The Wild Wild West is an American television series that ran on the CBS network from 1965 to 1969. During its four-season run a total of 104 episodes were broadcast. The Wild Wild West blended Westerns – hugely popular on television at the time (Gunsmoke, Bonanza, Wagon Train, Rawhide, etc.) – with spy adventure, which came into vogue in the wake of the highly successful James Bond films, resulting in such spy-oriented series as The Man from U.N.C.L.E., The Avengers and Secret Agent.

The Wild Wild West is set in the 1870s and deals with the exploits of James West (played by Robert Conrad) and Artemus Gordon (Ross Martin), two agents of the United States Secret Service who work directly under the command of President Ulysses S. Grant. James West is presented as a sort of "James Bond of the West", i.e. the handsome, muscular action-hero who is handy with his fists, as well as a dashing "ladies' man". Artemus Gordon is West's partner, a master of disguises and also the inventor of the many gadgets that the two of them use in the course of their adventures. The two men travel about in a private train and use their talents to vanquish the many dastardly villains that threatened the United States – among them, disgraced ex-soldiers seeking revenge against President Grant, power-hungry megalomaniacs, and mad scientists with their brilliant but diabolical inventions. The last group includes the recurring character of Dr. Miguelito Loveless, played by 3'11" Michael Dunn. As series producer Bruce Lansbury stated:

"Jim [West]'s world was one of two-faced villainy, male and female, countless 'Mickey Finns', and needle-tipped baroque pinkie rings that put him to sleep even as he embraced their dispensers. There were inevitable trap doors, hotel walls that ground their victims to dust or revolved into lush Aubrey Beardsley settings next door, lethal chairs that tossed occupants skyward or alternatively dumped them into dank sewers that subterraneously crisscrossed countless cow towns of the period. And then there was that old Dutch sea captain, leaning in the corner of the swill-hole of a bar, who inexplicably winked at Jim as he entered … Artemus, of course, in one of his thousand disguises."

Ten years after the series was cancelled a made-for-television revival movie, The Wild Wild West Revisited, aired and was successful enough to warrant a follow-up entitled More Wild Wild West (1980), thus bringing the total number of episodes up to 106. However, the movie was more campy compared to the serious tone of the television series. The death of Ross Martin in 1981 ended any plans for another film.

The complete run of the series is present below in broadcast order. Included are the episode titles, directors, writers, broadcast dates, production codes, guest stars and the roles they played, and a brief plot synopsis. Also, the various disguises that Ross Martin used in his Artemus Gordon character are listed.

Series overview

Episodes

Season 1 (1965–66)

The Wild Wild West was created by Michael Garrison, a movie producer (Peyton Place, The Long, Hot Summer, An Affair to Remember) who had, at one time, co-owned the rights to Ian Fleming's first James Bond novel, Casino Royale. Garrison produced the series pilot episode himself but, once the series was approved by the CBS network, it became necessary to find a more experienced producer to handle the subsequent episodes. Garrison, in the meantime, was moved into the position of Executive Producer.

Collier Young, who hitherto had produced a series entitled The Rogues, was assigned to The Wild Wild West but, after overseeing only three episodes, was replaced due to "a difference in concept between the network and [him]." Fred Freiberger, his replacement, brought the series back on track with adventures featuring beautiful women, strong adversaries, and "something very bizarre." Also under Freiberger the character of Dr. Loveless was created. Loveless became an immediate hit, resulting in actor Michael Dunn being contracted to do four episodes per season. However, after producing ten episodes, Fred Freiberger was replaced by John Mantley, reputedly due to a behind-the-scenes power struggle. Mantley, who had been associate producer on Gunsmoke, produced seven episodes before he too was replaced. Mantley returned to his former position on Gunsmoke while Gene L. Coon took over the production reins for of The Wild Wild West. However, Coon left after six episodes to take a screenwriting assignment at Warner Bros., leaving Michael Garrison to take on double-duty as producer and executive producer for the remainder of the season.

The 28 first-season episodes of The Wild Wild West, all of which were photographed in black and white, were not broadcast in the order that they were filmed. Notably, the early ones produced by Collier Young were moved back in the broadcast schedule in favor of the Fred Freiberger- and John Mantley-produced episodes. The breakdown in broadcast order is thus:
 Michael Garrison – Episodes 1 and 28
 Collier Young – Episodes 5, 9 and 15
 Fred Freiberger – Episodes 2–4, 6–8 and 10–13
 John Mantley – Episodes 14 and 16–21
 Gene L. Coon – Episodes 22–27
During this season, The Wild Wild West placed at #23 in the ratings for the 1965–1966 season. One episode of this season, "The Night of the Howling Light", received an Emmy nomination for Best Cinematography.

Season 2 (1966–67)

The second season of The Wild Wild West continued the basic format of first season, but also made some changes. The most notable of these was that the series was now shot in color, which enhanced the Victorian ambiance of the 1870s setting. Both Robert Conrad and Ross Martin were given modified wardrobes, with Conrad wearing short bolero jackets and tight-fitting pants (he wore bolero jackets through the first season as well. There was also a shift in the choreography of the fight scenes, changing the emphasis from karate (largely used in the first season) to boxing.

As in the first season, Dr. Loveless was featured in four episodes. Meanwhile, an attempt was made to establish another recurring villain with the character of Count Manzeppi (played by Victor Buono, who had appeared in the pilot episode). However, the Count was dropped after only two episodes.

Again, as in the first season, 28 episodes were produced for the season. Initially, Michael Garrison continued in the dual capacity as producer and executive producer. However, after seven episodes, the producing chores were handed to Bruce Lansbury. Garrison returned to working solely as the series' executive producer. Garrison died on August 17, 1966, when he fell down a flight of stairs at his home in Bel Air.

The breakdown between the two producers, as broadcast, is:

 Michael Garrison – Season episodes 1–5, 12 and 14
 Bruce Lansbury – Season episodes 6–11, 13 and 15–28

However, the series continued to be listed as "A Michael Garrison Production in association with the CBS Television Network" in the end credits for the rest of the run.

The Wild Wild West slipped in the ratings during the second season, falling to 53rd in the Nielsens for the 1966-67 season.
However, guest star Agnes Moorehead won an Emmy Award as Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for her performance in the episode "The Night of the Vicious Valentine".

Season 3 (1967–68)
The third season of The Wild Wild West saw a shift away from fantasy and more toward traditional western with the "villains becoming more political and less outrageous." Also, due to serious health problems, Michael Dunn appeared as Dr. Loveless in only one episode during this season ("The Night Dr. Loveless Died").

On January 24, 1968, when The Wild Wild West was near the end of shooting for the season, star Robert Conrad, who did the majority of his own stunt work, was seriously injured when he fell from a chandelier during the filming of the episode "The Night of the Fugitives". Production was shut down for the season and the "Fugitives" was completed and broadcast during the fourth season.

All of the episodes of this season were produced by Bruce Lansbury. Due to Conrad's injury only 24 episodes were made for this season. For its third season, the series rebounded slightly in the Nielsen ratings, moving up to 40th place from the previous season ranking of 53rd.

Season 4 (1968–69)
Due to his injury near the end of filming of the previous season, the fourth season of The Wild Wild West forced Robert Conrad to use a double for any stunt that the studio considered "chancy." On June 26, 1968, during filming of "The Night of the Avaricious Actuary", Ross Martin fell and received a hairline fracture in his shin. As a result, the script for the next episode filmed, "The Night of the Juggernaut", was re-written to have Martin's character, Artemus Gordon, receive a leg injury. On August 17 of the same year Martin suffered a massive heart attack. A five-week hiatus in filming had just begun, but Martin's recovery time was much longer. Nine episodes were filmed without Martin although he continued to have co-star billing in the opening credits. The absence of his character was explained as being on "special assignment" in Washington, D.C.

Ross Martin returned to filming for the final three episodes of the season, which also turned out to be the last episodes of the entire series. The Wild Wild West experienced a precipitous decline in its Nielsen ratings, falling to 87th place out of 92 series for the 1968-69 television season. Due to declining ratings, as well as a crack-down on programs with excessive violence, the series was cancelled after four seasons.

During this season, Ross Martin received an Emmy Award nomination for leading actor in a drama series. All of the fourth-season episodes were produced by Bruce Lansbury.

Television movies (1979–80)
Ten years after the cancellation of The Wild Wild West Robert Conrad and Ross Martin reunited and reprised their respective roles as government agents James West and Artemus Gordon in a television reunion film, The Wild Wild West Revisited. This film proved to be one of CBS' highest rated specials of the year, thus warranting a second reunion film, More Wild Wild West. The second film, however, proved less successful.

These two reunion movies were produced by Robert Jacks and directed by Burt Kennedy and are notably more comical than the original series.

Emmy Awards
During its four-year run The Wild Wild West received three Emmy nominations:

Home releases
The entire four-season run of The Wild Wild West is available on DVD from Paramount Home Video in both individual box sets of each season as well as a box containing the whole series. However, only the latter contains the reunion films.

Producers
The Wild Wild West had six different producers during the course of its four-season run, plus a seventh for the two reunion movies. A breakdown of the episodes and their producers appears in the chart below.

Directors
The Wild Wild West employed a large number of directors during its run, with Irving J. Moore directing the most episodes (25 total).

Of note is that three episodes were directed by William Witney, who had co-directed many "cliffhangers" during the 1930s and 1940s, including Zorro Rides Again, The Lone Ranger and The Adventures of Captain Marvel. Also among the series directors are Mark Rydell (who would go on to direct On Golden Pond with Katharine Hepburn, Henry Fonda and Jane Fonda) and Richard Donner (later to direct The Omen, Superman, and the Lethal Weapon series).

Guest stars
During its run, The Wild Wild West featured a large number of notable guest stars. Many of these guests also appeared on Star Trek. These actors and the titles to the episodes of both series that they appeared in are listed below. A video montage of some of these performance can be found on YouTube.

Some guest stars who appeared only on The Wild Wild West were:

Charles Aidman - (The Night of the Camera, The Night of Miguelito's Revenge, The Night of the Pelican, The Night of the Janus)
Edward Andrews - (The Night of the Brain)
John Astin - (The Night of the Tartar)
Vincent Beck - (The Night of the Pelican)
Henry Beckman - (The Night of the Torture Chamber, The Night of the Vicious Valentine)
Ed Begley - (The Night of the Infernal Machine)
Lloyd Bochner - (The Night of the Puppeteer)
Victor Buono - (The Night of the Inferno, The Night of the Eccentrics, The Night of the Feathered Fury)
Walter Burke - (The Night of the Cut-Throats)
Joseph Campanella - (The Night of the Wolf)
Michele Carey - (The Night of the Feathered Fury, The Night of the Winged Terror: Parts 1 & 2)
Christopher Cary - (The Night of the Poisonous Posey, The Night of the Winged Terror: Parts 1 & 2)
Sammy Davis Jr. - (The Night of the Returning Dead)
John Dehner - (Night of the Casual Killer, The Night of the Steel Assassin)
Khigh Dhiegh - (The Night of the Samurai, The Night of the Pelican)
Bradford Dillman - (The Night of the Cut-Throats)
Phoebe Dorin - (The Night the Wizard Shook the Earth, The Night That Terror Stalked the Town, The Night of the Whirring Death, The Night of the Murderous Spring, The Night of the Raven, The Night of the Green Terror)
John Doucette - (The Night of the Flaming Ghost, The Night of the Surreal McCoy)
Robert Drivas - (The Night of the Burning Diamond)
Robert Duvall - (The Night of the Falcon)
Anthony Eisley - (The Night of the Eccentrics, The Night of the Janus)
Robert Ellenstein - (The Night of the Flaming Ghost, The Night Dr. Loveless Died, The Night of the Gruesome Games, The Night of the Winged Terror: Parts 1 & 2)
Roy Engel - (The Night of the Steel Assassin, The Night of the Colonel's Ghost, The Night of the Arrow, The Night of the Death-Maker, The Night of the Big Blackmail, The Night of the Winged Terror: Part 1)
Bernard Fox - (The Night of the Winged Terror: Part 1)
Beverly Garland - (The Night of the Cut-Throats, The Night of the Bleak Island)
Lisa Gaye - (The Night of the Skulls, The Night of the Falcon)
Don Gordon - (The Night of the Cadre)
Harold Gould - (The Night of the Bubbling Death, The Night of the Avaricious Actuary)
Kevin Hagen - (The Night of the Amnesiac)
Alan Hale Jr. - (The Night of the Sabatini Death)
Hurd Hatfield - (The Night of the Man-Eating House, The Night of the Undead)
Douglas Henderson - (The Night of the Skulls, The Night of the Falcon, The Night of the Turncoat, The Night of the Underground Terror, The Night of the Death Masks, The Night of the Fugitives, The Night of Miguelito's Revenge, The Night of the Sabatini Death, The Night of the Diva, The Night of the Plague)
Boris Karloff - (The Night of the Golden Cobra)
Sandy Kenyon - (The Night of Sudden Death)
Richard Kiel - (The Night the Wizard Shook the Earth, The Night That Terror Stalked the Town, The Night of the Whirring Death, The Night of the Simian Terror)
Harvey Korman - (The Night of the Big Blackmail)
Martin Landau - (The Night of the Red-Eyed Madmen)
Ronald Long - (The Night of the Gypsy Peril)
Ida Lupino - (The Night Of The Big Blast)
John Marley - (The Night of the Wolf)
Scott Marlowe - (The Night of the Howling Light)
Kevin McCarthy - (The Night of the Doomsday Formula)
Burgess Meredith - (The Night of the Human Trigger)
Agnes Moorehead - (The Night of the Vicious Valentine)
Priscilla Morrill - (The Night of the Undead)
Leslie Nielsen - (The Night of the Double-Edged Knife)
Carroll O'Connor - (The Night of the Ready-Made Corpse)
Nehemiah Persoff - (The Night of the Inferno, The Night of the Deadly Blossom, The Night of the Underground Terror)
Ford Rainey - (The Night of the Flying Pie Plate, The Night of the Iron Fist, The Night of the Kraken)
Pernell Roberts - (The Night of the Firebrand)
Don Rickles - (The Night of the Druid's Blood)
Lorri Scott - (The Night of the Wolf)
William Talman - (The Night of the Man-Eating House)
Sigrid Valdis - (The Night the Wizard Shook the Earth, The Night of the Torture Chamber)
Donald Woods - (The Night of the Skulls, The Night of the Assassin)
H.M. Wynant - (The Night of the Torture Chamber, The Night of the Sudden Plague, The Night of the Poisonous Posey, The Night of the Simian Terror)
Keenan Wynn - (The Night of the Freebooters)
John Zaremba - (The Night of the Undead)

Some guest stars who only appeared on Star Trek were:
Michael Ansara - (Day of the Dove)
Lou Antonio - (Let That Be Your Last Battlefield)
Barbara Babcock - (A Taste of Armageddon, Plato's Stepchildren)
Whit Bissell - (The Trouble with Tribbles)
Joan Collins - (The City on the Edge of Forever)
James Daly - (Requiem for Methuselah)
Diana Ewing - (The Cloud Minders)
Michael Forest - (Who Mourns for Adonais?)
Frank Gorshin - (Let That Be Your Last Battlefield)
Skip Homeier - (Patterns of Force, The Way to Eden)
Sally Kellerman - (Where No Man Has Gone Before)
Nancy Kovack - (A Private Little War)
Don Marshall - (The Galileo Seven)
Lee Meriwether - (That Which Survives)
Charles Napier - (The Way to Eden)
Julie Newmar - (Friday's Child)
Warren Stevens - (By Any Other Name)
Robert Walker Jr - (Charlie X)
Kenneth Washington - (That Which Survives)

Footnotes

References
Books

  (Cangey was a stunt man on the series.)

Webpages
 The Wildest Home Page in the West. Wayback Machine archived page of now defunct fan page.
 The Wild Wild West — World Wide Web Page. Wayback Machine archived page of now defunct fan page.
 An episode guide
 Another episode guide.
 A list that attempts to place the episodes in a chronological order.

External links

Lists of American fantasy television series episodes
Lists of American science fiction television series episodes
Lists of American Western (genre) television series episodes


The Central Waterfront of Seattle, Washington, United States, is the most urbanized portion of the Elliott Bay shore. It runs from the Pioneer Square shore roughly northwest past Downtown Seattle and Belltown, ending at the Broad Street site of the Olympic Sculpture Park.

The Central Waterfront was once the hub of Seattle's maritime activity. Since the construction of a container port to its south in the 1960s, the area has increasingly been converted to recreational and retail uses. As of 2008, several century-old piers are devoted to shops and restaurants. There are several parks, a Ferris wheel, an aquarium, and one over-water hotel.

Some docks remain on the Central Waterfront, under the authority of the Port of Seattle, including a cruise ship dock, ferry terminals, and a fireboat dock. There are many architectural vestiges of the area's past status as the heart of a port, and a handful of businesses have remained in operation since that time.

Location and extent

As with most Seattle neighborhoods, the Central Waterfront has no defined and agreed-upon boundaries. According to the Seattle Waterfront Plan, the Central Waterfront runs roughly from Jackson Street in the Pioneer Square neighborhood, north along the Elliott Bay shore through Downtown to Broad Street, near the north end of Belltown. To its south is the Port of Seattle's container port; to its north is the Olympic Sculpture Park. That plan makes no clear statement as to how far inland the "waterfront" neighborhood might extend.

Real estate and consulting firm Wronsky, Gibbons & Riely PLLC describe the Central Waterfront as a "predominately linear district running north-south along Alaskan Way" from Pier 48 to Pier 70. Pier 48 is at the foot of Yesler Way, three blocks north of Jackson Street (the city plan's southern boundary); Pier 70 is at the foot of Broad Street.

A 2006 study by the Department of Neighborhoods agrees on where to place the north end of the district, but puts its southern boundary at Columbia Street (a block north of Yesler Way at the water's edge). Below Battery Street, this study considers the neighborhood to extend inland to First Avenue. Above Battery Street, they consider the neighborhood to extend only to Elliott Avenue, taking in facilities such as the World Trade Center. The southern cutoff at Columbia Street completely excludes the Pioneer Square neighborhood, while the extension inland to First Avenue means that they consider the former warehouse district along Western Avenue and the entire Pike Place Market Historical District as part of the Central Waterfront.

In its southern portion, the waterfront is separated from inland Seattle by Alaskan Way, which continues northward through downtown. As one continues north, the land rises more rapidly away from the water, creating a sharper distinction between waterfront and uplands. There are several distinct passages between the Central Waterfront and the uplands: the Harbor Steps at University Street, leading to the Seattle Art Museum; the Pike Street Hill Climb from the Seattle Aquarium to the Pike Place Market; and, farther north, the Lenora Street and Bell Street Bridges. The last two are not heavily used, because they do not connect to any major upland destination.

Historically, Seattle's Central Waterfront continued farther south, with a similar character. Since the mid-1960s, the area to the south has been a container port.

Seattle's current pier numbering scheme dates from World War II; prior to that era, for example, the present Pier 55 was Pier 4 and Pier 57 was Pier 6.

Roads

As of 2020, the main route along the Central Waterfront is Alaskan Way. Alaskan Way follows the route of the earlier railway line and one-time Railroad Avenue along the "Ram's Horn" from just north of S. Holgate Street in the Industrial District to Broad Street at the north end of the Central Waterfront.

The original Railroad Avenue was built as a planked roadway on pilings over the waters of Elliott Bay. The chaos of horses and buggies, pedestrians, rail cars, multiple railroad tracks and multiple sidings was somewhat relieved when the Great Northern built a rail tunnel (1903–1906) under Downtown. From that time, only rail traffic that actually needed to access the waterfront had to use Railroad Avenue; other trains could bypass the busy corridor. Still, there continued to be problems with the structural integrity of the planked roadway. Between 1911 and 1916, a concrete seawall strengthened the portion of the waterfront between S. Washington Street and Madison Street. By 1936 the seawall extended northward to Bay Street, its current extent as of 2008, and Railroad Avenue officially became Alaskan Way. Still, it was not properly paved until 1940, during the administration of mayor Arthur B. Langlie. In the early 1950s, the Alaskan Way Viaduct was built, paralleling Alaskan Way for much of its distance. It was demolished in late 2019 after its replacement by the State Route 99 tunnel.

From May 29, 1982 to November 19, 2005, the George Benson Waterfront Streetcar Line ran parallel to Alaskan Way on the land side. The trolley barn was demolished to build the Olympic Sculpture Park, and since 2005 a roughly equivalent route has been served by a bus.

Piers and buildings

The piers of Seattle's Central Waterfront are numbered from Pier 46, at the south end of the area, to Pier 70 at the northern end.

Piers 46–48

Pier 46,  and land filled, is the southernmost pier on the Central Waterfront and the northernmost pier of the Port of Seattle's container port. For two years in the early 2000s part of it was operated by the Church Council as a homeless shelter. South Korean container shipping company Hanjin Shipping has a lease at the pier through 2015 with a 10-year renewal option. Nonetheless, there has been much discussion about the future of Pier 46. Proposals have included a sports arena, mixed-income or low-income housing, condos and a shopping center, or continued use as part of the port.

Pier 48, at the foot of Main Street, also incorporates the former Pier 47. Nirvana, Cypress Hill and the Breeders performed a concert at Pier 48 on December 13, 1993, which was recorded for MTV. Until 1999, the pier was the Seattle terminal for a ferry service to Victoria, British Columbia using the ship Princess Marguerite. After the final departure of the Princess Marguerite, Pier 48 became home to a museum ship, the Soviet-era Foxtrot class submarine Cobra. The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) purchased the pier from the Port of Seattle in 2008. Citing safety and the expense of maintaining the buildings on the worm-eaten pier, WSDOT demolished the  warehouse on the pier in July 2010 in order to use the space as a staging area for the coming demolition of the nearby Alaskan Way Viaduct.

Piers 46–48 are roughly in the area once occupied by Ballast Island. Pier 48 began life in 1901 as Pier B of the Pacific Coast Company's Ocean Dock, which also had two other piers (A and C, the latter also known as City Dock). In the early 20th century, there was a terminal here for the Columbia and Puget Sound Railroad.

Harbor Entrance Pergola

As of 2008 there is no Pier 49 as such; the site used to be the Washington Street Boat Landing, but is closed off and unused. This was roughly the site of both the pre-fire and post-fire Yesler's Wharf and of Piers 1 and 2, built by the Northern Pacific some time between 1901 (when the post-fire Yesler's Wharf was demolished) and 1904. The one prominent remaining feature of the crumbling wharf is the Harbor Entrance Pergola, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Originally it functioned as a landing point for boats bringing passengers from ships. Over the years since the boat landing was closed, various uses have been proposed, including a terminal for the King County Water Taxi route to West Seattle or a mooring point for the historic tugboat Arthur Foss.

On September 26, 2010, a water taxi carrying 78 passengers failed to reverse its engines and slammed into the pier. 7 were injured.

As of 2013, the site hosts the maintenance and moorage barge for the King County Metro water taxi.

The Harbor Entrance Pergola was the last-constructed of the historic structures associated with Seattle's Pioneer Square district, and is the district's only important landmark on the west side of Alaskan Way. It was designed by Seattle City Architect Daniel Riggs Huntington and built in 1920. Huntington was also co-architect of the nearby Morrison Hotel (1909) and was responsible for the 1912 repairs to Colman Dock on the site of the present ferry terminal. Huntington also designed the Lake Union Steam Plant, built in 1914. The pergola was restored in the 1970s by the Committee of 33, a local Seattle philanthropic organization.

Washington State Ferry Terminal

Pier 50 and Pier 52 are used as operating ferry terminals for Washington State Ferries and the King County Water Taxi. As of 2008, there is no longer a Pier 51. Pier 50 has two passenger-only water taxis running to Vashon Island and West Seattle, while ferries carrying both vehicles and passengers run from Pier 52 to Bainbridge Island and Bremerton in Kitsap County.

Pier 52 was historically known as Colman Dock. The original Colman Dock was built by Scottish engineer James Colman in 1882. It burned with most of the rest of the city in the Great Seattle Fire of 1889, but was quickly rebuilt. In 1908, Colman extended the dock to a total length of  and added a domed waiting room and a  clocktower. Calamity hit four years later. On the night of April 25, 1912, the steel-hulled ship Alameda accidentally set its engines "full speed ahead" instead of reversing, and slammed into the dock. The dock tower fell into the bay and the sternwheeler Telegraph was sunk. The clock was salvaged, as was the Telegraph, and the dock was reconstructed with a new tower. No one died in the Alameda accident, but a less dramatic accident the following month proved fatal. On May 19, 1912, a gangplank collapsed as passengers were boarding the Black Ball steamer Flyer. At least 60 people fell into the water. One woman and one child died.

In 1912, Puget Sound was still served by the "Mosquito Fleet", an assortment of boats plying a variety of routes. The following year, Joshua Green founded the Puget Sound Navigation Company (PSNC or Black Ball Line). Within about a decade, they had consolidated control of regional ferries. In the mid-1930s they modernized Colman Dock, using an Art Deco style that matched their streamlined signature ferry MV Kalakala.

In 1951, Washington State bought out PSNC and took over the ferry system. Work on the present terminal began a decade later; there have been several reconfigurations and modernizations since. The very month that the state ferry terminal opened, it was the subject of another accident. The Kalakala, which had recently been voted Seattle's second biggest attraction after the then-new Space Needle, rammed the terminal February 21, 1966. Though dramatic, the damage proved not to be severe. The ferry needed only minor repairs and was back in service the next day. Repairs to the slip cost $80,000 and took two months to complete.

The clock from the old Colman Dock tower, dunked into the bay in the 1912 Alameda accident and removed in the 1936 renovation, was rediscovered (lying in pieces) in 1976, purchased by the Port of Seattle in 1985, restored, given as a gift to the Washington State Department of Transportation, and reinstalled on the present Colman Dock May 18, 1985.

The Grand Trunk Pacific dock stood just north of Colman Dock at the foot of Marion Street. The original dock was built in 1910 as the largest wooden pier on the West Coast. It was not there for long. On July 30, 1914, it was swept away by an explosion and massive fire. The cause has never been determined. Five people died and 29 more were injured. The flames were hot enough to scorch several parts of Colman Dock, but the fire department managed to contain the fire largely to the one pier. A replacement dock was promptly built, and survived until 1964, when it was replaced by waiting area for automobiles boarding ferries at the new ferry terminal.

Fire Station No. 5

Pier 53, a very short pier just north of the ferry terminal near the foot of Madison Street, is the site of Seattle Fire Station No. 5, at 925 Alaskan Way. The present 1963 building is the third fire station at this address and the fourth to serve the Central Waterfront. The fire department used to play a particularly critical role on the waterfront: not only were the piers all made of wood; until federal money helped pay for the construction of a seawall in 1934, so was the road along the water (prior to that Railroad Avenue, after that Alaskan Way). The Great Seattle Fire of 1889 had consumed the piers as far north as Union Street along with the rest of the heart of the city.

After the Great Fire, a small one-story wood frame firehouse was erected near the foot of Madison Street, but not quite at the present site. It opened January 3, 1891 with a crew of nine, the new fireboat Snoqualmie and a small hose wagon. In 1902, a larger two-story wood-frame building was constructed on the present site and in 1910, the new fireboat Duwamish replaced the Snoqualmie. The wood-frame building was demolished in 1916 and replaced by an elegant brick building in 1917, incorporating Craftsman and Tudor Revival details. An additional fireboat Alki came into service in 1928.

While the 1917 fire station was recognized as an aesthetically good building, by the early 1960s its supporting pier timbers were becoming unsafe. The building was demolished in early 1961. After extensive work on the pier supports, the new modern building by Durham, Anderson & Freed opened in December 1963.

Piers 54–56

Pier 54 (originally Pier 3) and its shed were constructed in 1900 by the Northern Pacific Railway, the southernmost of their three adjacent piers between Madison and University Streets. The shed's first tenants were Galbraith and Bacon (James Galbraith and Cecil Bacon) who dealt in grain and hay, and also in building materials. In Mosquito Fleet days it became known as the Galbraith Dock, from which the Kitsap County Transportation Company, run by James Galbraith's son Walter Galbraith, competed against the Black Ball Line at the Colman Dock. It was home port for the Kitsap, the Utopia, the Reliance and the Hyak. From 1929 to the mid-1930s it was general headquarters for Gorst Air Transport, who operated a seaplane service from there, using Keystone-Loening planes. They also operated out of Bremerton across the Sound. Through this period, the Northern Pacific still owned the pier, but by 1944 the Washington Fish and Oyster Company (now Ocean Beauty Seafoods) had purchased the pier and was its main tenant. Engineering firm Reese and Callender Associates helped them reinforce the pier and to adapt it to its new use.

By 1938, the Kitsap Transportation Company was out of business. That year, Ivar Haglund rented the northeast corner of the pier shed for a one-room aquarium, which included a small fish and chips stand. The aquarium closed around 1945, at which time the restaurant moved to the southeastern corner and was redesigned in Streamline Moderne style. Ivar's Acres of Clams, named after an old folk song, became the flagship of the Ivar's chain of seafood restaurants. In 1966, Haglund purchased the pier, and Washington Fish and Oyster Company became his tenant. The restaurant was repeatedly redesigned and expanded over the years, achieving more or less its present configuration before Haglund's death in 1985.

Since 1988, Pier 54 has been home not only to Ivar's Acres of Clams, but also to the current incarnation of Ye Olde Curiosity Shop, which has occupied a succession of venues on the Central Waterfront since its founding in 1899. Besides the usual run of tourist souvenirs, it sells a variety of Northwest Native art; the store prides itself on dealing directly with the artists. They also carry Russian lacquer boxes, matreshka dolls and porcelain figurines, copper and wooden postcards, music boxes, and a variety of other unusual items. None of these are nearly as unusual as the store's "museum" curiosities, which are not for sale: "Sylvester" the mummy, fetal Conjoined twins calves, a collection of shrunken human heads, a woven cedar bark hat worn by Chief Seattle, whale and walrus oosiks, and a number of items that appeared in Ripley's Believe It Or Not.

Pier 55, at the foot of Spring Street, was originally named Pier 4. The first Pier 4, built in 1900, collapsed in September 1901, causing the loss of at least 1700 tons of freight. No one was killed in the accident, and the following year the Northern Pacific Railroad completed a new Pier 4, this time with better bracing, which survives today as the renamed Pier 55. Its first tenant, the Arlington Dock Company, was a shipping agent for passenger steamships to several West Coast cities and to Alaska, Asia and Europe. The pier was used for passenger service until around World War I. The Fisheries Supply Company became the principal tenant from at least 1938 to the 1980s. In 1945, the pier was remodeled. Structural improvements were made at that time by Melvin O. Sylliaasen and in the 1960s by the engineering firm Harvey Dodd and Associates. Further improvements were made in the late 1990s, along with some alterations to the exterior of the pier shed.

The north side of Pier 55 was formerly the downtown terminus of the Elliott Bay Water Taxi (now the King County Water Taxi) to West Seattle before the dock was moved to Pier 50. Between Piers 55 and 56, and utilizing parts of both piers as of 2008, Argosy Cruises moor the tour boats Royal Argosy, Spirit of Seattle, Lady Mary, Goodtime II, and Sightseer. From 2009 to 2021, one of its routes included the boat to Tillicum Village on Blake Island.

Pier 56 (originally Pier 5), the third of the Northern Pacific Railroad wharves, was constructed in 1900. President Theodore Roosevelt landed there on the steamer Spokane on May 23, 1903. With the adjacent Pier 4/55, it was one of the two Arlington Docks, but is better known as the base of operations for Frank Waterhouse and Company, a steamship line that rose to prominence during the Klondike Gold Rush. They provided transportation to the Yukon and Alaska, including the Bering Sea, and transported American soldiers to Manila in the Philippines during the Spanish–American War of 1898–1899. Eventually, they serviced Hawaii, the Mediterranean and Russia, but went bankrupt in 1920.

After the Waterhouse company, the pier housed a succession of firms: the Hayden Dock Company, Shepard Line Intercoastal Service, and the Northland Transportation Company, as well as the Arlington Dock Company. During the 1962 Century 21 Exposition, the World's Fair at what afterwards became Seattle Center, the pier added curio shops, restaurants, fish houses, etc., and ceased to be a transportation hub. Trident Imports, opened on the pier around that time, had a decades-long run of importing everything from rattan furniture from Southeast Asia to chocolate from Belgium. Ted Griffin's Seattle Marine Aquarium was located at the west end of the pier. Its star attraction, Namu the killer whale, died in 1966. The architecture, landscape and urban design firm Mithun completed a renovation of the pier in 2000 and is now housed in the second floor of the pier shed.

Piers 57–63

The city purchased Pier 57 in 1971 and Piers 58 to 61 in 1978, after cargo shipping at the piers was relocated years earlier to the container port to the south. In 1989, the city traded Pier 57 for Piers 62 and 63.

Pier 57 (originally Pier 6) near the foot of University Street was built in 1902 by the Miller and Geske Construction Company and repeatedly modified over the course of the next decade. It was originally built for the John B. Agen Company. In 1909, the pier passed into the hands of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, the last of four transcontinental railroads to reach Seattle. The Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul was commonly known as the "Milwaukee Road", so the pier became known as the "Milwaukee Pier". It soon became the terminal for the McCormick Steamship Line, the Munson McCormick Line and Osaka Shosen Kaisha, and by the mid-1930s was also known as the "McCormick Terminal". In the 1950s at least part of the pier was used for fish processing. By the 1960s, the Port of Seattle owned the pier, and had cut holes in the deck for recreational fishing, but the pilings were deteriorating and the pier was settling unevenly. In 1971, the City purchased the pier from the Port and renovated it over the next three years. The renovated pier, now known as the "Bay Pavilion", has restaurants, shops, an amusement arcade, and an early 20th-century carousel. In June 2012 a 175-foot Ferris wheel, the Seattle Great Wheel, opened. The wheel has 42 climate-controlled gondolas, each holding up to six passengers. Pier 57 is now privately owned after the city traded it for Piers 62 and 63.

Pier 58 (originally Pier 7) was constructed during the same period as the renovation of Pier 57, Waterfront Park, designed by the Bumgardner Partnership and consultants, was constructed on the site of the Schwabacher Wharf demolished in the 1950s. The Schwabacher Wharf had been just far enough north to survive the Great Seattle Fire in 1889. In the 1890s, it was the site of two prominent events in the city's history. The freighter Miike Maru opened Seattle's Japan trade by docking there August 31, 1896. Less than a year later, July 17, 1897, the steamship Portland arrived from Alaska bearing a "ton of gold", from the Klondike, Yukon. The ensuing Yukon Gold Rush formed strong bonds between Seattle and Alaska, and brought enormous wealth to Seattle as the "Gateway to Alaska".

Pier 59 is the site of the main building of the Seattle Aquarium, built on a pier shed first constructed in 1905. In 1896 fish and grain dealers Ainsworth and Dunn (see below) built a pier at the location of today's designated city landmark Pier 59, originally Pier 8, also known as the Pike Street Pier. The pier had to be reconfigured because the 1897 Thomson/Cotterill plan dictated that all piers run parallel to one another. Ainsworth and Dunn left this pier around the time the present shed was constructed; subsequent tenants were grain dealer Willis Robinson and the Northwestern Steamship Company. By 1912, the pier was owned and largely occupied by steamship agent Dodwell Dock and Warehouse Company, owned by Dodwell & Co. (Hong Kong). It became known as the Dodwell Dock. That name fell out of usage when the pier was sold in 1916 to the Pacific Net and Twine Company, later merged into Pacific Marine Supply Company. In the 1950s through early 60s, Pier 59 was the home of Puget Sound Tug & Barge. Crowley moved the operations to the Duwamish Waterway in the 1960s.
The two "stubby" piers known as the Fish and Salt Docks (later Piers 60 and 61) were purchased by the Port of Seattle in the mid-1940s, and were removed in 1975 to make room for the Seattle Aquarium. Prior to acquisition by the Port, they had housed the Whiz Fish Company and the Palace Fish Company.

Pier 62 (built in 1901) and Pier 63 (built in 1905) have long since lost their sheds, which were similar to the one on Pier 59. Pier 62 was originally numbered Pier 9, known as the Gaffney Dock, after its absentee owner Mary Gaffney. Pier 63 (originally Pier 10) was known by 1908 as the Holden Dock, but was more commonly known as the Virginia Dock or Virginia Street Dock from its location. It was designed by architect Max Umbrecht and one of its main tenants in the 1910s was Northwest Fisheries, who canned and distributed Alaskan red salmon. An overpass connected the dock to a warehouse on the other side of Railroad Avenue. For many years after the city acquired these two piers in 1989 (in a trade with a private company for Pier 57), they were the venue for the Summer Nights at the Pier concert series, but the "aged and deteriorating" piers can no longer handle the weight of a stage and a crowd. In 2006, the city began plans to replace these piers.  In 2017, work began to remove the pier's wooden supports replacing them with 175 steel legs.  In addition, a floating dock was added alongside the pier.

Bell Street Pier, Edgewater hotel, and Port headquarters

Pier 66 is the official designation for the Port of Seattle's Bell Street Pier and Bell Harbor complex, which replaced historic Piers 64, 65, and 66 in the mid-1990s. Facilities at the Bell Street facility include a marina, a cruise ship terminal, a conference center, the Odyssey Maritime Discovery Center, restaurants, and marine services. A pedestrian elevator and overpass at Bell Street connects it to the upland World Trade Center (another Port of Seattle property), as well as to a parking lot and to Belltown in general. The area once was a shantytown. Cleared around 1903 in conjunction with the regrading of Denny Hill, it became home to the Pacific Coast Company's Orient Dock, which ran parallel to the shoreline rather than at the usual northeast–southwest angle. The southern portion of that dock was sometimes referred to as Pier D. By the 1920s, the Orient Dock was replaced by two "finger piers" running at the usual angles. These Lenora Street Piers (Piers 64 and 65) were used by the "Princess Ships" of the Canadian Pacific Railway and the Leslie Salt Co. The Port of Seattle's original Bell Street Pier, the previous Pier 66, was built here in 1914 on dirt from the Denny Regrade. Despite the Thomson/Cotterill plan, the Orient Dock and both the old and new Bell Street Pier were built parallel to the shore. There was a bridge on the site of the present-day pedestrian overpass.

Pier 67, renamed from Galbraith-Bacon Pier, Wall Street Pier, or Vine Street Pier in World War II, is the site of The Edgewater hotel (originally and briefly the Camelot, and for many years the Edgewater Inn). The hotel has hosted numerous celebrities over the years, most famously the Beatles who came to Seattle in 1964 during the height of Beatlemania. Pier 68 (the Booth Fisheries Pier) was demolished at the time the hotel was built on the newly reconstructed Pier 67.

Pier 69, north of Pier 67 and roughly between Vine and Clay Streets, is the site of the Port of Seattle headquarters and the Seattle terminus of the Clipper Navigation, a foot passenger (walk-on only) ferry with regular service to the Inner Harbour in Victoria, British Columbia and seasonal service to Friday Harbor, Washington. Although very heavily remodeled, the pier traces its history in part to Pier 13, built by the Roslyn Coal and Coke Company (1900), which also had a warehouse across Alaskan Way in the early 20th century. The warehouse was torn down to build the American Can Company building (headquarters of Zulily since 2013), which had an overpass to the pier in the 1930s.

Pier 70

Pier 70, at the foot of Clay and Broad Streets, now marks the northern end of the Central Waterfront. Beyond that are the Olympic Sculpture Park and Myrtle Edwards Park. Although the pier shed retains its historic shape, it was remodeled after a fire in 1915, remodeled again in the 1970s, and so heavily altered in the late 1990s—reclad with metal siding, all windows and doors modernized and many reconfigured—that (unlike the old Northern Pacific piers) it retains only traces of its historic character.

The pier was built as Pier 14 by Ainsworth and Dunn and completed in 1902 along with a warehouse across Railroad Avenue (today's Alaskan Way) that later, from the 1970s into the 2010s, housed the Old Spaghetti Factory. Ainsworth and Dunn's Seattle Fish Company dated from 1889 and occupied a succession of Central Waterfront locations. Beginning with a retail operation on higher ground at Second Avenue and Pike Street, they established themselves on the waterfront at the foot of Seneca Street by 1893, expanded their business to include grain and feed, and built Pier 8 / Pier 59 (though not its current pier shed) in 1896. By that time they had canning operations in Seattle and at Blaine, Washington. Eventually they moved their entire operation to Blaine, but they owned of Pier 14 until at least 1920, taking on a succession of tenants. In 1905, the main tenant was the Puget Sound Wharf and Warehouse Company, in 1912, the American and Hawaiian Steamship Company and in 1920, the Dodwell Dock and Warehouse Company, operating it as a terminal for the Northland Steamship Company and the Blue Funnel Line. The Washington State Liquor Control Board used the pier as a warehouse during World War II, after which The Coast Guard used the pier as its Seattle base from 1946 to 1955, and visiting naval vessels moored on its north side.

Like the piers to it south, its historic uses were superseded by containerization, and it was remodeled to house shops and restaurants. Triad Development bought the pier in 1995, and in the late 1990s it was remodeled as a headquarters for Go2Net, which was merged into InfoSpace, and fared poorly in the 2000–2001 crash that followed the dot-com bubble. Immediately before that remodel, in 1998 The Real World: Seattle was filmed there. Because the Central Waterfront piers are not zoned residential, the building was officially a 24-hour-a-day film set for the shoot.

Across Alaskan Way

Several buildings on the inland side of Alaskan Way have strong maritime associations. For example, as mentioned above, the building that now houses the Old Spaghetti Factory was built in conjunction with Pier 14, now Pier 70. Southeast from there, across Clay Street, the building that is now the headquarters of Zulily and also houses part of the Art Institute of Seattle began life in 1916 as the American Can Company, and in the 1930s was connected to Pier 69 by a skybridge. Continuing south across Vine Street is the former Booth Fisheries Building. Even farther inland, across Elliott Way from the Booth Fisheries Building, three former cannery worker cottages survive.

Another example is the Agen Warehouse, also known as Olympic Cold Storage Warehouse, at the corner of Western Avenue and Seneca Street near the downtown piers. Designed by architect John Graham and built in 1910, it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It originally housed John Agen's Alaska Butter and Cream Company, which moved from Pier 6 (now Pier 57). Immediately north of that is another Graham building, built in 1918 as a warehouse for the Pacific Net and Twine Company. That company merged with the Marine Supply Company to form the Pacific Marine Supply Company, which continued to use the warehouse in conjunction with its operations on the old Pier 1 at the foot of Yesler Way. More recently, the building has been associated with genetic engineering company Immunex.

History

Early native villages

The history of human activity on what is now Seattle's Central Waterfront predates the settlement that became the city of Seattle. The Duwamish had a winter village of approximately 8 longhouses roughly at the intersection of First Avenue South and Yesler Way. With about 200 people, it was one of the most sizable villages along Elliott Bay. Its name, dᶻidᶻəlal̕ič ("little crossing-over place") is still used by the Duwamish today.

Farther north, at the foot of Bell Street, was a ravine with another Duwamish encampment, babaqʷəb ("little prairies"). It may have constituted a route to the prairie that extended between Queen Anne Hill and the former Denny Hill, including the site of the present Seattle Center. Two longhouses took advantage of a spring. By around the 1860s, the longhouses were gone, but modest beach structures remained.

There were also burial grounds roughly at the foot of Seneca Street. There appears to have been a smaller later burial ground just north of babaqʷəb, possibly dating from when the larger settlement at dᶻidᶻəlal̕ič had been pre-empted by settlers.

Chief Seattle's daughter Princess Angeline continued to live on the central waterfront until the end of her life (she died in 1896). It is not known exactly where her beach shack stood, but photos indicate that it was somewhere just north of the present-day Pike Street Hill Climb. Also into the 1890s, the Duwamish camped on  at the foot of Washington Street in the present-day Pioneer Square neighborhood. The mound had been created from ballast and other material dumped by ships. In the late 1890s, Ballast Island was planked over as part a continuation of Railroad Avenue south of Yesler Way. Later, it was dredged and became part of the harbor.

19th-century development
Henry Yesler established his steam-powered sawmill at the foot of Mill Road (now Yesler Way) in October 1852. That mill and its wharf were, for several decades, the most important structures on the waterfront. The wharf became a transportation hub.

The Seattle, Lake Shore and Eastern Railway (SLS&ER) was the first to run a rail line along the water, in 1887, with a depot near the foot of Columbia Street on Western Avenue. The SLS&ER was eventually purchased by the Northern Pacific Railway. James J. Hill's Great Northern Railway eventually laid track even farther to the water side. Railroad Avenue, the route of both railways, was  wide and built mainly on pilings over tideflats. The rail lines came from the south and, until 1893, went no farther north than Smith Cove, a short distance north of the Central Waterfront.

The Great Seattle Fire (June 6, 1889) obliterated Yesler's Wharf and all other waterfront structures south of Union Street. The one major wharf remaining after the fire was the Schwabacher Dock (also known as Schwabacher Wharf or Schwabacher's Wharf), just north of the "burnt district". Within four years after the fire, there was enormous redevelopment west of Front Street (now First Avenue), with an 1893 Sanborn insurance map showing West Street, now Western Avenue, running the entire length of the present Central Waterfront (and then some, continuing northwest into what is now Myrtle Edwards Park), and Water Street (now Elliott Avenue) running more or less along what was then the shore from Bell Street to Broad Street; filling has subsequently moved that shore west. There were numerous docks, mostly perpendicular to the shore. The Sanborn map indicates the nature of the businesses along the waterfront, and suggests that fishing had not yet become an important industry at this time. More typical waterfront uses were warehouses for grain and feed. Just inland from the water were many hotels, ranging from workingmen's hotels to a "Grand Hotel" on Front Street between Madison and Marion Streets.

Prior to Washington statehood in 1889, the question of title to the tidelands was entirely unclear. Yesler and others had built onto the tidelands regardless of this legal limbo. The number of these "tideland jumpers" increased up as statehood approached. Officially, the federal government held the tidelands in trust for the future state, and all such activities—which included the construction of railways—were technically illegal. The new state constitution fashioned a compromise measure: the state generally affirmed its own ownership of tidelands, but provided for case-by-case exceptions to be adjudicated by the courts. In many cases, adjudication had to be made between upland owners and those who had built on pilings on the tidelands. Constitutional provisions were also made for state-owned harbors with zones along the shore reserved for "landings, wharves and streets and other conveniences of navigation and commerce." All this was later modified to allow towns and municipalities to gain more control of their own shorelines, setting the stage for coherent plans for development and reclamation.

The arrangement of the "finger" piers on the Central Waterfront, each more or less a parallelogram, dates from an 1897 plan. Their uniform northeast–southwest direction was prescribed by city engineer Reginald H. Thomson and his assistant George F. Cotterill. Most earlier piers, none of which survive, formed a perfect right angle to the shore; the present piers do not. Thomson and Cotterill's arrangement spared freight trains from needing to make a sharp right angle and prevented piers from potentially running into one another where the shoreline curved.

Heyday, stagnation, and revival

Throughout the first half of the 20th century, Seattle's Central waterfront was the bustling center of one of North America's major ports. The needs of the waterfront created a district of light industrial uses and workingmen's hotels. The waterfront was a focus of the conflicting agendas of big business, radical labor unionists such as the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), Populists, and middle-class Progressive reformers such as the Municipal Ownership League led by George Cotterill. The Progressives achieved one of their most cherished goals when the Port of Seattle, the first municipal corporation in the United States, was established in 1911, with elected port commissioners. Despite that victory, for the next several decades and even, to a lesser extent, today, much of the Central Waterfront remained in private hands.

The Port Commission nonetheless had an enormous impact shortly after its inception. Their original Bell Street Pier (1914; see below) established a significant presence on the waterfront. However, as Seattle became a particularly successful port during World War I, the Port Commission became increasingly the captive of business interests. Seattle prospered as a port in the 1920s, especially through increased trade with Japan, importing such goods as soybean oil and raw silk. The soybean oil had an important local industrial use: in 1923, I. F. Laucks invented his waterproof "Lauxein" glue. Made from soybeans, it was used heavily by the region's plywood industry.

Shipping lines with facilities on Central Waterfront piers in the 1920s included local steamer companies, but also the Grand Trunk Pacific Steamship Company, the Royal Mail Steam Packet Company, the East Asiatic Steamship Company, the Cosmos Line, the Osaka Shoshen Kaisha, the Hamburg America Line, the Blue Funnel Line, and such mercantile tenants as Seattle Pacific Marine Supply and W. R. Grace and Company.

Although Seattle was hit hard by the Great Depression, development of the Central Waterfront did not come to a complete halt. Former livery stables continued to be converted to garages, the Black Ball Line brought a striking Art Deco motif to Colman Dock, and Gorst Air Transport operated seaplanes. The American Can Company built its massive building across from Pier 69, and the seawall was greatly extended in 1934.

During World War II, 29 shipyards operated in Seattle, though none of them on the Central Waterfront. This period also saw the introduction of fork lifts and pallets to move cargo. These marked the beginning of a change in shipping and quayside technology that would render the old piers obsolete. In 1946, E. H. Savage, president of the Port Commission, proposed demolishing the "Gold Rush period" piers and put forth the first of several schemes for "modern reinforced concrete structures, providing longitudinal mooring parallel to Alaskan Way", suitable for "large ocean-going vessels." These schemes were not adopted, and in the 1950s Seattle was a port in decline. The Port of Seattle had come to own most of the over-water structures on the Central Waterfront, but for the most part such shipping traffic as Seattle retained was using other piers and docks. Furthermore, construction of the Alaskan Way Viaduct in the early 1950s placed a visual barrier and a partial physical barrier between much of the Central Waterfront and the rest of Downtown.

With maritime activity moving elsewhere, especially to the new container port south of the Central Waterfront, people began to consider the potential importance of the Central Waterfront as a tourist destination. At the beginning of 1960, the only specifically tourist-oriented businesses on the Central Waterfront piers were Ye Olde Curiosity Shop (founded in 1899) and Ivar Haglund's Acre of Clams restaurant (founded in 1938). Another restaurant, the Cove, opened that year. Most of the plans proposed in this era foresaw demolishing all or nearly all of the historic piers. (In this same era, there were many proposals to demolish large numbers of Pioneer Square buildings, as well.) Proposed to take their place were such things as a sea circus, an aquarium, hotels and motels, a park, a marina, a heliport, a convention center, shops, restaurants, office buildings, and high rise apartments. One hotel, now The Edgewater, was built in 1962–63. Some of the visions from this era also included marine-supply stores, mooring for historic ships and a maritime museum. There was already criticism of the Alaskan Way Viaduct: architect Ibsen Nelson called it a "major built-in problem".

Tangible signs of revival began in the 1960s and accelerated in the 1970s and '80s. Several piers were reworked to contain shops and restaurants. Ted Griffin's Seattle Marine Aquarium was located on the western end of Pier 56 from 1962 to 1976, succeeded by the current Seattle Aquarium on Pier 59. All of these were achieved while preserving historic pier shed structures. The space once occupied by the Schwabacher Wharf, vacant for decades, became Waterfront Park. Also in this era, many historic buildings nearby on land were rehabilitated; several received city or federal historic designations. The bars and taverns along First Avenue "considered decrepit by some and colorful by others," gave way to new developments such as the Watermark Tower.

Future

While the many thwarted plans of the 1960s may constitute a warning about prognostication, the city has adopted an official Waterfront Concept Plan. The planning process behind this document began in 2003 and centered on a 300-person Visioning Charrette in February 2004, the largest event of its kind in the city's history. Aside from the city's process, plans are under consideration for major work at the Washington State Ferry terminal and the Seattle Aquarium; the Olympic Sculpture Park has already transformed the northern end of the Central Waterfront.

Some things about the future of the Central Waterfront are clear. The 2001 Nisqually earthquake revealed that the Alaskan Way Viaduct is unsound and the seawall is in very poor condition. Another earthquake could cause liquefaction of the soils, undermining the viaduct and placing massive pressure on the seawall. While there may be much question as to what will happen, there is no doubt that things cannot remain as they are. Elsewhere on the waterfront, the deteriorating Piers 62 and 63 also cannot remain as they are.

In 2008, the Washington State Department of Transportation considered eight scenarios for replacing the viaduct's Central Waterfront section, including three surface road options, two viaduct options (one with a park level over the traffic level), a bored tunnel, a cut-and-cover tunnel, and a lidded roadway. The bored tunnel option was selected the following year. The city's Department of Parks and Recreation is considering five different alternatives for replacing Piers 62 and 63, some of them integrated with specific replacement plans for the viaduct.

The State Route 99 tunnel opened in February 2019 following years of delay in construction. The Alaska way viaduct was torn down over the course of 2019, allowing for redevelopment of the waterfront area. Plans for the future waterfront, with construction into 2023, include a new Alaskan Way with bike lanes, an adjoining landscaped promenade, and pedestrian links from the waterfront and Pike Place Market.

References

Further reading
 .

 . Chapter 2. Description of Proposed Action, Including Alternatives (on archive.org), chapter = Chapter 3 – Affected  Environment,  Environmental Impacts, and Mitigation Measures (on archive.org).

 , includes new and old designations.

External links

Neighborhoods in Seattle
Seattle


The Macchi M.24 was a flying boat designed by Alessandro Tonini and produced by Macchi in Italy during the 1920s. Originally intended as a bomber, it was eventually produced for civilian use as well.

Design and development
The M.24 resembled a scaled-up version of earlier Macchi flying boat bombers such as the M.9 and M.18, sharing their biplane configuration and Warren truss-style interplane struts. However, while these earlier aircraft were single-engine types, the M.24 had twin engines mounted in a tractor-pusher pair on struts in the interplane gap. Also like the M.18, it featured an open position in the bow for a gunner, but added a second such position amidships as well.

Two M.24s made a demonstration flight in 1925 from Macchi's home on Lake Varese, crossing the Alps to Amsterdam, Copenhagen, Stockholm, Leningrad and home again. This feat was followed by torpedo-launching experiments. The M.24 saw extensive use with the Italian Navy, and several were purchased by the Spanish Navy, which made an extensive use of them during the Rif War, particularly in the Alhucemas landing.

A civil version with equal-span wings was developed in 1927 as the M.24bis. This featured an enclosed cabin within the forward hull that could seat eight passengers. Aero Espresso Italiana flew these on its Brindisi-Athens-Constantinople route, and SITAR operated them on routes in the Mediterranean as well.

Operators

Regia Marina

Variants
 M.24 - initial production version - biplane with Fiat A.12 engines and shorter lower wings
 M.24bis - equal-span version with Lorraine-Dietrich or Isotta-Fraschini Asso engines, produced in both military and civil subtypes
 M.24ter - military version with Isotta-Fraschini Asso engines

Specifications (M.24ter)

See also

Notes

References

M.24
1920s Italian bomber aircraft
Flying boats
Biplanes
Twin-engined push-pull aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1924


Building

The building consists of two connected two-story sections: a square warehouse and rectangular stable. They are built into a slight slope and only the west (main) elevation is fully exposed. It has a stone foundation giving way to brick laid in common bond rising to a low-pitched tin hipped roof with an unusual brick-corbeled cornice and a few arched dormer windows.

Inside, both sections are almost intact. The warehouse's floors are both open, with its upper floor supported by randomly spaced joists supported by heavy beams at the center. In the stable, the tack room and stalls have been removed to make space for contemporary automotive uses but other than that there have been no changes.

There are no outbuildings related to its original use surviving. Shay's house is also on the parcel, but it has undergone considerable change since it was built and is not considered contributing.

History

Shay bought the Main Street-Point Street corner property around 1863. His house is shown on maps of the village from the next decade, but not the warehouse. It probably existed as it was not the custom of mapmakers of the time to show outbuildings. He used it for storage and transshipment of rags and cotton waste from the mills in Wappingers Falls.

In later years it would see other uses as New Hamburg changed due to the decline in commercial traffic along the Hudson River and the later rise and fall of the railroad over the 20th century. It would be a cooperage for apple barrels and a brass foundry. The stable was modified as cars replaced horses. At the time of its listing on the National Register it was a boat-repair shop, reflecting the nearby marinas that now dominate the hamlet's economy.

More recently it has been used just for storage. It is today the only intact surviving commercial or industrial building from New Hamburg's days as a river port.

Aesthetics

Like the nearby duplex Shay built, the warehouse (stable) is very ornamented for a vernacular industrial or related building from that period in the Poughkeepsie area. Unlike the duplex, built five years later, its basic style is Italianate, as evidenced by the blocky forms and arched windows. But the decoration, particularly the corbeled brick, suggests an attempt to interpret the Picturesque mode popularized in mid-century.

References

Commercial buildings completed in 1865
New Hamburg, New York
Buildings and structures in Poughkeepsie, New York
National Register of Historic Places in Dutchess County, New York
Stables in the United States
Agricultural buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)


Burkina Faso is a multilingual country. An estimated 70 languages are spoken there, of which about 66 are indigenous. Mooré is spoken by about 52.5% of the population, mainly in the central region around the capital, Ouagadougou. French is the official language.

In the west, Mande languages are widely spoken, the most predominant being Dyula (also spelled Jula or Dioula), others including Bobo, Samo, and Marka. Peul (), a dialect of Fulani, is spoken in the north, however it is widely spoken throughout the country as a lingua franca. Gourmanché () is spoken in the east, while the Bissa language is spoken in the south.

Education for the deaf in Burkina uses American Sign Language, which was introduced by the deaf American missionary Andrew Foster. The Burkina Sign Language is used in Ouagadougou.

French language
The official language is French, which was introduced when France colonized Burkina Faso in 1919. French is the principal language of administrative, political and judicial institutions, public services, and the press. It is the only language for laws, administration and courts. French is the language of instruction in the nation's schools. However, fewer than 15 percent of the population uses French on a day-to-day basis. Despite this low percentage, there is a high amount of support in keeping French as the language of instruction because it provides children a pathway to social mobility and assures continued economic support for education. In fact, according to a 1998 report, “Burkinabe saw no interest in sending their children to school to learn a language that they already spoke at home”.

French is one of 13 languages used on the radio.

National languages
Mooré is the most widely spoken language in the country, with 48 percent of Burkinabe being speakers as of 2008 and is a de facto lingua franca. Dyula and Peul are also recognized as national languages. This has caused consternation with speakers of the other languages, who have protested it as an injustice.

The country's name was taken from words in two of the most widely spoken languages, with ‘Burkina’ meaning ‘man of integrity’ in Mooré and ‘Faso’ meaning ‘father’s house’ in Dyula.

Peul is the lingua franca in many parts of Burkina Faso. It is widely spoken in the north and east of the country as a first language, with 8.36 percent of the population able to speak it. Dyula is also a lingua franca and is widely used as a trading language, particularly in the west and in Bobo-Dioulasso. A 2014 survey reported that 5.7% of the population speaks Dyula as their dominant language at home, but the number of L2 speakers is likely much higher.

Most of the languages that are spoken belong to either the Mande or Gur branches. In rural areas of Burkina Faso, one's native language is typically used for common activities. In large towns, most people are multilingual. Although not recognized as a national language, Gourmanché is spoken by 5.51% of the population. Other important minority languages include Bissa, spoken by 2.85%; Bwamu, spoken by 1.91%, Dagara, spoken by 1.76%; and Samo, spoken by 1.66%. Dagara is spoken in the southwestern part of Burkina Faso and borrows heavily from French and, to a lesser degree, English.

Endangered languages include:

 Jalkunan [aka Dyala, Dyalanu, Jalkuna]
 Kalamsé [aka Kalemsé, Kalenga, Sàmòmá]
 Khe [aka Kheso, Bambadion-Kheso,]
 Khisa [aka Komono, Khi Khipa, Kumwenu]
 Natioro [aka Koo'ra, Natyoro, Natjoro]
 Pana (Burkina Faso) [aka Sama,]
 Pongu [aka Pongo, Pangu, Arringeu]
 Sininkere [aka Silinkere, Silanke,]
 Tiéfo [aka Foro, Tyefo, Tyeforo]
 Wara [aka Wára, Ouara, Ouala]

See also
African French
Education in Burkina Faso

References

External links
Ethnologue listing of Burkina Faso languages


Recombination signal sequences are conserved sequences of noncoding DNA that are recognized by the RAG1/RAG2 enzyme complex during V(D)J recombination in immature B cells and T cells.  Recombination signal sequences guide the enzyme complex to the V, D, and J gene segments that will undergo recombination during the formation of the heavy and light-chain variable regions in T-cell receptors and immunoglobulin molecules.

Structure

RSSs are made up of highly conserved heptamer sequences (7 base pairs), spacer sequences, and conserved nonamer sequences (9 base pairs) that are adjacent to the V, D and J sequences in the heavy-chain region of DNA and the V and J sequences in the light-chain DNA region. Spacer sequences are located between heptamer and nonamer sequences and exhibit base pair variety but are always either 12 base pairs or 23 base pairs long. Heptamer sequences are usually CACAGTG and nonamers are usually ACAAAAACC. The nucleotides in bold are more highly conserved. The RAG1/RAG2 enzyme complex follows the 12-23 rule when joining V, D, and J segments, pairing 12-bp spacer RSSs to 23-bp spacer RSSs. This prevents two different genes coding for the same region from recombining (ex. V-V recombination). RSSs are located between V, D, and J segments of the germ-line DNA of maturing B and T lymphocytes and are permanently spliced out of the final Ig mRNA product after V(D)J recombination is complete.

Function

The RAG1/RAG2 enzyme complex recognizes the heptamer sequences flanking the V and J coding regions and nicks their 5' end, releasing the intervening DNA between the V and J coding regions. In the heavy-chain coding region of DNA, the RAG1/RAG2 enzyme complex recognizes the RSSs flanking the D and J segments and brings them together, forming a loop containing intervening DNA. The RAG1/RAG2 complex then introduces a nick at the 5' end of the RSS heptamers adjacent to the coding regions on both the D and J segments, permanently removing the loop of intervening DNA and creating a double-stranded break that is repaired by VDJ recombinase enzymes. This process is repeated for the joining of V to DJ. In light-chain rearrangement, only V and J segments are brought together.

Related Diseases & Disorders

cRSS
Cryptic RSSs are gene sequences that resemble authentic RSSs and are occasionally mistaken for them by the RAG1/RAG2 enzyme complex. Recombining an RSS with a cRSS can lead to chromosome translocations, which can lead to cancer.

Omenn's Syndrome
Some infants born with autosomal recessive SCIDS lack a functional copies of the genes that code for the RAG1/RAG2 enzyme complex because of missense mutations. These infants will produce a non-functional RAG1/RAG2 enzyme complex that cannot recognize RSSs and therefore cannot initiate V(D)J recombination effectively. This disorder is characterized by a lack of functioning B and T cells.

References

Immune system


Wireless Hill is a steep-sided hill with a summit plateau that takes up most of the North Head promontory at the northern end of Australia’s subantarctic Macquarie Island, lying in the Southern Ocean about halfway between Australia and Antarctica.  Its highest point is about 100 m above sea level and it is joined to the main body of the island by a low and narrow isthmus that is occasionally wave-washed in heavy storms.  Macquarie Island Station, operated by the Australian Antarctic Division and the only permanently populated place on the island, lies at the northern end of the isthmus at the foot of Wireless Hill.  The hill is so named because it was the site of an early wireless telegraphy relay station, part of the first radio link to Antarctica.

Wireless Hill radio station
Headed by meteorologist George Ainsworth, the radio station was established as part of the 1911-1914 Australasian Antarctic Expedition led by Douglas Mawson in order to provide a radio link between the expedition’s main Antarctic base at Cape Denison, Commonwealth Bay, and Hobart, Tasmania.  It comprised a radio shack, an engine room and transmission masts erected at the top of the hill.  The equipment used was German-made Telefunken 1.5 kW spark transmitters, with power for radio transmission coming from a De Dion-Bouton engine.

The expedition telegraphists on Macquarie Island, Arthur Sawyer and Charles Sandell, used morse code operated on high frequency.  The first transmission of the station was made to another receiver on the island on 17 January 1912. The first communication between the island and the outside world took place on 13 February 1912, with Sydney radio and with shipping.  The station subsequently sent daily weather reports to Wellington, New Zealand.  Communication with Commonwealth Bay was finally established in April 1913.  In 1913 control of the station was handed over to the Australian Meteorological Service, which continued to operate it until 1915 when meteorological observations were discontinued.  The site and the equipment were then abandoned until 1948 when the Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions established a permanent presence on the island.

References

Macquarie Island
Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration
Australia and the Antarctic
1912 establishments in Australia
1915 disestablishments in Australia


Unboxed may refer to:
Being outside or removed from a box
Unboxed (Free Kitten album)
Unboxed: Creativity in the UK, 2022 innovation expo popularly known as the "Festival of Brexit"
Unboxed (Sammy Hagar album)


John Overton (April 9, 1766 – April 12, 1833) was an American planter, advisor of Andrew Jackson, a judge at the Tennessee Supreme Court, a banker and political leader.

Early life and education
Overton was born on April 9, 1766, in Louisa County, Virginia. His parents were James Overton and Mary Waller; his father was a great-grandson of Robert Overton, the Parliamentarian military commander during the English Civil War (and friend of Marvell and Milton).

Career
In 1787, he began his law career and moved to Nashville, Tennessee in 1789, to practice law at the Davidson County court. He was elected to succeed his friend Andrew Jackson as a member of the Tennessee Supreme Court in 1804, where he served as a judge until 1810. His elder brother Thomas Overton served as Jackson's second in his duel with Charles Dickinson. In 1819, he founded Memphis, Tennessee on land he owned with Andrew Jackson and James Winchester.

He was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1820.

Overton engaged in the slave trade and became one of the wealthiest men in Tennessee. Emily Berry was sold by Overton in Memphis.  Her children Mary, Martha, Billy and Minerva were looking for her years later.

Personal life
He was married to Mary McConnell White, the daughter of Knoxville founder, James White. He built Greenlevel in Collierville, Tennessee, although he continued to live at Travellers Rest in Nashville.

Later life and death
He died April 12, 1833, at Travellers Rest, his Nashville home.

Legacy
The nearby John Overton Comprehensive High School, located just across the railroad tracks that abut the property, is named in his honor.

Overton Park in midtown of Memphis was named after John Overton.

The Overton Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons on the historic courthouse square in Rogersville, Tennessee was named after John Overton and is the oldest continuously operating Masonic lodge in the state of Tennessee, and has been operating from the same building since circa 1840, and is a contributing property to the Rogersville Historic District.

Living direct descendants include the Overton family in Nashville, who live very close to Travelers Rest. Perkins Baxter Overton grew up playing on the Travelers Rest grounds and is the great-great-great-grandson of Judge John. His son Thomas Perkins Overton also has a son named John Overton.

Overton descendant as well, was American geologist William R. Dickinson.

References

External links

John Overton Papers, 1797-1833, Tennessee State Library and Archives.
Claybrooke and Overton Papers, 1747-1894, Tennessee State Library and Archives.
Murdock Collection of John Overton Papers, 1780-1908, Tennessee State Library and Archives.

1766 births
1833 deaths
People from Louisa County, Virginia
American people of English descent
Politicians from Nashville, Tennessee
American planters
American slave owners
American slave traders
Members of the American Antiquarian Society
Virginia colonial people
Justices of the Tennessee Supreme Court
Burials at Mount Olivet Cemetery (Nashville)


CPS II may refer to any of the following.

CP System II, an arcade system board developed by Capcom
Carbamoyl phosphate synthase II, a catalyzing enzyme


Marcus Cooper Sr. (born February 1, 1990) is a former American football cornerback. He was drafted by the San Francisco 49ers in the seventh round of the 2013 NFL Draft. He played college football for Rutgers University. Cooper has also played for the Kansas City Chiefs, Arizona Cardinals, Chicago Bears, Detroit Lions, and New York Jets.

Early years
Cooper attended Bloomfield High School in Bloomfield, Connecticut, where he was a two-sport star in football and track. In football, he finished his career as the school's all-time leader in receiving yards, touchdowns, receptions and consecutive games with a touchdown. He also ranks second in Connecticut history in career receiving yards (3,014), touchdown receptions (43), and consecutive games with a touchdown reception (13).

Also an standout track & field athlete, Cooper was a state qualifier in the 100 meters. At the 2008 Bloomfield Invitational, he took gold in the long jump, with a leap of 6.48 meters (21 ft, 1 in), while also earning second-place finishes in both the 100-meter dash (10.79 s) and the high jump (2.04 m) events. In addition, he also ran the 55-meter dash in 6.47 seconds and clocked a 4.45-second 40-yard dash.

College career
Cooper played all four years for the Rutgers Scarlet Knights, but saw limited playing time as a starter during his first two seasons. He switched to cornerback in his final year at Rutgers and his playing time increased immensely along with his production.

Professional career
Coming out of Rutgers, Cooper was projected by the majority of NFL draft experts and analysts to be selected in the seventh round or be a priority undrafted free agent signing immediately after the conclusion of the draft. He did not receive an invitation to the NFL Combine due to the fact that Cooper was not a highly projected prospect. On March 13, 2013, Cooper participated at Rutgers pro day and opted to perform all of the combine and positional drills for the team representatives and scouts from all 32 NFL teams. His overall performance was seen as a success and showcased his ability. He was ranked the 40th best cornerback prospect in the draft by NFLDraftScout.com.

San Francisco 49ers
The San Francisco 49ers selected Cooper in the seventh round (252nd overall) of the 2013 NFL Draft. He was the 29th and final cornerback selected during the draft.

On May 10, 2013, the San Francisco 49ers signed Cooper to a four-year, $2.20 million contract with a signing bonus of $45,896.

He competed with Tramaine Brock, Chris Culliver, Darryl Morris, and Lowell Rose throughout training camp for a job as a backup cornerback. On August 31, 2013, the San Francisco 49ers waived Cooper as part of their final roster cuts.

Kansas City Chiefs
On September 1, 2013, the Kansas City Chiefs claimed him off waivers and added him to their active roster. Upon arrival, head coach Andy Reid named Cooper the Chiefs' fourth cornerback on their depth chart behind veterans Sean Smith, Brandon Flowers, and Dunta Robinson.

He made his professional regular season debut during the Chiefs' season-opening 28–2 victory over the Jacksonville Jaguars and finished with one tackle. On September 29, 2013,  Cooper earned his first career start in a 31–7 win over the New York Giants and recorded a tackle and two pass deflections. He started in place of Brandon Flowers, who was unable to play due to a knee injury. The following week, he recovered a fumble in the end zone for a touchdown, made three combined tackles, three pass deflections, and made the first interception of his career, picking off Tennessee Titans' quarterback Ryan Fitzpatrick in a 26–17 victory. In Week 5, Cooper earned five solo tackles, a season-high four pass deflections, and intercepted a pass from Terrelle Pryor during a 24–7 victory over the Oakland Raiders. On December 1, 2013, Cooper started his fifth game of his rookie season and recorded a season-high eight combined tackles, defended a pass, and intercepted a pass from Peyton Manning during a 35–28 loss to the Denver Broncos, a game in which he also gave up several touchdowns to Broncos wide receiver Eric Decker in Decker's 4 touchdown performance.

He finished with a total of 44 combined tackles (41 solo), a career-high 18 pass deflections, and three interceptions in six starts and 16 games. Cooper won the Mack Lee Hill Award at the end of the 2013 season for being the most productive rookie on the team. After finishing second in the AFC West with an 11–5 record the Kansas City Chiefs received a playoff berth. On January 4, 2014, Cooper appeared in his first career postseason game and recorded two combined tackles and defended a pass as the Chiefs lost to the Indianapolis Colts 44–45 in the AFC Wildcard game.

2014
Cooper entered a competition in training camp for the vacant starting cornerback position left by the departure of Brandon Flowers. He competed with Ron Parker, Chris Owens, Phillip Gaines, and DeMarcus Van Dyke. He was named the starting cornerback, opposite Sean Smith, to begin the regular season.

He missed the season-opener against the Tennessee Titans due to an ankle injury he suffered during practice. On September 14, 2014, Cooper made his season debut and recorded five combined tackles and defended two passes during a 17–24 loss to the Denver Broncos. The following week, he recorded a season-high six combined tackles in a 34–15 victory over the Miami Dolphins. Cooper lost his starting cornerback job to Jamell Fleming after returning from a Week 6 bye. For the remainder of the season his role was extremely diminished, even after Fleming missed multiple games due to a hamstring injury. He was a healthy scratch for Weeks 16 and 17. He finished with a total of 21 solo tackles and three pass deflections in 13 games and four starts.

2015
Cooper returned to training camp in , facing stiff competition from Phillip Gaines, Marcus Peters, Jamell Fleming, Sanders Commings, and Steven Nelson as all were vying for the starting cornerback job. Head coach Andy Reid named Cooper the fourth cornerback on the Chiefs depth chart to begin the regular season, behind Sean Smith, Marcus Peters, and Jamell Fleming.

He was inactive for the Chiefs' 27–20 season-opening victory against the Houston Texans. On September 28, 2015, Cooper earned his first start of the season after Sean Smith was suspended for the first three games of the season for a D.U.I. arrest. He finished the 28–38 loss to the Green Bay Packers with only one tackle. From Week 5 to Week 10, Cooper was a healthy scratch and was deactivated. He completed his dismal 2015 season with only two combined tackles in ten games and one start. Cooper was deactivated for both of the Chiefs postseason games after finishing 11–5.

2016
Cooper attended training camp with the Chiefs in . He fell further down the depth chart behind Marcus Peters, Phillip Gaines, Steven Nelson, KeiVarae Russell, and Eric Murray.

Arizona Cardinals
On September 2, 2016, the Kansas City Chiefs traded Cooper to the Arizona Cardinals in exchange for a conditional seventh round draft pick in the 2018 NFL Draft. The Cardinals acquired him after losing Mike Jenkins to an ACL tear and Alan Ball to a quadriceps injury.

Upon his arrival, Cooper was named the fourth cornerback on the depth chart, behind Patrick Peterson, Justin Bethel, and Brandon Williams.

He made his Arizona Cardinals debut in their season-opener, as they lost to the New England Patriots 21–23. On September 18, 2016, Cooper recorded seven combined tackles, three pass deflections, a touchdown, and intercepted Tampa Bay Buccaneers' quarterback Jameis Winston twice during a 40–7 victory. His third quarter interception for a 60-yard touchdown was his first career touchdown. Head coach Bruce Arians named Cooper the starting cornerback after he performed well in Week 2, replacing Brandon Williams. On September 25, 2016, Cooper earned his first start as a member of the Cardinals and made seven combined tackles and deflected a pass during an 18–34 loss to the Buffalo Bills. In Week 5, he collected three combined tackles, a pass deflection, and intercepted a pass attempt by San Francisco 49ers' quarterback Blaine Gabbert in a 33–21 victory. During a Week 1 matchup against the Atlanta Falcons, Cooper had a career-high nine solo tackle performance as the Cardinals were defeated 19–38. He completed his only season in Arizona with a career-high 69 combined tackles (63 solo), 11 pass deflections, and a career-high four interceptions in 13 starts and 15 games. Cooper led the Cardinals in interceptions in 2016 with four and was an alternate for the 2017 Pro Bowl. The Arizona Cardinals finished with a dismal 7-8-1 record and did not receive a playoff berth, making it the first time in they finished with a losing season during the Bruce Arians head coaching era.

2017
Cooper became a free agent for the first time in his career after the conclusion of the . He drew interest and spoke to the Pittsburgh Steelers, New York Jets, and Chicago Bears. Arizona Cardinals' Head coach Bruce Arians expressed interest into resigning him but stated that, "The price looks like its going pretty high for him, so we'll wait and see."

Chicago Bears
On March 11, 2017, the Chicago Bears signed Cooper to a three-year, $16 million contract that includes $8 million guaranteed and a signing bonus of $1.5 million. The Arizona Cardinals received a compensatory sixth round draft pick in the 2018 NFL Draft after losing Cooper in free agency.

He attended Chicago Bears' training camp and competed for one of the vacant starting cornerback jobs left after the Bears released Tracy Porter and Jacoby Glenn. Head coach John Fox named Cooper the starting cornerback to begin the regular season, opposite Prince Amukamara, after winning the job over Bryce Callahan, Johnthan Banks, Kyle Fuller, Sherrick McManis, Deiondre' Hall, Cre'Von LeBlanc, and B. W. Webb.

Cooper started the Chicago Bears' season-opener against the Atlanta Falcons and made four solo tackles and defended a pass during the 23–17 loss.  He was unable to play in the Bears' Week 6 matchup against the Minnesota Vikings due to a back injury. After Prince Amukamara missed the first two games he started in place of Cooper in Week 3 and supplanted him as the starter, along with Kyle Fuller. He recovered a blocked field goal attempt during the Week 3 matchup against the Steelers, but slowed down, allowing tight end Vance McDonald to strip the ball from him, preventing a touchdown. Cooper appeared in Week 6 and 7, he was limited and did not record a stat in both games.

On March 14, 2018, Cooper was released by the Bears. On March 27, he re-signed with the Bears. He was released on November 21.

Detroit Lions
On November 22, 2018, Cooper was claimed off waivers by the Detroit Lions.

On March 16, 2019, Cooper signed a one-year contract to remain with the Lions. He was released on August 12, 2019.

New York Jets
On August 14, 2019, Cooper was signed by the New York Jets. He was released on August 31, 2019.

References

External links
Kansas City Chiefs bio

1990 births
Living people
American football cornerbacks
Arizona Cardinals players
Chicago Bears players
Detroit Lions players
Kansas City Chiefs players
New York Jets players
People from Bloomfield, Connecticut
Rutgers Scarlet Knights football players
San Francisco 49ers players
Players of American football from Hartford County, Connecticut
Bloomfield High School (Connecticut) alumni


The Kerala State Pollution Control Board is a body of the Department of Health and Family Welfare, Government of the State of Kerala, India. The board is charged with enforcing laws related to environmental protection. The Pollution Control Board has been established as a regulatory authority for implementing various pollution control laws. The board is committed to provide pollution free environment to the people of state. The Board has undertaken various studies of underground water, solid and air to take remedial steps to control pollution.

See also
Awaaz Foundation Non-governmental organisation in India, works towards preserving and enhancing environment and for other socially oriented causes.

 List of Kerala State Government Organisations

External links
Official Website
Official Website Old

1974 establishments in Kerala
Government agencies established in 1974
State pollution control boards of India
State agencies of Kerala
Environment of Kerala
Organisations based in Thiruvananthapuram


Alice Yen-Ping Ting is Taiwanese-born American chemist. She is a professor of genetics, of biology, and by courtesy, of chemistry at Stanford University. She is also a Chan Zuckerberg Biohub investigator and a member of the National Academy of Sciences.

Early life and education
Alice Ting was born in Taiwan and immigrated to the United States when she was three years old.  She was raised in Texas and attended the Texas Academy of Mathematics and Science (TAMS). She received her B.S. in chemistry from Harvard University in 1996, working with Nobel laureate E.J. Corey. She completed her Ph.D. with Peter G. Schultz at the University of California, Berkeley in 2000.

Ting completed her postdoctoral fellowship with 2008 Nobel Laureate Roger Y. Tsien.

Career
Ting joined the MIT Chemistry Department in 2002 where she was the Ellen Swallow Richards Professor until 2016.  In 2016, she moved to Stanford University, Departments of Genetics, of Biology, and, by courtesy, of Chemistry.  Her research harnesses the power of directed evolution and synthetic organic chemistry to develop novel methods for studying the cell.  She has received a number of awards, including a 2008 NIH Director's Pioneer Award, a 2010 Arthur C. Cope Scholar Award from the American Chemical Society, an NIH Transformative R01 Award (both 2013 and 2018), the McKnight Technological Innovations in Neuroscience Award, the Technology Review TR35 Award, the Sloan Foundation Research Fellowship, the Office of Naval Research Young Investigator Award, the Camille Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Award, and the Vilcek Prize for Creative Promise in Biomedical Science in 2012. Ting has been an investigator of the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub since 2017. Ting was elected as a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 2023.

Research
Ting and her lab are credited with developing several influential techniques, some of which have been broadly adopted by academic and industrial researchers across the world. Proximity labeling (PL) is a method for discovery of molecules that reside within a few nanometers (1-5 nm) of a designated molecule of interest, within living cells or organisms. The technique involves fusing a promiscuous labeling enzyme to the molecule of interest and then adding a small-molecule substrate that enables the enzyme to covalently tag any (protein or RNA) molecule within its immediate vicinity. PL is a powerful method for elucidating signaling networks, dissecting molecular function, and potentially discovering novel disease genes. Ting's laboratory has developed three widely used enzymes for PL; all were engineered using directed evolution: the peroxidase APEX2, and the biotin ligases TurboID and miniTurbo.

In addition, Ting and her lab developed monovalent streptavidin, site-specific biotinylation in mammalian cells, small monovalent quantum dots for single molecule imaging, APEX2 as a genetic tag for electron microscopy (analogous to green fluorescent protein but visible by electron microscopy), split horseradish peroxidase for visualization of synapses in vivo, FLARE (fast light- and activity-regulated expression) for gaining genetic access to activated neural ensembles, SPARK (specific protein association tool giving transcriptional readout with rapid kinetics) for transcriptional readout of protein-protein interactions, and PRIME (probe incorporation mediated by enzymes) – a protein labeling technique that enables scientists to capitalize on the brightness, photostability, small size, and chemical diversity of small-molecule probes as an alternative to green fluorescent protein.

References

External links
 TR35
 Ting Laboratory website at Stanford

American women chemists
Harvard College alumni
Living people
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science faculty
Organic chemists
Taiwanese emigrants to the United States
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Taiwanese chemists
Stanford University Department of Chemistry faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American women