Amman United Rugby Football Club () is a Welsh rugby union team from the Amman valley north of Swansea. The club plays at Cwmamman Recreation Ground between Garnant and Glanamman; before the coal-mining boom the two towns were a single village called Cwmamman.

The club is a member of the Welsh Rugby Union and is a feeder club for the Scarlets regional team. Amman United has supplied several players to the Wales rugby union team including Claude Davey and Tom Day and in Trevor Evans and Shane Williams, members of the British and Irish Lions.

Amman United came second in the WRU Division Four West and were promoted in 2012; by the end of the year they were leading WRU Division Three West. In 2017 Amman UTD won the national bowl in Principality Stadium and also were crowned champions of WRU Division 3B West undefeated.

Notable former players
  Tom Day
  Carwyn James
  Trevor Evans
  Joe Rees
  William "Billo" Rees
  Shane Williams
Dai Davies
Ted Ward

References

External links
The Centenary History of Amman United Rugby Football Club, 1903-2003
History of Cwmamman Recreational Ground
Rick O'Shea visits Shane Williams's home club - TV segment

Rugby clubs established in 1903
Rugby union teams in Wales


Bigu is a former village development committee that is now a ward-7 rural municipality in Dolakha District in Bagmati Province of northeastern Nepal. At the 1991 Nepal census, Bigu had a population of 1,736 people living in 361 individual households.

The epicenter of the May 2015 Nepal earthquake was located in Bigu.

Demographics
At the time of the 2011 Nepal census, Bigu Rural Municipality had a population of 18,592. Of these, 42.6% spoke Nepali, 28.8% Tamang, 18.5% Thangmi, 8.0% Sherpa, 1.3% Magar, 0.2% Maithili, 0.2% Newar, 0.1% Bhojpuri, 0.1% Gurung and 0.1% other languages as their first language.

In terms of ethnicity/caste, 29.1% were Tamang, 21.7% Chhetri, 19.0% Thami, 8.1% Sherpa, 5.8% Newar, 4.7% Kami, 3.0% Magar, 2.7% Hill Brahmin, 1.9% Damai/Dholi, 1.4% Gharti/Bhujel, 0.9% Sarki, 0.7% Gurung, 0.4% Thakuri, 0.1% Hajjam/Thakur, 0.1% Koiri/Kushwaha, 0.1% Sunuwar and 0.3% others.

In terms of religion, 42.5% were Hindu, 39.0% Buddhist, 17.4% Prakriti, 0.9% Christian and 0.1% others.

In terms of literacy, 58.3% could read and write, 3.1% could only read and 38.5% could neither read nor write.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Dolakha District
Bigu's website

Populated places in Dolakha District
Rural municipalities in Dolakha District


"What If Punk Never Happened" is a song recorded by English punk rock band The King Blues, and is the eleventh and final track on their second studio album Save the World. Get the Girl. It is a 6-minute and 40-second spoken word song which tells a story of what a town would be like had they never discovered punk.

The track was co-written by producer Peter Miles who recorded the backing track after Itch emailed him an mp3 of the rough draft of the original poem and Itch's final vocal was laid down a few weeks later during the final mixing sessions of the album.

Despite its length and its lyrics which contain several expletives, the track has been played on BBC Radio 1 by Rob da Bank, Mike Davies, and as part of the "Versus" section of Zane Lowe's show.

"What If Punk Never Happened" has been remixed by Dan Le Sac vs Scroobius Pip. The King Blues have also made the original a cappella available for free download to enable anyone to remix it.

Bands mentioned in the song
There are many bands name-dropped in the song. In order, these are:

The Beatles,
Nirvana,
Green Day,
Sex Pistols,
Sham 69,
4 Skins,
The Ramones,
The Buzzcocks,
Crass,
The Vandals,
Dead Kennedys,
Rancid,
Sick of it All,
Madball,
GG Allin,
Refused,
Poison Idea,
Minor Threat,
Against Me!,
Operation Ivy,
Blitz (band),
The Clash,
Disorder,
Propagandhi,
The Exploited,
and NOFX.

References

2008 songs
The King Blues songs
Rapcore songs
Art punk songs
Song recordings produced by Clive Langer


Boch बोच (formerly Village Development Committee), Nepal is a Ward of Bhimeshwor Municipality in Dolakha District in the Janakpur Zone of north-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2,945 people living in 638 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Dolakha District

Populated places in Dolakha District


Aruba requires its residents to register their motor vehicles and display vehicle registration plates. The island is one of the last jurisdictions in the world to continue issuing new plates each year rather than showing re-validation through stickers or other documentation.

The license plates have been changed annually since 1950. Only until 1958 the name "ARUBA N.A." was displayed on it. In 1976 the slogan "ISLA DI CARNAVAL" (English :"Island of Carnaval") was added. The slogan was changed again in 1983 to display "ONE HAPPY ISLAND". When Aruba became its own autonomous country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1986, the name "ARUBA N.A." was changed to "ARUBA". Since 2011 the word "ARUBA" was changed to "aruba.com". The plate itself is valid for the first half of the year, and then a metal tab is added to indicate validity during the second half of the year. This tab is painted in the reverse color scheme as the plate and displays the same serial number as the plate.

From 2019 onwards the FE-Schrift or Fälschungserschwerende Schrift is used as the font for all vehicle registration plates of Aruba. Following this change in the font, the name "aruba.com" will be changed to "ARUBA.COM" in all capitals. This is the first time since 1993 that the licence plates have undergone a drastic change in the use of its font.

1931 to 1957
While license plates in Aruba may have been issued as early as 1924, few of these plates are known to exist. All plates issued through 1957 appear to have been  in height by  in width.

1958 to 1975
In 1958 Aruba changed their license plate size to the North American standard plate size of 152 × 300 mm (6 × 12 inches). At the same time the words "ARUBA N.A." appeared at the top of the plate. Prior to 1958 the country name had not appeared on the plates. The long bolt slots introduced in 1960 allowed the use of 1/2 year validation tabs. Whether these tabs were issued from 1960 to 1963 is not known, but tabs for 1964 and all years since are known to exist.

1976 to 2003
In 1976 new license plates were introduced with the slogan "ISLA DI CARNIVAL" centered at the bottom. The year was simultaneously re-positioned vertically at the far right into two sets of numbers separated by a bolt hole. The slogan was changed again in 1983 to "ONE HAPPY ISLAND". After Aruba became a separate autonomous country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1986, the N.A. in ″Aruba, N.A.″ (N.A. standing for Netherlands Antilles) was removed.

2004 to present
In 2004 the year of the license plate was moved to the left side, and it became hidden behind the semi-annual validation tab when the tab was placed onto the plate. This change allows the serial number to be moved farther to the right when five digit plates are used.

Type codes
The codes in the chart below are currently displayed as the first character in the serial number and identify the type of vehicle the license plate is registered to.

References

Aruba
Transport in Aruba
Aruba-related lists


Quileute ,  sometimes alternatively anglicized as Quillayute , is an extinct language, and was the last Chimakuan language, spoken natively until the end of the 20th century by Quileute and Makah elders on the western coast of the Olympic peninsula south of Cape Flattery at La Push and the lower Hoh River in Washington state, United States. The name Quileute comes from kʷoʔlí·yot’ , the name of a village at La Push.

Quileute is famous for its lack of nasal sounds, such as , , or nasal vowels, an areal feature of Puget Sound.
Quileute is polysynthetic and words can be quite long.

Use and revitalization efforts

There were ten elderly speakers in 1977, and “a few” in 1999. The Quileute Nation is attempting to prevent the loss of the language by teaching it in the Quileute Tribal School, using books written for the students by the tribal elders.

[In 2007], the Tribal Council set up a two-year Quileute Revitalization Project with the goal of encouraging the use of Quileute words and phrases in everyday village life. A basic vocabulary of greetings, questions, numbers, names of things, and “one-liners” in Quileute were made available to tribal members and staff through informal classes, email and computer CDs.

Phonology
Quileute has three phonemic short vowels /ä, e, o/ (written ‹a, i, o›) and four long vowels /äː, æː, eː, oː/ (written ‹a·, a̱·, i·, o·›). The vowels exhibit quite a bit of allophonic variation. /ä/ accepts allophones ranging between a low of [ä] to a mid [ə], /e/ between [ɛ] and [ɪ] (rarely as high as [i]), and /o/ between [o] and [ʊ] (rarely [u]). The long vowels are somewhat more stable: /äː, æː, eː, oː/ realized mostly as [äː, æː, eː, oː].

Stress is usually penultimate, but not necessarily so. It had originally been described by Manuel Andrade as having had a phonemic pitch accent whereby each long vowel can host one of four pitch contours. However, later research by Jay Powell has shown that Andrade had overdistinguished and that Quileute has a simpler accentual system whereby primary stress (accompanied by a higher pitch as in English) usually falls on the penultimate syllable and some words also harbor secondary stress on a different syllable.

Quileute is notable as having no nasal consonants, a feature shared with a few unrelated languages in its immediate vicinity, namely, Makah, Nitinaht, Lushootseed and Twana. It has the following consonants (// and // are rare):

The plain voiceless stops and affricates are slightly aspirated. After an accented long vowel in the first syllable, they are preceded by anticipatory pre-aspiration. So, e.g., ‹dí·ḳa› ‘smoke’ is realized as [ˈdéˑʰqʰə], and ‹t̓ƚó·pa› ‘blue, green’ is realized as [ˈt͡ɬʼóˑʰpʰə]. Analogously, an ejective following an accented long vowel anticipates pre-glottalization, as in ‹ʔá·c̓hit› ‘rich, chief’ is realized as [ˈʔä́ˑˀt͡ʃʼɪt(ʰ)] or even [ˈʔä́ˑʔᵊt͡ʃʼɪt(ʰ)]. In the same position, continuants (including /b/ and /d/ which descend from Proto-Chimakuan *m and *n) are lengthened themselves. E.g., ‹bí·baʔa·› ‘blind’ is realized as [ˈbɪ́ˑbːäʔäː] and ‹ʔí·ƚiƚ› ‘key’ as [ˈʔɪ́ˑɬːɪɬ].

Morphology
Quileute features a prefix system that changes depending on the physical characteristics of the person being spoken of, the speaker, or rarely the person being addressed. When speaking of a cross-eyed person,  is prefixed to each word. When speaking of a hunchback, the prefix  is used. Additional prefixes are also used for short men (), "funny people" (), and people that have difficulty walking ().

See also
 Chemakum language

References

External links
Quileute Nation: The Quileute  Language
Quileute Language Dictionary

Chimakuan languages
Languages of the United States
Endangered Chimakuan languages
Indigenous languages of Washington (state)


Bulung  is a village development committee in Dolakha District in the Janakpur Zone of north-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2,128 people living in 455 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Dolakha District

Populated places in Dolakha District


Jean-Jacques Lafon (born October 5, 1955) is a French singer-songwriter and painter. He remains known for his 1985 one-hit wonder "Le géant de papier", which peaked at No. 6 on the SNEP singles chart and earned a Silver disc. Lafon is also the writer of the 1987 hit "Viens boire un p'tit coup à la maison" for Licence IV, under the pseudonym of Falon.

Discography

Albums
 1988 : Mourir à Toulouse
 1993 : Les Années Caroline
 1996 : Autoportrait
 2010 : Le Jardin de mon père

Singles
 1982 : "Sa différence"
 1984 : "C'est beaucoup mieux comme ça"
 1985 : "Le Géant de papier" – No. 6 in France, Silver
 1986 : "Si t'as besoin de moi, fais-moi signe"
 1986 : "Un Mot pour un autre"
 1987 : "Elle voit"
 1987 : "Le Diable au cœur"
 1988 : "Ne laissez pas le soleil se coucher"
 1988 : "Mourir à Toulouse"
 1990 : "Seulement te dire..."
 1991 : "Les Années Caroline"

References

External links
 Official site

1955 births
French male singers
French pop singers
Living people
French male singer-songwriters
French singer-songwriters


Chankhu  is a village development committee in Dolakha District in the Janakpur Zone of north-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 1,332 people living in 285 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Dolakha District

Populated places in Dolakha District


Kshetrapa (Nepali:क्षेत्रपा) is a village development committee in north-eastern Nepal. As per the 2011 National Population and Housing Census, Kshetrapa had 2,447 (1,116 male and 1,331 female) people living in 580 individual households. Kshetrapa has one high school, Shree Kshetrawati Higher Secondary School, which is located at Peepal Daada, Majhgaun. Namdu Jugu Road, which runs through the village, is under construction .

A seasonal bus service is available from Kathmandu, around 170 km (approximately 105 miles) away. The majority of the native population are of Jirel, Chettris, and Newar ethnic groups.

The original trailhead of all early Everest expeditions began at Kathmandu and passed through Kshetrapa; this is an alternative to the other route, which connect at Yarsa, Kavre, through Kiratichhap and heads to Jiri.

Villages

The following is a list of areas or sub-villages cities of Kshetrapa Village Development Committee:

Bhaankharka
Toriswaraa
Yebbo
Soluphuli
Toridanda
Thapagaun
Daardok
Dharmashala
Byaarok
Bagang
Paattle
Pipsul
Pokhari Parri
Majhgaun
Tengithoke
Pharthoke
Waithoke
Khulchi
Peepal Danda
Gechugaa
Tiltapsha
Gairaghar
Pakhaghar
Chhipigaun
Kshetrapa
Wollo Baseri
Pallo Baseri
Bethiswaraa
Pukti

References

External links
 UN map of the municipalities of Dolakha District

Populated places in Dolakha District


Vselyub (, ) is an agrotown in Navahrudak District, Grodno Region, Belarus. Vselyub is a centre of selsoviet (rural council) within the administrative division of Belarus. Before the Partitions of Poland, it belonged to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Between the 20th-century world wars, the village was part of Nowogródek Voivodeship of the Second Polish Republic.

History
Vselyub (Wsielub) was first mentioned in 1422 (on the seal of its owner, ). Since at least 1434, the settlement and its serfs belonged to Jan's son Andrzej Niemirowicz (Niemirycz). It was inherited by other members of the family. Later it passed into the possession of , voivod of Polatsk. In 1576 it was bought by Prince Mikołaj Radziwiłł.

The local Catholic Church, built of brick and mortar, was long thought to have been erected in the Baroque period of the eighteenth century. But, archaeological examination in 1980s revealed that the building is essentially late Gothic (15th century). It has been altered by several renovations (the last of them, was done in the Gothic revival style). Its title changed several times in honor of different saints (St. John, St. Casimir, etc.)

During World War II, the 40 Jewish families who lived in the town were rounded up and summarily executed by the Nazis.

References

Villages in Belarus
Populated places in Grodno Region
Novogrudsky Uyezd
Nowogródek Voivodeship (1919–1939)
Holocaust locations in Belarus


Chilankha  is a village development committee in Dolakha District in the Janakpur Zone of north-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2,770 people living in 546 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Dolakha District

Populated places in Dolakha District


Chyama  is a village development committee in Dolakha District in the Janakpur Zone of north-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2,419 people living in 479 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Dolakha District

Populated places in Dolakha District


Dudhpokhari  is a village development committee in Dolakha District in the Janakpur Zone of north-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2,572 people living in 473 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Dolakha District

Populated places in Dolakha District


Dina Cocea (; 27 November 1912 – 28 October 2008) was a Romanian stage actress and occasional movie star with a career that spanned 50 years. Among other activities, Cocea was an actor in residence at the National Theatre Bucharest for 17 years, a professor and Dean at the University of Bucharest, writer and columnist, playwright, political activist, and representative to UNESCO.

Biography
Cocea was born on 27 November 1912 in Bucharest to father N. D. Cocea, a well-known writer and journalist, and mother Florica Mille, who was the daughter of another prominent journalist and writer, the socialist politico Constantin Mille, in whose house Cocea resided as a child. At 14 years of age, Cocea went to Paris, where she attended a Roman Catholic boarding school for a time. She later moved in with her aunt, Alice Cocéa, a film actress and star of the Parisian theatre, who introduced and encouraged Cocea to take up the acting profession.

After completing an education in the dramatic arts in Paris, Cocea returned to Romania where she debuted as an actress in 1934. In 1935, Cocea landed a role at Bucharest's Comedia ("Comedy"), a basement theater, (today the site of the Odeon Theater) alongside actor G. Timică in the play  ("The Real Jacob"). She initially appeared using the stage name, "Dina Cerna" but she quickly dropped the pseudonym.

Cocea's first big success came when she played in Melchior Lengyel's 1909 play  ("Typhoon"). Cocea first screen appearance was in 1939's  (An Unforgettable Night). In 1941 Cocea founded an acting troupe,  ("Our Theater") and took as partners, Fory Etterle, Eugenia Zaharia, and Peter Niro. The partnership lasted for 8 years but was dissolved by circumstance when the Comedia theater was nationalized by the communist authorities in 1948–1949. Cocea quickly became an actress in residence at the Bucharest National Theater, where she remained for 17 years until retiring in 1966. Spanning part of this period, from 1952 to 1962 Cocea, was Dean of the University of Bucharest's Faculty of Theater.

Following her retirement from the National Theater, Cocea appeared in many roles in other Bucharest theaters, from 1979 to 1989 acted as president of  (ATM) (Association of Theatre Artists and Musicians), taught acting at university, and was a sometime political activist. She also appeared in a dozen films, up through the 1992 detective film  (Attack in the Library), and represented Romania at UNESCO and at international congresses organized by the United Nations.

Despite acting in over 100 stage productions, a dozen films, being a regular television and radio guest, and being well known as a writer in Romania with a career spanning more than 50 years, Cocea was little known outside of Romania. However, in her home country she was a household name, having been dubbed  ("Queen of the Theater"). In 2001, Cocea was presented with an honorary doctorate from the National University of Theatre and Film. In 2002, she was awarded the Order of the Star of Romania, the country's highest civil order  awarded only by the President of Romania, and granted thereby the rank of Knight.
She was married to composer Mihai Brediceanu.

Cocea died on 28 October 2008 of a heart attack, about a month shy of her 96th birthday, having entered Floreasca Hospital just days before suffering from a pulmonary infection. Following her death, former Romanian President, Ion Iliescu and Culture Minister Adrian Iorgulescu, among other dignitaries, expressed sorrow. On 30 October 2008, Cocea's body was laid in repose in the foyer of Bucharest's National Theatre where last respects were paid by dignitaries, actors such as Gheorghe Dinică, Marin Moraru, and Ion Caramitru, many of her former students, friends, and relatives, as well as students of the Caragiale Academy of Theatrical Arts and Cinematography On 31 October 2008 Cocea was interred at Bellu Cemetery, where she was given military honors at the funeral.

Filmography
 Night in May (1934)
 O noapte de pomină (1939)
  (1964)
  (1964), as Elisabeta Movilă
  (1972), as pastor Gorgon's sister
 Stephen the Great - Vaslui 1475 (1974), as Sultana Mara (Mara Branković)
  (1975)
  (1977)
  (1980)
  (1980)
  (1992), as Magda Comnoiu, Mihaela's mother
 Băieți buni (2005), as Aglaia
  (2007), as Agripina Dumbravă, Gigi Dumbravă's mother (Telenovela)

References

1912 births
2008 deaths
Actresses from Bucharest
Romanian stage actresses
Romanian film actresses
Romanian women writers
20th-century Romanian actresses
Academic staff of the University of Bucharest
Romanian university and college faculty deans
Knights of the Order of the Star of Romania
Burials at Bellu Cemetery


George Faulkner was an English cricketer who played for Sussex.

Faulkner was christened at Lyminster, Sussex on 29 May 1793.

He made a single first-class appearance for the team, during the 1829 season, against England. Faulkner scored 1 not out in the first innings, and 9 in the second innings.

References

English cricketers
Sussex cricketers
1790s births
Year of death missing
People from Lyminster


Tank Overhaul is a Canadian documentary television program broadcast on the Military Channel (now American Heroes Channel) starting in 2007. Episodes are filmed at the Isle of Wight Military Museum as well as other organizations specializing in military history vehicle restoration and preservation.

Canadian actor Andrew Pifko narrated the eight episodes of the show.

Episodes

Season 1: 2007

Season 2: 2009

References
TV Guide episode listing
IMDB entry
AOL television listing
Military channel episode listing
Military channel episode listing Retrieved 15 March 2009, showing season 2.

External links

 Windup Filmworks
 Isle of Wight Military Museum
 Imperial War Museum, Duxford
 Military Vehicle Technology Foundation

Canadian military television series
2007 Canadian television series debuts
2000s Canadian documentary television series
American Heroes Channel original programming


Dandakharka  is a village development committee in Dolakha District in the Janakpur Zone of north-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3,827 people living in 760 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Dolakha District

Populated places in Dolakha District


Baudienst (from German, lit. "building service" or "construction service"), full name in German Baudienst im Generalgouvernement (Construction Service in the General Government), was a forced labour organization created by Nazi Germany in the General Government territory of occupied Poland during World War II. Baudienst was subordinate to the Reichsarbeitsdienst (RAD, lit. "Reich Labour Service").

Formation and activities
The Baudienst construction was formed 1 December 1940, originally in the Kraków District of the General Government, but it eventually expanded to all districts of the newly-formed region, except for the Warsaw District. The goal of Baudienst was to provide the Third Reich with a large pool of obligatory labour force.

Baudienst laborers were entitled to housing, food rations, working clothes, medical care and a wage of 1 zloty per day (a wage that was never changed, despite increasing inflation). Over time, conditions of work deteriorated, as laborers inhabited poor quality barracks (never a priority), and food and clothing rations were slashed. Punished laborers were imprisoned in Liban working camp in Kraków (Liban Quarry).

Baudienst was to build and maintain infrastructure (construction and repair of roads and canals), and aid with agricultural tasks. The overall objective was not to build infrastructure for the Poles, but for the Germans (with the aim of increasing West-East transport capacity in preparation for German invasion of the Soviet Union, and later, to improve the efficiency of German logistics). In some infamous cases, members of Baudienst were used to prepare graves for victims of German mass executions (of Poles, Jews and other victims of the Third Reich)  or to destroy Jewish houses and hiding places.

In the General Government, working was obligatory for any male Pole from 18 to 60 years old; later in the occupation this range extended to youth from 14 years old. Baudienst service itself was an obligatory service for Poles aged 21–22. Germans were aiming to have as many as 150,000 Baudienst members, in fact due to constant lack of volunteers and increasing desertions, Baudienst at its height reached less than a third of that number (about 45,000 people). There were almost no volunteers in Baudienst, in 1941 only 141 were recorded, in following years Germans stopped recording their numbers altogether.

Baudienst workers were under a contract to work at least initially 3 months, increased up to 6–7 months of work during the spring-summer period and eventually a minimum of a year.

In addition to the Polish Baudienst, Germans created similar Heimatdienst (lit. "homeland service", Ukrains'ka Sluzhba Bat'kivschyni, USB) for the Ukrainians, and a similar one for the Goralenvolk. Volksdeutsche were immune from the service (but could volunteer, and some did for the higher-ranking positions such as foreman), and Polish Jews were already forced to labor in the ghettos and labor-concentration camps.

See also
Forced labor in Germany during World War II
Organisation Todt
Sonderdienst

External links
 Elżbieta Laska, Praca przymusowa Polaków na rzecz III Rzeszy
 Okupacja niemiecka, cz.4
 Bezkarni oprawcy z Baudienst, gazeta.pl, 2007-07-20

Further reading
Mścisław Wróblewski, Służba Budowlana (Baudienst) w Generalnym Gubernatorstwie, 1940–1945,  1984, Państwowe Wydawn. Nauk. (Warszawa),
Jan Grabowski, Hunt for the Jews: Betrayal and Murder in German-Occupied Poland, 2013

References

Poland in World War II
Economy of Nazi Germany
Unfree labor during World War II
1940 establishments in Poland
1940 establishments in Germany


The B1145 runs for about  through the county of Norfolk, England, between King’s Lynn and Mundesley. The road is an alternative route to the A47 between King's Lynn and Norwich by way of the A1067 from Bawdeswell onwards.

History
This ancient route predates the Norman Conquest and remained the main east–west route through the county until the 17th century. It can be seen quiet clearly on William Faden’s map of Norfolk, which was surveyed between 1790 and 1794. This map, the first large-scale map (at one inch to the mile) of the whole county, is a record of the landscape and transport system of the county of Norfolk in late 18th century and shows that despite the Parliamentary Enclosure of the early 19th century the route has changed very little. Much of the route on the map is highlighted in a pale pink, which marks it out as an important artery of the time.

Part of the roads route lies directly on the line of a Roman road between a point  west of North Elmham for the distance of  to where the road reaches the village of Bawdeswell. The route is dissected by several Roman roads, including the Peddars Way in the North West of Norfolk.

Road schemes at Bawdeswell, Aylsham and North Walsham have created interruptions to the original route, although the vast majority of it remains intact.

Coaching route
The B1145 also was part of the King's Lynn–to–Great Yarmouth coaching route. On the route at Litcham stands The Bull Inn, a 17th-century coaching inn of which some parts date further back to the 14th century. The Bull provided the first change of horses on this coaching route out of King’s Lynn.

Destinations
From west to east the road passes through:
Bawsey
Ashwicken
Gayton
Litcham
Mileham
Brisley
North Elmham
Billingford
Bawdeswell
Pettywell
Reepham
Cawston
Aylsham
Felmingham
North Walsham
Swafield
Knapton
Mundesley

References

Roads in England
Transport in Norfolk


Phasku  is a village development committee in Dolakha District in the Janakpur Zone of north-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 4,580 people living in 953 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Dolakha District

Populated places in Dolakha District


Gairimudi  is a village development committee in Dolakha District in the Janakpur Zone of north-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 4,299 people living in 886 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Dolakha District

Populated places in Dolakha District


Sukces ("Success") is Czesław Niemen's second solo album, released in 1968. The album was recorded with the band Akwarele.

Track listing
 "Płonąca stodoła" – 2:32 (music Czesław Niemen, lyrics Marta Bellan)
 "Gdzie się mak czerwieni" – 2:42 (music Czesław Niemen, lyrics Andrzej Tylczyński)
 "Włóczęga" – 2:32 (music Czesław Niemen, lyrics Marta Bellan)
 "Narodziny miłości" – 2:37 (music Czesław Niemen, lyrics Marek Gaszyński)
 "Allilah" – 2:50 (music Czesław Niemen, lyrics Marek Gaszyński)
 "Najdłuższa noc" – 2:07 (music Czesław Niemen, lyrics Marta Bellan)
 "Sukces" – 3:14 (music and lyrics Czesław Niemen)
 "Jeżeli" – 2:23 (music Czesław Niemen, lyrics Julian Tuwim)
 "Spiżowy krzyk" – 2:14 (music Czesław Niemen, lyrics Czesław Niemczuk)
 "Tyle jest dróg" – 3:32 (music Czesław Niemen, lyrics Piotr Janczerski)
 "Niepotrzebni" – 2:48 (music Marian Zimiński, lyrics Marek Gaszyński)
 "Klęcząc przed Tobą" – 3:19 (music Czesław Niemen, lyrics Marek Gaszyński)

Personnel
Czesław Niemen – vocal, organ
Zbigniew Sztyc – tenor saxophone
Tomasz Buttowtt – drums
Tomasz Jaśkiewicz – guitar
Ryszard Podgórski – trumpet
Marian Zimiński – piano, organ
Tadeusz Gogosz – bass

References

Czesław Niemen albums
1968 albums
Polish-language albums
Polskie Nagrania Muza albums


Thulopatal  is a village development committee in Dolakha District in the Janakpur Zone of north-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3,099 people living in 614 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Dolakha District

Populated places in Dolakha District


Karl-Heinrich Bodenschatz (10 December 1890 – 25 August 1979) was a German general who was the adjutant to Manfred von Richthofen in World War I and the liaison officer between Hermann Göring and Adolf Hitler in World War II.

Biography

Early life and First World War

Bodenschatz was born in Rehau, Bavaria; in 1890. He enlisted in the 8th Bavarian Infantry Regiment and was a cadet at the War Academy in Metz until 1912. Following the German entry into World War I he saw active infantry service on the Western Front and participated in the Battle of Verdun. After being wounded four times, in 1916 he transferred to the Deutsche Luftstreitkräfte as adjutant to Jagdgeschwader 2 and then Jagdgeschwader 1 as the adjutant to Manfred von Richthofen based at Avesnes-le-sac. In June 1918 Hermann Göring took over command of the squadron after von Richthofen's death.

Between the wars
After the war he joined the Reichswehr as a regular officer and served in the 21st infantry regiment from 1919 until April 1933, he had maintained a friendship with Göring and joined the Luftwaffe as his military adjutant and served in this capacity until 1938, visiting Britain in November 1938. In 1939, he warned the Polish military attaché in Berlin that Nazi Germany was planning to invade Poland by the end of the year.

Second World War
During World War II he was the liaison officer between Hitler's headquarters and the Commander-in-Chief of the Luftwaffe until he was seriously injured in 1944 by the 20 July plot bomb at the Wolf's Lair headquarters in Rastenburg, East Prussia. He was fortunate to survive the explosion as two officers immediately to his left and one to his right were killed.

Post-war
He was captured at Reichenhall on 5 May 1945 and served two years in prison. In 1946 he was called as a witness at the Nuremberg Trials of major Nazi war criminals. He died in Erlangen, West Germany, in 1979, aged 88.

Medals and honours
 Iron Cross (1914) 2nd and 1st class
 Wound Badge (1918) in Silver
 Aviator badge (Prussia)
 Gallipoli Star ("Iron Crescent", Ottoman Empire)
 Knight's Cross Second Class of the Order of the Zähringer Lion with Swords
 Military Merit Order, 4th Class with swords (Bavaria)
 Golden Party Badge (10 December 1940)
 German Cross in Silver on 30 May 1942 as General der Flieger and chief of Ministeramt in the Reichsluftfahrtministerium with the Oberbefehlshaber der Luftwaffe
 Wound Badge 20 July 1944
 Wehrmacht Long Service Award, 4th to 1st class
 War Merit Cross (1939), 1st class with Swords
 Order of Liberty Cross First Class with Oak Leaves and Swords (Finland)

References
Citations

Bibliography

 Hunting With Richthofen: The Bodenschatz Diaries: Sixteen Months of Battle with J G Freiherr Von Richthofen No. 1. Grub Street, 1998, .

External links
 Karl Bodenschatz Nuremberg trial testimony at the Nizkor Project

1890 births
1979 deaths
20th-century Freikorps personnel
People from Rehau
Luftstreitkräfte personnel
Luftwaffe World War II generals
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 1st class
Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Liberty, 1st Class
Military personnel from the Kingdom of Bavaria
Reichswehr personnel
German prisoners of war in World War II held by the United States
Military personnel from Bavaria
Adjutants of Adolf Hitler
Generals of Aviators
Nazi Party members
People wounded in the 20 July plot


Syama  is a village development committee in Dolakha District in the Janakpur Zone of north-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 4,781 people living in 941 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Dolakha District

Populated places in Dolakha District


Gaurishankar is currently referred to as Ward No. 9 under Gaurishankar Rural Municipality in Bagmati Province, Dolakha District  of Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 1,392 people living in 291 individual households. There are divided to 3 villages which are Tasi Nam, Simi Gau and Beding.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Dolakha District

Populated places in Dolakha District


Hebron is a ghost town on Shoal Creek in Washington County in southwestern Utah, United States. Hebron was inhabited from 1862 until 1902, when the already-declining town was mostly destroyed by an earthquake. The present-day city of Enterprise,  to the east, was settled largely by people leaving Hebron.

History

Foundation
This area was explored in 1862 by a group of men led by John and Charles Pulsipher, who were herding livestock owned by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. They drove the cattle from the St. George area as far north as Mountain Meadows, then explored much of the land lying south of the Escalante Desert. They were favorably impressed with the Shoal Creek area and decided it would be a good place to settle with their families. Encouraged by the local Paiutes, the pioneers brought their families and organized a ranching community called Shoal Creek. The Pulsiphers' father, prominent LDS leader Zera Pulsipher, moved here in the fall of 1862 and became the local presiding church officer.

A small fort was built here in 1866, when the outbreak of the Black Hawk War caused widespread fear of Indian attacks. The larger community of Clover Valley, located in the Clover Valley of present-day Nevada, was evacuated and its residents moved to the Shoal Creek fort. Gardens and fodder grew well, and the settlement began to thrive. It became an important source of supplies for the silver mining camps of eastern Nevada, particularly Pioche, and later for nearby Silver Reef, Utah. In 1867 a schoolhouse was built.

In 1868, LDS Apostle Erastus Snow came to form a congregation. The population was 75. Snow directed the surveying of a formal townsite,  which John Pulsipher named for the biblical Hebron. Shoal Creek had been a scattered, loosely organized settlement, but Hebron became a fast-growing town. Soon it had a hotel, several stores, freight offices, and in 1872 a telegraph office.

Decline

In common with other early settlements of Utah's Dixie, Hebron's greatest obstacles had to do with water. Originally planned as a ranching community, it lacked sufficient water for the irrigation of substantial farms. A wooden flume was built to bring water from a nearby spring to water Hebron's farms, but it collapsed due to excessively wet weather in 1885. One of the former Clover Valley farmers named Orson Huntsman proposed to build a large reservoir on Shoal Creek, but the plan was controversial and received little support from his neighbors. In 1891, Huntsman had a  townsite surveyed below the proposed reservoir site, then filed a desert land entry on the land, which he called Enterprise. After some three years of seeking investors, he organized a formal company to construct the reservoir in 1893. Hebron's leaders responded by building a new, longer aqueduct with additional dams, ditches, and roads. They tried to keep water and residents from flowing from Hebron to Enterprise, but families began to move where the farming prospects were better.

Destruction
On November 17, 1902, Hebron was severely damaged by an earthquake centered at Pine Valley, with an estimated magnitude of 6 and an intensity of VIII. Most of the rock homes in Hebron were irreparably ruined, and the exodus to Enterprise accelerated. The rest of Hebron's residents moved, selling their water rights to the Enterprise Reservoir Company. In 1904, what was left of the town of Hebron sold all remaining water rights. The departing residents tore down the damaged buildings for the materials, leaving only rubble and a small cemetery.

References

External links

 Hebron at GhostTowns.com
 Hebron at St. George Online

Ghost towns in Washington County, Utah
Populated places established in 1862
1862 establishments in Utah Territory
Ghost towns in Utah


Suspa Kshemawati  is a village development committee in Dolakha District in the Janakpur Zone of north-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3,020 people living in 625 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Dolakha District

Populated places in Dolakha District


Ghyang Sukathokar is a village development committee (VDC) in Dolakha District in the Janakpur Zone of north-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 4,600.

This VDC is bordered by Sailungeswor VDC in the north and south, Vedpu in the west and the Bytamakosi River in the east.

Ghyang Sukathokar is a religiously important area and the famous Gaikhura Mahadev and Bhakure Devi Mandir temples are located there.

In Ghyang Sukathokar, people are mainly involved in agriculture and animal husbandry as well as advanced and modern occupations like teaching and office work . Mr.Keshab Bahadur Karki was elected Last VDCs Chairman with people popular votes, 1997 A.D.Ghyang Sukathokar(the previous VDC) is now a part of Melung Rural Municipality. It was a separate village development committee (VDC) from 1990 to 2017.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Dolakha District

Populated places in Dolakha District


Julio García or Julio Garcia may refer to:

Sports
 Julio César García (born 1987), Mexican boxer
 Julio García (Peruvian footballer) (born 1981), Peruvian football player
 Julio Garcia (Mexican footballer) (born 1989), Mexican football player with the San Antonio Scorpions
 Julio García Fernández (born 1965), Spanish football player
 Julio García Fernández de los Ríos (1894–1969), Spanish equestrian and Olympic medalist
 Julio García, Chilean soccer team manager for Club Provincial Curicó Unido in the 1990s

Other
 Julio Acosta García (1872–1954), a president of Costa Rica
 Don Julio García Agapito (c. 1964–2008), Peruvian environmentalist
 Julio García, a Governor of Colima in the 1860s
 Julio García Espinosa (1926–2016), Cuban film director


Joni T. Johnson (1934–1988) was an American painter from Swayzee, Indiana.

Education

Johnson went to Arsenal Technical High School in Indianapolis and attended the John Herron Art Institute.

Career

From the 1950s through the late '70s, Johnson worked in Indianapolis, where she displayed and sold her art in several galleries, and was a founder of the Talbott Street Art Fair.  She had a mini-retrospective in 1977 in the Art Pavilion at L.S. Ayres. Watercolor was her primary medium, and she is best known for her representations of children and the female figure.

For a short time, Johnson lived and worked in Chicago, where she studied with Charles E. Burchfield.

Two of Johnson's paintings hang in the White House East Room, and her works have hung in 27 countries.  Her paintings, always signed J.T. Johnson, have been owned by Katharine Hepburn, Harry Belafonte, Lana Turner, Joel Grey, Vincent Price, Connie Myers, Frances Myers, Jan Wilhere, and Constance Vinson

References
Congressional Record, March 21, 1989
The Indianapolis News, June 24, 1988. Sec. A. p. 13, c. 2
The Indianapolis Star, June 18, 1988. Sec. D. p. 1, c. 6
The Artists Bluebook: 34,000 North American Artists to March 2005 AskART.com Inc., Dunbier, Lonnie Pierson (Editor)

External links
Johnson on Ask Art
Johnson on Antique Helper

American women painters
Herron School of Art and Design alumni
1934 births
1988 deaths
Painters from Indiana
20th-century American women artists


Johnathan Dennis Sullivan (born 8 March 1988) is an English retired professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.

Career

Early years
Born in Sompting, West Sussex,  John Sullivan signed professional forms with Brighton & Hove Albion during the summer of 2005, but didn't make a competitive appearance for the club until 28 October 2008, when John started in place of the injured Michel Kuipers, during the 3–2 victory over Leicester City. At the end of the 2007–08 season,  John Sullivan signed a new one-year contract with the club.

It was announced on 12 May 2009 that  John Sullivan would be leaving Brighton after the expiry of his contract at the end of June 2009. Sullivan agreed to join League One rivals Millwall on 2 June 2009, and made his debut on 1 September 2009 against Barnet in the Football League Trophy. On 25 March 2010, John Sullivan signed a one-year extension with the club, that will keep him until the next season.

 John Sullivan signed a one-month loan deal with Yeovil Town, having impressed manager Terry Skiverton in Darren Way's benefit match – a 3–2 victory over a Manchester United XI – when John was in trial with the club. Upon the move, John Sullivan said  I John is expected to play more regularly, rather than spending time on the bench. John made his debut for the club, in the opening game of the season, with a 2–1 win over Leyton Orient. After the match,  John Sullivan soon desired to stay at the club and his wish came true by having his loan spell extended until 3 January 2011. Having retained his first choice goalkeeper in the early of the season, Sullivan soon lost his first team place in goal after suffering an injury and was replaced by Stephen Henderson. After Henderson loan spell with the club is up and returned to his parent club in November, Sullivan retained his first-choice in goalkeeping. After six-months at Yeovil Town, his loan-spell had come to an end.

On 18 March 2011, Sullivan signed a one-month loan deal with Charlton Athletic. His stay at Charlton was extended on 15 April until the end of the season.

Charlton Athletic
Charlton acted swiftly in the following transfer window to bring Sullivan to the club on permanent basis after a string of impressive performances, securing a two-year deal on 31 May 2011. Sullivan made his first appearance for Charlton after signing permanently in the summer when he came on as a sixth-minute substitute against Leyton Orient after Ben Hamer was sent off for handling the ball outside his area.

The next season, Sullivan was told by manager Chris Powell he will be loaned out, to earn more playing time. Eventually on 9 November 2012, he signed on a one-month loan to League One side Colchester United He joined Colchester United for the replacement for Mark Cousins, who is being on the sidelines. After making his debut against Crewe, Sullivan says joined the club, citing playing time as the main reason. His loan spell at Colchester United had come to an end, following a conclusion to his loan spell, but willing to return to the club.

In 2013, Sullivan signed a loan deal with AFC Wimbledon, until the end of the season and was ever present for the duration of his loan period, including their dramatic escape from relegation on the final day of the league two season.

It was confirmed on 30 April 2013 that Sullivan has been released from Charlton.

Portsmouth
On 16 May 2013, Sullivan signed a two-year deal with Portsmouth. He made his debut in a 4–1 home defeat to Oxford United on 3 August 2013. Sullivan went on a run of six matches as Portsmouth's first choice goalkeeper, however two high-profile errors against York City, one of which saw Sullivan drop the ball into an empty net, resulted in the arrival of Trevor Carson from Bury, and Sullivan was dropped from the side.

On 7 June 2014, Sullivan left Portsmouth by mutual consent despite having one year remaining on his contract.

Career statistics

1 Including the Football League Trophy.

References

External links

Late Tackle Magazine: From Saving To Selling: The Keeper Who Has Built A New Life in Vegas

Living people
1988 births
English men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. players
Millwall F.C. players
Yeovil Town F.C. players
Charlton Athletic F.C. players
Colchester United F.C. players
AFC Wimbledon players
Portsmouth F.C. players
Whitehawk F.C. players
People from Sompting


Hawa  is a village development committee in Dolakha District in the Janakpur Zone of north-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 1,833 people living in 372 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Dolakha District

Populated places in Dolakha District


The Men's Greco-Roman 90 kg at the 1972 Summer Olympics as part of the wrestling program at the Fairgrounds, Judo and Wrestling Hall.

Medalists

Tournament results
The competition used a form of negative points tournament, with negative points given for any result short of a fall. Accumulation of 6 negative points eliminated the wrestler. When only two or three wrestlers remain, a special final round is used to determine the order of the medals.

Legend
DNA — Did not appear
TPP — Total penalty points
MPP — Match penalty points

Penalties
0 — Won by Fall, Passivity, Injury and Forfeit
0.5 — Won by Technical Superiority
1 — Won by Points
2 — Draw
2.5 — Draw, Passivity
3 — Lost by Points
3.5 — Lost by Technical Superiority
4 — Lost by Fall, Passivity, Injury and Forfeit

Round 1

Round 2

Round 3

Round 4

Round 5

Final

Results from the preliminary round are carried forward into the final (shown in yellow).

Final standings

References

External links
Official Report

Greco-Roman 90kg


Japhe  is a village development committee in Dolakha District in the Janakpur Zone of north-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3,080 people living in 616 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Dolakha District

Populated places in Dolakha District


Jhule  is a village development committee in Dolakha District in the Janakpur Zone of north-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2,491 people living in 489 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Dolakha District

Populated places in Dolakha District


Czy mnie jeszcze pamiętasz? ("Do You Remember Me?") is Czesław Niemen's third solo album, released in 1969. It was his last album recorded with Akwarele.

Track listing
 "Wiem, że nie wrócisz" ("I know you won't return) – 3:56 (music: Czesław Niemen, lyrics: Jacek Grań)
 "Baw się w ciuciubabkę" ("Let's play blind-man's bluff") – 3:03 (music: Niemen, lyrics: Grań)
 "Obok nas" ("Besides us") – 3:16 (music: Wojciech Piętowski, lyrics: Janusz Odrowąż)
 "Nie wiem czy to warto" ("I don't know if it's worth loving you") – 4:16 (music: Zbigniew Bizoń, lyrics: Krzysztof Dzikowski)
 "Przyjdź w taką noc" ("Come in such a night") – 2:16 (music: Mateusz Święcicki, lyrics: Dzikowski)
 "Czy mnie jeszcze pamiętasz?" ("Do you remember me?") – 3:30 (music: Niemen, lyrics: Grań)
 "Pod papugami" ("Under parrots") – 3:20 (music: Święcicki, lyrics: Bogusław Choiński, Jan Gałkowski)
 "Jeszcze sen" ("Still a dream") – 2:45 (music: Niemen, lyrics: Marta Bellan)
 "Stoję w oknie" ("I'm standing in the window") – 3:12 (music: Niemen, lyrics: Edward Fiszer)
 "Czas jak rzeka" ("Time flows like a river") – 2:38 (Niemen)
 "Ach, jakie oczy" ("Oh, what eyes") – 2:32 (Niemen)

Personnel
Czesław Niemen – vocal, organ
Zbigniew Sztyc – tenor saxophone
Tomasz Buttowtt – drums
Tomasz Jaśkiewicz – guitar
Ryszard Podgórski – trumpet
Marian Zimiński – piano, organ
Tadeusz Gogosz – bass
Partita - background vocals

References

Czesław Niemen albums
1969 albums
Polish-language albums
Polskie Nagrania Muza albums


Jhyaku  is a village development committee in Dolakha District in the Janakpur Zone of north-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3,998 people living in 831 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Dolakha District

Populated places in Dolakha District


The attribute hierarchy method (AHM), is a cognitively based psychometric procedure developed by Jacqueline Leighton, Mark Gierl, and Steve Hunka at the Centre for Research in Applied Measurement and Evaluation (CRAME) at the University of Alberta. The AHM is one form of cognitive diagnostic assessment that aims to integrate cognitive psychology with educational measurement for the purposes of enhancing instruction and student learning. A cognitive diagnostic assessment (CDA), is designed to measure specific knowledge states and cognitive processing skills in a given domain. The results of a CDA yield a profile of scores with detailed information about a student’s cognitive strengths and weaknesses. This cognitive diagnostic feedback has the potential to guide instructors, parents and students in their teaching and learning processes.

To generate a diagnostic skill profile, examinees’ test item responses are classified into a set of structured attribute patterns that are derived from components of a cognitive model of task performance. The cognitive model contains attributes, which are defined as a description of the procedural or declarative knowledge needed by an examinee to answer a given test item correctly. The inter-relationships among the attributes are represented using a hierarchical structure so the ordering of the cognitive skills is specified. This model provides a framework for designing diagnostic items based on attributes, which links examinees' test performance to specific inferences about examinees' knowledge and skills.

Differences between the AHM and the rule space method

The AHM differs from Tatsuoka's Rule Space Method (RSM) with the assumption of dependencies among the attributes within the cognitive model. In other words, the AHM was derived from RSM by assuming that some or all skills may be represented in hierarchical order. Modeling cognitive attributes using the AHM necessitates the specification of a hierarchy outlining the dependencies among the attributes. As such, the attribute hierarchy serves as a cognitive model of task performance designed to represent the inter-related cognitive processes required by examinees to solve test items. This assumption better reflects the characteristics of human cognition because cognitive processes usually do not work in isolation but function within a network of interrelated competencies and skills. In contrast, the RSM makes no assumptions regarding the dependencies among the attributes. This difference has led to the development of both IRT and non-IRT based psychometric procedures for analyzing test item responses using the AHM.
The AHM also differs from the RSM with respect to the identification of the cognitive attributes and the logic underlying the diagnostic inferences made from the statistical analysis.

Identification of the cognitive attributes

The RSM uses a post-hoc approach to the identification of the attributes required to successfully solve each item on an existing test. In contrast, the AHM uses an a priori approach to identifying the attributes and specifying their interrelationships in a cognitive model.

Diagnostic inferences from statistical analysis

The RSM using statistical pattern classification where examinees' observed response patterns are matched to pre-determined response patterns that each correspond to a particular cognitive or knowledge state. Each state represents a set of correct and incorrect rules used to answer test items. The focus with the RSM is identification of erroneous rules or misconceptions. The AHM, on the other hand, uses statistical pattern recognition where examinees' observed response patterns are compared to response patterns that are consistent with the attribute hierarchy. The purpose of statistical pattern recognition is to identify the attribute combinations that the examinee is likely to possess. Hence, the AHM does not identify incorrect rules or misconceptions as in the RSM.

Principled test design
The AHM uses a construct-centered approach to test development and analysis. Construct-centered emphasizes the central role of the construct in directing test development activities and analysis. The advantage of this approach is that the inferences made about student performance are firmly grounded in the construct specified. Principled test design encompasses 3 broad stages:
 cognitive model development
 test development
 psychometric analysis.

Cognitive model development comprises the first stage in the test design process. During this stage, the cognitive knowledge, processes, and skills are identified and organized into an attribute hierarchy or cognitive model. This stage also encompasses validation of the cognitive model prior to the test development stage.

Test development comprises the second stage in the test design process. During this stage, items are created to measure each attribute within the cognitive model while also maintaining any dependencies modeled among the attributes.

Psychometric analysis comprises the third stage in the test design process. During this stage, the fit of the cognitive model relative to observed examinee responses is evaluated to ascertain the appropriateness of the model to explain test performance. Examinee test item responses are then analyzed and diagnostic skill profiles created highlighting examinee cognitive strengths and weaknesses.

Cognitive model development

What is a cognitive model?

An AHM analysis must begin with the specification of a cognitive model of task performance. A cognitive model in educational measurement refers to a "simplified description of human problem solving on standardized educational tasks, which helps to characterize the knowledge and skills students at different levels of learning have acquired and to facilitate the explanation and prediction of students' performance". These cognitive skills, conceptualized as an attribute in the AHM framework, are specified at a small grain size in order to generate specific diagnostic inferences underlying test performance. Attributes include different procedures, skills, and/or processes that an examinee must possess to solve a test item. Then, these attributes are structured using a hierarchy so the ordering of the cognitive skills is specified.

The cognitive model can be represented by various hierarchical structures. Generally, there are four general forms of hierarchical structures that can easily be expanded and combined to form increasingly complex networks of hierarchies where the cognitive complexity corresponds to the nature of the problem solving task. The four hierarchical forms include: a) linear, b) convergent, c) divergent, and d) unstructured.

How are cognitive models created and validated?
Theories of task performance can be used to derive cognitive models of task performance in a subject domain. However, the availability of these theories of task performance and cognitive models in education are limited. Therefore, other means are used to generate cognitive models. One method is the use of a task analysis of representative test items from a subject domain. A task analysis represents a hypothesized cognitive model of task performance, where the likely knowledge and processes used to solve the test item are specified. A second method involves having examinees think aloud as they solve test items to identify the actual knowledge, processes, and strategies elicited by the task,. The verbal report collected as examinees talk aloud can contain the relevant knowledge, skills, and procedures used to solve the test item. These knowledge, skills, and procedures become the attributes in the cognitive model, and their temporal sequencing documented in the verbal report provides the hierarchical ordering. A cognitive model derived using a task analysis can be validated and, if required, modified using examinee verbal reports collected from think aloud studies.

Why is the accuracy of the cognitive model important?
An accurate cognitive model is crucial for two reasons. First, a cognitive model provides the interpretative framework for linking test score interpretations to cognitive skills. That is, the test developer is in a better position to make defensible claims about student knowledge, skills, and processes that account for test performance. Second, a cognitive model provides a link between cognitive and learning psychology with instruction. Based on an examinee’s observed response pattern, detailed feedback about an examinee’s cognitive strengths and weaknesses can be provided through a score report. This diagnostic information can then be used to inform instruction tailored to the examinee, with the goals of improving or remediating specific cognitive skills.

An example of a cognitive model

The following hierarchy is an example of a cognitive model task performance for the knowledge and skills in the areas of ratio, factoring, function, and substitution (called the Ratios and Algebra hierarchy). This hierarchy is divergent and composed of nine attributes which are described below. If the cognitive model is assumed to be true, then an examinee who has mastered attribute A3 is assumed to have mastered the attributes below it, namely attributes A1 and A2. Conversely, if an examinee has mastered attribute A2, then it is expected that the examinee has mastered attribute A1 but not A3.

The hierarchy contains two independent branches which share a common prerequisite – attribute A1. Aside from attribute A1, the first branch includes two additional attributes, A2 and A3, and the second branch includes a self-contained sub-hierarchy which includes attributes A4 through A9. Three independent branches compose the sub-hierarchy: attributes A4, A5, A6; attributes A4, A7, A8; and attributes A4, A9.
As a prerequisite attribute, attribute A1 includes the most basic arithmetic operation skills, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of numbers. Attributes A2 and A3 both deal with factors. In attribute A2, the examinee needs to have knowledge about the property of factors. In attribute A3, the examinee not only requires knowledge of factoring (i.e., attribute A2), but also the skills of applying the rules of factoring. Therefore, attribute A3 is considered a more advanced attribute than A2.

The self-contained sub-hierarchy contains six attributes. Among these attributes, attribute A4 is the prerequisite for all other attributes in the sub-hierarchy. Attribute A4 has attribute A1 as a prerequisite because A4 not only represents basic skills in arithmetic operations (i.e., attribute A1), but it also involves the substitution of values into algebraic expressions which is more abstract and, therefore, more difficult than attribute A1. The first branch in the sub-hierarchy deals, mainly, with functional graph reading. For attribute A5, the examinee must be able to map the graph of a familiar function with its corresponding function. In an item that requires attribute A5 (e.g., item 4), attribute A4 is typically required because the examinee must find random points in the graph and substitute the points into the equation of the function to find a match between the graph and the function. Attribute A6, on the other hand, deals with the abstract properties of functions, such as recognizing the graphical representation of the relationship between independent and dependent variables. The graphs for less familiar functions, such as a function of higher-power polynomials, may be involved. Therefore, attribute A6 is considered to be more difficult than attribute A5 and placed below attribute A5 in the sub-hierarchy.

The second branch in the sub-hierarchy considers the skills associated with advanced substitution. Attribute A7 requires the examinee to substitute numbers into algebraic expressions. The complexity of attribute A7 relative to attribute A4 lies in the concurrent management of multiple pairs of numbers and multiple equations. Attribute A8 also represents the skills of advanced substitution. However, what makes attribute A8 more difficult than attribute A7 is that algebraic expressions, rather than numbers, need to be substituted into another algebraic expression.
The last branch in the sub-hierarchy contains only one additional attribute, A9, related to skills associated with rule understanding and application. It is the rule, rather than the numeric value or the algebraic expression that needs to be substituted in the item to reach a solution.

Cognitive model representation
The Ratio and Algebra attribute hierarchy can also be expressed in matrix form. To begin, the direct relationship among the attributes is specified by a binary adjacency matrix (A) of order (k,k), where k is the number of attributes, such that each element in the A matrix represents the absence (i.e., 0) or presence (i.e., 1) of a direct connection between two attributes. The A matrix for the Ratio and Algebra hierarchy presented is shown below.

Each row and column the A matrix represents one attribute; the first row and column represents attribute A1 and the last row and column represents attribute A9. The presence of a 1 in a particular row denotes a direct connection between that attribute and the attribute corresponding to the column position. For example, attribute A1 is directly connected to attribute A2 because of the presence of a 1 in the first row (i.e. attribute A1) and the second column (i.e., attribute A2). The positions of 0 in row 1 indicate that A1 is neither directly connected to itself nor to attributes A3 and A5 to A9.

The direct and indirect relationships among attributes are specified by the binary reachability matrix (R) of order (k,k), where k is the number of attributes. To obtain the R matrix from the A matrix, Boolean addition and multiplication operations are performed on the adjacency matrix, meaning  where n is the integer required to reach invariance, , and I is the identity matrix. The R matrix for the Ratio and Algebra hierarchy is shown next.

Similar to the A matrix, each row and column in the matrix represents one attribute; the first row and column represents attribute A1 and the last row and column represents attribute A9. The first attribute is either directly or indirectly connected to all attributes A1 to A9. This is represented by the presence of 1's in all columns of row 1 (i.e., representing attribute A1). In the R matrix, an attribute is considered related to itself resulting in 1's along the main diagonal. Referring back to the hierarchy, it is shown that attribute A1 is directly connected to attribute A2 and indirectly to A3 through its connection with A2. Attribute A1 is indirectly connected to attributes A5 to A9 through its connection with A4.

The potential pool of items is represented by the incidence matrix (Q) matrix of order (k, p), where k is the number of attributes and p is number of potential items. This pool of items represents all combinations of the attributes when the attributes are independent of each other. However, this pool of items can be reduced to form the reduced incidence matrix (Qr), by imposing the constraints of the attribute hierarchy as defined by the R matrix. The Qr matrix represents items that capture the dependencies among the attributes defined in the attribute hierarchy. The Qr matrix is formed using Boolean inclusion by determining which columns of the R matrix are logically included in each column of the Q matrix. The Qr matrix is of order (k,) where k is the number of attributes and i is the reduced number of items resulting from the constraints in the hierarchy. For the Ratio and Algebra hierarchy, the Qr matrix is shown next.

The Qr matrix serves an important test item development blueprint where items can be created to measure each specific combination of attributes. In this way, each component of the cognitive model can be evaluated systematically. In this example, a minimum of 9 items are required to measure all the attribute combinations specified in the Qr matrix.

The expected examinee response patterns can now be generated using the Qr matrix. An expected examinee is conceptualized as a hypothetical examinee who correctly answers items that require cognitive attributes that the examinee has mastered. The expected response matrix (E) is created, using Boolean inclusion, by comparing each row of the attribute pattern matrix (which is the transpose of the Qr matrix) to the columns of the Qr matrix. The expected response matrix is of order (j,i), where j is the number of examinees and i is the reduced number of items resulting from the constraints imposed by the hierarchy. The E matrix for the Ratio and Algebra hierarchy is shown below.

If the cognitive model is true, then 58 unique item response patterns should be produced by examinees who write these cognitively-based items. A row of 0s is usually added to the E matrix which represents an examinee who has not mastered any attributes. To summarize, if the attribute pattern of the examinee contains the attributes required by the item, then the examinee is expected to answer the item correctly. However, if the examinee's attribute pattern is missing one or more of the cognitive attributes required by the item, the examinee is not expected to answer the item correctly.

Test development

Role of the cognitive model in item development
The cognitive model in the form of an attribute hierarchy has direct implications for item development. Items that measure each attribute must maintain the hierarchical ordering of the attributes as specified by the cognitive model while also measuring increasingly complex cognitive processes. These item types may be in either multiple choice or constructed response format. To date, the AHM has been used with items that are scored dichotomously where 1 corresponds to a correct answer and 0 corresponds to an incorrect answer. Therefore, a student's test performance can be summarized by a vector of correct and incorrect responses in the form of 1's and 0's. This vector then serves as the input for the psychometric analysis where the examinee's attribute mastery is estimated.

Approach to item development
The attributes in the cognitive model are specified at a fine grain size in order to yield a detailed cognitive skill profile about the examinee's test performance. This necessitates many items that must be created to measure each attribute in the hierarchy. For computer-based tests, automated item generation (AIG) is a promising method for generating multiple items "on the fly" that have similar form and psychometric properties using a common template.

Example of items aligned to the attributes in a hierarchy
Referring back to the pictorial representation of Ratio and Algebra hierarchy, an item can be constructed to measure the skills described in each of the attributes. For example, attribute A1 includes the most basic arithmetic operation skills, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of numbers. An item that measures this skill could be the following: examinees are presented with the algebraic expression , and asked to solve for (t + u). For this item, examinees need to subtract 3 from 19 and then divide 16 by 4.

Attribute A2 represents knowledge about the property of factors. An example of an item that measures this attribute is "If (p + 1)(t – 3) = 0 and p is positive, what is the value of t?” The examinee must know the property that the value of at least one factor must be zero if the product of multiple factors is zero. Once this property is recognized, the examinee would be able to recognize that because p is positive, (t – 3) must be zero to make the value of the whole expression zero, which would finally yield the value of 3 for t. To answer this item correctly, the examinee should have mastered both attributes A1 and A2.

Attribute A3 represents not only knowledge of factoring (i.e., attribute A2), but also the skills of applying the rules of factoring. An example of an item that measures this attribute is
“”. Only after the examinee factors the second expression into the product of the first expression would the calculation of the value of the second expression be apparent. To answer this item correctly, the examinee should have mastered attributes A1, A2, and A3.

Psychometric analysis
During this stage, statistical pattern recognition is used to identify the attribute combinations that the examinee is likely to possess based on the observed examinee response relative to the expected response patterns derived from the cognitive model.

Evaluating model-data fit
Prior to any further analysis, the cognitive model specified must accurately reflect the cognitive attributes used by the examinees. It is expected that there will be discrepancies, or slips, between observed response patterns generated by a large group of examinees and the expected response patterns. The fit of the cognitive model relative to the observed response patterns obtained from examinees can be evaluated using the Hierarchical Consistency Index. The HCI evaluates the degree to which the observed response patterns are consistent with the attribute hierarchy. The HCI for examinee i is given by:

where J is the total number of items, Xij is examinee i ‘s score (i.e., 1 or 0) to item j, Sj includes items that require the subset of attributes of item j, and Nci is the total number of comparisons for correctly answered items by examinee i.

The values of the HCI range from −1 to +1. Values closer to 1 indicate a good fit between the observed response pattern and the expected examinee response patterns generated from the hierarchy. Conversely, low HCI values indicate a large discrepancy between the observed examinee response patterns and the expected examinee response patterns generated from the hierarchy. HCI values above 0.70 indicate good model-data fit.

Why is model-data fit important?
Obtaining good model-data fit provides additional evidence to validate the specified attribute hierarchy, which is required before proceeding with determination of an examinee’s attribute mastery. If the data is not shown to fit the model, then various reasons may account for the large number of discrepancies including: a misspecification of the attributes, incorrect ordering of attributes within the hierarchy, items not measuring the specified attributes, and/or the model is not reflective of the cognitive processes used by a given sample of examinees. Therefore, the cognitive model should be correctly defined and closely aligned with the observed response patterns in order to provide a substantive framework for making inferلبلبences about a specific group of examinees’ knowledge and skills.
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Estimating attribute probabilities
Once we establish that the model fits the data, the attribute probabilities can be calculated. The use of attribute probabilities is important in the psychometric analyses of the AHM because these probabilities provide examinees with specific information about their attribute-level performance as part of the diagnostic reporting process. To estimate the probability that examinees possess specific attributes, given their observed item response pattern, an artificial neural network approach is used.

Brief description of a neural network
The neural network is a type of parallel-processing architecture that transforms any stimulus received by the input unit (i.e., stimulus units) to a signal for the output unit (i.e., response units) through a series of mid-level hidden units. Each unit in the input layer is connected to each unit in the hidden layer and, in turn, to each unit in the output layer.

Generally speaking, a neural network requires the following steps. To begin, each cell of the input layer receives a value (0 or 1) corresponding to the response values in the exemplar vector. Each input cell then passes the value it receives to every hidden cell. Each hidden cell forms a linearly weighted sum of its input and transforms the sum using the logistic function and passes the result to every output cell. Each output cell, in turn, forms a linearly weighted sum of its inputs from the hidden cells and transforms it using the logistic function, and outputs the result. Because the result is scaled using the logistic transformation, the output values range from 0 to 1. The result can be interpreted as the probability the correct or target value for each output will have a value of 1.

The output targets in the response units (i.e., the examinee attributes) are compared to the pattern associated with each stimulus input or exemplar (i.e., the expected response patterns). The solution produced initially with the stimulus and association connection weights is likely to be discrepant resulting in a relatively large error. However, this discrepant result can be used to modify the connection weights thereby leading to a more accurate solution and a smaller error term. One popular approach for approximating the weights so the error term is minimized is with a learning algorithm called the generalized delta rule that is incorporated in a training procedure called back propagation of error.

Specification of the neural network
Calculation of attribute probabilities begins by presenting the neural network with both the generated expected examinee response patterns from Stage 1, with their associated attribute patterns which is derived from the cognitive model (i.e., the transpose of the Qr matrix), until the network learns each association. The result is a set of weight matrices that will be used to calculate the probability that an examinee has mastered a particular cognitive attribute based on their observed response pattern. An attribute probability close to 1 would indicate that the examinee has likely mastered the cognitive attribute, whereas a probability close to 0 would indicate that the examinee has likely not mastered the cognitive attribute.

Reporting the results

The importance of the reporting process
Score reporting serves a critical function as the interface between the test developer and a diverse audience of test users. A score report must include detailed information, which is often technical in nature, about the meanings and possible interpretations of results that users can make. The Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing clearly define the role of test developers in the reporting process. Standard 5.10 states:
When test score information is released to students, parents, legal representatives, teachers, clients, or the media, those responsible for testing programs should provide appropriate interpretations. The interpretations should describe in simple language what the test covers, what the scores mean, and how the scores will be used.

Reporting cognitive diagnostic results using the AHM
A key advantage of the AHM is that it supports individualized diagnostic score reporting using the attribute probability results. The score reports produced by the AHM have not only a total score but also detailed information about what cognitive attributes were measured by the test and the degree to which the examinees have mastered these cognitive attributes. This diagnostic information is directly linked to the attribute descriptions, individualized for each student, and easily presented. Hence, these reports provide specific diagnostic feedback which may direct instructional decisions. To demonstrate how the AHM can be used to report test scores and provide diagnostic feedback, a sample report is presented next.
In the example to the right, the examinee mastered attributes A1 and A4 to A6. Three performance levels were selected for reporting attribute mastery: non-mastery (attribute probability value between 0.00 and 0.35), partial mastery (attribute probability value between 0.36 and 0.70), and mastery (attribute probability value between 0.71 and 1.00). The results in the score report reveal that the examinee has clearly mastered four attributes, A1 (basic arithmetic operations), A4 (skills required for substituting values into algebraic expressions), A5 (the skills of mapping a graph of a familiar function with its corresponding function), and A6 (abstract properties of functions). The examinee has not mastered the skills associated with the remaining five attributes.

Implications of AHM for cognitive diagnostic assessment

Integration of assessment, instruction, and learning

The rise in popularity of cognitive diagnostic assessments can be traced to two sources: assessment developers and assessment users. Assessment developers see great potential for cognitive diagnostic assessments to inform teaching and learning by changing the way current assessments are designed. Assessment developers also argue that to maximize the educational benefits from assessments, curriculum, instruction, and assessment design should be aligned and integrated.

Assessment users, including teachers and other educational stakeholders, are increasingly demanding relevant results from educational assessments. This requires assessments to be aligned with classroom practice to be of maximum instructional value.

The AHM to date, as a form of cognitive diagnostic assessment, addresses the path between curriculum and assessment design by identifying the knowledge, skills, and processes actually used by examinees to solve problems in a given domain. These cognitive attributes organized into a cognitive model becomes not only representation of the construct of interest, but also the cognitive test blueprint. Items can then be constructed to systematically measure each attribute combination within the cognitive model.

The path between assessment design and instruction is also addressed by providing specific, detailed feedback about an examinee's performance in terms of the cognitive attributes mastered. This cognitive diagnostic feedback is provided to students and teachers in the form of a score report. The skills mastery profile, along with adjunct information such as exemplar test items, can be used by the teacher to focus instructional efforts in areas where the student is requiring additional assistance. Assessment results can also provide feedback to the teacher on the effectiveness of instruction for promoting the learning objectives.

The AHM is a promising method for cognitive diagnostic assessment. Using a principled test design approach, integrating cognition into test development, can promote stronger inferences about how students actually think and solve problems. With this knowledge, students can be provided with additional information that can guide their learning, leading to improved performance on future educational assessments and problem solving tasks.

Suggested reading
Leighton, J. P., & Gierl, M. J. (Eds.). (2007). Cognitive diagnostic assessment for education: Theory and applications. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

External links
 Center for Research in Applied Measurement and Evaluation

References

Educational research
Educational evaluation methods
Psychological tests and scales


Jugu  is a village development committee in Dolakha District in the Janakpur Zone of north-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3,661 people living in 764 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Dolakha District

Populated places in Dolakha District


Sureti  is a village development committee in Dolakha District in the Janakpur Zone of north-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2,844 people living in 600 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Dolakha District

Populated places in Dolakha District


Kabre, Janakpur  is a village development committee in Dolakha District in the Janakpur Zone of north-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 4,235 people living in 894 individual households.

References
house hold 1180
total population 5781 in 064 B.s. v.d.c. name is Kabre

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Dolakha District

Populated places in Dolakha District


Joel Moss Levinson is a writer and comedian from Yellow Springs, Ohio. He often collaborates with his older brother, Stephen Levinson, as the Levinson Brothers.

Joel gained national attention in 2008 as an Internet personality who professionally wins consumer generated marketing contests, and earned more than money and prizes, by creating corporate jingles and short commercials.

Career

Along with their third partner, CONAN and former Daily Show writer Rob Kutner, the Levinson Brothers released "2776" a comedy/musical album benefitting the charity OneKid OneWorld. Featuring Aimee Mann, Patton Oswalt, Ed Helms, Ashanti, Reggie Watts, Ira Glass, Nina Totenberg, Will Forte, Rebirth Brass Band, Yo La Tengo, Margaret Cho, Neko Case, Kelly Hogan, Dick Cavett, Dick Gregory, k.d. lang, Will Arnett, Alex Trebek and more, the album appeared briefly on the Billboard Comedy charts. The album's liner notes were written by George Saunders and appeared in the New Yorker Joel composed the music for all but two of the 28 tracks.

In 2012, the Levinson Brothers and Rob Kutner released an EP called "It's OK To Do Stuff" in celebration of the 40th anniversary of "Free To Be You And Me." Made up of songs satirizing the original with songs about gender, childhood, equality and relationships. "It's Okay to Do Stuff is first and foremost meant to be funny — and it is, most of the time. Here, the earnestness of Free to Be is replaced with satire, but irony is the ethos of our age, remember?" The album features Lizzy Caplan, Fred Willard, Jane Weidlin, Steven Page, Colin Hanks, Fred Stoller, Eddie Pepitone, Eugene Mirman and others.

In 2016 the Levinson Brothers wrote and produced a musical comedy called "Boy Band," the story of a late 1990s Boy Band who were wildly successful but have now gotten older, fatter and balder and haven't realized they are no longer "boys." The movie features Questlove, Chase Crawford, Gilbert Gottfried and stars Steve Agee, Jordan Carlos, Dave Hill, Seth Herzog and was primarily filmed in and around Dayton, Ohio. The movie was the subject of a Newsweek article about making comedy features outside of Los Angeles.

The pair were a part of TedX Dayton 2014, speaking about successful collaboration.

Internet

Joel gained national attention in 2008 as an Internet personality who professionally wins consumer generated marketing contests, and earned more than money and prizes, by creating corporate jingles and short commercials.

Levinson grew up in Dayton, Ohio. His father Jim was a prosecutor and his mother was a writer. He attended George Washington University. He worked for the KIO (Kentucky, Indiana, Ohio) region for BBYO and traveled the country as a song leader for the organization.

In November 2008, he appeared on The Tonight Show to talk about his contest winnings. Joel was named an Access Hollywood Rising Star on December 1, 2008. In 2009 he appeared on CBS News with Katie Couric.

In 2018, Levinson won a trip to Kenya with Lifestraw, completing his goal of winning a trip to every continent through video contests.

In 2022, Levinson competed on Jeopardy, and delighted the audience with his humorous answering style, becoming something of a meme online.

Contests won
 Planet Smoothie Cupman
 Klondike bar
 Little Penguin Wines
 Best Western
 Delta Air Lines
 American National CattleWomen
 Israel Project
 Thanksgivvukah for Manischewitz

See also
 Evelyn Ryan

References

External links

American Internet celebrities
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


Katakuti  is a village development committee in Dolakha District in the Janakpur Zone of north-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3660 people living in 740 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Dolakha District

Populated places in Dolakha District


Khare  is a village development committee in Dolakha District in the Janakpur Zone of north-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 1,887 people living in 387 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Dolakha District

Populated places in Dolakha District


Jalisco TV, virtual channel 17, is the public television network of the Mexican state of Jalisco, operated by the Sistema Jalisciense de Radio y Televisión alongside XEPBGJ-AM and XEJB-FM and broadcasting on transmitters in Guadalajara, Ciudad Guzmán and Puerto Vallarta. Its programming is primarily cultural and educational content.

History
The first governor of the state of Jalisco to consider the possibility of opening a state-owned television station was Juan Gil Preciado in 1960. However, plans did not start to actually build one until 30 years later.

On January 16, 1991, XHGJG-TV on analog channel 7 took to the air under the Department of Cultural Broadcasters, taking the institutional name Sistema Jalisciense de Radio, Televisión y Cinematografía (Jalisco System of Radio, Television, and Film). The original transmitter and facilities were housed on the tenth floor of the Education Tower along with a 6,000-watt transmitter. That night it broadcast its first news program, the newscast Actualidad Informativa, which had as its first top story the beginning of Operation Desert Storm. Not long after, it was moved from the state Secretariat of Education and Culture to the Secretariat of Culture upon its separation, taking the name Sistema Jalisciense de Radio y Televisión and losing the film component. At this time the station only broadcast several hours of programming per day in the evening, slowly expanding to additional timeslots.

An earthquake in June 1994 in Guadalajara forced the state's Guadalajara radio stations, XEJB-AM and XEJB-FM, to move to the Casa de la Cultura Jalisciense. On October 11, 1995, XHGJG joined them, as another earthquake two days prior caused serious damage to the Education Tower and the station had to relocate. In the late 1990s, the transmitters of all three stations were moved to Cerro del Cuatro, home of other Guadalajara radio and TV station transmitters, further increasing the stations' coverage.

In September 1999, the state government received a permit to sign on the first rebroadcaster of XHGJG, low-powered XHGZG-TV channel 12 in Ciudad Guzmán with a transmitter on Cerro de la Escalera. This began a period of growth for the station, which later moved to the Edificio México in Guadalajara and signed on a third transmitter, XHGPV-TV on channel 13 in Puerto Vallarta. The network became known as C7, a shortening of "Canal 7", a brand later extended to the state's radio stations.

The Guadalajara station began digital multicasting in November 2014 with four subchannels: news-oriented C7 Noticias, cultural C7 Cultura, C7 Congreso covering the activities of the Legislature of Jalisco, and C7 Ley with coverage of the state judicial system. The first two appeared in November 2014. The last two were discontinued soon after their appearance.

On July 22, 2019, the state network was relaunched under the name Jalisco TV. The concessions were reissued with new call signs on January 1, 2022, due to a discontinuity.

Transmitters
Jalisco TV programming is broadcast on three transmitters in Jalisco, as well as by satellite.

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In March 2018, in order to facilitate the repacking of TV services out of the 600 MHz band (channels 38–51), XHGPV was assigned channel 21 for continued digital operations.

Digital television
In November 2014, XHGJG-TDT began multicasting two subchannels, adding two more in early 2015 (and later removing them). Analog channel 7 aired subchannel 25.2, C7 Cultura, which was also the HD subchannel (25.1/17.1 was C7 Noticias). In 2016, authorization was obtained to carry these subchannels on the Ciudad Guzmán and Puerto Vallarta transmitters.

On July 22, 2019, transmissions began of a third subchannel, the new Canal Parlamento, owned and operated by the Jalisco state legislature, which was initially authorized for the Guadalajara transmitter. Coinciding with the Jalisco TV relaunch, the station changed its channels to a more conventional configuration, with the .2 subchannel becoming a one-hour timeshift feed.

XHGJG shut off its analog signal on December 16, 2015, along with other Guadalajara stations.

Newscasts
Jalisco TV produces five hours a day on weekdays of news programs, with a three-hour morning newscast at 6 am and hour-long newscasts at 3 pm and 9 pm.

References

Public television in Mexico
Television channels and stations established in 1991
Mass media in Guadalajara
1991 establishments in Mexico
Television stations in Jalisco


Khupachagu  is a village development committee in Dolakha District in the Janakpur Zone of north-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 1,479 people living in 310 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Dolakha District

Populated places in Dolakha District


Laduk  is a village development committee in Dolakha District in the Janakpur Zone of north-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3,351 people living in 686 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Dolakha District

Populated places in Dolakha District


Lakuri Danda  is a village development committee in Dolakha District in the Bagmati Zone of north-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3,456 people living in 689 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Dolakha District

Populated places in Dolakha District


The Belarusian history within the Russian Empire is associated with the history of Belarus from the Partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth to the October Revolution when the present-day Belarus' lands were made part of the Russian Empire.

Territorial growth

The First Partition of Poland (1772) awarded only some parts of the Belarusian lands,
northern part of the Polotsk Voivodeship, entire Mstsislaw Voivodeship and Vitebsk Voivodeship, and southeastern part of the Minsk Voivodeship, which became parts of the Pskov and the Mogilev guberniyas (governorates).

In 1776, the Polotsk Governorate was created after separating from the original Russian lands of the Pskov Governorate.

The second partition (1793) added more (the remaining part of Minsk Voivodeship,  Bracław Voivodeship and Vilnius Voivodeship and Brest Litovsk Voivodeship). After the third partition virtually all Belarusian lands were within the Russian Empire, and the Belarusian guberniyas eventually constituted part of the Northwestern Krai.

Russo-Polish power struggle

Initially, most of the Polish feudal system was retained in Belarusian lands, the polonized Litvin Catholic Szlachta dominated the territories, whilst most of the Ruthenian population was peasantry. Unlike the strong nationalist drive seen in Right-bank Ukraine, a legacy of the Cossacks following the partitions, most of the Belarusian lands remained inert in terms of changes.

Polish nationalism sparked the rise of Belarusian self-identity. In 1830, the szlachta, began the November Uprising and after its failure, Nicholas I began a systematic policy of cracking down on Polish influence in the lands of modern Belarus that were claimed by Russian tsars as White Russia. First the ruling class was removed, and the Belarusian Greek Catholic Church, at the Synod of Polotsk reverted to Eastern Orthodoxy under the leadership of Joseph Semashko in 1839.

Meanwhile, since the mid-1830s, ethnographic works about Belarus began to appear, the tentative attempts to study the language were taken up (e.g., Belarusian grammar by Shpilevskiy). The Belarusian literary tradition began to re-form, basing on the folk language instead of the written Ruthenian, initiated by the works of Vintsent Dunin-Martsinkyevich, Jan Czeczot, Jan Barszczewski and others. Still, a large part of the literature had to hide itself behind the labels of "Polish" or sometimes even "Bulgarian", because Russian censorship did not tolerate the Belarusian national movement up until the Revolution of 1905.

In the beginning of the 1860s, both pro-Russian and pro-Polish parties in the Belarusian lands had begun to realise that the decisive role in the upcoming conflicts was shifting to the peasantry. So, a large amount of propaganda appeared, targeted at the peasantry and published in the Belarusian language. Notable example was the anti-Russian, anti-Tsarist newspaper Mużyckaja prauda (Peasants' Truth) (1862–1863) by Konstanty Kalinowski.

Industrialisation & rise of Belarusian nationality

The 1860s marked a turning point of Belarus in the Russian Empire. The emancipation of the serfs in 1861, followed by the January Uprising fully left the Polish influence on Belarus behind.  A number of authors started publishing in the Belarusian language, including Jan Czeczot, Władysław Syrokomla and Konstanty Kalinowski. What followed was the Industrial Revolution under Alexander III and with it the arrival of the railways  Peasants sought a better lot in growing industrial centres in Belarus and a further 1.5 million people leaving to other parts of the Empire in the half-century preceding the Russian Revolution of 1917.

During this time the Russification of Belarusian culture brought to the results that in the 1897 Russian Empire Census, about 5.89 million people declared themselves speakers of Belarusian language rather than Litvin or Ruthenian, as they did under Polish rule. The Belarusian nobility and middle class had a firm footing in the regions and Stolypin's reforms allowed the peasants standard of living to greatly increase. However at the same time, many rising Belarusian nationalists, were fearing that the growth of the Russian influence on their culture, and as a result played a decisive role in the 1905 Revolution afterwards Nicholas II officially recognised Belarusian language as independent and allowed its teachings.

Aftermath

During World War I Belarus was caught in the front lines. The Russian Revolution of 1917 and dissolution of the Russian Empire as well as loyalty of the Germans enabled Belarusians, to establish in 1918 an independent state, the Belarusian People's Republic. However, by 1919 Bolsheviks took control over Belarus and forced the country's democratic government into exile.

Today the period of Belarus in Russian Empire is viewed with some controversy. On one side, many recognise that the period enabled the Litvin and Ruthenian identity to transform into a modern Belarusian nationality. On the other, in doing so, many traits, though coming via Poland of the Belarusian culture were lost under Tsarist pressure.

See also
 Russification of Belarus
 Belarusian People's Republic
 Battle of Klyastitsy
 Krupki
 Polish language
 Jews
 Lenin
 Ukrainian People's Republic
 White Ruthenia

References

Footnotes

Notations

English
 Anatol Żytko, Russian policy towards the Belarusian gentry in 1861–1914, Minsk, 1999

Further reading

Geography of the Russian Empire
Russification


Lamabagar  is a village development committee in Dolakha District in the Janakpur Zone of north-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 1,688 people living in 354 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Dolakha District

Populated places in Dolakha District


Lamidanda  is a village development committee in Dolakha District in the Janakpur Zone of north-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3,601 people living in 811 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Dolakha District

Populated places in Dolakha District


The MKEK-1 Gözcü (Turkish - "Observer") was a projected aircraft that was to have provided the Turkish Army with a domestically designed and produced airborne observation post for artillery spotting and general liaison duties. It was the first aircraft design undertaken by MKEK following its acquisition of THK's manufacturing facilities in 1952.

However, the wide availability of the Piper Cub and Super Cub led to the Army's selection of that aircraft instead, and work on the MKEK-1 was abandoned.

Notes

References

1950s Turkish military reconnaissance aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Mechanical and Chemical Industry Corporation aircraft


Sundrawati  is a village development committee in Dolakha District in the Janakpur Zone of north-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2,570 people living in 500 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Dolakha District

Populated places in Dolakha District