as the best album of Taking Back Sunday's career to date". He also mentioned it featured "a darker, more menacing vibe". Jason Lipshutz of Billboard said the group "branch[ed] out from its emo roots," sounding "focused" delving into "complex melodies and thematic ideas". Lipshutz said that Lazzara's growth as a songwriter made the album "a brisk, enjoyable outing".

In a review for Entertainment Weekly, author Andy Greenwald said the group were able to "reinvent themselves as mainstreamo shredders" with New Again. Melodic reviewer Tom Spinelli noted that the "more straight forward ... sound" the group were going for could push them "into a more mainstream audience". He mentioned that while a lot of the songs have "a more radio sound on them," it's not done in a "cheesy way". Jon Pareles of The New York Times mentioned Kahne's production as giving the band "a little more gloss". Pareles noted several homages to U2: the guitar work on "New Again" and "Catholic Knees," the keyboard intro to "Where My Mouth Is," as well as Lazzara's "vocal delivery, full of Bono's breathy gulps and open-throated crescendos".

PopMatters Matthew Niner praised Lazzara's voice, calling him "an incredibly versatile vocalist". Niner wrote that the group created "another solid album that cements their reputation as one of the most genuinely affecting and consistent bands in the current scene". Christian Hoard of Rolling Stone wrote that while an "arena-ready polish" features throughout the album, it doesn't help the "forced melodrama," in songs such as "Lonely, Lonely". Spin reviewer David Bevan wrote that album "focuses on roaring arenas as much as on two-timing lovers". He said Lazzara's vocals sounded "more sore- than full-throated, but they still freeze blood for short stretches". Channing Freeman of Sputnikmusic wrote that New Again "places less emphasis on catchy parts and [is] more focused on entire songs".

Commercial performance and legacy
New Again debuted at number seven on the Billboard 200, selling 48,000 copies in its first week in the United States. The album reached number two on the Alternative Albums chart, number five on both the Digital Albums and Top Rock Albums charts and number six on the Tastemaker Albums chart. The album also charted at number 16 on the Canadian Albums Chart, number 31 on the Australian Albums Chart and number 46 on the UK Albums Chart. "Sink into Me" peaked at number 10 on the Alternative Songs chart and number 32 on the Hot Rock Songs chart.

Alternative Press named it album of the year. Fuse.tv's Jason Lipshutz called New Again his least-favorite Taking Back Sunday album. Lipshutz said that there were "moments worth revisiting" on the album, but it was "clearly a transitional outing," attempting to build on the success of Louder Now. In a retrospective piece, Scott Heisel of Alternative Press said Fazzi helped bring "jazz, off-kilter riffs" and "lush textures" to the band, while mentioning the rest of the group provided the "most aggressive songs to date in 'Lonely, Lonely' and 'Swing'."

In 2010, Lazzara answered questions on his Formspring account, commenting that New Again "was a gigantic step backwards" and that he was "not fully satisfied with what we put out". In 2012, Reyes said of New Again: "I didn't like how we had to constantly change producers and the songwriting didn't turn out originally as it was, it just kind of bummed us out a bit." Discussing New Again in 2016, Rubano called the period "the golden time where I was like 'oh, we're doing music, that we all really like, that we can't wait to get out' and things were going pretty good for a little while". However, when the album was released, the "critics seemed to like it, but it didn't really hit [with the public], and then when we started the touring cycle for it there was a very decisive mood turn in a band that already was insanely moody all the time".

The album was released on vinyl in April 2017.

Track listing
All songs written by Taking Back Sunday.

Bonus tracks

Personnel
Personnel per sleeve.

Taking Back Sunday
 Matthew Fazzi – lead guitar, keyboards, backing vocals
 Adam Lazzara – lead vocals
 Mark O'Connell – drums, percussion
 Eddie Reyes – rhythm guitar
 Matthew Rubano – bass guitar, backing vocals

Production
 David Kahne – producer, overdubs engineering
 Evil Joe Barresi – tracking engineering
 Jamie Siegel – additional production, engineering
 Matt Squire – additional production, engineering, producer
 Bill Appleberry – engineering
 Tom Lord-Alge – mixing
 Justin Gerrish – assistant
 Anthony Lenoci – assistant
 Casey Lewis – assistant
 Jared Nugent – assistant
 Femio Hernandez – assistant
 Ted Jensen – mastering
 Brad Filip – art design
 Kurt Iswarienko – band photo

Chart positions

References

Citations

Sources

Taking Back Sunday albums
2009 albums
Albums produced by David Kahne
Albums produced by Matt Squire
Warner Records albums


Johann Heinrich Rudolf Schenck (31 January 1860 – 25 June 1927) was a German botanist who was a native of Siegen. He was a brother to geographer Adolf Schenck (1857–1936).

Heinrich Schenck initially studied natural sciences at the University of Bonn (1879–80), then continued his studies in Berlin under August Wilhelm Eichler (1839–1887) and Simon Schwendener (1829–1919). Later he returned to Bonn as a student of Eduard Strasburger (1844–1912), receiving his doctorate in 1884. In 1889 he became a lecturer in Bonn, and in 1896 relocated to the Polytechnic Institute of Darmstadt, where he was appointed director of the botanical garden.

Schenck undertook important research involving adaptation of water plants to their underwater environment. He also conducted studies on the ecology, morphology and histology of lianas. In 1886-87 he accompanied Andreas Franz Wilhelm Schimper (1856–1901) on a scientific expedition to Brazil, and in 1908 performed botanical investigations in Mexico.

With George Karsten (1863–1937), he was co-author of the botanical journal Vegetationsbilder. In addition, he published information on botanical collections taken from the German Antarctic Expedition of 1901–1903.

Selected writings
 Tropische Nutzpflanzen, 1903 — Tropical crops
 Mittelmeerbäume, 1905 — Mediterranean trees
 Alpine Vegetation, 1908 — Alpine vegetation
 Süd-Kamtschatka, 1932 with Eric Hultén and George Karsten — Southern Kamchatka.
He also made important contributions to Eduard Strasburger's Lehrbuch der Botanik für Hochschulen.

In 1991, botanist J.Javier Ortíz published Schenckochloa is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Poaceae. It only contains one known species, Schenckochloa barbata  from Brazil. The genus is named in honour of Heinrich Schenck.

References

 Nature as the Laboratory by Eugene Cittadino

External links

20th-century German botanists
1860 births
1927 deaths
People from Siegen
19th-century German botanists