Diplomatic relations between Croatia and Hungary were established on 18 January 1992 following Croatia's independence from SFR Yugoslavia.

Croatia has an embassy in Budapest a general consulate in Pécs and a consulate in Nagykanizsa, while Hungary has an embassy in Zagreb, a general consulate in Osijek and honorary consulates in Rijeka, Split and Dubrovnik.

In 1102 the previously independent Kingdom of Croatia and Kingdom of Hungary entered personal union and the two were henceforth ruled by the same monarch. Following the Ottoman conquests and a disastrous defeat at the Battle of Mohács in 1526, Croatian nobility elected the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I as the new king of Croatia. The Hungarian nobility was divided, but the Habsburgs annexed the Kingdom of Hungary, keeping Croatia and Hungary under a single crown. During the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 Croatia sided with the Austrians, so the Croatian Ban Josip Jelačić helped Austria to defeat the Hungarian forces in 1849, ushering in a period of Germanisation. By the 1860s the failure of this policy became apparent, leading to the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 and the creation of a personal union between the crowns of the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary. The issue of Croatia's status was resolved by the Croatian–Hungarian Settlement of 1868, when the kingdoms of Croatia and Slavonia were united into the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia. Following the breakup of Austria-Hungary after its defeat in World War I, the Croatian Parliament declared independence on 29 October 1918 and decided to join the newly formed State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, ending Habsburg rule and the personal union with Hungary after 816 years. Through the Treaty of Trianon, Hungary lost Međimurje County and the southern part of Baranya to Croatia. Since World War II, relations between two states have been defined by cooperation with Nazis, Soviets and Yugoslavia until the revolutions of 1989 and the breakup of Yugoslavia. Hungary recognised Croatian independence with the rest of the European Economic Community in 1992, and supported Croatia during the Croatian War of Independence.

Croatian and Hungarian high-ranking officials usually meet several times a year. Trade between Croatia and Hungary amounted $1.020 bln in 2012, largely consisting of Hungarian exports to Croatia. Hungarian tourists contribute significantly to Croatian tourism; in 2009, a total of 323,000 visited Croatia, including the Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán who has spent his summer holidays in Dalmatia for last few decades. Both countries coordinate the development of cross-border infrastructure. Pan-European corridors Vb and Vc connect Budapest to the Adriatic Sea via Zagreb and Osijek. Both countries have sizable minorities living across their common border, and both have passed laws to protect their minority rights.

Croatia and Hungary are parties to 96 bilateral treaties and members of a number of multinational organizations, including NATO and the European Union.

Present

Diplomatic relations

Croatia and Hungary established diplomatic relations on 16 and 18 January 1992, after Hungary recognised the independence of Croatia on 15 January 1992. As of December 2011 Croatia maintains an embassy in Budapest (headed by ambassador Ivan Bandić), a consulate general in Pécs and a consulate in Nagykanizsa. The Nagykanizsa consulate is led by an honorary consul. Hungary maintains an embassy in Zagreb and consulates in Rijeka and Split. The embassy is headed by ambassador Gábor Iván; the offices also include an army and air attaché office in the Republic of Croatia (headed by László Hajas) and the Office for Economic Affairs of the Embassy of the Republic of Hungary in the Republic of Croatia (headed by András Péter Závoczky, Counselor for Economy and Trade).

High level visits
Croatian and Hungarian high-ranking officials (including heads of state, prime ministers and foreign ministers) meet several times a year. In addition, Croatian and Hungarian governments have occasionally held joint sessions since January 2006.

Economy and infrastructure

Trade between Croatia and Hungary amounted to €625,083 in 2009, a decrease from €894,270 in 2008. In 2009 Croatian exports to Hungary reached €132,474, while Hungarian exports to Croatia were worth €492,609. Overall, the 2009 trade volume represented 2.75 percent of total Croatian foreign trade. Croatian–Hungarian trade comprises only a small fraction of total Hungarian foreign trade, reaching 0.54 percent of the total in 2009. Hungarian investments in Croatia rose sharply in 2003, reaching the fourth ranking in that year  following investments exceeding US$630 million, largely in tourism and manufacturing. The largest single investment that year was the purchase of more than 25 percent of the stock of INA for US$500 million by the MOL Group. By 2011, the MOL Group increased its stake in INA to 47.16 percent.

Hungarian tourists contribute significantly to the Croatian tourist industry; in 2009, a total of 323,000 Hungarians visited Croatia as tourists. A total of 1.644 million overnight stays were made by Hungarian tourists in that year alone, ranking Hungarian tourists seventh in the number of nights spent in Croatia (behind the Germans, Slovenes, Italians, Austrians, Czechs and Dutch). At the same time, the Hungarian tourists spent more than 143 million kuna ( €19 million) in Croatia, representing a sharp increase from 69.5 million kuna ( €9.3 million) spent in 2008. In 2009, 103,000 Croatians visited Hungary (excluding family and friend visits) in 356,000 overnight stays, spending 204,000 kuna ( €27,000). This spending represented a 250-percent increase from 2008.

Croatia and Hungary coordinate the development of infrastructure, especially transportation routes. Pan-European corridors Vb and Vc connect Budapest to the Adriatic Sea via Zagreb and Rijeka (Vb) and to Osijek and Ploče (Vc). The Pan-European corridor Vb comprises road and rail links between the Hungarian and Croatian capitals and the Port of Rijeka. The corridor's road component primarily consists of the M7, the A4 and the A6 motorways (as well as several other connecting motorway sections) completed on 22 October 2008. The rail component of the corridor largely uses the route completed in 1873, but it is planned to be rebuilt to increase its capacity. The Pan-European corridor Vc primarily consists of the M6 and the A5 motorways; however, as of December 2011 the motorway is not completed. Other infrastructure jointly developed by Croatia and Hungary includes a €395 million gas pipeline and two electric-power lines. On the  border between Croatia and Hungary there are six international-road border crossings, three rail border crossings and five local-traffic border crossings. Citizens of Croatia and Hungary may cross the border with a valid passport or an identity card for stays of up to 90 days.

Minorities and migrations

According to the 2001 census there are 16,595 Hungarians living in Croatia, representing 0.37 percent of the population. In 2000, there were 15,597 Croats living in Hungary, accounting for 0.15 percent of the total population. The Hungarian minority in Croatia is recognised by the Constitution of Croatia; minority rights (including official use of Hungarian by local governments and education in Hungarian) are safeguarded by legislation enacted by the Sabor. Seven municipalities in Croatia introduced Hungarian for official use (either in part of their territory or the entire municipality), depending on the distribution of the Hungarian population there. There are five Hungarian minority organizations in Croatia, and the Hungarian minority is guaranteed one seat in the Croatian Parliament.

The Hungarian government recognised Croats as a minority native to Hungary; it has decided to implement the optional regulations of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages with respect to Croatian and establish a minority self-government for the Croatian minority in Hungary, guaranteeing cultural autonomy. The Croatian minority set up 127 local and 7 county self-governments in Hungary. There are concerns that Croatian minority rights in Hungary are being diminished, but the president of Croatia has assessed that both Croatian and Hungarian minority policies were appropriate. The Croatian minority in Hungary is particularly active in Pécs, where the Scientific Institute of Croats in Hungary and the Croatian Theatre have been established.
The number of migrants between Croatia and Hungary is very low; in 2009, only 22 people emigrated from Hungary to Croatia while a single person emigrated from Croatia to Hungary.

Cultural and scientific cooperation
Croatia and Hungary have agreed to the Cultural Cooperation Programme, which defines cooperation and cultural exchange in the fields of music, theatre and dance, and with respect to the arts, museums, galleries, literature, publishing, libraries, archives, film and cultural-heritage protection. The programme was agreed to on 7 November 2011 in Budapest by secretaries of the Croatian Ministry of Culture and the Hungarian Ministry of National Resources. The programme pertains to the 2012–2014 period and represents a continuation of cultural cooperation through cultural exchange, outside the framework of formal agreements. Cultural, educational and scientific cooperation between the two countries is covered by a treaty of 16 March 1994, with additional treaties regulating diploma recognitions since 16 June 1997 and additional treaties and protocols on scientific and technological cooperation signed in 2002 and 2009. The scientific and educational cooperation entails the awarding of scholarships and bilateral research projects.

Bilateral treaties and multinational organizations

Croatia and Hungary have either signed or succeeded 133 different treaties and other agreements. Some were originally signed by Hungary and SFR Yugoslavia, while Croatia succeeded relevant documents pursuant to decisions of the Badinter Arbitration Committee.
 As of December 2011 96 remain in force, regulating various aspects of relations between the countries (including minority rights, diplomatic relations, cultural and scientific cooperation, trade and economic relations, Drava river navigation, border control and air transport). Free-trade agreements were signed, but have since been repealed through adoption of similar agreements with the European Union. There were also agreements made with a limited period of application, pertaining to sporting-event security.

Croatia and Hungary are members of several multinational organizations, including the United Nations, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, the Council of Europe, NATO, the World Trade Organization and the Central European Initiative. In addition, Hungary is a member of the European Union (EU). On 9 December 2011, Croatia signed an EU accession treaty and is expected to become a member on 1 July 2013. Both countries are also taking part in the formulation and implementation of the Danube Strategy, focusing on transport, environmental and economic development of the Danube area and involving most countries along its banks.

History

Personal union

When Stjepan II died in 1091, ending the Trpimirović dynasty rule in the medieval kingdom of Croatia, Ladislaus I of Hungary claimed the Croatian crown. Opposition to the claim led to a war and the personal union of Croatia and Hungary in 1102, ruled by Coloman. For the next four centuries, Croatia was ruled by the Sabor (parliament) and a Ban of Croatia (viceroy) appointed by the king. This period saw an increasing threat of Ottoman conquest and a struggle against the Republic of Venice for control of coastal areas. The Venetians gained control over most of Dalmatia by 1428 except for the city-state of Dubrovnik, which became independent. Ottoman conquests led to the 1493 Battle of Krbava Field and the 1526 Battle of Mohács, both ending in decisive Ottoman victories against Hungarian and Croatian armies. King Louis II died at Mohács; in 1527, the assembly of Croatian nobility meeting at Cetin chose Ferdinand I of Habsburg as the new ruler of Croatia under the conditions that he provide protection to Croatia against the Ottoman Empire and respect its political rights. In political disarray, the divided Hungarian nobility elected two kings simultaneously: János Szapolyai and Ferdinand I. With the conquest of Buda by the Ottomans in 1541, the remaining part of Hungary not ruled by the Ottomans (known as the Royal Hungary) was annexed by the Habsburgs; they ruled as Kings of Hungary, thus keeping the kingdoms of Hungary and Croatia under a single crown.

Habsburg rule

During the 1830s and 1840s romantic nationalism appeared in Croatia, inspiring the Croatian National Revival (a political and cultural campaign advocating the unity of all South Slavs in the empire). Its primary focus was the establishment of a standard language as a counterweight to Hungarian and the promotion of Croatian literature and culture. During the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, Croatia sided with the Austrians; Ban Josip Jelačić helped defeat the Hungarian forces in 1849, ushering in a period of Germanization. By the 1860s the policy's failure became apparent, leading to the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 and the creation of a personal union between the crowns of the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary. The treaty left the issue of Croatia's status to Hungary; this was resolved by the Croatian–Hungarian Settlement of 1868, when the kingdoms of Croatia and Slavonia were united. The Kingdom of Dalmatia remained under de facto Austrian control, while Rijeka retained its status of Corpus separatum introduced in 1779. After Austria-Hungary occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina following the 1878 Treaty of Berlin, the Croatian Military Frontier was abolished and the territory returned to Croatia in 1881. Renewed efforts to reform Austria-Hungary, entailing federalisation with Croatia as a federal unit, were halted by World War I. On 29 October 1918 the Croatian Sabor declared independence and decided to join the newly formed State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, ending Habsburg rule and the personal union with Hungary after 816 years.

Treaty of Trianon and World War II

The Treaty of Trianon was signed in 1920, at the end of World War I, between the Allies of World War I and Hungary (as one of the successor states of Austria-Hungary). The treaty regulated the status of the independent Hungarian state and defined its borders. Compared to the prewar Kingdom of Hungary (as a part of Austria-Hungary), post-Trianon Hungary lost 72 percent of its territory. The principal beneficiaries of the territorial division of the prewar Kingdom of Hungary were Romania, Czechoslovakia and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. The treaty established the southern border of Hungary along the Drava and Mura rivers (except in Baranya, where only the northern part of the county was retained by Hungary). On 4 December 1918 the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (comprising present-day Croatia) joined the Kingdom of Serbia to form the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes.

The invasion of Yugoslavia by the Axis Powers began on 6 April 1941, during World War II, and ended with the unconditional surrender of the Royal Yugoslav Army on 17 April 1941. During that time, a genocide of Serbs happened. Many Jews and Roma people were murdered too. Also, during that time, on 12 April the Hungarian Third Army crossed the border (advancing into Međimurje and southern Baranya). Those territorial gains were reversed by Yugoslav partisans and the Red Army in 1944 and 1945, and confirmed by the Paris Peace Treaties of 1947. As World War II was replaced by the Cold War, Hungarian–Croatian relations were substantially dictated by the Soviet Union; it dominated the Eastern Bloc, which included Hungary and Communist-ruled Yugoslavia (which in turn comprised Croatia as its constituent part), as defined by the Tito–Stalin split. This situation ended with the revolutions of 1989, the end of Communism in Hungary and the breakup of Yugoslavia.

Fall of Communism and Croatian independence
Hungary recognised Croatian independence on 15 January 1992 (with the rest of the European Economic Community member states), and established diplomatic relations with Croatia three days later. During the Croatian War of Independence, Croatia obtained arms from several countries (including Hungary), despite a United Nations-imposed arms embargo. As of December 2011, Hungary and Croatia have 96 treaties and agreements in force regulating a wide range of activities and relations (including diplomatic, cultural, economic, energy, transport, education, minority and other issues). Furthermore, Hungary supported the Croatian NATO membership request and Croatian accession to the European Union.

Economy

Hungary → Croatia

Most important Hungarian investors in Croatia: MOL-INA, OTP Bank, TriGránit, AdriaticHolidays

European Union
Croatia joined the EU in 2013. Hungary joined the EU in 2004.

NATO
Croatia joined NATO in 2009. Hungary joined NATO in 1999.

See also
 Foreign relations of Croatia
 Foreign relations of Hungary
 Hungarians of Croatia
 Croats of Hungary
 Hungary–Yugoslavia relations

References

External links
  Croatian Minister of Foreign Affairs and European Integration: list of bilateral treaties with Hungary
  Croatian embassy in Budapest (in Croatian and Hungarian only)
  Hungarian embassy in Zagreb

Hungary
Bilateral relations of Hungary


Robert Louis Hall (December 22, 1923 – March 12, 1983) was a pitcher in Major League Baseball who played from 1949 through 1950 for the Boston Braves (1949–1950) and Pittsburgh Pirates (1953). Listed at 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m), 195 lb., Hall batted and threw right-handed. He was born in Swissvale, Pennsylvania.

In a three-season career, Hall posted a 9–18 record with a 5.40 ERA in 89 appearances, including 27 starts, one shutout, eight complete games and one save, giving up 182 runs (16 unearned) on 307 hits and 146 walks while striking out 133 in 276 ⅔ innings of work.  On a fun note,  Dad played in the 1983 March of Dimes Old Timers Game in St. Petersburg, Florida as he had every year - just the very week before he was killed.

Hall died in St. Petersburg, Florida, at the age of 59. He was killed by a drunk driver when the driver drove through a barrier while he was working on a construction site. Leaving behind his (at the time) 16 year old daughter Julie, 26 year old daughter, Kristi and wife of many years Muriel. Muriel later died at the age of 92, in January of 2015.

As of June 2023, Bob's daughters and grandkids are all still living and wish people with no or little connection to Bob during his life, would stop messing with this posting.

References

External links
 or Retrosheet

1923 births
1983 deaths
People from Swissvale, Pennsylvania
Baseball players from Allegheny County, Pennsylvania
Boston Braves players
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Winston-Salem Twins players
Williamsport Grays players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Vancouver Capilanos players
Seattle Rainiers players
Hollywood Stars players
Portland Beavers players
San Diego Padres (minor league) players


TV detector vans are vans which, according to the BBC, contain equipment that can detect the presence of television sets in use. The vans are allegedly operated by contractors working for the BBC, to enforce the television licensing system in the UK, the Channel Islands and on the Isle of Man.

A freedom of information act has revealed that TV Detector vans have never to date provided evidence to be used in court against TV licence non-payers, and have therefore never succeeded in enforcing the TV licence.

History
When television broadcasts in the UK were resumed after a break due to World War 2, it was decided to introduce a television licence fee to finance the service. When first introduced on 1 June 1946, the licence covering the monochrome-only single-channel BBC television service cost £2 (equivalent to £ as of ). The licence was originally issued by the General Post Office (GPO), which was then the regulator of public communications within the UK. Since it was not possible to stop people without a licence from buying and operating a TV, it was necessary to find ways of enforcing the TV licence system. One of the methods used to identify TV use without a licence was TV detection equipment mounted in a van.

The first TV detector van was unveiled on 1 February 1952. In the 1950s, the Post Office, which then administered the TV licensing system, ran converted Hillman Minx and Morris Oxford estate cars, which had large aerials attached to their roofs. Subsequently, Commers were introduced. In the 1980s, vans were supplied by Dodge and Leyland. In the 1990s, Ford Transits were introduced. In 2003, TVL launched its 10th model of detector vans. It was stated that these vans had removable branding so that they could operate covertly.

Although no operating principles for the TV detectors said to be used in these vans were revealed by the BBC, it was thought that they operated by detecting electromagnetic radiation given off by a TV, although "more usually, the authorities receive details of TV sales from the dealer". The most common suggested method was the detection of a signal from the TV's local oscillator.

In 2013, the Radio Times obtained a leaked internal document from the BBC giving a breakdown of prosecutions for TV licence evasion. The 18-page document gave a breakdown of the number of people evading the charge, as well as mentioning the number of people employed to catch those who do not pay their television licence. However, no mention was made of TV detector vans being used to catch such people, prompting media speculation over the truth of their existence. In response a BBC spokeswoman rejected claims that the vans are a hoax: "Detector vans are an important part of our enforcement of the licence fee. We don't go into detail about how many there are or how they work as this information might be useful to people trying to evade the fee."

Detection techniques

Around ten generations of detector van technology were used. The first three were described in The Post Office Electrical Engineers' Journal.

Line-scan
The first detector was introduced in 1952. It operated by detecting the magnetic field, rather than any radio signal, of the horizontal line-scanning deflection within the cathode ray tube. Television tubes, unlike oscilloscopes, used magnetic deflection. The deflection current was a sawtooth with a frequency of 10.125 kHz.

As this was the horizontal deflection, the magnetic field lines were almost vertical. Three small horizontal loop antennae were thus used to detect it, mounted on the roof of the detector van. These were arranged in an L shape, manually switched in two pairs of either diagonally front-back and side-side. The coils, and their receiver, were tuned to a fixed frequency of 20.25 kHz, the second harmonic of the line-scan signal, with a bandwidth of 200 Hz. The line-scan frequency was generated within the TV as a multiple of the mains frequency and could vary slightly long-term. This bandwidth was chosen to allow reception of a varying frequency, yet also to exclude as much ignition noise from the van's engine as possible. This ignition interference was the source of the main limitation on the detector's performance.  The second harmonic frequency was chosen as it allowed the use of commercially available radio receivers, whilst avoiding both excessive ignition interference at the fundamental frequency, or confusing long wave radio carriers with the higher harmonics. The received signal was mixed with a local beat frequency oscillator (BFO) to produce an audible 1 kHz beat frequency, just as is done for CW Morse radio reception. The operator detected signals by listening on headphones and a meter gave an indication of signal strength.

To operate the detector, it was driven along the road past target houses. As an operating TV was approached, the signal increased. The operator could switch between pairs of the antennae, giving a peak sensitivity either ahead of the van, or to the side. When the two combinations were of equal strength, the van was alongside the house.  A similar comparison could tell if the TV was to the left or right of the street.  As the TV tube was being detected directly, the location of the TV aerial made no difference.

VHF
By 1963 the second British TV network, ITV, had begun transmission. This made the original system of TV detection increasingly unworkable. The two networks did not have their line-scan signals accurately synchronised. If two nearby TVs were each tuned to different channels, they then created a beat frequency effect which could swamp the TV detector. The original magnetic low-frequency detector system was also suffering because TV design had improved to radiate less of a magnetic field, and also the increasing number of cars made interference from their ignition circuits greater.

A new detection system was required and this would rely on detecting leakage signals from the local oscillator used in superheterodyne radio receiver circuits. Transmissions at this time were on the 405-line system and used the Band I (47 to 68 MHz), Band II (87.5 to 108.0, VHF / FM sound-only radio) and Band III (174 to 240 MHz) VHF bands. Because of the broadness of the TV transmission bands, and variations in the intermediate frequencies used, a detector receiver could have needed to be tunable between 29 and 240 MHz. By detecting either the fundamentals of Band III, or the harmonics of Bands I and II, the detector system managed to make do with only 110–250 MHz.

The antenna on the detector car was a rotatable, highly directional antenna. It was used by taking bearings on the TV set from multiple locations and triangulating them. Its detection range was several hundred yards, although usually only a few houses distance on a built-up street. As the polarisation of the leaked signal was unpredictable, the detector aerial had to be able to receive mixed or elliptical polarisation. This was achieved with a dipole antenna which was tilted diagonally, placed in front of a metal mesh corner reflector, the whole assembly of which could be rotated. The beam width was narrow enough to give an accuracy of around 5° in locating a source. The complete antenna was large, and permanently mounted on top of a Morris Oxford Traveller estate car, rather than the previous van, so that the overall height of  was no more than a typical large van, avoiding height clearance problems. It was mounted on a 2" diameter aluminium tube mast, rotated manually by a handwheel. The receiver and display were built into a single box, mounted where the front passenger seat had been. The operator and a Postal And Telegraph Operator, who also acted as a map reader and who had a list of valid and recently-expired licences, sat on the rear passenger seat. An unusual feature of the vehicle was an optical periscope, slaved to the rotation of the mast, which identified the house from which the signals were detected. At night, this could be used to project a spot of light instead. To avoid the operator needing to move their head with the periscope, a pair of prisms were used to produce the rotation, with a fixed eyepiece.

The receiver electronics produced a frequency analyser panoramic display on a 5" CRT screen. This display was swept automatically across a range up to 8 MHz. The initial input stage was based on an existing TV 'turret tuner' design, with manual selection across 14 bands spanning 110–250 MHz. As the number of broadcast channels in use locally was very small, only a couple of the mechanically-switched bands would be needed for each detection search. The receiver circuit was a triple superheterodyne, with the second IF frequency being swept between 60 and 70 MHz, in synchronism with the CRT horizontal scan. The IF oscillator was controlled by the sweep signal through a form of transductor circuit, where a control winding controlled the reluctance of the inductor controlling the oscillator frequency. This sweep range was controllable by the operator and could be reduced to zero, making the receiver a simple receiver with an output to headphones.

UHF

The introduction of UHF 625-line TV to the UK, and the possibility of colour TV, used Bands IV and V and required a new generation of detector vans. A new, more expensive, colour licence was also introduced and an increase in licence evasion was anticipated, as licences were not upgraded for new colour sets.

Once again, by detecting only the upper range of the frequency band, the upper fundamentals and the harmonics of the lower bands could both be detected with the same equipment, without requiring an impractically broad frequency range for the detector receiver. Two new problems needed to be addressed for detection of the new sets: firstly the emissions were both higher in frequency and lower in signal strength than before. Secondly, the propagation of signals at this wavelength and their tendency for confusing reflections from many nearby surfaces meant that the previous triangulation method from a couple of positions was no longer reliable. A method was needed which could replace triangulation by a more immediate form of location.

A suitable broadband aerial for the frequency range of 470–860 MHz was a log-periodic spiral, wound on a six-foot long conical former. This had a directionality of 40° for a beam width at half maximum power. To give a narrower directionality, two of these aerials were mounted together in parallel, and spaced apart by 6λ, or six wavelengths at the detected frequency. The aerials pointed sideways in operation, and could be turned lengthwise for driving to the search site. As the necessary spacing varied with frequency, the forward aerial moved backwards and forwards automatically, with tuning. At low frequencies, the large spacing needed required an extension of the van's roof forwards in a prominent box. Waterproofing was provided by a greased neoprene flap, closed by a zipper when not in use. A common misunderstanding was that the aerials moved in a scanning pattern when searching, as the VHF detectors had, but in fact they remained static.

The receiver beam pattern of the two aerial system was still approximately 40° across, but this was now divided into seven sharply defined lobes, with a central lobe only about 4° across. The motion of the vehicle driving slowly was used as the scanning mechanism and a rotation sensor on the speedometer drive provided the X-axis scanning signal for the display. A manual pushbutton was pressed as each house boundary was passed. The ideal detection display was thus a series of seven peaks, centred on the position between the two house markers for the target house. Two CRTs were used for display, one by the operator and the other for providing a photographic record. A Polaroid 'instant' camera was used, so that the print could be produced at the time, before confronting the homeowner.

The initial search for the presence of a TV, rather than accurately locating its position, was done with a separate aerial pair. These were a simple pair of dipoles, one on either side of a shared reflector plate, and comparing signal strength from each side. Later detector vans, such as the Leyland illustrated, used a development of that technique with paired aerials, making a mechanically much simpler aerial system.

The completed system was the most visually well-recognised of all the TV detector vans, particularly as their success and the expanded enforcement campaign with the growth of colour TV made them the most numerous. The system was mounted in a Commer PB van, as was becoming the standard GPO Telephones van, although extensively modified to carry the aerials. They also had an automatic gearbox, to ease the task of driving slowly down urban streets.

Flat-screen TVs
A 2013 study was conducted on television emissions detection by Markus G. Kuhn. This found that emissions from modern sets were still detectable, but that it was increasingly difficult to relate these to the received signal, and thus to correlate a set's emissions with a particular licensed broadcast. The sets radiated from a number of sources, particularly the display controller and its low-voltage differential signaling link to the LCD panel.

Modern sets follow a consistent internal structure of a separate front-end video processor and a display controller, each highly integrated to a single IC. They are supplied by some form of analogue tuner, according to local broadcast standards. The video processor converts an analogue signal to a consistent digital signal standard, such as ITU-656. The display controller then maps this signal to the particular screen panel fitted, its pixel dimensions, such as the 1440×900 WXGA+ standard, which is entirely separate from the broadcast size standards, such as 576×720. The display controller also maps aspect ratios such as 4:3 and 16:9.

Difficulty in identifying emanations from a set is for a number of reasons. Firstly the emissions are simply lower, owing to modern standards for EMI and the increasingly enforced compliance with EMC standards. Signals within the video processor IC would be an obvious target for recognition, in a similar manner to older detectors, but these are far too low to be measurable outside. Secondly the available signals are now divorced from the broadcast signal. The LVDS link to the LCD panel provides receivable signals, but these are dependent on the configuration of the panel as much as on the broadcast being received, and are hard to reconstruct so as to be recognisable.

In the crudest manners, a discernible video signal can be recognised, but this would be hard to tie to a specific broadcast, or to an evidentiary standard. A simple optical detector may be able to achieve just as much, and from a simpler circuit. There is some suggestion that this method is now in use.

Hierarchy
The BBC, to administer the collection of television licence fees and enforce the television licensing system, subcontracts to companies who use the trademark TV Licensing. The BBC is a public authority in respect of its television licensing functions and retains overall responsibility.
subcontractor companies
 Capita Business Services Ltd. (administration of TV Licensing)
 PayPoint plc, Over-the-counter services in the UK
 Post Office, Over-the-counter services on the Isle of Man and Channel Islands
 Proximity London Ltd, Marketing and printing services
 Media Planning Limited, trading as Havas Media UK, Media services

Detector vans are operated by Capita Business Services Ltd, a contractor of the BBC.

Operation
Some information regarding TV detection technology was revealed as part of a freedom of information request made to the BBC in 2013, which included details of a search warrant.  The warrant revealed that a BBC contractor had used an "optical detector" to reveal the possible presence of a TV. The warrant stated that: "the optical detector in the detector van uses a large lens to collect that light and focus it on to an especially sensitive device, which converts fluctuating light signals into electrical signals, which can be electronically analysed. If a receiver is being used to watch broadcast programmes then a positive reading is returned."  The BBC stated that this was strong evidence that a set was "receiving a possible broadcast".

According to the Comptroller and Auditor General of the National Audit Office, "where the BBC still suspects that an occupier is watching live television but not paying for a licence, it can send a detection van to check whether this is the case. TVL detection vans can identify viewing on a non-TV device in the same way that they can detect viewing on a television set.  BBC staff were able to demonstrate this to my staff in controlled conditions sufficient for us to be confident that they could detect viewing on a range of non-TV devices."

In July 2019, an article in the Oxford Mail recalled a two-week period from June 1960 when an olive-green TV detector van—one of a fleet of nine owned by the BBC—toured the city to investigate 500 addresses with no record of a television licence. The van contained a team of three people, "including a radio expert and a local Post Office official" and was equipped with a number of aerials that could be adjusted to pinpoint a signal being given off by a television at a specific address. The article quoted Ron Smith, who was in charge of the operation, and explained the process: "When a TV set is switched on it gives out a radio signal. The detector van then used its adapted radio receiver which is tuned to the wavelength of the signal and then converts it to a whistle transmitted through the technical officer's headphones." The team were authorised to ask residents to produce their TV licence and to note down their details if they couldn't.

Regulation of use

TV detection is a form of covert surveillance and as such is regulated by the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 (RIPA). More specifically, the BBC's use of surveillance is defined by the Regulation of Investigatory Powers (British Broadcasting Corporation) Order 2001.
Like other public bodies that undertake covert surveillance, the BBC is subject to the scrutiny of the Office of Surveillance Commissioners, which inspects the BBC every other year. A number of official inspection reports on the BBC's detection methods have been made available following freedom-of-information requests. These reports give an outline of the process of authorisation of the use of detection equipment. Briefly, applications for authorisation are made in the name of the Detection Manager. Correspondence between TV Licensing and the affected householder may be attached to the completed application forms, which pass through a quality-control "gatekeeper" to the authorising officers (AOs) at the BBC. In 2012 there were two designated AOs at the BBC. To be authorised, an application must be shown to be "necessary and proportionate". AOs sometimes reject applications. Once approved, the authorisation lasts for a duration of eight weeks.

In popular culture
 The "Fish Licence" sketch on Monty Python's Flying Circus, aired in 1970, mentions a "cat detector van", a parody of the TV detector van.
 The 9 February 1976 episode of Coronation Street featured a TV detector van arriving in Weatherfield and a TV enforcement agent visiting multiple unlicenced characters' homes and fining Annie Walker for having an out of date TV licence.
 In The Young Ones episode 4, "Bomb", the boys are visited by a TV detector van worker, who questions Neil as to whether they have a TV. When Neil tries to evade the question, the representative shouts: "We know you've got one, we detected it".

See also
 Television licensing in the United Kingdom
 Operation RAFTER, a MI5 counterintelligence program to detect radios used by spies

Notes

References

External links
 http://www.tvlicensing.co.uk/

Television in the United Kingdom
Licensing
Surveillance


Richie Webb is a British comedy writer, actor and composer. He was educated at Wolverhampton Grammar School.

He is a composer of music for television – often with partner music producer Matt Katz – contributing to many comedy, entertainment and children's programmes, most notably The reboot of the classic British children’s television series Teletubbies and Horrible Histories, the multi-award-winning CBBC sketch show where Webb's music is regarded as a key ingredient of the show's success. He has also won a BAFTA award.

As a writer and performer he is perhaps best known for his work on numerous BBC Radio 4 comedy programmes. He began his career as a member of The Cheese Shop and went on to have regular musical comedy slots on both Week Ending and Parsons and Naylor's Pull-Out Sections. He is currently creator and star of 15 Minute Musical which won the Writers' Guild Award for Best Radio Comedy and writes and stars in BBC Radio 4's "The Music Teacher".

Along with Dave Lamb and other Warwick University alumni he runs a radio production company Top Dog Productions, which makes comedy and drama for BBC Radio 4.

He lives in Warwickshire, and has a season ticket for West Bromwich Albion.

References

English composers
English television composers
English male comedians
English satirists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
People educated at Wolverhampton Grammar School


Ndikumana is an African surname, and may refer to:

Janvier Ndikumana, Burundian footballer
Hamad Ndikumana, Rwandan footballer
Madjidi Ndikumana, Burundian footballer
Saidi Ndikumana, Burundian footballer
Selemani Ndikumana, Burundian footballer
Trésor Ndikumana (born 1998), Burundian footballer

Bantu-language surnames


Hans Albert Nielsen (30 November 1911 – 11 October 1965) was a German film actor. He appeared in more than 130 films between 1937 and 1965.

Biography
Hans Albert Nielsen was born in Hamburg, Germany. He first got an education in business, but afterward, began taking private acting lessons from Albrecht Schoenhals and Erich Ziegel. He made his stage debut in Hamburg in 1932, after which he worked in Augsburg, Kiel, Leipzig, Berlin, Munich and Düsseldorf. Many actors and performing artists fled Nazi Germany, but Nielsen remained. He made his film debut in 1937 in Daphne and the Diplomat, followed by German movies, such as Heimat (with Zarah Leander), Friedrich Schiller – The Triumph of a Genius (with Horst Caspar) and The Great King (with Otto Gebühr).

After World War II, Nielsen performed in a Kabarett group, Die Außenseiter ("The Outsider") and played in revues by cabaret artist Günter Neumann. He resumed his successful film acting career in 1947, appearing in In Those Days, a drama by Helmut Käutner. He often played roles that were good-natured, likeable and elegant, such as the presiding judge in the 1953 satire Hocuspocus with Curt Goetz; the criminal defense attorney in Confess, Doctor Corda; a police inspector with Christopher Lee in Sherlock Holmes and the Deadly Necklace; the police chief in Scotland Yard Hunts Dr. Mabuse and a judge in The Juvenile Judge, with Heinz Rühmann. He also worked with Curd Jürgens and Lilo Pulver in a film version of Conrad Ferdinand Meyer's Gustav Adolf's Page. He also appeared in a few Karl May films and in Edgar Wallace's The Indian Scarf, Das Phantom von Soho and The Door with Seven Locks. His only Hollywood film was Town Without Pity (1961) with Kirk Douglas.

In addition to his own film roles, in 1948, Nielsen began working as a voice actor, dubbing films into German, including Fred Astaire (Funny Face and Daddy Long Legs); Gary Cooper (Cloak and Dagger, among others); Errol Flynn (The Adventures of Robin Hood, Adventures of Don Juan, among others); Cary Grant (Crisis); Rex Harrison (Cleopatra); Phil Silvers (Cover Girl); David Niven (The King's Thief, among others), Tyrone Power (The Mark of Zorro and Prince of Foxes, among others); James Stewart (in The Philadelphia Story and Anatomy of a Murder, among others); Robert Taylor (Quo Vadis), Spencer Tracy (Malaya); Orson Welles (Citizen Kane) and Trevor Howard (The Third Man).

Selected filmography

 Daphne and the Diplomat (1937) – Achim Hell
 Tango Notturno (1937) – Billy Sefton – Fliegeroffizier
 The Mystery of Betty Bonn (1938) – Jack Winsloe – Schriftsteller
 Heimat (1938) – Max von Wendlowsky
 Red Orchids (1938) – Antonio – Marias Bruder
 Freight from Baltimore (1938) – Kurt Engström
 The Green Hell (1938) – Kapitän Murray
 A Prussian Love Story (1938) – Kronprinz Friedrich Wilhelm – sein Sohn
 Uproar in Damascus (1939) – Hauptmann Schulz
 Fasching (1939) – Martin
 Dein Leben gehört mir (1939)
 Alarm at Station III (1939) – Hauptmann Karsten
 Mein Mann darf es nicht wissen (1940) – Willi Ulbrich
 Trenck, der Pandur (1940) – Laudon
 Falstaff in Vienna (1940) – Otto Nicolai
 Friedrich Schiller – The Triumph of a Genius (1940) – Student Scharffenstein
 Ich klage an (1941) – Dr. Höfer
 The Great King (1942) – Niehoff
 Die Nacht in Venedig (1942) – Dr. Nikolaus Roll, genannt Niki, Kaufmann
 Titanic (1943) – 1st Officer Petersen
 I'll Carry You in My Arms (1943) – Dr. Hermnann Hartung
 Leichtes Blut (1943) – Professor Faber
 Um neun kommt Harald (1944) – Lawyer Dr. Tromsa
 Music in Salzburg (1944) – Dr. Franz Mädler
 Der Engel mit dem Saitenspiel (1944) – Bernhard Zoller
 Dr. phil. Doederlein (1945)
 Der Scheiterhaufen (1945)
 In Those Days (1947) – Wolfgang Grunelius / 2. Geschichte
 King of Hearts (1947) – König Peter Petroni
 Chemistry and Love (1948) – Dr. Alland
 Unser Mittwochabend (1948) – Georg
 Die kupferne Hochzeit (1948) – Otto
 Das kleine Hofkonzert (1948) – Leutnant Walter von Arneck
 Heimliches Rendezvous (1949) – Schulrat
 Keepers of the Night (1949) – Pfarrer Johannes Heger
 Five Suspects (1950) – Kriminalrat Thomsen
 Crown Jewels (1950) – Willroy
 Die Tat des Anderen (1951) – Schriftsteller Mönk
 Das späte Mädchen (1951) – Dr. Hans Ahlgrimm
 All Clues Lead to Berlin (1952) – Kriminalrat Dr. Wangen
 The Blue Hour (1953) – Paul
 Hocuspocus (1953) – Gerichtspräsident
 The Divorcée (1953) – Lucas
 Secretly Still and Quiet (1953) – Harry Vondenhoff
 Die heilige Lüge (1954)
 The First Kiss (1954) – Escher
 Marriage Impostor (1954) – Dr. Peter Krüger
 Geliebtes Fräulein Doktor (1954) – Direktor Dr. Franke
 Stopover in Orly (1955) – Eugène Boreau
 My Children and I (1955) – Wilhelm Roecker
 Roman einer Siebzehnjährigen (1955) – Eduard Schenk
 Devil in Silk (1956) – Dr. Zacharias
 Die wilde Auguste (1956) – Direktor Roland
 Vergiß wenn Du kannst (1956) – Kunstmaler Bastian Weghart
 Before Sundown (1956) – Dr. Steynitz, Sanitätsrat
 Hochzeit auf Immenhof (1956) – Pankraz
 My Brother Joshua (1956) – Der Pfarrer
 Kleines Zelt und große Liebe (1956) – Karins Vater
 A Heart Returns Home (1956) – Martin Thomas
 Die liebe Familie (1957) – Karl Lang
 Made in Germany (1957)
 Queen Louise (1957) – Hardenberg
 Glücksritter (1957) – Dr. Dreher
 Tolle Nacht (1957) – Mr. Vanderbilt
 Anders als du und ich (1957) – Max Mertens
 Von allen geliebt (1957) – Dr. Johannes Fürst
 At the Green Cockatoo by Night (1957) – Eduard Reichmann, Onkel
  (1957) – Helmut Jäger
 Zwei Matrosen auf der Alm (1958)
 Two Hearts in May (1958) – Direktor Leisemann
 Heart Without Mercy (1958) – Dr. Waagemann
 Confess, Doctor Corda (1958) – Lawyer Dr. Nagel
 Schmutziger Engel (1958) – Direktor Schorlemmer
 Man in the River (1958) – Egon Iversen
 The Girl from the Marsh Croft (1958) – Amtmann Lindgren
 That Won't Keep a Sailor Down (1958) – Pastor Paulsen
  (1958) – Otto Vogelsang
 I'll Carry You in My Arms (1958) – Dr. Compagnuolo
  (1959) – (uncredited)
 The Scarlet Baroness (1959) – Professor Reimer
 Court Martial (1959) – Dr. Wilhelmi, Defense Lawyer
 Verbrechen nach Schulschluß (1959) – Landgerichtsdirektor Dr. Senftenberg
 The Forests Sing Forever (1959) – Major Barre
 The Blue Sea and You (1959) – Direktor Heidebrink
 Love Now, Pay Later (1959) – Bernbeil, ein Industrieller
 Heimat – Deine Lieder (1959) – Pauls Vater
 Bei der blonden Kathrein (1959) – Der baron
 Adorable Arabella (1959) – Vater Hagemann
 The Juvenile Judge (1960) – District Court President Dr. Otto Schmittler
 Mistress of the World (1960) – Colonel Dagget
 I Learned That in Paris (1960) – Professor Giselius
 Die zornigen jungen Männer (1960) – Pflueger
 Freddy and the Melody of the Night (1960) – Direktor Wendlandt
 The Inheritance of Bjorndal (1960) – Major a.D. Barre
 Mal drunter – mal drüber (1960) – Herr Kronsdorf
  (1960) – Pappi
 Gustav Adolf's Page (1960) – Bürgermeister Leublfing
 Town Without Pity (1961) – Karl Steinhof
 You Must Be Blonde on Capri (1961) – Bernard Wagner
 Barbara (1961) – Mikkelsen
  (1961) – Narrator (voice)
  (1962) – Gerichtspräsident
 Eheinstitut Aurora (1962) – Dr. Burgmüller, Anwalt
 The Door with Seven Locks (1962) – Mr. Haveloc
 Doctor Sibelius (1962) – Dr. Reinhardt
 So toll wie anno dazumal (1962) – Brenders
  (1962) – Chefportier Jenner
 The Brain (1962) – Immerman
 Sherlock Holmes and the Deadly Necklace (1962) – Inspector Cooper
 His Best Friend (1962) – Direktor Imhoff
 Only a Woman (1962) – Dr. Katz, Nervenarzt
 Dr (1962) – Dr. Rajser
 Storm Over Ceylon (1963) – Professor Ferlach
 The Strangler of Blackmoor Castle (1963) – Tavish
 The Indian Scarf (1963) – Mr. Tilling
 Scotland Yard Hunts Dr. Mabuse (1963) – Chef von Scotland Yard
 Die Nacht am See (1963)
 The Phantom of Soho (1964) – Lord Harald Malhaus
 Destination Death (1964) – Major a. D. Friedrich Hackländer
 Old Shatterhand (1964) – Gen. Taylor (voice, uncredited)
 Ein Frauenarzt klagt an (1964) – Dr. Kraus
 The Monster of London City (1964) – Dorne
 Bullets Don't Argue (1964) – Rev. Alvarez
 The Seventh Victim (1964) – Reverend Turner
 100 Horsemen (1964) – Alfonso Ordoñez, alcalde
 The Treasure of the Aztecs (1965) – Don Pedro Arbellez
 Hotel der toten Gäste (1965) – Inspector Forbesa
The Pyramid of the Sun God (1965) – Don Pedro Arbellez
 Five Thousand Dollars on One Ace (1965) – Juez Keystone
 The Hell of Manitoba (1965) – Mayor

References

External links

 Photos of Hans Nielsen Virtual History

1911 births
1965 deaths
German male film actors
Male actors from Hamburg
20th-century German male actors


José Manuel Durand Laguna (November 7, 1885 – February 1, 1965) was an Argentine football manager who was manager of the Paraguay national team at Copa América 1921 and 1929 and the 1930 FIFA World Cup.

Laguna was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, and died, aged 79, in Asunción, Paraguay.

References

1880s births
1965 deaths
Footballers from Buenos Aires
Argentine men's footballers
Argentine football managers
Argentine expatriate football managers
1930 FIFA World Cup managers
Paraguay national football team managers
Club Nacional managers
Club Atlético Huracán managers
Expatriate football managers in Paraguay
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Paraguay
Men's association football midfielders


The European Tournament for Dancing Students or ETDS is a recurring tournament for ballroom and Latin-American dancing for students from Europe.

Introduction
The tournament is held twice a year, once during the Pentecost weekend and once in autumn. The event always starts on a Friday  evening and ends on the following Monday morning. Although each ETDS is organised by a different party, the structure remains fairly constant: on Friday evening, the blind date program takes place, in which dancers without a partner can try to find someone with which to compete in one or both dance disciplines. Blind dating is also a motivation for some dancers that want to meet new people. On Saturday, the ballroom tournament for the breitensport class (German, meaning amateur sports for the masses) takes place and the Latin-American tournament for the open class as well as, if so chosen by the organising party, for the CloseD class. On Sunday, all classes dance the respective other discipline. The event ends on Monday with a last common breakfast.

The organisation of each tournament is in the hands of a different participating university. The tournament takes place in the city of the organising university, the location changing every half year to another European city. So far, the tournament has taken place most of the times either in Germany or the Netherlands. In autumn 2015, the ETDS took place in Czech Republic, breaking that series for the first time. With the participation of some students from South Africa, it also premiered hosting dancers from outside Europe.

Although the primary focus of the ETDS lies in organising a tournament of high standards, the event equally aims at creating a social happening where dancers from all of Europe can meet each other. This is encouraged by the possibility to blind date and by a themed festival ("motto party") on the event's Saturday evening and a gala ball on Sunday evening.

The sleeping accommodation is commonly a local gym.

History
The ETDS was founded by the university dance teams of Clausthal, Braunschweig and Kiel, who agreed to get to know each other during a tournament. The event was organised by these three German universities for a number of times. There was not a regular structure, but the tournament was organised ad hoc. Finding a sleeping accommodation was easy, as the number of participants was still very low.

In November 1990, a tournament prize was introduced that has been used ever since, “der tanzmaus” (German for “the dance mouse”), a pluche mouse. The tanzmaus was a donation of the university of Kiel; Clausthal was the first university to win the mouse. It is given to the winning university which "hosts" the prize until the next ETDS.

In December 1991, a tournament during Sinterklaas took place. The tournament gained more participants and Berlin started participating as well. Berlin won the dance mouse during this Sinterklaas tournament, and promised to organise the event somewhere in the future. During this tournament, only one class existed.

In April 1992, the tournament took place in Clausthal. This was the first tournament in which the team of Dortmund started participating. Some tournaments later, Ulm and Marburg started participating as well.

The University of Berlin fulfilled their promise in 1993 by taking care of the organisation of the tournament. The tournament still did not have separate classes.

The next tournament took place in the spring of 1994, and the tournament gained in popularity; fifteen universities from Germany participated. Also, for the first time, universities from the Netherlands started to participate. The new universities were from Mainz, Geisenheim, Kaiserslautern, Delft and Eindhoven.

During autumn of 1994, the number of participants had increased to such a high amount that problems started to arise between the organisation and the administration of Kiel. The result was that Kiel was disallowed to organise the event for five years.

The next tournament took place in the spring of 1995, and for the first time, the tournament was separated into two classes. They were called “amateurs” and “profis” ("professionals"). Leipzig also joined this tournament.

The tournament that was held in the summer of 1995 was the first event to take place in the Netherlands. The organisation was in the hands of ESDV Footloose from Eindhoven. Groningen joined during this tournament. From now on, the ETDS was no longer organised on an ad hoc basis, but was organised regularly twice each year, during Pentecost and in the autumn, each time by a different university.

The number of participants continued to grow, and around 2004 a third class, "masters", was added to the breitensport section. More than 500 participants took part in the 41st tournament in Groningen in May 2009, and another breitensport class by the name of “champions” was introduced.

The event continued to grow in popularity, and 570 participants were competing in the 47th edition during Pentecost, May 2012. In October 2015, the event was held for the first time in the Czech Republic, in the city of Brno. This was the first ETDS not organised in Germany or the Netherlands.

Rules
Every ETDS organisation is allowed to make their own rules for the tournament. Each organisation describes rules about clothing and the calculation of the tanzmaus evaluation. Because the focus of each organization may be different, the balance between social orientation and competition changes slightly. Nevertheless, several rules exist during each tournament:

Structure
Dancers can sign up for two disciplines, standard and Latin-American.

In the breitensport class, only untrained and low level training dancers are allowed. Professional dancers, i.e. those who have reached a higher class in official tournaments held by dance associations, are excluded from the breitensport tournaments. They instead dance in the open class which ranges at least from B to S class dancers.

Some hosting universities decide to provide another separate tournament for a class called CloseD, which consists of dancers of the official D and C classes (varying between national dance associations). In case a separate tournament for this class is chosen not to be held, the organising team will classify the concerning dancers into either breitensport (D class) or open class (C class).

Participants that belong to a dance formation may also be required to dance in the CloseD or open class, depending on the league in which their formation is classified.

In the breitensport section, a pre-qualification round takes place, where each participating couple is classified into the amateur, professional ("profi"), master or the optional champion class, so that each couple will dance the subsequent actual tournament in a class that matches their levels. These tournaments follow the rules of official dancing tournaments. During the finals, open adjudication is sometimes performed, with each adjudicator showing their ranking of the couples on the floor immediately after each dance. However, closed adjudication is often chosen in order to save time. There are winner's certificates and medals for all participants in the finals as well as trophies (instead of medals) for the podium finishers.

Dances
In the respective disciplines, the following dances have to be performed (example rule set):
 Breitensport: ballroom preliminary round: slow waltz, tango, quickstep, from the semi-final of masters and champions additionally: Viennese waltz and/or slowfox; Latin preliminary round: cha-cha-cha, rumba, jive, from the semi-final of masters and champions additionally: samba, paso doble
 CloseD: similar to breitensport, but with a re-dance round for those who didn't directly qualify for the next round
 Open class: similar to CloseD
The ETDS has also seen separate competitions without class separation in Discofox, Salsa and Polka.

Adjudication
The adjudicators are chosen from volunteers of the participating universities that do not compete themselves in the discipline in which they judge. Adjudicators are selected by their adjudicator's license, by their experience and/or by their level of dancing in regular dance competitions.

Blind dating
A blind date couple consists of two dancers from different universities. Blind dating is mandatory in the CloseD and open classes (in the latter case sometimes being replaced by composing couples by the lot or by other rules), and stimulated in the breitensport by a blind date programme on Friday and Saturday for the following day's tournament. During the breitensport tournaments, a blind date couple can score more points for a university, and thereby improve their team's chance of winning the tanzmaus prize.

Participants
Every member of a student dancing society or university student can participate. Each couple dances under the flag of his or her university or dance society. Staff members of the university or dancing society are also allowed to participate. When universities have too few participants to compete for the tanzmaus, they can team up with other universities to improve their chances.

Nationalities
Every European university or student dance society can participate. In practice, a majority of the participants is German. The second largest participating party is from the Netherlands, and some dancers from the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Estonia, Norway and other neighbouring countries participate as well.

The record for the most teams participating in an ETDS was set at 54th ETDS Brno, where 37 teams from 11 countries took part. This was the first participation for the teams from Crimea/Ukraine, Lublin/Poland, Winterthur/Switzerland and Cape Town/South Africa.

Germany
From Germany, universities from the following cities have been participating in the ETDS:

 Aachen
 Berlin
 Bielefeld
 Bonn
 Braunschweig
 Clausthal
 Cottbus
 Darmstadt
 Dortmund
 Düsseldorf
 Erlangen
 Frankfurt
 Geisenheim
 Gießen
 Göttingen
 Hannover
 Hildesheim
 Kaiserslautern
 Karlsruhe
 Kehl
 Kiel
 Leipzig
 Mainz
 Marburg
 München
 Münster
 Stuttgart
 Ulm

The Netherlands
In the Netherlands, the participants often dance under the flag of a dancing society, unlike in Germany, where participants dance under the flag of their university. From the Netherlands, the following cities have been participating in the ETDS:

 Amsterdam (dancing society S.D.V. AmsterDance)
 Delft (dancing society D.S.D.A. Blue Suede Shoes)
 Eindhoven (dancing society E.S.D.V. Footloose)
 Enschede (dancing society D.S.V. 4 Happy Feet)
 Groningen (dancing society  SSV The Blue Toes)
 Leiden (dancing society S.D.A. Leidance)
 Maastricht (dancing society M.S.D.V. Let's Dance)
 Nijmegen (dancing society S.D.V.N. Dance Fever)
 Rotterdam (dancing society Erasmus Dance Society)
 Utrecht (dancing society U.S.D.V. U Dance)
 Wageningen (dancing society WuBDA)

Other European countries

Czech Republic
 Brno

Estonia
 Tallinn

France
 Antibes

Great Britain
 Cambridge
 Hull
 Liverpool
 Southampton

Norway
 Oslo
 Trondheim

Poland
 Lublin

Ukraine
 Crimea

Switzerland
 Winterthur
 Zürich

Hungary
 Budapest

Nations outside Europe
 Cape Town

List of all tournaments

 01. Universitäten-Breitensport-Tanzturnier, Braunschweig, 1989
 02. Universitäten-Breitensport-Tanzturnier, Kiel, November 1990
 03. Universitäten-Breitensport-Tanzturnier, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, May 1991
 04. Universitäten-Breitensport-Tanzturnier, Kiel, 6 December 1991
 05. Universitäten-Breitensport-Tanzturnier, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, April 1992
 09. Universitäten-Breitensport-Tanzturnier, Berlin, Pentecost 1993
 10. Universitäten-Breitensport-Tanzturnier, Aachen, autumn 1993
 11. Universitäten-Breitensport-Tanzturnier, Ulm, Pentecost 1994
 12. Universitäten-Breitensport-Tanzturnier, Kiel, autumn 1994
 13. Universitäten-Breitensport-Tanzturnier, Dortmund, Pentecost 1995
 14. Internationales Uni-Tanzturnier, Eindhoven, autumn 1995
 15. Internationales Uni-Tanzturnier, Berlin, Pentecost 1996
 16. Internationales Uni-Tanzturnier, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, autumn 1996
 17. Internationales Uni-Tanzturnier, Aachen, Pentecost 1997
 18. Internationales Uni-Tanzturnier, Eindhoven, autumn 1997
 19. Internationales Uni-Tanzturnier, Groningen, Pentecost 1998
 20. Internationales Uni-Tanzturnier, Berlin, 16 October 1998
 21. Internationales Uni-Tanzturnier, Kiel, 21 May 1999
 22. Internationales Uni-Tanzturnier, Clausthal-Zellerfeldt, 5 November 1999
 23. Internationales Uni-Tanzturnier, Dortmund, 9 June 2000
 24. Internationales Uni-Tanzturnier, Ulm, 27 October 2000
 25. Internationales Uni-Tanzturnier, Aachen, 1 June 2001
 26. Internationales Uni-Tanzturnier, Groningen, 19 October 2001
 27th ETDS Eindhoven, 17 May 2002
 28th ETDS Berlin, 11 October 2002
 29th ETDS Kiel, 6 June 2003
 30th ETDS Clausthal-Zellerfeld, 17 October 2003
 31st ETDS Wuppertal, 28 May 2004
 32nd ETDS Valkenswaard, 22 October 2004
 33rd ETDS Enschede, 13 May 2005
 34th ETDS autumn, 7 October 2005 in Aachen (Motto: Red)
 35th ETDS Pentecost, 2 June 2006 in Clausthal (Motto: Under the Sea)
 36th ETDS autumn, 27 October 2006 in Eindhoven (Motto: Thunder and Lightning)
 37th ETDS Pentecost, 25 May 2007 in Berlin (Motto: Bad Taste)
 38th ETDS autumn, 5 October 2007 in Dortmund (Motto: Dancing in the 80s)
 39th ETDS Pentecost, 9 May 2008 in Kiel (Motto: Aufgetakelt)
 40th ETDS autumn, 10 October 2008 in Kaiserslautern (Motto: Hollywood)
 41st ETDS Pentecost, 29 May 2009 in Groningen (Motto: once upon a time)
 42nd ETDS autumn, 16 October 2009 in Kaiserslautern (Motto: Winterwonderland)
 43rd ETDS Pentecost, 21 May 2010 in Aachen (Motto: Pyjamaparty)
 44th ETDS autumn, 8 October 2010 in Kiel (Motto: ohne Mottoparty)
 45th ETDS Pentecost, 10 June 2011 in Eindhoven (Motto: Come Fly With Us)
 46th ETDS autumn, 7 October 2011 in Kaiserslautern (Motto: Carnival of Venice)
 47th ETDS Pentecost, 25 May 2012 in Enschede (Region Twente) (Motto: Game On)
 48th ETDS autumn, 5 October 2012 in Nijmegen (Motto: Arabian Nights)
 49th ETDS Pentecost, 17 May 2013 in Enschede (Region Twente) (Motto: Fant'ASIA)
 50th ETDS autumn, 11 October 2013 in Clausthal (Motto: Walpurgis)
 51st ETDS Pentecost, 6 June 2014 in Kiel (Motto: dancing submarine)
 52nd ETDS autumn, 10 October 2014 in Monheim am Rhein | Düsseldorf (Motto: Space)
 53rd ETDS Pentecost, 23 May 2015 in Kaiserslautern (Motto: Beach Party)
 54th ETDS autumn, 9 October 2015 in Brno/Czech Republic (Motto: Dancing Zoo)
 55th ETDS Pentecost, 14. May 2016 in Berlin (Motto: Die goldenen Zwanziger)
 56th ETDS autumn, 14 October 2016 in Utrecht (Motto: HighSchool)
 57th ETDS Pentecost, 2 June 2017 in Aachen (Motto: Rock'n'Roll)
 58th ETDS autumn, 6 October 2017 in Kaiserslautern (Motto: KISS:keep it small and simple)
 59th ETDS Pentecost, 18 May 2018 in Kiel (Motto: Te-Kiel-A)
 60th ETDS autumn, 12 October 2018 in Brno/Czech Republic (Motto: MovieNight)
 61st ETDS Pentecost, 7 June 2019 organized by Clausthal-Zellerfeld, took place in Seesen (Motto: Magic Forrest)
 62nd ETDS autumn, 11 October 2019 in Groningen (Motto: The Dancing Dead)
 63rd ETDS Pentecost, 3 June 2022 in Enschede (Motto: Saturday Morning Cartoons)

Future tournaments

 63rd ETDS Pentecost 2020 in Amsterdam (Motto: The Blacklight District)Cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
 64th ETDS autumn 2020 in Delft (Motto: ETDS 3030: Festival of the Future)Postponed at first to autumn 2021, later to autumn 2022.

References

External links
 European Tournament for Dancing Students - Website of the most recent organisation

Dance competitions
Dance in Europe
Student sports competitions


Geoffrey Stephen Pedley (known as Stephen; born 13 September 1940) was the Bishop suffragan of Lancaster from 1998 until 2005.

He was educated at Marlborough and Queens' College, Cambridge. Ordained in 1966 after a period of study at Ripon College Cuddesdon he began his career with curacies in Liverpool and Coventry before a spell in Zambia. Returning to England in 1977 he became Vicar of St Peter's, Stockton-on-Tees and then Whickham before becoming a Residentiary Canon at Durham Cathedral, a post he held until his elevation to the Episcopate.

References

1940 births
People educated at Marlborough College
Alumni of Queens' College, Cambridge
Alumni of Ripon College Cuddesdon
Anglican bishops of Lancaster
Honorary Chaplains to the King
Living people


St. Nicholas Cathedral is a 13th-century Gothic church in Elbląg, Poland. Established in , the church became Lutheran in 1573. It was damaged by fire in the late 18th century and suffered damage during World War II. It was elevated to the status of cathedral in 1992.

History
When the burghers of Elbing (Elbląg) first attempted to adopt the Protestant Reformation in 1525, the provost of St. Nicholas Church maintained Catholic practice. Since 1539 the city council tacitly tolerated and gradually openly promoted Lutheranism, so that St. Nicholas Church had become a Lutheran church by 1573.

Following King Sigismund III's Prussian regency contract (1605) with Joachim Frederick of Brandenburg and his Prussian enfeoffment contract (Treaty of Warsaw, 1611) with John Sigismund of Brandenburg these two rulers of Ducal Prussia guaranteed free practice of Catholic religion in prevailingly Lutheran Prussia. Based on these contracts Prince-Bishop Szymon Rudnicki of Ermland/Warmia achieved the restitution of St. Nicholas as Roman Catholic parish church in 1612, then the only one in Elbing, and remaining a Catholic church since.

St. Nicholas was damaged by fire in the late 18th century, then destroyed in World War II and reconstructed. In 1992, the building was elevated to the status of cathedral.

References

Elblag
Nicholas
Elblag
Elblag


Heaven & Hell – A Tribute to the Velvet Underground is a series of tribute albums released by Imaginary Records in the UK dedicated to American rock band the Velvet Underground. While not technically part of the series, Imaginary Records also released another tribute album to the Velvet Underground, called Fifteen Minutes which is in fact merely a compilation of fourteen tracks from the three Heaven & Hell albums. In 2009 Ozit-Morpheus Records re-released this compilation under the title Unpiecing The Jigsaw - A Tribute To The Velvet Underground which appended two live tracks by Nico ("Femme Fatale"  and "All Tomorrow's Parties") to the third disc, and - on a fourth disc - a lengthy interview with Lou Reed called "47 Minutes In Depth With Lou Reed".

Volume One
Chapterhouse – "Lady Godiva's Operation"
The Telescopes – "Candy Says"
Nirvana – "Here She Comes Now"
The Wedding Present – "She's My Best Friend"
Buffalo Tom – "All Tomorrow's Parties"
James – "Sunday Morning"
Screaming Trees – "What Goes On"
The Motorcycle Boy – "Run Run Run"
Terry Bickers/Bradleigh Smith – "I'm Set Free"
Ride – "European Son"

Volume Two
Beef – "Femme Fatale"
The Fatima Mansions – Lady Godiva's Operation"
The Mock Turtles – "Pale Blue Eyes"
Revenge – "White Light/White Heat"
The Reegs – "All Tomorrow's Parties"
Bill Nelson and The Roy Rodgers Rocketeers – "Lonesome Cowboy Bill"
Echo & the Bunnymen – "Foggy Notion"
Levellers 5 – "Some Kinda Love"
Shelleyan Orphan – "Who Loves the Sun"
Hurrah! – "Sweet Jane"

Volume Three
Swervedriver – "Jesus"
Eleventh Dream Day – "Ocean"
Into Paradise – "Beginning to See the Light"
Lee Ranaldo – "Stephanie Says"
Half Japanese – "I Heard Her Call My Name"
The Dylans – "Who Loves the Sun"
The Original Sins – "Head Held High"
New FADS – "I'm Set Free"
Jellyfish Kiss – "I'm Sticking with You"
The Badgeman - "Sister Ray"

References

The Velvet Underground tribute albums
Compilation album series
Imaginary Records compilation albums
Rock compilation albums
1990 compilation albums


Abhasvaras () is a term used in Buddhism to refer to a heaven and in Hinduism to refer to a class of deities.

Buddhism
In Buddhism, Abhasvaras is the name of a heaven. The words roots are Sanskrit (from "a" near to, towards + the verbal root "bhas" to shine upon, illuminate).

Hinduism
In Hinduism, abhasvaras refers to a class of deities featured in the Puranas. They are 64 in number, and described to be personifications of mental qualities, serving as the sovereigns of all varieties of spiritual and physical enlightenment. The twelve primary abhasvaras are:

 Ātmā
 Jñātā
 Dama
 Dānta
 Śānti
 Jñāna
 Sama
 Tapas
 Kāma
 Krodha
 Mada
 Moha

The abhasvaras are referred to as one of the nine gana deities: adityas, visvedevas, vasus, tushitas, abhasvaras, anilas, maharajikas, sadhyas, and the rudras. They are stated to be the attendants of deities such as Shiva, Ganesha, and Vayu, dwelling on Gaṇaparvata, located on Kailasha.

References

Hindu deities
Locations in Buddhist mythology


Legislative elections were held in United States Virgin Islands on 4 November 2008.

United States House of Representatives

Incumbent U.S. Virgin Islands Delegate Donna Christian-Christensen announced that she intended to seek a fourth term in the United States House of Representatives.  Her announcement of her decision to seek re-election came in a press conference held at her congressional district office in Sunny Isle, United States Virgin Islands, on January 10, 2008. Christensen ran unopposed in the 2008 Congressional election.

References


Bendon is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Benzie County in the U.S. State of Michigan. The population was 208 at the 2010 census.  Bendon is located within Inland Township.

Geography
Bendon is located in the eastern part of Inland Township in eastern Benzie County. Bendon's eastern border is the Grand Traverse County line. The center of the community is at the intersection of Bendon Road and Cinder Road.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the Bendon CDP has a total area of , all land.

History
The settlement developed around a sawmill and was first named "Kentville" after Albert Kent, a farmer who became the first postmaster on April 24, 1888. It was given a station on the now abandoned Chicago and West Michigan Railway. The post office was renamed "Bendon" on June 30, 1892, and operated until March 31, 1954.

The community of Bendon was listed as a newly organized census-designated place for the 2010 census, meaning it now has officially defined boundaries and population statistics for the first time.

Demographics

References

Traverse City micropolitan area
Census-designated places in Michigan
Unincorporated communities in Benzie County, Michigan
Unincorporated communities in Michigan
Census-designated places in Benzie County, Michigan


A social venture (also called a social enterprise) is undertaking by a firm or organization established by a social entrepreneur that seeks to provide systemic solutions to achieve a sustainable, social objective.

Background
Social ventures may be structured in many forms, including sole proprietorships, For-profit corporations, nonprofit organizations, non-governmental organizations, youth groups, community organizations, and more. Typically, government organizations are not considered to be social ventures, yet even government organizations can adopt entrepreneurial practices, possibly partnering with independent organizations, to explore the innovative methods for providing social services. Elkington and Hartigan define three models for social ventures: leveraged nonprofit, hybrid nonprofit, and social business. In the leveraged nonprofit venture the entrepreneur uses external partners for financial support in providing a public good. On the other hand, the hybrid nonprofit venture recovers a portion of its costs through sales of its goods or services. The social business venture generates profits, but rather than return those profits to shareholders, like commercial ventures, it reinvests those profits to further the social venture and the resulting social benefits.

The distinguishing characteristic of the social venture versus the commercial venture is the primacy of their objective to solve social problems and provide social benefits. The social venture may generate profits, but that is not its focus. Rather profits are a possible means to achieve sustainability in providing a social benefit. The problems addressed by social ventures cover the range of social issues, including poverty, inequality, education, the environment, and economic development. The context in which social ventures operate is very complex as they are trying to bring about solutions where markets or governments may have failed or actually impede solutions. Further, these ventures are trying to provide solutions where money is usually in short supply—often these ventures have little assurance that their services can be paid for by those they seek to serve. These conditions necessitate that the social entrepreneur to be creative, adaptable, and determined in finding new solutions to problems.

References

Social entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship
Sustainability
 Sustainable development


MS Astor was a cruise ship that most recently sailed for Cruise & Maritime Voyages' Transocean Tours subsidiary, under which she operated voyages to Europe, South Africa, and Australia.

The ship was originally built in 1987 under the name Astor by Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft (HDW), Kiel in West Germany for the Mauritius-based Marlan Corporation, although originally ordered by the South African Safmarine as a combined ocean liner/cruise ship for the Southampton-Cape Town service.

In 1988, she was sold to the Soviet Union-based Black Sea Shipping Company and renamed Fedor Dostoevskiy (some sources spell the name Fedor Dostoyevskiy, ), but spent her time under charter to various West German cruise lines. In 1995, she reverted to the name, Astor. From 1996 until 2020, she operated under charter to Transocean Tours.

After Transocean Tours' parent company, Cruise & Maritime Voyages, entered administration in 2020, Astor was sold at auction by C.W. Kellock London Ltd. on 15 October 2020 for US$1,710,000.

Concept and construction
The South African Safmarine had restarted ocean liner service between Southampton and Cape Town in 1984 by acquiring the 1981-built cruise ship Astor from the West German Hadag Cruise Line. In service the first Astors engines proved too underpowered to maintain liner service. As a result, Safmarine decided to order a new ship in 1985 from the HDW shipyard in Kiel, based on the same design as the 1981 Astor (which had been built at HDW's yard at Hamburg) but with additional facilities and more powerful engines, making her better suited for liner operations as well as cruising. Confusingly the new ship was also decided to be named Astor. Even though the second Astor was not to be delivered until 1987, the first Astor was sold to the East German Deutsche Seerederei (via a West German intermediary) in 1985. Soon after this Safmarine decided to abandon their passenger operations, and in January 1986 the second Astors construction contract was sold to the Mauritius-based Marlan Corporation. The ship was launched from dry dock on 30 May 1986 and delivered to the Marlan Corporation on 14 January 1987.

Service history

1987–1988: Astor
Immediately following delivery on 14 January 1987, the Astor set on her maiden voyage from Hamburg to Genoa and from there further to South America. After this she was used for cruising on the Caribbean and to other destinations around the world.

1988–1995: Fedor Dostoevskiy

On 3 October 1988 Marlan Corporation sold the Astor to the Soviet Union-based Black Sea Shipping Company. Renamed Feodor Dostoevskiy and re-registered to the Soviet Union, the ship was chartered to the West German Transocean Tours in December 1988. She stayed in Transocean Tours service until March 1990, when she was chartered to Neckermann Seereisen. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Feodor Dostoevskiys ownership was transferred to Fedor Dostoevskiy Shipping Co., a Bahamas-based company, and reregistered to the Bahamas. Apart from the change of flag, this had no effect in her operations.

1995–2020: Astor (again)
Following the end of Feodor Dostoevskiys charter to Neckermann Seereisen, she was chartered to Aquamarin in December 1995 and reverted to the name Astor. In 1996 the ship was sold to Astor Shipping Co., and again chartered to Transocean Tours. At some point prior to 2008, she was acquired by Germany-based Premicon, but she continued to operate for Transocean under charter.

On 28 November 2008, the German Navy reportedly prevented Somalian pirate speedboats from attacking Astor. She was sailing in the Gulf of Oman en route from Sharm-al-Sheikh in Egypt to Dubai, when the German  Mecklenburg-Vorpommern detected pirate speedboats apparently attempting to attack Astor. Mecklenburg-Vorpommern entered the path of the oncoming speedboats while they were still some three miles from Astor. Warning bursts of machine gun fire were used to ward off the threat without those on the cruise ship becoming aware of the situation.

In February 2013, Astor was chartered for three years, commencing in 2013, by Cruise and Maritime Voyages (CMV) in a bid to fill the "gap" in the Australian market after the exit of Classic International Cruises.

In December 2014, Cruise & Maritime Voyages purchased the vessel from its bankrupt owners, Premicon. The vessel planned to sail a winter 2015 season with Cruise & Maritime Voyages before briefly moving back to the fleet of Transocean Tours where she sailed a summer season from Germany before switching back to CMV for the winter 2016 season.

In 2019, Cruise & Maritime Voyages announced it would rename Astor as Jules Verne and would deploy the ship in the French market beginning in May 2021. However, Cruise & Maritime Voyages entered administration in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and the ship was sold at auction by CW Kellock London on 15 October 2020 for $1,710,000. She beached in Aliaga, Turkey on 23 November 2020 for scrap. Scrapping started on November 27, 2020 and, as of March 30th 2021, she has been completely scrapped.

Design

Exterior design

Externally, the 1987-built Astor was designed to be almost identical to the 1981-built Astor, but approximately  longer. Due to the similar design the ships were distinguishable only due to the additional windows below the first lifeboat on the 1987 ship. Both Astors were designed with a sharply raked bow, a relatively low, terraced superstructure and a large, square funnel.

In Marlan Corporation service, the Astor was initially painted with a white hull and superstructure, a red decorative stripe separating the hull and superstructure, and red/blue funnel with a large white cross painted on it alongside the letters ML. This was later altered so that the decorative stripe was extended to cover the entire lowest superstructure deck, while the funnel was painted white with red stripes. As Feodor Dostoevskiy, the decorative stripe on the hull reverted to the same form as in the original livery, while the funnel was painted white with blue exhaust pipes and a wide red stripe with the hammer and sickle emblem on it.

In Transocean Tours service the ship received a livery with a narrower light/dark blue decorative stripe on the hull, a white funnel with blue exhaust pipes, a thin light/dark blue stripe with Transocean Tours' large T logo in the middle.

Interior design
As with the exterior, the interior layout and decorations of the 1987-built Astor were very similar to the 1981-built Astor, down to the bathroom fittings. However, the 1987-built ship was designed with a larger number of suites, improved crew quarters, an added casino and added conference facilities.

Like the 1981-built ship, the 1987-built Astor was furnished in traditional style using large amounts of dark wood, with many of the public rooms having high ceilings.

Decks and facilities
As Astor in Transocean Tours service, seven decks were accessible to passengers. Facilities included dining areas, sauna, indoor and outdoor swimming pools, a
gym and a showlounge.

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

 Transocean History about Ms Astor & Ms Astoria & Saga Pearl 2
 Transocean Tours official website for Astor

 Video of Astor leaving Funchal

Ocean liners
Cruise ships
Ships built in Kiel
1986 ships


is a Japanese football coach and former football player who is assistant manager of Japan Football League side Maruyasu Okazaki and who is assistant coach of Thailand U23.

Club career
Yoshihiro was born in Kudamatsu on May 4, 1985. After graduating from high school, he joined Sanfrecce Hiroshima in 2004. He played in the matches as defender from first season. However he could hardly play in the match in 2007 and he moved to Consadole Sapporo in 2008. He played as regular player in 2009. However his opportunity to play decreased in 2010 and he left the club end of 2010 season. From 2011, he played for many clubs in J2 League and Japan Football League; Ehime FC (2011), Tokyo Verdy (2012), FC Machida Zelvia (2013), Renofa Yamaguchi FC (2014), MIO Biwako Shiga (2015) and Maruyasu Okazaki (2016-2017). He retired end of 2017 season.

National team career
In June 2005, Yoshihiro was selected Japan U-20 national team for 2005 World Youth Championship. But he did not play in the match

Club statistics

References

External links

1985 births
Living people
Association football people from Yamaguchi Prefecture
Japanese men's footballers
J1 League players
J2 League players
Japan Football League players
Sanfrecce Hiroshima players
Hokkaido Consadole Sapporo players
Ehime FC players
Tokyo Verdy players
FC Machida Zelvia players
Renofa Yamaguchi FC players
Reilac Shiga FC players
FC Maruyasu Okazaki players
Men's association football defenders


Finnish-Hungarian relations (, ) are the diplomatic and foreign relations between Finland and Hungary.  Both countries are members of the European Union, Council of Europe, NATO, and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. Both people’s language are part of the Finno-Ugric language family.

History

Before independence
At the end of the 19th century the Finno-Ugric linguistic affinity became widely accepted after extensive public debate.

Independence
Hungary recognized Finland on August 23, 1920. Finland recognised Hungary on September 10, 1920.

World War II

When the Winter War broke out between Finland and the Soviet Union, many Hungarians felt great sympathy towards the Finns and wanted to help them.

The Hungarian government officially did not support Finland, but secretly started searching for ways of helping. In addition, non-governmental organisations began to organize support for Finland. Hungary helped Finland by giving monetary donations, armaments and military volunteers.

After the loss of Continuation War, Finland discontinued diplomatic relations on September 20, 1944.

Post World War II

Diplomatic relations were re-established on May 20, 1947. Finland has an embassy in Budapest and an honorary consulate in Pécs.  Hungary has an embassy in Helsinki and 4 honorary consulates (in Turku, Mariehamn, Tampere and Joensuu). Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.

European Union
Finland joined the EU in 1995. Hungary joined the EU in 2004.

NATO
Hungary joined NATO in 1999. Finland joined NATO in 2023.

See also
 Foreign relations of Finland
 Foreign relations of Hungary
 Hungarians in Finland

References

External links
  Finish Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Hungary
  Hungarian embassy in Helsinki

Hungary
Bilateral relations of Hungary


Daniel Akpeyi (born 3 August 1986) is a Nigerian professional footballer who currently plays as a goalkeeper for South African club Moroka Swallows F.C. and the Nigeria national team.

Club career
Akpeyi began his career with Gabros International F.C. and was promoted to the first team in 2005, but moved to Nasarawa United F.C. in January 2007. He was an undisputed starter for both clubs.

Akpeyi joined Heartland F.C. for their 2010 CAF Champions League campaign, and was again first-choice. In February 2014, it was announced that he had left Heartland to join league rivals Warri Wolves, but a few days later, Heartland denied the move by an official statement, stating that they had no intention to sell their first choice goalkeeper.

In the following month, however, the deal was confirmed again and Akpeyi joined Warri Wolves.

In 2015, he signed a two-year deal with Chippa.

In 2019, he signed with Kaizer Chiefs (nicknamed the Amakhosi).

After being without a club in 2022, he was fancied by Sekhukhune United but the deal failed to materialise.

Personal life
Akpeyi married his long time girl friend Emmanuella Ebert-Kalu in December 2016. In July 2018, they welcomed their first child, Prince Jason Akpeyi, who was born in Port Elizabeth. He is credited for finding the Daniel Akpeyi Children Empowerment Foundation (Dacef) the non profitable organization was founded in 2020. The foundation aim is to help develop Africa by helping the less privileged children get quality Education.

Recently, the Dacef reached out to people in the locations of Gauteng, Johannesburg during the Covid19 worldwide lockdown.

International career

Akpeyi was a member of the Nigeria national under-20 football team at 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship in Netherlands and was in the 22-man squad before the Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics, but did not see action in either tournament. He was also called up to the 23-man squad for the 2014 African Nations Championship as a backup to Chigozie Agbim.

On 6 May 2014, Akpeyi was named in the 30-man provisional squad ahead of 2014 FIFA World Cup.

He made his first full cap in 2015, called in for the friendly vs. South Africa as a replacement for an injured Vincent Enyeama. He saved a penalty and was lauded for his strong keeping in his Man of the Match performance.

He was selected by Nigeria for their 35-man provisional squad for the 2016 Summer Olympics.

In May 2018 he was named in Nigeria's preliminary 30-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia.

Akpeyi was included in the team's final 23-man list to 2019 Africa Cup of Nations. He kept clean sheets in the team's first two matches. In the final group match Ikechukwu Ezenwa conceded twice in Nigeria's 2–0 defeat to Madagascar. Akpeyi returned to the starting line up in the round of 16 match against the indomitable lions of Cameroon where he conceded 2 goals in his teams 3 - 2 victory. He was also in goal in the team's Q. Final victory over South Africa and their 2 - 1 S. final lost to Algeria. Francis Uzoho was in goal for the third place match against Tunisia.

On 29 January 2020, Akpeyi prolonged his agreement with the South African Premier Soccer League by signing a two-year contract that will retain him with the Amakhosi until June 2022.

On 25 December 2021, he was selected by Nigeria interim coach Eguavoen as one of the 28-man squad final draft for the 2021 Africa Cup of Nations.

Career statistics

International

Honours

Club
Nigerian FA Cup: Winner 2011, 2012

International
Summer Olympic Games: Bronze Medal, Brazil. 2016
African Nations Cup: Bronze Medal, Egypt. 2019
FIFA U-20 World Cup: Silver Medal, Holland. 2005

References

External links

Olympia Profile

1986 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Nnewi
Nigerian men's footballers
Nigeria men's international footballers
Nigeria men's under-20 international footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Nasarawa United F.C. players
Ifeanyi Ubah F.C. players
Heartland F.C. players
Warri Wolves F.C. players
Chippa United F.C. players
Kaizer Chiefs F.C. players
Moroka Swallows F.C. players
Footballers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic footballers for Nigeria
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for Nigeria
Olympic medalists in football
Nigerian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's soccer players in South Africa
Nigerian expatriate sportspeople in South Africa
Nigeria Professional Football League players
2018 FIFA World Cup players
2019 Africa Cup of Nations players
2021 Africa Cup of Nations players
Nigeria men's A' international footballers
2014 African Nations Championship players


Dennis K. Hays (born June 1, 1953) is an American diplomat who formerly served as the United States Ambassador to Suriname. He was confirmed by the U.S. Senate and was appointed by President Bill Clinton on March 22, 1996.

Hays received his bachelor's degree in American Studies from the University of Florida, and his master's degree in Public Administration from Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government.

Hays is a career member of the Senior Foreign Service. He was first stationed at the U.S. embassy in Kingston as a vice consul and management officer. He would later serve in the Caribbean, Africa, and South America. Hays was the coordinator for Cuban Affairs from 1993 until he was appointed as Director of the Office for Mexican Affairs at the Department of State in 1996.

Hays was a recipient of a Christian Herter Award for his work as Cuba Coordinator. He also received the State Department's Superior Honor Award four times.

References

External links

1953 births
Ambassadors of the United States to Suriname
Harvard Kennedy School alumni
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
University of Florida College of Liberal Arts and Sciences alumni
United States Foreign Service personnel
20th-century American diplomats


French-Hungarian relations (; ) are foreign relations between France and Hungary.  The first diplomatic contacts date back to the Middle Ages. Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO. Since 2004, Hungary is an observer in La Francophonie.

Education
There is a French international school in Budapest, Gustave Eiffel French School of Budapest.

Resident diplomatic missions
 France has an embassy in Budapest.
 Hungary has an embassy in Paris.

See also
 Foreign relations of France
 Foreign relations of Hungary
 Hungarian diaspora
 French people in Hungary
 Accession of Hungary to the European Union

References

External links
 French Foreign Ministry about relations with Hungary
  French embassy in Budapest (in French and Hungarian only)
 Hungarian embassy in Paris (in French and Hungarian only)
  Hungarian honorary consulate in Mulhouse (in French only)

Hungary
Bilateral relations of Hungary


Hamilton Moore is a Baptist theologian and lecturer.

Moore holds a Bachelor of Divinity, a Master of Theology, and a PhD. In 1990, Moore became principal and New Testament tutor at the Irish Baptist College in Lisburn, Northern Ireland. He is also adjunct professor at Emanuel University in Oradea, Romania. Prior to that, he worked in pastoral and evangelistic ministry from 1968.

See also

 Irish Baptist College
 Association of Baptist Churches in Ireland
 Baptist Theological Centre

References

External links
 Irish Baptist College
 Association of Baptist Churches in Ireland
 Hamilton Moore on Irish Baptist College

People associated with the Irish Baptist College
Association of Baptist Churches in Ireland church members
Irish Christian theologians
Theologians from Northern Ireland
Systematic theologians
Association of Baptist Churches in Ireland pastor-teachers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


Fleur Ezekiel is an Indian model who was crowned Eve's Weekly Miss India 1959 and represented India at Miss World 1959. She was the first winner of Eve's Weekly Miss India pageant. She was Indian of Jewish ancestry, descending from a Bene Israel family. She has one younger brother, Noel Ezekiel. She was an Indian pioneer who brought India into the spotlight after becoming the first Indian to participate in Miss World.

References

Bene Israel
Femina Miss India winners
Female models from Maharashtra
Jewish female models
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Indian Jews
Miss World 1959 delegates


Polar Rose was a company from Malmö, Sweden which made facial recognition software.

Polar Rose had a service that allows users to name people in their photos on photo sharing sites like Flickr and 23hq.com using their Facebook contacts. Using their facial recognition Polar Rose applied auto-tagging for users. The service was discontinued on 6 September 2010 only to be purchased two weeks later by Apple Inc. for an estimated $25-29 million.

The Polar Rose website and related add-ons for Firefox and Internet Explorer allowed users to put names to the faces of people whose photographs appear on the web, and to then find other pictures of the same individuals; however, as of May 20, 2009, use of the plugins was discontinued in favor of a purely web-based interface.

Search Wikia featured integration with Polar Rose.

Polar Rose founder Jan Erik Solem was company CTO while Danish serial entrepreneur Nikolaj Nyholm was CEO. After the acquisition by Apple, Solem moved to California and worked for Apple until 2013.

Polar Rose was awarded a World Economic Forum Technology Pioneer Award in 2008  and has won other awards like SIME's 2007 Best Technical Innovation and the Red Herring Global 100 list for 2007.

References

Facial recognition software
Software companies of Sweden
Apple Inc. acquisitions


is a former Japanese football player.

Playing career
Nishizawa was born in Tokyo on May 10, 1974. He joined Verdy Kawasaki from youth team in 1993. He debuted as center back in 1994 and his opportunity to play increased year by year. In 1997, he moved to Shimizu S-Pulse. He became a regular player as center back. However he lost his regular position in 1999. In 2000, he moved to newly was promoted to J1 League club, Kawasaki Frontale. Although the club finished at bottom place in J1 League, the club won the 2nd place J.League Cup. He played many matches as right defender of three backs defense. In 2001, he moved to Nagoya Grampus Eight. Although he played many matches in 2001, he could hardly play in the match in 2002. In September 2002, he moved to Kashima Antlers. In 2003, he moved to J2 League club Consadole Sapporo. He played many matches for long time. The club won the champions in 2007 and was promoted to J1 League. He retired end of 2008 season.

Club statistics

References

External links

1974 births
Living people
Association football people from Tokyo
Japanese men's footballers
J1 League players
J2 League players
Tokyo Verdy players
Shimizu S-Pulse players
Kawasaki Frontale players
Nagoya Grampus players
Kashima Antlers players
Hokkaido Consadole Sapporo players
Men's association football defenders


Piribeg (; ) is a mountain peak located between Kosovo and North Macedonia. Piribeg reaches a height of 2,524 meters above sea level, and is a peak of the eastern part of the Šar Mountains.

Located on the slopes of Piribeg is the largest ski center in Kosovo, Brezovica.

References

Šar Mountains
Two-thousanders of Kosovo
Two-thousanders of North Macedonia


The D52 road ( or RD52) is a road connecting Pont-Farcy and Vire in the Calvados département in France.

Routes départementales in France


Hungarian-Japanese relations (, ) are foreign relations between Hungary and Japan.  After World War II, both countries re-established diplomatic relations in August 1959.  Hungary has an embassy in Tokyo and 2 honorary consulates (in Hamamatsu and Osaka). Japan has an embassy in Budapest.

Both countries are full members of the OECD, World Trade Organization and United Nations.

High-level mutual visits

Head of States
 April 2000 - President of Hungary Árpád Göncz's official visit
 July 2002 - Emperor of Japan Akihito official visit
 December 2009 - President of Hungary László Sólyom's working visit.

External links
  Hungarian embassy in Tokyo
  Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Hungary
  Japanese embassy in Budapest
   Gergely Toth: The History of Relations between Meiji Japan and Hungary under the Double Monarchy 1869–1913. (In Hungarian, with Summary in English and a short Abstract in Japanese)

See also
 Foreign relations of Hungary
 Foreign relations of Japan
 Turanism
 Kazuo Honma
 Ken-Ichiro Kobayashi ()
 Tony László
 Haruka Orth
 Maurice Benyovszky
 Bernard Jean Bettelheim
 Péter Frankl
 Charles Puffy
 László Müller de Szentgyörgy
 Nándor Wagner
 List of diplomatic missions of Hungary
 List of diplomatic missions in Hungary
 Foreign relations of Austria (Austrian/Austro-Hungarian era, see List of diplomatic missions of Austria-Hungary)
 Meeting Venus
 Japan–European Union relations

Japan
Bilateral relations of Japan


KF Harkëtari was a football club located in Klos, Albania. It was founded in 1939 as Shoqeria Sportive e Klosit. The club has always played in the lower divisions but many times has produced beautiful games especially in the Albanian Cup. The club folded in 1991 after the communism in Albania fell and since then Klos has never had a professional team.

Defunct football clubs in Albania
Association football clubs established in 1939
Association football clubs disestablished in 1991
1939 establishments in Albania
1991 disestablishments in Albania
Klos (municipality)