Fianna Fáil was founded on 23 March 1926 when a group of Dáil deputies led by Éamon de Valera split from the original Sinn Féin. This happened because de Valera's motion calling for elected members be allowed to take their seats in the Dáil, if and when the controversial Oath of Allegiance was removed, failed to pass at the Sinn Féin Ard Fheis.  The new party adopted its name on 2 April of the same year.  From the formation of the first Fianna Fáil government on 9 March 1932 until the 2011 general election, the party was in power for 61 of 79 years. Its longest continuous period in office was 15 years and 11 months (March 1932–February 1948). Its single longest period out of office, in that time, has been four years and four months (March 1973–July 1977). All eight of its party's leaders have served as Taoiseach. It was the largest party in Dáil Éireann at every general election from the 1932 general election until the 2011 general election, when it suffered the worst defeat of a sitting government in the history of the Irish state.

Founding

The Fianna Fáil Party was founded by Éamon de Valera former Príomh Aire (prime minister & president of Dáil Éireann (April 1919–August 1921)) and President of the Republic (August 1921–January 1922) when he and a number of other members split from Sinn Féin.  Other founding members included Seán Lemass (who became its second leader), Seán T. O'Kelly, P. J. Ruttledge and others, including the 1916 veterans Gerald Boland and Constance Markievicz, who chaired the inaugural meeting at the La Scala Theatre in O'Connell Street, Dublin. Though Fianna Fáil was also opposed to the Treaty settlement, it adopted a different approach of aiming to republicanise the Irish Free State. As far as the party's economic policies are concerned, Fianna Fáil's platform of economic autarky had appeal among the farmers, working-class people and the poor, whilst initially alienating more affluent classes.

De Valera (1926–59)
In the June 1927 election Fianna Fáil did well in western Ireland and in the working class districts of Dublin. After the election Fianna Fáil initially refused to enter the Irish Free State's Dáil Éireann in protest at the Oath of Allegiance which all members of the Dáil were obliged to take.  The Oath, which was contained in the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921, was drafted by Michael Collins, using phraseology taken from the Irish Republican Brotherhood's Oath and suggestions from de Valera, then President of the Republic. In its final form, it promised "allegiance" to "The Irish Free State" and "that I will be faithful" to King George V in his role as King of Ireland, "in virtue of the common citizenship".  The party initially took a court case on the issue of the oath. However the assassination of the Cumann na nGaedheal Minister for Justice, Kevin O'Higgins, led the then government to introduce a new Bill, requiring all candidates to swear that they would take the oath if elected. (If they declined to give that guarantee, they would be ineligible to be candidates in any election.) Fianna Fáil abandoned its previous refusal to take the Oath, dismissed it as an "empty formula", and entered the Dáil. Between the June 1927 election and the 1932 general election de Valera founded The Irish Press.

On 9 March 1932 Éamon de Valera was elected President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State. He would be prime minister (titled as President of the Executive Council until 1937 and as Taoiseach after 1937) for 21 years, the first 16 of which were uninterrupted. The ban on the Irish Republican Army (IRA) was lifted, the Oath of Allegiance to the British Crown was abolished and the office of Governor-General was greatly demoted.  During his first term de Valera weakened the links between the Free State and Britain. The relations with the United Kingdom rapidly deteriorated. De Valera also started an economic war with Britain, the country's largest trading partner, by withholding land annuity payments though the Irish Government did not actually end its own collection of annuities that were costing its farmers over £4 million annually. High tariffs were placed on British imports and the British responded by placing tariffs on Irish goods such as agricultural produce. This "tit for tat" policy was disastrous for the Irish economy with the impact of the Great Depression compounding the difficulties, removing the outlet of emigration from Ireland and reducing remittances from abroad. The government urged people to support the confrontation with Britain as a national hardship to be shared by every citizen and it would last until 1938 when the Anglo-Irish Free Trade Agreement was signed.

In May 1936 de Valera abolished Seanad Éireann (Irish Free State).  At that time he also announced his intention to draw up a new constitution. On 1 July 1937 the Irish people adopted the new Constitution of Ireland. This new constitution was republican in all but name. The constitution claimed that the state consisted of the entire island of Ireland and the office of Governor-General was replaced by the President of Ireland. De Valera was able to succeed with this tactic as the 1930s had seen a change in Britain's relationship with her colonies. The Statute of Westminster had declared a national law to be as valid as one from Westminster, and so the Houses of Commons/Lords no longer had a role in turning National bills into Law. It was a delicate political move but one which de Valera managed to execute without major disruption.

In 1939 at the outbreak of World War II de Valera announced that Ireland would remain neutral. Fine Gael TD James Dillon was alone in advocating an alliance with the United Kingdom. This policy infuriated the British; however, Ireland's neutrality strongly favoured the Allies. Controversially, de Valera formally offered his condolences to the German Minister in Dublin on the death of Adolf Hitler in 1945, in accordance with diplomatic protocol.

After de Valera had spent sixteen years in power—without answering the crucial questions of partition and republican status—the public demanded a change from Fianna Fáil government. In the 1948 election, de Valera lost the outright majority he'd enjoyed since 1933. They returned in 1951 but no new ideas emerged from the Cabinet. Seán Lemass was eager to launch a new economic policy but the conservative elements in the government prevailed. Fianna Fáil lost power again in 1954.  In 1957 de Valera returned for the final time as Taoiseach. At this stage he was 75 years old and almost blind. However, he allowed Lemass to proceed with his economic expansion plan the 'Programme for Economic Expansion' of 1958. He won the presidential election on 17 June 1959 and resigned as Taoiseach, leader of Fianna Fáil and TD for Clare six days later, handing over power to Seán Lemass.

Lemass (1959–66)

Seán Lemass became the new leader of the Party and Taoiseach on 23 June 1959 (the same day de Valera became president). A founding member of the party, he had been a member of every Fianna Fáil government since 1932.

Lemass as Taoiseach concentrated his energy on mainly economic matters. He had the task of implementing the 'First Programme for Economic Development' which began in 1958. The policy of Protectionism was abandoned and free trade was introduced. Grants and tax concessions were given to companies who set up in Ireland. As a result of the 'Programme' the Irish economy grew at a rate of 4% per annum. A second, even more ambitious, 'Programme for Economic Expansion' was started in 1963.  Professor Tom Garvin, professor Emeritus of Politics at University College Dublin, has argued that Lemass suggested and enabled protectionism from 1932, and then was unduly credited when he chose to revert to a free trade policy after 1960.

Lemass' success in managing the economy led to his victory in the 1961 general election. Lemass now felt that he had a greater mandate and began making more changes including the establishment of Taca  He introduced a new wave of fresh and more modern thinkers to the Cabinet, including Brian Lenihan, Charles Haughey, George Colley and Patrick Hillery. Even though this was a minority government it is considered by many the best and most productive government in the history of the state.

The sixties were a time of great change in Ireland. In 1961 RTÉ television began broadcasting, opening up a new world to the Irish people. The following year the Second Vatican Council led to – according to its supporters – greater openness in the Catholic Church, which was still a major force in Ireland. In 1963 the U.S. President John F. Kennedy visited Ireland. In 1966 free secondary education was announced by the Minister for Education, Donogh O'Malley.

During this term Lemass began a new policy of reconciliation with Northern Ireland. On 9 January 1965, Lemass travelled to Stormont in great secrecy for talks with Prime Minister of Northern Ireland Terence O'Neill. In February O'Neill returned the compliment and visited Lemass in Dublin.

In November 1966 Lemass announced his resignation as leader and Taoiseach. After fifty years serving Ireland and its people, the founding fathers, Seán Lemass, Seán MacEntee and James Ryan, who had dominated Irish politics for so long, left the stage of history.

Lynch (1966–79)
Jack Lynch was elected the third leader of Fianna Fáil and Taoiseach on 10 November 1966. Frank Aiken, the long-serving Minister for Foreign Affairs and the only surviving member from de Valera's first Cabinet, was appointed Tánaiste. During Lynch's first term as Taoiseach he faced several crises which were unprecedented. In 1969 the Troubles broke out in Northern Ireland. Lynch was determined that the violence would not spread to the Republic and cause a civil war. At the height of the violence he made a famous speech on RTÉ saying that the [Irish] government could no longer stand by and watch innocent people be injured or perhaps worse. Many thought that the Republic was about to invade the North, and contingency plans were drawn up by the Irish Army to take Derry and Newry. These were never implemented, as it was believed that to invade the North would have triggered the slaughter of countless Catholics at the hands of their heavily armed unionist neighbours. Lynch was mostly successful in confining the violence to Northern Ireland. He also established centres to process Catholic refugees.

The following year (1970) Lynch discovered that two government ministers, Charles Haughey and Neil Blaney, had apparently become involved in a plot to import arms for use by the Provisional IRA. Both men were sacked from the Cabinet in what became known as the Arms Crisis. Later Haughey and Blaney were arrested and put on trial, however, both were acquitted. The crisis led to deep division within Fianna Fáil for some time.

On 1 January 1973, Ireland officially became a member of the European Economic Community (EEC). This was one of the major achievements of Lynch's terms as Taoiseach and one which was started by Lemass over ten years earlier. Following the 1973 general election Fianna Fáil found themselves in opposition. It was the first change of government for sixteen years. The Fine Gael–Labour Party coalition lasted for four years.

In the 1977 general election Fianna Fáil won its biggest ever election victory with a majority of ten seats. The reasons for its big victory were the populist economic policies it put forward, the dissatisfaction with the Coalition, the huge popularity of Lynch as leader, and the attempted gerrymander of many constituencies by Minister Tully. However, after two years the government grew more and more unpopular. Poor results in the European elections and two by-elections added to the pressure on Lynch and he resigned on 5 December 1979. Two days later a two-horse leadership race between George Colley and Charles Haughey developed.

Haughey (1979–92)
Despite his career nearly being destroyed by the Arms Crisis in 1970, Charles Haughey was elected the fourth leader of Fianna Fáil and subsequently Taoiseach, replacing Jack Lynch in both positions. This leadership election divided the party and would culminate in the expulsion of Desmond O'Malley in 1985, but not before a number of internal leadership challenges against Haughey took place. Haughey took the seal of office at a time of economic and social downturn. The population of the country had increased by 15% while employment increased at 1% per year, however, the public sector accounted for a large portion of this growth. A third of Ireland's workforce were employed by in public service jobs by the 1980s; this promoted Haughey to make a ministerial broadcast on Raidió Teilifís Éireann in 1980 addressing the current state the nation was in. During this broadcast, Haughey cited unsustainable public spending and social decadence as a reason for the downturn in the Irish economy. His famous quote 'As a community, we are living away beyond our means.' was coined in this broadcast. Job creation and economic growth were not meeting targets set by the Department of Finance and a trade deficit of 760 million Irish pounds was recorded. Furthermore, income tax and other government revenues were falling at around 520 million Irish pounds and the State was unable to meet its expenditure; thus, borrowing was increased and over 1 billion Irish pounds had to be borrowed year on year. Haughey increased public spending in an effort to entice economic growth but the poor world economy had been bolstered by the 1979 oil crisis and economic growth that had been predicted never came to fruition. This failure to rein in government spending and bring the economy back to positive growth led to Fianna Fáil being defeated at the 1981 general election and receiving its worst result in 20 years. Haughey was unable to form a government and returned to the opposition benches with his party.

1982/1983 was an extraordinary period for Irish politics. Two general elections were held and there were three attempts to overthrow Haughey as leader of Fianna Fáil. In the February 1982 general election Haughey again failed to win a majority. Several TDs led by Desmond O'Malley challenged Haughey for the leadership but backed down on the day of the vote. Haughey was elected Taoiseach with the help of Independent TDs. In October another attempt to oust Haughey was initiated by Charlie McCreevy. This time the issue was put to a vote but Haughey won easily when an open vote was held. Following the November 1982 general election Fianna Fáil lost power and another leadership battle loomed in Fianna Fáil. In February 1983 another challenge to overthrow Haughey was made. This time a secret ballot was held but the result was practically the same, 40 votes to 33 in favour of Haughey. Fianna Fáil then spent four years in opposition.

Following the 1987 general election Fianna Fáil returned to power but had failed to gain an overall majority. Haughey was narrowly elected Taoiseach. During this term as Taoiseach Haughey belatedly concentrated on economic issues, trying to turn around the country's fiscal situation. During the 1980s, underlying economic problems became pronounced. Middle income workers were taxed 60% of their marginal income. By that time, Ireland was the sick man of Western Europe and barely escaped having the International Monetary Fund (IMF) take over the economy. In 1989 Haughey tried to pull off what would have been his greatest achievement. He called an early general election in the hope of gaining an overall majority. However, instead of gaining seats Fianna Fáil lost seats and was forced to form a coalition with the Progressive Democrats, a political offshoot, to stay in power. Fianna Fáil had always ruled out coalition government beforehand, and many in the party were unhappy with Haughey's volte-face. This marked the beginning of the end for Haughey.

Following the 1990 presidential election Haughey was forced to sack his Tánaiste and long-time friend, Brian Lenihan. In 1991 Haughey faced a leadership challenge from Albert Reynolds. This challenge was unsuccessful, but it showed that Haughey was losing his grip on the party. In 1992 Seán Doherty placed Haughey at the centre of a scandal regarding the tapping of two journalists' telephones ten years earlier. Haughey had always maintained that he knew nothing about this, but Doherty publicly stated otherwise. This time Haughey's luck had run out and he resigned. Albert Reynolds, who had challenged Haughey in 1991, emerged as the new leader of Fianna Fáil and Taoiseach.

Reynolds (1992–94)
On 11 February 1992, Albert Reynolds was elected Taoiseach. After receiving his seal of office from President Mary Robinson he announced his new Cabinet.  Eight members of Haughey's old cabinet, including such long-serving Haughey loyalists as Ray Burke, Mary O'Rourke and Gerry Collins, were instantly dismissed. Nine of the twelve junior ministers, many of whom were also Haughey men, were also sacked. The ministers who had been sacked along with Reynolds at the end of 1991 were all reinstated.  Reynolds promoted several long-time critics of Haughey, like David Andrews, Séamus Brennan and Charlie McCreevy to senior ministerial positions. Reynolds also promoted younger TDs from rural constituencies, such as Noel Dempsey and Brian Cowen, to cabinet positions. Bertie Ahern, one of Haughey's oldest friends, and Michael Woods were the only two senior members to remain in the new Reynolds Cabinet, with Ahern retaining his Finance portfolio.

Reynolds had hoped to continue in coalition with the Progressive Democrats.  However, following the "Beef Tribunal" to examine the relationship between Charles Haughey and beef baron Larry Goodman a substantial conflict of opinion between Desmond O'Malley and Albert Reynolds arose.  When Reynolds gave evidence he referred to O'Malley as "dishonest". This enraged the Progressive Democrats' leader; his party called a motion of no confidence and the government fell.

When the results of the 1992 general election came in it was clear that both Fianna Fáil and Fine Gael had done badly. Labour achieved their best ever result with 33 seats. After negotiations Fianna Fáil entered into a coalition with the Labour Party. Dick Spring of the Labour Party took on the important roles of Tánaiste and Minister for Foreign Affairs.  In 1993 Albert Reynolds and Bertie Ahern, who was then Minister for Finance, wrote to developer Owen O'Callaghan seeking a substantial donation. At the time O'Callaghan was heavily involved in lobbying for state support for a stadium project at Neilstown, County Dublin. According to the report, O'Callaghan felt compelled to donate a sum of IR£80,000 to Fianna Fáil in order to get funding for the stadium. The Mahon Tribunal final report said it did not find the payment to be corrupt. However, the report said pressurising a businessman to donate money when he was seeking support for a commercial project was "entirely inappropriate, and was an abuse of political power and government authority".

One of the most important components of Reynolds's period as Taoiseach was the Northern Ireland peace process. The agreement paved the way for an IRA ceasefire in 1994. This was one of the most important achievements of Reynolds's short term.

In 1994 Reynolds and Spring had a disagreement over an appointment of a judge to the Irish Supreme Court. Both men wanted to appoint someone different and both had their own reasons for doing so. Eventually this disagreement led to the end of Reynolds's period as Taoiseach and he resigned in November 1994.  Reynolds received annual pension payments of €149,740. The new leader to emerge was the then Minister for Finance Bertie Ahern.

Ahern (1994–2008)

On 19 November 1994, Bertie Ahern was elected the sixth and youngest ever leader of Fianna Fáil. Ahern was poised to become Taoiseach and continue in coalition with the Labour Party. However, the day before the government was to return, Dick Spring called off the deal and the coalition ended. Instead the Labour Party helped form a new government led by Fine Gael. Ahern now found himself as leader of the opposition, a position which he had not anticipated. Following the 1997 general election, Fianna Fáil formed a government with the Progressive Democrats and on 26 June 1997, aged 45, Ahern became the youngest ever Taoiseach.

The election of Tony Blair in Britain gave renewed hope of an agreement for peace in Northern Ireland, an issue that has traditionally always been an aspiration of Irish Governments. The work of Ahern and his government, as well as that of the relevant power bases in the UK and the US, culminated in the Good Friday Agreement. This agreement was signed by politicians from the Republic, supported by the opposition and politicians in Britain and Northern Ireland and ratified by the electorate on both sides of the Irish border.

During Ahern's first term Fianna Fáil faced increased criticism over payments to politicians. Ray Burke was forced to resign as Minister for Foreign Affairs due to payments made to him, and the late Liam Lawlor was also being investigated over payments he received. Both were eventually jailed. Also, the Moriarty Tribunal revealed details of former leader Charles Haughey's financial affairs. His trial on these charges was postponed indefinitely after the judge in the case found that he would not be able to get a fair trial following prejudicial comments by Tánaiste Mary Harney.

The results of the 2002 general election left Fianna Fáil short of achieving an overall majority.  Fianna Fáil continued in coalition with the Progressive Democrats. It was the first time since 1969 that an Irish government had been re-elected.

In the 2004 local elections saw Fianna Fáil's share of the vote drop by seven percentage points from its 1999 result to only 32% on a 60% turnout  losing 20% of its council seats.  The party lost its majority on Clare County Council for the first time in 70 years, and fell behind Fine Gael in Galway, Limerick and Waterford city councils.  This was partly due to sixteen cuts in the area of social welfare.

In response to this, some shifts in policy and a cabinet reshuffle took place in September 2004, including Charlie McCreevy's resignation as Finance minister to join the European Commission.

In November 2004, on the 10th anniversary next week of his election as Fianna Fáil leader, Ahern famously kept a straight face when called himself 'one of the few socialists left' despite a common perception that the FF/PD Government of over 7 years at that stage represented a considerable shift to the right.  From that point on, particularly with the appointment of Brian Cowen as Finance Minister, the government dramatically increased spending and reduced taxes. Commentators now believe that these policies not only lay at the heart of the government's future problems but highlighted the non-ideological, centre-ground populism of Ahern's leadership.

Fianna Fáil won 78 seats in the 2007 general election, while their coalition partners, the Progressive Democrats, lost six seats. After the election Fianna Fáil entered into a coalition with the Green Party and the Progressive Democrats, while also being supported three Independent TD's Michael Lowry, Jackie Healy-Rae and Finian McGrath. Ahern was re-elected as Taoiseach on 14 June 2007 for a third term. In December 2007, Fianna Fáil was officially registered as a political party in Northern Ireland.

Ahern gave testimony to the Mahon Tribunal in September 2007 about monies received by him, as large cash sums, in the 1990s. Ahern survived  a subsequent vote of no confidence in his leadership in the Dáil, the first "no confidence" Dáil motion debated since 1994.  On 2 April 2008, Ahern announced his resignation from the leadership of Fianna Fáil, effective on 6 May 2008. He receives annual pension payments of €152,331.

Cowen (2008–11)
Following the 2008 leadership election, Tánaiste and Minister for Finance Brian Cowen succeeded Ahern as leader of Fianna Fáil on 6 May 2008 and was appointed Taoiseach on 7 May 2008.
Cowen first faced the rejection of the Treaty of Lisbon by Irish voters in June 2008. In September 2008 following the collapse of US brokerage house Bear Stearns and reported problems in a number of Irish banks, particularly Anglo-Irish Bank and AIB, Cowen and his Minister of Finance Brian Lenihan introduced the controversial Credit Institutions (Financial Support) Act 2008; a unilateral bank bailout and a guarantee for a number of Irish Banks.

The controversial emergency budget of October 2008 delivered by Brian Lenihan Jnr, caused major upset amongst pensioners for removing the automatic medical card for over 70 year olds  the decision had to be revised initially twice within a week of delivery to attempt to defuse back bench revolt. This caused a backlash against the government on this issue and on another broken promise regarding school class sizes caused one Fianna Fáil TD Joe Behan resigned. Finian McGrath, an Independent TD who had agreed to support the government, then announced he would be opposing the government. Still however the removal of the universal nature of the medical card was seen as contradicting the long term party policy, which had in the past introduced free bus pass for pensioners, and subsidised Television Licences and Telephone lines.
  As of November 2008, approximately 1.2 million troops have passed through Shannon Airport since the beginning of the Iraq War.

In 2009 Fianna Fáil became more unpopular. The party fared poorly in the 2009 local elections, where they finished second to Fine Gael. The party also lost its sole MEP in Dublin, for European Parliament elections held the same day. In 2010, Minister of Defense Willie O'Dea was forced to resign in an affidavit scandal involving the smearing of a political opponent, in what the Evening Herald described as "two absolutely calamitous weeks". The party's relationship with their Green Party coalition partners also became tense.

Ireland requested financial assistance from the IMF and the ECB in November 2010. It followed several weeks of denials that a bailout was going to happen. Fianna Fáil's opinion poll ratings plunged further in the weeks after the IMF bailout. The party also performed disastrously in a by election in Donegal South-West. The Green Party, the junior coalition partner, effectively withdrew their support for the government and demanded a general election be held in the early part of the new year.

Cowen was also damaged by revelations of a series of meetings he held with Sean FitzPatrick, the then chair of Anglo-Irish Bank before the controversial bank bailout The Fitzpatrick Tapes. In January 2011, 6 cabinet ministers resigned within a matter of days. Cowen's attempt to promote junior ministers into the cabinet was blocked by the Green Party. Cowen conceded the election date for March 11. Following the botched reshuffle, rebellion within his own party, and an acknowledged public relations disaster, Cowen announced his resignation as leader of Fianna Fáil on 22 January 2011. He insisted, however, that he would continue as Taoiseach until the election, in order to complete legislation for the 2011 budget. The election was subsequently brought forward to 25 February.

He receives annual pension payments of over €150,000.

Martin (2011–present)
There were four candidates in the election for the party's eighth leader: Micheál Martin, Brian Lenihan, Mary Hanafin and Éamon Ó Cuív.  Martin, who had previously challenged Cohen for the leadership, won the election.

Martin inherited a nearly impossible situation.  The party's support had plunged into the low teens, and it was obvious that it would not win a record fifth consecutive term in government.  Indeed, soon after taking the leadership, Martin wrote off the election as a lost cause, but hoped to hold on to at least 30 seats.

In the 2011 election, Fianna Fáil suffered the worst defeat of a sitting government in the history of the Irish state, and one of the worst ever suffered by a Western European governing party. The party saw its first-preference vote more than halved, to 17.4 per cent.  Without benefit of significant transfers, the party was reduced to a rump of 20 seats, knocking it down to third place behind Fine Gael and Labour. This was easily the worst election result in the party's history; previously, the party had never won fewer than 60 seats in an election.

The most high-profile casualty was Tánaiste Mary Coughlan, who lost the seat she had held in Donegal South-West since 1987.  Britain's Guardian newspaper described it as "Ireland's Portillo moment". Other senior cabinet ministers who lost their seats included Pat Carey and Mary Hanafin, who had just been elected Deputy Leader.

Notably, the party was nearly wiped off the map in Dublin, which had been its power base for over 30 years.  Lenihan was the only one of Fianna Fáil's 13 TDs to keep his seat.

For the Seanad elections, Martin recommended support for 10 candidates, in an attempt to bring new blood into the parliamentary party. This caused resentment from the party's councillors and incumbent senators. Only five of the recommended 10 were elected, although the party performed better than expected winning 14 seats.

FF's finances were in considerable strain, with the party having €3.6 million in debts.  The party was kicked out of its meeting room in Dáil Éireann which it had been entitled to use as the largest party since the 1960s. The move was resisted by Fianna Fáil TDs with Michael McGrath claiming there was no "genuine" reason to move.

The party also faced a challenge to it holding the chair of the Public Accounts Committee. By tradition the chair of the PAC was held by a member of the largest opposition party. However both Sinn Féin and the Technical group supported the nomination of the Independent Shane Ross. Catherine Murphy, the chief whip of the Technical Group, stated that "there's a certain immorality in holding that position given the history of the party".

On 29 February 2012, Ó Cuív resigned as Fianna Fáil's Deputy Leader and Communications Spokesperson. He resigned from these positions due to dissatisfaction with his party's position on the Fiscal Compact Referendum. Fianna Fáil leader Micheál Martin stated that Ó Cuív would face expulsion from the parliamentary party if he did not vote with the party on the Fiscal Compact in the Dáil. Coming just a week before their Ard Fhies,  Ó Cuív's resignation caused a split down the middle of the Fianna Fáil party.

Following the 2020 general election, Michéal Martin became Taoiseach, leading a coalition between Fine Gael and the Green Party.

References

External links
 Fianna Fail homepage
 British-Irish tripartite agreement on Trade, Finance and Defence, 1938
 Irish State – Official governmental portal
  'Report of the Tribunal of Inquiry into the Beef Processing Industry'
 Report of the McCracken Tribunal
 Final report of the Mahon Tribunal

Economic history of the Republic of Ireland
History of the Republic of Ireland
Ireland and the Commonwealth of Nations
20th century in Ireland


Marc Handler is an American writer, producer and voice director best known for his work on Cowboy Bebop, Astro Boy, FLCL, Stitch & Ai, and Voltron. He is a pioneer in bringing Asian animation to Western audiences, and is the first American to work in Japan as a story editor on a Japanese anime series, the 2003 Astro Boy series.

Early life
Marc was born and raised in Los Angeles, California. As a young adult, he formed the Subject To Change Theatre Troupe, which was active in political causes such as support for Nelson Mandela in South Africa. He studied at the University of Southern California where he earned two Master's degrees in directing theatre and writing for film and television.

Career
Marc wrote original episodes for American animation series such as Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Widget the World Watcher, and Denver, the Last Dinosaur. He became involved in the first major wave of imported anime for Western audiences, writing English language scripts and adaptations for Voltron, Saber Rider and Transformers. As anime evolved, he worked as a writer and voice director on projects such as Cowboy Bebop (TV series and film), FLCL, Ghost in the Shell, Steamboy, and Metropolis. He also voice directed Stephen Chow in Hong Kong for the English language version of Shaolin Soccer, and wrote episodes for the 2011-2012 successful revival of Power Rangers based on the Japanese Super Sentai series. Marc was later involved in bringing original Chinese and Korean animation to the West, including Stitch & Ai (Disney, China); Peking Duckling (UYoung, China/ Little Airplane, USA); Kioka (Goldilocks, Korea); and Mix Master Final Force (Sunwoo, Korea).

Marc was a guest speaker at the Conference On Dialogue Of Asian Civilization in Beijing in 2019; which was hosted by President Xi Jinping. Marc also spoke at The Great Hall of the People for the Beijing Film Academy in 2019, and he has been a judge for the Canadian BANFF awards; a guest speaker at Tokyo University; a guest speaker at San Diego Comic-Con and Anime L.A., and has organized and led a series of annual workshops in the U.S. for Chinese Animation professionals hosted by Disney, China and Disney, Burbank..

He has written two books on writing and presentations which were published by Beijing University Press in China and Freelec Publishers in Korea.

Marc is a member of the Writers Guild of America and Screen Actors Guild. He has also been a lecturer at the University of Southern California and Glendale College.

Personal life
Marc is married to Annet Yorn; they have one son, Kai Handler. They live alternately in Shanghai, China and Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

Awards

ADR / voice director
 The Adventures of Hutch the Honeybee
 Astro Boy - Pilot episode only
 Avalon
 Bit, The Cupid
 Born to Fight
 Cowboy Bebop: The Movie
 Dinozaurs
 Eagle Riders
 FLCL
 Kioka
 Little Magic Dragon
 Naruto
 Nomad
 Rave Master
 Shaolin Soccer
 Super Pig
 Ted & Dory Detectives
 Tenchi Forever
 Tokyo Raiders
 Voltron: The Third Dimension
 Zatoichi
 Zu Warriors

Script writer / adapter
 The Adventures of Hutch the Honeybee – ADR Writer
 Astro Boy – writer
 B-Legend! Battle Bedaman – ADR Writer
 Beat Down: Fists of Vengeance – writer
 Born to Fight – ADR Writer
 Castlevania: Curse of Darkness – writer
 Code Geass – ADR Writer
 Code Lyoko – Composite Writer
 Cowboy Bebop – ADR Writer
 Cowboy Bebop: The Movie – ADR Writer
 Denver, the Last Dinosaur – writer
 Dinozaurs – ADR Writer
 Dive Olly Dive – ADR Writer
 The Dragon Who Wasn't – ADR Writer
 Eagle Riders – ADR Writer
 FLCL – ADR Writer
 Fireball – ADR Writer
 Freedom – ADR Writer (Co-Written with Michael Sinterniklaas, Jay Snyder and Stephanie Sheh)
 Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex – ADR Writer
 .Hack//Liminality – ADR Writer
 Initial D – ADR Writer
 Kessen II – writer
 Little Magic Dragon – ADR Writer
 Metropolis – ADR Writer
 Mix Master – ADR Writer
 The Moo Family – writer
 Naruto – ADR Writer (Co-Written with Liam O'Brien, Sam Regal, Seth Walther, Ardwight Chamberlain, and Jeff Nimoy)
 The New World of the Gnomes – writer
 Nomad – ADR Writer
 Power Rangers Samurai – writer
 Power Rangers Megaforce – writer
 Pretty Sammy – ADR Writer
 Saber Rider – writer & ADR Writer
 Seven Samurai 20XX – writer
 Shaolin Soccer – ADR Script
 Shinzo – ADR Writer
 Steamboy – ADR Writer
 Super Pig – ADR Writer
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles – writer
 Tenchi Forever – ADR Writer
 Tenchi in Tokyo – ADR Writer
 Tokyo Pig – ADR Writer
 Transformers: Robots in Disguise – ADR Writer
 Transformers: Cybertron – ADR Writer
 Voltron: The Third Dimension – ADR Writer
 Vytor: The Starfire Champion – writer
 Widget – writer
 Zatoichi – ADR Writer

Story editor
 Astro Boy – Executive Story Editor
 Cowboy Bebop – Story Editor
 Denver, the Last Dinosaur – Executive Story Editor
 Mix Master – Story Editor
 Final Force
 King of Cards
 Naruto – Executive Story Editor
 Seasons 1 & 2
 Saber Rider and the Star Sheriffs – Executive Story Editor
 Shinzo – Story Editor
 Voltron – Executive Story Editor
Voltron: The Third Dimension – Executive Story Editor
 Vytor: The Starfire Champion – Story Editor

Casting
 Mix Master – Casting Director
 Nomad: The Warrior – Voice Casting

Actor
 Mix Master – Zombie, Wrestler (voice)
 No Place to Hide – Student
 Sole Survivor – Undercover Cop

References

External links

Living people
American television writers
American male screenwriters
American male television writers
American male voice actors
Year of birth missing (living people)
American male film actors
American casting directors
American voice directors
Screenwriters from Los Angeles


A Converted British Family Sheltering a Christian Missionary from the Persecution of the Druids is a painting by the English artist William Holman Hunt that was exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1850 and is now in the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford. It was a companion to John Everett Millais's Christ in the House of His Parents. Both artists sought to depict similar episodes from very early Christian history, portraying families helping an injured individual. Both also stressed the primitivism of the scene.

Subject
Hunt's painting depicts a family of ancient Britons occupying a crudely constructed hut by the riverside. They are attending to a missionary who is hiding from a mob of pagan British Celts. A Druid is visible in the background on the left pointing towards another missionary, who is being taken by one of the mob.

A stone circle is noticeable behind the missionary but is visible only through gaps in the back of the hut used by the Christian family. The contrast between Christian and Druidic symbols is identified by the painting of a red cross over a stone within the Christian family's hut.

The presence of the druid presumably locates the intended period of the scene before the Roman conquest of Britain in the mid-1st century, making the missionaries very early ones indeed, although the vestment-like clothes that they wear would, even to the well-informed Victorian, suggest a much later period.

Reception

Hunt's painting was less controversial than Millais's companion piece, but Hunt was still heavily criticised for the odd composition and the contorted poses of the figures. In 1860, Florence Claxton's painting The Choice of Paris: An Idyll parodied the composition of Hunt's picture along with other works by the Pre-Raphaelite artists of the previous years.

Hunt himself continued to believe it to be one of his best works. In 1872, referring to the painting as "the Early Xtians", he wrote in a letter to Edward Lear, stating that "sometimes when I look at the Early Xtians I feel rather ashamed that I have got no further than later years have brought me, but the truth is that at twenty – health, enthusiasm and yet unpunished confidence in oneself carries a man very near his ultimate length of tether".

Notes

External links
Typological Symbolism in Hunt's Major Works

1850 paintings
Paintings by William Holman Hunt
Paintings in the Ashmolean Museum
Paintings of children
Works about missionaries


The military port of Toulon () is the principal base of the French Navy and the largest naval base in the Mediterranean, situated in the city of Toulon.  It holds most of France's force d'action navale, comprising the aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle as well as its nuclear attack submarines, in total, the base contains more than 60% of the French Navy's tonnage, and about 20,000 military and civilian personnel work at the base.

The Rade

The word rade comes from the old English term 'Road,' "a protected place near shore, not so enclosed as a harbour, where ships can ride at anchor.". The Rade of Toulon is one of the best natural anchorages on the Mediterranean, and the largest rade in Europe. It is protected from the sea by the peninsula of Giens and the peninsula of Saint-Mandrier-sur-Mer, and has been used as a military harbour since the 15th century. The Rade shelters the port of Saint-Mandrier-sur-Mer, the port of La Seyne-sur-Mer, as well as the arsenal, or military port of Toulon, and the commercial port.

History

The 'modern' history of the port began when Louis XII built his Tour Royale at Toulon in 1514.  A naval arsenal and shipyard were built in 1599, and small sheltered harbour, the Veille Darse, was built in 1604–1610 to protect ships from the wind and sea.   The shipyard was greatly enlarged by Cardinal Richelieu, who wished to make France into a Mediterranean naval power. In 1680, Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Secretary of State of the Navy and Controller of Finance of King Louis XIV, began building a much larger port, called the Darse Vauban or the Darse Neuve, and shipyard, designed by his commissioner of fortifications, Vauban.

In 1697, Vauban built the impressive corderie, a building designed to make ropes. The corderie, still standing, is 20 metres wide and 320 metres long, built so that ropes could be stretched the entire length of the building as they were twisted together.   Power for the ropemaking was provided by convicts from the adjoining prison, the Bagne de Toulon, who walked in an enormous treadmill. A triumphal gate (now the Museum of the Navy) was added to the Arsenal in 1738.

The Arsenal port was enlarged still further in the 19th century and the 20th century.  The construction of the arsenal du Mourillon began at the start of the 18th century, as an extension of the major Toulon arsenal on the roadstead's east coast.  Until the 20th century this extension held stores for the wood to build the French Navy.  From the late 19th century it was this shipyard that built France's first ironclad frigates then the world's first modern submarines.

Rather than joining the Free French forces in North Africa and to avoid capture by the Germans, the French fleet based at Toulon scuttled itself on 27 November 1942 on the orders of the French admiralty. During the 20th century the Mourillon arsenal was mainly dedicated to submarine activity as a French submarine base until 1940, then a German one from 1940 to 1945, then a dockyard and torpedo factory after 1945.  The Arsenal was badly damaged by Allied bombing in World War II, but since has been reconstructed and modernised. It has eleven drydocks for ship repair, the two largest of which are 422 metres by 40 metres. The Arsenal is still the principal military port of France, the home port of the aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle, France's attack submarine squadron, and the other ships of the French Mediterranean fleet.

The Arsenal is not open to the public, but the Naval Museum at its entrance has a collection of enormous ship models from the 18th century, used to train the heir to the throne in seamanship, as well as other naval memorabilia. The building of the Corderie can be seen beside the road nearby. Boat tours depart regularly from the waterfront, and allow visitors to have a good look at ships of the French fleet.

Main infrastructures

The military base is divided into four main zones, each with their own access to the sea.  From east to west these are:
Castigneau ;
Malbousquet ;
Missiessy ;
Milhaud.

The first has two main entrances :
 next to the civilian port - the main gate, adjoining the musée de la marine whose façade, classed as a monument historique, is the predecessor to this new gate.  The new gate is located next to the arsenal's quai d'honneur and the monumental façade of the Mediterranean maritime préfecture, flanked by cannons and gilding.
 at the west entrance to Toulon town-centre - more practical than the other entrance (it is less than 200m from an autoroute exit onto four roads), it ensures freight and civil and military convoys from the base can flow freely.

The three other gates are secondary and little used, though still heavily guarded.  To the extreme west in the communes of La Seyne-sur-Mer and Ollioules the military base is in contact with the commercial port of Brégaillon, connected to national and regional networks for the supply of artillery munitions and other supplies.

The arsenal du Mourillon, next to the roadstead, is directly accessible via the north arsenal which housed a submarine base until 1945.  The south arsenal is accessed by the small slipway of Le Mourillon beside the now-disappeared torpedo factory.

Roads and railways
The military bases possesses more than 30 km of roads, railway level crossings, traffic lights, signs, etc.. It also has an SNCF rail line running from the station at La Seyne-sur-Mer to the docks via its storage sheds.

Naval installations
The naval installations of Toulon harbour are, from East to West:
 The honour quay
Used to harbour foreign ships, or large ships. Traditionally, this quay was used to honour distinguished ships by putting them into view from the merchant harbour.
 The four dry docks and the Vauban dock
The four dry docks are fit for repairs on medium to large craft. The Vaudan dock is used as a mooring for small ships (diver support, mine warfare, tugs, patrol boats) and elder ships.
 Missiessy quay and Malbousquet quay
Harbour the nuclear attack submarines. The quays are fitted with mobile roofs that cover the submarines when their nuclear equipment is being refitted. These quays also comprise a number of dry docks.
 Milhaud quays
The main mooring stations of the harbour, where frigates, aircraft carriers, fleet tankers and landing ships are stationed.

Land infrastructure of the base

Installations next to the base

See also
 Fort Balaguier

References

External links

Ships based at Toulon
 Composition of the high command of the maritime arrondissement of Toulon
Article on Netmarine
Dossier on the port of Toulon
History of the arsenal du Mourillon at Toulon

Toulon
Buildings and structures in Toulon
French Navy submarine bases
1590s establishments in France
1599 establishments in Europe


The Reverend Samuel Whiting Jr. (March 25, 1633 – February 28, 1713) was the first minister of Billerica, Massachusetts, from November 11, 1663, to February 28, 1713.

Biography

He was the son of the Reverend Samuel Whiting and his second wife, Elizabeth St. John. Elizabeth belonged to the prominent landowning family of St. John of Lydiard Tregoze; she was the sister of Oliver St. John, a leading lawyer and judge who was one of the foremost opponents of King Charles I of England during the English Civil War.

When the elder Reverend Samuel Whiting arrived from King's Lynn England in 1637, the residents of Lynn, Massachusetts changed the name of their settlement in his honor.

Samuel Whiting Jr. graduated from Harvard in 1653. While some sources indicate he had a brother, Nathaniel, this is in error.  In his father's memoir it is clear he had no son named Nathaniel.

References

Further reading
 “Elegy on the Rev. Samuel Whiting,[ Sr.,] of Lynn,” by Benjamin Tompson, “ye renowned poet of New England,” printed in Cotton Mather's Magnalia
 William Whiting, LL. D., Memoirs of Rev. Samuel Whiting and of his Wife, Elizabeth St. John, with Reference to some of their English Ancestors and American Descendants (printed privately, Boston, 1871)

People from Billerica, Massachusetts
1633 births
1713 deaths
Harvard University alumni


Croatia participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 with the song "Lijepa Tena" written by Tonči Huljić and Vjekoslava Huljić. The song was performed by Igor Cukrov featuring Andrea. The Croatian broadcaster Croatian Radiotelevision (HRT) organised the national final Dora 2009 to select the Croatian entry for the 2009 contest in Moscow, Russia. A total of twenty-four entries competed in the national final which consisted of two shows: a semi-final and a final. In the semi-final on 27 February 2009, six entries qualified to compete in the final on 28 February 2009 alongside ten pre-qualified songs. In the final, "Lijepa Tena" performed by Igor Cukrov was selected as the winner following the combination of votes from a six-member jury panel and a public televote.

Croatia was drawn to compete in the second semi-final of the Eurovision Song Contest which took place on 14 May 2009. Performing as the opening entry for the show in position 1, "Lijepa Tena" was announced among the ten qualifying entries of the second semi-final and therefore qualified to compete in the final on 16 May. It was later revealed that Croatia had been selected by back-up juries to qualify after placing thirteenth out of the 19 participating countries in the semi-final with 33 points. In the final, Croatia performed in position 5 and placed eighteenth out of the 25 participating countries, scoring 45 points.

Background

Prior to the 2009 contest, Croatia had participated in the Eurovision Song Contest sixteen times since its first entry in . The nation's best result in the contest was fourth, which it achieved on two occasions: in 1996 with the song "Sveta ljubav" performed by Maja Blagdan and in 1999 with the song "Marija Magdalena" performed by Doris Dragović. Following the introduction of semi-finals for the , Croatia had thus far featured in four finals. In 2008, Croatia managed to qualify to the final with Kraljevi ulice and 75 Cents and the song "Romanca".

The Croatian national broadcaster, Croatian Radiotelevision (HRT), broadcasts the event within Croatia and organises the selection process for the nation's entry. HRT confirmed Croatia's participation in the 2009 Eurovision Song Contest on 20 October 2008. Since 1993, HRT organised the national final Dora in order to select the Croatian entry for the Eurovision Song Contest, a method that was continued for their 2009 participation.

Before Eurovision

Dora 2009
Dora 2009 was the seventeenth edition of the Croatian national selection Dora which selected Croatia's entry for the Eurovision Song Contest 2009. The competition consisted of a semi-final and a final on 27 and 28 February 2009 both taking place at the Hotel Kvarner in Opatija. The semi-final was broadcast on HRT 2, while the final was broadcast on HRT 1. Both shows were also broadcast via radio on HR 2 and online via the broadcaster's website hrt.hr.

Format
A total of twenty-four songs competed in Dora 2009 which consisted of two shows: a semi-final and a final. Fourteen of the songs were selected from open submissions and competed in the semi-final with public televoting selecting the top six to proceed to the final. In the final, the six qualifying songs in the semi-final alongside an additional ten pre-qualified songs competed and the winner was selected by votes from the public and a jury panel. Ties in the final were decided in favour of the entry that received the most points from the jury.

Competing entries
On 26 October 2008, HRT opened a submission period where artists and composers were able to submit their entries to the broadcaster with the deadline on 12 December 2008. 199 entries were received by the broadcaster during the submission period. A six-member expert committee consisting of Silvije Glojnarić (HRT), Robert Urlić (HR), Mirko Fodor (HTV), Željen Klašterka (HTV), Aleksandar Kostadinov (HTV) and Đurđica Ivanković (HR) reviewed the received submissions and selected fourteen artists and songs for the semi-final of the competition, while the ten pre-qualifying songs for the final were written by composers invited by HRT in consultation with the Croatian Composers' Society (HDS). The composers also selected the performer for their entry. The invited composers were announced on 15 December 2008 and were:

 Ante Pecotić
 Boris Đurđević
 Bruno Kovačić
 Denis Dumančić
 Hari Rončević
 Miroslav Rus
 Nenad Ninčević and Miro Buljan
 Rajko Dujmić
 Tonči Huljić
 Zrinko Tutić

HRT announced the entries competing in the semi-final on 28 January 2009 during the radio programme Turki party broadcast on HR 2 and hosted by Zlatko Turkalj Turki. Among the artists were Goran Karan who represented Croatia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2000 and Feminnem which represented Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Eurovision Song Contest 2005. The pre-qualified entries competing in the final were announced on 28 January 2009. On 15 January 2009, the song "Raduj se", written by Boris Novković who represented Croatia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2005, was withdrawn from the semi-final and replaced with "Kao jedno" performed by Sandra Bagarić. On 2 February 2009, Goran Karan withdrew his song "Adam i Eva" from the semi-final and replaced with "Ma gdje bila" performed by Mario Battifiaca.

Shows

Semi-final
The semi-final took place on 27 February 2009, hosted by Duško Ćurlić and Nevena Rendeli with Ida Prester and Iva Šulentić hosting segments from the green room. The six qualifiers for the final were determined exclusively by a public televote. In addition to the performances of the competing entries, the show was opened by the National Folk Dance Ensemble of Croatia LADO, while British Eurovision Song Contest 1976 winner Brotherhood of Man performed as the interval act.

Final
The final took place on 28 February 2009, hosted by Duško Ćurlić and Danijela Trbović with Ida Prester and Iva Šulentić hosting segments from the green room. The six entries that qualified from the semi-final alongside the ten pre-qualified entries competed and the winner, "Lijepa Tena" performed by Igor Cukrov, was determined by a 50/50 combination of votes from a six-member jury panel and a public televote. The jury that voted in the final consisted of Đurđica Ivanković (HR), Silvije Glojnarić (HRT), Mirko Fodor (HTV), Aleksandar Kostadinov (HTV), Željen Klašterka (HTV) and Robert Urlić (HR). In addition to the performances of the competing entries, the show was opened by 2008 Croatian Eurovision entrant Kraljevi ulice, while Paul Young performed as the interval act.

Promotion
Igor Cukrov and Andrea made several appearances across Europe to specifically promote "Lijepa Tena" as the Croatian Eurovision entry. On 7 March, Igor Cukrov and Andrea performed "Lijepa Tena" during the semi-final of the Serbian Eurovision national final Beovizija 2009. On 19 April, the duo appeared in and performed during the TV SLO1 programme Spet doma in Slovenia. On 24 April, Igor Cukrov and Andrea performed during the BHT 1 show Konačno petak in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

At Eurovision
According to Eurovision rules, all nations with the exceptions of the host country and the "Big Four" (France, Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom) are required to qualify from one of two semi-finals in order to compete for the final; the top nine songs from each semi-final as determined by televoting progress to the final, and a tenth was determined by back-up juries. The European Broadcasting Union (EBU) split up the competing countries into six different pots based on voting patterns from previous contests, with countries with favourable voting histories put into the same pot. On 30 January 2009, a special allocation draw was held which placed each country into one of the two semi-finals. Croatia was placed into the second semi-final, to be held on 14 May 2009. The running order for the semi-finals was decided through another draw on 16 March 2009 and Croatia was set to open the show and perform in position 1, before the entry from Ireland.

The two semi-finals and the final were broadcast in Croatia on HRT with commentary by Duško Ćurlić. The Croatian spokesperson, who announced the Croatian votes during the final, was Mila Horvat.

Semi-final
Igor Cukrov and Andrea took part in technical rehearsals on 6 and 9 May, followed by dress rehearsals on 13 and 14 May. The Croatian performance featured Igor Cukrov dressed in a black suit and Andrea in a white dress. Cukrov's outfit was designed by the fashion brand Estare Culto, while Andrea's dress was designed by the fashion brand ELFS. The stage was dark with the LED screens projecting expanding blue flowers and a dancing couple. The performance also featured the use of a wind machine. Cukrov and Andrea were joined on stage by four backing vocalists dressed in black: Ivana Čabraja, Jelena Majić, Karmen Matković and Sanja Jukić.

At the end of the show, Croatia was announced as having qualified for the grand final. It was later revealed that Croatia was selected as the back-up jury qualifier after placing thirteenth in the semi-final, receiving a total of 33 points.

Final
Shortly after the second semi-final, a winners' press conference was held for the ten qualifying countries. As part of this press conference, the qualifying artists took part in a draw to determine the running order for the final. This draw was done in the order the countries appeared in the semi-final running order. Croatia was drawn to perform in position 5, following the entry from Sweden and before the entry from Portugal.

Igor Cukrov and Andrea once again took part in dress rehearsals on 15 and 16 May before the final, including the jury final where the professional juries cast their final votes before the live show. The duo performed a repeat of their semi-final performance during the final on 16 May. At the conclusion of the voting, Croatia finished in eighteenth place with 45 points.

Voting
The voting system for 2009 involved each country awarding points from 1–8, 10 and 12, with the points in the final being decided by a combination of 50% national jury and 50% televoting. Each nation's jury consisted of five music industry professionals who are citizens of the country they represent. This jury judged each entry based on: vocal capacity; the stage performance; the song's composition and originality; and the overall impression by the act. In addition, no member of a national jury was permitted to be related in any way to any of the competing acts in such a way that they cannot vote impartially and independently.

Following the release of the full split voting by the EBU after the conclusion of the competition, it was revealed that Croatia had placed sixteenth with the public televote and nineteenth with the jury vote in the final. In the public vote, Croatia scored 55 points, while with the jury vote, Croatia scored 58 points.

Below is a breakdown of points awarded to Croatia and awarded by Croatia in the second semi-final and grand final of the contest. The nation awarded its 12 points to Serbia in the semi-final and to Bosnia and Herzegovina in the final of the contest.

Points awarded to Croatia

Points awarded by Croatia

Detailed voting results
The following members comprised the Croatian jury:

 Tina Vukov – singer
 Silvije Glojnarić – conductor
 Doris Karamatić – academic musician, harpist
 Denis Vasilj – professor of music theory
 Darko Domitrović – composer

Notes and references

Notes

References

2009
Countries in the Eurovision Song Contest 2009
Eurovision


Clinical Ovarian Cancer & Other Gynecologic Malignancies was a peer-reviewed medical journal published by Elsevier. It covered research on the detection, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of ovarian cancer. Specific areas of interest included clinical research and mechanistic approaches, drug sensitivity and resistance, gene and antisense therapy, pathology, markers, and prognostic indicators, chemoprevention strategies, multimodality therapy, and integration of various approaches. It was replaced by Clinical Ovarian and other Gynecologic Cancer, which was discontinued in 2016.

Abstracting and indexing
The journal was abstracted and indexed in CINAHL, EMBASE,  and Chemical Abstracts.

Article types
The journal published editorials, original research papers, reviews, current treatment reports, case reports, brief communications, current trials, translational medicine pieces, and a "Meeting Highlights" section.

References

External links

Oncology journals
Gynaecological cancer
Academic journals established in 2008
English-language journals
Biannual journals
Elsevier academic journals


John Elphinstone, also known as John Elphinston (1722 – 28 February 1785), was a senior British naval officer who worked closely with the Russian Navy after 1770, with approval from the Admiralty, during the period of naval reform under Russian Empress Catherine II. Together with the Scottish-born Samuel Greig, or Samuil Karlovich Greig (Самуил Карлович Грейг), as he was known in Russia, and Admiral Sir Charles Knowles, Elphinstone was a member of the naval staff, headed by Count Alexei Grigoryevich Orlov, which, although it lacked naval experience, was able to defeat the Turkish fleet at the Battle of Chesma Bay, near Chios Island, off the far western coast of Turkey.

Early life
He was born at Lopness, near Sanday in the Orkney Islands, the son of John Elphinstone and his wife Anne Williams and joined the Royal Navy.

He was promoted commander of the fireship  in 1757, serving under Commodore Hon. Richard Howe in his 1758 campaign against the French Channel ports. During one attack he was captured by the French.

After his release in 1759 he was made captain of the 20-gun  and took part in the capture of Quebec. In 1761 he was in command of  when she captured and destroyed the 32-gun French ship Félicité  at Scheveningen. Later that year Elphinstone captured two other French privateers. In 1762 Richmond sailed out to the West Indies and Elphinstone was put in charge of transport services during the siege of Havana. He afterwards brought back the 70-gun prize ship Infanta.

At the end of 1763 he commissioned the guard ship  at Plymouth, commanding her for three years.

Russian Service

Catherine II of Russia drew on the experience of British naval personnel through the networking in London of the British Ambassador in St. Petersburg from 1769 to 1771, Lieutenant-General Charles Cathcart, 9th Lord Cathcart. He was married to Jane Hamilton, but Jane's death in Saint Petersburg during an outbreak of the plague, prompted his return to Britain.

Elphinstone was one of a small number of British officers who joined the Catherine's Russian service in the summer of 1769, and was given the rank of rear-admiral. In 1770 he led a squadron from the Baltic to the Mediterranean to take part in the war against the Turks and participated in the defeat of a Turkish fleet in Battle of Chesma Bay.  He, however, was on such bad terms with his Russian superiors, particularly Count Aleksei Orlov, that he left the Russian service in July 1771.

Later life
John Elphinstone later held several further commands in the British Royal Navy, including that of the 74-gun  during Admiral Sir George Rodney's West Indian Campaign of 1779–80.

He died in 1785 in Broad Street, Carnaby Market, London. He had married Amelia Warburton, daughter of John Warburton, Somerset Herald, in 1750 and had seven sons and four daughters. They included:
 John, a post captain (1756 - 1801)
 Samuel William, who died as a captain in the Russian service (1758 - 1789)
 Thomas, who reached the same rank in the navy before his death (1765 - 1821)
 Robert Phillip Rodolph, who died as a post captain (1769 - 1822)
 Major-General Sir Howard Elphinstone (1773 - 1846)
 Molineux Roley (1777 - 1814)
 Anna-Charlotta-Maria (1763 - 1809), who married Captain Sir Francis John Hartwell
 Jane Alice Amelia (1767 - 1856) married John Dymoke in 1799
 Catherine Sarah (1775 -1851) married Thomas Roe in 1798

References

John Elphinston Papers Relating to the Russo-Turkish War, 1769-1850 (bulk 1769-1771): Finding Aid at Princeton University
"Scottish Influences in Russian History"
 Bartlett, Roger and Hughes, Lindsey, Dr. (eds.). Russian Society and Culture and the Long Eighteenth Century: Esays in Honour of Anthony G. Cross. Paperback, Lit Verlag, 2005. ; .
 Anthony G. Cross. By the Banks of the Neva: Chapters from the Lives and Careers of the British in Eighteenth-Century Russia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. (Anthony Cross was Professor of Slavonic Studies at the University of Cambridge from 1985 to 2004. Previously, he was Reader in Russian at the University of East Anglia and Roberts Professor of Russian at the University of Leeds. He was elected to the British Academy in 1989 and to the Russian Academy of the Humanities in 1996.)
 Schop Soler, Ana María. Un siglo de relaciones diplomáticas y comerciales entre España y Rusia : 1733-1833 Madrid: Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores, Dirección General de Relaciones Culturales, D.L. (1984), 520 pages; 24 cm. In Spanish.
 Schop Soler, Ana María. Las relaciones entre España y Rusia en la época de Fernando VII (1808-1833), Barcelona, Universidad de Barcelona, (1975). In Spanish.
 Schop Soler, Ana María. Las relaciones entre España y Rusia en la época de Carlos IV Ana María, Schop Soler; prólogo de Carlos Seco Serrano. Editor: Barcelona: Cátedra de Historia General de España, 1971. xvii +196 pages; 21 cm. In Spanish. German Edition: Die Spanische-Russischen Beziehungen im 18. Jahrhundert. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, (1970).

External links

Royal Navy officers
1722 births
1785 deaths
18th-century Royal Navy personnel
18th-century military personnel from the Russian Empire
People of the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)
Royal Navy personnel of the Seven Years' War
Royal Navy personnel of the American Revolutionary War


I've Got a Tiger by the Tail is an album by Buck Owens and his Buckaroos, released in 1965. It reached Number one on the Billboard Country charts and Number 43 on the Pop Albums charts.

It was re-released on CD in 1995 by Sundazed Records with two bonus tracks, both live performances recorded in Bakersfield, CA at the Civic Auditorium in October 1963. The album was included in Robert Dimery's 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.

Style
The album was an example of Bakersfield sound, country music developed in the mid to late 1950s around Bakersfield, California, and influenced both by rock and what was called hillbilly music.  The album featured the distinctive sound of Don Rich playing the telecaster.

Reception

In his Allmusic review, critic Cub Koda called the album "Owens' Bakersfield honky tonk sound at the height of its freight-train rumbling powers."  The album was Billboard's first #1 country album of the year, in 1965.

Track listing
Side one
 "I've Got a Tiger By the Tail" (Harlan Howard, Buck Owens) – 2:12
 "Trouble and Me" (Howard) – 1:54
 "Let the Sad Times Roll On" (Owens, Red Simpson) – 2:14
 "Wham Bam" (Buck Owens, Bonnie Owens, Don Rich) – 2:01
 "If You Fall Out of Love With Me" (Owens, Owens) – 2:15
 "Fallin' for You" (Owens, Owens, Rich) – 2:01
Side two
"We're Gonna Let the Good Times Roll" (Owens) – 2:15
 "The Band Keeps Playin' On" (Red Simpson, Fuzzy Owen) – 3:02
 "Streets of Laredo" – 2:55
 "Cryin' Time" (Owens) – 2:30
 "A Maiden's Prayer" (Bob Wills) – 2:33
 "Memphis" (Chuck Berry) – 2:27

1995 bonus tracks
"This Ol' Heart" (Eddie Miller, Bob Morris) – 1:12
 "Act Naturally" (Johnny Russell, Voni Morrison) – 2:28

Personnel
Buck Owens – guitar, vocals
Don Rich – guitar, fiddle, vocals (lead vocal on "Wham Bam")
Doyle Holly – bass, guitar, vocals (lead vocal on "Streets of Laredo")
Tom Brumley – pedal steel guitar, guitar
Willie Cantu – drums
Mel King – drums
Bob Morris – bass, vocals
Jay McDonald – pedal steel guitar
Jelly Sanders – fiddle, guitar

References

1965 albums
Buck Owens albums
Capitol Records albums
Albums produced by Ken Nelson (United States record producer)

Albums recorded at Capitol Studios


Polis Is This: Charles Olson and the Persistence of Place is a 2007 documentary film about the life of the poet Charles Olson produced and directed by independent film-maker, Henry Ferrini. It was called “the best film about an American poet ever made” by William Corbett of the Boston Phoenix. The film was also an Official Selection at the 2007 Berkeley Film and Video Festival.

Plot
Polis Is This is a film that follows the life of the poet Charles Olson. Filmmaker Henry Ferrini uses archival footage of Olson, as well as an array of interview subjects, including actor John Malkovich, to paint a picture of Olson and his life. Throughout the course of the film, Olson struggles to save Gloucester, Massachusetts, his home town, from progress, which in his opinion was taking away the town's very essence. Henry Ferrini is a native of Gloucester himself, and feels the way Olson does about the issues of progress. Polis is This encourages viewers to appreciate where they come from and educates them about the extraordinary possibilities that exist in the ordinary things that exist around them in their daily lives.

Author Jim Harrison has called the film "sublime" and "simply stunning." Russell Banks has called the film "an invaluable contribution to our literature."

Reception
The film, despite having a limited release, has received very positive reviews. The Phoenix of Boston gave it 3.5 out of 4 stars, calling it “the best film about an American Poet ever made.” Ken Hanke of Mountain Xpress gave the film 4 stars, saying it was “extraordinary.”

References

External links

2007 films
Documentary films about poets
American documentary films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films


Hell on Heels: The Battle of Mary Kay is a 2002 biographical comedy-drama television film directed by Ed Gernon (in his directorial debut) and written by Patricia Resnick. It stars Shirley MacLaine, Shannen Doherty, and Parker Posey. The film is based on the true story of a corporate war in the mid-1990s between cosmetics queen Mary Kay Ash and an ambitious newcomer, Jinger Heath, who launches a rival company.

A co-production between Canada and the United States, the film premiered on CBS on October 6, 2002. Both MacLaine and Posey received Golden Globe nominations for their performances, with MacLaine saying the role of Mary Kay was one of her favorite characters.

Summary
Cosmetics queen Mary Kay relates her rise to the top of the home-beauty industry to an inquiring reporter, never allowing an opportunity pass to emphasize how many doors she has opened for the working women of America. Ultimately, however, Mary Kay's predominance is threatened by a much younger rival, Jinger Heath, whose BeautiControl company takes an enormous bite out of Mary Kay's share of the market. Caught in the middle is a slightly off-center beauty named Lexy Wilcox.

Cast
 Shirley MacLaine as Mary Kay
 Shannen Doherty as Lexy Wilcox
 Parker Posey as Jinger Heath
 R. H. Thomson as Richard Rogers
 Barry Flatman as Dick Heath
 Rachael Crawford as Annika Kern
 Dean McKenzie as Clifton Sanders
 Marnie McPhail as Brooke
 Rebecca Gibson as Tanya
 Catherine Fitch as Beverly
 Maggie Butterfield as Doris
 Terri Cherniak as Liz
 Marina Stephenson Kerr as Chris
 Rhiannon Benedict as Haley
 Paul Christie as Lexy's Husband
 Ned Vukovic as Andy (Doorman)
 Robert Huculak as BC Exec
 Jessica Burleson as BC Rep
 John Bluethner as Boss
 Toby Kennett as Butler

Production
Patricia Resnick wrote the script and Alliance Atlantis executive Ed Gernon made his directorial debut on the film, which was co-produced with Howard Meltzer's TurtleBack Productions and Alliance Atlantis' Ian McDougall.

Principal photography took place in Winnipeg from July 3 to 28, 2002.

Reception

Accolades

References

External links

2002 films
2002 comedy-drama films
2002 directorial debut films
2002 television films
2000s biographical films
2000s satirical films
2000s American films
2000s Canadian films
2000s English-language films
American biographical films
American comedy-drama television films
American satirical films
Canadian biographical films
Canadian comedy-drama television films
Canadian satirical films
Comedy-drama films based on actual events
English-language Canadian films
Alliance Atlantis films
Biographical films about businesspeople
Biographical television films
CBS network films
Films about companies
Films set in the 1990s
Films shot in Winnipeg
Films with screenplays by Patricia Resnick


Le Mourillon is a neighbourhood to the east of the French city of Toulon, near the entrance to the Rade or roadstead.  It was once a fishing village, and then became the home of many of the officers of the French fleet and to part of the naval dockyard. Mourillon has a small fishing port, next to a 16th-century fort, Fort Saint Louis, which was reconstructed by Vauban. In the 1970s the city of Toulon built a series of sheltered sandy beaches in Mourillon, which today are very popular with the Toulonais and with naval families. The Museum of Asian Art is located in a house on the waterfront near Fort St. Louis.

History

Points of interest
 Jardin d'acclimatation du Mourillon

Sport
Union sportive du Mourillon club de rugby à XV.
Cadets 2006/2007 Demi-Finalistes Teulière B
Cadets 2007/2008 Eliminated in the 16éme of Final Teulière B

References

External links
Site of the quarter
History, old post cards of the district of Le Mourillon

Toulon
Geography of Var (department)


Thomas J. Quigley is a politician from Pennsylvania. He represented the 146th Legislative District in Pennsylvania House of Representatives for four terms.

Career
Quigley was elected mayor of Royersford in 2001. He was a Royersford Borough Councilman from 1999 to 2001.  Shortly before his tenure as a state representative, Quigley worked as a project leader for an investment firm.

Pennsylvania House of Representatives
Quigley was elected to the Pennsylvania House of Representatives to represent the 146th district in 2004. He served on the House Education, Finance and Liquor Control Committees. Quigley lost the seat to Democratic opponent Mark Painter in 2012. Quigley would return to the House when he defeated Painter at the November 4, 2014 election and seated on December 1, 2014. Quigley was defeated for reelection by Democratic opponent Joe Ciresi in 2018.

Personal
Quigley earned his bachelor's degree in Business Management from Philadelphia University in 1986 and his Master of Business Administration from Philadelphia University in 1993.

He resides in Royersford.

References

Thomas Jefferson University alumni
Mayors of places in Pennsylvania
Republican Party members of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
Living people
Politicians from Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
21st-century American politicians
1961 births


On 23 February 2008, Spirit of Kansas, a B-2 Spirit stealth bomber of the United States Air Force, crashed on the runway moments after takeoff from Andersen Air Force Base in Guam. The aircraft was destroyed, but both crew members successfully ejected. The accident marked the first operational loss of a B‑2 bomber, and  remains the only one. With an estimated loss of US$1.4 billion, considering only the cost of the aircraft, it was also the most expensive aircraft crash in history.

Crash

On 23 February 2008, a B‑2 crashed on the runway shortly after takeoff from Andersen Air Force Base in Guam. The crash of the Spirit of Kansas, 89-0127, which had been operated by the 393rd Bomb Squadron, 509th Bomb Wing, Whiteman Air Force Base, Missouri, and which had logged 5,100 flight hours, was the first crash of a B‑2.

The two-officer crew (Major Ryan Link and Captain Justin Grieve) were unable to control the bomber, and as one of its wingtips made contact with the ground, they ejected and survived the crash. The aircraft was destroyed, a total loss estimated at US$1.4 billion. This is equivalent to $ in .

According to the Air Force Times, a private-industry magazine, no munitions were on board. The Air Combat Command accident board report states that "classified material" had been loaded onto the bomber the morning the aircraft was returning to Whiteman Air Force Base "after a four-month deployment in support of Pacific Air Forces' continuous bomber presence."

At Guam Naval Hospital, one pilot was evaluated and released, and the second was hospitalized. A B‑2 already in the air was called back to Andersen after the crash, where it and the other B‑2s were grounded until the initial investigation into the crash was complete. Six Boeing B‑52s of the 96th Bomb Squadron, 2nd Bomb Wing at Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana, were deployed to replace the B‑2s.

The commander of the 509th Bomb Wing, Brig. Gen. Garrett Harencak temporarily suspended flying operations for all 20 remaining B‑2s to review procedures. Harencak termed the suspension a "safety pause" and stated that the B‑2s would resume flying if called upon for immediate operations. The B‑2 fleet returned to flight status on 15 April 2008.

Investigation
The findings of the investigation stated that the B‑2 crashed after "heavy, lashing rains" caused moisture to enter skin-flush air-data sensors. The data from the sensors are used to calculate numerous factors including airspeed and altitude. Because three pressure transducers failed to function—attributable to condensation inside devices, not a maintenance error—the flight-control computers calculated inaccurate aircraft angle of attack and airspeed. Incorrect airspeed data on cockpit displays led to the aircraft rotating at  slower than indicated. After the wheels lifted from the runway, which caused the flight control system to switch to different control laws, the erroneously sensed negative angle of attack caused the computers to inject a sudden, , uncommanded 30-degree pitch-up maneuver. The combination of slow lift-off speed and the extreme angle of attack, with attendant drag, resulted in an unrecoverable stall, yaw, and descent. Both crew members successfully ejected from the aircraft soon after the left wing tip started to gouge the ground alongside the runway. The aircraft hit the ground, tumbled, and burned after its fuel ignited.

In popular culture
The crash of "Spirit of Kansas" was featured on season 22 of the Canadian documentary series Mayday, in the episode titled "Stealth Bomber Down".

References

External links

Video of the crash with detailed, technical narration.

21st-century military history of the United States
Aviation accidents and incidents in the United States in 2008
Aviation accidents and incidents in Guam
Accidents and incidents involving United States Air Force aircraft
2008 in Guam
History of Guam
February 2008 events in the United States
Northrop Grumman aircraft


John Ingram may refer to:

John Ingram (engineer) (1924–2015), New Zealand engineer and businessman
John Ingram (engraver) (1721–1767 or later), English engraver
John Ingram (martyr) (1565–1594), English Jesuit and martyr
John Ingram (politician) (1929–2013), retired American Democratic politician, attorney, and insurance commissioner
John Ingram (revolutionary) (b. before 1644), leader of Bacon's Rebellion after the death of Nathaniel Bacon
Jack Ingram (ice hockey) (John Jasper Ingram, born 1957), professional ice hockey player
John Henry Ingram (1842–1916), English biographer and editor
John Kells Ingram (1823–1907), Irish poet and scholar
John Michael Ingram (1931–2014), British menswear designer and founder of Design Intelligence forecasting agency.
John R. Ingram (businessman) (born 1961/1962), American heir, businessman and philanthropist.
John W. Ingram (1929–2008), Federal Railroad Administrator of the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railway, 1971–1974

See also
Jack Ingram (disambiguation)


IEEE 1451 is a set of smart transducer interface standards developed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Instrumentation and Measurement Society's Sensor Technology Technical Committee describing a set of open, common, network-independent communication interfaces for connecting transducers (sensors or actuators) to microprocessors, instrumentation systems, and control/field networks.  One of the key elements of these standards is the definition of Transducer electronic data sheets (TEDS) for each transducer. The TEDS is a memory device attached to the transducer, which stores transducer identification, calibration, correction data, and manufacturer-related information.  The goal of the IEEE 1451 family of standards is to allow the access of transducer data through a common set of interfaces whether the transducers are connected to systems or networks via a wired or wireless means.

Transducer electronic data sheet

A transducer electronic data sheet (TEDS) is a standardized method of storing transducer (sensors or actuators) identification, calibration, correction data, and manufacturer-related information. TEDS formats are defined in the IEEE 1451 set of smart transducer interface standards developed by the IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Society's Sensor Technology Technical Committee that describe a set of open, common, network-independent communication interfaces for connecting transducers to microprocessors, instrumentation systems, and control/field networks.

One of the key elements of the IEEE 1451 standards is the definition of TEDS for each transducer. The TEDS can be implemented as a memory device attached to the transducer and containing information needed by a measurement instrument or control system to interface with a transducer. TEDS can, however, be implemented in two ways.  First, the TEDS can reside in embedded memory, typically an EEPROM, within the transducer itself which is connected to the measurement instrument or control system.  Second, a virtual TEDS can exist as a data file accessible by the measurement instrument or control system. A virtual TEDS extends the standardized TEDS to legacy sensors and applications where embedded memory may not be available.

1451 family of standards

The 1451 family of standards includes:

 1451.0–2007 IEEE Standard for a Smart Transducer Interface for Sensors and Actuators – Common Functions, Communication Protocols, and Transducer Electronic Data Sheet (TEDS) Formats
 1451.1–1999 IEEE Standard for a Smart Transducer Interface for Sensors and Actuators – Network Capable Application Processor Information Model
 1451.2-1997 IEEE Standard for a Smart Transducer Interface for Sensors and Actuators – Transducer to Microprocessor Communication Protocols & TEDS Formats
 1451.3-2003 IEEE Standard for a Smart Transducer Interface for Sensors and Actuators – Digital Communication & TEDS Formats for Distributed Multidrop Systems
 1451.4-2004 IEEE Standard for a Smart Transducer Interface for Sensors and Actuators – Mixed-Mode Communication Protocols & TEDS Formats
 1451.5-2007 IEEE Standard for a Smart Transducer Interface for Sensors and Actuators – Wireless Communication Protocols & Transducer Electronic Data Sheet (TEDS) Formats
 1451.7-2010 IEEE Standard for a Smart Transducer Interface for Sensors and Actuators – Transducers to Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Systems Communication Protocols and Transducer Electronic Data Sheet Formats

See also
Bluetooth
CANopen
Computer network
Data sheet
IEEE 802.15
IEEE 802.11, standards for Wi-Fi branded products
Near Field Communication
Personal area network
SensorML
Serial presence detect
Smart transducer
TransducerML
Wireless USB
Zigbee – low power lightweight wireless protocol in the ISM band

References

IEEE standards
Electronic engineering
Year of introduction missing


Hexanone may refer to the following ketones containing six carbon atoms:
 2-Hexanone (Methyl butyl ketone, MBK)
 4-Methyl-2-pentanone (Methyl isobutyl ketone, MIBK)
 3-Methyl-2-pentanone (Methyl sec-butyl ketone)
 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanone (Methyl tert-butyl ketone, Pinacolone)
 3-Hexanone (Ethyl propyl ketone)
 2-Methyl-3-pentanone (Ethyl isopropyl ketone)

See also
 Cyclohexanone

Hexanones


Evangelisch-Lutherische Gebetsbruderschaft (Evangelical Lutheran Prayer Brotherhood) is a German Lutheran religious society for men and women, based on the doctrines of the Bible and Book of Concord, with regular prayer for the renewal and unity of the Church.

Prayer Brotherhood was founded in Leipzig by Lutheran theological students. The main objectives in the beginning were Augsburg Confession, regular Eucharist on Sundays, and the daily office with mutual prayer.

The Brotherhood uses its own breviary, the Breviarium Lipsiensae: Tagzeitengebete (“Leipzig Breviary: Prayer of the Times of the Day”). It is one-volume breviary, in German with occasional Latin, containing a lectionary and four liturgical hours per day, with all 150 psalms, divided for four weeks. Musically it is descendant of the Alpirsbach movement. The Leipzig Breviary is also the main source for The Brotherhood Prayer Book of the Lutheran Liturgical Prayer Brotherhood, a confessional Lutheran confraternity based in North America; it is used to pray the canonical hours at seven fixed prayer times.

The Evangelical Lutheran Prayer Brotherhood includes members and pastors of the Evangelical Church in Germany as well as of the Independent Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Germany. The Brotherhood is led by Ältester.

See also

For All the Saints: A Prayer Book for and by the Church

References

External links
the official homepage

Lutheran orders and societies
Lutheranism in Germany
Breviaries


The James W. Murphy Stakes is an American Thoroughbred horse race run annually at Pimlico Race Course in Baltimore, Maryland. Open to three-year-old horses, it is contested over a distance of one mile on turf.

Beginning with the 2010 race, the Woodlawn Stakes was renamed the James W. Murphy Stakes in honor of the late trainer, James W. Murphy, a stalwart on the Maryland racing circuit.  The race is run on the third Saturday of May on the Preakness Stakes undercard. The race was originally named in honor of the Woodlawn Vase. Due to heavy rains, the 2008 edition had to be switched from the turf to  miles on the muddy main track.

The race attracts a different type of horse than the older Dixie Stakes, also run on the turf at Pimlico on that same day. First and most importantly, the Woodlawn is run at one mile, which is considered a sprint on the turf, while the Dixie is run at  miles. Horses from the Woodlawn will typically be candidates for the Breeders' Cup Mile later in the year, while Dixie Stakes horses will typically target the Breeders' Cup Turf. The Woodlawn is also restricted to only horses that are three years old, while the Dixie is for any horse three years old and up.

Artie Schiller in 2004 and English Channel in 2005 are the only Woodlawn Stakes winners to go on and win a Breeders' Cup race.

The Woodlawn Stakes was run as a Handicap race in 1966. The race was taken off the turf and run on the main track in 1967, 1975–1978, 1980, 1981, 1988–1990, 1997, 1998 and 2003. The Woodlawn Stakes was an American Grade III stakes race between 1973 through 1989.

The race was run in two divisions in 1986, 1985, 1981, 1975, 1974, 1973, 1971, 1969 and 1968.

Records

Speed record:
 1 mile – 1:34.32 – Woodwin W    (2015)
  miles – 1:43 2/5 – Pulverizing  (1989)

Most wins by a jockey:
 3 – Eldon Nelson (1967, 1970, 1973)
 3 – William Passmore (1969, 1981 (2×))
 3 – Vincent Bracciale Jr. (1973, 1980, 1985)
 3 – Edgar Prado (1993, 1996, 1997)
 3 – John R. Velazquez (2005, 2009, 2011)
 3 – Joel Rosario (2012, 2013, 2017)

Most wins by a trainer:
 3 – Del W. Carroll (1969, 1970, 1980)

Most wins by an owner:
 2 – Skeedattle Associates (2001 & 2002)
 2 – Frank E. Power (1969, 1971)

Winners

A #  signifies that the race was run in two divisions in 1985, 1981, 1975, 1974, 1973, 1971, 1969 and 1968.

See also

 James W. Murphy Stakes top three finishers
 Pimlico Race Course
 List of graded stakes at Pimlico Race Course

References

Flat horse races for three-year-olds
Turf races in the United States
Listed stakes races in the United States
Sports competitions in Baltimore
Pimlico Race Course
Horse races in Maryland
Recurring sporting events established in 1966


Conrad Feger Jackson (September 11, 1813 – December 13, 1862) was a businessman and soldier from the state of Pennsylvania. He served as a brigadier general in the Union Army during the American Civil War and was killed in action during the Battle of Fredericksburg.

Early life and career
Jackson was born in Alsace Township in Berks County, Pennsylvania, to a family of Quakers. His father, Isaac Jackson, despite his religious beliefs, had joined the United States Army during the War of 1812, and died six years later from disease contracted while in the service. After the death of his father, young Jackson moved into the household of an uncle in Chester County and was educated in local Quaker schools. As a young man, he worked in a commission warehouse in Philadelphia, but subsequently resigned to become a conductor on the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad. In 1845, he was appointed by President James K. Polk as a lieutenant in the revenue service, and subsequently was sent to Mexico as the bearer of dispatches to General Winfield Scott during the Mexican-American War.

After the war, Jackson returned to Pennsylvania, settling in Pittsburgh. He was actively involved in a local militia company. In the later 1850s into the following decade, Jackson was a manager of a petroleum oil company in the Kanawha Valley region of western Virginia.

Civil War
With the secession of Virginia in early 1861, Jackson immediately resigned his position, returned to Pennsylvania and organized what became the 9th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment in the Pittsburgh region. Governor Andrew G. Curtin appointed him as its colonel. He served with distinction during the 1862 Peninsula Campaign and was commended for his gallantry and on July 17 promoted to brigadier general in command of the 3rd Brigade of the Pennsylvania Reserves. He subsequently led his brigade during the Northern Virginia Campaign at the Second Battle of Bull Run, and later that summer and autumn in the Maryland Campaign. The General Missed the battles of South Mountain and Antietam. Due to Illness.

At Fredericksburg in mid-December, he led his brigade forward toward the right wing of the Confederate forces. His division commander, fellow Pennsylvanian George G. Meade, later wrote:

General Jackson had ridden forward to give the contemplated order; but before he could relay it, he was struck in the head by a Confederate volley that also killed his aide. In mentioning his death, Meade wrote, "The public service has also to mourn the loss of Brigadier-General C. Faeger  Jackson, an officer of merit and reputation, who owed his position to his gallantry and good conduct in previous actions."

Jackson's body was taken from the field three days after his death and transported back to Pittsburgh for his funeral. He was buried in the Allegheny Cemetery in Pittsburgh.

Fort Jones in Pittsburgh was referred to as Fort Jackson in his honor, although the fort was never formally renamed.

See also

List of American Civil War generals (Union)
Pennsylvania in the American Civil War

Notes

References
Bates, Samuel P., Martial Deeds of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia: T. H. Davis & Co., 1876.
 Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Palo Alto, California: Stanford University Press, 2001, .
 Heidler, David S., and Heidler, Jeanne T., eds., Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History, W. W. Norton & Company, 2000, .
 U.S. War Department, The War of the Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1880–1901.
 Welsh, Jack D., Medical Histories of Union Generals, Kent State University Press, 2005, .

External links
  Retrieved 2008-10-20

Union Army generals
People of Pennsylvania in the American Civil War
Military personnel from Pittsburgh
People from Berks County, Pennsylvania
Union military personnel killed in the American Civil War
Pennsylvania Reserves
American military personnel of the Mexican–American War
1813 births
1862 deaths
Burials at Allegheny Cemetery


Kolachalam Srinivasa Rao (Telugu: కోలాచలం శ్రీనివాసరావు) (13 March 1854 – 23 June 1919) was a dramatist from Bellary, India.

A pleader and a non-professional theatre practitioner from Bellary, Srinivasa Rao belonged to the family of Mallinatha Suri, the world-famous writer acclaimed as Vyakyatha Shiromani.  Srinivasa Rao became famous after publishing the English translation of Prapancha Nataka Charitra (The Dramatic History of the World) (Vanivilasa Press, Bellary) in 1908. In childhood, he was accomplished in Sanskrit and Telugu and was familiar with Kannada. His second elder brother Kolachalam Venkata Rao was a lawyer and in a high position, who was later elected as a member of the Madras Assembly. He was further helped by the local environment in Bellary where the drama movement was flourishing with redoubled vigour. In this conducive atmosphere, he wrote his magnum opus, as well as dramas, commentaries on the Vedas and other literary works. His first drama was Sunandini Parinayam, published around 1894–95, after which he wrote 30 plays. A large number of these plays were performed by their drama company Sumanorama Sabha. Bellary Raghava and Srinivasa Rao worked closely in running the affairs of the Sabha.

Sumanaroma Sabha staged three plays in the hall of the Sarasa Vinodini Sabha. When Sarasa Vinodini Sabha later refused to lend the hall to them, Srinivasa Rao built a new hall for the Sumanorama Sabha, called Vanivilasa Nataka Shala, which was inaugurated by Balgangadhar Tilak. This was the first theatre building in Bellary, the second one being Ramakrishna Vilas (after Dharmavaraṃ Rāmakr̥ṣṇamācāryulu). Both of these were later converted into cinema theatres - Ramakrishna Vilas renamed Star Cinema and Vanivilas Nataka Shala renamed Prabhat Cinema.

In the preface of his magnum opus, he points to the decadence that had set into Indian language theatres at that point in time, in part because of the decline in morality in the practice of theatre. Finally, after surveying theatre traditions from Japan to the Americas, he provided an exclusive appendix, a list of "rules" like by-laws for contemporary theatre practitioners. Among his recommendations: "Till Hindu society is fully developed physically, greatly reformed morally, and vastly improved intellectually, do not allow a woman to become an actress. Hindu customs and manners do not allow such a course being taken".

References

People from Bellary
1854 births
1919 deaths
20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights
19th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights
Dramatists and playwrights from British India
People from the Madras Presidency