Moose is an extension of the object system of the Perl programming language. Its stated purpose is to bring modern object-oriented language features to Perl 5, and to make object-oriented Perl programming more consistent and less tedious.

Features
Moose is built on top of Class::MOP, a metaobject protocol ( MOP). Using the MOP, Moose provides complete introspection for all Moose-using classes.

Classes
Moose allows a programmer to create classes:
 A class has zero or more attributes.
 A class has zero or more methods.
 A class has zero or more superclasses (a.k.a. parent classes). A class inherits from its superclass(es). Moose supports multiple inheritance.
 A class has zero or more method modifiers. These modifiers can apply to its own methods, methods that are inherited from its ancestors or methods that are provided by roles.
 A class does zero or more roles (also known as traits in other programming languages).
 A class has a constructor and a destructor.
 A class has a metaclass.

Attributes
An attribute is a property of the class that defines it.
 An attribute always has a name, and it may have a number of other defining characteristics.
 An attribute's characteristics may include a read/write flag, a type, accessor method names, delegations, a default value and lazy initialization.

Roles
Roles in Moose are based on traits. They perform a similar task as mixins, but are composed horizontally rather than inherited. They are also somewhat like interfaces, but unlike some implementations of interfaces they can provide a default implementation. Roles can be applied to individual instances as well as Classes.
 A role has zero or more attributes.
 A role has zero or more methods.
 A role has zero or more method modifiers.
 A role has zero or more required methods.

Extensions
There are a number of Moose extension modules on CPAN.  there are 855 modules in 266 distributions in the MooseX namespace. Most of them can be optionally installed with the Task::Moose module.

Examples
This is an example of a class Point and its subclass Point3D:

package Point;
use Moose;
use Carp;

has 'x' => (isa => 'Num', is => 'rw');
has 'y' => (isa => 'Num', is => 'rw');

sub clear {
    my $self = shift;
    $self->x(0);
    $self->y(0);
}

sub set_to {
    @_ == 3 or croak "Bad number of arguments";
    my $self = shift;
    my ($x, $y) = @_;
    $self->x($x);
    $self->y($y);
}

package Point3D;
use Moose;
use Carp;

extends 'Point';

has 'z' => (isa => 'Num', is => 'rw');

after 'clear' => sub {
    my $self = shift;
    $self->z(0);
};

sub set_to {
    @_ == 4 or croak "Bad number of arguments";
    my $self = shift;
    my ($x, $y, $z) = @_;
    $self->x($x);
    $self->y($y);
    $self->z($z);
}

There is a new set_to() method in the Point3D class so the method of the same name defined in the Point class is not invoked in the case of Point3D instances. The clear() method on the other hand is not replaced but extended in the subclass, so both methods are run in the correct order.

This is the same using the MooseX::Declare extension:

use MooseX::Declare;

class Point {
    has 'x' => (isa => 'Num', is => 'rw');
    has 'y' => (isa => 'Num', is => 'rw');

    method clear {
        $self->x(0);
        $self->y(0);
    }
    method set_to (Num $x, Num $y) {
        $self->x($x);
        $self->y($y);
    }
}

class Point3D extends Point {
    has 'z' => (isa => 'Num', is => 'rw');

    after clear {
        $self->z(0);
    }
    method set_to (Num $x, Num $y, Num $z) {
        $self->x($x);
        $self->y($y);
        $self->z($z);
    }
}

See also
 , the inspiration for Moose
 Joose (framework), a JavaScript framework inspired by Moose
 Catalyst (software), a web application framework using Moose

References

External links
 Moose Homepage
 Moose Documentation

Perl modules
Articles with example Perl code


The 5th Flying Training Squadron is part of the United States Air Force's Air Force Reserve Command serving as a reserve associate squadron operating with the 71st Flying Training Wing at Vance Air Force Base, Oklahoma.  It operates the Raytheon T-1 Jayhawk, Northrop T-38C Talon, and Beechcraft T-6A Texan II aircraft conducting flight training in support of the 71st Operations Group.

History

World War II

The squadron was established at Selfridge Field, Michigan as the 5th Pursuit Squadron an Army Air Corps fighter squadron in January 1941. It was assigned to the Northeast Air District with Curtiss P-40 Warhawks and Bell P-39 Airacobras as part of the defense buildup prior to the United States entry into World War II.

It deployed to the European Theater of Operations, assigned to VIII Fighter Command in August 1942.  Its Airacobras were deemed unsuitable for the environment for escort duty. It was re-equipped with Supermarine Spitfires and was trained by the Royal Air Force. It flew some escort missions with VIII Bomber Command Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses and Consolidated B-24 Liberators during the fall of 1942.

It was sent to North Africa in late 1942 as part of the Operation Torch invasion forces, and took up station in Algeria.  It was reassigned to Twelfth Air Force and flew both fighter escort missions for the Flying Fortresses operating from Algeria and tactical interdiction strikes on enemy targets of opportunity in Algeria and Tunisia during the North African Campaign.

Following the German defeat and withdrawal from North Africa the squadron participated in the Allied invasion of Sicily and invasion of Italy and subsequent drive of the United States Fifth Army up the Italian Peninsula. Engaged primarily in tactical operations after November 1943, supporting ground forces and attacking enemy targets of opportunity such as railroads, road convoys, bridges, strafing enemy airfields and other targets.  It deployed to Corsica in 1944 to attack enemy targets in support of Free French forces in the liberation of the island and to support Allied Forces in the invasion of Southern France. It continued offensive operations until the German capitulation in May 1945. It returned to the United States and was inactivated during the fall of 1945.

Air Defense Command

It was reactivated in 1946 as a United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) fighter squadron. It was primarily an occupation unit at Schweinfurt Airfield and Bad Kissingen Airfield in Germany.  It was reassigned from USAFE to Air Defense Command (ADC) in June 1947, equipped with Northrop P-61 Black Widows, and stationed at Mitchel Field, New York, to perform air defense of the eastern United States.

In June 1948 the unit transitioned into North American F-82 Twin Mustangs. In the fall of 1949 the unit moved to McGuire Air Force Base, New Jersey. In August 1955 the 5th moved on paper to Suffolk County Air Force Base, New York. In the spring of 1957 the unit transitioned into Convair F-102 Delta Daggers.

In February 1960 the 5th moved to Minot Air Force Base, North Dakota, and transitioned into the Convair F-106 Delta Dart under the 32d Fighter Wing. Although the number of ADC interceptor squadrons remained almost constant in the early 1960s, attrition (and the fact that production lines closed in 1961) caused a gradual drop in the number of planes assigned to typical fighter squadrons, from 24 to typically 18 by 1964 and 12 by 1967.  These reductions resulted in the squadron's parent 32d Fighter Wing's inactivation and the transfer of Minot to Strategic Air Command in July 1962.

On 22 October 1962, before President John F. Kennedy told Americans that missiles were in place in Cuba, the squadron dispersed one third of its force, equipped with nuclear tipped missiles to Hector Field at the start of the Cuban Missile Crisis. These planes returned to Minot after the crisis.  In late 1962 the 5th acquired two live lynx kittens ("Spitten" and "Kitten") as mascots, with the assistance of the Minot Daily News, after a farmer had killed their mother.

In the mid-1980s the 5th converted to the McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagles. The F-15s only flew over Minot until the spring of 1988, when the FIS was inactivated.  The lynx den in the squadron was one of the few places where Canada lynx had bred in captivity in the U.S., prompting both the St. Louis and San Diego Zoos to copy it in an attempt to get their own lynx inhabitants to produce offspring. Several generations of lynx flourished there, and after the unit was inactivated, Delta and Dart, twin kitten descendants of the original two Lynx kitten mascots were donated to the Roosevelt Park Zoo in Minot.

Pilot training
It was reactivated in 1990 as an Air Training Command (later Air Education and Training Command) undergraduate pilot Training squadron at Vance Air Force Base, Oklahoma, but was inactivated in December of the following year.   The squadron was activated again at Vance in 1997, but this time as a reserve unit.  As an associate unit, it trains pilots and pilot instructors alongside the active duty members of the 71st Flying Training Wing.

Lineage
 Constituted as the 5th Pursuit Squadron (Interceptor) on 20 November 1940
 Activated on 15 January 1941
 Redesignated 5th Fighter Squadron on 15 May 1942
 Inactivated on 7 November 1945
 Activated on 9 November 1946
 Redesignated 5th Fighter Squadron, All Weather on 10 May 1948
 Redesignated 5th Fighter-All Weather Squadron on 20 January 1950
 Redesignated 5th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron on 1 May 1951
 Inactivated on 1 July 1988
 Redesignated 5th Flying Training Squadron on 1 January 1990
 Activated on 16 February 1990
 Inactivated on 15 December 1991
 Redesignated 5th Flying Training Flight and activated in the reserve on 1 April 1997
 Redesignated 5th Flying Training Squadron on 1 April 1998

Assignments

 52d Fighter Group: 15 Jan 1941 – 7 Nov 1945
 52d Fighter Group (later 52d Fighter-All Weather Group, 52d Fighter-Interceptor Group): 9 November 1946
 4709th Defense Wing: 6 February 1952
 568th Air Defense Group: 16 Feb 1953
 4709th Defense Wing (later 4709th Air Defense Wing): 8 July 1954
 52d Fighter Group: 18 August 1955
 32d Fighter Group: 1 February 1960
 32d Fighter Wing: 1 February 1961

 Minot Air Defense Sector: 1 July 1962
 Great Falls Air Defense Sector: 25 June 1963
 28th Air Division: 1 April 1966
 24th Air Division: 19 November 1969
 25th Air Division: 1 June 1983
 Northwest Air Defense Sector: 1 December 1987 – 1 July 1988
 71st Flying Training Wing: 16 February 1990 – 15 December 1991
 610th Regional Support Group: 1 April 1997
 340th Flying Training Group: 1 April 1998 – present

Stations

 Selfridge Field, Michigan. 15 January 1941
 Floyd Bennett Airport, New York, 17 December 1941
 Selfridge Field, Michigan, 14 January 1942
 Florence Army Air Field, South Carolina, 18 February 1942
 Bluethenthal Field, North Carolina, 27 April 1942
 Grenier Field, New Hampshire, 12 June 1942 – 19 July 1942
 Northern Ireland, 19 August 1942
 RAF Goxhill, England, 26 August 1942 – 27 October 1942
 Tafaraoui Airfield, Algeria, 8 November 1942 (air echelon only)
 La Senia Airfield, Algeria, 12 November 1942
 Orleansville Airfield, Algeria, 1 January 1943
 Telergma Airfield, Algeria, 19 January 1943
 Youks-les-Bains Airfield, Algeria, 8 March 1943
 Le Sers Airfield, Tunisia, 12 April 1943
 La Sebala Airfield, Tunisia, 20 May 1943
 Borizzo Airfield, Sicily, Italy, 1 August 1943
 Borgo Airfield, Corsica, France, 1 December 1943
 Madna Airfield, Italy, 14 May 1944
 Piagiolino Airfield, Italy, c. 24 April 1945
 Lesina Airfield, Italy, c. 10 July 1945 – August 1945
 Drew Field, Florida, 25 August 1945 – 7 November 1945
 Schweinfurt Airfield, Germany, 9 Nov 1946
 Bad Kissingen Airfield, Germany, 5 May 1947
 Mitchel Field (later Mitchel Air Force Base), New York, 25 Jun 1947
 McGuire Air Force Base, New Jersey, 4 October 1949
 Suffolk County Air Force Base, New York, 18 August 1955
 Minot Air Force Base, North Dakota, 1 February 1960 – 1 July 1988
 Vance Air Force Base, Oklahoma, 16 February 1990 – 15 December 1991
 Vance Air Force Base, Oklahoma, 1 April 1997 – present

Aircraft

 Curtiss P-40 Warhawk (1941–1942)
 Bell P-39 Airacobra (1942)
 Supermarine Spitfire (1942–1944)
 North American P-51 Mustang (1944–1945)
 Northrop P-61 Black Widow (1947–1948)
 North American F-82 Twin Mustang (1948–1951)
 Lockheed F-94A Starfire (1951–1953)
 North American F-86D Sabre (1953–1956)
 Convair F-102 Delta Dagger (1956–1960)
 Convair F-106 Delta Dart (1960–1985)
 McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle (1984–1988)
 Cessna T-37 Tweet (1990–1991, 1998–2006)
 Northrop T-38 Talon (1990–1991, 1998–Present)
 Raytheon T-1 Jayhawk (1998–Present)
 Beechcraft T-6A Texan II

See also

References

Notes
 Explanatory notes

 Citations

Bibliography

 McMullen, Richard F. (1964) "The Fighter Interceptor Force 1962-1964"  ADC Historical Study No. 27, Air Defense Command, Ent Air Force Base, CO (Confidential, declassified 22 Mar 2000)

 NORAD/CONAD Participation in the Cuban Missile Crisis, Historical Reference Paper No. 8, Directorate of Command History Continental Air Defense Command, Ent AFB, CO, 1 Feb 63 (Top Secret NOFORN declassified 9 March 1996)

External links

Military units and formations in Oklahoma
0005


Daphney Hlomuka (1949 – 1 October 2008) was a South African television, film, radio and stage actress. On the small screen, Hlomuka was perhaps best known to audiences for her role as MaMkhize (Mrs Mhlongo) in the television drama series, Hlala Kwabafileyo, and as Sis May in the comedy, S’gudi S’naysi, opposite Joe Mafela.

Biography
Hlomuka was born in Durban, South Africa, but raised in KwaMashu during the Apartheid era. She began acting in the theater in Durban in 1968, and was considered to be a protégé of the Durban-based playwright, Welcome Msomi. Her earliest theater credits included performances in two of Msomi's theatrical productions: Qombeni and Umabatha, which was a Zulu adaptation of William Shakespeare's Macbeth. Umabatha became one of Msomu's most famous works. Hlomuka worked in Zulu-language radio plays in the interim between Qombeni and Umabatha.

She left South Africa briefly during the 1970s to tour with the cast of Ipi Tombi in Europe. During the 1960s and 1970s, roles on screen or stage for black actors in South Africa were often difficult to find due to Apartheid. Hlomuka often appeared off-screen as a radio actor in several popular Zulu drama series.

Hlomuka finally had success on South African television during the 1980s when she was cast in the role of MaMhlongo in the dramatic television series, Hlala Kwabafileyo. Her character, MaMhlongo, was the wife and widow of a wealthy tycoon. To this day in South Africa, the word MaMgobhozi, which originated from the series and Ruth Cele's character, describes the gossip habits attributed to women.

She also appeared in the 1980s television comedy, S’gudi S’naysi, opposite well known actor, Joe Mafela. Mafela portrayed the tenant, S’dumo. Hlomuka's character, Sis May, was S'dumo's well-intentioned, tolerant landlady. The series was popular during its run.

Hlomuka's film and television credits spanned the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s (decade). She appeared in the 1995 film, Soweto Green as a maid and housekeeper named Tryphina, opposite actor John Kani. She also starred as Queen Ntombazi in the 1986 South African television miniseries, Shaka Zulu. She also starred on the SABC 1 series Gugu no Andile, as her aunt. She also appeared in the 1996 syndicated television series, Tarzan: The Epic Adventures.

Her most recent roles included Rhythm City, as well as a controversial Nguni language adaptation of the Shakespearean romantic tragedy, Romeo and Juliet.

Daphney Hlomuka died of kidney cancer at Charlotte Maxeke Hospital in Johannesburg on 1 October 2008, at the age of 59. She was survived by her husband, Elliot Ngubane, and their four children.

References

External links

1949 births
2008 deaths
Actresses from Durban
South African radio actresses
South African film actresses
South African stage actresses
South African television actresses
Deaths from kidney cancer
20th-century South African actresses
21st-century South African actresses


Bitty may refer to:

 Bitty McLean (born 1972), British reggae, lovers rock and ragga singer
 Bitty Schram (born 1968), American actress
 Eric "Bitty" Bittle, protagonist of the webcomic Check, Please!

See also
 Bitti, an Italian comune
 Bitti (name), a list of people with the surname or given name
 Tendai Biti (born 1966), Zimbabwean politician, Minister of Finance from 2009 to 2013
 Château de Bity, France

Nicknames


Pretty may refer to:

Beauty, the quality of being pleasing, especially to look at
Physical attractiveness, of a person's physical features

Arts, entertainment, and media
 Pretty (advertisement), a 2006 television advertisement for Nike Women
 "Pretty (Ugly Before)", a 2003 song by Elliott Smith
 "Pretty", a song on the Gigolo Aunts album Tales from the Vinegar Side
 "Pretty", a song on the Korn album Follow the Leader
 "Pretty", a song on the Nicky Byrne album Sunlight
 "Pretty", a song on The Cranberries album Everybody Else Is Doing It, So Why Can't We?
 "Pretty", a song by Nicole Scherzinger that leaked in 2016
 "Pretty", a song on the Weeknd's album Kiss Land
 "'Pretty", a song by Naaz from her EP Bits of Naaz

People
 Pretty John (1890–1964), Finnish forest laborer and storyteller
Charles Fenn Pretty (1865–1940), Canadian forestry businessman
 David Pretty (born 1951), Australian rules footballer
 Diane Pretty (1958–2002), British euthanasia campaigner
 Edith Pretty (1883–1942), English landowner and amateur archaeologist
 Harold Pretty (1875–1952), English cricketer
 Walter Pretty (1909–1975), Royal Air Force air marshal
 Wayne Pretty (born 1936), Canadian rower

See also
 Pretty Baby (disambiguation)
 Pretty Boy (disambiguation)
 Pretty Creek, Hickman County, Tennessee
 Pretty Girl (disambiguation)
 Pretty Lady (disambiguation)
 Pretty Little Liars (disambiguation)
 Pretty Woman (disambiguation)
 Pretties, a 2005 novel by Scott Westerfeld


Prince Philip of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (Filippo Maria Alfonso Antonio Ferdinando Francesco di Paola Lodovico Enrico Alberto Taddeo Francesco Saverio Uberto; 10 December 1885 – 9 March 1949) was a member of the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies and a Prince of Bourbon-Two Sicilies.

Family
Prince Philip was the tenth child of Prince Alfonso of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Count of Caserta, and his wife, Princess Maria Antonietta of Bourbon-Two Sicilies.

Marriage and issue
Philip married firstly to Princess Marie Louise of Orléans, eldest daughter and child of Prince Emmanuel, Duke of Vendôme and his wife Princess Henriette of Belgium, on 12 January 1916 in Neuilly-sur-Seine. The couple had one son before their divorce in 1925:

 Prince Gaetano Maria Alfonso Enrico Paolo of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (born 16 April 1917 in Cannes; died 27 December 1984 in Harare). On 16 February 1946 he married Olivia Yarrow (born 16 July 1917 in Dumfries; died 24 May 1987 in Harare) in Paddington. They had 2 sons. As the marriage was Morganatic, they had no dynastic rights to the throne of Two-Sicilies.:
Adrian Philip de Bourbon (born 7 April 1948 in Warrington)
∞ Linda Idensohn (born 3 February 1950 in Salisbury) on 20 March 1976 in Salisbury
Philip Charles de Bourbon (born 5 May 1977 in Harare)
Michelle Lara de Bourbon (born 12 February 1979 in Harare)
Gregory Peter de Bourbon (born 2 January 1950 in Warrington)
∞ Maureen Powell (born 19 April 1951 in Bulawayo) on 15 May 1971 in Rusape
Christan Peter de Bourbon (born 11 April 1974 in Vancouver)
Raymond Paul de Bourbon (born 8 November 1978 in Harare)
∞ Carrie Anne Thornley (born 2 February 1945 in Cessnock) on 30 August 1986 in Brisbane

Philip married secondly (this time morganatically) to Odette Labori, daughter of French attorney Fernand Labori, on 10 January 1927 in Paris. Philip and Odette did not have children.

Titles, styles and honours

Titles and styles
10 December 1885 – 9 March 1949: His Royal Highness Prince Philip of Bourbon-Two Sicilies

Honours
 :
 Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III, 8 October 1907
 Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece, 5 January 1916
 Novice Knight of the Order of Alcántara

Ancestry

References

1885 births
1949 deaths
People from Cannes
Princes of Bourbon-Two Sicilies
French Roman Catholics
19th-century Roman Catholics
20th-century Roman Catholics
Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain
Knights of the Order of Alcántara


The Kaiman class were a class of submarines built for the Imperial Russian Navy before World War I. They were designed by Simon Lake and built at the W:m Crichton & C:o Okhta shipyard in Saint Petersburg. The boats had numerous defects resulting in a legal battle between Lake and the Russian Government. The boats were impounded in 1910 and rebuilding work took place to remedy some of the defects. The boats finally commissioned in 1911 and served in the Baltic Fleet.

Ships

All four ships were built by Crichton Yard, Saint Petersburg, served in the Baltic Fleet and were scuttled in Reval in February 1918 to prevent capture by the Germans.

Notes

Bibliography

Submarine classes
Submarines of the Imperial Russian Navy


Tomatine (sometimes called tomatin or lycopersicin) is a glycoalkaloid, found in the stems and leaves of tomato plants, and in the fruits at much lower concentrations. Chemically pure tomatine is a white crystalline solid at standard temperature and pressure.

Tomatine is sometimes confused with the glycoalkaloid solanine.

History
Tomatoes were brought to Europe in the early 1500s. The English botanist John Gerard was one of the first cultivators of the tomato plant. In his publication Grete Herball, he considered tomatoes poisonous due to their levels of what would later be called tomatine, plus high acid content. Consequently, tomatoes were generally not eaten in Britain until the mid-18th century.

In 1837, the first medicinal tomato pills were advertised in the United States because of their positive effects upon the biliary organs. The product “Phelp’s Compound Tomato Pills” was extracted from the tomato plant, and contained tomatine. The pills were made by the medic Guy R. Phelps, who stated that the alkaloid tomatine was one of the most useful discoveries ever made. Tomatine then was said to be an antidote to mercury.

In the mid 20th century, scientists from the US Department of Agriculture were the first to isolate tomatine from the wild tomato species Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium and the cultured species Lycopersicon esculentum.

Structure and biosynthesis

 () belongs to the compound group steroidal glycoalkaloids. These compounds consist of an aglycon, which is a cholesterol derivative, and a carbohydrate chain, which in the case of α-tomatine consists of two d-glucose units, a d-galactose unit, and a d-xylose unit. In α-tomatine, the tetrasaccharide called lycotetraose is attached to the O-3 of the steroidal aglycone. At first it was thought that the synthesis of steroidal alkaloids only involved multiple steps of hydroxylation, oxidation and amination of cholesterol with arginine as the source of the incorporated nitrogen. Later the glycoalkaloid metabolism genes were discovered. These genes produce the glycoalkaloid metabolism enzymes, which are responsible for the synthesis of steroidal alkaloid aglycones in potato and tomato plants. The reaction these enzymes perform are shown in the figure 1.

Mechanism of action
Tomatine may play a major role in resistance of the tomato plant against fungal, microbial, insect, and herbivoral attack.

The effects of the glycoalkaloids (to which tomatine belongs), can be divided in two main parts: the disruption of cellular membranes and the inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. Tomatine is responsible in tomato plants for resistance against for example the Colorado beetle and to snails. It is also a defense against fungi.

Membrane disruption
The membrane disruptive properties of tomatine are caused by the ability to form 1:1 complexes with cholesterol. A possible mechanism of the membrane disruption by glycoalkaloids is displayed in figure 2. First, the aglycon part of tomatine binds reversibly to sterols in the membrane (figure 2, part 2). When this reaches a certain density, the glycosidic residues of the glycoalkaloids interact with each other by electrostatic interactions. This interaction catalyzes the development of an irreversible matrix of glycoalkaloid-sterol complexes (figure 2, part 4). In this way, the sterols from the external membrane are immobilized and membrane budding will arise. Tubular structures are formed, because of the structure of tomatine (figure 2, part 6).
This membrane disruption causes cell death by cell leakage. Also, the disrupted membrane has an influence on sodium transport, by altering the membrane potential and reducing active sodium transport. When tomatine is orally ingested, the brush border of the intestine is damaged by the membrane-disruptive properties of tomatine, so increased uptake of macromolecules occurs. This damage to the epithelial barriers is dose-dependent.

Tomatine is considered to be a fungitoxic compound, as it completely inhibits mycelial growth of the fungi C. orbiculare (MC100=2.0 mM), S. linicola (MC100=0.4 mM), and H. turcicum (MC100=0.13 mM). For the inhibition at a low pH, much more tomatine is required, so the compound is more effectively fungitoxic at a high pH, when the alkaloid is unprotonated. The unprotonated form of tomatine forms complexes with sterols such as cholesterol, which may cause disruption of cell membrane and changes in membrane permeability.

Tomatine is effective against fungi at pH 8 but not at pH 4. A possible explanation for this is that the tomatine only in the deprotonated form binds to cholesterol to form the earlier mentioned complexes. Tomatine disrupts liposome membranes containing 3-β-hydroxy sterol, while liposomes without 3-β-hydroxy sterols are resistant to membrane disruption. Tomatine inhibits also the fungal types Ph. infestans and Py. aphanidermatum, which do not have any sterols in their membranes, so another mechanism of action must be present.

Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase
The other known action of the compound is the pH-dependent competitive inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. The majority of synthetic pesticides used in agriculture work by inhibition of acetylcholinesterase is to kill insects.

Metabolism
Even now, little is known about the bioavailability, pharmacokinetics and metabolism of the glycoalkaloids in humans. One important factor is the poor uptake of tomatine into general blood circulation. When tomatine is orally ingested, much tomatine may form complexes with cholesterol from the other food present in the stomach. The complexes of tomatine and cholesterol are not absorbed in the intestine, but are excreted. For the complexation with cholesterol to occur, the presence of a carbohydrate chain is essential. The aglycon tomatidine, which is tomatine without the sugars, does not form the complexes. The complexation probably occurs in the duodenum, because the acidic conditions in the stomach itself lead to protonation of the tomatine, and the protonated form of tomatine does not bind to cholesterol.

Hydrolysis of tomatine likely takes place, but whether it is acid- or glycosidase-catalyzed is not known. The hydroxylation of tomatine likely leads to the formation of tomatidine, which is the aglycon of tomatine. Tomatidine is a metabolite which may not be completely nontoxic; it could have effects on the human body.

Fungal tomatinase enzymes can transform tomatine to deactivate it. Detoxification can take place by removing one glucose residue. Other fungal species hydrolyze tomatine to the less toxic aglycon tomatidine by removing all the sugar residues. Tomatidine can still inhibit some fungal species, but is less toxic than tomatine. Fungi use diverse pathways for the hydrolysis of tomatine. Also, the level of toxicity depends on the type of fungus. The metabolite tomatidine can be hydrolyzed further by membrane-bound CYP-450 oxygenases.

Uses
Tomatine has been used as a reagent in analytical chemistry for precipitating cholesterol from solution.  Also, tomatine is known to be an immune adjuvant in connection with certain protein antigens.

Toxicity
The possible risks of tomatine for humans have not been formally studied, so no NOAEL can be deduced. The toxicity of tomatine has only been studied on laboratory animals. The symptoms of acute tomatine poisoning in animals are similar to the symptoms of poisoning by solanine, a potato glycoalkaloid. These symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, drowsiness, confusion, weakness, and depression. Generally, tomatine is regarded to cause less toxic effects to mammals than other alkaloids such as solanine.

The human consumption of moderate amounts of tomatine seems to occur without notable toxic effects. This is reinforced by the widespread consumption of “pickled green” and “fried green tomatoes” and the consumption of high-tomatine tomatoes (a variant of L. esculentum var. cerasiforme, better known as the "cherry tomato", indigenous to Peru) with very high tomatine content (in the range of 500–5000 μg/kg of dry weight).

New York Times food science writer Harold McGee found scant evidence for tomato toxicity in the medical and veterinary literature, and observed that dried tomato leaves (which contain higher concentrations of alkaloids than the fruits) are occasionally used as a food flavoring or garnish, without problems. He also reported that an adult human would probably have to eat over half a kilogram of tomato leaves to ingest a toxic (not necessarily lethal) dose.

See also
 Solanine
 Chaconine

References

External links

Steroidal alkaloids
Alkaloid glycosides
Steroidal alkaloids found in Solanaceae


Taravath Madhavan Nair (15 January 1868 – 17 July 1919) was an Indian politician and political activist of the Dravidian Movement from the Madras Presidency. He founded the Justice Party along with Theagaraya Chetty and C. Natesa Mudaliar.

Early life

Nair was born in Tirur (in present day Ponnani taluk, Malappuram district, Kerala, India) on 15 January 1868. His father Chingicham Veetil Sankaran Nair was a District Munsiff in the Judicial service at Tirur. Madhavan Nair's elder brother Sankaran Nair studied law and served as Deputy Collector while his sister Taravath Ammalu Amma was a Sanskrit and Malayalam scholar who wrote a book in Malayalam on the lives of the 63 Nayanmars.

Nair was educated at the Government High School, Palghat. He was known for his academic proficiency and he passed his matriculation exam one year in advance. He graduated from the Presidency College, Madras and joined Madras Medical College. However, he did not complete his course in medicine moving to continues his studies at the University of Edinburgh. He graduated from the University with an in MBChB, and obtained his MD in 1896, with Sanskrit as the compulsory classical subject. He researched in ENT diseases at Paris and returned to India in 1897. During his stay in the United Kingdom, he was a member of the Edinburgh Student's Representative Council, Secretary and later, President of the Edinburgh Indian Association, member of the Edinburgh University Liberal Association and University Union and one of the editors of Edinburgh University Liberal's magazine "The Student". Prior to his return to India, Nair spent some time in London where he served as Secretary and later Vice-President of London Indian Society which was led by Dadabhai Naoroji. He also served as a member of the British Medical Association, the Royal Asiatic Society, the National Liberal Club and the Royal Society.

Public offices

Nair represented Triplicane in the Madras Corporation from 1904 to 1916. During his term he frequently attacked the Corporation and its President Molony over the quality of water supplied. In 1910 he agitated for the revival of the Palghat Municipal Council.

In 1908 Nair was appointed member of the Labor Commission by the Government of India. He submitted a report condemning the situation of workers in factories and recommended the reduction of hours of work. He personally submitted his condemnation and recommendations before the Secretary of State for India at London.

In 1912 Nair was elected to the Madras Legislative Council. When the First World War broke out Nair served as one of the surgeons on the hospital ship SS Madras, and was commissioned as a lieutenant. At the end of the war he was awarded the Kaiser-i-Hind medal and posthumously the War Service medal.

In the Indian National Congress

Nair was associated with the Indian National Congress right from the time of his return to India in 1897. In the Congress sessions in 1898 and 1899, he strongly condemned the present status of Indian officers in the Medical services and campaigned for equal treatment to be meted out to them. He presided over the District Congress at Chittoor, North Arcot in 1907.

Formation of the South Indian Liberal Federation

When Nair lost the elections to the Imperial Legislature of India held in 1916 he blamed caste-based prejudices in the Indian National Congress for his loss. Nair felt that the Brahmins were dominating the Indian National Congress. He protested the Home Rule Movement launched by Annie Besant.

In 1917 Nair left the Indian National Congress. At a meeting in August 1917 he said:

In October 1917, Nair launched the South Indian Liberal Federation, also known as the Justice Party in collaboration with Sir Pitti Theagaroya Chetty.

Editorship of the Justice

In November 1916 a meeting was held at Madras in which Sir P. Theagaroya Chetty and Nair participated. The meeting brought out a resolution mandating the establishment of a newspaper for voicing the aspirations of non-Brahmins. From 26 February 1917 onwards, the Justice began to be published. Nair was the chief editor until his death in 1919. In his newspaper he attacked his opponents in the Indian National Movement and supporters of the Home Rule Movement. Once when the Indian National Congress carried out agitations in Ernad Tirur and Valluvanad, he prophesied that "the Congress was smoking in a gunpowder magazine". His words proved to be true when the Moplah Rebellion broke out in the region in the year 1921.

Mission to England and death

In 1918–19, despite warnings from fellow doctors not to travel abroad as his health was deteriorating, he led a mission to England to speak in support of communal representations before a Joint Parliamentary Committee. He remains one of the few Indians to have addressed a meeting of the members of the UK Parliament. However he was prohibited from speaking to the public on the orders of Edwin Samuel Montagu, the Secretary of State for India. Nair died on 17 July 1919 at the age of 51 due to heart seizure following diabetic gangrene and Bright's disease. His body was cremated at Golders Green, cemetery in London and is still a pilgrim's centre for many who admire him.

Inclination

Nair always wore Western clothes and followed Western manners and customs. As a result, he was frequently criticised as an anglophile. However, at the same time, he displayed his love for his mother tongue Malayalam by speaking and writing in chaste Malayalam.

Commemoration

In 2008, the Government of India released a postage stamp in his honour. Dr. Nair Road, an arterial road running through T. Nagar, Chennai connecting Pondy bazar and GN Chetty Road –  is named after him, since he lived and practised medicine from there.

References

Further reading

1868 births
1919 deaths
People from British India
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Malayali politicians
Recipients of the Kaisar-i-Hind Medal
Justice Party (India) politicians
Politicians from Palakkad
Indian National Congress politicians from Kerala
19th-century Indian politicians
20th-century Indian politicians
People from the Madras Presidency


Joseph Bonson (19 June 1936 – 29 November 1991) was an English professional footballer who played for several clubs during the 1950s and 1960s.

Career
Bonson started his career at Wolverhampton Wanderers, working his way through their youth ranks including playing in the 1954 FA Youth Cup Final, losing to Manchester United. He graduated to the first team and made his debut on 1 January 1957 in a 3–2 win at Sunderland, the first of 11 consecutive starts during which he scored 6 goals. However, due to a wealth of striking talent at the club, he was deemed surplus to requirements and sold to Cardiff City for £7,000 at the end of the season.

He joined the Bluebirds as a replacement for Johnny Nicholls, who had left the club to join Exeter City and made a goalscoring debut for the club in a 1–1 draw with Ipswich Town in November 1957. He finished the season with 12 goals in a total of 25 appearances.

During his time at Cardiff he formed two formidable strike partnerships with two Wales internationals, first with Ron Hewitt and then with Derek Tapscott, after he joined the club from Arsenal. Bonsons's most prolific year came in the 1958–59 season when he scored 18 times for the club. At the end of the season he was transferred to Scunthorpe United in exchange for Peter Donnelly.

Bonson went on to spend the rest of his career playing in the lower leagues of English football with spells at Doncaster Rovers, Newport County, Brentford and Lincoln City.

He died in 1991.

References

1934 births
1991 deaths
Footballers from Barnsley
English men's footballers
Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. players
Cardiff City F.C. players
Scunthorpe United F.C. players
Doncaster Rovers F.C. players
Newport County A.F.C. players
Brentford F.C. players
Lincoln City F.C. players
English Football League players
Men's association football forwards


The Twilight Sad Killed My Parents and Hit the Road is a compilation album by Scottish indie rock band The Twilight Sad, released by FatCat Records on 8 December 2008. The compilation is composed of live tracks, covers and previously unreleased material, and was made to "help fund their tour with Mogwai" in late 2008. The compilation was initially limited to 1,000 CD copies only, and was only made available at live shows, in independent record shops, and at FatCat's official website. The CD has not been repressed, but the album was made available digitally shortly after the CD release, and pressed on vinyl for the first time in November 2019.

The album artwork and name are homages to the 1990 Sonic Youth album Goo. According to vocalist James Graham, the Goo pastiche was the idea of guitarist Andy MacFarlane. Graham commented, "[The Twilight Sad] were playing in America with Mogwai [...] and Thurston Moore [came] to the gig. So we were thinking 'fuck' and hoping he didn't see the merchandise table. They haven't sued us though. Yet."

The first six tracks were recorded at the ABC in Glasgow on 9 October 2008. "Untitled #28" and "Untitled #27" were later featured on the band's second studio album, Forget the Night Ahead, as "The Neighbours Can't Breathe" and "The Room", respectively.

Track listing

Release history

Credits
 James Graham – vocals
 Andy MacFarlane – guitars, noise
 Craig Orzel – bass
 Mark Devine – drums
 Martin "Dok" Doherty – keyboards (tracks 1–6)

Production
 Iain Cook – mixing, mastering
 Andy MacFarlane – mixing ("The Weath-er Is Bad")
 Andreas Jonsson – recording (tracks 1–6)
 Peter Katis – recording, mixing ("I Was Hoping Winter Was Over")

References

External links
Album synopsis at FatCat Records
Pitchfork article

The Twilight Sad albums
2008 compilation albums
FatCat Records compilation albums


Faisal Al-Husseini International Stadium () is an association football stadium on Dahiat al'Barid Street in Al-Ram. It is one of the home stadiums of the Palestine national football team. It is named after Faisal Husseini, a Palestinian politician who died in 2001. The stadium has a seating capacity of 12,500 spectators.

Palestine international matches
On 26 October 2008, the team played Jordan in their first-ever home international in 10 years of FIFA membership. In attendance were FIFA President Sepp Blatter and Palestinian Prime Minister Salam Fayyad. On 29 October 2009, the Palestinian national women's football team played its first home international match against Jordan before a capacity crowd at the stadium.

On 9 March 2011, Palestine "played its first ever competitive match at home in the West Bank". It was the second leg of a qualifier for the 2012 Olympic Games, against Thailand. Thailand had won the first leg 1–0 in Bangkok; Palestine won the second 1–0 at the stadium, with a goal by Abdelhamid Abuhabib in the 43rd minute. The draw on aggregate led to a penalty shootout, with Thailand winning 6–5. Attending the match was Prime Minister Fayyad, who described it as a "historic day".

On 3 July 2011, the stadium hosted "the first World Cup game ever to be played at home in the Palestinian territories". The game was the second leg of a two-match encounter against Afghanistan, in the first round of the Asian Football Confederation qualifiers for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. The game was a draw, enabling Palestine to advance to the second round on aggregate. Afghanistan were eliminated.

References

External links
  Palestinians make footy history
 Palestine to play 1st match in home stadium

Palestinian territories
Sport in the West Bank
Football venues in the State of Palestine


Hibbs is a surname, originally chiefly from Devon. Its etymology may be either, Patronymic, from a diminutive of the name Hibbert; or a Matronymic of the Medieval female name Ibb, in turn a pet name from Isabel or Isabelle.

Notable people with the surname include:

Albert Hibbs (1924-2003), American mathematician
Ben Hibbs (1901–1975), American writer and editor
Harry Hibbs (footballer) (1906–1984),  English footballer
Harry Hibbs (musician) (1942–1989), Canadian musician
Jesse Hibbs (1906–1985), American film and television director
Jim Hibbs (born 1944), American baseball player
Loren Hibbs (born 1961), American baseball player and coach
Robert John Hibbs (1943–1966), American military officer and Medal of Honor recipient

See also
W. B. Hibbs and Company Building, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington, D.C.

References


Re Augustus Barnett & Son Ltd [1986] BCLC 170 is a UK insolvency law case on the standard of fault required to show that directors have been guilty of fraudulent trading.

Facts

Augustus Barnett & Sons Ltd (Barnett) was a subsidiary of Rumasa SA and the main retail UK retail store for wine and sherry export. Barnett had a deficiency of assets, and its auditors would not certify accounts on a going concern basis, unless Rumasa confirmed it would keep supporting the company. Rumasa did, saying with a 'letter of comfort' on June 1, 1982 that it would provide additional working capital. It had given £4m in subsidies by 1981.

Rumasa was nationalised by the Spanish government on February 23, 1983. Barnett's asset deficiency was now £4.5m. Auditors and lawyers advised that the directors of Barnett were at risk of personal liability for fraudulent trading (now s.213 Insolvency Act 1986; then s.332 Companies Act 1948) unless more money could pay off the debts. On September 2, 1983, Barnett went into voluntary liquidation. The liquidators applied for a declaration that Rumasa was a knowing party to fraudulent trading. Rumasa opposed and argued there was no reasonable cause of action, because it was never alleged that Barnett directors were dishonest or had any intention to defraud.

Judgment
Hoffmann J agreed with Rumasa's strike out application. The Companies Act 1948, s.332 said that in winding up if it appeared that,

Hoffmann J held that because this section required a finding of someone carrying on a company "with intent to defraud", it was only when that requirement was fulfilled that knowing parties could be similarly liable. The state of mind of the outsider was irrelevant. There could be an action in the tort of deceit, but not s.332. Because there was no allegation of fraud on Barnett directors, the parent could be no accessory.

In an obiter dictum, Hoffmann J also looked at one of the liquidator's arguments. This was that the Rumasa's letter of comfort, for financial support over the years, should make the parent liable for Barnett's debts. He said the state of law was inadequate on this subject, and it was a question of considerable public importance; but these interlocutory proceedings were not a good opportunity for a wider investigation. In any case the language of s.332 was plain.

See also
R v. Grantham [1984] QB 675

Notes

References
Case Comment, ‘Liability for fraudulent trading requires proof of fraudulent intent’ [1986] Journal of Business Law 11, commenting that "while the parent-subsidiary relationship does not, as such, give rise to liability, cases may occur in which the parent, by its statements and conduct, is precluded from denying that it undertook such liability."

United Kingdom insolvency case law
High Court of Justice cases
1985 in United Kingdom case law


The Narval class were a group of submarines built for the Imperial Russian Navy. They were designed by the Electric Boat Company and ordered in the 1911 programme as the "Holland 31A" design. The Narval class had advanced features including watertight bulkheads, a crash diving tank and gravitationally filled ballast tanks which did not feature in contemporary Russian-designed boats. The boats were well regarded by the Russian Navy and served in the Black Sea Fleet during World War I, during which they sank 8 merchant ships and 74 coastal vessels.

At the end of 1917, the submarines were transferred to the reserve. The submarines were scuttled by British forces in April 1919 near Sevastopol.

Ships

Three submarines were built by Nikolayev Dockyard.

Kit was raised by EPRON in 1934, but the hulls of the other two boats remain on the bottom in the place they were scuttled. The whereabouts of Narval was unknown until October 2014, though some historians believe it was virtually discovered by the Soviet underwater laboratory Bentos-300 back in 1980. In June 2018, a joint expedition of the Russian Geographical Society's Sevastopol branch, the Ministry of Defence and Sevastopol State University was undertaken to examine the wreck of five submarines, including Narval and Kashalot, by using a remotely operated underwater vehicle. It was reported in May 2019 that the wreck site is to be listed as a cultural heritage.

References

Further reading

Submarine classes
Submarines of the Imperial Russian Navy


The Royal Academy of Italy () was a short-lived Italian academy of the Fascist period. It was created on 7 January 1926 by royal decree, but was not inaugurated until 28 October 1929. It was effectively dissolved in 1943 with the fall of Mussolini, and was finally suppressed on 28 September 1944. All of its functions and assets, including the Villa Farnesina, were passed to the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei. Until 25 April 1945 it continued some activity in the Villa Carlotta on Lake Como near Tremezzo in Lombardy.

The declared purpose of the academy was "to promote and coordinate Italian intellectual activity in the sciences, the humanities, and the arts, to preserve the integrity of the national spirit, according to the genius and tradition of the race, and to encourage their diffusion [abroad]".

Structure and history

The Academy was modelled upon the prestigious French Academy. The Academy selected sixty Italians chosen for their scientific, literary, and artistic achievements.  Those sixty members were divided into four groups of fifteen, representing the physical sciences, moral sciences (including history), arts, and letters (literature).

Politically the Academy served to unify and strengthen the Fascist regime's hold on intellectual activity in Italy, as the Academy demanded that all its members swear loyalty to Fascism and Italy. The Academy was effective at drawing in the intellectual and cultural elites, and was mostly effective at rewarding real talent rather than just loyalty to the regime.  It absorbed other independent institutions, notably the prestigious and venerable scientific Accademia dei Lincei in 1939.

The members were well paid, earning 3,000 lire per month at a time when average per capita income in Italy was 3,079 per year. The members were automatically granted first class travel on Italy's national railways and were entitled to wear uniforms designed for the members and to be addressed as "Your Excellency". Each were allowed to compete for the four annual Mussolini prizes which were awarded to Academy members who demonstrated outstanding work in their respective fields. The Academy sponsored lectures, meetings, research, and publications. In 1934, the Academy appointed a commission to create a dictionary of the Italian language in which all Italianized foreign words were to be removed.

After the collapse of the Fascist regime in 1943 and the installation of the puppet Fascist regime in the Italian Social Republic, a new version of the Academy was briefly reopened until the remnant Fascist state was defeated in 1945.

Membership

The six presidents of the Academy were:
 Tommaso Tittoni, politician, 1929–1930
 Guglielmo Marconi, inventor of radio telegraphy, 1930–1937
 Gabriele D'Annunzio, poet and politician, 1937–1938
 Luigi Federzoni, politician, 1938–1943
 Giovanni Gentile, philosopher, 1943–1944
 , geologist and geographer, from 1944.

There were sixty members in all. An initial list of thirty names was compiled by Tittoni and Francesco Giunta, and was approved by the council of ministers on 13 March 1929. They were: , , Filippo Bottazzi, Armando Brasini, Pietro Canonica, Francesco Coppola, Giotto Dainelli Dolfi, Salvatore Di Giacomo, Enrico Fermi, Carlo Formichi, Umberto Giordano, , Antonio Mancini, Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, Pietro Mascagni, , Alfredo Panzini, , Marcello Piacentini, Luigi Pirandello, Pietro Romualdo Pirotta, , Romano Romanelli, Giulio Aristide Sartorio, Francesco Severi, Bonaldo Stringher, Alfredo Trombetti, , Gioacchino Volpe and Adolfo Wildt.

Notes

References
.
 (in Italian), freely available from the Ministero per i Beni Culturali e Ambientali - Dipartimento per i Beni Archivistici e Librari - Direzione Generale per gli Archivi (a branch of the Italian Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali). The complete inventory of the Reale Accademia d'Italia, which incorporated the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei between 1939 and 1944.
 This article contains material translated from its equivalent in Italian Wikipedia, accessed 5/20/2011

Italy
Italy
Italian Fascism
Italy

1926 establishments in Italy
1943 disestablishments in Italy
Scientific organizations established in 1926
Organizations disestablished in 1943
Learned societies of Italy


In publishing, a callout or call-out is a short string of text connected by a line, arrow, or similar graphic to a feature of an illustration or technical drawing, and giving information about that feature. The term is also used to describe a short piece of text set in larger type than the rest of the page and intended to attract attention.
In documents that need to be translated often a neutral callout is used. By using numbers or letters as callout in combination with an image caption, translation is more efficient since the same graphic can be used in all languages.

A similar device in word processing is a special text box with or without a small "tail" that can be pointed to different locations on a document.

In the utility industry, a callout is an instruction to report for emergency or special work at an unusual time or place.

Gallery

Arts

In music, call-out hooks are small portions of a song, usually seven to ten seconds of a song's hook used by radio stations "in market research to assist in gauging the popularity of a song by the recognizability of its hook".

See also
 Call-out culture
 Pull-quote
 Speech balloon

References

External links

Illustration


The Frasnes Hoard was accidentally unearthed in 1864 by foresters digging out the roots of a tree near Frasnes-lez-Buissenal in Hainaut, Belgium.  The torcs and some other pieces are now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York.

Along with at least eighty uninscribed coins of types often found in Gaul and Britain and associated with the Belgic tribes of Morini and Nervii, which were dated by John Evans to ca. 80 BC, the hoard discovered at Frasnes also contained two characteristically Gallic Late La Tène style gold torcs, one plain with flattened-ball terminals, the other with repoussé decoration of a frontal bull's head among raised facetted scrolls some of which manifested a design repertory comparable to finds in Britain. The torc was constructed of sheet gold over an iron ring wrapped in a hard cement. There was also a ring "nearly 1⅝ inches in diameter", too large in diameter to be a finger ring, yet too small to be a bracelet or armband; it had continuous granular ornament of globules of gold soldered together round into outer face.

Notes

Treasure troves in Belgium
Ancient Celtic metalwork
Prehistoric sites in Belgium
Torcs
Metalwork in the Metropolitan Museum of Art
Belgium–United States relations


Allocasuarina verticillata, commonly known as drooping sheoak, is a species of flowering plant in the family Casuarinaceae and is endemic to south-eastern Australia. It is a small dioecious tree that has drooping branchlets up to  long, the leaves reduced to scales in whorls of nine to thirteen, the mature fruiting cones  long containing winged seeds  long.

Description
Allocasuarina verticillata is a small dioecious tree that typically grows to a height of  and has fissured bark, the penultimate branchlets woody. The branchlets are up to  long, the leaves reduced to spreading teeth  long, usually arranged in whorls of nine to thirteen around the branchlets. The sections of branchlet between the leaf whorls are  long,  in diameter but broader at the end near the teeth. Male flowers are arranged in spikes  long, with about 2.5 to 4 whorls per centimetre (per 0.39 in.), the anthers  long. Female cones are sessile or on a peduncle up to  long, the mature cones cylindrical to barrel-shaped,  long and  in diameter, containing dark brown, winged seeds  long. Flowering occurs in all months.

Taxonomy and naming
Drooping sheoak was first formally described in 1788 by French naturalist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck who gave it the name Casuarina verticillata in Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique from a tree grown in the Jardin du Roi. In 1982, Lawrie Johnson transferred the species to Allocasuarina as A. verticillata in the Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens. The specific epithet (verticillata) means "verticillate".

The 1889 book The Useful Native Plants of Australia records common names of the plant included "shingle oak," "coast she-oak," " river oak," " salt-water swamp oak" and was called "worgnal" by the indigenous people of the Richmond and Clarence River areas of New South Wales. It also records that, "In cases of severe thirst, great relief may be obtained from chewing the foliage of this and other species, which, being of an acid nature, produces a flow of saliva — a fact well-known to bushmen who have traversed waterless portions of the country. This acid is closely allied to citric acid, and may prove identical with it. Children chew the young cones, which they call 'oak apples'."

Distribution and habitat
Allocasuarina verticillata usually grows in grassy woodland, sometimes forming pure stands and sometimes with eucalypts. It is also found on rocky sea coasts and on dry ridges inland. In New South Wales it occurs on rocky hills south from Cobar and on coastal shale south from Sydney. It is widespread in Victoria, extending westwards to the Flinders Ranges, Gawler Ranges, western Eyre Peninsula and Kangaroo Island in South Australia. In Tasmania, the species is found near Launceston and on the east coast as far south Hobart and the Tasman Peninsula.

Uses
Aboriginal Australians make use of the tree for a range of tasks.  The Ngunnawal people make tools including boomerangs from the tree's timber.  Mature cones are used as children's toys.

Ecology
On Kangaroo Island, A. verticillata is the preferred food of the glossy black cockatoo, which holds the cones in its foot and shreds them with its powerful bill before removing the seeds with its tongue.

Biochemistry
Pedunculagin, casuarictin, strictinin, casuarinin and casuariin are ellagitannins have been found in this species.

Gallery

References

External links

  Occurrence data for Allocasuarina verticillata from The Australasian Virtual Herbarium

verticillata
Fagales of Australia
Trees of Australia
Flora of the Australian Capital Territory
Flora of New South Wales
Flora of South Australia
Flora of Tasmania
Flora of Victoria (state)
Dioecious plants
Plants described in 1788
Taxa named by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck


The Church of the Presentation of the Virgin in the Temple is part of the wooden churches of Maramureș World Heritage Site, and is located in Bârsana Commune, Maramureș County, Romania. The church was built in 1720 and it features some of the most representative baroque indoor murals in Maramureş. It has a collection of icons painted on glass and old religious books.

Its name refers to the Presentation of Mary.

Presentation
Churches completed in 1720
18th-century Eastern Orthodox church buildings
Romanian Orthodox churches in Romania
1720 establishments in Europe
18th-century churches in Romania


The following is a list of Hamilton Academical F.C. players who have played a first team league game for Hamilton Academical.

Current players

Former players

Notes

Sources

 Soccerbase
 Hamilton Academical Memory Bank

Players

Hamilton Academical
Association football player non-biographical articles
Players


Prince Victor Albert Jay Duleep Singh (10 July 1866 – 7 June 1918) was the eldest son of Maharani Bamba Müller and Maharaja Sir Duleep Singh, the last Maharaja of Lahore, and of the Sikh Empire, and the grandson of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

Biography
Victor Duleep Singh was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he met Lady Anne Blanche Alice Coventry whom he would later marry. In 1887 he entered the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, with a special Cadetship and left it the following December to be commissioned as Lieutenant into the 1st (Royal) Dragoons.

In 1889 Singh was stationed at Halifax, Nova Scotia, as a member of the staff of General Sir John Ross, commander of British forces in British North America. In December, he was rumoured to be engaged to marry Jeanne Turnure, daughter of Lawrence Turnure, a New York City banker, after staying at the Turnure house in Newport, Rhode Island, the previous summer; the rumour was however denied by the banker. In February the following year, Singh took a three-month leave of absence from the army to meet his father in Paris, when rumours of unpaid creditors in Halifax became current for the first time. He continued to serve in the Royal Dragoons until he resigned his commission in 1898.

On the death of his father, Maharaja Sir Duleep Singh, on 23 October 1893, Victor succeeded him as Head of the Royal House of the Punjab.

On 4 January 1898, Prince Victor Albert Jay Duleep Singh married Lady Anne Coventry, a daughter of the 9th Earl of Coventry, who was eight years younger than himself. The marriage created a sensation: it was the first time an Indian prince had married an English noblewoman, and the marriage was made possible primarily due to the intervention of the Prince of Wales (subsequently King Edward VII). The wedding took place at St Peter's Church, Eaton Square, London, where Queen Victoria was also represented. Although Queen Victoria gave the couple her blessing, she allegedly told Lady Anne to never have children with the Prince. The marriage remained childless.

Singh was declared bankrupt on 4 September 1902, with debts totaling £117,900 (approximately £ in today's value), despite his £8,250 annual allowance and his wife's income of £2,500. The bankruptcy was attributed to bad investments and to gambling, something that plagued him for the rest of his life.

He died, without legitimate issue, aged 51, on 7 June 1918, and was buried at the Anglican Cemetery above Monte Carlo. Beside him is the grave of his wife who died aged 82, on 2 July 1956.

Honours

National dynastic honours
 House of Punjab: Sovereign Knight Grand Cross of the Propitious Star of Punjab
  House of Punjab: Sovereign Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Ranjit Singh

National honours
 : Recipient of the King Edward VII Coronation Medal
 : Recipient of the King George V Coronation Medal

Ancestry

References

Further reading
 The Duleep Singh's: The Photograph Album of Queen Victoria's Maharajah, by Peter Bance. Sutton Publishing, .
 Soveriegn, Squire & Rebel: Maharajah Duleep Singh and the Heirs of a Lost Kingdom, by Peter Bance. Coronet House Publishing,
   Letters to Prince Victor Duleep Singh as a schoolboy from his parents and others. Also copies of Prince Victor's letters of 1897 to Queen Victoria and the Secretary of State for India on the subject of his engagement to Lady Anne Coventry.

External links

 The Official Biography of Prince Victor Duleep Singh
 Genealogy of Lahore (Princely State) Queensland University

1866 births
1918 deaths
1st The Royal Dragoons officers
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst
People educated at Eton College
Sikh Empire
English Sikhs
20th-century Indian royalty
English people of Indian descent
English people of German descent
Indian people of German descent


Combe Haven is a  biological Site of Special Scientific Interest between Hastings and Bexhill-on-Sea in East Sussex. An area of  is Filsham Reedbed Local Nature Reserve, which is managed by the Sussex Wildlife Trust

This site has diverse habitats. Most of it is poorly drained alluvial meadows which are divided by drainage ditches. There is also ancient woodland and Filsham Reedbed is the largest area of reed beds in East Sussex. There are diverse breeding and wintering birds and many species of butterflies.

References

Sites of Special Scientific Interest in East Sussex
Bexhill-on-Sea


Kajraare () is a 2010 Indian Hindi-language film directed by Pooja Bhatt, starring Himesh Reshammiya and Sara Loren in the lead roles. Reshammiya plays a singer who falls in love with a bar dancer and the film is centred on how they find true love. It is the first Hindi film to be shot in Petra, often called "the eighth wonder of the world."

Plot
Rajiv Bhel (Himesh Reshammiya) is haunted by his very own past which torments him. He moves to Jordan where he has a job as a bartender, however Avtaar Singh forbids him to stay and immediately wants him to return to India. Rajiv then contemplates suicide but the eyes of a ravishing beauty strikes his own eyes. A chase ensues, until another man appears and takes the "beauty" in his own hands. The guy tells Rajiv if he wants to see what she does, he must come to the bar to "watch her dance".

Rajiv visits the aquarium and he sees the lady again and develops immense love for her. The woman is Nargis who is revealed as a prostitute. He then falls in love. One night, Rajiv visits the "bar", and watches her (Nargis) dance. Embarrassed and feeling unworthy, Rajiv runs away, however, after the end of the night, its time to head home. Nargis and her colleagues get in a taxi which Rajiv follows. At the end of the trip, Rajiv gets closer to Nargis only for Rajiv to return the scarf that Nargis dropped at the bar. Mockingly, Nargis refuses it but Rajiv says if she keeps disappearing like this, he will hang himself with the scarf. Nargis offers for a longer one in a jokingly way.

Regardless, Rajiv wants to marry Nargis. Rajiv wants Nargis to be free from prostitution. Rajiv must now get past Zohra Baano. She owns a prostitution business and hires other women to do their dirty work, the only source of income. Zohra Baano wants a price in exchange and Rajiv is willing to do that. Slowly, Nargis begins to develop feelings for Rajiv. One night, Nargis escapes the brothel, Rajiv finds her and takes her to a hotel. Nargis realises this was a mistake so she must return to the brothel. As soon as the "couple" leave the hotel, 3 drunkards approach them and one of them recognizes Rajiv as "Rocky". In fact, this is his real name, although "Rajiv" denies it. Rajiv fights off the drunkards and realises that Nargis knows the truth. So he decides to come clean about his life story.

Rocky Desai (also Himesh Reshammiya), a singer, is on the aeroplane. An ardent boy, who's a fan of Rocky, and his granny wants an autograph so Rocky writes one for them. On the plane, an uneasy passenger heads for the restroom but he is a terrorist. He threatens the entire crew, until Rocky sees this. He gets into a fight but suddenly the gun goes off killing the terrorist. Avtaar tells Rocky, he just killed Babbar's brother. Babbar is a most-wanted terrorist. He vows revenge on Rocky. Avtaar recommends Rocky to change his identity and start afresh. And this is how Rocky becomes Rajiv.

Rajiv breaks Avtaar's oath by going back to UK. He's playing with his sister in the park until he receives a call. It is Avtaar who wants him to return to London (as a cover up) Babbar is targeting his sister. After the call, his sister is gone. The white woman who witnessed the event says a man just took her. Babbar then tells Rocky he's sister is dead. This shatters him completely.

What follows is the underlying quest for true love. At the climax, Babbar captures Zohra Baano and Nargis. Rajiv / Rocky rescues them and kills Babbar. At the end, they are married.

Cast
 Himesh Reshammiya as Rajiv Behl / Rocky Desai
 Sara Loren as Nargis (Mona Lizza)
 Amrita Singh as Zohra Baano
 Natasha Sinha as Nargis (Mona Lizza)'s mother
 Gaurav Chanana as Sadiq - Dead
 Javed Sheikh as Tariq Anwar
 Gulshan Grover as Avtaar Singh
 Anupam Shyam as  Nawaz
 Adnan Shah as Babur Altaf Khan
 Veeru Krishnan

Release
The film was supposed to be released on 6 August 2010, along with Aisha, but due to clashes between director Pooja Bhatt and the producer, Bhushan Kumar, the release was delayed. According to sources, Kumar later sold the satellite rights to a television channel, which wanted it to have an official theatrical release before they could air it. On 15 October 2010, the film was released in only two theatres in Mumbai.
Bhushan Kumar stated in an interview that the film will release worldwide on the TV channel Colors in December 2010.

The film was previewed on UTV Movies on 28 May 2011. The Film was also previewed on Star Gold Channel.

Home media
The DVDs and VCDs of Kajraare were released by Eros Entertainment in the first week of December 2010.

Games
ASTPL, an Indian software developer, also released a music mobile video game based on the film, titled Kajraare Music Mania.

Soundtrack
The soundtrack of Kajraare was released on 30 May 2010. The album has 7 tracks and 4 remixes. All songs are composed and sung by Himesh Reshammiya with lyrics by Sameer.

Track listing

References

External links

T-Series (company) films
2010 films
Films scored by Himesh Reshammiya
2010s Hindi-language films
Films shot in Jordan
Films set in Pakistan
Films set in Jordan
Films about prostitution in India
Films set in Lahore
Films set in Punjab, Pakistan
Films shot in Dubai
Films shot in Morocco
Films shot in Pakistan
Films shot in Lahore
Films shot in Punjab, Pakistan
Films adapted for other media


Live '99 is the first Live album by Polish singer Edyta Górniak.

Background

The songs were recorded during Edyta Górniak's 1999 tour through Poland. The backing vocals were sung by Ania Szarmach and Kasia Cerekwicka who are now also well known singers in Poland and by Krzysztof Pietrzak.

Track listing

 Intro (1:36)
 Perfect Moment (3:50)
 When You Come Back to Me (4:58)
 Dotyk (4:33)
 The Day I Get Over You (8:19)
 Stop! (5:05)
 Jestem kobietą (4:16)
 I Don't Know What's On Your Mind (5:03)
 Miles & Miles Away (5:35)
 Hunting High & Low (4:07)
 To nie ja (4:22)
 Anything (4:31)
 Dziś prawdziwych cyganów już nie ma (3:27)
 Gone (6:56)

Promo singles

 Stop! (1999)
 Hunting High & Low (2000)

Edyta Górniak albums
1999 live albums


Hickenlooper is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 Andrew Hickenlooper (1837–1904), American Civil War general and politician
 Bourke B. Hickenlooper (1896–1971), American politician from Iowa
 George Hickenlooper (1963–2010), American documentary filmmaker
 John Hickenlooper (born 1952), American politician from Colorado
 Lucy Mary Agnes Hickenlooper, birth name of American pianist Olga Samaroff (1880–1948)
 Smith Hickenlooper (1880–1933), American judge

See also
 Baca v. Hickenlooper, a case from the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit on the constitutionality of laws punishing a faithless elector in the United States Electoral College
 Burns v. Hickenlooper, a lawsuit filed on July 1, 2014, in federal district court in Colorado, challenging that state's denial of marriage rights to same-sex couples


Loch of Aboyne is a shallow, artificial formed, freshwater loch in Grampian, Scotland. It lies  northeast of Aboyne and  west-southwest of Aberdeen. An earthen dam was constructed around 1834 to retain the loch. It also served as a reservoir for a nearby mill.

Survey
The loch was surveyed on 13 July 1905 by T.N. Johnston and L.W. Collett and later charted  as part of the Sir John Murray's Bathymetrical Survey of Fresh-Water Lochs of Scotland 1897-1909.

Flora and fauna
The loch was designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest in 1984 owing to its aquatic flora and fauna and rich reedbed and fen vegetation. It has one of the finest submerged floras in the area with 8 species of pondweeds. There is a high diversity of leeches and pond snails and modest numbers of passage
and wintering wildfowl including wigeon, goosander and whooper swans. It provides a valuable habitat for waterfowl and other birds, with Osprey regularly seen plucking fish from the water. It is also an important site for butterflies.

Leisure and recreation
Aberdeen Waterski and Wakeboard Club uses the loch for its activities and the club was also responsible for repairing the dam in the late 1980s.  In winter, when ice forms on the loch, it is used for curling. A bonspiel was held here in 1891 and the Aboyne Curling Club had its own private railway station named Aboyne Curling Pond railway station, the remains of which can still be seen.

Fishing is available by permit and the existing stock of perch, pike and eels was supplemented in 2002 and 2003 with common roach, bream, ide and carp. On the north shore of the loch is the Aboyne Golf Club and course. The Aboyne Loch Caravan Park lies on a peninsula which extends into the loch, and The Lodge on the Loch health spa is located on the north shore.

References

See also
List of reservoirs and dams in the United Kingdom

Aboyne
Aboyne
Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Scotland
Dee Basin


Smedberg or Smedburg may refer to:

People
 Martin Smedberg, Swedish football midfielder
 Jane Renwick Smedburg, American nurse and philanthropist

Education
 T.R. Smedberg Middle School, Sacramento, California


Hickmott is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Adrian Hickmott (born 1972), Australian footballer
Allerton C. Hickmott (1895–1977), American book collector
Edward Hickmott (1850–1934), English cricketer
Henry Hickmott (1853–1931), Australian farmer and politician
Michelle Hickmott (born 1985), English footballer
Peter Hickmott (born 1954), Australian footballer
Robert Hickmott (born 1969), Australian footballer and horse trainer
Rupert Hickmott (1894–1916), New Zealand cricketer
William Hickmott (1893–1968), English cricketer


Stara Huta () is a village in northwestern Ukraine, in Kovel Raion of Volyn Oblast, but was formerly administered within Stara Vyzhivka Raion. The population of the village is 1024 people.

History
Between the wars, the village was located in the Second Polish Republic, in the Kostopol County, Volhynia Voivodeship. Up till the Nazi German and Soviet invasions of Poland in September 1939 it was known as Stara Huta. During World War II, the village was the site of Polish and Jewish mass murders between 1942 and 1945, perpetrated by local Ukrainian peasants and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army.

The village endured two raids. The first, took place on the night of 4 March 1944. Around 200 farmhouses were burned down. Around 25–30 were saved partially. At least 30 to 35 villagers were murdered.

The second "pacification" operation took place on 28 February 1945 and this time, the Ukrainians killed all the Poles they encountered, including infants and seniors. At that time, the village was destroyed completely and the remaining inhabitants murdered. Among the murdered were four female members of the Biernacki family; the males had been murdered on 4 March 1944. A local Roman Catholic church, had also been razed. The Ukrainians were led by Pavlo Kirychuk, a member of the OUN(B), who himself was later shot by the UIA for desertion.

References

Sources
  Isakowicz-Zaleski, Tadeusz. Annihilation of Korosciatyn, kki.pl; accessed 13 December 2014.
  Stankiewicz, Janusz. Huta Stara, stankiewicze.com, 2007; accessed 13 December 2014.

See also
Massacres of Poles in Volhynia

Villages in Kovel Raion
Vladimir-Volynsky Uyezd
Holocaust locations in Ukraine
Massacres in Ukraine


In software development XRX is a web application architecture based on XForms, REST and XQuery.  XRX applications store data on both the web client and on the web server in XML format and do not require a translation between data formats.  XRX is considered a simple and elegant application architecture due to the minimal number of translations needed to transport data between client and server systems.  The XRX architecture is also tightly coupled to W3C standards (CSS, XHTML 2.0, XPath, XML Schema) to ensure XRX applications will be robust in the future.  Because XRX applications leverage modern declarative languages on the client and functional languages on the server they are designed to empower non-developers who are not familiar with traditional imperative languages such as JavaScript, Java or .Net.

Overview of XRX
XRX is a zero translation application architecture that uses XML to store data in the client web browser, on the application server and in the database server. It is because each of these layers use XML as the same structural data model that XRX applications do not have to translate data structures to and from both object and relational data structures. Because of the lack of need for translation, XRX is considered to have a clean and elegant design. The XRX web application architecture allows developers to focus on the business problem and not the translation problem. XRX benefits from several advances in software technology:

Client Architectural Features
 A model–view–controller (MVC) architecture that separates the data from its presentation and business logic.
 A single element (xf:submission) for all server submissions. This replaces much of the JavaScript code required in most AJAX applications.
 An advanced event model (XML Events) consistent with W3C standards that frees applications from having to deal with vendor-specific and browser-specific event handling.
 A Dependency graph that is used to store the dependency structure of the client controllers. This frees the developer from having to manually update either the model or the views when data changes in an application. This allows spreadsheet-like applications to be created on the client with very little effort.
 A declarative programming style that allows most client XForms applications to be created using a small set of approximately 20 elements. This allows rich client applications to be created without knowledge of JavaScript or other procedural scripting languages.
 An easy-to-extend system for creating new user interface controls using the EXtensible Bindings Language. This allows developers to add new controls at any time without fear of incompatibilities with W3C standards.

Server Architecture Features
 Many native XML databases have built-in REST interfaces making each XQuery inherently a RESTful web service.
 A functional programming model that promotes side-effect free systems that are easier to debug and easier to run on multiple processors.
 An easy-to-extend system using XQuery function and modules.

Both Client and Server
 Both XRX client and server components support a wide range of XML related standards such as XPath, XML Schema and XML Namespaces
 Consistent use of REST interfaces to exchange data between the client and server for all transfers of data including as-you-type data checking and suggest functions
 Consistent integration of W3C standards including use of XPath and XML Schema data types
 A large library of standard of functions used on both the client and server

Overall Benefits of XRX
One of the principal benefits of the XRX architecture is that it avoids the requirement to "shred" complex data structures into relational structures and then reconstitute the data back into structures when a record is edited on the client.

Another benefits of the XRX Web application architecture is that it avoids most of the problems around the object-relational impedance mismatch.

Another advantage is that the client developer does not have to learn JavaScript on the client.

Comparison with Traditional Object/Relational Web Application Architectures
Many traditional web application architectures created in the late 1990 were based on middle object tiers and persistence layers that used tabular data streams and relational database systems.   Because each of these layers used different structures to store the models the systems required much additional complexity to translate between layers.

History of XRX

Early examples of using a zero-translation architecture in multi-tier systems can be traced back to the rise of object-oriented databases in the 1990s. See OODBMS History

Mark Birbeck suggested that the combination of XForms, XQuery with REST interfaces between the two had many advantages in a meeting to the UK XML User Group in September 2006
.  His presentation was one of the first to specifically suggest that the combination of three technologies: XForms and XQuery with REST interfaces would have surprisingly beneficial effects.  Mark termed this process "Skimming" but that term did not seem to be contagious.

Erik Bruchez of Orbeon spoke at the XML 2007 conference on Boston in December 2007.  In his presentation "XForms and the eXist XML database: a perfect couple",  Bruchez showed that many people were discovering synergistic benefits of XForms on the client and XQuery on the server.

The label for XRX was suggested by a blog posting by Dan McCreary on December 14, 2007.  It was in this article that Dan suggested the need for a contagious meme for the ideas behind the XRX architecture.

Generalizations of XRX

Although XRX was originally intended to connote the use of XForms on the client, REST as an interface and XQuery on the server, other proponents of the symmetrical use of XML on the client and server have generalized the term to encompass any XML-centric web client and any server that can store and query XML documents.  This use of XRX is generally referred to as "shallow XRX".  These generalizations do benefit from a simplified zero-translation architecture but many do not benefit from REST interfaces, XPath for consistent data selection, declarative systems in the client, and functional languages on the server (one of the key aspects of XRX).  Use of all three technologies (XForms, REST and XQuery) is referred to as "deep XRX".

Although XRX architecture is centred on XForms and XQuery, it does not preclude the use of other technologies that manipulate XML natively, such as XSLT, XProc, and XSL-FO.

See also

 Web application framework

References

Additional Resource
 XRX: Simple, Elegant, Disruptive by Dan McCreary
 Google Code repository for XRX developers
 Metaphorical Web and XRX by Kurt Cagle
 XRX Queries using the eXist database by Jeni Tennison
 XRX Mapping URLS with Orbeon Forms by Jeni Tennison
 XRX Performing Updates by Jeni Tennison
 XRX Locking Grain Design by Dan McCreary
 XRX Wikibook XRX Wikibook with tutorials for creating CRUDS application using the eXist database
 The Agile Stack by Jason Monberg
 Jesse Alama's Blog on XQuery and XRX

Web applications
Software architecture


Hiebert is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Augie Hiebert (1916–2007), American television executive
Christine Hiebert (born 1960), Swiss-born American artist known for her drawing
Cornelius Hiebert (born 1862), Canadian politician
Jake Hiebert (born 1963), Canadian songwriter and musician also known as Big Rude Jake
Paul Hiebert (1932–2007), American missiologist
Paul Hiebert (1892–1987), Canadian writer and humorist
Russ Hiebert (born 1969), Canadian politician

Russian Mennonite surnames


Thomas Moss is the name of:

Thomas Moss (jurist) (1836–1881), Canadian jurist and politician
Thomas Moss (minister) (1740–1808), English poet and cleric
Tom Moss (1928/29–2004), staffer to Strom Thurmond, second African-American Senate staffer
Tom Moss (politician) (1928–2015), American politician

See also
Moss (surname)


was a Saxonia class ocean liner, built in 1955 by John Brown & Company in Clydebank, Scotland for Cunard Line, for their transatlantic passenger service between the UK and Canada. In 1963 she was rebuilt as a cruise ship and renamed RMS Franconia, after the famous pre-war liner RMS Franconia. She continued to sail for Cunard until being withdrawn from service and laid up in 1971. In 1973 she was sold to the Soviet Union's Far Eastern Shipping Company and, renamed SS Fedor Shalyapin, cruised around Australia and the far East. In 1980 she was transferred to the Black Sea Shipping Company fleet, and for a time returned to cruising in the Mediterranean and around Europe. In 1989 she was transferred again, to the Odessa Cruise Company, and continued her career as a cruise ship until 1994. She was then laid up at Illichivsk, a Black Sea port 40 km southwest of Odesa, until 2004 when, as the Salona, she sailed to Alang, India, where she was scrapped.

"Saxonia" quartet

Near the end of 1951 Cunard Line announced their intention to build two new ships for the Liverpool—Montreal route. Not long afterwards, the plans were extended to build four ships rather than two: , RMS Ivernia,  and . They were designed to be the largest ships operated until then by Cunard on their service between the United Kingdom and Canada, while still being able to navigate the St Lawrence River to Montreal. The contracts for building all four ships were awarded to John Brown & Company, in Clydebank.

Career

 was launched at Clydebank on 14 December 1954 by Mrs C D Howe, the wife of the then Canadian Minister of Trade. Completed six months later, she underwent sea trials, and then prepared for her maiden voyage. The original plan had been for her to set off from Liverpool on 26 June 1955, but industrial action forced a change of plan, and instead, she departed from Greenock on 1 July 1955, carrying 900 passengers and crew, on her maiden voyage to Quebec and Montreal. She arrived safely in Montreal on 6 July 1955.

For the first year of operation, Saxonia and Ivernia shared the Canada route with the older Cunard ships ,  and . As the third and fourth Saxonia class ships entered service, however, the older ships were withdrawn, and by mid-1957 the Saxonia sisters were the only Cunard ships sailing the UK-Canada route.

In 1959 she made a small appearance in the Peter Sellers film The Mouse That Roared in which she is attacked by the Grand Fenwickian army through the use of bows and arrows

By 1962, the increasing popularity and availability of air travel was having a distinct impact on the profitability of transatlantic shipping services, and Cunard decided to refit the Ivernia for cruising. At the same time, they decided to change her name to Franconia, the older ship of that name having been withdrawn from service several years earlier. Ivernia arrived at John Brown's Clydebank shipyard on 11 October 1962 for a major refit, and emerged as the new Franconia on 25 May 1963 in "Caronia green" colours (see ).

From 1963 until 1967, Franconia continued to operate a reduced passenger service between the UK and Canada during the summer months, and spent the winter months cruising the Mediterranean and Caribbean seas. In 1967 the decision was made to withdraw her completely from transatlantic passenger service, and after a refit (during which she was painted white, instead of Caronia green), she switched to permanent cruising service, alternating between the Caribbean, Bermuda, and the Atlantic isles (Madeira, The Azores and the Canary Islands) and north Africa.

In 1971, Cunard was taken over by Trafalgar House. During the subsequent re-organisation, it was decided that, with new ships in construction, it would not be worth the cost to refit and upgrade the Franconia. She was withdrawn from service and laid up, initially at Southampton, and then in the River Fal, Cornwall, while a new owner was sought. In 1973, she was purchased by the Far Eastern Shipping Company and started a new career cruising around Australia and the Far East. She was also given a new name: SS Fedor Shalyapin. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, she was withdrawn from the Australian cruise routes, and for a few years sailed on routes such as Odesa to Cuba.

In 1980 she was transferred to the Black Sea Shipping Company. For several years in the early to mid-1980s she was chartered by a German company, Jahn Reisen GmbH, and resumed cruising in the Mediterranean and the far East. In 1992, the ship was transferred to the Odessa Cruise Company, a company registered in Malta. She continued to operate out of Odesa, however. In the summer of 1994, she made an extended cruise from St Petersburg, calling at 20 ports around Europe and in the Mediterranean ending at Odesa. It was her last cruise, and in 1995 she was laid up at Ilichevsk, a Black Sea port 40 km southwest of Odesa. She remained there until February 2004, when, as the Salona, she sailed to Alang in India, and was scrapped. Her three sister ships also ended their careers in Alang – Saxonia in 1999, Sylvania in January 2004, and Carinthia in November 2005.

References

Ships built on the River Clyde
Ships of the Cunard Line
Cruise ships
Passenger ships of the United Kingdom
Passenger ships of the Soviet Union
Soviet Union–United Kingdom relations
1954 ships
Maritime incidents in 1961
Ships of Black Sea Shipping Company


Darío Andrés Siviski (born 20 December 1962 in Avellaneda) is a former Argentine football midfielder who played for a number of clubs in Argentina, Mexico, Switzerland and Japan. He represented Argentina at the 1988 Olympic games and played for the full Argentina national team at Copa América 1987.
Siviski started his playing career in 1981 with Temperley he spent some time in Mexico with Toluca before returning to Temperley in 1985.
In 1986 Siviski joined San Lorenzo de Almagro where he played 126 games, scoring 21 goals. In 1990, he joined Servette of Switzerland. He has also played for Independiente and Estudiantes de La Plata in the Argentine Primera and  Avispa Fukuoka in the J-League under manager Hugo Maradona.

Towards the end of his playing career he played for Grupo Universitario de Tandil before returning to his first club Club Atlético Temperley in 1997.

He represented Argentina at the 1988 Olympic games and played for the senior Argentina national team on six occasions including games at Copa América 1987.

After retiring as a footballer he has worked in various roles including football agent, coach and sporting director.

External links

Darío Siviski CV
San Lorenzo micro profile

1962 births
Living people
Footballers from Avellaneda
Argentine men's footballers
Argentina men's international footballers
1987 Copa América players
Footballers at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Men's association football midfielders
San Lorenzo de Almagro footballers
Club Atlético Independiente footballers
Estudiantes de La Plata footballers
Deportivo Toluca F.C. players
Servette FC players
Expatriate men's footballers in Mexico
Expatriate men's footballers in Japan
Expatriate men's footballers in Switzerland
Avispa Fukuoka players
Argentine Primera División players
Swiss Super League players
Liga MX players
Argentine expatriate men's footballers
Jewish Argentine sportspeople
Olympic footballers for Argentina
Pan American Games bronze medalists for Argentina
Medalists at the 1987 Pan American Games
Footballers at the 1987 Pan American Games
Pan American Games medalists in football


Sennaya Ploshchad (; named after Sennaya Square) is a station on the Moskovsko-Petrogradskaya Line of Saint Petersburg Metro.

History
The station opened on 1 July 1963. It is a deep underground pylon station. Its surface vestibule is situated near Sennaya Square, which gives its name to the station. The historic Saviour Church on Sennaya Square was demolished in 1961 prior to the construction of the vestibule, although it ended up located in a different place. In 1952, Sennaya Square was renamed Ploshchad Mira and the new station was given that name. The historic name of the square was restored in 1992, and the metro station was also renamed. In June 1999, the concrete canopy of the surface vestibule collapsed, killing seven. The station is connected to the station Spasskaya of the Pravoberezhnaya Line and Sadovaya of the Frunzensko-Primorskaya Line via an underground transfer corridor.

On 3 April 2017, a suicide bomber blew himself up on a train between stations Sennaya Ploschad and Tekhnologichesky Institut, leaving 15 people dead and at least 45 people injured.

References

External links

Saint Petersburg Metro stations
Railway stations in Russia opened in 1963
1963 establishments in the Soviet Union
Railway stations located underground in Russia


Sujatha (10 December 1952 – 6 April 2011) was an Indian actress who performed and starred in a variety of unique characters in Tamil, Malayalam and Telugu films- in addition to few in Kannada and Hindi languages as well. The actress was best known for restraint and subtlety in portrayal of varied emotions. After starring in numerous Malayalam films in her mother-tongue, Sujatha later got introduced to the Tamil film industry by veteran director K. Balachander and producer P.R. Govindarajan as a protagonist in her first Tamil film, Aval Oru Thodar Kathai (1974). It was a critically acclaimed film and launched the actress's first commecrical breakthrough in her acting career. Whereas, her first Telugu picture happened to be a Telugu/Tamil bilingual titled as Guppedu Manasu (1979) in Telugu and was simultaneously shot as Nool Veli in Tamil of the same year. She died of a cardiac arrest on 6 April 2011 in Chennai (aged 58).

Early life
Sujatha was born in a Malayali-speaking family on 10 December 1952 in Galle, Sri Lanka where she spent most of her early days of childhood over there. She participated in school plays, and later moved to Tamil Nadu when she was about 15. She acted in Ernakulam Junction, a Malayalam movie.

Career
Sujatha made her debut in the Malayalam film Thapasvini. Her first Tamil film was Aval Oru Thodar Kathai directed by K. Balachander. She again collaborated with K. Balachander in Avargal (1977)- starring leading stars Rajinikanth and Kamal Haasan. Sujatha acted in over 240 films in five languages namely Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu, Kannada and Hindi movies. She appeared in films like Aval Our Thodar Kadhai, Annakkili, Avargal as a tortured wife, Vidhi, Mayangugiraal Oru Maadhu, Sentamizh Paattu and Aval Varuvaala, and in Telugu such as her debut in Guppedu Manasu.

Character roles
During the 1980s, she started playing character roles, often portraying mothers. Her performances as a senior actor in films like Kodi Parakuthu, Uzhaippali, Baba in all which she played the mother of Rajinikanth; and Villain in which she played Ajith Kumar's wellwisher. Varalaru (2006) was her last film.

Death
While undergoing treatment for a heart ailment, Sujatha died of cardiac arrest in Chennai on 6 April 2011.

Awards and honours
Filmfare Awards South
 1975 – Filmfare Best Tamil Actress Award for Uravu Solla Oruvan
 1976 – Filmfare Best Tamil Actress Award for Annakili
 1977 – Filmfare Best Tamil Actress Award for Avargal
 1979 – Filmfare Best Telugu Actress Award for Guppedu Manasu

Nandi Awards
 1997– Nandi Award for Best Character Actress for Pelli

Tamil Nadu State Film Awards
 1981 – Special Best Actress for Thunaivi
 1982 – Special Best Actress for Paritchaikku Neramaachu

Government of Tamil Nadu
 Kalaimamani

Notable filmography

1960s

1970s

1980s

1990s

2000s

Kannada films of Sujatha

1.) Nanna Devaru - 1982

2.) Akrosha - 1983

3.) Prema Sakshi - 1984

4.) Kanoonige Saval - 1984

5.) Rowdy Raja - 1984

6.) Super Boy(3D) - 1986

7.) Bidisada Bandha - 1989

8.) Thutta Mutta - 1998

9.) Kiccha - 2003

10.) Neelakanta - 2006

Voice artist
 Jayapradha - Ninaithale Inikkum, 47 Natkal

References

External links

1952 births
2011 deaths
20th-century Indian actresses
21st-century Indian actresses
Actresses in Tamil cinema
Actresses in Hindi cinema
Actresses in Telugu cinema
Actresses in Kannada cinema
Actresses in Malayalam cinema
Filmfare Awards South winners
Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners
People from Galle
Indian film actresses
Nandi Award winners
Actresses from Chennai
Sri Lankan film actresses


Michael Jay Franklin is an American software entrepreneur and computer scientist specializing in distributed and streaming database technology. He is Liew Family Chair of Computer Science and chairman for the Department of Computer Science at the University of Chicago.

Franklin was the top cited scholar in the field of databases, according to the 2022 AI 2000 records.

Biography
Before moving to Chicago in 2016, he was Thomas M. Siebel Professor of Computer Science and chair of the Computer Science Division at University of California, Berkeley. At Berkeley he was director of the Algorithms, Machines, and People Laboratory (AMPLab), a collaboration of computing systems, data management, machine learning researchers focused on large-scale data analytics. Under his direction, AMPLab projects such as Spark and Mesos had wide industrial and academic impact.

Franklin received a bachelor's degree from the University of Massachusetts Amherst in 1983 and a master's degree from the Wang Institute of Graduate Studies in 1986.  He earned a Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1993 under with his thesis Caching and memory management in client-server database systems under Michael James Carey.

He was also a cofounder as well as CTO of Truviso, a company specializing in streaming databases which was acquired by Cisco in May 2012. He is also an advisor to Databricks, a big data company commercializing the Spark research project.

Awards
Elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 2023
AAAS Fellow, 2021
Inaugural University of Massachusetts Amherst CS Department Outstanding Achievement Award in Research, 2009
ACM Fellow, 2005, "for contributions to distributed information management."
SIGMOD Test of Time Award, 2004

References

External links
 Michael Franklin's web page and biography

Living people
American computer scientists
Database researchers
Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
University of Chicago faculty
University of Massachusetts Amherst alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
UC Berkeley College of Engineering faculty
American chief technology officers
Year of birth missing (living people)


Ram Ruhee (October 12, 1927 – October 21, 2008) was a Mauritian former International Olympic Committee member and FIFA executive. Ruhee founded the Mauritius National Olympic Committee and remained it Secretary General until his death in 2008.

Early years
Ruhee, born in Port Louis and former teacher, founded the first division soccer club Cadets Club in Mauritius in 1948. He continued to manage the team after its founding. He later founded the Mauritius National Olympic Committee in 1971 and remained its Secretary General until his death in 2008.

Career
Mauritius first competed in the Olympics during the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles and has subsequently competed in every Summer Olympics Game since. The country's first Olympic Medal was won during the 2008 Beijing Olympics by Bruno Julie. The IOC would later commend Ruhee in statement following his death saying, "(He) played a key role in promoting the values of sport to the youth in his country."

Ruhee served as a member of the International Olympic Committee from 1988 until 2007. He was investigated in 1999 as part of the 2002 Winter Olympic bid scandal. However, Ruhee was completely exonerated and cleared of any wrongdoing in the scandal. He was awarded the Olympic Order of Merit at the Beijing Olympics in 2008.

Ruhee also served on the FIFA executive committee from 1992 until 1998. He was also a member of the FIFA finance committee and the FIFA World Cup Organising Committee.

Death
Ram Ruhee died on October 21, 2008, at the age of 81 after a long illness.

References

1927 births
2008 deaths
FIFA officials
International Olympic Committee members
Mauritian football managers
People from Port Louis District
Mauritian sports executives and administrators
Mauritian Hindus
Mauritian people of Indian descent