Countess  Henrieta Hermína Rudolfína Ferdinanda Marie Antonie Anna Chotková of Chotkov and Vojnín –  (known as Marie Henrieta Chotek or Marie-Henriette Chotek - ) - (1863–1946), also known as the countess of roses was a grower of roses, who established the rosarium of Dolná Krupá (Slovakia),

The Dolná Krupá mansion

The village of Dolná Krupá (, ) is located in the Danubian Hills at the foot of the Little Carpathians in the Krupá River valley.  The development of the Dolná Krupá estate started when it entered in the possession of  Michael II Brunswick (1671–1719) as he married Hungarian noblewoman, Margarethe Maria Theresia Vitalis de Vitalisfalva, the newlyweds choosing the property as their residence. In 1749–1756, their son, Anton Brunswick, built the first baroque mansion, designed by the viennese architect Johann Baptist Martinelli. On 7 October 1775 empress Maria Terezia of Austria awarded Anton Brunswick the title of count Brunswick of Korompa.

After Anton's death, in 1780, the estate was inherited by his son, Jozef Brunswick (1750–1827), who appointed architect Johann Joseph Thalherr to renovate the mansion, the works being carried out from 1782 to 1796. The renovation significantly increased the size of the building but kept the baroque style of the mansion. An orangery and other annex buildings were constructed.  In 1813 Jozef Brunswick asked architect Anton Pius Riegel to procure several old statues from Rome for the ornamentation of the mansion and of the park, in order to enhance its classical appearance. At the same time, from 1813 to 1819, landscaping architect Christian Heinrich Nebbien created an English garden covering 100 hectares with many ponds. Other extensions and renovations were made from 1822 to 1828. The mansion was considered to be one of the most attractive residences of the aristocracy in Slovakia. Are informaţii suplimentare

Jozef Brunswick was a friend of composer Ludwig van Beethoven who was his guest at the Dolná Krupá mansion from 1797 - 1806. A small building near the entrance to the park, called the ‘’Beethoven House’’ is claimed to be the place where the composer lived during his stay. This is where he composed  the (Sonata No. 14, (Moonlight Sonata). At present, a Beethoven Museum is located in the house.

In 1813, Countess Henrietta Brunsvick de Korompa, daughter of Count Jozef Brunswick, married count Hermann Chotek von Chotkow und Wognin (1786–1822) and received the Dolná Krupá as dowry. The Choteks were an old Czech aristocratic family. Sophie Chotek, wife of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, was a cousin of Maria Henrietta's.

Herman Chotek died in 1822. In the following years, the estate stayed in the possession of the counts Chotek, first Herman's son,  Rudolf Chotek, and thereafter Maria Henrietta Chotek (1863–1945).

Maria Henrietta Chotek and the beginning of the Dolná Krupá rose garden

Countess Maria Henrietta Chotek was born on 24 November 1863. Maria Henrietta was a lonely person. She never married and though she was very wealthy and was part of the Austro-Hungarian high aristocracy she never wanted to go to the imperial court, even after her cousin had married the Crown prince. Maria Henrietta enjoyed her residence in Dolná Krupá where she could devote all her time to her only passion: growing roses.

For a long time after her death, villagers remembered her as a friendly person, fluent in the local Slovak, who participated to village festivities where she dressed in local clothes. Countess Maria Henrietta participated in local charities, generously supporting orphans and abandoned children.

In the 1890s, when she inherited the Dolna Krupa estate, she decided to create a rosarium in the mansion's park, able to compete with the major rose gardens of the such as the Roseraie de L'Haÿ in France and Rosarium of  Sangerhausen  (at present called Europa Rosarium) in Germany. She was personally involved in breeding her roses and carried out experiments of improving rose species and developing new cultivars.

Well known rosarians such as Peter Lambert, Wilhelm Kordes, Hermann Kiese, Johannes Böttner und Rudolf Geschwind were proud of being her friends and appreciated not only her competence but her unselfish help. In 1909 Pope Pius X awarded her a diploma of appreciation.

Countess Chotek was an important member of the Verein Deutscher Rosenfreunde – VDR (Union of German Friends of Roses), which had been created in 1903. She actively participated in various congresses of rose-breeders, where her rosarium was seen as one of the first three in Europe. In 1910, at the Liegnitz (today Legnica in Silesia) congress, count Carl Friedrich von Pückler-Burghauss, mentioned the three rosaria by stating: "Today chains of roses link Germany with France and Austria-Hungary". Countess Marie Henrieta Chotek was known as the "countess of roses". She is still mentioned under this name in works on the history of rose breeding.

Her enthusiasm regarding roses was remarkable. Peter Lambert states that during an exhibition in Liegnitz Henrieta Chotek was so impressed by a rambling rose cultivar named "Fragezeichen" (Question Mark) presented by Johannes Böttner, that she left for Frankfurt as soon as the congress was over in order to be able to admire the new rose culvitars in all their splendor.

In 1910, after Rudolf Geschwind's death, countess Chotek acquired his entire collection of roses, thus ensuring the preservation of the genetic patrimony created by Geschwindt. She sent two of her employees to supervise the packing and transportation of the roses, which were thereafter transplanted to a special section of her rosarium. She thus acquired over 2,000 plants, including some cultivars which had not yet been on the market. It is due to those efforts that some of Geschwind's creations are present in Sangerhausen and other today's rosaria.

The Dolná Krupá rosarium was a pride of the Union of German Friends of Roses, and, in 1914, at the Rose Congress of Zweibrücken, rosarian Hermann Kiese presented an enthusiastic description of the rosarium which he had visited a short time before. The Zweibrücken Congress was the last major event organized by the Union and a recognition of Countess Chotek's achievements. Only a few days after the closure of the congress, on 28 June 1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand, Austria-Hungary's crownprince and his wife Sophie (Marie Henrieta's cousin) were Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in Saraevo. This marked not only the beginning of World War I but also the end of an era. From this moment, countess Chotek's and her rosarium's fates started their inexorable decline.

During World War I, countess Chotek gave up her gardening and worked as a nurse, taking care of wounded soldiers, working in the hospital of Tyrnau (now Trnava). When she returned to her estate, at the end of the war, her rosarium was completely destroyed. The Austro-Hungarian monarchy had ceased to exist, Unter Krompach was not called Alsókorompa but had taken the name of Dolná Krupá and the little village was now part of Czechoslovakia.

Decline of the Dolná Krupá rosarium

After the end of the war, countess Marie Henrieta Chotek started to work on rebuilding her rosarium. But, after the war, the number of those interested in roses or who could afford such an activity had dramatically declined. In order to revive the interest for the roses she loved so dearly, besides working on her rosarium, she also established in Dolná Krupá a school for rose growing.

Dr. Gustav Brada, a Czech horticulturist also specializing in growing roses, who visited Dolná Krupá in 1921, stated that the rosarium had been extremely damaged during the war and that the loss of some rare rose cultivars was practically impossible to overcome. The only rose garden which had not suffered due to the war was the Roseraie de L'Haÿ in France and the successors of Jules Gravereau, who were in charge of the rosarium were not inclined to help competition develop in the countries defeated during the war. Also, rebuilding the rose garden required important investments and countess Marie Henrieta Chotek did not have the means in the difficult economic conditions after the war.

Rose growing required much labor as the according to the procedures used in the 1920s, roses had to be replanted every 4–5 years, in order to avoid the depletion of the nutrient qualities of the soil. After the roses were removed, the plots were covered with manure and for one year potatoes were grown. The following years beans or peas were grown after which the plots had to be ploughed deeply before roses could be replanted. These procedures were very expensive.

However, when Gustav Brada visited Dolná Krupá again, in 1927, he could assess that countess Marie Henrieta Chotek had succeeded in rebuilding a model rosarium, which, according to him, was an important attraction in Slovakia. The catalog printed by the rosarium listed 885 different cultivars, including 228 climbing roses, 33 Bourbon roses and 210 garden roses, the rest being so-called noble roses. The rosarium also created new cultivars, the most important being a "Nordlandrose II", an improvement of one of Rudolf Geschwind's creations. The last important creations included in the catalog were "Phaenomen" in 1933 and "Ignis" in 1934.

However these successes were superficial. The rosarium never regained the richness and the size it had in 1914, before the war. Countess Marie Henrieta Chotek was in idealist, who had an outstanding knowledge in rose breeding, who loved roses above anything in the world but who had few skills as a businesswoman. Her rose breeding school ran into financial difficulties. She was already 70 years old and did not have the intellectual and physical energy to carry on her work all by herself. She had helped others all her life but now when she needed help she could get it from nowhere. She could not maintain her rosarium any longer and both she and her rosarium were aging rapidly.

In 1934, at the inauguration of the rose garden on the Petřín Hill in Prague, professor Karl Domin had to concede:

"The Dolná Krupá rosarium is far from what it was some time ago. The park is gradually being destroyed. Large parts of the park are being cultivated with potatoes and corn, to ensure the means of survival. The old countess lives alone in her large palace. However, the few visitors she still has can still feel how great her love of roses is."

However, changes occurred not only in Dolná Krupá. In 1934 the Union of German Friends of Roses was merged into the third section of the German Society for Horticulture and the headquarters moved to Berlin. It was one of the measures taken by the authorities of the Third Reich to gain control over various professional organizations. The publication of the magazines of the Union of German Friends of Roses was also discontinued and replaced by the printing of year books. The 1938 year book is the last mentioning the Dolná Krupá rosarium.

After the Division of Czechoslovakia and the beginning of World War II nobody was interested in roses any more. Due to the war, manpower for the rose garden was scarce and every year the rosarium fell into a worse state. Towards the end of the war the palace was ransacked by the Red Army and the park was destroyed. The cottage in which the countess was living in those days, called the "Swiss mansion", was completely demolished by the villagers who used the bricks as building materials to repair their own houses. Countess Marie Henrieta Chotek, old, sick and completely destitute, had to rely on the charity of the villagers in order to survive. On 13 February 1946, at age 83, the countess of the roses died while being cared for by the nuns of a neighboring monastery.

Marie Henrieta Chotek was buried in the family mausoleum, located in the graveyard next to the parrish church of Dolná Krupá. The mausoleum had been built in 1895 by her father, Rudolf Chotek, and had been spared by the war.

Legacy

All the properties of the Chotek family were nationalized by the Czechoslovak communist authorities. The palace was converted into a psychiatric hospital which operated from 1949 to 1969. In 1969 it was converted into a retreat for Slovak writers and consequently became a museum. It still has this destination.

Nothing was left of the rosarium which had once been one of the finest in the world. The land was converted into agricultural land. The socialist economy needed crop production, not roses.

In the 1990s, German horticulturist Johannes Kalbus attempted to revive the tradition, by donating various precious rose cultivars to the Dolná Krupá domain. A new rosarium was created in Dolná Krupá in memory of the one which had belonged to Marie Henrieta Chotek. The new rosarium is sponsored by the Club of Rose Lovers of Slovakia ("Rosa Club"). Starting 1993 at the beginning of June the rosarium organizes an exhibition "The beauty of roses and of forms". Periodically seminars discussiong "Roses in human life" are organized. But the name of Maria Henrietta Chotekova, who established rose breeding in Dolná Krupá, seems to be forgotten is not mentioned any more.

Several rosarians have dedicat their roses to Marie Henrieta Chotek:

 Gräfin Chotek created by Hermann Kiese in 1910;
 Marie Henriette Gräfin Chotek created by Peter Lambert in 1911;
 Comtesse Maria Henrietta (Győry, 2006)
 Rosengräfin Marie Henriette (Kordes 2013)

The cultivar created by Hermann Kiese in 1910 still survives and exists in the rosarium of Sangerhausen. And thus, the name of countess Marie Henrieta Chotek remains closely linked to the Union of Rose Lovers of Germany and reminds viewers of times long gone when roses alone could be the purpose of life.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:M._H._Gr%C3%A4fin_Chotek-Lambert.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:C_S.Gy%C5%91ry_Comtesse_Maria_Henrietta_2006.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rosengr%C3%A4fin_Marie_Henriette.jpg

References

Notes

Bibliography

1863 births
1946 deaths
Floriculturists
Habsburg Bohemian nobility
Marie Henrieta
People from Austria-Hungary


Grangewoood Independent School is an independent primary school situated in Chester Road, Forest Gate, in the London Borough of Newham, United Kingdom.  It is a member of the Independent Schools Association and was last inspected by the Independent Schools Inspectorate in May 2016.  The school provides Christian education for boys and girls aged 2–11 years.

Early history
Grangewood Independent School was founded in September 1979 by Dr. Clive Vellacott, a Christian doctor and his wife, Susan, who were members of East Ham Baptist Church situated in East Ham.  The school was nevertheless open to children from other backgrounds and, over the years, the majority of children have come from Muslim, Hindu and other religious backgrounds.

The school opened with seven pupils for its first year in rooms in East Ham Baptist Church.  In September 1980 the school moved to its present site, leasing the lower hall of the Plashet Park United Reformed Church.  By this time the number of pupils had increased to twenty and the school received ‘Final Registration’ by the then Department of Education and Science.

At this time a secondary education department was commenced but this was not a viable operation and the department closed in December 1981.  The school now consisted of approximately 54 pupils in three classes with a teaching staff of three (including the Head).

Early in 1989 the church announced that it would be closing and the school obtained a short lease on the whole of the site.  By September the school had increased to five classes and 90 pupils.  The founders had also been giving thought to the future control of the school and Grangewood Educational Association, a company limited by guarantee, was formed to take over ownership of the school.  The company obtained charitable status in June 1990 and the transferral of ownership was duly effected.

The opportunity arose to purchase the freehold of the property and, with the help of a grant; the purchase was completed in November 1992.

Recent Times
In the years since, a running programme of improvement and refurbishment has transformed the school and a sixth class has been added. The total school roll (as of June 2012) was 82 pupils which includes a mixed year 5/6 class in Key Stage 2.

Head Teachers
Former Headteachers include:

Notes and references

External links
Official School Website
Profile on the Independent Schools Council website

1979 establishments in England
Educational institutions established in 1979
Forest Gate
Private co-educational schools in London
Private schools in the London Borough of Newham
Member schools of the Independent Schools Association (UK)


Henry Clutton (19 March 1819 – 27 June 1893) was an English architect and designer.

Life

Henry Clutton was born on 19 March 1819, the son of Owen and Elizabeth Goodinge Clutton. He studied with Edward Blore between 1835 and 1840, but began his own practice in 1844. He became an expert in French medieval architecture. Clutton also worked with William Burges. John Francis Bentley was a student of Clutton.

In 1855, Clutton and Burges won the competition to design Lille Cathedral; however, the idea of entrusting the construction of a church in honour of the Virgin to foreign architects of an Anglican confession raised objections. Therefore, the project was given to a local architect.

Between 1858 and 1860, Clutton built Minley Manor in the French chateau style for Raikes Currie, a partner in Glyn Mills' Bank and a member of the Currie family who benefited substantially from slavery in the British West Indies. It was later used by the Royal School of Military Engineering.

After Cliveden House burned down for the second time, around 1859, George Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, 2nd Duke of Sutherland commissioned Clutton to design a nearby water tower. The 100-foot (30m) clock tower was added in 1861 and still provides water for the house today. It is rendered in Roman cement like the rest of the house, and features four clock faces framed by gilded surrounds and a half-open staircase on its north side. It was described by the architectural critic Nicholas Pevsner as "the epitome of Victorian flamboyance and assertiveness."

In 1865, William Duke of Bedford, decided to build a Chapel of Ease linked to the Anglican parish church of St. Eustacius, Tavistock, Devon. This chapel was to accommodate the miners pouring into Tavistock to work at the Great Consoles copper mines to the west of Tavistock. After the mines were worked out, the need for this church diminished and it closed.  In 1953 the Catholic Diocese of Plymouth purchased the church and it is now the parish church of Our Lady of the Assumption and St. Mary Magdalene.

He is buried at St Mary Magdalen, Mortlake.

Works
 Illustrations of Medieval Architecture in France, from the Accession of Charles VI. to the Demise of Louis XII: With Historical and Professional Remarks

Buildings
 Battle Abbey, Sussex
 Grosvenor House, remodelling, 1870–72 and 1880–81
 Hatherop Castle, Gloucestershire
Hoar Cross Hall, Staffordshire, 1862–71
 Houghton Hall, Houghton Regis, Bedfordshire, c. 1851: overhaul of the mansion
The Mansion House, Old Warden Park, Bedfordshire, 1896
 Merevale Hall, Atherstone, Warwickshire
 Moorhouse Chantry Chapel, Nottinghamshire, 1860
 Moorhouse, Chapel of St Nicholas, Nottinghamshire
 Mount St Mary's College, Derbyshire, 1876
 Our Lady of the Assumption and St. Mary Magdalene, Tavistock, Devon
 Quantock Lodge, Somerset
 St Francis of Assisi Church, Notting Hill, London
 St. Mary of the Isle Church, Douglas, Isle of Man, 1859
 Romanesque cloister at the Birmingham Oratory, 1860
 Ruthin Castle, Ruthin, Wales
 St Luke's Church, Simonsbath, Exmoor, Somerset
 St Mary of the Angels, Worthing, West Sussex, 1864
 Sacred Heart Church, Bournemouth
 St Michael's Church, Ditton, Cheshire
 St Michael the Archangel Church, Chatham, Kent
 St Mary's Church, Ewell, Surrey
St Mary's Church, Steeple Ashton, Wiltshire, 1853: rebuilding of chancel
 St. Philip's School, Birmingham
 The Sandy Lodge, Bedfordshire
Welcombe Hotel, Stratford upon Avon, Warwickshire
 Widmerpool Hall, Nottinghamshire
Wrotham Park, Hertfordshire
 St Mary's Church, Woburn, Bedfordshire 1865–1868
 St Peter's Church, Leamington Spa, Warwickshire

Gallery

References

1819 births
1893 deaths
19th-century British architects
Bedford Estate
Burials at St Mary Magdalen Roman Catholic Church Mortlake


GR-159897 is a potent and selective NK2 receptor antagonist drug. It has anxiolytic effects in animal models, and also inhibits bronchoconstriction of the airways, which may potentially make it useful in the treatment of asthma.

See also
 Ibodutant
 Nepadutant
 Saredutant

References

Anxiolytics
NK2 receptor antagonists
Tryptamines
Fluoroarenes
Piperidines
Ethers
Sulfoxides


Papyrus 51 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), designated by siglum 𝔓51, is an early copy of the New Testament in Greek. It is a papyrus manuscript of the Epistle to the Galatians, it contains only Gal. 1:2-10.13.16-20. The manuscript paleographically has been assigned to the 4th or 5th century.

The Greek text of this codex is a representative of the Alexandrian text-type (proto-Alexandrian). Kurt Aland placed it in Category II.

It is currently housed at the Ashmolean Museum (P. Oxy 2157) in Oxford.

See also

 List of New Testament papyri

References

Further reading

 Edgar Lobel, Colin H. Roberts, and E. P. Wegener, Oxyrhynchus Papyri XVIII (London: 1941), pp. 1–3.

External links

 Robert B. Waltz. 'NT Manuscripts: Papyri, Papyri 𝔓51.'

Images
 Oxyrhynchus 2157
 Image of 𝔓51 recto
 Image of 𝔓51 verso

New Testament papyri
4th-century biblical manuscripts
Epistle to the Galatians papyri


Quillón is a Chilean city and commune and Diguillín Province, Ñuble Region.

Demographics
According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute, Quillón spans an area of  and has 15,146 inhabitants (7,699 men and 7,447 women). Of these, 7,536 (49.8%) lived in urban areas and 7,610 (50.2%) in rural areas. The population grew by 4% (584 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses.

Administration
As a commune, Quillón is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years. The 2008–2012 alcalde is Jaime Catalán Saldias (PDC).

Within the electoral divisions of Chile, Quillón is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Jorge Sabag (PDC) and Frank Sauerbaum (RN) as part of the 42nd electoral district, (together with San Fabián, Ñiquén, San Carlos, San Nicolás, Ninhue, Quirihue, Cobquecura, Treguaco, Portezuelo, Coelemu, Ránquil, Bulnes, Cabrero and Yumbel). The commune is represented in the Senate by Alejandro Navarro Brain (MAS) and Hosain Sabag Castillo (PDC) as part of the 12th senatorial constituency (Biobío-Cordillera).

Temperature record
On January 26, 2017, while the central zone was affected by large forest fires, in Quillón the highest temperature in the country's history was recorded at , although this is disputed as it is thought that the forest fires influenced the thermometer reading.

References

Communes of Chile
Populated places in Diguillín Province


Locke Avenue Bridge is located on Locke Avenue (County Route 671), a two-lane rural route located at the northwest corner of Swedesboro in Gloucester County, New Jersey. This roadway runs generally north-south, connecting Auburn Road (County Route 551) with U.S. Route 322. The posted speed limit on Locke Avenue is .

Previous bridge (1911–2002)
The Locke Avenue Bridge was eligible for inclusion in the National Record of Historic Places. A Historic Bridge Alternatives Analysis dated June 1995 was prepared by Bettigole Andrews and Clark, Inc., and recommended to replace the swing bridge with a fixed bridge. The recommended alternative was accepted by the New Jersey State Historic Preservation Office of the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation. As requirements of the Memorandum of Agreement from the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, preparation of Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) documentation of the bridge and a historic brochure were prepared. The purpose of the HAER documentation and the brochure are to provide written and photographic documentation of the history of commerce on the Raccoon Creek as it relates to the Locke Avenue Bridge and the history and physical operation of this type of movable bridge as located in this type of setting.

The swing bridge on Locke Avenue over the Raccoon Creek was  long. It was a single-lane, center pivot swing bridge that carried vehicular traffic over Raccoon Creek. The swing span was designed to manually rotate at its center pivot pier, which allowed marine traffic to pass underneath. It was constructed in 1911. The swing span had been locked in the closed position since 1971. The main channel of the Raccoon Creek was under the northern span of the bridge and has not been dredged since April 1965.

The swing span was supported by pony trusses. The trusses were  high, measured between centers of top and bottom truss chords. Also, the clear roadway width was , measured between two guide rails. There were no shoulders or sidewalks on the bridge and the overall width of the structure was . The bridge deck was constructed of timber planks with a  timber curb along both sides of the deck. The vertical clearance above the bridge deck was unlimited and unrestricted. The posted load capacity on the bridge was .

Reason for replacement
Overall condition of the bridge was poor due to increasing deterioration of the superstructure and substructure, which resulted in the posted load limit. It was functionally outdated because the deck geometry provided a one-lane roadway for two-way traffic. The steel roadway stringers, floor beams, and trusses were corroded. It also had severe deterioration of the truss connection plates, and loss of bearing beneath the trusses and the bearing blocks at the pivot pier. Also, the northern and southern approach roadways reduced in width to a single lane upon approaching the bridge. Both northern and southern roadway approaches to the bridge sat on a sag profile that created sight distance issues for drivers.

Current bridge
The swing bridge was replaced with a girder bridge in 2002. An environmental permit was issued to Hatch Mott MacDonald by New Jersey Department of Transportation to replace the swing bridge.

See also
List of bridges documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in New Jersey

References

External links

Historic American Engineering Record in New Jersey
Road bridges in New Jersey
Swedesboro, New Jersey
Steel bridges in the United States
Girder bridges in the United States
Transportation buildings and structures in Gloucester County, New Jersey


Young Teazer was a United States privateer schooner that captured 12 British vessels, five of which made it to American ports. A member of her crew blew her up at Mahone Bay, Nova Scotia during the War of 1812 after a series of British warships chased her and after  trapped her. The schooner became famous for this deadly explosion, which killed most of her crew, and for the folklore about the ghostly "Teazer Light."

Historical context
Many American privateers attacked British shipping off the coast of Nova Scotia during the War of 1812, which forced the British to deploy warships to patrol North American waters to forestall attacks and capture the American raiders. The Royal Navy tried to protect British merchant shipping to and from Halifax, Nova Scotia and the West Indies while enforcing a blockade of major American ports aimed at restricting American trade. Both sides used privateers in the War of 1812, but the United States made greater use of them. The Americans used hit-and-run tactics to capture prizes, generally engaging Royal Navy vessels only under favorable circumstances.

Young Teazers predecessor was the American schooner , one of the first privateers to put to sea when the United States declared war.  captured Teazer in December 1812 and burned her at sea. Her crew were released on parole, promising not to serve against the British until they had been exchanged for British prisoners of war. Teazers owner Samuel Adams of New York had the schooner Young Teazer  built as a replacement.

Engagement
Young Teazer had an initial successful cruise. In May 1813, she captured the British prize  and sent her into Portland, Maine, where she arrived around 1 June. On 23 May Young Teazer captured the Falmouth Post Office Packet Service packet .

Young Teazer left Portland on 3 June 1813 with 73 men on her second and final cruise under the command of William D. Dobson. On 1 June 1813,  captured  outside Boston Harbor and towed her to Halifax, Nova Scotia. While this was occurring, the crew of Young Teazer boarded a vessel off La Have but then released her, as she was in ballast and not worth taking. When the vessel reached Halifax, she reported the privateer's presence and description.

Young Teazer then captured two vessels off Sambro Island Light at the entrance to Halifax Harbor. She escaped possible capture by running into the harbor and raising British colors. The British discovered the ruse, but only after Young Teazer had left. A number of British warships sailed unsuccessfully in search of her.

On 13 June 1813, the 74-gun third rate , commanded by Thomas Bladen Capel, encountered Young Teazer and forced her into Halifax Harbor, but she escaped the harbor again. On 17 June 1813,  was in company with  when they came upon HMS Wasp in pursuit of the American armed merchant brig Porcupine off Cape Sable. The three British ships continued the chase for another  before they finally captured it. The Wasp then sailed in search of the Young Teazer.

A few days later, the frigate  chased Young Teazer into Lunenburg, Nova Scotia but then lost her near Mahone Bay due to light winds. On 27 June, Hogue picked up the chase for 18 hours until she trapped Young Teazer in Mahone Bay between Mason Island and Rafuse Island. Hogue was firing "viciously" and Orpheus soon joined as well. In the evening, Hogue prepared to send a boarding party in five of her boats. Aboard Teazer, Capt. Dobson discussed plans to defend the privateer with his crew, reduced to 38 men by prize crews sent off in captured vessels. Lt. Johnson was known for his erratic behavior on previous cruises; he argued with Dobson and then disappeared below. The schooner exploded a few minutes later. Other accounts say that Johnson feared hanging for breaking his parole and was seen rushing to the powder magazine. The British boats were three miles from Teazer, and they returned to HMS Hogue after the explosion destroyed the schooner. Local residents rescued survivors, several of them badly burned, clinging to spars and the bow of the schooner. Thirty of her crew died. The militia secured the survivors, including the captain, and took charge of the wreckage. After being treated for their wounds, the captured privateersmen were sent to the Melville Island prisoner of war camp in Halifax. Most were soon returned to the United States as part of the regular exchange of prisoners of war.

Legacy

The hull of Young Teazer was gutted but still partially afloat, surrounded by floating bodies and wreckage, including her alligator figurehead and several Quaker guns (fake wooden cannons). Much of the wreckage was salvaged, including some timbers that were used for construction around Mahone Bay, such as the Rope Loft restaurant in Chester. A piece of the keel was used to build the wooden cross inside of St. Stephen's Anglican Church at Chester, and a scorched fragment of the keel and a cane made from Teazer fragments are displayed at the Maritime Museum of the Atlantic in Halifax.

The name of the schooner was briefly revived in July 1813 when the Nova Scotian privateer schooner Liverpool Packet was captured and converted to an American privateer named Young Teazer's Ghost. However Young Teazer's Ghost failed to capture any ships and was soon recaptured by the British and her name of Liverpool Packet was restored.

The story of Young Teazer inspired one of the best-known ghost ship stories in Atlantic Canada, the so-called "Teazer Light". The folklore states that a fiery glow or a flaming ship regularly appears on Mahone Bay near the site of the explosion, often near the 27 June anniversary. Accounts were first recorded in the late 19th century. Folklorist Helen Creighton documented numerous versions of the story in her classic folklore book Bluenose Ghosts, although she noted that many sightings might be optical illusions during full moons. The gruesome end of the schooner and the many ghost stories have made Young Teazer into a well known mythical figure in Nova Scotia.

See also

Military history of Nova Scotia - War of 1812

Notes

Citations

References
 Collins, Gilbert. "Blowing up of the Teazer - Mahone Bay, Nova Scotia". In Guidebook to the historic sites of the War of 1812. Guidebook to the Historic Sites of the War of 1812 by Gilbert Collins.
 DesBrisay, M.B. (1895) History of The County of Lunenburg. (Toronto:William Briggs).

 Maclay, Edgar Stanton (1899) A history of American privateers. (New York: D. Appleton and company). pp. 446–448 Book On Line
 Tanner, Dwight (1976) "Young Teazer, the Making of a Myth", Nova Scotia Historical Quarterly, vol. 6, .
 MacMechan, Archibald (1921) "The 'Teazer' Light". In Sagas of the Sea. (In the Table of Contents, MacMechan indicates his primary sources are Desbrisay as well as the Logs for HMS Hogue and HMS Orpheus)
 MacMechan, Archibald. The 'Teazer' Light. In Tales of the Sea. (McClelland & Stewart).

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Young Teazer
Young Teazer
Young Teazer
Canadian legends
Maritime folklore
Maritime incidents in 1813
Shipwrecks of the Nova Scotia coast
Military history of New England
Military history of Nova Scotia
Legendary ghost ships


The FNAR is a semi-automatic designated marksman rifle first introduced to the shooting public in 2008. It is a product of the US-based subsidiary of Belgian company FN Herstal, the FN Manufacturing Co. Despite the name, the FNAR is not an "AR" type rifle. Rather, the FNAR rifle is based on the proven and quite popular Browning BAR hunting rifle (which is unrelated to the original Browning BAR M1918 rifle of World War II fame).

Overview

The FN FNAR is a gas-operated semi-automatic rifle. The short-stroke gas piston is located below the (internally chromed) barrel, within the stock. The barrel is locked using a rotary bolt with multiple lugs. The receiver is machined from aircraft-grade 7075 T6 aluminum alloy. The polymer stock has an adjustable buttstock and pistol grip. Ammunition is fed from a detachable box magazine, with a standard capacity of 20 rounds of 7.62 mm ammunition, although 5 and 10 round magazines are available if required by local legislation. There are no iron sights installed by default; each FNAR rifle is fitted with a Picatinny rail on the top of the receiver, and three more short rails are installed at the front of the rifle stock.

The FNAR uses a two-stage non-adjustable trigger specified at between 3.25 and 5.5 pounds.

Variants
The standard FN FNAR has a light fluted barrel. The heavy barreled FN FNAR-H variant weighs about a pound more. Both are out-of-the-box guaranteed to be capable of Minute of Angle accuracy. A Winchester-branded version is called the Winchester SX-AR. The standard model retains the pistol grip and comes with a heavy profile 20" match grade chrome lined barrel. Rails are a reduced length top rail for optics mounting and one short bottom rail section for sling or bi-pod mounting. It is finished in a Cerakote type Mossy Oak camo pattern. The standard 10 round SX-AR detachable box magazines are interchangeable with the 20 round FNAR magazines.

References

External links

 Owner's manual

Video
 FNH USA FNAR Video
 FNH USA FNAR 16" Video

7.62×51mm NATO semi-automatic rifles
Short stroke piston firearms
FNAR
Sniper rifles of Belgium


George Lister-Kaye (14 November 1803 – 18 September 1871) was an English cricketer who played for Sussex.  He was born in Wakefield and died in Heworth.

Lister-Kaye made a single first-class appearance for the team, against Kent in 1828. Batting in the upper-middle order, he scored two runs in the first innings and three runs in the second.

Lister-Kaye was Lieutenant-colonel of the West Yorkshire Militia, formerly called the 10th Hussars.  He married on 24 August 1847, Louisa Jessie, second daughter of Captain Dowker of West Huntington Hall, Yorkshire, and died on 18 September 1871, having had issue:

 Charles Wilkinson (28 March 1849 – ? ) married 5 May 1881, Lucy Adela, daughter of John Champion of Ranby House, Notts and died on 8 Jan
 Alan (21 August 1854 – 25 August 1925) married on 12 June 1879 Mary Jane, eldest daughter of Rev Edward Stansfield, Vicar of Rustington, Sussex
 Jessie Maria (1856 – 26 August 1929) married on 6 February 1872 Joseph Charlton Parr
 Louisa (? – 9 October 1946), a spinster

External links
George Lister-Kaye at Cricket Archive

1803 births
1871 deaths
English cricketers
Sussex cricketers
Younger sons of baronets
Cricketers from Wakefield


The coachwhip trevally (Carangoides oblongus), also known as the oblong trevally or oblique-banded trevally, is a species of inshore marine fish classified in the jack family Carangidae. The coachwhip trevally is distributed through the Indo-west Pacific region, ranging from South Africa in the west to Fiji and Japan in the east. It is a moderately large fish, growing to a known maximum length of 46 cm and can be distinguished from similar species by an array of detailed morphological features including dentition, fin ray counts and scale patterns. The coachwhip trevally inhabits coastal waters throughout its range, known to prefer estuarine waters in a number of localities. Nothing is known of its diet or reproductive biology, and is of little importance to fisheries, occasionally taken as bycatch in trawl and hook and line fisheries.

Taxonomy and naming
The coachwhip trevally is classified within the genus Carangoides, a group of fish commonly called jacks and trevallies.  Carangoides falls into the jack and horse mackerel family Carangidae, the Carangidae are part of the order Carangiformes.

The species was first scientifically described by the French naturalist Georges Cuvier in 1833 based on a specimen taken from the waters of New Guinea which was designated to be the holotype. Cuvier named this new species Caranx oblongus, placing it in a related genus of jacks with the specific epithet meaning 'oblong' in reference to the species shape. Over time, it was reclassified first into the now invalid genus Carangichthys and finally into Carangoides where it has remained. The species was also independently redescribed and classified several times, first as Caranx auriga by Charles De Vis, Citula gracilis by William Ogilby and as Caranx tanakai by Yojiro Wakiya. These names all were applied after Cuvier's initial, correct naming making them junior synonyms under ICZN rules, rendering them invalid. The common names applied to the species are descriptive, with the name 'coachwhip trevally' in allusion to the elongated, whip-like dorsal fin lobe.

Description
The coachwhip trevally is a moderately large fish, known to grow to a known maximum length of 46 cm. It is similar in shape to most other carangids, especially the shadow trevally, Carangoides dinema, which it also resembles in having a 'shadowed' appearance under its second dorsal fin. It can be distinguished from C. dinema by fin ray and lateral line scale and scute counts. It has a compressed, oblong body with the dorsal profile more convex than the ventral profile, with the head profile also slightly convex. The dorsal fin is divided into two distinct sections, the first containing 8 spines, while the second consists of 1 spine and 20 to 22 soft rays, with the lobe of this second fin being elongate and longer than the head length. The anal fin consists of 2 anteriorly detached spines followed by 1 spine attached to 18 or 19 soft rays, while the pelvic fin has 1 spine followed by 18 or 19 soft rays. The lateral line has a moderate anterior arch, with the chord of this arch slightly shorter than the straight section, another feature which separates C. oblongus from C. dinema. The curved section of the lateral line has 60 to 69 scales while the straight section has 0 to 2 scales and 37 to 42 scutes. The breast is scaleless, reaching ventrally to the pelvic fin origin, while laterally the naked breast is separated from the naked base of the pectoral fins by a band of scales. Both jaws contain bands of small teeth, with the bands becoming wider anteriorly. The upper jaw also hosts an irregular series of moderately large outer teeth, with the largest specimens showing this in the lower jaw as well. There are 26 to 30 gill rakers and 24 vertebrae.

The coachwhip trevally is a dusky olive green colour above, fading to a silvery white or yellow below with small blue to black blotches present on the dorsal line between the bases of the second
dorsal fin rays. The upper caudal and soft dorsal fins are dusky blue, while the anal fin is yellow having white lobe tips. The pelvic and pectoral fins are yellow. There is a diffuse dark opercular blotch, which may be absent altogether.

Distribution and habitat
The coachwhip trevally is distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the Indian and west Pacific Oceans. In the Indian Ocean, the species ranges from South Africa and Madagascar in the west, northward to the Gulf of Aden, but no records exist of captures in the Red Sea or further north until India and Sri Lanka. In the eastern Indian Ocean, it is known from China, South East Asia, Indonesia and northern Australia. In the Pacific its range extends from Papua New Guinea north to Taiwan and Japan and east to New Caledonia and Fiji.

The coachwhip trevally is known to inhabit coastal waters throughout its range. The few times it has been recorded in thorough species surveys it generally appears as juveniles in estuaries, with this found in surveys around Australia, Fiji and the Solomon Islands. Adults also inhabit estuaries, but adults possibly move into bays and over shallow reefs.

Biology and fishery
The coachwhip trevally has had extremely little information collected regarding its diet, ecological interactions, reproduction and growth. Based on other fish in the same genus, it is certainly a predatory fish, although its diet is wholly unknown. The species is of very little importance to fisheries, and certainly does not have catch statistics kept for it, usually counted among other species of trevally. It is usually taken as bycatch in trawling and hook and line fisheries.

References

External links
Coachwhip trevally at Fishbase
Encyclopedia of Life page

coachwhip trevally
Marine fish of East Africa
Marine fish of Northern Australia
Fish of Micronesia
coachwhip trevally
coachwhip trevally


Fabrice Nsakala Mayélé (born 21 July 1990) is a professional footballer who plays for Swiss club Neuchâtel Xamax. He plays as a box-to-box midfielder, but is also capable of playing as a left-back or centre-back. He is a former French youth international, having represented his nation at under-17, under-18 under-19, and under-21 levels.

Career

Troyes
Born in Le Blanc-Mesnil, Seine-Saint-Denis, Nsakala began his football career at AS Bondy. He spent four years in the club's youth system before departing the Parisian suburbs and joining Troyes AC in Aube. After excelling in the club's academy and earning youth international caps, Nsakala was called up to the senior team by manager Ludovic Batelli. He made his professional debut on 9 September 2008 in the team's Coupe de la Ligue match against Angers. Nsakala appeared as a substitute in the match with Troyes recording a 2–1 victory. Three days later, he made his league debut in the team's 2–1 defeat to Clermont again appearing as a substitute. On 19 September 2008, Nsakala made his first professional start playing 62 minutes in a 1–0 loss to Lens. He remained a fixture in the first-team for the remainder of the season often in a substitute's role. On 7 March 2009, Nsakala signed his first professional contract agreeing to a three-year deal until June 2012.

For the 2009–10 season, Troyes were relegated to the Championnat National and, despite playing against mostly semi-professional competition, Nsakala only featured in six league matches. The club immediately returned to the second division and Nsakala featured in the team's opening league match of the season against Vannes. He played the entire match in a 1–0 defeat.

Anderlecht
On 29 August 2013, Nsakala joined Belgian Pro League side Anderlecht for an undisclosed fee and signed a three-year contract.

Alanyaspor
In July 2017 Nsakala joined Süper Lig on a permanent transfer after spending the previous season on loan at the club.

Beşiktaş
In August 2020, Nsakala joined Beşiktaş in Süper Lig.

Career statistics

Honours
Anderlecht
 Belgian Pro League: 2013–14
 Belgian Super Cup: 2014

Beşiktaş
Süper Lig: 2020–21
Türkiye Kupası: 2020–21

References

External links

1990 births
Living people
People from Le Blanc-Mesnil
Footballers from Seine-Saint-Denis
Men's association football defenders
Democratic Republic of the Congo men's footballers
Democratic Republic of the Congo men's international footballers
France men's youth international footballers
France men's under-21 international footballers
2017 Africa Cup of Nations players
French sportspeople of Democratic Republic of the Congo descent
French men's footballers
ES Troyes AC players
R.S.C. Anderlecht players
Alanyaspor footballers
Beşiktaş J.K. footballers
Neuchâtel Xamax FCS players
Ligue 1 players
Ligue 2 players
Championnat National players
Belgian Pro League players
Süper Lig players
French expatriate men's footballers
Democratic Republic of the Congo expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Belgium
Expatriate men's footballers in Turkey
Expatriate men's footballers in Switzerland
21st-century Democratic Republic of the Congo people
French expatriate sportspeople in Belgium
French expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
French expatriate sportspeople in Switzerland
Democratic Republic of the Congo expatriate sportspeople in Belgium
Democratic Republic of the Congo expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
Democratic Republic of the Congo expatriate sportspeople in Switzerland


Anton Mordasov is a Russian pianist, born in Novosibirsk in 1972.

A student at the Novosibirsk Music College under renowned Professor, Academician, Honored Artist of Russia Mary Lebenzon, in 1990 he won the Rachmaninov Competition and shared the IX Tchaikovsky Competition's 3rd prize with Kevin Kenner and Johan Schmidt. He subsequently settled in the USA, where he won the 1996 Cincinnati Competition. Mordasov teaches at the preparatory department at Texas Christian University. Anton also maintains a private studio at Travis Academy of Fine Arts in Fort Worth. He also teaches at Music Institute of North Texas.

References

Russian classical pianists
Male classical pianists
Texas Christian University faculty
1972 births
Living people
Musicians from Novosibirsk
21st-century classical pianists
21st-century Russian male musicians


Henry John Steinbacher (March 22, 1913 – April 3, 1977) was a professional baseball player who played outfield for the Chicago White Sox from 1937 to 1939 seasons. Before debuting in the major leagues, his contract was purchased by Chicago from the St. Louis Browns. In 1938, his only first full season in the major leagues, his batting average ranked seventh best in the American League. On June 22 of that year, he went 6-for-6 against the Senators in a 16-3 win.

See also
List of Major League Baseball single-game hits leaders

External links

1913 births
1977 deaths
Major League Baseball outfielders
Chicago White Sox players
Baseball players from Sacramento, California


Carl Heinrich Schultz (30 June 1805 – 17 December 1867) was a German physician and botanist, and a brother to botanist Friedrich Wilhelm Schultz (1804–1876).

He is referred to as Carl Heinrich "Bipontinus" Schultz, Carl Heinrich Schultz Bipontinus or just Bipontinus, this being a Latinized reference to his birthplace Zweibrücken (Two Bridges). This was necessary because there lived in his lifetime another German botanist of the same name, known as Carl Heinrich "Schultzenstein" Schultz.

Biography
From 1825 he studied medicine and sciences at the University of Erlangen, where he was a student of botanist Wilhelm Daniel Joseph Koch. In 1827 he continued his education at the University of Munich, where his influences included the naturalist Maximilian Perty. In 1830 he took a study trip to Paris, and after his return, settled into a medical practice in Munich. From 1832 to 1835 he was imprisoned for political reasons, and after his release, spent many years working as a physician at the Deidesheim hospital (1836–67).

He specialized in studies of Compositae and was the taxonomic author of many species within the family. In 1866 Friedrich Alefeld named the genus Bipontinia (family Fabaceae) in his honor.

In 1840, Schultz along with 25 scholars from the Palatinate and neighboring areas founded POLLICHIA, a scientific society named in honor of botanist Johan Adam Pollich (1740-1780). Schultz died in Deidesheim on 17 December 1867.

Selected publications
 Analysis Cichoriacearum Palatinatus, 1841.
 Beitrag zur Geschichte und geographischen Verbreitung der Cassiniaceen (Contribution to the History and Geographical Spread of Cassiniaceae), 1866.

References
 This article incorporates translated text from an equivalent article at the German Wikipedia.

1805 births
1867 deaths
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg alumni
People from Zweibrücken
19th-century German botanists


Jean Galatoire was born in a small village near Pau, France. Galatoire immigrated to America in 1880 where he bought an inn and a restaurant in Birmingham, Alabama. In 1896 he moved to New Orleans and opened up a café.

In 1905 Jean Galatoire bought out Victor's Restaurant on Bourbon Street and reestablished it as Galatoire's.

References

French chefs
American chefs
French restaurateurs
American restaurateurs
Year of death missing
Year of birth missing


ORCA/Modula-2 is a Modula-2 compiler written in the Modula-2 programming language for the Apple IIGS computer.

It was developed by Peter Easdown during 1993–94 and published by The Byte Works. Whilst originally developed separately, when it was finally published, it was fully integrated with the development platform/environment called the Apple Programmers Workshop or ORCA/M.

The compiler was originally developed using a version of TopSpeed Modula-2 on an Intel 80286 based PC. The output of the compiler at this point was 65816 assembler source for assembly by ORCA/M on the Apple IIGS. Once the compiler was stable enough, the IBM PC was decommissioned, and all development was done on the Apple IIGS.

At publication, the compiler was shipped with comprehensive support for the Apple IIGS's operating system (GS/OS) and toolkit.

Unfortunately, due to the demise of the Apple IIGS, ORCA/Modula-2 never had much impact in the market.

The compiler development was continued however for a short while during 1995, after which it stalled.

The source code for the compiler can now be found on GitHub.

References

https://github.com/pkclsoft/ORCA-Modula-2

Apple II software


Suren Tigrani Yeremian (; ;  – 17 December 1992) was a Soviet and Armenian historian and cartographer who specialized in the study of the early formation of the Armenian nation, pre-medieval Armenia, and the Caucasus. He devoted nearly thirty years of his scholarly efforts in reconstructing the Ashkharhatsuyts, a seventh-century atlas commonly attributed to Anania Shirakatsi.

Biography

Early life and education
Yeremian was born into a family of laborers in Tiflis, in 1908 and attended a local Russian school. Yeremian was an avid reader of history books and his interest in Armenian history grew especially when he read Nicholas Adontz's Armenia in the Period of Justinian. He moved to Armenia and in 1928, he was accepted to Yerevan State University.

He studied history and economics and graduated from there in 1931. From 1935 until 1941, Yeremian worked at the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union's department of Oriental studies in Leningrad. While there, Yeremian also taught Armenian history at Leningrad State University's Department of History and Philology. He defended his dissertation, titled "The Feudal Organization of Kartli during the Marzpanate Period."

In 1941, he moved back to Yerevan and continued his studies at the Institute of Material Culture and History, which was still under the auspices of the Soviet Academy of Sciences. He earned the title of professor in 1953, having defended his second dissertation (from Moscow State University), titled "The Social Structure of Ancient Armenia." He held the position of director of the department of history from 1953 to 1958 and in 1963 he was inducted as a member of the Armenian National Academy of Sciences.

Academic research
It was during this time that Yeremian shifted his focus to composing historical atlases: one of his most notable contributions was on the study of a seventh-century Ashkharatsuyts, where he spent a great deal of his energies in not only translating and researching the background behind the atlas but also on the supposed author of the work, Anania Shirakatsi. In 1963, his Armenia According to the Ashkharatsuyts was published, although Yeremian would in subsequent years go on to revise some of the views, most notably coming to the conclusion that Anania Shirakatsi was its true author, that he had concluded in the work. He also contributed in writing several articles in the USSR Historical Atlas. Yeremian was also one of the key advocates who pushed for the publication of the History of the Armenian People (Yerevan, 1971–1984, 8 volumes), authoring numerous articles on the origins of the Armenian people, the kingdom of Urartu, and on the social, economic, cultural and political structure of the Kingdom of Armenia. He would also go on to write numerous articles in the Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia.

He struggled with a serious illness for many years, and died in 1992.

Selected works
 Hayastane ust "Ashkharhatsuytsi". Yerevan, 1963.

Notes

1908 births
1992 deaths
Writers from Tbilisi
Academic staff of Saint Petersburg State University
Yerevan State University alumni
Academic staff of Yerevan State University
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Armenian cartographers
20th-century Armenian historians
Soviet cartographers
Soviet historians
20th-century cartographers


The Reliance Tipple is the site of two coal tipples associated with coal production at Reliance, Wyoming. The first tipple was built in 1910 and used until 1936. The wood structure was built on a sandstone foundation and served Reliance Mines No. 1 through No. 6. The perishable portions of the earlier tipple have disappeared, leaving only the sandstone foundations and some artifacts buried in the tailings pile.

The second tipple was built in 1936 when Reliance Mine No. 7 was opened. The new tipple was built more durably of concrete and steel. This tipple operated until 1955, when the Union Pacific Railroad, the chief consumer of the mine's coal, phased out steam locomotives.

The tipple operated as a sorting station for coal to be shipped from the Reliance Mine.  Loaded coal cars filled with mined coal were moved to a rotary car dumper at the south end of the tipple. The coal was dumped into a hopper, then moved to a shaker screen that sorted the coal by size. After sorting to slack, or powdered, nut, egg and lump, the coal went to a sorting table where debris was removed by hand. The sorted and inspected coal then went to chutes and hoppers for storage. Much of this equipment remains at the site.

The Reliance mines were opened in 1906-1907 to meet increasing demand for coal. The Reliance mines were among many in the area that exploited four mining districts in Sweetwater County; Rock Springs, Superior, Point of Rocks and Black Butte.  The Reliance Mines were part of the Rock Springs district. Rail spurs were built to central points in each district to collect and ship coal. Production increased to the end of World War I then declined, picking up only in the mid-1930s. The second tipple was built at Reliance in 1936, primarily for Mine no. 7 as well as 1 and 4. During World War II production peaked at 1.4 million tons per year. Activity declined after that, and the Reliance mines closed for good in 1955.

References

External links
Sweetwater County Museum, Reliance Tipple
 at the National Park Service's NRHP database
Reliance Tipple at the Wyoming State Historic Preservation Office

Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Wyoming
Buildings and structures in Sweetwater County, Wyoming
Coal mines in the United States
Mining in Wyoming
National Register of Historic Places in Sweetwater County, Wyoming
Energy infrastructure on the National Register of Historic Places


The Council of Bari was convened and presided over by Pope Urban II in Bari, Italy, in October 1098 during the First Crusade. It was attended by 185 bishops, both Catholic and Orthodox.

Council
The official record of its acts have been lost, but have been partially reconstructed from other records. It is sometimes presented as a failed attempt to deal with the Great Schism which had begun to emerge between the Western and Eastern Church, but it is much more likely that the "Greek bishops" who were present were the local bishops of southern Italy, some of whom had been ruled by Constantinople as recently as 1071. Under pressure from their Norman lords, these Italian Greeks seem to have accepted papal supremacy and Anselm's theology regarding the correctness of the Western church's use of unleavened bread in the Eucharist and its inclusion of the filioque clause to the Nicene Creed's account of the procession of the Holy Spirit. The council also condemned William II of England, who had forced Anselm, the reforming archbishop of Canterbury, into exile. Eadmer credited Anselm with restraining the pope from excommunicating him, although others attribute Urban's politic nature.

No high-profile Orthodox theologians of the time, such as Theophylact of Ohrid, seem to have been present.

Results
The council was dominated by its Catholic members and anathematized those who disagreed with Anselm's positions on the filioque and the use of unleavened bread in the Eucharist. It had no effect on the reuniting the Greek and Roman churches, but appears to have successfully standardized church practice in the Norman lands of southern Italy.

See also

 Councils of Lyon & Florence, both aimed at reuniting the Western and Eastern Church

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography
 .
 .
 .

 .

East–West Schism
Bari
Bari
History of Bari
1098 in Europe
11th century in Italy
Filioque
Medieval Apulia


The third USS Wanderer (SP-132), was an armed yacht that served in the United States Navy from 1917 to 1919.

Wanderer was built in 1897 as the "gentleman's private steam yacht" Kethailes at Leith, Scotland, by Ramage & Ferguson for William Johnston, a wealthy shipowner. Kethailes was sold to Mr. H. A. C. Taylor of New York City in 1903 and renamed Wanderer.

The U.S. Navy acquired Wanderer from Taylor on 10 June 1917 for service in World War I. Designated SP-132, she was commissioned as USS Wanderer New York on 14 July 1917.

On 28 July 1917, Wanderer departed New York for a brief shakedown before she joined the rest of her division at St. John's, Newfoundland, where she arrived on 9 August 1917. Wanderer and six other yachts cleared St. John's on 12 August 1917 bound for Ponta Delgada in the Azores, where they made a four-day stop between 19 August 1917 and 24 August 1917. Late in the evening of 29 August 1917, the yachts anchored off the breakwater at their destination, Brest, France. The following morning, she and her division mates entered the port itself and tied up to mooring buoys.

Wanderer was assigned to antisubmarine patrol and coastal convoy escort duties along the north Bay of Biscay coast. Her duty there was enlivened by the weather, which was known for its severity. Wanderer—designed as a pleasure craft, not as sturdy as a warship —- had less to fear from German submarines than from naval mines, weather, and the rocky, foggy shore. She operated initially on the Brest-to-Quiberon Bay leg of the coastal convoy route.
To add to the danger, the Americans initially adopted the French-British system of running their coastal and channel convoys at night.

The darkness, however, did not hide Wanderers convoy on the night of 28–29 November 1917, when a submarine successfully sank one of the ships in the convoy and made good her escape. The darkness that was supposed to conceal the convoy actually covered the U-boat's retirement and foiled attempts to hunt the submerged enemy.

Nevertheless, the French and British insisted on night rather than daylight convoys. It was not until the evening of 7 January 1918, when another Wanderer-escorted convoy lost four ships to a U-boat, that the French and British acquiesced to American demands for daylight convoys supported by patrolling aircraft.

The theory behind sending convoys through dangerous waters during daylight was that it as better to find and attack the enemy than try to conceal shipping from him. The very next week, Wanderers first daylight convoy -— also one of the first so conducted —- helped to prove the validity of the concept of daylight convoys escorted by ships and aircraft, making the voyage unmolested. On 12 January 1918, while escorting that convoy from Brest to Quiberon Bay in daylight, Wanderer rescued 10 survivors from the French ship SS Chateau Faite, which had attempted a night transit. "Penmarch Pete", as the Allies nicknamed the U-boat usually stationed off Point Penmarc'h -— had exacted his toll.

On 8 February 1918, Wanderers portion of the coastal convoy route was extended. From then on, instead of simply making the single-day passage from Brest to Quiberon Bay, she laid over for the night at Quiberon Bay and continued south with the convoy to the mouth of the Gironde River and thence into Bordeaux. On the night of 22–23 April 1918, during the layover at Quiberon Bay on the return trip from Bordeaux to Brest, she witnessed the explosion of the ammunition-laden SS Florence H. . Though in reasonably close proximity to the ill-fated ship, Wanderer was prevented from approaching the floating conflagration by the large quantity of high explosives she carried to use against U-boats. Instead, she was forced to leave the rescue operations to the destroyers and smaller craft in the bay.

Wanderer continued her escort and patrol service on the French coast through the end of the war. It appears that she had no further noteworthy encounters with the enemy before the armistice of 11 November 1918.

Wanderer departed Brest on 5 December 1918, sailed via the Azores and Bermuda, and reached New London, Connecticut, on 30 December 1918. In April 1919, she moved to New York City and was decommissioned. Her name was struck from the Navy List on 24 April 1919, and she was sold on 22 July 1920 to Mr. J. S. Webster of Baltimore, Maryland.

Wanderer was one of two U.S. Navy warships named USS Wanderer in service simultaneously during World War I, the other being USS Wanderer (SP-2440).

References

 NavSource Online: Section Patrol Craft Photo Archive Wanderer (SP 132)

Ships built in Leith
World War I patrol vessels of the United States
Patrol vessels of the United States Navy
1897 ships
Steam yachts


A bromance is a very close and non-sexual relationship between two or more men. It is an exceptionally tight, affectional, homosocial  male bonding relationship exceeding that of usual friendship, and is distinguished from normal friendship by a particularly high level of emotional intimacy. The emergence of the concept since the beginning of the 21st century has been seen as reflecting a change in societal perception and interest in the theme, with an increasing openness of Western society in the 21st century to reconsider exclusivity constraints.

Etymology
Bromance is a portmanteau of bro (or brother) and romance. Dave Carnie is credited with coining the term as editor of the skateboard magazine Big Brother in the 1990s to refer specifically to the sort of relationships that develop between skaters who spent a great deal of time together. The term did not attain broad currency until approximately 2005 when the theme became more prominent in the motion picture industry.

Characteristics

Bromance has been examined from viewpoints such as historiography, discourse analysis, social research, and queer theory in book-length reviews. The emergence of bromance as a topic over the past decade has been seen as reflecting how society has collectively changed its perception and interest in the theme.

Several characteristics of bromance have been cited:
 Bromance conveys a male homosocial relationship that goes much further than traditional homosocial practices. The increased closeness goes beyond being mere friends, to a deep bond that has been characterized as capturing the conceptual edge of "is gay / is not gay".
 Its emergence as a distinctive conceptual genre and theme in the movie and television industry is seen as reflective of a "broader acceptance of non-heteronormative cultural expressions as well as the prospect of a same-sex intimacy that transcends matters of sexual orientation".
 Contemporary cultural circumstances, including the struggle for and attainment of gay marriage equality, and specific elements of the depiction of bromance in movies and television separate it from buddy films, as well as historic romantic friendships, which reflect a different social construction.

According to Chen, society has taken a collective interest in reexamination of some of the traditional constraints on male friendship, and in potentially reshaping the constructs of gender, sexuality, and intimacy. Bromance provides "a case study of gender, sexuality, and exclusivity constraints in twenty-first century America as they operate in law and beyond. Those constraints in turn speak to the privilege and subordination imbued in this type of relationship, with implications for other types as well." This is distinct from the connotations of romantic friendship, a term of 20th century historical scholarship that retrospectively described close homosocial relationships, which had become less common after potential physical intimacy between non-sexual partners came to be regarded with anxiety in the second half of the 19th century.

On the one hand, social interest in the theme has been seen as driving the film industry, which has then fed back to society at large, exploring peoples' mindsets and addressing acceptance of "other types of relationships" between people. On the other hand, some have seen the emphasis on platonic love as a rejection of homoeroticism, or as a deliberate confounding of homosocial and homoerotic relationships.

Bromance has also been seen as a reflection of greater "discursive expressivity". The experiences of friendship and masculinity, perhaps due to more open parenting styles from the 1970s, reflect a trend toward more openness emotionally, with increased expressivity. According to sociologist Peter Nardi, "men are less afraid of being perceived as gay. It has become more acceptable for them to show some emotion." Men are marrying later, if at all, which impacts male bonding. According to the 2010 US Census, the average age of a man's first marriage is 28, up from 23 in 1960; men with more education are waiting until their 30s before getting married.

Criticism

Some people, including Randall Munroe, have criticised the term 'bromance' as a superfluous term for friendship, implying that it is unusual for two men to be close friends, when such relationships are deemed normal between women, and 'friends' 'close friends' or 'best friends' would all be equally accurate and valid ways of expressing the same thing. The term has also been criticised as implicitly homophobic.

Celebrity
A number of celebrity relationships have been popularly characterised as "bromances". Although bromance is a new term, this treatment of celebrity relationships is not new: The composer Franz Schubert had a very close friendship with poet Franz von Schober, whose texts Schubert set to music. They were nicknamed "Schobert" in early 19th century Vienna.

Film celebrities
Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis as the 1946-1956 ‘rock star’ comedy team Martin and Lewis set a new standard for a complex, multifaceted enactment of a ‘special’ male friendship." Coming post-war, "the comedy of Martin and Lewis teased with a sly alternative to the model of heterosexual affirmation traditionally peddled by Hollywood, as their intense and unstable relationship showcased a panoply of emotional and erotic intensities between men. The cultural resonance of Martin and Lewis's comedy derived from the way it set in motion a more complex ‘queering of gender.’" They starred in 16 films together as an inseparable unit, as well as on early live television and in nightclubs. They had an immeasurable effect on millions of baby boomers and future comedians, (including George Clooney, whose aunt Rosemary Clooney was a guest on their show).

Ben Affleck and Matt Damon were described as "perhaps the pioneering bromance in showbiz history", which led to an off-Broadway play called Matt and Ben. The relationship between Zachary Quinto and Chris Pine, stars of the 2009 Star Trek film, has been described similarly, in common with their on-screen characters' relationship.

The close friendship between George Clooney and Brad Pitt was once suggested to be "George's longest-lasting affair". Clooney's bromantic tendencies served as the basis for an episode of the animated series American Dad! entitled "Tears of a Clooney", in which lead character Stan Smith becomes bromantically involved with Clooney as part of an elaborate revenge plot.

Athletes
Professional footballers Eric Dier and Dele Alli, who played together for both Tottenham Hotspur and the English national team, have a close relationship that has been described as a bromance.

During the 2016 Olympic 100m finals, the friendship between Jamaican Usain Bolt and Canadian Andre De Grasse emerged, characterized and celebrated on social media as a bromance.

Bodybuilders Arnold Schwarzenegger and Franco Columbu, had a close relationship described by themselves as bromance, since 1965. Arnold and Franco were inseparable friends and training partners since then. They began a bricklaying and patio business called European Brick Works in 1969.

Between band members
The tight relationship both on- and off-stage between Bruce Springsteen and the late E Street Band saxophonist Clarence Clemons has often been described as one of the most fitting examples of bromance in Western modern music. This relationship is most notably depicted in Springsteen's song "Tenth Avenue Freeze-Out", from Born to Run – in which Springsteen and Clemons appear respectively under their pseudonyms Bad Scooter and Big Man. It was also described in Clemons' autobiography Big Man: Real Life & Tall Tales.

The Japanese and Korean music industry actively encourages bromance among male celebrities (particularly members of boy bands) as part of the fan service to please the audience.

Gay-straight celebrity relationships
While the term has generally been applied to straight relationships, mixed gay-straight relationships without sexual intimacy have also been dubbed "bromances". Examples of well-known gay-straight bromances include George Michael and Andrew Ridgeley from the band Wham!; Ronnie Kroell and Ben DiChiara from the Bravo reality series Make Me a Supermodel, in which the pair was nicknamed "Bronnie"; the relationship on Survivor: Gabon between Charlie Herschel and Marcus Lehman; and American Idols Kris Allen and Adam Lambert, which was given the name "Kradam".

Cultural references

Film
Buddy films have to a degree been rebranded as bromance films, although critics draw a distinction between the two, noting that a buddy film tends to be more explicitly violent and less open about its latent homosexual content. The intersection between buddy films and what would come to be called the bromance film was noted comedically at least as early as 1978, when National Lampoon ran a parody ad for the football-themed buddy film Semi-Tough, renamed "Semi-Sweet" and featuring an illustration of stars Burt Reynolds and Kris Kristofferson holding hands.

Prominent examples of bromantic comedy include Judd Apatow's The 40-Year-Old Virgin (2005) and Knocked Up (2007), as well as Greg Mottola's Superbad (2007), which targeted non-sexual homosocial behavior and masculinity in inventive ways. Zoolander (2001), Wedding Crashers (2005), Funny People (2009), John Hamburg's I Love You Man (2009), The Hangover (2009), and Horrible Bosses (2011) are other examples.

Although J. R. R. Tolkien's novels predate the "bromance era", the portrayal of the lifelong close relationships between Frodo Baggins and Samwise Gamgee, Meriadoc Brandybuck and Peregrin Took, and Gimli and Legolas in the novels have been characterized as bromance, as well as the depictions in the films based on them.

The theme remains popular, with different genres looking at the concept in various ways, such as the documentary Best of Enemies – about the 1960s feud between intellectuals Gore Vidal and William F. Buckley.

Other
The cultural concept that bromance connotes particular closeness has been taken up thematically. The concept has been visited in biology, as well as an experimental acrobatic video dance piece, Bromance, which explores "... the intimacy of physical interaction between guys; of their ‘bromance’."

The relationship between George W. Bush and former press secretary Scott McClellan as told in McClellan's book What Happened was called by one reviewer "the tale of one long, failed bromance".

The former premiers Dalton McGuinty of Ontario (2003–2013) and Jean Charest of Quebec (2003–2012) were described as in a "burgeoning bromance". Stephen Harper of Canada (2006–2015) and Tony Abbott of Australia (2013–2015), and their respective countries, were characterized as having a "conservative bromance". The term has been used to describe Narendra Modi from India and Barack Obama from the United States during the January 2015 visit, and Vladimir Putin from the Russian Federation with Gerhard Schröder from Germany.

In early 2017, a number of internet memes surfaced which alluded to Obama's relationship with Vice President Joe Biden as a "bromance".

A bromance has been linked with a decrease in "problems such as anxiety, depression, heart disease, and memory and concentration impairment".

See also

 I Love You, Man, a feature film that is centered around the concept of a bromance.
 Boy Meets World, a sitcom wherein the main character, Cory Matthews, has a lifelong bromance with his best friend, Shawn Hunter, that continues to thrive in its spin-off series Girl Meets World.
 Man date
 Platonic love
 Romantic friendship
 Boston marriage
 Showmance
 Womance
 Bromantic comedy
 Friendship
 Mateship
 Best friends forever (BFF), a close friendship typical of teenage girls and young women.

References

Friendship
Interpersonal relationships
Men
2000s slang
1990s neologisms
Homosociality


Steeven Joseph-Monrose (born 20 July 1990) is a French professional footballer who plays as a right winger for French Championnat National 3 club Gazélec Ajaccio.

Career

Club
Joseph-Monrose began his career playing for his local club in Bondy, AS Bondy, before moving to CRAF Liévin. He arrived at RC Lens in 2002. On 20 July 2008 he signed his first professional contract with the Pas-de-Calais-based side, which would keep him there until 2013. He was given the number 34 kit. He made his professional debut on 13 October 2008 in Lens' 1–0 win over En Avant Guingamp coming on as a substitute playing 20 minutes. On 11 January 2010, RC Lens loaned him to LB Châteauroux until 30 June 2010.

On 23 June 2017, Gabala FK announced the signing of Joseph-Monrose on a two-year contract, with Gabala confirmed his release at the end of his contract on 4 June 2019.

On 16 June 2019, Neftçi PFK announced the signing of Joseph-Monrose on a two-year contract. On 26 June 2021, Neftçi confirmed the departure of Joseph-Monrose after they decided not to renew his contract.

International
Born in France, Joseph-Montose is of Haitian descent. Joseph-Monrose played on the France U-19 squad. On 25 May 2009, he was selected to the under-20 squad to participate in the 2009 Mediterranean Games.

Career statistics

Club

Honours

Club
Lens
Ligue 2 (1): 2008–09
Genk
Belgian Cup (1): 2012–13
Gabala
 Azerbaijan Cup (1): 2018–19

Individual
Azerbaijan Premier League Top Scorer (1): 2019–20

Personal life
Joseph-Monrose is of Haitian descent.

References

External links
 LFP Profile

1990 births
Living people
Footballers from Bondy
French men's footballers
France men's under-21 international footballers
France men's youth international footballers
French sportspeople of Haitian descent
Ligue 1 players
Ligue 2 players
Belgian Pro League players
Azerbaijan Premier League players
RC Lens players
LB Châteauroux players
K.V. Kortrijk players
K.R.C. Genk players
Stade Brestois 29 players
Gabala SC players
Neftçi PFK players
Competitors at the 2009 Mediterranean Games
Men's association football midfielders
French expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Belgium
French expatriate sportspeople in Belgium
Expatriate men's footballers in Azerbaijan
French expatriate sportspeople in Azerbaijan
Mediterranean Games competitors for France


Agárrese (Eng.: Hang On) is the title of a studio album released by duranguense ensemble Grupo Montéz de Durango. This album became their fifth number-one set on the Billboard Top Latin Albums.

Track listing
The information from Billboard.

Chart performance

Year-End Charts

Sales and certifications

References

2007 albums
Grupo Montez de Durango albums
Spanish-language albums
Disa Records albums


Kittisak Rawangpa (, born January 3, 1975) is a Thai former footballer. He also played for the Thailand national football team 1997–2010.

International career
On the back of performing extremely well in the Thailand Premier League, Kittisak was called up to the full national side in coach Peter Reid's first squad announcement. He was called up with 35 other players to the 2008 T&T Cup hosted by Vietnam.

Kittisak was a member of the victorious T&T Cup 2008 winning squad.

He appeared for Thailand in eleven qualifying matches for the 2002 FIFA World Cup.

Honours

Player

International
Thailand
 Asian Games Fourth place (1); 2002
 ASEAN Football Championship  Champion (2); 2000, 2002
Runners-up 2007, 2008
 Sea Games   Gold Medal (1); 1997
 T&T Cup  Winner (1); 2008
 Queen's Cup   Winner (1); 2010

References

External links

1975 births
Living people
Kittisak Rawangpa
Kittisak Rawangpa
2000 AFC Asian Cup players
Kittisak Rawangpa
Kittisak Rawangpa
Kittisak Rawangpa
Kittisak Rawangpa
Kittisak Rawangpa
Expatriate men's footballers in Vietnam
Kittisak Rawangpa
Kittisak Rawangpa
Men's association football goalkeepers
Footballers at the 2002 Asian Games
SEA Games medalists in football
Kittisak Rawangpa
Competitors at the 1997 SEA Games
Kittisak Rawangpa
Thai expatriate sportspeople in Vietnam


David Forrest Thompson (March 3, 1918 – February 26, 1979) was a pitcher in Major League Baseball who played from  through  for the Washington Senators. Listed at , , Thompson batted and threw left-handed. He was born in Mooresville, North Carolina.

In a two-season Major League Baseball career, he posted a 7–13 record with a decent 3.90 ERA in 55 appearances, including eight starts, one complete game and four saves, giving up 82 runs (18 unearned) on 156 hits and 63 walks while striking out 48 in 147⅔ innings of work. He also helped himself with the bat, hitting for a .325 average (13-for-40) with four RBI and a .450 slugging percentage.

Thompson died in Charlotte, North Carolina, at the age of 60.

Highlights
In 1948, Thompson ranked fourth in the American League both in games pitched (46) and games finished (24).

External links
Baseball Almanac
Baseball Reference
Retrosheet

1918 births
1979 deaths
Atlanta Crackers players
Baseball players from North Carolina
Cedar Rapids Raiders players
Flint Gems players
Leaksville-Draper-Spray Triplets players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Newton-Conover Twins players
Oakland Oaks (baseball) players
People from Mooresville, North Carolina
Sportspeople from Iredell County, North Carolina
Tyler Trojans players
Washington Senators (1901–1960) players
Mooresville Moors players


The Public Schools Act is the legislation that governs public education in Manitoba, Canada.

Preceding Act

In March 1890, the original Manitoba Schools Act (SM 1890, c. 38) was passed by the government of Thomas Greenway, amending the province’s existing laws on education under highly controversial circumstances.

The Act eliminated provincial funding for Catholic and Protestant denominational schools, establishing instead a system of tax-supported, nonsectarian public schools.

This prohibition would ultimately lead to the reduction of Catholic schools, as many Catholic parents were unable to pay for schooling. While the great majority of these schools maintained their Catholic and private status, many were forced to join the public system. For French-speaking Catholics, the issue of religious education became an issue of identity. Not only would this provoke a national controversy known as the Manitoba school crisis, but it would also lead to a rise in French-Canadian nationalism, as Catholics at the time were mostly francophone.

The early half of the crisis ended on 16 November 1896 when the Schools Act was amended after Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier and Premier of Manitoba Thomas Greenway reached a compromise, called the "Laurier-Greenway Compromise" (officially the Terms of Agreement Between the Government of Canada and the Government of Manitoba for the Settlement of the School Question). Rather than reversing the 1890 Act, the agreement allowed for religious instruction (i.e., Catholic education) in Manitoba's public schools under certain conditions for 30 minutes at the end of each day. Also, French (like other minority languages) could be used in teaching; however, such would also be under certain conditions: only on a school-by-school basis requiring there to be a minimum of 10 French-speaking students. They also re-established a Catholic school board, though without government funding, and Catholic teachers could be hired in the public schools, also under specific conditions.

However, in March 1916, the government of Tobias Norris passed the Thornton Act, which repealed the Schools Act amendments made from the Laurier-Greenway Compromise. From this legislation, the teaching of any non-English language, along with the use of non-English language as a language of instruction, were prohibited in Manitoba's public schools. In addition, the new law also forced the closure of Saint Boniface's French-language teachers' college, thus ensuring that all new teachers in Manitoba could only be trained in English.

Since this time, the controversy has largely resolved, as the French language gradually moved to regain its place in the province's education system during the mid-20th century. French language rights were restored in the 1980s.

The current administration of the act has no connection to its contentious origins.

See also
 List of school districts in Manitoba
Franco-manitoban School Division
List of schools of Winnipeg

References

External links

 The Public Schools Act (unofficial online version)

Education in Manitoba
Manitoba provincial legislation


The Kentucky Derby Challenge Stakes was an English Thoroughbred horse race intended to become an annual race, but was run only once on 18 March 2009 at Kempton Park Racecourse in Sunbury-on-Thames, Surrey. Open to three-year-old horses, it was raced clockwise at a distance of nine furlongs ( miles, app. 1800 metres) on Polytrack.

The winner of the race was guaranteed one of the twenty starting spots in the  mile (10 furlongs) 2009 Kentucky Derby held on the first Saturday in May on the dirt track at Churchill Downs in Louisville, Kentucky. The race offered a purse of US$150,000 of which $90,000 came from Churchill Downs and $60,000 from Kempton. In addition, if the race winner exercised their right to run in the Kentucky Derby, they would receive a further $100,000 bonus payment plus would be given an automatic spot in the ensuing two legs of the U.S. Triple Crown series, the Preakness and Belmont Stakes.

No European-based horse has ever won the Kentucky Derby.

The 2010 race was suspended and the 2009 winner, Mafaaz did not run in the Kentucky Derby, although he did run in the Blue Grass Stakes.

Winners

References

Racing Post:

 September 19 2008 The Guardian newspaper article titled Challenge Stakes winner to start the Kentucky Derby
 The 2009 Kentucky Derby Challenge Stakes at ESPN

Flat races in Great Britain
Kempton Park Racecourse
Flat horse races for three-year-olds
Kentucky Derby
Discontinued horse races in Great Britain
March 2009 sports events in the United Kingdom
Recurring sporting events established in 2009
Recurring sporting events disestablished in 2009
2009 establishments in England
2009 disestablishments in England


Jim Callis (born October 15, 1967) is a baseball writer who currently covers the MLB Draft and prospects for MLB Pipeline and MLB.com. He was formerly the executive editor of the Durham, North Carolina–based magazine Baseball America and its website BaseballAmerica.com, where his contributions included weekly updates to their website and major contributions to their signature publications, The Baseball America Almanac and The Baseball America Prospect Handbook.

Early life and education
Callis grew up in Northern Virginia, mainly in Oakton. He attended the University of Georgia, where he covered the baseball team for the school paper. He graduated in 1988 with a degree in journalism.

Career
Callis began working for Baseball America directly out of college in 1988.

In 1997, he moved to Chicago to go work for STATS, Inc. In 2000, Callis was lured back to Baseball America. Callis remains in the Chicago area, where he works as Baseball Americas executive editor.

ESPN
Callis moderated a weekly Baseball America themed online chat on the sports website Espn.com. His chats on ESPN were always concluded by his signature lightning round, where he answered a high number of questions in a rapid fire style. Jim would frequently follow up his answers given during the lightning round in his weekly "Ask BA Column" on the Baseballamerica.com website.

In addition to providing baseball themed information during his chats, Callis often shared his views on popular culture topics, including Madden NFL video games, television shows such as 24, and actresses Jessica Alba and Anne Hathaway.

Callis was a major contributor of ESPN's television coverage of the 2008 MLB Draft, along with Keith Law, Peter Gammons, Steve Phillips, Chris Singleton, and Karl Ravech.

References

External links

1967 births
Living people
American sportswriters
People from Falls Church, Virginia
People from Oakton, Virginia


LocoRoco 2 is a platform game developed by Japan Studio and published by Sony Computer Entertainment. It is the sequel to 2006's LocoRoco and was released for the PSP handheld game console in 2008.
A remastered version was released on the 9th of December 2017 for PlayStation 4.

Plot
Having successfully defeated the Moja Corps, the LocoRoco settled back into  their peaceful life. However, Bon Mucho, the Moja Boss, is not willing to accept defeat, so he devises a terrible song that can suck the life force out of living things, as a new attack on the LocoRoco. Armed with this fearsome song, the Moja boarded their meteorite and set off once more on a mission to conquer the LocoRoco planet. Back there, the LocoRoco finds the new MuiMui house, but right after, the meteor comes crashing down onto a Nyokki, and the Mojas start attacking again (sucking the life force out of living things, and as usual, eating LocoRoco). The LocoRoco then set off on an even more epic journey to restore the life force into living things and defeat the Moja Corps.

New features
LocoRoco 2 has many new features added from its previous game, including the ability to swim underwater, squeeze through crevices, and gain many new abilities.  Noticeable new characters in the game include Bonmucho's mother, Majolinè, the BuiBui (who were MuiMui, but got kissed by Majolinè, turning them evil and have a red color to distinguish themselves from the MuiMui), Viole, a new purple LocoRoco, and an old lady named Galanmar.

Gameplay
Like the original LocoRoco game, the player controls are the same, as they once again play as the planet. The shoulder buttons are used to tilt the world to maneuver the LocoRoco, and pressing both of the buttons simultaneously causes the LocoRoco to jump. The single large LocoRoco can be separated by pressing the circle button or through specific points on the level, while individual LocoRoco can merge back into a single being by holding down the circle button.

Locations
The location 'backgrounds' are seen in the first LocoRoco, except for the BuiBui Fort and the MuiMui Home. These include The flower garden (Franzea), the big mountain (Perculoka), the ice mountain (Shamplin), the tropical island (Tropuca), the land of stars (Chapo-Wahr), the dark, spooky land (Dolangomeri), the sunny/rhythmic land, (CaloCaro), the jungle/ancient ruins (Jaojab), the large tree (Yamboona Tree), and the fungus-forest (Kelapton).

Reception
LocoRoco 2 received "generally favorable" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic.

References

2008 video games
Platformers
PlayStation Portable games
Puzzle video games
Sony Interactive Entertainment games
Video games developed in Japan
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Japan Studio games


Krissadee Prakobkong (, born January 16, 1984) is a Thai retired professional footballer who played as a left back.

International career

On the back of performing extremely well in the Thailand 1st Division, Krissadee was called up to the full national side in coach Peter Reid's first squad announcement. He was called up with 35 other players to the 2008 T&T Cup hosted by Vietnam. He made his debut against North Korea on October 28, 2008 in the T&T Cup, and was a member of the victorious T&T Cup 2008-winning squad.

International

Honours

International
Thailand
 T&T Cup: 2008

Club
Chiangrai United
 Thai FA Cup: 2017

References

External links
 Profile at Goal

1984 births
Living people
Krissadee Prakobkong
Krissadee Prakobkong
Men's association football fullbacks
Krissadee Prakobkong
Krissadee Prakobkong
Krissadee Prakobkong
Krissadee Prakobkong


The Alternative Mortgage Transaction Parity Act of 1982, also known as AMTPA, preempts state laws that restrict banks from making any mortgage except conventional fixed rate amortizing mortgages. AMTPA was contained in title VIII of the Garn–St. Germain Depository Institutions Act passed in 1982

Mortgages allowed by the act included:
 Adjustable-rate mortgages, in which the interest rate becomes floating after a number of years.
 Balloon payment mortgages have a large payment remaining when the loan comes due.
 Interest-only mortgages only require the borrower to pay the interest on the principal balance for the first years of the loan.

The United States House of Representatives passed H.R.3915 "The Mortgage Reform and Anti-Predatory Lending Act of 2007" in November, 2007. It remains before the United States Senate. The House bill would require lenders to write mortgages that take into account the borrowers' ability to pay at the fully indexed rate.

References

See also
 Financing
 Refinancing
 Bridge financing
 Promissory note
 Loan origination
 Subprime lending
 Subprime mortgage crisis

Mortgage industry of the United States
United States federal banking legislation
Mortgage legislation