Gumtha  is a village development committee in Mugu District in the Karnali Zone of north-western Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 1788 people living in 358 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mugu District

Populated places in Mugu District


Yvonne Adélaïde Moundélé-Ngollo (born 1944) is a Congolese politician who has served in the government of Congo-Brazzaville as Minister of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises since 2007. She was previously Director-General of Hydro-Congo from 1998 to 1999 and Minister of Trade from 2002 to 2007.

Political career
Moundélé-Ngollo was born in Brazzaville. She is a daughter of Édouard Mougany, who was a member of the National Assembly and an ally of President Fulbert Youlou. Her first husband was Ange Diawara, a military officer and early leader of the Congolese Labour Party (PCT) who was executed in 1973 for his role in the 1972 coup plot. She later married another politician, Benoît Moundélé-Ngollo, who served as a government minister, as Mayor of Brazzaville, and as Prefect of Brazzaville.

After holding high-level posts at Hydro-Congo, the national oil exploration and exploitation company (including the post of Director of the Department of Studies and Planning from 1986 to 1994), Moundélé-Ngollo was an Adviser to the Minister of Hydrocarbons from 1994 to 1998. She also attended the United Nations Fourth World Conference on Women as a delegate from Congo-Brazzaville in September 1995. Moundélé-Ngollo was the Director-General of Hydro-Congo from December 1998 to December 1999. She later became a member of the National Executive Bureau of Club 2002, which supports President Denis Sassou Nguesso and is led by his nephew, Willy Sassou Nguesso.

After the May–June 2002 parliamentary election, Moundélé-Ngollo was appointed as Minister of Trade, Consumption, and Supplies on 18 August 2002, and she succeeded Pierre-Damien Boussoukou Boumba in that position on 21 August. In late 2002 and early 2003, she played a key role in peace initiatives regarding the Ninja rebellion, led by Pasteur Ntoumi; a peace agreement was signed on 17 March 2003, and she became a member of the Monitoring Committee of the Convention for Peace and National Reconstruction.

In the June–August 2007 parliamentary election, Moundélé-Ngollo was elected to the National Assembly as the Club 2002 candidate in the first constituency of Mindouli, located in the Pool Region. After placing second with 42.10% of the vote in the first round, she faced Congolese Movement for Democracy and Integral Development (MCDDI) candidate Jean-Claude Massoba in the second round and won the seat. After the election, she was moved from her position as Minister of Trade, Consumption, and Supplies to that of Minister of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises, in charge of the Craft Industry, on 30 December 2007. Her alternate, Auguste Mpassi-Mouba, took up her seat in the National Assembly.

Mpassi-Mouba died on 16 October 2009, thereby leaving the seat for Mindouli 1 vacant. To resume her seat in the National Assembly, it would have been necessary for Moundélé-Ngollo to resign from the government, and she apparently did not want to do so; consequently, a by-election was called for July 2010 to replace Mpassi-Mouba. Constitutionally, the matter was considered somewhat unclear, as the by-election was being called to replace an alternate while the titular deputy was still alive. Moundélé-Ngollo stood again as a candidate in the by-election; because it was understood that she would remain in the government, her alternate was effectively the real candidate.

References

1944 births
Living people
People from Brazzaville
Members of the National Assembly (Republic of the Congo)
Government ministers of the Republic of the Congo
Club 2002 – Party for the Unity of the Republic politicians
Women government ministers of the Republic of the Congo
21st-century Republic of the Congo women politicians
21st-century Republic of the Congo politicians


The Marquis de Vaudreuil may refer to:
Philippe de Rigaud de Vaudreuil (1643–1702), governor of Montréal then of New France
Pierre de Rigaud de Vaudreuil (1698–1778), last governor-general of New France
Louis-Philippe de Rigaud, Marquis of Vaudreuil (1691 – 1763), French admiral
Louis-Philippe de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil (1724 – 1802), French admiral, son of the former


Hyanglung  is a village development committee in Mugu District in the Karnali Zone of north-western Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 1318 people living in 239 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mugu District

Populated places in Mugu District


Robert Alexander Cameron (February 22, 1828 – March 15, 1894) was an American soldier and newspaper publisher. He served as a Union general during the American Civil War. During the war he was made a brigadier general and after the war was appointed a brevet major general. After the war he was heavily involved in developing farms in the U.S. state of Colorado.

Early life and career
Cameron was born in Brooklyn, New York. He moved with his parents to Valparaiso, Indiana in the early 1842, where he attended the local public schools. Cameron graduated from Indiana Medical College in 1849, and also attended Rush Medical College in Chicago, however he soon gave up his medical studies.

In 1857, Cameron bought and began publishing the Valparaiso Republican, a local newspaper. He also served as a Republican delegate to their 1860 convention in Chicago, supporting the campaign of Abraham Lincoln for U.S. President.

Civil War service

When the American Civil War began, Cameron was a doctor in practice at Valparaiso and a member of the Indiana House of Representatives.  He enlisted in the 9th Indiana, a three-month regiment, and was elected captain on April 23, 1861. With the 9th, Cameron saw service in the Western Virginia Campaigns. After those three months were up, Cameron re-enlisted for the duration of hostilities and was appointed lieutenant colonel of the 19th Indiana Infantry on July 29.

In September 1861, Cameron and the 19th Indiana fought in a skirmish at Chain Bridge, one of the bridges over the Potomac River leading into Washington, D.C. After the action Col. Solomon Meredith, Cameron's brigade commander, thought highly of his performance, stating that he "rode the lines giving orders and maintaining a calmness that was not even shattered when the concussion of a shell brought his horse to its knees."  Despite this praise, Cameron was not able to get along with Meredith, and asked Indiana governor Oliver Morton to be removed from the 19th and assigned elsewhere. His request would be granted early in the following year.

On February 3, 1862, Cameron was transferred to the 34th Indiana, and Cameron and the 34th fought in Missouri at the action near New Madrid and the following Battle of Island Number Ten that February to April. He also participated in the capture of Memphis, Tennessee, on June 6. Cameron was then promoted to colonel and given command of the 34th, both on June 15.

With his regiment Cameron participated in the 1863 Vicksburg Campaign, where he was slightly wounded in his eyes during the Battle of Port Gibson on May 1. Cameron was promoted to brigadier general in the Union Army on August 11, 1863. After several stints of brigade command in late 1863 and 1864, he led a division of the XIII Corps during the 1864 Red River Campaign. During the Battle of Mansfield in Louisiana on April 8, Cameron's men attempted to reinforce the crumbling Union line around 5 p.m., but were forced back when it finally broke near 6 p.m.

Cameron finished the war in district command in the Department of the Gulf at Thibodaux, Louisiana. On March 13, 1865, he was appointed a brevet major general in the Union Army, and he resigned his commission soon after on June 22.<ref name="Robert Alexander Cameron

Postbellum
Following the war, Cameron headed to the Western United States and was active in establishing farm colonies in Colorado, and was also prominent in the politics and the economic development of the former territory. In 1870 Cameron was influential in founding of Greeley, and was elected president of Greeley’s board of trustees in 1871. He was lured away by William Jackson Palmer to become superintendent of a new colony, which later would grow into the city of Colorado Springs. Cameron also took part in an attempt to establish Fort Collins.

Cameron then moved to San Francisco, California, where he stayed there for few years before returning to Colorado to serve as a postal clerk in Denver. From 1885–87, he served as warden of Colorado State Penitentiary. In the spring of 1894 Cameron died on his farm near Cañon City, Colorado, and is buried there.

Legacy
Camerons Cone is located in Pike National Forest, about  from Colorado Springs, Colorado, and was named for Robert Alexander Cameron. When originally dedicated, the summit was called Cameron's Cone. Cameron Pass, a gap in the Medicine Bow Mountains range, was also named in his honor in 1870.

See also

List of American Civil War generals (Union)

References

Bibliography

1828 births
1894 deaths
19th-century American newspaper publishers (people)
Members of the Indiana House of Representatives
Politicians from Brooklyn
People of Indiana in the American Civil War
Union Army generals
19th-century American journalists
American male journalists
19th-century American male writers
19th-century American politicians
Journalists from New York City


The 1983 FA Charity Shield was the 61st FA Charity Shield, an annual football match played between the winners of the previous season's First Division and FA Cup competitions. The match was played on 20 August 1983 at Wembley Stadium and contested by Liverpool, who had won the 1982–83 First Division, and Manchester United, who had won the 1982–83 FA Cup. Manchester United won 2–0 with a brace from captain Bryan Robson. It was Liverpool's first competitive game under the management of Joe Fagan, who had been promoted from the coaching staff to replace the retiring Bob Paisley.

Match details

See also
 1982–83 Football League
 1982–83 FA Cup

1983
Charity Shield
Charity Shield 1983
Charity Shield 1983
Comm


William Patton may refer to:

William Patton (preacher) (1798–1879), American preacher
William Weston Patton (1821–1899), his son, American abolitionist
William Hampton Patton (1853–1918), American entomologist

William Patton (architect), English-born, American architect of churches including Church of Our Saviour (Placerville, California)
Will Patton (born 1954), American actor
Billy Joe Patton (1922–2011), American amateur golfer

See also
William Patten (disambiguation)
William Paton (disambiguation)
William Patton Thornton (1817–1883), American physician and educator


Lasmigona costata, the flutedshell, is a species of freshwater mussel. It is an aquatic bivalve mollusk in the family Unionidae.

References

costata
Molluscs of North America
Fauna of the Great Lakes region (North America)


Jima, Nepal  is a village development committee in Mugu District in the Karnali Zone of north-western Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 1660 people living in 312 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mugu District

Populated places in Mugu District


The Trade Union Act 1871 (34 & 35 Vict c 31) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which legalised trade unions for the first time in the United Kingdom. This was one of the founding pieces of legislation in UK labour law, though it has today been superseded by the Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992.

Background
The Conservative Prime Minister, the Earl of Derby, set up a Royal Commission on Trade Unions in 1867. One worker representative was on the commission, Frederic Harrison, who prepared union witnesses. Robert Applegarth from the Amalgamated Society of Carpenters and Joiners was a union observer of the proceedings.

The majority report of the Commission was hostile to the idea of decriminalising trade unions.  Frederic Harrison, Thomas Hughes and the Earl of Lichfield produced their own minority report, recommending the following changes in the law:
 Combinations of workers should not be liable for conspiracy unless it would be criminal if committed by a single person.
 The restraint of trade doctrine in common law should not apply to trade associations.
 All existing legislation applying to unions specifically should be repealed.
 All unions should receive full legal protection of their funds.

When William Ewart Gladstone's new government came to power, the Trade Union Congress campaigned for the minority report, made under the leadership of Sir William Erle, to be adopted. It was successful.

In its passage through Parliament, Mr Bruce introduced the First Reading of the Bill, quoting the Minority Report.

Provisions of the Act

Section 2 provided that the purposes of trade unions should not, although possibly deemed to be in restraint of trade, be deemed unlawful to make any member liable for criminal prosecution.
Section 3 said the restraint of trade doctrine should not make any trade union agreements or trusts void or voidable.
Section 4 stated that any trade union agreements were not directly enforceable or subject to claims for damages for breach. This was designed to ensure that courts did not interfere in union affairs.
Section 6 provided a system of voluntary registration, which carried some small advantages.
It also allowed union members to access the financial records of the union (now ss 28-30, Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992)

Amendments and repeal
However the Criminal Law Amendment Act 1871 was passed at the same time, which made picketing illegal. This was not repealed until the Conspiracy and Protection of Property Act 1875.

The Act was fully repealed by the Trade Union and Labour Relations Act 1974.

Notes

External links
Full text of Trade Union Act 1871 on worldlii.org
Second Reading of the Trade Union Bill in the Commons

1871 in labor relations
United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1871
June 1871 events
United Kingdom labour law
Trade union legislation
History of labour law
British trade unions history
Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby
William Ewart Gladstone


Charles-René-Louis, vicomte de Bernard de Marigny (1 February 1740, in Sées – 25 July 1816, in Brest) was a French vice admiral, grand-cross of the ordre de Saint-Louis and commander of the Brest fleet.

Biography
Born the fourth boy of an eight-child, old-but-poor family from Normandy, Marigny was destined to an ecclesiastic career; he was soon sent to Sées seminary. However, his temperament inclined him more to adventure; and at age 14 he escaped the seminary to find refuge with his older brother, Augustin Etienne Gaspard Bernard de Marigny, who was a Garde-Marine in Rochefort.

Marigny broke relations with his father and studied to enter the gardes de la marine as well. He was admitted in 1754 and was appointed to the frigate Valeur the next year, for a 14-month campaign. He suffered from acute sea sickness, but he eventually managed to overcome this problem.

Promoted to ensign in 1757, Marigny was appointed to the corvette Zéphir, and later to the 74-gun Actif, taking part in a campaign to India.

After 40 months, Marigny returned to France on Zodiaque, and served successively on Glorieux, Minotaure, Union, the frigate  Légère and the fluyt Garonne. He cruised off Hispaniola, off Africa, Portugal, and India. In 1767, he was promoted to lieutenant and sent in a survey mission on the coasts of India. After an eight-month journey, he returned to France with a mémoire for the Ministry of the Navy.

In 1770, Marigny was given command of the scow Dorade, ferrying ammunition from Bayonne to Rochefort. After Dorade was decommissioned, Marigny was appointed to the harbor of Brest.

In 1775, Marigny was awarded the Order of Saint Louis and given command of the corvette Serin, and of the station of Windward Islands.

Poisoned by sleeping on his freshly repainted ship, Marigny fell ill for one year and had to resign his command. Once cured, he was given command of the corvette Étourdie, cruising in the English Channel for six months.

In late 1777, Marigny was appointed to the frigate Belle Poule and tasked with escorting Simeon Deane, brother of Silas Deane, back to the United States, who had been sent by Benjamin Franklin with
news of the preliminaries and imminent signing of the Franco-American treaties.
On 7 January 1778, Belle Poulle was intercepted by HMS Hector and HMS Courageux at 45° 46 N 8° W. The ships maneuvered as to take Belle Poule in a crossfire and demanded that Marigny put a boat to sea, which he refused. A British ship then sent a boat and asked "Who are you, where do you come from, where are you sailing?", to which Marigny replied:

After some negotiation, the British officer stated that he had confused Belle Poule for a ship of the revolted colonies masquerading as a French ship.

As freemason, Charles de Bernard de Marigny served as "worshipful master" of his lodge, l'Heureuse rencontre, in Brest

Citations

References
  Joseph François Gabriel Hennequin, Biographie maritime, vol. 1, Paris, Regnault, 1835, p. 351-63.

1740 births
1816 deaths
People from Sées
French Navy admirals
French Freemasons
French naval commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
Order of Saint Louis recipients


Karkibada  is a village development committee in Mugu District in the Karnali Zone of north-western Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2355 people living in 399 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mugu District

Populated places in Mugu District


Charles John Drulis (March 8, 1918 – August 23, 1972) was an American football player and coach born in Girardville, Pennsylvania. He attended Temple University and played seven seasons in the National Football League (NFL). Drulis, along with his brothers Joe and Albert, who also played in the NFL, was elected into the Pennsylvania Sports Hall of Fame.

Drulis made his professional debut in the NFL in 1942 with the Chicago Bears but spent the next two-and-a-half seasons in military service during World War II.  He returned to the Bears in 1945 and played there until 1949. Drulis spent his final season with the Green Bay Packers.

Drulis went on to spend many years as a defensive assistant.  During his tenure as secondary coach of the St. Louis Cardinals, Drulis devised a play that called for one of the safeties to take part in a blitz, code-named "Wildcat."  He believed this would result in severe pressure on the quarterback, since a blitz by a defensive back is not usually anticipated.  However, at first he didn't think he had a player with the athleticism to run the play.  That changed during training camp in , when the Cardinals signed a cornerback from Utah named Larry Wilson.  Drulis believed he'd found the player he needed for his scheme, and persuaded the Cardinals to convert Wilson to free safety. Largely due to the play, Wilson blossomed into one of the greatest defensive players in NFL history, and became so identified with it that "Wildcat" became his nickname.

After Pop Ivy resigned late in the 1961 season, Drulis shared head coaching duties with fellow assistant coaches Ray Prochaska and Ray Willsey. Under the trio's guidance, the team won its last two games.

Chuck's wife, Dale Drulis, was an artist who was commissioned to create the artwork at the Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton, Ohio. The 3 hammered copper figures over the entry depict a running back with a blocker and tackler in an action scene. Dale used her husband Chuck and her sons Chuck and Kerry as models for the figures in the sculpture.

References

1918 births
1972 deaths
American football guards
Camp Lejeune Marines football players
Chicago Bears players
Green Bay Packers players
St. Louis Cardinals (football) head coaches
St. Louis Cardinals (football) coaches
Temple Owls football players
American military personnel of World War II
Sportspeople from Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania
Coaches of American football from Pennsylvania
Players of American football from Pennsylvania
Military personnel from Pennsylvania


Darja Švajger (born 16 June 1965 in Maribor, SR Slovenia, SFR Yugoslavia) is one of Slovenia's most popular singers, perhaps best known internationally for having represented her country in the Eurovision Song Contest on two occasions.

Early life
Music entered Darja's life when she was still a child. After finishing secondary school, she entered the College of Music and attended art classes in Graz, Austria, where she studied classical solo singing and jazz. In 1997, she graduated magna cum laude. Already during her studies she had started performing as a solo vocalist with various bands and symphony orchestras. Since 1992 she has been engaged in several projects of the Slovene National Theatre in Maribor. In 1993, the international jury of the Melodies of the Sea and the Sun pop music festival, held in Koper, awarded her first prize in the Slovenian section of the international category. Her first album, In the Arms of the Night, soon followed.

Albums
 1994: V objemu noči
 1995: Prisluhni mi
 1998: Trenutki
 1999: Še tisoč let
 2001: Plameni
 2005: Najlepše uspešnice
 2008: Moji obrazi
 2013: Moji obrazi

Eurovision 1995
The year 1995 was of great importance to Darja. She represented Slovenia in the Eurovision Song Contest in Dublin, performing the song Prisluhni mi ("Listen to me") by Primoc Peterca and Saso Fajon. The ballad achieved seventh place: Slovenia's best ever result to the contest. Darja won the 1995 and 1996 Pop Singer of the Year awards in Slovenia. In the following years, she became very active and her second album, Moments, was released in 1998.

Official music videos
 1995: Prisluhni mi
 1999: Še tisoč let / For a thousand years
 2014: Sončen dan
 2015: En svet

Eurovision 1999
In 1999, Darja again won Slovene national selection for Eurovision and therefore was selected to represent the country in the Eurovision Song Contest held in Jerusalem. Peterca and Fajon again wrote a ballad for her, entitled For A Thousand Years. The composer stated that he had been inspired by the city of New York during his four-month stay there. Slovene broadcaster RTV had high hopes and indeed the song was in first place at the beginning of the voting: it even got a highest score of 12 points from Ireland and Croatia. The song finally scored a total of 50 points and was ranked 11th among the 23 entries.

See also
Slovenia in the Eurovision Song Contest

External links

The official site of the Slovenian National Broadcaster
The official site of the Eurovision Song Contest

1965 births
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 1995
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 1999
Living people
Musicians from Maribor
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Slovenia
20th-century Slovenian women singers
Slovenian jazz singers
Slovenian pop singers
21st-century Slovenian women singers


Kotdanda  also known as Kot Dada is a village development committee in Mugu District in the Karnali Zone of north-western Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 1465 people living in 244 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mugu District

Populated places in Mugu District


Urraca of Zamora (1033/34 – 1101/03) was a Leonese infanta, one of the five children of Ferdinand I the Great, who received the city of Zamora as her inheritance and exercised palatine authority in it. Her story was romanticized in the cantar de gesta called the Cantar de Mio Cid, and Robert Southey's Chronicle of the Cid.

Succession dispute

Before his death in 1065, Ferdinand divided his widespread conquests in central Spain between his five children, charging them to live at peace with one another. Ferdinand's oldest son, Sancho II, received Castile and the tribute from Zaragoza; Alfonso VI received León and the tribute from Toledo; and García II received Galicia. His daughters, Elvira and Urraca, received Toro and Zamora respectively.

Sancho, however, resolved to rule over his father's entire kingdom and made war on his siblings. By 1072, Sancho had overthrown his youngest brother Garcia, and forced his other brother Alfonso to flee to his Moorish vassal city of Toledo. Toro, the city of Sancho's sister Elvira, fell easily. But in a siege of Urraca's better-defended city of Zamora, King Sancho was stalled, and was then mysteriously assassinated on 7 October 1072. It was widely suspected that the assassination was a result of a pact between Alfonso and Urraca. The Chronicle of the Cid, purportedly written by one of the Cid's followers, states that the assassin was a nobleman of Zamora, who then received sanctuary in the city. The chronicle is careful not to place any direct blame on Alfonso or Urraca, just as it takes pains to stress that the participation of the Cid at the siege of Zamora was involuntary and supposedly forced on him by King Sancho.

Alfonso's reign
The Castilian nobility, highly suspicious of both Urraca and Alfonso, maintained the siege of Zamora for a period after Sancho's death. In the absence of Sancho, however, their siege was pointless. According to the chronicle, the guilt of Zamora was decided by a trial by combat, which proved inconclusive. Urraca sent summons to the nobles of Sancho's dominions, and Alfonso was grudgingly acknowledged as heir to both Castile and León. Suspicion, however, remained and, led by the Cid  and a dozen "oath-helpers", the nobles forced Alfonso to swear to his innocence publicly in front of St. Gadea's Church in Burgos. From this incident dated Alfonso's later antagonism to the Cid.

Death
In her later years, Urraca gradually gave up her governing duties, finally retiring to a monastery in Leon, where she supposedly died in 1101. However, a document from 1103 where she made a donation was retrieved, so the Infanta might have died few months or years later.

She is interred in the Chapel of the Kings at the Basílica of San Isidoro of León, along with her siblings Elvira and García.

The following epitaph in Latin was carved in her tombstone:

Literature and film

In the poetic legend, Dona Urraca is the wronged infanta, watching Sancho and the Cid despoil her lands from the battlements of her castle shortly before Sancho is murdered. Her brother Alfonso is her loyal and chivalrous defender.

The 1961 Hollywood film El Cid largely follows the narrative of the Chronicle and the poetic epics, adding to the character of the Infanta a spurned woman role scheming against the Cid, once she seems rejected by him; however it omits the story that Urraca and Rodrigo grew up as close companions in Zamora and there may be other omissions. And it stretches the psychological card that as the older and provoking sister she plays off her brothers Alfonso and Sancho's quarrels for her city and herself [it intimates the incestuous rumours that existed about her and Alfonso, though subtly, as befits a '60's film]. Later in the film, after the death of the haughty older brother Sancho, she focuses her favours to extract from Alfonso compensation for her own grudges with Ruy Diaz. For some reason the film wrongly makes Urraca the ruler of Calahorra, rather than Zamora.  Urraca is portrayed by the French actress Geneviève Page.

References
Del Arco y Garay, Ricardo. Instituto Jerónimo Zurita. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas.. ed. Sepulcros de la Casa Real de Castilla. Madrid. OCLC 11366237.
Blanco Lozano, Pilar. Colección diplomática de Fernando I (1037–1065). León: Centro de Estudios e Investigación «San Isidoro» (CSIC-CECEL) y Archivo Histórico Diocesano, 1987. .
Martínez Díez, Gonzalo. El Condado de Castilla (711–1065). La Historia frente a la leyenda. Valladolid, Junta de Castilla y León, 2004. .
Sánchez Candeira, Alfonso. Castilla y León en el siglo XI. Estudio del reinado de Fernando I. Madrid: Real Academia de la Historia, 1999. 349 p. .
Viñayo González, Antonio. Fernando I, el Magno (1035–1065). Burgos: La Olmeda, 1999. 309 p. .

External links
Southey's translation of the Chronicle of The Cid

1030s births
1101 deaths
11th-century women rulers
12th-century women rulers
11th-century people from the Kingdom of León
11th-century Spanish women
12th-century nobility from León and Castile
Burials in the Royal Pantheon at the Basilica of San Isidoro
Leonese infantas
El Cid
Women in medieval European warfare
Women in war in Spain
Women in 11th-century warfare
Daughters of kings


Elvira (1038 or 1039 – 15 November 1101) was a Leonese infanta and the Lady of Toro, Zamora, the daughter of Ferdinand I of León and Castile and Sancha of León, and granddaughter-namesake of Elvira Menéndez, and also an aunt of Elvira of Castile, Queen of Sicily.

She made an important donation of lands to the monastery of San Salvador de Oña in the year 1087. She received the city of Toro on the death of her father, while her sister Urraca received Zamora, and her brothers Sancho II, Alfonso VI and García received the kingdoms of Castile, León, and Galicia respectively.

Elvira was buried in the Royal Pantheon at the Basilica of San Isidoro.

Sources

1030s births
Year of death uncertain
Year of birth uncertain
11th-century women rulers
11th-century nobility from the Kingdom of León
Spanish royalty
Burials in the Royal Pantheon at the Basilica of San Isidoro
Leonese infantas
Daughters of kings


The Ukrani or Ukrians (, ) were a West Slavic Polabian tribe in the Uckermark (terra U(c)kera, Uckerland) from the 6th–12th centuries. Their settlement area was centered on the lakes Oberuckersee and Unteruckersee at the spring of the Uecker River. In this region, burghs with a proto-town suburbium were set up at Drense and on an isle in Lake Oberuckersee (near modern Prenzlau).

In 954, Margrave Gero of the Saxon Eastern March (the marca Geronis), aided by Holy Roman Emperor Otto I's son-in-law, Conrad of Lorraine, launched a successful campaign to subdue the Ukrians, who had come within reach of the Holy Roman Empire's Northern March after the 929 Battle of Lenzen. After the 983 revolt of the Obodrites and Lutici, the area became independent again, yet remained under permanent military pressure, especially from Poland and the Holy Roman Empire.

See also
Uckermark
Ukranenland
Pomerania during the Early Middle Ages
List of medieval Slavic tribes
Brandenburg
Veleti
Prissani

References

Polabian Slavs
History of Brandenburg
History of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
Uckermark (district)


RCAF Station Tofino (ADC ID: C-36) was a Second World War and Cold War, Royal Canadian Air Force, Radar station located in British Columbia. It was located  southeast of Tofino, British Columbia, Canada.

History
The site was developed during the early days of World War II and was opened in 1943 as a RCAF "Radio Detachment". The radar at the base was used to protect the Pacific coast from enemy attack. Due to the site's remote location it was equipped with its own airfield. The base was protected by a RCAF Squadron. The site was decommissioned in 1945.  In 1955 the station was reopened again as a radar station in the Pinetree Line. The site was under the control of NORAD. The radar station was closed on 10 January 1958 and is now operated as the Tofino Airport.

Aerodrome information
In approximately 1942 the aerodrome was listed as RCAF Aerodrome - Tofino, British Columbia at  with a variation of 24.5 degrees east and elevation of .  The aerodrome was listed as "Under construction - Serviceable" with three runways as follows:

Squadrons
 No. 4 Squadron RCAF -  anti-submarine unit under Western Air Command 1941-1945
 No. 132 Squadron RCAF - fighter unit under Western Air Command 1943–1944; disbanded at Sea Island in 1944
 No. 133 Squadron RCAF - fighter unit under Western Air Command spent time in Tofino
 No. 52 Aircraft Control & Warning Squadron - Pinetree Line 1955-1958

References

 Bruce Forsyth's Canadian Military History Page

Defunct airports in British Columbia
Royal Canadian Air Force stations
Military airbases in British Columbia
Military history of British Columbia


Justin Marler (born July 29, 1972) is an American musician. He is known for being a founding member of the stoner rock band Sleep and for leaving a burgeoning career in music to become a monk in an Eastern Orthodox monastery.

In 1990, Marler joined the members of a little-known band called Asbestosdeath (with Al Cisneros, Chris Hakius and Matt Pike), which the members later renamed Sleep. Soon after recording Sleep's first full-length record, Volume One, Marler vanished, while the band went on to become metal icons.

Marler turned up at Saint Herman of Alaska Monastery in northern California and was later transferred to a monastery on a nearly-deserted island in Alaska. During his seven-year stint as a monk, he founded the widely distributed zine titled Death to the World. The zine had a considerable impact on youth counterculture during the mid- to late-1990s, which caught the attention of the mainstream press and quickly led to the release of Marler's first book, Youth of the Apocalypse, which he co-authored with a fellow monastic.

In 1999, Marler left his reclusive life in the monastery and returned to California where he restarted his music career, with former Sleep bandmate Chris Hakius, as the lead singer for an alternative band called The Sabians. Marler then moved to Austin, Texas in 2005 where he remained a musician and publishing author, active in the Austin music scene with his current band, Shiny Empire.
In 2015 Marler started a Christian punk band called Quick And The Dead. On 25th November 2015 the band released its first album Hymns for the Apocalypse. Album sales went to Christian communities of Syria aggraveted by IS persecution.

Books
 Youth of the Apocalypse, 1997, St. Herman Press
 Door to Paradise, 1998, St. Herman Press
 Austin, San Antonio and the Hill Country, first edition 2005, Moon Handbooks

Discography

with Sleep
Sign Language, compilation (Allied Recordings, 1991)
Very Small World, LP compilation (Very Small Records, 1991)
Volume One (Tupelo Records, 1991)

as Monk John Marler
Lamentations (Catacomb Records, 1997)

with The Sabians
Beauty for Ashes (The Music Cartel, 2001)
Shiver (The Music Cartel, 2003)

with Quick And The Dead
Hymns for the Apocalypse (self produced, 2015)

References

Sources
Waltz, Mitzi. "Alternative and Activist Media", Edinburgh University Press, published 2005.
Athitakis, Mark. "Riff Raff", SF Weekly, 2000.
Duncan Collum, Danny. "Punks to Monks", Utne Reader, 1997.
Moon.com. "About the Author", moon.com.
AllMusic.com, [ "Sleep"], AllMusic''.
Uttertrash.net, "Rock and Soul, an Interview with Justin Marler".
combatmusicradio.com,

American heavy metal musicians
American male writers
American Christian monks
Living people
Eastern Orthodox Christians from the United States
1972 births
Sleep (band) members
Asbestosdeath members


The 112th Pennsylvania House of Representatives District is located in Lackawanna County and includes the following areas:

 Archbald
 Blakely
 Carbondale
 Carbondale Township
 Dunmore
 Fell Township
 Jefferson Township
 Jermyn
 Jessup
 Mayfield
 Olyphant
 Throop
 Vandling

Representatives

References

Government of Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania
112


Community Unit School District 95 is the school district that covers Lake Zurich, Illinois, USA, which is located in the Northwest suburbs of Chicago, Illinois. The towns that make up the District include Lake Zurich, Kildeer, Deer Park, Hawthorn Woods and unincorporated Forest Lake and North Barrington.

District 95 is a public schooling system made up of 8 Schools, which consist of 5 elementary schools, 2 Middle Schools, and one High school.
The district is managed by a seven-strong board of education. The superintendent is Dr. Kelley Gallt.

Elementary schools

A sixth elementary school, Charles Quentin, closed on June 5, 2009. Claudia Mall was the principal.

Middle schools

High school

References

External links

School districts in Lake County, Illinois
Lake Zurich, Illinois


Andre Kona N'Gole (born 16 June 1970) is a Congolese football player. He started playing for Jomo Cosmos in South Africa where he was discovered by FIFA agent Marcelo Houseman who made his transfer to play striker for Gençlerbirliği in the Turkish Super League, for 5 seasons.

By scoring 74 goals including 12 penalties for Gençlerbirliği, he became the all-time top scorer of the club, a record that had previously stood since 1958. Between 1993 (23 August 1993) and 2001 (26 May 2001), he played 147 matches totalling 12,458 minutes for the club.

He has scored a total of 97 goals in 265 games in the Turkish Super League.

Has duel Turkish citizenship, having gained naturalisation during his career in Turkey.

Kona N'Gole played for the Zaire national football team at the 1992 and 1996 African Cup of Nations finals.

Honours
 Gençlerbirliği
Turkish Cup (1): 2001

References

External links
 Profile at TFF.org

1970 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Lubumbashi
Democratic Republic of the Congo men's footballers
Democratic Republic of the Congo men's international footballers
1992 African Cup of Nations players
1996 African Cup of Nations players
Democratic Republic of the Congo expatriate men's footballers
Democratic Republic of the Congo expatriate sportspeople in South Africa
Expatriate men's soccer players in South Africa
Expatriate men's footballers in Turkey
Democratic Republic of the Congo expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
Gençlerbirliği S.K. footballers
Antalyaspor footballers
Diyarbakırspor footballers
İstanbulspor footballers
Jomo Cosmos F.C. players
Süper Lig players
Men's association football forwards
21st-century Democratic Republic of the Congo people


The NJI&I was originally created by the Singer Sewing Machine Company in order to transport their products from South Bend, Indiana, to a connection with the Wabash Railroad in Pine, Indiana. The line began service in 1905 and officially operated on only 11.4 miles of track.

Up until and through World War I the line offered two passenger trains round trip daily to Detroit. In the 1930s passenger service was discontinued. The Wabash had purchased the line in 1926 but continued to operate it as a separate railroad.

The major customers included Singer Manufacturing and The Studebaker Company. The NJI&I continued in service until 1982 when the Norfork Southern absorbed the line. Despite both manufacturers going out of business in the early 1960s and early 1970s, the line continued to operate for several other smaller customers.

The name is derived from the three states Singer had plants in at the time of charter. The railroad was eventually taken over by the Wabash and operated through the Norfolk and Western takeover.  The line continued to service several customers until the NS-Conrail takeover allowed NS to access their customers via the former New York Central Chicago line. The line was abandoned and removed in the late 1990s.

Rolling stock
NJI&I was a steam railroad until the late 1940s. The line was dieselized with an Alco S1 and a EMD NW2 (ex-Indiana Northern RR) switcher locomotive.  The latter currently is stored in Ohio. Operations now are handled by Norfolk Southern.

Buildings and structures
NJI&I is unique in having most of the main line torn up but many significant structures remaining. The headquarters at 1508 W. Western Avenue in South Bend still stands and is used as a daycare. The two stall roundhouse remains on Olive Street and is easily accessible for pictures, although trespassing is discouraged. The former Singer plant is no longer connected by rail but is still standing as a senior citizen's home on Western Avenue. This plant was the main reason for creation of NJI&I. As of 10-18-2018, the round house at 1625 South Olive Street has been torn down, as Norfolk Southern built a small yard next to the former site that is being used to house cars.

Current operations
NS operates locals to customers along the former NYC Kankakee Belt Line and NJI&I from the office along the Kankakee Belt beneath the overpass at Sample and Olive Streets in South Bend. Customers include Steel Warehouse (steel coils) and an Ethanol plant (corn) as well as a scrap yard. Were the former PRR Vandalia line to be active still (tracks remain) this local would service those customers too. The PRR Vandalia line is remaining from a connection with NJI&I down to Eckman Street, site of former Sibley Foundry. The spur to Sibley is no longer.

References

External links

 Tom Kepshire's NJI&I Page

Predecessors of the Wabash Railroad
Railway companies established in 1902
Railway companies disestablished in 1983
Defunct Indiana railroads


Association of Mennonite Evangelical Churches in France () is the conference of Mennonites in France. It is a member of the Mennonite World Conference.

History

The AEEMF has its origins in two organizations, the Association of Mennonite Churches of France, founded in 1925 and the French-speaking Mennonite Churches, founded in 1928.  The two organizations merged in 1980 to form the Association of Evangelical Mennonite Churches of France.

Statistics
According to a census of the denomination, in 2022, it would have 31 churches and 2,100 members.

References

Further reading
J. S. Oyer, The Strasbourg Conferences of the Anabaptists, 1554-1607, Mennonite Quarterly Review, 1984, vol. 58, no.3, pp. 218–229
Jean Séguy, Les assemblées anabaptistes-mennonites de France, 1977,

External links
Neff, Christian and Ernst H. Correll. "Alsace (France)." Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. 1955. Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved 4 November 2008
Association des Églises Évangéliques Mennonites de France
Mennonite Churches in France

Mennonitism in France
Mennonite denominations
Mennonite World Conference
Evangelicalism in France


The Pittsburgh Pirates were an early professional ice hockey club based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and were members of the Western Pennsylvania Hockey League for the 1908 WPHL season. The team, and the league, played all of their games at Duquesne Garden. The Pirates made one of the first known trades of professional hockey players.

Team president was local sports magnate Barney Dreyfuss who also owned the Major League Baseball team by the same name.

History
When the WPHL was revived in 1907, the only two original teams to return to the league after operations were suspended after the 1903–04 season were the Pittsburgh Athletic Club and the Pittsburgh Bankers. Two new teams were needed to get the league back to its original number of four teams. One of the teams to enter the league in 1907 was the Pittsburgh Lyceum, and the other was the Pirates. The Pirates entered the league loaded with professional players like Dunc Taylor, Ray Robinson, Ed Robitaille‚ Harry McRobie, Edgar Dey, Charles Masson and goaltender Jim MacKay.

After the 1902 season, the WPHL became the first league to openly hire hockey players. Many of the athletes in the WPHL were Canadians who were drawn to Pittsburgh because of Duquesne Garden, which was one of the few arenas in North America that had an artificial ice rink. The Pirates made one of the first known trades of professional hockey players, sending Jim MacKay, Edgar Dey and Dunc Taylor to the Pittsburgh Bankers for Joseph Donnelly and Bert Bennett on January 27, 1908. (It was not the first trade of the WPHL season, as Dutch Koch had already been dealt from the Bankers to Lyceum for Harry Burgoyne and back to the Bankers for Fred Young.) On January 31 the Pirates also acquired Gordon McGuire from the Bankers through a purchase.

The Pirates played only one year in the WPHL. They ended their only season with a record of 5 wins, 10 losses, and 2 ties.

References
"Hockey trade put through" The Pittsburgh Press, January 28, 1908.

Notes

Pirates (WPHL)
Defunct ice hockey teams in Pennsylvania
Pirates (WPHL)
Pirates


Atherleigh railway station served an area of Leigh in what was then Lancashire, England. It was located on the Bolton and Leigh Railway line which ran from Kenyon Junction to Bolton Great Moor Street.

History

Opened by the London Midland and Scottish Railway to serve local housing estates built after World War 1. The station was located on the west side of the railway at Westbourne Avenue with a connecting footbridge between the two parts of the road.

The station structure was a simple wooden building. There was a platform on each side of the tracks.

The station passed on to the London Midland Region of British Railways on nationalisation in 1948, only to be closed by the British Transport Commission six years later.

After closure

The station is believed to have been used for Rugby League specials and holiday traffic after closure.

By 2015 the station site was buried under the A579 road.

References

Sources

External links
 The station on a 1948 OS map via npe maps
 The closed station on a 1955–61 series OS map via National Library of Scotland
 The station and line via railwaycodes

Disused railway stations in the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan
Former London, Midland and Scottish Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1935
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1954
Buildings and structures in Leigh, Greater Manchester
1935 establishments in England
1954 disestablishments in England


The Fresh Talent Initiative was a Scottish Government policy framework to encourage people to settle in Scotland. The initiative was launched in February 2004 by then First Minister, Jack McConnell as a way of countering the 'biggest challenge facing Scotland' of its falling population.

Since immigration is a matter reserved to the UK parliament in the legislation that established the Scottish Parliament in 1999 (the Scotland Act 1998), agreement had to be obtained from the Home Office for a key part of the initiative: to allow overseas graduates from Scottish universities, who express the intention of living and working in Scotland, to stay on for two years following graduation to seek employment. The Fresh Talent: Working in Scotland Scheme was up and running by summer 2005, applying to those who graduated that year.

Opposition towards the scheme was voiced by some English universities which felt that the scheme gave Scottish universities a competitive advantage in terms of attracting students from overseas.

The Fresh Talent: Working in Scotland Scheme was subsumed into the UK immigration system on 29 June 2008 when the UK government brought in a new points based immigration scheme.

See also
Demographics of Scotland
New Scots
TalentScotland

References

Higher education organisations based in the United Kingdom
New Scots


The 1936–37 Montreal Canadiens season was the team's 28th season of play. After coach Cecil Hart and Howie Morenz returned to the club, the Canadiens placed first in the Canadian Division and qualified for the playoffs. Montreal met and lost to eventual Stanley Cup champion Detroit Red Wings in the semi-finals.

Regular season

The Montreal Canadiens had hit the bottom in 1935–36, and Babe Siebert was obtained to shore up the defence. Cecil Hart was rehired as coach. Hart placed a condition on his returning to the club, that former star Howie Morenz would return to the club. After being traded to Chicago and from there to New York, Morenz had struggled and the Rangers were willing trade partners for Morenz. Goalie George Hainsworth also returned to the Canadiens, signed as a free agent.

The Canadiens went from last to first in the Canadian Division. Morenz was just hitting his stride in January 1937, when tragedy struck. On one of his hurtling rushes, he was being checked by Earl Seibert of Chicago when his left skate got caught in the dasher of the end boards, and Morenz suffered a badly fractured leg. After suffering a nervous breakdown worrying about if he'd be able to come back, more bad luck occurred. On March 8, 1937, X-rays revealed that Howie had blood clots in his healing leg. An operation was scheduled for the next day, but when Howie ate a light supper and told the nurse he wanted to rest, in falling asleep his pallor suddenly changed and the nurse knew something was wrong. A blood clot had stopped his heart, and attempts to revive Howie failed. News of Morenz's death shocked the hockey world, and thousands filed past his bier, many in tears, to pay their last respects.

Final standings

Record vs. opponents

Playoffs
As champions of the Canadian division, the Canadiens proceeded directly to the semi-final against the Detroit Red Wings. Montreal lost the best-of-five series 3–2.

Schedule and results

Regular season

Player statistics

Regular season
Scoring

Goaltending

Playoffs
Scoring

Goaltending

Awards and records
 Wilf Cude – NHL Second All-Star team
 Babe Siebert – NHL First All-Star team, Hart Memorial Trophy
 O'Brien Cup – First place in Canadian division.

Transactions
 September 1, 1936 – Howie Morenz traded to Montreal by NY Rangers for cash.
 September 10, 1936 – Traded Leroy Goldsworthy, Sammy McManus and $10,000 to Boston for Babe Siebert and Roger Jenkins.
 November 24, 1936 – George Hainsworth signed as a free agent.

See also
1936–37 NHL season

References

Notes

Montreal Canadiens seasons
Montreal Canadiens
Montreal Canadiens


Raymond Edward Prochaska (August 9, 1919 – March 9, 1997) was an American gridiron football player and coach.

Prochaska was born in Ulysses, Nebraska, to Emil Prochaska and Marie Fredlick, having Czech and Moravian ancestry. He attended the University of Nebraska and played one season in the National Football League (NFL).  Prochaska was drafted by and made his professional debut in the NFL in 1941 with the Cleveland Rams before leaving football for military service during World War II.

Prochaska went on to be an assistant coach, often serving under Chuck Knox with multiple NFL teams, and in 1961 briefly served as interim head coach of the St. Louis Cardinals.  He coached under Knox with the Los Angeles Rams, Buffalo Bills, and Seattle Seahawks. After Pop Ivy resigned late in the season, Prochaska shared head coaching duties with fellow assistant coaches Chuck Drulis and Ray Willsey.  Under the trio's guidance, the team won its last two games.

References

External links

1919 births
1997 deaths
American football ends
Buffalo Bills coaches
Cleveland Browns coaches
Los Angeles Rams coaches
Edmonton Elks coaches
Nebraska Cornhuskers football coaches
Nebraska Cornhuskers football players
St. Louis Cardinals (football) coaches
St. Louis Cardinals (football) head coaches
Seattle Seahawks coaches
American military personnel of World War II
People from Butler County, Nebraska
Players of American football from Nebraska

American people of Czech descent


BSCI may refer to:
 Business Social Compliance Initiative, a supplychain monitoring certification (BSCI)
 Cisco Career Certifications, Building Scalable Cisco Internetworks (BSCI)
 Broad-Spectrum Chemokine Inhibitor (BSCI), a class of anti-inflammatory drug
 Boston Scientific, a Fortune 500 medical device company


Henry Melville Whitney (October 22, 1839 – January 25, 1923) was an American industrialist, the founder of the West End Street Railway Company of Boston, Massachusetts, and later the Dominion Coal Company Ltd. and the Dominion Iron and Steel Company Ltd. of Sydney, Nova Scotia. He was also president of the Metropolitan Steamship Company, long an important transportation link between Boston and New York City.

Early life
Whitney was born on October 22, 1839, in Conway, Massachusetts to Brigadier General James Scollay Whitney (1811–1878) and Laurinda Collins. Henry's well known younger brother was the financier William Collins Whitney (1841–1904), who served as Secretary of the Navy in the first administration (1885–1889) of President Grover Cleveland. His sister Lucy Collins "Lily" Whitney married Charles T. Barney, who became the president of the Knickerbocker Trust Company. Another sister, Susan Collins Whitney, married Henry F. Dimock.

Whitney was educated at Williston Seminary in East Hampton, Massachusetts. Whitney was said to have been a personally pleasant and genial man who had hearing difficulties from childhood.

Family
His family was descended from Puritans including John Whitney of London, who settled in 1635 at Watertown, Massachusetts. Through his mother, he was a descendant of William Bradford (1590–1657), the 2nd, 5th, 7th, 9th & 12th Governor of Plymouth Colony and signer of the Mayflower Compact.

Career
He began his business career as a clerk in a bank in Conway in 1856. In 1859, he went to Boston, where he was a clerk in the Bank of Mutual Redemption. He then worked as a clerk in the office of the navy agent at the Boston Custom House in 1860–1861. Upon the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861, Whitney went to New York City and engaged in the shipping business.

In 1866, Whitney returned to Boston and was appointed agent of the Metropolitan Steamship Company, of which his father was president. This concern operated steamships on the "outside line" between Boston and New York around Cape Cod.

Metropolitan Steamship Company

Upon his father's death on October 24, 1878, Whitney was elected his successor as president of the Metropolitan Steamship Company, retaining the position of agent at Boston.

In June 1890 the Metropolitan Steamship Company placed the new iron steamer  in service between Boston and New York. The 2,706-ton,  vessel was built by William Cramp & Sons at Philadelphia. H.M. Whitney was flagship of the Metropolitan fleet until she was run down and sunk by the steamer Ottoman in Boston harbor on September 28, 1892. There were no deaths, and H.M. Whitney was later refloated and, after reconditioning, returned to service. It had another collision in 1898, with the schooner Ira D. Sturgis, and again on November 5, 1908, when she attempted to avoid a collision with a tugboat and four barges off Hallett's Point and ran aground on the east end of Ward's Island and sank.  In both instances, the ship was repaired and continued on its journey.

In 1906, Charles W. Morse acquired control of the Company, placing it under the control of the Consolidated Steamship Company in January 1907. Morse crashed in the Panic of 1907, however. In 1911, the Metropolitan Steamship Company and the Maine Steamship Company (a New York City-Portland, Maine, operator) merged with the Eastern Steamship Company to form the Eastern Steamship Corporation. The line went into receivership in 1914, but emerged in 1917 as Eastern Steamship Lines. Service on Eastern's Metropolitan Line was maintained until 1941.

Whitney retired from the board of the Metropolitan Steamship Company in 1909.

West End Street Railway Company

In 1886, Whitney established the West End Street Railway Company, with himself as president, as a combination of the five street railways of the Boston area. By the next year it had consolidated ownership of a number of horse-drawn streetcar lines, composing a fleet of 7,816 horses and 1,480 rail vehicles. As the system grew, Whitney chose to deploy electric propulsion systems after visiting Frank Sprague and witnessing the Richmond, Virginia system in action. A section of track was used to test the Bentley-Knight underground power line, but it was abandoned because of failures and safety concerns (especially after the electrocution of a team of horses in 1889). After competing in operational tests with the Sprague streetcar system, the Thomson-Houston company was chosen for system-wide deployment of overhead wires.

Whitney coal syndicate
In 1889, Whitney and Frederick Stark Pearson, chief engineer of the West End Street Railway Company, formed the Whitney coal syndicate with Benjamin Franklin Pearson of the People's Heat and Light Company of Halifax, Nova Scotia. The group purchased one coal mine and obtained options on others south of Sydney in eastern Cape Breton Island. Premier William Stevens Fielding and the Liberal provincial administration favored Whitney's entry into the coal business because his steamships and street-railway electric generators consumed large quantities of coal. The Whitney syndicate was offered an unprecedented 99-year lease at a fixed royalty; the group exercised its options, acquiring most of the existing bituminous coal mines of eastern Cape Breton Island and co-opting such local figures as John Stewart McLennan and David MacKeen. This process took some months, and Whitney was not ready to consolidate operations at Sydney until early 1893.  People's Heat and Light after it was incorporated in 1893, with Whitney as president, and B.F. Pearson as secretary.

Dominion Coal Company

On February 1, 1893, the Dominion Coal Company Ltd. (DOMCO) was incorporated with Whitney as president, B.F. Pearson as secretary and F.S. Pearson as chief engineer. Early investors in this enterprise included Whitney's younger brother, William C. Whitney; his brothers-in-law, Henry F. Dimock and Charles T. Barney; and Almeric H. Paget, who later married William's daughter Pauline.

The new company quickly effected numerous efficiencies and improvements, and production was quadrupled within a decade. There were, however, costly mistakes, prominent among them the tendency to become locked into low-price contracts (such as to Whitney's companies), thus missing a large market at higher prices. By 1901, some 90 per cent of its output was committed to such low-price contracts. The company made a large public offering of stock, which tumbled in price when Whitney failed to get the American import duty on coal removed or at least reduced.

Whitney expanded operations at Sydney with the organization in March 1899 of the Dominion Iron and Steel Company Ltd. (DISCO), which had financial backing in both Canada and the United States. Whitney was joined in the new enterprise by his long-time business friends - F.S. Pearson, B.F. Pearson, W.C. Whitney, C.T. Barney, H.F. Dimock, A.H. Paget and J.S. McLennan. The promise of federal bounties, together with concessions from the Liberal provincial administration of Premier George Henry Murray, enabled DISCO to begin work in June 1899 on the largest integrated steel mill in the British Empire. Located on the south side of Sydney Harbour, which Whitney said offered more advantages than anywhere else in the world, the mill was completed in 1901. Iron ore was mined by DISCO on Bell Island in Newfoundland and shipped to Sydney.

Competitors in Britain, France, Germany and the United States were initially concerned. However, continuing problems of management and cost control led to Whitney's early withdrawal from the project. Later in 1901, Whitney and his associates sold majority control of DOMCO to James Ross of Montreal, and their minority share of DISCO to Ross and several other Canadian interests. Whitney resigned as president of DISCO in 1902, and as a member of the DOMCO board in December 1903.  Also in 1903, James H. Plummer of Toronto gained control of DISCO, and later DOMCO in 1910, placing them under the Dominion Steel Corporation in 1910. Although Whitney remained on the DISCO board until 1909, his focus was redirected to New England.

Other companies
Back in Boston, Whitney established the New England Gas and Coke Company for the purpose of manufacturing and distributing illuminating gas and railroad-grade coke. In January 1896, Whitney announced the organization of the Massachusetts Pipe Line Gas Company. The new concern would purchase gas from New England Gas and Coke, which in turn purchased its raw material from DOMCO. A new contract between DOMCO and New England Gas and Coke was signed on September 30, 1897, and by mid-1899, a new gas plant was in operation in Everett, Massachusetts. The arrangement led to the unfortunate public perception that the contract had been intended to enhance the value of the companies' stock.

In June 1917, New England Fuel And Transportation, of which J.L. Richards was CEO, took over the assets and liabilities of The New England Gas and Coke Co. as well as Boston Tow Boat Co., Federal Coal and Coke Co., and the New England Coal and Coke Co.

Politics
In 1904, Whitney was elected president of the Boston Chamber of Commerce. He also became interested in politics, promoting tariff reform and reciprocal trade agreements between Canada and the United States.

In 1905, Whitney ran for Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts as a Democrat, losing by 1,996 votes to Republican Eben S. Draper, which prompted a recount. Draper succeeded and became the 40th Lt. Governor of Massachusetts, serving under Curtis Guild Jr., the previous Lt. Governor. In November 1905, Whitney had a public battle with President Theodore Roosevelt over duty reciprocity with Canada.

In 1907, two years later, Whitney was the Democratic candidate for Governor of Massachusetts in the general election of November 5, 1907.  His candidacy caused Grenville MacFarland, the Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Democratic State Committee of Massachusetts to resign his post and his membership in the State Committee because of Whitney's Democratic nomination for Governor. MacFarland felt that Whitney represented corporate interests over "true Democratic principles" in his support of the merger of New York, New Haven and Hartford with Boston and Maine railroads.  Whitney eventually failed in his bid to unseat the Republican incumbent, Curtis Guild Jr.  Eleven days later, he represented the family, along with Harry Payne Whitney, at the funeral in New York City of his brother-in-law, Charles T. Barney, who had shot himself following the failure of the Knickerbocker Trust Company in the Panic of 1907.

In 1911, Whitney endorsed Senator Henry Cabot Lodge for reelection to the United States Senate in Massachusetts, due to Lodge's interest in tariff reforms, even though Lodge was a Republican. He supported Lodge over Governor elect Eugene Foss's, a fellow Democrat, opposition to Lodge.

Personal life
On October 3, 1878, Whitney married Margaret Foster Green (1856–1932) of Brookline, Massachusetts, daughter of Admiral Joseph F. Green. Residing in Brookline, the couple were the parents of one son and four daughters.
 Ruth Whitney
 Eleanor Whitney, who married J. P. Gardner
 Laura Whitney
 James S. Whitney, who attended Harvard with the class of 1908.
 Josephine Whitney (b. 1891), who married Frank Boott Duveneck (1886–1985), the only child of painters Frank Duveneck and Elizabeth Boott.

Whitney lived in Brookline, where he died on January 25, 1923, at the age of 84. Largely because of the easy success of his younger brother, Whitney was generally supposed to be wealthy, but he had suffered losses from poor investments over a period of years. When the estate of "the supposed multi-millionaire", as The New York Times put it, was probated, it was found to be worth only $1,221.

References
Notes

Sources

External links
 Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
 Life on Two Levels, Josephine Whitney Duveneck 1978 ; published by William Kaufman, Inc. One First St. Los Altos, CA 94022

1839 births
1923 deaths
American businesspeople
Whitney family
People from Brookline, Massachusetts
People from Conway, Massachusetts
American people of English descent
Massachusetts Democrats


The qulliq (seal-oil, blubber or soapstone lamp, , kudlik  ; ), is the traditional oil lamp used by Arctic peoples, including the Inuit, the Chukchi and the Yupik peoples.

This characteristic type of oil lamp provided warmth and light in the harsh Arctic environment where there was no wood and where the sparse inhabitants relied almost entirely on seal oil or on whale blubber. This lamp was the single most important article of furniture for the Inuit in their dwellings.

History

It is uncertain in which period the seal-oil lamps began to be used. They are part of a series of technological innovations among the Arctic peoples whose introduction and spread has been partly documented. Oil lamps have been found in sites of Paleo-Eskimo communities dating back to the time of the Norton tradition, 3,000 years ago. They were a common implement of the Dorset culture and of the Thule people, the lamps manufactured then showing little changes compared with more recent ones.

In the Inuit religion, one of the stories of the Sun and the Moon, the sun deity Sukh-eh-nukh—known as Malina in Greenland—carries an oil lamp which gets overturned spilling oil and soot on her hands and she blackens the face of her brother, the moon deity Ahn-ing-ah-neh (Anningan in Greenland and Igaluk elsewhere). Among the Netsilik if the people breached certain taboos, Nuliajuk, the Sea Woman, held the marine mammal in the basin of her lamp. When this happened the angakkuq had to visit her to beg for game. This story also inspired a New Year tradition in which three lamps were extinguished and relit during the first sunrise.

Historically, the lamp was a multi-purpose tool. The Arctic peoples used the lamp for illuminating and heating their tents, semi-subterranean houses and igloos, as well as for melting snow, cooking, and drying their clothes.

In present times such lamps are mainly used for ceremonial purposes. Owing to its cultural significance, a qulliq is featured on the coat of arms of Nunavut.

A qulliq was lit to commence the investiture ceremony of Mary Simon, the first Inuk, and indigenous person, to be appointed to the position of Governor General of Canada, in the Senate Chamber, 26 July 2021.

Description and use
The Inuit oil lamps were made mainly of soapstone, but there are also some made of a special kind of pottery. Sizes and shapes of lamps could be different, but most were either elliptical or half-moon shaped. The taqquti or wick trimmers, also known as lamp feeders, were made of wood, willow, soapstone, bone or ivory.

The wick was mostly made of Arctic cottongrass (suputi), common cottongrass and/or dried moss (ijju/maniq ) It was lit along the edge of the lamp, providing a pleasant light. A slab of seal blubber could be left to melt over the lamp feeding it with more fat. These lamps had to be tended continually by trimming the wick in such a way that the lamp would not produce smoke.

Although such lamps were usually filled with seal blubber and the English term 'seal-oil lamp' is common in writings about Arctic peoples, they could also be filled with whale blubber in communities where there was whaling. However, the term 'whale-oil lamp' refers to a different kind of lighting device.
Generally caribou fat was a poor choice, as was the fat of other land animals, seal oil being a more efficient fuel for the lamp. Women used to scrape the skin of a freshly skinned seal with an ulu in order not to waste any fat. Once the seal skin was stretched and dried it would be scraped using a halukhit to remove the dried fat.

Realizing that these lamps were such an important fixture of the Inuit household that "when the family moved the lamp went along with it", Arctic explorer William Edward Parry (1790–1855) commented:

Gallery

References

Further reading

  Hungarian translation of Rasmussen 1926.
 Rasmussen, Knud (1927) Across Arctic America: Narrative of the Fifth Thule Expedition

External links

Qulliq (Oil Lamp) presented by Arnait Video Productions

Oil lamp
Inuit tools
Chukchi culture
Yupik culture
Siberian Yupik


Sodium tetrachloroaluminate, also known as natrium chloroaluminate, is a chemical compound with the formula . It was discovered in the 20th century. It is the sodium salt of the tetrachloroaluminate anion.

Sodium tetrachloroaluminate can be prepared from sodium chloride and aluminium trichloride.

Uses
Molten sodium tetrachloroaluminate is used as an electrolyte in sodium-nickel chloride batteries.

See also

Sodium aluminate
Sodium hexafluoroaluminate
Sodium tetrafluoroborate

External links
Studies of the electrochemistry of niobium(V) in sodium chloroaluminate and fluorochloroaluminate melts

Tetrachloroaluminates
Sodium compounds


"Cheated on Me" is a song written and performed by Gavin DeGraw from his self-titled album as the third single, released in September 2008.  The song was inspired by a failed relationship DeGraw had with a woman who was fed up with his jealousy.

Music video
The video of the song was released on September 30, 2008.

Critical reception
In an overall positive review, Chuck Taylor of Billboard states that while DeGraw's "strong vocal skills would be better showcased with less layering," he concluded "this killer track, should help separate him from the pack and boost name recognition to staple status."

Charts

References

2008 singles
Gavin DeGraw songs
Pop ballads
Rock ballads
Songs written by Gavin DeGraw
2008 songs
J Records singles


Surendra vivarna, the acacia blue, is a species of lycaenid or hairstreak butterfly found in Sri Lanka, India and the Indonesian islands as far as Sulawesi.

Range
Its range is similar to that of its genus, Surendra, except it is not recorded from China or the Philippines proper (where it is replaced by S. maniliana), but from Balabac, Palawan and the Calamian Islands.

Description

Subspecies
 Surendra vivarna amisena Hewitson, 1862, (South Burma, Thailand, Malaya, and Sumatra)
 Surendra vivarna palowna Staudinger, 1889, (Borneo)
 Surendra vivarna samina Fruhstorfer, 1904, (Sulawesi)
 Surendra vivarna agdistis Fruhstorfer  (Nias)
 Surendra vivarna biplagiata Butler, 1883 (southern India)
 Surendra vivarna latimargo Moore, 1879 (Andamans)
 Surendra vivarna discalis Moore (Sri Lanka)

Food plants
Fabaceae (Acacia, Albizia, Paraserianthes) and it is facultatively attended by various ants.

See also
Lycaenidae
List of butterflies of India
List of butterflies of India (Lycaenidae)

Cited references

Arhopalini
Butterflies of Singapore
Butterflies of Borneo
Butterflies of Indonesia
Butterflies described in 1829


The Red Line is the older and longer line of the MetroLink light rail service in Greater St. Louis. It serves 29 stations across three counties and two states.

History
Transit planning along the Airport/Central Corridor began as early as 1971, when it was selected as the region's primary target for further study. In 1983, funding was approved to evaluate five mode alternatives, which culminated in a 1984 draft environmental impact statement. After a series of public hearings, the East–West Gateway Council of Governments, a council composed of the region's local governments, adopted light rail as the preferred mode alternative.

The project's capital expense budget was $287.7 million (equivalent to $ in  dollars), which covered design and engineering, procurement, construction, and testing.

Arts in Transit
In the initial design phase of MetroLink, Metro's Arts in Transit program commissioned a group of artists to design unique bridge piers for MetroLink viaducts. Collaborating with architects and engineers, the artists designed the arched supports that reflect an inverted version of the arch motif used throughout the MetroLink system design. The bridge pier system is a signature of MetroLink design and appears in the subsequent St. Clair and Cross County alignments.

In 2008, the Arts in Transit program commissioned a work for the alignment along Interstate 70 near Lambert Airport. Titled St. Louis Rhythm and created by Richard Elliot, it was made using roadway reflectors on 16 concrete Jersey barriers that are activated by the headlights of passing cars.

In 2011, another Arts in Transit commission was installed on the shared alignment near Interstate 64 on the bridge over Vandeventer Avenue. Titled Blue Train and created by Clark Wiegman, this cubist locomotive represents the opening eight bars of the melody of “St. Louis Blues.” During the day, this piece appears as an oversized locomotive spewing a trail of notes or an unfurling piano roll. At night, it becomes a geometric abstraction about linear dynamism and the implied form of the bridge punching through the surrounding ambient light.

2022 Flooding
On July 26, 2022, the Delmar Loop and Forest Park-DeBaliviere stations were flooded in a catastrophic flash flooding event that shut the system down for close to 72 hours. Damage to the stations, rolling stock, ballast, signaling infrastructure, fiber optics, etc. is estimated to be $40 million.

On September 5, 2022, Metro announced new schedules to accommodate repairs being made to the system. It is estimated repairs could take six months or longer. Currently, the Red Line is operating at all of its 29 stations but with restricted speeds in some flood-damaged sections.

Route

The 38-mile (61 km) Red Line alignment begins at Lambert St. Louis International Airport, making stops at the Terminal 1 and Terminal 2 stations. It then proceeds through Kinloch before making a stop at the North Hanley station near Bel-Ridge. It makes 2 stops (UMSL North & UMSL South) at the University of Missouri St. Louis located in Normandy. After departing UMSL, trains divert south onto the former Wabash/Norfolk & Western Railroad's Union Depot line that once brought passenger trains from Ferguson to Union Station. It then travels into Pagedale stopping at the Rock Road station and then at Wellston's namesake station on Plymouth Street.  From here, the Red Line crosses the St. Louis City/County boundary line at Skinker Boulevard, making a stop at the Delmar Loop station which serves the popular Delmar Loop area and is located just below the original Wabash Railroad's Delmar Station building. At the following station, Forest Park-DeBaliviere, the Red Line meets the Blue Line. From this station the two services share a track alignment with each other until the Blue Line terminates at the Fairview Heights station in Illinois.

Shared Alignment

From the Forest Park-DeBaliviere station, the Red and Blue lines share the same set of tracks for the next 16 stations. Continuing east, the Central West End and Cortex stations serve the popular Central West End neighborhood, Washington University Medical Center and Cortex Innovation Community. The Grand station transfers with the busy #70 MetroBus line and serves Saint Louis University and its hospital. Next, the Union Station, Civic Center, Stadium, 8th & Pine, Convention Center, and Laclede's Landing stations serve downtown St. Louis and its many popular attractions. Crossing the historic Eads Bridge into Illinois, the line serves the East Riverfront, 5th & Missouri, Emerson Park, Jackie Joyner-Kersee Center, and Washington Park stations in East St. Louis, Illinois. At the next station, Fairview Heights, the Blue Line terminates and the Red Line continues south to Belleville, Illinois to its terminus at the Shiloh-Scott station located at Scott Air Force Base.

Stations
From Lambert Airport to Shiloh-Scott (west to east)

Projects in progress

MidAmerica Airport
In 2019, the St. Clair County Transit District was awarded $96 million in Illinois infrastructure funding to build a  extension of the Red Line from Shiloh-Scott to MidAmerica St. Louis Airport in Mascoutah. This extension will include two  segments, double and single-track segments, along with a passenger station at the end of the alignment at the airport. Design work was completed in the summer of 2022 and a request for proposals was released that November. Construction on the expansion is expected to begin in 2023 with Metro beginning operations in 2025.

Infrastructure Improvements
In 2023, Metro began a system-wide rehabilitation program that will last up to two years. Work on the Red Line will include the rehabilitation of the Union Station and downtown subway tunnels, including the Laclede's Landing, Convention Center and 8th & Pine subway stations. Elsewhere, curve tracks, catenary wire, system conduit, staircases and retaining walls are to be upgraded or replaced. Three Red Line stations are to receive platform rehabilitations:  Jackie Joyner-Kersee Center, Rock Road and Wellston.

In 2024, Metro expects to complete upgrades to the Supervisory Control Automated Data Acquisition (SCADA) and Public Address/Customer Information (PA/CIS) systems. The upgraded SCADA/PA/CIS will operate as an integrated system that monitors and controls MetroLink operations and will allow Metro to provide real-time arrival information to passengers, such as live displays at stations.

Previous proposals
These extensions were proposed when Metro released its Moving Transit Forward plan in 2010. Most are now defunct as regional leadership has said their current focus is on the City and North County corridors and not previous expansion proposals.

St. Charles Corridor
Lambert Airport to St. Charles County: Possible plans to expand MetroLink 16 to 20-miles (26-32 km) from Lambert Airport northwestward to St. Charles County were abandoned after St. Charles County voters rejected a sales tax in 1996 to fund an extension; subsequently, all MetroBus service was ended. If the extension was funded, the route would have used the Old St. Charles Bridge (now demolished) as a crossing over the Missouri River to the City of St. Charles, St. Peters, and O'Fallon. It is not likely to be considered in the future as St. Charles County residents still largely oppose light rail expansion.

Madison County Corridors
East St. Louis to Alton/Edwardsville: A study in 2005 was performed to investigate the potential costs, ridership, and impacts of extending Metrolink into Madison County, Illinois. According to the East-West Gateway Council of Governments, there are two recommended alignments for Madison County. Both of the alignments will start from the 5th & Missouri station out of East St Louis in St. Clair County to Granite City, Collinsville, Glen Carbon, Edwardsville, East Alton, Wood River, and Alton in Madison County, Illinois 21 to 23-miles (34-37 km) away. The alignments would have split in Madison, Illinois. In order to plan any Madison County extensions, Metro will have to collaborate with Madison County Transit.

See also
 Blue Line (St. Louis MetroLink)
 MetroLink
 List of St. Louis MetroLink stations
 Metro Transit
 Bi-State Development Agency
 St. Clair County Transit District

References

External links

 Metro – Official website for Metro Transit
 Bi-State Development – Official website for Bi-State Development
 St. Clair County Transit District – Official website for the St. Clair County Transit District
 Citizens for Modern Transit – St. Louis transit advocacy group
 Arts in Transit Website

Metro Transit (St. Louis)
MetroLink (St. Louis)
Light rail in Missouri
Light rail in Illinois
Airport rail links in the United States
Proposed railway lines in Missouri
Passenger rail transportation in Missouri
1993 establishments in Missouri
750 V DC railway electrification


Ludovico Gonzaga (also spelled Lodovico) was the name of several prominent members of the House of Gonzaga:

 Ludovico I Gonzaga (1268–1360), better known as Luigi, the first Capitano del Popolo ('Captain of the People') of Mantua and Imperial Vicar
 Ludovico II Gonzaga (1334–1382), Italian politician who was capitano del popolo of Mantua
 Ludovico III Gonzaga (1412–1478), also known as Ludovico II, Marquis of Mantua from 1444
 Ludovico Gonzaga (1480-1540) (c. 1480–1540), Italian nobleman and condottiero
 Ludovico Gonzaga-Nevers, also known as Luigi and Louis   (1539–1595), Duke of Nevers from 1565
 Ludovico Gonzaga (bishop) (1588–1632), Italian Roman Catholic bishop


The Blue Line is the newer and shorter line of the MetroLink light rail service in Greater St. Louis.  It serves 25 stations across three counties and two states.

History
Much of the southern half of the Blue Line follows a former Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis (TRRA)/Rock Island railroad right of way that ran from BNSF's junction with the Cuba and River subdivisions (known as Southeastern Junction) to what is now Interstate 170 Business Center in St. John, Missouri. The current stretch of line from the Clayton to Forest Park-DeBaliviere stations was known as the Forsyth branch until Rock Island abandoned it in 1931. The TRRA used the trackage from Clayton to St. John until the section from Big Bend to Olive Boulevard was severed to the lack of customers. This was historically known as the TRRA Central Belt. The rest of the track was removed in 2002 prior to construction of the Blue Line. All that remains of the original Central Belt is the portion north from Rock Island Junction, near Overland, Missouri (where the Central Belt crossed the junction between TRRA's West Belt and the Central Midland Railway), to just a fifth of a mile past Page Avenue where some industries still use TRRA trackage.

Arts in Transit
In 2002, Metro's Arts in Transit program commissioned a group of artists to join architects and engineers during the design phase of the Cross County Expansion. This practice of artist participation during the early stages of system design was established during the design and construction of the initial MetroLink alignment that opened in 1993. The work of these artists involved exploration of landscape alternatives, designing the paving patterns for concrete adjacent to stations, and creating the “flow”-patterned retaining walls running along the tracks in the below-grade stretches of the alignment.

In 2006, the Arts in Transit program commissioned a work made for at-grade stretches of the alignment. An overlay of lacy aluminum silhouettes, titled A Walk in the Park, embellishes the concrete privacy fence, called the Catlin Wall, which runs parallel to the tracks between the Skinker and Forest Park-DeBaliviere stations. Created by Andy Cross, Carl Harris, and Ty de LaVenta, the work is a series of cut metal panels depicting trees, vines, leaves, and trellises.

2022 Flooding
On July 26, 2022, the Forest Park-DeBaliviere and Delmar Loop stations were flooded in a catastrophic flash flooding event that shut the system down for close to 72 hours. Damage to the stations, rolling stock, ballast, signaling infrastructure, fiber optics, etc. is estimated to be $40 million.

On September 5, 2022, Metro announced new schedules to accommodate repairs being made to the system estimated to take six months or longer. In the immediate aftermath, the Blue Line operated only between the Shrewsbury-Lansdowne I-44 and Forest Park-DeBaliviere stations. In November 2022, Metro announced the restoration of Blue Line service to its Fairview Heights terminal with some speed restrictions in flood damaged sections.

Route

The 24-mile (39 km) Blue Line alignment starts in Shrewsbury, Missouri (Shrewsbury-Lansdowne I-44) just west of the River des Peres. It crosses over Interstate 44 and continues north to the next two stations located in Maplewood, Missouri (Sunnen and Maplewood/Manchester). The line then continues north to the Brentwood I-64 station, located in Brentwood, Missouri just south of Interstate 64. It then proceeds north in a tunnel underneath Interstate 64, continuing to the Richmond Heights station serving the popular Saint Louis Galleria shopping mall. The line then proceeds through a sharp turn east to the Clayton station in the median of Forest Park Parkway in Clayton, Missouri where it serves the Central Business District of St. Louis County. It heads further east to the Forsyth station where it then enters a tunnel traveling to the University City-Big Bend subway station. After crossing the St. Louis City/County boundary, the Blue Line makes its last stop at the Skinker subway station serving nearby Washington University.  At the following station, Forest Park-DeBaliviere, the Blue Line meets the Red Line. From this station the two services share a track alignment with each other until the Blue Line terminates at the Fairview Heights station in Illinois.

Shared Alignment
From the Forest Park-DeBaliviere station, the Blue and Red lines share the same set of tracks for the next 16 stations. Continuing east, the Central West End and Cortex stations serve the popular Central West End neighborhood, Washington University Medical Center and Cortex Innovation Community. The Grand station transfers with the busy #70 MetroBus line and serves Saint Louis University and its hospital. Next, the Union Station, Civic Center, Stadium, 8th & Pine, Convention Center and Laclede's Landing stations serve downtown St. Louis and its many popular attractions. Crossing the historic Eads Bridge into Illinois, the line serves the East Riverfront, 5th & Missouri, Emerson Park, Jackie Joyner-Kersee Center, and Washington Park stations in East St. Louis, Illinois. At the next station, Fairview Heights, the Blue Line terminates and the shared alignment ends.

Stations
From Shrewsbury−Lansdowne I-44 to Fairview Heights (west to east)

Projects in progress

Infrastructure Improvements
In 2023, Metro began a system-wide rehabilitation program that will last up to two years. Work on the Blue Line will include the rehabilitation of the Cross County tunnels and stations between Forsyth and Skinker and will include the construction of a storage siding near the Richmond Heights station. Elsewhere, curve tracks, catenary wire, system conduit, staircases and retaining walls are to be upgraded or replaced.

In 2024, Metro expects to complete upgrades to the Supervisory Control Automated Data Acquisition (SCADA) and Public Address/Customer Information (PA/CIS) systems. The upgraded SCADA/PA/CIS will operate as an integrated system that monitors and controls MetroLink operations and will allow Metro to provide real-time arrival information to passengers, such as live displays at stations.

Previous proposals
These extensions were proposed when Metro released its Moving Transit Forward plan in 2010. Most are now defunct as regional leadership has said their current focus is on the City and North County corridors and not previous expansion proposals.

Cross County Corridors
Daniel Boone - Clayton to Maryland Heights/Westport & Chesterfield

 A study performed in 2000 recommended a new MetroLink line from Clayton, Missouri to Westport Plaza in Maryland Heights, Missouri. The 8 to 10-mile (13-16 km) line would have run north from the Clayton station along the disused Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis "Central Belt" right-of-way paralleling Interstate 170, then turn west to follow existing Union Pacific Railroad trackage operated by Central Midland Railway to Page Avenue where the line would have then followed Page to Westport Plaza. This proposed alignment would have added up to six stations between Clayton and Maryland Heights in the Interstate 170 and Page corridors serving Ladue, Olivette, and Overland.

 A  extension to Chesterfield would have been a potential Phase II of the Daniel Boone Corridor. The alignment would have headed west from Westport Plaza and crossed over Interstate 270 in Maryland Heights. It would have then run along the Page Avenue Extension (Highway 364) until it turned towards Creve Coeur Lake Memorial Park. It then would have headed westward to Spirit of St. Louis Airport in the Chesterfield Valley. This alignment has not been given serious consideration because of its perceived low ridership potential.

MetroNorth - Clayton to Florissant

 This  extension would have extended the current Blue Line from Clayton towards North County and into Florissant, Missouri. Like the Daniel Boone line, some of it will follow along the old Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis "Central Belt" right-of-way paralleling I-170.

MetroSouth - Shrewsbury to Butler Hill

 This  extension would have extended the current Blue Line from its terminus in Shrewsbury, Missouri further into South County beyond Interstates 270/255 to Butler Hill Road. An environmental impact study was completed in 2004; however, selection of an LPA was deferred due to the lack of local funding sources as well as other factors.

See also
 Red Line (St. Louis MetroLink)
 MetroLink
 List of St. Louis MetroLink stations
 Metro Transit
 Bi-State Development Agency

References

External links

 Metro – Official website for Metro Transit
 Bi-State Development – Official website for Bi-State Development
 Citizens for Modern Transit – St. Louis transit advocacy group
 Arts in Transit Website

Metro Transit (St. Louis)
MetroLink (St. Louis)
Light rail in Missouri
Light rail in Illinois
Proposed railway lines in Missouri


Michael Robert Brewer (born 6 November 1964 in Pukekohe) is a former New Zealand rugby union footballer. He played rugby union as flanker or number eight and represented the All Blacks on 32 occasions scoring 1 try and winning 22 and drawing 1 of those games. He played provincial rugby for Otago and Canterbury in New Zealand's south Island.

Since his retirement from playing Brewer has become a coach and has coached in Italy and then in Ireland. In August 2008 he signed a contract with the Scottish National Rugby Union team as their forwards coach working, alongside Frank Hadden the head coach. He quit in May 2009, after missing out on the head coach position when Hadden was dropped. Brewer was technical director for the Flying Fijians National Team ahead of their 2009 European Tour.
He became head coach of Guinness Premiership side Sale Sharks in April 2010, taking over from Jason Robinson. Brewer instigated a number of changes including signing more than ten new players and releasing a similar number. In December, he was sacked as Sale had won just three of their first nine matches of the 2010/11 season. However, he had originally agreed a 3-year club plan which was still in its infancy.

References

External links

1964 births
Living people
New Zealand international rugby union players
West Hartlepool R.F.C. players
Rugby union flankers
Rugby union number eights
Rugby union players from the Auckland Region
1995 Rugby World Cup players


Michael Kosgei Rotich, or Mike Rotich (born October 26, 1982) is a marathon runner from Kenya.

Rotich finished second in the 2002 Milan Marathon. Winner Robert Kipkoech Cheruiyot, Rotich and third placed  Daniele Caimmi all clocked the same time, 2:08:59 hours. The same year Rotich won the Reading Half Marathon with a time of 1:03:23.

He won the Paris Marathon in 2003 setting a course record and personal best of 2:06:32 hours, both still in force as of 2008. The same year he won the Paris Half Marathon. He competed at the 2003 World Championships marathon race, also held in Paris, finishing 8th.

He finished 2nd at the 2004 Rotterdam Marathon, behind compatriot Felix Limo. In 2007 he won the Salzburg Marathon.

Rotich comes from a Kiptoit village near Eldoret. He is managed by Federico Rosa. He is an uncle to marathon world champion Abel Kirui.

He is not to be confused with Michael Rotich, a Kenyan 800 metres runner who competed at the 2004 Summer Olympics.

Achievements

References

External links

Marathoninfo - Mike Rotich
Rosa & Associati profile

1982 births
Living people
Kenyan male long-distance runners
Paris Marathon male winners


The Headquarters Mobile Support Unit (HMSU) is the police tactical unit of the Police Service of Northern Ireland. The HMSU was originally formed in the then Royal Ulster Constabulary part of Special Branch and was involved in several controversial shootings during The Troubles.

Background
The Headquarters Mobile Support Unit (HMSU) was a uniformed elite unit established by the Royal Ulster Constabulary, intended to be their equivalent of the Special Air Service. Members of the HMSU were enrolled into Royal Ulster Constabulary Special Branch and were trained by the Special Air Service to on how to confront Irish Republican Army (IRA) members and other opponents with "firepower, speed and aggression".

The unit had its prototype in the Bessbrook Support Unit set up in 1977 as part of the scaling-up of the Royal Ulster Constabulary's numbers and capabilities under Chief Constable Kenneth Newman to "Ulsterise" as far as possible the maintenance of security.  The intensively trained and highly armed Bessbrook Support Unit were intended to take over from the Special Air Service the role of deployment along the South Armagh border to intercept IRA active service units.  The Bessbrook Support Unit were in 1979 replaced with a Special Patrol Group, which was in turn replaced in 1981 by the Special Support Unit (SSU). The SSU was subsequently renamed the Headquarters Mobile Support Unit (HMSU) after two of its members were convicted of kidnap and murder. The two, John Weir and Billy McCaughey, implicated some of their colleagues in a range of crimes including giving weapons, information and transport to loyalist paramilitaries as well as carrying out shooting and bombing attacks of their own. Weir alleged that senior officers, including Chief Superintendent Harry Breen, were aware of and approved of their activity. Additionally it was felt he initials SSU were considered too similar to SAS suggesting a military-style unit.

"Shoot to kill"
The SSU were infamously involved in the alleged "shoot-to-kill" incidents of November and December 1982, when six republican paramilitaries were shot dead in three separate incidents, all of whom turned out to be unarmed. These incidents, and evidence which came out in court of organised falsification of the details of the encounters, led to the setting up of the 1984–86 Stalker Inquiry.

In this period, according to evidence given in court at the time by Royal Ulster Constabulary deputy chief constable Michael McAtamney, officers selected for the unit underwent an immensely tough two-week assessment of fitness, mental ability and endurance under pressure, followed by a four-week course including seven days devoted exclusively to weapons training; with the focus being to "eliminate the threat" posed to officers.

In addition to standard weaponry, the unit additionally used Ingram sub-machine guns; Remington pump-action shotguns and Browning semi-automatic shotguns; the Ruger Mini-14 light semi-automatic rifle; and 14-shot Smith & Wesson Model 59 9mm pistol carried as personal sidearms. According to one subsequent report, at the time of the 1982 shootings, the HMSU that had been active in the constabulary's southern region comprised two dozen men, working in field teams of six, travelling in pairs of specially armoured unmarked Ford Cortinas, the front passenger with a Sterling submachine gun, the rear passenger a Ruger rifle, and all three including the driver were armed with pistols.

The unit was based at Lisnasharrah, East Belfast, and worked closely with the plain-clothes intelligence gathering unit E4A.  Many were English and/or ex-soldiers.  According to reports, as uncovered by the Stalker Inquiry, the units operated almost as a law unto themselves, taking orders only from a small group at Gough Barracks in Armagh that was in charge of tasking and co-ordination, who in turn answered only to Special Branch at constabulary headquarters at Knock. Members generally refused to recognise the authority of senior officers not in the unit, a constable on one occasion telling a CID detective to leave the site and come back after he had had a meal.

According to American writer J. Bowyer Bell there were two such units in all at the time, of 24 members each; although a 1985 newspaper article claimed at least 12 such squads were active. The same article explained their rationale: "The circumstances of the shootings have to be put into the context of Northern Ireland. In the same period two constabulary officers who approached a car parked outside a County Down post office were shot dead by IRA men about to stage a robbery. Unionists were not slow to claim that if anyone was shooting to kill, it was the Republican paramilitaries."

Post-1982
Following the 1982 shootings, the HMSU was reined in.  Subsequently, the Royal Ulster Constabulary played only a supporting role in such operations, but the active role in intelligence-led covert ambushes was returned to the British Army, in particular the Special Air Service and similarly trained units, under ultimate police operational control.

Tasking of these operations was put into the hands of a joint committee that included the Intelligence Corps and MI5 as well as senior police officers, rather than the original exclusive tight control by a close-knit small group of Royal Ulster Constabulary officers reporting to HQ-level Special Branch.  Some measures were also taken to make the Special Branch less of a force within a force, with regional assistant chief constables having to be informed of Special Branch operations in their areas, and a single senior assistant chief constable position created, with oversight responsibility for both CID and Special Branch. The HMSU continued to take part in "rapid reaction" duties, including raids on suspected paramilitary properties, and spearheading riot control.

The HMSU continued in being throughout the 1980s and 1990s as an operational sub-department of Special Branch department E4. In this time the unit traced and arrested several IRA members in Northern Ireland.

Police Service of Northern Ireland
On 4 November 2001, the Royal Ulster Constabulary was reformed and renamed the Police Service of Northern Ireland following recommendations of the 1999 Independent Commission on Policing for Northern Ireland report implementing the terms of the 1998 Good Friday Agreement.

On 29 April 2003, HMSU officers fatally shot Neil McConville during a vehicle intercept.

In March 2004, the command of the HMSU changed to the newly formed Crime Operations Department with the HMSU becoming part of C4 Specialist Operations Branch separating from Special Branch which was renamed the Intelligence Branch.

In November 2014, HMSU officers were photographed following an operation at a house in Newry to arrest members of the Continuity IRA.

HMSU officers undergo a 26-week training programme including firearms, unarmed combat, roping, driving, close personal protection and photography. HMSU officers are trained to Specialist Firearms Officer and Counter Terrorist Specialist Firearms Officer standards.

References

Police Service of Northern Ireland
Royal Ulster Constabulary
Police tactical units
1980 establishments in Northern Ireland
ATLAS Network


Alfrocheiro Preto is a red Portuguese wine grape variety planted primarily in the Dão DOC and Alentejano VR. The grape is known for the deep coloring it can add to wine blends. Under the name Baboso negro, it is considered a minor Spanish red grape variety, growing mainly in the provinces of Zamora and Salamanca, in the region of Castile and León. It is one of the authorized varieties of the La Gomera and El Hierro Denominación de Origen, in the Canary Islands (Spain).

Synonyms
Alfrocheiro Preto is also known under the synonyms Albarín Negro, Alfrocheiro, Alfurcheiro, Tinta Bastardinha, Tinta Francisca de Viseu, Bastardo negro, and Bruñal. The official name in Spain is Baboso negro.

See also
List of Portuguese grape varieties

References

Red wine grape varieties