The School for Advanced Research (SAR), until 2007 known as the School of American Research and founded in 1907 as the School for American Archaeology (SAA), is an advanced research center located in Santa Fe, New Mexico, U.S. Since 1967, the scope of the school's activities has embraced a global perspective through programs to encourage advanced scholarship in anthropology and related social science disciplines and the humanities, and to facilitate the work of Native American scholars and artists. SAR offers residential fellowships for artists and scholars, and it publishes academic and popular non-fiction books through SAR Press.

Foundation

In the early years of the 20th century, archaeology was a young discipline with roots in historical studies of Old World antiquities. In 1906 Alice Cunningham Fletcher, an anthropologist and ethnographer of Plains Indian groups, was on the American Committee of the Archaeological Institute of America. The AIA, founded in Boston in 1879, had schools in Athens, Rome, and Palestine that sponsored research on classical civilization and promoted professional standards in archaeology. Fletcher wanted to establish an "Americanist" center to train students in the profession of archaeology, to engage in anthropological research in the Americas, and to preserve and study the unique cultural heritage of the American Southwest.

Her goals coincided with those of Edgar Lee Hewett, an educator and amateur archaeologist whom she met in Mexico in 1906.
Nicknamed "El Toro" (the bull), Hewett was a controversial figure. He served as president of New Mexico Normal School in Las Vegas (now New Mexico Highlands University) from 1898 to 1903, where he taught some of the first anthropology courses to be offered at any U.S. college. His work lobbying for the protection of archaeological sites led to the creation of Mesa Verde National Park and the passage of the U.S. Antiquities Act of 1906.

In December 1907, the American Committee of the AIA accepted Fletcher's plan to establish the School of American Archaeology. It appointed Hewett as director and Fletcher as the first chairperson of the school's managing committee.

Early years
Santa Fe, then the capital of New Mexico Territory, was chosen as the School of American Archaeology's headquarters in part because the territorial government offered the historic Palace of the Governors as a permanent home. In 1909, the legislature established the Museum of New Mexico as an agency of the school, creating a relationship that would continue for the next 50 years. Hewett became director of both the museum and the school. In 1917, the School of American Archaeology changed its name to the School of American Research to reflect a broader mission:
"to promote and carry on research in Archaeology and related branches of the Science of Man; to foster Art in all its branches through exhibitions and by other means which may from time to time be desirable". (Articles of Incorporation 1917)

Midway through its first year of operations, the school was immersed in excavating Pueblo ruins on the eastern edge of the Pajarito Plateau, west of Santa Fe, and conducting the first of its field programs. Many legendary archaeologists, among them Neil Judd, Alfred V. Kidder, and Sylvanus Morley, were trained at SAR field labs at Tyuonyi Ruin on El Rito de los Frijoles (now part of Bandelier National Monument), Chaco Canyon, Puye Cliff Dwellings, and other sites. The school also sponsored excavations in Mexico, Guatemala, and South America, and led the effort to preserve 22 Spanish missions in New Mexico. While directing the school, Hewett founded departments of anthropology at the University of Southern California and the University of New Mexico.

Through the Museum of New Mexico, the school took an early interest in promoting and preserving the artistic traditions of Southwestern Indians. Indian workers assisted at the School's excavations on the Pajarito Plateau, and their interactions with Hewett, Kenneth M. Chapman, and other archaeologists led to a recognition of individual talents and traditional aesthetics. Hewett and Chapman, an artist hired by Hewett to head the art department at New Mexico Normal School, and later one of the first employees of the School of American Archaeology, provided extensive support for Indian artists. They offered studio facilities, as well as collecting and exhibiting their work. Early Native artists promoted by SAR included Maria Martinez, Crescencio Martinez, Awa Tsireh, and Fred Kabotie, among many others. In 1922, the school sponsored the first Southwest Indian Fair, precursor of today's world-renowned Santa Fe Indian Market.

Hewett led the school and museum until his death in 1946 at age 82. A 20-year period of relative inactivity followed. The school continued to pursue archaeological research projects on a modest scale. It was headed, successively, by Sylvanus Morley, Boaz Long, Wayne L. Mauzy, Edward Weyer, Jr., and Eugene McCluney. This transition period ended in 1959, when the State Legislature formally separated the Museum of New Mexico from the school. The School of American Research was gutted, left with a staff of two and an uncertain future.

Rebuilding the school
In 1967, Douglas W. Schwartz, a young professor of anthropology from the University of Kentucky, became the new director of the School of American Research. Schwartz broadened the school's focus to embrace advanced scholarship in anthropology and the humanities worldwide; and to promote the study, preservation, and creation of Southwest Indian art. Schwartz also continued the school's archaeological research with field excavations in the Grand Canyon in the late 1960s and, in the 1970s, the excavations of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo.

Over the years, SAR's offices had relocated from the Palace of the Governors to the Hewett House on Lincoln Street. In 1973, the school moved into an old adobe estate on Santa Fe's east side. El Delirio had been the home of Martha Root White and Amelia Elizabeth White. Built in the 1920s by William Penhallow Henderson, the estate was a popular gathering place for Santa Fe artists, writers, and intellectuals—among them Hewett, Morley, and others associated with the school. The White sisters were avid promoters of Indian art, and together they opened the first Native American art gallery in New York City. Elizabeth also was a founding member of the Indian Arts Fund (IAF) in Santa Fe and sat on SAR's Board of Managers for 25 years. When Elizabeth died in 1972 at age 94, she left El Delirio and other Santa Fe properties to the school. In that same year, the IAF disbanded and deeded its collections of Southwest Indian art to the school.

The new campus, with its many buildings, permitted the realization of Schwartz's vision for the school. The Advanced Seminar Program was inaugurated in 1968, and has since sponsored more than 120 seminars, the results of which are published by the school's SAR Press. The Resident Scholar Program, launched in 1972, has provided over 180 scholars with residential fellowships.

The construction of the Indian Arts Research Center in 1978 gave the collections inherited from the IAF a suitable home. In 1988, the J. I. Staley Prize was established to recognize books by living authors that exemplify outstanding research in anthropology. Over the succeeding two decades, several residential fellowships for Native artists were also established.

New century, new directions
In 2001, SAR was under a new president, Richard M. Leventhal, an archaeologist from UCLA who assumed leadership of the school on the retirement of Dr. Schwartz. During his three-year tenure at the school, Dr. Leventhal worked to revitalize SAR's core programs and extend greater opportunities for scholars and visiting Native artists. Dr. Leventhal was succeeded in 2005 by Dr. James F. Brooks, formerly director of SAR Press. His term coincided with the school's centennial in 2007, when SAR changed its name from the School of American Research to the School for Advanced Research, to better reflect the global reach of its support for scholarship in the social sciences and humanities. Some of the highlights of Brooks's tenure include new initiatives such as the Campbell Program for Women Scholar Practitioners—which has supported women from Morocco, Ethiopia, and Kenya in developing strategies for women's economic and social empowerment—and an emphasis on collaborative research and exhibition projects with Native peoples; monthly Sparks Talks on local history and culture; and a field trip program serving more than two hundred participants annually, visiting locations as near as Pecos National Monument and as far as the borderlands of southeastern Turkey.

When Brooks resigned his post in June 2013, SAR's Board of Directors appointed Dr. David E. Stuart, an anthropologist and long-time teacher and senior administrator at the University of New Mexico, as interim president. In June 2014, Michael F. Brown assumed SAR's presidency after shifting to emeritus status at Williams College, on whose faculty he had long served. Brown, a cultural anthropologist familiar with SAR from participation in two advanced seminars and a term as resident scholar, has published extensively on new religious movements, the indigenous peoples of South America, and global efforts to protect indigenous cultural property from appropriation and misuse.

Current programs
The School for Advanced Research offers residential fellowships for scholars and Native artists, and internships are provided for Native students pursuing academic careers or professional careers in museums. The school also sponsors scholarly seminars through its Advanced Seminar and Short Seminar programs. The results of many of these programs are published through SAR Press. The school recognizes outstanding books in anthropology with the annual J.I. Staley Prize. Public outreach includes membership, lecture, and tour and field trip programs. SAR has created an educational website for New Mexico grade-school students.

References

External links
Official site of the School for Advanced Research

Anthropological research institutes
Art in New Mexico
Research institutes in New Mexico
Pre-Columbian studies
Mesoamerican studies
Research institutes established in 1907
1907 establishments in New Mexico Territory
Pueblo Revival architecture in Santa Fe, New Mexico


Young Political Majors, LLC was a private consulting firm which registered people to vote as Republicans.  It operated in several states including California, Florida, Arizona and Massachusetts. The firm was accused of misleading voters into registering as Republicans.

California operations
Mark Jacoby was arrested in California on October 18, 2008, and charged with two counts of felony voter registration fraud and two counts of perjury. The California Republican Party hired Jacoby's firm and paid it $7 – 12 for every Californian it registered as a member of the GOP. Dan Goldfine, an attorney for Jacoby, denied any wrongdoing by his client and called the charges "baseless," saying the arrest outside an Ontario hotel was part of a "long pattern of harassment against Mr. Jacoby for an entirely valid voter registration effort."

On October 16, 2009, Jacoby pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor count of voter registration fraud before Los Angeles Superior Court Judge David Horwitz, who sentenced him to three years probation, 30 days of Caltrans service and the requirement to show proof that he is registered to vote at his correct address in Laguna Beach. As part of the plea agreement, the Judge dismissed two felony counts of perjury and one felony count of voter registration fraud.

Florida operations
In the summer of 2004, Jacoby appeared at the Gainesville election office with about 1,200 voter registration cards, of which 510 showed a switch to the Republican party. Elections Supervisor Beverly Hill says she was suspicious and randomly called some of the Republicans to verify they wanted to switch, but all of them said, "Absolutely not...They didn't even know they had signed a registration form."

YPM worked for JSM Inc., which worked for Arno Political Consultants, a Sacramento, California firm that qualified 300 ballot initiatives in 20 states, including Florida's class size amendment. According to Mindy Tucker Fletcher, a senior adviser to the Florida GOP, the Republican National Committee had hired Arno for a voter registration drive. Arno claimed that Jacoby showed Arno copies of voter registration cards in "their handwriting. They signed it. They checked the party affiliation...Why would they have a change of heart?"

References

Electoral fraud
Political corruption in the United States


George Herbert Stabb (26 September 1912 – 11 December 1994) was an English footballer who played for Torquay United, Notts County, Port Vale, and Bradford Park Avenue in the 1930s.

Career
Stabb played for Dartmouth United and Paignton Town, before joining Torquay United in September 1931. He scored three goals in 12 Third Division South games in 1931–32. He claimed his first goal in the Football League on 7 September in a 10–2 defeat to Fulham at Craven Cottage. He went on to score 26 goals in 45 appearances in the 1932–33 season to finish as the club's top-scorer. He scored a hat-trick in an 8–1 win over Southend United at Plainmoor on 10 September, and bagged another hat-trick in a 3–2 victory over Watford on 18 March. He then went on to score 15 goals in 1933–34 as he finished as the "Gulls" top-scorer for a second successive season. He then moved on to Notts County. He spent the 1933–34 season at Meadow Lane, and scored five goals in 24 Second Division games.

He signed with Port Vale in July 1935. He enjoyed a great start to his career with the "Valiants", scoring one goal in each of the first four Second Division games of the 1935–36 season. However, he damaged a cartilage during a 5–1 defeat to Burnley at Turf Moor on 9 September. This injury required surgery, though he regained his place in the team after recovering in November. In the FA Cup, he scored against First Division champions Sunderland at Roker Park and The Old Recreation Ground, as Vale drew 2–2 before recording a shock 2–0 victory. However Vale slipped to relegation into the Third Division North. Stabb played twice at the start of the 1936–37 season, before transferring to Bradford Park Avenue, back in the Second Division, in September 1936.

Career statistics
Source:

References

1912 births
1994 deaths
People from Paignton
Footballers from Devon
English men's footballers
Men's association football wing halves
Men's association football forwards
Dartmouth A.F.C. players
Torquay United F.C. players
Notts County F.C. players
Port Vale F.C. players
Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C. players
Huddersfield Town A.F.C. wartime guest players
English Football League players


Waterfront Park is a public park on the Central Waterfront, Downtown, Seattle, Washington, USA. Designed by the Bumgardner Partnership and consultants, it was constructed on the site of the former Schwabacher Wharf (Pier 58).

History of the site

In its early years, the pier then known variously as Schwabacher Wharf, Schwabacher's Wharf, Schwabacher Dock, etc. was the location of two prominent events in the city's history. The freighter Miike Maru opened Seattle's Japan trade by docking there August 31, 1896. Less than a year later, July 17, 1897, the steamship Portland arrived from Alaska bearing a "ton of gold", from the Klondike. The ensuing Yukon Gold Rush formed strong bonds between Seattle and Alaska, and brought enormous wealth to Seattle as the "Gateway to Alaska".

This portion of Seattle's waterfront was used by the military during World War II. By 1960, the Central Waterfront was beginning to take on its current recreational character, as shipping moved primarily to the container port in the Industrial District south of Downtown.

In 1968, King County voters approved a Forward Thrust bond issue to acquire the land for the park, which was matched by federal money and augmented several other sources including Model Cities programs, and donations. The new park opened on October 25, 1974, and cost $1.8 million to construct the first phase.

The park

The park extends from the privately owned Pier 57 to Pier 59, an official city landmark that is the site of the Seattle Aquarium. One of the entrances to the Aquarium is from a viewing platform in the park. The park viewing platforms can be reached both by stairs and a wheelchair-accessible ramp. The park also features coin-operated telescopes, benches, picnic tables, and some trees in planters. Near the picnic tables is Waterfront Fountain, made of cubes cast and welded bronze. The sculpture was a work in progress by artist James FitzGerald at the time of his death. In collaboration with his widow, Margaret Tompkins, it was completed by Terry Copple.

Waterfront Park was closed in August 2020 by the city government after an inspection found a gap of "several inches" between Pier 58 and the land. The pier was planned to be replaced in 2022 as part of the viaduct corridor program. An emergency order to dismantle the pier was approved by Mayor Jenny Durkan on August 14, 2020. During early work on removing Pier 58 on September 13, 2020, the central portion (including the bronze fountain) collapsed into Elliott Bay. Two construction workers fell into the water and were rescued with minor injuries that were treated at Harborview Medical Center. The adjacent Pier 57, which includes the Great Wheel and Miner's Landing, was closed on September 18 after an inspection found that the southern section of Pier 58 could collapse and become hazardous to the adjacent pier.

The removal of Pier 58 was completed in February 2021; the adjacent pedestrian walkway was reopened the following April. The rebuilt pier will be triangular in shape and is planned to open in 2024.

References

External links

 Official site
 ASLA 2013 Professional Awards

Central Waterfront, Seattle
Parks in Seattle
Redeveloped ports and waterfronts in the United States
1968 establishments in Washington (state)


A Short History of Decay may refer to:
A Short History of Decay (book), a 1949 book by philosopher Emil Cioran
A Short History of Decay (film), 2012 American comedy film, not an adaptation of Cioran's book


The winners of the 2000–01 Asian Cup Winners' Cup, the association football competition run by the Asian Football Confederation, are listed below.

First round

West Asia

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1 Al Safa withdrew

East Asia

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Second round

West Asia

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East Asia

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Quarterfinals

West Asia

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East Asia

|}

Semifinals

Third place match

Final

References
Asian Cup Winners Cup 2001

Asian Cup Winners' Cup
2001 in Asian football
2000 in Asian football


Sesshu Foster (born April 5, 1957) is an American poet and novelist.

Sesshu Foster is a Japanese-American poet of white and Nisei descent. He grew up on Los Angeles’ East Side and came of age in the primarily Chicano neighborhood of City Terrace, where he was influenced by local community organizing and political artmaking. Foster credits moving to City Terrace the same year as the Watts Riots (1965) with helping to shape his writing voice and ongoing creative/personal concerns with social and racial justice and the impacts of gentrification.

Career

Foster has taught composition and literature in East LA since 1985, and has also taught at the University of Iowa, the California Institute of the Arts, the University of California, Santa Cruz and the Jack Kerouac School's Summer Writing Program.

He was in residence at California State University, Los Angeles.

He has taught composition and literature in East L.A. for 30 years (LA taco interview). He holds an MFA from the Iowa Writer’s Workshop, where he also taught; he has also been an instructor at the California Institute for the Arts and the University of California, Santa Cruz. Before beginning his teaching career, Foster worked as a firefighter in Colorado’s Rocky Mountains and in Wyoming for several seasons.

Foster’s work has been published in The Oxford Anthology of Modern American Poetry, Language for a New Century: Poetry from the Middle East, Asia and Beyond, and State of the Union: 50 Political Poems.

His most recent books include: Atomik Aztex, a novel; World Ball Notebook; and City of the Future. Forthcoming in 2020 is a second work of speculative fiction, ELADATL: A History of the East Los Angeles Dirigible Air Transport Lines.

Teaching, Firefighting, and Other Careers
While Foster has boasted work as a strip-club bouncer and a summer firefighter in Colorado, his life as a teacher who poets has been the most consistent. Foster has taught writing at the University of Iowa, California Institute for the Arts, the Jack Kerouac School’s Summer Writing Program, the University of California, Santa Cruz, and English for a number of years at a school in Boyle Heights before beginning his long-tenured career in 1985 as a composition and literature in East L.A. at the Francisco Bravo Medical Magnet High School. There he is active in the teacher’s union and notes that his life as a teacher and poet are a collaborative work with his wife, Dolores Bravo.

Foster notes that his earlier careers are marked by books that were transformational: The Dharma Bums by Jack Kerouac (Penguin) compelled him to enter fire fighting. He became a fire lookout and “I wound up fighting forest fires in Colorado and Wyoming. Way more exciting. Pays for college, too!” When he was 19 working as a bouncer, he made his first attempt at reading Herman Melville’s master work Moby Dick. Of the experience, he says, “I didn't get it. But read the University of California Press edition: it's like NOT getting struck by lightning while a lightning storm strikes all around you on the north edge of the Grand Canyon.” (Hyphen Magazine, Summer 2006)

Awards
2019 Firecracker Award from Council of Literary Magazines and Presses for City of the Future
2010 American Book Award for World Ball Notebook
 2009 Asian American Literary Award for Poetry for World Ball Notebook
 2005 Believer Book Award for Atomik Aztex
 1990 American Book Award for Invocation LA: Urban Multicultural Poetry
 finalist for a PEN Center West Poetry Prize, for City Terrace Field Manual
 finalist for the Paterson Poetry Prize for City Terrace Field Manual

Writing
Foster’s work draws from the identities he holds close as husband and father as much as being an activist and eternal son of East LA. All of this culminates in an imperative to resist “the apartheid imagination.” Is it holistic/hybrid writing and-as living? Regardless, his work elicits a study in the political imperatives of the writer. On his blog, he uses syntax and other aspects of the visual to re-center the voices he hears and sees in his community. In “review of ‘made in l.a.’ at the ucla hammer museum,” Foster brings his critiquing gaze to seethe and mourn the omission of artists of color in an exhibit lauded by critics. The poem is at once a litany of absence as memory as much as it speaks to a firm disagreement with a present (and president) who echo the same histories he experienced 20 years before (excerpted):it’s okay that the artists are all white, even the nonwhite artists (2?) are kind of white

it’s okay that the curators are all white, it’s

okay that the l.a. reflected in this show is like the l.a. in robert altman’s “shortcuts” which is a strange all-white l.a.

(in charlton heston’s “omega man,” (1971) i think the head vampire or whatever they were who was menacing the ‘real’ last human beings on earth, that is the humans who were not vampires or whatever (all white, except maybe the black woman hipster with her militant afro) was black)

let’s not go into “planet of the apes” at this juncture, but in the apartheid imagination of the future white people are in peril, isolated with jutting jaw of manifest destiny determination like charlton heston with his guns and his alzheimer’s

it’s okay that the curators at the ucla hammer museum think that ‘minorities’ are best represented by white queer artists (that shows diversity like on “star trek” the aliens are white people who wear prosthetic make-up or paint their skin blue or green—that’s a kind of diversity)

it’s okay that the white artists who are queer artists don’t have anything to do with POC (people of color)

it’s okay in the little museum labels where the curators note the background, issues and ideas in the artist’s work, that none of it referenced POC even when it mentioned “highest rates of incarceration in the world in spite of having only 5% of the worlds population” (it’s okay not to mention that blacks and latinos make up 60% of the incarcerated even though they are 30% of the american people)

it’s okay

it’s all right, like when i sat in one day in marilyn robinson’s mfa writing class at the university of iowa and she shared her course reading list which was all white except for one book by the only black writer and only POC in creative writing at U of I, and she asked did anyone have any remarks or suggestions, and i said, apart from the one, the reading list isn’t very diverse, it’s all white Though Foster is known as a poet, he has published two experimental novels and edited an anthology. His work often employs experimental or hybrid formal constraints (in World Ball Notebook, the conceit of the “game”; the prose poems of City Terrace Field Manual; the speculative hybrid novel forms in both Atomik Aztex and ELADATL.)

In addition, Foster is a prolific postcard writer. It all began when he was a child and exchanged letters with his father. In those days, he’d mail up to twenty postcards in a single week covering everything from sports and diary entries, to family life and other day-to-day happenings. Apart from his father, Foster also utilizes post cards and postcard poems to his friends and loved ones, like Lisa Chen a fellow writer who met Foster in Iowa. To Foster, postcard poems are “a form of diary or journaling, reflection— and also a way of saying ‘hi’ to people from far.” Additionally, Foster notest that postcard poems afford “often arbitrary juxtaposition” of image and text in a non-linear, and non-standardized manner. This mode of nonlinear epistolary writing great influenced Foster’s City of The Future (Kaya Press 2018). Foster describes the role of postcard poems in this collection as: “Postcards written with ocotillo and yucca. Gentrification of your face inside your sleep. Privatization of identity, corners, and intimations. Wars on the nerve, colors, breathing. Postcard poems of early and late notes, mucilage, American loneliness. Postcard poems of slopes, films of dust and crows. Incarceration nation ‘Wish You Were Here’ postcards 35 cents emerge from gentrified pants. You can’t live like this. Postcards sent into the future. You can’t live here now; you must live in the future, in the City of the Future.” In this manner, postcard poems can be seen as an attempt to regain control of lost places, streets, and places, to document and retain the lives and neighborhoods that are in danger of imminent consumption and loss.

Articles & Poems

 “Letter Before Leaving for a Reforestation Brigade,” Minnesota Review, 1986
 “This Poem Cannot Be Written,” Radical Teacher, 1987
 “from Visitation: Sites Where the Essence of the Soul Has Been Extracted,” Radical Teacher, 1987
 “The Organic Garden Was Indeed Beautiful,” “This Poem Cannot Be Written,” “Chico?,“ “Visitation: Sites Where the Essence of the Soul Has Been Extracted,” “Sometimes,” The Journal of Ethnic Studies, 1987
 "High Blood/Pressure," Off Our Backs, 1988
 “Fresh Harvest: New Multicultural Poetry,” Northwest Review, 1990
 "The Marl of the New Diaspora: Premonitions; The Kaya Anthology of New Asian North American Poetry, edited by Walter K. Lew," rev. by Mira Chieko Shimabukuro, International Examiner, 1996 (anthology)
 Another City: Writing from Los Angeles, edited by David L. Ulin., 2001 (anthology)
 “Interview with Juan Fish (Supposedly),” Mandorla: Nueva Escritura de las Américas, 2009
 “review of “made in l.a.” at the ucla hammer museum,” personal blog, 2014
 “Movie Version,” Latinx Writing Los Angeles, University of Nebraska Press, 2018

Selected works
Angry Days. West End Press. 1987.
Akrilica. Juan Felipe Herrera, translated by Stephen Kessler & Sesshu Foster with Dolores Bravo, Magaly Fernandez. Alcatraz Editions, 1989.

American Loneliness: Selected Poems (Beyond Baroque, 2006)

City of the Future. Kaya Press. 2018.
ELADATL: A History of the East Los Angeles Dirigible Air Transport Lines (City Lights Publishers, 2021, April 6) .

Anthologies

References

External links
"Sesshu Foster", Modern American Poetry
Excerpts from World Ball Notebook
ELAguide
Salon.com audio, City Terrace Field Manual
"Author's blog"

Living people
American male poets
University of Iowa faculty
Poets from Los Angeles
American writers of Japanese descent
1957 births
American poets
American male novelists
University of California, Santa Cruz faculty
Believer Book Award winners
20th-century American poets
American Book Award winners
20th-century American male writers
Novelists from Iowa
American poets of Asian descent
American novelists of Asian descent


Victor I, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym (Schaumburg, 7 September 1693 – Schaumburg, 15 April 1772), was a German prince of the House of Ascania who belonged to a cadet branch of the princely house of Anhalt-Bernburg.

Through his mother, he inherited the County of Holzappel and Lordship of Schaumburg and founded the cadet branch of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym.

Early life and ancestry

Victor was born at Schaumburg Castle on 7 September 1693 as the eldest son of Lebrecht, Prince of Anhalt-Zeitz-Hoym by his first wife Princess Charlotte of Nassau-Dillenburg-Schaumburg, heiress of the County of Holzappel and Lordship of Schaumburg as a daughter of Elisabeth Charlotte, Countess of Holzappel in her marriage with Adolph, Prince of Nassau-Schaumburg.

Reign
The death of his mother in 1700 made Victor Amadeus Adolph the heir apparent of Holzappel and Schaumburg under the terms of a contract made between his paternal grandfather and namesake Prince Victor Amadeus of Anhalt-Bernburg and his maternal grandmother Countess Elisabeth Charlotte. When the Countess died in 1707, Victor Amadeus Adolph succeeded her as Count of Holzappel and Schaumburg.

When his father died in 1727, Victor Amadeus Adolph succeeded him as "Prince of Anhalt-Zeitz-Hoym," but shortly after changed the name of his principality to "Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym."

Marriages and Issue

First marriage
In Birstein on 22 November 1714 Victor Amadeus Adolph married firstly with Countess Charlotte Louise of Isenburg-Büdingen-Birstein (b. Büdingen, 31 July 1680 - d. Schaumburg, 2 January 1739), daughter of Wilhelm Moritz, Count of Isenburg-Büdingen-Birstein (1657-1711) and his first wife, Countess Anna Amalie of Isenburg-Büdingen-Wächtersbach (1653-1700). She was fourteen years older than he was; nevertheless, the union produced six children:
Victoria Charlotte (b. Schaumburg, 25 September 1715 - d. Schaumburg, 4 February 1792), married on 26 April 1732 to Frederick Christian, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth. They divorced in 1764.
Louise Amalie (b. Schaumburg, 10 October 1717 - d. Lich, 1 September 1721).
Lebrecht (b. Schaumburg, 26 August 1718 - d. Schaumburg, 5 October 1721).
Christian, Hereditary Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym (b. Schaumburg, 30 June 1720 - d. Schaumburg, 13 April 1758).
Karl Louis, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym (b. Schaumburg, 16 May 1723 - d. Schaumburg, 20 August 1806).
Franz Adolph (b. Schaumburg, 7 July 1724 - d. Halle an der Saale, 22 April 1784).

Second marriage
In Pölzig on 14 February 1740 Victor Amadeus Adolph married for a second time to Countess Hedwig Sophie Henckel of Donnersmarck (b. Oderberg, 7 May 1717 - d. Diez, 21 February 1795), daughter of Count Wenzel Louis Henckel of Donnersmarck (1680-1734) and his wife, Countess Hedwig Charlotte of Solms-Baruth (1678-1734). The Henckel von Donnersmarck family were an old family in Silesia only raised in 1651 to the rank of counts; in consequence, this marriage was on the verge of being considered morganatic. In the end, the union was nonetheless considered equal by the rest of the House of Anhalt. They had six children:
Frederick, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym (b. Schaumburg, 29 November 1741 - d. Homburg vor der Höhe, 24 December 1812).
Sophie Charlotte Ernestine (b. Schaumburg, 3 April 1743 - d. Birstein, 5 October 1781), married on 20 September 1760 to Wolfgang Ernest II, Prince of Isenburg-Büdingen-Birstein (1711–present) Isenburg-Birstein.
Victor Amadeus (b. Schaumburg, 21 May 1744 - killed in action in Pardakoski, 2 May 1790).
Karl (b. and d. Schaumburg, 4 August 1745).
Hedwig Auguste (b. Schaumburg, 6 May 1747 - d. Schaumburg, 5 March 1760).
George Augustus (b. Schaumburg, 6 November 1751 - d. Schaumburg, 29 October 1754).

References

Bibliography
 Ferdinand Siebigk: Das Herzogthum Anhalt, p. 242, Dessau 1867
 Victor Amadeus Adolph. In Johann Heinrich Zedler: Grosses vollständiges Universal-Lexicon Aller Wissenschafften und Künste. Band 48, Leipzig 1746, Spalte 971 f.
 Allgemeines genealogisches und Staats-Handbuch, p. 241ff. Digitalisat

External links

House of Ascania
1693 births
1772 deaths
Princes of Anhalt-Bernburg


History and Utopia () is a 1960 philosophical book by the Romanian philosopher Emil Cioran (1911-1995), which analyzes the ascendancy of the Soviet Union, the psychology of tyranny, and the historical concept of Utopia.  The book also deals with several negative themes which permeate Cioran's work, including dissatisfaction with the world, the importance of negative emotions, and philosophical pessimism.

Born in Romania, Cioran wrote several early philosophical works in his native Romanian language.  As a young man Cioran sympathized with the Iron Guard, a Romanian fascist movement.  This prompted him to write The Transfiguration of Romania (1936-7), a work which argued for the installation of a totalitarian government in Romania.  In 1937 Cioran relocated to Paris, where he would remain for the rest of his life.  This move marked a clear break in Cioran's life, dividing his work into an early Romanian period and a mature French period.  Following the conclusion of World War II, Cioran disowned The Transfiguration of Romania and began to publish works in French, the language in which he wrote for the remainder of his life.  History and Utopia was published in 1960, toward the middle of Cioran's French period.

History and Utopia is a collection of essays, one of which ("Letter to a Faraway Friend") was addressed to the philosopher Constantin Noica.  Noica, a friend of Cioran's, remained in Romania and had also been sympathetic to the Iron Guard during the war.  The appearance of the essay led to Noica's conviction for charges as a political prisoner, within the post-war, communist Romania.

Synopsis

History and Utopia is a collection of six essays.  The first, "Letter to a Faraway Friend", was written in the context of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 and addressed to the philosopher Constantin Noica, a contemporary of Cioran's.  In their youth, both Cioran and Noica had been sympathetic to the Iron Guard, a fascist movement which briefly seized control of Romania during World War II.  The Iron Guard's brief reign was succeeded by several regime changes until the Socialist Republic of Romania—a Soviet-backed communist government—was installed in 1947.  In 1937 Cioran had relocated to Paris, where he would remain for the rest of his life.  Noica, on the other hand, was held in Romania as a political prisoner following the war.  In the letter, Cioran expressed ambivalence about the relative freedom that he enjoyed in Paris while Noica was a political prisoner in Romania:

Cioran also recalled his childhood fear of the Hungarian police, and commented on the national character of the Russian people, which he likened to a force of nature, as opposed to a collective human will.

The second essay, "Russia and the Virus of Liberty", is a continuation on the theme of Russian history, from its tsarist past through its then-communist present.  As one example, Cioran noted that the culture of Orthodox Christianity distinguished Russia from the rest of Europe: "By adopting Orthodoxy, Russia manifested her desire to stand apart from the West; it was her way of defining herself, from the start."  The third essay, "Learning from the Tyrants", is a rhetorical analysis of the phenomena which give rise to authoritarianism and the personal psychology of tyrants or dictators.  According to Cioran, most people aspire to power, and those who do not are abnormal.  For Cioran, a major element of the tyrant's psychology is a solitary nature, in which although the tyrant necessarily interacts with others, he keeps his plans to himself, possibly with the view of eliminating friends who may challenge his power:

Despite their violence, Cioran prefers tyrants to spiritual leaders, because (according to Cioran) while the former can be arbitrary and unprincipled, they are at least honest in their desire for domination and do not justify their actions in terms of religious doctrine, which Cioran regards as dishonest.  Further, tyrants make history an interesting subject of study:

The fourth essay, "Odyssey of Rancor", asserts the central importance of negative emotions in motivating human behavior (e.g. to triumph over an adversary, to take revenge, or to produce a superior work of art):

In the fifth essay, "Mechanism of Utopia", Cioran reviews classical utopian literary works (e.g. the works of Cabet and Fourier), pronouncing them to be naive.  He also identifies the ancient conception of utopia as a bygone state which existed in the distant past, while for moderns the ideal of utopia is something to be striven for in the future.  In the sixth and final essay "The Golden Age", Cioran considers the classical notion of a Golden Age, an ancient period of happiness described by Hesiod which was followed by worsening periods (e.g. the Bronze Age and the Iron Age).  In closing, Cioran explicitly rejects the possibility of any utopia:

Reception

Cioran originally published "Letter to a Faraway Friend" as an open letter in Nouvelle Revue Française.  Copies of the letter circulated in Romanian intellectual circles, where it was received with resentment because Cioran wrote freely from Paris while the Romanians, under communist rule, were unable to make "a free response".  The letter and other writings of Cioran's were later used as evidence to convict Noica and others for (other, harsher) political prisoner charges.  Cioran expressed regret that the letter intended for his friend had become "a weapon to be used against him".

A book review described History and Utopia's English translation as "a compelling yet profoundly troubling work.  In the flow of Cioran's impassioned writing, it is too easy to overlook his flawed conclusions and the near-mockery he makes of historical analysis."

Throughout his career, Cioran usually expressed himself in essays, aphorisms, and other fragmentary writings, intentionally avoiding the development of a philosophical system.  Biographer Marta Petreu identified his early political work The Transfiguration of Romania as an exception, calling it his only "systematic work".  Although Cioran later disowned the Transfiguration over its sympathies with fascism and totalitarianism, Eugene Thacker pointed out that it was not his only political work, noting that History and Utopia was also a collection of writings dealing with politics in a concrete way.

Notes

Bibliography

   Foreword by Thacker, Eugene.

References

French-language books
Books in political philosophy
Romanian literature
Works about philosophical pessimism
Works by Emil Cioran


Juan París (Barcelona, 1759 – Santiago de Cuba, 10 July 1845) was a priest and composer in Spanish Cuba.

He followed Esteban Salas y Castro in the Cathedral of Santiago de Cuba. His election as Maestro de Capilla (choirmaster), after the death of Salas in 1803, was an extraordinary event. It had been a foregone conclusion that Francisco José Hierrezuelo, long-time assistant of Salas, would be elected. Came the day, and Hierrezuelo spotted a well-qualified German priest in the choir. Blind with rage, and fearing the bishop had planned a conspiracy to thwart him, Hierrezuelo refused to take the examination, picked up his pen and wrote infuriated letters. The bishop persuaded the German, Juan Nepomucino Goetz, to renounce his candidacy, but Hierrezuelo had so offended the bishop and the town council by his irate letters that, despite grovelling apologies, he got only a minor position in the chapel. He was never to become maestro. Goetz moved on to Havana, where his arrival also had remarkable consequences.

So Juan París took the exam, and was appointed as choirmaster. París was an exceptionally industrious man, and an important composer. Under his hand, the church became a library, an academy, a concert hall and a rehearsal space. It encouraged continuous and diverse musical events.

References

1759 births
1845 deaths
Cuban composers
Male composers
19th-century Cuban Roman Catholic priests
People from Santiago de Cuba
Cuban people of Spanish descent
Cuban male musicians
19th-century Cuban musicians
19th-century male musicians
19th-century composers


Archibald Joyce (25 May 1873 – 22 March 1963), born Arthur Joyce, was an English light music composer and bandleader of the early 20th century. He is known for his popular short waltzes for dancing, such as Dreaming, Dream of Autumn (Songe d'Automne) and Vision of Salome. His waltzes were part of the White Star Line's orchestra repertoire, and likely played on the fatal maiden voyage of the Titanic.

Life
Arthur Joyce was born in London in May 1873 at 68 Winchester Street, Pimlico. His father was in the Grenadier Guards as a band sergeant. He showed his musical abilities early, singing in a church choir in Paddington and learning violin and piano.  His first known composition, completed at the age of 11, was a march that was performed several times by the conductor Dan Godfrey (in his pre-Bournemouth bandmaster days). He began his professional career as a pianist at London's Oxford Music Hall in the 1890s but soon also started playing for the ballet, most notably the company run by Katti Lanner at the Empire Theatre of Varieties in Leicester Square with Madame Genée as its leading ballerina.

Adopting the stage name of Archibald Joyce, he played on transatlantic liners, in music halls and in the theatre. In 1903 he was musical director of Mistress-of-the-Robes at the Royal Court Theatre and Opera House in Liverpool starring Ellen Terry. (He later toured with Terry, in 1909-1910). But he soon formed the Archibald Joyce Dance Orchestra, employing up to 100 players depending on the venue (which ranged from seaside pavilions to dance halls, great houses, aristocratic balls and 'coming out' dances during the London season) and its popularity quickly precluded other work. He began composing to expand the repertoire of his orchestra.

His first published piece, a two-step called The Moke's Parade (1905), did not become popular. Joyce's first composition to attract any attention was the waltz Sweet Memories in 1908. The same year his waltz Dream of Autumn (Songe d'Automne in French), originally written for piano, became a best-seller. Vision of Salome (1909) also written for piano, followed a year later.

Joyce has been credited as conducting "the first modern dance band in Britain". Its fame extended to Europe and America. He recorded for the Gramophone Company HMV-label in London as early as 1912, and from the early 1920s his orchestras recorded material for the Aeolian Company's Vocalion Records label. The heyday of his band was in the pre-war and immediate post war periods, although he continued conducting and recording with his own ensembles throughout the 1920s and his music becoming a staple for dance-medley records as the gramophone industry evolved. But Joyce mostly didn't follow contemporaries such as Eric Coates, Albert Ketèlbey and Haydn Wood into the fields of light concert music for listening, or broadcasting and library music. His music remained primarily for dancing. The waltzes he composed stuck strictly to the form, with lots of repeated sections demanded by the dancers.

Although his style remained static across his entire career, Joyce kept composing into the 1940s and beyond, often for Oxford and Cambridge university balls. In 1942, he wrote the waltz Bohemia. Song of the River came out in 1946 and was broadcast by the BBC. His last published piece was Recruits on Parade, which appeared in 1951.

Joyce married Florence Mary Latter in 1919 and there was one adopted daughter, Maisie Parkinson. At the height of his fame he was living on Clapham Common in London. He moved to Bexhill-on-Sea in 1927, and then to Sutton in Surrey from 1932, at 75 Langley Park Road. He died there in 1963, at the age of 89, his life just overlapping with The Beatles.

In the 1990s Philip Lane helped lead a revival of interest in Joyce with a radio documentary, The English Waltz King,  also providing new arrangements of his music for a Marco Polo recording (re-issued on Naxos in 2022).

Works
The waltz Dreaming of 1911 was one of the first examples of the 'hesitation' waltz craze, and remained Joyce's most famous composition, selling one and a quarter million copies of the sheet music between 1911 and 1920. Many different recordings exist. Other highly successful walzes quickly followed, included Charming and Passing of Salome in 1912, 1000 Kisses, Always Gay and Maiden's Blush in 1913, Remembrance and Entrancing in 1914, and Love's Mystery in 1915.

His marches include The Palace Guard, Royal Standard, American March, Hiking to Brighton, Ceremonial March Britannica and Wedding Bells. The three movement suite of oriental miniatures Caravan was composed in 1926. Songs include I’m Skipper of a Submarine, God’s Greatest Gift, The Rogue of the Road, Awake, The Morning Light, Dreams of Bohemia, Friends Dear to Me and The Modern Girl.

His music was taken up by other dance orchestras (Alfredo Campoli, Debroy Somers and others) and by amateur pianists. It also became familiar worldwide through its inclusion in musical revues and films. Dreaming was given lyrics by Earl Carroll and introduced in the US by Miss Kitty Gordon in Oliver Morosco's comedy with music, Pretty Mrs Smith (1913). In the US a conventional method of gaining public exposure for a song was to arrange to have it included in a revue: in this way Vision of Salome (1909) was included in Florenz Ziegfeld Jr.'s Follies of 1910. Songe d'Automne (aka Autumn Dream) and 1000 Kisses were incorporated into Charlie Chaplin's latter-day soundtrack added to his The Gold Rush in 1925. In 1948 film composer Benjamin Frankel included Dreaming as part of his score for Trottie True, evoking the Edwardian period in which the film is set.

In 1916 Joyce co-wrote the musical Toto with Merlin Morgan (musical director of Daly's Theatre in London). After a try-out in Plymouth it opened at London's Duke of York's Theatre on 19 April. Despite good initial reviews it did not take off and was withdrawn after only 77 performances. A second foray into musical theatre came in 1921 with Gabrielle, co-written with George H. Clutsam, which successfully toured the provinces.

Although billed by his publishers (Ascherberg, Hopwood, and Crew) as "The English Waltz King", the implied comparison with Johann Strauss II is not valid, according to Jason Tomes. Instead Joyce was more directly inspired by Franz Lehár and Leo Fall, particularly by the waltz duet from the second act of Lehár's The Merry Widow, which opened at Daly's Theatre in London on 8 June 1907 and was extraordinarily popular, running for 778 performances. Joyce disliked jazz, avoiding the syncopation and saxophones favoured by the younger generation of dance hall composers. His ensemble was among the first generation of dance orchestras, soon to lose ground to brass and saxophone-dominated bands. Other contemporary examples of the English light waltz include Destiny by Sydney Baynes and Nights of Gladness by Charles Ancliffe, both 1912.

Titanic
It is likely that passengers heard Joyce's compositions played during their time aboard RMS Titanic in April 1912. In fact, the White Star Line Songbook (which the orchestra members were required to memorize) contained several works by Joyce such as: Passing of Salome, A Thousand Kisses, Sweet Memories, Vision d'Amour, Love and Life in Holland, Vision of Salome, and Dream of Autumn. Harold Bride claimed the orchestra aboard Titanic played 'Autumn' as it sank. This has led to speculation that Bride was referring to Dream of Autumn, which was part of the repertoire of the Songbook.

References

English composers
Light music composers
Romantic composers
1873 births
1963 deaths
 Dance band bandleaders


Common coding theory is a cognitive psychology theory describing how perceptual representations (e.g. of things we can see and hear) and motor representations (e.g. of hand actions) are linked.  The theory claims that there is a shared representation (a common code) for both perception and action.  More important, seeing an event activates the action associated with that event, and performing an action activates the associated perceptual event.

The idea of direct perception-action links originates in the work of the American psychologist William James and more recently, American neurophysiologist and Nobel prize winner Roger Sperry.  Sperry argued that the perception–action cycle is the fundamental logic of the nervous system. Perception and action processes are functionally intertwined: perception is a means to action and action is a means to perception.  Indeed, the vertebrate brain has evolved for governing motor activity with the basic function to transform sensory patterns into patterns of motor coordination.

Background
The classical approach to cognition is a 'sandwich' model which assumes three stages of information processing: perception, cognition and then action.  In this model, perception and action do not interact directly, instead cognitive processing is needed to convert perceptual representations into action.  For example, this might require creating arbitrary linkages (mapping between sensory and motor codes).

In contrast, the common coding account claims that perception and action are directly linked by a common computational code.

This theory, put forward by Wolfgang Prinz and his colleagues from the Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, claims parity between perception and action. Its core assumption is that actions are coded in terms of the perceivable effects (i.e., the distal perceptual events) they should generate.  This theory also states that perception of an action should activate action representations to the degree that the perceived and the represented action are similar.  Such a claim suggests that we represent observed, executed and imagined actions in a commensurate manner and makes specific predictions regarding the nature of action and perceptual representations.  First, representations for observed and executed actions should rely on a shared neural substrate.  Second, a common cognitive system predicts facilitation of action based on directly prior perception and vice versa. Third, such a system predicts interference effects when action and perception attempt to access shared representations simultaneously.

Evidence for common coding
From the year 2000 onwards, a growing number of results have been interpreted in favor of the common coding theory.

For instance, one functional MRI study demonstrated that the brain's response to the 2/3 power law of motion (i.e., which dictates a strong coupling between movement curvature and velocity) is much stronger and more widespread than to other types of motion. Compliance with this law was reflected in the activation of a large network of brain areas subserving motor production, visual motion processing, and action observation functions. These results support the common coding and the notion of similar neural coding for motion perception and production.

One of the most direct evidence for common coding in the brain now stems from the fact that pattern classifiers that can differentiate based on brain activity whether someone has performed action A or B can also classify, above chance, whether that person heard the sound of action A or B, thereby demonstrating that action execution and perception are represented using a common code.

In the early 21st century, the common coding theory received increased interest from researchers in developmental psychology, cognitive neuroscience, robotics, and social psychology.

Commensurate representation
Common coding posits, on top of separate coding, further domains of representation in which afferent and efferent information share the same format and dimensionality of representation. Common coding refers to 'late' afferent representations (referring to events in the environment) and 'early' efferent representations (referring to intended events). Such representations are commensurate since they both exhibit distal reference. They permit creating linkages between perception and action that do not rely on arbitrary mappings. Common coding conceives action planning in terms of operations that determine intended future events from given current events (matching between event codes and action codes). In particular perception and action may modulate each other by virtue of similarity. Unlike rule-based mapping of incommensurate codes which requires preceding acquisition of mapping rules, similarity-based matching of commensurate codes requires no such preceding rule acquisition.

Ideomotor principle
In line with the ideomotor theory of William James (1890) and Hermann Lotze (1852), the  common coding theory posits that actions are represented in terms of their perceptual consequences. Actions are represented like any other events, the sole distinctive feature being that they are (or can be) generated through bodily movements. Perceivable action consequences may vary on two major dimensions: resident vs. remote effects, and 'cool' versus 'hot' outcomes (i.e., reward values associated with action outcomes).

When individuals perform actions they learn what their movements lead to (Ideomotor learning). The ideomotor theory claims that these associations can also be used in the reverse order (cf. William James, 1890 II, p. 526): When individuals perceive events of which they know (from previous learning) that they may result from certain movements, perception of these events may evoke the movements leading to them (Ideomotor control). The distinction between learning and control is equivalent to the distinction between forward and inverse computation in motor learning and control. Ideomotor learning supports prediction and anticipation of action outcomes, given current action. Ideomotor control supports selection and control of action, given intended outcomes.

Related approaches
While most traditional approaches tend to stress the relative independence of perception and action, some theories have argued for closer links. Motor theories of speech and action perception have made a case for motor contributions to perception. Close non-representational connections between perception and action have also been claimed by ecological approaches.
Today common coding theory is closely related to research and theory in two intersecting fields of study: Mirror neurons systems and embodied cognition. As concerns mirror systems, common coding seems to reflect the functional logic of mirror neurons and mechanisms in the brain. As concerns embodied cognition, common coding is compatible with the claim that meaning is embodied, i.e. grounded in perception and action. Common coding theory has further sparked refined theoretical frameworks that build on its notion of a shared representational format for action and perception. A recent example for these refinements is the Binding and retrieval in action control (BRAC) framework.

See also

 Affective neuroscience
 Embodied cognition
 Empathy
 Lawrence W. Barsalou
 Mental practice of action
 Motor cognition
 Motor imagery
 Neuroscience
 Pragmatism
 Predictive coding
 Roger Sperry
 Social cognition
 Vittorio Guidano
 William James

References

Further reading

Cognitive psychology
Neuroscience
Cognitive science
Enactive cognition
Action (philosophy)
Motor control
Motor cognition


The 1938–39 Serie C was the fourth edition of Serie C, the third highest league in the Italian football league system.

Season
A sixth group was created by the FIGC to introduce more clubs from Southern Italy and reducing the travels in that part of the country. After protests from Northern Italy, a seventh and an eighth group were added.

Legend

Girone A

Girone B

Girone C

Girone D

Girone E

Girone F

Girone G

Girone H

Final rounds

Group A (North)

Group B (South)

References

1938-1939
3
Italy


Moises Bicentini (27 December 1931 – 25 April 2007) was an association football player from Curaçao who played in the Netherlands for NEC between 1957 and 1961. His son was fellow player Remko Bicentini.

External links
  Player profile at NEC Fan

1931 births
2007 deaths
Curaçao men's footballers
Dutch Antillean men's footballers
NEC Nijmegen players
Netherlands Antilles men's international footballers
Footballers from Willemstad
Men's association football midfielders
Sport Unie Brion Trappers players


Anders Eriksson (born 14 May 1973) is a Swedish enduro rider and a seven-time World Enduro Champion. He debuted in the World Enduro Championship with Kawasaki in 1991, and took his first world title with Husaberg in the 350 cc class in 1995. He then moved to Husqvarna for the 1996 season, and won the 400 cc world championship. In 2010, Eriksson was named an FIM Legend for his motorcycling achievements.

Debuting in the 500 cc category, Eriksson finished second to Kari Tiainen, and then beat him to the title in 1998 and 1999, despite not matching the Finn's win totals. After a third place in 2000, Eriksson edged Mika Ahola by one point to take his fifth world title in 2001. After winning the 500 cc world championship for the fourth time in 2002, he moved to the smaller 450 cc class for the 2003 season and became a seven-time world champion, equalling Tiainen's record. Eriksson continued with Husqvarna until the 2008 season, when he signed to the BMW team with a contract that runs through 2010.

Career summary

ISDE

References

External links

1973 births
Living people
Enduro riders
Swedish motorcycle racers


The 2002 FA Community Shield (also known as The FA Community Shield in partnership with McDonald's for sponsorship reasons) was the 80th FA Community Shield, an annual English football match played between the winners of the previous season's Premier League and FA Cup. It was the first edition since the competition's rename from the FA Charity Shield. The match was contested by Arsenal, who won a league and FA Cup double the previous season, and Liverpool, who finished runners-up in the league. It was held at Cardiff's Millennium Stadium, on 11 August 2002. Arsenal won the match by one goal to nil, watched by a crowd of 67,337.

This was Arsenal's 16th Shield appearance and Liverpool's 20th. Arsenal were without several of their first choice players in midfield, who were absent through injury; this prompted a shuffle in the team which saw striker Sylvain Wiltord positioned on the left wing. For Liverpool, defender Markus Babbel was named as a substitute after a lengthy period out of the side through illness. New signing El Hadji Diouf started in a creative role, behind strikers Michael Owen and Emile Heskey to begin with.

The only goal of the match came in the second half; Arsenal substitute Gilberto Silva on his debut collected a pass from Dennis Bergkamp and struck the ball through goalkeeper Jerzy Dudek's legs. Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger praised the match-winner in his post-match interview, while opposing manager Gérard Houllier felt the result showed that his team needed more game time and attention to passing, in order to improve. The result meant Arsenal was the first team to win the Shield outright 11 times, while it marked Liverpool's first defeat at the Millennium Stadium.

Background
Founded in 1908 as a successor to the Sheriff of London Charity Shield, the FA Charity Shield began as a contest between the respective champions of the Football League and Southern League, although in 1913, it was played between an Amateurs XI and a Professionals XI. In 1921, it was played by the league champions of the top division and FA Cup winners for the first time. Wembley Stadium acted as the host of the Shield from 1974. Cardiff's Millennium Stadium was hosting the Shield for the second time; it took over as the venue for the event while Wembley Stadium underwent a six-year renovation between 2001 and 2006.

In February 2002, the trophy was renamed the FA Community Shield. The then-FA marketing director Paul Barber noted this was in order to reward the work of those contributing to the game, who go unnoticed: "The most important thing is that the many good causes that have benefited from the shield in the past will continue to benefit from the Community Shield in the future." The FA also intended to prevent any interference made by the Charity Commission into where money raised by the game should go. In April 2002, McDonald's was announced as the main sponsor of the Community Shield, in a four-year, £28 million contract. The deal included the company making an "invest[ment] in 8,000 new community-based coaches for young players".

Arsenal qualified for the 2002 FA Community Shield as the holders of the FA Cup, beating Chelsea 2–0 in the 2002 FA Cup Final. The team later won the 2001–02 FA Premier League and completed the domestic double. The other Community Shield place went to league runners-up Liverpool, who secured second place on the final day of the season. The game marked Arsenal's 16th Charity Shield appearance and first since 1999, where they beat Manchester United by two goals to one. By contrast this was Liverpool's 20th, who incidentally played United and won by exactly the same scoreline to become holders of the trophy. The last meeting between the two teams was in the FA Cup; a goal by Dennis Bergkamp ensured Arsenal progressed into the fifth round of the competition.

Pre-match
In spite of the game's traditional friendly feel, Liverpool manager Gérard Houllier highlighted in pre-match press conference the importance of winning the Shield: "It is very important to me. This match is more than a friendly. It represents the start of the season. The Community Shield is like a final. There is a trophy at stake and we are the holders." Arsène Wenger wanted to use the match as "the final preparation game for the championship" and commented that Liverpool, amongst four other teams (Manchester United, Newcastle United, Chelsea and Leeds United) would challenge Arsenal in the league.

Match
Arsenal were without injured trio Robert Pires, Freddie Ljungberg and Giovanni van Bronckhorst and lined up in their traditional 4–4–2 formation; striker Sylvain Wiltord was accommodated to the left wing, with Bergkamp playing off main striker Thierry Henry. After a lengthy illness, Liverpool defender Markus Babbel returned to the squad and was named as a substitute. Houllier deployed a 4–3–1–2 formation with Steven Gerrard, John Arne Riise and Dietmar Hamann as a midfield three and new signing, El Hadji Diouf positioned in a free role to begin with and as the game went on, moved to the right wing to stretch Arsenal's defence.

Summary

Arsenal won the toss and kicked off. Within the first three minutes they fashioned their first opening: Wiltord found space outside the Liverpool box, yet failed to give the ball to Henry, as the through ball was cleared. Gerrard was booked for a tackle on Vieira in the sixth minute, which left the Frenchman seeking medical attention and moments after, he caught Henry late with a similar lunge; Gerrard was given the benefit of the doubt by the referee. Bergkamp volleyed the ball "from close range" which was blocked by defender Abel Xavier and two of his efforts were saved in quick succession by Jerzy Dudek after the 20-minute mark. Liverpool managed their first shot on target before the half-hour: a shot from Emile Heskey which hit goalkeeper David Seaman's chest. After a quiet period towards the end of the first half, Ray Parlour went close to giving Arsenal the lead, through a long-range shot that missed the post by fractions. A move from Arsenal soon after concluded with Wiltord firing the ball straight at Dudek, having been under pressure by Djimi Traoré.

Midfielder Gilberto Silva made his debut in the second half, coming on in place of fellow Brazilian Edu. In the 47th minute, Henry went close to scoring his first goal at the Millennium Stadium; he collected a pass from Bergkamp and used his pace to get past the Liverpool defence. His shot caught Dudek and rebounded off the post. Henry created further chances in the 51st and 54th minutes, forcing more saves from the Liverpool goalkeeper. Owen was unable to reach the ball from a corner and Liverpool continued to pressure Arsenal, with Gerrard regaining control of the midfield and making a substitution which saw Danny Murphy come on for Hamann. In spite of this, it was Arsenal who scored the opening goal, in the 68th minute. A move by Liverpool, which had broken down, allowed Gilberto to pass the ball out to Ashley Cole, who in turn fed Bergkamp. His cut-back met the Brazilian's left foot "with a shot that squeezed through Dudek's legs." Diouf went down in the penalty box four minutes after, which provoked a reaction by Vieira, who believed he had dived. Both managers made numerous changes in the final 15 minutes, which included Milan Baroš replacing Heskey and midfielder Kolo Touré on for Bergkamp. The final notable chance went to Liverpool a minute before additional time: Sol Campbell was caught out of position in Arsenal's half, but Diouf's shot went over the goal bar.

Details

Statistics

Post-match

The result marked the first time that Liverpool had lost at the Millennium Stadium. Wenger used his post-match news interview to praise goalscorer Gilberto Silva and asserted that the Brazilian would be a "very strong player" for the team, in the incoming future. He noted that Dudek had "kept [Liverpool] in the game for a long time" and was critical of Gerrard, who he felt was fortunate not to have been sent off for a "reckless and dangerous" challenge on Vieira. Wenger believed Arsenal's experience put the team in good stead for the upcoming season: "There are two attitudes to being champions. One is to get respect, another is to get kicked more and to face more aggression as people want to beat you more. We are quite used to that though as we have had some big fights in the past four or five years."

Houllier argued that his team paid Arsenal "too much respect" in the match and blamed his full-backs Xavier and Traoré for not providing width, adding: "We need to have more flow in our game, more safety in our passing construction". Gerrard was unrepentant for tackling Vieira and stated he was trying to "stamp [his] authority" on the match. He accepted defeat and was optimistic Liverpool had the means to win the Premier League: "We'd rather they beat us in this game and then we go on to pick up the title. That's what we're really looking at. Even though they got the better of us yesterday, it doesn't mean they'll do better than us over the whole season." Diouf insisted he should have earned a penalty in the second half, given he felt there was "definite contact" from a challenge in the penalty box: "It was a penalty, definitely, but the referee is the master on the pitch and he didn't give it. I know the Arsenal players think I dived, but I didn't."

See also
2002–03 FA Premier League
2002–03 FA Cup

Notes

References

2002
Fa Community Shield
Charity Shield 2002
Charity Shield 2002
Comm
2000s in Cardiff


Lawsuits against God have occurred in real life and in fiction. Issues debated in the actions include the problem of evil and harmful "acts of God".

Actual suits

Betty Penrose
In 1969, Arizonan lawyer Russel T. Tansie filed a suit against God on behalf of his secretary, Betty Penrose, seeking $100,000 in damages. Penrose blamed God for his "negligence" in allowing a lightning bolt to strike her house. The lawsuit was placed under the argument that God owned property in Sonoma County, due to the Limeliters singer Lou Gottlieb transferring the deed of his Morning Star Ranch to God about a week before. The deed was ruled invalid, due to God not being able to take possession of the property, and hence Penrose's lawsuit was also ruled invalid.

Ernie Chambers
In the U.S. state of Nebraska, State Senator Ernie Chambers filed a suit in 2008 against God, seeking a permanent injunction against God's harmful activities, as an effort to publicize the issue of public access to the court system. The suit was dismissed because God could not be properly notified, not having a fixed address. The Judge stated, "Given that this court finds that there can never be service effectuated on the named defendant this action will be dismissed with prejudice". The senator, assuming God to be singular and all-knowing, responded "The court itself acknowledges the existence of God. A consequence of that acknowledgement is a recognition of God's omniscience. Since God knows everything, God has notice of this lawsuit."

Nebraska media inaccurately reported that Chambers filed the lawsuit in response to another lawsuit that he considered to be frivolous and inappropriate. Chambers clarified that, on the contrary, his intention was to demonstrate that no lawsuit should be considered frivolous. He feels anyone should be able to sue anyone else, "Little Orphan Annie no less than Daddy Warbucks and Warren Buffett." By suing God he "emphasized that attempts by the Legislature to prohibit the filing of any lawsuit would run afoul of the Nebraska Constitution's guarantee that the doors to the courthouse must be open to everyone."

In response to Chambers' case, two responses were filed. The first was from a Corpus Christi lawyer, Eric Perkins, who wanted to answer the question "what would God say". The second was filed in Douglas County, Nebraska District Court. The source of the second response, claiming to be from God, is unclear as no contact information was given.

On July 30, 2008, local media sources reported the Douglas County District Court was going to deny Chambers' lawsuit because Chambers had failed to notify the defendant. However, on August 1, Chambers was granted a court date of August 5 in order to proceed with his lawsuit. "The scheduling hearing will give me a chance to lay out the facts that would justify the granting of the motion," Chambers was quoted as saying. He added, "Once the court enters the injunction, that's as much as I can do ... That's as much as I would ask the court. I wouldn't expect them to enforce it."

However, a judge finally did throw out the case, saying the Almighty was not properly served due to his unlisted home address.  As of November 5, 2008, Chambers filed an appeal to the Nebraska Supreme Court. The former state senator John DeCamp and E. O. Augustsson in Sweden, asked to represent God. Augustsson's letters, mentioning the Bjorn were stricken as "frivolous". The Appeals Court gave Chambers until February 24 to show that he notified DeCamp and Augustsson of his brief, which he did. The case was finally closed on February 25 when the Nebraska Court of Appeals dismissed the appeal and vacated the order of the district court. The court quoted cases according to which "[a] court decides real controversies and determines rights actually controverted, and does not address or dispose of abstract questions or issues that might arise in hypothetical or fictitious situation or setting".

Pavel M.
In 2005, a Romanian prisoner identified as Pavel M., serving 20 years after being convicted of murder, filed a lawsuit against the Romanian Orthodox Church, as God's representatives in Romania, for failing to keep him from the Devil, essentially stating that his baptism had been a binding contract.

The suit was dismissed because the defendant, God, was neither an individual nor a company, and was therefore not subject to the civil court of law's jurisdiction.

Chandan Kumar Singh
Chandan Kumar Singh, a lawyer from Bihar, India, sued the Hindu god Rama for mistreating his wife, the goddess Sita. The court dismissed his case, held on , calling it "impractical".

Fictional suits

In the Australian comedy film The Man Who Sued God (2001), a fisherman played by Billy Connolly successfully challenges the right of insurance companies to refuse payment for a destroyed boat on the common legal exemption clause of an act of God. In a suit against the world's religious institutions as God's representatives on Earth, the religious institutions face the dilemma of either having to state God does not exist to uphold the legal principle, or being held liable for damages caused by acts of God.

An Indian film, OMG – Oh My God! (2012), has a protagonist Kanji Mehta (played by Paresh Rawal) file a lawsuit against God when his shop is destroyed in an earthquake and the insurance company refuses to take his claim, stating that "act of God" is not covered under his insurance policy. The Telugu film Gopala Gopala is a remake of this, as is the 2016 Kannada-language Mukunda Murari.

In the Fyodor Dostoyevsky novel The Brothers Karamazov (1880), one of the characters tells the story of a grand inquisitor in Spain who meets an incarnation of Jesus, interrogates him and exiles him.

Former Auschwitz concentration camp inmate Elie Wiesel is said to have witnessed three Jewish prisoners try God in absentia for abandoning the Jewish people during the Holocaust. From this experience, Wiesel wrote the play and novel The Trial of God (1979). It is set in a Ukrainian village during 1649 after a massacre of the Jewish inhabitants, possibly as part of the Khmelnytsky Uprising. In the play, three traveling minstrels arrive in the village, having intended to perform a play. Instead they perform a mock trial of God for allowing the massacre. The verdict is innocent, after a stirring lone defence by a stranger who, in a twist, is revealed to be the Devil.

The television play God on Trial (2008), written by Frank Cottrell Boyce, depicts a scene similar to that attributed to Elie Wiesel, but is also described by Boyce as "apocryphal". In it, three Auschwitz prisoners sue God. The trial returns a guilty verdict, although with likely reasons for appeal.

See also
 A Contract with God, a short story collection: in the title story, a man struggles with the events of his life in light of what he believes to be a contract with God.
 God in the Dock, an anthology of C. S. Lewis' Christian apologetics expressing his contention that modern human beings, rather than considering themselves as being judged by God, prefer to try God while acting as his judge
 Last Judgment
 Lawsuits against the Devil
 Legalism (theology), the view that obedience to law, not faith in God's grace, is the pre-eminent principle of redemption
 Levi Yitzchok of Berditchev, known as the "defense attorney" for the Jewish people, because it was believed that he could intercede with God on their behalf
 Misotheism, hatred of God
 Religious law
 Sanhedrin trial of Jesus, the Biblical account of Jesus' trial before the Sanhedrin council

References

External links

Abuse of the legal system


Beijing–Shijiazhuang high-speed railway () is a 281-kilometre high-speed rail line operated by China Railway High-speed between Beijing and Shijiazhuang (the provincial capital of Hebei) that opened on 26 December 2012 after 4 years of construction. The total investment is 43.87 billion yuan. The design speed is , and the opening cut travel times between Beijing and Shijiazhuang from 2 hours to about 1 hour. This railway is the northern section of the  high-speed Jinggang line connecting Beijing and Guangzhou, but also speeds up trains between Beijing and Taiyuan, which continue on the Shitai passenger railway.

References

High-speed railway lines in China
Rail transport in Beijing
Rail transport in Hebei
Railway lines opened in 2012


The 2002 Arkansas gubernatorial election took place on November 5, 2002 for the post of Governor of Arkansas. Incumbent Republican governor Mike Huckabee defeated Democratic State Treasurer Jimmie Lou Fisher.

Democratic primary

Candidates
Jimmie Lou Fisher, Arkansas State Treasurer
Joe Holmes, former prosecutor
Jim Billie

Results

Republican primary

Candidates
Mike Huckabee, incumbent Governor of Arkansas
Doyle Cannady, retired banker

Results

General election

Campaign
At the start of the election campaign Huckabee was expected to win the election easily with a poll in July showing him 16% ahead. Fisher began the campaign by unveiling plans on issues such as prescription drugs, education and domestic violence. She also attacked Huckabee for mismanagement and likened him to a dictator for his response to criticism over cost overruns in a new computer system.

Huckabee's record as Governor became an issue in the election with Fisher's campaign attacking Huckabee for granting clemency to violent criminals, including a rapist. However Huckabee responded that he had signed more death warrants and executed more people than any other governor of Arkansas. Huckabee called on voters to support him due to the progress in education, health care and the economy during his period as governor. Huckabee also criticised Fisher for receiving help from former governor Bill Clinton, describing him as having had his turn.

Huckabee's lead in the polls declined as the election neared, with a poll in September showing him with a 12% lead and one in mid-October showing him 10% ahead. Near the end of October a poll showed Huckabee only 2% ahead of Fisher. Huckabee's campaign was hurt by his wife's struggling campaign to become Arkansas secretary of state; voters were concerned over the couple holding too much power, with polls showing Janet Huckabee over 20% behind. In late October a fundraising letter from Huckabee's campaign described it as in crisis. Huckabee was also sued by his daughter Sarah in his role as governor in a lawsuit he wanted to lose. This came after a state court ordered that students should be removed from the voting rolls in Arkadelphia. Huckabee suggested his daughter join a federal lawsuit which succeeded in getting the students restored.

Predictions

Results

Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic
Craighead (Largest city: Jonesboro)
Greene (Largest city: Paragould)
Hot Spring (Largest city: Malvern)
Izard (Largest city: Horseshoe Bend)
 Arkansas (Largest city: Stuttgart)
 Fulton (Largest city: Salem)
 Poinsett (largest city: Harrisburg)
Lafayette (Largest city: Stamps)
 Little River (largest city: Ashdown)
 Bradley (largest city: Warren)
 Clark (largest city: Arkadelphia)
Nevada (Largest city: Prescott)
Ouachita (Largest city: Camden)
Dallas (Largest city: Fordyce)
 Monroe (largest city: Clarendon)
 Mississippi (largest city: Osceola)
 Desha (largest city: Dumas)
 Lincoln (largest city: Star City)
Ashley (Largest city: Crossett)
 Crittenden (Largest city: West Memphis)
 Conway (Largest city: Morrilton)
 Sevier (Largest city: De Queen)
 Hempstead (largest city: Hope)
 Phillips (largest city: Helena-West Helena)
 Jefferson (largest city: Pine Bluff)
 Pulaski (largest city: Little Rock)

References

External links
Campaign websites (Archived)
Jimmie Lou Fisher
Mike Huckabee

2002
Arkansas
Gubernatorial
Mike Huckabee
November 2002 events in the United States


Thomas Twining Keefler (March 26, 1824 – November 16, 1906) was a merchant and political figure in Nova Scotia, Canada. He represented Lunenburg in the House of Commons of Canada from 1882 to 1883 as a Liberal member.

He was born in Halifax, of Austrian descent. In 1870, he married Lydia Sophia Tupper. Keefler supported an elected senate. His election in 1882 was declared void and he was defeated by Charles Edwin Kaulbach in the by-election which followed in 1883.

Electoral record

References
The Canadian parliamentary companion, 1883, JA Gemmill

1824 births
1906 deaths
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Nova Scotia


Azteca Uno (previously Azteca Trece), is a Mexican national broadcast television network owned by TV Azteca, with more than 100 transmitters across the country. Azteca Uno broadcasts on virtual channel 1. Azteca Uno programming is available in Mexico on satellite via Sky and Dish Network, as well as all Mexican cable systems, and some Azteca Uno programming were seen in the United States on Azteca América.

History

Establishment of XHDF

Azteca Trece took its historic channel number (13) from XHDF-TV, which signed on in 1968 on channel 13. It was owned by Francisco Aguirre's Organización Radio Centro through concessionaire Corporación Mexicana de Radio y Televisión, S.A. de C.V. The station had fewer resources compared to its Mexico City competitors, Telesistema Mexicano and Televisión Independiente de México, and relied on foreign films and series, supplied primarily by Eurovision, to fill out its broadcast day.

In 1972, due to debts owed to the state-owned Sociedad Mexicana de Crédito Industrial (Mexican Industrial Credit Society or SOMEX), XHDF and concessionaire Corporación Mexicana de Radio y Televisión were nationalized.

The first director of the government-owned Canal 13 was Antonio Menéndez González, and after his death, he was succeeded by Enrique González Pedrero, senator of the state of Tabasco from the PRI. Corporación Mexicana de Radio y Televisión, along with another state-owned enterprise, Tele-Radio Nacional, began receiving new television concessions as part of a national expansion of the Mexico City station into a national television network.

One of the first orders of business for Canal 13 was a relocation. On July 14, 1976, Canal 13's new facilities in the Ajusco area of Mexico City were formally inaugurated by President Luis Echeverría. The event was attended by various figures from the political and business sectors of the country, including Secretary of the Interior Mario Moya Palencia and Secretary of Communications and Transportation Eugenio Méndez Docurro, as well as Emilio Azcárraga Milmo, Romulo O'Farrill and Miguel Aleman Velasco, who served as directors of Televisa.

In 1983, the Mexican government reorganized its broadcast holdings. The result was the creation of the Mexican Television Institute, which changed its name to Imevisión in 1985. Imevisión comprised not only Canal 13, now known as Red Nacional 13, but the former Televisión de la República Mexicana, with its channel 22 station, and a new network known as Red Nacional 7 and broadcast in Mexico City by the brand-new XHIMT-TV channel 7.

During the Imevisión years, Red Nacional 13 continued to broadcast commercial programming, although it featured some programs with a cultural focus, such as Temas de Garibay, Entre Amigos with Alejandro Aura, and several programs with journalist Jorge Saldaña.

Privatization

In 1990, Imevisión collapsed the 7 and 13 national networks into one, retaining the stronger channel 13 branding. At this time, the first of two attempts to privatize Imevisión was made, meeting with no bidders.

In 1993, the administration of Carlos Salinas de Gortari auctioned off Imevisión and some other government-owned media ventures in various packages. Radio Televisión del Centro, headed by electronics store owner Ricardo Salinas Pliego, bought all of the TV stations. The result was the creation of Televisión Azteca, which took its name from the holding company created for the largest of the packages: the Red Nacional 13, including XHDF.

Programs
Azteca Uno is the home of most of TV Azteca's domestic output, especially telenovelas, entertainment programs, and news.

Entertainment
Azteca Uno features two entertainment programs on its weekday schedule. Its morning show, Venga la Alegría, airs from 8:55 to noon and competes against similar offerings from Las Estrellas and Imagen Televisión. An afternoon show, Ventaneando, is more focused on entertainment news, and airs at 1pm.

News

Azteca Uno airs three editions of Hechos, Azteca's primary newscast, in the morning, at lunchtime and at 10pm. All three beat Televisa's competing newscasts in the ratings in September 2016.

Azteca Internacional
The network also operates an international version of Azteca Trece as AZ Mundo (formerly Azteca 13 Internacional), reaching 13 countries in North, Central and South America. On July 15, 2004, the CRTC in Canada denied a request for Azteca 13 Internacional to be broadcast via digital cable and satellite.  However, a second subsequent request was approved on January 20, 2006. On September 15, 2015, Azteca 13 International was renamed AZ Mundo.  The channel is available in Canada on Rogers Digital Cable, Vidéotron & Bell Fibe TV. On June 5, 2023, the channel would be relaunched again as Azteca Internacional.

Azteca Uno transmitters
Azteca Uno is available on 91 of its own transmitters as well as on a subchannel of 13 Azteca 7 transmitters. The latter only carry Azteca Uno in standard definition.

As part of the national virtual channel realignment of October 2016, Azteca Trece, including in Mexico City, moved from channel 13 to channel 1. The move allowed it to leapfrog Las Estrellas, its primary competitor, which remained on channel 2; it also ultimately led to the rename of the network as Azteca Uno effective January 1, 2018.

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References

External links

Television channels and stations established in 1972
Television networks in Mexico
TV Azteca broadcast television networks
Mexican companies established in 1972


Gilfillan Biotic Area is a protected wetland area in Beltrami County, Minnesota.

History
Gilfillan Biotic Area may be named for Episcopal missionary and linguist Joseph Gilfillan.

Description
The Gillifan Biotic Area is an undeveloped natural area that holds an abundance of wild orchids and white spruce.

Notes

Protected areas of Beltrami County, Minnesota
Nature reserves in Minnesota


Victoria Dock railway station (also known as Victoria station) was the terminus of the York and North Midland Railway's Victoria Dock Branch Line in Kingston upon Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire, England.

It was opened by the York and North Midland Railway on 1 June 1853 and was closed to passengers on 1 June 1864.

The station remained in use as Drypool Goods station, with much of the station structure removed by the early 1900s. Some station office buildings adjacent to Hedon Road remained until the 1980s.

History
In 1853, the Victoria Dock Branch Line was opened by the York and North Midland Railway (Y&NMR) to serve the new Victoria Dock (1850). William Botterill was employed by the Y&NMR to design the stations on the branch.

In January 1853 the company planned to build a goods shed at the dock, with the intention to use it temporarily for passengers. A station to Botterill's design was approved in the following months and later that year the Hull and Holderness Railway became a joint user of the station on agreeing to pay half the cost for its development.

Initially a temporary station was built. The Y&NMR and Hull&Holderness agreed to share the costs of a larger permanent station in mid 1854. The station was constructed on the south side of Hedon Road, between Emily and Williamson streets.

The station was used by passenger services on the Victoria Dock Branch from 1853 to 1854, and by the Hull and Holderness Railway till 1864.

The station site was later used for freight, as the Drypool Goods station. In the late 1880s the NER contracted the construction of a goods shed at the station. Much of the passenger station had been by removed by 1910, leaving some station buildings facing onto Hedon Road.

During the Hull Blitz the station was hit by bombs three times, with the station's stables set on fire on one occasion.

Remnants of the passenger station buildings remained up to the 1980s.

Notes

References

Locations

Sources

External links

Disused railway stations in Kingston upon Hull
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1853
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1864
Former York and North Midland Railway stations
Hull and Holderness Railway


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea refers to Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, a classic 1870 science fiction novel by Jules Verne.

20,000 Leagues Under the Sea may also refer to:

 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1907 film), a French silent film
 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1916 film), a silent film based on the Jules Verne novel
 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film), a Walt Disney film starring Kirk Douglas and James Mason, based on the Jules Verne novel
 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1985 film), an Australian made-for-television animated film
 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1997 film), a 1997 American television film aired by CBS
 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1997 miniseries), a 1997 television miniseries produced in Australia and aired on ABC
 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea, a 2001 adaptation of the Jules Verne novel by the Radio Tales series for National Public Radio
 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea, a 2004 animated film produced by DIC that aired on Nickelodeon
 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: Submarine Voyage, former attraction at Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom
 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (Tokyo DisneySea), an attraction at Tokyo DisneySea in Japan
 Crayola Kids Adventures: 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea, a 1997 musical adaptation produced by Hallmark Entertainment


Davidi Kitai (born 28 September 1979) is a Belgian professional poker player who won the 2008 World Series of Poker $2,000 Pot-Limit Hold'em event for $244,583, becoming the first Belgian to win a WSOP bracelet. He also has won 2 other bracelets and has an EPT title and a WPT title, along with numerous other big scores and titles.

In February 2011, Kitai won his second big title in the WPT Celebrity Invitational event, earning $100,000.

At the 2012 European Poker Tour in Berlin, Kitai won his first EPT title earning €712,000 in the €5,000 Main Event. In the heads-up phase Kitai was trailing Andrew Chen but his infamous hero all-in call with K♣5♣ on a
2♣Q♣8♡-4♠-5♢ board gave him a considerable lead over Chen as he went on to win the match.

He became one of only five players to win poker's Triple Crown, joining Gavin Griffin, Bertrand Grospellier, Jake Cody, and Roland De Wolfe.  Poker's Triple Crown consists of winning a WSOP bracelet as well as main event titles on the WPT and EPT. There was some debate on the legitimacy of his Triple Crown achievement since his WPT win was the Celebrity Invitational event, thus not being an open event and arguments that this charity event had a weakened field. Although he had to beat 482 players to win it, including almost every famous pro poker player. But the WPT eventually officially stated that they recognise the Invitational as an official WPT main event.

Kitai won his second bracelet at the 2013 World Series of Poker in the $5,000 Pot-Limit Hold'em event, defeating Cary Katz heads-up and earning $224,560. His third bracelet came in the $3,000 6-Max Event of the 2014 WSOP, where he had to get past Gordon Vayo heads-up to complete his WSOP hattrick while bagging $508,640.

Kitai won the 25K Super High Roller of the PartyPoker Millions Barcelona 2018 for €700,000. And in November 2020 Kitai won the Super MILLION$ $10,300 Main Event on GGPoker for $726,839, defeating a final table with other top players like Niklas Åstedt, David Yan, Mike Watson, Aleks Ponakovs and Eelis Parssinen.

On January 7 of 2015, Kitai was ranked #2 on the Global poker index, which ranks the top live tournament players in the world

His total live tournament winnings exceed the magical $10,000,000 mark.

World Series of Poker bracelets

Online Poker
Although he mainly plays live tournaments, Kitai has some impressive online scores as well. He plays under the screen name “legrouzin” on PokerStars, where he won hundreds of thousands of dollars in MTT cashes.

In November 2020, he took down the $10,300 Super MILLION$ Main Event for $726,839 on Natural8-GGNetwork.

Personal life
It was Davidi Kitai's childhood dream to become a professional footballer player. He played on an amateur level for low-tier clubs in Belgium until he was 20.

He then graduated in Economics and moved to Los Angeles at the age of 22.

Later on, he tried to open a running online and retail store in Brussels, Belgium, unsuccessfully.

Notes

External links
BluffMagazine.com WSOP: Davidi Kitai Wins Belgium its First Bracelet

Belgian poker players
1979 births
Living people
World Series of Poker bracelet winners
World Poker Tour winners
European Poker Tour winners


Bulnes is a Chilean city and commune in Diguillín Province, Ñuble Region.

Demographics
According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute, Bulnes spans an area of  and has 20,595 inhabitants (10,275 men and 10,320 women). Of these, 12,514 (60.8%) lived in urban areas and 8,081 (39.2%) in rural areas. Between the 1992 and 2002 censuses, the population grew by 4.5% (882 persons).

Administration
As a commune, Bulnes is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years. The 2008-2012 alcalde is Rodrigo De La Puente Acuña (ILE). The municipal council has the following members:
 Ricardo Rodriguez Penrros (RN)
 Alejandro Valle Elgueta (ILC)
 Juan Arévalo Rojas (RN)
 Max Pacheco Palma (UDI)
 Oscar Troncoso Stuardo (PS)
 Mario Urra Riquelme (PDC)

Within the electoral divisions of Chile, Bulnes is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Jorge Sabag (PDC) and Frank Sauerbaum (RN) as part of the 42nd electoral district, together with San Fabián, Ñiquén, San Carlos, San Nicolás, Ninhue, Quirihue, Cobquecura, Treguaco, Portezuelo, Coelemu, Ránquil, Quillón, Cabrero and Yumbel. The commune is represented in the Senate by Alejandro Navarro Brain (MAS) and Hosain Sabag Castillo (PDC) as part of the 12th senatorial constituency (Biobío-Cordillera).

References

External links
  Municipality of Bulnes

Communes of Chile
Populated places in Diguillín Province


Manuel Sánchez Torres (born 1 January 1960) is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a forward.

Almost all of his professional career was spent in the Netherlands, where he appeared for three different teams – mainly Twente – and played in nearly 250 official games.

Football career
Torres was born in Terrassa, Barcelona, Catalonia. When he was seven years old he moved with his parents to Almelo in the Netherlands, and he started his football career at local amateurs PH Almelo, being subsequently noticed and signed by Eredivisie club FC Twente.

On 17 September 1978, aged 18, Torres made his league debut for Twente, in a home game against Sparta Rotterdam, scoring his first goal a few weeks later at HFC Haarlem and ending his first season with three goals in 23 matches as the Enschede side finished in 11th position and reached the final of the Dutch Cup, lost to league champions AFC Ajax.

From 1980 onwards, Sánchez Torres scored in double digits in every season at Twente, safe for the 1982–83 campaign which ended in relegation to the second division – followed by immediate promotion, with player netting 11 times for the runners-up.

In 1985, Torres returned to his country and signed for Valencia CF, making his debut for the Che against Real Valladolid. During his spell with the club, where he was coached by Alfredo Di Stéfano, he failed to reproduce his previous form, scoring only once and also suffering La Liga relegation in his first season.

After leaving Valencia, Sánchez Torres returned to the Netherlands and joined Roda JC in the top division, but appeared sparingly for that and his following teams, NEC Nijmegen and Heracles Almelo (no games whatsoever for the latter), due to injury, retiring from football in 1993 at age 33.

Club statistics

References

External links
Stats at Voetbal International
NEC fan archives

CiberChe stats and bio

1960 births
Living people
Footballers from Terrassa
Spanish men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Eredivisie players
Eerste Divisie players
FC Twente players
Roda JC Kerkrade players
NEC Nijmegen players
Heracles Almelo players
La Liga players
Segunda División players
Valencia CF players
Spanish expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in the Netherlands
Spanish expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands


The  ('Third Class') is the eighth tier of football in the Netherlands and the sixth tier of Dutch amateur football. The league is divided into 37 divisions, 20 played on Saturday and 17 on Sunday.

Each division consists of 14 teams. The champions are promoted to the Tweede Klasse, the teams finishing 13th and 14th are relegated to the Vierde Klasse. Each season is divided into a number of periods (). The winner of these periods qualify for promotion playoffs, provided they finish in the top nine overall in the season. The teams finishing 12th in the final rankings play relegation playoffs.

Derde Klasse divisions

8