Exploring Music is an internationally syndicated radio program featuring classical music, with commentary and analysis by host Bill McGlaughlin. It is a daily, one-hour show with a single in-depth theme each week. The show, which debuted in 2003, is produced by WFMT Radio Network. Exploring Music is in many ways the heir to the late Karl Haas' popular long-running show, Adventures in Good Music, expanded and updated for a 21st-century audience.

As of 2013, Exploring Music airs on 55 U.S. radio stations and has over 400,000 live listeners weekly. In Australia, Exploring Music airs on ArtSound FM in Canberra at 9AM, 3MBS at 9 AM, and on 4MBS at 7 PM. The show is also listenable worldwide via on-demand streaming of all its past and current shows.

Program description

Exploring Music delves into a wide variety of topics in classical music, and each five-program, one-week series has a single theme. Weekly themes have included weeklong studies of the music of dozens of composers, explorations of various cultures, styles, forms, and time periods, and dozens of other topics and areas of exploration.

A very small sampling of weekly topics includes such themes as:

Over two dozen classical composers — e.g. Schumann, Bartók, Grieg, Debussy, Vaughan Williams, Stravinsky, and Bernstein — have also had weekly themes devoted exclusively to their lives and music. These programs are intimate biographies which include the composer's early life, education, historical and musical influences, personal life, and emotional and musical development, plus numerous musical pieces each day. Several composers, including Schubert, Brahms, Tchaikovsky, Mahler, Verdi, and Shostakovich, have had a two-week theme devoted to their lives and works. Bach, Mozart, and Beethoven have each had several series centered around their works. Approximately one week per month is devoted to the life and works of a single composer.

Exploring Music is geared to all ages and to any level of musical knowledge. Host Bill McGlaughlin guides the listener into the music through various means: revealing the stories behind compositions, adding analysis and illustrations at the piano, exploring  the interlocking nature of music and ideas, referencing the historical context of pieces and trends, and also giving his insight as a professional musician, conductor, and composer.

Each week McGlaughlin weaves a deepening narrative around the topic at hand, and aims to make exploring classical music fun. "Drawing people inside the music seems the clue to me," he says. "Human beings are wired for delight when we figure something out." Occasionally music from other genres — such as jazz, ethnic/world music, folk/traditional music, or pop standards — is aired, to liven up the discussion and illustrate points.

The piano is another tool McGlaughlin frequently employs to get concepts across. Of his original decisions about the show's format, McGlaughlin says, "It’s very hard to talk about music on the radio unless you can hear a sound, so I said I need a piano. Instead of saying 'a minor third,' I can play it. I wanted to make certain that what you could hear was prominent."

Inception and history

In 2002, Steve Robinson, Vice President of WFMT Radio Network, approached Peabody Award-winner Bill McGlaughlin to host a new daily radio show, which would showcase and explicate great works of classical music. McGlaughlin had spent 22 years as host and music director of Saint Paul Sunday, the nationally syndicated weekly chamber music performance and interview show. His credentials also included decades as a professional musician, conductor, and composer. Regarding his choice of McGlaughlin as host, Steve Robinson stated, "As far as I'm concerned, no one can top Bill in the way he conveys his passion for music on the radio."

Development of the new program was funded by a special grant from the National Endowment for the Arts, in November 2002. The show debuted nationally on October 6, 2003. Exploring Music in essence replaced Karl Haas' long-running show, Adventures in Good Music, since the aging and retired Haas had recorded no new episodes of his show after 2002. When encore broadcasts of Adventures in Good Music ceased entirely on June 29, 2007, Exploring Music gained an even wider national listenership, as it was then scheduled in the retired show's time slot on many radio stations.

In 2013, after repeated requests from listeners and following years of negotiation with recorded-music copyright lawyers, Exploring Music reached ground-breaking legal agreements which allow it to stream any of its past shows on demand from its site.

Popular and critical reception

McGlaughlin's highly informed, yet relatable and enthusiastic presentation has appealed to radio audiences of all ages, including younger listeners. According to Chicago Tribune music critic John von Rhein, "Bill McGlaughlin's folksy but informed manner as host of the popular radio series Exploring Music has pulled thousands of listeners into the classical experience." Executive Producer Steve Robinson reported in 2007:
The e-mail is always over the top. In my 40 years doing classical music radio I've never seen anything like it.... The letters range from a person who had never heard a string quartet before and wanted to know where to buy one, to a listener who graduated from Juilliard and found [Bill's] comments on Ravel to be enlightening!

As of 2013, Exploring Music had over 400,000 listeners to the live show.

Honors
Host and music director Bill McGlaughlin received the Lifetime Achievement Award in 2004 from Fine Arts Radio International, which stated that, "Exploring Music, with its weekly thematic concept, provides the classical radio listener with both in-depth education and compelling radio listening, a balance that is rarely achieved."

The show also garnered Bill McGlaughlin and producer Steve Robinson the Dushkin Award from the Music Institute of Chicago, in 2008.

In 2011, in presenting McGlaughlin their Lifetime Achievement Award, the Association of Music Personnel in Public Radio noted that "Bill McGlaughlin’s incredibly knowledgeable but always inviting and warm presence can ... be heard on Exploring Music, a daily program begun in 2002 in which he guides listeners to discover the heart, soul and humor of the music he plays."

Production and distribution

Since McGlaughlin lives in New York City, and the WFMT production studio is in Chicago, production of Exploring Music occurs in two locations. After choosing a topic, McGlaughlin does extensive research at the Lincoln Center Library for the Performing Arts, and via his own resources such as the 30-volume Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. The Chicago producers collect 30 to 50 hours of relevant music selection samples, with their liner notes, from WFMT's extensive library in Chicago, and send them to McGlaughlin — by making low-resolution MP3 files of them, burning them onto DVDs, and FedExing them. In New York, the team at radio station WQXR also combs their music library for more possibilities, and places the audio into iTunes for McGlaughlin to review.

After sorting through and choosing which music selections to present, and finalizing his research and ideas, McGlaughlin then records the voice-track portion of the week's five one-hour shows, in the studios of WQXR in New York. The recording session is monitored in real time in Chicago via either ISDN or telephone. This allows McGlaughlin, his New York recording engineer, and the Chicago producers to interact freely, as if they were all in the same recording studio. McGlaughlin often voices the same narration section multiple ways, attempting to find the most concise and entertaining way to present the information, which also gives the producers editing options when they finalize each show.

The voice-track audio files for the week's five shows are then sent to Chicago, where they are edited for time, and the high-resolution music selections are added in. This post-production process involves making artistic choices regarding which of Bill's narration samples to use, and how to present and place Bill's piano examples, snippet examples from CDs, and the musical pieces themselves. Choices are also made with timing in mind; extra movements or an extra unannounced musical snippet at the end of the show are added if a show runs short.

Once each program is completed, a CD is made and given to the WFMT uplink department. The show is then distributed to radio stations around the country three ways: Physical duplicates are made of the master CD and shipped and the show is uploaded to the Public Radio Exchange (PRX) server for automatic internet distribution. Listeners nationwide and even worldwide are then able to hear Exploring Music, either broadcast on their local radio station, or via the internet through any one of over 30 online radio stations.

Listening options

Exploring Music airs daily on 55 public and commercial radio stations in the U.S.  In Australia, Exploring Music airs on 3MBS at 9 AM, and on 4MBS at 7 PM; in Guam it airs on KPRG at 10 AM.

As of May 2013, Exploring Music also offers the option to stream any of its past and current programs on demand on its website. The on-demand archive includes a search function which can search for terms and names throughout all series and episodes, and also includes a feature which can separate the music from an episode from McGlaughlin's commentary and vice versa.

Playlists for every episode of Exploring Music since its inception are available on the program's official site.

Footnotes

External links
Exploring Music Official Site
Station listings
On-Demand Streaming of all past shows
Exploring Music via Streaming Audio
Playlists 2003 to present

American classical music radio programs
American public radio programs
Music education
Music journalism
2003 radio programme debuts


List of all episodes of the VH1 reality television series Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew:

Season 1: 2008

Season 2: 2008

Season 3: 2010

Season 4: 2010–2011

Season 5: 2011

Season 6: 2012

See also
Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew
Sober House
Sex Rehab with Dr. Drew

References

External links
Official site at VH1.com

Lists of American non-fiction television series episodes
Lists of reality television series episodes


Tora Arhizoun Ta Dyskola (Greek: Τώρα Αρχίζουν Τα Δύσκολα; English: Now The Difficult Times Begin) is the fifth studio album by Greek singer Sakis Rouvas, released on 12 May 1996 in Greece and Cyprus by PolyGram Records Greece.  This was Rouvas' second album to be entirely produced by singer-songwriter, composer and multi-instrumentalist Nikos Karvelas, after the groundbreaking success of Aima, Dakrya & Idrotas in 1994.

Track listing

Special Edition
It was re-released by PolyGram Greece to contain four bonus tracks of remixes of the previous hit singles from the album.

Track listing

Music videos
"Tora Arhizoun Ta Dyskola" (Director: Vaggelis Kalaitzidis; Writer: Elias Psinakis)
"Afiste Tin" (Director: Nikos Antonopoulos; Writer: Elias Psinakis)
"Pou ke Pote" (Director: Nikos Antonopoulos; Writer: Elias Psinakis)

References

External links
Sakis Rouvas' official website
IFPI Greece official website with Greek charts

1996 albums
Albums produced by Nikos Karvelas
Greek-language albums
Sakis Rouvas albums
Universal Music Greece albums


A penalty in rugby union is the main disciplinary sanction available to the referee to penalise a team who commit deliberate infringements. The team who did not commit the infringement are given possession of the ball and they may either kick it towards touch (in which case the ball back rule is waived), attempt a place kick at goal, or tap the ball with their foot and run. It is also sometimes used as shorthand for penalty goal.

Reasons to award a penalty

The referee signals that he has awarded a penalty to a side by raising his arm at 45 degrees between vertical and horizontal and blowing a blast on his whistle. The arm is raised on the side that won the penalty.  Penalties may be awarded for a number of offences, including:

 Failing to release the ball after being tackled, or the tackling player failing to release the tackled player.
 Tackler not rolling away, to avoid obstructing the ball, if they are on the ground on the attacking team's side of the ruck.
 Entering a ruck or maul from the side.
 Using hands to grab or move the ball in a ruck, with the exception of the halfback, or player acting as halfback, in the team in possession.
 Leaving one's feet in the ruck.
 Deliberately collapsing a scrum or maul.
 Scrum infringements: not binding properly on an opponent (for prop forwards) or a teammate (for other players); leaving the scrum before the ball has emerged from it; not pushing straight against the opposing pack; collapsing scrum.
 Being offside and not making an effort to move to an onside position.
 Tackling infringements: a high tackle (where contact is made above the shoulders); tackling a player in the air or a player holding a teammate off the ground; tackling a player who does not have possession of the ball or tackling without trying to grasp the ball-carrier and bring him to ground (e.g. a shoulder charge or push).
 Violent or foul play: punching, elbowing, kicking, headbutting, tripping and so forth.
 Throwing or knocking the ball forwards, or out of play in any direction.
 Tackling or holding an opponent who is not in possession of the ball.
 Obstructing an opponent from tackling the ball-carrier (crossing).
 Not retreating ten metres at a penalty.
 Contesting or dissenting from a referee's decision, or using abusive language or conduct towards any match official.
 Any other action the referee considers to be "contrary to good sportsmanship" (such as throwing the ball away while play is stopped in order to prevent a prompt restart, especially if time is close to expiring).

Referees may not penalise some of these infringements if in their judgement the offending player had no intent to break the rules (e.g. a marginally late tackle on a player who has just kicked or passed the ball) or if the offending player was not participating in or affecting the game (e.g. a player who is in an offside position but not interfering with play). Equally, a referee may warn a team about technical infringements (especially at the scrum and ruck) before penalising them. A referee's willingness and ability to do so is a mark of good officiating in that it reduces stoppages in the game and allows the game to "flow".

Restart options
The side that is awarded the penalty restarts the game with a kick or scrum at their option.  If a kick is taken, the side that the penalty was awarded against must retreat 10 metres (or to their goal line if closer).  There are four ways of restarting the game:

 A tap penalty, where a player drops the ball onto his foot and kicks it up into his arms and then carries the ball forward. This is often taken quickly to exploit lack of organisation in the opposition's retreating defence.
 A kick to touch.  The side with the penalty gets the throw-in to the resultant line-out, from which they have a good chance of securing possession.   This is used mainly to gain territory, though it is also used as a tactic to gain a platform for a rolling maul near the opponent's try line and muscle over for a score.
 For most of the sport's history, the non-kicking team got the throw-in following a penalty kick going into touch. The current rule, which calls for the kicking team to get the throw-in, was not adopted until the early 1990s.
 A kick at goal.  The kick at goal is usually taken off the ground from a plastic tee (though it is possible to drop kick the ball).  If it is successful, they score three points, and the opposition restart from the centre line. (In rugby sevens, the scoring team restarts from the centre line.) If the penalty is missed but the ball remains in play, play continues. If the penalty is missed and the ball goes dead a 22 metre drop-out is awarded to the opposition.
 A scrum. A team may opt to have a scrum.  This would normally be taken if an attacking team wished to have all the defensive forwards tied up in one place allowing the backs the luxury of a one on one confrontation.  Alternatively, if a team has ascendancy in the scrums they may try for a pushover try, which may result in the award of a penalty try if the scrums are deliberately collapsed by the defending side.

Cross-code comparisons
One of the laws associated with penalties was experimented with in association football, that being that penalties may be moved 10 metres forward of their original position either due to talk-back from the players or offside from a quick tap penalty. This was dropped after variable application by referees, but remains a rugby union rule.

A similar rule exists in Australian Rules: the 50-metre penalty moves the mark the approximate distance of a long mark, and is awarded for dissent and for slowing down or disrupting the restart.

See also

 Free kick (rugby union)
 Offside (rugby)
 Professional foul

References

Rugby union terminology


Maxwell Newton (29 April 1929 – 23 July 1990) was an Australian media publisher. He was a founding editor of The Australian. He was the owner of Daily Commercial News from 1969 to 1981, publisher of the Melbourne Observer from 1971 to 1977, and, during a similar time frame, the Canberra Post.

Biography
Maxwell Newton was born to George William Newton, lead-burner, and his wife Nora Christian, legal secretary, on 28 April 1928 at Nurse Doyle's Private Hospital, in Cottesloe, Western Australia. The family lived with Nora's parents at 17 York Terrace, Mosman Park. At the age of four they moved to Bayswater where Newton was to attend Bayswater State School until the age of 12, when he won a scholarship to the academically selective Perth Modern School. From there he matriculated with exhibitions in English and history.

Newton graduated from the University of Western Australia with first class honours in economics and was awarded a Hackett scholarship to attend Clare College, Cambridge.

From 1960 to 1964 Newton was editor of the Australian Financial Review, turning it from a weekly to a daily. In 1964 he became founding editor of The Australian but left in March 1965, after falling out with its owner, Rupert Murdoch. He then became correspondent for the London Economist and the Financial Times and in June 1965 began a weekly newsletter in Canberra, the Incentive (sub-titled A Weekly Report on Business Trends and Economic Policy by Maxwell Newton). In 1957, he became political correspondent for the Sydney Morning Herald in Canberra. Future Prime Minister Billy McMahon would leak details of cabinet meetings to Newton, who would then publish them.

In April 1969 Newton became founding editor of the Sunday Independent (Western Australia) published by Lang Hancock and E. A. "Peter" Wright.

In 1969, Newton purchased shipping and commercial newspaper Daily Commercial News from Sir Ronald Brierley with funding from Marrickville Holdings. Soon after, in 1971, Newton published the Melbourne Observer after Gordon Barton closed his Sunday Observer. Newton later renamed his publication as the Sunday Observer. As the paper was only issued once a week Newton began publishing teen magazines (such as Scream and Sweet), entertainment publications (National Tattler and TV Guide) and soft-core pornography (Pleazure, Eros and Kings Cross Whisper) to keep the presses running.

Newton Comics
In 1975 he started publishing Marvel comics reprints, including Fantastic Four, Spider-Man, Avengers, Incredible Hulk and an edition of Planet of the Apes. The first Newton Comics titles were issued in May 1975, accompanied by a massive marketing campaign. The heavy promotion initially paid off with sales of up to 30,000 recorded for the first issues, dropping to around 20,000 for the second and third issues. After a few months sales had dropped to 6,000-8,000 per issue. It soon became apparent that sales projections were grossly overestimated, with print runs being too high and returns from newsagents being substantial. By the end of 1976, Newton Comics was defunct.

Following the collapse of his publishing empire Newton relocated to the United States and re-established his career as a right-wing economic journalist becoming financial editor of the New York Post, with his columns syndicated in the Murdoch press. In 1983 he published a book on the American monetary system. He died on 23 July 1990, aged 61.

References

External links
 Papers of Maxwell Newton (1929–1990)
 Obituary of his secretary, Patricia Wheatley
 Scandals by Rodney Tiffen

1929 births
1990 deaths
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Australian newspaper publishers (people)
People educated at Perth Modern School
People from Perth, Western Australia
University of Western Australia alumni
20th-century Australian journalists
The Sydney Morning Herald people


Thomas Alexander Sperry (July 6, 1864 – September 2, 1913) was the co-founder and the "S" of S&H Green Stamps, together with Shelley Byron Hutchinson of Ypsilanti, Michigan.

Biography
Thomas Alexander Sperry was born in Knoxville, Tennessee, on July 6, 1864. He married Kate Major on January 1, 1891.

Sperry's son, also named Thomas, was born in Cranford, New Jersey, in 1898. He was involved with real estate businesses and died in Palm Beach, Florida, in 1973.

Sperry Sr.'s home in Cranford
was destroyed by a fire in 1912, with the fire causing an estimated $150,000 in damages, including the loss of a number of paintings — many from the Charles W. Morse gallery. Sperry's horse trainer and chauffeur were able to rescue several paintings from the house's music room before they were stopped by flames, including an oil painting of Sperry's son on the horse on which he had won a ribbon the previous day at the Plainfield Horse Show. After a firefighter threw down a painting of Sperry's wife in her wedding gown, Mrs. Sperry was quoted as calling out "Don't save that! Save something worth while."

Sperry died in New York City at the age of 49 years on September 2, 1913, of ptomaine poisoning contracted during the return voyage after a two-month trip to Europe. Sperry was brought ashore in a stretcher and his condition was too bad to travel to his home in Cranford.

His daughter, Katherine Sperry, married Walter Beinecke in 1917. His niece, Carrie Sperry, had married Walter's brother, Frederick Beinecke, in 1912.  Their son is William Sperry Beinecke. The family donated land in Cranford to the Rahway River Parkway along the Rahway River.

Business
Together with Hutchinson, Sperry founded the Sperry and Hutchinson Company in 1896. Sperry and Hutchinson started their business in Michigan and became what The New York Times described as "the first independent trading stamp company to distribute stamps and books to merchants". The stamps gained popularity during the early 1900s as the S&H program offered incentives to shoppers, rewarding them for making timely payments in cash, helping to maintain customer loyalty to participating merchants.

S&H Green Stamps had peak popularity during the 1960s; a significant percentage of supermarkets and gasoline stations gave the stamps to customers with their purchases. The firm had 800 redemption centers nationwide where stamps were traded for products. For a period in the 1960s, the firm was printing more stamps annually than the United States Postal Service.

Conflict
In 1921, Hutchinson sued the estate of Thomas A. Sperry in court in Trenton, New Jersey, alleging that Sperry had defrauded Hutchinson of part of his shares in the company, allowing William Miller Sperry, brother of the founder, to gain control of the firm. Hutchinson alleged that he had been cheated out of $5 million as a result of secret dividends that diverted company funds to Sperry.

References

1864 births
1913 deaths
Infectious disease deaths in New Jersey
People from Cranford, New Jersey
Deaths from food poisoning
19th-century American businesspeople


The 1950–51 Greek Football Cup was the ninth edition of the Greek Football Cup. The competition culminated with the Greek Cup Final, held at Leoforos Alexandras Stadium, on 11 March 1951. The match was contested by Olympiacos and PAOK, with Olympiacos winning by 4–0.

Calendar

Qualification round

First round

|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Central Greece/Islands Football Clubs Association
||colspan="2" rowspan="8"

||colspan="2" rowspan="15"

|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Patras/Western Greece Football Clubs Association
||colspan="2" rowspan="6"

||colspan="2"
|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Crete Football Clubs Association
||colspan="2" rowspan="7"

|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Thessaly Football Clubs Association
||colspan="2" rowspan="4"

||colspan="2"
|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Macedonia Football Clubs Association
||colspan="2" rowspan="4"

||colspan="2" rowspan="6"

|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Eastern Macedonia Football Clubs Association
||colspan="2" rowspan="8"

|}

1 Suspended due to incidends in favour of Olympiacos Corinth. That remained as the final score.

2 Suspended at the extra time due to incidends at the expense of Panegieus.

3 Averof Ioannina initially won 2–1, but Atromitos Ioannina objected and the match was replayed.

4 The match was suspended at the second half due to rainfall and was replayed.

5 Olympos Katerini won 5–2 but was zeroed.

Second round

|-
|colspan="6" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Central Greece/Islands Football Clubs Association
||colspan="3" rowspan="4"

|-
|colspan="6" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Patras/Western Greece Football Clubs Association
||colspan="3" rowspan="11"

|-
|colspan="6" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Crete Football Clubs Association
||
||colspan="3" rowspan="2"

|-
|colspan="6" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Thessaly Football Clubs Association
||colspan="3" rowspan="3"

|-
|colspan="6" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Macedonia Football Clubs Association
||colspan="3"
|-
|colspan="6" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Eastern Macedonia Football Clubs Association
||colspan="3"

||colspan="3"
|}

* Suspended due to darkness.

** Suspended at the extra time due to incidends at the expense of Aris Drama.

Third round

|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Central Greece/Islands Football Clubs Association
||colspan="2" rowspan="3"

||colspan="2" rowspan="8"

|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Patras/Western Greece Football Clubs Association
||colspan="2" rowspan="6"

|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Crete Football Clubs Association
||colspan="2" rowspan="2"

|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Thessaly Football Clubs Association
||colspan="2"
|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Macedonia Football Clubs Association

||colspan="2" rowspan="4"

|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Eastern Macedonia Football Clubs Association
||colspan="2"
|}

Fourth round

|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Central Greece/Islands Football Clubs Association
||colspan="2" rowspan="6"

|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Patras/Western Greece Football Clubs Association
||colspan="2" rowspan="3"

|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Crete Football Clubs Association

|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Thessaly Football Clubs Association
||colspan="2"
|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Macedonia Football Clubs Association
||colspan="2"
|}

*The match was replayed after the first match was suspended due to rainfall at the extra time while the score was 1–1.

Fifth round

|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Central Greece/Islands Football Clubs Association
||colspan="2" rowspan="3"

|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Patras/Western Greece Football Clubs Association
||colspan="2"
|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Macedonia Football Clubs Association
||colspan="2" rowspan="2"

|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Eastern Macedonia Football Clubs Association
||colspan="2"

|}

Sixth round

|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Central Greece/Islands Football Clubs Association

|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Patras/Western Greece Football Clubs Association

|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Eastern Macedonia Football Clubs Association

|}

* Aris Kerkyra won 3–4 but Achilleus Patras objected for illegal usage of 2 Aris Kerkyra's football players and was awarded the match.

Knockout phase
In the knockout phase, teams play against each other over a single match. If the match ends up as a draw, extra time will be played and if the match remains a draw a replay match is set at the home of the guest team which the extra time rule stands as well. That procedure will be repeated until a winner occurs. The mechanism of the draws for each round is as follows:
In the draw for the round of 16, the eight top teams of each association are seeded and the eight clubs that passed the qualification round are unseeded.The seeded teams are drawn against the unseeded teams with the exception of 2 draws.
In the draws for the quarter-finals onwards, there are no seedings, and teams from the same group can be drawn against each other.

Bracket

Round of 16

||colspan="2" rowspan="6"

||colspan="2"
|}

Quarter-finals

|}

Semi-finals

|}

Final

The 9th Greek Cup Final was played at the Leoforos Alexandras Stadium.

References

External links
Greek Cup 1950-51 at RSSSF

Greek Football Cup seasons
Greek Cup
Cup


Country Partners is the fourth collaborative studio album by Conway Twitty and Loretta Lynn. It was released on June 10, 1974, by MCA Records.

Critical reception

The Billboard review published in the June 22, 1974 issue said, "Tremendous singing partners they are, and joined once more in a collection which will surprise many of their closest fans. A couple of the tunes border on pop, and it's a great change of pace for them. But there's plenty of country and, as usual, excellent material." The review noted "I'm Getting Tired of Losing You", "Sweet Things Remember About You", and the fast-paced "It All Falls Down" as the best cuts on the album. A note to album dealers said, "The cover alone should help make this saleable."

Cashbox published a review in the June 22, 1974 issue saying, "Loretta Lynn and Conway Twitty stand as two of the leading singers on the country scene. Both tremendously talented in their own careers, when they make an LP together you can be sure that it is going to be very special. The LP kicks off with their latest chart novelty single entitled "As Soon as I Hang Up the Phone". "Don't Mess Up a Good Thing" is an up-tempo tune that blends these two superb voices together and augments the track with some excellent instrumentation. "Two Lonely People" is a moving
ballad that will at once capture your heart. Also included in this fine LP are "Spiders and Snakes", "Country Bumpkin", and "It All Falls Down"."

Commercial performance
The album peaked at No. 1 on the US Billboard Hot Country LP's chart, the duo's second album to top the chart.

The album's only single, "As Soon as I Hang Up the Phone", was released in May 1974 and peaked at No. 1 on the US Billboard Hot Country Singles chart, their fourth consecutive No. 1 single together. In Canada, the single peaked at No. 1 on the RPM Country Singles chart, the duo's third consecutive songs to top the chart. The single peaked at No. 57 on the Kent Music Report in Australia.

Recording
Recording sessions for the album took place on April 23, 24 and 25, 1974, at Bradley's Barn in Mount Juliet, Tennessee. Two songs on the album were recorded during the sessions for 1973's Louisiana Woman, Mississippi Man. "As Soon as I Hang Up the Phone" was recorded on March 7, 1973, and "Lifetime Before" was recorded on April 5.

Track listing

Personnel
Adapted from the album liner notes and MCA recording session records.
Harold Bradley – bass guitar
Owen Bradley – producer
Ray Edenton – acoustic guitar
Bud Gray – photography
John Hughey – steel guitar
Loretta Lynn – lead vocals
Tommy Markham – drums
Grady Martin – guitar
The Nashville Sounds – background vocals
Bob Moore – bass
Hargus Robbins – piano
Conway Twitty – lead vocals

Charts
Album

Singles

References

1974 albums
Vocal duet albums
Loretta Lynn albums
Conway Twitty albums
Albums produced by Owen Bradley
Decca Records albums


Gaute Kivistik (born 18 June 1971 in Tartu), better known under his pen name of Rohke Debelak (or Debelakk), is an Estonian humorist and journalist, best known as the author and presenter of a satirical news programme on Raadio Kuku.

Awards
In 2008, Kivistik was awarded the yearly Oskar Luts humour prize, named after the Estonian writer Oskar Luts.

References

1971 births
Living people
Estonian humorists
Estonian radio personalities
Estonian journalists
People from Tartu
Writers from Tartu


Pierson Building Center, a locally-owned and operated home improvement center in Eureka, California, is home to the World’s Largest Hammer.

The hammer is a replica of a Vaughan claw hammer (No. D020) and stands 26 feet tall (30 feet overall including the concrete foundation). The octagon-shaped handle is made of real solid wood and is reinforced with a metal I-beam. The hammer's head was fabricated from 18-gauge brushed stainless steel and measures 10 feet, 3 inches in length. All dimensions of the replica are in exact proportion to the original Vaughan hammer.

The hammer was permanently mounted in front of the business on November 12, 1991. It serves as the store's symbol as well as its sign post. Store specials and information are posted on the 12 foot by 7 foot backlit sign that is built into the hammer.

The Big Hammer briefly became a character in the nationally syndicated comic strip  Zippy the Pinhead by Bill Griffith.  The character appeared in two strips in August, 2001.

See also
 List of world's largest roadside attractions
 Roadside attraction

References

External links
 Hammer types images and descriptions.
 The Hammer Museum
 World's Largest Roadside Attractions
 Pierson Building Center

Buildings and structures in Eureka, California
Companies based in Humboldt County, California
1991 establishments in California
Novelty architecture
Individual signs in the United States
Hammers


James Kelly Cole (1885 – 1909) was a member of the Chicago Branch of the Industrial Workers of the World until his death in the fall of 1909. Cole was an active poet and prose writer whose work is of interest to IWW historians and critics of working class literature. Cole was killed in November 1909 when he apparently fell from a train between Chicago and Minneapolis en route to the Spokane free speech fight. Upon his untimely death, the IWW published a book of his writings to raise money for his aged parents. Little else is known of this poet-rebel except that he was convicted in 1907 of producing molds for counterfeit money.

Writings
Poems and Prose of James Kelly Cole, Industrial Workers of the World (1910)

Further reading
 Vincent St. John, "Remember James Kelly Cole," Industrial Worker, July 2, 1910.
 "Poet-Counterfeiter Guilty, Sentenced to 20 Months in Federal Prison". New York Times, October 26, 1907.

1909 deaths
Industrial Workers of the World members
1885 births
Railway accident deaths in the United States


FC Fakel Varva is an amateur Ukrainian football team based in Varva, Chernihiv Oblast. The club competes in the Chernihiv oblast competition as Druzhba-Nova Varva. The club was sponsored by the Hnidytsi Gas Refining Factory located in a village of Hnidytsi, Pryluky Raion. The factory is part of the Ukrnafta state corporation.

History

The club was formed in 1963 as Fakel Varva.

The team spent a short stint in the Ukrainian Second Division. After several successful seasons, the team's administration decided to withdraw from the professional league and return to the Chernihiv oblast competitions.

The club is also well known as a competitive amateur club. The club has won the Amateur Cup and the Championship the next season.

The club plays its home games in the Yunist Stadium in Varva.

Name

1963–1969 – Fakel Varva
1970–1993 – Naftovyk Varva
1994–1996 – Fakel Varva
1997–2000 – Fakel-NFZ Varva
2001–2004 – Fakel Varva
2005 onwards – Druzhba-Nova Varva

Honours
Ukrainian Amateur Football Championship
 Winners (2): 1995–96, 2000

Ukrainian Amateur Cup
 Winners (1): 1998–99

Chernihiv Oblast Football Championship
 Winners (5): 1994, 1995, 1999, 2001, 2002Chernihiv Oblast Football Cup Winners (1): 1995'''

League and cup history

Notable players
 Oleh Volotyok
 Yuriy Hetman

See also
 FC Naftovyk-Ukrnafta Okhtyrka

References

Football clubs in Chernihiv Oblast
Amateur football clubs in Ukraine
Association football clubs established in 1963
1963 establishments in Ukraine


Amasa Junius Parker (May 6, 1843, in Delhi, Delaware County, New York – May 2, 1938, in Albany, New York) was a member of the New York State Senate and a Major General of the National Guard of New York.

Life
Amasa Junius Parker Jr. was the son of Amasa J. Parker and his wife Harriet Langdon Parker. He graduated from Union College, Schenectady, New York in 1863 and the Albany Law School in 1864. He fought in the American Civil War and became a major.

He was a member of the New York State Assembly (Albany Co., 3rd D.) in 1882; and of the New York State Senate (17th D.) in 1886 and 1887; and again of the State Senate from 1892 to 1895, sitting in the 115th, 116th (both 17th D.), 117th and 118th New York State Legislatures (both 19th D.).

He was a trustee of Union College and the Albany Law School. He was active in the National Guard of New York and was a colonel in command of the Tenth Division during the breakup of the Albany Railroad Strike of 1877.

Parker was one of the authors of the book Banking Law of New York. He was also an editor of the Parker's New York Criminal and Penal Codes as well as The Parker's Pocket Code of Civil Procedure.

Parker was buried at the Albany Rural Cemetery in Menands, New York.

References

GEN. AMASA PARKER IS DEAD IN ALBANY in NYT on May 3, 1938 (subscription required)

Union College (New York) alumni
1843 births
1938 deaths
New York (state) state senators
Members of the New York State Assembly
People from Delhi, New York
Politicians from Albany, New York
Writers from Albany, New York
Burials at Albany Rural Cemetery
Albany Law School alumni
New York National Guard personnel
Union Army officers


Women was a Canadian indie rock band formed in Calgary in 2008. The group consisted of Patrick Flegel, Christopher Reimer, Matt Flegel and Mike Wallace. Their debut album Women was released on Chad VanGaalen's label Flemish Eye on July 8, 2008 in Canada and on Jagjaguwar in the United States on October 7, 2008. It was rumoured that the band broke up on October 29, 2010, after a fight on stage at a show at  Lucky Bar in Victoria, although their management stated that they had merely cancelled the rest of their tour.

History
Women's debut album, Women, recorded by Chad VanGaalen, gained positive recognition from music publications including Pitchfork, AllMusic, PopMatters, Vue Weekly, and  as well as other varied music blogs. The band's sound has been likened to "sunny Beach Boys pop [...] dragged into a dark alley and gleefully mutilated", as well as compared to other bands The Velvet Underground and The Zombies. Pitchfork Media named their song "Black Rice" from their debut album the 18th best track of 2008.

After the release of their debut album Women extensively toured throughout 2008 and 2009, performing over 180 times in North America, Europe and the UK. Highlight performances took place at Barcelona's Primavera Sound, Austin's SXSW, Chicago's Pitchfork Music Festival and London's The Lexington. The band has toured or performed with Mogwai, Abe Vigoda, Dungen, Deerhunter, and Eric's Trip. The song "Black Rice" was also listed by Pitchfork as the 410th best song of the 2000s.

Women's second album, Public Strain, was released in Canada, via Flemish Eye, and in the United States, UK, and Europe, via Jagjaguwar , on September 28, 2010. The album received praise from across the media spectrum, including Pitchfork, Exclaim!, Filter, and the BBC.  Public Strain also topped the !earshot Top 50 Chart in October that year.

The band began a European tour, followed by a US tour in the fall of 2010. It was rumoured that the band broke up on October 29, 2010 after a fight on stage at a show at Lucky Bar in Victoria although their management stated that they merely cancelled the rest of their tour. Matt Flegel later confirmed in an interview with Marc Riley on BBC 6 that a fight had in fact broken out on stage between Patrick and the band, prematurely ending their tour. Pitchfork released a three-song live video in February 2011 shot in an empty factory a few weeks before the band's indefinite hiatus.

Some members of Women also played in the live band of Chad VanGaalen. Pat Flegel was a member of the band Fels-Naptha, and Michael Wallace is a former member of the bands Friendo and Azeda Booth, and toured with Porcelain Raft. Christopher Reimer toured with The Dodos during the summer and fall of 2011.

On February 8, 2012, guitarist Christopher Reimer performed at Weeds Cafe in Calgary, recorded by Brad Hawkins. Thirteen days later, on February 21, Reimer died in his sleep. No information about the cause of Reimer's death was immediately released, however the band's record label, Flemish Eye, later stated that he had suffered "from complications relating to a heart condition".

In 2012 Chad van Gaalen released The Chad Tape, containing 9 Reimer solo tracks.

Following the dissolution of the band and Reimer's death, Matthew Flegel and Michael Wallace formed the band Preoccupations (formerly Viet Cong) in 2012, while Pat Flegel formed Cindy Lee.

Discography

Studio albums
 Women (Flemish Eye / Jagjaguwar, 2008)
 Public Strain (Flemish Eye / Jagjaguwar, 2010)

Extended play
 Rarities 2007-2010 (Flemish Eye / Jagjaguwar, 2020)

Singles
 "Service Animal/Grey Skies" 7" (Jagjaguwar, 2010)
 "Women / Cold Pumas / Fair Ohs / Friendo Split 7"" (Faux Discx, 2011)

Video
 Pitchfork Presents: A Three Song Live Special (Feb 2011)

Chris Reimer
 The Chad Tape (Bandcamp, 2012)

Members
Former
Patrick Flegel – guitar, vocals (2007-2012)
Matthew Flegel – bass, percussion, vocals (2007-2012)
Michael Wallace – drums (2007-2012)
Christopher Reimer – guitar, samples, vocals (2007-2012; deceased)

References

External links
 Women at Flemish Eye
 Women at Jagjaguwar

Musical groups established in 2007
Musical groups from Calgary
Canadian indie rock groups
Canadian noise rock groups
Canadian art rock groups
Musical groups disestablished in 2012
2007 establishments in Alberta
2012 disestablishments in Alberta
Jagjaguwar artists


David Duane Pearce (born June 9, 1950) is an American diplomat who served from 2013 to 2016 as the U.S. Ambassador to Greece. He also served as the United States Ambassador to Algeria, 2008–11 and as the U.S. Consul General in Jerusalem from 2003-2005.  He was the Assistant Chief of Mission at the U.S. embassy in Kabul, Afghanistan from 2011-2012; and served as the Acting United States Special Representative for Afghanistan and Pakistan and as a Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for South Asia from 2012-2013.

Career
Pearce graduated from Bowdoin College in 1972, and received an M.A. in journalism from Ohio State University in 1973. Prior to joining the U.S. Foreign Service in 1982, he was a reporter, editor and foreign correspondent for nearly a decade. From 1973-79, he worked for the Associated Press in Ohio, the Rome Daily American in Italy, and United Press International in Brussels, Lisbon, and Beirut. As a wire service reporter, he covered revolution in Lisbon, civil war in Beirut, and political and economic change in the Arab world. He then moved to the Washington Post, serving as a copy editor on both the foreign and metro desks. From 1980 to 1981 he was a writer-editor in the book service of the National Geographic Society. He traveled to Southeast China just as the country was beginning to open up to the outside world, and authored the concluding chapter of the 1982 NGS book Journey Into China.

Pearce entered the Foreign Service in January 1982, serving first as a vice consul and political officer in Riyadh. From 1984 to 1985, he was a watch officer in the State Department Operations Center, followed by a 1985-87 tour as a country desk officer for Greece. In 1987-88, he studied Arabic at the Foreign Service Institute field school in Tunis, then became chief of the political section at the U.S. Embassy in Kuwait. During the Gulf War, Pearce worked as a liaison officer with the Kuwaiti government-in-exile in Taif, Saudi Arabia and returned to Kuwait to help restore embassy operations after Operation Desert Storm.  In  mid-1991 he was posted to Washington to become a special assistant to the Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs.

On an Una Chapman Cox fellowship in 1992-93, he wrote a book on diplomacy and the media. Wary Partners: Diplomats and the Media was published by Congressional Quarterly in 1994.  From 1994-97, he was Consul General in Dubai and from 1997-2001 he served as Deputy Chief of Mission at the U.S. Embassy in Damascus. From September 2001 to July 2003, he was Director of the Department of State’s Office of Northern Gulf Affairs, with responsibility for Iraq and Iran. In May–June 2003, Pearce served with the Coalition Provisional Authority in Baghdad. He was Chief of Mission and Consul General at the United States Consulate General in Jerusalem from September 29, 2003 through July 2005, and then Minister Counselor for Political Affairs at the United States Embassy in Rome from 2005-2008. While in Rome, he served two excursion tours to Iraq, in March–April 2007 and September 2007-March 2008, as a senior adviser to Ambassador Ryan Crocker.

President George W. Bush nominated him to become ambassador to Algeria on June 28, 2008, and he served there until 2011.  He later became the Assistant Chief of Mission at the U.S. Embassy in Kabul, Afghanistan. After serving as the Senior Deputy, and then the Acting, United States Special Representative for Afghanistan and Pakistan, as well as a Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for South Asia, Pearce was nominated by President Obama to become Ambassador to Greece on 21 June 2013.  He retired from the U.S. Foreign Service in November 2016.

Works
Wary Partners: Diplomats and the Media, CQ-Roll Call Group Books, September 1995,

References

External links

1950 births
Living people
Ambassadors of the United States to Algeria
Ambassadors of the United States to Greece
Bowdoin College alumni
Ohio State University School of Communication alumni
People from Falmouth, Maine
People of the 2010–2012 Algerian protests
The Washington Post journalists
United States Foreign Service personnel
21st-century American diplomats


Ballaugh ( ; ) is one of the seventeen parishes of the Isle of Man.

It is located on the west of the island (part of the traditional North Side division) in the sheading of Michael.

Local government
For the purposes of local government, the whole of the historic parish forms a single parish district with Commissioners.

The Captain of the Parish (since 1993) is Charles Edgar Cowin.

Politics
Ballaugh parish is part of the Ayre & Michael constituency, which elects two Members to the House of Keys. Before 2016 it was in the Michael constituency.

Geography
Ballaugh is a mainly agricultural district on the north-western coast of the island. Ballaugh runs for some   along the north-west coastline of the island. The average breadth of the parish is about  and it covers an area of around . The south-east corner is hilly and the remainder is low, including part of the marshy depression of the Curraghs. The only village in the parish is Ballaugh.

History
There are in Ballaugh a number of sites of historical interest. There is a heritage group who hold regular meetings and arrange walks around the area. Research into the social history of the area, in particular the isolated Glen Dhoo, is being carried out. The name 'Ballaugh' derives from the Manx Balley-ny-Loghey or "the place of the lake" cognate with loch and lough. The Ballaugh Curraghs is all that remains of this lake. The lake, which measured up to a mile in length, was drained by the excavation about 300 years ago of the silted-up Lhen Trench which, during the last ice age, is believed to have been a meltwater channel flowing north to south from the melting ice front.

Demographics
The Isle of Man census of 2016 returned a parish population of 1,032, a decrease of 1% from the figure of 1,042 in 2011.

Curraghs Wildlife Park and Ballaugh Curragh
One mile east of the village is Curraghs Wildlife Park, which was formerly run by the island's Department of Community, Culture and Leisure and is a haven for all sorts of wetland wildlife. Most of the park is laid out in geographical sections, representing different continents of the world and the animals that can be found there. The central part of the park has a different format and contains specific animal exhibits and visitor attractions.

The park is located next to Ballaugh Curragh wetland, the first wildlife site on the island to be internationally recognised, when in 2006 it was designated a Ramsar wetland of international importance. The site qualifies for international status as it has excellent examples of wetland habitats characteristic of the island and the region: bog pools, marshy grassland, birch woodland, modified bog and willow scrub (known as curragh). It also has on occasions the largest numbers of winter roosting hen harriers in Western Europe and has breeding habitat for a highly endangered migratory bird, the corn crake. In 2005 the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry designated Ballaugh Curragh as an "Area of Special Scientific Interest". There are three partners involved in the Curragh: Curraghs Wildlife Park, Manx National Heritage and the Manx Wildlife Trust.

References

External links
IOM Guide: Kirk Ballaugh
Manx National Heritage
Isle of Man Building Control Districts showing parish boundaries
Glenology - Manx Glens

Parishes of the Isle of Man


The 1951–52 Greek Football Cup was the tenth edition of the Greek Football Cup. The competition culminated with the Greek Cup Final, replayed at Leoforos Alexandras Stadium, on 15 June 1952, because of the previous match (1 June) draw. The match was contested by Olympiacos and Panionios, with Olympiacos winning by 2–0.

Calendar

Qualification round

First round

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1Suspended. Both teams were zeroed.

2AEK Patras was also qualified to the third round.

3Suspended due to rainfall.

4Ellispontos was zeroed.

5Suspended at the 80th minute due to incidents. That remained as the final score.

Second round

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* Pelops Kiato qualified on a draw after two ties.

** Hellas Florina was zeroed.

*** Suspended at the second half.

****Orfeas Xanthi was zeroed.

Third round

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Fourth round

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* Panegieus qualified on a draw after two ties.

Additional round

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Fifth round

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* Suspended due to incidents.

Knockout phase
In the knockout phase, teams play against each other over a single match. If the match ends up as a draw, extra time will be played and if the match remains a draw a replay match is set at the home of the guest team which the extra time rule stands as well. If a winner doesn't occur after the replay match the winner emerges by a flip of a coin. The mechanism of the draws for each round is as follows:
In the draw for the round of 16, the eight top teams of each association are seeded and the eight clubs that passed the qualification round are unseeded.The seeded teams are drawn against the unseeded teams.
In the draws for the quarter-finals onwards, there are no seedings, and teams from the same group can be drawn against each other.

Bracket

Round of 16

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Quarter-finals

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*AEK Athens won by flip of a coin.

Semi-finals

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Final

The 10th Greek Cup Final was played twice at the Leoforos Alexandras Stadium.

Replay match

References

External links
Greek Cup 1951-52 at RSSSF

Greek Football Cup seasons
Greek Cup
Cup


The history of video games spans a period of time between the invention of the first electronic games and today, covering many inventions and developments. Video gaming reached mainstream popularity in the 1970s and 1980s, when arcade video games, gaming consoles and home computer games were introduced to the general public. Since then, video gaming has become a popular form of entertainment and a part of modern culture in most parts of the world. The early history of video games, therefore, covers the period of time between the first interactive electronic game with an electronic display in 1947, the first true video games in the early 1950s, and the rise of early arcade video games in the 1970s  (Pong and the beginning of the first generation of video game consoles with the Magnavox Odyssey, both in 1972). During this time there was a wide range of devices and inventions corresponding with large advances in computing technology, and the actual first video game is dependent on the definition of "video game" used.

Following the 1947 invention of the cathode-ray tube amusement device—the earliest known interactive electronic game as well as the first to use an electronic display—the first true video games were created in the early 1950s. Initially created as technology demonstrations, such as the Bertie the Brain and Nimrod computers in 1950 and 1951, video games also became the purview of academic research. A series of games, generally simulating real-world board games, were created at various research institutions to explore programming, human–computer interaction, and computer algorithms. These include OXO and Christopher Strachey's draughts program in 1952, the first software-based games to incorporate a CRT display, and several chess and checkers programs. Possibly the first video game created simply for entertainment was 1958's Tennis for Two, featuring moving graphics on an oscilloscope. As computing technology improved over time, computers became smaller and faster, and the ability to work on them was opened up to university employees and undergraduate students by the end of the 1950s. These new programmers began to create games for non-academic purposes, leading up to the 1962 release of Spacewar! as one of the earliest known digital computer games to be available outside a single research institute.

Throughout the rest of the 1960s increasing numbers of programmers wrote digital computer games, which were sometimes sold commercially in catalogs. As the audience for video games expanded to more than a few dozen research institutions with the falling cost of computers, and programming languages that would run on multiple types of computers were created, a wider variety of games began to be developed. Video games transitioned into a new era in the early 1970s with the launch of the commercial video game industry in 1971 with the display of the coin-operated arcade game Galaxy Game and the release of the first arcade video game Computer Space, and then in 1972 with the release of the immensely successful arcade game Pong and the first home video game console, the Magnavox Odyssey, which launched the first generation of video-game consoles.

Defining the video game

The term "video game" has evolved over the decades from a purely technical definition to a general concept defining a new class of interactive entertainment. Technically, for a product to be a video game under early definitions, it needed to transmit a video signal to a display.
This can (but not always) include a cathode ray tube (CRT), oscilloscope, liquid crystal display, vector-scan monitor, etc. This definition would preclude early computer games that outputted results to a printer or teletype rather than a display, as well as games that used static LCD graphics, for example Nintendo's Game & Watch, or most Tiger Electronics handhelds. From a technical standpoint, these would more properly be called "electronic games" or "computer games".

Today the term "video game" has completely shed its purely hardware-dependent definition and encompasses a wider range of technology. While still rather ill-defined, the term "video game" now generally encompasses any game played on hardware built with electronic logic circuits that incorporates an element of interactivity and outputs the results of the player's actions to a display. Going by this broader definition, the first video games appeared in the early 1950s; they were tied largely to research projects at universities and large corporations, though, and had little influence on each other due to their primary purpose as academic and promotional devices rather than entertainment games.

The ancestors to these games include the cathode-ray tube amusement device, the earliest known interactive electronic game as well as the first to incorporate a cathode-ray tube screen. The player simulates an artillery shell trajectory on a CRT screen connected to an oscilloscope, with a set of knobs and switches. The device uses purely analog electronics and does not use any digital computer or memory device or execute a program. It was patented by Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr. and Estle Ray Mann in 1947. While the idea behind the game was potentially to use a television set as the display and thus sell the invention to consumers, as Goldsmith and Mann worked at television designer DuMont Laboratories, the patent, the first for an electronic game, was never used and the device never manufactured beyond the original handmade prototypes.
This, along with the lack of electronic logic circuits, keeps the device from being considered the first video game. In 1948, shortly after the patenting of this device, Alan Turing and David Champernowne developed the earliest known written computer game - a chess simulation called Turochamp, though it was never actually implemented on a computer as the code was too complicated to run on the machines of the time. Turing tested the code in a game in 1952 where he mimicked the operation of the code in a real chess-game against an opponent, but was never able to run the program on a computer.

Initial games

The first electronic digital computers, Colossus and ENIAC, were built during World War II to aid the Allied war effort.  Shortly after the war, the promulgation of the first stored program architectures at the University of Manchester (Manchester Mark 1), University of Cambridge (EDSAC), the University of Pennsylvania (EDVAC), and Princeton University (IAS machine) allowed computers to be easily reprogrammed to undertake a variety of tasks, which facilitated commercializing computers in the early 1950s by companies like Remington Rand, Ferranti, and IBM. This in turn promoted the adoption of computers by universities, government organizations, and large corporations as the decade progressed. It was in this environment that the first video games were born.

The computer games of the 1950s can generally be divided into three categories: training and instructional programs, research programs in fields such as artificial intelligence, and demonstration programs intended to impress or entertain the public. Because these games were largely developed on unique hardware in a time when porting between systems was difficult and were often dismantled or discarded after serving their limited purposes, they did not generally influence further developments in the industry. For the same reason, it is impossible to be certain who developed the first computer game or who originally modeled many of the games or play mechanics introduced during the decade, as there are likely several games from this period that were never publicized and are thus unknown today.

The earliest known publicly demonstrated electronic game was created in 1950. Bertie the Brain was an arcade game of tic-tac-toe, built by Josef Kates for the 1950 Canadian National Exhibition. To showcase his new miniature vacuum tube, the additron tube, he designed a specialized computer to use it, which he built with the assistance of engineers from Rogers Majestic. The large metal computer, which was four meters tall, could only play tic-tac-toe on a lightbulb-backed display, and was installed in the Engineering Building at the Canadian National Exhibition from August 25 to September 9, 1950. The game was a success at the two-week exhibition, with attendees lining up to play it as Kates adjusted the difficulty up and down for players. After the exhibition, Bertie was dismantled, and "largely forgotten" as a novelty. Kates has said that he was working on so many projects at the same time that he had no energy to spare for preserving it, despite its significance.

Nearly a year later on May 5, 1951, the Nimrod computer—created by engineering firm and nascent computer developer Ferranti—was presented at the Festival of Britain, and then showcased for three weeks in October at the Berlin Industrial Show before being dismantled. Using a panel of lights for its display, it was designed exclusively to play the game of Nim; moves were made by players pressing buttons which corresponded with the lights. Nimrod could play either the traditional or "reverse" form of the game. The machine was twelve feet wide, nine feet deep, and five feet tall. It was based on an earlier Nim-playing machine, "Nimatron", designed by Edward Condon and built by Westinghouse Electric in 1940 for display at the New York World's Fair. "Nimatron" had been constructed from electromechanical relays and weighed over a ton. The Nimrod was primarily intended to showcase Ferranti's computer design and programming skills rather than entertain, and was not followed up by any future games. Despite this, most of the onlookers at the Festival of Britain were more interested in playing the game than in the programming and engineering logic behind it.

Around this time, non-visual games were being developed at various research computer laboratories; for example, Christopher Strachey developed a simulation of the game draughts, or checkers, for the Pilot ACE that he unsuccessfully attempted to run for the first time in July 1951 at the British National Physical Laboratory and completed in 1952; this is the first known computer game to be created for a general-purpose computer, rather than a machine specifically made for the game like Bertie. Strachey's program inspired Arthur Samuel to develop his own checkers game in 1952 for the IBM 701; successive iterations developed rudimentary artificial intelligence by 1955 and a version was shown on television in 1956. Also in 1951, Dietrich Prinz wrote the first limited program of chess for the University of Manchester's general-purpose Ferranti Mark 1 computer, one of the first commercially available computers. The program was only capable of computing "mate-in-two" problems as it was not powerful enough to play a full game, and it had no video output. Around the same time in the early 1950s, military research organizations like the RAND Corporation developed a series of combat simulation games of increasing complexity, such as Carmonette, where the player would enter orders to intercept enemy aircraft, or set up their forces to counter an enemy army invasion. These simulations were not yet true video games, as they required human intervention to interpret the player's orders and the final results; the computer only controlled the paths that the enemies would take, and the program was focused on simulating events and probabilities.

Interactive visual games

In 1952, Alexander S. Douglas created OXO, a software program for the EDSAC computer, which simulates a game of tic-tac-toe. The EDSAC was one of the first stored-program computers, with memory that could be read from or written to, and filled an entire room; it included three 35×16 dot matrix cathode ray tubes to graphically display the state of the computer's memory. As a part of a thesis on human–computer interaction, Douglas used one of these screens to portray other information to the user; he chose to do so via displaying the current state of a game. The player entered input using a rotary telephone controller, selecting which of the nine squares on the board they wished to move next. Their move would appear on the screen, and then the computer's move would follow. The game was not available to the general public, and was only available to be played in the University of Cambridge's Mathematical Laboratory, by special permission, as the EDSAC could not be moved. Like other early video games, after serving Douglas's purpose, the game was discarded. Around the same time, Strachey expanded his draughts program for another mainframe computer, the Manchester Mark 1, culminating in a version for the Ferranti Mark 1 in 1952, which had a CRT display. Like OXO, the display was mostly static, updating only when a move was made. OXO and Strachey's draughts program are the earliest known games to display visuals on an electronic screen.

The first known game incorporating graphics that updated in real time, rather than only when the player made a move, was a simulation of a bouncing ball created by Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) student Oliver Aberth for the Whirlwind I computer. He initially created the simulation in February 1951, which allowed users to adjust the frequency of the bounces with a knob, and sometime between late 1951 and 1953 made it into a game by adding a hole in the floor for players to aim for. The game was used in classes at MIT by Charles W. Adams, assistant professor of digital computers. It was followed by a pool game programmed by William Brown and Ted Lewis specifically for a demonstration of the University of Michigan-developed MIDSAC computer at the university in 1954. The game, developed over six months by the pair, featured a pool stick controlled by a joystick and a knob, and a full rack of 15 balls on a table seen in an overhead view. The computer calculated the movements of the balls as they collided and moved around the table, disappearing when they reached a pocket, and updated the graphics continuously, forty times a second, so as to show real-time motion. Like previous video games, the pool game was intended primarily to showcase the computing power of the MIDSAC computer.

While further games like checkers and chess were developed on research computers, the next milestone in video games came in 1958 with Tennis for Two. Perhaps the first game created solely for entertainment rather than as a technology demonstration or a research tool, the program simulated a game of tennis. Created by American physicist William Higinbotham for visitors at the Brookhaven National Laboratory to be more entertaining for visitors on their public day than the usual static exhibits about nuclear power, the game ran on a Donner Model 30 analog computer and displayed a side view of a tennis court on an oscilloscope. The players controlled the angle of their shots with attached controllers, and the game calculated and simulated the trajectory of the ball, including the possibility of hitting the net. The game was first shown on October 18, 1958. Hundreds of visitors lined up to play the new game during its debut. Due to the game's popularity, an upgraded version was shown the following year, with enhancements including a larger screen and different levels of simulated gravity. Afterwards, having served its purpose, the game was dismantled for its component parts. While the game had no innovations in game design or technological development, its status as an entertainment-focused game, rather than an academic project or technological showpiece, has led it to be considered one of the first "real" video games as they are generally thought of today.

Over the next few years, during 1957–61, various computer games continued to be created in the context of academic computer and programming research, particularly as computer technology improved to include smaller, transistor-based computers on which programs could be created and run in real time, rather than operations run in batches. A few programs, however, while used to showcase the power of the computer they ran on were also intended as entertainment products; these were generally created by undergraduate students, such as at MIT where they were allowed on occasion to develop programs for the TX-0 experimental computer. These interactive graphical games were created by a community of programmers, many of them students affiliated with the Tech Model Railroad Club (TMRC) led by Alan Kotok, Peter Samson, and Bob Saunders. The games included Tic-Tac-Toe, which used a light pen to play a simple game of noughts and crosses against the computer, and Mouse in the Maze. Mouse in the Maze allowed users to use a light pen to set up a maze of walls on the monitor, and spots that represented bits of cheese or glasses of martini. A virtual mouse was then released and would traverse the maze to find the objects. Additionally, the wargame simulations from the early 1950s by the RAND Corporation had expanded into more complicated simulations which required little human intervention, and had also sparked the creation of business management simulation games such as The Management Game, which was used in business schools such as at Carnegie Mellon University by 1958. By 1961, there were over 89 different business simulation games in use, with various graphical capabilities. As the decade ended, despite several video games having been developed, there was no such thing as a commercial video game industry; almost all games had been developed on or as a single machine for specific purposes, and the few simulation games were neither commercial nor for entertainment.

The spread of games

By 1961, MIT had acquired the DEC PDP-1 minicomputer, the successor to the TX-0, which also used a vector display system. The system's comparatively small size and processing speed meant that, like with the TX-0, the university allowed its undergraduate students and employees to write programs for the computer which were not directly academically related whenever it was not in use. In 1961–62, Harvard and MIT employees Martin Graetz, Steve Russell, and Wayne Wiitanen created the game Spacewar! on the PDP-1, inspired by science fiction books such as the Lensman series. The game was copied to several of the early minicomputer installations in American academic institutions, making it potentially the first video game to be available outside a single research institute.

The two-player game has the players engaged in a dogfight between two spaceships set against the backdrop of a randomly generated background starfield. The game was developed to meet three precepts: to use as much of the computer's resources as possible, to be consistently interesting and therefore have every run be different, and to be entertaining and therefore a game. The game was a multiplayer game because the computer had no resources left over to handle controlling the other ship. After the game's initial development, members of the TMRC worked to improve the game, adding an accurate starfield and a gravitational body, and spread it to the couple dozen other institutions with a PDP-1, a process which continued over the next few years. As the computer was uncomfortable to use for extended periods of time, Kotok and Saunders created a detached control device, essentially an early gamepad. Spacewar was reportedly used as a smoke test by DEC technicians on new PDP-1 systems before shipping, since it was the only available program that exercised every aspect of the hardware. Although the game was widespread for the era, it was still very limited in its direct reach: the PDP-1 was priced at US$120,000 () and only 55 were ever sold, many without a monitor, which prohibited Spacewar or any game of the time from reaching beyond a narrow, academic audience. Russell has been quoted as saying that the aspect of the game that he was most pleased with was the number of other programmers it inspired to write their own games.

Although the market for commercial games—and software in general—was small, due to the cost of computers limiting their spread to research institutions and large corporations, several were still created by programmers and distributed by the computer manufacturers. A number of games could be found in an April 1962 IBM program catalog. These included board games, "BBC Vik The Baseball Demonstrator", and "Three Dimensional Tic-Tack-Toe". Following the spread of Spacewar, further computer games developed by programmers at universities were also developed and distributed over the next few years. These included the Socratic System, a question and answer game designed to teach medical students how to diagnose patients by Wallace Feurzeig in 1962, and a dice game by Edward Steinberger in 1965. Mainframe games were developed outside of the IBM and DEC communities as well, such as the 1962 Polish Marienbad for the Odra 1003. A joint research project between IBM and the Board of Cooperative Educational Services of Westchester County, New York led to the creation of The Sumerian Game, one of the first strategy video games ever made, the first game with a narrative, and the first edutainment game; it was also the first known game to be designed by a woman, teacher Mabel Addis.

The creation of general programming languages like BASIC, which could be run on different hardware types, allowed for programs to be written for more than one specific computer, in turn letting games written in them to spread to more end players in the programming community than before. These games included a baseball simulation game written in BASIC by John Kemeny in 1965; a BASIC bingo game by Larry Bethurum in 1966; a basketball simulation game written in BASIC by Charles R. Bacheller in May 1967; another baseball game that simulates the 1967 World Series written in BASIC by Jacob Bergmann in August 1967; Space Travel, written by Ken Thompson for a Multics system in 1969 and which led in part to the development of the Unix operating system; and Hamurabi, a text-based FOCAL game written by Doug Dyment in 1968 based on a description of The Sumerian Game and converted to BASIC by David H. Ahl in 1969. Hamurabi and Space Travel were among several early mainframe games that were written during the time, and spread beyond their initial mainframe computers to general-purpose languages like BASIC.

A new industry

At the beginning of the 1970s, video games existed almost entirely as novelties passed around by programmers and technicians with access to computers, primarily at research institutions and large companies. The history of video games transitioned into a new era early in the decade, however, with the rise of the commercial video game industry.

The arcade video game industry grew out of the pre-existing arcade game industry, which was previously dominated by electro-mechanical games (EM games). Following the arrival of Sega's EM game Periscope (1966), the arcade industry was experiencing a "technological renaissance" driven by "audio-visual" EM novelty games, establishing the arcades as a healthy environment for the introduction of commercial video games in the early 1970s. The first commercial arcade video game was Computer Space (1971), which was developed by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney and was based on Spacewar. Bushnell, who had previously worked at an arcade, wanted to recreate Spacewar as an arcade game. They had found the Data General Nova, a US$4,000 computer that they thought would be powerful enough to run four games of Spacewar at once; the computer turned out to not actually be powerful enough for the project. While investigating the concept of replacing some of the computer with purpose-built hardware, however, the pair discovered that making a system explicitly for running such a game, rather than general programs, would be much less expensive: as low as $100. A prototype version had been successfully displayed for a short time in August 1971 in a local bar, the design was nearly finished, and the pair had founded a company around it called Syzygy. Bushnell had also found a manufacturer for the game, Nutting Associates, who would make the final game cabinets and sell them to distributors.

Another early coin-operated arcade video game was Galaxy Game (1971), developed by Bill Pitts and Hugh Tuck at Stanford University using a DEC PDP-11 computer with vector displays. The pair was also inspired to make the game by Spacewar; Tuck had remarked in 1966 while playing the game that a coin-operated version of the game would be very successful. Such a device was unfeasible in 1966 due to the cost of computers, but in 1969 DEC released the PDP-11 for US$20,000 (); while this was still too high for a commercially viable product, as most games in arcades cost around US$1,000 at the time, the pair felt it was low enough to build a prototype to determine interest and optimal per-game pricing. Only prototype units were ever built, though the second prototype was adapted to run up to eight games at once; a few months before the initial installation at Stanford in November 1971, the pair met with Nolan Bushnell, who informed them of his own game he was making for a much lower price.

Bushnell felt that Galaxy Game was not a real competitor to Computer Space, due to its high price. Pitts and Tuck believed, however, that despite the economic argument their game was superior, as they felt that Galaxy Game was a true expansion of Spacewar, while Computer Space just a pale imitation. Some players at the time, however, believed Galaxy Game to actually be just a version of Spacewar!. Galaxy Games prototype installation was very popular, though at a low price-per-game, and the pair developed a second version to display at the same location; they were never able to enter production, though, as they eventually had to abandon the idea after spending US$65,000 developing it due to the high cost and lack of business plan.

Around the same time as Galaxy Games prototype installation, Computer Space was released. It was the first coin-operated video game to be commercially sold and the first widely available video game of any kind. While it did well in its initial locations near college campuses, it performed very poorly in bars and arcades where pinball and other arcade games were typically placed; while it was commercially successful and made over US$1,000,000, it did not meet the high expectations of Nutting, who had expected to sell more than 1,500 units. Bushnell and Dabney immediately started work on another game, using the same television set design as Computer Space, as well as founding their own company Atari, Inc. to back their projects. Initially, this game was intended to be a driving video game that Bushnell planned to design, influenced by Chicago Coin's Speedway (1969). Instead, the project was given to Atari's first employee, Allan Alcorn, and as Bushnell believed the driving game would be too complicated as a first project he suggested a prototype ping-pong game. Alcorn expanded the idea, and designed a game the company immediately seized on. They were unable to find a manufacturer, but on the evidence of the success of their prototype installation, decided to produce the game cabinets themselves. Pong was released in 1972, a year after Computer Space. It was immensely commercially successful, selling over 8,000 units. It inspired copycat games to be sold in America, Europe, and Japan, and led to the popularization of the medium.

That same year saw the release of the Magnavox Odyssey, the first home video game console which could be connected to a television set. The inventor, Ralph H. Baer, had initially had the idea in 1951 to make an interactive game on a television set. Unable to do so with the technological constraints at the time, he began work on a device that would attach to a television set and display games in 1966, and the "Brown Box", the last prototype of seven, was licensed to Magnavox to adapt and produce. They announced the console in May 1972, and it went on sale that September. The console and its games featured numerous innovations beyond being the first video game device for home consumers: it was the first game to use a raster-scan video display, or television set, directly displayed via modification of a video signal; it was also the first video gaming device to be displayed in a television commercial. It sold for US$100 and shipped with several games, including "Table tennis", which Bushnell had seen a demo of and which Pong had been based on. The Odyssey sold over 100,000 units in 1972, and more than 350,000 by the end of 1975, buoyed by the popularity of the table tennis game, in turn driven by the success of Pong. Pong and the Odyssey kicked off a new era of video gaming, with numerous other competitors starting up in the video game industry as it grew in popularity.

References

Sources

External links

Research
Ralph H. Baer Papers, 1943–1953, 1966–1972, 2006 – Ralph Baer's prototypes and documentation housed at the Smithsonian Lemelson Center
Classic Gaming Expo 2000: Baer Describes the Birth of Videogames
"History of Video Games" Timeline by the Computerspielemuseum Berlin

Game simulation
EDSAC simulator to play OXO
Nimrod Interactive Simulation for Be OS operating system
Tennis for Two simulation
Spacewar! Java simulation

Video games


Kerry Cash (born August 7, 1969) is a former American football tight end in the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Indianapolis Colts in the fifth round of the 1991 NFL Draft. He played college football at the University of Texas.

Kerry also played for the Oakland Raiders and Chicago Bears.

College career
Cash played tight end while at Texas.

Personal
His twin brother Keith Cash played with him at Texas, and he also played in the NFL.
Since 2012, Kerry Cash has worked as a Precious Metals Specialist with the United States Gold Bureau in Austin, Texas. He has three sons. His eldest son, Isaiah, is on the football and track team at Houston Baptist University.

References

1969 births
Living people
Players of American football from San Antonio
American football tight ends
Texas Longhorns football players
Indianapolis Colts players
Oakland Raiders players
Chicago Bears players


Loretta Lynn's Greatest Hits, Vol. II is a compilation album by American country music singer-songwriter Loretta Lynn. It was released on May 13, 1974, by MCA Records. The album is made up of Lynn's biggest hits between 1968 and 1973.

Critical reception

In the issue dated May 25, 1975, Billboard published a review that said, "This attractive album is exactly what it says it is; an album of Loretta's greatest hits, ranging from "Love Is the Foundation" to "Hey Loretta"."

Cashbox also published a review in their May 25 issue which said, "The sparkling and effervescent quality of Loretta's voice marks her as truly one of the freshest and unique talents on the country music scene. With an
approach to music that is vivacious and full of life, Loretta gives her music a heartfelt sincerity that makes listening to her always a fine treat. This new LP is a stunning collection of her greatest hits all put together in this great package. Six cuts out of the eleven songs on the album were penned by Loretta Lynn herself. Included are "One's on the Way", "Your Squaw Is on the Warpath", "Hey Loretta", "Love Is the Foundation", "You're Lookin' at Country", and "I Wanna Be Free"."

Commercial performance
The album peaked at No. 5 on the US Billboard Hot Country LP's chart. The album became Lynn's fourth album to receive a Gold certification from the RIAA, which is awarded to an album that has sold 500,000 copies or more.

Track listing

Personnel
Adapted from the album liner notes and Decca and MCA recording session records.
Pete Axthelm – liner notes
Willie Ackerman – drums
Larry Barbier – photography
Harold Bradley – bass guitar, electric bass guitar
Owen Bradley – producer
Floyd Cramer – piano
Ray Edenton – acoustic guitar, electric guitar
Larry Estes – drums
Buddy Harman – drums
Junior Huskey – bass
The Jordanaires – background vocals
Billy Linneman – bass
Loretta Lynn – lead vocals
Grady Martin – guitar, lead electric guitar
Charlie McCoy – harmonica
Bob Moore – bass
Harold Morrison – banjo
Norbert Putnam – bass
Hargus Robbins – piano
Hal Rugg – steel guitar
Jerry Smith – piano
Bob Thompson – banjo
Dave Thornhill – guitar
Pete Wade – guitar
Joe Zinkan – bass

Charts

Certifications

References

1974 greatest hits albums
Loretta Lynn compilation albums
Albums produced by Owen Bradley
MCA Records compilation albums


Eunice High School is a public high school located in Eunice, in the far western end of St. Landry Parish, Louisiana, United States. It is operated by the St. Landry Parish School Board. Eunice High graduated its first class in 1910; the current building was built in 1966. In 1969, St. Landry Parish's former Charles Drew High School for African-American students was merged into Eunice High as part of desegregation. The address is 301 S Bobcat Dr. Eunice, LA 70535

Eunice High School athletics
Eunice High is a member of the Louisiana High School Athletic Association.

The Eunice High School Battling Bobcats are in District 4-4A and participate in football, baseball, softball, track, basketball, and tennis.

Championships
Football championships
(2) State Championships: 1982, 2018

Notable alumni

Danneel Ackles (Class of 1997) - actress
Kyries Hebert - professional football player
Curtis Joubert - former mayor of Eunice and member of Louisiana House of Representatives, was a teacher, basketball coach, and assistant principal at Eunice High School in early 1960s
Elwyn Nicholson - Louisiana state senator from Jefferson Parish from 1972 to 1988; grocery chain owner
Keith Ortego - football player
Tharold Simon - former NFL defensive back, played NCAA football at LSU, drafted by Seattle Seahawks
Dale Sittig (Class of 1959) - director of Louisiana Offshore Terminal Authority; former member of Louisiana Public Service Commission and  Louisiana House of Representatives
Stuart Turner - MLB catcher for Cincinnati Reds, won national championship at LSUE in 2012, attended Ole Miss where he won Johnny Bench Award for best NCAA catcher; drafted by Minnesota Twins and claimed by Reds in Rule 5 draft

References

External links

Public high schools in Louisiana
Schools in St. Landry Parish, Louisiana
Educational institutions in the United States with year of establishment missing


A troop a small unit of cavalry or some police forces.

Troop may also refer to:

Military and government
 Troops, a collective term for soldiers

Entertainment
 Troop (band), an R&B group from Pasadena, California
 Troops (film), an independent spoof of COPS and Star Wars
 F Troop, a satirical American television sitcom
 The Troop, a TV sitcom
 Troop, a family name from Kipling's Captains Courageous
 The Troop (book), a novel by Nick Cutter

Other uses
 Troop (clothing brand), a 1980s hip hop clothing brand
 Scout troop, a unit of boy or girl scouts
 TrOOP, true out-of-pocket expenses (Medicare Part D Coverage)
 Troop, the collective noun for a social group of primates

See also
 Trooper (disambiguation)


This is a list of RC Strasbourg Alsace's managers from 1928, with their records from 1934, the first year the club played in Ligue 1.

Definition
This list contains only the "entraîneurs", i.e. the staff member responsible for first team coaching on a day-to-day basis (including training, tactical choices, team selection for every match and in-game substitutions). In French football, this post is frequently separated from the more general team policy (finances, transfers, scouting, youth development), attributed to a "directeur sportif" or  general manager . For example, between 1998 and 1999 Pierre Mankowski was the "entraîneur" responsible for the first team while Claude Le Roy was acting as "manager général" with extensive power on the squad's roster and transfer policy. When Mankowski was sacked, Le Roy replaced him and cumulated both functions as a British manager would do.

Records
Racing has had 46 managers in the professional era, with the holder of the office changing 56 times. This is a record in French football only surpassed by Olympique de Marseille. Gilbert Gress holds the record for the longest serving manager at the club, both for a single spell (39 months btw. 1977-80, 152 matches) and overall (75 months in two spells, 273 matches). Paul Frantz holds the record for the most spells at Racing with four (73 months overall, 227 matches). Jacky Duguépéroux is the only manager to win two trophies with Strasbourg.

Complete list

Key
* Served as caretaker manager.

References

Managers


The Hurricane Deck Bridge was a truss arch bridge located on Lake of the Ozarks in the unincorporated community of Hurricane Deck in Camden County, Missouri. It carried Missouri Route 5 across the Osage Arm of the lake. It was perhaps one of the most distinctive features on the lake. It was the only truss-type bridge remaining on the lake. The American Institute of Steel Construction selected the bridge as the most beautiful steel span built in 1936. It was about half a mile long. The bridge was replaced in 2013.

History
Construction for the bridge began in 1934 and was completed in 1936. The bridge was one of three bridges on the lake constructed with the truss support below the deck enabling passengers to see the lake clearly. The bridge construction was similar to that of the original Niangua Bridge. Before the bridge was built, cars were moved across the lake by ferry.

At one time the bridge was originally a toll bridge. The prices to pass were 40 cents for car and driver, 5 cents for each additional passenger; cars towing trailers had to pay 60 cents plus the nickel surcharge for each additional passenger. One could also save a dime by purchasing a round trip toll.

In 2012, MODOT began construction to replace the bridge with a Delta Frame Bridge, also known as the new Hurricane Deck Bridge. It opened to traffic in September 2013. The old Hurricane Deck Bridge was demolished in December 2013.

References

External links
Bridgehunter.com

Bridges completed in 1936
Steel bridges in the United States
Lake of the Ozarks
Buildings and structures in Camden County, Missouri
Road bridges in Missouri
Former toll bridges in Missouri
Truss arch bridges in the United States


The 1952–53 Greek Football Cup was the 11th edition of the Greek Football Cup. The competition culminated with the Greek Cup Final, held at Leoforos Alexandras Stadium, on 17 May 1953. The match was contested by Olympiacos and AEK Athens, with Olympiacos winning by 3–2.

Calendar
From Round of 16 onwards:

Knockout phase
In the knockout phase, teams play against each other over a single match. If the match ends up as a draw, extra time will be played and if the match remains a draw a replay match is set at the home of the guest team which the extra time rule stands as well. If a winner doesn't occur after the replay match the winner emerges by a flip of a coin. The mechanism of the draws for each round is as follows:
In the draw for the round of 16, the eight top teams of each association are seeded and the eight clubs that passed the qualification round are unseeded.The seeded teams are drawn against the unseeded teams.
In the draws for the quarter-finals onwards, there are no seedings, and teams from the same group can be drawn against each other.

Bracket

Round of 16

|}

Quarter-finals

|}

Semi-finals

|}

Final

The 11th Greek Cup Final was played at the Leoforos Alexandras Stadium.

References

External links
Greek Cup 1952-53 at RSSSF

Greek Football Cup seasons
Greek Cup
Cup


Ritva Kaija Hannele Melender (née Lemettinen, born 9 September 1960 in Ylistaro) is a retired female marathon runner from Finland. She represented Finland at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain, finishing in 14th place in the women's marathon. She twice won the Chicago Marathon, in 1993 and 1995. Her personal best time is 2:28:00 set at the London Marathon in 1995. This is also the current Finnish national record.

Achievements

References

sports-reference

1960 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Seinäjoki
Finnish female long-distance runners
Athletes (track and field) at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Finland
Chicago Marathon female winners


The McLaren M19A is a Formula One racing car built and run by McLaren in three World Championship seasons between 1971 and 1973. The C version (an extension of the A car) was used in the  and 1973 seasons.

Design
With Gordon Coppuck preoccupied by designing the McLaren M16 Indianapolis 500 car, the task of designing an all-new Formula 1 car for 1971 fell on Ralph Bellamy. The result was a distinctive car that was nicknamed "The Alligator Car". The pear-shaped cockpit sides that led to this nickname were a result of placing two of the car's three  fuel tanks alongside the driver.

The M19A used inboard coilover shocks for the front and rear suspension, which were actuated through a swinging link that gave an increasing spring rate as the springs were compressed. This linkage was dropped in favor of a conventional system with the M19C. The M19A and M19C both used a mid-mounted Cosworth DFV V8 and Hewland 5-speed manual gearbox.

Competition history

1971
The McLaren M19A debuted at the 1971 South African Grand Prix with 1967 world champion Denny Hulme driving. Peter Gethin continued driving a McLaren M14A until a second M19A was built for the Dutch Grand Prix. Jackie Oliver took over driving the second McLaren for the Austrian Grand Prix after Gethin left to drive for BRM. Hulme scored the M19's first fastest lap at the Canadian Grand Prix, but a string of reliability issues had left McLaren placing only sixth in the Constructor's Championship.

The second car was sponsored by Penske-White Racing for the Canadian Grand Prix and United States Grand Prix. Mark Donohue made his Formula 1 debut in that car at Canada, finishing third. David Hobbs drove the car for the United States Grand Prix.

1972
 McLaren gained a new sponsor for the 1972 Formula One season, the cosmetics and perfume company Yardley of London. The cars were repainted white to reflect this new sponsorship, with only the side fuel tanks continuing to be painted in the traditional McLaren orange.

The season began on a high note with Denny Hulme finishing the Argentine Grand Prix in second place, the first podium finish for a McLaren M19. Peter Revson made his McLaren debut in the second car. The next race proved even better, with both drivers on the podium and Hulme taking both his and McLaren's first win since the 1969 Mexican Grand Prix.

The modified M19C made its debut at Monaco in the hands of Denny Hulme, with Revson and Brian Redman continuing to use the M19A until the Austrian Grand Prix. Revson claimed pole position at the Canadian Grand Prix, McLaren's first ever pole position. Increased reliability over 1971 and a string of podium finishes secured third place in the 1972 Constructor's Championship for McLaren.

Future world champion Jody Scheckter made his Formula 1 debut in a M19A at the United States Grand Prix.

1973
McLaren began the 1973 Formula One season with both Denny Hulme and Peter Revson continuing to drive the M19C. Revson switched to a M19A for the Brazilian Grand Prix, then Hulme was given the new McLaren M23 for the South African Grand Prix. Hulme qualified the M23 on pole and finished fifth, with Revson and Jody Scheckter finishing in second and ninth place in the two M19C's, giving the M19 its 13th and final podium finish. This race would prove to be the last race for a McLaren M19.

Complete Formula One World Championship results
(key) (results in bold indicate pole position; results in italics indicate fastest lap)

** 36 points in  scored using the McLaren M23

References

External links

McLaren Formula One cars
1971 Formula One season cars
1972 Formula One season cars
1973 Formula One season cars


Spyros Moustakas (, 1914 - 2002) was a writer of folklore books on Lemnos.

Biography

Moustakas was born in Livadochori on the island of Lemnos in 1914.  He was the only child of his parents, Panagiotis and Fanio.  He attended the village's public school and Lemnos High School.  He was later enrolled at the Zarifeio Children's Academy in Alexandroupoli and during that time, he was the head journalist of the Greek children's writer Evangelos Papanoutsos.

He worked as a teacher for four years in Samothrace and for five years in Lemnos.  He also worked in Alexandroupoli at the Public School Inspection Office.

His most prolific publications were his textbooks, titled Lemnos Folklore Thesauros.  He was able to publish four editions, which currently reside in the Karatzadeio Library in Myrina.

Bibliography

Laografik(o) thisavr(o)i this Limnou (Λαογραφικοί Θησαυροί της Λήμνου = Lemnos Folklore Thesaurus):
Volume I, Diptyho, Athens 1982
Volume II, Diptyho, Athens 1982
Volume IV, Halkida 1999
Volume V, Halkida 1999

His other manuscripts "books" (in the Karatzadeio Library in Myrina):

Lemnos Folklore Thesaurus, Volumes II, VI to XXI

1914 births
2002 deaths
Greek writers
People from Lemnos


Not Without My Sister is a 2007 best-selling book written by sisters, Juliana Buhring, Celeste Jones and Kristina Jones. The book details their life, and eventual escape, from the Children of God group. It was number 1 on the Sunday Times best-seller list for 5 weeks, and remained in the top 10 list for 15 consecutive weeks. It has been translated into nine languages.

External links
Not Without My Sister — The official site for the book. Includes a guest-book, author biographies, photographs, a blog and excerpts from the book.
Review of the book — with many links to press coverage.
Author Juliana Buhring's personal website.

2007 non-fiction books
Autobiographies
HarperCollins books