This is a list of universities in Armenia.

Public

State universities
As of 2022, Armenia has 27 state universities (23 in the capital Yerevan and 4 outside the capital):
Yerevan
 Yerevan State University (1919)
 National University of Architecture and Construction of Armenia (1921)
 Yerevan State Medical University (1922)
 Armenian State Pedagogical University named after Khachatur Abovian (1922)
 Komitas State Conservatory of Yerevan (1923)
 Armenian National Agrarian University (1930)
 National Polytechnic University of Armenia (1933)
 Yerevan Brusov State University of Languages and Social Sciences (1935)
 Yerevan State Institute of Theatre and Cinematography (1944)
 Armenian State Institute of Physical Culture and Sport (1945)
 Yerevan State Academy of Fine Arts (1946)
 Armenian State University of Economics (1975)
 American University of Armenia (1991)
 Crisis Management State Academy (1992)
 Marshal Armenak Khanperyants Military Aviation University (1992)
 Public Administration Academy of Armenia (1994)
 Vazgen Sargsyan Military University (1994)
 Fondation Université Française en Arménie (1995)
 International Scientific-Educational Center of the National Academy of Sciences of Armenia (postgraduate) (1997)
 Russian-Armenian University (1997)
 European University of Armenia (postgraduate) (2001)
 National Defense Research University (2005)
 Academy of the Police Educational Complex of Armenia (2011)

Outside Yerevan
 Shirak State University named after Mikael Nalbandian (Gyumri, 1934)
 Goris State University (Goris, 1967)
 Vanadzor State University named after Hovhannes Tumanyan (Vanadzor, 1969)
 Gavar State University (Gavar, 1993)
 Royal Victorian University Educational Foundation of Armenia - RVU (Yeghegnadzor, 2023)

Theological seminaries
As of 2018, Armenia has 1 theological seminary at university level run buy Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin:
 Gevorkian Theological Seminary (theological university located in Vagharshapat, 1874)

Branches of foreign public universities
As of 2018, Armenia has 5 branches of foreign public universities, all based in Yerevan:
 Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Yerevan Branch (1999)
 Ternopil National Economic University Scientific-Educational Centre in Yerevan (2001)
 Russian State University of Tourism and Services Studies, Yerevan Branch (2001)
 Armenian Institute for Tourism, Yerevan Branch of the Russian International Academy for Tourism (RIAT) (2002)
 M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Yerevan Branch (2015)

Private
As of 2022, Armenia has 25 private universities, with 21 in Yerevan and 4 outside Yerevan:
Yerevan
 Galick University (1989)
 Haybusak University of Yerevan (1990)
 Yerevan Gladzor University (1990)
 Yerevan Mesrop Mashtots University (1990)
 MFB Academy of Finance (1990)
 Armenian Medical Institute (1990)
 University of Economy and Law named after Avetik Mkrtchyan (1990)
 Urartu University of Practical Psychology and Sociology (1991)
 University of Traditional Medicine (1991)
 University of International Economic Relations (1991)
 Yerevan Agricultural University (1992)
 Medical University named after Saint Teresa (1992)
 Azpat-Veteran Institute of Forensic Science and Psychology (1992)
 Anania Shirakatsi University of International Relations (1994)
 National Academy of Fine Arts (1995)
 Eurasia International University (1996)
 Northern University (1996)
 Yerevan University of Management (1996)
 Movses Khorenatsy University (1996)
 Yerevan Culture University (1996)
 International Accountancy Training Center (postgraduate) (1998)

Outside Yerevan
 Progress Gyumri University (Gyumri, 1990)
 Mkhitar Gosh Armenian-Russian International University (Vanadzor, 1995)
 Humanitarian Institute of Hrazdan (Hrazdan, 1996)
 Vardenis Teachers' Training Institute named after Victor Ambartsumian (Vardenik village near Vardenis)

Historic universities
 University of Sanahin (10th-11th centuries)
 University of Gladzor (13th-14th centuries)
 University of Tatev (14th-15th centuries)

See also
Armenian-language schools outside Armenia
Education in Armenia
Lists of universities and colleges by country
List of universities in Artsakh
List of universities in Yerevan
MBBS in Armenia

References

External links
Armenia university, college and institute directory at www.university-directory.eu

Armenia
Armenia
Armenia
Higher education in Europe


South Carolina is a state in the United States.

South Carolina may also refer to:

Schools
 University of South Carolina, a public university in South Carolina
 South Carolina Gamecocks, the school's athletic program

Ships
 Indien (1780) or South Carolina, a frigate of the South Carolina Navy
 USS South Carolina (1860), a screw steamer
 USS South Carolina (BB-26), a battleship launched in 1908
 South Carolina-class battleship, a class of US Navy battleship
 USS South Carolina (CGN-37), a California-class cruiser built in 1972

Territories
 Province of South Carolina, during the colonial era
 Republic of South Carolina, during the U.S. Civil War

See also
 USS South Carolina, a list of ships of the United States Navy


Lom () is a village in the Municipality of Tržič in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia. The local church in this village is dedicated to Saint Catherine.

Name
The name of the settlement was changed from Lom to Lom pod Storžičem in 1953.

References

External links
Lom pod Storžičem on Geopedia

Populated places in the Municipality of Tržič


Fagus japonica, known as the Japanese beech, Japanese blue beech or in Japanese as inubuna ("dog buna") or kurobuna ("black buna"), is a deciduous tree of the beech family Fagaceae.

Distribution
It is endemic to Japan, where it is one of the main tree species in natural deciduous forests particularly on the Pacific side of the country.

Description
It reaches 25 metres in height. The growth habit is often multi-trunked. Bark is smooth and grey. The simple leaves are arranged alternately along the branch. They are slightly pubescent and slightly glaucous beneath, with 10–14 pairs of lateral nerves. Fruiting peduncles are 3–4 cm long and glabrous.

References

japonica
Trees of Japan
Endemic flora of Japan
Taxa named by Karl Maximovich


South Dakota is a state in the United States.

South Dakota may also refer to:
 University of South Dakota, a public coeducational research (R2) university in Vermillion
South Dakota Coyotes athletic teams representing the University of South Dakota
 South Dakota State University, a public research university in Brookings
South Dakota State Jackrabbits athletic teams representing South Dakota State University
 , the name of three ships of the U.S. Navy
 , a class of six ships authorized but never completed
 , a class of four ships which saw service in World War II
 26715 South Dakota, an asteroid

See also

 Dakota (disambiguation)


Novake () is a small settlement in the Municipality of Tržič in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia.

References

External links
Novake on Geopedia

Populated places in the Municipality of Tržič


See Battle of Le Mans for the battle here in 1870 during the Franco-Prussian War.

The Battle of Le Mans was a combat in the Virée de Galerne, an operation during the War in the Vendée. It resulted in the rout of the Vendéen forces by Republican troops.

Prelude
Victorious at the Battle of La Flèche after their setback at Angers, where they were unable to cross the river Loire, the desperate Vendéens, always sporadically attacked by the Republican cavalry, continued their march towards Le Mans. Their numbers were greatly reduced: the Catholic and Royal Army now numbered less than 20,000 men, and had with it thousands of wounded, women and children. Of the 80,000 the Vendéens had at the start of the Virée de Galerne, only 40,000 remained. Suffering of famine and the cold, ravaged by gangrenous dysentery, typhus and putrid fever, they mostly tried to obtain supplies.

The Vendéens had managed to repel 4,000 Republicans in a half-hour at Pontlieu, but still demoralized and having lost a great part of their weaponry, they took Le Mans on 10 December 1793 at 4:00 in the afternoon. They then spread out through the city and managed to find provisions, supplies and clothes. Nonetheless, morale was still low, sickness continued to ravage the army and the soldiers, disobeying their officers, didn't try to prepare the defenses of the town despite the fact that the Republican army, reorganized since its defeat at Dol, was marching towards the city.

The battle
On 12 December the first Republican troops under François-Joseph Westermann and François Muller appeared at the gates of the city. Henri de La Rochejaquelein and Talmont assembled 3,000 men, especially Chouans, and took on the Republicans. They managed to set a trap in the woods near Le Mans. Westermann's surprised cavalry had to pull back whereas Muller's division panicked and fled after the first shots fired. The Republican army was on the verge of being annihilated when Jacques Louis François Delaistre de Tilly's Army of the Coasts of Cherbourg arrived as reinforcements on the battle field. This time it was the Vendéens who panicked and fled and hid in the city. La Rochejaquelein thus re-entered the city, but his forces were dispersed, most of the Vendéens not even realizing the Republicans were so close, and some soldiers were even drunk.

Some time later, General François-Séverin Marceau arrived in turn at the battle and reassembled his troops at Cérans-Foulletourte. He was followed by Jean Baptiste Kléber and his troops of the Army of Mainz. Marceau wished to wait for Kléber's troops to arrive before attacking but Westermann insisted and launched an attack, Marceau had to follow.

The Republican army entered Le Mans by nightfall, overwhelmed all the Vendéen defences. The Vendéens were completely disorganized, chaos resulted in the city where all night long street skirmishes were taking place.

La Rochejaquelein, seeing that all was lost, sought only to protect the retreat towards Laval for the survivors. The Vendéens deployed 14 cannons at the gates of the city, managing to cover their retreat and stopping the Republicans.

Yet thousands of Vendéens, most of them non-combatants, were stuck inside the town, having taken refuge in the houses. Groups of resisting Vendéen soldiers were spread across the city. They resisted for a long while, standing their ground until the end of the day. Nonetheless, they were eventually destroyed by the Republican artillery under General François Carpentier, which opened fire on the buildings and houses from where shots were fired.

The battle then turned into a massacre, with the wounded, women and children who had taken refuge in the houses being forced out and massacred. Kléber and Marceau tried to save the prisoners, but could not hold back their troops.

Westermann assembled his hussars and pursued the Vendéens. Those who were slow and fell behind were massacred, but the larger part of the Vendéen army, reduced to half on its strength, managed to reach Laval on 14 December. The Republican cavalry, not daring to enter the faubourgs, decided to head back.

According to the Committee of Public Safety, 2,000 to 5,000 Vendéens, both combatants and non-combatants, died in Le Mans, while Republican losses totaled only 30 dead and approximately 100 wounded.

Adding to the Vendéen victims of the battle those killed south of Le Mans during the flight to Laval, the total deaths were approximately 15,000.

Le Mans
Le Mans
Le Mans
Le Mans
Le Mans
History of Sarthe
Le Mans
Massacres in France
Le Mans


This is a list of episodes of the PBS Kids Go! children's television series Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman.

Series overview

Season 1 (2006)

Contestants
 Julia Citrin
 Noah Ellis
 Khalil Flemming
 Taylor Garron
 Brian McGoff
 Anna Sheridan

Episodes

Point Totals Before Finale
 Anna – 1,421 points
 Noah – 1,420 points
 Khalil – 1,415 points
 Julia – 1,406 points
 Brian – 1,405 points
 Taylor – 1,400 points

Points Chart

  Fetcher stayed in Studio for that episode
 Fetcher was the winner for the day

Final Results
 Season 1 Champion: Anna
 2nd Place: Khalil
 3rd Place: Noah
 4th Place: Brian
 5th Place: Julia
 6th Place: Taylor

Season 2 (2007)

Contestants
 Madison "Madi" Bader
 William "Willie" Bornkessel
 Rosario Corso
 Bridget O'Sullivan
 Michael "Mike" Spence
 Nina Wadekar

Episodes

Point Totals Before Finale
 Mike – 1,325 points
 Rosario – 1,320 points
 Bridget – 1,315 points
 Willie – 1,305 points
 Nina – 1,290 points
 Madi – 1,285 points

Points Chart

 Fetcher stayed in Studio for that Episode
 Fetcher was the winner for the day

Final Results
 Season 2 Champion: Mike
 2nd Place: Willie
 3rd Place: Bridget
 4th Place: Rosario
 5th Place: Madi
 6th Place: Nina

Season 3 (2008)

Contestants
 Harsha Amaravadi
 Jay Brosnan
 Samuel "Sam" Blumenfeld
 Samantha "Sammy" Boucher
 Demetrius Joseph "DJ" Thomas
 Noel Um

Episodes

Point Totals Before Finale
 Harsha – 1,365 points
 Jay – 1,355 points
 Sammy – 1,350 points
 Sam – 1,335 points
 Noel – 1,330 points
 DJ – 1,330 points

Points Chart

 Fetcher stayed in studio for that episode
 Fetcher was the winner for the day

Final Results
 Season 3 Champion: Jay
 2nd Place: Harsha
 3rd Place: Noel
 4th Place: Sammy
 5th Place: Sam
 6th Place: DJ

Season 4 (2009)

Contestants
 Isaac Bean
 Brian Conroy
 Liza Giangrande
 Bethany Owens
 Talia Patapoutian
 Sterling Singletary

Episodes

Point Totals Before Finale
 Talia	– 1,255 points
 Sterling – 1,252.5 points
 Isaac	– 1,237.5 points
 Liza – 1,215 points
 Brian	– 1,205 points
 Bethany – 1,182.5 points

Points Chart

 Fetcher Stayed in Studio for that episode
 Fetcher was the winner for the day

Final Results
 Season 4 Champion: Liza
 2nd Place: Isaac
 3rd Place: Talia
 4th Place: Sterling
 5th Place: Brian
 6th Place: Bethany

Season 5 (2010)

Contestants
 Rubye Peyser
 Emeline "Emmie" Atwood
 Marc "Marco" Frongillo
 Marc Prophet
 Jay Ricco
 Shreya Viswanathan

Episodes

Point Totals Before Finale
 Rubye – 1,307 points
 Emmie – 1,306 points
 Shreya – 1,295 points
 Marc – 1,291 points
 Jay – 1,287 points
 Marco – 1,265 points

Points Chart

 Fetcher Stayed in Studio for that episode
 Fetcher was the winner for the day

Final Results
 Season 5 Champion: Marco
 2nd Place: Emmie
 3rd Place: Rubye
 4th Place: Shreya
 5th Place: Marc
 6th Place: Jay

References

Notes

Fetch with Ruff Ruffman episodes lists of


The Type 05 amphibious armored vehicle () is a family of amphibious tracked armored fighting vehicles developed by Norinco for the People's Liberation Army Navy Marine Corps, consisting of two main combat variants — the ZBD-05 infantry fighting vehicle and the ZTD-05 assault vehicle, as well as several support variants based on the ZBD-05. The Type 05s could be launched at sea from an amphibious assault ship over the horizon, and features a hydroplane, a design concept that has been compared to the cancelled United States Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle (EFV) program.

As a dedicated amphibious combat vehicle, the Type 05 is aiming to provide unique amphibious capability that emphasizes speedy landing operations. China is the only country to produce such unique high-speed amphibious fighting vehicles.

Development

Type 05 family is developed in early 2000s by Chinese state-owned defense company Norinco, led by chief designer Chen Pengfei (). Two variants of the vehicle family was developed first, the infantry fighting variant ZBD-05, and assault gun/light tank variant ZTD-05. ZBD-05 vehicles were showcased in military parade of 2009 and 2015.

The Type 05 amphibious infantry fighting vehicle uses a planing hull propelled by two water jets, which is a considerable improvement over similar type of vehicle like AAV7A1 amphibious assault vehicle (AAV). United States’s cancellation of Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle (EFV) leaves China the only country to produce vehicle with such unique concept.

The ZTD-05 assault vehicle variant replaces the obsolete Type 63A amphibious tank introduced in the late 1990s. Research and development effort is reflected on the capable design. The vehicle implicates China is determined to secure advanced amphibious assault capabilities.

Design

Mobility
The Type 05 features a flat hull, extendable bow, with six retractable road wheels on each side and front/rear rollers. The vehicle's design results in significantly reduced drag. The angle of the bow changes adaptively according to the current displacement speedometer so that fluid resistance can always be kept at the lowest, optimal level.

The ZBD-05 is fully amphibious, which propelled by two large water jets mounted to the rear side of the hull. In the water, the engine is able to generate 1475 horsepower as well as switching to land mode with only 550 horsepower. The vehicle can run at a maximum road speed of 65 km/h and 30 km/h in the water. It has a maximum cruising range of 500 km and can negotiate a gradient of 60 % and side slope of 30%. It can cross a vertical obstacle of 0.7 m and trench of 2m.

Armament

The Infantry Fighting Vehicle (IFV) variant, ZBD-05, is built to support infantry and amphibious operations. The 3-man crew consists of the driver positioned front-left of the turret, with commander and gunner occupying the turret. The vehicle features ZPT-99 30mm cannon turret with a HJ-73C ATGM rail launcher, capable of penetrating more than 800mm RHA after ERA. The vehicle can carry 7 to 8 (one squad) armed infantry in its passenger compartment at the rear.

The Assault Vehicle (light tank) variant, ZTD-05, is armed with a fully stabilized ZPL-98A 105mm rifled gun. The ZTD-05 assault vehicle variant has a crew of four, including a loader. The type of APFSDS round fitted on ZTD-05 is the DTC02-105 armor piercing fin stabilized discarding sabot based on BTA-2 105mm APFSDS, capable of penetrating 600mm RHA at 2,000 meters. The rifled gun is also capable of launching laser guided beam-riding missile. The gun is loaded manually with a fire rate of 6 to 8 rounds per minute with 36 rounds ammo reserve. ZTD-05's turret shares a similar layout to the ZTL-11 assault vehicle.

Secondary weapons for both variants include a Type 86 7.62mm coaxial mounted machine gun. ZTD-15 features a QJC-88 12.7mm anti-aircraft machine gun mounted on the roof of the turret near the loader.

Fire control
Accuracy and precision are attained by a computerized fire-control system (FCS) on both ZBD-05 and ZTD-05. The fire control system includes a fire-control ballistic computer, laser rangefinder, two-plane stabilization, and daylight/infrared gunner sight with passive night vision channel. Commander has access to day/night independent thermal sight with hunter-killer (commander override) capability.

Type 05 is fitted with battle management system, command and control system, digital map interface. All the necessary information is displayed on screens to the driver, commander, and gunner. ZTD-05 is equipped with laser designator for beam-riding SACLOS applications, and loader position is also fitted with an independent periscope.

Protection
The vehicle has satellite navigation, fire suppression system, NBC protection system, day/night thermal vision, ensuring high degree of survivability for the crew. The hull is constructed with aluminum alloy chassis with additional steel glacis plates. Aluminum alloy reduces weight and provides protection against small arms rounds and shell splatter, while the steel plates can stop 12.7mm rounds. The turret is constructed of all-welded steel armor with composite plates, which gives all-around protection against 12.7mm rounds and shell splinters. The front face of the turret is claimed to stop 25mm AP round at . The upper part of the suspension is protected by armor plates.

Both ZBD-05 and ZTD-05 are fitted with laser warning receivers, which are connected to 2 sets of 4-barrel smoke grenade launchers. The storage area around the aft section double as slat armor.

Deployment
Type 05 amphibious fighting vehicles are deployed by People's Liberation Army Ground Force amphibious assault brigades and People's Liberation Army Navy Marine Corps.

Variants
Type 05 (ZTD-05 or ZLT-05) Amphibious Assault Vehicle () The assault gun variant, armed with a ZPL98A 105mm low-recoil rifled gun, a 7.62mm coaxial machine gun, and QJC-88 12.7mm anti-aircraft machine gun. An improved variant, designated ZLT-05A, with upgraded computer system and digital terminals accessible for driver, gunner, and commander.
Type 05 (ZBD-05) Amphibious Infantry Fighting Vehicle () The infantry fighting vehicle variant, armed with a ZPT-99 30mm autocannon, a 7.62mm coaxial machine gun, and HJ-73C anti-tank missiles.
Type 05 (ZSD-05) Amphibious Armored Personal Carrier () The armored personal carrier variant, armed with plate-protected 12.7mm heavy machine gun turret.
Type 05 Amphibious Armored Reconnaissance Vehicle () The Armoured reconnaissance variant, equipped with telescopic mast with electro-optical and infrared (EO/IR) system, a laser-range finder, and an X-band radar. The variant has 12.7 mm heavy machine gun turret for defense.
Type 05 Amphibious Armored Command Vehicle () The mobile command and control variant, equipped with field communication and battle management system.
Type 05 Amphibious Armored Recovery Vehicle () The armoured recovery vehicle variant, equipped with a crane, hydraulic winch for emergency vehicle recovery. Additional handrail is installed on the top for ease of operation in the water.
Type 05 (GSL132) Assault Breach Vehicle () The mine clearance assaults vehicle variants. It is equipped with mine plow, mine detection device, Clear Lane Marking system, 8 tube obstacle clearing rockets, and rocket-projected mine clearing line charge (MICLIC).
Type 05 Amphibious Armored Ambulance () Armored ambulance variant based on Type 05 command vehicle chassis, providing frontline medical support and evacuation. The armored ambulance features emergency ventilator, air conditioning, monitoring, and shock-absorbing double bunk beds.
VN16 Modified export variants of the ZTD-05.
VN18 Modified export variants of the ZBD-05.
VS25 Modified export variants of the Type 05 Amphibious Armored Recovery Vehicle.

Operators

People's Liberation Army Ground Force: 1,500+ units in service as of 2022. 750 units of ZBD-05; 750 units of ZTD-05; Uncounted units of other variants.
People's Liberation Army Navy Marine Corps: 320+ units in service as of 2021. 240 units of ZBD-05; 80 units of ZTD-05; Uncounted units of other variants.
 : Adopted the VN16, VN18. and VS25 for the Venezuelan Marine Corps.
 : 3 ordered in June 2020 at approximate cost of USD 13 million for the Royal Thai Marine Corps and delivered in May 2021.

See also
 List of modern armored fighting vehicles
Related development
 ZBD-03 - airborne combat vehicle developed by China
 ZBD-04 - tracked infantry fighting vehicle developed by China
 ZBL-08 - wheeled infantry fighting vehicle developed by China
Comparable ground systems
 Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle
 Assault Amphibious Vehicle
 Amphibious Combat Vehicle

References

External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20130213000250/http://www.sinodefence.com/army/armour/zbd2000.asp
http://www.airforceworld.com/a/20150624/2305.html  (Simplified Chinese)

Amphibious armoured fighting vehicles
Amphibious tanks
Tracked armoured fighting vehicles
Light tanks of the People's Republic of China
Armoured fighting vehicles of the People's Republic of China
Tracked amphibious vehicles
Post–Cold War light tanks
Military vehicles introduced in the 2000s


Haryana Institute of Technology is an engineering college in Bahadurgarh, Haryana (located at 34/41 KM Asodha Village, Bahadurgarh).

History
The institute was established as Haryana Institute of Technology, Bahadurgarh in 2007. HIT is part of the Indian Society for Development of Education which was formed in 2003 with the objective of providing education in the technical field of engineering, management, information technology, and vocational courses.

The Indian Society for Development of Education was registered under the Societies Act No. XXI of 1860 vide Registration no. 45226 of 2003 dated 30.01.2003.

Campus
HIT is located in Asodha Village, Bahadurgarh, and is surrounded by green fields and water canals.  The campus is situated on the NH-10.
The inside of the campus resembles a city with gardens, lawns, residential complexes and wide clean roads. The campus has its own water supply and backup electricity supply along with canteen and medical facility.

Hostels
Separate hostel facilities for boys and girls are available close to the administrative block. Each hostel has a capacity of around 200 students. Each hostel has its own mess, a common room where residents can watch television and read magazine and newspapers and a visiting room where residents can receive their guests. In addition, each hostel has its own computer room facility. All the hostel rooms are provided with an internet connection.

Every hostel has a warden, who is a faculty of the college, and a caretaker. Hostels are in general self managed by students, with the warden not interfering in the hostel affairs, other than the clearing of bills and budget.

Undergraduate programs
HIT Bahadurgarh offers a Bachelor of Technology in five areas that include Mechanical Engineering, Electronics Engineering, Computer Science and Engineering, Information Technology and Civil Engineering. The admission to these programs is done through AIEEE and LEET.

External links

 Official website
  Official Website of the MDU

Engineering colleges in Haryana
Educational institutions established in 2007
2007 establishments in Haryana


John MacLean (1860–1940) was a pioneer and sheriff in Última Esperanza Province, Magallanes and Antártica Chilena Region, Chile. He was born in Poolewe, Wester Ross, Scotland, emigrating at the age of 23 to the Falklands and Southern Patagonia in 1883. Four years later, he was able to buy property in Punta Arenas and rent public lands at Punta del Monte (north-east Magallanes Territory) in order to raise sheep in 1891. Three years later, John married Mary Ann Cameron, daughter of neighbour and fellow Highlander John Cameron. They had 13 children over the next 26 years. MacLean hand wrote 102 letters as part of his official business, mostly in broken Spanish—it is assumed he was self-taught. The letters were very likely delivered through private arrangements due to the lack of infrastructure in the region at that time. His letters shed light on an otherwise unwritten period in Patagonian history.

References
John MacLean, honorary sheriff: official correspondence, 1902-1906. Southern Patagonia Bookshelf: history worth reading

People from Ross and Cromarty
British emigrants
Immigrants to Chile
1860 births
1940 deaths


Paloviče (, ) is a settlement in the Municipality of Tržič in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia.

References

External links

Paloviče on Geopedia

Populated places in the Municipality of Tržič


A Book on Angling – Being a complete treatise on the art of angling in every branch is a work of angling literature with significant fly fishing content written by Francis Francis, angling editor to The Field and published in London in 1867 by Longmans, Green and Company.

Synopsis
A Book on Angling is best described by the author himself in the preface to the first edition:
When first infected with the fever of Angling, more years ago than I care to count up, my ambition was to catch every species of freshwater fish, from the minnow up to the salmon, which inhabits our British waters. That satisfied, my next desire was to write a work, which should contain within one volume (as far as might be possible) the fullest and most varied information upon Angling generally, in every branch of the art, which had ever been published; and with this resolve I commenced collecting the matter for the present work nearly twenty years ago. Taken up and laid aside from time to time, little by little it has steadily progressed towards completion. In the course of that twenty years I took occasion to visit and to fish nearly every river of note in the kingdom, my connection with 'The Field' affording me peculiar facilities for obtaining permission to fish very many waters which are closely locked against the general public; and I have roamed England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland over to gather fresh knowledge, and to put it into a practical and concentrated form for the use of my readers.

In inducting the tyro into the mysteries of the art, I have endeavored to make every direction and information as clear and practicable as possible. This work is intended to be a useful and not merely a decorative one: thus, the plates are not for the sake of ornamentation, but for direction, and as an aid to the student of tackle-making and fly-tying. Each illustration of tackle is really needed, and the flies shown are not a mere selection of gorgeous and pretty subjects, or I should have chosen very differently; but each fly is a specimen of some separate class of flies, in which a special peculiarity of manufacture is evident.

I have to thank many kind friends for assistance in lending tackle and flies as subjects for the engravings, and also for description, as will be found in the body of the work.

I have given much time to this book, but I have given it willingly, for it was indeed and in truth a labour of love. Whether the Angling public, to whom I dedicate it (desiring no more potent patron), will appreciate my labours remains to be seen; and so, without further apology if an attempt to supply a long-felt and obvious want, the existence of which few persons have been in a position to know and feel so well as myself, be thought to require an apology into their hands I commit it.

FRANCIS FRANCIS. THE FIRS, TWICKENHAM : 1867

Reviews
In 1881, Osmund Lambert in Angling Literature in England wrote:

In 1920, when A Book on Angling was reprinted, Sir Herbert Maxwell, a noted Scottish angler penned this in the Editor's Introduction:

James Robb in an entire chapter devoted to Francis Francis in Notable Angling Literature (1945) said of A Book on Angling:

In 1974, noted American writer Arnold Gingrich in his The Fishing in Print commented on Francis, Francis as a writer and his influence on notable American angler Theodore Gordon:

In 2002, 135 years after the 1st edition of A Book of Angling, Tony Hayter in his biography of Frederic M. Halford wrote:

Contents
From the 4th Edition (1876)

 Chapter I – Bottom-Fishing
 The Origin of Angling, Pond-Fishing, Punt-Fishing, The Norfolk Style, Bank-Fishing, The Gudgeon, The Pope, The Bleak, The Roach, The Rudd, The Dace, The Chub, The Barbel – 1
 Chapter II – Bottom-Fishing Continued.
 Nottingham Angling, Casting From the Reel, Daceing, Tight Corking, The Slider, etc. – 61
 Chapter III – Bottom-Fishing Continued
 The Bream, The Carp, The Tench, The Eel, The Perch, Paternostering, etc. – 73
Chapter IV – Mid-Water Fishing.
The Pike, Spinning, Trolling With the Dead Gorge, Live Baiting, etc. – 100
 Chapter V – Artificial Fly-Fishing.
 Varieties of Trout, Instructions as to Rods and Tackle, How To Use Them, Weather, How To Choose Flies, Dress, Night-fishing -138
 Chapter VI – Artificial Flies
Contrast of Systems, Copying Nature And Copying Nothing, List of Flies For Each Month -185
 Chapter VII – On Lake-Fishing, Etc.
Lake-Fishing, Daping, The Creeper, The Beetle, The Worm – 250
 Chapter VIII – Spinning For Trout
Spinning for Large Trout, Spinning for Trout In Small Streams, The Par-Tail, The Grayling – 278
 Chapter IX – The Salmon
 The Rod, The Reel and Line, How To Use Them, Casting, Striking, Playing A Salmon, Sea-Trout Fishing – 303
 Chapter X – Salmon Flies.
 List of Salmon Flies, General Flies, List of Flies for Scotch Rivers – 333
 Chapter XI – Salmon Flies Continued.
 List of Flies for Irish Rivers – 392
 Chapter XII – Salmon Flies Continued
 List of Flies for Wales and England, List of Sea-Trout Flies – 426

Other Editions

From Antiquarian Book Exchange and Bibliotheca Piscatoria-A Catalogue Of Books On Angling, The Fisheries and Fish-Culture, With Bibliographical Notes and an Appendix Of Citations Touching On Angling and fishing from Old English authors, Westwood and Satchell (1883)

Further reading

See also
Bibliography of fly fishing

External links
 1876 4th Edition on the Internet Archive
 1920 Edition with Introduction by Sir Herbert Maxwell on the Internet Archive
 1920 US Edition on the Internet Archive

Notes

1867 books
Angling literature
Fly fishing literature
British books
Recreational fishing in the United Kingdom


Tropojë Lake () is a small mountain lake in the Accursed Mountains in western Kosovo, only 180m from the Albanian border. The lake has an oval shape and is  in length and  in width. Rivers that originate on this lake flow downwards to join larger rivers and then finally flow into the White Drin.

See also

 List of lakes of Kosovo

References

Lakes of Kosovo
Accursed Mountains


Tom Longworth was a 20th-century Anglican bishop.

He was born on 8 January 1891 and educated at Shrewsbury and University College, Oxford and  ordained in 1916. From 1927 to 1935 he was the Rector of Guisborough and then Benwell before his ordination to the episcopate as the second Bishop of Pontefract, with the additional title of Archdeacon of the area. Translated to Hereford in 1949 he retired in 1961 and died on 15 October 1977.

Notes

1891 births
People educated at Shrewsbury School
Alumni of University College, Oxford
Archdeacons of Pontefract
Bishops of Pontefract
Bishops of Hereford
1977 deaths
20th-century Church of England bishops


In a connected graph, closeness centrality (or closeness) of a node is a measure of centrality in a network, calculated as the reciprocal of the sum of the length of the shortest paths between the node and all other nodes in the graph. Thus, the more central a node is, the closer it is to all other nodes.

Closeness was defined by Bavelas (1950) as the reciprocal of the farness, that is:

where  is the distance (length of the shortest path) between vertices  and . This unnormalised version of closeness is sometimes known as status. When speaking of closeness centrality, people usually refer to its normalized form which represents the average length of the shortest paths instead of their sum. It is generally given by the previous formula multiplied by , where  is the number of nodes in the graph resulting in:

The normalization of closeness simplifies the comparison of nodes in graphs of different sizes. For large graphs, the minus one in the normalisation becomes inconsequential and it is often dropped.

As one of the oldest centrality measures, closeness is often given in general discussions of network centrality meaures in introductory texts or in articles comparing different centrality measures. The values produced by many centrality measures can be highly correlated. In particular, closeness and degree have been shown to be related in many networks through an approximate relationship

where  is the degree of vertex  while  and β are parameters found by fitting closeness and degree to this formula. The z parameter represents the branching factor, the average degree of nodes (excluding the root node and leaves) of the shortest-path trees used to approximate networks when demonstrating this relationship. This is never an exact relationship but it captures a trend seen in many real-world networks.

Closeness is related to other length scales used in network science. For instance, the average shortest path length , the average distance between vertices in a network, is simply the average of the inverse closeness values

  .

Taking distances from or to all other nodes is irrelevant in undirected graphs, whereas it can produce totally different results in directed graphs (e.g. a website can have a high closeness centrality from outgoing links, but low closeness centrality from incoming links).

Applications
Closeness is used in many different contexts. In bibliometrics closeness has been used to look at the way academics choose their journals and bibliographies in different fields or to measure the impact of an author on a field and their social capital. When used to select potential leads in customer data, closeness has been seen to lead to a significant gain in the success rate. The closeness of a city in an air transport network has been shown to be highly correlated with socio-economic indicators such as gross regional domestic product. Closeness has also been applied to biological networks where, for instance, this was used to identify more than 50% of the global regulators within the top 2% of the ranked genes or essential genes were found to have higher closeness than nonessential genes in protein-interaction networks. In a metabolic network the closeness of nodes can identify the most important metabolites.

In disconnected graphs
When a graph is not strongly connected, Beauchamp introduced in 1965 the idea of using the sum of reciprocal of distances, instead of the reciprocal of the sum of distances, with the convention :

Beauchamp's modification follows the (much later in time) general principle proposed by Marchiori and Latora (2000) that in graphs with infinite distances the harmonic mean behaves better than the arithmetic mean. Indeed, Bavelas's closeness can be described as the denormalized reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of distances, whereas Beauchamp's centrality is the reciprocal of the harmonic mean of distances.

This idea has resurfaced several time in the literature, often without the normalization factor : for undirected graphs under the name valued centrality by Dekker (2005) and under the name harmonic centrality by Rochat (2009); if was axiomatized by Garg (2009) and proposed once again later by Opsahl (2010). It was studied on general directed graphs by Boldi and Vigna (2014). This idea is also quite similar to market potential proposed in Harris (1954) which now often goes by the term market access.

Variants
Dangalchev (2006), in a work on network vulnerability proposes for undirected graphs a different definition:

This definition is used effectively for disconnected graphs and allows to create convenient formulae for graph operations. For example:

If graph  is created by linking node  of graph  to node  of graph  then the combined closeness is:

if graph  is created by collapsing node  of graph  and node  of graph  into one node then the closeness is:

If graph  is the thorn graph of graph , which has  nodes, then  closeness is:

The natural generalization of this definition is:

where  belongs to (0,1). As  increases from 0 to 1, the generalized closeness changes from local characteristic (degree) to global (number of connected nodes).

The information centrality of Stephenson and Zelen (1989) is another closeness measure, which computes the harmonic mean of the resistance distances towards a vertex x, which is smaller if x has many paths of small resistance connecting it to other vertices.

In the classic definition of the closeness centrality, the spread of information is modeled by the use of shortest paths. This model might not be the most realistic for all types of communication scenarios. Thus, related definitions have been discussed to measure closeness, like the random walk closeness centrality introduced by Noh and Rieger (2004). It measures the speed with which randomly walking messages reach a vertex from elsewhere in the graph. Hierarchical closeness of Tran and Kwon (2014) is an extended closeness centrality to deal still in another way with the limitation of closeness in graphs that are not strongly connected. The hierarchical closeness explicitly includes information about the range of other nodes that can be affected by the given node.

See also
 Centrality
 Random walk closeness centrality
 Betweenness centrality

References

Graph invariants
Network analysis


The Saffron Walden by-election of 7 July 1977 was held after the death of Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) Sir Peter Kirk on 16 April that year. The Conservatives held on to the seat in the by-election.

Results

References

Saffron Walden by-election
Saffron Walden
Saffron Walden by-election
Saffron Walden by-election
By-elections to the Parliament of the United Kingdom in Essex constituencies
1970s in Essex


Ristovac (Serbian Cyrillic: Ристовац) is a small town in the Municipality of Vranje located in the Pčinja District of south-east Serbia. Ristovac has 342 according to the 2002 census.

Populated places in Pčinja District


Chinese people in Madagascar (, ) are a minority ethnic group of Madagascar and form Africa's third largest overseas Chinese population with a population estimated at between 70,000 and 100,000 in 2011.

History

Early history
Chinese ceramic goods dating to the 16th and 17th century have been found in Madagascar; however, these are generally believed not to be evidence of a direct Chinese presence at that early date, but rather trade between the two lands through intermediaries such as the Arabs. Some folk theories once popular among the Chinese of Madagascar claimed a Chinese rather than Austronesian origin for the Malagasy, and a widespread joke even claimed that the ethnonym Hova was a transcription of a Chinese name He Huai (). Suggestions were made in 1786 and 1830 that the French should establish a colony and import Chinese, Indian, and Mozambican labour to Madagascar to populate it in order to prevent the British from gaining a foothold there, but no action was taken on the idea.

The first Chinese migrant to Madagascar arrived in the east coast port of Tamatave (now renamed Toamasina) in 1862, where he opened a shop, and later married a local Malagasy woman. Six others came to Nosy Be off the northwestern coast in 1866, then three more in 1872. Fourteen were noted at Majunga (Mahajanga), also in the northwest, in 1894. Then, a contingent of five hundred arrived at Tamatave in 1896. The following year, three thousand more Chinese labourers were brought in at the initiative of the French general Joseph Gallieni to work on the construction of the railway. Contract workers, intending to return home after their stint on the island, often became ill while working on the construction of the railway; though they survived to board ships back to China, many died en route. In absolute terms the resident population remained quite small: 452 in 1904, with 76 in the north, 31 in the west, 24 in the centre, 315 in the east, and 6 in the south. The vast majority were men. They had grown slightly by the time of the 1911 census, which found 649 Chinese in the country, making up about 3% of the country's foreign population and a minor fraction of the total population of 3.2 million.

The initial migrants came from Guangxi, but were later supplemented by Cantonese-speakers, both those who came directly from Guangdong and those who had been driven out of Mauritius by increasing competition from Hakka-speakers. Upon arrival, the Cantonese speakers colluded to prevent any Hakka migration to Madagascar. As a result, the Chinese population remained largely homogenous; 98% traced their origins not just to Guangdong, but specifically to the Shunde district. Intermarriage between Chinese men and native Malagasy women was not uncommon.

Post-World War II and independence
1957 official statistics showed 7,349 Chinese living in Madagascar, in forty-eight of the country's fifty-eight districts. By 2006, that number had grown to roughly forty thousand, composed of thirty thousand of the original migrants and their descendants, as well as ten thousand new expatriates from mainland China, and another hundred from Taiwan. The recent migrants trace their origins to a more diverse set of provinces, including Fujian and Zhejiang. Half lived in either Toamasina or Antananarivo, with a further one-eighth in the Diana Region; the remainder were distributed among the other provinces.

Society
Chinese-language education in Madagascar began in the late 1920s; with the 1937 onset of the Second Sino-Japanese War, Chinese parents could no longer send their children back to China for their schooling, which fueled the expansion of local Chinese education. Two of the most well-known schools, the Kuomintang-run École Franco-Chinoise () in Fenerive, and the co-educational École Chinoise Mixte () in Toamasina, were both established the following year. The École Chinoise Mixte at Toamasina was founded by parents who had withdrawn their children from the KMT school; they were alleged to be communist. By 1946, the island boasted eleven Chinese schools. However, after the end of World War II, and especially in the 1980s, parents began shifting their children towards French-language education instead. As a result, the number of schools decreased, and the ones which remained decreased the number of class hours devoted to Chinese-language teaching. Of eight schools in 1972, three disappeared by the mid-1980s; the École Franco-Chinoise, which at its peak had enrolled 629 students, was forced to merge with the École Chinoise Mixte to form the Collège de la Congrégation Chinoise ().

By 1995, only two schools remained, in Fianarantsoa and Toamasina. The one in Toamasina, the Collège de la Congrégation Chinoise, enrolled 398 students at the kindergarten through lower secondary levels ; it continues teaching both Cantonese and Mandarin. The school in Fianarantsoa had about 100 students, including mixed-race children of Chinese and Malagasy descent, as well as non-Chinese children.

For tertiary education, by the 1960s a few Chinese students went on to Francophone universities in Madagascar or in France. In 1957, the École Franco-Chinoise began sending students to Taiwan for education, starting with nine in the first year and totalling 34 by 1964. These students tended to attend the Overseas Chinese Preparatory High School (now part of National Taiwan Normal University) before going on to their degree work; many had trouble with Mandarin. Some returned to Madagascar, but found difficulties in advancement there due to the non-recognition of their degrees.

The Confucius Institute opened a branch at the University of Antananarivo in November 2008. By June 2013, more than 28 Chinese language teaching institutes had been established across the country.

Religious affiliation
The Chinese of Madagascar largely follow the Roman Catholic religion, like the rest of the urban Malagasy population. Questionnaires in the 1970s found that Catholicism was especially common among young people under 30. However another study noted that many however were Catholics in name only. There were also examples of syncretism with Chinese folk religion in those days: the Chinese Community Centers in Tamatave (Toamasina) and Diego Suarez (Antsiranana) had altars to Southern Chinese deities, and a few people could still be seen paying their respects; furthermore, some people reported that their families had altars for veneration of their ancestors.

Economy
Chinese came not just as indentured labourers, but as free migrants too. Often, a Sino-Mauritian would bring his relatives over from China to Mauritius for a period of apprenticeship in his business; after they had gained sufficient familiarity with commercial practises and life in a colonial society, he would send them onwards with letters of introduction, lending them his own capital to start up businesses in neighbouring countries, including Madagascar. Import-export was one popular business, with products such as coffee, cloves, vanilla beans, and sea cucumbers flowing outwards.

Most of the Chinese in Madagascar are engaged in retail business. In the 1990s, they controlled half of the alcoholic beverages and textiles industries; by the mid-2000s, their share of the alcoholic beverages industry had fallen to one-fifth, while that of the textiles industry had increased to 90%. Others operated cake shops and ice-cream parlours, somewhat along the lines of coffee shops, where customers could sit down and enjoy a dessert; they controlled about 10% of this industry. Popular resentment at the recent influx of Chinese small traders, whose prices undercut those of their Malagasy competitors, has strained relations with the People's Republic of China.

References

Notes

Sources

Further reading

External links
General Association of Chinese Traders and Entrepreneurs in Madagascar (French)
Pictures of Antananarivo's Chinatown
Malagasy Portal for Confucius Institute in Antananarivo, Madagascar (French)

Ethnic groups in Madagascar
Malagasy people of Chinese descent
Madagascar


Castro Fútbol Club is a Spanish football team based in Castro Urdiales, in the autonomous community of Cantabria. Founded in 1952, it plays in , holding home games at Estadio Riomar, which has a capacity of 1,000 spectators.

Season to season

39 seasons in Tercera División
3 seasons in Tercera Federación/Tercera División RFEF

External links
Official website
Futbolme team profile

Football clubs in Cantabria
Association football clubs established in 1952
1952 establishments in Spain


Jerk of All Trades is a studio album by New York City punk rock band Lunachicks. It was released in 1995 by Go-Kart Records and was produced by Ray Martin.

Critical reception
Entertainment Weekly called Jerk of All Trades "an album of punkoid riffs and comic, melodic choruses." Imbeciles at Trouser Press wrote: "Inoffensive songs of varying seriousness about pets, dolls, adolescent pranks and reproductive rights ... give the album a conceptual variety thoroughly blunted by the stultifying sameness of the music, a relentless barrage that furiously digs itself down a boring hole." The Sun Sentinel wrote that "roaring guitars and screaming vocals make for a noisy full-length disc, but it's fun in an infantile way." The Deseret News deemed the album "filled with image-altering guitars and hyper-intense arrangements."

The A.V. Club called the title track "arguably Lunachicks’ greatest song."

Track listing

For track 11, "Jerk of All Trades," trumpet is played by Tommy Kennedy.

References

External links
"Light as a Feather" video
"Edgar" video

Lunachicks albums
1995 albums
Go-Kart Records albums


Battle Poker is a WiiWare game by Left Field Productions that was released in North America on July 20, 2009. It's also available on PlayStation Portable on December 10, 2009.

Gameplay
The game sees players racing against a time limit to make the best five-card hand possible. The game's "battles" consist of many rounds with points scored at the end of each round based on the cards in each player's hand.

The player uses the Wii Remote to point and click on a grid of upturned playing cards to turn a card over for all players to see. Players then have an opportunity to take the card to add it to their hand. Points are also scored for each round based on the quality of the player's hand.

Game modes
There are two types of play in Battle Poker, Single Player and Multiplayer. Players can also change options such as time limits, grid size, power-ups, and background graphics.

Single Player

Single Player modes include:

Shuffle Up 'n Deal - Players have to make the best 5-card poker hand in each row and each column of a 5x5 grid by switching/shuffling cards around.
Chain Reaction - Players have to make as many 5-card poker hand chains within a set time limit. Users play against the CPU in a set of rounds with the overall high score winning.

Multiplayer
Multiplayer modes allow 2-4 players to compete in the following battles:

Classic - Players make the best 5-card poker hand by searching and grabbing cards from a face-down array of cards. Players have to be quick here because other players can steal cards from them or use a set of power-ups to remove cards from their hand. Players play a set of rounds with the overall high score winning.
Wait Your Turn - Like "Classic", in "Wait Your Turn" players make the best 5-card poker hand by searching and grabbing cards from a face-down array of cards, but this time, they take turns choosing cards with a time limit for each round for players to make their choices. Players play a set of rounds with the overall high score winning.
Mad Dash - Players make the best 5-card poker hand by searching and grabbing cards from a face-up, but limited array of cards in only 15 seconds. Players play a set of rounds with the overall high score winning.

Reception

Battle Poker received mixed reviews upon its release. Daemon Hatfield of IGN gave the Wii version of the game a 5.6/10, saying that the controls "work well" but otherwise criticizing it for its lack of online play and its "shallow" mini-games. Philip J. Reed of Nintendo Life gave the game five out of ten stars, praising the presentation and interface but also criticizing its lack of appeal to general audiences.

References

2009 video games
Left Field Productions games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
North America-exclusive video games
PlayStation Network games
PlayStation Portable games
Puzzle video games
Video games developed in the United States
Wii games
WiiWare games


The Daily Advance is an American, English-language daily newspaper based in Elizabeth City, North Carolina. The newspaper is owned by Cooke Communications.

Cooke Communications, a private company led by the son of Jack Kent Cooke, bought The Daily Advance in 2009 from Cox Newspapers as part of a 13-paper sale, along with other North Carolina papers The Daily Reflector and Rocky Mount Telegram.  The Daily Advance is now part of Adams Publishing Group.

The Daily Advance has a Facebook page for interacting with readers.

See also
 List of newspapers in North Carolina

References

Daily newspapers published in North Carolina
1911 establishments in North Carolina


The Leduc-Nisku Economic Development Association (EDA) was an economic development partnership founded in 1984 that marketed Alberta's International Region. It dissolved at the end of 2019.

The partnership included the founding members of Leduc County and the City of Leduc, as well as the nearby communities of Beaumont, Calmar, Devon, Thorsby and Warburg.

History
The Leduc-Nisku EDA was founded by Leduc County and the City of Leduc in 1984. In 1999, the Leduc-Nisku EDA evolved into Alberta's International Region by expanding the partnership to include Beaumont, Calmar, Devon, Thorsby and Warburg. The EDA dissolved at the end of 2019.

Board
The Leduc-Nisku EDA's board of directors consisted of 11 members, and two alternates. The board consisted of a chair, elected officials and alternates from Leduc County and the City of Leduc, and members-at-large.

Alberta's International Region

Alberta's International Region is an economic region effectively within the boundaries of Leduc County, including the City of Leduc. It is a major industrial hub located 20 kilometres south of Edmonton, Alberta’s capital city. Home to the largest developed energy services industrial park in Canada, three of the world’s top five oil services multinationals operate facilities within the region.  The strategic location provides one of the most comprehensive and efficient multi-modal distribution systems in North America. Key sectors in the region include transportation and logistics, advanced manufacturing, energy services, and agri-foods processing.

Alberta’s International Region is an ideal place to locate a business due to its thriving economic environment, competitive tax regime, skilled workforce, and market access. The high quality of life, big city amenities and recreation opportunities here make Alberta’s International Region a great place to live and raise a family.

Alberta’s International Region was rated one of the top 25 places to do business in Western Canada (Alberta Venture, 2012) and as a Great Community for Business in Alberta (Alberta Venture, 2014).

Industry
Major industry sectors present within Alberta's International Region include agriculture, energy, environment, manufacturing and transportation. Major industrial parks within the region include Nisku Business Park within Leduc County and the Leduc Business Park within the City of Leduc. Both are located on the east side of the Queen Elizabeth II Highway (Highway 2) across from the Edmonton International Airport.

Transportation
Alberta's International Region has access to air, rail and highway transportation. The Edmonton International Airport is located in Leduc County, adjacent to the City of Leduc, on the west side of the Queen Elizabeth II Highway. The Queen Elizabeth II Highway, also known as Highway 2, forms part of Alberta's portion of the CANAMEX Corridor, which is a transportation corridor linking Canada, the United States and Mexico established under the North American Free Trade Agreement to foster trade, tourism and economic activity. A Canadian Pacific (CP) main line, which connects Edmonton and Calgary, runs through both the Nisku Business Park and Leduc Business Park.

Activities
Promoted by the Leduc-Nisku EDA, Alberta's International Region hosts regular economic partnership breakfasts and other special events.

See also
 Acheson Industrial Area
 Alberta's Industrial Heartland
 Edmonton International Airport
 Edmonton Metropolitan Region
 Edmonton Metropolitan Region Board
 Nisku Business Park
 Port Alberta
 Refinery Row

References

1984 establishments in Alberta
2019 disestablishments in Alberta
Edmonton Metropolitan Region
Organizations based in Alberta


Mohamed Ofei Sylla  (15 August 1974 – 4 February 2019) was a Guinean professional football midfielder.

Club career
Sylla played in the Turkish Super Lig for Gaziantepspor and Denizlispor.

International career
Sylla played for the Guinea national football team, including appearing at the finals of the 1994 African Nations Cup and 1998 African Nations Cup.

Later life and death
Sylla died on 4 February 2019, aged 44, following a short illness.

References

1974 births
2019 deaths
Guinean men's footballers
Guinea men's international footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in France
1994 African Cup of Nations players
Guinean expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
1998 African Cup of Nations players
Ismaily SC players
Gaziantepspor footballers
Guinean expatriates in France
Denizlispor footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Turkey
Vannes OC players
Men's association football midfielders


Léon de Lunden (1856–1947) was a Belgian sports shooter who competed at the 1900 Summer Olympics. He won the first prize in the live pigeon shoot, an event that was unique to the 1900 Games and is no longer recognised by the International Olympic Committee. He totaled 21 kills during the tournament to take gold. He won 5,000 francs for his victory.

References

Belgian male sport shooters
Olympic gold medalists for Belgium
Olympic shooters for Belgium
Shooters at the 1900 Summer Olympics
1856 births
1947 deaths
Date of birth missing
Date of death missing
Place of birth missing
Place of death missing
Medalists at the 1900 Summer Olympics
Olympic medalists in shooting


The Woodward brothers (as they are known) were Richard Blake Woodward (1848 – , Tugela River?) and John Deverell Stewart Woodward (1849 – c.1905), who were English missionaries and ornithologists. They were born in Bathford, England to Richard and Mary Woodward. Through their field expeditions, specimen collecting and publications, they, along with Arthur Stark, established a basis for 20th-century ornithology in the southern African region.

Missionary activities
The brothers were trained as Anglican missionaries. Their first mission was in the Americas, at an unknown location. They published on missionary work in the Americas before they moved to Transvaal in the early 1870s. Here they initially started farming sheep in the Amersfoort district, before moving to Ifafa, Natal, to run a plantation.

They also attended to the nearby St Luke's mission at Harding, where they assisted archdeacon Joseph Barker. They were ordained into the Anglican Church in 1881 at Pietermaritzburg, and by 1883 they were assistant priests at St Luke's. From 1884 they associated with the American Board of Foreign Missions which had stations at Hlatikulu, Zululand, and at the Adam's mission, Amanzimtoti. Their consequent missionary activities and expeditions were undertaken from these missions.

Field expeditions
The brothers had a keen interest in the animal life of the region, which was poorly described in the 1870s. Within a decade of their arrival they started publishing observations concerning crocodiles, baboons and leopards in The Zoologist and The Natal Mercury. Their observations were catalogued and controlled experiments were performed on some animals. From 1880 onwards much of their interest was focussed on the birds of the region. The brothers undertook exploratory expeditions to the Lebombo Mountains and Ngoye Forest in Zululand.

For the first time species like eastern nicator and Livingstone's turaco were found to occur south of the Zambezi. In the forest that still covered the Berea ridge at Port Natal, they collected the type specimen of the garden warbler's eastern race, Sylvia borin woodwardi. It was deemed a new African species, S. woodwardi, when it was named in their honour in 1877. In addition they discovered the isolated southern population of the green barbet at Ngoye forest, which Captain Shelley named for them in 1895, Stactolaema woodwardi. In 1900 their other discovery, Woodwards's batis, was also named for them by Shelley, B. fratrum referring to the brothers.

Many of their bird specimens were sent to R. B. Sharpe at the British Museum, who assisted them with identifications.

Publications
Their ornithological publication, Natal Birds of 1899, introduced 386 bird species of Zululand, the Colony of Natal and the eastern Cape Colony. It constituted the first regional list for southern Africa, and recorded the status of many species. The small book is a sought after collector's item, but mainly for its historical interest. Through the brothers' efforts the early specimen collection of G. Hutchinson was preserved, and interest in regional conservation was increased. They are besides known from many letters, as well as articles written for The Natal Mercury, Ibis and other overseas natural history magazines.

Unknowns
It is not yet known where the brothers were buried, and their publication Wanderings in America has not been traced. By some accounts one of the brothers drowned in the Tugela River.

References

 Natal Birds, Pietermaritzburg, P Davis & Sons, 1899.

British ornithologists
South African ornithologists
South African zoologists
History of KwaZulu-Natal


The Magic Kingdom of Landover is a series of six fantasy novels by Terry Brooks following the adventures of a former trial lawyer named Ben Holiday, who purchases a magical kingdom.

The novels are set in a fictional world known as Landover that is populated with numerous magical and fairy creatures. Its name is a reference to the song "land over the rainbow" from The Wizard of Oz. Landover is described as a small world, surrounded on all sides by fairy mists which connect it to many other worlds, including Earth. Landover is a rural kingdom, populated by humans, gnomes, kobolds, and various other fantasy creatures, all of whom speak the fictional language of "Landoverian" – which the protagonist can speak through magical means – and who often form separate societies. Their rulers, while answerable to the king, are allowed a certain degree of autonomy. Also inhabiting the land are the characters of Strabo, a dragon, and the witch Nightshade.

Landover is protected by the Paladin, a magical knight who is a projection of its rulers. In the absence of a worthy ruler, the Paladin disappears, and Landover falls prey to a physical decay known as "the Tarnish", which slowly spreads from the king's castle (Sterling Silver) to the rest of the kingdom. The Paladin is one of the few magics in the land that can stand up against that of Strabo or Nightshade.

The books

Magic Kingdom for Sale—Sold! (1986)

The first novel is about the main character, Ben Holiday, and his discovery of an ad offering the kingship of a magic kingdom named Landover. He is soon crowned king but must deal with a host of problems to solidify his throne.

The Black Unicorn (1987)

In the second novel, Holiday is disguised, supposedly by magic used by the evil wizard Meeks. He must figure out how to restore himself to the throne, meanwhile saving Willow in her dangerous quest to find the Black Unicorn.

Wizard at Large (1988)

The third novel tells of Abernathy being accidentally transported to Earth by one of Questor's ill-conceived spells. Meanwhile, a demonic imp is unleashed upon Landover; Ben and his friends must find a way to get back Abernathy and stop the evil creature.

The Tangle Box (1994)

An inept conjurer/conman, Horris Kew, accidentally releases upon Landover an evil creature called the Gorse. The creature soon imprisons Ben, the dragon Strabo, and the witch Nightshade in a device known as the Tangle Box. They must find a way out while Ben's allies find a way to handle the new threat from the Gorse.

Witches' Brew (1995)

A usurper who claims to be from another world calls for Ben's abdication from the throne, and begins to send evil, magic creatures against him. Meanwhile, Nightshade kidnaps Ben and Willow's daughter, Mistaya, in a dangerous attempt to subvert her and use her innate magic. Meanwhile, Questor and Abernathy are stuck back in Earth to meet up with an old friend, leaving Ben and Willow alone to deal with the new threat.

A Princess of Landover (2009)

Ben Holiday, Chicago lawyer and mere mortal turned monarch of enchanted Landover, has grappled with scheming barons, fire-breathing beasts, diabolical conjurers, and extremely wicked witches. None of whom have prepared him for the most daunting of challengers: a teenage daughter. Sent by Ben and his beloved sylph bride, Willow, to an exclusive girls' prep school, headstrong (and half-magical) Mistaya Holiday has found life in the natural world a less-than-perfect fit. When her latest rebellious antics get her indefinitely suspended, she's determined to resume her real education – learning sorcery from court wizard Questor Thews – whether her parents like it or not.

Back home in Landover, Mistaya's frustrated father is just as determined that the precocious princess learn some responsibility, and he declares her grounded until she successfully refurbishes the long-forsaken royal library. Mortified by the prospect of salvaging a king's ransom in moldy books – and horrified by the word that the repulsive local nobleman Lord Laphroig seeks to marry her – Mistaya decides that the only way to run her own life is to run away from home.

Untitled final book
A seventh novel is planned that will be the final novel in the series.  it is untitled.

Author Terry Brooks has said in a Reddit AMA from June 2018 that the final book will be written in 2020 and published in 2021. Brooks has said any final plans to write and publish the final book were dependent on the release of a Landover movie.

Short stories
In March 2021, two short stories, "An Unfortunate Influx of Filipinas" and "Don't Tell Dad", were published in the short story collection Small Magic.

Major characters

Ben Holiday
Once a successful trial lawyer in Chicago, Ben's life takes a dramatic change when his wife Annie and their unborn child are killed in a traffic accident. Ben sinks into depression and no longer gains fulfillment through the law firm he established with his best friend, Miles Bennett. Seeing a Christmas catalog advertising a fairytale kingdom for sale, he purchases it for $1,000,000 in a desperate hope to find something meaningful again. The kingdom, called Landover, turns out to be very real and in need of a true king to restore it to its previous splendor. Ben is challenged at every step by a number of characters, all with seemingly different motives. He is eventually able to gain the respect of the citizens of Landover and establish himself as the true High Lord.

Questor Thews
Questor is the court magician, and one of Ben's most trusted friends and advisors. He is the half-brother of the wizard Meeks, though Questor has taken a different path in his life, choosing to serve Landover and its king, rather than trying to control them. Frequently described by Ben as looking like a "scarecrow", with "patchwork robes", Questor's command of his magic is somewhat questionable, as his spells frequently backfire or have unintended consequences. Questor was responsible for transforming Abernathy into a Wheaten Terrier to disguise him from Michel Ard Rhi, the old king's son, but has not been able to turn him back. Despite his many mistakes, he has fought with the dragon Strabo and come out the victor (if only once, due to an emergency, and winning via a non-ending itch; this was, however, after a fair amount of fighting beforehand, including quite an ice storm that he summoned upon Strabo, and some rather odd misfires, such as a rain of flowers).

Meeks
Meeks is the half-brother of Questor, and the one responsible for selling Ben the magic kingdom. He appears as a grizzled old man missing his right arm and is in fact a very powerful wizard. Meeks came into possession of the medallion that identifies the kings of Landover and developed a scheme to repeatedly sell the kingdom with it. A buyer would purchase the medallion for access to Landover, and then when the victim either abandoned the kingship as too difficult or was killed, Meeks would retrieve the medallion and re-sell the kingdom. His plans were thwarted by Ben Holiday when Ben was able to successfully claim lordship of Landover and cut Meeks off from the kingdom.

Abernathy
Abernathy is the court scribe, and one of Ben's closest friends. Questor Thews turned Abernathy into a Wheaten Terrier, previous to Ben Holiday's arrival, to escape the cruelties of the old king's son. Questor however did not possess enough magical knowledge to return Abernathy to his human form, and Abernathy has not let Questor forget that fact. As the scribe, Abernathy is responsible for the day-to-day business at the castle, a task he excels at through his studious and thorough nature. Abernathy's natural tendency to be overcautious helps to balance the impetuousness of Ben, and the unpreparedness of Questor.

Willow
Willow is a sylph and Ben's wife. She is the daughter of the River Master and a wood elemental, giving her pale-green skin and emerald hair. Her dual nature is reflected in the fact that she must transform into a Willow tree once every 21 days to maintain her life force. She has a tense and distant relationship with her father, as her existence serves as a permanent reminder to him of the brief relationship that he desires to reclaim, but never can. It is to her mother that she turns for guidance.

Mistaya
The daughter of Ben and Willow, who, in The Princess of Landover, took over her father's role as the main protagonist. Growing magically fast into a teenager, she wants nothing to do with her father's plans to give her a normal childhood and a grounding in reality, preferring instead a life of magic and adventure. This repeatedly gets her into trouble. The magical creatures of Landover often come to her rescue, as they believe she has a great and miraculous destiny ahead of her.

Bunion and Parsnip
Bunion and Parsnip are two kobolds who live in the castle and carry out the day-to-day chores. They act as groundskeeper and cook respectively, and are also very competent fighters and bodyguards. Their appearance is similar to large-eared monkeys with mouths full of sharp teeth. They do not speak, but instead communicate through gestures, hisses and other vocalizations. The kobolds are fairy creatures that had come out of the mists surrounding Landover and have pledged their lives to the service of the throne of Landover.

Fillip and Sot
Fillip and Sot are G'home Gnomes and brothers. Nigh inseparable, they always travel together and become semi-frequent companions of Ben's. Being incorrigible thieves, G'home Gnomes are considered pests by the majority of Landover's community. However, once Ben was able to prove his kingship, Fillip and Sot have proved loyal to him, if a bit of a nuisance. They have a tendency to trade on their relationship with Ben to circumvent the standard legal process and take their innumerable complaints directly to Ben himself.

The G'home Gnomes earned their tribal name at some unspecified point in Landover's past. When they first arrived, and the residents of Landover had learned of their kleptomaniac tendencies, members of the tribe were met with the wish/phrase "Go home, Gnome" by the general populace, expressing the general wish that they would all go home to wherever it was they came from. Over time this got abbreviated to "G'home Gnome" and eventually the wish became the name by which the tribe was known.

River Master
The River Master is the lord of the Lake Country and the fairy folk that live in Elderew. He was originally a creature of fairy, but now lives apart from the mists. He is a gifted healer, and by his magic the Lake Country is kept healthy while the rest of Landover succumbs to the Tarnish. He is Willow's father, though their relationship is strained. He yearns to possess Willow's mother, a wood sprite, but cannot. This, combined with the fact that Willow will go to her mother and not him when she needs help, has resulted in a very cool relationship between father and daughter.

Nightshade
Nightshade is a powerful witch who lives in the Deep Fell. She is one of the primary antagonists to Ben, along with Strabo the dragon. She possesses great magic, since she is from the fairy world, but has always used that power for greed and torture, which was why she was cast out of the mists and forbidden reentry. Later in the series she is sent to Earth by Haltwhistle the Mud-Puppy in defense of Mistaya. In crow form she is trapped in an aviary, but mysteriously disappears at the end of the latest novel.

Strabo
Strabo is a dragon who lives in the desolate Fire Springs region. He is a solitary creature, the last of his kind, and is a frequent rival to Ben in his duties as king. He is one of the few powerful creatures of magic in the valley, along with Nightshade, although in Tangle Box and Witches' Brew he has proved to be not as evil as Nightshade. He is very honorable in his word. He has the ability to fly through the fairy mists into other worlds, such as Earth. He is very fond of Willow's singing voice.

The Paladin
The Paladin is the king's champion and defender. His image is engraved on the medallion of the kings, and only a true king can summon the Paladin to fight for him. In truth, the Paladin is the spirit of an immortal warrior that resides within the medallion and is channeled through the king when needed. The secret of the Paladin is known only to the king of Landover, but in the latter parts of Witches' Brew, Ben confesses to Willow the relationship between himself and the Paladin.

Minor characters
 The Iron Mark: The Iron Mark is the leader of the demons of Abaddon. He appears to be human in shape, yet he stands at least eight feet tall. Whenever he is seen he is totally covered in black armor with serpents carved on it. The armor is scarred and battered, with serrated spines running down the Mark's limbs and back. His helmet has a death's head, and through its slits can be seen his eyes glimmering a bright crimson. He carries many weapons, and the severed heads of his enemies hang about his neck. He rides a winged demon that appears to be half snake and half wolf.

 The demons of Abaddon are exiled from the fairy world, and would like to return to it. The only way for them to do so is through Landover, making them feel the need to conquer it. Before the coming of Ben Holiday, the Mark had proclaimed himself King of Landover, and repeatedly challenged the holders of the medallion to single combat. Since his defeat by Ben Holiday and the Paladin he has refused to openly fight against them again.
 Earth Mother: The Earth Mother is a creature of fairy and the personification of nature in Landover. She briefly intervenes during the events of The Black Unicorn to point Ben in the right direction to find Willow. She recognizes an importance in the relationship between the two and makes Ben promise that he will protect Willow above all else.
 Edgewood Dirk: Dirk is a fairy creature known as a Prism Cat, appearing as an ordinary cat but with the ability to speak, and to refocus light and energy through its body. When Ben is tricked by Meeks into believing he has lost the medallion and control of the kingdom, Dirk is sent by the fairies to guide Ben toward the truth and provide a measure of protection. Dirk is very aloof and makes frequent reference to the indifference of cats to the problems of the rest of the world.
 Miles Bennett: Ben's partner in his old law firm in Chicago. Miles's calm demeanor provides a balance to Ben's impetuousness and aggressiveness. Miles refers to Ben Holiday as "Doc" for his clever legal maneuvering in the courtroom, a reference to gunfighter Doc Holliday.
 Michel Ard Rhi: Michel is the son of the previous king of Landover, now deceased. He was the one who schemed with Meeks to repeatedly sell the kingdom to unwary victims. He is also indirectly the reason for Abernathy being a dog, as Questor transformed him one day to save him from Ard Rhi's wrath.
 Haltwhistle: A Mud Puppy given to Mistaya Holiday by the Earth Mother as a gift of protection. He features quite briefly, though his actions are important to the plots of the novel. He has no offensive magic, but can deflect offensive magics as if to use them for himself. He possesses very strong defensive magic.

Locations

Abaddon
Abaddon is a netherworld that lies beneath Landover. Having no sun, moon, or stars, its sky is black, and the mountainous landscape of jagged peaks and deep gorges is lit only by the glow of molten lava and a strange white light that dances on the horizon. The demons of Abaddon are the worst exiles driven from the fairy world, and they are ruled over by the most powerful demon, called the Iron Mark.

The Deep Fell
The Deep Fell is the home of Nightshade the witch. It is a vast sinkhole in the northwest part of Landover. The Deep Fell is connected to the fairy mists, and the G'home Gnomes sometimes sneak into the fell to scout for items to pilfer.

Elderew
Elderew is the main city of the Lake Country people, and home of the River Master. It is surrounded by a dense marsh that can only be penetrated either way with the River Master's help. Inside the marsh is an open-air amphitheater where the fairy people hold their celebrations and festivals. The city itself is built into a group of huge trees, twice the size of California redwood trees, extending from ground to treetops. The cottages and shops of the city are connected by a network of tree lanes and stairways.

Moons of Landover
Landover possesses eight moons, each one a different color: white, peach, pale mauve, burnt rose, sea green, beryl, turquoise, and jade. Two of the moons, peach and pale mauve, are visible during daylight hours, with the rest being only visible after dusk. The moons rise and set like normal satellites. During certain rare times of the year all eight moons are visible in the night sky at once. About every other month there is a new-moon phase, when some of the eight moons are below the horizon and the rest are in their dark phase, leaving the nighttime sky lit only by the stars.

Sterling Silver
Sterling Silver is the name of the castle that serves as the home of the king of Landover. The castle itself is a living entity, personified as female. It sits on a small island surrounded by a lake, accessible (early in the first novel) only by a magical boat called the lake skimmer. After Ben became High Lord, he had the bridge across the lake rebuilt to allow more open access to the castle. As a magical entity, the castle is responsive to the moods and feelings of the king, and he in turn can sense the energy coming from its walls. One of the towers also holds the Landsview, a magical chamber that allows a user to instantly see any part of Landover as if rapidly flown there. In the absence of a king, the castle begins to fall victim to a form of physical decay, called the Tarnish. If unchecked, the Tarnish will eventually consume the castle and spread out into the whole of Landover.

References

External links
 The Official Terry Brooks Website

Book series introduced in 1986
Fantasy novel series
High fantasy novels
Portal fantasy


The 2004 United States House elections in Pennsylvania was an election for Pennsylvania's delegation to the United States House of Representatives, which occurred as part of the general election of the House of Representatives on November 2, 2004.

General election

See also
 United States congressional delegations from Pennsylvania

References

2004 Pennsylvania elections
2004


Podljubelj ( or ; ) is a settlement on the road to the Ljubelj Pass in the Municipality of Tržič in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia.

Name
The name of the settlement was changed from Sveta Ana pod Ljubeljem (literally, 'Saint Anne below Ljubelj') to Podljubelj (literally, 'below Ljubelj') in 1955. The name was changed on the basis of the 1948 Law on Names of Settlements and Designations of Squares, Streets, and Buildings as part of efforts by Slovenia's postwar communist government to remove religious elements from toponyms. In the past the German name was Sankt Anna.

Church
The local church, dedicated to Saint Anne, stands right by the entrance to the Ljubelj Tunnel.

Tominc Falls

On White Creek (), a right tributary of Mošenik Creek, there is an easily reachable  waterfall called Tominc Falls (). It is a tourist attraction during high-flow conditions.

Mine
In the hamlet of Lajba above the village is an abandoned cinnabar mine called Saint Anne's Mine () and parts of it have been made accessible to visitors.

References

External links

Podljubelj on Geopedia

Populated places in the Municipality of Tržič
Austria–Slovenia border crossings


Hemi Doron (, born 16 October 1956) is an Israeli politician who served as a member of the Knesset for Shinui, the Secular Faction and National Home between 2003 and 2006, and is currently mayor of Tayibe.

Biography
Born in Rishon LeZion, Doron gained an LLB at the College of Management, and also studied political science at Tel Aviv University, before working as an insurance lawyer.

In 1993 he was elected to Rishon LeZion local council, where he served until 2003. Between 1993 and 1994 he was a delegate to the Zionist Congress, and was a member of the Zionist Executive Committee in 1994.

For the 2003 elections he was placed 14th on the Shinui list, and entered the Knesset when the party won 15 seats. During his first term, he was a member of the Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee, the Committee for Immigration, Absorption, and Diaspora Affairs, the Labor, Welfare and Health Committee, the Internal Affairs and Environment Committee and the Committee on Foreign Workers. He was also a Deputy Speaker of the Knesset.

Along with most of the party's MKs, he defected to the Secular Faction (which later became Hetz) on 26 January 2006. On 5 February he and Eliezer Sandberg broke away from the Secular Faction to form National Home. The new party was dissolved shortly before the 2006 elections and both Dorom and Sandberg joined Likud. However, neither were included on Likud's list, and both lost their seats. In primaries held in 2008, he won fifty-ninth on the Likud list for the 2009 elections.

On 28 August 2008 Doron was appointed mayor of the Arab city Tayibe by the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

References

External links

1956 births
People from Rishon LeZion
Tel Aviv University alumni
Israeli lawyers
Mayors of places in Israel
People from Tayibe
Living people
Hetz (political party) politicians
Shinui politicians
National Home politicians
Members of the 16th Knesset (2003–2006)
Deputy Speakers of the Knesset


Holosko Welyke (, ) was a village in Lwów Voivodeship, eastern Poland, before the Nazi German and Soviet invasions of Poland in September 1939. It is now a suburb of Lviv, Ukraine.

Holosko Welyke was a site of a fierce defence by the Polish [[Polish army order of battle in 1939|35th Infantry Division - Reserve]] (35 Dywizja Piechoty - Rezerwowa) on September 15–16, 1939, against the invading German forces.

Bibliography
  Tadeusz Jaruga: Wojsko Polskie : krótki informator historyczny o Wojsku Polskim w latach II wojny światowej. 7, Regularne jednostki Wojska Polskiego w 1939 : organizacja, działania bojowe, uzbrojenie, metryki związków operacyjnych, dywizji i brygad. Warszawa : Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej 1975.
  Jerzy Prochwicz, Korpus Ochrony Pogranicza w przededniu wojny, Część II. Przemiany organizacyjne i przygotowania wojenne KOP w 1939 roku, Wojskowy Przegląd Historyczny Nr 4 (150) z 1994 r., s. 3-13,
  Ryszard Dalecki: Armia „Karpaty” w wojnie obronnej 1939 r., Rzeszów 1989, wyd. II,
 Stepan Makarczuk, “Straty ludności w Galicji Wschodniej w latach II wojny światowej (1939–1945),” in Polska–Ukraina: Trudne pytania, vol. 6 (Warsaw: Światowy Związek Żołnierzy Armii Krajowej, Związek Ukraińców w Polsce, and Karta, 2000), p.240

Lviv


The Martin Group is an integrated marketing communications agency headquartered in Buffalo, New York, with offices in Rochester, NY, and Albany, NY. The agency also has a remote workforce in several other cities, and is currently focused on enterprise growth, after first being founded by Tod D. Martin in 2001. The Buffalo News reports in February, 2021 that The Martin Group has a workforce of more than 90 associates, annual billings totaling $17 million and a client roster that includes Wegmans, New Era Cap, Puma, Under Armour, M&T Bank, Independent Health, Kaleida Health, and the Ralph C. Wilson, Jr. Foundation.

In June 2014, the firm opened an office outside of Rochester in Victor, NY, to support one of its largest clients, as well as other regional accounts. Also in June 2014, The Martin Group acquired a smaller PR firm, Travers Collins & Company, where the founder of The Martin Group previously worked. In 2017, The Martin Group moved into a new headquarters, a historic building in downtown Buffalo’s Theatre District renovated for $2.3 million. The Martin Group won a Public Relations Society of America Silver Anvil award in 2018 for its work on a campaign covering the move and renaming of the John R. Oishei Children’s Hospital. And in 2019, The Martin Group won a Best of Show award with the American Advertising Federation Western New York ADDY Awards for ASICS’ Welcome to the Dojo campaign.

In 2020, Hearst Newspapers, part of Hearst Corp.'s global media conglomerate, purchased a strategic equity stake in the Martin Group. In addition, Chief Operating Officer Lisa Strock and Chief Business Officer Matt Davison became equity partners in the agency, along with Martin. Nearly three years after establishing a presence in the Capital Region, The Martin Group acquired Gramercy Communications, an Albany-based public affairs and public relations agency, in February, 2021.

References

External links
Martin Group website

Advertising agencies of the United States
Public relations companies of the United States


Ostrea lurida, common name the Olympia oyster, after Olympia, Washington in the Puget Sound area, is a species of edible oyster, a marine bivalve mollusk in the family Ostreidae. This species occurs on the northern Pacific coast of North America. Over the years the role of this edible species of oyster has been partly displaced by the cultivation of non-native edible oyster species.

Ostrea lurida is now known to be separate from a similar-appearing species, Ostrea conchaphila, which occurs further south, south of Baja California, in Mexico. Molecular evidence has recently confirmed the separate status of the two species. However, previously, for a period of time, Ostrea lurida was considered to be merely a junior synonym of Ostrea conchaphila.

O. lurida has been found in archaeological excavations along the Central California coast of the Pacific Ocean, demonstrating that it was a marine species exploited by the Native American Chumash people. Large shell mounds, also known as middens, have been found during excavations consisting of discarded oyster shells estimated to be at least 3000 years in age.

Description

This bivalve is approximately  in length. The shell can be rounded or elongated and is white to purplish black and may be striped with yellow or brown. Unlike most bivalves, the Olympia oyster's shell lacks the periostracum, which is the outermost coating of shell that prevents erosion of the underlying shell. The color of the oyster's flesh is white to a light olive green.

Ostrea lurida oysters lie with their left valve on the substrate, where they are firmly attached. Unlike most bivalves, oysters do not have a foot in adulthood; they also lack an anterior adductor muscle and do not secrete byssal threads, like mussels do. Olympia oysters are suspension feeders, meaning they filter their surrounding water and screen out the phytoplankton they feed on. Olympia oysters filter between 9 and 12 quarts of water each day, but is highly dependent on environmental conditions. This is an essential function to keeping marine waters clean. Oyster beds also provide shelter for anemones, crabs, and other small marine life.

Habitat and distribution

Ostrea lurida oysters live in bays and estuaries. At slightly higher elevations they will live in areas bordered by mudflats, and in eel grass beds at lower elevation. The oysters attach to the underside of rocks or onto the shells of old oyster beds. Their habitats must have water depths of 0–71 meters, ranging in temperatures of 6-20 degrees Celsius, with a salinity above 25 ppt. However, the oysters can survive in areas with streams that cause a flux in the salinity. This flux will in fact protect them from parasitic flukes, which cannot survive the change in salinity. Additionally oysters have been decreasing rapidly in population and Oyster reef restoration projects have been organized to maintain this species existence.

This is the oyster species which is native to Puget Sound. The species ranges as far north as Southern Alaska.

Reproduction

The Olympia oyster spawns between the months of May and August, when the water reaches temperatures above 14 degrees Celsius. During the oyster's first spawning cycle they will act as a male and then switch between sexes during their following spawning cycles. The males release their spermatozoa from their mantle cavity in the form of sperm balls. These balls dissolve in the water into free floating sperm. The female's eggs are fertilized in the mantle cavity (brooding chamber) when spermatozoa are filtered into her gill slits from the surrounding water. The fertilized eggs will then move into the branchial chamber (mantle cavity). The fertilized eggs will develop into veliger larvae and will stay in the females mantle cavity for 10–12 days for further development. On the first day the larvae develop into a blastulae (mass of cells with a center cavity), on day two they develop into a gastrulae (hollow two layered sac), on the third day they develop into trochophore (free-swimming, conciliated larvae), on the fourth day the valves on the dorsal surface become defined. During the rest of development in the brooding chamber the valves complete and a straight-hinged veliger larva grows.

When the spat (larvae) leave the brooding chamber, they begin to develop an eye spot and a foot. They then migrate to hard surfaces (usually old oyster shells) where they attach by secreting a "glue" like substance from their byssus gland. Ostrea lurida spat swim with their foot superior to the rest of their body. This swimming position causes the larvae to attach to the underside of horizontal surfaces.

Brood size is between 250,000-300,000, with larvae around 187 micromillimeters long and eggs around 100–105 micromillimeters in diameter. The amount of larvae produced is dependent on the maternal oyster's size and the amount of reserved nutrients she has at the time of egg fertilization.

Status and conservation

Ostrea lurida populations are much more stable now due to the action of conservancy associations and new laws. These have worked to put a stop to the pollution from mills, and to create restrictions to prevent over-harvesting. During the harvesting seasons, people with permits now have to shuck their oysters on the beach to keep from depleting the oyster beds that the spat grow on.

There is still a market for Olympia oysters, in which farms commercially grow and sell them. This helps prevent the depletion of the native wild Ostrea lurida.

Threats
The once thriving Olympia oyster has been endangered by pollution from mills and outboard motors. Highway construction and over-harvesting has also affected their substrate by creating an abundance of silt that smothers the oysters. Over-harvesting also takes away the old shells that spat need to grow on.

The oysters are preyed upon by animals such as sea ducks and rock crabs (Cancer productus). They are also affected by a parasitic red worm (which lives in their anus), the Japanese oyster drill, the slipper shell (which competes for space and food), and shrimp. The ghost shrimp and blue shrimp stir up sediment that can smother the oysters.

This species of oyster nearly disappeared from San Francisco Bay following overharvest during the California Gold Rush (1848-50s) and massive silting from hydraulic mining in California's Sierra Nevada (1850s-1880s). California's most valuable fishery from the 1880s-1910s was based on imported Atlantic oysters, not the absent native. But in the 1990s, O. lurida once again appeared in San Francisco Bay near the Chevron Richmond Refinery in Richmond, California.

Restoration efforts
Species restoration projects for the Olympia oyster funded by the US Government are active in Puget Sound and San Francisco Bay. An active restoration project is taking place in Liberty Bay, Washington. This Puget Sound location is the home of an old and new Olympia oyster population. Intertidal areas with native oyster populations or evidence of past populations are strong candidates for re-introduction. The re-establishment of the population is currently threatened by the invasive Japanese oyster drill Ocenebra inornata. This species preys on the oysters by drilling a hole between the two valves and digesting the oyster's tissues. O. inorata is a threat to the oyster especially in areas with low populations of the mussel Mytilus.

The Nature Conservancy of Oregon also has an ongoing restoration project at Netarts Bay, Oregon.

Use by Native Americans
Native American peoples consumed this oyster everywhere it was found, with consumption in San Francisco Bay so intense that enormous middens of oyster shells were piled up over thousands of years. One of the largest such mounds, the Emeryville Shellmound, near the mouth of Temescal Creek and the eastern end of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge, is now buried under the Bay Street shopping center. Along the estuarine shores of the Santa Barbara Channel region, these oysters were harvested by Native peoples at least 8200 years ago, and probably even earlier.

References

Sources
 Intertidal Marine Invertebrates of South Puget Sound (2008)
 C.Michael Hogan (2008). ed. by Burnham, A. Morro Creek. The Megalithic Portal.
The Nature Concervancy, Initials. (2010). Creating intertidal habitat for olympia oysters. Retrieved from http://www.nature.org/wherewework/northamerica/states/washington/preserves/art25462.html
Couch, D. (1989). Olympia oyster. Biological Report 82, Retrieved from http://www.nwrc.usgs.gov/wdb/pub/species_profiles/82_11-124.pdf
Ecological Observations on Spawning and Early Larval Development in the Olympia Oyster, A. E. Hopkins, Ecology, Vol. 17, No. 4 (Oct., 1936), pp. 551–566
Attachment of Larvae of the Olympia Oyster, Ostrea Lurida, to Plane Surfaces, A. E. Hopkins, Ecology, Vol. 16, No. 1 (Jan., 1935), pp. 82–87
Spermatogenesis in the California Oyster (Ostrea Lurida), Wesley R. Coe, Biological Bulletin, Vol. 61, No. 3 (Dec., 1931), pp. 309–315
Kozloff, E. "Seashore Life of the Northern Pacific Coast" (1983)
Kozloff, E. "Marine Invertebrates of the Pacific Northwest" (1974)
Pechenik, J. "Biology of the Invertebrates" (2010)

Ostrea
Molluscs described in 1864
Seafood in Native American cuisine
Taxa named by Philip Pearsall Carpenter


John Richard Gordon Eastaugh (11 March 192016 February 1990) was an Anglican bishop in the last third of the 20th century .

He was born on 11 March 1920 and educated at the University of Leeds and  ordained in 1944. He was made a deacon on Trinity Sunday 1944 (4 June) by Geoffrey Fisher, Bishop of London, and ordained a priest the next Michaelmas (23 September 1945) by Robert Moberly, Bishop of Stepney — both times at St Paul's Cathedral. He began his career with a curacy at All Saints' Poplar and then held incumbencies at Hackney and Heston before being collated Archdeacon of Middlesex in 1966. Having been elected and confirmed Bishop of Hereford during December 1973/January 1974, he was ordained to the episcopate by Michael Ramsey, Archbishop of Canterbury, at Westminster Abbey on 24 January 1974, serving until he died in post 16 years later on 16 February 1990, aged 69.

References

1920 births
Alumni of the University of Leeds
Bishops of Hereford
Archdeacons of Middlesex
1990 deaths


Radio Voice of the People (Radio VOP) is a radio station in Zimbabwe which broadcasts to the southern African region in English, Shona and Ndebele in the mornings and evenings on 9895 kHz and 7120 kHz on the 41-meter band respectively during the European summer and on higher frequencies thereafter.

In 2006 it won a One World Media special award.

References

Radio stations in Zimbabwe
Internet radio stations