The Kashag (; ) was the governing council of Tibet during the rule of the Qing dynasty and post-Qing period until the 1950s. It was created in 1721, and set by Qianlong Emperor in 1751 for the Ganden Phodrang in  the 13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet. In that year the Tibetan government was reorganized after the riots in Lhasa of the previous year. The civil administration was represented by the Council (Kashag) after the post of Desi (or Regent; see: dual system of government) was abolished by the Qing imperial court. The Qing imperial court wanted the 7th Dalai Lama to hold both religious and administrative rule, while strengthening the position of the High Commissioners.

As specified by the 13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet, Kashag was composed of three temporal officials and one monk official. Each of them held the title of Kalön (; ), sought appointment from the Qing imperial court, and the Qing imperial court issued certificates of appointment.

The function of the council was to decide government affairs collectively, and present opinions to the office of the first minister. The first minister then presented these opinions to the Dalai Lama and, during the Qing Dynasty the Amban, for a final decision. The privilege of presenting recommendations for appointing executive officials, governors and district commissioners gave the Council much power.

In August 1929, the Supreme Court of the Central Government stated that before the publication of new laws, laws in history regarding Tibet, regarding reincarnation of rinpoches, lamas were applicable

On 28 March 1959, Zhou Enlai, the premier of the People's Republic of China (PRC), formally announced the dissolution of the Kashag.

Ministries

Headed by the council was the government administration, divided into ministries: political, military, economic, judicial, foreign, financial and educational departments. Except for the Ministry of Finance (; ), all ministries had two representatives – one temporal and one monastic. The Ministry of Finance had three lay officials. Each of them held the title of Tsipön (; ). All ministries had a right to make decisions to the extent of their competence. Matters, or problems outside the competence of ministries were (with a particular ministry's given opinion) presented to the council. Everything outside the competence of the council was presented to the Dalai Lama himself.

In Constitution of Tibet (10 March 1963 – 13 June 1991)
On 29 April 1959, the 14th Dalai Lama re-established the Kashag. In 1963, the 14th Dalai Lama promulgated Constitution of Tibet, and he became Head of State of Kashag of Tibet, all ministers of Kashag were appointed by the Dalai Lama.

In the Charter of Tibetans in Exile (14 June 1991 – 14 March 2011)
In 1974, the 14th Dalai Lama rejected calls for Tibetan independence. In 1991, the Charter of Tibetans in Exile was created, and the Dalai Lama became head of the Tibetan Administration and the executive functions for Tibetans-in-exile. Kashag was created and it consisted of Chief Kalon and seven Kalons.

In the Charter of Tibetans in Exile (29 May 2011 – present)
In March 2011, at 71 years of age, he decided not to assume any political and administrative authority, the Charter of Tibetans in Exile was updated immediately in May 2011, with Kashag consisting of Sikyong and no more than seven Kalons.

According to Michael Backman, notable past members of the Cabinet include Gyalo Thondup, the Dalai Lama's eldest brother, who served as Chairman of the Cabinet and as Kalon of Security, and Jetsun Pema, the Dalai Lama's younger sister, who served variously as Kalon of Health and of Education. Article 12 of the 29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet states that relatives of the Dalai Lama or Panchen Lama must not hold government positions, or participate in political affairs.

 Penpa Tsering – Sikyong
 Penpa Tsering – Acting Kalon for Home
 Penpa Tsering – Acting Kalon for Religion & Culture
 Norzin Dekyi – Kalon for Information & International Relations
 Kalon Tharlam Dolma Changra – Kalon for Education
 Dolma Gyari – Kalon for Security
 Penpa Tsering – Acting Kalon for Finance
 Penpa Tsering – Acting Kalon for Health

References

See also

 Ganden Phodrang
 Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
 Tibet under Qing rule
 Dual system of government

Politics of Tibet
History of Tibet
1721 in Tibet


Allenna Leonard is an American cyberneticist, consultant and director of Team Syntegrity International, specializing in the application of Stafford Beer's Viable System Model and Syntegration.  She was president of the International Society for the Systems Sciences in 2009–2010, and led the organization of its 54th annual meeting in Waterloo, Canada.

Biography
She received a B.A. Classic liberal arts curriculum from the St. John's College in Annapolis, Maryland, a M.A. in Higher Education Administration from the George Washington University in Washington, D.C., and a Ph.D. from the University of Maryland, College Park, in administration with a concentration in cybernetics.

Leonard is consultant under auspices of The Complementary Set, especially applications of the Viable System Model, a part-time University Teacher, Licensee T.S.I. and a representative of Cwarel Isaf Institute. Currently she is Director of Team Syntegrity Inc. of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. She was president of the American Society for Cybernetics from 2002 to 2004, and was elected president for 2009–2010 of the International Society for the Systems Sciences.

Allenna Leonard was Stafford Beer’s partner in life and in work from 1981 until his death in 2002. She states on her web page that she is committed to continuing to use and publicize his work, and that her special interest is using Syntegration as a forum for democratic dialogue, especially on issues of public importance.

See also
 Variety (cybernetics)
 Viable System Model

Publications
Allenna Leonard has published several works on cybernetics and the work of Stafford Beer. A selection:

Articles and papers, a selection:

References

External links

 Biography at University of Hull.

American systems scientists
Living people
University of Maryland, College Park alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
St. John's College (Annapolis/Santa Fe) alumni
George Washington University Graduate School of Education and Human Development alumni
Women systems scientists
Women cyberneticists
Presidents of the International Society for the Systems Sciences


Johanna Kurkela (born 25 April 1985) is a Finnish singer. Her first published work was a duet Tahdon tanssia kanssasi with Tomi Metsäketo in 2004. Kurkela released her first album Hetki hiljaa in 2005. She got a lot of publicity in the Finnish Preselection final for the Eurovision Song Contest 2007, presenting the song Olet uneni kaunein. Kurkela ended up sixth in the preselection final. A few weeks later she published her second album Marmoritaivas. She also contributed vocals to two tracks on Sonata Arctica's album The Days of Grays. Her 2010 album Hyvästi, Dolores Haze has sold over 20,000 copies.

Personal life
Kurkela was born in Lumijoki. She has been in a relationship with Finnish musician and Nightwish founder and leader Tuomas Holopainen since 2009; they became engaged in 2014 and married on 28 October 2015.

Musical background
Kurkela has a versatile musical background. She studied the violin for seven years from the age of five, and the classical piano from a few years later. She attended secondary school in Oulu at Madetojan musiikkilukio (an upper secondary school, otherwise known as a gymnasium in other parts of Europe) specializing in music.

In addition to singing Kurkela studies in a university of applied sciences.

Discography

Albums
Studio albums

Compilation albums

Singles

Collaborative works
2004: Tomi Metsäketo – Tummaa samettia: Tahdon tanssia kanssasi (duet)
2005: Tilkkutäkki 1: Hiljainen kaupunki
2006: Tilkkutäkki 2: Kuule minun ääneni
2007: Tilkkutäkki 3: Elämä on nyt
2009: Sonata Arctica – The Days of Grays (vocals on "Deathaura" and "No Dream Can Heal a Broken Heart")
2009: Vesa-Matti Loiri – Hyvää puuta
2009: Club for Five – You're The Voice: Nothing Else Matters
2014: Music Inspired by the Life and Times of Scrooge (vocals)
2018: Auri – Auri (vocals)
2018: Korsukylä – Every Green in May & Johanna Kurkela (vocals)
2020: Nightwish – Human. :II: Nature. (spoken words on "Shoemaker")
2020: Altamullan Road – Altamullan Road (vocals & composition)
2021: Auri – – II – Those We Don't Speak Of
2022: Vita Nova (vocals)
2023: Insomnium – Anno 1696 (vocals on "Godforsaken")

References

External links

1985 births
Living people
People from Lumijoki
21st-century Finnish women singers
Warner Music Group artists
Auri (band) members
Finnish pop singers


Leslie Stannard Hunter, DD  (2 May 1890 – 15 July 1983) was the second Bishop of Sheffield from 1939 until 1962. Born on 2 May 1890 and educated at Kelvinside Academy and New College, Oxford he was ordained in 1915 and began his career with  curacies at  St Peter's, Brockley and St Martin-in-the-Fields, Trafalgar Square.  He was then a Residentiary Canon at Newcastle Cathedral after which he was Vicar of Barking. In 1930 he became Archdeacon of Northumberland, a post he held until his elevation to the Episcopate.

Hunter became the Bishop of Sheffield in 1939 and the chair of governors of the William Temple College. He was a great supporter of the Principal Edith Batten who steered the college towards addressing key issues of the day and how they effected Christian faith. He established the Sheffield Industrial Mission in 1944.

Hunter was an eminent author, he died on 15 July 1983.

Notes

External links

1890 births
Clergy from Glasgow
People educated at Kelvinside Academy
Alumni of New College, Oxford
20th-century Church of England bishops
Bishops of Sheffield
Archdeacons of Northumberland
Holders of a Lambeth degree
1983 deaths
Honorary Chaplains to the King


Phillip Ambrose Tierney (born 15 March 1942) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with East Perth in the West Australian National Football League (WANFL) during the 1960s.

Tierney was a prolific full-forward, kicking over 100 goals in a season on three occasions and topping East Perth's goal-kicking five times. Due to his career coinciding with that of Austin Robertson, Jr., Tierney won the Bernie Naylor Medal as the league's top goal scorer just once, with 119 goals in 1967. He also kicked 106 goals in 1968 and 105 majors in 1971. Tierney was a member of his only premiership team in 1972 and retired after the Grand Final. He played as a half forward flanker in the premiership decider against Claremont but was kept goalless.

In 1970 he joined West Torrens in South Australia for a season and was their best forward that year, kicking 65 goals.

At the 1972 Perth Carnival, Tierney represented Western Australia for the first time and kicked 11 goals from his three games.

Tierney was, in 2006, named at full-forward in East Perth's official 'Team of the Century' which took into account the era from 1945 to 2005.

External links

1942 births
Living people
Australian rules footballers from Western Australia
East Perth Football Club players
West Torrens Football Club players


Chen Guo may refer to:

Chen (state) (), a vassal state of ancient China's Zhou dynasty
Fruit Chan (; born 1959), Hong Kong film director


Stanley Park is a neighbourhood of the West End in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.  It is designated as the area lying between Denman Street and the boundary of Stanley Park proper.  It is high density, like most of the West End, and is known for being a more affluent area of the West End and, once away from Denman Street, also one of the quietest on the downtown peninsula.  Condominium properties facing the park are some of the most expensive in the city.  The extreme southwest of the area overlaps with the English Bay neighbourhood.

Neighbourhoods in Vancouver


Boris Georgiyevich Tatushin () (31 March 1933 in Moscow;  – 15 January 1998 in Moscow) was a Soviet football player and manager.

Honours
 Olympic champion: 1956.
 Soviet Top League winner: 1953, 1956, 1958.

International career
Tatushin made his debut for USSR on 8 September 1954 in a friendly against Sweden. He played in the 1958 FIFA World Cup qualifiers, but was not selected for the final tournament squad, because he was arrested with Eduard Streltsov and Mikhail Ogonkov over rape allegations and was disqualified for three years.

References

External links
  Profile

1933 births
1998 deaths
Russian men's footballers
Soviet men's footballers
Soviet Union men's international footballers
Olympic footballers for the Soviet Union
Footballers at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for the Soviet Union
Soviet Top League players
FC Spartak Moscow players
Soviet football managers
Olympic medalists in football
FC Oryol managers
FC Khimik-Arsenal managers
Medalists at the 1956 Summer Olympics

Men's association football forwards


The Honda RA302 was a Formula One racing car produced by Honda Racing, and introduced by Honda Racing France during the 1968 Formula One season. The car was built based on an order by Soichiro Honda to develop an air-cooled Formula One engine. The magnesium-skinned car was entered in the Formula One race alongside the water-cooled, aluminium-bodied RA301 which had been developed by the existing Honda team and British Lola Cars.

It would only appear in one race, the 1968 French Grand Prix at Rouen-Les-Essarts, driven by Jo Schlesser. Schlesser was chosen to drive the RA302 because normal Honda driver John Surtees (who was the  world champion and would finish second in that race) refused to drive it as he deemed it to be unsafe and labelled it as a "potential deathtrap". This was proven on lap two of the Grand Prix; Schlesser crashed at the Virage des Six Frères section of the circuit and the car came to rest sideways against a bank. The magnesium-bodied Honda and 58 laps worth of fuel ignited instantly, killing Schlesser and destroying the original RA302.

A second RA302 was built, with slight modifications, earmarked for Surtees to drive at the 1968 Italian Grand Prix, but he again refused to drive it. Honda decided to pull out of Grand Prix racing and did not return as a constructor until the 2006 Formula One season with the Honda RA106. In 2012, the RA302 intended for Surtees at the Italian Grand Prix was on display at the Honda Collection Hall.

Formula One World Championship results
(key) (results in bold indicate pole position; results in italics indicate fastest lap)

 All 14 points scored by Honda RA301 entries.

References

External links

 The Question: Victory or Technology

Honda Formula One cars
1968 Formula One season cars


Expeditie Robinson is a popular reality television program in the Netherlands and Flanders (Belgium) that debuted in 2000 and based on a format first shown by Swedish television in 1997. The format, most notable under the title Survivor, has since then also been produced in many other countries. The name of the show alludes to Robinson Crusoe, a story featuring people marooned by shipwreck.

The fifteenth season in 2013 was the first season without contestants from Belgium, due to lack of television ratings in Belgium. However, the Flemish host Evi Hanssen would continue to co-host the show with Dutch host Dennis Weening. In 2014 Evi was replaced by Nicolette Kluijver.

Format
In most seasons, sixteen contestants are put into a survival situation and compete in a variety of physical challenges. Early in each season, two teams compete, but later the teams are merged and the competitions become individual ("samensmelting").  At the end of each show, one contestant is eliminated by the other teams in a secret "Island Council" ballot.

Seasons

Notes

References

External links
 Official website of Expeditie Robinson
 Official website of Expeditie Robinson at 2BE
 Blog of Expeditie Robinson (Dutch)

Dutch reality television series
Belgian reality television series
Survivor (franchise)
2000 Dutch television series debuts
Play4 (TV channel) original programming
RTL 5 original programming

es:Supervivientes
fr:Les Aventuriers de Koh-Lanta
is:Survivor (sjónvarpsþáttur)
pl:Wyprawa Robinson
pt:Survivor
fi:Selviytyjät
sv:Expedition Robinson


Balanda may refer to:

Places
Kalininsk, a town in Kalininsky District of Saratov Oblast, Russia, named Balanda until 1962
Balanda River in Russia, a tributary of the Medveditsa

People
Balanda Boor people, an ethnic group in South Sudan
Balanda Bviri people, an ethnic group in South Sudan
Pierre Bertran de Balanda (1887–1946), French Olympic horse rider

Other uses
Balanda, an English word of Malay origin meaning a white person or European, used by Yolngu people in Northern Australia
Balanda, another term for the native vinta boat of the Philippines


Kosovo–Malaysia relations (;  ; ; Jawi: هوبوڠن كوسوۏو–مليسيا) are foreign relations between Kosovo and Malaysia. Formal relations between the two countries first began in 2000, when Malaysia became the first Asian country to establish a liaison office in Kosovo. Kosovo declared its independence from Serbia on 17 February 2008 and Malaysia recognised it on 30 October 2008.

Pre-independence relations
Since 1999, immediately after Kosovo became an international protectorate, Malaysia agreed to send peacekeepers as part of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo. Later that year, in September, Malaysia began to make plans for "a centre to coordinate medical relief aid and missions to help Kosovo war victims," and began raising funds for assistance to Kosovo.

In September 2000, these plans finally took effect when Malaysia established a liaison office in Kosovo "to coordinate Malaysian assistance and to liaise with the Malaysian security personnel assigned to the United Nations," becoming the sixth country, and the first in Asia, to establish such an office. The establishment of the office was in line with a broader Malaysian policy of self-determination in the Balkans, and a concern for the large Muslim population of Kosovo. The liaison office in Kosovo quickly began to disburse Malaysian aid, totalling more than $300,000 in the first year, including money to construct a mosque and purchase medical supplies for a hospital in Pristina.

In the fall of 2000, the Malaysian government also strongly supported holding elections in Kosovo as soon as possible. On 28 September 2000, the Malaysian ambassador to the United Nations, Datuk Hasmy Agam, praised the progress towards elections, but told the UN that free and fair elections could "only be guaranteed by the active support of the international community". In the same speech, Agam also strongly advocated for new UN efforts to promote security and stability in Kosovo, and expressed a strong desire to work on the issue of missing persons. After successful municipal elections in Kosovo in October 2000, Malaysia pushed for a Kosovo-wide general election.

On 18 September 2000, the first group of Malaysian policemen sent to Kosovo returned home. The next month, Malaysia sent a deployment of one hundred policemen to continue assisting the UN security effort. All of the Malaysian forces to serve in Kosovo up to that time received a medal and letter of appreciation in recognition of their services.

Recognition
Kosovo declared its independence from Serbia on 17 February 2008. The Malaysian foreign ministry issued a statement welcoming the declaration, and saying: "Malaysia hopes the declaration of independence fulfils the aspiration of the people of Kosovo to decide their own future and ensure the rights of all to live in peace, freedom and stability". Despite its supportive statement, Malaysia did not immediately recognise Kosovo, and Malaysian foreign minister Rais Yatim, issued a statement in April saying that Malaysia was "not in hurry to impose recognition or otherwise".

In August, after a meeting with the Serbian foreign minister, Malaysia decided to put the issue of Kosovo's recognition on hold until a ruling of the International Court of Justice on the legality of the declaration. Kosovo, however, sought to pressure Malaysia for earlier recognition. In September 2008, Kosovo's foreign minister, Skënder Hyseni, met with Rais and asked him "to recognise Kosovo as an independent and sovereign state as soon as possible". Rais provided Hyseni with a promise that Malaysia "would recognise Kosovo very soon, and would work on establishing diplomatic relations between the two countries". The Albanian Foreign Minister Edit Harxhi also made a similar request to Malaysia to recognise the newly formed country.

As Rais had promised, Malaysia did not wait for the ICJ decision, and recognised Kosovo on 30 October 2008. As a result of Malaysia's recognition, Serbia immediately expelled the Malaysian ambassador. Despite the Serbian opposition, Malaysia maintained its support of Kosovo.

Relations since recognition
Since recognition, Malaysia has assisted Kosovo in establishing internationally recognised sports leagues. In November 2008, Valton Beqiri, the Minister of Culture, Youth, and Sports of Kosovo visited Malaysia and met with Tunku Imran, Chairman of the Malaysian Olympic Committee, and member of the International Olympic Committee. Imran pledged assistance in gaining spots for athletes from Kosovo in international tournaments.

Malaysia initially planned to convert its liaison office in Kosovo into an embassy, but in January 2009, it closed the office and scrapped plans for an embassy for financial reasons due to re-organisation within the Malaysian foreign ministry. Malaysia now maintains an honorary consulate in Pristina.

The Republic of Kosovo President, Fatmir Sejdiu, travelled on 15 May 2010 to Malaysia, where at the invitation of Malaysian Prime Minister, he took part at the International Islamic Economic Forum and met with other Leaders of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference. At the forum, Sejdiu said that "On behalf of the Republic of Kosovo, I avail myself of this opportunity to express my sincere appreciation for the people and the state of Malaysia and for other countries that have acknowledged our right to live in freedom and independence".

On 8 March 2011, Kosovo and Malaysia established full diplomatic relations. The Malaysian embassy in Rome, Italy is accredited to Kosovo. On 30 January 2017, Kosovo's Foreign Minister Enver Hoxhaj and its delegates made a visit to Malaysia to discover opportunities in trade and business co-operation.

References

See also
 Foreign relations of Kosovo
 Foreign relations of Malaysia

Malaysia
Bilateral relations of Malaysia


Okroglo () is a settlement in the Municipality of Naklo in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia.

Church

The local church is dedicated to Mary Magdalene.

References

External links

Okroglo on Geopedia

Populated places in the Municipality of Naklo


Live at the Village Vanguard is an album by Michel Petrucciani. The trio recording was made at the New York club in 1984 and released as a double LP.

Recording and music
The album was recorded in concert at the Village Vanguard in New York City on 16 March 1984. Pianist Petrucciani played with bassist Palle Danielsson and drummer Eliot Zigmund. The material is a mix of standards and previously performed Petrucciani compositions.

Releases and reception

The original release was as a double LP by Concord Jazz. Blue Note Records reissued it on CD.

The AllMusic reviewer's conclusion was: "recommended for lovers of piano trios". The Penguin Guide to Jazz commented that it "captures a typically rumbustious concert set by Petrucciani's trio of the day".

Personnel
Michel Petrucciani – piano
Palle Danielsson – bass
Eliot Zigmund – drums

Track listing
 "Nardis" (Miles Davis) – 11:12
 "Oleo" (Sonny Rollins) – 6:44
 "Le Bricoleur De Big Sur" (Michel Petrucciani) – 3:22
 "To Erlinda" (Petrucciani) – 11:25
 "Say It Again And Again" (Petrucciani) – 9:51
 "Trouble" (O. Dalffon) – 9:31
 "Three Forgotten Magic Words" (Petrucciani) – 8:56
 "'Round Midnight" (Monk / Williams / Hanighen) – 8.48

Notes

Michel Petrucciani live albums
1985 live albums
Blue Note Records live albums
Albums recorded at the Village Vanguard


Nausana is a small village in the Bulandshahr district in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. Nausana has a population of nearly 1,200, and the livelihood of the village is largely based on agriculture.

Geography
Nausana is situated near Nichli Ganga Nahar (Lower Ganges Canal), making the water table there fairly high. The agricultural land in the area is well irrigated.

Religion
Hinduism is the main religion of the village's inhabitants. A significant portion of the population also practices Islam.

Weather

Notable residents
Sunita Godara, Asian Marathon Champion 1992

 gavender kumar

References

Villages in Bulandshahr district


Bhaktipur  is a town in Ishwarpur Municipality in Sarlahi District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 12,183 people living in 2,261 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Sarlahi  District

Populated places in Sarlahi District


The Early Years is a two-part retrospective album series of Tom Waits songs, consisting of recordings made before Waits' debut album, Closing Time. Volume one was released in 1991 and volume two was released in 1993 on Bizarre/Straight. The recordings were made between July and December 1971. Some of the songs on the album appear on the early albums Waits recorded for Asylum Records. In 2010, both volumes of The Early Years were released on vinyl by Manifesto Records.

Volume One
All tracks composed by Tom Waits.

Volume Two
All tracks composed by Tom Waits.

"Ice Cream Man", "Virginia Avenue", "Midnight Lullaby", "Little Trip to Heaven", "Hope I Don't Fall in Love with You", "Grapefruit Moon", "Ol' '55" and "Old Shoes" (as '"Old Shoes (& Picture Postcards)") were re-recorded on Closing Time.
"Shiver Me Timbers", "Please Call Me, Baby" and "Diamonds on My Windshield" re-recorded on The Heart of Saturday Night.
"Blue Skies" was re-recorded and released as a stand-alone single in October 1974.
"Nobody" was re-recorded for Nighthawks at the Diner.

Compilation album series
1991 compilation albums
1993 compilation albums
Tom Waits compilation albums
Straight Records compilation albums


Tioga Senior High School or Tioga High School may refer to:

Tioga High School (California), Groveland, California
Tioga High School (Louisiana), Tioga, Louisiana
Tioga Central High School, Tioga Center, New York
Tioga High School (North Dakota), Tioga, North Dakota
Tioga High School (Texas), Tioga, Texas


Peter D. Clark, sometimes dubbed The Apostle of New Brunswick, is a Canadian bestseller, storyteller, folklorist, and literacy ambassador. Clark has spent several decades collecting stories and folklore, particularly from the province of New Brunswick. His first book Woods, Streams, Ghosts and Hangin's was a Canadian bestseller and brought him to national attention.

References

Canadian folklorists
Writers from New Brunswick
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)


Hurricane Tina was the strongest and longest-lived storm of the 1992 Pacific hurricane season, which also threatened land for a brief period. The twenty-fourth tropical cyclone, twenty-second tropical storm, fourteenth hurricane, and eighth major hurricane of the record breaking season, Tina formed from a tropical wave on September 17. The storm moved towards the west and strengthened into a hurricane. A breakdown in a ridge and to the north and a trough then re-curved Tina to the northeast and towards land, still moving slowly and gradually slowing down. The trough broke down and was replaced by a strong ridge. Tina then changed direction again and headed out to sea. It intensified into a Category 4 storm with winds of  and a central pressure of 932 millibars. Tina then slowly weakened as it turned to the north. Tropical Depression Tina dissipated on October 11, shortly after entering the Central Pacific Hurricane Center's area of responsibility. Although the tropical cyclone never made landfall, heavy rains were recorded across western Mexico. While at peak intensity, the storm also displayed annular characteristics.

Meteorological history

Tina originated from a tropical wave that left the African coast on September 5. Six days later, the wave moved through the Lesser Antilles. The wave generated disorganized fare-ups while entering the Caribbean Sea, but due to strong wind shear further development failed to occur. On September 16, while about  west of Acapulco, Mexico, the wave had entered the East Pacific basin. The system began to become more organized and at 1200 UTC on September 17, the NHC upgraded the disturbance into a tropical depression, the twenty-second of the season, as the disturbance had changed dramatically in organization. The depression became Tropical Storm Tina on the next day. The system began an intensifying trend, and Tina strengthened into a moderate tropical storm 24 hours after attaining tropical storm status, and the NHC forecasted Tina to become a hurricane.

As forecasted, Tina reached hurricane status at 1800 UTC on September 20. Tina reached a secondary peak of  on the next day. By September 21, shear began to take a toll on the hurricane, as deep convection decreased. Tina briefly weakened back into a tropical storm, but regained hurricane intensity for another two days. However, data from a Hurricane Hunter aircraft indicated that Tina had weakened back to tropical storm status, thus ending the first of three strengthening trends of Hurricane Tina. By September 24, Tropical Storm Tina took a sharp turn north-northeast towards the west coast of Mexico, due to a combination of a weakness in a subtropical ridge and a mid-level to low-level trough passing north of the tropical cyclone. Shortly thereafter, an anticyclone  developed west of the Baja California Coast.

By September 27, steering flow moved Tina away from the coast of Mexico, where there was little wind shear. The tropical storm then began to re-intensify. Tina regained hurricane status on September 28 as it accelerated. On September 28, Tina had reached major hurricane intensity. The next day, Tina continued intensify, becoming a Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane scale. Late on September 29, the storm"s pressure had fallen to 944 mbar and winds had increased to  while Tina was located  away from the Mexican coast. Overnight on September 30, Tina peaked with winds of  and a pressure of 930 mbar. On October 1, the hurricane underwent fluctuations in intensity.

Tina began to change its path over the next days due to an approaching trough which allowed Tina to turn northbound into cooler sea surface temperatures, as well as into an area of increasing wind shear. The eye became very large, peaking in size on October 4. However, the less favorable environment caused Tina to slowly weaken. The system weakened back to tropical storm status late on October 4. Tina's motion decreased due to weak steering currents. As such, Tina continued to weaken, and was downgraded into a tropical depression. At this time, only a swirl of clouds remained, with limited deep convection. The next day Tina moved into the Central Pacific Hurricane Center's area of responsibility and six hours later, the storm's winds had dropped to . Tina still maintained a small area of deep convection, despite decreasing seas surface temperatures, until dissipation on October 11.

Records, preparations, and impact
When Tropical Storm Tina was tracking northeastward toward Mexico, the National Hurricane Center noted the possibility of landfall, although all of the tropical cyclone forecast models correctly indicated a westward turn would occur. While passing the region, Tina dropped heavy rainfall that produced flooding along the west coast of Mexico.

Lasting 22 days, Hurricane Tina surpassed Hurricane Fico as the longest lived storm in the northeastern Pacific. Hurricane John (1994) became the longest-lived tropical cyclone in the northern Pacific a couple years later.

See also

Other storms of the same name
Pacific hurricane
List of Category 4 Pacific hurricanes

References

Tina
Tina (1992)


Store Merløse is a town on Sjælland in Denmark with a population of 1,184 (1 January 2023). It is part of the municipality of Holbæk and close to Tølløse and Ringsted. It is a calm town with a primary school and a few businesses. For high school most people go to Tølløse. There is a local train from Vestsjællands Lokalbaner that will take you from Store Merløse to Tølløse or Slagelse.

Notable people
 Emil Nielsen (born 1993 in Store Merløse) a Danish professional footballer for Lyngby Boldklub

References

Cities and towns in Region Zealand
Cities and towns in the Øresund Region
Holbæk Municipality


Aubrey Trevor Lawrence, MBE, KC (15 January 1875 – 23 March 1930) was a successful English barrister and author.

Lawrence was born 15 January 1875, the son of Sir Trevor Lawrence, 2nd Baronet and his wife Elizabeth, Lady Lawrence. He was educated at Shrewsbury and at Christ Church, Oxford where he took a first class degree in Greats. When he left university he was called to the Bar.

Lawrence was a member of Inner Temple. He shared his chambers – Essex Court Chambers – with a young Stafford Cripps (his second cousin) and was appointed King's Counsel in 1927. Lawrence was appointed as a member of The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire for his legal work. He was also the author of numerous books, such as 'A practical treatise on the law relating to the church and clergy', a work he wrote with a young Cripps.

Alongside his legal work, Lawrence was a successful local politician. He was Chancellor of the Dioceses of: Sheffield in 1914, Worcester in 1920, Peterborough in 1922, Southwell in 1922, Winchester in 1924, Leicester in 1927 and Portsmouth in 1927. He was also a governor of Shrewsbury School.

On 8 June 1901, Lawrence married Emily Constance Fanning McGaw, an Irish heiress. Her father was Joseph McGaw, an Irish landowner who had sold his estates in Ireland to buy  in Australia (earning himself the nickname the 'Bushwhacker'). By her he had two sons and one daughter:

John Trevor Lawrence (18 January 1908 – 2 May 1963)
Peter Stafford Hayden Lawrence (9 February 1913 – 18 March 2005); married Helena Frances Lyttelton (10 August 1940), daughter of G. W. Lyttelton (see Viscount Cobham), and had issue.
Ruth Christian Lawrence (14 June 1904 – 31 March 1976; married 1934 Philip Olaf Buxton JP (see Buxton baronets) and had issue.

See also

Lawrence baronets

References

Lawrence, Aubrey Trevor. A practical treatise on the law relating to the church and clergy. Sweet London: 1921.
Clarke, Peter. The Cripps Version: The Life of Sir Stafford Cripps 1889–1952. Penguin Books: 2003.
Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990.
Burkes Peerage and Baronetage (2003), s.v. Lawrence, Baronets, of Ealing Park

1875 births
1930 deaths
English King's Counsel
People educated at Shrewsbury School
20th-century King's Counsel
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
Younger sons of baronets


Emre Balak (born 11 August 1988 in Samsun, Turkey) is a Turkish footballer. He currently plays as a defender for Aliağa FK.

External links

1988 births
Living people
Gençlerbirliği S.K. footballers
Samsunspor footballers
TKİ Tavşanlı Linyitspor footballers
Bucaspor footballers
Nazilli Belediyespor footballers
Fethiyespor footballers
Süper Lig players
TFF First League players
TFF Second League players
Turkish men's footballers
Turkey men's under-21 international footballers
Turkey men's youth international footballers
People from Merzifon
Men's association football defenders
Bodrum F.K. footballers


Saal is an Indo-Persian word meaning year, and mubarak is an originally Arabic term meaning blessing or good wishes. The greeting Saal Mubarak is therefore used to mark the New Year.

The greeting Saal Mubarak is used by the Parsi community in India and Pakistan to mark Nauroz which occurs in either March or August depending on the specific Zoroastrian calendar used.

Both, Saal Mubarak, and Nutan Varshabhinandan are greetings used by Gujaratis to commemorate the Hindu, Parsi and Jain New Year,  also known as Bestu Varas (beginning of the year). It is celebrated on Balipratipada, which falls on the first day after Diwali: the Hindu, Jain, Sikh and Buddhist festival of lights, which symbolizes the triumph of good over evil and nirvana of Lord Mahavira. The Gujarati New Year starts on Kartak Sud Ekam (The first month and first day of the Gujarati lunisolar calendar.

The Gujarati community all over the world celebrates the New Year to mark the beginning of a new fiscal year and people put their worries behind them and prepare to welcome a new beginning. Hindus continue with the festivities from Diwali and decorate their homes with rangoli patterns and garlands, light diyas and set off fireworks. It is tradition for Parsi and Gujarati people to wear new clothes on New Years Day and to show respect to their elders to seek their blessings. Revellers visit family and friends to exchange gifts of money and homemade sweets, and wish health and prosperity for the new year. People also visit mandirs to offer puja to the gods.

The Jain calendar Vira Nirvana Samvat has marked this day as New Year since 527 BCE. This day falls on the next day after the day when 24th tirthankar Mahavira attained nirvana (Diwali). The date of 16 November 2020 of the Gregorian calendar was celebrated by Jains as the 2547th New Year's Day. During the times of Hemchandracharya, the entire Gujarati community began celebrating this day as New Year. Jains spend the day by wishing relatives well, visiting temples, reading scriptures, meditating and rescuing animals from slaughter houses.

References

Indian culture
Gujarati language
Diwali
Greeting words and phrases
Parsi culture


Pianism is a jazz album by Michel Petrucciani.

The album was recorded at RCA Studio "C", and was produced by Mike Berniker, engineer Mike Moran. The Blue Note catalogue number is CDP 7 46295 2.

This was Petrucciani's first album recorded under contract for Blue Note, the previous recordings having originally been released by Concord and others (though some were subsequently reissued by Blue Note).

Personnel
Michel Petrucciani - Piano
Palle Danielsson - Bass
Eliot Zigmund - Drums

Track listing
 "The Prayer" (Michel Petrucciani) – 11:05
 "Our Tune" (Michel Petrucciani)– 6:51
 "Face's Face" (Michel Petrucciani) – 4:37
 "Night And Day" (Cole Porter) – 9:20
 "Here's That Rainy Day" (Van Heusen / Burke) - 9:51
 "Regina" (Michel Petrucciani) - 9:20

References

1986 albums
Michel Petrucciani albums
Blue Note Records albums


Human female sexuality encompasses a broad range of behaviors and processes, including female sexual identity and sexual behavior, the physiological, psychological, social, cultural, political, and spiritual or religious aspects of sexual activity. Various aspects and dimensions of female sexuality, as a part of human sexuality, have also been addressed by principles of ethics, morality, and theology. In almost any historical era and culture, the arts, including literary and visual arts, as well as popular culture, present a substantial portion of a given society's views on human sexuality, which includes both implicit (covert) and explicit (overt) aspects and manifestations of feminine sexuality and behavior.

In most societies and legal jurisdictions, there are legal bounds on what sexual behavior is permitted. Sexuality varies across the cultures and regions of the world, and has continually changed throughout history, and this also applies to female sexuality. Aspects of female sexuality include issues pertaining to biological sex, body image, self-esteem, personality, sexual orientation, values and attitudes, gender roles, relationships, activity options, and communication.

While most women are heterosexual, significant minorities are homosexual or varying degrees of bisexual. Bisexual females are more common than bisexual males.

Physiological

General
Sexual activity can encompass various sexually stimulating factors (physiological stimulation or psychological stimulation), including sexual fantasies and different sex positions, or the use of sex toys. Foreplay may precede some sexual activities, often leading to sexual arousal of the partners. It is also common for people to be sexually satisfied by being kissed, touched erotically, or held.

Orgasm

Orgasm, or sexual climax, is the sudden discharge of accumulated sexual tension during the sexual response cycle, resulting in rhythmic muscular contractions in the pelvic region characterized by an intense sensation of pleasure. Women commonly find it difficult to experience orgasms during vaginal intercourse. Mayo Clinic states: "Orgasms vary in intensity, and women vary in the frequency of their orgasms and the amount of stimulation necessary to trigger an orgasm." Additionally, some women may require more than one type of sexual stimulation in order to achieve orgasm. Clitoral stimulation in normal copulation happens when the thrusting of the penis moves the clitoral hood and labia minora, extending from the clitoris.

Orgasm in women has typically been divided into two categories: clitoral and vaginal (or G-spot) orgasms. 70–80% of women require direct clitoral stimulation to achieve orgasm, though indirect clitoral stimulation may also be sufficient. Clitoral orgasms are easier to achieve because the glans of the clitoris, or clitoris as a whole, has more than 8,000 sensory nerve endings, which is as many (or more in some cases) nerve endings as are present in the human penis or glans penis. As the clitoris is homologous to the penis, it is the equivalent in its capacity to receive sexual stimulation.

Although orgasms by vaginal stimulation are more difficult to achieve, the G-spot area may produce an orgasm if properly stimulated. The G-spot's existence, and existence as a distinct structure, is still under dispute, as its reported location can vary from woman to woman, appears to be nonexistent in some women, and it is hypothesized to be an extension of the clitoris and therefore the reason for orgasms experienced vaginally.

Women are able to achieve multiple orgasms due to the fact that they generally do not require a refractory period like men do after the first orgasm. Although it is reported that women do not experience a refractory period and thus can experience an additional orgasm, or multiple orgasms, soon after the first orgasm, some sources state that both men and women experience a refractory period because, due to clitoral hypersensitivity or sexual satisfaction, women may experience a very small period after orgasm in which further sexual stimulation does not produce excitement.

Nipples can be sensitive to touch, and nipple stimulation can incite sexual arousal. Few women report experiencing orgasm from nipple stimulation. Before Komisaruk et al.'s functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) research on nipple stimulation in 2011, reports of women achieving orgasm from nipple stimulation relied solely on anecdotal evidence. Komisaruk's study was the first to map the female genitals onto the sensory portion of the brain; it indicates that sensation from the nipples travels to the same part of the brain as sensations from the vagina, clitoris and cervix, and that these reported orgasms are genital orgasms caused by nipple stimulation, and may be directly linked to the genital sensory cortex ("the genital area of the brain").

Sexual attraction

Women, on average, tend to be more attracted to men who have a relatively narrow waist, a V-shaped torso, and broad shoulders. Women also tend to be more attracted to men who are taller than they are, and display a high degree of facial symmetry, as well as relatively masculine facial dimorphism. Based on contemporary research and surveys, women, regardless of sexual orientation, are just as interested in a partner's physical attractiveness as men are.

Control of female sexuality
Historically, many cultures have viewed female sexuality as being subordinate to male sexuality, and as something to be controlled through restrictions on female behavior. Traditional cultural practices, such as enforced modesty and chastity, have tended to place restrictions principally on women, without imposing similar restrictions on men.

According to psychoanalytic literature, the "Madonna–whore complex" is said to occur when a  male desires sexual encounters only with women whom he sees as degraded ("whores") while he cannot desire sexually a respectable woman ("the Madonna"). This was first described by Sigmund Freud.

The interpretation of female sexuality is significantly different according to C.G. Jung's psychological research. He explained the female libido as a precursor of cultural expression and personal creativity. He identified Freud's theories as the source of this significant misunderstanding, and theorized that the "rhythmic factor" is not merely a principle in the "nutritive phase" and later in sexuality, but that it is at the base of all emotional processes.

Some controversial traditional cultural practices, such as female genital mutilation (FGM), have been described as attempts at nullifying women's sexuality altogether. FGM continues to be practised in some parts of Africa and the Middle East, as well as in some immigrant communities in Western countries, though it is widely outlawed. The procedure is typically carried out on young girls, before the age of 15.

Methods employed to control female sexuality and behavior include the threat of death, such as honor killings. The reason for such a killing may include refusing to enter an arranged marriage, being in a relationship that is disapproved by their relatives, having sex outside marriage, becoming the victim of rape, or dressing in ways which are deemed inappropriate.

Another historical device used to control female sexual behavior was the chastity belt, which is a locking item of clothing designed to prevent sexual intercourse. The belts were worn by women to protect their chastity, which included preventing masturbation (such as by fingering) or sexual access by unauthorized males.

Prior to the European colonization of North America, Native American attitudes regarding female sexuality were generally open-minded, particularly for younger, un-married women. However, when Europeans arrived, more rigid views were enforced. These rigid views were especially restrictive for women, predominantly in Puritan colonies.

Following the European colonization of North America, there was the creation of the African American archetypes of the Jezebel and mammy. The Jezebel was characterized as a woman who was lewd, tempting and seductive. Mammies, also called Aunt Jemima, were maternal figures who were portrayed as content within the institution of slavery – always with a smile on her face as the white family took up her life and her entire world. These stereotyping frameworks not only justified slavery but also justified the rape and abuse of African American women as being sexually driven, sexual beings in the case of the Jezebel, or a being where sex and sexuality are the last things on a woman's mind because her world is taken up by the lives of her white masters in the case of the mammy.

Modern studies
In the modern age, psychologists and physiologists explored female sexuality. Sigmund Freud propounded the theory of two kinds of female orgasms, "the vaginal kind, and the clitoral orgasm." However, Masters and Johnson (1966) and Helen O'Connell (2005) reject this distinction.

Ernst Gräfenberg was famous for his studies of female genitalia and human female sexual physiology. He published, among other studies, the pioneering The Role of Urethra in Female Orgasm (1950), which describes female ejaculation, as well as an erogenous zone where the urethra is closest to the vaginal wall. In 1981, sexologists John D. Perry and Beverly Whipple named that area the Gräfenberg spot, or G-spot, in his honor. While the medical community generally has not embraced the complete concept of the G-spot,

Several studies establish that women are generally aroused by sexual stimuli of both sexes, while men are substantially aroused by stimuli of their preferred sex, and not of their non-preferred sex. This difference is consistent across different measures of arousal, such as genital response, pupil dilation, and viewing time. Significant sexual arousal in response to both male and female sexual cues can be characterized as typical for females, while significant sexual arousal exclusively to one's preferred gender can be considered typical for males.

Feminist views

In the 1970s and 1980s, long-held Western traditional views on female sexuality came to be challenged and reassessed as part of the sexual revolution. The feminist movement and numerous feminist writers addressed female sexuality from a female perspective, rather than allowing female sexuality to be defined in terms of male sexuality. One of the first such popular non-fiction books was Nancy Friday's My Secret Garden. Other writers, such as Germaine Greer, Simone de Beauvoir and Camille Paglia, were particularly influential, although their views were not universally or placidly accepted. Toward the end of the 20th century the most significant European contributions to understanding female sexuality came from psychoanalytical French feminism, with the work of Luce Irigaray and Julia Kristeva.

Lesbianism and female bisexuality also emerged as topics of interest within feminism. The concept of political lesbianism, associated particularly with second wave feminism and radical feminism, includes, but is not limited to, lesbian separatism, notable proponents being Sheila Jeffreys and Julie Bindel.

Feminist attitudes to female sexuality have varied in scope throughout the movement's history. Generally, modern feminists advocate for all women to have access to sexual healthcare and education, and agree on the importance of reproductive health freedoms, particularly regarding issues such as birth control and family planning. Bodily autonomy and consent are also concepts of high importance in modern feminist views of female sexuality.

Matters such as the sex industry, sexual representation in the media, and issues regarding consent to sex under conditions of male dominance have been more controversial topics among feminists. These debates culminated in the late 1970s and the 1980s, in what came to be known as the feminist sex wars, which pitted anti-pornography feminism against sex-positive feminism. Parts of the feminist movement were deeply divided on these issues.

Legislation
Laws around the world affect the expression of female sexuality, and the circumstances under which an individual may not engage sexually with a woman or girl. Forced sexual encounters are usually prohibited, though some countries may sanction rape in marriage. Age of consent laws, which differ between jurisdictions, set the minimum age at which a minor girl may engage in sex. In recent years, the age of consent has risen in some jurisdictions and has been lowered in others.

In some countries there are laws against pornography and prostitution (or certain aspects of those). Laws in some jurisdictions prohibit sex outside of marriage, such as premarital sex or adultery, with critics arguing that, in practice, these laws are used to control women's and not men's behavior. The virginity and family honor of women still play an important role in some legal systems: in some jurisdictions, the punishment for rape is more severe if the woman was a virgin at the time of the crime, and under some legal systems a man who rapes a woman can escape punishment if he marries her.

Women as responsible for sexual safety
With regard to the responsibility for safe sexual activity in heterosexual relationships, the commonly held definition of safe sex may be examined; it has been argued that there are three facets to the common perception of safe sex: emotional safety (trusting one's partner), psychological safety (feeling safe), and biomedical safety (the barrier of fluids which may cause pregnancy or transmit disease). The phrase "safe sex" is commonly known to refer to biomedical safety.

Since the sexual revolution, health officials have launched campaigns to bring awareness to the risks of unprotected sexual intercourse. While the dangers of unprotected sex include unintended pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections (STIs/STDs), with HIV/AIDS being the deadliest, the use of contraceptive devices (the most reliable being condoms) remain inconsistent.

The social construction of masculinity and femininity play a lead role in understanding why women are commonly held responsible for the outcome of sexual encounters. Often, societies create different sexual norms and assumptions for women and men, with female and male sexuality often seen as being the opposite of one another: for example, females are commonly taught that they "should not want sexual activity or find it pleasurable, or have sexual relations outside of marriage," while males are commonly taught to "feel entitled to have sexual relations and pleasure and that their self-worth is demonstrated through their sexual prowess and notions of authority and power". Sexual interactions often take place in unequal structural circumstances in the context of imbalance of power between men and women. Feminists, such as Catharine Mackinnon, have stated that the inequality in which heterosexual intercourse takes place should not be ignored and should play a crucial role in policies; Mackinnon has argued: "The assumption is that women can be unequal to men economically, socially, culturally, politically, and in religion, but the moment they have sexual interactions, they are free and equal. That's the assumption – and I think it ought to be thought about, and in particular what consent then means."

Socially constructed masculinity might suggest that men are constantly interested in sex, and that once men are sexually aroused, they must be satisfied through orgasm. This drive is intertwined with the male identity and consequently creates a momentum that, once started, is difficult to stop. Socially constructed femininity might suggest the connotation of passivity, which has affected the cultural importance of female desire. This is a factor that contributes to women's sexual desires being largely ignored; because men are seen as unable to control their sexuality, this can make women responsible for enforcing condom use instead of the "uncontrollable" male. Some scholars argue that a contributing factor in this division of responsibility for safe sex factors is the privileged status of male desire in Western culture, as indicated by the commonly held belief that the female sexual experience is not adversely affected by condom use but that the male sexual experience is diminished with the addition of this barrier. They believe that this is problematic, as the use of condoms is symbolically linked to casual sex and promiscuity, which goes against the social norms of femininity. This link is considered something that cannot be underestimated as "discontinuation of condom use becomes a test or a marker which signifies the existence of a committed and exclusive relationship," and demonstrates trust.

Others speculate that the responsibility for condom use falling on women is not so much imposed by society, but is instead resultant of the possible consequences of unprotected sex being generally more serious for women than men (pregnancy, greater likelihood of STI transmission, etc.). Bacterial STIs, such as chlamydia and gonorrhea, show that rates among women can be three times higher than men in high prevalence areas of the United States, and one-fourth of pregnancies in developing countries and one-half of pregnancies in the United States are unintended.

Another social idea of sexuality is the coital imperative. The coital imperative is the idea that for sex to be real, there must be penile-vaginal intercourse. For many women, this imposes limitations to the sexual possibilities and a condom is seen as a symbol of the end of the sexual experience. Public acceptance of penis-vagina penetration as central to a sexual relationship is reinforced by the focus on condom use. These ideas, male sex drive and coital imperative, paired with the social construction of femininity, may lead to an imbalance of the power in making the decision to use a condom.

See also

 Clitoral pump
 Clitoral vibrator
 Dominatrix
 Erotic plasticity
 Erotica: A Journey Into Female Sexuality
 Extended female sexuality
 Female ejaculation
 Female promiscuity
 Female sexual arousal disorder
 Female sodomy
 Female submission
 Feminist theory
 French feminism
 Human female reproductive system
 Human male sexuality
 Lesbian sexual practices
 Madonna and sexuality
 Medieval female sexuality
 Penis envy
 Rabbit vibrator
 Sex toy party
 Sexual and reproductive health and rights
 Victimization of bisexual women
 Women's sexuality in Francoist Spain
 Women who have sex with women
 Women's erotica
 Women's pornography

References

External links

 Maggie Wittlin, "Girls Gone Wild...For Monkeys", Seed Magazine (10/14/2005)
 Sally Lehrman, The Virtues of Promiscuity
 Jennifer Armstrong, "Slut" is Not A Four Letter Word
 Sexual pleasure as a human right: Harmful or helpful to women in the context of HIV/AIDS?, by Jennifer Oriel, University of Melbourne

Evolutionary psychology
.


Francis John Taylor (13 November 1912 – 4 July 1971) was the third Bishop of Sheffield from  1962. Born on 13 November 1912 and educated at Hymers College and The Queen's College, Oxford, he was ordained in 1937 and began his career with  a curacy at Walcot, Bath.  He was then a Tutor, Lecturer and Chaplain at Wycliffe Hall, Oxford after which he was Vicar of Christ Church, Claughton, Merseyside. From 1954, he was Principal of  Wycliffe, a post he held until his elevation to the Episcopate . He died in post on 4 July 1971 aged 58.

Notes

1912 births

1971 deaths

Clergy from Kingston upon Hull
People educated at Hymers College
Alumni of The Queen's College, Oxford
Principals of Wycliffe Hall, Oxford
20th-century Church of England bishops
Bishops of Sheffield
20th-century English Anglican priests


Dorothea Marie of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (22 January 1674 – 18 April 1713) was Duchess of Saxe-Meiningen as the first wife of Ernst Ludwig I, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen. She was the daughter of Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg and his first wife, Magdalena Sybille of Saxe-Weissenfels. She married Ernst Ludwig I on the 19 September 1704.

Issue
Josef Bernhard (b. Meiningen, 27 May 1706 d. Rome, 22 March 1724)
Friedrich August (b. Meiningen, 4 November 1707 d. Meiningen 25 Dec 1707)
Ernst Ludwig II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen (b. Coburg, 8 August 1709 d. Meiningen, 24 February 1729)
Luise Dorothea (b. Meiningen, 7 December 1710 d. Gotha, 22 October 1771) married on 17 September 1729 to Frederick III, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
Karl Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen (b. Meiningen, 18 July 1712 d. Meiningen, 28 March 1743).

Ancestry

1674 births
1713 deaths
House of Saxe-Meiningen
House of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
People from Gotha (town)
People from Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
Princesses of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
Princesses of Saxe-Meiningen
Duchesses of Saxe-Meiningen
Daughters of monarchs


English Bay is a neighbourhood in the West End of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Though not formally defined, it is a commonly used local appellation that refers to the shopping and residential areas focused on the intersection of Denman and Davie Streets near at English Bay Beach. Generally, the term refers to the first few blocks of residential areas flanking the beach from Stanley Park to Sunset Beach, and to the commercial areas along Davie Street, and along Denman Street south of Nelson Street.

Neighbourhoods in Vancouver


There is no cross-border flag universally accepted as representing both jurisdictions on the island of Ireland. This can be a problem in contexts where a body organised on an all-island basis needs to be represented by a flag in an international context.

The island is politically divided into the Republic of Ireland (a sovereign state comprising 26 of Ireland's 32 traditional counties) and Northern Ireland (comprising the remaining 6 counties in the north-east of Ireland, and a part of the United Kingdom), but all-island organisations are common. Examples include the Catholic Church in Ireland, the Presbyterian Church in Ireland, the Church of Ireland, the Gaelic Athletic Association, the Orange Order, Scouting Ireland and the Irish Rugby Football Union.

Saint Patrick's Saltire

The Saint Patrick's Saltire was incorporated into the Union Flag in 1801 by way of the Act of Union 1800 to represent Ireland within the new United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

The Church of Ireland orders that, apart from the flag of the Anglican Communion, only this saltire may be flown on its church grounds—as opposed to the tricolour, the Union Flag or the former flag of Northern Ireland. This follows the practice of other Anglican churches in England, Scotland, and Wales, which fly the flags of their respective patron saints instead of the Union Flag.

The saltire is also flown by the Catholic St. Patrick's College, Maynooth, on graduation days.

Modified versions have been used formerly by the Irish Rugby Football Union, and currently by the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and the Commissioners of Irish Lights.

Irish tricolour

The tricolour of green, white and orange, the official flag of the Republic of Ireland, was originally intended by nationalists to represent the entire island.

However, this symbolism is rejected by Ulster unionists, as illustrated by an exchange in the House of Commons of Northern Ireland in 1951:

The Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) flies this flag at matches regardless of whether either or both teams are from Northern Ireland. It is also used for the Ireland international rules football team, selected by the GAA on an all-island basis.

The Golfing Union of Ireland covers the whole island and competes under the tricolour in international events such as the World Cup, Alfred Dunhill Cup and the Eisenhower Trophy.

Four Provinces flag
The Four Provinces Flag of Ireland is a quartering of the arms of the four provinces of Ireland. The order of the provinces varies.

Various all-Ireland sports teams and organisations use the Four Provinces Flag of Ireland and a four province Crest of Ireland, including the Ireland field hockey team, Ireland rugby league team, Irish rugby union team and Irish Amateur Boxing Association.

Erne flag
This flag was initially used on the Shannon–Erne Waterway, which is bisected by the border. Rather than flying a national flag, boats fly this green, white and blue flag. It is endorsed by the Inland Waterways Association of Ireland, an all-island organisation. This design is, however, the national flag of Sierra Leone.

Harp flags

The harp (or ) has long been a symbol of Ireland, being first recorded in a French roll of arms known as the Armorial Wijnbergen, which dates to the late 13th century.  It first featured on Irish coins in the reign of Henry VIII around 1534. During the seventeenth and eighteenth century, the harp became adorned with progressively more decoration, ultimately becoming a "winged maiden". In the nineteenth century, the Maid of Erin, a personification of Ireland, was a woman holding a more realistic harp than the "winged maiden". This style of harp was then also used in Irish flags.  The harp on the modern coat of arms of Ireland is modelled on the "Brian Boru" harp in the library of Trinity College, Dublin, as it appeared after an 1840s restoration.

Blue harp flag
The lower left quadrant of the Royal Standard of the United Kingdom has featured a harp on a blue field, representing Ireland since 1603. The current version, designed in 1953, uses a winged-maiden harp and consists of a golden  with silver strings on a blue background. The shade of blue in the field was known as Saint Patrick's Blue when used in 1783 for the regalia of the Order of Saint Patrick.

Green harp flag
The flag of a harp on a green background was first used by Owen Roe O'Neil in 1642. The change from blue to green started in the 17th century with Owen Roe O'Neill and Confederate Ireland, The colour green became associated with Ireland from the 1640s onwards. The United Irishmen adopted this flag which already had strong associations with Ireland, it was unofficially the national flag for centuries, The united Irishmen was an Irish nationalist movement associated with both Catholic and Protestant Irish – its leader Wolfe Tone was Anglican Protestant; green was a colour of rebellion in the eighteenth century. Since at least the 17th century Ireland has been known by the poetic name the Emerald Isle due to its abundance of green countryside. This was a common flag used to represent Ireland during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It consisted of a gold  on a green background. It was associated with moderate nationalism at a time when the tricolour was confined to more radical movements. It is the same as the modern Flag of Leinster. It was used by the Irish team at the 1930 British Empire Games.

Sporting flags
Several all-island sporting organisations send representative teams to compete internationally.  In some cases, a flag unique to that organisation is used in lieu of a national flag.  Typically such flags include one of the traditional symbols of Ireland.

The Ireland cricket team uses a blue flag depicting shamrocks.

The Ireland national field hockey team uses a bespoke flag with a shield quartered with the symbols of the four provinces.

The Ireland rugby team's flag is a green flag containing the shields of the four provinces and the Irish Rugby Football Union's logo.  At matches outside Ireland, this is the only flag displayed. At matches in Northern Ireland (typically at Ravenhill) the Flag of Ulster (yellow background) is also displayed.  This is the flag of the nine-county province (including the three Ulster counties in the Republic of Ireland), similar to but distinct from the Ulster Banner (white background), the former flag of the Northern Irish government.  At matches in the Republic of Ireland (typically at Lansdowne Road), the Irish tricolour is flown along with the preceding two.

Eddie Irvine, a Formula One driver from Conlig in Northern Ireland, asked for a white flag with a shamrock to be used if he secured a podium finish. There had been controversy when an Irish tricolour had been used incorrectly for him in 1997. The FIA insisted the Union Flag be used in conformance with its regulations.

The Show Jumping Association of Ireland (SJAI; subsequently renamed Showjumping Ireland) used a green flag with its crest based on the four provinces when competing internationally, from its formation after the Second World War. In FEI Nations Cup events, Ireland was represented by the Irish Army Equitation School under the tricolour. From the late 1960s, the SJAI joined forces with the army in FEI competitions and competed under the tricolour, although it retained its own flag in other competitions until the late 1970s.

See also
 "Ireland's Call", used as a national anthem for the rugby union team
 Northern Ireland flags issue

References

Flag controversies
Flags of Ireland
National symbols of Ireland


The Orchid Gardener () is a 1978 Danish experimental film written, produced, shot, edited and directed by Lars von Trier.

Plot
The film consists of a series of scenes, the chronological order of which is ambiguous, loosely relaying the experiences of the protagonist Victor Marse (Lars von Trier), whose actual name is Felimann von Marseburg. Victor is introduced by means of voice-over narration (Jesper Hoffmeyer) as a young artist of Jewish descent who has shunned his heritage. He is described as having arrived at the realisation that he is alone, doubting humanity's willingness to extend help to one another. Further details are provided, including the fact that he was called a wimp at one point in his life, which led to a dread of weakness and incompetence. Victor believes that he must keep his mind busy and therefore decides to cultivate his love for Eliza, a young nurse he encounters during his stay at a sanatorium.

Whilst in residence at the sanatorium, Victor observes the intimate friendship between Eliza and her female friend, also a nurse. It is suggested they are lovers. It is ambiguous as to which nurse is specifically Eliza, which is further enunciated by a recurring voice-over that states ‘I am not Eliza’. Victor is portrayed as exhibiting a sense of dependence upon the nurses; in one scene he waits upon one nurse to dry and swaddle him in a towel following a shower, and in the following scene he uses a wheelchair. He is wheeled through the gardens of the sanatorium by one of the nurses, potentially Eliza, towards whom he expresses a tenderness by clasping her hand. Victor and the accompanying nurse pass a gardener and a woman painting on a large canvas, both of whom Victor greets with a smile. Arriving at a tree, the nurse gathers handfuls of blossoms, which she begins to gently sprinkle onto Victor's hair. She is interrupted by the call of another nurse, Eliza's friend. Leaving Victor seated in his chair, the nurses walk into the distance, with Eliza's friend retrieving from her pocket a condom, prompting laughter from both. Victor looks on with a forlorn expression. The sky becomes clouded; the camera tracks along the ground, displaying the painter's canvas and easel as scattered along the grass, with the painter nowhere to be seen. Eliza dashes back to Victor, who is still seated, and wheels him along, harshly dusting the blossoms from his head in the process.

Victor is shown in a household setting, presumably following his period in the sanatorium. He looks on at a woman, one of the former nurses who is now dressed in masculine attire. The narrator describes that Victor had studied women and had come to the conclusion that women always despise that which is weak, driving him to dream of strengthening himself. This narration is accompanied by a scene in which a young child is thrashed and locked in a room by an older, unknown woman; the woman, situated on the other side of the locked door, masturbates against the backdrop of the child's distressed cries.

Returning to the antics of Victor, Victor dons a Nazi military uniform whilst sat before a tabletop mirror. In contrast to the masculine overtones of the garment he applies mascara to his eyes and powder to his face. In the following scene he intensely studies the former nurse brushing her hair and applying cream to her face; as she hums the melody of Lili Marleen, Victor runs his hands along the outline of the head and shoulders, never directly touching her skin. Following this, Victor is shown outside in a derelict urban setting, adjusting his trousers. A doll's pram overturned in the background, and it is indicated by the narrator that Victor has assaulted a young girl.

Eliza, Eliza's friend and Victor attend a cinema screening. While Eliza and her friend sit side by side, an empty chair separates Victor from the couple. The film displays a male and female couple in the midst of an incomprehensible dialogue; while the male figure becomes increasingly animated and emotional, the female figure remains coolly composed and disaffected by the male figure's erratic gesticulations. Eliza and her friend exchange amused glances, while Victor, who sports painted nails, gazes intensely at the screen whilst tightly holding a furled flyer featuring a painting of a man. Once the film concludes, Victor is left alone in the auditorium.

Victor is shown wearing female attire, applying make-up once more, gazing into his tabletop mirror. Running his hands over the contours of his face, he looks into his own reflection for a moment before approaching a nearby birdcage. He removes the bird inside, a pigeon, and rings its neck until the head is removed. He returns to the mirror, dabbing his finger into the head's open wound, using the blood as rouge for his cheeks. In an abrupt change of pace, the next scene shows Victor running frantically down an enclosed street, collapsing as he reaches a dead end. He is then shown at the seashore, perched upon the edge of a pier. The narrator describes how Victor fantasises a hand caressing his own. Victor becomes briefly lost in his imagination, believing a hand to touch his own, only to realise that he is daydreaming and is actually alone.

Back in the household Victor suspends himself from the ceiling, giving the impression of having hung himself. His female companion, one of the former-nurses, enters the house and eventually arrives at the room in which Victor is hanging. She is not startled and conversely strolls towards the window behind Victor before departing. Infuriated by her response, Victor cuts himself free and flings off the harness that had been supporting him. He runs from the room.

The following scenes show Victor descending into greater anxiety and violence. His sleep is interrupted by distress. He sits for long, inert periods besides an empty canvas. It is implied that he is so bothered by the song of the birds outside of his atelier that he hammers them by their wings against a wall and sets them alight. Finally, he is shown holding a gun to his female companion. She remains composed, as she turns her back to Victor and extends her hand across the wall. She turns back to face him and tells Victor that she cherishes him the way he is, that he should give her a chance, and that it would be foolish for him to shoot her. She asks him why he has never wished to be caressed. Victor's hand tremors and he throws the gun aside. The camera cuts to a wide shot, revealing that the female companion is not clothed except for trousers and a tie; she presents Victor with a whip, which she begins to coat with a viscous substance followed by a white, granular powder. Watching intently, Victor begins to undress.

Clasping his head and body, Victor walks down a mostly empty street. He walks with a pained gait, which increasingly falters. An elderly woman collapses in the distance and a crowd begins to gather, although they do not actually help her but instead stare at her body. Victor remains unacknowledged as he staggers on, almost collapsing entirely. The scenes fades to an image of a nude Victor, collapsed in front of the large canvas, drawn-out hand prints running down the length of the canvas.

In the final scenes of the film Victor is shown driving a hearse to an orchid nursery. As he drives, an English language commercial discouraging smoking plays from the hearse's radio. After removing a formal jacket and bowtie, revealing that he is wearing gardener overalls, he retrieves a cap from inside of the coffin situated in the back of the hearse and then attends to work in the nursery.

The narrator states that Victor truly cherished Eliza, to which a female voice responds ‘No, not Eliza’. The film concludes with a priest driving a wooden cross into the ground.

References
Schepelern P., Lars von Trier a jeho filmy, Orpheus, 2004
Koutsourakis A., Politics as Form in Lars von Trier: A Post-Brechtian Reading, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2013

External links

1978 films
Danish short films
Films directed by Lars von Trier
1978 short films
1970s Danish-language films


Elemore Hall is a mid-18th-century country house, now in use as a residential special school, near Pittington, County Durham, England. It is a Grade I listed building.

History
The manor of Elemore was owned prior to the Dissolution of the Monasteries by the Priory of Finchale. It was sold to Bertram Anderson, Mayor and Sheriff of Newcastle upon Tyne, who built a manor house in about 1550. The estate passed from Anderson to Hall and then by marriage to Thomas Conyers MP for Durham City 1702-22. In about 1700 Elizabeth Conyers, heiress of the estate, married George Baker, also MP for Durham City, of Crook Hall, near Lanchester.

Structure

Their son George Baker inherited the manor in 1723 and in about 1750 replaced the old manor house with the present mansion to a design by architect Robert Shout of Hemsley. The house follows the E-plan of the old manor but on a much grander scale. The three storey, seven bayed entrance front has a pedimented three bayed projecting central block and two flanking and projecting pedimented single bay wings. It is a Grade I listed building.

Baker family
In 1844 Isabella Baker heiress married the son of her aunt and first cousin, Henry Tower. On inheriting the property he changed his name to Henry Baker Baker. He was High Sheriff of Durham in 1854. The Baker Baker family lived at the Hall until the 1930s.

School
In 1947 the estate was bought or leased to Durham County Council. S.E.D. Wilson, the vice chairman of the Northern Coal Divisional Board, said, "The estate was formerly leased by a colliery company to protect themselves against claims for subsidence ... The Hall is not convenient for use as area headquarters ... but it might be suitable as a school for other educational purposes". The Hall has since then been occupied by a local education authority day and residential special school. In 1992 a new teaching block, designed by Thomas Weatherald of Askrigg, was planned at a cost of £357,546 ().

In 1959, Elemore Hall School headmaster Alan Little was cleared of excessively and publicly injuring a disabled pupil by hitting him with a slipper, in spite of school staff, a senior inspector of the N.S.P.C.C. and two doctors noting "excessive bruises". The defence counsel, Peter Taylor, submitted that, "It is a very odd piece of corporal punishment that doesn't hurt – that is what it is meant to do". The boy, Michael John Paxton, was aged 12 years.

References

External links

  (Includes set of exterior photographs).

Grade I listed buildings in County Durham
Country houses in County Durham
Pittington


Jon Gjerde (February 25, 1953 – October 26, 2008) was an American historian and the Alexander F. and May T. Morrison Professor of American History and American Citizenship at the University of California, Berkeley, where he also served as dean of the Division of Social Sciences in the College of Letters and Science at the University of California, Berkeley.

Biography
Gjerde was born in Waterloo, Iowa, and grew up in Cedar Falls, Iowa, the youngest of three children in a family of Norwegian immigrants. His father, Waldemar Gjerde, was a professor of education at the University of Northern Iowa, but died when Jon Gjerde was young; his mother was a schoolteacher. Gjerde himself attended the University of Northern Iowa, and graduated in 1975 with a double major in history and philosophy and religion. He went on to graduate studies in history at the University of Minnesota, earning a master's degree in 1978 and a Ph.D. in 1982.

After teaching at the University of Minnesota, the University of Wisconsin and the California Institute of Technology, Gjerde joined the UC Berkeley faculty in 1985. He was tenured in 1989. Gjerde served as resident director of the Scandinavian Study Center in Lund, Sweden from 1991 to 1992. He served as  chair of the history department at UC Berkeley from 2001 to 2004, was named interim dean of social sciences in 2006 and was confirmed as dean in 2007.   Like his father, he died in his 50s of a heart attack; he died in Albany, California. The Jon and Ruth Gjerde Graduate Student Endowment was established to benefit the UC Berkeley History Department.

Gjerde's research concerned European immigration to the Midwestern United States and European immigrants in the midwest. Among other accolades, Gjerde won three Theodore Saloutos Memorial Book awards for his writings on immigration and agricultural history. He was most commonly associated with his two prizewinning books, From Peasants to Farmers: The Migration from Balestrand, Norway, to the Upper Middle West (1989) and The Minds of the West: Ethnocultural Evolution in the Rural Middle West, 1830–1917 (1997)

Selected works
. This is an edited volume of primary sources and excerpts from scholars.
. Reviewed in J. Historical Geography , American Historical Review , Economic History Review , J. Interdisciplinary History , International Migration Review , Continuity and Change , and J. American History .
. Reviewed in J. American History , American Historical Review , Western Historical Quarterly , International Migration Review , American Anthropologist , and Rural History .
.

References

External links
The Jon and Ruth Gjerde Graduate Student Endowment

1953 births
2008 deaths
University of Northern Iowa alumni
University of Minnesota College of Liberal Arts alumni
University of Minnesota faculty
University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty
California Institute of Technology faculty
University of California, Berkeley College of Letters and Science faculty
20th-century American historians
American male non-fiction writers
American people of Norwegian descent
People from Cedar Falls, Iowa
Immigration historians
Historians from Iowa
Historians from California
20th-century American male writers


Zlín Film Festival, also known as the International Film Festival for Children and Youth () is an annual festival of children's film in Zlín in the Czech Republic. Founded in 1961 in the former Czechoslovakia, the festival gradually gained international attention. The audience consists mainly of children and youth from the Zlín region, but also university students and adult visitors who come to late-night screenings with appropriate dramaturgy, as well as film professionals from around the world.

The anniversary 60th Zlín Film Festival took place exceptionally in September 2020.

History

The establishment of a regular film festival in Zlín was the result of efforts by local filmmakers to present their work in a local atmosphere. The first festival took place in 1961, 20 years after a previous film festival had been held in Zlín, named Film Harvest () or Zliennale. Film Harvest, held in the war years 1940–41, attracted most of the stars of that period's highly productive and internationally successful Czech and Slovak films. The main program was held in Zlín's Grand Cinema, the largest cinema in Central Europe at that time. The capacity of the building, completed in 1932, was over 2,500. The Grand Cinema is still open today, and hosts the opening ceremony of the festival.

In 1936, entrepreneur Jan Antonín Baťa founded a new film studio in the city, which gradually turned into Czechoslovakia's most prominent centre of filmmaking focused on children and youth. Film-makers such as Karel Zeman, Hermína Týrlová, Alexandr Hackenschmied, Břetislav Pojar and Josef Pinkava created their works in the Zlín film studios. The town's film-making tradition continues today in its two film schools.

Programme

The competitive sections of the festival include new films shot within the last two years. They are accompanied by films from other festivals and classic works of world cinema. Apart from the five competitive sections, the festival includes a number of informative and retrospective sections, including full-length documentary films. Each year the cinematography of one European nation showcased.

Competition Sections
International Competition of Feature Films in the Children's Category
International Competition of Feature Films in the Junior Category (over 11 years of age)
International Competition of Feature Films in the Youth Category (over 15 years of age)
International Competition of Short Animations for Children (up to 12 year of age)
Competition of European Documentary Films for Young Audience
Zlín Dog - International Competition of Student Films

Out-of-competition Sections
New Czech Film and TV Programmes: Presentation of Czech cinema and TV production from the year.
Panorama: Informative section – presents mostly films awarded at other festivals which cannot compete in one of the competitive sections.
Young Stars  Films introducing young actors whom the audience can meet in person in Zlín.
Limited thematic section Discover and Explore (2019) - nature, people, countries, 2020: Back to the Future (2020) - science, technology, special film effects, Literature in Film (2021) - film adaptation of the well-known books for young audience

Supporting program

Apart from the film projections, the festival offers a supporting programme of charity and entertainment, including concerts, exhibitions, public readings, and parties. The specialist part of the programme includes mostly classes, lectures and workshops. The festival also includes a supporting programme for the Film Industry.

One festival project is the Cinematrain, a railway car modified into a projection room that travels around the Czech Republic and Slovakia for a few weeks before the film festival. The festival is also the annual end of the Minisalon project - an auction of artistically rendered film. Czech artists and other celebrities design these film clapperboards during the autumn and winter. The collection of art works is then displayed and auctioned off during the film festival. The funds raised from their auction go to support student film productions.

Awards

Golden Slipper – Main prize awarded to the best feature film in the children´s, junior, youth and animation section.
Karel Zeman Award - Special Recognition for Best Visual Concept in a Feature Film in the Children's Category
Hermína Týrlová Award for Best Short Animation for Children up to 6 Years of Age
Main Prize of the Children's Jury for Best Feature Film in the Children's Category
Main Prize of the Youth Jury for Best Feature Film in the Junior and Youth Category
Zlín Dog Award for Best Student Film (with prize money of EUR 1000)
Europe Award - the European Children's Film Association Award for Best European Documentary Film for Young Audience
Ecumenical Jury Award
Golden Apple – the City of Zlín Audience Award for Best Feature Film in the Children's, Junior and Youth Category
ČT: D Audience Award for Best Short Animation for Children

Winners
2023| 63rd ed.
Golden Slipper for Best Feature Film in the Children’s Category: What the Finn?! - A Summer of Surprises, dir. Stefan Westerwelle, Germany
Golden Slipper for Best Feature Film in the Junior Category: Scrapper, dir. Charlotte Regan, Great Britain
Golden Slipper for Best Feature Film in the Youth Category: Delegation, dir. Asaf Saban, Poland, Israel, Germany
Golden Slipper for Best Short Animation for Children: Crab, dir. Piotr Chmielewski, Poland, France
Europe Award - the European Children's Film Association Award for Best European Documentary Film for Young Audience: We Will Not Fade Away, dir. Alisa Kovalenko, France, Poland, Ukraine
Zlín Dog Award for Best Student Film: Of Kisses and Capes, dir. Elena Weiss, Germany
Golden Apple – the City of Zlín Audience Award for Best Feature Film in the Children's, Junior and Youth Category: Forever, dir. Anders Hazelius, Sweden

2022| 62nd ed.
Golden Slipper for Best Feature Film in the Children’s Category: Gandhi & Co., dir. Manish Saini, India
Golden Slipper for Best Feature Film in the Junior Category: A Second Life, dir. Anis Lassoued, Tunisia
Golden Slipper for Best Feature Film in the Youth Category: Olga, dir. Elie Grappe, France, Switzerland, Ukraine
Golden Slipper for Best Short Animation for Children: Suzie in the Garden, dir. Lucie Sunková, Czech Republic
Europe Award - the European Children's Film Association Award for Best European Documentary Film for Young Audience: Kids Cup, dir. Line Hatland, Denmark, Finland, Norway
Zlín Dog Award for Best Student Film: A Dark Moment of Faith, dir. Zornitsa Dimitrova, Germany
Golden Apple – the City of Zlín Audience Award for Best Feature Film in the Children's, Junior and Youth Category: My Brothers Dream Awake, dir. Claudia Huaiquimilla, Chille

2021| 61st ed.
Golden Slipper for Best Feature Film in the Children’s Category: Sisters: The Summer We Found Our Superpowers, dir. Arild Østin Ommundsen, Silje Salomonsen, Norway
Golden Slipper for Best Feature Film in the Junior Category: Sun Children, dir. Majid Majidi, Iran
Golden Slipper for Best Feature Film in the Youth Category: Valentina, dir. Cássio Pereira dos Santos, Brazil
Golden Slipper for Best Short Animation for Children: Sounds between the Crowns, dir. Filip Diviak, Czech Republic
Europe Award - the European Children's Film Association Award for Best European Documentary Film for Young Audience: Kids Cup, dir. Line Hatland, Denmark, Finland, Norway
Zlín Dog Award for Best Student Film: Yuwol : The Boy Who Made The World Dance, dir. BEFF, South Korea
Golden Apple – the City of Zlín Audience Award for Best Feature Film in the Children's, Junior and Youth Category: Martin and the Magical Forest, dir. Petr Oukropec, Czech Republic, Germany, Slovakia

2020| 60th ed.
Best feature film for children: The Crossing, dir. Johanne Helgeland, Norway
Best feature film for youth: Life without Sara Amat, dir. Lara Jou, Spain
Best short animation for children: The Bird & the Whale, dir. Carol Freeman, Ireland
Best European first film: Nevia, dir. Nunzia De Stefano, Italy
Best European documentary for children: Forward, dir. Gilles de Maistre, France
Best student film: The Last Children in Paradise, dir. Anna Roller, Germany

2019| 59th ed.
Best feature film for children: My Extraordinary Summer with Tess, dir. Steven Wouterlood, Netherlands, Germany
Best feature film for youth: Giant Little Ones, dir. Keith Behrman, Canada
Best short animation for children: Cloudy, dir. Filip Diviak, Zuzana Čupová, Czech Republic
Best European first film: The Unpromised Land, dir. Victor Lindgren, Sweden
Best European documentary for children: How Big Is the Galaxy?, dir. Ksenia Elyan, Estonia, Russia
Best student film: Provence, dir. Kato De Boeck, Belgium

2018| 58th ed.
Best feature film for children: Supa Modo, dir. Likarion Wainaina, Kenya, Germany
Best feature film for youth: Barley Fields on the Other Side of the Mountain, dir. Tian Tsering, United Kingdom
Best short animation for children: Blueberry Hunt, dir. Kateřina Karhánková, Alexandra Májová, Czech Republic
Best European first film: The Best of All Worlds, dir. Adrien Goiginger, Austria
Best student film: Leave of Absence, dir. Moshe Rosenthal, Israel
Best European documentary for children: Wilder Than Wilderness, dir. Marián Polák, Czech Republic

2017| 57th ed.
Best feature film for children: Mountain Miracle – The Unexpected Friendship, dir. Tobias Wiemann , Germany, Italy
Best feature film for youth: Just Charlie, dir. Rebekah Fortune, United Kingdom
Best short animation for children: Two Trams, dir. Svetlana Andrianova, Russia
Best European first film: Heartstone, dir. Guðmundur Arnar Guðmundsson, Iceland
Best student film: Shujayya, dir. Mohammed Almughanni, Poland, Palestina

2016| 56th ed.
Best feature film for children: The World of Us, dir. Yoon Ga-eun , South Korea
Best feature film for youth: Keeper, dir. Guillaume Senez, Belgium, Switzerland, France
Best short animation for children: The Orchestra, dir. Mikey Hill, Australia
Best European first film: Rag Union, dir. Mikhail Mestetskyi, Russia
Best student film: Peacock, dir. Ondřej Hudeček, Czech Republic

2015| 55th ed.
Best feature film for children: Birds of Passage, dir. Olivier Ringer, Belgium
Best feature film for youth: Behavior, dir. Ernesto Daranas, Cuba
Best short animation for children: The Elephant and the Bicycle, dir. Olesya Shchukina, France, Belgium

2014| 54th ed.
Best feature film for children: The Nightingale, dir. Philippe Muyl, France, China
Best feature film for youth: The Kings of Summer, dir. Jordan Vogt-Roberts, U.S.A.
Best Animated Film: Mythopolis, dir. Alexandra Hetmerová, Czech Republic

2013| 53rd ed.
Best feature film for children: My Sweet Orange Tree, dir. Marcos Bernstein, Brazil
Best Feature Film for Youth: So Much Water, dir. Ana Guevara Pose, Uruguay, Mexico, Netherlands, Germany
Best Animated Film: Pilipka, dir. Tatiana Kublitskaya, Belarus

2012| 52nd ed.
Best feature film for children: Chubby Drums, dir. Arne Toonen, Netherlands
Best Feature Film for Youth:Death of a Superhero, dir. Ian Fitzgibbon, Germany, Ireland
Best Animated Film:Harbor Tale, dir. Yuichi Ito, Japan

2011| 51st ed.
Best feature film for children: The Liverpool Goalie, dir. Arild Andresen, Norway
Best feature film for youth: Hold Me Tight, dir. Kaspar Munk, Denmark
Best animated film: Larghetto, dir. Jaroslav Nykl, Czech Republic

2010| 50th ed.
Best feature film for children: Magic Tree, dir. Andrzej Maleszka, Poland
Best feature film for youth: Sebbe, dir. Babak Najafi, Sweden
Best animated film: Lost and Found, dir. Philip Hunt, United Kingdom

2009| 49th ed.
Best feature film for children: Who Is Afraid of the Wolf?, dir. Mária Procházková, Czech Republic
Best feature film for youth: Max Embarrassing, dir. Lotte Svendsen, Denmark
Best animated film: Post!, dir. Christian Asmussen, Matthias Bruhn, Germany

2008 | 48th ed.
Best feature film for children: Where Is Winky's Horse?, dir. Mischa Kamp, The Netherlands, Belgium
Best feature film for youth: The Substitute, dir. Ole Bornedal, Denmark
Best animated film: The Bears Stories, dir. Marina Karpova, Russia

2007 | 47th ed.
Best feature film for children: Little Heroes, directed by Itai Lev, Israel
Best feature film for youth: Hoppet, dir. Petter Næss, Sweden
Best animated film: Tyger, dir. Guilherme Marcondes, Brazil

2006 | 46th ed.
Best feature film for children: Bonkers, directed by Martin Koolhoven, The Netherlands
Best feature film for youth: We Shall Overcome, dir. Niels Arden Oplev, Denmark
Best animated film: Cartoon, dir. Pál Tóth, Hungary

2005 | 45th ed.
Best feature film for children: The Color of Milk, directed by Torun Lian, Norway
Best feature film for youth: Fourteen Sucks, dir. Filippa Freijd, Martin Jern, Emil Larsson, Henrik Norrthon, Sweden
Best animated film: Music Shop, dir. Sofia Kravtsova, Russia

2004 | 44th ed.
Best feature film for children: Strong as a Lion, directed by Manne Lindwall, Sweden
Best feature film for youth: 4th Floor, dir. Antonio Mercero, Spain
Best animated film: Music Shop, dir. Michéle Lemieux, Canada

2003 | 43rd ed.
Best feature film for children: , directed by , Germany
Best feature film for youth: White Oleander, dir. Peter Kosminsky, Germany, USA
Best animated film: I Want a Dog, dir. Sheldon Cohen, Canada

2002 | 42nd ed.
Best feature film for children: Children of Petroleum, directed by Ebrahim Forouzesh, Iran
Best feature film for youth: And Your Mother Too, dir. Alfonso Cuarón, Mexico, USA
Best animated film: Choo-choo-2, dir. Garri Bardine, Russia

References

External links
 Zlín International Film Festival for Children and Youth – Official website
 Zlínfest – the Czech Republic's most audience-friendly film festival – Czech Radio

Children's film festivals
Film festivals in the Czech Republic
Zlín
1961 establishments in Czechoslovakia
Film festivals established in 1961