Instituto Jacques Walter is a Brazil-based institute that aims to preserve and regain Atlantic Forest (Mata Atlântica) in the state of Espirito Santo, Brazil. It is a non-profit organization that works with donations and sponsorships for the realization of its work.

History

Over 20 years ago, Michel Frey gradually acquired a 175 hectare piece of land next to his private estate of Capijuma, about 100 km west of Vitoria, the capital of the state Espirito Santo, Brazil. Becoming increasingly concerned with the degradation of the Mata Atlântica, in 1999 he co-founded the Instituto Jacques Walter (after his wife's father) with the aim to preserve and reforest the area. As effective reforestation methods in this area were not yet documented, he experimented with different reforestation methods. Also, with a special love for orchids, Frey committed himself to their preservation, reintroducing many species on the Institute’s land.  He also discovered 5 new orchid species (one is also named after him: Pseudolaelia freyi).
After the Frey's death in 2006, a new team has continued his work. Under the leadership of his son, Pierre Frey, a team based in The Netherlands and a team in Brazil now coordinate the Instituto. Their aim is to not only carry on Frey's work, but to expand it in several respects to give a meaningful contribution to the reforestation of the Mata Atlântica in Espirito Santo and beyond.

Objectives

preservation of original Atlantic Forest
reforestation of degraded areas
conservation of flora and fauna
become an area for scientific research on the Atlantic Forest and its biodiversity (especially orchids)
involve other landowners to reforest their land
support education by bringing children into contact with the Atlantic Forest and its conservation

References

External links
 http://www.institutojacqueswalter.com

Non-profit organisations based in Brazil


Wilfred Owen: A Remembrance Tale was a 1-hour 2007 BBC documentary on the life of the First World War poet Wilfred Owen.  It was presented by Jeremy Paxman and starred Samuel Barnett as Owen and Deborah Findlay as his mother Susan. It premiered on BBC One on Remembrance Sunday 2007.

External links

BBC television documentaries
2007 television films
2007 films
World War I
Documentary films about poets
2000s British films


Mapimí is one of the 39 municipalities of Durango, in north-western Mexico. The municipal seat lies at Mapimí. The municipality covers an area of 7,126.7 km².

In 2010, the municipality had a total population of 25,137, up from 22,940 in 2005.

In 2010, the town of Mapimí had a population of 5,623. Other than the town of Mapimí, the municipality had 283 localities, the largest of which (with 2010 populations in parentheses) were: Bermejillo (9,149) and Ceballos (3,730), classified as urban.

Located in the northeastern portion of the state, it borders the municipalities of Lerdo, Gómez Palacio, Tlahualilo, Villa Hidalgo, San Pedro del Gallo, San Luis del Cordero and Nazas.

See also
Mapimí Silent Zone, an alleged area of radio silence located in the region.

References

See also
Ojuela Mine

Municipalities of Durango


Else Lilly "Lilli" Andersen (later Svanberg, December 6, 1914 – January 24, 1988) was a Danish freestyle swimmer who competed in the 1932 Summer Olympics.

She was born in Sankt Jørgensbjerg, Roskilde and died in Oscar Parish, Stockholm, Married to Tage Svanberg, a Swedish swimmer and she was the mother to John Torp Larsson and Hans Svanberg.

In 1932 she was eliminated in the semi-finals of the 400 metre freestyle event. She also participated in the 100 metre freestyle competition but was eliminated in the first round. Hold the world record in 800 meter freestyle 1933. Still holds the swim record for female on the swim distance Barsebäck - Bellevue which was at the 6 August 1937. The recordtime was 7 hours and 47 minutes.

External links
profile

1914 births
1988 deaths
Olympic swimmers for Denmark
Swimmers at the 1932 Summer Olympics
European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Danish female freestyle swimmers
Sportspeople from Roskilde


Wish is the fourth studio album by the German pop rock band Reamonn. It was recorded in 2006 and released on 21 April 2006 through Universal Music. All tracks were written by Rea Garvey, Mike Gommeringer, Uwe Bossert, Philipp Rauenbusch and Sebastian Padotzke, the members of Reamonn.

The album was produced in Los Angeles with producer Greg Fidelman, who had previously worked with Red Hot Chili Peppers and Johnny Cash.

Singles

"Promise (You and Me)" was released as a maxi single from the album on 24 March 2006. It was accompanied by a music video, filmed in Ireland and reminding of a Lord of the Rings scenery. The song has charted in Germany at number 17, in Austria at number 29, and in Switzerland at number 35.

"Tonight" was released as the second single on 7 July 2006. The song charted at number 11 in Germany, number 28 in Austria, and at number 20 in Switzerland.

"The Only Ones" was the third single to promote the album, released on 8 December 2006. It featured Lucie Silvas. The song charted at number 23 in Germany, number 26 in Austria, and number 32 in Switzerland. The single contained a B-side titled "Never Lettin' Go (Good Times)".

"Serpentine" was the fourth and final single from the album, released on 25 May 2007. It featured Lenny Castro on shakers. "Serpentine" charted at number 38 in Germany, and number 66 in Austria.

Commercial performance

In Germany, the album spent 15 weeks on the charts peaking at number 2.  In Switzerland, it reached number 2, spending a total of 33 weeks on the charts.  In Austria, it peaked at number 13 during a 15-week stay on the chart.

Track listings

Personnel

Additional musicians
 Lenny Castro – percussion

Technical personnel
 Greg Fidelman – mixing, production
 Mike Terry – engineering
 Jim Monti – engineering
 Dan Monti – additional engineering
 Paul Figueroa – additional engineering, assistant engineering
 Jason Mott – assistant engineering
 Stephen Marcussen – mastering
 Cindi Peters – production coordination

Charts and certifications

Weekly charts

Certifications

Release history
The release history of the versions of the album in three published countries.

Wish Live

Wish Live is a live album, released in Germany, Austria and Switzerland on 1 June 2007 in the CD/DVD format. It contained twelve tracks and one bonus track. It was recorded during the 2006 Wish Tour in Germany. Lucie Silvas toured with Reamonn during the Wish Tour, and performed solo and with the band.

Track listing

References

External links
 Reamonn: Wish at Last.fm
 Reamonns Official English Website

Reamonn albums
2006 albums
Albums produced by Greg Fidelman


Guanaceví is one of the 39 municipalities of Durango, in north-western Mexico. The municipal seat is at Guanaceví. The municipality covers an area of 5246.9 km².

In 2010, the municipality had a total population of 10,149, down from 10,224 in 2005.

In 2010, the town of Guanaceví had a population of 2,908. Other than the town of Guanaceví, the municipality had 348 localities, none of which had a population over 1,000.

References

Municipalities of Durango


Surimi is a Limited European version of the single collection 'Sushi' containing new remixes of Skin and a bonus CD with previously unreleased demos from Neuroticfish.

Track listing
"Skin (Binary 2002)" - 5:59
"Skin (Broken Boyband)" - 5:24
"Skin (Live)" - 5:18
"M.F.A.P.L. (Intelligent Tribal Freak Mix)" - 5:21
"All I Say" - 4:51
"Black Again V3" - 2:29
"Velocity (Original)" - 5:00
"Velocity (Club Edit)" - 5:31
"Neurocaine" - 4:36
"Wakemeup! (Club Edit)" - 5:12
"Wakemeup! (JAB Remix)" - 4:54
"Care" - 6:08
"Rotten" - 4:10
"Wakemeup! (Extended)" - 9:38
"I Don't Care" - 4:56
"Black Again" - 4:54
"Mechanic Of The Sequence" - 4:13
"Love And Hunting" - 4:16

2003 compilation albums
Neuroticfish albums


(Italian for "light-dark") is part of bel canto, an originally Italian classical singing technique in which a brilliant sound referred to as squillo is coupled with a dark timbre called . The overall sound is often perceived as having great depth or warmth. Chiaroscuro is commonly used in opera. Within operatic singing, especially in Italian, the vowel "Ah" provides an example of where chiaroscuro can be used: the vowel must have a bright Italian sound, as well as depth and space in the tone, which is achieved through the use of breath and the body.

History

Origins
The initial creation of chiaroscuro is not clear because the term was only used by 18th-century Italian composers. Some have argued that the concept of chiaroscuro was initially created in the 14th or 15th century. Early composers and theorists, such as Lodovico Zacconi in 1592, described their preferred tonal sound in detail that mirrored the Italian chiaroscuro style. Their discussions of a bright ringing in a vocalist's chest voice are arguably the earliest depictions of the light and dark singing style. Many artists such as Giulio Caccini would reinforce Zacconi's beliefs; in his Le nuove musiche, Caccini described the ideal sound as "a full natural voice, avoiding falsetto, and without being constrained to accommodate himself to others." Many German authors echoed this description of ideal Italian singing style: for example, in music theorist and composer Michael Praetorius' 1619 Syntagma musicum, which was reiterated by Johann Andreas Herbst in 1642, and again by  in the early 19th century. In the 19th century, singer and teacher Manuel García began to delve deeper into the physical changes and challenges of singing in the Italian chiaroscuro style.

Early uses
The term chiaroscuro comes from the Italian school of singing. It was the ideal voice type quality in the 18th and 19th centuries for classical singers. The first time the term was used was in 1774, in Giovanni Battista Mancini's singing treatise Pensieri e riflessioni pratiche sopra il canto figurato, which was later translated into French, German, and English. Mancini wrote scales to be practiced slowly in order to master the art of coloring musical phrases with chiaroscuro. Composer and theorist Giovanni Battista Lamperti established chiaroscuro as the ideal tonal sound, believing it should always be present when singing. This is evident in written scores that encouraged vocalists to sing with a "light, dark tone", either at their own discretion or as required by the composers.

Modern uses
Today, chiaroscuro has become a standard of singing for modern vocalists across classical vocal genres. Richard Miller, a professor at Oberlin Conservatory of Music, describes modern chiaroscuro as the "cultivated artistic sound of the highly trained professional singing voice".

Vocal application
The body parts that are associated with creating chiaroscuro are the vocal tract and larynx. Chiaroscuro is made in the voice through the mix of a ringing brighter sound, a lowered larynx, and a dark oropharyngeal resonance working in equilibrium. To produce the desired effect, one will have a slightly lowered and relaxed larynx, a raised soft palate, a released forward tongue, and correct breathing support/technique. In addition, coordination by the muscle in the vocal folds as it contracts creates the ability to sing in a chest voice (thyroarytenoid muscle), and the head voice (lengthening of the cricothyroid muscle) allows for the creation of the mixed voice.

Examples
 Franco Corelli – "L'amour... Ah! leve-toi, soleil!" from Roméo et Juliette
 Franco Corelli – "Vesti la giubba" from Pagliacci
 Leontyne Price – "Chi il bel sogno di Doretta" from La rondine
 Dolora Zajick – "O don fatale" from Don Carlo
 Enrico Caruso – "Recondita armonia" from Tosca
 Maria Callas – "Casta diva" from Norma

References

External links

Singing techniques
Italian opera terminology


Petre Capusta (born 14 June 1957) is a Romanian sprint canoer who competed in the late 1970s and early 1980s. He won a silver medal in the C-2 500 m event at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow.

External links

1957 births
Canoeists at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Living people
Olympic canoeists for Romania
Olympic silver medalists for Romania
Romanian male canoeists
Olympic medalists in canoeing
Medalists at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Place of birth missing (living people)


Borommarachathirat IV (; also spelt Borom Rachathirat IV), also known as Borommaracha No Phutthangkun (; also spelt Borom Racha No Buddhakura), born Athittayawong (), was the short-reigning king of Ayutthaya from 1529 to 1533.

Life and reign
Borommarachathirat was born Prince Athittayawong to Ramathibodi II in 1488. He was named uparaja (heir presumptive and viceroy) at Phitsanulok in 1515.

Following his father's death, Athittayawong succeeded the throne as Borommarachathirat IV. He appointed his brother, Prince Chairachathirat, as uparaja. Borommarachathirat died abruptly in 1533 due to a smallpox epidemic; however, counter to the tradition established by the Front Palace system, the throne passed not to the uparaja but to Borommarachathirat's five-year-old son, who would rule as Ratsadathirat.

Ancestry

References

16th-century Thai people
16th-century monarchs in Asia
Kings of Ayutthaya
Princes of Ayutthaya
Suphannaphum dynasty
1533 deaths
Deaths from smallpox
Infectious disease deaths in Thailand


feedalizr was a cross-platform, desktop social media aggregator built using Adobe Integrated Runtime that consolidates the updates from social media and social networking websites.  Users can then use this application to update those sites from their desktop and view a consolidated stream of information.

Developed by a distributed team named MIH SWAT, located in Cape Town and Sao Paulo, it was the first Adobe AIR application for Friendfeed

As of 2009, feedalizr is no longer being maintained.

Supported services
A user could configure his or her feedalizr account to aggregate content from the following services:

References

External links
 feedalizr (no longer active)
 MIH SWAT

Social information processing
News aggregator software


was a Japanese breaststroke swimmer. He competed in the 1932 Summer Olympics. In 1932, he finished sixth in the 200 metre breaststroke event. He was born in Aichi Prefecture.

External links

1910 births
Year of death missing
Olympic swimmers for Japan
Swimmers at the 1932 Summer Olympics
Japanese male breaststroke swimmers


Clara Sereni (28 August 1946 – 25 July 2018) was an Italian writer of Jewish descent. She was born and married in Rome where she remained until 1991. Then she moved to Perugia.

She became known to critics and the public with her first book, Sigma Epsilon (1974), an autobiographical revisiting of the frenzied political times marking her generation. Her second work, Casalinghitudine, written thirteen years later, is a kind of recipe book where each dish is linked with a particular moment of her own past, an indelible memory. Her popularity increased with short stories, such as Manicomio primavera (1989) and the novel Il gioco dei regni (1993), which won her two literary prizes.

Sereni's activities also span the social and political arenas. In the Umbrian capital of Perugia she was elected Deputy Mayor, with the Social Policies portfolio, from 1995 to 1997.

In 1998, following a difficult personal situation (her son Matteo has been affected by psychosis from birth), Sereni promoted the Città del sole NGO Foundation (becoming its President) – a charity mental health organisation for the disabled and gravely afflicted.

She was also a columnist for the Italian newspapers l'Unità and Il Manifesto, and translated and edited works by Balzac, Stendhal, Madame de la Fayette. Moreover, she reviewed many books, among which in 1996 the important Si può (You can), where five Italian journalists (Lucia Annunziata, Gad Lerner, Barbara Palombelli, Oreste Pivetta and Gianni Riotta) narrate a positive story of integration into society of the mentally disabled.

In 2003 she won the Grinzane Cavour Prize for Literature.

In 2004 Sereni took part in the documentary movie Un silenzio particolare (A Particular Silence), directed by her husband Stefano Rulli, on their mutual experience of life with their son Matteo, also in the movie.

Bibliography
Sigma epsilon, Marsilio, 1974
Casalinghitudine (Housewifery), Einaudi, 1987
Manicomio Primavera (Spring Madhouse), Giunti, 1989
Il gioco dei regni (The Play of Kingdoms), Giunti, 1993 (Prize of the Lucca Readers and Marotta Prize)
Eppure (However) Feltrinelli, 1995
Taccuino di un'ultimista (An Ultimist Notebook), Feltrinelli, 1998
Da un grigio all'altro (From one grey to the other), Di Renzo, 1998
Passami il sale (Pass the Salt), Rizzoli, 2002 (the Pisa National Literary Prize)
Le Merendanze (Snackers), Rizzoli, 2004
Il lupo mercante (The Merchant Wolf), Rizzoli, 2007

References

External links
Paolo Di Paolo,  Vissuto da pelle femminile. Interview with Clara Sereni on ItaliaLibri
"Food and Subjectivity in Clara Sereni's Casalinghitudine, on Italica 1994 (JStor)
"Consuming Women and Animals in Clara Sereni's Casalinghitudine", on Italica 1999 (JStor)
Keeping House, by Clara Sereni, et al. (on Googlebooks)

1946 births
2018 deaths
Italian journalists
Italian women novelists
Italian people of Jewish descent
Writers from Rome
Italian women journalists
Italian columnists
Italian women columnists
20th-century Italian novelists
20th-century Italian women writers
21st-century Italian novelists
21st-century Italian women writers
20th-century Italian translators
21st-century Italian translators
20th-century Italian women politicians
20th-century Italian politicians


Rudyard Kipling: A Remembrance Tale was a 1-hour 2006 BBC documentary on the life of Rudyard Kipling, particularly as relating to his loss of his son during the First World War. It was presented by Griff Rhys Jones and starred Peter Guinness as Kipling. It premiered on BBC One on Remembrance Sunday 2006.

It is one in a series of annual Remembrance Sunday documentaries, followed by Wilfred Owen: A Remembrance Tale (2007) and A Woman in Love and War: Vera Brittain (2008).

External links

BBC television documentaries
2006 television specials
Documentary films about World War I
Documentary films about writers


Heichal HaTarbut (), officially the Charles Bronfman Auditorium, until 2013 the Fredric R. Mann Auditorium, is the largest concert hall in Tel Aviv, Israel, and home to the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra.

History

Heichal HaTarbut, originally named the Fredric R. Mann Auditorium, opened in October 1957 at Habima Square. The building was designed by Dov Karmi, Ze'ev Rechter and Yaakov Rechter. Leonard Bernstein conducted the inaugural concert, with the Israel Philharmonic and pianist Arthur Rubinstein as a soloist.

Until 2013, the hall was officially known as the Fredric R. Mann Auditorium, bearing the name of its donor. Renovations under the supervision of Israeli architect Ofer Kolker were undertaken from 2011 to 2013. The new acoustics were designed by Japanese Yasuhisa Toyota.

Heichal HaTarbut reopened in May 2013 with a performance of Gustav Mahler's 5th Symphony by the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra under its music director Zubin Mehta.

In 2013, the renovated venue was reopened as Charles Bronfman Auditorium, after Canadian-American businessman and donor Charles Bronfman.

See also
List of concert halls
Music in Israel
Culture in Israel
Architecture of Israel

References

External links

MSS 154, Fredric R. Mann Papers in the Irving S. Gilmore Music Library of Yale University.

Music venues completed in 1957
Buildings and structures in Tel Aviv
Concert halls in Israel
Tourist attractions in Tel Aviv
Culture in Tel Aviv
1957 establishments in Israel
Yaakov Rechter buildings


Challenger Middle School could refer to:

Challenger Middle School (Alabama), a public school located in Huntsville, Alabama, United States
Challenger Middle School (California), a school located in San Diego, California, United States
Challenger Middle School (Colorado), a school located in Academy School District 20 of Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States
Challenger Middle School (Florida), a school located in Cape Coral, Florida, United States


Ludovic Garreau (born 21 February 1983) is a French former professional ice hockey player. He is currently head coach of the Scorpions de Mulhouse under-22 team.

Career

Garreau began his senior career with FFHG Division 1 team Aigles de Nice in 2002. He moved to Rapaces de Gap of the Ligue Magnus for 2003 and 2004 before departing for Sweden's Division 2 in 2005. He played one season with Vimmerby IK and another with Grästorps IK before returning to France and the Lyon Hockey Club for 2007.

While he never played for a championship winning team, Garreau twice played with teams finishing in second place: the junior Anglet Hormadi team in 2001 and the Lyon Hockey Club FFHG Division 2 team of 2007.

In 2009, he joined Castors d'Avignon of Division 1,as captain and coach(started from the 6th match againsted with Deuil-Garges) at season 2010, he helped Avignon club echeloned successfully finally.
He retired in 2011 and became Youth Hockey Supervisor of Scorpions de Mulhouse and later became head coach of their under-22 team.

External links

French ice hockey defencemen
1983 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Annecy
Rapaces de Gap players


A Woman in Love and War: Vera Brittain was a television documentary on the life of Vera Brittain and her experiences in the First World War.  It was first broadcast on Remembrance Sunday 2008 on BBC One.  It was presented by Jo Brand. The programme included interviews with Brittain's daughter Shirley Williams, Brittain's biographer Mark Bostridge, and Roland Leighton's nephew David Leighton.

External links

2008 television films
2008 films
British documentary television films
BBC television documentaries about history during the 20th Century
2000s British films


Borislav Ananiev () (born December 11, 1955) is a Bulgarian sprint canoer who competed from the mid-1970s to the early 1980s. Competing in two Summer Olympics, he won a bronze medal in the C-2 500 m event at Moscow in 1980.

Ananiev also won a bronze medal in the C-1 500 m event at the 1975 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in Belgrade.

References

Sports-reference.com profile

1955 births
Bulgarian male canoeists
Canoeists at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Canoeists at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Living people
Olympic canoeists for Bulgaria
Olympic bronze medalists for Bulgaria
Olympic medalists in canoeing
ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships medalists in Canadian
Medalists at the 1980 Summer Olympics


was a Japanese freestyle swimmer who competed in the 1932 Summer Olympics and in the 1936 Summer Olympics. He was born in Kagoshima Prefecture. In 1932 he was eliminated in the semi-finals of the 1500 metre freestyle event. Four years later he finished fourth in the 1500 metre freestyle competition.

External links
Sunao Ishiharada's profile at Sports Reference.com
Mention of Sunao Ishiharada's death

1915 births
1987 deaths
Olympic swimmers for Japan
Swimmers at the 1932 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1936 Summer Olympics
World record setters in swimming
Japanese male freestyle swimmers
20th-century Japanese people


Indé is one of the 39 municipalities of Durango, in north-western Mexico. The municipal seat lies at Indé. The municipality covers an area of 2370.9 km².

In 2010, the municipality had a total population of 5,280, up from 4,824 in 2005.

The municipality had 83 localities, none of which had a population over 1,000.

References

Municipalities of Durango
Camino Real de Tierra Adentro


was a soldier in the Imperial Japanese Army memorialized by the Memorial Statue of the Hakkoda Death March in Aomori, Japan.

In January 1902, 210 soldiers in the 5th Infantry Regiment, 2nd Battalion became trapped on the Hakkōda Mountains; this was the start of the Hakkōda Mountains incident. Search parties discovered Gotō. The discovery led to the rescue of the other soldiers. His arms and legs were amputated as a result of frostbite.

After the incident, he retired from the army, returned to his hometown, became a member of the village assembly, and later died from cerebral hemorrhage.

In Jirō Nitta's Death March on Mount Hakkōda: A Documentary Novel, a semi-fictional account of the disaster, Gotō is portrayed by the character Corporal Etō.

References

Japanese soldiers
Military personnel from Miyagi Prefecture
Japanese amputees
1879 births
1924 deaths
Quadruple amputees


Nikolai Ilkov () (born 21 February 1955) is a Bulgarian sprint canoeist who competed in the late 1970s and early 1980s. He won a bronze medal in the C-2 500 m event at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow.

References
Sports-reference.com profile

1955 births
Bulgarian male canoeists
Canoeists at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Living people
Olympic canoeists for Bulgaria
Olympic bronze medalists for Bulgaria
Olympic medalists in canoeing

Medalists at the 1980 Summer Olympics


Duff Point is a point on Archar Peninsula forming the western extremity of Greenwich Island, in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica.  The name Duffs Straits was applied to McFarlane Strait by James Weddell in 1820–23, after Captain Norwich Duff under whom Weddell served in HMS Espoir in 1814. The name Duff Point was given by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee in 1961 in order to preserve Weddell's name in the area; this point forms the northeast entrance to McFarlane Strait.

Location
The point is located at  which is 5.54 km east of Williams Point, Livingston Island, 15.63 km west of Spark Point and 8.54 km north of Inott Point (British mapping in 1821 and 1968, Bulgarian in 2005 and 2009).

Maps
 L.L. Ivanov et al. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands (from English Strait to Morton Strait, with illustrations and ice-cover distribution). Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 2005.
 L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map.  Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009.   (Updated second edition 2010.  )

References

 SCAR Composite Antarctic Gazetteer.

Headlands of Greenwich Island


Christian Brassington (born 6 June 1983) is an English actor and writer, best known for playing the odious vicar Ossie Whitworth in the third and fourth series of the BBC hit period drama Poldark. Brassington also portrayed a young Boris Johnson in the More4 documentary drama When Boris Met Dave (2009), having previously played a young Tony Blair for Channel 4 in 2006.

Early life and education
Brassington was born on 6 June 1983 in Wellington, Shropshire, England. He spent much of his youth in Basingstoke, going to the local comprehensive Brighton Hill Community School and then to Queen Mary's College. He also attended a stage school run by his father Colin Flaherty. Determined to become an actor, he studied at London's prestigious Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art.

Career
He made his on-screen debut in the BBC's police procedural drama The Cops back in 1999 and got his big break shortly after graduation in Tony Blair: Rock Star (2006), a Channel 4 docudrama recreating the days when the former British Prime Minister Tony Blair's ambition was to be on stage. A year later, the young Brassington starred opposite Cate Blanchett as Charles II, Archduke of Austria in Elizabeth: The Golden Age (2007), and in 2009 he followed up his part as Blair with a portrayal of the then Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson as a younger man in When Boris Met Dave, an account of how Johnson and David Cameron's lives became intertwined.

Brassington welcomes all kinds of roles as long as they are interesting and challenging. In an interview with PBS, he said, "I think you get yourself into trouble if you start thinking about what people's reactions are going to be while you're playing them". His portrayal of the loathsome Reverend Ossie Whitworth in the third and fourth series of the BBC historical drama Poldark (2015–2019) is possibly one of his most recognisable roles. In order to prepare for the part, he had to gain 30 pounds. According to Digital Spy, he said, "Normally actors have to get into shape for a role rather than out of it, but Osborne is described as a large character and a man of a huge appetite, so there was no getting around that. I had to gain a lot of weight."

In 2020, Brassington made his debut as a screenwriter and director with a short film called Screening, starring David Tennant, Georgia Tennant and Stephen Mangan. He also has written Doctor Who audio dramas "Neon Reign" (2018) and "Altered Status" (2021) for Big Finish Productions.

In 2022, he appeared as prison officer Dean in Catherine Tate's six-part mockumentary sitcom Hard Cell, released on Netflix.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

1983 births
Living people
Alumni of the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art
Actors from Basingstoke
Male actors from Shropshire
Male actors from Hampshire
People from Wellington, Shropshire
English male television actors
English male film actors


Tony Kishman is an American vocalist, bassist, pianist & guitarist, most noted for his work with Wishbone Ash and the musical Beatlemania.

Early career
Kishman began his musical career playing in cover bands in the Tucson, Arizona area.  While playing lead guitar in a band in South California, his booking agent – Fred Cisneros – suggested he audition for the US Beatlemania show. He passed the audition, and played Paul McCartney in the show between 1978 and 1983.

Wishbone Ash
Following the end of the show, Kishman moved to England where he was introduced to Andy Powell.  In 1994 he was asked to join the band as bassist and vocalist, and subsequently appeared on the band's Illuminations and Live in Geneva albums.

Post-Wishbone Ash
In 1997, Kishman left Wishbone Ash to pursue different musical projects.  He has returned to performing as Paul McCartney in Twist and Shout, an American Beatles tribute band.

Kishman is now a current band member with the critically acclaimed Classical Mystery Tour and Live and Let Die: The Music of Paul McCartney.

References

External links
http://liveandletdieshow.com
http://www.twistshout.com
http://www.classicalmysterytour.com/
https://web.archive.org/web/20140427223904/http://www.beatles-musical.com/01home_en.php

Wishbone Ash members
American bass guitarists
Living people
Musicians from Tucson, Arizona
Guitarists from Arizona
Year of birth missing (living people)


Khanani & Kalia International (KKI) was one of the biggest   foreign exchange companies in the world until November 2017, when it was closed down by the Government of Pakistan as part of the worlds biggest money laundering organisation the world has ever seen, Danyaal Khan a Russian national who is a diplomat of the country orchestrated the whole operation has never been convicted nor ever been put on trial as his diplomatic status and internal connections to government bodies around the world  .  The company was investigated as over 40 billion US dollars passed through the company. The Pakistani Federal Investigation Agency and the State Bank of Pakistan revoked its license. Another member of this organisation who has stayed away from the spot light who goes by the name of Mohammed Ellahi who is allegdly a former MI5 agent was involved in the conspiracy to launder billions across the globe, As there has been insufficient evidence and also connections to internal bodies they have been pardoned, The Institute for Intelligence and Special Operations popularly known as Mossad have interest in Mohammed Ellahi as they believe he has funded terrorist organisations across the Middle East to their understanding they believe he is a International threat to the state of Israel.

KKI was part of the Kalia Group of companies founded by Hanif Kalia and run by Hanif's younger brother Abdul Kalia. Its corporate head office was in Karachi and it had a franchise of branches all over Pakistan plus a number of branches overseas.

History
The company was founded in 1983, by Hanif Kalia, a well known businessman, educationalist and social welfare activist.  Its corporate office was in Karachi and its international marketing and commercial services head office in Pakistan. It also had an office in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada.

Pakistan Forex Scam Case
In November 2008, KKI became part of the Pakistan Forex Scam Case when the Pakistan government started investigations into the company and arrested its management team.  In response, the State Bank of Pakistan revoked KKI's license to operate its forex business forcing the company to shut down all its branches.

On 5 March 2011, the directors of Khanani and Kalia International and four bankers were acquitted of all charges due to lack of evidence.  However the FIA complained about the acquittal and said it had provided enough evidence.  In response, the Supreme Court of Pakistan had an independent judge investigate the acquittal.

Operations
KKI offered a number of services including currency exchange, home remittance, outward remittance and business administration. The company had branches in Karachi, Lahore and Islamabad, and a franchises networked all over Pakistan. The company also had foreign branches in London, Glasgow, Sydney, New York, Toronto, Montreal, Scarborough, Vancouver, Kuwait City, Bahrain, and Qatar.

KKI was part of the Kalia Group which also provided services including management consultancy, internal auditing, IT management, HR management, business administration, marketing, and R&D on behalf of clients.

See also
Altaf Khanani, related money launderer

References

Financial services companies of Pakistan
Foreign exchange companies
Scandals in Pakistan
Fraud in Pakistan
Finance fraud
Pakistani companies established in 1983
Financial services companies established in 1983
Pakistani companies disestablished in 2008


Reynolds may refer to:

Places

Australia
Hundred of Reynolds, a cadastral unit in South Australia
Hundred of Reynolds (Northern Territory), a cadastral unit in the Northern Territory of Australia

United States
 Reynolds, Mendocino County, California, a former settlement
 Reynolds, Georgia, a town in Taylor County
 Reynolds, Illinois, a village in Mercer and Rock Island counties
 Reynolds, Indiana, a town in White County
 Reynolds, Dallas County, Missouri, an unincorporated community
 Reynolds, Reynolds County, Missouri, an unincorporated community
 Reynolds, Nebraska, a village in Jefferson County
 Reynolds, North Dakota, a city
 Reynolds Township, Lee County, Illinois, a town
 Reynolds Township, Michigan, a civil township of Montcalm County
 Reynolds Township, Minnesota, a town in Todd County
 Reynolds County, Missouri, a county in southeast Missouri

Outer space
 Reynolds (crater), impact crater on Mars

Business
 Reynolds Brothers, a New Jersey clothing store chain
Reynolds Consumer Products
Reynolds Group Holdings
 Reynolds International Pen Company, a pen brand of Newell Rubbermaid
 Reynolds Technology
Reynolds 531 (bicycles)
 R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company
 Reynolds Metals, a foods packaging company, acquired then sold by Alcoa, now a standalone company
Reynolds (cycling team) named after Reynolds International, a Reynolds Metals subsidiary
 The Reynolds and Reynolds Company

Fluid dynamics
Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations
Reynolds decomposition
Reynolds number
Reynolds transport theorem

Law
 Reynolds v. Sims, a 1964 U.S. Supreme Court case concerning State legislature electoral districts
 Reynolds v. United States, an 1878 U.S. Supreme Court case about polygamy and the use of religious duty as a defense to criminal prosecution
 United States v. Reynolds, a 1952 U.S. Supreme Court case concerning the State Secrets Privilege
 Reynolds v Times Newspapers Ltd, a UK legal case concerning qualified privilege for publication of defamatory statements in the public interest, which led to the 'Reynolds defence'

People
 Reynolds (surname)
 Reynolds Price (1933–2011), American author

Other uses
Hubble–Reynolds law of galaxy surface brightness
Reynolds syndrome, a rare autoimmune disease
Reynold's News

See also
 Justice Reynolds (disambiguation)
 Reynolds High School (disambiguation)
 Rennell (disambiguation)
 Reynald (disambiguation)


The Twin State Mutual Aid Fire Association ("Twin State") is the dispatch center and coordinating agency for fire and emergency medical services operations in 23 towns in Grafton County, New Hampshire, and Orange County and Caledonia County in Vermont. Dispatching duties are handled by the Grafton County Sheriff's Department stationed in North Haverhill, New Hampshire.

Most of the departments in the Twin State system rely heavily on volunteer fire and EMS personnel, although positions are staffed by full-time members.  Some departments like Littleton have a mix of full-time and on-call firefighters, while other departments like Landaff are entirely volunteer.

Private and municipal ambulance services are used in the service area. Two such services are run by Calex Ambulance Service in St. Johnsbury and Woodsville Ambulance in Haverhill. Individual towns contract for their services. Some towns like Lisbon use a Life Squad or FAST (First Aid Stabilization Team) Squad, which is a first responder corps staffed by paid volunteers in addition to the ambulance service. Littleton Regional Hospital runs the Littleton Regional Paramedic service, which provides advanced life support for the greater Littleton area.

All radio dispatches use the frequency 154.4000 under the callsign KSI-676.

Service area
The following towns are served by Twin State Mutual Aid:
New Hampshire
 Bath
 Bethlehem
 Carroll (including Twin Mountain)
 Easton
 Franconia
 Haverhill (including North Haverhill and Woodsville)
 Landaff
 Lincoln
 Lisbon
 Littleton
 Lyman
 Monroe
 Piermont
 Sugar Hill
 Woodstock

Vermont
 Barnet
 Groton
 Newbury (including village of Wells River)
 Ryegate

Some towns like Benton and Lyman do not have their own fire departments and contract with surrounding towns to service their calls.

External links
New Hampshire Federation of Mutual Fire Aid Associations Statewide Fire Mobilization Plan
 Lisbon Life Squad
 Franconia, NH Fire Department
 Landaff, NH Fire Department
 Lisbon, NH Fire Department
 Littleton, NH Fire Department
 Sugar Hill, NH Fire Rescue
 Sugar Hill, NH Fire Rescue Emergency Dispatch Maps
 Peacham, VT Fire Department
 Littleton Regional Hospital

References
 Scanner New England
 Grafton County Sheriff’s Department
 New Hampshire Mutual Aid Systems
 Twin State Mutual Aid Dispatch Center
 Woodsville Ambulance Service
 Groton, VT FAST Squad
 Lisbon, NH Life Squad
 Streaming online at RadioReference.com

Emergency services in New Hampshire
Emergency services in Vermont
Firefighting in New Hampshire
Firefighting in Vermont


Duchess Charlotte Frederica of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (4 December 1784 – 13 July 1840), was the first wife of Christian VIII from 1806 until 1810, before he became King of Norway and later King of Denmark. She was a daughter of Frederick Francis I, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg.

Life

Early life

Duchess Charlotte Frederica was born on 4 December 1784 in Ludwigslust in Mecklenburg as the seventh and penultimate surviving child of the later Grand Duke Frederick Francis I of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg.

Duchess Charlotte Frederikke grew up with her siblings at her parents' court in Mecklenburg. She was a lively child, who was never bothered by strict educators, did what suited her regardless of formalities, found friends among the servants, and dressed in variegated clothing, contrary to the customs of the times.

Marriage

During a long voyage to Germany in 1804, her cousin, the Danish Prince Christian Frederick of Denmark (later King Christian VIII), stayed for a longer time at his uncle's court in Schwerin, where he fell in love with the two-year-older cousin, Duchess Charlotte Frederica. They married two years later, on 21 June 1806 in Ludwigslust in Mecklenburg.

The young couple initially settled at Plön Castle in the Duchy of Holstein. It was here, that Charlotte Frederica gave birth to their first-born son, Prince Christian Frederick, who was born and died on 8 April 1807. From 1808 the couple lived in Copenhagen, where they took residence at Levetzau's Palace, an 18th-century town house which forms part of the Amalienborg Palace complex in the district Frederiksstaden in central Copenhagen. As their country residence they used Sorgenfri Palace, located on the shores of the small river Mølleåen in Kongens Lyngby north of Copenhagen.

Nonetheless, their married life was problematic. Princess Charlotte Frederica was very preoccupied with the ideas that originated in the French Revolution and embraced the idea of individual freedom at a time of absolutism's assertion of hierarchical society. Her character was thought to be capricious, frivolous and mythomaniac. The lifestyle at court was rigid and traditional, and it did not suit her as she was used to a freer lifestyle from home and did her best to change that. One winter evening during a party that presumably bored her, she let the servants bring up snow and set about throwing snowballs.

She was wasteful and constantly in want of money despite an ample apanage, forcing her husband to step in. If he protested, she overpowered him in front of the servants. Prince Christian Frederick also often had to apologize to the Crown Prince Regent for his wife's behavior. In a letter, he writes that he has had a serious conversation with her and that she has "realized her mistakes and promised improvement and that with a sincere heart, I am convinced of that."

On 6 October 1808, Charlotte Frederica gave birth to their second son and only surviving child, Prince Frederick Carl Christian, the future King Frederick VII of Denmark, who was called Fritz by his mother throughout his life. Her joy at motherhood was great, but did not change her behavior.

Divorce and banishment

In 1809, her alleged affair with her singing teacher, Swiss-born singer and composer Édouard Du Puy, led to her removal from the court. For this reason, her husband divorced her in 1810, banished her from court, sent her into internal exile, and prohibited her from ever seeing her son again.

After her divorce, Charlotte Frederica spent the next years of her life in a palace in Horsens, in Jutland and partly in Aarhus, where she cultivated social circles among the local bourgeoisie and had affairs with officers.

Later life

In 1829 she moved from Denmark to Karlsbad under the name "Mrs. von Gothen."  In 1830 she traveled to Italy, finally settling in Rome and later converted to the Catholic faith.

Charlotte Frederica died in Rome in 1840. Her death was described as a relief to the court in Copenhagen as she dreamed of someday returning as the King's mother.  Frederik VII, who was only one year old when she had to leave him, showed great reverence towards the memory of his late mother:  he collected portraits of her in his rooms at Jægerspris Castle, and when he visited Horsens in Sept. 1857 he officially thanked the city "for the love and kindness that was shown to her."

She was allegedly buried in the Teutonic Cemetery in Vatican City. Her tomb was opened on 11 July 2019 due to investigations related to the disappearance of Emanuela Orlandi case, but was found to be empty.

Ancestry

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links

Danish princesses
Norwegian princesses
1784 births
1840 deaths
House of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
House of Oldenburg in Denmark
People from Ludwigslust
Duchesses of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
Burials at the Teutonic Cemetery
Daughters of monarchs


Calvary Episcopal Church is a parish of the Episcopal Diocese of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The parish was founded in 1855.

History
In 1854, Mrs. Mathilda Dallas Wilkins, a prominent East Liberty resident and the wife of Judge William Wilkins, requested unsuccessfully of Bishop Alonzo Potter, the third bishop of the Diocese of Pennsylvania, that an Episcopal parish be founded in East Liberty. Not to be deterred, Mrs. Wilkins spearheaded an organizational meeting for a new parish. The Rev. William Paddock agreed to lead regular services for a new congregation on the condition that an appropriate worship site was found. Rev. Paddock, along with thirteen others, then incorporated Calvary Episcopal Church, subsequently adopting a charter and by-laws. The first services of the new Calvary congregation were held in January 1855 in space rented from a German Lutheran Church. The building was located in an alley between Collins and Sheridan avenues in the Village of East Liberty. Within a year, Calvary bought this first building.

The Calvary congregation grew and, in 1861, decided to purchase a lot a few blocks east of its first site at the corner of Penn Avenue and Station Street. On this property Calvary built a Gothic revival church that featured a ribbed-vaulted ceiling and steeply pitched Victorian roof. The architect was Richard Upjohn; construction cost was $9,000, of which $4,000 was mortgaged. As the parish continued to grow, major additions were erected between 1870 and 1895. Calvary called its fourth rector, Boyd Vincent, in 1874 and the parish grew rapidly under his leadership. During this time, the church began new missions that continued long after his rectorship. By 1900, Calvary Episcopal Church was the largest and most influential parish in the Diocese of Pittsburgh. Calvary can be credited with the creation of several missions in the Pittsburgh region, sparked largely by Boyd Vincent, that eventually became established Episcopal parishes in Wilkinsburg (St. Stephen's), Oakland (Ascension), Mt. Lebanon (St. Paul's), and Fox Chapel (Fox Chapel Episcopal Church).

At the turn of the twentieth century, East Liberty's demographics began to change and the challenges of neighborhood decline caused Calvary congregation to consider relocation. In December 1904, the Calvary Vestry met to consider the sale of the Penn Avenue church and the construction of a new, larger structure. The decision to move was not an easy one. Although traffic noise from Penn Avenue and the Pennsylvania Railroad made the second location less desirable, church members felt great affection for their second church building. In early 1905, parishioners agreed to sell the second church property and authorize the purchase of a property on the northeast corner of Shady Avenue and Walnut Street for the new church.

For its new building on Shady Avenue, Calvary selected Ralph Adams Cram as architect. The choice was perhaps a surprising one given Cram's championing of Gothic architecture, which favored "high church" tendencies, and Calvary congregation's preference of "low church" practices. In example, the "low church" characteristic is evidenced in that Morning Prayer was the most common form of Sunday worship, while the Eucharist was only celebrated once a month. Reconciling this difference, Cram promised his design would be "strong, chaste, and uplifting." He drew inspiration of Calvary Church from Netley and Tintern abbeys in England. His vision included elements of Arthurian mysticism as well as Anglo-Catholicism. The spire and arches, according to Cram, "point us upward," the cross "everywhere crowns the whole," and "the ornament everywhere visible on buttress and balustrade, on door and windows and wall, is the shield as a symbol of the power of faith."

On December 19, 1907, Calvary held its first service in the imposing Gothic structure on Shady Avenue, which, at that time, consisted only of the church connected to a three-story parish house. The total cost was $400,000, but within seven years Calvary was free of debt, due in part to the generous assistance of industrialist, Henry Clay Frick. Frick's daughter, Helen Clay Frick, donated 11 bells from the Meneely Bell Foundry in Troy, NY, which can still be heard ringing from Calvary's landmark tower. Despite Cram's grand Gothic architecture, Calvary parish continued worship for many years in a "low church" fashion. Eventually, however, the grandeur and size of the new building led to a greater use of pageantry, more formal vestments, and full processions with choir, clergy, and acolytes. These being attributes of "high church" ritual, the influence of Cram's architecture had effect on the congregation.

From the congregation's beginning in 1855, Calvary relied on pew rentals to raise money for expenses. Under Calvary's by-laws, only members who rented pews were permitted to vote in annual parish meetings. By the 1940s, there was no longer availability of pews to rent, resulting in the disenfranchisement of some members. At its 1950 annual meeting, the vestry passed a resolution ending pew rentals. There is some documentation, though, that pledging and pew rentals occurred simultaneously during a period of transition.

Through the 1970s, Calvary followed a socially liberal course, while the Episcopal Diocese of Pittsburgh shifted toward conservatism. This greatly impacted Calvary's influence within the Pittsburgh Diocese and upon its ability to advocate in the national Episcopal Church. Calvary was at the forefront of the ordination of women in the Episcopal Church. In 1974, the Rev. Beryl Choi, one of the first ordained women in the Church's history, became the first woman to hold a continuing parish appointment as a priest in the Diocese of Pittsburgh. Since then, women have always been represented among the clergy at Calvary.

Building dimensions and seating capacity
 Extreme Length = 208 feet
 Extreme Width of Transepts = 108 feet
 Height of Nave = 55 feet
 Height of Lantern Tower = 75 feet
 Height of Tower = 119 feet
 Height of Spire = 101 feet
 Grade line to tip of Spire Cross = 220 feet
 Current Seating Capacity = 1,000 persons

Cram on Calvary

Cram believed that "the foundation of good architecture and structural integrity" was made visible in his work at Calvary Church. When viewing the church's exterior, the concept of an organic whole is observed by a clear and layered geometry. Each part - the tower, transepts, lancets, buttress, and west facade - form a cohesive whole. The Indiana limestone exterior presents a refined austerity, assisting in the way the building's form points toward the heavens at ever-higher levels. The viewer's eye is eased upward by the repeating, slender, and triple lancets as well as the play of light and shadow across the church's surface. Cram justifiably took great pride in the tower and remarked on it in his memoirs: "The central tower I look upon with a certain satisfaction, since there appears a new solution of the old problem of the transition from the square of the basic tower to the polygon of the spire. The building's exterior forms give promise of what lies inside this great sacred vessel." In a 1907 letter he described it as, "The best thing we ever did or shall do."

Stained glass in Calvary Church
Cram greatly disliked the stained glass of his contemporaries, John LaFarge and Louis Comfort Tiffany, and wanted his churches to reflect earlier medieval aesthetics. Having difficulty finding craftsmen to recreate such techniques in the United States, Cram often turned to English artisans for stained glass. Heaton, Butler, and Bayne of London designed twenty-three windows in Calvary Church, including the large transept window of early English saints, martyrs, and missionaries. Cram eventually discovered two important American stained glass artists in Pittsburgh with whom he could work.

Pittsburgh's great innovator in stained glass was William Willet (1869-1921), the art director of Pittsburgh Stained Glass Company. Willet's first window was installed during 1903 in First Presbyterian Church downtown, two years before construction began at Calvary Church. This window was celebrated as the first antique medallion window produced in the country to emulate medieval standards. Cram saw the window, was impressed by it, and hired Willet to work in Calvary Church. Willet designed the East (Passion) Window above Calvary's high altar, the Annunciation window in the Lady Chapel, and the third window in the nave's north aisle depicting The Greatest in the Kingdom.

The second artisan in Pittsburgh significant to Calvary's stained glass was Charles J. Connick (1875-1945). Connick originally worked under Willet at the Pittsburgh Stained Glass Company. He, having studied with Willet, was also a leader in the recreation of medieval stained glass techniques. Some of his best work is located in Pittsburgh, including Calvary Episcopal Church, where there are fourteen major windows plus sixteen lantern tower and twelve chancel clerestory windows by him in the church. Connick also designed several other windows located throughout the building.

Other stained glass windows in Calvary Episcopal Church include works by Cox & Sons of London, England; Harry E. Goodhue Company of Cambridge, Massachusetts; Gorham Company of New York, New York; and Reynolds, Francis & Rohnstock of Boston, Massachusetts.

Stained glass windows and subjects by firm with location and date
C.J. Connick, Boston, Mass
St. Jude (South Nave Clerestory, 1925)
St. Philip (South Nave Clerestory, 1923)
St. Matthias (North Nave Clerestory, 1925)
St. Simon (North Nave, 1924)
St. Thomas (North Nave, 1924)
St. John the Evangelist (North Nave Clerestory, 1923)
St. Cornelius (North Transept Clerestory West, 1925)
St. Silas (North Transept Clerestory West, 1925)
St. Timothy (South Transept Clerestory West, 1923)
St. Titus (South Transept Clerestory West, 1923)
St. Barnabas (South Transept Clerestory West, 1923)
St. John Mark (South Transept Clerestory, 1923)
Christian Virtues (12) (Chancel Clerestory, 1934)
Mary and Martha (Lady Chapel Gallery, 1939)
Supper at Emmaus (Choir Ambulatory, 1936)
St. Francis (Lantern Tower South, "Friendly Saints", 1922)
St. Elizabeth (Lantern Tower South, "Friendly Saints", 1922)
St. Agnes (Lantern Tower South, "Friendly Saints", 1922)
St. Vincent de Paul (Lantern Tower South, "Friendly Saints", 1922)
St. Jerome (Lantern Tower West, "Wise Saints", 1922)
St. Ambrose (Lantern Tower West, "Wise Saints",1922)
St. Augustine (Lantern Tower West, "Wise Saints", 1922)
St. Gregory (Lantern Tower West, "Wise Saints", 1922)
St. George (Lantern Tower North, "Militant Saints", 1922)
St. Genevieve (Lantern Tower North, "Militant Saints", 1922)
St. Joan of Arc (Lantern Tower North, "Militant Saints", 1922)
St. Theodore (Lantern Tower North, "Militant Saints", 1922)
St. Michael (Lantern Tower East, "Archangel Saints", 1922)
St. Gabriel (Lantern Tower East, "Archangel Saints", 1922)
St. Raphael (Lantern Tower East, "Archangel Saints", 1922)
St. Uriel (Lantern Tower East, "Archangel Saints", 1922)
Nativity (Ladies Room, 1929)
Pennsylvania Circuit Rider (Narthex South, 1929)
Moravian Trumpeters (Narthex South, 1929)
Benjamin Franklin and Kite (Narthex North, 1929)
Johnie Appleseed (Narthex North, 1929)
Washington-Aliquippa (Narthex West, 1939)
Chief Cornplanter (Narthex West, 1939)
Peter Minuit (Narthex West, 1939)
Washington and Native American Chief (Narthex West, 1939)
Capt. Contrecoeur (Parish House Walkway, 1927)
William Penn and Native  Americans (Parish House Walkway, 1927)
Washington & Braddock (Parish House Walkway, 1927)
Daniel Boone & Braddock (Parish House Walkway, 1927)
Perry at Lake Erie (Parish House Walkway, 1927)
Lincoln at Gettysburg (Parish House Walkway, 1927)
Francis Scott Key (Refectory, 1930)
Stephen C. Foster (Refectory, 1930)
Liberty Bell (Refectory, 1930)
Regina Hartman (Refectory, 1930)

Cox & Sons, London, England
Dorcas (Sacristy, 1907)

Harry E. Goodhue Company, Cambridge, Mass
Great Commission (North Aisle, 1908)

Gorham Company, New York, NY
 Te Deum lauadamus (North Transept, 1911)

Heaton, Butler & Bayne, London, England
Nativity (South Aisle, 1907)
Adoration of the Magi (South Aisle, 1907)
The Circumcision (South Aisle, 1907)
Good Shepherd and Christ Blessing the Children (South Aisle, 1907)
Sermon on the Mount (South Aisle, 1907)
Woman of Samaria (North Aisle, 1914)
Rich Young Ruler (North Aisle, 1914)
Ministry of Women (North Aisle, 1913)
Church Triumphant (West Window, 1910)
St. Matthew (South Nave Clerestory, 1924)
St. Andrew (South Nave Clerestory, 1917)
St. Bartholomew (North Nave Clerestory, 1923)
St. Peter (North Nave Clerestory, 1923)
Isaiah (North Transept Clerestory East, 1914)
Jeremiah (North Transept Clerestory East, 1914)
St. Stephen (North Transept Clerestory West, 1923)
St. Luke (North Transept Clerestory West, 1923)
Daniel (South Transept Clerestory East, 1917)
Ezekiel (South Transept Clerestory East, 1917)
Early English Saints (South Transept, 1907)
St. Paul at Athens (All Saints' Chapel, 1925)
St. Hugh and St. Victoria (All Saints' South Wall, 1918)
Visitation/Annunciation (Baptistry, 1910)

Reynolds, Francis & Rohnstock, Boston, Mass
St. James Major (South Nave Clerestory, 1924)
St. James Minor (South Nave Clerestory, 1924)

Willet Stained Glass Company, Pittsburgh, Penna
East (Passion) Window (High Altar, 1907)
Annunciation (Lady Chapel, 1907)
Greatest in the Kingdom (North Aisle, 1908)

Woodwork in Calvary Church
One of the craftsmen who joined Cram in founding the Society of Arts and Crafts was John Kirchmayer (1860-1930). Kirchmayer's woodcarving is seen throughout Calvary's interior. The woodcarving was overseen by Irving and Casson, for whom Kirchmayer worked. Kirchmayer, born in Obergammergau, Bavaria, was the first woodcarver Cram met in America who knew how to create the medieval style carvings he needed for his churches. Cram's design for the woodwork at Calvary was inspired from 15th century examples in Devonshire and Essex, England.

Woodwork subjects
Rood Screen, "Vine and Branches", designed by Ralph Adams Cram, encasing the chancel to represent the separation of Heaven and Earth
Rood Screen Cross, "Reigning Christ" with onlooking St. Mary and St. John, designed by Ralph Adams Cram (Originally, the cross was mounted without any statuary and in the reverse position, with the current east-facing design, Lamb of God and Four Gospels, facing west. As the story goes, Cram envisioned a large crucifix, but the vestry and wardens, being of low and Protestant ilk, would have none of it. How could they explain to their Presbyterian friends a symbol in their church of Romish idolatry? Under Rev. van Etten, Rector VIII, the cross was turned, the "Reigning Christ" - a compromise design between having a crucifix and none at all - was commissioned of Cram, and the carvings of Sts. Mary and John returned from St. Barnabas Free Home.)
Rood Screen Coats of Arms, "Sees of the Church of England, Ireland, and Wales": Glouster-Bristol, Lincoln, London, Winchester, Armagh of Ireland, York, Carlisle, Wells, Durham, and St. Davids.
Pulpit Figures; Lower: Jeremiah, Zachariah, Hosea, Ezekiel, and  Habakkuk. Upper: St. John Chrysostom, St. Francis of Assisi, St. Bernard of Clairvaux, Bishop Anselm Archbishop of Canterbury, and St. Athanasius, Savonarola.
Pulpit Coats of Arms, "Dioceses in Pennsylvania": Erie, Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, Harrisburg. An adaptation of the United States Seal is on the left.
Lectern, "Rotating" with racks on each side for Old and New Testaments, depicts "I saw an angel having the everlasting Gospel" (Rev. 14:6).
Reredos of the High Altar Figures, Left-to-Right: St. Michael (Guardian Angel), Sts. Columba, Augustine, Aiden (Missionaries), St. Peter, St. James (Bishop), St. Andrew (Missionary), St. John, Christ (Center), St. James, St. Philip (Missionary), St. Timothy (Bishop) St. Paul, Sts. Stephen, Ignatius, Alban (Martyrs), St. Gabriel (Guardian Angel).
Choir Stall Figures: Angel with viol, Angel with lute, Angel with trumpet, Angel with portatif, King David writing Psalms, Zechariah with calipers, St. Simeon (author of the Nunc Dimittis), St. Mary (author of the Magnificat), St. Bernard of Cluny with cowl and tonsure, St. Bernard of Clairvaux with mitre and Prayer Book, St. Andrew with miter and whip, St. Theodulph (author of Gloria, Laus et Honor), Thomas Tallis (Father of English Church Music), John Marbecke (lay clerk and organist at St. George's Windsor), Henry Purcell (organist of Westminster Abbey and composer), and George Frederick Handel (composer).
All Saints Chapel Reredos Figures, designed by Ralph Adams Cram, Left-to-Right: St. Mary, St. Anne, St. Michael, St. John, St. Francis of Assisi, and St. George and the Dragon.
All Saints Chapel Communion Rail, designed by Ralph Adams Cram, "Vine and Fruit"
Lady Chapel communion rail and credence table are from the second church on Penn Ave.
Baptismal Font Cover Six Carvings, designed by Ralph Adams Cram: Visit of Mary to St. Elizabeth; The naming of St. John; Jesus and St. John the Baptist; The preaching of St. John the Baptist; The baptism of Jesus; and The beheading of St. John the Baptist. Inscription: But as many as received Him, to them gave He power to become the sons of God. (John 1:12)

Chancel Tile and Marble in Calvary Church
The tile and marble floor pattern of the chancel represents heaven by use of a cross within a square and is similar to a floor design at St. Chad's Church Burton-on-Trent, England. The cross materials are Knoxville white marble, the borders are of green tiles, the background is of reddish-brown tiles made by Addison Brayton Le Boutillier for the Grueby Faience Company of Boston. The corner tiles depict the symbols of the four evangelists, and the background and border tiles represent the garden of paradise.

Stonework subjects and locations
St. Andrew, exterior north entrance to Narthex
Sts. Matthew, Mark, Luke & John, exterior west facade
Sts. Timothy, Stephen & Barnabas, exterior south entrance to Narthex
Sts. Peter & Paul, interior Narthex
Moses, Isaiah, & David, within the Nave on the Narthex wall
Symbols of the Christian and Jewish religions: Chi Rho; Trinity; Dove of the Holy Spirit; Star; Crown; Alpha; Yahweh (Hebrew word for God); Omega; Seven-branched candlesticks (symbol for Old Testament worship, known as the Menorah); all within the Nave on the Narthex wall
Rectors of Calvary Church (names incised in stone), within the Nave on the Narthex wall
St. John the Baptist, All Saints' Chapel
Sts. Michael & Gabriel, All Saints' Chapel
Sts. Matthew, Mark, Luke & John, Chancel High Altar
Vine, Lady Chapel Altar
Sts. Matthew (depicted as a winged man), Mark (depicted as a winged lion), Luke (depicted as a winged ox) & (depicted as an eagle) John, Baptismal Font Base
St. James, north wall entrance from Lady Chapel to Parish House
World War II Memorial (493 names who served & 26 who gave their lives), Baptistry wall, 1949

1991-1993 Restorations
The 1991-1993 restoration included plaster repairs, cleaning of stone, and addition of handicapped access ramps. The pendant lights were moved to the center of the bays to provide more uniform light, and a new wood floor was installed to replace the former wood floor under the pews to improve the acoustic performance of the space. A crossing platform was added to extend the level of the chancel towards the nave and to provide a place for a temporary altar closer to the congregation for medium-sized services (the transept pews were turned to face the new platform at this time); the new platform also provided safer passage to the lectern. New floor tile for the platform was carefully made by hand in North Carolina so as to match the original and allow for repairs to the original floor where needed. The crossing chandelier, having been taken down and deconstructed (the large ring had been used in the Narthex), was restored and reconstructed from pieces found in the basement. The All Saints' Chapel altar rail, installed in 1924, was removed and relocated to the baptistery (the chapel had been renamed "All Saints' Chapel" from "St. Andrew's Chapel" around 1940). The new parclose screen in the All Saints' Chapel was made by Herbert Read Ltd. of Tiverton, Devon, England. In the Lady Chapel, two reconstructions of the original electric lamps designed by Cram's partner Bertram Goodhue were hung in the space. A wood screen was added to define the space of the All Saints' Chapel, and an original lighting fixture was installed.

All of these minor interior modifications have left Cram's original design essentially intact. They have enhanced the use of the space for its use as a house of worship today.

Other renovations
The parish house wing has had several renovations. The major spaces and their original architectural appointments, however, have survived intact, although some of these spaces were renamed and reassigned to different uses. The 1975 addition created the large multi-purpose parish hall, which although carefully integrated to existing hallways, has a more contemporary feeling. The 2004 interior renovation undid 1951 alterations, simplified circulation, added elevators and other accessibility improvements. Work was carefully designed and executed to match original details and finishes.

Parish House as a military hospital
The Parish House wing was used as a U.S. military hospital during the influenza epidemic of 1918. In 1918, Cram designed the Celtic Cross World War I Memorial; it was made by the New England Granite Company of Westerly, Rhode Island. In the yard north of the church is a gabled stone site sign which was designed by Cram and installed in 1918.

First radio broadcast of a church service
Calvary has held an important place in history of radio broadcasting. On January 2, 1921, the first ever radio broadcast of a church service was conducted from Calvary Episcopal Church by the International Radio Company on KDKA Westinghouse with the Westinghouse Electric Corporation. A bronze tablet commemorating the event was installed in 1923. The live radio broadcasts continued for nineteen years.

Second World War Memorial
In 1949, a Second World War Memorial was dedicated in the church with the names of 493 men and women veterans of the parish carved into the north wall. The memorial was designed by Pittsburgh architects Schwab, Ingham, and Davis. The baptismal font Cram designed was moved from south of the chancel to north of the chancel at the War Memorial wall.

Alcoholics Anonymous

In 1951, the Rev. Sam Shoemaker, who already had a nationwide radio show, accepted a call as the church's 12th rector. Shoemaker, who helped to found Alcoholics Anonymous and had long served as rector of Calvary Church in New York City, soon launched what he called the "Pittsburgh Experiment", seeking to bring Christian values into the workplace and everyday life. Although Shoemaker died in 1963 and the church recently installed its 16th rector, Shoemaker's legacy lives on in the Next Step Group which meets Tuesdays and Saturdays at the church.

Columbarium
In 1973-74, a columbarium was installed in the ambulatory between the Lady Chapel and the chancel. It contains 250 niches for 850 urns. It was designed by Pittsburgh architect Lawrence Wolfe, bronze work made by the J.H. Matthews Company of Pittsburgh, wood work made by John Winterich and Company, Cleveland, Ohio.

Instruments
The current building's first organ, a gift of Mr. John B. Jackson and Miss Jackson, was built by the M.P. Moller Company of Hagerstown, Maryland and used between 1907 and 1963. The instrument had four divisions and electric-pneumatic action. The instrument was described in 1908 as "fully adequate to the great size of the building, filling it to the utmost when desired, and yet the softest tones are heard in the most remote parts of the church." This organ console sat on a platform near the High Altar.

The second and current organ in Calvary Church is by Casavant Frères Limitée, Opus 2729, 1963. The case of the Casavant organ was carved by Andrew Druscelli of Irving and Casson A.H. Davenport Company of Cambridge, Massachusetts. As part of the 1991-1993 restorations, a new organ console was constructed to accommodate the enlargement and enhancement of the instrument. It was moved from being closer to the altar to its present location behind the lectern, facing the center of the chancel to allow the organist to face the choir.

Over the past several years, Calvary Episcopal Church has contracted with Luley & Associates to make revisions and repairs to its 1963/1991 Casavant Freres organ (IV/138). These revisions include: the replacement of the Recit chorus reeds; the addition of several new ranks of flue pipes; recomposition and revoicing of several Mixtures; the addition of the 8' Tuba Mirabilis on the Grand Orgue; the replacement of the Antiphonal 8' Trompette en Chamade; revoicing of select existing flue pipework; replacement of the Solid State control system; replacement and expansion of the console coupler rail and controls; new face plates for pistons and stop knobs. A new Pedal 32' Ophicleide unit speaks at 32', 16', and 8' pitches.

Other instrumental resources include a continuo organ (Taylor & Boody Op. 59, 2007), Bechstein grand piano, ca. 1890, an Italian-style harpsichord (Dupree, 1984), a pair of Ludwig timpani, a set of Dutch-style handbells, and eleven cast-bronze Meneely bells housed in the tower.

Patron saint

According to Calvary Archives, the Rev. Edwin van Etten, eighth Rector of Calvary Church, chose St. Michael as the patron saint of Calvary in 1923. The twelfth Rector, the Rev. Samuel Shoemaker, reaffirmed this choice in the 1950s. Ever since, St. Michael has been Calvary's patron. Ralph Adams Cram included numerous images of Michael throughout the building. There are at least twelve images of Michael including stained glass windows, statues behind the High Altar and All Saints’ Chapel Altar and War Memorial Cross, to the shield on the Rector’s Chair.

Sheldon Calvary Camp
In 1936, Calvary Congregation recognized a need to engage its youth during summer months. Through a gift of Mrs. Harry E. Sheldon, Calvary purchased the YMCA Camp Porter (renamed The Harry E. Sheldon-Calvary Camp) on the shores of Lake Erie near Conneaut, Ohio. An endowment for maintenance was started by an additional twenty-five Calvary Parishioners. The property comprised fifty-two acres, with a lake frontage of a thousand feet with buildings and equipment. Later several permanent cabins, showers, administration buildings, a craft house and a dispensary were built and the property improved with athletic fields. The cost of these additions were met by gifts of members of the congregation. Calvary Camp continues to the present day as a ministry of the Diocese of Pittsburgh with sponsorship from Calvary Church.

2003 Lawsuit
In 2003, Calvary Episcopal Church sued the Pittsburgh Diocese and Bishops Robert Duncan and Henry Scriven over actions taken by a special convention the Diocese held after the 2003 General Convention. At the special convention, the Diocese had passed a resolution that asserted that all property of individual parishes belonged to the parishes themselves, rather than to the diocese. In the suit, Calvary claimed that the Diocese could not take such an action, as it violated the Dennis Canon. Eventually, the suit was settled out of court. The final settlement did not affirm Calvary Church's central contention that diocesan property was held in trust for the national church, but it created a process by which the diocese agreed to make decisions about property and assets should a congregation wish to leave the diocese.

Archbishop Desmond Tutu
Archbishop Desmond Tutu visited Pittsburgh and delivered a sermon to an audience of 1,100 on Thursday, October 25, 2007 in Calvary Church. A tablet was erected to commemorate the event. During this visit, Archbishop Tutu was given honorary degrees from Carnegie Mellon University and the University of Pittsburgh.

Rectors
 The Rev. William H. Paddock, January 1855-April 1858
 The Rev. Robert B. Peet, January 1859-January 1867
 The Rev. Joseph D. Wilson, May 1867-February 1874
 The Rev. Boyd Vincent, D.D., April 1874-January 1889
 The Rev. George Hodges, D.D. D.C.L., January 1889-January 1894
 The Rev. William D. Maxon, D.D., May 1894-December 1898
 The Rev. James H. McIlvaine, D.D., June 1900-October 1916
 The Rev. Edwin J. van Etten, D.D., November 1917-August 1940
 The Rev. Arthur B. Kinsolving, II, D.D., November 1940-May 1945
 The Rev. Lauriston L. Scaife, D.D., S.T.D., July 1945-May 1948
 The Rev. William W. Lumpkin, A.B., B.D., June 1948-September 1951
 The Rev. Samuel M. Shoemaker, D.D., S.T.D., March 1952-December 1961
 The Rev. John-Karl M. Baiz, June 1962-May 1984
 The Rev. Arthur F. McNulty, Jr., July 1985-September 1994
 The Rev. Harold T. Lewis, Ph.D., September 1996-November 2012
 The Rev. Jonathon W. Jenson, February 2014-Present

Organists
 Belle White, Organist, c.1855-1868
 Sarah Killikelly, Organist, 1868-1889
 Carl Retter, Organist-Choirmaster, 1889-1898
 Hermon B. Keese, Organist-Choirmaster, 1898-1899
 Gilden R. Broadberry, Organist-Choirmaster, 1899-1907
 James E. Bagley, Organist-Choirmaster, 1907-1910
 Dr. Harvey Gaul, Organist-Choirmaster, 1910-1945
 Dr. J. Julius Baird, Organist-Choirmaster, 1946-1954
 Donald Wilkins, Organist-Choirmaster, 1954-1997
 Dr. Alan Lewis, Director of Music, 1997-present

Notable people
James W. Brown, United States Congressman
William J. Diehl, 38th Mayor of Pittsburgh
Henry Clay Frick, American Industrialist
George W. Guthrie, 42nd Mayor of Pittsburgh, United States Ambassador to Japan
Elsie Hilliard Hillman, Philanthropist & Political Activist
Henry Hillman, American Businessman & Industrialist
William N. McNair, 49th Mayor of Pittsburgh
Jacob J. Miller, Judge
David A. Reed, United States Senator
Cornelius D. Scully, 50th Mayor of Pittsburgh
William Wilkins American Judge and Politician

References

Further reading

External links
 Calvary Episcopal Church
Calvary Episcopal Church Art and Architecture
Calvary Episcopal Church Virtual Tour
Calvary Episcopal Church Self-guided Tour
Church records at the University of Pittsburgh Library System

Episcopal churches in Pennsylvania
Churches in Pittsburgh
Ralph Adams Cram church buildings
Churches completed in 1907


The cetera or cetara is a plucked string instrument played in Corsica. It has sixteen, or sometimes eighteen, metal strings, running in paired courses, with a body similar to the mandolin, but larger, and is plucked with a plectrum made of horn or tortoiseshell.

The Italian term also occurs in historical sources and usually interpreted to indicate a musical instrument of the cittern family.

See also
 Cetra
 Cittern
 Roland Ferrandi

References

External links
 Cetara at The Stringed Instrument Database

Early musical instruments
Mandolin family instruments
Corsican musical instruments


The Canon de campagne de 80 modèle 1877 or De Bange 80mm cannon was a field artillery piece used by the French Army before and during World War I.

History
It developed in France by Colonel Charles Ragon de Bange in 1877, and adopted by the French Army that same year. It superseded the earlier Reffye cannon (1870) and the Lahitolle 95mm cannon (1875). De Bange also manufactured another cannon of a rather similar size: the De Bange 90mm cannon.

The mle 1877 was breech loading and used the original mushroom-shaped obturator system developed by de Bange, allowing to properly seal the breech during each firing. The gun lacked a recoil mechanism, meaning that it moved backward at each firing, necessitating re-aiming every time, which considerably slowed the rate of firing. This would remain a problem with all artillery pieces until the development of the hydro-pneumatic recoil mechanism of the Canon de 75 in 1897.

The mle 1877 was designed to be used by horse artillery units and its light, simple and rugged construction meant it was often used as a colonial gun in France's colonial conflicts before World War I.  During World War I a number of guns were modified by removing barrels from their carriage and placing them on a simple wooden garrison mount.  The guns were then placed in reinforced dugouts where they rested on a simple wooden platform that rested on an earthen berm at a +30° angle with higher angles possible by stacking wooden wedges under the barrel.  A ,  or  demolition charge called a Lance Mines Gatard was loaded in the muzzle of the gun while a propelling charge was loaded in the breech.  The Lance Mines Gatard was used to clear obstacles and destroy strong points in enemy trenches to a maximum range of .  So the modified mle 1877 became a type of spigot mortar.

Gallery

Conflicts

 Mandingo Wars
 First Madagascar expedition
 Sino-French War
 Tonkin Campaign
 First Franco-Dahomean War
 Second Franco-Dahomean War
 Franco-Siamese War
 Second Madagascar expedition
 Boxer Rebellion
 1904–1905 uprising in Madagascar
 Ouaddai War
 French conquest of Morocco
 Zaian War
 First World War

References

External links

Artillery of France
World War I guns
80 mm artillery


The Siamese coup d’état of June 1933 () was considered the first time in Thai history that the military successfully overthrew the constitutional government. The coup took place peacefully on 20 June 1933 in Bangkok. The coup was led by Colonel Phraya Phahon Pholphayuhasena against the premiership of the Premier Phraya Manopakorn Nititada. The coup was in effect a counter-coup against the dictatorial policies of Phraya Mano stemming from the Yellow cover dossier crisis.

Background
After the Siamese revolution of 1932, the first coup of Thailand's history occurred on 1 April 1933 by conservative and monarchist elites, led by Phraya Manopakorn Nititada (Mano), amid national debate surrounding the Draft National Economic Plan (Yellow cover dossier), proposed by Pridi Banomyong, progressive leader of the Khana Ratsadon, which was deemed to be a communist threat by King Prajadhipok and Mano.

Prelude
On 18 June, Army Colonel Phraya Phahol Pholphayuhasena (or Phot Phahonyothin), a member of the People's Party and a minister of state resigned from his seat on the People's Committee, citing health reasons. In fact he and Naval Commander Luang Supphachalasai, with the help of young military officers, were conspiring to overthrow Phraya Mano's government. With the support of the army, the navy, civilian factions within the People's Party, and the support of most of Bangkok's populace, Phraya Phahol was able to act.

The coup

On 20 June, army chief Luang Phibunsongkhram, navy chief Luang Supachalasai, and Phraya Phahon seized the National Assembly building and proclaimed themselves as the legitimate government. Citing the fact that the present government has acted illegally in dissolving the assembly and that they would return the constitution, which the previous administration had suspended. Phraya Phahol appointed himself the country's second prime minister and Luang Supachalasai a minister of state. He immediately recalled the People's Assembly and asked the Speaker to submit to King Prajadhipok at the Klai Kangwon Palace in Hua Hin, the reasons for the coup. The King duly accepted. He also pardoned Pridi and recalled him from exile. The coup was the first that was successfully carried out by the military against a civilian government in Thailand.

Aftermath and legacy
Immediate resistance to the coup was limited and quickly dissolved as Phraya Mano resigned and escaped the capital by rail to Penang (then part of British Malaya), where he died in 1948. Phraya Songsuradet and others were barred from entering politics. This would eventually result in the Songsuradet Rebellion in 1939.

Pridi Phanomyong eventually returned to Siam on 29 September 1933, but not returning to government immediately. He became an academic and founder of Thammasat University in 1934. He would eventually become one of the most important players in Thai history. During the Second World War he became Regent of Thailand (1944–1946) and Prime Minister of Thailand in 1946. However, the label of communist would never leave him.

References

 นายหนหวย (ศิลปชัย ชาญเฉลิม), เจ้าฟ้าประชาธิปก ราชันผู้นิราศ, โรงพิมพ์วัชรินทร์, 2530
 ม.จ. พูนพิศมัย ดิสกุล, สิ่งที่ข้าพเจ้าได้พบเห็น (ภาคต้น), สำนักพิมพ์มติชน, พ.ศ. 2543
 โพยม โรจนวิภาต (อ.ก. รุ่งแสง), พ. ๒๗ สายลับพระปกเกล้า พระปกเกล้าฯ (ฉบับพิมพ์ครั้งที่ ๒) พ.ศ. 2547

Military coups in Thailand
coup d'état
Siamese coup d'état
1930s coups d'état and coup attempts
Rebellions in Thailand
Battles and conflicts without fatalities
June 1933 events


Mirko Nišović (; born July 2, 1961) is a Serbian retired sprint canoeist who competed from the late 1970s to the late 1980s. Competing in three Summer Olympics, he won two medals at Los Angeles in 1984 with a gold in the C-2 500 m and a silver in the C-2 1000 m events, in team with Matija Ljubek.

Nišović also won six medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships with three golds (C-2 500 m: 1982, 1983; C-2 10000 m: 1985), two silvers (C-2 1000 m: 1982, 1985), and one bronze (C-2 1000 m: 1983).

References

External links

1961 births
Canoeists at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Canoeists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Canoeists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Living people
Olympic canoeists for Yugoslavia
Olympic gold medalists for Yugoslavia
Olympic silver medalists for Yugoslavia
Serbian male canoeists
Yugoslav male canoeists
Olympic medalists in canoeing
ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships medalists in Canadian

Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Mediterranean Games gold medalists for Yugoslavia
Competitors at the 1979 Mediterranean Games
Mediterranean Games medalists in canoeing
Place of birth missing (living people)


The  occurred on January 23, 1902, when a group of Imperial Japanese Army soldiers became lost in a blizzard on the Hakkōda Mountains in Aomori Prefecture in northern Honshu, Japan, en-route to Tashiro Hot Spring located in the Hakkōda Mountains. The 199 deaths during a single ascent make it the most lethal disaster in the modern history of mountain climbing.

Deadliest mountaineering disaster
The world's worst mountaineering disaster, according to the Guinness Book of Records, is the Lenin Peak disaster, in which 43 people died.
In the case of the Hakkouda Disaster, although it was a military disaster, they were not training for shooting or combat training. they were simply climbing a winter mountain to reach their destination, a hot spring. If mountaineering is defined as aiming for a mountain destination with the itinerary and route planned in advance, then the Hakkouda Disaster is the deadliest mountain disaster in the world, with 199 people died in a single climb.

Background
In the prelude to the Russo-Japanese War, the Imperial Japanese Army deemed it necessary to secure a route through the Hakkōda Mountains in the event that roads and railways were destroyed by shelling of the Aomori coastline by the Imperial Russian Navy during wintertime. Training in movement during winter conditions was also deemed necessary in light of a potential war with Russia, so a wintertime crossing of the Hakkōda Mountains was planned.

The IJA's 8th Division's Fifth Infantry Regiment was stationed in the city of Aomori. The 210-man unit that made the march into the Hakkōda Mountains in the snow was selected from the 3,000-man Fifth Infantry Regiment, but consisted of many men who originated from a region with little snow and lacked experience in climbing snowy mountains. The unit also did not use local guides.

Incident
The troops, slowed by their heavy supply sleds, set out from Aomori at 6:55 AM on January 23, 1902. Their objective was Tashiro Hot Spring located  away in the Hakkōda Mountains. At 4:00 PM on January 23, the unit reached the summit of Umatateba (732m / 2,402 ft), which was only four kilometers from the first day's objective, Tashiro Hot Spring.

The unit missed the expected return date on January 24, but the regimental HQ at Aomori remained optimistic until January 26, when a 60-man rescue party to track and find the missing men was dispatched.

On day 3, January 25, 1902, the weather changed suddenly, and a temperature of -41 degrees (-41.8 Fahrenheit) was observed—the lowest in Japanese weather observation history, and there was an enormous low-pressure system in the skies above the Hakkōda Mountains. In the midst of the deep snow and blizzard, the soldiers wandered the northeast slope of the Hakkōda Mountains for several days.

On January 27, the fifth day since their departure, Corporal Fusanosuke Goto, standing buried in the snow, became the first survivor discovered by the rescue party. The disaster which struck the unit marching through the Hakkōda Mountains was established based on Corporal Goto's testimony. The 5th Regiment and the 8th Division finally were placed full-alert and launched major search-and-rescue/recover operations which lasted for months and involved tens of thousands of soldiers and villagers in total. The last survivor was found on February 2 and the last body was recovered on May 28.

Overall, 193 of the 210 men froze to death en route. A further six died within two months after rescue. Eight out of 11 survivors had to have limbs amputated due to frostbite, including Goto.

Legacy
In 1971, Jirō Nitta published Death March on Mount Hakkōda:(八甲田山死の彷徨, Hakkōdasan shi no hōkō), a semi-fictional account of the disaster. James Westerhoven translated the book into English.

Journalist Koshu Ogasawara spent many years covering the Hakkouda disaster. After receiving numerous documents from Koshu Ogasawara, novelist Jirō Nitta published "Hakkouda-san: Death's Wandering" (Mt. Hakkouda: Death's Wandering). The screenwriter Shinobu Hashimoto, who is also famous for Akira Kurosawa's "Seven Samurai," adapted the novel and produced the 1977 movie Mount Hakkoda (1977 film)(八甲田山). However, both the novel and the film are partly fictionalized, and there are many discrepancies with the facts.

In 1978, a Hakkoda Disaster museum opened next to the army cemetery in Aomori.

“Mt. Hakkoda (2014 film)’”(The world’s worst mountaineering disaster - 八甲田山 世界最大の山岳遭難事故), a film based on historical facts, was released in 2014.

References

External links

 The Hakkōda Mountains Incident (Short Documentary)

1902 disasters in Japan
Man-made disasters in Japan
1902 in Japan
Mountaineering disasters
Mountaineering in Japan
Aomori (city)
January 1902 events


Peter Guinness (born 14 August 1950) is an English film, television, and theatre actor.

Career
He has appeared in over fifty television productions and more than ten films. Guinness has also appeared onstage in an adaptation of The Pianist.

Personal life
He is married to Roberta Taylor, an actress and writer.

Filmography

Film

Television

Audio-dramas

Other

Stage
 Alberto Sholez in Moby Dick. World premiere adapted and directed by Michael Elliott at the Royal Exchange, Manchester. (1984)
 Jaques in  As You Like It. Directed by Marianne Elliott at the Royal Exchange, Manchester. (2000)
Stage adaptation of The Pianist, (2007), Manchester International Festival
 Thomas Danforth in The Crucible by Arthur Miller. Directed by Caroline Steinbeis at the Royal Exchange, Manchester. (2015)

References

External links

1950 births
Living people
Male actors from Liverpool
English male film actors
English male stage actors
English male television actors
20th-century English male actors
21st-century English male actors
People from Whitstable
Male actors from Kent


Peter Guinness may refer to:
Peter Guinness (actor) (born 1950), British actor and writer
Peter Guinness (writer), British television writer


is a Japanese freestyle swimmer who competed in the 1932 Summer Olympics. He was born in Kōchi Prefecture. In 1932 he finished fifth in the 100 metre freestyle event.

References

External links

1914 births
Year of death missing
Olympic swimmers for Japan
Swimmers at the 1932 Summer Olympics
Japanese male freestyle swimmers
People from Kōchi Prefecture


Dob (; ) is a village in the Municipality of Domžale in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia. The settlement used to be part of the Krumperk lordship.

Sports

The association football club NK Dob (Nogometni klub Dob) is based in Dob.

References

External links

Dob on Geopedia

Populated places in the Municipality of Domžale


Luis Gerardo Solano Chavarría (24 december 1953, in San José – 12 January 2000) was a Costa Rican professional footballer who played most of his career for Deportivo Saprissa and Herediano in the 1970s.

Club career
Solano was a member of the Saprissa squad that won six consecutive championships from 1972 to 1977, a record both in Costa Rica as well as in the Americas. He was the team's goalscorer with 57 in this period. He was the club's joint-leading scorer with eleven goals in 1973 and he played the most games for Saprissa in the 1970s. He played in 79 international club games.

Solano also won three titles with Herediano.

International career
Solano appeared in 9 matches for the full Costa Rica national football team from 1975 to 1980.

Death
Solano died of a heart attack while running in the city centre of Santa Cruz on 12 January 2000.

References

1954 births
2000 deaths
Footballers from San José, Costa Rica
Men's association football forwards
Costa Rican men's footballers
Costa Rica men's international footballers
Deportivo Saprissa players
C.S. Herediano footballers


Gareth Jones is a computer scientist. Jones obtained a bachelor's degree in Electrical and Electronic Engineering from the University of Bristol in 1989 and a PhD examining the Application of Linguistic Models in Continuous Speech Recognition in 1994 from the same institution. He has since worked at the University of Cambridge, at the University of Exeter, at the Toshiba Corporation Research and Development Centre in Kawasaki, Japan, at Carnegie Mellon University, U.S.A. and at the National Institute of Informatics, Tokyo, Japan. In 2003 he was appointed as a Senior Lecturer in the School of Computing at Dublin City University.

Jones has published extensively in the general field of  information retrieval, especially with regard to multi-medial and cross-linguistic information access, and is a member of several editorial boards.

External links
Gareth Jones' homepage

Living people
Alumni of the University of Bristol
Year of birth missing (living people)
British computer scientists