is a series of three Japanese raising simulation video games in The Idolmaster series developed and published by Namco Bandai Games. They were released on February 19, 2009, as , , and  for the PlayStation Portable as a port of The Idolmaster. The gameplay in SP features changes from its predecessor, including an additional promise system which puts more of a focus on communication. The games include three game modes: two single-player and one multiplayer mode for up to three players. The story is told from the perspective of a producer in charge of training 10 prospective pop idols on their way to stardom, and each version of SP features different idols.

One reason for dividing SP among three versions when developing the games was to allow players to buy the version which features their favorite idols. Rival idols were introduced into SP because the development team felt that rivals are essential for The Idolmaster, which also serve to deepen the bonds between the player and an idol. Including downloadable content, the game features 54 songs the idols perform: 34 songs in original versions and 20 remixes of those songs, which have been released on several music albums. The three versions of SP sold 129,088 units collectively in their first week of sales, and together ranked as the second best-selling video games in Japan that week.

Gameplay
The Idolmaster SP is a series of three raising simulation games in which the player assumes the role of a producer working for the talent agency 765 Production (765 Pro) who is in charge of training 10 prospective pop idols on their way to stardom. The idols who the player is able to produce are dependent on the version of the game. In Perfect Sun, the idols are Haruka Amami, Yayoi Takatsuki, and Makoto Kikuchi; in Missing Moon, the idols are Chihaya Kisaragi, Azusa Miura, and Ritsuko Akizuki; lastly, in Wandering Star, the idols are Iori Minase, Yukiho Hagiwara, and Ami and Mami Futami (who work as a pair). Each version also features an exclusive idol from the rival agency 961 Production who make up the idol unit Project Fairy: Hibiki Ganaha in Perfect Sun, Miki Hoshii in Missing Moon, and Takane Shijō in Wandering Star.

The games have two main modes of gameplay—a free produce mode and a story produce mode—in which the player can choose only one of the 765 Pro idols to produce at a time. In the free produce mode, the player produces a given idol for a period of 52 weeks, culminating in a farewell concert. It is divided into easy, normal and hard modes which correspond to the degree of difficulty it is to satisfy various goals during gameplay. In the story produce mode, the main goal is for the player's chosen idol to win the Idol Ultimate (IU) competition and compete against the rival idols. Unlike the free produce mode, the story produce mode contains an additional aspect called the rank up limit where the player's idol must gain a certain number of fans by a specified time so as to pass qualifying rounds for IU. If the player is not able to gain enough fans or fails an IU audition, the player is given the option to retry; if a player does not choose to retry, that current producing session will end. The games also contain an additional multiplayer mode called the agency mode in which up to three players can play together. Each of the players' idols can communication with each other, compete against each other in auditions, and exchange accessories, among other things.

At the start of every in-game day, the player checks the idol's mail, which may include mail from industry professionals and fan letters. This is followed by greeting the idol, and during this time, text progression pauses when the player is given multiple responses to choose from. Depending on which choice is made will affect an idol's enthusiasm, which is displayed at certain points throughout gameplay by the color of a heart on the heads-up display. An idol's enthusiasm ranges from blue, to yellow and finally red as enthusiasm increases. The player can view the state of an idol's statistics at this time, which are divided into three categories: vocal, dance and visual image. As these increase, an idol's overall image level will also increase, but the level may also decrease during gameplay. The player is shown an idol report which shows an idol's rank and level, and contains current popularity trends in vocal, dance and visual image, which gives the player a guide on how to gain popularity.

The player must organize an idol's daily schedule including what she will do in the morning, afternoon and evening. There is a large amount of freedom in organizing the schedule, though each event may take up either one-third, two-thirds or an entire day of in-game time to complete. The schedule choices include: changing an idol's costume or song, making appointments with reporters or stylists, taking a lesson, doing promotional work, taking an audition, or taking the day off. The lessons are in the form of six minigames which serve to increase an idol's statistics in either vocal, dance or visual image. Each lesson is timed, which varies between lessons, and the lesson's overall performance is ranked from bad, to normal, good and finally perfect. The player may also choose to do a hard lesson, which is more demanding and takes more in-game time. The promotional phase of the gameplay mainly deals with the player talking with the idol and doing jobs to further her publicity. Like when greeting the idol before, the player is given multiple responses to choose from over the course of a conversation. Depending on which choice is made will affect how well or poorly the communication is received from bad, to normal, good and finally perfect communication, which results in either good or bad memories. The good memories are tallied in the heart on the heads-up display.

When the player chooses to do an audition, they first select the song and costume the idol will use if she passes the audition; the song is also used during the audition. Each costume and song have either a vocal, dance or visual attribute which will affect the results of the audition. Before an idol can take an audition, she must satisfy specific criteria for a given audition, such as having a certain number of fans or having already passed a number of previous auditions. Once an audition is chosen, the player can view the rank and level of the other idols who are auditioning. When taking an audition, the player guides the idol to appeal to three judges in vocal, dance and visual image by receiving points in each category. How many points an idol receives when appealing is dependent on her statistics. Each audition is divided into three segments of nine attempts at an appeal followed by a mid-audition review. At the end of each segment, the three idols with the most points in a given image category will receive a number of stars in that category dependent on the current popularity trends from the idol report; an idol will also lose a star if she has the fewest points in a given category.

The interest level of the judges is indicated by three gauges which increase and decrease depending on how well or poorly an appeal is received. The appeals are also affected by how well the player stays in rhythm with the chosen song. If one judge is appealed to too many times, their interest level may drop to zero, at which point all the stars earned for that category will be revoked. The player also has the option to use up to three good memories during each audition which serve to dramatically increase an idol's appeal points and the gauges for the judges. At the end of the audition, the number of stars received determines if the idol passes or not. If an idol passes the audition, she is chosen to do a televised performance of the song previously chosen. A performance serves to increase an idol's number of fans, which in turn can increase an idol's rank if enough fans have been obtained for a given rank. An idol's rank starts at F, and goes up in stages to E, D, C, B, A and finally S. If the player chooses to take the day off, an idol's enthusiasm will automatically increase. Once the day's schedule has been completed, the player returns to 765 Pro will the idol. The player will be shown the idol's rank, how many fans she has gained over the course of the day, and how many fans she currently has. If available, the idol will be given various presents from her fans at this time.

An additional feature to the gameplay is the promise system, which has to do with the player making various promises with an idol. If the promise is kept, the player will receive some sort of bonus, but if the promise is broken, there is a large penalty. The player is given the option to make a promise or not, and can usually refuse to do so. These promises take various forms, such as arranging to take auditions with rival idols, arranging to meet with reporters or stylists, and specific demands an idol will make in regard to her schedule. For lessons and auditions, the player is also given the option for the idol to promise to do a self-lesson or self-audition in which she does them by herself. For a self-lesson or self-audition, the player inputs a time and date, and the PlayStation Portable (PSP) will be put into sleep mode. The closer the player is to taking the PSP out of sleep mode by the specified time, the better the results of the lesson or audition. A similar feature is sometimes employed when the player chooses to end the game. An idol will stop the player and designate a time and date by which the player must continue playing the game; the player does not have the option to refuse.

Development and release
The Idolmaster SP was developed by Namco Bandai Games and directed by Akihiro Ishihara. When developing the ports, the staff wanted to reach out to players outside of those who had already played the original arcade game or its Xbox 360 port. Ishihara himself not only wanted there to be a line to buy the games in Akihabara, but also wanted there to be those who would see the games being sold in a shop and spontaneously buy them. For this reason, it was decided that limited editions of SP would not be sold. Ishihara felt the need to get closer to the end users in part because of the players who had helped spread the word about The Idolmaster, so SP was divided into three versions to allow players to buy the version which features their favorite idols.

In addressing the PlayStation Portable's graphic capabilities compared to previous games in the series being developed for the Xbox 360, Ishihara points out that despite what people may think, once the idols start moving, they actually look much better than when viewed as a still image. Ishihara also notes that many of the idols' facial expressions in SP were changed from previous games. He goes on to say that for a game intended for a portable game console, there was a considerable amount of tinkering, and that the development team had to completely rebuild the game.

Ishihara likens the story produce mode first introduced in SP to a strategic simulation game where a large development in the story will occur after one part of the story is cleared. The development team included a large amount of story within each idol rank, as well as smaller scenarios between the ranks, resulting in a substantial amount of detail. The team had wanted to include a mode that would be similar to the original arcade game's gameplay, but Ishihara thought that simply adding in the functionality of the arcade game would not work. So while the story produce mode in SP can be thought as similar to how the arcade game operated, Ishihara points out that there is an added sense of tension surrounding an increase in idol rank, which in turn causes the story in general to be tense. While Ishihara goes on to say the story produce mode was developed to be relatively severe, he notes that as long as players put in the effort, anyone can clear the game.

The introduction of rivals into SP had to do with Ishihara's view that rivals are essential for The Idolmaster. In the arcade game version, players compete against other players online during the idol auditions, but because this feature was not going to be included in SP, the staff thought to create rivals that the player would compete against in the story produce mode. Ishihara describes the main theme of The Idolmaster as having to do with the entertainment industry, and according to him, there needs to occasionally be elements that "shake up" the industry, such as rival characters. Namco Bandai Games producer Yōzō Sakagami notes that the development team focused on how to further deepen the bonds between the player and idols, and according to him, rivals are an essential part of that. Along with this, it was suggested that one of the idols leave 765 Production and go to rival studio 961 Production, and Miki Hoshii was chosen based on her "free and uncontrolled" personality.

The games were released in Japan on February 19, 2009. They were later released on Sony's PSP the Best collection on January 28, 2010, and became available for download through the PlayStation Store on October 28, 2010. Namco Bandai Games released 18 downloadable content (DLC) updates between February 19, 2009, and July 28, 2010, available through the PlayStation Store. An additional DLC update originally released with The Idolmaster Break! manga was re-released on the PlayStation Store on October 28, 2010. The updates include new songs and remixes, costumes, accessories, stages, and additional side-stories called "Idol Dramas".

Music
The Idolmaster SP features 34 songs in original versions and 20 remixes of those songs, for a total of 54 songs written and composed by a variety of songwriters. Initially, the three versions each contain 20 songs, though 17 of them are common to each version. The remaining three songs in each version can only initially be sung by one idol. In Perfect Sun, "I Want" is sung by Haruka Amami,  is sung by Yayoi Takatsuki, and  is sung by Makoto Kikuchi. In Missing Moon,  is sung by Ritsuko Akizuki,  is sung by Chihaya Kisaragi, and  is sung by Azusa Miura. In Wandering Star,  is sung by Iori Minase, "Kosmos, Cosmos" is sung by Yukiho Hagiwara,  is sung by Ami and Mami Futami. Versions of these nine songs were later released in downloadable content packs so that all the idols could sing them, including Hibiki Ganaha, Miki Hoshii, and Takane Shijō. An additional eight songs in original versions were released in downloadable content packs, as were the 20 remixes.

Five songs were originally introduced in SP: "Colorful Days", , "L-O-B-M",  and . The songs were released by Nippon Columbia on a 10-part CD series titled The Idolmaster Master Special between 2008 and 2010. The first two releases were the singles for "Colorful Days" and "Overmaster" on December 10, 2008. This was followed by eight compilation albums: Master Special volumes one through six from February 4 to August 5, 2009, Master Special Winter on December 16, 2009, and Master Special Spring on March 17, 2010.

Reception
The three versions of SP sold 129,088 units collectively in their first week of sales, and together ranked as the second best-selling video games in Japan that week. The games sold an additional 26,931 units the following week, for a total of 156,019 units collectively. The games sold so well in Akihabara on their release day that several stores had sold out by late afternoon, in part because most who bought one version also bought the other two. SPs three versions received a combined score of 31 out of 40 from the Japanese video game magazine Famitsu. The games were voted one of the most anticipated future game at the 2008 Japan Game Awards. In writing for Famitsu, reviewer Sekai Sandai Miyokawa notes that in addition to the nature of the game having to do with training idols, SP being split into three versions may be off-putting for beginners to The Idolmaster series. However, he goes on to say that the game is not only friendly to beginners, but that each version have plenty of worthwhile content that gradually draws the player further into the series. The minigames played during the lessons are called "surprisingly difficult," especially if the player is aiming for a perfect score, and the continuous need to take more lessons has been likened to the plots of Star of the Giants and Aim for the Ace!.

Despite a perceived drop in graphical quality compared to previous Idolmaster games developed for the Xbox 360, the idols' performances and bountiful facial expressions in SP are praised for their "high quality." The story presented in the story produce mode is described as "skillfully done with interesting developments." The game has been praised for the variety in musical genres of its songs, many of which are described as "leaving an impression" in one's ears. Miyokawa writes that the desire to hear all of the game's songs is one reason why someone would continue to play the game.

References

External links

2009 video games
Japan-exclusive video games
Bandai Namco games
PlayStation Portable-only games
Raising sims
SP
Video games developed in Japan
Multiplayer and single-player video games
PlayStation Portable games


Simplified music notation is an alternative form of music notation designed to make sight-reading easier. It was proposed by Peter Hayes George (1927–2012). It is based on classical staff notation, but sharps and flats are incorporated into the shape of the note heads.  Notes such as double sharps and double flats are written at the pitch at which they are actually played, but preceded by symbols called "history signs" to show that they have been transposed.  The key signature and all other information in the original score is retained, but the player does not need to remember the key signature and accidentals while playing.

The notation was designed to help players who struggle with sight-reading, including those who suffer from working memory impairments, dyslexia and other learning difficulties.

History

Peter Hayes George (1927–2012) was born in Quebec, Canada, the son of a diplomat.  He attended RADA and began his career as an actor playing roles such as the lead in Malachi's Cove directed by Charles Frank and the juvenile lead in Peter Brook's London West End production Dark of the Moon.  In the 1960s he gave up acting as shortcomings with his working memory made it difficult for him to accept major roles with long speeches.

After studying music for teachers at Los Angeles City College in 1962, George took up the piano. He thought that since musicians can keep the music in front of them while playing, his memory problems would present no difficulty. However, he discovered that musicians must remember to modulate each musical note according to the key signature, to continue any accidentals through the bar, and to cancel them at the end of the bar. He also found difficulty in transposing notes such as double sharps and double flats.

His simplified music notation was designed in response to this. The original concept was formed in 1977 and the notation was developed over the next 30 years. The first series of music books in his simplified music notation was published in September 2008. A second series, Key Perfect, was published in 2010. Its early-grade piano repertoire pieces were composed and compiled by music teacher and author John Kember and international pianist and lecturer John York. This latest series was designed to show the effectiveness of simplified music notation as a learning tool towards improving students' reading skills in traditional notation.

Notation
The basic concept of George's simplified music notation is that players should be able to play what they see, without having to adapt for key signature or complex accidentals.

The traditional sharp and flat symbols in the key signature are replaced by the sharp and flat noteheads of simplified music notation: a triangle for sharps and a rhombus for flats. The traditional oval notehead is used when a note is natural.

If there is a key change in the middle of a piece, the new key signature is shown without naturals to 'neutralise' the previous key. The exception to this is where the key changes to C major or A minor, where 'neutralising' naturals are used to make this clear.  Instead of the traditional natural symbol, an oval notehead is used.

Double sharps, and double flats (and optionally B and E, and F and C) are enharmonically transposed, and preceded by a symbol called a history sign. History signs allow anybody studying the music to see how it was originally written and to analyse the harmonic progression of the piece. However, they can be ignored whilst sight-reading.

References

Musical notation


Nils Pedersen Igland (1833–1898) was a Norwegian farmer and politician for the Conservative Party.

He was born in Herefoss municipality. In 1856 he married Åse Terjesdatter Helleland, and the couple had three children. His wife dying in 1869, he married Ellen Marie Johannesdatter Skiftenes three years later. Elen was born in 1845. They had 11 children: Åsta Marie Nilsdatter Vormeli (Igland), Aase Nilsdatter Igland and 9 other children.

He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament in 1868, representing the constituency of Nedenæs Amt. He worked as a farmer there. He was later elected in 1871, 1877, 1889, 1892 and 1895, and represented the Conservative Party.

He died in Landvik in 1898, at the age of 65.

References

1833 births
1898 deaths
Members of the Storting
Conservative Party (Norway) politicians
Aust-Agder politicians


Etien Velikonja (born 26 December 1988) is a retired Slovenian professional footballer who played as a forward.

Club career

Gorica
Velikonja started to play football at Gorica. Coming through their youth system, he was promoted to the senior squad in 2006–07. In his first season, he took part in seven matches, scoring one goal. Next year, during the 2007–08 season, Velikonja played 31 matches, scoring five goals. During the 2008–09 campaign, Velikonja played 32 matches and scored a total of 17 goals, finishing the campaign as the top goal scorer in the Slovenian PrvaLiga. In October 2009, in a league match against Koper, he sustained a serious knee injury which caused him to miss the majority of the 2009–10 season. He was not available to the team up until the end of April 2010, four rounds before the end of the season, when he returned to the pitch as a late substitute in a league match against Drava Ptuj.

Maribor

During the 2010 summer transfer window, it was speculated for the first time that Velikonja could join Slovenian PrvaLiga side Maribor, however, the deal was eventually not carried out and Velikonja stayed with Gorica for the start of the 2010–11 season. By the end of 2010, he had played a total of 18 league matches for Gorica with an average of over 89 minutes per round, scoring five goals in the process. On 17 January 2011, during the winter transfer window, Velikonja was signed by Maribor in a deal that included an undisclosed transfer fee and player Vito Plut, who left Maribor for Gorica. He signed a contract with Maribor until 31 December 2013, and made his league debut on 26 February 2011 in a 4–2 win over Rudar Velenje, where he also scored his first goal for Maribor.

Cardiff City
On 12 July 2012, Velikonja signed a four-year contract for Football League Championship side Cardiff City. The whole transfer is reportedly worth €3.6 million and Zlatko Zahovič, director of football at Maribor, stated that the Velikonja transfer was a record high for the Slovenian PrvaLiga at the time. Maribor reportedly received a compensation of €2 million, with Velikonja earning around €400,000 per season for a total of €1.6 million in four years with the Welsh side. He joined his new club on 25 July after the second qualifying round of the 2012–13 UEFA Champions League. He made his debut on 21 August in a 0–0 draw against Brighton & Hove Albion. Despite a prolific goalscoring record for Cardiff's Development Squad, Velikonja found first-team opportunities limited during his first season at the club, but was rewarded for his patience with a start up front at Hull City on the final day of the title-winning campaign, which resulted in being substituted at half time after an ineffective performance.

Rio Ave (loan)
After months of waiting for his Premier League debut, Cardiff City loaned him to Rio Ave in January 2014 until the end of the season. He played two cup finals with Nuno Espirito Santo's team but lost both the Taça de Portugal and Taça da Liga finals against Benfica.

Lierse (loan)
With Cardiff City swiftly relegated to the Championship, Velikonja was loaned out again in January 2015. Former Slovenia national team manager Slaviša Stojanović brought Velikonja to Lierse. After the team was relegated from the top division in 2014–15, Velikonja scored eight goals in his first eight appearances of the season during the 2015–16 Belgian Second Division. With mid-table Lierse struggling in the fight for promotion, Velikonja broke his all-time goalscoring record for a single season by scoring his 21st goal against Heist on 19 March 2016. Velikonja finished the season with a record goal tally of 24 and as the league's top scorer for the second time in his career. Lierse finished seventh and avoided the drop to Belgian amateur league football. He was voted as the player of the season by Lierse fans.

Olimpija Ljubljana
Velikonja returned to Slovenia for the 2016–17 season, accepting an offer from Olimpija Ljubljana. He scored on his debut for Olimpija against AS Trenčín in the second round of the UEFA Champions League qualifying campaign.

International career
Velikonja was a member of the Slovenian youth national teams from under-18 to under-21. On 12 August 2009, Velikonja made his full international debut for Slovenia in a 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification match against San Marino.

Personal life
Velikonja was born in Šempeter pri Gorici, present day Slovenia. He is the cousin of fellow footballer Tim Matavž. He is in a long-term relationship with Slovenian triple jumper Maja Bratkič.

Career statistics

Club

Honours

Club
Maribor
Slovenian PrvaLiga: 2010–11, 2011–12
Slovenian Football Cup: 2011–12
Slovenian Supercup: 2012

Gorica
Slovenian Second League: 2021–22

Individual
Slovenian PrvaLiga top scorer: 2008–09
Belgian Second Division top scorer: 2015–16

References

External links

 NZS profile

1988 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Šempeter pri Gorici
Slovenian men's footballers
Slovenian expatriate men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Men's association football wingers
ND Gorica players
NK Maribor players
Cardiff City F.C. players
Rio Ave F.C. players
Lierse S.K. players
NK Olimpija Ljubljana (2005) players
Gençlerbirliği S.K. footballers
Willem II (football club) players
NEC Nijmegen players
Slovenian PrvaLiga players
English Football League players
Primeira Liga players
Belgian Pro League players
Challenger Pro League players
Süper Lig players
Eredivisie players
Slovenian Second League players
Eerste Divisie players
Slovenian expatriate sportspeople in Wales
Expatriate men's footballers in Wales
Slovenian expatriate sportspeople in Portugal
Expatriate men's footballers in Portugal
Slovenian expatriate sportspeople in Belgium
Expatriate men's footballers in Belgium
Slovenian expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
Expatriate men's footballers in Turkey
Slovenian expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands
Expatriate men's footballers in the Netherlands
Slovenia men's youth international footballers
Slovenia men's under-21 international footballers
Slovenia men's international footballers


Alexander Biagio Conti (born 1 September 1993) is a Canadian actor. He made his acting debut in the film Finding Forrester (2000). Since then, he has been nominated for five Young Artist Awards.

Biography
Conti was born in Brantford, Ontario, of Italian and Brazilian heritage. He is the youngest of four children. His older brothers, Adam Conti and Jordan Conti, are also actors. His sister Brittany also aspires to be an actress. He has expressed his love of performing and has characterized continuing to act as his "greatest desire".  He has acted in commercials, radio, animation voice overs, and television series. His first real acting experience was in the Showtime Networks series, Street Time, on which he was a regular. He has also worked with Director Andy Wolk, alongside Peter Falk.

Film credits
Conti's film work includes roles in The Pacifier, Cheaper by the Dozen 2, and Case 39 (as Diego Ramirez).

He has roles in movies like: Gooby, The Good Witch 2 and the Disney Channel Original Movie, Harriet the Spy: Blog Wars as Sport.

Television credits

Awards and nominations

References

External links

1993 births
Living people
People from Brantford
Male actors from Ontario
Canadian people of Italian descent
Canadian people of Brazilian descent
Canadian male film actors
Canadian male television actors
Canadian male voice actors
Canadian male child actors


Lionel Tobias Boas (1875 – 16 August 1949) was a prominent public official from Western Australia.

Biography

Early life
Lionel Tobias Boas was born in 1875 in South Australia. His father was Rabbi Abraham Boas (1844–1923).

Career
He moved to Perth, Western Australia, in 1896. A decade later, in 1906, he was elected a councillor to the City of Subiaco, serving for thirty-six years and was mayor of Subiaco from 1917 to 1920. With Jack Simons, he helped establish the Young Australia League in 1905 and served as its president until his death in 1949.

References

1875 births
1949 deaths
People from South Australia
People from Perth, Western Australia
Australian people of Dutch-Jewish descent
Jewish Australian politicians
Mayors of places in Western Australia
Western Australian local councillors


The SG Egelsbach is a German association football club from the city of Egelsbach, Hesse.

History
The club was formed after the Second World War in 1945 when four local sports associations merged, the FC Egelsbach 1903, TV 1874 Egelsbach, TG 1885 Egelsbach and the Arbeiter-Radfahrverein 1905. Through the TV 1874, which was formed on 15 August 1874, the current club claims its foundation date within the club's name. Like in most other towns and cities within the US occupation zone, only one sports club was permitted to exist. The new SGE was heavily based on the pre-1933 workers clubs, which had been outlawed by the Nazis. But unlike most other places, where, after the liberlisation of occupation laws, the old sport associations re-surfaced, in Egelsbach the merger of the four formerly separate clubs endured.

For the most part of its history, the club existed as a minor local amateur side. The SGE first rose to attention when it earned promotion to the Landesliga Hessen-Süd (IV) in 1974. After a couple of good seasons in this league, a championship was won in 1979 and the SGE entered the Oberliga Hessen for the first time. Before that, in 1976, the club managed for the first time to qualify for the German Cup. In the DFB Cup 1976–77, it beat the 1. FC Mülheim 0–3 in the first round before falling to the VfL Osnabrück 0–2 in the next round.

The club only lasted for two seasons in this league before returning to the Landesliga in 1981. Another decent cup run in the DFB Cup 1980–81 saw the team again reach the second round. After defeating the TuS Neuendorf 3–4 in extra time, the 1. FC Kaiserslautern ended their run in round two. A runners-up spot in 1985 was the highlight of the following Landesliga seasons, before another league championship in 1989 earned it the return to the Oberliga. Immediate relegation from this league was followed by another Landesliga championship and another return to the highest league in the state of Hesse.

The following three seasons saw the SGE do rather well, finishing fourth each year and subsequently earning entry to the new Regionalliga Süd in 1994.

In this league, the club was never more than a struggler and being able to survive for three seasons was certainly a success in itself. Eventually, however, relegation could not be avoided and in 1997 the team went back to the Oberliga. The adventure Regionalliga however had cost the club dearly in financial terms and almost send it broke. A third appearance in the German Cup in 1994 did not change this all that much. Another loss to Kaiserslautern, this time in round one, was nevertheless quite honorable with a 0–2 result.

Back in the Oberliga Hessen, the SGE finished a respectable seventh but a two-point deduction combined with the financial repercussions of semi-professional football forced the club in 1998 to downgrade its ambitions.

The club stepped down to the Bezirksoberliga Darmstadt (VI) for the 1998–99 season.

After a fall to as far as the Kreisliga A-West Offenbach (VIII), the club returned to the Bezirksliga Frankfurt/Offenbach (VII) in 2003. After the 2007–08 season, the Hesse FA overhauled its league system, renaming the Bezirksliga to Kreisoberliga.

In 2008–09, the club had a bad start, sitting on last place in its league all season long, the Kreisoberliga Gruppe Offenbach, and being relegated at the end. It took SGE until 2013 to win promotion back to the Kreisoberliga, after winning the championship in the Kreisliga.

Honours
The club's honours:

League
 Landesliga Hessen-Süd (IV)
 Champions: 1979, 1989, 1991
 Kreisliga A Offenbach-West
 Champions: 2013

Cup
 Hesse Cup
 Winner: 1994

Recent seasons
The recent season-by-season performance of the club:

 With the introduction of the Regionalligas in 1994 and the 3. Liga in 2008 as the new third tier, below the 2. Bundesliga, all leagues below dropped one tier. Also in 2008, a large number of football leagues in Hesse were renamed, with the Oberliga Hessen becoming the Hessenliga, the Landesliga becoming the Verbandsliga, the Bezirksoberliga becoming the Gruppenliga and the Bezirksliga becoming the Kreisoberliga.

References

External links
Official team site
Abseits Guide to German Soccer – SG Egelsbach
SG Egelsbach profile at Weltfussball.de
Das deutsche Fußball-Archiv historical German domestic league tables

Football clubs in Germany
Football clubs in Hesse
Association football clubs established in 1945
1945 establishments in Germany


Ajantha is a village in Aurangabad district, Maharashtra, on the road between Jalgaon and Aurangabad near the Ajanta Caves.

Geography
It has an average elevation of .

History
The Ajanta Caves were discovered in 1819 by John Smith during his hunting party in the region, but the village is much more ancient. It has been ruled by many rulers including Nizam Shahi, Mughals, Rajput and Maratha. It is believed that the village came into existence at the end of 3rd century under the Vakataka Empire Vakataka dynasty and was a Brahmin dynasty.

Ajanta became a prominent village for the Mughals after the victory of Shah Jahan in the Siege of Daulatabad Fort in 1632. After the successful campaign, Shah Jahan granted Ajanta village, Vetalwadi and Janjala fort to the Rajput Sardar Nathu Singh son of Maharawal BHIM SINGH of Jaisalmer for his bravery in the war.

References

Villages in Aurangabad district, Maharashtra


The Republic of Vanuatu has been a member of the United Nations since the year of its independence in 1980. The country was a particularly active member in the 1980s, when, governed by Prime Minister Father Walter Lini and represented by Ambassador Robert Van Lierop, it was a consistent advocate for decolonisation. Subsequently, its emphasis within the United Nations shifted to the issue of climate change and the vulnerability of Small Island Developing States.

1980s: the Lini and Van Lierop years
In 1980, when the newly independent Vanuatu joined the United Nations, its Prime Minister, Walter Lini, asked Robert Van Lierop, an American film director and civil rights activist, to be its Permanent Representative at the United Nations. The two men had met when Vanuatu had been a topic of discussion at the U.N. just prior to its independence. Van Lierop accepted, and represented Vanuatu for over a decade. He was, throughout the 1980s, Vanuatu's only diplomat stationed permanently in New York City, and he visited Vanuatu twice a year on average.

As Vanuatu's ambassador, and following instructions from the ni-Vanuatu government, he campaigned within the U.N. against apartheid in South Africa, and in favour of decolonisation for East Timor, Western Sahara, West Papua and New Caledonia, among others. Van Lierop stated in 1990 that "On the issue of decolonisation, in particular for New Caledonia, Vanuatu is recognised as one of the principal promoters of independence, and this has resulted in great respect for our country". Vanuatu was a member of the Non-Aligned Movement, and Lini's government cherished its independence, emphasising that Vanuatu had its own voice at the United Nations, eschewing alignment with either the Western bloc or the Eastern bloc.

In 1988, Van Lierop became Vice-President of 43rd Session of the United Nations General Assembly. In 1990, he was chairman of the United Nations' Special Committee on Decolonization, in keeping with Vanuatu's long-standing efforts in that field.

Climate change and Small Island States' vulnerability
In 1990, Van Lierop became the first chairman of the Alliance of Small Island States, a position which he held until 1994; he emphasised the importance of the fight against climate change, to which Small Island Developing States are particularly vulnerable.

This has remained Vanuatu's emphasis to this day. Addressing the United Nations General Assembly in September 2008, ni-Vanuatu President Kalkot Mataskelekele stated:
"I join my fellow colleagues from the Pacific region in our call to the international community for more concerted action in addressing climate change as a security issue. Unless the present trend of global warming is reversed through sincere and concerted international action through the UN framework, some of our Pacific colleague nations will be submerged. If such a tragedy does happen, then the UN and its members would have failed in their first and most basic duty to a member nation and its innocent people."

Continued support for West Papua
Vanuatu in the 2000s and 2010s has not entirely ceased to promote the cause of decolonisation. In September 2004, Foreign Affairs Minister Barak Sopé, addressing the General Assembly, asked that West Papua be added once more to the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories, and stated:
"In recent times the history of the Organization has been characterised by indecision that have (sic) blemished the record of the United Nations, and I speak to (sic) the longstanding issue of self-determination, and in particular the case of West Papua cognizant of the Charter espousing the principles that continue to guide the Organization's efforts in the principle of self-determination. [...] The truth surrounding the so-called Act of Free Choice must be exposed to the Melanesian sisters and brothers of West Papua, and the rest of the international community; the saddest of all is the UN General Assembly Resolution 2504 on West Papua in 1969. How can the UN continue to ignore the cries of over three million people demanding justice?"

In August 2018, Foreign Affairs Minister Ralph Regenvanu announced the government's intention to submit a resolution calling for West Papua's renewed inclusion on the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories. Vanuatu failed to obtain support from the Pacific Islands Forum, and abandoned its intention to submit a formal resolution. Papua New Guinea's Foreign Affairs and Trade Minister Rimbink Pato in particular had stated: "West Papua or Papua is still part and parcel, an integral part of the Republic of Indonesia and we have a bilateral relationship with the Republic of Indonesia, so we will not support that". Regenvanu nonetheless indicated Vanuatu would bring the issue to the attention of the United Nations General Assembly, and would seek support from the European Union, the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States, Caricom and the African Union. During his address to the Seventy-third session of the United Nations General Assembly in September, Vanuatu Prime Minister Charlotte Salwai called upon the United Nations to investigate the "violence, human rights violations [and] inhumane acts" committed against the people of West Papua. He also called for the UN to work with Indonesia towards a process of self-determination for West Papuans. Indonesia's representative responded by accusing Vanuatu of supporting "separatist individuals" and "criminal[s]", and of "challenging the internationally agreed principles of friendly relations between states, sovereignty and territorial integrity".

External links
 Official website of the Permanent Mission of the Republic of Vanuatu to the United Nations
 Chargé d'affaires Alfred Carlot's address the 56th session of the United Nations General Assembly, November 14, 2001
 Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs Serge Vohor's address the 57th session of the United Nations General Assembly, September 18, 2002
 Minister for Foreign Affairs and External Trade Barak Sope's address the 59th session of the United Nations General Assembly, September 28, 2004
 Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs Sato Kilman's address the 60th session of the United Nations General Assembly, September 21, 2005
 Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs Sato Kilman's address the 61st session of the United Nations General Assembly, September 26, 2006
 Minister for Foreign Affairs and External Trade George Wells' address the 62nd session of the United Nations General Assembly, October 1, 2007
 President Kalkot Mataskelekele's address to the 63rd session of the United Nations General Assembly, September 26, 2008

References

Foreign relations of Vanuatu


Peder Tollefsen Ilsaas (9 May 1777 – 17 February 1847) was a Norwegian farmer and politician.

He was born on the  Ildsaas nordre farm in the parish of Åmot  in Hedmark, Norway. He inherited the family farm from his father. He worked as a farmer and forest-owner.

He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament in 1815, representing the constituency of Hedemarkens Amt (now Hedmark).
He served only one term.

References

1777 births
1847 deaths
Members of the Storting
Hedmark politicians
Norwegian farmers
People from Åmot


The Cisco Kid and the Lady is a 1939 American Western film starring Cesar Romero as the Cisco Kid, replacing Warner Baxter, who'd won the Academy Award for the role, and is the fifth film in The Cisco Kid series. For Cesar Romero, this was the first of six Cisco Kid roles.

Plot summary
Kid and his partner, Gordito, and another outlaw named Harbison are each bequeathed a third interest in a gold mine of a dying prospector and whose only request is that they take care of his baby. In order to make sure that each keeps their promise, he tears the map of the mine in 3 parts.

Cast
 Cesar Romero as Cisco Kid
 Marjorie Weaver as Julie Lawson
 Chris-Pin Martin as Gordito
 George Montgomery as Tommy Bates
 Robert Barrat as Jim Harbison
 Virginia Field as Billie Graham
 Harry Green as Teasdale
 Gloria Ann White as Baby
 John Beach as Stevens
 Ward Bond as Walton
 J. Anthony Hughes as Drake
 James Burke as Pop Saunders
 Harry Hayden as Sheriff
 James Flavin as Sergeant
 Ruth Warren as Ma Saunders
 Adrian Morris as Saloon Brawler

Reception
Frank S. Nugent, of The New York Times, reviewed the film saying, "In sum, The Cisco Kid and the Lady is good old-fashioned horse opera and good entertainment to boot".  Time Out London wrote that the film has "a shaggy-dog charm".  Paul Mavis of DVD Talk rated it 3.5/5 stars and called it "completely satisfying".  Patrick Naugle of DVD Verdict wrote, "The Cisco Kid and the Lady is standard western stuff (everything unfolds as you'd expect, with the requisite happy ending), but for what it is, it's amusing and goes down easy as a shot of tequila."

Notes
Other films in which Cesar Romero played The Cisco Kid were:
 Ride on Vaquero (1941)
 Romance of the Rio Grande (1941)
 The Gay Caballero (1940)
 Lucky Cisco Kid (1940)
 Viva Cisco Kid (1940)

References

External links

1939 films
1939 Western (genre) films
American Western (genre) films
American black-and-white films
20th Century Fox films
Adaptations of works by O. Henry
Cisco Kid
Films scored by Samuel Kaylin
Films directed by Herbert I. Leeds
1930s English-language films
1930s American films


Gerard Henri Béhague (November 2, 1937 – June 13, 2005) was an eminent Franco-American ethnomusicologist and professor of Latin American music. His specialty was the music of Brazil and the Andean countries and the influence of West Africa on the music of the Caribbean and South America, especially candomblé music. His lifelong work earned him recognition as the leading scholar of Latin American ethnomusicology.

Biography
Béhague was born in Montpellier, France and raised in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. There he studied piano, music theory and composition at the National School of Music of the University of Brazil and the Brazilian Conservatory of Music. He earned a diploma from the latter (1959), a master's degree in musicology from the University of Paris (Sorbonne; 1962), and a Ph.D. in musicology from Tulane University (1966), where he studied under the noted music historian Gilbert Chase. In 1962, Béhague married Cecilia Pareja, a daughter of Ecuadorian writer and diplomat Alfredo Pareja Diezcanseco.

Béhague taught music history, American music, and Latin American music at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign from 1966 to 1974. His scholarly interests gravitated towards ethnomusicology (a new field of  interdisciplinary study of music and its complex interrelationships with the cultures that produce it). He ultimately started a program there in Latin American ethnomusicology which is currently maintained  by one of his protégés, former UT Austin student Robin Moore.

Béhague joined the School of Music faculty at the University of Texas at Austin in 1974, his permanent academic position, where he was instrumental in establishing the graduate program in ethnomusicology. At UT Austin, he served as chairman of the Department of Music (1980–89), as Frank C. Erwin, Jr. Endowed Professor in Music (1985–2005) and as Virginia L. Murchison Endowed Regents Professor of Fine Arts (1995–2005). He died of lung cancer on June 13, 2005.

Scholarship
Béhague was recognized during his later life as the leading scholar of Latin American ethnomusicology. He was particularly well known for his research on the music of Brazil, which he studied both as a music historian and as an ethnomusicologist. He served (1969–77) as associate editor of the Yearbook for Inter-American Musical Research, and as editor (1974–78) of the journal Ethnomusicology. In 1980 he founded, and subsequently edited, the Latin American Music Review, a journal drawing together academics from all of the Americas to publish in three languages. He was president of the Society for Ethnomusicology (1979–81) and served on the board of directors of several other professional associations.

He trained several of the well-known Latin Americanist ethnomusicologists active today both in the United States and Latin America, and he researched and published extensively on various aspects of this field. He published two edited volumes, and two books of his own, Music in Latin America: An Introduction (1979), and Heitor Villa-Lobos: The Search for Brazil's Musical Soul (1994).

Honors and accolades
Guggenheim Fellowship (1972)
National Endowment for the Humanities grants (19??-??; As Director, Summer Seminars for College Teachers)
Corresponding membership, Brazilian Academy of Music (1994)
"Commander of the Order of Rio Branco" (1997; Awarded by government of Brazil)

Works

"Popular Music Currents in the Art Music of the Early Nationalistic Period in Brazil, circa 1870-1920." Ph.D. dissertation, musicology, Tulane University. 1966.
Béhague, Gerard H., ed. (1984), "Performance Practice: Ethnomusicological Perspectives", Westport, CT.: Greenwood Press.
Béhague, Gerard H., ed. (1994), "Music and Black Ethnicity: The Caribbean and South America", University of Miami North-South Center (publisher); New Brunswick and London: Transaction Publishers (distributor).

Books
Béhague, Gerard H. (1971), "The Beginnings of Musical Nationalism in Brazil", Detroit: Information Coordinators, Inc.
Béhague, Gerard H. (1979), Music in Latin America: An Introduction, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
Béhague, Gerard H. (1994), Heitor Villa-Lobos: The Search for Brazil's Musical Soul, Austin, Texas: ILAS Monographs, UT Press.

Articles
"Biblioteca da Ajuda (Lisbon) MSS 1595/1596: Two 18th-century Anonymous Collections of Modinhas." Anuario Yearbook for Inter-American Musical Research, vol.4, edited by Gilbert Chase, pp. 44–81.  New Orleans: Tulane University, 1968.
"Luiz Cosme (1908-1965): Impulso creador versus conciencia formal." Anuario Yearbook for Inter-American Musical Research, vol.5, edited by Gilbert Chase, pp. 67–89.  New Orleans: Tulane University, 1969.
"Music." Handbook of Latin American Studies, vol.32. Ed. by Henry E. Adams, pp. 466–483.  Gainesville: University of Florida, 1970.
"Music." Handbook of Latin American Studies, vol.34. Ed. by Donald J. Stewart, pp. 568–586.  Gainesville: University of Florida, 1972.
"Bossa & Bossas: Recent Changes in Brazilian Urban Popular Music." Ethnomusicology 17, no.2 (May 1973), pp. 209–233.
"Latin American Folk Music." In Folk and Traditional Music of the Western Continents, 2nd ed., edited by Bruno Nettl, pp. 179–206. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1973.
"Music." Handbook of Latin American Studies, vol.36. Ed. by Donald E.J. Stewart, pp. 480–495.  Gainesville: University of Florida, 1974.
"Notes on Regional and National Trends in Afro-Brazilian Cult Music." In Tradition and Renewal: Essays on Twentieth-Century Latin American Literature and Culture, edited by Merlin H. Forster, pp. 68–80. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1975.
"Some Liturgical Functions of Afro-Brazilian Religious Music in Salvador, Bahia." The World of Music 19, nos.3-4 (1977), pp. 4–23.
"South American Masked Dances: An Overview." The World of Music 22, no.1 (1980), pp. 23–38.
"Patterns of Candomblé Music Performance: An Afro-Brazilian Religious Setting." In Performance Practice: Ethnomusicological Perspectives, edited by Gerard Béhague, pp. 222–254. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1984.
"Popular Music." In Handbook of Latin American Culture, Ed. by Harold E. Hinds, Jr. and Charles M. Tatum, pp. 3–38.  Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1985.
"Popular Music in Latin America." Studies in Latin American Popular Culture 5 (1986), pp. 41–68.
"Latin American Folk Music." In Folk and Traditional Music of the Western Continents, 3rd ed., edited by Bruno Nettl, pp. 185–228. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1990.
"Reflections on the Ideological History of Latin American Ethnomusicology." In Comparative Musicology and Anthropology of Music: Essays on the History of Ethnomusicology, edited by Bruno Nettl and Philip V. Bohlman, pp. 56–68. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1991.
"Latin America." In Ethnomusicology: Historical and Regional Studies, edited by Helen Myers, pp. 472–494. New York: Norton, 1993.
"Afro-Brazilian Traditions." In The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Volume 2: South America, Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean, edited by Dale A. Olsen and Daniel E. Sheehy, pp. 340–355. New York: Garland, 1998.
"Rap, Reggae, Rock, or Samba: The Local and the Global in Brazilian Popular Music, 1985-1995." Chapter 9 In Musical Cultures of Latin America: Global Effects, Past and Present. Selected Reports in Ethnomusicology, Volume XI, edited by Steven Loza, pp. 111–120. Los Angeles: Department of Ethnomusicology and Systematic Musicology, University of California, Los Angeles, 2003.
Schechter, John M. "A Tribute to Gerard Béhague." Revista de Música Latinoamericana/Latin American Music Review, Fall/Winter 2005, 26:2, pp. 143–157.
Béhague, Gerard H. (2006), "Rap, Reggae, Rock, or Samba: The Local and the Global in Brazilian Popular Music (1985-95)", Latin American Music Review,  Spring/Summer issue, 27:1 pp 79–90 (doi=10.1353/lat.2006.0021).

Legacy
The Gerard Béhague and Everett Helm Latin American Sheet Music Collection, 1917–1969, is housed at the Sousa Archives and Center for World Music. This collection consists of Brazilian sheet music from the period, c. 1915–1945, and popular Argentine sheet music from the same time period, as well as popular Cuban sheet music from the 1960s. The sheet music was purchased by the University of Illinois at the request of Béhague, who used it for his research.

Notes

References
Gerard H. Behague; Studied, Wrote About Latin Music (Obit), The Washington Post, Wednesday, June 22, 2005; Page B06.

1937 births
2005 deaths
Brazilian anthropologists
University of Paris alumni
French emigrants to the United States
French ethnomusicologists
American ethnomusicologists
Brazilian ethnomusicologists
Tulane University alumni
Writers from Rio de Janeiro (city)
Brazilian musicologists
Brazilian music historians
20th-century Brazilian musicians
20th-century Brazilian scientists
20th-century American anthropologists
20th-century musicologists


The Little Sweep, Op. 45, is an opera for children in three scenes by the English composer Benjamin Britten, with a libretto by Eric Crozier.

Let's Make an Opera!
The Little Sweep is the second part of a stage production entitled Let's Make an Opera!. The first part takes the form of a play in which the cast portray contemporary amateur performers conceiving, creating and rehearsing the opera. Intended as an introduction to and demystification of the operatic genre, the play also provides an opportunity to rehearse the audience in the four "Audience Songs" they will sing after the interval.

The format of the play altered radically in the early months of its existence, passing through at least three versions (including one specially written for radio) utilising different approaches to the exposition. An initial version set "on the stage of any village hall" during an open dress-rehearsal for an already-written work morphs into one where the "Little Sweep" narrative is related by Gladys (Mrs. Parworthy) as a true story which happened to her grandmother, Juliet Brook, when Juliet was a fourteen-year-old in 1809 or 1810. In this telling the long-term happy ending is revealed, that Juliet's uncle (the father of the visiting Crome children) took Sammy the rescued sweep-boy on as a gardener's boy. Gladys's mother remembered him as "old Samuel Sparrow, the head gardener", who used to give her apricots on her birthday. The group of six adults (including the conductor) and six children choose this as the subject of their home-made opera, libretto by Anne Dougall, a young Scottish bank clerk, and music by Norman Chaffinch, an enthusiastic amateur. The opera is written, composed, cast, produced and rehearsed in the space of less than an hour.

The adult characters in the play were given the cast members' own first names and invented surnames, while the children originally had the first names of the children in the opera. For these, Britten used the names of the children and nephews of Fidelity Cranbrook, (wife of John Gathorne-Hardy, 4th Earl of Cranbrook), a personal friend of the composer's, whose family seat Glemham House lies a few miles inland from Aldeburgh, in Great Glemham close to Snape. In later versions of the play the children also acquired the names of the respective cast members, and Elisabeth Parrish became Pamela, to reflect the part of Rowan having been taken over by Pamela Woolmore, who originally understudied the role.

Composition history

Britten and Crozier had been thinking about a children's opera for some years, but only began to put the concept into practice in the autumn of 1948 when planning the programme for the second Aldeburgh Festival. One afternoon Britten suggested two Songs of Innocence and of Experience by William Blake, entitled "The Chimney Sweeper", and as Crozier relates, "by that evening we had planned the structure, action and characters of a short opera in three scenes."

As with Albert Herring, the opera which had opened the first Aldeburgh Festival, the action was to be set locally in Suffolk, this time in Iken Hall, a large rambling farmhouse on the banks of the river Alde, the home of Margery Spring Rice. The child characters were transplanted from a nearby country house, Glemham House in Great Glemham, which in the late eighteenth century had been the home of George Crabbe, the author of the poem The Borough which had formed the basis of Britten's 1945 masterpiece Peter Grimes. Glemham House was  the home of Fidelity and Jock, Countess and Lord Cranbrook, personal friends of the composer's. Fidelity was at that time Chairman of the Aldeburgh Festival. Britten and Crozier adopted the names and personas of her children and nephews for the opera (although the children themselves were not involved in the production), and the opera is "affectionately dedicated to the real Gay, Juliet, Sophie, Tina, Hughie, Jonny and Sammy – the Gathorne-Hardy family of Great Glemham, Suffolk."

Musical forces
Vocal

The enthusiastic response of the audience to the congregational hymns incorporated in the cantata Saint Nicolas encouraged Britten and Crozier to build on this concept, and rely on the audience themselves to provide the chorus. The five adult parts (including that of Juliet, the eldest girl) were written for five members of the English Opera Group, and the remaining six children's parts were filled by boys and girls from the Ipswich Co-operative Society Choir.

Orchestral

Britten chose modest orchestral forces; string quartet (one instrument per part), piano duet (four hands on one piano), and percussion (cymbal, tenor drum and bass drum) requiring only one player. The vocal score, published by Boosey & Hawkes in 1950, incorporates a version for two pianos and percussion, with additional notation in the piano parts for use if the percussion instruments are unavailable.

Performance history
The Little Sweep was the first of Britten's operas to be entirely conceived, composed and produced at Aldeburgh. Work continued throughout the spring and the first performance was given on 14 June 1949 in the Jubilee Hall. Imogen Holst describes "a hubbub of excited comment" from the first audience as even seasoned opera-goers raised their eyebrows at the standard expected of the audience/chorus ("What! In five-four?" "What? Diminished octaves?"), and the consternation of a "tall thin music critic" uncertain of the precise divisi required for the four birdsong choirs in the "Night Song". The performance was a huge success, with the final "Coaching Song" in which the children on stage improvised a coach using a rocking-horse, a couple of chairs, and two parasols for the wheels, hailed as a triumph.

Roles

Synopsis
Time: 1810
While their mother is absent "seeing papa off to join his ship", the three Brook children of Iken Hall have been playing host to their three Crome cousins, together with their nursery-maid. The visit is due to end the following day.

Scene 1
The first Audience Song is sung before the curtain rises to reveal the children's nursery at Iken Hall, which Rowan the nursery-maid is covering in dust-sheets in preparation for a visit from the chimney sweeps. Miss Baggot, the elderly sharp-tongued housekeeper, escorts in Black Bob, the master sweep, and his son Clem, "a sullen apprentice as black as his dad". Last of all Sam trails in, a small white figure struggling with an armful of buckets and rope. While Miss Baggot gives the instructions, Rowan is shocked by the wretchedness of the little boy, and begs the sweeps not to send him up the chimney. The sweeps mock her and pallid white Sammy as they drive him up his first chimney, to be transformed into a black, "chimbley-stack" boy. Rowan runs from the room in distress, and the sweeps leave to prepare the next chimney.

The door opens and Juliet enters furtively, before climbing into an armchair and covering herself with a dust-sheet. The children are playing hide-and-seek, apparently the version known as sardines. Jonny finds Juliet and joins her in her hiding-place, but their game is interrupted by a cry of distress from Sammy, who has become stuck in the chimney. The commotion attracts the other four children, and they succeed in extricating the sweep-boy from his predicament while singing the shanty Pull the rope gently. Like Rowan, the children are horrified by Sammy's condition. They decide to hide him in the nursery while faking up a line of footprints to make it seem as if he has escaped through the window.

Miss Baggott and Rowan return with the sweeps, and are thoroughly taken in by the ruse. Black Bob and Clem run off in search of Sammy, pursued by Miss Baggott insisting that they get on with the job. Thinking herself alone, Rowan sings an aria (Run, poor sweep-boy) expressing her wish that she could help Sam escape. Overhearing this, the children gradually emerge from under the dust-sheets and set about persuading her to help them get Sam away from the sweeps. A decision is taken to feed him and bath him, and the curtain falls on the preparations for the bath.

Scene 2

The second Audience Song is again sung to a closed curtain, vividly describing the splashing and scrubbing which is happening out of sight. The curtain rises to reveal Sam, "whiter than swans as they fly", and Juliet begins to question him about his background. He reveals that his father is a waggoner who broke his hip so that he couldn't work, and Sammy was sold into an apprenticeship with the sweeps because "there wasn't anything to eat". Sammy stoically declares that it was time he began work, as "I shall be nine next birthday", and the wealthy children become even more dismayed. Sam reveals that his home is in the village of Little Glemham, which by coincidence is also Rowan's home.

Jonny conceives the plan of smuggling Sam into his travelling-trunk so that he can be carried out of the house unseen when the Crome children leave the following day. Rowan agrees, just as Miss Baggott returns in a furious rage over her treatment by the sweeps, who have accused her of hiding their apprentice. There is a mad scramble to hide Sammy and look as innocent and natural as possible as Miss Baggott enters the room. At the spectacle of the grubby, sooty, untidy state of the nursery, the housekeeper's ire is redirected towards the children. Seeing toys lying around she approaches the toy-cupboard where Sammy is hiding, reaching for the door-handle. In desperation Juliet fakes a fainting fit, which has the desired effect. Everyone fusses around Juliet, who is eventually carried to her bedroom, as Jonny reassures Sam and urges him to "sit tight, and tomorrow you're a free man."

Scene 3

The third Audience Song evokes the passing of the night. For this, the audience is divided into four groups, taking the parts of owls, herons, turtle-doves and chaffinches engaging in a singing competition. The curtain rises to reveal Juliet sitting in her dressing-gown, as Rowan enters carrying a tray with her breakfast. They call Sammy out of the cupboard and feed him Juliet's breakfast, while Juliet sings a charming farewell aria. Sammy tries to refuse the money Juliet gives him, but she is insistent. The other children enter, the three Cromes ready to leave for home. They pack Sammy into Jonny's trunk, with yet more food, only to run into a problem when it proves to be too heavy for Tom the coachman and Alfred the gardener to lift. The children and Rowan break into the growing argument between Miss Baggot and the men, and offer to help lift the trunk. The extra manpower does the trick, and Juliet, Gay and Sophie watch from the window as it is loaded into the coach taking Jonny and the twins away.

As soon as the coach has notionally departed, the entire cast returns to the stage for the Coaching Song. They form a tableau with a rocking-horse and chairs arranged to form a coach, and sing together with the audience, describing Sammy's journey to safety and freedom.

Musical numbers

Recordings
(Conductor/Juliet/Rowan/Sam/Baggott/Clem/Black Bob)
 Del Mar/Sharp/Woolmore/Moules/Parr/Worthley/Lumsden (1949) BBC archive performance, no commercial release
 Britten/Cantelo/Vyvyan/Hemmings/Thomas/Pears/Anthony (1956), Decca
 Kares/Pokorná/Sormová/Prusek/Mixová/Procházka/Hanus (1975, in Czech), Supraphon
 Ledger/Benson/Wells/Monck/Begg/Tear/Lloyd (1977), HMV
 Juzeau/Vautier/Kapeluche/Soula?/Murano/Battedou/Legendre (1979, in French), Adès
 Halsey/Milne/Flowers/Yeo/Palmer/Graham-Hall/Richardson (1996, Weigl movie), Arthaus

References
Notes

Cited sources
Britten, Benjamin, vocal score: The Little Sweep (Let's Make an Opera!). London: Boosey & Hawkes, 1950
Herbert, David (Ed.), The Operas of Benjamin Britten. Hamish Hamilton, 1979.
Holst, Imogen, The Great Composers: Britten. Faber and Faber, 1966

Further reading
Holden, Amanda (Ed.), The New Penguin Opera Guide, New York: Penguin Putnam, 2001.
Warrack, John and West, Ewan, The Oxford Dictionary of Opera New York: Oxford University Press: 1992
Whittall, Arnold, "The Little Sweep" in Stanley Sadie, (Ed.), The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, Vol. Two, p. 1293. London: MacMillan Publishers, Inc. 1998

External links
Pictures of the first production, 1949 Aldeburgh Festival
 Let's Make an Opera! play, rehearsing the audience (Getty Images)
 Let's Make an Opera! play, Norman Del Mar rehearsing the audience in the "Night Song" (Getty Images)
 The Little Sweep beginning of scene 1, the sweeps arrive at Iken Hall (Boosey & Hawkes / ArenaPAL : Performing Arts Image Library)
 The Little Sweep later in scene 1, freeing Sammy from the chimney (This picture is wrongly dated, being from the 1949 production not the 1951 revival.) (Boosey & Hawkes)
 The Little Sweep beginning of scene 2, Sammy's bath (Getty Images)
 The Little Sweep scene 3, trying to lift the trunk (Getty Images)
 The Little Sweep scene 3, final tableau (Boosey & Hawkes / ArenaPAL : Performing Arts Image Library)

Operas
Operas by Benjamin Britten
English-language operas
One-act operas
1949 operas
Operas based on books


Margaret "Peggy" Stern (born September 22, 1948, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is an American jazz pianist and synthesizer player.

Career
Stern studied piano at the Eastman School of Music, receiving her bachelor's degree in 1968, then attended the New England Conservatory of Music (1968–70). She studied classical music, and her interest in improvisation was inspired by her experience with figured bass realizations in early music.

In the 1980s she performed as a jazz musician in an octet with Richie Cole and Julian Priester. She was also in R&B and Latin music bands. During the 1990s she worked with Lee Konitz and Vic Juris and recorded albums with her band. Stern taught at the Cornish Institute in Seattle from 1981 to 1989 and at the State University of New York at Purchase from 1991 to 1997.

In 2004 Stern started the Wall Street Jazz Festival in Kingston, New York. The festival has included Allison Miller, Claire Daly, Dena DeRose, Erica Lindsay, Ingrid Jensen, Jamie Baum, Jay Clayton, Jenny Scheinman, Lee Shaw, Marilyn Crispell, Natalie Cressman, Roberta Piket, Sheila Jordan, Sheryl Bailey, Sue Terry, and Virginia Mayhew.

Discography
 City Hawk (BAM, 1985)
 Lunasea with Lee Konitz(Soul Note, 1992)
 The Jobim Collection with Lee Konitz (Philology, 1993)
 Pleiades (Philology, 1994)
 Room Enough (Koch, 1997)
 The Fuchsia with Thomas Chapin (Koch, 1997)
 Actual Size (Koch, 2000)
 Estrella Trio (Estrella, 2006)
 The Art of the Duo with Sweet Sue Terry (CDBaby, 2010)
 Z Octet (Estrella, 2015)

References
Gary W. Kennedy, "Peggy Stern". Grove Jazz online.

American jazz pianists
Jazz musicians from Pennsylvania
Living people
1948 births
20th-century American pianists
20th-century American women pianists
21st-century American pianists
21st-century American women pianists


Dalibor Volaš (born 27 February 1987) is a Slovenian footballer who plays as a forward for Sevegliano.

Club career
Volaš joined Eredivisie side Sparta Rotterdam in summer 2017.

Honours
Koper
Slovenian Cup: 2005–06

Maribor
Slovenian PrvaLiga: 2008–09, 2011–12, 2014–15
Slovenian Cup: 2011–12
Slovenian Supercup: 2009

Debrecen
Nemzeti Bajnokság I: 2013–14

References

External links

Player profile at NZS

1987 births
Living people
Footballers from Koper
Slovenian men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Slovenia men's youth international footballers
Slovenia men's under-21 international footballers
Slovenian expatriate men's footballers
FC Koper players
NK Maribor players
NK Nafta Lendava players
FC Sheriff Tiraspol players
FC Mordovia Saransk players
Debreceni VSC players
Sri Pahang FC players
FK Partizani Tirana players
NK Celje players
Sparta Rotterdam players
GKS Katowice players
NK Krško players
ASD Cjarlins Muzane players
Slovenian PrvaLiga players
Slovenian Second League players
Moldovan Super Liga players
Russian Premier League players
Nemzeti Bajnokság I players
Malaysia Super League players
Eredivisie players
Tweede Divisie players
I liga players
Serie D players
Expatriate men's footballers in Moldova
Expatriate men's footballers in Russia
Expatriate men's footballers in Hungary
Expatriate men's footballers in Malaysia
Expatriate men's footballers in Albania
Expatriate men's footballers in the Netherlands
Expatriate men's footballers in Poland
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Slovenian expatriate sportspeople in Moldova
Slovenian expatriate sportspeople in Russia
Slovenian expatriate sportspeople in Hungary
Slovenian expatriate sportspeople in Malaysia
Slovenian expatriate sportspeople in Albania
Slovenian expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands
Slovenian expatriate sportspeople in Poland
Slovenian expatriate sportspeople in Italy


Greifswald Medical School () is a division of the University of Greifswald, Germany, consisting of the university's medical school and the adjacent Greifswald University Hospital. Its roots date back to the founding of the university in the year 1456, and it is therefore one of the oldest such institutions in Europe.

Institution
The medical school has existed since the founding of the university in 1456, and is therewith one of the oldest medical schools in the world still in existence.

Admission
The University of Greifswald's medical school is the second most requested, the most selective, and among the best-ranked in Germany. In 2007, Greifswald was ranked 2nd of 34 medical schools in Germany in terms of popularity with prospective students, out-ranking other popular universities such as the University of Heidelberg. Degrees are offered in medicine as well as dentistry. In Germany, places to study medicine and dentistry are usually allocated (by high school results) on a national level by a country-wide agency. However, a certain fraction of the places available may be administered by the universities if they wish so. In the year 2008, there were 2,100 applications for 95 places for medicine in Greifswald, which equals an admission rate of only 4.52 percent. In the same year, there were 400 applicants for 29 places in dentistry, which equals an admission rate of 7.25 percent. Admission is therefore as restrictive as at some of the world's best medical schools like Harvard.

Programmes
 Medicine
 Dentistry
Biomedical Science (B. Sc.)
Clinical Nursing Science (B. Sc.)

Greifswald University Hospital
The university hospital (German: Universitätsmedizin Greifswald), was completely reconstructed at the new science campus east of the city centre up to the year 2011. It is therefore one of the best equipped and most up-to-date full service hospital in Germany. The university hospital recently purchased a nearby communal hospital in the city of Wolgast to increase the number of beds and treated patients. This was the first time in Germany, that a (public) university hospital bought another public hospital. The merger was first prohibited because German antitrust authorities were worried about a dominating position of the Universitätsklinikum Greifswald in the region. However, the decision was later revoked by a direct veto of the federal government of Germany, which is a very rare procedure.

Notable people
 Ferdinand Sauerbruch

References

External links
 The University of Greifswald Medical School
 Greifswald University Hospital

Medical School
1450s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
1456 establishments in Europe
Medical research institutes in Germany
Medical schools in Germany


Nesting is the delimitation of voting districts for one elected body in order to define the voting districts for another body.

The major concerns of nesting are:
 the practice may impede the creation of majority-minority districts
 the practice may cause cities or other communities with common concerns to be split into different voting districts (and therefore dilute their votes)

US States which perform nesting

The US States which have nesting in their state legislatures (with the ratio of lower house to upper):

 Alaska (2/1)
 Arizona (2/1) (districts are identical)
 Illinois (2/1)
 Iowa (2/1)
 Maryland (3/1) (29 of 47 districts are identical)
 Minnesota (2/1)
 Montana (2/1)
 New Jersey (2/1) (districts are identical)
 North Dakota (2/1) (45 of 47 districts are identical)
 Ohio (3/1)
 Oregon (2/1)
 South Dakota (2/1) (33 of 35 districts are identical)
 Washington (2/1) (districts are identical)
 Wisconsin (3/1)

In addition there are four states with exact ratios (California, Hawaii, New York, and Wyoming) that encourage, but do not require, nesting of legislative districts. Two other states with uneven lower-upper house ratios (Rhode Island and Utah) encourage nesting between legislative and congressional districts. Six other states (Alabama, Florida, Idaho, Indiana, Nevada and Tennessee) have lower-to-upper house seat ratios ranging from 2/1 to 4/1, but do not feature nesting in their laws on redistricting.

Other jurisdictions which perform nesting

Under the 1970 constitution, Fiji had ten National constituencies. Each of them elected one indigenous Fijian member and one Indo-Fijian member on its own, but two national constituencies were nested into one for the election of General electors' representatives.

The Scottish Parliament and Senedd Cymru are elected using an Additional member system, combining single-member constituencies with a party-list component chosen to ensure overall proportional representation across the chamber. To elect this proportional component, single-member constituencies are nested together within larger multi-member regions. In addition, the Single-member constituencies in the Senedd are identical to those used for the UK House of Commons; this was also the case in Scotland until the Fifth Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies.

References

External links
The Implications of Nesting in California Redistricting an August 2007 UC Berkeley study by Bruce E. Cain and Karin Mac Donald (link to archive)

Redistricting in the United States
Constituencies
State legislative districts of the United States


George Hay-Drummond, 12th Earl of Kinnoull   (16 July 1827 – 30 January 1897), styled as Viscount Dupplin until 1866, was a Scottish peer and cricketer. His titles were Earl of Kinnoull, Viscount Dupplin and Lord Hay of Kinfauns in the Peerage of Scotland; and Baron Hay of Pedwardine in the Peerage of Great Britain.

Biography

He was the son of Thomas Robert Hay-Drummond, 11th Earl of Kinnoull, and Louisa Burton Rowley, daughter of Sir Charles Rowley, 1st Baronet.

He married Lady Emily Blanche Charlotte Somerset, daughter of Henry Somerset, 7th Duke of Beaufort, and Emily Frances (née Smith), on 20 July 1848. She, who was born 26 January 1828, died of bronchitis, 27 January 1895, at the Berkeley Hotel, Piccadilly, London, and was buried at Dupplin. He died on 30 January 1897, aged 69, at 'The Bungalow,  Torquay, Devon. He was buried on the afternoon of Saturday, 6 February 1897, within the little private family burying ground in the gardens of Dupplin Castle.

He served as Justice of the Peace and Deputy Lieutenant of Perthshire.

The Earl and Countess had nine children:

George Robert Hay, Viscount Dupplin (27 May 1849 – 10 March 1886), married Lady Agnes Duff, daughter of James Duff, 5th Earl Fife, and Lady Agnes Hay, daughter of William Hay, 18th Earl of Erroll. He died s.p.m. with one daughter:
Hon. Agnes Blanche Marie Hay
Lady Constance Blanche Louisa (15 August 1851 – 21 December 1931), married cricketer Walter Henry Hadow
Hon. Francis George Hay (29 May 1853 – 11 September 1884)
Archibald Hay, 13th Earl of Kinnoull (20 June 1855 – 7 February 1916)
Lady Celia Evangeline Constance (9 June 1857 – 18 May 1868)
Capt. Hon. Alistair George Hay (18 April 1861 – 15 April 1929), married Hon. Camilla Greville, daughter of Algernon Greville, 2nd Baron Greville
Hon. Claude George Drummond Hay (24 June 1862 – 24 October 1920)
Lady Muriel Henrietta Constance (14 August  1863 – 2 January 1927), married Count Alexander zu Münster
Lady Magdalen Constance Mary (born 15 December 1866)

Ancestors

References

External links
The Greatest Cricket Teams that Never Existed by Allen Maslen
12th Earl of Kinnoull at ESPNcricinfo.com

1827 births
1897 deaths
12
English cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Presidents of the Marylebone Cricket Club
Deputy Lieutenants of Perthshire


Andrew John Rincon (March 5, 1959 - August 28, 2023) was a former Major League Baseball pitcher from Monterey Park, California. A multi-sport athlete in high school, Andy was a two-time All-CIF baseball player and was the 1977 CIF Southern Section Player of the Year in baseball at St. Paul High School in Santa Fe Springs California, where he played alongside future MLB player and coach Mike Gallego. He was drafted by the St. Louis Cardinals in the 5th round of the 1977 Major League Baseball Draft.  He was a "September Call-up" in 1980. He started four games, going 3–1 with a 2.61 ERA. This earned him another brief look the next year, when he had a similar 3–1 record, this time with a 1.77 ERA in five starts. That season, he was hit in his pitching arm by a line drive by Phil Garner, thus hampering his career. In 1982, Rincon started six games and relieved in five games, finishing with a 2–3 record and 4.73 ERA for a Cardinals team that would go on to win the World Series. His final MLB appearance was on May 22, 1982. He finished the 1982 season with the Cardinals' AAA affiliate, the Louisville Redbirds. In 1983, he went 1-2 with a 4.65 ERA in 6 appearances for the Redbirds. The Cardinals released him at the end of 1983. The San Diego Padres signed him that offseason, but he never pitched in the majors again. He continued to pitch in the minor leagues, compiling a 50-55 record with a 4.04 ERA in 172 appearances from 1977 to 1989, playing for the Calgary Cardinals, Gastonia Cardinals, St. Petersburg Cardinals, Arkansas Travelers, Springfield Redbirds, Louisville Redbirds, Nashua Pirates, Hawaii Islanders, Aguascalientes Rieleros and Fresno Suns. He threw a no-hitter for the Islanders in 1984. In his final professional season in 1989, Andy went 1-0 in 11 relief appearances for the Arkansas Travelers.

Andy died August 28, 2023.

References

External links
, or Baseball Almanac

1959 births
Living people
Major League Baseball pitchers
St. Louis Cardinals players
Calgary Cardinals players
Hawaii Islanders players
Gastonia Cardinals players
St. Paul High School (Santa Fe Springs, California) alumni
People from Monterey Park, California
Baseball players from Los Angeles County, California


Klinefelter syndrome (KS), also known as 47,XXY, is an aneuploid genetic condition where a male has an additional copy of the X chromosome. The primary features are infertility and small, poorly functioning testicles. Usually, symptoms are subtle and subjects do not realize they are affected. Sometimes, symptoms are more evident and may include weaker muscles, greater height, poor motor coordination, less body hair, breast growth, and less interest in sex. Often, these symptoms are noticed only at puberty. Intelligence is usually average, but reading difficulties and problems with speech are more common.

Klinefelter syndrome occurs randomly. The extra X chromosome comes from the father and mother nearly equally. An older mother may have a slightly increased risk of a child with KS. The syndrome is defined  by the presence  of at least one extra X chromosome in addition to a Y chromosome yielding a total of 47 or more chromosomes rather than the usual 46. KS is diagnosed by the genetic test known as a karyotype.

While no cure is known, a number of treatments may help. Physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech and language therapy, counselling, and adjustments of teaching methods may be useful. Testosterone replacement may be used in those who have significantly lower levels. Enlarged breasts may be removed by surgery. Approximately half of affected males have a chance of fathering children with the help of assisted reproductive technology, but this is expensive and not risk free. XXY males have a ~15-fold higher risk of developing breast cancer than typical males, but still lower than that of females. People with the condition have a nearly normal life expectancy.

Klinefelter syndrome is one of the most common chromosomal disorders, occurring in one to two per 1,000 live male births. It is named after American endocrinologist Harry Klinefelter, who identified the condition in the 1940s. In 1956, the extra X chromosome was identified as the cause. Mice can also have the XXY syndrome, making them a useful research model.

Signs and symptoms

The primary features are infertility and small, poorly functioning testicles. Often, symptoms may be subtle and many people do not realize they are affected. Sometimes, symptoms are more prominent and may include weaker muscles, greater height, poor coordination, less body hair, gynecomastia (breast growth), and low libido. Often, these symptoms are noticed only at puberty.

Prenatal
An estimated 60% of pregnancies with fetuses having Klinefelter syndrome abort.

Physical
As babies and children, XXY males may have weaker muscles and reduced strength. As they grow older, they tend to become taller than average. They may have less muscle control and coordination than other boys of their age.

During puberty, the physical traits of the syndrome become more because these boys do not produce as much testosterone as other boys, they have a less muscular body, less facial and body hair, and broader hips. As teens, XXY males may develop breast tissue and also have weaker bones, and a lower energy level than other males.

By adulthood, XXY males look similar to males without the condition, although they are often taller. In adults, possible characteristics vary widely and include little to no sign of affectedness, a lanky, youthful build and facial appearance, or a rounded body type with some degree of gynecomastia (increased breast tissue). Gynecomastia is present in approximately a third of affected individuals, a slightly higher percentage than in the XY population. Approximately 10% of XXY males have gynecomastia noticeable enough that they may choose to have cosmetic surgery.

Affected males are often infertile, or have reduced fertility. Advanced reproductive assistance is sometimes possible. An estimated 50% of males with Klinefelter syndrome can produce sperm.

The term "hypogonadism" in XXY symptoms is often misinterpreted to mean "small testicles", when it instead means decreased testicular hormone/endocrine function. Because of (primary) hypogonadism, individuals often have a low serum testosterone level, but high serum follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone levels, hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. Despite this misunderstanding of the term, however, XXY men may also have microorchidism (i.e., small testicles).

The testicles of affected males are usually less than 2 cm in length (and always shorter than 3.5 cm), 1 cm in width, and 4 ml in volume.

XXY males are more likely than other men to have certain health problems, such as autoimmune disorders, breast cancer, venous thromboembolic disease, and osteoporosis. In contrast to these potentially increased risks, rare X-linked recessive conditions are thought to occur less frequently in XXY males than in XY males, since these conditions are transmitted by genes on the X chromosome, and people with two X chromosomes are typically only carriers rather than affected by these X-linked recessive conditions.

Cognitive and developmental
Some degree of language learning or reading impairment may be present, and neuropsychological testing often reveals deficits in executive functions, although these deficits can often be overcome through early intervention. Also, delays in motor development may occur, which can be addressed through occupational and physical therapies. XXY males may sit up, crawl, and walk later than other infants; they may also struggle in school, both academically and with sports. It is estimated that 10% of those with Klinefelter syndrome are autistic.

Additional abnormalities may include impaired attention, reduced organizational and planning abilities, deficiencies in judgment (often presented as a tendency to interpret non-threatening stimuli as threatening), and dysfunctional decision processing.

Compared to individuals with a normal number of chromosomes, males affected by Klinefelter syndrome may display behavioral abnormalities. These are phenotypically displayed as higher level of anxiety and depression, and mood dysregulation. These neurocognitive abnormalities are most likely due to the presence of the extra X chromosome, as indicated by studies carried out on animal models carrying an extra X chromosome.

Cause

Klinefelter syndrome is not an inherited condition. Maternal age is the only known risk factor. Women at 40 years have a four-times-higher risk of a child with Klinefelter syndrome than women aged 24 years.

The extra chromosome is retained because of a nondisjunction event during paternal meiosis I, maternal meiosis I, or maternal meiosis II (gametogenesis). The relevant nondisjunction in meiosis I occurs when homologous chromosomes, in this case the X and Y or two X sex chromosomes, fail to separate, producing a sperm with an X and a Y chromosome or an egg with two X chromosomes. Fertilizing a normal (X) egg with this sperm produces an XXY offspring (Klinefelter). Fertilizing a double X egg with a normal sperm also produces an XXY offspring (Klinefelter).

Another mechanism for retaining the extra chromosome is through a nondisjunction event during meiosis II in the egg. Nondisjunction occurs when sister chromatids on the sex chromosome, in this case an X and an X, fail to separate. An XX egg is produced, which when fertilized with a Y sperm, yields an XXY offspring. This XXY chromosome arrangement is one of the most common genetic variations from the XY karyotype, occurring in approximately one in 500 live male births. See also Triple X syndrome.

In mammals with more than one X chromosome, the genes on all but one X chromosome are not expressed; this is known as X inactivation. This happens in XXY males, as well as normal XX females. However, in XXY males, a few genes located in the pseudoautosomal regions of their X chromosomes have corresponding genes on their Y chromosome and are capable of being expressed.

Variations
The condition 48,XXYY or 48,XXXY occurs in one in 18,000–50,000 male births. The incidence of 49,XXXXY is one in 85,000 to 100,000 male births. These variations are extremely rare. Additional chromosomal material can contribute to cardiac, neurological, orthopedic, and other anomalies.

Approximately 15–20% of males with KS may have a mosaic 47,XXY/46,XY constitutional karyotype and varying degrees of spermatogenic failure. Often, symptoms are milder in mosaic cases, with regular male secondary sex characteristics and testicular volume even falling within typical adult ranges. Another possible mosaicism is 47,XXY/46,XX with clinical features suggestive of KS and male phenotype, but this is very rare. Thus far, only approximately 10 cases of 47,XXY/46,XX have been described in literature.

Random X-inactivation

Women typically have two X chromosomes, with half of their X chromosomes switching off early in embryonic development. The same happens with people with Klinefelter's, including in both cases a small proportion of individuals with a skewed ratio between the two Xs.

Diagnosis
The standard diagnostic method is the analysis of the chromosomes' karyotype on lymphocytes. A small blood sample is sufficient as test material. In the past, the observation of the Barr body was common practice, as well. To investigate the presence of a possible mosaicism, analysis of the karyotype using cells from the oral mucosa is performed. Physical characteristics of a Klinefelter syndrome can be tall stature, low body hair, and occasionally an enlargement of the breast. Usually, a small testicle volume of 1–5 ml per testicle (standard values: 12–30 ml) occurs. During puberty and adulthood, low testosterone levels with increased levels of the pituitary hormones FSH and LH in the blood can indicate the presence of Klinefelter syndrome. A spermiogram can also be part of the further investigation. Often, an azoospermia is present, or rarely an oligospermia. Furthermore, Klinefelter syndrome can be diagnosed as a coincidental prenatal finding in the context of invasive prenatal diagnosis (amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling). Approximately 10% of KS cases are found by prenatal diagnosis.

The symptoms of KS are often variable, so a karyotype analysis should be ordered when small testes, infertility, gynecomastia, long arms/legs, developmental delay, speech/language deficits, learning disabilities/academic issues, and/or behavioral issues are present in an individual.

Treatment
As the genetic variation is irreversible, no causal therapy is available. From the onset of puberty, the existing testosterone deficiency can be compensated by appropriate hormone-replacement therapy. Testosterone preparations are available in the form of syringes, patches, or gel. If gynecomastia is present, the surgical removal of the breast may be considered for both the psychological reasons and to reduce the risk of breast cancer.

The use of behavioral therapy can mitigate any language disorders, difficulties at school, and socialization. An approach by occupational therapy is useful in children, especially those who have dyspraxia.

Infertility treatment

Methods of reproductive medicine, such as intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) with previously conducted testicular sperm extraction (TESE), have led to men with Klinefelter syndrome producing biological offspring. By 2010, over 100 successful pregnancies have been reported using IVF technology with surgically removed sperm material from males with KS.

Prognosis
The lifespan of individuals with Klinefelter syndrome appears to be reduced by around 2.1 years compared to the general male population. These results are still questioned data, are not absolute, and need further testing.

Epidemiology
This syndrome, evenly distributed in all ethnic groups, has a prevalence of approximately four subjects per every 10,000 (0.04%) males in the general population. However, it is estimated that only 25% of the individuals with Klinefelter syndrome are diagnosed throughout their lives. The rate of Klinefelter syndrome among infertile males is 3.1%. The syndrome is also the main cause of male hypogonadism.

History
The syndrome was named after American endocrinologist Harry Klinefelter, who in 1942 worked with Fuller Albright and E. C. Reifenstein at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts, and first described it in the same year. The account given by Klinefelter came to be known as Klinefelter syndrome as his name appeared first on the published paper, and seminiferous tubule dysgenesis was no longer used. Considering the names of all three researchers, it is sometimes also called Klinefelter–Reifenstein–Albright syndrome. In 1956, Klinefelter syndrome was found to result from an extra chromosome. Plunkett and Barr found the sex chromatin body in cell nuclei of the body. This was further clarified as XXY in 1959 by Patricia Jacobs and John Anderson Strong. The first published report of a man with a 47,XXY karyotype was by Patricia Jacobs and John Strong at Western General Hospital in Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1959. This karyotype was found in a 24-year-old man who had signs of KS. Jacobs described her discovery of this first reported human or mammalian chromosome aneuploidy in her 1981 William Allan Memorial Award address.

Klinefelter syndrome has been identified in ancient burials. In August 2022, a team of scientists published a study of a skeleton found in Bragança, north-eastern Portugal, of a man who died around 1000 AD and was discovered by their investigations to have a 47,XXY karyotype. In 2021, investigation of the individual buried with the Suontaka sword, previously assumed to be a woman, concluded he was a male with Klinefelter syndrome.

See also
 Aneuploidy
 Intersex
 Turner syndrome
 XYY syndrome
 XXYY syndrome
 Taurodontism
 Trisomy X

References

Further reading

External links

Sex chromosome aneuploidies
Genetic anomalies
Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate
Intersex variations
Chromosomal abnormalities
Diseases named for discoverer


John William Hawkins Flagg was an Anglican missionary bishop from 1951 to 1977; and was later general secretary of the South American Missionary Society. Born in Somerset on 16 April 1929 and ordained in 1959 he began his career with the post of Chaplain at the St Andrew's Chapel to the British Embassy. He then went on to found the Sams Mission in Asuncion, whilst supporting the Chaco missions such as Makklaiwaya MissionWorking closely with notable missionaries such as Derek and Betty Hawksbee, Asunción after which he was Archdeacon of northern Argentina and Paraguay by the age of 36 before his ordination to the episcopate as Northern Argentina and Paraguay's first Anglican bishop. Translated to Peru in 1973 he returned to Britain as Vicar of St Cyprian's, Edge Hill He later took the position of leading SAMS through its transitional period as a Mission allied to Allen Gardiner and his vision to a much more diverse and culturally open church. He visited South America again to inter his late wife's ashes and spent time with colleagues and friends from many backgrounds returning to the Uk to promote and support the missions he loved dearly . He died on 1 October 2008, leaving behind six children, many grandchildren and one great grandchild.

References

1929 births
People from Somerset
Anglican archdeacons in South America
20th-century Anglican bishops in South America
2008 deaths
Anglican bishops of Chile, Bolivia and Peru
Anglican bishops of Paraguay
Anglican bishops of Peru


Ajanta may refer to:
Ajantha, Maharashtra, or Ajanta, a village in Aurangabad district, Maharashtra
Ajanta Caves
Ajanta Express
Ajanta Group
Ajanta Pharma
Ajanta, pen name of poet Penumarti Viswanatha Sastry

See also
Ajantha (disambiguation)


The Free Software and Open Source Symposium (FSOSS) is a yearly event at Seneca College, Canada, focused on free and open-source software. The event has been held since 2001. It is run by Seneca College faculty. Attendees include both students and IT industry professionals.

Speakers for the 2008 conference included members of Mozilla, Fedora, Google, IBM, SourceForge, OpenOffice.org, Novell, Eclipse Foundation and Creative Commons. The Teaching Open Source @ FSOSS program was added in 2008.

References

External links
 FSOSS – FSOSS home

Free-software conferences
Linux conferences


Ajantha may refer to:

Ajanta Caves, a UNESCO World Heritage Site near Ajantha, Maharashtra
Ajantha, Maharashtra, a village in Maharashtra, India
Ajantha (1987 film), a 1987 Indian Malayalam-language film starring Shankar
Ajantha (2009 film), a 2009 Indian Tamil-language film starring Ramana
Ajantha (2012 film), a 2012 Indian Malayalam-language film starring Vinu Mohan and Honey Rose
Ajantha Mendis (born 1985), Sri Lankan cricketer

See also
Ajanta (disambiguation)