The 417th Test and Evaluation Squadron is an active United States Air Force unit, assigned to the 753rd Test and Evaluation Group and stationed at Edwards Air Force Base, California.  Its previous assignment was with the USAF Weapons School at Holloman Air Force Base, New Mexico, where it was inactivated on 14 September 2006.

The squadron was originally activated as the 417th Night Fighter Squadron in February 1943. After training in the United States and receiving additional operational training in the United Kingdom, the squadron saw action in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations, flying both the British Bristol Beaufighter and Northrop P-61 Black Widow night fighters.  It earned a Distinguished Unit Citation for operations in Southern France.  Following V-E Day, the 417th served as part of the occupation forces in Germany until inactivating in November 1946, and transferring its personnel to another squadron, which was simultaneously activated.

The squadron was activated as the 417th Fighter-Bomber Squadron in January 1953, when it replaced an Air National Guard squadron that had been mobilized for the Korean War.  It soon moved to Europe with its North American F-86 Sabres, which it flew until upgrading to North American F-100 Super Sabres in 1958.  In 1966 the unit transitioned to the McDonnell F-4 Phantom II as the 417th Tactical Fighter Squadron and was engaged in combat during the Vietnam War, being part of two combat deployments.  Although kept on the record as an active squadron until September 1987, all personnel were withdrawn from the unit in November 1978.

In 1989 as the 417th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron at the Tonopah Test Range in Nevada, it was responsible for the replacement training of new Lockheed F-117A Nighthawk stealth fighter pilots until inactivating in 1993.

History

World War II
The squadron was established in February 1943 as the 417th Night Fighter Squadron and trained with the 481st Night Fighter Operational Training Group at Orlando Army Air Base, Florida.  The 417th was the fourth USAAF dedicated night fighter squadron formed. The unit trained in the Douglas P-70, a modified Douglas A-20 Havoc bomber using a U.S. version of the British Mk IV radar.  At the time the P-70 was the only American night fighter available. Besides routine transition training in the night fighter, the pilots also completed calibration, instrument, navigation flights, and numerous target missions in this period.

The squadron moved to England and was reassigned to VIII Fighter Command in the European Theater of Operations in May 1943. Because the P-70 was not suitable for night combat in Europe, the squadron was equipped with Royal Air Force (RAF) Bristol Beaufighters that were becoming available as RAF units equipped with the De Havilland Mosquito through a  "reverse Lend-Lease" program until an American aircraft could be produced.   The squadron received additional training with RAF night fighter units at several bases in early 1943 achieving the first victory on 24 July. Through the summer, they conducted daytime convoy escort and strike missions, but thereafter flew primarily at night.

The squadron was reassigned to Twelfth Air Force and deployed to Algeria in August 1943.  Most of the ex-RAF aircraft they had inherited were battle weary and no supplies of spares were available through the US supply chain.  The squadron scrounged a North American B-25 Mitchell, which it named the "Strawberry Roan," and used it to ranged throughout the Mediterranean in search of Beaufighter parts. The 417th carried out defensive night patrols over Allied held territory during the North African campaign, also conducted night interdiction raids on German positions in Algeria and Tunisia.  In April 1944, the 417th transferred to Corsica and resumed patrol activities. In August 1944, the unit supported the Allied invasion of southern France before taking up duty to fly patrol, intruder, and interceptor missions.

The 417th moved to Belgium, operating from bases in the Low Countries, and moving into northern Germany in early 1944. During March and April 1945, the 417th converted from the Beaufighter to the Northrop P-61 Black Widow aircraft.  It last major combat operations in the first week of May consisted of nightly patrols and intruder missions against enemy aircraft attempting to harass Seventh Army troops and their bridgeheads across the Danube River at Ulm, Donauwörth, and Dillingen, Germany.

The squadron remained in Germany after the war as part of the United States Air Forces in Europe.  It performed occupation duty for over a year, returning to the United States and inactivating in November 1946.

Cold War
In November 1952, the Air Force redesignated the unit as the 417th Fighter-Bomber Squadron and activated it on 1 January 1953 at Clovis Air Force Base, New Mexico, for training in North American F-51D Mustang aircraft. Soon thereafter, the squadron converted to the North American F-86F Sabre jet, but the transition period extended over a long period due to an acute shortage of trained people. In the Summer, the 417th moved to Hahn Air Base, West Germany, to become a unit in the United States Air Forces in Europe.  The aircraft were deployed to Hahn during Operation Fox Able 20. This marked the first mass flight of an entire tactical wing from the U.S. to continental Europe. At Hahn, the squadron trained in air-to-ground and air-to-air gunnery at places like Fürstenfeldbruck Air Base and Giebelstadt Air Base in West Germany and Wheelus Air Base, Libya.

During early 1958, the 417th turned in its F-86 Sabrejets, and then deployed to Wheelus, where it received North American F-100 Super Sabre aircraft. The unit remained in Libya for nearly 60 days where its completed transition training in the new aircraft.  At Hahn, the unit's mission was the delivery of tactical nuclear weapons against Warsaw Pact forces in the event of an invasion of Western Europe. Its secondary missions were tactical air defense and support for North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) ground forces.  Due to the vulnerability of West Germany to Soviet attack, Air Force planners did not want their tactical nuclear weapons in locations that could be quickly overrun by Warsaw Pact forces. When construction was completed at Toul-Rosières Air Base France, the squadron was moved there in July 1956.

On 8 July 1958, the Air Force redesignated the squadron as the 417th Tactical Fighter Squadron. Disagreements arose concerning atomic storage and custody issues within NATO, resulting in a decision to remove United States Air Force atomic-capable units from French soil. The squadron was moved back to Hahn Air Base in December 1959. It remained in West Germany as a tactical fighter squadron, equipped with the F-100 Super Sabre, until 1966, upgrading to the McDonnell F-4D Phantom II until its inactivation on 30 April 1967.

The 417th returned from Europe for reassignment at Mountain Home Air Force Base, Idaho, on 15 July 68 with the 67th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing. From there, it deployed for training at Hahn 15 January to 3 April 1969 and 11 September to 9 October 1970.

The return from West Germany, however, brought with it a move to Holloman Air Force Base, New Mexico, where the 417th remained until 30 April 1977. This time included several deployments: Takhli Royal Thai Air Force Base, Thailand from 10 May to 30 September 1972; Hahn AB, West Germany, from 3 February to 14 March 1973, 6 March to 5 April 1974, 3 October to 5 November 1975, and 24 August to 26 September 1976; and Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada, 29 November to 19 December 1975. The tours in Thailand led to two honors for Vietnam War service.

The 417th resumed service when it activated on 1 October 1978 at Zweibrücken Air Base, West Germany, as part of the 26th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing. At that time, however, the squadron only received a few people and one F-4D Phantom II aircraft. The unit moved to Ramstein Air Base, West Germany on 1 November 1978, but evidently lost its personnel and aircraft to become a paper organization. Moreover, the 417th also transferred from the 26th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing to the 86th Tactical Fighter Wing on 15 November 1981, remaining a paper organization until it inactivated on 15 September 1987.

F-117 Development/Operations

The I-Unit was activated by Tactical Air Command at Tonopah Test Range Airport, Nevada as a classified unit on 1 October 1985.  It began receiving full-scale development Lockheed F-117A Nighthawk stealth fighters from Lockheed for testing.  It was replaced by the 4453d Test and Evaluation Squadron on 30 May 1989 as part of the 4450th Tactical Group, performing training missions with the F-117A in a clandestine environment.  All Tonopah training flights were conducted under the cover of darkness until late 1988.   On 10 November 1988, the Air Force brought the F-117A from behind a "black veil" by publicly acknowledging its existence, but provided few details about it.  The official confirmation of the F-117A's existence, however, had little impact on Tonopah operations. Pilots began occasionally flying the F-117A during the day, but personnel were still ferried to and from work each Monday and Friday from Nellis. Everyone associated with the project was still forbidden to talk about what they did for a living, and the program remained shrouded in secrecy.

The 4453d was inactivated on 25 September 1989 and its personnel and equipment transferred to the 417th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron on 5 October 1989 when the 4450th was inactivated and replaced by the 37th Tactical Fighter Wing.  It became responsible for the replacement training of new F-117A stealth fighter pilots.  In the realignment of F-117A squadrons, the 415th and 416th were assigned production F-117As; the 417th was assigned pre-production F-117As, along with Northrop T-38 Talon trainers for pilot transition training to the F-117.

In January 1991, the F-117As of the 417th were deployed to King Khalid Air Base, Saudi Arabia, where they saw combat during Operation Desert Storm.  After combat ended, the squadron returned home to Tonopah in early April 1991. After Desert Storm, the 417th was assigned to the 37th Operations Group and redesignated the 417th Fighter Squadron as part of the wing's adoption of the Air Force Objective Wing organization.

In 1992, as part of the post Cold War budget cutbacks in the Air Force, the F-117As were moved to Holloman Air Force Base, New Mexico.  The 37th Fighter Wing and its subordinate organizations were inactivated and the aircraft, equipment, personnel and mission of the squadron were assigned to the 49th Operations Group.  In 1993, squadron transferred its F-117s to the 7th Fighter Squadron and inactivated.

USAF Weapons School
The Air Force Chief of Staff directed the creation of the F-117 Division, USAF Weapons School in May 2002 at Holloman. The initial cadre class began in January 2003, and the validation class began their training in July 2003. On 13 August 2003, the F-117 Division was replaced by the 417th Weapons Squadron.  The 417th was a geographically separated unit of the 57th Wing.

The squadron provided advanced training to F-117A instructor pilots. The course included 26 syllabus sorties, seven simulator missions, four mission planning exercises and more than 400 hours of academics.  It was inactivated along with F-117A in September 2006.

Test and Evaluation
On 24 April 2018, the 417th was reactivated as the 417th Test and Evaluation Squadron at Edwards Air Force Base, California.

Lineage
 Constituted as the 417th Night Fighter Squadron on 17 February 1943
 Activated on 20 February 1943
 Inactivated on 9 November 1946
 Redesignated 417th Fighter-Bomber Squadron on 15 November 1952
 Activated on 1 January 1953
 Redesignated 417th Tactical Fighter Squadron on 8 July 1958
 Inactivated on 30 April 1977
 Activated on 1 October 1978
 Inactivated on 15 September 1987
 Redesignated 417th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron on 15 September 1989
 Activated on 5 October 1989
 Redesignated 417th Fighter Squadron on 1 November 1991
 Inactivated on 1 December 1993
 Redesignated 417th Weapons Squadron on 11 August 2003
 Activated on 13 August 2003
 Inactivated c. 14 September 2006
 Redesignated 417th Test and Evaluation Squadron on 24 April 2018
 Activated on 24 April 2018

Assignments
 Air Defense Department, Army Air Forces School of Applied Tactics, 20 February 1943
 VIII Fighter Command (attached to the Royal Air Force), 11 May 1943
 Twelfth Air Force, 8 August 1943 (attached to 2689 Air Defense Region (Provisional), Northwest African Coastal Air Force, 9 August 1943, No. 337 Wing, RAF, 3 January 1944)
 63d Fighter Wing, 27 April 1944
 XII Fighter Command, 27 September 1944
 Twelfth Air Force, 1 October 1944 (attached to Mediterranean Allied Coastal Air Force after 3 October 1944)
 Air echelon further attached to 422d Night Fighter Squadron, 6–22 January 1945
 64th Fighter Wing (attached to First Tactical Air Force [Provisional]), 24 March 1945
 XII Tactical Air Command, 17 May 1945
 64th Fighter Wing, 26 June 1945 – 9 November 1946 (attached to All Weather Group (Provisional), 64th Fighter Wing, 15 August – 9 November 1946)
 50th Fighter-Bomber Group, 1 January 1953
 50th Fighter-Bomber Wing (later 50th Tactical Fighter Wing), 8 December 1957
 Tactical Air Command, 1 March 1968
 67th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, 1 July 1968 (attached to 50th Tactical Fighter Wing, 15 January – 3 April 1969, 11 September – 9 October 1970)
 49th Tactical Fighter Wing, 15 November 1970 – 30 April 1977
 26th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, 1 October 1978
 86th Tactical Fighter Wing, 15 November 1981 – 15 September 1987
 37th Tactical Fighter Wing, 5 October 1989
 37th Operations Group, 1 November 1991
 49th Operations Group, 8 July 1992 – 1 December 1993
 USAF Weapons School, 13 August 2003 – 14 September 2006
 53d Test and Evaluation Group, 24 April 2018 – present

Stations

 Orlando Army Air Base, Florida, 20 February 1943
 Kissimmee Army Air Field, Florida, 5 March –  26 April 1943
 RAF Ayr (AAF-570), Scotland, 12 May 1943
 RAF Cranfield (AAF-525), England, 14 May 1943
 Detachment at RAF Ayr (AAF-570, Scotland, 14 May –  10 June 1943
 Detachment at RAF Uxbridge (AAF-409), England, 14 May –  10 June 1943
 Detachment at RAF Coltishall (AAF-355), England, 14 May –  10 June 1943
 Detachment at RAF Bristol (AAF-473), England, 14 May –  10 June 1943
 Detachment at RAF Scorton (AAF-425), England, 23 May –  10 June 1943
 RAF Scorton (AAF-425), England, 10 June 1943
 Tafaraoui Airfield, Algeria, 8 August 1943
 Ground echelon at Ghisonaccia Airfield, Corsica, France, 7 January – February 1944
 La Senia Airfield, Oran, Algeria 10 January 1944
 Ground echelon at Borgo Airfield, Corsica, France, February–April 1944
 Borgo Airfield, Corsica, France, c. 25 April – 7 September 1944
 La Vallon Airfield (Y-18), France, 12 September 1944
 Air echelon at Florennes Airfield (A-78), Belgium, 6–22 January 1945
 St-Dizier Airfield (A-64), France, 5 April 1945
 Giebelstadt Airfield (Y-90), Germany, 24 April 1945
 Biblis Airfield (Y-78), Germany, 21 May 1945

 AAF Station Braunshard (Y-72), Germany, 26 June 1945
 AAF Station Kassel/Rothwesten (R-12), Germany, 9 August 1945
 AAF Station Fritzlar (Y-86), Germany, 10 April 1946
 AAF Station Schweinfurt, Germany (R-25), 20 August –  9 November 1946
 Clovis Air Force Base, New Mexico, 1 January 1953
 Hahn Air Base, West Germany, 9 August 1953
 Toul-Rosières Air Base, France, 15 April 1956
 Ramstein Air Base, West Germany, 1 December 1959 – 15 July 1968
 Mountain Home Air Force Base, Idaho, 15 July 1968
 Deployed at Hahn Air Base, West Germany, 15 January –  3 April 1969 and 11 September –  9 October 1970
 Holloman Air Force Base, New Mexico, 9 October 1970 – 30 April 1977
 Deployed at Takhli Royal Thai Air Force Base, Thailand, 10 May –  30 September 1972
 Deployed at Hahn Air Base, West Germany, 3 February –  14 March 1973, 6 March –  5 April 1974, 3 October –  5 November 1975, and 24 August –  26 September 1976
 Deployed at Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada, 29 November – 19 December 1975
 Zweibrücken Air Base, West Germany, 1 October 1978
 Ramstein Air Base, West Germany, 1 November 1978 – 15 September 1987
 Tonopah Test Range Airport, Nevada, 5 October 1989
 Holloman Air Force Base, New Mexico, July 1992 – 1 December 1993, 13 August 2003 – 14 September 2006ref name="Peebles"/>
 Edwards Air Force Base, California, 24 April 2018 – present

Aircraft

 Douglas P-70 Havoc, 1943
 Bristol Beaufighter, 1943–1945
 Northrop P-61 Black Widow, 1945–1946
 North American F-51 Mustang, 1953
 North American F-86 Sabre, 1953–1958
 North American F-100 Super Sabre, 1958–1966

 McDonnell F-4 Phantom II, 1967–1978
 Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk, 1985–1993
 Northrop T-38 Talon, 1989–1992
 Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk, 2003–2006

See also

 481st Night Fighter Operational Training Group

References
 Notes

 Citations

Bibliography

Further reading

Test and evaluation squadrons of the United States Air Force


Household pennant is a quite common Nordic and Scandinavian tradition. A household pennant (; ; ; ) can be flown whenever there is no flag flying day and it is usually a means of telling that the "master of the house" is at home or simply for decorations. Due to this, pennants flags are usually a more common sight than the national flag in these countries. These pennants have a long, narrow, triangular shape, usually half the length of the flag pole. The pennants are also used in some countries for determining the wind direction. Unlike the national flag, which usually has a specific timeframe it can formally be flown during the day, pennants are regarded as more informal, and can be flown all day and night until worn out.

Denmark

Danish pennants retain the cross of the Dannebrog and are generally very long and thin. The pennants can be connected to the pole like a traditional flag, or via a single lanyard, giving the pennant the ability to rotate while flying.

Finland

Finnish pennants retain the cross design of their national flag. The pennants triangle has a base of roughly one tenth of the length and it is connected to the pole via a single lanyard, giving the pennant the ability to rotate while flying. The shapes, designs and uses of the pennants are however not regulated by law, as long as they do not interfere with uses of the regular flag, which is regulated. It is also allowed to fly a pennant overnight. In addition to the general pennant (which is based on the flag of Finland) and the regional variants, there are also family, city and municipality variants, of which any may be flown. A common practice is to either fly the pennant of the region of residence or the pennant from which the family members come.

Finnish regional pennants
The different regions of Finland have been connected with some traditional colors (often from the coats of arms of the historical provinces of Finland and modern provinces), and these are often reflected in the household pennant. The pennants sometimes also incorporate the regional arm into the design. A common practice is to either fly the pennant of the region of residence or the pennant from which the family members come. As the household pennant is connected to the pole with a single lanyard, the pennant has the ability to revolve around its horizontal axis. Thus, an actual pennant does not have a "top" side, making some of the pennants identical in practice.

The colors of the coat of arms

Norway

Norwegian pennants do not contain the nordic cross and instead uses a single stripe in blue with white borders on a red triangular canvas. Although they may sometimes appear different such as with the nordic cross motif of the national flag, but these alternative designs are very uncommon compared to the single stripe design. Municipal specific pennants are also sometimes used by certain national subdivisions as decorations. When pennants of other Nordic countries are flown in Norway alongside the Norwegian pennant, the design of the single stripe is carried over to the other Nordic pennants.

Sweden

The design of Swedish pennants, unlike other Nordic pennants, are regulated. These pennants must be half blue and half yellow, with blue on top. Swedish pennants with cross designs are not approved, considered historically inaccurate and is therefore advised to not be used. The length of the pennant should be 1/3 of the flagpole. The colors are not defined, but should match those of the national flag.

Other

See also
Flag flying days in Finland
Flag flying days in Norway
Flag flying days in Sweden

References

External links
 Isännänviirit Flagmore

Vexillology


Emotional Animal is the third studio solo album by King's X frontman Doug Pinnick. It was released in 2005 on Magna Carta Records.

Track listing

Personnel
Doug Pinnick – vocals and all instruments, except drums
Joey Gaskill – drums

References

External links
Emotional Animal entry on Doug Pinnick's website

2005 albums
Doug Pinnick albums
Magna Carta Records albums


Berk–Tabatznik syndrome is a medical condition with an unknown cause that shows symptoms of short stature, congenital optic atrophy and brachytelephalangy. This condition is extremely rare with only two cases being found.

See also
 Heart-hand diseases
 Rare disease

References

Further reading

External links

Rare syndromes
Syndromes affecting stature
Syndromes affecting the optic nerve


Caloptilia rufipennella (commonly known as small red slender) is a moth of the family Gracillariidae that is found throughout Europe.

The wingspan is . It is a small brown Caloptilia  with whitish bands at the top of the forelegs
.
The moth flies from August to the next spring.

The larvae feed on Acer pseudoplatanus.

References

External links
 Lepiforum
 Caloptilia rufipennella at UKmoths

rufipennella
Moths described in 1796
Moths of Europe
Taxa named by Jacob Hübner


WebScarab is a web security application testing tool. It serves as a proxy that intercepts and allows people to alter web browser web requests (both HTTP and HTTPS) and web server replies. WebScarab also may record traffic for further review.

Overview
WebScarab is an open source tool developed by The Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP), and was implemented in Java so it could run across multiple operating systems.

In 2013 official development of WebScarab slowed, and it appears that  OWASP's Zed Attack Proxy ("ZAP") Project (another Java-based, open source proxy tool but with more features and active development) is WebScarab's official successor, although ZAP itself was forked from the Paros Proxy, not WebScarab.

References

External links

Official Webpage
Web Development

Web development
Software testing tools
Computer network security


Monodendri () is a village in the Ioannina regional unit (Epirus region) in Greece. It is part of the municipal unit of Central Zagori in the Zagori region, and is located  north of the city of Ioannina.

Monodendri is built at a height of  and retains much of the traditional stone-built architecture.

History
The name "Monodendri" (meaning "lonely tree" or "single tree") came into use only in the beginning of the 19th century. Its origin is in a very large tree, whose remains still existed in 1910. The village was previously considered a neighbourhood of Vitsa.

As with the other Zagori villages, Monodendri enjoyed an extended period of commercial and economic prosperity during the 17th and 18th centuries. There were schools  built, churches in the Byzantine style and luxurious stone manors (). The first school, the Scholarcheion, was`founded in 1750. In the school taught among others Paparousis, who later in 1814 taught in the Academy of Bucharest and in Vienna, where he published an article on Physical Science in Logios Hermes (Hermes ho Logios). In the Scholarcheion also taught the renowned Neophytos Dotos (1814–18) and Anastasios Sakellarios from 1825 to 1830, when he left to direct the new Zosimaia School in Ioannina. The school is said to have had also some distinguished students, among them Georgios Gennadios and the revolutionary leader Markos Botsaris from Souli.

Monodendri was the birthplace of the merchants and national benefactors Manthos and Georgios Rizaris, and of Angelos Kitsos (former president of the Rizarios Foundation). There were three schools in Monodendri in the 19th century, a primary school (“Ellinikon” or Common School of Greek Studies  (Greek: Κοινή Σχολή Ελληνικών Μαθημάτων) founded by the brothers Manthos and Georgios Rizaris in 1835) and housed in their original home, an Allelodidaktikon (high school) and a school for girls, the Parthenagogeion, also founded by the Rizaris brothers in 1841.

Orthodox Albanians, locally called "Arvanites", have settled the village after the 15th century, later assimilating into the local population. Sarakatsani have settled at the beginning of the 20th century.

Monodendrites usually immigrated to Macedonia and Southern Greece. Outside Greece, they immigrated to Egypt, Romania, Asia Minor, Africa and the United States.

Architecture

The church of Aghios Athanasios, in the middle of the central square, is of significant historical value. The bequests of the Rizari brothers are visible in the village today, and include the Rizarios Exhibition Center, the Rizarios Handicraft School and the primary school. The amphitheatrically built stone theater, in the village end, is used for cultural festivals during the summer months.

The monastery of St Elias dates from the period of the foundation of Monodendri at the turn of the 15th century. From the same time dates also the church of St George (Agios Georgios). Georgios Gennadios and Markos Botsaris were  during their childhood students at the monastery of St Elias.

 Near the village lies the historic monastery of Agia Paraskevi, built on the edge of the Vikos Gorge. The monastery was founded in 1412 by Michael Voevodas Therianos and the people of Vitsa, as stated on an inscription, during the reign of Carlo I Tocco. It was a property of the monastery of St Elias but was refounded as a nunnery in 1778. The panoramic view from the monastery is spectacular.

Because of its scenery and traditional architecture Monodendri attracts some tourism, especially during the Christmas period.

Notable Monodendrites
The national benefactors Manthos and Georgios Rizaris, founders of the Rizareios Foundation in Athens in 1841 and of the Rizareios Ecclesiastical School in 1844, while Monodendri was still under Ottoman rule.
Ioannis Koniaris, mayor of Athens in the 19th century.
Dimitrios Semitelos (1828–1898), scholar.
Anastasios Tagis (1839-1900), scholar and teacher.

See also
Zagori
Vikos–Aoös National Park

External links
 Prefecture of Ioannina. Tourist department of Greece

Bibliography

References

Populated places in Ioannina (regional unit)
Zagori


Archie Carpenter is a fictional character from the British soap opera Hollyoaks, played by Stephen Beard. The character debuted on-screen during the episode broadcast on 3 November 2008. He was introduced as the brother of the established character Zoe Carpenter (Zoë Lister). Archie moved into the college halls of residence. In March 2010, executive producer Paul Marquess wrote the character out of Hollyoaks as part of his rejuvenation of the series, which included multiple cast changes. Archie made his final appearance during the episode broadcast on 28 May 2010.

Creation and casting
Archie's character was created to be a new student studying at Hollyoaks Community College and was given immediate links with other characters such as an on-screen sister, Zoe Carpenter, played by Zoë Lister. It has been mentioned on and off screen that the two character experienced different upbringings from their parents.

Regular auditions were held for the part but the result of the audition process was unique to other castings within the series. The audition process was featured in a reality television series. In 2007, MTV commissioned a reality television series titled Living on the Edge. Broadcast in the United Kingdom, the series focused on teenagers living in the wealthy British village of Alderley Edge. During the second series, Stephen Beard was the only returning cast member. During this season, Beard was seen auditioning for various roles and it documented the whole audition process for the character of Archie. He was later offered the part on a six-month contract, later being offered another contract for the same period of time.

Development
Channel 4 publicity described Archie stating that "Zoe's younger brother Archie is a cheeky chap who loves to wind his sister up. But no more than he loves trying to woo the ladies!" Archie has been portrayed as a promiscuous character, one that doesn't think of the consequences of his hasty actions. At the time of joining the show, Beard said of his character: "He is a bit of a womaniser, he's constantly on the look out for new talent but he gets shot down a lot too, I think he thinks far too highly of himself! He'll go to the point that not many blokes will, he will never give up." In an interview with media website Digital Spy he said of his character: "He's definitely a wild one. People who have watched Living On The Edge may draw some comparisons. I go to a certain point in life, but Archie's definitely got bigger balls - he'll take things all the way. He's got no fear. At the same time, though, he has a sensitive side. He's like the big class clown but when he gets a knock, he really feels it. I think Archie's intended to bring a bit of light-hearted humour to the show." He has also been described as a wannabe entrepreneur coming up with wild ideas of how to make money fast.

In one story created for the character, Archie and his friends Kris Fisher (Gerard McCarthy), Zak Ramsey (Kent Riley) and Elliot Bevan (Garnon Davies) find £100,000 in cash in an attic of their new flat they share. They all decide to keep it for themselves. The story explored an issue involving localised discrimination. Zak is portrayed as a Scouser / Liverpudlian and when some of the money goes missing, Archie automatically presumes Zak must have stolen it due to his Scouse identity. Beard told an Inside Soap reporter that Archie is "quite un-PC in his thinking, because Zak's a Scouser, there's no doubt in Archie's mind that he took the cash." Beard added that Archie's accusations causes a fight between the friends as Zak is forced to defend his background. Elliot later admits he took the money to help his girlfriend Leila Roy (Lena Kaur).

In early 2010 it was announced that Allan had stepped down from the position of executive producer, with Paul Marquess taking over the role. It was soon revealed that he planned revamp Hollyoaks, changing the productions team, then began a cast cull starting with the axing of three established characters. Stephanie Waring (who plays Cindy Hutchinson) then revealed that all remaining cast members feared their characters would be next to depart from the series. One month later the cast cull continued as Marquess announced his plans to axe a further 11 characters, including Archie at the end of Beard's contract. He finished filming in early 2010

Storylines
In December 2008, Leila accused Archie of stealing chocolates from her advent calendar however it was later revealed she had been sleepwalking and stole them herself. He shares a kiss with Sarah Barnes (Loui Batley), who later witnesses Archie intimate with another girl. Archie attempts to reunite with Sarah occasionally, however she continuously rejected him. In a final attempt to regain her affection, he posts a billboard of himself half-nude. In February 2009, he kisses Sarah again. In March, Sarah succumbs to temptations and begins a relationship with him however Sarah dumps him as she notices his affection for her lesbian friend Lydia Hart (Lydia Kelly). Sarah revengefully dances with Lydia. In June, Archie endeavours to prevent his parents from uncovering Zoe's failed college course by "collapsing". Myra McQueen (Nicole Barber-Lane) resuscitates him and he verbally abuses by calling her a "troll", leading to Myra and Mercedes Fisher (Jennifer Metcalfe) trying to attack him. Later, Archie was undressed in bed, kissing an unseen person. He lay back and confesses to sleeping with Myra. Archie, along with Kris Fisher (Gerard McCarthy), Elliot Bevan (Garnon Davies) and Zak Ramsey (Kent Riley), move into Warren Fox's (Jamie Lomas) old flat after his death. While clearing out the attic, the boys found £100,000 of Warren's money and agree to keep the money safe for months, deciding if the money didn't belong to anyone, they would split it four ways. However, things become dangerous as Archie's greediness worsens. He calls his friend Jed to assist him in pretending to kidnap him in order for the other boys to give Jed the money, leading to Archie fleeing with it. However, Kris runs to Nancy Hayton's (Jessica Fox) house with the money and plans to go to the police. Jed actually kidnaps Archie seriously and gives him an ultimatum; either he receives the money or he would throw Archie over a roof. Elliot, Zak, Kris and Nancy salvaged him but, realising how the money affected their friendship, Kris abandoned it. After this, everyone neglected Archie, furious for Archie's betrayal.

During Freshers week, Archie has a one-night stand with India Longford (Beth Kingston) and humiliates her by ignoring her publicly. In October 2009, Archie receives a call, which he doesn't identify on screen. The unknown caller informs him that Zoe is charged with the murder of her best friend and Archie's ex-girlfriend, Sarah, who has just died in a skydiving accident when her parachute failed to deploy which resulted in her death. Unbeknown to everyone, Lydia, Sarah's girlfriend has framed Zoe for Sarah's death as she was the culprit who sabotaged Sarah's parachute that was intended to kill Zoe. Archie is keen to support his sister. During an argument with Lydia, Archie realises Lydia was the saboteur and accuses her during Sarah's wake. Zoe is found not guilty with everyone believing Sarah committed suicide. Archie develops a drug habit and drops an ecstasy tablet in Nancy's flat which is then nearly taken by her young nephew Charlie Dean (Joshua McConville). Elliot also gets the blame as he had let Archie in. Neither Nancy nor Elliot want to speak to Archie again. On a night out with Kris and Zak, Archie makes comments about Zak's dead brother Caleb who was killed on patrol in Afghanistan. These comments offended Zak and he punches Archie. This leaves Archie with no friends in the village. Archie leaves after Elliot is taken into hospital having taken Archie's pills.

Reception
In 2009 Ruth Deller of entertainment website Lowculture criticised Archie stating: "Zoe’s generic lairy student brother serves no purpose, essentially being an even more obnoxious version of Zak, whilst Zak is still on the show. And there’s no believability about his relationship with Zoe whatsoever." A writer from Western Mail branded Archie a "sex-obsessed student". They found Archie's story in which he attempts to expose Lydia's crimes ironic because of his low intelligence. They quipped "normally, Archie couldn't find his way out of a paper bag so it's funny how the death of Sarah Barnes and his sister Zoe's subsequent incarceration have transformed him into Sherlock Holmes."

References

External links
 Archie Carpenter on the E4 website

Hollyoaks characters
Television characters introduced in 2008
British male characters in television


Mario Massa (29 May 1892 – 16 February 1956) was an Italian freestyle swimmer who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics, in the 1912 Summer Olympics, and in the 1920 Summer Olympics. He was born in Nervi. In 1908 he was eliminated in the first round of the 400 metre freestyle event. Four years later he was eliminated in the semi-finals of the 100 metre freestyle competition. He also participated in the 400 metre freestyle event and in the 1500 metre freestyle competition but in both he was eliminated in the first round. At the 1920 Games he was a member of the Italian relay team which finished fifth in the 4 x 200 metre freestyle relay competition. In the 100 metre freestyle event he was eliminated in the first round.

References

External links

1892 births
1956 deaths
Italian male swimmers
Olympic swimmers for Italy
Swimmers at the 1908 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1912 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Italian male freestyle swimmers
People from Nervi


Nagardev was the son-in-law of Raja Bhimdev and brother-in-law of Pratapbimba. He ruled the islands of Mumbai from 1331 to 1347 or 1348. In 1347, Nika Malik, a General of the Delhi Sultanate made a three pronged attack on Thana, Mahim, and Rarjapore near Marol. He lost his life whild defending his capital. His queen continued to fight but she too. was slain. Nagardev was defeated by the Muslim rulers and the islands came under their control, thus ending the sovereignty of Hindu rulers over the islands of Bombay.

Notes

References

History of Mumbai


Jacques d'Amboise (1559–1606) was a French  medical doctor and surgeon.

Life
He was the son of Jean d'Amboise, ordinary surgeon to the king  and was himself surgeon to Henry III, and got himself noticed when he dissected a woman before Ambroise Paré and several grand-masters of surgery aged only 20. He then became a doctor of medicine, then doctor to king Henry IV of France. In 1594, he was elected rector of the université de Paris. In 1596, he was made professor at the Collège royal, where the medicine chair is named after him.

The university's oath of loyalty to Henry IV and the trial that brought it under the Jesuits fell under his rectorate. As rector, he pronounced bloody harangues against the Jesuits to the parlement on 12 May and 13 July 1594.

Jacques d'Amboise was also the brother of François d'Amboise, king's advocate to the parlement de Paris, and of Adrien d'Amboise, almoner of Henry IV and bishop of Tréguier.

Sources
 Pierre Bayle, Dictionnaire historique et critique, p. 177
 J. Balteau, Dictionnaire de biographie française, vol II

1559 births
1603 deaths
16th-century French physicians
French surgeons


Gracillaria syringella (lilac leafminer or privet leafminer) is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is found in Europe. It has been introduced in North America.

The wingspan is 10–13 mm. The forewings are light yellowbrownish, towards base with whitish and dark fuscous strigulae ; an oblique interrupted fascia about 1/4, a somewhat angulated
median fascia (sometimes followed by a small costal spot), a tornal spot, a spot on costa beyond, and costal and terminal dots near apex white, black-margined ; a blackish discal suffusion beyond middle. Hindwings are rather dark grey.The larva is whitish, sometimes greenish-tinged ; dorsal line darker green ; head brownish-tinged.

The moth flies in May and again in July depending on the location.

The caterpillars feed on ash (Fraxinus), privet (Ligustrum) and lilac (Syringa)

References

External links
 Lepiforum.de

Gracillariinae
Leaf miners
Moths described in 1794
Moths of Europe
Moths of Asia
Taxa named by Johan Christian Fabricius


Defaulting on a loan happens when repayments are not made for a certain period of time as defined in the loan's terms of agreement, typically a promissory note. For federal student loans, default requires non-payment for a period of 270 days. For private student loans, default generally occurs after 120 days of non-payment.

In 2021, outstanding student loan debt has reached a record more than $1.8 trillion. Outstanding student loan debt has increased from $1.06T to 1.41T from 2014 to 2019, a 33% increase. The average loan balance per borrower has reached over $35,000. Of that amount, 10.8% of that student debt is at least 90 days past due or in default. This is not limited to a small population; analysis has shown that every year at least 1 million individual borrowers enter default on their student loans. Many analysts consider the number of individual borrowers that are at risk of default to be undercounted due to the prevalence of borrowers in deferment, forbearance, grace periods.

Defaulter demographics

According to analysis of borrowers from the 2003-2004 academic year over a twelve-year period, defaulters generally tend to be older, lower income, and more financially independent than those who did not default. Borrowers typically owe $9,625, which is $8,500 less than the median loan balance of a non-defaulter. The majority of defaulters did not complete their bachelor's degree, but the median completed at least one year of study while maintaining grades in the C+/B- range. This shows that defaulters are able to complete college level work. Furthermore, most borrowers do not immediately enter default - the median borrower takes 33 months to enter default on their federal loans. Generally, a little more than half of all defaulters are able to rehabilitate their debt.

Debt rehabilitation

There are a number of paths to resolving student debt default, including:

 Completing 10 months of agreed upon payments
 Repayment via debt consolidation or other types of loans
 Discharge via total and permanent disability
 Discharge via bankruptcy

See also
Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act
Cohort Default Rate
Default (finance)
Garnishment
Higher Education Act of 1965
Loan
Student loans in the United States

References

Student loans in the United States


Agostino Frassinetti (1897–1968) was an Italian freestyle swimmer who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics and in the 1924 Summer Olympics. He was born in Genoa.

In 1920 he was a member of the Italian relay team which finished fifth in the 4 x 200 metre freestyle relay competition. In the 100 metre freestyle event he was eliminated in the semi-finals. Four years later at the Paris Games he was eliminated with the Italian relay team in the semi-finals of the 4 x 200 metre freestyle relay contest.

References

External links

 Report on Italian Olympic Swimmers

1897 births
1968 deaths
Sportspeople from Genoa
Italian male swimmers
Olympic swimmers for Italy
Swimmers at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1924 Summer Olympics
Italian male freestyle swimmers
People from Sampierdarena


Yvonne Oddon (1902–1982) was one of the leaders in the reformation of French libraries and a member of the French Resistance in World War II.

Biography

Yvonne Oddon was born in Gap, Hautes-Alpes to a Protestant family.  After secondary school studies and a year as a lecturer in Wales, she was admitted to the school of Library Studies in Paris built after World War I with the help of American aid.  She there became an assistant and in 1926-1928 went on a training course to the United States.  On her return to France in 1929 she became a librarian at the Trocadéro Museum in the Palais de Chaillot while continuing her activity in the Council of Librarians and Association  of French Librarians. Her name remains attached to the Guide du bibliothécaire amateur (Guide for the amateur librarian), published in 1930 by Charles-Henri Bach; and this with the text revised and corrected became the Petit guide du bibliothécaire being considerably added to after 1945 and republished under two names with certain editions being illustrated. The Trocadéro Museum became the Musée de l'Homme, and its library, open to the public and methodically classified (according to an adaptation of the classification of the Library of Congress) represents a turning point in study library management. For the Universal Exhibition of 1947 she was given the task of organising the Libraries section.

French Resistance

Yvonne Oddon was an early resister of German occupation of France in the Second World War. While serving as the Head Librarian of the musée de l'Homme, she had sent books and clothing to French prisoners of war. With Lucie Boutillier du Rétail, Oddon helped prisoners escape and find shelter and food as well as safe haven.

In 1940 she took part, with Boris Vildé and Agnès Humbert, in the creation of a resistance group called the Groupe du musée de l'Homme, initially to help prisoners and aviators to escape.  She was also present at the birth of a clandestine newspaper named Résistance. On 10 February 1941 the participants of the group were arrested following their denunciation by an employee. On 7 February 1942, the six men in the group were sentenced to death, but for the three women, including Yvonne Oddon, the sentence was suspended and they were deported to Germany.  Yvonne went to several prisons before being sent to the camp at Ravensbrück on 20 November 1944. Freed by the International Red Cross, she arrived back in Paris on 14 April 1945 as part of an exchange negotiated between the Red Cross and Heinrich Himmler.

Post-war
After the war, Yvonne Oddon, while continuing her work at the Musée de l'Homme, took part in numerous missions under the aegis of UNESCO (Haïti, 1949) and took part in the organisation of education conferences based in Malmö in 1950 and in Ibadan in 1954; then the creation of the International Council of Museums, for which she made a classification system; and she took part, after her retirement, in numerous missions, particularly to the Museum centre in Jos, Nigeria.

She was awarded the rank of Chevalier (Légion d'honneur) for her resistance work and was later promoted to Officier.

She died in 1982, and was buried at Menglon (Drôme), the cradle of her family.

See also
 Georges Henri Rivière

Notes

References
Humbert, Agnès (tr. Barbara Mellor), Résistance: Memoirs of Occupied France, London, Bloomsbury Publishing PLC, 2008  (American title: Resistance: A Frenchwoman's Journal of the War, Bloomsbury, USA, 2008)

External links
Homage on the site of the "Bulletin des Bibliothèques de France"
Note and photo on the site of the Association "Études drômoises"

1902 births
1982 deaths
People from Gap, Hautes-Alpes
French Protestants
French Resistance members
International Council of Museums


Terry Hicks (born 1945) is an Australian man who is known for his campaign for his son, David, who was convicted by the United States of America Guantanamo Military Commission under the Military Commissions Act of 2006 on charges of providing material support for terrorism.

Terry Hicks' campaign included staying in a Guantanamo Bay-sized cage on a New York pavement and outside a convention centre in Adelaide, confronting Prime Minister John Howard on talkback radio and being interviewed by al-Jazeera.

In 2006, Hicks was nominated by ACT Chief Minister Jon Stanhope for the Australian Father of the Year award. A documentary, The President Versus David Hicks, was made about Hicks' attempts to discover what happened to his son.

Hicks is married and has another child besides David.

References

External links
The Adelaide Review: "Terry Hicks would be a worthy Father of the Year"
Amnesty International Australia: "Terry Hicks: man with a mission"

Living people
Australian activists
1945 births
Date of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)


Antonio Quarantotto (11 June 1895 – 28 March 1987) was an Italian freestyle swimmer who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics. In 1920 he was a member of the Italian relay team which finished fifth in the 4 x 200 metre freestyle relay competition. He also participated in the 400 metre freestyle event and in the 1500 metre freestyle competition but in both he was eliminated in the first round.

References

External links
Antonio Quarantotto's profile at Sports Reference.com
Report on Italian Olympic swimmers

1895 births
1987 deaths
Olympic swimmers for Italy
Swimmers at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Italian male freestyle swimmers
People from Vrsar
Sportspeople from Istria County


Northeastern Railroad may refer to:
North Eastern Rail Road (Georgia), 1854-1895, predecessor of the Southern Railway
Northeastern Railroad (South Carolina), 1851-1898, predecessor of the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad

See also
North Eastern Railway (disambiguation)


St Grada & Holy Cross Church, Grade is the Church of England parish church of Grade with Ruan, Cornwall. The church is a Grade I listed building, having been added to the listed buildings register on 10 July 1957.

History
The parish was called St Cross in 1261, but by 1310 it was known as St Grada, Virgin. The font dates from the 13th century and the church contains a brass to James Eryssy and his wife, 1522.

Parts of the church, which is built in the Decorated style, are of thirteenth century origin and the tower dates from around 1400. The thirteenth and fourteenth century nave and chancel were rebuilt in 1862−63, incorporating some of the original structure to the designs  of the architect Edward William Godwin of Bristol. The construction is mainly of rubble stone, with some large blocks of granite and serpentine in the tower. There are separate slated, steeply-sloping roofs for the nave, chancel, vestry and porch. The unbuttressed tower is at the west end and has two stages. The font from the previous church was retained. The serpentine and Caen pulpit was the gift of the Lizard Serpentine Company. The lectern was the gift of Mr Cox, the agent of the company. The church was reopened for worship on 24 July 1863.

The funds for the rebuilding in 1862−63 ran out and it was not until 1882 that an organ chamber and vestry were built, according to the original plans of Godwin. The organ was built by Brewer and Co of Truro and the new organ was ″opened″ on 12 March 1885 when a recital was given by Mr G R Sinclair, the organist of Truro Cathedral. The specification of the organ can be found on the National Pipe Organ Register.

Parish status
The settlements of Grade, Ruan Major and Ruan Minor were united into a single civil parish called Grade-Ruan in 1934. The former parish church of Ruan Major is now in ruins. St Grada & Holy Cross is part of a group of parishes comprising:
 St Grada & Holy Cross Church, Grade
 St Wynwallow's Church, Landewednack
 St Rumon's Church, Ruan Minor
 St Mary's Church, Cadgwith

Gallery

References

Church of England church buildings in Cornwall
Grade I listed churches in Cornwall
Lizard Peninsula


Gilio Bisagno (31 January 1903 – 16 December 1987) was an Italian freestyle swimmer who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics. He was born in Sampierdarena.

In 1920 he was a member of the Italian relay team which finished fifth in the 4 x 200 metre freestyle relay competition. He also participated in the 400 metre freestyle event and in the 1500 metre freestyle competition but in both he was eliminated in the first round.

References

External links

 Report on Italian Olympic swimmers

1903 births
1987 deaths
Italian male swimmers
Olympic swimmers for Italy
Swimmers at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Italian male freestyle swimmers
People from Sampierdarena


SM U-2 or U-II was the second ship of the  of submarines or U-boats built for and operated by the Austro-Hungarian Navy ( or ). U-2 was designed by American naval architect Simon Lake of the Lake Torpedo Boat Company, and constructed at the navy yard in Pola. She was one of two Lake-designed submarines purchased as part of a competitive evaluation of foreign submarine designs after domestic proposals were rejected by the Navy.

Ordered on 24 November 1906, U-2 was laid down in July 1907 before being launched in April 1909. She was  long and displaced between  depending on whether she was surfaced or submerged. An experimental design, U-2 included unique features such as a diving chamber and wheels for traveling along the seabed. Originally powered by gasoline engines for surface running, it was discovered during her sea trials throughout 1909 and 1910 that these engines were found to be incapable of reaching the submarine's contracted speed and posed a risk of poisoning the ship's crew. U-2 was commissioned in June 1911 and served as a training boat through 1914, though she was mobilized briefly during the Balkan Wars. U-2s design has been described by naval historians as a failure that was rendered obsolete by the time she was commissioned into the Austro-Hungarian Navy. Despite these criticisms, tests of her design provided information which the Navy used to construct subsequent submarines.

At the beginning of World War I, U-2 was in drydock awaiting new batteries and replacement diesel engines. This refit resulting in a changed bow for the ship as well as changes in her displacement. As part of this overhaul, U-2 was also fitted with a new conning tower. She returned to service as a training boat in June 1915. U-2 conducted reconnaissance cruises out of Trieste until she was declared obsolete in early 1918. The ship continued to serve in a training role at the submarine base on Brioni, but was at Pola at the end of the war. Facing defeat in October 1918, the Austro-Hungarian government transferred its navy to the newly formed State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs in order to avoid having to hand its ships over to the Allied Powers. Following the Armistice of Villa Giusti in November 1918 however, U-2 was seized by Italian forces and subsequently granted to the Kingdom of Italy under the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye in 1920. Italy chose to scrap the submarine, and she was broken up at Pola later that same year without ever having sunk or damaged any vessels during her career.

Background
Prior to 1904, the Austro-Hungarian Navy had shown little to no interest in submarines, preferring to instead observe other navies experiment with the relatively new type of ship. In early 1904, after allowing the navies of other countries to pioneer submarine developments, Constructor General (German: Generalschiffbauingenieur) of the Austro-Hungarian Navy Siegfried Popper ordered the Naval Technical Committee (German: Marinetechnisches Kommittee, MTK) to produce a submarine design. Technical problems during the initial design phase, however, further delayed any proposals from MTK for nearly a year.

After observing the MTK design submitted in early 1905, the Naval Section of the War Ministry (German: Marinesektion) remained skeptical. Additional proposals submitted by the public as part of a design competition were all rejected as well by the Austro-Hungarian Navy as being impracticable. As a result, the Navy decided to purchase designs from three different foreign firms for a class of submarines. Each design was to be accompanied by two submarines in order to test each ship against one another. This was done in order to properly evaluate the different proposals which would come forward. Simon Lake, owner of the Lake Torpedo Boat Company of Bridgeport, Connecticut, was chosen as one of the participants in this design competition by the Navy. After being recommended by Popper, Lake traveled to Austria-Hungary in 1906 to negotiate the details of his contract with the Navy, which formally ordered plans for the building of two boats—including U-2—on 24 November.

Design

Although intended to serve as an experimental design when initially ordered, U-2 and her sister ship U-1 would be the first submarines of the Austro-Hungarian Navy. However, both ships would prove to be a disappointment. U-2 and her sister ship were described by the naval historians David Dickson, Vincent O'Hara, and Richard Worth as "obsolete and unreliable when completed and suffered from problems even after modifications". René Greger, another naval historian, wrote that U-2 and her sister ship "proved a total failure".

Despite these criticisms and shortcomings, the experimental nature of the submarine provided valuable information for the Austro-Hungarian Navy, and Lake's designs did address what the Navy was asking for when ordering the submarine class. John Poluhowich writes in his book Argonaut: The Submarine Legacy of Simon Lake that U-2 was "completed to the satisfaction of Austrian officials".

U-2 was constructed in line with Austro-Hungarian naval policy at the time, which stressed coastal defense and patrolling of the Adriatic Sea. As a result, she was intended to spend most of her time on the surface. Lake envisioned U-2 and her sister ship only submerging while conducting surprise attacks or in order to escape pursuit from an enemy warship. Following the onset of World War I, however, it became clear that Austro-Hungarian U-boats were best suited for offensive operations, namely raiding Allied shipping in the Adriatic and Mediterranean Seas.

General characteristics

Built with a double hull, U-2 had an overall length of , with a beam of  and a draft of . She was designed to displace  while surfaced, but while submerged she displaced . U-2 was designed for a crew of 17 officers and men.

U-2 was derived from an earlier concept for a submarine intended for peaceful sea exploration. As a result, she had several features typical of Lake's earlier designs. These including a diving chamber under the bow and two variable pitch propellers. The diving chamber was intended for manned underwater missions such as destroying ships with explosives and severing off-shore telegraph cables, as well as for exiting or entering the submarine during an emergency. This diving chamber ultimately proved its usefulness during the sea trials of U-2 and her sister ship when the crew of one submarine forgot to bring their lunches on-board before conducting an underwater endurance test. A diver from shore was able to transport lunch for the crew without the submarine having to resurface.

Lake's design also called for two retractable wheels that, in theory, could allow travel over the seabed. The design also placed the diving tanks above the waterline of the cylindrical hull, which necessitated a heavy ballast keel for vertical stability. The location of the diving tanks also necessitated the use of pumps to flood the vessel. The propulsion system for U-2 consisted of two shafts which were powered by two gasoline engines for surface running and two electric motors for running while submerged. The gasoline engines could produce , while the electric motors had an output of . This gave U-2 a range of  while traveling at  when surfaced, and  while traveling at  when submerged. For underwater steering and maneuverability, the design featured four pairs of diving planes. These planes provided the submarines with a considerable amount of maneuverability.

The submarine had three  torpedo tubes—two in the bow, one in the stern—and could carry up to five torpedoes, but typically carried three. In 1917, U-2 was fitted with a  deck gun, which was ultimately removed in January 1918 when the submarine resumed training duties.

Construction and commissioning

U-2 was laid down on 18 July 1907 at the navy yard (German: Seearsenal) at Pola. Construction on the submarine was delayed by the need to import the American-made engines. As the second ship of her class, U-2 was launched on 3 April 1909.

Upon completion of the submarine, the Austro-Hungarian Navy evaluated U-2 in sea trials throughout 1909 and 1910. These trials were considerably longer than other sea trials due to the experimental nature of the submarines and the desire of Austro-Hungarian naval officials to test every possible aspect of the ship. During these trials, extensive technical problems with the gasoline engines of both submarines were revealed. Exhaust fumes and gasoline vapors frequently poisoned the air inside the boat and increased the risk of internal explosions, while the engines themselves were not able reach the contracted speed, which was supposed to be  while surfaced and  while submerged. Indeed, the engine problems for U-2 were so significant that on multiple occasions her crew had to conduct emergency resurfacing in order to bring fresh air into the ship. Because of the problems, the Austro-Hungarian Navy considered the engines to be unsuitable for wartime use and paid only for the hulls and armament of U-2. While replacement diesel engines were ordered from the Austrian firm Maschinenfabrik Leobersdorf, they agreed to a lease of the gasoline engines at a fee of $4,544 USD annually for both U-2 and her sister ship U-1.

Flooding the diving tanks, which was necessary to dive, took over 14 minutes and 37 seconds in early tests, but was later reduced to 8 minutes. Despite the engine problems, U-2 and her sister ship had the best performance in diving and steering among the U-boats under evaluation by the Navy. At a depth of  her hull began to show signs of stress and was in danger of being crushed. As a result, the commission overseeing U-2s sea trials set her maximum dive depth at this level. While surfaced, the shape of U-2s hull resulted in a significant bow-wave, which led to the bow of the ship dipping under the water while surfaced. In order to correct this problem, the deck and bow casing of the submarine was reconstructed in January 1915. Other tests proved the use of U-2s underwater wheels on the seabed to be almost impossible.

Service history

Pre-war
U-2 was commissioned into the Austro-Hungarian Navy on 22 June 1911 and served as a training boat—conducting up to ten training cruises per month—through 1914. Despite being used primarily for training duties, U-2 was mobilized in late 1912 during the Balkan Wars. By the end of November 1912, the threat of conflict between Austria-Hungary, Italy, Serbia, and Russia, coupled with allegations of Serbian mistreatment of the Austro-Hungarian consul in Prisrena led to a war scare in the Balkans. Both Russia and Austria-Hungary began mobilizing troops along their border, while Austria-Hungary began to mobilize against Serbia. During the crisis, the entire Austro-Hungarian Navy was also fully mobilized. U-2 and her sister ship U-1 were both ordered to join the rest of the Austro-Hungarian fleet assembling in the Aegean Sea in the event of a war with Serbia and Russia.

By December 1912, the Austro-Hungarian Navy had, in addition to U-2 and U-1, a total of seven battleships, six cruisers, eight destroyers, 28 torpedo boats, and four submarines ready for combat. The crisis eventually subsided after the signing of the Treaty of London, and the Austro-Hungarian Army and Navy were subsequently demobilized on 28 May 1913. After demobilization, U-2 resumed her duties as a training vessel.

World War I
The outbreak of World War I found U-2 in drydock awaiting the installation of new batteries and diesel engines. To accommodate the new engines, she underwent a refit which lasted until early 1915. This refit lengthened the submarine by about . The modifications and new engines lowered her surface displacement to  but increased the submarine's submerged displacement to . Upon completion of this refit in early 1915, U-2 also had a new conning tower installed, beginning on 24 January 1915. This work continued until 4 June. She was thereafter stationed in Trieste on 7 August to conduct reconnaissance patrols. The relocation of U-2 to Trieste from Pola was undertaken in part to dissuade Italian naval attacks or raids on the crucial Austro-Hungarian city, and her deployment to the city helped to dissuade Italian plans to bombard the port, as Italian military intelligence suggested both U-2 and her sister ship U-1 were on regular patrol in the waters of the northern Adriatic. From Trieste, she conducted regular reconnaissance cruises until December 1917. On 11 January 1918, U-2 was declared obsolete alongside her sister ship, but was retained as a training boat at the Austro-Hungarian submarine base located on Brioni Island. In mid-1918, U-2 was considered a potential candidate for service as a minesweeper, as the diving chamber present on the submarine could allow divers to sever the anchoring cables of sea mines. The poor condition of the submarine, however, prevented the plan from being implemented.

Near the end of the war, she was once more taken to Pola, though it had become clear by October 1918 that Austria-Hungary was facing defeat in the war. With various attempts to quell nationalist sentiments failing, Emperor Karl I decided to sever Austria-Hungary's alliance with Germany and appeal to the Allied Powers in an attempt to preserve the empire from complete collapse. On 26 October, Austria-Hungary informed Germany that their alliance was over. In Pola, the Austro-Hungarian Navy was in the process of tearing itself apart along ethnic and nationalist lines. On 29 October the National Council in Zagreb announced Croatia's dynastic ties to Hungary had come to a formal conclusion. This new provisional government, while throwing off Hungarian rule, had not yet declared independence from Austria-Hungary. Thus Emperor Karl I's government in Vienna asked the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs for help maintaining the fleet stationed at Pola and keeping order among the navy. The National Council refused to assist unless the Austro-Hungarian Navy was first placed under its command. Emperor Karl I, still attempting to save the Empire from collapse, agreed to the transfer, provided that the other "nations" which made up Austria-Hungary would be able to claim their fair share of the value of the fleet at a later time. All sailors not of Slovene, Croatian, Bosnian, or Serbian background were thus placed on leave for the time being, while the officers were given the choice of joining the new navy or retiring.

Through this transfer, the Austro-Hungarian government decided to hand over its fleet to the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs without a shot being fired. This was considered preferential to handing the fleet to the Allies, as the new state had declared its neutrality. Furthermore, the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs had also not yet publicly rejected Emperor Karl I, keeping alive the possibility of reforming the Empire into a triple monarchy. The transfer to the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs took place on the morning of 31 October, with Rear Admiral (German: Konteradmiral) Miklós Horthy meeting representatives from the South Slav nationalities aboard his flagship, . The arrangements were settled and the handover was completed that afternoon with the Austro-Hungarian Naval Ensign being struck from all ships in the harbor.

Post-war
Under the terms of the Armistice of Villa Giusti, signed between Italy and Austria-Hungary on 3 November 1918, the transfer of Austria-Hungary's fleet to the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs was not recognized. Italian ships thus sailed into the ports of Trieste, Pola, and Fiume the following day. On 5 November, Italian troops occupied the naval installations at Pola. The State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs lacked the men and officers to hold the fleet as most sailors who were not South Slavs had already gone home. Furthermore, the National Council did not order any men to resist the Italians, preferring to instead condemn Italy's actions as illegitimate. On 9 November, all remaining ships in Pola harbor had the Italian flag raised, including U-2. At a conference at Corfu, the Allied Powers agreed the transfer of Austria-Hungary's Navy to the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs was invalid, despite sympathy from the United Kingdom. Faced with the prospect of being given an ultimatum to surrender the former Austro-Hungarian warships, the National Council agreed to hand over the ships beginning on 10 November 1918.

It would not be until 1920 that the final distribution of the ships was settled among the Allied powers under the terms of the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye. Both U-2 and U-1 were subsequently ceded to Italy as war reparations and scrapped at Pola that same year. Due to the training and reconnaissance role the submarine undertook throughout the war, U-2 did not sink or damage any ships during her career.

Notes

Footnotes

Citations

References

Further reading

U-1-class submarines
U-boats commissioned in 1911
1909 ships
World War I submarines of Austria-Hungary
Ships built in Pola


AEGIS is a research network of European centres on African studies in the fields of social science and humanities. AEGIS' main goal is to improve understanding about contemporary African societies.

History and organisation
AEGIS was founded in 1991 by African studies centres in Bayreuth, Bordeaux, Leiden, London, and Uppsala. Initially an informal grouping of related African Studies' organisations and groups, AEGIS would formalise in 1998 through the adoption of a formal statute. In the same year, it elected its first executive committee, composed of Patrick Chabal (London, Chairman), Gerti Hesseling (Leiden) and Franz-Wilhelm Heimer (Lisbon). In the course of a decade, it developed into a network that included centres from more European countries.

Starting in 1998, international conferences on a variety of thematic areas were organized in different countries. AEGIS continues to host thematic conferences (not to be confused with the ECAS gatherings, detailed below).

AEGIS organises itself into small thematic groups (also called Collaborative Research Groups, or CRGS), focusing on specific subjects within the field of African Studies. Examples include 'CRG Africa in the Indian Ocean', 'CRG African Borderlands Research Network' and 'CRG African Migration, Mobility and Displacement (AMMODI)'.

The current board consists of AEGIS President and Professor Amanda Hammar (CAS Copenhagen), Dr. David Ambrosetti (LAM Bordeaux), Professor Michael Bollig (Cologne), Professor Jan-Bart Gewald (Leiden), Dr. Tom Molony (Edinburgh) and Dr. Isabella Soi (Cagliari).

European Conferences on African Studies (ECAS)
In the new millennium, the organization of European Conferences on African Studies (ECAS), open to everybody, became the central activity. The conferences take place every two years, always in a different country. ECAS 2021, scheduled to be held in Cologne, was postponed to June 2023.

 2005 : Approaching the post-colonial half century in sub-Saharan Africa, School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), London (UK)
 2007 : African alternatives: initiative and creativity beyond current constraints, African Studies Centre Leiden (Netherlands)
 2009 : Respacing Africa, Institute of African Studies, University of Leipzig (Germany)
 2011 : African engagements: on whose terms?, Nordic Africa Institute, Uppsala (Sweden)
 2013 : African dynamics in a multipolar world, Centro de estudos africanos, Lisbonne (Portugal)
 2015 : Collective mobilisations in Africa: contestation, resistance, revolt, Institut des mondes africains (IMAF) et Les Afriques dans le monde (LAM), Paris (France)
 2017 : Urban Africa - urban Africans: New encounters of the rural and the urban, Centre for African Studies Basel, Swiss Society for African Studies, Bâle (Switzerland)
 2019 : Africa: connections and disruptions, Centre of African Studies, Edinburgh (UK)
 2021 : no ECAS because of the COVID-19 pandemic
 2023 : African futures (ECAS9), Global South Studies Center (University of Cologne) & IARA, Institute for Anthropological Research on Africa (University of Leuven).

See also
African Studies Association - US-based research network focusing on African studies.
African Studies Association of the United Kingdom - UK-based equivalent.

References

External links
 AEGIS website

Africa-Europe Group for Interdisciplinary Studies


Taras Shevchenko was a Ukrainian writer, artist, and political figure.

Taras Shevchenko may also refer to:

 Taras Shevchenko (film), a 1951 Soviet film
 , a river cruise ship operated by Imperial Travel
 , a former cruise ship operated by the Soviet Union's Black Sea Shipping Company, scrapped in 2005
 Tarasa Shevchenka (Kyiv Metro), subway station
 Taras Shevchenko, a video tape released by New Order
 Taras Shevchenko Memorial, a 1964 monument in Washington D.C., United States


Monkstown Football Club is an Irish rugby club based in Dublin, playing in Division 1A of the Leinster League.

In addition to the First XV, they also have Second (J2), Third (J3) and Fourth (J4) XV's, a mini rugby section and a Golden Oldies team.

History
The club was founded in 1883 in Monkstown as the name suggests, but moved to the Sandymount area in 1901 after leasing grounds at Sydney Parade from the Earl of Pembroke.

They have always had a military connection, with British Army soldiers among the players. In fact, many of their players were casualties in the Boer War and the First World War, including internationals Ernest Deane, Basil Maclear and Pierce O'Brien-Butler. Since Irish independence many servicemen - soldiers, sailors as well as airmen - have turned out for the club and Leinster provincial teams. The Irish Defence Forces team regularly play their French counterparts at Sydney Parade.

Monkstown has hosted a number of international teams over the years, such as Australia, when they won the World Cup in 1991.

They have played in the Leinster League since 2003 and only narrowly failed to qualify for Division Three of the AIB League after winning the league in 2005/06.

International players
 Jasper Brett
 G. S. Brown
 Edward Fitzhardinge Campbell
 Maxwell Carpendale
 William John Cullen
 J. L. Davis
 Ernest Deane
 John Dowse
 James Blandford Ganly
 Thomas Arnold Harvey
 Basil Maclear
 R. H. Massy-Westropp
 Henry Millar
 Cecil Moriarty
 Pierce O'Brien-Butler
 James Cecil Parke
 Daniel Frederick Rambaut
 Frederick Smithwick
 G. R. Symes
 Robin Wright

Officials
 Henry Millar, President of the IRFU 1928/29
 Capt. J. R. Ramsey, President of the IRFU 1956/57
 Robert Ganly, President of the IRFU 1980/81
 Ken Mills, President of the Leinster Branch IRFU 1986/87
 Brian Brady, President of the Leinster Branch IRFU 2005/06
 Jerome "Jerry" Counihan, President of the ARLB 2009/2010
 Donal Courtney, International Referee

Honours

 Leinster Club Senior Cup: 1899, 1902
 AIB League Division Three: 1995/96
 Leinster League: 2005/06

References
Monkstown FC
Irish Rugby : Former Presidents 1874-1949
Irish Rugby : Ex-Presidents of the IRFU 1950-Present
Leinster Rugby : Past Presidents

Rugby union teams in Ireland
Rugby union clubs in Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown
Rugby clubs established in 1883
Rugby union clubs in Dublin (city)