Boguszówka  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gniewoszów, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Gniewoszów,  south-east of Kozienice, and  south-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Kozienice County


Borek  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gniewoszów, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Gniewoszów,  south-east of Kozienice, and  south-east of Warsaw.

References

Borek


Gzhel (Russian: Гжель, IPA: [ɡʐelʲ]) is a Russian style of blue and white ceramics which takes its name from the village of Gzhel and surrounding area, where it has been produced since 1802.

Overview
About thirty villages located southeast of Moscow produce pottery and ship it throughout Russia. The name Gzhel became associated with pottery in the 14th century. Gzhel pottery was originally created by potters in their homes; however, fairly early on these potters started to organize into workshops to increase production. The workshops eventually became factories with pieces formed in moulds and potters being responsible for separate pieces, a specific style, or decoration.  The earliest pieces were created of earthenware.  The pottery was painted solid white with distinctive blue designs. Pottery was also produced using a tin based white glaze and coloured glaze designs in blue, green, yellow, and brown, rather than just blue on a white background, in a style that is referred to as Maiolica. The body colour of earthenware varies depending on the raw materials used, and can range in color from white to brown. It is generally fired at lower temperatures than either stoneware or porcelain, and can remain semi-permeable to water until glazed.

Historical overview

The village of Gzhel has long been famous for its clays. Extensive mining of various types of clay carried out here from the middle of the 17th century. In 1663, Tsar Alexey Mikhailovich (Alexis of Russia) issued a decree to make Gzhel "exclusive supplier of Apothecary and alchemical vessels for the Apothecary’s order in Moscow. They had to comply with increased quality requirements. This was the beginning of ceramic production in Russia."

In the 1830s, the Gzhel potters developed a faience, or white earthenware, of a quality that rivaled the creamware being produced in England at the time. They followed the development of faience with the acquisition of porcelain. Porcelain is fired to a similar temperature as stoneware, but unlike stoneware it becomes a translucent white and as such is highly desirable. The making of porcelain had been a secret heavily guarded by China with only finished products being exported. When Russia was able to produce their own porcelain, it undercut the high cost of imports from China or Western European producers.  Although there have been several periods of disruption in pottery production at Gzhel, quality pottery is once again being produced in both the recognizable blue on white design as well as the more colorful Maiolica ware.

The second quarter of the 19th century is the period of the highest artistic achievements of Gzhel ceramic art in all its branches. In an effort to obtain fine earthenware and porcelain, the owners of production facilities constantly improved the composition of the white mass. Gzhel became a blacksmith's shop: many famous masters and creators of their own porcelain and faience factories started as simple workers in Gzhel.
Since the middle of the 19th century, many Gzhel factories have fallen into disrepair. This was partly due to the volume of goods imported from abroad, and partly due to the modernization of production, which was not always kept up by manufacturers from Gzhel.

At the beginning of the 20th century, ceramic production was concentrated in the hands of the Kuznetsov dynasty, who once came from Gzhel. After the revolution, the Kuznetsov factories were nationalized.
Gzhel began the restoration of its craft in the middle of the 20th century.
In 1945–1949, the third stage of development of the Gzhel craft began. The use of cobalt paints on white clay was established. Master A. B. Saltykov created a special Atlas of brushstrokes to unify the style of products. The artist N. I. Bessarabova, who developed a new blue-and-white style of Gzhel products, was invited to the enterprise. In the 1930s and 1940s, there was nearly half of all porcelain and faience enterprises of Russia in Gzhel.

References

Sources
Dulkina, T.I. and N.S. Grigorevna, Gzhel: keramika 18-19 vekov. Moskva: Izd-vo "Planeta", 1982.
Ovsyannikov, I. Russian Folk Arts and Crafts. Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1969.
Saltykov, A. B., Russkaia narodnaia keramika. Moskva, Sovetskii khudozhnik, 1960.

External links
 History of Gzhel and Gzhel Porcelain Factory

Russian handicrafts
Russian inventions
Ceramics manufacturers of Russia
1802 introductions


Gniewoszów  is a village in Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Gniewoszów. It lies approximately  south-east of Kozienice and  south-east of Warsaw.

History of the Jewish community
According to official government statistics, in 1925 the Jewish community of Gniewoszów (Yiddish: גנייבושוב) was estimated at 2,530 persons. In 1933 across the Municipality lived 2,118 Jews. In 1937 the Kehilla was made up of only 1,662 Jews. The considerable drop in population numbers was likely caused by the migration overseas. The community owned a brick synagogue, a bath house, a cheder and two cemeteries, one at Oleksowska Street, and a second one at Lubelska.

On the eve of World War II, a total of 1,580 Jews lived in the town. Gniewoszów was overrun by the Wehrmacht in mid-September 1939. Jews were ordered to wear a Star of David, and forced to perform slave labor. Before the end of 1939 Judenrat was established, with curfew and strict food rations. The Synagogue was turned into a German horse stable. The Jewish population began to grow sharply by 1940, because there was no permanent German garrison in the town and also, it laid on the Vistula, the convenient crossing point. Already by early spring of 1940 there were 2,750 Jews in the town (nearly half requiring food assistance), and by October 1940, the Jewish population exceeded 3,000. On December 22, 1941, a formal (open type) ghetto was registered by the German administration, and in spring of 1942, Jews from surrounding villages were forced to move into it. All men were required to shave their heads and beards. In August 1942 the ghetto was turned into a transit ghetto, doubling the number of Jews brought in from smaller towns (Ryczywół, Sieciechów) for the total of 6,580 inmates. On August 19–20 approximately 5,000 Jews were transferred to Zwoleń transit ghetto nearby. A few weeks later, those Jews were sent from Zwoleń to Treblinka extermination camp. Around 600 were resettled to Lublin. The remaining 1,000 Jews were murdered in Treblinka extermination camp on November 15, 1942. No more remained. The number of known Jewish Gniewoszów survivors may be around ten. At least five of the survivors were murdered by Christian Poles when they returned to the village in summer, 1945.

See also
 Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland

Notes

References
 Jewish Community in Gniewoszów at Virtual Shtetl

Villages in Kozienice County
Radom Governorate
Kielce Voivodeship (1919–1939)
Holocaust locations in Poland


Kociołek  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gniewoszów, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Kozienice County


Friedrich Heinrich Philipp Franz von Hefner-Alteneck  (April 27, 1845 in Aschaffenburg – January 6, 1904 in Biesdorf near  Berlin) was a German electrical engineer and one of the closest aides of Werner von Siemens. He is largely remembered for the invention of the Hefner lamp, which provided the measure of luminous intensity used in Germany, Austria and Scandinavia from 1890 to 1942. The measure was called the Hefnerkerze (HK). The Hefnerkerze was superseded in the 1940s by the modern SI unit, the candela.

He was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1896.

Notable Inventions
von Hefner-Alteneck's most notable inventions were all conceptualized during his time at Siemens.

 Differential arc lamp - A type of automatic-feed carbon arc lamp
 Drum armature - An efficient form of winding motor rotor coils
 A telegraph keyboard
 The Hefner lamp

Gallery

References

External links

1845 births
1904 deaths
Engineers from Bavaria
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
German electrical engineers
People from Aschaffenburg


Marianów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gniewoszów, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Gniewoszów,  south-east of Kozienice, and  south-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Kozienice County


Markowola  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gniewoszów, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Gniewoszów,  south-east of Kozienice, and  south-east of Warsaw.

References

Markowola


Markowola-Kolonia  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gniewoszów, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Gniewoszów,  south-east of Kozienice, and  south-east of Warsaw.

References

Markowola-Kolonia


Mieścisko  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gniewoszów, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Gniewoszów,  south-east of Kozienice, and  south-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Kozienice County


Oleksów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gniewoszów, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Kozienice County


Regów Stary  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gniewoszów, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Kozienice and  south-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Kozienice County


Sarnów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gniewoszów, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Gniewoszów,  south-east of Kozienice, and  south-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Kozienice County


Sławczyn  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gniewoszów, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Kozienice and  south-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Kozienice County


Wólka Bachańska  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gniewoszów, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Gniewoszów,  south-east of Kozienice, and  south-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Kozienice County


Wysokie Koło  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gniewoszów, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Kozienice and  south-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Kozienice County


Zalesie  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gniewoszów, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Gniewoszów,  south-east of Kozienice, and  south-east of Warsaw.

References

Zalesie


Zdunków  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gniewoszów, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in northeast-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Gniewoszów,  south-east of Kozienice, and  south-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Kozienice County


Zwola  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gniewoszów, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Gniewoszów,  south-east of Kozienice, and  south-east of Warsaw.

References

Zwola


Gzhel () is a rural locality (a selo) in Ramensky District of Moscow Oblast, Russia, located  southeast from the center of Moscow. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 1,006.

It gave its name to Gzhel ceramics as well as the Gzhelian age and stage in the ICS geologic time scale. In a broader sense, the name may also refer to a cluster of rural localities in the vicinity of Gzhel and Rechitsy. An eponymous railway station on the Moscow–Kazan line has been operating since 1912, and a different settlement also named Gzhel is located in the vicinity.

Gzhel stands on the banks of the Gzhelka River, known from the 1451 charter of Sophia of Lithuania, mother of Vasily II of Moscow, as Kzhelya. The year of Gzhel's foundation remains unknown, but it was first reliably documented in the 1784 population audit. Gzhel prospered in the end of 19th century; the 1871 population audit recorded eleven retail shops, fifteen pubs, five inns, and eighty-eight manufacturing shops. Farmland was scarce; most of the population made a living in ceramic trade or worked in Moscow. According to 1878 records, 952 local men and 177 women worked outside of Gzhel, yet the number of workers from other places was over 1,200, evenly balancing the equation. Unhealthy work environments promoted mass tuberculosis among locals and guest workers; in 1909, a privately funded free sanatorium for TB patients was built here.

References

Rural localities in Moscow Oblast


Augustów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Grabów nad Pilicą, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Grabów nad Pilicą,  north-west of Kozienice, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Kozienice County


The Diplostraca or Cladocera, commonly known as water fleas, is a superorder of small, mostly freshwater crustaceans, most of which feed on microscopic chunks of organic matter, though some forms are predatory.

Over 1000 species have been recognised so far, with many more undescribed. The oldest fossils of diplostracans date to the Jurassic, though their modern morphology suggests that they originated substantially earlier, during the Paleozoic. Some have also adapted to a life in the ocean, the only members of Branchiopoda to do so, though several anostracans live in hypersaline lakes. Most are  long, with a down-turned head with a single median compound eye, and a carapace covering the apparently unsegmented thorax and abdomen. Most species show cyclical parthenogenesis, where asexual reproduction is occasionally supplemented by sexual reproduction, which produces resting eggs that allow the species to survive harsh conditions and disperse to distant habitats.

Description

They are mostly  long, with the exception of Leptodora, which can be up to  long. The body is not obviously segmented and bears a folded carapace which covers the thorax and abdomen.

The head is angled downwards, and may be separated from the rest of the body by a "cervical sinus" or notch. It bears a single black compound eye, located on the animal's midline, in all but two genera, and often, a single ocellus is present. The head also bears two pairs of antennae – the first antennae are small, unsegmented appendages, while the second antennae are large, segmented, and branched, with powerful muscles. The first antennae bear olfactory setae, while the second are used for swimming by most species. The pattern of setae on the second antennae is useful for identification. The part of the head which projects in front of the first antennae is known as the rostrum or "beak".

The mouthparts are small, and consist of an unpaired labrum, a pair of mandibles, a pair of maxillae, and an unpaired labium. They are used to eat "organic detritus of all kinds" and bacteria.

The thorax bears five or six pairs of lobed, leaf-like appendages, each with numerous hairs or setae. Carbon dioxide is lost, and oxygen taken up, through the body surface.

Lifecycle

With the exception of a few purely asexual species, the lifecycle of diplostracans is dominated by asexual reproduction, with occasional periods of sexual reproduction; this is known as cyclical parthenogenesis. When conditions are favourable, reproduction occurs by parthenogenesis for several generations, producing only female clones. As the conditions deteriorate, males are produced, and sexual reproduction occurs. This results in the production of long-lasting dormant eggs. These ephippial eggs can be transported over land by wind, and hatch when they reach favourable conditions, allowing many species to have very wide – even cosmopolitan – distributions. Except for the genus Leptodora, which has a metanauplius stage, a nauplius larval stage is absent in Diplostraca.

Evolutionary history
Diplostraca are nested within the clam shrimp, being most closely related to the order Cyclestherida, the only living genus of which is Cyclestheria. Though several fossils from the Paleozoic have been claimed to represent fossils of diplostracans, none of these records can be confirmed. The oldest confirmed records of diplostracans are from the Early Jurassic of Asia. Fossils from the Jurassic are assignable to modern as well as extinct groups, indicating that the initial radiation of the group occurred prior to the beginning of the Jurassic, likely during the late Paleozoic.

Ecology

Most diplostracan species live in fresh water and other inland water bodies, with only eight species being truly oceanic. The marine species are all in the family Podonidae, except for the genus Penilia. Some diplostracans inhabit leaf litter.

Taxonomy

According to the World Registry of Marine Species, Cladocera is a synonym of the superorder Diplostraca, which is included in the class Branchiopoda. Both names are currently in use. The superorder forms a monophyletic group of 7 orders, about 24 families, and more than 11,000 species. Many more species remain undescribed. The genus Daphnia alone contains around 150 species. Many groups of the water fleas are cryptic species or species flocks.

The following families are recognised:

Superorder Diplostraca Gerstaecker, 1866 (=Cladocera)

 Order Anomopoda G.O. Sars, 1865
 Family Acantholeberidae Smirnov, 1976
 Family Bosminidae Baird, 1845
 Family Chydoridae Dybowski & Grochowski, 1894
 Family Daphniidae Straus, 1820
 Family Dumontiidae Santos-Flores & Dodson, 2003
 Family Eurycercidae Kurz, 1875
 Family Gondwanothrichidae Van Damme, Shiel & Dumont, 2007
 Family Ilyocryptidae Smirnov, 1976
 Family Macrothricidae Norman & Brady, 1867
 Family Moinidae Goulden, 1968
 Family Ophryoxidae Smirnov, 1976
 Order Ctenopoda G.O. Sars, 1865
 Family Holopediidae G.O. Sars, 1865
 Family Pseudopenilidae Korovchinsky & Sergeeva, 2008
 Family Sididae Baird, 1850
 Order Cyclestherida Sars G.O., 1899
 Family Cyclestheriidae Sars G.O., 1899
 Order Haplopoda G.O. Sars, 1865
 Family Leptodoridae Lilljeborg, 1861
 Order Laevicaudata Linder, 1945
 Family Lynceidae Stebbing, 1902
 Order Onychopoda G.O. Sars, 1865
 Family Cercopagididae Mordukhai-Boltovskoi, 1968
 Family Podonidae Mordukhai-Boltovskoi, 1968
 Family Polyphemidae Baird, 1845
 Order Spinicaudata Linder, 1945
 Family Cyzicidae Stebbing, 1910
 Family Eocyzicidae Schwentner, et al., 2020
 Family Leptestheriidae Daday, 1913: 44
 Family Limnadiidae Burmeister, 1843

Etymology
The word "Cladocera" derives via Neo-Latin from the Ancient Greek  (, "branch") and  (, "horn").

See also

Bythotrephes longimanus (invasive species) [formerly known as Bythotrephes cederstroemi] - Spiny Water Flea
Cercopagis pengoi (invasive species)
Daphnia lumholtzi (invasive species)
Moina (smallest)
Zooplankton

References

 Brusca, R.C.; Brusca, G.J. (1990). Invertebrates. Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA (USA). ISBN 0-87893-098-1. 922 pp
 Martin, J.W., & Davis, G.E. (2001). An updated classification of the recent Crustacea. Science Series, 39. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. Los Angeles, CA (USA). 124 pp.
Norambuena, J., J. Farías & P. De los Ríos. (2019). he water flea Daphnia pulex (Cladocera, Daphniidae), a possible model organism to evaluate aspects of freshwater ecosystems. Crustaceana, (11-12): 1415-1426.

External links
Cladocera – Guide to the Marine Zooplankton of South Eastern Australia

Freshwater crustaceans
Crustacean orders


Broncin  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Grabów nad Pilicą, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Grabów nad Pilicą,  north-west of Kozienice, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Broncin


Brzozówka  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Grabów nad Pilicą, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Grabów nad Pilicą,  north-west of Kozienice, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Kozienice County


Budy Augustowskie  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Grabów nad Pilicą, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Grabów nad Pilicą,  west of Kozienice, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Budy Augustowskie


Celinów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Grabów nad Pilicą, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Grabów nad Pilicą,  north-west of Kozienice, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Kozienice County


Cychrowska Wola  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Grabów nad Pilicą, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Grabów nad Pilicą,  north-west of Kozienice, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Cychrowska Wola


Czerwonka  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Grabów nad Pilicą, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Grabów nad Pilicą,  north-west of Kozienice, and  south of Warsaw.

References

External links

Czerwonka


Dąbrówki () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Grabów nad Pilicą, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Grabów nad Pilicą,  north-west of Kozienice, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Kozienice County


Edwardów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Grabów nad Pilicą, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Grabów nad Pilicą,  north-west of Kozienice, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Kozienice County


Grabina  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Grabów nad Pilicą, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Grabów nad Pilicą,  north-west of Kozienice, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Grabina


Grabów nad Pilicą  is a village in Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Grabów nad Pilicą. It lies approximately  north-west of Kozienice and  south of Warsaw.

References

External links

Villages in Kozienice County
Radom Governorate
Kielce Voivodeship (1919–1939)


Grabów Nowy  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Grabów nad Pilicą, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Grabów nad Pilicą,  north-west of Kozienice, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Kozienice County


Grabów Zaleśny  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Grabów nad Pilicą, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Grabów nad Pilicą,  north-west of Kozienice, and  south of Warsaw.

The village  of 50.

References

Villages in Kozienice County


Grabowska Wola  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Grabów nad Pilicą, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Grabów nad Pilicą,  north-west of Kozienice, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Grabowska Wola


Kępa Niemojewska  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Grabów nad Pilicą, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Grabów nad Pilicą,  north-west of Kozienice, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Kozienice County


Tukoji Rao IV Pawar (17 November 1963 – 19 June 2015) was an Indian politician belonging to the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). Mr. Pawar was member of the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh.

He was a descendant of the Pawar dynasty of the Marathas. His father Krishnajirao III was the last ruler of Dewas (Senior) State which was a '15 Gun Salute' princely state in India. He was the titular Maharaja of Dewas (Senior) State until 1971 when in the 26th amendment to the Constitution of India promulgated in 1971, the Government of India abolished all official symbols of princely India, including titles, privileges, and remuneration (privy purses).

He was the Member of Legislative Assembly from Dewas for six terms from 1990 to 2015. He was inducted in the state cabinet for two terms serving as Minister for Higher Education, Technical Education and later Tourism, Sports and Youth Welfare.
He was elected as the President of the Board of Governors of The Daly College, Indore in 2004, again in 2005, in 2010 and in 2015. His wife Gayatri Raje Pawar has been representing the assembly seat since his death.

He died in 2015 of brain haemorrhage. Vikram Singh Rao II Pawar is his son.

See also
 Maratha Empire
 List of Maratha dynasties and states
 List of Indian princely states
 Shahaji II
 Tukojirao III
 Dewas Senior
 Dewas Junior
 Dhar State
 Hemendra Singh Rao Pawar of Dhar State

References

1963 births
People from Madhya Pradesh
People from Dewas
2015 deaths
Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh MLAs 1990–1992
Madhya Pradesh MLAs 1993–1998
Madhya Pradesh MLAs 1998–2003
Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2003–2008
Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2008–2013
Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2013–2018
The Daly College Alumni


Koziołek  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Grabów nad Pilicą, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Grabów nad Pilicą,  north-west of Kozienice, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Kozienice County


Łękawica  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Grabów nad Pilicą, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Grabów nad Pilicą,  north-west of Kozienice, and  south of Warsaw.

References

External links

Villages in Kozienice County


Lipinki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Grabów nad Pilicą, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Grabów nad Pilicą,  north-west of Kozienice, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Lipinki


Nowa Wola  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Grabów nad Pilicą, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Grabów nad Pilicą,  north-west of Kozienice, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Nowa Wola


Paprotnia  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Grabów nad Pilicą, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Grabów nad Pilicą,  north-west of Kozienice, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Paprotnia


Strzyżyna  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Grabów nad Pilicą, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Grabów nad Pilicą,  north-west of Kozienice, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Kozienice County


Tomczyn  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Grabów nad Pilicą, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Grabów nad Pilicą,  north-west of Kozienice, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Tomczyn


Utniki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Grabów nad Pilicą, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Grabów nad Pilicą,  north-west of Kozienice, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Utniki


Wyborów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Grabów nad Pilicą, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Grabów nad Pilicą,  north-west of Kozienice, and  south of Warsaw.

References

External links

Villages in Kozienice County


Zakrzew  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Grabów nad Pilicą, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Grabów nad Pilicą,  north-west of Kozienice, and  south of Warsaw.

References

External links

Zakrzew


Zwierzyniec () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Grabów nad Pilicą, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Grabów nad Pilicą,  north-west of Kozienice, and  south of Warsaw.

References

External links

Zwierzyniec


San Juan Cacahuatepec is a city in the Mexican state of  Oaxaca, near the border with Guerrero.
It is located in the Jamiltepec District in the west of the Costa Region.
Its population in 1990, according to The Columbia Gazetteer of North America, was 3,116; in 2006, it was about 5,000.
Along with San Pedro Amusgos, it is a heavy center of population for the indigenous Amuzgo. The name Cacahuatepec is Nahuatl, translating "Place of Cacao-bean mountain".

Agriculture of the area includes corn, beans, sugarcane, rice, and tropical fruits.

History
Once inhabited by Yopes, the area came under dominion of Spain in 1523. Several times it has been impacted by unrest in the region. It was a gathering point for rebel forces of Hermenegildo Galeana in the early 19th century, and later, in 1854, it was razed by Antonio López de Santa Anna.

References

External links
Municipal website

Municipalities of Oaxaca


Aleksandrów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Magnuszew, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Magnuszew,  north-west of Kozienice, and  south-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Kozienice County


Anielin  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Magnuszew, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

It lies approximately  west of Magnuszew,  north-west of Kozienice, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Anielin


Basinów refers to the following places in Poland:

 Basinów, Kozienice County
 Basinów, Wyszków County


Basinów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Magnuszew, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Magnuszew,  north-west of Kozienice, and  south-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Kozienice County


Boguszków  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Magnuszew, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Magnuszew,  north-west of Kozienice, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Kozienice County


Bożówka  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Magnuszew, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Magnuszew,  north-west of Kozienice, and  south-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Kozienice County


Chmielew may refer to the following places:
Chmielew, Kozienice County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
Chmielew, Mińsk County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
Chmielew, Sokołów County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
Chmielew, Węgrów County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)


Chmielew  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Magnuszew, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Magnuszew,  north-west of Kozienice, and  south-east of Warsaw.

References

Chmielew


The Track & Field Organization is a London-based independent record label, founded in 1999 by Steven Drew, Paul Wright and Russel Duke. The label's first release was Kicker's "Said and Done" / "Chancifer" single, in April 2000, and The Tyde's debut album, Once, in March 2001.

Artists
 Beatnik Filmstars
 The Broken Family Band
 The Clientele
 Comet Gain
 Currituck Co.
 Darren Hayman
 Dressy Bessy
 The Essex Green
 Finishing School
 Great Lakes
 Herman Düne
 Homescience
 I Am the World Trade Center
 James William Hindle
 Kicker
 The Ladybug Transistor
 The Loves
 Mahogany
 of Montreal
 The Projects
 The Radio Dept.
 Saloon
 Screen Prints
 The Singing Adams
 Saint Thomas
 Tompaulin
 The Tyde

See also
 List of record labels
 List of independent UK record labels

References

External links
Official website

British independent record labels
Record labels established in 1999
Indie rock record labels
1999 establishments in England


Dębowola  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Magnuszew, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Magnuszew,  north-west of Kozienice, and  south-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Kozienice County


Żelechów is a town in Garwolin County, Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland).

Żelechów may also refer to:
Żelechów, Grodzisk Mazowiecki County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
Żelechów, Grójec County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
Żelechów, Lubusz Voivodeship (west Poland)


Gruszczyn  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Magnuszew, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Magnuszew,  north-west of Kozienice, and  south-east of Warsaw.

References

Gruszczyn


Grzybów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Magnuszew, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Magnuszew,  north-west of Kozienice, and  south-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Kozienice County


(subtitled Two Episodes from the Life of Niels Lyhne in Eleven Pictures, RT I/8) is a German-language opera with four interludes, by the English composer Frederick Delius. It is usually performed and recorded in English, as Fennimore and Gerda in a translation by Philip Heseltine. The German libretto, by the composer himself, is based on the novel Niels Lyhne by the Danish writer Jens Peter Jacobsen. In neither German nor English is the libretto highly regarded; rather, the work is considered an "orchestral opera", limited in its dramatic appeal but voluptuous and engaging in its instrumental texture.

Delius began writing Fennimore und Gerda in 1908; he finished in 1910, but the premiere, intended for the Cologne Opera, was delayed by the First World War and did not take place until 21 October 1919, and then by the Oper Frankfurt. It was the composer's last opera. The United States premiere of the work was staged by the Opera Theatre of Saint Louis in June 1981 with Kathryn Bouleyn as Fennimore and Kathryn Gamberoni as Gerda.

Roles

Synopsis
Place: Denmark
Time: Around 1860

Two cousins, the writer Niels Lyhne and the painter Erik Refstrup, are in love with the consul's daughter, Fennimore. She chooses Erik but the marriage begins to break down as a result of the artist's drinking and Fennimore embarks on an affair with Niels. Erik is killed in an accident and, overwhelmed with guilt, Fennimore breaks off the affair. The rejected Niels spends years travelling before he settles down and marries his neighbour's daughter, Gerda.

Recordings
Fennimore and Gerda – Elisabeth Söderström, Brian Rayner Cook, Robert Tear, Birger Brandt, Danish National Radio Choir and Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Meredith Davies (HMV, 1976; reissued on EMI CD, 1997)
Fennimore and Gerda – Randi Stene, Judith Howarth, Mark Tucker, Peter Coleman-Wright, Danish National Radio Choir and Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Richard Hickox (Chandos, 1999)

References

Further reading
Holden, Amanda (ed.), The New Penguin Opera Guide, New York: Penguin Putnam, 2001.

External links
Complete cast list, notes, extensive synopsis

Operas
1919 operas
Operas by Frederick Delius
English-language operas
Operas based on novels
Operas set in Denmark
Operas set in the 19th century


Kępa Skórecka  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Magnuszew, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Magnuszew,  north-west of Kozienice, and  south-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Kozienice County


Kłoda  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Magnuszew, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Magnuszew,  north-west of Kozienice, and  south-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Kozienice County


Kolonia Rozniszew  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Magnuszew, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Kolonia Rozniszew


Kurki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Magnuszew, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Magnuszew,  north-west of Kozienice, and  south-east of Warsaw.

References

Kurki


Latków  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Magnuszew, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Magnuszew,  north-west of Kozienice, and  south-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Kozienice County


Mniszew  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Magnuszew, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Magnuszew,  north-west of Kozienice, and  south-east of Warsaw.

References

Mniszew
Masovian Voivodeship (1526–1795)
Radom Governorate
Kielce Voivodeship (1919–1939)


Osiemborów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Magnuszew, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Magnuszew,  north-west of Kozienice, and  south-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Kozienice County


Ostrów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Magnuszew, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Magnuszew,  north-west of Kozienice, and  south-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Kozienice County


Przewóz Stary  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Magnuszew, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Magnuszew,  north-west of Kozienice, and  south-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Kozienice County


Przewóz Tarnowski  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Magnuszew, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Magnuszew,  north-west of Kozienice, and  south-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Kozienice County


Przydworzyce  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Magnuszew, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Magnuszew,  north-west of Kozienice, and  south-east of Warsaw.

References

Przydworzyce


Rękowice  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Magnuszew, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Magnuszew,  north-west of Kozienice, and  south-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Kozienice County


Rozniszew  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Magnuszew, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Magnuszew,  north-west of Kozienice, and  south-east of Warsaw.

References

Rozniszew


Trzebień  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Magnuszew, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Magnuszew,  north-west of Kozienice, and  south-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Kozienice County


Tyborów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Magnuszew, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Magnuszew,  north-west of Kozienice, and  south-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Kozienice County


Wilczkowice Dolne  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Magnuszew, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Magnuszew,  north-west of Kozienice, and  south-east of Warsaw.

References

Wilczkowice Dolne


Wilczowola  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Magnuszew, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Magnuszew,  north-west of Kozienice, and  south-east of Warsaw.

References

Wilczowola


Wola Magnuszewska  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Magnuszew, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Magnuszew,  north-west of Kozienice, and  south-east of Warsaw.

References

Wola Magnuszewska


Wólka Tarnowska  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Magnuszew, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Magnuszew,  north-west of Kozienice, and  south-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Kozienice County


The Alamance Gleaner was a weekly newspaper based in Graham, North Carolina.  The newspaper was published from February 9, 1875, through May 10, 1956. The first editor was E. S. Parker. Before it ceased publication, it was published by Parker & Johnson through 1881 and then by Eldridge & Kernodle until its closing.

History
The Alamance Gleaner was founded in 1879 and at the time was the only newspaper in Graham county, North Carolina. According to the 1879 American Newspaper Directory, the paper was distributed on Tuesdays, 22 x 32, and four pages long. The subscription price in 1879 was $1.50. Adjusted for inflation, it cost $38.51. It is unknown how often this fee was paid for the newspaper. According to the American Newspaper Directory, circulation was over 500 at the time. By 1890, the editor and publisher had changed to J.D. Kernodle. At this time, circulation was down to just 250 subscriptions and the distribution day changed to Thursdays. J.D. Kernodle also made the paper smaller. At this time it was 12x24 according to that year's American Newspaper Directory.

Archives
Pages of The Alamance Gleaner can be found at North Carolina Newspapers.

References

External links
 Online historic issues of The Alamance Gleaner at DigitalNC

Defunct newspapers published in North Carolina
Alamance County, North Carolina
1875 establishments in North Carolina
1956 disestablishments in North Carolina


Zagroby  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Magnuszew, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Magnuszew,  north-west of Kozienice, and  south-east of Warsaw.

References

Zagroby


Żelazna Nowa  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Magnuszew, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Magnuszew,  north-west of Kozienice, and  south-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Kozienice County


Żelazna Stara  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Magnuszew, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Magnuszew,  north-west of Kozienice, and  south-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Kozienice County


Eastriggs railway station was a railway station in Dumfries and Galloway between Annan and Gretna.

Dumfries and Galloway Council are trying to find funding to reopen the station.

History

The station opened 23 August 1848 as Dornock. Six years later it was closed for a period of 11 years, from October 1854 until 2 January 1865. It was renamed as Eastriggs by the London Midland and Scottish Railway on 1 May 1923.

The station closed on 6 December 1965, although the line through the station is still open.

Station buildings still exist, currently as private houses.

References

Notes

Sources

External links
 RAILSCOT on Glasgow, Dumfries and Carlisle Railway

Disused railway stations in Dumfries and Galloway
Former Glasgow and South Western Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1848
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1854
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1865
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1965
Beeching closures in Scotland


Głusiec  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sieciechów, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Sieciechów,  east of Kozienice, and  south-east of Warsaw.

References

External links
 ()
 ()

Villages in Kozienice County


Kępice  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sieciechów, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Sieciechów,  east of Kozienice, and  south-east of Warsaw, on the district road on the way up 1 km (from Opactwo intersection) to the national road .

History
Every year, on the first Sunday of November, a ceremony is held to celebrate Polish Independence Day with an escort of the Polish Army. The ceremony begins with Mass in the parish church in Opactwo, then a tribute is paid to soldiers at the Opactwo cemetery, followed by a meeting at the monument in Kępice.

References

External links
 ()
 ()

Villages in Kozienice County


Łoje may refer to the following places:
Łoje, Kozienice County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
Łoje, Przasnysz County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
Łoje, Ełk County in Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship (north Poland)
Łoje, Gołdap County in Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship (north Poland)

See also
 Łoje-Awissa
 Łojew
 Łojewo (disambiguation)


Łoje  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sieciechów, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

It lies approximately  north of Sieciechów,  east of Kozienice, and  south-east of Warsaw, on the district road on the way up to the national road .
Number of homes from 1-52.

Geography

Farming village, situated on the fertile soils of Vistula River. Houses built along the main road that leads to the river bank.
In 1997 and 2001 high risk of flooding as a result of winding river next to the village.

References

External links

Villages in Kozienice County


Mozolice Duże  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sieciechów, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Sieciechów,  east of Kozienice, and  south-east of Warsaw, on the national road .

References

External links

Villages in Kozienice County


Mozolice Małe  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sieciechów, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Sieciechów,  east of Kozienice, and  south-east of Warsaw, on the district road on the way up to the national road .

References

External links

Villages in Kozienice County


Nagórnik  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sieciechów, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

It lies on the voivodeships road .

See also
Nagórnik - Lower Silesian Voivodeship

References

External links

Villages in Kozienice County


Słowiki Nowe  or Nowe Słowiki is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sieciechów, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. The name means "New Słowiki" (it is close to the village of Stare Słowiki, which means "Old Słowiki"). The word słowiki in Polish means "nightingales".

It lies on voivodeship road 738, approximately  west of Sieciechów,  south-east of Kozienice, and  south-east of Warsaw.

The village has 255 inhabitants in 2006.

References

External links
 Official website of Gmina Sieciechów (in Polish)
 Public Information Bulletin for Gmina Sieciechów (in Polish)

Villages in Kozienice County


Operation New Horizons is a series of recurring U.S.-led operations in Central and South America and the Caribbean Islands. It has had several names over the years, including New Horizons and Beyond the Horizons (as of 2008).  U.S. Southern Command sponsors these operations and uses active duty, reserve and National Guard forces from throughout the United States to conduct the missions.  The units involved focus on engineering type endeavors to enhance the infrastructure of a region by building schools, medical clinics and roads and similar projects.  The units also conduct medical assistance by providing such support to an area.  Joint Task Force Bravo coordinates a number of these activities.  In addition, these operations often include non-military assistance, such as from the United States Agency for International Development and the United States Department of Agriculture.

References

Civil affairs
Humanitarian military operations


Tworki is a district of Warsaw.

Tworki may also refer to the following villages:
Tworki, Podlaskie Voivodeship (north-east Poland)
Tworki, Grójec County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
Tworki, Siedlce County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)


Opactwo  (Abbey ) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sieciechów, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

It lies on the national road , approximately  north-east of Sieciechów,  east of Kozienice, and  south-east of Warsaw.
The name of the village comes from the name of the Benedictine Abbey.

Monastery located in Opactwo, was founded by the Benedictine, brought by Sieciech from Provence. At first, it has been in the medieval city Sieciechów, but after the change of the Vistula river path, moved to a location where he stands to this day. The original location is not known. Abbey had one of the largest libraries in the country.

References

External links

Villages in Kozienice County


Słowiki-Folwark  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sieciechów, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

It lies approximately  west of Sieciechów,  south-east of Kozienice, and  south-east of Warsaw.

References

External links

Villages in Kozienice County


Słowiki Stare  or Stare Słowiki is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sieciechów, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

The word słowiki means "nightingales" in Polish. Stare means "Old" – distinguishing this village from the nearby Słowiki Nowe ("New").

References

External links

Villages in Kozienice County


Wola Klasztorna (; "Monastery Will") is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sieciechów, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.
Former name of the village - Święcica. The current name, Wola Klasztorna probably comes from the former Benedictine Monastery in Opactwo times.

It lies on the voivodship road  Pionki-Opactwo, approximately  south of Sieciechów,  south-east of Kozienice, and  south-east of Warsaw.

References

External links

Villages in Kozienice County


Wólka Wojcieszkowska () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sieciechów, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.
It lies approximately  east of Sieciechów,  east of Kozienice, and  south-east of Warsaw.

References

External links

Villages in Kozienice County


Występ  (Protrusion) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sieciechów, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Sieciechów,  east of Kozienice, and  south-east of Warsaw.

References

External links

Villages in Kozienice County


Zajezierze may refer to the following places in Poland:
Zajezierze, Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
Zajezierze, Otwock County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
Zajezierze, Pomeranian Voivodeship (north Poland)
Zajezierze, Kartuzy County in Pomeranian Voivodeship (north Poland)
Zajezierze, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship (north Poland)
Zajezierze, West Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-west Poland)


Zajezierze  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sieciechów, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.
It lies approximately  east of Sieciechów,  east of Kozienice, and  south-east of Warsaw.

It is located in the central valley of the Vistula River on its left bank, opposite the city Dęblin, from which it is separated by two bridges, road and rail. On the national road  and the rail trail (line 26) Łuków-Radom.

In the years 1957-1975 as a class town, administratively belonged to the district Kozienice as part of the Region Kielce. In the period 1975-1998 was administratively belonged to the district Kozienice as part of the Region Radom.

See also
 Zajezierze (disambiguation)
 Kamelonka (Zajezierze)

References

External links

Villages in Kozienice County


Zbyczyn  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sieciechów, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.
It lies on the district road on the way up to the national road , approximately  north-east of Sieciechów,  east of Kozienice, and  south-east of Warsaw.

See also
Zbyczyna

References

External links

Villages in Kozienice County


Shuotheriidae is a small family of Jurassic mammals whose remains are found in China, England and possibly Russia. They have been proposed to be close relatives of Australosphenida (which often controversially includes monotremes), together forming the clade Yinotheria. However, some studies suggest shuotheres are closer to therians than to monotremes, or that australosphenidans and therians are more closely related to each other than either are to shuotheres.

References

Further reading
 Zofia Kielan-Jaworowska, Richard L. Cifelli, and Zhe-Xi Luo, Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs: Origins, Evolution, and Structure (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004), 214–215.

Prehistoric mammal families
Middle Jurassic first appearances
Late Jurassic extinctions
Taxa named by Zhou Mingzhen
Taxa named by Tom Rich


The Cincinnati Airport People Mover or Underground Train is an automated people mover that serves travelers of the Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport. It opened in 1994 to connect Terminal 3, now the Main Terminal, with Concourses A and B.  The system was constructed by and was originally under the operation of Delta Air Lines.

Technology
The Cincinnati Airport People Mover uses the same technology as the ExpressTram at Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport and the HubTram at Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport.

History
In the early 1990s, Delta Air Lines invested over $500 million to develop the current terminal facility (known then as Terminal 3) in Cincinnati to support their hub operation, which at its peak was Delta's second-largest hub.  In September 1991, Delta announced that a people mover system would be installed to connect the new terminal and its airside Concourses A and B (the terminal also had a Concourse C, which was only accessed through shuttle buses).  The system was originally announced as consisting of a pair of passenger trains, consisting of three cars seating a maximum of 71 passengers apiece for a total of 213 passengers per train.  The two trains shuttle back and forth on their own guideways between 3 stops: Main Terminal (Terminal 3), Concourse A and Concourse B round-trip.

Constructed and installed by the Otis Elevator Company using its "Hovair" hovertrain technology, at the time of its construction this $16.7 million facility was only the sixth of its kind installed by Otis throughout the world. The train would be inaugurated on following a dedication ceremony on June 9, 1994.

Delta downsized the hub in the late 2000s, which led to the closure of Concourse A in 2010.  Upon the closure, the people mover operated with only one train, which then skipped the Concourse A station.  When Concourse A reopened for other airlines after the closure of Terminal 2 in 2012, the people mover was restored to its original service pattern with both trains operating.

By 2008, the train had completed nearly 1.5 million round trips. It was capable of over 500 round trips daily, with trains departing every 90 seconds.

References

Passenger rail transportation in Cincinnati
Passenger rail transportation in Kentucky
Airport people mover systems in the United States
Hovair people movers
Railway lines opened in 1994
People mover
1994 establishments in Kentucky


European route E33 is a series of roads in Italy, part of the United Nations International E-road network.

It runs from Parma to La Spezia, both in Italy.

It leaves Parma, where it links to E35 and heads south-west, reaching its destination of La Spezia, where it further links to E80, a transcontinental route. This is exactly the same route as the Italian A15.

In practice, the number E33 does not appear on any road signs. Instead, its entire stretch is signposted as E31, creating a duplication with the E31 in Germany and the Netherlands. This goes back to the numbering set forth in the original European Agreement on Main International Traffic Arteries (AGR) of 1975, in which Parma - La Spezia was numbered E31 and Rotterdam - Ludwigshafen was numbered E33. These numbers were swapped upon the AGR's entry into force in 1985, apparently resulting from the fact that the Parma - La Spezia route is entirely situated east of the Rotterdam - Ludwigshafen route so that the former should under AGR principles have a number above the former. This numbering change, however, never made it onto Italian signs.

External links
 UN Economic Commission for Europe: Overall Map of E-road Network (2007)

33
E033


Boża Wola  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jabłonna, within Legionowo County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Jabłonna,  west of Legionowo, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Legionowo County


Chotomów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jabłonna, within Legionowo County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Jabłonna,  north-west of Legionowo, and  north of Warsaw.

References

External links
www.chotomow.pl - Site of Chotomów
Forum of Chotomów
Życie Chotomowa - News from Chotomów
www.chotomow.eu - Site of Chotomów

Villages in Legionowo County


Dąbrowa Chotomowska  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jabłonna, within Legionowo County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Jabłonna,  north-west of Legionowo, and  north of Warsaw.

References

External links
http://www.jablonna.pl/index.php?cmd=zawartosc&opt=pokaz&id=788&lang=

Villages in Legionowo County


Jabłonna  is a village in Legionowo County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It is the seat of the Gmina Jabłonna (administrative district). It lies approximately  south of Legionowo and  north of Warsaw.

The town has two major landmarks: the Jabłonna Palace () and the Mother of God Queen of Poland Church () which are in the center of the village.

History

In 1920, during the Polish-Soviet War, some Jewish soldiers in the Polish military, distrusted by the military leadership, were separated from their units and imprisoned in a camp in Jabłonna for four weeks before being allowed to rejoin the military.

During World War II, from 1941 to 1943, Soviet POWs were held captive in nearby Bukowie (now within Warsaw) and Poniatow. On October 28, 1944, German troops were driven out by units of the Polish 1st Tadeusz Kościuszko Infantry Division after five days of fighting in the area of the village.

During the 1960s, 70s and 80s, the town became famous for the production of vegetables, fruit and flowers in greenhouse facilities, the largest in Poland at that time. It was also considered to be the richest town in Poland during that time.

From 1975 to 1998, the town was administratively part of Warsaw.

Major buildings

The Mother of God Queen of Poland Church
In the centre of Jablonna is the Mother of God Queen of Poland Church. It was built by project architect Joseph Sendyński on land donated by Count Maurycy Potocki from 1921 to 1925. In 1944, retreating German troops blew up the church, but it was rebuilt by architects Zbigniew Chwalibog and Boleslaw Gierych from 1945 to 1954.

The Jabłonna Palace
Jabłonna Palace () is a baroque palace built for Primate Michał Jerzy Poniatowski, the brother of King Stanisław August Poniatowski. It was built to a design by Domenico Merlini from 1775 to 1779, and later modified by Enrico Marconi in 1837.

The palace is surrounded by an English-style park, created in the 18th century by Szymon Bogumił Zug, which includes romantic buildings including a small Chinese house and a conservatory. According to legend, a tunnel exists that passes under the Vistula River leading to Bielany.

The palace interiors are richly decorated, including paintings by Szymon Mańkowski's and Antoni Tavellego and stucco by Italian Anotono Bianchi. From 5 to 7 September 1939, the palace housed the headquarters of the Modlin Army. The palace was burnt down in 1944 and rebuilt after the war.

Currently, it is a hotel and event centre owned by the Polish Academy of Sciences.

German fortifications
German fortifications (three concrete machine gun posts) were built during World War II at a bend in the Vistula River, about 1 km west of the palace's park. Their task was to guard a crossing of the Vistula. In September 1944, German soldiers from 6 SS Panzer Grenadier Regiment "Theodor Eicke" and the 3rd SS Panzer Division Totenkopf were based there. On 28 October 1944, the area was recaptured by the Polish 1st Tadeusz Kościuszko Infantry Division. To this day, the positions (in ruins close to the Vistula River) and clear traces of the trenches remain.

Post Office
The Potocki family leased land in 1837 for use by mail riders and a post office and outbuildings were built. Today, the building is still operated by the Polish post office.

Dr. Stanisław Bzury's villa
This is a historic brick villa from the early 20th century, located at 78 Modlińska Street. It initially belonged to Stanislaw Bzury, the municipal physician and expert viticulturist (who produced wine for Count Potocki).

A German commandant, in charge of troops guarding the river crossing to Warsaw, used it as his headquarters during World War II.

Education

The Armii Krajowej Primary School
The first elementary school in Jabłonna was located close to the present day Miła Street. Classes were held from the 1860s. The school was small and taught by a single teacher.

A few years after Poland regained its independence there was school in the highest category with a full curriculum taught by 8 teachers and classes were also conducted in private homes.

In the early 1930s, a wooden school building was erected in Szkolnej (School) Street with 5 classrooms. The building was partially destroyed at the end of World War II but was rebuilt and teaching resumed.

The continuous increase in the number of students meant that a new building was constructed from 1949 to 1955. The school had 11 classrooms, 14 auxiliary chambers, central heating, running water and sewerage.

On 9 November 1996, the school was named in honour of the Armia Krajowa.

The White Eagle Gymnasium
The White Eagle Gymnasium has 15 classrooms available and 2 language labs. In the computer lab, students have access to 14 computer stations with Internet access. It also has its own full-size sports hall.

Voluntary Fire Brigade
A volunteer fire department was established in Jabłonna in April 1912. The first unit of firefighters was equipped with a manual pump, hoses, ladders, boat hooks, buckets, axes and hatchets. Equipment was stored in a wooden shed next to the building which is now the Municipal Office. The first fire truck was an Opel Blitz.

In 1995, the service was incorporated into the structure of the National Rescue and Fire Fighting System (which was set up to coordinate the activities of the national fire service and voluntary brigades). In 2012, it celebrated its 100th anniversary.

References

External links
 Official site of the Gmina
 Official site of the Jablonna Palace

Villages in Legionowo County


Janówek Drugi  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jabłonna, within Legionowo County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Jabłonna,  west of Legionowo, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Legionowo County


Rajszew  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jabłonna, within Legionowo County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Jabłonna,  west of Legionowo, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Rajszew


Skierdy  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jabłonna, within Legionowo County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Jabłonna,  west of Legionowo, and  north-west of Warsaw.

The village has a population of 548.

References

Skierdy


Suchocin  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jabłonna, within Legionowo County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Jabłonna,  west of Legionowo, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Suchocin


Trzciany  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jabłonna, within Legionowo County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Jabłonna,  west of Legionowo, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Trzciany


Wólka Górska  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jabłonna, within Legionowo County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Legionowo County


Tim the Tiny Horse at Large is a book of stories for children written and illustrated by comedian Harry Hill, and published in 2008. It is the sequel to Tim the Tiny Horse.

Plot summary
Tim is still small yet his responsibilities are growing larger. Whilst continuing to live in his matchbox stable, he falls in love with Fly's sister Chenille, is Best Horse at Fly's wedding, babysits for Mr and Mrs Fly's baby, and buys a loft style apartment cigarette box, using a five-pound cheque. Then, Tim goes to buy a pet greenfly, George, and has to face up to the responsibilities and tragedies of being a pet owner.

Characters
Tim the Tiny Horse – The main character
George the Greenfly – Tim's pet greenfly who later dies.
George the Second – Tim's second pet greenfly
Fly – Tim's Best friend
Mrs. Fly – The pregnant spouse of Fly.
Maggot – Fly's son.
Chenille – Fly's sister.
Fly's Mother – Fly's mother who sings at George's funeral.
Fly's Grandma – Fly's grandmother who is living with Fly.

History
Tim the Tiny Horse at Large was released on September 4, 2008. It is also known as Tim the Tiny Horse 2.

References

External links
 Author's website
 The Tim the Tiny Horse at Large section on the author's website
 Tim the Tiny Horse at Large on Faber Children's Books website

2008 short story collections
2008 children's books
Children's short story collections
Fantasy short story collections
British children's books
Harry Hill
Faber and Faber books
Children's books about horses


Grzbiet Lasocki (, ) is a mountain ridge in the eastern part of the Giant Mountains within the Western Sudetes. It is located on the Czech-Polish border. It is a small, 4 km long geomorphological formation. It is formed from metamorphic rocks.

References

External links

Geography of the Hradec Králové Region
Landforms of Lower Silesian Voivodeship


Rajaram II (April 13, 1850 – November 30, 1870), of the Bhonsle dynasty, was a Raja of Kolhapur from August 18, 1866 to November 30, 1870. During his reign, the gun salute of the state was increased from 17 to 19 guns. The first of his line to travel abroad, he died aged 20 in Florence, Italy, and was cremated  on the banks of the Arno River by special permission granted by the Italian Council of Ministers. He was succeeded by Shivaji VI.

See also
 Monumento all'Indiano, Florence

References

1850 births
1870 deaths


Aleksandrów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nieporęt, within Legionowo County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Nieporęt,  east of Legionowo, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Legionowo County


Białobrzegi  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nieporęt, within Legionowo County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Nieporęt,  north-east of Legionowo, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Legionowo County


Izabelin  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nieporęt, within Legionowo County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Nieporęt,  east of Legionowo, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Izabelin


Józefów () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nieporęt, within Legionowo County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Nieporęt,  east of Legionowo, and  north of Warsaw.

The village has a parish church, Parafia pw. Najświętszej Maryi Panny Królowej w Józefowie k. Legionowa, built in 1997–2004.

External links
 The parish church (in Polish)

References

Villages in Legionowo County


Kąty Węgierskie  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nieporęt, within Legionowo County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Nieporęt,  east of Legionowo, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Legionowo County


Michałów-Grabina  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nieporęt, within Legionowo County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Nieporęt,  south-east of Legionowo, and  north of Warsaw.

As of 29 October 2008, the village had 161 hectares of land and 601 inhabitants.

From 1975 to 1998 the town administratively belonged to the province of Warsaw.

Famous Michalów-Grabiny residents include:

 Krzysztof Daukszewicz
 Jerzy Kryszak
 Wojciech Mann
 Thomas Raczki
 Michał Żewłakow

Near the village are the ruins of a cemetery of German colonists who settled in these areas in the nineteenth century.

References

Villages in Legionowo County


Nieporęt  is a village in Legionowo County, Masovian Voivodeship in east-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Nieporęt. It lies approximately  east of Legionowo and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Legionowo County


I Can Wait Forever may refer to:

 "I Can Wait Forever", a 1984 song by Air Supply from Ghostbusters
 "I Can Wait Forever", a 2008 song by Simple Plan from Simple Plan


Rembelszczyzna  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nieporęt, within Legionowo County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Nieporęt,  east of Legionowo, and  north of Warsaw.

As of 29 October 2008, the parish had 235 hectares of land and 483 inhabitants.

History
 The village is described as part of the parish of Tarchomin of 1785.
 In the 1830s relay stations for an optical telegraph line from Warsaw to Moscow via St Petersburg were built in the village - neighboring stations were located in Bialoleka and Zegrz.
 In 1827, Rembelszczyzna had 131 inhabitants and 11 houses. In 1880, the population had risen to 160.

References

Rembelszczyzna


Rynia  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nieporęt, within Legionowo County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Nieporęt,  north-east of Legionowo, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Rynia


Aki Lahtinen (born 31 October 1958) is a Finnish former footballer.

External links

 Finland - International Player Records
 Veikkausliiga player statistics

1958 births
Living people
Finnish men's footballers
Finnish expatriate men's footballers
Finland men's international footballers
Footballers at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Olympic footballers for Finland
Notts County F.C. players
Mestaruussarja players
Men's association football defenders
Oulun Työväen Palloilijat players
Sportspeople from Jyväskylä
20th-century Finnish people


Stanisławów Drugi  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nieporęt, within Legionowo County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Nieporęt,  east of Legionowo, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Legionowo County


Stanisławów Pierwszy  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nieporęt, within Legionowo County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Nieporęt,  east of Legionowo, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Legionowo County


Wola Aleksandra  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nieporęt, within Legionowo County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Nieporęt,  east of Legionowo, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Wola Aleksandra


Wólka Radzymińska  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nieporęt, within Legionowo County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Nieporęt,  east of Legionowo, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Legionowo County


Zegrze Południowe  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nieporęt, within Legionowo County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Nieporęt,  north-east of Legionowo, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Legionowo County


Tugg may refer to:

 Tugg the Bull Terrier, American Kennel Club Award of Canine Excellence winner and star of his own Web Series.
 Captain Tugg, television host
 Tugg Speedman, character from Tropic Thunder
 Tugg Inc., a defunct film-related crowdsourcing website

See also

 Tug (disambiguation)


Baegunsan is a mountain in Jeollanam-do, South Korea. Its area extends across the city of Gwangyang. Baegunsan has an elevation of .

See also
List of mountains in Korea

Mountains of South Jeolla Province
Gwangyang
Mountains of South Korea
One-thousanders of South Korea
Sobaek Mountains


Bolesławowo may refer to the following places:
Bolesławowo, Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland)
Bolesławowo, Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
Bolesławowo, Człuchów County in Pomeranian Voivodeship (north Poland)
Bolesławowo, Starogard County in Pomeranian Voivodeship (north Poland)


Bolesławowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Serock, within Legionowo County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Legionowo County


Berkeley is an old established township in Klang, Selangor, Malaysia. In the 1970s, Paramount Property Development Sdn Bhd developed one of the earliest housing estates in Klang, Taman Berkeley.

Background

Before it got its name of Berkeley, it was used to be known as "Taman Bukit Raja" in the early-1970s to the 1980s before having a change in its name. Berkeley Garden's township location is just adjacent to another old township, Taman Eng Ann & the newer township, Bandar Baru Klang (BBK) where most of the business areas & retail outlets including the AEON Bukit Raja Shopping Centre (Bandar Baru Klang) are situated.

Food
Berkeley is famous for its food such as fried porridge, claypot chicken rice, mee hoon kueh and bak kut teh.

Transportation
Berkeley is located near the Federal Highway. The township will be served by the planned BRT Federal Line's Berkeley station once the project starts its operation in 2018. The BRT project was shelved indefinitely following government's plan to build the Bandar Utama-Klang LRT line.

References

Klang District
Townships in Selangor


Borowa Góra  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Serock, within Legionowo County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Serock,  north-east of Legionowo, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Legionowo County


Cupel  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Serock, within Legionowo County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Cupel


Dębe may refer to the following places:
Dębe, Czarnków-Trzcianka County in Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland)
Dębe, Legionowo County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
Dębe, Sokołów County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
Dębe, Kalisz County in Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland)

Technology
DEBE (program) Utility program for IBM DOS/360.


Dębe  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Serock, within Legionowo County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Serock,  north of Legionowo, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Legionowo County


Dębinki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Serock, within Legionowo County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Serock,  north-east of Legionowo, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Legionowo County


Dosin  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Serock, within Legionowo County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Serock,  north-east of Legionowo, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Dosin


Gąsiorowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Serock, within Legionowo County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Legionowo County


Guty  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Serock, within Legionowo County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Serock,  north of Legionowo, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Guty


Izbica  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Serock, within Legionowo County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Serock,  north of Legionowo, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Izbica


Jachranka  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Serock, within Legionowo County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Serock,  north of Legionowo, and  north of Warsaw.

Name
The name probably comes from the topographic features ⇒ Niechronka (a place that does not provide a military shelter, a non-defensive place).

References

Jachranka


Anti-fashion is an umbrella term for various styles of dress which are explicitly contrary to the fashion of the day. Anti-fashion styles may represent an attitude of indifference or may arise from political or practical goals which make fashion a secondary priority. The term is sometimes even used for styles championed by high-profile designers, when they encourage or create trends that do not follow the mainstream fashion of the time.

Anti-fashion is considered radical creativity in apparel. It recombines a hodgepodge of details that dramatically alters current fashions. The newly transformed styles are later incorporated into the mainstream through media hype and commercial sales which reduce its stature. Grunge is an example of the oppositional style of dress while the rational dress of the Victorian era, which allowed ladies to swim or bicycle, is an example of a functional anti-fashion.

Overview

In discussing fashion and the nature of clothes, researchers Robert and Jeanette Lauer discuss the eight meanings of clothing as non-verbal communication, representing people's personalities, clothing as a reflection of moral character, immoral clothing, clothing and conformity, and apparel as indicators of status and desirability. They believe that clothes can be as far-reaching to represent the state of a nation. Fashions, fads, and anti-fashion trends can be connected to one or more of these eight principles. There were practical health reasons that a minority of women promoted radical changes in feminine dress in the early part of the 18th century.

A trend for feminist women to dress in ways that do not follow the norms for women's clothing has been described as anti-fashion, though research suggested many women who dress this way do not choose to label themselves this way, in the opinion of author Samantha Holland this is because the women do not like the confrontational overtones of the term.

An example, this time from the early 20th century, was promoted by the legendary designer Gabrielle Chanel – a  "poor girl" woman's style where rich ladies could look like regular women while still dressing in clothes that showed their quality under close inspection. The dress sense of Charles III of the United Kingdom has been described as anti-fashion, in that it reflects indifference to current fashion in favor of traditional style. Anti-fashion has also been used to describe simple fashion adopted by hardcore punks in the 1980s. At its strictest, it consists of a plain white T-shirt, black trousers or plain jeans and black boots, with the hair cut short. In the exhibit at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Rei Kawakubo/Comme des Garçons Art of the In-Between,  fashion/anti-fashion was one of the thematic fashion pairings which were examined.

History

19th century
The burden of wearing extremely heavy dresses in all seasons that could not be washed was a health hazard, especially for frail women who might be overly susceptible to disease. Long dresses dragged on unpaved streets and floors carrying filth and germs indoors that affected household members, especially small children. In homes, long dresses were also fire hazards with open fireplaces. Fashionable styles requiring tight corsets, thin shoes or heavy tight hats—although considered beautiful at the time—restricted the wearer's movement and breathing.

Alternative forms of daywear were promoted by women's clubs of the time, especially The Dress Reform Association which began in Seneca Falls, NY. in the 1850s, and thus the Bloomer costume was born. It consisted of a bifurcated skirt held close to the ankles, a softly fitted-over dress that required only a non-restricting soft corset. This newsworthy pants-like costume created a huge fashion stir, both positive and negative, nationwide, and only the most daring feminists adopted it.  It was not considered ladylike or beautiful by those who thought that only unfeminine non-conformists would dare to wear the new style.

1950s–1980s

A period of anti-fashion took place in the 1950s with the advent of rock and roll, especially with young adolescent women. Many young women wore jeans and plaid shirts, simple plain T shirts, and surplus military clothes in rebellion against the feminine gender roles and societal norms of the time. These fashions were the root of many modern anti-fashion trends, such as punk and grunge, decades later. The word grunge originated in the mid-1960s.

Punk fashion arrived later in Great Britain in the 1970s with fashion designer Vivienne Westwood. It was quickly adopted by disillusioned, discontented teenagers. A shop named SEX run by Malcolm McLaren sold clothes with a fetish focus; leather bondage pants, offensive jewelry and T-shirts, and jeans that were ripped and defaced; other materials used to invoke fetishism were rubber and PVC plastic.  Punk clothing was often studded and slashed, and adorned with chains and safety pins. This anti-fashion was adopted in response to the fashion-consciousness exhibited by the fans of bands such as the Sex Pistols.

Both Westwood and McLaren led the Punk movement which was short-lived, but newsworthy in the fashion press. It was easy to recognize those who followed the punk community with their spiky brightly-colored Mohawk haircuts, exotic makeup, tattoos, and body piercings.  According to Worsley, "Punk style showed how fashion could challenge stereotypes of gender and beauty". By the 1980s, punk influences could be seen around Europe and America, although these blatant and provocative styles fell out of favor by the end of the decade, to be replaced by the anti-styles of the grunge movement.

1990s
In the 1990s, a minimalist style described as anti-fashion emerged on both sides of the Atlantic in which young people would typically wear simple clothes such as black jeans and white T-shirts without a visible brand name.  At this time, grunge was considered street style, a departure from the emphasis on designer labels and ostentatious looks in the 1980s, seen for example in the exaggerated shoulder lines of the tops worn by both sexes.

Soon, designers such as Donna Karan, Anna Sui, Marc Jacobs, Perry Ellis, Ralph Lauren and others began to take inspiration from fashions on the streets and incorporate those trends into their own designer lines. The fad expired as quickly as it began and the designers looked in other directions for inspiration.

Designers

During this period of time, anti-fashion designers started appearing in Europe and Asia, mainly Japan.

Vivienne Westwood

With the emergence of counter-mainstream consciousness, a punk style that catered to people's thoughts emerged in this context. Punk has a great impact on fashion. The well-known designer Vivienne Westwood, who is known as the mother of punk, started her fashion career with punk. The clothes she designed not only have punk's iconic fetish fashion, restraint elements, pins, chains, and other punk elements but also incorporate traditional designs such as Scottish plaid and court ballet.

The multi-wavy skirts, ruffled piping, pirate hats, and boots with romantic pirate styles published by Westwood in her early days immediately pushed her to the stage of international popularity and gained attention. By the mid-1980s, Westwood began to explore classical and British traditions. By the 1990s Westwood designed irregular, exaggerated and complicated structures by contrasting and matching different materials and colors, which have become Westwood's unique style.

Besides Westwood in Europe, three designers from Japan entered the European fashion scene during the 1980s.

Issey Miyake

Issey Miyake is a strong representative of Asian anti-era designers. The clothes he designs have a distinctive style and are extremely individual, giving the clothing a new aesthetic connotation with unbridled expression. Miyake released his first fashion show in 1971 with great success, and he has since entered the design career of a fashion master.

Rei Kawakubo

Rei Kawakubo is good at using low-chroma fabrics to design clothes. Many of them are designed in the same piece with the same color of black, which can be said it is Kawakubo's representative color. In 1981, Rei Kawakubo held her first press conference at the Paris Fashion Show, where she began to attract the attention of the global fashion industry. Then in the following year, her clothing had a simple nickname: the beggar's outfit; leading to a design trend of loose, deliberate three-dimensional, broken, asymmetric, and not revealing the shape of the body.

Yohji Yamamoto

For Yohji Yamamoto, the most basic concept of anti-fashion is not to follow the trend. Yohji Yamamoto's design style has always been unconventional and gender-neutral, such as designing women's clothing according to the concept of men's clothing. He likes to cover women's body shapes with exaggerated proportions, bringing out the androgynous, asexual aesthetic concept. This new dres' concept, which runs counter to the European mainstream, has not only established itself in the fashion industry but has also influenced European designers.

Demeulemeester, Maison Martin Margiela and Raf Simons

In addition, designers such as Ann Demeulemeester, Maison Martin Margiela and Raf Simons are all anti-fashion pioneers. During the 1990s, the anti-fashion movement was at its peak; more designers were willing to put themselves out there to question the idealistic beauty and traditional fashion style. One of the original Antwerp six Ann Demeulemeester debuted her first catwalk show in Paris in 1991, and she was famous for her asymmetry and unbalanced style. Maison Martin Margiela debuted his Salvation Armycollection in 1992; it was a sarcastic reaction towards the overflowing meaningless clothes in the fashion industry.

Raf Simons debuted his first menswear collection in 1997 to showcase a sense of rave and the opposite example of traditional men's fashion. The 1990s is a continuation of the 1980s anti-fashion movement but expanded into different aspects and perspectives.

See also
1990s in fashion
Capsule wardrobe
Normcore

References

Fashion aesthetics
1990s fashion
2000s fashion
2010s fashion


Jadwisin  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Serock, within Legionowo County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Serock,  north-east of Legionowo, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Jadwisin


Kania Nowa  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Serock, within Legionowo County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Serock,  north-east of Legionowo, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Kania Nowa


Kania Polska  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Serock, within Legionowo County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Serock,  north-east of Legionowo, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Kania Polska


Karolino  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Serock, within Legionowo County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Serock,  north-east of Legionowo, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Karolino


Łacha  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Serock, within Legionowo County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Serock,  north-east of Legionowo, and  north of Warsaw.

Lacha was primarily a village of ethnic Germans before World War 2.

References

Villages in Legionowo County


Ludwinowo Dębskie  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Serock, within Legionowo County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Serock,  north of Legionowo, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Legionowo County


Ludwinowo Zegrzyńskie  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Serock, within Legionowo County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Serock,  north-east of Legionowo, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Legionowo County


Marynino  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Serock, within Legionowo County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Serock,  north-east of Legionowo, and  north of Warsaw. Marynino is a rural area with only a few roads and many family farms.

References

Marynino


Nowa Wieś  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Serock, within Legionowo County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Legionowo County


Skubianka  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Serock, within Legionowo County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Serock,  north-east of Legionowo, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Skubianka


Stanisławowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Serock, within Legionowo County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Serock,  north of Legionowo, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Legionowo County


Stasi Las  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Serock, within Legionowo County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Serock,  north-east of Legionowo, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Stasi Las


Święcienica () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Serock, within Legionowo County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Legionowo County


Szadki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Serock, within Legionowo County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Serock,  north-east of Legionowo, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Szadki


Wierzbica  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Serock, within Legionowo County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Serock,  north-east of Legionowo, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Wierzbica


Leslie Sands (19 May 1921 – 9 May 2001) was a British actor and writer of TV and film. Born in Bradford, Yorkshire, Sands usually specialized in dour types in authority, often policemen.
He was married to Pauline Williams  (1950 - 9 May 2001, his death).

According to the Guardian obituary, 'From school in Bradford, he went to Leeds University to read English, [and] caught the acting bug in student productions'
In 1941, Sands had his theatrical debut at the Lyceum Theatre in Sheffield. He was a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company and appeared in several Royal National Theatre productions, among others.

His many TV roles included the lead character role of Cluff, The Saint, The Avengers, Z-Cars (where he also wrote several episodes), The Main Chance, Department S, Juliet Bravo, The Two Ronnies, Murder Most English, Boon and  Stay Lucky.

The first TV adaptation of Johnny Speight’s If There Weren't Any Blacks You'd Have To Invent Them screened in 1968 (b&w) starred Sands in the role of the blind man. The revised colour version in 1974 starred Leonard Rossiter in the same role. He also appears with Leonard Rossiter in The Fall & Rise of Reginald Perrin (series 3, episode 3), The Seven Dials Mystery (1981).

His film roles included appearances in The Deadly Affair (1966), Danger Route (1967), One More Time (1970), The Ragman's Daughter (1972), Escape from the Dark (1976) and Bloodline (1979).

Leslie's TV writing credits include Van Der Valk and A Family at War as well as Z-Cars.

Leslie Sands also wrote a number of plays, the most notable being Intent to Murder’’. Others include ‘’Stay Single & Live Forever, Intent To Murder, Therese Raquin,Good Old Summertime:A Final Fling At The Seaside, Sam Up In The World, Cat’s Cradle, The Conscience Of Sergeant Cluff & Something To Hide.
His play, Deadlock, was adapted into the movie, Another Man’s Poison, starring Bette Davis and Gary Merrill.

His grandson is actor Devin Stanfield, known for his leading role in cult TV series The Box of Delights (1984), and guest star in Chocky (1984).

Filmography

References

External links

English male television actors
English television writers
20th-century English screenwriters
British male television writers
Male actors from Bradford
Writers from Bradford
1921 births
2001 deaths


Wola Kiełpińska  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Serock, within Legionowo County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Serock,  north-east of Legionowo, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Legionowo County


Wola Smolana  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Serock, within Legionowo County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Serock,  north of Legionowo, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Wola Smolana


The Mebane Enterprise is a newspaper based in Mebane, North Carolina. It was previously known as The Alamance-Orange Enterprise until February 13, 1991.

The Enterprise is a weekly community newspaper that focuses on local government in Mebane and Alamance County, as well as local business and school news. In 2018, the paid circulation was 3,100, and the free circulation was 81.

In 2017 and 2018, the Mebane Enterprise won 15 North Carolina Press Association awards:

 Education Reporting (1st place, 2018)
 Sports Columns (1st place, 2017; 2nd place, 2018)
 Best Video (1st place 2017 and 2018; 2nd place 2017 and 2018; 3rd place 2017)
 Best Multimedia Project (1st place 2018; 2nd place 2017 and 2018)
 Investigative Reporting (2nd place 2017)
 Best Niche Publication (2nd place 2018 for Mebane Newcomer's Guide)
 Political Reporting (2nd place, 2017)
 Religion Reporting (3rd place, 2018)

This newspaper is unrelated to the Mebane Enterprise (which merged with the Hillsborough Journal in 1965) published from 1920–1967.

References

Weekly newspapers published in North Carolina
Alamance County, North Carolina


Zabłocie  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Serock, within Legionowo County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Serock,  north of Legionowo, and  north of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Legionowo County


Zalesie Borowe  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Serock, within Legionowo County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. The population as of 2023 is 65.

References

Zalesie Borowe