SS Westfalen was a German ship launched on 14 November 1905 at Joh. C. Tecklenborg in Geestemünde (today Bremerhaven).

In the early 1930s Westfalen was converted into a seaplane tender to serve as a weather reporting and refueling station for Dornier Wal flying boats of Deutsche Luft Hansa carrying mail across the Atlantic between Europe and South America.  The conversion of the Westfalen consisted of a large retractable stern mounted canvas drag apron for the flying boat to taxi on (i.e. for use in heavy seas and so the ship did not have to come to dead stop), cranes to lift the flying boats out of the water to be refueled and serviced, and a large compressed air catapult for launching the aircraft.  When in operation, Westfalen cruised 900 miles in the middle of the South Atlantic between Bathhurst, Gambia (now Banjul) and Pernambuco, Brazil.  The first test trans-Atlantic flights by Lufthansa Wals began in 1933 and the first commercial mail flights in 1934.

World War II
During World War II, the ship was used for transport between Germany and German-occupied Norway. On 28 July 1943, Westfalen sailed from Bodø under escort of the vorpostenboot  for a port to the south. On 7 September 1944 the ship sank off Marstrand, after hitting a naval mine. Seventy-eight people aboard survived, but most of the locked-up Norwegian prisoners-of-war were casualties, including Petter Moen, Reidar Olaf Østlid and Sverre Lid. SS-Sturmscharführer Wilhelm Heinze also died.

References

Bibliography

External links
 "Steamer Is Floating Airport For Flying Boats" May 1933 Popular Mechanics
 SS Westfalen (+1944) Wreck site

1905 ships
Ships built in Bremen (state)
Steamships of Germany
Merchant ships of Germany
World War II merchant ships of Germany
Ships sunk by mines
Shipwrecks of Sweden
World War II shipwrecks in the North Sea
Maritime incidents in September 1944
1944 in Norway
Seaplane tenders


is a subway station on the Fukuoka City Subway Hakozaki Line in Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan. Kyūdai-mae means "in front of Kyushu University". Its station symbol is a pine branch with leaves which branch look like Kyushu University's initials Chinese character , because  a pine‐covered area is named Ciyono-matsubara () is near this station.

Lines
Hakozaki-Kyūdai-mae Station is served by the Fukuoka City Subway Hakozaki Line.

Platforms

History
The station opened on January 31, 1986.

Surrounding area
 Kyushu University
 Hakozaki Station, on the Kagoshima Main Line

External links
 Fukuoka City Subway station information

Railway stations in Japan opened in 1986
Railway stations in Fukuoka Prefecture
Hakozaki Line


Warrington Dexter Phillip (born 23 July 1968 ]) is a former West Indian first-class cricketer and convicted murderer. He represented the Leeward Islands cricket team regularly in the Red Stripe Cup during the 1990s and played for his home island of Nevis in the inaugural Stanford 20/20, held in 2006, where they were surprise semi-finalists.

Cricket career
Phillip took part in the Leeward's winning Red Stripe Cup campaigns of 1993/94 and 1995/96. He played a big part in the 1995/96 Cup Final against Trinidad and Tobago by taking three wickets in the fourth innings which helped his team to win by 73 runs.

Perhaps the biggest scalp of his career was Aravinda de Silva, whom he dismissed when the Leeward Islands took on the touring Sri Lankans at St John's in 1997. He has also taken the wicket of Trinidadian Brian Lara, bowling him in a Red Stripe match which the Leeward Islands won.

His best performance in a match came during the 1994/95 Red Stripe Cup when he was Man of the Match after taking match figures of 13 for 123 against Jamaica. Eight of those wickets came in the first innings, at the expense of 92 runs and he took the other five when Jamaica followed on. At the time of his last first-class appearance, only Andy Roberts has taken better match and innings bowling analysis for the Leeward Islands than Phillip. It was a good season for Phillip, with his tally of 28 wickets at 15.50 only bettered in 1996/97 when he took 35 wickets, but at a more expensive average of 29.25.

Murder conviction
On 16 February 2006 in Nevis, Phillip's wife Shermel was found dead in the back of her car. Her throat had been slashed and Phillip was arrested and charged by police. On 15 November 2008, a jury in Charlestown found Phillip guilty of murder, and he was due to be sentenced on 22 December 2008, but this was deferred to 6 February 2009. He was sentenced to life in prison.

References

External links

1968 births
Living people
Nevisian cricketers
Leeward Islands cricketers
Saint Kitts and Nevis people convicted of murder
People convicted of murder by Saint Kitts and Nevis
People from Nevis
Saint Kitts and Nevis prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Saint Kitts and Nevis
Nevis representative cricketers
Sportspeople convicted of murder


Gyöngyi, Gyöngyvér, or Gyöngyvirág are Hungarian feminine given names.

They come from the Hungarian word, gyöngy, which means pearl. Gyöngyvirág means "lily of the valley" and Gyöngyvér was created from "gyöngy" and "testvér" (meaning "sister"), whereas Gyöngyi is a short form of either, or a nickname.

People with the given name Gyöngyi

 Gyöngyi Salla, singer, musician, performing artist also known as Ziaflow
 Gyöngyi Szalay-Horváth (1968–2017), Hungarian fencer

Hungarian feminine given names
Feminine given names


Reepham High School and College is a secondary school and sixth form with academy status located in Reepham, Norfolk. The majority of the students live in outlying villages. Prior to September 2009, when Reepham College opened, it was known as Reepham High School. Tim Gibbs is the current principal, taking over from Mark Farrar in 2017. The school created and leads the Synergy Multi-Academy Trust.

History
The school opened with around 200 pupils in 1961 as a secondary modern school. The first head was Edward Riddell Smith.

A sixth form was opened next to the school in September 2009 after a £6,000,000 investment. A £280,000 playing field was added in 2010, as well as additional science classrooms.

The high school converted to an academy in October 2012, and in 2014, received an £800,000 grant to replace its 55 year old windows.

In 2015, Reepham High School and College created the Synergy Multi-Academy Trust, made up of academies and schools within 30 minutes of Reepham including Reepham Primary, Bawdeswell Primary, Foulsham Primary, Mattishall Primary, Astley Primary, Corpusty Primary and Litcham School.

A new languages block was finished in September 2016.

In 2017, Mark Farrar stepped down as head teacher, and Tim Gibbs, vice principal and physical education teacher at the school, replaced him. Farrar became head of Synergy until August 2019, when he retired.

In 2018, Helen McGuinness, former head of social sciences at the school, was welcomed back as college director. In September of that year, the high school introduced a ban on mobile phones, while allowing them to be hidden in school bags and to be used if "under explicit instruction by a teacher", citing small distractions as the original reason. Head teacher Tim Gibbs noted a decline in bullying following the ban. French TV channel France 2 filmed in Reepham High School to report on the ban.

Nadia Sparkes, a 13 year old nicknamed "Trash Girl", who had won international praise for picking litter on her journeys to and from school, moved to Reepham High after she was assaulted at Hellesdon High School. She was encouraged to join the school by Matt Willer, a teacher who ran the allotment project at the school.

Ofsted and specialisation
Since 2006 the school has been a specialist Science, Mathematics and Vocational school.

In 2006, the Eastern Daily Press reported that Reepham High was the only school in Norfolk to carry Ofsted's “Outstanding” ranking. In September 2008, the school was ranked “Outstanding” for a third time and scored the highest overall grade possible. After converting to Academy status in 2012, the school subsequently lost its "Outstanding" rating in the  inspection of May 2013, becoming "Good". The high school retained its "Good" rating in its 2016 and 2020 inspections.

Notable alumni

High school

 Jed Steer, Aston Villa goalkeeper
 Carl Rogers, former captain of Norfolk County Cricket Club
 Bruce Fielder (a.k.a. Sigala), musician
 Iona Lake, steeplechaser

References

Secondary schools in Norfolk
Educational institutions established in 1961
1961 establishments in England
Academies in Norfolk
Reepham, Norfolk


The National Flood Forum is a British charity in Bewdley, Worcestershire dedicated to assisting individuals who have been affected by flooding and to guiding legislation related to flooding. The charity's efforts include, among others, cohosting events to provide information and services to victims of flooding and conducting studies into the personal impact of flooding. It also gives out "the Golden Sandbag Award" to individuals who have provided exceptional service to victims of flooding.

History
Its first meeting was held in York in 2002. In 2005, the independent organization set up formal links with the Environment Agency to help address flooding issues in Cumbria. The Environment Agency provided funding to the forum totaling £250,000 before cutting funding in December 2007.

In late 2008, A new project was launched based on the style of the National Flood Forum, to cover Scotland. This community based project was funded by the Scottish Government and developed by the Environment Minister Mike Russell and its Founder Paul Hendy - a Community Flood Recovery Specialist with a wealth of experience in this work.

References

External links
 National Flood Forum website
 Scottish Flood Forum website

Charities based in Worcestershire
Flood control in the United Kingdom
Disaster management


Statistical Applications in Genetics and Molecular Biology is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering the application of statistics to problems in computational biology. It was established in 2002 and is published by de Gruyter. The editor-in-chief is Guido Sanguinetti. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2012 impact factor of 1.717.

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
Current Index to Statistics
MEDLINE
Science Citation Index Expanded
Zentralblatt MATH

References

External links

Biostatistics journals
Statistics journals
Academic journals established in 2002
Delayed open access journals
English-language journals
Bioinformatics and computational biology journals
De Gruyter academic journals


Joseph Gordon Gunson (1 July 1904 – 8 September 1991) was an English footballer who played for Brickfields FC, Nelson, Wrexham, Sunderland, Liverpool, Swindon and Bangor City.

Liverpool
Gordon was a winger for Liverpool who played in the period of 1930 to 1934. He made his debut for the club in a match against Bolton Wanderers on 15 March 1930. He then started a run of 10 consecutive appearances until the completion of the season. His run ended at the beginning of the new season 1930 – 1931 and only appeared 9 times that season. It was different in the season 1931–1932, he was ever-presents along with Tom Bradshaw and scoring 17 times in the 42 games.

His consecutive run continued to 57 games by the early start of November 1932. He then lost his place for brief period of time to Harold Taylor but then reclaimed it back for a short time. His last Appearance for Liverpool came on 25 March 1933, the match was at home in the first division against Blackburn Rovers which ended in a 2–2 draw.

Career details
As a player:

Liverpool: 87 Appearances, 26 Goals

References

External links
Player profile from LFChistory.net

1904 births
1991 deaths
Men's association football wingers
Nelson F.C. players
Wrexham A.F.C. players
Sunderland A.F.C. players
Swindon Town F.C. players
Liverpool F.C. players
English men's footballers
Bangor City F.C. players
Footballers from Chester


Wulfson is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Harris Wulfson (1974–2008), American composer, instrumentalist, and software engineer
Jay Wulfson, American railroad owner

See also
Wolfson


Daniel Mubiru (born October 25, 1976) is a Ugandan football (soccer) midfielder for Ugandan Premier League club Police Jinja.

Career
He began his career by Villa SC in the Ugandan Premier League, before 2003 moving to Police Jinja.

International
Mubiru played from 2002 to 2004 for the Uganda national football team.

External links

1976 births
Ugandan men's footballers
Uganda men's international footballers
Living people
Men's association football midfielders
SC Villa players


The World Competitiveness Yearbook is an annual report published by the Swiss-based International Institute for Management Development (IMD) on the competitiveness of nations and has been published since 1989. The yearbook benchmarks the performance of 63 countries based on 340 criteria measuring different facets of competitiveness. It uses two types of data:

2/3 hard statistical data (international/national sources)
1/3 survey data (Executive Opinion Survey)

Ranking of countries from 1997

See also

 Global Competitiveness Report
 Competition (companies)

Notes

References

Economics publications
International rankings
Global economic indicators
Yearbooks


The Albany Museum, South Africa is situated in Grahamstown in South Africa, is affiliated to Rhodes University  and dates back to 1855, making it the second oldest museum in South Africa.

The natural history and geology collections of the Eastern Province Literary, Scientific and Medical Society were used as its nucleus. The herbarium is staffed by the South African National Biodiversity Institute and has material dating back to 1812, collected by William John Burchell, and a collection of 240 specimens donated by Constance Georgina Adams in 1919, as well as geological material gathered by Andrew Geddes Bain and W. G. Atherstone. It also houses a large collection of invertebrate, vertebrate and tetrapod fossils (some of which are from the world renowned Waterloo Farm lagerstätte), and palaeolithic stone tools discovered by Thomas Holden Bowker (1808–1885) near the Great Fish River.

The Museum currently is spread over seven buildings housing the Natural Sciences Museum, the History Museum, the Observatory Museum, Fort Selwyn, the Old Provost military prison, Drostdy Arch and the Old Priest's House.

The first curator was B. J. Glanville, who acted in an honorary capacity between 1855 and 1882. Then a small stipend was offered and the position was taken by Mary Glanville until 1888 when S. Mundy, a temporary curator took over and was replaced by Selmar Schonland in 1889. Schonland filled the post until 1910 and handed the reins to John Hewitt who managed the museum for an extraordinarily long term from 1910 to 1958. He was succeeded by T. H. Barry, appointed Director of the South African Museum in Cape Town in 1964 and was in turn followed in 1965 by the entomologist Charles Jacot-Guillarmod (the husband of Amy Jacot Guillarmod), until 1977. Mr B Wilmot was confirmed as curator from 1977 to 1993, Mr W Holleman from 193 to 1999, and Dr L Webley from 1999.

Sources
SESA, vol. 1

References

External links

Museums in the Eastern Cape
Museums established in 1855
Natural history museums in South Africa
Geology museums
Buildings and structures in Makhanda, Eastern Cape
Rhodes University
University museums in South Africa
History museums in South Africa
1855 establishments in the Cape Colony


The As Is Now EP is a limited edition single by Paul Weller released in 2006. The EP was released to coincide with his 2006 Brit Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music.

Track listing
The track listing of the EP consisted of Blink and You'll Miss It, a track from his latest studio album at the time As Is Now, and the three other single from the same album

Blink & You'll Miss It
From The Floorboards Up
Here's The Good News
Come On / Let's Go

References

External links
Amazon

2006 EPs
Paul Weller EPs
V2 Records EPs


Simeon Masaba (born 23 March 1983) is a Ugandan footballer who plays for Ugandan Premier League club Uganda Revenue Authority SC as a defender.

Club career
He began his career with Police Jinja in the Ugandan Premier League, before moving to Villa SC in 2004. He turned back to Police Jinja in 2006 and in 2008 started a second spell with Villa SC in 2008.  Simeon Masaba who choose to join Uganda Revenue Authority on a one-year contract for Shs10m. .

International career
Masaba played currently for the Uganda national football team. He is played for 69 games and 7 goals.

External links

1983 births
Ugandan men's footballers
Uganda men's international footballers
Living people
Men's association football defenders
SC Villa players
2011 African Nations Championship players
Uganda men's A' international footballers


In the 1972 Intertoto Cup no knock-out rounds were contested, and therefore no winner was declared.

Group stage
The teams were divided into eight groups of four teams each.

Group 1

Group 2

Group 3

Group 4

Group 5

Group 6

Group 7

Group 8

See also
 1972–73 European Cup
 1972–73 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup
 1972–73 UEFA Cup

External links
  by Pawel Mogielnicki

1972
4


Szögliget is a village in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County, Hungary.

References

Populated places in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County


Anthony Mawejje Jr. (born 15 December 1986) is a Ugandan international former footballer who used to play as a midfielder for Police FC  in the Uganda Premier League.

Club career

Mawejje previously signed a two-year contract with the Norwegian Tippeligaen club Haugesund ahead of the 2014 season. In July 2014, after only three appearances for Haugesund, Mawejje moved to Valur on loan. On 27 January 2015, Mawejje became a free agent.

Tirana
In July Mawejje joined Tirana in Albania and made his debut on 6 September 2017 in a win against FK Kukësi where he played the entire match. Tony scored his first goal for  Tirana on 16 September 2017 against KS Iliria; Tirana won 1–0.

Career statistics

Club

International statistics

Statistics accurate as of match played 4 June 2016

International goals

Scores and results list Uganda's goal tally first.

Honours

Club

Tirana
 Albanian Supercup: (1) 2017
 Albanian First Division : Winner Group B
 Albanian First Division : 2017-2018

References

External links

 Video album at Vimeo

1986 births
Living people
Ugandan men's footballers
Uganda men's international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Lamontville Golden Arrows F.C. players
Íþróttabandalag Vestmannaeyja players
FK Haugesund players

Ugandan expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Iceland
Expatriate men's footballers in Norway
Kampala Capital City Authority FC players
Ugandan expatriate sportspeople in Iceland
Ugandan expatriate sportspeople in Norway
2017 Africa Cup of Nations players
Kategoria e Parë players
People from Masaka District
Uganda men's A' international footballers
2020 African Nations Championship players
Ugandan expatriate sportspeople in Albania
Ugandan expatriate sportspeople in South Africa
Ugandan expatriate sportspeople in Kuwait
KF Tirana players
Al-Arabi SC (Kuwait) players
Police FC (Uganda) players
Expatriate men's soccer players in South Africa
Expatriate men's footballers in Kuwait
Expatriate men's footballers in Albania
Sportspeople from Central Region, Uganda


Dominion is a card game created by Donald X. Vaccarino and published by Rio Grande Games. It was the first deck-building game, and inspired a genre of games building on its central mechanic. Each player begins with a small deck of cards, which they improve by purchasing cards from a common supply that varies from game to game. Cards can help the player's deck function, impede their opponents, or provide victory points.
As of December 2022, fifteen expansions to the original Dominion have been released.

The game has a medieval theme with card names referencing pre-industrial, monarchical, and feudal social structures. Comparisons about the game's feel are often drawn with collectible card games such as Magic: The Gathering. Vaccarino, however, denies that Magic was the inspiration.

When Dominion was released at the Spiel game fair in 2008, it was voted "best game of the fair" by the Fairplay polls. The next year it won the Spiel des Jahres and Deutscher Spiele Preis awards. It was one of five winning games in American Mensa's 2009 MindGame competition. By 2017, more than 2.5 million copies of Dominion and its expansions had been sold worldwide.

Gameplay

Cards and setup
In a game of Dominion, two to four players compete to gather the most victory points by strategically building a deck of cards. Each player starts with a small deck containing a few weak cards, with which they acquire more cards with different and more powerful abilities. Some provide more of the in-game currency, "coins"; others let the player perform more actions or buy more cards per turn; others let them draw more cards, harm the other players, remove unwanted cards from their decks, or do other things. As players improve their decks, they also think about how to improve their scores; a powerful deck may be worth no victory points. The game has been compared to the "draft" gameplay style of collectible card games where players vie for the best deck from a common pool of cards.

Cards are classified into types, which are listed at the bottom of each card. The six types in the base set are:
 Victory cards have a victory point value at the end of the game but usually have no use while the game is in progress.
 Curse cards are like Victory cards but have a negative victory point value.
 Treasure cards generate coins which can be used to buy other cards during the Buy phase.
 Action cards have many kinds of effects, but by default only one may be played per turn.
 Attack cards hurt other players, such as by forcing them to discard cards from their hand or gain Curse cards.
 Reaction cards can be triggered out of turn in response to certain events, such as other players' Attacks.

Cards may have more than one type; for instance, an Action might also be an Attack. Certain cards are affected by other cards' types; for instance, some Reactions are triggered when another player uses an Attack card.

In addition, cards are divided into two groups: base cards, which are present in every game, and kingdom cards, of which each game has a different assortment. The base cards consist of Curse cards, three kinds of Treasure, and three kinds of Victory cards. Kingdom cards are mostly actions, but some have other types, including Treasure and Victory. There is one pile of each card in the game; once the pile is empty, players can no longer buy that card. Together, these cards form the supply. Note that a few cards from expansions change these rules.

To begin a game, players decide on the kingdom cards they are going to use, either selecting them or choosing randomly, and setting out the supply. Cards from any sets of Dominion can be mixed freely, creating a large number of possible setups.  Then, each player gets the same starting deck of ten cards, consisting of seven Copper cards (low-value treasure) and three Estate cards (low-value victory). Each player shuffles their deck and draws the top five cards to form their hand.

During play

Each turn, the player gains one action and one buy and performs the following phases in order (abbreviated as "ABC" as a mnemonic for newer players):
 Action phase: The player can play one Action card from their hand, following the card's printed instructions. By default only one Action card may be played, but some cards have instructions that give the player permission to play additional Action cards that same turn.
 Buy phase: The player can play any Treasure cards they want from their hand, generating coins. Then they may use the coins they have generated in their Action and Buy phases to purchase a card from the supply; if the player has no coins, they may still buy a card with a zero coin cost. By default only one card may be bought, but if a player has generated additional buys earlier in the turn, they may divide their coins among multiple purchases. Bought cards are added to the player's discard pile (and will later be shuffled into their deck).
 Clean-up phase: The player collects their hand and all played cards and places those into their discard pile. They then draw five new cards from their deck. Unused actions, buys, and coins do not carry over to future turns.

If the player must draw a card from their deck, but their deck is empty, they shuffle their discard pile to create a new deck. Some Action cards can trash cards, removing them from players' decks and into the Trash pile, where they are out of the game (though a few actions from expansions can recover them).

The game usually ends under one of two conditions: when the stack of Province cards (the highest-value Victory card in the base game) has been exhausted, or when any three stacks in the supply have been exhausted. Players then count the number of victory points in their decks, and the player with the highest score wins. Other end-game conditions have been introduced in the game's expansions.

Since possessing Victory cards is often necessary to win the game, but they usually have no value during gameplay, players must balance the acquisition of Victory cards with Action and Treasure cards that maintain the player's ability to play effective turns. Usually, the game's main strategy is to build a deck that maximizes the player's ability to draw hands that can buy Provinces (the most valuable Victory card).

Expansions

Due to the game’s commercial success, several expansions have been released. The basic set is simple, but each expansion adds more complexity, typically through the addition of new kingdom cards but also through additional rules, such as adding new card types or changing the composition of each players' starting deck when using that expansion.

Some expansions have added "landscapes" to the game setup. These are distinguished from cards by having landscape orientation rather than portrait, and do not enter the players' hand or deck, but are either resolved immediately or placed in the players' play area for later use. These have different effects on the game; for example, the Adventures expansion introduced the ability to buy Events, which provide immediate bonuses. Other expansions have introduced tokens for tracking game progression. The Prosperity expansion introduced victory point tokens, which can be earned by playing certain kingdom cards; these increase players' scores but do not dilute their decks with victory cards.  If players use kingdom cards that require these non-supply card stacks or tokens, these are set up alongside the supply prior to play.

Many reviews recommend buying expansions to increase the variety of the game, as cards from different sets may be freely mixed with each other.

 Intrigue introduced cards with multiple uses, which the player must choose between when they play the card, and Victory cards which have another type and provide an ability or bonus, making them useful before the game ends. Intrigue has been recommended as the first expansion to purchase after the base set for play.

 Seasides theme is the player's next turn. It introduced Duration cards, which have effects that last more than one turn. It also includes the first cards to have mats and tokens which track their effects.

 Alchemy was the first set to introduce a new base card: Potion, a Treasure card which is needed to buy most of the expansion's kingdom cards.

 Prosperitys theme is wealth. It introduced two more new base cards: a Victory card, Colony, and a Treasure card, Platinum. It also introduced many Treasures that are kingdom cards, and victory point tokens, which increase the players' score but are not part of their deck.

 Cornucopia has a theme of variety; there are cards that reward players for having different cards in their deck. It includes a card which causes an extra kingdom pile to be added to the game. It also introduced cards from outside the supply that cannot be bought or gained normally, but have special methods which can be used to gain them.

 Hinterlands introduced cards which have special effects when players gain or buy them. It also includes several cards which benefit other players when gained or used.

 Dark Ages has two mechanical themes: trashing cards, and upgrading them to better ones. Many features of the set's cards tend to make a player's deck grow large with cards that are not very useful, which encourages players to trash them. It introduced new ways to gain non-supply cards, ways to play cards from the supply without needing to buy them, cards which can replace players' starting Victory cards, and cards which have effects when they are trashed. Two piles contain copies of several differently-named cards.

 Guilds is themed around more complex uses of money. It introduced coffers, which are tokens that 'save money for later', carried over between turns and expendable as coins for later purchases. It also introduced cards which players may 'overpay' for; based on the extra money spent, these cards provide bonuses which take effect immediately.

 Adventures introduced more ways to gain non-supply cards, and Reserve cards, a variant of Duration cards. Like Durations, Reserve cards stay on the board when you play them; unlike Durations, they do not automatically return on the next turn, but remain until the player chooses to activate their effect. It also introduced Events, the first landscapes.

 Empires introduced cards with a debt cost; instead of paying coins for them, the player receives debt tokens, which they may later pay to return; until the debt is paid off, the player may not purchase anything else. There are also split piles, in which a cheaper card sits on top, and once all copies of that have been purchased, a second, more expensive card is available; most of these pairs have a synergistic relationship. Like Adventures, it includes Event cards, and it introduces Landmarks. These are landscapes which add more ways to gain or lose victory points.

 Nocturne introduced a new phase of the turn, Night, which occurs after the Buy phase. Night cards are a new type of card which are played during the Night phase. It also introduced Fate and Doom cards, which provide random bonuses and penalties, determined by the new Hex and Boon decks. There are also cards which play cards in the Trash pile; States, which have lingering effects on a player; and cards which replace players' starting Coppers with new Treasures called Heirlooms.

 Renaissance introduced Projects, Artifacts, and villager tokens, and has a strong trashing theme. Projects are landscapes which provide a permanent bonus if bought. Artifacts, like States, are persistent effects which are placed in front of a player and affect them while they are there; each artifact is associated with a particular kingdom card which causes it to change hands. Villagers are tokens players gain and act as saved actions, spent on any later turn to allow them to play an additional action; they are similar to coffers, which also appear in this set, returning from Guilds.

 Menagerie introduced exile mats, Ways, additional Event cards, and many cards which make use of the special card Horse. Exile mats hold cards exiled from players' decks, hands, and/or the supply, which may temporarily remove cards from the player's deck or let them acquire cards indirectly. Ways are landscapes; if a Way is in the game, a player playing an Action card may follow the Way's text rather than the printed text of the Action. Horse cards are in a special pile; they cannot be purchased directly, and are returned to the pile when played.

 Allies introduced favor tokens, which are gained from Liaison cards and can provide benefits or be spent for various purposes using Allies, a new type of landscape. It also features split piles, returning from Empires, but with the variation that these piles may be rotated, allowing the other cards to be bought before exhausting the first type.

 Plunder introduced Loot and Traits. Loots are valuable Treasures that can only be gained via the effects of certain Action and Treasure cards; Traits are landscapes that modify all the cards in a particular pile, for instance by making them cheaper. It also includes more Treasures, Durations, and Events.

History

Initial development
Vaccarino was a software developer in the 1980s and 1990s. At this time, he created supplements for Dungeons & Dragons and created games based on existing board games. After the release of Magic: The Gathering in 1993, he began designing more seriously and created a 90-card fan expansion, Edge of the World, and became an informal contributor towards additional Magic works; he is credited in the official Magic rulebook. Later, he developed several game ideas and discussed them with Magics creator, Richard Garfield.

In 2006, Vaccarino invented the deck-building mechanic while working on a fantasy adventure card game called "Spirit Warriors II". He struggled with the mechanics before a deadline of showing the game to his gaming group, and spent a weekend stripping it down to its core elements; specifically, having problems with introducing new cards over the course of the game, Vaccarino opted to simply have all cards available at the start. The game immediately became popular with his gaming group, overshadowing the usual staples, including Magic, for the next two years.

With this success, Vaccarino began looking to refine and publish the game. During the 2007 Origins Game Fair, Vaccarino demonstrated the game and gained the interest of Rio Grande Games. Shortly after he signed with Rio Grande, BoardGameGeek's columnists Valerie Putman and Dale Yu requested permission from Rio Grande to develop the game.  During development, Dominion was called "Castle Builder", owing to its theme of building rooms in a castle, and then, later, "Game X". Yu came up with the final name of Dominion. Vaccarino had, early on, planned for the game to grow through expansions, though focused these on maintaining the core functionality of the game instead of immediately adding "exotic things"; this was to ensure that, if the game did take off, early expansions would not create incompatible sets of cards: one focused on the normal Dominion play, and others with a strange new mechanic. In a post to BoardGameGeek, Vaccarino suggested that he had originally planned seven different expansions, and, tuning the core game for release, brought cards into the base game that were originally planned for later expansions.

After release

As more expansions were released, Vaccarino added new rules to prevent undesirable game situations and permit new mechanics. In 2016, Rio Grande Games began releasing a second edition of the game, which improved layout and adjusted some card effects. The base game and Intrigue were most affected, as some cards were removed, more powerful ones were added, and the base cards were removed from Intrigue. Upgrade packs for players who already owned the first editions of these sets were also sold.

Releases
Numerous expansions have been released for Dominion, and mini-expansions, most consisting of a set of a single kind of kingdom card, have been released as promotional items. Intrigue has been recommended as the first expansion to purchase after the base set for play. Vaccarino originally planned to stop expanding the game after Guilds, though he conceded:

Two "Big Box" sets have been released. The first contained Dominion First Edition, Alchemy, Prosperity, and the promotional cards Envoy and Black Market. Later editions included alternate promotional cards: Walled Village and Governor. This was released in 2010 and is no longer available. Big Box II was released in 2016, and contains Dominion Second Edition, Intrigue Second Edition, and additional base cards for 5 and 6 player games.

After the release of Menagerie, Dominion included 585 differently named cards and landscapes (such as events), and there were 366 kingdom card piles, including the 6 each in the 1st Edition Base and Intrigue releases that were later replaced. In 2021, researchers calculated that there were over 66 sextillion possible unique game combinations.

Since the game and its expansions feature over 4,000 individual cards, Rio Grande Games has licensed manufacturers' creation of containers to store all the cards into one or two boxes.

Digital versions
Several unofficial online implementations of Dominion existed before there was a licensed online version; Rio Grande Games requested that these be discontinued once the official online implementation was released. One of these unofficial implementations, however, located at dominion.isotropic.org, was used by Dominion designer Donald X. Vaccarino and his playtesters during the development of new cards, even long after the site was closed to the public.

A licensed browser-based online implementation of Dominion, hosted by Goko, went live in early March 2013. It was originally intended to be released to the public on August 16, 2012, but because of bugs and server overload, it was withdrawn from public release and returned to beta testing. The official app provided the base Dominion game free to play, and cards from the expansions available for a fee. In October 2015, the official Goko online implementation of Dominion transitioned to a new official 2.0 online implementation developed by Making Fun. Making Fun honored all purchases made by customers from the original Goko implementation, but in February 2016, John Welch, CEO of Making Fun announced that the license granted to Making Fun by Rio Grande Games to develop the official online Dominion game would expire at the end of 2016, and would not be renewed with Making Fun. From January 1, 2017, development of the official online Dominion game is licensed to Shuffle iT, a company formed by two high-ranked Dominion players. They were dissatisfied with all prior online implementations of Dominion and proposed their new approach to Vaccarino, who was impressed with what the two developers were able to do and gave them the license.

Temple Gates Games released a licensed version of Dominion for Microsoft Windows, iOS and Android devices in early access in October 2021. This game was developed using artificial intelligence and neural networks to provide viable computer opponents, which the developers claim was advanced enough to be able to learn new cards that were not used in training. The game is offered as a free-to-play game that includes the original base Dominion game, with paid downloadable content for each of the card game's expansions.

Reception
The original Dominion set won several awards, including the Spiel des Jahres, the Deutscher Spiele Preis, an Origins award and a Diana Jones Award. In addition, it and the expansions have sold more than 2.5 million copies and been translated into 18 languages: Chinese, Czech, Dutch, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, bokmål Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Spanish and Swedish.

Dominion is one of the first board games that included a deckbuilding mechanic. Board games, such as Mage Knight Board Game, use deckbuilding as a core game mechanic, the origins of which can be attributed to Dominion.

Dominion has been praised for its speed and simplicity, as well as its strategic depth; there are many ways to win. Other reviewers have noted the game’s replayability. However, it has been criticised as "almost abstract" for its weak theme, described as "multiplayer solitaire", and the theme has been criticised as generic, though a minor issue in the playability.

Dominion and the Kennerspiel Des Jahres

The Spiel des Jahres, a highly prestigious prize, is primarily intended for family games, and the winner is generally purchased in large volume within Germany for that purpose. Dominion received this prize in 2009, and two years later, a second prize, Kennerspiel des Jahres, was created, intended for more complex games aimed at audiences of adults; the name literally means "Expert-game of the year". Dominion's prize had received backlash, as many families considered it too complex for a family game. This is widely credited as an influential event in the establishment of the Kennerspiel prize. In both the year prior to Dominion's award, and the year following, complex games received ad-hoc special prizes, which had been awarded intermittently in earlier years as well, and 2009 was notable in that a complex game received an award, but crowded out the 'main' family-game award. Further controversies of this kind have not occurred since the first Kennerspiel prize in 2011, suggesting that, if this was the goal, it has been successful.

Awards

 2008 Origins Award for Best Traditional Card Game
 2008 Meeples Choice Awards
 2009 Spiel Des Jahres
 2009 Deutscher Spiele Preis
 2009 Mensa Select
 2009 Golden Geek Award (Game of the Year & Card Game of the Year)
 2009 Diana Jones Award for Excellence in Gaming
 2009 Origins Award, Best Card Game
 2009 BoardGamer.ru (Russia), Best Card Game of the Year
 2009 Boughtalot.ru, best game of the year

References

External links

 Dominion at Rio Grande Games

 Strategy Wiki
 Dominion Online

Card games introduced in 2008
Deck-building card games
Diana Jones Award winners
Deutscher Spiele Preis winners
Mensa Select winners
Origins Award winners
Rio Grande Games games
Spiel des Jahres winners


The German composer Richard Strauss (1864–1949) was prolific and long-lived, writing 16 operas from 1892 up until his death in 1949. Strauss "emerged soon after the deaths of Wagner and Brahms as the most important living German composer", and was crucial in inaugurating the musical style of Modernism. His operas were dominant representatives of the genre in his time, particularly his earlier ones: Salome (1905), Elektra (1909), Der Rosenkavalier (1911) and Ariadne auf Naxos (1912). His earliest work, Der Kampf mit dem Drachen ( 1876), was a juvenile sketch, and is sometimes not counted as part of his operatic oeuvre; his final opera,  ( 1947–1949), was unfinished at his death and completed by Karl Haussner in 1964.

List of operas

References

Notes

Citations

Sources

Lists of operas by composer

Lists of compositions by composer


Obinze Angelo Ogbonna (; born 23 May 1988) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for  club West Ham United.

Ogbonna signed for Torino in 2002, having previously been a member of Nuova Cassino's youth set-up. Ogbonna made his debut in Serie A at the age of 18 under Alberto Zaccheroni. After a loan spell at Crotone in Serie C1, he returned to Torino, with whom he played for a further five seasons. In July 2013, he transferred to city rivals, Juventus, winning the Scudetto in 2013–14 and 2014–15, as well as the 2013 Supercoppa Italiana and the 2014–15 Coppa Italia.

As a member of the Italy national team, he was a member of the Italian side which finished runners-up at UEFA Euro 2012, and also represented his nation at UEFA Euro 2016.

Club career

Torino
Ogbonna began his early career in the youth set-up of Cassino, where he played as a central defender. In 2002, he was noticed by Torino, which, on the recommendation of Antonio Comi, bought him for €3,000 and assigned him to their youth team. In the 2006–07 season he was regularly called up to the first team and on 11 February 2007 he made his debut in Serie A at age 18, against Reggina (1–2), as a starter under coach Alberto Zaccheroni. At the end of season he totalled 4 league appearances.

The following August he moved on loan to Crotone in Serie C1, making 22 league appearances in the league and nearly earning promotion to Serie B, losing in the semi-final play-offs.

In the 2008–09 Serie A season he returned to Torino, collecting 19 league appearances and four in Coppa Italia. Torino, however, were relegated to Serie B at the end of the season. Starting from 2009, after the relegation of the club to Serie B, he earned his place as a starter for the Granata. On 17 April 2010, Ogbonna scored his first goal for Torino in the match against Cesena, finishing 1–1. On 15 August 2010, in the second round of Coppa Italia against Cosenza (won 3–1 in extra time), he wore the captain's armband for the first time. In three Serie B seasons with Torino, Ogbonna made 105 appearances, helping the club return to Serie A after finishing second to Pescara during the 2011–12 season.

On 2 February 2012, he renewed his contract with Torino until 30 June 2016.

Juventus

On 11 July 2013, Ogbonna underwent a medical at Turin's Fornaca, Isokinetic and the Istituto di Medicina dello Sport ahead of his proposed cross-town move to Juventus. After passing the medical, he officially signed for Juventus for a transfer fee of €13 million, with an additional €2 million to be paid in future bonuses. He became the first player to become captain of the Granata and transfer to rivals Juventus, sparking much dislike with his old supporters of Torino.

He made his Champions League debut in on 17 September 2013, against F.C. Copenhagen. In his first season, despite being behind Andrea Barzagli, Leonardo Bonucci and Giorgio Chiellini in the pecking order at centre back, Ogbonna managed 25 appearances in all competitions, mostly starting in matches in the latter half of the season as the team was heavily rotated for league, Coppa Italia and Champions League matches. Ogbonna played 16 league games for Juventus in the 2013–14 season, as they won Serie A title. He was also a member of the side which won the 2013 Supercoppa Italiana In the 2014–15 season, Juventus defended the Serie A title once again, with Ogbonna making 25 league appearances, and the 2014–15 Coppa Italia. On 6 June 2015, he was an unused substitute as Juventus lost the Champions League Final 3–1 to Barcelona in Berlin.

West Ham United

On 10 July 2015, Ogbonna joined Premier League club West Ham United, on a four-year contract, for €11 million to be spread over the next three financial years. He made his debut 20 days later in the Europa League third qualifying round, starting against Astra Giurgiu; in the 82nd minute he netted an own goal equaliser as West Ham drew 2–2 at the Boleyn Ground. On 9 February 2016, Ogbonna scored his first goal for the club, netting an injury-time match-winning header in the 121st minute of a 2–1 home win over Liverpool, in the fourth round FA Cup replay.

Having played 18 of a possible 22 Premier League games for West Ham in the 2016–17 season, he was ruled out for the remainder of the season as he required an operation. West Ham manager, Slaven Bilić, said that Ogbonna had played every game of the season despite carrying the injury. He returned for the final game of the 2016–17 season, a 2–1 away win against Burnley. In June 2017, Ogbonna signed a new contract with West Ham committing him to the club until 2022.

On 11 December 2020, Ogbonna scored the winning goal in a 2–1 away win over Leeds United which secured West Ham's first win at Elland Road since 2000. In November 2021, Ogbonna damaged his anterior cruciate ligament in a home win against Liverpool. The injury ruled him out for the rest of the 2021–22 season. Ogbonna made his return on 18 August 2022 in the 2022–23 Europa Conference League in a 3-1 home win against Danish team Viborg.

International career
On 12 August 2009, he made his debut with the Italian under-21 team in a friendly game against Russia.

Ogbonna made his senior debut on 11 November 2011 in a 2–0 friendly victory against Poland, where he came on as a substitute for Domenico Criscito in the 77th minute.

Ogbonna was included by manager Cesare Prandelli in the Italian 23-man final squad for Euro 2012, but did not play during the competition.

In May 2016, Ogbonna was included in the provisional 30-man Italy squad for Euro 2016; On 31 May 2016, he was named in Antonio Conte's final 23-man squad for the tournament. Ogbonna made his only appearance of the tournament on 22 June, in Italy's final group match, which ended in a 1–0 defeat to Ireland. In October 2020, after a two-year absence, Ogbonna was called into the Italian squad by manager, Roberto Mancini, for two games in the Nations League.

Style of play
A strong and powerful central defender, Ogbonna is primarily known for his outstanding physical attributes; he is also a competent tackler, and possesses a good positional sense, as well as an ability to read the game. He is also capable of playing as a left-back on occasion, due to his pace, technique, ball skills, vision, and distribution with his left foot.

Personal life
Ogbonna was born to Nigerian parents who emigrated to Italy from Nigeria in 1983, settling in the city of Cassino in the central part of the country, but managed to obtain Italian citizenship only after his 18th birthday.

On 22 December 2008, Ogbonna survived a car accident near Turin after he lost control of his Smart car and drove off a bridge into a torrent at around 5:00 AM.

Career statistics

Club

International

Honours
Juventus
Serie A: 2013–14, 2014–15
Coppa Italia: 2014–15
Supercoppa Italiana: 2013

West Ham United
UEFA Europa Conference League: 2022–23

Italy
UEFA European Championship runner-up: 2012

References

External links

 Angelo Ogbonna at West Ham United F.C. (archive)

 La Gazzetta dello Sport profile

1988 births
Living people
People from Cassino
Italian people of Nigerian descent
Italian men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Serie A players
Serie B players
Serie C players
Premier League players
FC Crotone players
Torino FC players
Juventus FC players
West Ham United F.C. players
Italy men's under-21 international footballers
Italy men's international footballers
UEFA Euro 2012 players
UEFA Euro 2016 players
Italian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Footballers from the Province of Frosinone
UEFA Europa Conference League winning players


IK Partners (“IK”) is a European private equity firm focused on investments in the Benelux, DACH, France, Nordics and the UK. The firm is led Christopher Masek who has been the CEO since 2015.

History
IK Partners was founded under the name Industri Kapital by Björn Savén and Kim Wahl.  The firm's origins lie in Enskilda Ventures which in 1989 sponsored Björn Savén in raising the Scandinavian Acquisition Capital Fund (SAC) and established the London office. SAC closed with approximately €108 million in commitments, mainly from Scandinavian investors.

In the year 1993 Industri Kapital became independent through the management buyout of SAC's assets and activities from Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken, the parent of Enskilda Ventures. SAC's was renamed the Industri Kapital 1989 fund. In the same year, the company established offices in Stockholm and Oslo.

Funds
Industri Kapital's second fund, IK 1994, held its final closing with commitments totaling €250 million, broadening the investor base to include European and North American investors.

In 1997 Industri Kapital inaugurated its Hamburg office and closed its third fund, IK 1997, with commitments of €750 million. The year after, the firm completed its first investment in Germany.

The fourth fund, IK 2000, closed with €2.1 billion in commitments in the year 2000. IK 2000 made its first investment in France. Three years later, in 2003 Industri Kapital began raising its fifth fund, IK 2004.  The firm struggled in the fundraising markets, requiring over two years to hold a final closing on the fund. IK completed fundraising in 2005 with €825 million in commitments. The firm's Paris office was opened the year after.

In the year 2007 Industri Kapital closed its sixth fund, IK 2007, with commitments of €1.7 billion.

In October 2013, IK closed its seventh fund with investor commitments of approximately €1.4 billion.

In March 2016, IK closed its first small cap fund, IK Small Cap I, at its hard cap of €277 million. The fund allowed the firm to reclaim a segment in which they invested in the late 80s, early 90s.

Later the same year, IK also closed its 8th mid-cap fund, the IK VIII Fund, at its hard cap of €1.85 billion.

IK continued to grow its small cap team through the IK Small Cap II Fund, which closed in February 2018 with total commitments of €550 million (almost twice the size of its predecessor).

The firm's latest mid-cap fund, IK IX Fund, was closed in May 2020, at its hard cap of €2.85 billion, making it the largest fund in the firm's history.

IK closed its IK Small Cap III in April 2021, after raising and reaching its €1.2bn hard cap in three months (more than twice the size of its predecessor).

See also
Elfa AB, founded 1945 in Sweden, acquired in 2006

References

External links
Website
LinkedIn

Private equity firms of the United Kingdom
Private equity firms of Sweden
Financial services companies established in 1989
Financial services companies based in London


Mount Eagle or Mounteagle may refer to:

Mount Eagle (plantation), historic plantation in Virginia, USA
Mount Eagle (U.S. Virgin Islands), highest summit on Island of Saint Croix
Mount Eagle (Ireland) (Sliabh an Iolair), 516m, a Marilyn in the Dingle Peninsula, Ireland
Mount Eagle (Scotland), 256m, a Marilyn on the Black Isle, Scotland
Mounteagle transmitting station, on the top of this hill
Mount Eagle (Chile) Chilean town
Mount Eagle, Pennsylvania
Eaglemont, Victoria, formerly named Mount Eagle

See also
 Monteagle (disambiguation)
 Monte Águila, Chile, Mount Eagle in English


Ropar Wetland, also named Ropar Lake, is a man-made freshwater riverine and lacustrine wetland. The area has at least 9 mammal, 154 bird (migratory and local), 35 fish, 9 arthropod, 11 rotifer, 9 crustacean and 10 protozoan species, making it biologically diverse.
This important ecological zone is located in the Shivalik foothills of the Lower Himalayas and was created in 1952 on the Sutlej River, in the Punjab state of India, by building a head regulator to store and divert water for beneficial uses of irrigation, drinking and industrial water supply. The endangered turtle Chitra indica and the threatened snake Python molurus ("at lower risk"), as per IUCN Red List, are reported to be resident in the wetland. Considering the wetland's diverse and rich biodiversity, Ramsar Convention has included Ropar Wetland (listed as Ropar Lake) as one of the Ramsar sites among the 42 sites listed under India, for "the conservation of global biological diversity and for sustaining human life through the ecological and hydrological functions they perform."

The wetland once was a popular tourist attraction for bird watching and boating.  A tourism complex called the ‘Pinccasia’ was located within the wetland boundary, which was run by the Punjab Tourism Development Corporation. A boat club was also functioning. Now only a dilapidated building of tourist bungalow exists, boating Bay is damaged, garden is also unkept. The road leading to Katli fish farm once displayed typical ecological succession with Marsilea growing on the banks of lake along with Equisetum sp.(Horsetails) growing through large rock boulders on the bank. Typha grew further away from lake going across the narrow road with Ferns growing ultimately leading to shrubs during early 1990s. Now only shrubs and trees can be seen.

Access

The wetland is located close to the city of Rupnagar, 45 km northwest of Chandigarh City, in Rubnagar and Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar districts of Punjab. Chandigarh is the nearest airport, which connects it to the rest of India.

History

An archaeological museum of the Archaeological Survey of India at Ropar has displays of the antiquities unearthed during the excavations of mound in the area along with photographs displaying excavation material. The Museum depicts a sequence of six cultural periods or phases, with some breaks from Harappan times to the present day,  found in the  ancient mound known as Nalagarh Tibbi overlaying the Shiwalik (also spelt Sivalik) deposition on the left bank of the Satluj River where it emerges into the plains. A deep well with a stone inscription of Emperor Shah Jahan (AD 1627-1658) has been located at the foot of the mound. The excavations have established that advanced civilization similar to the Harappa and Mohenjodaro Civilization prospered in Ropar town, an integral part of the wetland.

Anglo - Sikh treaty
The wetland area has also a modern history in respect of Anglo - Sikh relations. On 26 October 1831, sitting under the shade of an old ficus tree on the bank of Sutlej River, Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Lord William Bentinck, the British Governor General signed an agreement defining the Anglo - Sikh relations and territories.

Topography
The total area covered by the Wetland is 1365 ha, which includes 800 ha area of the river and the reservoir, 30 ha of forest area named as Sadavarat Forest and 30 ha under marshy plants. The wetland is surrounded by hills in the North West and by plain area in the South and South East. Agricultural crops such as wheat, rice, sugarcane, sorghum etc., are grown in the farm lands in the area surrounding the wetland but the hills have thin vegetation and are exposed to intensive grazing.

Hydrology
Climatically, the drainage area of the wetland falls under semi-arid zone of Punjab with mean annual rainfall of 1518 mm. Initially, in the year 1882, a small headwork was constructed on the right bank of Sutlej River, near Ropar town, to supply water to Sirhind Canal. Subsequently, in 1952, a head regulator was constructed to divert water not only to the Bist Doab Canal but also to Sirhind Canal and to the Bhakra Main Canal (upstream of the wetland), for irrigation, industrial and domestic use.

Water quality
Water quality that determines the health of ecosystem of the wetland was monitored by the Punjab Pollution Control Board (PPCB) in the year 1998-99. The water quality was reported to be of 'A' category as the river entered into Punjab and deteriorated to 'D' category downstream of Ropar Lake, mainly due to the industrial effluents from a number of factories and industrial units. Further studies on physico-chemical analysis of important parameters, biological estimations as well as pesticide residue analysis have been initiated.

Flora and fauna
The wetland is rich in flora and fauna which are categorized below.

Flora
A total of 19 species of trees and 14 species of bushes and grasses are recorded. Of these, the tree species are Acacia catechu, Ameles modesta, Acacia nilotica, Albizzia lebbek Azadirachta indica, Bombax ceiba, Cassia fistula, Dalbergia sissoo, Eucalyptus tereticornis, Ficus benghalensis, Ficus religiosa, Mangifera indica, Melia azedarach, Moringa oleifera, Morus indica, Prosopis juliflora, Salix (willow), Syzygium cumini (jambul) and Ziziphus jujuba.

Aquafauna
Wetland is a major source of fisheries since large species of fishes have been recorded; some of the commercially important ones are: Rohu; Labeo gonius Seerha; Labeo calbasu Kalbans or Dhai; Labeo dero Gid; Labeo dyocheilus (Kunni); Catla catla Thal; Cirrhinus mrigala Mori; Puntius sarana Puthi; Cyprinus carpio communis (common carp); Cyprinus carpio spacularis (Mirror carp); Ceenopharyngodon idelle (grass carp); wallago attu Mali; Aorichthys seenghala Sangarha; Mastacembelus armatus Sam (Tire track eel); Ambasis ranga Shisha Mach; Channa punctatus Dolla (snake headed fish); and Channa striata Curd.

Gour species of frogs have been noted.

Avifauna
Several species of birds have been recorded including  49 local birds, 11 migratory birds, 3 rare birds and 54 common birds. Some of the rare  migratory birds are: golden-backed woodpecker (Dinopium benghalense, crimson-breasted barbet (Megalaima haemacephala) and green barbet (Stactolaema olivacea).

Fauna
Two species of tortoise (Geoclemys hamiltonii and Chitra indica both endangered), five species of lizards, eleven species of snakes including the threatened Python molurus or Indian python or ajgar are found in the wetland.

Food chain
The food chain in the wetland is basically well balanced as it has both deep water and shallow water characteristics and the ecosystem is stated to be almost self sufficient and self-regulating. A Scientific study of the food chain has brought out the following sequence of facts.
 Sunlight, pH, inorganic salts, nutrients and dissolved gases are the main abiotic components of the wetland ecosystems with the organic matter caused by the death and decay of animals and plants accumulating at the bottom of the lake
 Decomposition at the bottom of the lake takes place due to a variety of heterotrophic microbes such as bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi; Aspergillus sp., Rhizopus sp., Curvularia sp., Paecilomyces sp., Saprolegnia sp. etc. are main species causing the decomposition
 The producers of organic matter are the eutrophic green plants and some photosynthetic bacteria; the rooted submerged, floating and emergent hydrophytes being the Typha sp., Eleocharis sp., Sagittaria sp., Nymphaea sp., Potamogeton sp., Vallisneria sp., Eichhornia sp., Lemna sp. etc. and minute, floating or suspended lower plants like filamentous algae, diatoms, chlorococcales and flagellates.
 Herbivores such as the mollusks, crustaceans, rotifers and some insects are the primary consumers which feed directly on plants.
 Plant remains and organic matter nourish detritivores like the Chironomidae sp., mollusks, mites, some crustaceans and small fishes
 Marginal rooted macrophytes are consumed by mammals such as buffaloes, cows etc. which frequent the shores of the lake
 Hydrophytes are also the food source of some birds
Carnivores like the Predator beetles and bugs, dragonflies are the secondary consumers which feed on insects, mollusks, rotifers and crustaceans. Carnivorous fishes also belong to this category
 Large carnivorous fishes and birds are the tertiary consumers which feed on small fishes and insects.
 Top most consumer level is that of the human being and the fish eating birds, which feed mainly on fishes

Adverse impacts on the wetland
Over the years several adverse impacts on the quality of the wetland have been reported. Some of the important ones which invited remedial actions are:
 Acute problems of siltation from the adjoining barren and fragile hills. Bare hills of the catchment are subject to continuous erosion leading to shrinkage of wetland area.
 Unwarranted interference with the resident and migratory birds
 Unauthorized fishing and poaching of wildlife causing damage to species
 Increase in effluents from industrializatation in the upstream area of the wetland, such as the Fertilizer plant at Nangal and Thermal Power Plant at Ropar
 Effluents of chemical pollutants like agrochemical residues run off, industrial effluents and sewage from some towns in the upper reaches of the wetland
 Growth of Invasive weeds

Restoration measures
The Punjab State Council for Science & Technology has evolved several conservation programmes with support from the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoE&F) of the Govt of India. Some of the programmes implemented include mass awareness campaigns and promotion of public participation in the wetland conservation. A few of the measures planned and under various stages of implementation are:
 Afforestation and soil conservation in the highly erosion prone catchment areas of   the wetland,
 To erect chain-link fencing of strategic areas of the wetland to prevent exploitation of vital wetland resources and prevent encroachments of the wetland
 detailed survey, including remote sensing survey and preparation of  comprehensive maps
 Detailed taxonomic studies of plant and animal species
 Introduce fish species sustain fragile relationship between the fish level and the other biotic resources like birds and primary producers and to set up new fish seed farms in addition to refurbish the existing ponds.
 Economic assessment

Gallery

See also

 Wetland
 Kanjli Wetland
 Harike Wetland

References

Wetlands of India
Ramsar sites in India
Landforms of Punjab, India
Lakes of Punjab, India
Constructed wetlands
Reservoirs in India
Tourist attractions in Punjab, India


Martin Muwanga (born October 20, 1983) is a Ugandan football striker. He currently plays for the Ugandan Premier League club Uganda Revenue Authority SC.

Career
Muwanga began his career with Police Jinja in the Ugandan Premier League, before moving to ATRACO FC in 2006 and then to Uganda Revenue Authority SC in 2008.

International career
He played from 2004 to 2005 two games for the Uganda national football team.

External links

1983 births
Ugandan men's footballers
Uganda men's international footballers
Living people
Ugandan expatriate sportspeople in Rwanda
Men's association football forwards
Expatriate men's footballers in Rwanda
ATRACO F.C. players


Valentine Cary (died 1626) (alias Carey, erroneously Carew), was an English clergyman, who became Bishop of Exeter.

Origins
His origins are uncertain. He was born in about 1570 and is believed to have been an illegitimate son of Henry Carey, 1st Baron Hunsdon (1526–1596), due to the known fact that he was born at Berwick-upon-Tweed and at about the time when Lord Hunsdon was stationed there in connection with his military duties. This supposition therefore makes him an illegitimate brother of George Carey, 2nd Baron Hunsdon and of John Carey, 3rd Baron Hunsdon, whose son Henry Carey, 1st Earl of Dover, (and 1st Viscount Rochefort, 4th Baron Hunsdon) was the Bishop's patron by whose direct influence he was created Bishop of Exeter. In his will he names the 4th Baron's daughter Judith Carey as his god-daughter, and bequeathed to Sir John Carey, the 4th Baron's son and heir apparent, the sum of £10 for a mourning ring. He is known to have used the arms of the Carey family of Cockington and Clovelly in Devon (Argent, on a bend sable three roses of the field), of which the Barons Hunsdon were a junior branch, but added a bordure compony.

Career
He was a graduate of Christ's College, Cambridge, and in 1591 was a Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge.

A pluralist, Cary was vicar of East Tilbury in 1603, rector at Great Parndon 1606 to 1616, and was vicar of Epping Upland from 1607 to 1609. He was also rector of Orsett and Toft from 1610.

In 1609/10, through the influence of his supposed half-brother John Carey, 3rd Baron Hunsdon (d.1617), he became Master of Christ's College, where he had been a Fellow from 1597 to 1600. The election was bitterly contested, by the Puritan element. Cary was backed by the Lord Chancellor, Baron Ellesmere. It led immediately to a confrontation between Cary and William Ames, who refused to wear the surplice, and who left Cambridge almost immediately. It also led Cary to be suspicious of Joseph Mede, who was to be one of Christ's best-known Fellows.

He was later Dean of St. Paul's. In 1621 he was appointed Bishop of Exeter.

Theology
Cary is described as an Arminian.

Death and burial
He died at his London townhouse in Drury Lane and was buried in St Paul's Cathedral, as he requested in his will should he die in London. Any monument he may have had in St Paul's did not survive the Great Fire of London of 1666. His elaborate monument with effigy does however survive in Exeter Cathedral.

Notes and references

Citations

Sources

External links

1570 births
1626 deaths
17th-century Church of England bishops
Alumni of Christ's College, Cambridge
Arminian ministers
Bishops of Exeter
Valentine
Deans of St Paul's
Fellows of St John's College, Cambridge
Masters of Christ's College, Cambridge
People from East Tilbury
People from Orsett
Vice-Chancellors of the University of Cambridge
Year of birth uncertain


Gay was Toronto's first gay magazine, published almost simultaneously with ASK Newsletter, together among Canada's first gay magazines. The magazine was first printed on 30 March 1964. The earliest periodical anywhere to use "Gay" in its title. Produced by four Toronto men in a commercial venture, the Gay Publishing Company, Gay ran "serious" articles, letters to the editor, a diary, gossip columns, a feature called the "Gabrial Club", poetry, fiction, politics and a discreet personal column. Gay was illustrated, usually with photographs of drag queens, but also including physique photography.

Intended for a "mainstream" gay audience, it reflected cautious reformism, defending the rights and normalcy of a constituency living in a hostile environment. This was not unlike the political activism emerging in a few large American and European cities before more confrontational activism. Gay also published articles on Toronto police raids on bars, and on the calls for social and political change that were beginning to surface.

The first 500-copy issue sold out almost immediately. With a print-run of 2000 copies by issue three, the magazine was distributed to a number of outlets in Toronto and Montreal. Shortly afterwards, Gay expanded into the United States as Gay International. It quickly outstripped American publications' distribution, and by the spring of 1965 it was distributing 20,000 copies across North America and selling about 8000. Publication ended in 1966 when criminal charges were levied against one of its central creators.

References

1960s LGBT literature
1964 establishments in Ontario
1966 disestablishments in Ontario
Defunct magazines published in Canada
Gay culture in Canada
Gay history
Gay men's magazines
LGBT culture in Toronto
LGBT history in Canada
LGBT-related magazines published in Canada
Magazines disestablished in 1966
Magazines established in 1964
Magazines published in Toronto


Yamma may refer to:

People
 Isaac Yamma (1940-1990), Australian musician
 Frank Yamma, Australian musician

Other uses
 Yamma Mosque, mosque in Niger
 "Yamma, yamma", song performed in Finnish by Pave Maijanen for the Eurovision Song Contest 1992
 YAMMA Pit Fighting, mixed martial arts promotion in 2008
 Kingdom of Janjero, late 2nd millennium kingdom inside Ethiopia; also known as Yamma
 Lake Yamma Yamma, Queensland, Australia

See also
 Yamnaya culture, or Yamna culture, an early Bronze Age culture


SRT-1720 is an experimental drug that was studied by Sirtris Pharmaceuticals intended as a small-molecule activator of the sirtuin subtype SIRT1.  The compound has been studied in animals, but safety and efficacy in humans have not been established.

Animal research
In animal models of obesity and diabetes SRT1720 was found to improve insulin sensitivity and lower plasma glucose levels in fat, muscle and liver tissue, and increase mitochondrial and metabolic function. In mice rendered obese and diabetic by feeding a high-fat, high-sugar diet, a study performed at the National Institute of Aging found that feeding chow infused with the highest dose of SRT1720 beginning at one year of age increased mean lifespan by 18%, and maximum lifespan by 5%, as compared to other short-lived obese, diabetic mice; however, treated animals still lived substantially shorter lives than normal-weight mice fed normal chow with no drug. In a later study, SRT1720 increased mean lifespan of obese, diabetic mice by 21.7%, similar to the earlier study, but there was no effect on maximum lifespan in this study. In normal-weight mice fed a standard rodent diet, SRT1720 increased mean lifespan by just 8.8%, and again had no effect on maximum lifespan.

Since the discovery of SRT1720, the claim that this compound is a SIRT1 activator has been questioned
and further defended.

Although SRT1720 is not currently undergoing clinical development, a related compound, SRT2104, reached Phase II human trials for metabolic diseases.

See also
 SRT-647
 SRT-1460
 SRT-2183
 STAC-9

References

Emerging technologies
Quinoxalines
1-Piperazinyl compounds
Anti-aging substances
Imidazothiazoles


Isaac Yamma (or Yama) (1940 – January 1990) was a country singer from Central Australia. He was a Pitjantjatjara man who was born by a waterhole near Docker River (Kaltukatjara). He started his musical career as a member of Areyonga Desert Tigers. He later performed with his band the Pitjantjatjara Country Band, a band made up of his sons Hector, Frank, Peter and Paul and his cousin Russell Yamma. His song were mostly sung in Pitjantjatjara. He was also a radio host on CAAMA Radio 8KIN FM.

Discography
Albums
Isaac Yama and the Pitjantjatjara Country Band (1987) – CAAMA
Isaac Yama and the Pitjantjatjara Country Band No.2 (1987) – CAAMA

Compilations
Papal Concert, Alice Springs (1982) – Imparja
Desert Songs 1 (1982) – CAAMA
Desert Songs 2 (1983) – CAAMA
From the Bush (1990) – CAAMA
AIDS: How Could I Know (1989) – CAAMA
25th Anniversary Compilation 2 (2006) – CAAMA

References

External links
 Cassette cover: Isaac Yama and the Pitjantjatjara Country Band No.2, 1987

1940 births
1990 deaths
Indigenous Australian musicians
Australian male songwriters
Musicians from the Northern Territory
20th-century guitarists
20th-century Australian male singers
Australian male guitarists


The 2007 Indoor Cricket World Cup was an Indoor Cricket tournament that took place in Bristol, England from 22 to 29 September 2007 involving both a men's and a women's division. There were a total of 35 matches played in the men's division and 26 matches played in the women's division.

The men's division was split into two stages (in addition to finals) with each side playing each other once before being split into two groups, the top four and the bottom three. The top four sides progressed to a Super 4's stage where they again played each other once in order to be ranked for the semi-finals. The semi finals featured Australia, England, New Zealand and South Africa with Australia defeating South Africa in the final to record their sixth consecutive World Cup. The top three sides contested a subsidiary title, won by England.

Whilst the women's division was not split into separate stages it did employ a more complicated semi final system that gave all five nations the opportunity of progressing through to the final during the finals stage. South Africa advanced straight through to the final after defeating Australia in the semi-finals stage, though Australia then prevailed over New Zealand and were able to reverse their semi final result to defeat South Africa in the final. This was the fifth consecutive World Cup for Australia.

The 2007 Junior World Series of Indoor Cricket was held alongside this event.

Host Selection
The World Cup was awarded to England by the WICF at the conclusion of the previous World Cup. As a result, England became the first nation to host the World Cup twice having held the first tournament in 1995.

Venue
The England Indoor Cricket Association determined that the Action Indoor Sports Stadium in Bristol would host all World Cup matches and Bristol became the host city as a result. All World Cup matches were played at the same venue.

Participants
Men's Division
  Australia
  England
  France
  Guernsey
  New Zealand
  Pakistan
  South Africa

India were also initially entered in the men's division but were late withdrawals from the competition.

Women's Division
  Australia
  England
  New Zealand
  South Africa
  Wales

Round Robin tournament

Men's Division

Women's Division

Super 4's Stage

The top four sides at the conclusion of the round robin series progressed through to the Super 4 stage of the tournament. The bottom three sides were relegated to the World Cup Plate division and, together with the team that finished 4th after the Super 4's stage, competed for a separate subordinate trophy.

Men's Division – Top Four

Men's Division – Bottom Three

Women's Division

There was no Super 4's stage in the women's division.

Semi finals

The World Cup finals operated under a different format in each division. In the men's division the winner of the two semi finals proceeded to the final and the remaining two sides competed for the bronze medal match.

The World Cup Plate final was contested between the loser of the bronze medal match and the highest ranked side from the bottom three during the Super 4's stage.

The women's division employed a slightly more complicated format. The fourth and fifth placed sides faced off against one another with the winner taking on third place to earn a right in the preliminary final. The top two sides competed in a major semi final with the winner progressing to the final and the loser taking the second spot in the preliminary final. The remaining spot in the World Cup final was assumed by the winner of the preliminary final.

Men's Division

Semi-final 1 (1st vs 4th) – winner to final, loser to bronze medal match

Semi-final 2 (2nd vs 3rd) – winner to final, loser to bronze medal match

Bronze Medal Match – winner receives bronze medal, loser to World Cup Plate final

Women's Division

Major Semi-final (1st vs 2nd) – winner to final, loser to preliminary final

Qualifying Final (3rd vs 5th) – winner to minor semi final, loser knocked out

Minor Semi-final – winner to preliminary final, loser knocked out

Preliminary Final – winner to final, loser knocked out

Finals

Men's Division

World CupThe World Cup final was contested between Australia and South Africa. This final was the sixth consecutive appearance in a World Cup final and was the first for South Africa. Despite performing below expectations early in the tournament, Australia easily accounted for England in their semi final. The South African side, on the other hand, came through a tough encounter with the New Zealand side by just three runs.

In the end, Australia managed a narrow but comfortable victory to claim their sixth consecutive title.

World Cup PlateA secondary and subordinate final was played between England (the loser of the bronze medal match) and France (the highest ranked side from the bottom three teams). England rebounded from their heavy loss against New Zealand in the bronze medal match to claim the first Plate title.

Women's Division
The Women's World Cup Final featured Australia and South Africa. South Africa entered the side as favourites having accounted for Australia in all but one of their encounters in the earlier stages of the World Cup. Australia, however, rebounded and managed to claim their fifth consecutive World Cup title.

Player of the tournament
Nineteen year old Lee Irwin of Australia was awarded player of the tournament.

See also
 Indoor Cricket World Cup
 2007 Junior World Series of Indoor Cricket

References

International cricket competitions in 2007
Indoor Cricket World Cup
2007 in English cricket
Indoor Cricket World Cup


Heathrow Terminal 4 is an airport terminal at Heathrow Airport, the main airport serving London, England, situated to the south of the southern runway, next to the cargo terminal. It is connected to Heathrow Terminals 2 and 3 by the vehicular Heathrow Cargo Tunnel, and by rail with the Heathrow Terminal 4 tube and Heathrow Terminal 4 railway stations.
The terminal was temporarily closed in 2020.
Built at a cost of £200 million, Terminal 4 was opened by the Prince and Princess of Wales on 1 April 1986. British Airways was the main airline operating from the terminal from 1986 until its move to Terminal 5 on 29 October 2009, eventually making Terminal 4 the Heathrow base for airlines of the SkyTeam airline alliance.

Overview

Terminal design
The terminal was initially designed as a facility for short-haul 'point-to-point' traffic, to compensate for its relatively long distance from the airport's central terminal area (CTA). The layout of the terminal, with passenger boarding gates very close to the check-in and security halls, was designed to facilitate rapid movement of passengers through the building (a requirement for short-haul, business-focused flights). Upon opening, it boasted other innovations including the complete segregation of arriving and departing passengers and a departure concourse over  long.

Lord King, then Chairman of British Airways, demanded that Terminal 4 be solely for the use of British Airways to fulfill the airline's ambition of hosting all its flights in one terminal (an ambition that still has not been achieved even with the opening of Terminal 5 in 2008). A similar demand was made on the North Terminal at Gatwick.

Terminal 4's distance from the CTA and design were ill-suited for British Airways' long-haul operations and could be seen as a contributor to the airline's dire operational performance, particularly in the years up to Terminal 5's opening in 2008. For example, passengers had to transfer between Terminal 4 and the CTA by bus rather than by a short moving walkway (as between Terminals 1 and 3 for example) and once inside Terminal 4, the gate areas are not large enough for the 400+ passengers waiting to board the waiting Boeing 747s. Passengers' baggage also had to make the trip by van, sometimes resulting in the luggage being mislaid, although this problem was somewhat alleviated in the late 1990s by the construction of an automated transfer tunnel between the CTA and Terminal 4.

Improvements and renovations
Following the transfer of most of British Airways' flights to Terminal 5 during 2008, Terminal 4 underwent a £200m upgrade to enable it to accommodate 45 airlines and serve as the base for the SkyTeam airline alliance. The departures forecourt has been upgraded to reduce traffic congestion and improve security and an extended check-in area opened in late 2009. Most internal areas of the terminal were renovated between 2009 and 2014, whilst a new SkyTeam Alliance passenger lounge for premium passengers opened in 2009, more recently followed by the Etihad Airways Lounge. A Malaysia Airlines Golden Lounge, Gulf Air Golden Falcon Lounge, Qatar Airways Premium Lounge and Plaza Premium Lounge have all opened since 2010. Two new stands to accommodate the Airbus A380 were constructed in 2009, and a further two opened in 2015. A new baggage system has also been installed. Refurbishment of the arrivals areas is ongoing as of early 2016.

Closure during the COVID-19 pandemic
In 2020, all flights from Terminal 4 were suspended as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Consequently, rail and tube services to Terminal 4 station were withdrawn; TfL Rail services were diverted to T5. Heathrow also closed one of its runways in response to the drop in flights. In June 2021, Terminal 4 reopened as a terminal for passengers arriving from red list countries only. The rail and underground station remained closed back then.

On 23 February 2022, Heathrow CEO John Holland Kaye announced that Heathrow Terminal 4 was to reopen in time for the summer travel peak in July. It was later announced that the Terminal will reopen on June 14.

Usage

SkyTeam
Terminal 4 is the base for SkyTeam members except Aeroméxico,  Delta Air Lines,  Middle East Airlines, Virgin Atlantic (all Terminal 3 only) and China Airlines (Terminal 2 only). Delta Air Lines vacated to Terminal 3 on 14 September 2016 to ease connections with partner Virgin Atlantic.

Oneworld
Three Oneworld members fly out of Terminal 4, Malaysia Airlines, Royal Air Maroc and Qatar Airways. All have joined the alliance since moving to Terminal 4. Sri Lankan Airlines formerly operated from Terminal 4 but shortly after it joined Oneworld in 2014 it transferred its flights to Terminal 3.

Star Alliance
No Star Alliance airlines currently have presence in Terminal 4.

Previously, Air India moved its flights to Terminal 2 on 25 January 2017 after joining Star Alliance in 2014. United Airlines also previously operated from this terminal until it moved to Terminal 2 on 4 June 2014.

Vanilla Alliance
Terminal 4 is also capable to handle airlines from the Vanilla Alliance, U-FLY Alliance or Value Alliance. Air Mauritius, a founding member of the Vanilla Alliance, is the only airline from the Vanilla Alliance operating from this terminal.

Non-aligned
The principal non-aligned airlines are Air Malta, China Southern Airlines, El Al, Etihad Airways, Gulf Air, Oman Air and Royal Brunei Airlines. Other non aligned airlines are Air Algerie, Air Astana, Air Serbia, Azerbaijan Airlines, Biman Bangladesh Airlines, Bulgaria Air, Kuwait Airways,  Tunisair, Uzbekistan Airlines and WestJet.

Ground transport

Road links
Terminal 4 is accessed from Junction 14 of the M25 motorway via the A3113 and then the Southern Perimeter Road. It is also accessible from Central London via the M4, exiting at Junction 3. There is a short stay car park directly opposite the terminal and a long stay car park on the other side of the twin rivers.

Rail links
Terminal 4 is served by Heathrow Terminal 4 Underground station on the London Underground's Piccadilly line and by Elizabeth line trains at Heathrow Terminal 4.

The Elizabeth line provides a free shuttle service to Heathrow Central station. At Heathrow Central, passengers can change for free services to Terminal 5. The Elizabeth line operates an all stations stopping service to Abbey Wood station in southeast London via London Paddington. From May 2023, the full timetable will be introduced, with trains also travelling to Shenfield on the Great Eastern Main Line.

The Piccadilly line has up to six trains per hour (about every 10 minutes) in the direction of Cockfosters via central London. Trains to central London run via Heathrow Terminals 2 & 3. They may wait at Heathrow Terminal 4 for up to eight minutes. Although the journey takes longer, fares are much cheaper than on the Elizabeth Line and Heathrow Express services.

Bus links
Terminal 4 is served by some local buses, coach services and car parking.

References

External links

Heathrow Airport website
Heathrow Terminal 4 map

Airport terminals
4
Heathrow Airport Holdings
Transport infrastructure completed in 1986
1986 establishments in England
Terminal 4


The TSV Gerbrunn is a German association football club from the municipality of Gerbrunn, Bavaria.

The club's greatest success came in 2002, when it won promotion to the tier four Bayernliga, but it lasted for only one season at this level.

History
Formed in 1877 as a gymnastics club, the Turnverein Gerbrunn, for the most part of its history, existed as a lower amateur side.

The club rose to a short stint of Bavarian prominence in 1998 when it won the Bezirksoberliga Unterfranken (VI) in its first season in the league. From there it advanced to the Landesliga Bayern-Nord (V) where it finished in mid-table for the next three years.

The 2001–02 season was to become the club's greatest so far, winning the Landesliga and earning promotion to the Bayernliga (IV), the highest league in the state.

In the Bayernliga the TSV Gerbrunn found the going hard and was eventually relegated, coming last out of eighteen teams. However, the TSV won the local Unterfranken Cup, earning it the right to compete in the Bavarian Cup. In this competition, the team went all the way to the final.

Financial considerations forced the club to withdraw to the Kreisklasse Würzburg instead of entering the Landesliga for 2003–04. Due to the Bavarian Cup final being played at the beginning of the next season, the TSV found itself with a much weaker team and was sorely defeated by the TSV Aindling, 0–14. Having qualified for the German Cup by reaching the Bavarian final, the team met the SV Wacker Burghausen, where another 0–14 defeat meant a harsh end to its area of higher league football. It was only one goal off the record cup defeat of DJK Waldberg against Bayern Munich, who lost 1–16 in 1997. Five of Gerbrunn's players, including the goal keeper Stylianos Voulgaris, played in both matches.

The TSV Gerbrunn returned to local amateur league football in the Würzburg region, where it spent most of its previous history. In its first season there, 2003–04, it suffered another relegation, down to the lowest level, the A-Klasse. A last place finish with 29 loses and one draw to its name, 122 goals scored against, culminated a season that had started with the 0–14 cup los. Gerbrunn actually remained without a win for 15-month, until 29 August 2004, when it beat SV Heidingsfeld II 4–2. Its last victory before that, still in the Bayernliga, was on 11 May 2003, ironically against the TSV Aindling.

The TSV most recently played in the Kreisklasse Würzburg-Gruppe 1, the ninth division of the Bavarian league system, with a second place in 2010–11 as its best result but being relegated from the league in 2016.

Honours

League
 Landesliga Bayern-Nord (V)
 Champions: 2002
 Bezirksoberliga Unterfranken (VI)
 Champions: 1998
 Bezirksliga Unterfranken-Mitte (VII)
 Champions: 1997

Cup
 Bavarian Cup
 Runners-up: 2003
 Unterfranken Cup
 Winners: 2003

Recent seasons
The recent season-by-season performance of the club:

With the introduction of the Bezirksoberligas in 1988 as the new fifth tier, below the Landesligas, all leagues below dropped one tier. With the introduction of the Regionalligas in 1994 and the 3. Liga in 2008 as the new third tier, below the 2. Bundesliga, all leagues below dropped one tier. With the establishment of the Regionalliga Bayern as the new fourth tier in Bavaria in 2012 the Bayernliga was split into a northern and a southern division, the number of Landesligas expanded from three to five and the Bezirksoberligas abolished. All leagues from the Bezirksligas onwards were elevated one tier.

DFB Cup appearances
The club has qualified for the first round of the German Cup only once:
 DFB Cup 2003–04

References

Sources
Das deutsche Fußball-Archiv historical German domestic league tables

External links
Official team site
TSV Gerbrunn profile at Weltfussball.de

Football clubs in Germany
Football clubs in Bavaria
Association football clubs established in 1877
Football in Lower Franconia
1877 establishments in Germany
Würzburg (district)


Martin Kohlroser (8 January 1905 – 14 November 1967) was a mid-ranking commander in the Waffen SS during World War II who was awarded the German Cross in Gold.

Commands
1st SS Grenadier Regiment Landstorm Nederland (SS-Standartenführer)
SS Volunteer Grenadier Brigade Landstorm Nederland
34th SS Volunteer Grenadier Division Landstorm Nederland (SS-Oberführer)

References

1905 births
1967 deaths
SS-Oberführer
Recipients of the Gold German Cross
Waffen-SS personnel


Heathrow Terminal 3 is an airport terminal at Heathrow Airport, serving London, the capital city of the United Kingdom. Terminal 3 is currently used as one of the main global hubs of the International Airlines Group members British Airways (alongside Terminal 5) and Iberia since 12 July 2022. It is also used by the majority of members of the Oneworld and a few SkyTeam alliances along with several long-haul non-affiliated airlines. It is also the base for Virgin Atlantic.

History

Terminal 3 was opened as the Oceanic Terminal on 13 November 1961; it was built to handle flight departures for long-haul routes. Renamed Terminal 3 in 1968, it was expanded in 1970 with the addition of an arrivals building. Other facilities added included the UK's first moving walkways. BOAC and the two US airlines, Pan American World Airways and Trans World Airlines (TWA), dominated operations at the terminal throughout the 1960s and 1970s. In 1969 the terminal was renovated to handle the new Boeing 747 which was introduced to the airport on 23 January 1970. In 1990 Pan American sold its Heathrow landing rights to United Airlines around the same time TWA sold them to American Airlines.

The terminal was refurbished between 1987 and 1990 at a cost of £110 million. In 2006, the new £105 million Pier 6 was completed to accommodate the Airbus A380 superjumbo; Emirates and Qantas now operate regular flights from Terminal 3 using the Airbus A380. Redevelopment of Terminal 3's forecourt through the addition of a new four-lane drop-off area and a large pedestrianised plaza, complete with canopy to the front of the terminal building, was completed in 2007. These improvements were intended to improve passengers' experiences, reduce traffic congestion and improve security. As part of this project, Virgin Atlantic was assigned its own dedicated check-in area, known as 'Zone A', which features a large sculpture and atrium. As of 2013, Terminal 3 has an area of .

Heathrow Airport Limited also has plans for a £1bn upgrade of the rest of the terminal over the next ten years which will include the renovation of aircraft piers and the arrivals forecourt. A new baggage system connecting to Terminal 5 (for British Airways connections) is currently under construction. In addition to the baggage system, the baggage claim hall is also set to undergo changes with dedicated A380 belts and an improved design and layout.

In 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, all flights from Terminal 3 and 4 were suspended and flights temporarily moved to Terminals 2 and 5. The railway and tube station remained open to serve Terminal 2. The terminal was reopened for use by Virgin Atlantic and Delta on 15 July 2021.

Usage

The main presence in Terminal 3 is Virgin Atlantic. American Airlines, British Airways, Cathay Pacific, Delta Air Lines, Emirates, Iberia, and Qantas are the other major users of the terminal. This terminal is mainly reserved for long haul flights. British Airways, Finnair and Iberia are the only short haul airlines flying from this terminal. With the closure of Terminal 4 Air France and KLM operated from Terminal 3 during the downturn in traffic at the airport during the pandemic. Both airlines moved back to join their fellow SkyTeam members at the reopened Terminal 4 in March 2023.

Oneworld
Terminal 3 is used by the majority of the members of the Oneworld airline alliance: American Airlines,  Cathay Pacific, Finnair, Iberia, Japan Airlines, Qantas, Royal Jordanian, and SriLankan Airlines. British Airways, which mainly uses Terminal 5, also offers some flights from this terminal. As of 12 July 2022, it is one of the global hubs of the International Airlines Group after Iberia moved in from Terminal 5. However it is not used by Malaysia Airlines, Royal Air Maroc and Qatar Airways (all Terminal 4 only).

SkyTeam
4 SkyTeam member airlines also use Terminal 3: Aeroméxico, Delta Air Lines,  Middle East Airlines and Virgin Atlantic. Delta moved all flights to Terminal 3 on 14 September 2016 to ease connections with partner Virgin Atlantic.

Non-aligned
The principal non-aligned airline is Emirates. The other non-aligned airlines include Beijing Capital Airlines, Iran Air and LATAM Brasil. During the pandemic, new airlines Rwandair and Vistara  began flights from this terminal.

Star Alliance
Today, no Star Alliance airlines use Terminal 3. Most Star Alliance airlines now use Terminal 2.

In the past, a number of Star Alliance airlines used this terminal: Air Canada, Air China, All Nippon Airways, EgyptAir, Ethiopian Airlines, EVA Air, Scandinavian Airlines, Singapore Airlines, Thai Airways, and Turkish Airlines.

Ground transport

Inter-terminal transport
Terminal 3 is connected by an underground walkway to Terminal 2. Terminals 4 and 5 can be reached by the free Elizabeth line or Heathrow Express rail service. London Underground services can also be used to transfer to Terminals 4 and 5 (the former requiring a change of train at Hatton Cross) free.

In addition, numerous buses ply between the Central Bus Station (for Terminals 2 and 3) and the other terminals. However, using the train service is much quicker and easier for passengers with luggage.

Road links
As part of the two central terminals at Heathrow, it is linked to the M4 motorway via the M4 spur road and through a tunnel under the north runway.

Rail links

Bus links
Terminal 3 is accessible to both bus and coach services from Heathrow Central bus station.

There are also several coach services operated by National Express operating to other London airports such as Gatwick, Stansted and Luton; and other cities in the United Kingdom.

References

External links

Heathrow Airport Terminal 3 (official web page)

3 London Heathrow Terminal 3
Heathrow Airport Holdings
Airport terminals
Terminal 3
Transport infrastructure completed in 1961
1961 establishments in England


Chen Zhunmin (; born November 1951) is a Chinese educator and former president of the University of International Business and Economics in Beijing, China.

Biography
Chen was born in Shanghai in 1951. He received his bachelor's degree from Shanghai Foreign Language Institute in 1977 and master's degree in English from the University of California, Los Angeles in 1983.

After graduation, Chen joined the faculty in the University of International Business and Economics. He became the president of the university in 1999 and held this position until June 2009.

Chen teaches business, management, and business communications. He published some textbooks such as Let's Talk Business, Spoken English for International Business, and Fundamentals of Business.

References

1951 births
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
Writers from Shanghai
Living people
Educators from Shanghai
Academic staff of Beijing University of International Business and Economics
Presidents of Beijing University of International Business and Economics