George Hurdalek (6 February 1908 – 15 June 1980) was a German screenwriter. He wrote for more than 40 films between 1934 and 1975. He was born in Görlitz, Germany, and died in Munich, Germany.

Selected filmography

 The Valiant Navigator (1935)
 The King's Prisoner (1935)
 Women for Golden Hill (1938)
 Five Million Look for an Heir (1938)
 Front Theatre (1942)
 The Time with You (1948, director)
 The Sergeant's Daughter (1952, director)
 His Royal Highness (1953)
 Ludwig II (1955)
 The Last Man (1955)
 Without You All Is Darkness (1956)
 Queen Louise (1957)
 Goodbye, Franziska (1957)
 Iron Gustav (1958, director)
 Sweetheart of the Gods (1960)
 Our House in Cameroon (1961)
 The Indian Scarf (1963)
 Jailbreak in Hamburg (1971)
 My Father, the Ape and I (1971)
 Crime After School (1975)

References

External links

1908 births
1980 deaths
German male screenwriters
People from Görlitz
German male writers
Film people from Saxony
20th-century German screenwriters


The Genesee County B League was a high school sport league in Genesee County Michigan that operated in the mid to late 20th century.

References

Michigan high school sports conferences


A number of video game companies are based in Lithuania.

Production

Game companies from Lithuania

 A-Steroids
 Estoty
 Explosive Squat Games (Publisher & dev)
 Flazm (Publisher & dev)
 Game Insight (Publisher & dev. Mobile & online.)
 Glera Games
 Hidden Layer Games
 Karaclan
 Kiork
 Kodo Linija
 No Brakes Games (Publisher & dev)
 Nordcurrent (Publisher & dev. Casual.)
 On5 Games (Mobile)
 Real Welders
 Realore
 SneakyBox (Co-dev)
 Tag of Joy
 Tiny Magicians
 TutoToons
 Vidas Games
 Wireframe Dreams
 Zuurix

Titles from Lithuania

 Human: Fall Flat
 Cooking Fever
 RollerCoaster Tycoon 4 Mobile
 Inmost
 101-in-1 Sports Party Megamix
 Falling Stars
 FateLords
 Johnny Trigger
 The Howler
 Barbie as the Island Princess
 PSI: Syberian Conflict
 Murder In The Alps: Hidden Mystery
 Vampire Rush
 VED

Gaming media and news
GameblogLT http://www.gameblog.lt/

References

Lithuanian games


Wojciech Kuczok (born 18 October 1972 in Chorzów) is a Polish novelist, poet, screenwriter, film critic and speleologist.

Life and work

He graduated from Stefan Batory High School No. 3 in Chorzów. Previously, he attended Juliusz Słowacki High School No. 1 from which he was expelled. He graduated in film studies from the University of Silesia in Katowice.

In the 1990s he was a member of the Na Dziko poetry group. In the years 2009–2010 he was a fellow at the German Academic Exchange Service. His novel Gnój ("Muck") won Paszport Polityki Award in 2003 and the prestigious Nike Award in 2004. The book was filmed as Pręgi, with his script, and the movie won the Gdynia Film Festival, also in 2004.

Since 1992, he has published his poems and short stories in various literary magazines and newspapers including Gazeta Wyborcza, Newsweek Polska, Odra, Twórczość, Rzeczpospolita Plus Minus, Dziennik Polska-Europa-Świat, Kresy and NaGłos. Between 2000 and 2004 he worked for Tygodnik Powszechny and Kino magazines. In the years 2004–2005 he was a sports columnist at Rzeczpospolita. He also worked as a columnist for Metropol, Zwierciadło and Przegląd Sportowy.

He is also a speleologist and among his notable achievements in this field are the discoveries of the Dująca Cave in Beskid Śląski in 2005 and Twarda Cave in Kraków-Częstochowa Upland in 2010. He also took part in the exploration of the Cisęć Cave in Kraków-Częstochowa Upland as well as Lodowa Małołącka Cave in the Tatra Mountains in 1997.

The author is strongly connected with his home region of Silesia and personally is a supporter of Ruch Chorzów football club. In 2013, he married journalist and writer Agata Passent.

Selected works
 Opowieści samowite, 1996
 Larmo, 1998
 Opowieści słychane, 1999
 Gnój, ("Muck"), 2003
 Widmokrąg, 2004
 Opowieści przebrane, 2005
 Senność, ("Sleepiness") 2008
 Moje projekcje, ("My Projections"), 2009
 Spiski. Przygody tatrzańskie, 2010
 Poza światłem, ("Beyond Light"), 2012
 Obscenariusz, (a collection of short stories) 2013
 Prosze mnie nie budzić, ("Please Don't Wake Me Up"), 2016
 Czarna, ("Black"), 2017

References

Polish male writers
1972 births
Living people
People from Chorzów
Nike Award winners


Henry W. Peckwell (1852–1936) was an American artist. He was best known for his work as a wood engraver, for publications such as Scribner's Magazine and Harper's Magazine.

Personal
Peckwell was born and raised in New York City, where he also spent his career. In 1883 he married Emma Mackenzie (1853–1934). In 1905, they resided at The Alpine apartment building at Broadway and 32nd Street. He was an active member of the New York Athletic Club over the course of several decades. He died in November 1936 and is interred at the Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York.

Career

Wood engraving
Peckwell's wood engravings were part of the "new school" of wood engraving in the last decades of the 19th century, and his work employed and advanced that school's innovatory and more subtle techniques.  The persistence of finely crafted hand-done wood engravings in the face of modern photoengraving was also noted in the 1897 Columbian Cyclopedia, which noted in its entry on "wood-engraving" that Peckwell was "among the most noted and skillful of the present school."

He was also numbered among a group of "splendid engravers" by the "Brooklyn Museum Quarterly" in 1916.

His engravings, usually after paintings by other artists, appeared not only in national magazines such as Scribner's and Harper's, but were also collected in primers such as The Children's Second Reader by Ellen M. Cyr.

Other engraving
He also did engraving work on commission, for works such as bookplates.

Art instruction
In 1909, Peckwell was recorded as a tutor at the City College of New York with a salary of $1,300.00 which was then increased to $1,400.00.

Awards
1901: Bronze medal, the Pan-American Exposition, Buffalo, New York.

Exhibits
1901:  Peckwell's "Death of Braddock" after Howard Pyle, the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York.
1915:  Peckwell's "Midsummer" after Henry Moore, and "A Story Without Words" after Howard Pyle, exhibition of American wood engraving, the American Institute Of Graphic Arts.

References

Bibliography
 Anthony, Andrew Varick Stout, Timothy Cole, and Elbridge Kingsley.  "Wood Engraving:  Three Essays, With a List of American Books Illustrated With Woodcuts."  New York:  The Grolier Club, 1916.
 Brooks, Stratton Duluth.  Peckwell, et al., illus.  "Brook's Readers, Third Year." New York: American Book Company, 1906.
 Johnson, Robert Underwood, and Clarence Clough Buel.  Peckwell, et al., illus.  "Battles and Leaders of the Civil War." New York: The Century Co., 1887.

External links
 Works by Peckwell at the National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
 Works by Peckwell at the New York Public Library, Picture Collection Online, New York, New York
 Google Books, "The Village Blacksmith," after Landseer
 Google Books, "Sir Galahad," after Watts

1852 births
1936 deaths
American engravers
American wood engravers
American illustrators
Artists from New York City


The 1997 German Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the 91st edition of the Hamburg Masters (German Open), and was part of the ATP Super 9 of the 1997 ATP Tour. It took place at the Rothenbaum Tennis Center in Hamburg, Germany, from through 5 May through 12 May 1997.

The singles field was headlined by ATP No. 3, Dubai, Miami Masters,  titlist, Australian Open semi-finalist Thomas Muster, 1996 French Open runner-up, 1994 German Open finalist, Prague, Lyon winner Yevgeny Kafelnikov and Tokyo champion, Monte Carlo quarter-finalist and Wimbledon defending champion Richard Krajicek. Other top seeds competing were Australian Open finalist Carlos Moyá, Monte Carlo winner Marcelo Ríos, Wayne Ferreira, Albert Costa and Boris Becker.

Finals

Singles

 Andrei Medvedev defeated  Félix Mantilla 6–0, 6–4, 6–2
It was Andrei Medvedev's 1st title of the year, and his 11th overall. It was his 1st Masters title of the year, and his 4th overall. It was also his 3rd victory at the event after 1994 and 1995.

Doubles

 Luis Lobo /  Javier Sánchez defeated  Neil Broad /  Piet Norval 6–3, 7–6

References

External links

 Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) tournament profile

1997 in German tennis
May 1997 sports events in Germany
1997


David Targamadze (; born 22 August 1989) is a Georgian professional footballer who plays as a winger for FC Samtredia. He represented the Georgia national team between 2011 and 2014.

Career
Born in Tbilisi, Targamadze played youth football in Georgia with FC Dinamo Tbilisi before moving to German side SC Freiburg in 2006. Targamadze made his senior debut for Freiburg on 28 September 2008, in a match against Alemannia Aachen. He made a total of six league appearances for Freiburg that season, helping them win promotion to the Bundesliga. Targamadze made a further two first team appearances for Freiburg the following season, before signing for Ukrainian club PFC Oleksandria in the summer of 2010. He played 18 league games and scored eight goals during 2010–11, helping Oleksandria win the Ukrainian First League and gain promotion to the top division.

On 30 December 2011, Shakhtar Donetsk officially announced Targamadze's capture on its official website. He signed on loan for PFC Oleksandria in August 2015.

In July 2018, after missing two years due to knee injuries, he returned to Georgia and signed for FC Saburtalo Tbilisi. He left the club at the end of 2018.

Personal life
David is the brother of Irakli Targamadze, a fellow professional footballer.

Career statistics

Scores and results list Georgia's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Targamadze goal.

Honours
SC Freiburg:
 2. Bundesliga: 2008–09

PFC Oleksandria:
 Ukrainian First League: 2010–11

References

1989 births
Living people
Men's footballers from Georgia (country)
Men's association football wingers
Georgia (country) men's international footballers
Georgia (country) men's under-21 international footballers
SC Freiburg players
FC Oleksandriya players
FC Shakhtar Donetsk players
FC Mariupol players
FC Saburtalo Tbilisi players
FC Sioni Bolnisi players
FC Shevardeni-1906 Tbilisi players
FC Samtredia players
Ukrainian Premier League players
Bundesliga players
2. Bundesliga players
Erovnuli Liga players
Expatriate men's footballers from Georgia (country)
Expatriate sportspeople from Georgia (country) in Ukraine
Expatriate men's footballers in Ukraine
Expatriate sportspeople from Georgia (country) in Germany
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
Footballers from Tbilisi


The 1990 Casablanca Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts in Casablanca, Morocco and was part of the ATP International Series of the 1990 ATP Tour. It was the 7th edition of the tournament and was held from March 5 to March 12.

The top three seeds at the tournament were Argentine Guillermo Pérez Roldán, ranked ATP No. 35, Austrian Thomas Muster, ranked No. 37 and Yugoslav Goran Prpić, ranked No. 42.

Finals

Singles

 Thomas Muster defeated  Guillermo Pérez Roldán 6–1, 6–7, 6–2
 It was Muster's 2nd title of the year and the 8th of his career.

Doubles

 Todd Woodbridge /  Simon Youl defeated  Paul Haarhuis /  Mark Koevermans 6–3, 6–1
 It was Woodbridge's 2nd title of the year and the 2nd of his career. It was Youl's only title of the year and the 2nd of his career.

References

External links
 ATP tournament profile
 ITF – tournament editiom details

Grand Prix Hassan II
Casablanca Open
Casablanca Open


The BC Tech Association (BC Tech), formally the British Columbia Technology Industry Association (BCTIA), is a not-for-profit member-funded trade association in British Columbia, Canada, which promotes the technology industry in the province. The technology industry in BC has been growing steadily since the late 1990s and constituted 5.9% of British Columbia's economic output in 2007.

BC Tech has a membership base of over 2,100 companies ranging from start-ups to established organizations, and spanning a variety of technology-related sectors including education, hardware, software, life sciences, manufacturing, natural resources, web technology and green energy. BC Tech facilitates partnerships and programs within the BC technology industry, as well as advocating on behalf of association members and the industry as a whole.

History
BC Tech was incorporated in 1993 with the amalgamation of the Electronic Manufacturers' Association of British Columbia (EMABC) and the Information Technology Association of Canada, BC Chapter (ITAC-BC). Over the years, BC Tech has provided opportunities for professional development, delivered industry-focused events and programs, and exerted political influence on the industry's behalf, as well as working with the BC government and BC universities to double the number of students graduating in the fields of computing sciences and computer and electrical engineering.

Over the years, BC Tech has led a number of initiatives designed to support the growth of BC's technology industry. In 2004, it launched the Integrated Technology Initiative (ITI), a coalition of BC science and technology stakeholders led by BC Tech that was involved in analyzing and consolidating existing research to develop a competitive strategy for BC's science and technology industry. In 2006, BC Tech partnered with the not-for-profit British Columbia Regional Science & Technology Network (BCRSTN) to facilitate collaboration, innovation, and commercialization of research.

In June 2007, BC Tech joined forces with the Power Technology Alliance to support the growth of the clean technology industry in British Columbia, which comprises more than 200 companies working to develop clean, green energy and renewable energy sources and services. To this end, BC Tech has established a Clean Energy Technology Program and a Clean Tech Industry Advisory Group to ensure that these companies have the capital, human resources, and access to markets they need to grow and prosper.

Jill Tipping replaced Bill Tam as President and CEO of BC Tech in November 2017. Bill Tam was President and CEO from 2011 to 2017. Former Presidents and CEOs include Dr. Pascal Spothelfer and Rob Cruickshank.

Activities
BC Tech has been working with BC's Ministry of Advanced Education and Labour Market Development to create a technology action plan for British Columbia. In addition, BC Tech hosts a number of regular events, including CTO Roundtables, Technology Forums, Software-as-aService (SaaS) Bootcamps, and the annual Technology Impact Awards (TIAs), as well as working to develop and recruit talent through its TechTalent BC initiatives

Technology Impact Awards

The annual BC Technology Impact Awards were founded by BC Tech in 1994. There are three categories of TIA awards: Technology Awards, Company Awards, and Personal Recognition Awards. To participate in the TIAs, a technology company must have its head office based in British Columbia or have established a significant operating division complete with senior management in the province. TIAs winners benefit through media recognition and the opportunity to connect with potential investors, advisors, mentors, and partners.  TIAs winners in recent years have included AbeBooks, Strangeloop Networks, Business Objects, and EQO Communications.

TechTalentBC

BC Tech takes an active role in developing local talent and recruiting skilled technology workers through a number of initiatives, including awarding scholarships to BC students who plan to make their careers in science and technology, and offering foreign recruitment workshops and other programs to help fill the 10,000 BC job openings in technology and related fields projected for 2008 alone.

BC Tech also conducts various industry studies to generate a greater understanding of BC's technology industry. These studies enable industry organizations to offer more targeted industry development campaigns and strategic corporate growth programs. One such study, the 2007 TechTalentBC Labour Demand survey, was undertaken with the assistance of the Information and Communications Technology Council. This study sought information regarding difficulties companies have in attracting top talent and the strategies they use to increase their headcounts.

Members
High-profile members of BC Tech include companies such as Sierra Wireless, MacDonald Dettwiler and Associates, PMC-Sierra, Bell Mobility, Electronic Arts (Canada) Inc.,  IBM Canada, Maximizer Software, the Microsoft Canada Development Centre, Nokia, Sony Canada, Sun Microsystems, Telus, and Ballard Power Systems.

BC Tech members also include research and development organizations such as the National Research Council (Canada), government organizations such as the BC Innovation Council and Industry Canada, non-profit educational centres such as TELUS World of Science (formerly Science World), worldwide technology organizations such as the Society for Technical Communication, and professional services firms that serve the technology industry such as PricewaterhouseCoopers.

In addition, BC Tech membership includes universities and university offices such as the British Columbia Institute of Technology, the University of British Columbia University-Industry Liaison Office, Douglas College, and the Emily Carr Institute of Art and Design.

References

External links

 Columbia Technology Industry Association Guide at GRC Blog.
 Welcome to the British Columbia branch of Editors Canada!
Trade associations based in British Columbia
Technology trade associations
Economy of British Columbia


Timbral listening is the process of actively listening to the timbral characteristics of sound.

Concept
In timbral listening, "pitch is subordinate to timbre".  Instead, the specific quality of a musical tone is determined by considering "the presence, distribution and relative amplitude of overtones."

When using this listening technique/ method of perception / interpretation there is "a relation between timbre and spectral content which is analogous to that between pitch and frequency in that one is the prevalent cultural construct of the other."

The most common form of timbral listening is listening to speech. This is demonstrated by listening to, for example, the vowels /a/ and /i/ spoken at the same pitch and intensity. The difference between the two sounds is entirely one of spectrum, or as the term is used in this article, timbre.

Nature

It has been suggested that "timbral listening is an ideal sonic mirror of the natural world". It is often (but not always) used in association with musics that are based in mimicry of sounds in the natural environment. Valentina Suzukei suggests that 'it was the nomadic way of life and its focus on the timbral qualities of natural sounds that created this kind of musicality'. This is especially prevalent in Canada where composers such as Hildegard Westerkamp apply the thinking of R. Murray Schafer's World Soundscape Project to their compositions.

Descriptive language and notation

As timbre has "no domain-specific adjectives" it "must be described in metaphor or by analogy to other senses". This method also has limitations.

Examples

Traditional music in Tuva and other Turkic cultures of inner Asia
The composition of timbre-centered music in the nomadic communities of Tuva involves mimicry of sounds heard in the environment. Timbral listening is a fundamental component of listening to, understanding and being able to correctly perform this music using vocal techniques such as throat singing "khoomei" and harmonic producing instruments such as the jaw harp, bzaanchy, shoor, qyl qiyak, qyl-gobyz, ku-rai and igil.

Barundi whispered Inanga or Inanga Chucotée in Africa
This music employs a fundamental drone and overtone harmonics. It consists of "a whispered text, accompanied by the inanga, a trough zither of eight strings. To listen correctly (using timbral listening), one must consider "the effect of the combined timbres of the noisy whisper and the inanga" as a whole sound.

Some forms of contemporary electronic music
More recently, computers and synthesizers are being used by contemporary composers to produce timbral-centered music. Contemporary composers state timbral listening as the correct technique to adopt in listening to and analysing their timbre (as opposed to pitch) based compositions. 'Pure timbres' are explored using methods such as granular synthesis in works such as Dragon of the Nebula by Mara Helmuth.

Shakuhachi music in Japan
The music produced by the Shakuhachi end blown flute such as honkyoku, contains timbral variations that are of equal importance to pitch variations. These timbral variations are indicated in Shakuhachi musical notation.

Application

The technique of timbral listening is used by sound engineers to evaluate timbre difference.

See also

 Spectral music
 Sound mass
 Timbre recognition

References

Further reading
 Karpinski, G. S., Aural Skills Acquisition: The Development of Listening, Reading, and Performing Skills in College-level Musicians (US: Oxford University Press, 200).
 Sethares, W. A., Tuning, Timbre, Spectrum, Scale (Springer, 2004).
 Tomassen, K. P., "Acoustics and Perception of Overtone Singing". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 92:4 (Oct. 1992): 1827–1836.
 Waters, S., "Timbre Composition: Ideology, Metaphor and Social Process". Contemporary Music Review 10:2 (1994), 129–134.

Musicology
Ethnomusicology
Musical techniques
Electronic music
Psychoacoustics
Throat singing


Vehicle registration plates of Mexico are issued with unique visual designs by each state, but with a single national numbering system, such that serials are not duplicated in multiple states. Most states change designs approximately every three years, with each state having its own plate replacement cycle. Every year, owners of Mexican-registered vehicles pay the tenencia or revalidación de placas (car plates renewal tax). A set of Mexican plates includes one pair of plates, a windshield sticker, and in some states a plate sticker. The international code for Mexico is "MEX".

Development
In 2001 the size of the plate number was reduced in order to accommodate the addition of the state number, legend indicating the position of the plate on the vehicle (delantera (front) or trasera (rear)), and additional graphics.

Mexican plates are issued in several different classifications: Private, Private Fronteriza, Public, Public Frontera, Servicio Público Federal, Inspección Fiscal y Aduanera, Armada de México, and Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores. The Fronteriza plates were introduced in 1972 and are available in the Mexico–United States border zone. This zone is formed by the states of Baja California and Baja California Sur, as well as parts of Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila and Tamaulipas. While the state of Nuevo León shares a  border with the U.S., it does not have any cities within the border zone.

As of 24 June 2016, the combinations issued had to be changed as no combinations may be repeated. From having used ABC-12-34, several jurisdictions began changing to ABC-123-A for private vehicles, A-123-ABC for public vehicles. Mexico City changed privately owned vehicles at the same time; they are now A12-ABC.

Plate types

Non-border zone

Border zone

Public Federal Service (SPF)

Seguridad Pública (Local, State or Federal Police and related)

Current series for Mexico City
The current 000-AAA plate series for Mexico City (until 2016 the Distrito Federal) was introduced in 1972, allowing registration for 10,950,300 private automobiles. This series was not affected by plate designs, and continued to be used until its ending in early 2015 (999-ZZZ). However, in 2001 all vehicles using combinations around 000-LWU and older received all-new combinations beginning with 000-MAA. Following the established series, vehicles after 999-ZZZ are registered as A01-AAA, in order not to use a combination used in the past, Letters I, O and Q are not used.

000-LAA for late 2000 and 2001 (plate redesign and full registration renewal around 000-LWU)
000-MAA, 000-NAA and 000-PAA were issued as replacement for older combinations and a few new registrations in 2003.
000-RAA for late 2001 and 2002 new registrations
000-SAA for late 2002 and 2004
000-TAA for late 2003 and 2006
000-UAA for 2006 and 2007
000-VAA for 2007 and early 2008 (plate redesign around 155-VSV and 865-VSV)
000-WAA for 2008 and 2009
000-XAA for 2010 and 2011
000-YAA for 2012 and 2013 (plate redesign after 999-YVT)
000-ZAA for 2013 and 2014
A00-AAA for 2015 and 2018
A00-BAA for 2018 onwards

References

External links

Mexico
Road transportation in Mexico
Mexico transportation-related lists
 Registration plates


Ruth Leuwerik (; 23 April 1924 – 12 January 2016) was a German film actress, one of the most popular stars of German film during the 1950s. She appeared in 34 films between 1950 and 1977. Leuwerik is probably best known for her portrayal of Maria von Trapp in the films The Trapp Family and The Trapp Family in America.

Born in Essen as Ruth Leeuwerik, she grew up there and in Münster. She began her acting career with stage roles in the late 1940s. In the 1950s she and Dieter Borsche were considered as the ideal couple of the German film. In 1962 she starred in the Helmut Käutner film Redhead, which was entered in the 12th Berlin International Film Festival. She is a five-time Bambi Award winner. Leuwerik died in Munich on 12 January 2016.

Partial filmography

  (1950) – Evelyne Winterthur (her film debut)
 Father Needs a Wife (1952) – Susanne Meissner
 The Great Temptation (1952) – Hilde
 A Heart Plays False (1953) – Sybilla Zander
 Must We Get Divorced? (1953) – Garda von Doerr
 Beloved Life (1953) – Louise von Bolin
 His Royal Highness (1953, after Thomas Mann's novel) – Imma Spoelman
 Portrait of an Unknown Woman (1954) – Nicole
 Ludwig II (1955) – Kaiserin Elisabeth von Österreich
 Beloved Enemy (1955) – Violante Gore
 Roses in Autumn (1955, after Theodor Fontane's novel Effi Briest) – Effi Briest
 The Golden Bridge (1956) – Tima
 The Trapp Family (1956) – Baronin Maria von Trapp
 Queen Louise (1957) – Königin Luise
 Goodbye, Franziska (1957) – Franziska
 Immer wenn der Tag beginnt (1957) – Dr. Hanna Burkhardt
 Taiga (1958) – Hanna Dietrich
 The Trapp Family in America (1958) – Baronin Maria von Trapp
 Dorothea Angermann (1959) – Dorothea Angermann
 The Ideal Woman (1959) – Fanny Becker
 Sweetheart of the Gods (1960) – Renate Mueller
 A Woman for Life (1960) – Margarete Barnebusch
 You Don't Shoot at Angels (1960) – Maria
 Die Stunde, die du glücklich bist (1961) – Vera
 Der Traum von Lieschen Müller (1961) – Autograph hunter
 Redhead (1962) – Franziska Lukas
 Eleven Years and One Day (1963) – Tina Rodenbach
 The House in Montevideo (1963) – Marianne Nägler
 An Alibi for Death (1963) – Dr. Maria Rohn
 Und Jimmy ging zum Regenbogen (1971) – Valerie Steinfeld
  (1977) – Frau Gerda Cornelius
 Derrick (1978, Episode: "Ein Hinterhalt") – Dr. Marta Schwenn
 The Buddenbrooks (1979, TV miniseries, after Thomas Mann's novel) – Konsulin
 Derrick (1983, Episode: "") – Vera Baruda

References

External links

1924 births
2016 deaths
Actors from Essen
Best Actress German Film Award winners
German film actresses
German stage actresses
Actors from the Rhine Province
20th-century German actresses


James Frazier Reed (November 14, 1800 – July 24, 1874) was an Irish-American businessman and soldier and a pioneer in the American West, notable for being an organizing member of the ill-fated Donner Party emigration to California in 1846.

Early life
Born in County Armagh, Kingdom of Ireland (now Northern Ireland), Reed claimed to be of noble Polish stock. After the death of his father, he emigrated with his mother to the United States. Once there, his mother sent him to live with a family member in Virginia, where he worked as a clerk in the family store. In about 1825, Reed moved to Illinois, where he took an interest in mining. While living there, Reed ran several businesses and took part in the Black Hawk War of 1832, serving with Abraham Lincoln.

In 1835, he married Margret Keyes Backenstoe, a widow with one daughter, Virginia Elizabeth Backenstoe, whom Reed did not adopt but who nonetheless went by the name Virginia Reed. The couple married and had four more children in Springfield: Martha Jane (called Patty); James F., Jr.; Thomas Keyes; and Gershom Francis, who died as an infant.

Donner Party

In 1845, Reed decided to head west to California and organized a small group, which left the Springfield area in the spring of 1846. The other members were George Donner, his brother Jacob, and their families and hired hands. Each head of household had three wagons. In addition to two supply wagons, Reed had a particularly comfortable one made for his family to ride in, which has since become legendary. The Reeds and Donners left Springfield on April 14 and joined a large wagon train led by William H. Russell on May 19.

While camped in Wyoming, the Reeds, Donners, and several other families decided to split off from the main trail and take a new route called the Hastings Cutoff, which had been advertised as a shortcut across the Great Basin. They elected George Donner captain, creating the Donner Party, and separated from the other emigrants on July 20. The new route proved painstakingly slow and arduous. While crossing the desert west of the Great Salt Lake, Reed abandoned two of his wagons after he lost most of his oxen. The exhausted Donner Party finally rejoined the California Trail on September 26 near Elko, Nevada, having taken three weeks longer than the traditional route.

On October 6, while traveling along the Humboldt River, Reed quarreled with two teamsters and, in the ensuing fight, stabbed John Snyder to death. One emigrant proposed hanging Reed, but after Reed's wife pleaded for leniency, the other emigrants decided to banish him instead. Reed initially refused to accept their decision but eventually agreed to go ahead to Sutter's Fort, in the Sacramento Valley, for supplies. After a difficult journey during which he nearly starved, Reed reached the fort on October 28. After two days of rest, he attempted to take provisions back to the wagon train, but deep snow blocked the way.

The early onset of winter not only blocked Reed's return but also trapped the Donner Party in the Sierra Nevada. The Donner Party members contrived makeshift shelters, hoping to soon resume their journey, but were forced to spend the winter in the mountains. They were already low on supplies and were compelled to slaughter their oxen for food. As the winter wore on, many of the emigrants starved to death, and some resorted to cannibalism.

Meanwhile, Reed, now stuck in California, tried to organize another relief expedition, but turmoil from the Mexican–American War not only disrupted his efforts but also forced him to take up arms. On January 2, 1847, Reed participated in the Battle of Santa Clara. While in the area, Reed took steps to secure land for himself in Santa Clara, where he would eventually bring his family.

In early February 1847, the citizens and naval officers of San Francisco funded a rescue effort for the stranded Donner Party. Its leader was Selim E. Woodworth, a naval officer, with Reed as his second-in-command. Reed rounded up men and supplies in the Sonoma and Napa Valleys north of San Francisco Bay and headed into the mountains. Reed met his wife, Margret; his stepdaughter, Virginia; and son, James, Jr. coming out of the mountains. After an emotional reunion, Reed and his men continued on to the camp, where his remaining children, Martha (8) and Thomas (3), were still stranded. Reed led a party of emigrants out from the camps, but a severe blizzard trapped them at the top of Donner Pass for two days, during which the party ran out of food. When the storm passed, most of the refugees were too weak to continue. Reed departed with his children but had to leave the others behind. A few days later, however, another party rescued them.

Later life
Reunited, the Reed family recuperated in the Napa Valley for many weeks, where Reed served briefly as sheriff of Sonoma. In 1847, Reed took his family to revive the neglected orchards of Mission San José. He leased the orchards and in that summer gathered and dried apples, figs, pears, and quince, which he shipped to Hawaii, trading for cocoa, coffee, rice, and sugar.

Less than a year from their escape from the snow, the Reeds welcomed another son, Charles Cadden Reed.  Willianoski Yount, called Willie, followed in 1850, but failed to survive his childhood.

In the spring of 1848, Reed joined the California Gold Rush, finding rich diggings in the Placerville area. Returning to San Jose in the fall of that year, he began an active community life. The family settled on a 500-acre (200-hectare) ranch between First Street and Coyote Creek in what is now Downtown San Jose. In 1849, Reed became the chief of police of the San Jose Police Department.

Reed also became a real estate developer and speculated in mining enterprises. The subdivision of the Reed land in 1849 resulted in the naming of Reed, Carrie, Margaret, Keyes, Lewis, Martha, Patterson, and Virginia Streets in honor of Reed family members. The present-day Reed Elementary School is named after Frazier O. Reed, a grandson of James F. Reed. During the California statehood process, Reed was a leading proponent of a plan to make San Jose the capital of California, and he donated four city blocks to the cause.

In 1856, gold was discovered in the nearby Santa Cruz Mountains, and Reed again set out to do some prospecting. Taking two of his sons, Reed leased a mining claim from Rancho Zayante owner Isaac Graham, on a tributary creek of the San Lorenzo River. The area never produced much gold, but the area near present-day Felton nevertheless became known as "Gold Gulch".

Death
Reed died in San Jose on July 24, 1874, at age 73. His great grandson later established Reeds Sporting Goods Store, a long-term business in San Jose, which became Reed's Indoor Range and is still open today under new management.

In popular culture
American Murder Song's ballad "The Cry Of The Banished Horseman" is a musical account of James Reed's murder of John Snyder and subsequent banishment from The Donner Party.

The actor John Anderson was cast as Reed in the 1960 episode, "A Girl Called Virginia", on the syndicated television anthology series, Death Valley Days. Patty McCormack played Virginia Reed, his stepdaughter who proves helpful beyond her years as the Donner Party splits apart.

References

External links

1800 births
1874 deaths
Donner Party
Businesspeople from County Armagh
Burials at Oak Hill Memorial Park
Irish emigrants to the United States
California sheriffs
Military personnel from County Armagh
Police officers from County Armagh


Uncial 0141 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), CL13 (Soden), is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament, dated palaeographically to the 10th century.

Description

The codex contains a verse-by-verse commentary in minuscule on the Gospel of John with some lacunae, on 349 parchment leaves (28 cm by 20 cm). The text is written in two columns per page, 31 lines per page, with about one verse per page written in uncial letters.

Text
The Greek text of this codex is a representative of the mixed text-type with the Byzantine predominating. Aland placed it in Category III.

It does not contain verse John 5:4, and the Pericope Adulterae (John 7:53-8:11). In John 1:38 it has an error (εθερμηνευομενον instead of μεθερμηνευομενον).

In John 1:29 it lacks ο Ιωαννης along with manuscripts Sinaiticus, Alexandrinus, Vaticanus, Cyprius, Campianus, Petropolitanus Purpureus, Vaticanus 354, Nanianus, Macedoniensis, Sangallensis, Koridethi, Petropolitanus, Athous Lavrensis, 045, 047, 8, 9, 565, 1192;

In John 3:5 it reads βασιλειαν των ουρανων for βασιλειαν του θεου. The reading is supported by Codex Sinaiticus.

In John 3:13 it has reading ανθρωπου ο ων εκ του ουρανου for ανθρωπου, the reading is supported only by minuscule 80 and syrc;

History

C. R. Gregory dated the manuscript to the 10th century. Currently it is dated by the INTF to the 10th century.

The manuscripts once belonged to Jean Hurault de Boistaillé along with other manuscripts of the New Testament (e.g. 10).

It was added to the list of the New Testament manuscripts by Johann Martin Augustin Scholz. It was examined by Dean Burgon and Paulin Martin.

It is currently housed at the Bibliothèque nationale de France (Gr. 209) in Paris.

See also

 List of New Testament uncials
 Biblical manuscript
 Textual criticism

References

External links

 Uncial 0141 at the Wieland Willker, "Textual Commentary"

Greek New Testament uncials
10th-century biblical manuscripts
Bibliothèque nationale de France collections


Cold fusion is a hypothesized type of nuclear reaction that would occur at or near room temperature.

Cold fusion may also refer to:

In science
Muon-catalyzed fusion, before Fleischmann and Pons, was sometimes called cold fusion
Pyroelectric fusion, first achieved in 2005, uses a pyroelectric crystal to accelerate ions to fusion energies with room temperature equipment
Polywell fusion, uses inertial electrostatic confinement to attract and confine ions so densely that they fuse
Nuclear fusion where the product nuclei have a relatively low excitation energy of around 10 to 20 MeV (this meaning is used mostly in the field of the synthesis of superheavy elements)

In culture
Cold Fusion (novel), 1996 novel by Lance Parkin, based on the sci-fi TV series Doctor Who
"Cold Fusion" (The Twilight Zone), an episode of the 2002 TV series
Cold Fusion (2001 film), a documentary film about skiing and snowboarding by Warren Miller
Cold Fusion (2011 film), a sci-fi film starring Adrian Paul and William Hope

In computing
Adobe ColdFusion, application server and development framework for computer software
ColdFusion Markup Language, CFML, scripting programming language for the Adobe server

See also
Cold contact (disambiguation)
Cold joint
Cold junction (disambiguation)
Cold welding
Fusion (disambiguation)


President Lee may refer to:

Harold B. Lee (1899–1973), president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Lee Myung-bak (born 1941), 10th president of South Korea
Richard Henry Lee (1732–1794), president of the Confederation Congress and president pro tempore of the United States Senate
Syngman Lee (1875–1965), 1st president of South Korea
Lee Teng-hui (born 1923), president of the Republic of China

See also
Lee (surname)
Prime Minister Lee (disambiguation)


Joanna Olczak-Ronikier (born 12 November 1934) is a Polish writer and scenarist, co-founder of the Piwnica pod Baranami cabaret in Kraków.

Biography
Joanna Olczak was born on 12 November 1934 in Warsaw to a Polish-Jewish family, as a daughter of Tadeusz Olczak and Hanna Mortkowicz (1905–1968), famous poet and writer. Her maternal grandmother Janina de domo Horwitz (1875–1960) also was a writer, while her husband Jakób Mortkowicz (1876–1931) was a book publisher. Joanna Olczak-Ronikier is also related with Maksymilian Horwitz, a politician, and Kamilla Kancewicz, a doctor.

In 1994 she wrote a monograph about Piwnica pod Baranami and four years later a biography of Piotr Skrzynecki, founder of this cabaret. Olczak-Ronikier is also an author of many dramas, including Ja-Napoleon (Teatr Dramatyczny, Warsaw; 1968) and Z biegiem lat, z biegiem dni... (Teatr Stary, Cracow; 1978).

In 2002 her memoir about her family's history W ogrodzie pamięci won the Nike Award and in 2011 she received the Klio Award for Janusz Korczak biography, Korczak. Próba biografii.

She was married twice: with a German journalist Ludwig Zimmerer (1924–1987), they had one daughter, Katarzyna Zimmerer (born in 1961); and with a Polish translator Michał Ronikier (born in 1939).

References

Polish women writers
1934 births
Living people
20th-century Polish Jews
21st-century Polish Jews
21st-century Polish writers
Jewish Polish writers
Nike Award winners


The Artistry of Glen Campbell is a double album from 1972 which was originally sold through the Glen Campbell Fan Club. The songs are made up of B-sides, previously unreleased material and new recordings of mainly public domain songs. The B-sides are taken from the following singles: "Dreams of the Everyday Housewife"/"Kelli Hoe Down" (1968),
"True Grit"/"Hava Nagila" (1969), *"By the Time I Get to Phoenix-I Say a Little Prayer" (duet with Anne Murray)/"All through the Night" (1971) and "Manhattan Kansas"/"Wayfaring Stranger" (1972). The second album contains instrumental songs only.

Track listing
Glen Sings

Side 1:

 "Aura Lee" - 2:54
 "Wayfaring Stranger" - 2:21
 "Shenandoah" - 2:50
 "Scarlet Ribbons" - 3:10
 "Danny Boy" - 2:28

Side 2:

 "Foggy, Foggy Dew" - 3:25
 "Barbara Allen" - 2:42
 "Rovin' Gambler" - 3:00
 "All Through the Night" - 2:14
 "Greensleeves" - 3:07

Glen Plays

Side 3:

 "Hava Nagila" - 2:14
 "Banjo Garden" - 1:58
 "Wild Flower" - 2:00
 "Brass Tracks" - 2:01
 "Kelli Hoe Down" (Glen Campbell) - 1:46

Side 4:

 "Love Is Blue" - 1:50
 "Raunchy" - 2:40
 "Classical Gas" (Mason Williams) - 3:03
 "Bach Talk" - 2:04
 "Tequila" - 2:40

1972 compilation albums
Glen Campbell compilation albums
Capitol Records compilation albums
Albums recorded at Capitol Studios


Paul Hermann Bildt (19 May 1885 – 13 March 1957) was a German film actor. He appeared in more than 180 films between 1910 and 1956. He was born in Berlin and died in Zehlendorf, West Berlin.

Selected filmography

 Devil in Silk (1956)
 Ich suche Dich (1956)
 The Plot to Assassinate Hitler (1955)
 A Heart Full of Music (1955)
 The Dark Star (1955)
 Reaching for the Stars (1955)
 Ludwig II (1955)
 Sky Without Stars (1955)
 Son Without a Home (1955)
 Sauerbruch – Das war mein Leben (1954)
 The Missing Miniature (1954)
 The Angel with the Flaming Sword (1954)
 As Long as You're Near Me (1953)
 The Stronger Woman (1953)
 Must We Get Divorced? (1953)
 Toxi (1952)
 No Greater Love (1952)
 All Clues Lead to Berlin (1952)
 The Great Temptation (1952)
 Father Needs a Wife (1952)
 Heart of Stone (1950)
 The Council of the Gods (1950)
 Don't Dream, Annette (1949)
 The Beaver Coat (1949)
 Blum Affair (1948)
 Raid (1947)
 Tell the Truth (1946)
 Kolberg (1945)
 Opfergang (1944)
 The Great Love (1942)
 With the Eyes of a Woman (1942)
 Attack on Baku (1942)
 Friedemann Bach (1941)
 The Girl from Fano (1941)
 The Gasman (1941)
 The Girl at the Reception (1940)
 Our Miss Doctor (1940)
 Bachelor's Paradise (1939)
 The Leghorn Hat (1939)
 Woman Without a Past (1939)
 Who's Kissing Madeleine? (1939)
 D III 88 (1939)
 Robert Koch (1939)
 The False Step (1939)
 Twelve Minutes After Midnight (1939)
 Alarm at Station III (1939)
 The Governor (1939)
 Yvette (1938)
 Anna Favetti (1938)
 All Lies (1938)
 The Roundabouts of Handsome Karl (1938)
 You and I (1938)
 By a Silken Thread (1938)
 Dance on the Volcano (1938)
 The Deruga Case (1938)
 Madame Bovary (1937)
 The Man Who Was Sherlock Holmes (1937)
 The Ruler (1937)
 To New Shores (1937)
 Signal in the Night (1937)
 Donogoo Tonka (1936)
 Moscow-Shanghai (1936)
 Savoy Hotel 217 (1936)
 City of Anatol (1936)
 Victoria (1935)
 William Tell (1934)
 Thea Roland (1932)
 The Invisible Front (1932)
 1914 (1931)
 Dreyfus (1930)
 The Other (1930)
 Prinz Louis Ferdinand (1927)
 Potsdam (1927)
 Sister Veronika (1927)
 Lützow's Wild Hunt (1927)
 The Girl with the Five Zeros (1927)
 The Flames Lie (1926)
 Children of No Importance (1926)
 People to Each Other (1926)
 Slums of Berlin (1925)
 The Hanseatics (1925)
 Destiny (1925)
 The Humble Man and the Chanteuse (1925)
 Our Heavenly Bodies (1925)
 An Artist of Life (1925)
 Doctor Wislizenus (1924)
 The Pilgrimage of Love (1923)
 A Woman, an Animal, a Diamond (1923)
 Friedrich Schiller (1923)
 The Pagoda (1923)
 The Lady and Her Hairdresser (1922)
 The Haunted Castle (1921)
 Lady Hamilton (1921)
 The House in Dragon Street (1921)
 Parisian Women (1921)
 The Woman in the Trunk (1921)
 The Golden Plague (1921)
 Figures of the Night (1920)
 The Prisoner (1920)
 The Guilt of Lavinia Morland (1920)
 The Living Dead (1919)
 Rose Bernd (1919)
 The Adventure of a Ball Night (1918)
 Precious Stones (1918)
 The Nun and the Harlequin (1918)
 Imprisoned Soul (1917)
 The Princess of Neutralia (1917)

References

External links

1885 births
1957 deaths
Male actors from Berlin
German male film actors
German male silent film actors
20th-century German male actors
Recipients of the National Prize of East Germany


RightChange.com was an American conservative political group. It was devoted to electing conservative U.S. Republican Party candidates, thus the reference to the political right in its name. It spent millions supporting Republican candidates in the 2010 general election.

It defined itself as an organization that "engages Americans through informed, fact-based content delivered in a creative format and through multimedia platforms to allow viewers to develop their own conclusions about the most critical economic and national security policies of our day.  RightChange cuts through the political spin by using politicians’ own words, votes and actions to hold them accountable." Its funding mostly came from Fred Eshelman, a North Carolina pharmaceutical business owner.

Campaigns and actions
In a last-minute campaign ad, RightChange used images from the September 2001 World Trade Center attacks to assert that Democratic presidential candidate Barack Obama would "undermine the terror strategy that protects us".

During the 2008 U.S. presidential election, RightChange sponsored television commercials and said that "For years, John McCain warned of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac’s risk to the economy and pushed for reform" while "Democrats defended Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac."  RightChange also attacked Democratic candidate Barack Obama, claiming that his "economic proposals stick small businesses with the Bill for the Wall Street Bailout."

The Associated Press reported on September 16, 2008, that RightChange.com "plans to spend about $1.5 million in the next two weeks on national cable networks including Fox News Channel, CNN, and CNN Headline News, said spokesman Tim Pittman. Rightchange.com is financed largely by pharmaceutical executive Fred Eshelman, who has given more than $200,000 to Republican candidates and party organizations since 2002, according to Federal Election Commission records.

The Tax Foundation, a tax research group based in Washington, D.C. that has been operating since 1937, analyzed the claims made by RightChange in one of its ads and concluded that they were "spreading nonsense ... so ridiculous that I'm almost at a loss for words ... an outright lie."

Funding
According to National Public Radio, RightChange "reported $2.7 million in contributions from its president, Fred Eshelman, CEO of PPD, a pharmaceutical research firm in North Carolina. Eshelman donated $3.38 million to RightChange in 2010.  PPD's chairman, Ernest Mario, gave an additional $1 million. Mario also runs Capnia Inc., a Palo Alto, Calif.-based company developing a system to treat migraines using medical gas." NPR noted that "RightChange.com's other directors also have connections to the health industry. Board member Jeff Barnhart is CEO of Cabarrus Community Health Centers, which RightChange's corporate secretary, Fletcher Hartsell, helped found. Both Barnhart and Hartsell are Republican state legislators in North Carolina."

References

External links

Republican Party (United States) organizations


The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus is the academic health sciences campus in Aurora, Colorado that houses the University of Colorado's six health sciences-related schools and colleges, including the University of Colorado School of Medicine, the CU Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, the CU College of Nursing, the University of Colorado School of Dental Medicine, and the Colorado School of Public Health, as well as the graduate school for various fields in the biological and biomedical sciences. The campus also includes the  Fitzsimons Innovation Community, UCHealth University of Colorado Hospital, Children's Hospital Colorado, the Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs hospital, and a residential/retail town center known as 21 Fitzsimons. CU Anschutz is the largest academic health center in the Rocky Mountain region.

The campus is located on a portion of the former Fitzsimons Army Medical Center. After the base was decommissioned in 1999, the campus became known as the Fitzsimons Medical Campus, or simply "Fitzsimons," and adopted its current name in 2006 after the Anschutz family donated $91 million to construct the Anschutz Centers for Advanced Medicine, which include the Anschutz Outpatient and Cancer Pavilions, and the Anschutz Inpatient Pavilion.

History

University of Colorado Health Sciences Center

The University of Colorado created the Department of Medicine and Surgery in September 1883 in the Old Main building on the Boulder campus. This department granted its first degrees in 1885.

By 1892, the last two years of classes were taught in Denver because the larger population afforded more practical experience. This triggered a turf battle with the private medical school at the University of Denver, and the resulting legal battle went all the way to the Supreme Court of Colorado. In 1897, the Supreme Court found that the charter of the University of Colorado restricted it to teaching in Boulder.

Then in 1910, University of Colorado persuaded the legislature to amend the state constitution, allowing the university to move its medical school back to Denver. In 1911, the School of Medicine merged with the private Denver and Gross Medical College to form a larger school with a more comprehensive program, thus paving the way for the medical school to move permanently to Denver.

In 1925, the U.C. School of Medicine moved to a campus on 9th Avenue and Colorado Boulevard in Denver. This eventually became the modern University of Colorado Health Sciences Center (the Anschutz Medical Campus in the long run).

In 1947, the University of Colorado Hospital assumed responsibility for patients referred to it from the Denver General Hospital. The state paid for their care, and medical and nursing students got instruction.

In 1995, Fitzsimons Army Medical Center was put on the Base Realignment and Closure list by Congress. Officials from the Health Sciences Center, the University of Colorado Hospital, and the City of Aurora presented a proposal to the Department of Defense to utilize part of the decommissioned Army medical center as an academic health center for the University of Colorado.

In 2004, the first medical school laboratories moved from Denver to the research towers on the Fitzsimons grounds. Then in 2006, the Fitzsimons campus was renamed the "Anschutz Medical Campus" in recognition of the large donations of money from Philip Anschutz and his wife Nancy Anschutz.

By the end of 2008, all of the academic and research operations of the University of Colorado at Denver health sciences schools and colleges had been relocated from their older campus in Denver to the new Anschutz Medical Campus, joining the University of Colorado Hospital and the Children's Hospital (Colorado).

Merger with the University of Colorado Denver

In the summer of 2004, the University of Colorado Denver and the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center merged to create the University of Colorado Denver and Health Sciences Center ("UCDHSC"). As a result, the University of Colorado encompassed three institutions, down from four. On October 29, 2007, the board of regents voted to rename UCDHSC as the "University of Colorado Denver." The branding covered both the Anschutz Medical Campus and the Denver Campus. This was reportedly a source of frustration for the City of Aurora, whose representatives felt slighted that the location of one of the university's two campuses is not reflected in the university's name. Officials agreed to add "in Aurora" to the "University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus", referring only to one half of the university, but this was also considered an unsatisfactory solution, and one state senator proposed the moniker "University of Colorado Denver/Aurora".

In January 2010, the University of Colorado removed the word "Denver" from the Anschutz Medical Campus, referring to it only as University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus. In 2014, the University of Colorado appointed separate chancellors for the University of Colorado Denver and the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, effectively separating the two campuses. However, the campuses remain administratively consolidated and offer some dual campus programs offered under the moniker University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus or UC Denver/Anschutz for short.

Anschutz Medical Campus
UCHealth University of Colorado Hospital, a teaching hospital affiliated with the University of Colorado, opened its new $644 million,  facility at the Anschutz Medical Campus in 2007. Children's Hospital Colorado, with , opened in 2007 to the south of the campus. U.S. Department of Veteran's Affairs Hospital broke ground in August 2009 but the projected opening date in 2013 was missed. In 2014, the half-finished hospital was hundreds of millions of dollars over budget and the Veterans Administration  (VA) was found to have breached its contract with the construction company. The U.S. Civilian Board of Contract Appeals declared the project had grown outside the scope of the Congress-approved budget due to the unrealistic expectations of the VA. In July 2018, following those delays, the Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center opened.

Academics

On the Anschutz Medical Campus, the University of Colorado houses the University of Colorado School of Dental Medicine, the School of Medicine, the CU College of Nursing, the School of Pharmacy, Colorado School of Public Health, and the Graduate School. CU Anschutz offers 42 degree programs across its six schools and college, and its programs feature highly in various national rankings (see Rankings).

School of Pharmacy

The University of Colorado's School of Pharmacy (SOP) began in 1911 as a division of the School of Medicine in Boulder. It became an independent college in 1913 and a school in 1957. It received its accreditation in 1938-1939 and awarded a B.S. in Pharmacy degree in 1995-1996 when it received a full accreditation status awarding the Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) degree by the ACPE. In 1986, the School of Pharmacy was administratively transferred to the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center in Denver. The physical transfer from Boulder and final consolidation of faculty, staff and students was completed between August and November 1992. In 2008, the school moved to the Anschutz Medical Campus, and is involved in teaching, research and public/professional service in the practice of pharmacy, the pharmaceutical sciences, molecular toxicology, and pharmaceutical outcomes research. 30% of its class is from out of state. In 2008, the NIH awarded $7,271,657 and $19,056,438 in grants towards the SOP and Pharmacology department, respectively. In the Spring of 2010, the school moved into its new building, the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences also on the Anschutz Medical Campus.

Research
In 2007, more than $373 million in research and training grants and contracts was awarded to CU Anschutz Medical Campus researchers. In 2012, more than $179 million was awarded by the National Institutes of Health to CU Anschutz researchers. As of 2018, research grants totaled $553 million. The university is considered by the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education to have "very high research activity" with a basic classification of Research Universities (RU/VH) (very high research activity). The core laboratories in the research complex, at the Anschutz Medical Campus, include mass spectrometry, X-ray crystallography, electron microscopy, a 900 mega-hertz nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometer, flow cytometry, DNA array and peptide protein chemistry.

Rankings
Academic programs on the campus feature in a number of rankings in U.S. News & World Report's America's Best Graduate Schools, 2019. The University of Colorado School of Medicine ranks 6th among American medical schools for Pediatrics, 7th for Family Medicine, 12th for primary care, and 30th among medical schools for research.  The Physicians Assistant's Program ranks 7th, with Online Nursing ranked 4th, and the Colorado School of Public Health ranked 23rd. Other nursing programs, for masters and Doctor of Nursing practice are ranked 49th, and 41st respectively.

Campus

The Anschutz campus hosts administrative and teaching functions, as well as clinical and research programs with nearly 25,000 faculty, employees, and support staff. The principal buildings on campus include the Fitzsimons Building (formerly Building 500), two Research Complex towers, two education buildings, the Fulginiti Pavilion for Bioethics and Humanities, the Barbara Davis Diabetes Center, the Nighthorse Campbell Native Health Building, Strauss Health Sciences Library, the Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, as well as the individual buildings for the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and the School of Dental Medicine. The Children's Hospital and the University of Colorado Hospital are located to the south of the campus. The north part of campus consists of two bioscience buildings, which includes the Gates Biomanufacturing Facility.

Enrollment
There are 4,326 students enrolled at University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus as of Fall 2018. Of these, 528 are undergraduate students (15% male, 85% female), 3,798 are graduate or enrolled in first professional courses (33% male, 66% female). 27% of the student population at the Anschutz Medical Campus are students of color. There are approximately 729 medical students, 455 dental students, 1,092 graduate students, 499 nursing students, 697 pharmacy students, and 498 public health students.

Strauss Health Sciences Library
The library on the Anschutz Medical Campus is the largest health sciences library in Colorado, with more than 32,000 e-journals. The library opened in late 2007 with 2 Information Commons, 30 group study rooms, and wireless internet connectivity throughout the library. The facility includes collection storage with a reading room as well as indoor and outdoor private and team study spaces, administrative offices, reference services, classrooms, a conference center, a learning resource center, systems-database support, education and health informatics support, and a rare materials collection. In fall 2018, the library was renamed to the Strauss Health Sciences Library, to recognize 1951 pharmacy alumni and philanthropist Henry L. Strauss.

Architecture and layout

The Anschutz Medical Campus is a  campus for the University, UCHealth University of Colorado Hospital, and Children's Hospital Colorado. All of the facilities on the campus, with the exception of the former Fitzsimons Hospital (referred to as 500 Main, or "Building 500" and Officially renamed Fitzsimmons building in 2018), are new construction. A series of distinct quadrangular zones on the campus governs its architectural design: the research quadrangle, consisting of the three Research Complex towers, features a contemporary glass and metal design, Research Complex I and II were designed by Fentress Architects in association with Kling Stubbins; the education quadrangle is characterized by a brick aesthetic; and the core quadrangle is located on the central axis of the campus, and anchored by Building 500. The  medical library is located along the center quadrangle of the campus, and was designed as a joint venture between Davis Partnership Architects of Denver and Centerbrook Architects & Planners.

The combined  of the Anschutz Medical Campus and the Fitzsimons Life Science District is undergoing a $4.3 billion renovation and transformation into the largest medical-related redevelopment project in the United States. The  Fitzsimons Innovation Community in Aurora is being developed north and adjacent of the health sciences areas of campus, providing opportunities to collaborate with biotechnology companies and their resources. The remaining acres of the former military facility are dedicated to commercial, hospitality, retail, and residential development.

The Anschutz Medical Campus consists of three zones: an education zone with facilities for training in the medical and health-related fields, a research zone that houses the graduate programs, and a clinical care zone with the UCHealth University of Colorado Hospital and Children's Hospital Colorado, the University of Colorado School of Medicine's primary adult and pediatric hospital partners, nearby.

On-campus and neighboring buildings
UCHealth University of Colorado Hospital is an adult and pediatric partner hospital of the University of Colorado School of Medicine, and is the only academic hospital in the Rocky Mountain region. The hospital buildings on the campus include the Anschutz Inpatient Pavilion, the main 400+ bed hospital; the Anschutz Outpatient Pavilion, which houses many of the hospital's clinics; the Anschutz Cancer Pavilion, which houses the clinical services of the University of Colorado Cancer Center; the Sue Anschutz-Rodgers Eye Center; and the Center for Dependency, Addiction and Rehabilitation (CeDAR). The providers at UCHealth University of Colorado Hospital are also faculty members at the University of Colorado School of Medicine.

Children's Hospital Colorado is affiliated with the CU School of Medicine and offers pediatric medical training programs. It is the primary pediatric hospital partner of the CU School of Medicine. The hospital treats infants, children, teens, and young adults aged 0–21 throughout the region.

The  Nighthorse Campbell Native Health Building houses the Centers for American Indian and Alaska Native Health. The 3-story building contains outpatient and long-distance medical consultation services, and houses the Programs for Public Psychiatry, and the TeleHealth/TeleEducation Program Office and Resource Center.

Colorado Lions Eye Institute Building.  Original building from 2001 with addition in 2014.

The Anschutz Health Sciences Building began construction in January 2019 and officially opened on December 27, 2021. The building will house several programs on campus, including biostatistics and informatics, personalized and precision medicine, mental and behavioral health, health policy outcomes research, with a focus on interdisciplinary work.

University of Colorado Cancer Center
The University of Colorado Cancer Center, or CU Cancer Center, is an NCI-designated Cancer Center at the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus's Cancer Pavilion.

History

The CU Cancer center opened in 1985 and received NCI-designation in 1988. It is the only NCI center in Colorado, and all NCI funded scientists in Colorado are members of the CU Cancer Center. In 2005, CU Cancer Center was recognized by the NCI as a consortium, comprising University of Colorado Denver, University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado State University, Children's Hospital Colorado, and the Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center. It is also a member of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

The current director of the CU Cancer Center is Dr. Richard Schulick, who took over the role in June 2018.

Research
Research is organized into seven (7) programs:
 Cancer Prevention and Control
 Cancer Cell Biology
 Developmental Therapeutics
 Hormone Related Malignancies
 Molecular Oncology
 Lung/Head and Neck Cancer
 Pediatrics-Neonatology

References

External links
Official website

University of Colorado Denver
Medical schools in Colorado
Education in Aurora, Colorado
Schools in Adams County, Colorado
2006 establishments in Colorado
University of Colorado campuses


A state revolving fund (SRF) is a fund administered by a U.S. state for the purpose of providing low-interest loans for investments in water and sanitation infrastructure (e.g., sewage treatment, stormwater management facilities, drinking water treatment), as well as for the implementation of nonpoint source pollution control and estuary protection projects. An SRF receives its initial capital from federal grants and state contributions. It then emits bonds that are guaranteed by the initial capital. It then "revolves" through the repayment of principal and the payment of interest on outstanding loans.

Current programs
There are currently two SRFs, the Clean Water State Revolving Fund created in 1987 under the Clean Water Act, and the Drinking Water State Revolving Fund created in 1997 under the Safe Drinking Water Act. Both programs are managed at the federal level by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

Drinking Water State Revolving Fund background
Prior to the creation of the Drinking Water State Revolving Fund program, EPA evaluated the adequacy of state public water systems during its early implementation of the 1974 Safe Drinking Water Act. The agency’s goal was to devolve "primacy" (i.e. oversight of local public water systems) to states that were prepared to accept the responsibility and to use the new funds provided by Congress in EPA’s budget to give states financial support.

See also
Water pollution
Water purification
Water supply and sanitation in the United States

References

External links
Clean Water State Revolving Fund - EPA
Drinking Water State Revolving Fund - EPA

Further reading
 EPA Alumni Association: Drinking Water, Half Century of Progress – a brief history of U.S. efforts to protect drinking water

Federal assistance in the United States
Water supply and sanitation in the United States


In the United States, tribal colleges and universities (TCUs) are a category of higher education, minority-serving institutions defined in the Higher Education Act of 1965. Each qualifies for funding under the Tribally Controlled Colleges and Universities Assistance Act of 1978 (25 U.S.C. 1801 et seq.) or the Navajo Community College Act (25 U.S.C. 640a note); or is cited in section 532 of the Equity in Educational Land-Grant Status Act of 1994 (7 U.S.C. 301 note).

These educational institutions are distinguished by being controlled and operated by federally recognized American Indian tribes; they have become part of American Indians' institution-building in order to pass on their own cultures. The first was founded by the Navajo Nation in 1968 in Arizona, and several others were established in the 1970s.  As of 1994, they have been authorized by Congress as land-grant colleges.

As of 2018, there are 32 fully accredited Tribal Colleges and Universities (TCUs) in the United States, with one formal candidate for accreditation.

Native American Non-Tribal Institutions (NANTI) are institutions other than TCUs that serve an undergraduate population that is both low income (at least 50% receiving Title IV needs-based assistance) and in which American Indian students constitute at least 10% (e.g., Southeastern Oklahoma State University).

History
The Tribal College movement developed as part of the Native American "self-determination" movement of the 1960s. Federally recognized tribes wanted to have more control over the education of their children and ways to pass on their culture, and develop contemporary skills to build economic capacity. They have developed tribal colleges on or near Indian reservations. These provide access to post-secondary education, accredited degrees, and vocational training for both Indian and non-Indian students in many rural areas.

The first tribal college was Navajo Community College, now called Diné College, founded on the reservation in Tsaile, Arizona, in 1968. It was accredited in 1979.  Tensions immediately arose between advocates of two philosophies: one that the tribal colleges should have the same criteria, curriculum, and procedures for educational quality as mainstream colleges, and the other that the faculty and curriculum should be closely adapted to the particular historical culture of a tribe.  Faculty and staff had a high rate of turnover, exacerbated by very tight budgets.  Several other tribal colleges were established in the 1970s, and enrollment at such institutions has steadily increased.

Since the 1970s, when many of these colleges were founded, most tribes have developed curricula that incorporate their Native culture and tradition. These institutions are generally located on reservations and face problems similar to those of other rural educational institutions: recruitment and retention of students and faculty because of relative isolation (in some cases quite strong) and competition from other institutions, and curriculum issues. Lack of funding, along with the minimal resources of some tribes, have been obstacles. For some Native American nations, revenues from casino gambling have aided in their building educational institutions.

In general, enrollment has increased significantly, particularly in areas where reservations have significant populations. In 1982, the total enrollment at tribal colleges in the United States was approximately 2,100; by 2003, it had increased to 30,000. This also reflects a return to reservations by numerous American Indians, for instance, on the Great Plains. Since the 1990s, the movement to place greater emphasis on culturally appropriate education specific to Native Americans has also helped boost enrollment.

By contrast, California's only tribal college, D-Q University located west of Davis, California, closed in 2005. It re-opened briefly with six students in 2006. Unlike most of the institutions, it is not affiliated with a single tribe or reservation.

In 1994 under the Elementary and Secondary Education Reauthorization Act, the tribal colleges were authorized by the US Congress as land-grant colleges.  Most offer two-year degrees, although six are four-year institutions, and three have master's degree programs. Several colleges, such as the College of the Menominee Nation, have developed transfer agreements with affiliated state universities to allow students who graduate from the two-year tribal college to receive junior status at the state university system. Sinte Gleska University in South Dakota has a master's program affiliated with Red Crow Community College and Canadian universities in Alberta.

On December 2, 2011, President Barack Obama signed Executive Order 13592—Improving American Indian and Alaska Native Educational Opportunities and Strengthening Tribal Colleges and Universities, which ordered the Department of Education to work closely with tribal governments to help improve educational opportunities provided to all AI/AN students, including students attending post-secondary institutions such as Tribal Colleges and Universities. This executive order was signed to address the high drop out rate, to help close the achievement gap between AI/AN students and their non-native peers, while also preserving and revitalizing Native languages. This executive order was run by the White House Initiative on American Indian and Alaska Native Education. This initiative has been implemented by the Department of Education, and it supports activities that will expand educational opportunities and improve education outcomes for all AI/AN students.

As of 2013, Montana is the only state in which each Indian reservation has established a fully accredited tribal college. The University of Montana "was the first to establish dual admission agreements with all of the tribal colleges and as such it was the first institution in the nation to actively facilitate student transfer from the tribal colleges." In addition, the Montana legislature passed the Indian Education for All Act, creating the only state mandate for public schools to "teach American Indian history, culture, and heritage to preschool through higher education students."

Research

Faculty development
In 2017 Ahmed Al-Asfour and Suzanne Young conducted a survey study of the professional development needs of faculty at TCUs. The areas of greatest concern were workload and low salary. Low teacher salaries may be attributed to the unique situation TCUs have related to funding. Most tribal colleges are located on reservations and therefore are not supported by local taxes, nor do they pay them. They receive financial support only from the federal government, chiefly through the Bureau of Indian Affairs, and remain chronically underfunded. Al-Asfour and Young say that this underfunding and subsequent low faculty salaries may be a cause of low retention of faculty. As a result, mostly inexperienced faculty accept positions at TCUs.

Additionally, Al-Asfour and Young found that non-Native American faculty reported significantly greater challenges in learning Native American culture compared to Native American faculty. They say that faculty development should focus on training the non-native staff in regard to Native American culture, to better serve their population of students. TCUs are unique institutions and therefore require special attention to understand the needs of their faculty and to allocate resources as needed.

Role of mentorship

Research done by Carol Ward, Kacey Widdison Jones, Ryan Coles, Loren Rich, Stan Knapp and Robert Madsen at Chief Dull Knife College (CDKC) found that AI/AN students had a special need for direct culturally sensitive mentoring and social support. The case study of CDKC explored the outcome which students attributed to their experiences working on a research project under a mentor, and the effects this participation had on student attitudes.

They studied students who were involved in a variety of research collaborations with the University of Montana and Montana State University under mentorship from the research director. From this one-on-one instruction and mentorship, the students' perceptions of themselves, their abilities, and their futures increased significantly. After being mentored, they believed they could incorporate science into their educational and career future. They completed upper-level science research methods courses despite having previously struggled in math and science instruction. Most importantly, the students were able to recognize their academic strengths rather than viewing themselves negatively, and they changed how they envisioned their futures. Ward et al. found that "student involvement in instructor-led mentored research projects as well as independent and student-led research activities improved student performance and confidence in math and science, improved course retention and completion, and resulted in more students planning to pursue four-year degrees."

Role in preserving native languages

As the use of native languages decreases, Paskus explored the role TCUs have in language preservation among college-age students and youth. Many TCUs have Native language courses and are also beginning to bring those programs to elementary students and younger. Implementers of these programs have already begun to see small achievements, such as more often hearing greetings and other exchanges on campus taking place in native languages. Some of these programs focus on a model that connects the children with elders, and help the parents to learn the language too. TCUs may be lighting the spark in this movement.

Study of TCU drug and alcohol problem and solutions

Duran, Magarati, Parker, Egashira, and Kipp conducted a web-based survey of 340 students, faculty and staff to better understand how TCU members perceived drug and alcohol problems and their readiness to address these issues, with results published in 2013. They found that both students and staff perceive alcohol and drug problems as being a serious problem, but also the TCUs have strong systems of social capital in place to address them. These systems include staff who will intervene, traditional activities that bring people together, and overall respect for one another. TCUs have been able to gain grants to enhance academic achievement by addressing alcohol and drug needs on campuses and continuing to study them. Duran et al. argue "these are the first steps to develop a culturally appropriate and sustainable alcohol and drug abuse treatment and prevention strategy for TCUs, which in turn enhances post-secondary academic success among Native students".

List of institutions

Affiliations
In 1973, the first six American Indian tribally controlled colleges established the American Indian Higher Education Consortium (AIHEC) to provide a support network as they worked to influence federal policies on American Indian higher education. Today, AIHEC has grown to 37 Tribal Colleges and Universities in the United States. Each of these institutions was created and chartered by its own tribal government or the federal government for a specific purpose: to provide higher education opportunities to American Indians through programs that are locally and culturally based, holistic, and supportive. Through AIHEC, the colleges continue to work together to influence policy and build programs in all facets of higher education. They receive technical assistance in key areas; network with one another, federal agencies, other institutions, and potential partners; mentor new institutions; and plan new initiatives to address evolving areas of need. AIHEC provides leadership and influences public policy on American Indian and Alaska Native higher education issues through advocacy, research, and programmatic initiatives; promotes and strengthens Indigenous languages, cultures, communities, lands, and tribal nations; and through its unique position, serves member institutions and emerging TCUs. AIHEC activities are supported by member dues, grants and contracts. AIHEC is a 501(c)(3) organization governed by a board of directors, which is composed of the presidents of the accredited United States-based TCUs. The board elects from its membership an executive committee to oversee the activities of the collective body and the AIHEC staff.

Special programs

Based in Huntsville, Alabama, Tribal Earth Science & Technology Education (TRESTE) is a NASA-funded team of nine tribal higher education institutions and the Universities Space Research Association's Earth System Science Program. The collaboration is designed to enhance Earth system science and geospatial education using problem-based teaching techniques in order to inspire undergraduate students for careers in Earth system science, the physical sciences, and other fields of engineering or science.

Alternate tribal higher education programs are available, including the Tribal College Librarians Institute (TCLI), founded in 1989. Library faculty at Montana State University Library responded to a request for a special workshop to address the professional needs of librarians at Montana's seven tribal colleges. In 1992, as tribal college librarians in the region learned of this successful annual workshop, TCLI widened participation to include tribal college librarians from North Dakota and South Dakota, and in 1993 to include the state of Washington.

In 1994, TCLI received a grant from the American Indian Higher Education Consortium (AIHEC) to expand the program in order to include librarians from all AIHEC-affiliated libraries. Funding for TCLI is provided by MSU Libraries and supplemented with grants from private and government institutions. Most recently, TCLI has been funded by IMLS grants for the years 2010–2021. Other funding sources have included businesses and foundations such as EBSCO and the Paul G. Allen Foundation, and academic and governmental sources, such as the MSU Center for Native American Studies, the National Agriculture Library, the National Museum of the American Indian, and the Institute for Museum and Library Services. The bulk of the program budget is spent on providing travel funds to participants. To date, the institute has been able to offer limited travel funds to all those requesting assistance.

TCLI has been held primarily in Bozeman, Montana. Funding was received from the National Agricultural Library in 2001 and from the National Museum of the American Indian in 2006 to hold the Institute in Washington, D.C. In 2012, TCLI convened in Tulsa, Oklahoma, in conjunction with the Association of Tribal Archives, Libraries and Museums (ATALM) annual conference, through IMLS funding. Evaluations each year are overwhelmingly positive. Participants regard the institute as a unique opportunity to meet with other tribal college librarians. Many librarians have come to regard this as 'the meeting' they will attend each year, because no other addresses their particular needs as well.

Publications

Tribal College Journal of American Indian Higher Education is a culture-based publication that addresses issues in American Indian and Alaska higher education. The award-winning journal has published articles by both journalists and scholars. It provides a forum for tribal students, staff, faculty, and college administrators to discuss their needs, successes, and missions. Paul Boyer founded the journal after traveling among tribal colleges for a study, and realizing there was no central forum for them to share information about their programs.

On November 14, 1989, the tribal college presidents on the American Indian Higher Education Consortium (AIHEC) board passed a motion to support the journal with $15,000 to cover four quarterly issues, a huge commitment at the time for the tribal colleges. The AIHEC board gave it the editorial independence it needed to maintain credibility, so it was not a typical in-house publication.

The journal was assisted financially particularly by the Lannan Foundation and W.K. Kellogg Foundation, and the Christian A. Johnson Foundation, Carnegie Foundation, Phillips Petroleum Foundation, and Handsel Foundation.

Scholarships

The American Indian College Fund, originally located in New York City, but now based in Denver, Colorado, provides scholarships for students at US tribal colleges and universities. Foundation and private-sector donations are crucial to its success. The Fund is dedicated to increasing the number of American Indians who hold college degrees. In 2008, some 14.5% of American Indians had a college degree, less than half the national average. The Fund provides scholarships to more than 4,000 American Indian students annually. As of 2008, the Fund had provided 143,281 scholarships and $237.1 million to support American Indian communities. The Fund is the largest and highest-rated American Indian nonprofit organization in the United States.

Other scholarship programs are sometimes unique to a specific program, geographic, area or tribe. Examples are the Tribal Training Grant, Tribal Higher Education Scholarship program, and Alyeska Match Scholarship, for Alaskan Natives. and Intertribal Higher Education Program.

The Native American Journalists Association (NAJA), founded by journalist and publisher Tim Giago (Oglala Lakota), also has a foundation that offers scholarships and internships to American Indian students in journalism. It sponsors three seminars annually for working American Indian journalists and those in the business end.

University College Cork, a university in Ireland, offers scholarships to members of the Choctaw to undertake a master's degree at the university, to include both tuition and living expenses. The program was established to commemorate the generous donation given in the mid-19th century by members of the Choctaw to the Irish people during the Great Famine.

Legal codes
Specific Executive Orders govern Indian tribe higher education operations in the United States:
 E.O. 13021 Tribal Colleges and Universities
E.O. 13021 is the main Executive Order involving Tribal Colleges and Universities. Signed by President Clinton on October 19, 1996, this Executive Order was put into place for the purposes of helping to : (a) ensure that tribal colleges and universities are more fully recognized as accredited institutions, have access to the opportunities afforded other institutions, and have Federal resources committed to them on a continuing basis; (b) establish a mechanism that will increase accessibility of Federal resources for tribal colleges and universities in tribal communities; (c) promote access to high-quality educational opportunity for economically disadvantaged students; (d) promote the preservation and the revitalization of American Indian and Alaska Native languages and cultural traditions; (e) explore innovative approaches to better link tribal colleges with early childhood, elementary, and secondary education programs; and (f) support the National Education Goals.
 E.O. 13096 American Indian and Alaska Native Education
Executive Order 13096, signed by President Clinton on August 6, 1998, states that "The Federal Government has a special, historic responsibility for the education of American Indian and Alaska Native students. Improving educational achievement and academic progress for American Indian and Alaska Native students is vital to the national goal of preparing every student for responsible citizenship, continued learning, and productive employment. The Federal government is committed to improving the academic performance and reducing the dropout rate of American Indian and Alaska Native students. To help fulfill this commitment in a manner consistent with tribal traditions and cultures, Federal agencies need to focus special attention on six goals: (1) improving reading and mathematics; (2) increasing high school completion and post-secondary attendance rates; (3) reducing the influence of long-standing factors that impede educational performance, such as poverty and substance abuse; (4) creating strong, safe, and drug-free school environments; (5) improving science education; and (6) expanding the use of educational technology." The Order claims a strategy of a comprehensive Federal response to address the fragmentation of government services available to American Indian and Alaska Native students and the complexity of inter-governmental relationships affecting the education of those students. The purpose of the Federal activities described in this order was to develop a long-term, comprehensive Federal Indian education policy that will accomplish those goals.
Title 25 of the United States Code defines the role of Indians in the United States Code:
 —Tribally Controlled College or University Assistance
  E.O. 13592 Improving American Indian and Alaska Native Educational Opportunities and Strengthening Tribal Colleges and Universities

Tribal colleges and universities in other countries
In Aotearoa New Zealand, similar universities are termed wānanga. They serve the Māori community and in the case of Te Whare Wānanga o Awanuiārangi confer degrees up to a doctoral level.

See also
 List of tribal colleges and universities

References

Further reading
 Black, Vicki. 'Tribal Colleges and Universities: Perceptions of Presidents and Students.' Diss. University of Georgia, 2013. online
 Khachadoorian, Angelle A.  Inside the Eagle's Head: An American Indian College (2010), memoir by a former professor at Southwestern Indian Polytechnic Institute in Albuquerque, New Mexico  excerpt
 McKinley, Bryan et al. Postsecondary Education for American Indian and Alaska Natives: Higher Education for Nation Building and Self-Determination (2012) excerpt
 Shotton, Heather J. et al. eds. Beyond the Asterisk: Understanding Native Students in Higher Education (2013)  excerpt

External links
 US Government MSI site (archived 20 July 2008)
 Tribal College Journal of American Indian Higher Education

Native American organizations
Higher education in the United States


Agbami Field is an oil field in Nigeria. Discovered in late 1998, it was the second major deepwater oil field discovered off the Niger Delta, the first being Bonga Field by Shell.

The field is located in nearly 1,500 meters (4,900 ft) of water off the central Niger Delta. The operator of the field is Star Deep Water Limited, an affiliate of Chevron.  Also involved in the field are Famfa Oil, an indigenous oil company owned by the Alakija Family of Lagos, Petrobras (Brazil), Statoil, and NNPC (the national oil company of Nigeria).

Geology
Most of the reserves are in lower and middle Miocene deepwater turbiditic sandstones and reserves are estimated at 900 MM barrels with upside to perhaps 1.5 B making it either the biggest or second biggest (to Bonga) deepwater field in Nigeria.  Its crude oil quality is high API gravity in the high 40s (very flowable) and the crude is sweet (low sulfur).  The trap is mainly anticlinal 4-way rollover but internally the doubly plunging anticline is cored by a small reverse fault and upwardly diapiric mobile shale or mud.  The northwestern portion of the field is overthrusted at shallow levels.

Production
Production began in 2008 at over  with peak production estimated to be at approximately 250,000 bls/d.  The Floating Production unit is the length of three football fields and cost over $US1.2 billion to build.

Philanthropy
The Agbami scholarship scheme is fully
sponsored by all companies involved in the
Agbami oil field. The scheme pays
engineering students ₦100,000 while medical
students get paid ₦200,000 on some selected
conditions. The scholarship is administered by dragnet-solutions.

References

 Shirley, Kathy (February 2002). "Science, Alliance Yields Agbami", AAPG Explorer.
 "Agbami field achieves first oil", Offshore (July 31, 2008).

Oil fields of Nigeria