Count of Miranda do Corvo (in Portuguese Conde de Miranda do Corvo) was a Portuguese title of nobility created by a royal decree, dated from March 21, 1611, by King Philip II of Portugal, also known as Philip III of Spain, and granted to Dom Henrique de Sousa Tavares.

Henrique was 26th Lord of the House of Sousa, Lord of Miranda do Corvo and Alcaide (Mayor) of Arronches.

The Prince Regent Pedro, Duke of Beja, on behalf of King Afonso VI of Portugal, granted the new title of Marquis of Arronches (in Portuguese Marquês de Arronches) by a royal decree dated from June 27, 1674 to Henrique de Sousa Tavares, who was already 3rd Count of Miranda do Corvo.

On May 13, 1796, a royal decree issued by Queen Maria I of Portugal, upgraded the title of Count of Miranda do Corvo to Duke of Miranda do Corvo (in Portuguese Duque de Miranda do Corvo), who should be beard by the Duke of Lafões heir during his father's life.

List of the Counts of Miranda do Corvo (1611) and Marquesses of Arronches (1674)
Henrique de Sousa Tavares (c.1550– ? ), 1st Count of Miranda do Corvo;
Diogo Lopes de Sousa (c.1595–1640), 2nd Count of Miranda do Corvo;
Henrique de Sousa Tavares (1626–1706), 3rd Count of Miranda do Corvo and 1st Marquis of Arronches;
Diogo Lopes de Sousa (1646–1672), 4th Count of Miranda do Corvo (died before his father and that is why he was not Marquis of Arronches);
Mariana Luisa Francisca de Sousa Tavares Mascarenhas e Silva (1672–1743), 5th Countess of Miranda do Corvo and 2nd Marchioness of Arronches;
Luisa Casimira de Sousa Nassau e Ligne (1694–1729), 6th Countess of Miranda do Corvo;
Pedro Henrique de Bragança (1718–1761), 7th Count of Miranda do Corvo, 3rd Marquis of Arronches and 1st Duke of Lafões.

(for the following Counts/Marquesses see Duke of Lafões)

See also
List of Marquesses in Portugal
List of Countships in Portugal
Duke of Lafões
Duke of Miranda do Corvo

Bibliography
”Nobreza de Portugal e do Brasil" – Vol. II, pages 322/324 and 747/748. Published by Zairol Lda., Lisbon 1989.

External links
Genealogy of the Counts of Miranda do Corvo, in Portuguese
Genealogy of the Marquesses of Arronches, in Portuguese

Miranda do Corvo
1611 establishments in Portugal


The 1959–60 Greek Football Cup was the 18th edition of the Greek Football Cup. The competition culminated with the Greek Cup Final, replayed at Karaiskakis Stadium, on 11 September 1960, because of the previous match (7 August) draw. The match was contested by Olympiacos and Panathinaikos, with Olympiacos by winning 3–0.

Calendar
From Round of 32 onwards:

Knockout phase
In the knockout phase, teams play against each other over a single match. If the match ends up as a draw, extra time will be played and if the match remains a draw a replay match is set at the home of the guest team which the extra time rule stands as well. If a winner doesn't occur after the replay match the winner emerges by a flip of a coin.

Bracket

Round of 16

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Quarter-finals

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Semi-finals

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* Panathinaikos won by the flip of a coin.

Final

The 18th Greek Cup Final was played at the Leoforos Alexandras Stadium and replayed at the Karaiskakis Stadium.

Replay match

References

External links
Greek Cup 1959-60 at RSSSF

Greek Football Cup seasons
Greek Cup
Cup


Dr. Claude Nigel Byam Davies (2 September 1920 – 25 September 2004) was a British anthropologist and historian who specialised in the study of the cultures of pre-Columbian America, publishing 12 academic works on the Aztec, Inca and Toltec societies. In addition to his academic work, Davies also served with the Grenadier Guards during the Second World War, briefly sat as an MP for Epping and as the managing director of Windowlite Ltd.

Life
Born in September 1920 to Claude and Nellie Davies, Nigel was educated at Eton College and subsequently at the University of Provence and briefly at the University of Potsdam in Berlin before the outbreak of the Second World War. In 1939 Davies attended the Royal Military College, Sandhurst and graduated the following year, taking a commission as a lieutenant in the Grenadier Guards. During the war, Davies served in the Middle East, Italy and the Balkans, leaving the services after the end of the war in 1946. In the general election of 1950, Davies stood for and won the seat of Epping as a Member of Parliament for the Conservative Party. A year later he gave up the seat, refusing to stand in the general election of 1951 at which the constituency was won by Conservative candidate Graeme Bell Finlay.

Davies subsequently entered academia, achieving a ph.D. in archaeology and studying at University College London and the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.  He made a lifelong study of the ancient civilisations of the Americas, concurrently with his role as the managing director of Windowlite Ltd. Among Davies works are books on the Aztec civilisation, the Incas of South America and in particular the Toltecs, the pre-Aztec people of Central Mexico. His works were well received and are now standard references. Davies never married and later retired to live in Tijuana, dying in September 2004.

Works
Los Señoríos Independientes del Imperio Azteca, 1968
Los Mexicas: primeros pasos hacia el imperio, 1973
The Aztecs, 1973
The Toltecs, 1976
Before Columbus Came, 1976Voyagers to the New World, fact and fantasy, 1979The Toltec Heritage, 1980Human Sacrifice, 1981The Ancient Kingdoms of Mexico, 1983The Rampant God, 1984The Aztec Empire, 1987The Incas, 1995The Ancient Kingdoms of Peru'', 1997

Notes

1920 births
2004 deaths
Historians of Peru
People educated at Eton College
20th-century British historians
British Mesoamericanists
Aztec scholars
Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst
Grenadier Guards officers
British Army personnel of World War II
Alumni of University College London
National Autonomous University of Mexico alumni
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1950–1951
20th-century Mesoamericanists
Historians of Mesoamerica
University of Provence alumni
20th-century British anthropologists


The Chevrolet 90° V6 family of V6 engines began in 1978 with the Chevrolet  as the base engine for the all new 1978 Chevrolet Malibu. The original engine family was phased out in early 2014, with its final use as the  V6 engine used in Chevrolet and GMC trucks and vans. Its phaseout marks the end of an era of Chevrolet small-block engine designs dating back to the 1955 model year. A new Generation V  V6 variant entered production in late 2013, based on the LT1 small block V8 and first used in the 2014 Chevrolet Silverado 1500.

Generation I
These engines have a 90° V-block with 12 valves activated by a pushrod valvetrain. All engines have cast iron blocks and cylinder heads. The engines are based on the Chevrolet Small-Block engine, and the V6 is formed by the removal of the #3 and #6 cylinders. The V6s share the same  bore spacing and  deck height as the V8 engines. Many parts are interchangeable between the 90° V6 and the small block V8 including valvetrain components, some bearings, piston assemblies, lubrication and cooling system components, and external accessories. The 90° V6 engine uses the same transmission bellhousing pattern as the Chevrolet small-block V8 engine. The oil pan dipstick is located on the passenger side above the oil pan rail; this design was phased in on both the 90° V6 and Small Block Chevrolet assembly lines (for engines manufactured after 1979) sharing the same casting dies. All the engines use a 1-6-5-4-3-2 firing order. The engines in this family are longitudinal engines, and have been used in rear-wheel drive cars and trucks, industrial, and marine applications. Until 2014, the Chevrolet 90° V6 was produced at the GM Powertrain Division plant in Romulus, Michigan.

3.3L (200 CID)

Introduced in 1978, the  replaced the larger  as the base engine for Chevrolet's new downsized intermediate line. The  used a unique  bore and stroke (the Chevrolet  V8 engines shared the same stroke dimension). These bore and stroke dimensions were later used by the  V8 Chevrolet engine. Also like the small block V8 engines, the  V6 used  main bearings and  rod bearing diameters.

Being a 90° V6, Chevrolet took steps to eliminate the rough running tendencies of the 200. The crankshaft has each of its connecting rod throws offset by 18 degrees for each pair of rods. This required the connecting rods to have  narrower ends as well as a thrust bearing to be installed between each pair of rods. However, the connecting rods were still the same  length as most other small-block Chevrolet V8 engines. This produced an engine with a semi-even fire sequence of 132 degrees/108 degrees.

The  V6 was only produced for 1978 and 1979. It was available only with a 2-barrel carburetor. In 1978, the  used the Rochester 2GC carburetor and in 1979 it used a Rochester Dualjet carburetor. The smaller Dualjet carburetor caused a slight decrease in power.

3.8L (229 CID)

The  engine was first introduced for the 1980 model year. This engine replaced the  straight-six in full-size Chevrolets and Camaros as the new base V6. Additionally, the intermediate Chevrolet Malibu and Monte Carlo also used the  as a replacement for both the  V6 and the  Buick V6. Checker Motors Corporation also used this engine starting with its 1980 A11 Taxi and A12 Marathon sedans. Both the Buick V6 and the  Chevrolet V6 are 90° V6 engines, and are often referred to as the 3.8L V6. These engines should not be confused as being the same, and are unique engine designs.

The  has a  bore and stroke, identical to the Chevrolet  V8 engine. The  used the same  main bearing and  rod bearing diameters as the  V6 engine. Also like the  V6, the  used the same crankshaft with the 18-degree offset throws and the same  connecting rods with  narrowed ends. It came equipped with  intake valves and  exhaust valves. The  V6 was only equipped with a 2-barrel carburetor. For 1980, the  used a mechanical Dualjet. From 1981 to 1984, the electronic Dualjet was used along with the GM's CCC (Computer Command Control) system. The  was rated between 110 and .

4.3L (262 CID)

The  V6 is the last and most successful engine in the Chevrolet 90° V6 engine family. This engine was introduced in 1985 as a replacement for the  V6 in the full-size Chevrolet, the Chevrolet El Camino, and Chevrolet Monte Carlo. It also replaced the  in the Chevrolet and GMC full-size trucks and full-size vans, and in 1990, it replaced the 292 cu in (4.8 L) in the Step-Vans as the new base six-cylinder engine.

The  V6 has a  bore and stroke, identical to the  Chevrolet V8 engine. To create a true even fire engine, Chevrolet produced a crankshaft with 30-degree offsets between each rod pin. Consequently, rod journals were increased to a larger . The connecting rods used on the  are therefore unique to this engine, being  in length, but having the larger  journals. The  also used larger valves than the  V6, with a  intake valve and a  exhaust valve (also shared with the 350).

In 1986 and 1987, the  engine saw engine design upgrades similar to the Chevrolet small block V8. In 1986, the rear main crankshaft oil seal was changed from a two piece to a one piece seal. Some 1985 model year vehicles would have a 1986 engine due to service replacement – cylinder blocks were shipped with oil pans. 1987 saw new center bolt valve covers and hydraulic roller lifters.

For the 1992 model year, the  had its block design modified to allow a balance shaft to be installed. Even though the  is an even-fire V6, the 90° block layout is not ideal for smoothness. The balance shaft on the  is installed above the camshaft and runs through the middle of the lifter valley. It is gear-driven off the camshaft timing sprocket, and therefore, a new timing chain cover was required for these balanced 4.3L V6s. Balance shaft engines do not have provisions for a mechanical fuel pump, unlike the non-balance shaft engines which retained the cast-in boss.

For the 2007 model year, the distributor was eliminated in place of a coil-on-plug ignition system (using a 58x crankshaft position sensor based on the GEN IV LSx). This resulted in a new design timing cover with a wider bottom flange, making it incompatible with the 1996–06 LU3/L35. The only vehicles using the new revision of the  were the half-ton versions of the Chevrolet Silverado/GMC Sierra (2007–2013) and Chevrolet Express/GMC Savana (2008–2014).

On March 7, 2014, the last  engine rolled off the line at Romulus Powertrain. Mercury Marine, which sells its engines under the Mercruiser brand, developed the 4.5L V6 Mercruiser engine, producing 200 HP or 250 HP. It was based on the  architecture using similar dimensions, except that it has a stroke length of 3.6 inches.

LB1 and LB4

In 1985, the  was either equipped with throttle-body fuel injection, RPO LB4 or a Rochester Quadrajet four-barrel carburetor, RPO LB1. The Chevrolet Caprice, Chevrolet Monte Carlo, Chevrolet El Camino, Pontiac Parisienne, and Pontiac Grand Prix used the LB4 rated at . Pick-ups and Vans used the LB1 version rated at . The LB1 used in trucks and vans was referred to as Vortec in Chevrolet literature (named after a combustion chamber design known as a swirl port which twists the fuel mix from the intake ports as introduced on the Cavalier 2.0L motor), and this name continued to be used with all truck and van  V6s until present day.

In 1986, the  engine used in passenger cars saw an increase in power to . This engine remained unchanged until 1990 when it was last used in taxi (RPO 9C6) and police (RPO 9C1) Chevrolet Caprices. In 1986, the Chevrolet Astro and GMC Safari vans used the fuel-injected LB4 instead of the LB1. In 1987, the Chevrolet full-size pickups and vans were upgraded to use the LB4 throttle-body injection version of the . The mechanical fuel pump boss was retained but the hole was undrilled (marine applications had the fuel pump boss drilled and tapped). From 1987 onwards, the LB4's output was  for pickups, while full-size vans were rated at . In 1988, the S-10/S-15 trucks, S-10 Blazer, and S-15 Jimmy had the LB4  as an available option (the accessory drive was upgraded to a serpentine belt drive), which later replaced the 2.8L as the base V6. The LB4 continued until 1996 with minor variations in power, but without any major changes. While a majority of LB4s did not have a balance shaft, some 1994 model year engines may have a balance shaft since production of the cylinder block used on the L35 was phased in for both induction systems. The 1994 model year was the final time a non-balance shaft cylinder block was used; production 1995 TBI engines were all balance-shaft engines.

Legend

 1 – Chevrolet C/K trucks, GMC C/K trucks
 2 – Chevrolet G-series vans, GMC G-Series vans
 3 – Chevrolet Astro vans, GMC Safari vans (Note: LB1 for 1985 only and LB4 not available 1995)
 4 – 1985 Chevrolet Impala, 1985–1988 Chevrolet Caprice, 1989–1990 Chevrolet Caprice police/taxi only, 1985–1986 Pontiac Parisienne
 5 – 1985–1988 Chevrolet El Camino, GMC Caballero, Chevrolet Monte Carlo, 1986–1987 Pontiac Grand Prix (Note:  LB4 used 1986 only)
 6 – 1988–1994 Chevrolet S-10 Blazer, GMC S-15 Jimmy, and 1991 Oldsmobile Bravada
 7 – 1988–1995 Chevrolet S-10 and GMC S-15/Sonoma

LU2

For the 1990–1991 model years, a high-output  V6 was an available option for the Chevrolet Astro and GMC Safari vans. The LU2 used unique hypereutectic, strutless pistons and a more aggressive camshaft. Like the LB4, the LU2 used throttle-body fuel injection, but was rated at  and  of torque. This engine was replaced in 1992 with the L35.

Legend

 1 - Chevrolet Astro vans, GMC Safari Vans - optional on extended length models

L35 CPI

1992 introduced a new version of the , the L35. This version of the  was equipped with CPI (Central Port Fuel Injection). This system had one centrally-located fuel injector to distribute fuel to six hoses each with a poppet valve to each of the intake ports. This system allowed for a multi-point fuel injection, using one injector. The fuel injection was a batch fire system and used a two piece cast aluminum dual-plenum manifold. This engine was available in Chevrolet S-10/GMC Sonoma pickups, Chevrolet S-10 Blazer/GMC S-15 Jimmy/Oldsmobile Bravada SUVs, and Chevrolet Astro/GMC Safari vans only. The L35 was rated at  and  of torque.

The cylinder block was redesigned for use with a balance shaft. Cylinder heads (10238181 casting) used with the L35 have intake ports with eyebrows that clear the fuel injectors. Timing cover flange area was thickened in 1995 when some of the balance shaft motors had a six-bolt timing cover; some engines had a crankshaft position sensor (in conjunction with a redesigned distributor containing a pickup assembly which functions as a camshaft position sensor) when OBD-II was phased in.

Legend

 1 – Chevrolet Astro vans, GMC Safari vans (Note: standard on AWD, optional on 2WD models)
 2 – Chevrolet S-10 Blazer, GMC Jimmy, Oldsmobile Bravada (Note: Oldsmobile Bravada not produced in 1995)
 3 – Chevrolet S-10, GMC Sonoma (engine standard equipment with the S10 SS and Sonoma GT)

L35 and LF6 SCPI and MPFI

Major design changes were made to the  V6 for the 1996 model year. Like other small block Chevrolet V8s, the  engine received redesigned heads which had improved airflow and combustion efficiency. These heads are referred to as Vortec heads.

The engine block was revised with structural reinforcing ribs up front eliminating the two freeze plugs (on the front and back) along with an alloy oil pan (for the S-10, Blazer, and Jimmy). The 1996+ cast aluminum oil pan has 12 bolts where a 16-bolt oil pan from the earlier 4.3 does not interchange. These  (1996–2000) engines came with a redesigned 4L60-E transmission with a removable bellhousing which bolts to the oil pan.

Crankshafts manufactured for the 1999 model year (to the end of  production) had a pilot hole depth of  when coupled to the LSx-based 4L60E, which had a redesigned torque converter pilot hub (which was longer and was used with a  stator shaft). The torque converter pilot hub was longer than the early 4L60E (similar in appearance to the 1993–1995 700R4) or the second generation variants (incorporating a removable bellhousing) with the GMT330 or 1996–1998 C/K series.

This engine came in two versions, the LF6 rated at , and the L35 rated at . Only the S-series pick-ups used the LF6, while the full-size trucks, vans and Blazer and Jimmy used the L35 version. The L35 was optional on the S-Series trucks.

Legend

 1 – Chevrolet/GMC C/K trucks
 2 – Chevrolet Express/GMC Savana vans
 3 – Chevrolet Astro/GMC Safari vans
 4 – Chevrolet Blazer/GMC Jimmy, 1996–2001 Oldsmobile Bravada SUVs
 5 – Chevrolet S-10/GMC Sonoma trucks (2WD)
 6 – Chevrolet S-10/GMC Sonoma trucks (4WD)
 7 – Chevrolet Silverado/GMC Sierra trucks

LU3 and LG3 MPFI

2002 saw major changes to the  fuel-injection system. For 2002, the Chevrolet Astro, GMC Safari, Chevrolet Silverado, and GMC Sierra all came equipped with the updated LU3  in California emissions states. 2003 saw the L35 discontinued and the LU3 replacing it in all other applications. A new variation was also introduced in 2003, the LG3. From 2004 to 2014, the LU3 was the only  produced.

The biggest change to the LU3 and LG3 was the fuel-injection system. These engines used a multipoint fuel-injection system, with six Multec II fuel injectors mounted at each intake port on the manifold. GM recommends the Multec II spider assembly (which is also available for the L30 and L31 small block V8 motors) as a replacement for the 1996–2002 SCPI injector/spider assembly since the poppet valves have been known to stick open. The sticking poppet valves have been attributed to ethanol fuel blends sold in the State of California. The composite upper intake manifold and cast aluminum lower intake from the L35 engine is also used on the LU3. The LG3 uses a cast aluminum upper intake and a cast iron lower intake. The lower intake eliminated the EGR valve.

The LU3 also received a "quiet cam" to help reduce vibration at both idle and high engine speeds. This camshaft used the same lift and duration as the older design, but the cam was reprofiled to keep the valve lifters in full contact with the cam lobes as the cam ramps down.

The LG3 was used in Chevrolet S-10 and GMC Sonoma pickups and was only produced for 2003. The LU3 was used in the Chevrolet and GMC full-size trucks and vans, the Chevrolet Astro and GMC Safari vans, and the Chevrolet S-10 Blazer and GMC S-15 Jimmy. The LG3 was rated at  and  of torque. The LU3 was rated at  and  of torque.

For the 2007–2013 GMT900 Silverado/Sierra 1500 trucks and 2008–2014 Express/Savana 1500 vans, the LU3 engine received a Distributorless Ignition System: the traditional distributor was eliminated where a stub shaft was used. In addition, the crankshaft sensor was upgraded to a 58x reluctor wheel (same as the GEN IV LSx) which resulted in the timing cover redesigned (this time, the cover is aluminum alloy in lieu of the composite cover); the timing cover bolt pattern is not the same as the 1996–06 LU3 and L35.

Legend

 1 – Chevrolet Silverado and GMC Sierra 1500 trucks
 2 – Chevrolet Express and GMC Savana vans
 3 – Chevrolet Astro and GMC Safari vans
 4 – Chevrolet Blazer and GMC Jimmy SUVs
 5 – Chevrolet S-10 and GMC Sonoma trucks (2WD)
 6 – Chevrolet S-10 and GMC Sonoma trucks (4WD)

Turbocharged LB4 4.3L V6

In 1991, GMC introduced the GMC Syclone limited-edition truck that used a turbocharged  V6. This engine used a Mitsubishi TD06-17C turbocharger, Garrett water/air intercooler, and electronic multi-point fuel injection. Although GM made these modifications to the engine, it was still referred to with the RPO LB4 code. The majority of the naturally aspirated LB4's long-block was shared with the turbo version. However, the vehicles that used the  turbo engine also included RPO code ZR9. Internal engine upgrades included nodular iron main bearing caps, graphite composite head gaskets with stainless steel flanges, and hypereutectic pistons which lowered the engine compression to 8.35:1. A unique intake manifold that used the  twin-bore throttle body from the 5.7L TPI Corvette engine was used on the engine's top end.

The turbocharged  was last used in the GMC Typhoon in the 1993 model year. The engine produced  at 4400 rpm and  of torque at 3600 rpm.

Generation V

4.3L (262 CID)
Commencing with the 2014 model year, a new LV3 EcoTec3 4300, based on GM's GEN V (LT1) small-block V8, became the new base engine for the next-generation Chevrolet Silverado/GMC Sierra 1500 full-size trucks, and since 2018, it has become the new base engine for the Chevrolet Express/GMC Savana full-size vans. It would later become the base engine in the This aluminum block and head design was significantly different from the cast iron engine it replaced, signaling an end to a design dating back to 1955. Like its small-block V8 counterparts, GM Powertrain has also sold the engine for marine and industrial applications.

LV3

The  LV3 V6 is an all new engine announced by GM at the end of 2012. GM considers this a new engine design which inherits from its predecessors its displacement, 2-valve pushrod valvetrain, 90-degree cylinder angle, and  bore centers. It is based on the fifth-generation LT engine and includes the same features such as direct injection, piston cooling jets, active fuel management, variable displacement oil pump, continuously variable valve timing, and aluminum cylinder heads and block. The engine is SAE certified to  at 5300 rpm and  at 3900 rpm on regular unleaded gasoline and  at 5300 rpm and  at 3900 rpm on E85. Emissions are controlled by a close-coupled catalytic converter, Quick Sync 58X ignition, returnless fuel rail, and fast-response O2 sensor. It was launched in the all-new 2014 Chevrolet Silverado and GMC Sierra 1500. 2021 was its final model year in the Chevrolet Silverado and GMC Sierra 1500, as the 6-speed automatic transmission was phased out. The Chevrolet Express and GMC Savana are the last vehicles to use the 4.3L but do not feature Active Fuel Management and their version of the engine is referred to as the LV1.

Applications:
 2014–2021 Chevrolet Silverado 1500
 2014–2021 GMC Sierra 1500

LV1
The LV1 engine is essentially the same as the LV3, but without Active Fuel Management technology. The LV1 made its debut in the 2018 model year GM full-size vans—the 2018 Chevrolet Express and GMC Savana—as the successor to the 4.8L Vortec engine.

See also
 GM High Value engine, 3.5L and 3.9L V6s
 Chevrolet small-block engine (first- and second-generation)
 General Motors LS-based small-block engine

Notes

References

90-Degree V6 engine
V6 engines
Gasoline engines by model


The 1964 Gillette Cup was the second Gillette Cup, an English limited overs county cricket tournament. It was held between 25 April and 5 September 1964, and was won by the defending champions Sussex.

Summary

First round

Second round

Quarter-finals

Semi-finals

Final

References

External links
1964 Gillette Cup  from CricketArchive

1964
Gillette Cup, 1964


Michael "Mickey" DeBatt (pronounced Di-Bat; c. 1949 – November 2, 1987) was a Gambino crime family mob associate who was involved in the gangland slaying of drug trafficker Frank Fiala.

Biography

DeBatt was born to first generation Calabrian emigrant Mackie DeBatt in Bensonhurst, Brooklyn who grew up in the same neighborhood as future friends and criminal associates Sammy Gravano and Frank DeCicco. He had one sister named Rosanna DeBatt-Massa. He was very close to his sister over the years. Mackie is perceived to have been a "connected guy" with the Gambino crime family but never officially inducted into the organization. He performed various tasks for Sammy Gravano and others throughout the 1950s and 1960s. Mackie was the successful owner of Tali's Restaurant and Lounge located at 6205 18th Avenue in Bensonhurst, Brooklyn. It is also suggested that his father Mackie suffered from the psychological disorder of being a pathological gambling addict. DeBatt did not inherit his father's gambling addiction. Although he had a steady source of legitimate income from his restaurant, he became indebted to many loansharks and bookmakers around Brooklyn. It is also shown that Mackie was able to afford to pay for his son's tuition and send him off to university. After his death the mobsters started to threaten and muscle his wife to settle his outstanding debts. Although his father did not want his son to become involved in organized crime, DeBatt became a close childhood friend and acquaintance of budding Gambino crime family mob associate Nicholas Mormando, with whom he became involved in joint ventures after returning from his failed studies at Wake Forest University. Close friend, mob wife Lynda Milito, the widow of murdered Gambino crime family mobster Liborio Milito said in her biography, "Michael DeBatt wasn't being allowed to earn with Sammy. So Louis Milito took Mike under his wing and made him a bouncer at The Plaza Suite. He was a lost soul after the death of his father ... He told everyone he was taking over the bar out of the kindness in his heart for the family, because of the debts and by taking over he was wiping out the debts." He later worked at a short-lived restaurant called The Golden Gate Restaurant on Knapp Street in Sheepshead Bay, Brooklyn as a maître d', a restaurant owned by Sammy Gravano and Louis Milito.

DeBatt was a huge and intimidating man. His life remained financially unstable, along with Sammy Gravano's until he took over ownership of his father's restaurant and settled his late father's loanshark and bookmaker debts. Sammy Gravano later said, "For one week he (himself) would be flush with cash, but two weeks later he would be broke. He never saved any money. He shopped for clothes, picked up tabs at restaurants and night clubs, handed out huge tips and dined on champagne and filet mignon at the Copacabana. Sammy later said of himself, Michael and his young aspiring mob associates, "Fucking kids, all dressed up like jerk-offs, running around, doing a little gambling, doing a little this and that" and then broke again and it's "macaroni and ricotta at home or spaghetti, past e olio, with the oil and garlic."

In the 1970s, DeBatt married an Italian-American woman after returning from university. They had a daughter in 1983. He moved into a home and lived with his wife and daughter at 1774 58th Street, not far from his restaurant and lounge, which he still operated. In 2001, when Sammy Gravano was brought to trial for being the ringleader of an ecstasy trafficking ring, his sister showed up in Federal District Court and told reporters, "I wanted to give him a little agita" and "I'm happy to see him in jail clothes. Anything he gets is a plus. It's better than the five years he got."

His father Mackie was a close friend of Sammy Gravano and Gambino crime family mob associate who became indebted to loansharks and bookmakers including and Sammy Gravano. Mackie died in December 1981 of natural causes leaving his wife, his son Michael and daughter Rosanna under financial strain and heavily indebted. His son Michael later stood up for his family and confronted the loansharks and bookmakers to protect his elderly mother and took on the sole responsibility of handling his late father's debts. Michael DeBatt's mother approached Sammy Gravano and pleaded with him, "Sammy, please help us." His father's friend and later personal mentor, became involved in the DeBatt family financial affairs at that point. He got rid of the threatening loansharks and bookmakers. He took over Mackie's bar to help settle the debt that DeBatt still had outstanding with himself. Along with working at Tali's Restaurant and Lounge he worked as a bouncer at Sammy Gravano's classy nightclub, the Plaza Suite throughout the 1970s to 1985 when The Plaza Suite closed. Eventually with the help of Sammy Gravano and working on his own criminal endeavours, DeBatt was able to settle his father's outstanding debts to the loansharks and bookmakers. He closed the bar down and remodelled before opening it up as his own with Michael as the "front man" and manager of the lease.

Michael DeBatt later became a habitué of Sammy Gravano's other after-hours club, the Bus Stop also located in Bensonhurst, Brooklyn. He became a protégé of Gravano's along with Joseph (Stymie) D'Angelo Sr.'s son, Joseph Jr.

Varsity football career

DeBatt's physical stature, endurance and strength earned him the reputation as an excellent athlete. During high school, he was a varsity football player who showed tremendous skill on the field. Unlike many of his criminal associates he successfully graduated from high school and had been awarded an athletic scholarship to Wake Forest University in North Carolina to play for the Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team. The Wake Forest Demon Deacons is an NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision as a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference. While at the university he was trained and coached by Chuck Mills. It seemed that DeBatt would pursue a career as a professional athlete and not become involved in organized crime like his father.

He successfully played on the team for a while as a linebacker (in Witness to the Mob Vincent Pastore playing DeBatt says he was a tight end) but eventually left before earning his certificate or diploma and returned to New York City where he pursued a life as a career criminal in organized crime like his father had. It is unknown why he left Wake Forest University, whether it was from financial, academic or behavioral issues. He never discussed his failed university education among his criminal associates. It is unknown what field of study Michael had interest in pursuing at the university. As an avid football fan he would attend the minor league football games played by Frank Gotti, the son of Gambino crime family boss John Gotti along with Junior Gotti, Victoria Gotti and Peter Gotti.

Married life and fatherhood

DeBatt married an Italian-American woman from the neighborhood in the 1970s after returning from his failed tenure at Wake Forest University. His wife bore him a daughter in 1984. He moved into a home and lived with his wife and daughter at 1774 58th Street, not far from his restaurant and lounge which he still operated. In 1985 his marriage and Tali's Restaurant and Lounge began to suffer after DeBatt became addicted to cocaine and later crack cocaine. From the potent narcotic he fell into a paranoid schizoid state and did not want to go to work anymore. It is unknown if his wife knew about his addiction to cocaine and crack. He suffered from delusions that people were after him and he began to fear for his life and suffer from agoraphobia and hardly left his house at 1774 58th Street. At the trial of Sammy Gravano in 2003 his wife was too distraught to attend, along with her daughter.

Cocaine and crack addiction

Like his friend Nicholas Mormando, DeBatt became addicted to crack cocaine sometime during the Crack epidemic in 1984. He suffered from a paranoid psychosis brought on by the effects of the drugs. Gravano later surmised that his friend Nicholas Mormando got DeBatt addicted to the potent narcotic. He later became involved in murder and committing robberies to support his habit. He became estranged from his wife and children. Gravano later said, "He went crazy. He didn't come down for days. And when he does, he's sweating, he's all jumpy. His wife came to me (Gravano) crying, "I don't know what happened to him. He sits in the house behind a window with the blinds down, and he's got a rifle." She also stated that he told her, "If they come, I'm gonna battle it out." While Sammy Gravano and his crew did not approve of drug use, they did not have problems channeling the tasks of dealing to associates. It is unknown exactly who supplied Michael, or if it was Nicholas Mormando.

Career as a restaurateur

After his father died in 1981 he focused entirely on working on the restaurant business, taking over ownership management of his father's restaurant and working as the night-shift bartender. The restaurant would provide him with a legal means of income and keep him out of the public eye and being scrutinized by the Internal Revenue Service for his illicit gains as a criminal. Tali's eventually became the main criminal headquarters for rising Gambino crime family capo Sammy Gravano in the mid-1970s until DeBatt's murder. After his murder, his sister sold the family's business. While the restaurant served as a meeting place and headquarters for the crew of then-capo Sammy Gravano and his associates, no murders were performed on the premises. In 1985 Tali's Restaurant and Lounge began to suffer after DeBatt started using drugs. He began to suffer from delusions that people were after him and began to fear for his life, always keeping a gun on him. To support his habit he began pulling home invasions. While this was well known to Sammy Gravano and fellow criminal associates he was never arrested or convicted of burglary.

The slaying of Frank Fiala

Frank Fiala was a drug trafficker and a powerful and wealthy Gambino crime family associate. He is not to be mistaken as a relative of Gambino crime family capo James Failla. He wanted to rent out The Plaza Suite to throw himself a birthday party. Fiala started to act very strange and unstable. He took DeBatt and other Plaza Suite employees on rides on his private Lear jet. He was in the nightclub all the time, consuming cocaine in large quantities and handing out bags of cocaine to patrons of the club.

At one point in time, DeBatt confronted Fiala who at the time was armed with an Uzi submachine gun and told him calmly and politely that there were no firearms allowed inside the nightclub. Later to keep a close observation of Fiala, Gravano told DeBatt to keep a close eye on him. He told DeBatt to get closer to Fiala and told him that he wanted to continue working as a bouncer after Fiala purchased the Plaza Suite, and told him Gravano always underpaid him. Fiala later told DeBatt in confidence, "Fuck this Sammy. Fuck this punk. When I take over, I'm doing this, that." After Fiala waved an Uzi at Gravano, Sammy was so enraged that he wanted him murdered immediately on June 27, 1982. He instructed Edward Garafola to round up Joseph D'Angelo, Liborio (Louie) Milito, Joseph Paruta, Thomas (Huck) Carbonaro, Nicholas Mormando and himself and rendezvous at D'Angelo's bar, Doc's. Sammy stationed his fellow associates in locations outside The Plaza Suite ready to ambush Fiala. To not arouse suspicion from Fiala or anyone in his group of partiers, DeBatt stayed positioned at the front door of the club maintaining the ruse of being a bouncer. At a prearranged signal from DeBatt, Joseph D'Angelo and Louis Milito leaped out from where they sat in a parked car at the corner around from the club on 86th Street and shot him. As Louis and Joseph D'Angelo heard Sammy Gravano call out his name, they ran out of the alley shooting. After the shooting, pandemonium broke out on the street. Some people were trying to get off the street and back into the disco in fear of being shot. DeBatt stood by the door and acted like he was one of the panicking party goers yelling, "Get down! Get down! Somebody's shooting". He held the door shut so nobody could get in or out of the Plaza Suite.

When interviewed by homicide detectives DeBatt told them that he did not know who owned the Plaza Suite and had never seen or met the owners in person. Gravano congratulated DeBatt, his friend Nicholas Mormando and the others on a "beautiful piece of work." Since this was not a sanctioned murder by their boss Paul Castellano, it could not go down that Mormando could be eligible to become a "made man" in the Gambino crime family for his involvement. He was never indicted or convicted for being accessory to the murder of Frank Fiala. After the murder of Fiala, Castellano was angry. He had DeBatt, Mormando and the others stay up at his New Jersey farm to lie low. After hearing the news that Castellano might order their executions over the unsanctioned murder, when given the chance by Sammy to leave, DeBatt and the others all said, "Sammy, we'll load up. We're ready." This shows that Michael displayed extreme devotion in following Gravano even when his own life was threatened.

The murder of Fiala was never solved until Sammy Gravano became a stool pigeon and testified in court on the murder during the trial of John Gotti.

The murder of Nicholas Mormando

Sammy Gravano would later say about DeBatt's childhood friend and acquaintance, Nicholas Mormando:

DeBatt continued to serve in the crew of Sammy Gravano after Mormando's murder. He continued to work with his friend's executioners until his own murder in 1987. It is thought that he was so far plagued by the effects of consuming copious amounts of cocaine and crack cocaine that he did not care.

Falling out with Gravano crew and murder

Regarding the pinnacle of DeBatt's drug addictions, Gravano stated:

Gravano hoped that as a result, nobody would think the murder was related to the Gambino crime family or organized crime in general. After a Mafia family wedding, Michael had gone back to Tali's with Thomas Carbonaro and Eddie Garafola, expecting the wedding party to join them as usual. "But the only ones who went back there were four murderers", says his sister Rosanna. Thomas (Huck) Carbonaro shot Michael while he was stationed behind the bar counter at Tali's. He was shot several times in the head and neck with a handgun on November 3, 1987. He left behind a wife and several children. Michael's lifeless body was found face up on the floor in front of the restaurant's juke box by the night shift manager who was coming in to work. His pockets were emptied, his jewellery removed and the cash register cleaned out. Police investigators stated that while DeBatt had no criminal record, he was reputed to have associated with members of the Gambino crime family. Sammy's brother-in-law Eddie Garafola and Louis Vallario were present when the murder was fulfilled. Gravano waited at The Brown Derby, in Brooklyn with John Gotti when Edward came in and advised them both that the murder of Michael DeBatt had been carried out.

His murder remained unsolved until Sammy Gravano agreed to become an informer and testify against John Gotti to avoid prosecution for numerous crimes. He was the thirteenth victim of nineteen that Gravano confessed to the authorities of having orchestrated their murder or personally carried it out. In 1982 Gravano's close friend and criminal associate Joseph (Stymie) D'Angelo, who helped DeBatt murder Frank Fiala would be murdered in the same restaurant. Before the murder of DeBatt, Gravano arranged to have Nicholas (Nicky Boy) Mormando murdered for the same reasons. He had become heavily addicted to crack cocaine among other things, and was a liability to become a stool pigeon like DeBatt. In fifteen years since the murder of Michael, no one has been formally charged with the murder. He is survived by a wife and daughter who was four years old at the time of his death.

Wrongful death suit

In November 1998, a wrongful death suit was filed by the surviving relatives of Michael, Nicholas Mormando, and Joseph Colucci. According to court documents Sammy Gravano admitted to playing a direct or indirect role in their murders in the plea agreement that he made with the government when agreeing to become an informant. Along with Gravano, DeBatt's family and the others filed suits against the author of his autobiography Peter Maas, Maas' literary agency I.C.M., the publisher of the autobiography, HarperCollins, and 20th Century Fox that was allegedly preparing a film adaptation of the book. In the complaint it stated that the plaintiffs were seeking, ""monetary and punitive damages from all defendants for their intentional failure to comply with New York's Son of Sam Law ... and their deliberate scheme to circumvent same." Previously during the spring of 1997, the State Crime Victims Board and State Attorney General Dennis Vacco launched a similar lawsuit against Sammy Gravano and many of the same co-defendants during their criminal trial.

Reputed haunted murder location

Tali's Restaurant and Lounge, later went under new management and became Danza's. The bullet pock marks left from the DeBatt and D'Angelo gangland slaying still remain in the restaurant's brick wall as of 2008. In the March 10, 2002 issue of The New York Post, it was reported that the current restaurant owners and staff have witnessed figures seated at tables or heading down to the restaurant's basement, but then the mysterious figures vanish. These are allegedly the ghosts of DeBatt and Joseph D'Angelo. They also report hearing voices and the sound of a chainsaw. They say they can smell foul odors and they had the feeling that they were being watched by someone. A cousin of the current restaurant owner, Angela Perrone stated, "The place is definitely haunted. There's a creepiness, as if someone's always watching you. It's a sinister energy."

Perrone called in Frances Bennett, a parapsychologist. She conducted interviews with all the staff, and set up infrared video cameras, tape recorders and an electro-magnetic field meter for four hours to observe these mysterious happenings. Bennett said her probe recorded voices of the dead, repeating the name "Mike" and saying, "I'll kill you." A man's face reflected in glass at the bar and another image seen at the entrance, an apparition of a man crouched down near the bar, and orbs of light said to be "a sign of individual spirits" moving around the restaurant along with tablecloths fluffing up and dropping back down on their own. Roseanne Massa has told reporters that she believes her brother may be haunting Danza's because Gravano spent less than five years in jail after confessing to orchestrating his gangland execution and eighteen others as part of a deal with federal prosecutors for testifying against Gambino crime family mob boss John Gotti.

In popular culture

Michael DeBatt and the gangland slaying of DeBatt are mentioned briefly in the made for television HBO movie Gotti, but DeBatt is never actually seen in the film.

In the NBC miniseries Witness to the Mob Mickey DeBatt is portrayed by actor Vincent Pastore. In this movie they do not show his relationship with Nicholas Mormando.

References

Underboss: Sammy The Bull Gravano's Story of Life in the Mafia by Peter Maas

External links
 https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE5D71E3BF930A35752C1A961948260
 http://lists.topica.com/lists/HauntedPlaces/read/message.html?sort=&mid=903966542
 http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2002/sep/12/gender.uk
 observer.com

1940s births
1987 deaths
20th-century American businesspeople
Murdered American gangsters of Italian descent
American restaurateurs
Gambino crime family
People from Bensonhurst, Brooklyn
Wake Forest University alumni
Wake Forest Demon Deacons football players
Deaths by firearm in New York (state)


Dark Horse Comics is an American comic book company. These are the ongoing and current limited series publications it has released under its own brand.

Comics published through their various imprints appear on the List of Dark Horse Comics imprint publications, collected editions of its own publications appear on the List of Dark Horse Comics collected editions, and reprints appear on the List of Dark Horse Comics reprints.

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References

External links

 Dark Horse Comics at the Big Comic Book Database

Dark Horse Comics


ColaLife is an independent non-profit organisation, which became a registered charity on 21 June 2011 (charity number 1142516). ColaLife's name comes from the following question: “Coca-Cola seems to get everywhere in developing countries, yet life-saving medicines don't. Why?”. ColaLife studied the techniques used by the producers of fast moving consumer goods (FMCGs) to get their products into the hands of people living in remote areas of Africa and applied the same techniques with the aim of improving access to diarrhoea treatment. From May 2008 until the end of 2013, ColaLife received advisory support from The Coca-Cola Company (TCCC) during the planning and implementation of a quasi-experimental design and distribution trial in Zambia to test ColaLife's approach.

ColaLife works through partnerships with local organisations in each country to help them to adapt and adopt ColaLife's approach. The organisation is not affiliated to The Coca-Cola Company (TCCC) or any other organisation and its work with others does not imply an endorsement of any product or brand.

History

1988 - 2008
In 1988, Simon Berry was working on the British Aid Programme in NE Zambia, conscious that while he could buy a bottle of Coke anywhere, one in every five children under the age of five died in these areas through simple causes such as dehydration through diarrhea. So he had the idea that Coca-Cola's distribution muscle could be used to distribute oral rehydration salts in developing countries. At that time, with only a telex machine available, he struggled to get any attention for his idea.

2008 - mid-2010
In 2008 Coca-Cola's participation at the Business Call To Action event re-kindled the idea. The active work for Cola Life was started with a first blog post in the [ founder's personal Blog. This Blog post did not attract Coca-Cola's attention, so Berry decided to try to get the idea debated on the BBC Radio 4 programme, iPM.

In parallel, the first attempts to communicate with Coca-Cola failed, because it was not possible to get past the first line in Coca-Cola's CSR department. Social media technologies such as Facebook, Flickr and Twitter, helped get more people behind the idea quickly.

On 21 May 2008 Berry was interviewed by Eddie Mair for the iPM Programme. The interview was broadcast on 24 May. Three days before the broadcast, the iPM team received a written statement from Coca-Cola's then Global Director for Stakeholder Relations, Salvatore Gabola, that he would "be happy to have a chat on this subject with Simon in the near future". Eddie Mair coined the term Aidpod in his interview with Simon Berry broadcast on 27 Dec 2008 to describe the container containing medicine that fitted between the necks of the bottles in Coca-Cola crates.

This was the start of an ongoing relationship between the ColaLife campaign and TCCC. Since this first contact with TCCC and the first report about ColaLife on the BBC, the campaign has won supporters from all around the world. In August 2009 Simon Berry and Jane Berry co-founded ColaLife as a Company Limited by Guarantee.

mid-2010 - 2013
In 2010, ColaLife's co-founders (Simon Berry and his wife Jane Berry) decided to work full-time for ColaLife to move it from a campaign into a trial phase. They short-listed five countries where they considered a trial would be feasible and Zambia was among these. They first visited Zambia in October 2010 to gauge interest amongst local actors including Zambia's Ministry of Health. Interest was high and two further visits were undertaken in January and May 2011 when a trial plan was finalised and agreed upon with local partners.

On 21 June 2011 ColaLife was granted Charity status (charity number 1142516). The co-founders resigned as Directors and handed control to four trustees, subsequently increasing to five.

During the same period, the ColaLife co-founders were invited to join Johnson & Johnson’s internal Innovation Boot Camp. Here they received training and mentoring from Johnson & Johnson staff and personnel from the Antwerp Management School. This culminated in an award of $250,000 from the Johnson & Johnson Corporate Citizenship Trust (JJCCT) towards the cost of the proposed trial.

In October 2011 the ColaLife co-founders moved to Zambia and in November 2011 the UK’s Department for International Development (DfID) agreed to provide the remaining funding to run the trial.

The nine-month set-up phase for the trial began in December 2011. During this period the design of the diarrhoea treatment kit was finalised in consultation with caregivers. The kit was branded Kit Yamoyo, meaning Kit of Life in local languages. It won the Design Museum’s ‘Product Design of the Year’ in 2013.

The trial started in August 2012 and ran until September 2013. The trial was commissioned by UNICEF Zambia and the Principal Investigator was Dr Rohit Ramchandani then a DrPH Candidate at Johns Hopkins School of Public Health. Rohit Ramchandani contacted the founders in April 2010, offering his services, voluntarily in the first instance. Doctor Ramchandani has gone on to publish the key trial findings.

The results of the trial were published by the UK's Department for International Development, a co-funder of the trial. In the 12 months of the trial, retailers serving the 2 implementation districts, remote rural communities, bought 26,000 diarrhoea treatment kits. Diarrhoea treatment rates with Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS) and Zinc increased from less than 1% to 46% and the distance caregivers had to travel to access the medicine was reduced by two thirds (from 7.3 km to 2.4 km). The full results were published in Dr Ramchandani's DrPH thesis which was successfully defended in December 2015.

Both DfID and JJCCT provided limited transitional funding from the end of the trial (Dec 2013) until 2014 while ColaLife sought funding to scale-up the approach in Zambia.

2014 - date
After failing to raise funding for a nationwide scale-up in Zambia, Cola Life and its local partner – Keepers Zambia Foundation – changed strategy and bid for funding under sub-national programmes.

In February 2015 scale-up work started in the 14 most nutritionally challenged districts in Zambia under Zambia's Scaling Up Nutrition (SUN) programme. In 5 of these districts the project works with small retailers. Eleven districts are being supplied with a public sector ORS/Zinc co-pack, based on the Kit Yamoyo design. This is being given away free through hospitals and clinics.

In October 2015 scale-up work started in Lusaka Province with ColaLife deploying its Healthcare Innovation Award from GSK and Save the Children, match-funding the UK Government's UK AID Direct Programme.

In December 2015 Zambia's largest supermarket chain, Shop rite, started stocking Kit Yamoyo in their 26 stores nationwide. Shoprite has subsequently expanded to 30 stores.
In April 2016 ColaLife was accepted into the Ashoka Globalizer programme and in October 2016 presented its plan to spread its social impact beyond Zambia.

Selected awards

References

External links
 ColaLife website

British health websites
Internet-based activism
Social networks for social change
Charities based in England
Coca-Cola
Foreign charities operating in Zambia


The noble title of Marquis de Arronches was created on 27 April 1674 by D. Afonso VI of Portugal for Henrique de Sousa Tavares, 3º conde de Miranda do Corvo. The heir presumptive to the title is the only male descendant of the family,  D. Pedro Miguel Vasques Milhinhos, who due to primogeniture will be the only one eligible to succeed D. Aires Manuel to the title.

History
Following the departure of several nobles and members of the Portuguese court to Spain, lands and goods from northern Portugal to the Alentejo regions were left behind. Among those forced to flee to Spain was D. Henrique de Sousa Tavares, a count. There, he performed favours for the king, also providing support for several noblemen. In recognition of these services and to ensure continuation of the Portuguese nobility the titles of Duke de Lafões and Marquis de Arronches were created.

Following the death of  D. João Carlos de Bragança e Ligne de Sousa Tavares Mascarenhas da Silva (1719-1806), 2º Duke de Lafões e 8º Count de Miranda do Corvo, his eccentric, hedonistic life and his spending habits led to sale of most of the family's properties and goods. Following payment of family debts, the title fell into disuse due to stigma associated with it, as well as the creation of the Portuguese Republic which ended legal recognition of titles of nobility.

Recent usage
Following an extensive review of the history of the Miranda/Tavares clan by the family the title has been brought back into usage by the present holder, D. Aires Manuel Tavares Marques, 10º Marquis de Arronches, as well as his mother, Dowager Countess Isabel Miranda. Aires is a senior civil servant at the Ministry of Defence, following in the footsteps of his father, a former commander in the Portuguese Air Force who died in an airplane crash during his son's youth. Although the title has not been formally recognised by the Duke of Braganza, due to dispute over the Dukes' authority to do so, the title has been used informally by the family for certain purposes.

The direct heir to the title (as D. Aires has two daughters but no sons) is found in D. Paulo Augusto Tavares Milhinhos, Visconde de Miranda de Corvo, who is a first cousin of D.Aires. He has made it known that he intends to cede his right to this title in favour of his only son, D. Pedro Miguel Vasques Milhinhos, therefore making him D.Aires' direct successor.

Born in May 1996, D. Pedro Miguel is the first heir presumptive to the Marquis de Arronches and the Count de Miranda de Corvo titles who does not have Miranda or Tavares in his surname (both of which are the original names of the family). Following completion of his studies in Portugal and at Harrow School in London, D. Pedro Miguel has undertaken study at the University of Leeds and the London School of Economics in the United Kingdom. He now lives in London.

Successors
Title holders/heirs
 D. Henrique de Sousa Tavares (1626-1706), 3º conde de Miranda do Corvo e 28º senhor da Casa de Sousa
 Dona Mariana Luisa Francisca de Sousa Tavares Mascarenhas e Silva (1672-1743), 5ª condessa de Miranda do Corvo e 29ª senhora da Casa de Sousa;
 D. Pedro Henrique de Bragança (1718-1743), 1º duque de Lafões e 7ª conde de Miranda do Corvo;
 D. João Carlos de Bragança e Ligne de Sousa Tavares Mascarenhas da Silva (1719-1806), 2º duque de Lafões e 8º conde de Miranda do Corvo
 Dona Ana Maria de Bragança e Ligne de Sousa Tavares Mascarenhas da Silva (1797-1851), 3ª duquesa de Lafões e 9ª condessa de Miranda do Corvo
 Dona Maria Carlota de Bragança e Ligne de Sousa Tavares Mascarenhas da Silva (1820-1865), 34ª senhora da Casa de Sousa
 Dona Isabel Miranda Tavares, 12ª Condessa Víuva de Miranda de Corvo, (1929-2023)
 D. Aires Manuel Tavares Marques, 10º Marquês de Arroches, 13º Conde de Miranda de Corvo, (1963- present)
 Married to Isabel Marques, 10º Marquesa de Arronches, 13º Condessa de Miranda de Corvo with whom he has two daughters.
 D. Paulo Augusto Tavares Milhinhos, Visconde de Miranda de Corvo (1964- present)
 Married to Teresa Vasques Milhinhos, Viscondessa de Miranda de Corvo with whom he has two children.
 Heir presumptive - D. Pedro Miguel Vasques Milhinhos (1996- present)

Arronches
1674 establishments in Portugal


Johannes Böttner (September 3, 1861 – April 28, 1919) was a German horticulturist.  He was born in Greußen, Germany and died in Frankfurt an der Oder. He created new cultivars of roses and vegetables: asparagus, strawberries and rhubarb.

References

Notes

Bibliography
 Möllers Deutsche Gärtnerzeitung 24 (1910)
 Böttner, Johannes: Tomatenbuch. Frankfurt 1910 .
 Robert Zander: Geschichte des Gärtnertums. Stuttgart 1952
 Gröning, Gert ; Wolschke-Bulmahn, Joachim: Grüne Biographien. Berlin [u.a.], 1997
 Wimmer, Clemens Alexander: Johannes Böttner, in: Gartenkultur in Brandenburg und Berlin. Potsdam 2000,
 Gerber, Theophil: Persönlichkeiten aus Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau und Veterinärmedizin Bd. 1. Berlin 2004, S. 82
 Estate in the Brandenburgisches Landeshauptarchiv in Potsdam

External links

 Garten Literatur

German horticulturists
Rose breeders
German gardeners
1861 births
1919 deaths


"The Imposter" is a short story written by Nathanael West in the early 1930s; it was not published in West's lifetime and first appeared in The New Yorker on June 2, 1997, and in the Library of America edition of West's collected work: Novels & Other Writings. The story, told by a struggling writer and set among the expatriate community in 1920s Paris, deals with a failed sculptor named Beano Walsh, who claims he cannot create his art since the anatomy books are all wrong.

Plot summary
The narrator, a struggling writer, knows that to be accepted among American expatriates in Paris in the 1920s, he has to exhibit a certain madness. Since all the obvious forms of craziness have become passé, he decides to exaggerate normality:

He is an instant hit and gets invited to all the parties. At one event he meets Beano Walsh, who worked on a coal barge in the East River before he got a scholarship from Oscar Hahn to study sculpture in Paris. Since the narrator is broke, Beano invites him to live in his studio, which he shares with a Belgian prostitute who the previous tenant left.

Beano constantly fails at drawing, which sends him into a rage, until he decides to work straight from marble. He fails at that too, smashing a whole truckload in frustration. He studies many anatomy books, but cannot replicate the images, so he destroys them binges. An impending visit by one of Hahn's scouts to check on Beano's progress troubles him and he resolves to present an explanation for his inability to create: he argues all the anatomy books are wrong because they all used models that were five foot ten or less, while the ideal modern man is six feet tall. Beano's solution is to create a new book, and he begins frequenting the morgue in search of a perfect model.

One night, as the narrator and three friends sit among the Americans at the Dome, Beano pulls up in a cab and excitedly tells them he has found his perfect specimen, the corpse of a sailor, which he has brought with him, wrapped in brown paper. The group goes up to the cab to look and are repulsed while Beano boasts loudly, causing a crowd to gather, and tears at the paper until the body is naked. A woman trying to get into the cab sees the corpse and screams, causing policemen to come over. Beano knocks one of the policemen into the gutter and is taken away with the corpse, with the narrator and their friends in tow. At the station Beano is brought before a magistrate and claims he was defending his property, refusing to be separated from the corpse and claiming that to do so would impede the progress of art. The magistrate is amused and says that he, like all the French, loves art and would not stand in its way, and sends Beano to his cell with the corpse. He also instructs the narrator to inform Hahn's agent, and send drawing paper. The narrator calls the agent who promises to bring a French lawyer to the trial.

A crowd gathers for the trial, and the narrator accompanies the turnkey and a few others to fetch Beano. At first they don't see anyone in the cell, and the turnkey sounds the alarm. They find the corpse torn and broken, with one arm skinned, lying on a bench and the floor covered with Beano's crude drawings of the arm. They finally find Beano huddled under the bench with his face to the wall. He won't move or speak and the turnkey and cops have to drag him out. The narrator thinks Beano winks at him, but isn't sure.

Beano isn't arraigned and sent to a hospital in the country by Hahn's agent. The narrator visits him a week later, but can't get him to speak, and goes to the doctor in charge to tell him that Beano is only pretending to be crazy to fool the police.
The doctor says that he thought so at first too, but later decided that Beano is truly insane, but since he knew it all along he was able to control what he showed the outside world, until he finally went too far. On the train back to Paris, the narrator suspects that the doctor himself might be crazy, but later decides he must have been right since Beano is still in an asylum.

Early versions
The story was discovered among West's papers after his death in two typescript versions. The first is 22 pages long and was originally titled "The Fake," then retitled "L'Affaire Beano"; the second, an incomplete revision of the first version, is 14 pages long and was titled "L'Affaire Beano" before being retitled "The Imposter." The published version is made up of the revised second typescript, with the conclusion from the original typescript.

Links to West's life and other works

Though West spent a few weeks in Paris in 1926 and met various artists and writers including Max Ernst and Henry Miller, he would later claim that he had in fact lived in poverty there for several years, much like the narrator of this story. The specific "madness" the narrator tries to feign by exaggerating normality is also similar to West's perceived persona while he was a student at Brown University, where he often wore Brooks Brothers suits and was considered a "dandy" by his schoolmates.

The theme of failure, which appears in all of West's novels and seems to infect all of his protagonists, occurs here as well. All of West's characters, including Beano Walsh, fail consistently and regularly, as in the short story "Western Union Boy", where the title implies a certain class of people who cannot help but fail: "What they are doing is failing, mechanically, yet desperately and seriously, they are failing. The mechanical part of it is very important."

The twin themes of art and the deception which may lay at its core link this story to The Dream Life of Balso Snell, where the title character comes across countless artists and writers, who try to present themselves a certain way but may all be charlatans.

Footnotes

1997 short stories
Short stories by Nathanael West
Short stories set in Paris
Works originally published in The New Yorker
Short stories published posthumously


Mining in New Zealand began when the Māori quarried rock such as argillite in times prior to European colonisation. Mining by Europeans began in the latter half of the 19th century.

New Zealand has abundant resources of coal, silver, iron ore, limestone and gold. It ranked 22 in the world in terms of iron ore production and 29th in gold production. The total value of mineral production in New Zealand was $1.5 billion in 2006 (excluding oil and gas). The most important metallic minerals produced are gold (10.62 tonnes), silver (27.2 tonnes) and titanomagnetite ironsand (2.15 million tonnes). A 2008 report estimated that the unexploited resources of just seven core minerals (including gold, copper, iron and molybdenum) totalled around $140 billion in worth.

The mining sector makes a significant contribution to the New Zealand economy. In 2004 the value of production from mining (excluding oil and gas) was $1,142 million, or just under 1% of gross domestic product. In 2017 mining contributed $3,079m (1.3%) to a GDP of $235,945m.

In 2009 there were 6,800 people employed directly in mining, and 8,000 people, indirectly, flowing from the economic activity of the 6,800. The median wage for a mining employee was $57,320 in 2008, compared to the New Zealand median of $33,530. In 2017 mining employed 5,300 (0.2%), out of a total workforce of 2,593,000. In 2015 miners' earnings average hourly earnings were $39.86 and median hourly earnings $31.33, though the number of miners had fallen to 6,300, compared to nationwide figures of $27.49, $22.92 and 2,004,100 (3%). These figures may though need to be treated with caution, as miners appear to have been earning 5% of total income (average earnings x employees), though GDP contribution in 2015 was only 1.6%.

The latter decades of the 20th century and into the 21st century saw opposition to mining on environmental grounds. The Crown Minerals Act 1991 is a major piece of legislation relating to mining, and a review of Schedule 4 of the Act provoked considerable controversy late in the first decade of the 2000s.

History
Iron made from Taranaki ironsand was displayed at The Great Exhibition, London in 1851.

In 1865, the Alpha well was drilled near Mikotahi at New Plymouth. This was the first oil well in what is now the Commonwealth and one of the first in the world. A petroleum industry developed at Moturoa, including producing wells and refineries. The last refinery there was closed in 1972.

In 1914, at the time of the Huntly disaster, New Zealand's focus had been offshore as war was gathering steam.  The government of the day acknowledging the importance of coal mining to the country's economic and social structure, declared it to be an essential industry. In the latter part of 1915, coal miners were specifically discouraged to sign up to the war effort.  When conscription was introduced the following year, coal miners were discouraged from enlisting if called up.

Resources

Coal

Coal mining produced almost 4 million tonnes of coal in 2014, of which 44% was exported. In 2016 it was down to 2,834,956 tonnes, very similar to production in 2020. New Zealand coal reserves are in excess of 15 billion tonnes, mainly in Waikato, Taranaki, West Coast, Otago and Southland. Over 80% of the reserves are in Southland lignite deposits worth $100 billion. In 2008 coal was produced from four underground and 21 opencast mines. By the end of 2021 production was from 15 opencast mines, the largest being Stockton (see Environmental issues below), which produced 984,951 tonnes that year. The largest coal mining company was Solid Energy, a state-owned enterprise, until its collapse in 2015, but is now Bathurst Resources.

Gold

Prospectors discovered gold in the Coromandel Peninsula in 1852, sparking the Coromandel Gold Rush, the Otago Gold Rush and the West Coast Gold Rush in the 1860s. Initially alluvial gold was recovered, but then mining for gold in quartz veins which was recovered using stamper batteries took over. From the 1890s Otago rivers were dredged for gold, using New Zealand-developed floating dredges.

Up to 2003 an estimated 998.71 tonnes of gold had been mined in New Zealand, a little under one percent all the gold mined worldwide. Available figures suggest that to that time a minimum of 312 tonnes had come from the Coromandel Peninsula, 274 tonnes from the West Coast, and 265 tonnes from Otago. Production peaked in 1866 at some 22.9 tonnes. Gold worth $250M in 2006 was produced from two large hard-rock mines (Martha Mine and Macraes Mine), several medium-sized alluvial operations, and a large number of small alluvial mines.

Ironsands

The Waikato North Head ironsand mine produces up to 1.2 million tonnes of ironsand a year, for use in the New Zealand Steel mill at Glenbrook. The deposit is estimated to contain more than 150 million tonnes in total. Rather more is produced at Tahāroa, all of which is exported.

Environmental issues
Environmental issues with mining include global warming, acid mine drainage and large scale modifications to landscapes. Acid mine drainage from coal mining is a serious problem in New Zealand. It is estimated to adversely affect 125 kilometres of streams mainly in the Buller District of the West Coast Region of the South Island. There has been very little remediation of acid mine drainage. Regulation of AMD has been vague and enforcement is lacking. AMD from mines that were established before the Resource Management Act 1991 has been allowed to continue.

The Tui mine in the Kaimai Range which closed in 1973 is considered one of the worst toxic waste sites in New Zealand and the government has allocated almost $10 million for cleaning up the site. Structural failure of historic underground mine workings have led to subsidence, cracking and collapse on properties in Waihi, a township that has built up around the current open pit. The Stockton Mine on the West Coast of the South Island, has historically been responsible for acid mine drainage in adjoining waterways, and has since built a comprehensive water treatment plant on the Stockton plateau. Stockton poses a threat to some native species, although has carried out significant biodiversity conservation work in the region, and mountaintop removal mining has happened on the site in recent years. Over a one hundred-year period Mount Smart in Auckland was mined to such an extent that it is now level with the surrounding land. Several other Auckland volcanoes have suffered a similar fate.

In 2011 arsenic laden soil was discovered in the suburb of Moanataiari in Thames. The area had been reclaimed from the Firth of Thames using mine tailings, mine waste and rubble. Funding from the government was given towards the cost of soil testing.

New frontiers
Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is attracting funding in the billions of dollars as part of global efforts to address greenhouse gas emissions. CCS may well have a vital role to play in the portfolio of technologies to be deployed. The New Zealand Government is a partner with the Australian Government in the Cooperative Research Centre for Greenhouse Gas Technologies (CO2CRC) for research to support commercial-scale CCS. However, in the New Zealand context, University of Canterbury researchers authored a 2009 paper on CCS published in the peer-reviewed journal Energy Policy. The paper considered the permanence of CO2 storage was uncertain and that CCS was unlikely to significantly reduce carbon emissions.  The paper concluded that further investment in CCS was seriously questionable as a policy.

Coal Seam Gas (CSG) is a form of natural gas occurring naturally in deep coal seams that could potentially add to New Zealand's gas supply. In 2008, Solid Energy trialled CSG extraction at the Waikato coal fields, for use in electricity generation.

Deep-sea metallic mineral deposits in the Kermadec volcanic arc are attracting research into how they are formed and how they influence the surrounding undersea biodiversity. Mineral-rich fluids coming out of seafloor hot springs contact cold sea water and precipitate out high-grade ore deposits containing gold, copper, lead, zinc, iron, manganese and other metals. In one sense, these are renewable resources because they are constantly being formed. Discovering these deposits is one matter; mining them in an economic and environmentally appropriate way is another. Extraction of these resources is viewed as a long-term prospect. A proposal for the protection of part of the Kermadec volcanoes is being developed by the Pew Environmental Group.

Geothermal energy is experiencing a renaissance in New Zealand. This renewable source of energy could contribute to 20% of New Zealand's electricity needs after the next decade. Current research led by the GNS Science and the University of Auckland is tipped to enable cheaper geothermal energy, and identify new systems in the Central North Island for development.

Ironsands offshore of New Zealand from Northland south to Whanganui, and off the South Island's West Coast is estimated to hold some billions of tonnes of titanomagnetite resource. Titanium and vanadium are the main by-products. The resource is in the stage of being prospected and explored, and assessed for its economic potential.

Low-temperature geothermal energy can be used potentially for space heating, hot pools, heat pumps in the home, heating greenhouses and aquaculture. The heat may be sourced from hot spring systems, disused petroleum wells, heated waters in flooded underground coal and mineral mines, heat in underground aquifers, and heat in rocks. Research in this field in New Zealand is led by GNS Science.

Methane hydrates (fire ice) are a crystalline form of methane trapped in water, occurring in deep-water continental shelf sediments in many parts of the world, including New Zealand. This resource may furnish a future source of natural gas. Work is underway in New Zealand to determine economically viable deposits, and technologies for safe extraction. In New Zealand, methane hydrates are found in shallower waters than elsewhere in the world.

Underground coal gasification (UCG) is a way of accessing energy from coal deposits that lie too deep underground or are too dangerous to be mined or are otherwise uneconomic. Air, oxygen or steam is injected at high temperatures, to burn the coal underground. Separate wells are drilled to capture the resulting "coal gas" which is in essence a form of natural gas. When combined with CCS, this offers a low-emissions route to generating electricity from coal.

Opposition

The Coromandel Watchdog lobby group has been active in lobbying against gold mining on the Coromandel Peninsula since the 1970s. It has recently begun to work against proposals to restart mining in some areas of the Coromandel Peninsula which have been off-limits to mining for a long time, and has argued that any claim of "surgical" mining operations being possible is farcical, when one realises that even for such mining, roads would have to be built into the areas, ore processing plants constructed, as well as tailings and chemical byproducts of the ore separation process disposed of.

Sand mining from both beaches and the seabed has encountered opposition. Kiwis Against Seabed Mining, an environmental lobby group, formed when plans were revealed for the mining of the seabed off the West Coast of the North Island.

There are numerous coal mines on the West Coast of the South Island. The Cypress Mine, planned for the Westport area, is opposed by the Save Happy Valley Coalition due to effects on landscape values, biodiversity and climate change.

A speech by the Minister for Economic Development Gerry Brownlee to the Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy in August 2009 provoked a reaction from environmental groups. In the speech Brownlee announced a review of Schedule 4 of the Crown Minerals Act. The Schedule lists conservation land such as national parks and reserves as off-limits to mining.

Advocacy for the NZ resource sector
In 2008 a number of mainly gold and coal producing companies in New Zealand set up Straterra, an incorporated society, to provide a collective voice for the NZ resource sector. Staterra's members and affiliates represent 88% of the value of NZ production of all minerals, except oil & gas and geothermal resources. Straterra also works closely with the petroleum sector and has links to the geothermal sector. Straterra participates in government policy processes, carries out government and industry relations, and provides advocacy for the NZ resource sector including via the media.

A key focus for the NZ resource sector is to promote mature, well-informed debate on mineral and energy issues. Straterra believes that properly managed and encouraged the NZ resource sector can make a significant contribution to the New Zealand economy, and can be managed in environmentally responsible ways, with the passing of the Resource Management Act and the Crown Minerals Act in 1991.

Accidents
In earlier years, coal mining had a high rate of injuries and death, most of them individual deaths. Between just 1900 and 1914 there were 141 men killed, of which 98 were individual deaths.

The largest-scale accidents are:
 21 February 1879, Kaitangata coal mine disaster, 34 miners died when candles caused an underground explosion
 26 March 1896, Brunner coal mine disaster, 65 miners killed by an explosion or by poisonous gases following the explosion.  As of 2020 this is New Zealand's largest death toll from an industrial accident.
 12 September 1914, Ralph’s Mine, Huntly, a naked light caused an explosion that killed 43 coal miners. This was the second deadliest underground accident in the Waikato.  The investigation into the disaster identified a number of deficiencies in the mine's operations such as the use of naked lights by mine workers and ‘lax and unsatisfactory’ management' in other specified areas.  The first contemporary news reports noted that two years earlier, the mine had been inspected and certified ‘one of the safest in the Dominion.' However, a number of recent issues were heard by the Huntly Commission. An inspector wrote to the Under-Secretary of Mines, stating 'I fear a holocaust at Ralph’s mine.’.  The inspector recommended the use of safety electric lamps in the mine.  Fortunately, regular miners were off duty at the time of the explosion, otherwise an average of 200 men may have been in the mine.  Only truckers and general hands were employed cleaning and straightening tunnels. William Brocklebank was the only man to survive from the ‘seat’ of the explosion, his father died in the mine.
 3 December 1926, Dobson coal mine, nine killed due to an explosion
 24 September 1939, Glen Afton coal mine, Huntly, 11 asphyxiated by carbon monoxide
 19 January 1967, Strongman coal mine, 19 miners killed by explosion
 19 November 2010, Pike River mine accident, 29 dead

Mining towns

Current
Huntly
Rotowaro
Waihi
Ohai
Kaitangata
Reefton
Ross
Whangārei
Stockton, New Zealand
Nightcaps, New Zealand

Historic
Bendigo
Brunner
Denniston
Lawrence
Lyell
Millerton
Ōkārito
Thames
Waiuta

See also
Waihi miners' strike
Oil and gas industry in New Zealand
Hydraulic fracturing in New Zealand

References

Further reading

External links

Coal and Coal Mining - Te Ara; The Encyclopedia of New Zealand
Gold and Gold Mining - Te Ara; The Encyclopedia of New Zealand
New Zealand Petroleum & Minerals (NZP&M)
New Zealand Petroleum & Minerals - Web map of minerals mining permits
Ministry of Business, Innovation & Employment - Minerals page
Straterra - Natural Resources of New Zealand
Paydirt - New Zealand gold mining permits map page
Permit Watch - Service for monitoring minerals mining permits issued by NZP&M


The 75th Pennsylvania House of Representatives District is located in central Pennsylvania and has been represented by Michael Armanini since 2021.

District profile
The 75th District encompasses parts of Clearfield County and all of Elk County, and includes the following areas:

Clearfield County

Bell Township
 Bloom Township
 Brady Township
Curwensville
DuBois
Falls Creek (Clearfield County Portion)
Ferguson Township
Grampian
Greenwood Township
Huston Township
Mahaffey
New Washington
Newburg
Penn Township
 Pike Township
 Sandy Township
 Troutville
 Union Township

Elk County

Representatives

References

Government of Clearfield County, Pennsylvania
Elk County
75


Tuaheni Point is a promontory on the east coast of the North Island of New Zealand. It marks the northernmost point of Poverty Bay, and is located close to the city of Gisborne. The small settlement of Wainui Beach lies just to the north of Tuaheni Point.

Headlands of the Gisborne District


Skein is a cryptographic hash function and one of five finalists in the NIST hash function competition. Entered as a candidate to become the SHA-3 standard, the successor of SHA-1 and SHA-2, it ultimately lost to NIST hash candidate Keccak.

The name Skein refers to how the Skein function intertwines the input, similar to a skein of yarn.

History
Skein was created by Bruce Schneier, Niels Ferguson, Stefan Lucks, Doug Whiting, Mihir Bellare, Tadayoshi Kohno, Jon Callas and Jesse Walker.

Skein is based on the Threefish tweakable block cipher compressed using Unique Block Iteration (UBI) chaining mode, a variant of the Matyas–Meyer–Oseas hash mode, while leveraging an optional low-overhead argument-system for flexibility.

Skein's algorithm and a reference implementation was given to public domain.

Functionality
Skein supports internal state sizes of 256, 512 and 1024 bits, and arbitrary output sizes.

The authors claim 6.1 cycles per byte for any output size on an Intel Core 2 Duo in 64-bit mode.

The core of Threefish is based on a MIX function that transforms 2 64-bit words using a single addition, rotation by a constant and XOR. The UBI chaining mode combines an input chaining value with an arbitrary length input string and produces a fixed size output.

Threefish's nonlinearity comes entirely from the combination of addition operations and exclusive-ORs; it does not use S-boxes.  The function is optimized for 64-bit processors, and the Skein paper defines optional features such as randomized hashing, parallelizable tree hashing, a stream cipher, personalization, and a key derivation function.

Cryptanalysis
In October 2010, an attack that combines rotational cryptanalysis with the rebound attack was published. The attack finds rotational collisions for 53 of 72 rounds in Threefish-256, and 57 of 72 rounds in Threefish-512. It also affects the Skein hash function. This is a follow-up to the earlier attack published in February, which breaks 39 and 42 rounds respectively.

The Skein team tweaked the key schedule constant for round 3 of the NIST hash function competition, to make this attack less effective, even though they believe the hash would still be secure without these tweaks.

Examples of Skein hashes
Hash values of empty string.
 Skein-256-256("")
 c8877087da56e072870daa843f176e9453115929094c3a40c463a196c29bf7ba
 Skein-512-256("")
 39ccc4554a8b31853b9de7a1fe638a24cce6b35a55f2431009e18780335d2621
 Skein-512-512("")
 bc5b4c50925519c290cc634277ae3d6257212395cba733bbad37a4af0fa06af41fca7903d06564fea7a2d3730dbdb80c1f85562dfcc070334ea4d1d9e72cba7a

Even a small change in the message will (with overwhelming probability) result in a mostly different hash, due to the avalanche effect. For example, adding a period to the end of the sentence:
 Skein-512-256("The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog")
 b3250457e05d3060b1a4bbc1428bc75a3f525ca389aeab96cfa34638d96e492a
 Skein-512-256("The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.")
 41e829d7fca71c7d7154ed8fc8a069f274dd664ae0ed29d365d919f4e575eebb
 Skein-512-512("The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog")
 94c2ae036dba8783d0b3f7d6cc111ff810702f5c77707999be7e1c9486ff238a7044de734293147359b4ac7e1d09cd247c351d69826b78dcddd951f0ef912713
 Skein-512-512("The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.")
 658223cb3d69b5e76e3588ca63feffba0dc2ead38a95d0650564f2a39da8e83fbb42c9d6ad9e03fbfde8a25a880357d457dbd6f74cbcb5e728979577dbce5436

References

External links
 Official Skein website (dead, Wayback Machine archive)
 Bruce Schneier's Skein webpage

Implementations
 SPARKSkein – an implementation of Skein in SPARK, with proofs of type-safety
 Botan contains a C++ implementation of Skein-512
 nskein – a .NET implementation of Skein with support for all block sizes
 pyskein Skein module for Python
 PHP-Skein-Hash Skein hash for PHP on GitHub
 Digest::Skein, an implementation in C and Perl
 skeinfish A C# implementation of Skein and Threefish (based on version 1.3)
 Java, Scala, and Javascript implementations of Skein 512-512 (based on version 1.3)
 A Java implementation of Skein (based on version 1.1)
 An implementation of Skein in Ada
 skerl, Skein hash function for Erlang, via NIFs
 Skein 512-512 implemented in Bash
 Skein implemented in Haskell
 VHDL source code developed by the Cryptographic Engineering Research Group (CERG) at George Mason University
 skeinr Skein implemented in Ruby
 fhreefish An efficient implementation of Skein-256 for 8-bit Atmel AVR microcontrollers, meeting the performance estimates outlined in the official specification

NIST hash function competition
Public-domain software with source code
Extendable-output functions


William John Villaume (June 17, 1914 – March 27, 1995) was an American Lutheran minister and the first president of Waterloo Lutheran University. He held the position from 1960 to 1966.

References

1914 births
1995 deaths
20th-century American Lutheran clergy
Canadian university and college chief executives
Academic staff of Wilfrid Laurier University


Trimethyldiphenylpropylamine (N,N,1-Trimethyl-3,3-diphenylpropylamine) is a drug used for functional gastrointestinal disorders. Its tradename is Recipavrin.

See also
 Emepronium

References

Dimethylamino compounds


Frank Cornelius Peters (July 5, 1920 – October 7, 1987) was the second president of Wilfrid Laurier University. He held the position from 1967 to 1978.

References

External links
 Frank Cornelius Peters at The Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online

1920 births
1987 deaths
Canadian university and college chief executives
Academic staff of Wilfrid Laurier University


Caroverine (Spasmium, Tinnitin, Tinnex) is a muscle-relaxing drug used in Austria and Switzerland to relieve spasms in smooth muscles (which include intestines, arteries, and other organs), and the use in those countries was extended to aid with cerebrovascular diseases there, and eventually to treat tinnitus. It is also used to treat tinnitus in India.

Chemically, it is a quinoxalineone and is available in both a base and hydrochloric acid forms.

Pharmacologically, it has been described as a nonspecific calcium channel blocker and as an antagonist of both non-NMDA and NMDA glutamate receptors.

It was discovered in Austria in the 1950s and was developed by Austrian company Phafag AG.

Its INN name, caroverine, was proposed in 1972.

An intravenous formulation was tested in a single-blinded study in tinnitus that published in 1997 and had positive results; an effort to replicate those results failed to show any effect, and more people had their condition worsen than experienced benefit. Pilot studies using a spray formulation for tinnitus published in 2005.

In 2010 Phafag licensed rights to caroverine to the Indian company, Lincoln Pharmaceuticals, to develop the drug for tinnitus in India. Lincoln first marketed it for that purpose in India in 2011.

As of 2016 it had been studied in a small clinical trial in people with loss of the sense of smell.

As of 2018 it was marketed under the brand names Spasmium and Tinnitin in Austria, and under the brand Tinnex in India.

References

Quinoxalines
Lactams
Phenol ethers
AMPA receptor antagonists
NMDA receptor antagonists
Diethylamino compounds


Neale Hamilton Tayler (June 16, 1917 – 1986) was the third president of Wilfrid Laurier University. He held the position from 1978 to 1982.

References

1917 births
1986 deaths
Canadian university and college chief executives
Academic staff of Wilfrid Laurier University


Trepibutone is a drug used for functional gastrointestinal disorders. Trepibutone promotes secretion of the bile and pancreatic juice, and accelerates flaccidity of the smooth muscle in the gastrointestinal tract to lower internal pressure of the gallbladder and bile duct. It improves the symptoms of the bile duct and pancreatic disease. It is usually used for improvement of cramp and bile secretion associated with cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, cholangitis, dyskinesia of the biliary tract or postcholecystectomy syndrome, or pain and gastrointestinal symptoms associated with chronic pancreatitis.

References

Hydroxyquinol ethers
Piceol ethers
Keto acids


Alverine is a drug used for functional gastrointestinal disorders. Alverine is a smooth muscle relaxant. Smooth muscle is a type of muscle that is not under voluntary control; it is the muscle present in places such as the gut and uterus.

Adverse effects

The side effects of alverine include:

Difficulties in breathing or shortness of breath, wheezing, swelling of the face or other parts of the body (associated with serious allergic reaction)
Yellowing of the whites of the eyes and the skin, due to liver inflammation
 A feeling of nausea or dizziness
 Headache
 Minor allergic reaction (skin rash/itching)

It was reported that alverine may induce toxic hepatitis.

Mechanism of action
Alverine acts directly on the muscle in the gut, causing it to relax. This prevents the muscle spasms which occur in the gut in conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome and diverticular disease. Diverticular disease is a condition in which small pouches form in the gut lining. These pouches can trap particles of food and become inflamed and painful. In irritable bowel syndrome, the normal activity of the gut muscle is lost. The muscle spasms result in symptoms such as abdominal pain and bloating, constipation or diarrhoea. By relaxing the gut muscle, alverine citrate relieves the symptoms of this condition. Alverine also relaxes the smooth muscle in the womb (uterus). It is therefore also used to treat painful menstruation, which is caused by muscle spasms in the uterus (dysmenorrhea).

Alverine capsules are now available in the market. There are two strengths of capsule - 60 mg and 120 mg. The common dosage for adults and children over 12 years is 60–120 mg taken one, two or three a day, either before or after meals. Alverine is not suitable for those aged under 12 years. Women who are pregnant or breast-feeding should follow the instruction of doctors for the drug.

Development and marketing
A combination of alverine citrate and simeticone (ACS) for irritable bowel syndrome therapy were compared with placebo in a phase IV clinical trial. At week 4, the alverine citrate and simeticone group had lower VAS scores for abdominal pain/discomfort (median: 40 mm vs. 50 mm, P = 0.047) and higher responder rate (46.8% vs. 34.3%, OR = 1.3; P = 0.01) as compared with the placebo group.

The drug was firstly authorized for marketing on 03/06/2014. The marketing authorisation holder is Dr. Reddy's Laboratories (UK) Ltd.

References

Drugs acting on the gastrointestinal system and metabolism
Amines


Jeremiah Akaminko (born 2 May 1988) is a Ghanaian professional footballer who plays as a centre back for the Ghana national team playing for Liga 1 Team Persik Kediri.

Club career
On 25 August 2008 Turkish side Orduspor signed the Heart of Lions team captain on a two-year contract with the Super Lig side. He was nominated as Defender of the Year 2008 in Ghana. Akaminko's contract was subject to renewal after the initial two years and played his first match on 7 September 2008 against Boluspor. There had been reports that the Heart of Lions captain was on the verge of joining Israeli league club Maccabi Tel Aviv F.C. He is noted for his aggressive style of play.

Akaminko left İstanbulspor on 31 January 2019.

International career
Akaminko made his debut and scored his first goal with the Ghana national team on June 1, 2012, in a 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification at the Kumasi Sports Stadium.

International goals

International appearances

See also
James Akaminko
Football in Ghana

References

Eskişehirspor, Akaminko'nun sözleşmesini feshetti, milliyet.com.tr, 13 January 2016

External links

Ghanaian men's footballers
Ghana men's international footballers
Men's association football defenders
Footballers from Accra
Ghanaian expatriate men's footballers
Orduspor footballers
Manisaspor footballers
Eskişehirspor footballers
İstanbulspor footballers
1988 births
Living people
Heart of Lions F.C. players
Expatriate men's footballers in Turkey
Expatriate men's footballers in Saudi Arabia
Ghanaian expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
Süper Lig players
2013 Africa Cup of Nations players
Ghana men's youth international footballers


Proxazole is an analgesic and an anti-inflammatory drug used for functional gastrointestinal disorders.

References

Oxadiazoles
Diethylamino compounds


Idanpramine is a drug used for functional gastrointestinal disorders.  It acts as an antimuscarinic agent.

References

Hydantoins
1-Piperidinyl compounds
Phenol ethers


Erik Rolando de Jesús Delgado (born November 8, 1982) is an Ecuadorian footballer currently playing for Valle del Chota. He is a regular starter and plays as a right back  for his club.

Club career
De Jesús started at Nacional when he was young. He has spent all his career at Nacional. He won many titles with the juveniles during his time. In 2003, he was promoted to  the first team of his club. However, in 2005-2006 he was a champion with El Nacional as they won the clausura of the Ecuadorian league. His good displays of defending earned him a chance to play with the national team in 2006.

International career
De Jesús played in the 3-1 friendly win for Ecuador against Haiti in March 2008.

References

External links

1982 births
Living people
People from Ibarra, Ecuador
Men's association football fullbacks
Ecuadorian men's footballers
Ecuador men's international footballers
C.D. El Nacional footballers
C.S.D. Independiente del Valle footballers


Pinaverium bromide (INN) is a medication used for functional gastrointestinal disorders.  It belongs to a drug group called antispasmodics and acts as a calcium channel blocker in helping to restore the normal contraction process of the bowel. It is most effective when taken for a full course of treatment and is not designed for immediate symptom relief or sporadic, intermittent use.

Pinaverium bromide was first registered in 1975 by Solvay Pharmaceuticals (now a division of Abbott Laboratories), and marketed globally using the brand names Dicetel and Eldicet. Generic pinaverium is available in South Korea under a trade name of Disten and in Argentina as Nulite.

Indications
It is indicated for the treatment and relief of symptoms associated with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) including abdominal pain, bowel disturbances and intestinal discomfort; and treatment of symptoms related to functional disorders of biliary tract.

References

Calcium channel blockers
Quaternary ammonium compounds
Morpholines
AbbVie brands
Phenol ethers
Ethers
Organobromides
Methoxy compounds


The orange-breasted laughingthrush (Garrulax annamensis) is a passerine bird in the family Leiothrichidae. Until recently it was regarded as a subspecies of the spot-breasted laughingthrush (S. merulina) but has now been split as a separate species. The two have traditionally been placed in the genus Garrulax.

It is a medium-sized bird with a strong bill and legs and a fairly long tail. It is 24–25 cm long with a bill length of 25–27 mm, a wing length of 83–92 mm and a tail length of 88–100 mm. It is mostly plain brown apart from an orange stripe over the eye, a black throat and an orange breast with black streaks. It has a loud, melodious song. The spot-breasted laughingthrush is similar but has a pale throat and breast with dark spots and a pale stripe above the eye.

It is endemic to Vietnam where it occurs in the Da Lat Plateau in southern Annam. It inhabits montane forest between 915 and 1510 m above sea-level and can survive in degraded habitats such as secondary forest and cultivated land close to forested areas. It is most often seen in pairs. Although it only has a small range, it appears to be tolerant of habitat degradation and is classed as Least Concern by BirdLife International.

References

 BirdLife International (2008) Species factsheet: Garrulax annamensis. Retrieved 31 October 2008.
 Collar, N. J. (2006) A partial revision of the Asian babblers (Timaliidae), Forktail, 22: 85-112.
 Robson, Craig (2002) A Field Guide to the Birds of South-east Asia, New Holland, London.

External links
 Oriental Bird Images: orange-breasted laughingthrush
 Xenocanto: orange-breasted laughingthrush, recordings of song and call

Laughingthrushes
Garrulax
Birds of Vietnam
Endemic birds of Vietnam
Birds described in 1919


Chlorbenzoxamine is a drug used for functional gastrointestinal disorders.

Synthesis

See also
Carbinoxamine

References

Piperazines
Ethers
Chloroarenes


Fenpiprane is a drug used for functional gastrointestinal disorders.

References

1-Piperidinyl compounds
Abandoned drugs
Benzene derivatives


Victoria is a suburb of the New Zealand city of Gisborne. It is located close to the shore of Poverty Bay, to the southeast of the city centre, between the mouth of the Awapuni Creek and Awapuni.

The suburb was named after Queen Victoria.

Parks

Victoria features Waikanae Beach and a beach walkway.

References

Suburbs of Gisborne, New Zealand


Five ships of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Magicienne. The origins of the name are from the French word for a female magician or sorceress and were used following the capture of the French frigate Magicienne in 1781.

  was a fifth-rate French frigate captured in 1781 and destroyed at the Battle of Grand Port in 1810.
  was a fifth-rate frigate built in 1812 and broken up in 1845.
  was a frigate built in 1849 and broken up in 1866.
  was a  built in 1888 and sold in 1905.
  was an  built in 1944 and broken up in 1956.

Royal Navy ship names