Nafka minnah (Aramaic: נפקא מינה, lit. "emerges from it" ) is a Talmudic phrase used in analytical debates.  It is often used in the phrase Mai nafka minnah? (מאי נפקא מינה), which asks, "What is the practical difference?"

Terminology
The question mai nafka minnah is a way of testing the difference between two or more explanations for a given law, by investigating the different practical halachic rulings that would follow from each explanation.  In other words, it means "so how do they differ in practice?"

It is contrasted with the question be-mai peligei, which also means "how do they differ", but implies that the two views have the same practical consequences and that the difference is the intellectual process by which they are arrived at (for example, which Biblical verse is the relevant authority).

Example
Examples of a nafka minnah abound, both in Jewish law as derived from the Talmud, as well as in any situation that presents multiple rationales for a particular item.

To begin the Shabbos meals, kiddush is recited, followed by the eating of challah. During kiddush, the challah should be covered, which has led to a market for commercially available challah covers that are often beautifully decorated with embroidery or other designs.  There are three reasons given for this practice:
As a commemoration of the manna, which was covered by dew.
As a mechanism to allow for the wine to be consumed prior to the bread.  In Jewish law, blessings are recited prior to the consumption of food or drink, and when faced with multiple food and drink items, there are laws stipulating which items should precede which others. Bread, as a staple food item, precedes all other foods and, in fact, the blessing recited over bread covers other food items (with some exceptions). If the bread was allowed to remain uncovered during the kiddush, its preferential status would be belittled (known as kadima, literally "precedence" or "priority") when the wine is consumed first.
As a display of honor for the Shabbos meals (יקרא דשבתא – lit. "preciousness of Shabbos"). The notion of covering the challah is based on giving each course a sense of newness and fanfare by allowing it to "make an entrance."  Each course is therefore brought out separately, rather than having them all at the table when the meal begins. Because the challah is supposed to be on the table during kiddush, though, it is kept covered until it is ready to be served.

Now that the custom to cover the challah has been established together with its three reasons, one could ask what the nafka minnah would be between the three reasons—how would a difference in practice occur as a result of one rationale being dominant over another?  Each of the following bullets represents a distinct nafka minnah:

If the covering of the challah is because of kadima, the challah may be uncovered immediately after kiddush; if because of the manna or honor, the challah should not be uncovered just because kiddush is over, but should remain covered until after hamotzi (the blessing over the challah) is recited.
Kiddush is not recited at the third meal. If covering the challah is because of the dew or honor, it should be covered at the third meal as well; if because of kadima, there is no wine to disrupt the sequence of blessings and no cover is necessary.
Because the dew enveloped the manna on both the top and bottom, the challah should be covered both above and below; if because of kadima or honor, a simple napkin placed over the challah would do.
If covering the challah is because of kadima, only food items that precede wine in the sequence of blessings should be covered at the time of kiddush or remain off the table until after kiddush. This would include only bread (which has a blessing of hamotzi)  and cake (which has a blessing of mezonos); if covering is because of the dew, only challah needs to be covered; if because of honor, even gefilte fish, coleslaw and other foods on the table should be covered (or brought to the table only when their respective course begins).
If one makes kiddush over the challah (which is not ideal, but certainly permitted if one does not have wine), there is no issue of kadima and perhaps none of honor either, and no cover should be necessary; if because of dew, the challah should still be covered.

Reconciliation
In practice, bread is not covered except on Shabbos and Jewish holidays with Shabbos-like work restrictions because bread eaten on a weekday is not tied to the manna.  It is only on Shabbos, when two loaves are required as a commemoration of the double portion of manna that was given in the wilderness in honor of Shabbos, that we link our bread to the manna that was enveloped in dew.
Many people do not cover the other foods on the table during kiddush.
The Mishnah Berurah asserts that when making kiddush on challah, one should place one's hands on the challah cover until one reaches the actual blessing on the bread, uncover the challah and place one's hands on the challah itself for that blessing and then recover the challah and once again grab the challah through the cover for the concluding words of the kiddush.
Quoting the Aruch Hashulchan, Shemirat Shabbat Kehilchatah asserts that, while "it is not the custom to cover the challah during the third meal," some do indeed cover them to follow the other reasons.

References

Aramaic words and phrases
Talmud concepts and terminology


Eupithecia nanata, the narrow-winged pug, is a moth of the family Geometridae. The species was first described by Jacob Hübner in 1813. It can be found all over Europe including Russia (north to Kola Peninsula) and Ukraine. In the Alps it occurs up to  above sea level and in the Pyrenees to 2400 meters. The species prefers dry or boggy heathlands.

The wingspan is . Eupithecia nanata is a variable species. The forewings are pointed. The ground colour of the forewings ranges from gray to brown to yellowish brown. In the midfield a contrasting dark lateral band sets itself apart: it initially runs at right angles from the costa. The black discal spot is sometimes unclear. There is a marginal white wavy line, which continues on the hindwings. These are partially paler than the forewings and have a small black discal spot. The fringes are brindled grey or brown and white. See also Prout.
The caterpillars appear in two colour variations: at the beginning of the flowering of the food plant they have an alternating greenish and reddish colour with distinct reddish diamond-like spots on the back. The lateral stripes are white and interrupted. At the main flowering time of the food plants, the caterpillars show only a reddish and violet colour spectrum and are thus visually excellently protected from predators.

The moths fly from March to September depending on the location.

The larvae feed on Calluna species and sometimes Achillea millefolium.

Subspecies
Eupithecia nanata nanata
Eupithecia nanata gelidatoides Warnecke, 1951 Iceland
Eupithecia nanata zebrata Wolff, 1929 Faroe Islands
Eupithecia nanata kozhantschikovi Wehrli, 1929 (raised to species status as Eupithecia kozhantschikovi)

Etymology
The scientific name of the species is derived Latin nanus (meaning a dwarf).

References

External links

Lepiforum e.V.
De Vlinderstichting

nanata
Moths described in 1813
Moths of Europe
Moths of Asia
Taxa named by Jacob Hübner


The Church of St. John Baptist, Cirencester is a parish church in the Church of England in Cirencester, Gloucestershire, England. It is a Grade I listed building.

The building reflects architectural styles since the 12th century. The chancel and attached chapel represent the oldest part with the nave having been rebuilt twice and the tower added in the 15th century. The south porch was built by Cirencester Abbey around 1480 and only connected to the church in the 18th century.

It is built of Cotswold stone and is one of the "largest parish churches in England". It contains various tombs and monuments with some fragments of medieval stained glass and wall paintings.

History

The church is medieval. It is renowned for its perpendicular porch, fan vaults and merchants' tombs.

The chancel is the oldest part of the structure, and construction of the current church started in the 12th century on the site of an earlier Saxon one. It was widened in about 1180. Around 1240 the nave was completely rebuilt. The east window dates from around 1300. The original stained glass of the east window has long since disappeared and it is now filled with fifteenth century glass from other parts of the church.

To the north of the chancel is St. Catherine's Chapel which dates from around 1150. It contains a wall painting of St. Christopher carrying the Christ Child, and vaulting given by Abbot John Hakebourne in 1508 when major reconstruction took place funded by the wool trade making it an example of a Wool church. To the north of St. Catherine's Chapel is the Lady Chapel, first built in 1240 and extended in the 15th century. The tower was built and supported by buttresses around 1400.

The Trinity Chapel dates from 1430 to 1460 and was endowed for a priest of the nearby Abbey to say masses for the souls of Kings and Queens. It contains a squint which enabled the priest to synchronise the celebration of mass with that at the high altar. The nave was completely rebuilt between 1515 and 1530 and is a remarkable example of late Perpendicular Gothic architecture. The tower is fifteenth century and remarkable for the large buttresses which shore it up at its junction with the nave. The great south porch which adjoins the market place was built around 1500 at the expense of Alice Avening. It is elaborately decorated. It was built by Cirencester Abbey around 1480, as an administrative centre and only connected to the church in the 18th century. Between the dissolution of the monasteries and its connection to the church it was used as the town hall. The nave was again rebuilt between 1516 and 1530.

In 1642 the church was used to imprison local citizens overnight after the skirmishes in the town during the English Civil War.

During the 1860s George Gilbert Scott led a team undertaking a Victorian restoration to strengthen the church, which included moving many of the bodies interred under the nave to the Lady Chapel. This reduced the level of the floor and introduced sub floor voids. These were investigated during alterations carried out in 2008 and 2009, which discovered evidence of the various periods of the church's construction.

In 2019 a design competition was started to commission statues for niches on the church wall, to replace those removed and lost in 1963.

Architecture and fittings

The Cotswold stone church is  long and  wide. The three-stage buttressed tower is  high. This makes it one of the "largest parish churches in England".

The layout of the church includes a three-bay chancel and three-bay aisled nave. The nave includes arcades of tall piers with carved angels at the tops supporting arches and windows. The west tower houses bells which have been added to and recast, mostly by Rudhall of Gloucester, over the centuries.

The three-storey south porch has carved oriel windows and crenellated parapets topped by decorative pinnacles. The interior is a profusion of panelling in the chambers.

The pulpit dates from the 15th century. The octagonal font was carved in the 14th century. It was returned to the church in the 19th century after it had been discovered in the abbey grounds. The brass chandeliers were made in Bristol in 1701.

There are several stained glass windows. Some of these include fragments of medieval glass but are largely 18th century by Hardman & Co. The east windows of the chancel and south chapel were built around 1300.

There are some surviving fragments of wall paintings particularly in St Catherines chapel, and a wide variety of tombs and monuments. The silver gilt "Boleyn Cup" was made in 1535 for Anne Boleyn and given to the church by Elizabeth I.

Organ

The church possesses a pipe organ built  by Father Willis in 1895 with a case by George Gilbert Scott.   It was renovated by Rushworth and Dreaper in 1955 and rebuilt by Harrison & Harrison in 2009.

Parish status

The church is in the combined parish which includes: Holy Trinity Church, Watermoor and St. Lawrence, Chesterton.

Record of incumbents

Thomas Marshall 1558
Thomas Perpointe 1562
William Aldsworth 1574
Thomas Woodlande 1578
John Mortimer 1580
John Stone 1581
Philip Jones 1586
Henry Bishop 1587
Robert Butler 1592
Heymo Leigh 1594
Richard Dyer 1610
John Burgoyne 1616
Alexander Gregory 1632
Thomas Carles 1663–1675†
Jeremiah Gregory 1675–1690 (son of Alexander Gregory)
Joseph Harrison 1690–1753†
Samuel Johnson 1753–1778
Martin Stafford Smith 1778–1789
William Shippen Willes 1789–1806
Henry Anthony Pye 1806–1839†
William Frederick Powell 1839–1868
James Ogilvy Millar 1869–1881
Henry Rudge Hayward 1881–1898 (as Archdeacon of Cirencester from 1883)
John Stewart Sinclair 1898–1908 (appointed Archdeacon of Cirencester)
William Aubrey Robins 1909–1922 (later Archdeacon of Bedford)
Lewis Westmacott 1922–1940
Ronald Huntley Sutch 1941–1962 (as Archdeacon of Cheltenham from 1951)
Rowland Edward Hill 1962–1978
John Arthur Lewis 1978–1988 (appointed Archdeacon of Cheltenham)
Hedley Ringrose 1988–1998 (appointed Archdeacon of Cheltenham)
Michael St. John-Channell 1999–2006
James Butterworth 2006–2008
Leonard Doolan 2008–2017
Graham Morris 2018–

References

Cirencester
Cirencester Saint John
Cirencester
Cirencester


Harry Harding may refer to:

Harry Harding (political scientist) (born 1946), American politician scientist, China specialist
Harry Harding (politician), Canadian politician, member of the Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly
Harry Harding, stage name Hazza, Australian singer and television presenter

See also
Henry Harding (disambiguation)
Harold Harding (1900–1986), British civil engineer
Harold Hardinge, English cricketer and footballer


The Leader (24 October 1909 – 6 September 1967)  was one of the most influential English-language newspapers in India during British Raj. Founded by Madan Mohan Malviya, the paper was published in Allahabad. Under C. Y. Chintamani, a dynamic editor from 1909 to 1934, it acquired a large readership in North India. His clash with Motilal Nehru over issue of his freedom as editor, meant that Motilal left within a year, thereafter between 1927 and 1936, Chintamani was not only the Chief Editor of the newspaper, but also the leader of the opposition in the U. P. Legislative Council. Indian National Congress leader, Moti Lal Nehru was the first Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Leader, and the paper remained politically charged through its existence, many of Mahatma Gandhi's writings were also published in it, and it is repository of important writing of that generation.

Archives

The Duke University Library System has newspaper copies from 1963 to 6 September 1967 on microfilm, apart from British Library, Asia, Pacific and African Collections and University of Cambridge, South Asian Studies Centre.

References

External links
 The Leader at British Library

1909 establishments in India
1967 disestablishments in India
English-language newspapers published in India
Defunct newspapers published in India
Newspapers established in 1909
Publications disestablished in 1967
Mass media in Prayagraj
Madan Mohan Malaviya


Checkmate is a 2008 Marathi-language thriller film written and directed by Sanjay Jadhav, produced by Kanchan Satpute and Chandrashekhar Mahamuni. The film stars Ankush Chaudhari, Swapnil Joshi, Rahul Mehendale, Sonali Khare, Sanjay Narvekar.

Plot
Vishal, Mohan, and Tushar fall victim to a fraudulent scheme promising to double their money. When their attempts to seek help from the authorities fail, Vishal takes matters into his own hands by raiding the scheme operator Bhalya's hideout. He manages to escape with the money by orchestrating a fake death for Mohan and Tushar. However, Bhalya discovers that Tushar is alive and takes him to his boss, Sampatrao Mahabal.

Vishal and Mohan eventually find themselves at Sampatrao's location, where a chilling ultimatum awaits. Sampatrao demands that Vishal must either genuinely eliminate Mohan and Tushar or return the embezzled money. In an attempt to evade this dire situation, Mohan devises a ruse proposing a fictitious scheme to repay Sampatrao ₹50 Crore within 30 days. Agreeing to this proposal, Sampatrao keeps Tushar in captivity until the promised sum is returned. To ensure compliance, Sampatrao dispatches his brother Rajan to accompany Vishal and Mohan, serving as a watchful eye on their every move.

Cast
Ankush Choudhary as Vishal Korgaonkar
Swapnil Joshi as Mohan Bhave
Rahul Mehendale as Tushar Jaikar
Sonali Khare as Sunila
Sanjay Narvekar as Rajan Mahabal
Anand Abhyankar as Shekhar Divadkar
Vinay Apte as Sampatrao Mahabal
Bharat Ganeshpure as Raghu Jangam
Sandesh Jadhav as Inspector Sandesh Jadhav
Ravi Kale as Inspector Rane
Ravi Patwardhan as Vishal's father
Hrudaynath Rane as Bhalya
Uday Sabnis as Inspector Zende
Chinmayee Sumeet as Sulochana Mahabal
Smita Talwalkar as Mohan's mother
Resham Tipnis
Madhura Velankar
Priya Khopkar
Asit Redij

Music
The film has only one song which is composed by Ajay–Atul and Sunil Kaushik with lyrics written by Earl D'souza & Ajay Atul.

References

External links

2000s Marathi-language films
2008 films
Films scored by Ajay–Atul
Films directed by Sanjay Jadhav


The anime series 'Junjō Romantica' is based on the yaoi series Junjō Romantica by Shungiku Nakamura.

Produced by Studio Deen, the anime episodes follow the manga series of the same name by Shungiku Nakamura. Premiering in Japan on TV Hokkaido on April 10, 2008, the series' first season ran for twelve episodes until its conclusion on June 26, 2008. A second season premiered on the same channel on October 12, 2008, where it also ran for twelve episodes. On August 29, 2013, it was announced that more episodes are in production.
The third season began airing on July 8, 2015.

The series uses four pieces of theme music: two opening themes then two ending themes. Pigstar performs both opening themes, with the song  used for the opening theme, and  for the second season. For the ending theme,  by Script is used for the first season's episodes, while  by Juned is used for the second. The opening theme in the third season is "Innocent Graffiti" by Fo'xTails and the ending theme is "Kawaranai Sora" (変わらない空 -|lit "Unchanging Sky") by Luck Life.

Episode listing

Season 1

Season 2

Season 3

References

External links
 Official Junjo Romantica anime site
 Official Studio Dean Junjo Romantica anime site

Junjo Romantica


Platyptilia gonodactyla, also known as the triangle plume, is a moth of the family Pterophoridae found in temperate Asia and Europe. It was first described by the Austrian entomologists, Michael Denis & Ignaz Schiffermüller in 1775.

Distribution
This species can be found in the Palearctic realm. It has a widespread distribution in Britain.

Habitat
These moths inhabit open, grassy areas, waste ground, meadows and spruce forest edge.

Description
The wingspan is 22–28 mm. They have pale brown or grayish wings with chestnut coloured markings towards the tips. This species is very similar to Platyptilia nemoralis, and Platyptilia calodactyla but it shows a very small scaletooth at the dorsum of the third lobe.

The caterpillars are about six millimeters long at the end of March. They have a glossy black head and black mouthparts, prothoracal shield and thoracic legs. The body is yellow, with a broad reddish back.

Biology

The moths fly from May to October depending on the location and are active at dusk and night. This species has two generation a year, in June and in late July–September.

The larvae feed on coltsfoot (Tussilago farfara) and sometimes also butterbur (Petasites species). The larvae of the spring generation feed in the stem from the base up to the receptacle of the flower head, with pupation taking place either there or on a leaf. The summer generation are miners. The mine consists of a small, transparent, irregularly shaped full depth mine and there are often several in a single leaf. The frass is granular but there is little to be seen, or it is missing completely. After some time the larvae feeds freely on the underside of the leaf or under a folded leaf margin.

References

External links
 Lepiforum

gonodactyla
Leaf miners
Moths described in 1775
Moths of Asia
Moths of Europe
Taxa named by Michael Denis
Taxa named by Ignaz Schiffermüller


My 3 Sisters  (Spanish title:Mis 3 hermanas) is a successful Venezuelan telenovela written by Perla Farías and produced by RCTV in 2000.

Scarlet Ortiz and Ricardo Alamo starred as the main protagonists with Roxana Diaz as the main antagonist; Carlos Cruz, Dad Dager, Chantal Baudaux starred as co-protagonists.

Plot
Augusto (Carlos Cruz) and his three sisters Silvia "La Generala", Lisa "La Perfecta" and Beatriz "La Beba" were practically left as orphans after the death of their mother and the unknown whereabouts of their father who abandoned them years ago. Now, Augusto had to place his dreams on hold in order to support his siblings. Now Augusto works as a building materials sales manager at his uncle's company where he works with his wife Margarita (Roxana Diaz) a selfish and ambitious woman who is tired of Augusto's constant support for his sisters and their lack of economic stability. Margarita sets her eyes on Santiago (Ricardo Álamo), a handsome engineer who works to shut down the medical clinic where Lisa (Scarlet Ortiz) works. Lisa and Santiago fall in love with each other. But the problem facing their relationship is that Santiago is engaged to marry Barbara, daughter of Ernesto who is Santiago's boss.

Cast

Starring
 Scarlet Ortiz as Lisa Estrada Morandi: Medical nurse studying to become a doctor, Augusto's, Silvia's and Beatriz's sister, Margarita's sister-in-law, Jacinto's daughter, Vicente's god-daughter, Santiago's lover. Marries Santiago at the end of the show.
 Ricardo Álamo as Santiago Ortega Díaz: Architect at Solís Construction, Barbara's fiancee, Margarita's one-night stand , Lisa's lover, Eloiza's son. Marries Lisa at the end of the show.
 Roxana Díaz as Margarita Álvarez de Estrada: Construction sales person, Augusto's wife, Santiago's one-night stand.
 Carlos Cruz as Augusto Estrada Morandi: Margarita's dedicated husband, brother to Silvia, Lisa and Beartiz, Jacinto's son. Later married to Barbara, Vicente's god-son. Marries Barbara at the end of the show.

Also starring
 Roberto Moll as Jacinto Estrada / Jaime Contreras: Augusto, Silvia, Lisa and Beatriz's long-lost father, Delia's husband, famous medical doctor.
 Dad Dáger as Silvia: Former housewife and later advertising executive. Carlos dedicated wife, mother of twin daughters. Elder sister to Lisa and Beatriz.
 Ricardo Bianchi as Carlos Salas: Theatre actor, Silvia's dedicated husband, Augusto, Lisa and Beatriz's brother-in-law.
 Chantal Baudaux as Beatriz / La Beba: Youngest child of the Estrada family, high school student, Francisco's girlfriend. Marries Francisco at the end of the show.
 Jonathan Montenegro as Francisco Moreno: La Beba's love interest, Roberto's enemy.
 Marlene De Andrade as Barbara Solis Quintero: Ernesto and Sofia's daughter, Anibal's sister, dedicated friend of Isabel, Santiago's fiancee. Marries Augusto at the end of the show.
 Yul Bürkle as Anibal Solís Quintero: Son of Ernesto and Sofia, Barbara's older brother, Isabel's former lover, obsessed with Lisa. Goes to jail for Augusto's attempted murder.
 Yoel Borges as Roberto Giovanni: Don Giovanni's son, worker at Giovanni pizzeria, member of local gang, Beatriz's boyfriend, hates Francisco.
 Mirela Mendoza as Isabel Méndez: Art gallery owner, Barbara's best friend, Anibal's former lover, in love with Augusto.
 Rodolfo Renwick as Javier: Gym trainer, Santiago's best friend.
 Jerónimo Gil as Dr. Gustavo Martínez: Doctor at clinic, in love with Lisa.
 Virginia Lancaster as Mimí

Special participation
 Manuel Salazar as Ernesto Solís: Owner of Solís Construction, Sofia's wife, father to Anibal and Barbara.
 Flor Elena González as Delia Contreras: Dedicated wife of Jacinto, medical laboratory specialist.
 Marisela Buitriago as Sofía Quintero de Solís: Socialite, Ernesto's wife, mother to Anibal and Barbara, Álvaro's lover.
 Antonio Cuevas as Vicente Quintana: God-father to Augusto, Silvia, Lisa and Beatriz.
 Luis Alberto de Mozos as Álvaro Galindez: Lawyer to the Solís family, Ernesto's friend and adviser, Sofia's lover.
 Gioia Lombardini as Eloiza Díaz Ortega: Mother of Santiago.
 Verónica Cortés as Ángela Morandi de Estrada
 Samuel González as Augusto Estrada Morandi

Recurring
 Gabriela Santeliz as Anabel
 César Bencid as Dr. Serpa
 José Félix Cárdenas as Germán
 Víctor Rosa-Branco as Ernesto Solano
 Gerardo Soto as Iván Gil
 Aura Rivas as Ligia Díaz

References

External links
 Mis 3 hermanas episode summaries at

Drama 🇲🇾 Hati Yang Dikhianati
Mis 3 hermanas at

RCTV telenovelas
2000 telenovelas
2000 Venezuelan television series debuts
2000 Venezuelan television series endings
Spanish-language telenovelas
Television shows set in Caracas


Al-Karmil or El-Carmel () was a bi-weekly Arabic-language newspaper founded toward the end of Ottoman imperial rule in Palestine. Named for Mount Carmel in the Haifa district, the first issue was published in December 1908, with the stated purpose of "opposing Zionist colonization".

The owner, editor and key writer for the newspaper was Najib Nassar, a Palestinian Arab Christian and staunch anti-Zionist, whose editorials warning of the dangers posed by Zionism to the Palestinian people were often reprinted in other Syrian newspapers.

Beginning in the 1920s, Najib's wife Sadhij Nassar (c.1900 – c.1970) was also a key editor, administrator and journalist for the newspaper. Besides writing, she also translated articles from the foreign press, and was editor from 1941 to 1944, when the British Mandate authorities refused to grant her a permit.

After the demise of the Ottoman empire in the wake of World War I, Al-Karmil continued to be published during British Mandatory rule in British Palestine well into the 1940s.

Editorial policies

Anti-Zionism
Writing of Al-Karmil and another early Arab Palestinian newspaper, Filastin, Rashid Khalidi characterizes them as "instrumental in shaping early Palestinian national consciousness and in stirring opposition to Zionism." Khalidi contends that almost immediately after the publication of its first issue in December 1908, al-Karmil "became the primary vehicle of an extensive campaign against Zionist settlement in Palestine."

Najib Nassar, owner, editor and journalist for the paper, not only printed news items and editorials concerning Zionism and its aims, but also re-published articles on Zionism from other Arabic newspapers based in Cairo, Beirut and Damascus, such as al-Muqattam, al-Ahram, al-Mufid, al-Ittihad al-'Uthmani, and al-Muqtabas, as well as from Istanbul-based al-Hadara and Jaffa-based Filastin. Further, Nassar devoted detailed coverage to the activities and aims of Zionist organizations in Palestine and abroad. Between March and June 1911, al-Karmil published a sixteen-part series on "Zionism: Its history, objective, and importance" that was later released as a 65-page booklet. The material included condensed translation of the article on Zionism from the Encyclopedia Judaica, and Nassar's comments. The booklet concluded by describing the efforts of Theodor Herzl on behalf of Zionism, calling for men like Herzl, "...who will forget their private interests in favor of the public good," to step forth from among the Palestinian population to oppose Zionism. Nassar's purpose was to incite public opinion against Zionism, whose aims and activities he viewed as a threat to the Arab character of Palestine, but he also focused on alerting the public to instances in which the ruling Ottoman and later British authorities were colluding with Zionists to facilitate Jewish land purchases.

At the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 Najib Nassar spoke out against Turkish entry into the conflict and was put on a wanted list. Accused of spying for the British against Ottoman Turkey and its German allies, he fled from his home in Haifa to Nazareth, and from there, wandered over the Galilee and the eastern bank of the River Jordan. He went on the run for three years, living with Bedouin goat herders in the hills of what is now the Israeli Galilee, West Bank and northern Jordan, narrowly escaping capture.

Women's rights

In 1926, al-Karmil  began publishing a "women's page" (Safhat al-nisa) that was edited by Sadhij Nassar, Najib Nassar's wife, who also served as an editor and director of administration for the newspaper as a whole. Her journalistic contributions between 1926 and 1933 have been characterized as a kind of "one-woman press", wherein she commented on a wide range topics, including women's activities locally, regionally, and internationally. Encouraging women to raise their male and female children equally and to take up work to facilitate their economic independence, Sadhij Nassar also urged women to get involved in politics, while avoiding factionalism in favor of unity. For example, in the late 1920s, Nassar wrote, "You are responsible. Yes, you Palestinian Arab ladies, Muslim and Christian, you are responsible for the integrity of the nation (its "watan") and keeping Palestine Arab as it was until now. Every woman will spread the spirit of cooperation among the sons of the Arabs in the souls of her children." In 1930 Sadhij Nassar was a founding member and secretary of the Arab Women's Union in Haifa, which was one of the more militant branches of the women's movement during the British Mandate period.

Relationship with the ruling authorities

Ottoman rule
In its early years, al-Karmil′s editorial line reflected a positive approach toward the ruling imperial authorities, the Turkish Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), but by 1911, like most other pan-Arabist thinkers, it switched to opposing the CUP because of its perceived bias in favor of Zionism. Among the contributing writers to al-Karmil were many who had participated in the Arab revolt of 1916, such as Druze intellectual Ali Nasir al-Din and educator and journalist Hamdi al-Husayni.

British Mandate rule
In the late 1930s, Sadhij Nassar was described by the British authorities as "a menace to public security" and a "prominent agitator". Arrested in March 1939 by British police and held in administrative detention under the Defense Emergency Regulations in a women's prison in Bethlehem until February 1940, when she was detained because "she was actively engaged in subversive propaganda." After her release, she returned to editing al-Karmil, serving as the editor between 1941 and 1944, when the newspaper was operating without a permit after the British authorities had refused to issue one. She continued her activities in the women's movement until 1948, when she became a refugee and wrote for various publications in London and in Damascus, where she tried to open a branch of the Arab Women's Union. She is believed to have died in Damascus during the 1970s.

References

Bibliography

External links
 Al-Karmil on Jrayed - Arabic Newspaper Archive of Ottoman and Mandatory Palestine by the National Library of Israel

Anti-Zionism in Mandatory Palestine
Defunct newspapers published in the Ottoman Empire
Newspapers published in Mandatory Palestine
Newspapers established in 1908
Mass media in Haifa
1908 establishments in Ottoman Syria
1944 disestablishments in Mandatory Palestine
Publications disestablished in 1944


is a railway station in Ōmuta, Fukuoka, Japan, operated by the Kyushu Railway Company (JR Kyushu). The station opened on March 12, 2011.

Lines
Shin-Ōmuta Station is served by the Kyushu Shinkansen.

Platforms

External links

 JR Kyushu - Shin-Ōmuta Station

Railway stations in Fukuoka Prefecture
Railway stations in Japan opened in 2011


A blind arcade or blank arcade is an arcade (a series of arches) that has no actual openings and that is applied to the surface of a wall as a decorative element: i.e., the arches are not windows or openings but are part of the masonry face. It is designed as an ornamental architectural element and has no load-bearing function.

Similar structures

Whereas a blind arch is usually a single arch or a series of joined arches as a frieze (sometimes called Lombard band), a blind arcade is composed of a series of arches that have well-defined columns in between its arches.

A blind arcade may resemble several s (false/blank windows or sealed-up windows) or blind niches that are side by side.

Examples

Blind arcades are a common decorative features on the facades of Romanesque and Gothic buildings throughout Western Europe, and are also a common feature in Byzantine Orthodox churches in Eastern Europe, and in Armenian churches.

See also
 Dwarf gallery
 Flying butress

References

External links
 Dictionary of French Architecture from the 11th to 16th century/Volume 1/Blind Arcade
 The Monasery of Marmashen

Arcades (architecture)


Hellmuth Becker (12 August 1902, Alt Ruppin, Neuruppin – 28 February 1953) was a German SS commander during the Nazi era. In World War II, he led the SS Division Totenkopf and was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves. Post-war, Becker was tried by Soviet authorities twice, for war crimes and sabotage and was executed in 1953, after the second trial.

Career
Born in 1902, Becker joined the army in 1920 and left it in 1932 with the rank of Sergeant major (Wachtmeister). In 1933, he joined the SS and met Wilhelm Bittrich and Hermann Priess. In 1935, Becker was transferred to the SS Totenkopf Standarte "Oberbayern", stationed at the SS-Übungslager Dachau, which later became part of the SS Division Totenkopf. On 9 November 1940, Becker was promoted to SS-Obersturmbannführer and commander of the SS-Totenkopf-Regiment. From 1942 to 1944 he held the rank of an SS-Standartenführer and saw active duty in the Totenkopf-Division. Early in 1944, he was transferred to SS-Führungshauptamt and in March, he assumed command of the 36th SS Panzer Grenadier Regiment, SS Division Reichsführer-SS in Italy. On 21 June, he is promoted to SS-Oberführer and in July, commander of the 3rd SS-Panzerdivision Totenkopf. The 1 October 1944 he is promoted to SS-Brigadeführer.

In December 1944, the division was moved to Hungary for the battles around Budapest. The division crossed the Danube River to Vienna, attempting to surrender to the U.S. forces. Under the terms of Germany's capitulation, the surrender was refused and the unit was handed over to the Soviet Red Army.

Becker proved himself a brutal, ruthless and debauched man, even by SS standards according to official Waffen-SS inquiries: "On the Eastern Front, Becker has raped Russian women in public and has appeared completely drunk on several occasions in the frontlines as regimental commander. In Spring 1943, he had organised prostitutes to come to his command centre and on the 20th April 1943, he had all the artillery sent a ten-minute salute salvo to celebrate the Führer’s birthday. Even on the Western front on Christmas 1942, he had organised an orgy for his regiment in the officers' casino. He had destroyed furniture, broken windows and had a horse rode to death by his fellow officers."

Trials, convictions and execution

In November 1947, he was put on trial before a Soviet military court in Poltava and sentenced to 25 years in prison with hard labour for war crimes. While serving his sentence, Becker "tried his jailers' patience" by attempting to manufacture explosives, leading to his retrial. "The personification of the brutal Landsknechts who formed the high-ranking officers of the Waffen-SS", he was convicted and executed in February 1953.

Awards
Iron Cross (1939) 2nd Class (24 May 1940) & 1st Class (26 June 1940)
German Cross in Gold on 26 September 1942 as SS-Standartenführer in SS-Totenkopf Regiment 3
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
 Knight's Cross on 7 September 1943 as SS-Standartenführer and commander of the SS Regiment Theodor Eicke.
 Oak Leaves on 21 September 1944 as SS-Oberführer and commander of the SS Division Totenkopf

See also
Main article List SS-Brigadeführer

References

Citations

Bibliography

1902 births
1953 deaths
German rapists
People from Neuruppin
SS-Brigadeführer
Recipients of the Gold German Cross
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
Members of the Reichstag of Nazi Germany
Waffen-SS personnel
Nazis convicted of war crimes
Nazis executed by the Soviet Union by firearm
Military personnel from Brandenburg


Tinga Tinga Tales is a British flash animated children's television series based on African folk tales and aimed at 4 to 6-year-olds. It was commissioned by the BBC for its CBeebies channel. Named after Tingatinga art from Tanzania, Tinga Tinga Tales was produced in Nairobi, Kenya, by Homeboyz Animation, a studio of approximately 50 people. The music is produced by Kenyan singer-songwriter Eric Wainaina. The series comprises 55 episodes and is also available on BBC iPlayer.

The series was first conceived by Claudia Lloyd, head of the animation division at the London-based Tiger Aspect Productions, while travelling through Africa. The first three episodes premiered on the BBC website in early February 2010. The distribution rights have been bought by Entertainment Rights (which in 2009 merged with Classic Media, then in 2012 it was acquired by DreamWorks Animation and renamed into DreamWorks Classics).

Synopsis
Tinga Tinga Tales is centred around various animated animals, and employs music, dialogue and colourful imagery to tell African folk tales about the origins of animals, each narrated by Red Monkey, and answer questions such as "Why do monkeys swing in the trees?" and "Why do flamingos stand on one leg?".

Characters

Main characters
 Red Monkey (voiced by Eugene Muchiri (UK)/Geoffrey Curtin (US)): Red Monkey is the narrator of all of the episodes.
 Elephant (voiced by Lenny Henry): Elephant has a trunk that cleans his friends.
 Lion (voiced by Patrice Naiambana): Lion is the king of Tinga Tinga.
 Tortoise (voiced by Shaun Parkes): Tortoise is the genius.
 Hippo (voiced by Johnnie Fiori): Hippo lives in a water hole.
 Tickbird (voiced by Tameka Empson (UK)/Elizabeth Curtin (US)): Tickbird is the smallest main character.
 Orange Monkey (voiced by Ben Spybey)
 Yellow Monkey (voiced by Faraaz Meghani)

African characters
 Buffalo (voiced by Lenny Henry)
 Bat (voiced by Prince Abura (UK)/Jules de Jongh (US))
 Frog (voiced by Wakanyote Njuguna)
 Warthog (voiced by Kennie Andrews)
 Porcupine (voiced by Catherine Wambua)
 Crocodile (voiced by Edward Kwach)
 Chameleon (voiced by Patrick Kayeki (UK)/Kerry Shale (US))
 Hare (voiced by Felix Dexter (UK)/John Guerrasio (US))
 Vulture (voiced by Felix Dexter (UK)/Lorelei King (US))
 Giraffe (voiced by Miriam Margolyes)
 Lizard (voiced by Junior Simpson)
 Eagle (voiced by Ninia Benjamin)
 Mosquito (voiced by Ninia Benjamin)
 Bushbaby (voiced by Bhumi Patel)
 Cheetah (voiced by Angelina Koinange (UK)/Sophie Okonedo (US))
 Cubs (voiced by Tracy Rabar, Mikayla Odera, Cullie Ruto)
 Snake (voiced by Johnny Daukes (UK)/Dan Russell (US))
 Aardvark (voiced by Johnny Daukes)
 Puffadder (voiced by Johnny Daukes)
 Jackal (voiced by Terence Reis)
 Rhino (voiced by Terence Reis)
 Ants (voiced by Terence Reis)
 Chief Ant (voiced by Peter King)
 Lieutenant Ant (voiced by Eric Wainaina)
 Wildebeests (voiced by Terence Reis)
 Zebra (voiced by Eddie Kadi (UK)/Dan Russell (US))
 Parrot (voiced by Eddie Kadi)
 Flamingo (voiced by Flaminia Cinque)
 Ostrich (voiced by Janet Suzman)
 Camel (voiced by Paul Shearer (Season 1)/Jim Cummings (Season 2))
 Dragonfly (voiced by Corine Onyango)
 Leopard (voiced by Dona Croll)
 Hyena (voiced by Stephen K Amos)
 Millipede/Pediless (voiced by Stephen K Amos)
 Baboon (voiced by Anton Rice)
 Guinea Fowl (voiced by Rosemary Leach)
 Meerkat (voiced by Morwenna Banks)
 Impala (voiced by Claudia Lloyd)
 Bees (voiced by Claudia Lloyd)
 Queen Bee (voiced by Penelope Keith)
 Cricket (voiced by Derek Griffiths)
 Tinga Tinga Birds (voiced by Atemi Oyungu, Muthoni Mburu)

North American characters
 Skunk (voiced by Derek Griffiths)
 Caterpillar/Butterfly (voiced by Akiya Henry)
 Squirrel (voiced by Miriam Margolyes)
 Woodpecker (voiced by Akiya Henry)
 Owl (voiced by Meera Syal)
 Flea (voiced by Akiya Henry)
 Crow (voiced by Achieng Abura)
 Hen (voiced by Lindiwe Brown Mkhize)
 Spider (voiced by Jocelyn Jee Esien)
 Hummingbird (voiced by Maureen Lipman)
 Mole (voiced by Sophie Thompson)

Asian characters
 Peacock (voiced by Cyril Nri)

Ocean characters
 Whale (voiced by Ruth Madoc)
 Crab  (voiced by Terence Reis)
 Fish (voiced by Claudia Lloyd)

Mysterious characters
 Majitu the Giant (voiced by Colin McFarlane)
 The Sleeping Stones (voiced by Nonso Anozie)
 The Wind (voiced by Terence Reis)

Episodes

Series overview

Pilot (2008)
 0. Tinga Tinga Tales (2008)

Series 1 (2010)
 1.  Why Elephant Has a Trunk (15 February 2010)
 2.  Why Snake Has No Legs (16 February 2010)
 3.  Why Hippo Has No Hair (17 February 2010)
 4.  Why Tortoise Has a Broken Shell (18 February 2010)
 5.  Why Hen Pecks the Ground (19 February 2010)
 6.  Why Bat Hangs Upside-down (22 February 2010)
 7.  Why Warthog is So Ugly (23 February 2010)
 8.  Why Owl's Head Turns All the Way Round (24 February 2010)
 9.  Why Monkeys Swing in the Trees (25 February 2010)
 10. Why Tickbird Sits on Hippo's Back (26 February 2010)
 11. Why Frog Croaks (3 March 2010)
 12. Why Spider Has a Tiny Waist (4 March 2010)
 13. Why Vulture is Bald (5 March 2010)
 14. Why Giraffe Has a Long Neck (6 March 2010)
 15. Why Porcupine Has Quills (7 March 2010)
 16. Why Lizard Hides Under Rocks (10 March 2010)
 17. Why Crocodile Has a Bumpy Back (11 March 2010)
 18. Why Jackal Howls at the Moon (12 March 2010)
 19. Why Hare Hops (13 March 2010)
 20. Why Mosquito Buzzes (16 March 2010)
 21. Why Rhino Charges (19 April 2010)
 22. Why Caterpillar is Never in a Hurry (20 April 2010)
 23. Why Lion Roars (23 April 2010)
 24. Why Zebra Has Stripes (24 April 2010)
 25. Why Flamingo Stands on One Leg (28 April 2010)
 26. Why Woodpecker Pecks (29 April 2010)

Series 2 (2010–11)
 27. Why Ostrich Sticks Her Head in the Ground (22 November 2010)
 28. Why Camel Has a Hump (23 November 2010)
 29. Why Wildebeest Stampede (24 November 2010)
 30. Why Chameleon Changes Colour (25 November 2010)
 31. Why Leopard Has Spots (26 November 2010)
 32. Why Hyena Has Short Back Legs (29 November 2010)
 33. Why Ants Work Together (30 November 2010)
 34. Why Flea Jumps (1 December 2010)
 35. Why Hummingbird Hums (2 December 2010)
 36. Why Baboon Has a Bare Bottom (3 December 2010)
 37. Why Bees Sting (6 December 2010)
 38. Why Peacock Struts (7 December 2010)
 39. Why Aardvark Has a Sticky Tongue (8 December 2010)
 40. Why Whale Spouts (9 December 2010)
 41. Why Parrot Can't Keep a Secret (10 December 2010)
 42. Why Bushbaby Has Big Eyes (21 March 2011)
 43. Why Guinea Fowl Has Dots (22 March 2011)
 44. Why Buffalo Has Horns (23 March 2011)
 45. Why Puffadder Sheds His Skin (24 March 2011)
 46. Why Eagle Rules the Skies (25 March 2011)
 47. Why Skunk Smells (26 March 2011)
 48. Why Cricket Chirrups (27 March 2011)
 49. Why Mole Lives Underground (28 March 2011)
 50. Why Squirrel Gathers Nuts (29 March 2011)
 51. Why Meerkat is Always on the Lookout (30 March 2011)
 52. Why Cheetah Has Tears (31 March 2011)

Home Media
The series was released on DVD in the United Kingdom by Universal Pictures UK and Classic Media.

References

External links

  (archived)

 Miscellaneous Crew

2010 British television series debuts
2010 Kenyan television series debuts
2011 British television series endings
2011 Kenyan television series endings
2010s British children's television series
2010s Kenyan television series
BBC children's television shows
British children's animated adventure television series
Kenyan animated television series
British flash animated television series
British television shows based on children's books
Animated television series about elephants
Animated television series about lions
Animated television series about monkeys
Animated television series about turtles
2010s British animated television series
Television series by Tiger Aspect Productions
Television series by Endemol
DreamWorks Classics
CBeebies
British preschool education television series
Animated preschool education television series
2010s preschool education television series


Lewis Wormser Harris (1812–1876) was an Irish bill-broker, financier, member of the Dublin Corporation and prominent member of the Dublin Hebrew Congregation. He was the first Jew elected Lord Mayor of Dublin, but died before he could take office.

Background
Harris was born Samuel Wormser on 5 April 1812, to Isaac Samuel Wormser and Sheinle Ephraim, in Aldingen, near Stuttgart, Germany.  He moved to Ireland in 1821, living in the residence of a Charles Harris, a watchmaker, and soon after adopted the surname Harris. He operated very successfully as a financier with offices in Suffolk Street, Dublin.

Political career
In 1874, he was elected Alderman of Dublin Corporation representing the South Dock Ward, the first member of Dublin's Jewish community to hold such a position. In 1876 he was the first Jew elected as Lord Mayor; however, he died just before he was due to take up the office.

Jewish community
On three occasions he was President of the Dublin Hebrew Congregation: 1847-48, 1851–52, and 1860–63. In 1853, he was involved in the foundation of the synagogue in Stafford Street.

Family
Lewis was married twice, first to Caroline Ellen Picard (1817-1855). She was born Hendel b. Raphael Picard in Strasbourg, France. They married in 1836 and had four children: Alfred, Hannah (Annie), Morris (Moshe) and Raphael.

After his first wife's death, Lewis married Juliette Joseph (1821-1908) in 1857 with whom he had five children: Herbert, Ernest, Lionel Simon, Arthur and Walter. Juliette died in Brighton in 1908 and was interred at Ballybough Cemetery, Dublin, one of the last people to be buried at that cemetery.

Lewis' son Alfred Wormser Harris was also elected an Alderman for Dublin Corporation and like his father was President of the Dublin Hebrew Congregation from 1867 to 1873. In 1880 Alfred stood for election in Kildare as a Liberal.

Death
Harris died on 1 August 1876 in Bray, County Wicklow.

References

1812 births
1876 deaths
German emigrants to Ireland
Irish Jews
Irish people of German-Jewish descent
Lord Mayors of Dublin
19th-century Irish Jews
19th-century Irish politicians


Bobby McLeod (1947 – 30 May 2009) was an Aboriginal activist, poet, healer, musician and Yuin elder. He was from Wreck Bay Village, Jervis Bay Territory. He was involved in the fight for Aboriginal rights in Australia and travelled the world speaking about cultural lore, health and healing.

Life
Bobby was born in 1947, the oldest of 6 kids, and a descendant of the Jaimathang, Gunai Kurnai, Monero, Wandandian, and Yuin people from south eastern Australia. He grew up at Worragee, an Aboriginal community outside Nowra. His father, Arthur, was a labourer, a boxer, and an alcoholic. His mother, Isabelle, was active in the Worragee-Wreck Bay chapter of the Country Women's Association and the local Baptist church. Her father was Robert Brown, the first Aboriginal stipendiary magistrate. His father's father was a black tracker on the NSW south coast. Bobby started his singing career in the Baptist Youth Fellowship choirs. He learnt to play the guitar from Jimmy Little's family.

Bobby completed his Intermediate at Nowra High School in 1963, excelling at sport. His family moved to the new "model suburb" of Green Valley in Sydney's south-west. In 1966, a Sydney City Mission report on the suburb described "a lack of community life, a breakdown in family life, large numbers of deserted wives, needy children and bewildered people". Within two years of moving there, Bobby had been sentenced to five years in jail for assault and robbery after a fight at Blacktown RSL.

After being released from prison in 1968, Bobby played rugby league for the Redfern All Blacks.

Bobby was in prison a second time in 1973 when his father died. He wrote his first song, "Wayward Dreams", after attending the funeral on day release.

After being released from jail, Bobby lived at the Aboriginal Tent Embassy on the lawns of parliament house in Canberra. On 28 February 1974, he achieved some notoriety when he "arrested" Francis Herbert Moy, an assistant secretary of the Department of Aboriginal Affairs (DAA), at gunpoint. The incident happened in the DAA offices in Canberra.

Earlier that day there had been a land rights demonstration when Queen Elizabeth and Prince Philip arrived at Parliament House for the opening of parliament.

Bobby had gone into the DAA office with Reuben John Smith and Neville Foster, looking for the department head, Barrie Dexter, who was away in Tasmania at the time. They held Moy and three other DAA staff members in the office for an hour and a half. Bobby allegedly told them "I'm going to keep you here for four or five days and teach you to starve".

After about an hour Charlie Perkins arrived from outside parliament house and convinced Bobby to give him the gun. Charlie removed the bullets from the gun, which he later handed over to the police. The fact that there were no bullets in the gun when it was given to the police meant that Bobby was only charged with possession of an unlicensed gun, rather than the much more serious charge that would have followed if it had been loaded.

Bobby was fined $40 for the incident and put on a 12-month good behaviour bond. He remained grateful to Charlie Perkins for having the presence of mind to remove the bullets. The matter was discussed in parliament.

A few days after the incident, during an interview on ABC radio, Bobby said "I would die for my people, I'm not frightened of that".

After that, Bobby left Canberra for Melbourne, where he played with a group called the Kooriers with Paul and Dudley (aka Doug) Meredith, a couple of musicians from Cherbourg in Queensland. They played a lot of union gigs and recorded a demo tape at the ABC studios. According to Bobby, the Kooriers music expressed "the confusion and frustration of Aborigines and their cultural dilemma which came as a result of westernisation".

Bobby said later that the reason why the Kooriers didn't go further than they did was because they drank too much. When the Meredith brothers left Melbourne, he immersed himself even more deeply in alcohol, singing here and there, but mostly devoting his life to drinking. He hit rock bottom in 1983 when he went into an alcohol-related coma for seven days, and nearly died. That was his wakeup call and he returned to Nowra, after an absence of twenty years, and gave up drinking permanently.

In 1987, Bobby played at the Tamworth Country Music Festival. While he was there, he met people from the Enrec recording studio and ended up recording with them, Buddy Knox and Mick Lieber. This led to his first album Culture Up Front being released by Larrikin Records in 1987.

In 1990, Bobby, along with Vic Simms, Roger Knox and the Euraba band were invited to North America by Indigenous Americans, to play prisons and reservations. When he got back to Australia, he recorded his second album Spirit Mother, backed by the Flying Emus. Talking about the change of mood from his previous album, Bobby said "[......] if you sing about the sorrow of things, it sort of keeps people in that sadness. So what I did [with Spirit Mother] was to try and change it to find out what was good about being me and stuff."

Inspired by his experiences with Indigenous people in Canada, Bobby set up the Doonooch Aboriginal Healing and Cultural Centre at Wreck Bay in 1990 - initially as an attempt to address the high levels of violence found in Aboriginal communities. 'Doonooch' refers to the owl dreaming.

In the early 1990s, he started the Doonooch dance group, primarily as a way to keep young Aboriginal people away from alcohol and other drugs and provide them with gainful employment and a cultural and spiritual awakening. In 2000 the Doonooch dancers performed at the Olympic Games opening ceremony and at the World Indidgenous Forum in Noumea.

In 2002 Bobby McLeod co-taught, along with Dr. Tom Balistrieri, an engineering class at Worcester Polytechnic Institute titled, Indigenous Wisdom and Modern Technology. The class focused on Life Lore and Dead Lore and how engineers must take this into account when designing and building projects. Bobby lived in the home of Tom and Kathryn Balistrieri during that time.

McLeod's album Dumaradje was nominated for Best World Music Album at the 2005 ARIA Awards.

"Wayward Dreams" was featured in both the SBS documentary and the accompanying cd, Buried Country: The Story of Aboriginal Country Music.

Selected performances
Oz Against Apartheid, 26 June 1986, Selina's Coogee Bay Hotel
With Roger Knox and Euraba Band, 5 December 1986, The Settlement, Chippendale
Tamworth Country Music Festival, 1987, Tamworth
Festival of Pacific Arts, August 1988, Townsville
Building Bridges Music Festival, 26 January 1990, Bondi Pavilion
Afrika Night, 24 March 1990, Paddington Town Hall
Support People of the Rainforests, 14 October 1990, Paddington Town Hall

Discography

Albums

Awards and nominations

ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. They commenced in 1987.

!
|-
| 2005
| Dumaradje
| ARIA Award for Best World Music Album
|
|
|-

Books

References

1947 births
2009 deaths
Australian indigenous rights activists
Indigenous Australian musicians
Indigenous Australian writers
Writers from New South Wales
20th-century Australian poets
Australian male poets
20th-century Australian musicians
20th-century Australian male writers


Rysselberghe may refer to:

 Van Rysselberghe family, Belgian family of artists
 Théo van Rysselberghe (1862–1926), Belgian neo-impressionist painter, after whom is named:
 18643 van Rysselberghe, an asteroid.
 Bernard Van Rysselberghe (1905–1984), Belgian cyclist.
 Dorian van Rijsselberghe (born 1988), Dutch sailor.
 Jacqueline van Rysselberghe (born 1965), Chilean politician.


Van Rysselberghe is a Dutch surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 Van Rysselberghe family, Belgian family of artists
 Bernard Van Rysselberghe (1905–1984), Belgian cyclist
 Dorian van Rijsselberghe (born 1988), Dutch sailor

Dutch-language surnames


Mittelndorf is a village in Saxony, Germany, situated in the district of Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge. It was one of the villages that composed the municipality of Kirnitzschtal. Since 1 October 2012, it is part of the town Sebnitz.

History
The oldest structure of the village is the mill (Mittelndorfer Mühle), built in 1518.

Geography
Mittelndorf is located in the mountain range of Saxon Switzerland, not too far from the river Kirnitzsch. It lies on the S154 road, which links Bad Schandau and Sebnitz, between the villages of Altendorf and Lichtenhain. It is  from Sebnitz and Bad Schandau,  from Pirna,  from Děčín (in the Czech Republic) and circa  from Dresden.

Climate

Transport
Mittelndorf has got a rail stop on the Bautzen–Bad Schandau railway, situated in the forest close to the village. This stop has a rare peculiarity for a train station situated on a normal national rail line: it has not a road to reach it but a simple forest trail. A similar thing in Europe could be found, for example, in the stations of Kloster Marienthal (Engers-Au line, Germany); Pertosa, in southern Italy; or Corrour, in Scotland.

The village is also served by the suburban tramway line "Kirnitzschtalbahn" Bad Schandau–Lichtenhainer Wasserfall, with the stops of Mittelndorfer Mühle (at the mill) and Forsthaus, not too far from Mittelndorf.

See also
Mittelndorf railway station

References

External links

Former municipalities in Saxony
Sebnitz


Chojnów may refer to:
Chojnów in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship in Poland
the Gmina Chojnów district, also in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship
Chojnów in the Masovian Voivodeship in Poland
the Chojnów Landscape Park, also in the Masovian Voivodeship


Lithuania–Ukraine relations are foreign relations between Lithuania and Ukraine. Both countries are members of the Lublin Triangle, OSCE, Council of Europe, World Trade Organization and United Nations. Lithuania supports Ukraine's European Union and NATO membership. Lithuania has an embassy in Kyiv and Ukraine has an embassy in Vilnius.

History

Ever since the rule of Gediminas in the 1300s much of present-day Ukraine was part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Between 1569 and 1795 Poland and Lithuania formed the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth which incorporated much of what is now Ukraine. Following the partitions of Commonwealth, the bulk of Lithuania and present-day Ukraine fell to the Russian Empire. Both countries formed part of the USSR (Ukraine since 1922, Lithuania since 1944) until 1991.

A number of agreements were signed in November 2009 including the mutual recognition of university qualifications and cooperation in preserving cultural heritage; furthermore, Lithuania promised assistance to Ukraine in its aspirations to become a member of the European Union.

In 2014, the Lithuanian president Dalia Grybauskaitė voiced her support for Ukraine in the wake of the Russo-Ukrainian War. In January 2015, Lithuania requested a United Nations Security Council meeting due to the ongoing conflict in Eastern Ukraine. Later on, Vytautas Landsbergis declared that he believes the Minsk agreement to be "worse than Munich".

In 2021, the Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy noted the importance of Lithuania's support for Ukraine's European Union and NATO aspirations, while the Lithuanian President Gitanas Nausėda noted that Lithuania supports Ukraine's progress and welcomes reforms in Ukraine.

Following the start of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Lithuania has strongly condemned the invasion and called for military, economic and humanitarian aid for Ukraine. In the prelude of invasion, on 13 February 2022, Lithuania sent FIM-92 Stinger anti-aircraft missile systems and ammunition to Ukraine. Military aid further continued and, according to the Lithuanian Minister of National Defence, as of 21 November 2022, the total aid to Ukraine amounted to €660 million, of which the military aid was €240 million.

Overview
According to the 2016 census, 17,679 ethnic Ukrainians were living in Lithuania, mostly in Vilnius, Kaunas, Klaipėda, Šiauliai, Jonava, and Visaginas. Moreover, Lithuania is a popular destination for the Ukrainian migrants and over 21,800 Ukrainians have work-based residence permits. The Ukrainians evaluate Lithuania positively.

Over 7,000 ethnic Lithuanians are living in Ukraine and are represented by the Lithuanian community of Ukraine organization there. Lithuania consistently supports Ukraine in Russo-Ukrainian War. Lithuania has been a staunch supporter of Ukraine joining NATO.

Gallery

See also
 Embassy of Ukraine in Vilnius
 Foreign relations of Lithuania
 Foreign relations of Ukraine
 Ukraine–EU relations
 Ukrainians in Lithuania
 Lithuanians in Ukraine
 Accession of Ukraine to the European Union

References

External links
  Lithuanian Ministry of Foreign affairs: list of bilateral treaties with Ukraine (in Lithuanian only)
 Lithuanian embassy in Kyiv (in Lithuanian and Ukrainian only)
  Ukrainian embassy in Vilnius

Bilateral relations of Ukraine
Ukraine


Lofthouse and Outwood railway station served the Outwood area of Wakefield, West Yorkshire, England. It was opened by the Methley Joint Railway in 1869, 1876 and closed in 1957. Here the line from Lofthouse Junction on the line between Cutsyke and Methley of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway joined the GNR line between Leeds and Wakefield in a triangular junction, of which the station formed the southern corner. It was situated south of Outwood railway station which was opened in 1988 and south of the bridge of Lingwell Gate Lane.

References

Disused railway stations in Wakefield
Former Methley Joint Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1869
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1958


Sideridis reticulata, commonly known as the bordered Gothic, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in the Palearctic realm, from the Iberian Peninsula throughout Europe and the temperate regions of Central Asia and the Russian Far East. In the north it occurs in Fennoscandia south of the Arctic Circle. In the south it ranges to the Mediterranean. It rises to over 2000 metres above sea level in the Alps.

Technical description and variation

The wingspan is 32–37 mm. Forewing dark fuscous, with a purplish sheen when fresh; all the veins white, between outer and submarginal lines black with pale outlines; claviform stigma black and broad; upper stigmata concisely outlined with pale, the reniform with a central pale line; a slight pale apical streak; submarginal line white; hindwing fuscous, the basal half, especially in male, considerably paler; — unicolor Alph. is said to have no violet tinge; but this is always the case when the insect has been out for any length of time.

Biology

The moth flies from May to August depending on the location.

Larva greenish or pinkish ochreous, irrorated (speckled) with darker; dorsal line faint; lateral lines black and well-marked; head brown. The larvae feed on Saponaria officinalis, Silene vulgaris and Polygonum aviculare.

The species has disappeared from the United Kingdom as a resident species during the first decade of the 21st century.

References

External links

Bordered Gothic at UKmoths
Funet Taxonomy
Lepiforum.de
Vlindernet.nl

Hadenini
Moths of Europe
Moths of Asia
Moths described in 1781


The Changi Tree, also known as The Time Tree, was a tree in Singapore that was noted for its height of 76 meters. The species of the tree is unclear, but it was either Hopea sangal or Sindora wallichii. It has been said that Changi was named after this tree. It has been recorded that Changi was named after Neobalanocarpus heimii by the legendary botanist H.N. Ridley. However, there has been no evidence that the tree had ever been in Changi.

History
The Changi Tree started appearing on maps at around 1888. The tree was a major landmark due to its height.

In February 1942, during World War II, the tree was cut in order to prevent the Japanese from using the tree as a ranging point. According to folklore, the fall of the tree would cause the fall of Singapore itself.

In February 2001, the Singapore Tourism Board planted a new "Changi tree" at the Changi Museum.

See also
 List of individual trees

References

Flora of Singapore
Individual trees in Singapore
1940s individual tree deaths
Destroyed individual trees


Donald MacLennan (March 22, 1875 – October 19, 1953) was a lawyer and political figure in Nova Scotia, Canada. He represented Inverness County in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1911 to 1925 and then Inverness—Richmond in the House of Commons of Canada from 1935 to 1940 as a Liberal member. MacLennan sat for Margaree Forks division in the Senate of Canada from 1940 to 1953.

He was born in Margaree, Nova Scotia, the son of Donald MacLennan and Flora MacDonald. MacLennan was educated at Saint Francis Xavier College. He received a Bachelor of Laws degree from Dalhousie University in 1905. In the same year, he married Mathilda McDaniel. He was called to the bar in the following year and set up practice at Port Hood. MacLennan was president of the Eastern Journal Publishing Company. He served on the municipal council for Port Hood in 1907 and was named treasurer for Inverness County in 1910. MacLennan ran unsuccessfully for a seat in the House of Commons in 1926, but was elected in 1935. He was called to the Senate on January 29, 1940 and remained in that position until his death at the age of 76.

References

 Allison, D & Tuck, CE History of Nova Scotia, Vol. 3 (1916) p. 267-8

1875 births
1953 deaths
Nova Scotia Liberal Party MLAs
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Nova Scotia
Canadian senators from Nova Scotia


Belarus and Lithuania established diplomatic relations on 24 October 1991, shortly after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The two countries share  of common border. Lithuania's border with Belarus is the country's longest border. For Belarus it is its 3rd-longest border.

Vilnius hosts multiple Belarusian civil society organizations, such as European Humanities University, Belarusian refugees such as Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya, remains of national heroes the two countries share like Konstanty Kalinowski and has been the birthplace of Belarusian literature (Francysk Skaryna).  Vilnius is the closest capital of an EU member state to Minsk. It is also the primary foreign shopping and air transit hub (via Vilnius and Kaunas airports) for Belarusians from Minsk and beyond. Minsk is the foundational place of Belarusian Lithuanian community organization, 1996 – Lithuanian Sunday school. In 1998, Lithuanian culture and art days were held here. In 2004, a Lithuanian school-course was established. In 2005 September 4 Belarusian Lithuanian Community Congress took place in Minsk. On the initiative of the Lithuanian association Vytis founded in 2012 (chairman Vladas Bublevičius), a Lithuanian language school for children has been held in the premises of the Lithuanian Embassy since 2013, courses for adults at the Maksim Tank Belarusian State Pedagogical University, in 2014 an evening of poetry and songs My Lithuania was organized at the Republican Center for National Cultures. From 2019 November a Lithuanian Sunday school has been operating in the Lithuanian language office of the Belarusian State Pedagogical University named after Maksim Tank. Grodno is a popular foreign shopping and tourism location for many Lithuanians due to its close proximity to the Lithuanian border and overall historical importance to Lithuania.

History

Until the 20th century

The relations between ancestors of Belarusians and Lithuanians (Eastern Slavs and Balts) have been developing since ancient times; their close communication is shown by archaeological and linguistic data. From the 13th century to the end of the 14th century in the current territory of Belarus, the former principalities of Polotsk, Minsk, Turov and others were annexed by the expanding Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL). The Slavic provinces of the GDL were called "Lithuanian Ruthenia" (Litovskaja Rus). From 1566 to 1772, six of the nine GDL voivodeships were Belarusian with the remaining 3 being Lithuanian. Belarusian and Lithuanian nobles, partly townsmen and peasants, together defended the GDL, participated in the liberation movement, especially in the uprisings of 1830-31 and 1863-64. Throughout the 19th century in both states, the Polish-speaking nobility remained, but cherished the cultural and political traditions of the GDL. From the 19th century to the early-20th century, joint social democratic organizations operated in Lithuania and Belarus.

First half of the 20th century
In 1918 Lithuania was one of the first countries to recognize the independence of Belarus. After its territory was occupied by the Red Army in 1918, the Belarusian government in exile operated for some time in the temporary capital of Lithuania, Kaunas. According to an agreement between Lithuania and Belarus, the Grodno region was given to Lithuania, Belarusian units formed there took part in the Lithuanian independence struggle. There were six Belarusian representatives in the Council of Lithuania.

In 1940, the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic transferred cities and surroundings of Švenčionys, Dieveniškės, Druskininkai to the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic that were mostly inhabited by Lithuanians. According to a 26 September 1940 meeting protocol of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Byelorussia, Panteleimon Ponomarenko, the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Byelorussia, narrated during the meeting that previously he discussed with the Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin the issue of the territorial transfers between the Byelorussian SSR and the Lithuanian SSR and Stalin said to him that if he will not transfer territories where there are many Lithuanians he will be punished.

After the restoration of independence
On 20 December 1991, the Supreme Council of Lithuania recognized the independence of Belarus, with the same happening vice versa seven days later. On 30 December 1992, an agreement on diplomatic relations was signed in Minsk. The Belarus–Lithuania border is defined by a February 1995 treaty, with the ground demarcation of the border being completed in 2007. Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko made two official visits to Lithuania in 1995 and September 2009. On 27 October 2010, President Dalia Grybauskaitė became the first ever Lithuanian head of state to the Belarusian capital of Minsk, as well as the second leader of an EU member nation to visit Belarus (Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi was the first). In April 2020, Lithuanian President Gitanas Nausėda and Lukashenko had the first tête-à-tête conversation in 10 years. In May 2019, former president and Member of the European Parliament Rolandas Paksas paid a visit to Belarus for the first time in an official capacity, discussing proposals to stabilize the military-political situation in the Baltic Sea.

Rifts in relations

Each country hosts opposition figures for the other, with Belarus sheltering coup-leader Vladimir Uskhopchik and Lithuania harboring Belarusian opposition figures. Lithuania has attempted to encourage a European orientation in Belarusian leadership, and has pursued trade deals and cooperation among law enforcement agencies. Sharing of information led to the arrest of Belarusian human-rights activist Ales Bialiatski, resulting in European condemnation of both countries.

Lithuania has been a vocal critic of the Astravets Nuclear Power Plant which was built close to the Lithuanian capital Vilnius. On 7 February 2019, the Meeting of the Parties to the Espoo Convention decided that Belarus had violated the convention in choosing a construction site for its nuclear power plant.

Following the Lukashenko government's crackdown after the disputed 2020 Belarus Presidential elections, which were widely regarded as unfree and unfair, Belarusian opposition candidate Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya fled to Lithuania. On 12 August Lithuania opened its borders to all Belarusians for humanitarian purposes due to the crackdown on protests. Two days later on August 14, Lithuania became the first EU state to openly reject the legitimacy of Alexander Lukashenko as the President of Belarus. Lithuanian President Gitanas Nausėda said "We can not call Mr. Lukashenko legitimate because there were no free democratic elections in Belarus".

Following the Ryanair Flight 4978 incident on 23 May 2021, during which Belarus officials arrested two passengers, opposition activist and journalist Roman Protasevich and his girlfriend Sofia Sapega, the relations between the countries have further deteriorated. On 25 May 2021 Lithuanian parliament announced ban for all flights from and to Lithuania via Belarus airspace.

Belarus is reported to be the main source (93%) of illegally smuggled cigarettes in Lithuania.

2021 migrant crisis

In June 2021, Lithuanian officials claimed that Belarusian authorities could encourage illegal migration from Iraq and Syria to Lithuania by organizing groups of refugees and helping them to cross the Belarusian-Lithuanian border.  State-owned travel company Tsentrkurort was named as one of the performers of illegal migration. A number of roomy planes from Bagdad and Istanbul full of possible migrants were said to land in Minsk airport. Belarusian indepdendent journalists checked the airport and claimed that the majority of passengers arrived from Iraq and Turkey were men aged 30–50 who were met by two travel agencies. It was assumed that the state support of illegal migration could be carried out for political reasons. On 7 July 2021, Lithuania declared state of emergency due to influx of migrants from Belarus. Statement of Alexander Lukashenko about possible emergence of armed migrants was considered to be a threat.

According to investigation of Lithuanian LRT, the most frequent category of migrants, Iraqi Kurds, claimed that they were told that entering European Union via Belarus is legal. After a few days in Belarusian hotels migrants were collected, taken to the border and set the direction of movement on foot claiming that the car will wait them in Lithuania. It was reported that they paid up to €15,000 for travel and a US$3,000–4,000 deposit. According to the investigation of Belarusian reform.by, people from Middle East believe that they should destroy their passport in to avoid deportation from EU. Anonymous sources in Belarusian border guards claimed that their bosses started to encourage cigarette smuggling via checkpoints and to encourage gaps in border cover. Another border guard told reform.by about receiving a verbal order to turn a blind eye to illegal migrants.

In July 2021, Lithuanian Seimas passed a law (signed by president Gitanas Nausėda on 21 July) making deportation of illegal migrants from Lithuania easier.

By August 2022 more than 13,000 people had been pushed back to Belarus since August 2021 and a 502 km 4m high fence with razor wire, along the border had been completed.

After Russian invasion of Ukraine

On 18 January 2023, Lithuanian government renounced the agreement signed with Belarus on the principles of cross-border cooperation. The bill terminated the agreement signed by the governments of Lithuania and Belarus in Vilnius on June 1, 2006, to set out areas of cross-border cooperation between the two neighbouring countries.

One of the two rail crossings was closed in February 2023 because of excessive smuggling from Belarus to Lithuania and Kaliningrad.

In August 2023, following a survey, Lithuania announced that 254 Russian and 910 Belarusian citizens living in Lithuania posed a threat to national security and that their residence permits will be revoked.

Two of the six road border crossings will be closed by Lithuania on 18 August 2023 due to concerns over Wagner Group mercenaries and smuggling.

Resident diplomatic missions
 Belarus has an embassy in Vilnius and a consulate-general in Klaipėda.
 Lithuania has an embassy in Minsk and a consulate-general in Grodno.

See also
 Belarus–European Union relations
 Litvinism
 Lithuanians in Belarus

External links
  Belarusian embassy in Vilnius
  Lithuanian embassy in Minsk (in Lithuanian and Russian only)
  Lithuanian general consulate in Hrodna (in Lithuanian and Russian only)
 Diena.lt -- Prezidentė Dalia Grybauskaitė Minske 2010-10-20

References

Lithuania
Belarus


The Solide expedition was the second successful circumnavigation by the French, after that by Bougainville. It occurred from 1790 to 1792 but remains little known due to its mainly commercial aims, in the fur trade between the northwest American coast and China.  It was led by the French navigator Étienne Marchand (1755–1793).

See also
 European and American voyages of scientific exploration

Notes and references

External links
http://www.britishcolumbia.com/regions/towns/?townID=3661

Marquesas Islands
1790 in France
1790 in science


Lithuania – United Kingdom relations are foreign relations between the United Kingdom and Lithuania.

Lithuania and the UK formally established diplomatic relations on 20 December 1922. The UK never recognised de jure the Soviet annexation of 1940. The UK recognised the restoration of Lithuanian independence on 27 August 1991. Both countries re-established diplomatic relations in October 1991. The United Kingdom has an embassy in Vilnius and an honorary consulate in Klaipėda.  Lithuania has an embassy in London and five honorary consulates (in Northern Ireland, Northumberland, Scotland, Wales and the West Midlands).

Overview
There are around 100,000 Lithuanian people living in the United Kingdom. Both countries are full members of NATO.

The current ambassador to Lithuania is Brian Olley, ambassador to the UK is Renatas Norkus.

In 2006, the Queen of the United Kingdom Elizabeth II paid a visit to Lithuania.

Gallery

See also
 Foreign relations of the United Kingdom
 Foreign relations of Lithuania
 Lithuanians in the United Kingdom

References

External links
 British Foreign and Commonwealth Office about relations with Lithuania
   British embassy in Vilnius
  Lithuanian embassy in London

Bilateral relations of the United Kingdom
United Kingdom


Rotterdam Ska-Jazz Foundation is a band from the Netherlands playing a mix of ska, jazz, rocksteady, reggae and soul, with a strong 1960s influence.

Discography
 2015: Knock-Turn-All (WTF Records)
 2007: Motiv Loco (Megalith Records)
 2005: Sunwalk U.S. (Megalith Records)
 2005: Sunwalk (Grover Records)
 2004: Black Night - Bright Morning (Grover Records)
 2003: Shake Your Foundation! (Grover Records)

Current members (as of 2011)
Arjen Bijleveld - Trombone
Zoot - Sax
Joep van Rhijn - Trumpet
Jeroen van Tongeren - Guitar
Merijn van de Wijdeven - Bass
Hidde Wijga - Keys
Dimitri Jeltsema - Drums

External links
 Official website

Musical groups from Rotterdam


The Pomeranians () are a German people native to the historical region of Pomerania. In modern times, its population inhabits Germany, including the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Nowadays there are about 10 million descendants of Germans in Brazil, a part of these Brazilians are of Pomeranian origin.

History
In the High Middle Ages, groups of people migrated to Pomerania during the Ostsiedlung. These migrants, consisting of Germans from what is now Northwestern Germany, Danes, Dutch and Flemings, gradually outnumbered and assimilated the West Slavic tribes of the Rani, Liutizians and Slavic Pomeranians. The evolving society () was speaking the East Pomeranian, Central Pomeranian and Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch dialects of Low German. Mostly German immigration continued until the 20th century. The Thirty Years' War caused a severe population drop: only one-third of the pre-war Pomeranian population survived. In the late 19th and early 20th century, many Pomeranians emigrated to prospering West German industrial centers or overseas during the Ostflucht. Low German was gradually replaced by Standard German, though spoken with an accent. After World War II, most of the former Province of Pomerania became Polish, and nearly all Pomeranians living east of the Oder-Neisse line fled or were expelled to post-war Germany. Therefore, Pomeranians today live not only in Western Pomerania but are dispersed all over Germany and other countries.

References

Pomerania
Ethnic groups in Germany


Antoine Jean Marie Thévenard (7 December 1733, in Saint-Malo – 9 February 1815, in Paris) was a French politician and vice admiral. He served in the French ruling regimes of Louis XVI, those of the Revolution, Napoleon I and Louis XVIII, and is buried at the Panthéon de Paris. His son Antoine-René Thévenard, capitaine de vaisseau, was killed at the Battle of Aboukir whilst commanding the 74-gun Aquilon.

Career
Thévenard was born to Antoine Thévenard, a senior officer in the merchant navy, and Jeanne Moinet. He began sailing as a lieutenant in 1747 on merchantmen captained by his father, and went on to sail for the Compagnie des Indes.

Aged 12 he embarked on a Compagnie des Indes ship and fought in several battles.  He became a lieutenant in 1754 and destroyed the English establishments on the Newfoundland coast and took part in the pirate François Thurot's expedition to Ireland (1759). He earned the rank of Capitaine de vaisseau in the Compagnie des Indes in 1764, and earned his first command of an East Indianer in 1768.

Thévenard enlisted in the French Royal Navy in 1770, where his rank in the Compagnie des Indes earned him the rank of Commander. He was appointed Knight of the Order of Saint Louis and rose to captain in 1773, commanded the Lorient fleet from 1779, was promoted to Brigadeer of the naval armies in 1784, and eventually to Chef d'escadre in 1783.

In May 1791, Thévenard replaced Fleurieu as ministre de la Marine under Louis XVI, but resigned in September 1791, fallen out of favour because of his political opinions against the French Revolution.

Promoted Vice-amiral in 1793, he commanded the fleets at Brest, then Toulon, then Rochefort, and became Préfet maritime of Lorient then Toulon in 1801, where he remained until 1815.

In October 1799, Thévenard presided at the court-martial of Rear-Admiral Perrée, to examine the events of the action of 18 June 1799, in which he had lost his ships. He similarly presided at the court-martial following the capture of the Guillaume Tell in 1800, and the enquiry on the conduct of Rear-Admiral Dumanoir le Pelley at the Battle of Trafalgar. In 1809, he investigated the capitulation of Flessingen.

On 5 February 1810 he was made a comte d'Empire and member of the Sénat conservateur. In this capacity, he voted for the dismissal of Napoléon in 1814, which earned him an appointment to the Chambre des Pairs by Louis XVIII after the Bourbon Restoration in 1814. On 27 December 1814, he was promoted Commandeur in the Order of Saint-Louis.

Thévenard died on 9 February 1815 and was interred in the Panthéon in Paris.

Memberships
1771 : Member of the Académie de Marine
1787 : Member of the Académie des Sciences

Honours
 1773 : Knight of the Ordre de Saint-Louis. He was promoted to Commander on 27 December 1814, under the Bourbon Restoration.
 1804 : Grand officer of the Légion d'honneur
 buried in the Panthéon

Works
 By Antoine-Jean-Marie Thévenard
 Rapports à l'Académie de Marine
 Services militaires des officiers de l'ancienne Compagnie des Indes
 Sur une École de marine à Lorient
 Sur le Commerce des Indes-Orientales
 Calculs pour tirer un vaisseau à terre
 Comparaison des courbes de fer à celles de bois
 Observations sur l'ordonnance de la marine du 27 Septembre 1776
 Projet de guerre contre les Anglais
 Mesurer avec précision la profondeur de la mer en sondant
 Nouvelle édition du Neptune oriental
 Sur l'établissement d'un port de secours à Pontrieux
 Expérience sur l'air dans les vaisseaux désarmés
 Essai sur les phares
 Observations météorologiques
 Sur le doublage en cuivre des vaisseaux, les toiles à voiles, la circulation du sang, la pêche à la sardine, la conservation des gens de mer, le commerce entre la France et les États-Unis
 Sur l'Île de la Trinité
 Sur l'enduit nommé galgale
 Sur le magnétisme animal
 Sur les Volcans, l'Artillerie, la Mécanique, la Lumière, le Nivellement de la Mer Rouge, la Résistance des Fluides, le Passage du raz de Sein ou de Fontenay

All the above were later re-printed in four volumes as Mémoires relatifs à la marine.

Notes and references

Notes

References

Bibliography
  (San-Thou)

External links

1733 births
1815 deaths
Politicians from Saint-Malo
Ministers of Marine and the Colonies
French Navy admirals
Burials at the Panthéon, Paris
Counts of the First French Empire
Members of the Sénat conservateur
Grand Officers of the Legion of Honour
Commanders of the Order of Saint Louis
French naval commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
Peers of France
French Navy officers from Saint-Malo


The Ministry of the Navy () was a section of the French government – apart from the Ministry of War – that was in charge of the French navy and colonies.

The ministry combined the administration of the navy, the colonies like New France and seaborne trade helping for example the French East India Company. A widely held view at the time was that for states to be powerful, wealthy and prestigious, colonies in the New World need to be maintained for their consequent trade. The maintenance of colonies through naval operations not only served to improve the stature of the state, but was also helpful in destroying their European rivals in North America.

After the Second World War, the Ministry of the Navy was merged with the War Ministry, absorbing the role of the Minister of the Navy and Colonies, with a Minister of National Defence directing the entire military French forces.

Creation and history
Since the 16th century, the Secretary of State of the Navy (French: Secrétaire d'État de la Marine) was responsible for the French early navy and colonies.

In 1624, Louis XIII's first minister, Cardinal Richelieu created the first model of the modern French Navy, also known as the Marine or La Royale, run by the Secretary of State of the Navy. The official French Marine was not established until 7 March 1669 by Jean-Baptiste Colbert. At this time, the ministry of marine became an official government department with a permanent staff, holding offices at Versailles. All of the policies and procedures for the marine were established by Colbert.

The Secretary of State of the Navy was responsible for the administration of both the navy (the "marine royale") and civilian (merchant marine) fleets, and for all France's ports, arsenals, consulates, and colonies, as well as the guardianship for all her commercial companies.

The two French royal fleets (the Ponant fleet and Levant fleet) were put under the control of Colbert from 1662, whilst he was "intendant des finances" and "minister of state"—but not "secretary of state" : he only became secretary of state in 1669 after having bought his way into the post. From then on, right up to the French Revolution, a secretary of state had responsibility for the fleet.

To his two original offices (the bureau du Ponant and bureau du Levant) other services were added over time:
Archives department, 1669
Office of the Ponant consulates, 1709
Office of the colonies, 1710
Bureau des classes, 1711
Department of maps and plans, 1720
Office of the Levant Consulates, 1738, which was in 1743 merged with the Office of the Ponant Consulates under the name of Office of Commerce and Consulates
These different offices and departments were regrouped into four super-departments by marshal de Castries in 1786.

In 1791, the Secretary of State of the Navy was changed to Minister of the Navy. Before the 1890s, this position also usually had responsibility for France's colonies, and was usually known as Minister of the Navy and Colonies (French: Ministère de la Marine et des Colonies). In 1947 the naval ministry was absorbed into the Ministry of Defence.

Science, Colonies, and the Navy
During King Louis XIV’s time in power, came the official founding of the Ministry of Navy in 1669. During this time in French science, research was largely funded by ministers to the King and the King himself. This union of government and science led to endeavors with the objective of bolstering the nation’s intellectual equity along with obtaining goods. The Ministry of Navy was used by the government and the crown to enact science during this time, especially in regards to colonies around the world, and especially in the West Indies. The French minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert put into place policy in the West Indies that would further the prosperity of the French empire. In 1664 he launched the West India Company which was given control over a large portion of the American hemisphere and along the coast of Africa.

France’s scientific infrastructure quickly became some of the most advanced  in the world and was used to maintain and start up colonies globally. The resources collected from the colonies were both intellectual and material, in an attempt to bring much esteem to the nation. France was dependent on the Ministry of Navy in helping to relay reliable information as to the locations of the colonies that were established.

Moving forward from the 1600s-1700s, France continued colonial-scientific efforts into the 1800s and 1900s. One such case is their attempts to establish colonies in Algeria during the 1830’s. Due to the efforts of Chasseloup-Laubat, a scientist working for France, the Ministry of Navy was given access to iron covered and steam powered naval vessels.  In Paris, France 1931, the government put on the Exposition coloniale internationale.  The major emphasis was on the aquatic nature of the exposition and showcasing fish and other organisms from their different colonies. The Ministry of Navy was responsible for gathering these samples and then returning them safely to France.

Personnel
At the head of the marine was the Ministre de la Marine, manned by a French statesman. Ministers of Marine typically came from families of administrative nobility (La Plume), such as the Phelypeaux's. From 1690 until 1749, a Phelypeaux was secretary and minister in charge of the marine and its colonies. The most prominent of the family was Jean-Frederic Phelypeaux, comte de Pontchartrain et Maurepas. Under his guidance, the marine regained much of the strength and prestige that it had lost during the period of the Regencies (1715–1726). As well, he was able to ascertain much larger than normal budgets for the Marine. Thus under Jean-Frederic's leadership, France was able to regain its reputation as a maritime power.

List of ministers

References

Bibliography
Jean-Philippe Zanco, Dictionnaire des Ministres de la Marine 1689-1958, S.P.M. Kronos, Paris 2011.

Naval Minister

Pre-Confederation Canada


Rear Admiral Charles John Austen CB (23 June 1779 – 7 October 1852) was an officer in the Royal Navy and the youngest brother of novelist Jane Austen. He served during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, and beyond, eventually rising to the rank of rear-admiral.

Family and early life
Charles was born in 1779 as the sixth and youngest son of the Reverend George Austen and his wife, Cassandra Leigh. His elder brother, Sir Francis Austen, also joined the Navy, and eventually became Admiral of the Fleet. Charles joined the Royal Naval Academy in July 1791, and by September 1794, he had become midshipman aboard . He subsequently served aboard  and . While serving aboard the Unicorn, Austen assisted in the capture of the 18-gun Dutch brig Comet, the 44-gun French frigate Tribune, and the French transport ship Ville de l'Orient.

After transferring to Endymion he helped in the driving into Hellevoetsluis of the Dutch ship of the line Brutus. As a result of the latter action Austen was promoted to lieutenant on 13 December 1797, and appointed to HMS Scorpion. He was aboard Scorpion long enough to be present at the capture of the Dutch brig Courier, after which he transferred to HMS Tamar. Aboard Tamar, Austen was frequently involved in attacks and engagements with gunboats and privateers out of Algeciras. He returned to the Endymion in April 1800. On one occasion he set off in a small boat in a gale with only four other men, and succeeded in boarding and taking possession of the 18-gun Scipio, with 149 men aboard. He kept control of her until the following day when Endymion could complete the capture. After his continued good service under Captain Charles Paget, the Admiralty promoted Austen to commander and he took command of the sloop  on 10 October 1804.

Command
Austen spent the next five years serving on the North American Station, based at St. George's Town, at the East End of the developing Imperial fortress of Bermuda (where the Royal Naval Dockyard had yet to be completed at the West End), in British North America. He was promoted to Commander and given command of HMS Indian, a sloop newly built in Bermuda (when ashore, he lived at Alnwick, near to Convict Bay and St. George's Garrison). He was promoted to captain on 10 May 1810 when he was given command of the 74-gun , which was then the flagship of Sir John Borlase Warren. Austen moved again the following September, joining . Between November 1811 and September 1814 Austen served as captain of , based at the Nore and flying the flag of Sir Thomas Williams. He was then given command of the 36-gun frigate  and after the outbreak of hostilities with France Austen was dispatched in command of a squadron with  and  to hunt a Neapolitan squadron suspected to be at large in the Adriatic. After Naples had surrendered Austen was active in the blockade of Brindisi. Lord Exmouth then sent him on to search of a French squadron, but with the end of the war with France in the intervening period he briefly turned his attention to suppressing piracy in the region. He successfully captured two pirate vessels in the port of Pavos, but disaster struck when the Phoenix was wrecked off Smyrna on 20 February 1816, through the ignorance of her pilots.

Austen was appointed to the 46-gun  on 2 June 1826, and was sent to the Jamaica station as the second in command. He was active in combating the slave trade and had considerable success, intercepting a number of slave ships bound for the United States and the Spanish colonies of Cuba and Puerto Rico. He commanded the Aurora for two and a half years, until she was paid off in December 1828.  Sir Edward Griffith Colpoys nominated Austen to become his flag captain aboard  on the North American and West Indies Station. Austen remained here until being forced to be invalided home after a severe accident in December 1830. Austen recovered and returned to service, being appointed to HMS Bellerophon on 14 April 1838. He was awarded a pension on 28 August 1840. During the Oriental Crisis of 1840, Britain waged an undeclared war against Mohammed Ali the Great, the vali (governor) of Egypt who was attempting to make the House of Ali the new ruling family in the Ottoman Empire by deposing the House of Ottoman. He sailed with the Bellerophon to the Mediterranean, and was active at the bombardment of Acre on 3 November 1840. As a result of his good service during the bombardment he was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath on 18 December 1840. Austen and the Bellerophon returned home, where the latter was paid off in June 1841.

Flag rank and death
Austen was advanced to rear-admiral on 9 November 1846, and was appointed commander-in-chief in the East Indies and China Station on 14 January 1850, hoisting his flag the following day. He commanded the British expedition during the Second Anglo-Burmese War but died of cholera at Prome on 7 October 1852, at the age of 73. On 30 April 1852 Austen had been thanked for his services in Burma by the Governor-General of India, The Marquess of Dalhousie, who subsequently also formally recorded his regret for Austen's death.

Austen is buried in the Esplanade Cemetery, in Trincomalee, Sri Lanka his grave was rediscovered in 1984/1985.

It is presumed that the monument at the Esplanade burial ground in Trincomalee, is merely a cenotaph (as per J. Penry Lewis - ‘List of Inscriptions on Tombstones and Monuments in Ceylon’ 1913). Because records do not indicate any last rites being given to Austen, thus it may appear that he was given a Burial at sea with full naval honours, and subsequently had his remains transported to Trincomalee.

There is also a memorial at St. Anne’s Church in Portsmouth for Austen.

Family and issue
Austen married Frances Palmer, the youngest daughter of the late Attorney General of Bermuda, in 1807. The two had three children together. After the death of Frances in 1814, Charles married his late wife's sister Harriet Palmer in 1820, which was at that time contrary to church law and illegal in England, remaining so until the passage of the Deceased Wife's Sister's Marriage Act 1907 . The couple produced four children, two of them sons, and one of whom followed his father into the Navy. Austen was close to his older sister Jane, and is said to have offered naval vocabulary to help her revise the second edition of Mansfield Park.

Footnotes
Notes

Citations

References

 Hill, Constance (1902) Jane Austen: her homes & her friends. (John Lane)

External links

1779 births
1852 deaths
Austen family
Royal Navy rear admirals
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Royal Navy personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
Royal Navy personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
Deaths from cholera
British military personnel of the Second Anglo-Burmese War
People from Steventon, Hampshire
Infectious disease deaths in Myanmar
Royal Navy personnel of the Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–1841)
Jane Austen


Mowaffak Allaf () (1927–1996) was a Syrian diplomat, and a former ambassador to the United Nations. Allaf served as the Under-Secretary-General of the UN in Geneva, and headed the Syrian delegation to the Madrid peace conference and the subsequent peace talks with Israel.

Allaf held a diploma in international relations from the University of Damascus, and was awarded the "Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria in Gold with Sash" by Austrian President Kurt Waldheim in February 1987.

References

1927 births
1996 deaths
Permanent Representatives of Syria to the United Nations
Damascus University alumni
People from Damascus
Recipients of the Grand Decoration with Sash for Services to the Republic of Austria


Stansaab AS was a company founded in 1971 in Barkarby, outside Stockholm, Sweden. The company was a joint venture between Standard Radio & Telefon AB (SRT), Saab-Scania, the car and aeroplane manufacturer and the state-owned Swedish Development Company. The company’s primary focus was systems for real-time data applied to commercial and aviation applications.  In 1972, the company purchased the data terminal operations of Facit.

In 1978, it was merged with the Data Saab division of Saab to create Datasaab.  In 1981, Ericsson, believing that growth in telecoms would be lower than that in IT, purchased Datasaab and integrated it with two of its own divisions to form Ericsson Information Systems (EIS).

One of the most successful products of the company was the Alfaskop range of data terminals.

References

Defunct companies of Sweden
Defunct computer hardware companies
Saab


is a train station located in Sawara-ku, Fukuoka in Japan. Its station symbol is a wisteria flower  in violet.

Lines

Platforms

Vicinity
Sawara Ward Office
Sawara Civic Center
Fukuoka City Education Center
Sawara Public Health Center
Sawara Post Office
Sawara Library
Sawara Police
several Elementary and Junior High Schools
Forest Management Office
Fujisaki Bus Terminal

References

Railway stations in Japan opened in 1981
Kūkō Line (Fukuoka City Subway)
Railway stations in Fukuoka Prefecture


Ciliata is a genus of fishes in the family Lotidae, with these currently recognized species:
 Ciliata mustela (Linnaeus, 1758) (fivebeard rockling)
 Ciliata septentrionalis (Collett, 1875) (northern rockling)
 Ciliata tchangi S. Z. Li, 1994

References

Lotidae
Ray-finned fish genera