The Fourth Federal Electoral District of Yucatán (IV Distrito Electoral Federal de Yucatán) is one of the 300 Electoral Districts into which Mexico is divided for the purpose of elections to the federal Chamber of Deputies and one of five such districts in the state of Yucatán.

It elects one deputy to the lower house of Congress for each three-year legislative period, by means of the first past the post system.

District territory
Under the 2005 districting scheme, the district covers the south-eastern portion of the municipality of Mérida.

The district's head town (cabecera distrital), where results from individual polling stations are gathered together and collated, is the state capital, the city of Mérida.

Previous districting schemes

1996–2005 district
Between 1996 and 2005, Yucatán's Fourth  District covered the eastern portion of the Mérida Municipality.

Deputies returned to Congress from this district

LI Legislature
 1979–1982: Roger Milton Rubio Madera (PRI)
LII Legislature
 1982–1985: Dulce María Sauri Riancho (PRI)
LIII Legislature
 1985–1988:
LIV Legislature
 1988–1991: Eric Rubio Barthell (PRI)
LV Legislature
 1991–1994:
LVI Legislature
 1994–1997: Tuffy Gaber Arjona (PRI)
LVII Legislature
 1997–2000:
LVIII Legislature
 2000–2003: Miguel Ángel Gutiérrez Machado (PAN)
LIX Legislature
 2003–2006: Virginia Baeza Estrella (PAN)
LX Legislature
 2006–2009: Edgar Ramírez Pech (PAN)

References and notes

Federal electoral districts of Mexico
Geography of Yucatán


"Crystal Love" is the third single by melody. under the Toy's Factory label released November 27, 2003. The single stayed on the Oricon for 11 weeks and peaked at number 34. To date, the single has sold 16,889 copies.

Track listing
 Crystal Love (5:27)
 Do You Hear What I Hear? (3:19)
 Crystal Love: m&M Remix (4:54)
Crystal Love: Instrumental (5:27)
Do You Hear What I Hear? Instrumental (3:19)

Melody (Japanese singer) songs
2003 singles
2003 songs
Toy's Factory singles


Delta Park is a public municipal park complex in north Portland in the U.S. state of Oregon. Delta Park is composed of two distinct sections referred to as East and West Delta Park. The Owens Sports Complex is a notable attraction of East Delta Park, bringing teams from across the West Coast to compete in an array of sports. For local Oregonians, homelessness and a past Proud Boys rally distinguish East Delta Park and the Owens Sports Complex from other parks in the Portland area.

Description
Delta Park straddles Interstate 5, between the Columbia Slough to the south and the Columbia River to the north. The section east of the Interstate is known as East Delta Park, and to the west is West Delta Park. The latter area was formerly known as the city of Vanport, created during World War II to house shipbuilders and was destroyed by a flood in 1948. Henry Kaiser built the World War II city of Vanport adjacent to Delta Park, helping house thousands who worked the shipyards. At its peak, the then second-largest city in the state included schools, libraries, and a theater. After the flood in 1948, part of the area was transformed into Delta Park in the 1950s.

East Delta Park
The Owens Sports Complex, a large part of East Delta Park, includes seven softball fields, nine soccer fields, a number of beach volleyball courts, and a concessions building. The complex is named for William V. Owens, a former park superintendent who developed and managed the city's softball program. East Delta Park also has a dog off-leash area, a football field, paved paths, picnic tables, a playground, and a volleyball court. The Portland Parks & Recreation Department operates the  park, which is open from 6 a.m. to 10 p.m.

The Urban Forestry Division of the Portland Parks Department maintains a street-tree arboretum in East Delta Park. The trees are the varieties the division recommends for planting in public rights-of-way between curbs and sidewalks. Headquartered in the park, the division uses the arboretum to teach tree identification to members of Friends of Trees and similar community organizations.

West Delta Park
Portland International Raceway, for car, motorcycle and bicycle racing, is part of West Delta Park. Sharing the park with the raceway are the Heron Lakes Golf Course, a dog off-leash area, and natural areas. Force Lake at 45°36′17″N 122°41′37″W in the northwest corner of the golf course attracts many species of birds. Signs around the lake describe the wildlife and explain the history of Vanport.

Current events

Homelessness crisis
The homeless epidemic facing Portland has increased in previous years, particularly after the spread of COVID-19. Following the George Floyd protests in the summer of 2020, Portland had cut $26.9 million dollars from the police force’s budget. Furthermore, the Portland Police Bureau had specified responding to high-priority calls because of the declined budget. Officer positions aligned with fighting narcotics and organizing neighborhood safety were eliminated. Less attention was given to the homelessness crisis in Portland and unhoused areas like East Delta Park began to sprawl. As of May of 2021, Portland had put a pause on routine sweeps of homeless camps. North Union Court separates the Owens Sports Complex of East Delta Park and the encroaching encampments. Increasing illegal site access has intruded onto North Union Court and employees in the area were disabled from working on the area due to the obstructions of the encampments.

News organizations have interviewed people living in the encampments, and it has been reported that many of the inhabitants have been parked in their recreational vehicles(RVs) for years. RV’s have been a popular living accommodation and leaders try to not exceed 20 mobile homes. The RV’s bring reliable shelter from the Portland rain and have benefits like locked doors for privacy.  The people living around East Delta Park have developed into a community, one with leaders and rules. Some residents of this area, which is across the street from the Owens Sports Complex, have described what those guidelines are. There are tidiness guidelines in part to keep the community in line with city code.

Proud Boys rally
On September 26, 2020, inside of the Owens Sports Complex of East Delta Park, the grass soccer fields were the location of a Proud Boys rally of over 300 people. It was expected that there would be over 1,000 members in attendance. Governor Kate Brown sent state troopers in anticipation of the Proud Boys and counter-protests. The group present at the Owens Sports Complex could be identified as MOSD, or the “Ministry of Self Defense”, a western group organized by Enrique Tarrio. Enrique Tarrio, a national figure and leader of the Proud Boys, organized the event. He and other Proud Boys activists were charged later that year for plotting the Capital storming of January 6, 2021. The Proud Boys rally of the Owens Sports Complex sparked a separate counter protest that gathered near Delta Park at the Vanport site in North Portland. After around 90 minutes at the Owens Sports Complex, the rally group of 300 began to disperse. The city of Portland and their Parks & Recreation team did not grant the Proud Boys a permit.

Portland Urban Forestry Headquarters
East Delta Park and has also been subjected to theft and vandalism. Outside of the Owens Sports Complex of East Delta Park, but still inside East Delta Park, is the Portland Urban Forestry Headquarters. Preceding 2022, the headquarters had been broken into, and more than a dozen incidents of vandalism have been recorded since the summer of 2021. A vehicle had been stolen for a short amount of time and subsequently it now costs the city $261,000 annually to have someone guard the site.

Delta Park Center
The Delta Park shopping center is located alongside the Owens Sports Complex of East Delta Park. The shopping center is separated from the fields by a tree line and parking lot. Homeplace Furniture and Design is located within it. Personal accounts from the manager of the store describe an increase in garbage, cars, camps, and structures piling up since the start of the pandemic. On May 29, 2021, a private security guard was involved in a fatal shooting in the parking lot at the Delta Park Center shopping plaza. The man is now facing charges.

References

Arboreta in Oregon
East Columbia, Portland, Oregon
Kenton, Portland, Oregon
North Portland, Oregon
Parks in Portland, Oregon
Softball venues in Portland, Oregon
Sports venues in Portland, Oregon
Urban public parks


In probability theory, Foster's theorem, named after Gordon Foster, is used to draw conclusions about the positive recurrence of Markov chains with countable state spaces. It uses the fact that positive recurrent Markov chains exhibit a notion of "Lyapunov stability" in terms of returning to any state while starting from it within a finite time interval.

Theorem

Consider an irreducible discrete-time Markov chain on a countable state space  having a transition probability matrix  with elements  for pairs ,  in . Foster's theorem states that the Markov chain is positive recurrent if and only if there exists a Lyapunov function , such that  and

  for
  for all

for some finite set  and strictly positive .

Related links
 Lyapunov optimization

References

Theorems regarding stochastic processes
Markov processes


Basera (lit. Dwelling) is a Hindi language soap opera that premiered on the Zee TV channel. The story portrays and illustrates the differences in living with a joint family compared to living in a nuclear family setup. The series was very popular among Indian audiences, especially women, and won one of the best ten serials on Indian television awards consecutively for two years. The series was ranked in the top 14 Indian television shows of the 2000s and received a TVR rating of 5.04.

Cast
 Alok Nath
 Arun Govil
 Ranjeet
 Satyendra Kapoor
 Kanchan
 Papiya Sengupta
 Chand Dhar
 Madhuri Dikshit
 Rohit Kumar
 Shashi Sharma
 Hemant Choudhary
 Sukanya Kulkarni
 Vaidehi Amrute
 Shweta Gautam
 Pankaj Berry
 Raymon Singh

References

Basera Article on BizAsia

Indian television soap operas
Zee TV original programming
2000 Indian television series debuts
2001 Indian television series endings


Expo Expo is the second studio album by Japanese hip-hop group M-Flo. The thematic concept of the record is set at a virtual world expo, with Coldfeet of Lori Fine and narrator Mako Hattori participating in the interlude. Six singles were spawned off of the album, including "How You Like Me Now?" and "Come Again", which were both certified by the RIAJ in different categories. Remixes of songs from this album were released as Expo Bouei Robot Gran Sonik.

Reception
Following its release, Expo Expo experienced commercial success in Japan. It peaked at number three on the Oricon Albums Chart, becoming the group's first top-five entry. Within days of its release, it was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ) for having surpassed 400,000 units in physical shipments. It sold 557,000 copies by the end of the year, and was ranked the 35th best-selling album in the country on the year-end Oricon chart.

Track listing
 "正門" (Seimon; Front Gate)
 "Prism"
 "東門" (Higashimon; East Gate)
 "Expo Expo" [feat. Towa Tei, Bahamadia & Chops]
 "What It Is"
 "Orbit-3"
 "南門" (Minamimon; South Gate)
 "Dispatch" [feat. Dev Large, Nipps & Vincent Galluo]
 "Magenta Rain"
 "中央タワー" (Chuo Tower; Central Tower)
 "Come Again"
 "西門" (Nishimon; West Gate)
 "Yours Only"
 "How You Like Me Now?"
 "アリガトウ" (Arigatou; Thank You)
 "The Bandwagon"

Charts and sales

Album

Singles

Release history

References

M-Flo albums
Avex Group albums
2001 albums


Sir Robin St John Knowles CBE (born 7 April 1960), styled The Hon. Mr Justice Knowles, is a judge of the High Court of England and Wales.

He was educated at Sir Roger Manwood's School and Trinity College, Cambridge.

He was called to the bar at Middle Temple in 1982. He has been a judge of the High Court of Justice (King's Bench Division) since 1 October 2014.

References

1960 births
Living people
People educated at Sir Roger Manwood's School
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Members of the Middle Temple
Queen's Bench Division judges
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Knights Bachelor


The Fifth Federal Electoral District of Yucatán (V Distrito Electoral Federal de Yucatán)
is one of the 300 Electoral Districts into which Mexico is divided for the purpose of elections to the federal Chamber of Deputies and one of five such districts in the state of Yucatán.

It elects one deputy to the lower house of Congress for each three-year legislative period, by means of the first past the post system.

District territory
Under the 2005 districting scheme, the district covers the municipalities in the west and south-west of the state.

The district's head town (cabecera distrital), where results from individual polling stations are gathered together and collated, is the city of Ticul.

Previous districting schemes

1996–2005 district
Between 1996 and 2005, Yucatán's Fifth District covered a similar territory as under the 2005 scheme, but with a larger slice of the south of the state.

Deputies returned to Congress from this district

LI Legislature
 1979–1982:
LII Legislature
 1982–1985:
LIII Legislature
 1985–1988:
LIV Legislature
 1988–1991:
LV Legislature
 1991–1994:
LVI Legislature
 1994–1997:
LVII Legislature
 1997–2000: Carlos Sobrino Sierra (PRI)
LVIII Legislature
 2000–2003: Rosa Elena Baduy Isaac (PRI)
LIX Legislature
 2003–2006: Ángel Canul Pacab (PRI)
LX Legislature
 2006–2009: Gerardo Escaroz Soler (PAN)

References and notes

Federal electoral districts of Mexico
Geography of Yucatán


The threefold death, which is suffered by kings, heroes, and gods, is a reconstructed Proto-Indo-European theme encountered in Indic, Greek, Celtic, and Germanic mythology.

Some proponents of the trifunctional hypothesis distinguish  two types of threefold deaths in Indo-European myth and ritual.  In the first type of threefold death, one person dies simultaneously in three ways.  He dies by hanging (or strangulation or falling from a tree), wounding and by drowning (or poison). These three deaths are foretold, and are often punishment for an offense against the three functions of Indo-European society.  The second form of the threefold death is split into three distinct parts; these distinct deaths are sacrifices to three distinct gods of the three functions.

Literary sources

Welsh legend

In Welsh legend, Myrddin Wyllt (one of the sources for Merlin of Arthurian legend) is associated with threefold death. As a test of his skill, Merlin is asked to prophesy how a boy will die. He says the boy will fall from a rock. The same boy, with a change of clothes, is presented again, and Merlin prophesies that he will hang. Then, dressed in a girl's clothes, the boy is presented, and Merlin replies, "Woman or no, he will drown." As a young man, the victim falls from a rock during a hunt, is caught in a tree, and drowns hanging head down in a lake.

Myrddin Wyllt also reportedly prophesied his own death, which would happen by falling, stabbing, and drowning. This was fulfilled when a gang of jeering shepherds of King Meldred drove him off a cliff, where he was impaled on a stake left by fishermen, and died with his head below water.

Odin
The Norse god Odin is also associated with the threefold death.  Human sacrifices to Odin were hanged from trees.  Odin is said to have hanged himself and while falling, impaled himself on his spear Gungnir in order to learn the secrets of the runes.

Commenta Bernensia
One of the most prominent examples of this threefold death in three separate sacrifices comes to us from Lucan. In his epic poem, Pharsalia, which relates Julius Caesar's conquest of Gaul, he describes a set of three Celtic gods who receive human sacrifices:
et quibus inmitis placatur sanguine diro/ Teutates horrensque feris altaribus Esus/ et Taranis Scythicae non mitior ara Dianae. ("To whom they appease with cruel blood, harsh Teutates, and wild, bristling Esus, and Taranis whose altar is as insatiable as that of Scythian Diana.")

One of the marginal notes in a 10th-century manuscript of the Pharsalia, known as the Commenta Bernensia is highly important for an understanding of how these lines relate to Proto-Indo-European culture.  “The later... scholiasts... elaborate on Lucan: they elicit the information that Taranis was propitiated by burning, Teutates by drowning, and Esus by means of suspending his victims from trees and ritually wounding them”
This scholium is of huge significance to understanding whether this text contains evidence of the threefold death in Celtic worship.  It is a distinctive detail, and it matches closely with numerous other details that relate to ritual practice in Indo-European society.
In recent years an Indo-European pattern of threefold death has
 been identified and discussed in terms of this tripartite ideology
 by a number of followers of Dumezil... The pattern is found in myths and legends of various
 Indo-European peoples in two main forms. The first of these is a
 series or grouping of three deaths, each by a different means. The
 second is a single death by three different means simultaneously.
David Evans goes on to cite numerous stories from various Indo-European societies.  All of these stories he tells contain this theme of a tripartite death.  He argues, following Dumezil, that three distinct methods of sacrifice, corresponding to the three functional deities, was an important Proto-Indo-European ritual.

Vita Columbae
There are a number of stories in Celtic mythology that clearly are formed by the Tripartite functions of Proto-Indo-European.  The theme of triple-death occurs in several places in medieval Celtic sources.  The first story comes from the Life of St. Columba (Vita Columbae):
Aedh, surnamed the Black, descended of a royal family, and a Cruthinian by race. Aedh wore the clerical habit, and came with the purpose of residing with him in the monastery for some years. Now this Aedh the Black had been a very bloodthirsty man, and cruelly murdered many persons, amongst others Diarmuid, son of Cerbul, by divine appointment king of all. This same Aedh, then, after spending some time in his retirement, was irregularly ordained priest by a bishop invited for the purpose... The bishop, however, would not venture to lay a hand upon his head unless Findchan, who was greatly attached to Aedh in a carnal way, should first place his right hand on his head as a mark of approval. When such an ordination afterwards became known to the saint, he was deeply grieved, and in consequence forthwith pronounced this fearful sentence on the ill-fated Findchan and Aedh... And Aedh, thus irregularly ordained, shall return as a dog to his vomit, and be again a bloody murderer, until at length, pierced in the neck with a spear, he shall fall from a tree into the water and be drowned... But Aedh the Black, a priest only in name, betaking himself again to his former evil doings, and being treacherously wounded with a spear, fell from the prow of a boat into a lake and was drowned.
This story of triple-death corresponds to the elements which Evans finds in a whole host of similar stories.  In all of these stories, the tripartite death is foretold.  Here St. Columba foretells the triple death of Aedh.  At the same time Columba's prophecy is a curse or a punishment which he dispenses to Aedh because of his sins.  This leads to the next element common in many 'Triple-death' stories, the sins of the warrior.  According to Dumezil, the warrior often commits a sin against each one of the functions.  He is punished for each sin, with a punishment fitting for his crime.  In this passage from the Life of St. Columba, three specific sins are mentioned.  Aedh blasphemes by being ordained a priest outside of the Church.  This is a sin against the priestly function of Indo-European society.  Aedh's second sin is murder; he has killed numerous people, most notably King Diarmuid.  This is a sin against the warrior function.  Aedh's last sin is against the productive/fertile function in Indo-European society, he has slept with another man—an act which is by its very nature unfertile.

The Tripartite death of Aedh is linked with another story of triple-death.  Diarmuid, who is killed by Aedh, also dies a triple death:
When the king sent men to arrest Aedh, St. Ronan hid him and so Diarmuid had Ronan arrested and tried in his stead.  He was condemned by the ecclasiastics for this act and Ronan himself uttered the famous curse, 'Desolate be Tara forever!'  Soon after, Tara was abandoned, never to achieve its former splendor...  [Diarmuid's wife] had an affair with Flann, so Diarmuid had Flann's fortress burnt over his head.  Sorely wounded, Flann tried to escape the flames by crawling into a vat of water where he drowned...  Bec Mac De [Diarmuid's druid councilor] prophesied that Diarmuid would be killed by Flann's kinsman, Aedh Dubh in the house of Banban... The manner of his death would be by slaughter,  by burning, by drowning and by the ridge pole of a roof falling on his head...  The Prophecy seemed so unlikely that  Diarmuid scorned it, even when Banban invited him to a feast...  Aedh Dubh was there and stabbed the High King with his spear.  Wounded, Diarmuid fled back into the house.  Aedh Dubh's men set fire to it.  Seeking to escape the flame, Diarmuid scrambled into a vat of ale.  A burning ridge pole fell on to his head.  The prophecy was fulfilled (Ellis, 84).
Both of the elements which Evans discusses are present in this story of Diarmuid's death.  In this story, there is a prophecy of the threefold death before it occurs.  In fact, Diarmuid's death is foretold by three different men in the original story.  Diarmuid has also clearly violated two of the three functions.  He sins against the sanctity of the priestly function, by trying St. Ronan.  For this crime Ronan curses the throne at Tara.  Diarmuid also murders Flann, a violation of the warrior function.  Diarmuid is punished for his transgressions by the triple nature of his death.

Comparative evidence
The Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture cites several more examples of Indo-European myths that evidence a "conjunction of trifunctional signs and death-modes":
 In the myth of Starkad, King Vikar is hanged or strangled on the waterside, while pierced by a reed that turns into a spear.
 King Agamemnon is stabbed in his bath, while caught in a net.
 Siegfried is killed by a weapon while drinking from a spring, near a tree (so that "hanging and drowning themes remain as mere suggestions").
 Oleg of Novgorod's death, as reported in the Primary Chronicle, is a "slightly distorted" variant of the myth (see ).
 Sources on early Swedish kings indicate that three died, respectively, by drowning, burning and hanging (Ynglinga Saga 14, 17, 22).
 In the Aeneid, Evander reminisces about his enemy King Erulus, who had “three lives, so he could handle three sets of weapons and must be three times laid low in death.”

Archaeology

Alfred Dieck claimed a high number of up to 1,860 known bog bodies in Europe. Archaeologist Don Brothwell considers that many of the older bodies need re-examining with modern techniques, such as those used in the analysis of Lindow Man. The physical evidence allows a general reconstruction of how Lindow Man was killed, although some details are debated, but it does not explain why he was killed. Archaeologists John Hodgson and Mark Brennand suggest that bog bodies may have been related to religious practice, although there is division in the academic community over this issue and in the case of Lindow Man, whether the killing was murder or ritualistic is still debated. Anne Ross, an expert on Iron Age religion, proposed that the death was an example of human sacrifice and that the "triple death" (throat cut, strangled, and hit on the head) was an offering to several different gods. The wide date range for Lindow Man's death (2 BC to 119 AD) means he may have met his demise after the Romans conquered northern England in the 60s AD. As the Romans outlawed human sacrifice, this opens up other possibilities; this was emphasised by historian Ronald Hutton, who challenged the interpretation of sacrificial death.

See also
 Áed Dub mac Suibni
 Bec mac Dé
 Georges Dumézil
 Grigori Rasputin
 Halahala
 High King of Ireland
 Human sacrifice
 Lindow Man
 Lleu Llaw Gyffes
 Proto-Indo-European society
 Trifunctional hypothesis

References

Bibliography

Human sacrifice
Germanic paganism
Celtic mythology
Proto-Indo-European mythology


René Hüssy  (born 29 August 1928 in Zürich, died 11 March 2007) was a Swiss football player and manager who played for Grasshopper Club Zürich and FC Lausanne-Sport and managed the Switzerland national football team.

Playing career
Hüssy began his professional playing career with Grasshopper Club Zürich in 1947 and won three Swiss titles and three Swiss cups during his time with Grasshoppers and Lausanne Sports.

Managerial career
Hüssy was the manager of FC Winterthur for eight years and Grasshopper Club Zürich for three years. He also coached the Switzerland national football team in 1970 and again from 1973 to 1976, FC Luzern and BSC Young Boys.

Honours
FIFA president Sepp Blatter presented Hüssy with the FIFA Order of Merit in recognition of his life's work on 28 May 2002.

References

1928 births
2007 deaths
Swiss men's footballers
Swiss football managers
Grasshopper Club Zürich players
FC Lausanne-Sport players
Switzerland national football team managers
BSC Young Boys managers
Grasshopper Club Zürich managers
FC Luzern managers
Footballers from Zürich
FC Winterthur managers
Men's association football defenders


Dervishi () is a
Uyghur music band in Kazakhstan.
The group was founded in Almaty, Kazakhstan in July 1999 by four musicians: Dilmurat Baharov, Adil Zhambakiev, Aziz Massimov and Raim Khamrayev. In 1999, the band received an award for the best music arrangement for the song Zharkent Gardens () at the International Music Festival Voice of Asia (Kazakh: Азия Даусы, Russian: Голос Азии) and prize of Golden Dombra for the competition of the seven best Kazakhstan songs within the festival. The group is a Golden Disk winner in 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003 and have toured in Hungary, Bulgaria, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkey, Azerbaijan, India, Thailand producing 5 albums, 2 VCDs, 2 DVDs, and 2 musical-fairy tales.

See also
Uyghurs in Kazakhstan

External links
Official website in Russian

Uyghurs
Uyghur music


Eoudong is a 1985 South Korean film starring Ahn Sung-ki and Lee Bo-hee. Lee Bo-hee won the best actress award at Grand Bell Awards in 1986. The film was selected as the South Korean entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 58th Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee.

Synopsis
The film is set in Korea's Joseon Dynasty, during the reign of King Seonngjong, when strict Confucianism forced women to follow the male dominant society.

Reception
Eoudong was a successful film both at the box office and with the critics. It eventually sold over 500,000 tickets, and critics praised the film for its cinematography and depiction of the historical time period.

Cast
 Lee Bo-hee - Uhwudong
 Ahn Sung-ki - Galmae
 Kim Myung-gon - Chungha
 Park Won-sook - Hyangji
 Shin Chaong-shik - Yun Phil-sang
 Kim Ki-ju - PArk Yun-chang
 Moon Tai-sun - Jeong Chang-son
 Kim Seong-chan
 Kim Ha-rim
 Yun Sun-hong - Seongjong of Joseon

See also
 List of submissions to the 58th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
 List of South Korean submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film

References

External links

1985 films
Films set in the 15th century
Films set in the Joseon dynasty
South Korean erotic films
Films directed by Lee Jang-ho
Biographical films about entertainers


Johnny Mooring was a Canadian fiddler.  He was born in Springhill, Nova Scotia, Canada, on May 17, 1927,  to Henry and Caroline Mooring.  He was the ninth of ten children.

Mooring learned the rudiments of playing the fiddle from his mother - and from the time he first picked up the instrument it became an extension of the man for the rest of his life.

At the age of 12, Mooring started playing the fiddle for parties.  He remembered his early beginnings and humble ancestry by carrying with him throughout his life the first payment he ever received... 35 cents.

He became one of the most respected fiddle players in North America, winning the North American Fiddle Championship Trophy, in Shelburne, Ontario, Canada, for three consecutive years: 1964–66.  Judges remarks included references to his ability to translate a waltz (e.g. The Twilight Waltz, The Dauphin Waltz) with such intense emotion.

During his lifetime he released twelve record albums and appeared on many radio and television shows including The Don Messer and Tommy Hunter shows. He was an enthusiastic composer of fiddle tunes and tried his hand at writing songs.  He sings and plays fiddle on the album, "Four Strings and I". Apart from the fiddle he also played piano, organ, accordion, banjo, mandolin, clarinet and trumpet. Brian Buchanan of Enter the Haggis wrote that Mooring "was arguably the first 'rock star' of traditional Canadian music."

Mooring had two daughters, Sandra and Sharon Mooring, and four grandchildren and seven great-grandchildren.

Mooring was injured in a fight on March 24, 1974, in a parking lot in Rivière-Beaudette, Quebec, and died four days later at Ottawa Centre Hospital.  In her book, "Mountain City Girls: The McGarrigle Family Album", Anna McGarrigle provided an account of the incident, saying that, after a performance he was followed into the parking lot by two men and beaten to death for perceived flirtation with a girl who was with them.

References

Canadian murder victims
Canadian male singer-songwriters
Canadian singer-songwriters
1927 births
1974 deaths
20th-century Canadian male singers
Canadian folk fiddlers
20th-century Canadian violinists and fiddlers
20th-century Canadian male musicians
Canadian male violinists and fiddlers
People from Cumberland County, Nova Scotia
20th-century Canadian singer-songwriters


The Battle of Ladysmith was one of the early engagements of the Second Boer War. A large British force which had concentrated at the garrison town of Ladysmith launched a sortie on 30 October 1899, against Boer armies which were slowly surrounding the town. The result was a disaster for the British. The main body was driven back into the town, and an isolated detachment of 800 men was forced to surrender to Commandant De Wet. The Boers did not follow up their advantage by proceeding towards the strategically important port of Durban, and instead began a siege of Ladysmith, which was relieved after 118 days. John Norwood was awarded the Victoria Cross for his actions during the battle.

Background
In June 1899, when it appeared hostilities between Britain and the independent Boer republics were likely, the British government began sending troops to South Africa as a precaution. Most went to Natal, where the vital port of Durban appeared to be within comparatively easy striking distance for the Boer forces. The British government was unwilling to order a complete mobilization, but on the recommendation of the Commander in Chief of the British Army, General Wolseley, they agreed to send 10,000 troops which Wolseley believed could defend Natal if war broke out until reinforcements could arrive by sea.

The first contingent were some troops returning to Britain from India, under Major General Penn Symons. The War Office subsequently dispatched units from garrisons in the Mediterranean and elsewhere, eventually totaling 15,000. Lieutenant General Sir George White was appointed to command this enlarged force. White was 64 years old, and suffered from a leg injury incurred in a riding accident. Having served mainly in India, he had little previous experience in South Africa.

British deployments
Natal was divided roughly into northern and southern parts by the Tugela River. Northern Natal was surrounded on three sides by Boer territory. Although advised to deploy his force south of the Tugela, White rejected this advice for reasons of prestige. Other senior British officers considered that White was badly advised by over-eager officers such as Penn-Symons or White's Adjutant General, Colonel Ian Hamilton. White concentrated the bulk of his force at Ladysmith, about  north of the Tugela, while a brigade under Penn-Symons was posted even further north at Glencoe and Dundee. Penn Symons' position was particularly exposed to danger, being so far north that it was vulnerable to being surrounded, while not far enough north to block the passes through the Drakensberg mountains which the main Boer armies would have to cross to invade Natal.

Outbreak of war
Contrary to the advice of several British officials such as Sir Alfred Milner, the High Commissioner for Southern Africa, the independent Boer governments were not over-awed by the despatch of British troops to Natal. Instead, they regarded it as evidence of Britain's determination to seize control of the Boer republics. The South African Republic or Transvaal government under President Paul Kruger considered launching an attack in September, but President Steyn of the Orange Free State dissuaded them for several weeks while he tried to act as intermediary. With the complete breakdown in negotiations, both independent republics declared war and attacked on 12 October.

A total of 21,000 Boers advanced into Natal from all sides. The only regular uniformed units were the Staatsartillerie of both republics (and some units of policemen such as the South African Republic Police or ZARP). The rest were mainly farmers, dressed in their ordinary working clothes, with some townsmen and contingents of foreign volunteers known as Vrijwilligers.

All were mounted, and most were armed with Mauser Bolt-action rifles. The artillery had two dozen German manufactured Krupp field guns and four heavy French manufactured 155 mm Creusot Long Tom guns.

On 20 October, two Boer forces attacked Penn-Symons' detachment at Dundee but were driven back at the Battle of Talana Hill. The British suffered heavy casualties (including Penn-Symons, who was mortally wounded) and were cut off from Ladysmith by another Boer force which captured a railway station at Elandslaagte which lay between them. On 21 October, British troops under Colonel Ian Hamilton and White's cavalry commander, Colonel John French, recaptured the station in the Battle of Elandslaagte. White was unable to follow up this success by relieving Penn-Symons's force (now commanded by Brigadier General J.H. Yule) as he feared that  Boers from the Orange Free State were about to attack Ladysmith. This decision highlighted Ladysmith's exposed position.

Yule's force had to make an exhausting four-day march across the Biggarsberg hills before they could rejoin White in Ladysmith. On 24 October, White made a demonstration at Rietfontein against the Boers pressing forward down the railway line from Glencoe to Ladysmith, to distract them from attacking Yule. The British suffered 132 casualties, mainly from artillery fire.

Battle of Ladysmith

British plans
Rather than retreat south of the Tugela, White continued to mass supplies and reinforcements in Ladysmith. (He sent the wounded south to Pietermaritzburg but left the civilians and other non-combatants in the town.) As the British troops concentrated in Ladysmith now constituted a balanced "field force" of all arms, White also rejected the option of leaving an infantry garrison in Ladysmith while sending the bulk of the mounted troops and artillery south of the river. He gambled on being able to strike a knock-out blow against the Boer armies in a "set-piece" action. This was despite the disadvantages of the terrain, with Ladysmith being on low ground surrounded by hills rising to  above the town, which gave the Boers the advantage of height.

From 26 to 29 October, White sent out tentative cavalry reconnaissances, which he recalled when it appeared that Boer horsemen might cut them off. On 29 October, Boers could be seen emplacing one of their heavy Creusot siege guns on Pepworth Hill, roughly  north-north east of the town. Before this gun could open fire, White had already made plans for attack the following dawn, based on incomplete reconnaissances and observations.

The main frontal attack was intended to capture Pepworth Hill. The column was led by Colonel Ian Hamilton and consisted of the 1st battalion, the Devonshire Regiment, 1st battalion, the Manchester Regiment, 2nd battalion, the Gordon Highlanders and 2nd battalion, the Rifle Brigade. This attack was to be supported by a column under Colonel Geoffrey Grimwood, consisting of the 1st and 2nd Battalions, the King's Royal Rifle Corps; 1st Battalion, the Leicestershire Regiment; 1st Battalion, the King's Liverpool Regiment; and the 2nd Battalion, the Royal Dublin Fusiliers, which would attack the supposed Boer left flank and capture Long Hill, about  east of Pepworth Hill. The bulk of the mounted troops under Colonel John French (the 5th Lancers, 5th Dragoon Guards, 18th Hussars less a squadron lost at Talana Hill, 19th Hussars, several companies of Mounted infantry, the Natal Carbineers and the Imperial Light Horse were stationed in reserve or to Grimwood's right. Six batteries (the 13th, 21st, 42nd, 53rd, 67th and 69th) of 15-pounder guns of the Royal Artillery were to support the attacks.

White also sent a detachment consisting of the 1st Battalion, the Royal Irish Fusiliers and half of the 1st Battalion, the Gloucestershire Regiment, with Number 10 Mountain Battery (equipped with RML 2.5-inch Mountain Guns) to capture a pass known as Nicholson's Nek which lay about  to the northwest of Pepworth Hill. The force was commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Frank Carleton of the Royal Irish Fusiliers. White intended that by seizing the pass, this detachment would prevent the Boer force from the Orange Free State reinforcing the Transvaal Boers on Pepworth Hill, and also prevent the defeated Boers retreating directly north.

Lombard's Kop
Grimwood's brigade had deployed during the night around Lombard's Kop and Farquhar's Farm, and faced north towards Long Hill. As dawn broke, Grimwood found that half his brigade had straggled, and French's mounted troops had not reached their assigned position. Before this could be corrected, the British troops came under heavy rifle fire from their own right flank. The Boers in this sector were nominally commanded by the elderly Commandant Lucas Johannes Meyer, but were actually led by Louis Botha.

At the same time, the first shell from the Boers' "Long Tom" on Pepworth Hill landed in the town, causing consternation. The British field guns opened fire on Pepworth Hill and Long Hill, and temporarily silenced the Boer siege gun but Colonel Ian Hamilton's frontal attack on Pepworth Hill was called off as it became clear that Grimwood was in trouble, and Hamilton's attack would not be supported. Although the main body of South African Republic Boers under Commandant-General Piet Joubert were stationed behind Pepworth Hill, there were none on Long Hill, and fire on this hill was wasted. The British artillery itself came under accurate and effective fire from the Boers' field guns, which were fought as individual gun detachments, and were quickly moved between emplacements before British guns could find their range. The British guns were deployed as they had been drilled to do, in neat rows of six without using cover from artillery or even rifle fire. Their fire was not as effective as that of the Boer Staatsartillerie, and they incurred needless casualties.

After four hours, White had received no messages from Carleton, although firing could be heard from the position he was supposed to have occupied. With no prospect of a successful attack, he ordered his troops to "retire as opportunity offers". As they began to fall back into the open plain between Lombard's Kop and Ladysmith, they came under heavy fire from Botha's riflemen and the Boer gun on Pepworth Hill. Some of Grimwood's units (mainly those which had already suffered heavy casualties at Talana Hill, and were short of officers and tired) panicked and the retreat became a rout. Two batteries of field guns covered the retreat by withdrawing in stages, each battery providing covering fire in turn while the other limbered up and fell back. The British were also very fortunate that a detachment of naval guns (four 12-pounder and two 4.7-inch guns, under Captain Percy Scott of ) arrived by train in Ladysmith and went almost straight into action. Their first few rounds immediately found the range to Pepworth Hill and suppressed the Boers' "Long Tom".

The British fell back into Ladysmith, with units temporarily demoralised. The day was subsequently termed "Mournful Monday". Nevertheless, the Boers did not immediately take advantage of their victory. It is said that when Joubert was urged to follow up the British infantry, he replied, "When God stretches out a finger, do not take the whole hand".

Nicholson's Nek
White was not aware of the fate of Carleton's force until the next day, when Joubert sent a letter which also unilaterally granted an armistice to allow the dead to be buried. Carleton's force had been late setting out because the mules carrying his guns and reserve ammunition had not been properly controlled by inexperienced drivers and had been fractious. As dawn approached, Carleton feared that because of the late start, his force would be exposed at daybreak in the open plain between Pepworth Hill and the Nek. He therefore decided to occupy a hill known as Tchrengula just to the south of the Nek. As they climbed the hill, the mules bolted and startled British soldiers fired several shots, alerting the nearest Boers.

Carleton's men began preparing sangars on what they thought was the summit of Tchrengula. In fact the mile-long summit was divided into two peaks, and in the dark, the British had occupied only the southern, lower summit. Vice Commandant Christiaan De Wet quickly grasped the situation, and led some men on horseback to gallop to the northern end of the hill, where they dismounted and climbed the hill to occupy the undefended northern summit. From there, the Boers pressed forward along the summit which was strewn with rocks which gave individual Boer riflemen ample cover. The British sangars were exposed and obvious targets to the Boers, and gave inadequate protection. Like the artillery, the British infantry relied on drill, firing volleys on the command of an officer. By the time the order had been given, the intended target was safe behind cover, while the British soldiers were exposed to fire.

The British infantry resisted for several hours, but the numbers of wounded and killed increased and ammunition ran out. Finally, as the main British force could be seen retreating into Ladysmith, Carleton gave the order to surrender. A British officer waved a white flag at the same time. Some of the British troops had seen no reason for the surrender and felt themselves humiliated by the order. Eight hundred soldiers were taken prisoner.

Aftermath
Since the Boers launched no immediate assault, the British force reorganised and constructed defensive lines around the town, which would require a major effort to overcome. They recovered morale through some small-scale raids at night which sabotaged some of the Boer artillery. Thereafter the siege became a long drawn-out blockade, except for a single storming attempt. After several failures, a force under General Redvers Buller, who was later known as "Sir Reverse" and the "Ferryman of the Tugela", broke through the Boer forces defending the Tugela to effect the Relief of Ladysmith on 28 February 1900. Britain then went on to regain control of South Africa.

References

Bibliography
Kruger, Rayne; Goodbye Dolly Gray, New English Library, 1964

External links
Conan Doyle, Arthur; The Great Boer War
free ebooks uk

Conflicts in 1899
Conflicts in 1900
Battles of the Second Boer War
Battle of Ladysmith
History of KwaZulu-Natal
October 1899 events


True Beauty (season 1) is the first season of the ABC reality television series True Beauty.  The contestants are competing to see who is the most beautiful. However, they think they are only being tested on outer beauty. The show is hosted by three judges: Nolé Marin, Cheryl Tiegs, and Vanessa Minnillo who judge the contestants on their inner beauty. The contestants are competing for $100,000 and to be "featured in People magazine's 100 most beautiful people issue." The series, produced by Tyra Banks and Ashton Kutcher, premiered on ABC on January 5, 2009.

Contestants

Episode progress

 The contestant won the challenge and was safe from elimination.
 The contestant did not win the challenge, but was safe from elimination.
 The contestant was at risk of elimination.
 The contestant was eliminated.

Hidden Camera Challenges

Episodes

The Science of Beauty
First aired January 5, 2009

The contestants are taken to a doctor/beauty expert for what they are told is a series of measurements to assess their "beauty score". What the contestants don't know is that they are being observed on a hidden camera to see if they will look at the personal files of the other contestants. After the measurements are taken, each contestant is given his/her beauty score, which is calculated by the beauty expert. They were told that anything over an 85 is beautiful, and anything over 95 is star quality. The scores are: Joel and Billy 95; Ashley, C.J. and Laura 94; Ray 92; Julia and Monique 91; Chelsea and Hadiyyah-lah at risk for elimination.

The bottom two are put into a final hidden camera challenge where they encounter an actor trying to enter a building with his hands full with cups of coffee. In the end, Hadiyyah-lah is eliminated for her behavior on hidden camera, including looking through C.J.'s personal file and not holding the door for the actor holding the cups of coffee.
 Winners: Joel and Billy
 Bottom Two: Chelsea and Hadiyyah-lah
 Eliminated: Hadiyyah-lah

 Million Dollar Look First aired January 12, 2009The contestants are split into three teams and sent to Melrose Avenue to assemble three complete outfits using only their beauty and $100 per team. The teams are Billy, Laura, and Julia; Ashley, C.J., and Chelsea; Joel, Ray, and Monique. Ashley and C.J. deceive unsuspecting pedestrians with the claim that they are collecting donations for charity. Chelsea states that she is uncomfortable with lying and refuses to participate. C.J. eventually felt guilty for deceiving and stops, but Ashley continues. In a hidden camera challenge, the contestants are tested to see if they will donate any of the $100 to a woman at a charity collection table. All of the contestants donate money with the exception of Chelsea, Ashley, Monique, and Ray.

At a fashion show, contestants model their assembled outfits for the judges who assign "price tags" to each outfit. The price of each outfit is determined by overall style as well as each contestant's behavior during the previous shopping trip. Billy is the winner and is given the $1,000,000 price tag and a $5000 shopping spree. Joel is given the $750,000 tag; Julia $500,000; Laura $100,000; Monique $10,000; Ray $1,000; Chelsea $75. Ashley and C.J. come in last place and are given $10 price tags.

On their way to the "hall of beauty", C.J. and Ashley are given a final test to see if they will help a bicycle messenger who falls off his bike in front of each of them. C.J. helps, while Ashley doesn't. In the end, Ashley is eliminated for her behavior on hidden camera, including lying in the shopping challenge, not giving money to charity, and not helping the bicycle messenger.

 Winner: Billy
 Bottom Two: Ashley and C.J.
 Eliminated: Ashley

 Beauty in Motion First aired January 19, 2009The contestants are divided into two teams for an "action photo shoot" challenge. The teams are sent to the gym for wardrobe fitting and to practice one of four different sports in preparation for a photo shoot the following day. Each team selects a team captain (Joel and C.J.), who it is later revealed will be automatically up for elimination if the team loses. The red team consists of Joel (karate), Laura (tennis), Billy (basketball), and Julia (volleyball). The blue team consists of C.J. (tennis), Monique (karate), Chelsea (volleyball), and Ray (basketball). The wardrobe assistant is actually an actress who acts as though she is having a bad day. The contestants are tested to see if they will comfort her when she is upset. Julia and C.J. are the only ones who pass the test.

After the photo shoot, the judges critique each team's photos, and pronounce the red team the winners of the challenge. As the captain of the blue team, C.J. is automatically in the bottom two, and is joined by Monique, who is told that she had the worst photo.

On their way to the "hall of beauty", C.J. and Monique are given their final test to see if they will pick up a discarded water bottle, thrown on the sidewalk in front of them. C.J. picks up the bottle and throws it in the trash, while Monique simply walks by. In the end, Monique is eliminated for saying insulting things about Chelsea, failing to comfort the wardrobe assistant, not donating money in the charity challenge, and not picking up the discarded water bottle.

 Winner: Laura, Julia, Joel, Billy
 Bottom Two: Monique, C.J.
 Eliminated: Monique

 Timeless Beauty First aired January 26, 2009The contestants are taken to a photo studio for a "Timeless Beauty" photo challenge. Each contestant is matched with a senior citizen, and they are asked to create a photo, style, and original slogan which illustrates the teams concept of timeless beauty. What the contestants don't know is that they are being judged on their respect for elders. In the wardrobe room, there is only one make-up chair. While most of the contestants offer this seat to their senior partner, C.J., Billy, and Joel do not. In the photo shoot, Billy doesn't appear to respect his partner's opinion, and is more concerned with how he himself looks on camera.

Back at the house, Vanessa has each of the contestants impersonate another contestant. The winner, as judged by the group, would be allowed to look at the photos. Joel wins this competition, and tells Billy that he looks "cheesy" and C.J. that the photographer selected C.J.'s least favorite pose. C.J. is upset by the news. Later, all of the contestants are allowed to see their photos, and the judges select Joel as the winner, with Billy and C.J. in the bottom two.

On their way to the "hall of beauty", Billy and C.J. are given their final test to see if they will help a young girl who is crying because she has lost her mother. Both Billy and C.J. help, staying with her until the girl's mother returns. In the end, C.J. is eliminated for his deceptive behavior in the charity challenge (episode 2), verbal outbursts at the house, and disagreement with the judges over the selection of his "best pose" in the "timeless beauty" photo shoot.

 Winner: Joel
 Bottom Two: Billy, C.J.
 Eliminated: C.J.

 Natural Beauty First aired February 2, 2009For their first challenge, the contestants are split into teams of two and asked to select one personal item which they "cannot live without". After selecting their items, the teams are told they will be shooting a 30 second video clip for a new "organic lifestyle" company promoting "natural beauty", and the only item they will be allowed to bring along is the personal item they just selected. At the challenge, the teams (Julia & Laura, Chelsea & Ray, and Billy & Joel) hike five miles to a beach where they camp for the night. The next morning, the contestants are awakened at 5 am, and are given video cameras with which to film one another. What the contestants don't know is that they are being judged on their teamwork. While most of the contestants pass the challenge, Chelsea appears uninterested in helping Ray, and Joel is argumentative, disobeying a lifeguard's instructions.

Back at the house Vanessa reveals the results of the challenge. Billy is praised for his performance and wins the challenge. Chelsea and Joel are both criticized, placing in the bottom two.

On their way to the "hall of beauty", Chelsea and Joel are given their final test. A gardener "accidentally" sprays them in the process of watering some plants. Joel maintains his composure, while Chelsea curses. In the end, Chelsea is eliminated for her attitude towards the other contestants, lack of sympathy during the "action photo shoot" in episode 3, and cursing at the gardener.

 Winner: Billy
 Bottom Two: Chelsea, Joel
 Eliminated: Chelsea

 Get Fit First aired February 9, 2009The contestants are taken to sports field for a physical fitness challenge. Each contestant must complete six different fitness tests: body composition, push-ups, pull-ups, sit-ups, flexibility, and an obstacle course. What the contestants don't know is that they are being judged on their demonstration of courtesy towards others and sportsmanship, rather than their physical performance. A group of teenage moderators and a gym teacher decides which contestant possesses the most inner and outer beauty. In the body composition test, the scale is falsely calibrated to read approximately  heavier than the actual measured weight. After completing all six tests, the contestants and moderators have a lunch break. The moderators purposely group themselves unevenly between two tables, with one "lonely kid" sitting at a table by himself. Julia, who talks to the lonely kid, is the only one to pass this test. In contrast, Ray inappropriately jokes with the larger group that lonely kid "is going to grow up to be a sniper." After lunch, Vanessa tells the contestants that their physical performance in the challenge does not matter, and that the teenagers will be voting on who they feel is the most beautiful. After some deliberation, it is revealed that Joel has won the competition, Julia and Billy are safe, while Laura and Ray are up for elimination.

On their way to the "hall of beauty", Laura and Ray are given their final test. A homeless man pushing a shopping cart full of aluminum cans falls, spilling the cans on the ground. Both Laura and Ray stop to help the man, passing the test. In the end, Ray is eliminated for looking through the other contestants' files in episode one, not consoling the wardrobe assistant in episode three, making rude comments about Billy in episode five, and saying that the "lonely" kid is "going to grow up to be a sniper."

 Winner: Joel
 Bottom Two: Ray, Laura
 Eliminated: Ray

 Red Carpet Mamas First aired February 16, 2009The contestants are taken to a beauty salon in preparation for a "high society function" with a "red carpet" entrance later that evening. The contestants are surprised to find out that their dates for the evening are their parents. Laura, Joel, and Julia are paired with their mothers, and Billy is paired with his father. An actor, posing as a stylist, has a private consultation with each contestant. The contestants are tested to see if they will "sell out" their fellow castmates. Both Billy and Julia pass, while both Laura and Joel make disparaging remarks about Billy, failing the test. Each parent is taken to a room with racks of clothes and asked to select a suit or dress for the son or daughter. Laura is not happy with her mother's selection, but does not publicly express her true opinion.

Later that evening, on the red carpet, the contestants are judged on their ability to "work the room", socializing with the other people at the function. What the contestants don't know is that Ashton Kutcher's mother (Diane) is there as a secret judge. At the end of the evening, Diane feels that Joel did the best, while Billy and Julia seemed to be "selling themselves", and Laura had a hard time making conversation as she was "too into herself". After some deliberation, the contestants are told that Billy has won the challenge, Julia is safe, and Joel and Laura are in the bottom two.

At the hall of beauty, Joel and Laura each plead their case. Ultimately, Laura is eliminated for being too self-absorbed, making disparaging remarks about the other contestants, looking through other contestants files in episode one, not sympathizing with the wardrobe assistant in episode three, not fully participating in the fitness challenge in episode six, and making disparaging comments about Billy in the private consultation.

 Winner: Billy
 Bottom Two: Joel, Laura
 Eliminated: Laura

 Finale First aired February 23, 2009The contestants are taken to a studio for the People magazine challenge, which includes a one-on-one interview with Jess Cagle (an executive editor) and a photo shoot with Matthew Rolston. What the contestants don't know is that Jess is judging their grace under pressure, humility, and modesty. Both Julia and Billy pass the test, while Joel fails after making immodest comments. In her interview, Julia reveals that she had to give up her beauty pageant title after receiving a ticket for "public intoxication"; an event which she cites as her biggest regret. For the photo shoot, the contestants are dressed in only a towel and covered in oil. Julia is initially nervous about appearing semi-nude in a photograph, but overcomes her apprehension. After reviewing the photos, the contestants are told that they all performed equally well, and hence, all three will have to go to the "hall of beauty".

In the kitchen, at the house, the contestants are given a note asking them to go downstairs. Upon descending the stairs, they find an open door to a room they had not been allowed to access before. This room is the "observation room", where the judges would monitor the hidden cameras placed throughout the house. Vanessa appears on the screen and informs the contestants that they have been judged on both their inner and outer beauty. The contestants are shown a montage of clips of their worst behavior. Joel is most deeply troubled by this development, as he feels his "passion" has been misconstrued.

At the "hall of beauty", each contestant is asked to state why he or she feels that he or she should be declared the winner of the competition. First, Billy is informed that he has placed third, then Julia is declared the winner of the $100,000 prize and a photo in the Most Beautiful People issue of People'' magazine.  Furthermore, Julia is told that she is the only one to pass all eight of the hidden camera challenges: honesty, charity, compassion, consideration, teamwork, decency, loyalty, and modesty.

 Winner: Julia
 Runner-Up: Joel
 Eliminated: Billy

International airdates

References

External links

2009 American television seasons
2000s American reality television series


"Believe Me" is the fourth single by melody. under the Toy's Factory label released June 9, 2004. The single was completed in two versions, English and Japanese, released simultaneously. The Japanese version peaked at #16 on the Oricon and sold 17,539 copies. The English version peaked at #30 on the Oricon and sold 11,950 copies.

Track listing (Japanese Version)
 Believe Me (Japanese Version) (4:39)
 So into You (Japanese Version) (3:57)
 Believe Me (Instrumental) (4:39)
 So into You (Instrumental) (3:56)

Track listing (English Version)
 Believe Me (English Version) (4:41)
 So into You (English Version) (3:57)
 Believe Me (Instrumental) (4:41)
 So into You (Instrumental) (3:56)

Melody (Japanese singer) songs
2004 songs
Toy's Factory singles


The 1929 Segunda División Grupo B season saw 10 teams participate in the third level Spanish league. Cultural Leonesa and Real Murcia were promoted to the 1929–30 Segunda División. There were no teams relegated to another division. The following season this division was renamed the Tercera División.

Stadia and locations

League table

Promotion playoff

External links
 The Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation

Tercera División seasons
3
Spain


The 1st Oregon Infantry Regiment was an American Civil War era military regiment recruited in Oregon for the Union Army.  The regiment was formed in November 1864.  At full strength, it was composed of ten companies of foot soldiers.  The regiment was used to guard trade routes and escorted immigrant wagon trains from Fort Boise to the Willamette Valley.  Its troops were used to pursue and suppress Native American raiders in eastern Oregon and the Idaho Territory.  Several detachments accompanied survey parties and built roads in central and southern Oregon.  The regiment's last company was mustered out of service in July 1867.

Background

Following the outbreak of the Civil War in April 1861, most regular army troops were withdrawn from the Pacific Northwest for service in the war's eastern theatres.  This left Oregon and the Washington and Idaho territories without sufficient troops to guard Native American reservations from trespassing miners, escort immigrant wagon trains, and protect settlers and traders from Native American raiders in eastern Oregon and southern Idaho.  Oregon officials were also concerned about possible conflicts between pro-Union and pro-Confederate supporters.

As a result, the commander of the United States Army's Department of the Pacific, Brigadier General George Wright asked Oregon Governor John Whiteaker to recruit an Oregon cavalry regiment.  At the same time, Wright asked Henry M. McGill, Washington Territory's acting Governor, to raise an infantry regiment in Washington.  Both recruiting efforts were successful.  The Washington infantry regiment was formed on 18 October 1861, and the 1st Oregon Cavalry was activated a month later on 21 November.

Formation

The initial enlistment period for six of the seven Oregon cavalry companies and five of ten Washington infantry companies expired in the fall of 1864.  As a result, Brigadier General Benjamin Alvord, the Army's senior commander in Oregon, asked Oregon's new Governor Addison C. Gibbs to raise a new infantry regiment and recruit backfills for the expected cavalry vacancies.  Gibbs agreed, and formally asked Major General Irwin McDowell, who replaced Wright as commander of the Department of the Pacific, to request authority to recruit additional troops for military operations in Oregon.  On 31 August 1864, Gibbs and McDowell sent a joint letter to the War Department in Washington, D.C. requesting permission to recruit a new infantry regiment and cavalry replacements. On 20 October 1864, the Governor received a positive reply from the War Department.  The news arrived just one day before the end of Oregon's legislative session.  Gibbs quickly asked the legislature to provide a $150 enlistment bounty, which the legislators enacted before going home.

Governor Gibbs appointed well known civic leaders as county recruiting officers to give prestige to the effort.  The state's pro-union newspapers including The Oregonian, the Oregon Statesman, and the Jacksonville Sentinel all encourage young men to join the new regiment.  The publicity along with the $150 bounty helped make the recruiting drive a success.  The first companies of the 1st Oregon Volunteer Infantry Regiment were officially activated on 11 November 1864.  By June 1865, the regiment reached ten full-strength companies.  Three senior officers from the 1st Oregon Cavalry were promoted and placed in charge of the new infantry regiment.  Colonel George B. Currey became the regiment's commander.  Lieutenant Colonel John M. Drake was second in command, and Major William V. Rinehart was given the third most senior post.

Operations

While some detachments of the 1st Oregon Volunteer Infantry Regiment occasionally skirmished with hostile Native American bands, the regiment's main duties were much more mundane. Most companies spent their time in garrison duty at small posts in eastern Oregon, southeast Washington, and southern Idaho. They protected immigrant trails and escorted wagon trains from Fort Boise to the Willamette Valley. Two companies escorted survey parties, and another constructed a road in southwestern Oregon.

While scouting sixteen miles from Camp Wright on the Selvies River, near present-day Burns, Captain Loren L. Williams and a party of twenty Oregon infantrymen from Company H were ambushed by a band of hostile Native Americans. Williams and his troops fought a harrowing retreat back to Camp Wright, defending themselves for about fifteen hours before they reached safety. All along the way Native Americans fired from concealed positions. At one point, they even set a brush fire in the soldiers path to prevent them from escaping. Despite their continuous attacks, the Native Americans only wounded two soldiers. In his report, Williams stated that his long-range rifles killed fifteen Native American. He also stated that his superior weaponry was the only thing that prevented his party from being overrun.

In the summer of 1865, Lieutenant Cyrus H. Walker and the men of Company B were responsible for disarming friendly Native Americans and guarding numerous wagon trains as they crossed southern Idaho. They also established Camp Reed at Salmon Falls Creek and Camp Wallace at Camas Prairie, both in Idaho. The troops built a blockhouse at Camp Wallace, but later abandoned the site in favor of winter quarters near Fort Hall.

Lieutenant William Grant and his detachment accompanied David P. Thompson and his government survey team through central Oregon as they plotted the Deschutes Meridian, a north–south line extending from the Columbia River to the California border. In another party, Lieutenant John M. McCall led a detachment of forty-eight men responsible for escorting State Surveyor Byron J. Pengra and his assistants as they surveyed the route of the Oregon Central Military Road. The route they surveyed ran from Eugene, Oregon along the Middle Fork of the Willamette River, through the Cascades near Diamond Peak, then across arid southeastern Oregon to Idaho's mining country.

Captain Franklin B. Sprague and twenty men of Company I built a section of road that linked the Rogue River with the John Day road. This connected Jacksonville and southwest Oregon with John Day's mining country. After the construction work was completed, Sprague published a list of the best camp sites along the road in the Jacksonville newspapers so that the wagon masters could find the best water and grass along the way. On 1 August 1865, two hunters from Sprague's party rediscovered Crater Lake, which had been first visited in 1853, but was never effectively recorded so that others could locate the lake. Based on directions from his hunters, Sprague and five other men visited the lake on 12 August. They climbed down the 800 foot caldera cliff to become the first explorers to reach the lake shore. Sprague's account of the visit to "Lake Majestic" was published in the Jacksonville Sentinel on 25 August.

In the fall of 1865, Colonel Currey was planning a winter campaign against the Native Americans in eastern Oregon. To prepare, he sent detachments of the 1st Oregon Infantry along with Oregon cavalry units to Camp Alvord in the Alvord Valley; Camp Polk near present-day Sisters; Camp Currey near Silver Lake; Camp Logan and Camp Colfax along the Boise Road east of Canyon City; Camp Wallace; and Camp Lander near Fort Hall in the Idaho Territory. Detachment commanders were instructed to build winter quarters at their posts and prepare for a winter offensive. Winter provisions were to follow in supply wagons. However, the end of the Civil War in the east had freed up many regular officers for duty in the west, and as a result, Colonel Currey was released from duty in November 1865 along with the men from companies C, D, and E. Lieutenant Colonel Drake was released from service in December, so the planned winter campaign never got started.

Disbanding

The remaining companies spent a long winter in field encampments waiting for orders.  In February 1866, Major General Frederick Steele arrived at Fort Vancouver to take command of the Military Department of the Columbia.  As soon as the weather improved he ordered the dispersed infantry units, except Captain Sprague's Company I, to report to Fort Vancouver where the volunteers were mustered out of service.  Several officers were reassigned to regular Army units arriving from the east, but few were retained more than a year.  On 19 July 1867, Captain Sprague, First Lieutenant Harrison B. Oatman, and the men of Company I were the last members of the 1st Oregon Volunteer Infantry Regiment to be mustered out of the Army.

Officers

The following is a list of officers who served in the 1st Oregon Volunteer Infantry Regiment.  The list was current as of 31 October 1865, the date the first members of the regiment were mustered out of service.

Colonel - George B. Currey (Commander)
Lieutenant Colonel - John M. Drake
Major - William V. Rinehart
Captains - Charles Lafollett (Commander, Company A); Ephraim Palmer (Commander, Company B); Clark P. Crandall (Commander, Company C); William S. Powell (Commander, Company D); Ferdinand O. McGown (Commander, Company E); Ebner W. Waters (Commander, Company F); Andrew J. Boland (Commander, Company G); Loren L. Williams (Commander, Company H); Franklin B. Sprague (Commander, Company I); and Alphonso B. Ingram (Commander, Company J)
First Lieutenants - William J. Shipley; Cyrus H. Walker; Thomas H. Reynolds; Samuel F. Kerns; Henry Catley (Quartermaster); John B. Dimick; Darius B. Randall; John L. Boone (Adjutant); William M. Rand; William Grant; Harrison B. Oatman; Byron Barlow
Second Lieutenants - William R. Dunbar; John W. Cullen; Charles B. Roland; Charles H. Hill; Joseph M. Gale; James A. Balch; Daniel W. Applegate; Peter P. Gates; Charles N. Chapman; and Albert Applegate
Surgeon - Horace Carpenter; Samuel Whitemore (Assistant Surgeon)

See also
Oregon Volunteers (disambiguation)

References

External links
Oregon Blue Book - Civil War History
Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War - Col. Edward D. Baker Camp
1st Oregon Volunteer Infantry Civil War reenactors

Military in Oregon
Military history of Oregon
Military units and formations in Oregon
Units and formations of the Union Army from Oregon
1864 establishments in Oregon
1867 disestablishments in Oregon
Military units and formations established in 1864
Military units and formations disestablished in 1867


The 1993 All-Pro Team is composed of the National Football League players that were named to the Associated Press, Pro Football Writers Association, and The Sporting News All-Pro Teams in 1993. Both first and second teams are listed for the AP team. These are the three teams that are included in Total Football II: The Official Encyclopedia of the National Football League. In 1993 the Pro Football Writers Association and Pro Football Weekly combined their All-pro teams, a practice with continues through 2008.

Teams

Key
 AP = Associated Press first-team All-Pro
 AP-2 = Associated Press second-team All-Pro
 PFWA = Pro Football Writers Association All-NFL
 TSN = The Sporting News All-Pro

References
Pro-Football-Reference.com

All-Pro Teams
Allpro


Fundación de Conservación Jocotoco (Jocotoco Conservation Foundation) is an Ecuadorian non-governmental environmental organization. It was established to purchase and protect land important to the conservation of endangered birds in Ecuador.

Fundación de Conservación Jocotoco established its first reserve, the Tapichalaca Biological Reserve, in 1998 to protect the type locality and main range of the newly discovered Jocotoco antpitta (Grallaria ridgelyi). The reserve now protects more than 2870 hectares of forest and an associated 380+ species of birds and numerous range-restricted plants, amphibians, mammals, and invertebrates.

Fundación de Conservación Jocotoco has established eleven reserves protecting :
Ayampe, Dry forest near the Pacific Ocean.  Esmeraldas woodstar, great green macaw.
Buenaventura, wet upper foot hill forest on west slope of Andes. One of only a few localities for El Oro parakeet, and El Oro tapaculo. Also the Giant Caecilian has been found here.
Chakana (formerly Antisanilla), highland paramo southeast of Quito. Andean condor and spectacled bear.
Copalinga, wet foot hill forest on eastern slope of Andes, very close to Zamora and Podocarpus National Park.
Jorupe, Tumbesian dry forest. Henna-hooded foliage-gleaner, rufous-necked foliage-gleaner, blackish-headed spinetail, gray-headed antbird.
Narupa, wet foothill forest on the east slope of the Andes. Coppery-chested jacamar, Napo sabrewing, many other foothill species.
Río Canandé, wet Chocó lowlands of the northwest. Scarlet-breasted dacnis, banded ground-cuckoo, great curassow, golden-chested tanager.
Tapichalaca, wet lower subtropical forest up to páramo on east slope of Andes. Jocotoco antpitta, golden-plumed parakeet, white-necked parakeet, Peruvian antpitta, bicolored antvireo, masked saltator, greater scythebill.
Utuana, temperate forest on slopes above inter-Andean valley. Piura hemispingus, rainbow starfrontlet, black-crested tit-tyrant.
Yanacocha, upper temperate forest on Volcán Pichincha. Black-breasted puffleg (one of the few remaining world localities for this critically endangered species), imperial snipe, rainbow-bearded thornbill.
Yunguilla, woodland south of Cuenca.  Only known locality for the critically endangered pale-headed brush-finch.

Fundación de Conservación Jocotoco supports an active research program at the reserves. Projects include:
 Documenting reproductive biology and identifying critical breeding habitat of Esmeraldas woodstar in coastal Ecuador

References

External links

Conservation and environmental foundations
Environmental organisations based in Ecuador
Nature conservation in Ecuador
Conservation and environmental foundations in the United States
Bird conservation organizations


A Woman with Half Soul (Banhonnyeo) also known as The Ghost Lovers (Yan nu huan hun, 艷女還魂) is a 1973 South Korean horror film directed by Shin Sang-ok and starring Li Ching and Lee Seung-yong.

Plot
Han Do-ryeong goes to Yeon-hwa's house with the money, but is taken away by bandits and ends up staying at the house of Jang-soe, an old servant. The spirit of Yeon-hwa, who died without seeing her spouse Han Doryeong, appears to Han Doryeong every night and shares her unfulfilled feelings in this world. When Jangsoe sees his master playing with a ghost, he calls a shaman to perform an exorcism and attaches a talisman, but to no avail. In the end, Han Do-ryeong comes to her senses and distances herself from Yeon-hwa's spirit, but at Yeon-hwa's request, after sharing the last couple's affection, Yeon-hwa escapes from the bondage of the wandering ghost and goes to the underworld.

Cast
Li Ching- Yeon-hwa
Lee Seung-yong - Han Do-ryeong
Kim Mu-yeong -  Jangsoe
Joo Young -wife of Jangsoe
Go Seon-ae -Dalae the nanny
Kim Ki-ju -merchant
Lee Hyang-ja - Yeonsim, Yeonhwa's sister
Sin Chan-il -NamPyong, Husband of Yeonsim
Jin Bong-jin -Chunam
Lee Seung-il - Dok chil

References

External links

Films directed by Shin Sang-ok
1970s Korean-language films
South Korean horror films
1973 horror films


The Third Federal Electoral District of Chiapas (III Distrito Electoral Federal de Chiapas) is one of the 300 Electoral Districts into which Mexico is divided for the purpose of elections to the federal Chamber of Deputies and one of 12 such districts in the state of Chiapas.

It elects one deputy to the lower house of Congress for each three-year legislative period, by means of the first past the post system.

District territory
The Third District of Chiapas is located in the extreme east of the state and covers much of the Lacandon Jungle.
It comprises the municipalities of Altamirano, Benemérito de las Américas, Chanal, Las Margaritas, Maravilla Tenejapa, Marqués de Comillas, Ocosingo and Oxchuc.

The district's head town (cabecera distrital), where results from individual polling stations are gathered together and collated, is the city of Ocosingo.

Previous districting schemes

1996–2005 district
Between 1996 and 2005, the Third District was broadly the same as under the current scheme, with the following differences:
Chanal was a part of the  Eighth District.
The Third District also included San Juan Cancuc and Sitalá.
Benemérito de las Américas, Maravilla Tenejapa and Marqués de Comillas had not yet been given municipal status; however, they belonged to the municipality of Ocosingo and so were included in the district by that token.

Deputies returned to Congress from this district

L Legislature
 1976–1979: Homero Tovilla Cristiani (PRI)
LI Legislature
 1979–1982: Leyver Martínez González (PRI)
LII Legislature
 1982–1985: Homero Tovilla Cristiani (PRI)
LIII Legislature
 1985–1988:
LIV Legislature
 1988–1991: José Javier Culebro Siles (PRI)
LV Legislature
 1991–1994:
LVI Legislature
 1994–1997: Alí Cancino Herrera (PRI)
LVII Legislature
 1997–2000: Norberto Sántiz López (PRI)
LVIII Legislature
 2000–2003: Santiago López Hernández (PRI)
LIX Legislature
 2003–2006: Juan Antonio Gordillo (PRI)
LX Legislature
 2006–2009: Elmar Díaz Solórzano (PRI)

References

Federal electoral districts of Mexico
Government of Chiapas


Statistics of Guam League for the 2008–09 season.

Final standings

References
Guam 2008/09 (RSSSF)

Guam Soccer League seasons
Guam
Mens


François Affolter (born 13 March 1991) is a Swiss professional footballer who plays as a defender for Biel-Bienne in the Swiss Promotion League. He was part of the Swiss team at the 2012 Summer Olympics.

Career

Young Boys
Born in Biel/Bienne, Bern, He made his senior debut for BSC Young Boys at the age of 17 years on 14 September 2008 in a 2–1 victory over AC Bellinzona, replacing Marc Schneider in the starting eleven due to suspension. Since that match, he was a regular starter for the club in their three-man defence, alongside Saif Ghezal and Miguel Alfredo Portillo.

Before he played with the first team, he played with the under 18 team. They won the under 18 championship the same year. Then, he joined the first team for friendly matches in the summer of 2008 and the new Young Boys coach Vladimir Petkovic gave him his chance.

He signed his first professional contract with Young Boys in November 2008. After three seasons with Young Boys, he was loaned to German club Werder Bremen.

After an unsuccessful half year at Young Boys, he decided to transfer to Swiss side FC Luzern for an undisclosed fee. His contract was set to expire in June 2018.

San Jose Earthquakes
On 21 July 2017, Major League Soccer side San Jose Earthquakes announced it had signed Affolter to a multi-year contract on a free transfer from Luzern. He made his first appearance for San Jose on 9 August, starting in the U.S. Open Cup semifinal against Sporting Kansas City and substituting out during extra time in the 103rd minute. He made his first MLS start and appearance on 12 August in a 3–0 loss to the Houston Dynamo at BBVA Compass Stadium.

FC Aarau
In February 2020, Affolter joined Swiss Challenge League side FC Aarau until the end of the 2019–20 season.

Chiasso
In September 2020, free agent Affolter signed with FC Chiasso, also of the Swiss Challenge League.

Return to Biel-Bienne
On 29 December 2021, Affolter returned to his youth club Biel-Bienne on a 2.5-year contract.

Personal life
Affolter received his U.S. green card in July 2018, which qualifies him as a domestic player for MLS roster purposes.

Career statistics

Club

References

1991 births
Sportspeople from Biel/Bienne
Footballers from the canton of Bern
Living people
Men's association football defenders
Swiss men's footballers
Switzerland men's youth international footballers
Switzerland men's under-21 international footballers
Switzerland men's international footballers
FC Biel-Bienne players
BSC Young Boys players
SV Werder Bremen players
SV Werder Bremen II players
FC Luzern players
San Jose Earthquakes players
FC Aarau players
FC Chiasso players
Swiss Super League players
Bundesliga players
Major League Soccer players
Swiss Challenge League players
Footballers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Olympic footballers for Switzerland
Swiss expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
Swiss expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
Swiss expatriate sportspeople in the United States


"Next to You" is the fifth single by melody. under the Toy's Factory label released January 12, 2005. The single stayed on the Oricon for 6 weeks and peaked at number 14. To date, the single has sold 21,876 copies.

Track listing
 Next to You (4:37)
 Summer Memory (4:27)
 So into You (Only One Remix) (3:14)
 Next to You (instrumental) (4:35)

Melody (Japanese singer) songs
2005 songs
Toy's Factory singles


The list of threatened fauna of Michigan includes almost 400 endangered, threatened and special concern species that are located in Michigan as a part of the fauna of the United States. Endangered and threatened species in Michigan are protected through the Endangered Species Act of the State of Michigan, part of the 1994 Michigan Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Act. The list was last updated in 2009 to its sixth iteration. At this time, 69 new species were added, including many species of freshwater mussels and snails, and 13 species were removed. The state also recognizes species of special concern, which are not protected under the act. These species have low or declining numbers in the state or a need for additional information on their populations in Michigan. If the species' numbers decline, they are moved to threatened or endangered status and afforded protection under the act; if they increase, they are removed from the list without further action.

Threatened and endangered species can also be listed under the federal Endangered Species Act, passed in 1973; the act covers over 1,250 plant and animal species. Species can be on either list or both lists – representation on one does not automatically determine representation (or status) on the other.

A large portion of the field surveys and research conducted with regards to threatened and endangered species in Michigan is undertaken by the Michigan Natural Features Inventory (MNFI) program. The MNFI program was originally developed in 1980 as part of the state natural heritage programs conceptualized by The Nature Conservancy (TNC), through which it received its first funding. The MNFI program severed relations with TNC in 2000, and became a program of the Michigan State University Extension Services.

Mammals
There are twelve species of threatened mammals in Michigan. Five of these are listed as species of threatened concern, three as threatened and four as endangered. Two also have federal listed status as endangered or threatened.

Amphibians

There are five species and subspecies of threatened amphibians in Michigan. Two of these are listed as species of special concern, one as a threatened species and two as endangered. No amphibians with federally listed threatened status have populations in Michigan.

Reptiles

There are eleven species and subspecies of threatened reptiles in Michigan. Of these, six are listed as species of special concern, three as threatened and two as endangered. One species has federal listed status as threatened, while another is a candidate for federal listing.

Birds

There are 42 threatened species and subspecies of birds in Michigan. Of these, 18 are listed as species of special concern, 14 as threatened and 9 as endangered. One additional species is listed as extinct in Michigan, although it previously had a population in the state. Two species have federal listed status as endangered.

Fish

There are 35 species and subspecies of threatened fish in Michigan. Of these, eight are species of special concern, nine are threatened and another nine are listed as endangered. An additional nine species that previously had populations in Michigan are now considered extinct in that state. None of the federally listed species of threatened fish have populations in Michigan.

Insects

Butterflies and moths

There are 53 species and subspecies of threatened butterflies and moths in Michigan. Of these, 40 are listed as species of special concern, 8 as threatened and 5 as endangered. Two species are also listed as federally endangered, while another is a candidate for federal listing.

Beetles

There are six species of threatened beetles in Michigan. Of these, three are species of special concern, one is threatened and one is endangered. One additional species is extinct in Michigan, although it previously had a viable population in the state. Two species of beetles with populations in Michigan are listed as federally endangered.

Cicadas and hoppers

There are seven species of threatened cicadas and hoppers with populations in Michigan. Of these, five are listed as species of special concern and two as threatened species. There are no federally listed species with populations in Michigan.

Damselflies and dragonflies

There are 15 species of threatened damselflies and dragonflies in Michigan. Of these, twelve are listed as species of special concern, two as threatened and one as endangered. The state-listed endangered species is also listed as federally endangered.

Grasshoppers and crickets

There are 14 species of threatened grasshoppers and crickets in Michigan. Thirteen of these are listed as species of special concern, while the remaining species is listed as threatened. There are no federally listed species with populations in Michigan.

Bees

There are two species of threatened bees in Michigan, both of which are members of the genus Bombus and are listed as species of special concern. There are no federally listed bee species with populations in Michigan.

Caddisflies

There is one species of threatened caddisfly in Michigan, which is listed as a species of special concern and is not found on the federal listing of endangered species.

Dobsonflies and fishflies

There is one species of threatened dobsonfly in Michigan and no species of threatened fishflies. The single threatened member of this group is listed as a species of special concern, and is not found on the federal listing.

Mayflies

There are three species of threatened mayflies with populations in Michigan, all of which are listed as species of special concern. None are found on the federal listing.

Freshwater mussels

There are 28 species and subspecies of threatened freshwater mussels in Michigan. Of these, 9 are species of special concern, 6 are listed as threatened and 13 are endangered. Six are also federally listed as endangered.

Land and freshwater snails

There are 61 species and subspecies of threatened land and freshwater snails in Michigan. Of these, 38 are species of special concern, 10 are listed as threatened and 13 are listed as endangered. No federally listed species of snails have populations in Michigan.

Fingernail and pea clams

There are seven threatened species of fingernail and pea clams in Michigan, all listed as species of special concern. None of the species with populations in Michigan are federally listed as threatened.

See also
 List of fauna of Michigan

Notes

References
General

Specific

Threatened
Michigan
Fauna,Michigan


"We Used to Be Friends" is a song by American alternative rock band The Dandy Warhols. It was released as the lead single from their fourth studio album Welcome to the Monkey House on 23 April 2003.

The single did not chart in the US but peaked at number 18 in the UK.

Content

The song bears a similar intro riff, chord progression and vocal melody to that of a Feeder song "Day In Day Out", and the band have listed Grant Nicholas as co-writer to avoid lawsuit.

Reception

NME praised the track, describing it as "a synthetic chatter of robotic handclaps and tweaky guitar fuzz, creamed off with a squeaky-clean chorus delivered in alarming falsetto".

Cultural references

The song is known for being the theme song to the TV series Veronica Mars, and was also notably featured in episodes of The O.C. and Wonderfalls, as well as the FIFA Football 2004 soundtrack. It was also the theme song to Australian reality series My Restaurant Rules, and was featured as background music in the LucasArts video game Thrillville: Off the Rails.

In 2011, Chris Carrabba of Dashboard Confessional covered the song on his album Covered in the Flood. Alejandro Escovedo recorded a new acoustic version for the soundtrack of the 2014 film adaptation Veronica Mars.  Chrissie Hynde covered the song for season 4 of Veronica Mars.

Track listing

7" vinyl
 "We Used to Be Friends"
 "Minnesoter (Thee Slayer Hippie Mix)"

DVD
 "We Used to Be Friends" (video)
 "Bohemian Like You (Boston Dave Mix)"
 "Minnesoter (Thee Slayer Hippie Mix)"
 An Introduction to The Dandy Warhols

Charts

References

External links

Songs about friendship
2003 singles
2003 songs
Children's television theme songs
The Dandy Warhols songs
Songs written by Courtney Taylor-Taylor
Song recordings produced by Bjorn Thorsrud
Songs written by Grant Nicholas
Veronica Mars
Capitol Records singles


Ripazepam is a pyrazolodiazepinone derivative structurally related to certain benzodiazepine drugs, especially zolazepam. It has anxiolytic effects.

See also
Benzodiazepine

References

GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
Lactams
Pyrazolodiazepines


"Realize/Take a Chance" is the sixth single by melody. under the Toy's Factory label. It was released August 17, 2005. The single stayed on the Oricon for 14 weeks and peaked at number 6. To date, the single has sold 127,869 copies. This is melody.'s best-selling single. It was used as the theme song for the drama Dragon Zakura.

Track listing
 Realize (3:45)
 Take a Chance (4:23)
 Next to You (Fredisco Remix) (5:44)
 Realize (instrumental) (3:45)
 Take a Chance (instrumental) (4:23)

Melody (Japanese singer) songs
Japanese television drama theme songs
2005 songs
2005 singles
Toy's Factory singles


The Fourth Federal Electoral District of Chiapas (IV Distrito Electoral Federal de Chiapas) is one of the 300 Electoral Districts into which Mexico is divided for the purpose of elections to the federal Chamber of Deputies and one of 12 such districts in the state of Chiapas.

It elects one deputy to the lower house of Congress for each three-year legislative period, by means of the first past the post system.

District territory
The Fourth District of Chiapas is located in the north-western portion of the state and
covers the municipalities of Amatán, Berriozábal, Coapilla, Copainalá, Ixtacomitán, Ixtapangajoya, Juárez, Ocozocoautla de Espinosa, Ostuacán, Pichucalco, Reforma, San Fernando, Solosuchiapa, Sunuapa and Tecpatán.

The district's head town (cabecera distrital), where results from individual polling stations are gathered together and collated, is the city of Ocozocoautla de Espinosa.

Previous districting schemes

1996–2005 district
Between 1996 and 2005, the Fourth  District had a different configuration. It was still centred on Ocozocoautla de Espinosa but covered:
Berriozábal, Coapilla, Copainalá, Ocozocoautla de Espinosa, San Fernando and Tecpatán, as at present, plus:
The municipalities of Chicoasén, Ocotepec, Osumacinta, Suchiapa and Villaflores.

Deputies returned to Congress from this district

L Legislature
 1976–1979: Manuel Villafuerte Mijangos (PRI)
LI Legislature
 1979–1982: Salvador de la Torre Grajales (PRI)
LII Legislature
 1982–1985: Oralia Coutiño Ruiz (PRI)
LIII Legislature
 1985–1988:
LIV Legislature
 1988–1991: Sami David David (PRI)
LV Legislature
 1991–1994:
LVI Legislature
 1994–1997: Tito Rubín Cruz (PRI)
LVII Legislature
 1997–2000: Mario Elías Moreno Navarro (PRI)
LVIII Legislature
 2000–2003: José Jacobo Nazar Morales (PRI)
LIX Legislature
 2003–2006: Julián Nazar Morales (PRI)
LX Legislature
 2006–2009: Andrés Carballo Bustamante (PRI)

References

Federal electoral districts of Mexico
Government of Chiapas


Asoka de Silva may refer to:
Asoka de Silva (admiral) (1931–2006), Sri Lankan Navy officer
Asoka de Silva (cricketer) (born 1956), Sri Lankan cricket umpire and former player
Asoka de Silva (judge) (born 1946), Sri Lankan Chief Justice


"See You..." is the seventh single by melody. under the Toy's Factory label released February 15, 2006. It was produced by Taku Takahashi of M-Flo. The single stayed on the Oricon for 5 weeks and peaked at number 19. To date, the single has sold 13,070 copies.

Track listing
 See You... (4:26)
 Close You Eyes (5:08)
 See You... (Mel Funk Remix) (4:12)
 Realize (Sugiurumn House Mission Mix) (6:34)

2005 songs
2006 singles
Melody (Japanese singer) songs
Toy's Factory singles
Songs written by Taku Takahashi