Shriram Group is an Indian conglomerate headquartered in Chennai. It was founded on 5 April 1974 by R. Thyagarajan, AVS Raja and T. Jayaraman. The group had its beginning in chit funds business and later on entered the lending and insurance businesses.

Companies
Shriram Finance is the flagship company of the Group which provides financial services such as commercial vehicle finance, passenger vehicle finance, SME finance and retail lending (personal loans, gold loans and two-wheeler loans). It was formed in 2022 as the result of a merger of Shriram City Union Finance and Shriram Capital into Shriram Transport Finance.
 Shriram Housing Finance is a subsidiary of Shriram Finance and mainly provides home loan services.
Shriram Life Insurance is the life insurance arm of the group, and a joint venture between Shriram Group and South African company Sanlam.
Shriram General Insurance is engaged in commercial and retail vehicle insurance, home insurance and travel insurance. It is a joint venture between Shriram Group and Sanlam.
Shriram Financial Ventures is the holding company and promoter of Shriram Group's financial services and insurance businesses. It is jointly owned by Shriram Ownership Trust (SOT) and Sanlam Group.
Shriram Properties is a real estate developer focusing on mid-income housing projects, primarily in South India.
 Shriram Fortune is the financial services distribution arm of the group.
Shriram AMC is an asset management company focused on mutual funds.
Shriram Insight is a retail stockbroker.
Shriram Wealth provides wealth management advisory services.
Shriram Automall is a vehicle auction platform started as a subsidiary of Shriram Transport Finance. In 2018, CarTrade acquired a majority stake in Shriram Automall.

References

External links

Financial services companies based in Chennai
Conglomerate companies of India
1974 establishments in Tamil Nadu
Indian companies established in 1974
Conglomerate companies established in 1974


During President Jimmy Carter's presidency, he nominated four people for four different federal appellate judgeships who were not processed by the Democratic-controlled Senate Judiciary Committee before Carter's presidency ended.  None of the four nominees were renominated by Carter's successor, President Ronald Reagan.  Three of the nominees who were not processed (Eugene Nickerson, Nicholas Bua and Howard F. Sachs) were nominated after July 1, 1980, the traditional start date of the unofficial Thurmond rule during a presidential election year.  All four seats eventually were filled by appointees of President Ronald Reagan.

The four nominees were blocked in committee; no committee hearings ever were held for any of the three.  The nominees were held up at the same time that in an unprecedented move, the Senate chose to take up Carter's November 13, 1980, nomination—after he already had lost the 1980 presidential election to Ronald Reagan—of Stephen Breyer to an appellate judgeship on the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit.  The Senate wound up confirming Breyer (whom President Bill Clinton appointed to the United States Supreme Court in 1994) during the lame-duck session of the 96th Congress the following month.  (Breyer's appellate court confirmation in 1980, which was the result of support from both Democrats and Republicans on the Senate Judiciary Committee, often is cited as evidence disproving the existence of the Thurmond Rule.)

During his presidency, Carter also nominated 16 people for 15 different federal district judgeships who were never confirmed by the United States Senate.

List of unconfirmed appellate nominees
United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
New York seat - Eugene Nickerson (judgeship later filled by Reagan nominee Lawrence W. Pierce)
United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
Texas seat - Andrew L. Jefferson, Jr. (judgeship later filled by Reagan nominee William Lockhart Garwood)
United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
Illinois seat - Nicholas Bua (judgeship later filled by Reagan nominee Richard Posner)
United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit
Missouri seat - Howard F. Sachs (judgeship later filled by Reagan nominee John R. Gibson)

Others who were considered for nomination

In 1978 or 1979, Carter strongly and publicly had considered nominating Joan Krauskopf, then a law professor at the University of Missouri, to a newly created seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit.  However, Krauskopf received a "not qualified" rating from the American Bar Association because of an alleged lack of judicial experience.  A White House staffer disputed that assertion, noting that the judges on the Eighth Circuit felt Krauskopf's teaching responsibilities had give her the requisite experience to handle the job, and that Krauskopf was thought by some in the ABA to be too liberal.  Despite support for her candidacy by Missouri Sen. Thomas Eagleton, Carter himself, on the recommendation of his attorney general, Griffin Bell, made the decision not to proceed with Krauskopf's nomination.  Ultimately, Carter wound up nominating Richard S. Arnold to the seat in late 1979; he was confirmed in 1980.

Unconfirmed district court nominees

During his presidency, Carter nominated 16 people for 15 different federal district judgeships to federal district courts who never were confirmed by the U.S. Senate.  Like the appellate court nominations mentioned above, many of these nominees were blocked by Republicans.  One, however, was not confirmed because he died while his nomination was pending.

Of the 15 federal district judgeship vacancies in question, three eventually were filled with different Carter nominees and 12 were filled by nominees of President Ronald Reagan.  Of Carter's 16 failed district court nominees, four, I. Leo Glasser, John E. Sprizzo, James Parker Jones and Ralph Wilson Nimmons, Jr., subsequently were nominated by Presidents Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush or Bill Clinton to federal district judgeships.  Also, another of the 16, Walter Meheula Heen, was given a recess appointment to his district judgeship by Carter and as a result served as a federal judge for close to a year into the presidency of Reagan, who chose not to renominate and seek a full Senate vote on Heen.

The failed Carter district court nominees:

United States District Court for the District of Maine
David G. Roberts (nominated August 26, 1980; judgeship later filled by Reagan appointee Conrad K. Cyr)
United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico
Miguel A. Gimenez-Munoz (nominated July 31, 1980; judgeship later filled by Reagan appointee Jaime Pieras, Jr.)
United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York
Philip Weinberg (nominated September 17, 1980; judgeship later filled by Reagan appointee (and failed Carter nominee) I. Leo Glasser)
I. Leo Glasser (nominated September 17, 1980; judgeship later filled by Reagan appointee Joseph M. McLaughlin; Glasser later was appointed by Reagan to a different seat on the Eastern District of New York)
United States District Court for the Southern District of New York
John E. Sprizzo (nominated June 2, 1980; judgeship later filled by Sprizzo himself, after President Reagan renominated him the following year)
United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania
Leonardo "Len" Paletta (nominated April 7, 1978; died while nomination was pending; judgeship later filled by Carter appointee Alan Neil Bloch)
United States District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina
Charles B. Winberry (nominated March 29, 1979, and withdrawn August 26, 1980; judgeship later filled by Reagan appointee James Carroll Fox)
S. Gerald Arnold (nominated August 26, 1980; judgeship later filled by Reagan appointee James Carroll Fox)
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia
James Edward Sheffield (nominated April 9, 1980; judgeship later filled by Reagan appointee James C. Cacheris)
United States District Court for the Western District of Virginia
James Parker Jones (nominated on May 16, 1979; judgeship later filled by Reagan appointee Jackson L. Kiser; Jones later was nominated and confirmed to a different seat on the Western District of Virginia by President Clinton)
United States District Court for the Western District of Texas
Peter M. Lowry (nominated August 26, 1980; judgeship later filled by Reagan appointee James Robertson Nowlin)
United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio
Gerald B. Lackey (nominated August 26, 1980; judgeship later filled by Reagan appointee Alvin I. Krenzler)
United States District Court for the District of Hawaii
Walter Meheula Heen (nominated February 29, 1980, and renominated January 8, 1981; in the interim, Carter gave Heen a recess appointment to the District of Hawaii, and Heen served as a judge for close to one year of Reagan's presidency; the Senate never acted on Carter's nominations of Heen and Reagan never renominated him to the District of Hawaii; judgeship later filled by Reagan appointee Harold Michael Fong)
United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama
Fred Gray (nominated January 10, 1980; nomination withdrawn September 17, 1980; judgeship later filled by Carter appointee Myron Herbert Thompson)
United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida
Ralph Wilson Nimmons, Jr. (nominated on September 17, 1980; judgeship later filled by Reagan appointee John H. Moore II; Nimmons later was nominated and confirmed to a different seat on the Middle District of Florida by President George H. W. Bush)
United States District Court for the District of Columbia
Carin Clauss (nominated on September 19, 1978; judgeship later filled by Carter appointee Joyce Hens Green)

See also
 United States federal judge
 Judicial appointment history for United States federal courts
 Deaths of United States federal judges in active service

References

Carter, Jimmy
judicial appointment controversies
Judicial appointments


Loving Frank  is a 2007 American novel by Nancy Horan. It tells the story of Mamah Borthwick's illicit love affair with Frank Lloyd Wright and the public shame they experienced in early twentieth century America. It is a fictionalised account told from Borthwick's perspective, based on research conducted by Horan; it is her debut novel. It depicts Borthwick’s life as it became intertwined with Wright's between the years of 1907 through 1914. By following the artistic aspirations and travels of the two main protagonists, the novel portrays the social mores of the times in the United States and Europe.

Plot summary

The book opens with a note by Borthwick, reminiscing on her life and expressing her longing to give her perspective on what happened. The story begins with an account of Borthwick's attendance at a public talk in Oak Park given by Frank Lloyd Wright, a famous architect of the Chicago School. The author reveals that some years earlier, Wright had designed Borthwick's house at the insistence of her husband Edwin Cheney. Wright and Borthwick begin a tumultuous and intermittent affair while they are working together on the architectural plans for the house.

The novel is an introspective portrayal of Borthwick's emotional turmoil as an intellectual, wife, mother, friend, and member of society. It also touches on Wright's personality and human traits in addition to his artistic talent and eccentricities. Throughout the novel, Borthwick explains the artistic or philosophical underpinnings of Wright's extravagant views. The novel goes deep into their family situations and internal conflicts, and allows the reader to see Wright through the lens of Borthwick’s deep admiration. The Swedish feminist Ellen Key unnerves Borthwick when she declares that Borthwick may have followed Wright in order to bask in his brilliance rather than accomplishing anything she can claim as her own.

Themes
Women's independence: “Before Mamah came over to Germany, Mattie had said to her, 'What will you do if Frank returns to his wife? You’ll have nothing.' But Mamah felt now that if that came to be, she had more than nothing. All the rest, it seemed, had just floated away.” (Horan 185). Mamah Borthwick Cheney was a pioneer for women’s independence. She struggled with how a woman who wanted her own self-expression could "fulfill the traditional-bound, justly demanding needs of her children” (New York Times 03). “Mamah, a brilliant woman with a college degree, was not suited to the role allotted to educated women of her time. She simply could not breathe” (Los Angeles Times 01). Mamah is “a symbol of both the freedoms women yearn to have and of the consequences that may await when they try to take them” (New York Times 03).
Reputation: "Mrs. Cheney and Wright Elope Again. Famous Chicago Architect Lives with Divorcee in Seclusion at Hillside, Wis.; Leaves Wife at Home Forgiven After First Escapade, He Now Tacks Rent Sign on Residence” (Horan 241). The love affair between Frank Lloyd Wright and Mamah Borthwick Cheney both “shocked Chicago society and forever changed their lives” (Random House 02). They left a lot behind when they fled Oak Park for Europe in 1909, including two spouses and nine children between the two of them. The effects of their affair were widespread, and not just within their own families. “Beyond its shock value, the outcome would have ramifications . . . for architects, feminists, criminologists and armchair moralists of every stripe” (International Herald Tribune 02).
Morality: “Mamah Cheney followed her heart at any cost” (Los Angeles Times 01). “As she leaves her home and children, she examines and reexamines the moral basis of her choice” (Los Angeles 01). She is no longer in love with her husband, Edwin, and wants to begin living her own life, rather than living in a role assigned to her by society. “She feels completely reborn in body and mind through her relationship with Wright” (Los Angeles 01).

Characters

 Mamah Borthwick:  Full name Martha Bouton Borthwick Cheney. The protagonist of the book. Involved in affair with famous architect Frank Lloyd Wright. Well-educated and an advocate for women's rights. Leaves her children to go to Europe with Wright.  Struggles to come to terms with internal and external conflicts. Murdered by Julian Carlton.

 Frank Lloyd Wright: Brilliant architect. Involved in affair with Mamah. His mother's favorite, pampered him as child. Considers himself so fascinating and such a genius that people should be honored to work with him. Often spends money he doesn't have.

 Catherine Wright:  Wright's wife. Refuses to divorce him despite his ongoing long-term affair.
 Edwin Cheney: Mamah's husband. Loyal to Mamah but allows the divorce.
 Martha Cheney: Mamah’s and Edwin's daughter. Too young to remember much about her mother when she leaves.
 John Cheney: Mamah’s and Edwin's son. Very close with his mother before she leaves. When she returns, she finds that he has changed.
 Lizzie Borthwick: Mamah's sister. A devoted sister who remains single and lives in the Cheney household. Takes care of Mamah's children before and after she leaves.
 Jessie Borthwick: Mamah's sister who died from complications during childbirth.
 Dickie Bock: Artist who works for Wright at Oak Park Studio.
 Marion Mahony Griffin: Female architect who works with Wright.
 Robert Herrick: Mamah's professor at the University of Chicago.
 Mattie Brown: Mamah's close childhood friend. Dies shortly after giving birth to a child.
 Alden Brown: Mattie's husband. A miner.
 Ernst Wasmuth: Works with Wright as a German publisher intent on publicizing Wright’s architectural ideas in Europe. Publishes a two-volume folio of 100 lithographs known as the Wasmuth Portfolio.
 Ellen Key: Renowned advocate for the women's movement in Europe. Based in Sweden. Inspires Mamah and engages her to translate her work.
 Walter Burley Griffin: Architect who works with Wright in Chicago. Wright owes him money. Marries Marion Mahony.
 Taylor Woolley: Architect who works with Wright in Europe. A good friend of both Wright’s and Mamah's.
 Else Lasker-Schuler: Poet who befriends Mamah at Café des Westens in Germany where she teaches and takes language classes.
 Jennie Porter: Wright's sister. Has a son named Frankie.
 Billy Weston: Workman for Wright at Taliesin.
 Anna Wright: Wright's mother. Smart woman who pampers Wright as a child and adult.
 Josiah: Young carpenter apprentice for Wright at Taliesin.
 Elinor Millor Cheney: Edwin's second wife.
 Emil Brodelle: Wright's drafting man at Taliesin.
 Gertrude Carlton: Cook married to Julian Carlton.
 Julian Carlton: Employed by Wright at Taliesin. Goes crazy and kills Mamah, her two children, and two of Wright's workmen. Attempts suicide. Dies in prison due to starvation.
 John Lloyd Wright: Wright's son. Works with Wright on some projects.

Wright's architecture

Several important buildings by Frank Lloyd Wright play a role in Loving Frank.

 Frank Lloyd Wright Home and Studio: Located in Oak Park. Designed in his Prairie School style.

 Edwin H. Cheney House: Wright helped Borthwick and Cheney with itsdesign.

 Tan-Y-Deri: Wright's sister's home. Name means "Under the Oaks".

 Taliesin: Buildt for Wright's life with Borthwick. Burned down by Julian Carlton and later rebuilt by Wright.

Sources
Horan, Nancy. Loving Frank, New York, NY: Ballantine Books, 2008.
Maslin, Janet. International Herald Tribune Book Review: Loving Frank. 03 Aug. 2007. 26 Oct. 2008 <http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/08/03/arts/06book.php>.
"Random House, Inc." Loving Frank. 26 Oct. 2008 <http://www.randomhouse.com/catalog/display.pperl/9780345502254.html>.
Schillinger, Liesl. New York Times, Notes on a Scandal. 23 Sept. 2007. 26 Oct. 2008 <https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/23/books/review/schillinger-t.html>.
Winik, Marion. Los Angeles Times, Breaking Away. 19 Aug. 2007. 26 Oct. 2008 <http://articles.latimes.com/2007/aug/19/books/bk-winik19>.

References

2007 American novels
Biographical novels
James Fenimore Cooper Prize-winning works
Novels about architects
Cultural depictions of Frank Lloyd Wright


Malcolm A. Love Library (commonly referred to as University Library), opened in 1971, is the primary, central academic library serving multiple campuses of  San Diego State University (SDSU) in Southern California and Northern Baja California, Mexico. Located on the Montezuma Mesa in the College Area of San Diego, California, the library underwent a major expansion to improve Library & Information Access for students institution-wide with construction of the Manchester Hall addition including a spectacular glass enclosed atrium to serve as the new entrance gateway for the University Library.  The iconic design and architecture of the new glass and steel enclosed lobby, and its stated purpose, has earned the entire complex the reference The Info Dome.

The University Library located at Centennial Plaza, east of Campanile Mall on the main campus of SDSU, occupies more than , seats more than 3,000 people, and circulates more than 488,000 books yearly (as of 2011). It has more than 2.2 million volumes, 4.6 million microform items, and 140,000 maps.

Library Addition
The University Library was expanded with the opening of The Info Dome in 1996, and completion of "Manchester Hall", a two-story underground addition to the library, includes a state-of-the-art Media Center, 24/7 Study Area, and two electronic classrooms.

Services

National Center for the Study of Children's Literature
In cooperation with SDSU's Department of English and Comparative Literature, the Library is the home to the National Center for the Study of Children's Literature, which recently received a $1 million gift donation by way of the Christopher D. and Karen Sickels Endowment for Special Collection in Children's Literature.

Federal Depository Library
The Library has been a selective depository library since 1962, receiving most of the items distributed by the U.S. Government Printing Office through its Federal Depository Library Program (FDLP).

State Depository Library
The Library is a complete depository library with the California State Depository Library Program.

Map library
See Map Collection
The Library's Map Collection, consists of over 135,000 sheet maps and more than 1,000 atlases and gazetteers. The collection is worldwide in scope, with an emphasis on San Diego, California, the United States of America, and Baja California. The collection has general, worldwide topographical, nautical, and aeronautical coverage. Most of the collection dates from 1945 to the present.

Special Collections
See Special Collections and University Archives
The Library's Special Collections and University Archives houses rare, fine, unique, and valuable books, periodicals, manuscripts, and documents which require security and care in handling. Other valuable historical items such as photographs, prints, postcards, memorabilia, scrapbooks, and oral histories are also held in Special Collections.
 Art collection
 Center for Regional History

Murals
NRA Packages, a mural painted in 1936 by Genevieve Burgeson Bredo, and for many years thought lost, has been restored and is on display at the foot of the Library Addition stairs. The mural was discovered in 2004 behind ceiling tiles inside SDSU's Hardy Memorial Tower, which was part of the university's first library. Painted in a variety of media, it portrays three men unloading National Recovery Act (NRA) packages from a van near San Diego's Hillcrest neighborhood.
A second, larger mural, George Sorenson's San Diego Industry, was also restored and relocated from Hardy Tower to the Library Addition. This mural depicts the successive stages of tuna fishing and canning, along with the multi-ethnic work force involved in that industry.
See Uncovering Local Art and Industry: The Discovery of Hidden WPA-Era Murals at San Diego State University (SDSU Occasional Archeological Paper Series)
See SDSU Press Release: Exhibit promises wider exposure for legendary local painter and longtime SDSU art director

Namesake
Dr. Malcolm A. Love, Ph.D., was the fourth (4th) President of San Diego State University (SDSU), serving from 1952 to 1971. Prior to his Presidency, Dr. Love was President of the University of Nevada for two (2) years. During his nineteen (19) years as President of SDSU, he was able to transform the institution from a teacher's college into a university. In 1966, the Carnegie Corporation named Dr. Love one of the best college Presidents in the country. With the extraordinary growth of students, faculty and facilities, there were plans for new library to be named in honor of Dr. Love. The Library was dedicated to Dr. Love in May 1971.
See N.Y Times obituary for Dr. Malcolm A. Love, Ph.D.

Other Libraries at San Diego State University
Other unofficial libraries on the SDSU campus include:
 Cross-Cultural Center Library
 Science:
 Edwin C. Allison Center for Historical Science (Geology Library, research center, and collections)
 Physics Library
 Business:
 Entrepreneurial Management Center (EMC Resource Library)
 Art, Music & Dance:
 Audio-Visual Library
 Slide Library
 Career counseling:
 Career Center Library
 Career Resource Library
 Student services:
 Test Library
 Instructional services:
 The ITS Media Center collection has been transferred to the Library & Information Access

References

External links
Library website

Love Library
Love Library
Love Library
Love Library
Love Library
Library buildings completed in 1971


This is a list of films whose setting is Madrid, Spain.

1940s

 The Tower of the Seven Hunchbacks (Edgar Neville, 1944)
 The Crime of Bordadores Street (Edgar Neville, 1946)

1950s

 Death of a Cyclist (Juan Antonio Bardem, 1955)
 Uncle Hyacynth (Ladislao Vajda, 1956)
 El Pisito (Marco Ferreri, 1959)

1960s

 The Delinquents (Carlos Saura, 1960)
Atraco a las tres (José María Forqué, 1962)
 The Executioner (Luis García Berlanga, 1963)

1970s

La cabina (Antonio Mercero, 1972)
La escopeta nacional (Luis García Berlanga, 1978)
 Ogro (Gillo Pontecorvo, 1979)

1980s

Pepi, Luci, Bom (Pedro Almodóvar, 1980)
Bicycles Are for the Summer (Jaime Chávarri, 1984)
What Have I Done to Deserve This? (Pedro Almodóvar, 1984)
Law of Desire (Pedro Almodóvar, 1987)

1990s

High Heels (Pedro Almodóvar, 1991)
The Day of the Beast (Álex de la Iglesia, 1995)
Tesis (Alejandro Amenábar, 1996)
Open Your Eyes (Alejandro Amenábar, 1997)
Lovers of the Arctic Circle (Julio Medem, 1998)

2000s

El Bola (Achero Mañas, 2000)
La comunidad (Álex de la Iglesia, 2000)
Dark Blue Almost Black (Daniel Sánchez Arévalo, 2006)
The Bourne Ultimatum (Paul Greengrass, 2007)

2010s

I'm So Excited (Pedro Almodóvar, 2013)
May God Save Us (Rodrigo Sorogoyen, 2016)
Perfect Strangers (Álex de la Iglesia, 2017)
Pain and Glory (Pedro Almodóvar, 2019)

See also
 List of Spanish films
 Cinema of Spain
 European cinema

Madrid
Spain in fiction

Films
Madrid


Cetilistat is a drug designed to treat obesity. It acts in the same way as the older drug orlistat (Xenical) by inhibiting pancreatic lipase, an enzyme that breaks down triglycerides in the intestine. Without this enzyme, triglycerides from the diet are prevented from being hydrolyzed into absorbable free fatty acids and are excreted undigested.

In human trials from 2007, cetilistat was shown to produce similar weight loss to orlistat, but also produced similar side effects such as oily, loose stools, fecal incontinence, frequent bowel movements, and flatulence. It is likely that the same precautions would apply in that absorption of fat-soluble vitamins and other fat-soluble nutrients may be inhibited, requiring vitamin supplements to be used to avoid deficiencies.

Cetilistat completed Phase 1 and 2 trials in the West and as of 2009 was in Phase 3 trials in Japan where it was partnered with Takeda. Norgine BV  acquired the full global rights to cetilistat from Alizyme after the latter went into administration.

In 2010, a phase 2 trial found cetilistat significantly reduced weight and was better tolerated than orlistat.

Takeda gained approval to market Cetilistat in Japan, but terminated the license agreement with Norgine in 2018.

See also
 Anti-obesity medication

References

Antiobesity drugs
Benzoxazines
Lactones
Ethers
Lipase inhibitors


Albert Baldwin Dod (March 24, 1805 – November 20, 1845) was an American Presbyterian theologian and professor of mathematics.

Early life
Dod was born on March 24, 1805, in Mendham, New Jersey.  He was the son of Daniel Dod (1778–1823) and Nancy (née Squire) Dod (1780–1851). His mother was the sister of Dr. Ezra Squire, of Caldwell, New Jersey.

Career
After a religious awakening while at college in Princeton, where he graduated with the class of 1822, Dod became affiliated with the influential Princeton Theologians.  He published frequently in the group's chief outlet, the Biblical Repertory and Princeton Review, edited by Charles Hodge.  Among his publications there, an attack on Transcendentalism (perhaps written with James Waddel Alexander; published in the January 1839 issue) attracted wide notice and was later republished by Andrews Norton.

For much of his life he taught mathematics at the college, and participated in theological discussion and preaching at the Seminary, in Princeton.  The Doctorate in Divinity, though, was conferred on him by the University of North Carolina and by New York University.

Personal life
Dod married Caroline Smith Bayard (1807–1891), the daughter of Samuel Bayard (1766-1840) and granddaughter of Continental Congressman John Bubenheim Bayard (1738-1808), all descendants of Peter Stuyvesant.  Together, Albert and Caroline had eight children:

 Martha Bayard Dod (1831–1899), who married Edwin Augustus Stevens (1795–1868), founder of Stevens Institute of Technology.
 Caroline Bayard Dod (1832–1859), who married Richard Stockton (1824–1876), son of Robert F. Stockton and grandson of Richard Stockton, both U.S. senators.
 Albert Baldwin Dod (1835–1880), a Captain during the U.S. Civil War who married Elizabeth A. Mcintosh on June 16, 1858.
 Julia Washington Dod (1836–1837), who died young.
 Samuel Bayard Dod (1837–1907), who married Isabella Williamson Green (1840–1883), the granddaughter of Ashbel Green, 8th President of Princeton University.
 Susan Bratford Dod (1840–1912), who married her brother-in-law Richard Stockton after her sister's death in 1859.
 Charles Hodge Dod (1841–1864), a Captain on the staff of Maj. General Winfield Scott Hancock during the civil war who died in service.
 Mary Dod (b. 1843).

The 1840 US census records Dod as owning one female slave aged ten to twenty-four. This is the latest known instance of a Princeton professor owning slaves; Dod was also one of the last slaveholders in the community of Princeton as well as New Jersey overall. The state adopted a system of gradual emancipation in 1804, meaning that the woman in Dod's household was born to an enslaved mother between 1816 and 1830, and that she would be manumitted when she came of age.

Dod died of pleurisy after a brief illness on November 20, 1845.

Legacy
In 1869, his son Samuel Bayard Dod (Princeton Class of 1857) established an Endowed Professorship at Princeton University in mathematics in memory of him. In 1926, his great-grandson, Richard Stockton III, commissioned a bust of Dod which was placed at Dod Hall, the undergraduate dormitory named in his honor.

References

External links

1805 births
1845 deaths
19th-century American mathematicians
American slave owners


The Girl in the Plain Brown Wrapper (1968) is the tenth novel in the Travis McGee series by John D. MacDonald. The plot focuses on McGee's investigation of a beautiful young woman who is mysteriously losing her mind without any apparent physical or mental disease. Along the way, he discovers various troubling facets to the small Florida town where she resides.

Summary
The back of the first edition states, "The incomparable Travis McGee is back in a brand-new adventure! Poking around where he's not wanted - as usual - McGee delves into the mystery of a rich and beautiful wanton who happens to be losing her mind, a little piece at a time. As he probes, he uncovers some of the strange corruptions that simmer behind the respectable facade of a quiet Florida town..."

Several years before the events of the novel, McGee had brief romance with a widow who was grieving the death of her husband. Years later, as she was dying of cancer, she mailed a letter to him asking McGee to watch out for her eldest daughter who was behaving oddly. McGee finds possible a connections to the death of a physician who treated the daughter, and uncovers an investment fraud scheme.

Title
The title phrase "girl in a plain brown wrapper" has a multiple meaning. It is used on page 214 of the first edition referring to the body of one of the female characters who was wrapped heavy brown paper to conceal her identity as McGee continues his investigation, and also alludes to a brown-skinned African-American hotel maid who gives vital assistance to McGee. At the time of the novel's publication, a package being delivered in a plain brown wrapper was also understood as implying erotic, illegal or potentially embarrassing material.

The McGee novels all had colors in their titles, a mnemonic device Macdonald invented to help readers recall which books in the series they had read.

References

1968 American novels
Travis McGee (novel series)
Novels set in Florida


Raja Mannargudi Mahamahopadhyaya Thyagaraja Mahi Raju Sastrigal (28 May 1815 – 4 March 1903), also known as Mannargudi Raju Sastri or Mannargudi Periyaval, was a Hindu scholar.  He was born in the Bharadwaja Vamsa, as a descendant of Adayappaalam Sri Appayya Dikshitar.  Raju Sastri was born in the village of Kuthambadi in today's Thiruvarur district as son of Maragathavalli Janakiammal and Sri Markasahaya Appa Dikshitar

Gurukul

Sastri went back to Mannargudi and set up his gurukul and started teaching many students. He lived in Agraharam First Street, door number 73, and taught veda sastra, anushtanams and granta for thousands of students for over sixty years. Scholars, disciples and devotees address him with reverence as Mannargudi Periyaval with great respect even today. Students flocked to learn from this scholar. People came from Maharashtra, Telugu Desam, Palakadu and from far away places to live and learn from him. Many rich vidwans and scholars saw his sincere teachings and funded the gurukul and made food donations to the students who lived there. Raju Sastri conducted Somayagam for his father Sri Appa Dikshitar in 1864. As per his father's wish, Raju Sastri adopted his brother Appaiya Dikshitar]s son Neelakanda Sastri.  Raju Sastri had many disciples in his Gurukul and he loved to teach them. His adopted son Neelakanta Sastrigal looked after the administration of the Gurukul.  Raju Sastri divided his students into different sections according to their knowledge and taught them the Sastras according to their level.  There were even sanyasis who were his students.  The house on the East Main Road in Rajamannargudi town where he lived later became Sankara Mutt, thanks to the Paramacharya.

Students

Many of Sastri's students went on to become famous scholars.  The following is a list of some of these students.

 Paiganadu Ganapathy Sastri
 Nadukaveri Srinivasa Sastri
 Pazhavaneri Sundara Sastri
 Goshtipuram Harihara Sastri
 Thirupathy Venkatasubramanya Sastri
 Mallari Ramakrishna Sastri
  Paruthiyur Krishna Sastrigal
 Kasi Brahmananda Swamigal
 Balakrishnananda Swamigal
 Ramakrishannanda Swamigal
 Mahadevasramigal
 Dakshinamurthy Swamigal
 Maharashtra Swamigal
 Satchidananda Swamigal
 Tenaangulam Vaishnavas
 Neelakanda Sastri
 Yegnaswami Sastri
 Sithamalli Sri Subramanya Shastrigal Yateendral

Teachings

Initially Raju Sastri was a very different teacher. He was very particular that all his students followed his instructions and would be very upset if a student made even a small mistake.  He would yell at them with anger and the whole neighbourhood could hear him being annoyed.  Then after a while he would explain and correct the mistake very elaborately to the whole class so that no student would make the same mistake again ever. He did not encourage arguments and discussion and wanted students to follow very strict class procedures.   He would dismiss students who did not follow his strict code of conduct. Early in the morning, Guru Raju Sastri would go north to the river near Kailasanathar temple for his daily bath. While all his students went south to the river Padithurai near Meenakshi Amman temple for their bath.  It is even said that Raju Sastri once dismissed and suspended his student Paruthiyur Krishna Sastri mistaking his arguments to be an act of arrogance. Krishna Sastri left the Gurukul to do Ramayana Pravachans, which became very popular. Raju Sastri happened to listen to this pravachan, after hearing about it from his other students. The discourses were on the virtues of Sri Rama.  Sastri listened to the discourse on "Patience" as the greatest virtue of all. Raju Sastri was very impressed and said that Krishna Sastri's Pravachan had opened his eyes. 'I have myself learnt a lot from his description of Sri Rama's virtues. Krishna Sastri you are a Mahaanubhavan, you will bring great joy to many people. Raju Sastri recognised Krishna Sastri's scholarship and decided to train and teach him and mould him to become a great scholar. Raju Sastri became a different man after that.  Raju Sastri was famed as a teacher known for his simplicity, patience and compassion.

Knowledge

Raju Sastrigal had learned all four Sastras and was a very knowledgeable man. He addressed several issues by answering the queries on Dharma Sastram and acharam, often posed to him by Vedic scholars and pundits. His authority on the administration of Dharma made many legal luminaries come to him seeking his advice on issues concerning Hindu law. Publishers and authors made it a point to obtain his foreword for their works. He also offered counselling to people of different faiths explaining the common goal of all religions.

Works

Sri Raju Sastrigal authored more than 30 books. Some of them include:

 Sath Vidya vilasam
 Vedantha Vadhasankragam
 Upathivichara
 Brahma Vidhya Tharangini Vyagyanam
 Niyayethu Sekaram
 Advaitha Siddhi
 Sama Rudra Samhita Bashyam
 Siva Thathuva Viveka Deepika
 Siva Mahima Viveka Deepika
 Siva Mahima Kalikka Sthuthi
 Shiva Mahima Stuti Vyakyanam
 Purushartha Prabodha Sankaraha
 Durjanokthi Nirasam
 Cauvery Navarathnamalika
 Thiyagarajasthwam
 Thamrabharneestvam
 Kaveristhvam
 Dikshithanavaratnamalalika
 Dhikshithvamsaabharanam

In the Malika, Sri Sastrigal had composed songs on the annual rituals and important festivals being celebrated at Sri Tyagaraja Swami Temple Tiruvarur, and Sri Rajagopala Swami Temple, Mannargudi.

Title

In commemoration of the coronation of Queen Victoria in 1887, Raju Sastrigal was selected from the south for the title Mahamahopadhyaya and was invited to Delhi for the award ceremony. Since Sri Sastrigal refused to go to receive the award, the then Governor General directed the then Collector of Thanjavur to confer the title at his residence. Mannargudi Raju Sastri was the first from the south to receive such a prestigious title.  After this title, gifts and felicitations were sent to him from the Thanjavur Collector. Learned scholars came from far away places to meet him every day.

Raju Sastri had formed the "Kumbakonam Advaita Sabha" for propagating the tenets of the Advaita faith. After him, his chief disciple Shi Ganapathy Sastrigal, who was invested the title of Mahamahopadyaya, became the accredited pundit for this Sabha.

Works on Raju Sastri

Thyagaraja Vijayam in Sanskrit written by Mahamahopadyaya Yegnaswami Sastrigal grandson of Sri Raju Sastri, is an elaborate history of Sri Mannagudi Raju Sastri.  The main features of this book were then translated into Tamil in the name "Sri Raju Sastrigalin Mahimai" by great-grandson Sri Ya: Mahalinga Sastri MABL. The book describes Sri Mannargudi Raju Sastri's life, scholarship in Veda Sastras, his faith in daily rituals, his love for his students, his compositions and greatness of some of his popular disciples.

Both Thulasendrapuram Ganapathy Sastri and Paruthiyur Sri Krishna Sastri had written wonderful slokas in praise of Guru Raju Sastri. One of his main disciples, late Mahamahopadhyaya Painganadu Ganapathi Sastrigal, wrote Gururajasapthathy, a set of seventy slokas on his great Guru. He has described therein the great qualities of Raju Sastri, his keen intellect, his benign treatment of his students, and his great devotion to Lord Shiva.

Last days

In 1903 Raju Sastri, at 88 years old, became very weak and he could not even get up or move around without help. His daughter-in-law took very good care of him. Aged Guru Raju Sastri wanted to hear Krishna Sastri's Pravachans and he sent his wish through a student. Considering his old Guru's age and health, Krishna Sastri immediately went to Mannargudi and stayed there for a few months and did Ramayana Pravachans exclusively for guru Raju Sastri and his family, friends and students.  Raju Sastri was delighted and was very proud of his student. Sri Sastrigal attained mukthi at the age of 88 on 4 March 1903, with the entire town mourning over his demise.

Raju Sastri Jayanthi celebrations of Mannargudi Periyaval take place in Mannagudi each year, sponsored by the Mannargudi-based Sankara Arogya Seva Trust in 2008 and from 2009 onwards sponsored by Mannargudi periyava Seva Samithi formed by the descendants of Mannargudi periyava, with the blessings of sri sri sri Jeyandra Saraswathi Swamigal Kanchi Kamakoti peetam.

See also

 Sri Vaidhyanatha Dikshitar Sengalipuram Muthanna
 Advaita

References

 Sarvam Rama Mayam

External links

   Ramayanam Sastrigal
  Paruthiyur Krishna Sastrigal
 Sarvam Rama Mayam

Indian Hindu spiritual teachers
1815 births
1903 deaths
19th-century Hindu religious leaders


Sonam is a given name. It is a Tibetan name meaning "merit" (). Separately, it is also a name in various Indo-Aryan languages (Devanagari script: ).

People with this name include:

Buddhism
 Sönam Choklang, 2nd Panchen Lama (1438–1505)
 Sonam Gyatso, 3rd Dalai Lama (1543–1588), first officially recognized Dalai Lama
 Sonam Lhundrup (1456–1531), great abbot of Mustang
 Sonam Rapten (1595–1658), senior official of the Gelugpa School
 Sonam Rinchen (1933–2013), Buddhist Geshe from Kham
 Jinpa Sonam (born 1955), Indian Buddhist teacher from Ladakh, director of the Indiana Buddhist center
 sonam jadhav(born 2004), mahatma gandhi mission college of ccsit from khargar

Entertainers
 Sonam (actress) (born Bakhtavar Khan, 1972), Indian actress
 Sonam Bajwa (born 1989), Indian actress of Punjabi descent
 Sonam Bisht (), Indian actress from Uttarakhand
 Sonam Kapoor (born 1985), Indian film actress and fashion icon
 Sonam Kinga (), Bhutanese actor
 Sonam Lamba (born 1995), Indian actress from Chandigarh
 Sonam Lhamo (born 1988), Bhutanese actress
 Sonam Mukherjee (, Indian actress from Mumbai
 Sonam Tshering Lepcha (1928–2020), Indian folk musician from Sikkim
 Soname Yangchen (born 1973), Tibetan singer and songwriter
 Tenzing Sonam (born 1959), Tibetan film director

Politics and government
 Sonom (died 1776), king of the rGyalrong people in China
 Sonam Drakpa (1359–1408), regent of Central Tibet
 Sonam Gyatso Lepcha (), Indian politician from Sikkim
 Sonam Lama (born ), Indian politician from Sikkim
 Sonam Pelzom (born ), Bhutanese politician
 Sonam Topgay Dorji (1896–1953), Bhutanese politician
 Sonam Topgyal (1940–2012), Kalön Tripa of the Central Tibetan Administration
 Sonam Tobgye (born 1949), Bhutanese judge
 Sonam Venchungpa (), Indian politician from Sikkim
 Sonam Wangchuk (born 1964), Indian Army veteran from Ladakh
 Jalley Sonam (), Indian politician and trade unionist from Arunachal Pradesh

Sport
 Sonam Bhutia (born 1994), Indian footballer from Sikkim
 Sonam Chuki (born 1963), Bhutanese archer
 Sonam Gyatso (mountaineer) (1923–1968), Sikkimese mountaineer
 Sonam Tenzin (born 1986), Bhutanese footballer
 Sonam Tobgay (born 1990), Bhutanese cricketer and footballer
 Sonam Wangyal (born 1942), Indian mountaineer from Sikkim known for scaling Mount Everest
 Sonam Yoezer (born 1994), Bhutanese footballer

Other
 Sonam Dechen Wangchuck (born 1981), princess of Bhutan
 Sonam Dolma Brauen, (born 1953), Tibetan-Swiss painter
 Sonam Lotus, Indian meteorologist from Ladakh
 Sonam Wangchuk (engineer) (born 1966), Indian engineer from Ladakh

References

Tibetan names


Dress Her in Indigo (1969) is the eleventh novel in the Travis McGee series by John D. MacDonald.

Plot synopsis
McGee investigates what happened to a young woman, Beatrice "Bix" Bowie, on behalf of her father, Harlan Bowie, after she disappears into the expatriate subculture of hippies and drug addicts in Oaxaca, Mexico, and is found dead. McGee interacts with several characters to track down the true story of Bix and her four now-missing companions, Walter "Rocko" Rockland, Jerome Nesta, Mindy McLeen, and Carl Saunders. McLeen's father Wally is in Oaxaca on his own search  McGee's sidekick Meyer, a family friend of the Bowies, convinced McGee to investigate, and joins McGee in Mexico.

Theme
The title phrase "Dress Her in Indigo" is found on page 244 of the first edition when one of the characters states, "Look at how splendid that color is for her.  It makes those deep blue eyes look almost deep violet.  I will dress her in indigo, and in the good blues and greens and grays."  This the only book in the series that uses a verb in the title (dress).

References

1969 American novels
Travis McGee (novel series)
Novels set in Mexico


George Ross Ihaka (born 1954) is a New Zealand statistician who was an associate professor of statistics at the University of Auckland until his retirement in 2017. Alongside Robert Gentleman, he is one of the creators of the R programming language. In 2008, Ihaka received the Pickering Medal, awarded by the Royal Society of New Zealand, for his work on R.

Education
Ihaka completed his undergraduate education at the University of Auckland, and obtained his PhD in 1985 from the University of California, Berkeley supervised by David R. Brillinger. His thesis was on statistical modelling for seismic interferometry and was titled Rūaumoko, after the god of earthquakes, volcanoes and seasons in Māori mythology.

Career and research
As of 2010, he was working on a new statistical programming language based on Lisp. The Department of Statistics at the University of Auckland started a public lecture series in his honour in 2017.

Personal life

Ihaka is of Ngāti Kahungunu, Rangitāne and Ngati Pākehā (New Zealand European) descent.

References

Living people
New Zealand statisticians
Academic staff of the University of Auckland
University of California, Berkeley alumni
R (programming language) people
New Zealand Māori academics
Ngāti Kahungunu people
Māori and Pacific Island scientists
1954 births


The Long Lavender Look (1970) is the twelfth novel in the Travis McGee series by John D. MacDonald. After the preceding book, Dress Her in Indigo, which was largely set in Mexico, The Long Lavender Look not only returns to McGee's usual haunt of Florida, but is almost entirely set in one tiny town deep in the rural part of the state.

The plot begins when McGee and Meyer are driving late at night down a deserted Florida highway, when a young woman, barefoot and clad only in a nightgown, dashes across the road just in front of the car. McGee swerves and just barely misses her, but his car is thrown into ten feet of swamp water. Soon after and to their surprise, McGee and Meyer find themselves arrested, and McGee charged with murder.

References

1970 American novels
Travis McGee (novel series)
Novels set in Florida
Novels set in swamps


The 1922 Rose Bowl was a college football bowl game played on January 2, 1922, between the Washington & Jefferson Presidents (W&J) and the California Golden Bears. It holds several distinctions including being the only scoreless Rose Bowl Game, the first tie in a Rose Bowl, the first African-American quarterback to play in the Rose Bowl (Charles Fremont West from Washington & Jefferson), the first freshman to play in a Rose Bowl (Herb Kopf of Washington and Jefferson), and Hal Erickson (W&J) became the only man ever to play in two Rose Bowls (1919 and 1922), with two teams (Great Lakes Navy and W&J), without losing. It was also the last to be played at Tournament Park and to be officially known as the Tournament East-West Football Game, and with only 450 students at the time, Washington & Jefferson College was the smallest school to ever play in a Rose Bowl.

Game summary

The Cal team was highly favored in this game, causing one sportswriter to say "All I know about Washington and Jefferson is that they're both dead."

The 1921 Washington & Jefferson team, coached by Greasy Neale, went 10–0 in the regular season, defeating powerhouses Pitt, University of Detroit, and Syracuse. The 7–0 victory over rival Pitt was celebrated with a day of canceled classes and bonfire with inspiration speeches in front of the Washington County Courthouse. As the best team from the east, W&J was invited to the 1922 Rose Bowl to play the best team from the west: the undefeated and heavily favored California Golden Bears. The Red and Black could only afford to send 11 men on the cross-country trip and graduate manager Robert M. Murphy mortgaged his house to pay his family's way. Thus, W&J would be the last Rose Bowl team to play the same 11 men the entire game. During the train ride to Pasadena, in which Greasy Neale continued to prepare his men, one player caught pneumonia and could not finish the journey. Another player who had secretly stowed away on the train was given the ill player's ticket and roster spot.

Cal had outscored their opponents on the season, 312–33, but the W&J defense held the Golden Bears' potent offense, led by Brick Muller, with no points and no completed passes, just two first downs, and only 49 yards rushing. In one of the most disputed plays in Rose Bowl history, a W&J rushing touchdown was overturned for an offside violation. The game was notable as the last time a "small school" would be represented in the Rose Bowl. W&J's team featured three Rose Bowl firsts: Herb Kopf was the first freshman to play, Charles Fremont West was the first African American to play quarterback, and Hal Erickson became the only man ever to play in two Rose Bowls, with two teams, without losing. W&J's Russ Stein was named Most Valuable Player.  He was inducted into the Rose Bowl Hall of Fame in 1991. The Red and Black finished the season with a share of the "mythical national championship," as determined by the Boand System.

Records
 The only scoreless tie in Rose Bowl history, and one of the four scoreless ties in major bowl games.
 Fewest passing yards: 0
 Tied the record for fewest total points

References

External links

Rose Bowl
Rose Bowl Game
California Golden Bears football bowl games
Washington & Jefferson Presidents football bowl games
January 1922 sports events
1922 in sports in California


Les Yeux cernés (English title: Marked Eyes) is a 1964 French thriller film directed by Robert Hossein who wrote the original story. The screenplay was written by Claude Desailly, André Tabet  and Georges Tabet. The film stars Robert Hossein, Michèle Morgan and Marie-France Pisier.

It tells the story of a widow who begins to receive blackmail letters demanding money as almost everybody has disliked her husband in a small town.

External links

1964 films
1960s mystery thriller films
French mystery thriller films
Films set in Austria
1960s French-language films
1960s French films


Mata Hari is a 1985 erotic biographical film directed by Curtis Harrington (which is the final film he directed before he died in May 2007), produced by Golan-Globus and featuring Sylvia Kristel in the title role of exotic dancer Mata Hari, executed for espionage during World War I.

The film portrays Mata Hari as an innocent woman manipulated by the secret services of Germany and France into providing intelligence, at first unwittingly and unwillingly, and later driven by the nonpartisan desire to save lives. Eventually she is cynically sacrificed by the French who are aware of her innocence but believe her execution will boost morale.

Synopsis
The film's convoluted plot is anchored by a fictitious love triangle between Mata Hari and two military intelligence officers, the French Georges Ladoux (Oliver Tobias) and the German Karl von Bayerling (Christopher Cazenove). Ladoux and Bayerling are personal friends but end up on opposing sides of the war, providing ample opportunity to explore the dramatic tension between honor and personal loyalty on the one hand and patriotism and duty to one's country on the other.

Their ethical dilemma is contrasted to the amoral scheming of the main villain, Dr. Elsbeth Schragmüller (invariably known as Fräulein Doktor), a doctor of psychology and leading operative of German intelligence. Mata Hari's efforts to thwart Fräulein Doktor's assassination plot using a concealed bomb are eventually successful but lead her to be captured in deeply compromising circumstances by Ladoux, precipitating her show trial and execution, which Ladoux fruitlessly tries to prevent.

The film ends on a melancholy note with the reconciliation of Ladoux and Bayerling after the war.

Cast
 Sylvia Kristel as Mata Hari
 Christopher Cazenove as Karl Von Bayerling
 Oliver Tobias as Captain Georges Ladoux
 Gaye Brown as Dr. Elsbeth Schragmuller / Fraulein Doktor
 Gottfried John as Wolff
 Michael Anthony as Duke of Montmorency
 Magda Darvas as Duchess of Montmorency
 Anthony Newlands as Baron Joubet
 Brian Badcoe as General Messigny
 Tutte Lemkow as Ybarra
 Taylor Ryan as Contessa
 Toby Rolt as Jean Prevost
 Victor Langley as Colonel Michaud
 Nicholas Selby as Von Jagow
 Malcolm Terris as Von Krohn
 Carlos Sutton as Captain Schlesser
 Odon Gyalog as General Carriere
 Csaba Jakab as Ortega
 Andras Marton as Noriega
 Gabor Nagy as Lieutenant Bouchette
 Ferenc Bencze as Colonel Heissig
 Laszlo Baranyi as Pozsonyi
 Lajos Mezey as Von Falkenberg
 Gabor Reviczky as Giessen
 Emese Balogh as Marquesa de la Cosa Funta
 Istvan Hunyadkurthy as Max
 Janos Bata as Ernst
 Geza Laczkovich as The President of France

Production
The film was the idea of Menahem Golan and was conceived as a vehicle for Sylvia Kristel. It was announced in January 1984.

"I wish I had half her energy in the boudoir," said Kristel of Mata Hari.

Curtis Harrington called the film an "erotic melodrama. The film never was pornographic. The love scenes are explicit. There is nudity."

The director said the movie should have been subtitled The Erotic Adventures With a Spy. "We fictionized events to make the story line work, but essentially it's a very true story. Mata Hari used her erotic power and allure as a woman. She seduced half the men of Europe in her heyday."

The film was entirely shot in Budapest, Hungary. Harrington called Kristel "a very bright and pleasant lady to work with. She's this great sex symbol yet that's not really where her head is at. Being on the set with her is like going to a Sunday school picnic -- she's so circumspect. During the love scenes, there were black velvet curtains and only three people allowed on the set. Some women are so loose and free on the set, they walk around nude. Not Sylvia."

Censorship
Cannon had to cut the film in order to get the film rated R as opposed to X. They did this without Harrington's involvement. The director said he was "disappointed... I wish I could have been involved in preserving what I felt was the integrity of the film. There were moments I felt were unreasonably cut. I'm not entirely happy with the cut. But (the people at Cannon) don't care what I think."

Harrington said the censors objected to "elaborately staged love scenes. There was an orgy sequence in Spain with frontal nudity of a living statue grouping. That's all cut out. I would have fought to leave that in because it's perfectly harmless, containing nothing of an untoward nature. Very few scenes were cut out in their entirety. In minutes I'd guess that seven were cut out."

See also
Mata Hari (1927)
Mata Hari (1931)
Mata Hari, Agent H21 (1964)
Fräulein Doktor (1969), a movie about Elsbeth Schragmüller, the Fräulein Doktor of this film

References

External links

1985 films
1980s historical romance films
1980s war drama films
1980s biographical drama films
American biographical drama films
American historical romance films
American war drama films
American erotic romance films
World War I spy films
Golan-Globus films
War romance films
Films set in the 1900s
Films set in the 1910s
Films directed by Curtis Harrington
Drama films based on actual events
Cultural depictions of Mata Hari
1985 drama films
1980s English-language films
1980s American films


Henri Djombo (born 1952) is a Congolese politician who has served in the government of Congo-Brazzaville as Minister of State for Agriculture since 2016. Previously he was Minister of Water and Forests from 1980 to 1985 and Minister of the Forest Economy from 1997 to 2016. He is a member of the ruling Congolese Labour Party (PCT).

Early life and political career
Djombo was born in Enyellé, located in the Likouala Region of northern Congo-Brazzaville, and studied in Leningrad in the Soviet Union. He joined the civil service in 1976, becoming an adviser to the Minister of the Rural Economy in 1977 and then Director of Studies and Planning at the Ministry of the Rural Economy in 1978. He was appointed as Director-General of the Rural Economy in 1979 and served in the government as Minister of Water and Forests from 1980 until being dismissed from the government in December 1985. He also joined the ruling Congolese Labour Party (PCT) in 1979, and in 1980 he became a member of the bureau of the Central Committee of the Union of Socialist Congolese Youth (UJSC). After leaving the government, Djombo was the Congolese Ambassador to Bulgaria from 1986 to 1988, and subsequently he was President and Director-General of the Sugar Refinery of Congo (Sucrerie du Congo, or Suco) from 1989 to 1991. He joined the PCT Central Committee in 1989.

At the time of the 1993 parliamentary election, Djombo was President of the Technical Commission for the election. Also in 1993, he was a member of the opposition's delegation to political negotiations in Libreville. Later, he was Vice-President of the Technical Committee for the Special Census from 1996 to 1997. Denis Sassou Nguesso returned to power at the conclusion of the June–October 1997 civil war, and he appointed Djombo to the government as Minister of the Forest Economy on 2 November 1997. His portfolio was slightly modified in subsequent years: he was appointed as Minister of the Forest Economy, Fishing and Fish Resources on 12 January 1999, as Minister of the Forest Economy and the Environment on 18 August 2002, and then simply as Minister of the Forest Economy on 3 March 2007.

Djombo led negotiations with rebels in the late 1990s. In the May 2002 parliamentary election, he was elected to the National Assembly as the PCT candidate in Enyellé constituency; he won the seat in the first round with 96.98% of the vote. He was again elected to the National Assembly in the 2007 parliamentary election as the PCT candidate in Enyellé constituency; he won the seat in the first round with 99.21% of the vote. As of 2007, Djombo is a member of the PCT Political Bureau.

In September 2006, Djombo announced plans to establish two environmentally-protected areas that would together total almost 1,000 hectares. He said on this occasion that the creation of the new areas reflected the government's commitment to ecological conservation: "The Republic of Congo depends on forest resource use for economic development, but it is also deeply committed to biodiversity conservation and sustainable forest management. It has already set aside an estimated 11 percent of the country's surface area as protected areas, 90 percent of which is tropical forest." The Wildlife Conservation Society called the decision "an extraordinary achievement for the entire Congo basin region" and praised the Congolese government's environmental policy. Djombo said in a May 2008 interview that Congo's "rate of deforestation is the lowest in the region" and that "less than 3,000 hectares" of forest was felled annually. Djombo stressed that the government's policy was to balance the needs of the economy and the environment.

As part of a political struggle in his native Likouala, Djombo distributed an open letter in November 2007 that was addressed to the people of Likouala. In this letter, he accused his rivals from Likouala, particularly Ambassador to Italy Mamadou Kamara Dékamo, of slandering him over the course of two and a half years and plotting to kill him on 10 September 2007. According to Djombo, they planned to assassinate him at the Ministry of Forest Economics on the same day that the Ninja former rebels were in Brazzaville and to use the Ninjas as scapegoats. He said that this alleged plot "painfully reminded" him of an unsuccessful attack that he and his family escaped at their home on 7 June 1997, at the beginning of the 1997 civil war.

At the time of the July 2009 presidential election, Djombo was Head of the Electoral Affairs Department for Sassou Nguesso's re-election campaign. After the election, in which Sassou Nguesso won an overwhelming majority, Djombo's ministerial responsibilities were expanded on 15 September 2009, when he was appointed as Minister of Sustainable Development, the Forest Economy, and the Environment.

In the July–August 2012 parliamentary election, Djombo again stood as the PCT candidate in Enyellé constituency; he won the seat in the first round with 88.06% of the vote.

After Sassou Nguesso's victory in the March 2016 presidential election, Djombo was appointed as Minister of State for Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Fishing on 30 April 2016.  In the July 2017 parliamentary election, he was re-elected to the National Assembly as the PCT candidate in Enyellé, winning the seat in the first round with 99% of the vote.

Regional and international roles

Djombo became President-in-Office of the African Timber Organization in October 2000, and he also headed the  Conference of Ministers in Charge of Central African Forests (COMIFAC) for a time. At the 3rd World Congress of Biosphere Reserves, held in Madrid on 4–9 February 2008, he was elected as President of the Bureau of the International Coordinating Council of UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere Programme.

Writing and sports

Djombo is a novelist. In the field of sports, he is a black belt in aikido. He has been President of the Congolese Aikido Federation and President of the Congolese Table Tennis Federation.

References

Members of the National Assembly (Republic of the Congo)
1952 births
Living people
Government ministers of the Republic of the Congo
Congolese Party of Labour politicians


The Sons of Adam (earlier the Fender IV) were an American garage rock band. Originally from Baltimore, Maryland, they relocated to Los Angeles and became a regular fixture on the Sunset Strip music scene during the mid-1960s. The band released several singles for the Decca and Alamo labels, which included the songs "Saturday's Son", "Feathered Fish" (written by Arthur Lee) and "Baby Show the World".  They included guitarist Randy Holden, later of The Other Half and Blue Cheer, and drummer Michael Stuart, later of Love. Although the band, with Randy Holden, played "Feathered Fish" in clubs before it was recorded, Craig Tarwater played the guitar on the studio recording since Holden had left by then.

History

Origins
The band, from Baltimore, Maryland, was founded in 1962 as The Iridescents, by guitarist Randy Holden, who had previously played in other local rock and roll bands, and bassist Mike Port. By 1963, they had enlisted Sonny Lombardo on drums, then adding Joe Kooken (later known as Jac Ttanna) on guitar, to complete the original lineup.  They were originally a surf rock and instrumental group.   Holden, then a fan of Duane Eddy, stated:
My band was more rock or hard rock-oriented.  To define that, you’d have to say Duane Eddy was ‘hard rock’ back then... I wanted to do surf music, because—well, actually it wasn’t called surf music yet. I liked the instrumental vein...”
By the end of 1963, the band's repertoire had become completely dominated by surf influences.  They changed their name to The Fendermen, and made arrangements to relocate to Southern California, in hopes of riding the crest of the then-current surf rock craze to find success in Los Angeles, which was becoming a center of the recording industry. The band departed in a Volkswagen bus and drove to California, and arrived there in November 1963, shortly before John F. Kennedy's assassination.

The Fender IV: California
As drummer Sonny Lombardo was unable to accompany them to California, the band recruited a new drummer, Bruce Miller.  Unlike in Maryland, the drinking age in California was 21, so the band members went to Tijuana, Mexico and had fake IDs made in order to be able to play gigs at nightclubs and bars.  They were eventually able to get steady work playing gigs at the popular night-spot, Gazzarri’s.  In 1964 they changed their name to The Fender-Menn IV, and later The Fender IV, a move partially motivated by a deal they made with Fender to provide the group with free equipment, and to avoid confusion with another group called Irridescents, from Santa Barbara, who would later become Thee Sixpence and eventually Strawberry Alarm Clock.

They signed with managers Bill Doane and Ozzie Schmidt who were familiar with surf and the West Coast scene.  Doane and Schmidt knew music biz mogul Russ Regan, who arranged for the group to be signed to the Imperial label. In the summer of 1964, they recorded two singles (as The Fender IV) at Los Angeles' Gold Star Studios, the home of many of Phil Spector’s recordings at the time.  Several months before they recorded this first single, The Beatles had appeared on the Ed Sullivan Show and the British Invasion had swept the music industry. So the flip side of the record, "You Better Tell Me Now", would be a Mersey-inspired vocal track, which would point to the direction of their later work as the Sons of Adam.  With the British Invasion in full effect, the band members of The Fender IV began to feel the pull, but at least initially Randy Holden was reluctant to make the full switch away from instrumental music.  However, after having a chance to meet and "jam" with Brian Jones and Bill Wyman a while before The Rolling Stones' performance on the Hollywood Palace TV show, and getting to know members of other L.A. rock acts such as The Turtles, Holden's reluctance to embrace vocal rock subsided.  He and the group began to favor R&B-flavored rock and started including covers of Stones' songs in their sets.

In 1964 drummer Bruce Miller was drafted into the Army, so they found Keith Kester to take his place.  Perhaps as a result of their previous time as an instrumental band, they became highly respected amongst L.A. bands for their musical prowess, and were considered one of the better live acts in town.  They became a frequent attraction at clubs on the Sunset Strip in Los Angeles, and were able to land a residency at Ciro’s.  By 1965, the band's musical direction had shifted dramatically to a Beat group orientation.  The popularity of surf music waned, and their style changed to vocal-based R&B and rock songs.  They were seen by Dewey Martin, who had been performing as the leader of Sir Raleigh & The Coupons, and recruited the band to back him at shows in Seattle and Juneau.  As Sir Raleigh & The Coupons, they recorded a single, "Tomorrow's Gonna Be Another Day", on the Jerden label.

The Sons of Adam
Back in Los Angeles, they resisted Martin's attempts to replace Holden with Neil Young, and continued to perform as The Fender IV, with Kester, whose personality and image differed from that of other group members, being replaced by drummer Michael Stuart (later Stuart-Ware).   It was during this time that they changed their name to the Sons of Adam, which was suggested by record producer and impresario Kim Fowley.  They replaced The Walker Brothers as resident band at Gazzarri's, and became noted for their loud volume, Holden repeating the mantra "Never turn down". Holden later claimed he was approached around this time to replace Jeff Beck in The Yardbirds.

After auditioning for producer Gary Usher, they secured a recording contract with Decca Records.  They made a brief appearance playing in a nightclub scene in the 1965 movie The Slender Thread starring Anne Bancroft, though the music was later overdubbed by session musicians. The group recorded their first single with Gary Usher producing, "Take My Hand", released in mid-October 1965.  The song failed to gain any traction on the charts.

By the end of the year, disappointed in lack of record sales, the band broke off connections with Bill Doane and Ozzie Schmidt. They entered into an unwritten agreement with Dick St John (of Dick & Dee Dee) and Mike Post.  In 1966 they returned to the studio with producer Gary Usher and engineer David Hassinger to record "Saturday's Son," an anthem of alienation, featuring Randy Holden on lead guitar and vocals; it appeared on a single, along with their version of "You're a Better Man Than I," previously recorded by The Yardbirds, as the flipside.  The band believed that they had a strong record that had a chance to break them in the charts, but the single failed to catch on.  Around this time the band hired a new manager, Howard Wolf, to conduct their affairs.

As the year progressed, Holden's behavior, and emphasis on volume, became increasingly erratic, and his relationship with the other band members became strained.  The band pushed him out, a decision they later regretted, and replaced him with Craig Tarwater (aka John Simmons), on lead guitar.  Holden joined The Other Half.  The Sons of Adam continued to play and record, releasing another single on Alamo records, featuring "Feathered Fish", written by Arthur Lee of Love, who was attempting to convince drummer Michael Stuart to join his band, and the flip side "Baby Show the World."  However, without Randy Holden the band lost much of its former musical chemistry.  Michael Stuart, after Arthur Lee's constant requests, finally decided to join Love as their drummer just in time for the recording of the seminal Forever Changes;  he was replaced in the Sons of Adam by Randy Carlisle from The Yellow Payges.  Craig Tarwater soon left to join The Daily Flash.

By June 1967, the Sons of Adam had disbanded.  After the band broke up, Kooken and Port formed a new band, Genesis, but it soon collapsed and Port left the music industry.  He experienced homelessness and drug problems before his death in 2014.  Kooken, later known as Jac Ttanna, died in Thailand in 2022.

Band members
 Randy Holden - guitar, vocals (1965-1966)
 Joe Kooken (aka Jac Ttanna) - guitar (1965-1967; died 2022)
 Mike Port - bass (1965-1967; died 2014)
 Michael Stuart - drums (1965-1967)
 Craig Tarwater - guitar, vocals (1966-1967)
 Randy Carlisle - drums (1967)

Discography

Singles
 "Take My Hand" / "Tomorrow's Gonna Be Another Day" (Decca, Dec 1965) - produced by Gary Usher
 "You're a Better Man Than I" (written by Mike Hugg, Brian Hugg) / "Saturday’s Son" (Decca, Jul 1966) - produced by Gary Usher
"Feathered Fish" (written by Arthur Lee) / "Baby Show the World" (Alamo, 1966) - also recorded by The Other Half

CDs
Randy Holden: Early Works 64-66 (including 'Fender IV' and 'The Sons of Adam' material) --- Released on Captain Trip Records in 1997. Re-mastered and later released as The Sons of Adam: Bytes (including 'Fender IV' material) on Guitar God Records in 2007.
Saturday's Sons: The Complete Recordings 1964–1966 --- 2022 compilation on High Moon Records of all known 'Fender IV' and 'The Sons of Adam' studio recordings, plus a live 1966 'TSOA' show.

References

External links
Randyholden.com
 Band history by Bruno Ceriotti

Rock music groups from Maryland
Musical groups from Baltimore
American garage rock groups
Musical groups established in 1965
Musical groups disestablished in 1967


Operation Windsor  was a Canadian attack of the Battle of Normandy during the Second World War. The attack was undertaken by the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division to take Carpiquet and the adjacent airfield from troops of the  of . The attack was originally intended to take place during the later stages of Operation Epsom, to protect the eastern flank of the main assault but was postponed for a week.

On 4 July, the 8th Canadian Infantry Brigade and an attached battalion of the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division attacked Carpiquet, supported on the flanks by the 2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade. The village was captured by mid-afternoon but German resistance in the south defeated two attacks on the airfield, despite significant Allied tank and air support. Next day the Canadians repulsed German counter-attacks and held the village, which served as a base for Operation Charnwood, a Second Army attack on Caen, involving the rest of the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division on 8 July, and the airfield was captured by the Canadians on 9 July.

Background
Caen was an Operation Overlord goal for I Corps of the Anglo-Canadian Second Army, which landed forces on two Normandy beaches on 6 June 1944, to capture the city and the Carpiquet area. German resistance prevented the town from being captured on D-Day, a result considered possible by Lieutenant-General Miles Dempsey the Second Army commander. For the next three weeks, positional warfare took place around Caen as both sides attacked and counter-attacked for minor tactical advantage on the Anglo-Canadian front and as part of a strategic intent to force the Germans to keep their most powerful armoured units away from the US First Army, as it captured Cherbourg and then pushed southwards through the bocage towards St. Lô.

From  the Second Army conducted Operation Epsom, with the VIII Corps which had recently arrived from Britain, to outflank Caen from the west and seize the high ground across the Orne near Bretteville-sur-Laize to the south. VIII Corps advanced  through extensive field fortifications but the Germans were able to contain the offensive, after committing their last reserves. Depending on the success of VIII Corps, the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division and the 2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade were to capture the village and airfield of Carpiquet in Operation Ottawa, which was postponed.

After the Allied advance to the west of Caen, the I SS Panzer Corps held positions to the north and west of the city. Field defences on the River Orne and the vicinity of Carpiquet,  north-west of the Caen town centre, obstructed an advance toward Caen from the north. The village was made an objective of the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division, under the command of Major-General R. F. L. Keller. The Allied need for additional airfields on the Normandy mainland, ensured that the capture of the Carpiquet area was a priority for the Allies and an equally important defensive position for the Germans.

Prelude

German defences

Carpiquet airfield was on a  expanse of level ground, which offered a "killing ground" for the defenders. The airfield had been fortified with minefields, field gun and machine gun emplacements, manned by I Battalion, SS-Panzergrenadier Regiment 26, an anti-aircraft battery and fifteen tanks.

Allied forces
Keller selected the 8th Canadian Infantry Brigade, comprising The Queen's Own Rifles of Canada (QOR), Le Régiment de la Chaudière and The North Shore (New Brunswick) Regiment; The Royal Winnipeg Rifles (RWR) were attached from the 7th Canadian Infantry Brigade to lead the assault. Tank and machine-gun support was to be provided by the 10th Armoured Regiment (The Fort Garry Horse), The Sherbrooke Fusiliers and the Cameron Highlanders Support Battalion. Two squadrons of Hawker Typhoon fighter-bombers and three squadrons of specialized tanks from the 79th Armoured Division were added later. On the evening of 3 July, the battleship  bombarded the buildings around Carpiquet from the Bay of the Seine at  range, with fifteen shells from its  guns.

Operation Windsor was planned to commence at 05:00 on 4 July, following a bombardment by 21 artillery regiments, with Le Régiment de la Chaudière and The North Shore Regiment attacking Carpiquet, as a squadron of the Sherbrooke Fusiliers protected the northern flank with a diversionary attack on Franqueville. To the south, the RWR was to advance and seize the hangars of Carpiquet airfield. At the same time as the Canadian attack, the 43rd Division was to attack further south down the north side of the Odon to capture Verson. Once the regiments had captured Carpiquet, the QOR would push through and take control of the airfield control buildings. The capture of the airfield would enable further Anglo-Canadian attacks against Caen.

Battle

4 July

As dawn broke on 4 July the artillery regiments opened fire on German positions in and around Carpiquet, firing a creeping barrage  wide and  deep. At 05:00 two Canadian infantry battalions advanced on Carpiquet, while the Sherbrooke Fusilier squadron staged the diversion to the north. The Sherbooke Fusiliers broke through the German minefields and attacked Chateau-St-Louet and Gruchy before withdrawing but the defensive positions of SS Panzergrenadier Regiment 26 remained intact and continued to fire on the North Shores. In the centre, the Chaudières avoided much of the fire directed at the North Shores as they advanced on Carpiquet. By 06:32, both battalions had reached the outskirts of the village and met tanks of the 12th SS Panzer Division. In the village, a house-to-house fight began and tanks of the 10th Canadian Armoured Regiment assisted the infantry in overrunning German positions.

To the south, the RWR advanced slowly towards the airfield, with German mortar fire inflicting many casualties on the infantry and tanks. With a squadron of the Fort Garry Horse only available for indirect fire, it took the RWR ninety minutes to advance the  from Marcelet to the airfield hangars, under fire from the south bank of the Odon. Several Sherman tanks were knocked out and by mid-day the RWR were forced to withdraw halfway to their original positions.

Unaware that the RWR had failed to gain control of the airfield, Keller sent the QOR to begin the second phase of the assault. The battalion moved forward into Carpiquet village, which was occupied by the Chaudières and The North Shore, who attacked German strong points bypassed in the initial assault. Infantry attacks, flame-throwers, petard-tanks (Churchill tanks mounted with a  spigot mortar) and the immolation of one strong point forced twelve surviving defenders to surrender; the remaining garrison surrendered after determined resistance. The QOR reached the edge of Carpiquet as the RWR withdrew and was ordered to hold their positions until the RWR reorganized for a second attack.

For the second attack on the airfield, Keller obtained the support of two squadrons of Typhoon fighter-bombers. The survivors of the RWR were ordered to "execute a sweeping attack by the lower ground around the enemy's left flank", with tank and artillery support, under the impression that the 43rd Division had reached Verson, although this position could not prevent a counter-attack from the south-east. In the late afternoon, the RWR resumed the attack on the airfield and reached the hangars but were unable to dislodge the German defenders. The Fort Garry tanks encountered a battlegroup of Panther tanks and was overwhelmed, the RWR was ordered to withdraw to their start-line under the cover of darkness. In Carpiquet, the 8th Canadian Infantry Brigade rapidly consolidated its positions, which were the closest to Caen of any Allied unit. Although the Canadians had control of Carpiquet and the northern hangars, the southern hangars and control buildings remained in German hands.

5 July
Less than  from the outskirts of Caen, the 8th Canadian Infantry Brigade posed a threat to German positions in the town. With most of the defence concentrated north of Caen and by the River Odon, it was feared that Anglo-Canadian forces could attack from Carpiquet and bypass the majority of the defences. Despite growing misgivings about the effectiveness of immediate counter-attacks, Kurt Meyer ordered the SS to retake Carpiquet. Units from the  prepared to counter-attack Carpiquet from Francqueville with tanks, artillery, mortars and infantry.

Shortly after midnight, the first of the SS counter-attacks began and although thirteen tanks had been lost the previous day, the 10th Canadian Armoured Regiment and the mortars of the Cameron Highlanders, defeated the attack and inflicted many casualties. By dawn, almost no ground had been gained by the attackers and by noon, the 8th Canadian Infantry Brigade and 10th Canadian Armoured Regiment had defeated three counter-attacks, with the assistance of artillery and Typhoon fighter-bombers. The village remained firmly in Canadian occupation, although subject to frequent Nebelwerfer and mortar bombardment.

Aftermath

Analysis

Windsor was the first set-piece attack by the 3rd Canadian Division and left the Germans in control of Carpiquet airport, which obliged the 43rd Division to retire from Verson and Fontaine-Etoupefour. In 2005, Reid wrote that the attack should have been made by two brigades rather than one and an attached battalion. The extra battalion reached the hangars and fought their way through them but were ordered to withdraw twice. The success of the German defenders in maintaining their hold on the airfield, except for the north end and Carpiquet village, left the Canadians in a salient which was counter-attacked several times. The failure of the brigade to reach all its objectives, led to doubts about the fitness of Keller for his command, although the preparations for Operation Charnwood might have been the reason for Keller delegating planning for Operation Windsor to the 8th Canadian Infantry Brigade commander, Brigadier K. G. Blackader.

Three days after Operation Windsor, the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division took part in Operation Charnwood. On 9 July, the 8th Canadian Infantry Brigade captured Carpiquet airfield and by nightfall, the northern half of Caen had been captured. On 18 July British and Canadian forces launched Operation Atlantic and Operation Goodwood in which the Canadians captured the Caen districts on the south bank and the British captured ground to the east and south of the city. Canadian forces then attacked German positions on Verrières Ridge in Operation Spring.

Casualties
Canadian casualties for the operation totalled  of which  were killed, most on 4 July. The RWR and The North Shores each lost  The 10th Canadian Armoured Regiment lost  and an unknown number of tanks were lost by the Sherbrooke Fusiliers. The I Battalion,  had  casualties and the , which counter-attacked on 5 July, lost  II Battalion,  had

Citations

References

Further reading

External links

 HQ 8 Cdn Inf Bde, Operation Windsor
 12th SS-Panzer Division in Normandy

Conflicts in 1944
1944 in France
Battle for Caen
Battles of World War II involving Canada
Military history of Canada during World War II
Battles of World War II involving Germany
World War II operations and battles of Europe
Naval battles and operations of World War II involving the United Kingdom
July 1944 events
Canada–Germany relations


Feeding The Abscess is Martyr's 3rd full-length album. It was released by Galy Records in 2006.

Track listing

Personnel
Martyr
 Daniel Mongrain – lead vocals, guitar
 Martin Carbonneau - guitar
 François Mongrain - bass, death growls
 Patrice Hamelin drums, percussion
Production
 Pierre Rémillard - producer
 Yannick St-Amand - producer
 Alan Douches - mastering

References

2006 albums
Martyr (band) albums
Galy Records albums