David Bruce Hendin (born December 16, 1945) is an expert American numismatist specializing in ancient Jewish and Biblical coins and their archaeology. Throughout his career, Hendin has also been known as a medical journalist, newspaper columnist, publishing executive, literary agent, and author. Some of Hendin's books include Death as a Fact of Life and the reference Guide to Biblical Coins.

Early life and education
David Bruce Hendin is the son of Aaron and Celeste Sherman Hendin (died 1948) and Lillian Karsh Hendin (married 1949). Hendin spent his early years in St. Louis. After graduating from Ladue Horton Watkins High School in 1963, Hendin attended the University of Missouri in Colombia where he received his Bachelor of Science in Biology in 1967. In 1971, Hendin received his MA Degree from Missouri's School of Journalism.

Jewish-Biblical numismatics
Hendin's interest in ancient Jewish and Biblical coins began in 1967 during a year-long stint as a biology teacher at an agricultural high school near the Israeli town of Ashkelon. During this time, Hendin learned to speak Hebrew and became interested in the study of ancient Jewish and Biblical coins. Aaron Hendin, David's father, had been a long-time collector and student of ancient Jewish coins, though David had not previously shown interested in the subject.

The younger Hendin went on to be mentored by Ya’akov Meshorer, professor of Archaeology and Numismatics at Hebrew University and Chief Curator of the Israel Museum, where he founded the numismatic department. Hendin edited and published Meshorer's Ancient Jewish Coinage Vols. I & 2 as well as the English edition of Meshorer's A Treasury of Jewish Coins. Upon Meshorer's death in 2002, Hendin helped establish the Meshorer Prize in Numismatics given by the Israel Museum. He now sits on the board that awards this prize. Also among Hendin's mentors was Dan Barag, professor of Archaeology and Numismatics at Hebrew University and Shraga Qedar.

In 1985 and 1986, Hendin returned to Israel as the chief numismatist of the Joint Sepphoris Project excavations under the auspices of Duke University (Eric and Carol Meyers) and Hebrew University (Ehud Netzer). He again excavated in 2011 with the Duke team.

Hendin has published more than 50 articles in this field. In 1992, Hendin was elected a Fellow of the American Numismatic Society and is now a Life Fellow. He has donated many numismatic and archaeological objects to the Israel Museum, Jerusalem and was honored in 2001 as a Sponsor of the Israel Museum. He is also a trustee and adjunct curator at the American Numismatic Society.

Journalism career
From 1970 to 1993, David Hendin worked with Scripps Howard's United Feature Syndicate (UFS) and Newspaper Enterprise Association. His first column, Man and his World, was the first syndicated newspaper column on ecology and ran from 1970 until 1973. Following this, Hendin wrote another syndicated newspaper column, The Medical Consumer, which was published for six years (1973–1979). In 1973, Hendin's book Death as a Fact of Life was serialized in the New York Post and other newspapers nationwide.

Overall, Hendin wrote more than 1,000 articles for newspapers and magazines, including Saturday Review, Reader’s Digest, and Science News. His writing has been hailed as “brilliant and highly sensitive,” by The New York Times and The Washington Post praised Hendin's writing as “journalism of the highest order.” Hendin became the Senior Vice President and Editorial Director for United Feature Syndicate in 1980. In that position, Hendin was responsible for signing many columnists and cartoonists, including the following:
Scott Adams (Dilbert)
 Julian Bond
Alan Dershowitz
 Peter Gott
 Michael Kinsley
 Ed Koch
 Mort Kondracke
Judith Martin (Miss Manners)
George McGovern
Lincoln Pierce (Big Nate)
 Senator William Proxmire
Ben J. Wattenberg
Elaine Viets
Jeffrey Zazlow

Hendin also worked with Pulitzer Prize winning muckraker Jack Anderson and many cartoonists, including Charles M. Schulz (Peanuts), Jim Davis (Garfield), Mort Walker (Beetle Bailey, Gamin & Patches), Mike Peters, and artist Peter Max. In 1992, he was a featured speaker at Ohio State University's Festival of Cartoon Art. From 1971 until 1986, in addition to his work with the UFS, Hendin taught as an Adjunct Professor of Journalism and established a New York Science Journalism program at the University of Missouri School of Journalism. In 1975 and 1976, Hendin lectured as an adjunct professor on science and medical journalism at Columbia University's Graduate School of Journalism. Hendin has served on the boards of trustees of the Scripps Howard Foundation, American Friends of the Bible Lands Museum/Jerusalem, the Kinsey Institute for Sex, Gender and Reproduction, The Newspaper Comics Council, the Holy Land Conservation Fund, and the Council for the Advancement of Science Writing. In 1993, Hendin left UFS and became a consultant and literary agent. Prior to his retirement, he his clients, included the following:
Judith Martin (Miss Manners)
Mike Peters
Lincoln Peirce (Big Nate)
Charles M. Schulz (Peanuts)
 Abraham Twerski
Elaine Viets
Tom Wilson (Ziggy)

Hendin was also co-executive producer of the 1993 PBS Special Miss Manners and Company.

Personal life
Hendin has been married since 1985 to Jeannie (née Luciano), retired vice-chair and director of trade publishing at W.W. Norton & Co. Publishers. He has three children: Sarah, born 1972; Ben, born 1975; and Alexander, born 1990.

Bibliography
 2007: Ancient Scale Weights and Pre-Coinage Currency of the Near East, Amphora Books, NY. .
 2005: Not Kosher: Forgeries of Ancient Jewish and Biblical Coins, *Amphora Books, NY. .
	1978: The Genetic Connection (with Joan Marks), William Morrow, NY, 1978. (Translations: Hebrew, Portuguese). .
	1978: Collecting Coins, Signet Books, NY. .
 1977: The Life Givers, William Morrow, NY, 1977. (1977 Book of the Year, American Medical Writer's Association).
	1977: The World Almanac Whole Health Guide, Signet/NAL, NY. Lib. Congress 76-48583.
	1976: Guide to Ancient Jewish Coins, Attic Books, NY. .
 1987: Guide to Biblical Coins, 2nd Edition Revised and Expanded, Amphora Books, NY. .
 1996: Guide to Biblical Coins, 3rd Edition Revised and Expanded, Amphora Books, NY. .
 2001: Guide to Biblical Coins, 4th Edition Revised and Expanded, Amphora Books, NY. .
 2010: Guide to Biblical Coins, 5th Edition, Amphora Books, NY. .
	1972: Save Your Child’s Life, Enterprise Books, NY, 1972; Doubleday-Dolphin, NY,
1974, Save Your Child’s Life, Revised: Pharos Books, NY, 1986. (Translations: Spanish, Portuguese). .
	1973: Death as a Fact of Life, W.W. Norton, NY, 1973; Warner Books, NY, 1974; W.W. Norton, NY, 1984. (Translations: Japanese, Chinese, Russian). .
	1971: The Doctor’s Save Your Heart Diet (recipes by Aileen Claire), Award Books (Grosset & Dunlap), NY. ASIN: B001II11MY
	1971: Everything You Need to Know About Abortion, Pinnacle Books, NY. ASIN: B0006W2GPE

Awards
 2013: Gunnar Holst Numismatic Foundation Medal, Swedish Numismatic Society, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
 2013: Best Museum Exhibit Catalog of Year. Coins of the Holy Land, the Abraham and Marian Sofaer Collection at the American Numismatic Society and The Israel Museum (American Numismatic Society), Numismatic Literary Guild.
 2012: Best Auction Catalog of Year. The Shoshana Collection of Ancient Judean Coins I (Heritage), Numismatic Literary Guild.
 2012: Best Museum Exhibit Catalog of Year. Cultural Change, Jewish, Christian, and Islamic Coins of the Holy Land (American Numismatic Society), Numismatic Literary Guild.
 2011: Sundman Lecture, American Numismatic Association
 2003: Presidential Award, American Numismatic Association.
 2002: Distinguished Alumnus, Horton Watkins (Ladue) High School, St. Louis, Mo.
 2000 & 1993: Best Magazine Column Award, Numismatic Literary Guild.
 1996: Ben Odesser Judaic Literary Award, American Israel Numismatic Association.
 1992: Life Fellow, American Numismatic Society.
 1976: Book of the Year (The Life Givers), American Medical Writer's Association.
 1974: Who’s Who in America (1974-), Who’s Who in the World (1995-).
 1974: Claude Bernard Science Journalism Award (Honorable Mention), National Society for Medical Research.
 1973: Howard Blakeslee Award, American Heart Association.
 1972: Medical Journalism Award, American Medical Association.

References

External links
Hendin and the Ancient Coin Collectors Guild
Hendin biography on the Amphora Coins website

1945 births
Living people
American information and reference writers
American medical journalists
American numismatists
American social sciences writers
Missouri School of Journalism alumni
Writers from St. Louis
Ladue Horton Watkins High School alumni


Thomas Iorwerth Ellis OBE (19 December 1899 – 20 April 1970) was a Welsh classicist, who wrote many books on Welsh literature and Welshmen (in Welsh and English), including a biography of his father, Thomas Edward Ellis.

Early life
Ellis, the son of the MP Thomas Edward Ellis, who had died seven months before his birth, and his wife Annie Jane (née Davies) was educated at Westminster School (where he was a King's Scholar), the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth and Jesus College, Oxford.

Career
He was an assistant master at Cardiff School for Boys from 1924 to 1928, then an assistant lecturer in classics at University College, Swansea from 1928 to 1930.  He left to become headmaster of the County School in Rhyl, a post he held for 10 years.  He was a lecturer in classics at St David's College, Lampeter from 1940 to 1941, then a lecturer at Aberystwyth from 1941 to 1946. He helped to found the New Wales Union in 1941 and was secretary for 25 years. He was awarded an honorary degree of LLD by the University of Wales in 1967 in recognition of his cultural services to Wales, and in the following year he was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire. He was President of the Aberystwyth Old Students' Association in 1942–43.  He served as warden of the Guild of Graduates of the University of Wales for six years, and as High Sheriff of Cardiganshire from 1944 to 1945.  He was also a member of the Court and Council of the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth and of the National Library of Wales, and served as a member of the Governing Body, Representative Body and College of Episcopal Electors of the Church in Wales. He died on 20 April 1970.

Personal life
He was married to Mari Ellis (born Mary Headley), the writer and women's rights activist. They had a son, Rolant, and a daughter, Marged, who, under the name Meg Elis, is a writer and activist.

Publications
The Development of Higher Education in Wales (1935)
Life of Thomas Edward Ellis Vol. I (1944) and Vol. II (1948) – his father
  (1952);
 T. C. Edwards letters (ed.) (1952, 1953)
  (1954)
  (1955)
  (1957)
  (1958)
  (1959)
Life of J. H. Davies (1963) – his uncle
  (1967)
Life of Ellis Jones Griffith (1969)
 (1971, reprinted 1977)

Ellis also made a number of contributions to the Dictionary of Welsh Biography (published by the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion) and articles and reviews in various English- and Welsh-language journals.

References

1899 births
1970 deaths
People educated at Westminster School, London
Alumni of Aberystwyth University
Alumni of Jesus College, Oxford
Academics of Swansea University
Academics of Aberystwyth University
Aberystwyth Old Students' Association
Academics of the University of Wales, Lampeter
Welsh classical scholars
Welsh biographers
Welsh-speaking academics
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
High Sheriffs of Cardiganshire


The Queen's Laundry Bath House is a ruinous structure in Yellowstone National Park. The log building sits on the edge of the Queen's Laundry thermal feature in the Lower Geyser Basin. The water at this location is somewhat cooler than the norm, allowing early tourists to bathe.  Begun by Yellowstone park superintendent Philetus Norris, the bath house was intended to have two rooms and a dirt-covered roof, but was never completed. Begun in 1881, it may be the oldest extant park visitor structure in the National Park Service system.

The ruins are located near the western end of Sentinel Meadows on a travertine mound formed by Queen's Laundry Spring. The structure measures  by , and had a low shed roof. The log walls were vee-notched. The roof structure is incomplete and gradually deteriorating, and was intended to be covered with earth.. The interior comprises two rooms of approximately equal size, which are in the process of gradually being covered by hot springs deposits.

In his 1881 annual report,  Superintendent Norris proposed the construction of the bath house for public use. After the structure was partly built, Superintendent Patrick H. Conger took over management and declined to pursue its completion. The park proposed removing it entirely in 1964, but opted to retain it as the only example of a park structure from Yellowstone's early period of civilian management.

References

External links

 at the National Park Service's NRHP database

Rustic architecture in Wyoming
National Register of Historic Places in Teton County, Wyoming
Log buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Wyoming
National Register of Historic Places in Yellowstone National Park
1881 establishments in Wyoming Territory
Government buildings completed in 1881
Unfinished buildings and structures in the United States
Public baths on the National Register of Historic Places
Buildings and structures in Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming


The Channar Lahala or Channar revolt, also called Maru Marakkal Samaram, refers to the fight from 1813 to 1859 of Nadar climber women in Travancore kingdom of India for the right to wear upper-body clothes covering their breasts.

Background
In 19th century Travancore, baring of one's chest to higher status people was considered a sign of respect by both males and females. Thus, those of the lower status castes, such as the Nadar climbers, Even women of other dominant castes like the Nairs had to keep their breasts bare in the presence of Brahmin men. Nair women had no right to hide their breasts in front of them. The Nayar women in Travancore were allowed to dress as they pleased by a Royal Proclamation in 1865. Brahmin women bare their breasts only in front of the deity in the temple. Before the arrival of Christian missionaries, it was common for women to go topless in Kerala in the 18th century.

Higher-class women covered both breasts and shoulders with a piece of material known as the upper-cloth unless in the presence of people of still higher-ranked communities, whereas Nadar climber women were not allowed to cover their bosoms, as most of the women in Kerala, to punctuate their low status.  Uneasy with their social status, a large number of Nadar climbers embraced Christianity, and started to wear "long cloths," strengthened by their new belief system, which offered equal rights to all men (and women). When many more Nadars turned to Christianity, many Nadar women started to wear the brahmin breast cloth.

1813–1829 grants and withdrawals
The Nadar women successfully campaigned to be allowed to cover their breasts. In 1813, Colonel John Munro, British dewan in the Travancore court, issued an order granting permission to women converted to Christianity to wear upper cloth. The order was withdrawn when pindakars, members of the Raja's council, complained about this, arguing that this right would obliterate caste-differences, and lead to widespread 'pollution' in the state. Nadar women were forbidden to wear the Nair sharf, and instead were allowed to wear the kuppayam, a type of jacket worn by Syrian Christians, Shonagas, and Mappilas. The women were not satisfied, continuing to fight for the right to wear upper cloth "like any other woman in the higher castes," and preferring breast-clothing in the Nair-style. This led to increasing violence in the 1820s against Nadar women, and also the burning of schools and churches. In 1828 the Travancore government again forbade Nadar-women the Nair-style breast-clothes, but permitted the wearing of the jacket. In 1829, the Travancore queen, Gowri Parvati Bayi, issued yet another proclamation, which denied the right of Nadar women to wear upper cloths.

1859 proclamation
In 1858, new violence broke out in several places in Travancore. On 26 July 1859, under pressure from Charles Trevelyan, the Madras Governor, the king of Travancore issued a proclamation proclaiming the right for all Nadar women to cover their breasts, either by wearing jackets, like the Christian Nadars, or tie coarse-cloth around their upper-body, like the Mukkavattigal (fisher-women). Yet they were still not allowed to cover their breasts in the style of the higher-class Nair women. This solution was not satisfactory to the missionaries, who regarded all men and women to be equal. Nadar women continued to ignore the restrictions, developing an upper-wear style that resembled the style of the higher class Hindu women, but offended some Hindus as a provocation by the missionaries. The code was still discriminatory until 1915–1916, and the challenge was supported by Ayyankali.

Further emancipation
After the revolt, pamphlets appeared putting forth the claims of Kshatriya status of the Nadars. Members of the caste claimed the right to wear the sacred thread and to ride palanquins to wedding ceremonies. By 1891 at least 24,000 Nadars had given their caste to the census enumerator as being kshatriya.

Controversy
The CBSE in December 2016 issued a circular to all 19,000 affiliated schools under it asking that a section 'Caste Conflict and Dress Change' – a chapter that included the Channar revolt – be omitted from the curriculum with effect from 2017.

See also
 Sivakasi riots of 1899
 Nangeli

References

Sources

Kingdom of Travancore
Rebellions in Asia
19th century in India
19th-century rebellions
Social history of Kerala
Women's rights in Asia
Clothing controversies


Alfredo Pérez (born February 11, 1952) is a retired Venezuelan boxer. He competed for his South American nation at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. There, he was defeated in the Men's Flyweight (– 51 kg) division by Poland's eventual bronze medal winner Leszek Błażyński. Pérez won the gold medal in the same weight division at the 1974 Central American and Caribbean Games in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.

References

1952 births
Living people
Flyweight boxers
Boxers at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Olympic boxers for Venezuela
Venezuelan male boxers
AIBA World Boxing Championships medalists
Boxers at the 1975 Pan American Games
Pan American Games bronze medalists for Venezuela
Pan American Games medalists in boxing
Central American and Caribbean Games gold medalists for Venezuela
Competitors at the 1974 Central American and Caribbean Games
Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in boxing
Medalists at the 1975 Pan American Games
20th-century Venezuelan people


In modern medical English, the term typhus refers to a group of rickettsioses only.

Typhus may also refer to:

Medical
 Typhoid fever or Typhus abdominalis, caused by a subspecies of Salmonella Typhi
 Paratyphoid fever, a disease similar to typhoid fever
 Typhinia, an obsolete synonym for Relapsing fever

Other uses
 Typhus (monster), a monster in Greek mythology

See also


Western non-interpolations is a term coined by F. J. A. Hort for certain phrases that are absent in the Western text-type of New Testament manuscripts, but present in one of the two major other text-types. The Alexandrian text-type is generally terse or concise; the Western text-type is larger and paraphrased at places (using more words to convey a similar meaning); the Byzantine text-type is a combination of those two. Nevertheless, the Western text is in certain places shorter than the Alexandrian text. All these shorter readings Hort named Western non-interpolations. Because New Testament scholars have generally preferred the shorter reading – lectio brevior – of textual variants since the 19th century, B. F. Westcott and F. J. A. Hort concluded that these shorter readings in Western manuscripts represented the authentic original Biblical text. When they printed The New Testament in the Original Greek (1882), in almost all cases, it followed the Alexandrian text (which critical scholars agree is the most reliable text-type) with the few exceptions that use these Western non-interpolations instead. According to Westcott and Hort, on some rare occasions Western textual witnesses have preserved the original text, against all other witnesses.

Alleged Western non-interpolations

Nine probable non-interpolations
Westcott and Hort concluded that the shorter Western reading of these nine passages (eight in the Gospel of Luke, one in the Gospel of Matthew) were probably in the original text of the New Testament:
 Matthew 27:49 – ἄλλος δὲ λαβὼν λόγχην ἔνυξεν αὐτοῦ τὴν πλευράν, καὶ ἐξῆλθεν ὕδωρ καὶ αἷμα (the other took a spear and pierced His side, and immediately came out water and blood), this reading was derived from John 19:34 – is found in א, B, C, L, U, Γ, 1010, 1293, syrpal, ethmss, but is omitted by all other texts, including A, D, E, F, G, H, K, M, S, W, Δ, Θ, Σ, 090, Byz, it, vg, syrcur, copsa, copbo, arm, geo); it was omitted also in late witness of the Alexandrian text-type in Minuscule 892
 Luke 22:19b-20 – τὸ ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν διδόμενον... τὸ ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν ἐκχυννόμενον (which is given for you... which is shed for you), omitted by D, a, (b, e have a different word order) d, ff2, i, l (syrcur omits only verse 20)
 Luke 24:3 – τοῦ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ (of the Lord Jesus), omitted by D, a, b, d, e, ff2, l, r1, (579, 1071, 1241, syrcur have του Ιησου but omit κυριου)
 Luke 24:6 – οὐκ ἔστιν ὧδε, ἀλλ(ὰ) ἠγέρθη (He is not here, but is risen!), omitted by D, a, b, d, e, ff2, l, r1, armmss, geoB
 Luke 24:12 – entire verse omitted by D, a, b, d, e, l, r1
 Luke 24:36 – καὶ λέγει αὐτοῖς εἰρήνη ὑμῖν (and said to them: Peace to you), omitted by D, a, b, d, e, ff2, l, r1
 Luke 24:40 – καὶ τοῦτο εἰπὼν ἔδειξεν αὐτοῖς τὰς χεῖρας καὶ τοὺς πόδας (and when He said this, He showed them His hands and His feet), omitted by D, a, b, d, e, ff2, l, r1, syrsin, syrcur
 Luke 24:51 – καὶ ἀνεφέρετο εἰς τὸν οὐρανόν (and carried up into heaven), omitted by א*, D, a, b, d, e, ff2, l, (hiat r1), sin (syrcur) geo1
 Luke 24:52 – προσκυνήσαντες αὐτὸν (worshiped Him), omitted by D, a, b, d, e, ff2, l (hiat r1), sin (syrcur), geo2

Twelve possible but improbable non-interpolations
Westcott and Hort concluded that the shorter Western reading of these twelve passages were possibly in the original text of the New Testament, but it is more likely that they emerged later as a shortening of the original (longer) text:

 Matt. 9:34 – οἱ δὲ Φαρισαῖοι ἔλεγον ἐν τᾡ ἂρχωντι τῶν δαιμονίων ἐκβάλλει τὰ δαιμόνια (But the Pharisees said, "He casts out demons by the ruler of the demons), omitted by D, a, d, k, sin, Hilary (hiat e syrcur)
 Matt. 21:44 – entire verse omitted by 𝔓104, D, 33, a, b, d, e, ff1, ff2, r1, syrsin, Irenaeus (lat), Origen
 Mark 2:22
 Mark 14:39 – τὸν αὐτὸν λόγον εἰπών (spoke the same words), omitted by D, a, b, c, d, ff2, k, (syrcur)
 Luke 5:39 – entire verse omitted by D, a, b, c, d, e, ff2, l, r1 (syrsin syrcur)
 Luke 10:41–42 – instead μεριμνας και θορυβαζη περι πολλα, ολιγων (ενος) δε εστιν χρεια Μαριαμ γαρ (you are worried and troubled about many things, but not much (one thing) is needed) has only θορυβαζη (worried) with (D has Μαριαμ) (a, b, d, e, ff2, i, l, r1, syrsin, Ambrose omit θορυβαζη)
 Luke 12:19
 Luke 12:21 – entire verse omitted by D, a, b, d
 Luke 12:39
 Luke 22:62 – entire verse omitted by (0171 does not appear to leave space) a, b, e, ff2, i, l, r1
 John 3:32
 John 4:9 – ου γαρ συγχρωνται Ιουδαιοι Σαμαριταις (Jews have no dealings with Samaritans), omitted by א*, D, a, b, d, e, j, copfay

Six improbable non-interpolations
Westcott and Hort concluded that, although these six passages are shorter in the Western text-type, the longer versions were very likely in the original text of the New Testament:
 Matt. 6:15
 Matt. 6:25
 Matt. 13:33
 Matt. 23:26
 Mark 10:2 – προσελθοντες Φαρισαιοι (the Pharisees came), or προσελθοντες οι Φαρισαιοι (word order varies), omitted by D, a, b, d, k, r1, syrsin (syrcur)
 Luke 24:9 – απο του μνημειου (from the tomb), omitted by D, a, b, c, d, e, ff2, l, r1, arm, geo

Other possible non-interpolations
 Matt. 6:15 – τὰ παραπτώματα αὐτῶν (their trespasses), omitted by א D 1-118-205-209-1582, 22, 892*, a, aur, c, ff1, g1, syrh
 Matt. 13:33 – ἐλάλησεν αὐτοῖς omitted by D, d, (k), sin, syrcur
 Rom. 6:16 – εις θανατον (for death) omitted by D, 1739*, d, r, am, pesh, sa, armmss, Ambrosiaster
 Matt. 23:26 – καὶ τῆς παροψίδος (and dish), found in: B, C, L, W, 33, Byz, cop; but omitted by D, Q, 1-118-209-1582, 700, a, d, e, ff1, r1, sin, geo, Irenaeuslat, Clement (hiat, b, syrcur)
 Rom. 10:21 – και αντιλεγοντα (and contrary), omitted by F, G, g, Ambrosiaster, Hilary
 Rom. 16:20 – η χαρις του κυριου ημων Ιησου (Χριστου) μεθ υμων omitted (The grace of our Lord Jesus (Christ) with you), by D*vid, F, G, d, f, g, m, bodl Ambrosiaster Pelagiusms
 Rom. 16:25-27 – verses omitted by F, G, 629, d**?, g, goth?, Jeromemss
 1 Cor. 15:3 – ο και παρελαβον (I received), omitted by b, Ambrosiaster, Irenaeuslat, Tertullian?
 1 Cor. 15:15 – ειπερ αρα νεκροι ουκ εγειρονται (if in fact the dead do not rise), omitted by D, a, b, r, bam, ful**, harl*, kar, mon, reg, val*, pesh, Ambrosiaster, Irenaeus (lat), Tertullian?
 2 Cor. 10:12-13 – ου συνιασιν. ημεις δε omitted (are not wise. We, however), by D*, F, G, a, b, d, f, (429?) Ambrosiaster
 1 Tim. 5:19 – εκτος ει μη επι δυο η τριων μαρτυρων (except from two or three witnesses), omitted by b, Ambrosiaster, Pelagius, Cyprian

Influence on the New Testament editions
The "Western non-interpolations" were not included in the main text of Westcott-Hort edition (1881), but were instead moved to the footnotes. The editions of Nestle and Nestle-Aland did the same. In 1968, "the editorial committee (or more precisely its majority) decided to abandon the theories of Westcott-Hort and the Western non-interpolations." Since 1968 they are included in the main text, but marked with brackets.

Ehrman (1996) claimed that Westcott and Hort's observations still largely held merit, although he suggested that a better term for the alleged longer readings would be "non-Western interpolations". He made a case that most (but not all) of the longer readings in non-Western witnesses had an anti-docetic character. This might be the reason why they were deleted by docetic Christians in Western manuscripts, but more likely, why they were added to non-Western texts by (proto-orthodox) anti-docetic Christians at a very early stage (before the end of the 2nd century). Whereas scholars such as Aland and Fitzmyer have maintained that new findings such as 𝔓75 have refuted Hort's hypothesis, Ehrman concluded they are in line with what Hort expected, and don't undermine his argument.

See also

 Textual variants in the New Testament
 Conflation of readings

References

Further reading

 Bart D. Ehrman, "The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture. The Effect of Early Christological Controversies on the Text of the New Testament", Oxford University Press, New York - Oxford, 1996, pp. 223–227.
 Bruce M. Metzger, "A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament: A Companion Volume to the United Bible Societies' Greek New Testament", 1994, United Bible Societies, London & New York, pp. 164–166.
 M. W. Martin, Defending the "Western non-interpolations": The case for an anti-separationnist Tendenz in the longer Alexandrian readings JBL 124 (2005), pp. 269–294.
 J. K. Elliot, "The Case for Thoroughgoing Eclectism", in Rethinking New Testament Textual Criticism, ed. D. A. Black, Baker Academic 2006, pp. 115–116.

External links
 The Western Non-Interpolations at the Encyclopedia of Textual Criticism
 Western non-interpolations Wieland Willker, A Textual Commentary on the Greek Gospels
 F. C. Burkitt, Evangelion Da-Mepharreshe, the Curetonian Version of the Four Gospels, with ... (London 1904), p. 228-232.

Textual criticism


Toutes les femmes en moi is the 6th French album and 8th studio album in total released by Lara Fabian.

During 2008, Fabian was in Belgium preparing to record a brand new French album with famous pianist Mark Herskowitz, who had also composed and arranged the hidden instrumental track featured on the 2001 album "Nue".  This album was rumoured to be "an album of traditional savour" inspired by classical pieces by Chopin and Gershwin however following comments by the artist this is now in doubt.  The album was partly recorded in Montreal, Canada.

Fabian confirmed the release of this much-anticipated album on her official website on 20 October 2008.  Fabian stated on her website that Toutes les femmes en moi is "daring" and "Blues, Jazz, Gospel, Klezmer, Tango, Neo Classic, White Soul come close without disturbing each other...".  Fabian said in an English language blog on her official website: "Songs like « Göttingen » (Barbara), « L'amour existe encore » (Céline Dion) or « Il venait d'avoir 18 ans » (Dalida) embrace each other in [this album]...".  However, she also stated that will "not be a cover album" leading initially to some ambiguity as to the content of the album.

The album was released on May 25, 2009, postponed from December 2008. The first single release from this album is "Soleil, Soleil" (a cover of the Nana Mouskouri song).  This song was sent to French radio stations on March 11, 2009.
The album was released in Canada on September 7, 2010. It contains a different version of the song "Nuit Magique", which was recorded in 2008 and was part of the first version of the album. The song is a duet with Canadian singer Coral Egan.

Track listing

 "Soleil soleil" (Nana Mouskouri)
 "J’ai 12 ans" (Diane Dufresne)
 "Amoureuse" (Véronique Sanson)
 "Göttingen" (Barbara)
 "Il venait d’avoir 18 ans" (Dalida)
 "Mamy Blue" (Nicoletta)
 "Une femme avec toi" (Nicole Croisille)
 "Ça casse" (Maurane)
 "L'amour existe encore" (Céline Dion)
 "Message personnel" (Françoise Hardy)
 "Toutes les femmes en moi" (Inédit)
 "Nuit magique" (Catherine Lara)
 "L’hymne à l’amour" (Edith Piaf)
 "Babacar" (France Gall) - Bonus online version

Charts

References

External links
 http://www.lara-fabian.fr

2009 albums
Lara Fabian albums


The 1997 Paris Open was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts. It was the 25th edition of the Paris Masters, and was part of the ATP Super 9 of the 1997 ATP Tour. It took place at the Palais omnisports de Paris-Bercy in Paris, France, from 27 October through 3 November 1997. First-seeded Pete Sampras won the singles title.

Finals

Singles

 Pete Sampras defeated  Jonas Björkman 6–3, 4–6, 6–3, 6–1
 It was Sampras' 7th singles title of the year and the 51st of his career. It was his 2nd Masters title of the year, and 9th overall.

Doubles

 Jacco Eltingh /  Paul Haarhuis defeated  Rick Leach /  Jonathan Stark 6–2, 7–6

References

External links
 ATP tournament profile


Giscome is a community comprising scattered houses located at the southwest end of Eaglet Lake, which is east of Willow River, in central British Columbia. A combined elementary school (to which children are bussed) and East Line Activity Centre (community centre with gym) serves the surrounding settlements from Willow River to Longworth. In 2020, Graymont Western Canada Inc. is planning to open a quarry and lime plant on the former mill and Canadian National Railway (CNR) quarry sites. The community and Giscome Portage were named after John Robert Giscom(b)e, a black prospector from Jamaica, who came to the district in the 1860s.

History
James Edward Bateman was the first settler in the area, obtaining a crown grant in 1914 for a narrow lot one mile east of Giscome along the lakeshore, over which the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway (GTP) held a right-of way. Of the 10 additional early settlers, only Alexander James Hubbard later obtained a grant. Bateman's wife, Wilhelmina, "Minnie", was Hubbard's sister. Bateman's son-in–law was Charles Lindstrom, and grandson was Charles Edward Lindstrom. The Batemans, Hubbards and Lindstroms arrived together in 1911.
Although suffering broken ribs from a horse's kick and bankruptcy during the 1920s, James Bateman went on to prosper as a dairy farmer. He died in 1938. A resident until 1957, Wilhelmina died at 96 in 1963.
Experiencing a bull attack and some brushes with the law, Alex Hubbard operated a successful dairy farm. After his wife, Mary Jane, accidentally drowned in their cellar in 1946, he married Thelma Selina Burton the following year. Advertised for over three years, he finally sold the farm.  He died at 99 in 1973.

Giscome, like Willow River to the west and Newlands to the east, was an original train station (1914) on the GTP (the CNR after nationalization). The railway line reached Giscome in December 1913. The standard-design Type E station building was demolished in the late 1970s. When Via Rail assumed the passenger operations of the CNR, they eliminated the Giscome flag stop.

The post office opened 1 October 1915 with Charles Lindstrom as acting postmaster. In operation were a school from 1917 (subsequently thrice relocated), and a general store from 1920. Throughout its history, the town boasted: a 14-room hotel, a 3-storey boarding house, a 2-storey guesthouse, a hospital, baseball diamond with grandstand, a hockey rink, tennis court, a community hall, a skating ring, a Legion Hall, gas station, and Catholic, United and Pentecostal Churches. For most of its existence, the population was in the 400-600 range.

A.C. Frost, an American entrepreneur, dismantled and moved his never used sawmill from Willow River in Dec 1916. Renamed as the Giscome Lumber Co. Ltd., it obtained its own railway spur in 1917. The trading name evolved to Eaglet Lake Lumber and then Eagle Lake Sawmills. Ownership appears to have passed to Northern Lumber at this time. The massive capital investment program at the mill caused liquidity problems. During the ensuing receivership, production was minimal for the 1917-21 period. The company supplied electricity to the township (1922–63), prior to BC Hydro connecting the residential area. Dave Jennings’ business (becoming Northwood Forest Products), a railway tie producer, had its own spur at this time. The United Grain Growers (UGG) sawmill had a separate log-loading facility two miles east of the train station.

In 1923, Giscome Spruce Mills Ltd., financed by the Winton syndicate, acquired the mill operations at auction. The company built a boarding house that could accommodate 300 men. Began in 1924, the mill's standard gauge logging railway would eventually stretch from Hospital Creek, near Willow River, through Giscome and along the north side of Eaglet Lake. During the 1924-25 winter season, the mill was innovative in using caterpillar tractors to haul logs, a practice still uncommon as late as the mid-1930s in the northern interior, where horses were primarily used before 1939. The road from Willow River was completed in 1926.

After six prosperous years, the Great Depression and a US lumber levy closed the mill in 1930. In 1932, Eagle Lake Sawmills Mills Ltd., a new syndicate, 75 percent owned by Don McPhee and Roy Spurr, bought the assets and drew on the stock of previously cut logs floating in the lake. The uneconomic logging railway dismantled, from 1935 a logging truck fleet used a 17-mile plank road from Newlands. The forest fires of 1938 burned 6,000 hectares and came to within a mile of the mill.

W.B. Milner purchased the company in 1943. In Jun 1948, a Central Airways Cessna T-50 "Crane" suffered irreparable damage after an emergency landing in a field east of the then school. The pilot and two passengers escaped unhurt. Giscome Farms Ltd., a company enterprise, acquired 80 acres in 1950, which evolved into a state of the art dairy farm in the district, operating until the 1980s. In 1951, union demands led to the first major strike at the mill. Strikes closed the mill for most of 1953, a short wildcat strike (1955) and prolonged union negotiations (1958–59). Fires in a kiln and the planer mill in 1957 caused a million dollars of damage to what was the largest mill on the East line. In 1962, a pulva-mix base greatly improved the road from Willow River, but it was not paved until the 1970s.

Northwood purchased the mill in 1966 and closed it in Nov 1974. As the company also owned the houses in the mill town, the residents were required to leave by the end of June 1975. Auctioned off in 1975, the town and mill buildings were hauled away, with the remainder demolished in 1976 and the site reclaimed.

After reducing opening hours, the general store/post office closed. The only facility remaining in operation was the school. Classes were held in portables from the 2009/10 year, because the 53-year-old structure was unsafe and beyond repair. The combined elementary school/activity centre opened for the 2014/15 year.

Footnotes

References

UNBC - Upper Fraser Historical Geography Project
 https://docplayer.net/40395063-Giscome-chronicle-the-rise-and-demise-of-a-sawmill-community-in-central-british-columbia-j-kent-sedgwick.html
 http://valleymuseum.ca/1museum/Library/2008-SEDGWICK-GISCOME13450.PDF
 http://pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca/fedora/repository
 Olson, Raymond W. (2014). Ghost Towns on the East Line. Self published

Populated places in the Regional District of Fraser-Fort George
Grand Trunk Pacific Railway stations
Railway stations in Canada opened in 1914
Canadian National Railway stations in British Columbia


Quetta Railway Station (, Balochi: کوئٹہ اسٹیشن) is the main railway station of Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan and serves as a major station on the Rohri-Chaman Railway Line and the eastern terminus of the Quetta-Taftan Railway Line.

History
Quetta was always considered a strategic city during the British Raj. The station was built during construction of the strategic line constructed by the Scinde, Punjab & Delhi Railway. Construction began in 1881 and opened to the public in 1887, which by then was part of the North Western State Railway. Quetta was always considered as an important strategic destination as Britain feared that the Russian Empire might advance from Afghanistan into Quetta, thereby threatening its rule in South Asia.In 1857, when the idea was suggested by William Andrew (Chairman of Scinde, Punjab & Delhi Railway) that a railway line be constructed through the Bolan Pass. On 18 September 1879 work begun on laying the railway tracks and after four months, the first 215 kilometres of line from Ruk to Sibi was completed and become operational in January 1881. Beyond Sibi, the terrain was very difficult. After immense difficulties and harsh weather conditions, the line reached Quetta in March 1887.

Train routes
The following trains stop/terminate/originate from Quetta station:

Gallery

See also
 Pakistan Railways
 List of railway stations in Pakistan

References

Railway stations in Pakistan opened in the 1880s
Railway stations opened in 1887
1887 establishments in British India
Railway stations in Quetta District
Quetta
Railway stations on Quetta–Taftan Railway Line
Railway stations on Rohri–Chaman Railway Line
Railway stations in Balochistan, Pakistan


Emilio Ambrosini (1850, Trieste, Austrian Empire – December 1, 1912, Vienna, Cisleithania, Austria-Hungary) was an Italian-speaking Austro-Hungarian architect.

Life

Ambrosini finished a shipbuilding school in Trieste. After a few years spent in the Austro-Hungarian Navy, he went to Graz, Austria, where he enrolled in the Technische Hochschule, graduating in 1876. In 1884, he moved to Fiume in the Kingdom of Hungary (now "Rijeka", Croatia) where he bought an atelier and started a construction company. The same year he projected the homeless shelter "Clotilda". Around 1895, he built a building complex in the park of the Vranyczany villa.

Although inspired by late historicism, Emilio embraced the secession at the beginning of the 20th century. Thus he made the Zmajić Palace (intersection of Splitska and Adamićeva in downtown Rijeka) and Jugo House (Studentska Street, Rijeka). His two most important Rijeka works are Rauschel House – Hotel Royal (9 Korzo/10 Adamićeva St, 1906) and Hotel Bristol (12 Krešimirova St, 1908–09), where he leaves an imprint of Otto Wagner and his Viennese style. Ambrosini's Schittar House (1904) is a fine example of Art Nouveau. In 1909, Ambrosini proved his urban planning abilities by projecting the apartment complex Sambalino-Plöch on Potok Street.

In the last years of his life he supported -in a mild way- the Italian irredentism.

Although Ambrosini died in Vienna during his most productive period, he was buried at the Trsat Cemetery in Sušak, an outskirt of Fiume (now Croatia).

An exhibition on Ambrosini's work was staged in the Rijeka City Museum in 2011.

See also
List of Italian architects

References

1850 births
1912 deaths
Architects from Austria-Hungary
Architects from Trieste


Bloodhound LSR, formerly Bloodhound SSC, is a British land vehicle designed to travel at supersonic speeds with the intention of setting a new world land speed record. The arrow-shaped car, under development since 2008, is powered by a jet engine and will be fitted with an additional rocket engine. The initial goal is to exceed the current speed record of , with the vehicle believed to be able to achieve up to .

Driver Andy Green will attempt to break his own record, set in 1997. The previous business behind Project Bloodhound went into administration (bankruptcy) in late 2018. Entrepreneur Ian Warhurst bought the car to keep the project alive. A new company called Grafton LSR Ltd was formed to manage the project, which was renamed Bloodhound LSR and moved to SGS Berkeley Green University Technical College. Lack of funds and the COVID-19 pandemic stalled progress in 2020, and in 2021 the vehicle was offered for sale.

The venue for high speed testing and future world land speed record attempts is the Hakskeen Pan in the Mier area of the Northern Cape, South Africa. An area  long and  wide was identified as suitable, with the first runs in October 2019. Further runs in November 2019 achieved a top speed of , the eighth vehicle to attain a land speed of over .

Timeline

Inception
The Bloodhound project was announced on 23 October 2008 at the London Science Museum by Lord Drayson – then Minister of Science in the UK's Department for Innovation, Universities and Skills – who first suggested the project in 2006 to land speed record holders Richard Noble and Andy Green, a pilot and Wing Commander serving in the RAF. The two men, between them, have held the land speed record since 1983.

In 1983, Noble, a self-described engineer and adventurer reached 633 mph (1,019 km/h) driving a turbojet-powered car named Thrust2 across the Nevada desert. In 1997, he headed the project to build ThrustSSC, which was driven by Green at , thereby breaking the sound barrier, a first for a land vehicle (in compliance with Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile rules). Green is also Bloodhound LSR's driver.

The Bloodhound project was named for the Bristol Bloodhound surface-to-air missile, a project that Bloodhound Chief Aerodynamicist Ron Ayers had previously worked on.

The project was at first based in the former Maritime Heritage Centre on the Bristol harbourside, next to Brunel's . In 2013 the project relocated to a larger site in Avonmouth. The head offices of the project moved to Didcot, Oxfordshire in late 2015.

2017 tests
Runway testing of up to  took place on 26, 28 and 30 October 2017 at Newquay Airport, Cornwall.

2018 change of ownership
In May 2018, the team announced plans for high speed testing at  in May 2019, and then a  run in 2020. However, the company backing the project, Bloodhound Programme Ltd, went into administration (bankruptcy) in late 2018 leaving a funding gap of £25 million, which put the venture's future into question.

The project was "axed" in December 2018, with plans to sell off the remaining assets. Later that month, Yorkshire entrepreneur Ian Warhurst stepped in to rescue the project by buying the assets and intellectual property, including the car, for an undisclosed sum.

2019 tests

In March 2019, it was announced that Warhurst had formed a new company called Grafton LSR Ltd. to manage the project, which became the car's legal owner. The company said in a statement that Warhurst was trying to save the project with new sponsors and partners.

The name of the new team became 'Bloodhound LSR' (for Land Speed Record). The car and the project's headquarters moved to SGS Berkeley Green University Technical College in Berkeley, Gloucestershire near Gloucester.

High speed testing of the car took place at the Hakskeen Pan in October and November 2019. Test runs driven by Green began on 25 October, using only a Rolls-Royce Eurojet EJ200 engine, with an expectation of reaching . The car achieved  on 6 November 2019, and a final top speed of  on 16 November, making it the eighth vehicle to attain a land speed of over 600 mph.

2020–2022
Lack of funds prevented the fitting of the Nammo rocket in 2020, and combined with the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, this meant the opportunity to run the vehicle in 2021 was lost. In January 2021, Warhurst said the vehicle was up for sale and it was reported that the team had moved on to other projects. Warhurst stepped aside as CEO in August 2021 and Stuart Edmondson, the project's Engineering Operations Manager for the previous five years, took over the role. When interviewed in July 2022 Edmundson stated that, while on hold, the Bloodhound LSR project was "very much alive" and a new land speed record could be achieved very quickly if new investment could be secured. Edmundson also reported that the project had adopted a new environmental focus, with the aim of achieving a net zero carbon land speed record.

The vehicle currently resides at Coventry Transport Museum.

Design

Car
The car was designed by Bloodhound's Chief Aerodynamicist Ron Ayers and Chief Engineer Mark Chapman, along with aerodynamicists from Swansea University.

Bloodhound LSR is designed to accelerate from 0 to  in 38 seconds and decelerate using airbrakes at around 800 mph, a parachute at a maximum deployment speed of around  and disc brakes below . The force on the driver during acceleration would be 2.5 g (two-and-a-half times his body weight) and up to 3 g during deceleration.

Aerodynamics
The aerodynamics of Bloodhound have been carefully calculated to make sure the car is safe and stable, particularly because it will create a shockwave when it reaches the speed of sound.

The College of Engineering at Swansea University has been heavily involved in the aerodynamic shape of the vehicle from the start. Dr Ben Evans and his team used Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) technology designed by Professor Oubay Hassan and Professor Ken Morgan to provide an understanding of the aerodynamic characteristics of the proposed shape, at all speeds, including predicting the likely vertical, lateral and drag forces on the vehicle and its pitch and yaw stability. This technology, originally developed for the aerospace industry, was validated for a land-going vehicle during the design of ThrustSSC.

Propulsion
Three prototype Eurojet EJ200 jet engines developed for the Eurofighter and bound for a museum were loaned to the project. The car will use one EJ200 to provide around half the thrust and power the car to . A custom monopropellant rocket designed by Nammo will be used to add extra thrust for the world land speed record runs. For the  runs, the monopropellant rocket will be replaced with a hybrid rocket from Nammo. A third engine, a Jaguar supercharged V-8 is used as an auxiliary power unit to drive the oxidiser pump for the rocket, although this will be replaced by an electric motor.

Initially Bloodhound SSC was going to use a custom hybrid rocket motor being designed by Daniel Jubb. The rocket was successfully tested at Newquay Airport in 2012. However, constraints on cost, time and test facilities led to a decision to instead use a rocket designed by Norwegian company Nammo.

At first the plan was that the car would use a Nammo hybrid rocket or cluster of rockets, to be fuelled by solid hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene and liquid high-test peroxide oxidiser. This plan was revised in 2017 and the car will use a monopropellant rocket for the land speed record runs.

For the car to achieve , the monopropellant rocket would need to produce around 40 kN (8992 lbf) of thrust and the EJ200 jet engine 90 kN (20,232 lbf) in reheat.

Wheels
For low-speed testing at Cornwall Airport Newquay in 2017, the car was fitted with four runway wheels based on those of an English Electric Lightning fighter jet with refurbished original tyres. These were replaced for the high-speed test runs in the desert in South Africa in 2019 by four  diameter wheels weighing , forged from an aircraft-grade aluminium zinc alloy. These were designed to spin at up to 10,200 rpm and resist centrifugal forces of up to  at the rim.

Wheel bearings
Three Timken high-speed (DN around 1,000,000 at full speed) tapered roller bearings support each wheel. When the car's mass increased to , Timken recalculated bearing life to be 50 hours, or a 5000% safety factor given the less than 1 hour run time.

Construction
The car was built at sites in Bristol and Avonmouth. A full-scale model was unveiled at the 2010 Farnborough International Airshow, when it was announced that Hampson Industries would begin to build the rear chassis section of the car in the first quarter of 2011 and that a deal for the manufacture of the front of the car was due. The car was largely completed by October 2017 when full reheat static testing was undertaken with the jet engine at Cornwall Airport Newquay followed by low speed test runs.

Further construction was carried out before the project went into administration and the car was then completed at Berkeley before high speed testing.

Testing locations
Early in the project, Swansea University's School of the Environment and Society was enlisted to help determine a new test site for the record runs because the test site for the ThrustSSC record attempt had become unsuitable. The venue chosen for high speed testing and for the land speed record runs was Hakskeen Pan in the Mier area of the Northern Cape, South Africa, on a track measuring  long. The local community cleared 16,500 tonnes of stones by hand from an area measuring 22 million square metres to create space for 20 tracks each 10 metres wide, as the car cannot run twice on the same strip of desert.

Low speed runway testing of over  occurred on 26, 28 and 30 October 2017 at Cornwall Airport Newquay.

High speed testing at Hakskeen Pan began in October 2019. The car achieved  on its final run on 16 November 2019.

Education and STEM outreach
The Bloodhound Project had an education component designed to inspire future generations to take up careers in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) by showcasing these subjects and interacting with young people and students, in partnership with engineering companies including Rolls-Royce. Bloodhound-related education activities are provided by Bloodhound Education Ltd, a standalone charity registered in 2016. The charity's Bloodhound Education Centre is at SGS Berkeley Green UTC.

See also

 Aussie Invader 5R
 List of vehicle speed records
 North American Eagle Project

References

External links

 Andy Green's Bloodhound SSC diary for the BBC
 Bloodhound SSC at Swansea University
 Bloodhound SSC at the AoC (Association of Colleges) 2010 Annual Conference

Jet land speed record cars
Rocket land speed record cars


Customs is a six-part Irish documentary television series that examines the role of customs officers, focusing on their daily lives and their regular encounters with the illegal drug trade and other difficult situations. The series began airing on 14 September 2008 and concluded on 19 October 2008.

The series makers accessed customs officers' daily operations, allowing viewers to see the way the authorities deal with the importation of illegal substances. The series focuses on customs officers at Dublin Airport and Dublin Port as they target cigarette smuggling and illegal drug trade.

Episodes
Six episodes aired between 14 September and 19 October 2008.

Broadcast
The series aired in Ireland on RTÉ One on Sunday evenings at 7:30pm from 14 September 2008. The series was broadcast in the UK on Pick TV in 2011.

References

External links
 Official website

2008 Irish television series debuts
Irish documentary television series
RTÉ original programming
2008 Irish television series endings
Television series about border control


Gates Ventures is the personal service company of Microsoft co-founder and philanthropist Bill Gates. Known until 2018 as bgC3, it comprises his personal staff, a think tank on problems of health and global development, and a technology investment portfolio. The firm is distinct from Cascade Investment and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation although Gates uses it to support the Foundation's projects. Areas of research and investment include climate change, clean energy and Alzheimer's disease.

Gates Ventures is located at Kirkland, Washington, in the same complex with Cascade and Melinda French Gates' Pivotal Ventures. Niranjan Bose is currently Gates Ventures' managing director.

References

2008 establishments in Washington (state)
Bill Gates
Companies based in Kirkland, Washington
Think tanks based in the United States
Think tanks established in 2008


The New Zealand V class steam locomotive was used on New Zealand's railway network from 1885 onwards. They were operated by New Zealand Government Railways and the Wellington and Manawatu Railway Company.

Introduction
The heavy increase in traffic by the early 1880s necessitated a design for a new class of passenger locomotive. The V class was conceived as an enlarged version of the 2-4-2 NZR K class of 1877. Instead of the K class's four coupled wheels, six coupled wheels were used. The order was placed with Nasmyth, Wilson and Company of Manchester. It took seven years for delivery to be made and then it was found that the engines were 5 and a half tons overweight without their tender.

As a result, the NZGR refused to accept the locomotives until the weight was pared down to an acceptable level. However, by the time they were modified, the engines had been superseded by the American-built NZR N class of similar dimensions.

The Wellington and Manawatu Railway Company also ordered three of those locomotives, numbers 6, 7, and 8, at a cost of about £6000 each (equivalent to about $1 million in 2011). They were fitted with an ornate Rogers-styled wooden cab with Gothic windows, and an extended smokebox crowned with a copper-capped funnel. They could be fired with any light fuel including wood and were very slightly heavier than the NZR version. They had inside frames and journals on both pony trucks. When the WMR was taken over by the NZR in 1908, they were included in the V class.

The locomotives had one weakness in their frames, just behind the cylinders. This weak spot, when stressed, would break; this occurred when the Branxholme locomotives were dumped, thus rendering their frames beyond repair. The Mararoa Junction locomotives may have suffered similarly.

Withdrawal
The first withdrawals of the V class began around 1925 and ended in the early 1930s. Most of the engines were dumped as stripped hulks comprising the boiler, frames, cylinders and wheels at the Branxholme Locomotive Dump in 1927. V 126 and V 127 were dumped as substantially more complete hulks at Mararoa Junction, in October 1928, complete with their cabs and tenders. V 132 was dismantled at the Bealey Quarry and its frames dumped there.

The three WMR engines were withdrawn the same time and their boilers removed for stationary use or sale. The fate of the 3 WMR V's is unknown, though there has been some speculation that one might have been dumped at Branxholme. One of the boilers from these engines was unearthed by KiwiRail in 2009 during construction of the Kai Iwi tunnel bypass.

Preservation
In 1999, enthusiast Tony Bachelor salvaged the remains of locomotives V 35, V 125, and V 136 from Braxholme. Due to the weakness in the frames, the frame of V 132 and a Nasmyth Wilson pony truck were recovered from the Bealey Quarry. It was intended that the locomotives would be restored by the Hooterville Charitable Trust at Waitara, but this later fell through and Bachelor moved the remnants to his property in Ashhurst.

In 2009, the parts of the four Vs, along with a boiler found during the Kai Iwi deviation construction, were donated to the Feilding and District Steam Rail Society. The parts were stored at the F&DSR depot in the Feilding yard, but now scrapped.

In 2018 the remains of two V class locomotives were investigated at Mararoa Junction with a view to recovery and static restoration by the Lumsden Heritage Trust.

During late January 2020, the Lumsden Heritage Trust successfully recovered 1885 V-class 127 from the dump site in the Oreti River after a recovery effort and planning that spanned six years. They had also wanted to recover V-class 126, but in the words of the Lumsden Heritage Trust, logistics got the better of them on the day, despite a mammoth effort. No.127's recovered locomotive and tender are sitting on their wheels and bogies on a specially built siding at the Lumsden Railway Precinct. Then on Wednesday 26 February, the Trust commenced a second attempt at recovering V-class 126. Learning from the first attempt they first winched 126 and tender closer to the river bank and onto gravel prior to re-attempting the lift, which was reported as being easier than lifting 127. The recovery of the two V-class locomotives has garnered media attention as far away as the UK and the Trust's Lumsden base has seen an influx of interested tourists and visitors.

References

Bibliography

External links
NZR Steam locomotives - V class

V class
2-6-2 locomotives
Nasmyth, Wilson and Company locomotives
3 ft 6 in gauge locomotives of New Zealand
Railway locomotives introduced in 1885


Bend, the remnants of a community  northwest of Dome Creek in central British Columbia, comprises several scattered rural properties stretching along the Fraser River on the northwest side of the railway bridge. The area was named after the 90-degree curve on the railway track,  northwest of the railway bridge.

Transportation
A trackside signpost marks the flag stop for Via Rail's Jasper – Prince Rupert train. The immediate Via Rail stops are Penny to the northwest and Dome Creek to the southeast.

Bend station

Bend station is on the Canadian National Railway mainline in Bend.  Via Rail's Jasper – Prince Rupert train calls at the station as a flag stop. The stop is across the Fraser River from the village of Dome Creek which is accessible by Gravel Road from Yellowhead Highway 16.

History

Railway
Bend, like Guilford to its northwest, and Kidd to its southeast, was an original train station (1914) on the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway (the Canadian National Railway after nationalization). Bend lies at Mile 57.7, Fraser Subdivision (about Mile 147 during the line's construction).

Commencing the 1928 special Dominion Day train to Prince George from Bend suggests the community's significance at the time. At the rail bridge in 1931, a train struck and killed Elfrida Strand, who was searching for stray horses with her husband. In 1948, another rail accident occurred when two forestry speeders carrying 17 men to a forest fire at Loos collided near Bend, resulting in hospitalizations. In 1946, a spirited moose paced a westbound train. Tripping on the encrusted snow at Mile 58, it fell behind the tender, derailing four freight cars.

Built in 1914, the standard-design Plan 100‐152 (Bohi's Type E) station building could not have survived the 1942 fire, or been the structure dismantled in 1962. The fate of an unidentified freight and passenger shelter is unclear.

Forestry
The narrow strip of accessible spruce forest bordering the railway that stretched some  east of Prince George was known as the East Line.

The York Lumber Co., Baldry Bros. proprietors, commenced operations in the 1923/24 winter. Wallace (Wally) N. Jaeck (1876–1954), formerly at Longworth, acquired the mill at a 1925 receivership auction. In partnership with son C. Earl (1904–52), later at Penny, he opened an enlarged mill in August 1928, which operated as the Bend Lumber Co. It is unclear whether P.J. Strand ran a small sawmill at Mile 59.9 or only logged in the vicinity.

In 1934, John F. McMillan purchased a controlling interest in Bend Lumber. At this time, Sinclair Spruce Mills were logging for the company. A Board of Trade delegation included this 45,000-foot-daily capacity mill on their 1937 tour. Rory (Roy) R.M. McGillivray (1903–94), later at Penny, and family arrived that year. C. Earl Jaeck, a cousin of Roy’s wife Elizabeth (1906–91), was the president of the mill and Roy became the manager.

Donald Jaeck (c.1926–1938), Earl's son, died of appendicitis. The following year, Leonard H. Jaeck (1880–1958), formerly at Longworth, and Earl's uncle, fractured his leg at work, and Patrick Murdock (1883–1939), the mill accountant, collapsed at his desk and died. Lillian (1903–69), Earl's wife, daughter of lumber pioneer Eugene Bashaw, headed the local Red Cross fundraising effort during World War II.

In 1942, when a  wind swept through the area, toppled trees fell on telephone wires, cutting off communication with the outside. The gale dispersed embers from the mill burner into the mill building and across the settlement, razing the sawmill, finished lumber, the immediate village, and a number of railway freight cars on the siding. Only the cookhouse, a small dwelling and some shacks remained. It also created spot fires in Dome Creek across the Fraser. Most of the men were away fighting forest fires. Relief supplies for the 200 victims, who had lost everything, were dispatched from McBride, garnering praise for the Red Cross and Salvation Army. The CNR had immediately provided a special train to collect residents and their rescued possessions. Over the following years, salvageable material was reclaimed from the site. The mill not rebuilt, only the farming community and those employed in Dome Creek remained.

Hunting & farming
Trapper Martin (Deafy) Dayton (1886–1940) relocated from Kidd in the late 1930s.

Oscar Benson (1889–1950) travelled by scow from Tête Jaune to Fort George around 1913, and proceeded to take up a preemption at Bend, where he built a log cabin. Marrying Siri Magnuson (1893–1978) in 1919, they farmed their quarter section near the railway bridge. The 1936 flood filled their basement and submerged the low-lying parts of their farm bordering the river. Household water was collected by the bucket from the river. Their children raised in Bend were Carrie S. (1923–2012) and Carl A. (1928–2015). Carrie relocated to Penny, where in 1946 she married Arne Mellows of Penny. Breaking his leg in an industrial accident at the Dome Creek sawmill, Carl spent a year at St. Paul's Hospital (Vancouver), before returning. In 1948, he also moved to Penny and became co-owner of the store with his brother-in-law. Selling his interest, Carl and his parents acquired the Aleza Lake store in late 1949, and moved there in early 1950.

James B. (1884–1955)  & Adeline (1891–1979) Hooker arrived in 1913. He divided the first five years in working for the Great Northern Railway in Minot, North Dakota, and establishing the farm at Bend.

James became a well-known hunter, trapper and guide, catering to American parties. In 1940, he accompanied a constable in a futile search of  of the Fraser River bars and banks for a missing logger, who was presumed drowned. When the Rotary barrel floated the  from Dome Creek/Bend to Prince George in 1943, 1944 and 1945, James was the official monitor for the first half of the journey. On his death, Adeline remained until moving to Prince George.

Lawrence (Larry) J. married Thelma Dorene Hutchinson (c.1917–?) in 1934. They settled in Sinclair Mills, where he worked as a guide, trapper and mill employee. One child did not survive infancy. In 1942, the family relocated to Los Angeles. Ruth married Wentworth Stephen Ganton (1907–69) and moved extensively with their children. They divorced and she relocated to Los Angeles in 1955. Edward, who was the first baby born in the area, teamed up with his father as a guide and outfitter. While breaking up a logjam at Penny, the logger slipped and drowned. Only 21, his body was found over seven months later.

Glen at 12, misreported as Allen, saved a companion from drowning in the river. He enlisted 1945–46, was a principal of Hooker Bros Sawmill during the 1950s to early 1960s, and remained in the Dome Creek area. His marriage to Mary Myttennor produced two sons and a daughter, and the one to Myra VanDeReit likewise. Glen and Myra relocated to McBride in 2008. From around 1990, they divided their time with their Arizona property. Marion  worked in Vancouver, returned and married Jim Chambers (1924–?) of Penny in 1946. They spent their young married life raising their children in the Dome Creek area, before relocating. Elizabeth (Bette) Rose, enlisting in the CWAC in 1942, relocated to the coast. Married to Lyell Alexander Winters, they raised a family. After his death in 1977, she remarried.

Kenneth enlisted 1944–46. After his first marriage failed, he married Doris Winona Reaugh (1923–93). Their son Kenneth (1959–93) died of pneumonia. Kenneth Sr. partnered in the Hooker Bros Sawmill in the 1950s to early 1960s, and remained in the Dome Creek area. A hunting guide, he built a lodge and was critical of clear-cuts. In the 1980s, he was fined for baiting bears and his guide licence was suspended for three years. Clifford relocated to Vancouver and died at 17 in an industrial accident. Clarence (Catsy) served in the Korean War, married Jean Louise Turner (1933–2001), and had a family. Settling in the Dome Creek area, he was a logging contractor. While Jean cooked at the Hooker Bros. camp, he hauled logs for Nance Lumber of Dome Creek. The family relocated to Prince George.

Community
Built near the train station, the school opened in 1925, with Miss Alfreda Larsen as the inaugural teacher. After the building burned down in the 1942 fire, class was held in an outlying house that had survived the blaze. Becoming part of the former McBride School District in 1945, it closed the following year, having 11 students in Grades 1–8. Thereafter, students attended the Dome Creek School. A scheduled reopening for 1948 did not transpire, because no suitable teacher was available, and plans commenced to make the consolidation of the schools permanent. School District 57 disposed of the surplus school site at Bend in 1985. Schoolchildren would cross the Fraser on the ice in winter and by boat in summer. During spring, the hazardous railway bridge provided the only crossing point.

Dorothy Sylvia Jaeck (1892–1946), wife of Leonard H. Jaeck , opened a general store in 1927, which Fred Hanson (c.1888–1931) appears to have acquired the next year.

Otto Ellefson (possibly 1879–1957) opened a store in 1929, and also operated a boarding house. Fred was the inaugural postmaster 1930–31, with Hans Bernhardt Hanson assuming the position 1931–42 on his death. Commonly, the postmaster in such towns was also a storeowner. The post-office closed 5 months after his resignation.

Opened in 1941, the community hall hosted various functions. In his role as rector of All Saints Anglican, McBride, Rev. J.J. Cowan sometimes held evening services in the Bend schoolhouse, a venue also used for dances during the 1940s. The population dropped to about 20 after the fire.

Crime, calamity & safety measures
After a 1924 altercation between Joseph (Joe) Studal (c.1890–1925) and William Reade of Dome Creek, Studal was released on bail. After the serious assault charges were dismissed, Reade beat up Studal and received a 30-day sentence. Before year end Studal died at Richie.

A 1938 after-dance party led to a physical altercation and court appearance.

In 1960, a black bear mauled Heller Hrechka (Hreczka alternate spelling) (1931–79), a CNR section hand (track maintenance), while he walked along the railway right-of-way, just west of the bridge. Barely recognizable, he was hospitalized with gashes to the head, shoulders and chest.

Roads
No permanent outside road access has existed. However, individuals have illegally driven vehicles across the CNR rail bridge. To save on transportation costs, Doug Abernethy of Guilford Lumber once drove a small Cat dozer over the bridge, but was able to talk his way out of being charged.

Electricity, broadcast transmissions & communications devices
The respective Dome Creek section covers these networks.

Footnotes

References

Robson Valley
Railway points in the Regional District of Fraser-Fort George
Railway stations in Canada opened in 1914
Grand Trunk Pacific Railway stations
Canadian National Railway stations in British Columbia
Via Rail stations in British Columbia
Railway stations in British Columbia


Kududula Nagesh is an Indian politician, belonging to the Bharat Rashtra Samithi. Nagesh is a Member of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, representing the Alair constituency. He born in a poor family in Raghavapuram village near to kolanpaka, Aler mandal, yadadri-bhongir district.                       His parents are Narsayya and Narsamma.

He started his 1st education in his village after he continued in Andhra Pradesh social welfare school Bhongir. He continued his education in Andhra Pradesh social welfare school Rajapet he completed his school education.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2004–2009
Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2009–2014


Eduardo Barragán (born July 1, 1951 in Cartagena de Chairá, Caquetá) is a retired Colombian boxer, who competed for his South American nation at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany.

There he was defeated in the first round of the Men's Bantamweight (– 54 kg) division by Kenya's John Nderu. Barragan won the gold medal in the Flyweight (– 51 kg) division at the 1970 Central American and Caribbean Games in Panama City, Panama.

References

External links
Eduardo Barragan at sports-reference.com

1951 births
Living people
Flyweight boxers
Bantamweight boxers
Boxers at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Olympic boxers for Colombia
People from Bolívar Department
Colombian male boxers
Central American and Caribbean Games gold medalists for Colombia
Competitors at the 1970 Central American and Caribbean Games
Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in boxing
20th-century Colombian people


Niemen Vol. 1 and Niemen Vol. 2 (also called "Marionetki" - "Puppets") - Czesław Niemen's double album released in two separate issues in 1973. In 1994 released on single CD by Digiton under title "Marionetki".

Niemen Vol. 1

Track listing
 Requiem dla Van Gogha - 17:37 (music and lyrics Helmut Nadolski)
 Sariusz - 3:06 (lyrics Cyprian Kamil Norwid)
 Inicjały - 12:53 (instrumental, music by all band members)

Personnel
Józef Skrzek - organ, piano, violin, bass, harmonica, vocal
Jerzy Piotrowski - drums
Antymos Apostolis - guitar
Helmut Nadolski - double bass
Andrzej Przybielski - trumpet
Czesław Niemen - organ, piano, vocal

Niemen Vol. 2

Track listing
 Marionetki - 4:10 (lyrics Cyprian Kamil Norwid)
 Piosenka dla zmarłej - 13:49 (lyrics Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz)
 Z pierwszych ważniejszych odkryć - 9:17 (music Józef Skrzek, lyrics Leszek Aleksander Moczulski)
 Ptaszek - 1:07 (lyrics Maria Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska)
 Com uczynił - 7:39 (lyrics Bolesław Leśmian)

Personnel
Józef Skrzek - organ, piano, violin, bass, harmonica, vocal
Jerzy Piotrowski - drums
Antymos Apostolis - guitar
Helmut Nadolski - double bass
Andrzej Przybielski - trumpet
Czesław Niemen - organ, piano, vocal

Alternative covers

Czesław Niemen albums
1976 albums


Vicko Andrić (March 23, 1793 – January 15, 1866) was a Croatian architect.

Early life and education
The architect and renovator Vicko Andrić was born in Trogir on March 23, 1793. His family, father Josip and mother Antica were inhabitants of Split temporarily residing in Trogir. 10 years after his birth the family returned to Split. From 1803 to 1807 Andrić attended the Archdiocesan Seminary gymnasium in Split.

From Fall 1807 to 1810 Vicko Andrić attended the Zadar lyceum (, ). His professor of architecture and technical drawing was the famous Italian architect Basilio Mazzoni. In 1811 Andrić enrolled the Illyrium high school. At the same time he attended a law school and a technical drawing class. However, he soon gave up the law school, for, according to his words, "love toward beautiful art."

Study in Rome
In 1812, Vicko Andrić went to study in Rome, Italy. He enrolled the Faculty of Mathematics at the Sapienza University and the Accademia San Luca. By studying mathematics he attained the diploma of an expert surveyor. On Accademia San Luca he continued his education and practice again under the supervision of Mazzoni, who came to Rome the same year as Andrić due to the closing of Zadar lyceum. At the time, the honorary president of the academy was the sculptor Antonio Canova. Under Mazzoni's surveillance Andrić attained the status of an architect in 1816.

On the basis of diplomas received, Vicko Andrić was licensed for architectural works and measurement. During his stay in Rome, he was also involved in the research and preservation of buildings dating back to Ancient Rome. Carlo Fea, an expert on the Ancient Rome and the "president of Roman antiquities," helped Andrić at the start of Andrić's career. Andrić was deeply influenced by Fea's book Sacral and profane buildings.

Andrić's four years long stay in Rome was crucial not only for his education, but also for his commitment to classicism and fascination by the antique period, which he later used in studying and preserving the Diocletian's Palace in Split.

In Rome, Andrić projected several important concept designs: an inn (1814), a triumphal arc for the Austrian emperor Francis II (1815), a circular temple and a cathedral in the form of a Greek cross for a large city with a capitol and a seminary (both projects also in 1815) and a concept design of a casino and theater in Split (1816).

Return to Split
After finishing his education in Rome, Vicko Andrić returned to Split in 1817. At the end of that year he was chosen to be a "temporary imperial royal district engineer." Soon after taking over this duty, he oversaw the Splitian completion of the lazaretto adaption, designing the whole Split harbor from the lazaretto up to the church of St. Francis, estimating the costs of renovating the coast and piers and building new bollards. A selection of Andrić's work in Split contains the technical snapshots of the construction complex of the former Communal and Principal Palace, of the main square in Split, and of the fortress in , and projects of a suburban cemetery on Sustipan and a new building of the marine Health Office.

Completed projects
The only notable finished projects of Andrić in Split are the building of the Museum of Archeology next to the eastern wall of Diocletian's Palace (built in 1821, later demolished), cemetery and a circular pavilion on Sustipan (1823–26) and the tower of the Church of the Lady of Health (built in 1846).

Work in the Dalmatian Directorate of Public Construction

Although he had an architect's and surveyor's diploma, he was generally given geodetic work. After being appointed an engineer in the Directorate of Public Construction in Dalmatia, from 1824 to 1828 he mainly worked reclaming wetlands in the Dalmatian hinterland, renovating and constructing roads, bridges, wells and fountains. During 1828 and 1829 he led the work on the river Krka and the Botišnici creek in Knin. According to architectural records while there he also worked on a project restoring a church and parish hall in Vrpolje. Around the year 1830 he worked on a project for the Orthodox in the episcopate of Šibenik, and also led work on the court building in Skradin and the parish office in Ervenik.

Due to continuously living on site and the difficult working conditions, Vicko Andrić become ill. In 1833 he was appointed a regular pension by decision of the Royal Commission.

Conservation work

Vicko Andrić was the first Croatian conservator. He was already showing a great interest in antiquities while studying in Rome. On his return to Split he became actively involved in researching and protecting Salona and Diocletian's Palace.
After the emperor Francis I's visit to Split and Salona in the spring of 1818, the emperor came to a decision about the conservation of Diocletian's Palace and the excavations in Salona. By 1820 the government had already issued a decree ordering that Vicko Andrić supervised the excavation of antiquities. Andrić became one of the first to make a topographic and archeological map of Salona.
After his retirement in 1833 he devoted himself entirely to the preservation and restoration of Diocletian's Palace.

In 1853, he was named „Conservator for counties of Zadar and Split“. Together with the artist Dujam Marcocchio he made plans for the restoration of the cathedral and recorded the remains of the palace, including the parts of ground halls in the southern part of the complex. He was carried away with the thought of completely stripping the palace of later buildings and reconstructing it according to the original plans. By this, he works on three projects from 1845. that were never brought to life:

 Reparation of the Diocletian's water system
 Cleansing of the southern facade and the basement
 Isolating it from the recent construction activity, restoring the Diocletian's mausoleum and erecting a new cathedral

The most interesting and ambitious project of all was the ordination from 1857 that would've been applied to the southern part of the palace, which envisions cleaning and the restoration of the original late antique facade but also an upgrade with a three-storey object that would stretch along the facade serving as a hotel.

As the main conservator, Vicko Andrić monitored the undergoing restoration works on the Šibenik Cathedral in 1854. On the same year, he was awarded the highest decoration of Emperor's Franz Joseph knight cross. He eventually withdrew from the conservation duty in 1864 when he was 70 years old.

Vicko Andrić died in Split on January 15, 1866, and was buried in the group tomb of St Anthony.

See also
Architecture of Croatia
List of Croatian architects

Footnotes

Further reading

1793 births
1866 deaths
Croatian architects
People from Trogir
Sapienza University of Rome alumni


The 1996 Paris Open was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts. It was the 24th edition of the Paris Masters and was part of the Mercedes Super 9 of the 1996 ATP Tour. It took place at the Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy in Paris in France from 28 October through 4 November 1996. Thomas Enqvist won the singles.

Finals

Singles

 Thomas Enqvist defeated  Yevgeny Kafelnikov 6–2, 6–4, 7–5
 It was Enqvist's 2nd title of the year and the 7th of his career. It was his 1st Masters title of the year and his 1st overall.

Doubles

 Jacco Eltingh /  Paul Haarhuis defeated  Yevgeny Kafelnikov /  Daniel Vacek 6–4, 4–6, 7–6
 It was Eltingh's 2nd title of the year and the 32nd of his career. It was Haarhuis' 3rd title of the year and the 31st of his career.

References

External links
 Official website
 ATP tournament profile


Ronen Tzur (, born 27 July 1969) is an Israeli politician who briefly served as a member of the Knesset for the Labor Party in 2006.

Political career
Ronen Tzur entered politics in 1990, joining the Labor Party. In later years he served as coordinator of the party's faction at the Knesset (under Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin), political advisor to minister Binyamin Ben-Eliezer, and director of an association for discharged soldiers. He was placed 28th on the Labor Party list for the 2003 elections,  in which the party won 19 seats. However, he entered the Knesset on 22 January 2006 following the resignation of Salah Tarif, serving during the last three months of its term.

In 2010, Tzur advised former president Moshe Katzav regarding the allegations of rape for which he was convicted in 2010.

In 2018, through his company, Rosenbaum Communications, a public relations firm; Tzur led a strategic media smear campaign to block the extradition of Malka Leifer, a former school principal and the accused in the Adass Israel School sex abuse scandal, whom Australia has attempted to extradite to stand trial for 74 counts of child sex abuse.

In early 2019, Tzur became an official advisor to former Israel Defense Forces chief of staff Benny Gantz and the Israel Resilience Party.

References

External links

1969 births
Living people
Israeli Labor Party politicians
Members of the 16th Knesset (2003–2006)


Arthur Hiller (3 October 1881 – 14 August 1941) was a German footballer who played club football for 1. FC Pforzheim, as well as at international level for Germany, where he became the national side's first captain. His nephew, Marius Hiller, also played football, representing both Germany and Argentina at international level.

References

1881 births
1941 deaths
German men's footballers
Germany men's international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Sportspeople from Pforzheim
Footballers from Karlsruhe (region)
20th-century German people


The Convention on the Continental Shelf was an international treaty created to codify the rules of international law relating to continental shelves. The treaty, after entering into force 10 June 1964, established the rights of a sovereign state over the continental shelf surrounding it, if there be any. The treaty was one of three agreed upon at the first United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS I). It has since been superseded by a new agreement reached in 1982 at UNCLOS III.

The treaty dealt with seven topics: the regime governing the superjacent waters and airspace; laying or maintenance of submarine cables or pipelines; the regime governing navigation, fishing, scientific research and the coastal state's competence in these areas; delimitation; tunneling.

Historical background
The Convention on the Continental Shelf replaced the earlier practice of nations having sovereignty over only a very narrow strip of the sea surrounding them, with anything beyond that strip considered International Waters. This policy was used until President of the United States Harry S Truman proclaimed that the resources on the continental shelf contiguous to the United States belonged to the United States through an Executive Order on 28 September 1945. Many other nations quickly adapted similar policies, most stating that their portion of the sea extended either 12 or 200 nautical miles from its coast.

Rights of states
Article 1 of the convention defined the term shelf in terms of exploitability rather than relying upon the geological definition. It defined a shelf "to the seabed and subsoil of the submarine areas adjacent to the coast but outside the area of the territorial sea, to a depth of 200 meters or, beyond that limit, to where the depth of the superjacent waters admits of the exploitation of the natural resources of the said areas" or "to the seabed and subsoil of similar submarine areas adjacent to the coasts of islands".

Besides outlining what is legal in continental shelf areas, it also dictated what could not be done in Article 5.

Participants

UNCLOS II and III
In 1960, the United Nations held another conference regarding the Laws of the Sea, UNCLOS II, but no agreements were reached. However, another conference was called in 1973 to address the issues. UNCLOS III, which lasted until 1982 due to a required consensus, adjusted and redefined many principles stated in the first UNCLOS. The new definition of the Continental shelf in the new Convention rendered the 1958 Convention on the Continental Shelf obsolete. The principal reason for this was technological advancements.

References

External links
Ratifications , at depositary
 Anna Cavnar, Accountability and the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf: Deciding Who Owns the Ocean Floor

1964 in the environment
Law of the sea treaties
United Nations treaties
Treaties concluded in 1958
Treaties entered into force in 1964
Convention
Treaties of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania
Treaties of Australia
Treaties of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Treaties of the People's Republic of Bulgaria
Treaties of the Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970)
Treaties of Canada
Treaties of Colombia
Treaties of Costa Rica
Treaties of Croatia
Treaties of Cyprus
Treaties of Czechoslovakia
Treaties of the Czech Republic
Treaties of Denmark
Treaties of the Dominican Republic
Treaties of Fiji
Treaties of Finland
Treaties of France
Treaties of the Kingdom of Greece
Treaties of Guatemala
Treaties of Haiti
Treaties of Israel
Treaties of Jamaica
Treaties of Kenya
Treaties of Latvia
Treaties of Lesotho
Treaties of Madagascar
Treaties of Malawi
Treaties of Malaysia
Treaties of Malta
Treaties of Mauritius
Treaties of Mexico
Treaties of the Netherlands
Treaties of New Zealand
Treaties of Nigeria
Treaties of Norway
Treaties of the Polish People's Republic
Treaties of the Estado Novo (Portugal)
Treaties of the Socialist Republic of Romania
Treaties of the Soviet Union
Treaties of Senegal
Treaties of Sierra Leone
Treaties of Slovakia
Treaties of the Solomon Islands
Treaties of South Africa
Treaties of Francoist Spain
Treaties of Eswatini
Treaties of Sweden
Treaties of Switzerland
Treaties of Thailand
Treaties of Tonga
Treaties of Trinidad and Tobago
Treaties of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
Treaties of Uganda
Treaties of the United Kingdom
Treaties of the United States
Treaties of Venezuela
Treaties of Yugoslavia
Treaties of Montenegro
Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro
1958 in Switzerland
Treaties extended to the Netherlands Antilles
Treaties extended to Aruba
Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands
Treaties extended to Greenland


Marius Hiller, also known as Eduardo Hiller (5 August 1892 – 17 October 1964), was a footballer who played international football for both Germany and Argentina. He was the nephew of fellow German international Arthur Hiller.

In Germany he played for 1. FC Pforzheim and three times for the Germany national team, where he is until today (2022) the youngest ever scorer and second youngest player ever.

References

External links

1892 births
1964 deaths
Argentine people of German descent
German emigrants to Argentina
Sportspeople from Pforzheim
Footballers from Karlsruhe (region)
German men's footballers
Argentine men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Dual men's international footballers
Germany men's international footballers
Argentina men's international footballers
1. FC Pforzheim players
FC La Chaux-de-Fonds players
All Boys footballers
Club Atlético River Plate footballers
Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata footballers
German expatriate men's footballers
German expatriate sportspeople in Argentina
Expatriate men's footballers in Argentina


Alexander McCracken (7 May 1856 – 25 August 1915), an influential sports administrator with the Essendon Football Club, was the first president of the Victorian Football League.

Family
The son of Robert McCracken (1813-1885), the brewer and first president of the Essendon Football Club, and Margaret McCracken (1831-1905), née Hannay, Alexander McCracken was born in Melbourne on 7 May 1856.

His brother John (1853-1879) became Essendon's first team captain, and his cousin Coiler McCracken (1848-1915), became Essendon's second captain.

Alexander McCracken married Mary Elizabeth (1863-1938), a daughter of John Murray Peck — co-founder of Cobb and Co, and vice-president of the Essendon Football Club from 1898 to 1905 — on 19 July 1884. The has two sons, and three daughters: Alec Lindsay McCracken (1885-1959), Joy Margaret Louisa McCracken (1886-1945), Murray Robert McCracken (1888-1964), Jean Mary McCracken (1890-1983), and Madge Huntington McCracken (1891-1967).

Education

He attended Melbourne's Scotch College in East Melbourne from 1869 to 1871.

McCracken's Brewery
He was the head of McCracken Brewery, until May 1907 when the company, along with five other brewing firms, was merged into Carlton & United Breweries Limited. He was appointed a Director of the new company.

Football
Alex McCracken played a number of times for the Essendon Football Club in the four pre-VFA years (1873-1876) with his brother, John, and his cousin, Coiler, and also in the club's first season in the VFA 1877, when the team was captained by his cousin.
"The brothers McCracken, of the wealthy brewing firm, with A. Graham as treasurer, were the heart and soul of the [Essendon Football] club at the beginning. Mr. Alexander McCracken (one of the most distinguished of Victorian sportsmen) was hon. secretary, player, and later president for the greater part of his life, in spite of his racing interests, and the huge business organisation he controlled, relinquishing his official connection with the club only to assume the more important position of president of the Victorian League. This he held until just before he passed away  . . ." (The Referee, 6 August 1917)

Organisations and Associations
He was deeply involved in various sporting/social.commercial organizations as administrator, founder, and/or patron, including:

 First secretary of the Essendon Football Club (at the age of 17).
 First president of the Victorian Football League (VFL).
Elected at the VFL's first official meeting on 12 April 1897 he retired (due to ill-health) just before his death in 1915.
 President of the Essendon Literary and Debating Society.
 President of the Essendon Poultry, Dog, Pigeon and Canary Society.
 President of the Essendon Town Fire Brigade.
 President of the Brewers' Club of Melbourne.
 Founder of the Essendon Cricket Club.
 Founder and president of the Essendon Rowing Club.
 Founder of the Essendon Tennis Club.
 Founder of the Oaklands Hunt Club.
 Chairman of the Brewers' Association of Victoria (1901).
 Chairman of the Manufacturers' Bottle Co. of Victoria (1903).
 Chairman of the Liquor Trades Defence Union (1903).
 Chairman of the Royal Agricultural Society of Victoria (1909-1915).
 Vice-President of the Essendon Golf Club.
 Vice-President of the North Suburban Cycling Club.
 Vice-President of the Victorian Racing Club.
 Patron of the Essendon Bowling Club.
 Director of the Trustees Executors & Agency Co. Ltd.
 Director of the Victoria Insurance Co.

Politics
In 1894 McCracken, as a Free-Trade Democratic Association candidate, stood against the incumbent MLA, Alfred Deakin (Independent), for the Victorian Legislative Assembly seat of Essendon and Flemington.
Mr. A. M'Cracken met a number of his friends yesterday at the city committee rooms, Queen Street, and promptly upon the heels of the public announcement to stand come many and cordial offers of assistance. As most of his intimate friends knew that he had no desire to oppose Mr. Deakin with whom he was personally friendly, the overtures came first from the opposite end of the district to that in which Mr. M'Cracken resides. He at first declined the request to stand, but when it was again made in more representative form and his more intimate friends reminded him that it was not a question of personal friendship but of public duty, he placed himself unreservedly in the hands of the electors, and one of the first men informed of that step was Mr. Deakin. Probably no battle in the campaign will be fought on more honourable lines than between the two chief aspirants for the Essendon seat. — The Argus, 7 September 1894.

Soundly defeated by Deakin — "The easy win of Mr Deakin in Essendon and Flemington was somewhat of a surprise, for it was expected that Mr M'Cracken would run him much more closely than he did. [At the declaration of the poll] Mr Deakin's majority of nearly 2 to 1 was received with loud cheering." (The Argus, 21 September 1894) — McCracken did not attempt to enter politics ever again.

Properties
The Essendon football Club was refused the use of Windy Hill and played its first few seasons (probably near Filson St) on Robert McCracken's "Ailsa".

He built a mansion home called "North Park", now the Columban Mission, on the south side of Woodland St, Essendon.

Alexander had a country estate called "Cumberland"; and it was, with the Inverness Hotel and Alister Clark's "Glenara", a venue for after hunt celebrations until the Oaklands Hunt Club bought "Sherwood" in Somerton Rd. After Alexander's death, the Johnsons of "Glendewar", across the creek from "Cumberland" moved into Alexander's property.

Death
He died at his North Essendon residence, "North Park", on 25 August 1915 and was buried on 27 August 1915, in a private ceremony, at Melbourne General Cemetery.
DEATH OF MR. A. McCRACKEN.Universal regret was expressed at the announcement of the death of Mr. A. McCracken, at his residence, North Park, Essendon, on August 25.Until his retirement a few months ago he was connected with the League since its inception, filling the office of president from 1897 to 1915 inclusive.It is no exaggeration to say that the League's success has been due in a great measure to his judgment, tact, and courtesy. Mr. McCracken in his young days was a keen footballer and supporter of the game.In later years he was a generous patron, always displaying a close interest in the sport, being held in the highest esteem by footballers and the public.The present Essendon League club first played in his father's paddock, and Mr. McCracken was the club's first secretary, and later on became president. — Jack Worrall, 4 September 1915.

"Legends of Essendon"
McCracken was one of the inaugural 10 "Legends" of the Essendon Football Club Hall of Fame.

Footnotes

References

 Aldous, Grant, The Stop-over That Stayed: A History Of Essendon, City of Essendon, 1988.
 Bragiola, Alex (Frost, Leonore, ed.). The Fine Homes of Essendon and Flemington, 1846-1880, Essendon Historical Society, (Moonee Ponds), 2010.
 Cameron-Kennedy, D.F., The Oaklands Hunt, 1888-1988: A Chronicle of Events, D.F. Cameron-Kennedy, (Melbourne), 1989.
 Gellie, G.H., "McCracken, Alexander (1856–1915)", in Nairn, Bede & Serle, Geoffrey (eds.), Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 10: 1891–1939, Lat–Ner, Melbourne University Press, (Carlton) 1986.
 Mancini, Anne & Hibbins, Gillian Mary, Running with the Ball: Football's Foster Father, Lynedoch Publications, 1987.
 Maplestone, M., Flying Higher: History of the Essendon Football Club 1872–1996, Essendon Football Club, (Melbourne), 1996.
 Peck, Harry H., Memoirs of a Stockman, Stock and Land Publishing Company, (Melbourne), 1942.
 Ross, J. (ed), 100 Years of Australian Football 1897–1996: The Complete Story of the AFL, All the Big Stories, All the Great Pictures, All the Champions, Every AFL Season Reported, Viking, (Ringwood), 1996.
 7. The First Essendon Team, 1873, The Weekly Times, (Saturday, 5 October 1912), p.29 — Alexander McCracken is at the centre of the second row, wearing a cap, and in front of the player holding the football.
 The Essendon Football Team: League Premiers, The Leader, (Saturday, 5 October 1912), p.31 — Alexander McCracken is at the centre of the front row, holding the football.
 Essendon Football Club Premiers 1891, collection of the State Library of Victoria — Alexander McCracken is at the centre.
 The Late Mr. Alexander McCracker, The Australasian, (Saturday, 4 September 1915), p.17 - photograph.
 Coiler McCracken, at Demonwiki.

1856 births
1915 deaths
Australian Presbyterians
People educated at Scotch College, Melbourne
Essendon Football Club administrators
VFL/AFL administrators
Australian brewers
19th-century Australian businesspeople
Burials at Melbourne General Cemetery
Businesspeople from Melbourne
Colony of Victoria people


The 2009 European Cup, known as the rugbyleague.com European Cup due to sponsorship, was a rugby league football tournament.

The revamped European Cup 2009 involved six teams competing in two groups of three. Participating teams were: Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Serbia, Lebanon and Italy. Russia were scheduled to take part in the competition, but were forced to pull out due to board restructuring within the Russian Rugby League Federation. They were replaced by the RLEF European Shield winners, Italy.

Squads

Lebanon
Coach:  John Elias

 Hazem El Masri was no longer available after retiring from the sport.
 Robbie Farah was unavailable due to being named in Australia's Four Nations squad.
 Charlie Farah, Anthony Farah, Nathan Dib and Jarrod Saffy were all injury withdrawals.

Wales
Coach:  Iestyn Harris (Crusaders Rugby League)

 Anthony Blackwood (Celtic Crusaders), Ben Evans (Warrington Wolves), Rhys Evans (Warrington Wolves) and Craig Kopczak (Bradford Bulls) were put on a four-man stand-by list that was used in case of injuries.
 Notable omissions included Glenn Morrison, David Mills and James Evans.

Serbia
Coach:  Gerard Stokes (Whitehaven)

Konstantin Putkin Unattached - Rugby Union

Scotland
Coach:  Steve McCormack

Ireland
Coach:  Andy Kelly

 Sean Gleeson, Gareth Haggerty and Eamon O'Carroll were not selected through injury.

Italy
Coach:  Carlo Napolitano

 Bradford's Chris Nero was forced to withdraw from the Italian squad.

Group 1

Results

Final standings

Group 2

Results

Final standings

Finals

Championship final

3rd Place Match

5th place Match

Sources
 2009 European Cup at rugbyleagueplanet.com
 Ireland VS Serbia 09 Appointment

References

European Nations Cup
European Cup
European Cup
European Cup
European Cup
European Cup
European Cup
European Cup