The Moon Impact Probe (MIP) developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), India's national space agency, was a lunar probe that was released by ISRO's Chandrayaan-1 lunar remote sensing orbiter which in turn was launched, on 22 October 2008, aboard a modified version of ISRO's Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle. It discovered the presence of water on the Moon.

The Moon Impact Probe separated from the Moon-orbiting Chandrayaan-1 on 14 November 2008, 14:36:54 UTC and after nearly 25 minutes hard landed as planned, near the rim of Shackleton Crater.  With this mission, ISRO became the fifth national space agency to land on the lunar surface. Other nations whose national space agencies to have done so prior were the former Soviet Union in 1959, the United States in 1962, Japan in 1993, and ESA member states in 2006.

History
The probe was a product of former President Abdul Kalam's suggestion who felt that since the Chandrayaan orbiter was already going so near to the Moon, the mission would have more scientific relevance if the probe was included. He believed that the Moon could not be left to a few countries and that India should not be left behind The Times of India also reported a political motive by former president Abdul Kalam as "He believed that if this was done, India could always stake a claim to a portion of the Moon." At the same time, The Indian Express reported Kalam as saying "no nation can claim the Moon as its own. The resources of the Moon should be a common property and that is one of the aims of the Moon mission."

Mission objectives
The main objectives of the MIP were to demonstrate the technologies for reaching a specified location on the Moon, qualifying technologies required for any future soft landing missions, and scientific exploration of the Moon from close range just prior to the impact.

Configuration and payloads
The MIP carried three instruments:

 Radar Altimeter – which measured the altitude of the probe during descent and provided information on qualifying technologies for future landing missions. The operating frequency band was 4.3 GHz ± 100 MHz.
 Video Imaging System – acquired close range images of the surface of the Moon during descent and before impact. The video imaging system consisted of an analog CCD camera.
 Mass Spectrometer based payload CHACE – measured trace constituents of the lunar atmosphere during descent. This instrument was a quadrupole mass spectrometer with a mass resolution of 0.5 amu and sensitivities to partial pressures on the order of 1.3×10−11 pascals.

The probe used aluminium-honeycomb sandwich structure onto which the payloads were mounted. The probe was attached to the orbiter with a ball lock separation system which jettisoned the unit from the Chandrayaan. A solid propellant de-orbit mortar nudged the craft out of lunar orbit, while solid propellant based thrusters were fired to spin-stabilize the orientation enabling the imaging system to capture the descent profile.

The probe's external surface had four oval-shaped anodised aluminium plates measuring 120mm X 180mm on which the image of the Indian flag was depicted, complete with the Emblem of India and  the words "Satyameva Jayate". These plates were attached to each one of the four vertical sides of the probe. As per ISRO specifications these plates had to endure a temperature range from −50 degrees celsius and as high as more than 150 degrees celsius.

Mission chronology
India launched the Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft using a modified version of the PSLV C11 on 22 October 2008 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh at 06:22 IST (00:52 UTC).

The lunar probe separated from Chandrayaaan-1, in a 102 km circular polar orbit around the Moon,  at 20:06 IST on 14 November 2008. After separation, it first fired its spin up rockets and then its retro rocket to de-orbit itself into the lunar surface.  While descending, the MIP continuously sent information back to the Chandrayaan-1 orbiter which in turn beamed the information back to Earth. After a 25-minute descent, it struck the Moon at 20:31 IST, 14 November 2008  at a speed of 1.69 kilometers per second (approximately 6100 km/h or 3800 miles per hour). It crashed into Shackleton Crater, at the lunar south pole, near , at 20:31 on 14 November 2008.

Discovery of water
On 25 September 2009, ISRO announced that the MIP had discovered water on the Moon during its descent just before impact. This announcement was made after the discovery of water was announced on 24 September 2009 by Science magazine by the NASA payload Moon Mineralogy Mapper carried on board Chandrayaan-1. MIP discovered water on the Moon before NASA's Moon Mineralogy Mapper, the announcement of this discovery was not made until NASA confirmed it.

Site location and naming
The approximate impact location of the probe () was named as Jawahar Sthal in India after the first Prime Minister of India, on whose birth anniversary incidentally the event took place. The name was suggested by A. P. J. Abdul Kalam to honor his vision that was crucial to the creation of INCOSPAR and later ISRO.

The initial location was later refined to the Earth-facing slope of the connecting ridge between Shackleton (crater) and De Gerlache (crater) near coordinates () by matching images from MIP camera to LROC NAC image mosaic.

See also

 Chandrayaan-1
 LCROSS
 List of current and future lunar missions
 Lunar water
 List of artificial objects on the Moon

References

Spacecraft launched in 2008
2008 in India
2008 in science
ISRO space probes
Missions to the Moon
Destroyed space probes
Indian lunar exploration programme
Spacecraft that impacted the Moon
Spacecraft launched by PSLV rockets
Impactor spacecraft
LQ30 quadrangle
2008 on the Moon


Thomas County Courthouse may refer to:

 Thomas County Courthouse (Georgia), Thomasville, Georgia
Thomas County Courthouse (Kansas), Colby, Kansas


This is a following list of the MTV Movie Award winners and nominees for Best Villain. In 2012, the award was renamed Best On-Screen Dirt Bag, though the Best Villain moniker was reinstated the following year. Two of the winners (Denzel Washington and Heath Ledger) also won Academy Awards for their performances. In 1999, Best Villain had a tie for Matt Dillon and Stephen Dorff. Aaliyah and Heath Ledger in 2002 and 2009 respectively were both posthumously nominated (Ledger posthumously won too). Daniel Radcliffe is the first recipient to win both this and Best Hero. Dwayne Johnson, Ewan McGregor and Tom Cruise have each received nominations in both categories, but never won in either.

Winners and nominees

References

MTV Movie & TV Awards


The Type U 66 was a class of five submarines or U-boats operated by the German Imperial Navy () during World War I. The class is alternately referred to as the U-66-class or the Type UD. The class was built by Germaniawerft of Kiel  to their 506d design as the U-7-class for the Austro-Hungarian Navy. The five boats were sold to the Imperial Germany Navy at the beginning of World War I when it was thought impossible for the submarines to reach the Mediterranean for delivery to Austria-Hungary.

The Austro-Hungarian Navy, after competitively evaluating six submarines of three foreign designs, selected the Germaniwerft 506d or Type UD design over a design from Whitehead & Co. for the U-7 class. The boats, numbered U-7 to  U-11, were designed to be  long and displace between  when surfaced and submerged. They were to be armed with five torpedo tubes and a deck gun. For propulsion the design called for twin diesel engines for surface running and twin electric motors for subsurface movement. The Austro-Hungarian Navy ordered the boats in February 1913 and construction began on the first boats in November.

After the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, the Austro-Hungarian Navy became convinced that delivery of the still-unfinished submarines to the Mediterranean via Gibraltar would be impossible. As a result, they sold the five boats to the Imperial German Navy in November 1914. The German Navy assigned the numbers U-66 to U-70 to the five submarines and had them redesigned and reconstructed to their specifications. These changes, which included a larger deck gun, increased the displacement of the U-boats by almost  surfaced and nearly  submerged.

All five boats saw active service, and four sank 15 or more ships. Only , sunk six days into her first war patrol in March 1916, had no successes. Two other boats,  and  disappeared in 1917. The remaining two U-boats,  and , were surrendered to the United Kingdom and were broken up by 1921.

Background
In 1904, the Austro-Hungarian Navy, after allowing the navies of other countries to pioneer submarine developments, ordered the Austrian Naval Technical Committee ( or ) to produce a submarine design. When the Navy rejected the January 1905 MTK design and other designs submitted as part of a public competition as impracticable, they instead opted to order two submarines each of designs by Simon Lake, Germaniawerft, and John Philip Holland for a competitive evaluation.

Based on the trials results, the Austro-Hungarian Navy determined the characteristics that the next generation of Austro-Hungarian submarines should have. They were looking for a double-hulled submarine of about  displacement with diesel propulsion. They also wanted a surface speed of , and for the boat to be armed with between three and five  torpedo tubes. The Austro-Hungarian Navy selected the Germaniawerft 506d design, also known as the Type UD, for the U-7 class over the Type 48 design submitted by Whitehead & Co., primarily because of the lower cost. The Navy ordered five boats on 1 February 1913.

Design
The U-7 class was seen by the Austro-Hungarian Navy as an improved version of its , which was also a Germaniawerft design. As designed for the Austro-Hungarian Navy, the boats were to displace  on the surface and  while submerged. The doubled-hulled boats were to be  long overall with a beam of  and a draft of . The Austrian specifications called for two shafts with twin diesel engines ( total) for surface running at up to , and twin electric motors ( total) for a maximum of  when submerged.

The boats were designed with five  torpedo tubes; four located in the bow, one in the stern. The boats' armament was to also include a single /26 deck gun.

Construction
After the Austro-Hungarian Navy's 1 February 1913 order, the first two boats, U-7 and U-8, were laid down at Germaniawerft on 1 November. U-9 was laid down at the end of December, and the final two boats, U-10 and U-11 were both begun in February 1914. Construction of the boats was slated to be complete within 29 to 33 months.

None of the submarines were complete when World War I began in August 1914. With the boats under construction at Kiel, the Austrians became convinced that it would be impossible to take delivery of the boats, which would need to be towed into the Mediterranean past Gibraltar, a British territory. As a result, the five boats of the class were transferred to the Imperial German Navy on 28 November 1914 after the advance payment of 2 million Kronen had been returned. Germaniawerft was then awarded Kriegsauftrag D, hence the type was known as UD.

After their purchase, the boats were assigned the numbers U-66 to U-70, and the class became known as the U 66 type. The Imperial German Navy had the submarines redesigned and reconstructed to German standards, which increased the surface displacement by  and the submerged by . The torpedo load was increased by a third, from 9 to 12, and the deck gun was upgraded from the  gun originally specified to an  SK L/30 one.

U-66 was launched on 22 April 1915, the first of the class, and was followed by the other four about one every three weeks, with the last boat, U-70, hitting the water on 20 July. The boats were all completed and commissioned into the Imperial German Navy between July and September.

Service career
All the boats of the U-66 class saw active service, and all but one boat, , had wartime successes;  and  both sank over 100,000 GRT of Allied shipping. U-68 was sunk by the British Q-ship  in March 1916, and was the first boat of the class to be lost during the war. U-69  and U-66 were lost in July and September 1917, respectively.  and U-70 both survived the war and were surrendered to the United Kingdom in November 1918, and both were broken up by 1921.

Boats in class

SM U-66

U-66, the lead boat of the class, was laid down on 1 November 1913 (yard number 203) by Germaniawerft at Kiel and launched on 22 April 1915. She was commissioned on 23 July 1915 under the command of Kapitänleutnant Thorwald von Bothmer. During the war, she sank 25 ships totaling . The two largest ships she sank were the British steamers Powhatan () and Bay State (), both sunk in 1917. U-66 was last heard from on 3 September 1917 when she reported her position in the North Sea. Her fate is officially unknown. British records suggest that U-66 may have struck a mine or been sunk by destroyers, this is not borne out by German records.

SM U-67

U-67 was laid down on 1 November 1913 (yard number 204) by Germaniawerft at Kiel and launched on 15 May 1915. She was commissioned on 4 August 1915 under the command of Korvettenkapitän Erich von Rosenberg-Grusczyski. U-67 sank a total of 17 ships () and damaged a further four (). U-67 was surrendered to the United Kingdom on 20 November 1918 and was broken up at Fareham in 1921.

SM U-68

U-68 was laid down on 31 December 1913 (yard number 205) by Germaniawerft at Kiel and launched on 1 June 1915. She was commissioned on 17 August 1915 under the command of Kapitänleutnant Ludwig Güntzel. Six days into her first war patrol, U-68 encountered the British Q-ship  (Q-ship number five) off Dingle and was sunk with all hands. U-68 sank no ships during her brief service career.

SM U-69

U-69 was laid down on 7 February 1914 (yard number 206) by Germaniawerft at Kiel and launched on 24 June 1915. She was commissioned on 4 September 1915 under the command of Kapitänleutnant Ernst Wilhelms. During her service career, U-69 sank 31 ships with a combined gross register tonnage of 102,875, the largest among them, the 13,441 GRT armed merchant cruiser . U-69 was last heard from on 11 July 1917 when she reported being off the coast of Norway. Her fate is officially unknown, even though British reports credit her sinking to destroyer . The dates in German records, however, do not support this claim.

SM U-70

U-70 was laid down on 11 February 1914 (yard number 207) by Germaniawerft at Kiel and launched on 20 July 1915. She was commissioned on 22 September 1915 under the command of Kapitänleutnant Otto Wünsche. During the war, Wünsche and U-70 sank one warship, the British sloop , and 53 civilian ships totaling . Among the civilian ships was , at , one of the largest ships hit by U-boats during the war. U-70 also damaged five ships of . U-70 was surrendered to the British on 20 November 1918 and was broken up at Bo'ness in 1919–20.

Notes

References

Bibliography

Submarine classes

World War I submarines of Germany


Ferdinand Magellan (  or  ; , ; , ;  1480 – 27 April 1521) was a Portuguese explorer best known for having planned and led the 1519 Spanish expedition to the East Indies across the Pacific Ocean to open a maritime trade route, during which he discovered the interoceanic passage thereafter bearing his name and achieved the first European navigation to Asia via the Pacific.

During this voyage, Magellan was killed in the Battle of Mactan, Mactan Island, now Province of Cebu, Cebu group of islands in 1521 in the present-day Philippines, after running into resistance from the indigenous population led by Lapulapu, who consequently became a Philippine national symbol of resistance to colonialism. After Magellan's death, Juan Sebastián Elcano took the lead of the expedition, and with its few other surviving members in one of the two remaining ships, completed the first circumnavigation of Earth when they returned to Spain in 1522.

Born  1480 into a family of minor Portuguese nobility, Magellan became a skilled sailor and naval officer in service of the Portuguese Crown in Asia. King Manuel refused to support Magellan's plan to reach the Maluku Islands (the "Spice Islands") by sailing westwards around the American continent. Magellan left Portugal and proposed the same expedition to King Charles I of Spain, who accepted it.  In Seville he married, fathered two children, and organised the expedition. For his allegiance to the Hispanic Monarchy, in 1518, Magellan was appointed an admiral of the Spanish fleet and given command of the expedition – the five-ship Armada of Molucca. He was also made Commander of the Order of Santiago, one of the highest military ranks of the Spanish Empire.

Granted special powers and privileges by the King, he led the Armada from Sanlucar de Barrameda southwest across the Atlantic Ocean, to the eastern coast of South America, and down to Patagonia. Despite a series of storms and mutinies, the expedition successfully passed through the Strait of Magellan (as it is now named) into the Mar del Sur, which Magellan renamed the Mar Pacifico (the modern Pacific Ocean). The expedition reached Guam and, shortly after, the Philippine islands. There Magellan was killed in the Battle of Mactan in April 1521. Under the command of captain Juan Sebastian Elcano, the expedition later reached the Spice Islands. To navigate back to Spain and avoid seizure by the Portuguese, the expedition's two remaining ships split, one attempting, unsuccessfully, to reach New Spain by sailing eastwards across the Pacific, while the other, commanded by Elcano, sailed westwards via the Indian Ocean and up the Atlantic coast of Africa, finally arriving at the expedition's port of departure and thereby accomplishing the first complete circuit of the globe.

While in the Kingdom of Portugal's service, Magellan had already reached the Malay Archipelago in Southeast Asia on previous voyages traveling east (from 1505 to 1511–1512). By visiting this area again but now traveling west, Magellan achieved a nearly complete personal circumnavigation of the globe for the first time in history.

Early life and travels

Magellan was born in northern Portugal  1480. His father, Pedro de Magalhães, was a minor member of Portuguese nobility and mayor of the town. His mother was Alda de Mezquita. Magellan's siblings included Diego de Sosa and Isabel Magellan. He was brought up as a page of Queen Eleanor, consort of King John II. In 1495 he entered the service of Manuel I, John's successor.

In March 1505, at the age of 25, Magellan enlisted in the fleet of 22 ships sent to host Francisco de Almeida as the first viceroy of Portuguese India. Although his name does not appear in the chronicles, it is known that he remained there eight years, in Goa, Cochin and Quilon. He participated in several battles, including the battle of Cannanore in 1506, where he was wounded, and the Battle of Diu in 1509.

He later sailed under Diogo Lopes de Sequeira in the first Portuguese embassy to Malacca, with Francisco Serrão, his friend and possibly cousin. In September, after arriving at Malacca, the expedition fell victim to a conspiracy and ended in retreat. Magellan had a crucial role, warning Sequeira and risking his life to rescue Francisco Serrão and others who had landed.

In 1511, under the new governor Afonso de Albuquerque, Magellan and Serrão participated in the conquest of Malacca. After the conquest their ways parted: Magellan was promoted, with a rich plunder. In the company of a Malay he had indentured and baptized, Enrique of Malacca, he returned to Portugal in 1512 or 1513. Serrão departed in the first expedition sent to find the "Spice Islands" in the Moluccas, where he remained. He married a woman from Amboina and became a military advisor to the Sultan of Ternate, Bayan Sirrullah. His letters to Magellan later proved decisive, giving information about the spice-producing territories.

After taking a leave without permission, Magellan fell out of favour. Serving in Morocco, he was wounded, resulting in a permanent limp. He was accused of trading illegally with the Moors. The accusations were proven false, but he received no further offers of employment after 15 May 1514. Later in 1515, he was offered employment as a crew member on a Portuguese ship, but rejected this. In 1517, after a quarrel with Manuel I of Portugal, who denied his persistent requests to lead an expedition to reach the Spice Islands from the east (i.e., while sailing westwards, thus avoiding the need to sail around the tip of Africa), he left for Spain. In Seville he befriended his countryman Diogo Barbosa and soon married the daughter of Diogo's second wife, Maria Caldera Beatriz Barbosa. They had two children: Rodrigo de Magallanes and Carlos de Magallanes, both of whom died at a young age. His wife died in Seville around 1521.

Meanwhile, Magellan devoted himself to studying the most recent charts, investigating, in partnership with cosmographer Rui Faleiro, a gateway from the Atlantic to the South Pacific and the possibility that the Moluccas were Spanish under the demarcations of the Treaty of Tordesillas.

Voyage of circumnavigation

Background and preparations

After having his proposed expeditions to the Spice Islandsthe Moluccas beside New Guinearepeatedly rejected by King Manuel I of Portugal, Magellan proposed his project to  Charles I, the young king of Spain (later emperor CharlesV of the Holy Roman Empire) and became one of his subjects and navigators. Under the terms of the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas, Portugal was to control the eastern routes to Asia that went around the Cape of Good Hope in Africa. Magellan instead proposed to seek a southwestern passage around South America to reach the Spice Islands by a western route, a feat never before accomplished. Bergreen further states that Magellan claimed to Charles that his Malaccan or Sumatran slave Enrique had been a native of the Spice Islands and used Enrique and letters from Serrão to "prove" that the islands were so far east that they would fall within the Spanish sphere of influence if the world were truly to be divided in half. (The details of the eastern division implicit in the Tordesillas treaty would later be formalized in the 1529 Treaty of Zaragoza.)

King Manuel saw all of this as an insult and did everything in his power to disrupt Magellan's arrangements for the voyage. The Portuguese king allegedly ordered that Magellan's properties be vandalized as it was the coat of arms of the Magellan displayed at the family house's façade in Sabrosa, his home town, and may have even requested the assassination of the navigator. When Magellan eventually sailed to the open seas in August 1519, a Portuguese fleet was sent after him, though it failed to capture him.

Magellan's fleet consisted of five ships carrying supplies for two years of travel. The crew consisted of about 270 men of different origins, though the numbers may vary downwards among scholars based on contradicting data from the many documents available. About 60 percent of the crew were Spaniards from virtually all regions of Castile. Portuguese and Italian followed with 28 and 27 seamen respectively, while mariners from France (15), Greece (8), Flanders (5), Germany (3), Ireland (2), England and Malaysia (one each) and other people of unidentified origin completed the crew.

Voyage

The fleet left Spain on 20 September 1519, sailing west across the Atlantic toward South America. In December, they made landfall at Rio de Janeiro. From there, they sailed south along the coast, searching for a way through or around the continent. After three months of searching (including a false start in the estuary of Río de la Plata), weather conditions forced the fleet to stop their search to wait out the winter. They found a sheltered natural harbor at the port of Saint Julian, and remained there for five months. Shortly after landing at St. Julian, there was a mutiny attempt led by the Spanish captains Juan de Cartagena, Gaspar de Quesada and Luis de Mendoza. Magellan barely managed to quell the mutiny, despite at one point losing control of three of his five ships to the mutineers. Mendoza was killed during the conflict, and Magellan sentenced Quesada and Cartagena to being beheaded and marooned, respectively. Lower-level conspirators were made to do hard labor in chains over the winter, but were later freed.

During the winter, one of the fleet's ships, the Santiago, was lost in a storm while surveying nearby waters, though no men were killed. Following the winter, the fleet resumed their search for a passage to the Pacific in October 1520. Three days later, they found a bay which eventually led them to a strait, now known as the Strait of Magellan, which allowed them passage through to the Pacific. While exploring the strait, one of the remaining four ships, the San Antonio, deserted the fleet, returning east to Spain. The fleet reached the Pacific by the end of November 1520. Based on the incomplete understanding of world geography at the time, Magellan expected a short journey to Asia, perhaps taking as little as three or four days. In fact, the Pacific crossing took three months and twenty days. The long journey exhausted their supply of food and water, and around 30 men died, mostly of scurvy. Magellan himself remained healthy, perhaps because of his personal supply of preserved quince.

On 6 March 1521, the exhausted fleet made landfall at the island of Guam and were met by native Chamorro people who came aboard the ships and took items such as rigging, knives, and a ship's boat. The Chamorro people may have thought they were participating in a trade exchange (as they had already given the fleet some supplies), but the crew interpreted their actions as theft. Magellan sent a raiding party ashore to retaliate, killing several Chamorro men, burning their houses, and recovering the stolen goods.

On 16 March, the fleet sighted the island of Samar ("Zamal") in the eastern Philippine Islands. They weighed anchor in the small (then uninhabited) island of Homonhon ("Humunu"), where they would remain for a week while their sick crew members recuperated. Magellan befriended the tattooed locals of the neighboring island of Suluan ("Zuluan") and traded goods and supplies and learned of the names of neighboring islands and local customs.

After resting and resupplying, Magellan sailed on deeper into the Visayan Islands. On 28 March, they anchored off the island of Limasawa ("Mazaua") where they encountered a small outrigger boat ("boloto"). After talking with the crew of the boat via Enrique of Malacca (Magellan's slave-interpreter who was originally from Sumatra), they were met by the two large balangay warships ("balanghai") of Rajah Kulambo ("Colambu") of Butuan, and one of his sons. They went ashore to Limasawa where they met Kulambo's brother, another leader, Rajah Siawi ("Siaui") of Surigao ("Calagan"). The rulers were on a hunting expedition on Limasawa. They received Magellan as their guest and told him of their customs and of the regions they controlled in northeastern Mindanao. The tattooed rulers and the locals also wore and used a great amount of golden jewelry and golden artifacts, which piqued Magellan's interest. On 31 March, Magellan's crew held the first Mass in the Philippines, planting a cross on the island's highest hill. Before leaving, Magellan asked the rulers for the next nearest trading ports. They recommended he visit the Rajahnate of Cebu ("Zubu"), because it was the largest. They set off for Cebu, accompanied by the balangays of Rajah Kulambo and reached its port on 7 April.

Magellan met with the King of Cebu, Rajah Humabon, who asked them for tribute as a trade, thinking they were traders bartering with them. Magellan and his men insisted that they did not need to pay tribute as they were sent by the king of Spain, "the most powerful king in the world", and that they were willing to give peace to them if they wanted peace and war if they wanted war. Humabon then decided not to ask for any more tribute and welcomed them instead to the Kingdom of Cebu (Sugbo). To mark the arrival of Christianity in the Far East, Magellan then planted a Cross on the shorelines of the kingdom. Magellan set about converting the locals, including the king and his wife, Queen Humamay, to Christianity. Rajah Humabon was renamed "Carlos" and Queen Humamay was renamed "Juana" after the king and queen of Spain. After her baptism, the queen asked the Spaniards for the image of the Child Jesus (Santo Niño), which she was drawn to, and begged them for the image in contrition, amidst her tears. Magellan then gave the image of the Child Jesus, along with an image of the Virgin Mary, and a small cross to the queen as a gesture of goodwill for accepting the new faith. The king then had a Blood Compact with Magellan in order to cement the allegiance of the Spaniards and the Cebuanos. The king then told the Spaniards to go to the island of Mactan to kill his enemy Lapulapu.

The Spaniards went to the island of Mactan just as Rajah Humabon told them to. However, they did not initially come by force and wanted to Christianize them. Unlike the people of Cebu who accepted the new religion readily, the King of Mactan, Datu Lapulapu, and the rest of the island of Mactan resisted. On 27 April, Magellan and members of his crew attempted to subdue the Mactan natives by force, but in the ensuing battle, the Europeans were overpowered and Magellan was killed by Lapulapu and his men.

Following his death, Magellan was initially succeeded by co-commanders Juan Serrano and Duarte Barbosa (with a series of other officers later leading). The fleet left the Philippines (following a bloody betrayal by former ally Rajah Humabon, who had poisoned many Spanish soldiers on a banquet ruse on the night after the battle for being easily defeated by Lapulapu and the people of Mactan and failing to kill Lapulapu) and eventually made their way to the Moluccas in November 1521. Laden with spices, they attempted to set sail for Spain in December, but found that only one of their remaining two ships, the Victoria, was seaworthy. The Victoria, captained by Juan Sebastián Elcano, finally returned to Spain by 6 September 1522, completing the circumnavigation. Of the 270 men who left with the expedition, only 18 or 19 survivors returned.

Death

After several weeks in the Philippines, Magellan had converted as many as 2,200 locals to Christianity, including Rajah Humabon of Cebu and most leaders of the islands around Cebu. However, Lapulapu, the leader of Mactan, resisted conversion. In order to gain the trust of Rajah Humabon, Magellan sailed to Mactan with a small force on the morning of 27 April 1521. During the resulting battle against Lapulapu's troops, Magellan was struck by a "bamboo" spear (bangkaw, which are actually metal-tipped fire-hardened rattan), and later surrounded and finished off with other weapons.

Antonio Pigafetta and Ginés de Mafra provided written documents of the events culminating in Magellan's death:

Reputation following circumnavigation
In the immediate aftermath of the circumnavigation, few celebrated Magellan for his accomplishments, and he was widely discredited and reviled in Spain and his native Portugal. In Portugal, some regarded Magellan as a traitor for having sailed for Spain.  In Spain, Magellan's reputation suffered due to the largely unflattering accounts of his actions given by the survivors of the expedition.

The first news of the expedition came from the crew of the San Antonio, led by Estêvão Gomes, which deserted the fleet in the Strait of Magellan and returned to Seville 6 May 1521. The deserters were put on trial, but eventually exonerated after producing a distorted version of the mutiny at Saint Julian, and depicting Magellan as disloyal to the king. The expedition was assumed to have perished. The Casa de Contratación withheld Magellan's salary from his wife, Beatriz, "considering the outcome of the voyage", and she was placed under house arrest with their young son on the orders of Archbishop Fonseca.

The 18 survivors who eventually returned aboard the Victoria in September 1522 were also largely unfavourable to Magellan. Many, including the captain, Juan Sebastián Elcano, had participated in the mutiny at Saint Julian. On the ship's return, Charles summoned Elcano to Valladolid, inviting him to bring two guests. He brought sailors Francisco Albo and Hernándo de Bustamante, pointedly not including Antonio Pigafetta, the expedition's chronicler. Under questioning by Valladolid's mayor, the men claimed that Magellan refused to follow the king's orders (and gave this as the cause for the mutiny at Saint Julian), and that he unfairly favoured his relatives among the crew, and disfavoured the Spanish captains.

One of the few survivors loyal to Magellan was Antonio Pigafetta. Though not invited to testify with Elcano, Pigafetta made his own way to Valladolid and presented Charles with a hand-written copy of his notes from the journey. He would later travel through Europe giving copies to other royals including John III of Portugal, Francis I of France, and Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam. After returning to his home of Venice, Pigafetta published his diary (as Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo) around 1524. Scholars have come to view Pigafetta's diary as the most thorough and reliable account of the circumnavigation, and its publication helped to eventually counter the misinformation spread by Elcano and the other surviving mutineers. In an often-cited passage following his description of Magellan's death in the Battle of Mactan, Pigafetta eulogizes the captain-general:
Magellan's main virtues were courage and perseverance, in even the most difficult situations; for example he bore hunger and fatigue better than all the rest of us. He was a magnificent practical seaman, who understood navigation better than all his pilots. The best proof of his genius is that he circumnavigated the world, none having preceded him.

Legacy

Magellan has come to be renowned for his navigational skill and tenacity. The first circumnavigation has been called "the greatest sea voyage in the Age of Discovery", and even "the most important maritime voyage ever undertaken". Appreciation of Magellan's accomplishments may have been enhanced over time by the failure of subsequent expeditions which attempted to retrace his route, beginning with the Loaísa expedition in 1525 (which featured Juan Sebastián Elcano as second-in-command). The next expedition to successfully complete a circumnavigation, led by Francis Drake, would not occur until 1580, 58 years after the return of the Victoria.

Magellan named the Pacific Ocean (which was sometimes referred to as the Sea of Magellan, in his honor, until the eighteenth century), and lends his name to the Strait of Magellan. His name has also since been applied to a variety of other entities, including the Magellanic Clouds (two dwarf galaxies visible in the night sky of the southern hemisphere), Project Magellan (a Cold War-era US Navy project to circumnavigate the world by submarine), and NASA's Magellan spacecraft.

Quincentenary
Even though Magellan did not survive the trip, he has received more recognition for the expedition than Elcano has. Since Magellan was the one who began  it, Portugal wanted to recognize a Portuguese explorer, and Spain feared Basque nationalism. In 2019, the 500th anniversary of the voyage, Spain and Magellan's native Portugal submitted a new joint application to UNESCO to honour the circumnavigation route.
Commemorations of the circumnavigation include:
An exhibition titled "The Longest Journey: the first circumnavigation" was opened at the General Archive of the Indies in Seville by the King and Queen of Spain. It was scheduled to be transferred to the San Telmo Museum in San Sebastian in 2020.
An exhibition entitled Pigafetta: cronista de la primera vuelta al mundo Magallanes Elcano opened at the library of the Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation in Madrid. It gave prominence to Pigafetta, the chronicler of the expedition.

See also

 List of things named after Ferdinand Magellan
 Age of Discovery
 Chronology of European exploration of Asia
 History of the Philippines
 Military history of the Philippines
 Portuguese Empire
 Spanish Empire

Notes

References

Sources

Online sources

Further reading
Primary sources

  (orig. Primer viaje en torno del globo Retrieved on 2009-04-08)
 Magellan (Francis Guillemard, Antonio Pigafetta, Francisco Albo, Gaspar Correa) [2008] Viartis
 Maximilianus Transylvanus, De Moluccis insulis, 1523, 1542

 The First Voyage Round the World, by Magellan, full text, English translation by Lord Stanley of Alderley, London: Hakluyt, [1874] – six contemporary accounts of his voyage

Secondary sources

External links

 Ferdinand Magellan on history.com
PBS Secrets of the Dead: Magellan's Crossing
 Magellan's untimely demise on Cebu in the Philippines from History House
 Expedición Magallanes – Juan Sebastian Elcano
 Encyclopædia Britannica Ferdinand Magellan
 Ferdinand Magellan (Bibliotheca Augustana)

1480 births
1521 deaths
15th-century Portuguese people
16th-century Portuguese people
15th-century Roman Catholics
16th-century Roman Catholics
16th-century explorers
16th century in the Spanish East Indies
Circumnavigators of the globe
Explorers of Chile
Magellan expedition
Maritime history of Portugal
People from Sabrosa
People from the Spanish colonial Philippines
Portuguese explorers of the Pacific
Portuguese military personnel killed in action
Portuguese Roman Catholics


Pakistanis in Malaysia form the largest Pakistani diaspora community in southeast Asia and they also make up the 6th largest group of foreign workers/nationals in Malaysia as of 30 June 2017 according to the Malaysia's home ministry.

Population
The Malays and Pakistanis share strong Muslim identity. The early Pakistanis who came to Malaysia were known as Indian Muslims as Pakistan was not formed until August 1947. After Malayan independence in 1957 and the formation of Malaysia in 1963, many Pakistanis continued to be referred to as Indians. However after the racial riots of 1969, some Pakistanis began to identify themselves as such. This was not confined to only Pakistanis, even some Urdu-speaking Indian Muslims who had come from parts of India that did not become Pakistan began identifying themselves as Pakistanis. This was mostly to distinguish themselves from the predominantly Hindu Indians.At the time of Malaysia's independence under the Federation of Malaya Independence Act 1957, there were more than two hundred thousand Pakistanis residing in Malaysia, rather than forming a separate group under the categorized system, at the suggestion of Malays themselves, Pakistanis immersed themselves into the Malay group, thus they became part of the Bumiputra elite, enriched by social ties, intermarriage, and shared economic and political aspirations. They also took positions in the civil service administration and gradually rose to the upper echelons of government, by then inextricably intermixed with the Malay majority.

The actual number of Pakistani people in Malaysia is generally understated, as the figure provided by the Pakistani Ministry of Labour merely assert that those who hold Pakistani citizenship. An absolute number of Pakistanis people and their descendants are likely to exceed 100,000. This is heavily contributed to fact that the early settlers came from British Raj (which includes present-day Pakistan) during the colonial days have obtained Malaysian citizenship. In the state of Sabah, most early Pakistanis were Pashtuns from the Khyber-Pakthtunkwa province of Pakistan. Throughout the years, most of Pakistani-Malaysians and their descendants are partially or fully assimilated with the Malay majority due to their common Islamic background, high level of intermarriage and to receive state aid of Malaysian affirmative action policy under Article 153, thus registered themselves as Malays. Nonetheless, they identified their ethnic roots as Pakistani. A vast majority of Pakistanis can be considered as having South Asian racial ancestry, given their close roots to the Indo-Aryan people groups of the region. The primary languages spoken by Pakistanis in Malaysia is Urdu, as well as Malay. There are also considerable number of Malaysian Pakistanis who speak Pashtun, Punjabi and Sindhi. It must be noted that Sindhi Hindus do not refer to themselves as Pakistanis despite originally coming from Sindh in Pakistan.

Employment
According to official figures released by Malaysia's Home Ministry the number of legal foreign workers from Pakistan stood at 59,281 as of June 2017. Under a 2005 agreement between Pakistan and Malaysia, as many as 100,000 Pakistanis may eventually work in Malaysia, especially in the manufacturing, construction, and plantation sectors; the Pakistani workers are intended to replace nearly 400,000 illegal immigrants from Indonesia, the Philippines, Bangladesh, India, and Sri Lanka who departed the country under an amnesty which ended in March 2005. Lt. General Tahir Mahmud Qazi, Pakistan's High Commissioner to Malaysia, expected that the number of Pakistanis in Malaysia would reach that figure of 100,000 by the end of 2010.

Some Pakistani workers recruited by the unscrupulous employment agencies often live in bad conditions in Malaysia; after an inspection tour, Pakistani senators Fauzia Fakhru Zaman and Rukhsana Zuberi said they had seen many workers who were weak due to lack of proper food and requested to be taken home, while others were receiving only RM400 in monthly salary after having been promised nearly four times that much by recruiters. The senators also blasted the Pakistani High Commission in Malaysia for taking no action on behalf of Pakistani workers there and for overcharging them for land purchases in Pakistan under the OPF Housing Scheme.

Travel
In addition to the Pakistanis working in Malaysia, the country receives as many as 50,000 visitors from Pakistan each year; Pakistan's Airblue plans has launched direct flights to Kuala Lumpur in 2009 and ordered fourteen Airbus A320 planes to service the route.

Notable people
Almost all figures in the list of the notable people Pakistani descent in Malaysia are of mixed descent, particularly with the ethnic Malays. Mixed-marriage is a pattern which is shared with most of Pakistani descent in Malaysia (excluding to the recently arrived migrants), after settling in the Malaysian soil after generations, assimilation process and the common Islamic background.
 Sohaib Amir Bukhari
 Ashmen Iskandar Weiss – Malaysian teen idol
 Bront Palarae – Malaysia actor
 Izara Aishah Hisham – Malaysian model and actress.
 Kalsom of Pahang – Former Sultanah of the state of Pahang
 Musa Aman – Former the Chief Minister of Sabah
 Neelofa – Malaysian beauty queen and television personality.
 Tahseen Ullah Khan – Defence Attaché at the Pakistan High Commission in Malaysia (1996–1999)

See also
Malaysia–Pakistan relations

Notes

References

External links
High Commission for Pakistan, Kuala Lumpur

Pakistani
Malaysia

Malaysia
Malaysia–Pakistan relations
Immigration to Malaysia


The Greatest Show on Earth is an American drama series starring Jack Palance about the American circus, which aired on ABC from September 17, 1963, to April 28, 1964. It was produced by Desilu, the production company founded by Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz, Sr.

Plot

Guest stars

 Don Ameche
 John Astin
 Lucille Ball
 Edgar Bergen
 Joan Blondell
 Patricia Breslin
 Geraldine Brooks
 Joe E. Brown
 Ellen Burstyn
 Red Buttons
 Spring Byington
 Rory Calhoun
 James Coburn
 Yvonne De Carlo
 William Demarest
 Bruce Dern
 Brandon deWilde
 Tony Dow
 Bill Erwin
 Stuart Erwin
 Fabian
 Nina Foch
 Anthony Franciosa
 Annette Funicello
 Billy Gray
 Dabbs Greer
 Dwayne Hickman
 Dennis Hopper
 Betty Hutton
 Buster Keaton
 Ruby Keeler
 Russell Johnson
 Jack Lord
 Dorothy Malone
 Ricardo Montalbán
 Joanna Moore
 Agnes Moorehead
 Bill Mumy
 Barry Nelson
 Julie Newmar
 Sheree North
 Edmond O'Brien
 Cliff Robertson
 Ruth Roman
 Dean Stockwell
 Russ Tamblyn
 Russell Thorson
 Brenda Vaccaro
 Deborah Walley
 Tuesday Weld
 James Whitmore

Episodes

Reception
The Greatest Show on Earth faced competition from two comedy programs on CBS: Petticoat Junction, Bea Benaderet's burgeoning spin-off of The Beverly Hillbillies (which was in its first year of a successful run), and the long-running The Jack Benny Program. NBC aired The Richard Boone Show at the same 9 p.m. Tuesday slot. The series was canceled after one season.

References

External links

1963 American television series debuts
1964 American television series endings
1960s American drama television series
American Broadcasting Company original programming
Black-and-white American television shows
Television shows set in circuses
English-language television shows
Television series by CBS Studios
Television series by Desilu Productions


Protasio Tagle was a Mexican soldier and politician who lived in the 19th century. He participated in the Reform War as a member of the liberal sector, and later led a republican division during the second French intervention in Mexico. He joined general Porfirio Díaz during the Revolution of Tuxtepec (see Plan de Tuxtepec) and, after Díaz won and became the president of Mexico, Tagle was appointed as the Secretary of the Interior. In 1879 there were possibilities for him to be the presidential candidate, but he was defeated by Manuel González and finally retired from political activities.

Mexican soldiers
History of Mexico
Porfiriato
19th-century Mexican people
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Mexican Secretaries of the Interior


Kathleen 'Kee' MacFarlane (born 1947) is an American social worker known for involvement in the high-profile McMartin preschool trial in the 1980s. She was the Director of Children's Institute International. She developed the concept of the anatomically correct doll for children to use during interviews concerning abuse and played a significant role in the McMartin trial. MacFarlane has been criticized for her methods of interrogating small children.  Charges against the defendants eventually were dropped.

Professional training
She received a bachelor's degree in fine arts at Denison University in Ohio and later received her master's degree in social work.  After graduation, MacFarlane became a lobbyist for the National Organization for Women and grant evaluator for the National Center for Child Abuse and Neglect, later becoming the Director of Children's Institute International (CII).  In the time leading up to the McMartin preschool trial, MacFarlane described herself as a psychotherapist but lacked any professional licenses.

Involvement in the McMartin preschool trial

As part of her job at CII, MacFarlane interviewed 400 children for the McMartin preschool trial using anatomically correct dolls and hand puppets.  MacFarlane believed that the children suffered from child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome, and would deny sexual abuse without special techniques designed to encourage disclosure. The interview techniques MacFarlane used during the investigation into the allegations were highly suggestive and invited children to pretend or speculate about supposed events. By spring of 1984, it was claimed that 360 children had been abused. Astrid Heppenstall Heger performed medical examinations and took photos of what she believed to be minute scarring which she stated was caused by anal penetration. Critics have alleged that the questioners repetitively asked the children leading questions which, it is said, always yields positive responses from young children, making it impossible to know what the child actually experienced. Others believe that the questioning itself may have led to false memory syndrome among the children who were questioned. Ultimately only 41 of the original 360 children testified during the grand jury and pretrial hearings, and fewer than a dozen testified during the actual trial.

MacFarlane went on to testify before Congress that she believed there was an organized, nationwide conspiracy of individuals and "orthodox satanic groups" sexually abusing children, although she never presented evidence of who any of the individuals were nor proof of any orthodox satanic groups.

Publications

Books and book chapters

Videos

The Clinical Interview; with Joanne Ross Feldmeth, Karen Saywitz (1988)

Footnotes

References

Living people
American social workers
1947 births
American conspiracy theorists
Satanic ritual abuse hysteria in the United States
Denison University alumni


The Henry DeLand House also known as the Green Lantern Inn was built from 1874 to 1876 in the village of Fairport, New York as a home for Henry Addison DeLand.  DeLand was a member of an influential local family and was a baking soda manufacturer.    It is located at 1 East Church Street, at the intersection of South Main street.

Description
The painted brick Second Empire building has wood porches and a tin plated steel roof.  It contains 4 Italian marble fireplaces and 2 slate fireplaces, painted to look like marble.  It was one of the first houses in the region to have indoor plumbing, including a rainwater cistern.

History
DeLand lost his fortune and the house covering orange crop losses for his Florida farmers.  In 1905, the new owners installed stained glass windows, electric chandeliers and glass lanterns at the four doors.   After 1920, it became known for a while as Villa Rosenborg due to its Danish owners.  In 1920, it was slated to be torn down to provide space for a new trolley station, but the trolley line was rerouted saving the house.   It became the Green Lantern Inn in 1925 under new owners who eventually added a restaurant.  During Prohibition, alcohol was available in a hidden speakeasy loft.  After the repeal of Prohibition, they opened an official taproom.

A decade long restoration project began in 1976.  From 1980 to 2005, it was owned by Terrence O'Neil, Vice Chairman of the Fairport Savings Bank.   In 2006, it hosted a fundraiser for the Rochester Philharmonic Orchestra which had 30 different designers improving the house.

Mr. Dominic's Italian restaurant currently operates in the building.

References

"Perinton, Fairport, and the Erie Canal" By Betty Bantle, Perinton Historical Society (Perinton, N.Y.), page 46

External links
History of house
Paranormal investigation of house

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Second Empire architecture in New York (state)
Houses completed in 1876
Houses in Monroe County, New York
National Register of Historic Places in Monroe County, New York


Phillips Payson (January 18, 1736 – January 11, 1801) was an American Congregationalist minister who was the pastor for the town of Chelsea, Massachusetts from 1757 until his death.

Payson is not the same man as Captain Samuel Payson who also fought during the Battle of Lexington. (Capt. Payson thereafter sold his farm to loan the money to his town to fund the revolution.)

He was born in Walpole, the son of Rev. Phillips Payson Sr. (1704–1778) and Anne Swift (1706–1756). The Payson family originated from Nazeing, England, first settling in the Massachusetts Bay Colony as early as 1635. Payson graduated from Harvard in 1754. He was ordained three years later. He married Elizabeth Stone (1735–1800), daughter of Rev. James Stone and Elizabeth Swift. Payson was a charter member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1780).

History
Due to the policies of the British Empire, the free people of the Province of Massachusetts Bay were being reduced under a despotism that denied the authority of their elected representatives to govern. Instead a military government based in Boston had been granted absolute power.

Payson was the minister of a Protestant congregation in Chelsea, when he spoke an Election Sermon in support of the American Revolution and its goals of religious and civil liberty. He advocated a break from political tradition by emphasizing the new start of society in New England with statements (based on Galatians 4:26, 31) such as, "Recollecting our pious ancestors, the first settlers of the country, – nor shall we look for ancestry beyond that period, – and we may say in the most literal sense, we are children not of the bond woman, but of the free."

Rev. Dr. Payson and his congregants thereafter freely elected to support and protect their liberties, and formed an armed party to protect their parish. During the Battles of Lexington and Concord, their militia engaged British troops at Menotomy:
     "The Rev. Mr. Payson, of Chelsea, in Massachusetts Bay, a mild, thoughtful, sensible man, at the head of a party of his own parish, attacked a party of the regulars, killed some and took the rest prisoners. This gentleman has been hitherto on the side of government, but oppression having got to that pitch beyond which even a wise man cannot bear, he has taken up arms in defence of those rights, civil and religious, which cost their forefathers so dearly. The cruelty of the King’s troops, in some instances, I wish to disbelieve. They entered one house in Lexington where were two old men, one a deacon of the church, who was bed-ridden, and another not able to walk, who was sitting in his chair; both these they stabbed and killed on the spot, as well as an innocent child running out of the house.”– Pennsylvania Journal, August 2.

Bibliography

See also
 Edward Payson (1783–1827), nephew

References

1736 births
1801 deaths
Clergy in the American Revolution
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Harvard College alumni
People of Massachusetts in the American Revolution
People from Walpole, Massachusetts
People from Chelsea, Massachusetts


Phillips Payson (1704–1801) was an American Congregationalist minister for the town of Walpole, Province of Massachusetts Bay. He is the ancestor of many distinguished clergymen of New England.

History
Rev. Phillips Payson was born 29 February 1704 and baptized 12 March 1704 in Dorchester, Suffolk County, Province of Massachusetts Bay, the son of Rev. Samuel Payson (d. 24 November 1721) and his wife Mary, the daughter of Elder Thomas Wiswall. The Payson family originated from Nazeing, England, first settling in the Massachusetts Bay Colony as early as 1635.

The Reverend is not the same person as his first cousin Phillips Payson who died young, the son of his uncle Rev. Edward Payson (d. 22 Aug 1732) and Elizabeth Phillips (b. 2 August 1665, dau. of Rev. Samuel Phillips, m. 7 November 1683, d. 1 October 1724).

He received an A.B. from Harvard College in 1724. He was an American Congregationalist minister in his home town of Dorchester from 1728. He competed for the position of senior minister, was one of three finalists at First Parish Church of Dorchester in 1729, but was not selected for ordination. Thereafter he was ordained the minister for the town of Walpole. On 17 November 1733 in Walpole, Suffolk County (since 1793 in Norfolk County), he married Anne Swift.

The people of the town of Walpole were integral to the cause of liberty before and during the American Revolution. George Payson who served as a delegate of a Committee of Correspondence was possibly one of his sons.

By his wife Anne Swift, his children included:
Phillips Payson aka Samuel Phillips Payson, H.C. 1754, D.D.
Seth Payson, H.C. 1777, D.D., who was father of:
Edward Payson, H. C. 1803, D. D., minister of Portland, Maine. In 1834, twenty-two of his name, says Farmer, had been graduates at Harvard, Yale and Dartmouth. Seven of the thirteen from Harvard were clergy.

Rev. Phillips Payson is buried in the Rumney Marsh Burying Ground in Revere, Massachusetts.

References

1704 births
1801 deaths
American clergy
Clergy from Boston
People of Massachusetts in the American Revolution
Harvard College alumni
People from Dorchester, Massachusetts
18th-century American clergy


Henry Addison Deland (October 25, 1834 — March 13, 1908) was a baking soda manufacturer from Fairport, New York and founder of Deland, Florida and Stetson University.

Deland first visited Persimmon Hollow, Florida on March 1876. The community where his brother-in-law, O.P. Terry had purchased property to raise oranges intrigued him. So did the name chosen thus for the persimmon trees abundant in the area. On DeLand's first visit to the hollow he and his brother-in-law traveled from the north by rail to Jacksonville, then took a steamboat up the St. Johns River to Enterprise. As their rig headed to the hollow DeLand was unenthusiastic during his bumpy ride from Enterprise but as the flat terrain transitioned from swamp to rolling acreage it was reported that DeLand exclaimed, "This looks like the West. Here is snap and push. I am willing to go on." And he did.

High noon, February 8, 1882, the town known as Persimmon Hollow, Florida was incorporated by a unanimous vote of its 23 townspeople. Persimmon Hollow's name change took place after the generous donation of acreage for a school, church, and main thoroughfare by DeLand.  DeLand took great interest and pride in his new Florida enterprise and intended to make it the Athens of Florida as he dubbed it. DeLand founded the DeLand Academy which soon became known as  John B. Stetson University, after he persuaded his friend, the millionaire hat maker John B. Stetson, to come to DeLand and invest in the institution.

Around this same time, Henry DeLand suffered a severe financial loss in the freeze. He'd promised that anyone who moved to the area and planted oranges and then lost their crop to a freeze would have their financial investment covered by him. But as time passed, the city he founded continued to develop and thrive. It has remained the county seat of Volusia County since 1887, and today has an estimated population of around 37,000.

References

External links
"Images of America: DeLand" by Maggi Smith Hall, Michael Justin Holder, Arcadia Publishing, 2003

Encyclopædia Britannica article
World Population Review

1834 births
1908 deaths
People from DeLand, Florida
People from Fairport, New York


In the 1970s there were more than 150,000 Pakistanis in Libya, primarily migrant workers. However, by 2009, that number had declined to just 10,000. The decline in numbers has been attributed to Pakistani government inaction in attempting to increase manpower exports. In May 2009, president of Pakistan Asif Ali Zardari visited Libya with the aim of increasing manpower exports, and proposed several measures including starting direct flights between the two countries and opening a joint Pakistani-Libyan bank to facilitate remittances.

There is a Pakistan Community School in the Libyan capital of Tripoli The school was established (in 1974) by the efforts of Pakistani community and Pakistan Embassy Tripoli .

Notable people
Nadia Ali - Pakistani American singer and songwriter

See also
Filipinos in Libya
Italian Libyans
Koreans in Libya

References


Captain Nemo: The Fantastic History of a Dark Genius is a novel by Kevin J. Anderson, published in 2002 by Pocket Books. It is a secret history and crossover work, the central premise being that many of the things Jules Verne wrote about existed in real life as told to him by the real Captain Nemo.

Plot
The novel follows Verne and André Nemo from their childhoods. Verne is depicted as being a sheltered, almost neurotic individual who is incapable of taking risks, while Nemo is adventurous and resourceful, especially after the death of his father (a dock worker). Both lust after the independent-minded Caroline Arronax.

The two boys attempt to apprentice themselves to a ship captain named Grant, but Verne's stern father finds him and forces him to come home and study to become an attorney. However, Nemo joins the crew, and after an attack by pirates, is stranded on a mysterious island. Meanwhile, Caroline is forced to marry an explorer, Captain Hatteras. Eventually Nemo manages to escape through a fantastic underground world. Returning as a hero, Nemo proposes to spend five weeks in a new balloon design exploring Africa. Caroline joins him, but Verne, fearing what might happen, refuses.

Nemo volunteers to fight in the Crimean War. While there, he is taken captive by one of his supposed allies, an Ottoman commander named Robur. Robur is engaged in a power-struggle with a rival official, Barbicane. Nemo is forced to design a submarine for use in the Ottoman navy; after many difficulties, it is finally launched, and christened the Nautilus. Nemo and his fellow slaves use it to kill Robur, but not before their families — including the Turkish wife Nemo had taken and their son — have been killed. Grief-stricken, he turns to piracy, destroying the warships of the world he encounters.

Meanwhile, back in France, the Franco-Prussian War has begun, and Caroline's husband Hatteras has long been missing. However, she rebukes Verne's romantic advances, as by now she only loves Nemo. For Nemo, however, the destructive lashing out begins to lose its appeal, and after sinking a passenger ship, he rescues one of its occupants — a man named Phileas Fogg, who is more concerned with winning a bet of his than the fantastic Nautilus. Nemo decides to bring him to his destination, and then returns home to France.

There, he retrieves Caroline from the Siege of Paris by bringing the Nautilus up the Seine; he takes her to beneath the Arctic ice pack to see the wreckage of her husband's ship. Now free to be together, they return to find Verne, who finally works up the courage to join his friends on their last journey together before Nemo and Caroline retreat beneath the waves together: Nemo brings the Nautilus to Atlantis.

In addition to the fictional characters and members of Verne's family, several other historical individuals appear, specifically: Victor Hugo, Alexandre Dumas, Baron Haussmann, Napoleon III, Said bin Sultan, the Earl of Cardigan, Florence Nightingale, and Pierre-Jules Hetzel.

Connections to other works

The personality and life attributed to Captain Nemo in this book are completely different from those of the character of the same name in Jules Verne's original works, where he is depicted as an Indian Raja embittered by the British crushing of the Indian Rebellion of 1857. Also other characters named after those in various Verne books are given very different characters and careers than those in the original.

Anderson may have decided to give Nemo the first name of Andre from the 1929 film version of The Mysterious Island in which Lionel Barrymore played André Dakkar.

The prison island where Nemo and his fellow captives are held by Robur is called Rura Penthe; this is a reference to the slave factory island from the 1954 film 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea.

It was due to having written Captain Nemo that Pocket Books approached Anderson to write the novelization of 2003 film The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen.

Anderson would later go on to write a similarly themed novel covering H. G. Wells and his works, entitled The Martian War. Verne is mentioned several times in the book.

References

2002 American novels
Novels set in Atlantis
Crossover novels
Novels by Kevin J. Anderson
Secret histories
Works based on Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea
American adventure novels
American steampunk novels
American historical novels
Pocket Books books
Works based on The Mysterious Island
Novels based on works by Jules Verne
Cultural depictions of Jules Verne
Cultural depictions of Victor Hugo
Cultural depictions of Napoleon III,
Cultural depictions of Florence Nightingale
Novels set during the Crimean War
Franco-Prussian War fiction


Denis Mukwege (; born 1 March 1955) is a Congolese gynecologist and Pentecostal pastor. He founded and works in Panzi Hospital in Bukavu, where he specializes in the treatment of women who have been raped by armed rebels. In 2018, Mukwege and Iraqi Yazidi human rights activist Nadia Murad were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for "their efforts to end the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war and armed conflict".

Mukwege has treated thousands of women who were victims of rape as a weapon of war since the Second Congo War, some of them more than once, performing up to ten operations a day during his 17-hour working days. According to The Globe and Mail, Mukwege is "likely the world's leading expert on repairing injuries of rape". In 2013, he was awarded the Right Livelihood Award for "his courageous work healing women survivors of war-time sexual violence and speaking up about its root causes."

Mukwege's continued demand for justice for the victims of the Congo conflicts has resulted in him receiving threats against his life and the Panzi hospital. He has received these death threats on social media platforms, which emerged from various sources including Mukwege's country of origin, the DRC, and neighboring Rwanda and Uganda. Reportedly, the threats have emerged following Denis' increasing calls for perpetrators who were named in a decade-old UN report, to be brought before an international tribunal. A previous assassination attempt was made on Mukwege's life in 2012, which resulted in him and his family leaving the country over concerns for their safety.

Early life and education
Born in Belgian Congo – today the Democratic Republic of the Congo –, Mukwege is the third of nine children born to a Pentecostal minister and his wife. He almost died at birth due to an infection but was saved by the Swedish Pentecostal missionary and midwife Majken Bergman. Mukwege decided to study medicine after seeing the complications that women in the Congo experienced during childbirth who had no access to specialist healthcare, and he wanted to heal the sick people for whom his father prayed.

After graduating with a medical degree from the University of Burundi in 1983, Mukwege worked as a pediatrician in the rural Lemera Hospital near Bukavu. However, after seeing female patients who often suffered from pain, genital lesions, and obstetric fistulas after giving birth due to an absence of proper care, he decided to study gynaecology and obstetrics at the University of Angers, France, obtaining his masters and completing his medical residency in 1989. His education was mainly financed by the Swedish Pentecostal mission.

On 24 September 2015, Mukwege earned a PhD from Université libre de Bruxelles for his thesis on traumatic fistulas in the Eastern Region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Career
After completion of his studies in France (1989), Mukwege returned to work at the Lemera Hospital. During the Lemera massacre, which marked the commencement of the First Congo War, the Lemera Hospital was attacked, his patients and co-workers were killed and the hospital was ransacked. Dr. Mukwege fled to Bukavu where he founded the Panzi Hospital in 1999. Its construction was mainly financed by Swedish Christian aid organizations and the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency. The Panzi Hospital has continued to enjoy support from the Swedish Pentecostal Mission's development cooperation organization PMU.

Since its foundation, Panzi Hospital has treated more than 82,000 patients with complex gynecological damage and trauma. An estimated 60 percent of these injuries result from instances of sexual violence being used as a weapon of war, with most of the patients of the time coming from conflict zones. Mukwege has described how his patients arrived at the hospital sometimes naked, usually in horrific condition. When he observed that different armed groups were using genital damaging as a weapon of war during the conflict of the late 1990s, Mukwege devoted himself to reconstructive surgery to help female victims of sexual violence. The German Institute for Medical Mission (DIFAEM) has been supporting Mukwege's work with funds and medicines.

In 2008, the non-profit Panzi Foundation DRC was created in order to support the work of Panzi Hospital with "legal assistance, psycho-social support and socio-economic programmes." A Panzi Foundation USA was later founded to promote fundraising in the United States of America, and encourage investment in the Panzi Hospital and Foundations. In 2016 the Mukwege Foundation was created, to promote the aims of the Panzi Hospital and Foundations worldwide and "advocate for an end to wartime sexual violence everywhere." The holistic care approach that the Panzi Foundation employs reflects Dr. Mukwege's beliefs, as a co-founder of the organization, in the need for treating the person as a whole.

United Nations speech

In September 2012, Mukwege gave a speech at the United Nations where he condemned the mass rape occurring in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and criticized the Congolese government and other countries "for not doing enough to stop what he called 'an unjust war that has used violence against women and rape as a strategy of war. The Democratic Republic of Congo has been called "the worst place in the world to be a woman" and "the rape capital of the world" because of the extent of the sexual violence committed against women resulting from the ongoing conflict. The UN has declared that sexual violence is more prominent in the Democratic Republic of Congo than any other country in the world.

Assassination attempt and return

On 25 October 2012, four armed men attacked Mukwege's residence while he was not home, held his daughters hostage, and waited for his return to assassinate him. Upon his return, his guard, and close friend, intervened and was shot dead by the assassins. They missed Mukwege as he dropped to the ground during the shooting. After the assassination attempt, Mukwege went into exile in Europe and the Panzi Hospital reported that his absence had a "devastating effect" on its daily operations.

Mukwege returned to Bukavu on 14 January 2013, where the population received him with a warm welcome over the 20 miles from Kavumu Airport to the city. He received a particularly warm welcome from his patients, who had raised the funds to pay for his return ticket by selling pineapples and onions.

Other activities

At 13 years of age, Mukwege took the decision to follow in his father's footsteps and become a Pentecostal minister, which was a transformative experience for him. He later said: "I started to speak in tongues. My whole being was filled with heat and a certainty that I was not alone. The experience was so overwhelming that I knew my life was forever changed by that moment." Apart from working as a doctor, he partly ministers in a Pentecostal church in Bukavu with 700 members. Mukwege has repeatedly named his faith in Jesus Christ as a primary motivation for his work at Panzi.

The Panzi Hospital is being run by the Congolese Pentecostal movement CEPAC and has been continuously supported by the Swedish Pentecostal movement. In 2015, Mukwege was invited to speak at Nyhemsveckan, the annual Pentecostal conference in central Sweden. He then said:

From this place, people have been praying for my beloved country and tonight it is a privilege for me to stand here as a fruit of your prayers. My congregation belongs to the Congolese Pentecostal Movement Cepac, and with about one million members it is a fruit of your prayers. The Panzi hospital is a fruit of your prayers.

The church must be based on prayer. The Bible tells us to be thankful and thus, I want to be a representative for all those who received the blessings from your efforts in my country and elsewhere, saying thank you from the bottom of my heart.Dr. Mukwege founded the City of Joy with Eve Ensler and Christine Schuler Deshryver as a place to support the women who were victims of sexual assault as a weapon of war and treated at the Panzi Hospital. The City of Joy works to support the healing of the patient's mental and emotional trauma from the assault while also providing them with life skills and leadership training to ensure their success in their community upon their return. The City of Joy has proven to transform and empower participant's views on financial matters and domestic decisions. The City of Joy opened its doors in 2011, and a Netflix documentary was released about the City of Joy in 2016.

When the United Kingdom assumed the presidency of the G7 in 2021, Mukwege was appointed by the United Kingdom's Minister for Women and Equalities Liz Truss to a newly formed Gender Equality Advisory Council (GEAC) chaired by Sarah Sands.

On 2 October 2023, Mukwege announced his candidacy for president in the 2023 Democratic Republic of the Congo general election.

Board membership
 World Health Organization (WHO), Member of the Science Council (since 2021)
 The Uncondemned, Member of the Board of Advisors
 Women Political Leaders Global Forum (WPL), Member of the Global Advisory Board
 Panzi Foundation, President, Co-Founder, Chief Medical Officer.
 Mukwege Foundation, Special Advisor on the board
 The Global Fund for Survivors of Conflict-Related Sexual Violence, Co-founder and President
 Fight Impunity, Member of the Honorary Board

Personal life
Mukwege has three daughters.

Recognition

Awards
 UN Human Rights prize (New York, December 2008)
 Olof Palme Prize (Sweden, 2008)
 African of the Year (Nigeria, January 2009), awarded by Daily Trust
 Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur by the French government (Kinshasa, November 2009) by French Ambassador Pierre Jacquemot.
 Van Heuven Goedhart-Award (June 2010) from the Netherlands Refugee Foundation (Stichting Vluchteling)
 The Wallenberg Medal (University of Michigan, October 2010)
 The King Baudouin International Development Prize (Brussels, 24 May 2011) by the King of Belgium Albert II.
 Clinton Global Citizen Award for Leadership in Civil Society (New York, September 2011) by President Bill Clinton.
 The 2011 Deutscher Medienpreis (German Media Award) (Baden Baden, Germany, February 2012)
 Officier de la Légion d'Honneur Française (Panzi, July 2013) brought to Bukavu by the First Lady of France Valérie Trierweiler and the Minister of Francophonie Yamina Benguigui.
 Civil Courage Prize (October 2013)
 Human Rights First Award (August 2013)
 Right Livelihood Award (September 2013)
 "Prize for Conflict Prevention" by the Fondation Chirac (Paris, October 2013) honored by the presence of 2 French presidents Jacques Chirac and François Hollande
 The Hillary Clinton Award (Washington, DC, February 2014) at Georgetown University for Advancing Women in Peace and Security along with the British Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs William Hague
 The Inamori Ethics Prize from the Case Western Reserve University Inamori Center for Ethics and Excellence (October 2014)
 Solidarity Prize received from Médecins du Monde and the Saint-Pierre University Hospital (Brussels, October 2014)

 The Sakharov Prize for the Freedom of Thought, received from the European Parliament (Strasbourg, November 2014)
 Gulbenkian Prize (Lisbon, July 2015)
 Women for Women International "Champion for Peace Award" (New York, November 2015)
 Prix Héros pour l'Afrique (Hero for Africa) (Brussels, January 2016)
 University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing Renfield Foundation Award for Global Women's Health (Philadelphia, March 2016)
 Fortune Magazine 35th World Greatest Leader of 2016 (March 2016)
 Four Freedoms Award Laureate for the Freedom From Want, by the Roosevelt Institute in New York and Franklin D. Roosevelt Stichting (Middelburg, Netherlands, April 2016)
 Scandinavian Human Dignity Award Laureate, by the Scandinavian Human Rights Lawyers & Committee (Stockholm, October 2016)
 Seoul Peace Prize (Seoul, Korea, October 2016)
 Time magazine's 100 Most Influential People (2016)
Nobel Peace Prize, with Nadia Murad (October 2018)
Mukwege was cited as one of the Top 100 most influential Africans by New African magazine in 2018.

Honorary degrees
 Honorary Doctorate by the faculty of medicine at Umeå University (Sweden, June 2010)
 Honorary degree from the University of Louvain (UCLouvain, Belgium, February 2014) along with Lawrence Lessig and Jigme Thinley
 Harvard University Honorary degree as Doctor of Science (Boston, May 2015)
 University of Edinburgh Honorary Degree of Doctor of Medicine (Scotland, December 2017)
 University of Angers (French: Université d'Angers) Honorary Degree of Doctor of Medicine (Angers, France, January 2018)
 Honorary degree from University of Liège Honorary Degree Doctor Honoris Causa  (Liège, Belgium, September 2018)
Honorary degree from the University of Antwerp (April 2019)
 Honorary degree from Pennsylvania State University (Philadelphia, United States, May 2019)
 Honorary degree from New University of Lisbon (Lisbon, Portugal, May 2019)
 Honorary degree from Université de Montréal (Montréal, Canada, June 2019)

Publications
  Colette Braeckman: L'homme qui répare les femmes. Violences sexuelles au Congo. Le combat du docteur Mukwege. Bruxelles, André Versaille, 2012. .
 Denis Mukwege: "Dr. Mukwege Fights Back", The New York Times, 2 November 2012.
(in French) Denis Mukwege, Guy-Bernard Cadière: Panzi. Editions Du Moment, 2014.
  Denis Mukwege: Plaidoyer pour la vie. Editions Archipel, 2016. .
(in French) Denis Mukwege, Guy-Bernard Cadière, Julien Oeuillet: Réparer les femmes: Un combat contre la barbarie. Mardaga, 2019.

Documentary films
 Angèle Diabang Brener 2014: Congo, un médecin pour sauver les femmes (in French).
 Thierry Michel and Colette Braeckman 2015: The Man Who Mends Women: The Wrath of Hippocrates.

References

External links

1955 births
Living people
Officers of the Legion of Honour
Democratic Republic of the Congo expatriates in France
Democratic Republic of the Congo Pentecostals
Democratic Republic of the Congo gynaecologists
Democratic Republic of the Congo refugees
Democratic Republic of the Congo human rights activists
Democratic Republic of the Congo Nobel laureates
Male feminists
Olof Palme Prize laureates
People from Bukavu
Rape in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Sexual abuse victim advocates
University of Angers alumni
Democratic Republic of the Congo women's rights activists
Members of the National Academy of Medicine
Nobel Peace Prize laureates
University of Burundi alumni
Université libre de Bruxelles alumni
Recipients of the Four Freedoms Award
Sakharov Prize laureates


The  is an Edo period compendium of topographic, geographic and demographic data concerning the city of Kamakura, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan, and its vicinities. Consisting of eight volumes and commissioned in 1685 by Tokugawa Mitsukuni to three vassals, it contains for example information about "Kamakura's Seven Entrances", "Kamakura's Ten Bridges" and "Kamakura's Ten Wells". It includes illustrations, maps, and information about temples, ruins and place names etymologies not only about Kamakura, but also about Enoshima, Shichirigahama, Hayama and Kanazawa. The book created and popularized many of these "numbered" names, which were picked up by many subsequent tourist guides and became part of Kamakura's image. Each volume contains a day's worth of walking and is a real and effective guide to sightseeing. This makes the book a precious source of information to historians.

It is also the source of at least one Kamakura canard: it is often written that Kugyō, the Buddhist monk who in 1219 assassinated his uncle and shōgun Minamoto no Sanetomo, on the night of the murder was hiding behind the great ginkgo tree next to Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gū's senior shrine, but the Azuma Kagami, our main historic source on the event, simply says he came . The detail of the ginkgo tree first appears in the Shinpen Kamakurashi.

It is believed the book was compiled using as a base the , written in 1674 by Tokugawa Mitsukuni himself about Kamakura's famous places, shrines and temples. The book was written at Zuisen-ji, a Zen temple of the Engaku-ji school in Kamakura by Kawai Tsunehisa, Matsumura Kiyoyuki and Rikiishi Tadakazu.

Bibliographical Data:

Notes

References
 Amazon.com Bookstore, 新編鎌倉志(貞享二刊)影印・解説・索引 (単行本), accessed on October 23, 2008

Kamakura, Kanagawa
Edo-period works
Edo-period history books


Yeşil Gece ("The Green Night") is a novel by Turkish author and playwright Reşat Nuri Güntekin, written in 1928.

The novel is about Şahin, a boy who is sent to a medrese (an Islamic school) by his devoutly Muslim father. Şahin rebels against his father and takes up rational thought and secularism. He then goes on to spread his ideology on the people of a small town in the background of the Turkish War of Independence and formation of the Turkish Republic.

References

External links
About the novel

1928 novels
Novels set in Turkey
Novels by Reşat Nuri Güntekin


Yaprak Dökümü (The Fall of Leaves) is a novel by Turkish author and playwright Reşat Nuri Güntekin, written in 1930. It is available in an English translation by W. D. Halsey

Plot summary
The novel revolves around a middle-class Turkish family (the Tekins) in the 1930s. The main characters are Ali Riza Tekin (head of the Tekin family), his wife Hayriye, and their young daughters: Fikret (the oldest daughter), Leyla (the second daughter), Necla (the third daughter), Ayşe (their youngest daughter), their only son Şevket (who is between Fikret and Leyla), and his bride Ferhunde (who is also the principal antagonist).

See also
Turkish literature
Reşat Nuri Güntekin

External links

In English
Reşat Nuri Güntekin- Information about Reşat Nuri Güntekin on an official website on Turkish culture

In Turkish
About the novel

1930 novels
Novels by Reşat Nuri Güntekin
Fiction set in the 1930s
Novels set in Turkey
1930s novels


Denbo (also Dinbou, Danbou) now known as Ain al Dahab,   () is a Sunni Muslim settlement/village in Akkar Governorate, Lebanon.

Consists of five large families the two biggest being the Taha and Taleb family.

Many locals of the village have migrated to other countries such as brazil, America, canada and especially Australia, for a better life style and to support family members back home.

References

External links

Populated places in Akkar District
Sunni Muslim communities in Lebanon


COTA Australia (Formerly The Council on the Ageing) is a registered Australian charity representing people aged over 50 in Australia.

It formes an overarching umbrella organization for various other member organizations in all eight Australian territories.

Functions

COTA works for the interests of its members in areas of government, business, the media, and the wider society. It is present on national level as well as on regional state level through its member organizations.
 Aged Care
 Health
 against Ageism
 Employment
 Retirement incomes
 Essential services

See also

 Philanthropy
 Corporate social responsibility
 Social responsibility

References

External links

Charities for the elderly
Old age in Australia


Legislative Digest is an official publication of the House Republican Conference.  It serves as the primary source of legislative analysis and preview of floor activity for Republican Members of the United States House of Representatives.  As such, it functions as the Republican counterpart to the Newsroom on Dems.gov (or, until 1994, the Democratic Study Group).  It originally was published weekly, but starting with the 104th Congress was published daily, and distributed in either printed or faxed form.  Legislative Digest is currently published online.

As an official U.S. government publication, it is not subject to copyright and may be viewed, copied, and distributed freely by the public. For instance, Legislative Digest's summaries of bills and amendments often serve as a source for the scrolling display commentary on C-SPAN.

See also
House Republican Conference
House Democratic Caucus
Democratic Study Group
United States Republican Party
History of the United States Congress

References

External links
 Official Website
 Republican Floor Operations Manual

Political organizations based in the United States


Tanerliq (pronounced tun-ul-lik) is a ship escort, rescue and oil response oceangoing tugboat operated by Crowley Maritime and stationed in Prince William Sound, Alaska. In addition to Tanerliq, her sister ship Nanuq is also stationed in Valdez, Alaska.

These two vessels, in addition to a dozen other units, escort and protect the waters of Prince William Sound, site of the Exxon Valdez-oil spill in 1989.

References

Tugboats of the United States
Ships of the United States
1999 ships


Finnish Championship League (Rugbyn SM-sarja) is the premier rugby union competition in Finland, formed in 2002. The league is governed by the Finnish Rugby Federation, the governing body for Rugby union in Finland. The league is played in summer months.

Clubs in 2023

Men's Championship
Eagles RFC, Turku
Helsinki RC, Helsinki
Tampere RC, Tampere
Porvoo RC, Porvoo
Warriors RC, Helsinki

Women's Championship
Swans RFC, Turku
Helsinki RC, Helsinki
Tampere RC, Tampere
Jyväskylä RC, Jyväskylä
Warriors RC, Helsinki

Men's Division 1
Saimaa Sharks RC, Lappeenranta
Jyväskylä RC, Jyväskylä
Oulu RC, Oulu
Kalev RC, Tallinn

Women's Division 1
Saimaa Sharks RC, Lappeenranta
Fuusio (WRC-HRC), Helsinki
Karjala RC, Joensuu
Kiukku (Kuopio-Kiuru), Kuopio

Men's Division 2

North
Seinäjöki RC, Seinäjöki
Pori RC, Pori
Linna RC, Hämeenlinna

South
Helsinki RC, Helsinki
Warriors RC, Helsinki
Espoo Ice Bears RC, Espoo

Champions

See also
 Rugby union in Finland

External links
 Finnish Rugby Federation

Rugby union competitions in Finland
National rugby union premier leagues
Fin
2002 establishments in Finland
Sports leagues established in 2002
Professional sports leagues in Finland


Harvey Neil Karp, FAAP (born 1951) is an American pediatrician, author, and child development specialist. He is best known for his book "The Happiest Baby on the Block" and its accompanying DVD, that use his "5 S's" approach to infant care. He is also the creator of the Snoo, a smart bassinet.

He is an Assistant Professor of Pediatrics at the Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California and a fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics.

Career
From 1982 to 1984 Karp practiced pediatrics with pediatrician Paul Fleiss in Los Angeles, California. He then opened his own practice in Santa Monica, where he continued to see patients until 2005. He was assistant clinical professor of pediatrics at the UCLA School of Medicine from 1989 to 2009, where he served as pediatric liaison to the Child Abuse Team. He appeared as a regular contributor to the Lifetime cable television show Growing Up Together from 1990 to 1992. In 2009, he became an assistant professor of pediatrics at the USC Keck School of Medicine.

Karp is a founding board member of Healthy Child Healthy World, and has served on the advisory boards of the Green Guide, Babycenter.com, Parents, Ser Padres, and American Baby magazines.

Infant calming and sleep technique
Karp's infant calming technique is supposed to be based on recreating elements of life in the womb. Human babies, according to Karp, are born less developed than other mammals. Karp calls the first three months of life the "fourth trimester." Karp hypothesizes that all babies are born with a "calming reflex" that quickly relaxes most fussy babies when they are stimulated in a way that resemble sensations that babies experience in the womb. Karp calls the ingredients of his method for soothing young babies the "5 S's": tight swaddling, side/stomach position, shushing, swinging and sucking.

Regarding sleep, Karp recommends nightly swaddling and sound and motion sleep cues to help babies establish a circadian rhythm and to promote infant sleep.

Snoo Bassinet
In 2016, Karp's Happiest Baby Inc. launched an internet-connected bassinet called Snoo. The Snoo claims to automate the principles of Happiest Baby on the Block. The device uses sensors to listen for a baby’s cries and adjusts the level of white noise volume and motion of the sway accordingly. The product was designed with Swiss designer Yves Behar.

The device retails for $1,595 in the United States. About half of Snoo users opt to rent the device from Happiest Baby at a cost of around $150 a month.

Criticism

Efficacy of the calming technique
Ralph Frenken has argued against Karp's recommendation of the use of tight swaddling and the concept of a "calming reflex." The criticism is that the effect of swaddling is not based on reflexes because (1) a releasing stimulus is missing, because swaddling most probably works by the decrease of proprioceptive and tactile stimulation and (2) the reflex response is missing, because any reflex always consists of a movement released by muscles. The child does not move but falls asleep by swaddling. Additionally, no known reflex alters the state of consciousness, but swaddling obviously does. Lactation and breastfeeding expert Nancy Mohrbacher collected several scientific studies which demonstrated negative aspects of swaddling on newborn infants.

In 2010, researchers studied the effects of video instruction concerning swaddling, side positioning, white noise, jiggling, and sucking on parents' ability to calm fussing babies. The results against a control group were statistically insignificant compared to traditional methods.

Use of celebrity endorsements
CBS news reports that "Critics say Karp is riding to fame on the strength of his patients' VIP parents, who include Michelle Pfeiffer, Pierce Brosnan and Madonna. Endorsements from several stars appear on his book jacket and video cover."

Prohibitive cost of the Snoo
Part of the appeal of Karp’s methods for calming babies was that it didn't require any fancy or expensive equipment beyond a blanket. A New York Times article documented how his messaging changed with the creation of the Snoo toward spending money on the device: "Now he was suggesting that, actually, the best way to improve your baby’s sleep required splurging on a sensory bed." A Washington Post article declared the device was a touchstone for privilege due to its prohibitive cost for many parents and that the product "has a way of separating even well-to-do parents into the Snoos and the Snoo-nots." Addressing the criticism of the device's cost, Karp downplayed the expense, stating that the device gives parents a “24-hour caregiver for the cost of 16 cents an hour.”

The high cost of the Snoo has also led to scams in the secondhand market where thieves rent the device on a stolen credit card and resell it to unwitting parents before the company remotely disabled the device.

References

American pediatricians
American family and parenting writers
Babycare
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA faculty
Albert Einstein College of Medicine alumni
Living people
1951 births
Keck School of Medicine of USC faculty


Augustów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kowala, within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Kowala,  south-west of Radom, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Radom County


Bardzice  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kowala, within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Kowala,  south of Radom, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Bardzice


Dąbrówka Zabłotnia  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kowala, within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Kowala,  south-west of Radom, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Radom County


Grabina  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kowala, within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Kowala,  south of Radom, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Grabina


Huta Mazowszańska  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kowala, within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Kowala,  south of Radom, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Radom County


Kończyce-Kolonia  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kowala, within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Radom County


Kotarwice  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kowala, within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Kowala,  south-west of Radom, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Kotarwice


Kowala  is a village in Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Kowala. It lies approximately  south-west of Radom and  south of Warsaw.

References

Kowala


Ludwinów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kowala, within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Radom County


Maliszów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kowala, within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Kowala,  south of Radom, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Radom County


Mazowszany  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kowala, within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Kowala,  south of Radom, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Mazowszany


Młodocin Mniejszy  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kowala, within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Kowala,  south-west of Radom, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Radom County


Parznice  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kowala, within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Kowala,  south of Radom, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Parznice


Romanów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kowala, within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Radom County


Rożki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kowala, within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Kowala,  south-west of Radom, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Radom County


Ruda Mała  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kowala, within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Radom and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Radom County


Trablice  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kowala, within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Kowala,  south-west of Radom, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Trablice


Adolfin  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pionki, within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Pionki,  north-east of Radom, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Adolfin


Augustów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pionki, within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Radom County


Bieliny  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pionki, within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Pionki,  east of Radom, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Bieliny


Brzezinki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pionki, within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Brzezinki


Brzeziny  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pionki, within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Pionki,  north-east of Radom, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Brzeziny


Czarna Wieś  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pionki, within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Radom County


Czarna-Kolonia  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pionki, within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Pionki,  east of Radom, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Czarna-Kolonia


Działki Suskowolskie  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pionki, within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in eastern Poland.

References

Villages in Radom County


Helenów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pionki, within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Radom County


Huta  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pionki, within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Pionki,  north-east of Radom, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Huta


Januszno  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pionki, within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Pionki,  north-east of Radom, and  south-east of Warsaw.

References

Januszno


Jaroszki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pionki, within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Pionki,  north-east of Radom, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Jaroszki


Jaśce  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pionki, within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Pionki,  north-east of Radom, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Radom County


Jedlnia  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pionki, within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Pionki,  north-east of Radom, and  south of Warsaw.

References

External links

  History of Jedlnia at the official webpage

Jedlnia


Jedlnia-Kolonia  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pionki, within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Jedlnia-Kolonia


Kieszek  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pionki, within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Pionki,  north-east of Radom, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Kieszek


Krasna Dąbrowa  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pionki, within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Radom County


Laski () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pionki, within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Pionki,  east of Radom, and  south-east of Warsaw.

References

Laski


Marcelów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pionki, within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Radom County


Mireń  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pionki, within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Pionki,  east of Radom, and  south-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Radom County