Papyrus 17 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), signed by 𝔓17, is an early copy of the New Testament in Greek. It is a papyrus manuscript of the Epistle to the Hebrews, but only contains verses 9:12-19. The manuscript has been paleographically assigned to the 4th century. However, according to Philip Comfort it is from the late 3rd century.

Description

The leaf is in fragmentary condition (originally 19 by 25 cm). The text fills in where Codex Vaticanus is vacant (from Hebrews 9:14).

The Nomina Sacra are used throughout. The scribe used marks for punctuation between verses 12 and 13, and between 15 and 16. It has no iotacistic errors.

The Greek text of this codex is representative of the Alexandrian text-type. Aland placed it in Category II.

It was discovered by Lord Crawford in Egypt. The text was edited in 1911 by Grenfell and Hunt.

Currently housed at the Cambridge University Library (Add. 5893) in Cambridge.

See also

 List of New Testament papyri

References

Further reading

External links

 P.Oxy.LXIV 1078 from Papyrology at Oxford's "POxy: Oxyrhynchus Online"

New Testament papyri
4th-century biblical manuscripts
Epistle to the Hebrews papyri
Manuscripts held by the University of Cambridge


Die So Fluid are an English hard rock band formed in London in 2000. The group consists of three members: songwriter Grog (vocals, bass), Drew Richards (guitar) and Justin Bennett (drums). Al Fletcher played drums and performed backing vocals until his death in 2016. They have released five albums, the first two being Spawn of Dysfunction and Not Everybody Gets a Happy Ending. The third album, The World Is Too Big for One Lifetime, was released in the UK in June 2010. The fourth album, The Opposites of Light, was released on 5 May 2014. The band announced fifth album One Bullet from Paradise with a limited edition pre-order launched at PledgeMusic in August 2017.

Career

History
Die So Fluid were formed after the disbanding of Feline and Ultraviolet. When EMI dropped Feline in 1999, they went on to form Ultraviolet adding Al Fletcher as the full-time drummer. Ultraviolet released a single and an EP on Sanctuary Records Group and disbanded shortly thereafter.

Drew said, "When we did Ultraviolet it was basically Feline under a different name because we got dropped by the record company and we wanted to do another deal. Then we realised that ploy, that cynical ploy was not going to pay off and we thought, right we want to do the music that we want to do now and that meant kicking out the other guitar player who wasn't really into that sort of music, and making a deliberate decision not to sort of kiss up to anyone in the business anymore and to start doing everything for ourselves."

Operation Hypocrite EP, Spawn of Dysfunction (2000–2004)
Die So Fluid first surfaced in 2000, touring the United Kingdom after the release of their debut Operation Hypocrite EP, on Raw Power, an imprint of
Sanctuary. Die So Fluid released one single on Sanctuary following the EP before forming their own
label, Cartesian. Once Cartesian was established, Die So Fluid released one single before releasing their debut album, Spawn of Dysfunction, the following
year. The album was well received, and the band toured.

In December 2015, Strata Books published a memoir by Grog Rox and Drew Richards as part of its Debut Series about the making of Spawn of Dysfunction.

Not Everybody Gets a Happy Ending (2005–2009)
The album Not Everybody Gets a Happy Ending was released on Parole Records in February 2008. Two digital singles were released in support of the album Happy Halloween and Existential Baby. Die So Fluid toured in support of the album.

The World Is Too Big for One Lifetime (2010–2011)
The World Is Too Big for One Lifetime was released in June 2010 on the Global Music DR2 label.

The Opposites of Light (2012–2016)

The Opposites of Light was released on 5 May 2014. The release of the album is staggered to coincide with tours in various territories. This is the first album entirely produced by the band. Mixing was divided between Mark Williams and Drew Richards except for one track mixed by Sylvia Massy and Ian Rickard. On 6 November a video for the first track to be released from this album, entitled "Black Blizzard", was released on YouTube.

On 25 July 2016, drummer Al Fletcher died from "double pneumonia followed by sepsis in a rare reaction to an infection".

One Bullet from Paradise (2017–present)
The band announced on their website in 2016 that a new album, One Bullet from Paradise, would be released in 2017. They also shared an early version of the song "Born to Kill" from the upcoming album. "Bittersweet", the first single from One Bullet from Paradise was released in 7 April alongside a video.

In August 2017, the band launched a limited edition pre-order of the new album at PledgeMusic, with a preview of new songs "Tomorrow Doesn't Always Come" and "No More Stars". The pre-order also includes a previously unreleased live album Draw A Line And Cross It. One Bullet From Paradise was released on 30 March 2018. Drums were performed by Justin Bennett, a long time friend of Grog's, who also mixed some of the album. This line up played a one-off concert at the Lexington in London on 11 November 2018.

On 10 April 2020, the band released its first new music since One Bullet From Paradise in the form of a single "Do You Dare". This was followed later that year by another single "Walk with Me".

Band members
Georgina 'Grog' Lisee – bass, lead vocals
Drew Richards – guitar
Al Fletcher – drums, backing vocals (deceased)
Justin Bennett – drums

Solo projects
On 1 January 2006, Drew Richards released his debut album The Mindscape of Alan Moore. An original soundtrack recording of the 2006 feature-length documentary The Mindscape of Alan Moore. "A psychedelic as you likeadelic trip into the brain of Britain's greatest living graphic novel and comics author."

On 22 July 2016, Grog released her debut solo track "In Plain Sight" (Strataville), followed by two further singles, "Guiding Light" and "Prodigal Daughter" (Grog website).

Discography
Studio albums
Spawn of Dysfunction (2003)
Not Everybody Gets a Happy Ending (2008)
The World Is Too Big for One Lifetime (2010)
The Opposites of Light (2014)
One Bullet from Paradise (2018)

EPs
Operation Hypocrite EP (2001)
Suck Me Dry EP (2001)
Disconnected EP (2002)

Singles
"Spawn of Dysfunction" (2005)
"Happy Hallowe'en" (2008)
"Existential Baby" (2008)
"Mercury" (2010)
"What a Heart Is For" (2010)
"Black Blizzard" (2013)
"Tomorrow Doesn't Always Come" (2018)
"Do You Dare" (2020)
"Walk With Me" (2020)
"The Start or the End" (2021)
"Horrorscope Heroine" (2022)
"We Are The Virus" (2022)

References

External links

English rock music groups


Giovanni Sala (born 23 November 1963) is an Italian enduro rider and a six-time World Enduro Champion (including the overall world championship title in 1998). He is also a four-time winner of the International Six Days Enduro (ISDE) World Trophy with Team Italy (in 1992, 1994, 1997 and 2000), and was the fastest overall in the competition in 1992, 1996 and 1997.

Sala competed his whole world championship career with KTM. He won his first title in the 500 cc class in 1993, and went on to take the 250 cc two-stroke titles in 1994, 1995 and 1998. In 1999, he won his final WEC title in the 400 cc world championship. Sala retired from the World Enduro Championship after the 2004 season, but has continued competing in the Italian Enduro Championship, where he has won several titles, and in the motorcycle class of the Dakar Rally. At the 2006 Dakar, Sala finished third. In 2011, Sala was named an FIM Legend for his motorcycling achievements.

Career summary

ISDE

References

External links
Official website

1963 births
Living people
Enduro riders
Italian motorcycle racers


Harvey Ellis (October 17, 1852, Rochester, New York – January 2, 1904, Syracuse, New York) was an American architect, perspective renderer, painter and furniture designer. He worked in Rochester, New York; Utica, New York; St. Paul, Minnesota; Minneapolis, Minnesota; St. Joseph, Missouri; St. Louis, Missouri and Syracuse, New York.

Early life in Rochester
Ellis was born in Rochester on October 17, 1852, the oldest of four sons of Dewitt and Eliza Haseltine Ellis. Childhood drawings suggest an unusual artistic aptitude. After public grade school and, for a while, a private high school academy in Rochester, Ellis entered the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1871 but was among the first-year cadets discharged after seven months for academic insufficiency, in his case in French and mathematics.

During the next five years, Ellis moved about between Albany and Rochester in New York state. Documentation of this phase of his life is scarce. Family correspondence reveals that in New York in 1875 he supported himself by working part-time as a draftsman in an engineering firm. He is thought to have studied painting with Edwin White and architecture with Arthur Gilman; although plausible, these claims have resisted verification. It also has been said that he worked for Henry Hobson Richardson; however, that is unlikely. Ellis made no such assertion, and there is no record of him in Richardson's archives.

In 1877, Ellis, by then an artist with maturing skills, returned to Rochester where he became one of the founders of the Rochester Art Club. In 1879 while simultaneously functioning as an artist, art teacher and active club member, he and his brother Charles established the architectural firm of H. and C. S. Ellis. Charles was adept at soliciting business, some of it through family connections, while Harvey did the designing. He was briefly assisted by a well paid non-family employee, Havelock E. Hand. During the next six years, the firm produced many Queen Anne residential, commercial and civic buildings. Most of them disappeared as Rochester expanded, and today little is known about them except their names and original locations. A popular but erroneous belief is that Harvey also designed the United States Court House and Post Office in Rochester, that serves as Rochester City Hall.  Extensive documentation in the National Archives reveals that this building, like other government structures throughout the country at this time, was designed in the Office of the Supervising Architect of the United States Treasury.

There are biographical gaps for parts of 1885 and 1886. Newspaper accounts of his testimony as a witness in a jury trial, in which Charles was the defendant, place Harvey still in Rochester in early 1885, but that autumn he submitted an entry for a competition for a monument for General Ulysses Grant from Utica, New York. It won first prize and publication in the nationally circulated American Architect and Building News. Several plein air watercolor sketches, identified in his hand as sites in France and dated with just the year 1885, imply a European trip. Census records reveal that he married that year. Speculation leads to a question: could a trip to France in 1885 have been a wedding trip with his bride as well as a sketching trip for him? His competition design is often described as Richardsonian, but it likely also reflected his personal responses to certain medieval buildings that he could have seen in France.

Midwestern years
The city directory for St. Paul, Minnesota, places him thereby, at the latest, mid-1886, the first stop in what would become a seven-year midwestern odyssey. He first worked for Charles Mould, replacing Mould's departing chief draftsman, H. E. Hand, transposed initials notwithstanding presumably, the same well paid draftsman who previously had worked for the Ellises in Rochester. Perhaps he was the link between Rochester and the Midwest. Ellis's work for Mould is unknown. Signed and dated perspective renderings place him later that year in the office of J. Walter Stevens, for whom, among other projects, he produced an entry for the Detroit Museum of Fine Arts competition.

Ellis has often been viewed as a midwestern journeyman draftsman, no different from others in the band of able but lowly paid draftsmen who moved in the Midwest from office to office, from city to city, wherever there was work, content to collect their pay at the end of the week. Decades later they were called journeymen draftsmen. Ellis did indeed move often during this phase of his life, but he was not just one of the journeymen draftsmen. By the time he arrived in St. Paul, he had become an acclaimed artist and a leading figure in the arts community of Rochester; for six years he had been a principal in a successful architectural firm in Rochester; and he had won a national architectural design competition. Each time he moved in the Midwest there was an important design competition in the offing in the city to which he migrated. Architectural firms seemingly sought his services, paid him significantly more than other employees; and with each move he traded up in terms of professional opportunity.

 In 1887 Ellis began to work in Minneapolis as chief draftsman for Leroy Sunderland Buffington who then had the largest architectural office in the state. Possibly Buffington recruited him to produce the entry that year for the Minneapolis City Hall and Hennepin County Court House competition. For unknown reasons Ellis's design was never submitted. In 1887 and 1888 Ellis designed numerous houses, commercial buildings and miscellaneous projects for Buffington. Most were his versions of Richardsonian Romanesque forms, but there also were small, attractive simple frame structures. He often has been credited with the design of Buffington's well known twenty-eight story iron-frame skyscraper, but that project more likely preceded Ellis's arrival and was the work of someone else, not yet identified, among Buffington's staff of more than thirty employees. In 1888 or 1889 the Mabel Tainter Memorial Building in Menomonie, Wisconsin was designed, in the style of Richardsonian Romanesque. Ellis is often credited with this design, but this is questioned by some sources, who claim instead that it was the work of Edgar Eugene Joralemon. In 1889 Ellis worked briefly for the then thriving partnership of G. W. and F. D. Orff. Richardsonianism lingers, but several designs for the Orffs also herald new, uniquely Ellisonian paths that will reappear in some of his forthcoming Missouri designs.

For each of his designs, Ellis made a so-called show drawing, usually a technically dazzling pen-and-ink perspective rendering, which Buffington and other employers submitted to the weekly American Architect and Building News and, sometimes, the monthly Inland Architect. Since few of these designs were built, fewer still stand today, and many of Ellis's original renderings have disappeared, the published renderings provide a trail of his evolution as a designer. Because his beautiful renderings appeared in widely disseminated magazines, Ellis quickly became one of the most influential perspective renderers in the country, and both his architectural and drawing mannerisms were soon imitated by dozens of other architects and delineators. Some of their work was signed, some was not, and decades later some of it was mistakenly attributed to Ellis. The concept that Ellis deliberately shunned professional acclaim by producing anonymous or pseudonymous work allowed such attributions. Separating the work of other delineators from that of Ellis is facilitated by the sometimes overlooked fact that, with but very few exceptions, Ellis signed his renderings just as he signed his paintings. Connoisseurship also helps. Ellis was proud of his achievements and with his signature claimed his rightful place in the world of architecture and painting.

By mid-1889 Ellis had joined the firm of Eckel and Mann in St. Joseph, Missouri, as its most highly paid employee. He produced a few Richardsonian projects, but Chateauesque forms also soon appeared. His most important project was the Chateauesque design for the 1890 St. Louis City Hall competition, which won the first prize and the job for the firm. In early 1891 George Mann moved to St. Louis to oversee construction of the city hall, and he also established a solo practice there. Later that year, after a brief time back in Minneapolis, where he produced a Beaux-Arts library design for Buffington, Ellis joined Mann in St. Louis. Certain projects continued in the Chateauesque vein, but Beaux-Arts forms and details soon became more prevalent. His projects for the ephemeral firm of Randall, Ellis and Baker reverted to a Richardsonian mode, rather outdated by then.

Later life in Rochester

As the economic Panic of 1893 swiftly enveloped the country, architectural offices in Missouri and everywhere else were diminished or closed, and that year Ellis's midwestern sojourn ended. He returned to Rochester and the practice his brother had maintained that then became known as Charles S. Ellis and Harvey Ellis, Architects. Most of their commissions at this time apparently were similar to the kinds of modest projects that they had started with sixteen years earlier. Their names are known, but there is little visual information about them. Painting and graphic design, not architecture, became Ellis's main intellectual focus after he returned to Rochester. His technical skills enabled him to master different pictorial modes of the day: traditional generic illusionism, Tonalism, Japonism, the more abstract precepts of Arthur Wesley Dow and, via Dow, the avant-garde art of Paul Gauguin. In 1897 several of Ellis's architectural designs began to reflect English Arts and Crafts architectural trends, and that same year he was one of the founders of the Rochester Arts and Crafts Society, apparently the first such organization in the country. For the rest of his life he was immersed in the American Arts and Crafts movement.

Syracuse and The Craftsman

Ellis's path and that of Gustav Stickley, the de facto leader of the American movement, eventually crossed, for Ellis, the president of the society, was in charge of installing Stickley's famous large 1903 Arts and Crafts exhibition in its Rochester venue, the Mechanics Institute. Shortly after that Ellis moved to Syracuse, New York, to join the expanding architecture department of Stickley's United Crafts organization. Unsigned illustrations that appear in Stickley's Craftsman magazine during the last half of 1903 have sometimes been attributed to Ellis. However, just six complete architectural designs (five were signed and one was unsigned); two signed projects that reside more in the realm of interior decoration than architecture per se; and one architectural essay devoid of illustrations were actually his work. Two of his paintings also appeared as Craftsman frontispieces. Ellis depicted furniture in the interior perspectives and elevations of his Craftsman residential designs, just as he had done in other situations, years earlier for Buffington for example. His intention was to demonstrate total aesthetic harmony between architecture and appropriate furnishings. There has never been a suggestion, then or now, that he designed the furniture he depicted for Buffington; however, long after their publication, his Craftsman renderings began to be interpreted to mean that he designed the furniture as well as drew it. This idea overlooked the fact that Ellis had no experience as a furniture designer and had been hired to work in the architecture department. The lightly scaled furniture in most of his illustrations, which differed significantly from the massive items previously often seen in The Craftsman, reflected newer design trends that Stickley began to promote after his Arts and Crafts exhibition. It was more likely designed by employees in his furniture department, such as LaMont Warner, for example, who responded to items Stickley had collected for the exhibition.

In contrast to this explanation are the comments of appraiser John Solo on Antiques Roadshow in 2011. Describing a sheet music cabinet, Solo said,  The view of Ellis as designing the "golden age" of Stickley furniture is widespread. During Ellis' tenure, Craftsman designs showed a "lighter note" than later "blunt, straightforward, and unadorned" pieces after his death. A signature feature of the Ellis period is the use of purely decorative inlays, that disappear afterwards. He also introduced curved lower edges to horizontal rails that visually lightened Stickley's earlier designs. This "light touch" has been described as the influence of both Voysey and Mackintosh.

His time with Stickley was brief, for just seven months after moving to Syracuse, Ellis died there on January 2, 1904, of heart disease, three months after his fifty-first birthday. A convert to Roman Catholicism, he was buried in an unmarked grave in St. Agnes Cemetery in Syracuse. In 1997 the Arts and Crafts Society of Central New York honored him with a simple, dignified granite marker for his grave bearing his name, a Latin cross and the word Architect.

Representative selection of work
Buildings marked "NRHP" are on the National Register of Historic Places:

Architectural designs for H. and C S. Ellis
 Asakel Kendrick house, Rochester, 1879
 Henry Ellsworth house, Rochester, 1882
 Frank Smith house, Angelica, New York, 1883
 Lamberton house, Rochester, 1884 NRHP
 Grace Episcopal Church, Scottsville, New York, 1885

Architectural designs for J. Walter Stevens
 Stevens house, projects, 1886
 West Publishing Company, St. Paul, 1886
 Goodsell Observatory, Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota, 1886 NRHP
 Detroit Museum of Fine Arts competition entry, project, 1887
 Germania Bank Building, St. Paul, 1889 NRHP

Architectural designs for Leroy S. Buffington
 S. C. Gale house, Minneapolis, 1887
 Pillsbury Hall and Nicholson Hall within the University of Minnesota Old Campus Historic District, Minneapolis, 1887 NRHP
 F. B. Hart house, Minneapolis, 1887
 Dormitory, State Experimental Farm School, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, project, 1887
 Wilsten house, Lynchburg, West Virginia, project, 1888
 Minneapolis City Hall and Hennepin County Court House competition entry, late 1887 or early 1888
 Office buildings, projects, 1887
 Library, project, 1891

Architectural designs for G. W. and F. D. Orff
 J. F. Collum house, project, 1889
 Henry James Tenement, project, 1889

Architectural designs for Eckel and Mann

 S. M. Nave house, project, 1889
 J. W. McAlister house, St. Joseph, 1889
 A. J. B. Moss house, St. Joseph, 1889
 J. D. McNeely Residence, St. Joseph, 1889
 Central Police Station (National Military Heritage Museum),  St. Joseph, 1890
 Burnes family mausoleum, project, 1889
 St. Louis City Hall competition entry, St. Louis, 1890

Architectural designs for George Mann
 St. Louis Union Station competition entry, project, 1891
 St. Vincent's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri, 1891 NRHP
 Mercantile Club, project, 1891
 Columbia club, project, 1891
 George Mann house, project, 1892
 Fout houses, project, 1892
 Entrance to Fout Place, project, 1892
 Entrances to Bell Place, project, 1893

Architectural designs for Randall, Ellis and Baker
 Gatehouse for a park, project, 1892
 Fraternal building, project, 1892

Architectural designs for Charles S. and Harvey Ellis, Architects
 Louis J. Slimmer house, Clarkesville, Iowa, 1894
 Woodworth Building, Rochester, 1894
 James Cunningham, Sons and Company, factory addition, Rochester, 1899
 Joseph Cunningham house, library, project, 1900
 Plaster house, project, 1901,
 Pierre Purcell house, project, 1901

Architectural designs for The Craftsman
 Craftsman house, project, 1903
 Adirondack camp, project, 1903
 Child's Bedroom, project, 1903
 Urban house, project, 1903
 Puss in Boots decoration for a child's bedroom, project, 1903
 Summer chapel, project, 1903
 House in "A Note of Color", project, 1903
 Bungalow, project, 1903

Pictorial art: paintings, drawings and graphic designs
 Minstrel show musicians, pencil and crayon, about 1858
 Christ Church, Oxford, pencil drawing, signed March 12, 1869
 Interior of a Room at 'Congress Hall''', watercolor, signed January 26, 1877
 Reading the Bible, Old Chelsea Church, London, A.D. 1270, oil, signed 1878
 Star in the East, oil, signed 1877
 Orpheus, pencil, 1884
 Sommerville Pier and Lighthouse, watercolor, signed 1884
 Pitching Hay, watercolor, signed 1884
 Harbor at Sunset. watercolor, signed 1894
 Cows in a Hazy Landscape, watercolor, signed 1894
 Untitled urban scene along a canal, watercolor, signed 1894
 Joan of Arc, watercolor and pastel, signed 1894
 Cover for the Rochester Union and Advertiser, watercolor, signed 1895
 The Old Mill, watercolor, signed 1896
 Burning Brush, watercolor, 1896
 Fishermen at the Canal Lock, watercolor and pastel, signed 1896
 Poster for the Third National Cycle Exhibition, watercolor, 1897
 Pallas Athena Leading the Ships of the Argonauts, watercolor, signed 1898
 The Hourglass, watercolor, signed 1898
 Silhouettes, watercolor, signed 1899
 Night Study of the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad Station, watercolor, signed 1899
 Evening, pastel, signed 1899
 Illustration for 'The Cricket Song',Scribner's Magazine, watercolor, signed 1899
 Angel Appearing to the Shepherds, watercolor, signed 1901
 The Temptation of Eve, watercolor, 1902
 To These Belong the World and the Future, watercolor, 1903
 Charlotte-Coburg Ferry (1897)
 Burning Brush (1896)

References

Additional resourcesGrove Dictionary of Art, New York: Grove's Dictionary, Inc., c. v. Ellis, Harvey
Ellis (Harvey) Papers, (D252), Department of Rare Books and Special Collections, Rush Rhees Library, University of Rochester. The Ellis family memorabilia are here, including a number of Ellis's earliest childhood drawings and surviving office records. The department's website provides an inventory of the contents. Because of factual errors, the biography of Ellis that accompanies the inventory is best used with caution. Documents pertaining to the United States Court House and Post Office of Rochester (now City Hall) are in the Textual Records, National Archives Records Administration (NARA), College Park, Maryland. The Register of Letters Sent Chiefly by the Supervising Architect and Engineer in Charge, 14.628-30, and 15.716-17, summarizes each communication sent by the supervising architect about the Rochester building. Press copy books provide copies of letters sent by the local superintendent, who initially was Charles Ellis. They are incomplete and hard to read. Letters, including those from Charles, are also in the Public Service, General Correspondence Received 1843–1910, Record Group 121, Boxes 919 and 920. Drawings are in the Public Building Collection, Cartographic and Architectural Research Room at NARA. All told there are hundreds of items at NARA pertaining to the Rochester building.
 Ellis Papers, Military Academy Registers Entry 238, United States Military Academy, West Point, docouments details of Ellis's experience there.
Rochester Art Club Minutes, Local History Division, Central Library of Rochester and Monroe County includes the minutes in Ellis' handwriting.
Leroy S. Buffington papers, N2, Northwest Architectural Archives, University of Minnesota Libraries, Minneapolis, MN. An inventory of the Harvey Ellis drawings is contained in a subseries of the "Plans, Specifications, Sketches, Renderings, Scrapbook and Photographs" series of the Leroy S. Buffington papers.
 Harvey Ellis Drawings and Related Papers, Manuscript Notebooks 81, Research Center, Minnesota Historical Society. Its website contains an inventory of correspondence and a few drawings. Because of factual errors the accompanying biography is best used with caution.
 Edmond Eckel Papers, Albrecht-Kemp Museum, St. Joseph, Missouri, consist of uncatalogued correspondence and Eckel's payroll daybook. There are no perspective renderings by Ellis; they were destroyed in an office fire.
 One-paragraph posts about various topics pertaining to Ellis are available on the blog Facts About Harvey Ellis whose URL is http://www.harveyellisfacts.blogspot.com
Eileen Manning Michels, A Developmental Study of the Drawings Published in 'American Architect and Building News' and in 'Inland Architect Through 1895', Ph.D. dissertation, University of Minnesota, 1971, 94–122, discusses Ellis's perspective renderings in historical context and assesses their significance.American Architect and Building News, Boston: Osgood & Company, illustrations, 1885–93, passim.Inland Architect, Chicago: Inland Publishing Co., 1883–1893, illustrations, passim.The Craftsman, Eastwood, New York: United Crafts. 1901–04, illustrations, passim''.
The Memorial Art Gallery, University of Rochester, has the largest collection of Ellis's paintings. They span his life from childhood until shortly before his death.

19th-century American architects
American furniture designers
1852 births
1904 deaths
Architects from Rochester, New York
Architects from Saint Paul, Minnesota
Architects from Minneapolis
Architects from Missouri
Architects from St. Louis
Artists from Rochester, New York
Artists from Syracuse, New York


Conchopoma is an extinct genus of lungfish which lived during the Carboniferous and Permian period. Fossils have been found in United States.

References

Prehistoric lungfish genera
Carboniferous bony fish
Permian bony fish
Fossils of the United States


Richard Byrnes (1832 – June 10, 1864) was an Irish-American officer in the United States Army, who rose to command the Union Army's Irish Brigade during the American Civil War.

Life
Byrnes was born in County Cavan, Ireland, and emigrated to New York City in 1844. He enlisted in the regular army of the United States in 1851, joining the 2nd U.S. Cavalry, a regiment then commanded by Colonel E. V. Sumner. In this regiment young Byrnes distinguished himself in the Indian campaigns in Florida and Oregon.

As the American Civil War broke out he was, on the recommendation of Colonel Sumner, commissioned as First Lieutenant in the 5th U.S. Cavalry, one of the new regiments authorized by Congress. He remained with the regiment of regulars through the campaigns of 1861 and 1862, then was appointed to an Irish regiment by Governor John Albion Andrew, Colonel of the 28th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment, of which he took command on October 18, 1862. His new regiment was attached to Thomas Francis Meagher's Irish Brigade the following November, and with it participated in the fierce fighting in which the Army of the Potomac was subsequently engaged.

At its head, Colonel Byrnes charged up the slope of Marye's Heights at the Battle of Fredericksburg, and after it, like the other regiments of the brigade, had been almost wiped out in the sanguinary conflicts at Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, he was sent back to Massachusetts to recruit its ranks during the winter and spring of 1863 and 1864. When the campaign reopened in May, he returned to the front and as the senior officer took command of the Irish Brigade.

Two weeks after assuming command, on June 3, 1864, Colonel Byrnes fell, mortally wounded, while leading the brigade during the attack on the entrenchments at Cold Harbor, Virginia. He lived long enough to be conveyed to Washington, where his wife reached him before he died. His commission as brigadier general had just been made out by President Abraham Lincoln, but he was dead before it could be officially presented to him, and so the promotion never took effect. His remains were sent to New York and buried in Calvary Cemetery.

References

Attribution
 The entry cites:
Conyngham, The Irish Brigade and its Campaigns (Boston, 1869);
The Emerald, files (New York, January 8, 1870).

19th-century Irish people
1832 births
1864 deaths
Irish soldiers
Union Army colonels
People of New York (state) in the American Civil War
Military personnel from County Cavan
Irish emigrants to the United States
Union military personnel killed in the American Civil War


Papyrus 18 (in the Gregory–Aland numbering), designated by 𝔓18, is an early copy of the New Testament in Greek. It is a papyrus manuscript containing the beginning of the Book of Revelation. It contains only Revelation 1:4–7. It is written against the fibres of the papyrus. On the other side of the papyrus is the ending of the book of Exodus. It is unclear whether the papyrus was a scroll of Exodus later reused for a copy of Revelation or a leaf from a codex with miscellaneous contents.  The two sides of the papyrus were copied in different hands, but the original editor of the papyrus did not think there was a great interval of time between the copying of the two sides. He assigned the Exodus to the third century and the Revelation to the third or early fourth century.

Description

The Greek text of this manuscript is a representative of the Alexandrian text-type. Aland placed it in Category I.

 Revelation 1:5
 λυσαντι ημας εκ (lysanti hēmas ek) — P18, אc, A, C, 2020, 2081, 2814
 λουσαντι ημας απο (lousanti hēmas apo) — P, 046, 94, 1006, 1859, 2042, 2065, 2073, 2138, 2432

It is currently housed at the British Library (Inv. 2053v) in London.

Text

Original Greek:
[Ιωαννης τα]ι[ς επτα] εκ[λησ]ιαις
[ταις εν τη] Ασια χαρις υμειν και ειρη
[νη απο ο ων] και ο ην και ο ερχομε
[νος και απο τ[ων επτα πνευμα
[των α] εν[ω]πιον του θρονου αυ
[τ]ου και απο   ο μαρτυς ο πι
στος ο πρωτοτοκος των νεκρω
και ο αρχων των βασιλεων της γης
τω αγαπωντι ημας και λυσαντι η
[μ]ας εκ των αμαρτιων ημων εν
[τ]ω αιματι αυτου και εποιησεν ημ[ας]
[βα]σ[ιλ]ειαν ιερεις του a και π[α]τρι
[αυτο]υ. αυτω το κρατος και η δοξα
[εις το]υς αιωνας αμην ιδου
[ερχε]ται μετα των νεφελων
[και οψε]ται αυτον πας οφθαλ
[μος και ο]ιτινες αυτον εξε[κεντησαν]

Romanization:
[Iōannēs ta]i[s hepta] ek[lēs]iais
[tais en tē] Asia charis hymein kai eirē
[nē apo ho ōn] kai ho ēn kai ho erchome
[nos kai apo t[ōn hepta pneuma
[tōn a] en[ō]pion tou thronou au
[t]ou kai apo   ho martys ho pi
stos ho prōtotokos tōn nekrō
kai ho archōn tōn basileōn tēs gēs
tō agapōnti hēmas kai lysanti hē
[m]as ek tōn hamartiōn hēmōn en
[t]ō aimati autou kai epoiēsen hēm[as]
[ba]s[il]eian hiereis tou  kai p[a]tri
[auto]u. autō to kratos kai hē doxa
[eis to]us aiōnas amēn idou
[erche]tai meta tōn nephelōn
[kai opse]tai auton pas ophthal
[mos kai ho]itines auton exe[kentēsan]

Translation (NIV):
John, To the seven churches
in the province of Asia: Grace and peace
to you from him who is, and who was, and who is to come,
and from the seven spirits
before his throne,
and from Jesus Christ, who is the faithful witness,
the firstborn from the dead,
and the ruler of the kings of the earth.
To him who loves us and has freed us
from our sins by his blood,
and has made us to be a
kingdom and priests to serve his God and Father—
to him be glory and power
for ever and ever! Amen. “Look,
he is coming with the clouds,”
and “every eye will see him,
even those who pierced him”

a The scribe corrected this to τω

See also
 List of New Testament papyri
 Revelation 1

References

Further reading

 Brent Nongbri. "Losing a Curious Christian Scroll but Gaining a Curious Christian Codex: An Oxyrhynchus Papyrus of Exodus and Revelation," Novum Testamentum 55 (2013), pp. 77–88.
 Philip W. Comfort and David P. Barrett, The Text of the Earliest New Testament Greek Manuscripts. Wheaton, Illinois: Tyndale House Publishers Incorporated, 2001, pp. 103–105.

External links

 Papyrus 2053 at the British Library, verso (and recto)
 P. Oxy. VIII, 1079 from Papyrology at Oxford's "POxy: Oxyrhynchus Online"

New Testament papyri
Septuagint manuscripts
4th-century biblical manuscripts
British Library collections
Book of Revelation papyri


Gryazovets–Vyborg gas pipeline () is a branch pipeline of the Northern Lights pipeline from Gryazovets in central part of Russian Federation through Vologda and Leningrad oblasts to Saint Petersburg, Vyborg, and Finland.  The third line of this pipeline was built to feed the Nord Stream 1 pipeline.

Status
Gryazovets–Vyborg gas pipeline is a part of the Russian unified gas transportation system. The third line connects the grid in Gryazovets with the Portovaya coastal compressor station near Vyborg.  It runs in parallel with other two lines of the Northern Lights pipeline.  The pipeline is designed, constructed, and operated solely by Gazprom. It feeds the Nord Stream gas pipeline as also supplies gas to the Northwestern region of Russia (Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast), as well as a liquefied natural gas terminal in Portovaya that started in September 2022 for shipping to Kaliningrad.

Technical features
The length of the third line is . It has diameter of  and working pressure of , which is secured by seven compressor stations. The Portovaya compressor station on the Russian coast of the Baltic Sea in the Portovaya Bay near Vyborg has been called "unique" because of its planned capacity and working pressure.

Construction
Construction of the third line of the Gryazovets–Vyborg gas pipeline began on 9 December 2005 in the town of Babayevo (Vologda Oblast), and it was completed in 2010.

See also

 South Stream

References

Natural gas pipelines in Russia
Gazprom pipelines


The Vickers Wellington is a British twin-engined, long-range medium bomber aircraft that was produced from 1936 to 1945 and used throughout World War II. It was operated by a number of nations and service branches around the world.

Operators

Australia
Royal Australian Air Force
No. 458 Squadron RAAF Code letters "FU"
No. 460 Squadron RAAF Code letters "UV" and "AR"
No. 466 Squadron RAAF Code letters "HD"

Canada
Royal Canadian Air Force
No. 405 Squadron RCAF 'Vancouver Squadron' Code letters "LQ"
No. 407 Squadron RCAF    Code Letters "RR"
No. 415 Squadron RCAF    Code Letters "6U"
No. 419 Squadron RCAF 'Moose Squadron' Code letters "VR"
No. 420 Squadron RCAF 'Snowy Owl Squadron' Code letters "PT"
No. 424 Squadron RCAF 'Tiger Squadron' Code letters "QB"
No. 425 Squadron RCAF 'Alouette Squadron' Code letters "KW"
No. 426 Squadron RCAF 'Thunderbird Squadron' Code letters "OW"
No. 427 Squadron RCAF 'Lion Squadron' Code letters "ZL"
No. 428 Squadron RCAF 'Ghost Squadron' Code letters "NA"
No. 429 Squadron RCAF 'Bison Squadron' Code letters "AL"
No. 431 Squadron RCAF    Code Letters "SE"
No. 432 Squadron RCAF 'Leaside Squadron' Code letters "QO"

Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovakian Air Force in exile in Great Britain
No. 311 (Czechoslovak) Squadron Code letters "KX"

Free France
Free French Air Force
No. 326 Squadron RAF
No. 344 Squadron RAF

France
Aéronavale
Flottille 2.F (earlier No. 344 Squadron RAF) operated Wellingtons between 1945 and 1952.
Escadrille 55.S operated Wellingtons between 1948 and 1952.

Nazi Germany

Luftwaffe
2./Versuchsverband OKL operated a few captured aircraft.

Greece
Hellenic Air Force
No. 13 Squadron RHAF
No. 355 Squadron RHAF operated Wellingtons after WW2, mainly for transport duties.

New Zealand
RNZAF received 30 Wellington Mark I's before WW2, the first 18 of which were training with the RAF when in August 1939 they were loaned, together with aircrew, to the UK, forming the unit which later became No. 75 Squadron RNZAF.

Royal New Zealand Air Force
No. 75 Squadron RNZAF, Code letters "AA", "JN"

Poland

Polish Air Forces in exile in Great Britain
No. 300 Polish Bomber Squadron "Land of Masovia" Code letters "BH"
No. 301 Polish Bomber Squadron "Land of Pomerania" Code letters "GR"
No. 304 Polish Bomber Squadron "Land of Silesia" Code letters "NZ" and "2"
No. 305 Polish Bomber Squadron "Land of Greater Poland" Squadron Code "SM"

Portugal
Portuguese Air Force
One Vickers Wellington was interned in Portugal during World War II.

South Africa
South African Air Force
17 Squadron SAAF
26 Squadron SAAF
28 Squadron SAAF

United Kingdom
Royal Air Force

Fleet Air Arm
716 Naval Air Squadron
728 Naval Air Squadron
736 Naval Air Squadron
758 Naval Air Squadron
762 Naval Air Squadron
765 Naval Air Squadron
783 Naval Air Squadron

References

Citations

Bibliography

 History of the Royal Canadian Air Force, Christopher Shores, Royce Publications, Toronto, 1984

Lists of military units and formations by aircraft
Wellington


Chania Power Station is a natural gas power plant located in Chania on Crete island, Greece.  It consists of two gas turbine units with a total capacity of about 120 MW.  The power station is owned by the Public Power Corporation (PPC).

History
In 1995, PPC awarded the contract for the supply and installation of two turbine units with a capacity of 59 MW each to Ansaldo Energia, a subsidiary of Finmeccanica.  The contract was supplemented following works stoppage due to local population impediments, which allowed the erection works to start in April 1997.  The first synchronization appeared in March 1998 and the first unit went into commercial operation in May 1998. The second unit went into commercial operation in August 1998.

Greek companies Triton and Rodax participated in the construction of the unit as subcontractors.

See also

 Energy in Greece

References

1998 establishments in Greece
Buildings and structures in Chania
Gas turbine power stations in Greece


Papyrus 19 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), signed by 𝔓19, is an early copy of the New Testament in Greek. The manuscript paleographically has been assigned to the 4th or 5th century.

The papyrus is currently housed at the Bodleian Library, Gr. bibl. d. 6 (P) at the University of Oxford.

Description
Papyrus 19 is a papyrus manuscript of the Gospel of Matthew, containing text for Matthew 10:32-11:5. The leaf is complete at the top and bottom, but broken at the sides.

The Greek text of this codex is a representative of the Alexandrian text-type. Aland placed it in Category II.

Text
Matthew 10:32-40
 [32] – . [33]

Matthew 10:41-11:5
  –

Notable Readings
Matthew 10:34 has the variant  (Therefore, youpl think) instead of  (Do not think).

Matthew 10:37b (and the person loving their son or daughter more than me is not worthy of me) is omitted, as in B* D 983 syrh Codex Schøyen

Matthew 10:38 is omitted, as in M*

Matthew 10:37b-38 is also omitted in the Hebrew Shem Tov Matthew manuscript.

See also
List of New Testament papyri

References

Further reading

External links
 P. Oxy. 1170 at the Oxyrhynchus online

New Testament papyri
4th-century biblical manuscripts
Bodleian Library collection
Gospel of Matthew papyri


Papyrus 20 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), designated by 𝔓20, is an early copy of the New Testament in Greek. It is a papyrus manuscript of the Epistle of James, but it only contains Chapter 2:19-3:9. The manuscript has been paleographically assigned to the early 3rd century.

Description
The original size of the leaves was 17 by 12 cm.

The text is neatly written in upright semi-cursive letters. The main Nomina Sacra are used, but πατηρ/pater/father and ανθρωπος/anthropos/man are written out in full.

The Greek text of this codex is representative of the Alexandrian text-type (rather proto-Alexandrian). Aland placed it in Category I. This manuscript shows the greatest agreement with Codex Sinaiticus and Vaticanus, but not with codices Ephraemi, Regius and other late Alexandrian manuscripts.

Philip Comfort has conjectured that the scribe who wrote 𝔓20 was also the same scribe who wrote 𝔓27, where the Greek letters α, β, δ, ε, λ, ι, μ, ν, ο, π, ρ, σ, ψ, υ, φ, ω are formed identically in both manuscripts.

It is currently housed at the Princeton University Library (AM 4117) in Princeton.

See also
 James 2; 3
 List of New Testament papyri
 Princeton Papyri

References

Further reading
 B. P. Grenfell & A. S. Hunt, Oxyrhynchus Papyri IX, (London 1912), pp. 9–11.

External links

 Robert B. Waltz. NT Manuscripts: Papyri, 𝔓20 Encyclopedia of Textual Criticism
 Images of the 𝔓20 at the Princeton University Library Papyrus
 P. Oxy. 1171 at the Oxyrhynchus Online
 GA Papyrus 20 . Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts

New Testament papyri
3rd-century biblical manuscripts
Early Greek manuscripts of the New Testament
1171
Epistle of James papyri


Magnetic immunoassay (MIA) is a type of diagnostic immunoassay using magnetic beads as labels in lieu of conventional enzymes (ELISA), radioisotopes (RIA) or fluorescent moieties (fluorescent immunoassays) to detect a specified analyte. MIA involves the specific binding of an antibody to its antigen, where a magnetic label is conjugated to one element of the pair. The presence of magnetic beads is then detected by a magnetic reader (magnetometer) which measures the magnetic field change induced by the beads. The signal measured by the magnetometer is proportional to the analyte (virus, toxin, bacteria, cardiac marker, etc.) concentration in the initial sample.

Magnetic labels
Magnetic beads are made of nanometric-sized iron oxide particles encapsulated or glued together with polymers. These magnetic beads range from 35 nm up to 4.5 μm. The component magnetic nanoparticles range from 5 to 50 nm and exhibit a unique quality referred to as superparamagnetism in the presence of an externally applied magnetic field. First discovered by Frenchman Louis Néel, Nobel Physics Prize winner in 1970, this superparamagnetic quality has already been used for medical application in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and in biological separations, but not yet for labeling in commercial diagnostic applications.
Magnetic labels exhibit several features very well adapted for such applications:
 they are not affected by reagent chemistry or photo-bleaching and are therefore stable over time,
 the magnetic background in a biomolecular sample is usually insignificant,
 sample turbidity or staining have no impact on magnetic properties,
 magnetic beads can be manipulated remotely by magnetism.

Detection
Magnetic Immunoassay (MIA) is able to detect select molecules or pathogens through the use of a magnetically tagged antibody. Functioning in a way similar to that of an ELISA or Western Blot, a two-antibody binding process is used to determine concentrations of analytes. MIA uses antibodies that are coating a magnetic bead. These anti-bodies directly bind to the desired pathogen or molecule and the magnetic signal given off the bound beads is read using a magnetometer. The largest benefit this technology provides for immunostaining is that it can be conducted in a liquid medium, where methods such as ELISA or Western Blotting require a stationary medium for the desired target to bind to before the secondary antibody (such as HRP [Horse Radish Peroxidase]) is able to be applied. Since MIA can be conducted in a liquid medium a more accurate measurement of desired molecules can be performed in the model system. Since no isolation must occur to achieve quantifiable results users can monitor activity within a system. Getting a better idea of the behavior of their target.

The manners in which this detection can occur are very numerous. The most basic form of detection is to run a sample through a gravity column that contains a polyethylene matrix with the secondary anti-body. The target compound binds to the antibody contained in the matrix, and any residual substances are washed out using a chosen buffer. The magnetic antibodies are then passed through the same column and after an incubation period, any unbound antibodies are washed out using the same method as before. The reading obtained from the magnetic beads bound to the target which is captured by the antibodies on the membrane is used to quantify the target compound in solution.

Also, because it is so similar in methodology to ELISA or Western Blot the experiments for MIA can be adapted to use the same detection if the researcher wants to quantify their data in a similar manner.

Magnetometers
A simple instrument can detect the presence and measure the total magnetic signal of a sample, however, the challenge of developing an effective MIA is to separate naturally occurring magnetic background (noise) from the weak magnetically labeled target (signal). Various approaches and devices have been employed to achieve a meaningful signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for bio-sensing applications:
 ·giant magneto-resistive sensors and spin valves,
 piezo-resistive cantilevers,
 inductive sensors,
 ·superconducting quantum interference devices,
 ·anisotropic magneto-resistive rings,
 ·and miniature Hall sensors.

But improving SNR often requires a complex instrument to provide repeated scanning and extrapolation through data processing, or precise alignment of target and sensor of miniature and matching size. Beyond this requirement, MIA that exploits the non-linear magnetic properties of magnetic labels can effectively use the intrinsic ability of a magnetic field to pass through plastic, water, nitrocellulose, and other materials, thus allowing for true volumetric measurements in various immunoassay formats. Unlike conventional methods that measure the susceptibility of superparamagnetic materials, a MIA-based on non-linear magnetization eliminates the impact of linear dia- or paramagnetic materials such as sample matrix, consumable plastics and/or nitrocellulose. Although the intrinsic magnetism of these materials is very weak, with typical susceptibility values of –10−5 (dia) or +10−3 (para), when one is investigating very small quantities of superparamagnetic materials, such as nanograms per test, the background signal generated by ancillary materials cannot be ignored. In MIA based on non-linear magnetic properties of magnetic labels the beads are exposed to an alternating magnetic field at two frequencies, f1 and f2. In the presence of non-linear materials such as superparamagnetic labels, a signal can be recorded at combinatorial frequencies, for example, at f = f1 ± 2×f2. This signal is exactly proportional to the amount of magnetic material inside the reading coil.

This technology makes magnetic immunoassay possible in a variety of formats such as:
 conventional lateral flow test by replacing gold labels with magnetic labels
 vertical flow tests allowing for the interrogation of rare analytes (such as bacteria) in large-volume samples
 microfluidic applications and biochip

It was also described for in vivo applications and for multiparametric testing.

Uses
MIA is a versatile technique that can be used for a wide variety of practices.

Currently it has been used to detect viruses in plants to catch pathogens that would normally devastate crops such as Grapevine fanleaf virus, and Potato virus X. Its adaptations now include portable devices that allow the user to gather sensitive data in the field.

MIA can also be used to monitor therapeutic drugs. A case report of a 53-year-old kidney transplant patient details how the doctors were able to alter the quantities of the therapeutic drug.

References

Immunologic tests
Blood tests
Medical testing equipment


An electrodynamic speaker driver, often called simply a speaker driver when the type is implicit, is an individual transducer that converts an electrical audio signal to sound waves.  While the term is sometimes used interchangeably with the term speaker (loudspeaker), it is usually applied to specialized transducers which reproduce only a portion of the audible frequency range. For high fidelity reproduction of sound, multiple loudspeakers are often mounted in the same enclosure, each reproducing a different part of the audible frequency range. In this case the individual speakers are referred to as drivers and the entire unit is called a loudspeaker.  Drivers made for reproducing high audio frequencies are called tweeters, those for middle frequencies are called mid-range drivers, and those for low frequencies are called woofers, while those for very low bass range are subwoofers.   Less common types of drivers are supertweeters and rotary woofers.

The electroacoustic mechanism most widely used in speakers to convert the electric current to sound waves is the dynamic or electrodynamic driver,  invented in 1925 by Edward W. Kellogg and Chester W. Rice, which creates sound with a coil of wire called a voice coil suspended between the poles of a magnet.  There are others which are far less widely used:  electrostatic drivers, piezoelectric drivers,  planar magnetic drivers, Heil air motion drivers, and ionic drivers, among others.

Components

Speaker drivers include a diaphragm that moves back and forth to create pressure waves in the air column in front, and depending on the application, at some angle to the sides. The diaphragm is typically in the shape of a cone for low and mid frequencies or a dome for higher frequencies, or less commonly, a ribbon, and is usually made of coated or uncoated paper or polypropylene plastic. More exotic materials are used on some drivers, such as woven fiberglass, carbon fiber, aluminum, titanium, pure cross carbon and a very few use PEI, polyimide, PET film plastic film as the cone, dome or radiator.

All speaker drivers have a means of electrically inducing back-and-forth motion. Typically there is a tightly wound coil of insulated wire (known as a voice coil) attached to the neck of the driver's cone. In a ribbon speaker the voice coil may be printed or bonded onto a sheet of very thin paper, aluminum, fiberglass or plastic. This cone, dome or other radiator is mounted at its outer edge by a flexible surround to a rigid frame which supports a permanent magnet in close proximity to the voice coil. For the sake of efficiency the relatively lightweight voice coil and cone are the moving parts of the driver, whereas the much heavier magnet remains stationary. Other typical components are a spider or damper, used as the rear suspension element, simple terminals or binding posts to connect the audio signal, and possibly a compliant gasket to seal the joint between the chassis and enclosure.

Enclosures and acoustic isolation
Drivers are almost universally mounted into a rigid enclosure of wood, plastic, or occasionally metal. This loudspeaker enclosure or speaker box isolates the acoustic energy from the front of the cone from that of the back of the cone. A horn may be employed to increase efficiency and directionality. A grille, fabric mesh, or other acoustically neutral screen is generally provided to cosmetically conceal the drivers and hardware, and to protect the driver from physical damage.

Operation
In operation, a signal is delivered to the voice coil by means of electrical wires, from the amplifier through speaker cable, then through flexible tinsel wire to the moving coil. The current creates a magnetic field that causes the diaphragm to be alternately forced one way or the other, by the magnetic field produced by current flowing in the voice coil, against the field established in the magnetic gap by the fixed magnet structure as the electrical signal varies. The resulting back-and-forth motion drives the air in front of the diaphragm, resulting in pressure differentials that travel away as sound waves.

The spider and surround act as a spring restoring mechanism for motion away from the balanced position established when the driver was assembled at the factory.  In addition, each contributes to centering the voice coil and cone, both concentrically within the magnet assembly, and front-to-back, restoring the voice coil to a critical position within the magnetic gap, neither toward one end nor the other.

The voice coil and magnet essentially form a linear motor working against the centering "spring tension" of the spider and surround. If there were no restriction on travel distance imposed by the spider and surround, the voice coil could be ejected from the magnet assembly at high power levels, or travel inward deep enough to collide with the back of the magnet assembly. The majority of speaker drivers work only against the centering forces of the spider and surround, and do not actively monitor the position of the driver element or attempt to precisely position it.  Some speaker driver designs have provisions to do so (typically termed servomechanisms);  these are generally used only in woofers and especially subwoofers, due to the greatly increased cone excursions required at those frequencies in a driver whose cone size is well under the wavelength of some of the sounds it is made to reproduce (ie, bass frequencies below perhaps 100 Hz or so).

Performance characteristics
Speaker drivers may be designed to operate within a broad or narrow frequency range. Small diaphragms are not well suited to moving the large volume of air that is required for satisfying low frequency response. Conversely, large drivers may have heavy voice coils and cones that limit their ability to move at very high frequencies. Drivers pressed beyond their design limits may have high distortion. In a multi-way loudspeaker system, specialized drivers are provided to produce specific frequency ranges, and the incoming signal is split by a crossover. Drivers can be sub-categorized into several types: full-range, tweeters, super tweeters, mid-range drivers, woofers, and subwoofers.

Applications
Speaker drivers are the primary means for sound reproduction. They are used among other places in audio applications such as loudspeakers, headphones, telephones, megaphones, instrument amplifiers, television and monitor speakers, public address systems, portable radios, toys, and in many electronics devices that are designed to emit sound.

See also
Electrical characteristics of dynamic loudspeakers, chief electrical characteristic of a dynamic loudspeaker's driver
 Loudspeaker#Driver design: dynamic loudspeakers
 Loudspeaker enclosure

References

Loudspeakers


The Institute for Emerging Issues (IEI) is a non-partisan public policy organization that exists to enhance North Carolina's long-term prosperity.

History
The Institute's roots reach back to 1986, when Governor James B. Hunt, Jr., and NC State Chancellor Bruce Poulton convened the first Emerging Issues Forum. The Forum is an annual, two-day gathering of international, national and statewide thought leaders and stakeholders who discuss challenges and opportunities for North Carolina. A defining feature of the Forum is participants' collaborative effort to build consensus around specific recommendations for further collective action.

In 2002, North Carolina State University's trustees established the Institute of Emerging Issues to administer the annual Forum and to conduct a related program of work across North Carolina.

Emerging Issues Forum
The annual Emerging Issues Forum is IEI's signature event, drawing more than 1,000 attendees each year. The first annual Emerging Issues Forum took place on January 8, 1986 at the McKimmon Center in Raleigh, North Carolina. The theme was "Innovation and Competition: The Challenge to America." Speakers and participants included Chancellor Bruce Poulton, Governor Jim Hunt, NC State Student Body President Jay Everette, John A. Young, and Jim Goodnight, among others.

Past speakers include former Presidents Bill Clinton and Jimmy Carter, former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich, New York Times columnist Tom Friedman, Steve Forbes and others. Recent Forum topics have included "Generation Z," advanced manufacturing and world-class teaching.

Reconnect NC Forum Series
In 2018, the Institute introduced a new model for forums, having two forums per year over three years, all focused on reconnecting North Carolina. Several were hosted outside of Raleigh.

Leadership
The Institute for Emerging Issues reports formally to the Office of the Executive Vice Chancellor and Provost. IEI is guided by a National Advisory Board, chaired by Mr. John F.A.V. Cecil, President, Biltmore Farms, LLC. Gov. James B. Hunt, Jr., who served as founding Chair 2002-2014, is Chair Emeritus. Leslie Boney joined IEI in January 2017, serving as the director.

References

External links
emergingissues.org
The Emerging Issues Commons

North Carolina State University
Political and economic think tanks in the United States


A double-double refers to a basketball achievement where a player accumulates double digits in two of a certain five statistical categories in a single game.

It may also refer to:

 Double-double, a type of Double (volleyball)
 Double-Double, a cheeseburger with two patties and two slices of cheese from In-N-Out Burger
 Double-double arithmetic, a software technique for attaining quadruple precision in numerical analysis; see Quadruple-precision floating-point format
 The Double Double, in astronomy, the quadruple star system Epsilon Lyrae
 A doubled set of double yellow lines, used in some parts of the US to indicate a painted median strip and called "double-double yellow lines"
 Double-double, a coffee with two creams and two sugars from Tim Hortons
 Double Double Bonus, a variation of video poker
 The double salto backward tucked with 2/1 turn, a skill in men's and women's artistic gymnastics

Literature and media
 Double, Double (Brunner novel), a 1969 science fiction novel by John Brunner
 Double, Double (Ellery Queen novel), a 1950 mystery novel
 Double, Double (Star Trek novel), a 1989 science fiction novel
 Double Double: A Memoir of Alcoholism by Martha Grimes and Ken Grimes
 "Double, double toil and trouble", a line spoken by the Three Witches in Shakespeare's Macbeth
 Double, Double, Toil and Trouble, a 1993 children's film

See also
 Double bubble (disambiguation)


The Nonhyeon-dong massacre was a mass murder that occurred in the Gangnam-gu ward of Seoul, South Korea on October 20, 2008, when 30-year-old Jeong Sang-jin (정상진) set fire in a goshiwon and slashed several women with a  sashimi knife. A total of six people died in the incident and seven more were injured. Jeong was sentenced to death on May 12, 2009.

Details
At about 8:15 a.m., according to police, Jeong, who lived on the third floor of a four-story gosiwon, a low-cost lodging facility, poured gasoline on his bed and set it ablaze. Dressed all in black, wearing a headlamp, and hiding his face with a balaclava and goggles, he emerged from his smoke-filled room and, armed with a sashimi knife, two fruit-knives strapped to his legs, and a tear gas gun in a belt holster, began slashing and stabbing the residents of the building who were fleeing the fire.

Five people died of the wounds Jeong had inflicted on them with his knife, one woman died when she jumped out of a window in the fourth floor in an attempt to escape, and another seven were injured, four seriously, either by Jeong or the fire. Three of the dead and three of the injured were Chinese citizens. The fire raged in the building for about 30 minutes, before around 100 firefighters finally succeeded in taming the flames.

At 9:20 a.m., Jeong, initially thought to be another victim, was rescued by a fireman from a storage room in the fourth floor where he was hiding. When police noticed his peculiar behavior, Jeong was interrogated at the scene and he confessed to the crime. He was immediately arrested and brought to Gangnam Police Station, where he was charged with homicide and arson.

The perpetrator
Jeong Sang-jin, originally from Hapcheon, South Gyeongsang Province, moved to Seoul in 2002, where he scratched a living with part-time jobs as food delivery man or parking valet, though as of April 2008 he was unemployed and had to face severe financial difficulties. According to unconfirmed reports, he was convicted eight times, once for skipping an obligatory training for military reservists, for which he was fined of 1.5 million won.

During interrogations, he said he was persecuted since his childhood days and attempted suicide twice during his time at middle school. He claimed that he occasionally suffered from severe headaches since those attempts.

Motives
Jeong was in severe financial distress and couldn't pay his rent and mobile phone fees for months prior to the rampage. After his arrest, he stated that he didn't want to live anymore, as everyone looked down on him. It was said that he might have wanted to express his anger towards the rich and high authorities, but as they were difficult targets, he lashed out against those who were at hand.

Further blame was also laid on the film A Bittersweet Life by Kim Jee-woon, which Jeong was said to like.

Similar incidents
The incident sparked memories of the Daegu subway fire and the arson of the Namdaemun the same year, as well as the Akihabara massacre that happened just a few months earlier in Japan.

External links
조폭영화 보고 “멋있다”… 흉기 사들여
고시원 방화살해사건..“영화 ‘달콤한 인생’ 관람후 범행도구 준비”
2 Chinese killed in Seoul arson, stabbing spree
6 Killed in Arson, Stabbing Rampage in South Korea, FOX News (October 20, 2008)
S Korean man kills 6 in stabbing, arson spree
Growing population of Korean Chinese silently endure hardships after arrival in Korea, The Hankyoreh (October 22, 2008)
2 Chinese killed in Seoul arson, stabbing spree, China Daily (October 20, 2008)
Korean arson suspect attends an on-site inspection, China Daily (October 23, 2008)
논현동 고시원서 '묻지마 살인'

References

2008 murders in South Korea
Arson in South Korea
Building and structure fires in South Korea
Crime in Seoul
Deaths by stabbing in South Korea
Hotel fires
Mass murder in 2008
Mass murder in South Korea
Mass stabbings in Asia
Massacres in South Korea
October 2008 events in Asia
October 2008 crimes


Edson Silva may refer to:
Edson Silva (footballer, born 1983), Portuguese footballer
Edson (footballer, born 1987), Brazilian central defender; currently plays for FC Porto
Edson Ratinho (born 1986), or simply Edson Ratinho, Brazilian football player currently plays as right winger for Bunyodkor
Edson Silva (footballer, born 1986), Brazilian footballer, a central defender; currently plays for Red Star Belgrade
Edson (footballer, born 1977), Brazilian footballer (defender / midfielder) of Korona Kielce
Edson Silva (canoeist) (born 1982), Brazilian canoeist
Edson Silva (footballer, born 1992), Angolan footballer


Hurd v. Rock Island Bridge Company (1857) is an American civil case that allowed railroads to continue to cross the Mississippi River on bridges, over the protests of steamboat enterprises that requested unfettered access to the channel. One of the lawyers for the rail companies, Abraham Lincoln, earned some degree of fame for his victory, which later led to him becoming the President of the United States.

Case
America's expansion west, which Lincoln strongly supported, was seen as an economic threat to the river trade, which ran north-to-south, primarily on the Mississippi river. In 1856, a steamboat collided with the Rock Island bridge, built by the Rock Island Railroad, between Rock Island, Illinois, and Davenport, Iowa. It was the first railroad bridge to span the Mississippi. The steamboat owner, Captain John Hurd, filed suit in the U.S. Circuit Court at Chicago for damages and claimed the bridge was a hazard to navigation.

Lincoln was lead counsel in court for the railroad, in a jury trial before the United States Circuit Court for Northern Illinois in Chicago.  The trial was presided over by Supreme Court justice John McLean. The jury deadlocked at 9 to 3 in the railroad's favor. Although the case did not reach a final judgment, observers considered the outcome a surprising victory for the railroad. Lincoln's role in the case helped solidify his reputation as a skilled trial attorney.

The legal issues around the Rock Island Bridge were not fully resolved until the United States Supreme Court ruled on a different case, Mississippi and Missouri Railroad Company v. Ward, in 1863. By recognizing the railroad's right to place a bridge across the waterway, the resolution of the matter in the railroad's favor removed a costly impediment to railroad expansion west of the Mississippi.

References

External links
Illinois periodicals article
US national archives page

1857 in United States case law
Law articles needing an infobox
1857 in Illinois
Illinois state case law
Abraham Lincoln
Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad
Bridges in the Quad Cities


The Frogmore Papers is a quarterly literary magazine published in the United Kingdom. The magazine is published by The Frogmore Press, founded by Andre Evans and Jeremy Page at the Frogmore tea-rooms in Folkestone (once a favourite haunt of H. G. Wells) in 1983. The magazine is based in Lewes, East Sussex and is edited by Jeremy Page, with the assistance of Clare Best, Rachel Playforth, and Peter Stewart. Besides The Frogmore Papers, The Frogmore Press has also published both individual collections and anthologies.

The Frogmore Papers have published hundreds of new, neglected and established writers. Notable contributors have included Tobias Hill, Sophie Hannah, Susan Wicks, Elizabeth Bartlett, Brian Aldiss, Carole Satyamurti, Paul Groves, Mario Petrucci, Matthew Mead, Tamar Yoseloff, Frances Leviston, Katherine Pierpoint, Andrew Waterhouse, John Harvey, Pauline Stainer, Ian Caws, Jill Dawson, Jane Holland, Robert Seatter, Catherine Smith, Stewart Conn, Clare Pollard, Susan Wicks, Michael Swan, Christopher James and Andrew Waterman.

References

External links
 The Frogmore Press official website
  On-line back issues

Poetry magazines published in the United Kingdom
Quarterly magazines published in the United Kingdom
Magazines established in 1983
Mass media in East Sussex


U.S. Route 20 (US 20) is an east–west United States Numbered Highway in Pennsylvania, which clips the northwestern corner of the state, running entirely in Erie County. While it is part of the nation's longest road, it features the shortest segment of any two-digit U.S. Route in the commonwealth. Although bypassed by Interstate 90 (I-90) as the primary through route in the area, heavy traffic has led to nearly the entire highway being widened to four lanes in width.

Route description

US 20 travels for about  through Pennsylvania's Great Lakes region. For most of its journey, it closely parallels a heavily traveled CSX Transportation rail line, which also serves Amtrak passenger trains. The highway enters the state under the moniker of West Ridge Road eastward from the Ohio border, as it journeys through Springfield Township, Girard Township, Fairview Township, and Millcreek Township. This section of road was widened to encompass a mostly four-lane setup after a pair of 1938 and 1946 infrastructural projects, owing to the heavy truck traffic between Erie and Cleveland, Ohio. A 1952 project saw the remainder of the Millcreek Township section of the route widened to four lanes.

At the intersection with Pennsylvania Route 832 (PA 832), just outside the Erie city limits, US 20 becomes West 26th Street. The highway then passes through an industrial and commercial corridor that represents a 1946 alignment change, which saw 26th Street extended to avoid the route's former complicated passage along East Avenue. Soon after a major interchange with Greengarden Boulevard, the highway becomes two lanes, as it passes through Erie's old residential neighborhoods. After a junction with US 19 just south of the city center, it becomes East 26th Street.

US 20 turns sharply northward as Broad Street at the Bayfront Connector, as it resumes four-lane status temporarily. It then turns east again as Buffalo Road through Wesleyville and Harborcreek Township. This portion of road was widened to four lanes during a 1958 overhaul. In North East Township, US 20 becomes West Main Road. Within the town limits of North East, it becomes West Main Street until it reaches the town center at its intersection with PA 89, where it becomes East Main Street. Outside the town limits, it becomes East Main Road until it reaches Pennsylvania's border with New York. The portion of road around North East was widened to four lanes in 1971.

History

Major intersections

See also

References

External links

 Pennsylvania Highways: US 20
 US 20 at AARoads.com
 Pennsylvania Roads – US 20

 Pennsylvania
20
Transportation in Erie County, Pennsylvania


Basqueian (foaled 1991) is a Canadian Thoroughbred racehorse best known for winning two of the 1994 Canadian Triple Crown races.

Basqueian was bred and raced by prominent businessman and major stable owner Frank Stronach. Racing at age three in 1994, at Toronto's Woodbine Racetrack Basqueian finished second by less than a nose to Bruce's Mill in the 1994 Plate Trial Stakes. The two horses then reversed their positions in Canada's most prestigious race, the Queen's Plate. The win was the first in the Queen's Plate for trainer Dan Vella and the second for jockey Jack Lauzon. The two horses again ran one-two in the second leg of the Canadian Triple Crown, the Prince of Wales Stakes, and this time Bruce's Mill came out on top. In the final leg of the series, Basqueian won on turf in the Breeders' Stakes. That same year, he won the first of three straight editions of the Durham Cup.

Basqueian went on to race in both Canada and the United States. In 1995, he won his second Durham Cup and at the Hawthorne Race Course near Chicago, Illinois, ran second in the Hawthorne Gold Cup. His performances that year earned him the 1995 Sovereign Award for Champion Older Male Horse. In 1997 at Monmouth Park in Oceanport, New Jersey, Basqueian won the Red Bank Handicap and Longfellow Stakes

Retired from racing with earnings in excess of $1 million, Basqueian, a gelding, now serves as a pony horse used to calm the young colts and fillies undergoing race training at owner Frank Stronach's Adena Springs South in Williston, Florida.

References
 Basqueian's pedigree and partial racing stats
 Article in the September 2008 issue of The Florida Horse

1991 racehorse births
Racehorses bred in Canada
Racehorses trained in Canada
King's Plate winners
Sovereign Award winners
Thoroughbred family 4-k


In particle physics, the phi meson or  meson is a vector meson formed of a strange quark and a strange antiquark. It was the  meson's unusual propensity to decay into  and  that led to the discovery of the OZI rule. It has a mass of  and a mean lifetime of .

Properties
The most common decay modes of the  meson are  at ,  at , and various indistinguishable combinations of s and pions at . In all cases, it decays via the strong force. The pion channel would naïvely be the dominant decay channel because the collective mass of the pions is smaller than that of the kaons, making it energetically favorable; however, it is suppressed by the OZI rule.

The quark composition of the  meson can be thought of as a mix between , , and  states, but it is very nearly a pure  state. This can be shown by deconstructing the wave function of the  into its component parts. We see that the  and  mesons are mixtures of the SU(3) wave functions as follows.
 ,
 ,

where
  is the nonet mixing angle,
  and
 .

The mixing angle at which the components decouple completely can be calculated to be . The mixing angle of the  and  states is calculated from the masses of each state to be about 35˚, which is very close to maximum decoupling. Therefore, the  meson is nearly a pure  state.

History
The existence of the  meson was first proposed by the Japanese American particle physicist, J. J. Sakurai, in 1962 as a resonance state between the  and the . It was discovered later in 1962 by P.L. Connolly, et al. in a 20-inch hydrogen bubble chamber at the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS) in Brookhaven National Laboratory in Uptown, NY while they were studying  collisions at approximately 2.23GeV/c. In essence, the reaction involved a beam of s being accelerated to high energies to collide with protons.

The  meson has several possible decay modes. The most energetically favored mode involves the  meson decaying into 3 pions, which is what would naïvely be expected. However, we instead observe that it decays most frequently into 2 kaons. Between 1963 and 1966, 3 people, Susumu Okubo, George Zweig and Jugoro Iizuka, each independently proposed a rule to account for the observed suppression of the 3 pion decay. This rule is now known as the OZI rule and is also the currently accepted explanation for the unusually long lifetimes of the  and  mesons. Namely, on average they last  and  respectively. This is compared to the normal mean lifetime of a meson decaying via the strong force, which is on the order of .

In 1999, a  factory named DAFNE (or DANE since the F stands for " Factory") began operation to study the decay of the  meson in Frascati, Italy. It produces  mesons via electron-positron collisions. It has numerous detectors, including the KLOE detector which was in operation at the beginning of its operation.

See also
Charmonium
List of mesons
List of particles
Quark model

References

Mesons
Onia
Strange quark
Subatomic particles with spin 1


Untersiggingen is a village in the municipality Deggenhausertal in Baden-Württemberg Germany. Deggenhausertal itself is a part of the district Bodenseekreis which is on the north shore of Lake Constanz.

Geography
Untersiggingen is situated in a valley of the small river of Deggenhauser Ach between the two hills Heiligenberg and Gehrenberg. The village lies on both sides of the river. The older, mainly residential, part of the village lies on the southern bank. An industrial region was built on the northern bank in the 1980s.

History
Two prehistoric burial mounds are located near the village, demonstrating ancient settlement in the region. The village was first attested to in 772 in a document of St Gall's Abbey in which the village is written Villa Sicginga.  The name derives from the proper name Sicgo.

From the 10th to the 13th Centuries are documents that attest to knights in the valley named the Herren von Siggingen (Lords of Siggingen). The most significant were Albert von Siggingen and his son Rudolf, who had their base in the "Siggingertal" (the former name of Deggenhausertal) in the 12th Century. Their castle was built near the village and its moat, fundament and the weir system are still visible. It is unknown when the castle was destroyed.

By 1288 Untersiggingen and Obersiggingen in the municipality of Deggenhausen had been separated, both having passed to the Counts of Montfort and later the Counts of Werdenberg-Heiligenberg. In 1313 the counts of Werdenberg-Heiligenberg sold Untersiggingen to the Hospital of the Holy Spirit in Überlingen, though they retained rights to judicial power in the district. In 1459 the city of Überlingen confirmed the hospital's jurisdiction of the village, and from 1465 to 1468 its fiscal and military independence. In 1779 the village was sold by the hospital to the House of Fürstenberg.

In 1806 Fürstenberg was mediatised by the Grand Duchy of Baden.

In 1956 Untersiggingen received its own water supply. In 1967 a new school building was built next to the old school building. Since 1 January 1972 the independent municipality got a part of the new created municipality Deggenhausertal.

On the boundary of Untersiggingen a new industrial region arose. The new timber yard of the new formed municipality Deggenhausertal found his place in the new industrial region. There was new building site created in the west of the village along the river of Ach. The gaps between buildings inside the village were also closed by new houses.

Economy and Infrastructure
In spite of its small number of inhabitants Untersiggingen has its own supermarket. In the center of the village is a kind of a pharmacy, and not far away a small restaurant and a fitness studio.

Companies
 Moog GmbH   Moog GmbH has about 50 workers. The company is constructing and producing under-bridge platforms.
 Kneisler Brünnier Technik
 Stengelin Metallverarbeitung

Coat of arms

Bodenseekreis