Major (Ret.) Owen Hunt, M.D., F.A.C.S. is a fictional character from the medical drama television series Grey's Anatomy, which airs on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States. The character was created by series' producer Shonda Rhimes, and is portrayed by Scottish actor Kevin McKidd. He was introduced in season five as a U.S. Army trauma surgeon who served in war-torn Iraq, and subsequently joins the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital to teach medicine as a surgical attending, head of trauma surgery, and eventual chief of surgery, sometimes with unorthodox methods. Originally contracted to appear for a multi-episode story arc, he was upgraded to a series' regular at the conclusion of his first appearance.

The fictional character served as a love interest for surgical fellow Cristina Yang, and had an unstable personality when first introduced, suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). McKidd's connection with fellow actress Sandra Oh (Cristina Yang) has been acclaimed amongst critics, with Matt Roush of TV Guide calling the "instant sparks" between McKidd and Oh "electrifying." McKidd was nominated for two awards for his work on the show, winning one of them. Chris Monfette of IGN has praised the addition of "fresh, new characters" such as Owen Hunt.

Storylines

Before his regular appearances on the show, Owen Hunt was a United States Army surgeon, specializing in trauma surgery. He held the rank of Major. The character makes a dramatic first appearance when he performs a tracheotomy on a man with a pen, winning the admiration of resident Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh). He is offered a job by former chief of surgery Richard Webber (James Pickens, Jr.), but declines, explaining that he has not completed his tour in Iraq. His appointment as the new head of trauma surgery at Seattle Grace Hospital was not well-received initially. By his first week he manages to irk both Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey) and Mark Sloan (Eric Dane), head of neurosurgery and plastic surgery, respectively, who view his treatment of some of the patients as crude, and also rebuffed by resident Izzie Stevens (Katherine Heigl) when he stabs a set of pigs and then orders the residents and interns to save their lives, in order to teach them medicine on "live tissue." Hunt eventually embarks on a relationship with Yang, but it comes to a sudden close when his PTSD gets the best of him, and he unconsciously strangles her. Soon after the breakup, he begins therapy with the hospital psychiatrist, Dr. Wyatt. Some time later, a soldier visits the hospital for treatment, and his presence influences Owen to contemplate returning to the US Army. When he shares this with Cristina, she disagrees with his decision, stating that she doesn't want him to die, and the two eventually rekindle their relationship. Owen brings in Teddy Altman (Kim Raver), his best friend and colleague from when he was in the army, as the new head of cardiothoracic surgery. When it is revealed that Hunt and Altman may be potential lovers, Hunt and Yang's relationship is challenged, and eventually concluded by Yang.

During a hospital shooting, Owen is shot and injured, attracting the sympathy of Cristina, who subsequently restores their relationship. Due to the emotional reverberations of the shooting crisis, Owen and Cristina decide to wed one another shortly after their reconciliation, not wanting to risk separation. There are some concerns from Cristina's friends that Owen is taking advantage of her PTSD to rush her into marriage, which she had previously decided against. When Cristina discovers she is pregnant, Owen is displeased with her desire to abort the baby, and the two separate from each other. One of the major, recurring points of conflict in their relationship are Owen's strong desires for children and a traditional wife, and Cristina's equally strong conviction that she never wants children. In the fallout of resident Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo) tampering with Derek Shepherd's Alzheimer's trial, Owen is promoted to Chief of Surgery after Webber steps down. After substantial thought, Owen reluctantly decides to accompany Cristina to the abortion, uniting the two. Owen's friendship with Teddy ends when Owen lies to Teddy about her husband's sudden death, due to Owen wanting her to finish a surgery she was currently performing and Teddy blaming Owen for her husband's death. Feeling abandoned and disconcerted after an altercation with Cristina, Owen has a one-night stand with a patient's friend. Cristina consequently finds out, terminates their relationship, and their marriage is tested. After Cristina passed her medical boards, she reconciles with Owen, but reveals to him that she is leaving Seattle to go to Mayo Clinic. Teddy and Owen eventually became friends again. She had been offered a position at the United States Army Medical Command but chose to stay at Seattle Grace Mercy West out of loyalty. After Teddy's husband Henry dies she wallows in her grief and it affects her colleagues and residents, causing Owen to "fire" her so that she can have a fresh start elsewhere. He also fires April Kepner (Sarah Drew) because the hospital cannot afford to keep her due to her not being Board certified. Months later, Hunt visits Kepner and rehires her as he realized he made a mistake. In later seasons, Owen and Kepner become close friends due to her choice to sign up with the military, a decision Owen helped prompt and encourage, and a decision which leads to the eventual end of Kepner's marriage to Avery.

In season 9, Cristina and Owen's marriage is again very strained. Cristina is working at Mayo Clinic and Owen is in Seattle but she eventually returns and then Owen asks for a divorce. He later shows that he is still in love with her and only asked for a divorce so Cristina and the others involved in the plane crash could get the money. Cristina and Owen reconcile in episode 9 before Bailey's wedding.

In season 10, Cristina decides to accept a job to run a state of the art clinic in Switzerland. Owen supports her decision as he realizes no good could come from him asking her to stay. He requests that Cristina not to leave him until she has to leave him for good, and they spend the two weeks leading to her permanent departure together. While saying her farewell to her colleagues of the last seven years, there is a possible act of terrorism in Seattle, which later turns out to be just a gas main explosion. Cristina has a quick but emotional goodbye hug with Derek, Bailey, and Webber;  leaves her shares of the hospital to Alex; and dances it out with Meredith one last time to an old favorite song. Owen, however, is busy saving a patient in the operating room so they share a silent goodbye through the gallery's glass.

In Season 11, Owen develops a relationship with Amelia Shepherd. This is off-and-on throughout Seasons 11 and 12 until the end of Season 12 where he and Amelia get married, after Amelia proposes to him. Owen is attracted to Amelia's desire for a "real family" and children. In Season 14, after going through a series of marital issues, Owen decides to pursue a divorce from Amelia, citing Amelia's reversal on wanting to have children and her increasingly erratic behavior. Owen listens to Amelia when she, in a fit of pique, tells him to go be with Teddy. As a result, he flies to Germany to be with Teddy, but, after they spend the night together, Owen reveals he is there at his wife's suggestion. Teddy is insulted he made her a last choice, citing his inability to be alone, and Teddy breaks it off. Owen returns to Grey Sloan alone.

It is later discovered that Amelia's behavior was caused by a brain tumor. In a reversal of blame, Amelia is angry that Owen placed sole blame on her for their marital issues, as well as committing adultery with Teddy, since he ignored all of her tumor symptoms as selfishness and poor character. Despite pursuing their divorce, they continue sleeping together. Owen decides to pursue his lifelong dream of fatherhood alone and begins fostering Leo, a baby who was given up by his teenage mother. When Amelia finds Leo's mother, Betty, homeless and addicted to drugs, Amelia takes Betty in, and, together, Owen and Amelia take care of Leo and Betty at Owen's home, reconciling and deciding to stay in their relationship and renew their marriage.

In Season 15, Owen and Amelia have a strong relationship, which is interrupted by the news that Teddy is pregnant with Owen's child. Teddy did not tell Owen at first, because she knew he would leave Amelia for the chance to be a father, and Teddy does not want to be with Owen after he made her his alternate choice. Owen is upset because he would not have reconciled with Amelia or fostered Leo if Teddy had told him earlier that he was expecting a biological child. This causes additional tension with Amelia, who knows Owen would have left her without trying to salvage their marriage. In light of Teddy's disinterest, Owen tells Amelia he chooses her.
However, Owen continues to exhibit possessive and obsessive behavior over Teddy and her pregnancy, causing Amelia to permanently split from their relationship. Owen then adopts Leo as his son and welcomes his newborn daughter, Allison, with Teddy, whom they named after Teddy's best friend Allison Brown, who died during the collapse of the second tower on September 11, 2001. Teddy has a change of mind and decides to try a relationship with Owen.

In Season 16, Owen is in a relationship with Teddy, whom he had previously given his position as Grey-Sloan's Head of Trauma to keep her in the country. Owen has a contentious relationship with the new Chief of Surgery, Koracick, whom Teddy had dated during her pregnancy. After Owen accidentally electrocutes his genitals, Koracick takes out a restraining order against Owen, requiring him to be 500 feet away. Teddy has been finding motherhood overwhelming and hating her maternity leave, so Owen decides to take paternity leave to allow her to return to work. His paternity leave turns into a resignation. Owen eventually accepts an offer from Karev to become Chief of Trauma at Pac-North after he finds stay-at-home parenting overwhelming and boring, though when Pac-North merges with Grey Sloan, Owen returns to Grey Sloan. At the end of the season, Owen discovers that Teddy is cheating on him with Koracick after Teddy accidentally sends Owen a voicemail of her and Koracick having sex.

In Season 17, Owen confronts Teddy about her affair and ends their engagement. He and Teddy butt heads at work, as Owen is unable to forgive Teddy, but he eventually offers her friendship after she falls in a catatonic state from overworking herself in the COVID-19 pandemic frontlines. Owen and Teddy start sleeping with each other again, and in the season finale, Owen proposes to Teddy, which she accepts.

In the beginning of Season 18, Owen and Teddy got married at the Emerald City Bar after their wedding at the Park was interrupted by a bicycle accident.

Development

Casting and creation

Shonda Rhimes, series' creator, says that the character was envisioned "an old-fashioned tortured hero" and likens him to Heathcliff. Originally set to appear in a multi-episode story arc, Kevin McKidd's contract was extended, securing him a slot as a series' regular of Grey's Anatomy. In July 2008, Entertainment Weekly announced the possibility of McKidd becoming a series' regular, with this possibility eventually being confirmed by People. When asked of how he got involved with the show, McKidd offered the insight:  McKidd told BuddyTV, "It's been really great. I was nervous when I started because every job I've ever done before this, I have been in the job right from day one when everybody's new and getting to know each other. So I was nervous because I had never done this before. And I feel really grateful to the Grey's cast and crew and everyone there, really, because they've been so nice to me and gracious and accepting of me joining the show. The transition was much easier than I thought it might be, which I'm very grateful for." McKidd has told People that he thinks Grey's Anatomy is a great show and he feels lucky to be on it. Shonda Rhimes, the series' creator, said of his addition, "I am excited to have Kevin McKidd joining us for the season, he's been a delight to collaborate with and brings incredible passion, talent and creativity to his work. Plus, he’s already got the ‘Mc’ built into his name so we had to keep him."

Characterization

The American Broadcasting Company (ABC) characterized Hunt as "confident", "innovative", "intelligent", while he also can be "aggressive", "brazen", "presumptuous", "hasty and rash". McKidd said of his character: "[...] He's not an easy character to connect to, I think. There's some darkness to him and there's some danger to him that I think is really interesting and exciting to play. [...]" Additionally, McKidd describes Hunt as "very instinctive, and follows his gut, and he's very impulsive, and very immediate. He immediately assesses a situation. And he's very honest, sometimes painfully honest, with himself and with others. He wants to make himself better. He wants to improve himself as a person. He's a decent guy, a sort of a guy I'd like to go out and have a beer with." Hunt's unorthodox teaching methods have been the subject of controversy. McKidd said of this:  The look of Owen has been described as hardcore and the antithesis of the other males on the show. McKidd says it's not just the look of Owen, but the fact that in his profession, he is dealing with life and death every day. The one distinction he finds between his character and the others is that Owen does not care what other people think of him. When McKidd returned from his first appearance, his character appeared to have been changed. McKidd told TV Guide: "Yes, that was who he really is in the premiere, but now we're seeing what can happen to a good man, a good soldier and good surgeon [because of war]."

The character of Owen Hunt had an almost instant attraction to Cristina Yang since his first appearance at Seattle Grace, illustrated by the passionate kiss they share soon after they meet. Owen's story and connection with fellow character Cristina has been a topic of discussion. McKidd said: "Between him [Owen] and her [Cristina], it’s going to get really complex and kind of tense and explosive." Owen and Cristina have experienced roadblocks in their fictional relationship, and continue to. McKidd offered this insight on his character's relationship with Cristina:

McKidd has referred to his character and the character of Cristina Yang as "soulmates." Speaking of Owen's PTSD storyline, McKidd stated: "What's exciting about telling this story with this character is that it's quite brave of ABC and Shonda [Rhimes], on a prime-time network TV show, to address a tough subject, and one that people don't necessarily want to hear about.  But so far the writing room is handling it beautifully. They're not banging people over the head with it but exploring it in a sensitive and interesting way." Owen and Cristina have struggled with their fictional relationship in season eight, leading to Owen having a sexual affair. Directly before the episode involving the affair aired, McKidd said to Entertainment Weekly: "The thing about Owen is that he tries to do things perfectly, and obviously, he messes up as the chief because you have to make these odd black-and-white decisions and sometimes you make the wrong decision. There’s a lot of stress in his life at the moment, so he’s trying not to let that affect his efficiency as chief." Although the characters' marriage is tested, McKidd reported to The Hollywood Reporter: "I think they're meant for each other. I hold out faith in Cristina and Owen, even though they go to the darkest places out of all the couples on the show. It's going to get worse but it's going to get better soon."

Reception

The character has received generally positive feedback from television critics. Weeks after Hunt's first appearance on the show, Matt Roush of TV Guide commented that "Hunt/McKidd is the most encouraging thing to happen to Grey's Anatomy in quite a while." He also added: "The instant sparks between him [Hunt] and Yang were electrifying." On the other hand, Robert Rorke of the New York Post states that McKidd was brought in as Hunt to "boost the sagging fortunes" of the show's ratings. Kelley L. Carter of USA Today, describes Hunt as "hardcore" and "the antithesis of the other males on the show." Chris Monfette of IGN said that the fifth season of Grey's Anatomy was an improvement on the previous two seasons, attributing this in part to the introduction of "fresh, new characters", Owen and Arizona Robbins (Jessica Capshaw). He also referred to McKidd as "the season [five]'s best, most effective addition", adding:  Margaret Lyons of New York Magazine judged Hunt "too sad" for the first part of the ninth season. In 2010, Kevin McKidd was nominated for the Prism Award for Best Performance in a Drama Series' Multi-Episode Storyline, and won the award. In 2011, McKidd was nominated for the Prism Award for Best Performance in a Drama Series, for his work on Grey's Anatomy. McKidd was nominated, along with the rest of the Grey's Anatomy cast, for Best Drama Series at the 21st GLAAD Media Awards, in 2010. Also in 2010, McKidd, and the rest of the cast, were nominated for Outstanding Drama Series, at the NAACP Image Awards. The same nomination was received at the 2011 NAACP Image Awards, with the cast winning the award. At the 43rd NAACP Image Awards, in 2012, McKidd and the cast were nominated yet again for Outstanding Drama Series.

References
Specific

General

External links
 Owen Hunt at ABC.com

Grey's Anatomy characters
Fictional surgeons
Fictional majors
Television characters introduced in 2008
Fictional United States Army personnel
Fictional characters with post-traumatic stress disorder
Fictional Iraq War veterans
Male characters in television


In a network based on packet switching, processing delay is the time it takes routers to process the packet header. Processing delay is a key component in network delay.

During processing of a packet, routers may check for bit-level errors in the packet that occurred during transmission as well as determining where the packet's next destination is. Processing delays in high-speed routers are typically on the order of microseconds or less. After this nodal processing, the router directs the packet to the queue where further delay can happen (queuing delay).

In the past, the processing delay has been ignored as insignificant compared to the other forms of network delay. However, in some systems, the processing delay can be quite large especially where routers are performing complex encryption algorithms and examining or modifying packet content. Deep packet inspection done by some networks examine packet content for security, legal, or other reasons, which can cause very large delay and thus is only done at selected inspection points. Routers performing network address translation also have higher than normal processing delay because those routers need to examine and modify both incoming and outgoing packets.

See also
 Latency (engineering)

References

Bibliography
Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach by Kurose and Ross. 6th edition

Computer networking
Packets (information technology)
Computer engineering


The Symbolist Manifesto (French: Le Symbolisme) was published on 18 September 1886 in the French newspaper Le Figaro by the Greek-born poet and essayist Jean Moréas. It describes a new literary movement, an evolution from and rebellion against both romanticism and naturalism, and it asserts the name of Symbolism as not only the appropriate for that movement, but also uniquely reflective of how creative minds approach the creation of art.

The manifesto was also intended to serve more practical, immediate needs.  Moréas, together with Gustave Kahn and others, felt a need to distinguish themselves from a group of writers associated with Anatole Baju and Le Décadent.  For Moréas and Kahn's group, the self-identified decadent writers represented both an earlier stage of development on the path towards symbolism, and also a frivolous exploitation of the language and techniques of the movement.

Definition became especially important with the publication of Les Deliquescence d'Adore Floupette, a work of intentional parody whose mimicry was technically perfect, but whose content was a mockery of what was important to Moréas, Kahn, and their group.  However, because of the skill with which it was executed, the reading public thought that Les Deliquescence was representative of this new literature.  Clarification was essential.

The manifesto unfolds as an introduction establishing the purpose of the document and then three stages: an opening argument, a dramatic intermezzo, and a closing argument.

Opening argument

The first stage of making the case for Symbolism is an aggressive and frank definition of the movement, its beliefs and priorities.  As a reaction against the authority of rational naturalism, the manifesto describes symbolists as enemies "of education, declamation, wrong feelings, [and] objective description."  As a reaction against the newly self-styled decadents, the manifesto goes on to stipulate the primacy of "the Idea".  The purpose of creativity is to find an appropriate way to subjectively express the Idea through extravagant analogy, using natural and concrete things to obliquely reference "primordial Ideas".  Against charges of obscurity resulting from this approach, the manifesto simply points to many allegorical or obscurely symbolic characters from widely accepted literature.

The conclusion of the opening argument is an explanation of the style itself.  Moréas lays forth the sort of paradox that is typical for symbolist art when he talks about the rhythm of their writing: ancient but lively, chaotic but ordered, fluid but boldly assertive.  He then gives an appropriately colorful and obscure description of their literary technique:... an archetypal and complex style; of unpolluted terms, periods which brace themselves alternating with periods of undulating lapses, significant pleonasms, mysterious ellipses, outstanding anacoluthia, any audacious and multiform surplus; finally the good language – instituted and updated –, good and luxuriant and energetic french language ...

Dramatic intermezzo

The second portion of the manifesto is a brief drama in two scenes, featuring poet Théodore de Banville whose 1871 work Petit Traité de Poésie Française ("A Small Treatise on French Poetry") helped to liberate French poets from traditions and rules that prevented the free exercise of their creativity.  Different qualities of the French language lent themselves to different kinds of poetic rhythm and structures.  He also increased the emphasis on poetry as an exercise for the poet in developing clever rhyming games.

There are three characters in the drama: A DETRACTOR OF THE SYMBOLIC SCHOOL, MR THEODORE DE BANVILLE, and ERATO.

In the first scene, DETRACTOR melodramatically raises a series of charges against symbolism and Banville stands in for the defense of the movement.  The charges of interest are grandiloquence, a vainglorious spirit, violation of the rules of poetry, and the continuing importance of romantic literature. Banville responds aptly to each charge and does so in a way that allows him to drive home some of the important emphases of the symbolist movement:
 Truth in excess and extravagance.
 Truth in apparent chaos and insanity.
 Truth in subjective experience.
 The danger of platitudes and natural banality.
 The constant need to be ever more audacious.
 The risk of what was once rebellious to become conformist.
In the second scene, ERATO praises Banville for Petit Traité de Poésie Française, but speaks on  behalf of the young poets of this new movement, who feel abandoned by him. Banville makes a brief lament and leaves, described in the text with a sly reference to his work, The Exiles.  That collection of poetry was Banville's most personal attempt to pour all of himself in the name of all those who have been abandoned.

Closing argument

The manifesto concludes by first explaining the power of art and literature to bring together streams of thought and transform them into new and grand things, implying both its grandeur and its wonder.  Moréas credits writers of other traditions with their accomplishments in this regard, but then argues that symbolists are uniquely positioned to deal with the essence of life: the human being within a reality that has been distorted by his own hallucinations.  Symbolists are free to work with things both mechanical and mythical, things seen ahead and recalled from behind.

The final words of the Symbolist Manifesto are that "art would not know how to search into the objective, what an extremely succinct and simple starting point."  For thus art must do its searching within the subjective.

Roots
According to the manifesto, there are traces of early symbolism in the work of Alfred de Vigny, William Shakespeare, and unnamed others.  Specific credit was also given to Victor Hugo for the manner in which his French romantic literature established the precedent of change.  The manifesto situates symbolist novel-writing in the realm established by such authors as Stendhal, Balzac, Flaubert, and Edmond de Goncourt, and Émile Zola.  These authors exhibited craftsmanship that Moréas respected, and some of them shared a disillusion with human progress, but they explored all that in a way that assumed the objectivity of human reality and primacy of the natural world.

The manifesto identifies a few poets as most immediately responsible for developing this current symbolism: Charles Baudelaire, Stéphane Mallarmé, Paul Verlaine, and Theodore de Banville.  Symbolism was seen, however as a work in-progress, constantly being refined, including by the efforts of those writers.  Moréas left the door open, as well, for newcomers to shape the movement even further.

Influence and legacy
It is important to note that Moréas did not choose to publish the Symbolist Manifesto in a small publication such as the short-lived La Vogue or Le Symboliste, even though he helped run the latter. Instead, he chose to first publish in Le Temps, one of the major newspapers in Paris.  After generating some immediate heat, he was then given the opportunity to publish the piece in Le Figaro.  This scope of publication, including Le Figaro's status as highest-circulating paper, ensured the attention of readers, writers, and the general public alike. The impact of the manifesto was tremendous.  The writers who were part of this movement were recognized as symbolists and the only traces of the old "decadence" were primarily those affiliated with Anatole Baju, precisely those that Moréas wished to be regarded as distinct from his own group.  At the same time, it made the symbolist label the new go-to for anti-establishment writers, and, apart from Baju's group, many writers who had been called decadent previously were now called symbolist, not because of any change in their perspective or method, but because of a change in the jargon.

As a bold, clear statement of symbolism, Le Symbolisme is often taken as the model document for all symbolism, but it is the statement of Jean Moréas on behalf of a movement with no formal membership.  Even close allies wrote their own responses to the manifesto, differing on points of evidence.  Gustave Kahn, for example, preferred to situate symbolism in the realm of impressionism rather than as an evolution of naturalism.

References

External links
Le Symbolisme  Text of the Symbolist Manifesto in the original French.
  Translation of the Symbolist Manifesto into English by C. Liszt

Works about symbolism (arts)
Art manifestos


Li Yinzhu (born 14 September 1949) is a Singaporean actress. She has been in the entertainment industry since 1969 and has filmed more than 150 drama serials.

Career
In 1980, Li signed with Singapore Broadcasting Corporation to be its first batch of actors. After contracting dengue fever in 2019 and subsequent health issues, she left Mediacorp in 2010 but continued to act on contract basis.

Personal life
Li was born in Fujian, China. She left China with her mother and two elder brothers when she was young.

Li has 2 daughters.

Filmography

Television series

Film

Theatre

Awards and nominations

References

Singaporean people of Chinese descent
Singaporean television personalities
Singaporean television actresses
Living people
1949 births
21st-century Singaporean actresses
20th-century Singaporean actresses
Actresses from Fujian
Singaporean film actresses
Singaporean stage actresses


Krumperk Castle (, ) is a castle or manor located in Gorjuša near the town of Domžale in central Slovenia.

History

According to Valvasor, the castle was built in the late 13th century by the noble Rabensbergs from Koprivnik. The predecessor of the current castle was first mentioned in 1338 as a possession of Herkules of Krumperk, of the noble house of Kreutberg. By the 15th century, it belonged to the house of Rusbach, which sold it to Engelhand Zellenperger in 1410 under the name Turn Chraw-perg. Valvasor notes that it had once been called either Thurn unter Kreutberg or Thurn zu Kreutberg, although there is confusion as to which of these names referred to Krumperk Castle and which to the ruin of Koprivnik (Rabensberg) Castle near Moravče.

At the end of the 16th century, the male Zellenperger line became extinct, and the castle passed by inheritance accord to the older branch of the house of Rauber, one of the most prominent noble families in 15th and 16th century Carniola, who were later elevated to barons. The best-known member of the family was Adam von Rauber, who participated in the Battle of Sisak. At its height, the Krumperk lordship contained the settlements of Dob, Ihan, Krtina, Brezovica, and Studenec.

The Raubers replaced the old castle with the current building in 1580. Their line eventually became extinct; the daughter of the last Baron Rauber was the mother of the historian Johann Weikhard von Valvasor. The next owners, in 1631, were the Rasp family, followed by the counts Thurn und Valsássina, then in 1840 the barons Rechbach, who in 1928 moved to Austria after selling the estate to its final private owner, Stanka Pogačnik, a landowner from Ruše near Maribor.

After World War II, the castle was nationalized and stripped of its furnishings. The communist authorities converted the structure into a sanatorium for wounded military officers; in 1953, it was given to the Municipality of Domžale, which subdivided it into apartment housing. In 1985, the Krumperk holdings were partitioned; the castle went to Agrokombinat and the estate was taken over by Biotechnical Faculty of the University of Ljubljana, which established an equestrian center.

Today, the castle is the subject of a denationalization proceeding and is in a fairly poor state of repair. The Spelunkers' Club () is located nearby, as are two karst caves: Iron Cave () and Hag's Cave (). The castle meadow hosts the Krumperk Equestrian Club, sponsored by the Veterinary Faculty of the University of Ljubljana.

Tales of the castle's past are collected in the book Jutro ob kresu (Morning Beside the Bonfire) by Ivan Sivec.

References

External links

 http://www.burger.si/Domzale/GradKrumperk.html

Castles in Upper Carniola
Municipality of Domžale
Renaissance architecture in Slovenia


Taken is a crime novel by the American writer Kathleen George set in 1990s Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

It tells the story of a baby taken in broad daylight downtown Pittsburgh. Protagonist Marina Benedict gets involved, and detective Richard Christie takes on the task of finding the missing child of a rookie pitcher for the Pittsburgh Pirates.

Sources
Contemporary Authors Online. The Gale Group, 2006. PEN (Permanent Entry Number):  0000142340.

External links
  Kathleen George website

2001 American novels
American crime novels
Novels set in Pittsburgh


Sinovac Biotech Ltd. () is a Chinese biopharmaceutical company based in Haidian District, Beijing that focuses on the research, development, manufacture, and commercialization of vaccines that protect against human infectious diseases. The company was listed on the Nasdaq but the exchange halted Sinovac's trading in February 2019 due to a proxy fight. The company has faced bribery probes in China.

Vaccines
Sinovac's commercialized vaccines include CoronaVac (COVID-19 vaccine), Inlive (Enterovirus 71 vaccine), Anflu (influenza vaccine), Healive (hepatitis A vaccine), varicella vaccine and mumps vaccine.

COVID-19 vaccine development

CoronaVac is an inactivated virus COVID-19 vaccine developed by Sinovac. It has been in Phase III clinical trials in Brazil, Chile, Indonesia,  Philippines, and Turkey.

It relies on traditional technology similar to the Sinopharm BIBP vaccine and Covaxin, otherwise known as inactivated-virus COVID-19 vaccines in Phase III trials. CoronaVac does not need to be frozen, and both the vaccine and raw material for formulating the new doses could be transported and refrigerated at 2–8 °C (36–46 °F), temperatures at which flu vaccines are kept.

A real-world study of ten millions of Chileans who received CoronaVac found it 66% effective against symptomatic COVID-19, 88% against hospitalization, 90% against ICU admissions, and 86% against deaths. In Brazil, after 75% of the population in Serrana, São Paulo received CoronaVac, preliminary results show deaths fell by 95%, hospitalizations by 86%, and symptomatic cases by 80%. In Indonesia, real world data from 128,290 healthcare workers showed 94% protection against symptomatic infection by the vaccine, beating results in clinical trials.

Phase III results from Turkey published in The Lancet showed an efficacy of 84% based on 10,218 participants in the trials. Phase III results from Brazil previously showed 50.7% efficacy at preventing symptomatic infections and 83.7% effective in preventing mild cases needing treatment. Efficacy against symptomatic infections increased to 62.3% with an interval of 21 days or more between the doses.

CoronaVac is being used in vaccination campaigns in various countries in Asia, South America, North America, and Europe. By April 2021, Sinovac had a production capacity of two billion doses a year and had delivered 600 million total doses. It is currently being manufactured at several facilities in China, Brazil, and Egypt. On 1 June 2021, the World Health Organization (WHO) validated the vaccine for emergency use. Sinovac has signed purchase agreements for 380 million doses from COVAX.

See also
 CanSino Biologics
 Sinopharm

References

External links

Pharmaceutical companies of China
Manufacturing companies based in Beijing
Biotechnology companies of China
Biopharmaceutical companies
Chinese companies established in 1999
Chinese brands
Biotechnology companies established in 1999
Companies listed on the Nasdaq
Medical research
COVID-19 vaccine producers


IMCO Carbide Tool is an American manufacturing company that researches, designs and manufactures high-performance cutting tools for a variety of applications in the aerospace, automotive, medical, petrochemical, and manufacturing industries.  Founded in 1977 by Lawrence R. Osburn and headquartered in Perrysburg Twp, Ohio, IMCO serves a diverse customer base of small job shops to large production operations around the world.

History

IMCO Carbide Tool is a family-owned and -operated company founded in 1977 by Lawrence R. Osburn. With his wife and two sons, Perry and Matthew, Osburn built his business in general-purpose end mills, burs, routers and drills for the automotive and manufacturing industries.

The sons served as company vice presidents, until Perry succeeded his father as President in 1984, with Matthew continuing as Vice President in charge of factory set-up, production processes, hiring, training, inventory management, supplier relations and quality oversight. As the machining industry was challenged by engineered materials with difficult-to-machine characteristics and more demanding specifications and tolerances, the brothers turned their focus on developing tools to meet those challenges.

IMCO began to research and develop end mills, working with customers to create tools capable of much higher performance with new and emerging high-speed machining technologies. Versatile tools dubbed Streaker M2 end mills were introduced in 1988. Streakers were designed especially for working in aluminum. A notoriously "soft" metal, aluminum tends to meld in the intense heat of the cutting zone before the chips can be evacuated. This causes the chips to congeal in the cutting zone, requiring downtime to clear the blockage and, often, replace the tool. Tests with customer shops showed that Streakers eliminate this clogging problem.

IMCO's M7 Omega-6 end mills, introduced in 2000, were designed to resolve problems in achieving high surface finishes, especially in hard-to-machine materials. Soon thereafter, IMCO launched another new product called enDURO M5 end mills, developed especially for working in and finishing aerospace alloys (titanium, stainless steels) and high-silicon aluminum. This line includes three- and five-flute designs to accommodate varying needs for chipload, chip evacuation and finish quality.

Products

IMCO tools are designed, tested, sourced and manufactured in the U.S. for machining in a wide range of materials, such as aluminum, carbon and stainless steel, tool steels, titanium, cast iron, high-temperature alloys, copper and magnesium alloys, brass, bronze, composites, plastics, and graphite. IMCO tool categories include high-performance and general-purpose end mills, burs, drills, countersinks, rougher/finishers, reamers, routers, die trimmers and custom-made, special purpose precision tools for industrial applications. The company also performs custom modifications to off-the-shelf cutting tools.

IMCO Carbide Tool products begin with  "blanks," or rods of micrograin carbide or ultra-fine micrograin carbide, because of its extreme hardness and favorable heat resistance.

IMCO specializes in high-performance end mills designed with variable fluting. Varying flute geometries break up the harmonics, or multiple mechanical frequencies that develop as tools spin and can cause tool instability and failure. Variable fluting breaks up harmonics and keeps the tool balanced as it turns for optimum tool stability. This, in turn, enables the tool to cut with greater precision.

References

External links
Official website

Manufacturing companies established in 1977
Tool manufacturing companies of the United States
Privately held companies based in Ohio
1977 establishments in Ohio


Wanship ( ) is a census-designated place in Summit County, Utah, United States. The population was 400 at the 2010 census.

Wanship is located at the intersection of Interstate 80 and Utah State Route 32, at the junction of Silver Creek and the Weber River. It is  from Salt Lake City, and  from Coalville. The town lies at an elevation of .

History
Wanship was founded in 1859 by Stephen Nixon and Henry Roper, who were joined by other settlers over the next two years. In 1861, 300 Native Americans settled in the area. The sudden population increase made attempting to gather food in the area difficult. A friendly Ute, Chief Wanship, helped the non-native settlers to find game, locate edible plants, and trade with the Indians. In return, the town was named for him.
Farming in the area included rye, barley, wheat, and alfalfa. The town also served as a local commodity hub, as coal from Coalville, silver from Park City, and lumber from Kamas passed through. In 1862 an overland stage stop, called the Kimballs Stage Station, opened in Wanship. Due to its central location, Wanship became the first county seat of Summit County, from the formation of the county government in 1866 until Coalville became county seat in 1872.

The first two-story home built by Thomas Albert Smith, in Summit County was built in Wanship, and has since been relocated to Pioneer Village in Lagoon Amusement Park.

Wanship today
Today Wanship exists as a small, unincorporated community. There are a few businesses, including a filling station, and a museum in an old barn that contains a collection of antique carriages and other western memorabilia. The Wanship Dam, creating the Rockport Reservoir, was built south of the town in the mid-1950s.

Demographics
As of the census of 2010, there were 400 people living in the CDP. There were 164 housing units. The racial makeup of the town was 91.5% White, 0.3% American Indian and Alaska Native, 6.0% from some other race, and 2.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8.8% of the population.

Education
It is in the North Summit School District.

See also

 List of census-designated places in Utah

References

External links

Census-designated places in Summit County, Utah
Census-designated places in Utah
Populated places established in 1859
1859 establishments in Utah Territory


Broch is a type of Iron Age drystone hollow-walled structure found in Scotland.

Broch may also refer to:

Buildings
Broch of Clickimin, a broch near Lerwick, Shetland
Broch of Culswick, an unexcavated coastal broch in Shetland
Broch of Gurness, an Iron Age broch village on the northwest coast of Mainland, Orkney
Broch of Mousa, a broch or round tower on the island of Mousa, Shetland
Burroughston Broch, an Iron Age archaeological site on the island of Shapinsay, Orkney
Edin's Hall Broch, a broch near Duns in the Scotland Borders

People
Brigitte Broch (born 1943), German born, Mexican set decorator
Hermann Broch (1886–1951), Austrian writer
Lars Oftedal Broch (born 1939), Norwegian judge
Nicolai Cleve Broch (born 1975), Norwegian actor of theatre and film
Ole Jacob Broch (1818–1889), Norwegian mathematician, physicist, economist and politician
Theodor Broch (1904–1998), Norwegian lawyer and politician for the Labour Party

Places nicknamed "The Broch"
Fraserburgh, Aberdeenshire, Scotland
Burghead, Moray, Scotland

See also
Brach (disambiguation)
Brough (disambiguation)


The 2010 congressional elections in Idaho were held on November 2, 2010, and determined who would represent the state of Idaho in the United States House of Representatives. Idaho has two seats in the House, apportioned according to the 2000 United States Census. Representatives are elected for two-year terms; the winners served in the 112th Congress from January 3, 2011 until January 3, 2013.

Overview

By district
Results of the 2010 United States House of Representatives elections in Idaho by district:

District 1

Overview
In this heavily conservative district that consists of western Idaho and the Idaho Panhandle, incumbent Democratic Congressman Walt Minnick was seen as vulnerable, especially considering the fact that he won in 2008 against an embattled, weakened incumbent. Minnick, however, worked to build a profile as a moderate-to-conservative Democrat, voting against the 2009 Stimulus, the health care reform bill, and the American Clean Energy and Security Act, Furthermore, Congressman Minnick was the only Democrat to receive a perfect score from the Club for Growth, typically an organization that supports conservative Republican candidates for office.

Republican primary
Several Republican candidates, including Iraq War veteran Vaughn Ward, State Representatives Raúl Labrador and Ken Roberts, and physician Allan Salzberg, ran for the Republican nomination to challenge Minnick. Roberts eventually dropped out, as did Salzberg; both former candidates endorsed Labrador. Vaughn Ward's campaign received coverage from as far away as Great Britain as Sarah Palin came to Idaho to endorse Ward, who was one of the National Republican Congressional Committee's Young Guns. Critics seized on various troubles with the campaign, including multiple instances of plagiarism, Ward's failure to vote in the 2008 presidential elections and his referral to Puerto Rico as a "country." Ultimately, despite the fact that many prominent conservatives had lined up behind Ward, Labrador triumphed in a contentious primary election.

General election
A contentious general election ensued, with both Minnick and Labrador launching aggressive campaign ads against each other. When Labrador accused the Congressman of supporting a middle class tax increase in a television ad, controversy quickly ensued; Idaho Public Television threatened to pull the ad for its inaccuracy and critics accused Labrador of taking Minnick's remarks out of context. When Minnick aired an ad, Labrador attacked it for including pictures that made him "look like an illegal immigrant." Minnick strongly stressed his independent credentials; his claims were seemingly validated when the Tea Party Express, the largest group affiliated with the broader movement, endorsed his campaign for re-election. Going into election night, polling indicated Minnick with a lead over Labrador, but after the votes were tallied, Labrador defeated Minnick by a solid margin in a surprising upset.

Polling

Results

District 2

Campaign
This conservative district, based in eastern Idaho and the Magic Valley region of Idaho, has been represented by incumbent Republican Congressman Mike Simpson since he was first elected in 1998. Simpson did not face a serious challenge in his bid for a seventh term from Democratic candidate Mike Crawford or independent candidate Brian Schad and was re-elected by a large margin on election day.

Results

References

External links
Elections Division at the Idaho Secretary of State site
U.S. Congress candidates for Idaho at Project Vote Smart
Idaho U.S. House from OurCampaigns.com
Campaign contributions for U.S. Congressional races in Idaho from OpenSecrets
2010 Idaho General Election graph of multiple polls from Pollster.com

House - Idaho from the Cook Political Report

Idaho
2010
2010 Idaho elections


Da'el (, also spelled Da'il) is a town in southern Syria located on the old road between Daraa and Damascus, located approximately 14 kilometers north of Daraa. Administratively, it belongs to the Daraa District of the Daraa Governorate and is the center of the Da'el nahiyah ("subdistrict") which also includes one other town, Abtaa, to the immediate north. Other nearby localities include Tafas to the west, Ataman to the south, Khirbet al-Ghazaleh to the east, Nimer and Qarfa to the northeast, al-Shaykh Maskin to the north and al-Shaykh Saad to the northwest.

As of the 2004 census by the Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), the population of Da'el town was 29,408, while the Da'el subdistrict was 43,691. Its inhabitants are predominantly Muslims. The inhabitants are mainly involved in agriculture of grains (wheat, beans, olives, grapes, etc.) and expertise manpower in some Persian Gulf countries (UAE, KSA, Kuwait and Qatar).

The city was recently modernized with a new wave of services such as high-speed internet, full cell-phone coverage, new land line phones with a boom in construction field. Government employees do not exceed 5% of the town's population while the rest operate their own businesses.

History
In 1596 Da'el appeared in the Ottoman tax registers  as  Da'il and was part of the nahiya of Bani Malik al-Asraf in the Qada Hawran. It had an entirely Muslim population consisting of 42 households and 20 bachelors. They paid a fixed tax-rate of 40% on agricultural products, including  on wheat, barley, summer crops, goats and/or beehives, in addition to on a water mill; a total of 16,000 akçe.

In 1838 Da'el was classified as a Muslim village, located south of Al-Shaykh Maskin.  At the end of the 19th century, the village had 300 inhabitants and 65 houses. Throughout the later Ottoman era and up until the dominance of the Ba'ath Party during the 1960s, the al-Hariri clan, which had its principal seat in Da'el, was the most powerful clan in the Hauran region of southern Syria, controlling about 18 villages. The al-Hariri family had also been the chief patrons of the Rifa'i order of Sufi mystics in the Hauran. The Rifa'i were the most prominent Sufi order in the area.

During the French occupation (1918-1946), they entered into a rivalry with the Zu'bi clan which was based in nearby Khirbet al-Ghazaleh and controlled 16 villages. The al-Hariri were largely aligned with nationalist movement, while the Zu'bi leadership was identified with the French Mandatory authorities.  While the al-Hariri naturally benefited from Syrian independence and also received backing from Saudi Arabia, the Zu'bi managed to gain more influence during Baathist governance, but more so on the individual and lower-stratum level rather than as a tribal unit. The influence of both the tribes and their leaders considerably dwindled during the Baathist era, nonetheless.

In March 2011 Da'el was among the first towns in the area of Daraa where residents participated in demonstrations against the government of Bashar al-Assad, which would eventually culminate into the ongoing Syrian civil war. On 29 March 2013 the town was reportedly captured by anti-government rebels. Da'el is strategically located on one of two main north-south highways that connect Damascus to Daraa. The rebels initially engaged in clashes with Syrian Army troops manning checkpoints outside the town, leaving 12 government soldiers and 16 rebels, according to the activist group Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR).

References

Bibliography

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20120122030943/http://www.da3el4dev.sy/
 khabab.net
Map of town, Google Maps
 Cheik Meskin-map; 21L

Towns in Syria
Populated places in Daraa District


Alex or Alexander Dyer may refer to:

Alex Dyer (footballer, born 1965), retired English footballer
Alex Dyer (footballer, born 1990), active Swedish-born, Montserratian footballer
Alexander Brydie Dyer (1815–1874), American Civil War soldier

See also
Joseph Alexander Dyer, Scottish footballer for Aberdeen F.C., Plymouth Argyle, and Huddersfield in the 1940s


Voigt/465 were an Australian post-punk band based in Sydney, Australia.  They were a feature of the Sydney inner-city music-scene during the late 1970s and their music was critically acclaimed. Their sound was influenced by Krautrock and has been described by a band-member as an "unsettling mixture of song-driven rock elements and free-noise experimentation". Voigt/465 recorded an album, Slights Unspoken, before they disbanded in late 1979. With their self-funded recordings and determinedly uncompromising music Voigt/465 epitomised the do-it-yourself ethic of the alternative music scene of the late 1970s.

History
Voigt/465 was formed in 1976 from a group of school-friends.  The band was composed of Rod Pobestek (guitar), Lindsay O’Meara (bass), Phil Turnbull (synthesiser, organ and vocals), Rae Macron Cru (vocals) and Bruce Stalder (drums). They rehearsed and played sporadically during 1977.  In 1978 Voigt/465 recorded four songs at Axent Studios at Kogarah, in Sydney's southern suburbs.

During 1978 the band performed more regularly and began to attract a following.  In mid-1978 the drummer left the group and was replaced by Mark Boswell.  Later that year Voigt/645 released a self-funded single made up of two of the songs they had recorded earlier that year – "State" and "A Secret West". The band had a mid-week residency at the Sussex Hotel and regularly performed at other inner-city venues in Sydney.  Voigt/465 also travelled to Melbourne to perform a series of gigs.

Voigt/465 were highlighted as the "band of 1979" in Clinton Walker's influential book Inner City Sound, a document of punk and post-punk music in Australia.

In 1979 the bass-player Lindsay O’Meara decided to leave the band to join Crime and the City Solution in Melbourne. With Voigt/465 on the verge of breaking up the band-members decided to record an album as a lasting document of their songs. The recordings were made at Axent studios and the album Slights Unspoken was released in a limited edition in September 1979.

O’Meara later returned from Melbourne and eventually joined Pel Mel.  Keyboardist Phil Turnbull co-founded the band Wild West, which Rae Macron Cru also later joined.

Discography

Singles
 "State" / "A Secret West" (November 1978)

Albums
 Slights Unspoken (September 1979) – "Voices A Drama" / "A Welcome Mystery" / "Red Lock on See Steal" / "Imprint" / "Many Risk" / "Is New Is" / "4 Hours" / "P" / "F1" / " Winchsoul"
 One Faint Deluded Smile CD (October 2001; retrospective compilation) – "State" / "A Secret West" / "P" / "A Welcome Mystery (instrumental)" / "Red Lock on Sea Steal" / "Voices A Drama" / "A Welcome Mystery" / "Red Lock on Sea Steal" / "Imprint" / "Many Risk" / "Is New Is" / "4 Hours" / "P" / "F1" / "Winchsoul" / "And the Following Page" / "So Long As One Knows" / "A Welcome Mystery"

Notes

References
 Walker, Clinton. Stranded: the secret history of Australian independent music, 1977-1991. Pan Macmillan, 1996. .
 Walker, Clinton. Inner City Sound, Wild & Woolley Pty Ltd, 1982. .

External links
 ‘No Night Sweats’ web-site, 'Voigt/465'
 Inner City Sound, Voigt/465 discography (including live recordings)
 "State" (single) by Voigt/465 (YouTube)

Australian indie rock groups
Australian post-punk groups


Archaeoparasitology, a multi-disciplinary field within paleopathology, is the study of parasites in archaeological contexts.   It includes studies of the protozoan and metazoan parasites of humans in the past, as well as parasites which may have affected past human societies, such as those infesting domesticated animals.

Reinhard suggested that the term "archaeoparasitology" be applied to "... all parasitological remains excavated from archaeological contexts ... derived from human activity" and that "the term 'paleoparasitology' be applied to studies of nonhuman, paleontological material." (p. 233)  Paleoparasitology includes all studies of ancient parasites outside of archaeological contexts, such as those found in amber,  and even dinosaur parasites.

The first archaeoparasitology report described calcified eggs of Bilharzia haematobia (now Schistosoma haematobium) from the kidneys of an ancient Egyptian mummy.   Since then, many fundamental archaeological questions have been answered by integrating our knowledge of the hosts, life cycles and basic biology of parasites, with the archaeological, anthropological and historical contexts in which they are found.

Parasitology basics

Parasites are organisms which live in close association with another organism, called the host, in which the parasite benefits from the association, to the detriment of the host.  Many other kinds of associations may exist between two closely allied organisms, such as commensalism or mutualism.

Endoparasites (such as protozoans and helminths), tend to be found inside the host, while ectoparasites (such as ticks, lice and fleas) live on the outside of the host body.  Parasite life cycles often require that different developmental stages pass sequentially through multiple host species in order to successfully mature and reproduce.  Some parasites are very host-specific, meaning that only one or a few species of hosts are capable of perpetuating their life cycle.  Others are not host-specific, since many different hosts appear to harbor and pass on the infective stages of the parasite.

Most archaeoparasitology reports involve species which are considered to be true parasites of humans today. However, incidental parasitism (referred to by some authors as "pseudoparasitism", "false parasitism" or "accidental parasitism") occurs when a parasite which does not normally utilize a host for the perpetuation of its lifecycle is found in that host incidentally.  One example is finding the eggs of Cryptocotyle lingua (a fish parasite) in the stomach contents of an Eskimo mummy.   It is estimated that 70% of the "parasite" species reported from present-day humans are actually only incidental parasites.   Some incidental parasites do cause harm to the infested pseudohosts.

Sources of material

In archaeological contexts, endoparasites (or their eggs or cysts) are usually found in (i) fossilized human or animal dung (coprolites), (ii) the tissues and digestive contents of mummified corpses, or (iii) soil samples from latrines, cesspits, or middens (dumps for domestic waste).  A cyst of Echinococcus granulosus was even retrieved from cemetery soil in Poland.  Ectoparasites may be found on the skin or scalp, as well as wigs, clothing, or personal grooming accessories found in archaeological sites.   Ectoparasite eggs may be found attached to individual hairs.   The International Ancient Egyptian Mummy Tissue Bank in Manchester, England, provides tissue samples for a variety of uses, including parasitological studies.

Since 1910, parasite remains have been found in archaeological samples from Africa, the Americas, Asia, Europe, the Middle East, and New Zealand.  The age of archaeological sites yielding human parasite remains ranges from approx. 25,000-30,000 years ago to late 19th-early 20th century.   Parasite remains have also been found in domestic animal remains at archaeological sites.

Human skeletal remains may exhibit indirect evidence of parasitism.  For example, hookworm (Ancyslostoma duodenale) parasitism may lead to anemia, and anemia is one factor associated with the skeletal changes of cribra orbitalia and porotic hyperostosis.  Thus, hookworm parasitism may be a causal factor in observed cribra orbitalia and porotic hyperostosis,  though dietary factors may also lead to anemia.

Information on the presence of intermediate hosts, required for life cycle completion by many parasites, is also useful in determining the likelihood that a parasite may have infected a particular ancient society.  One example is the identification of molluscan intermediate hosts of schistosomiasis in an Islamic archaeological context.

Artifacts depicting the appearance of individuals may also indicate cases of parasitism.  Examples include the characteristic facial deformities of leishmaniasis found on pre-Columbian Mochica pottery,  and morphological features of certain ancient Egyptian figurative art.   Literary sources also provide valuable information regarding not only the parasites present in historic societies, but also the knowledge and attitudes that the people had towards their parasitic infestations.   However, specific parasitological diagnoses reported in ancient and medieval texts must always be read with some degree of skepticism.

Techniques and methods

Parasite remains in archaeological samples are identified by a variety of techniques.  Very durable remains, such as eggs and cysts, may remain intact for many thousands of years.  In some cases, relatively intact soft-bodied adult helminths  and ectoparasitic arthropods  have been found.  All of these forms can be identified to the family, genus or species level by compound or electron microscopy.
Petrographic techniques have been used for eggs of Capillaria hepatica found in cysts in the corpse of an adolescent from the late Roman period buried in Amiens (France). The authors stated that identification of tissue-dwelling parasites such as Capillaria hepatica in archaeological remains is particularly dependent on preservation conditions and taphonomic changes and should be interpreted with caution due to morphological similarities with Trichuris sp. eggs

In cases where the intact bodies of parasites are not found, protein or DNA from the parasite may still be present.   Antigenic and immunological assays (including enzyme-linked immunoassay - ELISA,), and DNA sequencing  are used to identify the source of these chemical remains, often to the species level.

Fundamental questions

Archaeoparasitological studies have provided information on many fundamental archaeological, historical, and biogeographical questions.  These questions may be grouped into the following broad categories: past dietary and farming practices,  animal domestication,  migration patterns,  climate change,  sanitary practices,  cultural contacts,  ethnomedicine,  and the overall health of various human societies.  Archaeoparasitology data, combined with our knowledge of  present host-parasite associations, also contributes to our understanding of the co-evolution of human host-parasite interactions.   Our understanding of the geographic origins, evolution and biogeography of the parasites themselves and human diseases associated with them  has also benefitted tremendously from archaeoparasitological studies.

References

Archaeological science
Parasitology


Saddanathar Kovil is a Hindu Temple and located in Nallur, Jaffna, Sri Lanka.
This is an ancient temple and built in Sangiliyan Kingdom.

Hindu temples in Jaffna District


Want Want Holdings Limited (Want Want; ) is a food manufacturer from Taiwan. It is one of the largest rice cake and flavored drink manufacturers in Taiwan. It engages in the manufacturing and trading of snack foods and beverages, divided into four businesses: rice crackers, dairy products, beverages, snack foods (candies, jellies, popsicles, nuts, and ball cakes), and other products. It operates over 100 manufacturing plants in mainland China and 2 in Taiwan, and employs over 60,000 people.

History

In 1962, Want Want began operations in the name of I Lan Foods Industrial Company Limited () in Yilan County, Taiwan, which manufactured canned agricultural products. It was founded by Tsai Eng-meng's father, Jonathan Shuai Qiang Ng.

Tsai Eng-meng took over his father's food business at the age of 19 and came up with a new product—crackers made from rice flour.

1983, it collaborated with Iwatsuka Confectionery Company Limited, one of the top three Japanese rice cracker makers, to develop a rice cracker market in Taiwan. In return, Iwatsuka obtained 5% of the common stock of the company. In 2009, Iwatsuka's share in Want Want was valued at about , nearly three times as much as Iwatsuka's own market value of .

1987, it became the first Taiwanese operator to apply for the registration of the "Want Want" trademark in China. In 1992, it started its business in Mainland China. In 1994, it commenced its first production plant in Changsha, Hunan. 1996, it was listed on the Singapore Stock Exchange under the name Want Want Holdings Pte Ltd.

2007, Want Want Holdings Pte Ltd was delisted from the Singapore Stock Exchange. In 2008, its subsidiary, Want Want China Holdings Limited, was listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange.

2008, Want Want China Holdings Ltd. was listed on the Main Board of the Hong Kong Stock Exchange Limited. HKEX STOCK CODE 0151. 2011, Want-Want China Holdings Ltd. was ranked one of the top choice of stocks to buy on the Hang Seng index.

2009, Want Want purchased China Times, as well as China Television (CTV) and CtiTV in 2009.

2014, Want Want China Holdings Ltd. won the Largest Food and Beverage Enterprise Award in the Global Top 1000 Chinese Entrepreneurs by Asia Business Week. President Tsai Eng-Meng was ranked Top 100 CEO appraised by Harvard Business Review Magazine.

2015, Want Want China Holdings Chief Operating Officer, Matthew Tsai, was honored with the "Chinese F&B Association of Science and Technology Innovation Award: Notable Youth Award." Want Want proudly obtains the title of "Consumer's Favorite Brand of 2015" for both the food industry and beverage industry.

2017, Want Want China Holdings Ltd. was selected as one of the top 20 international brands in Taiwan.

2020, Want Want China continued to receive third place for 12 consecutive years in Taiwan's Top 25 International Company Brands.

Logo
The logo of Want Want is of a boy wearing blue and yellow overalls. He sometimes has red cheeks, and is on all of the Want Want products, usually in a small print.  Most of the time, his eyes are looking up.

Controversy
Want Want has faced repeated accusations of close links to the Chinese Communist Party and has received subsidies from the Chinese government. The Financial Times reported that these ties include coordination with the Chinese government's Taiwan Affairs Office.

In November 2019, Wang Liqiang, a self-proclaimed Chinese spy who defected to Australia, claimed that the Want Want China Times Group's media brands China Television and Chung T'ien Television had received Chinese funding in return for airing stories unfavorable of the Taiwanese government and sought to influence the upcoming 2020 election. The Want Want China Times Group denied these allegations.

See also
 List of companies of Taiwan
 Want Want China
 I-Mei Foods

References

External links

Manufacturing companies based in Taipei
Food and drink companies established in 1962
Food and drink companies of Taiwan
Multinational companies
Taiwanese brands
1962 establishments in Taiwan
Rice crackers


Tampico Alto is a municipality of the Mexican state of Veracruz. It is located in the state's Huasteca Alta region, at the northern end of Tamiahua Lagoon. The municipal seat is also called Tampico Alto.

In the 2005 INEGI Census, the municipality reported a total population of 11,971 (down from 14,684 in 1980), of whom 2,126 lived in the municipal seat.
Of the municipality's inhabitants, 129 spoke an indigenous language, primarily Wastek (Huasteco).

Tampico Alto Municipality covers a total surface area of 1,027.35 km2.

Settlements in the municipality
Tampico Alto (municipal seat; 2005 population 2,126)
Brecha Huasteca (population 3,000)
La Ribera (2,500)
Llano de Bustos (2,000)
Las Chacas (519)

References

External links
Tampico Alto  Web page of the Veracruz State Govt. Accessed 6 November 2008.

Municipalities of Veracruz


This is a list of members of the Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party who have served 11 years or more. One table ranks them according to continuous service, and another table ranks members according to total years as members. Zhou Enlai has served the longest, but Mao Zedong has the continuously longest service of any member.

Longest-serving members

Longest continuously serving members

See also

 Leader of the Chinese Communist Party
 Orders of precedence in China
 Provincial party standing committee

References


The 2010 United States Senate election in Idaho took place on November 2, 2010, alongside 33 other elections to the United States Senate in other states as well as elections to the United States House of Representatives and various state and local elections. Incumbent Republican U.S. Senator Mike Crapo won re-election to a third term.

Republican primary

Candidates
 Mike Crapo, incumbent U.S. senator
 Skip Davis

Results

Democratic primary

Candidates
 William Bryk
 Tom Sullivan,  merchant banker

Results

General election

Candidates
 Randy Lynn Bergquist (Constitution) (PVS)
 Mike Crapo (R)
 Tom Sullivan (D) (campaign site, PVS, FEC, OTI)

Campaign
Sullivan, a heavy underdog, criticized Crapo for being in Washington for too long, saying, "Senator Crapo has been in Congress for 18 years. The country is struggling, and I think it's time to make a change." Crapo emphasized his conservative record in Washington.

Debates
 October 1 on Idaho Public Television
 October 20 on KTVB

Predictions

Polling

Fundraising

Results

See also
 United States Senate elections, 2010

References

External links
 Idaho Secretary of State - Elections, Campaign Disclosure and Lobbyists
 U.S. Congress candidates for Idaho at Project Vote Smart
 Idaho U.S. Senate from OurCampaigns.com
 Campaign contributions from Open Secrets
 Idaho Polls graph of multiple polls from Pollster.com
 Election 2010: Idaho Senate from Rasmussen Reports
 2010 Idaho Senate Race from Real Clear Politics
 2010 Idaho Senate Race from CQ Politics
 Race profile from The New York Times
Official candidate websites (Archived)
 Mike Crapo for U.S. Senate
 Claude Davis for U.S. Senate
 Tom Sullivan for U.S. Senate

2010 Idaho elections
Idaho
2010


Tampico Alto is a town in the Mexican state of Veracruz. Located in the state's Huasteca Alta region, it serves as the municipal seat of the surrounding municipality of Tampico Alto.

In the 2005 INEGI Census, Tampico Alto reported a population of 2,126.

References

External links
Tampico Alto  Web page of the Veracruz State Govt. Retrieved 6 November 2008.

Populated places in Veracruz


Merkley may refer to:
 Henry Merkley (1758–1840), an Upper Canada politician
 Jeff Merkley (b. 1956), a United States senator
 John Alexander Merkley (1877–1944), a Saskatchewan politician
 Larry Merkley (b. 1943), a Canadian Curler
 Nick Merkley (b. 1997), a Canadian ice-hockey player
 Ryan Merkley (businessman), Chief of Staff to the office of the Executive Director of the Wikimedia Foundation
 Ryan Merkley (ice hockey) (b. 2000), a Canadian ice-hockey player
 22132 Merkley, an asteroid


Ranulf le Meschin, 3rd Earl of Chester (1070−1129) was a Norman magnate based in northern and central England. Originating in Bessin in Normandy, Ranulf made his career in England thanks to his kinship with Hugh d'Avranches - the Earl of Chester, the patronage of kings William II Rufus and Henry I Beauclerc, and his marriage to Lucy, heiress of the Bolingbroke-Spalding estates in Lincolnshire.

Ranulf fought in Normandy on behalf of Henry I, and served the English king as a kind of semi-independent governor in the far north-west, in Cumberland and Westmorland, founding Wetheral Priory. After the death of his cousin Richard d'Avranches in the White Ship Disaster of November 1120, Ranulf became earl of the county of Chester on the Anglo-Welsh marches. He held this position for the remainder of his life, and passed the title on to his son, Ranulf de Gernon.

Biography

Family and origins
Ranulf le Meschin's father and mother represented two different families of viscounts in Normandy, and both of them were strongly tied to Henry, son of William the Conqueror. His father was Ranulf de Briquessart, and likely for this reason the former Ranulf was styled le Meschin, "the younger". Ranulf's father was viscount of the Bessin, the area around Bayeux. Besides Odo, bishop of Bayeux, Ranulf the elder was the most powerful magnate in the Bessin region of Normandy. Ranulf le Meschin's great-grandmother may even have been from the ducal family of Normandy, as le Meschin's paternal great-grandfather viscount Anschitil is known to have married a daughter of Duke Richard III.

Ranulf le Meschin's mother, Margaret, was the daughter of Richard le Goz, Viscount of Avranches. Richard's father Thurstan Goz had become viscount of the Hiémois between 1017 and 1025, while Richard himself became viscount of the Avranchin in either 1055 or 1056. Her brother (Richard Goz's son) was Hugh d'Avranches "Lupus" ("the Wolf"), viscount of the Avranchin and Earl of Chester (from c. 1070). Ranulf was thus, in addition to being heir to the Bessin, the nephew of one of Norman England's most powerful and prestigious families.

An entry in the Durham Liber Vitae, c. 1098 x 1120, indicates that Ranulf le Meschin had an older brother named Richard (who died in youth), and a younger brother named William. He had a sister called Agnes, who later married Robert de Grandmesnil (died 1136).

Early career
Historian C. Warren Hollister thought that Ranulf's father Ranulf de Briquessart was one of the early close companions of Prince Henry, the future Henry I. Hollister called Ranulf the Elder "a friend from Henry's youthful days in western Normandy", and argued that the homeland of the two Ranulfs had been under Henry's overlordship since 1088, despite both ducal and royal authority lying with Henry's two brothers. Hollister further suggested that Ranulf le Meschin may have had a role in persuading Robert Curthose to free Henry from captivity in 1089.

The date of Ranulf senior's death, and succession of Ranulf junior, is unclear, but the former's last and the latter's earliest appearance in extant historical records coincides, dating to 24 April 1089 in charter of Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy, to Bayeux Cathedral. Ranulf le Meschin appears as "Ranulf son of Ranulf the viscount".

In the foundation charter of Chester Abbey granted by his uncle Hugh Lupus, earl of Chester, and purportedly issued in 1093, Ranulf le Meschin is listed as a witness. His attestation to this grant is written Signum Ranulfi nepotis comitis, "signature of Ranulf nephew of the earl". However, the editor of the Chester comital charters, Geoffrey Barraclough, thought this charter was forged in the period of Earl Ranulf II. Between 1098 and 1101 (probably in 1098) Ranulf became a major English landowner in his own right when he became the third husband of Lucy, heiress of the honour of Bolingbroke in Lincolnshire. This acquisition also brought him the lordship of Appleby in Westmorland, previously held by Lucy's second husband Ivo Taillebois.

Marriage to a great heiress came only with royal patronage, which in turn meant that Ranulf had to be respected and trusted by the king. Ranulf was probably, like his father, among the earliest and most loyal of Henry's followers, and was noted as such by Orderic Vitalis. Ranulf was however not recorded often at the court of Henry I, and did not form part of the king's closest group of administrative advisers. He witnessed charters only occasionally, though this became more frequent after he became earl. In 1106 he is found serving as one of several justiciars at York hearing a case about the lordship of Ripon. In 1116 he is recorded in a similar context.

Ranulf was, however, one of the king's military companions. When, soon after Whitsun 1101 Henry heard news of a planned invasion of England by his brother Robert Curthose, he sought promises from his subjects to defend the kingdom. A letter to the men of Lincolnshire names Ranulf as one of four figures entrusted with collecting these oaths. Ranulf was one of the magnates who accompanied King Henry on his invasion of Duke Robert's Norman territory in 1106. Ranulf served under Henry as an officer of the royal household when the latter was on campaign; Ranulf was in fact one of his three commanders at the Battle of Tinchebrai. The first line of Henry's force was led by Ranulf, the second (with the king) by Robert of Meulan, and third by William de Warrene, with another thousand knights from Brittany and Maine led by Helias, Count of Maine. Ranulf's line consisted of the men of Bayeux, Avranches and Coutances.

Lord of Cumberland

A charter issued in 1124 by David I, King of the Scots, to Robert I de Brus cited Ranulf's lordship of Carlisle and Cumberland as a model for Robert's new lordship in Annandale. This is significant because Robert is known from other sources to have acted with semi-regal authority in this region. A source from 1212 attests that the jurors of Cumberland remembered Ranulf as quondam dominus Cumberland ("sometime Lord of Cumberland"). Ranulf possessed the power and in some respects the dignity of a semi-independent earl in the region, though he lacked the formal status of being called such. A contemporary illustration of this authority comes from the records of Wetheral Priory, where Ranulf is found addressing his own sheriff, "Richer" (probably Richard de Boivill, baron of Kirklinton). No royal activity occurred in Cumberland or Westmorland during Ranulf's time in charge there, testimony to the fullness of his powers in the region.

Ivo Taillebois, when he married Ranulf's future wife Lucy, had acquired her Lincolnshire lands but sometime after 1086 he acquired estates in Kendal and elsewhere in Westmorland. Adjacent lands in Westmorland and Lancashire that had previously been controlled by Earl Tostig Godwinson were probably carved up between Roger the Poitevin and Ivo in the 1080s, a territorial division at least partially responsible for the later boundary between the two counties. Norman lordship in the heartland of Cumberland can be dated from chronicle sources to around 1092, the year King William Rufus seized the region from its previous ruler, Dolfin. There is inconclusive evidence that settlers from Ivo's Lincolnshire lands had come into Cumberland as a result.

Between 1094 and 1098 Lucy was married to Roger fitz Gerold de Roumare, and it is probable that this marriage was the king's way of transferring authority in the region to Roger fitz Gerold. Only from 1106 however, well into the reign of Henry I, do we have certain evidence that this authority had come to Ranulf. The "traditional view", held by the historian William Kapelle, was that Ranulf's authority in the region did not come about until 1106 or after, as a reward for participation in the Battle of Tinchebrai. Another historian, Richard Sharpe, has recently attacked this view and argued that it probably came in or soon after 1098. Sharpe stressed that Lucy was the mechanism by which this authority changed hands, and pointed out that Ranulf had been married to Lucy years before Tinchebrai and can be found months before Tinchebrai taking evidence from county jurors at York (which may have been responsible for Cumbria at this point).

Ranulf likewise distributed land to the church, founding a Benedictine monastic house at Wetheral. This he established as a daughter-house of St Mary's Abbey, York, a house that in turn had been generously endowed by Ivo Taillebois. This had occurred by 1112, the year of the death of Abbot Stephen of St Mary's, named in the foundation deed. In later times at least, the priory of Wetheral was dedicated to St Mary and the Holy Trinity, as well as another saint named Constantine. Ranulf gave Wetheral, among other things, his two churches at Appleby, St Lawrences (Burgate) and St Michaels (Bongate).

As an incoming regional magnate, Ranulf would be expected to distribute land to his own followers, and indeed the record of the jurors of Cumberland dating to 1212 claimed that Ranulf created two baronies in the region. Ranulf's brother-in-law Robert de Trevers received the barony of Burgh-by-Sands, while the barony of Liddel went to Turgis Brandos. He appears to have attempted to give the large compact barony of Gilsland to his brother William, but failed to dislodge the native lord, the eponymous "Gille" son of Boite; later the lordship of Allerdale (including Copeland), even larger than Gilsland stretching along the coast from the River Ellen to the River Esk, was given to William. Kirklinton may have been given to Richard de Boivill, Ranulf's sheriff.

Earl of Chester

1120 was a fateful year for both Henry I and Ranulf. Richard, earl of Chester, like Henry's son and heir William Adeling, died in the White Ship Disaster near Barfleur on 25 November. Only four days before the disaster, Ranulf and his cousin Richard had witnessed a charter together at Cerisy.

Henry probably could not wait long to replace Richard, as the Welsh were resurgent under the charismatic leadership of Gruffudd ap Cynan. According to the Historia Regum, Richard's death prompted the Welsh to raid Cheshire, looting, killing, and burning two castles. Perhaps because of his recognised military ability and social strength, because he was loyal and because he was the closest male relation to Earl Richard, Henry recognized Ranulf as Richard's successor to the county of Chester.

In 1123, Henry sent Ranulf to Normandy with a large number of knights and with his bastard son, Robert, Earl of Gloucester, to strengthen the garrisons there. Ranulf commanded the king's garrison at Évreux and governed the county of Évreux during the 1123-1124 war with William Clito, Robert Curthose's son and heir. In March 1124 Ranulf assisted in the capture of Waleran, Count of Meulan. Scouts informed Ranulf that Waleran's forces were planning an expedition to Vatteville, and Ranulf planned to intercept them, a plan carried out by Henry de Pommeroy, Odo Borleng and William de Pont-Authou, with 300 knights. A battle followed, perhaps at Rougemontier (or Bourgthéroulde), in which Waleran was captured.

Although Ranulf bore the title "earl of Chester", the honour (i.e., group of estates) which formed the holdings of the earl of Chester were scattered throughout England, and during the rule of his predecessors included the cantref of Tegeingl in Perfeddwlad in north-western Wales. Around 1100, only a quarter of the value of the honour actually lay in Cheshire, which was one of England's poorest and least developed counties. The estates elsewhere were probably given to the earls in compensation for Cheshire's poverty, in order to strengthen its vulnerable position on the Anglo-Welsh border. The possibility of conquest and booty in Wales should have supplemented the lordship's wealth and attractiveness, but for much of Henry's reign the English king tried to keep the neighbouring Welsh princes under his peace.

Ranulf's accession may have involved him giving up many of his other lands, including much of his wife's Lincolnshire lands as well as his lands in Cumbria, though direct evidence for this beyond convenient timing is lacking. That Cumberland was given up at this point is likely, as King Henry visited Carlisle in December 1122, where, according to the Historia Regum, he ordered the strengthening of the castle.

Hollister believed that Ranulf offered the Bolingbroke lands to Henry in exchange for Henry's bestowal of the earldom. The historian A. T. Thacker believed that Henry I forced Ranulf to give up most of the Bolingbroke lands through fear that Ranulf would become too powerful, dominating both Cheshire and the richer county of Lincoln. Sharpe, however, suggested that Ranulf may have had to sell a great deal of land in order to pay the king for the county of Chester, though it could not have covered the whole fee, as Ranulf's son Ranulf de Gernon, when he succeeded his father to Chester in 1129, owed the king £1000 "from his father's debt for the land of Earl Hugh". Hollister thought this debt was merely the normal feudal relief expected to be paid on a large honour, and suggested that Ranulf's partial non-payment, or Henry's forgiveness for non-payment, was a form of royal patronage.

Ranulf died in January 1129, and was buried in Chester Abbey. He was survived by his wife and countess, Lucy, and succeeded by his son Ranulf de Gernon. A daughter, Alicia, married Richard de Clare, a lord in the Anglo-Welsh marches. One of his offspring, his fifth son, participated in the Siege of Lisbon, and for this aid was granted the Lordship of Azambuja by King Afonso I of Portugal.

That his career had some claim on the popular imagination may be inferred from lines in William Langland's Piers Plowman (c. 1362–c. 1386) in which Sloth, the lazy priest, confesses: "I kan [know] not parfitly [perfectly] my Paternoster as the preest it singeth,/ But I kan rymes of Robyn Hood and Randolf Erl of Chestre."

References

Sources

1070 births
Chester, Ranulf le Meschin, 3rd Earl of
11th-century English landowners
12th-century English landowners
12th-century English nobility
Chester, Ranulf le Meschin, 3rd Earl of
Norman warriors
Burials at Chester Cathedral
Earls of Chester (1121 creation)
William II of England
Henry I of England


Paraw (also spelled parao) are various double outrigger sail boats in the Philippines. It is a general term (similar to the term bangka) and thus can refer to a range of ship types, from small fishing canoes to large merchant lashed-lug plank boats (balangay or baloto) with two outriggers (katig) propelled by sails (usually a large crab-claw sail opposite a smaller triangular foresail)

Etymology

The word paraw (also spelled parao) is a cognate of the terms proa of the Pacific Islands, and perahu or prau of Malay-Indonesia. It refers to outrigger boats propelled by sails (layag). It is a type of bangka, the wider term used for boats (with or without outriggers) in the Philippines.

Characteristics
The paraw has three major elements that make it a paraw: the bangka (canoe or main hull), the katig (outriggers), and the layag (sails). Motorized versions of bangkas (with outriggers) are commonly known as pump boats and are used for inter-island travel.

Paraws can sail between 11 and 17 knots (20~31 km/h). The outriggers (ama), or katig, are made of wood or bamboo, and may be straight or curved upward much like skis.

Construction

Traditionally these boats have been made from dungon, guisoc, ipil, duca, baslayan, obacya, bayog, Philippine mahogany (lawaan), basa and molave. Modern versions use plywood. The ropes of the boats are traditionally made from abaca (Manila hemp), but are now often synthetic rope.

The main hull (excluding outriggers) is called a bangka for dugout canoes or baloto (also balangay, baroto, biroko, biray, etc.) for hulls made of planks secured with lashed lugs. The boat itself may be classified by passenger capacity as isahan ('for one [person]') or duwahan ('for two [persons]'), but the paraw usually has capacity for more than two people, leading to its use in ferrying small groups of passengers and goods between islands. The narrow cross-section of the boat made it sleek, cutting across water without a lot of drag.

The two katig or outriggers usually made from bamboo or various kinds of wood and served as counterpoise so that the boat would not easily overturn. They are attached to the boat via tarik (akas). The presence of the outriggers negates the need for a heavy keel and therefore reduces the overall weight of the paraw without sacrificing stability.

The layag or main sail may be made of anything from woven mats, cloth, canvas even sack cloth. Traditionally the main sail is similar to a lateen rig or a crabclaw sail and is attached to a vertical and horizontal spar, the sail differs from a traditional lateen rig in that the vertical spar is parallel to the mast and does not suffer from bad tack. The sail's spar may be as long as the mast, unattached and may appear to be longer than the mast when attached to it. There are no guidelines as to how the main sail is shaped but it may approximate an equilateral triangle. The paraw is also equipped with a foresail or jib and adds to the overall surface area and generated thrust derived from the wind. A variation of the paraw with rectangular sails is the vinta.

The mast, commonly made of bamboo, is secured by lines attached to, among other things, the outriggers, the fore (and sometimes, the aft) and various parts of the boat. Historically, the mast of smaller paraws was a spear or bangkaw and was a useful part of the ship when conducting raids against other seaside villages.

Current uses

Balatik
In November 2012, a team led by the artisan Gener Paduga, along with the Tao Philippines organization, started building a full-sized paraw sailboat in Palawan. Paduga originally envisioned the project while crewing a sailing yacht from Palawan to Africa. After having witnessed the thriving native sailing traditions in the Indian Ocean, he decided to revive the almost extinct native boat-building and sailing traditions of the Philippines. Sailing ships, which were once used throughout the islands, were in steep decline after engines became widely available in the 1970s.

The team consisted of several traditional boat carpenters from the islands of Cagayancillo and Romblon. The boat was constructed entirely using native techniques and also featured intricate designs by two master carvers of the native Palaw'an people. The boat was completed in March 2014 and was officially named the Balatik, after a traditional Filipino constellation (equivalent to Orion's Belt) named after a hunter's trapping device. It is  long and  at the widest point of the hull. It has two masts with four sails and could be crewed by three or four people. The boat is currently used both for tourism and for educational and social welfare projects of the Tao Kalahi Foundation in Palawan.

Paraw Regatta
The Paraw Regatta, largest sailboat race in the Philippines and the oldest in Asia, is held annually since 1973. It is a 36.5 kilometer race held in Arevalo district in Iloilo City.

Paraw sailing Boracay Island
Before Boracay Island became a tourist resort, paraws were used for fishing and transportation of people as well as goods. Paraw sailing these days is a major tourist attraction. Local sailors offer their paraws for island hopping and sunset sailing for a fairly small rental fee.

See also
Balangay
Bigiw
Karakoa
Pinisi
Vinta

References

External links

Indigenous ships of the Philippines
Multihulls
Outrigger canoes
Sailboat types


Burl Ives Sings Little White Duck and Other Children’s Favorites is a 12-inch LP album of folk songs for children recorded by Burl Ives (vocal and guitar) for Columbia Records between 1949 and 1951.  The label, in 1950, crafted a "shared" 10-inch children's LP. On side one, Hollywood actor Victor Jory narrated Tubby the Tuba, while side two featured Burl Ives performing seven tunes under the title Animal Fair: Songs for Children. The catalog number was JL 8103. One year earlier, Animal Fair: Songs for Children had been presented separately on a two-disc 78-rpm set, using as a catalog number MJV 59. In 1956, another Ives endeavor for children appeared, containing "The Little White Duck" and six other ditties.  Part of Columbia's brief (1955–56) House Party Series of 10-inch LPs, the album was called Children's Favorites, affixed with the catalog number CL 2570. Next, a new collection, expanded to 12 inches, combining these 14 Ives selections and 2 additional ones and entitled Burl Ives Sings Songs for All Ages, was issued by Columbia in 1957, bearing CL 980 as the catalog number. Two years later, this album was shortened by two tracks, christened with its final title, Burl Ives Sings Little White Duck and Other Children's Favorites, and reassigned to Columbia's budget label, Harmony Records, which employed HL 9507 as the catalog number. Being the customary practice in the vinyl marketplace of the 60s, this monaural platter wound up electronically enhanced for stereo, circa 1963, and given the modified catalog number HS 14507. Columbia, in 1974, reissued the LP, again in simulated stereo, with the catalog number C 33183. At the same time, the label also transferred the album to cassette tape, affixing the catalog number CT 33183. On November 22, 1988, Columbia unveiled the album in CD format, which upgraded the sound quality to digital stereo. Distribution of the disc then was taken over by Sony Wonder on October 3, 1995. The 1974 LP cover, later retained for the CD, was designed by Ed Lee and Eloise Smith, with illustrations by Reynolds Ruffin. All the album tracks are now available via MP3 downloading.

Track listing
 "The Little White Duck" (Walt Barrows, Bernard Zaritsky) – 2:31
 "The Little Engine That Could" (Gerald Marks, Milton Pascal) – 2:42
 "Mr. Froggie Went A-Courtin'" (Burl Ives, Tony Mottola) – 3:06
 "The Donut Song" (Bob Merrill) – 2:59
 "Two Little Owls" – 1:50
 "Fooba Wooba John" (John Francis Kane, Mark Walmsley)– 1:09
 "The Grey Goose" (Hecky Krasnow) – 3:03
 "The Whale" (Hecky Krasnow) – 1:33
 "Buckeye Jim" – 1:34
 "The Sow Took the Measles" – 1:50
 "The Goat and the Train" – 1:21
 "Mr. Rabbit" – 1:38
 "The Tailor and the Mouse" (Burl Ives)– 1:16
 "Mother Goose Songs" (Arranged and Edited by Hecky Krasnow) – 6:01

References

1959 albums
Burl Ives albums
Children's music albums
Harmony Records albums


Olindo Koolman (born 15 April 1942) was the second governor of Aruba and served two terms of six years as governor from 29 January 1992 until 11 August 2004.

Biography
Koolman was born on 15 April 1942 in Aruba. He studied law, and in 1966 became a civil servant in the taxation office. Koolman was a member of the commission which prepared the status aparte of Aruba in which the island became a constituent country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. On 29 January 1992, he became governor of Aruba and served until 11 August 2004.

References

Living people
1942 births
Aruban politicians
Governors of Aruba


Adolf Schenck (4 April 1857 – 15 September 1936) was a German geographer, mineralogist and botanist who was a native of Siegen. He was a brother to botanist Heinrich Schenck (1860-1927).

Schenck studied at the Universities of Berlin and Bonn, obtaining his doctorate in 1884. From 1884 to 1887 he was a geographer on a mineralogical expedition to German Southwest Africa. The expedition was organized by merchant Adolf Lüderitz (1834-1886) and was under the leadership of Karl Höpfner (1857-1900). Several noted scientists participated in the venture, including Swiss botanist Hans Schinz (1868-1941), who performed botanical investigations in the northern part of German Southwest Africa. In the southern part of the colony, Schenck collected minerals and plants, particularly lichens. Prior to returning to Germany, he visited mines and goldfields that are now located in the present-day nations of South Africa, Botswana and Mozambique.

From 1899 to 1922 he was a professor at the University of Halle, and continued working as a lecturer until 1932. As a teacher he gave lectures on the geography of German colonies. Schenck has a handful of African spermatophyte species named after him. In 1887 Schenck returned to Germany and in 1889 he habilitated in geography at the University of Halle, was appointed professor in 1899 and taught mainly colonial geography. In 1905 he was elected a member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina. In 1918 he was appointed a full honorary professor and became emeritus in 1922. He lectured at the University of Halle until 1932.

References
 Aluka Schenck, Prof. Dr. Adolf (1857-1936)

German geographers
20th-century German botanists
German mineralogists
People from Siegen
Academic staff of the University of Halle
1857 births
1936 deaths
19th-century German botanists


Shane Patrick Bowers (born July 27, 1971) is an American former Major League Baseball pitcher who played for the Minnesota Twins in 1997.

Born in Glendora, California, Bowers went to Charter Oak High School in Covina, where he played baseball and basketball, before attending Loyola Marymount University. After being selected by the Twins in the 1993 Major League Baseball Draft, Bowers pitched for four different minor league teams from 1993 to 1996. In 1997, he played for the New Britain Rock Cats for two months, recording a 7–2 win–loss record and 3.41 earned run average (ERA) before receiving a promotion to the Salt Lake Buzz, the Twins' Triple-A team. He went 6–0 with the Buzz, earning a call-up to the major leagues by the Twins. His first major league appearance came on July 26 against the Baltimore Orioles; Bowers allowed one run in  innings pitched. He started five games for Minnesota in 1997 and posted an 0–3 record, with an 8.05 ERA. Bowers returned to the Buzz for the 1998 season, splitting time between starts and relief appearances and pitching through a fracture in his pitching arm.

In 2001, he went overseas to play for the Yokohama BayStars of Japan's Central League; he started 26 games, going 3–13 with a 4.39 ERA. The following season, he was 4–8 with a 3.77 ERA in 24 appearances. In 2003, he pitched for the Hyundai Unicorns in South Korea, winning 13 games. Bowers last played in the minor leagues in 2004.

References

External links
Historical Player Stats: Shane Bowers

Shane Bowers
Career statistics and player information from Korea Baseball Organization

1971 births
American expatriate baseball players in Japan
American expatriate baseball players in South Korea
Baseball players from California
Elizabethton Twins players
Fort Myers Miracle players
Fort Wayne Wizards players
Hardware City Rock Cats players
Hyundai Unicorns players
KBO League pitchers
Living people
Loyola Marymount Lions baseball players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Minnesota Twins players
New Britain Rock Cats players
Reading Phillies players
Salt Lake Buzz players
Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Red Barons players
Yokohama BayStars players


Felipe Benito Tromp (15 October 1917 – 12 August 1995) was the first governor of Aruba after Aruba received a status aparte within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. He worked as a teacher prior to becoming governor and served as Minister for Education in the Antilles (1958–1962). He took office as governor on 1 January 1986 and left office on 12 March 1992. He was succeeded by Olindo Koolman.

Biography
Felipe Tromp was born on 15 October 1917 in Aruba. After finishing his ULO (junior high school), he moved to the Netherlands for his teaching degree. In 1945, he returned to Aruba and started to work as a teacher. In 1949, he was first elected to the Estates of the Netherlands Antilles. On 17 October 1948, Tromp was one of the founding members of Aruba National Union (UNA).

Between 1951 and 1955, Tromp was elected to the Estates of Aruba, and participated in the round table conference about the future of the Netherlands Antilles. Between 1958 and 1962, he served as Minister of Education. In 1978, Tromp retired. On 1 January 1986, he was appointed as the first governor of Aruba and served until 1992.

Tromp died on Saturday 12 August 1995, at the age of 77.

Honours
Grand Cross of the Order of Orange-Nassau (12 March 1992)
An elementary school in Noord was named in his honour.

References

1917 births
1995 deaths
Governors of Aruba
Government ministers of the Netherlands Antilles
Members of the Estates of the Netherlands Antilles
Members of the Estates of Aruba
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Orange-Nassau