Manchester Liners was a cargo and passenger shipping company founded in 1898, based in Manchester, England. The line pioneered the regular passage of ocean-going ships along the Manchester Ship Canal. Its main sphere of operation was the transatlantic shipping trade, but the company also operated services to the Mediterranean. All of the line's ships were registered in the Port of Manchester, and many were lost to enemy action during the First and Second World Wars.

A successful switch from traditional to container shipping in 1968 was relatively short-lived, as the subsequent introduction elsewhere of much larger container ships meant that the company's ships, which were restricted to a maximum length of  imposed by the ship canal's lock chambers, could no longer compete economically. The line ceased operations in 1985.

Early history
The opening of the Manchester Ship Canal in 1894 made it possible for large ocean-going ships to sail directly into the heart of Manchester. However, because of opposition from cartels of ship-owners based at Liverpool and other ports in the United Kingdom, shipping lines were slow to introduce direct services to the new Port of Manchester, which found it difficult to compete against the established ports. New trading routes from Manchester to West Africa and Mediterranean ports were countered by the established shipping conferences sharply reducing their own charges and by inducing their customers to sign binding contracts. In some cases, after achieving their aims, the cartels re-imposed their old charges. To help counter these "sharp practices", Sir Christopher Furness, of Furness Withy & Company, proposed in 1897 that a Manchester-based shipping line should be formed to encourage the use of the Manchester Ship Canal and docks. The public prospectus for Manchester Liners Ltd (ML) was issued on 10 May 1898, with an authorised share capital of £1 million. Furness' company became the largest shareholder, and he was appointed chairman. Other directors included representatives from the Ship Canal company and Salford Borough Council. Robert Burdon Stoker, a director of Furness Withy, was appointed as ML's first managing director.

Initial operations 1898–1914

Manchester Liners decided from the outset to make Manchester–Canada their prime route, with a secondary route to the southern United States cotton ports of New Orleans and Galveston. Other lesser, sometimes seasonal routes, were added later.
Two 1890-built 3,000 gross registered ton (grt) ships were bought for £60,000 in May 1898, and renamed Manchester Enterprise and Manchester Trader. The Trader made the shipping line's first voyage, setting out from Avonmouth for Montreal on 26 May, before docking in Manchester with a cargo of grain.

The two secondhand ships were joined in January 1899 by the newly built Manchester City of 7,696 grt, constructed by Raylton Dixon & Co of Middlesbrough. This steamship carried  of coal, burned at  per day, giving a speed of , fast for her day. She was a refrigerated ship, designed to carry frozen meat and live cattle, and was claimed to be one of the largest meat-carrying ships then afloat. She made a successful maiden voyage from Canada and up the new canal to Manchester, which she took two days to negotiate after stopping overnight at Irlam to give the crew a rest. The Manchester Guardian reported on 16 January 1899 that "there were many shakings of the head, not only in Liverpool, at the audacity of the attempt" and that "the canal pilots, on reaching Irlam, looked as if they had not been in bed for a week, as their eyes were bleared with exhaustion". The City discharged 450 cattle and 150 sheep at Manchester Corporation's Foreign Animals Wharf near the Mode Wheel locks in Salford. With an overall length of , she was by far the largest ship to have ventured up the waterway, and her successful navigation disproved the claim of Liverpool owners that only ships of  or less could safely reach Manchester. The ship continued to Manchester docks for further unloading, where she was met by the Lord Mayor, accompanied by a band and a festive crowd. This successful voyage did much to encourage other shipowners to use the new port. On her first voyage to Halifax, Nova Scotia, in March 1899, the City took nine days and sixteen hours; and arrived before the mail boat, which had left the Mersey twelve hours ahead of her.

The ML fleet was joined by two new smaller 5,600 grt ships, the Manchester Port and Manchester Merchant during 1899 and 1900, and further new ships followed quickly thereafter. The basic sailing pattern to Canada was Saint John, New Brunswick, year-round and to Montreal when the St Lawrence River was ice-free.

Between 1899 and 1902, four Manchester ships and their crews were requisitioned by the United Kingdom government to transport troops, horses, and supplies to South Africa during the Boer War and its aftermath. Collecting points for horses and mules included Galveston and New Orleans (USA) and Buenos Aires and Montevideo in South America. Manchester Port made its second voyage to the Cape in 1900, then continued to Australia to bring troops to the conflict. On the first voyage after her return to ML, in January 1903, the first Manchester Merchant was lost while on passage from New Orleans to Manchester. A serious fire developed in her cotton cargo, and she was scuttled in Dingle Bay on the west coast of Ireland to douse the flames, but subsequently broke up in bad weather.

By 1904 the line was operating fourteen steamships of between four and seven thousand tons, several built by the associated Furness Withy shipyards. Services to ports in eastern Canada were supplemented by regular sailings to Boston, Philadelphia, and the southern US cotton ports of New Orleans and Galveston. Between 1904 and 1908 ML deployed three ships including the Manchester City to the River Plate route, serving other UK ports as well Manchester. The main return cargo was frozen and chilled meat, and the City set a record for the largest meat consignment up to that time. Lord Furness, as he had become, died in 1912 and was succeeded as ML's chairman by R. B. Stoker until his death in 1919. ML's fleet was maintained at 14 ships during the last few years before the First World War. Eleven of their ships were deployed on the Canadian routes, carrying mainly manufactured goods outwards and meat and grain inbound.

Operations during the First World War
At the start of the war in July 1914, ML had a fleet of fifteen ships. Most of the fleet continued to operate services to ports in eastern Canada and to USA including Baltimore, returning with war and other supplies. In August 1914, the Manchester Miller (1903) and Manchester Civilian (1913) were requisitioned as supply ships and sent with coal to the Falkland Islands to refuel the battlecruisers HMS Inflexible and HMS Invincible. As the Civilian was coaling the cruisers, the German ships approached and the British warships cast off immediately to engage them. In the battle that ensued Admiral Von Spee's armored cruisers, Scharnhorst and Gneisenau, plus escorting cruisers were sunk. The Civilian was later equipped with minesweeping gear. She returned in 1916 carrying supplies and equipment from Canada to the troops in France.

All ships were fitted with defensive guns at the bow and stern. In June 1917 Manchester Port (1904) beat off a submarine attack with gunfire near Cape Wrath. Manchester Commerce (1899), outward-bound for Quebec City was sunk off northwest Ireland on 26 October 1914, with the loss of 14 crew, becoming the first merchant ship to be sunk by a mine. On 4 June 1917 the second Manchester Trader, en route from Souda Bay in Crete to Algiers, fought a running battle with U-boat  before she was captured and sunk near Pantellaria island, with the loss of one crewmember. The master, Captain F.D. Struss, was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross, and went on to complete 40 years service with the line after surviving another sinking in the Second World War. A further nine ships were sunk by U-boats, seven of the losses occurring in 1917.

ML acquired seven ships between 1916 and 1918, four of which were sunk in 1917. Manchester Engineer, acquired secondhand in 1917, had a short but eventful career with ML. On 18 June, when bound for Archangel, she was chased by a U-boat but escaped when her naval escort arrived. On 16 August when sailing from the Tyne to St Nazaire with coal, she was torpedoed five miles off Flamborough Head and sunk. Manchester Division achieved fame on her maiden voyage from West Hartlepool to join a westbound Atlantic convoy at Plymouth when she rammed and sank a German submarine off Flamborough Head in October 1918. At the end of the war in November 1918, ML had twelve surviving ships on strength.

Peacetime operations 1919–39

In 1921–22, ML's fleet was augmented by two second-hand ships. Sailings were resumed to New Orleans, and the Baltimore service was extended to Norfolk, Virginia. Some ships including the Manchester Civilian and Manchester Spinner became regular carriers in the coal trade from Sydney, Nova Scotia. The Civilian made several round trips from the US to Japan in 1923, carrying relief supplies after the Japanese earthquake. ML took delivery of the 7,930 tons steam turbine Manchester Regiment in 1922, constructed on the Tees by the Furness Shipbuilding Company. This  ship with a crew of 65 was the largest operated to date, carrying 512 cattle, plus hold cargo and was equipped with large derricks to assist in heavy goods handling. The Regiment's record from the Mersey Bar to Quebec was seven days nine hours. In 1925 her captain won the gold-headed cane traditionally awarded each Spring to the master of the first ship to break through the St Lawrence ice to reach Montreal, a feat repeated later by several other ML captains. ML's old head office in Deansgate, Manchester became inadequate and was replaced in August 1922 by a purpose-built five-storey modern building in St Ann's Square next to the Royal Exchange.

The line acquired two new ships in 1925, but later that year its fortunes were adversely affected by competition from subsidised American firms on the North Atlantic routes; ML disposed of seven ships between late 1925 and 1930, reducing its fleet to ten ships. The Regiment steamed 160 miles through a gale in 1929 to reach the sinking Glasgow steamer Volumnia. A lifeboat was launched to rescue the crew of forty-five. On return home, King George V awarded the Regiment's lifeboat crew the Silver Medal for Gallantry in Saving Life at Sea and Manchester's Lord Mayor presented a silver salver from the Board of Trade to Captain Linton. In 1933, amid the Great Depression, several ships were laid up; the Manchester Merchant of 1904 was disposed of for breaking up and the Manchester Civilian was sold to Greek owners. The public sailing programme for the 1933 summer season listed six ships as allocated to the weekly "Fast Freight Service" to Quebec and Montreal. The six steamers were advertised as being "fitted with fan or forced ventilation and all have cold storage accommodation". Most ships were also able to carry up to twelve passengers. After a ten-year gap, three new ships were commissioned between 1935 and 1938 as trade started to recover, maintaining the fleet at ten ships. The trio were equipped with automatic stokers for their coal-fired boilers and had greatly improved accommodation for the passengers and the crew.

Operations during the Second World War
ML had ten ships at the start of World War II, but early in the conflict lost Manchester Regiment in December 1939, when outbound with general cargo for Saint John, New Brunswick. She was proceeding without lights when she was run down by the Pacific Steam Navigation's Oropesa, which had been detached from an eastbound convoy. While the ML fleet continued to be deployed on the North Atlantic routes during the war, the company's ships also undertook a wide variety of roles elsewhere during the conflict. Manchester City became a minelayer, then a naval auxiliary ship, working in the Far East. Manchester Progress was one of the last ships to leave Rangoon in 1941 before the Japanese conquest of Burma. Manchester Commerce (1925) was deployed on Mediterranean convoys in 1942/43 and next year transported mules from South Africa to India for the Burma Campaign. Manchester Trader (1941) was fitted with extra crew quarters for use as a commodore ship on Atlantic convoys. Except for two supply runs to Bone, Algeria, she remained in the Atlantic theatre and served ML until 1963. Manchester Brigade, having survived the first World War, was sunk on 26 September 1940 after being torpedoed by  when bound for Montreal in convoy off Malin Head, to the north of Ireland; 58 crew were lost.

Manchester Merchant, completed in May 1940, quickly became involved in Operation Fish, transporting Britain's gold reserves to Canada, making two voyages with bullion valued in total at £4.5 million. In late 1942 she was deployed on Operation Torch as a supply ship to North Africa. On 25 February 1943, she was torpedoed by "U 628" while part of an outbound Atlantic convoy; 36 of the crew of 65 including gunners were lost, but Captain Struss again survived, and received the OBE. Manchester Division (1918) bound for Table Bay was directed to assist the Blue Star Line's Dunedin Star which had beached on Namibia's rugged coast. The Division stood by in heavy swell for three days, rescuing 40 passengers and crew, before taking them to Cape Town. Manchester Citizen (1925) was also sunk by a U-boat, whilst on passage to Lagos on 9 July 1943 after surviving several supply runs for the Eighth Army. The last ships to be "lost", albeit deliberately, was Manchester Spinner (1918), which had taken military supplies to India in 1942. On 7 June 1944, shortly after D-Day, manned by a volunteer crew, she led a line of Mulberry Harbour blockships and was sunk off Juno Beach Normandy to act as a breakwater, whilst troop reinforcements and stores were landed on the beaches. Her superstructure was then armed with anti-aircraft guns.

Peacetime operations 1945–68
At the war's end, ML had a fleet of eight ships built between 1918 and 1943, and these continued to operate the traditional service to eastern Canada for a further two years before new ships could be acquired. In 1946 the Manchester Shipper became the first merchant ship to be fitted with radar, and to navigate the St Lawrence with its aid. In the same year the company carried Manchester's Lord Mayor and party to Canada on a goodwill and trade mission. Manchester Exporter was sold in 1947 and replaced by the newly built larger Manchester Regiment. Two further 7,000 ton  ships were commissioned in 1952, which meant that the Manchester Division, veteran of both wars, could be sold for scrapping after a record 35 years service with the line. In 1952, Robert B. Stoker, grandson of the second chairman, became the third generation of his family to be appointed an executive director of ML. He had joined the line in 1932 and in turn became chairman in 1968.

Manchester Shipper was used to transport WWII German aircraft to Canada. It left Ellesmere Port on 23 August 1946 arriving in Montreal 1 September. Its cargo included two Me 262s (WNr500210, WNr111690). Manchester Commerce also carried Second World War German aircraft to Canada, leaving Seaforth Docks on 26 August and arriving on 9 September with two He 162s (WNr 120076, WNr 120086) and two Me 163s (WNr191454, WNr191914). The ship featured in the 1961 film "A Taste of Honey".

ML contracted Cammell Laird of Birkenhead to build two smaller ships of 1,800 tons. Commissioned in 1952, they were named the Manchester Pioneer and Explorer. They were joined by the secondhand 1,400-ton Manchester Prospector. The trio were the first of a size able to pass through the restricted-size canals and locks leading directly to Toronto and the other Great Lakes ports as far as Detroit, Michigan. This initiative, the first by a British line, and taken well ahead of the 1959 completion of the Saint Lawrence Seaway, gave the line a head start in the direct trade to the Midwest ports. During the winter months, when thick ice prevented navigation on the lakes, the trio were employed elsewhere, sometimes on charter to other lines.

Manchester Progress, 5,620 grt, opened a regular mid-summer service to Churchill, Manitoba, on Hudson Bay in 1954, during the short ice-free season, bringing back grain shipped to the port by rail from the Canadian Prairies. Captain F. Struss, survivor of sinkings in both wars, retired in March 1954 after forty years service, the last ML Commodore who had gained his master's ticket in sail. That same year the Great Lakes service was extended to Chicago, and ML's pre-1914 service to the southern US ports of Charleston, Savannah, and Jacksonville was resumed.

A USAF RB-36 "Peacemaker" ten-engined strategic bomber suffered engine fires on 5 August 1954, while en route from Travis AFB California to RAF Lakenheath Suffolk. The crew of twenty-three were ordered to bail out  west of Ireland at 03:40. The Manchester Shipper, inbound from Montreal, and the outbound Manchester Pioneer, diverted to the scene and despite bad weather were able to rescue the four surviving crew. The USAF's HQ Third Air Force sent messages commending the ship masters and crews efforts under adverse circumstances.

ML's first two motor ships, with engines and accommodation aft, were commissioned in April 1956. The Manchester Vanguard and Venture, 1,662 grt, were designed for the Great Lakes service. Two larger motor ships, the Manchester Faith and Fame, 4,460 grt, were commissioned in April 1959, and the Faith quickly became the first commercial ship to transit the newly opened St Lawrence Seaway with its larger locks.

Two ML ships were involved in a successful mid-Atlantic rescue of airliner passengers on 23 September 1962. A Flying Tiger Line Lockheed Super Constellation was en route from McGuire AFB New Jersey to Frankfurt Airport with 76 persons aboard. Two out of four engines failed and the airliner changed course for Shannon Airport Ireland. After a further hour, a third engine failed and Captain John Murray made a successful ditching in darkness  west of Shannon. All occupants evacuated the aircraft before it sank. The larger Manchester Progress acted as a radio relay ship, while Manchester Faith picked up 48 survivors. The other 28 persons on board the aircraft were lost when their rafts sank in heavy seas.

Switch to containers 1968–78

Manchester Liners House, the company's new headquarters in Salford Docks, was officially opened on 12 December 1969 by the High Commissioner for Canada. The design was advanced for its day and it remains basically unchanged today except for re-glazing. The unusual curved facade of the ten-storey building was designed to echo the bridge shape of the Manchester Miller. Later renamed Furness House, it was built on the former Manchester Ship Canal railway sidings between Nos. 8 and 9 Docks.

By the late 1960s rising shore costs, dock workers strikes, restrictive practices on both sides of the Atlantic, and subsidised competition from American shipping lines, persuaded Manchester Liners to switch its future fleet to container ships only. An example of the delaying effect of the strikes in the Canadian ports, with consequent impact on operating costs, was an extended ninety-day return voyage to Quebec City in early 1967 by the new Manchester Progress.

Initially, three new ships were ordered from Smiths Dock Company in Middlesbrough, the first of which, Manchester Challenge, was delivered in 1968, becoming the first British-built and operated cellular container ship. The Challenge and her two sisters Manchester Courage and Concorde were followed from the Tees in 1971 by the Crusade. UK manufacturers supplied 10,000 containers. The four ships each had the capacity to carry five hundred  containers, all of them below deck. A new regular container route started in November 1968, with a twice-weekly service to Montreal, where the containers were transferred to smaller ships which could navigate to the ports of the Great Lakes. The four new powerful (16,000 hp)  ships were built to a standard exceeding Lloyds class 1 ice-stiffening, with additional aft protection over the rudder to permit reversing through ice.

On her second voyage in early 1969, Manchester Challenge lived up to her name by entering the heavily iced Montreal harbour, discharging, reloading and departing only two days late. Another thirty-seven conventional ships were stuck at the port for a month. The quartet's ice-breaking capability often resulted them in leading a convoy of other ships into Montreal during the winter months. The four ships of 12,039 gross tons were of the maximum size able to navigate the Manchester Ship Canal.

To obtain the greatest operational efficiency, ML constructed two dedicated container terminals with their own gantry cranes, spreaders etc. The Manchester terminal was built on an open site next to the western end of No. 9 Dock. A second container berth was added in 1972. The other terminal was created at Montreal, with similar equipment, where the containers were trans-shipped to a dedicated liner train operated by Canadian National Railways, which carried them onwards to Toronto and further destinations.

ML inaugurated a container service to the Mediterranean in 1971 using smaller ships. Initial destinations included Malta, Cyprus and Israel. Later in the decade, the countries served were extended to include Italy, Greece, Lebanon and Syria. To further improve service to shippers, two large road hauliers were acquired in 1971 and 1972, enabling a "door-to-door" container operation to be introduced. Facilities for container storage and repair were also acquired. Following its successful pioneering of the UK container trade, ML was given the Queen's Award for Export in 1971, the first to be given to a shipping company; every ship in the fleet flew the award flag.

In 1974 ML carried  out of the total  of dry cargo handled on the ship canal (27%). During the same year, ML acquired Manchester Dry Docks Ltd, which operated three large and one small dry docks on the canal adjacent to MLs berths in Salford Docks. These facilities assisted greatly in keeping the fleet fully operational. Manchester Challenge completed her 100th round voyage to Montreal in 1975 having carried 95,000 containers weighing  a distance of  – the equivalent of a round trip to the moon. During 1976 MLs Manchester to Canada route had three sailings per week.

Decline and closure
Manchester Liners had been partly owned by Furness Withy from the beginning, and they became a subsidiary in 1970. Furness Withy was itself taken over in 1980 by the C. Y. Tung Group of Hong Kong. Robert B. Stoker retired in 1979 as Chairman of Manchester Liners after 47 years service with the company.

Severe competition following the building of excess container shipping capacity by many companies badly affected ML's trade and profitability. The company's ships were by then smaller than average in the industry, leading to higher operating costs per unit of cargo carried. Their operations were further severely affected during the mid-1970s by both official and unofficial strikes by dock workers. The service to Canada ended in 1979, and by the early 1980s only five "Manchester" ships remained – the 30,000 ton container ship Manchester Challenge and four 1,600–4,000 ton ships: Manchester Crown, Manchester Trader, Manchester Faith and Manchester City. The line had by then ceased using the Port of Manchester, and the four smaller ships were operating to the Mediterranean out of Ellesmere Port,  closer to the sea on the lower reaches of the ship canal.

In 1981, ML jointly with the Canadian Pacific Steamship Company and the Dart Container Line, instituted a weekly containership service from Felixstowe, Suffolk, to Montreal. MLs contribution to the service was the large Manchester Challenge. The last of Manchester Liners' ships was sold in 1985, and in 1988 the services formerly operated by the company were taken over by the Orient Overseas Container Line, successor to the Tung Group.

Ship naming policy, house and flag colours

The company's ship-naming policy throughout its 87-year period of operations was to use its home port's name plus a suffix word, often a trade or occupation. The most frequently used name was Manchester Trader, applied to six different ships between 1898 and cessation of operations in 1985. Some names used appropriately during the First World War, such as Manchester Hero, Manchester Brigade and Manchester Division were not reused after the disposal or loss of those ships. Some ships operated short-term or on charter retained their original names and did not receive the Manchester prefix.

From the earliest days, the line's colours were: funnels – dark red with black top and thin black band; hulls – black with white boot topping. During the Second World War, ships were painted in battleship grey and the names were deleted for security, except when in friendly ports. From the 1960s onwards, some ships' hulls were painted light grey and others red.

The line's flag colours were a red oval, placed horizontally, with white "ML" lettering in the centre, imposed on an overall white background.

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links
Manchester Liners Old Shipmates Association
Documentary on the history of the ship canal in three parts, including a history of Manchester Liners narrated by R. B. Stoker

Defunct shipping companies of the United Kingdom
Transatlantic shipping companies
History of Manchester


A fang is a long, pointed tooth. In mammals, a fang is a modified maxillary tooth, used for biting and tearing flesh. In snakes, it is a specialized tooth that is associated with a venom gland (see snake venom). Spiders also have external fangs, which are part of the chelicerae.

Fangs are most common in carnivores or omnivores, but some herbivores, such as fruit bats, have them as well. They are generally used to hold or swiftly kill prey, such as in large cats. Omnivorous animals, such as bears, use their fangs when hunting fish or other prey, but they are not needed for consuming fruit. Some apes also have fangs, which they use for threats and fighting. However, the relatively short canines of humans are not considered to be fangs.

Fangs in religion, mythology and legend
Certain mythological and legendary creatures such as dragons, gargoyles, demons and yakshas are commonly depicted with prominent fangs. The fangs of vampires are one of their defining characteristics.

The iconographic representation of some Hindu deities include fangs, to symbolize the ability to hunt and kill. Two examples are fierce warrior goddess Chamunda and god of death Yama in some iconographic representations. Fangs are also common among guardian figures such as Verupaksha in Buddhism art in China and East Asia, as well as Rangda in Balinese Hinduism.

See also
 Canine tooth
 Tusk

References

External links

 An overview of the diversity and evolution of snake fangs

Teeth
Veterinary dentistry


Kevin Moore (born 30 November 1965) is an Australian former rugby league football coach and player.

Playing career
As a player, he played as a . He played for the Halifax team in the Championship (1984–1986). He then joined the Canterbury Bulldogs team in 1989, where he remained until 1994.

Coaching career
Moore became the head coach for the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs of the NRL from the 2009 season and was named in place of Steve Folkes after his retirement. He led the club to a second-place finish in 2009 and guided them all the way to the preliminary final before they were defeated by arch rivals the Parramatta Eels in front of a record non-grand final crowd of 74,549.  Canterbury had gone into the game as favorites despite Parramatta's dream run at the back end of the season.

Moore was sacked midway through the 2011 season after the club underachieved in the ensuing two years, failing to make the finals in either 2010 or 2011.

Personal life
He is the son of Peter "Bullfrog" Moore. He is also brother-in-law to his predecessor, former Bulldogs coach Steve Folkes.

References

External links
Bulldogs profile

1965 births
Living people
Australian rugby league coaches
Australian rugby league players
Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs coaches
Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs players
Halifax R.L.F.C. players
Hughes family
Rugby league halfbacks
Rugby league players from Sydney


Eddie Su'a (born 13 January 1983) is a Portuguese international former rugby league footballer who played in the 2000s. Su'a played for the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks in the National Rugby League as a prop. He was a Portuguese international.

Playing career
Su'a made his first grade debut for Cronulla in round 19 of the 2007 NRL season against arch-rivals Manly at Shark Park. Su'a played six games for Cronulla with his final appearance coming against Canberra in round 25 at Bruce Stadium.

References

External links
Cronulla Sharks profile

1983 births
Australian rugby league players
Australian people of Portuguese descent
Australian sportspeople of Tongan descent
Portuguese people of Tongan descent
Portugal national rugby league team players
Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks players
Rugby league props
Living people
Sportspeople from Apia


The 1999 Paris Open  was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts. It was the 27th edition of the Paris Masters, and is part of the ATP Super 9 of the 1999 ATP Tour. It took place at the Palais omnisports de Paris-Bercy in Paris, France, from 1 November through 8 November 1999. First-seeded Andre Agassi won the singles title.

Finals

Singles

 Andre Agassi defeated  Marat Safin 7–6(7–1), 6–2, 4–6, 6–4
It was Andre Agassi's 5th title of the year and his 44th overall. It was his 1st Masters Series title of the year, and his 10th overall.

Doubles

 Sébastien Lareau /  Alex O'Brien defeated  Paul Haarhuis /  Jared Palmer 7–6(9–7), 7–5

References

External links
 Official website
 ATP tournament profile


Ronald Paul Tomsic (born April 3, 1933) is an American former basketball player.

Tomsic, a  guard born in Oakland, California, played college basketball at Stanford University from 1951–1955. A three-time All-PCC selection, he scored 1,416 points in his Stanford career, the most in school history at the time. He scored 40 points in a game against USC in 1955, sixth on the school's single-game scoring list, and  still holds Stanford's single-season field goal attempts record. His name appears near the top of many other Stanford basketball scoring records.

Following his graduation from Stanford, Tomsic was drafted by the Syracuse Nationals in the 1955 NBA draft but did not play in the NBA. He played AAU basketball for the San Francisco Olympic Club, and in 1956, was selected to be on the United States national basketball team for the 1956 Summer Olympics. In the Olympics, he scored 89 points for Team USA as the United States dominated its competition on the way to the gold medal. Ron has 3 children, Mark, Jill and Todd.

References

External links
 Medal record at databaseOlympics.com

1933 births
Living people
Amateur Athletic Union men's basketball players
Basketball players at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in basketball
Basketball players from Oakland, California
Stanford Cardinal men's basketball players
Syracuse Nationals draft picks
United States men's national basketball team players
American men's basketball players
Guards (basketball)


Siriporn Thaweesuk (often known by her ring names, Samson Sor Siriporn or Samson Tor Buamas) (born 26 April 1983) is a female light-flyweight professional boxer from Lopburi Province, Thailand. She is a former WBC female world light flyweight champion.

Thaweesuk was convicted of selling amphetamines and sentenced to ten years in prison.

Thaweesuk won the title while serving a prison sentence, and was granted an early release from Thai prison after winning a world title, having been promised such prior to her victory. Originally a ten-year sentence, Thaweesuk served seven years.

She defeated Japan's Ayaka Miyao in a title fight for the WBC female light flyweight championship, which was held in a boxing ring in Klong Prem Prison. As a result, she was granted an early release from the Women's Correctional Institute in Pathum Thani.

Championships and accomplishments
World Boxing Council
WBC Female World Light Flyweight Championship (One time, three defenses)

Women's International Boxing Association
WIBA World Mini Flyweight Championship (One time, ten defenses)
WIBA International Flyweight Championship (One time)

Pan Asian Boxing Association
PABA Light Flyweight Championship (One time)

Professional boxing record

External links

References

Living people
Siriporn Thaweesuk
Siriporn Thaweesuk
Light-flyweight boxers
1983 births


Transferable development rights (TDR) is a method by which developers can purchase the development rights of certain parcels within a designated "sending district" and transfer the rights to another "receiving district" to increase the density of their new development. The underlying legal concept of a transfer of development rights programme is the notion that all land has a bundle of property rights. It is used for controlling land use to complement land-use planning and zoning for more effective urban growth management and land conservation.

Description
The TDR process can be considered a tool for controlling urban sprawl by concentrating development. TDR is a legal mechanism offered in some local government jurisdictions as a form of development control. In the United States, TDR are also a way to avoid constitutional takings issues caused by rezoning areas that would otherwise eliminate a significant amount of value from the property. The procedure offers landowners financial incentives or bonuses for the conservation and maintenance of the environmental, heritage or agricultural values of their land. TDR is based on the concept that with land ownership comes the right of use of land, or land development. These land-based development rights can in some jurisdictions be used, unused, sold, or otherwise transferred by the owner of a parcel.

Sending districts are commonly made up of areas with desirable traits that are at risk of being developed such as agricultural lands or wilderness areas, but may also be newly designated historic sites. Alternatively, parcels with buildings that do not use all of their available size have "excess" developable capacity that can be conveyed to other parcels, possibly adjoining the first parcels.

Receiving districts are typically are located in urban areas that are ripe for development. Receiving districts are generally areas more suited for higher density developments and sending districts are areas with environmental, heritage or agricultural values that the county, city or town wishes to preserve.

TDR credit banks can be used to store development rights that have been purchased, if a receiving area development project has not yet been identified. This mechanism is used when the time of the sale in the sending area is not concurrent with a development in the receiving area. It is also useful in communities that have the opportunity to purchase the rights from an area of high conservation interest but do not have a development project that can receive higher density at the time. In Massachusetts it is recommended that TDR credit banks be operated by a third party organization that is empowered to negotiate the sale of development rights, such as a non-profit organization or an agency operating within the community.

Notable examples

A widely-noted example of districted TDRs is the Montgomery County, Maryland Agricultural Reserve. TDR programs have been implemented in over 200 U.S. communities, in several states, including Colorado, Massachusetts, Virginia and Washington. New York City has limits to the air rights of each building, but those are freely transferable.

One of the most famous examples of a TDR is in the case of Penn Central Transportation Co. v. New York City (1978). The United States Supreme Court held that the city's Landmarks Preservation Commission did not deny the owners of Grand Central Terminal all economic value by denying them the right to build an office building above the station. The terminal owners possessed air rights which could be used as a TDR to build higher than the conventional zoning allowed on their other properties.

See also
 Comprehensive planning
 Environmental planning

References

Environmental planning
Land use
Land law


The Commission on the Prevention of Weapons of Mass Destruction Proliferation and Terrorism (commonly known as the Graham/Talent WMD Commission) of the United States Congress was set up "to assess, within 180 days, any and all of the nation's activities, initiatives, and programs to prevent weapons of mass destruction proliferation and terrorism." The Graham/Talent WMD Commission was also asked to provide concrete recommendations- a roadmap- to address these threats.

The Graham/Talent WMD Commission is a legacy of the 9/11 Commission, which within the 9/11 Commission Report recommended for the creation of a commission to further examine these grave threats. House Resolution 1 (Sec. 1851) established the Graham/Talent WMD Commission.

Chaired by former U.S. Senator Bob Graham of Florida, along with vice-chair and former U.S. Senator Jim Talent of Missouri, the commission consists of seven additional individuals.

The commission's final report was released on December 3, 2008.  The report was based on extensive research and provides 13 recommendations. The Commission held more than 250 interviews with government and nongovernmental experts, eight major commission hearings and one public hearing.

The risk assessment of the report states, “Unless the world community acts decisively and with great urgency, it is more likely than not that a weapon of mass destruction will be used in a terrorist attack somewhere in the world by the end of 2013.” After the publication of its final report, the commission was reauthorized by Congress to implement the recommendations.

History

The creation of the Commission, which was established by House Resolution 1, implements a key recommendation of the independent, bipartisan 9/11 Commission to address the grave threat that the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction poses to our country.

In its first year, the Commission assessed the nation's current activities, initiatives, and programs aimed at preventing the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and terrorism while providing a clear, comprehensive strategy with concrete recommendations to achieve this crucial goal. The Commission issued its report in December 2008.

During its second year of activity, the Commission is working to improve understanding of its findings—and to turn those concrete recommendations into actions. Specifically, the Commission is focusing on activities relating to:

Threat awareness, which helps generate urgency, particularly in this time of many competing government priorities
Bioterrorism, which the Commission identified as the most likely threat
Nuclear proliferation, which most of the recommendations address
Government reform, especially steps that will make addressing bio and nuclear threats more effective
Citizen/community engagement, to encourage an engaged citizenry.

Members

Chairman
Bob Graham

Vice Chairman
Jim Talent

Commissioners
Graham Allison
Robin Cleveland
Wendy Sherman
Henry Sokolski
Stephen Rademaker
Timothy Roemer
Richard Verma

Commission Staff
Evelyn N. Farkas, Executive Director
Eric K. Fanning, Deputy Director
Rajesh De, General Counsel

Professional Staff
Amir M. Abdmishani,   Professional Staff Member
Erin R. Mahan,        Professional Staff Member
Georgia A. Adams,     Professional Staff Member
Maurice A. Mallin,    Professional Staff Member
Amy A. Berg,          Staff Assistant
David E. McCracken,   Professional Staff Member
Jennifer C. Boone,    Professional Staff Member
Jamison D. Pirko,     Staff Assistant
Sylvia Boone,         Administrative Officer
Neal A. Pollard,      Director for Counterterrorism
Robert DiNardo,       Professional Staff Member
Don A. Puglisi,       Professional Staff Member
Andrew B. Duberstein, Intern
William R. Reed,      Professional Staff Member
Alice Falk,           Editor
Constance T. Rybka,   Chief of Security
Thomas W. Graham,     Professional Staff Member
Martin Schram,        Consultant
Stephen G. Heil,      Professional Staff Member
Wade R. Sharp,        Security Officer
Joseph Helman,        Director for Intelligence
Jonathan B. Tucker,   Professional Staff Member
Adam J. Jones,        Professional Staff Writer
Jenee B. Tyler,       Intern
Abraham C. Kanter,    Staff Assistant
Adam K. VanDervort,   Professional Staff Member
Sam E. Kessler,       Special Assistant to the Executive Director
Kenneth D. Ward,      Professional Staff Member
George W. Look,       Director for Nonproliferation/Counterproliferation

Resolution creating the Commission

Subtitle E: Commission on the Prevention of Weapons of Mass Destruction Proliferation and Terrorism - (Sec. 1851) Establishes the Commission on the Prevention of Weapons of Mass Destruction Proliferation and Terrorism to assess and provide a clear and comprehensive strategy and concrete recommendations for prevention activities, initiatives, and programs.

Directs the Commission to: (1) give particular attention to activities, initiatives, and programs to secure all nuclear weapons-usable material around the world; (2) significantly accelerate, expand, and strengthen U.S. and international efforts to prevent, stop, and counter the spread of nuclear weapons capabilities and related equipment, material, and technology to terrorists and states of concern; (3) address the roles, mission, and structure of all relevant government agencies and other actors, interagency coordination, U.S. commitments to international regimes and cooperation with other countries, and the threat of WMD proliferation and terrorism to the United States and its interests and allies; (4) reassess, update, and expand on the conclusions and recommendations of the Baker-Cutler Report; and (5) submit a final report on corrective measures to the President and Congress.

Recommendations

The 13 Recommendations from the report, World at Risk, are listed below.

 The United States should undertake a series of mutually reinforcing domestic measures to prevent bioterrorism.
 The United States should undertake a series of mutually reinforcing measures at the international level to prevent biological weapons proliferation and terrorism.
 The United States should work internationally toward strengthening the nonproliferation regime, reaffirming the vision of a world free of nuclear weapons.
 The new President should undertake a comprehensive review of cooperative nuclear security programs, and should develop a global strategy that accounts for the worldwide expansion of the threat and the restructuring of our relationship with Russia from that of donor and recipient to a cooperative partnership.
 As a top priority, the next administration must stop the Iranian and North Korean nuclear weapons programs.
 The next President and Congress should implement a comprehensive policy toward Pakistan that works with Pakistan and other countries to (1) eliminate terrorist safe havens through military, economic, and diplomatic means; (2) secure nuclear and biological materials in Pakistan; (3) counter and defeat extremist ideology; and (4) constrain a nascent nuclear arms race in Asia.
 The next U.S. administration should work with the Russian government on initiatives to jointly reduce the danger of the use of nuclear and biological weapons.
 The President should create a more efficient and effective policy coordination structure by designating a White House principal advisor for WMD proliferation and terrorism and restructuring the National Security Council and Homeland Security Council.
 Congress should reform its oversight both structurally and substantively to better address intelligence, homeland security, and crosscutting 21st-century national security missions such as the prevention of weapons of mass destruction proliferation and terrorism.
 Accelerate integration of effort among the counterproliferation, counterterrorism, and law enforcement communities to address WMD proliferation and terrorism issues.
 The United States must build a national security workforce for the 21st century.
 U.S. counterterrorism strategy must more effectively counter the ideology behind WMD terrorism. The United States should develop a more coherent and sustained strategy and capabilities for a global ideological engagement to prevent future recruits, supporters, and facilitators.
 The next administration must work to openly and honestly engage the American citizen, encouraging a participatory approach to meeting the challenges of the new century.

See also
Commission on the Intelligence Capabilities of the United States Regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction
Weapons of Mass Destruction Commission

References

 "The Report of the Commission on the Prevention of WMD Proliferation and Terrorism". . 2008. Washington, DC.

External links
Commission for the Prevention of Weapons of Mass Destruction Proliferation and Terrorism Official Site
WORLD AT RISK: The Report of the Commission on the Prevention of WMD Proliferation and Terrorism -verified link
WORLD AT RISK: The Report of the Commission on the Prevention of WMD Proliferation and Terrorism

United States national commissions


The Theban Tomb TT56 is located in Sheikh Abd el-Qurna. It forms part of the Theban Necropolis, situated on the west bank of the Nile opposite Luxor. The tomb is the burial place of the ancient Egyptian official Userhat, who was the Royal Scribe, Child of the Royal Nursery, during the 18th Dynasty king Amenhotep II and his wife Mutnefret. TT56 is one of the best preserved Theban nobility tombs from Western Thebes and its paintings boast many vivid and brightly painted scenes depicting the deceased Userhat and Mutnefret receiving gifts and presents in the afterlife.

See also
 List of Theban tombs
 N. de Garis Davies – Nina and Norman de Garis Davies, Egyptologists

References

External links
 Scans of Norman and Nina De Garis Davies' tracings from Theban Tomb 56 (external).

Buildings and structures completed in the 13th century BC
Theban tombs


Petteri Silván (born 21 October 1972) is a Finnish enduro rider and a five-time World Enduro Champion (including the overall world championship title in 1999). He is also a four-time winner of the International Six Days Enduro (ISDE) World Trophy with Team Finland.

Silván won the Finnish rounds of the World Enduro Championship in 1991, which earned him a factory team contract with Husqvarna for the following season. Riding in the 125 cc world championship for Husqvarna, he finished runner-up to Paul Edmondson in 1994 and then won his first world title in 1995. After an injury-filled 1996 season, Silván switched to Gas Gas and the 250 cc class, and won his second title in 1999. In 2000, he returned to Husqvarna and the smaller class, finishing second to KTM's dominant Juha Salminen who won all ten rounds of the season. In the following years, he won his third and fourth world championship titles with Husqvarna before moving to KTM. Silván retired from the World Enduro Championship after the 2005 season, and has since competed in the Finnish national championship.

Career summary

ISDE

External links
Official website

1972 births
Living people
Finnish motorcycle racers
Enduro riders


Kearen Pang is a Hong Kong cross-media creator who has written, directed and acted in theatrical productions and films.  She graduated from the Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts, and joined the Chung Ying Theater Company in 1998 as a full-time actor. She also participated in the theater in different positions, including stage director, musical, choreographer and producer. She left Chung Ying in 2003. In 2004 she studied in Paris Studio Magenia for mime and physical theater.  Her first film script was with Pang Ho-Cheung, co-director of the Berlin International Film Festival Silver Bear Award film Isabella (2006). In 2005 she founded Kearen Pang Productions. She was awarded the Best Actress (Comedy/Farce) at the Hong Kong Drama Awards.  In 2010, '’Sylvia'’ – an American drama was produced by Kearen Pang Production. Kearen was the producer and main actress of the play – Sylvia. This production was awarded as the 10 Most Popular Production of the Year in 2010, in the Hong Kong Drama Award. "Sylvia" was then rerun in June 2011. Kearen was elected by CNNgo.com as one of "The Hong Kong Hot List: 20 People to Watch”, her drama play and script was described as “full of subtle drama and stealthy sentimentality that creeps into audiences hearts”. In 2011, Kearen was elected by RTHK and Hong Kong Federation of Drama Societies as "The Most Impressive Actress" in HK theatre in past 20 years.

Filmography

Films
 2006 Isabella - Writer
 2012 Vulgaria - Tea lady
 2018 29+1 - director and writer
 2019 Lion Rock
 2022 Mama's Affair - director and writer

Television Shows

References

External links
 KearenPang.com
 Pang Sau-Wai, Kearen Pang at hkmdb.com

Hong Kong screenwriters
Hong Kong film directors
Living people
1975 births
Alumni of The Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts
Hong Kong women film directors


Mark Lambert (born 19 February 1985 in London) is a former rugby union player for Harlequins in the Gallagher Premiership. He played as a prop.

Lambert represented England at U19 and U21 level. He made his debut for the England Saxons against the Argentina Jaguars at the 2009 Churchill Cup.

He was a replacement for Harlequins in their 2011–12 Premiership final victory over Leicester Tigers.

In November 2017, he was elected as the chairman of the Rugby Players' Association

He holds the rather inauspicious record of being the player most used as a substitute in Gallagher Premiership history.

He announced his retirement in June 2020.

References

1985 births
Living people
English rugby union players
Harlequin F.C. players
Rugby union props
People educated at Royal Grammar School, Guildford
Rugby union players from London


James Inglis (born 26 August 1986, Croydon, England) is a rugby union player for Harlequins in the Guinness Premiership. He is currently on loan to National League 1 team Esher. He plays as a second-row.

References

External links
Harlequins profile

1986 births
Living people
English rugby union players
Harlequin F.C. players
Rugby union players from Croydon


Panchagarh-2 is a constituency represented in the Jatiya Sangsad (National Parliament) of Bangladesh since 2008 by Nurul Islam Sujan of the Awami League.

Boundaries
The constituency encompasses Boda and Debiganj upazilas.

History
The constituency was created in 1984 from a Dinajpur constituency when the former Dinajpur District was split into three districts: Panchagarh, Thakurgaon, and Dinajpur.

Members of Parliament

Elections

Elections in the 2010s

Elections in the 2000s

Elections in the 1990s

References

External links

Parliamentary constituencies in Bangladesh
Panchagarh District


Nell is a traditional nickname for Eleanor. Nell is the name of:

People

Given name
 Nell (artist) (born 1975), Australian artist
 Nell Blaine (1922–1996), American painter
 Nell Bryden (born 1977), American singer
 Nell Carter (1948–2003), American singer and actress
 Nell Dunn (born 1936), English playwright, screenwriter, and author
 Nell Fortner (born 1959), American women's college basketball coach
 Nell Freudenberger (born 1975), American novelist
 Nell Gwyn (1650–1687), mistress of King Charles II of England
 Nell Mescal (born 2003), Irish singer-songwriter
 Nell McAndrew (born 1973), English glamour model
 Nell McCafferty (born 1944), Irish journalist, playwright, civil rights campaigner, and feminist
 Nell O'Day (1909–1989), American equestrian and actress
 Nell Rankin (1924–2005), American opera singer
 Nell Scott, American politician
 Nell Sinton (1910–1997), American painter
 Nell Shipman (1892–1970), Canadian actress and screenwriter
 Nell Sigland, Norwegian heavy metal singer
 Nell (band), South Korean band

Surname

 Cristal Nell (1978–2020), American bridge player
 Jeremy Nell (born 1979), South African cartoonist and blogger
 William Cooper Nell (1816–1874), American abolitionist and author

Fictional characters
 Nell Fenwick, from the "Dudley Do-Right" segments of The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show TV series
 Nell Mangel, from the Australian soap opera Neighbours
 Nell Trent, or Little Nell, heroine of Charles Dickens' The Old Curiosity Shop
 Nell the kitchen wench, in Shakespeare's play Comedy of Errors
 Nell, short for Nellodee, the protagonist in Neal Stephenson's The Diamond Age
 Nell Jones, a special agent from the TV series NCIS: Los Angeles
 Nell Kellty, the protagonist in the play Idioglossia by Mark Handley and Jodie Foster's film adaptation Nell

See also
 Nella
 Nelly (given name)

Feminine given names
Hypocorisms


Carol Williams may refer to:

 Carol Williams (politician) (born 1949), majority leader of the Montana State Senate
 Carol Williams (organist) (born 1962), American organist and composer
 Carol Williams (disco musician), American singer and songwriter who achieved success in the 1970s
 Carol Lynch Williams, author of young adult novels
 Carroll Williams (1916–1991), entomologist


Kodaikanal () is a city and a Taluk division of Dindigul district in the state of Tamil Nadu, India.

The earliest residents of Kodaikanal were the Paliyan tribal people. The earliest specific references to Kodaikanal and the Palani Hills are found in Tamil Sangam literature of the early Christian era.

Modern Kodaikanal was established as a hill station by American missionaries in 1845, as a refuge from the high temperatures and tropical diseases of the plains.

In the 20th century a few elite Indians came to realize the value of this place and started relocating here. Kodaikanal is sometimes referred to as the "Princess of Hill Stations". Much of the local economy is now based on the hospitality industry, serving national and international tourists.

Etymology
The Tamil language word கோடைக்கானல், refers to "a sanatorium at the top of Kodaikanal, the southern ridge of the Palani hills more than 7,000 ft. high".

It is not known who first used this name or what they intended it to mean, however, in the Tamil language there are at least five meanings. The word is formed from the two separate Tamil words Kodai and kāṉal (கானல்). kāṉal means a wood on a hill-slope, a dense forest or a closed forest.

Another Tamil meaning for வல்லி (Kodi) is Valli, the honey collecting daughter of the chief of the Veddas mountain tribe. In ancient times the chief and his wife prayed to the Mountain God for a girl-child. Their prayers were answered when the chief found a new-born girl child during a hunting expedition. As she was found among creeper plants, they named the child Valli and she grew up as princess of the tribe  Kurinji and became the consort of lord Murugan The romantic traditions of Murugan in Sangam literature are thus claimed to be associated with the name Kodaikanal. By integrating these meanings, Kodaikanal is "that place at the end of Valli's forest which is a gift in the summer".

Recently, tourists and locals have labelled Kodaikanal "Switzerland of the East", "Set of Southern Emeralds", "Chilled paradise among the Hills" and "Summer Heaven".

Ancient times

There is archaeological evidence of human habitation in this area before the Current Era (BCE). Megalithic dolmens dating from early Chera Dynasty times, earthen pots and other artefacts which have been found here prove that the earliest residents of Kodaikanal were the Palaiyar (Pazhaiyar, "old ones") tribal people. Some local relics and artefacts of the Palaiyar can be seen in the Shenbaganur Museum.

The earliest written references to Kodaikanal and the Palani Hills are found in Tamil Sangam literature of the early Christian era. The classical Tamil poetic work Kuṟuntokai, the second book of the anthology Ettuthokai, contains poems dealing with matters of love and separation. It evokes the geographic thinai of the mountainous region of Kurinji. It is the scene of lovers' union at midnight, a forest rich with lakes, waterfalls, teak, bamboo and sandalwood. In this region millet grows and wild bees are a source of honey.

Love in this setting is exemplified by Murugan, and his consort, Valli, the honey collecting daughter of a Kurinji mountain dweller. He rides a peacock, the bird of the mountains. The name of the region, Kurinji, derives from the name of the famous flower Kurinji found only in the lofty hills of Tamil country.

The once in ten or twelve years blossom of the Kurinji is an event of jubilation and purity symbolizing the frenzy of a sudden love shared, in concert with the unleashed forces of nature: the amorous dance of peacocks, their echoing cries, the splash of waterfalls, the roar of savage beasts. The lovers hold each other tighter still and forget the dangers of the mountain path.

One of the Kuṟuntokai poems:

The legacy of this epic Sangam love poetry is maintained by Arulmighu Dhandayuthapani Swamy Thiru Kovil, Palani at The Kurinji Andavar Temple in Kodaikanal. This holy place is known for the Kurinji flowers which blossom nearby only once every 12 years.

The deity here is called Sri Kurinji Easware. He is in fact Lord Murugan.

Agricultural settlers of the Palani Hills, mainly Mannadiyar ("Kings Relative's) caste, were allotted these hill lands about the 14th century by the Madurai Nayak Dynasty, according to some local people , though others claim that their ancestors came later as refugees from the Palani foothills who escaped from the invasions of Tippu Sultan.

Western settlers
In 1821, the first westerner to visit Kodaikanal, a British Lieutenant, B. S. Ward,  climbed up from his headquarters in the Kunnavan village of Vellagavi to Kodaikanal to survey the area on the hilly ranges of Palani. His report of a healthy climate in beautiful hills with accessibility from Periyakulam encouraged the early settlers.

In 1834, Mr. J.C Wroughten, then Sub-Collector of Madura  and Mr. C. R. Cotton, a member of the Madras Presidency — Board of Revenue, climbed up the hills from Devadanapatti  and built a small bungalow at the head of Adukkam pass near Shenbaganur.

In 1836, the noted botanist Dr. Robert Wight, a Fellow of the Linnean Society of London, visited Kodaikanal and recorded his observations in the 1837 Madras Journal of Literature and Science. He collected over 100 plant specimens in 15 days, which were useful to later botanists.

In 1845, the first two bungalows, Sunny Side and Shelton were built by six families of American missionaries from Madurai with the help of an Englishman, Mr. Fane. In 1852, Father Louis Saint Cyr visited Kodaikanal and returned to the plains after finding only four bungalows; Baynes, Parker, Clark and Parday.

In 1852, Major J. M. Partridge of the Bombay Army built himself a house in Kodai and became the first person to actually settle there. Others soon followed like Fonclair and the coffee planter, Judge Elliot. It was not until Blackburne, the Collector of Madurai, built a home there that the development of Kodai gathered pace.

In 1853, a group of American and British built Kodai's first church building, the Anglican Church of St. Peter.

In 1853 only seven houses were there and the number rose to a dozen in 1861.

In 1860, The Governor of Madras Presidency, Sir Charles Trevelyan visited Kodaikanal and stayed in Roseneath Cottage, which is still occupied. In May 1860, Father Louis Saint Cyr returned with father Rettary and several Frenchmen, Belgians and Europeans, stayed in Baynes bungalow and by 29 September had bought that place to use as a rest house for the members of Christ Church. The bungalow was renamed La-providence in honor a lady with that name who gave Rs.20,000 for reconstruction of the bungalow.  La Salette Church was finished and dedicated in 1866.

In 1861, Major Douglas Hamilton recorded 114 species of birds in Kodaikanal and discovered two new ones-the laughing thrush and the Kodaikanal white-bellied shortwing.
In 1862, David Coit Scudder arrived in Kodaikanal. He was an American missionary who had been influenced in boyhood to come to India by Rev. Dr. John Scudder, Sr. and was in charge of the large and important station of Periyakulam. He had endeared himself to the Christians of the large village congregations of that station. An enthusiastic young American, upon arrival at Kodai, his emotions overcame him when, as he recalled: I ... seized our United States flag, shouted out "Long may it wave!" ... at the English collector ... and did other uncouth things.

On 19 November 1862, David Scudder drowned in the Vaigai River between Andipatti and Periyakulam, 20 months after arriving in Tamil Nadu.  Interment was in the old Anglican Churchyard, at Kodaikanal. The inscription on his headstone is still clearly legible. It reads:D.C.S. Missionary of the A.B.C.F.M. In Southern India. Born in Boston, U.S.A. Oct. 27, 1835 Landed at Madras June 26, 1861 Drowned in the Vaigai River Nov. 19, 1862

In 1863, acting on a suggestion of Sir Vere Levinge, then collector of Madurai, a lake was formed by blocking a stream. From then on, Kodaikanal has been developing.

In 1867, Major J. M. Partridge of Bombay Army imported Australian eucalyptus and wattle trees to Kodaikanal.

In 1871, the new governor of Madras, Lord Napier visited. His bungalow was named Napier Villa. These early settlements and visits by important people established Kodai's legitimacy among the Western residents of Tamil Nadu as an accepted alternative to Ootacamund as a summer retreat.

In 1872, Lt. Coaker cut a path along the steep south east facing ridge which overlooks the plains below. The 1 km (.6 mi) path was named after him as Coaker's Walk. He is often remembered as "the man who prepared the most exceptional, the most descriptive map of Kodai".

In 1879, 75 Europeans came to Kodai for the season. That year Murray's Handbooks for Travellers described Kodaikanal as a settlement "of only 10 – 15 small ugly houses". Later many American and British families visited and decided to remain in the temperate hill station.

In 1883, Kodaikanal had 615 permanent residents.  It also became a regular summer retreat for many American missionaries and European diplomats who came here primarily to escape the sweltering summer of the plains. Among them,  William Waterbury Scudder D.D. was a missionary who joined the Arcott Mission in 1852, retired in 1894, and was buried at Kodaikanal in 1900.

In 1895, the American Madurai Mission built the Union Church building.

In 1901, the first observations commenced at the Kodaikanal Observatory .

In 1909, when the Guide to Kodaikanal was published by E.M.M.L., there were 151 houses, "most of them anything but small and ugly" and a post office, churches, clubs, schools and shops.

In 1914, the present ghat road was completed and was subsequently improved. In 1989, the total length of the roads on the hills was more than 45 km.

In April 1915, Dr. Van Allen raised funds to construct the first unit of the hospital at the entrance of Coaker's Walk. It was named after him. Facilities got updated from time to time and now it has an X-ray machine, well equipped pathological lab, and an operation theatre with blood transfusion facilities. Government Hospital was a small municipal hospital until 1927. Now it has X-ray, dental, a maternity ward and other facilities.

Dr. Ida S. Scudder had her bungalow at Hilltop,  at Kodaikanal. She had founded  Vellore Christian Medical College and its hospital. She died on 24 May 1960 at age 90, of a circulatory ailment, in Kodaikanal.

Ghat road
Travellers going to Kodaikanal starting their journey at Ammaianayakkanur village travelled  in 12 to 14 hours by bullock cart up to Krishnamma Nayak Thope. From there, the  journey to Kodaikanal was undertaken by foot, horse, or palanquins with hired coolies.

In 1854, an improved  bridle path was built from Krishnamma Nayak Thope. In 1875, the Indian Railways extended its line from Chennai to Tirunelveli and a train station named Kodaikanal Road was built near Ammaianayakkanur village, to facilitate visits to Kodaikanal.

Many started at Dindigul and began their climb to Kodai from Periyakulam. In 1862, Clements Robert Markham described his journey:

Dindigul is about forty miles from the foot of the ghaut leading up to the Pulney hills, and relays of bullocks were posted for me every seven miles, with a man running in front of the cart with a blazing torch.

Passing through the village of Periacolum, round which there are many large tanks and extensive rice cultivation, we reached the jungle at the foot of the Pulney hills at early dawn. The path, which is only practicable for ponies and pack-bullocks, leads up a ravine for half the distance, and then corkscrews up the steep sides of the mountain. The range looks very imposing from the plain...

After resting under a clump of trees I commenced the ascent on foot, driving an unhappy sheep before me, which was to be sacrificed on the summit, where, at this time of the year (end of November and beginning of December), there are no residents, no market, and no means of procuring any supplies. The ascent is exceedingly beautiful, ...

At 6000 feet the steep ascent is covered with long grass, and trees are confined to sheltered hollows and ravines. After reaching the plateau it is necessary to scale a second steep grassy slope before arriving at the settlement of Kodakarnal, which is 7230 feet above the level of the sea.

Kodakarnal consists of eight houses, built along the crests of undulating hills, and one of the inner slopes is clothed with a wood of fine trees and tree-ferns, from which the Tamil people have named the settlement.

By 1878, the path from Tope was extended and later completed up to Kodaikanal.

Engineer Major G. C. Law was deputed to study and submit a plan to build a moterable road to the hills. The road was finally completed in 1914 and opened for public traffic in 1916. Public buses started using the road in 1916. This old horse trail is now a  wide two-lane asphalt paved roadway rising  with only 2 hairpin turns. It is always well maintained.

The State Highway Department has designated this road as SH-156, Kodai Ghat Road, with a length of . It begins at  on the Grand Southern Trunk Road (NH-45), about  west of Batlagundu.

Also, during World War II, the Kodaikanal–Munnar Road, an evacuation road from Kodai along the hillcrest to Top Station and Munnar, then down to Calicut was built by the British because of fear of the Japanese invading India.

Train
The Kodaikanal-Gudalur Railway line was under the contemplation of the Government from 1889 when the Madras and Travancore Governments made an agreement regarding the waters of the Periyar river In 1895 a survey was made In 1897 after the completion of the Periyar dam, the Government granted permission to the then Wilson and Company, Madras to construct a light railway from Kodaikanal railway station, then Ammaayanaickanur railway station, which lies between Dindigul and Madhurai railway stations, to Gudalur within two years The company failed in floating the capital wanted within the period allotted and thus the permission granted automatically expired. Then the Government made several surveys till 1920 After the close of the First World War, the Government sanction, ed in 1920 this line under the postwar reconstruction scheme and directed the District Board, Madurai to intimate to the Government within two years whether it was willing to take UP this work, as the then South Indian Railway Company and the two planters of the Kannan Devan Hills were willing to undertake the work. In 1922 the district board of Madurai intiiP&ted the Government to cancel the sanction of the Kodaikanal road- Gudalur railway line and requested sanction for the construction of Madurai-Bodinayakanur line Accordingly.

Kodaikanal lake

In 1863, Kodaikanal Lake was created by Sir Vere Hendry Levinge, who was then the Collector of Madurai District, by damming three streams flowing into a valley. He stocked the lake with local fish and brought Kodai's first boat from Tuticorin.  He lived in Pambar House after his retirement. Pictures taken in Kodaikanal during the early years of its settlement show the area around the lake with very few trees and a marshy landscape. The man-made lake then had no bunds.

In 1890, the Kodaikanal Boat Club was formed. Today there are three boat clubs with a variety of boats available for hire. There is now an excellent  lighted and paved sidewalk and bicycle path around the lake.  There are strict municipal laws against construction near the lake.

20th century
In 1901 Kodaikanal had a population of 1,912.
In the 20th century a few elite Indians came to realize the value of this enchanting hill station and started relocating here. Amongst the current Indian locals, there are often discussions about how their ancestors trekked and climbed the hills, from the villages in the foothills. It sometimes took them up to two full days to scale the steep valleys, braving attacks from humans and eventually reaching the summit of what is now Kodaikanal market, to sell their produce from the plains.

Notes

External sources
Crossette, Barbara. Basic Books, searchable preview The Great Hill Stations of Asia, (1999) , , 268 pages*kodaikanal.org, Kodaikanal History Goes back to 5,000 BCE, interesting but unreferenced.
Maloney Clarence, The Beginnings of Civilization in South India, The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 29, No. 3 (May 1970), pp. 603–616   (article consists of 14 pages), Published by: Association for Asian Studies.

K
History of Tamil Nadu

Kodaikanal


Shane O'Connor (born 29 March 1983) is a former rugby union player from Ireland. Originally playing for Cork Constitution, he was a member of the Ireland under-21 team that reached the Under 21 Rugby World Championship final in 2004. He joined the Munster squad in 2006 as a second-row (lock), before moving to Harlequins in the Guinness Premiership in England during 2008. Released by Harlequins in 2009, he played several seasons in the National Rugby League and Fédérale 1 League in France.

References

Living people
1983 births
Irish rugby union players
Harlequin F.C. players
Munster Rugby players


Gareth Williams (born 7 March 1988) is a Welsh rugby union player. A scrum-half he has represented his country from Welsh Schoolboy level through to the Under 20's. In 2008, he was a member of the Wales squad for U20 Six Nations and U20 World Cup.

Williams began his senior career with Neath. In 2008 he joined Harlequins and made his debut in the pre-season friendly against Connacht on 16 August 2008.

In December 2009, Williams joined Newport Gwent Dragons on a short-term loan arrangement from Harlequins.

Williams left the Dragons in 2011, joining Pontypridd RFC during the summer months.

References

External links
Pontypridd RFC player profile
Harlequins profile
Newport Gwent Dragons profile

Living people
Rugby union players from Neath
1988 births
Welsh rugby union players
Pontypridd RFC players
Neath RFC players
Harlequin F.C. players
Dragons RFC players
Rugby union scrum-halves


The Same Stuff as Stars is a children's novel written by Katherine Paterson. It was published in 2002.

Summary
Paterson's book, The Same Stuff as Stars deals with the struggles of a young girl, Angel. Verna Morgan is a single mother who struggles to support her family. Verna's daughter Angel is often left caring for her seven-year-old brother, Bernie. Their mother visits their father who is in jail, and then unexpectedly forces them to pack their belongings. The children are taken to what seems to be the middle of nowhere, to an unfamiliar farm; the Morgan Farm. There, they find their great-grandmother, and their mother leaves them again for a few days. But Angel meets a mysterious stranger encouraging her to reach for the stars. The story later unfolds as Angel makes friends, learns about stars, about her relatives and the disappearing of her mysterious star man.

Reception
It was Co-winner of the Paterson Prize 2003, and an Honor Book for The Mitten, Judy Lopez Memorial, and Jane Addams Awards in 2003

References

2002 American novels
2002 children's books
American children's novels
Clarion Books books
Novels by Katherine Paterson


David Blaney (born 3 March 1979, Ireland) is a rugby union player who played for Bristol Rugby in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a hooker. He left Bristol at the end of the 2010–11 season.

Educated in Terenure College, Dublin, he was the winning captain of the 1997 Leinster Schools Rugby Senior Cup.

References

External links
 Guinness Premiership profile
 Bristol profile
 Statbunker profile

Living people
1979 births
Irish rugby union players
Bristol Bears players
Rugby union players from Dublin (city)
Rugby union hookers
Leinster Rugby players
Irish expatriate rugby union players
Irish expatriate sportspeople in England
Expatriate rugby union players in England


Boot Service Discovery Protocol (BSDP) is an Apple-developed, standards-conforming extension of  DHCP.  It allows Macintosh computers to boot from bootable images on a network instead of local storage media such as CD, DVD, or hard disk.  The DHCP options used are the "vendor-specific information" option (number 43) and the "vendor class identifier" option (number 60).
There are three versions of BSDP, though usually version 1.0 is used.  All versions enable a client to choose from several bootable images offered by a server.
The reference implementation of BSDP is Darwin's BOOTP server, which is part of Mac OS's  NetBoot feature.

Description

Contents of DHCP Vendor Class Identifier
The DHCP server and client send a vendor class option that contains an ASCII-encoded string with three parts delimited by a / character.  The first part is AAPLBSDPC, which advertises BSDP capability.  The second part is the client's architecture ("ppc" or "i386").  The third part is a system identifier.  For example, an Intel-based iMac sends
 AAPLBSDPC/i386/iMac4,1
as its vendor class.  A list of Microsoft vendor classes can be found here.

Contents of DHCP Vendor Specific Information Options
DHCP Option 43 is reserved for vendor specific information. This information is stored in the following format:
   Code   Len   Vendor-specific information
   +-----+-----+-----+-----+---
   |  43 |  n  |  i1 |  i2 | ...
   +-----+-----+-----+-----+---
If the vendor wants to convey multiple options within this option field, this is done with encapsulated vendor-specific extensions. Vendor encapsulated extensions contain one or more concatenated fields.  Each field consists of:

The following table describes the possible field types.  All numeric fields are interpreted as unsigned and Big Endian integers.

Example
The following example illustrates the construction of the Vendor Encapsulated Option:

The first field here, 01 01 02, means that the packet is a BSDP "SELECT" message.  The 01 declares that field specifies the BSDP Message Type.  The next 01 indicates that the field contents are one byte long — 02 is the code for "SELECT".

The following 08 04 81 00 07 e5 means that the boot image with the ID 2164262885 is selected.

Finally, 82 0a 4e 65 74 42 6f 6f 74 30 30 31 means that a string with 0x0a = 10 characters, namely "NetBoot001", is the name of the system to boot.

Sources
 BSDP documentation from Apple's bootpd
 several conversations captured with Wireshark
 Source code of Darwin's BOOTP server, https://github.com/apple-oss-distributions/bootp

References

Network booting
Application layer protocols


Turn Me Up may refer to:

Turn Me Up!, a non-profit organization

Music
Turn Me Up, unreleased album by Katrina Elam

Songs
 "Turn Me Up", by Benassi Bros. from Pumphonia
"Turn Me Up", by Carly Rae Jepsen from Kiss
"Turn Me Up", by Cristal Snow
"Turn Me Up", by Keith Barrow, 1979
"Turn Me Up", by Steady Mobb'n featuring Snoop Dogg from Black Mafia
"Turn Me Up", by Twin Shadow from Eclipse


Virginal Co Ordinates is an album by Eyvind Kang, released in 2003 by I Dischi Di Angelica and reissued in 2004 by Ipecac Recordings.

Track listing
All tracks written by Eyvind Kang.

 "Go in a Good Way to a Better Place" – 4:10
 "I Am the Dead" – 5:08
 "Doorway to the Sun" – 19:23
 "Occultum Lapidem" – 4:38
 "Harbour of the NADE" – 2:50
 "Taksim" – 2:38
 "Sidi Bou Said" – 5:41
 "Virginal Co-Ordinates" – 10:39
 "Innocent Eye, Crystal See" – 12:58
 "Marriage of Days" – 4:33

References

Eyvind Kang albums
2003 albums


James Phillips (born 27 September 1987 in England) is a rugby union player for Sale Sharks in the Aviva Premiership. He plays as a back row or second row.

Phillips made his professional debut for Bristol against Sale Sharks in the 2007/08 season and has represented England at U16s and U18s level.

In January 2010, he extended his contract with Bristol. However, he signed for Exeter in June 2010, following Bristol's loss (to Exeter) in the Championship final.
He re-signed for Bristol in 2015, and helped them win promotion to the Aviva Premiership in May 2016. Phillips chose to leave during the 2017-18 close season to join Bath.

On 15 March 2018, Phillips signs for Premership rivals Sale Sharks on a two-year contract from the 2018-19 season.

References

External links
Bristol profile
Guinness Premiership profile

1987 births
Living people
English rugby union players
Exeter Chiefs players
People educated at Colston's School
Bristol Bears players
Rugby union players from Bristol
Rugby union flankers


Chris Ashwin born 19 November 1987 in England is a rugby union player who played for Bristol in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a fly-half.

References

External links
 premiership profile

1987 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Bath
Bristol Bears players
English rugby union players
Rugby union players from Gloucester
Team Bath rugby union players
Rugby union fly-halves


Greg Barden (born 8 February 1981 in Perth, Western Australia, Australia) is a British Entrepreneur who founded the discovery, payment and reward platform xplore. Barden is also the CEO of the company.

Career

After School, Barden at the age of 16 joined the Royal Marines where he served in 45 Commando seeing service in  Kosovo. At the age 20 Barden became the youngest person to complete United Kingdom Special Forces Selection and join the Special Boat Service (SBS) seeing service in Afghanistan, Iraq and other countries across the world.

In 2007, Barden having served in the UK military for 11 years, joined Bristol Rugby as a rugby union player in the Guinness Premiership. He played as a centre. In 2009 Barden got picked to play for the England Rugby Sevens where he would eventually be named as Captain for 2011/12 season.

In May 2012, Barden retired from professional rugby and founded xplore.

Club career

He has 12 caps for the Royal Navy rugby team and two caps for the Combined Services. He was picked to play for the England Rugby Sevens squad in 2009 where they beat New Zealand in London. His fifth career try in the IRB Sevens World Series came during the final game of 2009-10 when England lost 15–12 to Samoa in Edinburgh at the end of May. He was picked for the England 7's team for the 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi. He was named England sevens captain for the 2011/2012 season.

External links
 http://www.xplorelocal.com/about/manifesto
 http://www.skysports.com/rugby-union/news/12504/7325656/Barden-to-skipper-England

1981 births
Australian expatriate sportspeople in England
Australian rugby union players
Bristol Bears players
Living people
Royal Navy rugby union players
Commonwealth Games rugby sevens players for England
Rugby sevens players at the 2010 Commonwealth Games
Rugby union players from Perth, Western Australia
Rugby union centres


Allied Arts of Seattle is a non-profit organization in Seattle, Washington, USA. The organization advocates for public funding of the arts, better urban planning and architecture, and other civic improvements. The organization claims to be the "oldest non-profit organization in Seattle dedicated to urban livability", but, in any case, at 50+ years old is certainly a venerable organization by the standards of a city barely older than 150 years It was a major force in establishing the Seattle Arts Commission, creating Seattle Center on the grounds of the Century 21 Exposition (1962 world's fair) and preserving historical landmarks and neighborhoods, particularly Pioneer Square and Pike Place Market, as well as defeating the 2012 Seattle Olympic bid.

Early history
Allied Arts grew out of the Beer & Culture Society organized in early 1952 by University of Washington drama professor John Ashby Conway. Other early members were U.W. professors Lloyd Schram, Robert Dietz, and Norman J. Johnston, assistant Seattle Art Museum director Sherman Lee, and architect John Stewart Detlie. On October 3, 1954, the Beer & Culture Society convened a "Congress" of the Arts that established Allied Arts as a permanent organization. Detlie became its first president. A second Congress in 1955 led to formal incorporation. By 1956, Allied Arts represented 57 local arts organizations and 55 artists and activists, including Kenneth Callahan, George Tsutakawa, and Lucile Saunders McDonald.

The new group convinced the city to create an advisory Municipal Art Commission. The Commission, created August 1, 1955, published a master plan on June 23, 1956, which reads like a list of what would occur in Seattle over the next few decades. They proposed dedicating 2 percent of city capital funds to purchase art works (which in 1973 became One Percent for Art); establishing an annual city arts festival (Bumbershoot, established 1971); hosting a world's fair (the Century 21 Exposition, 1962); public funding for the Seattle Symphony; creating opera and ballet companies (the Seattle Opera, founded 1963, and Seattle's Pacific Northwest Ballet, founded 1972 as Pacific Northwest Dance Association, are now among the leading institutions of their kind in the country); burying public utility lines; preserving historic landmarks; and planting street trees. The group also campaigned for a State Arts Commission (founded 1961). Their proposal to prohibit billboards met with lesser success (billboards in Seattle are now highly regulated, but not prohibited ).

Allied Arts and the Arts Commission campaigned for a new civic center. Voter approval in November 1956 of a $7.5 million bond issue to upgrade the Civic Auditorium into an Opera House (later remodeled again as McCaw Hall) proved to be the first step toward the creation of the grounds for the Century 21 Exposition, later site of Seattle Center. Robert J. Block emerged as a leader during this period. He later helped establish the arts funding group Allied Arts Foundation.

Preservation
Central Seattle's cityscape in the 1950s had changed little since before the Great Depression. Many buildings from the late 19th and early 20th century survived, but most were in poor shape, and the success of Boeing was gradually turning Seattle into a more prosperous city. These older buildings were either going to be renovated or replaced. Allied Arts stood foursquare on the side of preservation. Under the leadership of architects Victor Steinbrueck, Fred Bassetti, and Ibsen Nelsen, the group was prominent in the creation of the Pioneer Square Historic District (1970) and the Seattle Landmarks Preservation Board (1973), and were key supporters of a 1971 initiative that preserved Pike Place Market. With respect to this last, an Allied Arts committee reconstituted itself in 1964 as the independent organization Friends of the Market; Since 1974, Allied Arts and Friends of the Market have each been allocated two of the twelve seats on the Market Historical Commission which operates independently of other Market governance bodies with the specific mandate to preserve the Market's physical and social character as "the soul of Seattle."

In this period, Allied Arts also advocated for the creation of the Seattle Design Commission that now guides municipal architecture. Other prominent Allied Arts leaders in this period were "secretary" and manager Alice Rooney, Jerry Thonn, Peggy Golberg, Lew Pritchard, Alf Collins, and Rae Tufts.

A new generation of Allied Arts leaders emerged in this period. Paul Schell, later mayor, came to prominence as Allied Arts president and led the successful effort to establish One Percent for Art, with a more powerful Seattle Arts Commission replacing the earlier Municipal Art Commission. In the 1980s, Margaret Pageler and Victor Steinbrueck's son Peter Steinbrueck, both later members of the Seattle City Council were instrumental in the Citizens Alternative Plan (CAP) that put a moratorium for some years on new Downtown skyscrapers. Allied Arts also played a role in this period in establishing funding and changing zoning to promote artists' housing, and in the plans for facilities at the former Sand Point Naval Air Station.

Not everything was a victory. In January 1992, despite much protest, the Music Hall Theater at 7th and Olive was demolished despite its landmark status. In the wake of its destruction, Allied Arts—led in this period by Mia McEldowny, Karen Kane, Walt Crowley, and Clint Pehrson, among others— pushed for stronger historic preservation laws and creation of transferable development rights (TDRs). The latter allow a landowner to sell "air rights" to a neighbor. For example, the owner of a 3-story downtown building can sell development rights to an adjacent high-rise, guaranteeing that people in that side of the high-rise will not have their views blocked, and obtaining compensation for the commitment not to build a tall building adjacent to that high-rise.

Well into the 1990s, Allied Arts retained the anti-growth stance that had led to the CAP initiative. They opposed the Seattle Commons plan that would have reconfigured South Lake Union and opposed Seattle's bid to host the 2012 Olympic Games.

That anti-urban orientation changed under presidents Clint Pehrson, Alex Steffen, David Yeaworth and Philip Wohlstetter. During this period the organization focused on both how to encourage smart growth, and how to make the ensuing density livable.

In recent years (as of 2008) Allied Arts have played an important role in promoting discussion of what is to happen to Seattle's Central Waterfront once the Alaskan Way Viaduct is torn down. Allied Arts president David Yeaworth has advocated for rerouting Washington State Route 99 (SR-99) into a tunnel. The People's Waterfront Coalition, who advocate for having SR-99 no longer run continuously through the city in any manner grew out of an Allied Arts charette.

Notes

External links

 Beer and Culture, Seattle Channel: videos of three 1996 Allied Arts-sponsored forums about urban planning,

Culture of Seattle
Non-profit organizations based in Seattle


The Marinens Flyvebaatfabrikk M.F.12 (sometimes known as the Høver M.F.12, after its designer) was a seaplane built in Norway in 1939 as a military trainer aircraft to replace the Norwegian Navy's aging fleet of M.F.8 trainers. Only a single prototype was constructed before Germany's invasion of Norway in 1940.
The prototype, M.F.12 F.14 (V), was the last trainer built for the Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service (RNNAS).

Design and manufacture
By the late 1930s flying school of the RNNAS requested that a new trainer aircraft should be acquired to replace the M.F.8s. Following international aircraft development, a monoplane designed seemed preferable and once again the RNNAS decided to design and construct the aircraft themselves. The order was given to the seaplane factory Marinens Flyvebaatfabrikk on 15 June 1937. The factory immediately began work on the design.
The M.F.12 was a conventional design with two open cockpits in tandem and a low, strut-braced monoplane wing. The cockpit design was carried over from the M.F.11 reconnaissance aircraft then in service, and while it was originally intended to use the same float design that Marinens Flyvebaatfabrikk had been producing for their licence-built Hansa-Brandenburg W.33s, eventually floats by American manufacturer EDO were chosen. Four engines were considered for the M.F-12: the Wright R-670, Lycoming R-530-D2, Jacobs L-4M and the Continental K, with the Jacobs engine eventually selected.

First flights
The first, unofficial, flight occurred on 11 July 1939, the day the aircraft was launched, at the hands of Johan E. Høver himself, a fact initially kept secret because he was unauthorised to make it, and the first official flight took place six days later. The official orders for 11 July 1939 had been to merely taxi the M.F.12 F.14 (V) to the northern slipway, where it was to wait until the factory's control officer Kristian Østby returned from a trip to Germany to accept the first of the Heinkel He 115 torpedo bombers ordered by the RNNAS. All new aircraft were supposed to be first tested by the control officer, who also received a 500 Norwegian kroner (NOK) fee for each such test. However, as Høver felt that the aircraft seemed to work fine, he made a 20-minute flight, being very pleased with its performance when he landed. The issue was kept secret, and Østby could make the official first flight and collect his 500 NOK on 17 July.

Development halted
Development stalled after a flight test by Lützow Holm, commander of the Karljohansvern base. After a rough landing, following drastic and hazardous flying, he demanded that the design be revised to strengthen it before entering production. The construction yard opposed this, pointing out that the design was already 10% stronger than had been specified by the Navy. While the dispute continued, the M.F.12 was grounded at Karljohansvern. In June 1939, shortly before the M.F.12 took to the air for the first time, the Norwegian Ministry of Defence set down a joint military and civilian commission to decide on a new common trainer for both the Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service, its Army cousin; the Norwegian Army Air Service, and the civilian air schools. Further work on the M.F.12 was put on hold while the commission worked on its report. Before any conclusion could be made, the Germans invaded Norway on 9 April 1940.

Fate of the prototype
The final disposition of the prototype is lost to history, but Høver recalls it being impounded by the German occupation forces, after having been abandoned at Horten on 9 April 1940. F.14 (V) had been at Karljohansvern naval base in Horten for repairs when the Germans landed in Norway.

Quotations

Specifications

References and notes
References

Notes

Bibliography

1930s Norwegian military trainer aircraft
Floatplanes
MF12
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1939


The 1998 Paris Open was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts. It was the 26th edition of the Paris Masters, and is part of the ATP Super 9 of the 1998 ATP Tour. It took place at the Palais omnisports de Paris-Bercy in Paris, France, from 2 November through 9 November 1998. Thirteenth-seeded Greg Rusedski won the singles title.

Finals

Singles

 Greg Rusedski defeated  Pete Sampras 6–4, 7–6(7–4), 6–3
It was Greg Rusedski's 2nd singles title of the year and his 7th overall. It was his 1st Masters title of the year, and overall.

Doubles

 Mahesh Bhupathi /  Leander Paes defeated  Jacco Eltingh /  Paul Haarhuis 6–4, 6–2

References

External links
 ATP tournament profile