The Waackaack Rear Range Light was built in 1856 off the shore of Keansburg, in Monmouth county, New Jersey, United States. It stood about  tall. Although it stood near the water's edge, it was the rear range light in conjunction with the Point Comfort Light on the beach. The light's main purpose was to guide vessels coming into the Raritan Bay. It was initially made of wood, but was replaced in the 1860s by an iron tower.

History
In 1883 a high-powered electric lamp was installed that was magnified by a glass lens. Preparations were made to replace the light-tower beginning in 1891. The tower built for use at the Waackaack Rear Range Light Station was part of the United States Lighthouse Board's exhibit at the World's Columbian Exposition held in Chicago in 1893. This lighthouse was built of iron rings, and as the site for the lighthouse was not ready for its erection at the time the light tower was completed, it became possible for the lighthouse to become an exhibit at the Exposition.

When the Borough of Keansburg officially incorporated as a Borough in 1917, it adopted the outline of the Waackaack Range Light as its seal. By the end of the 1950s the lighthouse was dismantled and sold for scrap.

References

Lighthouses completed in 1856
Lighthouses completed in 1894
Lighthouses in New Jersey
1856 establishments in New Jersey
Transportation buildings and structures in Monmouth County, New Jersey


Kjell Arvid Storeide (born 1952) is a Norwegian businessperson.

He was the CEO of Stokke Gruppen from 1990 to 2004. He is the chairman of the board of Innovation Norway and Rem Offshore, and a member of the board of Aker ASA, Salmar ASA and Investinor (formerly known as Statens Investeringsselskap). He is a former member of the board of the Norwegian Industrial and Regional Development Fund, SND Invest, the Confederation of Norwegian Enterprise, the Federation of Norwegian Manufacturing Industries, and the Norwegian Food Research Institute (Matforsk).

When Storeide was appointed chairman of the board of Innovation Norway in 2006, this was criticized by the political opposition. Conservative politician Børge Brende cited that companies in which Storeide was an owner or board member had received NOK 35 million from Innovation Norway over the past two years.

Storeide hails from Stranda, and lives in Ålesund.

References

1952 births
Living people
Norwegian businesspeople
People from Møre og Romsdal
People from Stranda


The Kemmerer Main Post Office in Kemmerer, Wyoming was built in 1934 as part of a facilities improvement program by the United States Post Office Department.  The post office in Kemmerer was nominated to the National Register of Historic Places as part of a thematic study comprising twelve Wyoming post offices built to standardized USPO plans in the early twentieth century.

References

External links
 at the National Park Service's NRHP database
Kemmerer Main Post Office at the Wyoming State Historic Preservation Office

Neoclassical architecture in Wyoming
Government buildings completed in 1934
Buildings and structures in Lincoln County, Wyoming
Kemmerer
Post office buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Wyoming
National Register of Historic Places in Lincoln County, Wyoming
Kemmerer, Wyoming
1934 establishments in Wyoming


The Whetstone of Witte is the shortened title of Robert Recorde's mathematics book published in 1557, the full title being The whetstone of ,  is the : The Coßike practise, with the rule of Equation: and the  of Surde Nombers. The book covers topics including whole numbers, the extraction of roots and irrational numbers. The work is notable for containing the first recorded use of the equals sign and also for being the first book in English to use the plus and minus signs.

Recordian notation for exponentiation, however, differed from the later Cartesian notation .  Recorde expressed indices and surds larger than 3 in a systematic form based on the prime factorization of the exponent: a factor of two he termed a zenzic, and a factor of three, a cubic. Recorde termed the larger prime numbers appearing in this factorization sursolids, distinguishing between them by use of ordinal numbers: that is, he defined 5 as the first sursolid, written as ʃz and 7 as the second sursolid, written as Bʃz.
He also devised symbols for these factors: a zenzic was denoted by z, and a cubic by &.  For instance, he referred to p8=p2×2×2 as zzz (the zenzizenzizenzic), and q12=q2×2×3 as zz& (the zenzizenzicubic).

Later in the book he includes a chart of exponents all the way up to p80=p2×2×2×2×5 written as zzzzʃz. There is an error in the chart, however, writing p69 as Sʃz, despite it not being a prime. It should be p3×23 or &Gʃz.

Page images have been made available by Victor Katz and Frank Swetz through Convergence, a publication of Mathematical Association of America.

References

External links
 The Whetstone of Witte at The Internet Archive

Mathematics books
British non-fiction literature
1557 books
History of mathematics


Jack the Ripper () is a 1976 Swiss-German thriller film directed by Jesús Franco and starring Klaus Kinski as Jack the Ripper.

Cast
 Klaus Kinski as Dr. Dennis Orloff / Jack the Ripper
 Josephine Chaplin as Cynthia
 Andreas Mannkopff as Inspektor Selby
 Herbert Fux as Charlie, the Fisherman
 Lina Romay as Marika Stevenson
 Nikola Weisse as Frieda
 Ursula von Wiese as Miss Higgins (as Ursula v. Wiese)
 Hans Gaugler as Mr. Bridger, the blind man
 Francine Custer as Sally Brown, first victim
 Olga Gebhard as Ms. Baxter
 Angelika Arndts as Ms. Stevenson
 Peter Nüsch as Sergeant Ruppert (as Peter Nuesch)
 Esther Studer as Jeanny, second victim
 Regine Elsener as Blondy
 Lorli Bucher as Lulu
 Mike Lederer as Coach Driver
 Otto Dornbierer as Charlie's friend

References

External links

1976 films
1976 horror films
1970s horror thriller films
1970s historical horror films
1970s German-language films
Swiss historical horror films
Swiss horror thriller films
German horror thriller films
German historical horror films
West German films
Films directed by Jesús Franco
Films set in 1888
Films set in London
Films about Jack the Ripper
German serial killer films
1970s German films


Matching Tye is a village which forms part of the civil parish of Matching, in the County of Essex, England. It is 2.3 miles (3.7 km) east of Harlow, 2.9 Miles (4.8 km) south-east of Sawbridgeworth and 6.3 miles (10.4 km) north-east of Epping.

The actor and comedian Rik Mayall was born at Matching Tye.

Other Matching parish settlements
 Carter's Green
 Housham Tye
 Matching
 Matching Green
 Newman's End

Transport
There is no railway station in the village, the nearest active rail link is Harlow Mill, 4.2 miles from the village centre.

References

External links

 Matching Parish Council

Villages in Essex
Matching, Essex


The Buffalo Main Post Office in Buffalo, Wyoming was built in 1911 as part of a facilities improvement program by the United States Post Office Department.  The post office in Buffalo was nominated to the National Register of Historic Places as part of a thematic study comprising twelve Wyoming post offices built to standardized USPO plans in the early twentieth century.

References

External links
 at the National Park Service's NRHP database
Buffalo Main Post Office at the Wyoming State Historic Preservation Office

Neoclassical architecture in Wyoming
Government buildings completed in 1911
Buildings and structures in Buffalo, Wyoming
Post office buildings in Wyoming
Post office buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Wyoming
1911 establishments in Wyoming
National Register of Historic Places in Johnson County, Wyoming


Marcy Dam was a wooden dam on the Marcy Brook in the Adirondack High Peaks in North Elba, New York, United States; it impounded Marcy Dam Pond.  An early version of the dam was constructed by the Conservation Corps during the 1930s. It was rebuilt most recently during the early 1970s.

Marcy Dam can be reached only by hiking; it lies  from the Adirondack Loj at an elevation of  surrounded by Whales Tail Mountain, Wright Peak, Algonquin Peak, Avalanche Mountain, Mount Colden, TR Mountain, and Phelps Mountain.

The area around where the dam stood is a popular camping spot for hikers in the high peaks. The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation maintains an Interior Outpost on the western shore. There are a number of campsites and lean-tos in the area, and trails lead from the dam to most of the high peaks; Mount Marcy is  to the southeast.

During Hurricane Irene, the dam was damaged due to flooding and the pond was partially drained. The trail that went over the dam has been rerouted downstream.

In January 2014, the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation announced that Marcy Dam would be removed. NYSDEC explained that the "dam no longer holds back water during low flow periods and has an inadequate spillway." The department added that contemporary standards for this structure would make reconstruction expensive. Finally, NYSDEC noted that "the principles of wilderness management include allowing rivers and streams to flow unfettered and to minimize human-made structures."

References

Dams in New York (state)
Adirondacks
Buildings and structures in Essex County, New York
Buildings and structures completed in the 1930s
Dams completed in the 1930s
1930s establishments in New York (state)
Wooden buildings and structures in the United States


The Rock Island Swing Bridge was a swing bridge that spanned the Mississippi River between Inver Grove Heights, Minnesota, and St. Paul Park, Minnesota. It was also known as the Newport Rail Bridge, as it had a spur to Newport, Minnesota, and J.A.R. bridge, after previous owners Joan and Al Roman of Chicago. It was one of the few double-decker bridges on the Mississippi, with the top level formerly used for railroad traffic and the bottom level formerly used as a road crossing. It also was one of a few toll bridges in Minnesota, and one of the last remaining ones. It closed to rail traffic in 1980, and road traffic in 1999, when the toll was 75 cents. After closing, the bridge sat dormant in the open position for 10 years before being partially demolished in 2009. It was converted into a recreational pier, which was open to the public on June 11, 2011.

History

The bridge was built in 1895 for the South St. Paul Beltline Railroad by the Pittsburgh Bridge Company. Originally, it connected stockyards in nearby South St. Paul, Minnesota, to the mail rail lines of the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy, and Milwaukee Road that ran on the east bank of the Mississippi River in Washington County, Minnesota.

The bridge was formerly owned by the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad until that line went bankrupt in 1980, first as a toll bridge until 1938, then as a free bridge.  After that, local automotive traffic had to detour  north to the Wakota Bridge or  south to the Hastings High Bridge. Until the first Wakota Bridge was built in 1959, it was the only Mississippi crossing between Downtown St. Paul and Hastings, Minnesota.

There is some evidence that gangster John Dillinger fled across the bridge into Inver Grove Heights after a running gun battle with Dakota County deputies in Newport and St. Paul Park.

Al Roman of Chicago bought the bridge and reopened it in 1982. This required special legislation for an individual to own a bridge, and it became one of the few toll bridges in Minnesota. In 1999, an inspection revealed that the bridge had a bad beam, and it was permanently closed to automobile traffic. The estimated replacement cost was at least $11 million. J.A.R Bridge, Inc., eventually requested that Washington County help fund a thorough inspection, in hopes that a buyer could be found. Washington County was not receptive to the idea, however, feeling that the bridge was so old that there was no point putting any more money into it — if there was a need for a crossing in the area, they should look at building a new one. At that point, Roman owed $6500 in back taxes; with no prospect of being able to reopen, he stopped paying taxes altogether and the bridge was seized. Washington County was given management of the bridge in 2003.

As of June 2006, Washington County, Minnesota, officials had contemplated the removal of the bridge. County engineer Don Theisen called the bridge "a rusty bucket of bolts" and said that it had been impeding barge traffic.  Estimated removal costs were said to be $5 million.

The eastern span was adjacent to a large Marathon Oil refinery in Saint Paul Park. Washington County turned the eastern approach road over to the refinery, and it was soon blocked off. With the local construction of the Wakota Bridge project in Saint Paul Park and Newport, Washington County Roads 22 and 38 had their paths changed and now no longer approach the bridge. The local roads have also been changed, and gates now block the former streets leading to the area. There was the possibility of using part of the western fixed span as a pedestrian outlook of the river as it is near a proposed park, and public tours of the western span were held on October 25, 2008, to bring awareness to this issue.

The bridge was set for demolition in Winter 2009/2010. However, on November 24, 2008, all access to the bridge was prohibited, after a 200-foot segment of the eastern span collapsed onto the riverbank.

Within two months of the collapse on the eastern span, a contractor was quickly found to demolish it. Demolition of the bridge began on March 3, 2009. As it had already collapsed and in order to end the refinery's hassle of dealing with trespassers, the eastern span was quickly removed. Following the demolition of the eastern span, the swing span of the bridge was briefly closed for a few days, marking the first time in 10 years it was closed. During the months of March and April, the swing span was slowly demolished, then most of the western span, leaving only the bridge-closing mechanism in the river. By the end of April, only two sections of the western span near the center of the river remained.

Last-ditch efforts began to save as much of the bridge as possible. In May 2009 a moratorium was put into effect prohibiting further demolition until May 2011.

After numerous fundraiser activities and other efforts to save the bridge, the remaining sections were to be turned into a recreational pier and the land around the bridge into a park. The completed project was planned to open in November 2010, but flooding halted work on the project.

Work was again put on hold on November 4, 2010 when the remaining two spans of the original bridge caught on fire, destroying the wood on the bridge. It took three and a half hours to put the fire out due to windy conditions. It was later revealed that sparks from welding caused the old railroad ties on the bridge to ignite and start a fire. The deck of the bridge was heavily damaged, but according to a few news reports the original steel structure was said to still be structurally sound.

Restoration work on the bridge resumed on November 8, 2010. The old decks of the bridge were removed and replaced with new ones.  Despite the obstacles, a ribbon cutting ceremony was held on June 8, 2011 and the new pier and park opened to the public on June 11, 2011.

See also
List of crossings of the Upper Mississippi River

References

Buildings and structures in Dakota County, Minnesota
Swing bridges in the United States
Railroad bridges in Minnesota
Bridges over the Mississippi River
Bridges completed in 1895
Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad
Road-rail bridges in the United States
Road bridges in Minnesota
Former toll bridges in Minnesota
Demolished bridges in the United States
Steel bridges in the United States
Transportation buildings and structures in Washington County, Minnesota


The Thermopolis Main Post Office in Thermopolis, Wyoming was built as part of a facilities improvement program by the United States Post Office Department.  The post office in Thermopolis was nominated to the National Register of Historic Places as part of a thematic study comprising twelve Wyoming post offices built to standardized USPO plans in the early twentieth century.

References

External links
 at the National Park Service's NRHP database
Thermopolis Main Post Office at the Wyoming State Historic Preservation Office

Buildings and structures in Hot Springs County, Wyoming
Beaux-Arts architecture in Wyoming
Post office buildings in Wyoming
Government buildings completed in 1933
Post office buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Wyoming
National Register of Historic Places in Hot Springs County, Wyoming
1933 establishments in Wyoming


Royal Trust Bank v Buchler [1989] BCLC 130 is a UK insolvency law case, which decided that before a creditor may enforce security, it must show it is appropriate to do so.

Facts
Mr Buchler's company borrowed £500,000 from Royal Trust Bank. It purchased and refurbished some property to let it out again. The loan was secured by a charge entitling the bank to appoint a receiver. When an administrator was appointed, he decided it would be best to go ahead letting the property and then sell. Letting failed. The administrator decided to sell. The property got £850,000, and the bank sought leave under the Insolvency Act 1986 s.11(3) (see now, Schedule B) to enforce its security.

Judgment
Peter Gibson J refused the bank leave. He held the bank failed to discharge its burden of showing a proper case to enforce security. The decision to delay the property's sale was a sound one, and if it was sold the bank could be paid in full. If the bank was allowed to appoint a receiver, costs would be increased, which would decrease assets available to all creditors.

See also
UK insolvency law

Notes

United Kingdom insolvency case law
1989 in United Kingdom case law


U.S. Route 25 (US 25) in the state of Tennessee runs northwest from North Carolina and runs concurrently with US 70 for its entire length until splitting into US 25W and US 25E in Newport.

Route description

The Tennessee section of US 25 begins at the North Carolina state line near Del Rio, concurrent with US 70 and unsigned SR 9. US 25/US 70/SR 9 then goes through some curves and cross the French Broad River via the Wolf Creek Bridge. They then begin running along the north bank of the French Broad and intersect and become concurrent with SR 107 and then enter Del Rio, where SR 107 separates. US 25/US 70/SR 9 continue northwest to intersect SR 340 before leaving Del Rio. They then cross the French Broad again and before entering Newport and leaving The French Broad and crossing the Pigeon River. In Newport, they intersect SR 73 before entering downtown. In downtown, they intersect and become concurrent with US 321 and unsigned SR 35. US 321 separates shortly afterwards at the intersection with SR 32, where US 321 goes south on SR 32 and SR 32 joins the concurrency. US 25/US 70/SR 9/SR 35 then leave downtown and come to where US 25 splits into US 25W and US 25E. Here, SR 32 goes north on US 25E and US 70/SR 9/SR 35 continue on US 25W.

Major intersections

References

 Tennessee
025
025


The Autistic Society of Trinidad and Tobago (ASTT) is a non-governmental organization for families of autistic people in Trinidad and Tobago. It was founded in May 1990 by Teresina Sieunarine. Sieunarine's son was diagnosed with autism in Florida, but on returning to Trinidad she found that there was stigma facing people with disabilities and that some autistic children were living in hospitals. , more than 450 families were registered with the society. The ASTT designates April autism awareness month.

References

External links

Autism-related organizations
Disability organisations based in Trinidad and Tobago
Organizations established in 1990


U.S. Route 70 (US 70) enters the state of Tennessee from Arkansas via the Memphis & Arkansas Bridge in Memphis, and runs west to east across 21 counties in all three Grand Divisions of Tennessee, with a total length of , to end at the North Carolina state line in eastern Cocke County. Along the route, US 70 is accompanied with various U.S. and state highways, including those in three of the state's four major cities (e.g. Memphis, Nashville, and Knoxville).

Route description

Memphis to Nashville
US 70 enters the state via the Memphis & Arkansas Bridge on I-55, along with U.S. Routes 61, 64, and 79, along with SR 1. US 70 follows E.H. Crump Avenue, Danny Thomas Boulevard, Union Avenue, East Parkway, and Summer Avenue through Memphis, mostly accompanied with US 64 and US 79, along with some of SR 3.

While US 64 departs from US 70/79 in Bartlett, US 79 remains with US 70 from there to Brownsville, in Haywood County. US 70 turns eastward to go through the cities of Jackson, Huntingdon, and Camden before crossing the Tennessee River. After that, it then continues eastward through Waverly, Dickson, and Kingston Springs before making entry into Nashville.

Much of US 70 from Memphis to the west side of Nashville is accompanied by the secret designation of Tennessee State Route 1, with the exception of a few streets in downtown Memphis. US 70 has two concurrencies with SR 1 in the western half of the state, one in the downtown area, and the other from the east side of Memphis to western Davidson County. The brief one in downtown Nashville is the third SR 1 concurrency along with US 70S/US 431 along Broadway.

Nashville area

In Nashville, US 70 begins to be paired with SR 24 after lending SR 1 to the Memphis-Bristol Highway (U.S. Route 70S). US 70 continues into downtown Nashville, following Charlotte Avenue, 14th Avenue (13th Avenue for US 70's westbound lanes along I-40/I-65), Broadway, First Avenue, and Hermitage Avenue. At the 14th Avenue intersection on Charlotte Avenue, US 70 acts as collector/distributor roads for I-40/I-65 for two blocks before joining U.S. 431 and U.S. 70S on a brief overlap.

After US 431 and US 70S splits from the main route on Broadway, US 70 progresses eastward, roughly paralleling the Cumberland River, ducking under the western split of I-40 and I-24, and continuing to an interchange with SR 155 (Briley Parkway) east of downtown, and then Old Hickory Boulevard in Hermitage.

Mount Juliet to Lenoir City
East of Nashville, US 70 enters Wilson County near Mount Juliet. US 70 then bypasses the downtown area of Lebanon with intersections with US 231 (SR 10) and US 70N (SR 24), and including a concurrency with SR 141 before turning southeast to DeKalb and White Counties. US 70 is paired with Tennessee State Route 26 from Lebanon all the way to the state route's terminus in Sparta. Near the US 70S junction in Sparta, SR 1 returns to US 70 for its route from there, to Crossville, to the Harriman/Kingston area, all the way into the north side of Lenoir City, and after US 11 (SR 2) joins US 70, it eventually enters the Knoxville area.

Knoxville to the North Carolina border
In downtown Knoxville, US 70, along with US 11, follows Neyland Drive, south of the campus of University of Tennessee, then exits onto Hall of Fame Drive north to Magnolia Avenue. US 11/70 follows Magnolia Avenue out of downtown. At the US 11W/11E split, US 70 begins to follow US 11E, while SR 1 follows US 11W. Before crossing the Tennessee River for a second time, US 25W begins to follow US 70 (SR 9) from the east side of Knoxville until it merges with US 25E at Newport. US 70 carries US 25 into North Carolina east of Newport.

Major intersections
The mileposts listed in the following table is only an estimated calculation. Actual mile markers may vary.

Related routes

Supplemental routes

U.S. Route 70 Business (Huntingdon, Tennessee)
U.S. Route 70 Business (Camden, Tennessee)
Tennessee State Route 391
U.S. Route 70 Business (Dickson, Tennessee)
Tennessee State Route 235
U.S. Route 70 Business (Lebanon, Tennessee)

Tennessee State Route 1

Tennessee State Route 9

Tennessee State Route 26

State Route 26 (SR 26) runs concurrently with US 70 for its entire existence through Wilson, De Kalb and White Counties in Middle Tennessee. The  long state highway runs from Lebanon downtown Sparta.

History
It was signed solely as SR 26 until sometime in the 1960s or 1970s when US 70 was designated on that alignment, but retains the state route designation as a secret, or hidden designation.

See also

Roads in Memphis, Tennessee
Roads in Nashville, Tennessee
Tennessee State Route 1
Tennessee State Route 9
Tennessee State Route 24
Tennessee State Route 76

References

External links

 Tennessee
070
Tennessee State Route 1
Transportation in Shelby County, Tennessee
Transportation in Fayette County, Tennessee
Transportation in Tipton County, Tennessee
Transportation in Haywood County, Tennessee
Transportation in Carroll County, Tennessee
Transportation in Benton County, Tennessee
Transportation in Humphreys County, Tennessee
Transportation in Dickson County, Tennessee
Transportation in Cheatham County, Tennessee
Transportation in Nashville, Tennessee
Transportation in Davidson County, Tennessee
Transportation in Wilson County, Tennessee
Transportation in DeKalb County, Tennessee
Transportation in White County, Tennessee
Transportation in Cumberland County, Tennessee
Transportation in Roane County, Tennessee
Transportation in Loudon County, Tennessee
Transportation in Knox County, Tennessee
Transportation in Knoxville, Tennessee
Transportation in Sevier County, Tennessee
Transportation in Jefferson County, Tennessee
Transportation in Cocke County, Tennessee
Transportation in Memphis, Tennessee


Carmen Guerrero-Nakpil (née Carmen Francisco Guerrero; July 19, 1922 – July 30, 2018) was a Filipina journalist, author, historian and public servant. She was a recipient of the S.E.A. Write Award.

Early life and education
She was born in Ermita, Manila on July 19, 1922, into the Guerrero clan of that town, who were painters and poets, as well as scientists and doctors.

Her paternal grandfather was León María Guerrero, who was likewise born in Ermita, Manila. He was the younger brother of Lorenzo Guerrero, the painter and mentor to Juan Luna. Dr. Jose P. Bantug referred to Leon Ma. Guerrero as the "Father of Philippine Botany", having classified and described hundreds of Filipino medicinal plants.

Her maternal grandfather was Gabriel Beato Francisco (18 March 1850 – 19 December 1935), Tagalog writer, journalist, novelist, playwright, born in Sampalok, then a town independent of Manila. Francisco's contribution to the development of Tagalog literature lies in the novel. Chronologically considered his Cababalaghan ni P. Bravo might be regarded as the first novel to be published in Tagalog literature. (This fact appears to be unknown to students and historians of Tagalog literature, not mentioned in Inigo Ed. Regalado's Ang Pagkaunlad ng Nobelang Tagalog (1939). Secondly, Francisco was responsible for introducing the historical genre in the beginning and early development of the Tagalog novel.

Her parents were the prominent doctor Alfredo Guerrero and Filomena Francisco, who was celebrated as one of the Philippines' first female pharmacists.

She studied at St. Theresa's College, Manila and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1942.

Career

Between 1946 and 2006, she worked as either staff member, editor or editorial columnist at the Evening News, The Philippines Herald, the Manila Chronicle (where she had a daily column for 12 years), The Manila Times, Asia magazine, and Malaya, in addition to contributing lectures, essays, short stories to other publications in the Philippines and the rest of the world. She has published a total of ten books: Woman Enough, A Question of Identity, History Today, The Philippines and the Filipinos, The Rice Conspiracy (a novel), the Centennial Reader and Whatever; as well as a wildly successful autobiographical trilogy Myself, Elsewhere; Legends & Adventures; and Exeunt.

In the 1960s, she served as Chairman of the Philippine National Historical Commission and in the 1990s, the Manila Historical Commission, and director-general of the Technology Resource Center from 1975 to 1985. She was elected to the Executive Board of the UNESCO, Paris in 1983 by popular vote of the international assembly.

Personal life
Mrs. Nakpil was married to Lt. Ismaél A. Cruz in 1942 and to architect and city planner Ángel E. Nákpil in 1950 and was widowed twice. She has five children, Gemma Cruz Araneta, Ismaél G. Cruz, Ramón Guerrero Nakpil, Lisa Guerrero Nákpil, and Luis Guerrero Nákpil, two step-daughters Nina Nákpil Campos and Carmina Nákpil Dualan, numerous grandchildren and a few great-grandchildren.

Her family includes her brother, lawyer and diplomat, León María Guerrero III, best known for his translations of Rizal's two novels, Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, as well as the prize-winning work on Jose Rizal, The First Filipino: her second brother Mario X. Guerrero, was one of the country's first foreign-trained cardiologists. Other well-known Guerreros include the poet and revolutionary Fernando María Guerrero and Dr. Manuel Guerrero and Dr. Luis Guerrero, both eminent physicians. Cousin Wilfrido María Guerrero was a playwright and stage director.

Death
Nakpil died on 30 July 2018, of pneumonia, at the age of 96. She was laid to rest at the Loyola Memorial Park in Marikina, following a wake on 31 July and a funeral mass on 2 August.

References

1922 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia in the Philippines
Filipino women historians
20th-century Filipino historians
Carmen
Filipino newspaper editors
Filipino columnists
Filipino women columnists
People from Ermita
Writers from Manila
Burials at the Loyola Memorial Park
Filipino women journalists
20th-century Filipino women writers


The Torrington Main Post Office in Torrington, Wyoming was built in 1932 as part of a facilities improvement program by the United States Post Office Department.  The post office in Torrington was nominated to the National Register of Historic Places as part of a thematic study comprising twelve Wyoming post offices built to standardized USPO plans in the early twentieth century.

References

External links

 at the National Park Service's NRHP database
Torrington Main Post Office at the Wyoming State Historic Preservation Office

Neoclassical architecture in Wyoming
Government buildings completed in 1931
Buildings and structures in Goshen County, Wyoming
Post office buildings in Wyoming
Post office buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Wyoming
National Register of Historic Places in Goshen County, Wyoming
Torrington, Wyoming


The U.S. Post Office and Courthouse in Lander, Wyoming was built in 1907 as part of a facilities improvement program by the United States Post Office Department.  The post office in Lander was nominated to the National Register of Historic Places as part of a thematic study comprising twelve Wyoming post offices built to standardized USPO plans in the early twentieth century. Lander's post office is unique among the group because it incorporates court facilities.

The building is now used as offices for a rehabilitation and disabilities advocacy group.

References

External links

 at the National Park Service's NRHP database
Federal District Courthouse, District of Wyoiming at Courthouses of the West

Buildings and structures in Fremont County, Wyoming
Courthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Wyoming
Federal courthouses in the United States
Government buildings completed in 1907
Post office buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Wyoming
National Register of Historic Places in Fremont County, Wyoming
Lander, Wyoming


Bhai Bahen is a 1950 Bollywood musical film directed by Ram Daryani. The film was made under the banner of Krishna movies and had music direction by Shyam Sunder. The film starred Geeta Bali, Nirupa Roy, Prem Adib, Bharat Bhushan, Gope, Jeevan and Cuckoo.

Cast
Geeta Bali
Bharat Bhushan
Nirupa Roy
Prem Adib
Gope
Jeevan
Cuckoo
K. N. Singh
Yashodhra Katju

References

External links

1950 films
1950s Hindi-language films
1950 musical films
Indian musical films
Indian black-and-white films


Military ranks of China can refer to:

Military ranks of the People's Republic of China
 Ranks of the People's Liberation Army Ground Force
 Ranks of the People's Liberation Army Navy
 Ranks of the People's Liberation Army Air Force

Military ranks of the Republic of China
 Republic of China Armed Forces rank insignia

Military of China


is a district located at the northern part of Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan.  It consists of 1 to 5-chōme. As of February 1, 2008, the total population is 10,716.

Higashigotanda borders Kamiōsaki, Shinagawa and Shirokanedai, Minato on the north, Takanawa, Minato on the east, Kitashinagawa, Shinagawa on the southeast, Ōsaki, Shinagawa (across Meguro River) on the south, and Nishigotanda, Shinagawa (across JR Yamanote Line) on the west.

Gotanda Station is located in Higashigotanda 1-chōme.

Higashigotanda has several well-known upper-class residential districts including  and , which roughly correspond to Higashigotanda 3-chōme and 5-chōme, respectively.

Higashigotanda is home to two private universities. Seisen University is located in Higashigotanda 3-chōme, and Tokyo Health Care University is located in Higashigotanda 4-chōme.

Education
Shinagawa City Board of Education operates public elementary and junior high schools.

Hino Gakuen (日野学園) is the zoned combined elementary-junior high school for all of 1 and 3-chome and portions of 2 and 5-chome. It serves as the public junior high school only for 4-chome and the remainder of 5-chome, while 3rd Hino Elementary School (品川区立第三日野小学校) is the zoned elementary school for the aforementioned areas. Part of 2-chome is zoned to Gotenyama Elementary School (御殿山小学校) and Shinagawa Gakuen (品川学園) for junior high school.

References

Districts of Shinagawa


Anne Wilson (born 1949) is a Chicago-based visual artist. Wilson creates sculpture, drawings, Internet projects, photography, performance, and DVD stop motion animations employing table linens, bed sheets, human hair, lace, thread and wire. Her work extends the traditional processes of fiber art (techniques such as stitching, crocheting, and knitting) to other media. Wilson is a professor in the Department of Fiber and Material Studies at The School of the Art Institute of Chicago.

Life and work

Anne Wilson was born in Detroit, Michigan in 1949. At 15, she attended George School, a Quaker boarding school in Pennsylvania, where she received training in feminist theory and the philosophies of passive resistance through the study of Gandhi's teachings on non-violent politics. In her later research, Wilson remarked that her lessons at George School, especially Gandhi's exhortation to all Indians that they must practice spinning—for social, political, economic and spiritual reasons—profoundly influenced her life and artistic practice.

Anne Wilson's artwork explores personal and public practices of ritual and social systems, ideas of de-construction and re-construction in both microcosmic and macrocosmic worlds of public and private architecture, as well as themes of time and loss.

Wilson received a B.F.A. from the Cranbrook Academy of Art and a M.F.A. from the California College of the Arts (CCA) where she pursued interdisciplinary studies in the visual arts. At CCA, Wilson developed an understanding of art within a cultural context, a way of thinking emphasized by CCA instructor, art historian and anthropologist Dr. Ruth Boyer. Subsequently, Wilson's graduate research focused on temporary textile architecture such as the Zulu indlu and the Sub-Saharan African black tent. For Wilson these interests intersected with the popular concerns of generative systems, such as the methods being pioneered by artist Buckminster Fuller. During this time, Wilson was also influenced by the international art fabric movement, including artists such as Magdalena Abakanowicz, Ritzi and Peter Jacobi, Olga de Amaral, and Ed Rossbach.

During the 1970s while living in Berkeley, California, Wilson argued for the contemporary relevance of fiber and textile processes alongside more conventional fine art materials and techniques. Wilson began using hair as a fiber material in place of thread in 1988. Her works such as Hair Work and A Chronicle of Days consist of daily stitching where the artist "stained" clean white scraps of cloth with small patches of hair-based needlework. Wilson began inviting audience participation with her project Hairinquiry (1996–1999). Hairinquiry collected responses to the questions: How does it feel to lose your hair? What does it mean to cut your hair? The project was later archived through an online website.

In 2002, Wilson began the series Topologies (2002-ongoing) at the Whitney Museum of American Art's Biennial exhibition. In Topologies, expansive networks of found black lace are deconstructed to create large horizontal topographies. Some of the structures are formed by Wilson from computer-mediated scans of lace fragments that are manipulated and re-materialized by hand stitching. The form of Topologies is inspired by forms of physical and electronic networks, city structures, immateriality, biology and the urban sprawl.

In 2010, Wilson produced one of her most ambitious installations at the Knoxville Museum of Art in East Tennessee. Local Industry, a central component of the exhibition Anne Wilson: Wind/Rewind/Weave, was a site-specific installation as a collaborative "textile factory". From January 22 through April 25, 2010, visitors to the Knoxville Museum of Art worked together to produce a bolt of cloth. Wilson conceived of Wind/Rewind/Weave as a meditation on labor, acknowledging the specific geographic location of the Knoxville Museum of Art in the historical heartland of both hand weaving traditions and textile mill production in the United States. The Local Industry cloth,  long, was on display at the Knoxville Museum of Art in 2011.

Also related to textile production in content, Wilson has choreographed 4 thread walking performances, conceptual movement works based upon weaving (Wind-Up: Walking the Warp Chicago, Rhona Hoffman Gallery, 2008; Wind-Up: Walking the Warp Houston, Contemporary Arts Museum Houston, 2010; Walking the Warp Manchester, Whitworth Art Gallery, Manchester, England, 2012; and To Cross (Walking New York), The Drawing Center, New York, 2014). In all her performances, Wilson is working through direct physical participation to think about time, labor, art, and cultural production.

Wilson continues her hair and cloth-works practice, alongside the creation of horizontal topographies, installations, and performances. New works were included in her solo exhibition, Dispersions, at the Rhona Hoffman Gallery in 2013, and Fiber: Sculpture 1960-Present originating at the ICA Boston in 2014. In 2015-16 her work was included in Pathmakers: Women in Art, Craft and Design, Midcentury and Today originating at the Museum of Arts and Design in NYC, and Art_Textiles at the Whitworth Art Gallery in Manchester, England. In 2016 she opened a solo exhibition at the James Harris Gallery in Seattle.

Exhibitions

2016
 Anne Wilson: Drawings and Objects, James Harris Gallery, Seattle, WA (solo)
 A Global View: Recent Acquisitions of Textiles, 2012-2016, The Art Institute of Chicago, IL

2015
Pathmakers, Women in Art, Craft and Design, Midcentury and Today, Museum of Arts and Design, New York, New York and traveled to the National Museum of Women in the Arts, Washington, D.C.
Surrealism: The Conjured Life, Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago, IL
Art_Textiles, Whitworth Art Gallery, Manchester, England
Material Fix, John Michael Kohler Arts Center, Sheboygan, WI
Extending the Line, InterDisicplinary Experimental Arts, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, CO

2014
Thread Lines, Drawing Center, New York, NY / performance commission To Cross (Walking New York)
Fiber: Sculpture 1960-Present, originating at the Institute of Contemporary Art/Boston and traveling to the Wexner Center for the Arts and the Des Moines Art Center
Material Gestures: Cut, Weave, Sew, Knot, Rhona Hoffman Gallery, Chicago, IL

2013
Anne Wilson: Dispersions, Rhona Hoffman Gallery, Chicago, IL (solo)
Hangzhou Fiber Triennial, Zhejiang Art Museum, Hangzhou City, China
The Armory Show 2013, ( Rhona Hoffman Gallery), New York, NY
Borderline, 21st Century Museum of Contemporary Art, Kanazawa, Japan
F’d Up!, Art Gallery of Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
Division of Labor: Anne Wilson, John Paul Morabito, Fernando Orellana, Richmond Center for Visual Arts, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI

2012
Cotton: Global Threads, Whitworth Art Gallery, Manchester, England
 Artists: Yinka Shonibare MBE, Lubaina Himid, Anne Wilson, Abdoulaye Konaté, Aboubakar Fofana, Grace Ndiritu, Liz Rideal
Dublin Biennial 2012, Dublin, Ireland
The 3rd Wave, The Lowry Centre for Advanced Training in Dance, Salford Quays, England
Anne Wilson, Union League Club of Chicago, IL (solo)
Dallas Biennial 12, volume 2, Curated by Stephen Lapthisophon

2011
Anne Wilson: Rewinds, Rhona Hoffman Gallery, Chicago, IL (solo)
Anne Wilson: Local Industry, Knoxville Museum of Art, Knoxville, TN (solo)
7th Triennale Internationale des Arts Textiles Contemporains de Tournai, Tournai, Belgium
A New Hook, Museum of Design Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
Silent Echoes, 21st Century Museum of Contemporary Art, Kanazawa, Japan

2010
Anne Wilson: Wind/Rewind/Weave, Knoxville Museum of Art, Knoxville TN (solo)
Hand+Made: The Performative Impulse in Art and Craft, Contemporary Arts Museum, Houston, TX

2009
Shift - Field of Fluctuation, 21st Century Museum of Contemporary Art, Kanazawa, Japan
Dritto Rovescio, Triennale Design Museum, Milan, Italy
Selected Works from the MCA Collection, Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago
All Over the Map, Kohler Arts Center, Sheboygan, WI

2008
Portable City, Notations, Wind-Up, Rhona Hoffman Gallery, Chicago (solo)
Anne Wilson: Errant Behaviors, Bowdoin College Museum of Art, Brunswick, ME (solo)
Mess, Denler Art Gallery, St. Paul, MN (Wilson/Decker collaboration)
Gestures of Resistance, Gray Matters, Dallas

2007
Out of the Ordinary, Victoria & Albert Museum, London, England
Radical Lace and Subversive Knitting, Museum of Arts & Design, New York
The Worst is / Not to Die in Summer, Nassauischer Kunstverein Wiesbaden, Germany
Connections: Experimental Design, Ivan Dougherty Gallery, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
Hot House, Cranbrook Art Museum, Bloomfield Hills, MI

2006
Takeover, Hyde Park Art Center, Chicago (Anne Wilson/Shawn Decker collaboration)

2005
Alternative Paradise, 21st Century Museum of Contemporary Art, Kanazawa, Japan  (commission)
Anne Wilson: Errant Behaviors, Indiana University School of Fine Arts Gallery, Bloomington, IL (solo)

2004
Perspectives 140: Anne Wilson, Contemporary Arts Museum, Houston (solo)
Anne Wilson, Drawings and Stills, Roy Boyd Gallery, Chicago (solo)

2003
Anne Wilson: Unfoldings, University Art Gallery, San Diego State University, San Diego (solo)
Anne Wilson, Colonies and Links, Revolution Gallery, Detroit (solo)

2002
Whitney Biennial 2002, Whitney Museum of American Art, New York
Anne Wilson: Unfoldings, Bakalar Gallery, MassArt, Boston (solo)

Collections

Wilson's work is included in the collections of: 21st Century Museum of Contemporary Art, Kanazawa, Japan; Victoria & Albert Museum, London; Whitworth Art Gallery, Manchester, England; The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago; The Art Institute of Chicago; The M. H. de Young Memorial Museum, San Francisco; The Knoxville Museum of Art; The Detroit Institute of Arts; Cranbrook Art Museum, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan; Racine Art Museum, Racine, Wisconsin; Corning Museum of Glass, Corning, New York; Museum of Glass, International Center for Contemporary Art, Tacoma, Washington; Maxine and Stuart Frankel Foundation of Art, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan; Progressive Art Collection, Cleveland; The Illinois Collection of the State of Illinois Center, Chicago; Union League Club of Chicago; and LongHouse Reserve, East Hampton, New York.

Awards

In 2015, Wilson was named a United States Artists Distinguished Fellow. In 2012, she received the NASAD Citation in recognition of a distinguished career in the visual arts, as well as a Distinguished Alumni Award from the Cranbrook Academy of Art and a Distinguished Artist Program award from the Union League Club of Chicago. Wilson has also received the following awards: Individual Artist Award from the Richard H. Driehaus Foundation, 2008; Artadia, The Fund for Art and Dialogue, Individual Artist Grant, 2001; Louis Comfort Tiffany Foundation Award, 1989; and the National Endowment for the Arts, Visual Arts Fellowships, 1988 and 1982.

Sources
Adamson, Glenn and Bryan-Wilson, Julia. Art in the Making: Artists and their Materials from the Studio to Crowdsourcing. London: Thames & Hudson, 2016, back cover photo and pp. 218–220.
Guzman, Alissa. HYPERALLERGIC, Sept 28, 2015, “The Great Divide: A Survey of Women in Art and Craft” (Museum of Arts and Design, NY)
Harris, Jennifer (editor/curator), Art_Textiles, (exhibit catalog, essay by Pennina Barnett, "Cloth, Memory and Loss"), The Whitworth, The University of Manchester, UK,  2015, pp. 10, 24-31, 84-85
Ferris, Alison and Patterson, Karen. Toward Textiles. (exhibit catalog) Sheboygan, WI: John Michael Kohler Arts Center, 2015, cover image and p. 5.
Vinebaum, Lisa. "Performing Globalization in the Textile Industry: Anne Wilson and Mandy Cano Villalobos," The Handbook of Textile Culture (anthology). Janis Jefferies, Diana Wood Conroy, and Hazel Clark, eds., London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2015, Chapter 11, pp, 169-185.
Taft, Maggie. ARTFORUM, January 2014, Vol. 52, No. 5., "Anne Wilson" at Rhona Hoffman Gallery, Chicago, (review), p. 217
Ollman, Leah. Art in America, December 2014,"Thread Lines" Drawing Center, (review), p. 149.
Martinez, Alanna. New York Observer, Sept 19, 2014, “Anne Wilson is using the Drawing Center as a Weaving Loom,” (review)
Kleinberg Romanow, Joanna. Thread Lines. (exhibit catalog) New York: The Drawing Center, 2014, pp. 19–20, 72-73, 77
Porter, Jenelle. Fiber-Sculpture 1960–present. (exhibit catalog) Boston: Institute of Contemporary  Art/Boston; DelMonico Books. Prestel, 2014, pp. 52–53, 242-243, 252
Editors. NEWCITY, Sept 18, “Art 50 2014: Chicago’s Artists’ Artists.”
Moxley, Alyssa. NEWCITY, Nov 24, 2014,
Stratton, Shannon. Surface Design Journal, Winter, 2012, “Anne Wilson: Labors Lost, Re-imagined”, pp. 12–15
Anne Wilson: Wind/Rewind/Weave (exhibition catalog). WhiteWalls, Knoxville Museum of Art; distributed by The University of Chicago Press, 2011; essays by Glenn Adamson, Jenni Sorkin, Julia Bryan-Wilson, Philis Alvic, Laura Y. Liu, and Chris Molinski, curator
Picard, Caroline. Center Field | Threading Infrastructure: An Interview with Anne Wilson, 2011 (interview)
Hixson, Kathryn. TEXTILE, Volume 9, Issue 2, 2011, “Exhibition Review, Anne Wilson: Wind/Rewind/Weave”, UK: Berg Publishers, pp. 220–229
Ise, Claudine. ARTFORUM, Jan 14-Feb 19, 2011. Anne Wilson at Rhona Hoffman Gallery (review)
Koplos, Janet and Metcalf, Bruce (eds). Makers, Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press, pp. 427–428, 2011
Cassel Oliver, Valerie. Hand+Made: The  Performative Impulse in Art and Craft, (exhibition catalog), essays by curator Valerie Cassel Oliver, Glenn Adamson, Namita Gupta Wiggers,  Houston, Texas: Contemporary Arts Museum Houston, 2010
Waxman, Lori. ARTFORUM Jan 31, 2008, (review)
Snodgrass, Susan. Art in America, October, 2008, (review), pp. 196–197
Ullrich, Polly. Sculpture May, 2008, Vol. 27, No. 4, "Anne Wilson: New Labor" (essay), pp. 38 – 43
Elms, Anthony E.  Art Papers, May/June, 2008, "Anne Wilson" at Rhona Hoffman (review), pp. 55–56
Klein, Paul. Art Letter, January 25, 2008, Anne Wilson at Rhona Hoffman, Chicago
Newell, Laurie Britton. "Anne Wilson in conversation with Laurie Britton Newell"; Out of the Ordinary: Spectacular Craft. November 2006. Ed. Laurie Britton Newell. London: V&A Publications and the Crafts Council. pp. 112–123
"Organic Landscapes: Morphologies and Topologies in the Art of Anne Wilson" by Michael Batty, London: Victoria & Albert Museum, pp. 112–123
The New York Times, Jan 27, 2007 (photo) p. B9, The Arts
Livingstone, Joan and John Ploof, eds. The Object of Labor: Art, Cloth, and Cultural Production. Chicago and Cambridge: School of the Art Institute of Chicago and MIT Press, 2007. pp. 386,387; artist project pp. 105–112
Jenkins, Bruce. Anne Wilson, Errant Behaviors. (exhibition catalog), Bloomington: Indiana University SoFA Gallery. (essay "Errant Behaviors: Reanimating the Past," pp 3–7; CD audio remix by Shawn Decker), 2005
Cassel Oliver, Valerie. "Anne Wilson: Fragmented Territories," Perspectives 140: Anne Wilson, (exhibition catalog), Houston, Texas: Contemporary Arts Museum Houston, 2004
Rinder, Lawrence R. Whitney Biennial 2002, (exhibition catalog), New York: Whitney Museum of American Art, pp. 230–231
Hixson, Kathryn. "The Topology of Anne Wilson's Topologies;"  Tung, Lisa.  "Anne Wilson: Present Corpus;" Yapelli, Tina.  "Over Time," Anne Wilson: Unfoldings, (exhibition catalog), Boston: Mass Art, 2002
Gordon, Hattie. "Feast" and Porges, Tim. "Postminimal and After." Foreword by Elizabeth A. T. Smith. Portfolio Collection: Anne Wilson, (monograph), Winchester, England: Telos Art Publishing, 2001
Ferris, Alison. "Forbidden Touch: Anne Wilson's Cloth", Reinventing Textiles, Volume 2: Gender and Identity, Winchester, England: Telos Art Publishing, pp. 39–47, 2001

References

External links
Anne Wilson, Artist Website
Smithsonian Institution, Archives of American Art, Research Collections. (Anne Wilson papers 1979-2012; oral history interview with Anne Wilson, online transcript forthcoming)
Bad at Sports podcast, Episode 152: Anne Wilson (interview with Duncan MacKenzie and Shannon Stratton), Chicago, 2008.

1949 births
Living people
Cranbrook Academy of Art alumni
California College of the Arts alumni
Artists from Chicago
20th-century American women artists
21st-century American women artists
20th-century American artists
21st-century American artists
School of the Art Institute of Chicago faculty
Artists from Detroit


Old Webster Schoolhouse, also known as Markleeville Schoolhouse is located at 135 School St., Markleeville, in Alpine County, California.

It was a meeting hall and school and, in 2005, when it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places was a museum.

The building is now part of the Alpine County Museum, a complex which includes the restored one-room schoolhouse, the museum, a log jail and a silver ore stamp mill.  The museum is operated by the Alpine County Historical Society and is open seasonally.

References

External links
 Alpine County Museum
 Wayside Marker - photos

School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in California
Buildings and structures in Alpine County, California
One-room schoolhouses in California
Schools in Alpine County, California
National Register of Historic Places in Alpine County, California


The 2006–07 New York Knicks season was the 61st season for the team in the National Basketball Association (NBA). During the off-season, the Knicks hired general manager Isiah Thomas as head coach. The team finished with a 33–49 record, which placed them fourth in the Atlantic Division. For the third consecutive season, New York did not make the NBA Playoffs. Eddy Curry led the team with 19.5 points per game, while Jamal Crawford averaged 17.6 points per game, and Stephon Marbury provided them with 16.4 points and 5.4 assists per game. Second-year forward David Lee played a sixth man role off the bench, averaging 10.7 points and leading the team with 10.4 rebounds per game. Following the season, Steve Francis signed as a free agent with his former team, the Houston Rockets.

Draft picks

Roster

Regular season

Season standings

Record vs. opponents

Player statistics

Regular season

|-
|
| 68 || 1 || 15.6 || .505 || .185 || .567 || 4.3 || .6 || .8 || style=";"| .6 || 4.9
|-
|
| 18 || 0 || 5.3 || .318 || . || .667 || 1.7 || .0 || .2 || style=";"| .6 || 1.2
|-
|
| 52 || 9 || 14.9 || .382 || .277 || .585 || 2.0 || 1.6 || .6 || .1 || 4.5
|-
|
| 59 || 36 || style=";"| 37.3 || .400 || .320 || style=";"| .838 || 3.2 || 4.4 || style=";"| 1.0 || .1 || 17.6
|-
|
| style=";"| 81 || style=";"| 81 || 35.2 || .576 || style=";"| 1.000 || .615 || 7.0 || .8 || .4 || .5 || style=";"| 19.5
|-
|
| 44 || 30 || 28.1 || .408 || .378 || .829 || 3.6 || 3.9 || .9 || .3 || 11.3
|-
|
| 72 || 59 || 26.3 || .433 || .167 || .787 || 5.5 || .9 || .5 || style=";"| .6 || 9.5
|-
|
| 41 || 11 || 6.7 || .418 || . || .556 || 1.6 || .1 || .1 || .4 || 1.9
|-
|
| 55 || 43 || 23.8 || .461 || .100 || .456 || 4.3 || 1.2 || .8 || .5 || 4.1
|-
|
| 55 || 43 || 29.8 || style=";"| .600 || . || .815 || style=";"| 10.4 || 1.8 || .8 || .4 || 10.7
|-
|
| 74 || 74 || 37.1 || .415 || .357 || .769 || 2.9 || style=";"| 5.4 || style=";"| 1.0 || .1 || 16.4
|-
|
| 5 || 0 || 8.8 || .167 || . || .333 || 1.8 || .2 || .4 || .2 || .8
|-
|
| 49 || 47 || 33.1 || .418 || .376 || .692 || 7.2 || 2.2 || .7 || .1 || 13.0
|-
|
| 64 || 5 || 21.2 || .434 || .390 || .777 || 2.4 || 1.4 || .8 || .1 || 10.1
|-
|
| 65 || 2 || 12.5 || .398 || .250 || .808 || 2.7 || 1.0 || .4 || .1 || 3.0
|}

See also
2006–07 NBA season

References

New York Knicks seasons
New York Knicks
New York Knicks
New York Knick
2000s in Manhattan
Madison Square Garden


Thomas Morrison (born 30 June 1983) is an English actor who has performed in theatre, TV and film. He is best known for his appearances in On the Shore of the Wide World and as Scripps in Cast B and C of Alan Bennett's The History Boys. working alongside Steven Webb and Matt Smith.

Life and career
Morrison was born in Burnley, Lancashire and attended the Guildhall School of Music and Drama, London for three years. After graduation Thomas landed the part of Danny Holden in the BBC Television drama Blackpool, In 2011 - 2012 Thomas Morrison appeared in the ITV television drama Monroe as Lee Bradley the bed porter. He also had a role in the BBC drama The 7.39 and had a part in the 2015 BBC drama Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell in the role of Winespill in Series 1, Episode 3.

Morrison gained his first television role in BBC One's Blackpool before stepping into theatre. His first appearances include Kes and On the Shore of the Wide World at the Royal Exchange, Manchester before then moving with the latter to the National Theatre and then featuring as Scripps in Alan Bennett's The History Boys in Casts B and C. In all three of his first theatre productions he appeared alongside co-star Steven Webb.

His later ventures included appearances in a small role in Sky One's adaptation of Terry Pratchett's The Colour of Magic in the same scene as Pratchett himself. He also played Hooper in the 2008 film adaptation of Evelyn Waugh's Brideshead Revisited.

Awards and recognition
2006 Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Play: Cast member of On the Shore of the Wide World
2004 Royal Television Society Network Newcomer – On Screen, nominee

Credits

Theatre

Television

Film

References

External links

 Talented British Actors Profile

Living people
English male stage actors
English male television actors
English male film actors
English male radio actors
English male voice actors
Alumni of the Guildhall School of Music and Drama
Actors from Burnley
Male actors from Lancashire
1983 births


"50/50 Luv" is the 1995 debut single by rappers B.G. Knocc Out & Dresta from their debut album Real Brothas.

Lyrics and music
The lyrics deal with the street life, how it has changed people and turned friends against each other. It is also considered a dedication to Eazy-E.

The song contains an interpolation of "When Somebody Loves You Back" by Teddy Pendergrass.

Track listing
"50/50 Luv" (LP Version) – 4:31
"50/50 Luv" (Radio Edit) – 3:46
"50/50 Luv" (Instrumental) – 5:00
"D.P.G./K" (LP Version) 3:54

Chart performance
The song peaked at number 68 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks chart, number 27 on the Hot Rap Singles chart and number five on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart.

References

External links

1995 debut singles
1995 songs
Gangsta rap songs
G-funk songs
Songs written by Kenny Gamble
Songs written by Leon Huff


Mechanica (; 1736) is a two-volume work published by mathematician Leonhard Euler which describes analytically the mathematics governing movement.

Euler both developed the techniques of analysis and applied them to numerous problems in mechanics,
notably in later publications the calculus of variations. Euler's laws of motion expressed scientific laws of Galileo and Newton in terms of points in reference frames and coordinate systems making them useful for calculation when the statement of a problem or example is slightly changed from the original.

Newton–Euler equations express the dynamics of a rigid body. Euler has been credited with contributing to the rise of Newtonian mechanics especially in topics other than gravity.

References

External links
 Mechanica Vol. 1 [E015] – Latin.
 Mechanica Vol. 1 – English translation by Ian Bruce.
 Mechanica Vol. 2 [E016] – Latin.
 Mechanica Vol. 2 – English translation by Ian Bruce.

Mathematics books
18th-century Latin books


is a district of Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan. Nishigotanda is located at the northern part of Shinagawa. It consists of 1 to 8-chōme, and its total population is 20,187 (as of February 1, 2008).

Nishigotanda borders Kamiōsaki and Higashigotanda, Shinagawa on the northeast; Ǒsaki, Shinagawa on the east; Togoshi and Hiratsuka, Shinagawa on the southeast; Ebara, Shinagawa on the south; Koyama, Shinagawa on the southwest; Koyamadai, Shinagawa on the west; and Shimomeguro, Meguro on the northwest.

Pola Cosmetics is headquartered in Nishigotanda.

Nishigotanda 7-chome is home to the 13-story commercial building Toc Building. It houses an exhibition hall, a conference room, and a number of shops, including Office Depot, Uniqlo, Natural Lawson, ABC-Mart, Shop99, and Orihica.

Education
Shinagawa City Board of Education operates public elementary and junior high schools.

Portions of Higashigotanda 1 and 2-chome are zoned to Hino Gakuen (日野学園) for elementary and junior high school. Other sections of 1-chome are zoned to Hosui Elementary School (芳水小学校) and No. 1 Hino Elementary School (第一日野小学校). Other portions of 2-chome are zoned to No. 1 Hino Elementary. Sections of 3-chome are zoned to No. 1 Hino, No. 3 Hino Elementary School (第三日野小学校), and No. 4 Hino Elementary School (第四日野小学校). All of 4-chome is zoned to No. 4 Hino Elementary. 5-chome is divided between No. 4 Hino and No. 1 Hino. All of 6 and 7-chome are zoned to No. 1 Hino. 8-chome is divided between No. 1 Hino and Hosui. All of Higashi-Gotanda is zoned to Hino Gakuen for junior high school.

References

Districts of Shinagawa


The Überlinger Hänsele is a famous carnival figure of the city of Überlingen am Bodensee, Germany.

The Hänsele is the main figure of the carnival in Überlingen. Only male citizens of Überlingen are allowed to appear with this carnival suit on. The first time the Hänsele appears during carnival is the Saturday evening before Ash Wednesday for the big "Hänsele Juck" (procession of the Hänsle through the old city of Überlingen). More than 1500  of these Hänsele entertain the audience along the street.

Appearance

The character Hänsele appears on the Saturday and Sunday before Ash Wednesday. It also appears in July in connection with the Überlinger Schwerttanzkompanie (Sword dance company of Überlingen) at the second Schwedenprozession (a procession to commemorate the successful defense of the Swedish siege in the Thirty years War) on the second Sunday in July. During the sword dance only one person at a time plays Hänsele, and he is involved in all civic celebrations; his identity usually remains anonymous. Hänsele's costume is noted for its colorful felted squares, its fox tail, and the women's perfume worn on the mask. In addition, Hänsele carries a heavy whip; prior to Fasnet, groups of uncostumed Hänseles gather in the market square to practice snapping their whips.

History

In 1496, the Hänsele was first mentioned in a legislative ruling that banned people from wearing a devil suit, though it is unknown if that devil suit was similar in appearance to the modern Hänsele. In 1769, the Hänsele was named in connection with the carnival for the first time by the council of Überlingen. It is written there that it was forbidden to wear the Hänsele after the bedtime ringing of the church bells. In the council protocol of 1789, the Karbatsche was named and banned as well.

References

External links

 Stadt Überlingen: Schwedenprozessionen und Schwerttanz Überlingen - eine Stadt mit Tradition

European folklore characters
German folklore
Fictional characters from Swabia


Publius Aelius Aelianus was a senior officer in the Imperial Roman army in the mid-3rd century AD who rose from lowly origins to become the prefect of a legion under Emperor Gallienus. He was one of the earliest beneficiaries of Gallienus's policy that effectively excluded senators from army commands in favour of career-soldiers of equestrian rank. His later life is obscure.

He was possibly procurator (i.e. Chief Financial Officer) of Epirus in the late-260s, but the foremost authorities query this identification. However, there are stronger grounds for believing that he was appointed a praeses (provincial governor of equestrian rank) in Africa, most likely under the Emperor Probus.

Sources

The sum total of our knowledge of this man derives from five epigraph inscriptions from:

(a) A fragment of an epigraphic inscription from Poetovio (now Ptuj in Slovenia) that indicates that one AEL...I (a Vir Egregius, presumed to be Aelianus) commanded vexillationes (detachments) of the four legions of Pannonia;

(b)	A sarcophagus dedicated by one Aelianus to the memory of his parents found at Obuda, a district of modern Budapest on the west bank of the River Danube which was the site of Aquincum Castrum, Pannonia Inferior, the base of Legio II Adiutrix;

(c)	An altar dedicated one Aelianus to Herculi Augusti - i.e. to the Majestic Hercules - from Szentendre, the site of Ulcisia Castra an auxiliary fortress 12 km north of Aquincum;

(d)	A stone from Photike in the Roman province of Epirus, nowadays a province of Greece; and

(e)   A stone from Zucchabar in Algeria, in the Roman province of Mauritania Caesaensis.

The last four of these inscriptions are analysed in great detail by T. Nagy. This article largely reflects Prof. Nagy's findings and conclusions.

Origins

It is likely that Aelianus was born at Aquincum in Pannonia Inferior which was the base of Legio II Adiutrix. His father was Martialis (P. Aelius) who had been a Custos Armorum (i.e. Warden of the Armoury) of Legio II (obviously he was described as ex custode armorum - i.e.'formerly Warden etc.' on his tomb) and his mother Fl. Agathe.

The gentilicum Aelius suggests that the family was either descended from one of the settlers who arrived in Pannonia in the century after the Roman conquest or from one of many native Pannonian clans that was given Roman citizenship when the future Emperor Hadrian was governor in the early years of the second century AD (around 106 AD).  If the Aelius ancestor was indeed enfranchised during the reign of Hadrian or his successeor, Antoninus Pius he would have taken the name of the imperial dynasty as his own nomen as was the custom of the day. Thus by this interpretation of the onomastics Aelianus's clan had been Roman citizens for well over 100 years by the time he dedicated his parents’ sarcophagus and possibly more than 150 years and it is likely that the family had had connections with Legio II for generations.

Early career

It can be safely assumed that, as a castrensis (i.e. 'Son of the Camp' - born of a serving soldier), Aelianus would have enlisted at the earliest age – i.e. 18-20 – probably in his father's legion. It is likely that he would have risen ex caliga – i.e. 'from the ranks of those who wear hobnailed sandals' (the footwear of legionary rankers). However, given that patronage and influence were major determinants (often the major determinants) of advancement in the Roman Army, it is not unreasonable to suppose that, as the son of a principalis, Aelianus would have enjoyed some advantages vis-à-vis his fellow-recruits that would have helped promote his career.

Nevertheless, the inscriptions cited make it clear beyond all doubt that Aelianus showed himself a highly capable soldier and probably a lucky one as well who prospered in the conditions of crisis that prevailed on Rome's northern frontiers in the middle years of the Third Century AD.

Although he probably enlisted in Legio II and certainly commanded it at a high point of his career, he is unlikely to have served solely with that legion. Like many of the soldiers who rose to prominence in his era, it seems safer to postulate that he rose through the centurionate receiving progressively more senior postings in different legions before he achieved primipilaris status (i.e. had been promoted primus pilus of a legion and had served a year at that rank) and then continued his career as an equestrian officer. Presumably after achieving equestrian rank as a primipilaris he had gone on to command vexillationes as a praepositus and had then been promoted to the rank of Praefectus Legionis - formerly Praefectus Castrorum Legionis. There is no evidence that he ever served as tribunus of cohortes of the Rome garrison often a prelude to ducal commands and equestrian governorships.

Apogée in the Balkans

The first Aelianus inscription cited above is incomplete, but it mentions an AELI(us)... V(iri) E(gregii) DUCI(s) as the commander of detachments drawn from the four legions of the Pannonian provinces at Poetovio, a highly strategic fortress commanding the approaches to Italy through the Julian Alps. Whether or not this man is to be identified with P. Aelius Aelianus, the subject of this paper, is uncertain. Prof. Nagy and Jones et al. did not make the connection. However, Fitz believed that they were one and the same person). Fitz also suggests that the inscription should be dated to the period 262-4 AD - i.e. he was put in post in 262 after the expulsion of the Roxolani who had ravaged Illyricum after they had defeated and killed the usurper Regalianus and removed when he was made Praefectus legionis at Aquincum in 264.

Fitz's supposition that the Aelianus referred to was the P. Aelius Aelianus identified in the later inscriptions seems plausible, partly because: (i) it seems highly unlikely that there would have been two very senior officers of that name commissioning lapidary inscriptions in Pannonia within a very short period yet making no attempt to differentiate themselves from each other; and (ii) the Poetovio posting seems a highly probable career move for a man who was soon to be re-manifested as one of Gallienus's legionary prefects.

As the Praefectus Legionis II Adiutricis referred to on the Aquincum sarcophagus of Martialis and his wife Fl. Agathe(a), Aelianus is likely to have been one of the earliest beneficiaries of Gallienus's policy of excluding senators from army commands in favour of professional equestrian officers who would, more often than not, have risen from the ranks. Nagy argues that, as a non-senator, Aelianus would not have been given this posting prior to the Persian captivity in 260 AD of Gallienus's father and senior Augustus, the Emperor Valerian. The measures that opened the legionary commands to equestrian officers were taken by Gallienus during his sole reign - possibly in 261 AD. Nor could Aelianus have been given the command after 267 in which year Valerius Marcellinus was in command of Legio II. Nagy is inclined to ascribe Aelianus's promotion to the earlier part of this five year ’window’.

The Ulcisia altar describes the dedicator, P. Aelius Aelianus, as prefect of the Second legion, thus confirming that he was the same man as the one who had commissioned the sarcophagus of Martialis and Fl. Agathe. It adds the additional information that he was protector nostri augusti Gallieni – i.e. 'Protector of Our Majestic Lord Gallienus'. He was, thus, one of the earliest known recipients of that title. However, that the honorific should refer to 'Our Majestic Gallienus' rather than to 'Our Majestic Lords' (i.e. Valerian and Gallienus) as in the case of L. Petronius Taurus Volusianus shows that the inscription can be dated to the period of Gallienus's sole reign, but in the early part of that period when the honour was still awarded to senior officers rather than centurions as was later the case.(See Protectores Augusti Nostri. His membership of the Protectores nostril augusti Gallieni also suggests that when he commanded Leg. II Adjutrix that legion was brigaded with the Imperial field-army (comitatus) rather than serving with the provincial garrison of Pannonia Inferior - its usual station during High Empire period.

More important, perhaps, the inscription indicates that he was praefectus legionis agens vice legati – i.e. 'Prefect of the Legion acting on behalf of the (senatorial) legate' who we know was never to be appointed. However, the use of this terminology - presumably a formula to ensure that the prefect had the legal authority of a legate - seems to throw doubt on the proposition advanced by many historians that Gallienus had always intended the removal of senators from legionary commands as a permanent reform as opposed to an expedient resorted to in the crisis following the captivity of Valerian that was never reversed. In other words, it suggests Aurelius Victor was mistaken when he said that Gallienus had issued an edict incorporating the change in law. If such a law had been promulgated the formula agens vices legati would surely have been superfluous. Recent scholarship has suggested that the real purpose of Gallienus's Edict was not to exclude senators from army appointments - otherwise why did he continue to appoint senatorial provincial governors with supreme military authority within their provinciae(?) - but to make it possible for the Emperor to appoint equestrian officers to these positions thus broadening his powers choice at a time when the Empire was under particular pressure to find commanders with adequate military experience.

Later career

The Photike inscription is in Greek and it identifies an 'Aelius Aelianus' as the chief financial officer (Lat. Procurator) of the province of Epirus sometime in the period 275-80 AD who had previously taken part in the census of the frontier province of Noricum. It is unlikely that the Aelianus who was a legionary prefect before 266 could have held these offices at a later date as the posts were lower in the equestrian career structure. However, the work of Brunt has thrown doubt on the theory that the Roman principate ever had a highly structured equestrian administrative service such as that envisaged by Pflaum and others and, in the light of this, it is possible to propose that Aelianus might have gone on from the command of a legion to a ducenarian procuratorship in the later 260s.

Less controversially, Nagy considered that the 'Aelius Aelianus' who was identified as V(ir) P(erfectissimus), praeses provinciae Mauritaniae Caesarensis (i.e. 'Best of Men, Governor of the province of Mauritania Caesarensis) in around 276 could well have been the same man as the praefectus legionis II in Aquincum of a dozen years earlier. He had by then been elevated to the perfectissimate, the second rank of the equestrian order. Nagy believed that this appointment would have been a promotion quite compatible with theories then current as to the equestrian career structure. Furthermore, it would also fit in with the known tendency to appoint military men to governing posts in Africa from the later years of the Emperor Probus onwards to deal with increased restlessness on the part of the Berber tribes of the Mauretanian interior. As Nagy observes, the Aelianus whose early experience of independent command had been against Sarmatian steppe nomads in Illyricum would have been well qualified to deal with Berber razzias in Rome's west African provinces.

Rank and social status
As a Praefectus legionis vice legati Aelianus had been egregius - i.e. a member of the third grade of the equestrian order - but, as Praeses Mauritaniae, he was a perfectissimus. His promotion in rank had brought with it a promotion in his social status.

In addition it was not considered necessary to use the formula agens vice praesidis to emphasise that, as an equestrian, his rank as praeses was only 'acting'. This seems to have been a fairly recent development in the status of equestrian governors who were replacing senators in pro-praetorian provinces. For instance, not many years before in the 260s, as governor of the province of Pannonia Inferior, Lucius Flavius Aper had only had the status of vir egregius and the formula agens vice praesidis had been used to qualify his rank as though it was deemed necessary to emphasise that his governorship was only 'acting'.

References and notes

3rd-century Romans
Equestrian commanders of vexillationes
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
Praefectus legionum
Aelianus, Publius


This list of the non-marine molluscs of Ireland comprises 169 species of non-marine molluscs that have been recorded as part of the fauna of Ireland. Ireland is an island in the northeastern Atlantic. It consists of the Republic of Ireland, also known simply as Ireland (or in the Irish language Éire), and Northern Ireland, which is part of the United Kingdom.

Included in the list are terrestrial gastropods (land snails and slugs) and freshwater and brackish water gastropods and bivalves (mussels and clams). Molluscs that are fully adapted to live in the sea are not included here, except for one marine pulmonate snail that breathes air. Some species of gastropods listed (e.g. Peringia ulvae) live in habitats that are intermediate between freshwater and saltwater. Others live in habitats that are intermediate between land and saltwater. Both of these kinds of species are often also included in marine faunal lists.
In addition to the species that live naturally outdoors in Ireland, there are at least 2 aquatic gastropod species which live only in artificially-heated indoor environments such as aquaria in greenhouses. These are known as "hothouse aliens", and in this list they are not counted as part of the total fauna.

The mollusc fauna of the island of Ireland has not been as thoroughly researched as that of the island of Great Britain, and therefore it is possible that some uncommon and local species (whether native or introduced) may, as yet, have been overlooked. Even so, it seems that the non-marine molluscan fauna of Ireland is a smaller fauna than that of Great Britain.

The following table shows a summary of species numbers. It is not always easy to define which species are aquatic and which are terrestrial, as some species such as Galba truncatula are virtually amphibious. It also can be difficult to determine which species are introduced, as some introductions are quite ancient, for example from the Paleolithic. Those species that do not have a shell usually do not leave an archaeological or fossil record, and therefore it is especially difficult to determine whether they are native or introduced.

Conservation
Species protected by EU Habitats Directive include: Geomalacus maculosus (annex II and IV), Vertigo angustior, Vertigo geyeri, Vertigo moulinsiana (annex II) and Margaritifera margaritifera (annex II and V).

Two species have been protected by the Wildlife Act of 1976 since 1990: Geomalacus maculosus and Margaritifera margaritifera. They were added by regulation SI 112/1990.

A recent regional red list has been published of the non-marine molluscs of Ireland by Byrne et al. (2009). In this publication, the threat status of 150 native species was evaluated using IUCN regional guidelines. Of these species, two are considered to be regionally extinct, five critically endangered, fourteen endangered, twenty-six vulnerable, six near threatened, and the rest of least concern, or data deficient. This publication has sparked some media discussion about molluscan conservation in Ireland, including articles written in the Irish Times.

Regional Red List of Irish non-marine molluscs
The following species have been assigned threat categories or were considered regionally extinct on the island of Ireland in 2009:

Regionally extinct (RE)
Helicigona lapicida (Linnaeus, 1758); Omphiscola glabra (O.F. Müller, 1774) – listed as extinct in the red list, but rediscovered in 2009.

Critically Endangered (CR)
Pisidium conventus Clessin, 1877
Pomatias elegans (O.F. Müller, 1774)
Margaritifera margaritifera (Linnaeus, 1758)
Truncatella subcylindrica (Linnaeus, 1767)
Margaritifera durrovensis Philips, 1928

Endangered (EN)
Gyraulus laevis (Alder, 1838)
Pisidium pulchellum Jenyns, 1832
Hydrobia acuta neglecta (Muus, 1963)
Pupilla muscorum (Linnaeus, 1758)
Mercuria cf. similis (Draparnaud, 1805)
Quickella arenaria (Potiez & Michaud, 1835)
Merdigera obscura (O.F. Müller, 1774)
Spermodea lamellata (Jeffreys, 1830)
Myxas glutinosa (O.F. Müller, 1774)
Succinella oblonga Draparnaud, 1801
Pisidium moitessierianum Paladilhe, 1866
Vertigo moulinsiana (Dupuy, 1849)
Pisidium pseudosphaerium Schlesch, 1947
Vertigo pusilla O.F. Müller, 1774

Vulnerable (VU)
Acicula fusca (Montagu, 1803)
Pisidium lilljeborgii Clessin, 1866
Anisus vortex (Linnaeus, 1758)
Radix auricularia (Linnaeus, 1758)
Anodonta anatina (Linnaeus, 1758)
Sphaerium nucleus (Studer, 1820)
Anodonta cygnea (Linnaeus, 1758)
Tandonia rustica (Millet, 1843)
Aplexa hypnorum (Linnaeus, 1758)
Testacella haliotidea Draparnaud, 1801
Arianta arbustorum (Linnaeus, 1758)
Vallonia pulchella (O.F. Müller, 1774)
Balea perversa (Linnaeus, 1758)
Ventrosia ventrosa (Montagu, 1803)
Cecilioides acicula (O.F. Müller, 1774)
Vertigo angustior Jeffreys, 1830
Cochlodina laminata (Montagu, 1803)
Vertigo antivertigo (Draparnaud, 1801)
Helicella itala (Linnaeus, 1758)
Vertigo geyeri Lindholm, 1925
Leiostyla anglica (A. Férussac, 1821)
Vertigo lilljeborgi (Westerlund, 1871)
Limax cinereoniger Wolf, 1803
Zenobiella subrufescens (J.S. Miller, 1822)
Musculium lacustre (O.F. Müller, 1774)
Zonitoides excavatus (Alder, 1830)

Systematic list
The list is arranged by biological affinity, rather than being alphabetical by family.

A number of species are listed with subspecies, in cases where there are well-recognized subspecies in different parts of Europe. For some species a synonym is given, where the species may perhaps be better known under another name.

An attempt has been made to label the families as aquatic, terrestrial or intermediate, and an indication is given where it is thought that the species is introduced. Species are considered to be native, unless otherwise indicated; that information is mostly taken from Kerney, and Rowson et al. The status and taxonomy of freshwater gastropods has been updated according to Rowson et al. (2021).

Gastropoda

 Neritidae – aquatic (also tolerates brackish water)
 Theodoxus fluviatilis fluviatilis (Linnaeus, 1758)

 Aciculidae – terrestrial
 Acicula fusca (Montagu, 1803)

 Viviparidae (river snails) – aquatic
 Viviparus viviparus (Linnaeus, 1758)

 Assimineidae – terrestrial (intermediate marine)
 Assiminea grayana Fleming, 1828 – introduced

 Truncatellidae – terrestrial (intermediate marine)

 Truncatella subcylindrica (Linnaeus, 1758)

 Bithyniidae – aquatic

 Bithynia leachii (Sheppard, 1823)
 Bithynia tentaculata (Linnaeus, 1758)
 Potamopyrgidae – aquatic
 Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Gray, 1843) – introduced
 Hydrobiidae – aquatic (some are arguably marine)
 Hydrobia acuta (Draparnaud, 1805) – subspecies: Hydrobia acuta neglecta Muus, 1963
 Ecrobia ventrosa (Montagu, 1803) – synonym: Ventrosia ventrosa
 Peringia ulvae (Pennant, 1777)
 Mercuria anatina (Poiret, 1801) – synonyms: M. confusa auct. non Frauenfeld, 1863, M. similis auct. non (Draparnaud, 1805)

 Valvatidae (valve snails) – aquatic
 Valvata cristata O.F. Müller, 1774
 Valvata piscinalis (O.F. Müller, 1774)

 Pomatiidae (land winkles) – terrestrial
 Pomatias elegans (O.F. Müller, 1774)

The following gastropods are pulmonates:

 Ellobiidae (hollow-shelled snails) – terrestrial or semi-marine
 Carychium minimum O.F. Müller, 1774
 Carychium tridentatum (Risso, 1826)
 Leucophytia bidentata (Montagu, 1808)
 Myosotella denticulata (Montagu, 1803)
 Myosotella myosotis (Draparnaud, 1801)

 Otinidae – aquatic (almost fully marine, but a pulmonate)
 Otina ovata (Brown, 1827)

 Lymnaeidae – aquatic
 Ampullaceana balthica (Linnaeus, 1758) – synonyms: Radix balthica, Radix peregra auct. non (O.F. Müller, 1774)
 Galba truncatula (O.F. Müller, 1774)
 Lymnaea stagnalis (Linnaeus, 1758)
 Myxas glutinosa (O.F. Müller, 1774) E
 Omphiscola glabra (O.F. Müller, 1774) – found in 2009 at one site in the SE of Ireland, but listed as extinct on a local red list (2009).
 Radix auricularia (Linnaeus, 1758)
 Stagnicola fuscus (C. Pfeiffer, 1821) – synonym: Lymnaea fusca

 Physidae (bladder snails) – aquatic

 Aplexa hypnorum (Linnaeus, 1758)
 Physa fontinalis (Linnaeus, 1758)
 Physella acuta (Draparnaud, 1805) = Physella heterostropha (Say, 1817) – introduced
 Physella gyrina (Say, 1821) – introduced

 Planorbidae (ramshorn snails) – aquatic

 Ancylus fluviatilis (O.F. Müller, 1774)
 Anisus leucostoma (Millet, 1813)

 Anisus vortex (Linnaeus, 1758)
 Anisus vorticulus (Troschel, 1834)
 Anisus spirorbis (Linnaeus, 1758)

 Bathyomphalus contortus (Linnaeus, 1758)
 Gyraulus albus (O.F. Müller, 1774)
 Gyraulus crista (Linnaeus, 1758)
 Gyraulus laevis (Alder, 1838)
 Hippeutis complanatus (Linnaeus, 1758)
 Planorbarius corneus corneus (Linnaeus, 1758)
 Planorbis carinatus O.F. Müller, 1774

 Planorbis planorbis (Linnaeus, 1758)

 Acroloxidae (river limpets) – aquatic
 Acroloxus lacustris (Linnaeus, 1758)

 Succineidae (amber snails) – terrestrial (some almost amphibious)
 Quickella arenaria (Potiez & Michaud, 1838) = Catinella arenaria
 Succinella oblonga Draparnaud, 1801
 Succinea putris Linnaeus, 1758
 Oxyloma elegans elegans (Risso, 1826) = Oxyloma pfeifferi (Rossmässler, 1835)
 Oxyloma sarsii (Esmark, 1886)

 Cochlicopidae – terrestrial
 Cochlicopa c.f. lubrica = Cochlicopa lubrica (O.F. Müller, 1774)
 Cochlicopa c.f. lubricella = Cochlicopa lubricella (Rossmässler, 1835)

 Pyramidulidae – terrestrial
 Pyramidula pusilla (Vallot, 1801)
 Vertiginidae (whorl snails) – terrestrial
 Columella edentula Draparnaud, 1805)
 Columella aspera Walden, 1966

 Vertigo antivertigo (Draparnaud, 1801)
 Vertigo geyeri Lindholm, 1925
 Vertigo lilljeborgi (Westerlund, 1871)
 Vertigo moulinsiana (Dupuy, 1849)
 Vertigo pusilla O.F. Müller, 1774
 Vertigo pygmaea (Draparnaud, 1801)
 Vertigo substriata (Jeffreys, 1833)
 Vertigo angustior Jeffreys, 1830

 Pupillidae – terrestrial
 Pupilla muscorum (Linnaeus, 1758)
 Pupilla alpicola (Charpentier, 1837)

 Lauriidae – terrestrial
 Leiostyla anglica (Wood, 1828)
 Lauria cylindracea (da Costa, 1778)

 Valloniidae – terrestrial
 Vallonia costata (O.F. Müller, 1774)
 Vallonia pulchella (O.F. Müller, 1774)
 Vallonia c.f. excentrica = Vallonia excentrica Sterke, 1892
 Acanthinula aculeata (O.F. Müller, 1774)
 Spermodea lamellata (Jeffreys, 1830)

 Enidae – terrestrial
 Merdigera obscura = Ena obscura (O.F. Müller, 1774)

 Punctidae (dot snails) – terrestrial
 Punctum pygmaeum (Draparnaud, 1801)

 Discidae – terrestrial
 Discus rotundatus rotundatus (O.F. Müller, 1774)

 Arionidae (roundback slugs) – terrestrial
 Arion ater (Linnaeus, 1758)
 Arion flagellus Collinge, 1893 – probably introduced
 Arion vulgaris Moquin-Tandon, 1855 = (misapplied) Arion lusitanicus Mabille, 1868 – introduced
 Arion subfuscus Draparnaud, 1805
 Arion fuscus (O.F. Müller, 1774) – possibly introduced
 Arion circumscriptus Johnston, 1828
 Arion rufus (Linnaeus, 1758)
 (Arion silvaticus Lohmander, 1937, currently considered a variety of A. circumscriptus)

 Arion fasciatus (Nilsson, 1823) – probably introduced
 Arion hortensis A. Férussac, 1819
 Arion distinctus J. Mabille, 1868
 Arion owenii Davies, 1979
 Arion intermedius (Normand, 1852)
 Arion occultus Anderson, 2004 – introduced
 Geomalacus maculosus Allman, 1843 – introduced

 Pristilomatidae – terrestrial
 Vitrea contracta (Westerlund, 1871)
 Vitrea crystallina (O.F. Müller, 1774)

 Euconulidae – terrestrial
 Euconulus fulvus (O.F. Müller, 1774)
 Euconulus alderi (J.E. Gray, 1840)
 Gastrodontidae – terrestrial
 Zonitoides nitidus (O.F. Müller, 1774)
 Zonitoides excavatus (Alder, 1830)

 Oxychilidae – terrestrial
 Oxychilus alliarius (Miller, 1822)
 Oxychilus cellarius (O.F. Müller, 1774)
 Oxychilus draparnaudi draparnaudi (Beck, 1837) – introduced
 Oxychilus navarricus helveticus (Blum, 1881) – introduced
 Aegopinella nitidula (Draparnaud, 1805)
 Aegopinella pura (Alder, 1830)
 Nesovitrea hammonis (Ström, 1765) =Perpolita hammonis

 Milacidae – terrestrial
 Milax gagates (Draparnaud, 1801)
 Tandonia rustica (Millet, 1843)
 Tandonia budapestensis (Hazay, 1881) – introduced
 Tandonia sowerbyi (A. Férussac, 1823)
 Tandonia cf. cristata (Kaleniczenko, 1851) – introduced

 Vitrinidae – terrestrial
 Vitrina pellucida (O.F. Müller, 1774)
 Semilimax pyrenaicus (A. Férussac, 1821) – introduced?

 Boettgerillidae – terrestrial
 Boettgerilla pallens Simroth, 1912 – introduced

 Limacidae (keelback slugs) – terrestrial
 Limax maximus Linnaeus, 1758
 Limax cinereoniger Wolf, 1803
 Limacus flavus (Linnaeus, 1758) – introduced
 Limax maculatus (Kaleniczenko, 1851) – introduced
 Lehmannia marginata (O.F. Müller, 1774)
 Ambigolimax valentianus (A. Férussac, 1822) – introduced
 Ambigolimax parvipenis Hutchinson, Reise & Schlitt, 2022 – introduced

 Agriolimacidae – terrestrial
 Deroceras laeve (O.F. Müller, 1774)
 Deroceras reticulatum (O.F. Müller, 1774)
 Deroceras invadens Reise, Hutchinson, Schunack & Schlitt, 2011 – introduced
 Deroceras panormitanum (Lessona & Pollonera, 1882) – introduced

 Ferussaciidae – terrestrial
 Cecilioides acicula (O.F. Müller, 1774) – probably introduced

 Clausiliidae (door snails) – terrestrial
 Cochlodina laminata (Montagu, 1803)
 Clausilia bidentata bidentata (Ström, 1765)
 Balea perversa (Linnaeus, 1758)
 Balea sarsii Pfeiffer, 1847

 Testacellidae (shelled slugs) – terrestrial
 Testacella maugei A. Férussac, 1822 – probably introduced
 Testacella haliotidea Draparnaud, 1801 – probably introduced
 Testacella scutulum Sowerby, 1821 – probably introduced
 Testacella sp. "tenuipenis" – probably introduced

 Cochlicellidae – terrestrial
 Cochlicella acuta (O.F. Müller, 1774) – introduced

 Hygromiidae – terrestrial

 Ashfordia granulata (Alder, 1830)
 Candidula gigaxii (L. Pfeiffer, 1850) – introduced
 Candidula intersecta (Poiret, 1801) – introduced
 Cernuella virgata (Da Costa, 1778) – probably introduced
 Helicella itala itala (Linnaeus, 1758)
 Hygromia cinctella (Draparnaud, 1801) – introduced
 Trochulus hispidus (Linnaeus, 1758)
 Trochulus striolatus (Pfeiffer, 1828)
 Zenobiella subrufescens (Miller, 1822)

 Helicidae – terrestrial
 Arianta arbustorum arbustorum (Linnaeus, 1758)
 Helicigona lapicida lapicida (Linnaeus, 1758)
 Theba pisana pisana (O.F. Müller, 1774) – introduced
 Cepaea nemoralis nemoralis (Linnaeus, 1758)
 Cepaea hortensis (O.F. Müller, 1774)
 Cornu aspersum aspersum = Helix aspersa (O.F. Müller, 1774) – introduced

Bivalvia

 Margaritiferidae – aquatic
 Margaritifera margaritifera (Linnaeus, 1758)

 Unionidae (river mussels) – aquatic
 Anodonta anatina (Linnaeus, 1758)
 Anodonta cygnea (Linnaeus, 1758)

 Sphaeriidae (pea clams, fingernail clams) – aquatic
 Sphaerium corneum (Linnaeus, 1758)
 Sphaerium nucleus (Studer, 1820)
 Musculium lacustre (O.F. Müller, 1774)
 Pisidium amnicum (O.F. Müller, 1774)
 Pisidium casertanum (Poli, 1791)
 Pisidium conventus (Clessin, 1877)
 Pisidium henslowanum (Sheppard, 1823)
 Pisidium hibernicum Westerlund, 1894
 Pisidium lilljeborgii (Clessin, 1886)
 Pisidium milium Held, 1836

 Pisidium moitessierianum Paladilhe, 1866
 Pisidium nitidum Jenyns, 1832
 Pisidium obtusale (Lamarck, 1818)
 Pisidium personatum Malm, 1855
 Pisidium pulchellum (Jenyns, 1832)
 Pisidium pseudosphaerium Favre, 1927
 Pisidium subtruncatum Malm, 1855

 Dreissenidae – aquatic
 Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas, 1771) – introduced
 Dreissena bugensis (Andrusov, 1897) – introduced

 Corbiculidae (basket clams) – aquatic
Corbicula fluminea (O.F. Müller, 1774) – introduced

List of "hothouse alien" species

These freshwater species are not truly part of the fauna, because they do not live in the wild. They are tropical, and thus are incapable of surviving in the wild in Ireland; instead they have established themselves as uninvited inhabitants of aquaria within greenhouses, and similar artificially-heated aquatic habitats.

 Lymnaeidae – aquatic
 Radix rubiginosa (Michelin, 1831), native to Indo-China and Indonesia

 Planorbidae – aquatic
 Planorbella duryi (Wetherby, 1879)

See also
 List of marine molluscs of Ireland
 Biota of the Isle of Man#Mollusca (molluscs)
 List of non-marine molluscs of Great Britain
 List of non-marine molluscs of the Netherlands

References

Further reading
 Scharff, R. F. 1896. The slugs of Ireland. London.
Rev. Canon J.W. Horsley Our British snails. London :Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge,1915.  pdf (BHL) Beginners text and plates
George Brettingham Sowerby  Illustrated Index of British Shells  (1859) s:Illustrated Index of British Shells Wikisource full text and plates
Germain, L. Faune de France n° 21  Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles. vol I. 1930, 478 p.pdf
Germain, L. Faune de France n° 22  Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles. vol. II. 1931, 520 p. 390 fig.pdf
Germain, L. Illustrations des Faunes n° 21-22 Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles pdf
Francisco Welter-Schultes, 2012. European non-marine molluscs, a guide for species identification. Bestimmungsbuch für europäische Land- und Süsswassermollusken. Planet Poster Editions, Göttingen.
George Washington Tryon article lists all parts of Manual of conchology 1887-1935 with online links.
George W. Tryon, Jr., Henry Augustus Pilsbry and B. Sharp Manual of conchology, structural and systematic : with illustrations of the species Philadelphia :Published by the Author, Academy of Natural Sciences,1879-1898 Series 1 17 volumes online here
George W. Tryon, Jr.,Horace Burrington Baker, Charles Montague Cooke, Alpheus Hyatt, Henry Augustus Pilsbry, Manual of conchology, structural and systematic : with illustrations of the species. by George W. Tryon, Jr. Second series, Pulmonata Philadelphia :Published by the Author,1885-1935. 28 volumes and indices online here

External links
 An annotated list of the non-marine molluscs of Britain and Ireland
The Living World of Snails Robert Nordsieck Austria Highly recommended site
MolluscIreland
Invertebrate Ireland Online Partially illustrated checklist
 Northern Ireland's Priority Species & Species of Conservation Concern. Molluscs.
 Conchological Society Identification help.
 BDH Taylor, John William, Roebuck, William Denison and Ashford, Charles, 1829-1894 Monograph of the land & freshwater Mollusca of the British isles Leeds, Taylor Brothers Parts 8 -24. (all parts U.S. Archive
National Biodiversity Network  Species distribution maps
Irish Biodiversity Maps - including non-marine molluscs
Molluscs of Central Europe Taxonomy. Images
 L. Watson and M. J. Dallwitz The families of British non-marine molluscs (slugs, snails and mussels)
Mollusca Slovenska Ecology Distribution (in text)

moll
Ireland
Ireland
Ireland


The 1991 BMW Open Singles was the singles bracket of the 1991 BMW Open.  The title was won by Magnus Gustafsson, defeating Guillermo Pérez Roldán.  Roldán retired while Gustafsson was leading 3–6, 6–3, 4–3.  Karel Nováček, the defending champion from the prior year singles event, did not participate.

Seeds

  Ivan Lendl (semifinals)
  Goran Ivanišević (semifinals)
  Jonas Svensson (first round)
  John McEnroe (first round)
  Thomas Muster (first round)
  Michael Stich (first round)
  Guillermo Pérez Roldán (final)
  Alexander Volkov (first round)

Draw

Finals

Top half

Bottom half

External links
 Singles draw

Singles


Brent Allen Gaff (born October 5, 1958) is a former American professional baseball player who played for the New York Mets from 1982–84.

Gaff was born in Fort Wayne, Indiana and attended Churubusco High School in Churubusco, Indiana.  He was drafted by the New York Mets in 6th the round (146th overall) of the 1977 Major League Baseball Draft.  He was 23 years old when he broke into the big leagues on July 7, 1982, with the New York Mets. Although the Mets lost the game, 3–2, to the San Francisco Giants, Mets manager George Bamberger was quoted as saying, "The kid's got good command of his stuff and great confidence in himself. His attitude's outstanding. He says 'Give me the ball and let me go.' I wanted him to win that game bad."

Gaff missed the entire 1985 season due to a partial tear of the rotator cuff in his right shoulder, and was released by the Mets in November of that year.

References

External links
, or Baseball Almanac, or Retrosheet, or Pura Pelota (Venezuelan Winter League)

1958 births
Living people
Baseball players from Fort Wayne, Indiana
Jackson Mets players
Major League Baseball pitchers
New York Mets players
Tiburones de La Guaira players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Tidewater Tides players
Wausau Mets players
Wausau Timbers players


Katabasia or Katavasia (Greek καταβασία, from καταβαίον, "descend") is a type of hymn, and the last troparion of an ode of a canon, chanted in the Eastern Orthodox Church and those Eastern Catholic Churches which follow the Byzantine Rite. Its name is derived from the Greek word katabasia for descent, so called because the cantors used to descend from their stalls and unite in the middle of the church to sing them.

The katabasia is an irmos that is sung at the end of an ode of the canon. The katabasia is chanted by the choir, who descend from their seats (kathismata) and stand on the floor of the church to sing it, whence its name. Katabasia are chanted at Matins and sometimes during other Divine Services such as Compline. They are also found at other occasional services such as the Mystery of Unction or funerals.

At Matins, on ordinary weekdays, only Odes 3, 6, 8 and 9 have katabasia. On Sundays and higher-ranking feast days, there will be a katabasia at the end of each ode (these are called Festal Katabasia). Most of the other services which use katabasia will have them only after the 3rd, 6th, 8th and 9th odes.

Ordinary katabasia
On ordinary weekdays (that is, days which do not fall on a Sunday or higher-ranking feast day), the irmos from the canon being chanted is repeated at the end as katabasia. When several canons are tied together, as is normally the case at Matins, only the irmos of the first canon is chanted, subsequent irmoi being omitted. The irmos of the final canon in the string will be chanted at the very end of Odes 3, 6, 8 and 9 as katabasia.

Festal katabasia
On Sundays and feast days, Festal Katabasia are used at the end of each ode. These are not necessarily the same as the irmoi of the canon. Which particular Festal Katabasia are used will depend upon the liturgical season. The festal Katabasia are used in anticipation of a Great Feast, and throughout its Afterfeast. During the rest of the year, the Festal Katabasia to the Theotokos (Mother of God) are used.

The following table concerns the chanting of Katabasia on Sundays and Feast Days throughout the year (ordinary weekdays use the Irmos from the last canon chanted on that day) in the Russian Orthodox Church.

§  Usually February 9, but if Great Lent begins early, the apodosis may be earlier.
§§ Usually February 10, but if Great Lent begins early, the apodosis may be earlier.
*  Moveable cycle; the exact dates will differ from year to year, depending upon the date of Easter. During Great Lent the proper Katabasia are found in the Triodion, during the Paschal season they are found in the Pentecostarion.
° Mid-Pentecost falls on the 4th Wednesday of Pascha and lasts for one week, being a "feast within a feast". The Katabasia of Mid-Pentecost are chanted only on the day of the feast and on its Apodosis (the following Wednesday); on the other days of Mid-Pentecost, the Katabasia used are those of Pascha.

See also
Acolouthia

References

Eastern Orthodox liturgical music
Eastern Christian liturgy
Byzantine Rite
Eastern Christian hymns
Liturgy of the Hours


The 2005–06 New York Knicks season was the 60th season for the team in the National Basketball Association (NBA). The Knicks had the eighth pick in the 2005 NBA draft, and selected Channing Frye from the University of Arizona. During the off-season, the Knicks hired head coach Larry Brown, acquired Eddy Curry and Antonio Davis from the Chicago Bulls, and acquired Quentin Richardson and rookie guard Nate Robinson from the Phoenix Suns. At mid-season, they traded Penny Hardaway and second-year forward Trevor Ariza to the Orlando Magic in exchange for All-Star guard Steve Francis, and dealt Davis back to his former team, the Toronto Raptors, in exchange for Jalen Rose.

The Knicks finished with a 23–59 record, which left them in last place in the Atlantic Division. They had the fewest wins in the Eastern Conference in the 2005–06 season, and only the Portland Trail Blazers had fewer wins in the NBA with a 21–61 record. The Knicks' payroll for the 2005-2006 season was $124 million, putting them $74.5 million above the salary cap, and $62.3 million above the luxury tax line.

Stephon Marbury led the team with 16.3 points and 6.4 assists  per game, while Jamal Crawford finished second on the team in scoring with 14.3 points per game, and Curry provided them with 13.6 points and 6.0 rebounds per game. Frye averaged 12.3 points per game, and was named to the NBA All-Rookie First Team, and Robinson won the Slam Dunk Contest during the All-Star Weekend in Houston. Following the season, Brown was fired after spending only one season with the team. Isiah Thomas, the Knicks' general manager, was named head coach for the 2006–07 season.

NBA draft

Roster

Regular season

Record vs. opponents

See also
2005–06 NBA season

References

New York Knicks seasons
New York Knicks
New York Knicks
New York Knick
2000s in Manhattan
Madison Square Garden