William Ernest Cooke (25 July 1863 – 7 November 1947), generally referred to as W. Ernest Cooke or informally Ernest Cooke, was an Australian astronomer, credited with a number of important scientific breakthroughs and improved methodologies in astronomical observations and star cataloguing.  He was the first Western Australian Government Astronomer and established the Perth Observatory as one of the best equipped and productive establishments of its type in Australia.

Cooke was born in Adelaide, the son of Ebenezer Cooke, public servant and politician from South Australia.  He was educated at The Collegiate School of St Peter in Adelaide (1875–79) and the University of Adelaide (B.A., 1883; M.A., 1889).

Cooke did well at school: in 1879 he was first placed in St Peter's First Class of matriculants, with passes in Greek and Chemistry. He signed the student roll at the University of Adelaide in March the same year, while he was still 15.  After a glowing reference from his headmaster, he took a Civil Service cadetship under Sir Charles Todd at the Adelaide Observatory in December 1878.  He was awarded a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1883 and a Master of Arts in 1889.

Cooke married Jessie Elizabeth Greayer in Adelaide in 1887 and they had six children—five before arriving in Western Australia:  Violet Ogden (1888), Lionel Ernest (1889), Rosalie (1891, died in infancy), Frank Basil (1892), and Erica Carrington (1894).  The sixth child, Maxwell Greayer was born in Perth in 1898.

Career

In about 1882 he was appointed as senior assistant, second class at the Adelaide Observatory.

In the mid-1890s, Todd was advising the Premier of Western Australia Sir John Forrest who wanted to build a high quality Perth Observatory in Western Australia.  In December 1894 he wrote to Forrest advising that the £3,000 which had been set aside in the budgets for construction was sufficient and would be adequate for the purchase of instruments also.  A site was chosen and endorsed by Todd during a one-week visit to Perth in July 1895.  With regards to an astronomer, Todd wrote:

The appointment of an astronomer of course requires very careful consideration and I am glad to call your attention to Mr W. E. Cooke, M.A., my first Assistant who would, I have reason to know, accept the office if offered it. Mr Cooke has been employed in the observatory here, under my direction, for about 13 years, and has full experience in all Astronomical and Meteorological work.  He is a most proficient Mathematician and had a distinguished career at Adelaide University.He is about 32 or 33 years of age, and therefore in the full vigour of young manhood – he is very zealous in his work, very steady, and high principled, and is married.From my intimate knowledge of him, and his special attainments I can write with confidence to commend him as the very man you want.  You certainly could not do better if you went to England and very probably would not get so good a man.

The foundation stone was laid by Forrest on 29 September 1896 and the Observatory was completed at a cost of £6,622, more than double the estimate, on 3 March 1897.  Cooke meanwhile was sent on a tour of continental cities to study observatory design and to purchase instruments.  He visited Paris, Nice, Strasbourg and Brussels, as well as visiting Her Majesty's Astronomer at the Cape of Good Hope.  He arrived in Perth on 7 November 1896 but it would be two years before the first of the two main instruments would be commissioned.   In the interim, he established a first-class meteorological station in the Observatory grounds, with observations continuing to be made there until 1967.  Cooke toured the state extensively, visiting as far north as Wyndham and inland along the Murchison River.  He established several new meteorological stations along the way, training local observers and equipping the stations.  Weather data was transmitted from the country stations twice a day to the General Post Office in Perth by telegraph.  He established a number of voluntary observation posts who transmitted weather data on a monthly basis.  Using the observations, he produced the first daily weather maps and daily forecasts, for Perth, the Goldfields and the state.  By about 1900, a general weather report, a special rainfall report, an isobar map and a forecast were produced each morning and posted for viewing in Perth and Fremantle.

Cooke opened the Observatory every Tuesday evening to allow public viewings of the equipment.

Cooke developed an interest in the development of low pressure zones which often dominated the weather cycles, and the possibility of tracking these depressions.  He studied weather records from the Cape of Good Hope, Natal and Mauritius with the hope of associating weather events there with later events in Australia.  He analysed and mapped the passage of cyclones from the North-West into the interior, publishing cyclone forecasts for the first time.  In 1908 the meteorology service was taken over by the Commonwealth, enabling him to concentrate on astronomical projects.

He established the first official time service on his arrival in Perth.  Using a chronometer and a borrowed theodolite, he determined an accurate solar time each night, clear skies permitting, and a time signal was telegraphed to the GPO at noon each day.  In 1897 a small transit telescope replaced the theodolite and in about 1898 two standard German precision clocks were installed to track sidereal time and solar mean time.  Several methods of broadcasting the time were used:

A time ball was dropped at 1 p.m. daily at the Round House at Fremantle
A time ball was dropped daily at the premises of opticians, 'Frost and Stopham' in Hay Street, Perth
A public clock controlled by the Observatory mean solar clock was installed at the Observatory front gates
A parent clock controlled by the mean solar clock was installed at Perth Railway Station, and time signals were telegraphed across the railway network
Time signals from two clocks at the main telegraph room at the Perth General Post Office were telegraphed to every telegraph station in the state
A time gun was fired at 1 p.m. at Perth and Fremantle
A six-pound cannon was purchased by the Observatory in November 1902 and used as a time gun.

The Observatory's two main telescopes arrived in 1898–99 but were not fully commissioned until October 1901.  In March 1901 Cooke went to Adelaide to carry out observations simultaneously with observers in Perth, to accurately determine longitude.

In about 1901, the International Astrographic Congress asked the observatory to collaborate in the international star cataloguing and charting project, the "International Photo-Durchmusterung" or "Cape Photographic Durchmusterung" (CPD).  The invitation was accepted and the Observatory was allotted the 32°-40° South latitudes.  It was painstaking work, done over many years, and involved the taking of hundreds of photographic plates, each of two square degrees with some containing twenty thousand stars of magnitude eleven or brighter, and thousands of associated calculations.  The project was his major astronomical work and contribution.  An astrographic work A Catalogue of 420 Standard Stars was published by the Perth Observatory in 1907. With the catalogue, Cooke produced a critique of the international programme, referring to lack of coordination, refinements that he had made in observation methods and suggested procedures to be used at other sites around the world.   As a result, he received wide acclaim from international peers.  The Astronomer Royal wrote to the Government astronomer at Adelaide, "to follow implicitly the head of the Perth Observatory and copy their methods ... their catalogues are excellent, and they seem to be able to maintain maximum efficiency with the minimum of energy".

He proposed a plan for coordinated international observations and the preparation of three star catalogues, and that astronomers be requested to confine their major catalogue work to stars in their own meridian.  The catalogues proposed were:
A. Bright Stars:  This does not form part of the proposed scheme, but of course the regular observation of the principal stars must be continued.
B. Fundamental stars for the general scheme:  As a matter of detail I suggest that these be selected of about sixth magnitude and in every region of the sky.
C. Main Catalogue: Comprising say three stars to every square degree, and of course, including the whole of B.  This would make a total of over 120,000 stars.
Cooke attended the International Astrographic Conference in Paris in 1909 where he presented his ideas and which were accepted by the congress.  He was made one of the 18 members of the Permanent Committee of the Congress.

At the request of the Government of South Australia, he travelled to Adelaide between mid-February and June 1911 where he assisted in determining the South Australian border with Victoria.  He then went to the Friendly Islands to observe an eclipse.

In 1912 Cooke departed Western Australia and took a position as government astronomer in New South Wales and Professor of Astronomy at the University of Sydney. He had been given promises of a new observatory and equipment at Wahroonga, but political machinations and economic priorities associated with the First World War meant the project was abandoned and the Sydney Observatory remained as the principal New South Wales facility. The government pushed for its closure in 1926 but was narrowly defeated after a bitter opposition campaign, however Cooke became the political scapegoat and was forced into early retirement in the same year.

Cooke returned to Adelaide in 1936 and died there in 1947.

During his time in Western Australia he was also the government meteorologist until 1908 and the founding chairman of the Civil Service Association in 1902.

Achievements

 His star cataloguing system was accepted at an international astronomical conference in Paris in 1909.
 He developed a method of plotting the transit of tropical cyclones, and issuing weather warnings for shipping and pearling industries
 He invented a type of heliochronometer which could be used to determine local time and true north accurately.  The device was known as a sunclock (picture). In 1924 the device won a gold medal at the British Empire Exhibition.
 He recognised that by using radio signals form other parts of the world would enable the accurate measurement of longitude.  He worked with his son Basil, a pioneer amateur radio operator, who received time signals from Lyons, France. This technique was used in 1921 by the WA Government Astronomer, Curlewis and the SA Government Astronomer, Dodwell, at Deakin, Western Australia to fix a position for the 129th meridian east longitude (129° east). The same group also travelled to Wyndham, Western Australia to determine the WA/NT border on the ground.
 Was influential in the introduction of probabilistic weather forecasts
 Cooke is said to have patented over one hundred inventions

Satellite 3894 Williamcooke and Mount Cooke in the Darling Scarp near Jarrahdale are named in his honour.

Partial bibliography

References

Further reading

1863 births
1947 deaths
Scientists from Adelaide
People from Perth, Western Australia
20th-century Australian astronomers
People educated at St Peter's College, Adelaide
19th-century Australian astronomers


The Slovenia women's national football team () represents Slovenia in international women's football and is controlled by the Football Association of Slovenia, the governing body for football in Slovenia. The team played its first official match in 1993, two years after the country gained independence from Yugoslavia. Before that, Slovenian players played for the Yugoslavia national team.

History

Slovenia made its official debut on 25 September 1993 against England in the qualifying for the 1995 European Championship. They lost all six qualifiers with a 0–60 goal average, including a record 17–0 loss against Spain. After this Slovenia didn't take part in official competitions for more than a decade.

They returned in 2005 for the 2007 World Cup qualification, where they didn't have options to qualify since back then a two-division format with promotions and relegations was held and they started in the lower category. For the 2009 European Championship the two divisions were merged into one, and Slovenia made it to the play-offs as one of the four best 3rd-ranked teams, their biggest success to date. There they were knocked out by Ukraine by a 0–5 aggregate.

In the 2011 World Cup and 2013 European Championship qualifiers Slovenia ended fourth out of five teams, with 6 and 4 points respectively.

All-time results

Results and fixtures

 The following is a list of match results in the last 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.

Legend

2022

2023

Coaching staff

Current coaching staff

Manager history

As of December 2020

Players

Current squad
 The following players were called up for the UEFA Women's Nations League matches against    on 27 and 31 October 2023.
 Caps and goals correct as of 12 June 2021, after the Croatia match.

Recent call-ups
 The following players were named to a squad in the last 12 months.
Caps and goals may be incorrect.

Notes:
 Position legend: GK=goalkeeper; DF=Defender; MF=Midfielder; FW=Forward.

Captains

Mateja Zver (????–)

Records

 Active players in bold, statistics correct as of 2020.

Most capped players

Top goalscorers

Competitive record

FIFA Women's World Cup

*Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks.

UEFA Women's Championship

*Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks.

See also

Sport in Slovenia
Football in Slovenia
Women's football in Slovenia
Slovenia men's national football team

References

External links
 Official website
 FIFA profile

European women's national association football teams
Women


Malva Schalek, aka Malvina Schalková (18 February 1882 – 24 May 1944 or 24 March 1945), was a Czech-Jewish painter. Trained in Prague, she went on to work in Vienna as a painter. From 1942 to 1944 she was imprisoned in the Theresienstadt concentration camp. In 1944 she was moved to the Auschwitz concentration camp, where she was murdered. Many of her works are held in the Ghetto Fighters' House in Israel.

Life
Malva Schalek was born in Prague to a German-speaking Jewish intellectual family active in the Czech national movement. She went to school in Prague, Vrchlabi (Hohenelbe), and studied art, first at the Frauenakademie in Munich and then privately in Vienna. She earned her living as a painter in Vienna, in her studio above the Theater an der Wien, until July 1938, when she was forced to flee from the Nazis, leaving her paintings behind. Only some 30 works from this period have been recovered; two were found in the Historisches Zentrum von Wien.

Schalek was deported to the Terezin (Theresienstadt) ghetto in February 1942, where she produced more than 100 drawings and watercolors portraying fellow inmates and their life there. Because of her refusal to portray a collaborationist doctor, she was deported to Auschwitz on 18 May 1944, where she was murdered.

Work

Her work, especially her drawings of the camp at Theresienstadt, is characterized by a sober realism. These drawings have been described by Tom L. Freudenheim, director of the Baltimore Museum of Art, as  "perhaps the finest and most complete artistic oeuvre to survive the Holocaust."  Recovered after the liberation, most are in the art collection of the Ghetto Fighters' House museum at kibbutz Lohamei HaGeta'ot in Israel.

References

 Spiritual Resistance: Art from Concentration Camps, 1940-1945: a Selection of Drawings and Paintings from the Collection of Kibbutz Lohamei Haghetaot, Israel, with essays by Miriam Novitch, Lucy S. Dawidowicz, and Tom L. Freudenheim. Union of American Hebrew Congregations, Jewish Publication Society of America, Baltimore Museum of Art, 1981 , 9780807401576
 Heinrich Fuchs, Die österreichischen Maler der Geburtsjahrgänge 1881-1900. Heinrich Fuchs, Selbstverl., 1977
 Pnina Rosenberg, Images and Reflections: Women in the Art of the Holocaust (exhibition catalogue) Israel: Beit Lohamei Haghetaot, Spring 2002
 Catherine Stodolsky, Die gebürtige Pragerin Malvina Schalek. Theresienstädter Studien und Dokumente 10 (2003): 145-161.

External links
 Malva Schalek page
 Nizza Thobi on Malva Schalek

1882 births
1944 deaths
Painters from Prague
Czech Jews who died in the Holocaust
Czech people who died in Auschwitz concentration camp
Jewish painters
Czech painters
Czech women painters
Theresienstadt Ghetto prisoners
Czechoslovak civilians killed in World War II
20th-century Czech women artists
Jewish women artists


The Moelleby Affair () is a 1976 Danish family film directed by Tom Hedegaard and starring Poul Reichhardt.

Cast
 Poul Reichhardt as Borgmester Clemmensen
 Ove Sprogøe as Digter Mortensen
 Elin Reimer as Borgmesterfruen
 Dick Kaysø as Ivar
 Chili Turèll as Clara (as Inge Margrethe Svendsen)
 Lily Broberg as Kommunekasserens værtinde
 Arthur Jensen as Barber Nikolajsen
 Karl Stegger as Morbror Ole
 Edvin Tiemroth as Overretssagfører Kølle
 Ole Søltoft as Kølles søn
 Henning Palner as Ditlefsen
 Bjørn Puggaard-Müller as Bankdirektør Lund
 Ejner Federspiel as Assessor Godtfredsen
 Poul Thomsen as Due
 Jens Okking as Lang
 Christoffer Bro as Ingeniør
 Valsø Holm as Restauratør
 Kirsten Søberg as Hansigne
 Elga Olga Svendsen as Dame på rådhuset
 Else Petersen as Godtfredsens sekretær
 Jørgen Beck as Betjent

References

External links

1976 films
Danish children's films
1970s Danish-language films
Films with screenplays by Erik Balling


is a co-educational public senior high school located in Hakata ward, Fukuoka city, Fukuoka prefecture, Japan. It is often called  for short.  Note, however, that there are several high schools with similar names in Saitama Prefecture in Eastern Japan and Iwate Prefecture in Northern Japan, Toyama Prefecture in central Japan.

Outline

The majority of Fukuoka High School students attend four-year universities after graduating from FHS. This school has one of the top reputations among public high schools in Fukuoka Prefecture (along with Shuyukan Senior High School and Chikushigaoka High School) because a large number of graduates continue on to Kyushu University, one of the top public universities in Japan.

History
Fukuoka High School was founded in 1917 under the former Japanese educational system in which children went directly to high school after graduating from elementary school. It was not until 1924 that separate facilities were constructed—until then, students shared use of the buildings at Shuyukan high school for classes.  The original buildings were made of wood, and they burned down in 1927.  Following the fire, the school was reconstructed in stone and cement; those buildings have remained in use until today.

Notable alumni
Tetsu Nakamura

References

Fukuoka
High schools in Fukuoka Prefecture
1917 establishments in Japan
Educational institutions established in 1917
Schools in Fukuoka Prefecture
Art Deco architecture in Japan


In Ireland, the October Holiday (sometimes called the October Bank Holiday,  or Lá Saoire Oíche Shamhna) is observed on the last Monday of October. Usually, but not always, this is the day after the end of Western European Summer Time. It was introduced in 1977.

See also
Bank holiday

References

Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland
Monday observances
October observances
Holidays and observances by scheduling (nth weekday of the month)


Politics of Cardiff refers to the political representation of the city of Cardiff, capital of Wales. Cardiff is represented politically at a local, Wales and United Kingdom level and previously at the European level.

Political representation
Cardiff is covered by four parliamentary constituencies which form the electoral basis for elections to the Parliament of the United Kingdom and the Senedd (Welsh Parliament).

The constituencies and their current representatives in the House of Commons are:
 Cardiff Central: Jo Stevens (Labour Party)
 Cardiff North: Anna McMorrin (Labour Party)
 Cardiff South and Penarth: Stephen Doughty (Labour Party)
 Cardiff West: Kevin Brennan (Labour Party)

Famous politicians who have represented Cardiff constituencies include James Callaghan, a former Prime Minister who held his constituency seat for over forty years. Rhodri Morgan a former First Minister, was previously MP for Cardiff West, as had George Thomas, 1st Viscount Tonypandy, who served as Speaker of the House of Commons between 1976 and 1983.

Senedd

The Senedd (Welsh Parliament; ; formerly known as the National Assembly for Wales) has been based in Cardiff Bay since its formation in 1999. The building which is now known as the Senedd building was opened on 1 March 2006, by the Queen. The executive and civil servants of the Welsh Government are based in Cardiff's Cathays Park while the Members of the Senedd, the Senedd Parliamentary Service and Ministerial support staff are based in Cardiff Bay. Cardiff elects four constituency Members of the Senedd (MSs) to the Welsh Parliament, with the individual constituencies for the Welsh Parliament being the same as for the UK Parliament. All of the city's residents have an extra vote for the South Wales Central region which increases proportionality to the Welsh Parliament. The most recent Welsh Parliament elections were held on 3 May 2016.

As with the United Kingdom Parliament, Cardiff is split into four constituencies:
 Cardiff Central: Jenny Rathbone (Labour)
 Cardiff North: Julie Morgan (Labour)
 Cardiff South and Penarth: Vaughan Gething (Labour)
 Cardiff West: Mark Drakeford (Labour)

The South Wales Central Senedd region elects four Members of the Senedd to serve the area covered by Cardiff, Rhondda-Cynon-Taf and the Vale of Glamorgan local authority areas. These are currently:
 Joel James (Conservative)
 Andrew R. T. Davies (Conservative)
 Rhys ab Owen (Plaid Cymru)
 Heledd Fychan (Plaid Cymru)

Local government

Cardiff had an elected town council from 1836. In 1889 Cardiff became a county borough, represented by 40 elected councillors and aldermen on Cardiff County Borough Council (commonly referred to as Cardiff City Council after the town gained city status in 1905). Representation increased to 52 after 1922.

Between 1974 and 1996 the council became a second tier district council of South Glamorgan. Cardiff voters also elected councillors to South Glamorgan County Council.

Since local government reorganisation in 1996, Cardiff has been governed by the City and County Council of Cardiff, which is based at County Hall in Atlantic Wharf, Cardiff Bay. Voters elect 75 councillors every four years, with the next elections due to be held in 2016.

The council was run by a Labour majority administration between 1995 and 2004. The Liberal Democrats ran a minority administration from 2004-2008. In 2012 Labour regained control of the council.

As of 2019, Labour have 38 councillors, the Liberal Democrats have 11, the Conservatives have 21, Cardiff West Independents have 4, with 1 from Heath & Birchgrove Independents. The Leader of the Council, Cllr Huw Thomas, is from the Labour Party.

Community Councils

There are currently six community Councils in Cardiff:

Lisvane (10 seats)
Old St. Mellons (9 seats)
Pentyrch (13 seats)
Radyr & Morganstown (13 seats)
Tongwynlais (9 seats)
St. Fagans (9 seats)

Elections are held every five years. The last contested elections would have been held in May 2017, had there been more candidates than available seats. For example, only six candidates stood in St Fagans for nine seats, whilst in Radyr & Morganstown eight candidates stood for thirteen seats.
In Pentyrch, ten candidates (6 Ind, 3 Lab, 1 Plaid Cymru) put themselves forward for thirteen seats, so all were elected unopposed.

Community Councils have the ability to co-opt new Councillors between elections to fill vacancies if not enough candidates stand for election. Alternatively, a By-election will be called if ten or more registered electors within the relevant ward call for one after a Notice of Casual Vacancy is published.

In March 2020, there were twelve Co-opted Community Councillors in Cardiff (3 on Lisvane, 4 on Pentyrch, 3 on St Fagans, 1 on Tongwynlais and 1 on Radyr & Morganstown) as well as three vacant seats (2 on Old St Mellons and 1 on Pentyrch) on the six Council websites.

See also
 List of mayors of Cardiff

References

Politics of Cardiff
Politics of Wales


Samuel Leonard Shannon,  (June 1, 1816 – January 7, 1895) was a lawyer, judge and political figure in Nova Scotia, Canada. He represented Halifax County in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1859 to 1867.

He was born in Halifax, the son of James Noble Shannon, a city merchant, and Nancy Allison. Shannon was educated at King's College. He articled in law with Henry Pryor and was called to the bar in 1839. In 1855, he married Annie Starr Fellows. Shannon served in the local militia, reaching the rank of lieutenant-colonel. In 1858, he was named a Nova Scotia railway board commissioner. Shannon was named Queen's Counsel in 1864. He served as a minister without portfolio in the province's Executive Council from 1863 to 1867. He supported the development of an intercolonial railway, free common schools and Confederation. Shannon served on the board of governors for Dalhousie College and helped establish the Dalhousie Law School, serving as one of its first instructors. In 1881, he was named probate judge for Halifax County. Shannon died in Halifax at the age of 78.

His daughter Kate's diary of 1892 was published in 1994 as a souvenir of the epoch: “A Victorian Lady’s Album: Kate Shannon’s Halifax and Boston Diary of 1892” (edited by D. Stanley; Halifax and Boston: Formac Publishing Company).

References

1816 births
1895 deaths
Nova Scotia pre-Confederation MLAs
Judges in Nova Scotia
Canadian Methodists
Canadian King's Counsel


Automotive Products, commonly abbreviated to AP, was an automotive industry components company set up in 1920 by Edward Boughton, Willie Emmott and Denis Brock, to import and sell American-made components to service the fleet of ex-military trucks left behind in Europe after World War I.

In 1928, they obtained a licence for the manufacture and sale of the Lockheed Hydraulic Braking System for the British Isles and Continental Europe, and in the following year they acquired a controlling interest in Zephyr Carburetors Limited which had premises in Clemens Street, Leamington Spa.  A subsidiary company named the Lockheed Hydraulic Brake Company Ltd was formed and brake component manufacture began.

In 1931, the Borg & Beck Company Limited was set up to manufacture clutches under American patents from Borg & Beck in the USA.  This allowed the company to sell British made Borg & Beck clutches in the United Kingdom, overseas British possessions and the British Empire (except Canada). The same year, the first block of a new purpose-built factory in Tachbrook Road was opened, extending by 1970 to some 70 acres.

The company became the UK's leading manufacturer and supplier of clutches and braking, and was dominant in the market until the end of the 1970s.

AP also developed a close technical partnership with the British Motor Corporation (BMC), in the development of automatic transmissions.  One of the most notable products of this collaboration was the unique AP automatic transmission used in the Mini and later BMC/BL compact models.  The two companies jointly owned a plant in Kings Norton to produce the transmissions, and the matching variants of the A-series engines to go with them.

The business was bought by BBA (British Belting and Asbestos) in 1986.

The 1990 report notices that trading deteriorated in the second half of the year. A claim against AP in respect to an accommodation vessel for a gas rig, which originated before BBA bought AP, had been resolved and claims against third parties are in process - One would guess that this was about the AP business in Speke. Generally, the automotive side had seen more of a decline, including Pacific BBA. The Clutch business has acquired new OE business in Europe and the US. The automatic clutch and throttle system (ACTS) which combines electronic sensing and control to combine the convenience of semi-automatic transmission with the cost-effectiveness of manual systems continued to raise interest from manufacturers. This seems to be the start of the idea of an automatic clutch with a manual gear lever or paddles behind the steering wheel. The Braking system seemed to be controlling on brakes for specialist vehicles and on an "all makes" replacement part programme - it seemed that AP Leamington decided to get out of high-level OE braking during the 80s leaving it with aftermarket and small levels of OE, a condition that it still has. Steering, suspension, and racing continued to grow, as did the aircraft business. The holding in Landlock in South Africa was sold thus removing the ex-AP South African business, following the creation of Pacific BBA to take over the Australian, and presumably New Zealand, parts of AP.

At this time BBA was extending into many areas including plastics, aviation servicing and high voltage inductors in addition to its existing automotive, aviation, industrial textiles, and friction systems.

By 1991 BBA were in a major recession even though it was still growing. In Spain they acquired Aranceta, a clutch manufacturer, which became AP Spain and a new factory in Paris, presumably at Cergy-Pontoise for the aftermarket. The Clutch and Braking systems had new contracts beginning to appear and the US had a 5 year contract with Ford. Production contracts for ACTS, new generation brake and clutch systems and all-plastic hydraulic actuation systems had been received. AP also signed joint development agreements with licensees for electronic controls for automotive transmissions, lightweight braking and a new limited slip differential called SureTrac.

1992 was another bad year and resulted in redundancies and reorganisations. Both the Clutch and Braking systems continued to grow with both divisions securing new contracts and with new products in development, including the Automatic Clutch System (ACS) for the Renault Safrane, twin-mass flywheels and associated integrated clutch systems, and lightweight disc brakes, presumably the transfer from cast iron to aluminium. On the aviation side the business is going well and they had extended the flight servicing to create Signature, which was finally the last part of BBA and was bought out that year.

In 1993 they sold their holdings in Pacific BBA, thus removing the last of the old AP Australian and New Zealand businesses. A downturn in European automotive from the end of 1992 had reduced the OE business, while the aftermarket continued at the same level. The US side had managed to grow. ACTS had now gone into production, which Is believed to be due to the Renault Twingo and Cleo; SureTrac had been licensed to Fuji Univance in Japan, who are now Univance Corporation, and a mechanical parking brake for disc-braked vehicles, at the time was fitted to all Land Rover vehicles, was expected to become widespread. AP Clutch acquired a low-cost laser cutting cell to replace press tools and provide fast turnaround.

In 1994 BBA was recovering, which includes the sales of businesses which do not conform to their criteria, following a new CEO. At this point the group consists of Transportation, being Automotive Friction and AP, Aviation Services and Aviation Components (AP Speke), and of Industrial covering various textiles and specialist electrics. Notice that by then they had disposed of all of their belting products and the Angus fire production system. Uncompetitive units have been closed or relocated, and new cellular manufacturing systems have taken part in Clutch manufacturing.

The BBA 1995 report shows the sale of AP in April 1995 for £181M, plus later considerations if the purchaser, AP Group, achieves certain target internal rates of return. It was regarded as a good business but was too small to compete on a global scale. The majority of the funding was provided by CIN Venture Nominees, along the shares bought by the staff and directors. The acquisition was for the traditional Brake and Clutch businesses and for a BBA textile unit in Cleckheaton and Germany which became APTEC. The APPH unit at Speke was retained by BBA.

AP Group 1995 report, for 9 months, showed turnover of £231M and profit of £17M, exceeding budgets. AP Italy had installed a fully automated drum brakes assembly capable of producing 2M brakes a year for Fiat. AP France had built a new manufacturing facility near Orleans for clutch production and R&D. AP Leamington had invested in flexible manufacturing systems, presumably BPCS. They had also created a joint venture for the ACTS system with Kongsberg Automotive.

The 1996 reports shows that the sales and profits for the year are in-line with the 9 month 1995. Investments are made at Leamington and Italy, and tooling is being built for new products. Clutch received a contract to supply TMF units to BMW for 4 and 6 cylinder engines. That was expected to continue for 10 years and worth £170M at 1996 prices. The TMF factory was built in 1997 for full production in 1998 - that is now the only building left on the Leamington site and is owned by Shire Foods. It also had a contract for the new Golf targeting 250,000 units at the end of 1997. Brakes had formed an alliance with ITT Automotive to support braking projects around the world. The aftermarket all-makes strategy lead to increased sales. A licence was made with a Chinese business for the supply of clutches to Volkswagen, and a 50/50 Joint Venture had been created with a Turkish clutch manufacturer. The 1997 outlook was expected to be difficult due to the strength of the British pound.

So 1997 was difficult. While the sales and profits in Europe, improved overall sales and profits declined because of exchange rates. Cost reductions and redundancies occurred at Leamington. The Joint Venture AP Kongsberg ACTS business, which was loss making, was sold to Kongsberg Tech-Matic who then listed in Norway, with AP owning 7.5%, which was sold in 1998. They acquired the remaining 30% of AP Japan to give them 100% and 1998 ceased a low margin trading operation from them. One thing that occurred was the sale of the Leamington site followed by a leaseback agreement. From this all of blocks 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 9 and north of block 12 were closed and put into development during 1997 and 1998.

1998 showed an increase in profit even though sales had decreased. After a reorganisation, all of the OE Clutch and drum brake units in UK, Italy, Spain and Turkey were managed by the Italian team. The USA and French clutch businesses were bought under a common technical leadership, probably because of PFCH. UK, France, Benelux, Germany and Japan aftermarkets were integrated. A new drum brake extension had been made in Italy, with clutch investments scheduled for 1999. Clutch development in France had been extended for new orders and the US had won new orders for 2000 onwards. Production of the TMF units had been blocked by a patent dispute with a competitor (LUK). They did, eventually, win the case, but by then the AP business was in pieces. A decision was made to open a factory in Brazil.

It is now 1999 and the business starts to go to bits. In Italy new contracts for drum brakes for Ford and Fiat had started, a new aluminium wheel cylinder facility had been commissioned and clutches for Volkswagen had transferred from the UK. France had started a programme to supply a clutch system to Fiat integrated with the Italian business. In Brazil a site was acquired for a new factory for clutch and clutch actuation, as part of the US business. The TMF patent court issue ended when the Munich court ruled in AP’s favour, though the competitor had appealed. Against that, AP has filed a counterclaim for unjustified interference with AP's business. This became more of an issue when LUK, having acquired Kongsberg Tech-Matic, sued, and lost, AP Group and AP USA regarding information that they thought should be in the business.

The idea was to separate the UK aftermarket business, APDS, from the OE manufacturing, APOE. APDS represented about 35% of the sales turnover and was sold to Delphi Automotive Systems in Feb 2002 for £40M. Along with that it took over blocks 16, 17, 19 and 20. Along with the split between APDS and APOE, the OE units were split into two businesses - AP UK (Clutch) and AP Hydraulics, leaving AP Group with a small office in Block 12. As part of that, APDS and AP UK decided on which people they wanted, and left everyone else to Hydraulics. As part of that, IT and Finance were left last and finally told in a meeting one morning.

In July 2000 they sold AP Racing to Brembo for £23M, against sales of £17M. At that point AP Racing had already relocated to its location in Coventry. France had acquired new nominations from Renault and Fiat which should double its turnover. Drum Brakes had new nominations from Renault, Ford and Fiat which should double their sales. The US had acquired contracts with Daimler Chrysler. TMF continued to work with potential customers to resolve a vibration issue. AP Hydraulics had acquired new contracts.

2001 and 2002 reports show that both AP UK and AP Hydraulics had agreed that AP Hydraulics would relocate in the SE corner of Block 15, thus enabling Blocks 4, 6, 7, 8, 10 and 12 to be released. All of Clutch and Braking systems are showing new contracts at this point. Brazilian assembly is expected in 2003. In 2002 AP UK, AP Spain, AP Elastomers (ex Rubbers) and other businesses were sold at a lost of £8M, half which consisted of additional pension contributions. The European businesses continue to grow. However, the UK pension scheme is now under-funded due to the value of the stock market and the increased costs of pension supply.

In 2003 one now sees the collapse of the AP Group. It has sold its Italian and American businesses, including Brazil, and still has issues with the pension scheme. In Mar 2004 control of the business was taken over by a subsidiary Whitnash plc, which is owned by the preference shareholders of the original AP Associates, since AP Group was unable to repay amounts due to them and were removed from control. As well as having to put funds into the pension scheme, it was also having to repay on its secured senior and mezzanine debts from the MBO. In Apr 2004 90% of AP France was sold for a nominal sum.

Now, Whitnash was a subsidiary of AP Group and was the holding company for some of the businesses in the AP Group and had sold all of its assets to a subsidiary of AP Group (probably AP International) in Nov 1999. From that point onwards, Whitnash was dependent on income due to it, which includes the AP logo trademark. The sales, by AP Group, in 2003 and 2004, intended to repay the secure senior and mezzanine debts, were less than expected. Italy was hit by a high corporate tax and the declining market share of Fiat. The fall in the US dollar reduced the sales of it. In addition, changes to UK pension legislation in June 2003 meant that a contingent liability on the AP pension was increased by £40M.

Understanding the situations between Whitnash, AP Group, AP International, AP Investments and other parts of the group were complex, and included issues over other properties which acquired in 1990/91 and a legal case in Italy that dated back to a subsidiary acquisition in 1978. Whitnash also had a lease over the Leamington site until 2018 which it sub-let to the remaining parts of AP, some of which had earlier break conditions.

As a result, AP Group, including AP Hydraulics and APTEC (UK), went into administration in early 2006, mainly because it could not provide funds to the pension scheme, which was transferred to the Pension Protection Scheme.

Regarding the other Leamington businesses, Dephi eventually went into a US administration after a few years. AP UK renamed itself to AP Driveline in 2002 and went into admin in 2005, was taken over and then went into admin again before it was acquired by Raicam, who acquired the AP Italian clutch business in 2005. Both Delphi and Raicam relocated from the site around 2018. APDS/Delphi took over the Borg & Beck and Lockheed trade names and AP UK got access to the AP logo; AP Hydraulics refused to pay for it.

So in Apr 2006 AP Hydraulics, also with the trade name AP Braking, was acquired by the Caparo group and was renamed as Caparo AP Braking. Now the Caparo group was an Indian owned group of businesses created by Lord Paul of Marylebone about 50 years ago. He was of Indian origin and had moved into the UK for treatment, unsuccessfully, on his daughter, He then built and acquired many businesses, generally around the Midlands and involved in the automotive area. The UK business was based in Oldbury along with several other of their businesses, and they were building factories in India.

Lord Paul's son Angad, who ran the UK businesses, was "very good" at acquiring odd businesses. One of these was a furniture and design business called Established and Sons who make odd, very expensive furniture. Another was the Freestream business in Basingstoke, which was built by a couple of design and engineers involved with the McLaren F1, who decided that they could build a road-legal racing car. The business became Caparo Vehicle Products and the car became the Caparo T1. That was very fast and broke the track circuit at Top Gear, except that they used the racing version rather than the road version. The only problem was that they were all designers and did not know anything about manufacturing. They sent one of the product managers down to them, and then followed that with their Operations Director, but in the end they had to relocate them to Leamington. In practice they managed to build 18 vehicles and sold a few, mainly for racing. Part of the idea was to demonstrate a better way of building vehicles. Following on from that they got a contract to make F3 racing cars for Renault, but in practice had a lot of quality issues with them and lost it the next year. Eventually it was relocated elsewhere in the Caparo group and renamed. The Caparo Vehicle Technology name was transferred to Caparo AP Braking.

As a business they kept on going, gradually losing staff and customers, especially the loss of Land Rover which really left them with Morgan as our major OE customer. On the other hand, they concentrated on the aftermarket business where there is a strong desire for replacement parts for 50/60/70s vehicles to match the original parts when they were built. They also got involved with a French attempt to build an electric car and with a UK electric van conversion, but neither of these were successful. Although they were still making new braking items, there never seemed to be any major customers, or sales people, for them, especially if you compare that to Alcon, who had taken several of their designers.

In 2015, the UK Caparo Industries group gradually fell apart and went into admin in Oct 2015, followed by the death of Angad Paul in early Nov from his penthouse, apparently by accident. Most of the businesses were acquired by Liberty House Group, owned by Sanjeev Gupta, who is involved in ferrous and non-ferrous metal trading, metals recycling, steel and aluminium production, and engineering products and services. They had managed to acquire and run much of the UK steel manufacturing and were extended into other areas. They retained the ex-Caparo management team to run that part of the group.

Liberty did seem to be a better option than Caparo, and they also managed to acquire a few associated businesses. These included a bike manufacturer, later merged with a Scottish business; a specialist ex-SAS group dealing with off road vehicles in Hereford; and a business in Daventry called Shiftec who build electronic controls for clutch, braking and throttle system, and was then relocated to Leamington.

In Leamington, as the old Delphi area was replaced by new units, they acquired a new unit in the parking area just north of Block 19 and relocated to it in April 2020, along with a new company name of Shiftec (Leamington). By then, the rest of Block 15 had already been cleared and now their part had gone and that part of the old AP site is being redeveloped. The only part of AP that is left is the old TMF unit which is owned by Shire Foods.

Manumatic and Newtowndrive automated clutch systems
The Manumatic and Newtondrive systems are also known as "two-pedal transmissions". They relieve the driver of the need for skill in operating clutch and engine speed in conjunction with the gear change. At one time, Manumatic solely referred to an older type of semi-automatic transmission with an automatic clutch system, but today, the term "manumatic" generally just refers to standard torque converter automatic transmissions, with the ability to override the transmission computer, and select gears "manually," via the electronics.

Manumatic
A clutch servo powered by the vacuum at the induction manifold operated the automatic clutch - a conventional clutch incorporating centrifugal operation. A switch in the gear lever operated a solenoid valve so that when the gear lever moved, the clutch was disengaged. A control unit made throttle adjustments to keep the engine speed matched to the driven clutch plate and also varied the speed of clutch operation appropriate to road speed.

Newtondrive
The Newtondrive system differed in making a provision for choke control and a cable linkage from the clutch operating mechanism to the throttle.

The systems could be fitted to smaller cars such as the Ford Anglia.

References

Auto parts suppliers of the United Kingdom
Defunct manufacturing companies of the United Kingdom
British companies established in 1920
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1920
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 2000
1920 establishments in the United Kingdom
2000 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Privately held companies of the United Kingdom


The Center for Computational Relativity and Gravitation (CCRG) is a research center of the College of Science (COS) and a Research Center of Excellence at Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT) dedicated to research at the frontiers of numerical relativity and relativistic astrophysics, gravitational-wave physics, its connection to experiments and observations, and high-performance computation and scientific visualization.

Faculty members currently include Hans-Peter Bischof, Joshua Faber, Manuela Campanelli (Director), Carlos Lousto, David Merritt, John Whelan, Yosef Zlochower and Richard O'Shaughnessy.

Computing facilities in the CCRG include gravitySimulator, a 32-node computer that uses special-purpose GRAPE hardware to achieve speeds of 4Tflops in gravitational N-body calculations; and NewHorizons, a 104-node Linux cluster with dual-processor (dual-core) per node and a total of 1.4 Tbytes of on-board memory.

The mission of the CCRG is "to promote excellence in research and education, and to advance discovery beyond the frontiers of current knowledge in key research areas of computational astrophysics, gravitational physics, high-performance computing and scientific visualization."

References

External links

Rochester Institute of Technology
Astronomy institutes and departments
Research institutes in New York (state)
Astrophysics research institutes
2007 establishments in New York (state)
Organizations established in 2007


Robert Thornton (fl. 1418 – 1456) was a Yorkshire landowner, a member of the landed gentry. His efforts as an amateur scribe and manuscript compiler resulted in the preservation of many valuable works of Middle English literature, and have given him an important place in its history.

Biography

Thornton's name is associated with two 15th-century manuscripts now held in different collections; Lincoln, Cathedral Library MS 91, the "Lincoln Thornton" manuscript, and British Library MS Additional 31042, the "London Thornton" manuscript. A number of candidates had been suggested for the scribe's identity, but he is now firmly identified as Robert Thornton, a relatively prosperous provincial landowner of the manor of East Newton, Stonegrave, in the North Riding of Yorkshire. The armigerous (Argent a bend gules with three escarbuncles or thereon) Thornton family had possessed East Newton Hall since the time of Edward I; Robert's parents are commemorated in the church at Stonegrave. Thornton's father, grandfather and great-grandfather were all also named Robert. The family retained possession of East Newton until 1692.

Thornton appears to have started to compile a collection of works for his own and his family's pleasure and instruction; he was essentially a gentleman-amateur in a field usually dominated by professional scriveners and ecclesiastical scribes. Rather than copying works at random, he made some attempt to edit romances, religious works and works on medicine or herblore into different "booklets" within the manuscript. He wrote in a practised but rather untidy hand, adding a few simple decorative flourishes such as grotesque drolleries or ornamental scrollwork.

Thornton's tastes were fairly wide-ranging; the Lincoln manuscript reveals a liking for Arthurian romances, and he seems to have particularly appreciated alliterative verse, resulting in the preservation of some of the finest examples of the genre (notably The Alliterative Morte Arthure and Wynnere and Wastoure). The texts enable us to gain some insight into the way such manuscripts were used, perhaps with members of a family using it on one night to refer to a recipe, and on another to read a romance or even to take part in a dramatic performance.

After Thornton's death, the manuscripts remained in the hands of his descendants for many years; the name of Thornton's son William appears on folio 49.v of the Lincoln manuscript, in addition to the names of other family members elsewhere. However, by 1700 (when it was seen there by the antiquary Bishop Thomas Tanner) it had reached the library of Lincoln Cathedral, probably having been obtained by the cathedral's Dean Michael Honywood between 1660 and 1681.

As many libraries of manuscripts were lost during the Dissolution of the Monasteries, Thornton's private anthology became an extremely rare survival.

Works preserved by Thornton
Lincoln, Cathedral Library MS 91

British Library MS Additional 31042

References

Further reading
Fein, Susanna, and Michael Johnston, eds. Robert Thornton and His Books: Essays on the Lincoln and London Thornton Manuscripts. Woodbridge: York Medieval Press/Boydell and Brewer, 2014.

People from Ryedale (district)
Medieval European scribes
15th-century English people
1460 deaths
Year of birth unknown


Sir Lees Knowles, 1st Baronet   (16 February 1857 – 7 October 1928) was a British barrister, military historian and Conservative politician.

Early life
Knowles was the son of John Knowles and Elizabeth Lees of Green Bank, Oldham, Lancashire whose family owned Andrew Knowles and Sons, collieries in the Irwell Valley. He was educated at Rugby School and at Trinity College, Cambridge. He was a prominent athlete at both institutions and became president of the Cambridge University Athletics Club. He studied law, and was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1882.

Career

Politics
Knowles was involved in Unionist politics, and stood unsuccessfully for the Conservatives at Leigh in the 1885 general election. In the following year, another general election was held, and he was returned as Member of Parliament for Salford West.

From 1887 to 1892, Knowles held an appointment as unpaid parliamentary secretary to Charles Ritchie, President of the Local Government Board.  On 24 April 1890, he brought a motion before the House of Commons and was subsequently appointed to formulate the Royal Commission on Tuberculosis.

Knowles remained unpaid parliamentary secretary when Ritchie became President of the Board of Trade in 1895. From 1896 to 1906, he was Second Church Estates Commissioner. He was created a baronet, "of Westwood in the County of Lancaster", in the 1903 Birthday Honours.

In December 1904, he was knighted as a Knight of Grace of the Order of Saint John (KStJ).

His parliamentary career came to an end when he lost his seat at the 1906 general election.

Military
Knowles had a great interest in military history, and wrote a number of books on the life of Napoleon. In 1912 he made a bequest to his alma mater, Trinity College. This established the Lees Knowles Lectureship, an annual series of talks on military science given by distinguished military and naval figures.

He held a commission as an officer in the Volunteer Force and its successor the Territorial Force, reaching the rank of lieutenant-colonel. After a stint as Honorary Colonel of the 3rd (Volunteer) battalion of the Lancashire Fusiliers, he was on 14 May 1902 appointed lieutenant-colonel in command of the battalion. At various times he commanded the 3rd, 7th and 8th battalions of the Lancashire Fusiliers. He subsequently became the vice-chairman of the Lancashire Territorial Army Association.

Knowles was a philanthropist, supporting a number of charities, notably the Guinness Trust for Housing the Poor. He died in on 7 October 1928, aged 71, at his home in Westwood, Pendlebury.

Family
In 1915, he married Lady Nina Ogilvy-Grant, youngest daughter of Francis Ogilvy-Grant, 10th Earl of Seafield. Lady Nina was presumably the Lady Nina Ogilvy-Grant who appeared at a meeting of the Conservative and Unionist Women's Franchise Association on 11 May 1909 at 52 Portland Place in London, as reported by Votes for Women, the organ of the Women's Social and Political Union. They had no children.

Arms

Works
 Lees Knowles, A day with corps-students in Germany

As editor

References

'Obituary: Sir Lees Knowles. A Life of Public Service.', The Times, 8 October 1928, p. 18

External links

1857 births
1928 deaths
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1886–1892
UK MPs 1895–1900
UK MPs 1900–1906
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
People educated at Rugby School
Members of Lincoln's Inn
Lancashire Fusiliers officers
Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
Knights of Grace of the Order of St John
Commanders of the Royal Victorian Order
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Salford West
Church Estates Commissioners
Lees


LMT Connection is a Niagara-based funk and soul trio. The band has been together since 1989, and have recorded four studio albums. Blending R&B, funk, and jazz, they described their sound as "Universal Soul", which is also the title of their third studio CD, released in the fall of 2003. They've played over 4000 shows, toured Europe six times over the past two years and most recently, they were invited to open for BB King.

History
LMT Connection was formed in 1984 when Mark Rogers, while attending a show at a club in Niagara Falls approached Leroy Emmanuel, the guitar player of the featured band that night, and telling him they needed to play together. A year later, Emmanuel returned to Niagara Falls and reunited with Rogers. For four years, Leroy Emmanuel and Mark Rogers toured North America with a 10-piece Motown band which was advertised with "Tight Detroit funk mixed with a fresh, hard hittin' drumming energy.". When the tour came to its end in 1989 the two found added a third member Ottawa native bassist John Irvine, forming LMT Connection.

Band members
 Leroy Emmanuel – lead vocals and guitars
 Mark Rogers – drums
 John Irvine - bassist

The band often shares members with Newworldson, a similar group.

Discography
Their first album, released in 1992, is "Sometime Later", an all-original album of classic, sophisticated R&B. Then in 1999 they followed with "Outta Control", a dynamic CD capturing the energy of their live show. Their third CD "Universal Soul" is an all-original CD combining the elements of classic Soul songwriting with an incredible live-off-the-floor studio performance.

Studio albums

Color Me Funky (2006)
"Features LMT as opening act for and introduced by the one and only B.B. King at Niagara Falls’ Avalon Ballrooom. LMT’s CMF cover art is also very funky, and features original artwork by Emmanuel’s talented and highly artistic daughter, Khea. This live CD/DVD recording captures LMT’s super high-energy live performances at their recorded best!".

Universal Soul (2003)
Dave Rave, of Teenage Head, said of Universal Soul: "When you listen to this album or when you see LMT Connection play live you will hear true innovation. Clashing styles - jazz against funk, soul against true Rock 'n' Roll, history mixed with mystery. You'll remember the first time you heard Chuck Berry, Wes Montgomery, Soul Train and the funkiest of the funky.".

Outta Control (1999)
Gary of TO Nite said: "unlike in their live show, it doesn't take even a song, let alone a set, to move you right into the worshipsphere; it just kicks in at total high energy from the first track and notches up from there!"

Sometime Later (1992)
Martin Murray of "Pulse Magazine said "their music is also so totally different than anything anyone else is doing in this area, that these guys are pretty much in a class all by themselves. And yes they even managed to include Leroy's spoons solo! A great album from a band who are definitely destined for bigger things."

References

External links
LMT Connection Official Website

Musical groups established in 1989
Musical groups from Buffalo, New York
American funk musical groups


The 2009 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election was prompted by Stéphane Dion's announcement that he would not lead the Liberal Party of Canada into another election, following his party's defeat in the 2008 federal election in Canada. The Liberals, who captured just slightly over 26% of the total votes, scored their lowest percentage in the party's history to that date.

The party's national executive met on November 8, 2008, to set rules for the contest, and chose a date and location for the convention.  A biennial and leadership convention was held in Vancouver, British Columbia from April 30 to May 3, 2009, with the new leader being chosen on May 2.  Delegates to the convention were chosen from March 6–10, 2009, by those Liberal Party members who joined on or before February 6, 2009.

As a result of the 2008 Canadian parliamentary crisis, culminating in Conservative Prime Minister Stephen Harper's successful appeal on December 4, 2008, to Governor General Michaëlle Jean to prorogue Parliament until January 26, 2009, there were calls by a number of prominent Liberals, including Michael Ignatieff and Bob Rae, for the leadership election process to be accelerated, so that there would be an interim leader in place by the time that Parliament resumed. Former Deputy Prime Minister and former Finance Minister John Manley, writing in The Globe and Mail on December 6, 2008, called for Dion to resign immediately.<ref>The Globe and Mail, December 6, 2008, p. A25.</ref> Dion issued a statement on December 8 agreeing to move up his resignation.

Rae and Ignatieff disagreed on how to accelerate the process, with Ignatieff favouring a vote by caucus on December 10, 2008, to select an interim leader who would then be confirmed as permanent leader in May 2009, and Rae calling for a One Member One Vote method involving the entire Liberal Party membership, to be conducted in January 2009.

On December 8, 2008, Dominic LeBlanc withdrew from the race and threw his support to Michael Ignatieff. That evening the party executive agreed to a compromise proposal that would widen the leadership consultation process to include riding association presidents, defeated election candidates and others but rejected Rae's OMOV proposal. On December 9, 2008, Bob Rae withdrew from the race, leaving Michael Ignatieff as the presumed victor.

As well as ratifying Ignatieff's leadership with the support of 97% of delegates, the convention approved an amendment to the party's constitution to institute a One Member One Vote system for the election of future leaders. A proposal to adopt a weighted system where 25% of the vote in leadership elections would be reserved for members of the party's youth wing was defeated.

Just exactly two years later, on May 2, 2011, Ignatieff and the Liberals suffered their worst defeat in history, winning only 34 seats and being reduced to third place in the election.

 Timeline
October 14, 2008 - Federal election returns a Conservative minority government and a diminished Liberal caucus.
October 15, 2008 - Joe Volpe calls for Stéphane Dion to resign as leader.
October 20, 2008 - Liberal leader Stéphane Dion announces his intention to resign as party leader as of the Liberal leadership convention scheduled for May 2009.
October 27, 2008 - Frank McKenna announces he will not be a candidate; LeBlanc declares his intention to run.
October 31, 2008 - Rae announces his candidacy.
November 4, 2008 - John Manley announces he will not run.
November 8–9, 2008 - Liberal Party executive meets to decide on the date, location, and rules governing the race.
November 11, 2008 - Martha Hall Findlay announces she will not run.
November 12, 2008 - Gerard Kennedy and David McGuinty announce they will not run.
November 13, 2008 - Ignatieff announces he will run.
November 16, 2008 - The Liberal Party of Canada (Ontario) holds an all-candidates meeting. Rae boycotts when Ignatieff refused to allow the media to attend.
November 20, 2008 - Rae officially launches his campaign.
November 27, 2008 - The government tables a fiscal statement that angers the Opposition.
November 28, 2008 - The Liberals table a motion of non-confidence in the government which states that there is an alternative government prepared to take power. Prime Minister Harper delays the motion from December 1 to December 8.
December 1, 2008 - The Liberal Party, New Democratic Party and Bloc Québécois announce an agreement to defeat the government and replace it with a Liberal-NDP coalition.
December 4, 2008 - On the advice of the Prime Minister, the Governor General prorogues parliament until January 26, 2009.
December 6, 2008 - Former Deputy Prime Minister John Manley calls for Dion's immediate resignation.
December 7, 2008 - Liberal caucus executive meets and decides to recommend an accelerated two-stage leadership selection process.
December 8, 2008 - Stéphane Dion issues a statement announcing his resignation effective as soon as the party chooses an interim leader. Dominic LeBlanc drops out of the race and throws his support to Michael Ignatieff. Ignatieff announces that he will be a candidate for interim leader at the December 10 caucus meeting. 2006 Liberal leadership contender Gerard Kennedy endorses Bob Rae.
December 8, 2008 - Liberal Party national executive meets to decide upon an expedited process for choosing an interim leader. They agree to a process that will choose an interim leader by December 17 and involve the caucus, riding association presidents, club and party commission presidents and defeated candidates.
December 9, 2008 - Bob Rae withdraws from race, leaving Michael Ignatieff as the presumptive winner by default.
December 10, 2008 - Michael Ignatieff is acclaimed interim Liberal leader by the party executive and caucus in consultation with riding presidents, defeated candidates and club presidents.
February 6, 2009 - Deadline for new Liberal Party members to join the party if they wish to vote or run for convention delegate spots.
March 6–10, 2009 - "Super delegate" weekend in which ridings elect convention delegates.
April 30 – May 2, 2009 - Convention.
(all times Pacific Daylight Time)
April 30
Council of Presidents Meeting
May 1
8 am - Biennial Meetings of the Commissions
11:30 am - 5 pm Policy Think Tanks and Election readiness workshops
4 pm - Advance voting
5 pm - Formal opening of convention
5:20 pm - Speeches by candidates for party positions
7 pm - Tribute to Stéphane Dion
May 2
9 am - 11 am - Voting
10:30 am – 2:30 pm - Amendments to party constitution debated
2:30 pm - 4 pm - Voting result announced, Ignatieff addresses convention.

Declared candidates

The following candidates declared their intention to run for the leadership:

Michael Ignatieff

Michael Ignatieff, 62, was the Member of Parliament for Etobicoke—Lakeshore since  2006; former leadership front-runner in 2006 before being defeated by Stéphane Dion on the final ballot; Deputy Liberal Leader since 2006.
Date campaign launched:  November 13, 2008
Campaign website: michaelignatieff.ca
Supporters
MPs: (46) Scott Andrews, Avalon; Larry Bagnell, Yukon; Navdeep Bains, Mississauga—Brampton South; Mauril Belanger, Ottawa—Vanier; Maurizio Bevilacqua, Vaughan; Gerry Byrne, Humber—St. Barbe—Baie Verte; John Cannis, Scarborough Centre; Siobhan Coady, St. John's South—Mount Pearl; Denis Coderre, Bourassa; Bonnie Crombie, Mississauga—Streetsville; Jean-Claude D'Amours, Madawaska—Restigouche; Sukh Dhaliwal, Newton—North Delta; Kirsty Duncan, Etobicoke North; Wayne Easter, Malpeque; Raymonde Folco, Laval—Les Îles; Judy Foote, Random—Burin—St. George's; Marc Garneau, Westmount—Ville-Marie; Albina Guarnieri, Mississauga East—Cooksville; Mark Holland, Ajax—Pickering; Andrew Kania, Brampton West; Jim Karygiannis, Scarborough—Agincourt; Dominic LeBlanc, Beauséjour; Derek Lee, Scarborough—Rouge River; Gurbax Malhi, Bramalea—Gore—Malton; Keith Martin, Esquimalt—Juan de Fuca; John McCallum, Markham—Unionville; David McGuinty, Ottawa South; John McKay, Scarborough—Guildwood; Dan McTeague, Pickering—Scarborough East; Maria Minna, Beaches—East York;  Rob Oliphant, Don Valley West; Glen Pearson, London North Centre; Yasmin Ratansi, Don Valley East; Geoff Regan, Halifax West; Pablo Rodriguez, Honoré-Mercier; Todd Russell, Labrador; Francis Scarpaleggia, Lac-Saint-Louis; Mario Silva, Davenport; Scott Simms, Bonavista—Gander—Grand Falls—Windsor; Michelle Simson, Scarborough Southwest; Judy Sgro, York West; Paul Szabo, Mississauga South; Alan Tonks, York South—Weston; Frank Valeriote, Guelph; Bryon Wilfert, Richmond Hill; Lise Zarac, LaSalle—Émard
Past MPs: (1) Omar Alghabra, Mississauga—Erindale
Provincial politicians: (1) Dwight Duncan ON Minister of Finance and MPP for Windsor—Tecumseh
Senators: (2) Larry Campbell, David Smith
Other prominent individuals: (10) Liberal organizers Steven MacKinnon, Michael Eizenga, Mark Marissen, Warren Kinsella, and Don Guy; party executives Marc-André Blanchard, Brigitte Legault, and Ryan Ward; past candidates Tyler Banham and Penny Collenette

Withdrawn candidates

Dominic LeBlanc

Dominic LeBlanc, 41, was the Member of Parliament for Beauséjour since 2000, fluently bilingual Acadian with deep roots in the party. His father, Roméo, was press secretary to Pierre Trudeau, later an MP and cabinet minister, and eventually became Governor General.  On October 27, LeBlanc became the first candidate to declare his candidacy for the Liberal Party leadership. On December 8, 2008, LeBlanc withdrew from the leadership race and endorsed Michael Ignatieff.
Date campaign launched:  October 27, 2008
Date campaign ended:  December 8, 2008
Supporters
Senators: (1) Percy Downe
Provincial politicians: (4) Victor Boudreau NB Minister of Finance and MLA for Shediac-Cap-Pelé; Greg Byrne NB Minister of Business New Brunswick and MLA for Fredericton-Lincoln; Shawn Graham NB Premier and MLA for Kent; Doug Tyler NB former Deputy Premier and former MLA for Grand Lake
Other prominent individuals: (5) party advisers and organizers Scott Reid, Tim Murphy, Steven Hogue, Mark Watton, and Janice Nicholson

Bob Rae

Bob Rae, 60, had been the Member of Parliament for Toronto Centre since 2008; former Ontario New Democratic Party Premier of Ontario (1990-1995), NDP MP for Broadview-Greenwood (1979–1982); former federal Liberal leadership contender placing third in 2003. Rae had been under increasing pressure to bow out of the leadership contest. On December 9, 2008, Bob Rae officially withdrew from the race, leaving Michael Ignatieff the winner by default.
Date campaign launched:  October 31, 2008
Date campaign ended:  December 9, 2008
Supporters
MPs: (10) Hedy Fry, Vancouver Centre; Lawrence MacAulay, Cardigan; Shawn Murphy, Charlottetown; Michael Savage, Dartmouth—Cole Harbour; Alexandra Mendes, Brossard—La Prairie; Gerard Kennedy, Parkdale—High Park; Anita Neville, Winnipeg South Centre; Irwin Cotler, Mount Royal; Joe Volpe, Eglinton—Lawrence; Carolyn Bennett, St. Paul's
Past MPs: (6) Reg Alcock, Winnipeg South;  Chris Axworthy, Saskatoon—Clark's Crossing; Lloyd Axworthy, Winnipeg North Centre; Raymond Chan, Richmond; Diane Marleau, Sudbury; Anne McLellan, Edmonton Centre
Senators: (15) Sharon Carstairs, Mobina Jaffer, Gerard Phalen, Joan Cook, William Rompkey, Peter Stollery, Mac Harb, Lorna Milne, Pierre De Bane, Serge Joyal, Michel Biron, Yoine Goldstein, Robert Peterson, Pierrette Ringuette, Raymond Setlakwe
Past Senators: (1) Jack Austin
Provincial politicians: (4) Gulzar Singh Cheema MB former MLA for Kildonan and BC former Minister of State for Immigration and Multicultural Services and former MLA for Surrey-Panorama Ridge; Kevin Lamoureux MB MLA for Inkster; George Smitherman ON Deputy Premier, Minister of Energy and Infrastructure, and MPP for Toronto Centre; Greg Sorbara ON former Minister of Finance and MPP for Vaughan;
Other prominent individuals: (12) Jonathan Goldbloom, Montreal communications consultant; Karl Littler, former senior Paul Martin strategist; John Duffy, Martin strategist, political author, and consultant; Power Corporation executive and former Chrétien advisor John A. Rae; former Young Liberals of Canada President Richard Diamond, Nick Taylor, Colin MacDonald, Roy Bluehorn, Monica Lysak, Walter Noel, Ronald St.-Onge Lynch, Jake Gray.

Potential candidates who did not run
Navdeep Bains: Member of Parliament for Mississauga—Brampton South; when Bains was elected for the first time in 2004 he was the youngest Liberal MP in Parliament. Reported to be backing Ignatieff.
Scott Brison: Member of Parliament for Kings-Hants. First elected as a Progressive Conservative in 1997. Crossed the floor to the Liberals in 2003 and served as Minister of Public Works from 2004 to 2006. Former Liberal leadership contender.
Martin Cauchon: Former Member of Parliament (1993-2004). Former Minister of Justice. "While my heart says yes, the realities of fundraising and organization are too daunting at this time."
Denis Coderre: Member of Parliament for Bourassa since 1997, federal cabinet minister from 2002 to 2006. «Je ne serai pas candidat à la prochaine course au leadership. J'ai le goût d'être chef du parti et je pense avoir les capacités pour être chef du parti, mais, comme dit la chanson, "I have the right love at the wrong moment".»
Ruby Dhalla: Member of Parliament for Brampton—Springdale since 2004. On November 18, she was reported saying "I am currently consulting with supporters and senior Liberals from coast to coast as to what the future holds. I will be making my decision public in the near future." A month later, the Brampton Guardian reported she will not be a candidate and quoted her saying "Taking a lot of factors into consideration, I realized this wasn't the right time for myself."
Ujjal Dosanjh: Member of Parliament for Vancouver South since 2004. Federal Minister of Health from 2004 to 2006. Former NDP Premier of British Columbia. Said on November 6 on Mike Duffy Live'' that due to his lack of French, a bid by him would be "unrealistic."
Ken Dryden: Member of Parliament for York Centre. Former federal Minister of Social Development, and former leadership contender. Former National Hockey League goaltender whose playing career won a place for him in the Hockey Hall of Fame.
Martha Hall Findlay: Member of Parliament for Willowdale; First elected in 2008; Former leadership contender. She said the fact that she still owes about $170,000 from the last leadership contest "played a big role" in her decision to not run this time.
Gerard Kennedy: Member of Parliament for Parkdale—High Park; first elected in 2008; former Ontario Education minister; former leadership contender.
John Manley: Former Member of Parliament and former Deputy Prime Minister under Jean Chrétien released an announcement saying "I found that there was indeed water in the pool.... However, I truly found that in my mind and heart, I have moved on from the world of elected office. I also found that I lacked the burning ambition necessary to mount and sustain such a campaign."
Elizabeth May: Green Party of Canada leader, in response to rumours of a Draft May movement, May said "The Green Party is my home and the Green party is where I'll stay."
Dalton McGuinty, Premier of Ontario, says he'll stay out of the Liberal leadership race and won't endorse any candidate with the exception of his brother David if he ran.
David McGuinty: Member of Parliament for Ottawa South, first elected in 2004. Younger brother of Ontario Premier Dalton McGuinty. Says he wishes to focus on his duties as an MP
Frank McKenna: The former Premier of New Brunswick, as well as the former ambassador to the US, has said "Although I have been deeply moved by expressions of support for me from across the country, I have not been persuaded to change my long-standing resolve to exit public life for good."
Carole Taylor, former British Columbia Liberal Party Finance Minister, said  "I'm appreciative of the nice comments that have been made, but I'm not intending to run for the federal leadership."
Brian Tobin: Former Premier of Newfoundland & Labrador & federal cabinet minister said in London that he will "absolutely not," consider running for Liberal leadership.
Justin Trudeau told a national news agency "I can assure you that if there is a leadership (race) right now I will not be running for any leadership role."
Joe Volpe: Member of Parliament for Eglinton-Lawrence First elected in 1988.  Former Ontario Cabinet Minister; former leadership contender. "I was delighted to be a candidate," Volpe said. "It did not turn out well in part because people tried to frame me into a discussion regarding me that had nothing to do with policy issues. I'm not sure I want to go through that experience again."

Results

References

2009
2009 elections in Canada
Liberal Party of Canada leadership election


Sauripterus ("lizard wing") is a genus of rhizodont lobe-finned fish that lived during the Devonian period (416-360.7 Ma).
This genus was described by J. Hall after its discovery at Powy's Curve in Pennsylvania.

References

Prehistoric lobe-finned fish genera
Devonian fish of North America
Rhizodonts


Kerala Congress (B) is a registered-unrecognized political party in Kerala, formed by R. Balakrishna Pillai, a former minister of the government of Kerala. At present, the party has one MLA in the state Legislative Assembly, namely K. B. Ganesh Kumar, a well-known film actor and son of R. Balakrishna Pillai, who has been representing the Pathanapuram constituency in Kollam District since 2001. The KC(B) was a constituent of UDF until 2014 and is now part of LDF. Ganesh Kumar served as a minister (portfolio in Forest, Sports and Cinema) in the UDF government beginning 18 May 2011 until his resignation on 2 April 2013.

History
The party was formed in 1977, following the split in Kerala Congress that occurred after the death of K. M. George due to differences that arose between K. M. Mani and R. Balakrishna Pillai. The party was a constituent of Left Democratic Front on formation. Later it moved to the congress led United Democratic Front (Kerala) and became a part of the Third Karunakaran ministry. The party chief R. Balakrishna Pillai was the minister of Transport in that ministry. During this period Pillai's home turf Kottarakkara got developed as a major Kerala State Road Transport Corporation hub of the state.

In 1985, the Mani, Joseph and Pillai led KC (B) merged to form Kerala Congress. In 1987, Mani broke away from this merger and left the coalition government. However Pillai stayed with Joseph till 1989 and the KC (B) was revived again in 1989. In 1995, Joseph M. Puthussery faction split and parted ways with Kerala Congress (B).

In 2015, KC (B) joined LDF by leaving the UDF.

On 3 May 2021, R. Balakrishna Pillai passes away due to age-related ailments. From 2017 onwards, he had been serving as the chairman of the Kerala State Welfare Corporation for Forward Communities, with cabinet rank. After Pillai's death, the State committee elected K. B. Ganesh Kumar as party chairman on 10 May 2021.

Performance in elections
The party chief, R. Balakrishna Pillai was elected to the Lok Sabha in 1971 and the State Assembly nine times since 1960 (1965, 1977, 1980, 1982, 1987, 1991,1996, 2001). However, in the 2006 election he was defeated by a little-known opponent belonging to the Communist Party of India (Marxist).

His son K. B. Ganesh Kumar, a Malayalam film and television actor, made his electoral debut in 2001, when he was elected from Pathanapuram (State Assembly constituency). It was the election that the KC(B) reached its highest tally of 2 members in the Kerala Legislative Assembly. Ganesh went on to become Transport Minister in the Third Antony ministry. In a brief period of 2 years as minister he earned wide popularity for giving face-lift to the loss making Kerala State Road Transport Corporation. In 2003 Ganesh resigned and Pillai became the minister. Ganesh  is currently the Acting Chairman of the Kerala Congress (B).

Ganesh won the 2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election and was the Minister for Forest, Sports, and Cinema in the second Oommen Chandy Ministry from 2011 to 2013. He had to resign following complaints from his wife regarding domestic violence. The Party  fielded  two candidates in the 2011 election to the Kerala Assembly. N. N. Murali, a well known surgeon, is the party's candidate from Kottarakkara. Ganesh Kumar achieved a hat-trick win from the Pathanapuram constituency. But Murali was defeated by his relative and LDF candidate P. Aisha Potty and only Ganesh Kumar could become MLA.

In 2015, the party left UDF and joined LDF. Ganesh Kumar again contested from Pathanapuram in the 2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election, and won for a fourth consecutive time, this time defeating another famous film actor Jagadish by a huge margin. Pathanapuram constituency got statewide attention in those elections as the three major contestants from the constituency were all film actors – Ganesh Kumar (KC (B), Jagadish (INC) and Bheeman Raghu (BJP).

In the 2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election the party is contesting from only one seat under the Left Democratic Front, in the Pathanapuram (State Assembly constituency) with K. B. Ganesh Kumar as the candidate.

References

Kerala Congress Parties
Political parties in Kerala
1977 establishments in Kerala
Political parties established in 1977


Screbinodus is a genus of rhizodont lobe-finned fish that lived during the Carboniferous period.

References

Prehistoric lobe-finned fish genera
Carboniferous bony fish
Rhizodonts


Oomalama is the debut album by Scottish pop rock band Eugenius, released in 1992. The band had released one single and an EP on Paperhouse Records prior to this album, however, Oomalama was their first release under Atlantic Records.

The album was released when the band members of Eugenius consisted of Eugene Kelly (guitar and vocals), Gordon Keen (guitar), Raymond Boyle (bass) and Roy Lawrence (drums), however, most of the songs were recorded prior to Boyle's and Lawrence's introduction to the band, and therefore these members do not appear much on the album.

The tracks "Bed-In" and "Buttermilk" were released as promotional singles in support of the album, each with accompanying music videos.

Critical reception
Trouser Press wrote: "Calmly applying his Robyn Hitchcocky voice to stellar songs that roll even music (a raucous catchy pop rush somewhere between the Byrds and Stooges) and odd lyrics, Kelly and his three bandmates make a merry mess that is as sensually satisfying as it is delightful."

Track listing
All songs by Eugene Kelly except where noted.

"Oomalama" – 3:21
"Breakfast" – 3:49
"One's Too Many" – 2:31
"Bed-In" – 4:30
"Hot Dog" (Gordon Keen) – 3:34
"Down on Me" (Eugene Kelly, Gordon Keen) – 5:01
"Flame On" – 3:37
"Here I Go" – 3:07
"I'm The Sun" – 3:41
"Buttermilk" – 3:22
"Bye Bye" – 4:36

Bonus tracks
<li>"Wow!" – 4:07
<li>"Wannabee" – 2:42
<li>"Indian Summer" (Beat Happening) – 4:16

Tireless Wireless: Eugenius Radio Sessions (2003 Bonus disc)
"Sex Sux (Amen)" (Eugene Kelly, Frances McKee) – 2:39
"One's Too Many" – 2:38
"Here I Go" – 3:12
"Oomalama" – 4:17
"Molly's Lips" (Eugene Kelly, Frances McKee) – 2:19
"Indian Summer" (Beat Happening) – 3:29

"Wow!", "Bed-In" and "Wannabee" were previously released on Eugenius' debut EP (released when the band was called "Captain America"). The EP also featured a B-Side titled "God Bless Les Paul" which along with a cover of "I Won't Try" by Midway Still was featured as an additional bonus track on the 2003 expanded re-issue. This re-issue also included a companion disc of radio sessions entitled Tireless Wireless, which features various radio sessions from 1992, the same that were featured on the EP It Ain't Rocket Science, It's Eugenius!.

"Flame On", "Buttermilk" and "Indian Summer" were previously released on Eugenius' "Flame On" EP, (also released when the band was called "Captain America").

Tracks 1-4 of Tireless Wireless were recorded for Mark Goodier and the BBC and were first broadcast on 3 August 1992.
Tracks 5 and 6 were recorded at WHFS in Baltimore in 1993.

Personnel
Eugene Kelly – guitar and vocals
Gordon Keen – guitar
Raymond Boyle – bass
James Seenan – bass on track 4, 12 and 13
Andy Bollen – drums on tracks 1, 7, 10, 12, 13
Francis MacDonald - drums on remaining tracks
Duglas T. Stewart - backing vocals on track 1
Joe McAlinden - backing vocals, string arrangements, bass on tracks 7 and 10
Lee Paterson - bass on track 5

References

1992 debut albums
Eugenius (band) albums
Atlantic Records albums


Uncial 0116 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 58 (Soden); is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament, dated paleographically to the 8th-century. Formerly it was labelled at first by R (Griesbach and Scholz), then by Wb (Tischendorf), because letter R was reserved for Codex Nitriensis.

Description
The codex contains a small parts of the Matthew 19:14-28; 20:23-21:2; 26:52-27:1; Mark 13:21-14:67; Luke 3:1-4:20, on 14 thick parchment leaves (26 cm by 20 cm). The text is written in two columns per page, 25 lines per page, in oblong uncial letters, leaning to the right.
It contains the Ammonian Sections numbers, without references to the Eusebian Canons (erased), and lectionary markings at the margin (for liturgical use).

It is a palimpsests.

The Greek text of this codex is a representative of the Byzantine text-type. Aland placed it in Category V.

History

Currently it is dated by the INTF to the 8th-century.

The codex was examined by Griesbach and Scholz.
In 1843 it was exposed to chemicals by Tischendorf, who collated its text. Tischendorf pronounces to be an Evangelistarium.

The codex now is located in the Biblioteca Nazionale (II C 15), in Naples.

See also

 List of New Testament uncials
 Textual criticism
 Biblical manuscript

References

Further reading

 Constantin von Tischendorf, Jahrbuch der Literatur 117 (1847), pp. 8 ff.

Greek New Testament uncials
Palimpsests
8th-century biblical manuscripts


Karlina Leksono Supelli (born 15 January 1958 in Jakarta) is an Indonesian philosopher and astronomer. One of Indonesia's first female astronomers, she received her bachelor's degree in Astronomy at ITB and MSc in Space Science from the University College London, and completed her doctorate in Philosophy at Universitas Indonesia in 1997.

She has also been known to participate in humanitarian activities during Indonesia's 1998 Reformation. Under the leadership of Karlina Supelli, in February 1998 a group of concerned mothers held a demonstration in front of the HI (Hotel Indonesia). As a result, she was arrested with two other women, Gadis Arivia and Wilasih Noviana.

A feminist, Karlina also took part in revealing and defending the rights of victims of the Indonesian riots of May 1998, when hundreds of Chinese Indonesian women were raped in Jakarta. She went to the US to persuade the US government to stop their export of weapons into Indonesia, resulting in death threats because of her activities. However, she was not deterred. She was also active in defending the rights of the Acehnese and East Timorese women who have been raped by members of the Indonesian army.

Karlina has lectured philosophy and astronomy in several Indonesian universities. Her writings have been published in journals in both Indonesia and abroad. She is now a lecturer in Sekolah Tinggi Filsafat Driyarkara (Driyarkara High School of Philosophy), Jakarta.

References

External links
 Supelli, Karlina Leksono
 Vanessa Johanson talks with Khofifah Indar Parawansa
 Indonesian Chinese Marginalized?

 Problematizing the Place of Victims in Reformasi Indonesia: A Contested Truth about the May 1998 Violence
 Gendered citizens in the new Indonesian democracy

 Better Protection Of Rapes Investigators Needed

Living people
1958 births
Indonesian feminists
Indonesian women scientists
Indo people
Sundanese people
Indonesian people of English descent
Indonesian people of Jewish descent
Alumni of University College London


Sanjiva Weerawarana is a CEO, software developer and open-source software evangelist.  He is known for his work on Web Services standards including WSDL, BPEL, and WS-Addressing. He is the founder, chairman and CEO of WSO2, an open-source middleware company, and creator of the Ballerina programming language. His involvement with the Apache Software Foundation includes project work on SOAP, Apache Axis and Apache Axis2.

Early life and education
Weerawarana attended Kent State University, majoring in applied mathematics / computer science, before completing a PhD at Purdue University.

Career
After graduation, Weerawarana joined IBM Research working in Hawthorne, New York, until he left to found the startup WSO2.

Weerawarana has been involved with the Apache Software Foundation since 2000 when he worked on the original Apache SOAP project. Weerawarana is an elected Member of the Foundation and is a committer on several projects.

Weerawarana set up the Lanka Software Foundation, and was involved with the Sahana FOSS Disaster Management System.

He is an advisory board member of the company 24/7 Techies. He is a visiting professor and lecturer at the University of Moratuwa and a board alumnus of the Open Source Initiative.

He currently lives in Colombo, Sri Lanka.

Publications
Notable research publications include:
 Colombo: Lightweight middleware for service-oriented computing
 Enterprise Services

Books

See also
 Apache Software Foundation
 Open Source Initiative
 WSO2

References

External links
 Sanjiva Weerawarana's Blog
 Lanka Software Foundation
 W3C Working Draft on WSDL ver 1.2
 Sanjiva Weerawarana's profile Page at wso2.com
 WSO2 home page
 Board of Directors - Lanka Software Foundation
 Sanjeeva Weerawarana in Business Week

American bloggers
Sri Lankan computer programmers
Living people
Members of the Open Source Initiative board of directors
People from Colombo
American computer programmers
Year of birth missing (living people)


Gretar Tryggvason is Department Head of Mechanical Engineering and Charles A. Miller Jr. Distinguished Professor at Johns Hopkins University. He is known for developing the front tracking method to simulate multiphase flows and free surface flows. Tryggvason was the editor-in-chief of Journal of Computational Physics from 2002–2015.

Area of research
Tryggvason has been a leading worker computational fluid dynamics and numerical methods. He is well known for his research on numerical simulations of vortex flows, multiphase flows, free surface flows, and flows with phase changes. For simulating multiphase flows, he and his co-workers have developed a front tracking method that incorporates an unstructured, moving grid within an underlying Eulerian grid.

Education
Ph.D. – Brown University, Division of Engineering, 1985
Sc.M. – Brown University, Division of Engineering, 1982
B.S. – University of Iceland, Mechanical Engineering, 1980

Professional experience
 2017–Present: Charles A. Miller Jr. Distinguished Professor and Head, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
 2011 - 2017: Chair, Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, IN
 2010 - 2017: Viola D. Hank Professor of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, IN
 2016: Visiting professor, University of Paris VI, France, 6/13-7/9
 2000 - 2010: Professor and head, Department of Mechanical Engineering. Worcester Polytechnic Institute, MA
 1999: Visiting scientist, University of Paris VI, France, 4/19-5/8
 1998: Visiting professor, Institut Universitaire des Systèmes Thermiques Industriels (IUSTI), University of Aix-Marseille, France, 4/15-5/15
 1994: Visiting research associate, Caltech, 1/1-5/31 (sabbatical)
 1993 - 1997: Associate chairman, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
 1991 - 1996: Visiting research position, Institute for Computational Mechanics in Propulsion, NASA Lewis Research Center, every summer.
 1985 - 2000: Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. (assistant professor, 1985–1991; associate professor, 1991–1997; professor, 1997 2000)
 1984 - 1985: Associate research scientist, Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University.

Awards, honors, societies and journal editorships

Honors and awards
 2019: Thermal Fluids Engineering Award from the American Society of Thermal and Fluids Engineering (ASTFE)
 2014: Outstanding Paper Award. Journal of Chemical Engineering of Japan
 2013: Elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
 2012: ASME Fluids Engineering Award
 2006: WPI Sigma Xi Outstanding Senior Faculty Research Award
 2005: The 2005 Computational Mechanics Award from the Computational Mechanics Division of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers (JSME)
 2005: Elected Fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
 2000: Elected Fellow of the American Physical Society (Division of Fluid Dynamics)
 2000: College Award for Service, University of Michigan
 1997: Best Paper Award. ASEE Annual meeting (with D. Tilbury and S.L. Ceccio)
 1996: Departmental Award for Service, University of Michigan
 1991: Departmental Award for Research, University of Michigan
 1983: Predoctoral Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Fellow, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
 1980, 1981, and 1983: Brown University Fellowships
 1980: Thor Thors Special Contribution Award (The American-Scandinavian Foundation)
 1980: Fulbright travel grant

Societies

 American Society of Thermal and Fluids Engineers, member 2019
 American Nuclear Society, member 2013
 American Society of Engineering Education, member 1998
 American Society of Mechanical Engineers, member 1991. Elected Fellow 2005
 American Association for the Advancement of Sciences, member 1988. Elected Fellow 2013
 Association of Chartered Engineers in Iceland, member 1987–1992
 Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, member
 Sigma Xi, member 1982
 American Physical Society, member 1982. Elected Fellow 2000

Journal editorships
 2011–Present: Editorial advisory board, International Journal of Multiphase Flow
 2009–Present: Editorial board, Scientia Iranica, Transaction B: Mechanical Engineering
 2006–Present: Associate editor, Journal of Applied Fluid Mechanics
 2002 - 2015: Editor-in-chief, Journal of Computational Physics
 2002 - 2009: Associate editor, International Journal of Multiphase Flow
 1992 - 2002: Associate editor, Journal of Computational Physics

Selected journal publications

 H. Xia, J. Lu, and G. Tryggvason. “A Numerical Study of the Effect of Viscoelastic Stresses in Fused Filament Fabrication“ Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering. 346 (2019), 242–259.
 J. Lu and G. Tryggvason. “Direct numerical simulations of multifluid flows in a vertical channel undergoing topology changes“ Physical Review Fluids. 3 (2018), 084401.
 M. Ma, J. Lu, and G. Tryggvason. “Using statistical learning to close two-fluid multiphase flow equations for bubbly flows in vertical channels“ Int’l. J. of Multiphase Flow. 85 (2016) 336–347.
 S. Dabiri and G. Tryggvason. “Heat transfer in turbulent bubbly flow in vertical channels“ Chemical Engineering Science. 122 (2015), 106–113.
 M. Ma, J. Lu, and G. Tryggvason. “Using Statistical Learning to Close Two-Fluid Multiphase Flow Equations for a Simple Bubbly System“ Phys. Fluids, 27 (2015) 092101.
 B. Aboulhasanzadeh, S. Thomas, M. Taeibi-Rahni, and G. Tryggvason. “Multiscale computations of mass transfer from buoyant bubbles“ Chemical Engineering Science 75 (2012) 456–467.
 S. Thomas, A. Esmaeeli and G. Tryggvason. “Multiscale computations of thin films in multiphase flows“ Int’l J. Multiphase Flow 36 (2010), 71–77.
 H. Terashima and G. Tryggvason. “A front-tracking/ghost fluid method for fluid interfaces in compressible flows“ J. Comput. Phys. 228 (2009) 4012–4037.
 J. Lu and G. Tryggvason. “Effect of Bubble Deformability in Turbulent Bubbly Upflow in a Vertical Channel“ Phys. Fluids. 20 (2008), 040701
 M. Muradoglu and G. Tryggvason. “A front-tracking method for computation of interfacial flows with soluble surfactants“ J. Comput. Phys. 227 (2008), 2238–2262.
 J. Lu, A. Fernandez, and G. Tryggvason. “The effect of bubbles on the wall shear in a turbulent channel flow“ Phys. Fluids 17 (2005), 095102
 A. Koynov, G. Tryggvason, and J. G. Khinast. “Mass Transfer and Chemical Reactions in Bubble Swarms with Dynamic Interfaces“ AIChE Journal 10 (2005), 2786–2800.
 A. Fernandez, J. Che, S.L. Ceccio, and G. Tryggvason. “The Effects of Electrostatic Forces on the distribution of Drops in a Channel Flow—Two-Dimensional Oblate Drops“ Phys. Fluids 17 (2005), 093302
 A. Esmaeeli and G. Tryggvason. “Computations of Film Boiling. Part I: Numerical Method“ Int’l. J. of Heat and Mass Transfer 47 (2004), 5451–5461.
 S. Nas and G. Tryggvason. “Thermocapillary interaction of two bubbles or drops“ Int’l J. Multiphase Flows 29 (2003), 1117–1135.
 N. Al-Rawahi and G. Tryggvason. “Computations of the growth of dendrites in the presence of flow. Part I-Two-dimensional Flow“ J. Comput. Phys. 180 (2002), 471–496.
 B. Bunner and G. Tryggvason. “Dynamics of Homogeneous Bubbly Flows: Part 1. Rise Velocity and Microstructure of the Bubbles“ J. Fluid Mech. 466 (2002), 17–52.
 G. Tryggvason, M. Thouless, D. Dutta, S. L. Ceccio, and D. M. Tilbury. “The New Mechanical Engineering Curriculum at the University of Michigan“ J. Engineering Education 90 (2001), 437–444.
 G. Tryggvason, B. Bunner, A. Esmaeeli, D. Juric, N. Al-Rawahi, W. Tauber, J. Han, S. Nas, and Y.-J. Jan. “A Front Tracking Method for the Computations of Multiphase Flow“ J. Comput. Physics 169 (2001), 708–759.
 S. Mortazavi and G. Tryggvason. “A numerical study of the motion of drops in Poiseuille flow. Part 1. Lateral migration of one drop“ J. Fluid Mech. 411 (2000), 325–350.
 J. Han and G. Tryggvason. “Secondary Breakup of Liquid Drops in Axisymmetric Geometry—Part I, Constant Acceleration“ Phys. Fluids 11 (1999), 3650–3667.
 M. Jaeger, M. Carin, M. Medale, and G. Tryggvason. “The Osmotic Migration of Cells in a Solute Gradient“ Biophysical Journal 77 (1999), 1257–1267.
 G. Agresar, J.J. Linderman, G. Tryggvason, and K.G. Powell. “An Adaptive, Cartesian, Front-Tracking Method for the Motion, Deformation and Adhesion of Circulating Cells“ J. Comput. Phys 143 (1998), 346–380.
 D. Juric and G. Tryggvason. “Computations of Boiling Flows“ Int’l. J. Multiphase Flow. 24 (1998), 387–410.
 A. Esmaeeli and G. Tryggvason. “Direct Numerical Simulations of Bubbly Flows. Part I—Low Reynolds Number Arrays“ J. Fluid Mech. 377 (1998), 313–345.
 E.A. Ervin and G. Tryggvason. “The Rise of Bubbles in a Vertical Shear Flow“ ASME J. Fluid Engineering 119 (1997), 443–449.
 D. Juric and G. Tryggvason. “A Front Tracking Method for Dendritic Solidification“ J.  Comput. Phys. 123 (1996), 127–148.
 M.R. Nobari, Y.-J. Jan and G. Tryggvason. “Head-on Collision of Drops--A Numerical Investigation“ Phys. Fluids 8 (1996), 29–42.
 S.O. Unverdi, G. Tryggvason. “A Front Tracking Method for Viscous Incompressible Flows“ J. Comput. Phys. 100 (1992), 25–37.
 G. Tryggvason. “Numerical Simulation of the Rayleigh-Taylor Instability“ J. Comput. Phys, 75 (1988), 253–282.
 G. Tryggvason and H. Aref. “Numerical Experiments on Hele Shaw Flow with a Sharp Interface“ J. Fluid Mech., 136 (1983), 1-30.

Books

 A. Prosperetti and G. Tryggvason (editors and main contributors). Computational Methods for Multiphase Flow. Cambridge University Press, 2007. Paperback edition 2009.
 G. Tryggvason, R. Scardovelli and S. Zaleski. Direct Numerical Simulations of Gas-Liquid Multiphase Flows. Cambridge University Press. 2011.
 G. Tryggvason and D. Apelian (editors and contributors). Shaping Our World: Engineering Education for the 21st Century. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2011

References

External links
Bio - University of Notre Dame
Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Profile at ACM Portal

Fluid dynamicists
Computational fluid dynamicists
Living people
Icelandic emigrants to the United States
Brown University School of Engineering alumni
Johns Hopkins University faculty
21st-century American engineers
Fellows of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
1956 births
University of Michigan faculty