Rathkarawwa ()is a village in Welimada Divisional Secretariat in  Badulla District, Sri Lanka with a population of about 1000. The nearest city to Rathkarawwa is Haputale, which is about 10 km in distance. Rathkarawwa is surrounded by Welimada, Haputale and Diyatalawa towns.  Paddy and vegetable cultivation had been the main source of income for many families for decades.

Population
The majority of the population are Sinhala Buddhist.
 (Source Welimada Divisional Secretariat 2008-statistics)

Climate
Rathkarawwa belongs to the dry zone of Sri Lanka where less amount of rain is received throughout the year. The average temperature is 24 degrees Celsius during day time.

Transport
134 is the main bus root number between Haputale and Welimada. 228 is the bus route between Boralanda and Bandarawela.

The nearest Railway station is at Haputale on the branch railway to Badulla.

Postal Service
 Rathkarawwa Sub Post Office (Postal Code 90164)

Schools
B/Rathkarawwa Maha Vidyalaya
B/Maligatenna Vidyalaya
B/Gambedda Vidyalaya

Places of worship
Ratnayake Mudalindaramaya Temple Rathkarawwa
Sri Dhammarakkitharamaya

Notable people
 Rathkarawwe Medhananda Thero

See also
Towns in Uva

References

Populated places in Badulla District
Populated places in Uva Province


Flickan vid stenbänken is a Swedish 1989 TV series in nine episodes directed by Marianne Ahrne starring Anna Edlund, Anna Björk and Lena T. Hansson. The series was based on Maria Gripe's books Skuggan över stenbänken (1982), ...och de vita skuggorna i skogen (1984) and Skuggornas barn (1986).

Cast
Anna Björk as Berta
Anna Edlund as Carolin
Lena T. Hansson as Mother
Bertil Lundén as Father
Magnus Sagrén as Roland
Frida Hesselgren as Nadja
Majlis Granlund as Svea
Inga Landgré as Grandmother
Gerhard Hoberstorfer as Arild
Gaëlle Legrand as Rosilda
Viveca Lindfors as Storråda
Anita Björk as Amalia
Hans Polster as Axel
Chatarina Larsson as Vera
Marika Lindström as Sofia
Georg Årlin as the coachman

External links

Swedish children's television series
1980s Swedish television series


PJ's Smoothies was a brand of smoothies produced by parent company Copella, who produce fruit juices. In turn, Copella is owned by PepsiCo.

History

PJ's Smoothies was established in 1994 by founders Harry Cragoe and Patrick Folkes. PJ's Smoothies was the original UK smoothie. In 1994, PJ's Smoothies was originally marketed as "Pete & Johnny's", but there was never anyone actually called Pete or Johnny. This seems to be contradicted by the following article from the evening standard suggesting that Peter Dubens was the Pete...https://www.standard.co.uk/business/lowprofile-entrepreneur-all-the-highrollers-know-6463917.html

In 2003, it became the first to launch a kids' smoothie, 'Frooties', and in the same year made its television debut (the first smoothie brand to appear on UK TV) as the sponsor of reality game show, Survivor.

Purchase by PepsiCo and Discontinuation

PepsiCo bought the PJ's Smoothies brand in 2005 for £20 million.

In 2007, PJ's Smoothies had lost its dominance in the marketplace to Innocent Smoothies who now has an 80% market share. In 2007, Landor Associates redesigned PJ's Smoothies logo and packaging. Landor also handled PJ's first rebranding in 2006.

At the beginning of 2008, PepsiCo announced that it was cutting the cost of PJ's Smoothies by 30% and reducing the size of the range by half to attract new customers to the smoothie market. Later on in 2008, PepsiCo announced that it was scrapping the PJ's Smoothies brand to focus more on the Tropicana brand.

Products

PJ's Smoothies were available in seven flavours; Orange, Mandarin & Guava, Strawberry, Apple & Rhubarb, Apple, Kiwi and Limes and Strawberry & Banana. PJ's Smoothies came in 250ml bottles and 1 litre bottles.

References

Drink brands


A Personal Information Agent (PIA) is an individual, business, or organization who is expressly authorized by another identifiable individual in dealings with third persons, businesses or organizations concerning personally identifiable information (PII). PIA status allows access to information pertaining to an identifiable individual and the records and associated files of that identifiable individual. This normally includes, but is not limited to, financial files, correspondence, memorandum, machine-readable records and any other documentary material, regardless of physical form or characteristics. Access of these records extends to any copy of any of those things, pertaining to that identifiable individual and including the right to audit and monitor activities that involve the process for notification and reporting of unauthorized disclosure or PII breaches.

See also
 Privacy law
 Privacy Act of 1974 (US)
 Electronic Communications Privacy Act (US)
 Data Protection Directive (EU)
 Data Protection Act 1998 (UK)
 Identity theft

References

Identity documents
Information sensitivity


The Sever Zotta Romanian Institute of Genealogy and Heraldry () is a research institute located in Iași. The institute was established in 1999, being registered as a non-profit organization on January 14, 1999.

The founding members of the institute are:

 Gabriel Bădărău
 Constantin Bălăceanu-Stolnici
 Radu Beldiman
 Ioan Căprosu
 Dan Cernovodeanu
 Paul Cernovodeanu
 Daniel Ciobanu
 Mircea Ciubotaru
 Costin Clit
 Mihai Cojocaru
 Andi-Marius Daschevici
 Zoe Diaconescu
 Vasile Docea
 Maria Dogaru
 Ioan Drăgan
 Gheorghe I. Florescu
 Grigore Ghika
 Ștefan S. Gorovei
 Radu Sc. Greceanu
 Sergiu Groholschi-Miclescu
 Cătălin Hriban
 Sorin Gh. Iftimi
 Constantin Ittu
 Niculae Koslinski
 Marcel Lutic
 Jean Nicolas Mănescu
 Costin Merișca
 Zamfira Mihail
 Gheorghe Musat
 Petre S. Năsturel
 Ioan Niculita
 Catalina Opaschi
 Liviu Papuc
 Paul Paltanea
 Katiuşa Pârvan
 Gheorghe Platon
 Stefan Pleșia
 Ioan-Aurel Pop
 Rodica Popovici
 Flavius Solomon
 Maria Magdalena Székely
 George Felix Taşcă
 Răzvan Theodorescu
 Andrei Tukacs
 Mihai Răzvan Ungureanu
 Silviu Văcaru
 Petronel Zahariuc

References

Genealogical societies
History organizations based in Romania
Research institutes in Romania


Kamau Peterson (born September 16, 1978) is a former professional Canadian football wide receiver and formerly the offensive coordinator for the York Lions football team. He last played for the BC Lions of the Canadian Football League. He was originally drafted sixth overall by the Calgary Stampeders in the 2001 CFL Draft and won the 89th Grey Cup with the team that year. Although he was born in Los Angeles, California, United States, Peterson grew up in  Detroit, Michigan, but was schooled in LaSalle, Ontario, so he counts as a non-import in the CFL.

Kamau transitioned into his post-football career by founding PlaymakerU which trained young athletes in many sports but especially football. Based in Sherwood Park, Alberta he operated out of a new facility there. Peterson entered into coaching in 2012, serving as receivers coach on Team Canada's Jr. National (U19) Team from 2012 through 2016, earning 2 golds and a silver medal in world championship play. (Texas 2012, Kuwait 2014, Harbin 2016) From there he joined the York University football staff as receivers coach and assistant OC in 2014, taking over as offensive coordinator from 2017 through 2019 before moving on from York in 2020. During his time at York, Peterson spearheaded the resurgence of the York Offence, as well as served as their strength and conditioning coach.

References

External links

1978 births
Living people
Calgary Stampeders players
Canadian football wide receivers
Canadian Football League Most Outstanding Canadian Award winners
Edmonton Elks players
Hamilton Tiger-Cats players
New Hampshire Wildcats football players
Sportspeople from Essex County, Ontario
Players of Canadian football from Ontario
Winnipeg Blue Bombers players


Lester Edward Smith (April 14, 1902 – September 4, 1957) was an American competition swimmer who represented the United States at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris.  Smith competed in the men's 400-meter freestyle, advanced to the semifinals, and recorded a time of 5:37.6.

References

External links

1902 births
1957 deaths
American male freestyle swimmers
Olympic swimmers for the United States
Swimmers from San Francisco
Swimmers at the 1924 Summer Olympics
20th-century American people


Daniel Yaw Agyei (also spelled Adjei; born 10 November 1989) is a Ghanaian professional footballer who plays for Ethiopian club Sebeta City as a goalkeeper.

Club career
Agyei was born in Dansoman, Ghana.

International career
Agyei represented Ghana at under-20 level and won with the team both the 2009 African Youth Championship and the 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup. He earned his first senior call to the Black Stars for the World Cup qualification match against Mali. He made his Ghana national team debut on 18 November 2009 in a friendly match against Angola.

Career statistics

International

Honours

International
'Ghana U-20
FIFA U-20 World Cup: 2009
African Youth Championship: 2009

'Ghana
Africa Cup of Nations runner-up: 2010

References

External links

1989 births
Living people
Ghanaian men's footballers
Ghanaian expatriate men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Ghana men's under-20 international footballers
Ghana men's international footballers
2010 Africa Cup of Nations players
Free State Stars F.C. players
Liberty Professionals F.C. players
Medeama S.C. players
Simba S.C. players
Jimma Aba Jifar F.C. players
Ghana Premier League players
South African Premier Division players
2010 FIFA World Cup players
2012 Africa Cup of Nations players
2013 Africa Cup of Nations players
African Games gold medalists for Ghana
African Games medalists in football
People from Greater Accra Region
Competitors at the 2011 All-Africa Games
Ghanaian expatriate sportspeople in South Africa
Ghanaian expatriate sportspeople in Tanzania
Ghanaian expatriate sportspeople in Ethiopia
Expatriate men's soccer players in South Africa
Expatriate men's footballers in Tanzania
Expatriate men's footballers in Ethiopia
Tanzanian Premier League players


Finland–Namibia relations refers to the  bilateral relationship of Finland and Namibia. Finland recognised Namibia on March 21, 1990.  Both countries established diplomatic relations on the same day. Namibia has an embassy in Helsinki while Finland has an embassy in Windhoek and an honorary consulate in Walvis Bay.

Diplomatic relations

Finland has stated it has been a staunch supporter of Namibian independence before Namibia achieved this.

Finnish assistance
The Finnish Government has provided assistance in the sectors of forestry, water, environment and health.

Trade
In general, trade between Namibia and Finland has been small. Namibia's exports to Finland increased from N$810 million in 2004 to over N$1 billion (approximately 90 million EUR) in 2007. However, a 2011 report showed that trade was even more limited. Finland's exports to Namibia valued €2,4 million, mainly consisting of paper and paper-products. Namibia's exports to Finland only valued €0,9 million, mainly consisting of meat and meat preparations. The Finnish Minister for European Affairs and Foreign Affairs, Alexander Stubb, together with a trade delegation paid a visit to South Africa and Namibia in November 2012. The aim was to promote business opportunities for Finnish companies.

State visits
In June 2008, Prime Minister of Namibia Nahas Angula visited Finland.

In February 2011, President of Finland Tarja Halonen visited Namibia.

See also
 Martti Ahtisaari
 Foreign relations of Finland
 Foreign relations of Namibia
 Finnish Missionary Society

References

External links
  Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland about Namibia

Namibia
Bilateral relations of Namibia


The discography of American country artist Jeanne Pruett consists of six studio albums, one live album, three compilation albums and 37 singles. While working for a publishing company, she signed a recording contract with RCA Records in 1963. She released several singles that did not become successful. In 1969, she signed with Decca Records. Her first charting single was 1971's "Hold to My Unchanging Love". This was followed by "Love Me", which became a top 40 hit and prompted the release of her debut studio album. In 1973, Pruett released the single "Satin Sheets", which became her biggest hit. The song spent several weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart and crossed over to number 28 on the Hot 100. Its corresponding album of the same name also topped the Billboard Country Albums chart in July 1973.

Pruett followed the song's success with "I'm Your Woman", which also became a top ten hit on the country songs chart. Her self-titled third studio album was released in June 1974 and peaked at number 19 on the country albums chart. The album also included the single, "You Don't Need to Move a Mountain", a top 20 hit on the country chart in 1974. Pruett issued her fourth studio album, Honey on His Hands, in 1975, which reached the top 50 of the country albums survey. It spawned four singles, three of which became top 30 hits on the country chart. Its highest charting hit was "Welcome to the Sunshine (Sweet Baby Jane)" (1974).

Pruett recorded a series of singles that became minor hits during the rest of the 1970s. In 1977, she briefly moved to Mercury Records, where she had one top forty hit with "I'm Living a Lie". Then, Pruett achieved success with the independent IBC label when three singles became top ten hits on the Billboard country chart: "Back to Back" (1979), "Temporarily Yours" (1980) and "It's Too Late" (1980). They were released on her 1979 studio album, Encore!, which reached number 18 on the country albums chart. Pruett continued recording sporadically throughout the 1980s. Her 1987 single "Rented Room" became her final to reach the Billboard country chart.

Albums

Studio albums

Live albums

Compilation albums

Singles

Other album appearances

References

External links
 Jeanne Pruett complete discography at Discogs

Country music discographies
Discographies of American artists


John Royston Siddons  (5 October 1927 – 22 September 2016) was an Australian politician. He was a businessman and the executive chairman of Siddons Industries Ltd. before entering politics.

Siddons was born on 5 October 1927 in Melbourne, the second child of Agnes Emily née Smith and Royston Siddons an industrialist and founder of the Sidchrome and Ramset brands in Australia. John would work in the family business, eventually replacing Royston as chairman.

In 1980, he was elected to the Australian Senate as a Democrats senator for Victoria. He was defeated at the 1983 election, when he was required to take second place on the Democrats ticket in deference to party leader Don Chipp. He was, however, re-elected in the 1984 election, when seven places were up for election due to the expansion of the Parliament. In 1986, he left the Democrats, claiming that the party had moved too far to the left. In 1987, he registered the Unite Australia Party, amalgamating two other minor parties, the Advance Australia Party and the remnants of the Australia Party. He was joined in the Senate by South Australian Democrat David Vigor. The new party contested the 1987 election but received under 1% in all states contested. Siddons and Vigor were both defeated.

He died in 2016, aged 88.

References

Sources
Siddons, John Royston; Gleeson, Russ. "A Spanner in the Works" (autobiography). Macmillan, Melbourne (1990)

Australian manufacturing businesspeople
Australian Democrats members of the Parliament of Australia
Independent members of the Parliament of Australia
Members of the Australian Senate for Victoria
Members of the Australian Senate
1927 births
2016 deaths
People educated at Wesley College (Victoria)
Unite Australia Party members of the Parliament of Australia
20th-century Australian politicians
Officers of the Order of Australia


Finland–Peru relations are foreign relations between Finland and Peru. Peru recognized Finland on June 23, 1919, and both countries established relations on March 26, 1963.

Peru has an embassy in Helsinki. Finland has an embassy in Lima which is also accredited to Bolivia and Ecuador and two honorary consulates in Arequipa and Cuzco.

History
Peru recognized Finland after its independence from Russia on June 23, 1919, and both countries established relations on March 26, 1963.

Finland opened an embassy in Lima on July 1, 1963. However, it was closed on September 1, 1991, due to the economic depression affecting the country at the time, as well as the Internal conflict in Peru. The embassy was reopened on February 1, 1998. The former Swedish embassy now solely houses the diplomatic mission of Finland since 2022. In addition to the embassy, an ambassadorial residence was formerly operated in San Isidro, located at the address of Guillermo Marconi 270, between the embassies of North and South Korea.

Resident diplomatic missions
Finland has an embassy in Lima, as well as two honorary consulates in Arequipa and Cuzco.
Peru has an embassy in Helsinki.

See also

Foreign relations of Finland
Foreign relations of Peru
List of ambassadors of Peru to Finland
List of ambassadors of Finland to Peru

References

External links
  Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland about Peru

Peru
Finland


TPC Scottsdale is a 36-hole golf complex in the southwestern United States, located in Scottsdale, Arizona, northeast of Phoenix.

Opened  in 1986, the resort is part of the Tournament Players Club network of golf courses operated by the PGA Tour. The Stadium Course has been home to the tour's annual Phoenix Open since 1987.

Stadium Course
Tom Weiskopf and Jay Morrish were commissioned by the PGA Tour to build a course to host the Phoenix Open starting in 1987. The Stadium Course was the result, at an approximate average elevation of  above sea level.

The par-3 16th hole on the Stadium Course is the only fully enclosed hole on the PGA Tour. The grandstands that surround the 16th, which have a capacity of 20,000, are home to one of the most enthusiastic crowds on the PGA Tour. A shot that lands on the green will result in cheers from the crowd, while a shot that misses the green will result in boos. Tiger Woods scored an ace (hole in one) on this hole during the 1997 Phoenix Open, sending the crowd in attendance into a frenzy. A hole in ones in the 16th hole have also been made by 10 other golfers in the Phoenix's Opens history with Sam Ryder and Carlos Ortiz being the most recent to do so in 2022.

Scorecard

Champions Course
The second course at TPC Scottsdale is the Champions Course, which was designed by Randy Heckenkemper, and completed in 2007. This course replaced the original Weiskopf and Morrish designed Desert Course.

Scorecard

References

External links
 Official site
 Picture of the Stadium Course

Golf clubs and courses in Arizona
Sports competitions in Scottsdale, Arizona
1986 establishments in Arizona
Sports venues completed in 1986


Elizabeth Heyert (born 1951 in New York City) is an American photographer and author. She received her master's degree in photography and the history of photography from the Royal College of Art, London, where she studied with Bill Brandt. She is known for experimental portrait photography, most notably  her trilogy The Sleepers (2003), The Travelers (2005), and The Narcissists (2008), and her groundbreaking project The Bound (2016).

Heyert is the author of numerous books of and about photography including The Glass-House Years (Allanheld and Schram, 1979), Metropolitan Places (Viking Studio Books, 1989), The Sleepers (Sei Swann, 2003), and The Travelers (Scalo Verlag, 2006), The Narcissists (Silvana Editoriale, 2008) and The Outsider (Damiani 2017).

Career
After shooting around the world for publications such as The New York Times, New York Magazine, Vogue and British Vogue, Elle Decor, and Architectural Digest, and for clients including Ralph Lauren, Cartier, American Express, and Tiffany & Co. her successful career allowed her to close her commercial studio in 1999, to return to a more personal exploration of photography. She began The Sleepers with the idea of experimenting with unconventional forms of portrait photography. Within three years she was offered her first one-person show of these works, which opened at the Edwynn Houk gallery in New York, in January 2003.
The Sleepers, a series of monumental toned black and white photographs of sleeping nudes, is a meditation on the mystical world of sleep and the emotional journey we travel in our unconscious state. Reviewing the exhibit The New Yorker wrote that the work: "conjures thoughts of human fragility and impermanence even if the sleepers have become heroic sculptures rising from a deep slumber." Sei Swann published a monograph of The Sleepers, with an essay inspired by the works, written by the playwright John Guare, in January 2003.

Heyert's obsession with sleep and the unconscious led her inevitably to photograph The Travelers, a series of large-scale color post-mortem portraits. The photographs stirred discussion and controversy when they were first exhibited in New York. The New York Times, in a feature article about the works, described these photographs as a "peek beneath the surface at the vibrant, living face beneath the mask of death." Scalo Verlag published her book, The Travelers, in March 2006. At the end of the year Photo-Eye Magazine named The Travelers one of the best photography books of 2006.

The 30 x 40 inch photographs have been widely exhibited internationally: at the Musée de l'Élysée in Lausanne, Switzerland; at the Hayward Gallery in London; in Austria in New Art/New York: Reflections of the Human Condition; and in a solo museum show at the Malmo Museer in Sweden. In May 2007, 18 life size prints of The Travelers were exhibited on a small island in Naarden, The Netherlands, accessible only through an ancient stone tunnel, as part of an exhibition entitled In Memoriam. The works have also been the subject of television programs by ARD Kulturweltspiegel in Germany and by TVE Spain, a National Public Radio program, and feature articles in Sueddeutsche Zeitung, El Mundo, in the Swiss publications Le Temps and Femina, and Vrij Nederland among others.

Heyert's work has been extensively reviewed and discussed in leading international publications such as The New York Times, the Times of London, Le Monde, and Stern and in contemporary publications such as The Drawbridge and Dazed and Confused. Her photographs are part of the permanent collections of the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, the J. Paul Getty Museum, and the Beinecke Library of Rare Books, and Manuscripts at Yale as well as numerous private collections.

Her most recent projects include The Bound  (2016), which explores the body as a site for experimentation and transformation, and The Outsider (2017), a conceptual photography project shot in China. She is currently at work on The Idol, a new series that explores religion and popular culture, and the ways society creates myths and false images about women.

References

Books
The Glass-House Years (1979)
Metropolitan Places (1989)
The Sleepers (2003)
The Travelers (2006)
The Narcissists (2008)
The Outsider (2017)

External links
elizabethheyert.com
 https://web.archive.org/web/20081206160841/http://www.houkgallery.com/heyert-travellers/heyert.html
Kind Assassin, Essay by John Guare, The Sleepers
 Interview by Stacey D'Erasmo, The Sleepers
Interview by Stacey D'Erasmo, The Travelers
The New York Times, Bringing Back the Dead

1951 births
Living people
Alumni of the Royal College of Art
American photographers
American women photographers
21st-century American women


Bode's sensitivity integral, discovered by Hendrik Wade Bode, is a formula that quantifies some of the limitations in feedback control of linear parameter invariant systems. Let L be the loop transfer function and S be the sensitivity function.

In the diagram, P is a dynamical process that has a transfer function P(s).  The controller, C, has the transfer function C(s).  The controller attempts to cause the process output, y, to track the reference input, r.  Disturbances, d, and measurement noise, n, may cause undesired deviations of the output.  Loop gain is defined by L(s) = P(s)C(s).

The following holds:

where  are the poles of L in the right half plane (unstable poles).

If L has at least two more poles than zeros, and has no poles in the right half plane (is stable), the equation simplifies to:

This equality shows that if sensitivity to disturbance is suppressed at some frequency range, it is necessarily increased at some other range. This has been called the "waterbed effect."

References

Further reading
 Karl Johan Åström and Richard M. Murray. Feedback Systems: An Introduction for Scientists and Engineers. Chapter 11 - Frequency Domain Design. Princeton University Press, 2008.  http://www.cds.caltech.edu/~murray/amwiki/Frequency_Domain_Design

External links

 WaterbedITOOL -  Interactive software tool to analyze, learn/teach the Waterbed effect in linear control systems.
 Gunter Stein’s Bode Lecture on fundamental limitations on the achievable sensitivity function expressed by Bode's integral.
 Use of Bode's Integral Theorem (circa 1945) - NASA publication.

See also

 Bode plot
 Sensitivity (control systems)

Control theory


In qualitative research, a member check, also known as informant feedback or respondent validation, is a technique used by researchers to help improve the accuracy, credibility, validity, and transferability (also known as applicability, internal validity, or fittingness) of a study.   There are many subcategories of members checks, including; narrative accuracy checks, interpretive validity, descriptive validity, theoretical validity, and evaluative validity.  In many member checks, the interpretation and report (or a portion of it) is given to members of the sample (informants) in order to check the authenticity of the work. Their comments serve as a check on the viability of the interpretation.

Member checking can be done during the interview process, at the conclusion of the study, or both to increase the credibility and validity (statistics) of a qualitative study. The interviewer should strive to build rapport with the interviewee in order to obtain honest and open responses. During an interview, the researcher will restate or summarize information and then question the participant to determine accuracy. Member checks completed after a study are completed by sharing all of the findings with the participants involved. This allows participants to critically analyze the findings and comment on them. The participants either affirm that the summaries reflect their views, feelings, and experiences, or that they do not reflect these experiences. If the participants affirm the accuracy and completeness, then the study is said to have credibility. These member checks are not without fault, but serve to decrease the incidence of incorrect data and the incorrect interpretation of data. The overall goal of this process is to provide findings that are authentic, original and reliable.

Positive aspects of member-checking
Member checking provides an opportunity to understand and determine what the author intended to do through their actions. It gives them the ability to correct errors and challenge what are perceived as wrong interpretations. Member checking provides the opportunity to volunteer additional information which may be stimulated by the playing back process. Gets respondent on the record with their reports. Provides people that respond the opportunity to assess adequacy of data and preliminary results as well as to confirm particular aspects of the data. The ability to summarize the preliminary findings. The major problem with member checking however is that it relies on the assumption that there is a fixed truth of reality that can be accounted for by a researcher and can be confirmed by a respondent, which may not be true. In fact, member checks are not consistent with the philosophy of non positivistic qualitative research methods.  See positivism for more information on philosophy of approach.

Interviewing and member checking

There are two interview styles to promote discussion between interviewees and the interviewers during member checks.  The first, Confrontation Style is only effective when there is a trusted, warm, and open relationship between the interviewer and the interviewee.  This style promotes discussion empowering the interviewee to have confidence to "fight back" when his/her opinion is questioned.  The second, Dialogue and Power, focuses on the inherent power struggle between the interviewer and the interviewee.  Interviewers must be aware of this imbalance of power and promote discussion from the interviewee by valuing opinions and reinforcing equal collaboration between the two.

In an informal sense, member checks are carried out verbally throughout the conduct of fieldwork. The researcher constantly checks his or her understanding of the phenomenon by utilizing techniques such as paraphrasing and summarization for clarification. It is best to ask permission to visit the participant again at the time of the unstructured interview. Interviews are used as a way for the respondent to express their emotions and thoughts about their experiences and allow the interviewer to have a better understanding of a situation.

When the member check procedure is used in a sample of people who were not the original participants in the study, the procedure can be used to assess transferability.  If the people who were not the original participants do not agree with the information, then the findings can be said to be biased or not transferable since transferability is the process of being able to apply the findings from one study to others in similar situations.  A question to ask is whether the findings "ring true" in others' experiences.

It is critical to use member checking in qualitative research studies because these types of studies often involve interpretation.<ref>Byrne, M.M. (2001).Evaluating the findings of qualitative research. AORN Journal. Retrieved November 23, 2008 from http://findarticles.com/p/articles</ref> Thus, without allowing participants to validate the accuracy of their findings, one-sidedness will become a major concern. Since the most important issue in evaluating the rigor of qualitative research is trustworthiness, using the strategy of member checks, (along with other techniques such as independent audit, prolonged engagement, triangulation, peer debriefing), is critical to minimizing distortion. Prolonged engagement aids in the ability to detect and account for distortions that might be in the data.  It also helps to become oriented to the situation so content is appreciated and the researcher builds trust. In general, member checks are a useful function in research, especially when there are questions about the adequacy of understanding based on limited time of exposure. Thus, a member check can serve to counterbalance concerns about whether engagement was sufficiently prolonged

 Advantages and disadvantages of member checks

 Advantages
The greatest advantage in a member check is that the researcher can verify the entirety and completeness of the findings, which is a measurable tool of the accuracy of the findings.

Other Advantages:
Provides an opportunity to understand and assess what the participant intended to do through his or her actions
Gives participants opportunity to correct errors and challenge what are perceived as wrong interpretations
Provides the opportunity to volunteer additional information which may be stimulated by the playing back process
Gets respondent on the record with his or her reports
Provides an opportunity to summarize preliminary findings
Member checks can be useful in action research projects, where researchers work with participants on a continuing basis to help with change.
It lessens the risk of participants reporting at a later date that the researcher misunderstood their contributions or claiming investigative error.
Enables an assessment of what the participant intended by making exact comments or taking specific actions
Shows high credibility and face validity
Prevent personal biases from being included within the quantitative research study.
Prevent false information from being presented as reliable research.

 Disadvantages

There are multiple disadvantages related to member checks that may occur throughout the process.

Research findings cannot be easily conveyed to the participant. This is most commonly the case in addiction and criminal research. Additionally, findings may be difficult to understand.
Member check exercises can make extensive demands on the participants' time.
Sometimes the content of transcripts and the research topic can be exploitative and/or distressing.
Research participants may refuse to participate in member check, especially if an extended period of time has elapsed since research study.
Participants may tell the researcher what they believe the researcher wants to hear.
Member checking relies on the assumption that there is a fixed truth of reality that can be accounted for by a researcher and confirmed by a respondent.
Members may relay accounts during an interview that they later regret or see differently.  Members may deny such stories and want them removed from the data
Members may not be in the best position to check the data.  They may forget what they said or the manner in which a story was told
Different members may have different views of the same data.
It requires skills and experience from the researcher and can be expensive and time-consuming.
Member checks (respondent validation) are part of a process of error reduction, which also generates further original data, which, in turn, require interpretation, rather than as a straightforward check on validity.
The very subjectivity of the inquiry leads to difficulties in establishing the reliability and validity of the approaches and information.
Its scope is limited due to the in-depth, comprehensive data gathering approaches required.

 Objections to member checks

Many writers establish internal validity – truthfulness and representation of the reality of the participants – by showing that they have carried out a ‘member check’ as Lincoln and Guba (1985) suggest.  However, some researchers disagree with the use of a member check.  Many researchers have noted that when the essence of the participants' experiences are similar, their stories represent social reality.  Accordingly, phenomenology (science) is defined as a philosophy or method of inquiry based on the premise that reality consists of objects and events as they are perceived or understood in human consciousness and not of anything independent of human consciousness.

In qualitative research, phenomenological methods are used to learn and construct the meaning of the human experience through intensive dialogue with persons who are living the experience. The researcher's goal is to explain the meaning of the experience to the participant. This is achieved through a dialogic process, which is more than a simple interview.
Therefore, in their opinion, a member check can adversely transform the data through the process of analysis and writing. Phenomenologists believe each individual has his/her own unique perspective, inhabits a social world, and recognizes others’ reality to some extent. They believe that for an account to have validity, its readers will have grasped not only the essence of the phenomenon but also understood something of the human condition they have in common with the participants-–intersubjective understanding.

 Member check considerations
Member checks by research participants are increasingly recommended in qualitative research. There are differences, however, in qualitative research that suggests member checks may need to be approached with caution. Although member checking has been used for verification of the results, it is not always a true verification strategy. Many methodologists caution against using member check as verification by defining what participants say to be correct because it may actually pose a threat to the validity instead. This is due to results of studies being combined, made neutral, and abstracted from other participants as well as investigators wanting to be more responsive to their participants and restrain some of their results. Ultimately this causes the researcher's study to be invalid. Many consider member checking to be the best method of establishing credibility, but one of the main drawbacks is the way in which the researcher views the research as being intended to generalize the findings.  This may clash with the participant's view that their account is specific and solely their experience.  Due to the different views regarding interpretation of data, member checks may be better suited as being identified as a tool for error reduction, rather than a verification protocol.

Member checks can be used as a technique to evaluate the problems with the study process such as practical, theoretical, representational, and moral flaws to ensure the honesty of the research procedures. The process of a member check also is important in revealing missing information that should be addressed before concluding the study.  This is a step of reevaluation within a study that allows for researchers to implement changes and conduct further interviews in areas where a study is weak.  However, the responses received from participants may not always be accurate and should be carefully reviewed by researchers.

It is important for researchers to review responses in order to avoid altering sound data. Participants in a study may have knowledge of incomplete or incorrect information that leads to misinformed responses.  Likewise, they may also respond falsely in order to avoid social judgment or societal views on the subject, despite anonymity.  Participants’ responses may also stem from myth-based knowledge or delusional thinking (Douglas, 1976). When hypotheses are formed, researchers often have predictions on the outcome; therefore, it is vital that researchers avoid their own biases to data. Avoidance of bias can be aided by having separate researchers review the member check responses rather than by those who conducted the interviews. There are no clear-cut means of clearly avoiding incorrect participant feedback or researcher bias from tainting gathered research.  However, if researchers can minimize these factors they can strengthen the external validity of their research.

Although member checks are considered very beneficial to credibility of the study, there is not a lot of information or understanding on how member checks should be performed. In recent studies, two methods have been identified. The first is to send the transcripts or summaries are sent to the original participants to be confirmed. The second uses a member check group session with each group member being shown a summary of the analysis. Regardless of the method used to peer review or member check research it must be done to ensure quality research and improve upon the research being performed before it is submitted for publication and considered as a reliable study.

 Notes

 References

Arminio, J., Jones, S., Torres, V. Negotiating the Complexities of Qualitative Research in Higher Education: Fundamental Elements and Issues.
Barbour, R.S. (2001).Checklists for improving rigour in qualitative research: a case of the tail wagging the dog.  BMJ. 322, 1115–1117.
Britten, Nicky. BMJ 1995; 311: 251-253 (22 July).
Bryman, Alan. (Ed.). Member Validation. In Addressing social problems through qualitative research Loughborough: Reference World.
Bygstad, B., Munkvold B. (2007) "The Significance of Member Validation in Qualitative Analysis: Experiences From a Longitudinal Case Study." Proceedings of the 40th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.
Byrne, M.M. (2001). Evaluating the findings of qualitative research. AORN Journal.Cohen, D., Crabtree, B. "Qualitative Research Guidelines Project." July 2006.
Doyle, S. (2007). Member Checking With Older Women: A Framework for Negotiating Meaning. Healthcare for Women International, 28, 888–908.
Flick, U. (2006). An Introduction to Qualitative Research. Sage.
Gordon, C., Prince, M.B., Benkendorf, J.L. (2002). Hamilton HE Journal of Genetic Counseling. 4, 245–63.
Grinnel R., Unrau Y., (2008) Social Work Research and Evaluation: Foundations of Evidence-based Practice. Oxford University Press US.
Holloway, I. (2005) Qualitative Research in Healthcare. McGraw-Hill.
Kirk, J., & Miller, M. L. (1986). Reliability and validity in qualitative research. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Lincoln, Y., Guba, E. (1985) Naturalistic Inquiry. Sage Publications, Newbury Park, CA.
LoBiondo-Wood, G., & Haber, J. (2006). Nursing Research: Methods and Critical Appraisal for Evidence-Based Practice. St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby Elsevier.
Lofland, J., & Lofland, L. H. (1984). Analyzing social settings. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company, Inc.
McBrien, Barry. British Journal of Nursing, 2008 Nov 7-20
Morse, J.M., Barrett, M., Mayan, M., Olson, K., and Spiers, J. (2002). Verification Strategies for Establishing Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods. 1, 2.
Ratcliff, D. (1995). Notes for Five Part Seminar on Qualitative Research.
Rubin, A., Babbie, E.R. (2008). Research methods for social work. Belmont, CA:Thomson Brooks/Cole.
 Tanggaard, L. (2008).  Objections in research interviewing.  International Journal of Qualitative Methods,'' 7(3), p 15–29.
 Walters, J. (2006, February). Doing Qualitative Research: A Practical Handbook.. Adult Education Quarterly, 56(2), 166–167. Retrieved November 29, 2008,
 Watson, R., Benner, P., & Ketefian, S. (2008). Nursing Research: Designs and Methods. Elsevier Health Sciences.

See also

Analytic induction
Content analysis
Focus group
Interview
Online research communities
Participatory action research
Qualitative research
Sensemaking

Qualitative research
Qualitative Study
Assessing quality in qualitative research

Qualitative research


The first USS Patapsco was a sloop in the United States Navy.

Patapsco was launched as Chesapeake 20 June 1799 by Captain De Rochbruns, and renamed Patapsco between 10 October and 14 November apparently to free the name for the frigate , commissioned in 1800. Patapsco is the name of a river in Maryland.

Commanded by Captain Henry Geddes, she escorted the brig Acteon to New Orleans, carrying General James Wilkinson and his staff to that port. She then cruised in the West Indies, protecting American shipping from French cruisers and privateers during the Quasi-War with France. Operating in Commodore Silas Talbot's squadron, she captured schooner Cecilia after a five-hour chase 28 May 1800. On 7 August she captured French letter of marque Dorade. In the autumn she also engaged Louisa Bridge but the schooner escaped.

She aided  and a British frigate in defeating a French invasion of Curaçao, in the Netherlands Antilles, before returning to Philadelphia in December. She was sold there in June 1801.

References

Sloops of the United States Navy
1799 ships


Livin' in the Scope is the second studio album by American Chicago-based hip hop group Snypaz. It was released on May 22, 2001 via Rap-A-Lot Records. Production was handled by L.A., Channel 7, Hurt-M-Badd, Mike Dean, Mr. Lee, Domo and The Legendary Traxster, with J. Prince serving as executive producer. It features guest appearances from AK-47 of Do Or Die and The Regime. The album peaked at No. 174 on the Billboard 200, No. 41 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and No. 8 on the Heatseekers Albums in the United States.

Track listing

Charts

References

External links

2001 albums
Snypaz albums
Virgin Records albums
Rap-A-Lot Records albums
Albums produced by Hurt-M-Badd
Albums produced by The Legendary Traxster
Albums produced by Mike Dean (record producer)


Robert Daniel "Danny" Nightingale (born 21 May 1954) is a British modern pentathlete and Olympic champion.

He won a team gold medal in the modern pentathlon at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, with Adrian Parker and Jim Fox.

Nightingale was the British pentathlon champion in 1976, 1977, and 1978. He later became the Development Officer for the Modern Pentathlon Association.

Nightingale used to work as a PE teacher at Rye Hills secondary school.

References

External links

1954 births
Living people
British male modern pentathletes
Olympic modern pentathletes for Great Britain
Modern pentathletes at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Modern pentathletes at the 1980 Summer Olympics
English Olympic medallists
Olympic gold medallists for Great Britain
Olympic medalists in modern pentathlon
Medalists at the 1976 Summer Olympics


Adrian Parker (born 2 March 1951) is a British modern pentathlete and Olympic champion.

He won a team gold medal in the modern pentathlon at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, with Danny Nightingale and Jim Fox. He finished 5th in individual modern pentathlon at the 1976 Olympics. Parker won the final event, the cross-country, with an "outstanding run", which helped Britain to win the gold medal. Parker had been the British pentathlon champion in 1975.

References

External links
Olympic profile

1951 births
Living people
British male modern pentathletes
Olympic modern pentathletes for Great Britain
Modern pentathletes at the 1976 Summer Olympics
English Olympic medallists
Olympic gold medallists for Great Britain
Olympic medalists in modern pentathlon
Athletes from London
Medalists at the 1976 Summer Olympics


Phoenicia Hotel may refer to:

Phoenicia Hotel Beirut, Lebanon
Hotel Phoenicia, Floriana, Malta


The Personality Assessment System (PAS) is a descriptive model of personality formulated by John W. Gittinger.
The system has been used by scientists in studying personality and by clinicians in clinical practice.
A major feature of the PAS is that a personality profile can be systematically interpreted from a set of
Wechsler Scales subtest scores.

The PAS has two aspects which distinguish it from other personality models. They are the use of
the Wechsler subtests, an objective test, to determine a personality and the use of a developmental model
in which the description of personality includes development through adolescence.

Krauskopf has proposed that differential aptitudes are the "cause" of personality differences.

The reason is that people prefer to use aptitudes they feel they are better at than ones where they feel
weaker. Krauskopf calls this hypothesis "radical" because so little attention has been paid to the idea.
With this "radical hypothesis", the use of an intelligence test, the
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale to obtain personality information makes sense.

Description
This very brief description is based primarily on the most recently published description of
the PAS  although there is no disagreement with other
descriptions.

The PAS is based on premises (among others) that behavior is determined by both heredity and
environment and behavior is determined by an interacting system of traits. Furthermore, these
traits can be modified through learning to such an extent that some might be nearly opposite
to the original genetic direction. Gittinger's original formulation defines three primitive dimensions
to which must be added general ability level which is referred to in the PAS as Normal Level.
There is an additional dimension related to psychological energy. In the theory, gender and age
also affect the final personality description.

The first dimension is Internalizer-Externalizer which is an ability to manipulate internal stimuli
or symbols without being distracted by the external world. This is similar, but not identical, to
the familiar introversion-extroversion dimension. The internalizer relies more on his own
experience and internal landscape and is likely to be less active than externalizers. The externalizer
is dependent on input from the outside and is more dependent on relating for the sake of relating.
Gittinger called this the intellectual dimension.

The Regulated-Flexible dimension can be viewed by thinking of a regulated person as one who can
see details within a whole, but not the whole. The regulated person is more stimulus bound and less able to see the "big picture". The regulated person is more procedurally oriented and emotionally insulated. The flexible person is involved with relationships and has attention diverted from step by step procedures. In theory, the regulated person has a high sensory threshold which is therefore satisfied less often than
a flexible person. Gittinger called this the procedural dimension.

The Role Adaptable-Role Uniform dimension refers to a person's skill in meeting demands that
others make of him. It is thus a social dimension. The behavior related to this dimension is generally without awareness. The adaptable person easily plays a variety of roles, being charming and moving easily in many different situations always making good first impressions. The role uniform person is able to handle
only a few social roles at best and is often said to be socially inept. The behavior is most apparent in new social situations, since the role uniform may comfortable and accepted in a very familiar situation. The role adaptive can suffer from making good first impressions and then not understanding the unrealistic expectations others place upon him. Gittinger called this the social dimension.

A compensation (or lack thereof) is learned behavior a person adopts in childhood to go against their natural dimensions. This is done to gain better coping skills which their natural dimensions do not initially provide. Once developed, compensation tends to be strongly ingrained and resistant to external pressure. Finally, modification (or lack thereof), much like compensation, is a learned behavior to counter the individual's initial dimensions but it is developed in adulthood and is much more fragile and resistant to pressure. This behavior is learned to cope with adult responsibilities.

As the environment places demands upon a person to learn to compensate for weaknesses, the person may compensate to such an extent as to actually appear to have the opposite primitive trait. For example, a primitive externalizer may compensate and appear more as an internalizer. However, there are differences between an uncompensated primitive externalizer and a compensated internalizer. The compensated adjustment is a more tense adjustment and requires more rehearsal and more display of consistency. Also, a person who is compensated often reacts negatively to seeing their primitive trait displayed in others. A person may compensate in none, one, two or all three dimensions. The PAS calls the adjustment including compensation the basic level.

The PAS defines an additional level of adjustment called the contact or surface level.
At the surface level, there are four possible adjustments. A person who is not compensated may either become modified, that is, attempt to display the opposite of their primitive trait on the surface or they may remain completely uncompensated and unmodified, retaining their primitive trait. A person who is compensated at the basic level may revert towards their primitive trait on the surface (this is called a controlled adjustment) or continue to move towards the opposite (this is called a repressed adjustment).
A person makes adjustments in all three dimensions independently. For example, a person might
have a modified adjustment in one dimension, a controlled adjustment in another, and a repressed
adjustment in the third.

Subtest scales
Externalizer-Internalizer Dimension

Regulated-Flexible Dimmension

Unacceptable-Acceptable Dimmension

A key feature of the PAS is that the profile of a particular person may be derived from their scores
on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. The development of the PAS actually began when John Gittinger noticed certain behaviors which seemed to relate to subtest scores on the Wechsler. Over the years, as he observed many people, he developed the full theory and the method of translating Wechsler scores into PAS profiles. Many refinements in the method used to produce PAS profiles from Wechsler scores were made
with the 2001 method and one much older method the most extensively used by psychologists using the PAS.

Applications
The PAS has been used for many applications over the years. A sample of applications include
education, career analysis, self-help, and intelligence gathering.

DuVivier  discusses the importance of working with individual differences when
analyzing college student success and drop-out rates with particular attention to avoiding drop-out.
She uses an "Impressionistic Model Analysis" based on the PAS.

Downs  studied college students majoring in mathematics and mathematics education.
In the study, most students in both groups were primitive regulated, in fact, compensated regulated.
Pure mathematics majors tended to be primitive and basic role uniform whereas mathematics education majors tended to be primitive role adaptive.

Meyers  studied several police forces and discovered that police tended to be either
primitive role adaptive or compensated role uniform people.

Wilton  describes an entire toolbox of building life skills,
everything from child training to dealing with obnoxious people to building security. She bases her
work on her understanding of individual differences which she credits foremost to John Gittinger and the
PAS.

DeForest  describes the use of the PAS in two aspects of intelligence gathering in Vietnam. One use was to develop interrogation methods appropriate to the personality type of the
subject. According to the DeForest's report of the work, Vietnamese were very similar to each other, especially at the primitive level, and this led to develop of a consistent method of interrogation.
The PAS was also used to identify personalities that were likely to remain loyal, as opposed to ones who would flip-flop according to who they were dealing with at the moment. This was used to select subjects from among captives or deserters to return to enemy locations to gather intelligence.

CIA connection

John Gittinger, the developer of the PAS, worked as a psychologist for the Central Intelligence Agency during the time he developed the PAS. Early publications describing the PAS appeared in academic publications and did not mention Gittinger's employer.

While the PAS has been used in many contexts such as education and clinical work, it was developed by John Gittinger who worked with a number of other CIA employees. Gittinger and his PAS work were related to a wide range of projects, some of which were part of the set of projects known as Project MKUltra.
Gittinger was a witness and identified as a CIA psychologist at Senate hearings into Project MKUltra.

The relationship of Gittinger, the PAS and MKULTRA is discussed by Marks in chapter 11 of his book
based upon examination of thousands of documents. Earlier articles on the PAS in professional and academic journals never mentioned John Gittinger's employer.
While Marks' book is critical of the CIA and the MKULTRA project, Marks reports of Gittinger's passion for his personality system and describes it quite thoroughly. Marks also reports that Gittinger was very concerned that Marks' 1974 article connecting Gittinger, the PAS, and the CIA would damage Gittinger's
professional career. Marks also reports that Gittinger was "humiliated" by the 1973 hearings saying Gittinger was interested in talking about his personality system, not the drug and sex scandals being pursued by the Senate committee. Note that Gittinger retired from government service in 1978.

The use of the PAS by a CIA psychologist in the field is described in DeForest's book. The book describes the work of a psychologist, Bill Todd (a pseudonym) in Vietnam.
Treverton says that this book "is one
for intelligence fans, not an assessment but a lively tale of a spymaster and his agents-"

Manning's review in the New York Times says,
"Orrin DeForest, the principal author of the book, certainly comes across as a disaffected C.I.A. person, and its contents are certainly self-serving. Whether the book is also misleading is difficult for someone outside the spook fraternity of hired dissemblers to ascertain. Nevertheless, Slow Burn has its virtues anyway."

Literature

The PAS was developed primarily during the 1950s and 1960s with continued refinement since then.
Due to the uniqueness of the developer, John W. Gittinger, and the nature of John Gittinger's career,
the literature is somewhat unusual in two ways. First, while there are many journal articles published
about the PAS and research using the PAS, only a small number are authored or co-authored by John Gittinger.
Second, much research has been conducted which has not been published. Krauskopf and Suanders'
book

has the most thorough discussion of the theory of the PAS, how it relates to other theories in psychology, and of research concerning the PAS. This book has a very extensive bibliography of both research on the PAS itself and works using the PAS. Gittinger's
major work, a 1964 work called the PAS Atlas contains the most complete
description of the wide range of possible personality profiles. The PAS Atlas was never formally published by Gittinger. A revised version, which improved readability and usability, was published in 1992.

Gittinger did publish two shorter descriptions of the PAS in academic journals with coauthor J. F. Winne in 1973.

An extensive summary of the relationship of the Wechsler and the PAS is available from Matarazzo
in chapter 14 (Personality and Related Correlates of the Wechsler Scales) of the standard reference on
the Wechsler.

PAS and MBTI

Krauskopf and Saunders discuss how the PAS relates to other differentialconcepts. Due to personal interactions at conferences, perhaps the relationship of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator to the PAS has received more discussion and thought than other comparisons. The two systems have relationships but an individual's profile in one system is not readily derived from the profile of the other. Research and conference discussions suggest that
conscious choices as defined by preferences made on the MBTI questionnaire define an individual's MBTI profile. Similarity, choices in one's life-style define a person's PAS third or surface dimension.

In the PAS terms, the face one shows to the world is the result of an individual's conscious and unconscious screening process. Like the MBTI profile, the PAS surface dimension reflects who a person is or how he/she wants to be seen.

The MBTI and PAS diverge on the source of what goes into one's public persona. The first two dimensions of the PAS represent measurable, developmental interactions of Nature and Nurture at play in forming one's "basic" or core personality. Based on motivations emanating from the basic personality, the surface persona is the result of an individual's largely, but not entirely, conscious choices to maximize strengths and to minimize weaknesses. Once the individual's basic or core personality is formed, it is immutable. In contrast, the surface dimension is subject to subtle transformations through life experiences such as education, therapy, illness, trauma, and/or aging.

So, while both the MBTI and the third dimension of PAS result from conscious choices about the identity a person wishes to project, these respective models vary as to the sources governing the decisions going into the choice of one's public persona.

Footnotes

References

Downs, R.R. (1973) A personality assessment of college seniors majoring in mathematically related fields. EdD, Ball State University, Dissertation Abstracts, 34A, 4735.

Gittinger, John, (1992) PAS Atlas, MARS Assessment Technology Inc, Sterling Virginia, Edwin W. Gunberg editor.

Manning, Robert, (1990) Review of Slow Burn, New York Times, April 22, 1990.
Meyers, B. A, (1973) Personality characteristics of higher and lower rated policement. MS project. University of Missouri, Columbia

Treverton, Gregory F, (1990) Review of Slow Burn, Foreign Affairs, Summer 1990

Winne, J. F., and Gittinger, J. W, (1973a) An introduction to the Personality Assessment System, Journal of Clinical Psychology, Monograph Supplement, 38, 1-68

External links
 http://www.pasf.org/

Personality theories


Theodore Holtop Turner (May 4, 1892 – February 4, 1958), was a Major League Baseball pitcher who appeared in one game in  with the Chicago Cubs. He batted and threw right-handed. Turner had a 0–0 record, with a 13.50 ERA.

He was born in Lawrenceburg, Kentucky, and died in Lexington.

References

External links

1892 births
1958 deaths
Major League Baseball pitchers
Baseball players from Kentucky
Chicago Cubs players
People from Lawrenceburg, Kentucky


Sidney Hatfield (August 29, 1929 – January 25, 2003) was an American baseball player who is notable for winning the 1951 College World Series Most Outstanding Player award while a junior at University of Tennessee. He is the only person from the University of Tennessee to win the award. During his career he played as first baseman, pitcher and shortstop.

Hatfield graduated from the University of Tennessee in 1954 with a degree in education. After a brief minor league baseball career, he taught at Rule High School in Knoxville, Tennessee for 10 years. After a stint in the United States military fighting in the Korean War, he taught and served as the head baseball coach at Tennessee Technological University for three years. He was also an assistant basketball coach there. From 1968-1976, he served as the University of Tennessee's golf coach, posting a record of 500-253-3. He died of a stroke on January 25, 2003.

References

External links
An article on him
Another article

College World Series Most Outstanding Player Award winners
Jacksonville Beach Sea Birds players
1929 births
2003 deaths
Tennessee Volunteers baseball players
Tennessee Tech Golden Eagles baseball coaches


An original soundtrack or simply known as soundtrack is recorded music accompanying and synchronized to the images of a motion picture, television program, or video game.

Original Soundtrack may also refer to the following:

 The Original Soundtrack, a 1975 rock album by 10cc
 Original Soundtrack (album), a 1989 acid house album by S'Express
 Original Soundtracks 1, a 1995 album by U2


Başbaşı (also, Bashbashi and Bash-bashy) is a settlement in the municipality of Nakhchivan in Nakhchivan City, Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, Azerbaijan. It is located 12 km in the south-west from the Nakhchivan city, on the bank of the Araz River. The station in the railway line of the Baku-Nakhchivan. It was founded during the construction of the railway line (1908) of the Ulukhanlu (present Armenia) - Julfa. It has not permanent population. The salt which have got out from the salt mine of Nakhchivan, were brought to the station of Bashbashi via cable. At present, the station is used as a meeting point of the trains. There is a terminal. The settlement covers an area of 3.2 hectares.

Etymology
The name of the settlement made out from the components of baş (up, upper, height) and başı (top, over). The altitude in the bank of the Araz River opens from there toward to the city of Nakhchivan. The highest place of the hill is called Baş (bash) among the local population. The settlement has been called Başbaşı (the top of the height) due its location here.

References

Populated places in Azerbaijan
Nakhchivan (city)


Midlothian High School is a public high school located in the city of Midlothian, Texas, and classified as a 5A school by the UIL. It is a part of the Midlothian Independent School District located in northwestern Ellis County and is the original high school in the district. A second school, Midlothian Heritage High School, opened in the district in 2014.

In 2015, the school was rated "Met Standard" by the Texas Education Agency.

Athletics
The Midlothian Panthers compete in these sports -

Volleyball, Cross Country, Football, Basketball, Wrestling, Powerlifting, Soccer, Golf, Tennis, Track, Baseball, Softball, Lacrosse, Swimming

State titles
Boys Cross Country -
1985 (3A), 1986 (4A)

State finalist
Baseball -
1982 (3A)

References

External links
Midlothian ISD website

Schools in Ellis County, Texas
Public high schools in Texas
1907 establishments in Texas


The 1997 Newsweek Champions Cup and the State Farm Evert Cup were tennis tournaments played on outdoor hard courts that were part of the Mercedes Super 9 of the 1997 ATP Tour and of Tier I of the 1997 WTA Tour. Both the men's and women's events took place at the Grand Champions Resort in Indian Wells, California in the United States from March 7 through March 16, 1997.

Finals

Men's singles

 Michael Chang defeated  Bohdan Ulihrach 4–6, 6–3, 6–4, 6–3
 It was Chang's 2nd title of the year and the 28th of his career. It was his 1st Masters title of the year and his 7th overall. It was also his 3rd title at the event after winning in 1992 and 1996.

Women's singles

 Lindsay Davenport defeated  Irina Spîrlea 6–2, 6–1
 It was Davenport's 3rd title of the year and the 21st of her career. It was her 1st Tier I title.

Men's doubles

 Mark Knowles /  Daniel Nestor defeated  Mark Philippoussis /  Patrick Rafter 7–6, 4–6, 7–5
 It was Knowles' 1st title of the year and the 10th of his career. It was Nestor's 1st title of the year and the 7th of his career.

Women's doubles

 Lindsay Davenport /  Natasha Zvereva defeated  Lisa Raymond /  Nathalie Tauziat 6–3, 6–2
 It was Davenport's 4th title of the year and the 22nd of her career. It was Zvereva's 3rd title of the year and the 65th of her career.

References

External links

 Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) tournament profile
 WTA Tournament Profile

Newsweek Champions Cup
Indian Wells Open
Newsweek Champions Cup and the State Farm Evert Cup
Newsweek
Newsweek Champions Cup and the State Farm Evert Cup


Qarağalıq (also, Garghalyg, Gargalig and Karqalyk) is a settlement in the municipality of Nakhchivan in Nakhchivan City, Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, Azerbaijan. It is located 7 km in the south-west from the city center, on the bank of the Araz River. The station in the railway line of the Baku-Nakhchivan. It was founded during the construction of the railway line (1908) of the Ulukhanlu (present Armenia) - Julfa. It does not have a permanent population. There is a train station with one terminal.

Etymology
The name of Qarğalıq settlement made out from the components of qarqa//karqa (name one of the Turkic tribe) and suffix -lıq (used in meaning of belonging) means "(village) belonging to the tribe of Qarqa". At the one of the sources, the ethnonym of Karqa is mentioned as the name of a branch of one of the Karakalpaks tribes. This name can be found among the nations of the Western Siberia, also among the Kyrgyzs and Uzbeks. The toponyms of Karqalı in the Tatarstan, Karqalı in the North Kazakhstan, Karqalıq in the Crimea have been registered at the last century.

References

Populated places in Azerbaijan
Districts of Azerbaijan
Nakhchivan (city)


Vadaap is the term for the alternative means of transportation besides government provided means, which exists in many parts of the Maharashtra notably in Kolhapur. In this form of transportation private vehicle mostly Jeep/Trax/Rikshaw is employed to transport people from one place to another with nominal charge and comfort. Many times these vehicles are filled in with more number of people than transportation authority/law permits. There are many areas in Maharashtra where government transport i.e. ST not available, or only few ST buses available in a day. In such cases Vadaap is really helpful for people, and people rely on it more.

Transport in Maharashtra


Daşduz (also, Dashduz and Dash-duz) is a settlement in Nakhchivan City, Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, Azerbaijan. It is located 12 km in the south-west from the Nakhchivan city, on the foothill area. There is no permanent population.

Etymology
The name of the Daşduz settlement made out from the component of the Turkic words of Daş (the rock, stone) and duz (salt) means "the rock-salt". The settlement was so named because the rock-salt mine of Nakhchivan is located in this territory.

References

Populated places in Azerbaijan
Nakhchivan (city)


Jeremy Robert "Jim" Fox OBE (19 September 1941 – 28 April 2023) was a British modern pentathlete and Olympic champion.

Career
Fox was one of the most influential figures in the development of the Modern Pentathlon in Britain. He won the British title a record ten times and is the only British pentathlete to have competed in four Olympic Games. His fourth place in the individual event at Munich in 1972 was the best placing by a Briton up to that time. It was only subsequently matched by Richard Phelps at Los Angeles 1984, and surpassed in 2021 by Joe Choong who won gold at Tokyo 2020. Fox made his Olympic début in 1964, when he placed 29th in the individual event, and in his second Olympic appearance in 1968 he improved to finish eighth.

After the 1968 Games, Fox, then a sergeant in the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME), announced his retirement but he was dissuaded by his coach, Ron Bright, and remained in the sport for another eight years. During that period he set a fine example to the tyros of the sport and following his final individual effort at the 1972 Olympics he won a team gold medal in Modern Pentathlon at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, with Danny Nightingale and Adrian Parker.

He was promoted to 2nd Lieutenant in 1972 and to Lieutenant in 1974.

1976 Olympics
At the 1976 Olympics, after the first event of the pentathlon, the 1972 Olympics gold medal Soviet team found itself in fourth place, trailing closely behind Britain. Fencing was the next event, and during Fox's bout with Boris Onishchenko, the British team protested that Onishchenko's weapon had gone off without actually hitting anything. In fact, Onishchenko's épée was in the air away from Fox when the hit was registered.

Fox requested an examination of Onishchenko's weapon, which was found to be faulty, resulting in points being deducted from Onishchenko's score. However, the British team filed an official protest and demanded further examination. The bout was allowed to continue, and he won by a large margin.

In electric épée fencing, a touch is registered on the scoring box when the tip of the weapon is depressed with a force of 750 grams, completing a circuit formed by the weapon, body cord, and box. It was found that Onischenko's épée had been illegally modified to include a switch that allowed him to close this circuit without actually depressing the tip of his weapon, so he could register a touch without making any contact on his opponent. Onischenko was ejected from the competition, which forced the Soviet Union to scratch from the team event. The British team that exposed Onishchenko went on to win the gold medal.

Fox, who was later commissioned as a captain in the REME, was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 1974 New Year Honours, and promoted to Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2000 Birthday Honours, on both occasions for services to modern pentathlon.

Fox died on 28 April 2023, at the age of 81.

References

External links

1941 births
2023 deaths
British male modern pentathletes
Olympic modern pentathletes for Great Britain
Modern pentathletes at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Modern pentathletes at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Modern pentathletes at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Modern pentathletes at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medallists for Great Britain
English Olympic medallists
Olympic medalists in modern pentathlon
Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers officers
Medalists at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Sportspeople from Wiltshire
People from Pewsey


Dan Comiskey (born June 30, 1972 in Windsor, Ontario) is a retired Canadian football offensive lineman, turned professional speaker, who played 13 seasons for the Saskatchewan Roughriders, Hamilton Tiger-Cats, Edmonton Eskimos and Calgary Stampeders of the Canadian Football League. He was drafted in the fifth round of the 1997 CFL Draft by the Roughriders. He played CIS football for the Windsor Lancers.

On Tuesday, May 18, 2010 it was announced that Comiskey had signed a contract with the Calgary Stampeders.

References

1972 births
Living people
Calgary Stampeders players
Canadian football offensive linemen
Edmonton Elks players
Hamilton Tiger-Cats players
Players of Canadian football from Ontario
Saskatchewan Roughriders players
Canadian football people from Windsor, Ontario
Windsor Lancers football players


A soundtrack is recorded music accompanying and synchronized to the images of a motion picture, television program or video game.

Soundtrack or The Soundtrack may also refer to:

Music
 Soundtrack (Charles Lloyd album), 1969
  Soundtracks (Can album), 1970
 Soundtrack (Fullerton College Jazz Band album), 1990
 Soundtracks for the Blind, 1996 album by Swans
 Soundtrack (Guy Barker album), 2002
 Soundtrack (Modern English album), 2010
 The Taking (album) (working title: The Soundtrack), an album by Loaded, 2011
 Soundtrack (Wizards of Oz album), 1988
 Soundtrack (EP), a 2022 EP by Fastball
 "Soundtrack", an instrumental song by Linkin Park from the 2011 LP Underground Eleven
 "The Soundtrack" (The Game song), 2014 single

Other uses
 Soundtrack (film), a 2011 Bollywood drama
 Soundtrack Pro, from 2003, an audio editor
 Soundtrack '08, a one-time 2008 music festival
 Soundtrack (TV series), a 2019 Netflix musical drama
 Soundtrack #1, a 2022 South Korean streaming television series

See also
 Audio signal, audio channel or audio track, a component of a sound recording
 Original Soundtrack (disambiguation)
 Soundtrack album
 Soundtracks (disambiguation)


Russell James Spence (born 3 January 1960 in Bradford, Yorkshire) is a British racing driver. He now runs a construction business in London. In 2011, Spence was jailed for 13 weeks for his part in a fraud scam involving a chain of car washes.

Early career
He first started in Hill climb events and moved into single seater racing in 1981 when he entered Formula Three. After a single Formula Three race, in the 1981 British Grand Prix support race, finishing 27th, Spence dropped back to the junior ranks for the next season. In 1982, he was champion in the Donington Park Formula Ford 1600. His good form continued in 1983, winning the EFDA Townsend Thorsen European Formula Ford 2000 Championship. During 1983, he returned to Formula Three with Eddie Jordan Racing for a one-off outing in the European Championship.

Formula Three
Come 1984, Spence had signed for Mint Engineering – Warmastyle Racing, for his first full season off British Formula Three, in their Ralt-Volkswagen RT3/84. By only the fourth round, his experience of racing in Europe paid dividends, by winning the Grote Prijs van Zolder, at Zolder. In a season dominated by Johnny Dumfries, Spence scored two more wins, with back-to-back races at Donington Park and Oulton Park. Although he was Dumfries closest rival for the title, Spence was pipped third place by Allen Berg.

Spence stayed in British Formula Three, in 1985 for another crack at the title with PMC Motorsport, abroad a Reynard-Volkswagen 853. He had a brilliant start to the season, winning four of the first six races, two at Thruxton, one at Silverstone as well as retaining the Grote Prijs van Zolder. By the mid-season break he led the standing by five points from Andy Wallace. However, the Reynard's early season advantage had vanished, as the Ralt RT30 came on strong, winning all the remaining rounds. During this period, his team, PMC Motorsport folded, leaving him to quickly build another team, now using a Ralt RT30. Despite this, he was only two points adrift of the championship lead going into the final two rounds. With a DNF in at Zandvoort, and an 11th place at Silverstone, this saw Spence drop to third in the end-of-year standings.

Formula 3000

He got a drive in the second year of the International Formula 3000 Series in 1986. This was very much thought of as the proving ground for drivers who wished to get a drive in Formula One, after replacing Formula Two. Driving for Eddie Jordan Racing part way of the season before switching to Onyx Racing, his first season was an unsuccessful one, with a best place finish of sixth at the Birmingham Superprix. In 1987, he drove for Murray Taylor Racing. After a poor start, he had a strong finish to the year, with two podiums in the final two races. A second place at Le Mans followed by a third-place finish at Jarama, saw him finish the season in tenth place.

1988 was a terrible season for him. He drove for three different teams through the year, Team Ralt, Madgwick Motorsport and Onyx Racing, in three different cars. Despite entering all the rounds he only finished one race, with an eleventh place at Le Mans, he finished the season with no points. At the end of 1988, he retired from racing.

Birmingham Superprix Protest

He is most famous in the Formula 3000 championship for an incident that took place during the 1988 Birmingham Superprix. During the first lap, German driver Volker Weidler spun his car, blocking the circuit and causing a traffic jam of other cars behind him. With the front of the field driving away, Spence was furious that the race was not being red flagged. When the marshalls tried to push his car round, he kept his foot on the brake pedal in protest. With the car unable to be pushed and Spence not getting out, a track side crane was used to hoist his car off the track. The crane lifted the car up in the air with him still inside, waving his arms around for the marshalls to put him back down.

Stateside

Spence made his racing comeback in 1992, in the SCCA Toyota Atlantic Championship. Abroad a Reynard-Toyota 92H, sponsored by Virgin Airways, Spence won his first two races in the United States; at Miami and Phoenix. Adding a further victory at Watkins Glen in the sixth round, helped Spence to finish fourth in the final standing, earning him a total of US$43,625.
As this series supporting the Champ Cars, this should have assisted Spence upwards, however 1993 brought just two drives in Toyota Atlantics, not starting one nor finishing the other. 1984 was no better. In two outings for Euromotorsport, Spence at least finished; 4th place in the Monterey Sports Car Grand Prix, at Laguna Seca and 14th in an IMSA Supercar race in Phoenix.

BTCC
After five-year break, Spence returned to racing as an independent in the 1999 British Touring Car Championship in an ex-works Renault Laguna for Arena International. His time in the BTCC did not go well. The first part of the season was full of incidents, ending at the fifth meeting of the season at Oulton Park when he crashed the car over the catch fence at Lodge corner. After the Croft rounds, he was replaced in the team by 1991 champion Will Hoy. He ended the season eighteenth with three points.

Racing record

Career highlights

International Race Victories

Complete International Formula 3000 results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap.)

Complete British Touring Car Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position - 1 point awarded all races) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap) (* signifies that driver lead feature race for at least one lap - 1 point awarded)

References

External links
BTCC.net Official 1999 standings.
BTCC Pages Profile.

1960 births
Living people
English racing drivers
British Formula Three Championship drivers
International Formula 3000 drivers
Atlantic Championship drivers
British Touring Car Championship drivers
English fraudsters
Arena Motorsport drivers
EuroInternational drivers


is the seventh in the Time Bokan series. The show was cancelled after twenty episodes due to low audience ratings.

Plot
The story begins in the year 20XX. Oshaka School in Kamakuland is a world-renowned school where only those who are pure and clearheaded descendants of Priest Sanzo's clan may be admitted. The trio of villains firmly believe they are genuine descendants of Priest Sanzo's clan, although they are of uncertain lineage. They study hard to enter the school in spite of their repeated failure. One day, three intelligent children are called in by the principal and asked to find a set of missing copper plates scattered all over the world. The plates are to be used to complete a puzzle board, which will bring honor to the Oshaka School. The conversation is overheard by the trio of villain, and they decide to stop the youngsters.

The show's title is a play on the Japanese saying "Itadakimasu," said before beginning a meal.

Cast

Itadakiman
Kusaku Magota/Itadakiman – Mayumi Tanaka

Oshaka University
Headmaster Ochaka – Hirō Oikawa
Kanno-sensei – Yuri Nashiwa
Oshakan-tori – Kei Tomiyama

Tatemae Trio
Houko Sanzo – Hiromi Oikawa
Shago Jo – Bin Shimada
Chō Hakko – Tomohiro Nishimura

Dirt Cheap Trio
Yan-Yan – Noriko Ohara
Dasainen – Jōji Yanami
Tonmentan – Kazuya Tatekabe
Ryuko – Chika Sakamoto

Other
Narrator – Kei Tomiyama

Episode list

References

External links

逆転イッパツマン｜タイムボカンシリーズDVDコレクション

1983 anime television series debuts
Fuji TV original programming
Science fiction anime and manga
Tatsunoko Production
Time Bokan Series
Transforming heroes


Woodchipping in New Zealand is one of the sectors of the forestry industry and it attracted controversy in the 1990s when native trees were used as a source for the chipping.

Wood chip exports
The Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry collates figures on quantities of wood chip exports.

One BDU (bone dry unit) of hardwood chips in roundwood equivalent is 2.25 cubic metres and weighs 1090 kilograms.

Controversy
Since the settlement of New Zealand by Māori and then by Europeans has seen a loss of 75% of the indigenous forest cover. With European settlement in the 19th century, large areas were cleared for pastoral farming and for logging. The export wood chip industry was the main cause of forest clearance on private land after 1970. By the 1980s, 95% of forest loss was due to wood chipping. The native forests were replanted with faster growing species such as the Pinus radiata.

After protests from environmentalists the exporting of wood chips from indigenous forests was stopped by the government in 1996.

See also
 Forestry in New Zealand

References

External links
 Quarterly Wood Chip Statistics at the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry
 The Forestry Mulching Pros

Environmental issues in New Zealand
Forestry in New Zealand
Environmental issues with forests


Park Hotel may refer to:

Hotels

China
 Park Hotel Shanghai, the tallest building in Asia until 1952

India
 The Park Hotels, chain of Hotels

Norway

 Scandic Park Hotel, chain hotel in Sandefjord, Norway

Singapore
 Park Hotel Group, chain of hotels

United Kingdom
 Park Hotel, Preston

United States
Park Hotel (Columbus, Ohio)
Park Hotel (Hot Springs, Arkansas), listed on the NRHP in Arkansas
Park Hotel (Sac City, Iowa), listed on the NRHP in Iowa
Park Hotel (Seguin, Texas), listed on the NRHP in Texas
Park Hotel (Salt Lake City, Utah), listed on the NRHP in Utah
Park Hotel and Cabins, listed on the NRHP in Michigan
Astor House, New York, New York, a hotel previously known as the Park Hotel that was demolished in early 20th century

Other
 Park Hotel (album), a 1986  album by Italian singer-songwriter Alice
 Park Hotels & Resorts, a real estate investment trust

See also
 The Park (disambiguation)
 Park Plaza Hotels & Resorts, a hotel chain once owned by Park Hotels International, LLC


Václav Antoš (19 January 1905 – 23 January 1978) was a Czech freestyle swimmer who competed for Czechoslovakia in the 1924 Summer Olympics and in the 1928 Summer Olympics.

In 1924 he was eliminated in the semi-finals of the 400 metre freestyle event. In the 1500 metre freestyle competition he was eliminated in the first round. He was also a member of the Czechoslovak team which qualified for the semi-finals of the 4×200 metre freestyle relay event but did not compete in that round. Four years later he was eliminated in the first round of the 400 metre freestyle event as well as of the 1500 metre freestyle competition.

External links

1905 births
1978 deaths
Czech male freestyle swimmers
Czechoslovak male swimmers
Olympic swimmers for Czechoslovakia
Swimmers at the 1924 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1928 Summer Olympics
European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming


Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden (XTBG), of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), founded in 1959, is located in Mengla County, Xishuangbanna at 21º55' N, 101º15'E, covering an area of 1125 ha. Over 13,000 species of tropical plants are preserved in its 35 living collections, including over 301 families and 2110 genera.

Organization
XTBG is a comprehensive research institution engaged in biodiversity conservation and sustainable uses of plant resources, focusing on forest ecosystem ecology, conservation biology and resource plant development. The institute has three major divisions including two State Key labs (The Keylab for Tropical Forest Ecology (15 research groups), and the Keylab for Tropical Plant resources and Sustainable use(8 groups)), and the Centre for Integrative conservation (9 groups).

It also leads CUBG (the Chinese Union of Botanic gardens: which currently includes 88 Botanic gardens across China) in addition to being an active member of IUBG (the International Union of Botanic Gardens).

Facilities available for scientific research include two national field research stations (Xishuangbanna Tropical Rainforest Ecosystem Station, Ailaoshan Station for Forest Ecosystem Studies and the Yuanjiang Savannna station), and an extension in the Jingdong Subtropical Botanical garden.

Laboratories include Biogeochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Plant Phylogenetics & Conservation Biology, Physiological Ecology; a Germplasm Bank for Rare & Endangered Plants; and a Herbarium and seedbank of Tropical Plants, Landscape ecology, paleobotany, and many others.

Aside from the headquarters in Xishuangbanna, an important division has been set up in Kunming, the capital city of Yunnan Province.

Staff
XTBG has some 338 staff members, including 164 scientific researchers and technical personnel. There are currently 101 senior researchers, 240 postgraduate students (98 of them are doctoral candidates, 142 Masters) and 28 postdoctoral scientists or visiting scientists . XTBG is unusual for a CAS institute in having around 10% of research staff and students from overseas,

Research
XTBG's vision is to be a "Noah's arc for tropical plant conservation", through its ex-situ collections, and to be a leading establishment for tropical biology and conservation research.

Since its establishment, XTBG has accomplished over 698 scientific research projects; 13 important achievements were awarded ministerial or provincial prizes. Since the implementation of Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 17 monographs, 60 books and 829 scientific papers have been published, 91 of them were published on internationally peer-reviewed journals; national patents were awarded to 11 scientific innovations.

Collaboration
International collaborations have been established with botanical gardens, universities, academic research institutions in more than 50 countries and regions and international organizations, and more than 20 agreements on various kinds of cooperative activities have been signed with collaborators. In recent years, XTBG has organized and hosted a series of important international conferences. More than 10 well-known experts and scholars in the world have become XTBG’s honorary professors.

See also

Cai Xitao, botanist
List of botanical gardens
China Biosphere Reserve Network

References

External links
Official website
Kunming Branch of CAS

Research institutes of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
1959 establishments
Buildings and structures in Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture
Education in Yunnan
1959 establishments in China
Herbaria in Asia


Yeni Kərki is a village and the least populous municipality in the Kangarli District of Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan.

It is located near to the Nakhchivan-Sharur highway, 14 km (9 miles) in the north-east from the district center. Its population is mainly busy with animal husbandry. There is a secondary school, club, library and a medical center in the village. It has a population of 380.

History
Yeni Kərki (New Karki) was founded by refugees from the village of Karki in the Sadarak District, which was occupied by Armenia on 19 January 1990, during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War.

References

Populated places in Kangarli District


The Fifth Federal Electoral District of Chiapas (V Distrito Electoral Federal de Chiapas) is one of the 300 Electoral Districts into which Mexico is divided for the purpose of elections to the federal Chamber of Deputies and one of 12 such districts in the state of Chiapas.

It elects one deputy to the lower house of Congress for each three-year legislative period, by means of the first past the post system.

District territory
The Fifth  District is located in the Chiapas Highlands north-western portion of the state and covers the municipalities of
Amatenango del Valle, Chamula, Huixtán, Mitontic, San Cristóbal de las Casas, Tenejapa, Teopisca and Zinacantán.

The district's head town (cabecera distrital), where results from individual polling stations are gathered together and collated, is the city of San Cristóbal de las Casas.

Previous districting schemes

1996–2005 district
Between 1996 and 2005, the Fifth District of Chiapas had a slightly different configuration. It covered the following municipalities:
Chamula, Huixtan, Mitontic, San Cristóbal de las Casas, Tenejapa and Zinacantán, which are still part of its current composition, plus:
Chalchihuitán, Chenalhó, Larráinzar and Pantelhó.

Deputies returned to Congress from this district

L Legislature
1976–1979: Gonzalo Esponda Zebadúa (PRI)
LI Legislature
1979–1982: Jaime Coutiño Esquinca (PRI)
LII Legislature
1982–1985: Faustino Roos Mazo (PRI)
LIII Legislature
1985–1988:
LIV Legislature
1988–1991: César Ricardo Naumann Escobar (PRI)
LV Legislature
1991–1994:
LVI Legislature
1994–1997: Hildiberto Ochoa Samayos (PRI)
LVII Legislature
1997–2000: Gilberto Velasco Rodríguez (PRI)
LVIII Legislature
2000–2003: Nicolás Lorenzo Álvarez Martínez (PRI)
LIX Legislature
2003–2006: Florencio Collazo Gómez (PRI)
LX Legislature
2006–2009: Jorge Mario Lescieur Talavera (PRI)

References

Federal electoral districts of Mexico
Government of Chiapas