Joshua David Fields (born August 19, 1985) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Houston Astros and Los Angeles Dodgers.

Amateur career

High school
Fields attended Prince Avenue Christian School in Bogart, Georgia. His junior season in 2003 he was 10–1 with 114 strikeouts in  innings pitched and also batted .632 with 18 homers and 53 RBI, earning him the Athens Banner-Herald Northeast Georgia Player of the Year honors. The following season, he ranked 36th in Baseball America's Top 100 Prep Prospects list while having a 6–0 record and 1.25 ERA with 80 strikeouts in 36 innings. He also batted .500, scored 35 runs and was successful in 31 of 32 stolen base attempts to win team MVP honors.

Georgia Bulldogs
Fields attended the University of Georgia, where he played for the baseball team. In 2005, as a freshman, he appeared in 17 games with a 3–1 record and 7.00 ERA and 49 strikeouts. He was selected to the Southeastern Conference All-Freshman team and made school history when he struck out the first eight batters he faced against Winthrop on May 18. In 2006, he appeared in 35 games with a 3–2 record and 1.80 ERA with 56 strikeouts against only 11 walks. He also had 15 saves. In the 2006 College World Series he pitched two scoreless innings. He was named a second-team All-American, first-time All-SEC and was a finalist for NCBWA Stopper of the Year. In 2006, he played collegiate summer baseball in the Cape Cod Baseball League for the Yarmouth-Dennis Red Sox where he was named the league's Outstanding Relief Pitcher.

In his junior season in 2007, Fields appeared in 26 games with a 1–6 record, 4.46 ERA, 45 strikeouts and seven saves. Despite developing some mechanical problems that hurt his stats, he was selected by the Atlanta Braves in the second round of the 2007 draft. He did not sign and chose to return to school for his senior season.

As a senior in 2008, Fields was 3–2 with a 3.38 ERA, 63 strikeouts and 18 saves in 36 games. He did not allow an earned run in his first  innings. The Bulldogs won the SEC Championship and advanced to the 2008 College World Series, where they finished as the runner-up to Fresno State.  Fields was honored as SEC Pitcher of the Year, 1st team All-SEC, 1st Team All-American and won the Stopper of the Year Award. His 41 career saves are the most in SEC history and he was also a finalist for the Clemens Award.

Professional career

Seattle Mariners
The Seattle Mariners selected Fields in the first round, with the 20th overall pick, in the 2008 Major League Baseball Draft. He agreed to terms with the Mariners on February 13, 2009, after a lengthy negotiation period between the team and his advisor, Scott Boras. His eventual signing bonus was $1.75 million. He made his professional debut with the West Tenn Diamond Jaxx of the Southern League on April 9, allowing three runs while retiring only two batters. He pitched in 31 games with a 2–2 record and 6.48 ERA that season despite being shut down in May for a brief period with a "dead arm" that was attributed to his long layoff between the draft and signing. After the season, he was assigned to the Peoria Javelinas of the Arizona Fall League, where he allowed only two earned runs in 11 innings and was selected to the "Rising Stars Game" featuring the top prospects in the league.

Fields returned to the Diamond Jaxx for the 2010 season and was 1–1 with a 3.77 ERA in 21 appearances, which included six saves. He again played for Peoria after the season and made his second straight appearance in the "Rising Stars Game." In 2011, he was assigned to the Jackson Generals (the new name for the Diamond Jaxx) where he was 1–2 with a 3.81 ERA in 20 games. On July 1, he was promoted to the Triple-A Tacoma Rainiers of the Pacific Coast League, where he allowed 10 earned runs in 13 innings of work.

Boston Red Sox
On July 31, 2011, Fields was traded to the Boston Red Sox (along with Érik Bédard) in a three-team transaction that sent Trayvon Robinson and Chih-Hsien Chiang to the Mariners, and Tim Federowicz, Stephen Fife and Juan Rodriguez to the Los Angeles Dodgers The Red Sox assigned him to the Portland Sea Dogs of the Eastern League, where he pitched  innings in nine games and allowed six earned runs.

Fields began the 2012 season with Portland, where he was 3–3 with a 2.62 ERA in 32 games and recorded eight saves. He credited some changes made to his delivery with his improved numbers this season. He was promoted to the Triple-A Pawtucket Red Sox of the International League on August 5, where he pitched  scoreless innings over 10 games. He recorded the save in the deciding game of the International League Championship Series for Pawtucket.

Following the 2012 season, he pitched for Águilas Cibaeñas in the Dominican Winter League, allowing eight runs in six innings over eight games.

Houston Astros
The Houston Astros acquired Fields from the Red Sox as the first pick of the 2012 Rule 5 draft. He made his major league debut on April 2, 2013, against the Texas Rangers. He faced one batter, Craig Gentry, in the top of the eighth inning and struck him out swinging. He recorded his first major league win on July 23 against the Oakland Athletics with one scoreless inning of relief and his first save on August 5 against the Red Sox. Overall, he appeared in 41 games, pitched 38 innings and was 1–3 with a 4.97 ERA and five saves.

Fields remained on the Astros roster for the 2013 season. He struck out seven consecutive batters across two appearances in July, one short of the franchise record. In 54 games, he had a 4–6 record, a 4.45 ERA and saved four games. The following season, in 2015, he pitched in another 54 games with a 4–1 record and 3.55 ERA and led all Astros relievers in strikeouts per nine innings (11.90). In 2016, he began the season with the Astros but allowed 12 earned runs in  innings leading to his demotion to the Fresno Grizzlies of the Pacific Coast League on May 12. In 23 games for the Grizzlies, he allowed only five runs in  innings for a 1.65 ERA.

Los Angeles Dodgers
On August 1, 2016, Fields was traded to the Los Angeles Dodgers in exchange for minor league infielder Yordan Álvarez. In 22 games, he pitched  innings and allowed only six earned runs for a 2.79 ERA. He did not allow any runs in  innings in the playoffs for the Dodgers.  He signed a $1.05 million contract for 2017, avoiding salary arbitration.

Fields struggled with his fastball velocity in spring training in 2017 and was optioned to the Triple-A Oklahoma City Dodgers to begin the season. However, he was added to the active roster a few days later when Rich Hill was placed on the disabled list. He pitched in 57 games for the Dodgers and was 5–0 with a 2.84 ERA.  Fields pitched in four games in the postseason for the Dodgers. In Game Two of the 2017 NLDS against the Diamondbacks, he faced two batters in the top of the eighth inning, striking out J. D. Martinez before allowing a double to Daniel Descalso.  In two appearances in the 2017 NLCS vs the Cubs, he retired Javier Báez on a flyball to center field in Game Two and Kris Bryant on a ground-out to second base in Game Four. Fields made one appearance in the 2017 World Series against the Astros. In Game Two, he entered the game in the top of the 10th inning and allowed back-to-back home runs to José Altuve and Carlos Correa followed by a double to Yuli Gurriel. He was removed from the game without recording an out.

Fields signed a one-year, $2.2 million, contract with the Dodgers for 2018, avoiding arbitration.  He made 45 appearances with the Dodgers in 2018, with a 2.20 ERA but did not make the Dodgers post-season roster.

On March 7, 2019, Fields was designated for assignment by the Dodgers.

Milwaukee Brewers
On March 19, 2019, Fields signed a minor league contract with the Milwaukee Brewers. Fields opted out of his contract and became a free agent on April 30, 2019.

Texas Rangers
On May 11, 2019, Fields signed a minor league contract with the Texas Rangers, and was assigned to the Nashville Sounds. With a 5.82 ERA and 19 strikeouts over 17 innings, he was released on June 29.

See also
Rule 5 draft results

References

External links

1985 births
Living people
Houston Astros players
Los Angeles Dodgers players
Baseball players from Georgia (U.S. state)
Georgia Bulldogs baseball players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Yarmouth–Dennis Red Sox players
West Tennessee Diamond Jaxx players
Jackson Generals (Southern League) players
Tacoma Rainiers players
Portland Sea Dogs players
Pawtucket Red Sox players
Quad Cities River Bandits players
Corpus Christi Hooks players
Peoria Javelinas players
Oklahoma City RedHawks players
Águilas Cibaeñas players
American expatriate baseball players in the Dominican Republic
Oklahoma City Dodgers players
Arizona League Dodgers players
San Antonio Missions players
Nashville Sounds players


Eobrachyopidae is a likely paraphyletic family of dvinosaurian temnospondyls.

References

Dvinosaurs
Amphibian families


Gérard Légaré (11 July 1908 – 1 November 1997) was a Liberal party member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was an editor, journalist, printer and publisher by career. He was born in Chicoutimi, Quebec.

He was first elected at the Rimouski riding in the 1953 general election, then re-elected there for a second term in the 1957 election. In the 1958 election he was defeated by Émilien Morissette of the Progressive Conservative party, but won back the riding in the 1962 election.

The 25th Canadian Parliament was Légaré's last term in federal office. During the 1963 election campaign, Social Credit candidate Gérard Ouellet was reported to be winning the rural areas of Rimouski. New Democratic Party candidate Raymond D'Auteuil attracted younger urban voters whom Liberal campaigners admittedly ignored. After a judicial recount of ballots, Ouellet won Rimouski with 140 more votes than Légaré. By that June, Légaré was hired to assist  Jean-Paul Deschatelets, the Minister of Public Works in Lester B. Pearson's new government.

Légaré joined the Immigration Appeal Board in 1967, becoming its vice-chair in March 1976. He was also an editorial assistant for the federal Centennial Commission.

References

External links

1908 births
1997 deaths
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Quebec
Politicians from Saguenay, Quebec


Mister Johnson (1939) is a novel by Joyce Cary. It is the story of a young Nigerian who falls afoul of the British colonial authorities. Although the novel has a comic tone, the story itself is tragic. Joyce Cary has been quoted as saying that Mister Johnson was his favorite book that he had written. Mister Johnson is often read in schools and has had a wide audience. It has been adapted as a play by Norman Rosten and a 1990 film by Bruce Beresford. Chinua Achebe has said that Mister Johnson struck him as superficial and helped form his determination to write his own novels about Nigeria. Other critics have found Cary's portrayal of his main character patronizing and Johnson himself childish.

Plot summary
Johnson, a young African, is assigned as clerk at a British district office in Fada, Nigeria. He is from a different district and is regarded as a foreigner by those native to the area. Johnson works his way into local society, marrying there only one wife- he is monogamous-, but never really fitting in. At the same time, he has difficulties in adjusting to the regulations and mechanism of the district office and his official duties. The district officer, Rudbeck, meanwhile, is dissatisfied with his work in the service and his life in Africa.

Rudbeck conceives the notion that a road linking Fada to the main highway and larger population centers will be of great benefit to the region. Johnson, as Rudbeck's clerk, also becomes enthused about this project. Johnson is one of Cary's joy-filled characters, possessor of a great energy that infects all around him. People are drawn to Johnson and follow him without realizing that they are being led. Indeed, Johnson has no clear idea of where he is going.

His delight is in seeing those around him happy. His mood infects Rudbeck and, when Johnson suggests how the books may be fiddled to support Rudbeck's road project, the colonial officer is seduced. But Rudbeck's swindle is uncovered and he returns to England to be with his wife. Johnson now goes to work for Gollup, a retired army sergeant who has married a Nigerian woman and runs the local store. Gollup is an abusive drunkard given to racist epithets, but he admires Johnson's good-humored courage in facing up to his words and blows.

Johnson, in turn, enjoys the compliment to his courage and, when Gollup next attacks him, retaliates. Gollup does not take this kind of violence seriously and thinks no less of Johnson, but he cannot have an employee who has struck him in public. Johnson is let go and leaves Fada. Meanwhile, a shortage of political officers means that Rudbeck must return. He immediately recommences his road-building. Rudbeck and his superior work out the extent to which he can finagle road-building funds from the accounts, but the older man warns Rudbeck that another scandal will destroy his career.

The road-building brings Johnson back to Fada. Rudbeck hires him again and Johnson's infectious enthusiasm makes the road-building successful. But Rudbeck discovers that Johnson has been engaged in petty graft and dismisses him. Johnson turns to theft from the store to support his lifestyle and, when Gollup discovers him, kills the storekeeper. Now Rudbeck must try Johnson for murder. The trial brings Rudbeck to the breaking point. Johnson is found guilty and begs Rudbeck to keep him from the gallows by killing him. Rudbeck follows his heart rather than the rules and does so, though the act will destroy his career and possibly have other ramifications, legal and personal, that lie beyond the close of the novel.

Editions
Michael Joseph Ltd., 1952
London: J. M. Dent, 1995 . With a chronology and suggestions for further reading by Douglas Matthews.

Film adaptation

The book was adapted into the 1990 film Mister Johnson starring Maynard Eziashi in the titular role and Pierce Brosnan as Harry Rudbeck. The film was entered into the 41st Berlin International Film Festival, where Eziashi won the Silver Bear for Best Actor—it was his first major film role.

Other adaptations
There was a 1956 stage version written by Norman Rosten and starring, among others, Robert Earl Jones.

The 1985 Indian film Massey Sahib starring Raghubir Yadav and Arundhati Roy is based on this novel. In the film the colony is changed to British India and the protagonist is changed to an Indian convert to Christianity who marries a tribal girl and, due to his sheer lack of sophistication and corrupt nature, ends up in suspension and finally gets hanged for a murder.

References

Further reading
 Adams, Hazard Joyce Cary's Trilogies: pursuit of the particular real (Gainesville, Florida: University of Florida Press, 1998) .
 Mahood, Molly M. Joyce Cary's Africa (London: Methuen, 1964).

External links

 The Africa Trilogy writing back to Mister Johnson

1939 novels
Novels by Joyce Cary
Novels set in Nigeria
Irish novels adapted into films
Irish novels adapted into plays


Spye Park may refer to:
Spye Park, Wiltshire, an estate house in England
 Spye Park (White Plains, Maryland), listed on the NRHP in Maryland


Walter S. Diehl may refer to:

Walter Stuart Diehl (1893-1976), an American naval officer and pioneer in aerodynamics and aeronautical design.
USNS Walter S. Diehl (T-AO-193), a United States Navy fleet replenishment oiler in service with the Military Sealift Command since 1988


Mafia Raj () refers to a criminalised nexus (or "mafia") of government officials, elected politicians, business interests and other entities (such as law-enforcement authorities, non-governmental organisations, trade unions or criminal organisations).

In India (where the term originated) it can refer to cities, states, government departments, public sector businesses or entire sectors of the economy that are subject to these conditions. Due to the ability of these mafias to operate their illegal activities in a sustained fashion, sometimes openly and with the use of violent intimidation, terms like Goonda Raj (Goonda regime), Jungle Raj (law of the jungle) and Anarchy are used to refer to the same phenomenon.

In the Indian and Pakistani media, the mafias are usually mentioned by the name of the economic sector in which they are involved. Terms such as coal mafia, timber mafia (sometimes forest mafia), contractor mafia (sometimes road construction mafia or road contract mafia) and land mafia are commonly used.

The state-owned coal mines of Bihar (now Jharkhand after the division of Bihar state) were among the first areas in India to see the emergence of a sophisticated mafia, beginning with the mining town of Dhanbad. It is alleged that the coal industry's trade union leadership forms the upper echelon of this arrangement and employs caste allegiances to maintain its power. Pilferage and sale of coal on the black market, inflated or fictitious supply expenses, falsified worker contracts and the expropriation and leasing-out of government land have allegedly become routine. A parallel economy has developed with a significant fraction of the local population employed by the mafia in manually transporting the stolen coal for long distances over unpaved roads to illegal mafia warehouses and points of sale.

The coal mafia has had a negative effect on Indian industry, with coal supplies and quality varying erratically. Higher quality coal is sometimes selectively diverted, and missing coal is replaced with stones and boulders in railway cargo wagons. A human corpse has been discovered in a sealed coal wagon.

In June 2012, the Bollywood epic Gangs of Wasseypur was released portraying the coal mafia in the area of Dhanbad. The movie received overwhelming response and was declared a hit. Another Bollywood movie Gunday was also loosely based upon coal mafia.

Timber mafias

Protected forest areas in parts of India – such as Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka and Jharkhand – are vulnerable to illegal logging by timber mafias that have coopted or intimidated forestry officials, local politicians, businesses and citizenry.

Contractor mafias

Many state-funded construction activities in India, such as road building, are dominated by construction mafias, which are groupings of corrupt public works officials, materials suppliers, politicians and construction contractors. Shoddy construction and material substitution (e.g., mixing sand in cement while submitting expenses for cement) result in roads and highways being dangerous and sometimes simply washed away when India's heavy monsoon season arrives.

In a widely covered case, Satyendra Dubey, a project director with the National Highways Authority of India, was murdered in 2003, allegedly because he had written a letter exposing deep-seated contractor mafia involvement in the construction of a section of the prestigious Golden Quadrilateral project to the prime minister's office. Although a CBI investigative report after the assassination stated that there was no contractor mafia involvement in Dubey's murder, his family and supporters maintained that an attempt at a cover-up was being made.

Attempts have been made to reduce mafia influence by making construction tendering processes more transparent, sometimes by attempting to move them online, so that a complete audit trail of bids and activity is maintained. Construction mafias are alleged to have used their political influence decisively to frustrate many such attempts, for example, in the public works for which the Municipal Corporation of Delhi is responsible.

Land mafias

In cities and villages throughout India, mafias consisting of municipal and other government officials, elected politicians, judicial and law enforcement officials, acquire, develop and sell land in illegal ways for profit. Sometimes, government land or land ostensibly acquired for some legitimate government purpose is then handed over to real estate developers who build commercial and residential properties and sell them in the open market, often with the connivance of administrative and police officials.

In one set of allegations in Karnataka, a lake was filled in and government buildings torn down after illegal transfers to a developer by mafia-connected officials. Eminent domain laws, intended to procure private land at relatively low prices for public benefit or redistribution to poorer people under social justice programs, are abused to pressure landholders to sell land to a government entity, which transfers the land to developers at those low prices, and who in turn sell it back on the market at much higher prices.

Computerisation of records relating to the classification of tracts and land ownership is a key tool in countering the illegal activities of land mafias, since it creates transparency on all information relating to a given parcel of land. This approach has been effective in Bangaluru, but efforts to extend it elsewhere have sometimes met with strong resistance by land mafias, manifesting itself as bureaucratic inaction.

Focused vigilance in specific areas by government agencies has acted as a deterrent to land mafia activities. For example, the land mafia in the Noida area, on the outskirts of Delhi, was reported to have illegally begun carving out plots for commercial sale on land identified by the Central Zoo Authority of India as the site for India's first Night Safari park. Subsequent to coverage in the press, vigorous legal action by the Greater Noida Authority reportedly led to this mafia alliance backing away from this theft, although it may have shifted its attention to illegally encroaching on land along the Taj Expressway, connecting Delhi and Agra, which is expected to become quite valuable.

See also

 Corruption in India
 Licence Raj
 Police corruption
 Vohra Report

References

Politics of India
Corruption in India
Corruption in Pakistan
Organised crime in India
Organised crime in Pakistan
Indian slang
Indian English idioms
Political terminology in Pakistan
Pakistani English idioms
Forestry in India


Life Show () is a 2002 Chinese film directed by Huo Jianqi. A drama, Life Show tells the story of a restaurant owner, played by Tao Hong, whose busy life dealing with family and business is nevertheless a lonely one. Her life takes a turn, however, when one of her long-time customers, played by Tao Zeru, shows a romantic interest in her. The film was a co-production between the China Film Group and the Beijing Film Studio. It was based on a novel by Chi Li and was adapted by Si Wu.

Life Show won the Golden Goblet at the 2002 Shanghai International Film Festival, as well as awards for best actress and best cinematography. It received a North American premiere at the Montreal World Film Festival on August 28, 2002.

Plot
Life Show follows a woman, Lai Shuangyang, who operates a duck neck stall in night market in an unnamed city in central China (the film was shot in Chongqing). Though Shuangyang keeps her cool, her life is filled with complications. Her brother drug-addicted Jiujiu has been committed to a sanitarium Her assistant, Mei, who has fallen in love with Jiujiu, attempts suicide. Her sister in law, Xiaojin, always leaves Shuangyang's nephew for Shuangyang to take care of. At the same time, Shuangyang is trying to regain her family's home, which was given to a neighbor during the Cultural Revolution. Perhaps worst of all, Shuangyang is at risk of losing her restaurant.

Into this morass, Shuangyang starts to notice one of her customers, Zhou Xiongzhou, a middle-aged businessman who has been frequenting her restaurant for a year. Despite concerns, she decides to take the risk with Xiongzhou and the two begin an unassuming romance.

Cast
 Tao Hong as Lai Shuangyang, the owner of a small restaurant on a night market street specializing in the central Chinese specialty of duck necks.
 Yang Yi as Mei, Lai Shuangyang's assistant, who is in love with Shuangyang's younger brother, Jiujiu.
 Tao Zeru as Zhuo Xiongzhou, a middle aged customer at Lai Shuangyang's restaurant who begins to show a romantic interest in Shuangyang.
 Pan Yueming as Xiaojin, the wife of Shuangyang's older brother, Shuangyuan.
 Luo Deyuan as Zhang, a local bureaucrat that deals with Shuangyang in her efforts to regain the home of her family that was lost during the Cultural Revolution.

DVD release
Life Show was released for North American markets on region 1 DVD by Razor Digital Entertainment on October 11, 2005. The DVD included subtitles for English, as well as both simplified and traditional Chinese characters.

References

External links

Life Show at the Chinese Movie Database

2002 films
2002 drama films
2000s Mandarin-language films
Films based on Chinese novels
Films set in Chongqing
Films directed by Huo Jianqi
Beijing Film Studio films
Chinese drama films
Films with screenplays by Si Wu
2000s Chinese films


Fada is a town in central Nigeria which is located northeast of Abuja. It is the setting of the 1939 Joyce Cary novel Mister Johnson. Its exact location is latitude 7° 15' 00" N and longitude 4° 04' 00" E.

References

External links

Towns in Nigeria


Hot and Cold may refer to:

Songs
"Hot n Cold", by Katy Perry
"Hot n Cold", by Albert Collins 1965
"Hot & Cold", by SM Town from 2022 Winter SM Town: SMCU Palace, 2022
"Hot and Cold", by Marvin Rainwater 1956
"Hot and Cold", by Kate Miller-Heidke (with Yanto Browning)
"Hot and Cold", by Jermaine Stewart and co-written by Andy Summers, 1989
"Hot and Cold", by Eels on their album Oh What a Beautiful Morning, 2000
"Hot and Cold", by Ex Hex released on Merge Records
"Hot and Cold", by Fly to the Sky from Sea of Love
"Hot and Cold", by Kiss from Sonic Boom
"Hot and Cold", by MxPx from Let It Happen

Other
Hot and Cold (game), party game also known as Hunt the Thimble
Hot and Cold (film) 1933 Pooch the Pup cartoon


Alland may refer to:

In people:
 Sandra Alland (born 1973), an Edinburgh Scottish-Canadian writer, multimedia artist, bookseller, small press publisher
 William Alland (1916 - 1997), an actor, producer, writer and director

In places:
 Alland, a town in the district of Baden in Lower Austria in Austria


Audet is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 Antoine Audet, Canadian politician in Quebec, Canada
 Aurèle Audet (1920–2015), Canadian politician in Quebec, Canada
 Consuelo Portela Audet (1885–1959), Cuban-born Spanish cuplé singer
 Earl Audet (1921–2002), American football offensive lineman
 Jean-Paul Audet (1918–1993), French Canadian academic and philosopher
 Marie-Claude Audet (born 1962), Canadian cyclist
 Martine Audet (born 1961), Canadian poet
 Michel Audet (born 1940), Canadian economist and a politician in Quebec, Canada
 Nicodème Audet (1822–1905), merchant and political figure in Quebec
 Philippe Audet (born 1977), Canadian ice hockey player
 René Audet (1920–2011), Canadian Roman Catholic bishop
 Richard Joseph Audet (1922–1945), Canadian fighter pilot during World War II

See also
 Audit (disambiguation)
 Audette, surname


René Joseph Eugène Létourneau (17 November 1912 – 2 July 1986) was a Progressive Conservative party member of the House of Commons of Canada. Born in Saint-Paul-de-Montminy, Quebec, he was a lumber merchant and merchant by career.

He first attempted to win Quebec's Stanstead riding in the 1957 federal election but lost to Louis-Édouard Roberge of the Liberal party. Létourneau defeated Roberge in the 1958 election and was re-elected to a second term in 1962. In the 1963 election, Liberal candidate Yves Forest defeated Létourneau at Stanstead. Létourneau made one final attempt to return to Parliament in the 1965 election but was again defeated by Forest.

External links

1912 births
1986 deaths
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Quebec
People from Chaudière-Appalaches
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada MPs


Geneva City School District is a school district in Geneva, New York, United States. The current superintendent is Lawrence Bo Wright.

The district operates four schools: Geneva High School, Geneva Middle School, West Street School, and North Street School.

History

Relatively little is known about the early history of Geneva public schools. On June 19, 1812, the New York State legislature passed an act for the establishment of Common Schools which became the basis of the common school system in the State of New York. The date of the first public school established in Geneva in compliance with this act was in 1815. Subsequently, a number of schools were established in Geneva.

In 1853, the Geneva Union School was incorporated and authorized to maintain a classical department and to instruct a normal class. In 1863, Geneva schools were desegregated. On March 16, 1869, the Union School’s corporate title was changed to “The Geneva Classical and Union School.” It was the first Union School built in New York State.

In 1924-1925, a commodious High School building was built at the corner of Milton and Pulteney Streets in the City of Geneva. The school was erected on the grounds formerly occupied by a cemetery; the bodies from which were exhumed and removed to Glenwood Cemetery. The building was used by Finger Lakes Community College for several years starting in 2007, before being demolished in 2014.

In 1981, the high school was moved to its present location at 101 Carter Road in the City of Geneva.

Administration
The District offices are located at 400 West North Street in Geneva. The current Superintendent is Patricia Garcia. Previously, the school's offices were located at 649 South Exchange Street in Geneva, but were moved before the 2010 school year.

Geneva High School

Geneva High School is located at 101 Carter Road and serves grades 9 through 12. The current principal is Gregory Baker.

Geneva High School was originally based on 63 Pulteney Street in Geneva, a three-story building that was constructed in 1926. A new classroom wing was added to the building in 1965 on the southern half of the building. In 1981, following the construction of a new high school building on 101 Carter Road, the High School moved to the new location, the Pulteney Street campus served as the location of Geneva Middle School.

Geneva Middle School

Geneva Middle School is located at 101 Carter Road and serves grades 6 through 8. The current principal is Robert Smith.

The middle school began on what is now North Street School on West North Street in Geneva. In 1981, the school moved to the former high school on 63 Pulteney Street and remained there until the 2004 school year. At that time, it moved to a brand new building and campus built adjacent to the High School.

North Street School

North Street School is located at 400 West North Street and serves grades 2 through 5. The current principal is Eric Vaillancourt.

Originally constructed as the Geneva Junior High School, the building switched to an elementary school housed Grades K through 5 for students who lived within the area close to the school. In 2008-2009, the school became a school for grades 3 through 5, switching principals and some faculty.

Second grade was added to the school along with new classrooms in the fall of 2018.

West Street School

West Street School is located at 30 West Street and serves grades K through 1. The current principal is Susan Meskos.

West Street school opened in 1956. The school originally housed Grades K through 6 (eventually Grades K through 5) for students who lived within the area close to the school. In 2008-2009, the school became a school for grades K through 2, switching principals and some faculty.

In 2018, Grade 2 moved to North Street School.

See also
DeSales High School
St. Francis-St. Stephen's School

References

External links
Official site

Education in Ontario County, New York
Geneva, New York
School districts in New York (state)


Keith Harper (12 July 1927 – 12 August 1997) was an Australian rules footballer who played for Perth in the West Australian National Football League (WANFL) during the late 1940s and 1950s. His younger brother Roy also played with the club.

WANFL
Harper had an accomplished career at Perth, which began in the 1948 season. Used mostly as a centreman or winger, Harper won the first of his four 'Fairest and Best' awards in 1951 before winning it again in 1953, 1957 and 1959. He was appointed club captain in 1955 and led Perth to the premiership that year,  their first since 1907. From 1956 to 1960 he remained captain of Perth but they didn't experience anymore premiership success.

Interstate football
The midfielder took the field regularly for Western Australia in interstate matches and made a total of 18 appearances. His best performances came in 1954 when he won a Simpson Medal for his effort against Victoria at Subiaco and in 1956 where he was awarded All-Australian selection at the Perth Carnival.

Legacy
In 1999 he was named as a wingman in Perth's official 'Team of the Century'. Later, in 2004, Harper was inducted into the West Australian Football Hall of Fame as one of the inaugural inductees.

References

External links

1927 births
1997 deaths
Australian rules footballers from Western Australia
Perth Football Club players
All-Australians (1953–1988)
West Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees


The Jon Spencer Blues Explosion is the debut album by the New York City-based eponymous band. Few copies of the album were produced; however, some songs are featured on the album Crypt Style, released one year after. Additionally, some songs are featured on the album A Reverse Willie Horton, released one year earlier, and considered either a bootleg or the group's true first album, as it contains all studio tracks. All three albums are culled from separate 1991 recording sessions with Kramer and Steve Albini.

Track listing

 "Write a Song" - 1:53
 "I.E.V." - 1:45
 "Exploder" - 2:00
 "Rachel" - 2:25
 "Chicken Walk" - 2:53
 "White Tail" - 2:31
 "'78 Style" - 1:26
 "Changed" - 1:05
 "What To Do" - 2:11
 "Eye To Eye" - 1:43
 "Eliza Jane" - 2:02
 "History Of Sex" - 1:46
 "Comeback" - 3:12
 "Support-A-Man" - 2:00
 "Maynard Ave." - 1:57
 "Feeling Of Love" - 1:47
 "Vacuum Of Loneliness" - 3:02
 "Intro A" - 0:52
 "Biological" - 2:10
 "Water Main" - 1:51

Personnel
The Jon Spencer Blues Explosion
 Jon Spencer - lead vocals, guitar, theremin
 Judah Bauer - guitar, backing vocals
 Russel Simins - drums
Additional Personnel
 Kurt Hoffmann - tenor saxophone
 Frank London - trumpet
 John Linnell - baritone saxophone

References

Jon Spencer Blues Explosion albums
1992 debut albums


Katona Nándor or Nathan Ferdinand Kleinberger (12 September 1864 Szepesófalu (Spišská Stará Ves), Kingdom of Hungary now Slovakia – 1 August 1932, Budapest, Hungary) was a Hungarian Jewish painter.

One of seven children of a dismally poor Jewish family he was discovered as a prodigy, brought up and instructed in painting by László Mednyánszky. He later studied in Budapest and Paris, and traveled extensively throughout Western Europe.

Most of his works depict scenes of nature from his home region, the Szepes county (Spiš) in particular views of the Tatra Mountains and the area of Késmárk (Kežmarok), which he considered his home town despite having spent much of his life in Budapest.

His works are on exhibit at the Hungarian National Gallery in Budapest, the Slovak National Gallery, the Eastern Slovak Gallery in Kassa (Košice) and the Tatra Gallery in Poprad.

References

Further reading
 Anna Ondrušeková Ferdinand Katona 1864–1932 publ. Tatranská Galéria, Poprad, 2004.
 Biography in Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon

External links
 Works of art held in Slovak art collections

1864 births
1932 deaths
People from Spišská Stará Ves
Jewish painters
19th-century Hungarian painters
20th-century Hungarian painters
Painters from Austria-Hungary


Azania may refer to:

Places
 Azania, a historical region in East Africa
 Azania (Greece), a historical region of ancient Arcadia, Greece
 Azania (Somalia), an autonomous region in southern Somalia; incumbent name of the former Jubaland region
 Azania, a microcontinent that consisted of parts of modern Madagascar, East Africa, Arabia and south India
 Azania, proposed name for South Africa
 Azania, rejected name for South Sudan
 Azania, a new name for the Central African Republic

Fiction
 Azania, a fictional island in Evelyn Waugh's novel Black Mischief
 Azania, a black-ruled South Africa extending far northwards in Bruce Sterling's novel Islands in the Net
 Azania, a new name for South Africa in Kim Stanley Robinson's Mars trilogy of novels
 Azania, a province in the novels Lion's Blood and Zulu Heart by Steven Barnes

People
 Malcolm Azania (born 1969), Canadian teacher, writer, community activist
 Azania Stewart (born 1989), British basketball player

Other uses
 Azania Bank, a commercial bank in Tanzania
 Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa, the peer-reviewed journal of the British Institute in Eastern Africa
 "Azania (Soon Come)", a song by New Zealand reggae group Herbs

See also
 Pan Africanist Congress of Azania, a South African liberation movement
 Socialist Party of Azania, a Trotskyist, pan-Africanist political party in South Africa
 Azania Liberation Front, an armed faction in the First Sudanese Civil War


August William Kuchler (born August Wilhelm Küchler; 26 July 1907 – 17 June 1999) was a German-born American geographer and naturalist who is noted for developing a plant association system in widespread use in the United States. Some of this database has become digitized for integration into GIS mapping systems. Kuchler received his Ph.D. in geography from the University of Munich in 1935. In 1978, he received the Association of American Geographers' Honors award. He is the author of the book Vegetation Mapping.

See also
 Biome

Line notes

References
 Kuchler, A(ugust) William [Wilhelm] (Germany-United States 1907-1999)
 Ann Watkins, Terrestrial vegetation of the U.S. by state
 A.W. Kuchler (1996) Potential Natural Vegetation for California, California State Resources Agency

1999 deaths
1907 births
American geographers
University of Kansas faculty
20th-century geographers
German emigrants to the United States


Nancy J. Nersessian is the Regents' Professor and Professor of Cognitive Science at the Georgia Institute of Technology. Her work tends to be in the areas of the philosophy of science, the history of science, and the psychology of science.

She has been a foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences since 2006.

Works
Creating Scientific Concepts (MIT Press, 2008),
Model-Based Reasoning: Science, Technology, and Values (edited with L. Magnani; Kluwer 2001),
Model-Based Reasoning in Scientific Discovery (edited with L. Magnani and P. Thagard; Plenum 1999),
Faraday to Einstein: Constructing Meaning in Scientific Theories (Kluwer, 1984, 1990),

References

External links
 Her faculty page at Georgia Tech

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Georgia Tech faculty
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
Fellows of the Cognitive Science Society


The 19th season of Law & Order premiered on NBC on November 5, 2008, and concluded on June 3, 2009. This was the third time in the series where there were no changes in the cast from the previous season and the last season to air on Wednesday nights at 10PM/9c, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit has claimed the slot off-and-on (SVU often placed at 9PM/8c to lead other programming that later gets moved or taken off schedule) from Fall 2009 to present.

The series declined in the ratings due to competition from CBS's CSI: NY although some episodes spiked when CSI: NY episodes were repeats (or replaced with other programming).

Cast

Main cast
 Jeremy Sisto as Senior Detective Cyrus Lupo
 Anthony Anderson as Junior Detective Kevin Bernard
 S. Epatha Merkerson as Lieutenant Anita Van Buren
 Linus Roache as Executive Assistant District Attorney Michael Cutter
 Alana de la Garza as Assistant District Attorney Connie Rubirosa
 Sam Waterston as Interim District Attorney  Jack McCoy

Recurring cast
 Carolyn McCormick as Dr. Elizabeth Olivet

Episodes

References

External links
Episode guide from NBC.com

19
2008 American television seasons
2009 American television seasons


is the eighth Japanese single by Angela Aki and was released on September 17, 2008. It was broadcast in a music program Minna no Uta in August 2008 with some re-runs. The song reached number three on the Oricon Weekly Charts, selling more than 200,000 copies. It was certified Million for downloads in 2016 by the RIAJ. The song is performed in the anime movie Colorful.

The song was ranked at 25 on "Billboard Japan Hot 100 Songs" chart.

The B-side "Still Fighting It" is a Japanese language cover of Ben Folds' song of the same name. Aki herself wrote the Japanese version's lyrics. Folds himself, by chance, heard Aki cover the song at the 2008 Fuji Rock Festival. He was impressed, and met with Aki. Due to this, they collaborated on the song "Black Glasses", on Aki's next album, Answer.

Choir versions
The song is the self-cover of the choir song Angela originally wrote by a request of NHK, the national public broadcaster, as the compulsory song in the 75th NHK National School Music Contest in 2008, Junior High School (12–15 years old) Division. Arranged by Hiroaki Takaha, the girls' and mixed demonstration choirs were broadcast in March 2008.

Track listing

Charts (Japan)

Cover versions
This song has also been sung by Taiwanese singer Rene Liu under the title Strive On: To My Fifteen Year Old Self (), Chinese singer Chen Ming () under the title Letter (), Bibi Zhou under the title Write to Future Myself (), Hong Kong singer Sherman Chung under the title Letter to Myself () and the 15-year-old Japanese singer and Morning Musume member Mei Yamazaki.

References

External links
Official Discography

Angela Aki songs
2008 singles
Billboard Japan Hot 100 number-one singles
Japanese-language songs
2008 songs
Songs written by Angela Aki
Sony Music Entertainment Japan singles


Cory Woron (born May 4, 1969) is a Canadian sportscaster and a host of TSN's SportsCentre.

Broadcast career

Woron joined TSN in 2000, and currently hosts the weekday edition of TSN's flagship news program SportsCentre. He began his work for TSN on another programme called Ford That's Golf, before joining SportsCentre.

Before joining TSN, Woron worked at Global TV in Winnipeg as a sports anchor. Prior to his time at Global TV, he worked as a sports radio reporter at CKNW in Vancouver as well as a Vancouver correspondent for ESPN Radio on WFAN in New York City. Woron also worked as a public address announcer for the IHL's Manitoba Moose during their 1999–2000 season.

Prior to becoming a journalist, Woron was an aspiring actor, living in Vancouver.  His most notable role was as a guest on an episode of Danger Bay. He returned to acting, albeit as a sportscaster, in Swearnet: The Movie.

References

External links
 Cory Woron's Twitter
 TSN.ca Biography

Canadian television journalists
Canadian people of Ukrainian descent
Living people
1969 births
20th-century Canadian journalists
21st-century Canadian journalists


WCLT (1430 AM) is a radio station broadcasting an adult contemporary format. Licensed to Newark, Ohio, United States.  The station is currently owned by WCLT Radio and features programming from  Westwood One.

FM Translator
In addition to the main station at 1430 kHz, WCLT is relayed by an FM translator to widen the broadcast area, especially during nighttime hours when the AM frequency broadcasts with only 48 watts.

History
On January 11, 2017, at 12:00 p.m., WCLT changed their format from sports to adult contemporary, branded as "Kate 98.7".

Previous logo

References

External links

CLT


Several organisms are capable of rolling locomotion. However, true wheels and propellers—despite their utility in human vehicles—do not play a significant role in the movement of living things (with the exception of certain flagella, which work like corkscrews). Biologists have offered several explanations for the apparent absence of biological wheels, and wheeled creatures have appeared often in speculative fiction.

Given the ubiquity of the wheel in human technology, and the existence of biological analogues of many other technologies (such as wings and lenses), the lack of wheels in the natural world would seem to demand explanation—and the phenomenon is broadly explained by two main factors. First, there are several developmental and evolutionary obstacles to the advent of a wheel by natural selection, addressing the question "Why can't life evolve wheels?" Secondly, wheels are often at a competitive disadvantage when compared with other means of propulsion (such as walking, running, or slithering) in natural environments, addressing the question "If wheels  evolve, why might they be rare nonetheless?" This environment-specific disadvantage also explains why humans abandoned the wheel in certain regions at least once in history.

Known instances of rotation in biology
There exist two distinct modes of locomotion using rotation: first, simple rolling; and second, the use of wheels or propellers, which spin on an axle or shaft, relative to a fixed body. While many creatures employ the former mode, the latter is restricted to microscopic, single-celled organisms.

Rolling

Some organisms use rolling as a means of locomotion. These examples do not constitute the use of a wheel, as the organism rotates as a whole, rather than employing separate parts which rotate independently.

Several species of elongate organisms form their bodies into a loop to roll, including certain caterpillars (which do so to escape danger), tiger beetle larvae, myriapods, mantis shrimp, Armadillidiidae, and Mount Lyell salamanders. Other species adopt more spherical postures, primarily to protect their bodies from predators; this posture has been seen in pangolins, wheel spiders, hedgehogs, armadillos, armadillo girdled lizards, isopods, and fossilized trilobites. Pangolins and wheel spiders have been observed to purposely roll away from predators. These species may roll passively (under the influence of gravity or wind) or actively, typically by altering their shape to generate a propulsive force.

Tumbleweeds, which are the above-ground portions of certain plants, separate from their root structure and roll in the wind to distribute their seeds. These plants are found especially in open plain environments. The most well-known of these include Kali tragus (also known as Salsola tragus), or prickly Russian thistle, which arrived in North America in the late 19th century, and gained a reputation as a noxious weed. Fungi of the genus Bovista are known to use the same strategy to disperse their spores.

Rotifers are a phylum of microscopic but multi-celled animals, typically found in freshwater environments. Although the Latin name rotifer means 'wheel-bearer', these organisms do not have any rotating structures, but rather a ring of rhythmically beating cilia used for feeding and propulsion.

Keratinocytes, a type of skin cell, migrate with a rolling motion during the process of wound healing. These cells serve to form a barrier against pathogens and moisture loss through wounded tissue.

Dung beetles form spherical balls of animal excrement, which they roll with their bodies, generally by walking backwards and pushing the ball with their rear legs. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that this rolling behavior evolved independently several times. The behavior of these beetles was noted in ancient Egyptian culture, which imparted sacred significance to their activities. Although it is the dung ball that rolls rather than the beetle itself, the beetles face many of the same mechanical difficulties that rolling organisms contend with.

Free rotation

Macroscopic

Among animals, there exists a single known example of an apparently freely rotating structure, though it is used for digestion rather than propulsion: the crystalline style of certain bivalves and gastropods. The style consists of a transparent glycoprotein rod which is continuously formed in a cilia-lined sac and extends into the stomach. The cilia rotate the rod, so that it becomes wrapped in strands of mucus. As the rod slowly dissolves in the stomach, it releases digestive enzymes. Estimates of the speed of rotation of the style in vivo vary significantly, and it is unclear if the style is rotated continuously or intermittently.

Microscopic
There are two known examples of molecular-scale rotating structures used by living cells. ATP synthase is an enzyme used in the process of energy storage and transfer. It bears some similarity to the flagellar motors discussed below. ATP synthase is thought to have arisen by modular evolution, in which two subunits with their own functions have become associated and gained a new functionality.

The only known example of a biological "wheel" or "propeller"—a system capable of providing continuous propulsive torque about a fixed body—is the  flagellum, a corkscrew-like tail used by single-celled prokaryotes for propulsion. The bacterial flagellum is the best known example. About half of all known bacteria have at least one flagellum, indicating that rotation may in fact be the most common form of locomotion in living systems, though its use is restricted to the microscopic environment.

At the base of the bacterial flagellum, where it enters the cell membrane, a motor protein acts as a rotary engine. The engine is powered by proton motive force, i.e. by the flow of protons (hydrogen ions) across the bacterial cell membrane due to a concentration gradient set up by the cell's metabolism. (In species of the genus Vibrio, there are two kinds of flagella, lateral and polar, and some are driven by a sodium ion pump rather than a proton pump.) Flagella are quite efficient, allowing bacteria to move at speeds of up to 60 cell lengths per second. The rotary motor at the base of the flagellum is similar in structure to ATP synthase. Spirillum bacteria have helical bodies with flagella at either end, and they spin about the central axis of their bodies as they move through the water.

Archaea, a group of prokaryotes separate from bacteria, also feature flagella – known as archaella – driven by rotary motor proteins, which are structurally and evolutionarily distinct from bacterial flagella: whereas bacterial flagella evolved from the bacterial Type III secretion system, archaella appear to have evolved from type IV pili.

Some eukaryotic cells, such as the protist Euglena and animal sperm, possess a convergent, evolutionarily distinct flagellum-like structure known as a cilium or undulipodium. Unlike bacterial flagella, these structures do not rotate at the base; rather, they bend in such a way that the tip whips in a circle.

Navicula, a type of diatom, may locomote using a band of free-flowing mucilage strands, in the manner of a tracked vehicle.

Biological barriers to wheeled organisms

The absence of wheels in nature is frequently attributed to constraints imposed by biology: natural selection constrains the evolutionary paths available to species, and the processes by which multicellular organisms grow and develop may not permit the construction of a functioning wheel.

Evolutionary constraints

The processes of evolution can help explain why wheeled locomotion has not evolved in multicellular organisms, as a complex structure or system will not evolve if its incomplete form does not serve to propagate the organism's genes.

Adaptations are produced incrementally through natural selection, so major phenotypic changes will not usually spread within populations if they decrease the fitness of individuals. Although changes that do not affect fitness can spread through genetic drift, and detrimental changes can spread under some circumstances, large changes that require multiple steps will occur only if the intermediate stages increase fitness. Richard Dawkins describes the matter: "The wheel may be one of those cases where the engineering solution can be seen in plain view, yet be unattainable in evolution because it lies [on] the other side of a deep valley, cutting unbridgeably across the massif of Mount Improbable." In such a fitness landscape, wheels might sit on a highly favorable "peak", but the valley around that peak may be too deep or wide for the gene pool to migrate across by genetic drift or natural selection. Stephen Jay Gould notes that biological adaptation is limited to working with available components, commenting that "wheels work well, but animals are debarred from building them by structural constraints inherited as an evolutionary legacy".

Natural selection therefore explains why wheels are an unlikely solution to the problem of locomotion: a partially evolved wheel, missing one or more key features, would probably not impart an advantage to an organism. The exception to this is the flagellum, the only known example of a freely rotating propulsive system in biology; in the evolution of flagella, individual components were recruited from older structures, where they performed tasks unrelated to propulsion. The basal body that is now the rotary motor, for instance, might have evolved from a structure used by the bacterium to inject toxins into other cells. This recruitment of previously evolved structures to serve new functions is called exaptation.

Molecular biologist Robin Holliday has written that the absence of biological wheels argues against creationist or intelligent design accounts of the diversity of life, because an intelligent creator—free of the limitations imposed by evolution—would be expected to deploy wheels wherever they would be of use.

Developmental and anatomical constraints
Using human manufacturing processes, wheeled systems of varying complexity have proven fairly simple to construct, and issues of power transmission and friction have proven tractable. It is not clear, however, that the vastly different processes of embryonic development are suited to—or even capable of—producing a functioning wheel, for reasons described below.

The greatest anatomical impediment to wheeled multicellular organisms is the interface between the static and rotating components of the wheel. In either a passive or driven case, the wheel (and possibly axle) must be able to rotate freely relative to the rest of the machine or organism. Unlike animal joints, which have a limited range of motion, a wheel must be able to rotate through an arbitrary angle without ever needing to be "unwound". As such, a wheel cannot be permanently attached to the axle or shaft about which it rotates (or, if the axle and wheel are fixed together, the axle cannot be affixed to the rest of the machine or organism). There are several functional problems created by this requirement, though these may be partly surmountable.

Power transmission to driven wheels

In the case of a driven wheel, a torque must be applied to generate the locomotive force. In human technology, this torque is generally provided by a motor, of which there are many types, including electric, piston-driven, turbine-driven, pneumatic, and hydraulic (torque may also be provided by human power, as in the case of a bicycle). In animals, motion is typically achieved by the use of skeletal muscles, which derive their energy from the metabolism of nutrients from food. Because these muscles are attached to both of the components that must move relative to each other, they are not capable of directly driving a wheel, and can only do so through a linkage. In addition, large animals cannot produce high accelerations, as inertia increases rapidly with body size.

Friction
Reducing friction is vital for minimizing wear on mechanical components and preventing overheating. As the relative speed of the components rises, and as the contact force between them increases, the importance of friction mitigation increases. Various types of bearing and/or lubricant may be used to reduce friction at the interface between two components. In biological joints such as the human knee, friction is reduced by means of cartilage with a very low friction coefficient, as well as lubricating synovial fluid, which has very low viscosity. Gerhard Scholtz of Humboldt University of Berlin asserts that a similar secreted lubricant or dead cellular material could allow a biological wheel to rotate freely.

Nutrient and waste transfer
Another potential problem that arises at the interface between wheel and axle (or axle and body) is the limited ability of an organism to transfer materials across this interface. If the tissues that make up a wheel are living, they will need to be supplied with oxygen and nutrients and have wastes removed to sustain metabolism. A typical animal circulatory system, composed of blood vessels, would not be able to provide transportation across the interface. In the absence of blood vessels, oxygen, nutrients, and waste products would need to diffuse across the interface, a process that would be greatly limited by the available partial pressure and surface area, in accordance with Fick's law of diffusion. For large multicellular animals, diffusion would be insufficient. Alternatively, a wheel could be composed of excreted, nonliving material such as keratin (of which hair and nails are composed).

Disadvantages of wheels
Wheels incur mechanical and other disadvantages in certain environments and situations that would represent a decreased fitness when compared with limbed locomotion. These disadvantages suggest that, even barring the biological constraints discussed above, the absence of wheels in multicellular life may not be the "missed opportunity" of biology that it first seems. In fact, given the mechanical disadvantages and restricted usefulness of wheels when compared with limbs, the central question can be reversed: not "Why does nature not produce wheels?", but rather, "Why do human vehicles not make more use of limbs?" The use of wheels rather than limbs in most engineered vehicles can likely be attributed to the complexity of design required to construct and control limbs, rather than to a consistent functional advantage of wheels over limbs.

Efficiency

Rolling resistance

Although stiff wheels are more energy-efficient than other means of locomotion when traveling over hard, level terrain (such as paved roads), wheels are not especially efficient on soft terrain such as soil, because they are vulnerable to rolling resistance. In rolling resistance, a vehicle loses energy to the deformation of its wheels and the surface on which they are rolling. Smaller wheels are especially susceptible to this effect. Softer surfaces deform more and recover less than firm surfaces, resulting in greater resistance. Rolling resistance on medium to hard soil can be five to eight times greater than on concrete, and on sand it can be ten to fifteen times greater. While wheels must deform the surface along their entire path, limbs induce only a small, localized deformation around the region of foot contact.

For this reason, rolling resistance led to wheels being abandoned throughout a large region in at least one occasion in history. During the time of the Roman Empire, wheeled chariots were common in the Middle East and North Africa. Yet when the Empire collapsed and its roads fell into disrepair, wheels fell out of favor with the local populations, who turned to camels to transport goods in the sandy desert climate. In his book Hen's Teeth and Horse's Toes, Stephen Jay Gould explains this curiosity of history, asserting that, in the absence of maintained roads, camels required less manpower and water than a wheeled cart pulled by oxen.

Efficiency of aquatic locomotion
When moving through a fluid, rotating systems carry an efficiency advantage only at extremely low Reynolds numbers (i.e. viscosity-dominated flows) such as those experienced by bacterial flagella, whereas oscillating systems have the advantage at higher (inertia-dominated) Reynolds numbers. Whereas ship propellers typically have efficiencies around 60% and aircraft propellers up to around 80% (achieving 88% in the human-powered Gossamer Condor), much higher efficiencies, in the range of 96–98%, can be achieved with an oscillating flexible foil like a fish tail or bird wing.

Traction
Wheels are prone to slipping—an inability to generate traction—on loose or slippery terrain. Slipping wastes energy and can potentially lead to a loss of control or becoming stuck, as with an automobile on mud or snow. This limitation of wheels can be seen in the realm of human technology: in an example of biologically inspired engineering, legged vehicles find use in the logging industry, where they allow access to terrain too challenging for wheeled vehicles to navigate. Tracked vehicles suffer less from slipping than wheeled vehicles, owing to their larger contact area with the ground—but they tend to have larger turning radii than wheeled vehicles, and they are less efficient and more mechanically complex.

Obstacle navigation

Work by vehicle engineer Mieczysław G. Bekker implies that the distribution of irregularities in natural terrains is log-normal; that is, small obstacles are far more common than larger ones. Thus, obstacle navigation is a challenge for locomotion in natural terrains at all size scales. The primary means of obstacle navigation are to go around obstacles and to go over them; each has its attendant challenges.

Going around
Anatomist Michael LaBarbera of the University of Chicago illustrates the poor maneuverability of wheels by comparing the turning radii of walking and wheelchair-using humans. As Jared Diamond points out, most biological examples of rolling are found in wide open, hard-packed terrain, including the use of rolling by dung beetles and tumbleweeds.

Going over
Wheels are poor at dealing with vertical obstacles, especially obstacles on the same scale as the wheel itself, and may be unable to climb vertical obstacles taller than about 40% of the wheel height. Because of this limitation, wheels intended for rough terrain require a larger diameter.

In addition, without articulation, a wheeled vehicle can become stuck on top of an obstacle, with the obstacle between the wheels, preventing them from contacting the ground. Limbs, in contrast, are useful for climbing and are equipped to deal with uneven terrain.

With unarticulated wheels, climbing obstacles will cause the body of a vehicle to tilt. If the vehicle's center of mass moves outside of the wheelbase or axle track, the vehicle becomes statically unstable, and will tend to tip over. At speed, a vehicle can become dynamically unstable – that is, it can be tipped over by an obstacle smaller than its static stability limit, or by excessive acceleration or tight turning. Suspension systems often mitigate the tendency of wheeled vehicles to overturn, but unlike fully articulated limbs, they do not provide any ability to recover from an overturned position.

Versatility
Limbs used by animals for terrestrial locomotion are frequently also used for other purposes, such as grasping, manipulating, climbing, branch-swinging, swimming, digging, jumping, throwing, striking, and grooming. Without articulation, wheels cannot perform these functions.

In fiction and legend

Legends and speculative fiction reveal a longstanding human fascination with rolling and wheeled creatures. Such creatures appear in mythologies from Europe, Japan, the United States, and Australia. Wheeled animal figurines were produced by pre-modern civilizations including those of pre-Columbian Mexico and archaic Greece.

Rolling creatures
The hoop snake, a creature of legend in the United States and Australia, is said to grasp its tail in its mouth and roll like a wheel towards its prey. Japanese culture includes a similar mythical creature, the . Buer, a demon mentioned in the 16th-century grimoire , was described and illustrated in Collin de Plancy's Dictionnaire Infernal as having radially-arranged arms on which it rolled.

The Dutch graphic artist M. C. Escher illustrated a rolling creature of his own invention in a 1951 lithograph. Rolling creatures are also featured in works by comic author Carl Barks, science fiction writers Fredric Brown, George R. R. Martin, and Joan Slonczewski, and in the Sonic the Hedgehog video game series.

Wheeled creatures
Toy animals with wheels dating from the Pre-Columbian era were uncovered by archaeologists in Veracruz, Mexico, in the 1940s. The indigenous peoples of this region did not use wheels for transportation prior to the arrival of Europeans.

Several 20th-century writers explored possibilities of wheeled creatures. L. Frank Baum's 1907 children's novel Ozma of Oz features humanoid creatures with wheels instead of hands and feet, called Wheelers. Their wheels are composed of keratin, which has been suggested by biologists as a means of avoiding nutrient and waste transfer problems with living wheels. Despite moving quickly on open terrain, the Wheelers are stymied by obstacles in their path that do not hinder creatures with limbs.

In the latter half of the 20th century, wheeled or wheel-using creatures featured in works by fantasy and science fiction writers including Clifford D. Simak, Piers Anthony, David Brin, K. A. Applegate, Philip Pullman, and writing partners Ian Stewart and Jack Cohen. Some of these works address the developmental and biomechanical constraints on wheeled creatures: Brin's creatures suffer from arthritic axles, and Pullman's Mulefa are not born with wheels, but roll on seed pods with which they coevolved.

See also

Biomimicry, which includes biologically inspired engineering
Projectile use by living systems, another adaptation commonly associated with human technology
Robot locomotion, in which locomotive issues faced by living systems are addressed in a technological context
Issus, one of many genera of planthoppers which use gear mechanisms to synchronize their legs while jumping

Notes

References

External links

, featuring a rolling golden wheel spider
, from BBC's Weird Nature

Animal locomotion
Biomechanics
Evolutionary biology
Rotation
Terrestrial locomotion
Thought experiments
Speculative evolution
Hypothetical life forms


Fred Robbins (born Fred Rubin, September 28, 1919 – June 23, 1992) was an American radio personality who became a television host and celebrity interviewer.

Background
Fred Robbins was born in Baltimore, Maryland, as Fred Rubin. He attended Baltimore City College and the University of Baltimore Law School, graduating in 1938. While at the University of Baltimore, Robbins was the features and radio editor of The Baloo (the official campus news weekly), and he was also a member of the tennis team and dramatic club.

Career
Robbins began a career in broadcasting at  Baltimore radio station WITH. He began working on WHN in New York City in 1942 and later had the 1280 Club program on WOV, also in New York City..Robbins later had the Robbins Nest program on WINS, WABC and WNEW in New York, and he hosted television programs there. He was briefly the host of The Talent Shop and Cavalcade of Bands for the DuMont TV network. He also worked on Coke Time with Eddie Fisher on NBC and was the host of Kreisler Bandstand on ABC in 1951.

Beginning in 1960, Robbins was host of Assignment Hollywood, a five-minute program on the ABC radio network. Nearly 400 affiliated stations carried the show, as did stations in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand. Robbins traveled to interview movie stars and singers on location. The trade publication Billboard reported in 1966 that radio stations considered the program "extremely useful, either as a separate show or integrated into a deejay's program".

He did interview programs for many radio networks and filmed nearly 100 behind-the-scenes features on movie making (through his "Robbins Nest" production unit), which were broadcast for nearly a decade on CBS Movie Nights. Robbins starred or played himself in more than two dozen television shows or movies from the 1940s through the 1980s. He was also a feature interviewer for CNN's Showbiz Tonight and wrote profiles of celebrities for many magazines.

Robbins's career expanded, and he began interviewing celebrities. On October 29, 1966, he interviewed John Lennon on the set of the movie How I Won the War in Carboneras, Spain.

Robbins also had an hour-long disc-jockey program that was syndicated via electrical transcription. In 1948 the trade publication Broadcasting noted that the show was carried by more than 100 stations.

He was immortalized by two jazz compositions, one by Billy Strayhorn called "Snibor", his name spelled backwards. It was recorded by the Duke Ellington Orchestra in 1947 and again in 1967. The other composition was "Robbins Nest" by Sir Charles Thompson and recorded by many artists'. It became a jazz standard.

Robbins died of lymphoma on June 23, 1992, at the Lenox Hill Hospital in Manhattan. He was 73 years old.

References

Sources
  University of Baltimore. "The Reporter Yearbook 1938". Accessed November 23, 2009.
 Carter Harman, "Bop: Skee, Re or Be, ‘It's Still Got to Swing’". New York Times (December 5, 1948). Accessed October 6, 2009.
 Spangler, Jay. "Lennon Interview: Carboneras, Spain with Fred Robbins 29 October 1966."
 The Ultimate Beatles Experience. Accessed October 20, 2009.

1919 births
1992 deaths
American infotainers
American radio personalities
American television talk show hosts
Baltimore City College alumni
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
Deaths from lymphoma
Mass media people from Baltimore
University of Baltimore alumni


Bemrose may refer to:

In people:
 Henry Howe Bemrose (1827 – 1911), a British printer and publisher, as well as mayor
 John Bemrose, a Canadian arts journalist, novelist, poet and playwright
 Max Bemrose (1904 – 1986), an English industrialist, politician
 Ted Bemrose, English footballer

In other uses:
 The Bemrose School, a school in Derby, England


MindTouch was an American multinational technology company headquartered in San Diego, California that designed, developed, and sold SaaS computer software and online services. MindTouch was founded by Aaron Fulkerson and Steve Bjorg in 2005. In January 2016, MindTouch announced their Series A Venture Capital funding round, totaling US$12 million. PeakSpan Capital led the round with participation from SK Ventures and SAP SE. In April 2021, MindTouch was acquired by NICE CXone and rebranded NICE CXone Expert.

As a division of NICE, the organization's primary software product is NICE CXone Expert (formerly called MindTouch Responsive). Retired products included DekiWiki, MindTouch Core, and MindTouch 4. NICE CXone Expert allows for a team to create, publish, and edit content, and then structure that content within a responsive user interface. Its online services include TouchPoints, CRM integrations, a Success Program, and a custom software development team that helps with branding, information architecture, and custom integrations for new and existing customers.

History

Wiki front-end
MindTouch started in 2005 as a fork of the MediaWiki software. The first release was named DekiWiki, and occurred in July 2006. Its features included use of XHTML in place of wikitext, a WYSIWYG editor, and Lucene-based search. The main functionality of the MindTouch wiki was to access a PHP frontend, which provided a wiki along with a WYSIWYG editor.

Multi-language support (named polyglot) allows switching interface and content languages on per page, per section, and per user basis. In multilingual wikis the engine prioritizes search results by the user's default language. MindTouch cites the 8.05 release of Deki as the first polyglot application on the web.

MindTouch Core
MindTouch Core allows for a user to access and edit pages stored as XML, rather than wikitext. MindTouch Core is an open-source enterprise web-based wiki software and mashup platform. Pages are editable using a GUI editor or may be manipulated as an XML web service. The software has integrated authentication with Apache or IIS modules. Permissions can be applied to individual pages or page hierarchies. The open source version MindTouch Core is distributed on SourceForge under the terms of the GNU General Public License (with some parts under GNU Lesser General Public License and Apache License). DekiScript, a lightweight, interpreted programming language, allows users to add dynamic content to MindTouch pages. DekiScript may be embedded directly into web pages and extended through XML extensions.

MindTouch Core includes multiple connectors to perform mashups. MindTouch Core also includes with extensions allowing connection to numerous online services, including systems such as Google Maps, Windows Live, Flickr and Yahoo. A now unsupported commercial license enabled features such as connectors to SugarCRM, Salesforce, LinkedIn, MySQL, Microsoft SQL Server and Microsoft Access.

On April 9, 2013 MindTouch Inc. announced that they would no longer support their open source offering MindTouch Core. The last open-source releases of MindTouch Core are still available on SourceForge.

MindTouch 4
MindTouch 4 was a SaaS product developed from the open-source MindTouch Core source code base.

NICE CXone Expert
NICE CXone Expert is the current version of the software service. NICE CXone Expert allows for a team to create, publish, and edit content, and then structure that content within a responsive user interface.

Partners
Integration partnerships with CRM vendors such as SAP and Salesforce.com provide support agents the ability to use NICE CXone Expert content in their customer support workflows.

Releases
NICE CXone Expert's cloud infrastructure delivers a weekly update for bug fixes and feature changes.

Development
MindTouch was forked from MediaWiki in 2005; the first release (under the name DekiWiki) occurred in July 2006, featuring XHTML in place of wikitext, a WYSIWYG editor and Lucene-based search. Consequently, the backend was completely reimplemented in C#, resulting in an API built as web services on top of the new DReAM ("Distributed REST Application Manager") server and toolset. NICE CXone Expert is the latest version of the organization's SaaS offering, replacing MindTouch 4. MindTouch 4 was forked, internally within MindTouch, Inc., from the open-source MindTouch Core source code base in early 2010. In addition to some legacy PHP and C# components of MindTouch Core, NICE CXone Expert software and infrastructure includes technologies such as NodeJS, Elasticsearch, F#, Amazon SQS, Amazon Lambda, Snowflake, Redis, HAProxy, Puppet, Docker, and Kubernetes.

References

Companies based in San Diego
Software companies based in California
Cloud applications
Defunct software companies of the United States


WCLT-FM (100.3 MHz) is a commercial radio station broadcasting a country music radio format. It is owned by WCLT Radio and uses the slogan Today's Country and Your All-Time Favorites, T-100. Licensed to Newark, Ohio, it serves the Columbus metropolitan area.  In morning drive time, T-100 carries the syndicated Big D and Bubba Show.

WCLT-FM has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 50,000 watts, the current maximum for most of Ohio.  The transmitter and studios are on Jacksonville Road (Ohio State Route 13) in Newark.  WCLT-FM broadcasts using HD Radio technology.  The HD2 digital subchannel carries a mainstream rock format known as "104.7 The Big Lick."  It feeds FM translator W284CH at 104.7 MHz.

History
WCLT-FM signed on the air on .  It was owned by The Advocate, Newark's daily newspaper.  In its early days, WCLT-FM largely simulcast co-owned WCLT 1480 AM.

By the 1970s, the FM station was offering separate programming.  While WCLT (AM) was a Top 40 station, WCLT-FM played automated easy listening music.  In the 1980s, the station made the transition to soft adult contemporary music.  In the 1990s, it flipped to country music.

References

External links

CLT-FM
Radio stations established in 1947
1947 establishments in Ohio


Janek Gwizdala (born 19 November 1978) is an English jazz bassist.

Biography
Gwizdala initially preferred drums, but switched to bass guitar after hearing Laurence Cottle. Gwizdala later moved to the U.S. to attend Berklee College of Music.

Recordings as a leader
Mystery to Me, released in 2004, was recorded at Manhattan Center Studios in front of an audience in one take.

Live at the 55bar was recorded live over two nights in November 2007 and released on 7 February 2008.

Discography

As leader
 Mystery to Me - 2004
 Live at the 55bar - 2008
 The Space in Between - 2010
 It Only Happens Once - 2012
 Theatre by the Sea - 2013
 Motion Picture - 2014
 American Elm - 2016
 Bass Duo - 2017
 The Union - 2019

As sideman
 Yazz Ahmed, Finding My Way Home (Suntara, 2011)
 Peter Erskine, Dr. Um (Fuzzy Music, 2016)
 Ronny Jordan, At Last (N-Coded, 2003)
 Bob Reynolds, Runway (2020)
 Kazumi Watanabe, Tricoroll (EWE, 2011)
 Kazumi Watanabe, Live at Iridium (EWE, 2012)

References

External links
 Official Website
 [ Discography at Allmusic]

1978 births
Living people
21st-century bass guitarists
21st-century British male musicians
Berklee College of Music alumni
British bass guitarists
British emigrants to the United States
British record producers
Male bass guitarists


The Sriburapha Award is a Thai award, established in 1988 in honor of Kulap Saipradit, whose pen name was Sriburapha (). The award recognizes excellence in journalism, writing, and/or the arts. It is presented annually by the Sriburapha Fund at an awards ceremony on May 5, National Writer's Day in Thailand.

Recipients
 1988 Sakchai Bumrungpong† (pen name Seni Saowaphong)
 1990 Amphan Chaiworasin
 1991 Nilawan Pintong
 1992 Achin Panchaphan†
 1993 Sujit Wongthes†
 1994 Sulak Sivaraksa
 1995 Karuna Kusalasai
 1996 Naowarat Phongphaibun†
 1997 Suchart Sawatsi
 1998 Witthayakon Chiangkun
 1999 Suphat Sawatdirak
 2000 Somchai Katanyutanant (pen name Chai Ratchawat)
 2001 Sathian Chanthimat
 2002 Nidhi Eoseewong
 2003 Thirayut Bunmi and Seksan Prasertkun
 2004 Sombun Woraphong
 2005 was the centennial of Sriburapha's birth:
Suwat Woradilok† for writing
Khanchai Boonpan for journalism
Saneh Chamrik for peace activism
 2006 Surachai Chanthimathorn (stage name Nga Caravan)
 2007 Wat Wanlayangkun
 2008 Suthichai Yoon
 2009 Charnvit Kasetsiri

† Also a Thailand National Artist

Lists of Thai people


The Hinckaert knot, a type of decorative unknot, is a heraldic knot used primarily in Dutch heraldry. It is most notable for its appearance on the Hinckaert family heraldic badge, where a semi-angular form is used as canting arms, a common practice with heraldic badges.

The name "Hinckaert" is delineated as a derivation of hincken, "to limp", in the badge. Hence the center crutch, and the buckle on the knot, implying that it is a strap used to attach the crutch to the leg. The dexter "P" and sinister "G" are traditionally translated as standing for Philip (Hinckaert), with whom the knot originated, and his wife, née Gasparine.

References

Decorative knots
Heraldic charges
Heraldic knots


The North Florida Council is a local council of the Boy Scouts of America that oversees Scouting in 17 counties of northeast Florida.  Through almost 3,000 volunteers the council serves over 7,000 youth in over 327 units.  The North Florida Council owns, maintains and operates two camps: Camp Echockotee
on Doctors Lake in Orange Park, and Camp Shands near Hawthorne.

Organization
The Council is divided into four districts, with each district serving a distinct demographic or geographical area:

Five Rivers District
Sabol District
Bartram Trail District
St. Johns District

In addition the council operates a division focused on serving youth in urban housing communities:

Scout Reach Division

Camps

There are two camps in the North Florida Council.

St Johns River Base at Echockotee
St Johns River Base offers many great opportunities for units to come and camp on the shore of Doctor's Lake. Founded in the early 1920s St Johns River Base has 8 large campsites plus many pavilions and program areas to fit your Scouting Adventure.

All Scouting Packs, Troops, Teams, Crews, and Posts are encouraged to come and hike the wilds of Echockotee, fish the shore of Doctor's Lake, and build memories for years to come.

Camp is open from September to April, and is closed May through the 1st weekend after Labor Day for Aquatics Camp Operations and Clean Up.

Camp Shands

Camp Shands is near Hawthorne, Florida. Camp Shands, located on  of diverse Florida terrain. There are 8 focused program areas for every Scout, regardless of their tenure. The Green Bar Bill program is for first year campers.

Order of the Arrow

Echockotee Lodge, a chartered Lodge of the National Order of the Arrow, was founded in 1941, with an initial Ordeal held at Camp Echockotee on May 9 of that year. The first Ordeal class of 36 candidates was made up of youth and adults selected by a council committee, for their prior service to Scouting and the Summer Camp program. The initial totem of the fledgling Lodge was the alligator, but in an organizational meetings that summer, the totem was changed to that of the left-handed handclasp, and the name of the camp was adopted as the Lodge name ("Echockotee" is a Seminole word meaning "we are brothers"). For many years the Lodge was active with Summer Camp activities, holding meetings at the end of camp or occasionally at the Seminole Hotel in Jacksonville during the year. Echockotee hosted the first statewide gathering of lodges, called Area Meetings in 1945, 1946 and 1947 (among the first such gatherings in the country). Not until the mid-1950s did regularly scheduled lodge weekends take place away from Summer Camp, as Echockotee does today.

The Lodge undertook a major portion of the maintenance of Camp Echockotee at Fellowships and Service Days, and did the same when the North Florida Council developed Camp Shands as a new summer camp in 1967. Since then, the Lodge has held all of its fellowship weekends at Shands. Besides the work done to make Shands the facility it is today, the Lodge worked hard to dominate many of the inter-lodge competitions held at the Area Conferences, building healthy rivalries and traditions that continue to this day. The development of the Dance Team started in the late 1950s and many members have won awards in the Area (now Section) and National level in this field of competition.

In the 1970s, Echockotee built on its legacy of service with additional fixtures at Camp Shands, building the obstacle course and council ring for Section Conferences hosted by the Lodge in 1978 and 1983. Other facilities at Shands that bear the Stamp of Echockotee involvement are the rifle range, ecology and handicraft buildings, the dining hall and the waterfront shelter. In 2006, 2007 and 2008, the lodge received the National Service Award, which is presented to only 8 lodges in the Order each year for the outstanding quantity and quality of their contributions.

In addition several Echockotee members have been recognized by the National Order of the Arrow Committee for their outstanding service on a Section, Region or National level with the Distinguished Service Award . Those individuals are Kevin Holloway (1977), Jack Butler (1986), Kelly Roberts (1988), Todd Leonard (1994), Greg Hazelhurst (1996), Todd Turner (1998), David Strebler (2000), Courtney Allen (2004), Seth Mollitt (2006), Ed Tudor (2009), and Bradley Austin Kriznar (2018).

See also
Scouting in Florida

References

Local councils of the Boy Scouts of America
Southern Region (Boy Scouts of America)
Youth organizations based in Florida


Bhabra is an ancient merchant community from Punjab whose population mainly follows Jainism.

Bhabra may also refer to:

 Ben Bhabra (born 1996), English cricketer
 H. S. Bhabra (1955–2000), British Asian writer and broadcaster who settled in Canada
 Sangeeta Bhabra, co-presenter of Meridian Tonight

See also
 Bhabrasur
 Bhabha (disambiguation)


WHTH (790 AM, "107.7 Buckeye Country") is a radio station  broadcasting a country music format. Licensed to Heath, Ohio, United States.  The station is locally owned and operated by the Runnymede Corporation.

References

External links

HTH


Emmanuel Rhoides (;  28 June 1836 – 7 January 1904) was a Greek writer and journalist.

Biography
Born in Hermoupolis, the capital of the island of Syros, to a family of rich aristocrats
from Chios — who had fled the island after the massacre of its population by the Ottomans in 1822 — he spent much of his youth abroad. Rhoides was erudite and at a young age had mastered not only the languages of continental Europe but also ancient Greek and Latin.

His early youth years were spent in Genoa, Italy, during the times of the Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states and the revolt of Genoa. He studied history, literature, and philosophy in Berlin, and later in Iași, Romania where his merchant father had transferred the centre of his business activities.

Obeying a parental wish, he moved to Athens, where he printed the translation of Chateaubriand's Itinéraires. In 1860, after a brief sojourn in Egypt, he decided to live and stay permanently in Athens.

Later in his life, he would become very poor, especially with the bankruptcy of the family business, and the subsequent suicide of his beloved brother Nicholas. He eked out his last years by working as a curator for the National Library of Greece. But, even from this position he was dismissed in 1902, when he got into a political dispute with the government.

Rhoides suffered all through his life from a serious hearing problem, which eventually impaired his sense to near deafness.

In 1866 Rhoides published a controversial novel, The Papess Joanne (Ἡ Πάπισσα Ἰωάννα), an exploration of the legend of Pope Joan, a supposed female pope who reigned some time in the ninth or tenth century (which was in fact a time of great turmoil for the papacy). Though a romantic novel with satirical overtones, Rhoides asserted it contained conclusive evidence that Pope Joan truly existed and that the Catholic Church had been attempting to cover up the fact for centuries. The novel was admired by Mark Twain and Alfred Jarry and freely translated by Lawrence Durrell as The Curious History of Pope Joan in 1954.

The book's scathing attacks on what he viewed as an uneducated, uncultured, superstitious and  backward clergy were controversial, and led to Rhoides's excommunication from the Greek Orthodox Church which perceived that its own clergy was the real target of those attacks.

Rhoides often adopted a clear-cut critical stance against the romanticism in literature and poetry and often was poignant and sarcastic to the romance writers and poets of his time. Rhoides, amongst his numerous translations, became the first to translate the works of Edgar Allan Poe into Greek. He wrote frequently in many newspapers and magazines, and published his own satirical newspaper called Asmodaios.

He has expressed the misogynistic view that "Two professions are fit for women: housewife and prostitute".

Quotes
"Each place suffers from something, England from fog, Romania from locusts, Egypt from eye diseases, and Greece from the Greeks." - Emmanuel Rhoides

References

Biography of Rhoides in Short Stories from Syros

Mavrelos N., Roidis’ tangible images and Baudelaire’s paintings of modern life. Aspects of Modernity in Emmanouíl Roidis’ works, Lambert Academic Publishing 2018.

External links

1836 births
1904 deaths
People from Ermoupoli
19th-century Greek writers
19th-century male writers
People excommunicated by the Greek Orthodox Church


Meagan Miller is an American soprano with an active international career in opera, recital and concert.

Early life

Miller was born in Wilmington, Delaware and grew up in West Chester, Ohio and Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania.

She attended high school at Archmere Academy and was selected for the 1991 Pennsylvania Governor's School for the Arts.
Miller then studied at Washington and Lee University for two years, where she performed her first operatic role, the Countess in Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro, and also gave her first solo recital.

She transferred to the Juilliard School in New York City, where she received her bachelor's degree, then continued her studies with the Juilliard Opera Center.

Miller's major teachers during her education were Mary Ellen Schauber, Dan Pressley, Josepha Gayer, and Cynthia Hoffmann, who she studied with at The Juilliard School.

Career

As a winner of the Joy In Singing Award, Miller made her New York City recital debut in the autumn of 1998. The program included songs by Barber, Montsalvatge, Debussy, Griffes and Wolf, and was reviewed in The New York Times by Paul Griffiths.
She was also one of five winners of the Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions in 1999, where she performed "" from Die Entführung aus dem Serail and "Ain't it a Pretty Night?" from Carlisle Floyd's Susannah with the orchestra conducted by Edoardo Muller, in a performance that The New York Times described as proving "her agility, thrust and command of intonation', with a voice that is "strong and brilliant".

She subsequently appeared with the Opera Orchestra of New York, New York City Opera, Opera Theatre of Saint Louis, the Minnesota Opera, the Minnesota Orchestra, Opéra de Montréal, Orlando Opera, Kentucky Opera, Syracuse Opera, Eugene Opera, San Francisco Opera's Merola Program, and Wolf Trap Opera in a variety of leading soprano roles including Mozart's Fiordiligi (Così fan tutte), Donna Anna and Donna Elvira (Don Giovanni), Konstanze (Die Entführung aus dem Serail), Countess Almaviva (The Marriage of Figaro), Violetta (La traviata), Desdemona (Otello), Musetta (La bohème), Marguerite (Faust), Rosalinda (Die Fledermaus), Euridice (Orfeo ed Euridice), Laurie (The Tender Land), and the title role in Susannah.

Miller completed several residencies with the Marilyn Horne Foundation, the Steans Institute at the Ravinia Festival and the Wolf Trap Foundation, which combined performing and outreach, and in 2008 won both the George London/Kirsten Flagstad Award sponsored by the New York Community Trust and the George London Foundation Vienna Prize.

In June 2009, Miller made her European operatic debut as Ariadne in the Vienna Volksoper's new production of Richard Strauss' Ariadne auf Naxos. Her Vienna debut led to further performances at important European opera houses, such as the State Operas of Vienna, Munich and Hamburg, of roles in the late-Romantic German repertoire, primarily Wagner and Strauss, as well as the heavier Puccini roles such as Minnie in La fanciulla del West.
In September 2013, Miller sang Marietta/Marie in a concert performance of Korngold's Die tote Stadt in Boston, a role she then sang on stage at the New National Theatre Tokyo in March 2014 and at the Hamburg State Opera under Simone Young in 2015. Miller made her Metropolitan Opera debut as the  in Richard Strauss' Die Frau ohne Schatten in November 2013 with Vladimir Jurowski conducting.

Miller has appeared in many art song recitals and frequently includes music by contemporary composers. She has premiered several works written specifically for her voice, including Libby Larsen's Try Me, Good King: Last Words of the Wives of Henry VIII and Robert Beaser's Four Dickinson Songs.

She has also premiered numerous other works, including pieces by Thomas Cipullo, Christopher Berg, and Russell Platt. At her 2002 recital at Merkin Concert Hall, she performed a group of Richard Strauss songs that opened with "Das Rosenband" (Op. 36, No. 1), and also included "Meinem Kinde" (Op. 37, No. 3) and "Ständchen" (Op. 17, No. 2) as well as Poulenc's  and , Debussy's early , and Beaser's Four Dickinson Songs. The New York Times review described Miller as "an agreeably flexible interpreter" with "considerable communicative powers" who sang "with a combination of gracefulness and energy that got to the core of the music she offered".

As a soloist in works for voice and orchestra, she has sung in Beethoven's Mass in C major, Missa Solemnis, and Symphony No. 9; Handel's Messiah; Haydn's The Creation; Brahms' Ein Deutsches Requiem; Mozart's Requiem and Exsultate, jubilate; Bruckner's Mass in F minor; Poulenc's Gloria; Dvořák's Requiem, Vaughan Williams' Dona nobis pacem; and Orff's Carmina Burana.

Miller can be heard in commercial recordings of Richard Strauss' Die Liebe der Danae and Bruckner's Mass in F minor (both with the American Symphony Orchestra under Leon Botstein), Beethoven's Symphony No. 9, and The Marilyn Horne Foundation Presents On Wings Of Song (1999/2000 season).

References

External links
Meagan Miller official website
Interview with Meagan Miller for Philadelphia's Lyric Fest, February 2012
 Creatively Speaking, profile (audio) of Meagan Miller by David Patrick Stearns, WRTI, April 2011
Interview: Meagan Miller, Oberon's Grove, February 1, 2011
, Ariadne of Naxos, 2009

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American operatic sopranos
Washington and Lee University alumni
Juilliard School alumni
Winners of the Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions
Singers from Delaware
Musicians from Wilmington, Delaware
Singers from Pennsylvania
Classical musicians from Pennsylvania
People from Chadds Ford Township, Pennsylvania
20th-century American women  opera singers
People from West Chester, Butler County, Ohio
21st-century American women  opera singers
Singers from Ohio
Classical musicians from Ohio


WHVT (90.5 FM) is a radio station  broadcasting a Christian radio format. Licensed to Clyde, Ohio, United States, the station is currently owned by the Clyde Educational Broadcasting Foundation.

WHVT is also heard in Findlay, Ohio through a translator on 94.1 FM.

References

External links

HVT