Electromagnetic Attack Squadron 130 (VAQ-130), also known as the "Zappers", is an EA-18G Growler squadron of the United States Navy based aboard Naval Air Station Whidbey Island. Part of Carrier Air Wing 3, the Zappers deploy aboard the aircraft carrier . VAQ-130 is the oldest electromagnetic warfare squadron in the U.S. Navy.

Squadron history

In 2017, Two naval aviators attached to VAQ-130 were disciplined for drawing a phallus in the sky over Okanogan County, Washington

VAW-13
The squadron was originally commissioned as Carrier Airborne Early Warning Squadron Thirteen (VAW-13) flying AD-5Qs in 1959.

During the Vietnam War detachments from VAW-13 were deployed on the following aircraft carriers operating on Yankee and Dixie Stations:

6 March-23 November 1965, Detachment, EA-1Fs were embarked on
5 April-16 December 1965, Detachment, EA-1Fs were embarked on
10 May-13 December 1965, Detachment, EA-1Fs were embarked on
21 April 1965 – 13 January 1966, Detachment, EA-1Fs were embarked on
12 May-3 December 1966, Detachmen,t EA-1Fs were embarked on
21 June 1966 – 21 February 1967, Detachment 42, EA-1Fs were embarked on
26 January-25 August 1967, Detachment 31, EA-1Fs were embarked on USS Bon Homme Richard
29 April-4 December 1967, Detachment, EA-1Fs were embarked on USS Constellation
16 June 1967 – 31 January 1968, Detachment, EA-1Fs were embarked on
29 July 1967 – 6 April 1968, Detachment, EA-1Fs were embarked on
4 November 1967 – 25 May 1968, Detachment 61, EKA-3Bs were embarked on
18 November 1967 – 28 June 1968, Detachment 63, EKA-3Bs were embarked on
3 January-18 July 1968, Detachment 65, EKA-3Bs were embarked on
27 January-10 October 1968, Detachment 31, EKA-3Bs were embarked on USS Bon Homme Richard
10 April-16 December 1968, Detachment 66, EKA-3Bs were embarked on
29 May 1968 – 21 January 1969, Detachment 64, EKA-3Bs were embarked on USS Constellation
18 July 1968 – 3 March 1969, Detachment 19, EKA-3Bs were embarked on
7 September 1968 – 18 April 1969, Detachment 43, EKA-3Bs were embarked on USS Coral Sea

VAQ-130
On 1 October 1968, the squadron was re-designated Electronic Attack Squadron 130 and placed under Tactical Electronic Warfare Wing Thirteen (VAQW-13).

VAQ-130 detachments continued to deploy in support of the Vietnam War as follows:

26 October 1968 – 17 May 1969, Detachment 61, EKA-3Bs were embarked on USS Ranger
1 February-18 September 1969, Detachment 14, EKA-3Bs were embarked on
18 March-29 October 1968, Detachment 31, EKA-3Bs were embarked on USS Bon Homme Richard
14 April-17 November 1969, Detachment 34, EKA-3Bs were embarked on USS Oriskany
2 April-12 November 1970, Detachment 31, EKA-3Bs were embarked on USS Bon Homme Richard
14 May-10 December 1970, Detachment 1, EKA-3Bs were embarked on USS Oriskany
16 April-6 November 1971, Detachment 2, EKA-3Bs were embarked on USS Midway
14 May-10 December 1971, Detachment 3, EKA-3Bs were embarked on USS Oriskany
11 June 1971 – 12 February 1972, Detachment 4, EKA-3Bs were embarked on USS Enterprise
1 October 1971 – 30 June 1972, Detachment 1, EKA-3Bs were embarked on USS Constellation
10 April 1972 – 3 March 1973, Detachment 2, EKA-3Bs were embarked on USS Midway
5 June 1972 – 30 March 1973, Detachment 3, EKA-3Bs were embarked on USS Oriskany
16 November 1973 – 23 June 1973, Detachment 4, EKA-3Bs were embarked on USS Ranger
18 October 1973 – 5 June 1974, Detachment 3, EKA-3Bs were embarked on USS Oriskany

In March 1975, the squadron relocated to their current homeport of Naval Air Station Whidbey Island and transitioned to the EA-6B Prowler.

In December 2010, the squadron returned from their last fleet deployment flying the EA-6B Prowler and began transition training in March 2011 to the EA-18G Growler; the Zappers completed transition training in November 2011.  The squadron deployed aboard  in July 2013 following a year-long work-up cycle.

In August 2020, the squadron returns from its 206-day deployment aboard the , earning the Iron Shellback status for crossing the line after 100 days without hitting a port. The deployment broke the record for longest deployment without hitting a port, breaking the last record holder to the  with 160 consecutive days.

See also

 History of the United States Navy
 List of United States Navy aircraft squadrons

References

External links
VAQ-130 official website

Electronic attack squadrons of the United States Navy
Military units and formations in Washington (state)


Terence Bruce Mitford FBA FSA (sometimes known as Terence Bruce-Mitford) (11 May 1905 – 8 November 1978) was a Scottish archaeologist and classicist.  He spent his whole career at the University of St Andrews, and had a special interest in the history and archaeology of Cyprus and southern Turkey, making many expeditions to these areas.  His academic life was interrupted by the Second World War, during which he served with the Special Air Service and Special Boat Service.

Biography
Mitford was born in Yokohama, Japan. His father was Charles Eustace Bruce Mitford, and Mitford's name was sometimes given as "Bruce-Mitford". A brother was Rupert Bruce-Mitford. Mitford was educated at Dulwich College before reading Literae Humaniores at Jesus College, Oxford – his rugby-playing interfered with his studies, and he did not obtain as high a class of degree as hoped.  He spent his entire career at the University of St Andrews, teaching Latin text and prose composition, but his main interest was archaeology, in which he involved residents of St Andrews as well as students. He spent time in the 1930s on excavations in Cyprus – his main archaeological interest throughout his career was the exploration of the inscriptions on Cyprus.  His obituary, in The Times, said that Mitford "contributed more than anyone has ever done to our knowledge of the mass of documentation which exists in the Cypriot dialect and the Cypriot syllabic script." He also worked on the history of Cyprus, looking at the island in Ptolemaic and early Roman times.

Shortly after the outbreak of the Second World War, he was commissioned into the Dorset Regiment as a second lieutenant on 15 October 1939. Transferred to the Special Operations Executive in June 1940, he was involved with John Pendlebury in establishing a resistance organisation in Crete, and during the Battle of Crete organised the defence of Rethymno airfield against the German parachutists. Escaping when the island fell, he set up the SOE station in Aleppo, recruited a band of convicted murderers, Kurds and Armenians, and organised SOE work for eastern Turkey, where they were to form a resistance force. But the German advance stalled in the Caucasus. Redeploying his Kalpaks into the Special Air Service, he took part with them in the Allied invasion of Sicily with the Special Raiding Squadron, in July 1943. Later he served in the Special Boat Service in the Aegean, where in February 1944 he eliminated the German garrison of the holy island of Patmos, and distributed food to the starving population. When the SBS moved to the Adriatic, he returned to Crete as Liaison Officer with ELAS, and battles against the German occupying forces.[2] For his war service to Greece, he was decorated by the Greek King, exceptionally, with the Knight's Cross of the Royal Order of George I, with Swords. After the war, he returned to St Andrews (where he was attached to the Officer Training Corps) and resumed his archaeological explorations in Cyprus.  He was promoted to major on 1 April 1948, and nominally transferred to the Intelligence Corps. In his later career, he also looked at the archaeology and epigraphy of southern Turkey, making many expeditions there.  He found many previously unknown inscriptions, assisting the work of the Austrian Academy of Sciences's Committee for the Archaeological Exploration of Asia Minor.  His explorations were aided by his physical stamina, his resilience and his fluency in Greek and Turkish.

Mitford was appointed Reader in Classical Archaeology and retired as Honorary Emeritus Professor in 1973, the year that he was awarded a DLitt by the University of Oxford; he was elected a Fellow of the British Academy in the following year. He was elected as a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London in 1940, and was also a corresponding member of the German Archaeological Institute and a Fellow of the Austrian Academy of Sciences. In retirement, he continued his hobby of studying birds, compiling data on Scandinavian migration and becoming an advisor to the government of Jordan on bird conservation.

Personal life
Mitford had a wife, Margaret, as well as four sons and a daughter. He died on 8 November 1978, aged 73.

Publications

 Contributions to the Epigraphy of Cyprus. Some Pre-Roman Inscriptions from Kouklia Mnemosyne (1938).
 Religious Documents from Roman Cyprus The Journal of Hellenic Studies (1946).
 Notes on Some Published Inscriptions from Roman Cyprus The Annual of the British School at Athens (1947).
 Kafizin and the Cypriot Syllabary The Classical Quarterly (1950).
 Some new inscriptions from early Christian Cyprus Byzantium (1958).
 Three Inscriptions of Marium Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies (1958).
 Helenos, Governor of Cyprus The Journal of Hellenic Studies (1959).
 A Cypriot Oath of Allegiance to Tiberius The Journal of Roman Studies (1960).
 The Hellenistic Inscriptions of Old Paphos The Annual of the British School at Athens (1961).
 Further Contributions to the Epigraphy of Cyprus American Journal of Archaeology (1961).
 The Inscriptions of Kourion. American Philosophical Society (1971).
 The Cypro-Minoan Inscriptions of Old Paphos Kadmos (1971).

References

Bibliography

1905 births
1978 deaths
Scottish archaeologists
Scottish classical scholars
People educated at Dulwich College
Alumni of Jesus College, Oxford
Academics of the University of St Andrews
Fellows of the British Academy
Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London
Special Air Service officers
British Army personnel of World War II


The Bombardment of Papeete occurred in French Polynesia when German warships attacked on 22 September 1914, during World War I. The German armoured cruisers  and  entered the port of Papeete on the island of Tahiti and sank the French gunboat  and freighter Walküre before bombarding the town's fortifications. French shore batteries and a gunboat resisted the German intrusion but were greatly outgunned. The main German objective was to seize the coal piles stored on the island, but these were destroyed by the French at the start of the action.

The German vessels were largely undamaged but the French lost their gunboat. Several of Papeete's buildings were destroyed and the town's economy was severely disrupted. The main strategic consequence of the engagement was the disclosure of the cruisers' positions to the British Admiralty, which led to the Battle of Coronel where the entire German East Asia Squadron defeated a Royal Navy squadron. The depletion of Scharnhorsts and Gneisenaus ammunition at Papeete also contributed to their subsequent destruction at the Battle of the Falklands.

Background
Word of war reached Admiral Maximilian von Spee—of the German East Asia Squadron—while at Ponape (17 July – 6 August). He concentrated the majority of his squadron at Pagan Island in the nearby Mariana Islands, and then steamed off into the Pacific with the Scharnhorst-class armored cruisers  and , the Königsberg-class light cruiser , the auxiliary cruiser SMS Titania, and several colliers at his disposal. Nürnberg and Titania were sent to gather intelligence at Hawaii and raid the cable station at Fanning Island. Spee then learned that Australian and New Zealand forces had captured German Samoa, and he sailed off in his flagship Scharnhorst—along with her sister ship Gneisenau—to engage what Allied forces they could find there. Failing to catch the Samoa Expeditionary Force at Apia and having seen no action at all since leaving Pagan Island, the men of Spee's armored cruisers were eager to meet the enemy in battle.

Spee decided to raid Papeete in Tahiti on his way to rendezvous with the rest of his squadron at Easter Island. The French held over  of high-quality Cardiff coal at the port, and Spee hoped to seize the coal piles to replenish his squadron's supply. Additionally, Spee aimed at destroying what allied shipping he could find in the harbour, and thought the raid might help raise his men's morale. Spee intended to coal at Suwarrow Atoll before sailing to Papeete, but was prevented by foul weather. Instead, Spee decided to take Scharnhorst and Gneisenau and attempt to resupply at Bora Bora while Nürnberg and Titania were dispatched to Nuku Hiva to guard the fleet's colliers. The German admiral intended to keep his vessels' identities secret by disguising them as French ships, flying French flags, and only allowing French- and English-speaking members of his crew contact with the Frenchmen present there. Spee managed to replenish his food stores using gold seized by Titania and Nürnberg during their raid of Fanning, and was able to discover the strength of the French military in the region as well as the exact size and positions of the coal piles at Papeete.

The French had no heavy defenses at Papeete but had been warned that Spee's squadron might raid Tahiti and that a German squadron had been sighted off Samoa. Although Papeete was the capital of the French Settlements in Oceania, by 1914 it had become a colonial backwater, lacking a wireless station and having a garrison of only 25 colonial infantry and 20 gendarmes. In order to bolster the town's defenses, Lieutenant Maxime Destremau—commander of the old wooden gunboat  and the ranking officer at Papeete—had his ship's  stern gun and all of her  and  guns removed from his vessel and placed ashore to be used in place of Papeete's antiquated land batteries. Several Ford trucks were turned into impromptu armored cars by mounting them with Zélées 37-mm guns and 160 sailors and marines drilled in preparation to repel any German attempt at landing. Zélée retained only her 100-mm bow gun and 10 men under the ship's second in command. In addition to the gunboat and harbor fortifications, the French also had at Papeete the unarmed German freighter Walküre, which had been captured by Zélée at the start of the war. Despite the French preparations, the two German cruisers were more than a match for the forces Destremau commanded at Papeete. Both Scharnhorst and Gneisenau heavily outgunned Zélée, each being armed with eight  guns, six  guns, eighteen  guns, and four torpedo tubes. Spee's forces also outnumbered the French with over 1,500 sailors aboard their vessels, more than enough to form a landing party and overwhelm the forces Destremau had to oppose them.

Battle

At 07:00 on 22 September 1914, the French sighted two unidentified cruisers approaching the harbor of Papeete. The alarm was raised, the harbor's signal beacons destroyed, and three warning shots were fired by the French batteries to signal the approaching cruisers that they must identify themselves. The cruisers replied with a shot of their own and raised the German colors, signaling the town to surrender. The French refused the German demands, and Spee's vessels began to shell the shore batteries and town from a distance of . The land batteries and the gunboat in the harbor returned fire but scored no hits on the armored cruisers. Having difficulty in discovering the exact position of the French batteries, the German cruisers soon turned their attention to the French shipping in the harbor.

The French commander—Destremau—had ordered the coal piles burned at the start of the action and now smoke began billowing over the town. Zélée and Walküre were sighted and fired upon by the Germans. The French had begun to scuttle their vessels when the action had begun, but both were still afloat when Scharnhorst and Gneisenau began firing upon them and finished the two ships off. By now, most of the Papeete's inhabitants had fled and the town had caught fire from the German shelling, with two blocks of Papeete set alight. With the coal piles destroyed and the threat of mines in the harbor, Spee saw no meaningful purpose in making a landing. Accordingly, the German admiral withdrew his ships from Papeete's harbor by 11:00. After leaving Papeete, the ships steamed out towards Nuku Hiva to meet Nürnberg, Titania, and colliers waiting there.

Aftermath

By the time Spee withdrew his ships, large portions of the town had been destroyed. Two entire blocks of Papeete had burnt to the ground before the fires were finally put out. A copra store, a market, and several other buildings and residences were among those destroyed by the shellfire and resulting inferno. While the majority of Papeete's civilians fled to the interior of the island as soon as the fighting began, a Japanese civilian and a Polynesian boy were both killed by German shellfire. Although the two French vessels in the harbor had been sunk, there were no military casualties on either side and the German vessels took no damage. Overall, the bombardment was estimated in 1915 to have caused over 2 million francs' worth of property damage, some of which was recouped through the seizure of a German store on the island. In addition to the seizure of their property, several local Germans were interned and forced to repair the damage Spee's squadron had caused. Perhaps the most lasting effect of the bombardment on the French was the dramatic fall of copra prices in the region, as local suppliers had previously sold a majority of their produce to German merchants in the area who were now interned. Further havoc and distress spread throughout the island 18 days after Spee's squadron had left when rumors started to spread that a second German bombardment was about to begin.

After withdrawing, Scharnhorst and Gneisenau rendezvoused with Nürnberg and Titania at Nuku Hiva, where they resupplied and their crews took shore leave before moving on to meet the rest of the squadron at Easter Island. Although the Germans had destroyed the shipping at Papeete and wreaked havoc in the town, they had been denied their primary objective of seizing the French coal piles and replenishing their own stocks. Spee's raid allowed the British Admiralty to receive word on his position and heading, allowing them to inform Rear Admiral Christopher Cradock of the German intentions thus leading to the Battle of Coronel. Another effect was the reduction of ammunition available to the two German cruisers. The hundreds of shells fired by Spee's ships at Papeete were irreplaceable. The depletion of ammunition as a result of the action at Papeete contributed to the German East Asia Squadron's failure to adequately defend itself at the Battle of the Falkland Islands against British battlecruisers. Lieutenant Destremau was chastised by his misinformed superior officer for his actions during the defense of Papeete and for the loss of the gunboat Zélée. He was summoned back to Toulon under arrest to be court-martialled but died of illness in 1915 before the trial. In 1918, Destremau was finally recognized for his actions at Papeete and was posthumously awarded the Légion d'honneur.

Citations

References

Further reading

 Heinz Burmester: Die Beschießung von Papeete durch deutsche Panzerkreuzer – ein neutraler Bericht, Deutsches Schiffahrtsarchiv 7, 1984, pp. 147–152.

1914 in France
Conflicts in 1914
History of French Polynesia
1914 in French Polynesia
Naval battles of the Asian and Pacific Theatre (World War I)
Naval battles of World War I involving France
Naval battles of World War I involving Germany
September 1914 events


Taras Chopyk (; born 2 February 1972) is a Ukrainian football coach and former player who played as a goalkeeper.

External links

1972 births
Living people
Ukrainian men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Ukrainian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Russia
Ukrainian expatriate sportspeople in Russia
Expatriate men's footballers in Azerbaijan
Ukrainian expatriate sportspeople in Azerbaijan
FC Karpaty Lviv players
FC Hazovyk Komarno players
FC Volyn Lutsk players
FC Oleksandriya players
FC Anzhi Makhachkala players
FC Nyva Vinnytsia players
FC Dnipro Cherkasy players
Simurq PIK players
Ukrainian football managers
Ukrainian expatriate football managers
Expatriate football managers in Belarus
Ukrainian expatriate sportspeople in Belarus
FC Naftan Novopolotsk managers
Ukrainian Premier League managers
Footballers from Lviv


Anatolii Hrytsenko, Anatoliy Hrytsenko or Anatoliy Grytsenko is a name of several Ukrainian politicians:

Anatoliy Stepanovych Hrytsenko, a former Minister of Defense of Ukraine
Anatoliy Pavlovych Hrytsenko, a former chairman of the Supreme Council of Crimea


Sexophone may refer to:

 Musical instrument in Aldous Huxley's 1932 novel Brave New World
 Sexophone (show), a 1955 variety show produced by Curzio Malaparte
 Sexophone (synthesizer) or Dimi-S, a digital synthesizer created by Erkki Kurenniemi in 1972 where sound generation is based on the electric conductivity of the skin

See also

 Saxophone


The Pyeongan dialect (), alternatively Northwestern Korean (), is the Korean dialect of the Northwestern Korean Peninsula and neighboring parts of China. According to North Korea, it is the base of the country's standard Korean, however some South Korean researchers have claimed that the Gyeonggi dialect is the foundation of standard Korean in both the North and the South.

Pronunciation

Vowels
In the Pyongan dialect an eight vowel system is used (이·에·애·으·어·아·우·오). The sound of 어 is much closer to that of 오 compared to other dialects as it is [ɔ], the rounded equivalent to South Korean [ʌ̹]. 으 is also closer to [i] than to [ɨ], e.g. 그렇다 becomes 기렇다. However, the opposite is true after ㅅ. The palatalization that occurred for other dialects with 시 is absent in the Pyongan dialect, e.g. 싫다 becomes 슳다.  There are various features that differentiate the sound of words from southwestern and midland dialects. 위, 왜, 워 and 와 are closer to an original sound of 야, 여, 요 and 유.

Palatalization
The ㄷ (d) consonant, in addition to the first syllable of ㄱ (g) and ㅎ (h) are not palatalized in the Pyongan dialect (e.g. 뎡거댱, 정거장: chyŏnggŏjyang, chŏgŏjang).  Sino-Korean words beginning with ㄴ (n) in southern dialects are pronounced as ㄹ (r), as in the cases of 류행 (ryuhaeng) and 로동 (rodong).

Conjugation
Stems of the ㄷ, ㅂ, ㅅ irregulars use both forms, such as in the case of 듣다· 드드니, 들으니 (tŭtta-tŭdŭni, tŭrŭni) (listening, to hear).

Words

Particles

Vocabulary
Various words used in the Pyongan dialect differ to that of other Korean dialects, such as 간나 (kanna) (sissy), 클마니 (k'ŭlmani) (father) and 클마니 (grandmother). The etymology of words such as "우틔" (ut'ŭi) (衣) arises from the Manchu language, but has been removed by the North Korean government in order to promote language purity.

References

Korean dialects
Korean language in North Korea
Languages of North Korea
Korean language in China


This is a list of professional sports teams in Delaware.

References

Delaware

Professional sports teams


Leslie Hill () is a hill lying northward of Bowles Ridge and south of the Vidin Heights in the eastern part of Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica.  Situated 5.33 km north of Mount Bowles, 1.43 km east-northeast of the summit of Gleaner Heights and 3.15 km south-southwest of Radnevo Peak.

The hill was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee in 1958 for David Leslie, Master of the American brig Gleaner, a whaler from New Bedford, Massachusetts, which was diverted to sealing in 1820–21 in the South Shetland Islands, following the discovery of this group.

See also
 Tangra 2004/05

Maps
 L.L. Ivanov et al. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 2005.
 L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map.  Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009.
 L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Smith Island. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2017.
 A. Kamburov and L. Ivanov. Bowles Ridge and Central Tangra Mountains: Livingston Island, Antarctica. Scale 1:25000 map. Sofia: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2023.

References

Hills of Livingston Island


Albert Henry Hanson (20 April 1913 – 27 April 1971) was the first Professor of Politics at the University of Leeds.

Early life and education
Hanson was born in Swindon and educated at Swindon Grammar School and Jesus College, Oxford, graduating with a first-class BA in Modern History in 1934. Whilst at Oxford University, he joined the Communist Party of Great Britain, remaining a member until 1953 when he concluded that membership conflicted with his academic independence.

Military service
After leaving Oxford, and spending some years as a teacher, Hanson joined the army in 1941, serving in the Royal Army Ordnance Corps and the Royal Artillery. He reached the rank of Major and finished his service as Chief Instructor at the Army School of Education in Maynyo, Burma.

Academic career
After two years at the Coopers Hill Emergency Training College, in 1948 he was appointed a Lecturer in Public Administration at the University of Leeds. It was largely through his efforts that politics and public administration became established topics of study at the university. He was promoted to Reader in 1956 and then became Leeds University's first Professor of Politics in 1963, a post he was to hold until his death in 1971.

Hanson's particular interests were public administration and nationalized industries. He became known for his work in these fields in developing countries, particularly India and in Africa, leading to many invitations to teach and lecture abroad. His work in this field included Public Enterprise and Economic Development and The Process of Planning in India. Other areas of study included parliamentary reform and the teaching of political science in universities in Britain.

Death
Hanson died in 1971, aged 58.

References

1913 births
1971 deaths
People from Swindon
Alumni of Jesus College, Oxford
Academics of the University of Leeds
British political scientists
Communist Party of Great Britain members
Royal Artillery officers
British Army personnel of World War II
Royal Army Ordnance Corps soldiers
Military personnel from Wiltshire
20th-century political scientists


Mallows Bay is a small bay on the Maryland side of the Potomac River in Charles County, Maryland, United States. The bay is the location of what is regarded as the "largest shipwreck fleet in the Western Hemisphere" and is described as a "ship graveyard."

Mallows Bay was declared a National Marine Sanctuary on September 9, 2019.

Ghost fleet
The "Ghost Fleet" of Mallows Bay is a reference to the hundreds of ships whose remains still rest in its relatively shallow waters. In total, 230 United States Shipping Board Merchant Fleet Corporation ships are sunken in the river. More than 100 of the vessels are wooden steamships, part of a fleet built to cross the Atlantic during World War I. Because they were built of wood due to a lack of available steel, most of these ships were obsolete upon completion after the end of the war.

The U.S. Navy did not want the ships, which were stored in the James River – at the cost of $50,000 a month – so they were sold to the Western Marine & Salvage Company. The company moved the ships to the Potomac River at Widewater, Virginia and in 1925, they were towed to Mallows Bay.  Western Marine went bankrupt and the ships were burned and remained where they lay. During World War II, Bethlehem Steel built a salvage basin to recover metal from the abandoned ships.  Wrecks of various civilian boats are also present at the site.

Access to the ships is through Mallows Bay Park, operated by the county, located at 1440 Wilson Landing Road in Nanjemoy, Maryland. A  trail loops around the park and the salvage basin. In 2010, a boat ramp and pier for recreational use was constructed to provide access to the Potomac River. It is popular to canoe or kayak among the ship ruins; the ships form a reef that hosts an array of wildlife.

The bay was listed as an archaeological and historic district on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015, and was declared a National Marine Sanctuary in September 2019.

Among the most prominent ships seen at Mallows Bay is the S.S. Accomac.

Gallery

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Charles County, Maryland

References
Notes

Further reading
Shomette, Donald (1996) Ghost Fleet of Mallows Bay and Other Tales of the Lost Chesapeake. Centreville, Maryland: Tidewater Publishers. . .

External links

Mallows Bay Park, 1440 Wilson Landing Road, Nanjemoy, MD 20662
, at Maryland Historical Trust
Mallows Bay - Potomac River: A Proposed National Marine Sanctuary. NOAA Office of National Marine Sanctuaries
NOAA. National System of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)
Ghost Fleet Fast Facts. Oct 31, 2017. National Marine Sanctuary Foundation
Friends of Mallows Potomac National Marine Sanctuary in Nanjemoy, Maryland
Friends of Mallows Potomac National Marine Sanctuary Facebook page
Mallows Bay - Potomac River: A Proposed National Marine Sanctuary. Chesapeake Conservancy
The Nature Conservancy -  Passport to Nature: Ghost Fleet of Mallows Bay
The National Trust for Historic Preservation. National Treasures. Ghost Fleet of the Potomac. Location: Charles County, Maryland
'The Ghosts of These Historic Ships Float On'. Named a National Treasure. The National Trust for Historic Preservation. Preservation Magazine, Winter 2018
NOAA Nautical Chart 12288 - Potomac River

Aerial imagery of Mallows Bay from The National Map
Mallows Bay Ghost Fleet along the Potomac River - from fossilguy
'Secrets of the Chesapeake'. Maryland Public TV (MPT) Specials. PBS. 56:50
PBS 'Secrets of the Chesapeake': Mallows Bay WWI shipwrecks. Broadcast April 18, 2012. Includes Photos Mallows Bay 1 & 2.

Bays of Maryland
Bodies of water of Charles County, Maryland
Potomac River
Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Maryland
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Maryland
Shipwrecks in the Chesapeake Bay
National Register of Historic Places in Charles County, Maryland
Ship graveyards
United States in World War I
United States in World War II
Modern ruins
Protected areas established in 2019
2019 establishments in Maryland
National Marine Sanctuaries of the United States


Let Go is the tenth album from American gospel music artist Susie Luchsinger. It was released on November 7, 2008 on SLM Records. It features the song "Sky Full Of Angels" which was originally recorded by her sister Reba McEntire on her album Room to Breathe back in 2003, and "Sticks and Stones" which is composed by Tim Matthews, Susie Luchsinger, and her niece Autumn McEntire.

Track listing
"Never Alone" (Sarah Buxton, Gary S. Burr, Victoria Shaw)
"Sky Full Of Angels" (Burton Collins, Clay Mills, Lisa Stewart)
"Sticks and Stones" (Autumn McEntire, Tim Matthews, Susie Luchsinger) - 4:04
"Lily of the Field" (Chapin Hartford) - 3:40
"In The Name of Jesus" (Steve Bard) - 3:29
"Let Go" (Amy Douglas) - 3:41
"Less One Day" (John Ritter, Billy Aerts)
"Cowboy Medley" (Tim Spencer, Cole Porter, Robert Fletcher, Dale Evans Rogers)
"Amazing Grace (My Chains Are Gone)" (Chris Tomlin)
"Help Is On The Way" (Barrie Shorrock)
"If There Hadn't Been You" (Ron Hellard, Tom Shapir) - 3:24
"Old Chunk of Coal" (Billy Joe Shaver) - 3:30
"I Will Rest In You" (Billy Aerts, Burton Collins)

2008 albums
Susie McEntire albums


The Chinese Korean language (, ) is the variety of the Korean language spoken by Koreans in China who has Chinese nationality, primarily located in Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Liaoning.

All varieties of Korean except the Jeju language are spoken by members of the Korean diaspora who settled in China before 1949. The educational standard is the North Korean standard language.

Chinese Korean vocabulary is significantly similar to the North Korean standard, as is orthography; a major exception of orthography is that the spelling of some Chinese cities is different (for example, Haerbin is called by the Sino-Korean name of ,  Habin, rather than the South Korean transcription of Mandarin Haerbin, ); exceptions of vocabulary are all related to China.

Background

Language standardization
The text used in the Korean language of Yanbian was originally in Korean mixed script, which made it difficult for a large number of grassroots Korean people to read articles. In 1949, the local newspaper Northeast Korean People's Daily in Yanbian published the "workers and peasants version" which used all-hangul in text, in addition to the existing "cadre version" that had mixed script for the convenience of grassroots Korean people. Starting April 20, 1952, the newspaper abolished the "cadre version" and published in hangul only, soon the entire publishing industry adopted the hangul-only style. On June 28, 1963, Zhou Enlai instructed that the Korean language of Yanbian should be based on the Pyongyang standard of North Korea. Subsequently, the Yanbian Language and History Research Committee standardized the Korean language of Yanbian on the basis of North Korean standard.  Currently, the standardized dialect of Korean amongst Chinese-Koreans is similar to that of North Korea due to China's favorable relations with North Korea, and also the proximity of the two nations.

Regional variations
Yanbian Koreans primarily use Hamgyŏng dialect. Pyong'an dialect is spoken by ethnic Korean communities in Liaoning, while Kyŏngsang dialect is spoken in Heilongjiang.

Characteristics

Phonetics
The southwestern variant of Chinese Korean retains the  pronunciation for ㅚ and  for (ㅟ), which have been simplified into  and  respectively in standard Korean. The southeastern variant of Chinese Korean does not differentiate the respective pronunciations for  (ㅐ) and  (ㅔ).

Additionally, in the northeast and the southeast regions of this dialect, pitch accent is used.

Chinese Korean also simplifies diphthongs in loanwords into single vowels, such as in the word 땐노 (ddaen-no, "computer"; from Chinese 电脑, diànnăo).

Grammar
The copula "-ᆸ니까/-습니까" in Standard Korean is rendered as "-ᆷ둥/-슴둥" in dialects of Korean spoken in Northeastern Jilin, and "-ᆷ니꺼/-심니꺼" in dialects spoken in Southwestern Heilongjiang.

At the same time, there are grammatical influences from Standard Chinese, for example:
전화 치다 "make a phone call" (Standard Korean: 전화 걸다). In Chinese, the same sentence 打电话 literally means to physically "hit" a telephone, hence the word 치다, "to hit", is used to describe making a phone call.
뭘 주면 뭘 먹는다 "eat whatever is given" (Standard Korean: 주는 건 다 먹는다)

Vocabulary
Vocabulary is another differentiating factor in comparison with other varieties of Korean, with usage of words such as  and  (frog). As a result of Chinese influence, there are many words that arise from Modern Standard Chinese.

Some words arise from the eum pronunciation of hanja, for example  (, worker, Standard Korean: , ) and  (, office, Standard Korean: , ).

There are also some loanwords that are phonetically transliterated from Japanese that standard Korean doesn't have (probably due to influence of Manchukuo's rule):

References

China
Korean diaspora culture in China


Brett P. Jodie (born March 25, 1977) is a former Major League Baseball (MLB) pitcher. He played in  with the New York Yankees and San Diego Padres. He batted and threw right-handed. He is the current manager for the Lincoln Saltdogs of the American Association of Professional Baseball.

Career
Jodie attended the University of South Carolina. He was drafted by the Yankees in the 6th round of the 1998 Major League Baseball Draft. He had a 0–2 record, with a 6.39 earned run average (ERA) in eight games for the two teams.

He returned to the Yankees organization following the 2001 season, remaining in their minor league system until 2002. In 2003 and in 2005, Jodie pitched for the Somerset Patriots of the independent Atlantic League before retiring in 2006.

Jodie was the pitching coach for the Somerset Patriots and was named manager on November 27, 2012, replacing Sparky Lyle. Jodie managed the team through the 2019 season, winning a championship in 2015. He was not retained as manager following the Patriots' promotion to Minor League Baseball for the 2021 season and beyond.

On April 7, 2021, Jodie was announced as new manager for the Lincoln Saltdogs of the American Association of Professional Baseball.

References

External links

1977 births
Living people
Major League Baseball pitchers
Baseball players from South Carolina
New York Yankees players
San Diego Padres players
Oneonta Yankees players
Greensboro Bats players
Tampa Yankees players
Norwich Navigators players
Columbus Clippers players
Portland Beavers players
Somerset Patriots players
Minor league baseball managers


Sam440, also known by Sam or its codename Samantha, is a line of modular motherboards produced by the Italian company ACube Systems Srl. The Sam440ep version is a motherboard based on the PowerPC 440EP system-on-a-chip processor which includes a double-precision FPU. It is made by AMCC. Their primary targets are the industrial and embedded markets, running operating systems such as Linux and AmigaOS 4.

At the time of AmigaOS 4.1 release in 2008, it was the only AmigaOS 4 compatible hardware available since the manufacturing of AmigaOne machines ceased in 2005; Sam440 was later succeeded by the Sam460ex (AmigaOne 500) and AmigaOne X1000.

Main features
Notable features of the Sam boards (including all versions):
 Low power consumption
 Passive cooling (no CPU fan)
 Scalability

Versions

Sam440ep
Sam440ep was the first modular motherboard produced by ACube Systems Srl.

 400/533/600/667 MHz AMCC PowerPC 440EP SoC processor
 Cache L1/L2: 32KB/-
 128/256/512 MB 266 MHz DDR SDRAM soldered to the motherboard
 1× 32-bit, 33 MHz PCI slot
 1× Flash memory device controller
 4× USB2 ports, 1× USB1
 2× Ethernet 10/100 ports
 4× Serial ATA ports
 Cirrus Logic CS4281 and Realtek ALC655 audio
 ATI Radeon Mobility M9 graphics with 64 MB VRAM, s-video and DVI out.
 GPIO expansion connector
 Lattice XP expansion FPGA

Revision C

The specifications are the same as for the revisions before, except for:

 1× DDR RAM slot supporting up to 512 MB RAM (in place of soldered RAM modules)

Sam440ep-flex

There is no graphics chip on the Sam440ep-flex, so you have to use a PCI-graphics board.

Prototype

 400/533/667 MHz AMCC PowerPC 440EP SoC processor
 Cache L1/L2: 32KB/-
 512 MB DDR SDRAM soldered to the motherboard
 1× 32-bit, 66 MHz PCI slot
 2× 32-bit, 33 MHz PCI slot
 USB 2.0 OHCI/EHCI NXP PCI controller
 2× Ethernet 10/100 ports
 4× Serial ATA ports
 Cirrus Logic CS4281 and Realtek ALC655 audio
 GPIO expansion connector
 FPGA Lattice XP with 80 pin I/O expansion connector
 Zigbee module (optional)

Revision 1

The specifications are the same as for the flex prototype, except for:

 2× DDR SDRAM, max 1 GB RAM

Revision 2
On 2 April 2009, ACube announced the availability of SAM440ep-flex revision 2, it has the same specifications as the flex prototype except for:

 667/733/800 MHz AMCC PowerPC 440EP SoC processor (passive cooling, 733 and 800 MHz are achieved by overclocking)
 Cache L1/L2: 32KB/-
 2× DDR SDRAM, max 1 GB RAM
 RAM clock running at 133 MHz (667 and 800 MHz models) or at 147 MHz (733 MHz models)

Reception
OSNews review provided view by someone who never used AmigaOS computer before: Thom Holwerda commended silent CPU-fan-less operation, but criticized higher price. His evaluation of AmigaOS was mixed, although the platform offered "whole new world of technology to explore and play around with", it was still a relic of the past mainly due to lack of modern features like memory protection and unusual user interface. Review of the Sam440ep in the Amiga Future magazine noted performance comparable to older AmigaOne generation, but criticized non expandable RAM and lack of legacy interfaces (ATA, floppy). Also some features of the new board were still unsupported by AmigaOS (USB 2.0). Testing the 800 MHz variant of the Sam440ep-flex, Amiga Future highlighted CPU speed behind the MicroA1 (750FX 800 MHz), but surpassing it in graphics, memory and harddisk performance.

See also

 Sam460ex
 AmigaOne
 AmigaOne X1000
 Pegasos

References

External links
 ACube Systems Srl
 Sam4x0 Home page

Motherboard
PowerPC mainboards
Amiga


Jorge Villamil Cordovez (June 6, 1929 – February 28, 2010) was a Colombian composer and songwriter born in El Cedral, a large coffee plantation near Neiva (Huila).  He was one of the most prolific and important composers of Colombia and South America.  Villamil's talent was evident when he learned to play Colombian tiple at 4 years of age. He was the youngest and only male of a family of 7.

Biography

Villamil's parents were Jorge Villamil Ortega and Leonor Cordovez Pizarro (Panama).  He grew up in a large farm in the country side of Colombia this was a critical factor on his future musical works; some of them describe the social struggles of Colombian history and the colorful life of the country side. Jorge Villamil studied elemental school in Garzón (a small town in Huila Department) and graduated  from high school in Bogotá (Colombia).  In 1958, Jorge Augusto Villamil received his doctorate in medicine with a specialization in orthopedic surgery from Pontificia Universidad Javeriana.

On November 11, 1965, he married Olga Lucia Ospina (daughter of Mariano Ospina Navia  and Beatriz Serrano de Ospina). They had two children Jorge and Ana Maria Villamil Ospina. One year later, the couple moved to Mexico D.F. to study on Centro Cuauthémoc. There he came in contact with many famous artists who influenced his career such as José Alfredo Jiménez, Pedro Vargas, Mario Moreno Cantinflas, Los Panchos, Armando Manzanero, Marco Antonio Muñiz, Consuelo Velásquez, Lola Beltrán, Amalia Mendoza La Tariácuri, Estela Núñez, Antonio Aguilar and Vicente Fernández. During his stay in Mexico, he created more than 20 songs including El Barcino, Entre cadenas, Ocasos, Oropel, Penas al viento, Sólo recuerdos, Soñar contigo and Soy Cobarde.

In the '70s, Jorge Villamil was living between his medicine practice in the Instituto de Seguros Sociales, his family and music. During 1976, in one of the hardest decisions of his life, Jorge Villamil retired from a promissory medicine career and started officially a career in arts as a composer.

He separated from his wife Olga Lucia (1974), who died 4 years later at the age of 33.

Interpreters

Jorge Villamil has written more than 190 songs. His country geographical richness and beauty as well as a constant admiration for the human nature are depicted on his musical work.  His songs are part of Colombian history and have been interpreted by many famous international and Colombian artists. From Mexico, Javier Solis, Marco Antonio Muñiz, Alejandro Fernández, Vicente Fernández,  Felipe Arriaga; other international artists are  Soraya (musician), Juan Erasmo Mochi (Spain), Julio Jaramillo (Ecuador), Jerónimo (Alberto Pedro Gonzales, Argentina), Leo Marini (Argentina), Olga Guillot (Cuba), Hamid Saab (France), Salvatore Castagnada (Italy), Lindomar Castilho (Brazil), Los Chalchaleros (Argentina) and Franck Pourcel (Francia), among others.  In Colombia, musical groups like Silva y Villalba, Garzon y Collazos, Emeterio y Felipe, Los Hermanos Martinez, Carlos Julio Ramirez, Victor Hugo Ayala, Jaime Mora, Billy Pontoni, Jesus David Quintana, Alci Acosta, Carmenza Duque, Isadora, Helenita Vargas, Carmina Gallo, Lyda Zamora, Jaime Llano Gonzalez, among others.

He has been the recipient of numerous national and international awards. Internationally, The Association of Latin Entertainment Critics ACE – Composer of the Year (1978), Hollywood Gold Palm (1969), Carnegie Hall – Latin Recognition (1977), Human Values Award by the Organization of American States, United Nation Recognition (1985), Gallo de Oro (Brazil), Distinguished Guest by URSS. From Colombia, different Presidential, Congressional and cultural awards.

Death
Jorge Villamil died at his residence in Bogotá at 10 pm (UTC-5) on February 28, 2010, of diabetes-related complications.

Songs

Some if his songs are:

 Espumas (1962)
 Llamarada (1970)
 Llorando por amor (1961)
 Los Remansos (1964)
 Los Guaduales (1965)
 Me llevarás en Ti (1966)
 El Barcino (1969)
 Oropel (1969)
 Adiós al Huila (1951)
 Garza Morena (1962)
 Luna Roja (1976)
 Vieja Hacienda del Cedral (1958)
 Brumas (1971)
 Campanas de Navidad (1957)
 Cruz sin nombre (1982)
 Desesperanzas (1960),
 Canaguaro (1978)
 El caballo Colombiano (1976)
 El canalete (1970)
 El caracoli (1958)
 El Embajador (1962)
 El Gualanday (1965)
 El Peregrino (1997)
 Fantasia Sabanera (1994)
 La Chimenea (1975)
 La Cicatriz (1968)
 La Mestiza (1984)
 La Mortaja (1958)
 La Trapichera (1958)
 La Vaqueria (1960)
 Llano Grande (1963)
 Matambo (1961)
 Mirando al Valle del Cauca (1964)
 Al Sur (1967)
 Noche de Azahares (1962)
 Noches de la Plata (1960)
 Painima (1964)
 Tepeyac (1998)

References

 Ministerio de Cultura (Ministry of Culture). Republica de Colombia "http://www.mincultura.gov.co/?idcategoria=24112"
 www.sayco.org, January 2003 (Spanish) www.colarte.com; Jorge Villamil Retrieved from "http://www.colarte.arts.co/recuentos/Compositores/VillamilJorge/recuento.htm?"
 Luis Angel Arango Library. Bogotá. Colombia (Spanish) www.lablaa.org; Jorge Villamil retrieve from "http://www.lablaa.org/blaavirtual/biografias/villamil.htm"
 (Spanish) Silva, Vicente. Las Huellas de Villamil. Edit. Municipio de Neiva (2002)

1929 births
2010 deaths
Colombian composers
Male composers
Colombian musicians
Bambuco musicians
Deaths from diabetes
Colombian songwriters
Colombian male songwriters
People from Huila Department


Sandalwood is the common name of many species of plants and their wood and oils.

 The sandalwood family, Santalaceae, which includes:
 True sandalwoods, of the genus Santalum, particularly several commercially harvested species that provide sandalwood timber:
 Santalum album, white or Indian sandalwood,
 Santalum ellipticum, coast sandalwood
 Santalum freycinetianum, Hawaiian sandalwood
 Santalum lanceolatum, Northern sandalwood (also Northern sandalbox)
 Santalum spicatum, Australian sandalwood
Sandalwood oil, oil derived from Santalum album or Santulum spicatum

 Various unrelated plants with similarly-scented wood or oil:
 Adenanthera pavonina, sandalwood tree; red, false red sandalwood
 Baphia nitida, camwood, also known as African sandalwood
 Eremophila mitchellii, sandalwood; false sandalwood (also sandalbox)
 Myoporum platycarpum, sandalwood; false sandalwood
 Myoporum sandwicense, bastard sandalwood; false sandalwood
Osyris lanceolata, African sandalwood
Osyris tenuifolia, east African sandalwood
 Pterocarpus santalinus, red sandalwood

Other uses

 Kannada cinema, also known as Sandalwood cinema, films known as the cinema of Karnataka
 Sandalwood, a neighborhood of Jacksonville, Florida
 Sandalwood Heights Secondary School, a public high school in Brampton, Ontario, Canada
 Sandalwood High School, a public high school in Jacksonville, Florida
 Sandalwood Island, former name of Sumba
 Sandalwood Island, former name of Vanua Levu
 Sandalwood Pony, a horse from the Indonesian islands of Sumba and Sumbawa
 Sandalwood, South Australia, a town
 USS Sandalwood (AN-32), an Aloe-class net laying ship

See also
Sandal (disambiguation)
Chandan (disambiguation) and Chandana (disambiguation), Sanskrit word for sandalwood and also the origin of "sandal" in the name


The Minnesota Soldiers' Home, later known as the Minnesota Veterans Home in Minneapolis, is an old soldiers' home near Minnehaha Falls in Minneapolis, Minnesota.

History
After the American Civil War and the devastation that it caused, there was sentiment that the United States should provide care for its veterans. The Minnesota Legislature authorized the establishment of the Soldiers' Home in 1887, as a "reward to the brave and deserving". Construction began the following year, in 1888. By 1911, the home had five men's cottages and one women's cottage, along with other buildings such as an infirmary, a dining hall, and so on. The home was originally envisioned as a place of rest and as a monument in appreciation of veterans' contributions. As such, it was beautifully landscaped, and medical care was not provided until after World War I. Even then, medical care was a secondary goal.

In the 1960s, the Soldiers' Home Board of Trustees recognized that the Home should provide health care as a primary goal. This shift was gradual. In 1968, the home was licensed for 56 nursing care beds and 375 boarding care beds, which were primarily non-medical care. The home was operated in a quasi-military fashion at the time. As priorities shifted, medical care became more of a focus. A new nursing care facility was built on the Minneapolis campus in 1972, with another following in 1980. In 1978, the old state hospital in Hastings was converted into a domiciliary residence for veterans. This resulted in a total of 250 nursing care beds in Minneapolis, 250 domiciliary beds in Minneapolis, and 200 domiciliary beds in Hastings.

In 1988, the Legislature reorganized the Veterans Homes, separating them from the Department of Veterans Affairs. The Veterans Homes Board of Directors was established to turn the homes into high quality health care facilities while also considering the special needs of the veteran population. The Board has memberships from both the health care field and veterans' organizations.

Present Day
There are now five Veterans Homes in Minnesota. The Minneapolis campus has 300 skilled nursing care beds and 50 domiciliary beds, and the Hastings campus has 200 domiciliary care beds. A home in Silver Bay has 83 skilled nursing care beds, a home in Luverne has 85 skilled nursing care beds, and a home in Fergus Falls has 106 skilled nursing care beds.

The veterans' community, from the days of the Grand Army of the Republic and the United Spanish War Veterans to the present, has been active in supporting the Minnesota Veterans Homes. They promote the homes and provide awareness of the services provided by the Veterans Homes. They also play a role in advocacy by promoting the causes of veterans to make sure their needs are met. The community has also monitored the homes to ensure that residents are receiving quality care. Finally, the veterans' community has provided very generous donations of money and equipment to the Homes. These donations have improved the quality of life for the residents.

See also

 Minneapolis VA Health Care System

References

External links

Minnesota Veterans Home

1888 establishments in Minnesota
Veterans' facilities
Art Deco architecture in Minnesota
Buildings and structures in Minneapolis
National Register of Historic Places in Minneapolis
Neoclassical architecture in Minnesota
Old soldiers' homes in the United States
Residential buildings completed in 1888
Residential buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota


Holy Cross Church is a Roman Catholic church located at 329 West 42nd Street between Eighth and Ninth Avenues in the Hell's Kitchen neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, near Times Square and across the street from the Port Authority Bus Terminal.

History
The Holy Cross Parish was established in 1852 and a chapel erected, which the congregation quickly outgrew. In 1854, a new building was constructed and dedicated, but lightning struck this second structure in 1867, and the ensuing fire severely damaged it. The current church was constructed to a design by Henry Engelbert on the site of the damaged building and completed in 1870. It is notable as the oldest building on 42nd Street.  The Holy Cross School, located behind the church at 332 West 43rd Street, was built in 1887 to a design by Lawrence J. O'Connor.

Since 1900, Holy Cross Church has worked with politicians, police and community groups to combat poverty, crime and drugs in the neighborhood. The parish is especially associated with the popular ministry of the Reverend Francis P. Duffy.

In 2015, the parish of Holy Cross Church merged with the parish of St. John the Baptist Church, on West 30th Street. The Archdiocese of New York also confirmed the merger in a press release in May 2015. The press release notes that the two parishes had been collaborating for several years prior to the merger and that the newly formed Holy Cross-St. John the Baptist Parish would continue to serve the spiritual needs of the local community. Holy Cross Church has been staffed by priests of the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin since the 2015 merger.

Architecture
The exterior of Holy Cross Church shows a red brick facade with flanking twin towers in an Italianate Gothic form.  Inside, the church reveals an eclectic mixture of Georgian classical, Romanesque and Byzantine forms.  The main dimensions are 100 feet from front to back and 82 feet from side to side, where the configuration completes the suggestion of a cross.  A dome, surmounted by a cross, rises above the intersection of nave and transept.  From curb level to the top of the cross is a distance of 148 feet.

The nine stained-glass windows in the chancel were made by Mayer & Company of Munich.  Louis Comfort Tiffany designed the mosaics below the dome and in the sanctuary.  Tiffany also designed the stained glass of the clerestory windows and wheel windows of the transepts.

The red brick and terra-cotta school building facade was designed in the Romanesque Revival style.

Services
Mass is celebrated in both English- and Spanish-language services.  Holy Cross Church operates Crossroads Food Pantry and Harvesters Soup Kitchen (alternate Saturdays) serving the poor and hungry.  Hospitality is offered directly after the 11:30am Mass on Sundays. (Except from July to August). It also conducts an evangelical program named LAMP Missionary for the assistance of local residents and passers-by who wish to receive religious counseling.

Music
Choral music and congregational singing are present in both Spanish- and English-language services.  Music is led from either a grand piano located near the altar or from an organ in the gallery.  The church houses an Aeolian-Skinner organ, which is located in the rear gallery in the choir loft. Installed in 1933 and completed in 1941 with the addition of a set of chimes, it replaced an organ built in 1882 by J.H. & C.S. Odell.  The earliest organ, with one manual and two octaves, which had been built by Hall and Labagh in 1854, was destroyed in the fire of 1867.

Father Duffy
Holy Cross Church is sometimes known informally as "Father Duffy's Church", after the Reverend Francis P. Duffy.  Duffy served as Chaplain of the "Fighting Irish" 69th New York Regiment during World War I, and was decorated for his activities.  After the war, in 1921, Duffy was appointed Rector of Holy Cross.  Later elevated to Pastor, Father Duffy served the church until his death in 1932.  That year he instituted the Printers' Mass on Sunday mornings at 2:30 A.M. for workers at the New York Times, Herald Tribune, Daily News and Daily Mirror whose shifts required late hours.  Father Duffy is commemorated by a bronze statue located on West 46th Street between Seventh Avenue and Broadway, at Times Square's northern end, which is officially named Duffy Square.

References
Notes

Further reading
Duffy, Francis P. Father Duffy's Story, introduction by Joyce Kilmer. New York: George H. Doran Company, 1919.

External links

Official website

Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York
Roman Catholic churches in Manhattan
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1870
19th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in the United States
Religious organizations established in 1852
Henry Engelbert church buildings
Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan
1852 establishments in New York (state)
42nd Street (Manhattan)