Commercial whaling in New Zealand waters began late in the 18th century and continued until 1965. It was a major economic activity for Europeans in New Zealand in the first four decades of the 19th century. Nineteenth-century whaling was based on hunting the southern right whale and the sperm whale and 20th-century whaling concentrated on the humpback whale.

There is now an established industry for whale watching based in the South Island town of Kaikōura and at other ports in New Zealand.

History
The Māori, who were the first to settle in New Zealand, appear to have hunted whales rarely, but did eat stranded whales.

The earliest association of whaling with New Zealand is from December 1791, when the whaleship William and Ann called in at Doubtless Bay during a whaling voyage in the Pacific. It is not recorded if any whales were actually caught by the vessel in New Zealand waters. The Britannia arrived about the same time. Both were whalers that had chartered to carry convicts on the outward voyage from Britain and land them at Sydney before going whaling.

In the early 19th century, Kororareka (now called Russell) in the Bay of Islands was an important port of call for whaling and sealing ships, and developed a wild reputation being called the Hellhole of the Pacific by Charles Darwin who did not like his time in New Zealand. His opinion reflected that of many of the early Christian missionaries. This behaviour was not just confined to the Bay of Islands. Missionary John Brumby in Marlborough in 1838, found the whalers to be "rogues and outlaws unrestrained by any law" Other contemporary observers had differing views. In 1839, Edward Wakefield, who later became a member of parliament in Britain, described shore whalers as  having a dark side to their character but they were "frank and hospitable". They were intrepid with boundless resolution and great powers to endure hardship. He pays tribute to their hospitality to casual visitors and noted they were in stable relationships with Māori women, such as Te Wai Nahi of Te Atiawa, with whom they  raised large families. His sentiments are echoed by his uncle, Colonel William, who was no advocate of working men. Other early whaling ships were the Foxhound, a London whaler, in 1827 and the Waterloo, which operated between Cloudy Bay and Sydney from 1829, taking 3 cargoes of whale oil per year and returning from Port Jackson with supplies and trade goods to exchange for flax.

By the 1830s most whaling, apart from American ships, was done from shore bases with mixed crews of Māori and European sailors.

In the first half of the 19th century, almost a hundred small shore stations were established - in the South Island at Te Awaiti and Preservation Inlet and later at Stewart Island, Otago, Timaru and Kaikōura and Cloudy Bay. On Banks Peninsula the first shore was at Little Port Cooper in 1836 and by 1842 there were a total of five stations, including  Oashore Bay, Ikoraki and Peraki. North of Wellington, there were three whaling stations at Porirua, and five on Kapiti Island. Further north there were also shore stations at New Plymouth and Great Barrier Island. However, by 1840 the whale numbers had declined to the point that little money was to be made, and in 1844 the last of the early onshore stations closed.

Still, Captain Nye of the barque Mount Wollaston reported in 1879 that the northern whales averaged 10lb of whale bone to each barrel of oil, and at that time were the most profitable whales caught. The following table presents the average yield of oil and bone to the northern and southern whale:

A later shore station, Perano's of Tory Channel, Cook Strait caught 4200 whales (mainly humpback) between 1911 and 1964, when the last whale was caught in New Zealand waters. The closure of Perano Whaling Station was announced on 4 January 1965.

Conservation

Since 1978, whales within New Zealand's  exclusive economic zone have been protected under the Marine Mammals Protection Act 1978. Killing a whale or other cetacean is punishable by up to six months imprisonment, or a fine of up to NZ$250,000. Efforts are now often made to save whales that have stranded or have become entangled in marine debris.

There is a vocal antiwhaling sentiment in New Zealand. The Government regularly attends the International Whaling Commission meetings and supports the moratorium on whaling, as well as advocating for the creation of whale sanctuaries.

In 2010, Pete Bethune, an antiwhaling activist, was detained by Japanese whalers when he boarded a whaling ship in the southern oceans. He was convicted in Japan and deported back to New Zealand.

See also
History of New Zealand
Conservation in New Zealand
Butler Point Whaling Museum
Johnny Jones
Joe Perano
Weller brothers

References

Further reading

Day, Kelvin (1986) Shore Whaling Porirua Museum History Series booklet No 1
McNab, Robert (1913) The Old Whaling Days (1975; reprinted by Golden Press, Auckland)
Morton, H. (1982) The Whale's Wake The University of Otago Press, Dunedin,
Rickard, Lawrence S (1965) The Whaling Trade in Old New Zealand (Auckland)
Ross, J O'C Twentieth century whaling operations at Whangamumu and Campbell Island in the Turnbull Library Record, May 1977 (Volume 10 number 1)

External links
International Whaling Commission page at the Department of Conservation
International Whaling Commission information at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade
Harvesting the Sea - Whaling (Te Ara)
The 1966 Encyclopedia of New Zealand - Whaling In New Zealand Waters 1791 - 1963
New Zealand Electronic Text Centre - Whaling in New Zealand Waters — “There She Blows.”

Nature conservation in New Zealand
Economic history of New Zealand


Qucu is a village in the municipality of Davaradibi in the Lerik Rayon of Azerbaijan.

References

Populated places in Lerik District


Piyəküçə is a village in the municipality of Andurma in the Lerik Rayon of Azerbaijan.

References

Populated places in Lerik District


The Malta Memorial is a war memorial monument to the 2,298 Commonwealth aircrew who lost their lives in the various Second World War air battles and engagements around the Mediterranean, whilst serving with the Commonwealth Air Forces flying from bases in Austria, Italy, Sicily, islands of the Adriatic and Mediterranean, Malta, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, West Africa, Yugoslavia and Gibraltar, and who have no known grave.

Because of its pivotal contribution to the air war in the Mediterranean, Malta was chosen for the location of the memorial. Built on land donated by the Government of Malta, it is located in the area of Floriana, to the south side of the Triton Fountain close to City Gate, the entrance to Malta's capital city, Valletta. It was inaugurated by Queen Elizabeth II on 3 May 1954.

The Malta Memorial is identified by the gilded bronze golden eagle which surmounts the  column of Travertine marble, from Tivoli in the Sabine Hills near Rome. It is carved with a light netted pattern and surmounted by a gilded bronze eagle  high. The monument was designed by Sir Hubert Worthington, while the eagle which surmounts the column is the work of the sculptor Charles Wheeler.

The column stands on a circular base around which the names are inscribed on bronze panels. The circular marble base itself is inscribed with the motto of the Royal Air Force and most Commonwealth air forces, "Per Ardua Ad Astra".

At the base of the column itself, a bronze panel bears the following inscription:

The Latin epigram may be rendered in English: AN ISLAND RESOLUTE OF PURPOSE REMEMBERS RESOLUTE MEN.

Those remembered on the memorial include:

Lloyd Allan Trigg VC DFC (5 May 1914–11 August 1943), of Houhora, New Zealand, a pilot in the RNZAF. He was a posthumous recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy for British and Commonwealth armed forces. His award is unique, as it was awarded on evidence solely provided by the enemy, for an action in which there were no surviving Allied witnesses to corroborate his gallantry.
Russell Foskett, Australian flying ace
Nigel Park, New Zealand flying ace credited with destroying 10 enemy aircraft during the Siege of Malta
285 men from the Royal Canadian Air Force
Approximately 195 southern Africans who served in either the South African Air Force, Royal Air Force or other Commonwealth air forces

See also
War Memorial (Floriana)

References

Floriana
Commonwealth War Graves Commission memorials
World War II memorials in Malta
Buildings and structures completed in 1954
1954 establishments in Malta


Axunahiran is a village in the municipality of Babaküçə in the Lerik Rayon of Azerbaijan.

References

Populated places in Lerik District


Qışlaq is a village in the municipality of Vijaker in the Lerik Rayon of Azerbaijan.

References

Populated places in Lerik District


Digovdərə is a village in the municipality of Mistan in the Lerik Rayon of Azerbaijan.

References

Populated places in Lerik District


Qələbın is a village in the municipality of Mistan in the Lerik Rayon of Azerbaijan.

References

Populated places in Lerik District


Pirəsora is a village in the municipality of Mistan in the Lerik Rayon of Azerbaijan.

References

Populated places in Lerik District


Çokərə is a village in the municipality of Qosmalyan in the Lerik Rayon of Azerbaijan.

References

Populated places in Lerik District


Digah is a village in the municipality of Mistan in the Lerik Rayon of Azerbaijan.

References

Populated places in Lerik District


The London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) 2 and 2A boilered 4-6-0 locomotives were express passenger 4-6-0 steam locomotives. In 1935, William Stanier, Chief Mechanical Engineer of the LMS, ordered the rebuilding of the unique experimental high pressure compound locomotive 6399 Fury. The Schmidt-Henschel boiler was replaced with a tapered boiler, with a drumhead smokebox, designated type 2. The type 2 boiler had a tube surface of 1,669 square feet, formed by tubes 2⅛ inches in diameter and 14 feet 3 inches long. It was fitted with a 28 row superheater with 360 square feet of heating surface. The superheater elements, 1⅛ inch in diameter, were fitted into flue tubes 5⅛ inches diameter.

On testing the boiler performed poorly, with heat transfer to the water being inadequate because the hot gases from the firebox passed too rapidly through the tubes to the smokebox. The rapid passage of gas was indicated by too high a temperature in the smokebox, and the choking of the smokebox by excessive char carried through from the firebox. The boiler was re-tubed with 180 smaller tubes 1⅞ inches diameter, and with superheater elements 1¼ inch diameter. The single blastpipe was replaced with a double blastpipe and chimney to provide adequate gas velocity in the smokebox. This, combined with the increased rate of evaporation provided by the re-tubing, improved the performance of the boiler substantially.

The performance of Stanier's Jubilee Class also suffered from incorrect boiler proportions. In 1935, a design for an improved taper boiler was schemed out; this was 13 feet long, with 198 tubes 1¾ inches in diameter. In 1943 Stanier instructed Coleman, the chief designer at Derby, to rebuild two of the Jubilee class with boilers to this design. This type of boiler was designated type 2A. Combined with modifications to the steam ports and valve gear, the rebuilding produced locomotives that were more powerful and economical than either the original Jubilees or the Royal Scots.

As the boilers of the Royal Scots were due for replacement, and their built-up smokeboxes were proving difficult to keep airtight, the decision was taken to rebuild the class in batches. They were also fitted with type 2A boilers. Rebuilding started in 1943, and eventually all 70 members of the class were rebuilt.

From 1946, 18 of the 52-strong Patriot Class (which shared the same chassis as the Royal Scots) also received 2A boilers.

List of locomotives
A total of 91 locomotives were rebuilt. Dates of building and numbers of engines are given in the following table.

Withdrawal

All 91 locomotives were withdrawn from stock between 1961 and 1965.

References

Sources

 Pat Rowledge Stanier 4-6-0s of the LMS

London, Midland and Scottish Railway locomotives
4-6-0 locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1935


Caroline de Oliveira Saad Gattaz, better known as Carol Gattaz (born July 27, 1981), is a volleyball player from Brazil.  She competed at the 2020 Summer Olympics, in the Women's tournament, winning a silver medal. Gattaz won the World Grand Prix three times in a row.

Early career
Gattaz was born in São José do Rio Preto. Before playing volleyball, as a teenager, Gattaz played futsal, defending her city's club América-SP, where she played as a striker. Still in high school, she started playing volleyball.

Career
Gattaz, who plays as a middle blocker, started her career defending São Caetano, then moved to Rexona-Ades in 2000. After leaving Rexona-Ades in 2001, she played for several clubs, before joining Finasa/Osasco in 2004, when she won the Superliga Brasileira de Voleibol, she left the club after the 2006–2007 season. In 2007, she moved to Italy, where she played for Monte Schiavo, returning in the following season to Brazil, to defend Rexona-Ades again. In 2011-2012 she played for Volei Futuro from Brazil.

National team
Defending the national team, she won the South American Women's Volleyball Championship in 2003, 2005, 2007, and 2009 and the World Grand Prix in 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008 and 2009.

Personal life
She is openly lesbian.

Awards

Individuals
 2005 South American Championship – "Best Blocker"
 2009 South American Championship– "Best Blocker"
 2009 South American Club Championship – "Best Blocker"
 2009 Montreux Volley Masters – "Best Blocker"
 2018 South American Club Championship – "Most Valuable Player"
 2019 South American Club Championship – "Most Valuable Player"
 2018–19 Brazilian Superliga – "Best Middle Blocker"
 2020 South American Club Championship – "Best Blocker"
 2021 FIVB Nations League - "Best Middle Blocker"
 2020 Tokyo Olympics 2020 - "Best Blocker"
 2021 South American Championship – "Best Blocker"

Clubs
 2004–05 Brazilian Superliga –  Champion, with Finasa/Osasco
 2005–06 Brazilian Superliga –  Runner-up, with Finasa/Osasco
 2006–07 Brazilian Superliga –  Runner-up, with Finasa/Osasco
 2008–09 Brazilian Superliga –  Champion, with Rexona/Ades
 2009–10 Brazilian Superliga –  Runner-up, with Unilever Vôlei
 2010–11 Brazilian Superliga –  Champion, with Unilever Vôlei
2011–12 Brazilian Superliga –  Bronze medal, with Vôlei Futuro
2015–16 Brazilian Superliga –  Bronze medal, with Camponesa/Minas
2017–18 Brazilian Superliga –  Bronze medal, with Camponesa/Minas
 2018–19 Brazilian Superliga –  Champion, with Itambé/Minas
2020–21 Brazilian Superliga –  Champion, with Itambé/Minas
2012–13 Azerbaijan Superleague –  Runner-up, with Igtisadchi Baku
 2009 South American Club Championship –  Runner-up, with Unilever Vôlei
 2018 South American Club Championship –  Champion, with Camponesa/Minas
 2019 South American Club Championship –  Champion, with Itambé/Minas
 2020 South American Club Championship –  Champion, with Itambé/Minas
 2018 FIVB Club World Championship –  Runner-up, with Itambé/Minas

References

1981 births
Living people
Sportspeople from São José do Rio Preto
Brazilian people of Arab descent
Brazilian women's volleyball players
Middle blockers
Expatriate volleyball players in Italy
Expatriate volleyball players in Azerbaijan
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Azerbaijan
Volleyball players at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Olympic volleyball players for Brazil
Brazilian LGBT sportspeople
Brazilian lesbians
Lesbian sportswomen
LGBT volleyball players
Medalists at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Olympic medalists in volleyball
Olympic silver medalists for Brazil
21st-century Brazilian LGBT people
21st-century Brazilian women
Brazilian expatriate volleyball players


Horror story is a genre of speculative fiction.

Horror Story or Horror Stories may also refer to:

Horror Story (film), 2013 Indian film
Horror Story (video game),  1989 run and gun arcade video game
Horror Stories (album), an album by the garage punk band Dwarves
Horror Stories (magazine), a pulp magazine
Horror Stories (film), 2012 South Korean film
Horror Stories 2, 2013 South Korean film
Horror Stories 3, 2016 South Korean film
Krvavý román, or Horror Story, 1993 Czech film

See also
American Horror Story


Qosələr is a village in the municipality of Şonacola in the Lerik Rayon of Azerbaijan.

References

Populated places in Lerik District


The Museu Rodin Bahia is a museum devoted to the works of Auguste Rodin, in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.

See also
 List of single-artist museums

References

Dear, John (August 12, 2007). How an International Bank Sank Millions in Brazil for Some Rodin Fakes, Brazzil Magazine.

Art museums and galleries in Brazil
Rodin
Museums in Salvador, Bahia
Rodin
Auguste Rodin


Məhləabad is a village in the municipality of Kələxan in the Lerik Rayon of Azerbaijan.

References

Populated places in Lerik District


One for Sorrow is a coming-of-age novel by the American writer Christopher Barzak. In 2014 it was adapted into the feature film Jamie Marks is Dead and debuted at the Sundance Film Festival. Directed by Carter Smith, the film's actors include Liv Tyler, Judy Greer, Cameron Monaghan, Morgan Saylor, Noah Silver, and Madisen Beaty.

Plot and style
The novel tells the story of Adam McCormick and Gracie Highsmith, and their relationship to Jamie Marks, a boy found in the woods, supposedly murdered. It does not follow the traditional suspense or mystery novel's convention of tracking down the murderer. Instead, the book explores the nature of relationships between young adults and their families, communities (a somewhat hard-scrabble rural working class small town outside of Youngstown, Ohio), and the search for hope or redemption. Adam and Jamie's relationship has several homoerotic elements that could argue that Adam is bisexual.

The novel makes use of fantastical elements (in this case, ghosts) situated in a mostly realistic, recognizable setting.

Reception
One for Sorrow won the Crawford Award for Best First Fantasy in 2008.  It was also nominated for the Great Lakes Book Award, The Logo Channel's New Now Next Award, and The Locus Award for Best First Novel. The novel was praised as "lovely, melancholy, offbeat" in a Village Voice review of 2007.
The Washington Post called One for Sorrow a "remarkable first novel."

References

External links
 Christopher Barzak's Blog

A review of One for Sorrow in the San Francisco Chronicle: Thursday's back in latest Jasper Fforde comic novel

A short interview with Christopher Barzak:

2007 American novels
Novels set in Ohio
Youngstown, Ohio
American bildungsromans
LGBT speculative fiction novels
American novels adapted into films
2007 debut novels
Bantam Books books


Hüseynabad is a village in the municipality of Kələxan in the Lerik Rayon of Azerbaijan.

References

Populated places in Lerik District


Qışlaq is a village in the municipality of Aşağı Amburdərə in the Lerik Rayon of Azerbaijan.

References

Populated places in Lerik District


Xocadoy is a village in the municipality of Aşağı Amburdərə in the Lerik Rayon of Azerbaijan.

References

Populated places in Lerik District


Hilədərə is a village in the municipality of Aşağı Amburdərə in the Lerik Rayon of Azerbaijan.

References

Populated places in Lerik District


Köhnə Orand is a village in the municipality of Nüravud in the Lerik Rayon of Azerbaijan.

References

Populated places in Lerik District


Soruşçay is a village in the municipality of Nüravud in the Lerik Rayon of Azerbaijan.

References

Populated places in Lerik District


Horsforth Woodside was a proposed railway station that was to be built on the site of Woodside Quarry near Horsforth in West Yorkshire, England. It would have been located on the Harrogate Line near the current Horsforth station, which would also stay open. Horsforth Woodside was also the name of a very early station on the Leeds-Northallerton railway, which was closed completely in 1864. The fact that both the old closed station and the proposed new station have the same name has caused confusion when railway historical matters in this area are being discussed. The proposed station would have served a planned housing development at the former Woodside Quarry, as well as providing a park and ride service for Leeds city centre.

A turn-back facility was built in 2012 at nearby Horsforth station which allows for future timetabling improvements. That was related to the intention of opening the new station at Horsforth Woodside.

In a 2014 feasibility study, the West Yorkshire Combined Authority decided not to pursue with Horsforth Woodside for a number of reasons: the opening of Apperley Bridge and Kirkstall Forge stations on the Airedale Line (which are in the same area), its proximity to Horsforth railway station, and the proposal for a park and ride facility at nearby Boddington.
It was argued, however, that with plans to build 2000 homes near the site of the proposed station, it was still needed.

References

Disused railway stations in Leeds
Horsforth
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1852
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1864


Web Technology Group was a technology consultancy and solutions provider to the UK Public Sector, specialising in the design, build and management of secure, high value and complex web applications, based in London, UK. WTG was purchased by Civica in 2015.

History
Originally known as Hyperlink, then as hyperlink-interactive, Web Technology Group was acquired by Cable & Wireless in 2000. Web Technology Group remained a subsidiary of Cable & Wireless until its sale in February 2007 at which time it became an independent organisation. It is a UK company based in Hammersmith. It is known for building  and operating systems such as Impact Nominal Index and was voted most efficient technical agency in the New Media Age 100 for 2008.

One of the most successful projects in Web Technology Group's recent history was their involvement in the online version of the 2011 UK Census, working in collaboration with Lockheed Martin and Cable & Wireless.

Web Technology Group also ran the Coalclaims site on behalf of Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform (BERR).

This was the biggest personal injury scheme in British legal history and possibly the world, settling around 10,000 claims a month at their peak for ex-miners in the UK. Over 760,000 claims are registered and £3.9 billion in compensation has been paid to date.

Client projects
A complete listing of the company's clients is hard to find, but those that are in the public domain include those at the Case Studies Archive.

Public sector
Coalclaims for Department for Energy and Climate Change (DECC) who are a government body who were spun out of BERR in 2008.
Impact Nominal Index
College of Policing
Metropolitan Police Service
Department of Health
Court Services for Ministry of Justice (United Kingdom)
The Home Office
Transport for London
Office for National Statistics
Middlesbrough Borough Council
Bristol Council
Residential Property Tribunal Service
Money Advisory Service (formerly CFEB)
The National Archives
BBC
Business Link

Private sector
Vodafone
Experian
Legal and General
Baker Tilly
Citibank
Bluecycle
J. C. Penney
Etihad
Serco

References

External links

C&W annual report detailing the sale of WTG

Companies based in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham
Software companies established in 1995
Management consulting firms of the United Kingdom
Software companies of the United Kingdom


The Free Territory of Freedomland was a micronation that covered the Spratly Islands in the South China Sea from 1956 to 1974. It was established by Tomás Cloma.

History
While China, Japan, the Philippines, and many other nations have been in the South China Sea for many centuries, this article discusses Tomás Cloma Sr.'s claim to Freedomland for the Philippines.

In January 1935, the Committee of Reviewing Water and Land Maps of the Republic of China published both Chinese names and English names of 132 insular features in the South China Sea.

In 1947, it was reported that Captain Filemon Cloma (Tomás Cloma Sr.'s brother) was fishing off Palawan when Typhoon Jennie forced him to seek shelter, leading his group of fishing vessels west of Palawan, into the Spratlys. The group discovered a vast frontier which served as good fishing grounds. Filemon and his brother Tomás consulted their maps, but could not find the islands on them. Tomás Cloma Sr. hoped to set up a fish cannery and mine for guano. Japan had considered the area a potential source for extracting guano since the 1920s and agreed to fund an expedition led by Filemon and his crew to explore the islands.

In 1950, Philippine President Elpidio Quirino said that "as long as Taiwan held the Spratlys, the Philippines would not press its own claim".

On March 15, 1956, Filemon Cloma, funded by his brother, landed on the islands with a group of men. On May 11, 1956, Filemon Cloma led 40 men in taking formal possession of the islands, lying some  west of the southern end of Palawan and named them Freedomland. Tomás Cloma Sr. then issued his "Notice to the Whole World." Filemon Cloma led a 40-man Filipino crew in hoisting a Filipino flag on one of the islands of Freedomland, and posted copies of that notice, along with possession notices on each of the islands- 53 islands and islets with a total area of 64,976 square miles. Tomás Cloma Sr. asserted that the territory was without owner, since Japan renounced ownership in the San Francisco Peace Conference in 1951.

On May 21, 1956, Tomás Cloma Sr. declared the establishment of the Free Territory of Freedomland. Ten days later, he sent his second representation to the Secretary of Foreign Affairs informing the latter that the territory claimed was named Freedomland. Tomás Cloma Sr. appointed a government to Freedomland, including government personnel Secretary of State: Manuel Aguilar; Minister of Foreign Affairs: Donald Trayler; Minister of Transportation: Virgilio G. Cloma; Minister of Maritime Affairs: Filemon Cloma; Minister of Commerce: Rizal Cloma; Minister of Justice: Santiago Pastor, Jr.; and Finance Minister: Teodora Agbayani.

On July 6, 1956, Cloma declared to the world his claim and establishment of a separate government with its capital on Flat Island (also known as Patag Island).

On October 1, 1956, at North Danger Reef in the South China Sea, two  Taiwanese ships- namely, the Ning Yuan (寧遠) flotilla of the Taiwanese Navy, containing naval vessels Taihe and Yongshun- approached Filemon Cloma's expedition with the boat PMI-IV and invited Captain Cloma (and Chief Engineer Benito Danseco, and other crew members) aboard [the naval vessel Tai He] for a conference.

After the Taiwanese government's building burning and confiscation of property, Tomás and Filemon Cloma agitated for the Government of the Philippines to support their claims to Freedomland.

In 1972, Tomás Cloma Sr. was jailed by Philippine President Ferdinand E. Marcos for four months for "impersonating a military officer by being called an "admiral". In August 1974, Tomás Cloma Sr. and the Supreme Council of Freedomland drafted a new Constitution, declaring the country to be a Principality and encouraging its colonization. New citizens were naturalised, and some of them elected to the Supreme Council, John de Mariveles among them. In August, Cloma changed the name of the country from Freedomland to Colonia and retired as titular head of state in favor of John de Mariveles with the title of Prince.

In December 1974, Tomás Cloma Sr. was arrested and forced to sign a document to convey to the Philippines whatever rights he might have had in the territory for one peso. There are Philippine claims that they acquired the territory through that document.

In 1978, the Philippine president Ferdinand Marcos issued Presidential Decree No. 1596 to include the majority of the Spratly Islands as being Philippine territory.

Colonia St. John
The Freedomland principality later became known as Kingdom of Colonia St. John, Cloma stepped down as leader of the micronation in the August 1974, and was succeeded by John I, the first king of Colonia.

Kalayaan
On June 11, 1978, Philippine president Ferdinand E. Marcos issued a decree formally incorporating the Kalayaan Island Group, an area of the Spratly Islands  which covers the land claimed by Freedomland or Colonia St. John, into its national territory as the Municipality of Kalayaan. Republic Act No. 9522, which defined the archipelagic baselines of the Philippines, also claimed sovereignty over the Kalayaan Island Group.

Key figures

Tomás Cloma
Tomás Arbolente Cloma Sr. (born Tomás Cloma y Arbolente; 18 September 1904 – 18 September 1996) was the leader and founder of Freedomland. He was a Filipino lawyer and businessman from the province of Bohol. Cloma was born in Panglao to Ciriaco Cloma y Arbotante, a Spanish immigrant, and Irenea Arbolente y Bongay, a native of Panglao, Bohol. He was the owner of a fishing fleet, and owner of a private maritime training institute, the PMI Colleges (formerly known as Philippine Maritime Institute). He aspired to open a cannery and develop guano deposits in the Spratlys. It was principally for economic reasons, therefore, that he claimed islands in the Spratlys.

Filemon Cloma
Filemon Ciriaco Cloma (21 March 1921 - 14 April 1979) explored Freedomland. He was a Filipino soldier and businessman who served in the US Army Corps. under General Douglas MacArthur, during World War II (WWII). Cloma was born in Panglao to Ciriaco Cloma y Arbotante, a Spanish immigrant, and Irenea Arbolente y Bongay, a native of Panglao. He faked his age and a US citizenship to fight in the Signal Corps (United States Army) during the WWII Japanese invasion of the Philippines, and was chosen by Gen. MacArthur to serve as a code and cipher specialist. He escaped the Bataan Death March, and was engaged in guerilla warfare under the command of Lt. Col. Wendell Fertig in the 10th Military District (Tenth United States Army) until the end of World War II. After the war, he founded a sea exploration business which hired the soldiers trained by PMI Colleges, owned by his brother Tomás Cloma Sr. Filemon Cloma later led men on an expedition funded by Tomás Cloma Sr. to explore Freedomland and claim it for the Philippines.

Relevance for the Philippines
Cloma introduced a distinction between his Freedomland and the Spratlys further west. This distinction later became part of the Philippines' foreign policy. This distinction was never fully clarified. It seems that Freedomland encompasses most of what others call the Spratly Islands, but not Spratly Island itself, nor the banks and reefs lying to the west of it.

Cloma's declaration was met with hostile reactions from several neighboring countries, especially Taiwan. On September 24, 1956, Taiwan reoccupied nearby Itu Aba Island (also known as Taiping Island), which it had left in 1950, and intercepted Cloma's men and vessels found within its immediate waters. The People's Republic of China also restated its own claim afterward.

In 2014 The Philippines sought adjudication of a territorial dispute with China at the International Court of Arbitration. In its pleadings, the Philippines abandoned efforts to assert succession to the Cloma Claim, and instead asserted a 200-mile territorial claim as an exclusive economic zone under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.  As a consequence, Freedomland (AKA Colonia) became the only successor claimant to the Cloma territory.

The Free Territory of Freedomland should not be confused with the Principality of Freedomland or the Republic of Koneuwe which was set up by a French swindler also in the Spratlys but not on the same islands.

See also

 Principality of Sealand

 Minerva Reefs

 Republic of Morac-Songhrati-Meads

Notes

References

History of the Spratly Islands
Micronations
Former unrecognized countries


Koman may refer to:

Küman, a municipality in Azerbaijan, also spelled Koman
Koman, Albania, a settlement in Albania
Koman culture, a medieval Albanian culture
Koman (hotel), in Kinosaki, Hyōgo prefecture, Japan
Koman Hydroelectric Power Station, in Albania
Koman, Iran, a settlement in Iran
Koman languages, a subgroup of the Nilo-Saharan language family

People
İlhan Koman, Turkish sculptor
Vladimir Koman, Hungarian footballer


Aurelia Catalina Pentón Conde (born February 13, 1941) is a retired track and field athlete from Cuba, who competed in the 400 and 800 metres during her career.

Pentón was born in Sancti Spíritus, and twice represented her native country at the Summer Olympics: 1968 and 1972.

Her time of 50.56, set at altitude in Medellín, Colombia while winning the 1978 Central American and Caribbean Games is the officially ratified masters athletics world record for the W35 400 metres.

References

1941 births
Living people
Cuban female sprinters
Cuban female middle-distance runners
Athletes (track and field) at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1967 Pan American Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1971 Pan American Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1975 Pan American Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1979 Pan American Games
Olympic athletes for Cuba
People from Sancti Spíritus
Sportspeople from Sancti Spíritus Province
Cuban masters athletes
World record holders in masters athletics
Pan American Games silver medalists for Cuba
Pan American Games bronze medalists for Cuba
Pan American Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)
Central American and Caribbean Games gold medalists for Cuba
Central American and Caribbean Games silver medalists for Cuba
Competitors at the 1970 Central American and Caribbean Games
Competitors at the 1974 Central American and Caribbean Games
Competitors at the 1978 Central American and Caribbean Games
Universiade bronze medalists for Cuba
Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in athletics
Medalists at the 1970 Summer Universiade
Medalists at the 1971 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1975 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1979 Pan American Games
Olympic female sprinters
20th-century Cuban women


Cannon Ball is a wooden roller coaster at Lake Winnepesaukah amusement park. Designed by John C. Allen and built by Philadelphia Toboggan Company (today called Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters), the roller coaster opened in 1967 and quickly became one of the signature attractions at the park. It is one of two roller coasters at the park.

References

External links
Lake Winnepesaukah Amusement Park
Coaster Grotto: statistics and pics

Wooden roller coasters
Roller coasters in Georgia (U.S. state)
Roller coasters introduced in 1967


Gonzalo Fernando Camardón (born 19 December 1970 in Buenos Aires) is a former Argentine rugby union footballer and a current coach. He played as a scrum-half and as a wing.

He played for Alumni.

Camardon had 41 caps for Argentina, from 1990 to 2002, scoring 10 tries, 49 points in aggregate. He was selected for the 1991 Rugby World Cup finals, playing three matches, and for the 1999 Rugby World Cup finals, playing this time five matches.

He was the head coach of Uruguay in the qualifyings for the 2011 Rugby World Cup, but missed the final place in dispute.

External links

1970 births
Living people
Argentine rugby union players
Argentine rugby union coaches
Rugby union scrum-halves
Rugby union wings
Rugby Roma Olimpic players
Argentina international rugby union players
Asociación Alumni players
Argentina international rugby sevens players
Rugby union players from Buenos Aires
Uruguay national rugby union team coaches
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Uruguay
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Expatriate rugby union players in Italy
Argentine expatriate rugby union players
1991 Rugby World Cup players
1995 Rugby World Cup players
1999 Rugby World Cup players


Terror Tales was the name of two American publications: a pulp magazine of the weird menace genre of the 1930s, and a horror comic in the 1960s and 1970s.

Pulp magazine
Terror Tales was originally published by Popular Publications. The first issue was published in September 1934
One of the most successful horror magazines, it was joined shortly afterwards (1935) with its sister horror pulp, Horror Stories, also from the same publisher. Some of the writers  whose work appeared in Terror Tales included E. Hoffmann Price, Wayne Rogers, Wyatt Blassingame (who later wrote nonfiction books for children), Ray Cummings, Paul Ernst, Arthur Leo Zagat and Arthur J. Burks. Rudolph Belarski provided several covers for the magazine. Terror Tales ceased publication in March 1941.

Horror comics magazine
A later publication also called Terror Tales was a black-and-white horror comics magazine published by Eerie Publications. There were 46 issues, from March 1969 to January 1979.

Terror Tales followed many of the conventions of the horror comic genres, such as the use of scantily-clad damsel in distress covers.

References

External links
 Gallery of Terror Tales covers

Horror comics
Horror fiction magazines
Magazines established in 1969
Magazines disestablished in 1979
Pulp magazines
Defunct magazines published in the United States
Comics magazines published in the United States


Mark Blair (born 27 November 1974) is a British racing driver. He started his racing career in karting in 1986, and represented England in the 1990 World Kart Championships. In 1992 he switched to rallying, driving in the Peugeot Challenge, where he finished fourth in points. In 1993, he went on to be the Peugeot Challenge champion, including eight class wins. He moved into saloon car racing in 1997 with the Vauxhall Vectra Challenge, becoming champion in 1998.

After his success in the Vectra, he got a drive in the British Touring Car Championship. He raced as an independent for ADR Motorsport, again in a Vectra. His first season in the BTCC was a successful one, finishing second in the independents Cup with two independent wins, and sixteenth in points overall. In 2001, he raced in four rounds at Oulton Park and Silverstone for JS Motorsport in an Alfa Romeo 147. Amongst a small field of drivers, he still finished joined eleventh in the championship with fifteen points.

Racing record

Complete British Touring Car Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position - 1 point awarded all races) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap) (* signifies that driver lead feature race for at least one lap - 1 point awarded)

References

External links
 BTCC.net official standings.
 BTCC Pages Profile.

Living people
British Touring Car Championship drivers
English racing drivers
1974 births


Mr Bones is a 2001 South African comedy film.

Mr Bones may also refer to:

 Mr. Bones (video game), 1996

Characters
 Mr Bones (Judge Dredd), a character from the comic strip Judge Dredd
 Mister Bones, a DC Comics character
 Mister Bones (Star Wars), a Star Wars droid character
 Mr Bones, a minstrel show character

People
 Jamie Spaniolo (born 1975), aka Mr. Bones, American rapper
 Barnum Brown (1873–1963), American paleontologist whose popular nickname was "Mr. Bones"

See also
 Bones (disambiguation)


Charles Huntziger (; 25 June 1880 – 11 November 1941) was a French Army general during World War I and World War II.
He was born at Lesneven (Finistère), in Brittany of a family which settled in the region, after the Prussian invasion of Alsace during the 1870 Franco-Prussian War. He graduated from Saint-Cyr in 1900 and joined the colonial infantry. During World War I, he served in the Middle Eastern theatre. He was chief of staff of operations of the Allied Expeditionary Force. In 1918, he participated in the development of General Louis Franchet d'Espèrey's Vardar Offensive against German and Bulgarian forces which would lead to Allied victory and the signing of the Armistice of Mudros in October 1918.

In 1924, during the interwar period, he was assigned to the French concession in Tianjin.

In 1933, Huntziger was named commander-in-chief of the troops in the French Mandate of Syria. He participated in the negotiations for the cession of the Sanjak of Alexandretta, then part of French Syria, to Turkey. He joined the Superior Council of War in 1938.

At the outbreak of World War II, he initially commanded the Second French Army, then the Fourth Army Group in the Ardennes. He fought in the Battle of France with the Second Army. On 16 June 1940, Premier Philippe Pétain's new Cabinet decided upon an armistice.  The armistice negotiations were led, on the French side, by Huntziger, who without success attempted to lessen the harsh terms of the armistice.

After the 25 June armistice, Huntziger became the Vichy government's commander-in-chief of land forces. He became Minister of Defence on 6 September 1940, serving until 11 August 1941. He was one of the signatories of the anti-Semitic law on the status of Jews of 3 October 1940 (excluding nine Jewish generals from the army) together with Philippe Pétain, Pierre Laval, Raphaël Alibert, Marcel Peyrouton, Paul Baudouin, Yves Bouthillier, and François Darlan.

He died on 11 November 1941, when his aircraft crashed near Le Vigan, Gard. He had been on an inspection tour in North Africa and tried to land at Vichy Airport in bad visibility, and with obsolete radio equipment. His funeral was on 15 November 1941 at the cathedral of Vichy. Huntziger is buried in Passy Cemetery, Paris.

His widow was the first recipient of the Vichy regime's Order of the Francisque.

See also
 Paris Protocols

Notes

External links

Generals of World War II

1880 births
1941 deaths
People from Lesneven
French Ministers of War and National Defence
Government ministers of Vichy France
High Commissioners of the Levant
Generalissimos
French anti-communists
Jewish French history
Lycée Louis-le-Grand alumni
École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr alumni
Members of the Académie Française
French military personnel of World War I
French Army generals of World War II
Order of the Francisque recipients
Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France)
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)
Recipients of the Croix de guerre des théâtres d'opérations extérieures
Commanders of the Order of the Crown (Belgium)
Recipients of the Order of Lāčplēsis, 2nd class
Recipients of the Virtuti Militari
Recipients of the Croix de guerre (Belgium)
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Honorary Companions of the Order of the Bath
Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Foreign recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (United States)
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in France
Burials at Passy Cemetery
French military personnel killed in World War II
French collaborators with Nazi Germany


Carmen Mónica Trustée Lee (born July 16, 1948) is a retired track and field athlete from Cuba, who competed in the 400 and 800 metres during her career. She represented Cuba at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany.

References

1948 births
Living people
Cuban female sprinters
Cuban female middle-distance runners
Athletes (track and field) at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1971 Pan American Games
Olympic athletes for Cuba
Pan American Games silver medalists for Cuba
Pan American Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)
Central American and Caribbean Games gold medalists for Cuba
Central American and Caribbean Games silver medalists for Cuba
Competitors at the 1970 Central American and Caribbean Games
Competitors at the 1974 Central American and Caribbean Games
Universiade silver medalists for Cuba
Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in athletics
Medalists at the 1970 Summer Universiade
Medalists at the 1973 Summer Universiade
Medalists at the 1971 Pan American Games
Olympic female sprinters
People from Banes, Cuba
Sportspeople from Holguín Province
21st-century Cuban women
20th-century Cuban women


New York State Route 285 (NY 285) was a state highway in Oneida County, New York, in the United States. The southern terminus of the  route was at an intersection with NY 69 west of the hamlet of Taberg in the town of Annsville. Its northern terminus was in the community of Thompson Corners, where it ended at a junction with County Route 67A (CR 67A) and CR 70. NY 285 was little more than a connector between NY 69 and Thompson Corners, as it did not pass through any other areas of interest.

NY 285 initially extended from Taberg to the hamlet of Florence when it was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York. It was truncated to Thompson Corners , but extended slightly in the 1960s when NY 69 was realigned to bypass Taberg. Ownership and maintenance of NY 285 was transferred to Oneida County on September 1, 1988, and the NY 285 designation was removed just over two months later. The route is now County Route 70A.

Route description

NY 285 began at an intersection with NY 69 southwest of the hamlet of Taberg in the town of Annsville. The route headed northward, intersecting with Main Street, which connected NY 285 to Taberg. Here, NY 285 turned to the northwest and became Taberg–Florence Road. Just outside Taberg, the route passed Saint Patrick's Cemetery, as well as the remains of an old Protestant cemetery situated directly across NY 285 from it. As it continued northwestward through a rural portion of Oneida County, NY 285 passed a junkyard near the intersection with Pond Hill Road. Past an intersection with Carlisle Road, NY 285 entered a state reforestation area. As such, the surrounding landscape became mostly forested areas. Near the center of the reforestation area, the highway intersected with Skinner Settlement Road (CR 85). After passing over Corkin Hill, NY 285 headed downhill into the town of Florence.

After crossing into Florence, NY 285 remained in the reforestation area, and continued towards Thompson Corners on a linear, northwesterly routing. It passed Greely Cemetery, then continued to Thompson Corners, a very small community in southeastern Florence. NY 285 terminated here at an intersection with Empeyville Road (CR 67A) and Wolcott Hill Road (CR 70). CR 70 turned northwest at this junction to follow NY 285's right-of-way to the hamlet of Florence and eventually to the Oneida County line.

History
NY 285 was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York to a highway connecting NY 69 (Main Street) in Taberg to the isolated hamlet of Florence in the town of the same name via Thompson Corners. The route was truncated southeastward to Thompson Corners . In the early 1960s, NY 69 was rerouted to follow a new purpose-built highway that bypassed most of Taberg to the south. Most of NY 69's original alignment through the hamlet was transferred to the town of Annsville; however, its former western approach into Taberg along Taberg Road was realigned to meet the bypass and became a short extension of NY 285.

On September 1, 1988, ownership and maintenance of NY 285 was transferred from the state of New York to Oneida County. The portion of the exchange relating to NY 285 was described in New York State Highway Law as follows, with annotations in brackets:

In return, the state of New York assumed maintenance over a portion of River Street (CR 32) that connected NY 69 in Oriskany to NY 49 in Marcy. This highway became NY 922E, an unsigned reference route. Meanwhile, the NY 285 designation remained in place until November 4, 1988, when it was officially removed from the highway. The former routing of NY 285 became CR 70A, a spur of the pre-existing CR 70.

Major intersections

See also

List of county routes in Oneida County, New York

References

External links

285
Transportation in Oneida County, New York


Peseta Samuelu Masunu "Sam" Lotu-Iiga (born 2 November 1970) is a former member of the New Zealand Parliament for the Maungakiekie electorate, having been elected in the 2008 election. Lotu-Iiga was one of two National Party Pasifika MPs. Lotu-Iiga holds the Samoan high chiefly title of Peseta.

Early life
Lotu-Iiga was born in Apia, Samoa in 1970. In 1973, Lotu-Iiga and his family moved to New Zealand as a child.  He grew up in Māngere, South Auckland and attended Mangere Central Primary School. He then studied at Auckland Grammar School and the University of Auckland, where he earned an MCom(Hons) and a BCom/LLB.
He also studied at the University of Cambridge where he earned a MBA.

Professional career
While studying, Lotu-Iiga worked as an intern at the New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade and in the Samoan Ministry of Land, Surveys and Environment. After graduating he joined Russell McVeagh McKenzie Bartleet in Auckland as a solicitor, working in the area of corporate and commercial law.

Lotu-Iiga later migrated to Britain, where he worked for Bankers Trust as a financial analyst.  While at Cambridge, Lotu-Iiga played rugby for the New Zealand Barbarians. Lotu-Iiga moved to Sydney and worked as an executive consultant with Macquarie Bank. Later, he returned to New Zealand to work as a management consultant and adviser.

Political career

Local-government politics
Lotu-Iiga stood on the Citizens & Ratepayers' ticket for a seat on the Auckland City Council during the 2007 Auckland local body election in the Tamaki-Maungakiekie ward. Following his successful election, Lotu-Iiga was appointed Chairman of the City Development Committee on the Council under Mayor John Banks.

Election to Parliament: 2008–2011
In February 2008 Lotu-Iiga put his name forward for the National Party selection for the Maungakiekie electorate. That month, incumbent Labour Party MP Mark Gosche, who held a majority of over 6,000 votes, announced he would stand down from the seat in the forthcoming general election. In April Lotu-Iiga defeated two other National Party nominees for the selection on the first ballot.

While the electoral boundaries for Maungakiekie had changed, removing Ōtāhuhu, the new boundary included the new suburbs of Royal Oak, Onehunga and Point England, which were considered to heavily favour the Labour Party. Gosche's large majority meant that Maungakiekie was still considered a safe Labour seat.

Lotu-Iiga ran a high-profile campaign, capitalising on his high name-recognition as a City Councillor, and heavily engaged in grass-roots campaigning, including door-knocking the electoral district. On election night, Lotu-Iiga beat Labour List MP Carol Beaumont by a margin of 1,942 votes in what was one of the largest electoral swings in the country. Lotu-Iiga became one of three National Party candidates in the Auckland region to claim a seat from Labour, along with Nikki Kaye in  and Paula Bennett in Waitakere. In his first parliamentary term, Lotu-Iiga served as the Deputy-Chairperson of the Commerce Committee and as a member of the Finance and Expenditure Committee.

Lotu-Iiga faced some criticism for not resigning from his role as an Auckland City Councillor when he was elected as an MP. He missed a significant number of meetings, attending 12 out of 22 scheduled meetings. Lotu-Iiga responded: "People don't want a politician who's only going to meetings. It's only one part of our job. It's about going out meeting with people from the community. I feel like I'm doing fine. I'm busy but I'm on top of everything..." Lotu-Iiga eventually resigned his council post in October 2009.

Second term in Parliament: 2011–2014

In November 2011, Lotu-Iiga was reelected the MP for Maungakiekie, beating Carol Beaumont a second time with an increased majority. Following the election, Lotu-Iiga was elected Chairperson of the Social Services Select Committee, where he has presided over the Government's welfare reform legislation.

In April 2013 he was one of 27 National MPs to vote against the Marriage (Definition of Marriage) Amendment Act 2013, claiming to support traditional values.

In January 2014, Lotu-Iiga was promoted into cabinet, becoming Minister of Pacific Island Affairs, and Associate Minister of Local Government.

Third term: 2014–2017
On 8 October 2014, Lotu-Iiga received his warrants as Minister for Pacific Peoples, Minister for Ethnic Communities and Minister of Corrections.

On 7 December 2015, Prime Minister John Key announced that Lotu-Iiga would be handing the Corrections portfolio over to returning Cabinet Minister Judith Collins, and would take over the Local Government portfolio from Paula Bennett. The changes were effective from 14 December 2015.

On 13 December 2016, Lotu-Iiga announced that he was quitting politics, to take effect at the 2017 general election.

Post-political career
Following the 2017 election, Lotu-Iiga became Manukau Institute of Technology's deputy chief executive Pasifika on 25 September 2017.

Personal life and community involvement
Sam Lotu-Iiga lives with his wife Jules in Onehunga. They have one daughter and one son. Lotu-Iiga is an active leader of the Pasifika community and holds the Samoan high chief (alii) title of Peseta. Lotu-Iiga is a patron of the Maungarei Cadets, the Dolphin Theatre and the Onehunga Bowling Club. Lotu-Iiga is a Christian and a member of the Royal Oak Baptist Church. He is also a member of the Rotary Club of Penrose. Lotu-Iiga has coached the Auckland under-14 rugby team and once served as a board member of the Primary health organisations of New Zealand.

References

Further reading

External links

Peseta Sam Loti-Iiga's Twitter account
Sam Lotu Iiga Parliamentary Page
National Party biography

1970 births
People educated at Auckland Grammar School
Living people
New Zealand National Party MPs
Politicians from Auckland
University of Auckland alumni
Alumni of Queens' College, Cambridge
Auckland City Councillors
Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives
Samoan emigrants to New Zealand
New Zealand MPs for Auckland electorates
Government ministers of New Zealand
Members of the Cabinet of New Zealand
21st-century New Zealand politicians
New Zealand Baptists
People from Apia
Academic staff of Manukau Institute of Technology


Operation Overload was a forced resettlement operation conducted by the Rhodesian Army that took place over six weeks starting on 27 July 1974. It aimed to separate civilians from the guerrillas whom they typically supported.

Resettlement

Operation Overload was undertaken to block what appeared to be an advance by ZANLA insurgents from the Chiweshe Tribal Trust Land towards the Rhodesian capital of Sailsbury during early 1974. The residents of these areas had previously been subjected to collective punishment by the Rhodesian government in 1973 in a failed attempt to deter them from supporting the insurgents.

As part of the operation, all the 49,960 residents of the Chiweshe Tribal Trust Land were forced to move into 21 protected villages. The Rhodesian Army and Police transported the civilians to their new villages, where they were required to construct new homes with materials salvaged from their previous homes. All of the huts in the evacuated areas where then destroyed by the Rhodesian Security Forces. The civilians who were forced to move did not receive any compensation.

Residents of the northern part of the Chiweshe Tribal Trust Land were generally willing to move voluntarily into the protected villages as they had been intimidated by the insurgents. Many residents of the southern part of the Chiweshe Tribal Trust Land resisted the forced relocations.

The relocations were completed on 15 August 1974. All of the protected villages had inadequate sanitation facilities, which led to disease, and they were not well protected from the insurgents.

"In the short term, benefits seemed substantial," says Cilliers, "as insurgent activities were severely disrupted in Chiweshe for the following six months". The security forces immediately set about a similar operation called Overload Two in the Madziwa Tribal Trust Lands. This involved 13,500 civilians being relocated into eight protected villages.

Aftermath
Although initially successful, the protected villages ultimately proved counter-productive for the security forces. Cilliers cites the "lack of emphasis on concurrent socio-economic conditions" as a negative factor, pointing out the lack of sanitation and other facilities in most of the villages, as well as the fact that they were not sufficiently guarded. Wood agrees, saying that the villages "were never adequately policed or protected and the people were not involved in their management or persuaded of their necessity." Because of the inadequate financial backing for the PVs they were not developed properly, and their locations were often too far from the fields where the villagers grew their crops.

The village administration was poor to the extent that in numerous cases ZANLA insurgents were able to use them as hiding places. "Most important of all," Wood concludes, the protected villages "took the people away from the burial sites of their ancestors, which they venerated." The PVs lasted until 1978, when they were dismantled. This combined with the effectiveness of the recently formed Selous Scouts to reduce ZANLA influence in the area and force the cadres back to the north, towards Mozambique.

References

Bibliography

1974 in Rhodesia
Overload
Forced migration
1974 in military history
July 1974 events in Africa


Evander Berry Wall (January 14, 1861 – May 4, 1940) was a New York City socialite and later an American expatriate in France during the Belle Époque and beyond. He was famous for his extravagantly refined look and was crowned "King of the Dudes" in the 1880s.

Early life and marriage
Evander was the son of Charles Wall and Elizabeth A. Wall. He was the grandson of William Wall, who was mayor of what was then Williamsburgh, New York (now part of New York City) and who developed a prosperous rope making business there in 1830, Wall Rope Works. When Berry was 11, his grandfather died, and Wall Rope Works was then run by Berry's father and his siblings.  Unfortunately, Berry's father also died just eight years later in 1879.  The 1880 US Census shows Berry living with his widowed mother and his occupation as "cordage manufacturer" at the age of 19. His siblings were James R. Wall and Louise Berry Wall Ladew (Mrs. Edward R. Ladew).

Evander was raised as a wealthy New Yorker. At the age of 16, he owned his first race horse. He inherited $2 million before the age of 22. Wall became a leader of the American café society, a group of rich socialites.

Wall married Salome "Lomie" Melbourne on December 16, 1887, in Baltimore. She was born July 4, 1867, in St. Joseph, Missouri, the daughter of William Fiske Melbourne and Josephine Shutt Melbourne.

Wall was a clotheshorse. He generally wore a "very extraordinary costume" such as the one pictured on the right: "a dust coat of a reddish havana brown, a suit made of a large grey shepherd plaid check; extremely wide trousers tapered at the ankle, and turned up several inches to display white spats and highly varnished shoes; a 'startling' striped shirt in red and sky blue, with very high false collar of a pattern different from the shirts, a striped vest and a widely spread stock-cravat."  He was popularly credited with the possession of over 500 trousers and 5,000 neckties.

King of the Dudes

Wall was first proclaimed "King of the Dudes" at the resort town of Long Branch, New Jersey in the summer of 1883.

Wall was again proclaimed "King of the Dudes" in 1888 by the New York American newspaper. A journalist named Blakely Hall judged that Wall had won the "Battle of the Dudes" against Robert "Bob" Hilliard, another sartorial dude when, during the March Blizzard of 1888, he strode into a bar clad in gleaming boots of patent leather that went to his hips. Nevertheless, some historians still consider it was Hilliard who won that dude battle.

Wall won another fashion contest in August 1888, in Saratoga Springs, New York.  To win a bet against John "Bet a Million" Gates, Wall changed clothes 40 times between breakfast and dinner. He appeared on the race track "in one flashy ensemble after the other until, exhausted but victorious he at last entered the ballroom of the United States Hotel in faultless evening attire."

Ever the fashion-leader, Wall is credited for having been the first person in the United States to wear a dinner jacket (tuxedo) to a ball. The white ensemble had been sent to him by the London Savile Row tailor Henry Poole & Co "to be worn for a quiet dinner at home or at an evening's entertainment at a summer resort." This was a time when tailcoat was still the rule, and Wall was immediately ordered off the floor.

Wall's financial life was not as successful as his fashion life. An ill-conceived stock-broking career and additional failures as a stable owner ended in an 1899 bankruptcy. Wall finally declared that "New York had become fit only for businessmen" and left for Paris in 1912.

Parisian Grandeur

Whether in Paris, Deauville, Biarritz, or Aix-les-Bains, Wall and his wife were famous members of the European social elite. Their social circle included the Duchess of Windsor, the Grand Duke Dimitri of Russia, the Aga Khan, and ex-king Nicholas of Montenegro (whom Wall called a "magnificent old darling").

They lived in a suite in the Hotel Meurice, with a consecutive string of chow dogs named Chi-Chi or Toi-Toi. This was located conveniently near the bespoke shirtmaker Charvet, where Wall had his signature "spread eagle" collar shirts and cravats custom-made for himself and his dog. Wall always dined at the Ritz with his dog, whose collars and ties were made by Charvet in the same style and fabric as his master's.

During World War I, the Walls stayed in France and put all their social connections to use. For their fundraising efforts on behalf of wounded servicemen, each of the Walls was awarded the French Legion of Honour medal.

Wall wrote his memoirs in his late seventies, and they were published after his death in 1940; his wife had died in 1936.  In Neither Pest Nor Puritan, Wall ascribed his longevity to the fact he never saw physicians and always drank champagne instead of water, claiming that "There are more old drunkards than there are old doctors." He noted that, "I keep reminding myself as I draw nearer my last great duty, the obligation upon me to thank the God I believe in for the gift of life."

When he died, he left only $12,608, having "squandered nearly every cent on pleasure."

See also
Beau Brummel
Dandy

Sources
 Jeffers, H.P. (2001) Diamond Jim Brady: Prince of the Gilded Age, John Wiley and Sons: New York. .
 Watkin, D. (1984) Grand hotel: the Golden age of palace hotels: an architectural and social history, Vendome Press: New York. .

References

1861 births
1940 deaths
American socialites
Socialites from New York City
Ladew family
Belle Époque
American expatriates in France


OSAS or Osas may refer to:
Osas Ighodaro, a Nigerian actress
Sleep Apnea - Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome
Perseverance of the Saints - "Once Saved, Always Saved" (a common expression, with the relative acronym OSAS): a doctrine of Calvinist conceptions (and of Free Grace Protestant conceptions) of the Protestant Christian faith.
Overseas Scandinavian Airlines System, see History of Scandinavian Airlines System (pre-1952)


Annemarie Roeper (August 27, 1918 – May 11, 2012) was a pioneer in gifted education who founded the Roeper School (Michigan) with her husband George in 1941. The school continues on two campuses: lower elementary grades in Bloomfield Hills and Middle-Upper Elementary in Birmingham, in Michigan.

Early life
Annemarie was born on August 27, 1918, in Vienna, Austria-Hungary, to parents Max and Gertrud Bondy.

Gertrud Bondy was a medical doctor as well as a psychiatrist-in-training with Sigmund Freud.  Gertrud and her husband Max founded a series of schools focusing on, “psychoanalytic understanding of human development and a desire to educate children to build and thrive in a pluralistic, democratic society” including a school in the town of Marineau. Annemarie observed the strong independent educational ideals very early in life in the school that her parents were creating. The school was Schule Marienau, which is still operating outside Hamburg.

Though the family consisted of mainstream Lutherans, the Bondy family were of Jewish heritage. After the Nazi party came to power in Austria, Max Bondy sold the school, struggling with this Nazi notion that he was not German because of his heritage. He and Annemarie fled in the spring of 1938 with the help of George Roeper, a student in her parents’ school. They escaped Germany before the German invasion of Austria was complete. They left just ahead of the train out of Germany that carried Anna Freud and her parents. They fled first to Switzerland, joining her mother who had fled a year earlier. Then, in 1939, they went to the United States. Prior to the German invasion of Austria, Annemarie had planned on higher education with Anna Freud.

Annemarie married George Roeper in New York City on April 20, 1939.

Education
Annemarie Roeper never fully finished any higher education past high school.  While a medical student at the University of Vienna in 1937, she was the youngest person to ever be accepted to study child psychoanalysis with Sigmund and Anna Freud.

The March 1938 the German invasion of Austria prevented her from being able to truly begin her studies.  Roeper was able to flee with her father on the last train across the Austrian border before the Germans invaded while Sigmund and Anna Freud fled soon after. Eastern Michigan University awarded an honorary doctorate to Roeper and her husband, George Roeper, in 1978.

Career
Roeper and her husband, George, established Roeper School (Michigan) in 1941 with only nine students.  Today the school serves over 630 students, from preschool to 12th grade, still focusing on an intense recognition for every student's needs, and a profound appreciation for emotional and intellectual commitments.

Roeper is recognized as a pioneer for gifted education. Her insistence that the soul of the gifted child is as important as their cognitive abilities has influenced how many gifted educators and counselors interact with these children.

In 1941 Roeper and her husband were invited to Detroit to direct a nursery school and also established a grade school. Their schooling techniques caught on quickly, and the school grew rapidly. The Roeper School began expanding so much that in 1946 they purchased a campus in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan. In 1961 they expanded by purchasing a second campus in Birmingham, Michigan. George was head of the lower grades school in Bloomfield Hills until 1979; Annemarie headed the high school in Birmingham until 1980, when she retired.

In 1956, the same year that Roeper and her husband George established the first board of advisors for the Roeper School, they also convened a panel of national experts and developed a curriculum for gifted children. In September 1956 the Roeper School became only the second school in America to focus solely on gifted education.

Annemarie Roeper's ideas about young childhood cognition caught the eye of Joan Ganz Cooney, and together they worked and consulted on the development of the Sesame Street television show for children. Roeper was a Sesame Street workshop consultant while working on the show.

Roeper taught courses on gifted education at Oakland University in the Greater Detroit area in Michigan.

She retired from the Roeper School in 1980, although she remained on the board of trustees until 2002. In 1989, Roeper received the President's Award from the National Association for Gifted Children for a lifetime of distinguished service to the field.

Roeper published over 100 articles and book chapters, three scholarly books and four children's books. Her last publication was the book ‘Beyond Old Age: Essays on Living and Dying’.

She also developed the Annemarie Roeper Method of Qualitative Assessment to provide a deeper understanding of a child's personality and abilities. She has been listed in Who's Who, Women of the World, and Who's Who of American Women.

Roeper was active with the Merrill Palmer Institute in the 1950s, which was a group of pediatricians, psychologists, and educators in Detroit that met to discuss children's emotional development. Roeper was the president of the Metropolitan Preschool Association in the late 1950s and early 1960s, served on the Michigan State Advisory Council for Early Childhood Education from 1965 to 1968 and was on the Oakland University Advisory Council from 1966 to 1968.

After retiring from university teaching and leading the Roeper School campuses in 1979 and 1980, the Roepers settled in Oakland, California. Her husband George died there in 1992, at the age of 81.

Death
Roeper died from pneumonia and other health problems on May 11, 2012, in Oakland, California. She was 93 years old.

Roeper is survived by her brother, Heinz Bondy and his wife, Carolyn, of Germantown, Maryland; by three children: Tom Roeper and his wife Laura Holland, of Amherst, Massachusetts, Peter Roeper and his wife Martha Harnly, of Oakland, California, and Karen Roeper and her husband Peter Rosselli, of Muir Beach, California; three grandchildren and three great-grandchildren.

Books
She wrote at least three books:
 Educating Children for Life: The Modern Learning Community (1990)
 Annemarie Roeper." Selected Writings and Speeches (1995)-
 The "I" of the Beholder: A Guided Journey to the Essence of a Child (2007)

References

Other References

1918 births
2012 deaths
Emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States
20th-century German educators
American headmistresses
American people of German-Jewish descent
Founders of American schools and colleges
20th-century American women educators
20th-century American philanthropists


Worldwide Food Expo (WWFE) is a biannual event which is considered to be the largest food and beverage technology event in North America. It has two events which are the Meat, Poultry & Seafood Exposition presented by American Meat Institute (AMI) International, and the Food, Dairy & Beverage Expo presented by the International Dairy Foods Association (IDFA). The event is attended by approximately 25,000 people from 100 countries.

The 2009 Worldwide Food Expo took place from October 28–31, 2009, at McCormick Place in Chicago, Illinois, United States. The event has been split into two different shows. After the split, the IDFA show took place from September 13–15, 2010, in Dallas. The AMI event - International Meat, Poultry & Seafood Industry Convention and Exposition portion of the show took place from April 13–16, 2011, in Chicago.

References

External links
 Official website

Food industry trade groups
Food and drink festivals in the United States


Elisabeth Eidenbenz, (Wila, Switzerland, June 12, 1913 - Zurich, Switzerland, May 23, 2011) was a teacher and a nurse and founder of the Mothers of Elne (also known as Maternitat d'Elna in Catalan, Maternidad de Elna in Spanish and Maternité Suisse d'Elne in French). Between 1939 and 1944, she saved some 600 children who were mostly the children of Spanish Republicans, Jewish refugees and gypsies fleeing the Nazi invasion.

Biography

Elisabeth was a young teacher from Switzerland, teaching in Switzerland and Denmark until she decided to join the Asociación de Ayuda a los Niños en Guerra ("Association to Aid Children in War").

After the fall of the Spanish Republic many Republican exiles sought refuge in France, including the Roussillon, which is part of the Northern Catalonia region. But almost all of them were stopped and held in concentration/internment camps. There, fenced in the beach without any infrastructure, with the sand as the only protection and without any sanitary measure, many of them died of malnutrition, disease and other afflictions. Many pregnant woman lost their unborn children or died in childbirth. Elisabeth had arrived in Madrid on April 24, 1937 as a volunteer as part of the aid team Ayuda Suiza but had relocated to the south of France. She spoke both Spanish and Catalan and, appalled by the situation of mothers and children amongst the refugees, Elisabeth decided to convert an abandoned mansion in Elne (adjacent to Argelès-sur-Mer) into a maternity home.

The group initially relied on voluntary donations from Europe, but after the start of World War II, funds dried up while refugees began to arrive from France and the rest of Europe. These were mainly Jewish women fleeing the Nazi occupation. Therefore, the group was forced to associate themselves with the Red Cross, and to abide by the policy of neutrality. This would have prevented them from sheltering political refugees, mostly Jews. It was therefore decided that the identity of most of the refugees would be hidden in order to circumvent these laws. They were harassed by the Gestapo and on one occasion detained. Some 400 Spanish children and 200 Jews from Europe were saved throughout this period.Some of the children born in the motherhood were called Nael (boys), Elna or Elisabeth (girls), in honor of her.

She retired later in life to Rekawinkel, 30 km from Vienna (Austria) and in 2009 moved to Zurich. In 2002 her work started gaining recognition with the publication of several books on her life and a reunion just before Easter 2002 when 60 of the survivors she helped save reunited in Elne to honour La Señorita. She subsequently was

 awarded the status of Righteous among the Nations by the Government of Israel in 2002.
 made an honorary citizen of Elne
 awarded the Orden Civil de la Solidaridad Social by the Spanish Government in 2006
 awarded the Creu de Sant Jordi by the Generalitat of Catalonia in 2006
 awarded the star of the Légion d'honneur by the French Government in 2007

References

External links
 Noticias sobre Elisabeth Eidenbenz en Las madres de Elna.
 Elisabeth and her Maternité

Female wartime nurses
People of the Spanish Civil War
Swiss Righteous Among the Nations
1913 births
2011 deaths
People from Pfäffikon District
Swiss schoolteachers
Swiss nurses
Women in the Spanish Civil War
Women in World War II
21st-century Swiss educators
20th-century Swiss educators
21st-century Swiss women
20th-century Swiss women


Bryan Bridges (born December 27, 1985 in Victoria, British Columbia) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goaltender.

Playing career
Bridges played major junior hockey in the Western Hockey League (WHL) for five seasons with the Kootenay Ice and Seattle Thunderbirds. While playing for the Ice 2001–02 he won the memorial cup.   While playing with the Thunderbirds in 2004–05, he tied Kelly Guard for the WHL record for most shutouts in a season with 13.  The next season, Bridges established the league record for most shutouts all-time with 21 (matched by Leland Irving in 2007–08, then surpassed by Tyson Sexsmith in 2008–09).

Undrafted by a National Hockey League (NHL) club, Bridges entered the professional ranks in the ECHL.

Awards and honours

References

External links

1985 births
Sportspeople from Victoria, British Columbia
Ice hockey people from British Columbia
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Kootenay Ice players
Seattle Thunderbirds players
Las Vegas Wranglers players
Victoria Salmon Kings players
Reading Royals players
Colorado Eagles players
Elmira Jackals (ECHL) players
Living people
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States


Francisco Mateo (15 May 1917 - 21 July 1979) was a Spanish-French football defender who played as a professional for Valencia, Bordeaux and Strasbourg. He also was a coach and manager for RC Strasbourg.

Bio
Mateo was born in Algeciras. He started his career as a promising youngster playing for a Spanish club in Tétouan, Morocco and quickly attracted the attention of the biggest clubs in the Spanish mainland, joining Sevilla FC and then FC Barcelona before the outbreak of the Spanish civil war. Mateo chose the Republican side, spending most of the war in Valencia. Towards the end of the conflict, he was imprisoned due to his political leanings but was released on the insistence of the Girondins de Bordeaux and was therefore able to emigrate to France shortly before the outbreak of World War II.

In Bordeaux, Mateo played for the Girondins in a local league as the French Championship had been disbanded due to the war. He also met his wife, an Alsatian who had been evacuated to south-west France in 1939. When the war was terminated, he accompanied his wife back to Alsace and quickly joined RC Strasbourg where he played until the end of the decade, reaching the final of the cup in 1947.

After the end of his playing career, Mateo continued as a youth coach for RC Strasbourg where he taught the likes of Gilbert Gress, Gérard Hausser, Albert Gemmrich or Léonard Specht. He was responsible for the first team between October 1970 and June 1971 but was not able to save Strasbourg from relegation. He died in 1979, shortly after Strasbourg's first and only championship crown.

References

External links

Racingstub profile
Biografia de Paco Mateo

1917 births
1979 deaths
Men's association football defenders
Spanish men's footballers
La Liga players
FC Barcelona players
RC Strasbourg Alsace players
FC Girondins de Bordeaux players
Sevilla FC players
Valencia CF players
Ligue 1 players
Spanish football managers
RC Strasbourg Alsace managers


Parliamentary elections were held in the Georgian SSR on 28 October 1990, with a second round on 11 November. They were the first free parliamentary election in since 1919, and saw Round Table-Free Georgia emerge as the largest party in Parliament, with 155 of the 250 seats. Voter turnout was 70%.

Round Table-Free Georgia MP Zviad Gamsakhurdia was elected by the Congress as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Council on 14 November, effectively the leader of Georgia.

The elected parliament was responsible for some of the most important decisions in the modern Georgian history, such as the declaration of independence from the Soviet Union, the adoption of the first Constitution of the Republic of Georgia, as well as the revocation of South Ossetian autonomy and the subsequent prosecution of the war in South Ossetia. The Council ceased functioning after the coup d'état of 6 January 1992 and some of its members took part in the subsequent civil war. The Parliament was re-instituted in March 1992 as the "State Council" and fresh elections were held on 4 August of the same year.

Results

References

Supreme
Parliamentary elections in Georgia (country)
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Election and referendum articles with incomplete results


Georg Friedrich Benecke (10 June 1762, Mönchsroth – 21 August 1844, Göttingen) was a German philologist.

Beginning in 1780, he was a student at the University of Göttingen, where he was a pupil of Christian Gottlob Heyne. In 1814 he became a full professor at Göttingen, and later on, acquired duties as a head librarian.

His studies most notably involved old German and English literature. He was editor of a dictionary to Hartmann von Aue's Ywain (1874). His preliminary work on a collection of Middle High German words was edited and published by Wilhelm Müller and Friedrich Zarncke after his death ("Mittelhochdeutsches Wörterbuch").

Selected works
 Beyträge zur Kenntniss der altdeutschen Sprache und Litteratur, 1810.
 Minnelieder. Ergänzung der Sammlung von Minnesingern, Göttingen 1810.
 Der Edel Stein / getichtet von Bonerius, aus Handschriften berichtigt und mit einem Wörterbuch versehen, Berlin 1816.
 Wigalois von Wirnt von Gravenberch, Berlin 1819.
 Iwein. Der Riter mit dem Lewen von Hartmann von Aue, (with Karl Lachmann), Berlin 1827.
 Wörterbuch zu Hartmanns Iwein, 1833.
 Mittelhochdeutsches Wörterbuch (with Wilhelm Müller and Friedrich Zarncke, published posthumously; Leipzig 1854–66, 4 parts).

External links and references

German philologists
German librarians
Academic staff of the University of Göttingen
University of Göttingen alumni
People from Ansbach (district)
1844 deaths
1762 births
Members of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities


is a Japanese import, export, wholesale and distribution company that mainly handles Asian food products. Established in 1912, the company is headquartered in Hamamatsuchō, Minato, Tokyo, and has branch offices around the world.

One of the subsidiaries of the Nishimoto Wismettac Group is Harro Foods in the UK.

References

External links

Food and drink companies of Japan


Jean Gilles Louis Georges Boisvert (February 15, 1933 – September 29, 2022) was a Canadian ice hockey player who played three games for the Detroit Red Wings in the National Hockey League during the 1959–60 season. The rest of his career, which lasted from 1953 to 1970, was spent in various minor leagues.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

References

External links

1933 births
2022 deaths
French Quebecers
Baltimore Clippers players
Calgary Stampeders (WHL) players
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Chicoutimi Saguenéens (QSHL) players
Cleveland Barons (1937–1973) players
Detroit Red Wings players
Edmonton Flyers (WHL) players
Hershey Bears players
Kitchener Canucks players
Montreal Royals (QSHL) players
Pittsburgh Hornets players
Rochester Americans players
St. Paul Rangers players
Spokane Comets players
Ice hockey people from Trois-Rivières
Sudbury Wolves (EPHL) players
Vancouver Canucks (WHL) players


The M104 155 mm projectile is a chemical artillery shell designed for use by the U.S. Army. It was specifically designed to carry about  of sulfur mustard (H) or (HD) blister agent (distilled mustard). As early as the 1960s, the shell was also filled with white phosphorus to be used for obscuration and signaling.

History and design
Following World War I, militaries around the world began working to standardize calibers of ammunition within their countries.  In the United States, the military began focusing on replacing the European-made 75 mm artillery shells with 105 mm and 155 mm shells.

The M104 (along with the M110, which it shares many design elements with) was designed as a 155 mm artillery shell for use in the M114 howitzer.  It is a   steel shell with a rotating band near the base, and a burster well that goes down the center of the shell.  Filler of either sulfur mustard or white phosphorus is placed in the empty space and a fuze is fixed to the top before firing.

Variants and markings

Projectile, gas, persistent, HD, 155 mm howitzer, M104
This version of the shell was designed as a chemical weapon delivery system.  It weighs  in total and is filled with  of distilled mustard (HD).  It is marked as a standard chemical artillery munition, being gray with two green, horizontal bands.

The United States Army still possesses a limited stockpile of these munitions, which are in the process of being safely decommissioned in accordance with the 1997 Chemical Weapons Convention.

Projectile, smoke, WP, 155 mm gun, M104
A later version of the M104, this version is  in total and filled with  of white phosphorus.  Due to the properties of white phosphorus, the shell also has mild incendiary effects.  It is marked as a military smoke munition, being gray with a single yellow, horizontal band.

See also
 M110 155 mm projectile
 M121 155 mm projectile
 M687 155 mm projectile

References

155mm artillery shells
Chemical weapon delivery systems
Chemical weapons of the United States


Kristine Smith is an American science fiction and fantasy author.  In 2001, she won the John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer. She lives in northern Illinois.

In 2009, she donated her archive to the department of Rare Books and Special Collections at Northern Illinois University.

Since 2015, Smith has been publishing thrillers using the pseudonym "Alex Gordon."

Novels

As Kristine Smith
 Code of Conduct (1999)
 Rules of Conflict (2000)
 Law of Survival (2001)
 Contact Imminent (2003)
 Endgame (2007)

As Alex Gordon
Gideon (2015)
Jericho (2016)

References

External links
Kristine Smith's home page
Alex Gordon's home page

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women writers
American science fiction writers
American women novelists
American women short story writers
John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer winners
Women science fiction and fantasy writers
20th-century American short story writers
21st-century American short story writers


Luke John Roberts (born 5 October 1977) is an English actor. He is known for his roles as Joseph Byrne in the BBC One medical drama Holby City (2006–2011, 2019–2022), Woodes Rogers in the Starz series Black Sails (2016–2017), and Eric Beaumont in the Global drama Ransom (2017–2019).

Roberts first gained prominence through his roles as Ryan Samson in the short-lived third series of the soap opera Crossroads (2003) and Captain Dan Pieterson in the Sky1 drama Mile High (2004–2005). In 2016, Roberts appeared in an episode of the HBO series Game of Thrones during the sixth season portraying Ser Arthur Dayne.

Filmography

Film

Television

Video games

References

External links

1977 births
21st-century English male actors
English male film actors
English male soap opera actors
Living people
People educated at Woodbridge School
People from Woodbridge, Suffolk
Male actors from Suffolk


Philip Rudolph Besler (December 9, 1913 — February 13, 1995) was a Canadian hockey player who played 30 games in the National Hockey League with the Boston Bruins, Chicago Black Hawks, and Detroit Red Wings between 1935 and 1939. The rest of his career, which lasted from 1934 to 1942, was spent in different minor leagues. Besler was born in Melville, Saskatchewan.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

External links

1913 births
1995 deaths
Boston Bruins players
Boston Cubs players
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Cleveland Barons (1937–1973) players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Detroit Red Wings players
Ice hockey people from Saskatchewan
Omaha Knights (AHA) players
Pittsburgh Hornets players
Place of death missing
Portland Buckaroos players
Providence Reds players
Sportspeople from Melville, Saskatchewan


Fabrik Inc. was a manufacturer of external hard drives and digital content management software and services. Fabrik claims it was the third largest supplier of external storage products in North America in 2007. It is headquartered in San Mateo, with offices in Santa Ana and Culver City, California.

The company sells external hard drives and online backup software in a bundled product for consumers, small business users and audio/video (A/V) content creation professionals. The company also hosts the free online digital content management and sharing site, Joggle.

Fabrik's product lines include SimpleTech, G-Technology, Joggle and Fabrik Ultimate Backup.

History
Fabrik was founded as a Web-based software company in August 2005 by former Maxtor executives Mike Cordano and Keyur Patel. Anaal Udaybabu designed a brand identity for on-the-web storage. The following month, the company disclosed the completion of its series A funding of $4.1 million followed by $8 million in series B funding in July 2006 and $14.3 million in February 2007. Then in May 2007, the company received $24.9 million in funding, bringing the total to about $51.3 million in funding.

In February 2006, Fabrik partnered with Maxtor (acquired by Seagate in 2005) to develop Maxtor Fusion, a network-attached storage (NAS) device built for organizing and sharing digital files, and in late 2006 the company launched myfabrik.com, which organized and stored digital media online.

In February 2007, the company acquired the consumer business of SimpleTech, inheriting the SimpleTech product line of external hard drives for consumers and small businesses.

In January 2008, Fabrik acquired G-Technology and inherited a suite of external hard drives for Mac, creative pro, photography and A/V markets, including FireWire eSATA, USB, SCSI and Fibre Channel storage products.

Fabrik's acquisitions and the introduction of Joggle at the DEMO conference in January 2008 created four brands: SimpleTech, G-Technology, Joggle and Fabrik Ultimate Backup. SimpleTech and G-Technology products were still branded as such and maintained separate online website entities.

On February 23, 2009, Hitachi Global Storage Technologies announced it agreed to acquire Fabrik. At this point Fabrik revenue for the year (2009) was estimated at $350M to $400M range and growing 40% on yearly basis.

On April 6, 2009, Hitachi Global Storage Technologies completed the acquisition, which formed the core of Hitachi GST's new Branded Business division.

Following the acquisition, the subsidiary was branded 'G-Technology by Hitachi'.

Products and services
The company's SimpleTech products are external hard drives for mainstream consumers and small business users. It includes portable external hard drives and desktop external hard drives. All SimpleTech products come bundled with free local backup software and online backup capabilities.

The SimpleTech [re]drive has a 100 percent recyclable enclosure and several energy and resource efficiency features. The company claims the [re]drive is the world's most eco-friendly, resource conscious external hard drive. The original design of the SimpleTech portable external storage product line was inspired by the Ferrari design team Pininfarina.

Fabrik started a free online digital content management site called Joggle in early 2008. The Web site searches for video, photos and music on a user's computer, external hard drive or online communities and networking sites and automatically consolidates it into a single online organizing and sharing tool.

The company also has a pure online backup approach, Fabrik Ultimate Backup, where data can be backed up to remote servers using 128-bit SSL and Blowfish encryption.

References

External links
Archived Fabrik site
Archived Fabrik by Hitachi Global Storage Technologies site

Hitachi subsidiaries
Hard disk drives
Portable hard drives
Computer companies established in 2005
Backup software
American companies established in 2005
Defunct computer companies of the United States


The M110 155mm Projectile is an artillery shell used by the U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps. The M110 was originally designed as a chemical artillery round to deliver blister agents via howitzer as a replacement for the World War I-era 75mm chemical projectiles.  The design was later repurposed as a white phosphorus smoke round for marking, signaling, and screening purposes. The white phosphorus variants of the shell also have a secondary, incendiary effect.

Original design
Officially designated Projectile, 155mm howitzer, M110, the original round was a 26.8-inch (68.1 cm), steel shell with a rotating band near its base and a burster rod down its center. The original shell typically contained   of Sulfur mustard (H) or distilled sulfur mustard (HD), which would fill the hollow space in the shell. As early as the 1960s, a white phosphorus version was created under the same designation with  of white phosphorus filler. Both versions were designed for employment by the M114 Howitzer and the M44 Self-Propelled Howitzer for use as terrain denial (in the case of the mustard-filled versions), target-marking, and obscuration (in the case of the white phosphorus versions.)

Design variants and markings

M110
The original version of the shell came in two variations, one filled with mustard (HD) (Projectile, Gas, Persistent, HD, 155mm Howitzer, M110) and one filled with  white phosphorus (WP) (Projectile, Smoke, WP, 155mm Gun, M110).  To distinguish between the two, the HD versions were gray marked with two, horizontal, green bands, like most other chemical artillery shells.  The WP versions were gray with a single, horizontal, yellow band, as is standard for military smoke munitions.

Both versions are now considered obsolete, with the WP version seeing updated versions in later incarnations of the shell.

The HD version has not been produced since the 1960s and was never used in combat.  Remaining stockpiles of the HD version are in the process of being destroyed in accordance with the 1997 Chemical Weapons Convention.

M110A1
The first upgrade to the M110 shell is only slightly modified from the original, maintaining the  white phosphorus filler weight of the original with slight modifications to the release mechanisms to make the shell more reliable.  It is primarily used for signaling and small-scale screening missions. The M110A1 is gray with a single, yellow, horizontal band, which is standard for military smoke munitions.

M110A2
The second upgrade to the M110 shell is more dramatically modified from the other two variants with thinner casing to increase the amount of filler that can be placed in the shell. The M110A2 contains  of white phosphorus, which increases the duration of the smoke it produces.  This change makes the M110A2 ideal for target marking and large-scale obscuration missions.  The M110A2 is gray with a single, yellow, horizontal band, which is standard for military smoke munitions.

Similar projectiles
M104 155mm Projectile
M121 155mm Projectile
M687 155 mm Projectile

References

155mm artillery shells
Chemical weapon delivery systems
Chemical weapons of the United States


Macmillan Academy is an academy in Middlesbrough, North Yorkshire, England.
The school was founded in 1989 as the Macmillan City Technology College, one of the first of 15 City Technology Colleges established in England. Its initial sponsors were the Macmillan Trust, a charity run by Macmillan Publishers,
The school converted to academy status in 2006.
An Ofsted inspection in 2007 rated the school as outstanding. As of 2020, its most recent full inspection was in 2013, when it was judged Good.

History
The school opened in 1989 as Macmillan City Technology College along with the current buildings (now English and Mathematics). It later became Macmillan College. The current reception and dining hall were opened in the early 2000s and the school converted to academy status in 2006, along with a new building housing Science, Music and Physical Education.

Notable alumni
Steph McGovern – TV presenter
Jacob Young –  Conservative MP for Redcar
Sam Gowland – TV personality
Lewis Boyce – Rugby union player

References

Academies in Middlesbrough
Educational institutions established in 1989
Former city technology colleges
1989 establishments in England
Secondary schools in Middlesbrough


Tapiitawa is a small Tapirapé Indian village in the municipality of Confresa, Mato Grosso, Brazil.

By 1953 it was the home of the last survivors of the Tapirapé people, which by then were reduced to 51 individuals. Thanks to the help of a group of missionary nuns (the Little Sisters of Jesus) and protective measures by the Brazilian government, the population began to recover, and was 136 in 1976. The town has a public school.

References
 Baldus, Herbert (1970). Tapirapé: tribe Tupí no Brazil central. São Paulo: editora da universidade de São Paulo, companhia editora nacional. 1970.
 Wagley, Charles (1977). Welcome of Tears: The Tapirapé Indians of Central Brazil. Waveland Press 1983.

External links
 Education strengthens ethnic values and indigenous culture, by Marcelo Manzatti (2006, in Portuguese)

Populated places in Mato Grosso


The polarizable continuum model (PCM) is a commonly used method in computational chemistry to model solvation effects.  If it is necessary to consider each solvent molecule as a separate molecule, the computational cost of modeling a solvent-mediated chemical reaction would grow prohibitively high.  Modeling the solvent as a polarizable continuum, rather than individual molecules, makes ab initio computation feasible. Two types of PCMs have been popularly used: the dielectric PCM (D-PCM) in which the continuum is polarizable (see dielectrics) and the conductor-like PCM (C-PCM) in which the continuum is conductor-like similar to COSMO Solvation Model.

The molecular free energy of solvation is computed as the sum of three terms:

Gsol = Ges + Gdr + Gcav

Ges = electrostatic
Gdr = dispersion-repulsion
Gcav = cavitation

The Charge-transfer effect is also considered as a part of solvation in cases.

The PCM solvation model is available for calculating energies and gradients at the Hartree–Fock and density functional theory (DFT) levels in several quantum chemical computational packages such as Gaussian, GAMESS and JDFTx.

The authors of a 2002 paper observe that PCM has limitations where non-electrostatic effects dominate the solute-solvent interactions.  They write in the abstract: "Since only electrostatic solute-solvent interactions are included in the PCM, our results lead to the conclusion that, for the seven molecules studied, in cyclohexane, acetone, methanol, and acetonitrile electrostatic effects are dominant while in carbon tetrachloride, benzene, and chloroform other nonelectrostatic effects are more important."

There is an integral equation formalism (IEF) version of the PCM which is very commonly used.

PCM is also used to model outer solvation layers in multi-layered solvation approach.

See also
 COSMO Solvation Model

References

Computational chemistry