The National Information Infrastructure Protection Act (; ) was Title II of the Economic Espionage Act of 1996, as an amendment to the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act.

The Act
The Act was enacted in 1996 as an amendment to the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. It modifies the earlier Code. The text is included in its entirety below.

§ 1030. Fraud and Related Activity in Connection with Computers

(a) Whoever

(1) having knowingly accessed a computer without authorization or exceeding authorized access, and by means of such conduct having obtained information that has been determined by the United States Government pursuant to an Executive order or statute to require protection against unauthorized disclosure for reasons of national defense or foreign relations, or any restricted data, as defined in paragraph y. of section 11 of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, with reason to believe that such information so obtained could be used to the injury of the United States, or to the advantage of any foreign nation willfully communicates, delivers, transmits, or causes to be communicated, delivered, or transmitted, or attempts to communicate, deliver, transmit or cause to be communicated, delivered, or transmitted the same to any person not entitled to receive it, or willfully retains the same and fails to deliver it to the officer or employee of the United States entitled to receive it;
(2) intentionally accesses a computer without authorization or exceeds authorized access, and thereby obtains–

(A) information contained in a financial record of a financial institution, or of a card issuer as defined in section 1602(n) of title 15, or contained in a file of a consumer reporting agency on a consumer, as such terms are defined in the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681 et seq.);
(B) information from any department or agency of the United States; or

(C) information from any protected computer if the conduct involved an interstate or foreign communication;

(3) intentionally, without authorization to access any nonpublic computer of a department or agency of the United States, accesses such a computer of that department or agency that is exclusively for the use of the Government of the United States or, in the case of a computer not exclusively for such use, is used by or for the Government of the United States and such conduct affects that use by or for the Government of the United States;
(4) knowingly and with intent to defraud, accesses a protected computer without authorization, or exceeds authorized access, and by means of such conduct furthers the intended fraud and obtains anything of value, unless the object of the fraud and the thing obtained consists only of the use of the computer and the value of such use is not more than $5,000 in any one-year period;

(5)

(A)

(i) knowingly causes the transmission of a program, information, code, or command, and as a result of such conduct, intentionally causes damage without authorization, to a protected computer;

(ii) intentionally accesses a protected computer without authorization, and as a result of such conduct, recklessly causes damage; or

(iii) intentionally accesses a protected computer without authorization, and as a result of such conduct, causes damage; and

(B) by conduct described in clause (i), (ii), or (iii) of subparagraph (A), caused (or, in the case of an attempted offense, would, if completed, have caused)–

(i) loss to one or more persons during any one year period (and, for purposes of an investigation, prosecution, or other proceeding brought by the United States only, loss resulting from a related course of conduct affecting one or more other protected computers) aggregating at least $5,000 in value;

(ii) the modification or impairment, or potential modification or impairment, of the medical examination, diagnosis, treatment, or care of one or more individuals;

(iii) physical injury to any person;

(iv) a threat to public health or safety; or

(v) damage affecting a computer system used by or for a government entity in furtherance of the administration of justice, national defense, or national security;

(6) knowingly and with intent to defraud traffics (as defined in section 1029) in any password or similar information through which a computer may be accessed without authorization, if
(A) such trafficking affects interstate or foreign commerce; or
(B) such computer is used by or for the Government of the United States;

(7) with intent to extort from any person, any money or other thing of value, transmits in interstate or foreign commerce any communication containing any threat to cause damage to a protected computer;
shall be punished as provided in subsection (c) of this section.
(b) Whoever attempts to commit an offense under subsection (a) of this section shall be punished as provided in subsection (c) of this section.

(c) The punishment for an offense under subsection (a) or (b) of this section is –

(1)
(A) a fine under this title or imprisonment for not more than ten years, or both, in the case of an offense under subsection (a)(1) of this section which does not occur after a conviction for another offense under this section, or an attempt to commit an offense punishable under this subparagraph; and
(B) a fine under this title or imprisonment for not more than twenty years, or both, in the case of an offense under subsection (a)(1) of this section which occurs after a conviction for another offense under this section, or an attempt to commit an offense punishable under this subparagraph; and

(2)
(A) except as provided in subparagraph (B), a fine under this title or imprisonment for not more than one year, or both, in the case of an offense under subsection (a)(2), (a)(3), (a)(5)(A)(iii), or (a)(6) of this section which does not occur after a conviction for another offense under this section, or an attempt to commit an offense punishable under this subparagraph;
(B) a fine under this title or imprisonment for not more than five years, or both, in the case of an offense under subsection (a)(2)or an attempt to commit an offense punishable under this subparagraph, if-

(i) the offense was committed for purposes of commercial advantage or private financial gain;
(ii) the offense was committed in furtherance of any criminal or tortious act in violation of the Constitution or laws of the United States or of any State; or

(iii) the value of the information obtained exceeds $5,000;

(C) a fine under this title or imprisonment for not more than ten years, or both, in the case of an offense under subsection (a)(2), (a)(3) or (a)(6) of this section which occurs after a conviction for another offense under this section, or an attempt to commit an offense punishable under this subparagraph; and
(3)
(A) a fine under this title or imprisonment for not more than five years, or both, in the case of an offense under subsection (a)(4), or (a)(7) of this section which does not occur after a conviction for another offense under this section, or an attempt to commit an offense punishable under this subparagraph; and
(B) a fine under this title or imprisonment for not more than ten years, or both, in the case of an offense under subsection (a)(4), (a)(5)(A)(iii) or (a)(7) of this section which occurs after a conviction for another offense under this section, or an attempt to commit an offense punishable under this subparagraph; and

(4)

(A) a fine under this title, imprisonment for not more than 10 years, or both, in the case of an offense under subsection (a)(5)(A)(i), or an attempt to commit an offense punishable under that subsection;

(B) a fine under this title, imprisonment for not more than 5 years, or both, in the case of an offense under subsection (a)(5)(A)(ii), or an attempt to commit an offense punishable under that subsection;

(C) a fine under this title, imprisonment for not more than 20 years, or both, in the case of an offense under subsection (a)(5)(A)(i) or (a)(5)(A)(ii), or an attempt to commit an offense punishable under either subsection, that occurs after a conviction for another offense under this section.

(d)(1) The United States Secret Service shall, in addition to any other agency having such authority, have the authority to investigate offenses under this section.

(2) The Federal Bureau of Investigation shall have primary authority to investigate offenses under subsection (a)(1) for any cases involving espionage, foreign counterintelligence, information protected against unauthorized disclosure for reasons of national defense or foreign relations, or Restricted Data (as that term is defined in section 11y of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 (42 U.S.C. 2014(y))), except for offenses affecting the duties of the United States Secret Service pursuant to section 3056(a) of this title.

(3) Such authority shall be exercised in accordance with an agreement which shall be entered into by the Secretary of the Treasury and the Attorney General.

(e) As used in this section

(1) the term "computer" means an electronic, magnetic, optical, electrochemical, or other high speed data processing device performing logical, arithmetic, or storage functions, and includes any data storage facility or communications facility directly related to or operating in conjunction with such device, but such term does not include an automated typewriter or typesetter, a portable hand held calculator, or other similar device;
(2) the term "protected computer" means a computer

(A) exclusively for the use of a financial institution or the United States Government, or, in the case of a computer not exclusively for such use, used by or for a financial institution or the United States Government and the conduct constituting the offense affects that use by or for the financial institution or the Government; or
(B) which is used in interstate or foreign commerce or communications, including a computer located outside the United States that is used in a manner that affects interstate or foreign commerce or communication of the United States;

(3) the term "State" includes the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and any other commonwealth, possession or territory of the United States;
(4) the term "financial institution" means

(A) an institution with deposits insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation;
(B) the Federal Reserve or a member of the Federal Reserve including any Federal Reserve Bank;

(C) a credit union with accounts insured by the National Credit Union Administration;

(D) a member of the Federal home loan bank system and any home loan bank;

(E) any institution of the Farm Credit System under the Farm Credit Act of 1971;

(F) a broker-dealer registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to section 15 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934;

(G) the Securities Investor Protection Corporation;

(H) a branch or agency of a foreign bank (as such terms are defined in paragraphs (1) and (3) of section 1(b) of the International Banking Act of 1978); and

(I) an organization operating under section 25 or section 25(a) of the Federal Reserve Act.

(5) the term "financial record" means information derived from any record held by a financial institution pertaining to a customer's relationship with the financial institution;
(6) the term "exceeds authorized access" means to access a computer with authorization and to use such access to obtain or alter information in the computer that the accesser is not entitled so to obtain or alter;

(7) the term "department of the United States" means the legislative or judicial branch of the Government or one of the executive departments enumerated in section 101 of title 5;

(8) the term 'damage' means any impairment to the integrity or availability of data, a program, a system, or information;

(9) the term 'government entity' includes the Government of the United States, any State or political subdivision of the United States, any foreign country, and any state, province, municipality, or other political subdivision of a foreign country.

(10) the term 'conviction' shall include a conviction under the law of any State for a crime punishable by imprisonment for more than one year, an element of which is unauthorized access, or exceeding authorized access, to a computer;

(11) the term 'loss' includes any reasonable cost to any victim, including the cost of responding to an offense, conducting a damage assessment, and restoring the data, program, system, or information to its condition prior to the offense, and any revenue lost, cost incurred, or other consequential damages incurred because of interruption of service; and

(12) the term 'person' means any individual, firm, corporation, educational institution, financial institution, governmental entity, or legal or other entity.

(f) This section does not prohibit any lawfully authorized investigative, protective, or intelligence activity of a law enforcement agency of the United States, a State, or a political subdivision of a State, or of an intelligence agency of the United States.
(g) Any person who suffers damage or loss by reason of a violation of the section may maintain a civil action against the violator to obtain compensatory damages and injunctive relief or other equitable relief. A civil action for a violation of this section may be brought only if the conduct involves 1 of the factors set forth in clause (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), or (v) of subsection (a)(5)(B). Damages for a violation involving only conduct described in subsection (a)(5)(B)(i) are limited to economic damages. No action may be brought under this subsection unless such action is begun within two years of the date of the act complained of or the date of the discovery of the damage. No action may be brought under this subsection for the negligent design or manufacture of computer hardware, computer software, or firmware.

(h) The Attorney General and the Secretary of the Treasury shall report to the Congress annually, during the first three years following the date of the enactment of this subsection, concerning investigations and prosecutions under section 1030(a)(5) of title 18, United States Code.

Section 814(e) Amendment of sentencing guidelines relating to certain computer fraud and abuse.–
Pursuant to its authority under section 994(p) of title 28, United States Code, the United States Sentencing Commission shall amend the Federal sentencing guidelines to ensure that any individual convicted of a violation of section 1030 of title 18, United States Code, can be subjected to appropriate penalties, without regard to any mandatory minimum term of imprisonment.

References

Acts of the 104th United States Congress
United States federal commerce legislation
United States federal computing legislation
Information technology audit


The following is a list of notable deaths in November 2008.

Entries for each day are listed alphabetically by surname. A typical entry lists information in the following sequence:
 Name, age, country of citizenship at birth, subsequent country of citizenship (if applicable), reason for notability, cause of death (if known), and reference.

November 2008

1
Badaró, 74, Brazilian-Portuguese actor and comedian, stomach cancer.
Jimmy Carl Black, 70, American Cheyenne drummer and vocalist (The Mothers of Invention), lung cancer.
Dermot Curtis, 76, Irish footballer (Bristol City, Ipswich Town, Republic of Ireland), after long illness.
David de Caires, 70, Guyanese journalist and editor, founder of Stabroek News, complications from heart attack.
Flockton Grey, 28, British racehorse, heart attack.
Oscar Lathlin, 61, Canadian politician, member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba since 1990.
Nathaniel Mayer, 64, American rhythm & blues singer, stroke.
Jacques Piccard, 86, Belgian-born Swiss oceanographer and explorer.
Rosetta Reitz, 84, American jazz historian and record company founder, cardiopulmonary disease.
Jack Reno, 72, American country music singer, brain cancer.
Shakir Stewart, 34, American vice president of Def Jam Recordings, suicide by gunshot.
Yma Sumac, 86, Peruvian soprano, cancer.
*Tan Jiazhen, 99, Chinese geneticist, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome.
Tony Tarracino, 92, American saloon keeper and politician, heart and lung ailments.

2
Ahmed al-Mirghani, 67, Sudanese politician, President (1986–1989).
Joseph Alliluyev, 63, Russian cardiologist, grandson of Joseph Stalin.
James Armsey, 90, American automotive executive, director of the Ford Foundation (1960–1967).
George F. Grant, 102, American angler, author and conservationist, natural causes.
Kenneth P. Johnson, 74, American newspaper editor (Dallas Times Herald), heart infection.
Jim Koleff, 55, Canadian hockey player and coach, cancer.
Domenico Leccisi, 88, Italian politician, stole corpse of Benito Mussolini, heart and respiratory disease.
Henry Loomis, 89, American Director of Voice of America (1958–1965), Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Pick's diseases.
Jacques Lunis, 85, French Olympic silver medal-winning (1948) athlete.
Elijah Mudenda, 81, Zambian politician, Prime Minister (1975–1977).
Bill Stall, 71, American Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist (Los Angeles Times), complications from pulmonary disease.
Terence Tolbert, 44, American political campaign director for Barack Obama in Nevada, heart attack.

3
John Adams, 89, British rear admiral.
Charles T. Cross, 86, American diplomat, Ambassador to Singapore (1969–1972), Consul General in Hong Kong (1974–1977).
Mike Davis, 68, American boating advocate.
Alan Ford, 84, American Olympic swimmer, emphysema.
Jean Fournet, 95, French conductor.
Edward McMichael, 53, American tuba player, bludgeoned.
Brooks Mileson, 60, British football club owner (Gretna F.C.), complications from chronic fatigue syndrome and brain infection.
Lalit Mohan Sharma, 80, Indian jurist, Chief Justice (1992–1993).
Edward Sheehan, 78, American foreign correspondent, allergic reaction to medication.
Lhofei Shiozawa, 67, Brazilian judoka.
Josep Maria Socías, 71, Spanish lawyer and politician, Mayor of Barcelona (1976–1979).
Cecil W. Stoughton, 88, American Presidential photographer (Kennedy, Johnson), complications from hip replacement.
John Trudeau, 81, American music promoter, founder of the Britt Festival, heart failure.
I. Bernard Weinstein, 78, American cancer researcher, kidney disease.

4
Khertek Anchimaa-Toka, 96, Russian politician, chairman of Tuvan Parliament (1940–1944), world's first female head of state.
Evelio Arias Ramos, 42, Mexican actor, comedian and singer.
Ernesto Aura, 68, Spanish voice actor, cancer.
Lennart Bergelin, 83, Swedish tennis player and coach, heart failure.
Paddy Buckley, 83, Scottish footballer (Aberdeen, St Johnstone).
Jheryl Busby, 59, American record executive.
Gérald Coppenrath, 86, French journalist and Senator (1958–1962) for Tahiti, brother of Hubert and Michel Coppenrath.
Michael Crichton, 66, American author (Jurassic Park, The Andromeda Strain) and television producer (ER), throat cancer.
Rosella Hightower, 88, American ballerina, stroke.
Byron Lee, 73, Jamaican musician and record producer, bladder cancer.
Syd Lucas, 108, British World War I veteran.
Juan Camilo Mouriño, 37, Mexican Secretary of the Interior since 2008, plane crash.
Orlando Owoh, 76, Nigerian musician, stroke.
José Luis Santiago Vasconcelos, 51, Mexican politician, plane crash.

5
Ian Anderson, 54, Scottish footballer.
V. T. Arasu, 82, Singaporean journalist, civil servant, editor and author, pancreatic cancer.
Věra Černá, 70, Czech Olympic athlete.
Baldev Raj Chopra, 94, Indian film director, after long illness.
Sofron Dmyterko, 91, Ukrainian Greek Catholic bishop of Ivano-Frankivsk.
Sir Paul Greening, 80, British admiral and courtier.
Michael Higgins, 88, American actor (Rumble Fish, The Stepford Wives, Swimfan), heart failure.
Félix Lebuhotel, 76, French cyclist.
John Leonard, 69, American media and cultural critic, complications from lung cancer.
Norm Marshall, 89, Canadian broadcaster.
Clark Miller, 70, American football player, heart attack.
John Odom, 26, American professional baseball player, accidental drug overdose.

6
Ronald Davis, 52, American health advocate, president of the AMA (2007–2008), pancreatic cancer.
Mahmoud Haroon, 88, Pakistani politician and newspaper founder.
Sir John Hermon, 79, British police officer, Chief Constable of the Royal Ulster Constabulary (1980–1989), Alzheimer's disease.
Larry James, 61, American track athlete and Olympic gold medalist (1968), cancer.
Phil Reed, 59, American politician, member of New York City Council (1998–2005), complications of pneumonia from leukemia.
Joe Wendryhoski, 69, American football player (Los Angeles Rams, New Orleans Saints), cancer and stroke.
George Winterton, 61, Australian lawyer and professor of constitutional law, cancer.

7
Carl Allen, 88, American football player.
Tetsuya Chikushi, 73, Japanese journalist and news anchor, lung cancer.
José Bezerra Coutinho, 98, Brazilian bishop of Estância.
Heiko Engelkes, 75, German television journalist (ARD), cancer.
Hedley Howarth, 64, New Zealand cricketer.
Wik Jongsma, 65, Dutch actor, cancer.
Hidetaka Nishiyama, 80, Japanese karate master, cancer.
Heather Pick, 38, American newscaster (WBNS-TV), breast cancer.
Jody Reynolds, 75, American singer and guitarist, liver cancer.
Lyle Williams, 66, American politician, member of the House of Representatives for Ohio (1979–1985), heart attack.
Abraham Woods, 80, American civil rights leader, cancer.

8
Bodil Aakre, 86, Norwegian jurist and politician.
Arne Argus, 83, Swedish newspaper journalist and sports executive.
Mary Lou Beschorner, 79, American baseball player (AAGPBL)
James Byrne, 62, Irish musician.
Richard Fortman, 93, American checkers champion.
Régis Genaux, 35, Belgian footballer, heart failure due to pulmonary embolism.
Joe Hyams, 85, American Hollywood columnist and author, coronary artery disease.
Mieczysław Rakowski, 81, Polish politician, Prime Minister (1988–1989), Workers' Party Chairman (1989–1990), cancer.
Florence Wald, 91, American nurse, hospice pioneer.

9
Joanne H. Alter, 81, American activist and politician, cancer.
Gerald Arthur, 95, Australian cricketer.
Fernand Goux, 108, French penultimate veteran of World War I.
Huda bin Abdul Haq, 48, Indonesian terrorist in 2002 Bali bombings, execution by firing squad.
Anton Huiskes, 80, Dutch Olympic speed skater.
*Hok Lundy, 58, Cambodian National Police Commissioner, helicopter crash.
Carl D. Keith, 88, American co-inventor of the catalytic converter.
Miriam Makeba, 76, South African singer, heart attack.
John Milsum, 83, Canadian control engineer.
Amrozi bin Nurhasyim, 46, Indonesian terrorist in 2002 Bali bombings, execution by firing squad.
Preacher Roe, 92, American baseball pitcher (St. Louis Cardinals, Pittsburgh Pirates, Brooklyn Dodgers), colon cancer.
Stanisław Różewicz, 84, Polish film director.
Imam Samudra, 38, Indonesian terrorist in 2002 Bali bombings, execution by firing squad.

10
Sarah Blacher Cohen, 72, American professor of Jewish literature, complications of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.
Kiyosi Itô, 93, Japanese mathematician, respiratory failure.
Nikola Kavaja, 76, Serbian anti-communist activist and aircraft hijacker, heart attack.
*Li Ximing, 82, Chinese leader of Beijing Communist Party.
Howard Reig, 87, American television announcer.
Arthur Shawcross, 63, American serial killer, cardiac arrest.
Wannes Van de Velde, 71, Belgian singer and artist, leukemia.

11
Mustafa Şekip Birgöl, 105, Turkish last veteran of the Turkish War of Independence.
C. Harmon Brown, 78, American physician, pioneer of sports medicine, cancer.
Tom Hunt, 85, American chairman of Hunt Petroleum, leukemia.
Ľubomír Kadnár, 67, Czechoslovak Olympic sprint canoer.
Francisco Lozano, 76, Mexican Olympic cyclist.
Alessandro Maggiolini, 77, Italian Bishop of Como, lung cancer.
María Elena Marqués, 83, Mexican actress, heart failure.
Lasse Sandberg, 84, Swedish writer and illustrator of children's literature.
Herb Score, 75, American baseball pitcher and broadcaster (Cleveland Indians), after long illness.
Jack Scott, 85, British weather forecaster, cancer.
Kanhaiyalal Sethia, 89, Indian poet.

12
Richard Rhys, 9th Baron Dynevor, 73, British aristocrat and patron of the arts, cancer.
Tim L. Hall, 83, American politician, U.S. Representative from Illinois (1975–1977).
Catherine Baker Knoll, 78, American politician, Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania since 2003, neuroendocrine cancer.
Vladas Michelevičius, 84, Lithuanian bishop of Vilkaviškis.
Mitch Mitchell, 61, British drummer (The Jimi Hendrix Experience), natural causes.
Margaret Moncrieff, 87, British cellist.
George Morrison, 59, Canadian ice hockey player, brain tumour.
Rex Neame, 72, English cricketer.
Serge Nigg, 84, French composer.
Raymond Routledge, 77, American bodybuilder, AAU Mr. America (1961).

13
Jules Archer, 93, American author.
Marcello Fondato, 84, Italian screenwriter and director.
Bette Garber, 65, American photographer, pneumonia.
Mustapha Oukacha, 75, Moroccan politician, president of the Assembly of Councillors.
Ian Ridley, 74, Australian footballer (Melbourne Demons), emphysema.
Paco Ignacio Taibo I, 84, Mexican writer and journalist, pneumonia.

14
Knut Bjørnsen, 76, Norwegian sports commentator and journalist, pancreatic cancer.
Michael Ugwu Eneja, 89, Nigerian Bishop of Enugu.
Sir Bernard Feilden, 89, British conservation activist and restoration architect.
Lung Fong, 54, Hong Kong actor, lung cancer,
Irving Gertz, 93, American composer.
Christel Goltz, 96, German soprano.
Kristin Hunter, 77, American writer.
Adrian Kantrowitz, 90, American physician, performed the first pediatric heart transplant, heart failure.
Tsvetanka Khristova, 46, Bulgarian athlete, Olympic dual medallist in discus throw, cancer.
Robert Leith-Macgregor, 91, British World War II pilot.
Charles Le Quintrec, 82, French poet.
Shaukat Hussein Mazari, 60, Pakistani politician, heart attack.
Ajit Kumar Panja, 72, Indian politician, oral cancer.

15
Glen Brand, 85, American wrestler, Olympic gold medalist (1948).
Matthew Cianciulli, 66, American politician, member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives (1977–1979), heart failure.
Peter Fellgett, 86, British physicist.
Donald Finkel, 79, American poet, complications from Alzheimer's disease.
Grace Hartigan, 86, American painter, liver failure.
Louis Ormont, 90, American psychologist.
Ivan Southall, 87, Australian children's author, cancer.

16
Salah al-Deen Hafez, 70, Egyptian writer.
Bruno Maldaner, 84, Brazilian Bishop of Frederico Westphalen.
Jan Krugier, 80, Polish born Swiss art dealer and holocaust survivor.
Luisín Landáez, 77, Venezuelan-Chilean cumbia singer.
Tony Reedus, 49, American jazz drummer.
Reg Varney, 92, British comedy actor (On the Buses).

17
Don Albinson, 86, American industrial designer.
Peter Aldis, 81, British footballer.
Yaakov Alperon, 53, Israeli organized crime mobster, car bomb.
Irv Anderson, 81, American politician.
Eugene Andolsek, 87, American artistic draughtsman, pneumonia and sepsis.
Sir James Baddiley, 90, British microbiologist.
Irving Brecher, 94, American comedy writer, heart attack.
Ennio de Concini, 84, Italian Academy Award–winning screenwriter.
Debby, 42, Soviet-born Canadian oldest living polar bear, third-oldest known bear, euthanasia due to multiple organ failure.
Malcolm Dalrymple, 85, British Olympic athlete.
Jean-Marie Demange, 65, French member of the National Assembly, Mayor of Thionville (1995–2008), suicide.
Jay Katz, 86, German-born American physician and medical ethicist, heart failure.
Tafadzwa Madondo, 27, Zimbabwean cricketer, motorcycle accident.
George Stephen Morrison, 89, American admiral, father of Jim Morrison.
Pete Newell, 93, Canadian-born American basketball coach.
Guy Peellaert, 74, Belgian painter, illustrator and photographer, cancer.
Floyd Weaver, 67, American baseball player.

18
Manuel Castro Ruiz, 90, Mexican Roman Catholic prelate, Auxiliary Bishop (1965–1969) and Archbishop (1969–1995) of Yucatán.
George C. Chesbro, 68, American novelist, heart failure.
Paul H. Todd, Jr., 87, American politician, member of the House of Representatives from Michigan (1965–1967).

19
Farah Weheliye Addo, 68, Somali sports administrator, heart attack.
Ameer Faisal Alavi, 54, Pakistani general, shot.
Chester Anderson, 90, American football and wrestling coach.
Clive Barnes, 81, American theatre and dance critic, liver cancer.
Karl Bissinger, 94, American photographer.
Carole Caldwell Graebner, 65, American tennis player, cancer.
John Michael Hayes, 89, American screenwriter (Rear Window, BUtterfield 8, To Catch a Thief).
Norman McVicker, 68, English cricketer.
M. N. Nambiar, 89, Indian actor, after short illness.
Edel von Rothe, 83, German ballerina,

20
Teresa Amuli, 61, Mozambican politician, brain tumor.
Raffaele Andreassi, 84, Italian film director.
Seth Anthony, 93, Ghanaian soldier and diplomat.
Aurora Correa, 78, Spanish-born Mexican exiled, writer and educator.
Boris Fyodorov, 50, Russian politician and banker, stroke.
Bennie Gonzales, 84, American Southwestern-style architect (Heard Museum), Alzheimer's disease.
Betty James, 90, American businesswoman, co-founder of the Slinky company, wife of Richard T. James.
Bob Jeter, 71, American football player (Green Bay Packers, Chicago Bears), heart attack.
Jan Machulski, 80, Polish actor (Vabank), heart attack.
Jim Mattox, 65, American politician, member of the House of Representatives (1977–1983), Texas Attorney General (1983–1991).
June Vincent, 88, American actor.

21
Jules Aarons, 87, American space physicist.
Jimmy Abson, 88, Canadian football player.
Augustus Barber, 87, American businessman, cardiac arrest.
Giacomo Bozzano, 75, Italian Olympic boxer.
Marco Allen Chapman, 37, American convicted murderer, execution by lethal injection.
Tom Gish, 82, American journalist and publisher, kidney failure and heart problems.
Gleb Plaksin, 83, French-born Russian actor.
Andrew Rowe, 73, British politician, MP for Faversham and Mid Kent (1983–2001), prostate cancer.

22
Garnet Bougoure, 85, Australian jockey.
MC Breed, 37, American rapper, kidney failure.
Alan Gordon, 64, American songwriter ("Happy Together").
Mario Fernando Hernández, 41, Honduran politician, Deputy Speaker of the National Congress, shot.
Ibrahim Nasir, 82, Maldivian President (1968–1978).
Rashid Rauf, 27, British-born Pakistani al-Qaeda terrorist, air strike.
Sandy Ruby, 67, American entrepreneur, founder of Tech Hifi and Computer City, diabetes.
Ted Wykes, 87, Australian cricket umpire, cancer.

23
Ahmad Aghalou, 59, Iranian actor.
Richard Hickox, 60, British conductor, heart attack.
Jean Markale, 80, French writer and poet.
Fred McAlister, 80, American baseball scout (St. Louis Cardinals).
Mihail Velsvebel, 82, Estonian Olympic athlete.

24
Charlotte Armstrong, 84, American baseball player (AAGPBL)
Tom Burgess, 82, Canadian baseball player and coach, cancer.
Frank Cieciorka, 69, American graphic artist and anti-war activist, emphysema.
Richey James Edwards, 27, British musician (Manic Street Preachers), declared dead on this date (missing since February 1995).
Bep Guidolin, 82, Canadian ice hockey player and coach.
Michael Lee, 39, British rock drummer, seizure.
Kenny MacLean, 52, Canadian bassist (Platinum Blonde), heart attack.
Ray Perrault, 82, Canadian politician, Senator (1973–2001), Liberal Leader of Senate (1974–1982), Parkinson's disease.
John Frederick Powell, 93, British air marshal.
Stefan Schörghuber, 47, German brewing magnate, heart failure.
John R. Stallings, 73, American mathematician.
Cecil H. Underwood, 86, American politician, Governor of West Virginia (1957–1961, 1997–2001).

25
Sunday Ajibade Adenihun, 69, Nigerian politician, heart attack.
William Dowd, 86, American harpsichord maker.
Beno Eckmann, 91, Swiss mathematician.
Ruth Alice Erickson, 95, American Director of the Navy Nurse Corps (1962–1966), pneumonia.
Christian Fechner, 64, French film producer.
Helmut Friedlaender, 95, German-born American book collector.
William Gibson, 94, American playwright (The Miracle Worker).
Leonard Goodwin, 93, British pharmacologist.
Randy Gumpert, 90, American baseball player.
David M. Jones, 94, American Air Force officer, Doolittle Raider.
George Keegan, 80, Australian politician, heart attack.
Max Oppy, 84, Australian footballer (Richmond).
Brian Pearce, 93, British Marxist historian and translator.
Dudley Savage, 88, British BBC radio presenter.
Gerald Schoenfeld, 84, American theater impresario.
Antanas Vaičius, 82, Lithuanian Roman Catholic prelate, Apostolic Administrator (1982–1989) and Bishop (1989–2001) of Telšiai.

26
Kees Aarts, 66, Dutch soccer player.
Bob Blake, 94, American ice hockey player.
Ralph Burkei, 51, German television producer, fall.
Loumia Hiridjee, 46, Malagasy-born French businesswoman, shot.
Gavriel Holtzberg, 29, Israeli-born American rabbi, shot.
Ashok Kamte, 43, Indian additional commissioner of Mumbai Police, shot.
Vitaly Karayev, 46, Russian mayor of Vladikavkaz, shot.
Hemant Karkare, 54, Indian chief of the Mumbai Anti Terrorist Squad, shot.
Andreas Liveras, 73, Cypriot-born British business tycoon, shot.
Edna Parker, 115, American supercentenarian, oldest validated living person.
Vijay Salaskar, 50-51, Indian encounter specialist with Mumbai Police, shot.
Edwin Ernest Salpeter, 83, Austrian-born American astrophysicist, leukemia.
De'Angelo Wilson, 29, American actor (8 Mile, Antwone Fisher), suicide by hanging.
*Yang Jia, 28, Chinese mass murderer, executed.

27
Adi Da, 69, American-born Fijian artist.
George MacPherson Docherty, 97, British-born American clergyman.
Armand Fabella, 78, Filipino educator, Secretary of Education (1992–1994).
Gideon Gechtman, 66, Israeli artist, heart failure.
Gil Heron, 87, Jamaican footballer.
Paul Hibbert, 56, Australian cricketer.
Cullen Hightower, 84, American author of quips and quotes.
Frances Janssen, 82, American baseball player (AAGPBL).
Patricia Marand, 74, American actress, brain cancer.
Andrew McKelvey, 74, American founder of Monster.com, pancreatic cancer.
Mike Minogue, 85, New Zealand politician, MP (1976–1984), cancer.
Verne Orr, 92, American politician, Secretary of the Air Force (1981–1985).
Pekka Pohjola, 56, Finnish bassist and composer.
Vishwanath Pratap Singh, 77, Indian Prime Minister (1989–1990), blood cancer and renal failure.
Andy Tomasic, 90, American football and baseball player.
Cornelius Clarkson Vermeule III, 83, American scholar of Greek and Roman art, complications from a stroke.

28
Alan Abbott, 82, English cricketer.
Raja Perempuan Budriah, 84, Queen of Malaysia (1960–1965).
Bill Finnegan, 80, American television and film producer (The Fabulous Baker Boys, Hawaii Five-O), Parkinson's disease.
John Harryson, 82, Swedish actor and entertainer.
Joža Karas, 82, Polish-born American musician and teacher.
Sir Hugh Laddie, 62, British intellectual property lawyer and High Court judge, cancer.
Raymond Meyzenq, 73, French cyclist.
Red Murff, 87, American baseball player (Milwaukee Braves) and scout.
Victor Nieto, 92, Colombian founder and director of the Cartagena Film Festival.
Edoardo Ricci, 80, Italian Bishop of San Miniato.
German Skurygin, 45, Russian race walker, heart attack.
Wo Weihan, 59, Chinese biochemist, executed.
Helena Wolińska-Brus, 89, Polish military prosecutor, pneumonia.
Robert Zarinsky, 68, American serial killer, pulmonary fibrosis.

29
Bill Drake, 71, American radio programmer.
Ulises Dumont, 71, Argentine actor, heart problems.
Arthur Kantrowitz, 95, American physicist and engineer.
Chhabildas Mehta, 83, Indian politician, Chief Minister of Gujarat (1994–1995)
Sten Rudholm, 90, Swedish jurist, member of the Swedish Academy, natural causes.
Jørn Utzon, 90, Danish architect (Sydney Opera House), heart attack.
Georgi Vyun, 54, Russian football player and coach.
Robert Wade, 87, New Zealand-born British chess champion, pneumonia.

30
Béatrix Beck, 94, Belgian writer.
Thomas S. Crow, 74, American military officer, Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy (1979–1982), cancer.
Naomi Datta, 86, British bacteriologist.
Doris Dungey, 47, American financial blogger, ovarian cancer.
Munetaka Higuchi, 49, Japanese drummer (Loudness), liver cancer.
Ralph A. Lewin, 87, American biologist.
Pit Martin, 64, Canadian ice hockey player, drowned.
Nick George Montos, 92, American felon, oldest inmate in Massachusetts.
Peter Rees, Baron Rees, 81, British politician, Chief Secretary to the Treasury (1983–1985).
Miroslav Sláma, 91, Czechoslovakian Olympic ice hockey player.

References

2008-11
 11


Trachicaranx tersus is an extinct primitive, pompano-like jack fish from what is now Turkmenistan.  It lived in an ocean upwelling with its relative, Archaeus oblongus during the Thanetian epoch of the late Paleocene.  Some incomplete fossil specimens were once identified as being a separate species, "Uylyaichthys eugeniae."

References

Paleocene genus extinctions
Carangidae
Paleocene fish of Asia


The Elephant Princess is an Australian children's television series that first screened on Network Ten in 2008. The series is produced by Jonathan M. Shiff Productions. A second season began screening in 2011. The series revolves around a suburban Australian teenager, who discovers she is the heir to the throne of Manjipoor, a fictional Indian kingdom.

Summary
Alex Wilson thinks she is an average suburban girl living in Melbourne, until her 16th birthday when exotic visitor, Kuru, shows up in her backyard with a magical elephant, Anala. He informs her she is the heir to the throne of the magical Indian kingdom of Manjipoor. With his help, the reluctant princess will master her magic powers and defend her royal inheritance against her devious cousin, Vashan, whilst balancing the pull of both worlds to find her true destiny. In the second season, Alex and her family have moved to the Gold Coast. Her friend Amanda has followed her there, where they attend university and plan to find a new drummer for their band. Meanwhile, in Manjipoor, Diva has returned to take over Manjipoor and learn the secrets of The Book.

Episodes

Cast

Main
Emily Robins as Alexandra "Alex" Wilson, Alex is the main protagonist of this series and the princess of Manjipoor. Sometimes she sleeps in, she is messy now and again and sometimes forgets to do her homework. In other words, she is a normal teenage girl, living in a very normal suburb. Alex is sometimes short tempered and carefree but is still a loyal person. Ask her what she really wants in life, and she'll say she wants her band to be big! In the second episode her full birth name was revealed to be Liliuokalani Parasha Kaled Persephone Amanirenas.
Miles Szanto as Kuru, is Alex's faithful servant who always tries to protect her. He was sent from Manjipoor along with Anala to teach Alex about her magical powers and preparing her to become a princess. At first he did not really fit in well but he soon adjusted to Earth.
Maddy Tyers as Amanda (recurring, season 1; main, season 2), is Alex's fashion obsessed best friend. Like Alex she is one of the lead singers of the band. At first when Alex told her and JB her secret, because they saw Anala, they thought that she was joking. But when she proved it to them by doing a magic trick with a lot of bunnies they believed her. She falls for Taylor in season two when they go to the Gold Coast of Australia and become a band.
Emelia Burns as Diva (recurring, season 1; main, season 2), was Vashan's "assistant" in season one. At the final battle she revealed that she was a 600-year-old witch to Vashan and the others by using her powers on them. When she learns that her magic gives her great power, she threatens Alex's rule of Manjipoor.
Georgina Haig as Zamira (season 2), is Caleb's younger sister and a childhood friend of Kuru's. She takes an instant dislike to Alex because she believes that her mother was killed by Alex's mother. In the end it was discovered that Diva was the murderer.
Richard Brancatisano as Caleb (season 2), is Alex's love interest in series two. At first he tries to flirt with her but she finds it annoying. But soon she spends time with him, being that she visits Majipoor a lot and he works there. Soon the two develop a bond forming an up and down relationship with so much drama in it.
Eka Darville as Taylor (season 2), is a close friend of Alex and Amanda. When he discovered Alex's secret he almost had the same reactions as Amanda and JB. But he was okay with it. He is Amanda's boyfriend and plays the drums in their band. He is very caring and a loyal friend. He appeared in all episodes of season two.
Siam as Anala

Supporting
Sebastian Gregory as JB (season 1), who was best friends and bandmates with Alex and Amanda. He can be described as desperate and girl crazy. He is not mentioned in season two.
Damien Bodie as Vashan (season 1), is Alex's evil minded cousin. He has tried a variety of ways to destroy Alex or take away the transporting jewel from Anala. He would taunt Alex a lot in season one. At the end of the season when Diva was in strong power he ended up losing all of his. He does not return in season two.
Liam Hemsworth as Marcus (season 1), was Alex's former crush and boyfriend in season one. He joined Alex's band and adjusted well into it. But Kuru took an instant dislike to him as Alex and his relationship was near the end of it. Even though Marcus is caring and thoughtful, he would always get jealous and suspicious of Kuru. That is what led to his and Alex's break up. He was not mentioned in season two or after his departure from the show.
Brett Climo as Omar (season 1), the queen's advisor and Alex's biological father.
Alyce Platt as Anita Wilson, Alex's adoptive mother.
Grant Piro as Jim Wilson, Alex's adoptive father.
Eva Lazzaro as Zoe Wilson, Alex's adoptive younger sister and Jim and Anita's biological daughter.
Alexandra Park as Veronica (season 2)
Sebastian Angborn as Senq (season 2)

Multimedia

DVD releases

The complete first and second series has been released in three volumes, although the complete season one and two has been released too.

International broadcasts
: "The Elephant Princess", Network Ten
: "Alexandra, a Princesa do Rock", Nickelodeon (Portuguese)
: "The Elephant Princess", Ketnet
: "Принцесата на слоновете" BTV Comedy
: "The Elephant Princess", Family Channel
: "Alexandra, La Princesa del Rock", Nickelodeon and Megavisión
: "Elefanttiprinsessa" YLE Areena
: "Son Altesse Alex" Gulli, Nickelodeon
: "Elephant Princess – Zurück nach Manjipoor" (1. season) & "Elephant Princess – Die Rettung von Manjipoor" (2. season) ZDF
: "Elefánt hercegnő", Nickelodeon
: "The Elephant Princess", Disney Channel
: "Nesichath HaPilim", Israeli Kids Channel
: "Elephant Princess", Rai 3
: "The Elephant Princess", Z@PP
: "Elefant Prinsessen", Nrk Super
: "The Elephant Princess", Nickelodeon Pakistan
: "Księżniczka z Krainy Słoni", Nickelodeon Poland
: "A Princesa Elefante", SIC and Nickelodeon
: "Printesa din Taramul Elefantilor", Nickelodeon
: "Принцесса слонов", Carousel and Nickelodeon Russia
: "The Elephant Princess" Nickelodeon/DStv
: "Elefantprinsessan", SVT Barnkanalen, Nickelodeon, HBO
: "La princesa elefante", Disney Channel
: "Hasthi Kumariya", TV Derana
: "Слон і принцеса", TET
: "The Rock Princess" (Previously "The Elephant Princess"), Nickelodeon
: "The Elephant Princess", Primo TV
, , , , , , : "Alexandra, La Princesa del Rock", Canal 5, Nickelodeon
: "Nàng công chúa bí ẩn", HTV3 Vietnam

See also
 Naagin

References

External links
 The Elephant Princess – ZDF Enterprises promotional website
 The Elephant Princess at the Australian Television Information Archive

2000s teen drama television series
2010s teen drama television series
2008 Australian television series debuts
2011 Australian television series endings
Australian adventure television series
Australian children's fantasy television series
Network 10 original programming
English-language television shows
Television shows set in Melbourne
Television shows set in Gold Coast, Queensland
India in fiction
Television series about elephants
Television series about princesses
Television series about teenagers
Australian fantasy drama television series


The following lists events that happened during 1971 in Greece.

Incumbents
Monarch: Constantine II
Regent: Georgios Zoitakis
Prime Minister: Georgios Papadopoulos

Events

December
 December 15 – The 1971 Intercontinental Cup took place in Greece.

Date unknown
 Greece resumed diplomatic relations with Albania.

References

External links

Years of the 20th century in Greece
Greece
Greece
1970s in Greece


Herbert Patrick Laughton, (7 February 1927 - 2 December 2012) was a country singer from Alice Springs in the Northern Territory of Australia. He is also a member of the Stolen Generations.

In 2005 he was inducted into the hall of fame at Music NT's Indigenous Music Awards. He was one of the artists featured in the Buried Country documentary and book. His songs have been covered by Buddy Williams, Auriel Andrew and Trevor Adamson.

Early life
Laughton was born on 7 February 1927 on a rocky outcrop on the edge of the Todd River in Alice Spring to  Simon Rieff, a Russian miner, and a local Aboriginal woman whose name is not recorded. As a toddler he was taken from his mother, who he wouldn't see again till he was in his 20s, and was sent to The Bungalow, which was then at the Jay Creek site. When he was five The Bungalow moved to the Telegraph Station site and he walked, with a group, the 48 km distance from one to another.

Laughton started his music careers while at The Bungalow, following inspiration from country singer Tex Morton, who visited when he was just ten years old and his upbringing here inspired his song "Old Bungalow Days" and the history of Central Australia, more generally, became one of the main themes of his music.

Laughton lived at The Bungalow until the age of fifteen when he went to work on various stations throughout the Territory.

Discography
Herbie Laughton (1990) - Imparja
Country From The Heart (1999)

Compilations
Beat the Grog (1988) - CAAMA
Desert Songs 1 (1982) - CAAMA
Desert Songs 2 (1983) - CAAMA
Fourth Nation Aboriginal Country Music Festival (1979)
Papal Concert, Alice Springs (1982) - Imparja
25th Anniversary Compilation 1 (2006) - CAAMA
Buried country (2006) - Larrikin Records

References

1927 births
2012 deaths
Australian guitarists
Australian male singers
Australian male songwriters
Indigenous Australian musicians
Members of the Stolen Generations
Australian male guitarists


Buitepos () is a small settlement in the Omaheke Region in eastern Namibia. It is situated on the national road B6 which is part of the Trans-Kalahari Highway, and a border post between Namibia and Botswana. The proposed Trans-Kalahari Railway may pass through this place, too.

References

Populated places in the Omaheke Region
Botswana–Namibia border crossings


Tun Dr. Awang bin Hassan (; 9 November 1910 – 12 September 1998) was a Malaysian politician who served as the 5th Yang di-Pertua Negeri (Governor) of Penang from 1981 until his retirement in 1989. He had previously served as the 7th Malaysian High Commissioner to Australia from 1973 to 1980.

Education
He received his early education at Sekolah Bukit Zahrah in Johor Bahru and later at the English College Johore Bahru. Awang began attendance at the King Edward VII College of Medicine (now the Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine of the National University of Singapore) and graduated with a Licentiate in Medicine and Surgery (LMS) in 1934. He worked as a specialist in Kandang Kerbau Hospital in Singapore before opening his own clinic.

Politics
Awang joined politics and was made Deputy Speaker of Dewan Rakyat and Member of Parliament for Muar Selatan. He was later appointed as the 7th Malaysian High Commissioner to Australia from 1973 to 1980, after which he became the 5th Yang di-Pertua Negeri (Governor) of Penang, Malaysia from 1981 to 1989. Awang also played a part in the formation of United Malays National Organisation together with his brother-in-laws, Suleiman Abdul Rahman and Ismail Abdul Rahman.

Personal life
Tun Awang married Toh Puan Khadijah Abdul Rahman, sister of Tun Dr. Ismail Abdul Rahman, the 2nd Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia in 1936. They had four sons and three daughters. In 1989, two years after Toh Puan Khadijah's death, Tun Awang married her younger sister-in-law, Toh Puan Dr. Zubaidah Abdul Rahman.

Death
Tun Dr. Awang Hassan died on 12 September 1998 at the age of 87. He was buried at the Mahmoodiah Royal Mausoleum in Johor Bahru.

Honours

Honours of Penang
 As 5th Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Penang ( – )
  Knight Grand Commander (DUPN) with title Dato' Seri Utama
  Grand Master of the Order of the Defender of State

Honours of Malaysia
  :
  Malaysian Commemorative Medal (Silver) (PPM) (1965)
  Grand Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (SMN) – Tun (1982)
  :
  Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Johor (SPMJ) – Dato' (1977)

Places named after him
Several projects and institutions were named after him, including:
 Jalan Tun Dr Awang, a major highway in Penang which connects from Sungai Nibong to Bayan Lepas
 Taman Tun Dr Awang, a township in Butterworth, Penang

See also
 Yahya Awang
 Governor of Penang
 Muar

References

1910 births
Malaysian people of Bugis descent
1998 deaths
People from Muar
Malaysian diplomats
Malaysian people of Malay descent
Malaysian Muslims
United Malays National Organisation politicians
Members of the Dewan Rakyat
Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Penang
University of Malaya alumni
High Commissioners of Malaysia to Australia
Grand Commanders of the Order of the Defender of the Realm
Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Johor
20th-century Malaysian physicians
Companions of the Order of the Crown of Johor


Hamdan bin Sheikh Tahir (27 April 1921 – 20 January 2005) was the 6th Governor of Penang, Malaysia from 1989 to 2001.

Honours

Honours of Malaysia
  :
  Officer of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (KMN) (1965)
  Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (PSM) – Tan Sri (1974)
  Grand Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (SMN) – Tun (1989)
  :
  Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Defender of State (DUPN) – Dato' Seri Utama

References

Malaysian people of Malay descent
1921 births
2005 deaths
United Malays National Organisation politicians
Malaysian Muslims
Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Penang
Malaysian people of Minangkabau descent
Grand Commanders of the Order of the Defender of the Realm
Commanders of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia
Officers of the Order of the Defender of the Realm


Johann Gottfried Ludwig Kosegarten (10 September 1792, in Altenkirchen – 18 August 1860, in Greifswald) was a German orientalist born in Altenkirchen on the island of Rügen. He was the son of ecclesiastic Ludwig Gotthard Kosegarten (1758–1818).

He studied theology and philosophy at the University of Greifswald, and from 1812 studied Oriental languages in Paris. In 1815 he became an adjunct to the theological and philosophical faculty in Greifswald. From 1817 to 1824 he was a professor of Oriental languages at the University of Jena, and afterwards a professor at Greifswald.

Kosegarten is remembered for translation and edition of Arabic, Persian and Sanskrit poems, songs and fables. His principal work included the Arab song collection Kitab al-Aghani (1846), the Hindu poem Nala (1820), the Persian fairy tale collection Tuti Nameh (1822) and the Indian fable collection Pantscha Tantra (1848). He was also a specialist at deciphering ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics.

In 1856–57 Kosegarten was author of a two-volume work on the history of the University of Greifswald called Geschichte der Universität Greifswald. His handwritten notes and collection of German and Oriental works were bequeathed to the University of Greifswald.

Books
  (pp. 115 -123: Al-Maqrizi,  History of the Fatimites)

References
 This article is based on a translation of an equivalent article at the German Wikipedia, whose references are listed as:
 ADB: Kosegarten, Gottfried @ Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie
 Klaus-Gunther Wesseling: KOSEGARTEN, Johann Gottfried Ludwig. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Band 4, Bautz, Herzberg 1992, , Sp. 535–537.

1792 births
1860 deaths
People from Vorpommern-Rügen
People from Swedish Pomerania
German orientalists
University of Greifswald alumni
Academic staff of the University of Greifswald
Academic staff of the University of Jena
German male non-fiction writers


Abdul Rahman bin Abbas (born 15 April 1938) is a Malaysian politician who served as the 7th Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Penang from 1 May 2001 to 30 April 2021. He is a former politician from the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO). Abdul Rahman was appointed to the governorship by the King in May 2001 and was reappointed six times, in 2005, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2017.

Early life
Tun Abdul Rahman studied at Permatang Sintok Malay School in Kepala Batas and Sultan Idris Teachers College in Tanjung Malim before attending a teaching course at the Language Institute, Kuala Lumpur. He obtained his Bachelor of Arts from the University of Malaya in 1973. After graduating, Abdul Rahman became a teacher.

Political career
Abdul Rahman joined UMNO after ending his career in teaching. He was an exco member of the party's Youth wing (1975–1979) and held the position of Kepala Batas division treasurer from 1995 to his appointment as governor.

In 1977, Abdul Rahman was elected to the Penang State Assembly in a by-election following the death of Ahmad Badawi Haji Abdullah, the father of former prime minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi. During the four terms he served, Abdul Rahman was also a member of the state executive council under Chief Minister Lim Chong Eu. In his final term, he was elected Speaker of the State Assembly.

Yang di-Pertua Negeri
Abdul Rahman was appointed Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Penang by Yang di-Pertuan Agong Tuanku Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah in May 2001 for four years. In 2005, his term was extended for another four years by Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin. He was reappointed by Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin in 2009 and 2011, by Tuanku Abdul Halim Mu’adzam Shah in 2013 and 2015, and by Tuanku Muhammad V in 2017 for another four years.

Honours & titles of Abdul Rahman Abbas
He has been awarded :

Titles
He holds currently the title of "Tun Dato' Seri Utama" by combination of his highest Federal Malaysian title "Tun" (SMN) and his highest Penang title "Dato' Seri Utama" (DUPN).
In other states of Malaysia, a similar combination between his highest Federal Malaysian title "Tun" (SMN) and his local highest title may be used. Example : Tun Datuk Seri Panglima in Sabah.

Honours of Penang
 As 7th Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Penang (since 1 May 2001)
 Order of the Defender of State :
  Member (DJN)
  Companion (DMPN) – Dato'
  Knight Grand Commander (DUPN) – Dato' Seri Utama
  Grand Master

Honours of Malaysia
  :
  Grand Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (SMN) – Tun (2001)
  :
 Grand Knight of the Order of the Territorial Crown (SUMW) – Datuk Seri Utama (2021)
  :
  Member of the Supreme Order of Sri Mahawangsa (DMK) – Dato' Seri Utama (2007)
  :
  Grand Commander of the Order of Kinabalu (SPDK) – Datuk Seri Panglima
  :
  Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of Hornbill Sarawak (DP) – Datuk Patinggi

Honours & titles of Majimor binti Shariff
Yang Amat Berbahagia Toh Puan Dato' Seri Utama Hajah Majimor binti Shariff has been awarded :

Titles
She holds currently the title of "Toh Puan Dato' Seri Utama" by combination of the female form "Toh Puan" connected to her husband's highest Federal Malaysian title "Tun" (SMN) and her highest Penang title "Dato' Seri Utama" (DUPN)

Honours of Penang
 As wife of the 7th Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Penang (since 1 May 2001) :
  Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Defender of State (DUPN) with title Dato’ Seri Utama

References

Citations

Sources

1938 births
Living people
Malaysian people of Malay descent
Malaysian Muslims
United Malays National Organisation politicians
Members of the Penang State Legislative Assembly
Penang state executive councillors
Speakers of the Penang State Legislative Assembly
Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Penang
University of Malaya alumni

Grand Commanders of the Order of the Defender of the Realm
Members of the Supreme Order of Sri Mahawangsa
Grand Commanders of the Order of Kinabalu
Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of Hornbill Sarawak


Geylang River (; Simplified Chinese: 芽茏河) is a canalised river flowing from Geylang to Kallang, in the Central Region of Singapore. With the formation of the Marina Reservoir after the completion of the Marina Barrage in 2008, the river now forms part of the reservoir.

Geylang River begins at Ubi as Geylang Canal, continues southwards under Eunos Road 5 and Sims Avenue, and turns westwards after Geylang Road and Lorong 40 Geylang, but flows southwards again near Guillemard Road, before turning westwards again after the junction of Old Airport Road and Dunman Road, through Mountbatten Road and Stadium Way. The river finally empties into the Kallang Basin near Tanjong Rhu in the southern part of Kallang near the Tanjong Rhu Suspension Bridge.

The Geylang Park Connector of the Park Connector Network (PCN) runs almost parallel to the Geylang River, providing a stretch of recreational space along the river between Guillemard Road and Tanjong Rhu. The Paya Lebar Quarter straddles both sides of the Geylang River.

Geylang River has gone through a two years long revamp initiated by the Public Utilities Board (PUB) programme, which revitalised the waterway while preserving the rich heritage of the areas around Geylang River, and was opened by Guest-of-Honour Associate Professor Fatimah Lateef, Member of Parliament for Marine Parade Group Representation Constituency. As part of the revamp, Geylang River was also deepened and widened to increase its capacity and enhance flood protection. As part of an Active, Beautiful and Clean (ABC) Waters project by Paya Lebar Quarter, a natural rain garden which treats surface runoff using plants and soil was also set up to improve the quality of the river's water.

References

Rivers of Singapore
Geylang
Kallang


Tun Syed Sheh bin Syed Abdullah Shahabudin (28 February 1912 – 31 January 1969) was the Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Penang, Malaysia from 1967 to 1969.

Honours

Honour of Penang
 As 2nd Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Penang ( - )
  Grand Master of the Order of the Defender of State (DUPN) – Dato' Seri Utama

Honours of Malaysia
  :
  Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (PMN) – Tan Sri (1962)
  :
  Grand Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (SMN) – Tun (1968)

References
Tun Syed Sheh Bin Syed Abdullah Shahabuddin myKedah.com, accessed 5 June 2010.

Malaysian people of Arab descent
Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Penang
People from Kedah
Malaysian Muslims
Malaysian people of Malay descent
United Malays National Organisation politicians
Grand Commanders of the Order of the Defender of the Realm
Commanders of the Order of the Defender of the Realm
Ambassadors of Malaysia to Japan
High Commissioners of Malaysia to the United Kingdom
Ambassadors of Malaysia to Thailand
1912 births
1969 deaths


Raja Tun Sir Haji Uda bin almrhum Raja Muhammad   (1894 – 17 October 1976) was a Malaysian statesman during the country's struggle for independence and its early years of nationhood. He was a civil servant under the British colonial administration, and eventually rose to important administrative positions within the government. Upon the independence of Malaya in 1957, he became the first Yang di-Pertua Negeri (Governor) of Penang, one of the four states in Malaysia without a hereditary ruler.

Raja Uda was also the grandfather of Malaysian political blogger Raja Petra Kamaruddin.

Biography
Raja Uda was a member of the Selangor royal family, being a distant cousin of Sultan Hisamuddin Alam Shah and a direct descendant of the first Sultan of Selangor. He married Sultan Hisamuddin's sister, Tengku Badariah binti Sultan Alaeddin Sulaiman Shah.

Educated at the Malay College Kuala Kangsar. Raja Uda joined the colonial government service in 1910 at age 16. In 1939, he was appointed as secretary to the British Resident of Selangor. He was Menteri Besar of Selangor twice, from 1949 to 1953, and again from 1954 to 1955. In between, Raja Uda served as Malayan High Commissioner in the United Kingdom. He was involved in negotiations with the British to establish the Member System in the 1950s.

In 1951, Raja Uda was appointed a CMG and appointed an Honorary Knight Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in 1953,. Following the first ever general election in 1955, Raja Uda was appointed Speaker of the Federal Legislative Council.

On August 30, 1957, the day before independence, Raja Uda was appointed the first Governor of the state of Penang and served for ten years.

Raja Tun Uda died on October 17, 1976, and he was buried at the Selangor royal mausoleum near Sultan Sulaiman Mosque in Klang, Selangor.

Legacy
Several projects and institutions were named after him, including:
 The neighbourhood of Kampung Raja Uda, Port Klang, Selangor
  Kampung Raja Uda Komuter station
  Raja Uda MRT station
Perpustakaan Raja Tun Uda or Raja Tun Uda Library in Shah Alam, Selangor.
The Weld Quay in George Town, Penang was renamed Pengkalan Raja Tun Uda.
Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Raja Tun Uda (SMKRTU) in Bayan Lepas, Penang
Masjid Jamek Raja Tun Uda, the first mosque built in Shah Alam, Selangor located at Section 16.

Streets
Jalan Raja Uda in Butterworth, Penang

Honours

Honour of Penang
 As 1st Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Penang ( – )
  Grand Master and Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Defender of State ( – )

  :
 Grand Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (SMN) – Tun (1958)
 :
 Recipient of the Malaysian Commemorative Medal (Gold) (PPM) (1965)

Foreign Honours
  :
  King George VI Coronation Medal (1937)
  Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) (1947)
 Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) (1951)
  Honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) – Sir (1953)

Notes

References

Royal House of Selangor
Malaysian people of Bugis descent
Malaysian people of Malay descent
Malaysian Muslims
Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Penang
1894 births
1976 deaths
Chief Ministers of Selangor
Selangor state executive councillors
High Commissioners of Malaysia to the United Kingdom

Grand Commanders of the Order of the Defender of the Realm

Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Honorary Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Honorary Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George


The Moon of Baroda is a  cut diamond discovered in Vadodara (Baroda), India. The diamond, canary yellow in colour, is cut in a pear shape. When found, the rough diamond weighed . The Moon of Baroda was originally owned by the Maharajas of Baroda. The royal family of Gaekwad Maharajas was in possession of the diamond for almost 500 years. The gem was later worn by singer and actress Marilyn Monroe and Empress Maria Theresa of Austria.

Description
The Moon of Baroda weighed  at the time it was found. It was later cut into a pear shaped diamond, weighing .

A popular myth associated with the Moon of Baroda is that it brings bad luck to its owner if it is carried across the sea.

History
The Moon of Baroda was originally owned by the royal Gaekwad family, the Maharajas of Baroda. It was later sent by the Gaekwad family to Empress Maria Theresa of Austria, the only female monarch of the Habsburg dynasty. The diamond was returned to the Gaekwad family later, and in 1860, it was fitted to a necklace. The Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad sold it to an unknown buyer in the early 1920s.

The diamond resurfaced in the 1940s, in 1943, the diamond was purchased by Meyer Rosenbaum of Detroit, President of the Meyer Jewelry Company. Rosenbaum later gave the diamond to Marilyn Monroe, who wore it for the shooting of the song Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend, and also in the film Gentlemen Prefer Blondes. The Moon of Baroda was displayed publicly in an exhibition in 1944.

In 2008, the Moon of Baroda was next displayed publicly at the exhibition 'Diamond Divas', organized by the Antwerp World Diamond Centre.

On the 28 August 2012, episode of the Japanese antique appraisal television show Nandemo Kanteidan (松木悌), a Japanese management consultant resident in the US appearing with what he claimed was the Moon of Baroda ). Japanese diamond expert, Mr Honma (本間悟郎), authenticated the diamond and appraised it at 100 million Yen.

A number of replicas of the diamond have been made by jewellers and put on display,

See also
 List of diamonds

References

Diamonds originating in India
Yellow diamonds
Baroda State
Individual diamonds
Golconda diamonds


Marcus Plancius Varus was an Anatolian Roman noble who lived in the 1st century in the Roman Empire. His paternal ancestors were originally from Latium in Central Italy. They had immigrated to Anatolia in the time of the late Roman Republic. Varus came from a local, wealthy family who were prominent and they came from an unknown town in Galatia. His family owned large estates in Galatia. Apart from this, not much is known on the family and early life of Varus.

History
Between the years of 56–69, Varus served as a Praetor during the reign of the Roman Emperor Nero. He entered the Roman Senate as a praetor and through this entry, became a Roman Senator. After his service as a praetor, Varus implied treasonable behavior by a Roman called Dolabella. A Roman woman called Triaria (second wife of Lucius Vitellius the younger and sister-in-law to the brief future Roman Emperor Aulus Vitellius) terrified the City Prefect Titus Flavius Sabinus (brother to future Roman Emperor Vespasian) warning Sabinus not to seek a reputation for clemency by endangering Nero.

During the reign of Roman Emperor Vespasian (69-79), Varus served as governor of the public province of Bithynia and Pontus. During his time in Nicaea, the capital of the Roman province of Bithynia, Varus had struck coinage honoring the Roman State and himself.

Julia became a priestess and served in the temple of the Ancient Greek Goddess Artemis in Perga. Artemis was the most important Goddess in Perga. In Perga, the city's most magnificent structure was the Hellenistic Gate that was the entrance to the city. Inside in the courtyard of the Hellenistic Gate, there are inscribed bases of statues that bear the names of Marcus Plancius Varus and his son.

From these inscriptions it is understood that Varus, along with his son were wealthy, influential and generous citizens in Perga. Varus and his son were made benefactors whom they contributed to the prosperity of Perga. Due to the goodness and generosity of Varus and his son, they were both accepted as the second founders of the city. For who they were both honored with the title ‘’Ktistes’’ or ’’Founder’‘.

Varus also had contributed to the construction of the North Gate of Nicaea/İznik, now called Istanbul Gate, that was built between 70-71. He had appeared to have died before 81. There is a possibility that Varus could be buried west of this Gate. His epitaph was written and dedicated in common Emperorship by Vespasian and his son Titus. Varus’ epitaph is preserved inside the Istanbul Gate. His epitaph was written in metal letters:

Family
At unknown date, Varus married the Herodian Princess Julia, the daughter of King Tigranes VI of Armenia and sister of prince Gaius Julius Alexander. Julia bore Varus two children:
 Son, Gaius Plancius Varus, consul during the reign of Roman Emperor Hadrian.
 Daughter, Plancia Magna, who married the Roman Senator Gaius Julius Cornutus Tertullus. Plancia Magna was a prominent patron and prominent citizen in Perga.

Sources
 https://web.archive.org/web/20050104093812/http://www.iznik.bel.tr/bld-gov/eng/eistkapi.htm
 https://web.archive.org/web/20080509195203/http://www.serifyenen.com/heritage_Summer2005.asp
 Richard A Bauman, Crime and Punishment in Ancient Rome, (Routledge, 2005) , p. 86
 Tacitus, Histories II.63

 Plancia Magna, Aurelia Paulina, and Regilla: Civic Donors, Vroma.org, Barbara F. McManus

External links
 Coinage of Marcus Plancius Varus

Imperial Roman praetors
Roman governors of Bithynia and Pontus
1st-century Romans
Herodian dynasty
Plancii


Sidney is a philosophical novel by the American writer Margaret Deland (1857–1945) set in the 19th century fictional locale of Mercer, an Ohio River community that represents Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

The novel tells the story of Major Mortimer Lee and his daughter Sidney. The Major has turned a pessimist by the loss of his beloved wife, and he vows to protect his daughter from love and marriage and the notion of a beneficent God. His unmarried sister Sally helps raise her.

It was first published in installments in Atlantic Monthly from January through October 1890. It was published as a book by Houghton Mifflin but was not as popular as Deland's previous novel, John Ward.

External links
Sidney (1890) ( Internet Archive e-text)

References

1890 American novels
Novels set in Pittsburgh
Novels first published in serial form
Works originally published in The Atlantic (magazine)


Liam Hemsworth (born 13 January 1990) is an Australian actor. He played the roles of Josh Taylor in the soap opera Neighbours and Marcus in the children's television series The Elephant Princess. In American films, Hemsworth starred as Will Blakelee in The Last Song (2010), as Gale Hawthorne in The Hunger Games film series (2012–2015), and as Jake Morrison in Independence Day: Resurgence (2016).

Early life
Hemsworth was born in Melbourne, Australia, to Leonie (née van Os), an English teacher, and Craig Hemsworth, a social-services counsellor. He has two older brothers, Chris Hemsworth and Luke Hemsworth, who are also actors. His maternal grandfather is a Dutch immigrant, and his other ancestry is English, Irish, Scottish, and German. Hemsworth has said that though there is competition for jobs among them, it is friendly: "We are brothers and we are always competitive, but it is a good thing, it pushes us and we are always happy whenever someone books something."

When Hemsworth was in year 8 high school, he and his family relocated to Phillip Island, a small Australian island southeast of Melbourne where he spent much of his time there surfing with his brothers. In March 2009, Hemsworth moved to the United States to pursue his acting career. He and his brother Chris first stayed in the guest house of Chris's manager, William Ward, before renting their own Los Angeles apartment.

Career

2007–2010: Career beginnings
Prior to becoming an actor, Hemsworth laid floors for six months. He began to seriously consider following his elder brothers' footsteps in high school by participating in school plays. Eventually, Hemsworth retained an agent. He attended his first audition at the age of sixteen and began his career in 2007 with guest appearances on the shows Home and Away and McLeod's Daughters. The week of 8 July 2007, Hemsworth began filming episodes for Neighbours, an Australian soap opera his brother Luke had previously starred in. Hemsworth's character, Josh Taylor, was a recurring character from 2007 to 2008. In the show, Josh was an athletic paraplegic who supported and began a relationship with character Bridget Parker after she was paralysed down one side of her body in a car crash. In 2008, Hemsworth began acting on the children's television show The Elephant Princess, playing "Marcus", the lead guitarist of the protagonist's band. Hemsworth later had roles in the television series Satisfaction and starred in the British film Triangle. He also made a brief appearance as an MIT student in the film Knowing.

In 2009, Hemsworth was selected to act opposite Sylvester Stallone in Stallone's 2010 film, The Expendables, but his character was written out of the script (Hemsworth later co-starred in The Expendables 2). Hemsworth's brother, Chris, told Movieline that just a few hours after Hemsworth learned he would not appear in The Expendables, director Kenneth Branagh called to ask him to test for the lead role in the 2011 film Thor. Hemsworth moved to the States in March 2009 for screen tests. Though he eventually lost the role to Chris in May, Disney announced later the same week that Hemsworth had landed the part of Will Blakelee in the 2010 drama The Last Song, based on the Nicholas Sparks novel by the same name. Hemsworth plays the love interest of Miley Cyrus's character in the film. Nikki Finke reported that Hemsworth had been in Los Angeles for just three weeks and had not yet found an agent when he was cast. Hemsworth next appeared in the music video for Cyrus' "When I Look at You" which was recorded on 16 August 2009.

In September 2009, Hemsworth appeared at a dinner event to promote Foxtel, an Australian pay television company. In March 2010, Details magazine selected Hemsworth as one of their predictions for "The Next Generation of Hollywood's Leading Men". Later that month, it was announced that Hemsworth was in negotiations to star in Arabian Nights, a 3D action film that will be directed by Chuck Russell for Inferno Entertainment. It was later confirmed that he will be starring in the movie. He has also reportedly been offered the lead role in Northern Lights after Taylor Lautner withdrew from the David Ellison-financed project.

Hemsworth was the Nickelodeon Australian Kids' Choice Awards 2010 host. He and Miley Cyrus won the "Fave Kiss" category.

Hemsworth starred in the music video for "Colder Weather" by the Zac Brown Band.

2011–present: The Hunger Games series and beyond
On 4 April 2011, Lionsgate announced Hemsworth to be one of the leads, Gale Hawthorne, in The Hunger Games, which was released in 2012. In June 2011, he became attached to war drama Love and Honor which also stars Aimee Teegarden and Teresa Palmer.

In 2013, Hemsworth appeared in Empire State, with Emma Roberts, and Paranoia, co-starring Harrison Ford, Gary Oldman and Amber Heard. He reprised his role, Gale Hawthorne, in three sequels to The Hunger Games, The Hunger Games: Catching Fire, released in November 2013, The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1, released in November 2014, and The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2, released in November 2015.

In 2012, Hemsworth attended a benefit dinner organized non-profit organization Australians in Film with his then fiancée Miley Cyrus. It was their first public appearance together as an engaged couple.

In 2015, Hemsworth portrayed the love interest of Kate Winslet's character in the Australian literary adaptation The Dressmaker, which was filmed in Victoria in the summer of 2014. Hemsworth starred in director Roland Emmerich's 2016 film Independence Day: Resurgence. In 2019, following a three-year absence, he played a fantasy version of a romantic comedy leading man in the film Isn't It Romantic, and starred in the action crime film Killerman.

Hemsworth currently appears on the horror TV series, Most Dangerous Game, for Quibi, the short-form streaming platform. Hemsworth plays the lead role as a terminally ill man trying to provide for his pregnant wife before he dies.

In 2022, Hemsworth is set to star in the Netflix film Lonely Planet with Laura Dern. In October 2022, Netflix announced that Hemsworth would be replacing Henry Cavill as Geralt of Rivia from the start of Season 4 of The Witcher.

Personal life

Hemsworth is the ambassador of the Australian Childhood Foundation. Hemsworth talked about his association with the foundation, "I have the best parents you can have. They have worked in child protection for twenty years and have only ever given me encouragement and support. The world is a scary enough place as it is for children. It is important that home should always be a safe place for them." When asked if he believed he was a hero to children, Hemsworth said he did not know, but that he would like to be a good role model.

Hemsworth was vegan and told Men's Fitness in 2015 that he found "no negatives to eating like this. I feel nothing but positive, mentally and physically." In 2020, following hospitalization for kidney stones, he told Men's Health that he had to "completely rethink what [he] was putting in [his] body."

After his separation from Cyrus, Hemsworth began a relationship with Australian model, Gabriella Brooks.

Relationship with Miley Cyrus
While filming The Last Song in June 2009, Hemsworth began a relationship with his co-star Miley Cyrus. After a three-year on-again, off-again relationship, the couple announced their engagement in June 2012. They lived together in Los Angeles but ended their engagement in September 2013. Rumours began in January 2016, stemming primarily from sightings of the couple together at his Malibu home and the reappearance of the engagement ring on Cyrus. Cyrus confirmed in an interview on The Ellen DeGeneres Show in October 2016, they were once again engaged.

In November 2018, Cyrus revealed on social media that her and Hemsworth's home had burned down in the Woolsey Fire, and expressed devastation for her community and gratitude for the safety of herself, Hemsworth, and their pets. The following morning, Hemsworth responded on his social media by posting a picture he had taken of the charred rubble of their former home. In his posts he praised the residents of his community on how they united in helping with the consequences of the fire, and encouraged his followers to donate their time, money, and resources to The Malibu Foundation, a non-profit established in the wake of the Woolsey fire, and to his fiancée's own non-profit organisation, the Happy Hippie Foundation, to further contribute help with the aftermath. On 13 November 2018, Hemsworth and Cyrus made a joint $500,000 donation to The Malibu Foundation through Cyrus's foundation.

Hemsworth and Cyrus married on 23 December 2018 at their home in Nashville, Tennessee. On 10 August 2019, Cyrus announced their separation. Eleven days later, Hemsworth filed for divorce, citing irreconcilable differences. On 28 January 2020, it was announced that their divorce had been finalized.

Filmography

Film

Television

Awards and nominations
On 27 June 2012, Liam Hemsworth was presented with the Australians in Film Breakthrough Award for international success.

References

External links

1990 births
Living people
Male actors from Melbourne
Australian male film actors
Australian male television actors
21st-century Australian male actors
Australian expatriate male actors in the United States
Liam


Complete residue system may refer to:
 Covering system
 Complete residue system modulo m


Vidaković (Serbian Cyrillic: Видаковић) is a South Slavic surname derived from Vidak and Vida family names. It is associated with Serbs, Croats, Bunjevci and Montenegrins ethnic groups and is commonly found in present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Serbia.

It may refer to the following people:
Albe Vidaković (1914–1964) Croatian composer, catholic priest and musicologist
Mirko Vidaković (1924–2002), Croatian botanist
Risto Vidaković (born 1969), Serbian footballer and manager
Igor Vidaković (born 1983), Croatian footballer
Nemanja Vidaković (born 1985), Serbian footballer
Milovan Vidaković (1780-1841), Serbian novelist
Branislav (Branko, Bane) Vidaković (born 1959) Serbian actor

See also
Vida (disambiguation)
Vidak

Surnames of Croatian origin
Surnames of Serbian origin


James Johnston (c. 1742  July 23, 1805) was an officer in the Tryon County Regiment and Lincoln County Regiments of the North Carolina militia in the American Revolution, a delegate to the North Carolina Provincial Congress in 1776, and a state senator in 17801782.

Early life
Johnston was born in Scotland about 1742. He was the son of Henry Johnston. He was married to Jane Ewart, the daughter of Robert Ewart.  Before the Revolution, he purchased a large tract of land on the Catawba River in Tryon County, North Carolina.  He built a home, called Oak Grove, there in 1782.  A North Carolina highway marker shows the location where his home stood, which is now near Lucia in Gaston County, North Carolina.

Military service
James Johnston was a Captain in the Tryon County Regiment (1775-1779) and Lincoln County Regiment (1779-1780) in the North Carolina militia. James first entered the service of his country, as a company captain in 1775 under Colonel William Graham.  (Note: The Tryon County Regiment was disbanded on February 8, 1779, and split into the Lincoln County Regiment and Rutherford County Regiment.  He was in many notable battles, including the Battle of Great Cane Brake in South Carolina on December 22, 1775, the Snow Campaign in South Carolina from December 23 to 30, 1775, the Cherokee Expedition in western North Carolina from August to November 1776, and the Battle of Kings Mountain in South Carolina on October 7, 1780.  In the battle of Kings Mounty, he led the rear guard, as one of ten captains.  This rear guard consisted of about 90 men, under his command.  He was called into the battle within the first 20 minutes.  He and his fellow captains had a complete victory over the British and Tory forces. His militia units became part of the Salisbury District Brigade on May 4, 1776.

A 1877 publication by Hunter reports that James Johnston was promoted to colonel in the North Carolina militia.  He was an aide to General Griffith Rutherford and commanded a reserve unit at the Battle of Ramseur's Mill.

Political career and home
He was chosen as a delegate to the North Carolina Provincial Congress, which met on 4 April in 1776 in Halifax.  He was a fellow delegate with Colonel Charles McLean, who also served in the Lincoln County Regiment.

He was also a state senator from Lincoln County between 1780 and 1782 and reportedly acted as a disbursing agent for the Western Division of the army. He was also a representative at the Convention of 1788.

He was a respected elder of his church==probably the Goshen Presbyterian Church, which was the oldest in the area where he lived.

He died on July 23, 1805, in Lincoln County, North Carolina.  He was buried on his farm at Oak Grove.

References

 , copied from C.L. Hunter

Members of the North Carolina Provincial Congresses
North Carolina state senators
North Carolina militiamen in the American Revolution
People from Gaston County, North Carolina
Scottish emigrants to the United States
1740s births
1805 deaths


The Hershey Open was a golf tournament in Pennsylvania on the PGA Tour from 1933 to 1941. It was played at the Hershey Country Club in Hershey on what is now called the West Course. It was played as a 72-hole stroke play event every year except 1938. That year, it was played as a 126-hole round-robin match play tournament with eight two-man teams and called the Hershey Four-Ball; its format was identical to the one used by the Inverness Invitational Four-Ball. The event was not held in 1940, when the club hosted the PGA Championship.

Three times it was won by the resident golf pro—Henry Picard in 1936 and 1937 and Ben Hogan in his first year at Hershey in 1941. His win in 1938 in the team event with Vic Ghezzi was Hogan's first as a professional; his first win as an individual came in March 1940 in North Carolina.

Winners

References

Former PGA Tour events
Golf in Pennsylvania


Polston is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Polston as a Surname originated from Sussex in England and comes from the Old English Language meaning - 'By the Pool'.

Andy Polston (born 1970), English footballer
John Polston (born 1968), English footballer
Ricky Polston (born 1956), American judge

See also
Polsten, make of gun