The Fight at Monterey Pass (or Gap) was an American Civil War military engagement beginning the evening of July 4, 1863, during the Retreat from Gettysburg. A Confederate wagon train of Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell's Second Corps, Army of Northern Virginia, withdrew after the Battle of Gettysburg, and Union cavalry under Brig. Gen. H. Judson Kilpatrick attacked the retreating Confederate column. After a lengthy delay in which a small detachment of Maryland cavalrymen delayed Kilpatrick's division, the Union cavalrymen captured numerous Confederate prisoners and destroyed hundreds of wagons.

Background

General Robert E. Lee ordered his Confederate Army of Northern Virginia to begin withdrawing from Gettysburg following his army's defeat on July 3, 1863. When Maj. Gen. George G. Meade's Army of the Potomac did not counterattack by the evening of July 4, Lee realized that he could accomplish nothing more in his Gettysburg Campaign and that he had to return his battered army to Virginia. His ability to supply his army by living off the Pennsylvania countryside was now significantly reduced and the Union could easily bring up additional reinforcements as time passed, whereas he could not. Prior to the movement of the infantry and artillery, however, Lee was concerned with removing his long train of wagons, supplies, and wounded men over South Mountain and into the Cumberland Valley. He sent the majority of the wagons and ambulances under the direction of Brig. Gen. John D. Imboden over the Chambersburg Pike, which passed through Cashtown in the direction of Chambersburg and Hagerstown, Maryland.

While Imboden's wagons moved northwest, Lee designated a shorter route for his three corps: southwest through Fairfield and over Monterey Pass to Hagerstown. After dark on July 4, Lt. Gen. A.P. Hill's Third Corps headed out onto the Fairfield Road, followed by Lt. Gen. James Longstreet's First Corps and Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell's Second Corps. Lee accompanied Hill at the head of the column. Departing in the dark, Lee had the advantage of getting several hours head start and the route from the west side of the battlefield to Williamsport was about half as long as the ones available to the Army of the Potomac.

However, the first traffic on the Fairfield Road had begun on the evening of July 3, when Ewell, concerned about the logistical challenges of the impending retreat, sent his corps trains and herds of captured cattle ahead of his main body. He divided his wagons into three columns. The first used the Cashtown Gap, the second the Fairfield Gap, and the third the Monterey Pass. The wagons headed for Monterey Pass followed the route of Maj. Gen. George Pickett's division, which was moving to the rear as escorts for the Union prisoners of war from the battle.

Early on July 4 Meade sent his cavalry to strike the enemy's rear and lines of communication so as to "harass and annoy him as much as possible in his retreat." Eight cavalry brigades took to the field. Col. J. Irvin Gregg's brigade moved toward Cashtown via Hunterstown and the Mummasburg Road, but all of the others moved south of Gettysburg. Brig. Gen. Judson Kilpatrick's cavalry division joined up with the brigade of Col. Pennock Huey at Emmitsburg, Maryland, and they were ordered to locate and destroy "a heavy train of wagons" that had been spotted by a Union signal station. Assuming that Ewell's corps wagon train was actually the main supply trains for Lee's army, Kilpatrick moved out aggressively at 10 a.m. on July 4, proceeding west on the Waynesboro-Emmitsburg Turnpike toward the village of Fountain Dale (just east of present-day Blue Ridge Summit on Pennsylvania Route 16) and Monterey Pass.

Confederate cavalry commander Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart understood the importance of securing the mountain passes and he assigned the primary responsibility to the cavalry brigades of Brig. Gens. Beverly H. Robertson and William E. "Grumble" Jones. Recognizing the vulnerability of Ewell's immense wagon train in the narrow Monterey Pass, Jones asked permission from Stuart to use his entire brigade to defend it. Stuart allowed the 6th and 7th Virginia Cavalry regiments and a battery of horse artillery under Capt. Roger Preston Chew to be assigned. The 7th Virginia was soon recalled, replaced by the 4th North Carolina Cavalry of Robertson's Brigade.

Engagement in the Pass
Brig. Gen. George A. Custer, a brigade commander under Kilpatrick, received intelligence from a local civilian that the rear of Ewell's wagon train was approaching a large summer resort hotel named Monterey Springs, which sat atop the Pass. Despite being warned of a Confederate artillery placement ahead, Kilpatrick ordered his entire force to advance. A single 12-pounder Napoleon of Courtney's Battery fired a shot at the Union horsemen, but the gunners withdrew before they could be attacked.

The remaining Confederate force on the road up the hill to the Pass consisted of a detachment of 20 dismounted cavalrymen under Capt. George M. Emack from the 1st Maryland Cavalry Battalion, along with a single cannon. As Union troopers from the 5th Michigan Cavalry approached Emack's men, the cannon opened fire and eight of the Marylanders conducted a mounted charge into the head of the Union column. In the dark and the heavy rain, the Union cavalrymen were taken by surprise and many of them retreated in panic. The Confederate cavalrymen dismounted and took up positions on both sides of the road. When the Federals returned, Emack's men waited patiently until they were about 10 yards away and opened fire. The Union cavalrymen were convinced they were opposed by a much larger force. While this standoff continued, Ewell's wagons were moving as swiftly as possible to get out of range of the Union cavalry threat.

By the time Grumble Jones was able to make his way to the scene through the crowded roads, the small Maryland detachment had been driven back several hundred yards, almost to the road junction being used by the wagon train. By this time less than one half of the train had made it safely through the Pass. Jones promised reinforcements from the 6th Virginia Cavalry and Emack ordered his men to hold their ground and conserve their ammunition. Meanwhile, elements of Jones's cavalry attacked Huey's brigade in the rear of Kilpatrick's column.

Kilpatrick brought forward two guns of horse artillery from Lt. Alexander C. M. Pennington's Battery M, 2nd U.S. Artillery, supported by men of the 1st Ohio Cavalry. South of the hotel, a bridge on the road had not been destroyed by the Confederates and Col. Russell A. Alger of the 5th Michigan Cavalry requested reinforcements to make a mounted charge across the bridge. Kilpatrick ordered Custer to make the attack with his full Michigan Brigade. The advance of the 5th and 6th Michigan Cavalry regiments was slowed by the darkness, difficult terrain, and dense undergrowth. The tiny group of Marylanders, supported by a few cavalrymen from the 4th North Carolina of Robertson's Brigade, had delayed the Union advance for nearly five hours.

At about 3 a.m. on July 5, as the Michigan Brigade continued to move slowly forward, Kilpatrick sent in the 1st West Virginia Cavalry under Major Charles E. Capehart. Capehart's 640 officers and men charged what they imagined to be "five times" their numbers. In hand-to-hand fighting with sabers and revolvers, they seized the Confederate cannon and Capehart was later awarded the Medal of Honor for his gallant service. The road was open to attack the wagon train.

Attacking the wagon train
The Union cavalrymen crashed into the column of now lightly protected wagons. Custer, in his enthusiasm for the charge, was thrown from his horse and nearly captured. Grumble Jones also narrowly avoided capture. Pennington's artillery began shelling the wagons toward the rear of the column, splintering carriages and blocking any opportunity for retreat. The Union and Confederate cavalrymen became thoroughly mixed up among the wagons and the enemies were unable to differentiate themselves in the darkness. Several friendly fire incidents occurred as Union troopers accidentally fired on their own lines.

Union troopers rode all the way through the wagon train until they reached Ewell's infantry and captured large numbers of prisoners before returning to repeat the effort. They erected hasty barricades in front of the wagon train to protect what they had captured. More than 1,300 Confederates—primarily wounded men in ambulances, but also slaves, free blacks, and some cavalrymen—were captured and most of the wagons were destroyed. Many of the mules survived and were turned over to the Cavalry Corps quartermaster. Kilpatrick later reported that he had destroyed Ewell's entire wagon train, although he had in fact encountered only a fraction of the full, 40-mile long train. The Confederates lost about 250 wagons and ambulances with casualties from Iverson's and Daniel's Brigades and of three artillery battalions, as well as 37 wagons from Maj. Gen. Robert E. Rodes's division quartermaster trains.

Aftermath
Following the fight at Monterey Pass, Kilpatrick’s division reached Smithsburg around 2 p.m. on July 5. Stuart arrived from over South Mountain with the brigades of Chambliss and Ferguson. A horse artillery duel ensued, causing some damage to the small town. Kilpatrick withdrew at dark "to save my prisoners, animals, and wagons" and arrived at Boonsboro (spelled Boonsborough at that time) before midnight.

Lee's retreat continued to the Potomac, as minor combat operations—primarily cavalry actions—occurred at Hagerstown (July 6 and 12), Boonsboro (July 8), Funkstown (July 7 and 10), and around Williamsport and Falling Waters (July 6–14). At the Potomac, the Confederates found that rising waters and destroyed pontoon bridges prevented their immediate crossing. Erecting substantial defensive works, they awaited the arrival of the Union army, which had been pursuing over longer roads more to the south of Lee's route. Before Meade could perform adequate reconnaissance and attack the Confederate fortifications, Lee's army escaped across fords and a hastily rebuilt bridge.

Legacy
The history of the Monterey Pass battle is commemorated by the Monterey Pass Battlefield Park and Museum, which opened in 2015. Multiple historical markers are present near the site, including a Pennsylvania marker installed in 1940, and a Michigan historical marker dedicated at the museum's opening. The Michigan historical marker is one of eight located outside the state of Michigan.

A 40-minute documentary on the battle entitled Ten Days and Still They Come — The Battle at Monterey Pass was released in 2011.

Notes

References
 Brown, Kent Masterson. Retreat from Gettysburg: Lee, Logistics, & the Pennsylvania Campaign. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005. .
 Coddington, Edwin B. The Gettysburg Campaign; a study in command. New York: Scribner's, 1968. .
 Gottfried, Bradley M. The Maps of Gettysburg: An Atlas of the Gettysburg Campaign, June 3 – June 13, 1863. New York: Savas Beatie, 2007. .
 Huntington, Tom. Pennsylvania Civil War Trails: The Guide to Battle Sites, Monuments, Museums and Towns. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2007. .
 Longacre, Edward G. The Cavalry at Gettysburg. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1986. .
 Wittenberg, Eric J., J. David Petruzzi, and Michael F. Nugent. One Continuous Fight: The Retreat from Gettysburg and the Pursuit of Lee's Army of Northern Virginia, July 4–14, 1863. New York: Savas Beatie, 2008. .

Further reading
 Laino, Philip, Gettysburg Campaign Atlas. 2nd ed. Dayton, OH: Gatehouse Press 2009. .
 Wert, Jeffry D. Custer: The Controversial Life of George Armstrong Custer. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997. .

External links
 Miller, John Allen, Monterey Pass: The Gateway of Agony, Emmitsburg Area Historical Society. accessed March 9, 2009.
 Monterey Pass Battlefield Association
 Monterey Pass Battlefield Park

Battles of the Gettysburg campaign
Union victories of the American Civil War
Battles of the American Civil War in Pennsylvania
Battles of the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War
History of Franklin County, Pennsylvania
South Mountain Range (Maryland−Pennsylvania)
1863 in Pennsylvania
July 1863 events


Dangiwacha is a small town located in Baramulla district, of Jammu and Kashmir region, India.

Cities and towns in Baramulla district


Knut Hove (born 21 February 1946) is a Norwegian veterinarian.

He was born in Oslo. He took the dr.scient. degree in 1974, and the dr.med.vet. degree in 1978. In 1987 he was appointed as professor the Norwegian College of Agriculture. He became rector there in 2000; the institution changed its name to the Norwegian University of Life Sciences in 2005.

References

1946 births
Living people
Norwegian veterinarians
Academic staff of the Norwegian College of Agriculture
Academic staff of the Norwegian University of Life Sciences
Rectors of the Norwegian University of Life Sciences
Health professionals from Oslo


The triose phosphate translocator is an integral membrane protein found in the inner membrane of chloroplasts. It exports triose phosphate (Dihydroxyacetone phosphate) in exchange for inorganic phosphate and is therefore classified as an antiporter. The imported phosphate is then used for ATP regeneration via the light-dependent-reaction; the ATP may then for example be used for further reactions in the Calvin-cycle. The translocator protein is responsible for exporting all the carbohydrate produced in photosynthesis by plants and therefore most of the carbon in food that one eats has been transported by the triose phosphate translocator. Its three-dimensional structure was reported in 2017, revealing how it recognizes two different substrates to catalyze the strict 1:1 exchange.

References

Photosynthesis
Plant physiology
Metabolism
Agronomy


Culemborg is a railway station in Culemborg, Netherlands. The station opened on 1 November 1868 and is on the Utrecht–Boxtel railway. The station is in the southern end of the town, on the edge of the Pavijen industrial estate and near the sustainable development EVA Lanxmeer.

Train services

Bus services

External links
NS website
Dutch Public Transport journey planner

Railway stations in Gelderland
Railway stations opened in 1868
Railway stations on the Staatslijn H
Culemborg
1868 establishments in the Netherlands
Railway stations in the Netherlands opened in the 1860s


Z88 is a software package for the finite element method (FEM) and topology optimization. A team led by Frank Rieg at the University of Bayreuth started development in 1985 and now the software is used by several universities, as well as small and medium-sized enterprises. Z88 is capable of calculating two and three dimensional element types with a linear approach. The software package contains several solvers and two post-processors and is available for Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X and Unix/Linux computers in 32-bit and 64-bit versions. Benchmark tests conducted in 2007 showed a performance on par with commercial software.

History and functionalities

Overview
The software was developed by Frank Rieg, a professor for engineering design and CAD at the University of Bayreuth. Originally written in FORTRAN 77, the program was ported to the programming language C in the early 1990s.
There are two programs for finite element analysis:
 Z88OS (current version 15.0) is available as free software including the source code under the GNU General Public License. Due to the modular structure of the program and the open availability of the source code it is possible to develop customized extensions and add-ons and several special case 2D and 3D continuum elements (e.g. anisotropic shell element) were developed by users.
 Z88Aurora (current version 5.0) originally described the user interface of the Z88 finite element analysis program. After several additions and further development it now comprises a significantly larger range of functionalities than Z88OS. Z88Aurora is freeware, however the source code is not publicly available.

Since 2014 two Android Apps are also available:
 Z88Tina is a freeware FEA program for Android smartphones and tablets. Using Z88Tina it is not only possible to compute trusses and beams, but also continuum elements like plane stress elements, plates and tori.
 Z88Mobile is free, like all Z88 products. This app offers two different modes (basic and advanced) and has a touch interface.

The product family is supported by a software for topology optimization since 2016:
 Z88Arion is a free program for topology optimization and provides three separate algorithms for computation (OC: Optimality Criteria, SKO: Soft Kill Option, TOSS: Topology Optimization for Stiffness and Stress).

Functionalities of Z88Aurora
Z88Aurora's current version contains several computation modules:
 In the case of linear static analyses it is assumed that the result is proportional to the applied forces.
 Nonlinear analyses are used for nonlinear geometries and nonlinear materials.
 Using thermal and thermomechanical analyses it is possible to not only compute results about temperature or heat currents, but also thermomechanical displacements and stresses.
 By utilizing natural frequency simulation natural frequencies and the resulting oscillations can be determined.
 A contact module makes it possible to simulate interacting parts and assemblies. An integrated part management tool enables an effective handling of assemblies. There are options to simulate a glued connection or a friction-free connection and the contact discretization (type of contact: node-surface-, or surface-surface-contact), the mathematical imposition method (lagrange method, perturbed lagrange method or penalty method) and the direction of contact stiffness (normal or tangential direction) can be changed via the contact settings. This module only supports tetrahedrons and hexahedrons with linear or quadratic shape functions. Additionally the module is only available for linear mechanical strength analyses.

Regardless of what module was selected the finite element analysis using Z88Aurora can be divided into three areas: pre-processor, solver (processor) and post-processor.

The pre-processor builds the FE model. It is possible to either build the structure directly inside the software by using Z88Aurora's tools and using structural elements such as trusses and beams or a model can be imported from several file formats.
Geometries can be imported from STEP files (*.STP), STL files in ASCII or binary format (*.STL) or Autocad files (*.DXF), while FE structure data can be imported from NASTRAN files (*.NAS), ABAQUS files (*.INP), ANSYS files (*.ANS) or COSMOS files (*.COS). Z88Aurora contains a total of 25 different element types, including 2D elements (truss, beam, plane stress elements, shaft elements, torus elements) and 3D elements (truss, beam, linear and quadratic tetrahedrons and hexahedrons). Two open source meshers (TetGen, by Dr. Hang Si (WIAS Berlin) and NETGEN, by Prof. Joachim Schöberl (TU Wien)) generate tetrahedron meshes. A tetrahedrons refiner for existing tetrahedrons meshes (linear and quadratic), a mapped mesher for superelement structures (hexahedrons, shells, etc.), a shell thickener that creates column shells from 2D shell elements and a trimming function serve to refine the model. The set management enables an easy selection of surfaces, nodes and elements to apply boundary conditions, define materials, etc. The material database contains 52 pre-defined materials and is editable and can be extended easily. Various boundary conditions such as forces, displacements, pressure and thermal conditions can be applied using the graphical user interface.

The solver computes displacements, stresses, temperatures and nodal forces depending on the selected computation module.
Four numerical solvers are available for the linear finite element analysis:
 A direct Cholesky solver with so-called Jennings storage, that is useful (because fast) for small and medium structures made up of trusses and beams,
 a direct multi-CPU sparse matrix solver for medium structures and
 two differently preconditioned iterative solvers using sparse matrix storage for large FE structures.
Stationary thermal or thermomechanical calculations use the iterative solvers or the direct multicore solver.

Nonlinear calculations are done by applying a special iterative solver.
The natural frequency simulation uses the Lanczos procedure.

The results are visualized using the post-processor. It is possible to filter results or clip the part to view only the relevant sections. Specific results can be exported to text or CSV format and the analysis function permits the display of results pertaining to a single node. Moreover, the deformed structure can be used in other applications by exporting it to an STL file.

The software comes with a Windows user interface with context-sensitive online help. Handbooks are available, demonstrating the use of Z88 and Z88Aurora, using examples.
The Freeware is available for Windows, Linux and OS X.

Functionalities of Z88Arion
Topology optimization is done by optimizing an existing structure towards a given target function by changing its topology class within a pre-defined space. By removing material in suitable places an optimal structure is created. The goal of topology optimization is the automatic creation of an optimal structure under defined applied forces and boundary conditions within the virtual product development process.
A draft model provides the basis. Displacements, stresses and natural frequencies and oscillations are computed via a structural analysis and will be taken into consideration by the optimization process. It is at this point that the exact model and design variables for the optimization process are defined. Not only the target function but also the boundary conditions and restrictions are defined here. The optimization problem is solved by an algorithm that iterates variations of the design variables. The result is an improved draft model, that goes through the same process until an optimal draft, the so-called design suggestion is achieved.

Depending on the goal of the topology optimization two different methods can be chosen:
 Optimality Criteria (OC)
 Soft Kill Option (SKO)
 Topology Optimization for Stiffness and Stress (TOSS)

The OC method produces a design suggestion that features maximal stiffness in relation to a previously defined relative volume. The SKO process optimizes for maximum strength. The TOSS algorithm was specially developed by the development team at the University of Bayreuth and can be understood as an advancement of the OC method. It is a hybrid process of OC and a so-called SKO method (Soft Kill Option) and uses the optimal stiff structure resulting from the OC method and uses it as a basis to create a stress-optimized design suggestion. To do so material is added in overstressed areas and removed in understressed areas.

The determined design proposal is displayed in the postprocessor. For example, the user can look at different iterations and vary presentation limits. In addition, since Z88Arion V2, it is possible to smooth the resulting structure and export it as STL to ensure direct reuse of the optimized part in other programs. There is also a direct interface to Z88Aurora.

Application

Application in teaching and research
Z88 has been used to educate engineering students at the University of Bayreuth since 1998. The possibility of manual creation of the structure and the application of boundary conditions enables a simple visualization of the function of FEM software. Due to the open file sources the software can be used for research purposes in FE areas and can be modified to suit individualized needs.

Among others, Z88 is used for research and teaching at the University Ravensburg-Weingarten, the University of Ioannina, the Penn State University, the Universidad de Buenos Aires, the University of Cagliari, the University of Maribor, and at the Zonguldak Karaelmas Üniversitesi. Additionally Z88 has been used for degree theses at the Universities of Darmstadt, Hamburg-Harburg, Munich, Karlsruhe, Bern and Beijing (among others).

Furthermore, there are two textbooks using Z88. Finite Elemente Analyse for Ingenieure: Eine leicht verständliche Einführung has sold over 6000 copies. This textbook is designed for entry-level users of finite element analysis and useas Z88 to let the user follow the examples shown in the book on his own system. The book Maschinenelemente - Funktion, Gestaltung und Berechnung by Decker (19th edition) uses practical applications with Z88 to teach the calculation of machine elements with finite element analysis.

Application in the industry
Due to the Open Source approach many applications use the Z88 solver, its plot output, etc. Among other things Z88 has been adapted into a program to calculate point concentrated and linear loads on glass panes in building construction. Routines have been implemented to determine the Young's modulus and flexural strength of wood and a sub-application has been developed to calculate pressure vessels.
Examples of companies using Z88 are
 Boeing: Missile Defense Systems (USA),
 Teledyne Brown Engineering (USA),
 Winimac Coil Spring Inc. (USA),
 Double D Design Ltd. (New Zealand),
 RINGSPANN GmbH (Germany),
 KTR Kupplungstechnik GmbH (Germany) und
 Neuson Hydrotec GmbH (Austria).

The availability of the source code and thus the transparency of applied algorithms and material models make Z88 ideal as a reference software for commercial tools such as NASTRAN and ABAQUS.

Literature
 Frank Rieg, Reinhard Hackenschmidt, Bettina Alber-Laukant: Finite Element Analysis for Engineers: Basics and Practical Applications with Z88Aurora. Hanser Fachbuchverlag, München / Wien 2014, 5th Edition, .
 Karl-Heinz Decker: Maschinenelemente – Funktion, Gestaltung und Berechnung. Hanser Fachbuchverlag, München / Wien 2014, 19. Auflage, .
 Frank Rieg: Z88 – Das kompakte Finite Elemente System.

External links
 official website
 Z88 User forum by the University of Bayreuth
 Z88 User forum by CAD.DE
 Department of Engineering Design and CAD; Frank Rieg at the University of Bayreuth

References

Computer-aided engineering
Linux software
Windows software
MacOS software


Indoor hockey at the 2007 Asian Indoor Games was held in Macau, China from 26 October to 3 November 2007.

Medalists

Results

Preliminary

Final round

Classification 5th–6th

Bronze medal match

Gold medal match

References
 2007 Asian Indoor Games official website

2007 Asian Indoor Games events
Asian Indoor Games
2007


Alf-Jørgen Aas (5 July 1915 – 20 August 1981) was a Norwegian painter and art instructor.

Biography
He was born in Trondheim and studied at the Norwegian National Academy of Fine Arts from 1934 to 1938 under Axel Revold (1887–1962), Jean Heiberg (1884–1976) and Georg Jacobsen. He debuted at the contemporary art gallery Kunstnerforbundet in Oslo during November 1939. He exhibited at the
Autumn Exhibition at Oslo in 1945. He was married in 1945 to Ingeborg Bühler.

Aas became professor at the National Academy of Fine Arts in 1965, and rector from 1975 to 1980. Aas was actively involved in the initial phase when the Henie-Onstad Art Centre was founded in Høvikodden, and he was a key adviser to the collection for several years.

Aas's simplified forms and used a consensus color scale characterized by green, blue, violet and ocher.  He often painted in acrylic or watercolor as well as oil on canvas. He developed a sense of self-criticism, by which he would scrape out and paint over again time after time. In his latest work, he reached forward to a near-total abstraction. He is represented with seven works in the National Gallery of Norway. His works on display include: Atelier-stilleben (1945),  Portrett av kunstnerens hustru (1945) and    Vindu (1975).

References

Other sources
Ljøsne, A. G.  Alf-Jørgen Aas, 1915–1981 (exhibition catalog.  Oslo: Kunstforening, 1983)

1915 births
1981 deaths
20th-century Norwegian painters
Norwegian male painters
Artists from Trondheim
Oslo National Academy of the Arts alumni
Academic staff of the Oslo National Academy of the Arts
20th-century Norwegian male artists


Digital Designs, or DD Audio is an American manufacturer of high-end consumer audio products. They produce home and mobile audio products, serving the sound quality and sound pressure categories of the mobile audio market. Nearly all of their products are handmade in the United States. Digital Designs was established in 1986 in Southern California, but moved to Oklahoma City in 1991.

Notable products
9500 Series  These subwoofers are Digital Designs' highest end 3 inch voicecoil ceramic magnet model, and were voted one of the top 10 most badass subwoofers by car audio magazine
Z Series The Z Series line of subwoofers are unique in that they use a 13 lens neodymium motor architecture, which allows for higher motor force than available in any ceramic magnet subwoofer, and has been used successfully in many 180DB+ sound pressure competition vehicles.

References

External links
 Official website

Audio equipment manufacturers of the United States
Companies established in 1986
Companies based in Oklahoma City
1986 establishments in California
1991 establishments in Oklahoma


Algeria–Cyprus relations are to the bilateral relations between Algeria and Cyprus. Algeria is represented in Cyprus through its embassy in Beirut, Lebanon. Cyprus is represented in Algeria through its embassy in Paris, France. Both countries are full members of the Union for the Mediterranean.

Official meetings
When presenting his credentials to Cyprus President Tassos Papadopoulos in January 2005, Algeria's Beirut-based Ambassador to Cyprus Ibrahim Benaouda Haci said that Algeria's President Abdelaziz Bouteflika confirmed his willingness to strengthen the relations between Algeria and Cyprus. In October 2006, the ambassador of Cyprus, Minas Hadjimichael presented his credentials to the president of Algeria, Abdelaziz Bouteflika, thanked him for Algeria's support to Cyprus in the framework of the United Nations and the Non-Aligned Movement, and discussed ways to enhance bilateral ties. The president of Algeria said he was satisfied with the friendly relations between the two countries, but stressed that his country favored reunification of the Cyprus Republic. He also expressed his wish for enhancing bilateral cooperation.

Algeria has consistently supported reunification of Cyprus based on UN resolutions. In an April 2005 meeting with Turkish Foreign Minister Abdullah Gul in Algeria, President Bouteflika said he supports Turkey on the Cyprus problem, and considers that Turkey has done everything they could be expected to do to solve the Cyprus problem.

In November 1998 the Algerian foreign minister met his Greek Cypriot counterpart.

In February 2001 the Algerian foreign minister visited Cyprus.

In November 2001 the president of the Republic of Cyprus, Glafcos Clerides received the credentials of the new Ambassador of Algeria Ahmed Boudehri.

In September 2003 the Cypriot president and the heads of Algeria, Senegal, Kuwait met to discuss regional issues.

Agreements, trade and investment

Cyprus and Algeria have concluded various agreements. For example, in November 1997, Algeria and Cyprus agreed on a framework for maritime exchanges between the two countries, lifting obstacles on the free movement of ships and offering preferential treatment at the ports in both countries. In December 1999 Algeria and Cyprus signed an air transport agreement to introduce a legal framework governing air routes between Algeria and Cyprus. In July 2000, Algerian news agency APS signed a cooperation agreement with the Cypriot news agency that covers exchange of English news items and photographs.

In December 2001, the Algerian firm Sonatrach and Cyprus oil company Medex Petroleum signed an exploration deal covering the north of Bordj Omar Idriss in the Illizi basin in south-eastern Algeria.

Cyprus is considering Algeria as a potential partner to assist with extracting untapped oil and gas from the island's exclusive economic zone. Other partners being considered are Libya, Russian and Algeria – full details of the negotiations have not yet been released to the public domain.

See also
 Foreign relations of Algeria
 Foreign relations of Cyprus

References

Cyprus
Bilateral relations of Cyprus


The 73rd edition of the KNVB Cup started on 13 October 1990. The final was played on 2 June 1991: Feyenoord beat BVV Den Bosch 1–0 and won the cup for the seventh time.

Teams
 All 18 participants of the Eredivisie 1990-91, eleven of which entering in the second round
 All 20 participants of the Eerste Divisie 1990-91
 28 teams from lower (amateur) leagues
 One youth team

First round
The matches of the first round were played on 13 and 14 October 1990.

E Eredivisie; 1 Eerste Divisie; A Amateur teams

Intermediary Round
There was only room for 32 teams in the next round, so this intermediary round was held on 14 November 1990.

Second round
The matches of the second round were played on 14, 15 and 16 December 1990. The eleven highest ranked Eredivisie teams from last season entered the tournament this round.

E eleven Eredivisie entrants

Round of 16
The matches of the round of 16 were played on 23 January 1991.

Quarter finals
The quarter finals were played on 27 February 1991.

Semi-finals
The semi-finals were played on 27 March and 11 April 1991.

Final

Feyenoord would participate in the Cup Winners' Cup.

See also
Eredivisie 1990-91
Eerste Divisie 1990-91

External links
 Netherlands Cup Full Results 1970–1994 by the RSSSF
 Results by Ronald Zwiers

1990-91
1990–91 domestic association football cups
1990–91 in Dutch football


Ernest Griffith Price (13 May 1870 – 5 January 1962) was a British National Liberal, later Liberal politician and wharfinger.

Family and education
Price was the son of John T Griffith Price of Ilford in Essex. He was educated at Ilford College. In 1900 he married Maude Ethel Marshall, the daughter of an army Major and Justice of the Peace from Johannesburg, South Africa.

Business career
Price went into business as a contractor. He became a director of various companies, most importantly of Bridge Wharves Co. Ltd and Shepwood Partition Brick Co. Ltd. He was also a director of B.Goodman & Co., demolition contractors. Price was sometime President of his Trade Association and Past Master of the Worshipful Company of Paviors in the City of London.

Politics
One source indicates that Price was a Conservative in politics but at the 1922 general election he was elected Member of Parliament for Shoreditch as a National Liberal, that is a supporter of the former prime minister David Lloyd George. At the election his Liberal opponent was Dr Christopher Addison once a strong supporter of Lloyd George himself. Addison polled over 6,000 votes but finished bottom of the poll. However, Price could not aggregate the former Liberal and National Liberal at the 1923 and he lost the seat to Labour even though he had no Conservative opponent.

Price was also a member of the Board of Management of the Reedham Orphanage in Purley.

Death
He died aged 91 on 5 January 1962.

References

External links

1870 births
1962 deaths
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1922–1923
People from Ilford
National Liberal Party (UK, 1922) politicians


United States v. Scheffer, 523 U.S. 303 (1998), was the first case in which the Supreme Court issued a ruling with regard to the highly controversial matter of polygraph, or "lie-detector," testing. At issue was whether the per se exclusion of polygraph evidence offered by the accused in a military court violates the Sixth Amendment right to present a defense.

Opinion of the Court
The Court ruled that Military Rule of Evidence 707, which makes polygraph evidence inadmissible in court-martial proceedings, does not unconstitutionally abridge the right of accused members of the military to present a defense.

Significance
The United States v. Scheffer ruling came, as legal writer Joan Biskupic noted in the Washington Post, "at a time when polygraph machines are increasingly being used outside the courtroom" — and inside as well. Prosecutors were using polygraph results "to extract confessions from suspects," Biskupic observed, and defense lawyers were using "them for leverage in plea bargains"; likewise polygraph tests were being subjected to greater and greater use in the workplace.  Employers were using them to test job applicants with regard to past wrongdoing, and to monitor present jobholders as well (although this practice was mostly outlawed in 1988 by the Employee Polygraph Protection Act).  While the latter practice might raise Fourth Amendment questions of its own, the use of polygraph results in the courtroom had become a battleground for opposing factions of evidentiary experts.

See also
 List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 523
 List of United States Supreme Court cases
 Lists of United States Supreme Court cases by volume

References

External links

United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court
1998 in United States case law
United States polygraphy law


The Norwegian National Academy of Arts () is a Norwegian Academy offering studies in the area of Fine Art. The Academy currently offers 3-year bachelor  and 2-year MA programmes. The "Norwegian National Academy of the Arts" is still referred to simply as Kunstakademiet or the Art Academy amongst both Staff and students.

History
The Art Academy was formerly National Academy of Art (Statens Kunstakademi), an autonomous art academy formed in 1909. The noted Norwegian painter Christian Krogh was one of three professors at the Academy of Art when it was established. The staff additionally included painter Halfdan Strøm and the sculptor Gunnar Utsond (1864–1950).

The Academy was initially organized along the lines of the old master studios. The Academy moved to better premises in the Merchant Building on Drammensveien in central Oslo during  1919 and special drawing office at the rear of the Kunstnernes Hus in 1930. In 1935, the Danish painter and architect Georg Jacobsen came to the Academy. From 1935 to 1940, he worked  in an extraordinary professorship in art construction and composition teaching. In 1941, the collaborationist Quisling regime called for new arrangements of the academy and added painter and Nasjonal Samling party member Søren Onsager as a professor.

In the mid-1990s the academy merged with the formerly independent Design, Craft, Stage Arts, and Opera academies to form the Oslo National Academy of Art (Kunsthøgskole i Oslo), the nation's largest arts college. The former Kunstakademiet then became the Faculty of Visual Arts within the KhiO administration organisation.

In August 2010 all the schools physically merged into a new building in a former sail factory in Grünerløkka on the east side of Oslo. Forming one of the largest art academies in Europe. The Kunstakademi has its own semi-autonomous power of operations, its own quarters and studios as well as its own academic and admissions programs.

References

External links
Oslo National Academy of the Arts

Fine Arts
Fine Arts
Universities and colleges established in 1909
Educational institutions disestablished in 1996
1909 establishments in Norway


The Norwegian National Academy of Opera () was established in 1964 as a two-year education in opera. The school was given collegiate status in 1982.

In 1996 the National Academy of Opera became part of Oslo National Academy of the Arts (Kunsthøgskolen i Oslo, KHiO).

External links
Oslo National Academy of the Arts

Opera
Opera
Educational institutions established in 1964
Educational institutions disestablished in 1996
1964 establishments in Norway


The Gunnar Nilsson Memorial Trophy was a time trial for Formula One cars held at the Donington Park circuit in England on 3 June 1979. It was part of a two-day motor-racing meeting to raise funds for the cancer research project set up by Swedish F1 driver Gunnar Nilsson shortly before his death from cancer in October 1978. The Memorial Trophy was planned as a non-championship F1 race, with a full grid, but the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) – the sport's governing body – refused to recognise the event and most of the teams withdrew. With the entrants reduced to just five cars, each driver was permitted five laps alone on the track to achieve their fastest time. The winning driver was Alan Jones, driving a Williams FW07.

Programme
The organisers at Donington had hoped to host a non-championship F1 race in the manner of the annual Race of Champions meetings. Despite the lack of wheel-to-wheel racing, Motor Sport magazine chose to report it as "Donington's first Grand Prix for over 40 years".

The event was organised to accompany round three of the inaugural BMW M1 Procar Championship, which featured several of the drivers from that year's Formula One World Championship, including Niki Lauda, Mario Andretti, James Hunt, John Watson, Hans-Joachim Stuck, Alan Jones and Nelson Piquet. Also held on 3 June, the BMW M1 Procar race was televised, and the meeting was given further publicity through the efforts of former F1 driver Jackie Stewart and racing enthusiast and ex-Beatle George Harrison. In a TV interview the pair gave at the circuit, Stewart praised Nilsson's character and determination in using his final weeks to work on setting up the fund; he also emphasised that a Swede had done this to benefit a London hospital, rather than one in his homeland. Harrison's song "Faster" was released as a charity single to benefit the Gunnar Nilsson Memorial Fund.

The programme for the meeting included a race for historic F1 cars, which was held on 2 June. The entrants included Juan Manuel Fangio, Stewart (racing one of his championship-winning Tyrrells), Hunt and Harrison, who drove Stirling Moss's 1961 Lotus 18.

For the Memorial Trophy event, the FIA's snub meant that the illegality of the Brabham BT46B "fan car", imposed following the 1978 Swedish Grand Prix, did not apply. Brabham therefore fielded the BT46B driven by Watson in Sweden for Piquet to use in the time trial. The Memorial Trophy was the final competition event for Hunt, who retired from racing immediately afterwards.

The BMW M1 Procar round was won by Piquet. Jones won the time trial, ahead of Hunt's Wolf WR8 and Andretti's Lotus 79. Other events on 3 June included demonstration laps by former F1 drivers such as Stewart, Dan Gurney, Denny Hulme and Fangio. The latter drove a Mercedes-Benz W125. There was also a Formula Three Championship round, won by Michael Roe, and a BMW saloon car race, won by Martin Brundle.

In his round-up of 1979 for Autocourse, journalist Maurice Hamilton described the Donington weekend as an "excellent meeting" and marvelled at Fangio's skills, at age 68. Hamilton also said that the efforts of drivers and others close to Nilsson in raising £800,000 that year for a new cancer treatment unit was a "most rewarding" aspect of 1979 and would outlive the "unfortunate political manoeuvring" that had characterised the season at times.

Classification

References

Gunnar Nilsson Memorial Trophy


The Norwegian National Academy of Ballet () was established in 1979 as a three-year education in ballet. The school was given collegiate status in 1982.

In 1996 the National Academy of Ballet became part of Oslo National Academy of the Arts (Kunsthøgskolen i Oslo, KHiO).

The Norwegian National Academy of Ballet  consists of 5 different dance programmes:

BA Modern Dance and Contemporary Dance

Three-year course (180 credits)

The programme is intended to train dancers for established Norwegian and foreign ballet companies, institutional theatres, the free dance environment, advertising, reviews, film and TV – and for various initiatives targeted at schools and the business community. A further aim is for students to learn to create their own workplace.

Dance techniques and on-stage communication make up the main part of the course. Students also create their own works through the study of choreography. There are also classes in musical subjects, nutrition, anatomy and physical training. The theoretical subjects concentrate on dance and music history, but students also take more general arts subjects such as aesthetics and philosophy.

At the start of the course each student undergoes a physical examination and has an individual training programme drawn up for him/her in conjunction with the Centre for Elite Sports. The Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre (NIMI) helps the students to avoid injuries, and physiotherapists are available throughout the course.

.

BA Classical Ballet

Three-year course (180 credits)

The programme is intended for young, talented dancers wanting to train in classical ballet after completing their compulsory primary and secondary education. The programme is also open to applicants who have completed upper-secondary schooling or parts thereof. The aim of the course is to train dancers for established Norwegian and foreign ballet companies.

Dance techniques and on-stage communication make up the main part of the course. Students also create their own works through the study of choreography. There are also classes in musical subjects, nutrition, anatomy and physical training, as well as a number of general academic subjects. These are tailored to the age group and include Norwegian, English and social studies, as well as dance theory.

At the start of the course each student undergoes a physical examination and has an individual training programme drawn up for him/her in conjunction with the Centre for Elite Sports. The Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre (NIMI) helps the students to avoid injuries, and physiotherapists are available throughout the course.

BA Jazz Dance

Three-year course (180 credits)

The programme is intended to train dancers for the free dance environment, institutional theatres, advertising, reviews, film and TV – and for various initiatives targeted at schools and the business community. A further aim is for students to learn to create their own workplace.

Dance techniques and on-stage communication make up the main part of the course. Students also create their own works through the study of choreography. There are also classes in musical subjects, nutrition, anatomy and physical training. The theoretical subjects concentrate on dance and music history, but students also take more general arts subjects such as aesthetics and philosophy.

At the start of the course each student undergoes a physical examination and has an individual training programme drawn up for him/her in conjunction with the Centre for Elite Sports. The Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre (NIMI) helps the students to avoid injuries, and physiotherapists are available throughout the course.

MA Choreography

Two-year course (120 credits)

The master’s programme in choreography is intended to train choreographers to be able to work at the highest national and international level on established stages and in the field of free dramatic art.

Creative work involving dance and staging are the students’ main concerns, and all the subjects on the curriculum reinforce this. Production of pieces the students have choreographed themselves and a thesis make up approximately one third of the course. The course also comprises musical and administrative subjects, as well as various arts and social subjects, including philosophy and aesthetics, which form the basis for work on the students’ own artistic development.

The course will enable students to develop an independent artistic style as a choreographer, and carry out choreographic work as part of other artistic productions. Students will become familiar with various choreographic working methods and styles.

Collaboration with other specialist groups within dramatic art provides students with experience of the collective process which creates a production. Knowledge of staging effects is an important element of the course.

Practical educational dance programme

One-year full-time course (60 credits)

The practical educational dance programme (PPU) is funded through the Ministry of Education and Research’s Outline plan for practical educational programmes. Applicants must have completed academic or vocational studies and have professional experience. The programme comprises educational science (30 credits), teaching theory (30 credits) and 12–14 weeks’ practical training.

Instruction takes the form of meetings, with three meetings in each semester. The practical training is organised both as ‘on-the-spot’ practice and as ongoing practical training.

PPU qualifies students to work as a single-subject teacher at intermediate and secondary level in the compulsory school system, and in upper-secondary schools and adult education. The PPU in dance also aims to equip students to teach dance to pre-school children and in the voluntary sector, e.g. in schools of performing arts and private ballet schools, and to work as college teachers. The PPU in dance also provides the necessary skills to rehearse professional dancers in cultural institutions.

External links
Oslo National Academy of the Arts

Ballet schools
Ballet
Ballet
Educational institutions established in 1979
Educational institutions disestablished in 1996
1979 establishments in Norway


Knyaginino () is the name of several inhabited localities in Russia.

Urban localities
Knyaginino, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, a town in Knyagininsky District of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast; administratively incorporated as a town of district significance

Rural localities
Knyaginino, Rognedinsky District, Bryansk Oblast, a village in Selilovichsky Selsoviet of Rognedinsky District of Bryansk Oblast
Knyaginino, Sevsky District, Bryansk Oblast, a selo in Knyagininsky Selsoviet of Sevsky District of Bryansk Oblast
Knyaginino, Kostroma Oblast, a village in Tsentralnoye Settlement of Buysky District of Kostroma Oblast
Knyaginino, Moscow Oblast, a village in Petrovskoye Rural Settlement of Klinsky District of Moscow Oblast
Knyaginino, Novomoskovsky District, Tula Oblast, a village in Ivan-Ozersky Rural Okrug of Novomoskovsky District of Tula Oblast
Knyaginino, Odoyevsky District, Tula Oblast, a village in Botvinyevskaya Rural Administration of Odoyevsky District of Tula Oblast
Knyaginino, Vladimir Oblast, a village in Kovrovsky District of Vladimir Oblast
Knyaginino, Velikoustyugsky District, Vologda Oblast, a village in Yudinsky Selsoviet of Velikoustyugsky District of Vologda Oblast
Knyaginino, Podlesny Selsoviet, Vologodsky District, Vologda Oblast, a village in Podlesny Selsoviet of Vologodsky District of Vologda Oblast
Knyaginino, Raboche-Krestyansky Selsoviet, Vologodsky District, Vologda Oblast, a village in Raboche-Krestyansky Selsoviet of Vologodsky District of Vologda Oblast
Knyaginino, Breytovsky District, Yaroslavl Oblast, a village in Pokrovo-Sitsky Rural Okrug of Breytovsky District of Yaroslavl Oblast
Knyaginino, Poshekhonsky District, Yaroslavl Oblast, a village in Krasnovsky Rural Okrug of Poshekhonsky District of Yaroslavl Oblast


The National College of Art and Design () was established in 1818.

In 1996 the National College of Art and Design became part of Oslo National Academy of the Arts (Kunsthøgskolen i Oslo, KHiO).

Noted alumni

External links
Oslo National Academy of the Arts

Craft and Art Industry
Craft and Art Industry
Educational institutions established in 1818
Educational institutions disestablished in 1996
Arts organizations established in the 1810s


Isabella is a settlement in Prairie View Municipality, Manitoba, Canada. People first began to settle in the Isabella district in the late 1870s. People came to Isabella by various means: foot, ox-cart or horse and wagons.

A post office was established on 16-15-25W in 1906 and was named after a Scottish woman, Isabella Gould Taylor, who was the oldest person in the district at the time. The School District was also established about this time. There was no railway into the town of Isabella until 1909 when the Canadian Northern Railway was built from Hallboro to Isabella. It still contains a store (which is a museum), and 4 other museums (Heise house, Iverach house, The store, The barn, Doran house),a graveyard, and a post office/hall. The post office is still in-use, and is used by various residents of the town.
It is virtual ghost town today.

References

Unincorporated communities in Westman Region
Ghost towns in Manitoba


Home, also translated as Charity (), is a French three-act comedy by the novelist and playwright Octave Mirbeau, written in collaboration with Thadée Natanson. It was performed in December 1908 on the stage of the Comédie-Française, in Paris.

The comedy raised  a big scandal because in it Mirbeau denounces the Catholic charity-business and  broaches a new taboo subject : the economic and sexual exploitation of young girls in "charitable" homes. In order to see his play performed as intended, he brought a suit
against Jules Claretie and the Comédie-Française. He won his trial and the comedy could at last be performed.

An English translation, by Richard Hand, has been published by Intellect Books : Two Plays: "Business is Business" and "Charity", January 2012, 147 pages ().

Plot
Like Business is business, Le Foyer is a comedy of manners and characters in the tradition of Molière. It  respects the unity of time and the unity of action.

The main character, Baron Courtin, is a conservative senator and a respectable Academician, who founded works of charity. But he has embezzled money from the "charitable" Foyer (Home) over which he presides : he risks all at once ruin, dishonor, and prison. But he escapes punishment.  First, thanks to the former lover of his wife Thérèse, the old financier Biron, who is cynical yet still in love, and to whom he forces the baroness to go and  beg for his help, while she has given him up for young d'Auberval: Biron accepts paying for Courtin, but he means to recover  the money by exploiting even more fiercely the work of the little girls of the Foyer. Then, thanks to an agreement made with the republican government : the government lets bygones be bygones in exchange for his silence in an important debate in the Parliament.

On board Biron's cruise boat, Courtin will be able to polish at leisure his speech on the price of virtue, in the company of the two lovers of his wife, the former and the new one...

External links
  Octave Mirbeau, Le Foyer.
  Paul Léautaud, « Le Foyer », 1909.
  Pierre Michel,  Foreword.

1908 plays
Plays by Octave Mirbeau


Fu Jianbo (sometimes referred to as Jianbo Fu in Western media) is a professional pool player from the People's Republic of China.

Career
In 2007, Fu along with Li Hewen represented China at the 2007 World Cup of Pool. The pair won the event defeating a Finland team of Mika Immonen and Markus Juva. The pair later won the event three years later, this time against Filipino team of Dennis Orcollo and Roberto Gomez at the 2010 World Cup of Pool.

Fu also won the 2008 International Challenge of Champions and its US$50,000 winner-take-all prize by defeating Dennis Orcollo.

Fu reached the finals of the 2010 WPA World Ten-ball Championship but lost to Huidji See.

Titles
 2014 CBSA Miyun International Open
 2010 World Cup of Pool - with (Li Hewen)
 2008 International Challenge of Champions
 2007 Asian Indoor Games Nine-ball Singles
 2007 World Cup of Pool - with (Li Hewen)

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Chinese pool players
Place of birth missing (living people)
Cue sports players at the 2010 Asian Games
Cue sports players at the 2002 Asian Games
Asian Games competitors for China


Pogrebnyak () is a surname. Notable persons with that name include:

Andriy Pogrebnyak (born 1988), Ukrainian foil fencer
Kirill Pogrebnyak (born 1992), Russian football player
Olga Pogrebnyak (born 1973), Belarusian sport shooter
Pavel Pogrebnyak (born 1983), Russian football player
Valeriya Pogrebnyak (born 1998), Russian tennis player

Ukrainian-language surnames


Crusader: Adventure Out of Time, also known as Crusader: A Conspiracy in the Kingdom of Jerusalem is a 1997 video game, developed by Index+ and published by Europress. The game was published for Windows, Windows 3.x and Mac OS.

Gameplay
The game features 26 levels and is set in 1183, in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, at which time the relics of the Holy Cross are in danger. Videos of 20 actors are integrated into the computer graphics during gameplay.

Development
A rearranged version of the game was released in 1999, as Crusaders 2000, featuring new puzzles.

The game was not published in Russia.

Critical reception
Crusader: Adventure Out of Time sold 45,000 units in France alone by September 1999.

Just Adventure thought the game was like playing a fun history report, while a different review by the same website found it to be both magnetic and generally enjoyable. Electric Playground thought the game was identical to Vikings sans the historical setting, though noted that Crusader had a more complex story and gameplay. On the contrary, Quandaryland thought that Crusader seemed flatter, and less lifelike than Vikings. While Nquest positively reviewed the title, it argued that it was more of an  interactive encyclopedia than a game. Realising Multimedia Potential deemed the game a "new way to approach history".

Jeuxvideo felt that Crusaders 2000 was effectively an unnecessary copy of the original.

References

External links

Video games developed in France
Microïds games
Adventure games
1997 video games
Europress games
MacOS games
Windows games
Video games set in France
Video games set in Jerusalem


Brasside is a suburban village near Durham, located in the civil parish of Framwellgate Moor in County Durham, England. It is situated to the north of Durham, and is close to the villages of Pity Me and Newton Hall.

Brasside is the location of Frankland Prison (for men), and Low Newton Prison (Closed prison for female adults and young offenders). Both establishments are maximum security prisons, holding some of the most violent and dangerous inmates within HM Prison Service, the prison system of England and Wales.

The theme park "Adventure Valley" is situated in Brasside.

Areas of Durham, England


Deurne is a railway station in Deurne, Netherlands.  The station opened on 1 November 1864 and is on the Venlo–Eindhoven railway. The station has 3 platforms, 1 where the stoptrein from Eindhoven terminates.

Train services
The following services call at Deurne:
2x per hour intercity services to Eindhoven, 's Hertogenbosch, Utrecht, Amsterdam and Schiphol Airport
2x per hour intercity services to Horst-Sevenum, Blerick and Venlo
2x per hour local services (stoptrein) Deurne, Helmond, Eindhoven, Boxtel, 's Hertogenbosch

Bus services

External links
NS website
Dutch Public Transport journey planner

Railway stations in North Brabant
Railway stations opened in 1864
Railway stations on the Staatslijn E
Deurne, Netherlands
Railway stations in the Netherlands opened in the 1860s


Cue sports at the 2007 Asian Indoor Games was held in Macau East Asian Games Dome, Macau, China from 27 October to 2 November 2007.

Medalists

Men

Women

Medal table

Results

Men

One-cushion singles

English billiards singles

Nine-ball singles

Snooker singles

Snooker team

Women

Eight-ball singles

Nine-ball singles

Snooker singles

References

 Official Website

2007 Asian Indoor Games events
Asian Indoor Games
Asian Indoor Games
2007
Asian Indoor Games


The Philipsburg-Osceola Area School District is a small, rural, public school district that is located in a region that straddles two central Pennsylvania counties.

In Centre County, it serves Rush Township and Phillipsburg, Pennsylvania. In Clearfield County, it serves Wallaceton and Decatur Township, Chester Hill, Osceola Mills.

History and demographics
This district was created by the joining of Osceola High School and Philipsburg High School. It encompasses approximately .

According to 2000 federal census data, it serves a resident population of 14,228. By 2010, the Philipsburg-Osceola Area School District's population grew to 15,410 people.

In 2009, the Philipsburg-Osceola Area School District residents’ per capita income was $15,752, while the median family income was $36,746. In the Commonwealth, the median family income was $49,501 and the United States median family income was $49,445, in 2010.

District Schools
There are four schools operating in the Philipsburg-Osceola Area School District.
Philipsburg-Osceola Area High School
Philipsburg-Osceola Middle School
Philipsburg Elementary School
Osceola Mills Elementary School

Extracurriculars
The school offers a variety of clubs, activities and an extensive sports program.

Sports
The District funds:

Boys
Baseball - AA
Basketball- AA
Cross Country - AA
Football - AA
Golf - AA
Soccer - AA
Track and Field - AA
Wrestling  - AAA

Girls
Basketball - AA
Cheer - AAAA
Cross Country - AAA
Golf - AA
Soccer (Fall) - AA
Softball - AA
Track and Field - AA
Volleyball - AA

Junior high school sports

Boys
Basketball
Football
Soccer
Track and Field
Wrestling

Girls
Basketball
Softball
Soccer (fall)
Track and Field

According to PIAA directory July 2012

References

External links

School districts in Centre County, Pennsylvania
School districts in Clearfield County, Pennsylvania


The Lycee Français de Chicago is a private, French international school located in Lincoln Square, Chicago, Illinois. It offers a dual French and English curriculum. The Lycée is founded on the French National Curriculum as defined by the French Ministry of Education and complemented by an English language  program in addition to foreign  language courses.

History
The private school was founded in 1995 by a group of French and American parents, with backing from French businesses and the support of the Consul General of France in Chicago.  The Lycée is accredited by the French Ministry of Education and is listed on the official directory of the French Schools in Foreign Countries as part of the AEFE French worldwide network which includes over 450 schools outside France. The school is also registered with the Illinois State Board of Education and accredited by the Independent School Association of Central States (ISACS). The Lycée Français de Chicago opened with 134 students. Today the school has over 850 American and foreign national students representing more than 30 nationalities, including French, American, Italian, Dutch, Austrian, German, Norwegian, Swedish, Greek, Czech, Polish, Ukrainian, Hungarian, Russian, Turkish, Pakistani, Canadian, English, Scottish, Irish, Croatian, Serbian, South African, Haitian, Chinese and many more.

Funding and direction
The Lycée is funded in part by the AEFE, l'Agence pour l'Enseignement Français à l'Étranger, but remains an entirely private school with no connection to the French Government. The school is run by the Board of Trustees, composed of parents and alumni, but day-to-day operations are overseen by Éric Veteau, the head of the school, Sévrine Fougerol, the head of Secondary, and Pascal Léon, the head of Primary.

Campus
In 2015, the Lycée moved to a  new campus designed by STL Architects on the corner of Damen Avenue and Wilson Avenues in Ravenswood,  west of the previous campus  in Uptown.

Curriculum
The school has a structural curriculum mandated by the French Ministry of Education and an English curriculum developed using guidelines from the National Council of Teachers of English and the State of Illinois.

The program conforms to the French system. It is broken down into subdivisions that roughly correspond to those in the American school system: pre-kindergarten, junior kindergarten and kindergarten, elementary school (1st through 5th grades), middle school (6 through 9th grades), and high school (10th through 12th grades).

The program from pre-K through 5th grade is divided into cycles: cycle 1 (pre-kindergarten, junior kindergarten and kindergarten), cycle 2 (1st and 2nd grade) and cycle 3 (3rd through 5th grade).

Middle school (collège) comprises grade 6 through 9. Instruction is structured according to subjects: French, English, mathematics, history, geography, civics, biology, technology, art, music and physical education. Beginning in grade 7 students also study physics and Latin.

Starting in fourth grade, students learn a third language, either Mandarin, Spanish, or German. As part of the language curriculum, each language class does a cultural exchange for two weeks with another French school in the country they are studying. In high school, they are also given the opportunity to do a three-month study abroad trip.

Middle school also offers the OIB curriculum which is the International Baccalaureate Option, which focuses in addition to French history and literature on American and world history and literature.

Grades 10, 11 and 12 define high school in the French system and those 3 years are known as lycée. During the lycée years students choose a track with emphasis on different courses: track L (literature), ES (economics and social sciences) or S (sciences), which, as the French Department of Education reforms its curriculum, is set to change in 2021.

The lycée years, as well as the curriculum as a whole, prepare the students for the French general Baccalaureate examination and the international option of the French Baccalaureate. With the Baccalaureate degree, students of the Lycée Français de Chicago can enter selective American or European schools, colleges, or universities.

The Lycee also offers the International Baccalaureate Middle Years Programme and Diploma Programme for English-speaking high school students. Th

See also
 Agence pour l'enseignement français à l'étranger
 Education in France
 International Baccalaureate
 European Baccalaureate
American schools in France:
 American School of Paris - An American international school in France
 American School of Grenoble

References

External links
Lycée Français de Chicago

AEFE accredited schools
Bilingual schools in the United States
Educational institutions established in 1995
French-American culture in Illinois
Private elementary schools in Chicago
Private middle schools in Chicago
French international schools in the United States
International schools in Illinois
Private high schools in Chicago
Preparatory schools in Illinois
1995 establishments in Illinois


Rudis Alberto Corrales Rivera (born November 6, 1979) is a retired Salvadoran footballer.

Club career
Corrales' professional career began in 1997, when he signed a contract with Municipal Limeño. He officially made his debut that same year on November 29, in a league match against Dragón.

On September 9, 2007 in a league match against Alianza F.C. Corrales became only the seventh person is Salvadoran league history to score 100 goals, a feat which has only been matched by Salvadoran greats Raúl Díaz Arce, Williams Reyes, Emiliano Pedrozo, Adonai Martínez, Hugo Coria and David Arnoldo Cabrera.

On December 19, 2010, it was announced that he signed a two year contract with Alianza.
In January 2012, Corrales joined Dragón. In April 2012 he suffered a stroke which partially paralyzed his face.

He played with CD Aguiluchos USA in Oakland, CA. He scored on a free kick in the 90th minute 15.03.14 to win the match a US Open Cup Qualifier.

International career
Corrales made his debut for El Salvador in a May 2001 UNCAF Nations Cup match against Nicaragua and has, as of December 2010, earned a total of 71 caps, scoring 16 goals. He represented his country in 20 FIFA World Cup qualification matches and played at the 2001, 2003, 2005 and 2009 UNCAF Nations Cups as well as at the 2002, 2003 and 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cups.

On February 6, 2008 in a FIFA World Cup qualification match against Anguilla, Corrales became the first player in Salvadoran history to score five goals in a World Cup qualifier. The previous record was held by legendary Salvadoran striker Raúl Díaz Arce, who had scored four goals against Saint Vincent and the Grenadines in the 2002 World Cup qualifiers.
He made his most memorable goal on a FIFA World Cup qualification match against Costa Rica on September 9, 2009. Scoring a goal at the 90th minute that gave life back to El Salvador in this Qualification Stage.

International goals
Scores and results list El Salvador's goal tally first.

References

External links

 Profile - El Gráfico

1979 births
Living people
People from Morazán Department
Men's association football forwards
El Salvador men's international footballers
Salvadoran men's footballers
2002 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
2003 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
C.D. Águila footballers
Alianza F.C. footballers


Otto Friedrich Bollnow (; 14 March 1903 – 7 February 1991) was a German philosopher and teacher.

Biography
He was born the son of a rector in Stettin in what was then northwest Germany (now Szczecin, Poland) and went to school in the town of Anklam. After gaining his Abitur (school leaving certificate) he studied mathematics and physics at Göttingen University, where he was influenced by the philosopher Herman Nohl. Bollnow received a doctorate in physics in 1925 and successfully completed his habilitation with Georg Misch at Göttingen in 1931. He taught at Göttingen for some years without being appointed to the faculty. Bollnow was a member of the Militant League for German Culture.

In 1933 Bollnow signed the Vow of allegiance of the Professors of the German Universities and High-Schools to Adolf Hitler and the National Socialistic State.

In 1939 he moved to the University of Gießen then briefly to the University of Kiel, to the University of Mainz and finally in 1953 to a chair in contemporary philosophy, philosophical anthropology and ethics at the University of Tübingen. He taught at Tübingen until his retirement in 1970.

Bollnow developed the work of Wilhelm Dilthey on hermeneutics and was concerned with the philosophical foundations of pedagogy. He also concerned himself with the foundations of philosophy and with phenomenology and existential philosophy. Martin Heidegger charged Bollnow with "having launched [...] the starkest misinterpretation of Being and Time" ("die gröbste Mißdeutung von Sein und Zeit [...] auf die Bahn gebracht").

In 1980 he received the Lessing-Prize, a literary and cultural honour endowed by German Freemasons.

He died in Tübingen.

Works
 Die Lebensphilosophie F. H. Jacobis, Stuttgart 1933, 2nd edition, 1966
 Dilthey. Eine Einführung in seine Philosophie, Teubner, Leipzig 1936. 4th edition, Novalis, Schaffhausen 1980,
 Das Wesen der Stimmungen, Klostermann, Frankfurt a.M. 1941, 8th ed., 1995,
 Existenzphilosophie, Kohlhammer Verlag, Stuttgart 1943, 8th edition, 1978
 Die Ehrfurcht,  Klostermann, Frankfurt a.M., 1947, 2nd edition 1958
 Das Verstehen, Drei Aufsätze zur Theorie der Geisteswissenschaften, Kirchheim Mainz 1949
 Rilke, Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1951, 2nd edition 1955
 Die Pädagogik der deutschen Romantik, Von Arndt bis Fröbel, Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1952, 3rd edition 1977
 Unruhe und Geborgenheit im Weltbild neuerer Dichter. Acht Essays, Stuttgart 1955, 3rd edition 1972
 Neue Geborgenheit. Das Problem einer Überwindung des Existenzialismus. Stuttgart 1955, 4th edition 1979
 Die Lebensphilosophie, Berlin-Göttingen-Heidelberg 1958
 Wesen und Wandel der Tugenden, Frankfurt a.M., 1958
 Existenzphilosophie und Pädagogik. Versuch über unstetige Formen der Erziehung. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1959, 5th edition 1977
 Mensch und Raum. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1963, 4th edition 1980
 die macht des worts. Sprachphilosophische Überlegungen aus pädagogischer Perspektive, Neue Deutsche Schule, Essen 1964, 3rd edition 1971
 Die pädagogische Atmosphäre. Untersuchung über die gefühlsmäßigen zwischenmenschlichen Voraussetzungen der Erziehung, Quelle & Meyer, Heidelberg 1964, 4th edition 1970
 Französischer Existentialismus, Stuttgart 1965
 die anthropologische betrachtungsweise in der pädagogik, Neue Deutsche Schule, Essen 1965, 3rd edition 1975
 Sprache und Erziehung, Stuttgart 1966, 3rd edition 1979
 Philosophie der Erkenntnis. Das Vorverständnis und die Erfahrung des Neuen, Stuttgart 1970, 2nd edition 1981
 Das Doppelgesicht der Wahrheit, Philosophie der Erkenntnis, 2nd volume, Stuttgart 1975
 Vom Geist des Übens, Freiburg i. Br, 1978
 Studien zur Hermeneutik Volume I: Zur Philosophie der Geisteswissenschaften, Alber, Freiburg / München 1982,
 Studien zur Hermeneutik Volume II: Zur hermeneutischen Logik von Georg Misch und Hans Lipps, Alber, Freiburg / München 1983,
 Otto Friedrich Bollnow im Gespräch, Hrsg. von Hans-Peter Göbbeler und Hans-Ulrich Lessing. Alber, Freiburg / München 1983,
 Zwischen Philosophie und Pädagogik, Vorträge und Aufsätze, Weitz, Aachen 1988

References

Sources
 Ralf Koerrenz: Otto Friedrich Bollnow, Ein pädagogisches Portrait, Beltz (UTB), Weinheim/Basel 2004,
 Astrid Schollenberger: Grundzüge einer Philosophie der Hoffnung: Die Bedeutung der Krise im philosophischen und pädagogischen Denken von Otto Friedrich Bollnow, Turnshare (London), 2003,

External links
Otto Friedrich Bollnow: His life and work
Otto Friedrich Bollnow: Nietzsche and Leopardi
Otto Friedrich Bollnow: Der erlebte Raum
 A biography of Bollnow

1903 births
1991 deaths
20th-century German philosophers
Hermeneutists
Phenomenologists
Militant League for German Culture members
German male writers
Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany


Rania Zeriri (born 6 January 1986 in Enschede, Netherlands) is a Dutch singer.

Personal life
Rania Zeriri grew up in the Netherlands as daughter of a Dutch mother and an Algerian father who left the family when she was still very young. After finishing school with a General Certificate of Secondary Education (Mittlere Reife) she moved at the age of 17 to Salamanca to study Spanish. Later she acquired a hotel animation diploma and then worked mainly on Ibiza and Fuerteventura where she also started to perform as singer in hotels. After she reached the Top 10 of the fifth season of the German television contest Deutschland sucht den Superstar (DSDS) she resigned from her job and moved to Gronau-Epe in Germany to live with her mother.

Zeriri was born with holes in her vocal cords. Her dark voice is the result of an operation which was necessary to close the inborn holes using laser treatment. This caused her difficulties to sing high notes and in the falsetto register.

In 2010 Zeriri started to study at the Enschede Conservatory a branch of ArtEZ. She also works as a reporter with the regional broadcaster TV Enschede FM.

Music career
Rania Zeriri gained national recognition as contestant and 'Top 5' finalist in the 2008 German "Idol" version Deutschland sucht den Superstar (DSDS) broadcast by RTL. She finished in fifth place.

After the DSDS show Zeriri performed throughout Germany and performed before the final of the European Football Championship at the fan area at the Brandenburg Gate, Berlin, in front of several hundred thousand visitors. Zeriris debut solo maxi single Crying Undercover was released on 14 November 2008 by the record label Kontor Records. The title song was written for the singer by Achim Jannsen, a writer who produced several cover-songs for Jan Wayne, together with the musician Claas P. Jambor, a member of the Zeichen der Zeit project. The CD contains also the song Cursed And Blessed written by Zeriri in 2006 and the video of the title song.

DSDS controversies
Although Rania Zeriri started the last phase of the competition as one of the favourites she received later controversial press coverage, especially from the German newspaper Bild. On 24 April 2008 Bild appeared with an article suggesting that contestants of the show might have used drugs in the dressing room area singling out Zeriri as potential culprit. However, the accusation was never proven and Zeriri made new headlines when she publicly voiced her opinion that a requested drug test should not only include the contestants but also the jury, openly stated her increasing discomfort in participating in the show and directly criticised the juror Dieter Bohlen.

Discography

Sampler
 2008 Fly Alone (joined release of all finale participants of Deutschland sucht den Superstar)

Maxi single
 2008 Crying Undercover

References

External links

 Biography at agency site

 Official fan site

1986 births
Living people
Dutch people of Algerian descent
Deutschland sucht den Superstar participants
Dutch pop singers
People from Enschede
21st-century Dutch women singers
21st-century Dutch singers


St Wynwallow's Church, Landewednack, is the parish church of Landewednack parish in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. It is the most southerly church in mainland Britain and is situated approximately  south of Helston. It was founded about 600 AD but the present structure dates to the twelfth century.

History and description
The church is dedicated to St Winwaloe and is Church of England. St Winwaloe was the third son of a Cornish couple who moved to Brittany. There he founded the monastery of Landévennec. There is no evidence that he visited Cornwall, and the church may have been founded by one of the monks from Landévennec, or perhaps by St Winwaloe's elder brother, Wennac. Nothing remains of the original building.

The oldest part of the current church building is the twelfth century Norman doorway. The substantial tower is constructed of blocks of granite and serpentine giving it a chequer-board appearance. Other notable features are the serpentine pulpit and the font, which dates to the fifteenth century;there is also a Victorian lectern made of polished serpentine.

The church was restored in the thirteenth century when the porch was added and in the fifteenth century when a new window was inserted into the tower. It is now a Grade I listed building. An inscription on the font records the name of Master Richard Bolham, rector from 1404 to 1442 who may have been responsible for the 15th-century work. The last Cornish language sermon was preached here in 1674, though this claim has also been made for the churches of Towednack and Ludgvan.

The bells are very old and among the oldest bells in Cornwall; the tenor bell (on the floor) and another bell are dated 1550, but a third bell is about a century older than that. There is a ringing peal of six bells and the old tenor bell has been kept on the floor of the church. The 5th bell is unusually slightly heavier than the tenor bell which has a weight of 8-1-19.

The settlements of Grade, Ruan Major and Ruan Minor were united into a single civil parish called Grade-Ruan in 1934. The former parish church of Ruan Major is now in ruins. St Wynwallow's Church is part of a group of parishes comprising:
St Grada & Holy Cross Church, Grade
St Wynwallow's Church, Landewednack
St Rumon's Church, Ruan Minor
St Mary's Church, Cadgwith

References

Church of England church buildings in Cornwall
Grade I listed churches in Cornwall
St Wynwallow's Church


The discography of the English alternative rock band Suede consists of nine studio albums, four compilation albums, five video albums and over twenty singles. Suede were formed in 1989 by singer Brett Anderson, bassist Mat Osman and guitarist Justine Frischmann. Guitarist Bernard Butler later joined after the group responded to an ad in the Melody Maker. The group played as a four-piece with a drum machine until drummer Simon Gilbert joined. Frischmann left before the group released any material.

Despite the media frenzy that surrounded the group, their 1992 debut single "The Drowners" only peaked at number 49 on the UK Singles Chart. It would not be until the release of their third single, "Animal Nitrate", that Suede would break into the top ten, with the song peaking at number seven following their performance of it at the 1993 BRIT Awards.

Suede became associated with the Britpop movement of the period and achieved commercial success throughout the United Kingdom, with three of the group's five studio albums charting at number one. Their popularity throughout the rest of the world varied throughout the group's lifetime, but had several charting hits in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. Suede's commercial success in the United States was limited, and due to a lawsuit with an American singer with the same name, the group had to change its name for the American market to The London Suede. Despite the lack of commercial success in the US, the four studio albums released in America all charted on Billboards Top Heatseekers chart, though the group never charted on the Billboard 200. Suede also had three minor hits in the US, with "Metal Mickey" peaking at number seven on the Modern Rock Tracks in 1993, "Everything Will Flow" charting at number 28 on the Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart in 1999 and "Hit Me" in 2013.

Butler left while the band were recording Dog Man Star and was soon replaced by Richard Oakes. Keyboardist Neil Codling joined the group for Dog Man Star'''s follow-up Coming Up. Following a commercial resurgence with Coming Up and 1999s Head Music, Codling left in 2001 due to complications with chronic fatigue syndrome and was replaced by former Strangelove keyboardist Alex Lee.

After a long and expensive recording span, A New Morning was released in 2002 and was a commercial and critical disappointment in the UK. The first single released from A New Morning, "Positivity", became the group's only single to chart in Canada, and peaked at number one in Denmark.

In November 2003, Suede released the compilation album Singles which included all 19 of their previously released singles, and also contained two new songs, "Attitude" (itself released as a single along with the non-album "Golden Gun" to promote the album) and "Love the Way You Love Me". Following the release of Singles Suede announced they were disbanding at the end of 2003.

Reforming in 2010 to play a concert for the Teenage Cancer Trust Foundation, the band decided to start recording again. 2013 saw the release of Bloodsports. An even more successful album followed in 2016 with Night Thoughts''.

Albums

Studio albums

Compilation albums

Live albums

Box sets

Singles

Video albums

Music videos

Notes

References

Discographies of British artists
Rock music group discographies


The following is a list of known foreign hostages captured in Somalia, particularly since the start of the Ethiopian intervention and the 2009–present phase of the civil war.

Australia

Released (1)
Nigel Brennan, was a photojournalist who was kidnapped on August 23, 2008, alongside his colleagues, Canadian journalist Amanda Lindhout, and Somali photojournalist Abdifatah Mohamed Elmi, who were seized near Mogadishu along with two Somali drivers. Abdifatah and the two drivers were released on January 15, 2009. Lindhout and Brennan were released 15 months later on November 25, 2009 after a $600,000 ransom was paid. The abductors were teenage insurgents from the Hizbul Islam fundamentalist group.

Canada

Released (1)
Amanda Lindhout, was a journalist who was kidnapped on August 23, 2008, alongside her colleagues, Australian photojournalist Nigel Brennan, and Somali photojournalist Abdifatah Mohamed Elmi, who were seized near Mogadishu along with two Somali drivers. Abdifatah and the two drivers were released on January 15, 2009. Lindhout and Brennan were released 15 months later on November 25, 2009 after a $600,000 ransom was paid. The abductors were teenage insurgents from the Hizbul Islam fundamentalist group.

Denmark

Rescued (1)
Poul Hagen Thisted, was an aid worker who worked for the Danish Refugee Council's demining unit alongside American Jessica Buchanan. On October 25, 2011, they were abducted in the north-central Galkayo area. Gunmen from the al-Shabaab group were alleged to be responsible. The hostages were later rescued by US Navy SEALs on January 25, 2012, and taken to Camp Lemonnier at Djibouti's Djibouti-Ambouli International Airport.

France

Escaped (1)
Marc Aubriere, was a DGSE operative alongside Denis Allex, who worked for the government from the Sahafi hotel in Mogadishu. The men were subsequently taken by al-Shabaab and Hizbul Islam militants following a skirmish on July 14, 2009. Both men were then split between Al-Shabaab and Hizbul Islam. Aubriere escaped from his kidnappers while they slept on August 26, 2009.

Killed (2)
Marie Dedieu, was kidnapped from Kenya's Manda Island on October 1, 2011 and taken to Somalia. Police suspect al-Shabaab gunmen were responsible. Dedieu, who was paraplegic, died later in the month.
Denis Allex , was a DGSE operative alongside Marc Aubriere, who worked for the government from the Sahafi hotel in Mogadishu. The men were subsequently taken by al-Shabaab and Hizbul Islam militants following a skirmish on July 14, 2009. Aubriere escaped from his kidnappers while they slept on August 26, 2009. Allex was killed in an unsuccessful rescue attempt on January 11, 2013. In exchange for Allex's release, al-Shabaab had demanded cessation of French support for the Somali authorities and the complete withdrawal of AMISOM forces from Somalia. According to the French Ministry of Defence, 17 militants were also killed in the crossfire.

Germany

Unknown (1)
 Sonja Nientiet, was a nurse for the International Committee of the Red Cross. Nientiet was kidnapped in Mogadishu on May 2, 2018. She has not been seen or heard from since.

Kenya

Released (3)
Fredrick Irungu Wainaina, Edward Mule Yesse, and Dekow Mohammed, were kidnapped on January 11, 2023. Retaliating against the coordinated Operation Linda Nchi inside Somalia, about 100 heavily armed al-Shabaab gunmen raided a police camp in Gerille, Wajir District, near the Somalia-Kenya border. The militants bombed the camp, killed six people and wounded three others, stealing firearms, ammunition and a vehicle in the process. Three individuals were taken hostage. According to local media reports, the insurgents later paraded the hostages in the southern Somali town of Bardhere (BardherBardere). On January 19, the militants released photos of two of their captives, who were identified as Kenyan government officials Fredrick Irungu Wainaina and Edward Mule Yesse. A third hostage, Dekow Mohammed, was of Somali descent. He was released on January 17, 2013. Two of the hostages reportedly included a chief and a district officer. Wainaina and Yesse were released on July 30, 2013.

Unknown (1)
Patrick Amukhuma, was an environmentalist who, alongside his British colleague Murray Watson, was an employee of an Indian company under contract with the UN. On April 1, 2008, they were seized by unknown gunmen while conducting a survey in southern Somalia's conflict zones. Their driver, translator and two guards were not taken. Amukhuma and Watson have not been seen or heard from since. Their kidnappers' demands ranged from $2 million to $4 million in exchange for the men's release.

Spain

Released (2)
Montserrat Serra and Blanca Thiebaut, who were employed by Médecins Sans Frontières were kidnapped from the Dadaab refugee camp in Kenya on October 13, 2011, and taken to Somalia. Their Kenyan driver was wounded but not abducted. Police suspect al-Shabaab militants were responsible for the abductions. The two aid workers were released on July 19, 2013.

United Kingdom

Released (1)
Judith Tebbutt, was kidnapped on September 11, 2011 when gunmen stormed a bungalow on Kiwayu island, Kenya. Tebbutt’s husband, British publishing executive David Tebbutt, was shot dead whilst Judith was taken to a hideout in Somalia. Police suspect that militants with the al-Shabaab group were responsible. On March 21, 2012, Judith Tebbutt's captors released her after her family reportedly paid a ransom.

Rescued (2)
Paul and Rachel Chandler, were a British couple who were kidnapped on October 23, 2009, from their 38 ft sailing boat off the archipelago of the Seychelles during the night. The distress signal was sent out at 22:00. Naval forces and Search & Rescue centres were slow to react until the story broke on 27 October and pirates informed the media that the couple were in danger. The yacht S/Y Lynn Rival was found the next day by naval forces, abandoned off the Central Somali Coast.  The two hostages had been first taken onto a previously hijacked merchant ship, the MV Kota Wajar. After ransoms were paid, the couple were released on 14 November 2010.

Unknown (1)
Murray Watson, was an environmentalist who, alongside his Kenyan colleague Patrick Amukhuma, was an employee of an Indian company contracted by the UN. On April 1, 2008, they were seized by unknown gunmen while conducting a survey in southern Somalia's conflict zones. Their driver, translator and two guards were not taken. Watson and Amukhuma have not been seen or heard from since. Their kidnappers' demands ranged from $2 million to $4 million in exchange for the men's release.

United States

Rescued (1)
Jessica Buchanan, was an aid worker for the Danish Refugee Council's demining unit, alongside Dane Poul Hagen Thisted. On October 25, 2011, they were abducted in the north-central Galkayo area. Gunmen from the Al-Shabaab Islamist group were alleged to be responsible. The hostages were later rescued by US Navy SEALs on January 25, 2012, and taken to Camp Lemonnier at Djibouti's Djibouti-Ambouli International Airport.

See also
 Captive, documentary series in which the Paul and Rachel Chandler hostage situation was featured.
 Foreign hostages in Iraq
 Foreign hostages in Nigeria
 Foreign hostages in Afghanistan

References

Terrorism in Somalia
Somalia War (2006–2009)
Somali Civil War (2009–present)


St Pol de Léon's Church, Paul also known as Paul Parish Church is a parish church in the Church of England Diocese of Truro located in Paul, Cornwall, UK.

History and description
The church is said to have been founded in 490 by Paul Aurelian, a Welsh saint. The church building is medieval but was largely destroyed in a raid by the Spanish in 1595. It was rebuilt by 1600. The parish tower is constructed of granite with double buttresses. It is  tall and is surmounted with a turret  tall, which serves as a daymark for shipping in Mount's Bay. The tower contains six bells: two by Abraham Rudhall from 1727, and four by John Taylor & Co from 1950.

Robert Anning Bell, the Arts and Crafts movement artist, designed the memorial east window in the chancel. It honours Lieutenant William Torquil Macleod Bolitho who was killed on 24 May 1915 during the Second Battle of Ypres. The window is described by an advisor for the Diocese of Truro as  ... it must rank as one of the most important glass windows in Cornwall of any age. The window, installed in 1918, is currently (2015) in need of restoration at an estimated cost of £150,000. The stonework around the window is made from Polyphant stone, a soft stone that is crumbling away and will be replaced with closely matching stone from the Forest of Dean.

Memorials and burials
The Cornish language writers Nicholas Boson, Thomas Boson and John Boson are all buried in the churchyard, and a monument in the church by John Boson (to Arthur Hutchens, d. 1709) is the only surviving lapidary inscription in traditional Cornish. Within the village churchyard there is a memorial to Dolly Pentreath, reputedly and disputedly the last native speaker of Cornish. The memorial was placed there by Louis Lucien Bonaparte, a relative of Napoleon Bonaparte, and the Vicar of Paul in the 19th century. There is a monument to Capt. Stephen Hutchens (died 1709).

Gallery

References

Church of England church buildings in Cornwall
Grade I listed churches in Cornwall
Buildings and structures in Penzance


Kipoi (, before 1928: Μπάγια – Bagia) is a village in the region of Zagori. It belongs to the municipal unit of Tymfi, Ioannina regional unit, Greece. The Greek name derives from the many gardens in the surrounding areas (Greek Κήποι=Gardens). The name "Bagia" is Slavic and means "warm (and low) place". The village has the lowest altitude of all Zagori village and is surrounded by rivers. It is built on a rocky hill, in the southern end of Vikos Gorge.

History and culture

Kipoi was once the centre of Zagori. After the Balkan Wars and the liberation of Epirus in 1913, the people of Kipi demanded that Kipoi becomes the capital of Zagori, because it is the most central village and because it once was the "capital".

In Kipoi, the traditional architectural style of Epirus is well preserved, with stone built roads and dwellings. The village is surrounded by stone bridges. In the entrance lies Kontodimos bridge, down in the valley, the beautiful Milos bridge connects the village to the old water mill and Petsonis bridge in the exit towards Fragades. One can find more bridges on the old paths towards Elati, Dikorfo, Negades and Tsepelovo. Not far from the villages lies a three arched stone bridge, of the 18th century (illustration). The bridge is also a unique tourist attraction of today, on the local road to central Zagori, just out of the village.

Orthodox Albanians, locally called "Arvanites", have settled the village after the 15th century, later assimilating into the local population. Sarakatsani have settled at the beginning of the 20th century.

Today, the museum of the famous collector Agapios Tolis is located in Kipoi, where more than 40.000 exhibits are included.

External links
  Information about Kipoi.
  Folkloric museum of Agapios Tolis (Greek).

Bibliography

References

Populated places in Ioannina (regional unit)
Zagori