Chris Kramer (born May 14, 1975) is a Canadian actor. He is best known for the starring role of Morgan Pym, in the Citytv television show The Collector.

Biography
Kramer was born in Regina, Saskatchewan.  He lived in different cities in Canada before settling in Calgary with his family. When he was 21, he dropped out of college and moved to Vancouver. He got his big break when he was cast in the lead role of Morgan Pym in 'The Collector.' He is best known for his roles on '24,' 'Saving Grace,' 'The Collector,' and 'Jericho.' He is a two time Leo Award and Monte Carlo Television Festival Nominee.

References

External links

A Fan Site

1975 births
Living people
Canadian male television actors
Male actors from Regina, Saskatchewan
Canadian Roman Catholics
Canadian people of German descent
Canadian people of Swedish descent


Fernando Zóbel de Ayala y Montojo Torrontegui (August 27, 1924 – June 2, 1984), also known as Fernando M. Zóbel, was a Spanish Filipino painter, businessman, art collector and museum founder.

Early life
Zóbel was born in Ermita, Manila in the Philippines to Enrique Zóbel de Ayala (1877–1943) and Fermina Montojo y Torrontegui and was a member of the prominent Zóbel de Ayala family. He was a brother of Jacobo Zóbel (father of Enrique J. Zóbel), Alfonso (father of Jaime Zóbel de Ayala) and Mercedes Zóbel McMicking, all children of his father from his first wife, Consuelo Róxas de Ayala (who died on September 25, 1907, at the age of 30). He was a nephew and namesake of Fernando Antonio Zóbel de Ayala, the eldest brother of his father.

His father was a patron of Fernando Amorsolo. In gratitude, Amorsolo would teach the young Fernando on the rudiments of art.

Zóbel took up medical studies at the University of Santo Tomas in Manila. In 1942, he had spinal deficiency that forced him to become bedridden that year. To pass the time, he took up sketching. He studied at the University of Santo Tomas and then left for Harvard University in 1946 to take up degrees in history and literature. He graduated in three years and wrote a thesis on the Federico García Lorca play The Love of Don Perlimplín and Belisa in the Garden.

Boston-style works
Zóbel started painting without formal training while in Harvard. In the fall of 1946 he met Jim Pfeufer and his wife Reed Champion Pfeufer. Reed was a painter who was loosely connected with the Boston School, and she became a mentor to the young artist. Zóbel graduated in 1949 as magna cum laude.  After finishing his bachelor's degree he briefly returned to Harvard to study law, and then worked as a curator at the Houghton Library. Zóbel's paintings from this era were representational, and often had an aspect of caricature.

Early work in Manila and the influence of Rothko
Zóbel returned to the Philippines and became friends with contemporary Filipino modernist artists. As such, he collected modernist works and set up exhibits for them to be shown and noticed since modernist art was largely unappreciated. His first one-man exhibition was held at the Philippine Art Gallery in 1953. In 1954, he left Manila for six months, had a show at the Swetzoff Gallery in Boston and enrolled at the Rhode Island School of Design where he saw an exhibition by Mark Rothko. Rothko's paintings made an impression on Zobel that increased his interest in painting abstractly. When he returned to Manila, Zobel started in having interest in Chinese and Japanese art and took up calligraphy classes until 1960. During this time, he joined the faculty of the Ateneo de Manila University and later was given an honorary doctorate and was made honorary director of the Ateneo Art Gallery for his contribution in education and as patron of the arts. To make a name for himself as a full-time painter, he later resigned from his position in the Ayala Corporation and moved to Spain.

Saetas and Serie Negra series
Zóbel is best known for his first artwork series called the Saetas. Named after the liturgical song sung in Holy Week in Spain, they were developed for the most part in the Philippines. Zóbel faced the technical problem of how to achieve the lines that his theme required, lines that were, in his own words, "long, fine, and controlled." The artist's use of a surgical syringe to eject fine lines of paint was a hallmark of this series. After the Saetas, Zóbel began a series called Serie Negra or Series in Black influenced by Chinese Calligraphy. The Serie Negra was started in 1959 in Madrid and continued for four years.

Later life and death
He founded the Museo de Arte Abstracto Español at Casa Colgadas in the town of Cuenca, Spain in 1963. The museum was expanded in 1978, and in 1980 Zóbel donated its collection to the Fundación Juan March, which then incorporated it into its own collection.

Zóbel was a mentor and collector who aided the careers of Spanish modernist painters including Antonio Lorenzo, Antoni Tàpies, Eusebio Sempere, Martín Chirino López, Antonio Saura and many others. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Zóbel was working on a series of paintings called Dialogos which were his abstracted variations on paintings he admired in museums. He also made a series of paintings inspired by the Júcar River. After suffering a stroke that left him slightly impaired, he created a series called Las Orillas that elaborated on the theme of rivers.

In 1983, King Juan Carlos of Spain bestowed upon Zóbel, the Gold Medal of Merit in the Fine Arts, a prestigious award to individuals or institutions who have promoted the Spanish arts and culture. Soon after, Zóbel died of a heart attack while traveling in Rome, Italy on June 2, 1984, at the age of 59.

Legacy
Since Zóbel's passing in 1984, the Ateneo Art Gallery in the Philippines and the Museo de Arte Abstracto Español in Spain, have since become hallmarks of Spanish and Philippine modern and contemporary art.

In 1967, the Ayala Museum originally envisioned by Zóbel to be a museum for Philippine history and iconography was established by the Filipinas Foundation (present-day Ayala Foundation).

In 2003, a retrospective was held at the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía in Madrid. The exhibition had a special exhibition tour at the Casa Museo Zavala in Cuenca and the Sala de Exposiciones de la Caja de San Fernando in Seville.

On May 21, 2006, Zóbel was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Merit by the Philippine President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo for his contributions in the arts.

From November 15, 2022, to March 5, 2023, "The Future of the Past," an exhibit that pays tribute to the legacy of Zóbel, takes place in the Museo Del Prado, in collaboration with Fundacion Juan March and Ayala Foundation.

Record prices at auction
Since the 2010s, works by Zóbel have achieved record prices at auctions with the growth of the Philippine art market. On April 6, 2013, Hattecvm, a work from 1949 previously in a European private collection was sold for a record of PHP43.460 million (US$1,056,082) at a Sotheby's auction in Hong Kong. This was subsequently followed by a record price set on May 25, 2013, by Aracili, a similar work from 1959 that sold for PHP37.467 million (US$900,773.20) at a Christie's auction in Hong Kong.

Since then, his works have consistently increased in prices at auction in the Philippines and overseas. In 2015, Seated Man (Nothing III), an early 1953 work by Zóbel in the collection of his longtime friends Jim and Reed Pfeufer was sold at the Leon Gallery auction in Manila for a record PHP30.368 million.

Subsequently, this record has been broken a 1959 work titled Saeta 52 (Pared Madrileña) from the Saeta series sold for PHP 35.040 million at a Leon Gallery auction in Manila on September 8, 2018. On November 30, 2019, a 1962 work by Zobel titled Perales de Tajuña was sold at Leon Gallery Fine Art and Antiques in Manila for a reached similar result for PHP 35.040 million.

On 10 September 2022, Siga-Siga, an early 1952 work by Zóbel that previously was in the collection of his nephew Enrique Zóbel was sold at the Leon Gallery auction in Manila for a world record price of PHP44.384 million. The winning bidder was revealed to be Iñigo Zóbel, son of Enrique and great nephew of the artist.

Bibliography
 Sangro, Antonio M. (2015), Zobel: Paintings and Drawings, Zóbel: Pintura y dibujos, Galera Cayon, Madrid,
 Perez, Rod Paras (1990), Fernando Zobel, Eugenio Lopez Foundation, Inc., Manila.
 Madero, Rafael, et al., (2003), Zobel, Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía, Madrid,

External links
 Official Website of Fernando Zóbel (Spanish)
 Harvard Magazine: A Brief Biography of Fernando Zóbel de Ayala

References

Ateneo de Manila University alumni
Spanish artists
1924 births
1984 deaths
Harvard College alumni
Academic staff of Ateneo de Manila University
Filipino painters
Filipino people of German descent
Filipino people of Spanish descent
Filipino people of Basque descent
Fernando
People from Ermita
20th-century Spanish painters
20th-century Spanish male artists
Spanish male painters
Recipients of the Presidential Medal of Merit (Philippines)
Filipino emigrants to Spain
Filipino expatriates in the United States


Kirsten Prout Zien (born September 28, 1990) is a Canadian actress. She is known for her lead roles in the ABC Family television shows, portraying Amanda Bloom in Kyle XY and Char Chamberlin in The Lying Game. Her first sizable break in film came in 2005, when she was cast as Abby Miller, a lead role opposite Jennifer Garner in Elektra. In 2007, Prout was nominated for Best Performance in a TV Series by the Young Artists Awards for Kyle XY. In 2010, Prout portrayed the vampire "Lucy" in The Twilight Saga: Eclipse. She has guest starred in notable series including NCIS, Psych, Devious Maids, Ties That Bind and Dear White People. Prout is also known for her lead roles in the horror genre, as Alex Bell in the MTV film series My Super Psycho Sweet 16, Jewel McCaul in Joy Ride 3: Roadkill, and Sloane in the 2015 horror indie Even Lambs Have Teeth.

Early life
Prout began her acting career at the age of ten after being cast in a commercial opposite NHL superstar Wayne Gretzky. Speaking about her desire to start acting, Kirsten recalled that it was the only way she thought she could turn being a Disney Princess into a career.

Prout graduated high school from Collingwood School in West Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, along with actors Alexander Ludwig and Mackenzie Davis.

An avid martial artist, Kirsten received a Black Belt in Taekwondo at the age of 13. That year, she was cast in Elektra, and performed her own stunts in the film.

After completing high school and the final season of Kyle XY, Prout attended McGill University, where she majored in English literature. In an interview with The Province, then 18-year-old Prout said of attending University:

Career
At the age of 13, Prout made her feature film debut in a lead role as Abigail "Abby" Miller in the 2005 film Elektra. The film's Producer Gary Foster said of discovering Prout:

Prout has had lead roles or guest stars in 39 different film and television productions. Her most notable lead roles include Amanda Bloom in ABC Family's Kyle XY, Alex Bell in MTV's My Super Psycho Sweet 16 comedy-horror trilogy, and "Char Chamberlin" in ABC Family's The Lying Game. Her most notable guest stars include roles in Stargate SG-1, NCIS, Psych, Devious Maids, and Dear White People.

Personal life
On October 13, 2017, Prout announced her engagement to television development executive Matt Zien. They were married on November 6, 2017.

Filmography

Film

Television

Music videos
 "Starlight" (2010) by The Framework, as Juliette

References

External links

1990 births
Canadian child actresses
Canadian expatriate actresses in the United States
Canadian film actresses
Canadian television actresses
Living people
McGill University alumni
Actresses from Vancouver
21st-century Canadian actresses
Collingwood School alumni


William Harries Clement OBE MC TD (9 April 1915 – 10 February 2007) was a Welsh international wing who played club rugby for Llanelli and was capped six times for Wales. Clement was described as a staunch tackler with speed and a good turn of pace; and after his appearance for the British Isles was seen as the best defensive wing of the decade. In his later career he became Secretary of the Welsh Rugby Union.

He served as an infantry officer in the British Army during the Second World War, and was decorated during the Normandy Campaign, and twice wounded.

Rugby playing career
Clement was selected to the Wales team while playing for Llanelli, the team he captained during the 1938/39 season. On 22 October 1935 he was part of the Llanelli team that faced the touring New Zealand national team.

In 1937 Clement was selected to represent the Welsh team as part of the 1937 Home Nations Championship under the captaincy of Claude Davey. It was a terrible campaign for Wales and Clement as the team lost all three matches; though Clement showed his team playing skills when he unselfishly set up a try for Wilf Wooller in the opening game against England.

The selectors kept faith with Clement, and he returned for the entirety of the 1938 campaign, this time with Cliff Jones leading the team. Wales beat England in the opening game and just lost to Scotland three weeks later at Murrayfield. In the final game of the tournament Clement scored his first and only international points when he scored a try at St Helens against Ireland. In 1938 Clement was chosen to represent the British Isles in their 1938 tour of South Africa. This would be his last rugby campaign as a knee injury sustained in 1938 ended his playing career.

International matches played
Wales
  1937, 1938
   1937, 1938
  1937, 1938

Military career
With the outbreak of the Second World War, Clement was commissioned into the 4th Battalion of the Welsh Regiment. He was injured in action twice, the first time was during the Battle for Caen, during the action for which he was awarded the Military Cross (MC). On 23 July 1944, Clement, now a war substantive captain and temporary major, was part of a raid on enemy positions around Le Bon Repos, near Caen. Clement was in command of one of two companies of the Welch Regiment involved in the operation, but as they advanced down a 900-yard slope toward the objective, he and his men came under heavy fire and Clement was injured in his leg. They suffered high levels of casualties, one of Clement's platoons was all but wiped out, with just four survivors. Casualties with this platoon included one of just two other officers who had started the attack with Clement. He managed to rally his troops and engaged the enemy in close-quarter combat, killing at least 30. When ordered to withdraw, Clement remained until his wounded had been recovered, and only then returned to the rendezvous, where he finally agreed to receive medical treatment. For his actions in this encounter he was awarded the Military Cross on 21 December 1944. In 1945 he was wounded in action in the Netherlands, again while in charge of his company of the 4th Battalion.

Clement remained in the Territorial Army after the war, holding the rank of captain and honorary major.  He was awarded the Territorial Efficiency Decoration for his long service on 29 April 1955, and finally left the army when he reached the age limit for service, on 9 April 1965.

Later life
After the end of the war, Clement returned to Wales, becoming an accountant in Llanishen. He returned to rugby in 1955 when he was chosen from 83 applicants to take over the roll of Secretary of the WRU after Eric Evans became terminally ill. One of his first duties was to solve the problem of a home international against Scotland in 1956, when the pitch at the Cardiff Arms Park was entirely frozen. Clements arranged for a team of men to keep braziers burning on the pitch overnight in an identical solution to the same problem that affected the same pitch in 1893.

He was secretary throughout the Second Golden Age of Welsh rugby and along with treasurer Ken Harris is remembered for overseeing the rebuilding of the old Cardiff Arms Park. On his retirement in 1981 he was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) for his services to rugby.

Bibliography

References

1915 births
2007 deaths
Brecon RFC players
British & Irish Lions rugby union players from Wales
British Army personnel of World War II
Felinfoel RFC players
Llanelli RFC players
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Rugby union players from Llanelli
Recipients of the Military Cross
Rugby union wings
Wales international rugby union players
Wales Rugby Union officials
Welch Regiment officers
Welsh rugby union players


The Dave Howard Singers is a cult Canadian alternative rock band/project originally formed in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The project is based around the talents of singer-songwriter Dave Howard (the only consistent member) and the signature sound of his Ace Tone organ. During the second half of the 1980s, the band were resident in (and drew many members from) Britain, where they were a cult act making several appearances on nationwide television.

Howard's work is noted for its mixture of eccentric humour and sincerity, and its persistent attempts to marry extremely disparate and clashing elements of light popular music (lounge-pop tunes, crooner vocals) and industrial/electronic avant-garde music (rapid electronic rhythms, noise, screaming). Howard’s vigorous stagecraft and highly emotional performance style has led him to be described as a "surreal revolutionary", "a vaudeville entertainer for the post-apocalyptic age" and "damned irresponsible and depraved". His songs have been described as "evoking a singular world both comforting and cruel." Howard himself has admitted “I've always had a passion for exploring extreme emotions, especially in my work. Extremely deranged, delighted, demented, deluded, you name it.”

Early years (1979-1984)

An ex-student of the Royal Conservatory of Ontario, Dave Howard started his musical career in Toronto in 1979, as part of a post-punk band called The Diner’s Club (also featuring drummer Boris Rosych and guitarist Brian Ruryk). Howard noted later “we were into all that stuff out of New York like Teenage Jesus and the Jerks, DNA, The Contortions and of course Suicide. I also liked the clean minimalism of groups like Young Marble Giants. And just to totally confuse you, a tiny portion from my list of early influences would be Burt Bacharach, The Beatles, John Barry, early Genesis, Bernard Hermann, Holst, Debussy and Dean Martin.”

Striking out as a solo act in 1981 (accompanied by a drum machine called “Max”), Howard took on the ironic project name of The Dave Howard Singers - despite the fact that not only was he the only singer in the group, but also the only member. Drawing principally on his Suicide and Burt Bacharach influences, he performed song-sets mingling rapid electronic rhythms and noise with lounge-friendly pop tunes and crooner vocals. Audiences confused by this mixture – apart from those who were implacably hostile - were won over by Howard’s sense of humour and encouragement of audience participation (he would invite them to sing along, heckle and tell stories as part of his concert experience). While Toronto-based, he supported international music acts such as James Chance and the Contortions, The Psychedelic Furs and Jah Wobble. The debut Dave Howard Singers release was the 8-song cassette album Alone And Gone in 1983, followed by the cassette EP A Loan And A Yawn.

The London years (late 1984-1986)

In October 1984, British keyboard player and producer Dave Formula (Magazine, Visage) was brought in by Howard’s manager Peter Noble to produce Howard’s recordings. Formula persuaded Howard and Noble that if Howard was serious about a musical career, he should relocate to Britain. Following Formula's advice, Howard moved to London and was teamed up with ex-Howard Devoto sidemen Pat Aherne (drums) and Martin Heath (bass, formerly of The Poison Girls) to form a live trio. This line-up recorded the Whoishe? EP, including the live favourite (and Mad Max tribute) “Road Warrior”, which was released on Howard’s own label Hallelujah! Records (via Rough Trade). However, Howard soon became dissatisfied with the musical direction he was being groomed for. Following a WOMAD gig in 1985 at which he had been presented (semi-ironically) as Canada’s musical representative, Howard parted company with Formula, Aherne and Heath.

The day after WOMAD, Howard teamed up with fellow Canadian Nick Smash, a stand-up drummer and “heavy percussionist” who'd previously worked with Rent Boys Inc. The new-look Dave Howard Singers made an appearance on The Tube, toured with Shock Headed Peters and supported Sonic Youth in Amsterdam.

The Dave Howard Singers followed up Whoishe? with the live-in-concert EP Goodnight Karl Malden EP, recorded in winter 1985 in the Netherlands and released in March 1986. To promote the EP, The Dave Howard Singers pulled off a considerable press coup by playing a bizarre free concert (assisted by slide and video projections) at the London Canadian Embassy (Canada House) in April 1986. Howard posed, tongue-in-cheek, as a cultural representative (much as he had at WOMAD in 1985) and delivered a noisy set. Described as "the loudest launch reception for a record ever witnessed",  the concert was a great cult success and was covered by (among others) Melody Maker, Sounds and New Musical Express.

In October 1986, The Dave Howard Singers released a cover version of the David Essex hit "Rock On" (produced by The Stranglers’ JJ Burnel). This was described at the time as "frighteningly minimalist" and as "ruffian unrest". Even as recently as 2004, the single was described in retrospect as “mutated… beyond all recognition, with Max providing heavy duty electro beats, Nick Smash beating the shit out of his tom-toms and Dave screaming his lungs out (through) a convoluted series of sections before finally degenerating into full-on insanity, with Dave screeching a tirade of obscenities.”  Howard made much of the initial friction between himself and Burnel (the latter a committed DHS fan) during the recording session ("It all got off to a tempestuous start. On the first day I was so uptight and made him uptight, so he threatened me with my life. I was thinking, God, this isn't how it should be working out. Then, after the air was cleared, it all worked out fine.")

Smash left the band the day before the Rock On video was to be shot, having clashed with manager Peter Noble and claiming to be "getting pretty sick of that Ace Tone". He would later patch up his personal relationship with Howard, although he would not return to the band.

The London years (1987-1992)

Still using the “Dave Howard Singers” project name, Howard continued as a solo performer (accompanied by the ever-faithful Max). He released the “quasi-hip-hop” single Yon Yonson (based on an American nonsense rhyme) in 1987, immediately following it up with a disco remix called Yon Yonson Meets Dr R-R-Ruth (which spliced the original single with "crackpot sex therapy out-takes").

By May 1988, Howard had recruited singers Wendy and Sarah to provide live backing vocals for him.  In November 1988, The Dave Howard Singers supported Spacemen 3. By this point, Howard’s onstage stunts including placing his Ace Tone organ on a wheelchair rather than a keyboard stand (while in Canada, he had often sat in a wheelchair to play the organ). Bernadette Keeffe ( of The Happy End Big Band and The Ectomorph) sang with him for about a year during which, in early 1989, the 12" single What Do You Say To An Angel? (inspired by an unprovoked attack on Howard by a Hell's Angel) with flipside 'Sabata '88', was released on Pinpoint Records. Steve Bolton (Atomic Rooster) was brought in on electric and acoustic guitars for the recording. The line-up of the Dave Howard Singers changed again with the addition of “guitar alchemist” Simon Walker, who in turn had brought in T. Daniel Howard (drums). The band became a quartet with the addition of bass player Christian “Bic” Hayes (ex-Ring), whose additional unicycling and juggling skills had endeared him to Howard.

Bic would eventually leave The Dave Howard Singers to play guitar with Cardiacs, and was later known for his membership of first Levitation and subsequently Dark Star. He was temporarily replaced by Stump bassist Kev Hopper. Later in 1989, Simon Walker also left The Dave Howard Singers when he was recruited by The House Of Love to replace the infamous Terry Bickers (who himself was shortly to join another ex-DHS member, Bic, in Levitation). Regarding the poaching of Walker, Howard was later to comment, with regret, “It was a sad day... You know, it's just me but I don't think they made full use of him. Pity.”

The band reorganised as a trio of Dave Howard, T. Daniel Howard and new bass player Bevin Burke. With a new recording contract signed with the Ghetto Recording Company, this lineup recorded the single “All My Relatives Look The Same” (released in 1990) and the long-awaited Dave Howard Singers debut album It’s About Time (1991) which was produced by Paul “Thwack” Laventhol (the former King Kurt guitarist, and Dave Howard’s neighbour). Later on in 1991, Burke was replaced on bass by Anand Gary Subassa (a.k.a. “Subs”) and the band undertook a tour of Europe, frequently playing at squat parties. However, the band's progress was damaged when Ghetto Recording Company folded at the time of the album release (part of the general malaise hitting the British music industry at the time). Consequently, It’s About Time was only released in Germany (apart from an unusual release in Canada for which the band operated under the name of Devoured and the album was released under the title 13).

By early 1992, a disaffected Dave Howard had spent eight years on the margins of the British music industry only to have his hopes dashed by bad luck. Taking stock of the situation, he dissolved the band, quit music and moved back to Canada. He has also cited “the fact that certain family members weren't gettin' any younger and didn't have family close by to look out for them” as affecting his decision.

Back in Canada (1992-2006)

Back in Toronto, Howard was soon coaxed out of retirement to play with Paul Laventhol (who’d also moved to Canada) in a burlesque band which also featured drummer Keith “Keef” McGuinness. Laventhol’s time in Canada was fairly short, and once he had returned to the UK Howard and McGuinness became the duo Me And Keith (which played two concerts, a year apart). After the end of this project, Howard retired his Ace Tone organ and retreated to the studio to write music for Canada’s Global Television Network. He subsequently became Audio Director of the multimedia production company Chromacide and went on to write music for cartoons, commercials, websites and animations.

The return of the Dave Howard Singers (2007-present)

On April 7, 2007, the original lineup of The Dave Howard Singers (Howard and Max) reconvened to play at Mitzi’s Sister, Toronto. The project have performed several gigs since then. Apparently reinvigorated by his live activity, Howard has re-released his first four UK EPs ("Whoishe?", "Goodnight Karl Malden", "Rock On", "Yon Yonson")  as a compilation CD called What Your Girlfriend Threw Out, Or Your Friend Never Returned. They continue to perform live, however only when the occasion is justified. On Monday November 12, 2012 at the Wrongbar in Toronto, The Dave Howard Singers opened for Lydia Lunch.

Discography

Albums

 Alone And Gone (1983, self-released cassette album)
 It’s About Time, (1991, Ghetto Recording Company, Germany-only – also released in Canada as Devoured album 13)

Singles and EPs

 A Loan And A Yawn (1983, self-released cassette EP)
 Whoishe? EP (1985, Hallelujah! Records) (UK Indie No. 39)
 Goodnight Karl Malden EP (1986, Hallelujah! Records)
 "Rock On" (1986, Fun After All Records)
 "It Doesn't Cut Like a Knife" (1987, Hallelujah! Records)
 Yon Yonson (1987, Hallelujah! Records) (UK Indie No. 4)
 Yon Yonson Meets Dr R-R-Ruth (1987, Hallelujah! Records)
 "Chances" (1988, Pinpoint)
 What Do You Say To An Angel? (1989, Pinpoint Records)
 All My Relatives Look The Same (1990, Ghetto Recording Company)

Compilations

 What Your Girlfriend Threw Out, Or Your Friend Never Returned (2007, DHS - compiles the four EPs “Whoishe?”, “Goodnight Karl Malden”, “Rock On”, “Yon Yonson”)

See also

 Music of Canada
 Canadian rock
 List of Canadian musicians
 List of bands from Canada
 :Category:Canadian musical groups

References

External links
 The Dave Howard Singers homepage
 The Dave Howard Singers @ MySpace
 Chromacide homepage (Dave Howard's dayjob)
 "Boys And Girls... Here's The Road Warrior" - feature and interview on Gutterbeatz weblog, January 24, 2004
 Dillon, Charlotte "[ Dave Howard Biography]", Allmusic, Macrovision Corporation

Musical groups established in 1981
Musical groups disestablished in 1992
Musical groups reestablished in 2007
Canadian indie rock groups
British indie rock groups
Musical groups from Toronto
Musical groups from London
1981 establishments in Ontario
1992 disestablishments in Ontario


Peter R. Vail (born January 13, 1930) is an American geologist and geophysicist, the namesake of the Vail curve of sea level changes.  Vail earned his AB at Dartmouth College in 1952, followed by M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from Northwestern University in 1956. He is currently the W. Maurice Ewing Professor, Emeritus, in the Department of Earth Science at Rice University.

Vail is well known for being the first to realize that seismic reflections do not follow lithofacies boundaries but instead follow geologic time lines. This concept gave rise to the field of seismic stratigraphy.

In 2005 he earned the Benjamin Franklin Medal for his pioneering works in sequence stratigraphy. His other honors include the Legendary Geoscientist Award from the American Geological Institute, the Penrose Medal from the Geological Society of America in 2003, the Sidney Powers Memorial Award, and the Distinguished Educator Award from the American Association of Petroleum Geologists.

External links
 Sequence Stratigraphy and Career Video, Houston Geological Society, January 2006
 Interviews Videos, Mini Geology, 2015

References

American geologists
1930 births
Living people
Penrose Medal winners
Benjamin Franklin Medal (Franklin Institute) laureates


Gaidifer (Gadifer) d'Avion (fl. 1230–50) was an Artesian trouvère from Avion. He entered the Church and was associated with the poets of the so-called "School of Arras".

Gaidifer was well-connected to contemporary poets. He was a respondent to Jehan Bretel in two jeux partis judged by the trouvères Perrin d'Angicourt and Jehan le Cuvelier d'Arras and the banker Audefroi Louchart. Gaidifer was a judge of Jehan de Grieviler and Robert de Castel in two other jeux partis.

Besides his two jeux, Gaidifer wrote seven chanson courtoises, six of which appear only in the Rome Chansonnier. His style is described as "sharply circumscribed": all his poems are isometric and octo- or decasyllabic. All his simple melodies are in bar form, but spanning wide ranges (often an octave or higher). In Tant ai d'amours, which served as a model for Lambert Ferri (J'ai tant d'amours apris et entendu) and Adam de la Bassée (Ave rosa rubens et tenera), there is repetition in the cauda. One piece, , does not survive with its music.

List of pieces
 , with Bretel
 , with Bretel

References
Karp, Theodore C. "Gaidifer d'Avion." Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. Accessed 20 September 2008.

Trouvères
13th-century French people
Male classical composers


Sir Richard Morrison (or Morison or Morysine) (ca. 1513 – 1556) was an English humanist scholar and diplomat. He was a protégé of Thomas Cromwell, propagandist for Henry VIII, and then ambassador to the German court of Charles V for Edward VI.

Life
Richard Morrison was the son of Thomas Morison of Hertfordshire by a daughter of Thomas Merry of Hatfield. He had a sister, Amy, who married Stephen Hales (d. 27 March 1574), esquire, of Newland, Warwickshire, brother of John Hales.

Morrison attended Cardinal College, Oxford (now Christ Church) ca. 1526 and met Nicholas Udall, who became the master of Eton College and was known as the father of English comedy. He graduated B.A. at Oxford on 19 January 1527–8, and directly entered the service of Thomas Wolsey; but he soon left the cardinal, visited Hugh Latimer at Cambridge, and went to Italy to study Greek. He attended the University of Padua in 1532, making the acquaintance there of Michael Throckmorton. In Italy both these young humanists had links with a group of reformers later called 'spirituali', whom Morison met through contacts with Edmund Harvel and Bishop Cosimo Gheri. He became a proficient if impoverished scholar at Venice and Padua, and retained an interest in literature, along with his adopted Calvinistic religious views.

Writing in February 1536 to Thomas Cromwell, he said that he wished to do something else than be wretched in Italy. Cromwell summoned him home, and gave him an official appointment. Morison and Throckmorton subsequently took up diametrically opposed religious positions: while Throckmorton would embark on a career as agent for Reginald Pole, Morison returned to England to become Henry VIII's propagandist, producing A Remedy for Sedition in response to the Pilgrimage of Grace. Cromwell used a whole coterie of "divers fresh and quick wits" that also included  John Bale, John Heywood (C. 1497–1580), William Marshall, John Rastell, Thomas Starkey, and Richard Taverner.

On 17 July 1537, he became prebendary of Yatminster in Salisbury Cathedral, and derived benefit from the Dissolution of the Monasteries. He received the mastership of the hospitals of St. James's, Northallerton, Yorkshire, and St. Wulstan, Worcester, with other monastic grants. The King in 1541 is said to have given him the library of the Carmelites in London.

In 1546 Morison went as ambassador to the Hanseatic League. On Henry VIII's death he was furnished with credentials to the king of Denmark, and ordered by the council to announce Edward VI's accession. On 8 May 1549, he was made a commissioner to visit the university of Oxford, and before June 1550 was knighted. In 1550 Morison replaced Sir Philip Hoby as Ambassador to the Emperor.

Setting off in July, he went with Roger Ascham as his secretary, the two reading Greek every day together. His despatches to the council were long, but Morison found time to travel in Germany with Ascham, who published in 1553 an account of their experiences in A Report of the Affaires of Germany. The emperor frequently remonstrated through Morison about the treatment of the Princess Mary; and he did not altogether like Morison, who was in the habit reading Bernard Ochino's Sermons or Machiavelli to his household 'for the sake of the language.'

After Edward's death, Morison was revoked as ambassador. On 5 August 1553 he and Sir Philip Hoby received a recall for a political gaffe: they had alluded to Guilford Dudley as king in a letter to the council. The next year Morison withdrew to Strasburg with Sir John Cheke and Anthony Cooke, and spent his time in study under Peter Martyr, whose patron he had been at Oxford. He was at Brussels early in 1555, and is said also to have passed into Italy, but he died at Strasburg on 17 March 1556.

Morison died a rich man, and had begun to build the mansion of Cashiobury in Watford, Hertfordshire.

Works
Morison's works include:

 'A lamentation in whiche is shewed what ruyne and destruction cometh of seditious rebellyon,' London, 1536, an indictment of the Lincolnshire Rising.
 'A remedy for sedition,' London, 1536, an attack on the Pilgrimage of Grace.
 ‘Apomaxis Calumniarum,’ London, 1537, an attack on Cochlæus, who had written against Henry VIII, and who retorted in 'Scopa in Araneas Ricardi Morison Angli,' Leipzig, 1538.
 A translation of the 'Epistle' of Sturmius, London, 1538.
 'An Invective ayenste the great detestable vice, Treason,' London, 1539, in response to the Exeter Conspiracy.
 'An exhortation to styrre all Englyshe men to the defence of they're countreye,' London, 1539.
 'The Strategemes, Sleyghtes, and Policies of Warre, gathered together by S. Julius Frontinus,' London, 1539; translation of a work on tactics by Sextus Julius Frontinus.
 A translation of the 'Introduction to Wisdom' by Juan Luis Vives, London, 1540 and 1544, dedicated to Gregory Cromwell.

He is also said to have written 'Comfortable Consolation for the Birth of Prince Edward, rather than Sorrow for the Death of Queen Jane,' after the death of Jane Seymour on 24 October 1537. 'Defending the Marriage of Preistes', by Philip Melanchthon. is sometimes incorrectly assigned to Morison.

In manuscript are 'Maxims and Sayings,' Sloane MS. 1523; 'A Treatise of Faith and Justification,' Harl. MS. 423 (4); 'Account of Mary's Persecution under Edward VI,' Harl. MS. 353. Morison suggested to king Henry VIII that the popular Robin Hood plays should be suppressed in favour of anti-papist propaganda. His attitude is clear in a Cottonian manuscript entitled A Discourse Touching the Reformation of the Lawes of England (1535):

Marriage and issue
Morrison married Bridget Hussey, the daughter of John Hussey, 1st Baron Hussey of Sleaford; after his death she remarried twice, in 1561 to Henry Manners, 2nd Earl of Rutland and then in 1566 to Francis Russell, 2nd Earl of Bedford. By her he had a son Sir Charles, and three daughters:

 Jane married to Edward, Lord Russell, son of Francis Russell, 2nd Earl of Bedford, and secondly to Arthur Grey, 14th Baron Grey de Wilton
 Elizabeth to William Norris and secondly to Henry Clinton, 2nd Earl of Lincoln
 Mary to Bartholomew Hales.

Richard's son Charles (1549–1599) completed Cashiobury, which later passed to Charles's son, Charles Morrison (1587–1628). The estate then passed into the Capel family by the marriage of the younger Charles's daughter Elizabeth with Arthur Capell, 1st Baron Capell of Hadham. According to Anthony Wood, Morison left illegitimate children.

By his mistress Lucy Peckham (d. 31 July 1552), the daughter of Thomas Peckham, and wife of Sir George Harper (d. 12 December 1558), Morrison had a son and three daughters. According to the inquisition post mortem taken 18 October 1560, these children were Marcellus Harper (d. 1 February 1559); Frances, who married William Patrickson, gentleman; Mary, who married Bartholomew Hales, gentleman, brother of John Hales; and Anne, who died unmarried.

Notes

References

Jonathan Woolfson, ‘Morison, Sir Richard (c.1510–1556)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, September 2004; online edn, January 2008. Retrieved 26 November 2008

Attribution

Further reading

External links
 Morison, Sir Richard (1514–56), History of Parliament
 Will of Sir Richard Morison, National Archives
 Hales, John (d.1572), History of Parliament
 Hales, Stephen (d.1574), History of Parliament
 Will of Stephen Hales, National Archives
 Harper, George (1503–58), History of Parliament
 Will of Sir George Harper, National Archives
His autograph in Greek.

1510s births
Year of birth uncertain
1556 deaths
English Renaissance humanists
People associated with the Dissolution of the Monasteries
16th-century English diplomats
Ambassadors of England to the Holy Roman Empire
Knights Bachelor
Richard


The Guitar is a 2008 American drama film directed and co-produced by Amy Redford. It stars Saffron Burrows as a woman who decides to pursue her dreams after being diagnosed with a terminal disease, fired from her job and abandoned by her boyfriend.

Plot
One morning, "mouse-burger" Melody "Mel" Wilder is diagnosed with laryngeal cancer, then fired from her thankless job and abandoned by her boyfriend. With nothing left to lose, and given only two months to live, she spends her entire life's savings to rent a palatial loft in Greenwich Village. Thinking she'll never have to pay the landlord, she lives off her credit cards, and fills the loft with high-priced products. She seduces both the parcel-delivery man and a pizza delivery girl and teaches herself to play the electric guitar she's romanticized since childhood. These life affirming experiences transform her irrevocably, as she discovers a passion for life and the will to live.

Reception
, The Guitar holds a 33% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 18 reviews with an average rating of 4.62/10.

Cast
 Saffron Burrows as Melody Wilder
 Isaach De Bankolé as Roscoe Wasz
 Paz de la Huerta as Constance 'Cookie' Clemente
 Mia Kucan as Young Mel
 Adam Trese as Mr. Laffs
 Janeane Garofalo as Dr. Murray
 Elizabeth Marvel as Ma Wilder
 Bill Camp as Pa Wilder
 William Leroy as Billy

References

External links

2008 films
2008 drama films
2008 independent films
American drama films
Films about cancer
American independent films
Films about guitars and guitarists
Films scored by David Mansfield
2000s English-language films
2000s American films
2008 directorial debut films


Russell House may refer to:

in Canada
 Russell House (Ottawa), a historic former hotel in Ottawa, Ontario

in the United States
(by state then city)
Russell Family Historic District, Alexander City, Alabama, listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in Tallapoosa County
John Russell House, Fordyce, Arkansas, listed on the NRHP in Dallas County
Russell House (Pine Bluff, Arkansas), formerly listed on the NRHP in Jefferson County
Russell-Williamson House, Yuma, Arizona, listed on the NRHP in Yuma County
Russell-Graves House, Arvada, Colorado, listed on the NRHP in Jefferson County
Edward Augustus Russell House, Middletown, Connecticut, listed on the NRHP at Wesleyan University in Middlesex County
Samuel Wadsworth Russell House, Middletown, Connecticut, a National Historic Landmark and listed on the NRHP in Middlesex County
William Russell House (Lewes, Delaware), listed on the NRHP in Sussex County
Judge Willis Russell House, Brooksville, Florida, listed on the NRHP in Hernando County
Russell Homeplace Historic District, Russell, Georgia, listed on the NRHP in Barrow County
Rensselaer Russell House, Waterloo, Iowa, listed on the NRHP in Black Hawk County
Horn-Vincent-Russell Estate, Mission Hills, Kansas, listed on the NRHP in Johnson County
Russell Court, La Grange, Kentucky, listed on the NRHP in Oldham County
Russell House (Andover, Massachusetts), listed on the NRHP in Essex County
Jason Russell House, Arlington, Massachusetts, listed on the NRHP in Middlesex County
Bartlett-Russell-Hedge House, Plymouth, Massachusetts, listed on the NRHP in Plymouth County
Philemon Russell House, Somerville, Massachusetts, listed on the NRHP in Middlesex County
Susan Russell House, Somerville, Massachusetts, listed on the NRHP in Middlesex County
The Russell (Worcester, Massachusetts), listed on the NRHP in Worcester County
Arthur H. Russell House, Winchester, Massachusetts, listed on the NRHP in Middlesex County
Charles Russell House (Winchester, Massachusetts), listed on the NRHP in Middlesex County
William Russell House (Crystal Falls, Michigan), listed on the NRHP in Iron County
The Russell (Detroit, Michigan)
Williamson-Russell-Rahilly House, Lake City, Minnesota, listed on the NRHP in Wabasha County
Russell's House at Corinthn, Mississippi, salient in the Civil War battle of the Siege of Corinthn.
Charlie and Nancy Russell Honeymoon Cabin, Cascade, Montana, listed on the NRHP in Cascade County
Charles M. Russell House and Studio, Great Falls, Montana, listed on the NRHP in Cascade County
Russell-Colbath House, Albany, New Hampshire, listed on the NRHP in Carroll County
Charles B. Russell House, Cincinnati, Ohio, listed on the NRHP in Hamilton County
Mark Russell House, Riverlea, Ohio, listed on the NRHP in Franklin County
Russell House (Bedford, Pennsylvania), listed on the NRHP in Bedford County
Joseph and William Russell House, in Providence, Rhode Island, listed on the NRHP in Providence County
Nathaniel Russell House, Charleston, South Carolina, listed on the NRHP in Charleston County
Russell House (Mountain Rest, South Carolina), listed on the NRHP in Oconee County
Evans-Russell House, Spartanburg, South Carolina, listed on the NRHP in Spartanburg County
Russell-Heath House, Stoneboro, SC, listed on the NRHP in Kershaw County
Avery Russell House, Farragut, Tennessee, listed on the NRHP in Knox County
Russell House (Springfield, Tennessee), listed on the NRHP in Robertson County
Russell-Lackey-Prater House, Louisville, Tennessee, listed on the NRHP in Blount County
Russell-Arnold House, Lufkin, Texas, listed on the NRHP in Angelina County
Russell House (South Bend, Washington), listed on the NRHP in Pacific County
Charles W. Russell House, Wheeling, West Virginia, listed on the NRHP in Ohio County

See also
The Russell (disambiguation)
Charles Russell House (disambiguation)
William Russell House (disambiguation)
Russell School (disambiguation)


Kamche Nikov Popangelov (, ,  – ), widely known as Daskal Kamche, was a Bulgarian teacher, printer and engraver, founder of one of the first printing houses for books in Bulgarian in the Ottoman Empire.

Biography
Daskal Kamche was born in the village of Korešnica, which is close to Demir Kapija, a town in the Tikvesh region of Macedonia. He was born in a poor family, that in the early 19th century moved to Vatasha. He started school there, but due to the family's financial problems, he left and he learned the alphabet by himself. He was a natural when it comes to singing, so he then became a church singer in the Vatasha church. He went as a pilgrim to the monasteries in Mount Athos, where he eventually stayed for one year. After he came back from Saint Aton, he became a taksidiot-monk for some of the monasteries in Tikvesh. He was a close friend with Theodosius of Sinai, who also happened to print Kamche's first and only book "Short description of 20 Mount Athos Monasteries". The purpose of this book was to help Tikvesh region inhabitants with the directions to and their religious stay in one of the 20 Mount Athos monasteries.

Daskal Kamche started to work as a teacher in the village of Vatasha in 1828. With some financial help from Yovko Markov and Theodosius of Sinai, a rich citizen of Kavadarci, he purchased a printing press of type Gutenberg and installed it in his home in Vatasha furtively. Daskal Kamche used the press for about a year, until he was expelled from Vatasha by the local Greek eparch. His printing press eventually found its way to Solun, where it was used by Theodosius of Sinai for his printing office from 1839 up to 1842 when it was damaged in a fire. 5 years later, again fostered by Jovko Markov, he bought materials and repaired the machine which started working again in 1848 and printed one of Jordan Hadzikonstantinov Dzinot's books. That caused him a lot of problems which made him to settle down as a teacher for the rest of his life. He was known as a fierce opponent of the use of Greek in the local Bulgarians schools and churches. He died in 1848 in Vatasha.

Sources

 Historical Dictionary of Macedonia, Skopje, 2000, p. 142. (in Macedonian: Македонски историски речник, Скопје, 2000, с. 142);
Encyclopedia Bulgaria, volume 2, Publishing house of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, 1981. (in Bulgarian): # Енциклопедия България, том 2, Издателство на БАН, София, 1981).

References

1790 births
1848 deaths
Bulgarian printers
Bulgarian educators
19th-century Bulgarian educators
Macedonian Bulgarians
Bulgarian engravers
People associated with Mount Athos


Jan Kowalczyk (18 December 1941 – 24 February 2020) was a Polish show jumping competitor. He competed in the 1968, 1972 and 1980 Olympics and won an individual gold and a team silver medal in 1980.

References

1941 births
2020 deaths
Olympic gold medalists for Poland
Olympic silver medalists for Poland
Equestrians at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Olympic equestrians for Poland
Polish male equestrians
Olympic medalists in equestrian
People from Cieszyn County
Sportspeople from Silesian Voivodeship
Medalists at the 1980 Summer Olympics


Alexandra Charles (born 12 November 1946, née Thyra Margareta Inga-Lill Gefvert) is a Swedish former nightclub owner. With her first husband Noël Charles (1940–2013) she opened a membership restaurant-discothèque called Alexandra's in central Stockholm in 1968 which existed in four successive central locations in that city until 1988. They also initially had a club by the same name in his native Barbados.

The clientele of the Stockholm club included Swedish celebrities and royalty, with regulars including ABBA, Björn Borg and King Carl XVI Gustaf. Many international celebrities who visited Stockholm were also visitors to Charles's nightclub.

Alexandra Charles was born in Mariestad, Sweden.  In 1976, after her divorce from Noël Charles, she split up with her American business partner Tom Macksey, and her business was moved and renamed Alexandra. A number of Swedish entertainers made their debuts at Alexandra's.

Charles has been married twice more but still goes by the surname of her first husband (who later married John Lennon's ex-wife Cynthia Lennon). She chairs the charitable foundations 1.6 Million Club and 2.6 Million Club. In 2015 she was awarded a medal by king Carl XVI Gustaf for her work for women's health.

On 7 July 2004, she was one of the hosts of Sommar i P1 on Sveriges Radio.

References

Citations

External links

Swedish public relations people
1946 births
Living people


Scream Queens is an American reality series on VH1 produced by Joke Productions and Lionsgate Television that premiered in October 2008. The show chronicles a group of unknown actresses competing for a role in the Saw film series. Tanedra Howard won the first season and gained a role in Saw VI.  The second season began airing on August 2, 2010, and the winner, Gabby West, won a role in Saw 3D.

Season 1
The show was announced in June 2008 and debuted on October 20, 2008.  In the first season James Gunn directed contestants during acting challenges, Shawnee Smith acted as a mentor, while John Homa provided instruction — and all three also acted as judges. Season 1 ended on December 8, 2008, and Tanedra Howard was crowned Scream Queen and won the "breakout role" in Saw VI.

Contestants

Episodes

Episode 1

Acting Challenge- The girls arrive at the house, and immediately upon arrival and meeting the judges, are tasked with an acting challenge- they must each convince a homicidal maniac not to kill them in any way they choose. Tanedra is granted a callback, meaning she will not be eligible for elimination this week.

Acting Class- The ladies must each eat a piece of fruit seductively, and acting coach John Homa states that none of them are currently ready for the breakout role they're competing for.

Director's Challenge- The ladies strip down and shoot an homage scene to director James Gunn's first film, Slither. Sarah is crowned the week's Leading Lady, while Jo-Anne is given the axe.

Episode 2

Acting Challenge- The girls must introduce themselves to casting director Kelly Wagner and make a good first impression in both their appearance and their interactions. Jessica wins the callback, praised for dressing in her own personal style and not being afraid to show her true self. The bottom two, Lindsay and Marissa, are taken to a salon for makeovers to boost their edge.

Acting Class- The girls are tasked with giving snap-second reactions to prompts from coach John Homa, then viewing and critiquing the images taken of their reactions on a screen. Lindsay's new makeover boosts her confidence, allowing her to get her snap reaction in one take, while Kylah struggles to show any emotion.

Director's Challenge- Each girl is given her own fake movie title to sell a promotional modeling shot for.

Lindsay's promotional shot outshines the rest, and she is crowned the week's Leading Lady. The judges worry that Kylah has no personality, and she is given the axe.

Episode 3

Acting Challenge- The girls are brought to a sound stage and are taught how to do their own stunt jumps. They then are challenged to shoot a scene where a killer has backed them into a window, and they must jump out to save themselves. Tanedra wins the week's callback both for her outstanding acting and her creative fall, while Jessica is unable to get over her fear of heights and make the jump.

Acting Class- The ladies are paired up to practice their stage combat skills in a choreographed fight scene between a stabber and a victim, showcasing both their acting and their ability to fight. Jessica is criticized for her ability to play the homicidal killer, but not the heroine, and Sarah and Michelle are both called out for letting the emotion get the best of them and overacting. Lina goes so far as to actually hit Tanedra, unable to hide her dislike for the other scream queen.

Director's Challenge- The scream queens film the exact scene they practiced in acting class, but instead of each other, they film with an actor playing their masked assailant. Marissa is noted for not connecting with the camera, and Michelle is told she is too "frantic". Jessica is lauded for connecting with the more "psycho" nature of the scene. Sarah breaks into tears after her scene, stating that she knows she didn't do her best. In the end, Lina's solid, sexy-yet-scared performance is deemed worthy of Leading Lady status, while Marissa is given the axe.

Episode 4

Acting Challenge- Shawnee shows the girls a scene from a black and white horror film and challenges them to act out the same scene- but the role they're playing is just a floating head. The ladies struggle to strike a balance between comedy and horror in their scenes, especially cast opposite male leads that cannot act. Michelle takes the campy comedy too far, and Lina tries her hand at musical acting. Jessica's accent choice confuses many of the girls. Lindsay's believable choices and experience at making cheesy lines believable (in her Nickelodeon TV show past) wins her the week's callback.

Acting Class- The girls practice their scream technique in front of scream coach Melissa Cross, who created the DVD The Zen of Screaming. Jessica confronts her discomfort/unease with coach John Homa.

Director's Challenge- Director James Gunn's actor brother Sean is brought in to star alongside the girls in a faux trailer. The ladies must audition for their roles and then play up the camp as much as possible. Michelle is praised for her role as the prostitute, and is crowned Leading Lady. Lina's role requires her to make out with Angela, and while she is given a chance during auditions to speak up about her discomfort with any of the roles, she stays quiet until the actual shoot, and her behavior sends her home.

Episode 5

Acting Challenge- Shawnee has each girl confront their "worst enemy" in a pool of blood and gore. Tanedra's outstanding realness does not win her a guaranteed callback, but instead a chance to pick her partner for the director's challenge. The pairs are as follows:

Acting Class- Homa brings the girls to an abandoned morgue, and has each of them spend 2 minutes in a body drawer confronting death. When they exit, they must recite a nursery rhyme while convincing everyone that they have seen death. Everyone succeeds except for Sarah, whose acting is corny and clear to all of the girls.

Director's Challenge- The girls break into their decided pairs and film a scene with hundreds of thousands of cockroaches. Jessica is praised for her ability to work with the bugs, but she and Sarah are critiqued for appearing over-rehearsed. In the end, Tanedra's consistent strong performances land her the Leading Lady title, while Sarah is given the axe.

Episode 6

Acting Challenge- The girls are challenged to act as though they've been possessed by the Devil. Jessica's unconventional approach confuses the girls yet again, and Michelle wins the challenge for having the best emotional connection, believability, and variety. She wins first choice of wardrobe in the upcoming Director's Challenge.

Acting Class- Homa asks the girls to turn into something evil- each other in their most evil forms, in pairs- and act it out the best they can. The assignment takes a turn for the worse when Tanedra and Michelle end up hurling insults at one another in their interpretations.

Director's Challenge- Actor Michael Rooker shows up to star opposite the girls in a vampiric scene. Angela's choice to include a Transylvanian accent is applauded, but she does not win leading lady, which absolutely infuriates her. Lindsay and Jessica are the bottom two, but Jessica's lack of ability to really connect gets her the axe. Michelle, who was not summoned to the ballroom, is delivered the news that she won the week's Leading Lady.

Episode 7

Acting Challenge- Each girl is given a handheld camera and asked to act out her final moments alone, as in The Blair Witch Project. Lindsay and Tanedra are both lauded for their tapes, and Lindsay wins the challenge.

Acting Class- Each girl must confront a ventriloquy doll who has supposedly kidnapped her family, and she will get cut off by Homa the minute she is not believable.

Director's Challenge- The girls are tasked with playing both themselves and their evil alter egos, and both shoots will be combined into one composite scene as if the alter ego is looking back from a mirror. Lindsay's advantage from the challenge is that she gets to choose whether she goes first or last, and she decides to go last. In panel, Lindsay's excellence throughout the week lands her Leading Lady. Angela is criticized heavily for throwing a tantrum about not getting last week's Leading Lady, and in addition, her inability to fully throw herself into a scene gets her the axe.

Episode 8

Acting Challenge- The three finalists face the "Scream Queen Gauntlet", where they must use everything they have learned during the competition to show the judges that they belong in the final two. The girls must go from victim to fighter in an elaborate single-take scene, and the loser will be eliminated immediately. At the end, Lindsay overthinks the technicalities of the scene and loses the emotion, and is given the axe.

Acting Class- Instead of traditional acting class, the girls are whisked off to Lionsgate, and view a tape for them from Jigsaw. They're informed that they will be reenacting the scene from Saw 3 between Lynn Denlon and John Kramer, where Lynn begs for her freedom. Upon return to the house, each girl gets the chance to engage in a private coaching session with Homa.

Director's Challenge- The girls film their scenes, but instead of confronting a person, Jigsaw's voice is heard through a speaker, so as to not distract from each scream queen. At final judging, Tanedra is crowned the winning Scream Queen, and is given a role in Saw VI.

Season 2
On August 12, 2009, VH1 began casting for a second season of Scream Queens. In her first interview, the season 2 winner said that over 36,000 applicants tried out; filming took place in November and December 2009. Season 2 premiered on August 2, 2010, with the winner gaining a role in Saw 3D, the 2010 entry in the Saw franchise. The winner will star alongside Tanedra Howard, the season one winner who is reprising her role as Simone from Saw VI. John Homa is the only cast member who returned from season one. Jaime King replaced Shawnee Smith as mentor, and Tim Sullivan replaced James Gunn as the director. On July 8, 2010, VH1 released an official iPhone app for the show.

Contestants

Episodes

Featured music

Season 1
In Season, the music in each episode are performed by artists signed to Wind-Up Records.
 Episode 1: "Angels on the Moon" by Thriving Ivory
 Episode 2: "Gasoline" by Seether
 Episode 3: "We Still Dance" by Tickle Me Pink
 Episode 4: "Mayday (M'aidez)" by People In Planes
 Episode 5: "Paralyzer" by Finger Eleven
 Episode 6: "Vampire" by People In Planes
 Episode 7: "Human" by Civil Twilight
 Episode 8: "Angels On The Moon" by Thriving Ivory

Season 2

In Season 2, Roadrunner Records replaced Wind-Up Records to feature music in each episode performed by artists signed to their label.
 Episode 1: "These Are the Days" by Madam Adam
 Episode 2: "You" by Black Stone Cherry
 Episode 3: "By The Way" by Theory of a Deadman
 Episode 4: "Never Enough" by Taking Dawn
 Episode 5: "Wait For Me" by Theory of a Deadman
 Episode 6: "These Are the Days" by Madam Adam

After Scream Queens
After winning season one, Tanedra Howard appeared in Saw VI and Saw 3D. Season two's winner, Gabby West, also appeared in Saw 3D. Christine Haeberman, who took third place in Scream Queens 2, appeared on the Food Network's Cupcake Wars as a model of Carmen Miranda. The first season's Sarah Agor appeared as "Brittany" in the 2010 slasher film Hatchet II. Karlie Lewis was formerly in a relationship with music producer Benzino and appears as herself (credited as Karlie Redd) in Vh1's Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta. Season two's runner-up Jessica Ortiz starred in the television comedy-drama Rosewood as Det. Annalise Villa, alongside Morris Chestnut until 2017. She now currently stars as Andrea Herrera in the new Grey's Anatomy spin-off, Station 19. Rosanna Pansino now has a popular baking show on YouTube called Nerdy Nummies. Tai Davis currently has a recurring role on The Chi as Tracy Roxboro.

References

External links
Season one official page on VH1.com
Season two official page on VH1.com

Scream Queens at TVGuide.com
Scream Queens at MSN
Scream Queens Turkey Fan Page

2000s American reality television series
2008 American television series debuts
2010s American reality television series
2010 American television series endings
VH1 original programming
English-language television shows
Women in horror fiction
Reality competition television series


This a list of films by the visual ethnographer Timothy Asch.

1960s
Dodoth Morning (1963)
By Timothy Asch
A documentary film that follows the Dodoth people in northeast Uganda in 1961. This film features a time when too much rain threatened to rot the millet that is grown to supplement their diet, and the events that follow. The film is distributed by Documentary Educational Resources.

The Feast (1969)
by ethnographic filmmakers Tim Asch and Napoleon Chagnon.
Strongly informed by Marcel Mauss' The Gift, the film focuses on a visit between villages and presents an analysis of the politics of exchange and interaction that occur.
Awards & Festivals
CINE Golden Eagle
American Film Festival Blue Ribbon
Flaherty Award
Festival dei Popoli, Florence, Italy
Venice International Art Film Festival
International Folklore & Tourism Festival, Grand Prize
Philadelphia International Festival of Short Films, Exceptional Merit

1970s
Yanomamo: A Multidisciplinary Study (1971)
by ethnographic filmmakers Tim Asch and Napoleon Chagnon
The film follows a multidisciplinary study team and their Venezuelan colleagues in the attempt to better understand all facets of the Yanomamo culture. The film is distributed by Documentary Educational Resources.

Ocamo Is My Town (1974)
by ethnographic filmmakers Tim Asch and Napoleon Chagnon.
A documentary film that follows the work of a Salesian priest, Padre Cocco, who has headed a mission on the Ocamo River since 1957, in order to lessen the impact of "civilization" on the Yanomamo of this area. The film is distributed by Documentary Educational Resources.

Arrow Game (1974)
A short documentary film by ethnographic filmmaker Tim Asch that shows young members of the Yanomamo Indian tribe sharpening their arrow-shooting skills.

Weeding the Garden (1974)
by ethnographic filmmaker Tim Asch
a short documentary film that shows Dedeheiwa, a Yanomami shaman, as he tends to his manioc garden.

A Father Washes His Children (1974)
 by ethnographic filmmaker Tim Asch
A short documentary film that shows Dedeheiwa, a Yanomami leader and shaman, as he washes his nine children and grandchildren in a nearby river.

Firewood (1974)

A Man and His Wife Weave a Hammock (1974)
by ethnographic filmmakers Tim Asch and Napoleon Chagnon.
A documentary film that shows a Yanomami tribe member weaving a hammock, as his wife watches at his side. The film is distributed by Documentary Educational Resources.

Children's Magical Death (1974)

Magical Death (1974)
by ethnographic filmmakers Napoleon Chagnon and Tim Asch.
A documentary film that explores the role of the shaman within the Yanomamo Indian culture, as well as the close relationship shamanism shares with politics within the society. The acclaimed film was the recipient of the American Film Festival Blue Ribbon.

Climbing the Peach Palm (1974)

New Tribes Mission (1974)

Yanomamo, a one-hour special for Japanese television (1974)

The Ax Fight (1975)
By anthropologist and filmmaker Tim Asch, his wife Patsy Asch, and anthropologist Napoleon Chagnon
An ethnographic film about a conflict in a Yanomami village called Mishimishimabowei-teri, in southern Venezuela.  It is best known as an iconic and idiosyncratic ethnographic film about the Yanomamo and is frequently shown in classroom settings.
The film has four parts and operates on a number of analytical levels.  It opens with a map of the region where the village is located and then proceeds to about ten minutes of virtually unedited film footage of combat among multiple participants armed with clubs, machetes, and axes.  This represents the entirety of the film shot of the fight, which lasted about half an hour.  Many of the shots and accompanying audio reflect the fact that the Westerners were taken by surprise and that they remained in ignorance about the cause of the fight until some time later.
The fight, which occurred on the second day of Asch and Chagnon's arrival to the village on February 28, 1971, is presented to the viewer as it was experienced by the anthropologist and filmmaker, as chaotic and unstructured violence.  The second part of the Ax Fight, however, replays the events in slow motion while Chagnon explains who the combatants are and describes their relationship to one another.  Although they initially believe the fight occurred because of an incestuous relationship, the anthropologists learn that this is not the case and that the fight is the latest manifestation of long standing hostility between a faction that lives in the village and a faction that is among a party of visitors.  The fight is explained as "a ritualized contest, not a brawl" in which combatants make a relatively orderly progression from less lethal weapons to more lethal ones and people choose sides in the dispute on the basis of kinship obligations and shared histories. Eventually, elders (who tend to have conflicting loyalties) step in to help end the conflict.
The third part of the film uses a number of kinship diagrams to further elaborate on these family bonds and explains how kinship and political systems are often interchangeable in Yanomamo life. The final part of the film replays an edited version of the fight, intended to illustrate the effect that the process of editing has on the construction of anthropological knowledge.
Controversy: In 2007, The Ax Fight was re-examined by filmmaker Adam Curtis in his documentary program The Trap. Curtis interviewed Chagnon, and suggested that the presence of the film crew, and their distribution of machetes to some but not all of the Yanomamo, may have altered the behavior that Chagnon and the Aschs were there to observe; Chagnon was so displeased by these suggestions that he immediately terminated the interview.

A Man Called "Bee": Studying the Yanomamo (1975)
by ethnographic filmmakers Tim Asch and Napoleon Chagnon.
Awards & Festivals
CINE Golden Eagle
American Film Festival Red Ribbon
Film Council of Greater Columbus, Chris Bronze Award

Moonblood (1975)

Tapir Distribution (1975)

Tug Of War (1975)

Bride Service (1975)
by ethnographic filmmakers Tim Asch and Napoleon A. Chagnon
A 1975 short documentary film that explores Yanomamo gender roles, division of labor, and obligations within the family.

The Yanomamo Myth of Naro as Told By Kaobawa (1975)

The Yanomamo Myth of Naro as Told By Dedeheiwa (1975)

Jaguar: A Yanomamo Twin-Cycle Myth (1976)
O
The Sons of Haji Omar (1978)

A Balinese Trance Seance (1979)
By ethnographic filmmaker Tim Asch and anthropologist Linda Connor
A documentary film that profiles Jero Tapakan, a Balinese spirit medium.

1980s
Jero on Jero: A Balinese Trance Seance Observed (1980) with Linda Connor.

Jero Tapakan: Stories From the Life of a Balinese Healer (1983) with Linda Connor

The Medium is the Masseuse: A Balinese Massage (1983) with Linda Connor

The Water of Words (1983) with James J. Fox

Spear and Sword (1988) with James J. Fox

1990s
Releasing the Spirits (1990) Patsy Asch,  Linda Connor & Timothy Asch
A documentary film about a collective cremation in Jero Tapakan's hamlet

A Celebration of Origins (1992)
By ethnographic filmmaker Tim Asch, Patsy Asch & E. Douglas Lewis
A documentary film that displays the people of Wai Brama, and their first celebration since 1960 of traditional ceremonial and social system rituals.

References

External links
 Documentary Educational Resources
 The Feast
 Arrow Game
 Weeding the Garden
  A Father Washes His Children
 A Man and His Wife Weave a Hammock (google video)
 Magical Death (google video)
Biella, Chagnon and Seaman Yanomamo Interactive
The Ax Fight
A Man Called "Bee": Studying the Yanomamo (google video)
Bride Service (1975) at IMDB
findarticles.com, from the International Dictionary of Film and Filmmakers, (2000)  by Cynthia Close, Timothy Asch bio, filmography, and awards
usc.edu, Timothy Asch bio
encyclopedia.com, International Dictionary of Films and Filmmakers, timothy Asch bio and filmography
der.org, Documentary Educational Resources: Documentary filmmaker Timothy Asch bio
A Balinese Trance Seance

Anthropology documentary films
Films directed by Timothy Asch


Gift Atulewa (born 1 April 1986) is a Nigerian football forward currently playing for Warri Wolves F.C.

Career
He began his career with Bayelsa United F.C. before moving in 2006 to Ocean Boys F.C. After one season, he moved in July 2008 to Warri Wolves F.C.

International career

U-20
He was a member of the Nigeria U-20 team that took part in the 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship in Netherlands in which they were eliminated in the final by Argentina.

Honors
 2005: FIFA U-20 World Cup runner-up

External links
 Fifa

References

1986 births
Living people
Nigerian men's footballers
Nigeria men's under-20 international footballers
Men's association football forwards
Warri Wolves F.C. players
Ocean Boys F.C. players


Pierre Durand (born 16 February 1955) is a French show jumping champion, and 1988 Olympic champion.

Olympic record
Durand participated at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, where he won a gold medal in Individual Jumping, and also a team bronze medal.

In film
Durand is played by Guillaume Canet in Jappeloup, a film by Christian Duguay about the bond he developed with Jappeloup until they won at the Olympics. He sued the producers for misuse of the brand "Jappeloup".

References

External links

1955 births
Living people
Olympic gold medalists for France
Olympic bronze medalists for France
Equestrians at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Equestrians at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Olympic equestrians for France
French male equestrians
Olympic medalists in equestrian
Medalists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
20th-century French people


Tuxedo is an unincorporated community in Prince George's County, Maryland, United States.

History
Scattered settlement in Tuxedo appeared along the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad (later the Pennsylvania Railroad) by 1886, according to historic maps. In 1894, a local developer created the area as a railroad suburb of DC and named it Tuxedo, advertising it as "Washington's Prettiest Suburb", with its own train station. Despite aggressive sales, the settlement slowly developed along three blocks adjacent to the rail line. By 1917, the community contained approximately 20 houses, one church, and one school. Tuxedo grew to include two additional blocks and a total of approximately 50 residences and a new school by 1942.

The community is bounded on the north by the Town of Cheverly, on the south and east by the John Hanson Highway, and on the west by the B&O Railroad line. All of the census and demographic data for Tuxedo residents are included with the information for the Town of Cheverly.

Tuxedo has remained unincorporated, but shares services with the incorporated town of Cheverly, which was developed in the early 20th century. The second school constructed in Tuxedo was called the Cheverly-Tuxedo School and opened in 1923. This school and another facility in Cheverly remained in operation until 1991. Since that time, the Cheverly-Tuxedo School has functioned as a specialty education center. Another facility shared with Cheverly was the volunteer fire department. The original Tuxedo-Cheverly Fire Station was constructed in 1930, but in 1968 a new station was constructed at 5711 Tuxedo Road.  Both stations were originally all volunteer, with assistance from Prince George's County career (paid) firefighters coming later to supplement the volunteers.  By 1995 the volunteers had ceased operation and the Tuxedo-Cheverly Fire Company (officially called Company 22) became the very first fire station in Prince George's County to be staffed 24/7 by career firefighters.  Unfortunately, the station was closed in 2010 with the county citing budget constraints and nearby station overlap.  Most personnel and apparatus were transferred to the newly constructed Springdale Fire Station (Company 06) in nearby Springdale, Md.  The previous Tuxedo-Cheverly Fire Station building was badly in need of repairs and was subsequently sold to a private buyer.

This building is now operated by the New Horizons Supported Services organization, which is dedicated to the personal and employment advancement of individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities.  Most of the land in and around Tuxedo has become industrial because of its proximity to the railroad line, the John Hanson Highway, and Baltimore–Washington Parkway.

Notable person
 The former Chief of the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia, Cathy Lanier, grew up in Tuxedo.

References

Unincorporated communities in Prince George's County, Maryland
Unincorporated communities in Maryland


Beirut Open City () () is a 2008 Lebanese film written and directed by Samir Habchi.  The film takes place after the Lebanese Civil War during the 1990s and the Syrian occupation of Lebanon.

Cast
Khaled El Nabawy
Saad Hamdan
Ali Al-Zein
Joseph Bou Nassar
Rody Klayany
Cyrine Abdelnour
Rodney Haddad
Diamand Bou Abboud

References

External links

2008 films
2008 comedy-drama films
2000s Arabic-language films
Lebanese comedy-drama films
2008 comedy films
2008 drama films


Jérôme Henri Carrein (2 July 1941 – 23 June 1977) was the second-to-last convicted criminal to be executed by guillotine in France.

On 27 October, 1975 in Arleux, Northern France, Carrein, who was the father of five children and often had no fixed abode, an alcoholic, and a tuberculosis sufferer, met Cathy Petit, an eight-year-old local girl. She was the daughter of the owner of a bar that Carrein frequented. Carrein enticed the girl to follow him into nearby marshlands to search for fish bait, dispatching the girl's brother Éric to report to their mother. Cathy and Carrein walked up to the swamps of Palluel (Pas-de-Calais).  Having arrived there, Carrein attempted to rape the child before strangling and drowning her.

Carrein was arrested the next day and quickly confessed to his crime. He was tried before the Pas-de-Calais criminal court at Saint Omer, found guilty, and sentenced to death on 12 July 1976. Christian Ranucci, also sentenced to death for kidnapping and child murder, was guillotined at Marseille's Baumettes prison sixteen days later.

Carrein appealed against his sentence and was retried on 1 February 1977 at the criminal court in Douai. Two weeks before the second trial began, Patrick Henry, another child murderer, narrowly escaped a death sentence at the criminal court in Troyes thanks to the skill of his lawyer, Robert Badinter, and public outrage in France was particularly strong. Carrein was found guilty again and sentenced to death a second time.

Carrein's mercy petition was turned down in mid-June 1977 by President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing. Carrein was guillotined by Marcel Chevalier at 04:30 on 23 June 1977 in the yard of Douai prison. Only one more convicted criminal, Hamida Djandoubi, would be executed by the guillotine in France.

General references

Article from La Voix du Nord (in French)

Further reading
Luc Briand (2018). La Revanche de la Guillotine, l'Affaire Carrein (in French), Paris: Plein Jour, 176  p. .

1941 births
1977 deaths
People executed for murder
People executed by the French Fifth Republic
Executed French people
People executed by France by guillotine
People from Douai
French murderers of children
Executed people from Nord-Pas-de-Calais


Rogers Heights is an unincorporated community in Prince George's County, Maryland, United States.

History
The Rogers Heights subdivision is bounded on the north by 1950s-era subdivisions, on the south and east by Bladensburg, and on the west by Edmonston. Named after one of the former owners of the land tract, Rogers Heights was developed between 1938 and 1952.  Two factors contributed largely to the selection of this tract for development; roadways and sewers.  The subdivision was located along or close to major roadways. Rogers Heights is located along Edmonston Avenue, a north-south route later rebuilt as Kenilworth Avenue. This road gave residents access to Bladensburg and the Bladensburg Road into the District of Columbia. Residents could also travel west on Decatur Street to the growing center of Hyattsville and access U.S. Route 1. The second factor in the settlement of Rogers Heights was the availability of public sewer lines from Bladensburg.

By 1942, the Rogers Heights subdivision contained ten residential blocks and approximately 200 residences. The streets were laid out in a grid pattern with three roads extending east from Edmonston Avenue intersected by five north-south streets. Roads constructed between 1942 and 1957 to the east of the earlier blocks were slightly more curvilinear. The common building type constructed was the modest brick and frame ranch.  Scattered commercial properties are located along Edmonston and Kenilworth Avenues. However, most of the retail facilities are clustered around the Riverdale Plaza, in nearby Riverdale Park.

The area is served by Rogers Heights elementary school and Bladensburg High School; Elizabeth Seton High School (Catholic, girls-only) and the Bladensburg Community Center Park are also located in Bladensburg, immediately adjacent to Rogers Heights.

References

Unincorporated communities in Prince George's County, Maryland
Unincorporated communities in Maryland


Van Duyn v Home Office (1974) C-41/74 was a case of the European Court of Justice concerning the free movement of workers between member states.

Facts
Van Duyn, a Dutch national, claimed the British Government, through the Home Secretary, infringed TFEU article 45(3) (then TEEC art 48(3)) by denying her an entry permit to work at the Church of Scientology. The Free Movement of Workers Directive 64/221/EC article 3(1) also set out that a public policy provision had to be 'based exclusively on the personal conduct of the individual concerned'. The UK had not done anything to expressly implement this element of the Directive. The government had believed Scientology to be harmful to mental health, and discouraged it but did not make it illegal. She sued, citing the Treaty of Rome and Community law, arguing that the Directive should apply to bind the UK. She was not being refused because of 'personal conduct'. Pennycuick VC referred the case to the European Court of Justice. The Home Office argued the provision was not directly effective, because it left the Government the discretion to apply exceptions to free movement.

Judgment
The European Court of Justice held that van Duyn could be denied entry if it was for reasons related to her personal conduct, as outlined in the Directive 64/22/EEC. TEEC article 48 was directly effective, even though the application of the provision was 'subject to judicial control'. Furthermore, the Directive was directly effective against the UK government. First, it would be incompatible with the binding effect of Directives to exclude the possibility of direct effect. Second, the practical efficacy of the Directive would be reduced unless individuals could invoke them before national courts. Third, because the ECJ has jurisdiction to give preliminary rulings under TFEU article 267 (then TEEC article 177) on 'acts of the institutions... of the Union' this implied all acts should be directly effective.

Crucially, the ECJ proceeded to permit the UK's derogation, thereby approving (on this occasion) the UK's decision to ban Ms Duyn because Scientology was then deemed by the UK to be harmful and undesirable:

Significance

The main significance of the case is not the decision itself, but the fact that ECJ held that EU directives can have direct effect on an individual. The Court laid down in its judgment that a directive has direct effect when its provisions are unconditional and sufficiently clear and precise and when the EU Member State has not transposed the directive by the deadline. The Court reasoned that if the directive did not have direct effect, then it would lose its relevance. Therefore, directives had to have direct effect.

They changed their reasoning later in Pubblico Ministero v Ratti, but the principle persisted.

See also

EU law
Direct effect

References

Court of Justice of the European Union case law
1974 in case law
1974 in the United Kingdom
Home Office litigation
Scientology litigation
Scientology in the United Kingdom
United Kingdom labour case law
European Union labour case law
1974 in the European Economic Community


Donald Sydney Smith OBE (27 July 19201 December 1998) was an Australian operatic tenor. His voice had a bright Italianate quality which could match, in size carrying power and tonal allure, the voices of most sopranos and mezzos.  He attracted a fiercely loyal public following, and many Australians who had no prior experience of opera became opera lovers through Smith's work.  His performances were regularly sold out with The Australian Opera at the Sydney Opera House.

Early years and background
Donald Sydney Smith was born in Bundaberg, Queensland, on 27 July 1920. Smith's early schooling and education was spasmodic and at around 10 years old, while in 4th grade primary school, he was removed from school by his parents (Donald Sydney Smith and Elizabeth Maud Smith - née Clarque), to help work on his family's milk run and dairy property.

At around the age of 12 years old he was sentenced to the notorious Westbrook Farm Home for boys (outside Toowoomba), where he spent some seven months for allegedly stealing and 'joy riding' in a friend's sister's boyfriend's motor vehicle with some of his mates. It is understood that Donald was the only youth in the group who was able to drive a motor vehicle, which he learned to do helping his father deliver milk on the family milk run.  (Today such a misdemeanour by a child of 12 years old would barely warrant a slap on the wrist). Donald was subsequently released into the care of relatives of his mother a Mr Leslie Robertson in Toowoomba and he then went to live with them in Brisbane. The circumstances of Donald's 'trial' and 'sentence' have never been detailed. Also it still remains a mystery as to why his father Donald Senior and his mother Maud would have allowed such a sentence to be carried out (with appeal) for such a small misdemeanour.

During the period after Donald's release from Westbrook, in his early teenage years, Donald continued to educate himself whilst working as a sugar cane cutter on properties in and around the Bundaberg area. At the age of 16 years Donald gained his first employment with the Bundaberg Millaquin Sugar Mill and started training in the capacity as a sugar chemist. At the age of 18 years old, Donald met Ms Thelma Joyce Lovett, who eventually became his lifelong partner and whom he married in Bundaberg in 1942. They remained together until Donald's passing in the Pleasantville Nursing Home in Wynnum Brisbane.  In 1942 their son Donald Robin Smith was born in Bundaberg, and Donald's two daughters Deanna Joy and Carol Beth were born in Brisbane in 1943 and 1945 respectively.

On 4 October 1941, during World War II, Donald Sydney Smith enlisted in the Australian Army (47th Battalion AFI Military Services Number QX48665). Donald served at Milne Bay in New Guinea. It was here in New Guinea whilst serving as a private and a machine gunner that he was wounded in the right hand by 'friendly fire’ after being mistaken for the enemy, whilst setting up range markers for the machine guns. Following being wounded, he was first transported to an American-based hospital ship believed to be the 'SS Tasman', for treatment of his injuries, and where he also contracted malaria and lost so much weight down to 6 stones. The Australian Army at that time were unaware of where he was being treated. Therefore, it was during this time that Joy (who was on her way to hospital to deliver their first daughter Deanna Joy), was advised by the Army that Donald was still alive, as they had previously reported that he was "missing in action, believed to be deceased". During recuperation for his injuries and after being repatriated to Australia Donald was eventually discharged from the Army on 28 October 1943.

Singing career

Donald Smith began his singing career on the local radio station 4BU Bundaberg, firstly singing mainly 'country and western’ music. He also toured the local area with a group called ‘Novac's Troupers'. Although a natural tenor voice from birth, it is understood that Donald had his first ‘singing lesson’ in Bundaberg with a lady named Kate Gratehead. It was she who helped him refine his musical ability and vocal technique for his natural tenor voice. Following Donald's return to civilian life after being discharged from the Army, he and Joy firstly relocated from Bundaberg to Toowoomba and then eventually to Brisbane. In Brisbane Donald found work as a clerk with the Government's ‘Repatriation Department’. He also found additional work to support his young family, including that as a ‘lift driver’ in a David Jones department store.

On relocating to Brisbane, Donald also became acquainted with the well known band leader J.J. Kelly. Under Kelly's direction, he performed the tenor roles in some of his first operas. These included the lead tenor role of 'Sir Walter Raleigh' in Edward German's opera “Merry England” in Brisbane in 1944 -‘The English Rose’. He also performed the lead tenor role of ‘Thaddeus’ in Michael William Balfe's opera “The Bohemian Girl” - ‘When Other Lips - Then  You'll Remember Me’ and the role of 'Don Caesar de Bazen' in William Vincent Wallace's opera “Maritana” - ‘Yes Let Me Like A Soldier Fall’.

In 1948, Donald joined the Brisbane Opera Society, and sang many leading tenor roles with them, such as 'Don José' in Georges Bizet's “Carmen”, the title role in Charles Gounod's “Faust”, the 'Duke of Mantua’ in Giuseppe Verdi's “Rigoletto”, ‘Roméo’ in Charles Gounod's opera “Roméo and Juliette" and ‘Turiddu’ in Pietro Mascagni's “Cavalleria Rusticana” and ‘Canio’ in Ruggero Leoncavallo's opera “Pagliacci”. The role of Canio in particular was a role which Donald would eventually 'make his own' and for which he would become famous for his portrayal of the jilted lover Canio.

In 1952 after winning the 'Mobil Quest' singing competition in Australia, Donald travelled to Italy and then to England to study at London's National School of Opera. Following his return to Australia, Donald performed with an Italian touring company in 1955. Here he sang alongside singers such as Gabriella Tucci and Kenneth Neate.  In 1958 he appeared with the then Elizabethan Trust Opera Company. (which eventually became ‘The Australian Opera Company’ and now ‘Opera Australia’). He sang the roles of 'Count Almaviva’ in Gioachino Rossini's opera “The Barber of Seville" and ‘Tamino’ in Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's opera “The Magic Flute”. In 1960 he sang his first ‘Pinkerton’ in Giacomo Puccini's opera “Madama Butterfly” opposite the Australian soprano Dame Joan Hammond.

In 1962 Donald again travelled to England to join the Sadlers Wells Opera Company. Here he performed many Verdi and Puccini operas including “Rigoletto”, “Attila”, “Ernani”, “A Masked Ball”, "Girl of the Golden West”, “Tosca” and “Il Trittico". He also made his debut at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, where he sang the role of ‘Calaf in Giocomo Puccini's opera “Turandot" opposite the English soprano Amy Shuard. Donald remained in  the UK for six years and returned to Australia in 1967 to sing with The Australian Opera, where he appeared is such roles as ‘Canio’ in “Pagliacci’, ‘Manrico’ in “Il Trovatore”, 'Bob Boles’ in Benjamin Britten's opera “Peter Grimes”, the 'Duke of Mantua’ in “Rigoletto”, 'Dick Johnson’ in "La fanciulla del West”, ‘Cavaradossi’ in “Tosca”, Radames in “Aida” and the 'King Gustavus’ in “Un Ballo In Maschera”. He also appeared in German roles, such as Florestan in Fidelio.

In 1968, the first opera telecast in Australia, Tosca, featured Marie Collier in the title role, Donald Smith as Cavaradossi, and Tito Gobbi as Scarpia.[5]

On 21 January 1973 Donald was the first voice to sing in the Sydney Opera House when he appeared in the first test concert in the Opera Theatre, along with Elizabeth Fretwell and members of the ABC National Training Orchestra, conducted by Robert Miller.

While Italian opera (and particularly where sung in English) was his natural metier, Donald also performed many concerts and song recitals. Together with his son Robin Donald Smith, who performed professionally under the name Robin Donald they presented in 1974 a series of 'Smith & Son' concerts throughout Australia.

Donald Smith's last performance for the Australian Opera was in Verdi's I Masnadieri, where he sang for the first time in an opera performance with Dame Joan Sutherland. These occasions were the only times that these two singers sang a complete opera together. Donald became ill and retired in 1981. He later became a singing teacher in Brisbane at the Queensland Conservatorium of Music.

Donald released many individual recordings both in England with the Sadler's Wells Opera Company and in Australia with EMI records. He also appears in compilation videos and CDs such as Celebration – 40 Years of Opera, and Australian Singers of Renown in Opera, Operetta & Song, compiled by John Cargher.

Donald Smith passed away on 1 December 1998 in the Pleasantville Nursing Home in Wynnum Brisbane, ending what had been an illustrious operatic career. He was survived by his wife Thelma Joyce (who passed away on 26 November 2009) and their three children.

Military career
Smith enlisted in the WWll war effort on 20 December 1941, and was discharged from the 47th Australian Infantry Battalion (Service Number QX48655), of the Citizens Military Forces on 28 October 1943. During this period, he served in the Citizens Military Forces and the Australian Imperial Force, on continuous full-time war service, both in Australia and at Milne Bay, New Guinea. It was in New Guinea whilst serving as private and a machine gunner, that Donald was wounded in the right hand by friendly fire, after being mistaken for the enemy, whilst setting up range markers for the machine guns. He was first transported to an American-based hospital ship for treatment of his injuries. The Australian Army at that time were unaware of where he had been taken. Therefore, it was during this time that his wife Joy (who was on her way to hospital to deliver their first daughter Deanna), was advised by the Army that he was reported "missing in action, believed to be deceased". During recuperation for his injuries and after being repatriated to Australia, Joy was then advised that Smith was still alive.

Operatic career
Smith began his career singing on the local radio station 4BU Bundaberg, singing mainly country and western songs. His first singing teacher in Bundaberg was a lady named Kate Gratehead. It was she who helped him refine his musical ability and vocal technique for his natural tenor voice. After the birth of their third child, Smith and his wife Joy left Bundaberg and relocated firstly to Toowoomba and later to Brisbane. Here Smith became acquainted with the well known band leader J.J. Kelly. Under Kelly's direction, and also working with the conductor George English, he performed some of the tenor roles in his first forays into grand opera. This included the lead tenor role of Sir Walter Raleigh, in Sir Edward German's Merrie England in Brisbane in 1944. He also performed the lead tenor role of Thaddeus in Michael William Balfe's The Bohemian Girl and the role of Don Caesar de Brazen in William Vincent Wallace's opera Maritana.

In 1948, Smith joined the Brisbane Opera Society, and sang roles such as Don José (Carmen), the title role in Faust, the Duke of Mantua (Rigoletto), Roméo (Roméo et Juliette) and Canio (Pagliacci).  Canio was a role for which Donald Smith became renowned throughout his long career. In 1952 he began two years of study at London's National School of Opera, after winning the Mobil Quest singing competition in Australia.  After a brief period overseas in Italy and England, he returned to Australia, and sang with an Italian touring company in 1955, alongside singers such as Gabriella Tucci and Ken Neate. In 1958 he appeared with the then Elizabeth Trust Opera Company, singing Count Almaviva (The Barber of Seville). In 1960 he sang the role of Pinkerton for the first time opposite Dame Joan Hammond's Madama Butterfly, performing in Brisbane at Her Majesty's Theatre.

He made his Sadler's Wells debut in England in 1962, where he performed many Verdi operas including Attila, Rigoletto and Un ballo in maschera. He also performed at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, where he made his debut as Calaf in Puccini's Turandot opposite the English soprano Amy Shuard.  He established his career in the UK for six years, before returning to Australia in 1967 to sing with the Australian Opera in major roles including Canio, Manrico (Il trovatore), Bob Boles (Peter Grimes), the Duke of Mantua (Rigoletto), Dick Johnson (The Girl of the Golden West), Cavaradossi (Tosca), Radames (Aida), and King Gustavus (Un ballo in maschera). He also sang the Germanic operatic repertoire, including Florestan in Fidelio and Eric in The Flying Dutchman.

During the 1970s, Smith and his son Robin Donald, also a tenor, made operatic history together, alternating singing the role of Eric in The Flying Dutchman, in performance with the Australian Opera Company (now Opera Australia). Robin also sang the role of The Steersman in performances on other occasions, when Donald was singing the role of Eric. These are the only known performances of any father and son tenors ever singing these roles together in this opera.

In 1968, the first opera telecast in Australia, Tosca, featured Marie Collier in the title role, Smith as Cavaradossi, and Tito Gobbi as Scarpia.

On 21 January 1973 Smith was the first voice to sing in the Sydney Opera House, when he appeared in the first test concert in the Opera Theatre, along with Elizabeth Fretwell and members of the ABC National Training Orchestra, conducted by Robert Miller.

While Italian opera (and particularly where sung in English) was his natural metier, he also performed many concerts and song recitals. Together with his son Robin Donald, they presented in 1974 a series of "Smith & Son" concerts throughout Australia singing in Brisbane, Sydney, Melbourne and Adelaide.

Smith's last performance for the Australian Opera was in Verdi's I masnadieri in 1980 with Joan Sutherland. While Smith and Sutherland did perform together in a number of concerts at the Sydney Opera House, I masnadieri was the only occasion when these two Australian icons performed a complete staged opera together. His health began to fail and in 1981 he retired from the professional operatic stage.  He later became a singing teacher in Brisbane at the Queensland Conservatorium of Music.

Legacy
Smith made many individual recordings both in England with the Sadler's Wells Opera Company and in Australia with EMI records and other recording companies. He also appears in compilation videos and CD's such as Celebration – 40 Years of Opera, and Australian Singers of Renown in Opera, Operetta & Song, compiled by John Cargher.

Smith died in the Pleasantville Nursing Home in Brisbane on 1 December 1998.

His eldest grandson, Jason Cundy, was an English Premier League player for Chelsea, Tottenham Hotspur and Ipswich, and played for England U21.

Honours
In 1973 Donald Smith was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire. He was the first resident member of the Australian Opera to be awarded this honour.

Discography

Albums

References

Sources
 Sydney Morning Herald, obituary, 5 December 1998

1920 births
1998 deaths
Australian operatic tenors
People from Bundaberg
Musicians from Queensland
Australian military personnel of World War II
Academic staff of Queensland Conservatorium Griffith University
Australian Officers of the Order of the British Empire
20th-century Australian male opera singers