A woofer is a large loudspeaker driver.

Woofer may also refer to:

 Bob Davis (Australian rules footballer)
 Wilderness First Responder, an individual trained in first aid
 WWOOFer, a WWOOF (Willing Workers on Organic Farms) volunteer
 A slang term for dog in DoggoLingo


Jens Erichstrup (10 November 1775 – 18 August 1826) was a Norwegian jurist and elected official. He served as a representative at the
Norwegian Constitutional Assembly at Eidsvoll in 1814.

Jens Erichstrup was born in  Skien in Telemark, Norway. He received an education in law and graduated as cand.jur. in 1798.
From 1801 to 1810 he worked in the Treasury (Rentekammeret), the first two years as copyist, later as proxy.  He was appointed bailiff () of Lister in Vest-Agder during 1810. He was elected to the Norwegian Constituent Assembly in 1814, representing the constituency of Lister Amt, together with Gabriel Lund and Teis Lundegaard. At Eidsvoll, he supported the position of the union party (Unionspartiet).

In 1818, he was appointed bailiff in Laurvig. He was also elected in 1818 as a representative from Lister og Mandals amt (now Vest-Agder) to the Norwegian Parliament  where he served as secretary on the election and the budget committees. He subsequently became acting County Governor of Jarlsbergs og Laurvigs Amt. While serving there, he was elected to the Norwegian Parliament in 1821 as a representative from Laurvig Grevskab (now Larvik) and in 1824 representing Jarlsberg og Laurviks amt (now Vestfold). Erichstrup was then County Governor of Stavanger Amt (now Rogaland) from 1825 until his death.

References

External links
Representantene på Eidsvoll 1814 (Cappelen Damm AS)
 Men of Eidsvoll (eidsvollsmenn)

Related Reading

1775 births
1826 deaths
Fathers of the Constitution of Norway
Members of the Storting
Vest-Agder politicians
Vestfold politicians
County governors of Norway
Norwegian jurists
Politicians from Skien


The Pointe des Ecandies is a mountain of the Mont Blanc Massif, located between Trient and Champex in the canton of Valais. It is located north of the Pointe d'Orny and east of the Trient Glacier.

References

External links
 Pointe des Ecandies on Hikr

Mountains of the Alps
Mountains of Valais
Mountains of Switzerland
Two-thousanders of Switzerland


Osmund Andersen Lømsland (2 July 1765 – 25 August 1841) was a Norwegian farmer who served as a representative at the Norwegian Constituent Assembly.

Osmund Andersen Lømsland was born at the  village of Mosby in  Oddernes, a borough in Kristiansand, Norway. He was engaged in farming. In 1806, he bought the farm Lømsland at Tveit  in Vest-Agder where he remained throughout his life. About 1790, Osmund Andersen was married with Anna Torstensdatter Lauvsland from the parish of Finsland (1766-1837). The couple had seven children born in the period 1790- 1803, of whom only three lived into adulthood.

He was elected to the Norwegian Constituent Assembly in 1814, representing the constituency of Mandals Amt (now Vest-Agder).
At the Assembly, he supported the union party (Unionspartiet).

References

1765 births
1841 deaths
Fathers of the Constitution of Norway
Vest-Agder politicians
People from Vest-Agder


Le Châtelet (2,537 m) is a mountain of the Swiss Mont Blanc massif, overlooking Orsières in the canton of Valais. It lies between the valleys of Orny and Saleina.

References

External links
 Le Châtelet on Hikr

Mountains of the Alps
Mountains of Valais
Mountains of Switzerland
Two-thousanders of Switzerland


Syvert Omundsen Eeg (21 August 1757 – 20 November 1838) was a Norwegian farmer and sea captain. He was a representative in the Norwegian Constitutional Assembly in 1814.

Eeg was born in Søgne in Vest-Agder, Norway. He worked as both a farmer and a shipmaster. He signed up as a seaman in Kristiansand in 1796. He sailed aboard the  Strandmaagen and the brig Anne Marie. Later, he was the skipper of the galleons Emanuel and Peter. He was held captive in England as a result of the British embargo of Norway during the Napoleonic wars.

In 1782, Eeg married Anne Salvesdatter (1757-1842). The couple lived on the farm Eeg (Gården Eik in Søgne). They were the parents of eight children, of whom only five survived childhood.

He was elected to the Norwegian Constituent Assembly in 1814, representing the constituency of Mandals Amt (now Vest-Agder). Together with his fellow representatives, Erich Haagensen Jaabech and Osmund Andersen Lømsland, during the negotiations at Eidsvoll, he supported the position of the Union Party (Unionspartiet).

References

External links
Representantene på Eidsvoll 1814 (Cappelen Damm AS)
 Men of Eidsvoll (eidsvollsmenn)
memorial for Eidsvollsmann Eeg

Related reading
Holme Jørn (2014) De kom fra alle kanter - Eidsvollsmennene og deres hus  (Oslo: Cappelen Damm)

1757 births
1838 deaths
People from Søgne
Fathers of the Constitution of Norway
Vest-Agder politicians
Norwegian people of the Napoleonic Wars


John Alexander McDonald (September 24, 1889 – April 16, 1962) was a farmer and political figure in Nova Scotia, Canada. He represented Kings County in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1920 to 1925, and again from 1933 to 1945 as a Liberal member. McDonald sat for King's division in the Senate of Canada from 1945 to 1962.

Career
McDonald was minister without portfolio from 1923 to 1925 and Minister of Agriculture from 1933 to 1945 in the province's Executive Council. He was defeated when he ran for reelection to the provincial assembly in 1925.

Family
He was born in Upper Dyke Village, Nova Scotia, the son of Andrew S. McDonald and Clara Kidston. McDonald was educated at the Kentville Academy and Acadia University. In 1912, he married Marguerite Taylor.

References

 Canadian Parliamentary Guide, 1936, EJ Chambers
https://nslegislature.ca/sites/default/files/constituencies/pdfs/kings%20north.pdf

1889 births
1962 deaths
Acadia University alumni
Members of the Executive Council of Nova Scotia
Nova Scotia Liberal Party MLAs
Canadian senators from Nova Scotia
Canadian Baptists
People from Kings County, Nova Scotia
20th-century Baptists


Mike Sangster (11 September 1940 – 30 April 1985) was a British No. 1 tennis player of the 1960s. He reached at least the quarter-final stage of each of the four Grand Slams, getting to the semi-finals of the 1963 French Open, 1961 Wimbledon and the 1961 US Open. Sangster was ranked World Amateur No. 7 in 1961 by Ned Potter.

Early life

Mike Sangster was born in Kingskerswell, Devon on 11 September 1940. On 30 May 1943, he survived being killed by German bombs when his sister decided not to take him to Sunday School. Twenty-four children died when the church was bombed. He attended Torquay Boys' Grammar School. As a teenager he played football for Torquay United and was offered a contract by West Ham United, before turning to tennis.

Tennis career

Mike Sangster made his first Wimbledon appearance aged 17 in 1958 and quickly rose to become British No. 1. He was immensely popular with the British public throughout the 1960s. He was renowned for his massive serve and for being a snappy dresser on court.

In 1961, Sangster became the first Briton in almost a quarter of a century to reach the Wimbledon Men's Singles Semi-finals (the previous being Bunny Austin in 1938). Sangster was beaten by the eighth seeded American, Chuck McKinley, 6–4 6–4 8–6. The only other Britons to have reached the Wimbledon semis since have been Roger Taylor, Tim Henman and Andy Murray. He also lost in the semifinals of the 1961 U.S. Championships to Rod Laver. In 1963, aged 22, Sangster reached the semi-finals of the French Tennis Championships where he lost to eventual champion Roy Emerson 8–6 6–3 6–4.

In 1964, Sangster's Australian coach, George Worthington, died. The death of his coach and mentor seemed to undermine Sangster's resolve.

While Sangster never reached a Grand Slam final, he is one of only three British men since Fred Perry (the others being Tim Henman and Andy Murray) to have reached the semi-finals of three different Grand Slam events – Wimbledon in 1961, the US National Tennis Championships in 1961 and the French Championships in 1963.

Serve

Sangster was renowned for his fast serve. His fastest serve was recorded at 154 miles per hour in 1963. This compares with the current world record of 155 mph set by Andy Roddick in a Davis Cup match against Russia in 2004. Although it was considered by many to be a world record at the time, Sangster's record remains unofficial since it was not timed with precise modern technology (Similarly, Bill Tilden had a serve timed unofficially at 163.6 mph in 1931). To return his serve, players had to retreat to the back of the court. In one match at the US Open, Rod Laver retreated so far back that he became entangled with the backstop netting.

Davis Cup

Sangster holds the record for the most matches played for Great Britain in the Davis Cup. He played 65 matches from 1960 to 1968, winning 43 of them.

Later life and death

In later years, Sangster ran a chain of sporting goods stores in southwestern England. Mike Sangster collapsed and died of a heart attack while playing golf on 30 April 1985. He was 44 years old.

References

External links

 New York Times article
 The Telegraph article

1940 births
1985 deaths
English male tennis players
People educated at Torquay Boys' Grammar School
People from Teignbridge (district)
Sportspeople from Torquay
British male tennis players
Tennis people from Devon


Ecurie Bonnier, Ecurie Suisse, Joakim Bonnier Racing Team and Anglo-Suisse Racing Team were names used by Swedish racing driver Joakim Bonnier to enter his own cars in Formula One, Formula Two and sports car racing between 1957 and his death in 1972. Commonly the vehicles were entered for Bonnier himself, but he also provided cars for a number of other drivers during the period.

Formula One

Jo Bonnier began entering cars in Formula One under his own name in 1957, first with a Maserati 250F, without much success, recording only two non-points scoring finishes from his six World Championship entries in 1957 and 1958. However, with strong performances in other races Bonnier attracted the attention of more established teams, and over the next seven years principally drove for the works BRM and Porsche teams, and Rob Walker's highly organised privateer outfit.

Bonnier returned to entering his own team in 1966, under the name Anglo-Suisse Racing to reflect his residency in Switzerland at the time. His principal mount that year was a Cooper-Maserati T81, painted in Swiss racing red and white. The year started promisingly at the season-opening non-Championship 1966 BRDC International Trophy at the Silverstone Circuit, with Bonnier qualifying the Cooper in sixth place and finishing a strong third, but the rest of the season brought little joy. A crash in the first lap of the Belgian Grand Prix destroyed his Cooper T81. While the car was repaired Bonnier entered an Alf Francis built Cooper-ATS at the French Grand Prix. After the Cooper-ATS did not prove to be competitive in practice Bonnier made a deal with the Brabham team and drove their spare car for the rest of the weekend. Bonnier's Cooper T81 was repaired in time for the Dutch Grand Prix after having driven a Brabham BT7 at the British Grand Prix. Anglo-Suisse Racing's first Championship points would come at the season-closing 1966 Mexican Grand Prix, from sixth place.

Bonnier continued to enter the Cooper during , but under the Joakim Bonnier Racing Team banner. The season was marginally more productive than the previous year, with Bonnier scoring Championship points in Germany and the US. In  Bonnier started the season with the aging Cooper, but this was rapidly replaced by the unique, ex-works McLaren-BRM M5A for the majority of that year's races. At the final race of the season, the 1968 Mexican Grand Prix, Honda offered Bonnier the use of a spare RA301 when the McLaren's BRM engine failed during practice. It was with the Honda that Bonnier scored his eponymous team's best World Championship result: fifth.

At the end of 1968 Bonnier himself decided to step back from Formula One competition and concentrate on his sports car commitments. He continued to make occasional appearances, however. In 1969 the new Ecurie Bonnier name appeared alongside Team Lotus's co-entered Lotus 63 experimental four-wheel drive car at the 1969 British Grand Prix, and with a conventional Lotus 49B at the next race in Germany. Bonnier retired without scoring points on both occasions. In  and  Ecurie Bonnier raced with a McLaren M7C. Bonnier made tentative steps to act as an entrant for other drivers in 1971, entering young Austrian Helmut Marko for the 1971 German Grand Prix. However, he quit after running out of petrol on his first practice lap, leaving Bonnier to drive in his stead. Having failed to even qualify at some races, Bonnier decided to quit Formula One for good at the end of 1971.

Complete Formula One World Championship results
(key) (Results in bold indicate pole position; results in italics indicate fastest lap; † indicates shared drive.)

Formula Two

Jo Bonnier first entered Formula Two cars in 1966, for the Swiss driver Jo Siffert who drove a Cooper-BRM T82 painted in Swiss racing red and white. The first race of the season was scheduled for Oulton Park but although practice was held the race was cancelled because of snow on the track. Siffert was 15th in practice, almost seven seconds behind the fastest man Jim Clark. At Goodwood Siffert finished in seventh position, one lap behind race winner Jack Brabham. After a crash in practice Siffert failed to start at Pau as the team was unable repair the car before the race. At Reims Bonnier drove the Cooper to ninth position, two laps down on race winner Jack Brabham. Bonnier but didn't fare much better at Rouen as he retired from the race on lap five. Swedish driver Sten Axelsson drove he car at the Karlskoga Motorstadion and finished in 9th place. At the Keimola Ring in Finland local driver Max Johansson drove the car to a 12th position. Giancarlo Baghetti drove the Cooper at the Autodrome de Linas-Montlhery where he retired on lap seven after an electrical failure. Baghetti was also entered in the Formula two class at the German Grand Prix but the team did not attend.

In 1971 Ecurie Bonnier entered a car in the European Formula Two Championship for the young Austrian Helmut Marko. In the first race of the season at Hockenheim Marko was not classified because he failed to finish the second heat. After skipping Thruxton Marko finished eight at the Nürburgring and scored one championship point, but then failed to finish at Jarama and the non championship round at Imola. Jo Bonnier drove the car at the season finale
in Vallelunga, where he finished in 12th position.

Complete European Formula Two results
(key) (Results in bold indicate pole position; results in italics indicate fastest lap; † indicates shared drive.)

Sports car racing

It was with sports cars that Jo Bonnier first became involved in motor racing, entering Alfa Romeo saloons and sports cars in various Scandinavian rally, ice racing and circuit championships during the early 1950s. He stepped up to true racing sports cars with various Maserati two-seaters, including his own Maserati 150S. In common with his single seater career, the majority of Bonnier's sports car entries during the first half of the 1960s were with works or established privateer teams, and it wasn't until the latter years of that decade that he began to enter his own cars once again.

For 1968 Bonnier purchased a McLaren M6B for use in the North American Can-Am series, and an ex-John Surtees Lola T70 Mk3 GT for use in European races. Both were finished in the Ecurie Bonnier/Ecurie Suisse Swedish racing yellow, but retained vestiges of the previous year's Anglo-Suisse identity with longitudinal white and red stripes along their centre line. Results with the McLaren were generally disappointing, with Ecurie Suisse's best result being third place against mainly local opposition at the Can-Am series' non-Championship 200 mile race at the Fuji Speedway in Japan. The Lola proved more competitive, however, and Bonnier took top ten places at two of the four World Sportscar Championship (WSC) races that he contested in 1968, finished in second in the Players Trophy race at Silverstone, and won both the Anderstorp and Norisring 200 km races. For 1969 Ecurie Suisse upgraded to the new Lola Mk3B specification car, in keeping with the newly introduced FIA sports car rules. With this car Bonnier finished fifth in the 1969 1000 km Spa race, and he took two second-place finishes in the 1969 British RAC Sports Car Championship.

For 1970 Ecurie Suisse took a new route. Rather than just fielding large capacity sports cars such as the McLaren and Lola T70s, the team decided to concentrate on the  class.  Retaining the Ecurie Suisse yellow livery, but running under the Ecurie Bonnier moniker, the little Lola T210 provided excellent results, with Bonnier taking class wins in the Salzburgring, Anderstorp, Hockenheim and Enna rounds of the European Sportscar Championship (ESC), in addition to second places at Paul Ricard and Spa. This secured the series title for the, by now veteran, Swede. In 1971 Ecurie Bonnier switched entirely to the smaller capacity cars, fielding an updated, T212-specification Lola for Italian driver Mario Casoni. Bonnier himself drove a similar car entered by Scuderia Filipinetti.

In 1972 Ecurie Bonnier decided to expand and upgrade their stable, with brand new three litre Lola-Cosworth T280 cars for Bonnier and new team mates Reine Wisell, Gérard Larrousse and Chris Craft in the WSC, alongside the year old Filipinetti/Bonnier T212s for a number of junior drivers. The team also ran T290 Lolas in the ESC, for Jorge de Bagration, Claude Swietlik, Roland Heiler and others. While the T280s chassis was a proven unit, the Cosworth DFV engine had been designed with Formula One racing in mind and frequently failed to complete the longer distances required of sports car racing. Sadly for Bonnier and his team, the Swede's long driving career was to come to an end at the wheel of one of his own cars. For the 1972 24 Hours of Le Mans race Bonnier was sharing a T280 with Larrousse and Gijs van Lennep. Things were going well, with Bonnier's car leading briefly and setting fastest lap before transmission troubles, but in attempting to lap the Ferrari Daytona of Florian Vetsch Bonnier instead ran into the back of the slower car. The Lola was sent spinning into the trees and Bonnier was killed instantly. Ecurie Bonnier limped on into the 1973 season – with the team's new T292 Lolas sporting sponsorship backing from Portuguese property investment company BIP and piloted by a number of Portuguese drivers, including Carlos Gaspar and Jorge Pinhol—but at the end of the season Ecurie Bonnier was wound up for good.

Notes

References

External links
 Vic Elford describes Jo Bonnier's death, at the wheel of his Ecurie Bonnier Lola T280
 Ecurie Bonnier's summary statistics at ChicaneF1.com

Formula One entrants
Formula Two entrants
Auto racing teams in Sweden
Auto racing teams in Switzerland
24 Hours of Le Mans teams
Auto racing teams established in 1957
Auto racing teams disestablished in 1972


The Croix de fer (2,343 m) is a mountain of the Mont Blanc Massif, overlooking Trient in the canton of Valais. It is located north of the Tête de Balme and L'Arolette and it is the culminating point of the group between the Col des Montets and the Col de Balme.

References

External links
 Croix de Fer on Hikr

Mountains of the Alps
Mountains of Valais
Mountains of Switzerland
Two-thousanders of Switzerland


Wild Side Story is a parody musical that originated in 1973 as a drag show on the gay scene of Miami Beach, soon developed there into an underground happening for mixed audiences, and up until 2004 was performed hundreds of times in Florida, Sweden, California and Spain.

Background

Descending from a musical family, Swedish-American producer, author and entertainment director Lars Jacob (stage name of Lars-Erik Jacob Truedson Demitz) went to Florida at the age of 22 to work as a desk clerk at the Doral Hotel, and there part-time also continued his recent Swedish career as a disc jockey. With Logan Carter and a handful of young Cuban refugees who were doing drag in Miami Beach, he created a stage show which did a campy parody of West Side Story, but also included independent material. Wild Side Story first opened officially at the Ambassador III on August 8, 1973, and by 1974 moved down 22nd Street to Larry Boxx's new Stonewall of Miami Beach; the Florida performances starred Rena Del Rio (Rene Zequeira).

In 1975 Lars Jacob went back to Sweden and produced shows for one of the earliest Stockholm nightclubs Alexandra's, thus introducing drag shows to Sweden. In 1976 he brought his Wild Side Story to the stage there with local people, since a European tour, which Danny La Rue had tried to help him set up, had failed to materialize with the Florida cast because of their refugee status. A few months later he went back to the United States and a front desk job at The Beverly Hills Hotel. On the side he again built up an underground ensemble which intermittently played Wild Side Story, with a few adjustments to Californian culture, at alternating venues from 1977 until the beginning of the 1980s, most prominently at Osko's. In 1976 his basic plot of Wild Side Story had been registered with the Writers Guild of America West by Jacob and business partner Richard Max Mersky of Mimical Productions, and in California they called their show a mimical lampoon. A young Ritch M. Esra was their stage manager.

Until 2004 the show was performed more than 500 times in Florida, Stockholm, Los Angeles and Spain, since 1997 called a mimical humoresque. In Stockholm it ran the longest at Lino Ajello's comedy nightclub Camarillo for the whole summer of 1997. On its 40th anniversary in 2013 all of Wild Side Story was played twice again in a 17th-century cellar cave dedicated to Michelangelo's David in the Old Town of Stockholm.

Method

In the beginning all the songs were performed to playback recordings; later individual combinations of playback, live singing and sound recordings were arranged. That is to say that practically throughout the one-hour show, the cast carried out its roles by lip synching to pre-recorded songs. An overdone type of lip and tongue movement enhanced the cast's satirical treatment of the original recordings used, and of the plot.

The actors were usually young amateurs from the respective local scenes, who made their stage debuts, such as designer Christer Lindarw, model Jimmie Kersmo, drama college graduates Helena Mattsson, Mohombi Moupondo and Patrik Hont, as well as percussionist Alfredo Chacón and eventual Counter Strike champion Miguel Bonett. Lars Jacob and his Californian production assistant Rosalie De La Torre have both been given credit for discovering Lindarw, who soon became a big star in Sweden. In Los Angeles and in later Swedish productions the piece was played by professional casts and with enhanced scenography and technology.

Three of the nine roles call for male actors to play exaggerated drag queens, and since 1976 three of the roles are also cast with three real women, one of whom plays a drag king. Suddenly when an audience is getting used to the constant lip synching, the character Tony breaks out into a live satire on the Maria song, called Maria in Tony's Thoughts. Show-goers are also taken by surprise with a staged technical failure where one of the actresses stomps her foot and begins swearing out loud till her number just as unexpectedly resumes.

A few more effects, such as loud foot drumming in America, strobe lighting to slow motion movement and live screams in the catastrophic street Rumble – and intermittent projection of slide photos (some taken in ballet tutus in the gymnasium of Miami Beach High School) and Super 8 film, have completed the multimedia experience. Recorded narration was added in Los Angeles in 1977 to help audiences grasp plot continuity.

Costumes especially designed and created in 1976 by Maria Knutsson of Sweden's popular Gul&Blå boutiques have continued to be used since then, and the same body language that the director found in the young Cubans already in 1972 has also been preserved to a large extent.

Parody features

With about half the music from the classic musical West Side Story, in several versions including instrumentals and comedy renditions, of course that musical is parodied, especially its suicidal Romeo and Juliet  theme.

Other songs are included with Bette Midler, La Lupe, Elvis Presley, Marilyn Monroe, Lou Reed, Alma Cogan (material provided by Adam Faith), Patti Page and Peggy Lee, as well as spicy comments from old Mae West movie scenes, all creating vital parts of the lampoon. In the finale, a Las Vegas performance by Diana Ross of Somewhere comes up, where she quotes "Doctor Martin Luther King" and his dream, while slot machines are making huge money for the hotel. School dancing, sexual and other stereotypes, senseless violence, lovesick carelessness causing blond drunkenness, hippie hypocrisy and the type of comedy of errors reminiscent of Oscar Wilde are also parodied. Pick-pockets, male and female chauvinist pigs, obstructive false eyelashes, mistaken murder and misplaced false boobs are additional spoofed elements.

Plot
The central character José Maria González dresses up so cleverly as a woman, to try to get a job in a drag show, that Tony falls indiscriminately in love, which leads to the main comedy confusion in the plot, and an opening for the cast to parody Romeo and Juliet.

Competing for that work, and creating a side plot, are two Puerto Rican drag queens Consuelo and Obvióla who make the misunderstood star's life in New York even more miserable, doing A Problem Like Maria in stolen nuns' habits, while Tony stumbles through the streets and sings (even in Spanish or Swedish or German when called for): "Maria, I would never have known or guessed it, but she really is rather flat-chested …".

Mimed Sondheim lyrics are re-performed with new meaning when Maria feels "pretty and witty and gay" and "hardly can believe I'm real" or an infuriated Anita (to a Carol Burnett version) shouts "stick to your own kind!". A reinterpretation of the Tonight song has Tony torn between self-destructive love pangs and ensuing anatomical suspicion, while Maria to the audience begins to regret causing so much trouble, just to find employment, and finally removes his girl clothes and make-up. Shirley Bassey supplies the lyric in the drag show favorite This Is My Life. In Wild Side Story the singer's famous female voice gradually becomes secondary to an increasingly reclaimed masculinity performed by the actor.

Eventually, Maria's brother Bernardo and Tony himself and his dumped girlfriend Betty-Sue, created especially for Wild Side Story, all get killed, but they arise from the dead when a fabulously attired soul goddess invokes the spirit of Dr. King (see above) to bring everyone back to life for a happy-go-lucky ending.

Reception

Two of the young Cuban men in the first cast were so convincing as women that a serious and reputable Miami periodical did a cover story on them as "women who look like women and smell like women and wear frills and satin and ruffles and lace … featuring two such dedicated lovelies modeling the latest in feminine fashions for real women". The first show's eventual success has been described by eyewitnesses as "a smash hit … Florida's great names in female impersonation acted out their bizarre rolls in this bizarre story so the audiences screamed".

In Stockholm in the autumn of 1975 Lars Jacob, with Anders Eljas as his debuting band leader and Graham Tainton as his choreographer, had already succeeded well with his first cabaret AlexCab, where drag numbers of an American type were performed for the first time in Sweden. Respected critic Sten Hedman in 1976 called Jacob's next production Wild Side Story the "best show in town … decadent, fun, exciting, talented", with the soon famous Christer Lindarw, playing Obvióla, almost prophetically named as the best in the show. Writers in major newspapers like  and  Svenska Dagbladet noticeably had a hard time knowing whether to praise or bash such a totally new phenomenon as Wild Side Story, and their reviews came out somewhat perplexed. The latter of the two did single out Steve Vigil in the leading role, as well as Ulla Jones as Betty-Sue and Agneta Lindén as Anita, for charisma and knowhow. (Vigil had seen Wild Side Story in Florida as early as 1974 and went on after Stockholm to play Bernardo in the California production 1977–1980.)

A few years later in Los Angeles, journalist Michael Kearns headlined his review with Wild Side Story as "the talk of the town", mentioned celebrities in the audience (such as Lehman Engel and Boz Scaggs) and added "the most unusual thing you've ever seen", while a local gay magazine called it a "fun, campy evening's entertainment" and "the cast is lively and Jacob's direction is fast paced … a dashing Tony … beautiful, touching, tender Maria …" and the two drag queens "the riotous part of the show".

In 1997, again in Stockholm, reviewers made comments like "a completely wild evening" and "a hilarious parody, an inspiring show of ingenuity, an alternative hysterical", and in Spain in 2000 the show's  and its director's histories were highlighted advantageously. Later that year another Stockholm writer for the first time called Wild Side Story a "cult show". In 2003 and 2004 the capital city's tourism people in their magazine called the piece "a cult classic … wonderful evening of singing, dancing and music in a fast-paced parody", with "laughter, fun, pantomime, dancing and music, Wild Side Story pokes fun at the foibles of human behavior and much more". In 2003 the drag queens were noted by Sweden's leading gay publication as played by "rather beefy guys with hairy armpits".

Core themes

Lars Jacob has been interviewed on television in Sweden about Wild Side Story. In a live broadcast for the public access station Öppna Kanalen in 1997 he said: "Since I was 13-14 years old I've always found it so confusing with all the sexual hypocrisy we have in society, and religious hypocrisy and political hypocrisy, so I'm an anti-hypocrisy fanatic – that's the only thing I'm fanatic about, being against hypocrisy – so that makes it great fun to joke around with double standards and the over-romantization of society, which means that young people hardly have a chance to make it, with all this propaganda we have for romance."

Again in 2000 he appeared as the director of Wild Side Story on Channel 3 in four segments of a popular TV series by Strix (Baren), where he said "there's nothing really lewd in the show, but there's a lot of fun poked at sexuality and romance and True Love and all that", and speaking of yet another brave cast of his, "I think it's great with people who dare, and people who make something special out of life, not like Princess Madeleine like 'I want to live a regular life' – huh? My God! She belongs to five of the most unusual families in the world, this girl, and the poor thing is forced to say things like 'I want to live a regular life'!".

References

External links

Revues
Drag events
1973 musicals


Tommy Reasoner (born October 27, 1967, in Garden City, Michigan) is a retired U.S. soccer player who spent one season in Major League Soccer, two in the Western Soccer Alliance, four in the American Professional Soccer League and two in the Continental Indoor Soccer League.  He was also part of the U.S. team at the 1987 FIFA World Youth Championship.

Youth
Reasoner attended Tarpon Springs High School.  In 1985, he entered the University of Tampa where he played on the school’s NCAA Division II soccer team in 1985 and 1986 then again in 1988 and 1989.
In 1989, he was selected as a first team All-American.  In 1987, he took a year off from school in order to play for U.S. U-20 national team at the 1987 FIFA World Youth Championship.  Reasoner played two games as the U.S. went 1–2 in group play.

Professional
During the 1989 collegiate off-season, Reasoner played for the San Diego Nomads in the Western Soccer League.  The Nomads won the league title which placed them in the national championship against the Fort Lauderdale Strikers of the American Soccer League, but Reasoner did not play in the title game.  He returned to the Nomads for the 1990 season.  By this time, the WSL had merged with the ASL to form the American Professional Soccer League.  In 1990, the Cleveland Crunch selected Reasoner in the third round of the 1990 MSL Amateur Draft.  However, it does not appear that he ever played for the Crunch.  Instead, in 1991, he signed with the Tampa Bay Rowdies in the APSL.  He would play for Tampa Bay through the 1993 season.  The Rowdies folded at the end of the season.  In April 1994, the San Diego Sockers selected Reasoner in the eighth round of the Continental Indoor Soccer League draft.  He signed with the team on June 1, 1994.  In 1995, he spent the season with the San Diego Top Guns in the USISL.  In February 1996, the Kansas City Wiz selected Reasoner in the sixth round (56th overall) of the 1996 MLS Inaugural Player Draft.  He played thirteen games for the Wiz in 1996 before being waived in November.

References

Living people
1967 births
People from Garden City, Michigan
Sportspeople from Wayne County, Michigan
American men's soccer players
American Professional Soccer League players
Continental Indoor Soccer League players
Sporting Kansas City players
Major League Soccer players
Nomads Soccer Club players
San Diego Sockers (1978–1996) indoor players
San Diego Top Guns players
Tampa Bay Rowdies (1975–1993) players
USISL players
Western Soccer Alliance players
Tampa Spartans men's soccer players
Soccer players from Michigan
United States men's under-20 international soccer players
Men's association football defenders


Erich Haagensen Jaabech (6 December 1761 – 4 January 1845)  was a Norwegian farmer who served as a representative at the Norwegian Constitutional Assembly.

Jaabech was born on Usland at Øyslebø in Vest-Agder, Norway. He was the son of Haagen Olson Usland (1721-1773) and Marte Eriksdtr. Skjævesland (1731-1790). In 1788, he married Gunhild Olsdtr. Skjævesland (1763-1844) with whom he had eight children.

He was a farmer who also worked as a teacher in Øyslebø and Holum. In 1806, he bought the farm Jaabekk in Halse parish (Jåbekk gård i Halse ved Mandal) and established residence at that farm. He was also active as a trader, blacksmith and cooper.

He was elected to the Norwegian Constituent Assembly in 1814, representing the constituency of Mandals Amt (now Vest-Agder) together with    Osmund Andersen Lømsland and Syvert Omundsen Eeg. At the Assembly, all three supported the union party (unionspartiet).

References

External links
Representantene på Eidsvoll 1814 (Cappelen Damm AS)
 Men of Eidsvoll (eidsvollsmenn)

1761 births
1845 deaths
Fathers of the Constitution of Norway
Vest-Agder politicians


Ashwater railway station was a railway station that served the hamlets of Ashwater and Ashmill in Devon, England. It was located on the North Cornwall Railway  southwest of Halwill, close to the River Carey and approximately  away from Ashwater.

History
The ceremonial opening of this section of the line by the London and South Western Railway, was Tuesday, 20 July 1886, with public services commencing on the following day.

The station was then absorbed by the Southern Railway during the Grouping of 1923, The station passed to the Southern Region of British Railways on nationalisation in 1948, and was subsequently closed by the British Railways Board.

Station layout
The layout was typical of all the stations on the North Cornwall line, with a substantial stationmaster's house, booking office and waiting room on the upside with both ladies' and gentlemen's toilets. An eleven-lever signal box and small open-fronted waiting shelter stood on the Down platform. The platforms were only long enough for seven-passenger carriages, but from 18 October 1936 the Up loop was extended to accommodate up to twelve coaches.

The site today
The gradual run-down in services during the 1960s saw Ashwater reduced to an unstaffed halt on 7 November 1965, followed by complete closure on 3 October 1966. Today the station is a private residence, but the cast concrete name board is still in situ in peeling S.R. green paint.

References

External links
 Ashwater station on navigable 1946 O. S. map
 North Cornwall Railway

Disused railway stations in Devon
Former London and South Western Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1886
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1966
Beeching closures in England
Torridge District


William "Mush" Riley (fl. 1870–1878) was an American businessman, saloonkeeper and underworld figure in Manhattan, New York during the late 19th century. The owner of a Centre Street dive, he was a longtime Five Points personality and associated with many noted criminals of the era. Riley was said to have acquired his name for his fondness of eating corn meal mush dipped in hot brandy. His saloon was located near other Five Points characters such as English-born pickpocket Tommy Taylor, bare-knuckle boxer Jack McManus and Boiled Oysters Malloy, who owned the popular basement resort known as The Ruins just a few doors from Riley's place.

Riley, according to underworld lore, once served an extravagant dinner to Dan Noble, Mike Byrnes, Dutch Heinrichs and others. When his guests complimented him on the meal, noting the odd flavor of the main course, Riley revealed they had been served a stew made from a Newfoundland dog.

On July 15, 1878, Riley was apprehended by Canadian authorities in Toronto and taken back to the United States where he was charged with complicity in a street car robbery in Troy, New York that had resulted in the garroting of a John Buckley two weeks earlier. Five others were also arrested for their involvement in the robbery, most notably the group's ringleader, Will Tomkins.

References

Further reading
Smyth, Joseph Hilton. To Nowhere and Return: The Autobiography of a Puritan. New York: Carrick & Evans Inc., 1940.

Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Criminals from New York City
Saloonkeepers
People from Five Points, Manhattan


Bund Garden is located 2 km from the Pune Railway Station. The gardens are situated next to Fitzgerald Bridge and take their name from the bund, or dam, on the Mula river.

History

These mini dams built by Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy, the Parsi businessman and philanthropist, served as a source of irrigation water for the under-privileged. The garden was opened in 1869 when the bridge was completed. It was planned by Colonel Sellon who was able to transform the waste space into a garden, known today as the "Mahatma Gandhi Udyan" a reference to the existing bridge that leads to the Gandhi National Memorial.

References

External links

 Bund Garden, Pune (Map of India site)

Parks in Pune


Kedah FA has won the Malaysian league championship three times (1993, 2007 & 2008), the Malaysia Cup four times (1990, 1993, 2007 & 2008).

The Malaysian FA Cup is an annual national knock-out football tournament. Kedah won the Malaysian FA Cup three times (1996, 2007 & 2008). This makes Kedah is the first and only football team in Malaysian history to do the treble twice in a row.

Honours

Doubles and Trebles

Seasonal achievement

World Clubs Ranking

1 October 2006 - 29 September 2008

Note: Ranking by IFFHS

See also
List of Kedah FA players

Kedah


Convict women in Australia were British prisoners whom the government increasingly sent out during the era of transportation (1787-1868) in order to develop the penal outpost of New South Wales (now a state of Australia) into a viable colony.

The women would be employed in ‘factories’ (equivalent of the English workhouse) but often had to find their own accommodation, and would be under great pressure to pay for it with sexual services. In this way, all the women convicts tended to be regarded as prostitutes. But it is a popular misconception that they had originally been convicted of prostitution, as this was not a transportable offence.

Background

Owing to industrialisation and the growth of city-slums, as well as the unemployment of soldiers and sailors following the American War of Independence, Great Britain was experiencing a high crime rate around 1780. The prisons were overcrowded; there was no attempt to segregate the prisoners by their offence, age or sex.

In response to growing crime, the British government began to issue harsh punishments such as public hangings or exile. During the 18th and 19th centuries many prisoners were transported to Australia to carry out their sentence, a relatively small percentage of whom were women (between 1788 and 1852, male convicts outnumbered the female convicts six to one). The transportation system to Australia was based on a permanent removal of the convicts from Britain because even after their sentence was served, there were no British laws in place to assist their return to the British Empire. Convict women varied from small children to old women, but the majority were in their twenties or thirties. The British Government called for more women of “marriageable” age to be sent to Australia in order to promote family development for emancipated convicts and free settlers.

Despite the belief that convict women during the transportation period were all prostitutes, no women were transported for that offence. The majority of women sent to Australia were convicted for what would now be considered minor offences (such as petty theft), most did not receive sentences of more than seven years. Many women were driven to prostitution upon their arrival in Australia as means of survival because they were often required to house themselves or buy clothing and bedding on their own.

Convict population of New South Wales during the period

Voyage
The First Fleet was the first flotilla of ships to transport convicts to Australia, it sailed in 1787. Ships continued to transport convicts to Western Australia until 1868. The beginning of the transportation years brought ships at inconsistent times and the death rate on these ships remained high; in the Second Fleet, 267 out of 1,006 prisoners died at sea. However, at the peak of transportation, the death rate was a little more than one percent.

Ralph Clark, an officer on board the Friendship in the First Fleet, kept a journal of his journey to Australia. In his journal, he described the women on board as "abandoned wenches", contrasting their characteristics with the supposed virtues of his wife in England. At one stage, after several male convicts were caught in the place where the female convicts were lodged, Clark wrote: "I hope this will be a warning to them from coming into the whore camp — I would call it by the Name of Sodem [sic] for ther[e] is more Sin committed in it than in any other part of the world".

Elizabeth Fry's British Ladies Society cared for women convicts. They had a convict ship sub-committee that persuaded the Navy board to fund "gifts" for the transportees. These items included knives, forks, aprons and sewing materials. During the 25 years that Fry was involved 12,000 women were transported on 106 ships. The society's plan was to visit every ship on the night before it sailed to calm the women. William Evans, the surgeon of the "Lady of The Lake" noted the valuable worth of the Ladies Society and he singled out Pryor and Lydia Irving's work for praise.

Some seamen developed relationships with the women whilst on the voyage. Women used their bodies as a way of bettering their conditions. On the Lady Juliana, a ship in the Second Fleet, female convicts began to pair off with the seamen. John Nicol, a Scottish steward recalled, "Every man on board took a wife from among the convicts, they nothing loath." These relationships were not always just. Nicol himself expresses his desire to marry and bring back to England his convict "wife", Sarah Whitlam, after her release.

Female factories

Work environment
Starting from 1829, the female factories were established as a loose network of women's prisons which existed until the British transport of convicts to Van Diemen's Land ended in 1855.

They were called factories because the women were expected to work and because they also employed free working women. Task work was established in female factories in 1849, requiring the occupants to do chores, needle-work and washing. If extra work was done, the convict's sentence might be shortened. Meanwhile, convict men mainly worked on the construction of roads, bridges, buildings and coastal infrastructure. Punishments for misconduct in the factories were often humiliating, a common one was to shave the woman's head.

Parramatta Female Factory
In the Parramatta female factory the occupants were not given mattresses or blankets to sleep on and the social conditions inside were indecent.

The Parramatta female factory was the first built in Australia and was located in Parramatta, New South Wales. The factory had room for only a third of the female prisoners; the rest had to find lodgings with the local settlers at some cost (usually about four shillings a week). Many women could only pay for this cost by offering sexual services. Their customers were usually the male convicts who came and left the factory as they pleased.

In 1819 Macquarie had ex-convict Francis Greenway create a new design for the factory. This new design had the inmates divided into three categories: the "general", "merit" and "crime" class. The "crime" class women had their hair cropped as a mark of disgrace and were the incorrigibles. The "merit" or first class comprised women who had been well behaved for at least six months and women who had recently arrived from England. These girls were eligible to marry and eligible for assignment. The second or "general" class was made up of women who were sentenced for minor offences and could be transferred to the first class after a period of probation. This class consisted of many women who had become pregnant during their assigned service. The factory at Parramatta was a source of wives for settlers and emancipated convicts. With a written permit from the Reverend Samuel Marsden and a written note to the matron, a bachelor could take his pick of a willing "factory lass."

Ross Female Factory

Another factory was called Ross Female Factory located on the British island colony Tasmania. The convicted women were taught how to sew, clean, cook and launder. There is archaeological evidence for the existence of a barter economy existing between inmates and guards. A total area of 105m2 was excavated at Ross Factory between 1995 and 1999. The archaeological remains point towards the inmates having traded buttons in turn for tobacco, alcohol and sexual activities. Several court testimonies of convict women provide evidence for same-sex activity between the inmates in exchange for barter goods as well. A high number and diversity of buttons was found inside the cells of the women together with tobacco pipes and alcohol glass containers. The black market is a form of covert resistance that the female inmates showed. More overt forms of resistance include arson and vandalism inside of their cells. Archaeological excavations have found that the floor in a solitary cell in Ross Factory was composed of almost 60 % charcoal which provides evidence for a fire that has struck inside.  Common punishments for women caught resisting in prison were solitary confinement, iron neck collars and public humiliation.

This evidence shows that there was a coexistence of overt forms of resistance such as arson besides hidden forms like consuming prohibited substances or creating black market trade at Ross Female Factory.

Family and marriage
Marriage between male and female convicts and raising a family was encouraged because of the government's intentions of developing a free colony. It was the objective of the British government to establish a colony in Australia rather than have it remain as a penal settlement. This compelled the government to send more women to Australia as a way of establishing a native population. On the arrival of 'female' ships, colonists would swarm to the dock to bargain for a servant. High-ranking officers had first pick. Some women were taken as mistresses, others as servants. There were no legal ties for these assignments, so a settler could dismiss a convict woman freely. When this did occur, it created a class of woman who often resorted to prostitution in order to feed and house themselves properly.

Male convicts had the chance to select a bride from the female factories by a system called 'convict courtship'. The male convicts came to the female factories to inspect the women, who had to line up for the occasion. If the male convict saw a woman that he liked, he made a motion at her to signal that he wanted to choose her. Most women accepted the offering. This process was often described as similar to the one in which slaves were selected.

The Reverend Samuel Marsden categorized the women convicts into being married or prostitutes. If a woman were to have a relationship out of wedlock, Marsden considered this whoredom. Many couples lived and cohabited together monogamously without being officially married, yet these women were recorded as being prostitutes. The women were scarred from being convicted and could not redeem their status because it differed so greatly from the British ideal of a woman, who was virtuous, polite and a woman of the family.

List of notable convict women

 Esther Abrahams
 Charlotte Badger
Ruth Bowyer
 Mary Bryant
 Margaret Catchpole
 Margaret Dawson
 Ann Dinham
Mary Hyde
Maria Lord
Molly Morgan
Mary Reibey
Hannah Rigby
Elizabeth Steel
 Mary Wade
 Frances Williams

Legacy
Mary Reibey has featured on the obverse of Australian twenty-dollar note since 1994.

The Incredible Journey of Mary Bryant, a British-Australian film based on the life of Mary Bryant, was released in 2005.

Notes

References
Daniels, Kay, and Mary Murnane. Uphill All the Way. St. Lucia, Queensland: University of Queensland Press, 1980.
"Female Factories." Female Factory Research Group. 15 Aug 2008. Female Factory Research Group 15 Oct 2008.
Hughes, Robert. The Fatal Shore. New York: Vintage Books, 1988.
Rees, Sian. The Floating Brothel. London: Headline, 2001.
Summers, Anne. Damned Whores and God's Police. New York: Penguin Books, 1975.

External links
Cascades Female Factory Historic Site — "Australia's most significant historic site associated with female convicts"
Female Convicts Research Centre — a non-profit dedicated to research "into the lives and experiences of convict women and their children in Van Diemen's Land"
Parramatta Female Factory Precinct — "Australia's first purpose built convict Female Factory and Roman Catholic Orphan School"


Ronold Wyeth Percival King (September 19, 1905 – April 10, 2006) was an American applied physicist, known for his contributions to the theory and application of microwave antennas. He published twelve books and over three hundred articles in his area, as well as mentored one hundred doctoral dissertations.

Born in Williamstown, Massachusetts, he moved to Rochester, New York, where his father worked as a professor of German.  He earned an A.B. (1927) and S.M. (1929) degree in physics from the University of Rochester.  He was an exchange student at the University of Munich (1928–29) and attended Cornell University (1929–30), before completing his graduate studies at University of Wisconsin–Madison (1932) where he obtained a Ph.D. on the thesis Characteristics of Vacuum Tube Circuits Having Distributed Constants at Ultra-Radio Frequencies advised by Edward Bennett and subsequently was a research assistant (1932–34).

King was an instructor and assistant professor in physics at Lafayette College (1934–37), and a Guggenheim Fellow overseas (1937, 1958). He joined Harvard University as an instructor (1938), as assistant professor (1939), associate (1942), and as Gordon McKay Professor of Applied Physics (1946–72, taken over by his former student Tai Tsun Wu), and professor emeritus (1972). He resided at Winchester, Massachusetts, and wrote the autobiography A Man of the 20th Century.

His research group at Harvard spent the 1940s and 1950s developing the theory of antenna (radio), using the cylindrical antenna as a boundary value problem subject to Maxwell's equations. Also, scattering and diffraction of electromagnetic waves from spheres, cylinders, strips, and disks, conducted within earth, under water or in tissue.  King is responsible for the inverted-F antenna, the most widely used antenna in mobile phones.  However, he did not develop this antenna for that purpose.  Rather the intended use was missile telemetry.

Books
King RWP, Fundamental Electromagnetic Theory, 2nd ed, Dover, 1963. (first edition title: Electromagnetic Engineering)
King RWP, Tables of Antenna Characteristics, IFI/Plenum Data Corporation, 1971.
King RWP, The Theory of Linear Antennas: with Charts and Tables for Practical Applications, Harvard University Press, 1956.
King RWP, Transmission-Line Theory, Dover, 1965.
King RWP, Fikioris GJ, Mack RB, Cylindrical Antennas and Arrays, 2nd ed, Cambridge University Press, 2002. (first edition title: Arrays of Cylindrical Dipoles)
King RWP, Harrison CW, Antennas and Waves: A Modern Approach, MIT Press, 1969.
King RWP, Mimno HR, Wing AH, Transmission Lines, Antennas and Wave Guides, McGraw Hill, 1945.
King RWP, Owens M, Wu TT, Lateral Electromagnetic Waves: Theory and Applications to Communications, Geophysical Exploration, and Remote Sensing, Springer, 1992.
King RWP, Prasad S, Fundamental Electromagnetic Theory and Applications, Prentice Hall, 1986.
King RWP, Smith GS, Owens M, Wu TT, Antennas in Matter: Fundamentals, Theory, and Applications, MIT Press, 1981.
King RWP, Wu TT, The Scattering and Diffraction of Waves, Oxford University Press, 1959.

Awards
IEEE Fellow, Life fellow
Fellow of the American Physical Society (1941)
Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Distinguished Service Award from the University of Wisconsin (1973)
1983 Prize Paper Award from the IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility
Centennial Medal of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (1985)
Harold Pender Award from The Moore School of Electrical Engineering of the University of Pennsylvania (1986)
Distinguished Achievement Award of the Electrical and Electronics Engineers (1997)
IEEE Graduate Teaching Award from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (1997)
Chen-To Tai Distinguished Educator Award from the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society (2001).
Professor R.W.P. King Education Fund (1972)

References

People from Williamstown, Massachusetts
20th-century American physicists
University of Rochester alumni
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
Cornell University alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
Harvard University faculty
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Fellow Members of the IEEE
IEEE Centennial Medal laureates
Fellows of the American Physical Society
1905 births
2006 deaths
American centenarians
Men centenarians


The Swallow Airplane Company was an early manufacturer of airplanes.

History
In January 1920, the E.M. Laird Aviation Company Ltd. was started with the purchase of the six-month-old Wichita Aircraft Company, its aircraft and the factory of the Watkins Manufacturing Company. Oilman Jacob Mollendick and Buick-Franklin salesman William A. Burke each contributed $15,000. The first Swallow designed by Buck Weaver and was test flown in April 1920. Later, in 1921, the company moved into a new factory building on North Hillside Street. Laird hired several aviators that became prominent in the business later, Buck Weaver who would co-found Waco Aircraft, Walter Beech, and Lloyd Stearman who would develop the Swallow New Swallow. Following the departure of Emil Matthew Laird in 1923 and his formation of the E. M. Laird Airplane Company, on 22 January 1924 the company was renamed as the Swallow Airplane Manufacturing Company.

Swallow was notable for producing the Swallow TP in quite large numbers, for its day. A large proportion of pilots trained in the late 1920s and early '30s did so on the TP. In late 1927, owner Mollendick bet most of the company fortune on a record setting aircraft flown by noted aviator William Portwood Erwin, the Dallas Spirit, which was lost on a record attempt to Asia concurrent with the Dole Air Race. In December of the following year the company was purchased by the General Aero Corporation of America – a holding company that also counted the Cessna Aircraft Company among its assets. Swallow was sold again in 1933 to E. B. Christopher – who would be killed in the crash of one of the company's airplanes in 1937. Sam Bloomfield, the company's chief engineer, eventually took over as company president. No longer manufacturing complete aircraft, it existed as an aircraft mechanic school and subcontractor for the B-29 and B-47 until 1956.

Aircraft

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

 Tihen Notes – A listing of newspaper articles that mention, among other Wichita aircraft manufacturers, the Swallow Airplane Company

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United States


Papyrus 7 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), or ε 11 (von Soden), designated by , is an early copy of the New Testament in Greek. It is a papyrus manuscript of the Gospel of Luke 4:1-2. Possibly it is a patristic fragment (like e.g. P. Oxy. 405, fragment of Against Heresies by Irenaeus containing Gospel of Matthew 3:16-17). The manuscript had been difficult to date palaeographically, because of its fragmentary condition. It had been assigned to the 4th–6th century (or even the 3rd century).

Text
The Greek text of this codex is too brief to classify (possibly it is a representative of the Alexandrian text-type). Aland did not place it in any of Categories of New Testament manuscripts.

C. R. Gregory examined the manuscript in 1903 in Kiev.

Location
It is currently housed at the Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine (Petrov 553) in Kyiv.

See also

 List of New Testament papyri
 Luke 4

References

Further reading

 Kurt Aland, Neue neutestamentliche Papyri, NTS 3 (1957), pp. 261–265.

External links
 Digital image of P7 at CSNTM

Papyrus 0007
Papyrus 0007
Gospel of Luke papyri


Valérie Bonnier (born 13 October 1950 in Sainte-Colombe, Rhône) is a French actress, screenwriter, and novel writer who played Fabienne in the 1977 film The Man Who Loved Women.
She writes for theatre, TV, radio, cinema, and novels.

Novelist :
 Toutes les rousses ne sont pas des sorcières - Éditions du Rocher, 2007
 Toutes les blondes ne sont pas des anges - Éditions du Rocher, 2008
 Toutes les rousses ne sont pas des tigresses - Éditions du Rocher, 2009
 10 histoires d'amour, nouvelles - Éditions Val & Paul, e-book, 2013
 L'homme idéal s'appelle Paul - Éditions Val & Paul, e-book, 2013
 Confidences érotiques d'une courtisane - Éditions France Empire, 2014

Theatre writer :
L'escapade - Éditions Arts et Comédie, 2012

Radio writer :
27 radio plays and 4 news, France-Inter

Cinema writer :
Il y a des jours et des lunes - Claude Lelouch, 1990

TV writer :
IMDb

website : Personal website

References

1950 births
Living people
People from Sainte-Colombe, Rhône
French film actresses


Nathan Rapoport (1911–1987) was a Warsaw-born Jewish sculptor and painter, later a resident of Israel and then the United States.

Biography
Natan Yaakov Rapoport was  born in Warsaw, Poland. In 1936, he won a scholarship to study in France and Italy. He fled to the Soviet Union when the Nazi Germans invaded Poland. The Soviets initially provided him with a studio, but then forced him to work as a manual laborer. When the war ended, he returned to Poland to study at the Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw and  immigrated to Israel. In 1959, he moved to the United States. He lived in New York City until his death in 1987.

Monumental art
His sculptures in public places, with the year they were installed in, include:
 Monument to the Ghetto Heroes (1948), bronze, Warsaw, Poland
 Memorial to the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising (1976), bronze, at Yad Vashem, Jerusalem; a slightly modified replica of the Warsaw monument
 The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, bronze
 The Last March, bronze
 Monument to Mordechai Anielewicz (1951), at Kibbutz Yad Mordechai, Israel
 Monument to Six Million Jewish Martrys (1964), at the Horwitz-Wasserman Holocaust Memorial Plaza on Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, PA.
 Scroll of Fire (1971) in the Forest of the Martyrs near Jerusalem
 Liberation (Holocaust memorial) (1985), bronze, Liberty State Park, Jersey City, New Jersey
 Korczak's Last Walk at the Park Avenue Synagogue, New York, NY.
 Ghetto Square Monument at Yad Vashem, Jerusalem, Israel. https://www.yadvashem.org/articles/general/warsaw-memorial-personal-interpretation.html

Gallery

References

Further reading
 Coen, Paolo,  «L’artista reagisce in modo artistico. Questa è la sua arma». Riflessioni di valore introduttivo sul rapporto arte-Shoah, da Alexander Bogen e Nathan Rapoport a Richard Serra, in Vedere l'Altro, vedere la Shoah, with an appendix by Angelika Schallenberg, Soveria Mannelli, Rubbettino, 2012, pp. 6-68
 Gilbert, Martin. (1987), The Holocaust, New York, Random House, 1987, 317-324.
 Sohar, Zvi, Fighters Memorial, Monuments to the Fighters in the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, Sifriat Poalim, Workers' Book Guild, 1964.
 Yaffe, Richard, Nathan Rapoport Sculptures and Monuments, New York, Shengold Publishers, 1980.

External links

 Rapaport's works in Central Jewish Library

 POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews

Jewish sculptors
Polish sculptors
Polish male sculptors
Polish emigrants to Israel
Israeli emigrants to the United States
1911 births
1987 deaths
Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw alumni
20th-century sculptors
Burials at Segula Cemetery


Bredo Henrik von Munthe af Morgenstierne (11 November 1851 – 24 April 1930) was a Norwegian jurist, Professor of Jurisprudence at The Royal Frederick University from 1887, and the university's rector 1912–1918.

Personal life
He was born in Christiania as the son of Vilhelm Ludvig Herman von Munthe af Morgenstierne and his wife Fredrikke Nicoline Wilhelmine N. Sibbern, and was a member of the Munthe af Morgenstierne family, which was ennobled in 1755 by the Dano-Norwegian king. His maternal grandfather was Valentin Christian Wilhelm Sibbern, his paternal grandfather was Bredo Henrik von Munthe af Morgenstierne, Sr., and through his aunt Augusta Julie Georgine he was the nephew of Prime Minister Frederik Stang. His brother Wilhelm Herman Ludvig became a Major General.

Bredo Henrik married Berthe Schjelderup, sister of businessman Thorleif Frederik Schjelderup and aunt of Gunnar and Ferdinand Schjelderup. The couple had three sons and one daughter. His son Otto Christofer (1884–1975) became an attorney, Wilhelm Thorleif (1887–1963) became the Ambassador of Norway to the United States of America earning the position of seniority as Dean of the Diplomatic Corps (married to Marjorie Alder of Winsor, Canada) and Georg Valentin (1892–1978) became a noted Indo-Iranist who undertook pioneering studies in Pashto and associated dialects, Balochi, Kashmiri and the Dardic languages.

Career
Bredo Henrik von Munthe af Morgenstierne made a career as a jurist. He took the dr.juris degree in 1887, and became acting professor at the University of Kristiania the same year. In 1889 the position was made permanent. His principal work was Lærebog i den norske statsforfatningsret, published in 1900. He later became chairman of the Collegium academicum at the University of Kristiania. A personal friend of King Oscar II of Sweden and Norway, in 1905 Morgenstierne was reluctant to acknowledge the dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden in 1905 on behalf of the university, but soon bowed to the pressure from the rest of the collegium. From 1912 to 1918 he was rector of the Royal Frederick University.

He was also a noted numismatician.

He died in 1930 in Oslo.

References

External links

1851 births
1930 deaths
Norwegian jurists
Academic staff of the Faculty of Law, University of Oslo
Rectors of the University of Oslo
Norwegian numismatists


Mahulbonir Sereng ( Songs of Mahulbonir or Tribal song Mahulbonir) is a 2004 Bengali film directed by Sekhar Das based on a same name story of Tapan Bandyopadhyay This film was released at 13th Brisbane International Film Festival 2004 and 19 April 2005 at Filmfest DC in Washington, D.C.

Plot
The story is a narrative revolving around the love triangle of Aghore (Pijush Ganguly), with  his wife Saheli (Chandrayee Ghosh) and Dr. Alaktak Roy (Silajit Majumder). Aghore is a police constable who works in a different place so he often stays out of hometown, in the meantime his wife Saheli gets closer with the new young doctor of their village. When Aghore came back, he get the news the Saheli is pregnant, he becomes very happy. But all of villagemen claim that the baby is the doctor's and not Aghore's. Though Aghore tries to argue in favour of his wife and doctor but the village head calls 'Gira' by gram Panchayet (Judgement by 10 village heads). On the day of 'Gira' Saheli commits suicide and the narrator Damayanti (Roopa Ganguly) helps the doctor to run away. Another parallel story of Damayanti and Somesh Gomes (Sabyasachi Chakrabarty) goes side by side. Somesh is a social worker, the love interest of Damayanti who is the B.D.O. of that tribal area. Twelve years after this incident Damayanti comes back to the village of Mahulbani and finds that besides many changes the beauty and simplicity of nature still exists.

Cast
Sabyasachi Chakrabarty as Somesh Gomes
Roopa Ganguly as Damayanti
Arindam Sil as husband of Damayanti
Aparajita Auddy
Chandrayee Ghosh as Saheli
Debshankar Halder
Debesh Roy Chowdhury
Pijush Ganguly as Aghore
Silajit Majumder as Dr Alatak Roy
Kunal Mitra as Damayanti's Senior Officer

References

External links
 "A Ray for a Ray; so what?s new?" at telegraphindia.com

2000s Bengali-language films
2004 films
Bengali-language Indian films
Films based on short fiction


Hiram Black (October 9, 1837 – October 19, 1897) was a political figure in Nova Scotia, Canada. He represented Cumberland County in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1874 to 1878 as an independent member supporting the Liberal Conservatives.

He was born in Amherst, Nova Scotia, the son of Joshua Black and Amy Bent, and was educated at Mount Allison Academy. He was a prominent member in the local chapter of the Sons of Temperance. In 1874, he married Libbie Smith. Black served as a member of the province's Board of Agriculture. In 1879, he was named to the province's Legislative Council. He died in Amherst at the age of 60.

His son Percy Chapman served in the province's assembly and the Canadian House of Commons.

References

1837 births
1897 deaths
Nova Scotia Liberal Party MLAs
Nova Scotia Liberal Party MLCs
People from Amherst, Nova Scotia
Sons of Temperance
Canadian temperance activists


Thomas Meglioranza (born October 7, 1970, New York, New York) is an American operatic baritone.

Biography
Meglioranza was born to an American father of Italian and Polish descent and a Thai mother. Meglioranza grew up in the northern New Jersey towns of Teaneck and Wayne. He began taking voice lessons at Grinnell College, and received a MM from the Eastman School of Music. He is an alum of the training programs at the Aspen, Tanglewood, Bowdoin, Pacific Music Festivals and the Ravinia Festival's Steans Institute, and has been a participant at the Marlboro Music Festival. He has studied with Elizabeth Mannion, Carol Webber, Beverley Peck Johnson, and Fred Carama.

He was a winner of the 2002 Joy in Singing Competition, the 2002 Concert Artists Guild Competition, the 2003 Franz Schubert/Music of Modernity Competition in Graz, placed second in the 2005 Walter Naumburg Competition, and is a frequent song recitalist (most often with pianist Reiko Uchida). He is known for quirky programs (e.g. Schoenberg and His American Pupils, 24 "Italian" Songs and Arias), and for talking to audiences from the stage. His 2009 recital of Songs from the World War I Era was named one of the Philadelphia Inquirer's "Best Classical Performances of the Year".

In 2007, he and Uchida recorded a CD of songs by Franz Schubert that was praised by German baritone Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau. His discography also includes orchestral songs of Virgil Thomson with the Boston Modern Orchestra Project, a period instrument album of French mélodies (including Gabriel Fauré's La bonne chanson), Franz Schubert's Winterreise with Reiko Uchida, and a reconstructed Bach cantata with the Taverner Consort. In 2009, he was appointed Visiting Artist in Voice at the Longy School of Music in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

He sings a great deal of modern music, including the 2008 Tanglewood premiere of John Harbison's Symphony no. 5 with the Boston Symphony, and Peter Maxwell Davies' Eight Songs for a Mad King with the Los Angeles Philharmonic, and is particularly associated with the music of Milton Babbitt, Aaron Jay Kernis, Charles Wuorinen, György Kurtág, Derek Bermel, Jorge Martín, and John Adams.

His operatic repertoire includes Mozart's Count Almaviva, and Don Giovanni, Fritz in Die tote Stadt, as well as many roles in modern works such as Chou En-Lai in John Adams' Nixon in China, Prior Walter in Peter Eötvös' Angels in America,  Celestus in Louis Karchin's Romulus, Memphis in Donald Crockett's The Face, and the title role in Gordon Shi-Wen Chin's Mackay─The Black Bearded Bible Man.

External links
 Thomas Meglioranza's Official Website

References

1970 births
American operatic baritones
American people of Thai descent
Eastman School of Music alumni
Grinnell College alumni
American people of Italian descent
Living people
American people of Polish descent
21st-century American opera singers
21st-century American male singers
21st-century American singers
Musicians from Teaneck, New Jersey
People from Wayne, New Jersey
Singers from New Jersey
Classical musicians from New Jersey


The Pomerania euroregion or Euroregion Pomerania was set up in 1995 as one of the euroregions, thought to connect regions divided between states of the European Union. The name is taken from the region of Pomerania, yet the euroregion is of a different shape than the historical region. It comprises German Western Pomerania and Uckermark, as well as Polish Zachodniopomorskie.

Gallery

See also
List of euroregions

Sources
Falk Blask, Eléne Babayan, a project of Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin / Institut für Europäische Ethnologie, Dominikanerkloster Prenzlau / Kulturzentrum und Museum, Universität der Künste zu Berlin / Institut Kunst im Kontext, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin / Museum Europäischer Kulturen, Europa an der Grenze: Ost Odra, West Oder, (Berliner Blätter; No. 30: Sonderheft), Münster/Westfalen: Lit-Verlag, 2003, p. 14, ,
Karin Pieper, Regionalpolitik in Ungarn und Polen: Zwei Staaten im EU-Beitrittsprozess, Wiesbaden: VS, Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2006, (Forschungen zur europäischen Integration; vol. 16), p. 179, simultaneously: Osnabrück, Univ., Diss., 2004. ,

Geography of Pomerania
Euroregions of Poland
Geography of Skåne County


Fornaci di Barga, or simply Fornaci, is a frazione of Barga in the Province of Lucca, Tuscany, Italy. It is located 165 m above sea level, on the left bank of the river Serchio.

The town owes its name to lime and brick kilns (fornaci in Italian) that could once be found in the area but that have now gradually disappeared.

History

The first historically documented evidence of Fornaci goes back to approximately 1000AD. The ancient village took the name of Caterozzo, today just the name of one of the four districts of Fornaci. Probably the name comes from “cala” meaning water and “tur” meaning passage, which joined together means ford, describing the original swampy territory on which the first village rose, frequently flooded by the Serchio river. The population was constituted from farmers, fishermen and breeders of cattle who traded their products with the Versiliesi (traders from Versilia, the coastal region of Tuscany) in exchange for spices. A war between the citizens of Lucca and Pope Gregory IX (1230) caused the exodus of the population of Caterozzo and some of the nearby villages to the Apennine mountains. The activity of the "Caterozzo’s Furnaces" which took advantage of the rich deposits of clay, increased in the first half of the 15th century. The village was increasingly becoming, around the various brick-kilns, what would be the centre of today’s Fornaci vecchia. Ancient documents mention the castle of Catarozzo, a sign that the village was protected by castle walls, no trace of which remain today . Thanks to the "Furnaces of Caterozzo" families the pieve of Loppia, of which only the perimeter walls, the facade and the apse remained, was reconstructed and in 1522 was reopened to the faithful. As the village evolved its name changed to become the present one. Of the ancient brick-kilns only one survives to the present day, completely restored and transformed into a shopping centre.

The main expansion of the village happened during World War I and the opening of an ammunition factory in 1915 by the Italian Metallurgical Society (Società Metallurgica Italiana – SMI) that produced shells and cartridges, providing many jobs. As a consequence many new houses had to be built for the workers, which resulted in the Fornaci of the present day. Today the factory has lost a large part of its original purpose and has become specialised in the working of copper and its alloys. In the first years of the present century the factory, today operated by KME Group, started to produce Euro coins.

Nowadays the village has become enriched by many shops and has become the commercial centre of the Serchio valley and its Garfagnana neighbour.

Attractions

The central square, named 4 November and recently restructured, is the heart of the activities and the life of Fornaci. It accommodates the main events of the village and provides a meeting place for people in their free time, thanks also to the adjacent gelateria, bars, pubs and restaurants. The central square opens onto the Via Repubblica, the main street of the village on which are situated many shops, giving rise to the slogan “100 shops having a single display window”. On some festival days, for example May 1 and June 2, the road is closed to traffic and transformed into a pedestrian area. The church of Christ Redentore, constructed in a modern style, is the main church of Fornaci. It is located in the centre of the village, in Don Minzoni square. Monsignor Matteucci, archbishop of Pisa, blessed its foundation stone on May 22, 1971 and consecrated the church on September 27, 1974. The church was built on land given to the parish by Società Metallurgica Italiana which also donated copper for the roof. Inside the church is a mosaic of Christ. The bronze covering of the main door of the church is the work of professor Franco Pegonzi : Franco Pegonzi, created in commemoration of the Holy Jubilee Year 2000 Porta Santa. In the neighbourhood of the church is located the park "Felice Menichini" with a playground for children and a general purpose sports field for others. The church of Santissimo Nome di Maria in Fornaci Vecchia was erected in 1741 and is of more traditional architecture. The church became a parish church in 1923 and an “arcipretura” in 1962. Located at this church is the Romanesque pieve of Saint Maria Assumpta in Loppia. Probably already built in the 6th century, it is certain that the pieve was restored at the beginning of the second millennium at the request of countess Beatrice di Canossa and was reconsecrated on Saturday February 4, 1058 by the bishop of Lucca, Anselmo da Baggio, the future Pope Alexander II. A museum has been created in what was once the research centre of Società Metallurgica Italiana. This museum is managed by the Ing. Luigi Orlando Foundation and contains the correspondence, the archive documents, the technical drawings and samples of machinery that was used in the several plants of the group and is of great value, both historically and culturally. One of the curiosities which should be mentioned is the " fontanina dell' amore", surrounded by nature in the northern part of the village. A poem by the poet Geri di Gavinana has been dedicated to this fountain and to the lovers who visit it looking for a secluded place. A plaque positioned on the fountain reminds the poem. Fornaci is also used as a base for touring the Media Valle del Serchio and Garfagnana.

Society and culture

There are many small associations that make the village alive in various fields (sport, theatre, cultural, commerce, etc.). The most active and long-standing of these in the life of the village are:

 US Fornaci, a soccer club founded in 1928. The greatest achievements of this club were to reach league C in the soccer championship of 1940-41, and to organise the annual "Ciminiera d' Argento" event, presented by Franco Ligas, which gives prizes to sports personalities who have distinguished themselves in their specialities on a national and international level. Examples of these personalities are Mario Cipollini, Juri Chechi, Omar Sivori, Andrea Lucchetta, Bruno Pizzul and Fabrizio Maffei. During the last few years the club has concentrated mainly on younger players, and with its 250 players in the various teams it represents one of the more important soccer nurseries in the entire Lucca area.
 Gruppo mineralogico paleontologico (1973)
 Theatre group "The Mercantidarte" (1981) which prepares shows and organizes amateur theatrical seasons in the Theatre G. Pascoli of Fornaci.
 Judo Club Fornaci (1963) which numbers some Italian champions amongst its various athletes.
 Comitato Fornaci Vecchia. Which organises the prizes "Fornacino dell' anno" and "Aia d' Argento".
 Moto Club Fornaci
 Sport Fishing Club Fornaci.
 Volley Club Fornaci
 Cycle Club Fornaci.
 Schola cantorum (1939).
 CIPAF (Traders, Manufacturers, Professionals, Fornaci Craftsmen)
 Comitato paesano.

The most important of the village festivals are:

 the patron saint’s day (St. Anthony, Abbot on 17 January, with its fair which is held in the old part of the village);
 the first of May, a celebration of flowers and motor vehicles which attracts thousands of people from the neighbourhood every year. This event started in 1960 on the initiative of the Fornaci Motorcycle Club and has been joined over the years by the Gruppo mineralogico paleontologico, US Fornaci, the Volley Club Fornaci, and the Sport Fishing Club;
 In the month of May, at sunset, it is traditional to recite the rosary close to the several "maestaine" (roadside shrines in stone or brick containing the image of the Madonna). These shrines are located in various parts of the village and on these occasions are adorned with fresh flowers and lit by small candles.
 In the month of June the festival of Christ Redeemer takes place when the streets leading to the church are decorated with flowers. This festival (the third Sunday in June) is preceded by competitions between different parts of the village (Rione Case Operaie, Centro, Caterozzo, Fornaci Vecchia). These culminate in the Riondama, a game of draughts played with human pieces in costume;
 In the month of August the Comitato Fornaci Vecchia awards the Aia d’Argento prize for sport, social and cultural achievements;
 In the commercial area of Fornaci, in the first fortnight of August, takes place "Agosto a Fornaci" organised by CIPAF when shops are open till late at night and there are commercial promotions, folklore initiatives and entertainment.

The weekly market is held on Friday mornings.

Gallery

Transport

 Car: Fornaci can be reached from Lucca by means of the SS Lodovica road which continues into the heart of Garfagnana. Public transport services  are available for those without cars.
 Train: Fornaci di Barga railway station serves the town with train services operating to Lucca.
 Air: the nearest commercial airport is Pisa International Airport.

References

Frazioni of Barga, Tuscany
Cities and towns in Tuscany


Cowes Enterprise College, previously known as Cowes High School, is a coeducational secondary school and sixth form with academy status located on the outskirts of Cowes at Crossfield Avenue on the Isle of Wight, England.

History
As Cowes High School, the school was designated a Business and Enterprise College. As part of the reorganisation of the education system on the Isle of Wight, Cowes Pathfinder Partnership was successful in their bid against Academies Enterprise Trust take over the school. In 2011, the school opened with the age range extended to years 7 through 13. It is now one of five secondary providers on the Isle of Wight.

As part of the reorganisation, a bid for £30.5 million was won from the Department for Education and Skills to rebuild the school with a carbon-neutral building, with an aim of being completed by 2012. In December 2008, it was announced that redevelopment of the school had been delayed, caused by procurement rules following court rulings elsewhere, by up to a year with an opening of summer 2012 as the latest opening date,.

The 2014 pass rates for the school were 58% for five or more GCSE A* to C passes including English and Maths, significantly higher than the average for the Isle of Wight and 97% pass rate with 67% of students gaining at least 3 A Level passes.

In September 2012, the college was due to move across into a new £32 million building, however, due to a sustained period of wet weather the opening was delayed until November 2012.
At the beginning of December 2012, parents received a letter stating that occupation of the new building now would not take place until September 2013.

Prior to the new opening of the school, headteacher David Snashall stated he would be standing down, with Dave Goodhead taking over. Jonathan Russell was appointed principal for the new Cowes Enterprise College.

Cowes Enterprise College appointed Rebecca Pearce (current vice principal of The City Academy Bristol) as the new principal for January 2014 and converted to academy status in September 2014 joining the Ormiston Academies Trust.

"Personal circumstances" forced Pearce's departure in November 2014 and former Ofsted inspector John Peckham was appointed to "take the school to the next stage"

Notable former pupils
 Si Genaro, British musician and featured contestant on The Voice UK.
 Mark King, lead singer and bass player with Level 42, attended Cowes High School.
 Mornington Lockett, jazz saxophonist
 Kay Marriott, High Sheriff of the Isle of Wight
 Cliff Michelmore, British television presenter and producer.
 Helen Roy, British ecologist, entomologist, and academic

References

External links

Ofsted reports

Secondary schools on the Isle of Wight
Academies on the Isle of Wight
Ormiston Academies
Cowes
Specialist business and enterprise colleges


Papyrus 8 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), signed by  or α 8 (von Soden), is an early copy of the New Testament in Greek. It is a papyrus manuscript of the Acts of the Apostles, it contains Acts 4:31–37; 5:2–9; 6:1–6.8–15. The manuscript paleographically has been assigned to the 4th century.

The text is written in two columns per page, 25 lines per page.

Text
The Greek text of this codex is a representative of the Alexandrian text-type. Aland placed it in Category II.

The text of the codex was published by Salonius in 1927.

Location
It is currently housed at the Staatliche Museen zu Berlin (Inv. no. 8683) in Berlin.

See also
 Acts of the Apostles: chapter 4, 5, and 6
 List of New Testament papyri

References

Further reading

 C. R. Gregory, Textkritik des Neuen Testaments III (Leipzig: 1909), pp. 1087–1090.

 A. H. Salonius, Die griechischen Handschriftenfragmente des Neuen Testaments in den Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin, ZNW 26 (1927), pp. 97–119.

External links
 Digital image of P8 at CSNTM

New Testament papyri
4th-century biblical manuscripts
Papyri in the Staatliche Museen zu Berlin
Acts of the Apostles papyri