The Renault Z.E. (Z.E. stands for Zero Emission) is a line of all-electric cars from Renault. The line began with the Z.E series of concept cars. The first production car is the Renault Fluence Z.E. that was slated for sales to the public in Israel and Denmark by late 2011 as part of the Better Place network, operated by Renault Fluence ZE cars. In 2011 Renault was awarded a contract to supply 15,600 electric vehicles to the French government and the state-owned postal service, La Poste. The vehicles are to contribute to a planned 25,000 electric vehicle fleet owned by the French government.

The Z.E. branding is also used for Renault Trucks's electric models, despite being a separate company.

Global Renault Z.E. vehicle sales passed the 100,000 unit milestone in September 2016. The Renault Zoe is the ZE top selling model, and global sales of the electric city car achieved the 150,000 unit milestone in June 2019.

In 2021 the Z.E. brand was phased out with existing Z.E. models rebranded as E-Tech Electric.

Concept cars

2008 Paris Motor Show
The first model in the Z.E. project was a concept based on the Renault Kangoo Be Bop. It debuted at the 2008 Paris Motor Show

It has its compact dimensions (length: , height: .  The Z.E. Concept is powered by a 70 kW electric motor with torque of  and its lithium-ion batteries give 200 km electric range. Solar panels positioned on the roof power a temperature regulation system.

Estimated price is 16,000 €.

2009 Frankfurt Motor Show
In 2009 at the Frankfurt Motor Show, Renault extended the concept from one model to four:
 Fluence Z.E. five-seat saloon which implements Renault's "Quickdrop" rapid battery exchange system that is compatible with Better Place's electric vehicle network
 Kangoo Z.E. van
 Twizy Z.E. ultra-compact city car
 Zoe Z.E. supermini

Renault announced that cars "previewed" by all four Z.E. concept vehicles would be released from 2011 onwards and cater for a wide variety of different customers and uses.

2010 Paris Motor Show

At the 2010 Paris Motor Show Renault showed the "Zoe Preview", promoting it as "a realistic glimpse of the forthcoming mass-market Renault electric car... a near-definitive representation (90 per cent) of the vehicle that will be manufactured at Renault's Flins plant, France. Its launch is scheduled for mid-2012."
The show car supports the same QuickDrop battery swap capability as the Fluence Z.E., and DC fast charging.

Renault also showed several updated Twizy models
and announced the Kangoo Express Z.E. van "will go on sale from mid-2011 for between €15,000 excluding VAT (with tax incentive of 5,000 euros deducted, and without options, in France) and €20,000 excluding VAT (without tax incentive, and without options), depending on the country."

Production models

In 2010 Renault announced details of the first vehicles intended for production in 2011, the Fluence Z.E. and Kangoo Z.E. models.
Customers in several countries can pre-reserve models at the Renault-ZE web site, although as of April 2010 it has no pricing details.

Renault announced the city car previewed by Zoé Z.E. Concept will be produced in Flins in France, and the vehicle based on Twizy. Concept will be built in Valladolid in Spain.

Renault will initially purchase batteries from AESC, the Nissan-NEC joint venture in Japan.
It announced development of battery production facilities in France, Japan,  Portugal, UK, and the USA.

Renault global all-electric Z.E. vehicle sales passed the 100,000 unit milestone in September 2016. The Renault Zoe is the ZE top selling model, and global sales of the electric city car achieved the 50,000 unit milestone in June 2016, including both the passenger and cargo variants.

In November 2017, a new electric-car-share project was kicked off in Haifa, Israel. The project features 100 public Renault Zoe cars with its own parking spaces scattered around Haifa, operated by a smart card.

 Renault Twizy
 Renault Fluence Z.E / Renault Samsung SM3 Z.E
 Renault Kangoo Z.E
 Renault Kangoo Z.E Hydrogen
 Renault Zoe
 Renault Master Z.E
 Renault Master Z.E Hydrogen
 Renault City K-ZE
 Renault Twingo Z.E.
 Renault Trucks D Z.E.

See also
 Renault EZ
Renault Eolab

References

External links

 Renault Z.E. - Zero Emission Car
 Renault-Nissan CEO Carlos Ghosn: In “A Few Years” Electric Cars Will Have “Three To Four Times More Range”

Renault
Production electric cars
Z.E. project


Tardigrades (), known colloquially as water bears or moss piglets, are a phylum of eight-legged segmented micro-animals. They were first described by the German zoologist Johann August Ephraim Goeze in 1773, who called them Kleiner Wasserbär ("little water bear"). In 1777, the Italian biologist Lazzaro Spallanzani named them Tardigrada (), which means "slow steppers".

They have been found in diverse regions of Earth's biospheremountaintops, the deep sea, tropical rainforests, and the Antarctic. Tardigrades are among the most resilient animals known, with individual species able to survive extreme conditions – such as exposure to extreme temperatures, extreme pressures (both high and low), air deprivation, radiation, dehydration, and starvation – that would quickly kill most other known forms of life. Tardigrades have survived exposure to outer space. There are about 1,300 known species in the phylum Tardigrada, a part of the superphylum Ecdysozoa consisting of animals that grow by ecdysis such as arthropods and nematodes. The earliest known true members of the group are known from Cretaceous (145 to 66 million years ago) amber, found in North America, but are essentially modern forms, and therefore likely have a significantly earlier origin, as they diverged from their closest relatives in the Cambrian, over 500 million years ago.

Tardigrades are usually about  long when fully grown. They are short and plump, with four pairs of legs, each ending in claws (usually four to eight) or suction disks. Tardigrades are prevalent in mosses and lichens and feed on plant cells, algae, and small invertebrates. When collected, they may be viewed under a low-power microscope, making them accessible to students and amateur scientists.

Naming

Johann August Ephraim Goeze originally named the tardigrade Kleiner Wasserbär, meaning "little water-bear" in German (today, they are often referred to in German as Bärtierchen or "little bear-animal"). The name "water-bear" comes from the way they walk, reminiscent of a bear's gait. The name Tardigradum means "slow walker" and was given by Lazzaro Spallanzani in 1777.

Description

The largest adults may reach a body length of , the smallest below . Newly hatched tardigrades may be smaller than . For comparison, grass pollen is typically .

Habitat
Tardigrades are often found on lichens and mosses; for example, by soaking a piece of moss in water. Other environments in which they are found include dunes and coasts generally, soil, leaf litter, and marine or freshwater sediments, where they may occur quite frequently, up to 25,000 animals per litre (95,000 animals per gallon). One tardigrade, Echiniscoides wyethi, may be found on barnacles.

Anatomy and morphology
Tardigrades have barrel-shaped bodies with four pairs of stubby legs. Most range from  in length, although the largest species may reach . The body consists of a head, three body segments each with a pair of legs, and a caudal segment with a fourth pair of legs. The legs are without joints, while the feet have four to eight claws each. The cuticle contains chitin and protein and is moulted periodically. The first three pairs of legs are directed downward along the sides and are the primary means of locomotion, while the fourth pair is directed backward on the last segment of the trunk and is used primarily for grasping the substrate.

Tardigrades lack several Hox genes and a large intermediate region of the body axis. In insects, this corresponds to the entire thorax and the abdomen. Practically the whole body, except for the last pair of legs, is made up of just the segments that are homologous to the head region in arthropods.

All adult tardigrades of the same species have the same number of cells (see eutely). Some species have as many as 40,000 cells in each adult, while others have far fewer.

The body cavity consists of a haemocoel, but the only place where a true coelom can be found is around the gonad. No respiratory organs were found, with gas exchange able to occur across the entirety of the body. Some tardigrades have three tubular glands associated with the rectum; these may be excretory organs similar to the Malpighian tubules of arthropods, although the details remain unclear. Also, nephridia are absent.

The tubular mouth is armed with stylets, which are used to pierce the plant cells, algae, or small invertebrates on which the tardigrades feed, releasing the body fluids or cell contents. The mouth opens into a triradiate, muscular, sucking pharynx. The stylets are lost when the animal molts, and a new pair is secreted from a pair of glands that lie on either side of the mouth. The pharynx connects to a short esophagus, and then to an intestine that occupies much of the length of the body, which is the main site of digestion. The intestine opens, via a short rectum, to an anus located at the terminal end of the body. Some species only defecate when they molt, leaving the feces behind with the shed cuticle.

The brain develops in a bilaterally symmetric pattern. Tardigrades have a dorsal brain atop a paired ventral nervous system. The brain includes multiple lobes, mostly consisting of three bilaterally paired clusters of neurons. The brain is attached to a large ganglion below the esophagus, from which a double ventral nerve cord runs the length of the body. The cord possesses one ganglion per segment, each of which produces lateral nerve fibres that run into the limbs. Many species possess a pair of rhabdomeric pigment-cup eyes, and numerous sensory bristles are on the head and body.

Tardigrades all possess a buccopharyngeal apparatus (swallowing device made of muscles and spines that activates an inner jaw and begins digestion and movement along the throat and intestine) which, along with the claws, is used to differentiate species.

Reproduction

Although some species are parthenogenic, both males and females are usually present, although females are frequently larger and more common. Both sexes have a single gonad located above the intestine. Two ducts run from the testes in males, opening through a single pore in front of the anus. In contrast, females have a single duct opening either just above the anus or directly into the rectum, which forms a cloaca.

Tardigrades are oviparous, and fertilization is usually external. Mating occurs during the molt with the eggs being laid inside the shed cuticle of the female and then covered with sperm. A few species have internal fertilization, with mating occurring before the female fully sheds her cuticle. In most cases, the eggs are left inside the shed cuticle to develop, but some species attach them to a nearby substrate.

The eggs hatch after no more than 14 days, with the young already possessing their full complement of adult cells. Growth to adult size occurs by enlargement of the individual cells (hypertrophy), rather than by cell division. Tardigrades may molt up to 12 times.

Tardigrades tend to court before mating. Courtship is an early step in mating and was first observed in tardigrades in 1895. Research shows that up to nine males aggregate around a female to mate.

Ecology and life history

Most tardigrades are phytophagous (plant eaters) or bacteriophagous (bacteria eaters), but some are carnivorous to the extent that they eat smaller species of tardigrades (for example, Milnesium tardigradum).

Tardigrades share morphological characteristics with many species that differ largely by class. Biologists have a difficult time finding verification among tardigrade species because of this relationship. These animals are most closely related to the early evolution of arthropods. Tardigrade fossils go as far back as the Cretaceous period in North America. Tardigrades are considered cosmopolitan and can be located in regions all over the world. The eggs and cysts of tardigrades are so durable that they can be carried great distances on the feet of other animals.

Tardigrades have survived all five recognized mass extinctions due to their plethora of survival characteristics, including the ability to survive conditions that would be fatal to almost all other animals (see the next section).

The lifespan of tardigrades ranges from three to four months for some species, up to two years for other species, not counting their time in dormant states.

Physiology

Scientists have reported tardigrades in hot springs, on top of the Himalayas (, above sea level) to the deep sea () and from the polar regions to the equator, under layers of solid ice, and in ocean sediments. Many species can be found in milder environments such as lakes, ponds, and meadows, while others can be found in stone walls and roofs. Tardigrades are most common in moist environments but can stay active wherever they can retain at least some moisture.

Tardigrades are thought to be able to survive even complete global mass extinction events caused by astrophysical events, such as gamma-ray bursts, or large meteorite impacts. Some of them can withstand extremely cold temperatures down to  (close to absolute zero), while others can withstand extremely hot temperatures up to  for several minutes, pressures about six times greater than those found in the deepest ocean trenches, ionizing radiation at doses hundreds of times higher than the lethal dose for a human, and the vacuum of outer space. Tardigrades that live in harsh conditions undergo an annual process of cyclomorphosis, allowing for survival in subzero temperatures.

They are not considered extremophilic because they are not adapted to exploit these conditions, only to endure them. This means that their chances of dying increase the longer they are exposed to the extreme environments, whereas true extremophiles thrive in a physically or geochemically extreme environment that would harm most other organisms.

Tardigrades are one of the few groups of species that are capable of suspending their metabolism (see cryptobiosis). While in this state, their metabolism lowers to less than 0.01% of normal and their water content can drop to 1% of normal, and they can go without food or water for more than 30 years, only to later rehydrate, forage, and reproduce. Many species of tardigrade can survive in a dehydrated state up to five years, or longer in exceptional cases. Depending on the environment, they may enter this state via anhydrobiosis, allowing tardigrades, along with some other micro-metazoans (such as worms, rotifers, and crustaceans), protozoans and plants, that ability to survive in inhospitable habitats, as opposed to other living things. In addition to offering protection from desiccation and freezing under normal circumstances, anhydrobiosis also permits resistance to unnatural abiotic extremes such as subzero temperatures, cryobiosis, osmobiosis, or anoxybiosis.

Their ability to remain desiccated for such long periods of time was thought to be dependent on high levels of the nonreducing disaccharide trehalose, which is commonly seen in other organisms that survive desiccation, and tardigrades have trehalase genes. However, it has been seen that in both tardigrades and bdelloid rotifers, there is only a partial capability to synthesize trehalose in quantities that may contribute to desiccation tolerance.

In response to this finding, more research was done on how these animals survived such extreme conditions. It was found that intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) were highly expressed in response to desiccation in tardigrades. Additionally, three new IDPs were found to be specific to tardigrades and coined tardigrade specific proteins (TDPs). These TDPs may maintain the structure of membranes by associating with the polar heads of the phospholipids bilayers, avoiding structural damage upon rehydration. Also, TDPs, being highly hydrophilic, are thought to be involved in a vitrification mechanism, where a glass-like matrix forms within cells to protect the cellular contents upon desiccation. Their DNA is further protected from radiation by a protein called "dsup" (short for damage suppressor). In this cryptobiotic state, the tardigrade is known as a tun.

Tardigrades can survive in extreme environments that would kill almost any other animal. Extremes at which tardigrades can survive include those of:
 Temperature – tardigrades can survive:
 A few minutes at
 30 years at
 A few days at
 A few minutes at

Research published in 2020 shows that tardigrades are sensitive to high temperatures. Researchers showed it takes 48 hours at  to kill half of active tardigrades that have not been acclimated to heat. Acclimation boosted the temperature needed to kill half of active tardigrades to . Tardigrades in the tun state fared a bit better, tolerating higher temperatures. It took heating to  to kill half of tun-state tardigrades within one hour. Longer exposure time decreased the temperature needed for lethality, though. For 24 hours of exposure,  was enough to kill half of the tun-state tardigrades.

 Pressure – they can withstand the extremely low pressure of a vacuum and also very high pressures, more than 1,200 times atmospheric pressure. Some species can also withstand pressures of 6,000 atmospheres, which is nearly six times the pressure of water in the deepest ocean trench, the Mariana Trench. Tardigrades can survive at altitudes of over  and depths of over  below the surface.
 Impacts – tardigrades can survive impacts up to about 900 meters per second, and momentary shock pressures up to about 1.14 gigapascals.
 Dehydration – the longest that living tardigrades have been shown to survive in a dry state is nearly 10 years, although there is one report of leg movement, not generally considered "survival", in a 120-year-old specimen from dried moss. When exposed to extremely low temperatures, their body composition goes from 85% water to only 3%. Because water expands upon freezing, dehydration ensures the tardigrades' tissues are not ruptured by the expansion of freezing ice.
 Radiation – tardigrades can withstand 1,000 times more radiation than other animals, median lethal doses of 5,000 Gy (of gamma rays) and 6,200 Gy (of heavy ions) in hydrated animals (5 to 10 Gy could be fatal to a human). The only explanation found in earlier experiments for this ability was that their lowered water state provides fewer reactants for ionizing radiation. However, subsequent research found that tardigrades, when hydrated, still remain highly resistant to shortwave UV radiation in comparison to other animals, and that one factor for this is their efficient ability to repair damage to their DNA resulting from that exposure.

Irradiation of tardigrade eggs collected directly from a natural substrate (moss) showed a clear dose-related response, with a steep decline in hatchability at doses up to 4 kGy, above which no eggs hatched. The eggs were more tolerant to radiation late in development. No eggs irradiated at the early developmental stage hatched, and only one egg at middle stage hatched, while eggs irradiated in the late stage hatched at a rate indistinguishable from controls.
 Environmental toxins – tardigrades are reported to undergo chemobiosis, a cryptobiotic response to high levels of environmental toxins. However, as of 2001, these laboratory results have yet to be verified.

Survival after exposure to outer space
Tardigrades are the first known animal to survive after exposure to outer space. In September 2007, dehydrated tardigrades were taken into low Earth orbit on the FOTON-M3 mission carrying the BIOPAN astrobiology payload. For 10 days, groups of tardigrades, some of them previously dehydrated, some of them not, were exposed to the hard vacuum of outer space, or vacuum and solar UV radiation. Back on Earth, more than 68% of the subjects protected from solar UV radiation were reanimated within 30 minutes following rehydration, although subsequent mortality was high; many of these produced viable embryos. In contrast, hydrated samples exposed to the combined effect of vacuum and full solar UV radiation had significantly reduced survival, with only three subjects of Milnesium tardigradum surviving. Also, it was found that the space vacuum did not have a significant effect on egg-laying in either R. coronifer or M. tardigradum. However, M. tardigradum exposed to UV radiation had a lower egg laying rate. In May 2011, Italian scientists sent tardigrades on board the International Space Station along with extremophiles on STS-134, the final flight of . Their conclusion was that microgravity and cosmic radiation "did not significantly affect survival of tardigrades in flight, and stated that tardigrades represent a useful animal for space research." In November 2011, they were among the organisms to be sent by the U.S.-based Planetary Society on the Russian Fobos-Grunt mission's Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment to Phobos; however, the launch failed. In August 2019, scientists reported that a capsule containing tardigrades in a cryptobiotic state may have survived for a while on the Moon after the April 2019 crash landing of Beresheet, a failed Israeli lunar lander, but in May 2021 it was reported that they were unlikely to have survived the impact.

In recent years, there has also been increased speculation regarding tardigrades' ability to survive on Mars without any life support systems, but despite the hardiness of the tardigrade, it would still "need stuff to eat," in order to set up shop.

Taxonomy

Scientists have conducted morphological and molecular studies to understand how tardigrades relate to other lineages of ecdysozoan animals. Two plausible placements have been proposed: tardigrades are either most closely related to Arthropoda and Onychophora, or to nematodes. Evidence for the former is a common result of morphological studies; evidence for the latter is found in some molecular analyses.

The latter hypothesis has been rejected by recent microRNA and expressed sequence tag analyses. Apparently, the grouping of tardigrades with nematodes found in a number of molecular studies is a long branch attraction artifact. Within the arthropod group (called panarthropoda and comprising onychophora, tardigrades and euarthropoda), three patterns of relationship are possible: tardigrades sister to onychophora plus arthropods (the lobopodia hypothesis); onychophora sister to tardigrades plus arthropods (the tactopoda hypothesis); and onychophora sister to tardigrades. Recent analyses indicate that the panarthropoda group is monophyletic, and that tardigrades are a sister group of Antennopoda, the lineage consisting of arthropods and Onychophora.

The minute sizes of tardigrades and their membranous integuments make their fossilization both difficult to detect and highly unusual. The only known fossil specimens are those from mid-Cambrian deposits in Siberia (Orsten fauna) and a few rare specimens from Cretaceous amber.

The Siberian tardigrade fossils differ from living tardigrades in several ways. They have three pairs of legs rather than four, they have a simplified head morphology, and they have no posterior head appendages, but they share with modern tardigrades their columnar cuticle construction. Scientists think they represent a stem group of living tardigrades.

In October 2021, a new species, Paradoryphoribius chronocaribbeus, was discovered as a fossil in amber that was dated to be 16 million years old.

Evolutionary history

There are multiple lines of evidence that tardigrades are secondarily miniaturized from a larger ancestor, probably a lobopodian and perhaps resembling Aysheaia, which many analyses place close to the divergence of the tardigrade lineage. An alternative hypothesis derives tactopoda from a clade encompassing dinocaridids and Opabinia. A 2023 analysis concluded, on the basis of numerous morphological similarities, that luolishaniids, a group of Cambrian lobopodians, might be the closest known relatives of Tardigrada.

The oldest remains of modern tardigrades are those of Milnesium swolenskyi, belonging to the living genus Milnesium known from a Late Cretaceous (Turonian) aged specimen of New Jersey amber, around 90 million years old. Another fossil, Beorn leggi, is known from a Late Campanian (~72 million years old) specimen of Canadian amber and has been placed in its own family (Beornidae), but was subsequently suggested to belong to the Hypsibiidae. An indeterminate heterotardigrade was also noted from the same deposit.

The enigmatic panarthropod Sialomorpha found in 30-million year old Dominican amber, while not classifiable as a tardigrade, shows some apparent affinities.

Genomes and genome sequencing
Tardigrade genomes vary in size, from about 75 to 800 megabase pairs of DNA. Hypsibius exemplaris (formerly Hypsibius dujardini) has a compact genome of 100 megabase pairs and a generation time of about two weeks; it can be cultured indefinitely and cryopreserved.

The genome of Ramazzottius varieornatus, one of the most stress-tolerant species of tardigrades, was sequenced by a team of researchers from the University of Tokyo in 2015. While previous research had claimed that around one-sixth of the genome had been acquired from other organisms, it is now known that less than 1.2% of its genes were the result of horizontal gene transfer. They also found evidence of a loss of gene pathways that are known to promote damage due to stress. This study also found a high expression of novel tardigrade-unique proteins, including Damage suppressor (Dsup), which was shown to protect against DNA damage from X-ray radiation. The same team applied the Dsup protein to human cultured cells and found that it suppressed X-ray damage to the human cells by around 40%. While the exact mechanism of DNA protection is largely unknown, the results from an August 2020 study suggest that strong electrostatic attractions along with high protein flexibility help form a molecular aggregate, which allows Dsup to shield DNA.

The Dsup proteins of tardigrades Ramazzottius varieornatus and Hypsibius exemplaris promote survival by binding to nucleosomes and protecting chromosomal DNA from hydroxyl radicals.  The Dsup protein of R. varieornatus also confers resistance to ultraviolet-C by upregulating DNA repair genes that protect the genomic DNA from the damages introduced by UV irradiation.

Ecological importance
Many organisms that live in aquatic environments feed on species such as nematodes, tardigrades, bacteria, algae, mites, and collembolans. Tardigrades work as pioneer species by inhabiting new developing environments. This movement attracts other invertebrates to populate that space, while also attracting predators.

In popular culture
The short-story "Bathybia" by Douglas Mawson, published in the book Aurora Australis in 1909, deals with an expedition to the South Pole where the team encounters giant mushrooms and arthropods, and a four-foot-long tardigrade waking from hibernation scares the narrator from his sleep, and he realize it was all a dream.
 When the characters in the superhero films Ant-Man (2015) and Ant-Man and the Wasp (2018) shrink themselves to enter the "Quantum Realm", they encounter tardigrades.
 In the 2015 sci-fi horror film Harbinger Down, the characters have to deal with deadly mutated tardigrades.
 The second arc of the comic book Paper Girls (2015) features a pair of tardigrades that have been enlarged to a massive size as a side effect of time travel.
 Musician Cosmo Sheldrake imagines himself a tardigrade in his 2015 "Tardigrade Song".
 In Star Trek: Discovery (2017), the alien "Ripper" creature who is used to "navigate" through a galactic mycelium network and instantly move the ship from one location in the galaxy to another is referred to as a "giant space tardigrade" and said to be a cousin of the tardigrade.
 The 2017 South Park episode "Moss Piglets" involves a science experiment in which tardigrades learn to dance to the music of Taylor Swift.
 The 2018 Family Guy episode "Big Trouble in Little Quahog" features Stewie and Brian being shrunk to a microscopic level, during which they meet a group of friendly tardigrades or "water bears" who help them.
 The plot in the 2021 Sam & Max: This Time It's Virtual video game includes an abandoned tardigrade amusement park, "Cap'N Aquabear's Funtime Park".

See also
 List of tardigrades of South Africa
 List of microorganisms tested in outer space
 Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment, study of selected microorganisms in outer space
 Panspermia

References

External links

 Tardigrada Register

Extant Cambrian first appearances
Polyextremophiles
Psychrophiles
Radiodurants
Space-flown life
Thermophiles
Xerophiles
Tactopoda


Daniel Chiriță (born 24 March 1974) is a Romanian former professional footballer who played as a defender.

Personal life
His son, Alexandru, is also a football player. They played together at AFC Filipeștii de Pădure and CS Ștefănești.

Honours
Petrolul Ploiești
Cupa României: 1994–95

Rapid București
Divizia A: 1998–99
Cupa României: 2001–02
Supercupa României: 1999

Zenit Saint Petersburg
Russian Premier League Cup: 2003

References

External links

1974 births
Living people
Footballers from Ploiești
Romanian men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Romania men's under-21 international footballers
Liga I players
Liga II players
FC Petrolul Ploiești players
FC U Craiova 1948 players
FC Rapid București players
FC Progresul București players
FC UTA Arad players
FC Astra Giurgiu players
Ukrainian Premier League players
FC Shakhtar Donetsk players
FC Shakhtar-2 Donetsk players
FC Stal Alchevsk players
Russian Premier League players
FC Zenit Saint Petersburg players
Romanian expatriate men's footballers
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Russia
Expatriate men's footballers in Russia
Expatriate men's footballers in Ukraine
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Ukraine


Mary Immaculate College, (MIC) St. Patrick's Campus, Thurles is a third-level college of education in Thurles, County Tipperary. Formerly a seminary, the college specialises in humanities courses in accounting, business studies, Irish and religious studies.

History
MIC, Thurles was founded in 1837 as St. Patrick's College. The college is a charitable institution operating under the patronage of the Dr. Patrick Everard, Archbishop of Cashel and Emly. Dr. Everard died in 1821 and left £10,000 "for the purpose of founding a college to provide a liberal education of Catholic youth destined for the priesthood and professional/business careers". The architect who won the competition to build the college was Charles Frederick Anderson (1802–1869).

The college was built on church land bought from a local Protestant minister, the first stone was laid by Dr. Robert Laffan Archbishop of Cashel, on 6 July 1829, in the presence of Daniel O'Connell.

The college opened as an educational institution in September 1837, to day-students and boarders, offering second-level education in the humanities, with a limited contribution from the sciences, to students wishing to prepare for priesthood as well as careers in business and other professions.

In 1842, a philosophy department was added to the college, and with some students becoming candidates for the priesthood for the first time. Prevailing poverty and hardship caused by the Famine temporarily inhibited the development of St. Patrick's College. However, by the middle of the 1860s, the college had developed into a major seminary with the addition of a full theological faculty.

In 1842, Archbishop of Cashel Michael Slattery established a foreign mission department in St. Patrick's College, Thurles, many of its graduates going to the United States, Australia and New Zealand.

In 1849, the University of London allowed Thurles to offer degrees in arts and laws, following an example from St. Patrick's College, Carlow. The relationship with London University lasted over 20 years.
In 1875, the college was linked to the Catholic University of Ireland, and subsequently the Royal University of Ireland in the 1900s, before being linked with the Pontifical University in Maynooth.

In 1850, a synod of bishops met in Thurles, the first since the Middle Ages.

Lay students attended the college from its opening in 1837 up until 1907. Although lay students stopped being boarders in 1873, by 1907 only 20 lay students were enrolled.

In 1965 a new wing was opened by Archbishop of Cashes, and former Thurles professor Rev Dr. Morris, the new building included College Oratory, students’ rooms and an assembly hall.

From 1973, students were able to qualify with diplomas in theology from Pontifical University in Maynooth. This programme developed into a degree (Bachelor of Theology) and was available under the Pontifical University via the CAO system until 2002.

In 1977, a National Certificate in Philosophical Studies was awarded by the National Council for Educational Awards (NCEA).

From 1909 to 1986, priests from the local Pallotine college in Thurles trained at St. Patrick's, also from 1950 until recent years the Mercy Sisters lived and worked in the college. College president James Ryan was instrumental the pallotines coming to Thurles in 1909, following he left his house to the pallotines, and they moved in there in 1943.

In 1988, after a gap of 81 years, lay students were readmitted, and the college had its courses validated by the National Council for Educational Awards (NCEA), such as the BA in theology which allowed graduates to teach in secondary schools, and since 2001 when the NCEA was replaced by the Higher Education and Training Awards Council (HETAC) has validated the colleges degree courses.

In 2002, the college ceased to function as a seminary, the college would have ordained over 1,500 men for the priesthood. The college also joined the Irish governments CAO system for the allocation of college places for leaving certificate students, also Irish students became eligible for free fees and grants. In 2004 new structured undergraduate education degrees commenced in association with Tipperary Institute.

On February 5, 2012, RTE broadcast their Sunday Mass service from St. Patrick's to celebrate its 175th anniversary; there was also a civic reception in Thurles to mark the anniversary.

Sports
The St. Patrick's Campus has a full-scale Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) pitch onsite and also tennis and basketball courts, and a handball alley. The Thurles College naturally always had a connection to the GAA, and in recent years there was the St. Patricks College GAA Scholarship Award for degree students.

Hurling
St. Patrick's College, Thurles has won the Higher Education Colleges Fergal Maher Cup on two occasions, in 2011 and 2013, they also were runners up in 1989 and 2012. In 2023 the college were the winners of the Ryan Cup for the first time in their history. The Camogie team won the O'Mhaolagáin Shield in 2015. Since incorporation into MIC, they compete as Mary Immaculate College Thurles.

Past students and people associated with the college
Over 1500 priests were ordained from Thurles, a large number of former students of the college became priests and bishops in other countries as was the focus of the seminary for many years, such as Dr. James Byrne (Toowoomba, Australia), Dr. Lawrence Scanlan (Bishop of Salt Lake City) and Dr. John Cantwell (first Archbishop of Los Angeles), Dr. Thomas Flanagan (Bishop of San Antonio).

Others associated with Irish parishes include Archbishop of Cashel & Emly Dr. Thomas Morris DD, who taught at the college from 1942 until 1960, Bishops Dr. Michael Russell former professor of moral theology and sacred eloquence (1948–1965) as well as vice-president (1962–1965), and former college president Dr. William Lee of Waterford. Bishop Thomas F. Quinlan of Borrisoleigh spent over four years in the college before joining the Columban Missionary Society. The Scottish-born Bishop of Argyll & the Isles, Scotland,  Brian McGee trained in Thurles.

Canon John Hayes the founder of Muintir na Tíre studied in Thurles for a time. John Finucane, Home Rule MP for East County Limerick from 1885 to 1900 studied at the college, taking first honours in rhetoric, logic and metaphysic. The Nationalist MP for Tipperary South from 1900 to 1918 John Cullinan also studied at the college. Rev. Thomas R. Power (1860–1920) was vice president and professor of mathematics at St Patrick's from 1888 to 1911. Denis Keogh Member of the Queensland parliament was a student in Thurles.

Presidents of St. Patrick's College, Thurles
Rev. Dr. Thomas O'Connor was the first president (1837–1847) when the college opened with just 18 students. Presidents of the college have included Dr. Patrick Leahy (1847–1857), who negotiated the colleges affiliation to the University of London in 1848, Rev. Edmund Ryan, Canon Arthur Ryan(1887–1903), Dean and Professor from 1876, Monsignor James J. Ryan J.C.B. (Lovan.), professor of church history from (1878–1903), vice-president(188?–1903) and president(1903–1914), Ryan was responsible for the pallotines coming to Thurles (leaving them his house), reestablishment of the Irish College in Louvain and he also bought Glenstal Abbey for the benedictines, Canon Garret Cotter, Rev. Nicholas Cooke(1925–1936),  Rev. Daniel M. Ryan, Rev. Francis Ryan (1957–19??), Rev. Canon Augustine O'Donnell (1972–1987), Dr. William Lee (1987–1993) Mgr. Christy O'Dwyer MA (1993–2004) and Fr. Tom Fogarty BA, MA, (2004-2015). Fr. Fogarty is also a former manager of both the Tipperary and Offaly hurling teams.

Starting in 1970 every five years the college hosts an international reunion of former students from Ireland and abroad who studied for the priesthood in Thurles.

Present
Today MIC, Thurles offers the following degrees:
BA in education, Business Studies and Accounting
BA in education, Business Studies And Religious Studies
BA in education, Gaeilge and Religious Studies
BA in education, Gaeilge and Business Studies
BA in education, Mathematics and Gaeilge
BA in education, Mathematics and Business Studies

The undergraduate education degrees are recognised by the teaching council of Ireland enabling graduates to teach in secondary schools in Ireland.

Over recent years refurbishments have taken place to lecture halls, tutorial rooms, library, old research library, computing facilities, playing pitch and the refectory as well as to the college's residential area and conference facilities.

As well as the academic course the college runs a number of courses in pastoral care, youth work and Irish language training courses for adults.

In 2012, the college celebrated its 175th anniversary, and were honoured by a civic reception by Thurles Town Council held in the Source Library.

University of Limerick alliance
Starting from September 2011, teaching degree programmes at St. Patrick's College are accredited by the University of Limerick, and graduates from 2012 on wards have been awarded degrees from the university.

The degrees awarded are BEd with Irish and religious studies and BEd with business studies and religious studies. Graduates are registered with the Teaching Council of Ireland and are qualified to teach to Leaving Certificate standard. Participants are also covered by the Government Free Fees Initiative.

Incorporation into Mary Immaculate College
In September 2016 a new deal was agreed which will see the 3rd level institution work with Mary Immaculate College in becoming a linked provider to the Limerick Centre of Excellence. The incorporation into Mary Immaculate has seen the college re-branded as MIC St. Patrick's Campus, Thurles.

The Irish Institute for Pastoral Studies
Founded in 2016, following the incorporation of MIC and St. Patrick's College, Irish Institute for Pastoral Studies is based at the MIC St. Patrick's Campus. The Institute supports faith formation and the pastoral mission of the church today. The Institute of Pastoral Studies collaborates with the Center for Mission Studies, the Diocese of Ossory and Maynooth College in providing the Aspal platform for those involved in ministry.

Graduation
19 October 2012 saw the first students graduate with University of Limerick degrees which were presented by University of Limerick President Professor Don Barry. The second conferring by UL took place on 18 October 2013. The 2014 ceremony took place on 17 October in St. Patrick's, in attendance were the academic staff of the college and representatives of the University of Limerick, as well as students family and friends in attendance.

Similarly in the past graduation took place on campus each autumn with academic staff, representatives of HETAC, figures from other educational institutions and local public figures, as well as students family and friends in attendance.

Publications
Luceat - is an annual magazine produced by the college

External links

References

Buildings and structures in County Tipperary
Universities and colleges in the Republic of Ireland
Former Catholic seminaries
Catholic universities and colleges in the Republic of Ireland
Education in County Tipperary
Educational institutions established in 1837
Teacher training colleges in Ireland
Thurles
1837 establishments in Ireland
Seminaries and theological colleges in the Republic of Ireland


The Owl vs Bombo () (also known as The Owl vs Bumbo and The Owl and Dumbo) is a 1984 Hong Kong action comedy film directed, produced by and starring Sammo Hung. The film co-stars George Lam and Deanie Ip. The movie is Michelle Yeoh's first film role (credited as "Michelle Khan").

Plot
First-Day Chan, codename ‘Bombo’ (Sammo Hung) is a dockman and yoga instructor who moonlit as a thief. He had robbed a bank and made himself a small fortune, but vowed it to be his last heist. Wong Yan-fu (George Lam), codename ‘Owl’, managed to steal a large stash of money from a gangster and fraudster, Au Gung (James Tien). Their deeds are uncovered by Inspector Fung (Stanley Fung), who tries to arrest all three men. However, his endeavours are deliberately sabotaged by his superior, Lui (Chang Ching-Po), who is secretly in liaison with Au. Exasperated, Fung resigns and three years later, blackmails Owl and Bombo, threatening to expose and imprison them unless they listen to his instructions. The two reluctantly comply and end up signing up as teachers at a reform center with Joyce Leung (Deanie Ip), the superintendent. Joyce believes both men genuinely want to help for the good of society and begins to take an interest in Bombo. At the center, Owl and Bombo meet Yeung (Michelle Yeoh), the teacher of a class of social outcasts. Despite her efforts to get the students employed and integrated into society, she is verbally abused and ridiculed by them. Owl tries his hand at getting through to the class, but fails miserably. Fung, meanwhile, keeps an eye on both men by pretending to be a deaf and mute janitor. Bombo later begins courting Joyce while Owl comforts Yeung after a particularly bad lesson with one of her students, Bonnie Leung (Season Ma). They are then handed their last task by Fung: to attend a land auction and raise the bid to the highest possible. This is due to Au having plans to purchase the land to manufacture counterfeit watches, although neither Owl nor Bombo are aware of this.

At the auction, they bid against Au for a plot in the New Territories. Bombo, assuming Au will outbid them, raises the bidding amount to an exorbitant 300 million dollars. To both his and Owl’s shock, however, Au does not make a higher offer and both men win the lot. Owl is later captured by Au and his henchmen and is forced at knifepoint to lure Bombo to their location in a hotel room. Au offers to buy the land from them for 150 million dollars, not knowing neither men ever had the money to begin with. Owl and Bombo, realizing this will be imminently discovered, try fighting their way out but are beaten and forced to sign the land over. The next day, Owl meets with Yeung but upon seeing her students continue to bully her, snaps and angrily reprimands them. He takes charge and challenges any student who agrees to role play and succeed in a job interview money. He has a breakthrough with one of the students, Chan Chi-ming (Ronald Wong), who reveals his guilt and desperation for a job to prevent his mother from prostituting herself to support him and his father. Moved, Owl gives him the money, and the rest of the students begin volunteering and opening up to Owl and Yeung. They later take the class around the city where they attempt to find jobs, as well as other school excursions. During this time, Owl and Yeung begin developing feelings for each other. Bombo meanwhile, sees Fung talking with another man, later revealed to be his superintendent (Philip Chan), and grows suspicious. Due to Owl and Bombo having mistakenly won at the land auction, Fung now plans on using the two to lure Au out into the open and arrest them. Lui, meanwhile, has revealed Owl’s true identity to Au as well as the fact he had been the one who stole his money three years prior. He then reveals Owl’s occupation as a teacher at the reform center. Au orders his men to intimidate the students there into luring Owl to meet them at the docks. Owl and his student Chan are both kidnapped and beaten. Au begins making plans to drown them at sea. Bombo, who has discovered Fung’s true identity, confronts him at the reform center. He then learns from the students they had met with Au and had been forced by him to lure Owl into danger, and rushes to the docks to save him.

Yeung goes to the police station where she begs Lui to help rescue Owl. Lui makes a call to Au, urging him to release the student but Au refuses. Lui tries to go to the docks but en route is arrested by Fung and his superintendent, who have recorded his entire conversation with Au. Yeung accompanies Fung to save Owl and Chan. Back at the dock, Bombo confronts Au and fights off his henchmen but is outnumbered. However, he is saved when unexpected reinforcements arrive: the students at the reform center, who attack using an arsenal of sports equipment. Fung, his superintendent, and Yeung arrive in time to arrest the gangsters whereupon they also discover several boxes of undelivered counterfeit watches. For his efforts, Fung is posthumously reinstated as inspector while Owl and Bombo are allowed to go.

Cast

 Sammo Hung as "Bombo" First-Day Chan
 George Lam as "Owl" Wong Yan-fu
 Deannie Ip as Joyce Leung
 Michelle Khan as Yeung
 Season Ma as Bonnie Leung
 Stanley Fung as Inspector Fung
 Philip Chan as Superintendent
 Wu Ma as Waiter
 Ronald Wong as Chan Chi-ming
 Cheung King-po as Wah / Inspector Lui
 James Tien as Au Gung
 Fung King-man as Au Gung's lieutenant
 Dick Wei as Au Gung's Man
 Tai San as Au Gung's Man
 Tai Po as Gang Member
 Huang Ha as Gang Member
 San Kuai as Gang Member
 Billy Chan as Gang Member
 Sham Chin-po as Gang Member
 Wellson Chin as Gang Member
 Yuen Miu as Gang Member
 Lee Chi-kit as Gang Member
 Hon Yee-sang as One of Owl's Accomplices
 Yat-poon Chai as One of Owl's Accomplices
 Teddy Yip as Waiter
 Charlie Cho as Bank Manager
 Chin Kar-lok as Thug in Alley
 Johnny Cheung as Thug in Alley
 Lau Chau-sang as Thug
 Yam Ho as Brother Lun
 Tsang Choh-lam as Waiter
 Ng Min-kan as cop
 Lee Fat-yuen as Big Head
 Chow Kam-kong as Security Guard at Bank
 Ka Lee as Bank employee
 Cheung Chi-ban as Lawyer Chow
 Hui Ying-sau as Uncle Choy
 Sam Wong as Student
 Timothy Zao as Student
 Chu Wing-tong as Student
 Joey Leung as Student

Awards
The film's theme song 'Who Understands Me', performed by George Lam, was nominated for Best Original Film Song at the 5th Hong Kong Film Awards.

References

External links

1984 films
1984 martial arts films
1980s action comedy films
1980s buddy comedy films
1980s Cantonese-language films
Films directed by Sammo Hung
Films set in 1981
Films shot in Hong Kong
Hong Kong action comedy films
Hong Kong buddy films
Hong Kong martial arts comedy films
Kung fu films
1980s Hong Kong films


Graptolita may be a misspelling for:
 Graptolithina, or graptolites, a widely preserved group of fossil animals
 Graptolitha, a genus of moths


Darren Henderson (born 12 October 1966) is a Scottish former footballer. He made over 500 appearances in the Scottish Football League over a 21-year Senior career and is currently the manager of Hurlford United in the Scottish Junior Football Association, West Region.

Career

After his long career in the Scottish Football League, Henderson joined Cumnock Juniors as a player-coach where he teamed up with former Ayr United and Stenhousemuir colleague Campbell Money. He played in Cumnock's 2008 Scottish Junior Cup final defeat to Bathgate Thistle at the age of 41.

Henderson took another player-coach role at Dalry Thistle before becoming manager in his own right in November 2010. He led the club to promotion and the semi-finals of the Scottish Junior Cup before moving on to Glenafton Athletic the following summer.

In two successful seasons at Glenafton, Henderson won promotion to the West Super League Premier Division and the West of Scotland Cup before leaving the club to join Hurlford United in June 2013.

Personal life
His son Jay is also a footballer.

See also
 List of footballers in Scotland by number of league appearances (500+)

References

External links

1966 births
Living people
Footballers from Kilmarnock
Scottish men's footballers
Clyde F.C. players
Stranraer F.C. players
Stenhousemuir F.C. players
Clydebank F.C. (1965) players
Queen of the South F.C. players
Hamilton Academical F.C. players
Ross County F.C. players
Forfar Athletic F.C. players
Ayr United F.C. players
Raith Rovers F.C. players
Cumnock Juniors F.C. players
Dalry Thistle F.C. players
Scottish Football League players
Men's association football midfielders
Scottish football managers
Glenafton Athletic F.C. managers
Scottish Junior Football Association managers


Vladimir Mudrinić (; born 26 July 1976) is a Serbian football manager and former player.

Mudrinić, who played for five clubs in the UEFA Europa League/UEFA Cup (including qualifiers), is best known for his spells at Smederevo (formerly Sartid) and also his ability to score goals from long range, including being a free-kick specialist.

Playing career
Mudrinić made his senior debut with his hometown's OFK Kikinda in the second part of the 1992–93 First League of FR Yugoslavia, aged 16. He spent the next four years with the club, playing alongside future national team players Mladen Krstajić and Dragan Žilić, before transferring to Vojvodina in the winter of 1997. Mudrinić stayed there for three years, reaching the 1998 UEFA Intertoto Cup final. He then moved to Sartid Smederevo in the winter of 2000, together with his teammates Milorad Mrdak and Boris Vasković.

While with the Oklopnici, Mudrinić became one of the best players in the league, securing him a transfer to Russian club Zenit Saint Petersburg in January 2002.  He made nine league appearances and scored one goal for the side during the 2002 season. In the winter of 2003, Mudrinić returned to Sartid Smederevo, helping the team win the 2002–03 Serbia and Montenegro Cup. He also played for the club in the 2003–04 season.

In October 2004, Mudrinić signed a contract with Red Star Belgrade. He collected the double in the 2005–06 season under the guidance of Walter Zenga. Over the next two seasons, Mudrinić played on loan at his former club Smederevo, before leaving them following their relegation from the top flight in 2008.

Managerial career
Immediately after hanging up his boots, Mudrinić was appointed as manager of Zlatibor Čajetina. He was replaced by Predrag Ristanović in January 2018. Later that year, Mudrinić took charge of Drina Ljubovija.

Career statistics

Honours
Sartid Smederevo
 Serbia and Montenegro Cup: 2002–03
Red Star Belgrade
 First League of Serbia and Montenegro: 2005–06
 Serbia and Montenegro Cup: 2005–06
Jedinstvo Užice
 Drina Zone League: 2010–11
 Serbian League West: 2011–12
Zlatibor Čajetina
 Zlatibor District League: 2013–14
 Drina Zone League: 2015–16

References

External links

Men's association football midfielders
Expatriate men's footballers in Russia
FC Zenit Saint Petersburg players
First League of Serbia and Montenegro players
FK Jedinstvo Užice players
FK Sevojno players
FK Smederevo 1924 players
FK Vojvodina players
FK Zlatibor Čajetina players
OFK Kikinda players
Red Star Belgrade footballers
RFK Novi Sad 1921 players
Russian Premier League players
Second League of Serbia and Montenegro players
Serbia and Montenegro expatriate men's footballers
Serbia and Montenegro expatriate sportspeople in Russia
Serbia and Montenegro men's footballers
Serbian First League players
Serbian football managers
Serbian men's footballers
Serbian SuperLiga players
Sportspeople from Kikinda
Footballers from North Banat District
1976 births
Living people


Ebru Destan (born 24 September 1977) is a Turkish singer, actress, and model.

Biography
Ebru is one of the most famous podium models in Turkey. She has also acted in many films like Abuzer Kadayıf, Yeni Hayat, Zor Hedef, Can Ayşecik. Ebru became a singer in 2005 and became successful. She has three music albums called Sözümü Yemedim, Ayrılık Soğuk İklim and 3 Vakte Kadar. She competed in the reality show Survivor: Ünlüler vs. Gönüllüler as part of the Celebrities (Ünlüler) team. She reached the top 6, only to be voted out in an SMS head-to-head with her close friend Özge Ulusoy.

She dated Galatasaray S.K.'s former defender and Turkish international Vedat İnceefe over three years and Beşiktaş J.K. defender İbrahim Toraman.

Albums
 Sözümü Yemedim (2005)
 Ayrılık Soğuk İklim (2007)
 3 Vakte Kadar (2008)

Filmography
 Cennet'in Gözyaşları (2017–2018) Özlem
 Yahşi Cazibe (TV series) (2010) (Supporting character)
 Para=Dolar (2008)
 Teberik Şanssız (2005)
 Aliye (TV series) (2004) (Supporting character)
 Hayat Bilgisi (TV series) (2003) (Supporting character)
 Yeni Hayat (TV series) (2001)
 Aşkına Eşkıya (TV series) (2001)
 Abuzer Kadayıf (2000)
 Canlı Hayat (TV film) (2000)
 Zor Hedef (TV series) (2000)
 Onun Dünyası (2000)
 Kurt Kapanı (TV series) (2000)
 Kimsecikler (TV series) (1999)
 Ayşecik (TV series) (1999) (Mısra)
 Baba (TV series) (1999)
 Şampiyon (TV film) (1999)
 Hesabım Bitmedi (TV series) (1998)
 Unutabilsem (TV series) (1998)
 İlişkiler (TV series) (1997)
 Can Ayşecik (TV series) (1997)
 Bu Sevda Bitmez (TV series) (1996)
 Mahallenin Muhtarları (TV series) (1992)

References

External links
Official webpage

Living people
Turkish female models
Turkish pop singers
Wives and girlfriends of association football players
1977 births
Musicians from İzmir
21st-century Turkish singers
21st-century Turkish women singers


Eliana Benador (also Eleana Benador) is a Swiss-American public relations consultant, global strategist, and a publicist for American and Middle Eastern neo-conservatives. Through the development of Benador Associates, Benador promoted national security policies advocated by the Bush administration concerning Iraqi regime change, the Iraq War, and hard-line attitudes toward Iran. As of 2007, Benador had closed Benador Associates and opened a new firm, Benador Public Relations.

Career
Benador studied linguistics, psychology and political science at the Sorbonne and the Université Catholique de Lille.  Following university, she worked as an editor for the Peruvian Times and as a translator at the United Nations in Vienna.  In 2000, Benador joined the Middle East Forum, an American conservative think tank, to work as the associate director of, and in charge of the expansion of, the Middle East Forum in New York, and she also was the media liaison of its founder Daniel Pipes. Benador left the MEF after eighteen months because of conflicts with Pipes. According to Pipes, they came to a mutual and amicable "understanding that she would do better on her own."

In October 2001, Benador began her own public relations firm, Benador & Associates. After signing former C.I.A. director James Woolsey and Daily News columnist A.M. Rosenthal, Benador's firm built a clientele of  American neo-conservatives. Benador was criticized for "acting as a kind of public-relations firm for the war."

In January 2011, Benador was appointed Goodwill Ambassador of the Shomron (Samaria) Liaison Office in the U.S. and Europe. In that capacity, she addressed the Rally in Support of Israel across the Israel Consulate in New York City, offering proportional comparison by population of the United States to the numbers of Israeli victims of terrorist attacks; according to Benador the 1,200 Israelis victimized from 2000 to 2010 would correspond to 50,297 Americans, while the 8,342 wounded would compare to 350,000.

Selected articles
Surveillance law takes its toll in Sweden, The Gulf News, July 25, 2008
Can Palin make a difference?, The Gulf News, September 1, 2008
For America, it is the time for change, The Gulf News, October 3, 2008

References

External links
http://ElianaBenador.com

21st-century Swiss businesswomen
21st-century Swiss businesspeople
21st-century American businesspeople
American public relations people
University of Paris alumni
Swiss emigrants to the United States
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American women in business
Swiss expatriates in France
Swiss expatriates in Austria


Memphis, described by Jacob Hübner in 1819, is a Neotropical nymphalid butterfly genus in the subfamily Charaxinae.

There are 61 species in the genus. All are Neotropical and the undersides of the wings closely resemble dead leaves. In the past Memphis was considered a subgenus of Anaea.

Species
Listed alphabetically within groups:

Species group pasibula:
Memphis pasibula (Doubleday, [1849])
Memphis falcata (Hopffer, 1874)

Species group aureola:
Memphis anna (Staudinger, 1897)
Memphis aureola (Bates, 1866)
Memphis dia (Godman & Salvin, [1884])
Memphis polyxo (H. Druce, 1874)

Species group verticordia:
Memphis artacaena (Hewitson, 1869) – white-patched leafwing
Memphis perenna (Godman & Salvin, [1884]) – big-spotted leafwing
?Memphis pleione (Godart, 1819)
Memphis verticordia (Hübner, 1824)

Species group arginussa:
Memphis arginussa (Geyer, 1832) – mottled leafwing
Memphis herbacea (Butler & H. Druce, 1872) – scarce leafwing
Memphis lemnos (H. Druce, 1877)
Memphis pithyusa (R. Felder, 1869) – blue leafwing, pale-spotted leafwing

Species group hedemanni:
Memphis acaudata (Röber, 1916)
Memphis hedemanni (R. Felder, 1869) – double-banded leafwing
Memphis praxias (Hopffer, 1874)

Species group glauce:
Memphis glauce (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1862)

Species group appias:
Memphis appias (Hübner, [1825])
Memphis xenippa (Hall, 1935)
Memphis xenocles (Westwood, 1850) – corner-spotted leafwing

Species group polycarmes:
Memphis ambrosia (H. Druce, 1874)
Memphis anassa (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1862)
Memphis aulica (Röber, 1916)
Memphis basilia (Stoll, [1780])
Memphis cleomestra (Hewitson, 1869)
Memphis forreri (Godman & Salvin, [1884]) – Guatemalan leafwing
Memphis grandis (H. Druce, 1877)
Memphis laura (H. Druce, 1877)
Memphis lineata (Salvin, 1869)
Memphis lyceus (H. Druce, 1877)
Memphis mora (H. Druce, 1874)
Memphis nenia (H. Druce, 1877)
Memphis offa (H. Druce, 1877)
Memphis phantes (Hopffer, 1874)
Memphis polycarmes (Fabricius, 1775)
Memphis proserpina (Salvin, 1869) – great leafwing

Species group moruus:
Memphis moruus (Fabricius, 1775) – laurel leafwing
Memphis oenomais (Boisduval, 1870) – Boisduval's leafwing
Memphis philumena (Doubleday, [1849]) – orange-striped leafwing

Species group eribotes:
Memphis acidalia (Hübner, [1819])
Memphis beatrix (H. Druce, 1874)
Memphis catinka (H. Druce, 1877)
Memphis hirta (Weymer, 1907)
Memphis laertes (Cramer, [1775])
Memphis leonida (Stoll, [1782])
Memphis otrere (Hübner, 1825)
Memphis pseudiphis (Staudinger, 1887)

Species group iphis:
Memphis alberta (H. Druce, 1876)
Memphis boliviana (H. Druce, 1877)
Memphis cerealia (H. Druce, 1877)
Memphis cluvia (Hopffer, 1874)
Memphis iphis (Latreille, [1813])
Memphis lorna (H. Druce, 1877)
Memphis moeris (C. Felder & R. Felder, [1867])

Ungrouped:
Memphis eurypyle C. Felder & R. Felder, 1862 – pointed leafwing
Memphis juliani Constantino, 1999
Memphis maria Pyrcz & Neild, 1996
Memphis montesino Pyrcz, 1995
Memphis neidhoeferi (Rotger, Escalante, & Coronado, 1965) – wavy-edged leafwing
Memphis salinasi Pyrcz, 1993
Memphis viloriae Pyrcz & Neild, 1996
Memphis wellingi (Miller & Miller, 1976)

Gallery

References

External links

TOL
images representing Memphis, at EoL
BOA Photographs of type specimens.
Pteron Images. In Japanese but binomial names. Two pages.
 Includes images.

Anaeini
Nymphalidae of South America
Taxa named by Jacob Hübner
Butterfly genera


Janko Baron Vranyczany-Dobrinović (27 May 1920 – 6 May 2015) was a Croatian nobleman, politician and diplomat. He served as the first Minister of Tourism of Croatia between 1990 and 1991. Afterwards, he was named President of the Office of Croatia for Contacts with the European Union and NATO in 1991, and was appointed the first Permanent Representative of Croatia to the European Union after the office was established in 1996. He was removed from the post in a widespread turnaround of Croatian diplomats, initiated by the centre-left government of Ivica Račan.

Youth

Janko Vranyzcany was born in a castle in Bedekovčina near Krapina to Wanda Maria Ida "Dédée" (née von Schmidt Zabierow) and Ambroz Vranyczany-Dobrinović. His family was of noble origin which escaped Bosnia during the Ottoman conquest in 15th century. After spending his youth in Bedekovčina, Janko Vranyczany-Dobrinović went to Rome for studies. In 1937, he moved to Brussels to learn French, and remained there until 1938.

After the start of the World War II in Yugoslavia in April 1941, the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) was soon established on the territory of the occupied Yugoslavia on 10 April 1941. Vranyczany-Dobrinović was recruited to the Croatian Home Guard, and as an officer candidate was sent to the officers' school in Stockerau in Germany. He attended the school together with Velimir Pavelić, son of the leader of NDH, Ante Pavelić. After his return, he was supposed to join the Ustaše. Since he didn't want to join them, General Ante Vokić named him his adjutant.

He witnessed the failed Lorković-Vokić plot to overthrow the Ustaše government led by Ante Pavelić in August 1944. Vokić ordered him to take vacation on 22 August 1944, and to report to General Vladimir Kren on 1 September. However, after his return from vacation, he found about the failed coup and arrest of the main conspirators, Mladen Lorković and Ante Vokić, among with many other officers. Both Lorković and Vokić were executed at the end of the war. Vokić intended for Vranyczany-Dobrinović to accompany Josip Torbar in his flight to inform the Allies about the successful outcome of the coup.

Emigration

After the end of the war, he moved to Rome again, where he got the degree in communications at the Vatican. The communist government in Yugoslavia confiscated the property of his family. After the death of his father, his mother remarried to an American, who wanted to adopt him. While awaiting papers to move to the United States, Vranyczany-Dobrinović moved to Brussels in 1948, and worked for the Austrian Tourist Office as a tourist representative. In the meantime, his stepfather died as well, so Vranyczany-Dobrinović remained in Belgium.

In 1952, after working for the tourist office, Vranyczany-Dobrinović turned to entrepreneurship and imported hop for Belgian breweries, among them Stella Artois. During that time, he lived for two years in Dijon in France. However, in 1968, he was again employed in the Austrian Tourist Office, but this time as a general director.

Diplomatic career

With democratic changes happening in the republics of Yugoslavia, Vranyczany-Dobrinović was able to return to Croatia after nearly 45 years abroad. He joined the Croatian Democratic Union. He served as minister of tourism from 1990 to 1992 in Croatia's first democratically elected government. From 1991 he served as the head of Croatia's permanent mission to the European Union in Brussels. During his tenure as Permanent Representative to the EU, Zoran Milanović, future Prime Minister of Croatia, and Tomislav Sunić, a Croatian intellectual, served under him. In 2000 he was removed from the post as part of a widespread turnaround of Croatian foreign diplomats. In 2004, he represented the Croatian president at the beatification of Austria-Hungary's final emperor, Charles I.

Awards

 Grand Order of King Dmitar Zvonimir (1995)

Ancestry

Notes

References

Baron Vranyczany: Head secretary of NATO approved Storm

Representatives in the modern Croatian Parliament
Croatian nobility
Croatian Home Guard personnel
Croatian Democratic Union politicians
1920 births
2015 deaths
Tourism ministers of Croatia
20th-century Croatian nobility
Yugoslav politicians


The Republic of Turkey has been a secular state since the constitutional amendment of 1937. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk introduced the secularization of the state in the Turkish Constitution of 1924, alongside his reforms. Over 95% of Turkey's population is Muslim, and the suppression of hijab/headscarves and other prominent religious symbols in  government institutions and public schools,
(similar to policies in France, Quebec and Mexico)  has led to heated controversy at times in Turkey. Specifically, it has resulted in a clash between those favoring the secular principles of the state, such as the Turkish Armed Forces, and religious conservatives, including Islamists.  In the 21st century, since 2003, the Justice and Development Party (AKP) and its leader Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, have worked to reverse this, and “raise a pious generation” in Turkey.

Atatürk never forbade the headscarf (the dominant form of hijab in Turkey, where it is called başörtüsü meaning head cover), but actively discouraged its use in public venues. The headscarf was banned in public institutions because of the 'public clothing regulation' issued after the 1980 coup and began to be implemented in a radical way after the 1997 military memorandum. However, the ban on the headscarf for public personnel was lifted by the democratization package  in 2013. Restrictive provisions were lifted with the amendment made in article 5 of the dress code regulation,  but  remained in effect in the military, police force and judiciary. In 2022 both Turkey's Islamist government and the formerly secular opposition vowed to take "legal steps to enshrine women's right to wear Islamic headscarves".

History

Background
Mustafa Kemal had the ambition to make Turkey a new modern Secular nation. In 1925, he removed Islam from the constitution and introduced a new Family Law modelled after the Swiss Family Law, and in the same year, he banned the traditional hat for men, the fez.
Mustafa Kemal viewed modern clothing as an essential visual symbol of the new Secular nation and encouraged both women and men to wear modern fashion, but in contrast to his law against traditional wear for men, he never introduced a ban against the hijab.
However, he appeared in public with his wife Latife Uşaki unveiled and arranged formal state receptions with dinner and dance were men and women could mingle, to encourage women to leave seclusion and adopt modern clothing, and in the mid 1920s, upper- and middle class Turkish women started to appear unveiled in public.

Banning of headscarves

With a constitutional principle of official secularism, the Turkish government has traditionally banned women who wear headscarves from working in the public sector. The ban applies to teachers, lawyers, parliamentarians, and others working on state premises. The ban on headscarves in the civil service and educational and political institutions was expanded to cover non-state institutions. Female lawyers and journalists who refused to comply with the ban were expelled from public buildings such as courtrooms and universities.

In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the number of university students wearing headscarves increased substantially and in 1984, the first widespread application of headscarf ban came into effect at the universities, but throughout the 1980s and 1990s, the ban was not uniformly enforced and many students were able to graduate. The headscarf ban in public spaces, including schools and universities (public and private), courts of law, government offices and other official institutions, is only for students, workers and public servants. Hence, mothers of pupils or visitors have no problems at all entering the primary schools, but they would not be able to work as teachers. Similarly, at the courts of law, the ban only involves judges, attorneys, lawyers and other workers. Wearing headscarves in photos on official documents like licenses, passports, and university enrollment documents are also prohibited. Universities and schools refused to register women students unless they submit ID photographs with bared hair and neck.

A regulation dated 16 July 1982, specified that: the clothing and appearances of personnel working at public institutions; the rule that female civil servants' head must be uncovered.

An interpretation of this law in 1997 extended the ban to the wearing of headscarves in all universities in Turkey. The debate over headscarves in universities has been the most contentious of all and has been an important element in the politics of Turkey since 2000.

Education
From 1997 to 2013, the Turkish military banned headscarves from all tertiary educational institutions on the ground that they weren’t compatible with secularism. This ban was lifted after 2013, but there is still a great divide between women who wear headscarves and those who don’t know when it comes to attaining an education. From 2003, when the Justice and Development Party and Recep Tayyip Erdoğan gained power, they have stated that they promoted education for women with programs such as "Hey Girls, Let's Go To School".  According to journalist Aslı Aydıntaşbaş

However, their goal was not to deliver  gender equality. Like many of those that came before him, along with the history of Turkey that dates back to the ancient  Ottoman Empire, which was an Islamic nation, women were seen as wives and mothers, not individuals who were meant to receive an education from any institution. Turkish Society is a patriarchal society, and because of that, education for women isn’t something popular amongst the public. The acquisition of education for headscarved women, along with the fact that although the ban has been lifted, it is still difficult for these women to receive an education, is all a part of Erdoğan’s agenda to promote Islamic beliefs and practices in Turkey. This idea of keeping women as housewives and mothers, not individuals who can obtain an education, is a prime example of what the Turkish prime minister advocates called  “Sunni Muslim Domination.”. Turkey is a predominantly Muslim and Patriarchal Society; In Turkey, they look towards the Islamic faith and their interpretation of said faith to influence the practices of society.

After the ban was lifted decades after its initiation, it became difficult for women, both with or without a headscarf, to receive an education. Even though many steps have been taken to progress women’s equality in Turkey, There isn’t any subsequent or substantial evidence so far that proves that the ban on the acquisition of education for headscarved women did reduce the number of those women who received any credentials from these institutions.  Based on the patriarchal and Islamic government and society already in place, the number of women who are educated was already low. Before this ban, in the late 1970’s going to the early 1980s, there was an uptick in the number of university students who wore headscarves, and some managed to graduate with full credentials; however, after 1984, the ban spread across all schools, yet was not enforced until 1997.

Progressive steps have been taken to further allow women with headscarves to receive an education. However, the effect of these steps has been minimal. Because the regulations in place by the government and the structure of society in Turkey are based on their interpretation of the Islamic faith and how it perceives women, the right to education still is one of the main battles that these women face today, which also limits them from working in the public sector & receiving education.

Workplace
According to Country Reports 2007, women who wore headscarves and their supporters "were disciplined or lost their jobs in the public sector" (US 11 March 2008, Sec. 2.c). Human Rights Watch (HRW) reports that in late 2005, the Administrative Supreme Court ruled that a teacher was not eligible for a promotion in her school because she wore a headscarf outside of work (Jan. 2007). An immigration counselor at the Embassy of Canada in Ankara stated on 27 April 2005 correspondence with the Research Directorate that public servants are not permitted to wear a headscarf while on duty, but headscarved women may be employed in the private sector. In 12 April 2005 correspondence sent to the Research Directorate, a professor of political science specializing in women's issues in Turkey at Boğaziçi University in Istanbul indicated that women who wear a headscarf "could possibly be denied employment in private or government sectors." Conversely, some municipalities with a more traditional constituency might attempt to hire specifically those women who wear a headscarf (Professor 12 April 2005). The professor did add, however, that headscarved women generally experience difficulty in obtaining positions as teachers, judges, lawyers, or doctors in the public service (ibid.). More recent or corroborating information on the headscarf ban in the public service could not be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate.

The London-based Sunday Times reports that while the ban is officially in place only in the public sphere, many private firms similarly avoid hiring women who wear headscarves (6 May 2007). MERO notes that women who wear headscarves may have more difficulty finding a job or obtaining a desirable wage (Apr. 2008), although this could not be corroborated among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate.

Medical care
According to the Sunday Times, headscarves are banned inside Turkish hospitals, and doctors may not don a headscarf on the job (6 May 2007). Nevertheless, MERO reports that secularists see Turkey's current administration as having a hidden religious agenda (The New York Times 19 February 2008; Washington Post 26 February 2008), doctors in some public hospitals have entered the premises wearing headscarves (MERO Apr. 2008).

The professor of political science at Boğaziçi University in Turkey stated that, in addition to never having come across any cases where women wearing headscarves had been denied access to medical care in private or public medical centres, he felt it would be unlikely that this would occur (12 April 2005). The Immigration Counsellor at the Embassy of Canada in Ankara stated that "women who wear headscarves have full access to medical care" (27 April 2005), though news reports and NGO reports to the UN confirm that "women wearing the headscarf have been denied medical care in Turkish hospitals."

Social split
As of 2010, Turkish American author Elif Batuman, wrote that at least in Istanbul she encountered a Turkey "polarizing into two camps that were increasingly unable to communicate with each other".  According to  anthropologist Jenny White,   the white Turks attitude was infested with racism and classism: black Turks were "the underdogs": Recep Tayyip Erdoğan has "proudly" called himself "a black Turk".

Aslı Aydıntaşbaş and Büşra Cebeci write that “uncovering”, i.e. no longer wearing the headscarf, is a right of passage for many women escaping "from small-town conservatism" in Turkey, and "may signal the beginning of a movement in the opposite direction" of Erdoğan’s Islamization.

While the Turkish state pressured women not to wear headscarves, often family and society pressured women in the opposite direction.  Cebeci describes the "immense pressure" women feel from relatives "in most cases"   when they try to stop wearing headscarves –

Aydintasbas sees the political forces working to ban hijab and to force women to wear hijab as mirror images, both oppressing women; and both facing resistance.

Controversial events

 In 1968, a female public university student, Hatice Babacan, refused to remove her headscarf in university buildings.
 In 1998, a Turkish student was banned for wearing a headscarf at Istanbul University.
 In May 1999, the ban on headscarves in the public sphere hit the headlines when Merve Kavakçı was prevented from taking her oath in the National Assembly because she wore a headscarf. She was the newly elected MP of Istanbul of the pro-Islamist Virtue Party, and she refused demands to leave the building. The secular opposition members protested by chanting 'out' for 30 minutes, and the then prime minister Bülent Ecevit accused her of violating the principles of secularism. A state prosecutor investigated whether she might be put on trial for provoking religious hatred. She received much support from Iran, by the Ayatollah Ahmad Jannati, and hundreds of women demonstrating in support of the deputy.
 In 2000, Nuray Bezirgan, a Turkish female student, wore a headscarf at her college final exams. A Turkish court sentenced her to six months in jail for "obstructing the education of others". The European Court of Human Rights upheld the ban in 2004, finding that the law did not violate the European Convention on Human Rights.  In October 2006, the European Court of Human Rights upheld the university ban again, rejecting a complaint filed by another Turkish university student.
 In October 2006, Turkish president Ahmet Necdet Sezer refused to allow AKP politicians whose wives wore headscarves to a ball marking Turkish independence, saying it would compromise and undermine the separation of mosque and state in Turkey.
 In late 2008 CHP (Republican People's Party) leader Deniz Baykal surprised supporters by allowing those who wear the çarşaf (chador) to become members of the party. The surprising move was viewed as a strategy to attract conservative voters to the party. Some criticized Baykal's move as an attempt to move the party towards the right.
 In March 2009, Kıymet Özgür, who wore the çarşaf (chador) was attacked by CHP members when she tried to get into an election bus of mayoral candidate Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu in Istanbul. It was later reported that she had disguised herself to test the party's new initiative.

Process of  lifting the ban

Prime Minister Erdoğan campaigned in his victorious 2007 campaign with a promise of lifting the longstanding ban on headscarves in public institutions. However, as the Turkish deputies voted in Parliament, tens of thousands protested outside in favor of the ban.

On February 7, 2008, the Turkish Parliament passed an amendment to the constitution, allowing women to wear the headscarf in Turkish universities, arguing that many women would not seek an education if they could not wear the headscarf. The main political party, the Justice and Development Party, and a key opposition party, the Nationalist Movement Party claimed that it was an issue of human rights and freedoms. The Parliament voted 403–107 (a majority of 79 per cent) in favor of the first amendment, which was inserted into the constitution stating that everyone has the right to equal treatment from state institutions. However, the move resulted in opposition throughout Turkey. The country's educational board and numerous universities vowed to defy the new law. In addition, the main pro-secular, opposition party of the Republican People's Party asked the constitutional court to block the new law passed and viewed it as a move towards an Islamic state. Thousands of demonstrators supporting the ban also gathered near the Parliament against the move by the government.

After the failed attempt at lifting the ban against headscarves in public institutions in 2008, the Justice and Development Party arranged constitutional amendments in 2010 that would lead to lifting the ban against wearing headscarves in Turkish educational institutions. On October 8, 2013, the ban was lifted specifically at universities and government positions unless uniform was required, such as the military, police, and judiciary.  With the support of the Council of Higher Education, the Justice and Development Party was able to persuade women who wore headscarves to return to school. Two years later, the lift on the ban extended to judiciary roles in 2015 and the year following 2016, to the Turkish police force.

Lifting of ban annulled
On 5 June 2008, Turkey's Constitutional Court annulled the parliament's proposed amendment intended to lift the headscarf ban, ruling that removing the ban was against the founding principles of the constitution. The highest court's decision to uphold the headscarf ban cannot be appealed (AP 7 June 2008).

More ban liftings
Headscarves had become a focal point of the conflict between the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) and the secularist establishment. The ruling was widely seen as a victory for Turks who claim this maintains Turkey's separation of state and religion. In 2013, the headscarf ban in public institutions was lifted through a decree, even though the ban officially stands through court decisions. The ban on wearing hijab in high schools ended in 2014.

In March 2017, the Ministry of Defence in Ankara announced a change in rules to allow women in the armed forces to wear headscarves with their uniforms, which sparked concerns from secularists over creeping Islamisation of the military.

In October 2022, ahead of the 2023 election, Turkey's government and opposition both pledged legal steps to establish women's right to wear Islamic headscarves, bringing an issue that previously caused severe splits back to the forefront of political discourse.

See also
 Leyla Şahin v. Turkey
 Islamic dress in Europe
 Islam and clothing
 Islam in Turkey
 Secularism in Turkey
 Freedom of religion in Turkey
 Merve Kavakçı
 Snow (Pamuk novel)
 Kemalism

References

Society of Turkey
Islamic female clothing
Women in Turkey
Controversies in Turkey
Hijab


The Martin city gate is one of three still existing city gates of the German city of Cochem.

History
The Martin city gate was built in 1352 according to an order of elector  Baldwin of Luxembourg, the archbishop of Trier. It was built as a toll house. A chain, connecting the city gate with the opposite border of the river Mosel could stop ships trying to escape their duty of paying taxes.

Later on a new owner, Louis Ravené, created a storing room for ice in the small tower of the city gate.

External links
 Information about the Martin city gate as well as a webcam

Buildings and structures in Cochem-Zell
Gates in Germany
Fortifications in Germany
City walls in Germany


Unexpected Riches is a 1942 Our Gang short comedy film directed by Herbert Glazer. It was the 211th Our Gang short (211th episode, 122nd talking short, 123rd talking episode, and 42nd MGM produced episode).

Plot
Weighing themselves on a penny machine, the gang receives a fortune card predicting that they will receive "unexpected riches." Acting upon this, the kids decide to dig for buried treasure, using a fraudulent map provided by one of their wise-guy acquaintances. Though the treasure hunt comes a-cropper, the fortune card's prediction comes true in an unexpected fashion.

Cast

The Gang
 Bobby Blake as Mickey
 Billy Laughlin as Froggy
 George McFarland as Spanky
 Billie Thomas as Buckwheat

Additional cast
 Barry Downing as Ken Reed
 Emmet Vogan as Mr. Reed
 Ernie Alexander as Mickey's father
 Margaret Bert as Mickey's mother
 Willa Pearl Curtis as Big Shot's mother
 Symona Boniface as Person in Froggy's dream
 Stanley Logan as Person in Froggy's dream
 Ernestine Wade as Person in Buckwheat's dream

Notes
Unexpected Riches is the last appearance of George McFarland as Spanky, ending his eleven-year tenure with the series. Billie "Buckwheat" Thomas would remain the only holdover from the Hal Roach Our Gang era to stay with the series until its end in 1944.

See also
 Our Gang filmography

References

External links

1942 films
1942 comedy films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by Herbert Glazer
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer short films
Our Gang films
1942 short films
1940s American films
1940s English-language films


Georg Frederik Hallager (20 March 1816 – 10 November 1876) was a Dano-Norwegian legal scholar and judge.

He was born in Copenhagen, and migrated to Norway in 1827. He was hired as a university lecturer at the Royal Frederick University in 1841, and was promoted to professor in 1847. He left this position in 1864 to become Supreme Court Assessor.

He was the father of jurist and County Governor Guthorm Hallager.

References

1816 births
1876 deaths
Lawyers from Copenhagen
Danish emigrants to Norway
Academic staff of the University of Oslo
Norwegian legal scholars
Supreme Court of Norway justices


Leandro Samarone da Rosa Fernandes (born 26 June 1971), known as just Leandro Samarone, is a former Brazilian football player and manager.

Career
Born in Ribeira, São Paulo, Leandro Samarone began his career in Esporte Clube XV de Novembro's youth system. He played for Associação Atlética Ponte Preta before moving to Russia where he played eight years, including spells with PFC CSKA Moscow and FC Spartak Moscow.

After he retired from playing, Leandro Samarone became a football coach. He was the manager of União Agrícola Barbarense Futebol Clube until June 2005.

Honours
 Russian Premier League champion: 1998.
 Russian Premier League bronze: 2003 (with FC Rubin Kazan).
 Russian Cup winner: 2004 (played in the early stages of the 2003/04 tournament for FC Terek Grozny).

European club competitions
 UEFA Cup 1996–97 with PFC CSKA Moscow: 4 games.
 UEFA Intertoto Cup 1997 with FC Torpedo-Luzhniki Moscow: 4 games, 1 goal.
 UEFA Champions League 1998–99 with FC Spartak Moscow: 3 games, 1 goal.

References

External links

Profile at FC Spartak Moscow

1971 births
Living people
Brazilian men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Brazilian football managers
Esporte Clube XV de Novembro (Piracicaba) players
Associação Atlética Ponte Preta players
Clube Atlético Bragantino players
Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense players
Ituano FC players
PFC CSKA Moscow players
Vila Nova Futebol Clube players
FC Torpedo Moscow players
FC Torpedo-2 players
FC Spartak Moscow players
PFC Krylia Sovetov Samara players
FC Rubin Kazan players
FC Akhmat Grozny players
FC Arsenal Tula players
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Russia
Russian Premier League players
Footballers from São Paulo (state)


Cingulin-like protein 1, also known as paracingulin or junction-associated-coiled-coil protein (JACOP), is a protein which is encoded by the CGNL1 gene.

The paracingulin polypeptide comprises a globular N-terminal "head" domain and an α-helical C-terminal domain which is presumed to form a coiled-coil dimer. Paracingulin is a paralog of cingulin that arose probably from gene duplication. The CGNL1 gene is conserved among different vertebrate species and has not been so far identified in invertebrates. The homology search highlights that paracingulin and cingulin have 39% identity in the rod tail sequences. They possess also two highly homologous regions in their N-terminus “head” domain including the ZIM region (ZO-1 interaction motif).

The etymology of the name cingulin comes from the Latin "cingere" which means « to form a belt around ». Both, cingulin and paracingulin are localized in the cytoplasmic face of tight junctions (TJ). The prefix « para » refers to “paralog”. However, immunoelectron microscopy indicates that paracingulin is not only localized in the TJ but also in the adherens junctions (AJ) depending on tissue type. TJ and AJ together form the apical junctional complex (AJC) of vertebrate epithelial cells. The proteins present in this complex play a role in many cellular processes i.e., in the adhesion and barrier function of epithelia, the organization and dynamics of the cytoskeleton, as well as the regulation of Rho-GTPase family.

Discovery

CGNL1 was originally discovered in 1997 as a 155 kDa protein localized at epithelial and endothelial cell-cell junctions by using a new monoclonal antibody produced through immunization with a cell-cell junction enriched in plasma membrane fraction from chick liver. Subsequently, cloning and sequencing of the CGNL1 gene identified the similarity to cingulin.

Localization

Paracingulin has been localized in epithelial and in endothelial tissues by immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy. It localizes at junctions of epithelial cells, both at tight junctions and adherens junctions depending on cell tissue:
 In kidney tissue, paracingulin is localized both at TJs and AJs.
 In liver tissue, immunofluorescence experiments show junctional and apical localizations, whereas immunoelectron microscopy shows an exclusive TJ localization.
 In intestinal tissue, paracingulin is associated with non junctional actin filaments in the basal region of the cells.
 In cultured fibroblasts, a non junctional localization of paracingulin along actin stress fibers has also been observed in fibroblasts when exogenous paracingulin is expressed.

Paracingulin can also be found in non-junctional sites in some tissues for example in the cytoplasm and at the base of the cells. Finally, in isolated cells, paracingulin is localized at the cell periphery, unlike cingulin and ZO-1 and was detected in the leading edges of migrating cells.

Structure and interactions

Human paracingulin is composed of 1302 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 148 kDa. Sequence similarity searches show that paracingulin is most similar to cingulin and comprises three major structural domains: A globular head (residues 1-598), a central coiled-coil rod domain (residues 599-1262) and a small globular tail domain at its C-terminus (residues 1263-1302). It is also predicted that this protein form a dimer through its coiled-coil rod domain. Both head and rod-tail domains associate with epithelial tight junctions when transfected into epithelial cells. Additionally, the head domain interacts with actin filaments independently of the Rod domain although the association is stabilized when the head is part of the full-length molecule. As its homologue cingulin, the head domain of paracingulin has a ZO-1 Interacting Motif (ZIM) that is involved in its junctional recruitment to tight junctions through ZO-1. Also, the head domain interacts with PLEKHA7, a protein present in the zonula adhaerens of epithelial cells, and this interaction is important for CGNL1 recruitment to adherens junctions. In addition the paracingulin interacts with the Rho GEF GEF-H1, the Rac1 GEF Tiam1 Tiam1, and it forms a complex with CD2AP and SH3BP1. Association of paracingulin with the apical junctional complex is a highly dynamic process, and requires the integrity of both microtubule and actin cytoskeleton.

Paracingulin interacts with cingulin and PLEKHA7 (as revealed by a yeast two-hybrid screen) as well as ZO-1, this latter through the ZIM region. JACOP is recruited to the TJ through interaction with ZO-1 (TJ-associated plaque protein, belonging to the membrane-associated guanylate kinase family) but is recruited to the AJ via interaction of it N-terminus head with PLEKHA7.

Unlike cingulin, paracingulin associates with actin filaments in different types of culture cells and its localization at the apical junctional complex is perturbed by treatment with the microtubule drug nocodazole. Paracingulin regulates the activity of Rho family GTPases like RhoA, Rac1 and Cdc42 by interacting with their respective GEFs (guanine nucleotide exchange factor), GEF-H1, Tiam1 and GAPs to the epithelial junction during the formation of cell-cell junction. The regulation of these GTPases is crucial for cell growth, activation of kinases and cytoskeletal organization.

Function

The function of paracingulin has been mainly studied using knockdown approaches. Paracingulin locally regulates the activity of some members of the Rho GTPases family at the apical junctional region, thus participating in junction assembly and maintenance. Depletion of paracingulin by shRNA in cultured kidney cells (MDCK) does not alter tight or adherens junctions organization. However, it leads to increased levels of the mRNA encoding the tight junction proteins ZO-3 and claudin-2, as well as increased levels of the ZO-3 protein, whereas when combined with the depletion of cingulin, it causes a decrease in the expression of these proteins.

Paracingulin plays also a role in the initial phase of junction assembly. Indeed, its depletion in the experimental model of “calcium switch”, which allows the study of Calcium-dependent junction formation, causes delayed tight junction assembly, correlating with a decrease in the Rac1 GTPase activity. The rod domain of the protein is critically involved in this Rac1-dependent regulation of junction assembly, as its overexpression mimicks the effect of paracingulin depletion; by the way, this also suggests that the head domain somehow prevents its action within the full-length protein. The phenotype can be rescued by an increase in Rac1 activity driven by overexpression of the GEF Tiam1, but not by increased RhoA activity. Indeed, paracingulin can interact with and thus recruit Tiam1 to the junction, allowing the local activation of Rac1 Both paracingulin depletion and overexpression experiments also led to the conclusion that it also interacts with and recruits SH3BP1, which is an inactivator of the Rho GTPases Cdc42 and Rac1 involved in epithelial junction formation in association with the filamentous actin-capping protein CapZ, by controlling actin-driven membrane remodeling. Paracingulin thus really acts as an adaptator for Rho GTPase regulators at the apical junctional region, and possibly at other cellular sites, because of its extra-junctional localization. In addition, cingulin and paracingulin have similar dynamics, partially overlapping subcellular localizations, and distinct interactions with the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons.

Homolog

The CGNL1 gene is conserved in chimpanzee, rhesus monkey, dog, cow, mouse, rat, chicken, and zebrafish. Cingulin-like 1 and cingulin are homologous proteins with a good degree of similarity in sequence and domain organization.

The mouse homolog of CGNL1 has been designated JACOP (junction-associated coiled-coil protein). JACOP is recruited to the junctional complex in epithelial cells and to cell-cell contacts in fibroblasts. It has been suggested that JACOP is involved in anchoring cell-cell contacts to actin-based cytoskeletons within cells.

Diseases

Paracingulin has been so far implicated in two diseases:

 The aromatase excess syndrome: Heterozygous chromosomal inversion brings a cryptic aromatase promoter containing a portion of the CGNL1 promoter into a position immediately to the 5-prime of the coding region of cytochrome P450, family 19, subfamily A, polypeptide 1 (CYP19A1) gene.
 Schizophrenia: The CGNL1 locus is one of the three loci which have been reported to be implicated in increased susceptibility to schizophrenia through the duplications at 1p36.33.

References

External links
 CGNL1 protein, human at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)