George Rodney Cass (23 April 1940 – 17 August 2018) was an English cricketer: a wicket-keeper who played first-class cricket for Essex and Worcestershire in England, and for Tasmania in Australia, in the 1960s and 1970s. He was capped by Worcestershire in 1970. He was born at Overton, Wakefield, Yorkshire, and educated at Dewsbury Technical College.

Biography
Cass played for Yorkshire's Second XI in 1962, before moving to Essex in 1963.
He made his first-class debut against Glamorgan at Clacton-on-Sea in late July 1964, when he scored 7 and took one catch (to dismiss opposing keeper Eifion Jones). That was his only such appearance of the season; the following year he played four matches, but scored only 49 runs and made just three dismissals in total.

1966 saw Cass play a full part in an Essex season for the first time: he hit 772 first-class runs at a shade over 20 and claimed 14 catches and two stumpings; with Brian Taylor as the regular wicket-keeper and captain of the Essex side at this time, his opportunities to keep wicket were limited and he played for Essex largely as a specialist batsman. He scored two half-centuries in 1966, of which the higher was the 65 he struck against Cambridge University in June. His achievement in this game was somewhat overshadowed by that of Keith Boyce, playing only his second first-class match,
who took career-best figures of 9–61 in the first innings.
Cass also made his List A debut in 1966, when he played for Essex against Worcestershire in the Gillette Cup.
In 1967 Cass scored his maiden first-class century, 104 not out against Warwickshire in early July.
However, he did not play at all in the second half of that season, nor (a few Second XI games in August excepted) throughout 1968.

When Cass's first-class career finally resumed in 1969, it was with a new county, Worcestershire, where he played as wicket-keeper and batsman. He enjoyed a most productive season with both bat and gloves: in first-class cricket he hit 756 runs and made 48 dismissals (44 ct, 4 st) while in one-day cricket he scored 334 runs and claimed 21 dismissals (16 ct, 5 st). All these figures were either career bests or second to just one other season. His form dipped slightly in 1970, but he could be consoled with the award of his county cap.

In 1970–71, Cass played several games in Australia for Tasmania, though he enjoyed very little success: in two first-class and one List A game he had a top score of 21 and claimed no dismissals at all. Back in England for 1971 his season was broken into two halves as he played no games in June or July, Gordon Wilcock having taken his place behind the stumps.
Cass had a wretched time even when he did play, with a first-class average of under 10 and a top score of 30 from 12 innings. His two 1971–72 outings for Tasmania proved little more successful with the bat than they had the previous English winter, with 59 runs coming from four innings, and he still made only one dismissal.

1972 was, if anything, even worse than the previous year had been: Cass scored a grand total of 21 runs in five first-class innings, with seven catches. He did redeem himself somewhat in the one-day game, with 119 runs in six innings (top score 36) to put with his six catches, and he claimed four dismissals in an outing as pro for Lowerhouse of the Lancashire League,
but real success would have to wait for the winter, when he finally came good for Tasmania. In mid-December he scored 38 and 73 against the touring Pakistanis,
and followed it up immediately with 87 for a Tasmania Combined XI against the same opposition three days later.

His last three years of first-class cricket were exclusively for Worcestershire. In 1973 he played regularly, and finished with 50 first-class dismissals for the only summer of his career. His 23 List A dismissals were also the highest he managed in one season.
He played only the first half of 1974, but did play for most of 1975 once he had re-established himself in the team at the start of June. A notable performance in a minor game was the 75 he struck, opening the batting, against the Indians in a warm-up match for the 1975 Cricket World Cup.
Two days later he made by some way his highest first-class score when he hit 172* against Leicestershire at Grace Road, sharing in an unbroken third-wicket stand of 269 with Jim Yardley.

Cass played his last first-class and List A games for Worcestershire in mid-September 1975. Thereafter, he played on in minor counties cricket for some years for Shropshire, making 103* against Somerset Second XI in 1978.
In both 1976 and 1978 he represented Shropshire at List A level in the Gillette Cup, although on neither occasion was he particularly successful. He was county club captain in 1979–1981. He also played minor cricket for Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC), accompanying them on several tours of Ireland, and played in a rain-affected game for Worcestershire Norton Taverners of the Midland Combined Counties League in 1996, aged 56.
By this time he was also employed as an MCC coach, and in that capacity made a trip to Guttsta Cricket Park in Sweden in 1996.

He played cricket at club level for Pudsey St Lawrence and Great Chell.

Cass died in August 2018 at the age of 78.

See also
 List of Tasmanian representative cricketers

References

References

1940 births
2018 deaths
English cricketers
Essex cricketers
Worcestershire cricketers
Tasmania cricketers
Shropshire cricketers
People from Overton, West Yorkshire
Wicket-keepers
Cricketers from West Yorkshire


Johnny Ray Seale (born November 14, 1938), nicknamed "Durango Kid", is a former Major League Baseball pitcher. He pitched in eight games over two seasons,  and , for the Detroit Tigers.

Sources

Major League Baseball pitchers
Detroit Tigers players
Gainesville G-Men players
Paris Lakers players
Durham Bulls players
Birmingham Barons players
Tulsa Oilers (baseball) players
Denver Bears players
Syracuse Chiefs players
Indianapolis Indians players
Seattle Angels players
Charlotte Hornets (baseball) players
Baseball players from Colorado
1938 births
Living people


Choi Hyo-Jin (, born 18 August 1983) is South Korean retired football player who used to play as a right wingback.

Club career statistics

International career
Results list South Korea's goal tally first.

NB: Friendly match against Poland (on 7 October 2011) was not full A-match.

Honors

Club
Incheon United
K League 1 Runner-up : 2005

Pohang Steelers
K League 1 Winner : 2007
Korean FA Cup
Winner : 2008
Runner-up : 2007
League Cup Winner : 2009
AFC Champions League Winner : 2009

FC Seoul
K League 1
Winners (2): 2010, 2012
League Cup
Winners (1): 2010
AFC Champions League
Runner-up : 2013
Korean FA Cup
Runner-up : 2014

Individual
Korean FA Cup MVP : 2008
K-League Best XI : 2008, 2009, 2010

References

External links

 Choi Hyo-jin ? National Team Stats at KFA

1983 births
Living people
Men's association football fullbacks
South Korean men's footballers
South Korea men's international footballers
2011 AFC Asian Cup players
Incheon United FC players
Pohang Steelers players
FC Seoul players
Gimcheon Sangmu FC players
Jeonnam Dragons players
K League 1 players
K League 2 players
Ajou University alumni


Baqa may refer to:

Baka, Jerusalem, neighborhood in Jerusalem
Baqa al-Gharbiyye, Arab city in Israel
Baqa ash-Sharqiyya, Palestinian town in West Bank
Baqat al-Hatab, Palestinian village in West Bank
Baqa'a refugee camp, an UNRWA Palestine refugee camp near Amman, Jordan

See also
Baqaa
Bakkah


Tony Steratore is a former American football official in the National Football League (NFL) who wore uniform number 112. He had worked as a back judge from the 2000 NFL season until his retirement in the 2021 offseason. For the 2020 NFL season, Steratore was scheduled to be the back judge on the officiating crew headed by referee Jerome Boger, but chose to opt due to the COVID-19 pandemic. He is a native of the Pittsburgh suburb of Washington, Pennsylvania.  Former NFL referee Gene Steratore Jr. is his younger brother. His father, Gene Steratore Sr., was an official in both college football and basketball. He officiated two Super Bowl games, which were Super Bowl XXXIX in Jacksonville, Florida, and Super Bowl XLVI in Indianapolis.

Outside of his NFL officiating duties, Tony Steratore is the president of Steratore Sanitary Supplies in Washington, Pennsylvania; his younger brother Gene is vice-president.

References

Living people
People from Washington, Pennsylvania
National Football League officials
21st-century American businesspeople
Year of birth missing (living people)


Jean Pierre François Camille Montagne (15 February 1784 – 5 December 1866) was a French military physician and botanist who specialized in the fields of bryology and mycology. He was born in the commune of Vaudoy in the department of Seine-et-Marne.

At the age of 14, Montagne joined the French navy, and took part in Napoleon's invasion of Egypt. In 1802 he returned to France to study medicine, and two years later became a military surgeon. In 1832, at the age of 48 he retired from military service to concentrate on the study of cryptogams (mosses, algae, lichens and fungi). In 1853 he was elected a member of the Académie des sciences.

In 1845 he was one of the first scientists (with Marie-Anne Libert) to provide a description of Phytophthora infestans, a potato blight fungus he referred to as Botrytis infestans. Montagne is also known for investigations of mycological species native to Guyane.

He contributed numerous articles to the Archives de Botanique and the Annales des Sciences naturelles.

The fungal genera Montagnaea (DC., 1835) and Montagnites (Fr.) commemorate his name.
Also genera Montagnula , Montagnina , Montagnellina  and Camontagnea  were named in his honour.

He died in Paris on 5 December 1866.

See also
 :Category:Taxa named by Camille Montagne

References
 Laboratoire de Botanique et de Mycologie (biography in French)

Botanists active in South America
19th-century French botanists
French mycologists
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
Corresponding members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
People from Seine-et-Marne
Bryologists
1784 births
1866 deaths


"Same Ol' G" is a song by American R&B singer Ginuwine. It was written by Timbaland, Jimmy Douglass, and Static Major and recorded for the soundtrack of the American fantasy comedy film Dr. Dolittle (1998), with production helmed by the former. "Same Ol' G" describes Ginuwine having matured from his days of clubbing, drinking and thugging with friends as he now has his own album deal and appearing on television, but insists that he hasn't changed. Timbaland also contributed spoken adlibs throughout the song, primarily in between Ginuwine's sung verses.

Released as a single on July 28, 1998, it was later included on Ginuwine's second studio album 100% Ginuwine (1999), also serving as its lead single. While it did not chart officially on the Hot R&B Singles or the Hot 100 chart due to Billboard guidelines at the time, "Same Ol' G" was a top 20 R&B airplay hit on the strength of radio spins but charted on the lower reaches of the Hot 100 Airplay chart. A music video, directed by Dave Meyers, was also filmed.

Track listings

Credits and personnel
Credits lifted from the liner notes of 100% Ginuwine.

Jimmy Douglass – mixer, writer
Ginuwine – vocals
Static Major – writer
Timbaland – mixer, producer, writer

Charts

References

1998 singles
Ginuwine songs
Song recordings produced by Timbaland
Songs written by Static Major
Songs written by Timbaland
1998 songs
Atlantic Records singles


The Kansas City Royals are a Major League Baseball (MLB) team based in Kansas City, Missouri. They currently play in the American League Central.

The first game of a new baseball season for a team is known as Opening Day. The Opening Day starting pitcher is often given to the pitcher who is expected to lead the team's pitching staff for that season, though there are strategic reasons why a team's best pitcher might not start on Opening Day. The Kansas City Royals have used 25 different Opening Day starting pitchers in their 52 seasons. The 23 starters have a combined Opening Day record of 14 wins, 22 losses and 16 no decisions. No decisions are only awarded to the starting pitcher if the game is won or lost after the starting pitcher has left the game.

The Kansas City Royals began play in 1969. Wally Bunker was the Royals’ first Opening Day starting pitcher on April 8, 1969, against the Minnesota Twins. The Royals have played in two home ball parks. They played in Municipal Stadium from 1969 through 1972. They played three Opening Day games at Municipal Stadium, winning twice and losing once. The Royals’ starting pitchers received no decisions in both of the wins, leaving their record in Opening Day starts at Municipal Stadium no wins, one loss, and two no decisions. In 1973, the team moved to Royals Stadium (later renamed to Kauffman Stadium in 1993). They have played 24 Opening Day games in the stadium, with starting pitchers having ten wins, ten losses, and four no decisions. On the other hand, the Royals have played 25 Opening Day games on the road. Starting pitchers have a combined record of four wins, thirteen losses, and eight no decisions for road games.

Kevin Appier has most Opening Day starts for the Royals, with seven, including six consecutive start from 1992 to 1997. He has a record of 1–4 with two no decisions in those starts. The other Royal pitchers who have made at least three Opening Day starts are Dennis Leonard with four, and Paul Splittorff, Bud Black, Bret Saberhagen, Jeff Suppan, Gil Meche, and Danny Duffy with three apiece.  Bunker, Dick Drago, Steve Busby, Larry Gura and James Shields have each made two Opening Day starts for the Royals.

Black, who has two wins as an Opening Day starting pitcher, is the only Royals pitcher who has won more than one Opening Day start. Black had a record in Opening Day starts of 2–1. Only two Royals pitchers had more than one loss in Opening Day starts, Kevin Appier with four losses and Dennis Leonard with three.

The Royals played in the World Series in 1980, 1985, 2014 and 2015, winning in 1985 and 2015. Leonard, Black, Shields and Ventura were the Opening Day starting pitchers in 1980, 1985, 2014 and 2015 respectively. They combined to have a Opening Day record of 2–1 with one no decision.

Key

Pitchers

References

Opening day starters
Lists of Major League Baseball Opening Day starting pitchers


USS W. F. Marty (ID-1239) was a patrol vessel that served in the United States Navy from 1917 to 1918. A wooden-hulled motorboat, she was built as the W. F. Marty in 1917 for W. F. Marty of Olney, Pennsylvania. She was inspected by the U.S. Navy, in the 4th Naval District in 1917 for possible use as a section patrol vessel. She was assigned the classification SP-1145.

Little is known, however, of any actual Navy service. Listed by the Navy as "delivered" on 6 October 1917 and "enrolled" on 16 October 1917, She was subsequently returned to her owner on 28 January 1918 and struck from the Navy List on 5 February 1918, indicating that her Navy service, if any, was of short duration. There are no records to indicate whether or not the boat was ever placed in commission. Her eventual fate is also unrecorded.

References

External links
 Photo gallery at navsource.org

Patrol vessels of the United States Navy
1917 ships
World War I patrol vessels of the United States


Hwang Ji-soo (Hangul: 황지수, born March 27, 1981) is a retired South Korean footballer who played with K League Classic side Pohang Steelers. He served under alternative military duties from 2010 to November 2011.

Career statistics

External links

1981 births
Living people
Men's association football midfielders
People from Dongducheon
South Korean men's footballers
South Korea men's international footballers
Pohang Steelers players
K League 1 players
K3 League players
Footballers from Gyeonggi Province


John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry was an effort by abolitionist John Brown, from October 16 to 18, 1859, to initiate a slave revolt in Southern states by taking over the United States arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia (since 1863, West Virginia). It has been called the dress rehearsal for, or tragic prelude to, the Civil War.

Brown's party of 22 was defeated by a company of U.S. Marines, led by First Lieutenant Israel Greene. Ten of the raiders were killed during the raid, seven were tried and executed afterwards, and five escaped. Several of those present at the raid would later be involved in the Civil War: Colonel Robert E. Lee was in overall command of the operation to retake the arsenal. Stonewall Jackson and Jeb Stuart were among the troops guarding the arrested Brown, and John Wilkes Booth was a spectator at Brown's execution.  John Brown had originally asked Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglass, both of whom he had met in his transformative years as an abolitionist in Springfield, Massachusetts, to join him in his raid, but Tubman was prevented by illness and Douglass declined, as he believed Brown's plan was suicidal.

The raid was extensively covered in the press nationwide—it was the first such national crisis to be publicized using the new electrical telegraph. Reporters were on the first train leaving for Harpers Ferry after news of the raid was received, at 4 p.m. on Monday, October 17. It carried Maryland militia, and parked on the Maryland side of the Harpers Ferry bridge, just  east of the town (at the hamlet of Sandy Hook, Maryland). As there were few official messages to send or receive, the telegraph carried on the next train, connected to the cut telegraph wires, was "given up to reporters," who "are in force strong as military". By Tuesday morning the telegraph line had been repaired, and there were reporters from The New York Times "and other distant papers".

The label "raid" was not used at the time. A month after the attack, a Baltimore newspaper listed 26 terms used, including "insurrection," "rebellion," "treason," and "crusade." "Raid" was not among them.

Brown's raid caused much excitement and anxiety throughout the United States, with the South seeing it as a threat to slavery and their way of life, and some in the North perceiving it as a bold abolitionist action.  At first it was generally viewed as madness, the work of a fanatic.  It was Brown's words and letters after the raid and at his trial – Virginia v. John Brown – aided by the writings of supporters, including Henry David Thoreau, that turned him into a hero and icon for the Union.

Brown's preparation
John Brown rented the Kennedy Farmhouse, with a small cabin nearby,  north of Harpers Ferry, in Washington County, Maryland, and took up residence under the name Isaac Smith. Brown came with a small group of men minimally trained for military action. His group eventually included 21 men besides himself (16 white men, five black men). Northern abolitionist groups sent 198 breech-loading .52-caliber Sharps carbines ("Beecher's Bibles"). He ordered from a blacksmith in Connecticut 950 pikes, for use by blacks untrained in the use of firearms, as few were. He told curious neighbors that they were tools for mining, which aroused no suspicion as for years the possibility of local mining for metals had been explored. Brown "frequently took home with him parcels of earth, which he pretended to analyse in search of minerals. Often his neighbors would visit him when he was making his chemical experiments and so well did he act his part that he was looked upon as one of profound learning and calculated to be a most useful man to the neighborhood."

The pikes were never used; a few blacks in the engine house carried one, but none used it. After the action was over and most of the principals dead or imprisoned, they were sold at high prices as souvenirs. Harriet Tubman had one, and Abby Hopper Gibbons another; the Marines returning to base each had one. When all had been taken or sold, an enterprising mechanic started making and selling new ones. "It is estimated that enough of these have been sold as genuine to supply a large army." Virginian Fire-Eater Edmund Ruffin had them sent to the governors of every slave state, with a label that said "Sample of the favors designed for us by our Northern Brethren." He also carried one around in Washington D.C., showing it to every one he could, "so as to create fear and terror of slave insurrection".

The United States Armory was a large complex of buildings that manufactured small arms for the U.S. Army (1801–1861), with an Arsenal (weapons storehouse) that was thought to contain at the time 100,000 muskets and rifles. However Brown, who had his own stock of weapons, did not seek to capture those of the Arsenal.

Brown attempted to attract more black recruits, and felt the lack of a black leader's involvement. He tried recruiting Frederick Douglass as a liaison officer to the slaves in a meeting held (for safety) in an abandoned quarry at Chambersburg, Pennsylvania. It was at this meeting that ex-slave "Emperor" Shields Green, rather than return home with Douglass (in whose house Green was living), decided to join with John Brown on his attack on the United States Armory, Green stating to Douglass "I believe I will go with the old man." Douglass declined, indicating to Brown that he believed the raid was a suicide mission. The plan was "an attack on the federal government" that "would array the whole country against us. ...You will never get out alive," he warned.

According to Osborne Anderson, "the Old Captain told us, we stood nine chances to one to be killed; but, said the Captain at the same time[,] 'there are moments when men can do more dead than alive.'"

The Kennedy Farmhouse served as "barracks, arsenal, supply depot, mess hall, debate club, and home." It was very crowded and life there was tedious. Brown was worried about arousing neighbors' suspicions. As a result, the raiders had to stay indoors during the daytime, without much to do but study (Brown recommended Plutarch's Lives), drill, argue politics, discuss religion, and play cards and checkers. Brown's daughter-in-law Martha served as cook and housekeeper. His daughter Annie served as lookout. She remarked later that these were the most important months of her life. Brown wanted women at the farm, to prevent suspicions of a large all-male group. The raiders went outside at night to drill and get fresh air. Thunderstorms were welcome since they concealed noise from Brown's neighbors.

Brown did not plan to execute a quick raid and immediately escape to the mountains. Rather, he intended to arm rebellious slaves with the aim of striking terror in the slaveholders in Virginia. Believing that on the first night of action, 200 to 500 slaves would join his line, Brown ridiculed the militia and the regular army that might oppose him. He planned to send agents to nearby plantations, rallying the slaves, and to hold Harpers Ferry for a short time, with the expectation that as many volunteers, white and black, would join him as would form against him. He would then move rapidly southward, sending out armed bands along the way that would free more slaves, obtain food, horses, and hostages, and destroy slaveholders' morale. Brown intended to follow the Appalachian Mountains south into Tennessee and even Alabama, the heart of the South, making forays into the plains on either side.

Advanced knowledge of the raid

Brown paid Hugh Forbes $100 per month (),
to a total of $600, to be his drillmaster. Forbes was an English mercenary who served Giuseppe Garibaldi in Italy. Forbes' Manual for the Patriotic Volunteer was found in Brown's papers after the raid. Brown and Forbes argued over strategy and money. Forbes wanted more money so that his family in Europe could join him. Forbes sent threatening letters to Brown's backers in an attempt to get money. Failing in this effort, Forbes traveled to Washington, DC, and met with U.S. Senators William H. Seward and Henry Wilson. He denounced Brown to Seward as a "vicious man" who needed to be restrained, but did not disclose any plans for the raid. Forbes partially exposed the plan to Senator Wilson and others. Wilson wrote to Samuel Gridley Howe, a Brown backer, advising him to get Brown's backers to retrieve the weapons intended for use in Kansas. Brown's backers told him that the weapons should not be used "for other purposes, as rumor says they may be". In response to warnings, Brown had to return to Kansas to shore up support and discredit Forbes. Some historians believe that this trip cost Brown valuable time and momentum.

Another important figure that helped to pay for the raid was Mary Ellen Pleasent. She donated $30,000 (equivalent to $1.1 million in 2023), saying it was the "most important and significant act of her life".

Estimates are that at least eighty people knew about Brown's planned raid in advance, although Brown did not reveal his total plan to anyone. Many others had reasons to believe that Brown was contemplating a move against the South. One of those who knew was David J. Gue of Springdale, Iowa, where Brown had spent time. Gue was a Quaker who believed that Brown and his men would be killed. Gue decided to warn the government "to protect Brown from the consequences of his own rashness." He sent an anonymous letter to Secretary of War John B. Floyd:

He was hoping that Floyd would send soldiers to Harpers Ferry. He hoped that the extra security would motivate Brown to call off his plans.

Even though President Buchanan offered a $250 reward for Brown, Floyd did not connect the John Brown of Gue's letter to the John Brown of Pottawatomie, Kansas, fame. He knew that Maryland did not have an armory (Harpers Ferry is in Virginia, today West Virginia, just across the Potomac River from Maryland.) Floyd concluded that the letter writer was a crackpot, and disregarded it. He later said that "a scheme of such wickedness and outrage could not be entertained by any citizen of the United States".

Brown's second in command John Henry Kagi wrote to a friend on October 15, the day before the attack, that they had heard there was a search warrant for the Kennedy farmhouse, and therefore they had to start eight days sooner than planned.

Timeline of the raid

Sunday, October 16

On Sunday night, October 16, 1859, at about 11 PM, Brown left three of his men behind as a rear-guard, in charge of the cache of weapons: his son Owen Brown, Barclay Coppock, and Francis Jackson Meriam, and led the rest across the bridge and into the town of Harpers Ferry, Virginia. Brown detached a party under John Cook, Jr., to capture Colonel Lewis Washington, great-grandnephew of George Washington, at his nearby Beall-Air estate, free his slaves, and seize two relics of George Washington: a sword Lewis Washington said had been presented to George Washington by Frederick the Great, and two pistols given by Marquis de Lafayette, which Brown considered talismans. The party carried out its mission and returned via the Allstadt House, where they took more hostages and freed more slaves.

Brown's men needed to capture the Armory and then escape before word could be sent to Washington. The raid was going well for Brown's men. They cut the telegraph line twice, to prevent communication in either direction: first on the Maryland side of the bridge; slightly later on the far side of the station, preventing communication with Virginia.

Some of Brown's men were posted so as to control both the Potomac and the Shenandoah bridges. Others went into the town; it was the middle of the night and a single watchman was the only person at the Armory. He was forced to turn over his keys.

Brown had been sure that he would get major support from slaves ready to rebel; his followers said to a man that he had told them that. But Brown had no way to inform these slaves; they did not arrive, and Brown waited too long for them. The South, starting with Governor Wise, whose speech after Harpers Ferry was reprinted widely, proclaimed that this showed the truth of their old allegation, that their slaves were happy and did not want freedom. Osborne Anderson, the only raider to leave a memoir, and the only black survivor, put the lie to this:

Monday, October 17

A free black man was the first fatality to result from the raid: Heyward Shepherd, a baggage handler at the Harpers Ferry train station, who had ventured out onto the bridge to look for a watchman who had been driven off by Brown's raiders. He was shot from behind when he by chance encountered the raiders, refused to freeze, and headed back to the station. That a black man was the first casualty of an insurrection whose purpose was to aid blacks, and that he disobeyed the raiders, made him a hero of the "Lost Cause" pro-Confederacy movement; a monument enshrining this perspective on Shepherd's death was installed in 1931. But in fact, as he was dying, Shepherd said he did not know about the raid and thought the men were robbers.

The shot and a cry of distress were heard by physician John Starry, who lived across the street from the bridge and walked over to see what was happening. After he saw it was Shepherd and that he could not be saved, Brown let him leave. Instead of going home he started the alarm, having the bell on the Lutheran church rung, sending a messenger to summon help from Charles Town, and then going there himself, after having notified such local men as could be contacted quickly.

The Baltimore & Ohio train

About 1:15 AM the eastbound Baltimore & Ohio express train from Wheeling—one per day in each direction—was to pass through towards Baltimore. The night watchman ran to warn of trouble ahead; the engineer stopped and then backed up the train. Two train crew members who stepped down to reconnoiter were shot at.
Brown boarded the train and talked with passengers for over an hour, not concealing his identity. (Because of his abolitionist work in Kansas, Brown was a "notorious" celebrity; he was well known to any newspaper reader.) Brown then told the train crew they could continue. According to the conductor's telegram they had been detained for five hours, but according to other sources the conductor did not think it prudent to proceed until sunrise, when it could more easily be verified that no damage had been done to the tracks or bridge, and that no one would shoot at them. The passengers were cold on the stopped train, with the engine shut down; normally the temperature would have been around 5 °C (41 °F), but it was "unusually cold". Brown's men had blankets over their shoulders and arms; John Cook reported later having been  "chilled through". The passengers were allowed to get off and they "went into the hotel and remained there, in great alarm, for four or five hours."

Several times, Brown later called this incident his "one mistake": "not detaining the train on Sunday night or else permitting it to go on unmolested". Brown scholar Louis DeCaro Jr. called it a "ruinous blunder."

The train departed at dawn, Brown himself, on foot, escorting the train across the bridge. At about 7 AM it arrived at the first station with a working telegraph, Monocacy, near Frederick, Maryland, about  east of Harpers Ferry. The conductor sent a telegram to W. P. Smith, Master of Transportation at B&O headquarters in Baltimore. Smith's reply to the conductor rejected his report as "exaggerated," but by 10:30 AM he had received confirmation from Martinsburg, Virginia, the next station west of Harpers Ferry. No westbound trains were arriving and three eastbound trains were backed up on the Virginia side of the bridge; because of the cut telegraph line the message had to take a long, roundabout route via the other end of the line in Wheeling, and from there back east via Pittsburgh, causing delay. At that point Smith informed the railroad president, John W. Garrett, who sent telegrams to Major General George H. Steuart of the First Light Division, Maryland Volunteers, Virginia Governor Henry A. Wise, U.S. Secretary of War John B. Floyd, and U.S. President James Buchanan.

Armory employees taken hostage
At about this time Armory employees began arriving for work; they were taken as hostages by Brown's party. Reports differ on how many there were, but there were many more than would fit in the small engine house. Brown divided them into two groups, keeping only the ten most important in the engine house; the others were held in a different Armory building. According to the report of Robert E. Lee, the hostages included:

 Colonel L. W. Washington, of Jefferson County, Virginia
 Mr. J. H. Allstadt, of Jefferson County, Virginia
 Mr. Israel Russell, Justice of the Peace, Harpers Ferry
 Mr. John Donahue, clerk of Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
 Mr. Terence Byrne, of Maryland
 Mr. George D. Shope, of Frederick, Maryland
 Mr. Benjamin Mills, master armorer [weaponmaker], Harpers Ferry Arsenal
 Mr. A. M. Ball, master machinist, Harpers Ferry Arsenal
 Mr. John E.P. Daingerfield or Dangerfield, paymaster's clerk, Acting Paymaster, Harpers Ferry Arsenal, not to be confused with Dangerfield Newby. Brown told him that by noon he would have 1,500 armed men with him.
 Mr. J. Burd, armorer, Harpers Ferry Arsenal

All save the last were held in the engine house. According to a newspaper report, there were "not less than sixty"; another report says "upwards of seventy". they were detained in "a large building further down the yard". The number of rebels sometimes was inflated because some observers, who had to remain at a distance, thought that the hostages were part of Brown's party.

Armed citizens arrive
As it became known that citizens had been taken hostage by an armed group, men of Harpers Ferry found themselves without arms other than fowling-pieces, which were useless at a distance.

Military companies from neighboring towns began to arrive late Monday morning. Among them was Captain John Avis, who would soon be Brown's jailor, who arrived with a company of militia from Charles Town.

Also according to the report of Lee, who does not mention Avis, the following volunteer militia groups arrived between 11 AM and his arrival in the evening:

 Jefferson Guards and volunteers from Charles Town, under Captain J. W. Rowen
 Hamtramck Guards, Jefferson County, Captain V. M. Butler
 Shepherdstown troop, Captain Jacob Rienahart
 Captain Ephraim G. Alburtis's company, by train from Martinsburg. Most of the militia members were employees of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad shops there. They freed all the hostages except those in the engine house.
 Captain B. B. Washington's company from Winchester
 Three companies from Fredericktown, Maryland,  under Colonel Shriver
 Companies from Baltimore, under General Charles C. Edgerton, second light brigade

Expecting that thousands of slaves would join him, Brown stayed too long in Harpers Ferry. Harpers Ferry is on a narrow peninsula, almost an island; it is sometimes called "the Island of Virginia". By noon hopes of escape were gone, as his men had lost control of both bridges leading out of town, which because of the terrain were the only practical escape routes. The other bridge, of which not even the pillars remain (the visible pillars are from a later bridge), went east over the Shenandoah River from Harpers Ferry.

The militia companies, under the direction of Colonels R. W. Baylor and John T. Gibson, forced the insurgents to abandon their positions and, since escape was impossible, fortify themselves in "a sturdy stone building", the most defensible in the Armory, the fire engine house, which would be known later as John Brown's Fort. (There were two fire engines; which Greene described as old-fashioned and heavy, plus a hose cart.) They blocked the few windows, used the engines and hose cart to block the heavy doors, and reinforced the doors with rope, making small holes on the walls and through them trading sporadic gunfire with the surrounding militia. Between 2 and 3 there was "a great deal of firing".

During the day four townspeople were killed, including the mayor, who managed the Harpers Ferry station and was a former county sheriff. Eight militiamen were wounded. But the militia, besides the poor quality of their weapons, were disorderly and unreliable. "Most of them [militiamen] got roaring drunk." "A substantial proportion of the militia (along with many of the townspeople) had become a disorganized, drunken, and cowering mob by the time that Colonel Robert E. Lee and the U.S. Marines captured Brown on Tuesday, October 18." The Charleston Mercury called it a "broad and pathetic farce." According to several reports, Governor Wise was outraged at the poor performance of the local militia.

At one point Brown sent out his son Watson and Aaron Dwight Stevens with a white flag, but Watson was mortally wounded by a shot from a town man, expiring after more than 24 hours of agony, and Stevens was shot and taken prisoner. The raid was clearly failing. One of Brown's men, William H. Leeman, panicked and made an attempt to flee by swimming across the Potomac River, but he was shot and killed while doing so. During the intermittent shooting, another son of Brown, Oliver, was also hit; he died, next to his father, after a brief period. Brown's third participating son, Owen, escaped (with great difficulty) via Pennsylvania to the relative safety of his brother John Jr.'s house in Ashtabula County in northeast Ohio, but he was not part of the Harpers Ferry action; he was guarding the weapons at their base, the Kennedy Farm, just across the river in Maryland.

Buchanan calls out the Marines
Late in the afternoon President Buchanan called out a detachment of U.S. Marines from the Washington Navy Yard, the only federal troops in the immediate area: 81 privates, 11 sergeants, 13 corporals, and 1 bugler, armed with seven howitzers. The Marines left for Harper's Ferry on the regular 3:30 train, arriving about 10 PM. Israel Greene was in charge.

To command them Buchanan ordered Brevet Colonel Robert E. Lee, conveniently on leave at his home, just across the Potomac in Arlington, Virginia, to "repair" to Harpers Ferry, where he arrived about 10 PM, on a special train. Lee had no uniform readily available, and wore civilian clothes.

Tuesday, October 18

The Marines break through the engine house door

At 6:30 AM Lee began the attack on the engine house. He first offered the role of attacking it to the local militia units, but both commanders declined. Lee then sent Lt. J. E. B. Stuart, serving as a volunteer aide-de-camp, under a white flag of truce to offer John Brown and his men the option of surrendering. Colonel Lee informed Lt. Israel Greene that if Brown did not surrender, he was to direct the Marines to attack the engine house. Stuart walked towards the front of the engine house where he told Brown that his men would be spared if they surrendered. Brown refused and as Stuart walked away, he made a pre-arranged signal—waving his hat—to Lt. Greene and his men standing nearby.

Greene's men then tried to break in using sledgehammers, but their efforts were unsuccessful. He found a ladder nearby, and he and about twelve Marines used it as a battering ram to break down the sturdy doors. Greene was the first through the door and with the assistance of Lewis Washington, identified and singled out John Brown. Greene later recounted what events occurred next:

Quicker than thought I brought my saber down with all my strength upon [Brown's] head. He was moving as the blow fell, and I suppose I did not strike him where I intended, for he received a deep saber cut in the back of the neck. He fell senseless on his side, then rolled over on his back. He had in his hand a short Sharpe's cavalry carbine. I think he had just fired as I reached Colonel Washington, for the Marine who followed me into the aperture made by the ladder received a bullet in the abdomen, from which he died in a few minutes. The shot might have been fired by someone else in the insurgent party, but I think it was from Brown. Instinctively as Brown fell I gave him a saber thrust in the left breast. The sword I carried was a light uniform weapon, and, either not having a point or striking something hard in Brown's accouterments, did not penetrate. The blade bent double.

Two of the raiders were killed, and the rest taken prisoner. Brown was wounded before and after his surrender. The hostages were freed and the assault was over. It lasted three minutes.

According to one marine, the raiders presented a sad appearance:

Colonel Lee and Jeb Stuart searched the surrounding country for fugitives who had participated in the attack. Few of Brown's associates escaped, and among the five who did, some were sheltered by abolitionists in the North, including William Still.

Interviews
All the bodies were taken out and laid on the ground in front. "A detail of [Greene's] men" carried Brown and Edwin Coppock, the only other white survivor of the attack on the engine house, to the adjacent office of the paymaster, where they lay on the floor for over a day. Until they went with the group to the Charles Town jail on Wednesday, there is no record of the location of the two surviving captured black raiders, Shields Green and John Anthony Copeland, who were also the only two survivors of the engine house with no injuries. Green attempted unsuccessfully to disguise himself as one of the enslaved of Colonel Washington being liberated.

From this point forward, Brown would endlessly be interrogated by soldiers, politicians, lawyers, reporters, citizens, and preachers. He welcomed the attention.

The first to interview him was Virginia congressman Alexander Boteler, who rode over from his home in nearby Shepherdstown, West Virginia, and was present when Brown was carried out of the engine house, and told a Catholic priest to leave. Five people, in addition to several reporters, came almost immediately to Harpers Ferry specifically to interview Brown. He was interviewed at length as he lay there over 24 hours; he had been without food and sleep for over 48 hours. ("Brown carried no provisions on the expedition, as if God would rain down manna from the skies as He had done for the Israelites in the wilderness.") The first interviewers after Boteler were Virginia Governor Wise, his attorney Andrew Hunter, who was also the leading attorney in Jefferson County, and Robert Ould, United States Attorney for the District of Columbia, sent by President Buchanan. Governor Wise having left—he set up a base in a Harpers Ferry hotel—Brown was then interviewed by Senator James M. Mason, from Winchester, Virginia, and Representatives Charles J. Faulkner, from Martinsville, Virginia, and Copperhead Clement Vallandigham, from Ohio. (Brown lived for years in Ohio, and both Watson and Owen Brown were born there.) Vallandingham was on his way from Washington to Ohio via the B&O Railroad, which of course would take him through Harpers Ferry. In Baltimore he was informed about the raid.

Up until this point, most public opinion in the North and West had seen Brown as a fanatic, a crazy man, attacking Virginia with only 22 men, of whom 10 were killed immediately, and 7 others would soon be hanged, as well as 5 deaths and 9 injuries among the Marines and local population. With the newspaper reports of these interviews, followed by Brown's widely reported words at his trial, the public perception of Brown changed suddenly and dramatically. According to Henry David Thoreau, "I know of nothing so miraculous in our history. Years were not required for a revolution of public opinion; days, nay hours, produced marked changes."

Governor Wise, though firmly in favor of Brown's execution, called him "the gamest man I ever saw". Boteler also spoke well of him. Representative Vallandingham, described later by Thoreau as an enemy of Brown, made the following comment after reaching Ohio:

Like Mason (see below), Vallandingham thought Brown could not possibly have thought of and planned the raid by himself.

Interview by Governor Wise
Virginia Governor Wise, with a force of ninety men, who were disappointed that the action was already over, arrived from Richmond about midday Tuesday. "Learning how quickly the Marines had crushed the raid, Wise 'boiled over', and said he would rather have lost both legs and both arms from his shoulders and hips than such a disgrace should have been cast upon it [Virginia, since Brown held off all the local militia]. That fourteen white men and five negroes should have captured the government works and all Harper's Ferry, and have found It possible to retain them for [even] one hour, while  Col. Lee, with twelve marines, settled the matter in ten minutes."

Wise interviewed Brown while he, along with Stevens, was lying on the floor of the paymaster's office at the Arsenal, where they would remain until, over thirty hours later, they were moved to the Jefferson County jail. Brown, despite his wounds, was "courteous and afable". Andrew Hunter took notes, but there is no transcript of this interview. One exchange was as follows:

The paymaster's clerk at the Arsenal, Captain J.E.P. Dangerfield (not to be confused with Dangerfield Newby), was taken hostage when he arrived for work. He was present at this interview, and remarked that: "Governor Wise was astonished at the answers he received from Brown." Back in Richmond, on Saturday, October 22, in a speech widely reported in the newspapers, Wise himself stated:

Wise also reported the opinion of Lewis Washington, in a passage called "well known" in 1874: "Colonel Washington says that he, Brown, was the coolest and firmest man he ever saw in defying danger and death. With one son dead by his side, and another shot through, he felt the pulse of his dying son with one hand and held his rifle with the other, and commanded his men with the utmost composure, encouraging them to be firm, and to sell their lives as dearly as they could."

Wise left for his hotel in Harpers Ferry about dinnertime Tuesday.

Interview by Senator Mason and two Representatives
Virginia Senator James M. Mason lived in nearby Winchester, and would later chair the Select Senate committee investigating the raid. He also came immediately to Harpers Ferry to interview Brown. Congressmen Clement Vallandigham of Ohio, who called Brown "sincere, earnest, practical", Charles J. Faulkner of Virginia, Robert E. Lee, and "several other distinguished gentlemen" were also present. The audience averaged 10 to 12. Lee said that he would exclude all visitors from the room if the wounded men were annoyed or pained by them, but Brown said he was by no means annoyed; on the contrary, he was glad to be able to make himself and his motives "clearly understood".

A reporter-stenographer of the New York Herald produced a "verbatim" transcript of the interview, although it started before he arrived, shortly after 2 PM. Published in full or part in many newspapers, it is the most complete public statement we have of Brown about the raid.

Wednesday, October 19
Lee and the Marines, except for Greene, left Harper's Ferry for Washington on the 1:15 AM train, the only express east. He finished his report and sent it to the War Department that day.

He made a synopsis of the events that took place at Harpers Ferry. According to Lee's report: "the plan [raiding the Harpers Ferry Arsenal] was the attempt of a fanatic or madman." Lee also believed that the blacks in the raid were forced by Brown. "The blacks, whom he [John Brown] forced from their homes in this neighborhood, as far as I could learn, gave him no voluntary assistance." Lee attributed John Brown's "temporary success" to the panic and confusion and to "magnifying" the number of participants involved in the raid. Lee said that he was sending the Marines back to the Navy Yard.

"Governor Wise is still [Wednesday] here busily engaged in a personal investigation of the whole affair, and seems to be using every means for bringing to retribution all the participators in it."

A holograph copy of Brown's Provisional Constitution, held by the Yale University Library, bears the handwritten annotation: "Handed to Gov. Wise by John Brown on Wed Oct 19/59 before he was removed from the U.S. grounds at Harpers Ferry & while he lay wounded on his cot."

On Wednesday evening the prisoners were moved by train from Harpers Ferry to Charles Town, where they were placed in the Jefferson County jail, "a very pretty jail, ...like a handsome private residence," the press reported. Governor Wise and Andrew Hunter, his attorney, accompanied them. The Jefferson County jail was "a meek-looking edifice, [which] must have been a respectable private residence". Brown wrote his family: "I am supplied with almost everything I could desire to make me comfortable". According to the New York Tribunes  reporter on the scene:

Trial and execution

Brown was hastily processed by the legal system. He was charged by a grand jury with treason against the Commonwealth of Virginia, murder, and inciting a slave insurrection. A jury found him guilty of all charges; he was sentenced to death on November 2, and after a legally-required delay of 30 days he was hanged on December 2. (This execution was witnessed by the actor John Wilkes Booth, who later assassinated President Abraham Lincoln.) At the hanging and en route to it, authorities prevented spectators from getting close enough to Brown to hear a final speech. He wrote his last words on a scrap of paper given to his jailer Capt. John Avis, whose treatment Brown spoke well of in his letters:

I John Brown am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty, land: will never be purged away; but with Blood. I had as I now think: vainly flattered myself that without very much bloodshed; it might be done.

Four other raiders were executed on December 16 and two more on March 16, 1860.

In his last speech, at his sentencing, he said to the court:

[H]ad I so interfered in behalf of the rich, the powerful, the intelligent, the so-called great, or in behalf of any of their friends, either father, mother, brother, sister, wife, or children, or any of that class, and suffered and sacrificed what I have in this interference, it would have been all right; and every man in this court would have deemed it an act worthy of reward rather than punishment.

Southerners had a mixed attitude towards their slaves. Many Southern whites lived in constant fear of another slave insurrection; almost paradoxically, whites claimed that slaves were content in bondage, blaming slave unrest on Northern abolitionists. After the raid Southerners initially lived in fear of slave uprisings and invasion by armed abolitionists. The South's reaction entered the second phase at around the time of Brown's execution. Southerners were relieved that no slaves had volunteered to help Brown, as they were incorrectly told by Governor Wise and others (see John Brown's raiders#Black participation), and felt vindicated in their claims that slaves were content. After Northerners had expressed admiration for Brown's motives, with some treating him as a martyr, Southern opinion evolved into what James M. McPherson called "unreasoning fury".

The first Northern reaction among antislavery advocates to Brown's raid was one of baffled reproach. Wm. Lloyd Garrison called the raid "misguided, wild, and apparently insane." But through the trial and his execution, Brown was transformed into a martyr. Henry David Thoreau, in A Plea for Captain John Brown, said, "I think that for once the Sharp's rifles and the revolvers were employed in a righteous cause. The tools were in the hands of one who could use them," and said of Brown, "He has a spark of divinity in him." To the South, Brown was a murderer who wanted to deprive them of their property (slaves). The North "has sanctioned and applauded theft, murder, and treason," said De Bow's Review. According to the Richmond Enquirer, the South's reaction was "horror and indignation".

Consequences of Brown's raid
When examining the events which led to the Civil War, Brown's raid is the last major event (see sidebar, above). According to the Richmond Enquirer, "The Harper's Ferry invasion has advanced the cause of Disunion, more than any other event that has happened since the formation of the Government; it has rallied to that standard men who formerly looked upon it with horror; it has revived, with tenfold strength[,] the desire of a Southern Confederacy."

His well-publicized raid, a complete failure in the short term, contributed to Lincoln's election in 1860, and Jefferson Davis "cited the attack as grounds for Southerners to leave the Union, 'even if it rushes us into a sea of blood. Seven Southern states seceded to form the Confederacy. The Civil War followed; Brown seemed to be calling for war in his last message before his execution: "the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away but with Blood."

However, as put by David Reynolds, "The raid on Harpers Ferry helped dislodge slavery, but not in the way Brown had foreseen. It did not ignite slave uprisings throughout the South. Instead, it had an immense impact because of the way Brown behaved during and after it, and the way it was perceived by key figures on both sides of the slavery divide. The raid did not cause the storm. John Brown and the reaction to him did."

Brown's raid, trial, and execution energized both the abolitionists in the North and the pro-slavers in the South, and brought a flurry of political organizing. Public meetings in support of Brown, sometimes also raising money for his family, were held across the North. "These meetings gave the era's most illustrious thinkers and activists an opportunity to renew their assault on slavery." It reinforced Southern sentiment for secession.

Casualties

John Brown's raiders

Counting John Brown, there were 22 raiders, 15 white and 7 black. 10 were killed during the raid, 7 were tried and executed afterwards, and 5 escaped. In addition, Brown was assisted by at least two local enslaved people; one was killed and the other died in jail.

Other casualties, civilian and military
 Killed Heyward Shepherd, a free African-American B&O baggage master. He was buried in the African-American cemetery on Rt. 11 in Winchester, Virginia. In 1932 no one could find his grave.
 Private Luke Quinn, U.S. Marines, was killed during the storming of the engine house. He was buried in Harpers Ferry Catholic Cemetery on Rte. 340.
 Thomas Boerly, townsperson. According to Richard Hinton, "Mr. Burleigh" was killed by Shields Green.
 George W. Turner, townsperson.
 Fontaine Beckham, Harpers Ferry mayor, B&O stationmaster, former sheriff. Mayor Beckham's Will Book called for the liberation of Isaac Gilbert, Gilbert's wife, and their three children upon his death. When Edwin Coppock killed Beckham the enslaved family was thus freed.
 An enslaved man belonging to Colonel Washington was killed.
 An enslaved man belonging to hostage John Allstad was killed. Both slaves voluntarily joined Brown's raiders. One was killed trying to escape across the Potomac River; the other was wounded and later died in the Charles Town jail.
 Wounded but survived'''
 Private Matthew Ruppert, U. S. Marines, was shot in the face during the storming of the engine house.
 Edward McCabe, Harpers Ferry laborer.
 Samuel C. Young, Charles Town militia. As he was "permanently disabled by a wound received in defence of Southern institutions" (slavery), a pamphlet was published to raise money for him.
 Martinsburg, Virginia, militia:
 George Murphy
 George Richardson
 G. N. Hammond
 Evan Dorsey
 Nelson Hooper
 George Woollett

 Legacy

Many of John Brown's homes are today small museums. John Brown is featured in an extremely large mural  (11'6" tall and 31' long) painted in the Kansas State Capitol in Topeka, Kansas. In "Tragic Prelude," by Kansan John Steuart Curry, the larger-than-life figure of John Brown dominates a scene of war, death, and destruction. Wildfires and a tornado are backdrops to his zeal and fervor. The only major street anywhere named for John Brown is in Port-au-Prince, Haiti (where there is also an Avenue Charles Sumner). In Harpers Ferry today, the engine house, known today as John Brown's Fort, sits in a park, open to walk through, where there is an interpretive display summarizing the events.

Another monument is the cenotaph to three black participants, in Oberlin, Ohio.

 Harpers Ferry National Historical Park
Just as in the town of Harpers Ferry, John Brown and the raid are downplayed at the Harpers Ferry National Historical Park. Harpers Ferry and some surrounding areas were designated as a National Monument in 1944. Congress later designated it as the Harpers Ferry National Historical Park in 1963.

 Grave site
John Brown is buried on his farm near Lake Placid, New York. It is maintained as the New York John Brown Farm State Historic Site. His son Watson is also buried there, and the bones of his son Oliver and nine other raiders are buried in a single coffin.

 Conflicting interpretations

From 1859 until the assassination of President Lincoln in 1865, Brown was the most famous American. He was the symbol of the nation's polarization: in the North he was a hero, and the day of his execution a day of mourning for many; flags were flown at half mast in some cities. To white Southerners, he was an outlaw, a traitor, promoting slave insurrection.

Doubt has been raised as to whether Brown believed his implausible, undermanned attack could succeed, or whether he knew it was doomed yet wanted the publicity it would generate for the abolitionist cause. Certainly he "fail[ed] to take the steps necessary" to make it succeed: he never called on nearby slaves to join the uprising, for example. According to Garrison, "His raid into Virginia looks utterly lacking in common sense—a desperate self-sacrifice for the purpose of giving an earthquake shock to the slave system, and thus hastening the day for a universal catastrophe." Brown's Provisional Constitution, of which he had stacks of copies printed, "was not just a governing document. It was a scare tactic".

As Brown wrote in 1851: "The trial for life of one bold and to some extent successful man, for defending his rights in good earnest, would arouse more sympathy throughout the nation than the accumulated wrongs and suffering of more than three millions of our submissive colored population." According to his son Salmon, fifty years later: "He wanted to bring on the war. I have heard him talk of it many times." Certainly Brown saw to it that his arrest, trial, and execution received as much publicity as possible. He "ask[ed] that the incendiary constitution he carried with him be read aloud." "He seemed very fond of talking." Authorities deliberately prevented spectators from being close enough to Brown to hear him speak during his short trip to the gallows, but he did give what became his famous final message to a jailer who had asked for his autograph.

Notes

See also
 Bleeding Kansas
 John Brown's body, about his funeral in North Elba
 John Brown's Body (song)
 John Brown's Fort
 John Brown's last speech
 John Brown's Provisional Constitution
 John Brown's raiders
 List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
 List of sources for John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
 Origins of the American Civil War
 Virginia v. John Brown Mary Ellen Pleasent

References

Further reading

 Primary sources (arranged from oldest to most recent)

  Same text is more legible here .

 Stauffer, John and Zoe Trodd, eds. (2012). The Tribunal: Responses to John Brown and the Harpers Ferry Raid. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. Review by Paul Finkelman; Review by Christopher Benfey

 Secondary sources (alphabetical)
 Earle, Jonathan. John Brown's Raid on Harpers Ferry: A Brief History with Documents (2008) excerpt and text search
 Field, Ron. Avenging Angel; John Brown's Raid on Harpers Ferry 1859 (2012). Osprey Raid Series #36. Osprey Publishing.
 Horwitz, Tony. Midnight Rising: John Brown and the Raid That Sparked the Civil War (2011) Henry Holt and Company

  Reviewed

 Nevins, Allan. The Emergence of Lincoln: Prelude to Civil War, 1859–1861 (1950), vol 4 of The Ordeal of the Union, esp ch 3 pp. 70–97
 Oates, Stephen B. To Purge this Land with Blood: A Biography of John Brown (1984). Amherst, MA: The University of Massachusetts Press.
 Potter, David M. The Impending Crisis: 1848–1861 (1976), pp. 356–84; Pulitzer Prize winning history
 Reynolds, David S. John Brown, Abolitionist: The Man Who Killed Slavery, Sparked the Civil War, and Seeded Civil Rights (2006)

External links

 "John Brown – 150 Years After Harpers Ferry" by Terry Bisson, Monthly Review'', October 2009

Conflicts in 1859
1859 crimes in the United States
Political violence in the United States
United States military killing of American civilians
1859 in Virginia
United States Marine Corps in the 18th and 19th centuries
Rebellions in the United States
Slave rebellions in the United States
Military raids
Crimes in Virginia
October 1859 events
Riots and civil disorder in Virginia
Origins of the American Civil War
Treason in the United States
Abolitionism in the United States
Recipients of aid from Gerrit Smith
History of Jefferson County, West Virginia
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
History of slavery in Virginia
Jefferson County, West Virginia in the American Civil War
Stonewall Jackson


Trozos de Mi Alma, Vol. 2 (English: Pieces of My Soul, Vol. 2) is the seventh studio album recorded by Mexican singer-songwriter Marco Antonio Solís. It was released by Fonovisa Records on September 26, 2006 (see 2006 in music). It became his sixth number-one set on the Billboard Top Latin Albums. Like his 1999 release Trozos de Mi Alma, this album includes songs written by Solís that were previously recorded by other artists, such as Laura Flores ("Antes de Que Te Vayas" and Te Voy a Esperar"), José Javier Solís ("Quien Se Enamoró"), Pablo Montero ("Pídemelo Todo"), Victoria ("Hay Veces"), Rocío Dúrcal ("Extráñandote" and "Yo Creía Que Sí"), Paulina Rubio ("Ojalá") and Marisela ("Dios Bendiga Nuestro Amor" and "No Puedo Olvidarlo"). The album was released in a standard CD presentation and in a CD/DVD combo, including the music video for the first single "Antes de Que Te Vayas", the track "Sin Lado Izquierdo" (first included on his album Razón de Sobra) and bonus materials. It received a nomination for a Grammy Award for Best Latin Pop Album. “Antes de Que Te Vayas" served as the opening theme for the Mexican telenovela Mundo de Fieras (2006–2007), produced by Salvador Mejía Alejandre starring César Évora, Gaby Espino, and Edith González.

Track listing

All songs written and composed by Marco Antonio Solís

DVD

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Sales and certifications

References

2006 albums
Marco Antonio Solís albums
Fonovisa Records albums
Self-covers albums
Spanish-language albums
Albums produced by Marco Antonio Solís


Hwang Jae-Won (; born 13 April 1981) is a South Korean football defender, who plays for Daejeon Citizen in the K League 2.

Club career statistics

International goals

Honours
Pohang Steelers
K-League: 2007
Korean FA Cup: 2008
K-League Cup: 2009
AFC Champions League: 2009

Individual
K-League Best XI: 2007, 2009
AFC footballer of the year nomination: 2009

References

External links

 National Team Player Record

1981 births
Living people
Men's association football defenders
South Korean men's footballers
South Korea men's international footballers
2011 AFC Asian Cup players
Pohang Steelers players
Suwon Samsung Bluewings players
Seongnam FC players
Chungju Hummel FC players
Daegu FC players
Daejeon Hana Citizen players
K League 1 players
K League 2 players
Ajou University alumni
Footballers from Seoul


Ángel Esteban Sirias Aviles (born 3 October 1980) is a Costa Rican professional footballer who currently plays for AS Puma.

Club career
Sirias made his professional debut for Alajuelense in a league match against Limonense on April 28, 1999, coming up as a substitute and playing 12 minutes. He spent six seasons with Liga, winning four league championships, one UNCAF club championship and one CONCACAF club championship. In January 2006, he moved to Cartaginés where he played until he joined Liberia Mía in June 2007. After spells with Saprissa and Belén, Sirias returned to Cartaginés in December 2012 but was dismissed by the club in March 2014. After considering retirement, he was persuaded by Marvin Chinchilla to move to AS Puma for the 2014 Invierno season.

Goalkeeper
His debut as goalkeeper was in a match of the season summer 2013 against Deportivo Saprissa. In the match the unique goalkeeper that Cartaginés had, Luis Torres, was expulsed for an action made in his area. Sirias was named the substitute goalkeeper, but did not manage to stop the penalty.

International career
Sirias made his debut for Costa Rica in an August 2007 friendly match against Peru and earned a total of 13 caps, scoring no goals. He represented his country in 8 FIFA World Cup qualification matches and played at the 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup.

His final international was a November 2009 FIFA World Cup qualification match against Uruguay.

References

External links

 Profile at Nacion

1980 births
Living people
Footballers from Alajuela
Men's association football midfielders
Costa Rican men's footballers
Costa Rica men's international footballers
2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
Liga Deportiva Alajuelense footballers
C.S. Cartaginés players
A.D. Municipal Liberia footballers
Deportivo Saprissa players
Liga FPD players
Belén F.C. players


The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, a superhero team created by Kevin Eastman and Peter Laird, have appeared in seven theatrical feature-length films since their debut. The first film was released in 1990, at the height of the franchise's popularity. Despite mixed reviews from critics, it was a commercial success that garnered two direct sequels, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze in 1991 and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III in 1993, both of which were modest successes.

During a revival of the franchise prompted by the successful 2003–2009 TV series, a separate computer-animated film titled TMNT was released in 2007. A fifth film by Paramount Pictures was released in 2014 and served as a reboot to the live-action films. A sequel, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows, was released in 2016 and was the first film in the franchise to be considered financially unsuccessful.

The six films have grossed $1.2 billion worldwide. A computer-animated reboot film, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Mutant Mayhem was released in 2023.

List of films

Original film series (1990–1993)

Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990)

The first film, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, closely follows the storyline from the Mirage comic books, in addition to some of the more lighthearted elements of the cartoons. The film tells the origin story of Splinter and the Turtles, their initial encounters with April O'Neil (Judith Hoag) and Casey Jones (Elias Koteas) and their first confrontation with The Shredder and his Foot Clan. Directed by Steve Barron and released by New Line Cinema, the film showcases the innovative puppetry techniques of Jim Henson's Creature Shop.

Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze (1991)

A sequel, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze, expands on the Turtles' origin story. The film was dedicated to puppeteer Jim Henson. It also introduced the Turtles' human friend Keno (Ernie Reyes Jr.) and Shredder's mutant henchmen Tokka and Rahzar. This film was internationally released by 20th Century Fox.

Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III (1993)

A sequel, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III, features Elias Koteas reprising his role as Casey Jones. The plot revolves around the "Sacred Sands of Time", a mystical scepter which transports the Turtles and April back in time to feudal Japan, where they become embroiled in a conflict between a daimyō and a group of rebellious villagers.

TMNT (2007)

A  computer-animated feature film written and directed by Kevin Munroe, was released March 23, 2007. Produced by Imagi Animation Studios and distributed by The Weinstein Company in the United States and Warner Bros. Pictures internationally, it was the final Ninja Turtles movie to be distributed by Warner Bros. due to the franchise being purchased by Viacom. The film sees the four Turtles having grown apart after their final defeat of their arch-enemy, the Shredder, but are set to reunite and overcome their faults to save the world as evil ancient creatures threaten it.

Reboot film series (2014–2016)

Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2014)

A new feature film, rebooting the film franchise, was originally scheduled to be released in December 2013 as part of the acquisition of the franchise by Viacom. Michael Bay's Platinum Dunes production company landed the rights to the new film in May 2010. The film is a co-production between Paramount Pictures and Nickelodeon Movies. The first film was directed by Jonathan Liebesman and stars Megan Fox as April O'Neil, Will Arnett, William Fichtner, and features motion capture CGI for the Turtles and Splinter, the film was released on August 8, 2014. The film became a box office success.

Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows (2016)

A sequel, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows was directed by Dave Green. The original cast (with the exception of Johnny Knoxville) returns with Stephen Amell, Brian Tee, Tyler Perry, and Gary Anthony Williams joining as Casey Jones, Shredder, Baxter Stockman, and Bebop respectively. WWE wrestler Sheamus portrays Rocksteady.

Point Grey reboot film series (2023–present)

Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Mutant Mayhem (2023)

In June 2020, it was reported that Nickelodeon Animation Studio was developing a computer-animated Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles film for Paramount Pictures. Jeff Rowe was announced as director, with Seth Rogen, Evan Goldberg, and James Weaver producing through their production company, Point Grey Pictures. The film stars the voices of Micah Abbey, Shamon Brown Jr., Nicolas Cantu, and Brady Noon as the Turtles, alongside a supporting ensemble voice cast. It was released on August 2, 2023.

Untitled Mutant Mayhem sequel
In July 2023, it was announced that a sequel to the film as well as a spin-off television series for Paramount+ had been greenlit. Rowe is set to return as director for the sequel, with Point Grey producing again.

Other films

Turtles Forever (2009)

In celebration of the 25th anniversary of the franchise, a television film titled Turtles Forever aired on TheCW4Kids on November 21, 2009. It was a crossover between the original comic, the 1987 television series, and the then-current incarnation, whilst also serving as a finale to the latter.

Raphael: Mutant Apocalypse (2017)

A television film based on the 2012 TV series Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles was developed by Nickelodeon for Nicktoons. Alternately aired in three parts as the episodes "The Wasteland Warrior, "The Impossible Desert", and "Carmageddon!", executive producer Ciro Nieli stated that he intended for the film to serve as the series finale in order to prevent any alteration of the timeline that he and the rest of the crew had built. The film was released on September 22, 2017. In the film, fifty years after humanity and most of mutant-kind have been wiped out by mutagen bomb Third World War, an elderly bearded Raphael scours a wasteland that was once New York City with a robot containing a copy of Donatello's consciousness, before seeking to free the city from its tyrannical overlord, Maximus Kong.

Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2019)

A film adaptation of the crossover comic book miniseries Batman/Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles titled Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles and produced by Warner Bros. Animation, DC Entertainment and Nickelodeon, was released digitally on May 14 and on Blu-ray and Ultra HD Blu-ray on June 4, 2019. In the film, Batman, Batgirl and Robin forge an alliance with The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles to fight against the Turtles' sworn enemy, The Shredder, who has teamed up with Ra's Al Ghul and the League of Assassins.

Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Movie (2022)

A film continuation of the 2018 TV series Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles was developed by Nickelodeon for Netflix. In the film, the Turtles, along with their new ally from the future Casey Jones, set out to stop the evil alien force, the Krang, from invading Earth. The film was released on August 5, 2022.

Recurring cast and crew
 A  indicates the actor or actress portrayed their character through a costume.
 A  indicates the actor or actress portrayed their character in deleted scenes.
 A  indicates a performance through motion-capture technology.
 A  indicates a performance through puppetry.
 A  indicates the actor or actress was uncredited for their role.
 A  indicates a performance through voice-work.
 A  indicates an actor or actress portrayed a younger version of their character.

Cast

Additional crew

Reception

Box office performance

Critical and public response

Music

Soundtracks

Future

Possible live-action reboot
In June 2018, it was reported that Paramount Pictures will once again reboot the live-action series with Bay, Fuller and Form returning to produce the film and Andrew Dodge writing the script. Fuller and Form announced while at the 24th Critics' Choice Awards that production on the reboot is set to start in 2019, but in July, TMNT co-creator Kevin Eastman revealed that the film is still in development and believed that Paramount took the reactions to the 2014 and 2016 films "to heart", and that "its going to be a next-level type of stuff". In August 2021, Colin Jost and Casey Jost were announced to be doing a rewrite of the script.

Paramount+ films
In February 2022, at the ViacomCBS’ Investors Event, a number of spin-off films were announced to be in development. Each film will center around a villain in the franchise, with the projects being developed by Nickelodeon Animation for streaming exclusively released on Paramount+.

Canceled projects

Untitled Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III sequel
Kevin Eastman was working on a fourth Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles film between 1995 and 1997 titled TMNT 4: The Next Mutation or TMNT 4: The Foot Walks Again. In 2012, Heritage Auctions published concept arts showing a fifth turtle named Kirby, but also featured are Fang, Shredder, Spyder, Nano Spyder, Super Shredder, Casey, Talbot, Lawson, Bugman and "Evil April". Peter Laird showed some concept art of the Turtles and Splinter on his blog. The main concept behind the film would have the turtles undergo a second mutation due to the mutagen in the heroes' bloodstream beginning to change with age and giving them new abilities and new problems. Also, the film would revolve around the return of the Shredder and proceeded to rebuild the Foot empire.

TMNT sequels
In 2007 Kevin Munroe stated that he would like to direct a possible sequel to TMNT, possibly involving the return of the Shredder. Munroe planned a trilogy. TMNT 2 would have loosely adapted the Turtles’ 13-part comic book saga "City At War". Michelangelo would have felt rejected and joined the Foot Clan, while the Turtles would have traveled to Japan and would have crossed paths with Karai and Shredder. TMNT 3 would have featured the Triceratons as well as the Technodrome’s arrival from Dimension X. Munroe wanted Michael Clarke Duncan to voice the Triceraton's leader, Commander Mozar. In an interview, Peter Laird stated he was interested in the idea of having the next film be a live-action and CGI hybrid film, with the Turtles rendered in CGI and Sarah Michelle Gellar and Chris Evans reprising their TMNT roles in live-action.

John Fusco-written film

In late April 2009, a new live-action film was announced to be in the works for a 2011 release. Mirage Studios was partnering with producers Scott Mednick and Galen Walker, with Peter Laird, Gary Richardson, Frederick Fierst, Eric Crown as executive producers, and 4Kids Entertainment handling the film's merchandising with Lightbox Productions, LLC. funding the project. The film would have used animatronic suits whose facial expressions would be digitally enhanced in post-production. It was stated that the story would focus on the Turtles origin. A few months later, an open casting call was made for extras to play as members of the Foot Clan with Ernie Reyes, Jr. as an acting judge. "Ninja Turtles" co-creator Peter Laird said "there were a lot of positive feelings about a Batman Begins-style reboot, while producer Galen Walker said the film would be headed in a darker direction. In July the same year, John Fusco was hired to be the film's writer. His version was to be inspired by the original dark and gritty black and white comics that Eastman created with Peter Laird, but Paramount wasn't on board. Kevin Eastman described the script as being "too edgy for what Paramount wanted". Laird revealed the film would have been a direct sequel to the 1990 film while ignoring its earlier sequels. In October, Viacom's subsidiary network Nickelodeon had purchased all of Mirage's rights to the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles property for $9.75 million, thus terminating all deals with 4Kids and Time Warner.

Out of the Shadows sequel
In August 2014, Noel Fisher stated in an interview that he and the other Turtle actors had signed on for three films. Megan Fox had also signed on for three films. In May 2016, Tyler Perry said that if a third film was made, his character, Baxter Stockman, would probably mutate into his fly form during the movie. Pete Ploszek also expressed his interests in reprising his role in a third film as Leonardo. In October the same year, in light of the second film's financial failure, producer Andrew Form indicated that a third film was unlikely.

References

American film series
Action film series
Comedy film series
Film series introduced in 1990
Science fiction film series
New Line Cinema franchises
Warner Bros. Pictures franchises
Paramount Pictures franchises


The men's alpine skiing downhill event of the 1956 Winter Olympics at Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy, was held on Friday, 3 February, at 11:00 a.m. The starting elevation on the Olimpia - Tofana run was  above sea level and the course length was , with a vertical drop of  and just fifteen control gates.

It was the final alpine event of the games and the third straight victory for Toni Sailer of Austria. His average speed was , with an average vertical descent rate of .

It was the third appearance of the downhill event at the Winter Games, which debuted in 1948. Seventy-five alpine skiers from 27 nations competed.

Results
Friday, 3 February 1956

References

External links
Official Olympic Report
Olympic Results

1956
Men's alpine skiing at the 1956 Winter Olympics


Don Carey (born October 10, 1947) is a former American football official in the National Football League (NFL), who wore uniform number 126 (now worn by Brad Rogers).  He entered the NFL's officiating staff in 1995 as a field judge until 1998, where he became a back judge due to the NFL swapping position titles that season; he held that position until 2008–09. He was promoted to referee in 2009 upon the retirement of Bill Carollo, the fourth African American to do so, after Johnny Grier, younger brother Mike Carey and Jerome Boger.  He officiated one Super Bowl game, which was Super Bowl XXXVII at Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego.

Don Carey's 2009 NFL officiating crew consisted of umpire Garth DeFelice, head linesman Dana McKenzie, line judge Carl Johnson, field judge Mike Weir, side judge Greg Meyer, and back judge Terrence Miles.

With the promotion of Clete Blakeman to referee in 2010, Don Carey returned to his back judge position and has worked on the officiating crew led by Ed Hochuli from 2010 to 2013. He announced that he will not return to the field for the 2014 NFL season.

Outside his NFL officiating duties, Don Carey is a contract manager.

References

1947 births
Living people
National Football League officials
University of California, Riverside alumni
African-American sports officials
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople


Weaver is an alternate history and science fiction novel by British writer Stephen Baxter. It is the fourth and final novel in his Time's Tapestry quartet, which deals with psionic broadcast of history-altering content within trans-temporal lucid dreams.

Plot

In Weavers alternate historical timeline, Adolf Hitler decided to launch Operation Sea Lion (a projected German invasion of the island of Great Britain) in 1940, shortly after a more devastating version of Dunkirk resulted in a shortage of British Army soldiers. However, due to Winston Churchill's lobbying of President Franklin Roosevelt and his Congress, there is some U.S. military assistance provided. As with France during the First World War, there is only partial occupation of southeastern England, and a Nazi "Protectorate of Albion" (similar to Vichy France) is established. The Nazis occupy a band of territory that stretches from Portsmouth in the southwest, including communities like Tunbridge Wells, Horsham, Hastings, Pevensey, Dover, Folkestone and Gravesend. They establish a puppet regime in Canterbury led by renegade English Nazi collaborator Lord Haw Haw, and while London remains unoccupied, the adjacent occupation results in the evacuation of senior governmental personnel, politicians, King George VI and his royal family to elsewhere in Northern England.

Baxter traces the effects of the occupation on several protagonists. Ben Kamen is Jewish, gay and a latent telepath, while Mary Wooler, and her son Gary, and daughter-in-law Hilda, work on covert projects for the British Army, endeavouring to discover how to dislodge the Nazi presence from the "Protectorate of Albion" in the southeast. Ernst Keiser, a relatively kindly officer, lodges with a rural family, whose female members, Irma and Viv, collaborate intentionally with the military, while Alfie is made to serve in a forced labour unit later in the war.

As in "our" timeline, Hitler still launches Operation Barbarossa against the Soviet Union, but there are other divergences, as the Japanese Empire has sufficient manpower to invade Australia in this timeline as well, although no other details are forthcoming.

Ben's identity is discovered, but he is spared from the ravages of an expanded version of the Holocaust due to his latent telepathic abilities. Julia Fiveash, another English Nazi collaborator, is involved in the Ahnenerbe, an SS occult warfare division. In 1943, the tide of war has turned, and the British and U.S. militaries launch "Operation Walrus" to recover the territory of the former "Protectorate." However, they stumble on Ahnenerbe plans to use Kamen to alter the course of history so that either William the Conqueror lost the Battle of Hastings to Harold II in 1066, or Christopher Columbus turned east, reviving Crusader hostility against the Islamic world during the sixteenth century, instead of his discovery of the Americas. In the ensuing battle, Fiveash kills Gary, and Mary is able to prevent any further historical change through influencing Kamen's choice of telepathic transmissions. However, the novel ends with Kamen once more entering a dream state, and hints that our timeline is the result of his broadcasting a telepathic message to one of Hitler's advisors at the time of the Dunkirk Evacuation.

Historical, scientific and metaphysical basis
In an afterword, Baxter described his influences as Niall Ferguson's book Virtual History (1997), Panzer General Heinz Guderian himself (from his book Panzer Leader (1952), Derek Robinson's Invasion 1940 (2005), and Martin Marix Evans' Invasion! Operation Sea Lion 1940 (2005).

He used Heather Pringle's work on Nazi pseudoscience, The Master Plan: Himmler's Scholars and the Holocaust (2006), Julia Gardner's Wartime Britain 1939-1945
(2004) and Richard Vinen's account of Vichy France, The Unfree French (2006) for details of everyday life under Nazi occupation and British relative wartime rationing stringencies.

He took references from Kurt Gödel's theories about time and parallel universes as well as his dialogue with the work of Albert Einstein.

Finally, he incorporated J. W. Dunne's concepts about metaphysical "time travel" through dreams. There are also references to fledgeling "calculating engines" (computers), whose actual construction began in Manchester in 1934.

Sources
 Stephen Baxter: Weaver: Time's Tapestry: Book Four: London: Gollancz: 2008:
 Kurt Gödel: "An Example of a New Type of Cosmological Solutions of Einstein's Field Equations of Gravitation" Reviews of Modern Physics (1949): 21: 447–450.

See also
 Emperor
 Conqueror
 Navigator
 Fatherland (novel)
 It Happened Here
 Making History (novel)
 The Man in the High Castle
 SS-GB
 Swastika Night
 Hypothetical Axis victory in World War II

External links
 Author's website

2008 British novels
British science fiction novels
Dystopian novels
Alternate Nazi Germany novels
Novels by Stephen Baxter
Victor Gollancz Ltd books


The Purple Point-Stehekin Ranger Station House is a National Park Service ranger residence located in the Lake Chelan National Recreation Area of northern Washington. The building was built at Purple Point above Lake Chelan in the small, unincorporated community of Stehekin, Washington. It was originally constructed by the United States Forest Service to serve as the residence for the Stehekin District ranger. The Forest Service later converted it into a summer guard station. The building was transferred to the National Park Service in 1968 when the Lake Chelan National Recreation Area was established. The Purple Point-Stehekin Ranger Station House is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

History

The Chelan National Forest was established in 1908.  It was the largest of the twenty national forests in the Pacific Northwest Region. To facilitate work in the forest, the Forest Service built ranger stations at strategic locations in the northern Cascade Mountains to house full-time employees and provide logistics support to fire patrols and project crews working at remote forest sites. One of those ranger stations was located in the small, unincorporated community of Stehekin at the head of Lake Chelan.  Stehekin was particularly isolated, having no connection to the outside world except by horse trail or a fifty-mile boat ride up the length of Lake Chelan.

The Stehekin ranger station was established in 1910 as part of the Chelan National Forest.  Originally, it was located north of the Field Hotel at the head of Lake Chelan.  The first ranger station had two buildings.  The first building, the office, was a simple log cabin,  by .  The other building was an 18 by  horse barn.  This ranger station was abandoned in 1927 because of rising lake waters.  A new ranger station was built at Purple Point well above the lake near Stehekin's boat landing.  The Purple Point ranger station served as the headquarters for the Stehekin Ranger District until the early 1940s, when the Stehekin District was merged into the Chelan District.

The Stehekin District's first ranger was E.O. (Jack) Blankenship.  He arrived in 1910 and served as ranger until 1920, when he resigned from the Forest Service to become general manager of the Golden West resort hotel in Stehekin.  Blankenship was replaced by George Wright who filled the ranger position until 1926.  He was, in turn, replaced by Roy L. Weeman.  During Weeman's long tour as district ranger, the Forest Service enjoyed a particularly good relationship with the Stehekin community.  In 1931, the Chelan National Forest Supervisor's Inspection Report on the Stehekin Ranger District credited Weeman with "maintaining good relations with his public," who were noted in the same report as being particularly "hard to handle."  Horace G. Cooper replaced Weeman in 1935 as ranger, and served for one year.  In 1936, Richard P. Bottcher arrived.  He also stayed only one year.  Bottcher was followed by William O. Shambaugh in 1937 and then Bob Foote in the early 1940s.  Foote was the last district ranger to live full-time in the Purple Point ranger residence.

In the early 1940s, the Stehekin Ranger District was merged into the Chelan District.  As a result, there was no longer a need for a full-time ranger station at Stehekin, and the district ranger was reassigned to the town of Chelan, Washington at the south end of Lake Chelan, where the headquarters of the combined district was located.

While the district headquarters moved to Chelan, the Purple Point facilities and the surrounding forest lands remained under the stewardship of the Forest Service for nearly three more decades.  That changed in 1968 when the United States Congress established the North Cascades National Park and the Lake Chelan National Recreation Area.  As a result of this action, the Purple Point ranger station and the forest land around Stehekin were transferred to the National Park Service.

Structure

The existing ranger residence was built in 1926 by the Forest Service to serve as the district ranger's home and office.  Roy Weeman and his family were the first to live in the house.  After the Weemans left, the house was occupied by four more full-time rangers.  The last Forest Service family to occupy the house left in the early 1940s.

The Purple Point ranger residence is a wood-frame structure with a concrete foundation and metal roof.  The house is a -story structure with a 26-by-30-foot footprint.  The house has a jerkin-head gable roof and two brick chimneys.  There is a large porch running the full length of the building's west side where the main entrance overlooks Lake Chelan.  The back door is located on the south side of the building, and is covered by a small shed roof.  The exterior is covered with a weatherboard.  The building is painted light green with light green trim so that it blends into the surrounding forest landscape.  The residence has  of interior space.  The National Park Service renovated the building in 1975, 1991, and again in 1995.

In 1928, a combined warehouse, garage, and office was built across the road, southeast of the ranger residence.  In 1934, the warehouse was enlarged.  At the same time, a bunkhouse for summer fire crews was built across the road and up a slope to the east.  In the late 1930s, a small, temporary Civilian Conservation Corps camp was established in Stehekin.  In 1939, the Civilian Conservation Corps crew built a barn and a gas and oil house for the ranger station.  Both of these structures were later demolished by the Forest Service.

Because of the building's distinctive architecture and its unique historic value as an early Forest Service ranger residence, the Purple Point-Stehekin Ranger Station House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.  The ranger station's warehouse and crew barracks still exist as well; however, both structures have lost their historic significance as a result of numerous alterations.

References

External links

North Cascade National Park Service Complex

Park buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington (state)
Buildings and structures in Stehekin, Washington
United States Forest Service ranger stations
Civilian Conservation Corps in Washington (state)
National Register of Historic Places in Chelan County, Washington


Antrophyum is a genus of ferns  in the family Pteridaceae. They are commonly known as lineleaf ferns.

Description
Like most other vittarioid ferns, members of the genus have simple, straplike leaves. Most species lack a costa (midrib), although a few have a partial one, and the leaves are generally more than  wide. The leaves have netlike venation, with three or more rows of areolae ("gaps" in the net of veins) on either side of the midline. Linear sori are borne along the veins throughout the underside of the leaf. Paraphyses (miniature hairs) are present on the sori (separating the genus from Polytaenium); the cells at the tips of the paraphyses may be spherical or slender, and spores are trilete. (By comparison, Scoliosorus and Antrophyopsis always have spherical cells at the tips of their paraphyses, and monolete spores.)

Taxonomy
The genus was first described by Georg Friedrich Kaulfuss in 1824. He included in it several species placed in Hemionitis by Carl Ludwig Willdenow, distinguishing them on the basis of their reticulate, indusiate sori sunken into the leaf tissue. The name means "growing from a cavity", a reference to the growth of the sori from a groove in the leaf. In 1875, John Smith designated Antrophyum plantagineum as the lectotype for the genus.
Species include:
Antrophyum alatum Brack.
Antrophyum annamense Tardieu & C.Chr.
Antrophyum annetii (Jeanp.) Tardieu
Antrophyum austroqueenslandicum D. L. Jones
Antrophyum brookei Hook.
Antrophyum cajenense  – Forked lineleaf fern
Antrophyum callifolium Blume – Ox-tongue Fern
Antrophyum castaneum H.Itô
Antrophyum clementis Christ
Antrophyum coriaceum (D. Don) Wall. ex Moore
Antrophyum costatum Alderw.
Antrophyum formosanum Hieron.
Antrophyum henryi Hieron.
Antrophyum immersum (Bory) Mett.
Antrophyum intramarginale  – Tufted lineleaf fern
Antrophyum jagoanum D.L.Jones & Bostock
Antrophyum lancifolium Rosenst.
Antrophyum latifolium Blume
Antrophyum ledermannii Hier.
Antrophyum lessonii Bory
Antrophyum malgassicum C. Chr.
Antrophyum megistophyllum Copel.
Antrophyum novae-caledoniae Hieron.
Antrophyum obovatum Bak.
Antrophyum ovatum Alderw.
Antrophyum parvulum Bl.
Antrophyum plantagineum (Cav.) Kaulf.
Antrophyum ponapense H.Itô
Antrophyum reticulatum (Forst.) Kaulf.
Antrophyum semicostatum Bl.
Antrophyum sessilifolium (Cav.) Spreng.
Antrophyum simulans Alderw.
Antrophyum smithii C. Chr.
Antrophyum spathulatum Alderw.
Antrophyum strictum Mett.
Antrophyum subfalcatum Brackenr.
Antrophyum trivittatum C. Chr.
Antrophyum vittarioides Bak.
Antrophyum williamsii Benedict
Antrophyum winitii Tag. & Iwatsuki
Antrophyum zosteraefolium Fée

The subgenus Antrophyopsis, containing the species A. bivittatum C. Chr., A. boryanum Willd., and A. mannianum Hook. (later treated in Scoliosorus), was elevated to a genus in 2016.

Distribution
Most species occur in tropical Asia and the Pacific, but A. immersum and A. malgassicum are known from Africa and the Indian Ocean.

References

Pteridaceae
Epiphytes
Fern genera


Weiser High School is the only high school in Weiser, Idaho. In 2006, it had an enrollment of 514 in grades 9–12. Every June, it hosts the National Oldtime Fiddlers' Contest & Festival.

 the school takes students who live in Annex, Oregon.

Athletics
The following sports are offered at Weiser High School:

Baseball (boys)
Basketball (boys and girls)
Cross Country (coed)
Football (boys)
Golf (coed)
Soccer (boys and girls)
Softball (girls)
Tennis (coed)
Track (coed)
Volleyball (girls)
Wrestling (boys and girls)

Notable alumni
 Donald Anderson - Idaho Supreme Court justice (1955–56)
 Herman Welker - U.S. Senator from Idaho (1951–57). Class of 1924
 Roger Batzel - Director (1971–88) of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Class of 1940
 Harold Ryan - U.S. District Judge - District of Idaho (1981–95). Class of 1941.

References

External links

Weiser School District

Public high schools in Idaho
Schools in Washington County, Idaho
Weiser, Idaho
Education in Malheur County, Oregon


Cho Sung-hwan (born 9 April 1982) is South Korean football defender.

His previous clubs are Suwon Samsung Bluewings, Pohang Steelers, Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors in South Korea, Consadole Sapporo in Japan, Saudi side Al Hilal Qatari side Muaither SC.

Club statistics

National team statistics

References

External links

1982 births
Living people
Men's association football defenders
South Korean men's footballers
South Korean expatriate men's footballers
South Korea men's international footballers
Suwon Samsung Bluewings players
Pohang Steelers players
Hokkaido Consadole Sapporo players
Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors players
Al Hilal SFC players
Muaither SC players
K League 1 players
J2 League players
Expatriate men's footballers in Japan
Footballers from South Gyeongsang Province
South Korean expatriate sportspeople in Japan
Expatriate men's footballers in Saudi Arabia
South Korean expatriate sportspeople in Saudi Arabia
Expatriate men's footballers in Qatar
South Korean expatriate sportspeople in Qatar
Asian Games medalists in football
Footballers at the 2002 Asian Games
Saudi Pro League players
Qatar Stars League players
Asian Games bronze medalists for South Korea
Medalists at the 2002 Asian Games
People from Haman County
Expatriate men's footballers in Thailand