Liu Peng (; 727 – November 4, 785), formally Duke Gong of Pengcheng (), was a general of the Chinese Tang dynasty, who served as military governor (Jiedushi) of Lulong Circuit (盧龍, headquartered in modern Beijing) briefly in 785 following the death of his cousin, the warlord Zhu Tao.

Background
Liu Peng was born in 727, during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong.  His family was from You Prefecture (幽州, in modern Beijing). According to the Gravestone Epitaph of his son Liu Ji, he was a 20th generation descendant of Liu Bei. His father Liu Gong () at one point served as a commander of Dadou Army ().  In Liu Peng's youth, he served as an officer at Fanyang Circuit (范陽, headquartered in modern Beijing, later renamed Lulong Circuit), but left military service to care for his aging parents.  When Li Huaixian served as the military governor of Lulong Circuit, he tried to recall Liu back to military service, but Liu declined.

Service under Zhu Tao
In 772, after Li Huaixian's successor Zhu Xicai was assassinated, Liu Peng's cousin Zhu Ci (a son of Liu's mother's brother) became military governor.  Contrary to the prior independent stand that Li and Zhu Xicai took as to the imperial government, Zhu Ci was more reconciliatory and submissive to the imperial government, and in 774, he went to the Tang capital Chang'an and thereafter served as an imperial general around the capital, leaving his brother (also Liu's cousin) Zhu Tao in actual control of the circuit.  Liu served under Zhu Tao, and through his accomplishments was made the commander of the Xiongwu Army (雄武軍, based on modern Chengde, Hebei).  Later, he was made the prefect of Zhuo Prefecture (涿州, in modern Baoding, Hebei).

In 775, Zhu Tao, per mandate of Emperor Daizong, attacked Tian Chengsi the military governor of Weibo Circuit (魏博, headquartered in modern Handan, Hebei), along with Li Baochen the military governor of Chengde Circuit (成德, headquartered in modern Shijiazhuang, Hebei).  Because Liu was loved by the army, Zhu put him in command of headquarters before launching his campaign.  Tian, however, persuaded Li Baochen to turn against Zhu, and late in 775, Li Baochen launched a surprise attack on Zhu's army and then attacked north, hoping to capture Lulong's headquarters.  However, with Li Baochen realizing that Liu had taken precautions, he stopped his attack.

After Li Baochen died in 781, Li Baochen's son Li Weiyue requested imperial sanction to succeed him, but Emperor Daizong's son and successor Emperor Dezong refused, and subsequently, Li Weiyue, along with his allies Tian Yue (Tian Chengsi's nephew, who had succeeded Tian Chengsi in 779), Li Na, and Liang Chongyi, prepared to wage war against the imperial government, and the imperial government responded in kind.  Emperor Dezong commissioned Zhu to attack Li Weiyue from the north, and Zhu did so; his victories eventually caused Li Weiyue's subordinate Wang Wujun to assassinate Li Weiyue and surrender.

After the victory at Chengde, however, Emperor Dezong made a series of moves that simultaneously alienated Zhu and Wang.  He refused to give Chengde's Shen Prefecture (深州, in modern Hengshui, Hebei) to Lulong, as Zhu had requested.  Rather, he divided the seven prefectures of Chengde into three smaller circuits, making Zhang Xiaozhong, the first major Chengde officer to submit to Zhu and join Zhu's operations against Li Weiyue, the military governor of a newly created Yidingcang Circuit (易定滄, headquartered in modern Baoding, soon renamed to Yiwu (), consisting of three prefectures, while giving two prefectures each to Wang and Kang Rizhi (康日知, another Chengde general who had submitted to imperial authority during the campaign), with the lesser titles of military prefect (團練使, Tuanlianshi).  Emperor Dezong, on paper, gave Lulong two additional prefectures — De (德州, in modern Dezhou, Shandong) and Di (棣州, in modern Binzhou, Shandong) — both still then held by Li Na.  Zhu was angered by Emperor Dezong's refusal to give him any part of Chengde territory (in particular, Shen Prefecture) and requiring him to capture two additional prefectures on his own, while Wang was angered that contrary to Emperor Dezong's implicit promises to give whoever killed Li Weiyue Li Weiyue's offices, he not only received a lesser title, but was in a position where he could easily be destroyed.  Tian, who was then still under imperial attack, thus persuaded Zhu and Wang to join him in an alliance to defend against imperial forces.  When Liu heard that Zhu was planning to turn against imperial forces, he wrote an earnest letter to Zhu trying to change his mind:

Zhu did not accept his suggestion, but it was said that because he knew that Liu was faithful to him, he did not fear that Liu would turn against him.  Subsequently, as he was turning against the imperial government but Zhang refused to join his alliance with Wang and Tian, he had Liu take up position to defend a potential attack by Zhang.

By 784, Zhu's campaign had ended in utter failure after Wang and Tian Yue's cousin and successor Tian Xu turned against him and defeated him along with the imperial general Li Baozhen.  Zhu was forced to withdraw with his remaining troops back to Lulong.  As he was arriving back in Lulong, he was filled with shames of defeat and feared that Liu might turn against him in light of his defeat.  As he was arriving at the headquarters at You Prefecture, however, Liu mobilized the remaining troops and exited the city to welcome him in grand ceremony.  Zhu was touched in both sadness and joy when seeing Liu, and the popular opinion at the time credited Liu for his faithfulness.

Zhu died in summer 785, and the soldiers supported Liu to succeed him.  Emperor Dezong made Liu the military governor and also created him the Duke of Pengcheng.

As Jiedushi
Liu Peng himself, however, soon fell ill, and Emperor Dezong had his son Liu Ji serve as acting military governor in Liu Peng's illness.  Liu Peng only served for three months before he himself died, in fall 785.  He was given posthumous honors, and Emperor Dezong made Liu Ji military governor to succeed him.

Notes and references

 Old Book of Tang, vol. 143.
 New Book of Tang, vol. 212.
 Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 225, 227, 231, 232.

727 births
785 deaths
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Lulong Circuit


Baczyn  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Budzów, within Sucha County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Sucha Beskidzka and  south-west of the regional capital Kraków.

References

Baczyn


Bieńkówka  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Budzów, within Sucha County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately  east of Sucha Beskidzka and  south of the regional capital Kraków.

References

Villages in Sucha County


Budzów  is a village in Sucha County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Budzów. It lies approximately  north-east of Sucha Beskidzka and  south-west of the regional capital Kraków.

References

Villages in Sucha County


Jachówka  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Budzów, within Sucha County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Budzów,  east of Sucha Beskidzka, and  south-west of the regional capital Kraków.

References

Villages in Sucha County


Palcza  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Budzów, within Sucha County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Sucha Beskidzka and  south-west of the regional capital Kraków.

It was established probably before 1369 and was first mentioned in 1373 as a parish. It belonged to starostwo of Lanckorona ever since.

References

Palcza


Zachełmna  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Budzów, within Sucha County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Sucha Beskidzka and  south-west of the regional capital Kraków.

The village has an approximate population of 530.

References

Villages in Sucha County


Bystra Podhalańska (until 2015 Bystra ) is a village in Sucha County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Bystra-Sidzina. It lies approximately  south-east of Sucha Beskidzka and  south of the regional capital Kraków.

References

Villages in Sucha County


This page gathers the results of elections in politics of Friuli-Venezia Giulia.

Regional elections

Latest regional election

In the latest regional election, which took place on 2–3 April 2023, incumbent president Massimiliano Fedriga of Lega Friuli-Venezia Giulia was re-elected by a landslide.

List of previous regional elections
1964 Friuli-Venezia Giulia regional election
1968 Friuli-Venezia Giulia regional election
1973 Friuli-Venezia Giulia regional election
1978 Friuli-Venezia Giulia regional election
1983 Friuli-Venezia Giulia regional election
1988 Friuli-Venezia Giulia regional election
1993 Friuli-Venezia Giulia regional election
1998 Friuli-Venezia Giulia regional election
2003 Friuli-Venezia Giulia regional election
2008 Friuli-Venezia Giulia regional election
2013 Friuli-Venezia Giulia regional election
2018 Friuli-Venezia Giulia regional election

Italian general elections in Friuli-Venezia Giulia

Latest general election

List of previous general elections
1946 Italian general election in Friuli-Venezia Giulia
1948 Italian general election in Friuli-Venezia Giulia
1953 Italian general election in Friuli-Venezia Giulia
1958 Italian general election in Friuli-Venezia Giulia
1963 Italian general election in Friuli-Venezia Giulia
1968 Italian general election in Friuli-Venezia Giulia
1972 Italian general election in Friuli-Venezia Giulia
1976 Italian general election in Friuli-Venezia Giulia
1979 Italian general election in Friuli-Venezia Giulia
1983 Italian general election in Friuli-Venezia Giulia
1987 Italian general election in Friuli-Venezia Giulia
1992 Italian general election in Friuli-Venezia Giulia
1994 Italian general election in Friuli-Venezia Giulia
1996 Italian general election in Friuli-Venezia Giulia
2001 Italian general election in Friuli-Venezia Giulia
2006 Italian general election in Friuli-Venezia Giulia
2008 Italian general election in Friuli-Venezia Giulia
2013 Italian general election in Friuli-Venezia Giulia

European Parliament elections in Friuli-Venezia Giulia

Latest European Parliament election

List of previous European Parliament elections
1979 European Parliament election in Friuli-Venezia Giulia
1984 European Parliament election in Friuli-Venezia Giulia
1989 European Parliament election in Friuli-Venezia Giulia
1994 European Parliament election in Friuli-Venezia Giulia
1999 European Parliament election in Friuli-Venezia Giulia
2004 European Parliament election in Friuli-Venezia Giulia
2009 European Parliament election in Friuli-Venezia Giulia
2014 European Parliament election in Friuli-Venezia Giulia

Politics of Friuli-Venezia Giulia


Skawica  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zawoja, within Sucha County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland, close to the border with Slovakia. It lies approximately  east of Zawoja,  south of Sucha Beskidzka, and  south-west of the regional capital Kraków.

References

Villages in Sucha County


The 2008 Friuli-Venezia Giulia regional election took place on 13–14 April 2008.

Former President Renzo Tondo (The People of Freedom) defeated incumbent Riccardo Illy (an independent closed to the Democratic Party).

Results

References

2008 elections in Italy
Elections in Friuli-Venezia Giulia
April 2008 events in Europe


Marcówka  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zembrzyce, within Sucha County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Zembrzyce,  north-east of Sucha Beskidzka, and  south-west of the regional capital Kraków.

References

Villages in Sucha County


Śleszowice  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zembrzyce, within Sucha County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately  west of Zembrzyce,  north-west of Sucha Beskidzka, and  south-west of the regional capital Kraków.

The village was first mentioned in 1376.

References

Villages in Sucha County


Tarnawa Dolna  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zembrzyce, within Sucha County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately  west of Zembrzyce,  north of Sucha Beskidzka, and  south-west of the regional capital Kraków.

The village of Tarnawa established in the 14th century and according to tradition its first inhabitants were Tatar prisoners of war. Its sister settlement, Tarnawa Górna was settled much later, in the 17th century.

References

Tarnawa Dolna


Tarnawa Górna  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zembrzyce, within Sucha County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately  west of Zembrzyce,  north-west of Sucha Beskidzka, and  south-west of the regional capital Kraków.

The village was established by Vlachs in the 17th century and was initially known as Rzedz or Rec.

References

Villages in Sucha County


Zembrzyce  is a village in Sucha County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Zembrzyce. It lies approximately  north of Sucha Beskidzka and  south-west of the regional capital Kraków.

History
Village Zembrzyce is the oldest village of Sucha Beskidzka district. The oldest document confirming its existence as Zubrzic comes from 1333. The village was established earlier – perhaps in the second half of the 13th century. The area of Zembrzyce was a border between Silesia and Lesser Poland in Medieval Times. At the time Zembrzyce belonged to the Duchy of Oświęcim. These were the dukes of Oświęcim that established the village and built a fortified castle on a hill nearby the Skawa river. Nowadays, there aren't any ruins of the castle just the remains of the moat and the place is called Zamczysko. Still, the spot is considered mysterious and fascinating to the locals.
Throughout centuries Zembrzyce were private property of nobility. The owners then changed the name of the village as to sound similar to their surname- Zubrzyccy. In the 16th century the final name Zembrzyce was established and it remains until today. Thanks to the owners’ efforts, in 1533 Zembrzyce became a separate parish. From the 16th century there were numerous changes of the village owners.

From the 20th century Zembrzyce became specialized in the tanning industry.

There exists a belief that inhabitants of Zembrzyce have got Tatar ancestry; however this concept is not approved neither by any specific historical documents or facts, nor by ethnical and genetical traits of the inhabitants and the presence of medieval castle in the village in the past.

References

Zembrzyce


Michelangelo Sapiano (March 19, 1826 – December 2, 1912) was a Maltese clock maker and inventor born in Mqabba, Malta.

Early life
Michelangelo Sapiano was born in Mqabba in 1826. When he was 14 years of age he opened a watch repair shop and at such a young age he managed to repair the clock found in the Parish Church of Mqabba when other clock makers couldn’t do so. This paved the way for him to become famous and gave him the courage to start making clocks. He went to live in Luqa when he was 21 years of age after he married a girl from the town.

Achievements
Sapiano is most famous for large clocks which were made for churches, convents and sacristies in various towns and villages in Malta and Gozo and also for a large clock he made for the Church of Saint Catherine of Alexandria in Egypt.

His masterpiece is a grandfather clock which till a few years ago could be found in No.11, Pawlu Magri Street, Luqa, the house (which still exists) where Michelangelo Sapiano used to live after he married. The clock can now be found in the Mdina Cathedral Museum. For this clock he was awarded a silver medal in an Industrial Exhibition which was held in 1864. Apart from showing the time, days and date this clock also shows the phases of the moon and the time at which the sun rises and goes down. This clock also has a mechanism which marks when a year is a leap year.

Sapiano made other interesting inventions. He invented an alarm clock, which at the time of ringing, produced a spark and lighted a candle to show the time. Another clock he invented had a moving globe with the world map, and every half an hour it showed the position of the world in relation to the sun. He made other precision instruments, including a balance for the Malta Customs, to take weights from 700 lbs down to a fraction of an ounce. For his wife he made a mechanical egg timer with a bell, and to know the time at night he devised a mantel clock to which a long string was attached which would chime the most recent time when pulled in the darkness.

Sapiano was awarded a certificate and a gold medal by the Society of Arts, Manufacture and Commerce on the 26 February 1908. He died on the 2 December 1912.

References

Maltese artisans
1826 births
1912 deaths
Maltese clockmakers
People from Mqabba


Yianna Katsoulos (born September 16, 1960 in Florida, United States) is a pop singer who sings in French. Her single "Les autres sont jaloux" was a top thirty hit in France in 1986. however, her next five singles did not achieve the same success. Katsoulos was also a presenter on television channel FR3. She hosted L’Eurotop a hit parade video show, Une Pêche d’Enfer where she presented fashion & travel tips 5 days a week, Salut Manu where she co-presented with Manu DiBsngo à live music show featuring world renowned artists, Le MIDDEM en Direct de Cannes where she interviewed stars for the annual music festival in Cannes. She was also a guest star on Dessignez C’est Gagné & Surprise, Surprise. Benny Hill and Yianna Katsoulos presented the last Christmas Show FR3 before Benny Hill's death.

In 2011, she released a single, "Fais-moi l'amour comme un français".

In 2020 she released the 3 part album Only Clubbers Survive with the first single Drunky Talk 2K20.

Discography

Albums
 1997 : Quelque chose dans l'atmosphère
 2004 : Radio promo songs (compilation Best OF)
 2013 : La Reine des Années 80
 2020 : Only Clubbers Survive (3 part album)

Singles
 1986 : "Les autres sont jaloux" – No. 17 in France and a hit in Belgium & Switzerland, & Canada & Morocco
 1987 : "Rien n'est pour toujours"
 1988 : "Plus fort que les gâteaux"
 1989 : "Salade de fruit"
 1990 : "Faites pour un Millionnaire"
 1997 : "Quelque chose dans l'atmosphère"
 2003 : "Mademoiselle Street" (promotional single)
 2004 : "Chacun pour soi" (promotional single)
 2011 : "Fais-moi l'amour comme un français" – rock version & dance club version
 2020 : "Drunky Talk 2K20"

References

External links
 Official site

1960 births
American emigrants to France
Living people
Musicians from Florida
French women pop singers


Knut Mauritz Frostad (born 4 June 1967 in Harstad, Norway) is a Norwegian yachtsman, who has participated in a broad range of world championship level sailing events, including the Volvo Ocean Race and the Olympic Games, the latter in windsurfing. He is currently CEO of Navico, one of the largest manufacturers of marine electronics for the consumer market. Formerly he was the CEO of Volvo Ocean Race.  In total, he has twice participated in the Olympic Games (1988 and 1992) and four times the Volvo Ocean Race; twice as skipper.

In 2004, he won the Scandinavian Nokia Oops Cup and, in 2005, he finished second.

He has a business background in management, director and advisor positions with international companies. He is a recognised motivational speaker as well, and used the race catamaran Academy for company team building and leadership training.

Volvo Ocean Race
His first participation in 1993-94 VOR was in the Swedish Intrum Justitia which finished second.

In the 1997-98 VOR he was skipper and project founder/director at the Norwegian Innovation Kværner and in the 2001-02 VOR in the Norwegian Djuice Dragons.

In the 2005-06 VOR he was watchplan captain on southern ocean legs in the Brazilian Brasil 1.

He was the chief executive for the 2008–09 and the 2011-2012 Volvo Ocean Race, and has returned as the CEO for the 2014-2015 race.

For the 2014-2015 race he has led the transformation of the race from an open class rule to a strict one-design class boat race.

References

External links

1967 births
Living people
People from Harstad
Norwegian male sailors (sport)
Olympic sailors for Norway
Sailors at the 1992 Summer Olympics – Flying Dutchman
Volvo Ocean Race sailors
Sportspeople from Troms og Finnmark


Jean-Paul Roy (born 14 August 1964 in Civray, Vienne) has been the bassist of French rock group Noir Désir since 1996.

Before joining the band, he accompanied Noir Désir on tour as a guitar technician. When the bassist, Frédéric Vidalenc, left the group in 1996 to pursue other musical interests, Jean-Paul Roy was naturally chosen as his successor as he was a friend of the group, was able to play both guitar and bass guitar, and knew how to play Noir Désir's songs.

He has played a few songs with Alain Bashung and participated as a bassist on one of the songs of the artist Romain Humeau (who had also written arrangements for the Noir Desir song "Des Visages, Des Figures").

In 2006, he participated in the creation of the soundtrack of the film Enfermés dehors (by Albert Dupontel), accompanied by Noir Desir's drummer, Denis Barthe, under the name Les Hyènes.

Jean-Paul Roy is one of the organisers of the music festival : Les Rendez-vous de Terres Neuves.

External links
 Noir Désir - official site

1964 births
Living people
People from Cher (department)
French bass guitarists
Male bass guitarists
French male guitarists


Seksdagesløbet is a 1958 Danish drama film directed by Jørgen Roos and starring Poul Reichhardt.

Cast

Poul Reichhardt as Ivan Reimer
Lily Broberg as Lillian
Flemming Larsen as Kristian Reimer
Jørgen Reenberg as Otto Bertelsen
Preben Kaas as Benny Brun
Nino Orsini as Bandini
Ole Larsen as Torkild
Paul Hagen as Søren Kristensen
Bent Christensen s Kurt
Kjeld Petersen as Larsen
Judy Gringer as Tove
Vivi Bach as Marianne (as Vivi Bak)
Henny Lindorff Buckhøj as Karla
Valsø Holm as Karlas mand
Ulrik Neumann as Tilskuer
Kai Holm as Proprietær
Jørn Jeppesen as Arrangøren
Knud Schrøder as Banelægen
Mogens Brandt as Journalist Sivertsen
Ejner Federspiel as Tilskuer
Ellen Margrethe Stein as Tilskuer
Mimi Heinrich as Yrsa
Jørgen Buckhøj as Rockeren Erik
Guglielmo Inglese as Peppo
Frank Holms as Müller
Gustl Weishappel as Schmidt
Roger Maridia as Lecourt
Louis Viret as Viret
Michel Hildesheim as Billetsjoveren
Klaus Nielsen as Knud
Birgit Zacho as Pige med laktaske
Erik Gutheil as Speaker
Peter Kitter as Radiospeaker
Jørgen Beck as Løbskommissær

External links

1958 films
1958 drama films
Danish drama films
1950s Danish-language films
Danish black-and-white films
Films with screenplays by Erik Balling


The Briskeby Line () is a line of the Oslo Tramway in Norway. It runs westwards from Jernbanetorget in the city center, passing through the neighborhoods of Briskeby and Uranienborg before reaching its terminus at Majorstuen. The section from Jernbanetorget to Inkognitogata is shared with the Skøyen Line; on this section it connects with the important transport hub Nationatheatret. This part is variously served by route 11, 12 and 13. From the Inkognitogata stop, the line moves through the residential areas around the Royal Palace, in the streets named Riddervolds gate, Briskebyveien, Holtegata and Bogstadveien. The part of the line in Bogstadveien from Majorstuen to Rosenborg is also served by route 19, which operates the Homansbyen Line.

When Kristiania Elektriske Sporvei opened the line on 3 March 1894, it was the first electric tramway in Scandinavia. Originally the line ran through Parkveien instead of Inkognitogata and was mostly single track. The tracks were upgraded to double track in 1898, when the right-of-way was moved to Inkognitogata. The connection to the Ullevål Hageby Line was established in 1912 through Hegdehaugsveien, creating the short branch called the Homansbyen Line. The line was acquired by Oslo Sporveier in 1924. The Briskeby Line is now served by Line 11. The transit agency Ruter has proposed that parts of the route be realigned to run through Skovveien, so that the trams may serve Solli plass.

Route
The Briskeby Line consists of a shared section with the Skøyen Line from Jernbanetorget until it leaves Henrik Ibsens gate at Inkognitogata, just before Solli plass. This segment is known as the Southern String. West-bound trams run along Fred. Olsens gate and Prinsens gate before reaching Stortingsgata. East-bound trams run from Stortingsgata along Nedre Vollgate, Tollbugata and Strandgata to Jernbanetorget. Along these sections there are three stations: Dronningens gate (east-bound only), Kongens gate (west-bound only) and Wessels plass (east-bound only). There is a connection to Stortorvet through Kirkegata (west-bound) and Kongens gate (east-bound). The Vika Line deviates from the Briskeby Line through Akersgata.

The concurrent section continued along Stortingsgata, where it passes Nationaltheatret. It then turns onto Henrik Ibsens gate (previously known as Drammensveien) and passes Slottsparken. The concurrent section ends at the intersection of Inkognitogata, where the Briskeby Line turns off and the Skøyen Line continues onwards to Solli.

The Briskeby Line continues along Inkognitogata, where there is an eponymous station. It turns onto Riddervolds gata, where there is a station at Riddervolds plass. The line crosses Skovveien onto Briskebyveien, which it follows past the station Briskeby. It then turns onto Holtegata, where it serves the station of Uranienborg. There is a branch through Professor Dahls gate which allows trams to reach the Ullevål Hageby Line.

The main line continues another block and turns onto Bogstadveien, where it connects with the Homansbyen Line. On this section it serves the eponymous Bogstadveien stop, which replaced the earlier Rosenborg and Schultz' gate. The line continues along Valkyriegata for the very last bit before turning onto Kirkeveien and reaching Majorstuen. At Majorstuen the line can return as a turning loop through Bogstadveien. It also intersects with the Frogner Line, which continues to run along Kirkeveien. Via Valkyriegata there is a branch to the Oslo Tramway Museum and the closed Majorstuen Depot, which is no longer operational and also partially covered in asphalt.

Services
From Jernbanetorget the shared section is served by lines 11, 12 and 13. Line 12 branches off onto the Vika Line at Akersgata. Lines 11 and 13 continue along the main branch to Inkognitogata, at which point line 13 crosses over Solli Plass before following the Skøyen Line to Jar and Bekkestua in Bærum. Line 11 on the other hand moves onto the Briskeby Line proper, on which part it serves the stations Inkognitogata, Riddervolds plass, Briskeby and Rosenborg. At Rosenborg it connects with line 19, and from this junction they both continue to the terminus Majorstuen, also the endpoint of the Frogner Line. All lines operate with a ten-minute headway during most of the day.

At Nationaltheatret and Majorstuen there is transfer to all lines of the Oslo Metro. Mainline railway services are provided at Nationaltheatret Station and Oslo Central Station—the latter located adjacent to Jernbanetorget. The latter site is also a transfer hub granting access to all lines of the Oslo Tramway. Although from 4 October 2020; Line 13 does not stop at Jernbanetorget, but Dronningens gate.

Services are carried out by Sporveien Trikken, which operates SL79 trams on lines 11 and 19. These trams are owned by Oslo Vognselskap. Ownership and maintenance of the infrastructure are the responsibilities of Sporveien, a municipal company which also owns the operator. Services are ordered and coordinated by the transit agency Ruter.

History

The Oslo Tramway was established as a horsecar network in 1875 by Kristiania Sporveisselskab (1875). In 1887 it rejected a proposal for L. Samson, a real estate developer, to build a line to Majorstuen to serve his projects. He therefore contacted engineers H. E. Heyerdal and A. Fenger-Krog, the latter who had studied tramways abroad. They sent an application that year to the municipality, at a time when there were no other electric tramways in operation in Europe. However, the application did not explicitly state that the company would use electric traction.

The group received permission to build two lines, one from Jernbanetorget to Majorstuen and a branch to Skøyen, a total distance of . Use of overhead wires had been discouraged by the city engineer, but he later changed his mind after a trip to Germany. The issue was decided upon by the municipal council on 19 May 1892. Six companies bid to deliver trams and electrical equipment; Allgemeine Elektrizitäts Gesellschaft (AEG) won and delivered seven Class A motor trams and five trailers. Investments totaled NOK 817,572.

Trial runs on the line commenced on 10 January 1894, at first between the depot and corner of Bogstadveien and Sorgenfriveien. Motorman courses were carried out by AEG from 15 January to 16 February. The first trip to the Queen's Park was carried out on 17 February and the first run to Jernbanetorget was completed on 20 February. The official opening took place on 2 March 1894 and operations commenced the following day. The Briskeby Line was the first electric tramway in the Nordic Countries. The Skøyen Line to Fredrik Stangs gate opened the same day. The same year a tram driver on the line received Norway's first ever speeding ticket for exceeding the speed limit of .

Services were initially provided using Class A trams. The motormen were to both drive and sell tickets, but this was found to be too much work for one person to do efficiently. Conductors were therefore introduced almost immediately. Originally services consisted of a tram from Majorstuen to Jerbanetorget every six minutes. At Parkveien there was a transfer between the Skøyen and Briskeby Line. This proved a difficult, as trams from Majorstuen were full and most passengers were forced to walk into town. Therefore, from April KES introduced direct services from Skillebekk on the Skøyen Line to Jernbanetorget. It quickly turned out the company had too few trams and four more were delivered by the end of the year.

The line was built with single track and had passing loops at the intersections of Professor Dahls gate, Oscars gate, Huitfeldts gate, Tivoli and Nedre Slottsgate. These were not correctly placed to allow a speedy headway of six minutes—therefore this was changed to eight minutes on 2 November 1894. Services were extended from 07 to 01 hours every day from 1 November 1895.

Ahead of the Holmenkollen Line opening on 31 May 1898, the track was rearranged at Majorstuen. This involved laying double track from the intersection with Sorgenfrigata through Valkyrie gate to Majorstuen Depot. The station at Majorstuen was rebuilt to allow passengers to transfer between the KES trams and those operated by Holmenkolbanen. The same year KES realigned the line from Parkveien to Inkognitogata. This was after complaints concerning noise from the Royal Palace. As part of this the entire line was converted to double track and was taken into regular use on 24 October 1898. Trams ran every seven and a half minutes, with every other tram corresponding with a service on the Holmenkollen Line.

Larger Class U trams were introduced in 1899. Extra rush-hour services were introduced in 1906, although they only ran to Akersgata in the city center. A five-minute headway was introduced on 18 January 1909, with every other tram terminating in Akersgata. Class SS trams were introduced that year, accelerating the retirement of the Class A stock until they were completely retired in 1914. Line numbered were introduced on 4 September 1909. KES beat KSS to introduce this and received the lowest digits. The Briskeby service was thus given line number 1.

A balloon loop was installed at Jernbanetorget on 10 November 1909. KES and KSS reached an agreement in 1912 to coordinate their services better. This first materialized in a connecting line in Hegdehaugsveien, which allowed trams to run from Stortorvet via the Ullevål Hageby Line to Majorstuen. This as run such the Line 2 from the Frogner Line would combine with Line 6, which ran along Hegdehaugsveien to Stortorvet.

In conjunction with the 1914 Jubilee Exhibition, the Frogner Line was extended from Frogner plass to Majorstuen. It was officially opened on 15 May 1914. From the services became a ring line: Line 1 ran Jernbanetorget–Briskeby–Majorstuen–Frogner–Jernbanetorget, while Line 2 was designated to run the opposite direction. They were both run every five minutes. The circle scheme was ended on 15 December 1915 and the Briskeby Line again became Line 1. However, this was unpopular with the passengers and the circle service was reintroduced on 24 February 1916. Line 1 was extended from Jernbanetorget along the Gamlebyen Line between 17 December 1917 to 1 October 1918. Six-minute services were introduced from 25 March 1920, five-minute headways from 19 July 1920 and six-minute headways from 25 July 1921.

KES was merged with KSS on 1 May 1924 and the Briskeby Line became part of the municipal Oslo Sporveier. This resulted in a change of the routes, and the circle system was abandoned. However, the line was again extended along the Gamlebyen Line. From 9 May 1926 the line was moved from Tollbugata to Prinsens gate, as part of work on the sewer system in Tollbugata. From 6 June 1926 the two lines started serving Briskeby. Line 1 continued to Gamlebyen, while Line 10 ran to the Kampen Line. This lasted until 29 May 1927, when Line 1 instead ran via Homansbyen. From 1 January 1929 the headway was changed to 12 minutes, from 1932 every 15 minutes during summer.

Line 1 was reintroduced on the Briskeby Line on 30 August 1939. Trams would not turn at Majorstuen, but instead continue along the Frogner Line as Line 5. From 10 December 1939 Gullfisk trams were introduced on some of the services on the route. There were several places the tracks were too close and many sites where trams could not meet until new track was laid. The east-bound track in the city center was moved from Prinsens gate to Tollbugata on 15 December 1940. SM53 trams were introduced on some services on the line from 7 April 1953. From 6 September 1953 the combination of lines 1 and 5 was dropped and instead 1 and 2 were combined, allowing the circle through Majorstua to continue. The headway was reduced to 15 minutes. This was altered again on 25 June 1961, when the headway varied between 10, 12 and 15 depending on the time of day.

All remaining older twin-axle trams were retired on 29 October 1967 and thus only used SM53, with a few Gullfisk on morning routes because of them spending the night at Majorstuen. Renovated SM53 started running on the Briskeby Line 1980 and from 18 October 1982 the conductor was removed. Articulated SL79 trams were introduced on 2 April 1984, after which they served most of the departures. From 18 April 1988 evening and Sunday routes from the Briskeby Line terminated at Stortorvet. During the 1990s the line would often be served using SM91 trams. Line 1's eastern end was moved on 2 August 1993 to the Ekeberg Line. Night trams were introduced on 5 February 1994. Line number 1 was given to the Oslo Metro on 8 April 1995 and the Briskeby Line took number 19.

In 2002 Oslo Sporveier announced plans to severely reduce the tram services in Oslo, ultimately recommending that the entire tramway be closed. They later moderated themselves and proposed closing the Kjelsås Line and the Homansbyen service. The city council granted 8 million krone on 12 April to allow the services via Homansbyen continue. The threat of closing the line sparked a local outcry and spurred demonstrations to keep the tram. Later that year Oslo Sporveier announced new plans to remove tram services, this time both the Briskeby and the Homansbyen services, along with the Sinsen Line. The issue was resolved with increased funding granted on 11 November.

From 2001 Oslo Sporveier and later Ruter removed the Briskeby Line from its long-term investment plans, cutting maintenance to a minimum. Oslo Sporveier carried out a series of improvements to the Briskeby Line between 2004 and 2006. Rosenborgs gate was moved to serve both lines 11 and 19, giving it twice the number of departures. Both lines had their headway cut from 15 to 10 minutes. The station were made more visible and parking restrictions were carried out in Inkognitogata. Meltzers gate was closed as a station. This cause decreased travel time, and saw the daily ridership rise from 1,300 to 2,250 boarding passengers from 2003 to 2007. In 2007 the line was put back on the investment list and the city granted 32 million Norwegian krone to upgrade the line. The funding was used to renew the infrastructure in Holtegata and Briskebyveien between 2007 and 2009.

Future

The Briskeby Line is in poor condition due to insufficient maintenance. The transit authorities are in the process of upgrading the line, which will involve new stations, possibly located at more suitable locations. A report published by Ruter found several shortcomings in the line. In addition to its low technical standard, it often sees operations interrupted by incorrectly parked cars, especially in Riddervolds gate. The intersection of Inkognitogata and Riddervolds gate have a curve radius of , which hinders the newer SL95 trams from operating on the line. Owing to the use of Inkognitogata the services do not pass through the important transit hub at Solli plass.

Ruter is working on plans to make a full upgrade of the line from Briskebyveien to Henrik Ibsens gate. The agency is considering two lines of action: either building the route along the current right-of-way, or moving the section from Riddervolds gate and Inkognitoveien to Skovveien. The latter would involve that the Briskeby Line link up with the Frogner Line in Frognerveien and run concurrently with it to Solli plass.

In the city center, the one-way track in Tollbugata will be moved to Prinsens gate. This will make Prinsens gate a pure tram street, while buses will be designated to Tollbugata. Construction commences in 2014 and will be completed by 2017. The Gamlebyen Line is being moved to Dronning Eufemias gate through Bjørvika, which will line up with Prinsens gate. Ruter is planning on placing tram tracks in Frederiks gate, which will trams to pass between the Ullevål Hageby Line to the Briskeby Line and thus serve Nationaltheatret. It will also allow trams access to Stortorvet and Jernbanetorget via the Ullevål Hageby Line's in case of disruptions.

References

Bibliography

Oslo Tramway lines
Railway lines opened in 1894
1894 establishments in Norway


Tre må man være is a 1959 Danish family film directed by Sven Methling and starring Poul Reichhardt.

Cast
 Poul Reichhardt - Peter Halling
 Helle Virkner - Elisabeth Halling
 Ghita Nørby - Kate Halling
 Preben Mahrt - Arkæolog Johannes Brodersen
 Ellen Gottschalch - Frk. Willumsen
 Ole Wisborg - Læge Erik Brinck
 Lily Weiding - Speaker

External links

1959 films
1950s Danish-language films
Danish black-and-white films
Films directed by Sven Methling


Goh Swee Swee (; born 1 June 1986) is a Singaporean footballer who plays for Hougang United in the S-League.

Club career

Goh started his S-league career with Gombak United but only played 1 game for the Bulls before joining Home United in 2007. At that time, the Protectors offered him a S.League contract while he was still on a Prime League contract with Gombak. He immediately repaid the favour to the Protectors by scoring a 90th-minute winner against Liaoning Guangyuan in his debut on 16 March 2007.

However, Goh found it hard to start upfront with Home United having the likes of Peres de Oliveira, Indra Sahdan and Ludovick Takam in their ranks. As a result, he was often deployed as a rightback or right midfielder.

Goh was then transferred to the Courts Young Lions in 2008 and he played mostly as a midfielder for the Young Lions in the S.League.

Following his stint with the Young Lions, Goh had a brief spell at Balestier Khalsa in 2010 before switching over to his current club, Woodlands Wellington with fellow tiger, midfielder Han Yiguang in the 2011 pre-season. Goh is the second top scorer for Woodlands for the past 2 seasons, netting 5 goals after 31 appearances in 2011 and 4 goals in 23 appearances in 2012.

Goh achieved a personal milestone when he led Woodlands Wellington out during their match against Home United at Bishan Stadium as the team captain in the first time in his career on 5 March 2013.

Goh signed for 2016 Singapore National Football League champions Eunos Crescent for the 2017 NFL season.

Career statistics

Goh Swee Swee's Profile

All numbers encased in brackets signify substitute appearances.

International career

Goh was called up to the national team on a couple of occasions but he has yet to appear for the Lions in an international match.

References

External links
 Profile of Goh Swee Swee

1986 births
Singaporean men's footballers
Living people
Singapore Premier League players
Singaporean people of Hokkien descent
Singaporean sportspeople of Chinese descent
Balestier Khalsa FC players
Gombak United FC players
Woodlands Wellington FC players
Lion City Sailors FC players
Young Lions FC players
Men's association football forwards


Hobs Reprographics established in Liverpool in 1969 is a printing and document services company. It provides printing, design and scanning services, aimed at creative, professional and construction sectors.

Hobs has 24 branches across the country with over 300 employees. Hobs employs its own fleet of couriers, which offers quick services to construction project sites or secure services to professional and financial services clients.

Hobs carries the Queen's royal warrant, for services provided to the royal household.

History of Hobs
Hobs was founded in Liverpool in 1969 when Kieran O'Brien perceived a gap in the market for a local drawing office that also offered a collection and delivery service and somewhere for clients and students to discuss their printing needs and get advice on the best way to produce their work. Kieran presented his ideas and business plan to JD Hackett, an Irish Reprographics company established in Dublin in 1954 and immediately secured their backing and investment. The two joined forces to establish Hobs which stands for Hackett and O'Brien.

The Liverpool Echo reported that Hobs were famous in the 1960s for their fleet of "Hobs girls" or the "Mini Girls". The Mini Girls were the team of couriers employed by Hobs, so called because of the cars they drove, or as some would suggest because of the mini skirts they wore, popular in the 60s. An all girl drivers fleet was seen as quite revolutionary for the time and Hobs were considered to be an early support of equality in the workforce. Liverpool Echo, May 1, 2006

1980s
In 1982 Hobs Manchester opened on Kennedy Street comprising a branch manager, two printers and a delivery girl.  In 1983, Hobs bought-out CT Reprographics Ltd on Deansgate and moved its operations from Kennedy Street to CT Reprographics existing building.  The staff doubled in size overnight.  Hobs dropped its name in favour of the already well established CT Reprographics Ltd brand.  The same year CT Reprographics was the first company in the UK to purchase the advanced Xerox 2080 printer which became a welcomed addition to the two dyeline printing machines.  Because of the size of the Xerox 2080, Kieran O'Brien had to seek new premises on Deansgate to house this machine.  In 1987, bigger premises became available on Deansgate, so CT Reprographics and the Xerox 2080 were both co-located in the new building, and the CT Reprographics brand reverted to Hobs Manchester.

1990s
In 1991 a presence in Birmingham was established with the acquisition of SFS Strada Ltd. This was followed the next year by the acquisitions of Scot Barker in 1992 and Cross Repro in 1997, both in Glasgow. In 1998 the business to a big step forward with the acquisition of multiple sites from Océ. In 1998 Hobs was granted a Royal_Warrant_of_Appointment_(United_Kingdom) for services to the Royal Household which it retains to this day.
Hobs On-Site was launched in 1999 to provide onsite reprographics and mail room services.

2000s

In 2004 Hobs Legal Docs was formed, followed by the acquisition of Datalex Legal Docs in 2005.
Miller Reprographics was acquired in 2007 in Glasgow, followed by Copyright Reprographics in Birmingham

2010s

In 2011 Hobs acquired Thames Print Room in Reading and launched Hobs Exchange to provide bulk scanning and records management services.
2013 saw the acquisition of MPG, Manchester Print Graphics in the Northern Quarter of Manchester.
In 2014 Business Growth Fund invested £7M in Hobs.
In 2016, shortly after arrival of new CEO, James Duckenfield, Hobs acquired both K2 Legal Services into its legal division, Anexsys as well as Face Creative Services in London.
In 2017 Hobs received further investment from BGF of £4m.
In 2018 Hobs divested its On-Site business to the Rigby_Group. Later the same year it acquired rival company Call Print. In December 2018 Hobs were the first to invest in two Iridesse 6-colour digital production presses in the UK.

2020s

In 2020 Hobs divested its Anexsys, legal services business to Xact Data Discovery and restructured the business and at the same time ceased being a public limited company. James Duckenfield stepped from being CEO to becoming a non-executive director and long standing employee Craig Horwood took over as managing director.

References

Manufacturing companies based in Liverpool
Printing companies of the United Kingdom


Walter Martin may refer to:

 General Walter Martin (1764–1834), founder of Martinsburg, New York
Gen. Walter Martin House, a historic home located at Martinsburg  in Lewis County, New York
 Walter Ralston Martin (1928–1989), American Evangelical minister, author, and Christian apologist
Walter Martin (musician), American singer-songwriter and member of The Walkmen
Walter Martin (rugby union) (1883–1933), Wales international rugby union player
Walter Martin (cyclist) (1891–1966) (aka Walden Martin), American road racing cyclist
Walter Martin, half of artists Martin & Muñoz
Walter Stillman Martin, Christian minister and husband of Civilla D. Martin


Helle for Helene is a 1959 Danish family film directed by Gabriel Axel and starring Birgitte Bruun.

Cast
Birgitte Bruun as Helene Thomsen
Poul Reichhardt as Tandlæge Rudolf Thomsen
Preben Mahrt as Mathisen (bartender)
Kjeld Petersen as Sindsygelæge Smith
Randi Michelsen as Helenes mor Fru Tekla
Hans W. Petersen as Holm
Agnes Rehni as Professor Piper
Ingeborg Skov as Prof. de Witt
Ellen Margrethe Stein as Prof. Hvam
Valdemar Skjerning as Professor Piper
Arne Weel as Prof. de Witt
Svend Bille as Prof. Hvam
Poul Thomsen as Albert (bartender)
Valsø Holm
Knud Schrøder
Henry Lohmann
Carl Ottosen
Knud Hallest
Jytte Abildstrøm
Bjørn Spiro

References

External links

Helle for Helene at the Danish National Filmography

1959 films
1950s Danish-language films
Danish black-and-white films
Films directed by Gabriel Axel
Films produced by Erik Balling


The Enterprise Center is an office skyscraper located in Makati, Philippines. It is owned and developed by KSA Realty Corporation, a joint venture between the Kuok Group (majority shareholder), ING, and A. Soriano Corporation (ANSCOR). The taller Tower I of the complex stands at 171.9 metres (564 feet) and is currently the 74th tallest building in the Philippines.

Design
Hong Kong - based Wong & Tung International Limited (WTIL) is behind The Enterprise Center, in collaboration with ARADS & Associates, the local architect of The Enterprise Center.

By night, high intensity beams bathe the crowns in light.

Location
The Enterprise Center, specifically Tower 1, is located at the corner of Ayala Avenue and Paseo de Roxas Avenue, while Tower 2 faces Dela Rosa Street. The center is situated at the heart of the business and finance district.

Amenities
The building has multiple entrances and exits, speeding up arrival and departure from the seven-level underground parking facility. The parking levels can accommodate over 1,200 vehicles for both tenants and visitors. A new bike stand is also provided, and is located at the Basement 1 parking area just at the back of the Drop Off staircase at Tower 2.

The tower is equipped with a helipad, and a private lounge one level below the helipad.

The fourth floor houses a  International Food Court which serves a wide variety of cuisine. There are 25 outlets serving both building tenants and visitors.

Also available is a business center.

References

External links
The Enterprise Center Tower 1 at Emporis
The Enterprise Center Tower 1 at Skyscraperpage.com
Location Map of The Enterprise Center Tower 1 at Ayala Maps

Skyscrapers in Makati
Skyscraper office buildings in Metro Manila
Office buildings completed in 1999
1999 establishments in the Philippines


The Boworadet rebellion (Thai: กบฏบวรเดช; ; ) was a 1933 Thai rebellion (or unsuccessful coup d'état) led by royalist Prince Boworadet, as a result of the conflicts between the previous royalist regime (those loyal to Chakri dynasty rule and King Prajadhipok) and the succeeding constitutional regime led by Khana Ratsadon ('People's Party'), following the Revolution of 1932. The Boworadet rebellion was eventually defeated by the Siamese Government.

Background

On 24 June 1932, the People's Party overthrew absolute monarchy in Siam, a turning point in 20th century Thai history. After the establishment of the new regime, a series of counter-revolutionary crises threatened the new, constitutional government. The king accepted the new constitution as a temporary one, and took part in crafting a "permanent" constitution. Conservative Phraya Manopakorn Nititada, or Mano was appointed prime minister. He later showed royalist tendencies.

In March 1933, Pridi Banomyong, a Minister of State and a member of the People's Party, was attacked verbally by the constitutional monarch King Prajadhipok (King Rama VII) as a communist following Pridi's submission of the Draft National Economic Development Plan, or the "Yellow Cover Dossier", to the National Assembly. The Yellow Dossier was a plan to arrange and provide state welfare, to distribute all land to the rural poor, to intervene in private sector economic affairs, and to provide farmers more economic subsidies. These concepts were deemed communistic (or at least socialistic) by Prajadhipok. This led Thawan Ritthidet (Thai: ถวัลย์ ฤทธิเดช), a private citizen, to file a lawsuit against the king, accusing him of intervention in political, state, and economic affairs. The fallout over Pridi's plan divided the cabinet. Mano took advantage of conflicts in the People's Party to win the support of those opposed to reform in the executive. After securing King Prajadhipok's signature on a decree, he carried out a silent coup to dissolve the National Assembly on 1 April 1933, and used emergency decrees (such as the Anti-Communist Act) to govern. Pridi was immediately exiled to France.

On 20 June 1933, a senior army officer and member of the People's Party, Colonel Lord Phahon, seized power in the 1933 Siamese coup d'état, overthrowing the government of Manopakorn. Phahon appointed himself the second Prime Minister of Thailand, declared that Pridi was not guilty, and invited him to return to Thailand.

The counter-revolutionary rebellion that ensued, lead by National Salvation Group (คณะกอบกู้บ้านเมือง) under Prince Boworadet and other royalty, is often regarded as another royalist attempt to undermine the People's Party and its revolutionary government, because major participants had relations with royal family. The rebels' chief motive declared in an ultimatum was their concern that Phahon and Pridi had "encouraged the people to despise the King Prajadhipok..." Others have argued that it was not only an organized royalist rebellion, but was headed by King Prajadhipok. The rebellion accused Pridi of communism and proclaimed that its armed struggle against the government was intended to establish real democracy in Siam. The government saw the rebellion as fueled by Boworadet's personal ambitions.

Leaders of the rebellion

Prince Boworadet

The Special Court's "Decision on the Insurrection" noted that Prince Boworadet had once consulted General Phahon and Phaya Srisith about the plan to change the government. Because of the prince's reluctance to use force to overthrow the government, the Promoters carried out the revolution without the prince's participation. He then expected Phahon to invite him to be prime minister. Pridi rejected Phahon's recommendation and named Mano as prime minister instead of the prince. Boworadet was then at odds with the Promoters. An ardent royalist, he was furious that anyone was allowed to sue the king. This added to his displeasure at Phahon's coup against Manopakorn and Phahon's support of Pridi against the monarch.

At the end of July, Phibun and Supha sent a circular to a number of prominent individuals warning them to "exercise peace of mind", otherwise the "party will be forced to bring stringent measures to bear on you." A number of members of the royal house received the letter, including Prince Boworadet, who was in Hua Hin with the king at that time. The combined catalysts of the warning and Pridi's return stirred Prince Boworadet to seek revenge on the Promoters.

Prince Boworadet plotted with Colonel Phraya Sri Sitthi Songkhram (Thai: พระยาศรีสิทธิ์สงคราม), the commander of the military in Bangkok, to stage a coup d'état to unseat the Phahon government and replace it with a more traditional one.

Colonel Sri Sitthisongkhram

Another prominent counter-revolutionary leader was Phraya Si Sitthisongkhram, a former close friend of Phaya Phohon and Phaya Song. He received his military education in Germany. Like Prince Boworadet, he also refused to join the 1932 revolution, but he anticipated his revolutionary friends would appoint him to an important position in the new regime as his educational background and stature among army officers would help the Promoters in strengthening the revolution. Much to his disappointment, he only got a minor position in the Ministry of Education. Later, he was appointed to the State Council and to replace Phya Song as the Directory of Military Operations after the four military leaders were expelled by the coup carried out by Mano. However, the second coup soon took over Mano government, and Phaya Srisith subsequently became the bitter enemy of the new government. In the rebellion, he was assigned as Borowadet's deputy and given the task of inciting the Ayutthaya garrison.

Major General Sena Songgram
A member of the royal family who had commanded the First Army Corps before the revolution, Sena Songgram was the only high-ranking officer who lost power on the first day of the revolution when a group of revolutionaries attempted to arrest him. As early as January 1933, he had tried to form an opposition, royalist party, the National Party. He harbored strong animosity against the promoters of the revolution, and he subsequently became a counter-revolutionary leader whose task was to incite the troops in the northern provinces.

The rebellion

The rebellion breaks out
Early in October 1933, Prince Boworadet appeared in Korat to mobilize the army to rebel. He soon took complete control of Korat and got positive responses from other provinces. The central government had sensed the political storms in the provinces, but was trapped by the antagonistic elements in Bangkok. Bangkok started military preparations for the upcoming insurrection. Businesses and organizations offered money and volunteer services to help the defense. On 11 October 1933, under the leadership of Prince Boworadet, a full-scale rebellion broke out at the provincial garrison in Korat. The garrisons of Nakhon Ratchasima, Ubon Ratchathani, Prachinburi, Saraburi, Ayutthaya, Nakhon Sawan, and Phetburi, one after another, declared themselves in favor of the rebellion against the Bangkok government. They issued their first ultimatum calling on the government to resign immediately or be removed by force on the same day. The government in Bangkok refused to comply with their demands. The first clash occurred on 11 October 1933 in Pak Chong District, in Nakhon Ratchasima Province. Government forces were defeated and several members of the government were captured.

On 12 October, troops from the northeast of the country marched on Bangkok, seized Don Mueang
Aerodrome, and entered the northern suburbs, occupied the area around Bang Khen. The rebels consisting of the Korat, Phetchaburi, and Udon Regiments, together with a cavalry unit and several artillery batteries set up a stronghold near the Lak Si train station, using machine guns and cavalry. They called themselves the "National Salvation Group" (Thai: คณะกู้บ้านเมือง; RTGS: Khana Ku Ban Mueang) and their attempt the "Siege Deer Plan" (Thai: แผนล้อมกวาง; RTGS: Phaen Lom Kwang).

Stalemate
Boworadet probably hoped that at least some Bangkok army units would join him and the king would show his preference by remaining strictly neutral and non-committal. The rebels aimed to bring nine upcountry garrisons to besiege the city, but only three moved to the city's northern outskirts while the others hesitated or were repelled by pro-government garrisons. Boworadet tried to persuade other forces to join him, including the Royal Thai Navy, which instead declared itself neutral. The commander-in-chief of the navy withdrew his battleships from the capital and sailed to ports in the south.

The rapid advance of the rebel army, the seizure of Don Mueang airport, and the withdrawal of the navy struck panic into the government. Even more discouraging was the fact that in the face of the royalist counter-revolution, the Promoters themselves were not unified. Some members of Colonel Phraya Songsuradet's senior military clique showed their reluctance to fight the rebels, and Songsuradet and Colonel Phra Prasas themselves left the country a few days before the rebellion and refused to return. For thirty hours Phahon tried to negotiate a peaceful resolution.

Neither side wanted a shooting war, and most of the salvoes were propaganda. The People's Party put out radio broadcasts and leaflets damning the Boworadet forces as "rebels" and "bandits". In reply, the besiegers dropped leaflets on the city from aeroplanes, accusing the People's Party of restraining the king.

Major Luang Seri Somroeng Rit (Thai: พันตรีหลวงเสรีเริงฤทธิ์) was appointed (under truce) to ask the rebels to surrender, under a government offer of amnesty. He was seized and made a hostage.

Faced with the prospect of a full-scale battle to remove the existing leadership, Boworadet adopted a more conciliatory approach by entering into negotiations in which he called on the government to allow the king a greater political role. On 13 October, Boworadet sent another ultimatum to the government. The rebel leaders backed down from their original demand for the government to resign as troops in the provinces they counted on failed to march on Bangkok and all the units in Bangkok remained loyal to the government. The second ultimatum presented the following demands:

 The country shall be headed by the king forever
 All state affairs must be carried out in accordance with the Constitution, especially the appointment and removal of members of the Council of Ministers, which can only be effected by a majority of votes
 Permanent public officials, both civil and military, shall not intervene in politics
 The appointment of public officials shall be made with regard to qualifications, without political partiality
 The second type (non-elected) of the people's representatives shall be appointed by the king, not the prime minister
 Armaments for the Army shall be provided everywhere, not gathered in any specific area
 Amnesty shall be granted to the National Rescue Council and all its supporters

With the situation turning in the government's favor, the government was unwilling to compromise with the insurgents. Phahon, in a radio speech, revealed the king's telegram expressing his regret for the rebels' action to appeal for popular support, which got a warm response.

Critical battle at Bangkok

The government appointed Lieutenant Colonel Plaek Pibulsonggram (Phibun), one of the 1932 coup makers, to command the Bangkok forces and put down the rebellion. On 13 October, Phibun launched a counterattack. He directed an artillery bombardment of rebel positions. Phibun's artillery was better supplied than the rebel forces. The government was supported in non-combat roles by Boy Scouts, students, and labourers. For the next three days the two opposing parties shelled each other, causing many casualties and great damage. Artillery was augmented by an armoured car and a tank force commanded by Phibun's friend, Lieutenant Colonel 'Luang Amnuai Songkhram (Thom Kesakomon) (Thai: หลวงอำนวยสงคราม (ถม เกษะโกมล)), who would later be killed in combat. The government was able to drive back the rebels with the help of the Nakhon Sawan Regiment and a declaration of the Prachinburi Regiment in support of the government. This broke the rebels' morale, and on 14 October they began to retreat. On 16 October, government forces recaptured Don Mueang Airport on the outskirts of the city and drove the rebel troops back along the northeastern railway line. Much destruction was done to the infrastructure of Bangkok (railways and bridges) and the surrounding area, including the Don Mueang Aerodrome, from artillery bombardment, bombing, and fire.

Desperate to escape, the rebels sent an empty locomotive down the track at high speed to collide with a government troop train. The resulting crash killed a number of government soldiers and gave the rebels time to reach their base in Korat. The government, with superior forces and artillery moved in by rail, attacked the rebel stronghold. Running out of ammunition and supplies, the rebels broke. Government forces pursued and advanced to the rebel base in Nakhon Ratchasima. By the end of the October, the rebellion finally wound down in the provinces with the possibility of further reinforcement by other provincial garrisons. On 23 October, government forces defeated rebel forces at Hin Lap.  Boworadet's second-in-command, Sri Sitthi Songkram, died in the battle.

Defeat of the rebellion

By the end of October 1933, rebel remnants dispersed, and the royalist rebellion was over. The government broadcast a radio appeal to rebel troops to surrender and offered a ten thousand baht reward for the capture of Boworadet. On 25 October Boworadet and his wife boarded an aeroplane and left Siam for Vietnam, (then part of French Indochina). When the news of his escape was known, Phya Sena Songgram and other important leaders, now approaching Burirum Province, became disheartened and fled. Twenty-two officers managed to flee the country and find asylum in French Indo-China.

Most of the rebel forces surrendered and were granted amnesty except for important rebel leaders. Twenty-three had been killed in action. The People's Party arrested the stragglers and eventually jailed 230 people including Boworadet's younger brother, Prince Sinthiphorn Kadakorn (Thai: หม่อมเจ้าสิทธิพร กฤดากร). Two retired senior military officers were tried and executed. A royal prince was sentenced to life imprisonment. These later were sentenced to death, but later all the sentences were commuted, and no executions took place. Most sentences were later reduced and many were pardoned.

Boworadet sought asylum in Cambodia, where he lived until 1948. He then returned home to Thailand, dying in 1953 at the age of 76.

The king's role in the rebellion
King Prajadhipok's role in the Boworadet Rebellion is controversial. Some historians do not note the king's role in the rebellion other than mention the neutral standpoint he took at the beginning of the rebellion and the regret he expressed when the rebellion was quelled. Others took a more sympathetic view of King Prajadhipok's predicament during the rebellion.

Monarchical view
Boworadet's motives remain obscure even though the rebellion was generally regarded as royalist and reactionary. Boworadet was regarded as having strained relations with several of the highest members of the royal family including Princes Boriphat and Purachatra. Nonetheless, before the 1932 revolution, he had been in contact with the Promoters and had been considered as a possible leader of the plot against the absolute monarchy. Benjamin Baston indicates that the king did not enjoy a good relationship with Prince Boworadet as he was suspected of participating in overthrowing King Prajadhipok's regime. Some scholars listed the king's letter to the British officials Sir R. Holland and Baxter as evidence that the king had foreseen the rebellion ahead. However, more details about the letter provided by historian Kobkua Suwannathat-Pian showed that the king had been well aware that the rebellion would not galvanize the people. If he really had been so sensible before the rebellion, it would less possible for him to lead the rebellion.There were two movements, one within and one outside Bangkok. The former was a representative of the genuine discontent with the People's Party and would therefore have won, had it not been hampered by the latter led by Prince Boworadet, 'No movement' emphasized the king, 'which had for its apparent object the restoration of the old regime could possibly succeed. Even though King Prajadhipok declined the government's request to return to Bangkok, he offered five times to end the armed struggle, but all were met with silence from the government. It was evident that the Phahon government was in no mood to accept any role offered by the monarch as long as the king refused to return to the capital and support the government. The king's explanation for his escape to the south was that he tried to evade capture by the approaching pro-rebel soldiers. His intention was to remain a free agent and to strengthen his hand as an impartial party to whom both sides could look for a solution.

Anti-monarchical view
Baston suggests that Boworadet fell out with the king after his resignation. Other evidence counters this speculation. The prince remained on the best of terms with Prajadhipok who gave him a new house a few months after his resignation. Following the overthrow of the absolute monarchy, Boworadet regularly spent time in the company of the king. They happened to be together when the second coup happened and when Phibun issued his circular. More evidence was the king's letter to Baxter, his former adviser in England, at the beginning of August. He made it clear that for any action against the government to be "effective", he would have to "retire to some safe place and await events". The king and queen's scheduled departure from their Hua Hin palace on 5 October was postponed indefinitely. Even though no concrete conclusion of the king's involvement can be made from these indications, suspicions were raised that the king was informed of the timetable of the rebellion.

Another revisionist view provided by political scientist Nattapoll Chaiching is that Prajadhipok was the head of the anti-government conspiracy. Based on a report of the special court of 1939 and eyewitness's memoirs, Nattapoll argues that King Prajadhipok established a large anti-revolutionary underground network consisting of the royal family, secret agents, assassins, military officers, civil servants and journalists—all of them loyal to the old regime. He defended the validity of the sources writing that royalist witnesses are more likely to tell the truth as the political atmosphere now in Thailand favors highlights of the former king's role in bringing down the revolutionaries. According to him, the Boworadet rebellion received the full support of King Prajadhipok and the royalists and was plotted by them. Prince Boworadet was asked to be the commander of the rebel armies. King Prajadhipok made a personal donation of 200,000 baht, and mandated the combined army infantry units from the northeast should be the rebels' principal troops. Two months before the rebellion, the royalist propaganda published articles in Bangkok media attacking the People's Party to rally the public's support for the rebellion.

Before the rebellion broke out, King Prajadhipok began to strengthen the guard of Klai Kangwon Palace in Hua Hin by ordering machine guns and reinforcement troops where he resided after the 1932 revolution. He also prepared an emergency escape route. Nattapoll interpreted the king's departure from Klai Kangwon Palace to the south as Prajadhipok awaiting news of success in the south according to the plan. The special court of 1939 accused royalists of trying to assassinate the People's Party leadership. Memoirs of His Majesty's secret agent uncovered an attempt to assassinate the leader of the People's Party by snipers hired by royalists prior to the start of the rebellion. Rebellion was not the only method they used to undermine the government, but it was the last resort.

Once in England, the king began negotiations with the government. He objected to the government's treatment of the Boworadet rebels. He made four demands on the government. One of them was amnesty for those imprisoned for political offenses. Were the demand not met, he threatened to abdicate. The government rejected his demand. As the penal code of the time required written royal consent before executions could take place, the king delayed signing death warrants, thus preventing executions from taking place.

Middle view
A more middle analysis of the evidence is provided by political scientist Federico Ferrara. Ferrara pointed out the king's ambiguous behavior and some disputed explanations. Even though Boworadet had a difficult relationship with the king and other princes, it is hard to deny the royalist credentials of some of Boworadet's lieutenants. Both sides justified their military actions by vowing their loyalty to the king, as the rebels alleged that the government "disrespected" the king and the government declared that their resistance was to protect the king. Although the king declared neutrality, he did not return to Bangkok as Phraya Phahon requested. Instead he escaped to the south. King Prajadhipok and the queen moved to Songkhla, near the Malaysian border. The move prompted many interpretations. Some thought it was to escape seizure by either side. A foreign observer provided various explanations:Some said he had gone further south to raise support for Bavoradej [Boworadet]. Others said that he had fled south for fear of being taken into custody by the revolutionary [government] party and held as a hostage against Bavoradej. Some said he was out of sympathy with the rebellion and that he wished to disassociate himself from it entirely. King Prajadhipok's position was very much weakened. He was suspected by the government to be conniving with rebels; he was criticized by many royalists for not coming to the assistance of the rebels who were fighting his political battle for him; and he was "openly" criticized for alleged weakness in "running away" to Songkhla.

In general, all parties believed that the support of the throne would ensure quick success for its side, thus there would be no bloodshed or misinterpretation of the king's will. According to Kobkua Suwannathat-Pian, the king could have played a more positive and effective role in helping to end the conflict. His indecisiveness and passivity throughout the crisis were blamed for the large number of casualties. Shortly thereafter, the king's private secretary issued a statement that expressed His Majesty's regret over the "suffering caused by the civil war" and announced a donation of 10,000 baht to the Red Cross. Prajadhipok reportedly also secretly funded the rebellion with a sum 20 times larger than the Red Cross donation, a charge some consider questionable.

Legacy

Setback for royalty
Phahon's government was able to further cement their grip on power as a result of the Rebellion. Although there are controversies about King Prajadhipok's role in the rebellion, the result was a blow to royalist and conservative power, as the rebels had claimed to be fighting in his name. His prestige was diminished, and his power weakened. The king's perceived lack of leadership and indecisiveness was demonstrated when he released a telegram saying that he regretted the strife and civil disturbances of the rebellion. The king and queen then left the capital for Songkhla, leaving the government to deal with the rebellion. His failure to support the constitutional government undermined his credibility and his perceived commitment to democracy and the constitutional system. This allowed Phahon and the king's opponents to claim that the monarch had failed to do his duty. A series of events following the rebellion eventually leading to the king's abdication in 1935. The rebellion also led to the estrangement of aristocratic factions and families, who had served the kingdom for centuries. They were viewed by the government with distrust and were slow to regain their former power and position in Thai politics.

The beginning of military rule
The Promoters had crushed the counter-revolution at the expense of the revolution's democratic potential. The Promoters relied on a host of non-democratic measures to stave off the royalist challenge to the constitutional regime and in the immediate aftermath placed Siam on a track to military dictatorship. The government could then arrest dissents using the excuse of their involvement in conspiracies against the government. The press was controlled and the "Act to Protect the Constitution" criminalised public expressions of disrespect for the constitution or the constitutional regime.

Pridi and his economic plan might have been one of the reasons for the turmoil. The accusations casting him as a communist, the divisions of the People's Party, and the first coup along with the rebellion diminished his power. The liberal and socialist civilian faction was weakened. Phahon's supporters won a clear mandate in the national elections and built a single-minded government party.

The rebellion was the beginning of the meteoric rise of a player in the rebellion: Phibun. After the rebellion, senior officers, such as Phraya Song and his friends, who had kept aloof from the military conflict, found their influence dashed. In 1932, Phibun had been simply one of the junior coup members. Now he moved up rapidly in the military hierarchy. He became Minister of Defense in early-1934. Phibun gradually weakened his enemies and eventually eliminated them. Several others were accused of being involved in plot to overthrow the government, which was the most effective way to attack rivals. He also built up his political constituency in the armed forces. He replaced Phahon as prime minister from 1938 to 1944, the de facto dictator of Thailand. He served again from 1948 to 1957. He remains the longest serving prime minister in Thai history.

21st century reverberations

The Constitution Defense Monument (;  ) was erected in 1936 to commemorate the newly established constitutional democracy after Prince Boworadet's failed revolt. It was placed in the middle of Ramintra junction. In 2016 the monument was moved to Bang Khen District's Lak Si Circle as it had stood purportedly in the path of construction of the BTS Skytrain Green Line.

On 27 December 2018, the monument was removed without notice or explanation by persons unknown. "We don't know where it is now. There's a risk that the monument will be gone for good," said Chatri Prakitnonthakarn, a conservationist who teaches history of Thai architecture at Silpakorn University. The Bang Khen District chief claimed he knew nothing about the removal. He said the monument was in an area governed by the state railway, which was building an elevated railway nearby. No one at the agencies involved in the Skytrain extension—the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA), Bangkok Mass Transit Authority (BMTA), the Culture Ministry's Fine Arts Department, or the Transport Ministry's (MOT) Department of Highways—has claimed to know what happened to the monument in spite of soldiers being on hand to guard the removal. The removal marks the second time in two years that a monument in Thailand has been removed in secret and without explanation. In April 2017, a plaque commemorating the 1932 revolution that ended absolute monarchy disappeared from the Royal Plaza and was replaced with one extolling the monarchy.

On 24 June 2020, the 88th anniversary of the Revolution, saw commemorations of the event throughout Bangkok. The Royal Thai Army observed the date by hosting a Buddhist ceremony at the army's information centre and army headquarters praising the Boworadet rebellion. The army's statement included this: "The heroic deeds and sacrifice of Prince Boworadet and Phraya Si Sitthisongkhram deserved to be recognized as protectors of the monarchy institution and an attempt to ensure that Thailand has a truly democratic system." The army's view was that the People's Party was not only anti-democratic, but wanted to overthrow the monarch. The army's ceremony came two and half years after the mysterious removal of a monument commemorating the defeat of the Boworadet rebellion in the Lak Si area of Bangkok.

See also
 History of Thailand (1932-1973)
 Siamese Revolution of 1932
 Siamese coup d'état of 1933
 Wat Phra Si Mahathat

Notes
1. Phraya is a Thai noble rank. Although the revolution of 1932 ended absolute monarchy, noble ranks and titles were only abolished in 1942. Many people on both sides of the rebellion were thus identified by their nobility designations.

References

Further reading
  นายหนหวย (ศิลปชัย ชาญเฉลิม), เจ้าฟ้าประชาธิปก ราชันผู้นิราศ, โรงพิมพ์วัชรินทร์, 2530
  ม.จ. พูนพิศมัย ดิสกุล, สิ่งที่ข้าพเจ้าได้พบเห็น (ภาคต้น), สำนักพิมพ์มติชน, พ.ศ. 2543
  โพยม โรจนวิภาต (อ.ก. รุ่งแสง), พ. ๒๗ สายลับพระปกเกล้า พระปกเกล้าฯ (ฉบับพิมพ์ครั้งที่ ๒) พ.ศ. 2547

1933 in Siam
Attempted coups in Thailand
Conflicts in 1933
1930s coups d'état and coup attempts


Artillery has been one of primary weapons of war since before the Napoleonic Era. Several countries have developed and built artillery systems, while artillery itself has been continually improved and redesigned to meet the evolving needs of the battlefield.  This has led to a multitude of different types and designs which have played a role in the history of warfare and continue to be a significant factor in modern combat.

For the most part, the following lists of artillery cover guns, howitzers, mortars, and other large projectile weapons.  Small arms and missiles are not generally included, though rockets and other bombardment weapons may be. For a more complete listing of various weapons, see list of weapons.

By name

 See list of artillery by name

By type

 See full list of artillery by type or jump to a specific type from the list below:

By caliber

List of the largest cannon by caliber

By country

 See full list of artillery by country or jump to a specific country in the table below:

Lists of armoured fighting vehicles


Faith, Hope and Witchcraft () is a 1960 Danish family film directed by Erik Balling and starring Bodil Ipsen. It was entered into the 10th Berlin International Film Festival.

Cast

 Bodil Ipsen - Bedstemor Gunhild
 Gunnar Lauring - Jonas
 Louis Miehe-Renard - Enok
 Peter Malberg - Peter
 Poul Reichhardt - Rubanus
 Birte Bang - Eva
 Berthe Qvistgaard - Sally
 Jakob Nielsen - Huskarlen Jacob
 Hanne Winther-Jørgensen - Bruden
 Oscar Hermansen - Brudgommen
 Poul Müller - Præsten
 Freddy Koch - Sysselmanden
 Børge Møller Grimstrup - Nystuebonden
 Ole Larsen - Gammelstuebonden
 Kjeld Jacobsen - Bestyrer på Hvalfangerstationen
 Carl Ottosen - Nicolajsen
 Victor Montell
 Valsø Holm - Hotelejer
 Gunnar Strømvad
 Ernst Schou
 Sjurdur Patursson
 Frazer Eysturoy
 Else Kornerup
 Henry Lohmann
 Axel Strøbye - Vred mand
 Vilhelm Henriques
 Flemming Dyjak - Ung mand
 John Hahn-Petersen - Bartender
 Edith Hermansen
 Edith Trane
 Bertel Lauring
 Bjørn Spiro - Betjent

References

External links

1960 films
Danish children's films
1960s Danish-language films
Films directed by Erik Balling
Films with screenplays by Erik Balling


Prince Boworadej (; ; 2 April 1877 – 16 November 1953) was a Thai attempted-coup leader in 1933, so call Boworadet rebellion, government official, army, and royalty. After a defeat in the rebellion, he sought asylum in Cambodia, where he lived until 1948. He returned home to Thailand, and dying in 1953.

Early life
Mom Chao Boworadej Kridakorn born on 2 April 1877 in Bangkok. Boworadej was one of the grandsons of King Mongkut, a son of Prince Naret. Boworadej received his military education at the Harrow School in 1898, and the Royal Military Academy Woolwich in 1900. Boworadej moved back to Siam in 1900 to serve in Royal Thai Army's Command and General Staff Department.

Government official career
Boworadej was a career soldier who had served as an ambassador in Paris towards the end of King Chulalongkorn's reign from 1902 to 1905. He was "retired" in the latter part of King Vajiravudh's reign, but he was brought back into active service shortly after King Prajadhipok ascended the throne. Boworadej became the Royal Thai Army Chief of Staff in 1926. He took over the position as the Minister of Defence from Prince Boriphat who was promoted to Interior Minister in 1928. In 1929 the king honored Boworadej by raising him from Serene Highness to Royal Highness status.

Prince Boworadej had a fierce conflict with Prince Boriphat over the budget for the coming year in 1931. Prince Boworadej submitted his resignation to express his dissatisfaction. After some disputes by both sides, the resignation of Prince Boworadej was accepted by the Supreme Council of State and King Prajadhipok. The prince's relationship with other powerful princes soured after this crisis.

The Special Court's "Decision on the Insurrection" noted that Prince Boworadej had once consulted General Phahon and Phaya Srisith about the plan to change the government. Because of the prince's reluctance to use force to overthrow the government, the Promoters carried out the revolution without the prince's participation. He then expected Phahon to invite him to be prime minister. Pridi rejected Phahon's recommendation and named Phraya Manopakorn Nititada as prime minister instead of the prince. Boworadej was then at odds with the Promoters. An ardent royalist, he was furious that anyone was allowed to sue the king. This added to his displeasure at Phahon's coup in 1933 against Manopakorn and Phahon's support of Pridi against the monarch.

At the end of July 1933, Phibun and Supha sent a circular to a number of prominent individuals warning them to "exercise peace of mind", otherwise the "party will be forced to bring stringent measures to bear on you." A number of members of the royal house received the letter, including Prince Boworadej, who was in Hua Hin with the king at that time. The combined catalysts of the warning and Pridi's return stirred Prince Boworadej to seek revenge on the Promoters.

Rebellion leader
In 1933, Prince Boworadej plotted with Colonel Phraya Sri Sitthi Songkhram (Thai: พระยาศรีสิทธิ์สงคราม), the commander of the military in Bangkok, to stage a coup d'état to unseat the Phahon government and replace it with a more traditional one.

Early in October 1933, Prince Boworadej appeared in Korat to mobilize the army to rebel. He soon took complete control of Korat and got positive responses from other provinces. On 11 October 1933, under the leadership of Boworadej, calling on the government to resign immediately or be removed by force on the same day, the government in Bangkok refused to comply with their demands. Government forces were defeated and several members of the government were captured.

Boworadej tried to persuade other forces to join him, including the Royal Thai Navy, which instead declared itself neutral. The commander-in-chief of the navy withdrew his battleships from the capital and sailed to ports in the south. The People's Party put out radio broadcasts and leaflets damning the Boworadej forces as "rebels" and "bandits". In reply, the besiegers dropped leaflets on the city from airplanes, accusing the people's party of restraining King Prajadhipok.

Faced with the prospect of a full-scale battle to remove the existing leadership, Boworadej adopted a more conciliatory approach by entering into negotiations in which he called on the government to allow the king a greater political role. On 13 October, Boworadej sent another ultimatum to the government. The rebel leaders backed down from their original demand for the government to resign as troops in the provinces they counted on failed to march on Bangkok and all the units in Bangkok remained loyal to the government.

By the end of October 1933, rebel remnants dispersed after Phibun commanded a counterattack in Bangkok, and the royalist rebellion was over. The government broadcast a radio appeal to rebel troops to surrender and offered a ten thousand baht reward for the capture of Boworadej.

On exile
On 25 October Boworadej and his wife boarded an aeroplane and left Siam for Vietnam, then part of French Indochina. The People's Party arrested the stragglers and eventually jailed 230 people including Boworadej's younger brother, Prince Sinthiphorn Kadakorn. Boworadej sought asylum in Cambodia, where he lived until 1948. He then returned home to Thailand, received the army general rank, and dying in 1953 at the age of 76.

References

Citations

Sources

|-

1877 births
1953 deaths
19th-century Thai people
Thai male Phra Ong Chao
Kritakara family
Ministers of Defence of Thailand
Thai exiles
Thai expatriates in Cambodia
Refugees in Cambodia
Thai refugees
People educated at Harrow School
Graduates of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich
19th-century Chakri dynasty
20th-century Chakri dynasty


Henry Gesner Pineo Jr. (March 6, 1830 – May 12, 1874) was a political figure in Nova Scotia, Canada. He represented Cumberland County in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1867 to 1874 as a Conservative member.

He was born in Pugwash, Nova Scotia, the son of Henry Gesner Pineo, a member of the province's Legislative Council. Pineo was educated in Sackville. In 1851, he married Charlotte Amelia Kerr. He served as consular agent for the United States and vice consul for Sweden and Norway before Confederation. Pineo was also lieutenant-colonel in the militia. He died in Pugwash at the age of 44.

References
 The Canadian parliamentary companion, HJ Morgan (1871)
 A Directory of the Members of the Legislative Assembly of Nova Scotia, 1758-1958, Public Archives of Nova Scotia (1958)

1830 births
1874 deaths
Progressive Conservative Association of Nova Scotia MLAs


USS Richmond was a brig purchased for the US Navy in 1798 by the citizens of Richmond, Petersburg, Manchester and Norfolk, Virginia, while being built at Norfolk as Augusta for a Mr. Myers. Renamed Richmond, she was fitted out in the fall of that year and in December stood out from Hampton Roads for the Caribbean with Captain Samuel Barron in command for service in the Quasi-War with France.

Sailing south, the brig joined Thomas Truxtun's squadron in the West Indies and operated with the ships of that squadron to protect American merchant shipping from French raiders - warships and privateers. Based at St. Kitts, Richmond convoyed merchantmen among the ports of the Lesser Antilles until June 1799, assisting, in May, in the capture of the French privateer, Louis.

On 10 June 1799, Richmond departed the West Indies with a convoy bound for Norfolk, whence she continued on to New York. Between 18 July and 6 October, she cruised off the east coast, from Boston to the Virginia Capes, in search of rumored French raiders. In January 1800 Richmond was in New York City and assisted or was threatened by a fire on the brig .

In February 1800, Richmond returned to the Caribbean. Based at San Domingo for a year, she re-captured the American schooner Chance on 22 May and assisted in returning Thomas Chalkley to the American merchant fleet on the 28th.

After the end of the Quasi-War with France, Richmond sailed north and in February 1801 she arrived back at New York. In March most of her crew was detached; and on 1 April she was ordered turned over to the Navy agent at New York to be sold at auction.

References

Ships built in Norfolk, Virginia
Brigs of the United States Navy
Quasi-War ships of the United States
1798 ships


Ty Chandler may refer to:

Tyson Chandler (born 1982), American basketball player and coach
Ty Chandler (American football) (born 1998), American football player


Slovenian nationalism is the nationalism that asserts that Slovenes are a nation and promotes the cultural unity of Slovenes. Slovenian nationalism first arose in response to the influx of ideas of nationalism from the French Revolution that arrived in Slovenia when the French forces of Napoleon Bonaparte made Slovenia part of the Illyrian Provinces from 1809 to 1813. Slovenian nationalists such as Anton Korošec endorsed Yugoslav unification during World War I as a means to free Slovenia from Austro-Hungarian rule.

On 8 May 1989, after the legalization of other political parties by Slovenia's reformist Communist Party-led government, new political parties published the May Declaration, demanding the formation of a sovereign, democratic, and pluralist Slovenian state. A referendum on independence from Yugoslavia was held on 26 December 1990 with a majority of Slovenians supporting independence. Slovenia declared independence on 25 June 1991.

Following independence, members of minority groups – mostly from other former Yugoslav nations – who had failed to apply for residency in the new nation had their records stricken, leaving them in the country illegally.

See also
Slovene Home Guard
Slovenia
Slovenian National Party
United Slovenia

Notes

Society of Slovenia


Wannamal is a town in the Wheatbelt region of Western Australia.

The town's name is taken from the nearby Wannamal Lake, a name of Indigenous Australian origin that was first recorded in 1853. The word is thought to mean "lake".

Grazing leases were first taken in the area in the 1850s and by the 1870s a permanent settlement existed in the area. In 1892 the Midland railway line was extended as far as Wannamal and a siding was opened in the townsite in 1895.
The townsite was gazetted in 1908.

Tenders for the erection of a public hall were called for in early 1912, with the building being completed and opened in December the same year.

References

Wheatbelt (Western Australia)


Samuel Barron may refer to:

Samuel Barron (1765–1810), United States Navy officer during the Quasi and First Barbary Wars and brother of James Barron
Samuel Barron (1809–1888), United States and later Confederate Navy officer during the American Civil War


The former Communauté de communes du Petit Caux  was located in the Seine-Maritime département of the Normandy region of north-western France. It was created in January 2002. It was disbanded on 1 January 2016 when its member communes merged into the new commune Petit-Caux.

Participants
The Communauté de communes comprised the following communes:

Assigny
Auquemesnil
Belleville-sur-Mer
Berneval-le-Grand
Biville-sur-Mer
Bracquemont
Brunville
Derchigny
Glicourt
Gouchaupre
Greny
Guilmécourt
Intraville
Penly
Saint-Martin-en-Campagne
Saint-Quentin-au-Bosc
Tocqueville-sur-Eu
Tourville-la-Chapelle

See also
Communes of the Seine-Maritime department

References

Petit Caux


Komtessen is a 1961 Danish family film directed by Erik Overbye and starring Malene Schwartz.

Cast
 Malene Schwartz - Betina Mortensen
 Mimi Heinrich - Komtesse Maria Hardenborg
 Birgitte Federspiel - Gevinde Sonja Hardenborg
 Ebbe Langberg - Greve Flemming Hardenborg
 Emil Hass Christensen - Greve Otto Hardenborg
 Poul Reichhardt - Skovfoged Frank Jensen
 Henning Palner - Baron Torben
 Knud Hallest - Adolph Rytting
 Kjeld Jacobsen - Gartner Kresten Kyle
 Maria Garland - Forstanderinde Frk. Joransen
 Else-Marie - Jordemoder Willumsen
 Lily Broberg - Tjenestepigen Ragnhild
 Anne Werner Thomsen - Harriet
 Signi Grenness - Agnes Rytting
 Inge Ketti - Oda
 Else Hvidhøj - Frk. Iversen
 Bendt Rothe - Højesteretssagfører Skotterup
 Henry Nielsen - Landbetjent Henrik
 Hugo Herrestrup - Kadet'en
 Michael Flach - Harry Kyle
 Lili Heglund - Frk. Ravn
 Bent Bentzen - Ritmesteren
 Henry Lohmann - Chauffør Møller
 Ego Brønnum-Jacobsen - Monoklen
 Børge Møller Grimstrup - Hansen

References

External links

1961 films
Danish children's films
1960s Danish-language films
Films directed by Erik Overbye


The SC Weismain-Obermain is a German association football club from the city of Weismain, Bavaria.

Their greatest success came in 1996, when playing as SC Weismain they won the Bayernliga (IV) and were promoted to the tier three Regionalliga Süd. After three seasons of Regionalliga play, the club was relegated and suffered a sharp decline, followed by insolvency in 2004. The club was reformed as SC Weismain-Obermain.

History

SC Weismain
The club was formed in 1922 as FC Weismain and changed its name to SC Weismain after World War II. For most of its history, it was unremarkable amateur side, beginning its ascent in 1982, with promotion to the local A-Klasse (VI) circuit. The season after that they won promotion to the Bezirksliga (V), followed by an advance to the Landesliga Bayern-Nord (IV) in 1985. For the next ten seasons here the club finished almost exclusively in the upper half of the table with a third-place result in 1987–88 being an early highlight.

With the establishment of the Regionalliga Süd (III) in 1994, the best clubs from the Bayernliga joined the new league, allowing in turn the best Landesliga clubs to become part of Oberliga play. The season after this, against lesser competition, Weismain won its division and earned promotion to the Bayernliga (IV) with the strong financial support of Alois Dechant, owner of a local construction company. He also had a large role in the expansion of the club's stadium to its present size.

Weismain had an impressive debut Bayernliga season, winning the league and advancing to the Regionalliga (III). In its first two seasons in here they finished mid-table, but their third season proved to be the end of the club's miracle as they finished 17th and fell back to Bayernliga play. The team collapsed in 1999–2000 and was relegated again. Alois Dechant and his company were suffering financially and eventually had to declare bankruptcy. The club had overspent and found itself in financial difficulty without the support of their backer.

A fifth-place finish in the Landesliga in 2001 was followed by relegation the next season, to the Bezirksoberliga Oberfranken. They bounced back on the field, but their financial problems again drove them from Landesliga play. Before the start of the 2004–05 Bezirksoberliga season, the club declared bankruptcy and was dissolved.

SC Weismain II
The club's reserve team, SC Weismain II, also achieved local success, rising as high as the Landesliga. They played there from 1997 to 2000, coming fourth in 1999. However, the side owns most of the negative records in this league as a result of a disastrous 1999–2000 season. Since the bankruptcy the club has not been able to field a reserve team.

SCW Obermain
A new club, SCW Obermain, under new leadership, but still playing in the same stadium. With insolvency, the club had lost all its players and was only able to field a team because the players of the over-40 side were willing to help out. The new squad took up play in A-Klasse Lichtenfels 2 (X), the lowest local football division. They made a slow recovery, winning their division in 2007 and so moving up to the Kreisklasse (IX) where the team played for the next couple of seasons. A runners-up spot in 2013 and two victories in the promotion round advanced the club to the Kreisliga (VIII) for the following season. The club finished runners-up in the league in 2015 but failed to win promotion.

Honours
The club's honours:

League
 Bayernliga (IV)
 Champions: 1996
 Landesliga Bayern-Nord (V)
 Champions: 1995
 Bezirksoberliga Oberfranken (VI)
 Champions: (2) 1997‡, 2003
 Bezirksliga Oberfranken-West
 Champions: 1995‡
 ‡ Reserve team

Recent seasons
The recent season-by-season performance of the club:

With the introduction of the Bezirksoberligas in 1988 as the new fifth tier, below the Landesligas, all leagues below dropped one tier. With the introduction of the Regionalligas in 1994 and the 3. Liga in 2008 as the new third tier, below the 2. Bundesliga, all leagues below dropped one tier. With the establishment of the Regionalliga Bayern as the new fourth tier in Bavaria in 2012 the Bayernliga was split into a northern and a southern division, the number of Landesligas expanded from three to five and the Bezirksoberligas abolished. All leagues from the Bezirksligas onward were elevated one tier.

Stadium
The Waldstadion is still the club's home ground. Playing in the second-lowest tier of German football in 2008–09, the stadium's capacity of 17,000 far exceeds the needs of the club.

The record for spectators in the stadium was established in 1997, when 18,000 saw the game against 1. FC Nürnberg.

References

External links
 Official team site
 Abseits Guide to German Soccer – SC Weismain
 SC Weismain profile at Weltfussball.de
 Das deutsche Fußball-Archiv historical German domestic league tables

Football clubs in Germany
Football clubs in Bavaria
Association football clubs established in 1922
Football in Upper Franconia
1922 establishments in Germany