Stryper is an American Christian metal band from Orange County, California. The group's lineup consists of Michael Sweet (lead vocals, guitar), Oz Fox (guitar), Perry Richardson (bass guitar), and Robert Sweet (drums).

Formed in 1983 as Roxx Regime, the band soon changed their musical message to reflect their Christian beliefs, and the band's name was also changed to Stryper. They went on to become the first overtly Christian heavy metal band to gain acceptance in the mainstream. In 1983, they signed with major label Enigma Records and released their debut album The Yellow and Black Attack. In the mid-1980s, Stryper enjoyed their most successful period beginning with the release of To Hell with the Devil, which achieved platinum sales status. Stryper went on to release two more gold albums before disbanding in 1993.

In 2003, Stryper came out of retirement for a reunion tour and subsequently signed a multi-album contract with Big3 Records in 2005. In 2013, they signed a multi-album deal with Frontiers Records and have since released Second Coming, which includes 14 re-recorded songs from their first three albums; No More Hell to Pay in 2013; Fallen in 2015; God Damn Evil in 2018; Even the Devil Believes in 2020; and The Final Battle in 2022.

Origin of name
The name "Stryper" derives from the King James Version of the Bible. "But he was wounded for our transgressions, he was bruised for our iniquities:
the chastisement of our peace was upon him; and with his stripes we are healed." The reference is frequently included as part of their logo. Stryper's drummer, Robert Sweet, also created a backronym for their name: "salvation through redemption, yielding peace, encouragement, and righteousness".

History

Foundation and mainstream success (1975–1990)
The Sweet brothers became Christians in 1975, but began to pull away from their faith. The Sweet brothers rejoined the church after their friend Kenny Metcalf (their first tour keyboardist) persuaded them to do so.

Inspired by bands such as Van Halen but distressed by their message, they sought to form a band that would extol their worldview and beliefs. Stryper was originally known as Roxx Regime and was composed of Michael Sweet on lead vocals and lead guitar, Robert Sweet on drums, and Eric Johnson on bass. Oz Fox eventually joined the band, but before he did, a number of guitarists almost joined Roxx Regime, including Doug Aldrich (later of Dio) and C.C. DeVille (later of Poison). The name "Stryper" was adopted when bassist Tim Gaines joined the band though the label urged the band to change its name. The scripture reference, from a passage in Isaiah 53:5, "By His stripes we are healed", became part of the band's logo. Shortly afterward, they released the EP The Yellow and Black Attack on July 21, 1984. During this period, Stryper opened for bands like Ratt and Bon Jovi, leading some fans and critics to claim that they were not a true Christian band. Stryper's first full-length album, Soldiers Under Command, released on May 15, 1985, was the band's first gold record.

Stryper's third album, To Hell with the Devil, was released on October 24, 1986, and went platinum after spending three months on Billboards album charts, eventually selling more than 2 million copies. In addition to being Stryper's most successful record, it was both the first contemporary Christian music and Christian metal album to achieve this feat. The songs "Calling on You", "Free" and "Honestly" were hugely popular MTV hits in 1987—so much so, that "Free" and "Honestly" both became most-requested songs on the show Dial MTV. They were also the second Christian band to get any airplay on MTV, DeGarmo and Key having been the first with their song "Six, Six, Six." "Honestly" is Stryper's highest-charting song, peaking at No. 23 on the Top 40 charts. The album received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Gospel Performance by a Duo or Group, Choir or Chorus. Michael Sweet is the band's primary songwriter.

Bassist Tim Gaines did not participate in the recording of To Hell with the Devil, and for a short period of time prior to the release of the record he was replaced by Matt Hurich. Hurich was not with the band more than a month, although he was outfitted with a yellow and black striped bass and a racing costume. Brad Cobb played bass on the album. However, when the promotional photos for the album were being shot, Gaines returned to the band and subsequently participated in its successful world tour. In 1987, the band headlined the Dynamo Open Air Festival in the Netherlands.

Stryper's fourth album, In God We Trust, released on June 28, 1988, also went gold, and the song "Always There for You" briefly entered the lower levels of the pop charts, peaking at No. 71 despite it being another massive hit on MTV. However, the sound of the album was more pop-oriented than previous releases and a number of critics, as well as Stryper fans, criticized the record for being over-produced. In addition, the image of the band was moving even closer to the glam metal look of the era, giving fans something else to criticize. These factors led to lower sales, and the album spent only five weeks charting on Billboard. The second single and video, "I Believe in You", peaked at No. 88, and a third single "Keep the Fire Burning" failed to chart. As with the previous album, Tim Gaines did not participate in the recording (Brad Cobb once again played bass) but later rejoined the group for another world tour. In God We Trust garnered two GMA Dove Awards for "Hard Music Album" and "Hard Music Song" for the title track.

 Decline, break-up and solo projects (1990–1999)

On August 21, 1990, Stryper released the controversial album Against the Law, which drastically changed the band's image and lyrical message. While their earlier albums all had yellow and black colors in the covers and lyrics speaking of God and salvation, Against the Law featured the band with black leather clothes and had no mention of the word "God" in the lyrics at all. The band's musical sound was also heavier, closer to classic metal. Drummer Robert Sweet said that the change of image and sound was in response to the criticism of the previous album and an attempt to leave behind their glam metal image. The album sold poorly. This was partly due to rumors in the press (both mainstream and Christian) that Stryper's music was trending towards a more mainstream sound as their Christian faith weakened. Fans wondered why they covered Earth Wind & Fire's 1975 song "Shining Star". The video for it would not be a hit on MTV—the first Stryper video that was not. Two other videos followed for "Two Time Woman" and "Lady" which generated minimal airplay. However, many critics still considered the album to be Stryper's best musical production to date.

On July 20, 1991, after being signed to Hollywood Records by label exec Wesley Hein (who had originally signed them to his Enigma Records), Stryper released a greatest hits collection called Can't Stop the Rock, which featured two new songs, one of which was the Gulf War inspired "Believe". The band continued to tour until February 1992, when frontman Michael Sweet departed the band citing artistic differences and to pursue a solo career.

In early 1992, Stryper fulfilled some commitments in Europe as a trio with Oz Fox on lead vocals. Soon after, on May 5, they performed two shows at Knott's Berry Farm in Buena Park, California. They asked Dale Thompson of the Christian metal band Bride to fill in on lead vocals hoping he would join the band. It was during one of the concerts that Robert Sweet unexpectedly announced that Dale Thompson was going to be their new lead singer. This, however, was later denied by Thompson. In early 1993, the band played several more European dates as a trio with their last show on March 27, 1993, in Sportzentrum, Greifensee, Switzerland.

 Reunions & recent works (1999–present)

The former members of Stryper first reunited in 1999, when Michael Sweet and SinDizzy were invited to play at a summer rock festival in Cabo Rojo, Puerto Rico. As an encore, Sweet joined Oz Fox and Tim Gaines on stage and played several Stryper songs. Later, in 2000, the first "Stryper Expo" was held in New Jersey, and for the first time in 8 years, the complete line-up of Stryper took the stage. That same year, a concert at which the four members played together was held in Costa Rica. A second "Stryper Expo" took place in Los Angeles in 2001.

Hollywood Records asked the former members of Stryper to record tracks for a new greatest hits compilation in 2003, 7: The Best of Stryper. The compilation was released with two new songs, "Something" and "For You", marking Stryper's first new music since the early 1990s. A tour followed in support. The band played 36 shows in the United States and finished the tour in San Juan, Puerto Rico. A live album, titled 7 Weeks: Live in America, 2003, was released the following year, and the concert in Puerto Rico was filmed for a live DVD produced and directed by Jack Edward Sawyers. However, that show in Puerto Rico proved to be the last for the original line-up of Stryper until their 2010 reunion. Gaines and the band parted ways in 2004 before they were slated to play Disney's Night of Joy in Orlando. Michael's bassist on his previous solo tours, Tracy Ferrie, replaced him.

Stryper's next album, Reborn, was released on August 16, 2005, and was the band's first full-length CD of original material in 15 years. It was produced by Michael Sweet. The new album received a positive response from fans and critics, some of whom labeled Reborn as one of the best albums of that year. With a more modern sound incorporating aspects of alternative rock and grunge, along with fewer guitar solos, the new record updated their style while keeping the Stryper identity. The record was written by Michael Sweet.

In 2006, the band released the DVD Greatest Hits: Live in Puerto Rico with Music Video Distributors. Stryper was scheduled to open for the thrash metal band Slayer, headlining in Mexico. A few months later, Slayer pulled out of the Mexican tour and cancelled their headline for personal reasons.

In November 2006, Stryper announced new management. They also announced a follow-up to Reborn tentatively due in early to mid 2007. However, that February saw lead singer Michael Sweet postponing the release of the new album two days before its recording was to begin. Sweet's wife Kyle had been diagnosed with stage four ovarian cancer, and the new album was put on hold so that he could care for his family and ailing wife. She underwent surgery and treatment from February 14 to July 14. In April 2008, Kyle announced that her cancer had returned as of October 2007. The new album was in the mixing stage as of January 2008, and Sweet said that it should be released in July or August. Michael Sweet performed with the band Boston in 2007 and was asked to join the band as co-lead vocalist and guitarist and toured with Boston in 2008 with Styx as the opening act. On March 5, 2009, Michael Sweet's wife, Kyle, died from cancer. Murder by Pride was released on July 21, 2009, with the lead single "Peace of Mind" preceding it.

The Covering, a collection of 12 cover songs from bands that inspired Stryper and helped to shape the band's sound and musical identity was on Big3 Records/Sony and was produced by Michael Sweet. Along with the covers, it includes a new, original recording: "God". On September 14, 2010, it was announced that the album's first single, a cover of Black Sabbath's "Heaven and Hell", was available for download on iTunes. The album was released on February 15, 2011.

The band signed a deal with Frontiers Records and released Second Coming on March 25, 2013.

No More Hell to Pay, was completed on May 29, 2013, and was released on November 5 through Frontiers Records. Live at the Whisky, a CD/DVD combination recorded at the Whisky a Go Go, was released in September 2014. Fallen, was released on October 16, 2015.

In September 2016, frontman Michael Sweet announced the band will be going on hiatus due to personal issues affecting bassist Timothy Gaines and that the hiatus would begin once the band has completed the To Hell With the Devil 30th Anniversary Tour. Sweet stated they would not continue without Gaines as the band made a pact to only stay together as they are. During the hiatus, the band members would pray about the direction of the band going forward.

During an interview with Antihero Magazine in November 2016, Michael Sweet revealed that the next Stryper album, which was planned for a February 2017 release, would be put on hold as the band went on hiatus and while he recorded a Sweet & Lynch album. Sweet also stated that bassist Timothy Gaines was taking time away from the band to deal with personal issues. While Sweet disliked the idea of continuing without Gaines, he was open to filling the bass position with the right person if and when it came to that. Gaines then confirmed that he was no longer a member of the band. Following the band's hiatus, they issued a statement informing that Gaines had been fired from the band, and he was removed from the roster on the band's website. Gaines claimed that he had been kicked out of the band after being issued an ultimatum. Perry Richardson was announced as the new bass player on October 30, 2017.

On February 5, 2018, Michael Sweet announced the band's next album, God Damn Evil, which was released April 20, 2018. On February 9, the band released "Take It to the Cross" as a single for the album, featuring Matt Bachand of Shadows Fall.

On September 4, 2020, the band's next album, Even the Devil Believes, was released.

The band's latest album as of April 2023, The Final Battle, was announced on September 22, 2022, and released on October 21, 2022.

 Music and image

During the 1980s, Stryper represented the popular glam metal style of the time, characterized by highly visual performances, twin guitar solos, Michael Sweet's high-pitched, multi-octave screams, and big hair. A characteristic element of the band was that all their outfits, sets, and instruments were painted in yellow and black stripes. The number of the stripes represented in various stage props and costumes increased during the show, leading up to In God We Trust. The band explained the symbolism of the stripes—a direct reference to the whiplash scourges given to Jesus by Pontius Pilate—and draws wording from the King James Version of the Bible's Isaiah 53:5 that relates to the motif of the suffering servant. A trademark of the band's stage act was drummer Robert Sweet's practice of turning his enormous drum kit sideways to the audience so that the crowd could see him playing. This is why Robert was more often called a "visual timekeeper" rather than a drummer.

Apart from its ubiquitous yellow and black stripes, Stryper had other distinctive trademarks. During concerts, Stryper threw Bibles to the concert crowd—editions of the New Testament with the band's logo stickers affixed to them. As a protest against "666" symbols popular among many heavy metal fans of the era, Stryper promoted an alternative numerological symbol; Stryper's trademark use of the "777" symbol subsequently became quite popular among Christian metalheads. Although the number "777" is not actually referenced by the Bible (as opposed to 666, which is famously mentioned in The Book of Revelation as The Number of the Beast) the number "7" is traditionally (in Christian symbolism) associated with divine perfection. The Los Angeles Times reported in 1985 that "the band gets sullen fans of Twisted Sister cheering and poking stubby 'one way' fingers heavenward—a refutation of the double-fingered 'devil horns' salute of many metal groups".

 Legacy

Stryper was the first openly Christian heavy metal band to gain recognition in the mainstream music world. Mark Joseph states, "The Yellow and Black Attack was propelled by the group's success in Japan, which was largely due to an endorsement of the band by famed rock critic Masa Itoh, the man who ruled the Japanese hard rock/metal scene, who many fans looked to for his evaluation of bands. Itoh had heard of Stryper, gotten in touch with their manager Daryn Hinton, and liked what he heard. When he gave the band a positive review in Japan's heavy metal bible Burrn! magazine and played the album on his radio show, Stryper suddenly found themselves at the top of the metal heap in Japan with a record that was outselling Mötley Crüe, Bon Jovi, and every other metal band."

Stryper has not been free of controversy. Many Christian critics did not approve of the group's association with the heavy metal subculture, which has often been associated with Satanic imagery. Other Christian detractors viewed the band's flashy costumes as incongruous with the modesty in dress often associated with sincere practitioners of devout Christianity. Televangelist Jimmy Swaggart was a particularly prominent critic, likening Stryper's practice of distributing the New Testament at their shows to "casting pearls before swine". Swaggart's condemnation may not have been a surprise, however, as Stryper was supported by the rival Jim Bakker ministries, who are thanked on several Stryper albums. A 1985 CCM magazine article by Chris Willman, who was also writing for the Los Angeles Times, stated that "Stryper was the target of scattered picketing, boycott threats, and righteous denunciations". For example, concert-goers were often greeted by protesters armed with bullhorns and distribution of Gospel tracts. "It was just like if Ozzy Osbourne was there. They gave us the same treatment", laughs Daryn Hinton.

In 1990, Rolling Stone magazine reported that the band had become disillusioned with Christian music. This, combined with a notable shift in tone in the band's lyrics, led to Against the Law being banned from many Christian bookstores. The Benson Company, Stryper's sole tie to the Christian market, dropped this album from distribution.

Stryper has sold over 10 million recordings worldwide, and it is estimated that two-thirds of their albums were bought by non-Christians. In 2011, Stryper won the readers choice award for Best Christian / Gospel Artists & Bands. Kim Jones of About.com states, "With 44% of the vote, hard rock legends Stryper beat out all of their competition to be named the best Christian hard rock band, bringing to mind the old adage, 'like a fine wine, some things just get better with age.'"

Ian Christe, author of the heavy metal history book Sound of the Beast: The Complete Headbanging History of Heavy Metal, mentions the album To Hell with the Devil in his book as one of the landmarks of the glam metal movement.

The song "To Hell with the Devil" appears on the Rhino Records release The Heavy Metal Box, a compilation mainly of secular classic metal bands like Iron Maiden, Judas Priest, and Metallica, as well as hair bands like Twisted Sister and Poison.

In his autobiography A Lion's Tale: Around the World in Spandex, professional wrestler Chris Jericho mentions that, as he got into heavy metal music as a teenager, Stryper was one of his favorite bands, and during the very beginning of his wrestling career on the Canadian independent circuit, his ring attire was black and yellow, which he purposely did as a tribute to the band.

MembersCurrent Robert Sweet – drums, percussion (1982–1993, 2000–2001, 2003–present)
 Michael Sweet – lead vocals, guitar, keyboards, piano (1982–1992, 1999–2001, 2003–present)
 Oz Fox – guitar (1983–1993, 1999–2001, 2003–present), backing vocals (1983–1992, 1999–2001, 2003–present), lead vocals (1992–1993)
 Perry Richardson – bass, backing vocals (2017–present)Former Eric Johnson – bass, backing vocals (1982)
 Scott Lane – guitar, backing vocals (1983)
 John Voorhees – bass, backing vocals (1983)
 Tim Gaines – bass, backing vocals, keyboards, piano (1983–1986, 1986–1993, 1999–2001, 2003–2004, 2010–2017)
 Matt Hurich – bass, backing vocals (1986)
 Tracy Ferrie – bass, backing vocals (2004–2010)Session'''
 John Van Tongeren – keyboards (The Roxx Regime Demos), bass, keyboards (Soldiers Under Command, To Hell with the Devil, In God We Trust)
 Christopher Currell – synclavier, guitar (Soldiers Under Command)
 Billy Meyers – keyboards (In God We Trust)
 Steve Croes – synclavier (In God We Trust)
 Brad Cobb – bass (To Hell with the Devil, In God We Trust)
 John Purcell – keyboards (Against the Law)
 Jeff Scott Soto – background vocals (Against the Law)
 Randy Jackson – bass (Against the Law)
 Brent Jeffers – drums, keyboards (Against the Law), (1986–1990 touring)
 Tom Werman – percussion (Against the Law)
 Kenny Aronoff – drums (Murder by Pride)
 Charles Foley – keyboards (touring)
 Kenny Metcalf – keyboards (1985, 1986 touring)

Timeline

 Discography

 The Yellow and Black Attack (1984)
 Soldiers Under Command (1985)
 To Hell with the Devil (1986)
 In God We Trust (1988)
 Against the Law (1990)
 Reborn (2005)
 Murder by Pride (2009)
 The Covering (2011)
 Second Coming (2013)
 No More Hell to Pay (2013)
 Fallen (2015)
 God Damn Evil (2018)
 Even the Devil Believes (2020)
 The Final Battle'' (2022)

References

Further reading

 .

External links

American Christian metal musical groups
Christian rock groups from California
Enigma Records artists
Frontiers Records artists
Glam metal musical groups from California
Hard rock musical groups from California
Heavy metal musical groups from California
Hollywood Records artists
Musical groups established in 1983
Musical groups disestablished in 1993
Musical groups reestablished in 2003
Musical groups from Orange County, California
Musical quartets from California


Discontinuous gas-exchange cycles (DGC), also called discontinuous ventilation or discontinuous ventilatory cycles, follow one of several patterns of arthropod gas exchange that have been documented primarily in insects; they occur when the insect is at rest. During DGC, oxygen (O2) uptake and carbon dioxide (CO2)  release from the whole insect follow a cyclical pattern characterized by periods of little to no release of CO2 to the external environment. Discontinuous gas exchange is traditionally defined in three phases, whose names reflect the behaviour of the spiracles: the closed phase, the flutter phase, and the open phase.

Until recently, insect respiration was believed to occur entirely by simple diffusion. It was believed that air entered the tracheae through the spiracles, and diffused through the tracheal system to the tracheoles, whereupon O2 was delivered to the cells. However, even at rest, insects show a wide variety of gas exchange patterns, ranging from largely diffusive continuous ventilation, to cyclic respiration, of which discontinuous gas exchange cycles are the most striking.

Discontinuous gas exchange cycles have been described in over 50 insect species, most of which are large beetles (order Coleoptera) or butterflies or moths (order Lepidoptera). As the cycles have evolved more than once within the insects, discontinuous gas exchange cycles are likely adaptive, but the mechanisms and significance of their evolution are currently under debate.

Phases
Discontinuous gas exchange cycles are characterized by a repeating pattern of three phases. These phases are named according to the behaviour of the spiracles and are most commonly identified by their CO2 output, primarily observed using open flow respirometry.

Closed phase
During the closed phase of discontinuous gas exchange cycles, the spiracle muscles contract, causing the spiracles to shut  tight. At the initiation of the closed phase, the partial pressure of both O2  and  CO2 is close to that of the external environment, but closure of the spiracles drastically reduces the capacity for the exchange of gases with the external environment.  Independent of cycles of insect ventilation which may be discontinuous, cellular respiration on a whole animal level continues at a constant rate. As O2 is consumed, its partial pressure decreases within the tracheal system. In contrast, as CO2 is produced by the cells, it is buffered in the haemolymph rather than being exported to the tracheal system. This mismatch between  O2 consumption and CO2 production within the tracheal system leads to a negative pressure inside the system relative to the external environment. Once the partial pressure of O2 in the tracheal system drops below a lower limit, activity in the nervous system causes the initiation of the flutter phase.

Flutter phase
During the flutter phase of discontinuous gas exchange cycles, spiracles open slightly and close in rapid succession. As a result of the negative pressure within the tracheal system, created during the closed phase, a small amount of air from the environment enters the respiratory system each time the spiracles are opened. However, the negative internal pressure also prevents the liberation of CO2 from the haemolymph and its exportation through the tracheal system. As a result, during the flutter phase, additional O2 from the environment is acquired to satisfy cellular O2 demand, while little to no CO2 is released. The flutter phase may continue even after tracheal pressure is equal to that of the environment, and the acquisition of O2 may be assisted in some insects by active ventilatory movements such as contraction of the abdomen. The flutter phase continues until CO2 production surpasses the buffering capacity of the haemolymph and begins to build up within the tracheal system. CO2 within the tracheal system has both a direct (acting on the muscle tissue) and indirect (through the nervous system) impact on the spiracle muscles and they are opened widely, initiating the open phase.

Open phase
A rapid release of CO2 to the environment characterizes the open phase of discontinuous gas exchange cycles. During the open phase, spiracular muscles relax and the spiracles open completely. The open phase may initiate a single, rapid release of CO2, or several spikes declining in amplitude with time as a result of the repeated opening and closing of the spiracles. During the open phase, a complete exchange of gases with the environment occurs entirely by diffusion in some species, but may be assisted by active ventilatory movements in others.

Variability in discontinuous gas exchange cycles
The great variation in insect respiratory cycles can largely be explained by differences in spiracle function, body size and metabolic rate. Gas exchange may occur through a single open spiracle, or the coordination of several spiracles. Spiracle function is controlled almost entirely by the nervous system. In most insects that demonstrate discontinuous gas exchange, spiracle movements and active ventilation are closely coordinated by the nervous system to generate unidirectional air flow within the tracheal system. This coordination leads to the highly regulated bursting pattern of CO2 release. Building CO2 levels during the flutter phase may either directly affect spiracular opening, affect the nervous system while being pumped through the haemolymph, or both. However, the effects of CO2 on both spiracles and the nervous system do not appear to be related to changes in pH.

Variability in discontinuous gas exchange cycles is also dependent upon external stimuli such as temperature and the partial pressure of O2 and CO2 in the external environment. Environmental stimuli may affect one or more aspects of discontinuous cycling, such as cycle frequency and the quantity of CO2 released at each burst. Temperature can have massive effects on the metabolic rate of ectothermic animals, and changes in metabolic rate can create large differences in discontinuous gas exchange cycles. At a species-specific low temperature discontinuous gas exchange cycles are known to cease entirely, as muscle function is lost and spiracles relax and open. The temperature at which muscular function is lost is known as the chill coma temperature.

Discontinuous gas exchange cycles vary widely among different species of insects, and these differences have been used in the past to support or refute hypotheses of the evolution of respiratory cycling in insects.

Evolution of discontinuous gas exchange cycles
Despite being well described, the mechanisms responsible for the evolution of discontinuous gas exchange cycles are largely unknown. Discontinuous gas exchange cycles have long been thought to be an adaptation to conserve water when living in a terrestrial environment (the hygric hypothesis). However, recent studies question the hygric hypothesis, and several alternative hypotheses have been proposed. For discontinuous gas exchange cycles to be considered adaptive, the origin and subsequent persistence of the trait must be demonstrated to be a result of natural selection.

Hygric hypothesis
The hygric hypothesis was first proposed in 1953, making it the earliest posed hypothesis for the evolution of discontinuous gas exchange. The hygric hypothesis proposes that the discontinuous release of CO2 is an adaptation that allows terrestrial insects to limit respiratory water loss to the environment. This hypothesis is supported by studies that have demonstrated that respiratory water loss is substantially higher in insects forced to keep their spiracles open, than those of the same species who exhibit discontinuous gas exchange. In addition, laboratory selection experiments on Drosophila melanogaster have shown that more variable gas exchange patterns can emerge in populations of insects artificially selected for tolerance to dry conditions. However, water loss during discontinuous gas exchange is only limited during the flutter phase if gas exchange during the flutter phase is convective (or assisted by muscular contraction). From a water conservation perspective, if ventilation during the flutter phase occurs entirely by simple diffusion, there is no benefit to having a flutter phase. This has led to the belief that some other factor may have contributed to the evolution of discontinuous gas exchange in insects.

Chthonic and chthonic-hygric hypotheses
Following work on harvester ants in 1995, doctors John Lighton and David Berrigan proposed the chthonic hypothesis. It was observed that many insects that demonstrate discontinuous gas exchange cycles are exposed to hypoxia (low  O2 levels) and hypercapnia (high CO2 levels) by spending at least part of their life cycle in enclosed spaces underground. Lighton and Berrigan hypothesized that discontinuous gas exchange cycles may be an adaptation to maximize partial pressure gradients between an insect’s respiratory system and the environment in which it lives. Alternatively, insects could obtain enough O2 by opening their spiracles for extended periods of time. However, unless their environment is very humid, water will be lost from the respiratory system to the environment. Discontinuous gas exchange cycles, therefore, may limit water loss while facilitating O2 consumption and CO2 removal in such environments. Many researchers describe this theory as the chthonic-hygric hypothesis and consider it to support the hygric hypothesis. However, others emphasize the importance of maximizing partial pressure gradients alone and consider the chthonic hypothesis to be distinct from the hygric hypothesis.

Oxidative damage hypothesis
The oxidative damage hypothesis states that discontinuous gas exchange cycles are an adaptation to reduce the amount of O2 delivered to tissues under periods of low metabolic rate. During the open phase, O2 partial pressure in the tracheal system reaches levels near that of the external environment. However, over time during the closed phase the partial pressure of O2 drops, limiting the overall exposure of tissues to O2 over time. This would lead to the expectation of prolonged flutter periods in insects that may be particularly sensitive to high levels of O2 within the body. Strangely however, termites that carry a highly oxygen-sensitive symbiotic bacteria demonstrate continuous, diffusive ventilation.

Strolling arthropods hypothesis
The strolling arthropods hypothesis was a very early hypothesis for the evolution of discontinuous gas exchange cycles. It was postulated that discontinuous gas exchange cycles and spiracles which close off the respiratory system, may in part do so to prevent small arthropod parasites such as mites and particulate matter such as dust from entering the respiratory system. This hypothesis was largely dismissed in the 1970s, but has recently gained additional attention. The strolling arthropods hypothesis is supported by evidence that tracheal parasites can substantially limit O2 delivery to the flight muscles of active honeybees. As a result of large populations of tracheal mites, honeybees are unable to reach metabolic rates in flight muscle necessary for flight, and are grounded.

References

Respiration
Insect physiology


Gillian Reynolds  (née Morton; born 15 November 1935) is an English radio critic. After writing for The Guardian from 1967 to 1974, she was the radio critic for The Daily Telegraph for over 42 years, from 1975 to 2018. She then continued her career at The Sunday Times, where she wrote about radio until 2021.

Early life
Morton's father was a seaman while her mother was a market trader. She was raised in a council house in Norris Green, Liverpool. She was educated at Broad Square County Primary School and Liverpool Institute High School for Girls, followed by St Anne's College, Oxford, where she read English. After leaving Oxford, she undertook postgraduate research at Mount Holyoke College in the United States for a year.

Career
Reynolds became the radio critic of The Daily Telegraph in 1975; she previously held the same post at The Guardian for seven years from 1967. In between these two jobs she was the first Programme Controller of Radio City in Liverpool in 1974, the first woman in the UK to hold such a post. "I wasn't good at it though I gave Alan Bleasdale his first full-time writing gig", she said in 2018. Later, Reynolds was involved in the group organising the events in Liverpool while the city was European City of Culture in 2008.

Reynolds is a Fellow of The Radio Academy, a trustee of the National Museum in Liverpool, a Fellow of the Royal Television Society and an Honorary Fellow of her old Oxford college, St Anne's. Until January 2009, she chaired the Charles Parker Archive Trust at Birmingham Central Library. Until October 2019, she was a member of the Advisory Board of the National Science and Media Museum in Bradford, Yorkshire.

Reynolds celebrated her 40 years with The Daily Telegraph by reporting in December 2015: "Radio is more popular with BBC audiences than TV, delivering 43 percent of the BBC's total audience" [the BBC being the UK's public broadcaster, then in its ninth decade]. She argued that "radio is perceived as a medium of the future not a dusty relic", crediting digital technology, interactivity by audiences and the huge breadth of creativity radio offers. She wrote: "There are ways of telling a story on radio... that audio does better than any other medium, more intimately and with more immediate impact."

After 42 years at the same title, in January 2018 Reynolds left The Daily Telegraph for The Sunday Times, where she continued reviewing radio. Then aged 82, she told Julia Llewellyn Smith in an interview: "It's a strike against ageism; proof that some employers value the benefits of long experience over the bouncy energy of youth". Her last column for The Sunday Times was published on 2 May 2021 presaging further changes within News UK, and with a promise that Reynolds would reappear elsewhere.

Personal life
The former Gillian Morton married the American journalist Stanley Reynolds in 1958 after meeting the previous year during Morton's period in the United States. The couple had three sons, but divorced in 1975. It was an unhappy marriage; she was a victim of domestic violence. "When sober he was lovely, when drunk monstrous", she said in 2018. She returned to London without the children because Reynolds was threatening to murder her. She eventually gained custody of her sons.

Reynolds was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 1999 Birthday Honours for services to journalism and Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2020 New Year Honours for services to radio.

In June 2018, she appeared as the castaway on BBC Radio 4's Desert Island Discs, when her selections included recordings by Earth, Wind & Fire, Miles Davis, Ray Charles, Shostakovitch, Beethoven and Richard Burton. Her luxury item was an endless supply of blended Scotch.

References

External links

 The Daily Telegraph columns

1935 births
Living people
20th-century British journalists
20th-century British women writers
21st-century British journalists
21st-century British women writers
Alumni of St Anne's College, Oxford
British radio executives
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
The Daily Telegraph people
English women journalists
The Guardian journalists
Journalists from Liverpool
People educated at Liverpool Institute High School for Girls
Radio critics
The Sunday Times people


De Papegaai is the lesser of the two parochial churches in the St Nicholas Roman Catholic parish in Amsterdam.  The church is dedicated to Saints Peter and Paul. It is nicknamed "De Papegaai" (The Parrot) because it was originally hidden in a garden behind a regular housefront that belonged to a bird-trader in the days when Catholicism could not be practised publicly. Today there is a narrow, Neo-Gothic facade flanked by statues of St Joseph and a perched parrot. The church is on the busy Kalverstraat just south of Dam Square, and invites people in for quiet, as well as celebrating Sunday Mass (Post-Vatican II Mass) in Latin with Gregorian chant.

Services
Sunday:
1030 Sung Mass in Latin
1215 Sung Mass in Latin
Monday-Saturday
1030 Eucharist

External links

P
Rijksmonuments in Amsterdam
Roman Catholic churches in the Netherlands


Goldlochspitz is a mountain in Liechtenstein in the Rätikon range of the Eastern Alps with a height of .

References

Mountains of the Alps
Mountains of Liechtenstein


Kulmi  (or Kolme) is a mountain in Liechtenstein in the Rätikon range of the Eastern Alps with a height of .

References

Mountains of Liechtenstein
Mountains of the Alps


These are the results of the women's K-1 slalom competition in canoeing at the 1992 Summer Olympics. The K-1 (kayak single) event is raced by one-person kayaking through a whitewater course.  The venue for the 1992 Olympic competition was in La Seu d'Urgell.

Medalists

Results
The 26 competitors each took two runs through the whitewater slalom course on August 1. The best time of the two runs counted for the event.

References

1992 Summer Olympics official report Volume 5.  p. 152.
1992 women's slalom K-1 results
Wallechinsky, David and Jaime Loucky (2008). "Canoeing: Women's Kayak Slalom Singles". In The Complete Book of the Olympics: 2008 Edition. London: Aurum Press Limited. pp. 495–6.

Women's Slalom K-1
Olympic
Women's events at the 1992 Summer Olympics


JTV (Jawa Timur Televisi) is a private television station in Surabaya, East Java serving the whole province of East Java. JTV is the first regional private television in Indonesia, as well as one of the early television stations which broadcast several programs in the Javanese language. JTV transmission can be caught in East Java and some area of Central Java using aerial or by satellite Telkom-4 4080/H/32677, Pay TV (First Media, IndiHome, MNC Play, Transvision), Streaming (www.jtv.co.id), Apps (Vidio, Maxstream, JPM Stream).

This private TV station is owned by Jawa Pos Group, that also has some affiliation with some TV stations and newspapers.

Transmitters

Programs

 Jatim Awan
 Dialog Khusus
 Pojok 7
 Pojok Kampung
 Nusantara Kini
 Pojok Pagi
 Pojok Siang
 Pojok Sore
 Pojok Malam
 Pojok News Update
 Breaking News
 Kabar Apik
 Warung VOA (from VOA)
 Bincang Sore
 Solusi Bisnis
 Blakra'an
 Ndoro Bei
 Stasiun Dangdut
 Solusi Bisnis
 Mangan Weeenak
 Solusi Sehat
 Gak Cuma Cangkru'an
 Lejel Home Shopping
 Gogomall Home Shopping
 O Shop (from O Channel)
 Voice of Soman

Presenters
 Fanny Patricia
 Lauren Agnes
 Erina Koto
 Deasy Denovi
 Mustika Ratna
 Rafiqa Amalia
 Risna Cahyani
 Angelica Joe
 Fero Yusuf
 Cherrissa Pramais
 Sandhana Lakshmi
 Aulia Meynisa
 Silmia Nuril

See also
 List of television stations in Indonesia

References

External links
 Official Site

Mass media in Surabaya
Television stations in Indonesia
Television channels and stations established in 2001


FAAN may refer to:

 Faan value, in mahjong
 Fanweyn (Somali: Faan Weyn), a town in the Gedo region of Somalia
 Federal Airports Authority of Nigeria
 Food Allergy & Anaphylaxis Network
 Fellow of the American Academy of Neurology
 Fellow of the American Academy of Nursing


Morelos is one of the 67 municipalities of Chihuahua, in north-western Mexico. The municipal seat lies at Morelos. The municipality covers an area of 1336.8 km².

As of 2010, the municipality had a total population of 8,343, up from 7,172 as of 2005.

The municipality had 556 localities, none of which had a population over 1,000.

The municipality's name honors Independence War hero José María Morelos.

Geography

Towns and villages
The municipality has 295 localities. The largest are:

References

Municipalities of Chihuahua (state)


Bandaranayake College Gampaha (Sinhala: බණ්ඩාරනායක විද්‍යාලය ගම්පහ) is a leading Buddhist Boys' school in
Gampaha, Sri Lanka, founded on 18 September 1918. The school has a student population exceeding 5,000 across 8 grades from grade 6 to advanced level classes, on a campus of . Boys are admitted at grade six, based on the results of an island-wide Scholarship Examination.

History

In 1918, this school was established as Henarathgoda Seewali Buddhist School at the place where Yasodara Devi Balika Maha Vidyalaya is presently located. Charles Samarasooriya was the first principal of the school. In 1949, the school was established as the Henarathgoda Senior Secondary School, and then it was established as the Henarathgoda Secondary English School at its present location. When the school was established at its current location, Jinadasa Munasinghe was the principal.

In 1923, this school was promoted as a First Grade School. It had been a mixed school up to 1985. On 25 May 1993, the school was advanced to the National Level as, Bandaranayake Vidyalaya. Former principals include: Labuthale Sudassana Thero (2006-2012), Lal Dissanayake (2012-2017), Iran Champika De Silva (2017-2023).

Houses
The students are divided into four houses:

These houses are named after some of the greatest ancient kings in the history of Sri Lanka. Students participate in an annual inter-house sport meet.

Media

Notable alumni

References

External links

 Official Website

1918 establishments in Ceylon
Boarding schools in Sri Lanka
Boys' schools in Sri Lanka
National schools in Sri Lanka
Schools in Gampaha


Thomas Whittemore (January 2, 1871 – June 8, 1950) was an American scholar and archaeologist who founded the Byzantine Institute of America. His close personal relationship with Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, founder and the first president of the Turkish Republic, enabled him to gain permission from the Turkish government to start the preservation of the Hagia Sophia mosaics in 1931.

Early life
Thomas Whittemore was born in the Cambridgeport neighborhood of Cambridge, Massachusetts, on January 2, 1871. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in English literature from Tufts College in 1894. He taught English Composition at Tufts for a year and then studied at Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. He also taught courses in the fine arts at New York University and Columbia University.

Professional activities
From 1911 until his death Whittemore served as American representative on the Egyptian Exploration Fund.

Whittemore worked in various capacities to provide relief to Russian refugees during World War I and following the Russian Revolution. He spent 8 months in Russia in 1915-16 and reported on conditions there when he returned to New York to organized shipments of supplies. He was a member of the U.S.-based Russian Relief Commission and a committee for war relief organized by Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaovna.

Byzantine studies
In 1929, Whittemore founded the Byzantine Library of Paris and, in 1930, the Byzantine Institute of America, whose mission was to "conserve, restore, study, and document" the monuments and artworks of the Byzantine world. The list of sponsors of the new venture, according to renowned architectural historian William L. MacDonald, "reads like a who's who of art, aristocracy, and money. Whittemore's message was that Christian art in the Near East, especially in Constantinople, was unknown, utterly magnificent, equal or superior to Western medieval art, and ought to be revealed and understood." In 1931, Whittemore traveled with the Institute to Istanbul with the permission of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk to oversee the removal of plaster covering the Byzantine mosaics in Hagia Sophia. Of the radical and sudden transformation of Hagia Sophia from an active mosque to a secular museum in 1931 he wrote: "Santa Sophia was a mosque the day that I talked to him. The next morning, when I went to the mosque, there was a sign on the door written in Ataturk's own hand. It said: 'The museum is closed for repairs'"

In 1934, Harvard University appointed him keeper of Byzantine coins and seals at the Fogg Art Museum for a year. He also accepted a presidential appointment to represent the United States at the Byzantine Conference in Sofia in September of that year.

His work was widely reported in the United States. In 1942, the New York Times noted his return to Istanbul for his "ninth year in uncovering Byzantine mosaics in the St. Sophia Museum".

Beginning in 1948, he sponsored a program for the restoration of the mosaics in the Chora Church in Istanbul.

Awards and honors
 Brown University awarded him an honorary degree of Doctor of Laws in 1950.
 Asteroid 931 Whittemora, discovered by French astronomer François Gonnessiat at Algiers Observatory in March 1920, was named in his honor. The  was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 ().

Death
On June 8, 1950, he suffered a heart attack while visiting the U.S. Department of State in Washington, D.C. He was buried in Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

References

External links
 "Who Was Thomas Whittemore", at Dumbarton Oaks
 William L. MacDonald, "Whittemore, Thomas", Dictionary of Art Historians
 Laurian Douthett, "The Leading Protagonist: Thomas Whittemore", May 10, 2013
 Thomas Whittemore papers, ca. 1875-1966, at Dumbarton Oaks

1871 births
1950 deaths
20th-century American archaeologists
Tufts University School of Arts and Sciences alumni
American Byzantinists
People from Cambridge, Massachusetts
Historians from Massachusetts
Historians of Byzantine art
Byzantine archaeologists
Hagia Sophia
Burials at Mount Auburn Cemetery


Zaki Naguib Mahmoud (Arabic: زكي نجيب محمود) (February 2, 1905 – September 8, 1993) was an Egyptian intellectual and thinker, and is considered a pioneer in modern Arabic philosophical thought. He was described by Abbas Mahmoud al-Akkad as "the philosopher of authors and author of philosophers". Mahmoud adhered to logical positivism and adopted science interpretation with social motivations to reconcile the Arab tradition with modernism.
Mahmoud defines the "Arab tradition" as the configuration of techniques by which our ancestors lived, and he viewed logical positivism as the spirit of "Modernism".

Life
Zaki Naguib Mahmoud was born in Damietta governorate, north of Egypt, and attended traditionally Islamic learning system "Al-Kottab" and preserved part of Al-Qur'an in his early years. He entered elementary school in Cairo and then in Sudan as his father worked in the government of Sudan. He studied at the Gordon School in Sudan and attended two years of his secondary school there before returning to Egypt to continue his secondary education. Afterwards he entered the high school of teachers and graduated in 1930 and worked as a teacher till 1944.

He was married to Dr Munira Helmy, a professor of Psychology at Ain Shams University.

Academic life
Zaki Naguib Mahmoud finished his education at Ain Shams University, and then travelled to the United Kingdom to do his PhD at King's College London in Philosophy. He defended his dissertation titled "self-determination" successfully and obtained his PhD in 1947, later on the dissertation was translated by his student Dr. Abdul-Fattah Emam.

When he came back, he was appointed as a lecturer, then, assistant professor and finally professor of philosophy at the Faculty of Arts, Cairo University. Among the distinguished positions Zaki Naguib Mahmoud held are: professor of philosophy in the University of Kuwait (1968), member of the Supreme Council of Culture, and of the National Council of Education and Scientific Research. In addition, he worked in 1953 as a visiting professor of philosophy in The University of South Carolina in Columbia, USA for one semester and in Washington State University in Pullman, Washington, D.C. in the second, and then he worked as a cultural attaché in the Embassy of Egypt in Washington, D.C. (1954-1955).

Zaki Naguib Mahmoud was given the State Incentive Award in 1960, Order of Merit Award in 1970, Arab Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Award in 1984, The American University in Cairo Honorary Doctorate in 1985, and the necklace of Sultan Al-Owais of the U.A.E. in 1991, an award which is exclusive to the most distinguished figures in the Arab world.

His Thought
Zaki Naguib Mahmoud's thought can be divided into two or three phases, according to the measure we use to approach and evaluate it. In the general meaning of the term "thought" it is evident according to his own writings as well as other scholars that he passed through three phases of thinking.

Evolution of his thought
Zaki Naguib started his intellectual life, in its first phase, with a religious if not a Sufi position in which he defended religious miracles, human freedom as well as metaphysical contemplation of human life. It is believed that this phase extended until his studies for PhD and peaked in his dissertation "self-determination". In this work he attacked Hume's empiricism as well as behaviorism in their rejection of the concept of the psych. Following this attack he purported to support the view of objective free will of human psych or mind, albeit with the acknowledgement of the deterministic nature of its environment as well as its own constitution determined through history.

His second phase of thought began in the late 1940s and early 1950s. Dr. Mahmoud was exposed during his studies in England to analytic philosophy and was greatly influenced by the thought of Bertrand Russell and attended a lecture by Alfred Ayer on "Logical Positivism". This constituted a form of preparation for his second phase, in which he strictly adopted the principles of the new philosophical school of Logical positivism. Logical positivism rejected philosophy in its metaphysical sense and rendered it to the status of the analysis of scientific knowledge and analysis of meanings of the regular language. This period extended to somewhere between 1960 after writing The Artist East and 1968, when he left to teach in Kuwait. Landmarks of this period are his books: On Positivist Logic (1951), The Philosophy of Science (1952), The Myth of Metaphysics (1953) and The Theory of Knowledge (1956).

In particular, in The Myth of Metaphysics, he empathized on the well-known idea of the Logical Positivists that non-scientific phrases that cannot be verified scientifically are void of objective meaning. This was understood by the wider community as an indirect rejection of religion in general and Islam in particular. The book has invoked a storm of attack and criticism to its topic and to the author. In a late response, 1984, Zaki Naguib has reprinted the book with a slightly more moderate title A Stance from Metaphysics.

The third and last period has clarified itself during the period he stayed in Kuwait University between 1968 and 1973. This period can be viewed as a synthesis of the two previous stages. For it is marked by his deep interest in the intellectual Islamic heritage as well as the Islamic view as possessing specific characteristics. This new synthesis has revealed itself in domination of the problematic known as "Authenticity and Modernity" on his thought. This period is best marked, among many other writings by his books: The Rational and the Irrational in our Intellectual Heritage (1975), Our Culture in Front of Contemporary Time, (1976), and An Islamic Vision (1987).

However, if we adopt a strict philosophical measure in assessing his works we would be speaking about two phases of philosophical thought. Moreover, these two phases should be understood within one philosophical theme that comprises the essence of his philosophy.

Philosophy
Mahmoud's philosophy can be found in one recurrent theme that constitutes the driving motive behind his successive views and phases. According to his own interpretation in his intellectual autobiography, A Story of a Mind, we may present such a central theme in one phrase: "Scientific thinking as a basic social value". His central problem was, as much as every thinker in the Arabic modernist era, how to transform a backward society like our present Arabic and Islamic societies into an advanced one. The answer was, in his view, to get rid of superstitious and irrational ways of thinking, and replace them by scientific thinking.

Hence, his enthusiasm for Logical Positivism was essentially a pragmatic move, his vision was that he can make use of this philosophical/scientific construct to uplift and boost his central idea. However, we should say that his writings during the first phase do not show any provisions, deviations or partial criticism of this philosophy. Hence, we can conclude correctly that such a pragmatic explanation of his position at that period applies only on the subconscious level, in which contradictions of this view with his traditional convictions has been running on the subconscious level.

In any case, "Scientific thinking", as an absent value in our societies, has taken for him the form of a philosophical project. The basic aim of such a project is to push toward implementing such thinking in the society, and the means with which this goal will be achieved is the position of logical positivism, or "scientific empiricism", the term he prefers. Success in this project requires positive reception form the society, which happened partially on the intellectual as well as governmental levels, but not on the general and lay person one.

Hence, in the second phase, his belief in "scientific thinking" as a necessary societal value, remained the same but in the form of an underlying structure covered by the study&n and analysis of the rational trends of Islamic heritage. Therefore, once again, the study of Islamic heritage was a pragmatic move in order to overcome resistance against his call for "scientific thinking".

This becomes perfectly clear if one analyses any of his articles and books in his second stage. The underlying message remains the same albeit with different terms. In addition, this method- a superstructure of Islamic analysis founded on a scientific if not positivist concepts – represented his response to the difficult question of Authenticity and Modernity. In brief, his view can be epitomized as follows: we should not abandon our intellectual heritage in order to achieve modernity, for this would be some form of a cultural suicide, instead we stress and use the rational and intellectual part of it in conjunction with contemporary advancements of scientific and objective philosophical thought.

If we want to classify his philosophy from the point of view of the degree of abstractness and its relation to real life, then we would say that Dr. Zaki Naguib lines up with those philosophers who expressed their philosophy through literature and art rather than through building metaphysical constructs. For, he did not build a metaphysical construct, despite his use of "Logical positivism" in its abstract form. In this sense he is closer to Sartre, Nietzsche and Kierkegaard, in modern ages, and to Abu Hayan Altawhidi in ancient Arabic philosophy than to Russell, Kant and Ibn Rusd. Hence he was rightly referred to as "the philosopher of literature writers and the writer of the philosophers".

Works
Mahmoud authored many books and translations in addition to his numerous articles in magazines and newspapers, including the Egyptian Al Ahram.

A - In Philosophy
On Positivist Logic, two parts
On Formal Logic, 1951
On Philosophy of Science, 1952
David Hume, 1951
The Myth of Metaphysics, 1953
Theory of Knowledge, 1956
Bertrand Russell, 1956
The Live of Thought in the New World, 1956
Toward a Scientific Philosophy, 1959
The Artist East, 1960
Jābir ibn Hayyān, 1961

B - In Arabic Modernity
Renewal of Arabic Thought, 1973
The Rational and the Irrational in Our Intellectual Heritage, 1975
Our Culture in Front of Contemporary Time, 1976
In Our Mental Live, 1979
With Poets, 1980
This Time and Its Culture, 1980
From a Philosophical Point of View, 1980
Preoccupations of Intellectuals, 1981
Thoughts and Positions, 1983
A New Society Or a Disaster, 1983
A Story of  A Mind, 1984
In a Conjunction, 1985
About Freedom I am Talking, 1986
An Islamic Vision, 1987
On Modernization of Arabic Culture, 1988
An Arabic Between Two Cultures, 1990
The Outcome of the Years, 1991

C - Literature writings
The Lands of The Dreams, 1939
Shakespeare, 1943
The Paradise of the Fool, 1947
Shreds of Glass, 1947
A Sunrise from the West, 1950
With the Revolution on the Doors, 1955
Days in America, 1955
A Story of a Psych, 1965

D - Writings in English
Translations of Al-Akkad Poetry, 1945
PhD Dissertation titled "Self Determination", 1947
The Land and People of Egypt, 1956

E - Translations

a - In Philosophy
Four Dialogues of Plato, 1936
The Rich and the Poor, H. G. Wells, 1937
History of Western Philosophy, Bertrand Russell, 1954
Logic, a Theory of Research, John Dewy, 1959,

b - In Collaboration with Ahmad Amin
The Story of Greek Philosophy, 1935
The Story of Modern Philosophy, 1936
The Story of Literature, in three parts
On Ancient and medieval Literature, 1943
On Modern Literature, 1945
On Eastern and Western Literature in the 19th century, 1948

c - In Cultural History and Literature Critique
 The Arts of Literature, H. T Charlton, 1944
I Preferred Freedom, Vector Crafetchenco, 1944
The Story of Civilization, Will Durant, Thee books of the 1st volume,
The Appearance of Civilization, 1950
India and its Neighbors, 1951
Japan, 1951
 The Heritage of Middle Ages, 1967

Death
Mahmoud died on September 8, 1993, aged 88.

See also
 List of Egyptian authors
 List of African writers

References

External links
Zaki Naguib Mahmoud at Egypt State Information Service
Zaki Naguib Mahmoud at Arab Philosophers

Cairo University alumni
Egyptian philosophers
1905 births
1993 deaths
20th-century philosophers
Gordon Memorial College alumni


Heubühl is a mountain in Liechtenstein in the Rätikon range of the Eastern Alps, to the east of the town of Triesen, with a height of .

References

Mountains of Liechtenstein
Mountains of the Alps


Moris  is one of the 67 municipalities of Chihuahua, in north-western Mexico. The municipal seat lies at Moris. The municipality covers an area of 2,219.7 km².

As of 2010, the municipality had a total population of 5,312, up from 5,144 as of 2005.

As of 2010, the town of Moris had a population of 1,799. Other than the town of Moris, the municipality had 183 localities, none of which had a population over 1,000.

Geography

Towns and villages
The municipality has 119 localities. The largest are:

References

Municipalities of Chihuahua (state)


Baby Sister is a 1983 American made-for-television drama film directed by Steven Hilliard Stern. The film, which stars Phoebe Cates, Ted Wass and Pamela Bellwood, centers on a 19-year-old woman who starts an affair with her older sister's boyfriend and premiered on ABC on March 6, 1983.

Plot
Annie Burroughs is a wild 19-year-old who has just dropped out of college. Fearing to face her father, she packs her stuff and moves in with her older sister Marsha, who runs her own gallery in Los Angeles. Marsha is in a relationship with David Mitchell, a 31-year-old doctor who dreams of having his own private practice. Although they are very happy together, David isn't glad Marsha is spending so much time on work. Meanwhile, Annie immediately settles in the big city, landing a job as a receptionist at David's clinic. Although at first it is innocent and playful, Annie and David start flirting with each other.

A subplot focuses on the relationship between Annie and her father Tom. When she was still a child, Annie witnessed the death of her mother. She was crossing the street when a car suddenly drove toward her. Her mother, trying to save her, ran on the street and pushed Annie away, after which she was fatally hit by the car herself. Ever since, she and Tom do not get along well. Annie feels that her father blames her for her mother's death.

Annie once wanted to become a painter, just like her mother, but after her death she became isolated and gave up that dream. One night, David fails to save the life of his patient Billy, who has committed suicide. Annie witnesses his death and is reminded of her own mother. Both feeling very emotional, Annie and David end up kissing each other. The next day, Annie feels guilty, but David assures her it was only an innocent kiss. One night, Tom is throwing a family party. Annie gives him a self-made painting, but the style reminds him too much of her mother's, which upsets him. They end up getting into a fight, after which Annie leaves.

The next evening, Annie serves as a replacement for Marsha, who was supposed to attend a play with David, but wasn't able to make it. At first, they feel uncomfortable, but they end up having sex together. Although they both feel guilty, they can't suppress their sexual attraction and start an affair. He plans on telling Marsha the truth, but Annie discourages him from doing so, afraid to hurt her sister's feelings. Unable to face her sister anymore, she decides to return to college after attending Marsha's gallery opening.

David tries to prevent Annie from leaving, telling her he is in love with her. They kiss each other in the clinic, until he is suddenly attacked by one of his drug addicted clients. He ends up getting severely injured and Annie brings him to the hospital. The truth about the affair comes out when Marsha visits the hospital and is told by a nurse David's 'girlfriend' helped him to the hospital. Upon confronting her, Annie admits to being in love with him. David takes all the blame on him and advises Marsha not to turn her back on Annie. In the end, just before leaving L.A., Annie is reconciled with both Marsha and her father, the latter assuring her she is not responsible for her mother's death.

Cast
 Phoebe Cates as Annie Burroughs
 Ted Wass as David Mitchell
 Pamela Bellwood as Marsha Burroughs
 Efrem Zimbalist, Jr. as Tom Burroughs
Virginia Kiser as Mrs. Strauss
 Jill Jacobson as Jessie
Eb Lottimer as Buddy
Ed Hooks as Counselor
 Ta-Tanisha as Night Nurse
Thomas F. Duffy as Michael Fancher

Production
The original title of the film was Tainted Love.

References

External links

Baby Sister at Internet Archive

1980s American films
1980s English-language films
1983 drama films
1983 films
1983 television films
American drama television films
Films about dysfunctional families
Films about infidelity
Films about sisters
Films directed by Steven Hilliard Stern
Films scored by Fred Karlin
Films set in Los Angeles


Fred William Hooper (October 6, 1897 – August 4, 2000) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse owner and breeder. He was a member of The Jockey Club, an honorary director of the Breeders' Cup, and one of the founders of the Thoroughbred Owners and Breeders Association and one of its first presidents.

Early years
Born in Cleveland, Georgia,  Hooper quit school in the eighth grade and worked as a schoolteacher, a carpenter, a riveter, a prizefighter and a potato farmer. He would make his fortune in the heavy construction business. He bought  near Montgomery, Alabama and started breeding champion Hereford cattle and eventually horses. He later built the Circle H Farm, an  horse breeding operation in Ocala, Florida.

Thoroughbred Racing
Hooper won the 1945 Kentucky Derby with his first thoroughbred, Hoop Jr. In his 50 years as a horse-breeder, Hooper bred or raced the winners of more than one hundred stakes races. Among his other notable horse were U.S. Racing Hall of Fame inductees Precisionist and Susan's Girl.

In 1975 and again in 1982, Fred Hooper was voted the Eclipse Award for Outstanding Breeder. In 1992, he was voted the Eclipse Award Of Merit, the industry's highest honor. In 1995 he was inducted in the Calder Race Course Hall of Fame.

Fred Hooper was responsible for bringing top Latin American riders to the United States. Hall of Fame jockeys Laffit Pincay Jr., Braulio Baeza, and Jorge Velásquez all got their start with him.

Death
Hooper died at the age of 102 in Ocala, Florida. The Fred W. Hooper Handicap at Gulfstream Park is named in his honor.

See also

References

 Bowen, Edward L. Legacies of the Turf: A Century of Great Thoroughbred Breeders (2003) Eclipse Press

1897 births
2000 deaths
American centenarians
Men centenarians
American racehorse owners and breeders
Owners of Kentucky Derby winners
Eclipse Award winners
People from Cleveland, Georgia


The Clay Pigeon Shooting Association (CPSA) is the national governing body for clay pigeon shooting in England.

Founded in 1928, it is recognised by Sport England, the Department of the Environment, the Home Office, the Police etc. and it is a constituent member of the International Clay Pigeon Shooting Council of Great Britain and Ireland and is represented on The World Forum on the Future of Sport Shooting Activities through the British Shooting Sports Council.

Its main roles are to promote and encourage the development of the sport; to liaise with government departments and police to represent the interests of CPSA members, including providing specific civil liability insurance cover and advice for its members; to regulate and develop all aspects of the sport (technical and otherwise); to promote and organise national competitions, some of which are staged by the CPSA and to select England teams for major international events, including the Olympics.

Clay pigeon shooting (including sporting clays) is a strongly supported sport with, according to its website, a CPSA membership of approximately 25,000 participating at all shooting levels, from farm and syndicate shoots through to national, registered and International competitions.

The CPSA regulates the standards of safety and competition at 450 affiliated and registered grounds around the country.

In 2006, the CPSA founded the National Association of Target Shooting Sports (NATSS) working group in association with the NSRA and NRA, to explore the practicalities and benefits of a merger between the bodies. The project was shelved in July 2009 following the withdrawal of the CPSA.

See also
Edgar Brothers' sponsorship
List of British sport shooters

References

External links

Shotgun shooting sports
Sports organizations established in 1928
Shooting sports in England
Shooting sports in the United Kingdom
Clay pigeon shooting
Sports governing bodies in England


Solo Flight: The Genius of Charlie Christian is a 1972 double album collecting many of the few recordings that captured performances by Charlie Christian.  Most of the selections are from sessions with Benny Goodman's bands.  Until the advent of CD, it was considered to be the definitive "Charlie Christian" collection  On some tunes, the producers spliced various takes together to include more of Christian's solos, or to create a better overall tune.

Track listing

Side 1
"Rose Room" (A. Hickman, H. Williams) – Benny Goodman Sextet - 2:45
"Memories of You" (E. Blake, A. Razaf) – Benny Goodman Sextet - 3:06
"Seven Come Eleven" (B. Goodman, C. Christian) – Benny Goodman Sextet - 2:46
"Honeysuckle Rose" (T. Waller, A. Razaf) - Benny Goodman and His Orchestra - 3:01
"All Star Strut" (Mergentroid) - Metronome All Star Nine - 3:10
"Till Tom Special" (B. Goodman, L. Hampton) - Benny Goodman Sextet - 3:00
"Gone With "What" Wind" (C. Basie, B. Goodman) - Benny Goodman Sextet - 3:20

Side 2
"I Got Rhythm" (I. Gershwin), G. Gershwin – Charlie Christian Quintet - 5:46. A combination of two separate recordings.
"Stardust" (H. Carmichael, M. Parish) – Charlie Christian Quintet - 5:30
"Tea for Two" (I. Caesar, V. Youmans) – Charlie Christian Quintet - 4:28. Above 3 are amateur recordings at a Minneapolis nightclub.
"Boy Meets Goy (Grand Slam)" (B. Goodman) – Benny Goodman Sextet - 2:50
"Six Appeal" (B. Goodman) - Benny Goodman Sextet - 3:18
"Good Enough to Keep (Air Mail Special)" (J. Mundy, B. Goodman, C. Christian) - Benny Goodman Sextet - 2:54
"Wholly Cats" (B. Goodman) - Benny Goodman and His Sextet featuring Count Basie - 3:03

Side 3
"Wholly Cats" (B. Goodman) - Benny Goodman and His Sextet featuring Count Basie - 3:01
"As Long As I Live" (H. Arlen, T. Koehler) - Benny Goodman and His Sextet featuring Count Basie - 3:16
"Benny's Bugle" (B. Goodman) - Benny Goodman and His Sextet featuring Count Basie - 3:03
"Royal Garden Blues" (C. Williams, S. Williams) - Benny Goodman and His Sextet featuring Count Basie - 2:59
"Breakfast Feud" (B. Goodman) - Benny Goodman and His Sextet - 3:06
"I Can't Give You Anything But Love (Baby)" (D. Fields, J. McHugh) - Benny Goodman and His Sextet - 3:20
"Gilly" (B. Goodman) - Benny Goodman and His Sextet - 2:33

Side 4
"Breakfast Feud" (B. Goodman) - Benny Goodman and His Sextet featuring Count Basie - 4:24
"On the Alamo" (G. Kahn, I. Jones) - Benny Goodman and His Sextet featuring Count Basie - 3:23
"I've Found a New Baby" (J. Palmer, S. Williams) - Benny Goodman and His Sextet featuring Count Basie - 3:00
"Solo Flight" (C. Christian, J. Mundy, B. Goodman) - Benny Goodman and His Orchestra - 2:45
"Blues in B" (B. Goodman) - Charlie Christian Jammers - 1:43
"Waitin' for Benny" (B. Goodman) - Charlie Christian Jammers - 5:06.  The Jammers were actually members of the Benny Goodman Sextet; the above 2 tracks were warm-up recordings made by the Sextet on March 13, 1941 as they waited for the tardy bandleader.
"Good Enough to Keep (Air Mail Special)" (J. Mundy, B. Goodman, C. Christian) - Benny Goodman and His Sextet - 3:45

Personnel

 Musical
Track 1 Side 1 recorded in New York, 2 October 1939.  Tracks 2 & 3 Side 1 recorded in New York 22 Nov 1939.  Personnel (Benny Goodman Sextet):
 Benny Goodman — clarinet
 Lionel Hampton — vibes
 Fletcher Henderson — piano
 Charlie Christian — amplified guitar
 Artie Bernstein — bass
 Nick Fatool — drums

Track 4 Side 1 recorded in New York, 22 Nov 1939.  Personnel (Benny Goodman and His Orchestra):
 Jimmy Maxwell, Ziggy Elman, Johnny Martel — trumpets
 Red Ballard, Vernon Brown, Ted Vesely — trombones
 Benny Goodman — clarinet
 Toots Mondello, Buff Estes — alto saxophones
 Bus Bassey, Jerry Jerome — tenor saxophones
 Fletcher Henderson — piano
 Charlie Christian — amplified guitar
 Artie Bernstein — bass
 Nick Fatool — drums

Track 5 Side 1 recorded in New York, 7 Feb 1940.  Personnel was drawn from Metronome Magazine's annual reader's poll for the top instrumentalists.  Metronome often gathered the winners (or near-winners) to record a few tracks together, and released the results on various record labels of the day. Metronome All Star Nine:
 Harry James — trumpet
 Jack Teagarden — trombone
 Benny Goodman — clarinet
 Benny Carter — alto saxophone
 Eddie Miller — tenor saxophone
 Jess Stacy — piano
 Charlie Christian — amplified guitar
 Bob Haggart — bass
 Gene Krupa — drums

Track 6 Side 1 recorded in New York, 7 Feb 1940.  Personnel (Benny Goodman Sextet):
 Benny Goodman — clarinet
 Lionel Hampton — vibes
 Count Basie — piano
 Charlie Christian — amplified guitar
 Artie Bernstein — bass

Track 7 Side 1 recorded in New York, 7 Feb 1940.  Personnel (Benny Goodman Sextet):
Same as Track 6, adding:
 Nick Fatool — drums

Tracks 1-3 Side 2 recorded privately at a club in Minneapolis, MN, early Mar 1940, on acetate discs, by a local disc jockey.  Personnel (Charlie Christian Sextet):
 Charlie Christian — amplified guitar
 Jerry Jerome — tenor saxophone
 Frankie Hines — piano
 unknown — bass, drums

Track 4 Side 2 recorded in Los Angeles, 16 Apr 1940.  Personnel (Benny Goodman Sextet):
 Benny Goodman — clarinet
 Lionel Hampton — vibes
 Johnny Guarnieri — piano
 Charlie Christian — amplified guitar
 Artie Bernstein — bass
 Nick Fatool — drums

Tracks 5 & 6, Side 2 recorded in Los Angeles, 20 Jun 1940.  Personnel (Benny Goodman Sextet):
 Benny Goodman — clarinet
 Lionel Hampton — vibes
 Dudley Brooks — piano
 Charlie Christian — amplified guitar
 Artie Bernstein — bass
 Nick Fatool — drums

Track 7, Side 2 recorded in New York, 7 Nov 1940.  Personnel (Benny Goodman and His Sextet):
 Benny Goodman — clarinet
 Cootie Williams — trumpet
 George Auld — tenor saxophone
 Count Basie — piano
 Charlie Christian — amplified guitar
 Artie Bernstein — bass
 Harry Jaeger — drums

Tracks 1-4, Side 3 recorded in New York, 7 Nov 1940.  Personnel (Benny Goodman and His Sextet featuring Count Basie):
 Benny Goodman — clarinet
 Cootie Williams — trumpet
 George Auld — tenor saxophone
 Count Basie] — piano
 Charlie Christian — amplified guitar
 Artie Bernstein — bass
 Harry Jaeger — drums

Tracks 5-7, Side 3 recorded in New York 19 Dec 1940.  Personnel (Benny Goodman and His Sextet):
 Benny Goodman — clarinet
 Cootie Williams — trumpet
 George Auld — tenor saxophone
 Ken Kersey — piano
 Charlie Christian — amplified guitar
 Artie Bernstein — bass
 Harry Jaeger — drums

Tracks 1-3, Side 4 recorded in New York 15 Jan 1941.  Personnel (Benny Goodman and His Sextet featuring Count Basie):
 Benny Goodman — clarinet
 Cootie Williams — trumpet
 George Auld — tenor saxophone
 Count Basie — piano
 Charlie Christian — amplified guitar
 Artie Bernstein — bass
 Jo Jones — drums

Track 4, Side 4 recorded in New York, 4 Mar 1941.  Personnel (Benny Goodman and His Orchestra):
 Cootie Williams, Alec Fila, Jimmy Maxwell, Irving Goodman — trumpets
 Lou McGarity, Cutty Cutshall — trombones
 Skip Martin, Gus Bivona — alto saxophones
 Benny Goodman — clarinet
 George Auld, Pete Mondello — tenor saxophones
 Bob Snyder — baritone saxophone
 Johnny Guarnieri — piano
 Charlie Christian — amplified guitar
 Artie Bernstein — bass
 Dave Tough — drums

Tracks 5 & 6, Side 4 recorded in New York, 13 Mar 1941 during warm-up sessions while members of the Benny Goodman Sextet waited for their tardy leader.  Columbia Records' practice at the time was to record all takes, partial takes, and sometimes warm-ups, onto acetate discs.  These two performances were culled from one such disc. Personnel ("Charlie Christian Jammers"):
 Charlie Christian — amplified guitar
 Cootie Williams — trumpet (Track 6 only)
 George Auld — tenor saxophone
 Johnny Guarnieri — piano
 Artie Bernstein — bass
 Dave Tough — drums

Track 7, Side 4 recorded in New York, 13 Mar 1941.  Personnel (Benny Goodman and His Sextet featuring Count Basie):
 Benny Goodman — clarinet
 Cootie Williams — trumpet
 George Auld — tenor saxophone
 Johnny Guarnieri — piano
 Artie Bernstein — bass
 Dave Tough — drums

 Technical

 Chris Albertson - compilation producer, liner notes
 Gene Lees - liner notes
 John Hammond - liner notes

References

1972 compilation albums
Charlie Christian albums
Columbia Records compilation albums


Brigadier General Douglas Gordon Cunningham,  (22 March 1908 – 18 July 1992) was a Canadian lawyer and soldier.

Early life
Cunningham was born in Kingston, Ontario. He was the son of Arthur Breden Cunningham and Kathleen (Gordon) Cunningham of Kingston. He was educated at Kingston Collegiate, Upper Canada College in Toronto, Ontario. He graduated from the Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston, Ontario in 1929. He studied at Osgoode Law School, University of Toronto,  from 1930 to 1933, where he was a member of The Kappa Alpha Society.

Career

In 1933, he was called to the Bar of Ontario and he had a law practice in Kingston, Ontario. In November 1939, he married Isabelle Simpson, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Huntington Simpson of Kingston. They had two sons and a daughter; John Douglas Cunningham, Ian Simpson, and Kathleen Elizabeth. In 1939, he also became an alderman of the City of Kingston. He served as adjutant of The Princess of Wales' Own Regiment. He was brigade major of a Canadian infantry brigade which took part in the Dieppe Raid in 1942. He served as General Service Officer 1, I Canadian Corps in 1943. At the beginning of World War II, Captain Cunningham commanded the Camerons of Canada and as brigadier, commanded the 9th Canadian Infantry Brigade in 1944, landing on Juno Beach on D-Day. Described as “extraordinarily bright...meticulous” he was awarded the Distinguished Service Order for gallantry and distinguished services in the field of battle. He was also recognized by France with the Legion of Honour and the Croix de Guerre avec Palme. He returned to the Royal Military College of Canada as Commandant in 1944-5, but this was now a wartime training establishment. After retiring from the military in 1945, he returned to his law practice and he was a director of several companies. In 1946, he was part of a deputation which interviewed the Minister of National Defence about the proposal not to reopen the Royal Military College of Canada. He was a member of a subcommittee of the Royal Military College of Canada Club which urged the reopening of the college. He served as president of the Royal Military College of Canada Club of Canada in 1946. In 1946 he was created King's Counsel which later became Queen's Counsel (QC) when Elizabeth II ascended to the throne. He died on 18 July 1992.

References

4237 Dr. Adrian Preston & Peter Dennis (Edited) "Swords and Covenants" Rowman And Littlefield, London. Croom Helm. 1976.
H16511 Dr. Richard Arthur Preston "To Serve Canada: A History of the Royal Military College of Canada" 1997 Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1969.
H16511 Dr. Richard Arthur Preston "Canada's RMC – A History of Royal Military College" Second Edition 1982
H1877 R. Guy C. Smith (editor) "As You Were! Ex-Cadets Remember". In 2 Volumes. Volume I: 1876–1918. Volume II: 1919–1984. Royal Military College. [Kingston]. The R.M.C. Club of Canada. 1984
 General Douglas Gordon Cunningham
 Generals of World War II

1908 births
1992 deaths
Canadian generals
Royal Military College of Canada alumni
Commandants of the Royal Military College of Canada
Canadian King's Counsel
Canadian Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Canadian Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Canadian Army personnel of World War II
Canadian military personnel from Ontario


Nonoava  is one of the 67 municipalities of Chihuahua, in north-western Mexico. The municipal seat lies at Nonoava. The municipality covers an area of 2,693.3 km2.

As of 2010, the municipality had a total population of 2,849, up from 2,810 as of 2005.

As of 2010, the town of Nonoava had a population of 1,272. Other than the town of Nonoava, the municipality had 168 localities, none of which had a population over 1,000.

Geography

Towns and villages
The municipality has 59 localities. The largest are:

References

Municipalities of Chihuahua (state)


Robert Geoffrey Verdon-Roe (born 21 November 1965 in Winchester, Hampshire) is a British racing driver who has raced in various formats of motor sport throughout his career. He has won Formula Renault, TVR Tuscan and Historic Formula One Championships.

He is the grandson of Sir Alliott Verdon Roe who was a pioneer of British aviation and founder of the Avro aircraft company. He was educated at Ashdown House and Stowe School having been brought up in Portugal.

Racing career
In 1988 he started racing in single-seaters, with no previous karting experience. Verdon-Roe came 3rd in the Formula First championship of 1988.

In 1989 he moved into Formula Ford and finished 3rd in the P&O European Ferries Championship behind David Coulthard and Kelvin Burt.

During 1990 and 1991 he raced in Formula Renault, culminating with him winning the Championship in 1991 after a heated battle with Jason Plato. He was nominated for an Autosport Award.

In 1992 Verdon-Roe switched to touring cars with a drive in a Vauxhall Cavalier for the Ecurie Ecosse team in the British Touring Car Championship. He also raced in the latter half of the Formula Vauxhall Championship that year.

In 1993 he drove a semi-works Toyota Carina E for the Park Lane Toyota Carina team. His best result that year was a 6th place at Snetterton and finished the championship down in 19th.

After a quiet spell which included a one-off race in Formula Three in 1994, Verdon-Roe returned to motorsport in the TVR Tuscan Challenge. In 1997 he won the TVR Tuscan championship overall and was nominated for an Autosport award. In 1998 he stayed with the factory team and finished a close 2nd in the championship and the same year, competed with the new TVR Speed 12 in the British GT Championship. He also had his first taste of Historic racing, teaming up with Gerry Marshall in a Jaguar E-Type at Silverstone, finishing third after gaining pole position.

In 1999 he briefly raced for the Lister works team in the FIA GT Championship, before returning to TVR and racing their new Cerbera Speed 12 GT car in the British GT Championship in 2000 and 2001, winning three races and eventually finishing 3rd in the championship.

Verdon-Roe also drove one-off races in the European Le Mans Series in 2001 and the Rolex 24 in 2002. In 2002 he returned to the Lister team and raced the Lister Storm in the FIA GT Championship. Highlights included a 2nd place at Silverstone and 2nd place at the Spa 24 hours, Lister's best ever result in a 24-hour race.

In 2003 he raced for the newly formed Creation Autosportif racing team driving the 2000 FIA GT Championship winning Lister Storm chassis (002) to 4th place in the FIA GT Championship.

In 2004 he again raced for Creation at Donington Park and the Spa 24 Hours in the Lister, and competed in various historic events including the Le Mans 24 Hours Grp C support race.

In 2005 he raced in the Le Mans 24 hours race driving a Dallara Nissan LMP1 car for the Rollcentre team, as well as the Spa 24 Hours for the Lister team.

In 2008 he won the Goodwood Revival's feature race, the RAC TT Celebration, driving a Ferrari 330 LMB with Peter Hardman, the first victory for a Ferrari in the TT since the Revival began.

In 2009 Verdon-Roe won FIA Historic Formula One Championship driving a McLaren M26. At the Revival he shared the Ferrari 330 LMB with Emanuele Pirro finishing 2nd.

In 2010 he won the Grand Prix Historique of Monaco aboard the ex-James Hunt McLaren. He also won the FIA Historic Formula One championship ground effect class and finished 2nd overall driving a McLaren MP4/1B. At the Goodwood Revival he shared the Ferrari with Tom Kristensen, but retired having started from pole position.

In 2011 he again finished 2nd overall in the FIA Historic Formula One Championship and won the ground effect class in the ex-Niki Lauda McLaren. At the Revival he raced Aston Martin DBR1-2 to 2nd place in the Sussex Trophy.

In 2012 he finished 2nd in the Grand Prix Historique of Monaco and 2nd in the Revival's TT Celebration race driving a Jaguar E-type.

Racing record

Complete British Touring Car Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

24 Hours of Le Mans results

Complete British GT Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

† – Drivers did not finish the race, but were classified as they completed a sufficient number of laps.

References

Other sources

1965 births
Living people
British Formula Three Championship drivers
FIA GT Championship drivers
British Touring Car Championship drivers
British GT Championship drivers
English racing drivers
24 Hours of Spa drivers
Sportspeople from Winchester
Ecurie Ecosse drivers
People educated at Stowe School


Laville DI-4 () was a prototype two-seat fighter aircraft developed in the Soviet Union in the 1930s. The chief designer Henri Laville was one of several French aviation specialists invited to work in the Soviet Union and not surprisingly the DI-4 layout was typical of the French trend at the time with a high-mounted gull wing (first for a Soviet aircraft) and all-metal construction. Test flight program was completed in 1933 but despite good performance the aircraft did not enter mass production, in part because Soviet Union had no plans to purchase the Curtiss V-1570 engine.

Specifications (DI-4)

References

Bibliography

1930s Soviet fighter aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1932
Gull-wing aircraft


Tropidophora fimbriata is a species of land snail with a gill and an operculum, a terrestrial gastropod mollusk in the family Pomatiidae.

This species is found in the Mascarenes. Subspecies include T. f. rodriguesensis and T. f. haemostoma.

Original description
Tropidophora fimbriata was originally described as Cyclostoma fimbriata by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck in 1822.

Lamarck's original text (the type description) in Latin language reads as follows:

References
This article incorporates public domain text from reference.

Further reading
  Pfeiffer L. K. G. 1846. Die gedeckelten Lungenschnecken : (Helicinaceae et Cyclostomaceae): in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen. II. volume. Bauer und Raspe, Nürnberg. page 179.

External links
  Image and description

Tropidophora
Gastropods described in 1822


Ocampo is one of the 67 municipalities of Chihuahua, in north-western Mexico. The municipal seat lies at Ocampo. The municipality covers an area of 2,037.23 km².

As of 2010, the municipality had a total population of 7,546, up from 6,298 as of 2005.

The municipality had 220 localities, the largest of which (with 2010 population in parentheses) was: Basaseachi (1,248), classified as rural.

Geography

Towns and villages
The municipality has 141 localities. The largest are:

References

Municipalities of Chihuahua (state)

pt:Ocampo


Thomas Barnard Flint (April 28, 1847 – April 8, 1919) was a Canadian lawyer and political figure in Nova Scotia. He represented Yarmouth in the House of Commons of Canada from 1891 to 1902 as a Liberal member.

Early life and education
He was born in Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, the son of John Flint and Anne Barnard, and was educated at the Wesleyan Academy in Sackville, New Brunswick and Harvard University. He married Mary Ella Dane.

Career
He was called to the bar in 1872 and set up practice in Yarmouth. In 1874, Flint married Mary E. Dane. He was high sheriff for Yarmouth County from 1883 to 1886.

Political career
Flint was assistant clerk for the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1887 to 1891. He ran unsuccessfully for a seat in the provincial assembly in 1873 and 1882 and ran unsuccessfully for a seat in the House of Commons in 1878. In 1902, Flint was named Clerk of the House of Commons and resigned his seat. He served in that post until 1918. He died the following year in Yarmouth at the age of 71.

He was editor of Bourinot's Parliamentary Practice and Procedure, 3rd edition, published in 1903.

References

1847 births
1919 deaths
Harvard University alumni
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Nova Scotia
Politicians from Yarmouth, Nova Scotia
Clerks of the House of Commons (Canada)
Mount Allison University alumni


Melchor Ocampo, more commonly simply Ocampo is a town and seat of the municipality of Ocampo, in the northern Mexican state of Chihuahua. As of 2010, the town had a population of 527.

Originally settled as Jesús María, in 1861 it changed its name to honour recently assassinated Melchor Ocampo.

References

Populated places in Chihuahua (state)


Gloucester Green is a square in central Oxford, England, and the site of the city's bus station. It lies between George Street to the south and Beaumont Street to the north. To the west is Worcester Street and to the east is Gloucester Street.

The green was once an open space outside Gloucester College (now Worcester College), after which it was named.  From 1783 to 1915 a fair was held on the green, and from 1835 to 1932 it was the site of the city's cattle market.  In 1935, after the cattle market had been moved, the western half of Gloucester Green became the site of the city's bus station, and the eastern half became a car park.
In 1987, a major redevelopment of the area began. The eastern half became a square, surrounded by shops, restaurants and residential accommodation.  A new, smaller, bus station was built on the site of the old bus station, and an office block was built between the bus station and Worcester Street. An underground car park was also provided.

Today, the Gloucester Green bus station is the Oxford terminus for long-distance coach services, including services to London, coaches to Heathrow, Gatwick, Luton and Stansted airports, and route X5 to Cambridge. The bus station is too small to accommodate more than a few local bus services.

A food market is held in the square every Wednesday to Saturday and an antiques market every Thursday.

Gloucester Green is surrounded by Oxford theatres: close by are the Oxford Playhouse and Burton Taylor Studio theatres on Beaumont Street and Gloucester Street, respectively, and the Old Fire Station Theatre and the New Theatre, both on George Street.

Gallery

References

Bus stations in England
Squares in Oxford
Transport in Oxford
Transport infrastructure completed in 1989


Bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide (BSA) is an organosilicon compound with the formula  (Me = CH3).  It is a colorless liquid that is soluble in diverse organic solvents, but reacts rapidly with moisture and solvents  containing OH and NH groups.  It is used in analytical chemistry to increase the volatility of analytes, e.g., for gas chromatography.  It is also used to introduce the trimethylsilyl protecting group in organic synthesis. A related reagent is N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA).

Synthesis and reactions
BSA is prepared by treating acetamide with trimethylsilyl chloride in the presence of a base (Me = CH3, Et = C2H5):

The reaction of BSA with alcohols gives the corresponding trimethylsilyl ether, together with acetamide as a byproduct (Me = CH3):

References

Reagents for organic chemistry
Trimethylsilyl compounds


N-Methylmorpholine is the organic compound with the formula O(CH2CH2)2NCH3.  It is a colorless liquid.  It is a cyclic tertiary amine.  It is used as a base catalyst for generation of polyurethanes and other reactions. It is produced by the reaction of methylamine and diethylene glycol as well as by the hydrogenolysis of N-formylmorpholine. It is the precursor to N-methylmorpholine N-oxide, a commercially important oxidant.

References

4-Morpholinyl compounds
Reagents for organic chemistry


The 2000 Piedmontese regional election took place on 16 April 2000. Enzo Ghigo of  (FI) was re-elected for the second time in a row as the president of Piedmont, defeating Livia Turco of the Democrats of the Left (DS). His re-election resulted in a landslide, as this time he was also supported also by  (Northern League).

FI was confirmed as the largest party in the region with an historic 30.8% of the vote, while the DS were the second largest party with 17.7%. Piedmont was confirmed as a stronghold of Bonino List, whose leader Emma Bonino was candidate for president and took 5.7% of the vote.

Electoral system
Regional elections in Piedmont were ruled by the Tatarella law, which was approved in 1995 and provided for a mixed electoral system. Four fifths of the regional councilors were elected in provincial constituencies by proportional representation, using the largest remainder method with a Droop quota and open lists, while the residual votes and the unassigned seats were grouped into a single regional constituency, where the whole ratios and the highest remainders were divided with the Hare quota among the provincial party lists; one fifth of the council seats instead was reserved for regional lists and assigned with a majoritarian representation system, in which the leader of the regional list that scored the highest number of votes was elected to the presidency of the region, while the other candidates were elected regional councilors.

A threshold of 3% had been established for the provincial lists, which could still have entered the regional council if the regional list to which they were connected had scored at least 5% of valid votes. The panachage was also allowed; the voter can indicate a candidate for the presidency but prefer a provincial list connected to another candidate.

Parties and candidates

Results

References

2000 elections in Italy
Elections in Piedmont


Pyramidula is a genus of very small, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the family Pyramidulidae.

Pyramidula is the type genus of the family Pyramidulidae.

Species
The type species in the genus Pyramidula is Pyramidula rupestris.

Species in the genus Pyramidula include:
 Pyramidula cephalonica (Westerlund, 1898), Balkans
 Pyramidula chorismenostoma (Westerlund & Blanc, 1879), Balkans
 Pyramidula conica Pilsbry & Hirase, 1902, Japan
 Pyramidula euomphalus (Blanford, 1861), India
 Pyramidula gracilitesta van Benthem Jutting, 1959
 Pyramidula halyi (Jousseaume, 1894), Sri Lanka
 Pyramidula humilis (Hutton, 1838), India
 Pyramidula jaenensis (Clessin, 1882), Iberian peninsula
 Pyramidula javana (Möllendorff, 1897)
 Pyramidula kobayashii Kuroda & Hukuda, 1944
 Pyramidula kuznetsovi Schileyko & Balashov, 2012, Nepal
 Pyramidula micra Pilsbry, 1927
 Pyramidula przevalskii Lindholm 1922, northwest China
 Pyramidula pusilla (Vallot, 1801), Europe and Asia
 Pyramidula rupestris (Draparnaud, 1801), Mediterranea and maybe south of Central Asia
 Pyramidula saxatilis (Hartmann, 1842)
 † Pyramidula shantungensis Yen, 1969
Synonyms
 Pyramidula alternata (Say, 1817): synonym of Anguispira alternata (Say, 1817) (unaccepted combination)
  † Pyramidula antonini (Michaud, 1862): synonym of  † Acanthinula antonini (Michaud, 1862)
 Pyramidula asteriscus (Morse, 1857): synonym of Planogyra asteriscus (Morse, 1857) (unaccepted combination)
 Pyramidula cockerelli Pilsbry, 1898: synonym of Discus shimekii (Pilsbry, 1890) (junior synonym)
 Pyramidula elrodi Pilsbry, 1900: synonym of Oreohelix elrodi (Pilsbry, 1900) (original combination)
 Pyramidula laosensis Saurin, 1953: synonym of Krobylos laosensis (Saurin, 1953) (original combination)
 † Pyramidula lecontei Stearns, 1902: synonym of † Discus lecontei (Stearns, 1902) (new combination)
 Pyramidula mamillata Andreae, 1904 †: synonym of Pleurodiscoides mamillatus (Andreae, 1904) † (new combination)
 Pyramidula patagonica Suter, 1900: synonym of Radiodiscus patagonicus (Suter, 1900)
 Pyramidula pauper (A. Gould, 1859): synonym of Discus pauper (A. Gould, 1859) (unaccepted combination)
 Pyramidula perspectiva (Say, 1817): synonym of Discus patulus (Deshayes, 1832) (junior homonym of Helix perspectiva Megerle von Mühlfeld, 1816; synonym)
 Pyramidula picta G. H. Clapp, 1920: synonym of Anguispira picta (G. H. Clapp, 1920)
  † Pyramidula ralstonensis Cockerell, 1914: synonym of † Discus ralstonensis (Cockerell, 1914) (new combination)
 Pyramidula randolphii Dall, 1895: synonym of Punctum randolphii (Dall, 1895) (original combination)
 † Pyramidula recurrecta (Oppenheim, 1890): synonym of  † Pfefferiola recurrecta (Oppenheim, 1890)
 Pyramidula striatella (J. G. Anthony, 1840): synonym of Discus whitneyi (Newcomb, 1864) (junior synonym)
 Pyramidula strigosa (A. Gould, 1846): synonym of Oreohelix strigosa (A. Gould, 1846) (unaccepted combination)
 † Pyramidula subteres (Clessin, 1877): synonym of † Lucilla subteres (Clessin, 1877)
 Pyramidula umbilicata (Montague, 1803), Iberian peninsula and British Isles: synonym of Pyramidula pusilla (Vallot, 1801)  (junior subjective synonym)

References

Further reading
 Habe, T. (1956). Anatomical Studies on the Japanese Land Snails (7). Venus (Japanese Journal of Malacology). 19(2): 109-117
 Gittenberger E. & Bank R. A. 1996. A new start in Pyramidula (Gastropoda Pulmonata: Pyramidulidae). Basteria 60: 71–78.

External links
 Fitzinger, L.J. (1833). Systematisches Verzeichniß der im Erzherzogthume Oesterreich vorkommenden Weichthiere, als Prodrom einer Fauna derselben. Beiträge zur Landeskunde Oesterreichs's unter der Enns, 3: 88-122. Wien
 Pyramidula at AnimalBase
 Image of two live individuals in situ

Gastropod genera
Pyramidulidae


The Budweiser girls (or Bud girls) are female models promoting Budweiser beer for Anheuser-Busch. The first Budweiser girl appeared in 1883.

At various times, the company featured Budweiser girls in television and print advertisements, and hired local models to visit bars in costume for in-person promotions.  Throughout their history, the Bud Girls have been attractive but cleancut. "A Bud Girl doesn’t smoke, swear, use drugs, or have tattoos, non-ear piercings, or a criminal record."  During the 1990s, Anheuser-Busch distributors hired college girls to promote Budweiser on campus and to college bars.

References

Corporate mascots
Advertising campaigns
Drink advertising characters
Food advertising characters
Female characters in advertising
Anheuser-Busch advertising
Fictional characters introduced in 1883