Gastón Rubén Esmerado (born 8 February 1978 in Lomas de Zamora) is a retired Argentine footballer and current manager of Club Almagro.

Career
Esmerado, nicknamed "Gato" started his playing career in 1996 with Club Atlético Lanús, he only played 3 games in the Argentine Primera before stepping down a division to play for Olimpo de Bahía Blanca in the Primera B Nacional.

In 1999, he joined Arsenal de Sarandí where he was part of the team that won promotion to the Primera for the first time in their history in 2002, he played for the club until 2005. he played 224 times for Arsenal scoring 15 goals, 119 of his appearances for the club came in the Argentine Primera.

In 2006, he joined Estudiantes de La Plata but soon moved on to join Colón de Santa Fe where he played until the end of 2007. in 2008 he had a brief spell with Greek side Skoda Xanthi before returning to Argentina to play for Club Atlético Huracán.

Honours
Arsenal
Argentine Primera División: 2012 Clausura

References

 Gastón Esmerado marcó de penal y fue sustituido en su retiro como profesional‚ infobae.com, 2 November 2015

External links
Sports Ya profile
Gastón Esmerado – Argentine Primera statistics at Fútbol XXI

1978 births
Living people
Footballers from Lomas de Zamora
Argentine men's footballers
Argentine expatriate men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Club Atlético Lanús footballers
Club Olimpo footballers
Arsenal de Sarandí footballers
Estudiantes de La Plata footballers
Club Atlético Colón footballers
Club Atlético Huracán footballers
Xanthi F.C. players
Argentine Primera División players
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Greece
Expatriate men's footballers in Greece
Argentine football managers
Almagro managers
Club Atlético Nueva Chicago managers


Colonel Robert Stuart Macrae TD was an inventor best known for his work at MD1 during the Second World War, his best known invention being the sticky bomb.

Macrae was the author of Winston Churchill's Toyshop, a memoir detailing his experiences at MD1.

Early career
Macrae had been a trainee engineer and late in the First World War worked on a device for dropping grenades as an early form of cluster bomb. The war ended before the device was used or he received any commission for his work.

Macrae was an editor of Armchair Science magazine during the period leading up to the Second World War. He was approached by Millis Jefferis who was after strong magnets for a secret explosive project. Already security cleared from his previous work, Macrae was able to join in the project.

Second World War
Macrae was called up as a second lieutenant on the Special List of the Territorial Army on 1 September 1939. with the effect that he had to give up editing Armchair Science and a gardening magazine at the same publisher.

One of Macrae's first weapons inventions was a limpet mine. The mine was developed by Macrae and Cecil Vandepeer Clarke in 1939 using improvised development techniques.

Macrae was the administrator of MD1, but also able to continue to be involved in developing weapons and devices.

By the end of the war he was a war substantive lieutenant colonel.
His promotion to full colonel, as a result of MD1 being upgraded to a Grade A Establishment, was halted by the end of the war.
He remained in the TA after the war, transferring to the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME) as a substantive major on 9 October 1947 (with seniority from 6 October 1942).

Later career

In 1947, Macrae applied to the Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors with regards to his part in the development of the Sticky Bomb. His application was actively opposed on the basis that he was provided with the concept "on a plate" – the basic concept had been devised by Millis Jefferis. Macrae did not contradict this, but emphasised his part in the development of the weapon. He was awarded £500 [equivalent to £ in .] for his contribution. He was promoted to substantive lieutenant colonel on 1 July 1950, and awarded the Territorial Efficiency Decoration, with clasp on 15 June 1951.

In 1953, Macrae was questioned about his possession of certain documents originating from his time at MD1. Matters came to light as he again applied to the Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors for his wartime work on a variety of gadgets. Some of the documents were secret or top secret. He explained that he had taken the papers home for safe keeping when The Firs closed in 1947 because no one else would take them away and they were left lying on the workshop floor and he was soon exonerated of any wrongdoing. As the hearing progressed, Major-General J. F. C. Holland, Major-General Sir Colin Gubbins gave evidence to the commission explaining the usefulness of the unorthodox weapons. Macrae shared a number of awards from the Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors:
£600 [equivalent to £ in ] jointly for the L-delay Switch;
£400 [£] for the limpet mine,
£300 [£] for an air-pressure switch and
£200 [£] for igniters, detonators and signal flashes. He retired from army service on 1 January 1955, and was granted the honorary rank of colonel.

Between 1956 and 1970, Macrae took out a number of patents relating to reflecting road studs.

In 1971, Macrae published the book "Winston Churchill's Toyshop," detailing his work at MD1, one of the most famous and successful of all the British secret "back rooms" of World War II. Macrae's book traces his work at the "toyshop," from the limpet mine, a delayed action mine, to the sticky bomb and the Blacker Bombard, to giant, bridge-carrying assault tanks (the Great Eastern). The workshop operated initially out of a tiny basement workshop and later from a country mansion. It produced an astonishing variety of ingenious and secret weapons that destroyed innumerable German tanks, aircraft and ships.

Macrae's first wife Mary died at the family home in Beacon Way, Banstead on 24 May 1973. The Macraes had three children, David, John and Vivien.

In 1977, Macrae was engaged to be married to Anne Vivien Hall. The following year, Macrae and his new wife attended a luncheon party given by Queen Elizabeth II on the Royal Yacht Britannia.

Notes

References

External links

Churchillhouse toyshop
The Papers of Colonel R S Macrae held at Churchill Archives Centre

English inventors
Weapon designers
British Army personnel of World War II
Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers officers


The Caaf Water in western Scotland (Keaff in 1747 also Caff) drains from the Caaf Reservoir above Dalry which is fed from Knockendon Reservoir. The Caaf Water's origins are springs below Green Hill and it is joined by the Bught Burn, the Reeves Burn, the Bradshaw Burn and the Stock Burn, passing the old Bradshaw (previously Broadshaw) shooting lodge before passing the old farms of Knockendon, Birkheadsteel, and Birkhead.

At Giffordland Bridge the old Giffordlandmill is passed before the Caaf joins with the Caddell Burn and Tower Burn near Drumastle and enters the Lynn Glen with its picturesque spouts or waterfalls and finally enters the River Garnock south of Dalry.

Drumastle Mill
The mill was active in the late 19th century with two dams, one on the Caaf and the other on the Caddell Burn. The 1840–1888 OS map shows that a lade joined the two water courses with the mill. A ford and wooden footbridge were situated nearby and a dwelling marked as Muirfoot was located on the far bank of the Caaf. A lane linked the mill with Muirfoot and Linncraigs (now demolished) before running up to Linn House. William Roy's map of 1747 records Drumastle as 'Drumaskus.' An old Tower stood above the mill near the Tower Farm steading. Some OS maps corrupt 'Drumastle' to 'Drumcastle.'

Lynn Glen

Lynn Glen lies in the old Barony of Lynn, which was created from lands granted about 1204 by Hugh de Morville. It was first held by Walter de Lynne, who signed the Ragman Roll as Wautier de Lynne on 28 November 1296. On the same day, Walter de Lyn sat on a jury before the sheriff of Ayr, holding inquisition as to Lady Elena la Zuche's interests in the Ayrshire town of Irvine. Walter and the other jurors, as well as the sheriff, are mentioned at the close of the resulting document as having appended their seals thereto. English law, which would have prevailed in legal proceedings when the Ragman Rolls were signed, provided that "jurors were generally drawn from the ranks of free men who held property". Walter's position in the community is confirmed by his having a seal, although the Calendar notes - to the lament of Lynns everywhere: "Seals lost".

All that being said, Walter's family bore the name Lynne long before coming to Ayrshire; and they held all or some portion of the Ayrshire property for nearly half a millennium, from about 1204 until the mid 17th century. In 1532, John Lynn "for a sum of money to him paid, sold" to Thomas Boyd "forty-shilling land of the old extent of Lyn"., nevertheless retaining the mains or manor place, called at various times Burnside and Lynn Knoll, Over Lynn, and High Lynn. Eventually, however, even this was forsaken; and the ruins of the old manorial place in the 19th century was nothing more than a mound with some old cottage ruins near it.

The last Lynn of that Ilk died in Irvine, Ayrshire in 1670, and the last remnants of the family simply vanished, some say to Sweden. It has been claimed, though not proven, that Jenny Lind the "Swedish Nightingale" is descended from that family. The family itself has been described as "a beloved aristocracy that came, lingered a while, and vanished." Their property was parcelled out into lots among a number of heritors which in 1820 amounted to 16. The lairds of Lyne (sic) had a townhouse in Irvine as did many of the other lairds in Cunninghame.

In 1632, Thomas Boyd of Pitcon was also styled of Lin, owing to his father having purchased part of the old barony from the Lynns. By 1874, however, Lynn belonged to John Crichton. Paterson records that the property amounted to  and the four merk Land of Lynn belonged to Lord Boyd in 1576, from whom the Pollocks acquired it in about 1770. In 1866 it had passed from them to the Crichtons as stated. The 19th century mansion of Linn no longer exists and all that remains are some woodland policies and an ornate gatepost.

The Dalry "witch", Bessie Dunlop, who was tragically burned at the stake in Edinburgh, was the spouse of one "Jack o’ Linn." As told in "Reports of Cases Decided in the Supreme Court of Scotland on Appeal from Scotland ...," Vol. XIII, by W. H. Dunbar, Esq., Advocate, Henry Beveridge, Esq., Advocate, and John Wadlaw, Esq., Advocate, Edinburgh (1841), the trial occurred in 1576, Jack's full name was Andrew Jack, and he and Bessie lived in Lynn. They were not members of the family of Lynn. By this time, in fact, the Lynn property was referred to as "the town and territory of Lyne in the bailliary of Cunningham and sheriffdom of Ayr," as found in a 1522 charter at the National Archives of Scotland and abstracted at the NAS website [Reference No. GD3/1/8/11/1].

During the "persecution times" of Charles II when the Covenanters were being hounded throughout south-west Scotland for their refusal to accept Episcopacy in the Kirk, Alexander Peden preached to the people from the natural pulpit of Pinnoch Point, now more often referred to as Peden’s Point.

Bourtreehill House
The Lands of Bourtreehill were at one time held by the Linn family.

Legends of the glen

The Wraith of Lord Lyne
The story is told of Lady Lyne, mother of the young Lord Lyne, many years ago witnessing the wraith of her son, a warning of his impending death. The Lyne family had a tradition of such premonitions and on this occasions she was in the glen when all of a sudden she espied a company of huntsmen on horseback; her son in the lead with the dogs, who were in full cry after a stag. As she watched this vivid scene they vanished like a dream. She hurried back to urgently find and warn her son.

Lord Lyne listened and accepted his fate, for what could he do if it was indeed God's will. The next day he was up and about, bright and early, but never to return. His anxious mother had sent out all the servants to search the glen for him, eventually finding her son in a pool at the foot of Lynn Spout, seemingly having fallen and then drowned. It has been said that Lady Lyne believed to her dying day that her son had encountered death himself that morning in Lynn Glen and that her vision was that of her son hard on the heals of a ghostly stag and the wild dogs of hell.

The complete folk tale as written down by William Robertson in his 1899 "Historical Tales and Legends of Ayrshire" is found verbatim at.

Views of the Lynn spout and Glen

The natural history

The Laird of Lynn's lesson from the grave to his son

The ancient ballad from which the following story was derived has often been associated with the Linns or Lynns in Ayrshire but more likely was a tale of the Lynes who were Lords of Lyne in Peebles-shire. The ballad was collected and published by Thomas Percy in London in 1765 in his "Reliques of Ancient English Poetry: Consisting of Old Heroic Ballads, Songs, and Other Pieces of Our Earlier Poets" (Vol. II, pp. 309–18). There, Percy described the ballad as being "originally composed beyond the Tweed," understood to mean in the Scottish Borders. The association with Ayrshire likely came about because Timothy Pont, about 1600, assumed that the ballad must have been a tale of the Ayrshire family since he wrongly believed that "no other race of the same name and designation [was] ever known to have existed in the country ..." Pont admits, however, that local [Ayrshire] tradition was silent on the subject. Pont's account was written about 1600 and was published by The Maitland Club in 1820 as the "Topographical Account of the District of Cunningham, Ayrshire. Compiled About the Year 1600 by Mr. Timothy Pont. With Notes and an Appendix." What Pont apparently did not know was that a David de Lyne lived in Peeble-shire in 1270 and was described in a volume of "The Scots Peerage" (Vol. IX, p. 199) as being the "quondam Domini [late Lord] of Locherworth." Nearly a century earlier, David de Lyne, son of Robert de Lyne, and David's uncle Walter de Lyne held rights to the Chapel of Lyne in Peebles-shire, as reported in "The Book of Stobo Church. Being the First Volume of a Series of 'Books of the Church'," p. 6, Dr. Gunn, Peebles (1907). The gist of the ballad is as follows ...

The Laird of Lynn despaired of his naive and foolish son, generous to a fault and giving trust were none was deserved. On his death bed he called for his son and one last time warned him of the perils that a rich  man faced in this world. With his last breath he told his son that if he lost everything he should go to a ruinous old cottage which would be his last hope for shelter. As the months went by the young laird entertained his many new friends and indeed his gamekeepers son, known as Jock O' the Scales, was especially helpful and supportive. Shortly the young Lord found that all his money was spent and eagerly accepted an offer from Jock who purchased the barony and promptly threw the laird out his home and exiled him from his lands. Full of self-importance, upon his successful betrayal, Jock offered to sell the whole property back for a fraction of its value, knowing that such a young fool would never be capable of gaining even such a relatively small sum.

The Laird of Lynn remembered his father's death bed advice and the small key he had been given, so in his despair sought out his last resort, the dilapidated cottage in the woods at Coal-heuch-glen. After much searching he found and entered the building, only to be greeted by the sight of a hangman's noose dangling from the ceiling. Convinced of his father's apparent message from the dead he put the rope around his neck, only to find himself falling to the floor and being rained upon by plaster. He saw a letter in his father's hand and this directed him to a corner of the cottage where behind two loose stones he found a chest full of silver and gold. A new wisdom, from an almost fatal lesson, guided the Laird of Linn for the rest of his days, living quietly, with many real friends to enjoy; dwelling in his ancestral home and upon his lands, bought back from that despairing traitor, Jock O' the Scales.

Again, however, the tale most probably relates not to the Lyne or Lynn family of Ayrshire but to the earlier Lyne family of Peeblesshire.

Views of Laigh Craig Mill

See also
Bessie Dunlop of Lynn

References

Sources and bibliography
 The Genealogy of the Family of Lind, and the Montgomeries of Smithton, Sir Robert Douglas, Baronet, Windsor (1795)
 Historical Tales and Legends of Ayrshire, William Robertson, London and Glasgow (1889)
 Scottish Record Society Publications, Scottish Record Society, Edinburgh (late 19th-early 20th centuries)
 McTaggart, H & Hamilton, A (1999) Old Dalry

External links
The Heir of Linn
Lands of Lynn
 National Archives of Scotland online
 Video on 'The Wraith of Lynn Glen.'
 Video on 'The Reckless Lord of Lynn.'
 Commentary and video on the Mills of Lynn Glen

History of North Ayrshire
Rivers of North Ayrshire
Garnock Valley


Alfredo Tjiurimo Hengari (born 8 December 1974 in Windhoek) is a Namibian who serves as the  presidential press secretary to President Hage Geingob.

Hengari schooled at A. Shipena High School in Katutura and enrolled for B.A. in political science and sociology at the University of Namibia and thereafter taught at his former high school before enrolling for master's degree in international studies at the University of Stellenbosch, his Masters thesis at Stellenbosch focused on the regional economic partnership agreements between the European Union and the Southern African Development Community (SADC). While at Stellenbosch, he also served as a tutor in the Department of Political Science.

He served as Prime Minister Hage Geingob's personal assistant and thereafter as coordinator for the Civil Service College project for a few months before he left for France in March 2003. After following intensive French-language courses at the Université de Franche-Comté, he first completed a diploma in French history and civilisation at the Université Paris-Sorbonne IV, before he proceeded to do an M-Phil in international relations at the Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne. He completed a PhD in political science at the University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne focusing on the transformation of French and British strategies in conflict management in Sub-saharan Africa. He was a research intern in 2007 at the Department of Peacekeeping Operations at the United Nations in New York as part of his PhD research. Hengari was also a weekly political columnist for Namibia's largest independent English daily, The Namibian. He provides regular commentary for other newspapers in Namibia such New Era on political events and developments.

References

Namibian political scientists
University of Paris alumni
Living people
1974 births
People from Windhoek
Stellenbosch University alumni
University of Namibia alumni
20th-century Namibian writers
21st-century Namibian writers


Still River is a village located on the west side of the town of Harvard, Worcester County, Massachusetts, United States just north of the Still River in Bolton where is converges with the Nashua River.

Noted for its views of Mount Wachusett, Still River is home to Saint Benedict Abbey, St. Benedict Center, Harvard Historical Society, Willard Farm Stand, various hills, meadows, and wetlands.

The zip code is 01467.

Father Leonard Feeney was a Jesuit priest who held to a literal interpretation of the doctrine "Extra Ecclesiam nulla salus" (or "outside the Church there is no salvation"). Feeney was excommunicated in 1953. Under the direction of Feeney, Catherine Goddard Clarke and others organized into a group called the Slaves of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, an unofficial Catholic entity. In January 1958, the community moved from Cambridge to the town of Harvard. Eventually, The original community split into several groups: the Benedictines, the Sisters of Saint Ann's House and Sisters of St. Benedict's center, Slaves of the Immaculate Heart of Mary. A further split later occurred with some members of the Slaves of the Immaculate Heart of Mary leaving to establish a separate group in New Hampshire.
A branch of the Saint Benedict Center is located in Still River, on the west side of the town of Harvard.

References

External links

Villages in Worcester County, Massachusetts


Radiant Future Records is a British independent record label and home to one-time Sparks bassist Martin Gordon, Jet, Radio Stars, John's Children, the Blue Meanies and related artists. The label began operations in 2002 with the release of a live recording from Gordon's alumni Jet, Johns Children and Radio Stars, and releases one or two albums per year with a focus upon 'clever twisted pop which rocks', to quote Rolling Stone magazine.

Recent releases include a live Radio Stars album from the 1970s and Gordon's six solo releases in the Mammal Trilogy series. The final instalment Include Me Out was released in 2013. Since then, three projects have been released: an album of Gilbert and Sullivan material Gilbert Gordon & Sullivan in 2016 on April Fool's Day, Thanks For All the Fish (2018)and OMG (2020). Another Words, a setting to music of the Trump/Raffensperger phone call of January 2021, was released in 2021, with an expanded version following in 2022.

Catalogue

References

External links
Radiant Future website

British record labels
Record labels established in 2000


The 1990–91 New York Knicks season was the 45th season for the Knicks in the National Basketball Association. In the off-season, the Knicks signed free agent John Starks, who played in the Continental Basketball Association the previous season. The Knicks changed their on-court leadership early in the season, as head coach Stu Jackson was fired, and replaced with John MacLeod after 15 games. After a 6–3 start to the season, the Knicks lost eight of their next nine games, and held a 20–27 record at the All-Star break. They recovered to a 34–33 record near the end of the season, but then went 5–10 in their last 15 games. New York finished in third place in the Atlantic Division with a 39–43 record, and earned the #8 seed in the Eastern Conference for the NBA playoffs.

Patrick Ewing led the Knicks with 26.6 points, averaged 11.2 rebounds and led them with 3.2 blocks per game. He was named to the All-NBA Second Team, and was selected for the 1991 NBA All-Star Game. Kiki Vandeweghe finished second on the team in scoring, averaging 16.3 points per game, while Gerald Wilkins provided them with 13.8 points per game, and Charles Oakley led the team with 12.1 rebounds per game. Mark Jackson led the team with 6.3 assists per game, playing most of the season off the bench as backup point guard behind Maurice Cheeks.

In the first round of the Eastern Conference playoffs, the Knicks were swept in three straight games by Michael Jordan and the eventual NBA champion Chicago Bulls. The Knicks had suffered a 41-point margin in a 126–85 Game 1 road loss to the Bulls. The Bulls would reach the NBA Finals and defeat the Los Angeles Lakers in five games, winning their first-ever championship.

Following the season, Cheeks was traded to the Atlanta Hawks, and Trent Tucker was dealt to the Phoenix Suns. For the season, the Knicks slightly redesigned their uniforms, replacing their alternate "NY" logo on the left leg of their shorts with their current primary logo. These uniforms remained in use until 1992.

NBA draft

Roster

Regular season

Season standings

y – clinched division title
x – clinched playoff spot

z – clinched division title
y – clinched division title
x – clinched playoff spot

Record vs. opponents

Game log

Playoffs

|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 1
| April 25
| @ Chicago
| L 85–126
| Kiki VanDeWeghe (19)
| Charles Oakley (11)
| Maurice Cheeks (7)
| Chicago Stadium18,676
| 0–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 2
| April 28
| @ Chicago
| L 79–89
| Patrick Ewing (24)
| Ewing, Oakley (10)
| Trent Tucker (3)
| Chicago Stadium18,676
| 0–2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 3
| April 30
| Chicago
| L 94–103
| Ewing, VanDeWeghe (20)
| Patrick Ewing (14)
| Maurice Cheeks (7)
| Madison Square Garden18,021
| 0–3
|-

Player statistics

NOTE: Please write the player statistics in alphabetical order by last name.

Season

Playoffs

Awards and records
Patrick Ewing, All-NBA Second Team

Transactions

References

External links
1990–91 New York Knickerbockers Statistics

New York Knicks seasons
New York Knicks
New York Knicks
New York Knick
1990s in Manhattan
Madison Square Garden


Papyrus 71 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), designated by 𝔓71, is an early copy of the New Testament in Greek. It is a papyrus manuscript of the Gospel of Matthew. The surviving texts of Matthew are verses 19:10-11.17-18.
The manuscript paleographically had been assigned to the 4th century.

 Text
The Greek text of this codex is a representative of the Alexandrian text-type. Aland placed it in Category II.

 Present location
It is currently housed at the Ashmolean Museum (P. Oxy. 2385) in Oxford.

See also

 List of New Testament papyri
 Oxyrhynchus Papyri

References

Images
 P. Oxy. XXIV Oxyrhynchus 2385 Oxyrhynchus Online
 𝔓71 recto Matt. 19:10-11
 𝔓71 verso Matt. 19:17-18

Further reading

 Edgar Lobel, Colin H. Roberts, E. G. Turner, and J. W. B. Barns, Oxyrhynchus Papyri, XXIV (London: 1957), pp. 5–6.

New Testament papyri
4th-century biblical manuscripts
Gospel of Matthew papyri


Ottó Boros (5 August 1929 – 18 December 1988) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the  1956 Summer Olympics, in the 1960 Summer Olympics, and in the 1964 Summer Olympics.

He was born in Békéscsaba and died in Szolnok.

Boros was part of the Hungarian team which won the gold medal in the 1956 tournament. He played four matches as goalkeeper.

Four years later he was a member of the Hungarian team which won the bronze medal in the 1960 Olympic tournament. He played five matches as goalkeeper.

At the 1964 Games he won his second gold medal with the Hungarian team. He played three matches as goalkeeper.

See also
 Hungary men's Olympic water polo team records and statistics
 List of Olympic champions in men's water polo
 List of Olympic medalists in water polo (men)
 List of men's Olympic water polo tournament goalkeepers
 Blood in the Water match

External links

1929 births
1988 deaths
Hungarian male water polo players
Water polo goalkeepers
Olympic water polo players for Hungary
Water polo players at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Water polo players at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Water polo players at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for Hungary
Olympic bronze medalists for Hungary
Olympic medalists in water polo
Medalists at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Békéscsaba
20th-century Hungarian people


The Quill is Bowdoin College's oldest and only literary magazine. It is the second oldest continuously functioning club on the Bowdoin campus, second only to the Bowdoin Orient.

History
The Quill was the successor to The Escritoir, which was published only during the 1826-27 school year. According to the founders of The Quill, "while there was no lack of verses in The Escritoir, there was a lack of poetry." So, a group of students headed by Percival Proctor Baxter set out to revive Bowdoin's literary life and, in January 1897 the first issue of The Quill was published. It was originally published on the fifteenth of each month. In 1929, it was published four times a year; in 1932, three times a year; and in 1956, two times each year. Since 1993 the Quill has been published once a year.   Notably, several of Pulitzer Prize-winning poet Robert P.T. Coffin's poems were published in the magazine while he was a student in the early 1900s.

Current activity
In recent years, though the final literary magazine is only published once a year, The Quill has remained active throughout the school year by putting out poetry pamphlets - folded brochures featuring about four poems each - roughly every month. Other activities hosted by the group include occasional coffeehouse events, the semi-annual creation of an "Insta-Pamphlet" by encouraging passersby in the Bowdoin Student Union to write a poem on the spot, and the "Day Long Poem," composed of single lines written by students in passing throughout a day. The Quill has also been known to print April Fool's editions of pamphlets, featuring joking statements such as "The Quill owns Baxter State Park," due to the club's connection with Percival Proctor Baxter (the club's first chairman), and containing poems that function as inside jokes written by club members. The Quill has recently seen a resurgence in activity on campus, and over the last four years the membership has doubled in size and the final magazine has been expanded by 20 pages.

References
The Bowdoin Quill, Vol. 1 (1987). Brunswick, ME: Bowdoin College Press.

External links
http://library.bowdoin.edu/arch/archives/bcqg.shtml
http://www.library.unh.edu/special/index.php/robert-p-tristram-coffin

Annual magazines published in the United States
Biannual magazines published in the United States
Literary magazines published in the United States
Monthly magazines published in the United States
Quarterly magazines published in the United States
Student magazines published in the United States
Triannual magazines published in the United States
Bowdoin College
Magazines established in 1897
Magazines published in Maine


István Hevesi (2 April 1931 – 9 February 2018) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the  1956 Summer Olympics and in the 1960 Summer Olympics. He was born in Eger.

Hevesi was part of the Hungarian team which won the gold medal in the 1956 tournament. He played in three matches. Four years later he was a member of the Hungarian team which won the bronze medal in the 1960 Olympic tournament. He played In five matches and scored one goal.

See also
 Hungary men's Olympic water polo team records and statistics
 List of Olympic champions in men's water polo
 List of Olympic medalists in water polo (men)
 Blood in the Water match

References

External links

1931 births
2018 deaths
Hungarian male water polo players
Olympic water polo players for Hungary
Water polo players at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Water polo players at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for Hungary
Olympic bronze medalists for Hungary
Olympic medalists in water polo
Medalists at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Eger
20th-century Hungarian people


North Tees Power Station refers to a series of three coal-fired power stations on the River Tees at Billingham in County Durham. Overall, they operated from 1921 until 1983, and the C station, the last on the site, was demolished in 1987. Billingham Biomass Power Station is to be built on their site.

North Tees A

History
In 1917, the Newcastle upon Tyne Electric Supply Company (NESCo) took control of the principal electrical undertakings for a large area in south County Durham and North Yorkshire. To supply the newly acquired area, NESCo built the North Tees Power Station on the banks of the River Tees at Billingham. The construction of the station began in 1917 and was completed for opening in 1921.

Design and specification
The station was designed by the engineering consultants Merz & McLellan. The station used two Metropolitan-Vickers 20,000 kilowatt (kW) turbo-alternators to generate electricity, giving it a total generating capacity of 40,000 kW. The Babcock & Wilcox boilers which were used to provide the steam to the turbines in the station, were famous in engineering circles at the time. In 1918 the boilers became the first in the world to use steam at up to 450 psi, and pioneered the practice of reheating it during expansion in the turbine plant. This development resulted in a further increase in the efficiency of power generation, and an appreciable decrease in the quantity of coal consumed per unit of electricity generated. In 1922, W.S. Monroe of the Chicago-based consulting firm Sargent & Lundy described North Tees Power Station as "the most advanced power station in the world".

The station was connected by NESCo's high voltage transmission lines to their power stations on the River Tyne, for successful running "in parallel". When the UK's national grid distribution system was brought into use in 1932, the station was one of a small number of stations in the region to be converted from the 40 hertz (Hz) frequency used by the North Eastern grid system to the 50 Hz frequency used by the national system. However, the nearby ICI plant, which operated its own power station, required the North Tees A station's power as back-up, but the power needed to be supplied at 40 Hz, and so the A station retained three frequency changers to supply back-up power for many years after the change over, until the 1950s, when new electrical equipment needed to be ordered at the ICI plant.

Closure
The A station closed in 1959, after a number of years being used as a reserve station for high demand. Following closure, Metropolitan-Vickers took the rotors from the stations and tested them to destruction, to find out why the older machines were more efficient than the new ones.

North Tees B
The B station was commissioned in 1934, and used pulverised fuel firing, an advanced technology at the time the station was built. The station generated electricity using two Parsons and one Metropolitan-Vickers turbines, each driving two alternators in tandem. It was demolished in the late 1960s.

Upon nationalisation of the British electricity supply industry in 1948 the ownership of North Tees A and B power stations were vested in the British Electricity Authority, and subsequently the Central Electricity Authority and the Central Electricity Generating Board (CEGB). The electricity distribution and sales functions were vested in the North Eastern Electricity Board.

The electricity output from the A and B stations was:

North Tees C

History
North Tees C Station was proposed in 1945, by the original two stations' operators, NESCo. However, the scheme was taken over by the British Electricity Authority when NESCo was nationalised in 1948. The station was built by the Cleveland Bridge Company and completed in 1949.

Design and specification
The C station had four Parsons 60,000 kilowatt (kW) turbo-alternators with steam raised in seven Babcock and Wilcock boilers fed via a steam range , giving it a total generating capacity of 240  MW. The station's exterior was designed by Giles Gilbert Scott, who also designed Battersea Power Station. The station was one of the first in the world to use hydrogen cooled generators. It was also the first in England to use 66,000 V air blast switchgear.

The boilers had an output capacity of 2,520,000 pounds per hour (317.5 kg/s) of steam at 900 psi (62.1 bar) and 496 °C. In 1971 the station delivered 1,097.33 GWh of electricity.

The electricity output from the C station was:

Closure
The station was operated by the CEGB (north east region), The station was decommissioned on 31 October 1983, with a generating capacity of 236 MW. In 1987, the site was acquired by Able UK and the station demolished so they could redevelop the site as Billingham Reach Industrial Estate.

Future of site

The station's site is currently part of Billingham Reach Industrial Estate, an international wharf owned by Able UK Ltd. On 15 October 2009, planning permission was granted for the Billingham Biomass Power Station, which is to be built on the site of the former coal-fired power stations.
As at October 2017 the old power station site remains undeveloped.

References

Buildings and structures demolished in 1987
Coal-fired power stations in England
Power stations in North East England
Demolished power stations in the United Kingdom
Buildings and structures in County Durham
Billingham


FPSB may refer to:

Economy and Trade
 Financial Planning Standards Board, the owner of the Certified Financial Planner mark outside the United States
 Financial Planning Standards Board India, an unrelated Indian public-private enterprise
 First-price sealed-bid auction, a type of auction where bidders submit a bid in a concealed fashion

Education
 Future Problem Solving Program, an international academic competition


Dyckesville is an unincorporated census-designated place in Brown and Kewaunee counties in the U.S. state of Wisconsin located in the towns of Green Bay and Red River. As of the 2010 census its population was 538. Dyckesville is bypassed by Wisconsin Highway 57, which ran through the community until 2006. Dyckesville is part of the Green Bay Metropolitan Statistical Area.

History
Dyckesville was founded around 1860 by Louis Van Dycke, and named for him.

Climate

References

Census-designated places in Wisconsin
Census-designated places in Brown County, Wisconsin
Census-designated places in Kewaunee County, Wisconsin
Green Bay metropolitan area


Vjekoslav "Vjeko" Ćurić (26 April 1957 in Lupoglav, Žepče, Bosnia and Herzegovina – 31 January 1998 in Kigali, Rwanda) was a Bosnian Franciscan friar and humanitarian. He is one of the recognized martyrs of Franciscan Province of Bosna Srebrena. In Rwanda he is known as "African Oskar Schindler" (who saved many Jews during the Holocaust). A school in Kivumu, the Father Vjeko Center, is named for him.

Early years
Ćurić was born as a second of six children born to Petar and Ana Ćurić, Bosnian Croat family.

He studied at the Franciscan Minor Seminary in Visoko, did his novitiate in Visoko and studied theology in Sarajevo, after which he was ordained. Ćurić entered the Franciscan order on 15 July 1976 and was ordained to the priesthood on 21 June 1982 in Sarajevo. That same year, he went to Paris to prepare for his missionary calling. On 18 August 1983 he began his missionary activity in Rwanda.

Life and work
Ćurić gained worldwide recognition during the time of the 1994 Rwandan genocide, when he worked to help the victims of both tribes involved, the Hutu and the Tutsi. He also brought numerous white people (bishops, priests, monks, nuns and others) to safety. When the killing began in Kivumu, people turned to Ćurić for help. He had lived in Nyamabuye 1, Gitarama for more than ten years, and had long worked to promote development in the area. Ćurić was well known and loved by his congregation at the Parish of Kivumu; his decision to remain in Rwanda during the genocide brought him to the heart of the local community. While most other expatriates were evacuated, Ćurić stood by the people of Kivumu during the worst experiences of their lives.

He devoted himself to providing practical and medical assistance to the displaced and to helping people escape. Ćurić was outspoken in his condemnation of the violence and continued to preach the values of peace and unity throughout the genocide. More often than not, he was threatened by the Interahamwe for having stood in their way. In the aftermath, Ćurić demonstrated his impartiality, helping both Hutus and Tutsis to rebuild their communities. The homes and buildings Fr. Vjeko helped to fund are still standing in Kivumu. Ćurić was killed under unclear circumstances on 31 January 1998. He was 40 years old.

The Franciscan order and Ćurić's Province of Bosna Srebrena received special recognition from Pope John Paul II for the work of Ćurić. In order to rescue and help others, Fra Vjeko endured a martyr's death, according to the statement by his provincialate. He was buried in Kivumu in a church which he and his congregation had built. Ćurić's provincialate has requested Church officials to have his remains transported to his homeland.

See also
 List of unsolved murders

References

1957 births
1998 deaths
Croat Roman Catholic clergy from Bosnia and Herzegovina
20th-century Bosnia and Herzegovina Roman Catholic priests
Franciscans of the Franciscan Province of Bosnia
Male murder victims
People from Žepče
People of the Rwandan genocide
Unsolved murders in Rwanda


Crepidula onyx, the onyx slippersnail or onyx slipper snail, is a species of sea snail with gills, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Calyptraeidae, the slipper snails and cup-and-saucer snails.

Shell description
The shell of Crepidula onyx is up to 70 mm in length. The interior of the shell is glossy and is a strong tan to dark brown color, similar to the common colors of the mineral onyx. The "shelf" or "deck" is white.

The shell of this species can be distinguished from the shell of Crepidula adunca by:
 Its larger size,
 The apex is low and near the margin of the shell, curved to one side and not markedly hooked (rather than high, hooked and centrally placed),
 The interior shelf is notched at the ends, rather than curved forward at both ends, and
 The periostracum is more prominent.

Distribution
The native range for this species is the Eastern Pacific Ocean coast of the Americas, from Southern California to Chile.

Nonindigenous distribution
The species has been introduced and is considered to be established in Puget Sound, Washington, since 2005.

Ecology

Habitat
This species is common on rocks, shells, and pilings in protected bays, but it also lives in sheltered places on the open coast, occurring from the low intertidal zone to subtidal waters.

References

This article incorporates public domain text (a public domain work of the United States Government) from:
 2008. Crepidula onyx. USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database, Gainesville, FL. <https://web.archive.org/web/20090511130227/http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.asp?speciesID=2759>.

Calyptraeidae
Gastropods described in 1824
Taxa named by George Brettingham Sowerby I


Tivadar Kanizsa (4 April 1933 – 4 November 1975) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the  1956 Summer Olympics, in the 1960 Summer Olympics, and in the 1964 Summer Olympics.

He was born in Debrecen and died in Jásztelek.

Kanizsa was part of the Hungarian team which won the gold medal in the 1956 tournament. He played two matches.

Four years later he was a member of the Hungarian team which won the bronze medal in the 1960 Olympic tournament. He played six matches and scored six goals.

At the 1964 Games he won his second gold medal with the Hungarian team. He played five matches and scored one goal.

See also
 Hungary men's Olympic water polo team records and statistics
 List of Olympic champions in men's water polo
 List of Olympic medalists in water polo (men)
 Blood in the Water match

External links

1933 births
1975 deaths
Hungarian male water polo players
Olympic water polo players for Hungary
Water polo players at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Water polo players at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Water polo players at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for Hungary
Olympic bronze medalists for Hungary
Olympic medalists in water polo
Medalists at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Debrecen
20th-century Hungarian people


Buddhist ethics as an academic discipline is relatively new, blossoming in the mid-1990s. Much like Critical Buddhism and Buddhist modernism, it is a result of recent exchanges of Eastern and Western thought. While generally thought of as a sub-field of Buddhist studies, the discipline of Buddhist ethics draws together history, philosophy, religious studies, anthropology, and more in an attempt to understand what may be the fundamental question of Buddhism: how ought man live?

Specific work has been produced on Buddhist ethics dating back to the 1920s. Early descriptive accounts of Buddhist ethics include Tachibana's Ethics of Buddhism (1926), focused on Theravādin ethics, and Poussin's La Morale Bouddhique (1927), based on Mahāyāna texts. Other early authors that expressed interest in Buddhist ethics include Caroline Augusta Foley Rhys Davids and Isaline Blew Horner. In 1979 the Journal of Religious Ethics featured a section devoted to the study of Theravādin ethics. featuring four prominent scholars in Buddhist studies.

History
Buddhist ethics emerged as an academic discipline in 1992, with the publication of Damien Keown's book The Nature of Buddhist Ethics. His subsequent co-founding of the Journal of Buddhist Ethics in 1994 further solidified the birth of a new field in the discipline of Buddhist studies. Prior to Keown's book, only a handful of books and articles existed that attempted to delve into the questions of a specifically Buddhist ethic. Even more daunting, however, has been the separation of 'ethics' from the rest of Buddhism. It has also been argued, by Keown and others, that the very question the Buddha sought to answer was a purely ethical one, namely, "the perennial problem of the best kind of life for man to lead."

Trends

Aristotle / virtue

In Buddhist Ethics as Virtue Ethics, Nick Gier compares Buddha's ethical teachings to Aristotle's, "Like Greek virtue ethics, Buddhist ethics is also humanistic and thoroughly personalist."

Damien Keown devotes a great deal of his work to debunking claims that Buddhism is utilitarian in nature. His work then goes on to examine the structure of Buddhist ethics, focusing specifically on morality (Pali: siila). His conclusion is that Buddhist ethics most closely resembles the ancient Greek virtue ethics found in Aristotle.

James Whitehill, in Buddhist Ethics in Western Context: The Virtues Approach, says, "Buddhism's legitimation in the West can be partially met by demonstrating that Buddhist morality is a virtue-oriented, character-based, community-focused ethics, commensurate with the Western 'ethics of virtue' tradition."

Bentham/Mill - utilitarian

Mark Siderits suggests that the doctrine of anatta provides the grounding for an "aretaic consequentialism" in which the goal is the alleviation of suffering for all beings (realizing that there is no "self" to be freed apart from others). He follows a long line of thinkers in Buddhist ethics.

Philosopher David Pearce compares Buddhist ethics and utilitarianism and suggests that although both have the abolition of suffering as a common aim, in practice these two ethical systems often disagree about means. Specifically, Pearce writes that “[m]ost Buddhists would challenge the idea that technology offers an escape-route from the pain of earthly existence.” Pearce also questions the Buddhist idea that desire always leads to suffering, giving melancholia and anhedonia and hyperthymia as counter-examples.

Traditional Buddhist ethics
Two key teachers of traditional Buddhist ethics are Hammalawa Saddhatissa and Padmasiri De Silva. Saddhatissa was a Sri Lankan Buddhist monk who wrote Buddhist Ethics in 1970 (reprinted in 1987, 1997 & 2003). De Silva has a similar work, Buddhism, Ethics and Society: The Conflicts and Dilemmas of Our Times (2002). A third, and less notable work is The Way to Social Harmony (1989, available online) by Venerable U Pyinnyathiha.

These works can be invaluable as an introduction into key Buddhist canonical texts such as the Sigalovada Sutta.

Further reading

Aitken, Robert. The Mind of Clover: Essays in Zen Buddhist Ethics. North Point Press, San Francisco, 1984
Cokelet, Bradford. Reflections on Kant and Karma. JBE 2005 Reflections on Kant and Karma
Keown, Damien. The Nature of Buddhist Ethics. Macmillan/Palgrave, 1992/2001 (a survey and Aristotelian interpretation)
Siderits, Mark. "Buddhist Reductionism and the Structure of Buddhist Ethics." Indian Ethics: Classical and Contemporary Challenges. Edited by P. Bilimoria, J. Prabhu and R. Sharma. Abingdon, UK: Ashgate, 2005. (a utilitarian interpretation)

References

Buddhist ethics


Mihály Mayer (27 December 1933 – 4 September 2000) was a Hungarian water polo player who competed in the  1956 Summer Olympics, 1960 Summer Olympics, 1964 Summer Olympics, and in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He is one of eight male athletes who won four or more Olympic medals in water polo.

He was Jewish, was born in Újpest, and died in Budapest.

Mayer was part of the Hungarian team which won the gold medal in the 1956 tournament. He played four matches and scored one goal.

Four years later he was a member of the Hungarian team which won the bronze medal in the 1960 Olympic tournament. He played three matches and scored one goal.

At the 1964 Games he won his second gold medal with the Hungarian team. He played five matches.

In 1968 he won again a bronze medal when the Hungarian team finished third in the Olympic tournament. He played all eight matches.

Coach career
As a coach he led the Hungary men's national water polo team to the silver medal at the Guayaquil Water Polo World Championship in 1982.

See also
 Hungary men's Olympic water polo team records and statistics
 List of multiple Olympic medalists in one event
 List of Olympic champions in men's water polo
 List of Olympic medalists in water polo (men)
 List of players who have appeared in multiple men's Olympic water polo tournaments
 List of members of the International Swimming Hall of Fame
 List of select Jewish water polo players
 Blood in the Water match

References

External links

1933 births
2000 deaths
Hungarian male water polo players
Olympic water polo players for Hungary
Water polo players at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Water polo players at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Water polo players at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Water polo players at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for Hungary
Olympic bronze medalists for Hungary
Olympic medalists in water polo
Jewish water polo players
Hungarian Jews
Medalists at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Water polo players from Budapest


The Lake Renwick Preserve is an  county forest preserve located in Will County, Illinois. It is the second largest county government owned nature preserve in Will County. The closest major town is Plainfield, Illinois. It is best known as a nesting location for herons and other wading birds.

Features
Lake Renwick is an artificial lake created through the adaptive reuse of a network of former quarries from which aggregates were mined for concrete used by the Chicago metropolitan area. After the quarries were closed in 1983, the areas of below-water-table elevation filled with water, and the resulting lakes were sold to the county forest preserve district and the Illinois Department of Natural Resources in 1990 for use as open space.

Lake Renwick, because of its location, depth, and the fertility of its fishery, is especially adapted to serve as a breeding location for wading birds. Unlike many Illinois lakes, this body of water has a gravel bottom, not mud. According to the Illinois Audubon Society, the heron rookery located within the lake is "by far the most valuable rookery in all of Illinois ... a site of outstanding statewide significance."

Bird lovers have constructed a series of artificial nesting structures on a network of small islets within one of the lakes. The lake complex draws great blue herons, great egrets, black-crowned night herons, double-crested cormorants, and cattle egrets.

The park today
Lake Renwick Preserve is located southeast of Plainfield, Illinois, on U.S. Highway 30. Unsupervised visitation by the public to most of the preserve is banned from March until mid-August to prevent disturbance to nesting birds. The public is welcomed to a dedicated birdwatching area, the Copley Nature Park, year around, and is welcomed to the entire preserve from mid-August until the end of February.

During the non-nesting months, the public often uses a 2.9-mile (4.6 km) system of trailways throughout the preserve area, the Lake Renwick Bikeway. The Bikeway reuses a system of railroad spur-line-rights of ways, lake isthmuses, and truck paths once used to remove and haul out the aggregates quarried from the lake basins. The Bikeway provides access to various spots used for bank fishing.

During the nesting months, those interested in supervised birdwatching are urged to make prior arrangements with the Forest Preserve District and its guides. Nesting activities are described as reaching their peak in June, as the wading birds teach their young how to catch fish.

A  parcel of the Lake Renwick Preserve, comprising most of Lake Renwick itself, was listed in 1992 as an official nature preserve of the state of Illinois.

References

External links
 Lake Renwick Visitor Center at the Forest Preserve District of Will County

Protected areas of Will County, Illinois
Nature reserves in Illinois
Nature centers in Illinois
Landforms of Will County, Illinois
Renwick
1990 establishments in Illinois
Protected areas established in 1990


The time-stretch analog-to-digital converter (TS-ADC), also known as the time-stretch enhanced recorder (TiSER), is an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) system that has the capability of digitizing very high bandwidth signals that cannot be captured by conventional electronic ADCs. Alternatively, it is also known as the photonic time-stretch (PTS) digitizer, since it uses an optical frontend. It relies on the process of time-stretch, which effectively slows down the analog signal in time (or compresses its bandwidth) before it can be digitized by a standard electronic ADC.

Background
There is a huge demand for very high-speed analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), as they are needed for test and measurement equipment in laboratories and in high speed data communications systems. Most of the ADCs are based purely on electronic circuits, which have limited speeds and add a lot of impairments, limiting the bandwidth of the signals that can be digitized and the achievable signal-to-noise ratio. In the TS-ADC, this limitation is overcome by time-stretching the analog signal, which effectively slows down the signal in time prior to digitization. By doing so, the bandwidth (and carrier frequency) of the signal is compressed. Electronic ADCs that would have been too slow to digitize the original signal can now be used to capture and process this slowed down signal.

Operation principle

The time-stretch processor, which is generally an optical frontend, stretches the signal in time. It also divides the signal into multiple segments using a filter, for example, a wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) filter, to ensure that the stretched replica of the original analog signal segments do not overlap each other in time after stretching. The time-stretched and slowed down signal segments are then converted into digital samples by slow electronic ADCs. Finally, these samples are collected by a digital signal processor (DSP) and rearranged in a manner such that output data is the digital representation of the original analog signal. Any distortion added to the signal by the time-stretch preprocessor is also removed by the DSP.

An optical front-end is commonly used to accomplish this process of time-stretching. An ultrashort optical pulse (typically 100 to 200 femtoseconds long), also called a supercontinuum pulse, which has a broad optical bandwidth, is time-stretched by dispersing it in a highly dispersive medium (such as a dispersion compensating fiber). This process results in (an almost) linear time-to-wavelength mapping in the stretched pulse, because different wavelengths travel at different speeds in the dispersive medium. The obtained pulse is called a chirped pulse as its frequency is changing with time, and it is typically a few nanoseconds long. The analog signal is modulated onto this chirped pulse using an electro-optic intensity modulator. Subsequently, the modulated pulse is stretched further in the second dispersive medium which has much higher dispersion value. Finally, this obtained optical pulse is converted to the electrical domain by a photodetector, giving the stretched replica of the original analog signal.

For continuous operation, a train of supercontinuum pulses is used. The chirped pulses arriving at the electro-optic modulator should be wide enough (in time) such that the trailing edge of one pulse overlaps the leading edge of the next pulse. For segmentation, optical filters separate the signal into multiple wavelength channels at the output of the second dispersive medium. For each channel, a separate photodetector and backend electronic ADC is used. Finally the output of these ADCs are passed on to the DSP which generates the desired digital output.

Impulse response of the photonic time-stretch (PTS) system
The PTS processor is based on specialized analog optical (or microwave photonic) fiber links such as those used in cable TV distribution. While the dispersion of fiber is a nuisance in conventional analog optical links, time-stretch technique exploits it to slow down the electrical waveform in the optical domain. In the cable TV link, the light source is a continuous-wave (CW) laser. In PTS, the source is a chirped pulse laser.

In a conventional analog optical link, dispersion causes the upper and lower modulation sidebands, foptical ± felectrical, to slip in relative phase. At certain frequencies, their beats with the optical carrier interfere destructively, creating nulls in the frequency response of the system. For practical systems the first null is at tens of GHz, which is sufficient for handling most electrical signals of interest. Although it may seem that the dispersion penalty places a fundamental limit on the impulse response (or the bandwidth) of the time-stretch system, it can be eliminated. The dispersion penalty vanishes with single-sideband modulation. Alternatively, one can use the modulator's secondary (inverse) output port to eliminate the dispersion penalty, in much the same way as two antennas can eliminate spatial nulls in wireless communication (hence the two antennas on top of a WiFi access point). This configuration is termed phase-diversity.   Combining the complementary outputs using a maximal ratio combining (MRC) algorithm results in a transfer function with a flat response in the frequency domain.  Thus, the impulse response (bandwidth) of a time-stretch system is limited only by the bandwidth of the electro-optic modulator, which is about 120 GHz—a value that is adequate for capturing most electrical waveforms of interest.

Extremely large stretch factors can be obtained using long lengths of fiber, but at the cost of larger loss—a problem that has been overcome by employing Raman amplification within the dispersive fiber itself, leading to the world's fastest real-time digitizer. Also, using PTS, capture of very high-frequency signals with a world record resolution in 10-GHz bandwidth range has been achieved.

Comparison with time lens imaging
Another technique, temporal imaging using a time lens, can also be used to slow down (mostly optical) signals in time. The time-lens concept relies on the mathematical equivalence between spatial diffraction and temporal dispersion, the so-called space-time duality. A lens held at a distance from an object produces a magnified image of the object. The lens imparts a quadratic phase shift to the spatial frequency components of the optical waves; in conjunction with the free space propagation (object to lens, lens to eye), this generates a magnified image. Owing to the mathematical equivalence between paraxial diffraction and temporal dispersion, an optical waveform can be temporally imaged by a three-step process of dispersing it in time, subjecting it to a phase shift that is quadratic in time (the time lens itself), and dispersing it again. Theoretically, a focused aberration-free image is obtained under a specific condition when the two dispersive elements and the phase shift satisfy the temporal equivalent of the classic lens equation. Alternatively, the time lens can be used without the second dispersive element to transfer the waveform's temporal profile to the spectral domain, analogous to the property that an ordinary lens produces the spatial Fourier transform of an object at its focal points.

In contrast to the time-lens approach, PTS is not based on the space-time duality – there is no lens equation that needs to be satisfied to obtain an error-free slowed-down version of the input waveform.  Time-stretch technique also offers continuous-time acquisition performance, a feature needed for mainstream applications of oscilloscopes.

Another important difference between the two techniques is that the time lens requires the input signal to be subjected to high amount of dispersion before further processing. For electrical waveforms, the electronic devices that have the required characteristics: (1) high dispersion to loss ratio, (2) uniform dispersion, and (3) broad bandwidths, do not exist. This renders time lens not suitable for slowing down wideband electrical waveforms. In contrast, PTS does not have such a requirement. It was developed specifically for slowing down electrical waveforms and enable high speed digitizers.

Relation to phase stretch transform
The phase stretch transform or PST is a computational approach to signal and image processing. One of its utilities is for feature detection and classification. phase stretch transform is a spin-off from research on the time stretch dispersive Fourier transform. It transforms the image by emulating propagation through a diffractive medium with engineered 3D dispersive property (refractive index).

Application to imaging and spectroscopy
In addition to wideband A/D conversion, photonic time-stretch (PTS) is also an enabling technology for high-throughput real-time instrumentation such as imaging and spectroscopy. The first artificial intelligence facilitated high-speed phase microscopy is demonstrated to improve the diagnosis accuracy of cancer cells out of blood cells by simultaneous measurement of phase and intensity spatial profiles. The world's fastest optical imaging method called serial time-encoded amplified microscopy (STEAM) makes use of the PTS technology to acquire image using a single-pixel photodetector and commercial ADC.
Wavelength-time spectroscopy, which also relies on photonic time-stretch technique, permits real-time single-shot measurements of rapidly evolving or fluctuating spectra.

Time stretch quantitative phase imaging (TS-QPI) is an imaging technique based on time-stretch technology for simultaneous measurement of phase and intensity spatial profiles.   In time stretched imaging, the object's spatial information is encoded in the spectrum of laser pulses within a pulse duration of sub-nanoseconds. Each pulse representing one frame of the camera is then stretched in time so that it can be digitized in real-time by an electronic analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The ultra-fast pulse illumination freezes the motion of high-speed cells or particles in flow to achieve blur-free imaging.

References

Further reading

G. C. Valley, "Photonic analog-to-digital converters," Opt. Express, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 1955–1982, March 2007.
Photonic Bandwidth Compression for Instantaneous Wideband A/D Conversion (PHOBIAC) project.
 Short time Fourier transform for time-frequency analysis of ultrawideband signals

Photonics
Analog circuits
Optical devices
Fiber-optic communications
Electronic engineering
Measuring instruments


Chicago Franchise Systems, Inc. operates Italian-based Chicago-style restaurants in Illinois, Georgia, North Carolina, and Missouri which specialize in Chicago-style cuisine. They have operated since 1990, when they took over the popular Nancy's Pizza chain of pizzerias. Nancy's itself was started in 1971 by Nancy and Rocco Palese, a couple who invented the concept of stuffed pizza. CFS, Inc. operates as a franchisor for Nancy's Pizzerias and Doughocracy Pizza and Brews. CFS, Inc. launched Doughocracy Pizza + Brews in 2015, a fast casual pizza place that gives customers the "Freedom to Choose" their own toppings on a hand stretched pizza crust that can be paired with local craft beers. There is one Doughocracy restaurant, in Geneva, Illinois.

Nancy's Pizza
Nancy's Pizza is credited with inventing Chicago-style stuffed pizza in 1971. Nancy and Rocco Palese, both hailing from Potenza, Basilicata, had lived most of their adult lives in Turin, before immigrating with their three children to the United States in 1969. After 18 months in Chicago, Nancy and Rocco opened their first pizza parlor, Guy's Pizza, featuring a popular thin crust pizza. In 1971 friends tried to get the Paleses to experiment with pan pizza. Rather than imitate others, Rocco decided to invent his own pizza, modeled after his family’s recipe for "scarciedda," an Easter specialty cake from his native region, Basilicata, and called his new invention Stuffed Pizza.

In 1974, Rocco and Nancy opened the first Nancy's location in Harwood Heights, Illinois, which could seat only 35 people. Three years later, they opened the first location in Chicago. In 1990, the Palese family sold the name Nancy’s Pizza and all development rights to Dave Howey, the president of Chicago Franchise Systems, Inc., who had been a licensee of the Paleses since 1977. Today, there are 20 Nancy's locations in Illinois, as well as six locations in the Atlanta, Georgia, area, one location in O'Fallon, Missouri, and one location in Raleigh, North Carolina.

Al's Beef

In 1938 Al Ferreri and his sister and brother-in-law, Frances and Chris Pacelli, Sr. developed the original Italian Beef sandwich, served at Al's Beef locations.

The original idea for the Italian beef sandwich was formed out of necessity.  In the great depression era, meat was scarce. Chris and Al would go to family weddings and in order to make the meat go around, the family sliced it thinly and made sandwiches. The first official Al's Beef stand began as a small, curbside, outdoor, wooden neighborhood food stand with countertop service located on Laflin and Harrison Streets, in Chicago’s “Little Italy” neighborhood.  The beef stand gradually grew and moved to its present location at 1079 W. Taylor Street, still in Chicago’s "Little Italy." It was here that they added Chicago hot dogs, fresh, homemade, hand-cut French fries, and Polish sausage to the menu. In 1999, Chicago Franchise Systems bought the rights to Al's #1 Italian Beef Restaurants. The first Al's franchised location opened in 2001 in Tinley Park, Illinois.  Al's retail locations are positioned to compete with local independent beef stands as well as larger corporate entities such as Portillo's and Buona Beef.

On season 1 of Man v. Food, Adam Richman visited Al's Beef in Chicago and learned the official "Italian stance" for eating such a juicy sandwich.

Then in 2012, Richman returned to Al's on another show, Best Sandwich in America, where the Italian beef sandwich was chosen as best sandwich in the Midwest.

References

External links
Nancy's Pizza Website
Al's Beef Website
Doughocracy Pizza and Brews Website

Restaurants established in 1971
Regional restaurant chains in the United States
Pizza chains of the United States
Italian restaurants in the United States