Yisu Das Tiwari (1911–1997) was an Indian theologian and a leading participant in Hindu-Christian dialogue.

He was a scholar in Sanskrit, Hindi and Greek.  The Bible Society of India entrusted him with revision of the Hindi Bible (New Testament) into a contemporary version.

History
Yisu Das Tiwari was born Badri Prasad Tiwari into a Vaishnavite family in Agra in 1911 to Smt. Rajkunwar and Pandit Hari Govind Tiwari.  As a growing youth, Tiwari was influenced by Swami Dayananda Saraswati, founder of the Arya Samaj and Swami Rama Tirtha.

It was during his college days, that he came under the influence of Canon Holland, E. Stanley Jones, C. F. Andrews and others.  After a reading of the Gospel according to Saint John, he took keen interest in the studies of the Bible and devotional writings of Christian mystics. However, his newfound faith did not go well with his family members who sent him for internment to a mental asylum.

Tiwari however became a Christian and chose to be baptised in January 1935 under the aegis of the Baptist Missionary Society.

He later joined Mahatma Gandhi's Ashram in Wardha and began to follow Gandhi's teachings.

Simultaneously, Tiwari began growing in his new-found faith in Jesus Christ and chose to become a priest.  He was ordained by the Baptist Missionary Society.

Contribution

Translation of Scriptures
It was William Carey who first brought out the Hindi Bible

In the latter half of the twentieth century, the Bible Society of India took upon the task of translating the existing versions of the Bible into contemporary versions.  As early as 1956, the Hindi Common Language Translation Panel headed by Y. D. Tiwari came out with the Gospel according to Mark.  In due course of time, the other books of the New Testament were also translated from the original Greek into Hindi.

Translations (year-wise)
 1956, Gospel according to Mark in Hindi.
 1958, Epistle to the Philippians in Hindi.
 1959, Gospel according to John in Hindi.
 1961, Gospel according to St John in Hindi.
 1962, Four Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles in Hindi.
 1967, New Testament in Hindi.

Teaching

Tiwari began his career as a teacher in schools - Mission School, Kotgarh, Shimla, and Baptist Mission School, Agra, where he was the Head Master, before finally stepping onto the portals of seminaries.  He first taught at the North India United Theological College in Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh before he moved to Serampore College, Serampore, West Bengal.  He was Lecturer in Sanskrit and Philosophy of Religions at the Serampore College from 1963 to 1972. Notable among his students were D. S. Satyaranjan, Paulose Mar Paulose, G. Babu Rao and others.

Rev. Tiwari later taught at the Bishop's College, Kolkata from the academic year 1972-1973 onwards.

Appraisal
 K. V. Mathew, (Edinburgh), Professor of Old Testament, Mar Thoma Theological Seminary, Kottayam:

 K. P. Aleaz, D. Th. (South Asia Theological Research Institute), Professor of Religions, Bishop's College, Kolkata:

Honours

Baptist World Alliance
In the year 1955, Tiwari gave a talk on "We Preach Christ the Crucified Saviour" in London during the Golden Jubilee Celebrations of the Baptist World Alliance.

Senate of Serampore College (University)
India's first university, the Senate of Serampore College (University) in West Bengal conferred upon him a Doctor of Divinity, honoris causa in the year 1995.

See also
 D. S. Amalorpavadass
 Victor Premasagar

References

Further reading

Translators of the Bible into Hindi
Indian Christian theologians
21st-century Indian Christian clergy
Writers from Uttar Pradesh
Indian Baptist ministers
Converts to Protestantism from Hinduism
Christian and Hindu interfaith dialogue
Religious pluralism
1911 births
1997 deaths
Senate of Serampore College (University) alumni
20th-century Indian translators
Academic staff of the Senate of Serampore College (University)
People in interfaith dialogue


Karen Weldin Stewart is an American politician. She served as the Delaware Insurance Commissioner from 2009 to 2017.

Weldin Stewart unsuccessfully ran for state insurance commissioner in 2000 general election and again in the 2004 Democratic primary. In 2008, insurance commissioner Matthew Denn decided to run for Lieutenant Governor of Delaware rather than reelection to his office, and Weldin Stewart won the three-way primary election to replace him as the Democratic nominee. In the general election, Weldin Stewart was elected to office with 57 percent of the vote over Republican John Brady. She was reelected in 2012. In 2016, Weldin Stewart ran for reelection but was defeated in the Democratic primary by Trinidad Navarro.

Electoral history
In 2000, Weldin Stewart was defeated in the general election for insurance commission by incumbent Republican Donna Williams.
In 2004, Weldin Stewart was defeated in the Democratic primary election by Matthew Denn.
In 2008, Weldin Stewart won the three-way Democratic primary with 42 percent of the vote. She went on to win the general election with 58 percent of the vote, including under both the Democratic Party and the Working Families Party.
In 2012, Weldin Stewart won the four-way Democratic primary with 33 percent of the vote. She went on to win the general election with 61 percent of the vote.
In 2016, Weldin Stewart lost the Democratic primary to Trinidad Navarro.

References

Delaware Democrats
Living people
Women in Delaware politics
State insurance commissioners of the United States
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American women


VSSC Central School is an English-medium co-educational public school located in the suburb of Thumba, in Thiruvananthapuram, in the Indian state of Kerala. The school offers programmes from grades 1–12. Admission is restricted to children of the employees of the Indian Space Research Organisation . It is a full-fledged senior secondary school, offering five streams at the +2 level with almost 1000 students and 60 staff members. It is affiliated to the Central Board of Secondary Education, New Delhi.

It was founded in 1976 with 28 students and four teachers to cater to the educational needs of the children of employees of the ISRO , residing in the ISRO staff quarters. Today, the school has a large campus with five interlinked blocks. There are more than 50 teaching staff, 10 non teaching and five office staff. The school has facilities which include a digital library, football, basketball and hockey courts, assembly and conference halls, 5 staff rooms, sports room, music and arts room, and offers yoga and table tennis facilities. The school also has an Indian Air Force National Cadet Corps squadron with over 50 cadets (affiliated to No.1 KER/AIR/SQN/NCC).

Organisation

VSSC Central School was established in 1976 with the purpose of providing quality education to the children of employees working in the Indian Space Research Organisation's Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre. The School witnessed its inception in a Type II Quarter of the VSSC Housing Colony with 4 teachers and 28 students in classes I to V. Ever since, it has grown steadily, with the school now having around 600 students studying in the school from classes from I-XII aided by 60 staff members. The current campus of the school is in the VSSC Housing Colony, with a sprawling campus that has five interlinked blocks with an auditorium and multiple playgrounds and sports facilities. The day-to-day activities of The school are managed and taken care of by the Principal, assisted by the Vice-Principal. The School is currently operated under the aegis of The Department of Space, Government of India.

Courses

The school is affiliated to The Central Board of Secondary Education, New Delhi. The first 10 years of education leads to the All India Senior Secondary School Examination ( AISSE ) and the following 2 years lead to the All India Senior School Certificate Examination ( AISSCE ). The first batch of seniors taking the AISSE graduated in 1982 whereas those taking the AISSCE graduated in 1989.

Information
 Classes: Standard I to Standard XII
 Second languages: Hindi, Malayalam and Sanskrit
 Houses: Subhash, Tagore, Ashok, Raman
 Song: Shanti Mantra
 Sports: cricket, football, badminton, table tennis, hockey and basketball
 Annual Publication : Antariksh

Notes and references

External links

1976 establishments in Kerala
Educational institutions established in 1976
Private schools in Thiruvananthapuram


Morocco–Russia relations (, ) are the bilateral relations between the Kingdom of Morocco and the Russia Federation. Morocco has an embassy in Moscow, while Russia has an embassy in Rabat and a consulate general in Casablanca.

History

Imperial period

Bilateral relations between Russia and Morocco have traditionally been very good since the 18th century. Then the mutual relations began with the exchange of goods between the empires of Sultan Mohammed Ben Abdallah and Empress Catherine II. In 1897, the Russian Empire established a consulate in Tangier. In 1906, Arthur Cassini participated in the Algeciras Conference as the representative of the Russian Empire. The Russian delegation supported the French position unequivocally in the First Moroccan Crisis. In the late Tsarist years, Russia supported the French colonial position in Morocco.

Soviet period
In the course of the 1920s, the Soviet-sponsored Comintern supported Jacques Doriots' (then a communist) campaign against the French colonial presence in Morocco. Additionally, in the 1920s and the 1930s, the Soviet Union did not sign the Tangier Protocol.

During the Cold War, Morocco was one of the Soviet Union's most important trading partners in Africa.

In the early 1960s, Soviet-Moroccan relations were developing very well. During the 1964 Moscow protest, approximately 50 Moroccan students broke into the embassy of Morocco in the Soviet Union in Moscow and staged an all‐day sit-in protesting against death sentences handed down by a Moroccan court in Rabat.

In 1978, the Soviet Union invested heavily in the mining industry of Morocco.

In the context of Western Sahara War, Moscow backed "the inalienable rights of the population of Western Sahara to self-determination". King Hassan II of Morocco said in 1980 that Morocco and the Soviet Union are "at war" in the sense that Soviet arms were supplied to Algeria, which were being shipped by Algeria to the Polisario Front.

Current relations

In the 2000s, the bilateral trade relations widened significantly, especially in the mining and agriculture sector.

The current President Vladimir Putin had paid a visit to Morocco in September 2006 in order to boost economic and military ties between Russia and Morocco. Morocco-Russian relations are still in constant development, while trade between the two countries reached over two billion dollars in 2011. In March 2016, King Mohammed VI of Morocco visited Russia and met with President Putin. Both sides signed an agreement on mutual protection of secret information.

After a significant decline in tourism from Europe, the Ministry of Tourism of Morocco is planning to attract more travelers from Russia.

In 2019, the Moroccan and the Russian government agreed on investing into an oil refinery in Mohammedia, that was defunct since 2015. So equipped with a refining capacity of around 100,000 barrels per day, the refinery should later be able to reach 200,000 barrels per day by exploiting the Nador Port facilities. This expansion promises to deliver a number of trickle-down effects, including boosting job creation and infrastructure development, particularly in Morocco's northern regions.

Morocco and the Russia signed a new fisheries cooperation agreement in 2020, after a former agreement signed in 2016, expired in March. The new agreement, spanning 4 years, is the 8th of its kind since 1992, and establishes the legal framework allowing a fleet of 10 Russian vessels to fish for small pelagic species in Moroccan waters beyond 15 nautical miles.

During the coronavirus pandemic, the cooperation between Morocco and the Russian Federation was highlighted after the approval of the Sputnik V vaccine in January 2021.

During Russo-Ukrainian war
Morocco chose not to participate in the UN vote that condemned the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Morocco said it was concerned about the military escalation in Ukraine emphasizing that it encourages all initiatives and actions promoting a peaceful settlement of conflicts and 37% of Moroccans want to keep ties with Russia. A former Moroccan prisoner of war who has naturalized Ukrainian citizenship was sentenced to death by a Donetsk People's Republic court.

Diplomatic missions
Russia has an embassy in Rabat, and a consular office in Casablanca. Morocco is represented in Russia by its embassy to Moscow.

The Russian embassy is located in Rabat.

The Moroccan embassy is located in Moscow.

See also
 Foreign relations of Russia
 Africa–Soviet Union relations
 Foreign relations of Morocco

References

External links

 Documents on the Morocco–Russia relationship from the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs
 Embassy of Russia in Rabat (in Arab and French)
 Embassy of Morocco in Moscow (in Arab, French and Russian)

Africa–Russia relations
Russia
Bilateral relations of Russia


David Michael Meggyesy (born November 1, 1941) is a former American football player, author, and union organizer. He played college football at Syracuse University, and was drafted in the 17th round of the 1963 NFL Draft by the St. Louis Cardinals, for whom he was a linebacker for seven seasons. He became involved in civil rights and anti-war activities while with the Cardinals. After leaving the team, he wrote Out of Their League, a controversial memoir about his experiences in football. He later taught courses in the sociology of sports, coached high school football, and became a union representative for the National Football League Players Association.

Early life and education
Meggyesy was born in Cleveland, Ohio, where his father was a machinist and union organizer. He is of Hungarian descent. When he was five his family moved to Glenwillow, Ohio, where, says Meggyesy, he "was, literally, raised on a pig farm next to a dynamite factory." At Solon High School, in Solon, Ohio, he played football and other sports. He then attended Syracuse University on an athletic scholarship.

During his early years in the NFL, Meggyesy was a graduate student in sociology at Washington University in St. Louis.

Post-NFL career
Meggyesy spent four months in 1970 at Jack Scott's Institute for the Study of Sport and Society in Oakland, California, where he wrote his bestselling memoir, Out of Their League. He was interviewed on the Dick Cavett show shortly before its publication. According to the San Jose Mercury News, the book was "the first critical look at the dehumanizing aspects of pro football." In 1973, Meggyesy was a co-founder of the Esalen Sports Center. After living in Colorado for several years, Meggesey's family returned to California. He began teaching courses at Stanford University, including Sports Consciousness and Social Change, and The Athlete and Society.

In 1980, while still teaching part-time at Stanford, he was hired as head football coach at Tamalpais High School, in Mill Valley, California. His son was one of three seniors on the varsity team, which had gone 2–8 the year before. In 1980, they were 0–11. Meggyesy later said, "We went 0-11, but it was a great experience to see them mature and gain confidence even when we were losing. High school football is football in its purest form. It struck me what a crucible for learning it was."

He was then hired by the National Football League Players Association (NFLPA) as Western Regional Director. He retired in 2007.

References

Further reading

External links
David Meggyesy, President, bio at Athletes United for Peace
David Meggyesy contributor profile at Integral Life

1941 births
Living people
American football linebackers
Trade unionists from Ohio
Syracuse Orange football players
St. Louis Cardinals (football) players
High school football coaches in California
Washington University in St. Louis alumni
Sportspeople from Cleveland
People from Mill Valley, California
People from Cuyahoga County, Ohio
Players of American football from Cleveland
American people of Hungarian descent


Mauritius–Russia relations are the bilateral relations of Russia and Mauritius.

Overview
The Soviet Union and Mauritius established diplomatic relations on 17 March 1968.

Diplomatic missions
The Embassy of the Russian Federation is located in Floréal, and the Embassy of the Republic of Mauritius in Moscow was opened in August 2003. The current Ambassador of Russia to Mauritius is Vyacheslav Nikiforov (Letters of Credence presented on 28 July 2011). The current Ambassador of Mauritius to Russia is Indira Savitree Thacoor Sidaya, who presented her Letters of Credence to Russian President Vladimir Putin on 23 October 2013.

See also
 Foreign relations of Russia
 Foreign relations of Mauritius

References

External links
 Посольство России в Республике Маврикий
 Embassy of Mauritius in Russia
  Documents on the Mauritius–Russia relationship by the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Africa–Russia relations
Bilateral relations of Mauritius
Mauritius


Mortimer O'Sullivan (1791–1859) was a Church of Ireland clergyman, writer and member of the Orange Order.

He was born a Catholic in Clonmel, County Tipperary, the son of a Catholic schoolmaster. He converted to Protestantism in boyhood and was educated as a Protestant. He attended Trinity College Dublin, where he was elected a Scholar, graduated with an MA in 1812 and was ordained about 1816.

In 1826 he succeeded Thomas Le Fanu, father of Sheridan Le Fanu as chaplain to the Military School in the Phoenix Park in Dublin. Throughout the 1830s and 1840s he was the chief ideologist of the Dublin University Magazine, a role he shared with his brother Samuel, also a convert and a cleric.

His influence on the Church of Ireland was considerable, not so much for the originality as the blatancy of his views. He was strongly anti-Catholic.

Publications
Captain Rock Detected (1824)

Guide to an Irish Gentleman in Search of a Religion (1833)

Case of the Protestants in Ireland Stated (1836)

Theory of Development in Christian Doctrine (1846)

Remains of Samuel O'Sullivan, D.D. (1851)

See also
 Dublin University Magazine
 Sheridan Le Fanu

References

1791 births
1859 deaths
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
Converts to Anglicanism from Roman Catholicism
19th-century Irish Anglican priests
19th-century Irish writers
People from Clonmel
Scholars of Trinity College Dublin
Christian clergy from County Tipperary


Bob Lonsberry (born July 18, 1959) is an conservative American radio talk show host, columnist, and author.

He has been a newspaper reporter, columnist, photojournalist and editor, as well as a magazine writer and commentator on radio and television and a television reporter and manager. He is the author of The Early Years, a collection of newspaper columns, as well as a collection of essays, and four short novels.

Lonsberry is a native of Canisteo, New York.

Radio shows
Once using the promotional tagline "The most fired man in Rochester media," Lonsberry hosts three radio talk shows. Two featuring a mix of news, political commentary, callers, and day-to-day anecdotes that air on WHAM in Rochester, New York from 8 AM to 12 PM ET and on WSYR AM/FM in Syracuse, New York from 3 PM to 6 PM,  and one that he co-hosts from 12 PM to 2 PM on WAIO Rochester with Jeremy Newman that is hot talk based.

Lonsberry almost always expresses a conservative opinion about the issues he discusses on his talk shows. Typically, he spends most of his shows discussing local and state issues—less frequently discussing national issues. He also discusses life and family issues. Lonsberry is married to his third wife. He and his first wife divorced, and his second marriage was annulled.

When Lonsberry is absent, progressive talk radio host George Kilpatrick has occasionally filled in for him, a situation that brought Kilpatrick a certain degree of hate mail.

Merchandising
In February 2009, Lonsberry began marketing the term "FUBO" on his radio show and website, selling T-shirts, bumper stickers and associated merchandise. Lonsberry's phrase was an acronym for "F-ck U Barack Obama" and was advertised as a means to denigrate President Obama.  Fubo.tv's copyright forced Lonsberry to end the merchandising.

Controversy, firing, rehiring, and latest firing
While Lonsberry was working as a talk show host for WHAM-Rochester in late 2003, an orangutan temporarily escaped its cage in Rochester's Seneca Park Zoo. Lonsberry made a comment on the escape while monkey sounds played, "a monkey's loose up at the zoo again--and he's running for county executive", insinuating that Mayor Johnson was a non-human primate. The two candidates were Maggie A. Brooks, a white woman who was then county clerk, and William A. Johnson, Jr., a black man who was then mayor. Lonsberry never mentioned the three-term mayor by name. WHAM radio said in a statement that "although Mr. Lonsberry expressed a willingness to change, it became obvious to us that he is not embracing diversity."

Lonsberry was later fired from WHAM-AM for the remarks (but not from KNRS, both Clear Channel radio stations). When WHAM ratings in his time slot plunged, he was rehired following completion of sensitivity training. On June 16, 2010, Lonsberry was fired from KNRS in Salt Lake City, Utah, where he had hosted show weekdays between 5 AM to 9 AM MT for a decade. In his daily web column, he stated that the station attributed his firing to his lower listener ratings following the introduction of the Portable People Meter. Lonsberry also suggested that his opposition to Republican primary candidate for US Senate, Mike Lee, a Utah-based attorney whose employer, a law firm whose clients includes one of KNRS's advertisers, might have been a factor in his firing. Lonsberry wrote:

Of course, being suspicious is my stock-in-trade, and the timing of my termination and the stand I’ve been taking on the looming senatorial primary and the fact I’ve been opposing a candidate who made $600,000 from one of our largest advertisers last year, does make me wonder. Strings get pulled in the real world, and politics is hardball, and our program’s effort helped tip the nominating convention, so it’s not impossible that I lost my job in Salt Lake so that somebody else could get a job in Washington.

Lonsberry vocally supported Mike Lee's primary-election opponent, Tim Bridgewater, a businessman and former Chairman of the Utah County Republican Party. The Bridgewater Campaign subsequently pulled all its ads from radio station KNRS.

Over a thousand reader comments on Lonsberry's weekday blog supported restoring Lonsberry to his position (bringbobbacktoutah.com). Lonsberry returned to the Utah airwaves in February 2011 on radio station KLO 1430AM.

On December 20, 2011, Lonsberry announced that he was doing his last morning broadcast on KLO due to an upcoming schedule change at WHAM. He no longer broadcasts in the Utah radio market.

While the content of Lonsberry's Rochester and Salt Lake City shows were politically and socially conservative, his approach in two broadcast markets differed due to local content and interests. The former Salt Lake City show was more genteel and included frequent religious references whereas the Rochester show is more raucous and occasionally risqué. (On the WHAM show, Lonsberry frequently mentions his affinity for women's breasts.) He broadcasts his Rochester show from the WHAM studio, although he occasionally originates the program from his home.

In November 2019, Lonsberry was ridiculed online after comparing the word “boomer” to the N-word. The phrase "OK boomer" had been used on the video sharing app TikTok by Generation Z and millennials to show their disdain toward baby boomers. Dictionary.com chimed in on the controversy, noting that "Boomer is an informal noun referring to a person born during a baby boom, especially one born in the U.S. between 1946 and 1965" and "The n-word is one of the most offensive words in the English language."

In April 2022, he was fact-checked after starting a debunked rumor on social media that a school district was putting litter boxes in bathrooms for students who identify as cats, sometimes known as "furries".

In October 2023, Lonsberry revealed that he received a permanent ban from X (formerly known as Twitter).

Author
Lonsberry is a former columnist for the Rochester Times-Union. He currently writes a weekday column published on his own website. He has also been published in The Washington Times.

Lonsberry has authored five books:
A Various Language ()
Baghdad Christmas ()
Hopiland Christmas ()
Santa Monica Christmas ().
A Joseph Avenue Christmas ()

Religion
Lonsberry was a missionary for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) on the Navajo and Hopi reservations in the American Southwest. He was excommunicated from the church for bad conduct some time before 2001. Although less frequently than on KNRS, he continues to discuss religious topics on his WHAM show and still considers himself an adherent of Mormonism. He has written in defense of the veracity of the Book of Mormon and of Mormonism's place in broader Christianity. Lonsberry avoids publicly discussing his former membership status in the LDS Church but has often discussed topics related to the church during his radio shows. These religious discussions were frequent on the former Salt Lake City show but are discussed much less often with the Rochester and Syracuse area audiences.

As of 2019, Lonsberry's Twitter bio states that he has since reconciled with and rejoined the LDS Church.

References

 Talk show webpage for WHAM
 Talk show webpage for KNRS

External links
 Web column
 Personal biography

Latter Day Saints from New York (state)
American radio personalities
American television talk show hosts
American male writers
Living people
1959 births

People excommunicated by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
People from Canisteo, New York
American Mormon missionaries in the United States


The 11th (Craigavon) Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment was formed from companies of the 2nd Battalion Ulster Defence Regiment (2 UDR) and the 3rd Battalion Ulster Defence Regiment in 1972.  In 1991 under the reductions planned in Options for Change by the British Army, it again amalgamated with 2 UDR to form the 2nd/11th Battalion Ulster Defence Regiment.

Formation
The battalion was formed in 1972 after an announcement by Major General Robert Ford, Commander Land Forces in Northern Ireland (CLFNI). The raising of the new and final battalion of the UDR brought operational strength up to 9,000 men, making the regiment not only the youngest but largest infantry battalion in the British Army.

The new battalion was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Robin Chappell, who had previously been commander of the neighbouring 2 UDR. He was the first regular officer to command the 2nd battalion, and the only regular officer ever to command two separate UDR battalions.

In 1990 11 UDR was reported as having 772 members who patrolled an area of .

Uniform, armament & equipment

Greenfinches

Barracks

From formation battalion HQ was based at Mahon Road Barracks, known by the troops as "Fort Mahon", a new purpose-built UDR base on the Mahon Road, Portadown beside the historic Mahon House. Assuming command and expanding platoons and companies once part of the Armagh based 2 UDR in Lurgan, Portadown and Tandragee and also the Banbridge Company of 3 UDR.

Companies

HQ Company
Mahon Barracks, Portadown. – a mixture of regular army and permanent cadre/part-time administration staff, instructors, watchkeepers, mechanics, and a guard force of Conrate soldiers.   The commander was the battalion commander who was a regular lieutenant colonel.  Other regular soldiers on attachment included the adjutant (a major), a training major, and permanent staff instructors.  The Quartermaster's stores were also part of this company as were the core services of the battalion which, although modified slightly on expansion, generally consisted of operational organisation, vehicles, radio services, catering and pay.

HQ Company (Operations Platoon)
Scarva Road Barracks, Banbridge – an experimental permanent cadre platoon formed after Ulsterisation which carried out the same duties as the regular army.  Selected from the youngest and fittest soldiers with Commanders and NCO's who had, where possible, previous military experience.  The commander was a Scottish WO2 who had 22 years of experience with the Royal Highland Fusiliers, fighting in colonial conflicts during the disestablishment of empire. His second in command was Colour Sergeant Robert (Bob) Beattie (Father of Captain Doug Beattie) who had fought in the Congo Crisis and in Cyprus with the Royal Ulster Rifles.  The main duties were to quickly seal off the A1 Belfast – Dublin dual carriageway and to act as Quick Reaction Force (QRF) for 3 Infantry Brigade and RUC J Division.  As the number of permanent cadre soldiers grew a new full-time company was formed at Portadown and the Operations Platoon was integrated into it taking the designation A Company.

A Coy (Tandragee)
Based at Mahon Barracks – a part-time company.  Later renamed B Company.  Drawn from men (and later women) from the village of Tandragee and the surrounding area this company came on duty at 7 pm on weekdays and all day on weekends.  In addition to patrolling their own villages and rural areas, they were also responsible for the relief of the regular army on the permanent guard post at Tandragee Power Station.

B Coy
(Dromore) was never formed but the designation was later given to A (Tandragee) Coy when the full-time rifle company was established at Portadown from the Operations Platoon and designated "A Company".

C Coy (Lurgan)
Kitchen Hill Barracks, Lurgan. – a part-time company with a small permanent cadre staff who ran the UDR centre within the regular army's barracks.  This company was responsible for patrolling the town of Lurgan and its surrounding villages and rural areas.

Arms raid
Subsequent to a raid against C Company, on 20 October 1972, the guard commander Sgt Billy Hanna MM was convicted of supplying information to loyalist paramilitaries. Most were recovered in follow up operations but some were later proven to have been used by loyalist organisations to carry out crime, including murders.

D Coy (Banbridge)
Scarva Road Barracks, Banbridge – a part-time company with a small permanent cadre staff who administered and guarded the barracks.  Drawing its recruits from Banbridge, Dromore and surrounding rural villages and areas the company also patrolled these areas and provided extra checkpoints on the A1 dual carriageway.

E Coy (Portadown)
A part-time company with a small nucleus of permanent cadre administrative staff drawn from the market town of Portadown and its surrounding villages and rural areas.   The company provided patrols in the town and surrounding areas as well as the night guard on the telephone exchange at Edenderry.

F Coy (Lisburn)
After the amalgamation of 1 and 9 UDR in 1984 – a part-time company with a small nucleus of permanent cadre administration staff who ran the company offices and facilities within Thiepval Barracks.  Recruiting from Lisburn and surrounding areas it too had a mixed patrol area of towns and villages but by its location also patrolled areas of south Belfast.

Area of responsibility
RUC J Division – taking in the sub-divisions of:

 MAHON ROAD: Divisional Command and barracks in Portadown Subdivision.
 PORTADOWN: Subdivisional Command.
 LURGAN: Subdivisional Command.
 MOIRA: Barracks in Lurgan Subdivision.
 CRAIGAVON: Barracks in Lurgan Subdivision.
 BANBRIDGE: Subdivisional Command.
 DROMORE: Barracks in Banbridge Subdivision.
 DROMARA: Barracks in Banbridge Subdivision.
 GILFORD: Barracks in Banbndge Subdivision.
 RATHFRILAND: Barracks in Banbridge Subdivision. (3 UDR were responsible for Rathfriland town)

Both part-time and full-time companies of 11 UDR took over operational responsibility in other areas to relieve the pressure on border battalions who had taken heavy casualties, particularly 2 UDR.   Part-time soldiers deployed for a weekend but the full-time Operations Platoon (later A Company) and elements of HQ Company Conrate Guard deployed for up to two weeks at a time.  Some of these detachments were at:
 Bessbrook
 Newtownhamilton
 Caledon
 Keady
 Middletown
 Omeath

As well as manning permanent vehicle checkpoints (PVCPs) at these location the 11 UDR Platoons also engaged in urban and rural patrol work with the full-time soldiers taking part in searches, observation activities and denial of territory to the enemy.

Casualties
The battalion lost nine men during its existence.  A further eight were killed as a result of their membership after they had left the battalion. No figures are available for those wounded.

The Miami killings
Two soldiers from the 11 UDR's C Company, (also UVF members), were convicted of the 1975 killing of three musicians from the Irish showband, the Miami.  This attack was led by Robin Jackson, a former ii UDR soldier who had been discharged for "undisclosed reasons". Two soldiers from 11 UDR's E Company, Portadown(also UVF members), died in the premature explosion of their own bomb.

See also
 Ulster Defence Regiment
 List of battalions and locations of the Ulster Defence Regiment
 :Category:Ulster Defence Regiment soldiers
 :Category:Ulster Defence Regiment officers

References

Bibliography

 A Testimony to Courage – the Regimental History of the Ulster Defence Regiment 1969 – 1992, John Potter, Pen & Sword Books Ltd, 2001,
 The Ulster Defence Regiment: An Instrument of Peace?, Chris Ryder 1991
  Lost Lives, David McKittrick, Mainstream, 2004,
 Echo Company, The History of E Company 5th Battalion of the Ulster Defence Regiment, by Ronnie Gamble 2007.

Military history of County Armagh
Battalions of the Ulster Defence Regiment
1972 establishments in the United Kingdom
1992 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Military units and formations established in 1972
Military units and formations disestablished in 1992


The Resort Complex of Kamchia, (Bulgarian Курортен Комплекс Камчия), is a Black Sea coastal resort on the northern length of the coast of Bulgaria. It is located 25 km south of the Provincial Centre of Varna in the municipality of Avren and lies north of the mouth of the river Kamchia. It is mainly made up of "rest bases", (Bulgarian, Почивни Бази) which are mini-resorts made up of individual villas and bungalows. There is also a functioning fishing village, and the remains of a military outpost, (now defunct). The resort has a transitional population which only remains for the summer season beginning in May and finishes at the end of September.

History
It was most built during the period in which Bulgaria was communist, (although there used to be a village beforehand). Many of the 'rest bases' (Bulgarian почивни станции) would have originally been national institutions, most of which would have been run by individual ministries, (for example the Transport-Constructional Army had a base). Today, although some of the rest bases have been retained by the government, most are owned by private concessionaires while the standard of the sub-complexes ranges from relatively low to high.

Gallery

See also
Kamchia (disambiguation)

References

External links
http://www.kamchia.com/
http://www.kamchia.net/
http://www.bulgariansearesorts.com/resorts/kamchia/

Seaside resorts in Bulgaria


Papyrus 93 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), designated by 𝔓93, is a copy of the New Testament in Greek. It is a papyrus manuscript of the Gospel of John. The surviving texts of John are verses 13:15-17. The manuscript paleographically has been assigned to the middle 5th century.

 Text
The Greek text of this manuscript is a representative of the Alexandrian text-type. It has not yet been placed in Aland's Categories of New Testament manuscripts.

 Location
The manuscript is currently housed at the Girolamo Vitelli Papyrological Institute (PSI Inv. 108) at National Archaeological Museum in Florence.

See also

 List of New Testament papyri

References

Further reading

 Guido Bastianini, Trenta testi greci da Papiri letterari e documentari, a cura di M. Manfredi, no. 4 (Florence: 1983), pp. 10–11.

New Testament papyri
5th-century biblical manuscripts
National Archaeological Museum, Florence
Gospel of John papyri


3rd (County Down) Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment (3 UDR) was formed in 1970 as part of the seven original battalions specified in The Ulster Defence Regiment Act 1969, which received Royal Assent on 18 December 1969 and was brought into force on 1 January 1970. It was, along with the rest of the regiment, amalgamated with the Royal Irish Rangers in 1992 to form the Royal Irish Regiment.

Recruitment
3 UDR had the smallest number of applications from former special constables. It was thought this was because the former county adjutant was discouraging his men from recruitment with the UDR. It also had, along with 7 UDR the highest percentage of Catholic recruits, with two becoming Permanent Staff Instructors.

The company commander (OC) of C Company, (Newry), 3 UDR, had been OC of the disbanded TA company of the Royal Irish Fusiliers in the town and was pleased to see that virtually all of his TA soldiers were on parade, in the TA Centre, in exactly the same drill hall as they had previously used, for the first night of the new regiment. Many of these men were Catholic ex-servicemen.  The OC noted there were also some former B Specials in the room and observed they did not initially associate with the others – not on the grounds of religion but because the former TA soldiers all knew each other socially and sat together on canteen breaks whereas the former specials kept to their own group of comrades, but within a week both had melded together.

Appointment of NCOs and officers
The appointment of Non-commissioned officers (NCOs) was carried out in a variety of ways.  In most cases, men were selected who had previously held non-commissioned rank in any of the armed forces or the USC.
In C Company, Newry, many of the recruits had formerly been soldiers in the local territorial company of the Royal Irish Fusiliers, including the company commander.  It was a simple matter to appoint men who had previously been his NCOs and he supplemented these with former sergeants from the USC.  The filling of senior NCO posts in this manner did have a drawback in that many men of comparatively young ages who had considerable years of service before retirement or promotion created a "promotion block"

Many of the men had previously served with the armed forces and, as a result, were given rank immediately.  Two of these were made Permanent Staff Instructors and one was appointed as Company Sergeant Major of C Company, Newry. The second in command of the battalion, the most senior appointment for a part-time soldier, with the rank of major, was also Catholic. This led to a complaint from the chairman of the Ulster Special Constabulary association who claimed that: in 3 UDR preference for promotion and appointments was being given to Catholics. This wasn't true of course. In some battalions where former special constables were in the majority, they were the ones being given a promotion and it could equally have been claimed in those cases that Protestants were given an unfair advantage.  Ultimately, the policy was to promote those with experience.

History
Along with the other six original battalions, 3 UDR commenced operational duties on 1 April 1970.
Battalion Headquarters were located at Ballykinler Army Base which is also home to Abercorn Barracks where another British unit would be on a 2-year posting. Bases were also located in Kilkeel and Rathfriland. It was the first battalion to be raised.

The first commanding officer (CO) was Lt Col Desmond Woods MC and bar. Woods had won the MC with the Royal Ulster Rifles in Palestine during 1938, at that time he was the youngest holder of the award. He won his bar to the MC in Italy in 1944 Prior to his appointment as Commanding officer of 3 UDR he had been the County Commandant of the Ulster Special Constabulary for County Down from 1958. In his earliest days as CO, Woods made it clear that he welcomed Catholics into his battalion.  This was not welcomed by his former adjutant from the B Specials who started a campaign to discourage former specials from joining.  This man had been retained in the USC after the force was disbanded in order to ensure that all weapons were handed in, so he still had ample contact with the men in order to make his case.

The first training major (TISO - training int and security officer) was Major GJ Entwistle, Royal Regiment of Fusiliers, who was sent to the old hutted camp at Ballykinlar. Part of his job was to find accommodation for the various companies of the new battalion.  Where possible accommodation was sought in army bases although the old Ulster Special Constabulary platoon huts were vacant and available.  To have used those would have attracted criticism from people who were already claiming that the UDR was the B Specials under a new name.

In 1989 the battalion recorded over 900,000 man-hours of duty and the notable success of, in a joint operation with the Royal Ulster Constabulary, discovering a "highly sophisticated" arms factory which turned out homemade submachine guns for a loyalist terror group.

Company structure
Only one of the USC Sub-District Commandants was able to join the battalion as the others were too old.  He was given the rank of major and the command of one of the companies.  The other company commanders were, a wartime Royal Marine and two former TA officers, one a Catholic.

Uniform, armament & equipment

Boat sections
The battalion was equipped with high speed Dory patrol boats from 1972 onwards. The section was commanded by Sir Dennis Faulkner who had previously held the rank of Lieutenant commander in the Royal Naval Reserve before being commissioned into the regiment. Faulkner was later to be appointed as Regimental Colonel in 1982

Greenfinches

Intimidation
Protestant and Catholic soldiers were both intimidated out of the regiment. Following the introduction of internment however more Catholic soldiers found themselves the subject of intimidation from within their own community. In C Company the son of the guard sergeant, who had a young family, was burnt out of his home.  The wife of another sergeant, an ex regular soldier from County Donegal was threatened whilst out shopping. The daughter of one Permanent Staff Instructor was so bullied at school that he threatened to send her to a Protestant school. In Castlewellan a Catholic soldier resigned because of intimidation.

Casualties
In 3 UDR the most senior officer killed was part-time Major Ivan Toombs, assassinated on 16 January 1981. Seriously wounded in a previous attack in 1976 Major Toombs was a former member of the Ulster Special Constabulary with 10 years experience who had joined 3 UDR at formation. He was a family man, a Scout leader and keen sports player. A customs officer himself, Toombs had been set up by PIRA member Eamon Collins who also worked in customs.

Notable personnel
:Category:Ulster Defence Regiment soldiers
:Category:Ulster Defence Regiment officers

See also
List of battalions and locations of the Ulster Defence Regiment

References

Bibliography
A Testimony to Courage – the Regimental History of the Ulster Defence Regiment 1969–1992, John Potter, Pen & Sword Books Ltd, 2001,
The Ulster Defence Regiment: An Instrument of Peace?, Chris Ryder 1991
 Lost Lives, David McKittrick, Mainstream, 2004,

Battalions of the Ulster Defence Regiment
Military history of County Down
1970 establishments in the United Kingdom
1992 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Military units and formations established in 1970
Military units and formations disestablished in 1992


Namibia–Russia relations are the bilateral relations between Namibia and Russia. Namibia has an embassy in Moscow and Russia has an embassy in Windhoek. Samuel Mbambo is the Namibian representative in Moscow, while Russia is represented in Windhoek by Nicolai Gribkov.

Pre-independence
The Soviet Union gave significant amounts of aid to the People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN) during the Namibian War of Independence. Many leaders of the SWAPO movement in Namibia received guerrilla training in the Soviet Union. With the end of South Africa's violently racist apartheid rule in Namibia in 1990, the Soviet Union and its successor state Russia established diplomatic relations with the country.

Post-independence
Relations between Namibia and Russia were considered "excellent" in 2006 by Namibian Minister of Education Nangolo Mbumba, while Russia expressed a desire for even stronger relations, particularly in the economic field. Also in 2006, the Namibia-Russia Intergovernmental Commission on Trade and Economic Cooperation was officially opened during a visit by Russian Natural Resources Minister Yuri Trutnev to Windhoek. During said visit, the Minister said Russia was interested in investing in oil, hydro-electric power and tourism. In 2007, Russian Prime Minister Mikhail Fradkov held discussions with Namibian Prime Minister Nahas Angula and President Hifikepunye Pohamba in regards to the possibility of developing Namibia's significant uranium deposits with an aim towards creating a nuclear power plant in the country. In 2008, Trutnev returned to Namibia, this time to Swakopmund, to meet at the third annual Intergovernmental Commission. Top foreign ministry official Marco Hausiku and his deputy Lempy Lucas represented Namibia in discussions with Trutnev.

In June 2009, during a four-day tour to five African countries, Dmitry Medvedev became the first Russian head of state to visit Namibia. Medvedev was accompanied by a delegation of around 400 Russian businessmen, including the heads of Gazprom and Alrosa. The visit included signing a number of energy-related agreements.

Russia has drastically increased the bilateral aid it gives to Namibia, from $90,000 in 2012 to $1.5 million in 2017.

References

External links

  Documents on the Namibia–Russia relationship from the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Africa–Russia relations
Bilateral relations of Russia
Russia


The 9th (County Antrim) Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment was formed in 1972 from two companies of the 1st Battalion Ulster Defence Regiment creating a second battalion in County Antrim.  It was amalgamated with 1 UDR in 1984 to form 1/9 UDR.

History
The battalion was formed in 1972 from the two companies of the 1st Battalion Ulster Defence Regiment who were based in the south of the county, creating a second battalion in County Antrim.  Battalion headquarters, HQ Company and one other were based at Steeple Camp, Antrim, a remnant of World War II beside the railway station.  Two companies were based in Lisburn and one at Carrickfergus.

The first commanding officer was Lieutenant Colonel "Paddy" Liddle who had previously been a part-time company commander with the 1st (County Antrim) Battalion.  Liddle has seen wartime service with the Royal Ulster Rifles and had attended Army Staff College.  He was the only UDR officer to be promoted into battalion command.

The battalion was mobilised, along with the rest of the regiment,  for Operation Motorman.  The UDR provided 5300 soldiers in support of the regular army.  After this there was a battalion mobilisation of 9 UDR to help guard the new Belfast city centre segment.  This was a zone in the commercial heart of Belfast where 41 streets had been sealed off with barbed wire entanglements and steel fences to prevent explosives being brought in. No cars could be parked there and all shoppers and workers entering the few open streets being searched.  Accommodation was found for them in the former Grand Central Hotel in Royal Avenue which was being used as an army base for the city centre.

Uniform, armament & equipment

See: Ulster Defence Regiment Uniform, armament & equipment

Greenfinches

Casualties
Lance Corporal L. Colin Houston, aged 30, was killed at his home in Dunmurry by gunmen from the Irish National Liberation Army on 20 January 1984.  Lance Corporal Houston died in his wife's arms.  He had only recently joined the training team at the UDR's Ballykinlar Training Camp.

Notable personnel
 :Category:Ulster Defence Regiment soldiers
 :Category:Ulster Defence Regiment officers

See also
List of battalions and locations of the Ulster Defence Regiment

Bibliography

 A Testimony to Courage – the Regimental History of the Ulster Defence Regiment 1969 – 1992, John Potter, Pen & Sword Books Ltd, 2001,
 The Ulster Defence Regiment: An Instrument of Peace?, Chris Ryder 1991
  Lost Lives, David McKittrick, Mainstream, 2004,

References

Military history of County Antrim
Battalions of the Ulster Defence Regiment
1972 establishments in the United Kingdom
1991 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Military units and formations established in 1972
Military units and formations disestablished in 1991


The English College in Prague () is a co-educational, selective Czech-British grammar school, providing an academic education in the English language for students aged 13–19 years. The ECP is a 6-year grammar school, with Czech students arriving from the 7th grade of Czech schools. It is a member of the Headmasters' & Headmistresses' Conference.

The college has around 370 students, of whom around 70% are Czech, and 30% from foreign countries, such as those in Eastern Asia, Russia and Eastern Europe.

History
In 1990 the suggestion was made at a meeting of British diplomats with President Vaclav Havel to set up a new school in Prague similar to the Prague English Grammar School, which had flourished intermittently in Prague between 1927 and 1954. In 1992 a new charity, The English College Foundation, began raising funds. The intention was to found a secondary school which would provide an academic education on British lines, meet the intense demand for English and contribute to the development of Czechoslovakia's emerging democracy.
The project was endorsed by the three main political parties in the UK, and Vaclav Havel and Charles, Prince of Wales agreed to be joint patrons of the English College. By 1994, a suitable building had been found, conveniently situated next to the metro station in Vysočany twelve minutes from the centre of Prague, and the school opened its doors in September that year. Following the death of Václav Havel in 2011, Karel Schwarzenberg became its Czech Patron.

The college is governed by a volunteer Board of Governors drawn from the Czech Republic and the UK and is a public benefit organisation.

Campus
The college is situated at the metro station Vysočanská and near a shopping centre with a food court. The school buildings include specialised science laboratories, an art centre and music room, a computer centre, a well-equipped library, a multi-purpose hall and an all-weather outdoor area.

Curriculum
The curriculum consists of two leading, internationally recognised educational programmes, the IGCSE and International Baccalaureate (IB). Along with completing the IB Diploma in the sixth year, the students also obtain the Czech Maturita, which is the legal document representing the completion of Czech secondary education, and allows them to apply to Czech universities. Czech language is present as a part of the Maturita, although for non-Czech speakers, a programme without Czech is also available.

Extracurricular activities
The college provides numerous in-school and extra-curricular activities including rock-climbing, chess and poetry slams and many opportunities to become involved in charity fundraising and voluntary activities.

See also

 COBIS - Council of British International Schools
 British Chamber Of Commerce

References

Further reading
https://www.cobis.org.uk/uploaded/COBIS_-_Our_Schools/Inspection_reports/BSO-English-College-in-Prague.pdfhttps://www.ibo.org/programmes/find-an-ib-school/ibaem/t/the-english-college-in-prague----anglicke-gymnazium/https://www.hmc.org.uk/schools/the-english-college-in-prague/https://www.britishchamber.cz/business/english-college-in-prague-anglicke-gymnazium-o-p-s/

Schools in Prague
Educational institutions established in 1994
International schools in the Czech Republic
International Baccalaureate schools in the Czech Republic
1994 establishments in the Czech Republic
Prague


The Suntop Homes, also known under the early name of The Ardmore Experiment, were quadruple residences located in Ardmore, Pennsylvania, and based largely upon the 1935 conceptual Broadacre City model of the minimum houses.  The design was commissioned by Otto Tod Mallery of the Tod Company in 1938 in an attempt to set a new standard for the entry-level housing market in the United States and to increase single-family dwelling density in the suburbs.  In cooperation with Frank Lloyd Wright, the Tod Company secured a patent for the unique design, intending to sell development rights for Suntops across the country.

The first (and only) of the four buildings planned for Ardmore was built in 1939, with the involvement of Wright's master builder Harold Turner, after initial construction estimates far surpassed the project budget set by the Tod Company.  There were several reasons that construction of the other three planned units did not move forward, including the escalation of the World War, high construction costs and later, protests by local residents against multi-family housing in the neighborhood.

Fire damaged or destroyed two of the four original dwellings.  The first was badly damaged only a few years after construction was completed, and remained as a burned-out shell for several decades before it was restored by a private owner using Wright's original plans and early concepts.  A second residence was lost to fire in the 1970s during an interior restoration, but was rebuilt with extensive changes to the plan and ceiling heights.  The carports of several residences have been enclosed to provide more interior space.

Later projects modeled on the quadruple dwelling unit included the Cloverleaf Quadruple Housing project (1941/42) for the U.S. Government on a tract near Pittsfield, Massachusetts. A change in housing administration and complaints from local architects that they, not an "outsider," should design the project, prevented construction.

Floorplan and features
The Ardmore Experiment was designed so each building had four individual Usonian dwellings around a central point, in a radial pinwheel plan.  The living spaces of each unit were stacked vertically instead of horizontally. This is a departure, because horizontal arrangement was typical of Wright's residential work at the time. However, most of this work was for wealthy families. A single floor is more comfortable, but more expensive in land.

The arrangement combined the usual suburban front and rear yards into single outdoor spaces or gardens.  In planning the initial Tod Company development, Wright arranged four buildings (16 dwellings) asymmetrically on the lot so that no unit's view directly faced another (or any existing neighbor). This maximized privacy and shared green space at the same time.

The prototype Suntop building has four separate quadrants. Each quadrant is an individual dwelling designed for , stacked in four floors. The dwellings are separated by fireproof, soundproof brick walls. The walls cut off all sight lines from any part of any dwelling to any part of the other dwellings in the building. The floor-plans reduce the effects of noise by placing a dwelling's daytime activities (e.g. kitchen, bath, etc.) on one side of each wall, and the adjacent dwelling's night time activities (bedrooms, etc.) on the other side of the same wall.  The walls also contain all vents to the roof, including the heater and fireplace chimneys. The barrier walls go below grade, dividing a single, small, economical central excavation into four small basement heater rooms.

A walk-through logically starts outside the combined driveway and entrance walkway, which lead to the carport.  (In the patent drawing, the carport opening is below the narrower, second-story parapet.) From the entrance, the planked parapets of the balcony and terrace help privacy by cutting off sight-lines to the windows of the master bedroom and penthouse bedrooms on the roof terrace. (This is why those windows are not visible in the patent drawing.)  The planked parapets shade the garden and walk. The parapets also make each unit's balcony and terrace safe even for small children. They also reinforce each other visually. In some drawings, planters line the parapets, with greenery spilling down them. Owners liked the parapet design well-enough to adopt it for garden walls.

The balcony shelters the carport's entranceway and its pedestrian entrance on the inside right.  The door in the carport provides access to the street, the carport and basement with one door. Combining the sidewalk and driveway permits more garden space, and also reduces land and construction costs.

Inside the carport, the left wall is the left barrier wall.  In the carport's back are some cabinets and the two-flight stair to the basement.  It leads to a small below-grade furnace room under the rear floor of the carport. Wright considered basements "waste" so this is an interesting variation from other Usonian houses. It may be an attempt to maximize the convenient living space by placing utilities out of the way.

Utilities are literally centralised for all four units, reducing piping. The floorplan could utilize only electric, oil or gas heat: No coal chute or bin is shown. However, coal heat was common at the time.  With minor design changes, including a fuel bin and chute, the heater below the carport permits a vendor to deliver solid fuels by gravity. The basement heater room is below habitable areas, separated from them by masonry walls and two floors, reducing fire risks. The basement is also suitable for a storm shelter. Its walls are bearing walls, it is below grade, and the stair leading to it opens to a barrier wall, protecting the basement entrance from wind-borne projectiles.

Like most Usonian houses, Suntop utilizes radiant hydronic heating in the first-floor slab, with radiators in upper rooms. Gravity convection efficiently circulates heated water to the living areas. In each dwelling, the heater room and its water-heater is also directly under the second floor bathroom, and near the second floor kitchen. This can enable instant-on hot water, at some cost in fuel to keep return hot-water loops warm.  Wright even designed custom cedar radiator covers for Suntop.

Returning to the carport, the main pedestrian entrance is sheltered just inside the right side of the ground-floor carport.  Passing in, on the left the three habitation levels are joined by a single four-flight staircase. It connects the main pedestrian entrance on the first floor, the second floor's mezzanine, kitchen, bath and bedrooms and the third floor's bedrooms, and roof terrace.  The upper levels wrap around the stairs. The stairs separate private spaces.

The pedestrian entrance leads directly to the outside rim of the first-floor's large living room. The entrance faces the dramatic two-story-tall corner window. It dramatically brings the garden inside. The walls of the living room are lined with built-in cedar closets, a fireplace, padded seating, book-shelves and a table.

The window has a corner niche on its outside.  In some drawings, a small vertical tree (an Italian cypress or small Lombardy poplar) is in a planter there, and seems inside the room.

The living room can be finished with small sectional sofas or chairs to make conversational niches around the fireplace, window corner and, in the corner opposite the entrance, the library corner and its table. These naturally form social spaces for entertainment and family.

Two-story walk-through ventilation windows open to the garden at the sides of the large corner window. These windows open between the conversational areas and both of them open opposite to the kitchen on the mezzanine.

The library corner is in the quiet corner opposite the entrance.  Its built-in table or desk is next to the corner window, with a built-in sofa under the bookshelves and room for chairs on two sides of the table. Modern owners extended the built-in sofa for the entire wall, from the library corner to the fireplace under the mezzanine.

Wright's trademark Usonian fireplace is two-sided, a square on the inside corner of the first-floor living room. The fireplace's brick matches the exposed brick of the barrier wall and the adjacent bearing wall (the rear of the carport is behind it). The fireplace economically uses the corner masonry for its chimney. Since the chimney is mostly in heated areas, the chimney will remain warm, and draw in winter without a backdraft.  In the upper stories, the chimney and other ventilation ducts (including the furnace, water-heater, room vents, kitchen and bathroom drain vents) are built into the barrier wall.

Passing by the cedar closets, back to the house entrance, a short two-flight staircase goes up to the second floor. The lower flight's staircase is over the basement stairs, which open to the carport. The upper flight's staircase space is used and concealed by cedar closets facing the living room.  The stairs go to the mezzanine's dining loft.  Against the second-story's barrier wall (to the right of the patent drawing), a galley kitchen faces the dining area in the mezzanine,

A portion of the mezzanine's ceiling is contiguous with the living room ceiling, but half of the mezzanine has a ceiling a couple of feet (2/3m) higher.  This clerestory line joins to the upward stairwell.  Clerestory windows in this gap light and ventilate the kitchen's work area, bedroom hall opening, central mezzanine, and the stairwell upward. The clerestory windows open onto the roof terrace. Wright hoped that when the windows were open, a mother working in the kitchen might be able to supervise children on the roof terrace, and vice versa if the mother were on the terrace.

The crowded mezzanine excuses its tight spaces with a cozy nautical flavor: This is from a combination of the galley kitchen, exposed, finished joinery, overhead clerestory, planked ceiling, wood paneling, and built-in dining table. Some owners noticed this and emphasized it with their decor.

The mezzanine opens down to the living room and its dramatic windows. A dining booth is built into the outside corner of the mezzanine, overlooking the corner window of the living room and its entrance-way.  The booth's inward-facing seat is the inner side of the mezzanine's parapet. In Wright's drawings, the outer face of the mezzanine's parapet has planters with greenery visible from the outer living room. These would freshen the air, and green complements the red and brown of Wright's materials. Plants here would even be visible outside, through the large windows, and would unify the garden outside with the garden inside.

A decorative, Art Deco Usonian lamp lights the mezzanine's dining-table. It's near the outer corner of the mezzanine, at the level of the living-room ceiling. It lights the mezzanine and kitchen much as the clerestories would.  It can serve as a nightlight for the mezzanine, its kitchen, the second story hall, the first-floor's living room entranceway and the outer living room. From the outside, it is clearly visible for long distances through both sides of the two-story living-room window, to welcome guests and family. Its light can't reach or disturb any of the four bedrooms. (Inhabitants have related humorous stories about the difficulty of changing its light-bulbs.)

The inner wall of the mezzanine opens to a hall.  Turning right leads first to a linen closet, then past a corner to the left, to help preserve privacy, the hall reaches an enclosed commode and bathroom.

To the left from the mezzanine, behind the stairwell's wall, a short hall leads to the nursery and the master bedroom. The second-floor nursery is to the inside of the master bedroom. Placing the nursery next to the master bedroom permits parents easy access at night. When entering the master bedroom, one faces the outside windows and door to the second-floor parapet over the carport. To the right are built-in twin beds, and shelves or dressers. A changing-table or desk is to the left. Further left, beyond the changing table is the door to a walk-in closet. The closet is over the stairs. The master bedroom and nursery are over the carport, aiding privacy. The master bedroom and closet also have outside windows. Furniture can be lifted from the outside driveway to the parapet and into the bedroom.

Lighting and ventilating the inner rooms of the second floor (nursery, bath and commode) may have challenged Wright, because they don't adjoin exterior walls or the roof. A 6-foot-square (approx. 2m-square) central light well reaches from the roof skylight through the third floor to light and ventilate the bath. The nursery's wall with the master bedroom aligns with the upper penthouse wall, and has clerestory windows high on the walls, facing the roof terrace. The nursery therefore has a ceiling two feet (80cm) higher than the master bedroom.  Inhabitants report that the commode, closets and other parts of the inner rooms are also lit and ventilated by clerestories to the light well or roof terrace, concealed in built-in joinery.

The second-story master bedroom is designed for privacy. It has no shared floors or walls with spaces that are inhabited at the same time. It's around a corner and down a short hall from the dining mezzanine. Closets separate it from the nursery. The staircase and walk-in wardrobe separate it from the dining mezzanine and upper living room.  It's on the "night" side of the barrier wall, opposite the empty wall over the library corner of the adjacent unit. It's over the carport, and below the roof terrace. It has a window and door to the small balcony over the carport and entrance, but the parapet stops sight lines from the yard and driveway.

On the third "penthouse" story, the L-shaped outside terrace wraps around the penthouse. Wright's drawings show clothes-lines and drying clothes on the terrace, sunlit, yet protected from tampering. The planked parapet of the terrace prevents views from the garden or driveway to the terrace, clotheslines, penthouse or clerestory windows. Some drawings show plants hanging from the parapet. The terrace is also the roof of the living room.

The upper flights of stairs lead up from the internal mezzanine on the second floor to a tiny hall on the outer corner of the penthouse. The stairwell is lit by clerestory windows to the terrace, and large windows in the corner of the penthouse hall. The hall windows survey the roof terrace.  The hall leads right to the two bedrooms and the terrace door.

The larger bedroom, for guests or older children, is over the kitchen, against the right barrier wall.  The smaller bedroom, suitable for young children, is over the nursery. The bedrooms' plans show large windows facing the terrace with closets, built-in twin or bunk beds, night-stands and shelves.  The closets adjoin the second-floor bathroom's lightwell, permitting natural light in the closets and on two sides of the bedrooms.  The windows of the bedrooms are on different sides of the penthouse, making them private from each other.

The third-story roof terrace's outside door opens from the penthouse hall to a two-foot (60 cm) stair descending to the outside terrace. At the base of the penthouse, this elevation contains clerestory windows from the third-story terrace to the internal second-story nursery, stairwell and central mezzanine.

Criticism
Two dwellings (half of all that were ever built) have burned. The design fails modern fire safety regulations. Drawings show only a door in the back of the carport to keep a car's heavy fuel vapors away from open flames in the below-grade furnace room. Fires apparently stopped after the carports were converted to living space. The design might economically address fire safety by eliminating the basement, saving excavation costs. Modern appliances would fit on a rear shelf in the carport. A simple storm cellar could be optional. Sprinklers are also inexpensive, offset by reduced fire insurance.

Construction was expensive because of Wright's obsession with high-finish joinery. Wright's luxury materials, cantilevers and clerestories are also inherently costly. Textured cement is a Wright material. Textured tilt-up concrete barrier walls might be possible, with some loss of amenities. 3D-printed masonry on a steel frame might economically build almost all amenities, including cantilevers, clerestories, built-in furniture and parapets. Printed built-ins could utilize catalog fittings and upholstery.

The floor plan was for commodity housing. Modern owners complained about the small size of the house and the small bedrooms. Some owners converted the carports to living space. One converted it from a four bedroom house (in plan) to two bedrooms, and added a bath. Many modern owners would expect a commode or bath on each floor, possibly even for each bedroom.

The second and third floor's dining area, kitchen and bedrooms can be uncomfortable for older adults to reach. (To be fair, it was designed for young families.) Groceries had to be carried upstairs. A dumbwaiter, laundry and garbage chutes would help. The needed space might be had by using circular stairs. A redesign for older adults might "unscrew" the floors, putting one apartment on each floor, rotated for privacy, reclaiming the stairwell-area for bathrooms or bedrooms, yet using the same land. This loses much privacy, natural light and the dramatic twelve-foot ceiling of the great room.

Wright's trademark flat roof leaked. The problem was not completely fixed until modern roofing materials solved the issue, at some expense. A low-density reinforced concrete roof with a few percent of rise and a wax or asphalt infusion could hip the roof, balcony and terrace, reducing leaks, yet leave the terrace usable. The insulation (e.g. by pumice aggregate) of the low-density concrete would reduce condensation on rafters (i.e. dry rot), ice-dams on the roof (leaks), and cooling problems that are normally reduced by a vented attic. The outside design would appear unchanged: The parapet could conceal the slight hip and thicker roof. (Wright designed flat roofs to avoid the "waste" of attics.)

Wright expressed concern about ventilation in this design, because each dwelling only has two open sides.  A modern design might utilize zoned air circulation, with a heater, whole-house fan and air-conditioning. The patent drawing shows two-story ventilation windows edging the corner window, but modern photos show single-story glass garden doors on the first floor, with screened, tilt-in upper windows.  The mezzanine's clerestories should exhaust hot air too, but they are in the wind-shadows of the barrier walls, preventing both breezes and Bernoulli suction. They are small, preventing convection, and their mechanism is high and may be hard to reach.  A breeze across the chimney should draw air into the fireplace, but the damper might too often be closed. Also the chimney may reach only the top of the barrier wall, and it may be too short to reach the fast outside air needed for the Bernoulli effect.

Double-insulating the dramatic windows and glass doors would reduce heating and cooling costs. Correct solar design of the terrace's shade line on the windows would keep the sun out in the summer, yet permit solar heat in the winter. North-facing units might be solar-heated with mirrors on the garden fence. A solar roof on the penthouse could reduce the cost of electricity for air-conditioning or a heat pump.

A hinge and latch could make it easy to change the Usonian lamp's light bulbs.

References

 Storrer, William Allin. The Frank Lloyd Wright Companion. University Of Chicago Press, 2006,  (S.248)
 Sergeant, John. Frank Lloyd Wright's Usonian Houses. Whitney Library of Design, 1976,
 Wright, Frank Lloyd. The Natural House. Horizon Press, 1954.

External links
 Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering Record
 Frank Lloyd Wright house | Patent Room
 Suntop Homes
 Suntop Home, Built by Frank Lloyd Wright, Ardmore - Photograph
 Lower Merion Conservancy - Suntop

Frank Lloyd Wright buildings
Houses in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania


Cutlers Green Halt railway station was a station serving the hamlet of Cutlers Green, Essex. It was located  from Elsenham station. It closed in 1952.

References

External links
 Cutlers Green Halt station on navigable 1946 O. S. map

 Atmospheric photo of station in 1951

Disused railway stations in Essex
Former Great Eastern Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1913
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1952
1913 establishments in England
Thaxted


Thorgal: Curse of Atlantis, known in Europe as Thorgal: Odin's Curse (), is a point-and-click adventure game developed by Cryo Interactive Entertainment and published by Le Lombard in 2002.

Gameplay
The player assumes the role of Thorgal, a mighty Viking warrior and descendant of Atlantis, who uncovers a magical artifact which allows him to see his own future. Caught between reality and a prophetic vision, Thorgal discovers a foretold future where his son dies. Thorgal sets out to change the future life for his son.

Thorgal is a comic book character created by Jean Van Hamme and Grzegorz Rosiński and published by Belgian publisher Le Lombard.

Reception
According to Lorraine Lue of DreamCatcher Interactive Europe, Thorgal was commercially unsuccessful, particularly in North America. She traced this problem to its visuals and its inclusion of action elements, which she believed had alienated DreamCatcher's audience.

References

External links
 Thorgal: Curse of Atlantis at Microïds

2002 video games
Adaptations of works by Jean Van Hamme
Cryo Interactive games
Point-and-click adventure games
Science fantasy video games
Single-player video games
Thorgal
Video games about psychic powers
Video games about time travel
Video games based on comics
Video games about parallel universes
Video games set in the Viking Age
Video games with pre-rendered 3D graphics
Windows games
Windows-only games


The New Adventures of the Time Machine () is an adventure video game released in 2000, developed and published by Cryo Interactive. It is based on H. G. Wells' novella The Time Machine.

Production

Design
During development the characters and backgrounds began as wire frames.

The game features Real time 3D animation in pre-rendered sets, using the 'Warp' technology.

Plot
A mythical being, a Demi-God, The Master of the Hourglass: Khronos, is the only one who can restore the balance of time, and help you find your own time again.

Reception
Market research firm PC Data reported North American retail sales of 11,252 copies for Time Machine during 2000. The firm tabulated another 18,097 retail sales of the game in North America during 2001, and 21,585 during the first six months of 2002. In 2003, its jewel case SKU secured 16,747 sales in the region.

GameSpot thought the game alternated between a "nonsensical story" and "infuriating puzzles". IGN felt that the game didn't push the boundaries for Cryo and tested player's patience. Jeux Video praised the game's beauty and interactivity. Eurogamer praised the story and graphics and gave the game a 9/10. John Walker of Rock Paper Shotgun criticised the premise of making H. G. Wells the time traveling protagonist himself.

References

External links
 The New Adventures of the Time Machine at Microïds

2000 video games
Adventure games
Cryo Interactive games
Microïds games
Video games developed in France
Windows games
Windows-only games


The Cameron Files: Secret at Loch Ness (known as Loch Ness in Europe) is an adventure video game released in 2001, developed by Galiléa and published by Wanadoo Edition and DreamCatcher Interactive. It was followed in 2002 by a sequel, The Cameron Files: Pharaoh's Curse.

Story
The detective Alan Parker Cameron is investigating the secret case of the monster of Loch Ness, he is sent to “Devil's Ridge Manor” (A mansion located at the shore of the lake) because people claim to see ghosts and paranormal activity around the house. Alan is sent there to resolve this weird case.

Gameplay
As the detective you must explore this haunted house, full of labyrinths and traps. You will also have to visit the depths of the lake in order to complete the game.

Reception

The game received "average" reviews according to video game review aggregator Metacritic.

Sequels
The Cameron Files series continued, and another game was released for the PC in 2002: The Cameron Files: Pharaoh's Curse. In 2013, the software developer Microids made a mobile version of "Secret at Loch Ness" for the iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch, optimized for the iPhone 5. When asked if there would be a Pharaoh's Curse mobile version, there was no response from Microids.

See also
Necronomicon: The Dawning of Darkness
The Mystery of the Druids

References

External links
 The Cameron Files: Secret at Loch Ness at Microïds

2001 video games
Windows games
Windows-only games
Microïds games
Adventure games
Detective video games
Fiction set in 1932
Fiction set in 1933
Video games set in Scotland
The Adventure Company games
DreamCatcher Interactive games
The Cameron Files
Video games developed in France


Speed Demons is a racing video game released in 1999. The game was developed and published by Microïds.

The game has 6 vehicles with possible localised damage, with three possible points of view. The game can be played as single player, 2 player split-screen, or by up to 6 players on a network. There are 10 circuits in varying locations, such as American motorways, on the sides of a volcano during its eruption and snow-covered ski slopes.

Reception

References

External links
 Speed Demons at Microïds

1999 video games
Windows games
Windows-only games
Microïds games
Racing video games
Split-screen multiplayer games
Video games developed in France


Ski Park Manager is a video game released in 2002, developed by Lankhor and published by Microïds.

The game has 42 challenges and three levels of difficulty. The game has a career mode, where you buy and sell your ski resorts, to acquire the most popular ones. There is a training module, to learn the techniques of the game. This is a large variety of scenarios, including bankruptcy, school holidays, snowstorms, accidents, avalanches and low snowfall.

To entertain your holiday makers, the game has a large number of possible activities. Some of these are downhill and cross-country skiing, sledding, walking and shopping. You must construct your own infrastructure including chalets, hotels, apartments, facilities, shops, restaurants and bars. The landscape can be modified, for example by deforesting. And also allows players to develop and research new buildings in the Ski Lab plus building.

External links
 Ski Park Manager at Microïds

2002 video games
Business simulation games
Skiing video games
Video games developed in France
Windows games
Windows-only games
Microïds games
Lankhor games


Papyrus 94 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), designated by 𝔓94, composes tiny fragments of the New Testament in Greek. It is papyrus fragments of the Epistle to the Romans chapter 6. The surviving texts are only Romans 6:10-13, 19-22.

The manuscript palaeographically has been assigned to the 5th century (or 6th century).

 Text
The Greek text of this manuscript is a representative of the Alexandrian text-type. It has not yet been placed in one of Aland's Categories of New Testament manuscripts.

 Location
The manuscript is currently housed at the Egyptian Museum (P. Cair. 10730) in Cairo.

An image of verses in Roman 6 can be found online at a site of The Center for the Study of New Testament manuscripts.

 List of New Testament papyri

References

Further reading
 Jean Bingen, P94: Épître aux Romains 6, 10-13, 19-22 (P. Cair 10730) Miscellània Papirologica Ramon Roca-Puig, ed. S. Janeras (Barcelona: 1987), pp. 75–78.

New Testament papyri
5th-century biblical manuscripts
Epistle to the Romans papyri


Salammbo: Battle for Carthage () is a first-person perspective adventure video game. It began development at Cryo Interactive, but the company went bankrupt during production. The Salammbo team was ultimately acquired by DreamCatcher Interactive, which finished the game's development.

Plot

Salammbo: Battle for Carthage is an adaptation of Philippe Druillet's comic series Salammbô, itself adapted from the novel of the same name by Gustave Flaubert.

Development
Salammbo was first announced by Cryo Interactive in July 2002. Many of its team members came from the developer's earlier Atlantis III: The New World. However, Cryo entered a financial downward spiral and filed for bankruptcy protection that same month, leaving Salammbo unfinished. DreamCatcher Interactive ultimately bought sections of Cryo, including the Salammbo team, to form DreamCatcher Europe, and Salammbo resumed development under this new label.

Salammbo was released for Windows in France,in November 2002. The game is based on the novel Salammbô by Gustave Flaubert and the works of Phillippe Druillet, who was heavily involved in the game's development.

Reception and legacy
The game was reviewed in 2004 in Dragon #319 by Clifford Horowitz in the "Silicon Sorcery" column. Horowitz comments: "Puzzle based, the game is heavy on problem solving and has an intriguing plot that keeps a player's interest from the first scene."

According to Lorraine Lue of DreamCatcher Interactive Europe, Salammbo was commercially unsuccessful, particularly in North America. She noted that "North American players didn't really associate very closely with the characters", a problem she traced back to the game's being "tailored to the French market". In summer 2003, DreamCatcher Europe opted to shutter the game development divisions it had carried over from Cryo. A group of those laid off founded Kheops Studio, led by Benoît Hozjan, in September 2003. Salammbos designer Alexis Lang was among them. Most of Kheops had been involved in Egypt III before its development was interrupted, and so the team sought and received a contract from DreamCatcher to complete the game independently. Several members of Cryo's Atlantis team also migrated to Atlantis Interactive Entertainment—founded around September 2003—to work on Atlantis Evolution, originally an in-house production by DreamCatcher Europe.

References

External links

 Salammbo: Battle for Carthage at MobyGames

Video games based on comics
2002 video games
Cryo Interactive games
DreamCatcher Interactive games
Fantasy video games
First-person adventure games
Microïds games
Phoenicia in fiction
Single-player video games
The Adventure Company games
Video games based on novels
Video games developed in France
Video games featuring female protagonists
Video games featuring non-playable protagonists
Video games set in antiquity
Windows games
Windows-only games
Works based on Salammbô


RPM Tuning, also titled Top Gear RPM Tuning and as Midnight Outlaw: Six Hours To Sun Up for Microsoft Windows, is a racing video game developed by French studio Babylon Software and published by Wanadoo Edition in 2004 for Windows, PlayStation 2 and Xbox. It is part of the Top Gear game series. A PlayStation 2 version was not released in North America.

Plot
The plot takes place in 2003 and is about Vince, an underground driver who is looking for a car. A GTSR model (the best in the game) his only clues are the name RedSet and the premises of a mechanic, a reference point for car enthusiasts in the area. Vince enters. The mechanic tells him to leave if it's for an oil change, but Vince explains that he is looking for a car and the mechanic replies that this is different and lets him choose his car from three models: the Hatchback si, the Pick up 150 or the 322 ci. Then he meets Rick, an underground racer with his two henchmen: Mac and Dante. After a few races, he meets Carmen, the mechanic's daughter, and Lewis, his brother. The mechanic offers him an exchange for the GT coupe, as his is still new. After a while Rick introduces him to Mike, Lucy and then Donny, his mechanic, who offers him an exchange for the Horse V8, the second fastest car in the game. Later the thief turns out to be Rick, who was trying to sell it to a policeman called McCullen with a plan not to get caught. In one part you fight Dante, then Rick. After Carmen, who used to hate Vince, now has fallen in love with him, shoots Rick and it turns out it was him who wanted to sell the GTSR, just from a briefcase full of money that Vince will find in the boot of Rick's car.

Reception

The Xbox version received "generally unfavourable reviews" according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.

References

External links
 RPM Tuning at Microïds

2004 video games
Microïds games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
PlayStation 2 games
Racing video games
RenderWare games
Top Gear (video game series)
ValuSoft games
Video games developed in France
Video games set in 2003
Windows games
Xbox games


"Turkey Lurkey Time" is a song-and-dance number from Act 1 of Promises, Promises, the Burt Bacharach/Hal David musical, with a book by Neil Simon. It was originally choreographed for the 1968 Broadway production by Michael Bennett. The dance takes place as part of an office Christmas party scene.

The dance
As conceived by Bennett "with stunning energy and inventiveness", "Turkey Lurkey Time" is a dance performed by three secretaries at an office Christmas party. Their infectious singing and gyrations build into a frenetic chorus dance, as the office staff copy the trio, climaxing with some atop the office desks. According to Neil Simon, "we were having some problems at the end of the first act ... the number [Bennett] came up with didn't just solve the problem, it was a sensation."

Some of the dancers later claimed they had needed regular trips to the chiropractor, so severe was the strain of Bennett's relentless head-bopping choreography. The secretaries of the original cast were Margo Sappington, Baayork Lee and Donna McKechnie.

The number was televised at the 1969 Tony Awards and also performed in the 2003 movie Camp. The song was also featured in a season four episode of the hit Fox show Glee.

Watch

Notes

References
Long, Robert Emmet (2001). Broadway, the Golden Years: Jerome Robbins and the Great Choreographer-directors: 1940 to the Present, Continuum International Publishing Group,
Mandelbaum, Ken (1990). 'A Chorus Line' and the Musicals of Michael Bennett. St Martins Press,
McKechnie, Donna; Lawrence, Greg (2006). Time Steps: My Musical Comedy Life, New York: Simon & Schuster, .

1968 songs
American Christmas songs
Songs from musicals
Songs with music by Burt Bacharach
Songs with lyrics by Hal David


Deer Cave (), located near Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia, is a show cave attraction of Gunung Mulu National Park. It was surveyed in 1961 by G. E. Wilford of the British Borneo Geological Survey, who predicted that Mulu would yield many more caves in the future. The cave, which is also known as Gua Payau or Gua Rusa by the local Penan and Berawan people, is said to have received its name because of the deer that go there to lick salt-bearing rocks and shelter themselves.

Description and survey history
The cave was extensively mapped by a Royal Geographical Society expedition in 1978. They produced measurements of  wide and  high in one section that passed through the mountain for a distance of . The next survey in 2009 increased the acknowledged passage length to  and connected Lang Cave, another show cave within the park, to the Deer Cave System. This survey, made by the Hoffman Institute at Western Kentucky University, revealed the maximum cross-sectional area to be in the large southern passage. This was documented at 169 m wide with a ceiling height of . The northern passage registered the greatest ceiling height at  with a cross-sectional width of . The main entrance of Deer Cave was measured at .

Geologic history

An explanation of the cave's formation is strongly interconnected with the geological history of the island of Borneo itself. Between 40,000,000 BC and 20,000,000 BC, a  thick layer of sedimentary rocks known as limestone, composed largely of compressed sea shells, developed in lagoons created by coral reefs. The movement of the Asian and Australian tectonic plates caused the crust to buckle and elevate the land once more, giving birth to the island of Borneo and the Mulu mountains, around five million years ago. Since then, the landscape was hacked by constant erosion from precipitations and winds.

The mountain’s surface is composed mostly of limestone, which dissolves when in contact with fresh water, and thus has been slowly sculpted into a karst. Rainwater also infiltrates the porous sedimentary rocks after going through the soil and progressively dissolves the limestone, widening the pores and cracks and creating caves of impressive dimensions such as the Deer Cave. This natural process, which is still working, will cause the cave to widen even more in the future.

Access and tourism

Tourism access to the cave (and to the entire park) was opened in 1984. The landscape attracts around 25,000 visitors from countries all over the world every year.

To access Deer Cave, one must first enter the Gunung Mulu National Park, by way of Kota Kinabalu or the nearby city of Miri. Malaysian Airlines operates flights of approximately 30 minutes from Miri to Mulu. The park can also be reached by boat from Marudi, but a special booking must be made since no regular boat covers that area.

Access to Deer Cave from the National Park entrance is via a  plank walkway which passes through regions of lowland and limestone tropical rainforest with immense trees and limestone outcrops. This walk is considered an additional attraction to visitors as it takes them through the rainforest (of about ) and by an ancient Penan Burial Cave.

Some artificial lighting is provided within the cave, but flashlights are recommended for personal use in darker areas. Visitor attention may be drawn to a specific formations - unique stalagmites and also to a specific formation near the cave entrance which bears a distinct resemblance to the profile of Abraham Lincoln.

To the northeast the cave opens into the so-called Garden of Eden, an approximately  wide, circular depression encircled with  tall limestone walls from three sides and a mountain slope from the fourth. The Garden of Eden is a karst valley or sinkhole with a volume of 150 million cubic meters, its bottom is covered with rainforest.

Fauna
In 2008, Prince Albert II of Monaco visited the Gunung Mulu National Park to launch a new camera system as part of the Bat Observatory, which is located near the entrance of the Deer Cave. Known as the Bat Cam, the surveillance technology allows visitors and scientists to observe approximately 3 million bats (over 30 species) that live inside the Deer Cave without affecting their habitat or habits, providing a valuable tool for the study of cave fauna. A viewing area has also been built outside, below the cave entrance, so that visitors can view the nightly "bat exodus" as they exit the cave and stream away in tight formation.

At least 12 bat species are found in Deer Cave.
Cave nectar bat (Eonycteris spelaea)
Greater sheath-tailed bat (Emballonura alecto)
Bornean horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus borneensis)
Philippine horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus philippinensis)
Cantor's roundleaf bat (Hipposideros galeritus)
Fawn roundleaf bat (Hipposideros cervinus)
Dayak roundleaf bat (Hipposideros dyacorum)
Diadem roundleaf bat (Hipposideros diadema)
Lesser tail-less roundleaf bat (Coelops robinsoni)
Lesser bentwing bat (Miniopterus australis)
Naked bat (Cheiromeles torquatus)
Free-tail or wrinkle-lipped bat (Chaerephon plicata)

Deer Cave derives its name from the sambar deer (Cervus unicolor), an uncommon species of deer native to Malaysia, which make their home largely in the immediate area of the cave. Additionally, many other animals such as the rhinoceros hornbill, bearded pig, sun bear, and gibbon are native to the local area.

It hosts also troglobiont freshwater crabs of the genus Cerberusa.

Surroundings
Deer Cave was believed to be the largest cave passage in the world until the discovery of Sơn Đoòng cave in Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park in Vietnam in 2009. It is part of the Gunung Mulu National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site characterised by amazing caves and karst formations in a mountainous equatorial rainforest setting.

The Clearwater cave, with approximately  of known passages, is considered the longest cave system in Southeast Asia. It is recognised for its clear underground stream, popular with tourists. The Wind cave is located on the same trail leading to Clearwater cave, and is known for its blowing wind. It contains a chamber dubbed King’s Room, a cavern containing huge columns of stone on both the ceiling and the floor. The Lang cave is the smallest of the caves open to the public. However, its size allows up-close opportunities to see some of the common cave inhabitants such as bats and swiftlets.

References

External links

Caves of Sarawak
Show caves in Malaysia
Tourist attractions in Sarawak


Road to India (also known as Road to India: Between Hell and Nirvana) is an adventure video game released in 2001, that was developed and published by Microïds.

Gameplay
The player assumes the role of an American student named Fred Reynolds, who has travelled to India to find his girlfriend, Anusha, who was kidnapped by thugs. In the game the player has only three days to find the girlfriend, where they visit places such as New Delhi and the Taj Mahal. Each day is broken up into two parts: reality and the dream.

There is around 15 minutes of cinematics in the game, which uses the Virtools engine.

Plot

Development

Reception

Scott Osborne of GameSpot gave the game a 7.0 "Good" rating and said "Road to India is a fine example of old-school adventure gaming with a modern presentation." Tamara Schembri of GameSpy thought the game was imaginative and stylish, albeit not perfect. Staci Krause of IGN wrote that while the game was entertaining, it was too short for the experience to be wholly recommendable.

Road to India was a nominee for GameSpot's 2001 "Best Adventure Game" and The Electric Playgrounds 2001 "Best Adventure Game for PC" awards, but lost both prizes to Myst III: Exile.

References

External links
 Road to India at Microïds

2001 video games
Adventure games
Microïds games
Video games developed in France
Windows games
Windows-only games
Video games set in India


(Norwegian: Street News) is a countercultural magazine. It was first produced by an anarchist collective in 1970 at Hjelmsgate 3 in Oslo and focuses on anti-authoritarian topics. In it heyday in the early 1980s, an issue examining the stolen rubbish of two prime ministerial candidates sold over 20,000 copies. In 2020, a book celebrated 50 years of the magazine.

History

 was first produced at Hjelmsgate 3 in 1970, as an anarchist magazine, released monthly. The editorial collective included anthropologist Thomas Hylland Eriksen. The anti-authoritarian magazine at first covered occultism and mysticism then changed its focus.

Inspired by Kristiania Bohemians, surrealism, Dadaism and existentialism, at its peak in the late 1970s and early 1980s, the magazine had a greater circulation than  and Ny Tid. It had between 4,000 and 5,000 subscribers and sent copies to prisoners for free. There were 50 street vendors across the country. All editors worked as volunteers and the magazine was early in its support of issues such as gay rights and the legalization of cannabis.

 published work from Christopher Nielsen, Stig Sæterbakken and Merethe Lindstrøm. The magazine achieved notoriety in 1981, when it published an article about the stolen rubbish of the two prime ministerial candidates Gro Harlem Brundtland and Kåre Willoch. The issue sold over 20,000 copies.

Between 1987 and 1988, the magazine was known as Glasnost. The book , 1970–1986 (Everything possible from , 1970–1986) was published in 2020 to mark 50 years of the magazine.

References

External links

 World Cat info

1970 establishments in Norway
Anarchist works
Biannual magazines published in Norway
Magazines established in 1970
Norwegian-language magazines
Political magazines published in Norway
Magazines published in Oslo
Monthly magazines published in Norway


Paris 1313: The Mystery of Notre-Dame Cathedral is a video game released in 1999, developed by Dramaera and is a co-production between Index+, Canal+ Multimedia, France Telecom Multimedia and Microïds. The Musée National du Moyen Age, (National Museum of the Middle Ages) contributed to the game.

Plot
The game is, as the title describes, set in the year 1313 in Paris, France. During celebrations in front of the Notre-Dame Cathedral, Adam, a goldsmith working on behalf of the king, mysteriously disappears. The player assumes the roles of three characters who set off in search of Adam: Jacques, his brother, actress Rosemonde, and circus-rider Pierre de Cinnq-Ormes. Each character must assist each other, avoid all the traps and find all the clues in time. Other elements of the game are participating in an archery contest, and navigating the taverns of Paris to gather information.

Gameplay
The game mostly plays as a straightforward point-and-click adventure, where players collect information from characters and use items in their inventory to solve puzzles.

Critical reception
Ray Ivey of Just Adventure deemed the game short but enjoyable.

References

External links
 Paris 1313 at Microïds
 Paris 1313 - Official website (French)

1999 video games
Adventure games
Video games developed in France
Video games set in Paris
Windows games
Windows-only games
Microïds games