Violante Beatrice of Bavaria (Violante Beatrix; 23 January 167330 May 1731) was Grand Princess of Tuscany as the wife of Ferdinando de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany and Governor of Siena from 1717 until her death. Born a Duchess of Bavaria, the youngest child of Elector Ferdinand Maria, she married the heir to the Tuscan throne, Ferdinando de' Medici, in 1689. Violante Beatrice loved him but Ferdinando did not return her affection, declaring her too ugly and too dull. Her brother-in-law, Prince Gian Gastone, befriended her out of sympathy, a friendship that lasted until Violante Beatrice's demise.

Grand Prince Ferdinando died from syphilis in 1713, leaving his childless widow without purpose at the Tuscan court. Upon the return of the Electress Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, daughter of the then reigning, Cosimo III, thus Violante Beatrice's sister-in-law, the Dowager Grand Princess contemplated retiring to her brother's court at Munich; however, Gian Gastone convinced her to stay, and Cosimo III appointed her Governor of Siena, where she then resided. As Governor, she formally defined the boundaries, names and number of Sienese Contrade — akin to administrative divisions — in 1729.

During Grand Duke Gian Gastone's rule, the Governor was responsible for formal court audiences. Violante Beatrice, in collaboration with the Electress Anna Maria Luisa, attempted to withdraw Gian Gastone from the Ruspanti, his salacious entourage, by arranging banquets and public appearances. Gian Gastone, however, was immune to these approaches and spent the last eight years of his reign confined to bed, entertained by the myriad Ruspanti.

Childhood and marriage

Violante Beatrice, the youngest child of the Elector of Bavaria, Ferdinand Maria, and Henriette Adelaide of Savoy, was born on 23 January 1673 in Munich, the capital of Bavaria. Her siblings were Maria Anna Victoria, Dauphine of France, Elector Maximilian II and Joseph Clemens, Archbishop of Cologne.

Grand Duke Cosimo III of Tuscany in 1688 sought Violante Beatrice as a prestigious bride — Bavaria was one of the most powerful states of the Holy Roman Empire — for his elder son and heir, Ferdinando, Grand Prince of Tuscany. As Cosimo's father, Ferdinando II, had embroiled Elector Ferdinand Maria in an abortive financial venture costing him 450,000 ungheri worth of gold, relations between Munich and Florence were sour.

In order to acquire Violante Beatrice's hand for the Grand Prince, Cosimo was obliged to reimburse Ferdinand Maria's son Maximilian II. With this obstacle surmounted, the marriage contract was signed on 24 May 1688, granting Violante Beatrice a dowry of 400,000 thalers in cash and the same amount in jewellery. She married the Grand Prince by proxy in Munich on 21 November 1688 and was married in person on 9 January 1689. The wedding reception was held at the Palazzo Medici Riccardi in Florence. The new Grand Princess was instantly enamoured with the bridegroom, in spite of the fact he loathed her. Cosimo III, however, could not find fault in his daughter-in-law, saying, "I have never known, nor do I think the world can produce, a disposition so perfect".

Grand Princess

The grand princely couple's lack of offspring after six years of marriage perturbed the Grand Duke. Consequently, much to the Grand Princess's mortification, he commissioned three days' religious observance to remedy their lack of children in April 1694. Any hopes of an heir were dashed when Ferdinando contracted, in 1696, syphilis during the Carnival of Venice, a disease to which he succumbed seventeen years later. The Grand Princess, meanwhile, fell victim to a state of melancholy, which did not escape the notice of her brother-in-law, Prince Gian Gastone, who befriended her as a result. Violante Beatrice rarely alluded to her emotional pain in conversation, but, on one documented occasion, in the presence of her ladies, branded Ferdinando's lover Cecchino de Castris the focus of her woes. That Ferdinando often openly declared his wife "too dull and too ugly" only worsened matters.

The Grand Princess found herself, in 1702, in the middle of a protocolary spat between Tuscany and Spain. The Grand Duke sent an agent to the court of Philip V of Spain with the objective of procuring a license for the Grand Prince and Princess—who, hypothetically, acquired royal dignity with Cosimo III on 5 February 1691 from the Holy Roman Emperor, Leopold I's, diploma—to use the style Royal Highness in correspondence with Spain. Philip V initially deigned only to sanction his aunt Violante Beatrice's use; however, the agent, Pucci, eventually requisitioned full recognition.

King Philip V and Frederick IV of Denmark paid Violante Beatrice visits in 1703 and 1709, respectively. The former chose to ignore the other members of the Tuscan Royal Family and reluctantly deigned only speak to her. The latter, on the other hand, was taken with Violante, going as far as to refuse to leave the room while she was changing clothes.

The Grand Prince, after much suffering, died from syphilis on 31 October 1713, sparking a succession crisis and leaving his wife a childless and therefore purposeless widow. The Dowager was so distraught that she had to be bled by doctors in order to calm her down. Cosimo III gave her a set of blue sapphires as a token of mourning. Violante Beatrice considered returning to her homeland when she caught wind of the Electress Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici's impending return. The two did not get along. Violante Beatrice, additionally, would be usurped as first-lady of Tuscany. To quell any future tiffs regarding precedence, Cosimo III appointed Violante Beatrice Governor of Siena, whose duties as such kept her away from the Tuscan court, and gave her possession of the Villa di Lappeggi, which became, in the words of historian Harold Acton, "a sort of literary academy". Here, she feted poets Lucchesi, Ghivanizzi and Morandi. Although precedence was laid out cognisant of Violante Beatrice's dignity, the Electress on several occasions disregarded it. Thus, Violante Beatrice refused to appear with her in public.

Governor of Siena

The Governor entered her domain in April 1717, taking up residence in the city-centre. Violante Beatrice's most memorable act as Governor was the reorganisation of the Sienese Contrade — akin to administrative divisions — whose names, number and boundaries she formally defined which remain there to this day. The Grand Duke Cosimo III died on 31 October 1723; Gian Gastone ascended to the throne. He immediately recalled Violante Beatrice to Florence and banished his sister to the Villa La Quiete. Violante Beatrice dominated the royal court as Gian Gastone resigned his public duties to her, and literally chose to spend most of his time in bed. The "religious gloom" of Cosimo III gave way to a period of rejuvenation: Violante Beatrice instituted French fashions at court, compelled myriad Ecclesiastes to retire and patronised Siense poets Perfetti and Ballati. Violante Beatrice brought Perfetti to Rome in 1725 and stayed at the Palazzo Madama. During her time in the Papal States, she met Pope Benedict XIII, who found her so agreeable that he bestowed upon her the golden rose, a great mark of Papal favour.

Upon her return from Rome, Violante Beatrice and the Electress Anna Maria Luisa decided to do something about Gian Gastone's public image and the Ruspanti, his entourage. In order to distract him from the Ruspanti, Violante Beatrice threw banquets, to which she invited the foremost members of Tuscan society. The Grand Duke's behaviour, vomiting, belching and cracking rude jokes, literally sent the guests scrambling to leave. The Electress was more fortunate for her part. She succeeded in making Gian Gastone appear on Saint John the Baptist's day, 1729. However, during the ceremony, the Grand Duke became so intoxicated that he had to be dragged back to his palace, the Pitti, on a litter.

Just five months before the arrival of troops on behalf of Gian Gastone's Spanish heir, Violante Beatrice of Bavaria, Dowager Grand Princess of Tuscany, Governor of Siena, died. During the funeral procession, her hearse briefly paused before the Pitti, an action that incensed the Grand Duke, who ordered the hearse to move along in words a contemporary dubbed "unfit for the lowest of harlots, let alone for a gentle high-born princess". The bulk of Violante Beatrice's remains were interred in the Convent of Saint Teresa, Florence; her heart was placed in her husband's coffin in the Medicean necropolis, San Lorenzo. When in 1857 her sarcophagus was re-discovered, it bore the imperial stamp of Napoleon I of France, who had had it moved from the convent to San Lorenzo. On 26 February 1858, she was restored to the convent, brought there in the royal hearse.

Ancestors

References

Citations

Bibliography

 Acton, Harold (1980). The Last Medici. London: Macmillan. .
 Angesi, M.G. (2005).The Contest for Knowledge: Debates Over Women's Learning in Eighteenth-century Italy. Chicago: Chicago University Press. .
 Hale, J.R. (1977). Florence and the Medici. London: Orion. .
 Napier, Edward Henry (1846). Florentine History: from the Earliest Authentic Records to the Accession of Ferdinand the Third: Volume V. London: Moxon.
 Parsons, Gerald (2004). Siena, Civil Religion and the Sienese. Farnham: Ashgate. .
 Strathern, Paul (2003). The Medici: Godfathers of the Renaissance. London: Vintage. .
 Young, G.F. (1920). The Medici: Volume II. London: John Murray.

External links

 Oil portrait of Violante Beatrice of Bavaria, artist unknown, University of Michigan Museum of Art

House of Wittelsbach
17th-century German people
18th-century German people
House of Medici
1673 births
1731 deaths
Nobility from Munich
Duchesses of Bavaria
Grand Princesses of Tuscany
Governors of Siena
Daughters of monarchs


Boornbergum () is a village in Smallingerland municipality in the province of Friesland, the Netherlands. It had a population of around 1,681 in January 2017.

The village was first mentioned in 1543 as Berghum, and means hill by river . The Dutch Reformed church was built in 1734 after the bell tower of its medieval predecessor had collapsed the year before. In the 18th century peat was being excavated in the area.

Boornbergum was home to 328 people in 1840. In 1893, a dairy factory opened in Boornbergum. The factory has been turned in office space and apartments.

References

External links

Populated places in Friesland
Smallingerland


Hermann Schmitz (1 January 1881 – 8 October 1960) was a German industrialist and Nazi war criminal. CEO of IG Farben from 1935 to 1945, he was sentenced to four years in prison in the IG Farben Trial.

Biography
Schmitz was born in Essen on 1 January 1881, son of factory worker Diedrich Schmitz and Luise Wöhrmann. In 1898 he began studying at Ahrenbergische Aktiengesellschaft für Bergbau und Hüttenbetrieb in Hessen, and in 1905 he entered the Commerce College in Nuremberg. After completing his studies, he was hired by Metallurgische Gesellschaft (metallurgy company), where after some time he became consultant of Wilhelm Merton, member of the supervisors' council of the company, who helped Schmitz promote his career.

In 1914 he was required to serve in the army. He was injured during the First World War and, after recovering from his injuries, he was made Reich's supervisor for chemical products production in the matériel department (1915).

In 1919, as an expert in fertilizers and nitric salts, he took part in the assembly that negotiated the Treaty of Versailles. There he met Carl Bosch, a chemist of worldwide fame. In July 1919 Schmitz was hired at BASF by Bosch as his financial advisor. He was promoted to administrator of BASF's exterior department, a position he maintained after the company became part of IG Farben. As per his job requirements he maintained contacts with large businesses, such as Standard Oil, with which he took part in negotiations, always having the support of that era's governments in the interests of IG Farben.

War crimes
In 1933, he was elected to the Reichstag under the administration of the Nazi Party and after two years, he succeeded Carl Bosch as IG Farben's CEO. In 1938, he became a war economy leader (Wehrwirtschaftsführer). In 1941, Hitler gave him a portrait of him with his autograph as a gift for his dedication to the aims of Nazi Germany. Schmitz led IG Farben until the end of the Second World War. He was arrested and charged at the IG Farben Trial, during which he was sentenced to four years imprisonment (including time already served) for war crimes and crimes against humanity through the plundering and spoliation of occupied territories. He was released in 1950 and went on to become member of the administrators' council of Deutsche Bank in Berlin, as well as the honorary president of "Rheinische Stahlwerke AG".

Schmitz died in Heidelberg on 8 October 1960.

Sources
 Wollheim Memorial
 Jewish Virtual Library
 Online Academy: Profit over life

Higham, Charles (1983) Trading with the Enemy; An exposé of the Nazi – American Money Plot 1933–1949. Robert Hale, London. Chapter 8 'The Film Conspiracy'

References

External links

1881 births
1960 deaths
Businesspeople from Essen
20th-century German businesspeople
IG Farben people
Nazis convicted of war crimes
German industrialists
German chemical industry people
German Army personnel of World War I
German people convicted of crimes against humanity
People convicted by the United States Nuremberg Military Tribunals
Members of the Reichstag of Nazi Germany


De Tike is a small village in Smallingerland in the province of Friesland, the Netherlands. It had a population of around 311 in January 2017.

History
The village was first mentioned in 1541 as Teeckeveen, and means "raised bog with ticks". De Tike developed on a clay ridge during the peat excavation of the region in the 17th century. After the peat was removed, the land turned into heath which was cultivated in the early 20th century. De Tike never had a church, however the village house was used for religious ceremonies as well.

De Tike was home to 277 people in 1840. It used to be a hamlet under Opeinde. In 1953, it was elevated to village, and later physically separated from Opeinde by the construction of the N31 expressway.

Gallery

References

External links

Populated places in Friesland
Smallingerland


Friedrich Domin (15 May 1902 – 18 December 1961) was a German film actor. He appeared in more than 60 films between 1939 and 1961. He was born in Beuthen, Germany (now Bytom, Poland) and died in Munich, Germany.

Selected filmography

 Das Lied der Wüste (1939) - Sir Collins, ihr Stiefvater
 Der siebente Junge (1941) - Baron Florian von Roeckel
 The Comedians (1941) - Johann Neuber
 Alarmstufe V (1941) - Prof. Crusius
 The Little Residence (1942) - Waldemar Prinz von Lauffenberg
 Fünftausend Mark Belohnung (1942) - Joachim Wengraf
 The Endless Road (1943) - Fürst Metternich
 Man rede mir nicht von Liebe (1943) - Van Italy
 Melusine (1944) - Professor von Hardegg
 Wo ist Herr Belling? (1945) - Dr. Fiedler
 In the Temple of Venus (1948) - Richard Doysen
 The Last Illusion (1949) - Prof. Helfert
 Trouble Backstairs (1949) - Justizrat Dr. Horn, sein Vater
 Regimental Music (1950) - Herr von Wahl
 Nacht ohne Sünde (1950) - Professor Rackmann
 Die Tat des Anderen (1951)
 Das seltsame Leben des Herrn Bruggs (1951) - Bankdirektor Reisch
 Die Frauen des Herrn S. (1951) - Mazedonischer General
 The Sergeant's Daughter (1952) - Wachtmeister Volkhardt
 The Great Temptation (1952) - Dr. Frank, Verteidiger
 The Divorcée (1953) - Gerichtsvorsitzender
 Meines Vaters Pferde (1954, part 1, 2) - Professor
 The Abduction of the Sabine Women (1954) - Dichter
 Cabaret (1954) - Paul Lincke
 Sauerbruch – Das war mein Leben (1954) - Paul von Hindenburgh
 Hubertus Castle (1954) - Graf Egge
 The Confession of Ina Kahr (1954) - Vater Stoll
 Ludwig II (1955) - Otto von Bismarck
 Marianne of My Youth (1955) - Professor
 Beloved Enemy (1955) - Mr. Trapp
 Eine Frau genügt nicht? (1955)
 Love's Carnival (1955) - Kommerzienrat Wagner
 Lola Montès (1955) - Circus Manager
 The Girl from Flanders (1956) - Maj. Gen Leopold Haller, Alex's Father
 San Salvatore (1956) - Dr. Breymann
 The Captain from Köpenick (1956) - Jail Director
 The Trapp Family (1956) - Gruber, Bankier
 Heiße Ernte (1956) - Rudolf Stammer
 Kleiner Mann – ganz groß (1957) - Theodor Krüger
 Queen Louise (1957) - Herzog von Mecklenburg-Strelitz
 Goodbye, Franziska (1957) - Professor Thiemann
 Der Edelweißkönig (1957) - Untersuchungsrichter
 The Big Chance (1957) - Bischof
 Immer wenn der Tag beginnt (1957) - Professor Wächter
 ...und nichts als die Wahrheit (1958) - Dr. Fein, Strafverteidiger
 Worüber man nicht spricht - Frauenarzt Dr. Brand greift ein (1958) - Professor Julius Gruber
 Die Landärztin vom Tegernsee (1958) - Pfarrer
 The Ideal Woman (1959) - Justizrat Becker
 The Man Who Walked Through the Wall (1959) - Psychiater (uncredited)
 Ja, so ein Mädchen mit sechzehn (1959) - Franz Vidal
 Heimat, deine Lieder (1959) - Gärtner Kummernus
 Sweetheart of the Gods (1960) - Herr Matthieu
 Carnival Confession (1960) - Canon Henrici
 A Woman for Life (1960) - Vater Heinemann
 Das schwarze Schaf (1960) - Bischof

References

External links

1902 births
1961 deaths
German male film actors
Ernst Busch Academy of Dramatic Arts alumni
Actors from the Province of Silesia
People from Bytom
20th-century German male actors


De Veenhoop () is a village in Smallingerland municipality in the province of Friesland, the Netherlands. It had a population of around 245 in January 2017.

History
The village was first mentioned between 1851 and 1855 as De Veenhoop, and means "place where peat is excavated". De Veenhoop developed in the late 19th century at the intersection of the Polderhoofdkanaal and the Grietmansrak as a peat excavation village.

Nature
The Petgatten de Feanhoop is a nature area on the edge of De Alde Feanen National Park. The  area of lakes and swamp forest attracted a large variety of bird life, and is a protected area since 1996.

Gallery

References

External links

Populated places in Friesland
Smallingerland


Zygmunt Kubiak (30 April 1929, in Warsaw – 19 March 2004) was a Polish writer, essayist, translator, propagator of the antique culture, and professor at the University of Warsaw.

His book Mitologia Greków i Rzymian was shortlisted for the Nike Award in 1998.

He translated, among others, Virgil's Aeneid, St. Augustine's Confessions, and all poems of Constantine P. Cavafy.

Polish male writers
1929 births
2004 deaths
Nike Award winners

International Writing Program alumni
Translators of Virgil


The 2002 United States Senate election in Iowa was held on November 5, 2002. Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Tom Harkin sought re-election to a fourth term in office. Harkin was opposed in the general election by U.S. Congressman Greg Ganske, who fought off a difficult challenger in the Republican primary. Though Harkin narrowly defeated his opponent six years earlier, he was able to defeat Ganske by a comfortable margin to win re-election.

Democratic primary

Candidates
 Tom Harkin, incumbent United States Senator

Results

Republican primary

Candidates
 Greg Ganske, U.S. Representative
 Bill Salier, hog farmer

Results

General election

Debates
Complete video of debate, October 6, 2002

Predictions

Polling

Results

Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic
Adair (Largest city: Greenfield)
Adams (Largest city: Corning)
Allamakee (Largest city: Waukon)
Audubon (Largest city: Audubon)
Calhoun (Largest city: Rockwell City)
Carroll (Largest city: Carroll)
Cherokee (Largest city: Cherokee)
Clay (Largest city: Spencer)
Decatur (Largest city: Lamoni)
Franklin (Largest city: Hampton)
Guthrie (Largest city: Guthrie Center)
Hancock (Largest city: Garner)
Hardin (Largest city: Iowa Falls)
Kossuth (Largest city: Algona)
Monona (Largest city: Onawa)
Pocahontas (Largest city: Pocahontas)
Ringgold (Largest city: Mount Ayr)
Taylor (Largest city: Bedford)
Union (Largest city: Creston)
Woodbury (Largest city: Sioux City)
Wright (Largest city: Eagle Grove)
 Louisa (largest city: Wapello)
Buena Vista (largest city: Storm Lake)
Humboldt (largest city: Humboldt)
Ida (largest city: Ida Grove)
Sac (largest city: Sac City)
Dickinson (Largest city: Spirit Lake)
Wayne (Largest city: Corydon)

Counties that flipped from Democratic to Republican
Delaware (Largest city: Manchester)

See also
 2002 United States Senate elections

Notes

References

Iowa
2002
2002 Iowa elections


The Saint John River is one of the six main rivers in the West African nation of Liberia. With its headwaters in neighboring Guinea, the river flows generally southwest through Liberia and empties into the Atlantic Ocean at Bassa Cove near Edina in Grand Bassa County. The  river has a drainage basin covering .

Course
The headwaters of the river are in the Nimba Range of the Guinea Highlands in the country of Guinea and flow south towards the border with Liberia. Near Yalata, Guinea it begins to form the border between Guinea and Bong County in Liberia. Flowing generally south, it forms the international boundary for around 6 miles. At Niatande, Liberia, it meets the Mani River and enters Liberia, forming the boundary between Bong and Nimba counties. The river then flows to the southwest for approximately  before turning to the southeast for a  stretch. Near Zahn it takes a small river, and turns southwest again.

After about  it begins to form the boundary between Bong and Grand Bassa counties and turns west for about 10 miles. The river then continues to the southwest, and after approximately  it enters Grand Bassa County. After around  it turns south for eight miles (13 km) and then flows back to the southwest for approximately 10 miles. Near Shoigabli it turns due south for about  where it passes Mount Finley and turns more westerly and flows generally southwest for another 9 miles. Between Zoblum and Alfabli the Saint John widens and flows to the northwest for around  before heading west for a mile to Hartford. The river then dives to the southwest for its final 6.5 miles. Here it receives the Mechlin and Benson rivers as it empties into the Atlantic Ocean near Edina and Buchanan.

Details
The river's drainage basin covers  over both Liberia and Guinea. At  in length, it is one of the six main or major rivers of Liberia. There are only 16 rivers in the country total.  The average annual discharge of the St. John is  as measured at the inland station of Baila. During the wet season in October, flows average , while in February during the dry season the flows average  at the same location.

The mouth of the river is approximately  south and east of the Saint Paul River’s mouth near Monrovia. Flowing generally southwest from its source to the ocean it contains occasional rapids and a waterfall. Near the ocean the river reaches its widest point of about  across and is the location of Factory Island, the largest of the many islands in the river. The river received its name from Portuguese explorers in the 15th Century who spotted the mouth on St. John's feast day.

Aquatic life
The Saint John River has a variety of aquatic life in and along the shores over the length to the river. Species include the Slender-snouted Crocodile on inland portions of the waterway. There are at least 65 species of fish in the river, including species of Mastacembelidae, Barbus eburneensis, Chrysichthys johnelsi, Killifish, Electric catfish, Nile perch, and Tilapia among others. Birds also use the riverbanks and islands as nesting grounds, including the Three-cusped Pangolin, Palaearctic, Sandpipers, Greenshanks, Little Ringed Plover, and Water Chevrotain in the Kpatawee Wetlands area in Bong County.

References

Rivers of Liberia
Rivers of Guinea
Grand Bassa County
International rivers of Africa
Guinea–Liberia border
Border rivers


Omroep MAX is a broadcaster in the Netherlands, aimed at viewers over the age of 50. MAX is broadcast on NPO 1, NPO 2, NPO 3 and NPO Zapp.

References

External links

Dutch public broadcasting organisations
Television channels and stations established in 2002
Netherlands Public Broadcasting
Dutch-language television networks
2002 establishments in the Netherlands
Old age in the Netherlands


Parplar is the third studio album by folk artist Larkin Grimm. It was released in 2008, the first album on Young God Records.  The cover art was done by New York-based artist Lauren Beck.

Track listing
"They Were Wrong" – 3:43
"Ride That Cyclone" – 4:02
"Blond and Golden Johns" – 3:08
"Dominican Rum" – 3:55
"Parplar" – 2:09
"Durge" – 2:27
"Be My Host" – 3:02
"Mino Minou" – 1:36
"My Justine" – 4:34
"Anger in Your Liver" – 1:36
"All the Pleasures in the World" – 1:30
"Fall on My Knees" – 2:51
"How to Catch a Lizard" – 1:55
"The Dip" – 1:12
"Hope of the Hopeless" – 2:45

References

2008 albums
Larkin Grimm albums
Albums produced by Michael Gira
Young God Records albums


Drachtstercompagnie () is a small village in Smallingerland in the province of Friesland, the Netherlands. It had a population of around 1,185 in January 2017.

History
The village was first mentioned in 1841 as Compagnie (de). It refers to the Drachtster Company who had the concession for the excavation of the peat around Drachten. A Bronze Age burial mound has been discovered, however later the raised bog made the area uninhabitable. The peat excavation started in the middle of the 18th century.

Drachtstercompagnie was home to 374 people in 1840. There was a little church in Drachtstercompagnie built in 1921. It was torn down and rebuilt in the same style in 2000, and is in use a studio. On 7 September 1941, a Vickers Wellington of the Royal Air Force was shot down and crashed in Drachtstercompagnie. The 6 crew members are buried at the local cemetery in a Commonwealth grave.

Gallery

References

External links

Populated places in Friesland


Mateikonys is a village in the Šalčininkai district municipality, Lithuania near the border with Belarus. According to the 2011 census it had population of 160.

From 1923 to 1939 the village was located in Wilno Voivodeship, north-east Second Polish Republic. After the Nazi German and Soviet invasions of Poland in September 1939 the village was transferred to Lithuania according to the Soviet–Lithuanian Mutual Assistance Treaty.

References

  Wiktor Noskowski, “Czy Yaffa Eliach przeprosi Polaków?” Mysl Polska (Warsaw), July 20–27, 1997.

Villages in Vilnius County


De Wilgen  () is a small village in Smallingerland municipality in the province of Friesland, the Netherlands. It had a population of around 651 in January 2017.

The village was first mentioned in 1580 De Wilgen, and refers to the willow tree. In 1672, it was side of battle with the Prince-Bishop of Münster. The Dutch three soldiers who died are in an honorary grave.

De Wilgen was home to 150 people in 1840. De Wilgen never had a church, but started to grow in the 1970s as a suburb of Drachten.

References

Populated places in Friesland
Smallingerland


Herbert Hübner (6 February 1889 – 27 January 1972) was a German stage and film actor. He appeared in more than 150 films between 1921 and 1966. He was born in Breslau, Germany (now Wrocław, Poland) and died in Munich, Germany.

Selected filmography

 Satan Diktator (1920) - Lord Joel von Kensington
 Destinée (1920)
 Seines Bruders Leibeigener (1921) - Unehelicher Sohn Alexej
 Die Teppichknüpferin von Bagdad (1922)
 Die Spitzklöpperin von Valenciennes (1923)
 Die Egoisten. Die reich heiraten wollen (1924) - Hugo Meier, Machinist
 Storm in a Water Glass (1931) - Quilling - Zeitungsverleger
 The Prince of Arcadia (1932)
 Sehnsucht 202 (1932) - Otto Hesse
 Madame hat Besuch (1932)
 Ripening Youth (1933) - Dr. Albing
 A Precocious Girl (1934) - Hartwig
 Carnival of Love (1934) - Türkheim, Automobilfabrikant
 Tales from the Vienna Woods (1934)
 A Star Fell from Heaven (1934) - Tomson, sein Manager
 The Secret of Cavelli (1934) - Schott
 Wäsche - Waschen - Wohlergehen (1934)
 Asew (1935) - Lopuchin, Russischer Polizeigeneral
 The Cossack and the Nightingale (1935) - Dr. Frederik Hammersvelt
 Anschlag auf Schweda (1935) - Der Untersuchungsrichter
 The Dreamer (1936) - Landrat von Kannewurf
 The Czar's Courier (1936) - Grand Duke Fedor
 Victoria in Dover (1936) - Sir John Conroy
 Savoy Hotel 217 (1936) - Julio Simkowitsch - Personalchef
 Die letzte Fahrt der Santa Margareta (1936) - Enrico B. Costa
 Family Parade (1936) - Baron Barrenkrona
 Moral (1936) - Justizrat Hauser
 Dinner Is Served (1936) - Lord Wimple
 Ave Maria (1936) - Konzertdirektor in Paris
 The Accusing Song (1936) - Kriminalkommissar Collander
 Romance (1936) - Präsident Leonhardt
 The Court Concert (1936) - Staatsminister von Arnegg
 The Ruler (1937) - Direktor Erich Klamroth - deren Mann
 Condottieri (1937) - Herzog d'Urbino
 Dangerous Game (1937) - Bankier Hirt
 Alarm in Peking (1937) - Korvettenkapitän Radain
 To New Shores (1937) - Casino-Direktor
 Ein Volksfeind (1937) - Bürgermeister Stockmann
 Another World (1937) - Lord Brandmore
 Starke Herzen (1937) - Nikoll, Major
 The Secret Lie (1938) - Bartell
 Travelling People (1938) - Zirkusdirektor Edward Barlay
 Was tun, Sybille? (1938) - Professor Strobl
 Red Orchids (1938) - Professor Castro
 Kautschuk (1938) - Konsul Waverley
 Dreizehn Mann und eine Kanone (1938)
 Sergeant Berry (1938) - Don Antonio de Garcia
 Three Wonderful Days (1939)
 Hotel Sacher (1939) - Barnoff
 Ich verweigere die Aussage (1939) - Paul Ottendorf
 Robert and Bertram (1939) - Nathan Ipelmeyer
 Who's Kissing Madeleine? (1939) - Courbierre
 Kitty and the World Conference (1939) - Wirtschaftsminister von Coprador
 We Danced Around the World (1939) - Jonny Hester, Agenturbesitzer
 Der Weg zu Isabel (1940) - Beauchamps
 A Man Astray (1940) - Meyers
 Commissioner Eyck (1940) - Hauber
 The Rothschilds (1940) - Turner - Banker
 Trenck, der Pandur (1940) - Fürst Solojew
 Das Herz der Königin (1940) - Lord Arran
 Friedrich Schiller – The Triumph of a Genius (1940) - General Rieger
 Kora Terry (1940) - Stefan Borodyn - Großindustrieller
 Fahrt ins Leben (1940) - Generaldirektor Hellgrewe
 Carl Peters (1941) - Councillor Leo Kayser
 Riding for Germany (1941) - Pferdehändler
 Goodbye, Franziska (1941) - Ted Simmons
 The Way to Freedom (1941) - Landrat von Strempel
 Kameraden (1941) - Oberst Dupont
 Women Are Better Diplomats (1941) - Dr. Schuster
 Geheimakte W.B.1 (1942) - Admiral Brommy
 The Great King (1942) - Graf Finkenstein (uncredited)
 Andreas Schlüter (1942) - Reichsgraf Johann von Wartenberg
 Die Entlassung (1942) - Generaladjutant von Hahnke
 Stimme des Herzens (1942) - Senator Bulthaupt
 The War of the Oxen (1943)
 Back Then (1943) - Professor Rigaud, Klinikleiter
 Paracelsus (1943) - Count von Hohenreid
 Heaven, We Inherit a Castle (1943)
 The Endless Road (1943) - Handelsgerichtsbeisitzender
 Vienna 1910 (1943) - Dr. Viktor Adler
 Circus Renz (1943) - Zirkuskönig Déjean
 Johann (1943) - Direktor Schupfelhuber
 Wild Bird (1943) - Herr von Demnitz
 Um neun kommt Harald (1944) - 1. Gerichtsvorsitzender
 Der große Preis (1944) - Direktor Wullenberg
 Junge Adler (1944) - Direktor Brakke
 The Roedern Affair (1944) - General von Krusemarck
 Das Leben geht weiter (1945)
 The Silent Guest (1945) - Von Wedelstedt, Gutsbesitzer
 Wo ist Herr Belling? (1945) - Direktor Reisch
 Thank You, I'm Fine (1948)
 1-2-3 Corona (1948) - Studienrat Dr. Hanke
 Blum Affair (1948) - Langerichtsdirektor Hecht
 The Berliner (1948) - Herr Bollmann, politischer Redner
 Girls in Gingham (1949) - Major Markenbrunn
 The Appeal to Conscience (1949) - Generaldirektorröner
 Der Posaunist (1949) - Hasselt, Musikdirektor
 The Blue Swords (1949) - Nehmitz
 Dr. Semmelweis (1950) - Direktor Klein
 Mathilde Möhring (1950)
 Kissing Is No Sin (1950) - Christian Reinecke, Oberlehrer
 A Day Will Come (1950) - Monsieur Mombour
 Das fremde Leben (1951) - Vater Hallgart
 The Guilt of Doctor Homma (1951) - Oberstaatsanwalt Krell
 Das unmögliche Mädchen (1951)
 The Sergeant's Daughter (1952) - Major Paeschke, Kriegsgerichtsrat
 I Lost My Heart in Heidelberg (1952) - Präsident de Boers
 Illusion in a Minor Key (1952) - Dr. Bauer
 Prosecutor Corda (1953) - Oberstaatsanwalt
 Christina (1953) - Siegfried, Apotheker
 Stars Over Colombo (1953) - Zirkusdirektor
 Father Is Being Stupid (1953) - Fabrikant Ewers, Lottchens Vater
 Königliche Hoheit (1953) - General
 The Country Schoolmaster (1954) - Ernst Diewen, Ursulas Vater
 Regina Amstetten (1954) - Vorsitzender des Ärztekongresses
 The Prisoner of the Maharaja (1954) - Zirkusdirektor
 The Little Town Will Go to Sleep (1954) - Friedrich Altmann - Regierungsbaurat
 The Seven Dresses of Katrin (1954) - Dr. Heyse
 Conchita and the Engineer (1954)
 Hoheit lassen bitten (1954) - Hofmarshall von Wengefeldt
 Ein Mädchen aus Paris (1954)
 Verrat an Deutschland (1955) - Botschafter
 Ludwig II (1955) - Von Pfistermeister
 Ein Mann vergißt die Liebe (1955)
 The Ambassador's Wife (1955) - Paul de la Croix
 One Woman Is Not Enough? (1955) - Generaldirektor Oppert
 Royal Hunt in Ischl (1955)
 Der Frontgockel (1955) - Major Müller, Flieger
 Your Life Guards (1955) - Hofmarschall
 Regine (1956) - Der General
 San Salvatore (1956) - Prof. Brink
 A Thousand Melodies (1956) - Hagebutt
 Liane, Jungle Goddess (1956) - Justizrat Warmuth
 Manöverball (1956)
 My Sixteen Sons (1956)
 Made in Germany (1957) - Staatsekretär von Würmb
 Kleiner Mann - ganz groß (1957) - Professor Schröder
 The Mad Bomberg (1957) - Regimentskommandeur von Strullbach
 Different from You and Me (1957) - Verteidiger Dr. Schwarz
 The Spessart Inn (1958) - Graf Sandau
 The Copper (1958) - Polizeipräsident
 Mandolins and Moonlight (1959)
 The Haunted Castle (1960) - Hartog
 Isola Bella (1961) - Pianist Panetzki
 Liane, die Tochter des Dschungels (1961)
 Die blonde Frau des Maharadscha (1962) - Direktor des Zirkus
 Bekenntnisse eines möblierten Herrn (1963) - Onkel Eugen
 The Gentlemen (1965) - Graf - episode 'Die Intellektuellen'
 Die fromme Helene (1965) - Vater Dralle
 Shiva und die Galgenblume (1993) - (final film role)

References

External links

1889 births
1972 deaths
German male film actors
German male stage actors
German male silent film actors
Actors from Wrocław
20th-century German male actors
Actors from the Province of Silesia


Fuck Texas, Sing for Us is a live album released by British rock band New Model Army on 17 November 2008.

The tracks on this album were recorded at a variety of venues during the High tour of 2007/2008. The title of the album is taken from an audience chant that preceded the encore in New Orleans at the Hi Ho Lounge.

Track listing
"Intro" – 0:24
"225" – 4:01
"Nothing Dies Easy" – 4:11
"Island" – 4:40
"Into the Wind" – 4:20
"Breathing" – 4:30
"Rivers" – 5:01
"One of the Chosen" – 4:29
"Bloodsports" – 4:24
"Lust for Power" – 4:04
"No Mirror, No Shadow" – 3:51
"High" – 4:40
"Family" – 4:22
"Vagabonds" – 6:09
"Wired" – 3:22
"Bad Old World" – 4:09
"Masterrace" – 3:13
"Poison Street" – 3:44

Personnel
Justin Sullivan – vocals, guitar
Nelson – bass, vocals
Dean White – keyboards, vocals
Michael Dean – drums, vocals
Marshal Gill – guitar, vocals

References

New Model Army (band) live albums
2008 live albums


Arthur King may refer to:

Arthur Henry King (1910–2000), British poet, writer and academic
Arthur Scott King (1876–1957), American physicist and astrophysicist
Arthur King (footballer) (1887–?), Scottish footballer
Arthur King (boxer) (1927–2011), Canadian boxer of the 1940s and 1950s
 An alias of DC Comics supervillain Merlyn

See also
King Arthur (disambiguation)


Saint John River may refer to:

Saint John River (Bay of Fundy), in Canada (mainly New Brunswick but also Quebec) and the United States (Maine)
Saint John River (Liberia), in West Africa

See also
St. Johns River, in Florida, United States
St. John's River (California), in Visalia, California, United States
St. John Rivers, a character in Jane Eyre
Saint-Jean River (disambiguation)


Arthur Hope may refer to:

Arthur Hope, 2nd Baron Rankeillour (1897–1958), British peer and politician
Arthur John Hope (1875–1960), English architect


The 1992 Grand Prix Hassan II was an Association of Tennis Professionals men's tennis tournament held in Casablanca, Morocco and played on outdoor clay courts. It was part of the World Series of the 1992 ATP Tour. It was the 8th edition of the tournament and was held from 16 March until 23 March 1992. Second-seeded Guillermo Pérez Roldán won the singles title.

Finals

Singles

 Guillermo Pérez Roldán defeated  Germán López 2–6, 7–5, 6–3
 It was Pérez-Roldán's only title of the year and the eighth of his career.

Doubles

 Horacio de la Peña /  Jorge Lozano defeated  Ģirts Dzelde /  T. J. Middleton 2–6, 6–4, 7–6
 It was de la Peña's first title of the year and the seventh of his career. It was Lozano's only title of the year and the eighth of his career.

References

External links
 ATP tournament profile

Grand Prix Hassan II
Grand Prix Hassan II


De La Salle Palmerston FC is an Irish rugby team. The senior team currently play in the Leinster League. The senior side had a short spell in Division 1 starting in the 1998-99 season. The club grounds, Kirwan Park are located between Stepaside and Kilternan.

The club in its present form was founded in 1985, after the amalgamation of the De La Salle (1965) and Palmerston (1899) clubs.

The senior club field a first XV, seconds, thirds, fourths, women's, special needs and an under-20 team. The club has a large minis and youth section fielding teams from "Daisy Pickers" 3/4 year old and then from under 6's to under 18's

References
 De La Salle Palmerston FC

Rugby union teams in Ireland
Rugby union clubs in Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown


Arthur or Art Hancock may refer to:

Arthur B. Hancock (1875–1957), American horse breeder
Art Hancock (born 1905), American baseball player
Arthur B. Hancock Jr. (1910–1972), American horse breeder
Arthur B. Hancock III (born 1943), American horse breeder


Jens Jensen (1859–1928) was a Danish trade unionist and Social Democratic politician. Jensen was a painter by profession. In 1879 he moved to Copenhagen. In 1883 he became the president of the Painters' Trade Union, and in 1898 he was one of the main founders of the United Trade Unions. Jensen was elected president of the union federation. During his tenure Jensen took the initiative to the first international trade union coordination, the International Secretariat of National Trade Union Centres.

From 1893 to 1903 Jensen served on the Copenhagen City Council. Between 1895 and 1903 he was a member of Folketinget. He later became the first Social Democratic mayor of Copenhagen.

References

1859 births
1928 deaths
Danish trade union leaders
19th-century Copenhagen City Council members
Mayors of places in Denmark
Members of the Folketing
Social Democrats (Denmark) politicians


Carl Krauch (7 April 1887 – 3 February 1968) was a German chemist, industrialist and Nazi war criminal. He was an executive at BASF (later IG Farben); during World War II, he was chairman of the supervisory board. He was a key implementer of the Reich's Four-Year Plan to achieve national economic self-sufficiency and promote industrial production. He was Plenipotentiary of Special Issues in Chemical Production, a senator of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society, and an honorary professor at the University of Berlin. He was convicted in the IG Farben trial after World War II and sentenced to six years in prison.

Education

From 1906 to 1912, Krauch studied at the Justus Liebig-Universität Gießen and the Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg. From 1911 to 1912, he was an unpaid teaching assistant to R. Stallé at Heidelberg. He received his doctorate in 1912 under Theodor Curtius at Heidelberg.

Career

From 1912, Krauch was employed at BASF, later I.G. Farbenindustrie AG. He was a longstanding member of the board and general committee, and chairman of the supervisory board, 1940 to 1945, succeeding Carl Bosch as chairman. From 1936, Krauch was head of the Research and Development Department of the Amt für Deutsche Roh- und Werkstoffe. From 1939, he was head of the renamed Reichsamtes für Wirtschaftsausbau (Reich Office for Economic Expansion), established in 1936 as part of the Four-Year Plan to achieve national economic self-sufficiency and promote industrial production especially for rearmament. The Amt für Deutsche Roh- und Werkstoffe was nicknamed the Amt für IG-Farben Ausbau ("Office for the Expansion of IG Farben"), due to his dual head positions.

From 1938 to 1945, Krauch was Plenipotentiary of Special Issues in Chemical Production and a member of the board of the Reichsforschungsrat (RFR, Reich Research Council). Additionally, he was an honorary professor at the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität (later, the Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin). Krauch was also a member of the Senate of the Kaiser-Wilhelm Gesellschaft (KWG, Kaiser Wilhelm Society).

Krauch was a member of the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist Workers Party) from 1937.

I G Farben trial

He was a defendant in the post war IG Farben Trial, found guilty of the indictment of "War crimes and crimes against humanity through participation in the enslavement and deportation to slave labor on a gigantic scale of concentration camp inmates and civilians in occupied countries, and of prisoners of war, and the mistreatment, terrorization, torture, and murder of enslaved persons." and given a six-year prison sentence.  He was released in 1950.  After that, he became a member of the supervisory board of the Bunawerke Hüls GmbH. In the Frankfurt Auschwitz Trials, as a witness on 19 February 1965, he denied all knowledge of the events in Monowitz, part of the Auschwitz complex and designed to produce synthetic fuel and butadiene rubber. Carl Krauch died on 3 February 1968.

Bibliography
 Hayes, Peter Carl Bosch and Carl Krauch: Chemistry and the Political Economy of Germany, 1925–1945, Journal of Economic History Volume XLVII, Number 2, 353-363 (June 1987)
 Hentschel, Klaus (Editor) and Ann M. Hentschel (Editorial Assistant and Translator) Physics and National Socialism: An Anthology of Primary Sources (Birkhäuser, 1996)
 Krauch, Carl Jugend an die Front. Die Nachwuchsfrage in Wissenschaft und Technik, Der Vierjahresplan, Volume 1, 8th Series, August 1937, pp. 456 – 459. This document was translated and republished in Klaus Hentschel (Editor) and Ann M. Hentschel (Editorial Assistant and Translator) Physics and National Socialism: An Anthology of Primary Sources (Birkhäuser, 1996) 161 - 168: Document 58, Carl Krauch: Youth to the Front Line. New Blood in Science and Technology [August 1937].
 Macrakis, Kristie Surviving the Swastika: Scientific Research in Nazi Germany (Oxford, 1993)

References

External links

1887 births
1968 deaths
Businesspeople from Heidelberg
20th-century German businesspeople
German industrialists
German chemical industry people
German people convicted of crimes against humanity
Nazi Party members
Nazis convicted of war crimes
IG Farben people
People convicted by the United States Nuremberg Military Tribunals
Recipients of the Knights Cross of the War Merit Cross


This is a list of tribal colleges and universities by country. Some universities or colleges historically have served a largely indigenous population without being associated with any tribe; such institutions are not part of this list.

Canada

Alberta
 Maskwachees Cultural College
 Old Sun Community College, Siksika 146
 Red Crow Community College, Cardston
 University nuhelot’įne thaiyots’į nistameyimâkanak Blue Quills,  	St. Paul
 Yellowhead Tribal College, Edmonton

British Columbia
 Native Education Centre, Vancouver
 Nicola Valley Institute of Technology, Merritt

Manitoba
 University College of the North
 Yellowquill College, Winnipeg

Nunavut
 Akitsiraq Law School
 Nunavut Arctic College

Ontario
 Anishinabek Education Institute
 First Nations Technical Institute, Tyendinaga Mohawk Territory
 Kenjgewin Teg Educational Institute
 Iohahi:io Akwesasne Adult Education Centre
 Negahneewin College, Thunder Bay
 Ogwehoweh Skills and Trades Training Centre
 Oshki-Pimache-O-Win Education & Training Institute
 Seven Generations Education Institute
 Shingwauk Kinoomaage Gamig
 Six Nations Polytechnic

Saskatchewan
 First Nations University of Canada
 Gabriel Dumont Institute
 Saskatchewan Indian Institute of Technologies

Malaysia
 Universiti Teknologi MARA
 MARA Junior Science College

New Zealand

Te Awamutu
 Te Wānanga o Aotearoa

Ōtaki
 Te Wānanga o Raukawa

Whakatane
 Te Whare Wānanga o Awanuiārangi

The Philippines

Davao
 Pamulaan Center for Indigenous Peoples

United States

Alaska
 Iḷisaġvik College, Utqiaġvik, Alaska

Arizona
 Diné College, Tsaile, Arizona
 Tohono O'odham Community College, Sells, Arizona

California
 D–Q University, Yolo County, California, defunct

Kansas
 Haskell Indian Nations University, Lawrence, Kansas

Michigan
 Bay Mills Community College, Brimley, Michigan
 Keweenaw Bay Ojibwa Community College, Baraga, Michigan
 Saginaw Chippewa Tribal College, Mount Pleasant, Michigan

Minnesota
 Fond du Lac Tribal and Community College, Cloquet, Minnesota
 Leech Lake Tribal College, Cass Lake, Minnesota
 Red Lake Nation College, Red Lake, Minnesota
 White Earth Tribal and Community College, Mahnomen, Minnesota

Montana
 Aaniiih Nakoda College, Harlem, Montana
 Blackfeet Community College, Browning, Montana
 Chief Dull Knife College, Lame Deer, Montana
 Fort Peck Community College, Poplar, Montana
 Little Big Horn College, Crow Agency, Montana
 Salish Kootenai College, Pablo, Montana
 Stone Child College, Box Elder, Montana

Nebraska
 Little Priest Tribal College, Winnebago, Nebraska
 Nebraska Indian Community College, Macy, Nebraska

New Mexico
 Institute of American Indian Arts, Santa Fe, New Mexico
 Navajo Technical University, Crownpoint, New Mexico
 Southwestern Indian Polytechnic Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico

North Dakota
 Cankdeska Cikana Community College, Fort Totten, North Dakota
 Nueta Hidatsa Sahnish College, New Town, North Dakota
 Sitting Bull College, Fort Yates, North Dakota
 Turtle Mountain Community College, Belcourt, North Dakota
 United Tribes Technical College, Bismarck, North Dakota

North Carolina
 University of North Carolina at Pembroke, Pembroke, North Carolina

Oklahoma
 Bacone College, Muskogee, Oklahoma, established 1880 (Native American-Serving, NonTribal Institution)
 Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribal College, Weatherford, Oklahoma (defunct)
 College of the Muscogee Nation, Okmulgee, Oklahoma
 Comanche Nation College, Lawton, Oklahoma (defunct)
 Pawnee Nation College, Pawnee, Oklahoma (Not Accredited)

South Dakota
 Oglala Lakota College, Kyle, South Dakota
 Sinte Gleska University, Mission, South Dakota
 Sisseton Wahpeton College, Sisseton, South Dakota

Washington
 Northwest Indian College, Bellingham, Washington

Wisconsin
 College of Menominee Nation, Keshena, Wisconsin
 Lac Courte Oreilles Ojibwa Community College, Hayward, Wisconsin

Wyoming
 Wind River Tribal College, Ethete, Wyoming

References

Tribal colleges and universities
Tribal colleges and universities
Tribal colleges and universities

Indigenous peoples in Canada-related lists


The 1996 Panasonic German Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the 90th edition of the Hamburg Masters and was part of the Mercedes Super 9 of the 1996 ATP Tour. It took place at the Am Rothenbaum in Hamburg, Germany from 6 May through 12 May 1996.

The singles field was headlined by ATP No. 5, 1995 Tour Championships winner, Australian Open and 1991 Hamburg runner-up Boris Becker, Zagreb, Dubai, Milan, Rotterdam and Grand Slam Cup champion Goran Ivanišević and Adelaide winner and Rotterdam and St. Petersburg finalist Yevgeny Kafelnikov. Other top seeds competing were Indian Wells winner Wayne Ferreira, Monte Carlo and Indian Wells semifinalist Marcelo Ríos, Sergi Bruguera, Arnaud Boetsch and Marc Rosset.

Finals

Singles

 Roberto Carretero defeated  Àlex Corretja 2–6, 6–4, 6–4, 6–4
 It was Carretero's 1st title of the year and the 1st of his career. It was his 1st Masters title of the year and his 1st overall.

Doubles

 Mark Knowles /  Daniel Nestor defeated  Guy Forget /  Jakob Hlasek 6–2, 6–4
 It was Knowles' 4th title of the year and the 8th of his career. It was Nestor's 3rd title of the year and the 5th of his career.

References

External links

 Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) tournament profile

Panasonic German Open
Hamburg European Open
Panasonic German Open
Panasonic German Open


Pyongyang Nalpharam () is a 2006 North Korean film directed by Phyo Kwang and Maeng Cheol-min.  It is a martial arts film set during the Japanese colonial rule of Korea. One of only two North Korean films released in 2006, it received ticket sales of 6 million cinema-goers in North Korea. Critics describe the film as "routine" and "adequate."

Plot
The film is set in the early 20th century, during the Japanese colonial rule of Korea. Jeong Taek is a master of Pyongyang Nalpharam, a form of the ancient Taekkyeon martial art perfected on Mount Taeseong near Pyongyang. He returns home one day to find his father poisoned by Korean-born Japanese woman Mieko, who claims that the elder was responsible for the death of her own father. At first mistaking the woman for his childhood sweetheart, So Gyeon, Taek is forced into action when Japanese forces lay claim to the sacred texts containing the secrets of Pyongyang Nalpharam.

Cast
 Ri Ryeong-hun ... Jeong Taek
 Kim Hye-gyeong ... So Gyeon
 Ri Yun-su
 Yu Hye-gyeong ... Mieko
 Kim Gweong-yeol
 Nam Ryeong-woo
 Kim Cheon-yeol
 Choi Yeong-chun
 Ri Seong-gang

Release
Pyongyang Nalpharam was released in August 2006, and received a reported 6 million admissions at the North Korean box office. It was one of only two North Korean films released in 2006—the other being The Schoolgirl's Diary—and both films were screened at that year's Pyongyang International Film Festival.

Critical reception
Derek Elley of Variety described Pyongyang Nalpharam as "a routine period actioner... with flashes of interest for Asiaphile auds", reminiscent of 1970s Hong Kong "chopsocky" films. He regarded the action choreography as being "adequate", and considered only a single sequence during a "masked entertainment" to have any "real verve".

References

External links

2006 films
2000s Korean-language films
2006 martial arts films
North Korean drama films


Alfred Fripp may refer to:

Alfred Downing Fripp (artist) (1822–1895), British artist
Alfred Downing Fripp (surgeon) (1865–1930), English surgeon
Alfred Ernest Fripp (1866–1938), Canadian lawyer and politician
 Alfie Fripp, Alfred George ("Alfie" or "Bill") Fripp (1913–2013), longest serving and oldest surviving British World War II Prisoner of War


Pigot, Pigott or Piggott may refer to:

People
 Pigot (surname),  including a list of people with this name
 Pigott (surname), including a list of people with the surname Pigott or Piggott

Places
 Piggott, Arkansas, United States, a city
 Piggott Peninsula, Antarctica
 Pigott Street, London
 10220 Pigott, an asteroid

Other uses
 HM galley Pigot, two Royal Navy vessels
 Pigot (East Indiaman), two British East India Company vessels
 Pigot baronets, a title in the Baronetage of Great Britain
 Pigott baronets, a title in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
 Pigot's Directory, a British directory first published in 1814
 Pigot Diamond, a famous diamond
 The Piggott School, a Church of England academy secondary school in Twyford, Berkshire, England
 Piggott High School, Pigott, Arkansas

See also
 Pigott's Building, a heritage-listed department store in Toowoomba, Queensland
 Piggotts, a small township in Antigua
 Abington Pigotts, a village in Cambridgeshire, England
 Acton Pigott, Shropshire
 Aston Pigott, a hamlet in Shropshire, England


Rudolf Fernau (7 January 1898 – 4 November 1985) was a German film actor. He appeared in 53 films between 1936 and 1982. He was born and died in Munich, Germany. After the World War II, Fernau, a Nazi Party member, was sentenced to nine months in prison and a lifelong ban from working by a denazification tribunal. On appeal, however, Fernau's sentence was reduced to a small fine.

Selected filmography

 The Traitor (1936) - Fritz Brockau
 In the Name of the People (1939) - Alfred Hübner
 The Curtain Falls (1939) - Rodegger
  (1939) - Pedro de Alvarado
 Der Weg zu Isabel (1940) - Vicomte Victor
 Counterfeiters (1940) - Gaston de Frossard, Kopf der Fälscherbande
 Goodbye, Franziska (1941) - Dr. Christoph Leitner
 Kameraden (1941) - Graf Kerski
 Giungla (1942) - Il dottor Jack Bennett
 Vom Schicksal verweht (1942) - Dr. Jack Bennett
 Doctor Crippen (1942) - Dr. Crippen
 Der Verteidiger hat das Wort (1944) - Günther Fabian
 The Roedern Affair (1944) - Graf Wengen
 The Silent Guest (1945) - Oskar Kampmann
 Night of the Twelve (1949) - Rohrbach, Kriminalrat
 The Murder Trial of Doctor Jordan (1949) - Tropenarzt Dr. Jordan
 Friday the Thirteenth (1949) - Robert - Diener
 Maria Theresa (1951) - Graf Kaunitz
 Monks, Girls and Hungarian Soldiers (1952) - Megerle, kurfürstlicher Geheimsekretarius
 The Sergeant's Daughter (1952) - Baron Hügener, Rittergutsbesitzer
 Captain Bay-Bay (1953) - Dr. Mendez
 Königliche Hoheit (1953) - Großherzog Albrecht
 The Witch (1954)
 Marriage Impostor (1954) - Adrian van Zanten
 Walking Back into the Past (1954) - Stefan Berg
 Ludwig II (1955) - Prinz Luitpold von Bayern
 Children, Mother, and the General (1955) - Stabsarzt
 Sergeant Borck (1955) - Großhändler Willy Staade
 San Salvatore (1956) - Dr. Stormer, Oberarzt
 Skandal um Dr. Vlimmen (1956)
 The Story of Anastasia (1956) - Russischer Emigrantenführer Serge Botkin
 Confess, Doctor Corda (1958) - Chefarzt Professor Schliessmann
 Im Namen einer Mutter (1961) - Staatsanwalt
 Blind Justice (1961) - Generaldirektor Delgasso
 The Return of Doctor Mabuse (1961) - Pfarrer Briefenstein
 The Strange Countess (1961) - Dr. Tappatt
  (1962) - Professor Erasmus
 The Strangler of Blackmoor Castle (1963) - Lucius Clark
 Der Henker von London (1963) - Jerome
 Piccadilly Zero Hour 12 (1963) - Inspector Jim Craddock
  (1967, TV Movie) - Antonio Piachi
 Dead Body on Broadway (1969) - Nasen-Charly
 Karl May (1974) - Bredereck
 To the Bitter End (1975) - Schauberg
 Everyone Dies Alone (1976) - Kammergerichtsrat Fromm
 Romeo und Julia (1976, TV Movie)
  (1976) - Prior Leonardus
 Die Fastnachtsbeichte (1976, TV Movie) - Henrici
 Derrick (1977–1981, TV Series) - Herr Godell / Alfred Engel
 Seehundskomödie (1978, TV Movie)
 Goldene Zeiten (1981, TV Series) - Vater Bombach
 Qualverwandtschaften (1982, TV Movie)

References

External links

1898 births
1985 deaths
German male film actors
German prisoners and detainees
Male actors from Munich
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
20th-century German male actors

Nazi Party members
Nazis convicted of crimes
Prisoners and detainees of Germany


Minuscule 892 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 1016 (Soden). It is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on 353 parchment leaves (23.5 cm by 11.5 cm). It is dated palaeografically to the 9th century.

Description

The codex contains almost complete text of the four Gospels with some lacunae. The texts of John 10:6-12:18 and 14:23-end were inserted by later hand (on paper, about the 16th century). The text is written in one column per page, in 20 lines per page, in minuscule letters.

It includes the text of the Pericope Adulterae (John 7:53-8:11) (the first important Greek-only manuscript to have the pericope), Matthew 16:2b–3, Luke 22:43–44, 23:34, and of course Mark 16:9-20. All these texts were questioned by early Alexandrian manuscripts. In this manuscript was omitted interpolation of the Alexandrian text-type in Matthew 27:49.

Words in this codex are written continuously without separation. Hermann von Soden observed that the manuscript preserved the division in pages and lines of its uncial parent. The Ammonian sections and the Eusebian Canons were given in the left-hand margin.

Synaxarion and Menologion were added in the 13th century. John 10:6-12:18; 14:24-21:25 was added by later hand in the 16th century.

Text

The Greek text of the codex, is a representative of the late Alexandrian text-type, with some the Byzantine readings. It is one of the most important of all minuscule manuscripts. It contains many remarkable readings of an early type. According to the Claremont Profile Method it represents the Alexandrian text-type as a core member.

It is probably the best survived minuscule witness to the Gospels. Aland placed it in Category II.

Matthew 19:16
 διδασκαλε (teacher) — א, B, D, L, f1, 892txt, 1010, 1365, ℓ 5, ita, d, e, ff1, copbo, eth, geo, Origen, Hilary;
 διδασκαλε αγαθε (good teacher) — C, K, W, Δ, Θ, f13, 28, 33, 565, 700, 892mg, 1009, 1071, 1079, 1195, 1216, 1230, 1241, 1242, 1253, 1344, 1546, 1646, 2148, 2174, Byz, Lect, it, vg, syr, copsa, arm, eth, Diatessaron.

In Mark 6:33 it has textual reading ἐκεῖ καὶ προῆλθον αὐτούς along with Codex Sinaiticus, Codex Vaticanus, 0187 (omit εκει), ℓ 49, ℓ 69, ℓ 70, ℓ 299, ℓ 303, ℓ 333, ℓ 1579, (ℓ 950 αυτους), itaur, vg, (copsa, bo).

In Mark 10:7 phrase και προσκολληθησεται προς την γυναικα αυτου (and be joined to his wife) is omitted, as in codices Codex Sinaiticus, Vaticanus, Codex Athous Lavrensis, ℓ 48, syrs, goth.

In Luke 4:17 it has textual variant καὶ ἀνοίξας τὸ βιβλίον (and opened the book) together with the manuscripts A, B, L, W, Ξ, 33, 1195, 1241, ℓ 547, syrs, h, pal, copsa, bo, against variant καὶ ἀναπτύξας τὸ βιβλίον (and unrolled the book) supported by א, Dc, K, Δ, Θ, Π, Ψ, f1, f13, 28, 565, 700, 1009, 1010 and many other manuscripts.

In John 1:28 it has textual variant Βηθαραβα together with the Codex Sinaiticus (second corrector), syrh and several other manuscripts.

In John 6:1 it reads της θαλασσης της Γαλιλαιας εις τα μερη της Τιβεριαδος – along with Codex Bezae, Θ, 1009, 1230, 1253.

History

The codex was acquired by the British Museum in 1887 from H. L. Dupuis. Now it is located in the British Library (Add. 33277) at London.

It was examined by J. Rendel Harris.

See also
 List of New Testament minuscules
 Textual criticism
 Biblical manuscript

References

Further reading

 J. Rendel Harris, An Important MS of the New Testament, JBL, IX (1890), pp. 31–59.
 Hermann von Soden, Die Schriften des Neuen Testaments in ihrer ältesten erreichbaren Textgestalt, I, II (Berlin, 1907), pp. 973–978.

External links

 Minuscule 892 at the Encyclopedia of Textual Criticism
 Add MS 33277 BL

Greek New Testament minuscules
9th-century biblical manuscripts


Glen Campbell Collection is a compilation album by Glen Campbell released in 2004 as a double CD and consisting of hits and album tracks recorded in the sixties, seventies and nineties.
It is also released on digital media by EMI Gold.
Some tracks were remastered in 2001, 2002 and 2003.

Track listing
Disc 1:

 "By The Time I Get To Phoenix" (Jimmy Webb)
 "Help Me Make It Through the Night" (Kris Kristofferson)
 "Bridge Over Troubled Water" (Paul Simon)
 "It's Only Make Believe" (Conway Twitty, Jack Nance)
 "Unconditional Love" (Lowery, Sharp, Dubois)
 "All I Have To Do Is Dream" (with Bobbie Gentry) (Boudleaux Bryant)
 "Gentle On My Mind" (John Hartford)
 "If Not For You" (Bob Dylan)
 "Elusive Butterfly" (Lind)
 "Galveston" (Jimmy Webb)
 "(I Never Promised You A) Rose Garden" (South)
 "Mr. Tambourine Man" (instrumental) (Bob Dylan)
 "For The Good Times" (with Ernie Ford) (Kris Kristofferson)
 "God Only Knows" (Brian Wilson, Tony Asher)
 "King Of The Road" (instrumental) (Roger Miller)
 "Little Green Apples" (with Bobbie Gentry) (Russell)
 "You'll Never Walk Alone" (Richard Rodgers, Oscar Hammerstein)

Disc 2:

 "Your Cheatin' Heart" (Hank Williams)
 "Honey Come Back" (Jimmy Webb)
 "For Once In My Life" (Murden, Miller)
 "There Goes My Everything" (with Ernie Ford) (Frazier)
 "Tomorrow Never Comes" (Ernest Tubb, Bond)
 "California" (Micheal Smotherman)
 "Crying" (Roy Orbison, Joe Melson)
 "Rhinestone Cowboy" (Larry Weiss)
 "Living In A House Full Of Love" (Sutton, Sherrill)
 "Country Boy (You Got Your Feet In LA)" (Lambert, Potter)
 "Cold Cold Heart" (Hank Williams)
 "He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother" (Bob Russell, Bobby Scott)
 "Homeward Bound" (Paul Simon)
 "I Believe" (Drake, Shirl, Stillman, Graham)
 "Reason To Believe" (Tim Hardin)
 "Marie" (Randy Newman)
 "William Tell Overture" (Gioachino Rossini)

2004 compilation albums
Glen Campbell compilation albums
EMI Records compilation albums


T46 may refer to:

 T46 (classification), a disability sport classification
 T-46 (tank) a Soviet tank
 Fairchild T-46, an American jet trainer aircraft
 SJ T46, a Swedish locomotive
 Slingsby T.46, a British glider


Aylward is a name that may refer to:
Surname
Bob Aylward (1911–1974), Irish politician
Bobby Aylward (born 1955), Irish politician
Bruce Aylward, Canadian physician and Assistant Director General of the WHO
Dick Aylward (1925–1983), American baseball player
Gladys Aylward (1902–1970), English missionary
Gordon Aylward, Australian chemist
James Ambrose Dominic Aylward (1813–1872), English theologian and poet
James Aylward (cricketer) (1741–1827), English cricketer
James P. Aylward (1885–1982), American lawyer and politician
John Aylward (born 1946), American actor
Liam Aylward (born 1952), Irish politician
Samkin Aylward, fictional character from Arthur Conan Doyle's novel The White Company
Samkin Aylward, a fictional character from S. M. Stirling's Emberverse series novels named after the Doyle character
Theodore Aylward (1730–1801), English organist
Given name
Aylward M. Blackman (1883–1956), British Egyptologist


Fritz Odemar (13 January 1890 – 6 June 1955) was a German film actor. He appeared in more than 150 films between 1927 and 1955. He was born in Hannover, Germany and died in Munich, West Germany. Odemar's father was the actor Fritz Odemar Sr. (Karl Julius Friedrich Odemar; 1858–1926).

Selected filmography

 The Merry Vineyard (1927) - Knuzius, Klärchens Verlobter
 The Devious Path (1928) - Möller, Regierungsrat
 The Last Fort (1929) - Lieutenant Brand
 Crucified Girl (1929)
 Napoleon at Saint Helena (1929) - Lt. Nichols
 Scandalous Eva (1930) - Lämmerberg
 The Song Is Ended (1930) - Der Verlager / The Editor
  (1930)
 The Stolen Face (1930) - Hempel
 Petit officier... Adieu! (1930) - Teschner
 Wibbel the Tailor (1931) - Fitzke
 Madame Pompadour (1931) - Minister Maurepas
 1914 (1931) - Prince Lichnowsky
 The Man in Search of His Murderer (1931)
 Three Days of Love (1931)
 The Merry Wives of Vienna (1931) - Johann - Kammerdiener
 Täter gesucht (1931) - Dorner, Diener
 That's All That Matters (1931) - Kriminalkommissar Schierling
 M (1931) - Cheater
 The Theft of the Mona Lisa (1931) - Direktor des Louvre
 I'll Stay with You (1931)
 Liebeskommando (1931)
 Bobby Gets Going (1931) - Felix
 The Captain from Köpenick (1931) - Stadtkämmerer Rosenkrantz
 No Money Needed (1932) - Schröder
 Things Are Getting Better Already (1932)
 Scandal on Park Street (1932)
 A Mad Idea (1932) - Werner Schubart
 A Shot at Dawn (1932) - Dr. Sandegg
 Quick (1932) - Headwaiter
 I Do Not Want to Know Who You Are (1932) - Fritz von Schröder
 The Heath Is Green (1932)
 Spoiling the Game (1932) - Lißmann - Prokurist
 The Testament of Cornelius Gulden (1932) - Bobby Liechenstein
 Haunted People (1932)
 Thea Roland''' (1932)
 When Love Sets the Fashion (1932)
 A Door Opens (1933) - Jonny Schlichting
 What Men Know (1933) - Oberpostsekretär Haber
 The Emperor's Waltz (1933)
 A Woman Like You (1933) - Herr von Hohensee
 The House of Dora Green (1933) - Dimitri
 The Star of Valencia (1933) - Kapitän Rustan
 Die Nacht der großen Liebe (1933) - The Counsul
 A Certain Mr. Gran (1933) - Der traurige Herr
 Roman einer Nacht (1933) - Staatsrat Munck
  (1933) - Fritz, Kellner
 The Castle in the South (1933) - Der Regisseur
 The Love Hotel (1933) - Spitzbein, Kammerdiener
 Victor and Victoria (1933) - Douglas
 Ich kenn' dich nicht und liebe dich (1934) - Baron Nicki
 Just Once a Great Lady (1934)
 The Double (1934) - Trentner, Diener bei Harry Selsbury
 Miss Madame (1934) - Alfred, Oberkellner
 The Flower Girl from the Grand Hotel (1934) - Der Diener Hermann
 The Switched Bride (1934) - Bittner
 The Four Musketeers (1934) - Ortskommandant
 ...heute abend bei mir (1934) - Mr. Martin, branch manager
 Ich sing mich in dein Herz hinein (1934) - James, ihr Chauffeur
  (1934) - Baron Tabanes, Ministerpräsident
 Charley's Aunt (1934) - Bressett
 Herr Kobin geht auf Abenteuer (1934) - Kurt Dannenberg, Kriminalkommissar
 Count Woronzeff (1934) - Onkel Gregor
 Farewell Waltz (1934) - Grabowsky, trader
 The English Marriage (1934) - Percival Mavis
  (1934) - Dr. Bratt
 Peer Gynt (1934) - Silvan
 Between Two Hearts (1934) - Rudolf Kämmerer
 The Old and the Young King (1935) - Hotham
 Wenn ein Mädel Hochzeit macht (1935) - Schönlein
 Knockout (1935) - Der Theaterdirektor
 Großreinemachen (1935) - Der Diener Brock
 The Fight with the Dragon (1935) - Bihold
 The King's Prisoner (1935) - Jomelli
 Leutnant Bobby, der Teufelskerl (1935) - Jack Stanley, ihr Gatte
 Lady Windermere's Fan (1935) - Lord Augustus
 The Schimeck Family (1935) - Anton Kaltenbach
 The White Horse Inn (1935) - Dr. Siedler, Lawyer
 The Young Count (1935) - Josua
 Springtime in Vienna (1936) - Lionel, sein Kammerdiener
 A Strange Guest (1936) - Onkel Théophile
 The Accusing Song (1936) - Baron Brix
 The Hound of the Baskervilles (1937) - Dr. Watson
 Togger (1937) - Mariano
 The Voice of the Heart (1937) - Graf Lossez
 Heimweh (1937) - Webster, Haupt der Schmugglerbande
 Serenade (1937) - P.M. Dörffner, Bratsche
 The Beaver Coat (1937) - Fürst August Sigismund
 Das große Abenteuer (1938) - Theaterdirektor Hessel
 Rätsel um Beate (1938) - Konsul Dieckhoff
 Frühlingsluft (1938) - Prinz Eduard
 Discretion with Honor (1938) - Diener
 The Deruga Case (1938) - Hofrat Dr. Mäulchen
 Spaßvögel (1939) - Vogelsang
 Castles in the Air (1939) - Walter
 Der arme Millionär (1939) - Jean, Kammerdiener
 Kitty and the World Conference (1939) - Sir Horace Ashlin
 Verwandte sind auch Menschen (1940) - Washington Schulze
 Mein Mann darf es nicht wissen (1940) - Vater Korn
 Frau nach Maß (1940) - Dr. Paul Buchmann
 Kleider machen Leute (1940) - Graf Stroganoff
 Der Herr im Haus (1940) - Menarek
 Der Sündenbock (1940) - Friedrich Wilhelm Pfeiffer
 Blutsbrüderschaft (1941) - Mr. Cunnings
 Carl Peters (1941) - Count Pfeil
 Happiness is the Main Thing (1941) - Generaldirektor Zimmermann
 Goodbye, Franziska (1941) - Professor Tiemann
 Familienanschluß (1941) - Geschäftsmann Timm
 Kleine Mädchen - große Sorgen (1941) - Dr. Paul Hartung, Arzt
 Leichte Muse (1941) - Forschungsreisender Dr. Cramer
 Sein Sohn (1942) - Richard Flemming, Generalmusikdirektor
 Anuschka (1942) - Baron Fery
 The Little Residence (1942) - Herzog von Lauffenburg
 Vom Schicksal verweht (1942) - Prof.Freemann
 Stimme des Herzens (1942) - Dr. Overhoff
 Einmal der liebe Herrgott sein (1942) - Hoteldieb Pawlowitsch
 Love Premiere (1943) - Werner Rombach, Musikverleger
 Circus Renz (1943) - Herr von Grunau
 Reise in die Vergangenheit (1943) - Professor Hans Kemmerer, Pianist
 A Man With Principles? (1943) - Friedrich Weiden, Christls Vater
 Die schwache Stunde (1943) - Tenor Valentin
 Das Lied der Nachtigall (1944) - Fürst Monterniccolo
 Das schwarze Schaf (1944)
 Sieben Briefe (1944) - Mr. Burger
 Der Täter ist unter uns (1944) - Ladislaus von Pontembsky
 Hundstage (1944) - Generaldirektor Behring
 A Man Like Maximilian (1945) - Maximilian Holten
 Der Fall Molander (1945)
 Das seltsame Fräulein Sylvia (1945)
 Geld ins Haus (1947)
 Ghost in the Castle (1947) - J.M. - Mauritius
 Film Without a Title (1948) - Writer
 The Time with You (1948) - Lawyer
 Night of the Twelve (1949)
 Encounter with Werther (1949) - Graf
 Viennese Girls (1949) - (uncredited)
 Artists' Blood (1949) - Steffens - Fabrikbesitzer
 Der große Fall (1949)
  (1949) - Martin - Diener bei Pistolecrone
 Who Is This That I Love? (1950) - Diener Michael
 Wedding Night In Paradise (1950) - Otto Röders
 Scandal at the Embassy (1950) - Gefängnisdirektor
 Crown Jewels (1950)
 Begierde (1951) - Der Bankpräsident
 The Secret of a Marriage (1951)
 The Thief of Bagdad (1952) - Ibrahim
 Scandal at the Girls' School (1953) - Fürst Maximilian
 Mask in Blue (1953) - Theaterdirektor Corelli
 Ludwig II'' (1955) - General von der Tann

References

External links

Fritz Odemar at Virtual History

1890 births
1955 deaths
20th-century German male actors
German male film actors
German male silent film actors
Actors from Hanover


The 1993 Grand Prix Hassan II was an Association of Tennis Professionals men's tennis tournament held in Casablanca, Morocco and was part of the World Series of the 1993 ATP Tour. It was the 9th edition of the tournament and was held from 15 March until 22 March 1993. Third-seeded Guillermo Pérez Roldán won his second consecutive singles title at the event.

Finals

Singles

 Guillermo Pérez Roldán defeated  Younes El Aynaoui 6–4, 6–3
 It was Perez-Roldan's only title of the year and the 9th of his career.

Doubles

 Mike Bauer /  Piet Norval defeated  Ģirts Dzelde /  Goran Prpić 7–5, 7–6
 It was Bauer's 1st title of the year and the 10th of his career. It was Norval's 1st title of the year and the 2nd of his career.

References

External links
 ATP tournament profile

Grand Prix Hassan II
Grand Prix Hassan II


Fractional Importance is a modern rock band from Los Angeles, California formed in 1998, consisting of Doug Gledhill (lead vocals and guitar), Nate Perry (bass and backing vocals) and Kevin Fessler (drums). Their sound has been described as ranging from alternative metal and post-hardcore to modern rock. Although the band never enjoyed mainstream success, they were one of the few independent rock bands to emerge from the saturated late 1990s Hollywood club scene who, through largely self-funded touring and relentless promotion, were able to amass a sizable fan base and influence younger L.A. based band bands coming up on the same scene.

History

The original line-up consisted of Douglas Gledhill (Vocals/Guitar), Kevin Fessler (Drums) and John Holiday (Bass) who met while attending high school in Santa Clarita, CA. Shortly after their inception they self-released the LP  Indecision, followed by well-received shows on the famed Hollywood Sunset Strip. This was followed by the Apathy EP, produced by Donat Kazarinoff (Hoobastank, Alien Ant Farm). Bassist John Holiday left shortly thereafter and was replaced by Nate Perry, who assumed bass and co-writing duties. The band rejoined Kazarinoff at 4th Street Recording in 2001 to record their sophomore LP Visions which was released on the band's own Dyspathy Records  and sold over 7,000 copies with no major distribution. The record was well received by various indie-rock critics and combined with relentless DIY touring, helped to solidify the band's growing regional popularity while also raising the band's awareness on a more national level; opening for such acts as Papa Roach, Smile Empty Soul and Seether.

After extensive  touring throughout the western portion of the U.S. in support of Visions, the band shortened their name to 'Fractional' in 2003 and signed with 11 Records, the vanity label of acclaimed producer John Travis(Kid Rock, Buckcherry). Travis produced demos of the band which featured drummer Chris Robyn from the influential rock band Far. They temporarily added Zack Lopez on second guitar to fatten up the live sound who played on their 2005 EP A Love Letter Suicide which included tracks recorded by Travis. By this time Fractional began receiving airplay on various college and commercial radio stations nationwide which scored the band opening slots for Smile Empty Soul, Seether, Trapt and Crossfade.

Despite several independent releases and playing nearly 1000 shows, Fractional failed to see commercial success and parted ways in 2005 to pursue other projects. Douglas Gledhill formed the band Un:armed with his brother Derek Gledhill. Nate Perry went on to play in the band Manic who released two EP's on Suretone/Interscope Records in 2007.

Discography
Full Lengths

Indecision (1998)
Visions (2001)

EP's

Apathy (1999)
A Love Letter Suicide (2005)

Demos

Roger Sommers/Royaltone Demo (2002)
Simple Things Demo (2003)
Island Records/Don Kazarinoff Demo (2004)
John Travis/11 Records Demo (2004)

References

External links
Official Website
Nate Perry

Rock music groups from California
Musical groups from Los Angeles


Avondale is an unincorporated community in Prince George's County Maryland, United States. It is contained between Eastern Avenue NE to the south, Queens Chapel Road (MD-500) to the east, and the Northwest Branch Anacostia River to the north and west.

Avondale borders the neighborhoods of Hyattsville, Chillum, Green Meadows, and Mount Rainier in Prince George's County, Maryland. In addition to these neighborhoods in Prince George's County, Avondale also borders the North Michigan Park neighborhood of Northeast Washington D.C.

The Avondale neighborhood consists of three small subdivisions since being established: Avondale, Avondale Terrace, and North Avondale.

For statistical purposes, Avondale is part of the Chillum census-designated place (CDP), even though Avondale is actually a completely separate neighborhood from Chillum.

History
The settlement of Avondale began in the late 1930s as a small residential subdivision at the intersection of Eastern Avenue and Queens Chapel Road.

In the 1930s, area development spread west from Hyattsville, Mount Rainier, and Brentwood.  Developers of the Avondale neighborhood promoted the area's very close proximity to Washington D.C. as well as its already established utility supplies.

Construction of the Avondale Grove subdivision began in 1939. By 1942, the community contained approximately 100 structures located along eight streets on a wedge-shaped tract. At the southwest tip of the subdivision, Carson Circle, the community's entryway, forms a quarter-circle between the Avondale boundary streets of Queens Chapel Road and LaSalle Road. The interior roads of the subdivision radiate northward from Carson Circle.  Along these streets are houses constructed in the 1940s and 1950s and included within subdivisions named Avondale Terrace and North Avondale.

In the 1960s, the Avondale area along Queens Chapel Road was developed. Three high-density apartment complexes were constructed on Queens Chapel Road, Kings Park Plaza, Queens Park Plaza, and Avondale Overlook. The other apartment complexes in Avondale, such as La Salle Park, Avondale Park, and Manor Apartments, were developed shortly after.

The Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Agency (WMATA) originally had a plan to construct the "Chillum" Metro Station on Chillum Road in Avondale in 1955. WMATA scrapped that plan in 1978 due to strong opposition from many residents living in the Avondale Chillum neighborhoods and in the Kirkwood Apartments in Hyattsville. They did not want their houses, apartment complexes, neighborhood parks, playgrounds, trails, and schools to be displaced or significantly disrupted. Prince George's County and many environmentalists also opposed the plan because it would have significantly disrupted a lot of park land and many native plant and animal species living in those parks.

In 1985, WMATA decided that it would be much better instead to have the Metro Station located at the former site of the former drive-in theater site and Palmer Ford Warehouse in Hyattsville. As a result of this decision, WMATA decided to name the station "West Hyattsville". Even though construction of the Green Line train tracks between the Fort Totten and West Hyattsville Metro Stations was supposed to begin in 1986 and have been completed by the end of 1990, construction of the Green Line train tracks between the two stations was delayed until 1990 and was only completed on December 11, 1993, due to the lack of funding available during the time.

In 1931, De La Salle College–a religious study house for the Roman Catholic teaching order Christian Brothers–was opened. The study house building now houses the Redemptoris Mater Archdiocesan Missionary Seminary of Washington. The Avondale Neighbourhood Park was established on some of this property.

In 1962, Avondale became home to the St. Ann's Infant and Maternity Home operated by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Washington. Now the St. Ann's Center for Children, Youth and Families, it also houses St. Ann's Catholic High School.

Commerce

The Shops at Queens Chillum

The main shopping center serving the Avondale neighborhood is located at the corner of Queens Chapel Road and Chillum Road.

This shopping center's primary tenant was a Giant Food Store from 1954 to April 4, 2013. This Giant Food Store was supposedly one of the first Giant Food stores to open in the Washington D.C. metropolitan area. It was even referred to as "A Historic Giant": a reference to the fact that Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip stopped at this Giant in 1957 when returning to the White House after attending a football game with President Eisenhower at the University of Maryland College Park campus.

The Giant was the main tenant of the shopping center for roughly six decades. For many years, it had been the only convenient location for many senior citizens and longtime residents of Avondale and Mount Rainier to buy groceries. This Giant would finally close its doors on April 4, 2013.

Chillum Shopping Center

The second shopping center serving the Avondale neighborhood is located directly behind the Shops at Queens Chillum Shopping Center is the Chillum Shopping Center.. WMATA's Green Line route passes this shopping center when traveling between the West Hyattsville and Fort Totten stations.

Parks and recreation
Avondale Neighborhood Park is located at the intersection of La Salle Road and Ingraham Street, just north of the Maryland-Washington D.C. line (Eastern Avenue NE). This park is located next to the NMS Hyattsville Health Care Facility, De La Salle College, Manor Apartments, Avondale Park Apartments, St. Ann's Catholic High School. This is the main neighborhood park in the community of Avondale. This park consists of a small picnic pavilion area, kickball/ baseball field, small basketball court, small-size playground, and a tennis court.

Chillum Community Park is located between Avondale and Chillum. Only the side of Chillum Community Park east of the Northwest Branch Anacostia River is located in Avondale's northwest side at the intersection of Chillum Road and 18th Avenue. The side of Chillum Community Park located west of the Northwest Branch Anacostia River is located in Chillum at the intersection of 16th Avenue and Ray Road. The side of Chillum Community Park that is located in Avondale consists of a very small playground area, a small picnic pavilion area, and a small basketball court. The side of Chillum Community Park that is located in Chillum also consists of a very small playground area and small picnic pavilion area like the Avondale side of Chillum Community Park, with the exception that it contains a small soccer field rather than a small basketball court.

Trails
 Northwest Branch Trail is a  multi-use trail that passes through Avondale. The trail follows along the Northwest Branch of the Anacostia River. It is part of the Rachel Carson Greenway and the Anacostia Tributary Trail System. One of its ends in located in Layhill, and other end is in Bladensburg.

References

Suburbs of Washington, D.C.
Unincorporated communities in Prince George's County, Maryland
Unincorporated communities in Maryland


Rottevalle () is a village in Smallingerland municipality in the province of Friesland, the Netherlands. It had a population of around 1,363 in January 2017.

History
The village was first mentioned in 1622 as "de Rottevalle", and literally means "the rat trap", but has been named after a type of lock which resembles as rat trap. Rottevalle developed 1650 when the canal De Lits was dug for the excavation of peat. The initial settlement consisted of an inn with several houses. The village was originally part of the grietenij (predecessor of a municipality) Achtkarspelen. The Dutch Reformed church was built in 1724.

Rottevalle was home to 1,050 people in 1840. In 1943, the border was redrawn and Rottevalle became part of Smallingerland. In 1958, part of the De Lits was filled up inside the village.

Notable people
 Baukje de Boer-Veenstra (born 1881), speed skater
 Hendrik Kloosterman (1900–1968), mathematician
 Joop Boomsma (1945–2018), author and playwright

Gallery

References

External links

Populated places in Friesland
Smallingerland


Smalle Ee (; ) is the smallest village in Smallingerland municipality in the province of Friesland, the Netherlands. It had a population of around 43 in January 2017.

History
The village was first mentioned in 1230 as Smalena, and means "narrow river". The double monastery Onser Lyewe Vrouwen Smelgeraconvent was located near the village. After around 1400, it became a Benedictine nun monastery, and closed in 1580.

Around 1600, it was the capital of the grietenij (predecessor of the municipalities) Smallingerland (literally: land belonging to Smalle (Ee)". The current municipality is still named after Smalle Ee. The capital was later moved Oudega and later Drachten. No church was ever built in Smalle Ee.

Smalle Ee was home to 89 people in 1840. Even though it is technically a hamlet, it was elevated to a village in 1955.

References

External links

Smallingerland
Populated places in Friesland


Houtigehage () is a village in Smallingerland municipality in the province of Friesland, the Netherlands. It had a population of around 905 in January 2017.

History
The village was first mentioned in 1861 as Houtige Hagen, and means "fenced off area with trees". Houtigehage developed as a peat excavation village in the 18th century. Around 1900, it was described as a heath with sod houses. In 1908, a little wooden church is built which was replaced by a stone building in 1938.

After World War II, the village became a communist stronghold. In 1952, a so-called reverse strike was organized. The unemployed of the Houtigehage started to cultivate the area and improve the infrastructure. The authorities did not know what to make of it. At the village meeting, the mayor announced that they would not get paid for the activities, and that there was simply no money for the improvement of infrastructure, because the government refused to provide subsidies. The debate became heated, and the mayor ordered the police to clear the meeting. The villagers took their protest to The Hague where Minister Joris in 't Veld was willing to meet with them, and explained that no application for a subsidy had ever been filed, and that there had been no contact with the mayor or municipality whatsoever. On 28 February 1952, the new improved road to village was opened with a party.

Gallery

References

External links

Populated places in Friesland
Smallingerland


Mystery Date is a board game from the Milton Bradley Company released in 1965, conceived by Marvin Glass and created by Henry Stan.  Marketed to girls 6 to 14 years of age, it has been reissued in 1970, 1999, and 2005. It is popularly referenced as a trope in TV and film.

Gameplay

Mystery Date can be played with 2, 3, or 4 players. The object of the game is to acquire a desirable date, while avoiding the "dud". The player must assemble an outfit by acquiring three matching color-coded cards, which then must match the outfit of the date at the "mystery door". The date is revealed by spinning the door handle and opening the plastic door on the game board. The five possible dates are the "formal dance" date, the "bowling" date, the "beach" date, the "skiing" date, and the "dud".

The date to be avoided is the poorly dressed "dud". He is wearing slovenly attire, his hair is tousled, and his face sports a beard shadow. In the 1970s game, a "picnic" date replaces the "bowling" date.

If the player's outfit does not match the date behind the door, the door is closed and play continues.

The 1999 version of the game includes an "electronic talking phone" to converse with the dates. Future Captain America actor Chris Evans is on the box using the phone as "Tyler", the "beach" date.

Reception
The book Timeless Toys described Mystery Date as if it were the result of crossing "Barbie in all her high-fashion glory with 1965's biggest game show, Let's Make a Deal". Calling it an example of "simple, yet ingenious" quality typically associated with Marvin Glass, it is now considered "one of the most sought-after games from the '60s".

Having played it as a child, Michelle Slatalla of The New York Times in the 2000s retrospectively called the game's premise "politically incorrect".

References

External links
Mystery Date 1965 television commercial

Mystery Date at gamepart.Com

Board games introduced in 1965
Milton Bradley Company games
Children's board games
Multiplayer games


Kamnesia is the third album by rapper, Kam. It was released on March 20, 2001, for Hard Tyme Records, JCOR Entertainment/Interscope Records and featured production from DJ Wino, DJ Pooh and Jazze Pha. Kamnesia peaked at No. 69 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart and No. 40 on the Top Heatseekers chart in Billboard Magazine.

Track listing
"Kamnesia"- 4:43
"Have a Fit"- 4:11
"Where I Come From"- 3:42
"Benefits"- 3:40
"Bounce Trick"- 4:22 (feat. Jazze Pha)
"Bang Bang"- 4:05 (feat. Mystic)
"They Like Dat"- 4:08 (feat. Dresta, Jayo Felony, Yukmouth & Spider)
"Let's Hook Up"- 4:15
" What I Look Like"- 3:26 (featuring Mystic)
"Giddie Up"- 3:54
"The Godbrotha [Intro]"- 1:49
"Godbrotha"- 4:13
"Active"- 3:37
"Wardance"- 4:18

References

2001 albums
Kam (rapper) albums
Albums produced by Jazze Pha
Albums produced by DJ Pooh
Interscope Records albums


The Institute for Cultural Research (ICR) was a London-based, UK-registered educational charity, events organizer and publisher which aimed to stimulate study, debate, education and research into all aspects of human thought, behaviour and culture. It brought together many distinguished speakers, writers and Fellows over the years.

A statement issued in 2013 by the institute on its official web site read: "As of summer 2013, the Institute has suspended its activities following the formation of a new charity, The Idries Shah Foundation."

History
The institute was founded in 1965 by the well-known writer, thinker and Sufi teacher Idries Shah to facilitate the dissemination of ideas, information and understanding between cultures. Its Objects and Regulations were officially first adopted on 21 January 1966.

In his book Listening to Idries Shah, author, psychotherapist and tutor, Ivan Tyrrell recounts a conversation in which Shah explained his reasons for founding the ICR: "I want to attract ordinary people and help them think about psychological and cultural issues. But, as an individual, I can't easily get people to listen seriously. I discovered, however, that if I call myself an 'institute' – they will," Shah told him. Tyrrell adds: "I heard [Shah] say many times over the years, 'We live in an appearance culture' [...] That is one reason why it was necessary for him to create ICR: people like to join an organisation and be part of a community."

Based for some time at Tunbridge Wells in Kent, the institute was later based in London. Shah acted as the Institute's Director of Studies whilst still alive. Nobel Prize-winning novelist Doris Lessing, who was influenced by Idries Shah, has also contributed to the Institute.

Aims and remit
The Institute's stated aim was "to stimulate study, debate, education and research into all aspects of human thought, behaviour and culture" and to make the results of its members' academic work accessible to society and also to academics working in different fields.

The body, which had a number of distinguished Fellows, published several dozen academic monographs and some books over the years and held regular events. These events usually included a series of six lectures by specialists per year, and a two-day seminar which is usually held in the Autumn. The aim of these was "to connect ideas across disciplines, across cultures, and even through history" and to bring about a broader, more holistic understanding by looking at issues from several different perspectives, with particular interest in human thought and behaviour and issues neglected by contemporary culture.

In addition, the Institute supported projects in areas where freedom of access to facts was threatened, for example in the case of Afghanistan where assistance had been given to the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)'s female educational projects.

All the Institute for Cultural Research's activities were open to the general public.

Notable contributors
The institute published so many monographs and hosted so many lectures and seminars that only a small sample of notable contributors are listed here.

See also People associated with The Institute for Cultural Research (category).

Lecturers included:
 ecologist, adventurer and writer John P. Allen (Cultures and Biomes of the Biosphere)
 psychologist  Michael Eysenck (Lost in Time, Making Sense of Amnesia)
 neuroscientist Professor Chris Frith (how the brain creates our mental and social worlds)
 British social anthropologist Professor Tim Ingold (the mismatch between the "environment" of immediate experience and the "Environment" of scientific and policy discourse)
 writer and documentary filmmaker Tahir Shah (the scientific legacies of the Arab Caliphates and their Golden Age)
 writer and filmmaker Iain Sinclair (Hackney, That Rose-Red Empire)
 poet, writer and adventurer Robert Twigger (Polymaths in a monopathic world?)
 anthropologist Piers Vitebsky (Global religious change and the death of the shaman)
 novelist, short story writer, historian and mythographer Marina Warner (Talismans and Charms: Spellbinding in Stories from The 1001 Nights)
 writer Ramsay Wood (The Kalila and Dimna Story)

Monograph writers included:
 science writer Philip Ball (Collective Behaviour and the Physics of Society)
 diplomat and writer Robert Cecil (Cults in 19th Century Britain, Cultural Imperialism, and Education and Elitism in Nazi Germany)
 professor of psychiatry Arthur J. Deikman (Evaluating Spiritual and Utopian Groups)
 psychologist and noted skeptic Chris French (Paranormal Perception? A Critical Evaluation)
 co-founder of the Club of Rome in 1968, Dr. Alexander King (Science, Technology and the Quality of Life and An Eye to the Future)
 Nobel Prize-winning novelist Doris Lessing (Problems, Myths and Stories)
 professor of telecommunications Leonard Lewin (Science and the Paranormal)
 professor of archaeology Steven Mithen (Problem-solving and the Evolution of Human Culture)
 writer and psychologist Robert E. Ornstein (Physiological Studies of Consciousness)
 biochemist, plant physiologist and parapsychologist Rupert Sheldrake (Fields of the Mind)

Books published by the ICR included Cultural Research edited by the writer Tahir Shah, and Cultural Encounters: Essays on the interactions of diverse cultures now and in the past, edited by Robert Cecil and David Wade.

See also
Cross-cultural studies
Culture
Human behavior
People associated with The Institute for Cultural Research (category)
Think Global
The Idries Shah Foundation (2013 onwards)

People, publications and events
 Fellows
 Monographs
 Lectures
 Seminars

References

External links
 The Institute for Cultural Research web site (archived)
 The Idries Shah Foundation

1965 establishments in the United Kingdom
Cultural studies organizations
Cross-cultural studies
Cognition
Publishing companies of the United Kingdom
Educational charities based in the United Kingdom
Defunct organisations based in England
People associated with The Institute for Cultural Research


Marek Krajewski (born 4 September 1966, in Wrocław) is a Polish crime writer and linguist.

He is best known for his series of novels set in pre-war Wrocław (which was, at the time, Breslau) with the policeman Eberhard Mock as the protagonist. His novels have been translated into 20 languages including English, Spanish, French, German, Italian, Dutch, Hebrew, Greek, Swedish and Russian.

Life and career
He was born  in Wrocław, Polish People's Republic. In 1985, he graduated from the Juliusz Słowacki High School No. 9 in Wrocław. Between 1985 and 1991 he studied classics at the University of Wrocław. In 1992, he obtained an MA degree and in 1999, he received a doctoral degree. He worked as a librarian and later as an assistant professor and lecturer at the Institute of Classical Philology and Ancient Culture of the University of Wrocław. Since 2007, he has focused on pursuing his professional career as a writer of primarily crime fiction.

In 2005, he was the recipient of the Paszport Polityki Award presented by the Polityka magazine. His other awards include the High Calibre Award (Polish: Nagroda Wielkiego Kalibru), the Witryna Award conferred by Polish booksellers and the Book Institute Award for best Polish crime novel. In 2015, he was awarded Silver Medal for Merit to Culture – Gloria Artis. In 2016, he also won the Georg Dehio Book Prize – a prize which recognizes authors who "in their literary, scholarly or public work, address the themes of the common culture and history of the German people and their Eastern neighbors at a high level and from a broad perspective."

In 2018, Polish filmmaker Patryk Vega directed a crime thriller The Plagues of Breslau, which is loosely based on a series of crime novels by Krajewski.

In 2019, he received the 100th Anniversary of Regaining Independence Medal conferred by the President of Poland Andrzej Duda to individuals with significant contributions to Polish culture. The same year, the Wrocław-based Capitol Theatre staged for the first time a musical entitled Mock. Czarna burleska (Mock: The Balck Burlesque) directed by Konrad Imiela and inspired by Krajewski's novels revolving around the main protagonist Eberhard Mock.

In 2023, he was awarded the title of an honorary citizen of the city of Wrocław.

Novels

Eberhard Mock series
 Death in Breslau (Śmierć w Breslau), 1999, . English edition: MacLehose Press/Quercus, London 2008; Melville House, New York, 2012,
 The End of the World in Breslau (Koniec świata w Breslau), 2003. English edition: MacLehose Press/Quercus, London 2009; Melville House, New York, 2013,
 Phantoms in Breslau (Widma w mieście Breslau), 2005. English edition: MacLehose Press/Quercus, London 2010.
 Fortress Breslau (Festung Breslau), 2006
 Plague in Breslau (Dżuma w Breslau), 2007
 The Minotaur's Head (Głowa Minotaura), 2009. English edition: MacLehose Press/Quercus, London 2012.
 Mock, Znak 2016
 The Human Zoo (Ludzkie zoo), Znak 2017
 The Duel (Pojedynek), Znak 2018
 Golem, Znak 2019
 Moloch, Znak 2020
 Diabeł stróż (Guardian Devil), Znak 2021
 Błaganie o śmierć (Begging for Death), Znak 2022

Jarosław Pater series
 Suicide Avenue (Aleja samobójców), 2008
 Cemetery Roses (Róże cmentarne), 2009

Edward Popielski series
 The Minotaur's Head (Głowa Minotaura), 2009. English edition: MacLehose Press/Quercus, London 2012.
 Erinyes (Erynie), Znak 2010
 Charon's Numbers (Liczby Charona), Znak 2011
 The Rivers of Hades (Rzeki Hadesu), Znak 2012
 In the Depths of Darkness (W otchłani mroku), Znak 2013
 The Lord of the Numbers (Władca liczb), Znak 2014
 The Arena of Rats (Arena szczurów), Znak 2015
 The Girl with Four Fingers (Dziewczyna o czterech palcach), Znak 2019
 The Executioner's Assistant (Pomocnik kata), Znak 2020
 The City of Spies (Miasto szpiegów), Znak 2021
 Time of Traitors (Czas zdrajców), Znak 2022
 Parasite (Pasożyt), Znak 2023

Other
 The Dead Have a Voice (Umarli mają głos), co-written with Jerzy Kawecki, Znak 2015
 Demonomachia, Znak 2022

References

External links
 Marek Krajewski webpage (in Polish)
 W otchłani mroku / In the Depths of Darkness - review

Polish crime writers
Polish crime fiction writers
1966 births
Living people
Writers of historical mysteries
20th-century Polish writers
21st-century Polish writers
20th-century Polish male writers
People from Wrocław


Goëngahuizen () is a hamlet in Smallingerland in the province of Friesland, the Netherlands. It had a population of around 58 in January 2017.

The village was first mentioned in 1573 as Gonyehuisen, and means "settlement of the Goinga family". Goëngahuizen is an isolated farmers community. Some peat excavation had taken place in the south of Goëngahuizen. It has its own place name signs.

Windmills
There are three windmills in Goëngahuizen, De Jansmolen, De Modderige Bol and Heechheim.

Gallery

References

External links

Populated places in Friesland
Smallingerland


Vansville is an unincorporated community in Prince George's County, Maryland, United States. For statistical purposes, it is part of the Beltsville census-designated place (CDP).

Vansville is named after the Van Horne family, who operated a tavern along the post road (U.S. Route 1).

References

Unincorporated communities in Prince George's County, Maryland
Unincorporated communities in Maryland


Oudega () is a village in Smallingerland in the province of Friesland, the Netherlands. It had a population of around 1,701 in January 2017.

History
The village was first mentioned in 1439 as Aldga, and means "old village". Oude (old) has been added to distinguish from Nijega. Oudega developed in a sandy ridge in the early middle ages. Until 1795, it was the capital of the grietenij (predecessor of the municipality) Smallingerland. The Protestant church was built in the early 12th century. The tower was built around 1250. The church was modified several times during its history and restored in 1921.

Oudega was home to 603 people in 1840.

Notable buildings
 The Protestant church of Oudega

Gallery

References

External links

Populated places in Friesland
Smallingerland