Aleksandar Kocić (Serbian Cyrillic: Александар Коцић; born 18 March 1969) is a Serbian former football goalkeeper.

Playing career

Club career
Kocić played in many teams such as Vlasina, Dubočica, Vojvodina, Levante, Perugia, Empoli, Red Star Belgrade and Ethnikos Achna.

International career
He was capped 22 times with the FR Yugoslavia national team.

Kocić was set to be a participant at the 2000 UEFA European Championship but broke a toe while showering after the last practice prior to the tournament. His replacement was FK Obilić goalkeeper Milorad Korać.

Coaching career
Kocić coached Srem from 2009–2010 and ČSK Čelarevo from 2011–2012.

Serbia national football team
Kocić served as the goalkeeping coach of the Serbia national team from 2012 to 2015, having worked with Siniša Mihajlović (19 matches), Radovan Ćurčić (9 matches), Dick Advocaat (4 matches) and Ljubinko Drulović (4 matches).

Tianjin Teda
As Dragomir Okuka became the head coach of Tianjin Teda in 2016, Kocić was invited to join his coaching team as a goalkeeper coach. They showed up together in the welcome ceremony held by the club. Unfortunately, the staff left Tianjin Teda after 22 matches that didn't satisfy the club.

Changchun Yatai
When Lee Jang-soo began his second season in Changchun as the head coach, Changchun Yatai hired Kocić as the goalkeeper coach. His predecessor was Yang Jingdong, who is now the vice president of Changchun Yatai.

References

External links

1969 births
Living people
Yugoslav men's footballers
Serbian men's footballers
Serbia and Montenegro men's international footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
FK Vojvodina players
AC Perugia Calcio players
Levante UD footballers
Ethnikos Achna FC players
Empoli FC players
Red Star Belgrade footballers
Serie A players
Serie B players
Cypriot First Division players
Serbian expatriate men's footballers
Serbia and Montenegro expatriate men's footballers
Serbia and Montenegro men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Expatriate men's footballers in Spain
Expatriate men's footballers in Cyprus
People from Vlasotince
Serbia and Montenegro expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Serbia and Montenegro expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Serbia and Montenegro expatriate sportspeople in Cyprus


Lauchlin Daniel Currie (March 28, 1893 – February 4, 1969) was a lawyer, judge and political figure in Nova Scotia, Canada. He represented Cape Breton East from 1933 to 1941 and Richmond from 1941 to 1949 in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly as a Liberal member.

He was born in North Sydney, Nova Scotia, the son of Joseph Currie and Elizabeth Morrison. Currie was educated at Ste. Anne's College, St. Francis Xavier University and Dalhousie University. Currie was solicitor for the United Mine Workers in Glace Bay. He married Margaret Curry in 1923. He served in the province's Executive Council as Minister of Mines from 1940 to 1947, Attorney General from 1947 to 1949 and Minister of Public Welfare from 1948 to 1949. In 1949, he was named to the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia. Currie was Chief Justice of Nova Scotia from 1967 until he retired from the bench in March 1968. He died in Halifax at the age of 75.

References

 Marble, AE Nova Scotians at home and abroad: biographical sketches ... (1977) p. 124-5
 Chief Justices, The Courts of Nova Scotia

1893 births
1969 deaths
Nova Scotia Liberal Party MLAs
Judges in Nova Scotia
People from North Sydney, Nova Scotia
Dalhousie University alumni
St. Francis Xavier University alumni


Collinsonia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Lamiaceae. It is native to East Asia and eastern North America.  It was named for the English botanist Peter Collinson (1694–1768) by Carl Linnaeus in Species Plantarum in 1753. It is in the tribe Elsholtzieae, a small tribe of only 5 genera. In order of their number of species, they are Elsholtzia, Mosla, Collinsonia, Perilla, and Perillula.

The circumscription of species in Collinsonia has been a source of confusion, and many names have been published. Some authors have recognized as many as 10 species. In 2006, the genus was revised with only four species recognized. The following list of species follows the World Checklist from Kew Gardens in London.

Collinsonia anisata Sims - Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, Georgia
Collinsonia australis (C.Y.Wu & H.W.Li) Harley - Fujian, Guangdong
Collinsonia canadensis L. - Quebec, Ontario, eastern United States
Collinsonia elsholtzioides (Merr.) Harley - Anhui, Guangdong, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang
Collinsonia glandulosa (C.Y.Wu) Harley - Fujian
Collinsonia japonica (Miq.) Harley - Japan
Collinsonia macrobracteata (Masam.) Harley - Taiwan
Collinsonia punctata Elliott - southeastern United States from Louisiana to North Carolina
Collinsonia sinensis (Diels) Harley - Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang
Collinsonia szechuanensis (C.Y.Wu) Harley - Sichuan, Yunnan
Collinsonia verticillata Baldwin ex Elliott - eastern United States from Ohio and Virginia south to Alabama

References

External links

Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae genera
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus


Eric Nelson Sopha (born September 13, 1974) is a Seychellois football player.  He is a goalkeeper on the Seychelles national football team. Sopha also plays for the reigning Seychelles League champions St Michel United FC. He has been at the club since 2000. He has 32 caps for the Seychelles, making him the most-capped player in their current squad.

References

1974 births
Living people
Seychellois men's footballers
Seychelles men's international footballers
St Michel United FC players

Men's association football goalkeepers


The Colóns were a Puerto Rican professional wrestling tag team who consisted of real-life brothers, Carlito and Primo. The team worked for World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). They were the first-ever Unified WWE Tag Team Champions, being holders of both the WWE Tag Team Championship and World Tag Team Championship.

Their father is former professional wrestler Carlos Colón Sr., and they initially began teaming together in his promotion, World Wrestling Council and held the WWC World Tag Team Championship. In 2008, they began teaming together in WWE, when Primo debuted on SmackDown alongside his brother. In their debut as a tag team within the promotion, they defeated then-WWE Tag Team Champions Curt Hawkins and Zack Ryder. This win earned them a title opportunity two weeks later, in which they were also successful. At WrestleMania XXV they became the first team to unify both tag team title sets by defeating John Morrison and The Miz.

History

World Wrestling Council
The Colóns initially began teaming in their father's company, World Wrestling Council (WWC) to defeat the tag team of Thunder and Lightning for the WWC World Tag Team Championship on March 16, 2002. They lost the title to Thunder and Lightning the following day. At Lockout 2009, the brothers performed in the promotion for the first time since teaming in WWE. Although they were not booked in a match, The Colóns hosted a segment of Carlito's Cabana with David Sierra as the invited guest. In this segment, the promotion tried to explain why Eddie was renamed to "Primo", claiming that he wanted to preserve Eddie Guerrero's legacy by not using his actual name. On May 20, 2009, The Colóns issued an open challenge to any tag team for Aniversario 2009, the promotion's anniversary event.

World Wrestling Entertainment

Unified WWE Tag Team Champions (2008–2009)

Soon after Primo debuted in WWE, he became a full-time member of the SmackDown roster, along with his brother. They defeated WWE Tag Team Champions Curt Hawkins and Zack Ryder in their first match as a team to gain victory on September 12, 2008. Two weeks later, both teams competed in a title match, with The Colóns winning to become tag team champions.

Starting in November, The Colóns developed an on-screen relationship with The Bella Twins (Nikki and Brie), appearing in numerous backstage segments with them and The Bellas accompanied them to the ring. This relationship with the Bella Twins subsequently led to a feud with the World Tag Team Champions John Morrison and The Miz, as Morrison and The Miz flirted with The Bella Twins, and then defeated Carlito and Primo to win a date with them on Valentine's Day. The Bella were seemingly unable to choose between the teams, leading to Morrison and The Miz challenging The Colóns for the WWE Tag Team Championship, and The Colóns challenging Morrison and The Miz for the World Tag Team Championship, although each team retained their respective championship. The rivalry between the teams led The Bella Twins to fall out with each other, with Brie siding with the Colóns, and Nikki siding with Morrison and The Miz. On the WrestleMania 25 pre-show, The Colóns defeated Morrison and The Miz to win the World Tag Team Championship and become the Unified WWE Tag Team Champions, and they successfully defended the championships the following night on Raw.

On April 15, the Colóns were drafted back to the Raw brand as part of the 2009 Supplemental Draft. On April 27, the Colóns made their debut on Raw, defeating Jamie Noble and Chavo Guerrero. The team's collective WWE Superstars debut took place on May 28, 2009, when they defeated The World's Greatest Tag Team by pinfall.

Split and brief reformation (2009–2010)
They lost the championship at The Bash to the team of Edge and Chris Jericho, who were added to a standard tag team match between the Colóns and The Legacy (Cody Rhodes and Ted DiBiase) moments before the match started. Carlito and Primo invoked their rematch clause the next night on Raw, but were unsuccessful, and on the July 6 episode of Raw, they lost again to Jericho and Edge. One week later, the team officially disbanded when Carlito attacked Primo.

The team reunited on the May 6, 2010 episode of Superstars when Carlito stopped the match and offered Primo to reform as a team. Primo accepted the offer, turning him heel in the process. On the May 10 episode of Raw, Colóns brutally attacked R-Truth. The duo then shook hands with Ted DiBiase after getting paid with DiBiase's "Trust Fund." The reunion of the team would be short lived, as on May 21, Carlito was released due to a violation of the WWE Wellness Program and subsequent refusal to attend a rehabilitation facility.

While Primo went on to form the second incarnation of The Colóns, with their cousin Epico. On April 5, 2014, Carlito, Primo and Epico inducted Carlos Colon Sr. into the WWE Hall of Fame.

Championships and accomplishments
Puerto Rico Wrestling
Tag Team of the Year (2008)

World Wrestling Council
WWC World Tag Team Championship (1 time)

World Wrestling Entertainment
World Tag Team Championship (1 time)
WWE Tag Team Championship (1 time)

See also
 Primo and Epico

References

External links
The Colóns Online World of Wrestling profile
Primo's WWE profile

WWE teams and stables
WWE World Tag Team Champions


Godfrey Denis Armel (born August 16, 1985) is a Seychellois football player. He is a central back defender on the Seychelles national football team.

External links

1985 births
Living people
Seychellois men's footballers
Seychelles men's international footballers
Place of birth missing (living people)
Men's association football central defenders
21st-century Seychellois people


U2 Live at Red Rocks: Under a Blood Red Sky is a concert film by Irish rock band U2. It was recorded on 5 June 1983 at Red Rocks Amphitheatre in Colorado, United States, on the group's War Tour. Originally released in 1984 on videocassette, U2 Live at Red Rocks was the band's first video release. It accompanied a 1983 live album entitled Under a Blood Red Sky, on which two tracks from the film appear. The video was directed by Gavin Taylor and produced by Rick Wurpel and Doug Stewart.

The film was arranged by U2 management to showcase the band's live act and to promote them to American audiences. It depicts the band's performance at Red Rocks on a rain-soaked evening. The concert was almost cancelled because of the inclement weather, but the band had invested in the filming with Island Records and concert promoter Barry Fey and wished to proceed with the gig. The rain and the torch-lit atmosphere of the surroundings made U2's performance dramatic. Segments of U2 Live at Red Rocks were shown in regular rotation on MTV, and were also broadcast on other television networks.

Critics praised the concert and the video, and it subsequently became a best-seller. The video, along with Under a Blood Red Sky, helped establish U2's reputation as remarkable live performers and boosted Red Rocks' stature as a live venue. A remastered edition of U2 Live at Red Rocks was released on DVD in September 2008 with previously unreleased tracks, coinciding with a remastered edition of Under a Blood Red Sky. Rolling Stone selected the film's performance of "Sunday Bloody Sunday" as one of the "50 Moments that Changed the History of Rock and Roll".

Production

Planning and organization

In 1981, U2 were on their Boy Tour to promote their debut album, Boy. Following their 11 May concert at Rainbow Music Hall in Denver, concert promoter Chuck Morris took the band to the nearby Red Rocks Amphitheatre—a natural amphitheatre located between sandstone cliffs in the Rocky Mountains. Bassist Adam Clayton said, "From the moment we saw it, we were thinking, 'Some day we will play here'. It was very photogenic." U2's manager Paul McGuinness had long wanted to film the group for a concert video to highlight their success as a live act and to promote them to American audiences still unfamiliar with the Irish band. Concert promoter Barry Fey, who presented U2's shows in the southwestern United States, saw the group's potential and successfully lobbied for them to perform at Red Rocks.

In early 1983, McGuinness contacted Malcolm Gerrie, producer of the British television series The Tube, about shooting a video of U2 at Red Rocks and possibly featuring it on The Tube. Gerrie initially assumed McGuinness was interested in creating a video of a single song; however, McGuinness was hoping to create an hour-long special. Because The Tube was not a "one-band show", Gerrie said he would have to sell the idea to Channel 4 television, but McGuinness insisted on giving Gerrie the rights to the video and letting Channel 4 broadcast the video without payment.

Filming costs were estimated at , which included the illumination of the cliffs, a mobile sound recording unit, and a helicopter to film aerial footage. With U2 only able to invest $30,000, Fey agreed to help finance the project, along with Island Records. A joint production company called "U2 at Red Rocks Associates" was subsequently established to fund the filming; the three parties split costs and shared profits from television rights and video sales. The radio rights were sold to American radio network NBC for inclusion in its concert series The Source. Throughout the United States leg of their War Tour, U2 filled venues with capacities similar to that of Red Rocks, leading the band to anticipate that the filming would take place before a sold-out audience and that the concert's revenues would help to offset production costs.

Fey's corporation, Feyline Productions, coordinated with his production company, TTS, to manage the videotaping. Director Gavin Taylor and Gerrie were selected as director and production associate, respectively. It was Taylor's first visit to the United States, and it was the first time he filmed a major outdoor rock concert. Local producers Rick Wurpel and Doug Stewart were also on the staff. Taylor's and McGuinness' original plans were to feature the video on The Tube, but trade unions objected to their limited representation on the concert crew. However, a compromise was reached, allowing 15 minutes of the concert to be broadcast on The Tube.

Weather challenges and preparations

The group's Red Rocks concert was scheduled for 5 June 1983, but poor weather that day threatened to cancel the show. Torrential rain soaked the area, and flash flood warnings were issued. The weather made it difficult for the crew members to transport the band's gear and video equipment through the mountains to the amphitheatre. The conditions also caused many technical problems for the filming and concert crews, hampering stage construction and endangering the safety of those setting up lighting and sound equipment. Crew members used squeegees to keep rain away from the wires, although the assistant of recording engineer Randy Ezratty still received an electrical shock while setting up a lighting truss. Between 15 and 20 fans were already camped out in the venue's front rows early in the morning, and lead singer Bono accommodated them by serving coffee and tea. The Alarm and Divinyls cancelled their opening sets for safety reasons, and many fans thought the entire concert had been cancelled. The show was scheduled for 6:00 p.m., and the band had until 1:00 p.m. to decide whether to move the concert elsewhere or risk the weather worsening, which could have necessitated a cancellation.

U2 and McGuinness thought that too much money had been invested to abort the concert, and they sympathised with the fans who had travelled to the venue in the poor weather. Accordingly, they decided to proceed with the concert as planned. Many of the crew were not in agreement and wanted to walk off the set. Ezratty said: "The guys from the American sound company were not at all enamored with being out with this band. I can remember them saying, 'Oh, we could be out with Asia right now!' So they decided to pull the plug on it. They said, 'It's a matter of safety. We're going to pull the system down and we're not going to do it.'" McGuinness dissuaded the crew with an impromptu speech, a moment on which Ezratty recollected: "Paul called everybody down into the bowels of Red Rocks where they fed everybody. It was cold and raining and everybody was shivering, and Paul made a speech, saying in no uncertain terms that we were going to proceed as one, that the band's entire livelihood was riding on this, and that this was one of the most pivotal moments in their career. He said that if it were deemed that this show was in any way possible to happen, it was going to happen, and it was not going to be tolerated that anybody would do anything but add their effort to a successful and positive outcome. I just stood there and went, 'This is so cool. This is like a general rallying the troops.'"

Bono informed the fans waiting outside the venue that the show would be general admission, and told everyone to get as close to the stage as possible, regardless of the seating assignment on their tickets. Fey wanted to cancel the show but was flying to Denver from the US Festival in California with Morris when the decision to continue was made. After arriving in Denver, Fey called the amphitheatre asking to where the concert was being moved, unaware that the band had decided to proceed with the show. Guitarist the Edge said that when Fey learned of the group's decision, he could not believe it. The Edge said, "I don't think he'd ever heard anything quite so crazy in his life, going on with an outdoor show in the worst kind of weather, rain and wind in the mountains. He thought we'd lost our minds completely." Bono went on the radio that day to confirm that the Red Rocks concert was still taking place, and to promote a concert that the band planned for the following night at the CU Events Center to accommodate fans who were unable to attend the Red Rocks show. Clayton said during the band's radio interviews, "We know it's raining now but we're sure it won't be when the show starts, so please come." Two hours before the concert, the downpour subsided and settled into a misty drizzle. The 9,000-person venue had sold out, but because of the inclement weather, only about 4,400 fans attended.

Filming and post-production

Taylor had a crew of six camera operators, comprising three Denver cinematographers and three others that he brought. Due to the thick fog and heavy rain on the night of the concert, very little aerial footage was suitable for the final edit. Although two "master angle" cameras on tripods provided wide and overview shots, most of the camera operators filmed with hand-held cameras. Much of the concert footage contains red streaks, which was caused by the cameras' tube sensors when they were pointed directly at light sources. This prompted a notice on the future home video release informing viewers that the coloured lines in the footage "are a result of special lighting effects, and are not caused by a tape defect or your equipment". The weather was cold enough that steam was coming out of the band members' mouths, and the Edge had difficulty playing guitar because his hands felt "frozen stiff". Drummer Larry Mullen Jr. believes the weather contributed a dramatic atmosphere to the concert. Reduced attendance at the event was largely obscured in the concert footage by the thick mist that filled the air that evening, as well as strategic shots of the crowd. Having seen Bono's interactions with an audience at a show in Gateshead years earlier, Taylor decided to have a thrust built at the front of the Red Rocks stage to reduce the gap between the audience and Bono, and to allow him to be surrounded by fans on three sides. Sound mixing was managed by Steve Lillywhite, who produced U2's first three studio albums. Ezratty's recording company, Effanel Music, was hired to provide their portable multitrack recording system.

Before U2 took the stage, Fey introduced the concert, making a reference to Bob Dylan's live album Hard Rain. The concert itself featured 18 songs, with a set list identical to that of several previous shows on the tour. "Out of Control" opened the 14-song main set, which concluded with "Gloria". A four-song encore followed, with "40" being the final song performed. The band played songs from the tour's supporting album War (1983), as well as material from their first two albums, Boy (1980) and October (1981). "Party Girl"—a B-side from the single "A Celebration" (1982), and the non-album single "11 O'Clock Tick Tock" (1980) were played during the encore.

During the song "The Electric Co.", Bono left the stage and climbed up a lighting rig to display a white flag. In a 2004 interview, the Edge said that Bono "scared the shit out of [him]" by climbing onto the rig and risking electrocution by the live wires in close proximity. Bono said "good night" to the crowd on nearly a half a dozen occasions so that the post-production crew would have several choices of songs with which to end the film. Backstage, the band members were disappointed that the crowd did not initially chant "how long to sing this song?" after the band had left the stage following the final song, "40", which had become a tradition. However, tour manager Dennis Sheehan hid underneath the crowd barrier and began singing the refrain into a microphone without being asked. Eventually, the crowd joined in; the film was edited to disguise the fact that the singing was organised.

The day after the concert, Taylor went into the video editing suite to prepare a promotional video and a rough edit of the concert, while Lillywhite mixed the sound at Caribou Ranch. Ultimately, Taylor completed two separate edits of the concert: the first was an hour-long version for a planned but cancelled UK television broadcast that was instead released on VHS; the second version was the full concert.

Release

Broadcasts and initial home video

The concert was first broadcast on 8, 9 and 10 July 1983 on NBC's radio network The Source under the title War Is Declared. The broadcast was sponsored by Budweiser and the United States Army, and was distributed to radio stations on two LP records, which included the full concert minus "I Threw A Brick Through A Window" and "A Day Without Me". Twelve of the concert's songs were later broadcast on American television network Showtime, and nine songs were broadcast on MTV. The film's performance of "Sunday Bloody Sunday" became the song's music video; Malcolm Gerrie, Rick Wurpel and Paul McGuinness were credited as producers. In June 1986, the video was one of 10 concert films aired on television stations throughout the US as part of a series of music specials presented by the Coors Brewing Company and Radio Vision International. The concert has also been broadcast on VH1 and affiliates of the Public Broadcasting Service.

The Red Rocks film was screened at the CMJ Music Marathon in October 1983 to promote U2's companion live mini-LP Under a Blood Red Sky, which was released the following month. The mini-LP, whose name was later used as a subtitle for the concert film, features eight live songs from the War Tour, two of which ("Gloria" and "Party Girl") were taken from the Red Rocks concert; the other tracks were taken from performances in Boston and West Germany, as U2 thought they were "more developed performances".

U2 Live at Red Rocks: Under a Blood Red Sky was U2's first home video release, and it was initially issued on VHS and Betamax by MCA Home Video in July 1984, followed by a LaserDisc release from Pony Video for Japan. The video recording was re-released in August 1986 by RCA/Columbia Pictures Home Video, followed by a LaserDisc release from RCA/Columbia and Image Entertainment in 1988, and two additional VHS re-releases by Virgin Video in 1987 and PolyGram in 1991.

The image of Bono atop the lighting rig during his performance of "The Electric Co." was used as the cover of the video with the text Under a Blood Red Sky. The film begins with a brief montage that includes an interview with U2, preparations being made by the concert crew and reactions by anxious fans. The Clannad song "Theme from Harry's Game", which was played after many of U2's shows at the time, is heard in the film's opening montage and during the end credits. The film's subtitle "Under a Blood Red Sky", also the title of the companion live album, originates from a lyric in "New Year's Day". This lyric is not sung in the film; instead Bono sang "under a thundercloud and rain", in reference to the weather conditions.

During the band's performance of "Cry / The Electric Co.", Bono sang excerpts of Stephen Sondheim's "Send in the Clowns". The band failed to get permission or to pay the appropriate licensing and royalty fees to use the song. Initial pressings of U2 Live at Red Rocks, and the accompanying live album—which contains a different performance of the song from August 1983—featured "Send in the Clowns". U2 were forced to pay  in an out-of-court settlement. The initial release of the video was 55 minutes long and featured 13 songs from the film, including "Cry / The Electric Co.", which was omitted from the track listing for legal reasons related to the excerpt of "Send in the Clowns".

Recordings of "Twilight" and "An Cat Dubh" from the concert were featured on U2's single "Sweetest Thing" in 1998. In 2004, the concert recording of "Sunday Bloody Sunday" appeared on the compilation album Carved in Stone Vol. 2: Live at Red Rocks, a charity record to raise funds for the "Preserve the Rocks Fund", which aimed to renovate and preserve Red Rocks Park.

Following the release of the official concert recordings, video and audio bootleg recordings circulated that featured the entirety of the band's performance.

DVD re-release and streaming
In 2005, after Rick Wurpel re-opened his production business, he realised that neither he nor TTS had the master tapes in their inventory and feared that they had been lost. He discovered the Denver City Council possessed the tapes among an inventory of 164 recordings. A former employee of Wurpel had been storing the tapes and intended to dispose of them unless the city was interested. The city had paid her $3,000 for the storage costs and took possession of the tapes. Legal proceedings subsequently ensued to return the tapes to Wurpel and U2.

Barry Fey later signed paperwork for a future DVD release at U2's request. U2 Live at Red Rocks was re-released on 30 September 2008 on DVD by Interscope Records, Island Records, and Universal Music Enterprises. The "2008 Edition" of the film was remastered, and the audio remastering was directed by the Edge. The DVD features several tracks that were previously unreleased, extending the film from 55 to 82 minutes. "Cry / The Electric Co." was included on the video's track listing; the performance was edited to remove the excerpt of "Send in the Clowns" that was present on the previous videocassette and LaserDisc releases. The editing-out of the song created a continuity error in the video; the previous versions showed Bono climbing the lighting rig and singing. The new edition removes that sequence, resulting in Bono leaving the stage and appearing on top of the lighting rig in the following shot.

The remastered DVD also features a version of "Two Hearts Beat as One" that was edited to remove an excerpt of "Let's Twist Again". The only song performed at the concert that does not appear in the remastered film is "I Fall Down"played between "Cry / The Electric Co." and "October"—which was omitted because of a camera malfunction. The DVD features a PCM stereo soundtrack, 5.1 surround sound mixes in Dolby Digital and DTS sound, and an audio commentary by director Gavin Taylor. The re-release of the film coincided with the release of a remastered version of its companion live album, Under a Blood Red Sky. These re-releases were available separately or bundled together in a CD/DVD deluxe package. The liner notes for the film re-release were written by music critic Anthony DeCurtis. Remastered versions of U2's first three albums—Boy, October, and War—had been released earlier in 2008, and a box set with the three albums and an open slot for the deluxe version of Under a Blood Red Sky was sold exclusively by Amazon.com.

On 15 March 2021, U2 announced a concert broadcast series called "The Virtual Road" in partnership with YouTube, by which four of the group's past concert films were remastered and streamed on the band's official YouTube channel for 48 hours each. Live at Red Rocks began streaming on 25 March, with a pre-recorded performance by Irish rock band Fontaines D.C. serving as an "opening act". To coincide with the broadcast event, a four-track EP of songs from Live at Red Rocks was released to streaming services and digital stores.

Reception

Critical reaction

Both the concert and the U2 Live at Red Rocks video received positive reviews from critics. In a review of the show, G. Brown of The Denver Post wrote, "A lot of things had to go so wrong for U2's show at Red Rocks Amphitheater ... to come off so right." Jon Pareles of The New York Times praised the film, saying, "The setting lent even more urgency to U2's hypercharged songs about apocalypse, pacifism and existential terror". Pareles said, "Although there are a few too many exaggerated camera angles, the tape captures U2's earnest intensity." A review in the Philadelphia Daily News described the camerawork as "artful" and praised the visuals of the concert and the natural surroundings. Louis Meredith of Stereo Review said that the video captured the group in "absolutely splendid form" and that "Musically, it's about as impressive as they come" with "inventive and passionately felt" instrumental performances. He said that Bono "accomplishes the nearly impossible—turning a typical Nuremberg Rally-scaled outdoor concert into something that seems almost intimate." Meredith criticised the cinematography as "unimaginative, made-for-MTV camera work" and judged that the soundtrack was not as good as the EP. Neal Hall of The Sun said the band "prove[d] why it was named by Record magazine as the top live act of 1983" and that they performed with a "vigor and vitality that is entrancing to witness, even on a small screen". He found the sound "surprisingly clean and crisp" but noted the red trails were a visual problem. Perry Seibert of Allmovie gave the film four-and-a-half stars, praising the band's performance and the venue's role in the concert, saying, "the historic Red Rocks venue provides a stirring backdrop for the band's sweeping sound".

Following the release of the DVD in 2008, Record Collector stated that "25 years on, [U2 Live at Red Rocks has] lost none of its power".<ref name="recordcollector">{{cite magazine|last=Heatley|first=Michael|date=December 2008|title=U2 – Live at Red Rocks: Under A Blood Red Sky|magazine=Record Collector|issue=356|url=http://recordcollectormag.com/reviews/live-at-red-rocks-undera-blood-red-sky|access-date=1 March 2013}}</ref> Brian Boyd of The Irish Times was impressed by the band's performance considering they were drawing from just three albums of material and lacked the "computerised wizardry that makes U2 shows now such extravaganzas", adding, "what most impresses here is how full-on the concert is as the band give it socks during a rain-lashed evening". Bernard Zuel of The Sydney Morning Herald called the concert one of the moments in U2's history that showed their "ability to connect with and move an audience at a time when artifice and pomposity were rampant". He was fascinated that the "rain and fog that marks the Red Rocks show, and made the mythology even more potent, almost led to its cancellation". Mark Brown of the Rocky Mountain News recalled that the video is "still a thrilling performance, raw but polished, passionate and sincere". Andrew Gilstrap of PopMatters gave the remastered version of the film a rating of 8 out of 10, stating, "It's rare that a band can totally transform a scene—especially one with a stage show that boasts charisma as its only special effect—but it's not hyperbole to say that U2 put on a dominating, flawless-despite-mistakes performance. This is the one that put U2 on the map." In its review of the remastered version of Under a Blood Red Sky, online magazine Pitchfork said, "when the group performed at Red Rocks on a rainy June night, with lit torches above a panoramic skyline, the venue provided an ideal backdrop for U2's literally flag-waving music, with everything—earth, wind, fire—in place to maximise and heighten the drama of the moment and the songs." Christina Sursky of the McClatchy-Tribune News Service said, "The DVD glows with the energy of U2's performances", and she called the rendition of "Sunday Bloody Sunday" the film's highlight. Randy Pitman of Video Librarian called the performance a "blistering 17-song set full of early material now rarely played aside from the hits 'Sunday Bloody Sunday' and 'New Year's Day'". He added that although casual fans may only recognise the aforementioned hits, "the faithful will be thrilled with this classic concert". James Wigney of The Sunday Telegraph and the Sunday Herald Sun gave the DVD a score of 5 out of 5, praising the film's concert, but stated that the "footage is still on the fuzzy side". Sam Kelton of The Advertiser said the DVD's audio commentary was very informative, but criticised the picture quality, stating, "even the remastered version looks like it was shot on a mobile phone".

Commercial performance
In November 1984, the video was nominated for the Best Long Form award at Billboard magazine's Video Music Conference and the performance of "Sunday Bloody Sunday" was nominated for the Best Concert Performance award. When Billboard debuted the Top Music Videocassettes chart (later renamed Top Music Videos) in the 30 March 1985 issue, U2 Live at Red Rocks ranked at number seven. The video was included in the year-end Top Music Videocassettes charts for 1985 and 1987. Following the 2008 DVD release, the video re-entered the chart for the first time since 1989, reaching number 3. Overall, U2 Live at Red Rocks spent 152 weeks on the Top Music Videocassettes/Top Music Videos chart. In April 1985, the video appeared on Billboards Top Videocassette Sales chart at number 29, and remained on the chart for 14 weeks.  Billboard attributed the late increase in the video's sales to U2's sold-out Unforgettable Fire Tour, and called it "a textbook example of a group's current status having a direct influence on video sales".

Legacy

U2's Red Rocks concert is often cited as a watershed moment in their history that established their reputation as an exceptional live act. In the liner notes of the remastered version of the film, music journalist Anthony DeCurtis wrote, "this concert set goals for U2 that might have daunted any other young band. But in the shadow of their wild ambitions at Red Rocks, these four boys met, once again, the men of their future, and became who they would become." In 1999, Entertainment Weekly ranked the show 40th on its list of "The 100 Greatest Moments in Rock Music", saying that "the mystic, against-all-odds performance... was a spiritual and commercial breakthrough" that "transformed U2 from college-radio underdogs into A-list rock heroes". In 2004, Rolling Stone called the band's performance of "Sunday Bloody Sunday" from the film one of the "50 Moments that Changed the History of Rock and Roll". The magazine said, "[t]he sight of Bono singing the anti-violence anthem 'Sunday Bloody Sunday' while waving a white flag through crimson mist (created by a combination of wet weather, hot lights and the illumination of those crags) became the defining image of U2's warrior-rock spirit and—shown in heavy rotation on MTV—broke the band nationwide." Director Gavin Taylor said that the video "kick-started their career" and "fired them like a rocket into the sky". A 2005 industry poll of "The World's Greatest Gigs" ranked U2's Red Rocks show the 8th-greatest in rock history. In 2009, Relix named it the 24th-best concert since 1959.The Denver Post said the concert affirmed Red Rocks Amphitheatre's status as a premier outdoor venue. Rocky Mountain News'' said that the concert was "[e]asily one of the most famous, acclaimed concerts of the 1980s (if not all time)", and that people who have visited the Amphitheatre ever since have been disappointed to learn that the pyres are not part of the venue and were only used for the U2 concert. Music biographer Dave Thompson said the concert "transformed U2 ... into a very successful rock band", and that without U2, "Red Rocks would be just another smartly lit amphitheater". In 2003, U2 were inducted into the Red Rocks Hall of Fame, which is on display in the venue's visitor center; the amphitheatre's official website states that U2's performance "paved the way for other great artists such as Stevie Nicks, the Moody Blues, John Tesh and Neil Young to record live concert videos at Red Rocks, and helped the Amphitheatre gain its reputation as one of the premier venues in the world".

In June 2007, a U2 tribute band named Under a Blood Red Sky performed a note-for-note recreation of U2's performance at Red Rocks. That same week, the City of Denver unsuccessfully tried to persuade U2 to return to Red Rocks. During the PopMart Tour in 1997, Bono stated that because of low ticket sales for their Denver concert at Mile High Stadium, a return to the more intimate Red Rocks setting held appeal. However, in a 2008 interview, Barry Fey said that he had questioned U2 about performing at Red Rocks again, to which they replied, "Absolutely not". On both occasions, Fey said that U2 could never top their original performance and that returning to Red Rocks would be "foolish" and "a no-win situation" for the group.

Track listing

Original release
"Surrender"
"Seconds"
"Sunday, Bloody Sunday"
"Cry" / "The Electric Co."
"October"
"New Year's Day"
"I Threw a Brick"
"A Day Without Me"
"Gloria"
"Party Girl"
"11 O'Clock Tick Tock"
"I Will Follow"
"40"

2008 edition (DVD)
"Out of Control"
"Twilight"
"An Cat Dubh" / "Into the Heart"
"Surrender"
"Two Hearts Beat as One"
"Seconds"
"Sunday Bloody Sunday"
"Cry" / "The Electric Co."
"October"
"New Year's Day"
"I Threw a Brick Through a Window"
"A Day Without Me"
"Gloria"
"Party Girl"
"11 O'Clock Tick Tock"
"I Will Follow"
"40"

Personnel

U2
 Bono – lead vocals, guitar on "A Day Without Me"
 The Edge – guitar, piano, backing vocals, lap steel guitar on "Surrender", bass guitar on "40", lead vocals on "Seconds"
 Adam Clayton – bass guitar, guitar on "40", backing vocals on "I Will Follow", "Twilight" and "Out of Control"
 Larry Mullen Jr. – drums, backing vocals

Film crew
 Malcolm Gerrie – production associate
 Paul McGuinness for U2 at Red Rocks Associates – executive producer
 Doug Stewart – producer
 Gavin Taylor – director
 Rick Wurpel – producer

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References
Notes

Footnotes

Bibliography

External links

U2 Live at Red Rocks at U2.com

U2 video albums
U2 live albums
Live video albums
1984 video albums
1984 live albums
Concert films
Island Records video albums
Island Records live albums
Albums recorded at Red Rocks Amphitheatre


The wildlife of Canada or biodiversity of Canada consist of over 80,000 classified species, and an equal number thought yet to be recognized. Known fauna and flora have been identified from five kingdoms: protozoa  represent approximately 1% of recorded species; chromist (approximately 4); fungis (approximately 16%); plants (approximately 11%); and animals (approximately 68%). Insects account for nearly 70 percent of documented animal species in Canada. More than 300 species are found exclusively in Canada.

There are 20 major ecosystems – ecozones – in Canada: 15 terrestrial and 5 marine. Canada's major biomes are the tundra, boreal forest, grassland, and temperate deciduous forest. Since the end of the last glacial period, Canada has consisted of eight distinct forest regions, with approximately half of its land area covered by forests (roughly 8 percent of the world's forested land).

Due to human activities, invasive species and environmental issues in the country, there are currently more than 800 species at risk of being lost. About 65 percent of Canada's resident species are considered secure. Protected and conservation areas have been established to preserve and restore Canadian flora and fauna species. Approximately 5000 Canadian animal species and 30,000 Canadian plant species are restricted from export for international trade.

Biodiversity

Habitat

Canada is characterized by a wide range of both meteorologic and geological regions that are divided into fifteen terrestrial and five marine ecozones, such as the forests of British Columbia and Central Canada, the prairies of Western Canada, the tundra of Northern Canada, and the marine ecosystems of the Arctic, Atlantic Canada and Pacific coast. The largest marine ecozone is the Arctic Archipelago (which covers about 15 percent of Canada, or 1.5 million km2), whereas the largest terrestrial ecozone is the Boreal Shield (covering 20 percent of Canada, or 1.9 million km2).

Canada's major biomes are the tundra, boreal forest, grassland, and temperate deciduous forest. British Columbia has a multitude of smaller biomes, including: a subalpine forest which extends into Alberta, a temperate rainforest along the coast, a semi arid desert located in the Okanagan Valley and alpine tundra in the higher mountainous regions.

Over half of Canada's landscape is intact and relatively free of human development. The boreal forest of Canada is considered to be the largest intact forest on earth, with around  undisturbed by roads, cities or industry. The Canadian Arctic tundra is the second-largest vegetation region in the country consisting of dwarf shrubs, sedges and grasses, mosses and lichens. The Canadian Prairies a temperate grassland with shrubland and northern mixed grasslands are used for rearing livestock and cultivating crops. Only seven percent of Canada's land is suitable for large scale agricultural production.

Canada has over 2,000,000 lakes—563 greater than —which is more than any other country hosting a multitude of unique ecosystems. Canada is home to about twenty five percent (134.6 million ha) of the world's wetlands that support a vast array of local ecosystems. Canada's waterways have their own ecosystems; with the two longest rivers being the Mackenzie River, that begins at Great Slave Lake and ends in the Arctic Ocean, with its drainage basin covering a large part of northwestern Canada, and the Saint Lawrence River, which drains the Great Lakes into the Gulf of St. Lawrence ending in the Atlantic Ocean. The Mackenzie, including its tributaries is over  in length and lies within the second largest drainage basin of North America, while the St. Lawrence  in length, drains the world's largest system of freshwater lakes.

Fauna

There are approximately 200 mammal species, over 460 bird species, over 40 amphibian species, over 40 reptile species, and over 1,200 fish species in Canada. Invertebrates present include 55,000 species of insects and 11,000 species of mites and spiders.

The Great Lakes region is home to the black bear, Virginia opossum, red squirrels, North American beaver, and striped skunks; birds include eastern bluebird, red-winged blackbird, robin, wood thrush, woodpecker, oriole, bobolink, crow, hawk, bittern, heron, black duck, and loon. The boreal forest region contains moose, caribou, Canadian lynx, timber wolf, marten, porcupine, snowshoe rabbit, and chipmunk. The Rocky Mountain region fauna included the grizzly bear, mountain goat, bighorn sheep, elk, cougar, and flying squirrel.

The Pacific ecozone is home to the Cascade mountain goat, mountain beaver, a vast variety of mice, and puget striped skunk; birds include northern pigmy-owl, band-tailed pigeon, black swift, northern flicker, crow, rufous-sided towhee, and black brant. Residence species of the Great Plains ecoregion includes the desert cottontail, deer mouse gophers, plains bison, and several types of prairie dogs (black-tailed, white-tailed, and gunnison's), alongside many prairie birds. The Arctic expanse includes fauna such as the musk ox and reindeer, polar bear, white and blue fox, arctic hare, and lemming; with birds such as the snowy owl, willow ptarmigan, snow bunting and arctic tern.

Walrus, dolphins, seals, sea turtles, whales and sharks inhabit Canada's coastal waters. Seal species include harbor seal, harp seal, hooded seal, grey seal, bearded seal, northern fur seal, northern elephant seal, ringed seal, Steller sea lion, and California sea lion among others. Salt-water fish including the Atlantic cod, Pacific salmon, hake, haddock and halibut; alongside crustaceans such as lobster, snow crab and shrimp are the primary commercial species. Walleye (AKA pickerel), northern pike, rainbow trout, largemouth bass and the black crappie are common fresh-water fish species found throughout the country. Canada hosts many amphibian, including salamanders as well as frogs and toads and many species of reptile, including turtles, lizards, and snakes.

Many of North America's migratory birds, including songbirds, waterfowl and shorebirds, take up residence in Canada during the spring and summer. In addition to native and migratory mammals, many Eurasian mammals were introduced to Canada either intentionally or accidentally. Among them are domestic mammals, such as the horse, pig, sheep, dog, cat, and cattle, and wild mammals, such as the brown rat and the house mouse.

Flora

Since the end of the last glacial period, Canada has consisted of eight distinct forest regions. According to Environment and Climate Change Canada, the nation hosts approximately 17,000 identified species of trees, flowers, herbs, ferns, mosses and other flora. Approximately 95 percent of the vascular plants in Canada are of the flowering variety. Roughly half of Canada is covered by forest, totalling around . Over 90% of Canada's forests are owned by the public (crown land, and the majority being provincial forests). About half of the forests are allocated for logging.

The Great Lakes region flora includes white pine, hemlock and red maples, yellow birch, and beech trees. The Maritime region is dominated by the red spruce, while the black spruce is prevalent in the eastern Laurentian, with spruce in the western Laurentian. The balsam fir, white cedar tamarack, white birch, and aspen and jack pine are also found in the eastern portion of the country. The tundra is home to the aspen, bur oak, balm of Gilead, cottonwood and balsam poplar.

The west coast has the western hemlock, red cedar, Douglas fir, Sitka spruce, and western white pine being dominate. The Rocky Mountain region consistent of alpine fir, Engelmann spruce, lodgepole pine and mountain hemlock. Other native plants seen across Canada include; American ginseng, trillium cernuum, red bearberry, bog Labrador tea, purple prairie clover, sand cherry, Pallas' wallflower, little evening primrose, showy orchis and common eelgrass.

Species at risk

Canada's Species at Risk Act (SARA) is the federal government legislation to prevent wildlife species from becoming extinct. The goal of the act is to protect endangered or threatened organisms and their habitats. Provinces, territories and large municipalities also have their own species and habitat conservation regulations.

Although Canada has a low percentage of endemic species compared to other countries; pollution, loss of biodiversity, over-exploitation of commercial species, invasive species and habitat loss have threatened many species. More than 800 species are listed as being at risk of extinction, including 363 classified as endangered species, —190 threatened species, —235 special concern, and 22 extirpated (no longer found in the wild). Species at risk include the Canada lynx, polar bear, sea otter, wolverine, black-footed ferret, northern fur seal, steller sea lion, hooded seal, North Atlantic right whale, sei whale and whooping crane.

In addition to the extirpated species, at least 19 have become completely extinct, meaning more than 30 species of plants and animals have disappeared from Canada since the arrival of European settlers in the 16th century. These include the Dawson's caribou, sea mink, great auk, Labrador duck, passenger pigeon, deepwater cisco, longjaw cisco, Banff longnose dace, and blue walleye.

Invasive species

Over 1400 invasive species of fish, plants, insects and invertebrates have been introduced to Canada through intentional and unintentional means. Over 450 invasive flora and over 400 invasive insects have been identified. The Great Lakes region (Laurentia bioregion) is home to nearly 200 invasive species, making it one of Canada's most heavily affected ecosystems. Freshwater ecosystems are disproportionately more imperilled compared to terrestrial ecosystems.

Invasive species such as the sea lamprey, zebra mussels, European green crab, the mountain pine beetle, round goby, Asian long-horned beetle, emerald ash borer, didymo, spongy moth, and Asian carp have altered local habitats and caused essential ecosystems to decline or fail, driving native species towards extinction.

The most invasive flora species are the purple loosestrife, yellow iris, dog-strangling vine, knapweed, and leafy spurge. The fungi causing Dutch elm disease is another notable invasive. These species can spread aggressively, outcompete native wild vegetation and overwhelm agricultural crops.

Invasive species cost billions of dollars each year from the loss of economic value of crops, forests and fisheries. According to Environment and Climate Change Canada, in 2004 the estimated annual lost revenue caused by the top 16 invasive species was between $13 and $35 billion. The economic cost to agricultural crops and forestry alone is estimated at $7.5 billion.

Conservation

Approximately 12.1 percent of the nation's landmass and freshwater are considered conservation areas, including 11.4 percent designated as protected areas. Approximately 13.8 percent of Canada's territorial waters are conserved, including 8.9 percent designated as protected areas. Terrestrial areas conserved have increased by 65 percent in the 21st century, while marine areas conserved have increased by more than 3,800 percent. Conservation and protected areas have different mandates depending on the organization which manages them, with some areas having a greater focus on ecological integrity, historical preservation, public usage, scientific research, or a combination of usages. Some regions within Canada's largest conserved areas are heavily commercialized featuring grand buildings such as the Banff Springs Hotel and Chateau Lake Louise.

Canada established the world's first national park management agency the Dominion Parks Branch now Parks Canada in 1911. In 1916, Canada and the United States signed the Migratory Birds Convention, which regulates the hunting of transcontinental migratory birds under the Migratory Birds Convention Act. The Canada Wildlife Act of 1973 goal is research on wildlife with a focus on larger species. The 1985 Fisheries Act regulates fishing, including the conservation and protection of fish and their spawning grounds. The National Marine Conservation Areas Act established a system of national marine conservation areas in 2002.

The primary focus of the Canadian national parks system is to preserve ecological integrity. National Marine Conservation Areas, while also under federal control, do not afford the same level of protection. The Canadian Wildlife Service, a division of Environment and Climate Change Canada, manages the National Wildlife Areas, Marine Wildlife Areas, and Migratory Bird Sanctuaries for the protection of wildlife. Provincial and territorial governments also protect areas within their boundaries. Urban parks in Canada are operated by municipal governments for public recreation and foliage preservation in cities. Some areas such as the Polar Bear Pass, are co-managed and overseen by government and local indigenous agencies.

Canada's 18 UNESCO Biosphere Reserves covers a total area of . Canada's first national park, Banff National Park established in 1885, spans  of mountainous terrain, with many glaciers and ice fields, dense coniferous forest, and alpine landscapes. Canada's oldest provincial park, Algonquin Provincial Park established in 1893, covers an area of  is dominated by old-growth forest with over 2,400 lakes and 1,200 kilometers of streams and rivers. Lake Superior National Marine Conservation Area is the world's largest freshwater protected area spanning roughly  of lakebed, its overlaying freshwater, and associated shoreline on  of islands and mainland's. Canada's largest national wildlife region is the Scott Islands Marine National Wildlife Area, which spans , protects critical breeding and nesting habitat for over 40 percent of British Columbia's seabirds.

National wildlife symbols

Canada does not have a floral emblem or bird emblem at the national level.

Provincial and territorial wildlife symbols

Canadian provinces and territories have a variety of official fauna, flora and organic matter based on the biodiversity of the area.

See also

Notes

References

Further reading

Drushka, Ken (2003), Canada's forests: a history, McGill-Queen's University Press,

 Ross, Alexander Milton (1871),  The Birds of Canada, Rowsell and Hutchison.

 Parks Canada (2003), Terrestrial Ecozones of Canada -

External links

Wildlife, plants and species - Government of Canada
Ecosystem Status and Trends 2010 - Government of Canada
Species at Risk Public Registry - Canadian Wildlife Federation

Canada


Harry Libanotis (born 29 September 1977) is a Seychellois football player. He was a defender on the Seychelles national football team.

References

External links

1977 births
Living people
Seychellois men's footballers
Seychelles men's international footballers
Men's association football defenders
Place of birth missing (living people)


Neon City Magazine is a Las Vegas Valley-based magazine that profiles entertainment, fashion, nightlife and the Las Vegas lifestyle. The magazine was founded by Michael J Giglia and Matthew J. Pawlak.

Neon Nights

Neon Nights is the official blog of Neon City Magazine. The blog is written by Knee Onn and the focus is on the nights and the following days of Las Vegas. Topics include fashion, entertainment, behind the scenes, Nightlife, and all other lifestyle related happenings.

Green efforts
The magazine is printed on recycled paper stock, uses only soy & vegetable based inks and natural coatings make the magazine 100% biodegradable.

The publisher also invites readers who visit their monthly launch parties to bring in any old magazines to the party to be recycled by Neon City, LLC.

Distribution

Similar to 944 magazine, the publication is a free publication that is distributed across the Las Vegas Valley at boutiques, restaurants, condos, and many other similar lifestyle businesses. The first issue had a release date of November 10, 2008. Copies could be picked up in the Las Vegas valley.

Neon City Magazine on radio

Neon City Magazine was featured in an interview by Rachel Reilly on alltalkradio.net, a Las Vegas talk radio network.

Nightlife photos

Nightlife photos provided inside of the magazine is done by Nightlife Underground. The picture pages in Neon City Magazine are very bright and vibrant. The focus is on the nightlife hottest and hippest the Vegas scene has to offer. The pictures as of Issue #3 focus on the days of the week not the specific events.

Video
Neon City Magazine has started doing video journalism along with the publication. The videos cover fashion and entertainment in Las Vegas. They have interviewed Christian Audigier, designer of Ed Hardy clothing.

They have also interviewed David Garibaldi, renown performance artist, who has traveled with the Blue Man Group performing.

Being one of the only resources in Las Vegas to cover a wide away of fashion shows in Las Vegas, they have also covered events like the Roberto Cavalli Fashion Show at The Bank Nightclub.

Charity/contributions
Neon City Magazine contributed to the Move On organization, based out of California, during the election for 2008.

References

External links
Official website

Lifestyle magazines published in the United States
Local interest magazines published in the United States
Monthly magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 2008
Magazines published in Nevada
Mass media in Las Vegas


Bertrand St. Ange (born August 6, 1981) is a Seychellois football player. He is a midfielder on the Seychelles national football team.

See also
Football in Seychelles
List of football clubs in Seychelles

References

External links

Seychellois men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Seychelles men's international footballers
Living people
1981 births
Place of birth missing (living people)


Thurnham is a civil parish in Lancashire, England.  It is situated on the south side of the River Lune estuary in the City of Lancaster, and contains the villages of Conder Green, Glasson Dock, Lower Thurnham and Upper Thurnham.  The parish has a population of 595, increasing to 651 at the 2011 Census.

Thurnham is where the River Conder flows into the Lune.  The main road through the parish is the A588.  It was formerly served by the London and North Western Railway's Glasson Dock Branch railway line, which had three stations in the parish: one at Conder Green, the terminus at Glasson Dock and a private halt at Ashton Hall.

To the east of the village stands Thurnham Hall, a 17th-century country house converted to a resort hotel. It was originally the residence of John Pierce Chamberlain Starkie (1830–1888).

See also

Listed buildings in Thurnham, Lancashire

References

Civil parishes in Lancashire
Geography of the City of Lancaster


Finnish-Serbian relations are foreign relations between Finland and Serbia.  Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1929 (then the Kingdom of Yugoslavia). Finland has an embassy in Belgrade.  Serbia has an embassy in Helsinki. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe. Also Finland is an EU member and Serbia is an EU candidate.
Finland supports Serbia's European Union membership.

Resident diplomatic missions
 Finland has an embassy in Belgrade.
 Serbia has an embassy in Helsinki.

See also
 Foreign relations of Finland
 Foreign relations of Serbia
 Accession of Serbia to the European Union
 Serbs in Finland
 Finns in Serbia
 Finland–Yugoslavia relations
 Croatia–Finland relations
 Finland–NATO relations
 Serbia–NATO relations

References

External links
  Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Serbia
   Finnish embassy in Belgrade
  Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Finland
  Serbian embassy in Helsinki

Serbia
Bilateral relations of Serbia


Jonathan Bibi (born 28 July 1984) is a Seychellois football player. He is a defender on the Seychelles national football team.

Bibi helped Seychelles win the football tournament at the 2011 Indian Ocean Games in August 2011.

References

External links

1984 births
Living people
Seychellois men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Seychelles men's international footballers


Neddy Rose (born 31 May 1981) is a Seychellois football player. He is a central back defender on the Seychelles national football team.

See also
Football in Seychelles
List of football clubs in Seychelles

References

External links

1981 births
Living people
Seychellois men's footballers
Seychelles men's international footballers
Place of birth missing (living people)
Men's association football defenders
21st-century Seychellois people


Alex Nibourette (born December 26, 1983) is a Seychellois football player.  He is a striker on the Seychelles national football team.

Nibourette helped Seychelles win the football tournament at the 2011 Indian Ocean Games in August 2011.

References

External links

1983 births
Living people
Seychellois men's footballers
Seychelles men's international footballers
Men's association football forwards


The Free Republic of Wendland (from German Republik Freies Wendland) was a protest camp established in Gorleben, West Germany, on 3 May 1980 to protest against the establishment of a nuclear waste dump there. On 4 June 1980, the police moved in and evicted the camp.

History

Background
The Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt conducted drilling in Gorleben in 1979 to test the salt domes there for suitability in storing radioactive waste. After small occupations by local activists at drill sites 1002 and 1003 failed, a plan was set in motion for a bigger occupation action that would include international anti-nuclear activists. A new demonstration was called for on 3 May 1980, under the motto "Day of action for the Wends" (Kampftag der Wenden).

Occupation
Around 5000 anti-nuclear activists moved to the planned area around drilling site 1004, between the villages of Gorleben and Trebel. There they occupied the area as part of a protest against further drilling to store nuclear waste. During the occupation, the so-called "Underground Office of Gorleben-Shall-Live" (Untergrundamt Gorleben-Soll-leben) declared the occupied area as an independent nation, naming it the Free Republic of Wendland (Republik Freies Wendland). The Lower-Saxon Minister of the Interior Egbert Möcklinghoff declared this proclamation to be high treason.

The site was created on sandy soil and burned trees that was destroyed during the Fire on the Lüneburg Heath in 1975. On this location, the protesters built over the course of several days a village of around 110 huts, made from wood and clay, which was a typical style of protest for anti-nuclear activists at the time. Among the buildings were numerous community facilities, such as the 100-person-capacity Friendship House, greenhouses, an infirmary, a hairdressing salon and an area for waste disposal. There was also a sauna and bathing facilities. Water was piped in by a wind-powered well and warmed with solar power.

On the approach to the "republic", a border checkpoint with a boom barrier was built, over which the flags of the Wends and of the Anti-Nuclear-Sun were hoisted. In the nearby information center, a Wends Passport (Wendenpass) could be issued, along with an entry stamp, for 10 Deutsche Marks. In the words of the occupiers, the passport was good "for the entire universe [...] so long as its owner could still laugh."

Community life
The roughly 1000 permanent occupiers organized community life during the 33-day occupation around a model of grassroots democracy. They established a spokespersons council and made decisions in regularly occurring mass meetings. Regarding their possible eviction by police, the widespread consensus was that of passive resistance, though a few militant occupiers spoke against this course. On the weekends, several thousand sympathizers and sightseers came to the occupied site, among them prominent people, such as the former head of the "Young Socialists", Gerhard Schröder. Other well-known visitors and residents included the resistance fighter Heinz Brandt, the musicians Walter Mossmann and Wolf Biermann, the photographer Günter Zint and the SPD politician Jo Leinen, as well as the writer Klaus Schlesinger. The group decision-making process took place both in the Friendship House as well as at other equally suitable platforms. These places also hosted lectures, discussions, readings, rock concerts, and puppet shows. Residents of the surrounding region supported the occupation with food and timber. On 18 May 1980 Radio Free Wendland began a pirate radio broadcast from a tower at the occupation site.

Eviction
On the morning of 4 June 1980 the occupation site was cleared by the Lower Saxony police and the Federal Border Guard on the order of Chancellor Helmut Schmidt. Around 3500 officers took part in the operation, according to the Lower Saxony Ministry of the Interior and of Sports. Legal grounds for the eviction of the occupiers were based on violations of various laws, including forestry laws, building regulations, the Field and Forest Planning Act, and the Registration Act. By the time of the eviction, around 2000 occupiers had gather in the village's central square for a sit-in style protest. The eviction, during which many of the squatters were carried away by police officers, went largely peacefully. The pirate radio broadcast Radio Free Wendland reported on the eviction from its tower throughout the day. Once finished, the police thanked the demonstrators over a loudspeaker for their nonviolent approach.

Reception

Long after the occupation by anti-nuclear activists of the Wendland was concluded, the concept of the Free Republic of Wendland continues to be evoked. Thus in 2006, a five-page advertisement by the Free Republic of Wendland against the Nuclear Industry and Police Brutality was published in a local newspaper.

Between June 4 and 6, 2010, on the 30th anniversary of the eviction, a memorial and protest weekend was held near Gorleben in which about 800 people participated. During this action, members of the Rural Emergency Association Lüchow-Dannenberg erected a "hut sanctuary" in the forest in memory of the hut village of the Free Republic of Wendland.

After the 30th anniversary of the eviction, the director Florian Fiedler, along with the Playhouse Hannover, initiated the theatre project Free Republic of Wendland -- Reactivated from 17 until 26 September 2010. About 50 students, especially from the Gesamtschule IGS Roderbruch, and 25 adults from the Ballhof Theatre in Hannover erected a hut village in Ballhof Square along the same lines of the original protest village. Several performances, including puppet acts by the Bread and Puppet Theater, as well as concerts, lectures and discussions on nuclear power took place. The festivities were kicked off with a performance by Ton Steine Scherben and concluded with a discussion led by Oskar Negt. A lot of media attention was focused on the project after someone threw a pie at Green Party member Trittin during a panel discussion.
After nine days the hut village was dismantled. Two of the wooden huts were brought to the Wendland in order to provide an anti-nuclear activist shelter.

As before, the flag with the coat of arms of Wendland is a symbol of the anti-nuclear movement. It can be purchased in many places, and occasionally Wends Passports with stamps are offered at some protest camps.

Publications
"Resistance Report Wendland: Part 1, January 1983 - June 1985", 1985

See also
 Anti-nuclear movement in Germany
 Hambach Forest
 Rüdiger Sagel

References

Works cited

 101 UKW: Radio Freies Wendland, hrsg. Network Medien-Cooperative, Frankfurt/Main, 1983 (Tondokumentation der Räumung des Hüttendorfes am 4. Juni 1980)

External links

Photo gallery for the Free Republic of Wendland, village 1004 by Günter Zint
 Gorleben - the hut village, Videostream, 7:54 min, Hallo Niedersachsen, NDR, 16 May 2010
 The Germany Historical Museum for the anti-nuclear movement
 Passport of the Free Republic of Wendland (Wendenpass) (Exhibit at the House of History in Bonn)
 Chronology of the Gorleben nuclear facilities and resistance (1977–1997)
 Resistance works! Past and future of the Free Republic of Wendland by Dieter and Dieter Halbach Schaarschmidt, Oya April 2010
Comparative report on the occupied area in 1980 and 2010

Anti-nuclear movement in Germany
Wendland
Wendland
Political organisations based in Germany
1980 protests
Micronations in Germany
Squats in Germany
Evicted squats


The Wilson School is an independent, coeducational, preparatory school in St. Louis for students in pre-kindergarten (three years of age) through grade six. It has been in continuous operation since 1913.  The Wilson School is the oldest formalized early-childhood education program in St. Louis.

The Wilson School employs 21 full-time teachers, as well as three part-time teachers.  The student to faculty ratio is 8:1.

Enrollment
As of the 2017–2018 school year The Wilson School has an enrollment of 160 students.

Early Care and Extended Day care are available daily and during summer camp and school breaks, as needed.

Accreditation

The Wilson School is accredited by the Independent Schools Association of the Central States (ISACS) and the North Central Association (NCA). The school is a member of the National Association of Independent Schools (NAIS), the Independent Schools of St. Louis (ISSL), the Educational Records Bureau (ERB), the Council for the Advancement of Private Education (CAPE), and a number of other organizations.

Location
The school is located on a quiet, tree-lined street in Clayton, Missouri one block west of Forest Park in the DeMun neighborhood.

The school is housed in a historic building located at 400 De Mun Ave just outside St. Louis.  The building was designed and built by the noted architect William B. Ittner in 1916.  The Wilson School moved to its current location in 1960.

On March 29, 2012 the historic building at 400 DeMun Ave was seriously damaged by fire.  A fire started in the attic in the early morning hours and spread throughout the building.  The fire was ruled an accident.

From April–December 2012, the school leased the Maryland School from the Clayton School District.  This location served as the temporary home of the school until the end of the 2011–2012 school year.

In January 2013, school resumed at 400 DeMun Avenue. The newly renovated facilities preserved the integrity of the historic character of the building, including restoration of original windows and floors.

Also in 2013, The Wilson School celebrated its 100th anniversary with many festivities and the publication of "The Wilson School - Celebrating Excellence Since 1913" by former Head of School, Eugene D. Ruth.

Notes

External links
 The Wilson School
 School Profile at the National Association of Independent Schools.
 School Profile at "Private Schools Report"

Private schools in St. Louis County, Missouri
William B. Ittner buildings
Educational institutions established in 1913
Private elementary schools in Missouri
1913 establishments in Missouri


Class 84 may refer to:

British Rail Class 84 – a class of electric locomotives
DRG Class 84 – a class of German 2-10-2T steam locomotives


Nelson Laurence (born 19 October 1984) is a Seychellois football player.  He is a striker playing for the Seychelles national football team.

International career

International goals
Scores and results list Seychelles' goal tally first.

References

External links

1984 births
Living people
Seychellois men's footballers
St Michel United FC players
Seychelles men's international footballers
Place of birth missing (living people)
Men's association football forwards


Cypriot-Finnish relations are foreign relations between Cyprus and Finland. Finland recognized Cyprus on August 16, 1960. Both countries established diplomatic relations on September 2, 1961. Cyprus has an embassy in Helsinki and an honorary consulate in Vantaa. Finland has an embassy and 2 honorary consulates in Nicosia. The two countries share membership of the European Union, Council of Europe and Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.

European Union
Finland joined the EU in 1995. Cyprus joined the EU in 2004.

NATO
While Finland became a member of NATO in 2023, Cyprus has never been a member of NATO.

See also
 Foreign relations of Cyprus
 Foreign relations of Finland
 Neutral and Non-Aligned European States

External links
  Cyprus Foreign Affairs: List of bilateral treaties with Finland
  Cyprus embassy in Helsinki
  Finnish embassy in Nicosia

Finland
Bilateral relations of Finland


Viljoen is an Afrikaans surname, derived from the French Villion. It was brought to South Africa in 1671 by French Huguenots who subsequently intermarried with the local Dutch population.
The progenitors of the extended Viljoen clan are François Villion (born in Clermont, France) and Cornelia Campenaar (born in Middelburg, Netherlands). Married in the Cape of Good Hope, they later farmed for a living near Stellenbosch. Some of their descendants include:

Annari Viljoen (born 1987), South African Olympic badminton player
Barend Viljoen (born 1908), South African military commander
Ben Viljoen (born 1869), South African military commander
Bronwyn Law-Viljoen, South African writer, editor, publisher and professor
Christi Viljoen (born 1987), Namibian cricketer
Christo Viljoen (born 1937). South African academic, engineer, genealogist
Colin Viljoen (born 1948), South African born former English international footballer
Dirk Viljoen (born 1977), former cricketer
Constand Viljoen (1933–2020), former South African military commander and politician
Gerrit Viljoen (born 1926), former South African government minister
Hardus Viljoen (born 1989), South African cricketer
Irene van Dyk, née Viljoen (born 1972), South African and New Zealand international netballer
Joggie Viljoen (born 1945), South African rugby union footballer
Joggie Viljoen (born 1976), South African rugby union footballer
Johannes Viljoen (1904–1976), South African Olympic track and field athlete
Jurie Viljoen (born 1942), Namibian politician
Ken Viljoen (1910–1974), South African cricketer and cricket manager
Lettie Viljoen, pseudonym of the South African author Ingrid Winterbach
Marais Viljoen (1915–2007), ceremonial State President of South Africa
Nik Viljoen, New Zealand international football (soccer) player
Sunette Viljoen (born 1983), South African javelin thrower
Willem Viljoen (born 1987), South African Olympic badminton player, brother of Annari

References

Surnames of French origin
Afrikaans-language surnames


Andy Mougal is a Seychellois football player.  He is a striker on the Seychelles national football team.

References

External links

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Seychellois men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Seychelles men's international footballers
Place of birth missing (living people)
21st-century Seychellois people


Gener may refer to:

People:

Tania Gener (born 1988), Spanish artistic gymnast
Juan Guitéras y Gener (1852–1925), Cuban physician and pathologist
Gener (Thomist writer), a Thomist writer of the 18th century
Gene Ween

Other:
Tropical Storm Gener (disambiguation)
AES Gener, former name of AES Andes, a Chilean electricity producer and distributor

See also
Gene (disambiguation)


Lorenzo Mathiot (born June 13, 1977) is a Seychellois footballer. He played as a defender on the Seychelles national football team.

References

External links

1977 births
Living people
Seychellois men's footballers
Place of birth missing (living people)
Men's association football defenders
Seychelles men's international footballers
20th-century Seychellois people


Wildfire modeling is concerned with numerical simulation of wildfires to comprehend and predict fire behavior. Wildfire modeling aims to aid wildfire suppression, increase the safety of firefighters and the public, and minimize damage. Wildfire modeling can also aid in protecting ecosystems, watersheds, and air quality.

Using computational science, wildfire modeling involves the statistical analysis of past fire events to predict spotting risks and front behavior. Various wildfire propagation models have been proposed in the past, including simple ellipses and egg- and fan-shaped models. Early attempts to determine wildfire behavior assumed terrain and vegetation uniformity. However, the exact behavior of a wildfire's front is dependent on a variety of factors, including wind speed and slope steepness. Modern growth models utilize a combination of past ellipsoidal descriptions and Huygens' Principle to simulate fire growth as a continuously expanding polygon. Extreme value theory may also be used to predict the size of large wildfires. However, large fires that exceed suppression capabilities are often regarded as statistical outliers in standard analyses, even though fire policies are more influenced by large wildfires than by small fires.

Objectives

Wildfire modeling attempts to reproduce fire behavior, such as how quickly the fire spreads, in which direction, how much heat it generates. A key input to behavior modeling is the Fuel Model, or type of fuel, through which the fire is burning.  Behavior modeling can also include whether the fire transitions from the surface (a "surface fire") to the tree crowns (a "crown fire"), as well as extreme fire behavior including rapid rates of spread, fire whirls, and tall well-developed convection columns. Fire modeling also attempts to estimate fire effects, such as the ecological and hydrological effects of the fire, fuel consumption, tree mortality, and amount and rate of smoke produced.

Environmental factors

Wildland fire behavior is affected by weather, fuel characteristics, and topography.

Weather influences fire through wind and moisture.  Wind increases the fire spread in the wind direction, higher temperature makes the fire burn faster, while higher relative humidity, and precipitation (rain or snow) may slow it down or extinguish it altogether. Weather involving fast wind changes can be particularly dangerous, since they can suddenly change the fire direction and behavior. Such weather includes cold fronts, foehn winds, thunderstorm downdrafts, sea and land breeze, and diurnal slope winds.

Wildfire fuel includes grass, wood, and anything else that can burn. Small dry twigs burn faster while large logs burn slower; dry fuel ignites more easily and burns faster than wet fuel.

Topography factors that influence wildfires include the orientation toward the sun, which influences the amount of energy received from the sun, and the slope (fire spreads faster uphill). Fire can accelerate in narrow canyons and it can be slowed down or stopped by barriers such as creeks and roads.

These factors act in combination. Rain or snow increases the fuel moisture, high relative humidity slows the drying of the fuel, while winds can make fuel dry faster. Wind can change the fire-accelerating effect of slopes to effects such as downslope windstorms (called Santa Anas, foehn winds, East winds, depending on the geographic location). Fuel properties may vary with topography as plant density varies with elevation or aspect with respect to the sun.

It has long been recognized that "fires create their own weather." That is, the heat and moisture created by the fire feed back into the atmosphere, creating intense winds that drive the fire behavior. The heat produced by the wildfire changes the temperature of the atmosphere and creates strong updrafts, which can change the direction of surface winds. The water vapor released by the fire changes the moisture balance of the atmosphere. The water vapor can be carried away, where the latent heat stored in the vapor is released through condensation.

Approaches

Like all models in computational science, fire models need to strike a balance between fidelity, availability of data, and fast execution. Wildland fire models span a vast range of complexity, from simple cause and effect principles to the most physically complex presenting a difficult supercomputing challenge that cannot hope to be solved faster than real time.

Forest-fire models have been developed since 1940 to the present, but a lot of chemical and thermodynamic questions related to fire behaviour are still to be resolved. Scientists and their forest fire models from 1940 till 2003 are listed in article. Models can be divided into three groups: Empirical, Semi-empirical, and Physically based.

Empirical models

Conceptual models from experience and intuition from past fires can be used to anticipate the future. Many semi-empirical fire spread equations, as in those published by the USDA Forest Service, Forestry Canada, Nobel, Bary, and Gill, and Cheney, Gould, and Catchpole for Australasian fuel complexes have been developed for quick estimation of fundamental parameters of interest such as fire spread rate, flame length, and fireline intensity of surface fires at a point for specific fuel complexes, assuming a representative point-location wind and terrain slope. Based on the work by Fons's in 1946, and Emmons in 1963, the quasi-steady equilibrium spread rate calculated for a surface fire on flat ground in no-wind conditions was calibrated using data of piles of sticks burned in a flame chamber/wind tunnel to represent other wind and slope conditions for the fuel complexes tested.

Two-dimensional fire growth models such as FARSITE and Prometheus, the Canadian wildland fire growth model designed to work in Canadian fuel complexes, have been developed that apply such semi-empirical relationships and others regarding ground-to-crown transitions to calculate fire spread and other parameters along the surface. Certain assumptions must be made in models such as FARSITE and Prometheus to shape the fire growth. For example, Prometheus and FARSITE use the Huygens principle of wave propagation. A set of equations that can be used to propagate (shape and direction) a fire front using an elliptical shape was developed by Richards in 1990. Although more sophisticated applications use a three-dimensional numerical weather prediction system to provide inputs such as wind velocity to one of the fire growth models listed above, the input was passive and the feedback of the fire upon the atmospheric wind and humidity are not accounted for.

Physically based models and coupling with the atmosphere

A simplified physically based two-dimensional fire spread models based upon conservation laws that use radiation as the dominant heat transfer mechanism and convection, which represents the effect of wind and slope, lead to reaction–diffusion systems of partial differential equations.

More complex physical models join computational fluid dynamics models with a wildland fire component and allow the fire to feed back upon the atmosphere. These models include NCAR's Coupled Atmosphere-Wildland Fire-Environment (CAWFE) model developed in 2005, WRF-Fire at NCAR and University of Colorado Denver which combines the Weather Research and Forecasting Model with a spread model by the level-set method, University of Utah's Coupled Atmosphere-Wildland Fire Large Eddy Simulation developed in 2009, Los Alamos National Laboratory's FIRETEC developed in, the WUI (wildland–urban interface) Fire Dynamics Simulator (WFDS) developed in 2007, and, to some degree, the two-dimensional model FIRESTAR. These tools have different emphases and have been applied to better understand the fundamental aspects of fire behavior, such as fuel inhomogeneities on fire behavior, feedbacks between the fire and the atmospheric environment as the basis for the universal fire shape, and are beginning to be applied to wildland urban interface house-to-house fire spread at the community-scale.

The cost of added physical complexity is a corresponding increase in computational cost, so much so that a full three-dimensional explicit treatment of combustion in wildland fuels by direct numerical simulation (DNS) at scales relevant for atmospheric modeling does not exist, is beyond current supercomputers, and does not currently make sense to do because of the limited skill of weather models at spatial resolution under 1 km. Consequently, even these more complex models parameterize the fire in some way, for example, papers by Clark use equations developed by Rothermel for the USDA forest service to calculate local fire spread rates using fire-modified local winds. And, although FIRETEC and WFDS carry prognostic conservation equations for the reacting fuel and oxygen concentrations, the computational grid cannot be fine enough to resolve the reaction rate-limiting mixing of fuel and oxygen, so approximations must be made concerning the subgrid-scale temperature distribution or the combustion reaction rates themselves. These models also are too small-scale to interact with a weather model, so the fluid motions use a computational fluid dynamics model confined in a box much smaller than the typical wildfire.

Attempts to create the most complete theoretical model were made by Albini F.A. in USA and Grishin A.M. in Russia. Grishin's work is based on the fundamental laws of physics, conservation and theoretical justifications are provided. The simplified two-dimensional model of running crown forest fire was developed in Belarusian State University by Barovik D.V. and Taranchuk V.B.

Data assimilation

Data assimilation periodically adjusts the model state to incorporate new data using statistical methods. Because fire is highly nonlinear and irreversible, data assimilation for fire models poses special challenges, and standard methods, such as the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) do not work well. Statistical variability of corrections and especially large corrections may result in nonphysical states, which tend to be preceded or accompanied by large spatial gradients. In order to ease this problem, the regularized EnKF penalizes large changes of spatial gradients in the Bayesian update in EnKF. The regularization technique has a stabilizing effect on the simulations in the ensemble but it does not improve much the ability of the EnKF to track the data: The posterior ensemble is made out of linear combinations of the prior ensemble, and if a reasonably close location and shape of the fire cannot be found between the linear combinations, the data assimilation is simply out of luck, and the ensemble cannot approach the data. From that point on, the ensemble evolves essentially without regard to the data. This is called filter divergence. So, there is clearly a need to adjust the simulation state by a position change rather than an additive correction only. The morphing EnKF combines the ideas of data assimilation with image registration and morphing to provide both additive and position correction in a natural manner, and can be used to change a model state reliably in response to data.

Limitations and practical use

The limitations on fire modeling are not entirely computational. At this level, the models encounter limits in knowledge about the composition of pyrolysis products and reaction pathways, in addition to gaps in basic understanding about some aspects of fire behavior such as fire spread in live fuels and surface-to-crown fire transition.

Thus, while more complex models have value in studying fire behavior and testing fire spread in a range of scenarios, from the application point of view, FARSITE and Palm-based applications of BEHAVE have shown great utility as practical in-the-field tools because of their ability to provide estimates of fire behavior in real time. While the coupled fire-atmosphere models have the ability to incorporate the ability of the fire to affect its own local weather, and model many aspects of the explosive, unsteady nature of fires that cannot be incorporated in current tools, it remains a challenge to apply these more complex models in a faster-than-real-time operational environment. Also, although they have reached a certain degree of realism when simulating specific natural fires, they must yet address issues such as identifying what specific, relevant operational information they could provide beyond current tools, how the simulation time could fit the operational time frame for decisions (therefore, the simulation must run substantially faster than real time), what temporal and spatial resolution must be used by the model, and how they estimate the inherent uncertainty in numerical weather prediction in their forecast. These operational constraints must be used to steer model development.

See also
 Catastrophe modeling
 Extreme value theory
 Fuel model

References

External links
 PROMETHEUS fire growth simulator
 WRF-Fire
 Wildfire Visualizations collected links
 Wildfire simulations on Youtube
 Wildfire visualizations at NCAR
 Coupled Weather-Wildfire Modeling - Basic aspects of wildfire behavior
 Coupled Weather-Wildfire Modeling - Wildfire Case Studies
 Fire research links

Why are wildfires defying long-standing computer models? September 2012

Wildfire prevention
Wildfire suppression
Computational physics
Firefighting
Sustainable forest management
Mathematical modeling
Numerical climate and weather models
Wildfire ecology


Maasiyahu Prison is a minimum-security prison in Ramle, Israel, run by the Israel Prison Service.

History
Prisoners who have proven responsible have access to various places of employment and education programs, the right to take vacations from prison, as well as rehabilitative treatment through various methods including therapy animals. Prisoners who have a history of problematic behavior are held under tighter security and are not permitted to take vacations. There is a special wing for religious inmates called the Torani wing, also known as "Beis Medrash Maasiyahu", where inmates spend most of the day praying and studying Torah and other sacred Jewish texts in two seminaries and do not have access to television and newspapers. The whole prison complex is located in the city of Ramla in the Central District of Israel.

In 2002, inmates declared a hunger strike to protest what they viewed as improper medical and legal treatment.

In 2004, public workers from the nearby town of Lod, who had not been paid in months, chained themselves to the gates of the prison in a public protest, demanding to be arrested so they could be fed the free prison food.

In 2005, a wing of the prison was converted to house those detained while protesting Sharon's plan to withdraw from 21 settlements in Gaza and another 4 in the West Bank. The new wing can house 900 detainees.

Notable inmates
 Shlomo Benizri, Israeli politician and member of the Shas party (started as 4 years, reduced to 2 years and 8 months)
 Aryeh Deri, Israeli politician and one of the founders of the Shas ultra-Orthodox religious party (22 months)
 Binyamin Ze'ev Kahane (1966–2000), far-right Israeli politician
 Meir Kahane (1932–1990), ultra-nationalist American-Israeli politician
 Moshe Katsav, former President of Israel and convicted rapist (7 years, served 5 years)
 Ehud Olmert, former Prime Minister of Israel, convicted in the Holyland Case of bribery while serving as the mayor of Jerusalem and later obstruction of justice (19 months)
Yishai Schlissel, convicted criminal who stabbed marchers at the Jerusalem gay pride parade in 2005 and 2015 (10 years)
Ami Popper, Israeli mass murderer,
 Jaggi Singh, Canadian anarchist, anti-globalization and social justice activists (1 day)

References

Prisons in Israel
Buildings and structures in Ramla
Buildings and structures in Central District (Israel)


Bertrand Esther (born September 17, 1985) is a Seychellois football player.  He is a defender on the Seychelles national football team. He also plays for the Saint Louis Suns United.

References

External links

Living people
Seychellois men's footballers
1985 births
Place of birth missing (living people)
Men's association football defenders
Saint Louis Suns United FC players
Seychelles men's international footballers


Nigel Freminot is a Seychellois football player.  He is a defender on the Seychelles national football team. Freminot currently plays for Seychellois club St Michel United FC, where he is the captain.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Seychellois men's footballers
Seychelles men's international footballers
St Michel United FC players

Men's association football defenders


As a surname
Notable people with this surname include:

Chris Deaner, American musician, filmmaker, and programmer
Cody Deaner (born 1981), ring-name of Chris Gray, Canadian wrestler
Jacqueline Deaner (born 1979), American beauty-pageant winner

Other

Deaner is also the nickname of American guitarist and co-founder of Ween, Mickey Melchiando, also known as Dean Ween.

See also
Dean (given name)
Dean (surname)
Deanery

References


David Dorby (born 18 January 1974) is a Seychellois football player. He is a midfielder on the Seychelles national football team.

See also
Seychelles Football Federation

References

External links

Living people
Seychellois men's footballers
Seychelles men's international footballers
1974 births
Place of birth missing (living people)
Men's association football midfielders
20th-century Seychellois people


Denis Barbe (born June 25, 1978) is a Seychellois footballer. He is a midfielder on the Seychelles national football team.

See also
Seychelles Football Federation

References

External links

1978 births
Living people
Seychellois men's footballers
Seychelles men's international footballers
Place of birth missing (living people)
Men's association football midfielders


Kandappu Murugesu (மன்னவன் கந்தப்பு முருகேசு) (18 June 1926 – 15 February 2004), popularly known as Mannavan Master, was born on 18 June 1926, Karaveddy, Jaffna, Sri Lanka. He was a renowned Tamil poet and educationist. He studied under the late eminent Tamil scholar Pandithamani S. Kanapathipillai, who fondly called him "Mannavan". During his lifetime, he won several awards and accolades in poetry competitions and was well known for his eloquence and witty disposition. He is survived by his wife, Pathini, and seven children.

References

1926 births
2004 deaths
Sri Lankan Tamil literature
Sri Lankan Hindus
Sri Lankan Tamil revivalists