The term Albanian Principalities refers to a number of principalities (although they functioned more like a series of kingdoms) created in the Middle Ages in Albania and the surrounding regions in the western Balkans that were ruled by Albanian nobility. The 12th century marked the first Albanian principality, the Principality of Arbanon. It was later, however, in the 2nd half of the 14th century that these principalities became stronger, especially with the fall of the Serbian Empire after 1355. Some of these principalities were notably united in 1444 under the military alliance called League of Lezhë up to 1480 which defeated the Ottoman Empire in more than 28 battles. They covered modern day Albania,western and central Kosovo, Epirus, areas up to Corinth, western North Macedonia, southern Montenegro. The leaders of these principalities were some of the most noted Balkan figures in the 14th and 15th centuries such as Gjin Bua Shpata, Andrea II Muzaka, Gjon Zenebishi, Karl Topia, Andrea Gropa, Balsha family, Gjergj Arianiti, Gjon Kastrioti, Skanderbeg, Dukagjini family and Lek Dukagjini.

List of Albanian principalities

 Principality of Arbanon
 Principality of Valona
 Principality of Muzaka
 Despotate of Angelokastron and Lepanto
 Despotate of Arta
 Principality of Albania (medieval)
 Principality of Gjirokastër
 Principality of Kastrioti
 Principality of Mataranga
 Principality of Dukagjini
 Principality of Gropaj
 Principality of Zahariaj
 Thopia family domains
 Arianiti family domains

Principality of Arbanon

The Principality of Arbanon (1190–1255) was the first Albanian state during the Middle Ages. The proclamation of the feudal state of Arbanon, in the north of Albania, with Kruja as the capital took place in 1190. As the founder of this state is known Progoni and later on Gjini and Dhimiter. Nderfandina is known as the most important center of this principality. For this was spoken clearly by the emblem of Arbanon found carved on a stone in the Catholic Church of Saint Maria. After the fall of Progon Dynasty the principality came under Grigor Kamona and Gulam of Albania. Finally the principality was dissolved in 1255. The best period of the principality was under Dhimiter Progoni.

Despotate of Angelokastron and Lepanto

Despotate of Angelokastron and Lepanto (1358–1374) was a Despotate, ruled by Albanian chieftains of Epirus. It was created after the defeat of Nikephoros II Orsini in 1358 and ceased to exist in 1374, when its despot, Gjin Bua Shpata, unified the territory with Despotate of Arta.

Principality of Valona

The Principality of Valona (1346–1417) was a medieval state roughly encompassing the territories of the modern Albanian counties of Vlorë (Valona) and Berat. Initially a vassal of the Serbian Empire, it became an independent lordship after 1355 until conquered by the Ottoman Turks in 1417. Between 1355 and 1417, there were Bulgarian rulers from Asen family and rulers from the Balšić family.

Principality of Dukagjini

The Principality of Dukagjini () refers to the domains of the Albanian Dukagjini family in northern Albania and western Kosovo in the 14th century and 15th century. At their maximum extent, the domains of the Dukagjini extended from Upper Zadrima in the northwest to the Plain of Dukagjini in western Kosovo. The political center of the Dukagjini family was Lezhë until 1393 when it was surrendered to Venice in order to not fall under the Ottomans. The Ottoman sanjak of Dukagjin was named after the rule of the family in the areas that formed it. The principality formally existed until 1479, but in 1444 it was united by Skanderbeg with the other Albanian noble families.

Despotate of Arta

Despotate of Arta (1355–1416) was a Despotate, ruled by Albanian chieftains of Epirus. It was created after the defeat of Nikephoros II Orsini in 1358 and ceased to exist in 1416. After the death of Peter Losha in 1374, the Albanian despotates of Arta and Angelocastron were united under the rule of Despot Gjin Bua Shpata. The territory of this despotate was from the Corinth Gulf to Acheron River in the North, neighbouring with the Principality of Gjon Zenebishi, another state created in the area of the Despotate of Epirus. The Despotate of Epirus managed to control in this period only the eastern part of Epirus, with its capital in Ioannina.
During this period the Despotate of Epirus was ruled by Thomas II Preljubović, who was in an open conflict with Gjin Bua Shpata. In 1375, Gjin Bua Shpata started an offensive in Ioannina, but he couldn't invade the city. Although Shpata married with the sister of Thomas II Preljubović, Helena their war did not stop. After the death of Gjin Bua Shpata in 1399, the Despotate of Arta weakened continuously. Among the animosities with the rulers of Janina Gjin's successor, Muriq Shpata, had to deal with the intentions of the Venetians and of Count Carlo I Tocco of Cefalonia.  In 1416 he defeated Jakup Bua Shpata and conquered Arta, ending the Shpata dynasty.

Principality of Gjirokastër

Principality of Gjirokastër (1373–1418) was a principality created by Gjon Zenebishi in 1386 and abolished after the Ottoman invasion in 1434. In 1380, Gjon Zenebishi was appointed sebastocrator or prefect of Vagenetia near Delvina and in 1386 he became prince. In 1399 Esau, supported by some Albanian clans, marched against his wife's brother-in-law Gjon Zenebishi of Gjirokastër. Now Esau was routed and captured, and much of his land was occupied by Zenebishi. Esau returned to Ioannina in 1400, regaining the reign from Zenebishi. Zenebishi was defeated by the Turks, he fled to the Venetian island of Corfu, but was called back two years later (1416) by an uprising of the mountain tribes. With the support of Venice, he again set his sights on Gjirokastra, but was chased away once more by the Turks and died in Corfu in 1418.

Lordship of Berat

The Lordship of Berat was a principality ruled by the Muzaka noble family. It's uncertain when the Muzaka family started to rule in central Albania, however, one of the first notable rulers is the sebastokrator Andrea I Muzaka who ruled over Myzeqe. In 1335 the principality became a Despotate and was significantly expanded during the rule of Andrea II. The Muzaka family continued to be a formidable and influential dynasty in central Albania until 1417 when it eventually fell under the Ottoman Empire.

Kastrioti Principality

Principality of Kastrioti (1389–1444) was one of the most important principalities in Medieval Albania. It was created by Gjon Kastrioti and then ruled by the national hero of Albania, Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg.
Gjon Kastrioti had originally only two small villages, which probably emblem of the eagle family with a black two-headed, even if it can provide different interpretations. In short time Gjon Kastrioti managed to expand its lands so as to become the undisputed lord of Central Albania.
Gjon Kastrioti was among those who opposed the early incursion of Ottoman Bayezid I, however his resistance was ineffectual. The Sultan, having accepted his submissions, obliged him to pay tribute and to ensure the fidelity of local rulers, Gjergj Kastrioti and his three brothers were taken by the Sultan to his court as hostages.
Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg was distinguished as one of the best officers in several Ottoman campaigns both in Asia Minor and in Europe, and the Sultan appointed him General.
On 28 November 1443, Skanderbeg saw his opportunity to rebel during a battle against the Hungarians led by John Hunyadi in Niš as part of the Crusade of Varna. He switched sides along with 300 other Albanians serving in the Ottoman army. After a long trek to Albania he eventually captured Krujë by forging a letter from the Sultan to the Governor of Krujë, which granted him control of the territory. After capturing the castle, Skanderbeg abjured Islam and proclaimed himself the avenger of his family and country.
Following the capture of Krujë, Skanderbeg managed to bring together all the Albanian princes in the town of Lezhë (see League of Lezhë, 1444). Gibbon reports that the "Albanians, a martial race, were unanimous to live and die with their hereditary prince" and that "in the assembly of the states of Epirus, Skanderbeg was elected general of the Turkish war and each of the allies engaged to furnish his respective proportion of men and money".

Principality of Topiaj (medieval)

Principality of Albania was an Albanian principality ruled by the formidable Albanian dynasty of Thopia. One of the first notable rulers is Tanusio Thopia who was count of Mat since 1328. The most influential figure from this dynasty as well one of the most influential figures of medieval Albania was Karl Thopia. The principality changed hands between the Thopia dynasty and the Balšić dynasty, until 1392, when Durrës was annexed by the Republic of Venice.

Principality of Mataranga

The Mataranga family, who were wealthy in the southern Albania coastal region between Durazzo and Valona, whose first known members were recorded in a document from the Republic of Ragusa as rulers of the territory. Temporary vassals of the Byzantine Emperors, at the beginning of the 14th century they accepted the supremacy of Philip of Taranto, who recaptured Durazzo in 1304 for the House of Anjou of the Kingdom of Naples. One of the last members was the ruler Blasius Matarango who after Dusan's death ruled from 1355 until his death in 1367, after his death the territories of the Mataranga family were incorporated into the Principality of Albania.

Principality of Gropaj

The Gropa family was one of the biggest and famous Albanian noble families in the eastern Albania. The dynasty controlled the region between Pogradec, Ohrid and Debar in the period 12th – 14th century. In 1218 a certain Andrea was mentioned as a powerful sebast. In 1273 is mentioned Pal Gropa which once again reconfirmed the domains of the Gropa family and were even given extended privileges by Charles I of Anjou in order to ensure his loyalty. The Gropa noble family ruled until 1395 when it fell under the rapid expansion of the Ottoman Empire.

Principality of Zahariaj

The first ruler of the Zaharia dynasty was Koja Zaharia who captured the castle of Dagnum in 1396 he proclaimed himself the Lord of Sati and Dagnum ("dominus Sabatensis et Dagnensis") and from there he ruled the territory around it as an Ottoman vassal. In October 1400 Koja proposed to the Venetians to simulate a battle in which he and his cousin Dhimitër Jonima would pretend to lose their possessions to the Venetians, in exchange for provision of 500 ducats annually. The Venetians did not promptly respond and Koja returned to the sultan. Koja continued to rule until 1430 when Ishak Bey captured Dagnum from Koja Zaharia in 1430 it was attached to the territory controlled by Ali Beg, while Koja was either imprisoned or expelled. After the Albanian Revolt of 1432–1436 was crushed the sultan entrusted Koja's son Lekë Zaharia with a position of Dagnum's governor.

See also
 Principality of Albania
 List of Albanian monarchs

References

Bibliography

"History of Albanian People" Albanian Academy of Science.

Former countries in Europe


Journey into Fear may refer to:

 Journey into Fear (novel), a 1940 British spy novel by Eric Ambler
 Journey into Fear (1943 film), a 1943 American film based on the novel
 Journey into Fear (1975 film), a 1975 Canadian film based on the novel
 Journey Into Fear, a 1966 television show based on the novel. It only aired 1 episode.


The Rebound is a 2009 American romantic comedy film written and directed by Bart Freundlich, starring Catherine Zeta-Jones and Justin Bartha. It was released in theaters in several countries in late 2009. It was originally scheduled to be released in the United States on 25 December 2010, but was cancelled due to the film's distributor shutting down. It ended up going direct-to-DVD in the United States on 7 February 2012.

Plot
A housewife and mother of two, Sandy (Catherine Zeta-Jones), discovers that her husband has been unfaithful. After a hasty divorce, she moves to New York City with her young son and daughter. There, they begin a new life.

Sandy rents an apartment above a coffee house and befriends one of the baristas, Aram Finklestein (Justin Bartha). At age 25, Aram is not sure what he wants to do with his life having just separated (his wife was a French woman who married him for a green card). Despite having a college degree, he is aimless and gets a job at a women's center.

During a self-defense class at the women's center where Aram plays the perpetrator, Sandy unleashes an "ocean of anger" on him. The next day, she goes to the coffeeshop to apologize to him and asks him to babysit her kids. He becomes a full-time nanny for the family and develops a close-knit relationship with the children; and a chemistry starts to brew between Aram and Sandy, ensuing in an awkward sexual encounter that the children come to know about.

Notwithstanding, they start to date; and, after two months, they seem perfect together. One day, Sandy feels nauseated and suspects she is pregnant. Aram is thrilled and looks forward to raising a child with her. A doctor confirms that Sandy is pregnant, but it is an ectopic pregnancy and will result in a miscarriage.

As they leave the doctor, a fight breaks out between Aram and Sandy, with the latter confirming that she thinks it's ludicrous that the two of them, with an age difference of 15 years, would ever be happy together. After the break up, Aram decides to travel the world and to experience new things. Sandy is promoted at her sports news job to anchor.

After five years, the two meet again in a chance encounter at a Chinese restaurant. Aram reveals he has adopted a young boy from Bangladesh and is still single. Sandy, who is celebrating another promotion with her children and a colleague, invites Aram and his family to join them.

The film ends as the two hold hands underneath the table whilst their children start to bond implying that they went on to rekindle their relationship.

Cast

 Catherine Zeta-Jones as Sandy
 Justin Bartha as Aram Finklestein
 Kelly Gould as Sadie
 Art Garfunkel as Harry Finklestein
 John Schneider (cameo) as Trevor
 Marcel Simoneau as Henri
 Joanna Gleason as Roberta Finklestein
 Steve Antonucci as Waiter, Aram's Friend
 Lynn Whitfield as Laura
 Stéphanie Szostak as Alice
 Rob Kerkovich as Mitch
 Alice Playten as Sensei Dana
 Sam Robards as Frank
 Andrew Cherry as Frank Jr., age 7
 Jake Cherry as Frank Jr., age 13 (uncredited)
 Skai Jackson as Museum Little Girl No. 1
 Saadet Aksoy as Turkish girl in cafe
 Michael Chernus as Actor No. 3

This was Alice Playten's last role before her death in 2011.

Reception

Critical response
The Rebound received generally negative reviews from film critics. Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 42% based on reviews from 24 critics, with 10 positive reviews and 14 negative.

Jon Frosch, said: "Saddling two game actors with a tone-deaf, charmless script, the film makes recent J.Lo vehicle The Back-up Plan look like Billy Wilder in comparison." Alex Zane said: "These are characters who seem very real. It's their imperfections, not contrived plot points, that drive the story."

Box office
The film grossed $21,790,414 worldwide.

References

External links

2009 films
2009 romantic comedy films
American romantic comedy films
Films directed by Bart Freundlich
Films set in Istanbul
Films set in New York City
Films shot in Paris
Films shot in Turkey
Films scored by Clint Mansell
2000s English-language films
2000s American films
English-language romantic comedy films


The Industrial Relations Act (abbreviated 'IRA') is a law in Mauritius, which regulates relations in the labour market. IRA gives the right for workers to strike, but with some limitations. The IRA stipulates a 21-day 'cool-down period' before a strike can take effect and that the Ministry of Labour can decide that a dispute shall be settled by a binding arbitration in the Labour Court. The government may also declare a strike illegal if it is perceived as damaging the national economy.

References

Law of Mauritius


Blow Up Records (or Blow Up) is a British independent record label, that was established in London in May 1994, by Blow Up club founder and DJ Paul Tunkin. There is also an affiliated music publishing company Blow Up Songs.

Music genres of releases from the label include new wave, pop/rock and electronica

Notable releases include one of the first commercially available series of music library compilations 'Blow Up presents Exclusive Blend' (libraries featured include KPM, De Wolfe, Amphonic and Telemusic), 'Blow Up A-Go-Go: Dancefloor Classics' (Blow Up club compilation in conjunction with V2) and several series of limited seven inches featuring bands from across Europe and the UK. Blow Up also released the debut Add N to X album 'Vero Electronics' (1996). Current acts on the label roster include Big Boss Man, Baltic Fleet, The Bongolian, David Woodcock, Daiquiri Fantomas, Mockingbird, Wish Me Luck and Silvery.

Recent releases include 'Towers' (2012), the second album from Baltic Fleet which led to the artist winning the annual Liverpool Echo 'GIT Award' and a performance at Yoko Ono's Meltdown in 2013 which Bloomberg's Robert Heller described as "the psychedelic mid-point between Joy Division and Daft Punk".

Artists
List of artists that have released material under Blow Up Records:

 Add N to X
 Alfa 9
 Aspic Boulevard
 Baltic Fleet
 Big Boss Man
 Capri
 CDOASS
 Cuff
 Daiquiri Fantomas
 David Woodcock
 Eight Legs
 Fay Hallam
 Guy Pedersen
 Katerine
 Komeda
 Lucky 15
 Mockingbird, Wish Me Luck
 Neon Plastix
 Noonday Underground
 Silvery
 Stereo Total
 Strip Music
 The Bongolian
 The Elevators
 The Frank Popp Ensemble
 The Rifles
 The Weekenders
 VA6

Discography
List of Blow Up Records releases (incomplete):

Albums
 BU004/BLOWUP004 - "Vero Electronics", Add N to X (January 1996)
 BU006/BLOWUP006 - "Blow Up Presents Exclusive Blend Volume 1", Various Artists (August 1996)
 BU011 - "Blow Up Presents Exclusive Blend Volume 2", Various Artists (December 1997)
 GOGO - "Blow Up A-Go-Go! Dancefloor Classics from the Legendary Blow Up Club", Various Artists (December 1997)
 BU019 - "Blow Up Presents Exclusive Blend Volume 3", Various Artists (October 2000)
 BU024 - "Blow Up Presents Exclusive Blend Volume 4", Various Artists (October 2001)
 BU040 - "Outer Bongolia", The Bongolian (February 2008)
 BU041 - "Baltic Fleet", Baltic Fleet (March 2008)
 BU050 - "Full English Beat Breakfast", Big Boss Man (September 2009)
 BU054 - "Awesome Moves", Neon Plastix (May 2010)
 BU057 - "Railway Architecture", Silvery (August 2010)
 BU060 - "Bongos For Beatniks", The Bongolian (May 2011)
 BU066 - "Gone To Ground", Alfa 9 (March 2013)
 BU067 - "Lost In Sound", Fay Hallam & The Bongolian (June 2012)
 BU068 - "Towers", Baltic Fleet (August 2012)
 BU078 - "MHz Invasion", Daiquiri Fantomas (August 2013)
 BU089 - "David Woodcock", David Woodcock (August 2014)
 BU090 - "Last Man On Earth", Big Boss Man (September 2014)
 BU099 - "Yéyé Existentialiste", Stereo Total (June 2015)
 BU101 - "Corona", Fay Hallam (October 2015)
 BU102 - "Moog Maximus", The Bongolian (July 2016)
 BU107 - "The Dear One", Baltic Fleet (October 2016)

Singles
 BLOWUP001 - "All Grown Up", The Weekenders (May 1994) [7"]
 BLOWUP002 - "Man Of Leisure", The Weekenders (March 1995) [7"]
 BLOWUP003 - "Inelegantly Wasted In Papa's Penthouse Pad In Belgravia", The Weekenders (June 1995) [7", CD]
 BLOWUP007 - "He Plays Like A Disease", VA6 (August 1996) [7"]
 BU008 - "Snowflakes In Hawaii"/"Mon Coeur Balance", Lucky 15/Katerine (April 1997) [7"]
 BU013 - "Boogie Woogie/Rock'n'Roll", Komeda (April 1998) [7"]
 BU017 - "Sea Groove", Big Boss Man (April 2001) [7"]
 BU021 - "The Light Brigade"/"Hello", Noonday Underground (February 2001) [7"]
 BU029 - "Peace And Quiet", The Rifles (March 2005) [7"]
 BU085 - "Beggars Can't Be Choosers"/"Tease", David Woodcock (November 2013) [7"]

EPs
 BU080 - "The Wilds", Baltic Fleet (May 2013)
 BU095 - "The Adventures of You and Me EP", David Woodcock (February 2015)

References

External links
 Blowup.co.uk
 Blowuprecords.com
 Blow Up Records on YouTube
 Blow Up Records on Myspace
 Label discography at Discogs.com
 Label discography at MusicBrainz

British record labels
Record labels established in 1994
Record labels based in London
British independent record labels


The HealthLine (formerly known as the Silver Line and as the Euclid Corridor Transportation Project) is a bus rapid transit (BRT) line run by the Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority in Cleveland and East Cleveland, Ohio, United States. The line runs along Euclid Avenue from Public Square in downtown Cleveland to the Louis Stokes Station at Windermere in East Cleveland. It began operation on October 24, 2008. Its current name was the result of a naming rights deal with the Cleveland Clinic and University Hospitals of Cleveland. The HealthLine is denoted with a silver color and abbreviated simply as HL on most RTA publications.

The HealthLine's ridership peaked at 5.08 million rides in 2014, but has since declined by over 25% through 2018, with 3.7 million rides that year.

The Healthline is tied with Connecticut Transit's CTfastrak as the second-top rated BRT system in the United States each with Silver rating according to the BRT Standard. Only ABQ RIDE's Albuquerque Rapid Transit has achieved the top rating of Gold.

History
Going back to the 1950s, the city of Cleveland considered alternatives for rapid transit along Euclid Avenue between downtown and University Circle. In 1985, the city commissioned a study called the Dual Hub Corridor Alternatives Analysis/Draft Environmental Impact Statement. The study estimated the cost of a subway along this corridor to be $1 billion and an option that involved a light rail component at $750 million. A further study in 1993 examined additional alternatives, including a bus rapid transit plan, which ultimately was selected by the RTA in 1995. Upon adoption by the Northeast Ohio Areawide Coordinating Agency in December 1995, the name of the project was changed from the Dual Hub Corridor to the Euclid Corridor.

The plan included the Euclid Corridor busway, relocating five Red Line stations and right-of-way improvements on East 17th and East 18th Streets. At the time, the estimated cost of the project was $210 million with the federal government funding 80% of the cost. In 1996, the Federal Transit Administration provided $4.0 million in funds for initial engineering studies. The initial ridership projections were 29,500 boardings per day by 2025. In 1999, the plan was scaled back to include only the busway and a budget of $228.6 million was established with the city seeking a 59% federal government share, or $135.0 million. The final design was completed in 2002 and the project was funded in 2004, with completion in 2008. The total cost was $197.2 million, which accounted for some additional changes to the initial scope.

In 2008, the RTA secured a naming rights deal with the Cleveland Clinic and University Hospitals for $6.25 million over 25 years and the route was renamed the HealthLine.

Route description
The HealthLine route travels  along Euclid Avenue from Public Square in Downtown Cleveland to Louis Stokes Station at Windermere in East Cleveland. It passes through the neighborhoods of Downtown, Midtown, Fairfax, University Circle and the suburb of East Cleveland.

There are 59 stations along Euclid Avenue that serve the HealthLine. All stations are equipped with a fare card vending machine, 24-hour lighting and an emergency phone. An illuminated text display informs passengers of expected arrival times. Between Public Square and East 107th Street, all stations have raised platforms that align with the floor of the rapid transit vehicle, easing boarding and alighting.

Between Public Square and East 105th Street, Euclid Avenue has two "bus only" lanes close to the inner median which only allow HealthLine vehicles passage, reducing delays due to conflicts with general traffic during busy times. Complementing the HealthLine is a set of bike lanes on the outer edges of the stretch Euclid Avenue that connects Cleveland State University with Case Western Reserve University.

As late as July 2010, the trip from East Cleveland to downtown during rush hour was more than 40 minutes – longer than the planned 33 minutes. This was due to traffic light timing and the 25 mph speed limit along most of the route. The speed limit was raised to 35 mph for buses and traffic light timing was adjusted further to combat this issue.

Shortly after the line began service, signal priority was discontinued along portions of the line. The decision has been referred to as a form of BRT creep.

The HealthLine operates out of the Hayden Garage, located behind the Stokes-Windermere station.

Bus fleet

The HealthLine's original fleet consists of 21 articulated New Flyer DE60LFA vehicles, each with a seating capacity of 47 and able to accommodate 53 more standing up. The vehicles have two doors on each side and run on a diesel-electric hybrid motor system, producing 90% fewer carbon emissions than conventional diesel buses; a Caterpillar C9 low-sulfur diesel engine generates electrical power to run smaller electric motors mounted on each of the wheels. Each vehicle also has a GPS locator on board, which allowed automated traffic signals to give the HealthLine buses priority at busy intersections, until the feature was discontinued.

Sixteen CNG-powered New Flyer Xcelsior buses were added to the HealthLine fleet in 2021, commencing service in January 2022.

Bus stops
The RTA classifies its bus rapid transit stops as "curb stations" and "median stations". Median stations are located within the Euclid Avenue busway and can only be accessed using crosswalks. Median stations can utilize left- or right-side boarding, as buses have doors on both sides. Curb stations are more traditional bus stops where buses open their doors to the right curb of the street.

Schedule
On weekdays, the HealthLine runs every 7-10 minutes from 6:10am to 7:10pm, and every 15-30 minutes outside that window. On weekends and holidays, it runs every 15 minutes from 4:40am to 11:40pm and every 30 minutes outside that window.

Stations
All stations are ADA-accessible

See also
 RTA Rapid Transit
 List of bus rapid transit systems

References

External links

 Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority
 RTA HealthLine

Bus rapid transit in Ohio
2008 introductions
2008 establishments in Ohio


Jessica Valenti (; born November 1, 1978) is an American feminist writer. She was the co-founder of the blog Feministing, which she wrote for from 2004 to 2011. Valenti is the author of five books: Full Frontal Feminism (2007), He's a Stud, She's a Slut (2008), The Purity Myth (2009), Why Have Kids? (2012), and Sex Object: A Memoir (2016). She also co-edited the books Yes Means Yes: Visions of Female Sexual Power and A World Without Rape (2008), and Believe Me: How Trusting Women Can Change the World (2020). Between 2014 and 2018, Valenti was a columnist for The Guardian. She currently runs the Abortion, Every Day newsletter on Substack. The Washington Post described her as "one of the most successful and visible feminists of her generation".

Early life and education
Valenti was raised in Long Island City, Queens, in an Italian-American family. She graduated from Stuyvesant High School in New York City in 1996 and attended Tulane University in New Orleans for a year, and then transferred to the State University of New York at Albany, graduating in 2001 with a bachelor's degree in journalism. In 2002, Valenti received a master's degree in Women's and Gender Studies with a concentration in politics from Rutgers University.

Career
After graduating from college, Valenti worked for the NOW Legal Defense and Education Fund and for the Women's Environment & Development Organization. She wrote a blog for NARAL Pro-Choice America and also taught at Rutgers University from 2008 to 2010.

Feministing
In April 2004, Valenti co-founded Feministing with her sister and a friend while she was working at the National Organization for Women's legal defense fund (now Legal Momentum). Homa Khaleeli writes in The Guardian's top 100 women that the site shifted the feminist movement online, triggering the creation of blogs and discussion groups, creating a heyday for feminism just as its death was being announced, as Khaleeli puts it. She writes that Valenti "felt the full force of being a pioneer," her involvement with the site attracting online abuse, even threats of rape and death.

Kymberly Blackstock included Feministing in her review of feminist blogs, praising them for being "successful in giving a new generation the chance to engage with as well as begin to direct which topics will rise to the top of the feminist agenda". While she criticized Valenti for the blog's lack of involvement in global issues. She also writes that blogs like Feministing are helpful in encouraging activism in young people, and allow them to see current events with a feminist lens.

University of Wisconsin–Madison law professor Ann Althouse criticized Feministing in 2006 for its sometimes sexualized content. Erin Matson of the National Organization for Women's Young Feminist Task Force told The Huffington Post the controversy was "a rehashing of a very old debate within the feminist community: is public sexuality empowering or harmful to women?"

Valenti left the site in February 2011, saying she wanted it to remain a place for younger feminists.

Writing
In 2007, Valenti wrote Full Frontal Feminism, where she discusses the ways in which readers can benefit from being feminists.

In 2008, Valenti published He's a Stud, She's a Slut and 49 Other Double Standards Every Woman Should Know.

In 2008, Valenti was the co-editor of Yes Means Yes: Visions of Female Sexual Power and A World Without Rape with Jaclyn Friedman. The anthology featured a foreword by comedian Margaret Cho.

In 2009, Valenti published (via Seal Press) The Purity Myth: How America's Obsession with Virginity Is Hurting Young Women, about the way ideals about women's sexuality are being used to weaken women's rights. A documentary film based on the book, called The Purity Myth, was released in 2011 by the Media Education Foundation.

In 2012, Valenti published Why Have Kids? A New Mom Explores the Truth About Parenting and Happiness.

In 2016, Valenti published Sex Object: A Memoir with the Dey Street imprint of Morrow. The book was a memoir, a departure from Valenti's prior books.

Also in 2016, one of the Podesta emails mentions, alongside Valenti's name, a column she was writing for The Guardian.

In 2020, Valenti was the co-editor of the anthology Believe Me: How Trusting Women Can Change the World with Jaclyn Friedman.

Valenti's writing has appeared in Diane Mapes' Single State of the Union: Single Women Speak Out on Life, Love, and the Pursuit of Happiness (2007), Melody Berger's We Don't Need Another Wave: Dispatches from the Next Generation of Feminists (2008), and Courtney E. Martin and J. Courtney Sullivan's book, Click: When We Knew We Were Feminists (2010).

Her work has appeared in Ms., The Washington Post, AlterNet, as well as other publications. Valenti wrote for The Nation from 2008 to 2014. Since 2014, Valenti has written regularly for The Guardian, where she is a columnist. She also writes a Substack newsletter, Abortion, Every Day, about abortion laws after the overturning of Roe v. Wade.

Harassment
Valenti has been the target of online threats and harassment throughout her career. In a 2006 blog article by Liz Funks at HuffPost, Funks wrote about online attacks made about Valenti after a group photo that included Valenti at a luncheon with former President Bill Clinton went viral, focusing on her outfit.

In July 2016, Valenti announced she was taking a break from social media, after receiving rape and death threats aimed at her then five-year-old daughter. On Twitter, Valenti denounced the harassment as unacceptable. Immediately after that, Valenti made her Instagram account private.

Personal life
In 2009, Valenti married Andrew Golis, former deputy publisher of Talking Points Memo, former general manager of Vox Media, and currently the Chief Content Officer for WNYC.

The couple has one daughter, born in 2010.

Honors
 2010: Independent Publisher Book Awards for Gold: The Purity Myth: How America's Obsession with Virginity Is Hurting Young Women
 2011: The Hillman Prize, Blog for Feministing
 2011: The Guardian, Top 100 Inspiring Women
 2014: Planned Parenthood Federation of America, Media Award for Commentary at The Guardian for "The Body Politic" column
 Ibis Reproductive Health, Evidence in Activism Award
 Choice USA Generation Award

Works and publications

Books

  – excerpt

  – extract

Anthologies

Selected publications

Other
  – Based on Valenti's book and features Valenti

References

External links

 Jessica Valenti at The Guardian
 Jessica Valenti at The Nation
 Jessica Valenti at AlterNet
 Jessica Valenti, Abortion, Every Day at Substack

1978 births
21st-century American women writers
21st-century American writers
American anthologists
American bloggers
American feminist writers
American people of Italian descent
American women bloggers
Feminist bloggers
Living people
People from Jamaica Plain
People from Long Island City, Queens
Rutgers University alumni
Stuyvesant High School alumni
The Nation (U.S. magazine) people
Women anthologists
Writers from Queens, New York


The Wild and the Willing is a 1962 British romantic drama film, directed by Ralph Thomas and starring Virginia Maskell, Paul Rogers, and Samantha Eggar. It is the film debuts of Ian McShane, John Hurt, and Samantha Eggar. It depicts a group of students at university.

It was filmed on location in Lincoln, with Lincoln Castle doubling as the university.

Plot
A group of young men at university enjoy students' life – dancing, drinking, meeting girls. Harry (Ian McShane), a somewhat rebellious young man, is going out with Josie (Samantha Eggar). His roommate, Phil (John Hurt), is a quiet outsider. Harry feels very protective towards Phil for some reason. Phil loves Sarah (Katherine Woodville), but she has jilted him for a new boyfriend, who is in her opinion more suitable.

As the plot develops, Harry gets involved with Professor Chown's (Paul Rogers) unhappy wife, Virginia (Virginia Maskell). The professor acts very aloofly towards her but doesn't want a divorce because he is expecting to be knighted. Harry wants Virginia to come away with him but she is too worried about her future and turns him down.

Because of frustration Harry decides to pull a 'Rag Week' (annual student frolics) stunt. His idea is to climb the campus tower at night and raise a flag atop it. He needs help to pull this off but all the other young men opt out for various reasons. Phil offers to join Harry.  He feels that Harry has done a lot to get him involved in campus life, rather than just living on the fringes. At first, Harry, worried about the consequences as Phil is not a good climber, refuses to take Phil along with him, but eventually, against his better judgment, he is persuaded to do so.

Gilby (Jeremy Brett), a smart striver, is jealous of Harry; he used to see Virginia until she rejected him. He notices the activities around the tower and reports Harry and Phil to the university authorities. The teachers are more annoyed than worried and call the fire brigade. The spectacle draws a crowd.  Although Phil is a bad climber and slips several times, the two young men manage to reach the top and hoist their flag. But on the way down Phil loses his footing and, although Harry tries desperately to hold on to him, Phil slips from his grasp and falls to his death.

Harry is expelled ('sent down') from the university. At a final visit to Professor Chown and his wife, the Professor admits that Harry's paper was brilliant and that due to his stunt, he has forfeited a scholarship and an academic career. Josie meets Harry at the bus station and realises that she doesn't mean much to him. Yet she asks him to take her along, but he refuses.  He doesn't want to go on hurting people. The film ends with Reggie (John Sekka), an African friend, singing a ballad about Harry and Josie.

Cast

Production
It was based on a play, "The Tinker".

It was the first feature film for Samantha Eggar, John Hurt and Ian McShane. Betty Box says Hurt was the first cast; they used him to audition other actors. McShane was only months from graduating from the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art when asked to audition. "It's very appealing, movie money, so I did it and that was that", said McShane later.

Release
Betty Box said the film "didn't break records or win awards but it did reasonably good business and put the youngsters on the first rung of the ladder to stardom."

Critical reception
In the Radio Times,  David McGillivray wrote, "an unsuccessful play, The Tinker – written when Angry Young Men were in vogue – is the source of this exposé of British student life. Once shocking, it has aged as badly as others of its ilk, but now has considerable curiosity value, not least because of early appearances by Ian McShane, Samantha Eggar, John Hurt and others. McShane shines as the scholarship boy who vents his wrath on privileged society".

BFI Screenonline referred to the film as "Ralph Thomas's tepid student drama"; but Sky Movies concluded the film "still manages to generate moments of high excitement – none more so than a climatic climb up the sheer side of a crumbling steeple – a few minutes that are guaranteed to have you on the edge of your chair."

The film was released in the United States in 1964 as Young and Willing. The New York Times called the film "sophomoric".

Ian McShane's performance has been described as "the archetypal angry young man."

References

External links

1962 films
1962 romantic drama films
Films directed by Ralph Thomas
1960s English-language films
Films shot at Pinewood Studios
Films shot in Lincolnshire
British romantic drama films
Films produced by Betty Box
1960s British films


Jos de Putter (Terneuzen, 1959) is a Dutch film director, film critic and screenwriter who primarily makes Dutch documentary films. He studied political science and literature at the University of Leiden, and was a member of the editorial staff of the film magazine Skrien. He has also worked on a number of Dutch television programs and works as a creative producer for documentary production company Dieptescherpte BV.
As a visual artist de Putter was commissioned to make the installation’Earth’ against the back wall inside the new Dutch parliament in 2021.

His documentaries have been shown and awarded at many film festivals. , His debut film, Het is een schone dag geweest (It's been a lovely day'), about the last year of work at his parents' farm was hailed internationally as "documentary in the purest form" and won the City of Utrecht Film Prize at the Dutch Film Festival. This documentary has been included in the Dutch Film Canon (list of 16 best Dutch films ever). He won the prestigious Joris Ivens Prize at the IDFA for Solo, de wet van de favela and 7 internationals festivals with his portrait of a Chechen children's dance troupe: Dans, Grozny dans (2002). The Chicago International Documentary Film Festival, the Brooklyn Academy of Music, The National Arts Museum Washington and the Pacific Film Archive featured a retrospective tribute to De Putter’s work in 2005. The Festival dei Popoli in Florence featured a retrospective tribute in 2014.

De Putter ‘discovered’ the Brazilian footballer Leonardo Vitor Santiago, whom he cast as the star of Solo, de wet van de favela at the age of 11. Twenty years later (2014), the two look back on life and film, de Putter's sequel documentary in Solo; Out of a Dream.

He wrote and directed Beyond the Game., How Many Roads (2005) and See No Evil (2014).
His documentary on Alexander Litvinenko (2017) was sold worldwide.

De Putter made video-installations for various museums, including 'Zeeuwse Klei' and 'Landscapes' for Zeeuws Museum Middelburg (2013 and 2017). This work led to the invitation to create the back wall inside the new Dutch parliament, in 2021.

From 2007-2013 De Putter was editor in chief of renowned VPRO documentary program 'Backlight'.

As of 2013 De Putter is commissioning editor of 'webdocumentaries' for Dutch news site De Correspondent and as of 2018 for Human/NPO. Short docs won the Locarno Filmfestival (2014) and the European Film Award (2016).

References

External links

 Jos de Putter (official website)

1959 births
Living people
Dutch film directors
Dutch screenwriters
Dutch male screenwriters
People from Terneuzen
Dutch documentary filmmakers


"Miss Marmelstein" is a song composed by Harold Rome, first introduced by Barbra Streisand in the Broadway musical I Can Get It for You Wholesale.  The young secretary Miss Marmelstein is a supporting role in the show; in the song she laments everyone addressing her so formally. The song became the most memorable part of the musical, with Streisand routinely stopping the show.

The song was released as a promotional only single to radio in April 1962 with "Who Knows?" (performed by Marilyn Cooper) on the b-side. This marked Streisand's first appearance on a Columbia Records single.

Streisand's first name was misspelled on the vinyl as "Barbara".

Live performances
In 2000, Barbra performed the song during her Timeless concert tour, later included on the Timeless: Live in Concert album and DVD releases.

References

Barbra Streisand songs
1962 songs
Songs written by Harold Rome
Songs from musicals
1962 debut singles
Columbia Records singles


Peter Driben (October 22, 1903 - September, 1968), an American pin-up artist, was perhaps one of the most productive pin-up artists of the 1940s and 1950s.  Although both Alberto Vargas and Gil Elvgren have extensive catalogues of work, neither came close to the output of Driben.  Driben's pinups delighted the American public from the beginning of World War II until the great baby boom of the 1950s.

Born in Boston, Driben studied at Vesper George Art School before moving to Paris (circa 1925).  While taking classes at the Sorbonne in 1925, he began a series of highly popular pen-and-ink drawings of the city's showgirls.  His first known pin-up was the cover to La Paree Stories in March 1934. By 1935, he was producing covers for Snappy, Pep, New York Nights, French Night Life and Caprice. Driben's popularity continued to rise in the late thirties with covers for Silk Stocking Stories, Gay Book, Movie Merry-Go-Round and Real Screen Fun.

Driben's career expanded into advertising with his move to New York in late 1936.  He created original three-dimensional die-cut window displays for Philco Radios, Cannon Bath Towels, and the Weber Baking Company.    Perhaps his most famous work being the original posters and publicity artwork for The Maltese Falcon. Peter Driben was also a close friend of publisher Robert Harrison, and in 1941 was contracted to produce covers for Harrison's new magazine Beauty Parade. Driben went on to paint hundreds of covers for that publication and for the other seven titles Harrison was to launch - Flirt, Whisper, Titter, Wink, Eyeful, Giggles, and Joker.  Driben would often have as many as six or seven of his covers being published every month.  Driben's work for Harrison established  him as one of America's most recognized and successful pin-up and glamour artists.  Just before he began to work for Harrison, Driben married the artist, actress and poet, Louise Kirby.

In 1944 he was offered the unusual opportunity, for a pin-up artist, of becoming the art director of the New York Sun, a post he retained until 1946. During the war, his popular painting of American soldiers raising the flag at Iwo Jima sparked a considerable amount of media attention.

In 1956, Driben and Louise moved to Miami Beach, where he spent his retirement years painting portraits (including one of Dwight D. Eisenhower) and other fine-art works, which were organized into successful exhibitions by his wife.  Driben died in 1968, Louise in 1984.

See also
The Great American Pin-Up, Martignette/Meisel (c)2002 Taschen GmbH ()
Peter Driben Bio, The Pin-up Files
American Art Archives
Peter Driben Pinup Art Sample

References

External links
Peter Driben artwork can be viewed at American Art Archives web site

Artists from Boston
Pin-up artists
University of Paris alumni
American illustrators
1968 deaths
1903 births
American expatriates in France


Dana Lixenberg (born 1964) is a Dutch photographer and filmmaker. She lives and works in New York and Amsterdam. Lixenberg pursues long-term projects on individuals and communities on the margins of society. Her books include Jeffersonville, Indiana (2005), The Last Days of Shishmaref (2008), Set Amsterdam (2011), De Burgemeester/The Mayor (2011), and Imperial Courts (2015).

In 2017 Lixenberg won the Deutsche Börse Photography Prize for her publication Imperial Courts (Roma, 2015). In 2021 she was awarded an Honorary Fellowship of the Royal Photographic Society.

Life and work

Lixenberg studied photography at the London College of Printing (1984–1986) and at the Gerrit Rietveld Academy in Amsterdam (1987–1989). She has had work published in Newsweek, Vibe, New York Times Magazine, The New Yorker and Rolling Stone.

Lixenberg pursues long-term projects with a primary focus on individuals and communities on the margins of society, such as Jeffersonville, Indiana, a collection of landscapes and portraits of the small town's homeless population photographed over a seven-year period, and The Last Days of Shishmaref, which portrays an Inupiaq community on an eroding island of the coast of Alaska.

She photographed Prince and Whitney Houston in an honest and introspective way. All her work is made with a large format camera.

Decisive in her career was the first series of photos she made in 1993 of Imperial Courts, a public housing project in Watts, Los Angeles. Lixenberg portrayed residents as distinctive and charismatic personalities, without direct references to their gang. The exhibition Imperial Courts, 1993-2015 at Huis Marseille in Amsterdam (2015) was the first comprehensive presentation of the Imperial Courts series, spanning a period of twenty-two years. As well as her photographs, the exhibition included a three channel video projection, an audio installation, and her book of the same name.

Publications
Imperial Courts, 1993-2015. Amsterdam: Roma, 2015. . With texts by Kenneth Cox, Lixenberg, and Carla Williams.

Awards
2017: Deutsche Börse Photography Prize for Imperial Courts (2015)
2021: Honorary Fellowship of the Royal Photographic Society, Bristol

References

External links
Lixenberg at GRIMM gallery
Interview with Lixenberg – Documentary film 'Dana Lixenberg; thru Dutch eyes' (Pieter v.d. Houwen:1999)

1964 births
Living people
Dutch film directors
Dutch women film directors
Photographers from Amsterdam
Dutch expatriates in the United States
Gerrit Rietveld Academie alumni
Dutch women photographers


AutoMan is a series of software implementations used both for job scheduling and console operations automation for z/OS. These implementations range from simple scheduling to complex cross systems, monitoring and scheduling.

Design philosophy
The idea behind AutoMan is that a user should  have minimum automation software at any given time. These software may be flexible enough to be upgraded according to the needs of the user. AutoMan implements the high level programming language, so that users can make automated decisions at any step of the process. The GAL implementation in AutoMan allows the user to insert high-level language-interpreted code into exit points in the operating systems process.

As an example, AutoMan enables one to name a day or date, and schedule a task in relation to the date given. E.g. if a task is needed "at 9 A.M. on the day after Independence Day", Automan would, in America, define this as the day following American Independence Day, the 5th of July, and schedule the event for that day. However, if the following day would fall on a weekend, Automan would adjust the scheduling of the task to fall on the next work day).

While there are a number of other software products that provide either job scheduling or event automation services, Automan is distinguished by three services that are not provided by any other software. These are as follows:

  the ability to "go back in time," before the program was started and make decisions based on previous events.
 creation of new commands, and re-interpretation and modification of existing commands.
 real time monitoring and scanning of printed output. This last—while very useful in monitoring and reacting to log files, particularly for z/OS web services—is arguably a very dangerous capability.

Because only one language is handling all events and schedules, text being output to a device can be altered after it has been written by an application but before it is printed. Although this function is most often used to send email or pager alerts when certain text is detected in the logging files, there is a danger that unscrupulous or dishonest users could use it to alter the content of reports or documents after they have been created but prior to output.

See also
 Generalized Automation Language

References

External links

Job scheduling


Mansour Eid () (1944–2013) was a Lebanese writer, novelist, researcher and poet. Born in Bteddine El Loqch, a village of the Jezzine district in southern Lebanon on the 12th of February 1944. He completed his secondary studies in Our Lady of Mashmoushe School. He received a degree in Philosophical & Social Studies from Arab Beirut University and a degree in Arabic Literature from the Lebanese University and a PHD degree in Arabic Literature from Saint Joseph University.

He started off his career teaching Arabic language and literature as well as Philosophy in a number of Lebanese schools, until he became a full-time faculty member at Notre Dame University - Louaize, earning the title of Professor and getting appointed the Chairperson of the Social and Behavioral Sciences Department. He remained in this post until his death in 2013.

His early works mainly consisted of short stories, but then diversified into essays, research and novels (starting with The Phoenix Bird in 1998). Two of his major research works concerned the Lebanese writers, Boulos Salameh, and Emily Nasrallah.
He also wrote a collection of poems, (The Vineyards' Melodies) which has won the Said Fayad Literary Prize in year 2007.

Dr. Mansour Eid received numerous awards for his novels and research as well as being elected a founding member of the International Committee for teaching Arabic to non-speakers in Yarmouk University Jordan.

After his death, in November 2013, the internal square of the faculty of Humanities at Notre Dame University was named after him (Notre Dame University Commemorates Dr. Mansour Eid), and in July 2014 was inaugurated in Lady of Mashmoushe Monastery a museum dedicated to the authors and poets of the region of Jezzine, holding Dr. Mansour Eid's name.

Education
 (1985) Doctorate in Arabic Language and Literature, Saint Joseph University
 (1979) M.A. in Arabic Language and Literature, Lebanese University
 (1975) B.A. in Arabic Language and Literature, Lebanese University
 (1969) B.A. in Philosophy and Social Studies, Arab University of Beirut

Publications

Novels
 (2008) ‘’Kherbit Massoud’’ (Massoud’s Cottage)
 (2007) ‘’Shararat Al Ramad’’ (Sparkling Ember)
 (2005) ‘’Ghadan Yozher El Sakej’’ (The Snow Will Blossom Tomorrow)
 (1998) ‘’Ta’er Al Fineeq’’ (The Phoenix Bird) (with a French translation – 2007)

Short stories
 (1992) ‘’Rawdat Al Hourouf Wa Hadiqat Al Kalimat‘’ (The Vale of Letters Garden of Words)
 (1991) ‘’Wa Baadik Ya Beirut’’ (Beirut Here You Are)
 (1991) ‘’Wafa’‘’(Fidelity)
 (1990) ‘’Souwar Min Al Hayat’’ (Pictures from Life)
 (1989) ‘’Beirut Hal Tazkoureen’’ (Beirut Do You Remember)
 (1988) ‘’Douroub Wa Atyaf‘’(Roads and Shadows)
 (1986) ‘’Majaneen Aliha’’ (Mad Gods)
 (1985) ‘’Awraq Fi Al Zakira’’ (Papers in the Memory)
 (1983) ‘’Ghourabaa‘’(Strangers)

Studies and essays
 (2013) ‘’Rihlat Al Noussous’’(The Journey of Texts)
 (2011) ‘’Alshark w Al-Gharb’’ (East and West)
 (2006) ’’Rouwwad Lubnaniyyoun’’(Lebanese Leaders)
 (2002) ’’Twenty Fifth Anniversary of Boulos Salame’s Death’’
 (1996) ’’Al Mashyakha Fil Al Kanaes Al Mousliha’’(studies for the Union of Churches / Middle East Church Syndicate)
 (1995) ‘’Kalimat Min Al Hadara’’ (Words from Civilization)
 (1995) ‘’Qadaya Insaniyya Fi Riwayat Emily Nasrallah’’(Humanitarian Issues in the Novels of Emily Nasrallah'’)
 (1992) '’Boulos Salameh Sha'ir Al Malahem Wal Alam'’(Boulos Salame: Poet of Epics and Pain)
 (1990) '’Al Moukhtassar Al Moufeed Fi Dirasat Al Noussous'’(The Essential Guide for Studying Literature)

Children's literature
 (2001)  The Rabbit and the Voyage into Dreamland (Children short stories volumes, issued in Arabic and English)
 (1995) ‘’Al Khayyat Wa Abnaou’oh Al Thalatha‘’(The Tailor and His Three Sons)
 (1993) ‘’Al Ameera Mira’’ (Princess Mira)
 (1993) ‘’Al Ameer Wal Roumanat Al Thalath‘’ (The Prince and the Three Pomegranates).
 (1992) ‘’Shajrat Al Saada’’ (The Tree of Bliss)
 (1992) ‘’Thoulathiyyat Kasser Al Thi’b Al Mouhtal‘’ (Trilogy of Kasser the Cunning Wolf)
 (1992) ‘’Shajrat Al Saada‘’ (The Tree of Bliss)
 (1990) ‘’Al Sayyad Al Moughamer’’ (The Adventurous Hunter)

Poetry
 (2007) ‘’Alhan al Kouroum’’ (The Vineyards’ Melodies). Winner of the Said Fayad Literary Prize.

Theater
 Daydoun
 Hekem Karakouch (Karakouch the Ruler)

Conference proceedings
 (2005) Centers and Resolutions for the Dialogue of Civilizations. Proceedings the Conference of Literature in Arab Universities. Egypt: Al Minya University.
 (2005) The Pastoral Poet and the War of Civilizations. Proceedings Criticism Conference. Jordan: Jarash University.
 (2004) Globalization and Education: Horizons of Excellence and Genius of the Seminar on Globalization and the Priorities of Education ’04. Riyadh, King Saoud University, Faculty of Education.
 (2003) The Place of the Arab Lebanese Literary Text in the Movement Interaction and Acculturation. Proceedings of the Fifth Conference on the Arabic Cultural Interaction and Acculturation, Jarash University, Jordan. Notre Dame University Press, Vol.9 (1), pp.5-15.
 (2002) Ameen Rihani’s “Khaled” between the Civilization of East and Proceedings of the Literature and Dialogue of Civilizations Conference '02. Of Damascus.
 (2002) The Arabs Between Globalization and Human Rights. Scientific Conference (The Arab and the West) '02. Jarash, Jordan: Philadelphia
 (2001) The Culture of the Arab Child and Audiovisual Challenges. Proceedings of the Twentieth Conference of the Union of Arab Authors.
 (2001) The Feminist Movement in the Lebanese Novel. Proceedings Nineteenth Conference of the Union of Arab Authors in Tripoli West, Libya, Palma Journal, Beirut: Notre Dame University Press. Vol.7 (2), pp. 5–16.
 (1998) Computers and Teaching the Arabic Language for Non-Native Proceedings of the First International Conference for the Teaching of the Arabic for Non-Native Speakers. Irbid, Jordan: Yarmouk University.

References

1944 births
Lebanese novelists
Academic staff of Notre Dame University–Louaize
Lebanese University alumni
Beirut Arab University alumni
Saint Joseph University alumni
2013 deaths
Yarmouk University


Up from the Beach is a 1965 French-American international co-production war film directed by Robert Parrish and starring Cliff Robertson, Red Buttons and James Robertson Justice.  It was based on a 1959 novel by George Barr called Epitaph for an Enemy.

Plot
Following the Normandy landings at Omaha Beach, an American squad frees a group of French hostages but takes several casualties in an assault in Vierville-sur-Mer.

They capture a German officer who has treated the French in his jurisdiction with kindness, but the American sergeant discovers that no one on the busy beachhead wishes to be bothered with prisoners.

Production
The film was filmed in Cherbourg with a French cast and was set in the aftermath of the Normandy Landings where a group of Allied soldiers attempt to shelter Frenchmen who faced execution by the Nazis.  As the US Department of Defense did not cooperate with the film, the American soldiers were played by French soldiers.

Robert Parrish recalled that Darryl F. Zanuck made the film to use unused footage from The Longest Day with the film then marketed as a sequel.  Cliff Robertson said he was given the Messerschmitt Bf 108 used in the film.  Robertson claimed Zanuck wanted to make the film to showcase his girlfriend Irina Demick who had appeared in The Longest Day.  Robertson called the film "Up From the Bitch" Irina Demick, Red Buttons and Fernand Ledoux appeared in the original
"The Longest Day".

Oskar Werner was the first choice for the German officer eventually played by Marius Goring.  Werner, a World War II Wehrmacht veteran refused on the ground that in his opinion no German officer of the time would have held such humane feelings as the officer portrayed in the film.

Reception
According to Fox records, the film needed to earn $4,200,000 in rentals to break even and made $2,645,000, meaning it made a loss.

References

External links

1965 films
French World War II films
20th Century Fox films
Operation Overlord films
Films directed by Robert Parrish
English-language French films
Films with screenplays by Stanley Mann
1960s English-language films
American World War II films
1960s American films
1960s French films


First Kill is a 2001 Dutch documentary film that revolves around the psychology of war. Important turning points in the Vietnam War are used to illustrate the effect of war on body and mind. The documentary consists of interviews with Michael Herr and several Vietnam veterans. The depth of the interviews provides insight into the feelings that accompany violence, fear, hate, seduction and pleasure.

First Kill was directed by Coco Schrijber and produced by Lemming Film.

External links

Dutch documentary films
2001 films
Documentary films about the Vietnam War
Documentary films about veterans
Documentary films about mental health
2001 documentary films
2000s English-language films


The Fleet Landing Exercises, or FLEX were amphibious landing exercises conducted by the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps between 1935 and 1941. The purpose of these exercises was to formulate a workable amphibious warfare doctrine. The development of the necessary craft and other equipment, and the proper tactical deployment of them were also results. Finally, the exercises demonstrated the usefulness of a standing body of Marines, the Fleet Marine Force, specially prepared for amphibious expeditions.

Origins
The history of amphibious warfare predates Greek antiquity. In United States history, early in the Revolution, Colonial marines were used to conduct amphibious landings and raids such as the Battle of Nassau, and the Penobscot Expedition. Amphibious operations were mounted in the American Civil War, and also prominently in the Spanish–American War. Though this history produced a system of landing procedures, the advent of the motor vehicle (the tank in particular) and the airplane required planners to think more critically about the feasibility of amphibious operations.

In Panama, during the 1920s, the Marine Corps conducted a few modest experiments concerning modern amphibious warfare. At the beginning of the 1930s American defense policy shifted as the threat of the expansionist Japanese Empire became more apparent. The establishment of the Fleet Marine Force and greater concentration on the feasibility of amphibious assault were the direct result. Developing the ability to capture Japanese held islands during a Pacific war against Japan was a vital part of US war contingency plans; War Plan Orange. It was not until these contingency plans described the necessity of amphibious capability that testing key maneuvers in amphibious landings was funded.

History
After the First World War and until the mid-1930s, appropriations for the United States Navy were small. Ships fitted as troop transports were not priorities for the Navy in fact or in theory, so as a stop-gap measure the responsibility fell to battleships and cruisers to lift Marine landing forces. As a consequence of the standard davits on Navy ships, a length of 30’, the spacing of the davits fitted to these ships, and a weight of 5 tons (the maximum capacity of the davits) were imposed as basic requirements for all new landing craft

Soon after the formation of the Fleet Marine Force, plans were made for training the FMF in landing operations in the Caribbean. The northwest peninsula of  Culebra Island was chosen as the training area. The experimental problem used for the training involved a landing attack by the Fleet Marine Force embarked on Navy vessels moving from ship to shore in ship's boats and cutters. The Training Squadron consisted of the battleships Arkansas,  Wyoming, and a destroyer squadron. In December 1934, a conference between Brigadier General C. H. Lyman of the Fleet Marine Force and Admiral C. S. Freeman was held aboard the flagship Trenton at St. Petersburg. Florida, to develop plans. The Marine contribution to the exercise included the 1st Marine Brigade, stationed at Quantico, composed of two infantry battalions, an artillery battery from the 10th Marine Regiment, and small engineer and service units.

FLEX 1
The first of the exercises started 15 January on the beaches of Culebra and Vieques until March 15 in 1935.  The lift was provided by 18 ships' boats and one dumb barge artillery lighter. Fleet Landing Exercise Number 1 tested a series of theoretical and practical assumptions collected by the United States Marine Corps and Navy that soon became "Tentative Landing Operations Manual" of 1935. The exercises included landings, naval gunfire experiments, and the use of aviation in landing operations. Aircraft conducted aerial reconnaissance and bombardment sorties.  The Caribbean fleet tested a range of weapons while the Marines moving from ship-to-shore employed machine guns, 81-mm mortars, and the 75-mm pack howitzers against beach targets.  Due to the mixed results experienced with the boats used in the exercise, the Marines concluded that landing boat design needed to be improved.  In one of the experiments, a boat was successfully covered in a protective smoke screen, but this caused the landing party to immediately halt, and the waves broke up the unit, while many boats lost their way to the beachhead.  While the landing parties were ashore, the Navy held naval gunfire tests to assess the effects of different shells and fuses.  These test concluded that area suppressing fire was far better than attempting pin-point bombardment.  However, many supporting fire practices, both by aircraft and warships, were strictly limited due to safety precautions for the Marines conducting maneuvers along the beach.  The outcome of these exercises convinced the Marines that better landing craft and boats were needed, as well as more dependable communications equipment and techniques.

FLEX 2
The Fleet Landing Exercise Number 2 was conducted from January 4 to February 24 in 1936 marking the beginning of the Culebra/Vieques Inner Range or the Culebra/Vieques Complex as it would be known until 1975 and the closing of the Culebra subranges.  The amphibious exercises were transferred from Culebra's Flamenco Beach to Vieques, and naval gunfire practice began on Flamenco Beach and on the adjacent Flamenco Point.  The 1st Brigade had revealed many of the same mistakes seen in FLEX1 but encountered several new problems.  The Marines needed to get closer to the beach and the battleships were not able to tread in shallow waters.  As for the landing craft boats, the problem was still not resolved as they were slow and extremely vulnerable.  In several testing of various boats, they found that they proved to highly unstable for gun platforms, dangerous in disembarking the troops and were incapable in crossing submerged coral reefs.  The uses of smoke and darkness to conceal the beach landings were still causing confusion amongst the landing parties.  While the artificial naval gunfire tests were being continued, the rapid area fire  had made the aerial spotting difficult for the pilots.  And still communications were a problems.  However, the barrage-type bombardment met the approval for the Army Officer-Observers to reinforce a fundamentally sound doctrine.  The Marine brigade gained tactical experience in the amphibious maneuvers ashore but the FLEX 2 had not made any significant breakthroughs in fixing the problems encountered during FLEX1.

FLEX 3

The Fleet Landing Exercise Number 3 was conducted on San Clemente, California from January 26 to March 3, 1937, in agreement with U.S. Attack Force Operation Plans 1-37 and 2-37.  The 1st Marine Brigade was transferred to San Diego for the exercise and was absorbed by the small-sized 2nd Marine Brigade; the whole Fleet Marine Force. Also present were the understrength provisional Army 1st Expeditionary Brigade.  And once again, the testing problems of previous exercises presented themselves.  The heavy California surf proved the landing boats were infeasible for beach landings; the Navy coxswains disembarked their troops too far from the beach, broached their boats, or dispersed the concentration of the landing in scouting out better, safer landing spots.  After five standard-type naval boats foundered in four-foot surf, efforts to adapt these were ended. They were criticized for lacking speed and maneuverability and being difficult to handle in surf. The experience proved conclusively that a specially designed landing boat with superior power, maneuverability, protection and surf-riding qualities was vital for landing operations.  Smoke and darkness continued to present problems as in earlier tests.  Bombardment tests were extensive but the spotting techniques, ordnance, and communications used remained unsatisfactory.  The only significant improvements for the landing forces were the new Army Radios that were highly effective for communications and the Marine pack howitzer batteries showing that they could deploy on the shore efficiently.  Plus, they learned that aerial attacks had to be made at certain right angles to the direction of the attack to avoid friendly fire.  The pilots however argued that they lacked the special-type of attack aircraft and the proper air-ground communications before they were to gain precision in strafing and bombing.  Two aircraft squadrons, from Quantico, VA. and North Island, composed of the VF, VO, VB, and VJ aircraft.  Also, FLEX 3 was the first time cargo nets used for embarking troops to the landing boats. The method proved a success, but as in the past, other Marines were loaded into boats at the rail before lowering.

The origins of the destroyer-transports, or APDs were not widely known at that time until it was first mentioned in an after action report when Brigadier General James J. Meade suggested destroyers might solve the dual problem of a shortage of amphibious transports and naval gunfire support. With such ships "troops could move quickly close into shore and disembark under protection of the ships' guns." The Navy apparently agreed and decided to experiment with one of its flush-deck, four-stack destroyers. It had built a large number of these during World War I and most were now in obsolete compared to the battleships that were being used as troop transports during those times.  And he further concluded that the battleships can be pressed on to other naval missions instead of being relied for troop transportation.  Although the APD provided lesser carrying capacity and limited ability in carrying landing crafts and heavy equipment.  Of these various naval elements of APDs, the Navy detached Battleship Division One including the , , and had  added. The , which was reconfigured as a mobile aerial bombing target. The total amphibious landing force was composed of approximately 4,700 Army and Marine Corps personnel. While firing a scheduled secondary battery practice on board the USS Wyoming on the last day of the exercises at San Clemente Island, an explosion occurred in the #13 5-inch gun mount, killing one officer and six enlisted personnel. Thirteen other personnel were injured in the blast.

FLEX 4

The Fleet Landing Exercise Number 4 was held from January 13 to March 15 in 1938.  The Fleet Marine Force returned to the Caribbean to avoid any Japanese observation.  The tests were conducted on the beaches of Vieques and the main island of Puerto Rico.  During these exercises, three Army National Guard regiments participated by "defending" ashore while the Marines of the 1st Brigade attempted a "mock" assault against them.  It was the first time that reconnaissance elements were added to the amphibious assault, reflecting the reconnaissance doctrine outlined in the Fleet Training Publication 167.  The Army's contribution climbed to three infantry regiments with supporting arms and brigade alternated in the part of landing force and shoreline defender.  Brigadier General James Roosevelt, eldest son of the late President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who as a lieutenant colonel was in the Marine Corps Reserve on active duty aboard the  during one of the reconnaissance patrols and experiments with raiding and patrolling parties.  These raiding and patrolling parties would lay the ground work for the Marine Raider Bn.  1st Marine Brigade tested the concept of delivering 4-man patrols by submarines.  The exercise missions were a mixed success at Vieques and Puerto Rico when two patrols were captured, but it was realized that with experience and refinement the concept held promise.

The Vieques Phase, three patrols of one Army and two Marines with four men each were assigned by Rear Admiral A. W. Johnson, Commander of the Attack Force, in reaching the beach under the cover of darkness by inflatable rafts.  They launched from submarines ,  and  with intentions of conducting a reconnaissance ashore and return to the submarines the following night at certain appointed rendezvous.  Four Marines from the Headquarters Company of the 1st Brigade marked the first amphibious reconnaissance patrol launching from a submarine by raft in United States history.  Those four Marines reported aboard S-47 but was unsuccessful in locating the beach on Vieques.

"The weather conditions under which the night phase was carried on could not have been more adverse to a successful ship to shore movement.  The heavy seas were awash the decks with every wave driven by a wind of between a force of 4 and 5 in velocity and varying direction from 70 degrees to 120 degrees which approximately paralleled the island.  A brilliant full moon extended the visibility to at least , making a close approach to the beach impossible."

The Puerto Rico Phase in the reconnaissance landing was however quite different.  After sunset in the darkness, the submerged submarines navigated to  within the shoreline, following channels until it was able to reach within  from the beach of Ponce Playa.  This made it easy to discharge the patrols successfully to reach the beachhead without detection from the "enemy" zone of the Army National Guard.  Although one was subsequently captured at the night of the landing.

It was again concluded that the landing force of the main landing parties were still in dispute over the landing craft. Modified fishing craft were tested and, although superior to standard naval boats in beaching and speed, their exposed rudders and screws were wont to dig in during retracting from the beach. The tests in reconnaissance added that small, inflatable air rafts were feasible in transporting reconnaissance teams onto the beaches.  However, both the landing teams and recon teams agreed that communications was still a major obstacle in achieving the total success of the Fleet Landing Exercises.  Means of communications were important to transmit information quickly and not waiting for it to be relayed once the troops had landed for it to be available for those who would need it.

FLEX 5
The Fleet Landing Exercise Number 5 commenced on January through March in 1938 and 1939 on the islands of Culebra and Vieques.  These exercises again were only Navy-Marine Corps cooperation as the army no longer participated.  The Marine Corps successfully landed amphibious reconnaissance patrols on Vieques when two such patrols disembarked from the  during exercises from 13 January to 13 March 1939.  The Navy reclassified Manley as a miscellaneous auxiliary (AG 28). After a few weeks of hasty work in the New York Navy Yard, the ship served as a transport for Marine units in the Caribbean. In the fall of 1939 Manley went back into the yards for a more extensive conversion. Workers removed all torpedo tubes, one gun, two boilers, and their smokestacks thus creating a hold amidships for cargo and troops. Again, the Navy reclassified the Manley to a destroyer-transport class, APD-1.  The Chief of Naval Operations made conversion a priority so the ship would be available for FLEX 6 in early 1940.

The inserted reconnaissance patrols would deflate their experimental rubber boats upon reaching the shore and re-inflate to rendezvous with the awaiting submarine at a predestined point.  As for the Marine assault teams they found that getting their equipment to the beachhead during an amphibious landing was a strenuous task and extremely difficult with the existing landing craft.  Most of the landing boats were incapable in hauling amphibious tractors, artillery and other important supplies necessary for properly establishing an advanced base.  The Marines requested the Bureau of Construction and Repair to design and build feasible landing craft, but to no avail. Soon the Marines began to express interest in a variety of different commercially produced boats.  Of all these tested, the Higgins' boats became the best choice.
When tested during FLEX 5 by the Navy and Marine Corps, Higgins' Eureka boat surpassed the performance of the Navy-design.  A drawback to the design was that equipment had to be unloaded, and men disembarked, over the bow or sides, thus exposing them more to enemy fire in combat situations.  The Marine Corps requested that the boats have retractable hinged ramps at the bow-replacing the machine gun mounts; and it was adopted as the standard personnel landing craft, the Landing Craft Personnel (LCP(L)) by 1940.

FLEX 6

Fleet Landing Exercise Number Six was the first wartime exercise in amphibious training in 1940–1941.  It became clear that the Navy and Marine Corps was in dire need for amphibious transports larger than destroyers as the 1st Brigade could barely send two thousand Marines to land in the Caribbean and only adequate experimental landing craft were provided. Landing craft included two tank lighters, two artillery lighters, twenty-five special landing craft, of which twelve were the Bureau type, and eight landing skiffs. Comparative tests showed the Higgins Eureka landing craft, the 45-foot tank lighters, and rubber boats to have been the best adapted to landing operations. As a partial response to this problem, H.M. Smith seized the newly developed destroyer-transport. During FLEX 6, his plan called for the  to land Company A, 1st Battalion, 5th Marines via rubber boats during the night, at H-minus three hours, at a point away from the primary assault beach. This force would advance inland, seize key terrain dominating the proposed beachhead, and thus protect the main landing from counter-attack.  They were the first unit to use the revamped Manley. On 23 February 1940 it used rubber boats to execute an assault landing against Culebra.  In 1940, patrols were successfully infiltrating ashore and reporting information and became an accepted doctrine in amphibious reconnaissance.

FLEX 7
A year later, during Fleet Landing Exercise Number 7, Smith had three destroyer-transports. He designated the three companies of the 7th Marines embarked on these ships as the Mobile Landing Group. During the exercise these units again made night landings, either to protect the main assault, or conducted diversionary attacks.

The 1st Marine Division was one of the first two division-sized units formed by the Corps. It was established in February 1941 aboard the  in Cuba around the nucleus of the First Marine Brigade. The Division's first commander was the amphibious expert, Brigadier General Holland M. Smith. There is no record of an activation ceremony since the division was deeply involved the preparations for FLEX 7. This was the last fleet landing exercise before the United States became a combatant in the Second World War.

Notes

References
Chenoweth, H. Avery; Nihart, Brooke Semper fi: The Definitive Illustrated History of the U.S. Marines New York: Main Street, 2005. .
Fergusson, Bernard The Watery Maze; the story of Combined Operations, Holt, New York, 1961.
Friedman, Norman U.S. Amphibious Ships and Craft: An Illustrated Design History, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, 2002.
Hough, Frank, et al., Pearl Harbor to Guadalcanal History of U. S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II Volume 1, US Marine Corps, Washington DC, 1958.
Ladd, JD Assault From the Sea: 1939–1945, Hippocrene Books, Inc., New York, 1976.
Martin, Paul B., We Stalk the Enemy. Marine Corps Gazette, 37:5, May 1953.
Maund, LEH Assault From the Sea, Methuen & Co. Ltd., London 1949.
Miller, John Guadalcanal: The First Offensive, US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 1949.
Millet, Allan R. Semper Fidelis: The History of the United States Marine Corps, 1980
Morison, Samuel Eliot, The Struggle for Guadalcanal, August 1942 – February 1943 Little, Brown, 1947
Smith, Holland M., The Development of Amphibious Tactics in the U.S. Navy, Marine Corps Gazette 30:9, September 1946.
Smith, W.H.B. Basic Manual of Military Small Arms Stackpole Books, Harrisburg PA
US Navy ONI 226 Allied Landing Craft and Ships, US Government Printing Office, 1944.

Military exercises involving the United States
United States Navy
United States Marine Corps in the 20th century
Landing craft


Lee Byung-woo (; born January 22, 1965) is a South Korean guitarist and composer of film scores. He has composed music for more than twenty films, including the segment "Memories" in Three (2002), A Tale of Two Sisters (2003), All for Love (2005), The Host (2006) and Mother (2009).

Lee's music for A Tale of Two Sisters was described by OhmyNews as "one of the best film scores ever composed for a Korean film". He won Best Music at the 2004 Shanghai International Film Festival for Untold Scandal, and in 2006 his score for The King and the Clown won the same accolade at the Blue Dragon Film Awards. In 2007, Lee received a further Best Music nomination at the 44th Grand Bell Awards for For Horowitz.

Filmography

 Three Friends (1996)
 Kill the Love (1996)
 My Beautiful Girl, Mari (2002)
 My Beautiful Days (2002)
 Three ("Memories") (2002)
 A Tale of Two Sisters (2003)
 Untold Scandal (2003)
 Rules of Dating (2005)
 The Red Shoes (2005)
 All for Love (2005)
 The King and the Clown (2005)
 For Horowitz (2006)
 The Host (2006)

 Voice of a Murderer (2007)
 Miracle on 1st Street (2007)
 Soo (2007)
 Bunt (2007)
 My Son (2007)
 Hansel and Gretel (2007)
 Tokyo! (2008)
 Haeundae (2009)
 Mother (2009)
 Harmony (2010)
 Romantic Heaven (2010)
 The Face Reader (2013)
 Ode to My Father (2014)

References

 "Gonggil’s Theme", The Dong-a Ilbo, 10 May 2006. Retrieved on 26 October 2008.
 Chun Su-jin, "You may not know his name but you’ve heard his music", JoongAng Daily, 19 July 2007. Retrieved on 26 October 2008.
 "Music director of 'The Host' Lee, Byeong-Woo makes his first online game soundtrack", Koreacontent.org, 22 February 2008. Retrieved on 26 October 2008.
 Han Sang-hee, "Guitarist Lee to Perform For Fans", The Korea Times, 20 October 2008. Retrieved on 26 October 2008.

External links
 Lee Byung-woo at HanCinema

1965 births
Living people
South Korean film score composers
Peabody Institute alumni


Podlasie is a region in north-east Poland.

Podlasie may also refer to the following villages in Poland:
Podlasie, Garwolin County
Podlasie, Płock County
Podlasie, Żyrardów County
Podlasie, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship