Park Church runs the length of an entire city block in Elmira, New York. The church was constructed from 1874 through 1876, replacing its much smaller, wooden predecessor. It was designed by Horatio Nelson White. The design of the limestone and brick church is highly eclectic. Besides its architecture, the church is significant for its congregation of abolitionists and humanitarians. From 1854 until his death in 1900, Thomas Kennicott Beecher was the pastor of Park Church. Beecher, together with his twelve siblings including author Harriet Beecher Stowe, was brought up by liberal reformist clergyman Lyman Beecher.

Gallery

References

Churches in Elmira, New York
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Churches completed in 1876
19th-century churches in the United States
Churches in Chemung County, New York
National Register of Historic Places in Chemung County, New York


Bolshoy Dom (, lit. the Big House) is an office building located at 4 Liteyny Avenue in Saint Petersburg, Russia. It is the headquarters of the local Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast branches of the Federal Security Service of Russia (FSB) and Main Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

The building is located in the Central District of Saint Petersburg at the beginning of Liteyny Prospekt, one block from the Neva River, at the site of Imperial Russian Old Armoury Building which burned down in 1917. It was originally constructed in 1931–32 for the Joint State Political Directorate (OGPU), the secret police of the Soviet Union at the time. The building was designed by Soviet architects Noi Trotsky, Alexander Gegello and Andrey Ol in the late Constructivist style. The Bolshoy Dom building is part of a larger complex which includes the detention facility on Shpalernaya Street, with both gaining notoriety as a prison during the Great Purge under Joseph Stalin. In July 1934, the building became local headquarters of the newly-created People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD), when the OGPU was reincorporated as the Main Directorate of State Security (GUGB) of the NKVD. Bolshoy Dom subsequently became the local headquarters for the more widely known Committee for State Security (KGB) when it replaced the NKVD, and remained under KGB usage until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991.

Bolshoy Dom became the subject of numerous urban legends in Soviet and Russian culture due to its association with the secret police, including all buildings of the FSB being nicknamed Bolshoy Dom. The common conspiracy theory about the building is that it contains a large amount of secret underground floors, leading to jokes about Bolshoy Dom being the tallest building in Saint Petersburg. There is also a legend that the building survived the Siege of Leningrad during World War II because Nazi Germany was aware that German prisoners of war were housed in the top floor, preventing it from being bombed.

References

External links
Big House @ Encyclopaedia of Saint Petersburg

Buildings and structures in Saint Petersburg
Political repression in the Soviet Union
Federal Security Service
Prisons in Russia
KGB
Constructivist architecture
Government of Saint Petersburg
Prisons in the Soviet Union
Buildings and structures built in the Soviet Union
Cultural heritage monuments of federal significance in Saint Petersburg


The First Federal Electoral District of Yucatán (I Distrito Electoral Federal de Yucatán) is one of the 300 Electoral Districts into which Mexico is divided for the purpose of elections to the federal Chamber of Deputies and one of five such districts in the state of Yucatán.

It elects one deputy to the lower house of Congress for each three-year legislative period, by means of the first past the post system.

District territory
Under the 2005 districting scheme, the district covers the eastern portion of the state and is the largest district, in terms of its area, in Yucatán.

The district's head town (cabecera distrital), where results from individual polling stations are gathered together and collated, is the city of Valladolid.

Previous districting schemes

1996–2005 district
Between 1996 and 2005, Yucatán's First District covered an area broadly similar to its current configuration, with the difference that it accounted for a larger portion of the municipalities on the state's northern coast.

Deputies returned to Congress from this district

XLIX Legislature
 1973–1976: Víctor Cervera Pacheco (PRI)
L Legislature
 1976–1979: Mirna Hoyos Schlamme (PRI)
LI Legislature
 1979–1982: Federico Granja Ricalde (PRI)
LII Legislature
 1982–1984: Víctor Cervera Pacheco (PRI)
 1984–1985: Herbé Rodríguez Abraham (PRI)
LIII Legislature
 1985–1988: Rodolfo Antonio Menéndez y Menéndez (PRI)
LIV Legislature
 1988–1991: Ana Rosa Payán (PAN)
LV Legislature
 1991–1994: Luis Correa Mena (PAN)
LVI Legislature
 1994–1997: Manuel Fuentes Alcocer (PAN)
LVII Legislature
 1997–2000: Orlando Paredes Lara (PRI)
LVIII Legislature
 2000–2003: Jorge Carlos Berlín Montero (PRI)
LIX Legislature
 2003–2006: Roger David Alcocer García (PRI)
LX Legislature
 2006–2009: Joaquín Jesús Díaz Mena (PAN)
LXI Legislature
 2009-2012: Liborio Vidal Aguilar (PRI)

References and notes

Federal electoral districts of Mexico
Geography of Yucatán


Mayhurst is an 1859  Italianate mansion in Orange, Virginia. It was built by the Willis family relatives of President James Madison as the plantation house for an estate comprising  of fields, pastures and forest. It was a scene of action in the Civil War. It is currently operated as an Inn.

History
Mayhurst was completed in 1860 by Colonel John Willis, a great-nephew of President James Madison. Colonel Willis acquired Mayhurst, then and during his lifetime known as Howard Place, from the estate of Charles P. Howard in 1856.

During the winter of 1863-64 when the Army of Northern Virginia was camped in Orange County, Lieutenant General A. P. Hill had his headquarters in the yard at Mayhurst. The Mort Künstler painting "Tender is the Heart" is set at Mayhurst.

During Reconstruction from 1866 until 1870 the house was owned by New Yorker Latham Higgins. It was occupied by the family of Higgins' sister Laura Ann Higgins Bond and Federal Judge Hiram Bond their son Marshall Latham Bond was born there.

Architecture
Mayhurst is a frame two-story structure set on an exposed brick basement with an attic level lighted by small windows in the eaves and circular windows placed in each of the four cross-gables of the hipped roof. The roof is surmounted by two large chimneys and a central belvedere. This belvedere reflects the roof shape which surrounds it and completes the total pyramidal massing with an elaborate finial. The entire exterior wall surface above the brick basement is covered by wooden drop siding cut to resemble ashlar stonework. The deep, overhanging eaves are emphasized by the placing of oversized paired brackets, with their undulating curves and pendants, around the entire roofline.

The three-bay main facade (north) features a central entrance porch with an elliptical-arched fanlight and sidelights framing the double doors. On the second level, twin-arched windows which open to the balustraded porch roof visually support the circular window above, set in the cross-gable. At either side of the central porch and window bay on the first level are also twin-arched windows with hood molds and shallow balconies. On the second level of the two end bays are three-sectioned windows in the Palladian motif. The east and west facades are similar, both being four bays wide and having arched windows. On the east front, however, a five-sectioned oriel bay was placed on the first story which is partially blocked by a frame wing added circa 1912. The rear (south) facade has been partially obscured by shallow wings and a sleeping porch.

On the interior, the broad central hall is divided at midpoint by a graceful elliptical arch which rests at either side on piers alluding to the Doric order in detail. The stair which ascends along the east wall of the hall and curves at the beginning and  end of each flight, develops exceptional rhythm of design due to the repetition of the octagonal-shaped and turned balusters, two to a tread. In addition, the scrolled, uncarved brackets on the step ends and the fascia board on the landings increase the activity of the design, making the stairway the finest single piece of woodwork in the house.

Two rooms flank the hall on both sides and offer a calm contrast to the stair by featuring broad, flat window and door framings as well as black marble mantels with arched openings and subtle curving lines in the shelf. The southeast room has been partitioned into several smaller rooms, including a kitchen. Although most doors have a pair of small rectangular panels below the lock rail with two tall ones above, variations occur with the lower panels being octagonal while the upper panels have arched tops.

An old structure to the rear appears to date from the first quarter of the nineteenth century due to some remaining architrave door framings and doors, the brick noggin walls, and the 6'-10" wide fireplaces on both ends of the two-story, hipped roof building. This house is believed to be the original Howard dwelling.

References

External links
Madison Family
Howard Place, U.S. Route 15, Montpelier Station, Orange County, VA at the Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS)

Houses completed in 1859
Italianate architecture in Virginia
Houses in Orange County, Virginia
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia
National Register of Historic Places in Orange County, Virginia
Historic American Buildings Survey in Virginia


Foreign relations are present between Australia and Finland. Diplomatic relations were established on 31 May 1949. Australia is represented in Finland through its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden, and through an honorary consulate in Helsinki. Finland has had an embassy in Canberra since 1978, alongside honorary consulate generals in Melbourne and Perth, honorary consulates in Adelaide, Brisbane, Darwin, Hobart, and Sydney, and an honorary vice-consulate in Cairns.

Diplomatic relations

Early history, 1917–1949
Early diplomatic representation of Finland in Australia dates back to 1917, when the Grand Duchy of Finland declared its independence from the Russian Empire, with Finnish citizens being represented by Russian diplomats prior to 1917. Although the United Kingdom (representing Australia) would not recognise the new country of Finland until 6 May 1919, John Oscar Boijer, the head of the Finnish Seamen's Mission in Sydney, effectively acted as an unofficial consul. Boijer was replaced in February 1919, when the acting Prime Minister of Australia, William Watt, announced that Australia had recognised businessman Kaarlo Johannes Nauklér as the Consular Agent of Finland based in Sydney.

Nauklér was officially appointed Consul by the Finnish Government on 24 October 1919. His jurisdiction also included New Zealand, New Guinea and Oceania in general. On his appointment, the Daily Commercial News and Shipping List positively noted: "Finland will find that in Australia, she will acquire friends who will only be too pleased to trade with her, and by sending her representative here she has shown her earnestness." Nauklér was an accomplished athlete winning Australian championships in both javelin and discus throwing in 1919 and 1921 respectively. On 24 October 1919, Naukler was officially appointed as Consul for Finland in Australia, with responsibility for New Zealand and the Pacific Islands, which formerly received recognition from King George V on 15 December 1919. However, on 9 May 1921, Naukler unexpectedly died at the age of 31. It was later revealed that he had died by an overdose of morphia, taken as a result of marital issues, and his death was pronounced to be suicide. In his memory, the K. J. Naukler Cup was established by the NSW Amateur Athletics Association, presented to the winner of the most overall points in the annual competition.

Following Naucklér's death, another Finnish citizen resident in Australia who had been his deputy since August 1920, Harald Tanner, acted as the consul of Finland, and was later officially appointed consul in June 1921. Tanner also acted as the vice-consul for Estonia and occasionally for Latvia. In 1928, Tanner received official appointment as Honorary Consul for Estonia. Tanner organised annual receptions on Finland's Independence Day held at the Consulate at 4 Bridge Street. Tanner lived at 48 Aubin Street, Neutral Bay, where he displayed a variety of Finnish arts and crafts. On 20 February 1935, Tanner departed Australia, leaving Sydney for Finland on board the SS Nieuw Holland, and was replaced as Finnish consul from 1 March by Paavo Simelius. Simelius arrived in Sydney on 17 April 1935 aboard the RMS Maloja.

With the commencement of the Winter War between Finland and the Soviet Union in 1939, Simelius was involved in raising funds for Finland's defence and humanitarian support for Finnish citizens. By 1941, with the new war between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany, the United Kingdom on behalf of Australia broke off diplomatic relations with Finland, as a co-belligerent with Germany, under pressure from the Soviet Union, who was fighting the Continuation War with Finland. On 30 July 1941, the Australian Minister for External Affairs, Sir Frederick Stewart, notified Consul Simelius that all Finnish diplomatic staff in Australia were considered persona non grata and were to leave the country at the next available opportunity. On his departure, Simelius noted: "I will be sorry to leave, for I have met with extreme kindness and courtesy from everyone in this country, Government officials and private citizens alike. There are between 1,500 and 2,000 Finns in Australia. The great majority of them are farmers, orchardists, sugar-cane growers and miners." At the time, Finnish citizens in Australia were considered to be non-enemy aliens. On 8 December 1941, following the United Kingdom, the Australian Government declared war on Finland, with Finnish citizens now considered to be enemy aliens. The state of war ended without shots being fired with the signing of the Moscow Armistice between Finland, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union on 19 September 1944, and eventually the conclusion of the Paris Peace Treaty in 1947 of which Australia was a signatory. Australia ratified the peace treaty with Finland on 10 July 1948.

New connections, 1949–1967
On 14 July 1949, the Finnish Government announced that the office in Sydney would be reopened as a higher level legation rather than a consulate, with the former consul, Paavo Simelius, appointed as the new Chargé d'affaires to Australia. Simelius arrived in Melbourne aboard the SS Orcades on 18 July, declaring "it's just like coming home to me". As the Finnish representative in Australia during the Coronation of Elizabeth II, he was awarded the Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal.

In 1954, the Finnish government moved to establish new offices in the Australian state capitals: Sir Harry Howard as honorary vice-consul in Perth, Sir Hamilton Sleigh as honorary vice-consul in Melbourne, Robert Newenham Irwin as honorary vice-consul in Adelaide, and Maldwyn Douglas Davies as honorary vice-consul in Brisbane. In 1968 Howard was honoured by President Urho Kekkonen with the Commander of the Order of the Lion of Finland and Irwin was made a Knight First Class of the Order of the White Rose of Finland. Simelius retired from his position on 31 July 1958, and was replaced as chargé by Toivo Kala, who arrived in Australia on 11 January 1959. Kala served until 1963, when Olavi Wanne took up the position of chargé on 23 April.

Later history, 1967–present
 On 1 March 1967, the decision was made to move the Finnish Legation to Canberra, and upgrade it to an embassy to coincide with the Australian appointment of an ambassador to Finland, which was completed on 2 June 1968. When Olavi Wanne returned to Finland early due to ill health, on 1 October 1968 he was succeeded as chargé by his deputy Peter Graf von der Pahlen.

Not long after the Finnish Embassy moved to Canberra, in May 1968 the Australian Minister for External Affairs, Paul Hasluck, announced that the next Australian Ambassador to Sweden would receive non-resident accreditation as Ambassador to Finland to match representatives at the ambassador level. In July 1968, the second resident Ambassador to Sweden, Roy Peachey, was appointed as the first Ambassador to Finland. In November 1968, the Finnish government announced the appointment of Tuure Mentula as the first ambassador of Finland (and later for New Zealand), and he took up office on 4 February 1969. With the Finnish Embassy move to Canberra, in 1971 an honorary consulate was established in Sydney headed by Charles Benyon Lloyd Jones, which was further upgraded to an honorary consulate general in 1973. In 1978 a new Finnish Embassy building on Darwin Avenue, Yarralumla, incorporating a chancery and ambassador's residence designed by Rommel Moorcroft & Partners, was opened. In 1995, Australia established an Honorary Consulate in Helsinki. On 15 August 1994, Chris Rann was made Honorary Consul for Finland in South Australia and in 2005, he was awarded the honour of Knight First Class of the Order of the Lion of Finland.

In 2002, a new Finnish Embassy chancery building was opened on the corner of Darwin Avenue and Forster Crescent, designed by Finnish architect Vesa Huttunen of Hirvonen-Huttunen, who won the commission in a 1997 competition, and the supervising Australian firm, MGT Architects. Its distinctive modernist style, drawing inspiration from the former Finnish coastal defence ship Ilmarinen, was praised at the time as "a testament to the excellence of Finnish architectural traditions". In 2015, half of this building was converted into the Estonian Embassy, creating a unique dual-embassy arrangement in a single building.

High level visits
October–November 1990 – Parliamentary delegation to Sweden, Finland, Norway and Denmark led by Carolyn Jakobsen MP.
7–19 April 2002 – Parliamentary Delegation to Finland and Germany led by President of the Australian Senate, Margaret Reid.
13–17 February 2007 – President of Finland Tarja Halonen visited Australia.
April 2010 – Foreign Minister Stephen Smith visited Finland.
November–December 2013 – Alexander Stubb visited New Zealand and Australia as Minister for Foreign Trade.
2015 – Australian Environment Minister Greg Hunt visited Finland to discuss the state of the Great Barrier Reef.
April–June 2016 – Governor-General of Australia, Sir Peter Cosgrove undertook a state visit to Finland.
29 February to 5 March 2016 – Minister for Foreign Affairs Timo Soini and Minister for Defense Jussi Niinistö visited Australia with a delegation of nine companies and organisations to promote trade.
2 December 2022 – Finnish Prime Minister Sanna Marin visited Sydney, the first visit of a Finnish prime minister to Australia, and met Australian Prime Minister Anthony Albanese.

Trade

Australia is an important trading partner for Finland, being Finland's seventh largest exporting country outside Europe. Total two-way merchandise trade between Australia and Finland was worth $1.2 billion in 2018. Australian exports to Finland were $88 million, comprising mainly coal and alcoholic beverages, while Finland's exports to Australia totalled $1.1 billion and included civil engineering equipment and parts, passenger and goods vehicles, and paper and paperboard. In 2018, Australia's total investment in Finland was worth $3.8 billion, with Finland investing $863 million in Australia. A number of Finnish multinationals including Nokia, Stora Enso, Huhtamaki, Outokumpu, Wärtsilä and Konecranes, have a presence in Australia.

Treaties
17 Australia–Finland bilateral treaties covering various areas such as extradition, social security and taxation have been agreed between the two countries.

Migration

Between 1921 and 1939, almost 2,000 Finns arrived to Australia. From the 1930s small Finnish communities formed in the mining town of Mount Isa and sugar industry towns of Tully and Ingham in north-western Queensland. Under the post-war General Assisted Passage Scheme, around 6,000 Finns moved to Australia, a level of migration that continued into the 1960s and 1970s.

Australia has an estimated 30,000 inhabitants with Finnish roots. The majority of Finns live near Brisbane, Sydney, Melbourne and Canberra. According to the 2016 census, the number of people born in Finland living in Australia was 7,711. The number of people who spoke Finnish was 59,577. As of 2022, there are approximately 25 Australian citizens permanently living in Finland.

See also
 Foreign relations of Australia
 Foreign relations of Finland
 Australia–European Union relations
 Finnish Australians

References

External links

 Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland – Australia
 Australian Embassy, Sweden – Finland, Latvia

Finland
Bilateral relations of Finland


Regionalcargo Holdings, S.A. de C.V., operating as Regional Cargo, was a Mexican cargo airline. Its headquarters are on the grounds of Querétaro International Airport and in Colón, Querétaro, near Santiago de Querétaro.

History
Regional Cargo was founded by Juan M. Rodríguez Anza, Ernesto Díaz González and Juan Ignacio Steta, so it is run by 100% Mexican capital with the investment of investors that saw in this company a big opportunity of development in this sector.

The airline started operations at the city of Querétaro on July 7, 2006.

Destinations
Regional Cargo operated the following scheduled services:

Mexico
Guadalajara - Don Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla International Airport
Mexico City - Mexico City International Airport
La Paz - Manuel Márquez de León International Airport
Monterrey - General Mariano Escobedo International Airport
Querétaro - Querétaro International Airport hub
Toluca - Lic. Adolfo López Mateos International Airport
Puebla - Hermanos Serdán International Airport
Mérida - Manuel Crescencio Rejón International Airport
Cancún - Cancún International Airport

Fleet
The Regional Cargo fleet included the following aircraft (as of 8 November 2008) :

 ATR 42-300F
 Boeing 737-200C

References

External links

Regional Cargo
Regional Cargo
Regional Cargo Fleet

Defunct airlines of Mexico
Cargo airlines


The California State Personnel Board (SPB), one of California's constitutional offices, is one of the California agencies responsible for administration of the merit-based civil service employment system for California state agencies, the other being the California Department of Human Resources.

History
The Board was established by Article VII, section 2 of the California Constitution, as amended on June 8, 1976. Staff positions in the Supreme Court of California, the California Courts of Appeal, the California Legislature, the University of California and the California State University are not administered by the board.

Functions
The board sets and enforces rules for state civil service appointments and exams, and maintains a staff of administrative law judges to resolve various human resources issues, such as whistleblower complaints, disability and medical condition discrimination complaints including reasonable accommodation denials and appeals from unfavorable human resources decisions (e.g. reprimand, salary reduction, suspension without pay, demotion or dismissal). Appeals from the Board's administrative law department are heard by the Board itself.

With the exception of board hearing procedures relating to disciplinary and merit matters, disability and medical discrimination complaints, public testimony or participation, drug testing and grounds for employee discipline, the Board is exempt from the Administrative Procedure Act. However, even when subject to the Act, it is exempt from a variety of the Act's most onerous requirements, such as performing an adverse economic impact analysis.

The Board has faced controversy for some of its decisions, such as its order reinstating a nurse's aide who removed money from an elderly man's drawer in a police sting prompted by thousands of dollars in thefts from the veteran's home in which she worked, as well as favorable decisions in the cases of doctors who peers considered unsafe around patients, and a psychiatric technician who hit a patient with his shoes.

Membership
As of February 22, 2022, the SPB is composed of the following five members:

See also
 California Department of Human Resources
 United States Merit Systems Protection Board

References

External links

 State Personnel Board in the California Code of Regulations
 Local Agency Personnel Standards in the California Code of Regulations

Personnel Board


Kill, Baby, Kill (, ) is a 1966 Italian gothic horror film directed by Mario Bava and starring Giacomo Rossi Stuart and Erika Blanc. Written by Bava, Romano Migliorini, and Roberto Natale, the film focuses on a small Carpathian village in the early 1900s that is being terrorized by the ghost of a murderous young girl.

Overseen by one-time producers Nando Pisani and Luciano Catenacci of F.U.L. Films, Kill, Baby, Kill was considered to be a small-scale project compared to Bava's earlier films, as it was made without internationally recognized stars or the support of a major distributor. Although a complete script was written by Migliorini and Natale prior to the start of production, Bava claimed that much of the film was improvised. Shot partially on location in Calcata, Faleria and at the Villa Grazioli in 1965, the film underwent a troubled production due to F.U.L. Films running out of money during principal photography, prompting the cast and crew to finish the film in the knowledge that they would not be paid for their work. In post-production, the score had to be compiled from stock music created for earlier film productions.

Although the film's commercial performance during its initial Italian theatrical release was limited, its domestic run outgrossed those of Bava's previous horror films; abroad, it garnered positive notices from Variety and the Monthly Film Bulletin. With the re-evaluation of Bava's filmography, Kill, Baby, Kill has been acclaimed by filmmakers and critics as one of the director's finest achievements; it was placed at number 73 on a Time Out poll of the best horror films.

Plot

In 1907, Dr. Paul Eswai is sent to the Carpathian village of Karmingam to perform an autopsy on Irena Hollander, a woman who died under mysterious circumstances in an abandoned church. Monica Schufftan, a medical student who has recently returned to visit her parents' graves, is assigned as his witness. During the autopsy, they find a silver coin embedded in Hollander's heart.

The local villagers are accustomed to medicinal practices and superstitions Eswai finds preposterous, and claim that Karmingam is haunted by the ghost of a young girl who curses those she visits. After Nadienne, the daughter of local innkeepers, is visited by the girl, a ritual to reverse the curse is performed by Ruth, the village witch. That evening, Eswai goes to meet with a colleague, Inspector Kruger, at the villa of Baroness Graps. When he arrives at the large, decrepit house, the Baroness informs him that she knows of no such Kruger. Upon leaving, Eswai encounters the ghostly young girl.

Meanwhile, Monica has a nightmare about the child, and awakens to find a doll at the foot of her bed. She runs into Eswai in the street, and he offers to take her to the inn so she can sleep. At the inn, Eswai discovers that Nadienne is wearing a leech vine around her body as part of Ruth's treatment. Believing this procedure to be causing her greater suffering, he removes the vine despite her family's concerns. In the local cemetery, Eswai finds two gravediggers burying Kruger's corpse, who has been shot in the head. Simultaneously, Nadienne is awoken by the young girl at her window, who compels her to impale herself with a candelabra.

Eswai and Monica are informed by Karl, the burgomeister, that the ghostly girl is Melissa Graps, the dead daughter of the Baroness, and that she is responsible for the deaths of Hollander and Kruger; he also reveals to Monica that the Schufftans were not her real parents. When he goes to retrieve evidence proving so, he is compelled by Melissa into destroying the documents and killing himself. Turned away by Nadinne's father due to her death, Monica and Eswai attempt to get the reluctant villagers' attention by ringing the church bell. Inside the church, they find a secret passageway, where Monica experiences déjà vu. They discover the Graps' family tomb, which includes that of Melissa, who died in 1887, aged seven.

They find a staircase leading out of the tomb, which takes them inside the Villa Graps, where the Baroness confronts them in the hallway. She reveals that Melissa was trampled to death while fetching a ball during a drunken festival. Melissa appears in the room, and Monica suddenly vanishes through a doorway. Eswai chases after her through a repeating series of doorways; in his pursuit, he confronts a doppelgänger of himself, after which he is left locked in a room and subsequently spirited out of the villa. He loses consciousness, and awakens in Ruth's home. Ruth explains that the coins found in the hearts of the victims have been placed there by her as talismans to ward off supernatural powers of the Baroness, who has invoked her daughter's ghost to punish the villagers, and that she intends to kill the Baroness to avenge Karl, who was her lover.

In the villa, the Baroness reveals to Monica that she is her daughter, and Melissa her older sister; following Melissa's death, the Baroness' servants, the Schufftans, sent Monica to be raised and educated in Gräfenberg for her protection. Melissa's ghost appears, chases Monica down the staircase into the tomb, and urges her to throw herself from a nearby balcony. Ruth arrives and confronts the Baroness. The Baroness stabs her through the chest with a fire poker, but Ruth manages to strangle her to death before dying, thus laying Melissa's soul to rest; Eswai arrives in time to save Monica. Reunited, the pair leave Villa Graps as the sun rises in the distance.

Production

Background
Kill, Baby, Kill marked Mario Bava's return to gothic horror, having previously directed Black Sabbath and The Whip and the Body in 1963. In later years, he claimed to have made the film as a result of a bet with "some Americans"; in contrast to his earlier horror films, it was neither made with American or British leads, nor did it experience creative interference from a major distributor like American International Pictures (AIP). Bava biographer Tim Lucas stated that retrospective reviews of Italian horror films described the period between 1957 and 1966 as the genre's "Golden Age", with Kill, Baby, Kill often being described as its "Grand Finale", as it was among the last of these films from Italy to be widely distributed.

The film was funded by a small Italian company, F.U.L. Film. The film's credited producers were Nando Pisano and Luciano Catenacci; this was the only film they produced. Pisano was a production manager who had worked on films ranging from Roberto Rossellini's Where Is Freedom? to Giorgio Bianchi's The Orderly, while Catenacci worked primarily as an actor under the name "Max Lawrence". Catenacci also served as the film's production manager and portrayed the character of Karl. Lucas has estimated that the film's budget to be lower than those of Bava's films that were distributed by AIP in the United States, estimating it to be well below $50,000.

Writing and pre-production
The screenplay is credited to the writing team of Romano Migliorini and Roberto Natale, who had previously written two horror films for Massimo Pupillo, Francesco Merli and Ralph Zucker: Bloody Pit of Horror and Terror-Creatures from the Grave. Both films shared crew members and studio space with Kill, Baby, Kill; aside from using some of the earlier films' set furnishings, the set housing the Graps family crypt in Kill, Baby, Kill had been used as the Crimson Executioner's dungeon in Bloody Pit of Horror. Lucas notes that the script has two possible cinematic antecedents: the 1944 Rathbone/Bruce Sherlock Holmes film The Scarlet Claw, in which Holmes and Dr. Watson are summoned to a small town where a series of murders — the most recent of which is of a woman who bled to death while ringing the local church bell — have been attributed to a ghost, and 1960's Village of the Damned (based on the 1957 novel The Midwich Cuckoos by John Wyndham), in which a group of aliens resembling blonde children menace a village by psychically compelling residents into committing suicide.

Bava claimed in an interview that the film was improvised on the spot from a script of only 30 pages; Lucas has suggested that the screenplay for the film may have been based on an early screenplay for La vendetta di Lady Morgan by Natale and Migliorini. Film historian Roberto Curti has refuted this, noting that Kill Baby Kills shooting script, titled Le macabre ore della paura (), featured detailed dialogue and a completed storyline. The screenplay stored in Rome's Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia library was deposited there on April 5, 1966, as screenplays are generally deposited there before shooting has started. Curti noted that La vendetta di Lady Morgan began shooting on 26 July 1965, was submitted to the Ministerial Censorship Commission on October 1, and was released on December 16. This screenplay also revealed that ideas that had already been used in Bava's previous films but were discarded, such as victims returning from the dead as zombies. The film's screenplay also includes scenes that remain in the film, such as the scene of the spiral staircase and the scene where Dr. Eswai chases his doppelgänger over and over into the same room.

Kill, Baby, Kill marked Bava's third and final collaboration with actor Giacomo Rossi Stuart, following The Day the Sky Exploded and Knives of the Avenger. Actress Erika Blanc was cast as Monica Schuftan in the film, and claimed the film was only the second feature she made, despite filmographies suggesting otherwise. Bava auditioned hundreds of young girls to play the part of Melissa Graps, but was unable to find one. Bava eventually cast Valerio Valeri, who was the son of his concierge. According to Blanc, Valeri was not happy with the role due to the need for him to wear a dress, and that Bava would goad his performance by referring to him as "Valeria". The actress also noted that fellow cast member Fabienne Dali was so committed to her role as the witch Ruth that she performed tarot card readings for the cast and crew.

Filming and special effects

Lucas described the production of Kill, Baby, Kill as being plagued by "bad luck" as the film ran out of money while filming.
Blanc stated that the cast and crew were only paid for their first two weeks working on the film, and agreed to complete it without pay due to their affection for Bava. Bava's friend Luigi Cozzi stated that Bava was never paid for his work on the film.
According to Bava, the film was shot in 12 days in 1965. Blanc has refuted this statement, the film was shot in "maybe twenty" days, while Bava's son and assistant director Lamberto stated the film took about four weeks to finish.

Several exterior scenes for Karmingam were filmed on location in the medieval towns of Calcata and Faleria, while the façade and several interiors of Villa Grazioli in Grottaferrata were used to represent Villa Graps. All other sequences, including interiors and the cemetery scenes, were shot at Titanus Appia Studios, where it was one of the last films to be shot there before it predominantly became a distribution company. Lamberto Bava described Calcata during this period as "Abandoned, constructed on a mountain of tufa, a material that has crumbled over the centuries" and that around the late 1960s the area "became a kind of hippie community."

The special effects, such as the distorted vision at the beginning of the film, were created using a sheet of distorted "water glass" created by Bava's father Eugenio when he was a camera operator on silent films. Other budgetary concerns led to Bava shooting the film without a crane, leading him to film with a makeshift seesaw to shoot certain scenes. Several shots of Melissa were filmed with Valeri performing the actions in reverse, lending an uncanny feel to the character's movements. The disappearance of her ghost at the end of the film was accomplished by dimming the light that projected Valeri's reflection onto a sheet of angled glass.

Music
The film's score is credited to Carlo Rustichelli, but is actually a collection of library music, featuring works by Rustichelli and other composers who had worked with Bava. Lucas suggested that the use of stock music, as opposed to an original score, was due to the low budget of the production. Other music includes Francesco De Masi music from The Murder Clinic, the lullaby piece of music heard in the films titles was composed by Armando Trovajoli originally used in the comedy film What Ever Happened to Baby Toto?. Music from previous films includes pieces composed by Rustichelli for The Long Hair of Death, Blood and Black Lace, The Whip and the Body and Roman Vlad's music from I Vampiri. When asked about the film's music, Rustichelli admitted that he did not remember the film nor any music he composed for it.

Release
Kill, Baby, Kill was released in Italy on July 8, 1966, and was distributed by I.N.D.I.E.F. By the time the film was released, Blanc was known for appearing in various spy films. One of these, Agente S 03: Operazione Atlantide, led to Kill, Baby, Kill being released as Operation paura in Italy. Released during the height of the Italian vacation season, it was shown in Rome for only four days in August before vanishing from circulation. It grossed a total of 201 million Italian lira domestically on its initial theatrical release. Although Curti has described this figure as "nondescript", the film was the highest-grossing horror film of Bava's career at the time of its domestic run in Italy, outperforming Black Sunday and Black Sabbath, which were his biggest contemporary successes in the international market. Bava chose not to direct another horror film until 1968, when he shot Hatchet for the Honeymoon.

The film was released in the United States on October 8, 1967, where it was distributed by Europix Consolidated Corporation alongside Sound of Horror; the double feature was advertised as "The S&Q Show", with the tagline "You'll Shiver and Quiver with Kill Baby Kill — and Shake and Quake with Sounds of Horror!". The pairing proved to be a hit on the drive-in circuit, and both films were licensed for TV syndication the following year. In the United Kingdom, it was retitled Curse of the Dead and released by Marigold Films in 1967. In West Germany, the film was released in 1970 as Die Toten Augen des Dr. Dracula () by Alpha Film, a small company that went out of business shortly after its release. Europix re-issued the film under the title Curse of the Living Dead, with one reel removed, as part of a triple feature called "Orgy of the Living Dead" in the United States in 1972, alongside The Murder Clinic (retitled Revenge of the Living Dead) and Malenka (Fangs of the Living Dead). Between March and June 1973, the triple bill grossed over $750,000 from more than 400 playdates. In Japan, the film was released in 1973 by 20th Century Fox.

Home media
Kill, Baby, Kill was released on DVD in September 2000 by VCI. In 2007, the home video company Dark Sky Films attempted to release Kill, Baby, Kill on DVD in North America. After assuming the rights had been secured, the company proceeded to purchase the licensing rights to the film for the United States. Dark Sky Films was then sued by Alfredo Leone, who stated that he owned the rights to the film and had recently sold the rights to the company Anchor Bay Entertainment. The courts sided with Leone and Anchor Bay, while Dark Sky Films who had already pressed DVDs of the film had to cancel the release. The film was then released on DVD by Anchor Bay Entertainment in one of two five-film boxed sets of Bava's horror films, alongside Black Sunday, Black Sabbath, The Girl Who Knew Too Much, and Knives of the Avenger.

The film was released on Blu-ray and special-edition DVD for the first time in the United Kingdom on September 11, 2017, by Arrow Video, followed by a release in North America on October 10, 2017, through Kino Lorber.

Critical reception

Contemporaneous
From contemporaneous reviews, Tom Milne of the Monthly Film Bulletin noted that though "narrative has never been Bava's strong point, but with Operazione Paura he has happily found a story in which atmosphere is everything, and the result is even more splendid visually that Sei Donne per l'Assasino". The review also compared the film to that of Beauty and the Beast and The Turn of the Screw and the work of Georges Franju. Stuart "Byro" Byron of Variety commented that "every element of light and color has been carefully orchestrated by Bava to achieve a tantalizing and dramatic effect" and "plot details are juggled expertly to achieve needed scare effects" while "there's no attempt to the especial original here - it's just the same old Gothic elements, but handled so skillfully as to revitalize the genre." The review concluded that "perhaps his pix will remain in the province of buffs, but Bava - whose sole international success was with Black Sabbath - deserves a small but firm niche in film history." According to Blanc, the film received a standing ovation from director Luchino Visconti upon its opening in Rome.

Retrospective

From retrospective reviews, Slant Magazine called it "arguably Bava's greatest achievement", giving it four stars out of a possible four. Slant also ranked it number 80 on their list of the top 100 horror films of all time. Bava biographer Tim Lucas described the film as a "mixture of pure poetry and pulp thriller, distinguished by vivid, hallucinogenic cinematography...jolts into the realms of free-form delirium and dementia. The spectre of little Melissa Graps, with her white lace dress and bouncing white ball, is perhaps the most influential icon of Italian horror cinema, having been copied in countless other films, notably Federico Fellini...and the film itself has been an admitted influence on such directors as Martin Scorsese and David Lynch;" he and Lamberto Bava have identified it as their personal favorites of Bava's films.
In the 2010s, Time Out polled authors, directors, actors and critics who had worked in the horror genre to vote for their top horror films. Kill, Baby, Kill at number 56 on the top 100.

Taste of Cinema observed that "Martin Scorsese called this Bava's best film...probably the most successful realization of Gothic horror-meets-bad-acid-trip." Scott Beggs said "This might be Bava’s greatest achievement, and he doesn’t hold out on the lush production design or the trippy camera tricks." Derek Hill designated Kill, Baby, Kill! as "one of his best efforts and what is arguably one of the most effective and chilling supernatural gothic horror films of all time. It has influenced Federico Fellini...Martin Scorsese...Kill, Baby, Kill! creates such a palpable mood of dread and oppression in its first few minutes and so effectively sustains the momentum until the last frame that it is easy to see why it has cast such a quiet legacy on other filmmakers." Patrick Legare of      AllMovie called the film "an eerie and atmospheric effort that reflects many of the elements that have made the popular Italian director's films so compelling: excellent cinematography and strong performances from the talented cast."

Pablo Kjolseth of Turner Classic Movies praised the film's visuals, writing: "If you value mood and atmosphere over modern visceral thrills there's a good chance you'll land in the latter camp. Rich color schemes, crumbling elegant buildings, mist-covered cobble-stoned streets, dusty taverns, swirling spiral stairs, and endless halls with creepy décor and art all help establish a handful of the exteriors and interiors that make the film magical."

Legacy and analysis
Kill, Baby, Kill has been credited as an inspiration on numerous filmmakers, as the imagery of the character Melissa Graps — a young girl with a bouncing ball who serves as a symbol of wickedness — has been referenced in several contemporary horror films. Fellini was inspired by this imagery, and used it in his segment "Toby Dammit," from the anthology film Spirits of the Dead (1968). After hearing about Fellini's use of imagery in the film, Bava went to see Spirits of the Dead and reflected on this screening stating "That ghost child with the bouncing ball... it's the same ideas as in my film, exactly the same! I later mentioned this to Giulietta Masina and she just shrugged her shoulders, smiling and said, 'Well, you know how Federico is....'"

The imagery of the film also influenced other works, such as Alessandro Capone's debut film Witch Story, which also features a spectral young girl with a white bouncing ball. Among English-language films influenced by Bava's film, Nicolas Roeg's Don't Look Now features a character in search of a hooded figure resembling his blonde-haired daughter, only to discover the figure to be a homicidal dwarf who kills him in a manner he has foreseen in premonitions. In Asia, several productions also feature a spectral young girl with a white bouncing ball, such as Wellson Chin's 1997 film Tamagotchi and the anime series Pokémon, specifically the episodes "Abra and the Psychic Showdown" and "Haunter vs. Kadabra". In the United States, the imagery is also seen in the 2002 horror film FeardotCom.

Visually, the film has been noted as an inspiration on Dario Argento's Suspiria. The film's use of color has also been noted as an inspiration on the visuals of Scorsese's The Last Temptation of Christ.

Scholar David Sanjek also noted the film's use of the child symbolizing evil as a pioneering motif in the genre: "Kill, Baby, Kill, a film of genuine poetic power and visual ingenuity, successfully inverted gothic stereotypes of good and evil by having the power of good embodied by a dark-haired witch while evil is represented by an angelic, blonde young girl."

Footnotes

References

Further reading

External links

1966 films
Italian horror films
1960s Italian-language films
Fiction set in 1907
1966 horror films
Gothic horror films
Films directed by Mario Bava
Films set in 1907
Films shot in Italy
Italian serial killer films
Italian supernatural horror films
Films about witchcraft
Films set in Europe
Period horror films
Films set in the Czech Republic
1960s Italian films


Kjer may refer to:

In people:
 Eva Kjer Hansen (born 1964), the Danish Minister for Food, Agriculture and Fisheries
 Bodil Kjer (1917–2003), a Danish actress
 Paul Kjer, Danish ophthalmologist who first described the condition now known as Kjer's optic neuropathy

In other uses:
 Kjer's optic neuropathy, dominant optic atrophy

Danish-language surnames


Apple Writer is a word processor for the Apple II family of personal computers.  It was created by Paul Lutus and published in 1979 by Apple Computer.

History

Apple Writer 1.0
Paul Lutus wrote Apple Writer alone in a small cottage he built himself atop a hill in the woods of Oregon, connected to the electricity grid via  of cable strung in trees. The original 1979 version of Apple Writer ran from a 13-sector DOS 3.2 diskette and supported 40-column text display.  It displayed text entirely in uppercase, but case could be toggled by pressing the ESC key; characters that the user signified as uppercase appeared in inverse (black-on-white) capitals, while characters in lowercase appeared as standard capitals.  The names of the binary files Apple Writer 1.0 produced began with the prefix "TEXT".

An undocumented feature was its ability to print to printers using a game paddle port as a serial interface. Users had to build their own serial cables; the risk of damage to the computer or printer was why Apple did not publicize the information, but Lutus documented the feature in a letter to BYTE.

Apple Writer 1.1
Released in 1980, Apple Writer 1.1 took advantage of DOS 3.3 and ran under the newer 16-sector format. It also featured a spell checker known as Goodspell and some minor bug fixes.

Apple Writer II
Apple Writer II was released in 1981 and, like its predecessor, ran under DOS 3.3 on an Apple II Plus.  Unlike the original, Apple Writer II could display both upper and lower case characters and, with a Sup'R'Terminal card in slot 3, could support both 40- and 80-column text.  It also wrapped text too long to appear on the current line (rather than breaking it mid-word) and included a glossary and the Word Processing Language (WPL), a macro-like resource that allowed certain tasks to be automated.  Apple Writer II files saved as standard text files rather than the older binary files.

Apple Writer ///
This program was released in 1982 for the Apple ///, and was able to use the enhanced capabilities of the Apple ///.

Apple Writer IIe
Released in 1983, Apple Writer IIe took advantage of the Apple IIe's built-in 80-column display and full keyboard and featured the ability to create larger files, print files to disk and directly connect the computer keyboard to a printer for typewriter-like operation.

Apple Writer 2.0
Apple Writer 2.0 was released in September 1984 and was the first version of the series to run under ProDOS. It allowed users to set screen margins and to connect the computer's keyboard to a modem, allowing it to be used as a rudimentary terminal program.

Apple Writer 2.1
Published in late 1985, this version corrected a problem with parallel printer cards present in 2.0 and changed printed characters from low-ASCII to high-ASCII, correcting an issue with certain interface cards and printers.

Freeware
Following the success of AppleWorks, Apple discontinued the Apple Writer series.  Creator Paul Lutus agreed in 1992 to make his program available on a freeware basis: it could be copied freely and given away, but could not be sold for a profit.

Interface
Apple Writer used inline commands, so formatting did not appear on-screen; it would appear when the document was printed. Paragraph formatting was specified with dot-commands, each of which required its own line. For example:

 .ff     form feed (new page)
 .lmXX   set left margin to XX characters
 .rmYY   set right margin to YY characters
 .cj     center justification
 .fj     full justification
Character formatting was specified with escape-commands, which varied depending on the printer. Common commands included Esc-X to begin underlining, and Esc-Y to end underlining.

Reception
Compute!s reviewer wrote in 1980 "I have looked at other text editors for the Apple, some of which were overloaded with features. Given the hardware limitations of the Apple II, I feel that Apple Writer is a very useful document creation tool", and stated that he wrote the review with Apple Writer. II Computing listed it third on the magazine's list of top Apple II software as of late 1985, based on sales and market-share data.

References

External links
 Apple II History, Chapter 18: Apple Writer
 Apple Writer 1.0 Software

1979 software
Apple II word processors


A college of physicians is a national or provincial organisation concerned with the practice of medicine.

Such institutions include:

 American College of Physicians
 Ceylon College of Physicians
 College of Physicians and Surgeons of Manitoba
 College of Physicians & Surgeons of Mumbai
 College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario
 College of Physicians & Surgeons Pakistan
 College of Physicians of Philadelphia
 Ghana College of Physicians and Surgeons
 Lebanese Order of Physicians
 Philippine College of Physicians
 Royal Australasian College of Physicians of Australia and New Zealand
 Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada
 Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow
 Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh
 Royal College of Physicians of Ireland
 Royal College of Physicians of London
 Rwanda College of Physicians
 West African College of Physicians and Surgeons


Dobrosav Milovanović  is the former Deputy Minister for International Economic Relations in the Government of Serbia (2001-2004).   He has a law degree from the University of Belgrade's Law School, as well as a Master's degree and a PhD from the same faculty.

He is a former Chairman of the Serbian Securities Commission and is the vice-president of the Serbian Association of Lawyers. Since leaving politics he has been in business working as the Director of the Economics Institute of Belgrade (EKI) and is the Director of the Public Administration Center.

References

Living people
20th-century Serbian lawyers
University of Belgrade Faculty of Law alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)


The Second Federal Electoral District of Yucatán (II Distrito Electoral Federal de Yucatán)
is one of the 300 Electoral Districts into which Mexico is divided for the purpose of elections to the federal Chamber of Deputies and one of five such districts in the state of Yucatán.

It elects one deputy to the lower house of Congress for each three-year legislative period, by means of the first past the post system.

District territory
Under the 2005 districting scheme, the district covers the northern municipalities of Yucatán.

The district's head town (cabecera distrital), where results from individual polling stations are gathered together and collated, is the city of Progreso.

Previous districting schemes

1996–2005 district
Between 1996 and 2005, Yucatán's Second District covered the north-west portion of the state.

Deputies returned to Congress from this district

L Legislature
 1976–1979: Rubén Calderón Cecilio (PRI)
LI Legislature
 1979–1982: Gonzalo Navarro Báez (PRI)
LII Legislature
 1982–1985: José Pacheco Durán (PRI)
LIII Legislature
 1985–1988:
LIV Legislature
 1988–1991:
LV Legislature
 1991–1994:
LVI Legislature
 1994–1997: Rubén Calderón Cecilio (PRI)
LVII Legislature
 1997–2000:
LVIII Legislature
 2000–2003: José Feliciano Moo y Can (PRI)
LIX Legislature
 2003–2006: Ivonne Ortega Pacheco (PRI)
LX Legislature
 2006–2009: José Luis Blanco Pajón (PRI)

References and notes

Federal electoral districts of Mexico
Geography of Yucatán


Bobby Ray Simmons Jr. (born November 15, 1988), known professionally as B.o.B, is an American rapper and record producer. Raised in Decatur, Georgia, Simmons was signed to Jim Jonsin's Rebel Rock Entertainment imprint in 2006. Two years later, Jonsin and Simmons signed a joint venture deal with fellow Georgia rapper T.I.'s Grand Hustle Records, an imprint of Atlantic Records. Following his major-label deal, Simmons quickly achieved commercial success when his debut single "Nothin' on You" (featuring Bruno Mars), reached number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart in 2009, and earned a Grammy Award for Record of the Year nomination.

His subsequent singles "Airplanes" (featuring Hayley Williams of Paramore), and "Magic" (featuring Rivers Cuomo), peaked at number two and ten respectively on the Billboard Hot 100. Simmons' debut studio album, The Adventures of Bobby Ray (2010), was preceded by two extended plays (EPs) and several self-released mixtapes. The album was met with critical and commercial success, reaching number one on the Billboard 200 chart and receiving 2× platinum certification, with critics praising its blending of genres including alternative rock, pop rap, and "hipster hop". Simmons was named the ninth "Hottest MC in the Game of 2010" by MTV on their annual list. The following year, he was featured on English singer Jessie J's single "Price Tag", which reached number one in the UK.

Simmons then released his dubstep-influenced single, "Strange Clouds" (featuring Lil Wayne) in late 2011. Becoming his fourth top-ten hit on the Hot 100, it preceded his second studio album of the same name (2012), which peaked at number five on the Billboard 200 upon release. The album's follow-up singles, "So Good" and "Both of Us" (featuring Taylor Swift), both reached the top-twenty in the US and received platinum certification by the RIAA. His third studio album Underground Luxury (2013) explored darker subject matter and adopted a grittier tone, containing the club-oriented singles "HeadBand" (featuring 2 Chainz) and "We Still in This Bitch" (featuring T.I. and Juicy J); the album was met with lukewarm commercial and critical response. He was later featured on Ty Dolla Sign's 2013 single "Paranoid", which became a Top 40 hit in the US. In August 2015, Simmons released his twelfth mixtape and final project under a major label, Psycadelik Thoughtz. Simmons has since disavowed the mainstream music industry, expressed anti-establishment views, and has garnered attention for his dissemination of various conspiracy theories.

Life and career

1988–2006: Early life and career beginnings
Bobby Ray Simmons Jr. was born on November 15, 1988, in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. He played the trumpet in his school band from elementary school through high school. Although his parents wanted him to continue his education, B.o.B decided in sixth grade that he wanted to pursue a music career. His father, a pastor, disapproved of his son's choices, until he realized B.o.B was using music as a form of therapy and a creative outlet. B.o.B later reflected on his experience, saying, "They've always supported me. They got my first keyboard to make beats on and they helped me out getting equipment here and there. But it was kind of hard for them to really understand what I was really trying to accomplish." B.o.B attended Columbia High School in Decatur, Georgia, where he played the trumpet in the school band, until he landed a record deal and decided to drop out of school in the ninth grade.

In 2002, after meeting his mentor and co-manager B-Rich at the age of 14, B.o.B sold his first beat to former Slip-n-Slide recording artist Citti, for the song "I'm the Cookie Man". B.o.B felt he had established a substantial career. "I went and blew all of my money on fast stuff like a chain and ballin'. Soon I was broke again, but I learned two important things from it; make sure I save my money and that I was hooked on music. He continued performing at open mics and underground venues to perfect his craft. In 2006, because he was underage, B-Rich helped sneak B.o.B into Club Crucial, a night club owned by Atlanta-based rapper T.I. There, B.o.B performed a song titled "Cloud 9", a self-produced, spoken word-like ode to marijuana. In attendance was producer and industry veteran T.J. Chapman, chief executive officer (CEO) of TJ's DJ's. Chapman agreed to co-manage B.o.B, which only a month later led to B.o.B's signing with Atlantic Records and subsidiary imprint Rebel Rock, run by Florida-based producer Jim Jonsin. His first single for Atlantic, 2007's "Haterz Everywhere", reached the top five of Billboard's Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop singles chart. Along with his solo production career, B.o.B is part of the production/rap group HamSquad, along with Playboy Tre, DJ Swatts, DJ Smooth, Moss B, B-Rich and TJ Chapman.

2007–2008: Rise to fame and mixtapes

B.o.B first began to gain recognition at the start of 2007. The underground single, "Haterz Everywhere" featuring Wes Fif, gained the rapper attention by peaking at number 5 on the US Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles. The remix to "Haterz Everywhere" featuring Rich Boy, was included used in the video game Fight Night Round 4, and a music video was later released for that version. Another single, "I'll Be in the Sky", was released in 2008 and it has reached at number 15 on the same charts. About.com called the song a "smart, funky artrap and a strong prelude to his album" and included it at number 13 on its subjective ranking "Top 100 Rap Songs of 2008". Incidentally, another song produced by B.o.B called "Generation Lost", listed alongside the song, on the ranking at number 32. This was followed by another single, "Don't Let Me Fall". B.o.B made his first big feature appearing on T.I.'s highly acclaimed album Paper Trail (2008), on the song "On Top of the World", alongside fellow Atlanta-based rapper Ludacris.

In 2008, it was announced he would appear on the cover of XXL magazine, along with Asher Roth, Charles Hamilton and Wale as part of their "Hip-Hop's Class of '09" issue. In October 2008, B.o.B was featured on the cover of Vibe along with some of these same young musicians and was similarly identified as promising young talent. From 2007 to 2008, B.o.B released four mixtapes; The Future (2007), Cloud 9 (2007), Hi! My Name is B.o.B (2008) Who the F#*k is B.o.B? (2008) and two extended plays; Eastside (2007), 12th Dimension (2008).

2008–2010: Mainstream success and debut album

In 2008, it was announced B.o.B was included in XXL's 2009 annual Freshman Class, and was featured on the cover alongside fellow up-and-coming rappers Asher Roth, Wale, Kid Cudi, Charles Hamilton, Cory Gunz, Blu, Mickey Factz, Ace Hood and Curren$y. In February 2009, B.o.B crafted an original song, titled "Auto-Tune", for the videogame Grand Theft Auto: The Lost and Damned. On May 16, 2009, B.o.B released a cover of Manu Chao's "Mr. Bobby" and said he wanted to be known mononymously as Bobby Ray while also claiming he was taking his music in a "new direction": "Now I go by the name Bobby Ray. Make sure you put Bobby Ray. I'm really going into a new direction – more free and not trying to live up to any particular genre. I don't feel like I've been doing that. I don't feel like I've been trying to fit in, but I feel even more free-spirited. I have more willingness musically. That's all I'm about. I'm about guitars, chords and keyboards".

On June 22, 2009, B.o.B released his fifth mixtape, appropriately titled B.o.B vs. Bobby Ray. The mixtape, reminiscent of T.I.'s T.I. vs. T.I.P. (2007), was mainly produced by Fury and B.o.B. The mixtape also included a song produced by Red Spyda, titled "Fly Like Me" and another titled "Put Me On", which is a re-imagining of A Tribe Called Quest's 1990 hit, "Bonita Applebum". Reebok used "Put Me On" in celebration of the Reebok Classic Remix collection. The track is available for download exclusively to customers who purchase styles from the Reebok Classic Remix collection, at Foot Locker stores nationwide. During the summer of 2009, B.o.B joined fellow up-and-coming rappers Kid Cudi and Asher Roth for 'The Great Hangover' concert tour. B.o.B was to open Blue October's Pick Up the Phone tour in October–November 2009, but the tour was cancelled after Justin Furstenfeld was hospitalized following a severe mental anxiety attack.

On January 13, 2010, B.o.B announced his debut studio album, tentatively titled The Adventures of Bobby Ray, was expected to be released on May 25, 2010. To promote the album, B.o.B announced a mixtape titled May 25, in reference to his album's release date. May 25 was released on February 1, 2010, to critical acclaim. The mixtape features guest appearances from J. Cole, Asher Roth, Playboy Tre, Charles Hamilton and Bruno Mars. The latter of whom was featured on the bonus track and B.o.B's debut single, "Nothin' on You". Due to the commercial success of his mixtape May 25 and his single "Nothin' on You", the release date of his debut album was advanced to April 27, 2010. Three other singles followed: "Don't Let Me Fall" (released April 6, 2010), "Airplanes" (April 13, 2010; featuring Hayley Williams), and "Bet I" (April 20, 2010; featuring T.I. and Playboy Tre). A video for "Bet I" was released on Atlantic Videos on YouTube.

B.o.B Presents: The Adventures of Bobby Ray was released under Atlantic and T.I.'s Grand Hustle imprint, featuring guest appearances from Lupe Fiasco, T.I., Playboy Tre, Hayley Williams, Rivers Cuomo, Ricco Barrino, Janelle Monáe and Bruno Mars. The album, released April 27, 2010, was given generally positive reviews. His album sold 84,000 copies in the first week and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200. It made B.o.B the thirteenth solo male artist to have a debut album arrive at number one in its first week. In July, B.o.B announced he will go on tour, naming it The SHOOTiN for Stars Tour. The dates and times were released on his website on July 13. B.o.B has received nominations for his album, singles, and himself by the BET Awards, Teen Choice Awards, MTV Video Music Awards, and the new Suckerfree Summit. "Airplanes" was featured in the trailer for the upcoming movie Charlie St. Cloud and his single "Magic" featured him in an advertisement for Adidas' "Magic" campaign. B.o.B was announced to be a performer at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards on August 18. He was added to the lineup of Eminem, Linkin Park, Kanye West, Drake, Usher, Paramore, Florence and the Machine, and Justin Bieber.

On August 14, 2010, Hayley Williams announced via the Official Paramore Fan Club that B.o.B would be the main support for Paramore's November UK Tour. B.o.B also opened for Eminem and Jay-Z's The Home & Home Tour at Comerica Park. B.o.B also did a MTV Unplugged session. He performed songs off his debut album, as well as a cover of "Kids" by MGMT, with guests Robin Thicke, Melanie Fiona, and Janelle Monáe. B.o.B also made an appearance in Lollapalooza 2010. B.o.B made an appearance at the 2010 MTV VMA's on September 12, 2010. He performed parts of both his singles, "Nothin' on You" with Bruno Mars and "Airplanes" with Hayley Williams. B.o.B released his seventh mixtape, titled No Genre, on December 7, 2010. B.o.B Presents: The Adventures of Bobby Ray was certified 2× platinum by the RIAA on August 2, 2016.

2011–2012: Strange Clouds

Jessie J released a single featuring B.o.B, titled "Price Tag", on January 30, 2011. The song was quick to reach number one in the United Kingdom charts selling 84,000 copies in its first week of sales. On March 22, 2011, Electronic Arts released the Launch Trailer for the upcoming first-person-shooter Crysis 2 which featured a song by B.o.B titled "New York New York" containing the main piano chorus from the song "Theme from New York, New York" commonly sung by Frank Sinatra; the artist who sang the chorus is unconfirmed. The full song later appeared on his eighth mixtape E.P.I.C. (Every Play Is Crucial), showing the song was produced by Mike Caren. In early 2011, Odd Future's Tyler, the Creator released a song titled "Yonkers". In the song Tyler raps (What you think of Hayley Williams?) Fuck her, Wolf Haley robbing 'em / I'll crash that fucking airplane that that faggot nigga B.o.B is in / And stab Bruno Mars in his goddamn esophagus / And won't stop until the cops come in. In response, on March 25, B.o.B released "No Future" a song in which he takes aim at the hip hop collective and their leader. In June 2011, it was announced that B.o.B was featured and produced a song on Tech N9ne's twelfth studio album, All 6's and 7's. The track, titled "Am I a Psycho?" features rapper Hopsin as well, who also seems to have issues with Tyler, the Creator. B.o.B also appeared on the official remix to Kesha's hit single "Blow". The remix was released to iTunes on May 17, 2011.

In the summer of 2011, B.o.B was announced the new face of T.I.'s clothing line AKOO. He will be featured in AKOO Clothing's upcoming fall 2011 national advertising campaign alongside Curtis Granderson of the New York Yankees, Carl Crawford of the Boston Red Sox, and star of the BET hit sitcom, The Game, Hosea Chanchez. He will be appearing in a graphic novel for A.K.O.O titled Hide in Plain Sight – Saving the World From Fashion Conspiracy. On August 27, 2011, a video appeared on YouTube of B.o.B performing at Colorado State University, where he previewed a song titled "Strange Clouds" and announced it features Lil Wayne. In an interview with Syracuse University's The Daily Orange, B.o.B spoke of his second studio album for the first time. He went on to say "It's a more mature sound but nothing too experimental. It's a happy medium between the sound of B.o.B Presents: The Adventures of Bobby Ray and the mixtapes, so everyone should be able to enjoy it. I'd say I'm 90 percent done with it right now, but the album title is still TBA." On September 23, 2011, B.o.B released a trailer, through his website, for the upcoming single "Strange Clouds". The trailer announced the single will be officially released October 3. The single leaked prior to the release date on September 25, causing the single to be released on iTunes on September 27. Later that day B.o.B appeared on an online video stream on radio station V103 and announced the title of the album to also be Strange Clouds and was set to be released in early 2012.

Bobby Ray held the first listening session for his album Strange Clouds at Tree Sound Studios on October 25, 2011. Seven new songs were previewed during the listening session, including the promotional single "Play the Guitar" which features André 3000. Other big guest appearances confirmed, as the album was not fully complete, include Lil Wayne, Big K.R.I.T., Nelly and a song with T.I. titled "Arena". In addition he has worked with OneRepublic on a song and has been quoted as having: "the song of 2012 with a mega feature from somebody who never does features with anyone!". On November 15, 2011, B.o.B said he would be releasing a mixtape titled E.P.I.C. (Every Play Is Crucial) prior to the album's release. The mixtape was released on November 28, 2011, featuring guest appearances from Eminem, Mos Def, Roscoe Dash, Meek Mill, and Bun B amongst others and included production from Ryan Tedder to Lil C and Jim Jonsin.

While on set for the "Strange Clouds" music video, MTV interviewed B.o.B and confronted him of a rumor that he and T.I. are working on a collaborative album, B.o.B responded: "The joint album, it actually started as a joke. Tip would always refer to me as 'the Martian', and in one of his lyrics, he said, 'It's the man and the Martian,' and we said, 'Man that could be an album title.' We kinda just played around with it. But it seems to be taking form in a very organic way." On December 1, 2011, B.o.B appeared on New York City's Hot 97 radio station and confirmed that he and T.I. are indeed working on a collaborative album titled The Man & The Martian.

On December 22, 2011, B.o.B released a snippet of "Play the Guitar", a promotional single, featuring André 3000 and a sample of "Fancy" as performed by Drake, T.I. and Swizz Beatz. "Play the Guitar" was later released to digital retailers on December 27, 2011. On February 14, 2012, B.o.B released a trailer for the second official single, "So Good". The song, produced by Ryan Tedder, was released on February 21. In 2012 in an interview with PopCush, B.o.B expressed his desire to work with Kid Cudi, James Blake and Skrillex: "I would also like to work with James Blake. That'd be crazy. I think me, James Blake and Kid Cudi should do a song and it should be produced by Skrillex. I think the sky would fall if we did that song and the sky would come down to Earth and party with us." On March 20, 2012, B.o.B released "Where Are You (B.o.B vs. Bobby Ray)", the second promotional single from Strange Clouds. "So Hard to Breathe" was released as the third promotional single on April 17, 2012.

In an April 2012 interview with HipHopDX, B.o.B announced he would be releasing a rock album. B.o.B appeared on Haley Reinhart's debut studio album Listen Up! on the intro track "Oh My". Strange Clouds, B.o.B's second studio album, was released May 1, 2012, to critical acclaim. The album debuted at number five on the US Billboard 200, with 76,000 copies sold the first week. "Both of Us" serves as the album's third single and was sent to Top 40 Mainstream radio on May 22, 2012. The song features American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift. It debuted on Australia Top 50 singles chart at number 46. The song sold 143,000 copies first week, along with the album release, debuting at number 18 on the Billboard Hot 100 and became the week's top debut.

2012–2014: Underground Luxury and No Genre

On October 9, 2012, B.o.B was featured on the annual BET Hip Hop Awards cypher, alongside his Grand Hustle label-mates Iggy Azalea, T.I., Chip and Trae tha Truth. On November 15, 2012, B.o.B released his ninth mixtape, entitled Fuck 'Em We Ball. The mixtape features guest appearances from T.I., Juicy J, Mac Miller, Playboy Tre, Snoop Lion, Spodee and Iggy Azalea, with much of the production coming from B.o.B himself. The mixtape also spawned a single, with the release of the club banger, "We Still in This Bitch". In early December, B.o.B revealed to MTV plans to release a rock music-influenced extended play: "I've been holding back so much rock for so long. I have been performing with my band for a while, so I guess this is a real good canvas for me to paint on. No one's really expecting anything so I can do what I want to do." He also spoke lightly on his third studio album as well: "My album is basically a continuation of The Adventures of Bobby Ray and Strange Clouds. I feel like it kinda bridges the gap between where all my fans are and finally getting everybody up to speed on what my sound is and exactly where I'm going."

While filming the video for "Memories Back Then", in an interview with Rap-Up, B.o.B spoke on a series of projects including his third album, a rock EP, and the Hustle Gang compilation. Rap-Up TV caught up with Bobby Ray, where he stated his rock EP is in the works and will reflect his diverse influences: "When I drop it, everyone's gonna have an eargasm. It's really how I fell in love with rock music, from indie to alternative to classic rock to even some forms of country music." He spoke of his third album, which is nearing completion: "This project is a lot more effortless than anything because I've really shown the full spectrum of what I can do musically, so now I'm just having fun with it. I'm 24 years old, so I'm partying." In March, B.o.B teamed up with fellow Atlanta rapper Big Boi of OutKast to release the official theme song for the 2013 video game Army of Two: The Devil's Cartel; if pre-ordered the rappers were also playable characters. The song, titled "Double or Nothing", was accompanied with a music video directed and produced by Vice, Noisey and EA.

On April 22, 2013, it was announced B.o.B would tour with fellow American rappers Wiz Khalifa, A$AP Rocky, Trinidad James, Joey Bada$$, and Smoke DZA, for the Under the Influence concert tour. The tour would then begin on July 17, 2013. On May 12, 2013, B.o.B tweeted: "Underground Luxury ... coming this summer... #staytuned", revealing the title of his third studio album. In May, B.o.B also premiered a music video for a newly released song of his titled "Through My Head". The video was directed by Peruvian film director Ricardo de Montreuil. On May 13, 2013, radio personality Funkmaster Flex premiered "HeadBand" (featuring 2 Chainz), the lead single from Underground Luxury. The song would be released to retail on May 21, 2013. The song has since peaked at number 65 on the Billboard Hot 100. B.o.B later revealed in an early September interview, that the album would be released in December 2013.

On September 10, 2013, the second single from Underground Luxury, titled "Ready", was released to iTunes. The song, produced by Noel "Detail" Fisher", features fellow Atlanta-based rapper Future. In September 2013, B.o.B revealed he has plan to launch his own record label imprint. During an interview, he stated "I'm putting my CEO pants on, man. I'm finna start a label called HamSquad and I'm looking for artists to be the flagship artists for the label. So I'm really excited about that." In the same interview he announced Underground Luxury, would be released in December. B.o.B called his third album a "Career Shifting Project", adding that the album will revolve around how his life has changed since achieving "major success". On October 15, 2013, the music video for "Ready" was released. On October 17, 2013, during an interview on BET's 106 & Park, B.o.B announced that the album would be released on December 17, 2013.

Underground Luxury debuted at number 22 on the Billboard 200, with first-week sales of 35,000 copies in the United States. This was a steep decline in sales from his first two albums which respectively sold 84,000 and 74,000 in their first week. In its second week the album dropped to number 30, selling 19,000 more copies in the United States. In its third week the album sold 9,000 more copies. In its fourth week the album sold 6,600 more copies in the United States.

On June 9, 2014, in an interview with Bootleg Kev, B.o.B announced his new record label imprint, No Genre, named after his 2010 mixtape. On July 9, 2014, B.o.B released No Genre 2, the sequel to his seventh mixtape. No Genre 2 features guest appearances from Kevin Gates, Victoria Monet, Mike Fresh, Ty Dolla Sign, Sevyn Streeter, Mila J, T.I. and more. On October 14, 2014, B.o.B released a song titled "Not For Long", featuring Trey Songz, as a single via digital distribution. On October 7, 2014, an up-and-coming singer named Tora Woloshin, announced she signed to No Genre. On October 24, 2014, B.o.B released a song titled "Fleek", the song was credited to B.o.B's new label imprint, No Genre. The song features No Genre's newly signed artists, Lin-Z and London Jae. On November 28, 2014, B.o.B released New Black, his eleventh solo mixtape. The project is a cohesive concept album, compiled of politically charged songs, including "Generation Lost", as the third track.

2015–2017: Psycadelik Thoughtz and Elements series

On February 24, 2015, B.o.B appeared on Tech N9ne's "Hood Go Crazy", alongside 2 Chainz, which received moderate success. Later that year, B.o.B spoke about the possibility of a collaborative mixtape with Tech N9ne. On August 14, 2015, B.o.B released an experimental project titled Psycadelik Thoughtz, stating that it was "one of the most defining projects" for his artistry. It features guest appearances from singers Jon Bellion and Sevyn Streeter. The commercial mixtape, which was released without any promotion or pre-release singles, debuted at number 97 on the US Billboard 200 chart. Having released multiple projects with Atlantic, including three extended plays (EPs), three studio albums and a retail mixtape, the two sides separated soon after B.o.B claimed that the label was "suppressing" him. "There's a ban on BoB," he wrote on Twitter, before diving into his issues with his then-label. "They boycott me, they are afraid I'll get too much exposure," he continued. "My own label doesn't even promote my albums, mixtapes, shows or events... ZERO promo." Since his split with Atlantic, B.o.B ventured off with his label No Genre and partnered up with Empire Distribution. On December 4, 2015, B.o.B self-released a mixtape titled WATER.

On January 2, 2016, B.o.B said "I haven't forgotten about the rock album.. when the time is right." On January 18, 2016, B.o.B released his second mixtape in as many months. The mixtape, titled FIRE, follows the concept of his previous one, adopting the title of an element and the use of acronyms. On April 22, 2016, in celebration of Earth Day, B.o.B released a mixtape titled EARTH, which includes the controversial flat earther anthem "Flatline", in which he espouses multiple conspiracy theories. On November 4, 2016, B.o.B released his first compilation album, Elements, composed of songs from his last four solo mixtapes, WATER, FIRE, EARTH and AIR. The mixtapes contained in it focus on his political and philosophical views.

2017–present: Independent albums
On May 12, 2017, the rapper released his  fourth studio album, Ether. The album features guest appearances from artists like Lil Wayne, Young Thug, T.I., Big K.R.I.T., Ty Dolla Sign, Usher, CeeLo Green and Young Dro. Ether follows the conscious hip hop themes of his Elements mixtapes, and was met with positive reviews from music critics.

On July 5, 2018, B.o.B released his sixth studio album, Naga, receiving no success. Though he stated at the time that it would be his last, a follow-up mixtape, Southmatic, was released the following year. In 2020 and 2021, he released two further projects, his sixth studio album Somnia and the compilation album Lost Tapes.

Artistry

Influences
B.o.B has described his influences as "80's music, techno, rock, funk, even doo-wop". In a 2012 interview with HipHopDX, when asked "given your age and where you grew up, how have the sounds of Goodie Mob, Outkast, T.I. and other Southern hip hop artists influenced you?", Simmons responded with: "Oh yeah all of them. Outkast, Goodie Mob, Trillville, Lil Jon & the East Side Boyz, Crime Mob, Bone Crusher. All of them played a huge role in creating the sound that I had. When you are in Atlanta you see everything, but I still ventured off into other areas. I was a huge Eminem fan. A DMX fan. [A] Dr. Dre [fan]. I think that's why I have a universal appreciation for such music." Simmons' 2015 album Psycadelik Thoughtz, was influenced by "'70s rock and funk".

Musical style
In a 2009 interview, when asked about his music B.o.B said: "I try to be more personal than try to be different". In a review for his debut album The Adventures of Bobby Ray (2010), HipHopDX wrote: "The versatility that B.o.B encapsulates is evident from the outset of the album." B.o.B sings, raps, plays the piano and the guitar, all throughout his debut. He utilizes pop music, political hip hop, trap music, rock music, and club music, often dividing himself into two personas that handle specific genres; the B.o.B alter ego is responsible for the pop, trap and club music, while Bobby Ray is the more heartfelt multi-instrumentalist who shares his views through conscious rap and rock music. Simmons heavily explored this concept on his 2009 mixtape B.o.B vs. Bobby Ray, and later on the 2012 single "Where Are You (B.o.B vs. Bobby Ray)".

Beliefs
B.o.B is an outspoken conspiracy theorist and is noted for his anti-establishment views, which he has expressed in interviews, social media and his music. He has also been vocal on several social and political issues, including the rights of African Americans, police brutality and American exceptionalism. He believes that the Earth is flat, the 1969 Moon landing was faked, 9/11 was an inside job, the world will be taken over by the Illuminati and celebrity cloning is administered by the U.S. government. B.o.B's 2016 song "Flatline" alludes to antisemitic conspiracy theories, asking his audience to "Do their research" on Holocaust denier David Irving, adding "Stalin was way worse than Hitler / That's why the POTUS gotta wear a Kipper [kippah]." These comments gained the attention of the Anti-Defamation League, which stated the lyrics invoke the antisemitic conspiracy theory that  alleges Jews control the U.S. government.

Flat Earth
In January 2016, B.o.B expressed the belief that the Earth is flat. Astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson responded to B.o.B on Twitter and attempted to persuade him that the Earth is round, but the rapper refused to retract his views and accused NASA of avoiding questions, while releasing a diss track against Tyson. The track, titled "Flatline", expands on B.o.B's views about the shape of the Earth. Tyson and his rapper nephew, Stephen, responded to B.o.B's flat Earth diss with their own diss track titled "Flat to Fact". Tyson followed this with a January 2016 television appearance on the Comedy Central late-night talk show The Nightly Show with Larry Wilmore where he addressed the rapper: "It's a fundamental fact of calculus and non-Euclidean geometry: Small sections of large curved surfaces will always look flat to little creatures that crawl upon it ... And by the way, this is called gravity" Tyson said, dropping his mic. B.o.B accepted membership in The Flat Earth Society in 2016.

In September 2017, B.o.B sought $200,000 in donations to launch his own satellites to verify the shape of the Earth.  Shortly after seeking the original $200,000, B.o.B increased his request to $1,000,000 to cover the cost of many tests, seeking drones, weather balloons, and satellites.

Discography

Studio albums
B.o.B Presents: The Adventures of Bobby Ray (2010)
Strange Clouds (2012)
Underground Luxury (2013)
Ether (2017)
Naga (2018)
Somnia (2020)
Better Than Drugs (2022)
A Town Full of Nowhere (2023)

Other commercial projects
Psycadelik Thoughtz (2015)
Elements (2016)

Awards and nominations

BET Awards

|-
| rowspan="3" | 2010
| Video of the Year
| rowspan="2" | "Nothin' On You" (with Bruno Mars)
|
|-
| Best Collaboration
|
|-
| Best Male Hip-Hop Artist
| B.o.B
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2011
| Video of the Year
| rowspan="2" | "Airplanes" (with Hayley Williams)
|
|-
| Best Collaboration
|
|-
| Best Male Hip-Hop Artist
| B.o.B
|
|}

BET Hip Hop Awards

|-
| 2009
| B.o.B
| Rookie of the Year
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2010
| rowspan="2" | B.o.B
| Made-You-Look Award
|
|-
| MVP of the Year
|
|-
| "Airplanes" (with Hayley Williams)
| Track of the Year
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | "Nothin' On You" (with Bruno Mars)
| Perfect Combo Award
|
|-
| People's Champ Award
|
|-
| Best Hip-Hop Video
|
|-
| The Adventures of Bobby Ray
| CD of the Year
|
|-
| 2011
| No Genre
| Best Mixtape
|
|-
| 2013
| "We Still in This Bitch"
| Best Hip-Hop Video
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014
| "Paranoid"
| rowspan="2" | Sweet 16: Best Featured Verse
|
|-
| "Up Down (Do This All Day)"
|
|}

Grammy Awards

|-
| rowspan="5" align=center | 2011
| rowspan="3" | "Nothin' on You"  (featuring Bruno Mars)
| Record of the Year
|
|-
| Best Rap/Sung Performance
|
|-
| Best Rap Song
|
|-
| "Airplanes, Part II"  (featuring Hayley Williams & Eminem)
| Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals
|
|-
| The Adventures of Bobby Ray
| Grammy Award for Best Rap Album|Best Rap Album
|
|-
| align=center | 2012
| Doo-Wops & Hooligans (as featured artist)
| Album of the Year
|
|}

Other awards and nominations

References

External links

Living people
1988 births
21st-century American rappers
African-American male rappers
American male rappers
Rappers from Atlanta
Pop rappers
American hip hop record producers
African-American record producers
American conspiracy theorists
Flat Earth proponents
Atlantic Records artists
Grand Hustle Records artists
American multi-instrumentalists
Illuminati conspiracy theorists
Moon landing conspiracy theorists
9/11 conspiracy theorists
21st-century American male musicians
20th-century American male musicians
American pop rock musicians


Fat Chance is a 1994 young adult novel written by Lesléa Newman. The book centers on a 13-year-old girl named Judi Liebowitz, who goes on a bulimic diet to try to lose weight. The novel was published by Putnam Press in 1994–2004 and by Scholastic from 2004–present.

Plot summary
Judi Liebowitz wants to lose weight, be the thinnest girl in eighth grade, and have a boyfriend. She is convinced that if only she had "creamy thighs and amazing cheekbones that look like I'm always sipping through a straw", her best friend Monica would not have stolen the boy she had a crush on. When Judi meets slim, beautiful glamorous Nancy Pratt, she thinks her life will turn around and she will be gorgeous. Nancy teaches Judi the secret she uses to staying thin, binge-purge, thinking it will somehow help. Judi is thrilled she that can "have her cake and eat it, too and she won't gain weight." Nancy Pratt then ends up in intensive care because of her eating disorder. Judi does not want the same thing to happen to her but cannot control her disorder; and worst of all, she cannot or does not want to tell anyone, not even her own mother. There is no easy cure and for Nancy and Judi, it is a matter of life or death.

Reception
Fat Chance was awarded the Parents' Choice Silver Medal in 1994. It was also a Finalist for the Iowa Teen Award in 1997.

Reviews
Critical reviews for Fat Chance were positive. Publishers Weekly starred its review, stating that "Judi's convincing voice and true-to-life experiences add up to a compelling, thought-provoking narrative...This book should be required reading for adolescent girls." The Los Angeles Times hailed the book, calling it, "A fabulous book which I recommend without reservation to people of any age who have asked themselves, 'Why did I eat that?'" Booklist said, "What Newman really gets right is the voice....the angst and the details are perfect."

References

External links

Fat Chance at Scholastic

1994 American novels
American young adult novels
Novels about eating disorders


Edward Lynn Johnson (born March 2, 1981) is a former professional American and Canadian football punter. He most recently played for the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the Canadian Football League (CFL). He was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in the sixth round of the 2003 NFL Draft. He played college football at Idaho State.

Johnson has also been a member of the Cincinnati Bengals, New York Giants, Jacksonville Jaguars, Washington Redskins, Denver Broncos, Detroit Lions and Toronto Argonauts.

Early years
Attended Newport Harbor High School in Newport, California. There he became a three-year letter-winner, averaging 42.3 yards per kick as a senior, and earning all-state, all-county, and All-Sea View honors.

College career
Began his college career at Orange Coast College, where he lettered as a kicker and backup quarterback for two seasons. Averaged 38 yards per punt as a freshman (1999) and over 40 yards per kick as a sophomore (2000). Had one of the finest NCAA seasons by a punter, earning first-team All-America in 2001, as he led the nation with a 46.3-yard gross average with a net of 44.3. Posted a 45.7-yard average in 2002 with a long of 80 yards, adding eight touchbacks and 15 punts inside the 20. Also handled kickoff duties for the Bengals and recorded touchbacks on nearly 75 percent of his kickoffs. He also majored in sports medicine.

Professional career

Minnesota Vikings (2003-2004)
He was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings 180th overall in the 2003 NFL Draft. Johnson showed a lot of promise after showing exceptional leg strength and posting good results throughout mini-camp, training camp, and the pre-season. Once the regular season began, however, Johnson's play became very inconsistent and erratic as he struggled getting the ball away like he had in college. After 14 games, he was benched in favor of veteran Leo Araguz.

After an inconsistent rookie season, Johnson was put into a competition for the punting job against veteran Darren Bennett the following off-season. He was noted for developing a funky hitch in his step during mini-camp, something neither he nor his coaches knows how he developed the bad habit. Though he posted good numbers, Johnson lost the battle and was subsequently released July 23, days before training camp started.

Cincinnati Bengals (2004)
He was claimed off waivers by the Cincinnati Bengals on July 26, but suffered an undisclosed injury a week into training camp and was waived August 23. He then had a tryout with the Kansas City Chiefs on August 30, but did not impress the coaches and wasn't signed.

New York Giants (2005)
Was signed by the New York Giants on January 21. He was then allocated to NFL Europa for the 2005 season. Johnson was released March 23 from the Giants.

Jacksonville Jaguars (2005)
Johnson was signed to a 1-year deal by the Jacksonville Jaguars on July 17 and competed for the job against Chris Hanson. He was released August 30.

Washington Redskins (2006)
On August 29, Johnson signed a contract with the Washington Redskins. He was suddenly released from the team later that same day after one practice.

Denver Broncos (2007)
He signed a contract with the Denver Broncos on January 2. After Todd Sauerbrun signed a contract to rejoin the team, Johnson was waived.

Detroit Lions (2008)
The Detroit Lions signed Johnson to a contract on July 30 to compete with Nick Harris for the job. He made the final 53-man roster, but was waived after week 1.

Toronto Argonauts (2009)
On May 29, 2009, Johnson was signed by the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League and competed with fellow new import kicker Justin Medlock for the kicking spot vacated by the retirement of Mike Vanderjagt. At the end of training camp, the Argos elected to keep both kickers and coach Bart Andrus elected to start Johnson for game one and placed Medlock on the practice roster. Johnson, however, was injured on the opening kickoff when he separated his shoulder when tackling the return man and Medlock was slated to kick for game two of the 2009 Toronto Argonauts season.

On May 11, 2010, Johnson was released by the Argonauts.

Saskatchewan Roughriders (2010-11)
On July 22, 2010, Johnson was signed by the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the Canadian Football League to compete with incumbent punter, import Louie Sakoda for the kicking spot after Sakoda's poor performance in the previous week's game against the Edmonton Eskimos.  Johnson was awarded the start against the Calgary Stampeders for the July 24, 2010 matchup. Late in the 2010 season, Johnson became a popular personality in rider nation owing to his sense of humour in interviews and the novelty he built up around his moustache; during Grey Cup week, fans were seen sporting fake moustaches and custom-made jerseys bearing Johnson's number 11 and the name "Slick Eddie", the punter's popular nickname, on the back. He played in six games in 2011 before being sidelined with a nagging injury. He was eventually placed on the nine-game injured list and sat out the rest of the season. Johnson was released on December 13, 2011.

References

External links
 KFFL.com Profile

1981 births
Living people
Players of American football from Newport Beach, California
American football punters
Canadian football punters
Players of Canadian football from California
Idaho State Bengals football players
Minnesota Vikings players
Cincinnati Bengals players
New York Giants players
Jacksonville Jaguars players
Washington Redskins players
Denver Broncos players
Detroit Lions players
Toronto Argonauts players
Saskatchewan Roughriders players