Campus SuperStar is a Singaporean television music competition to find new singing talent. Contestants are students from secondary schools, junior colleges and institutes of technical education. The third season began airing on MediaCorp Channel U on 4 January 2009 and ended on 12 April 2009.

Jim Lim and Li Feihui were the two judges from the previous season to return, and was joined by Xiaohan and Ken Tay, who all appeared as judges for the first time. Previous judge Jimmy Ye declined to return. Pornsak, Felicia Chin and Lee Teng hosted the show, while Yuan Shuai was employed as the online correspondent. Yoga Lin, winner of the first season of One Million Star, was invited to be the ambassador of the show.

This was the first season to have a reduced number of finalists from 20 to 12, without equal gender representation (eight female finalists and four male finalists), and this season was also notable for being the only season in which the competition have two revival rounds, the 'immunity' and 'sudden-death' eliminations during performance show, an elimination-based sing-off, a non-Chinese contestant was a part of the top 12, and one male and three females represented in the finale, as opposed to two per gender on the past two seasons (the format also happened on the fourth season in 2013).

The series was won by Jarod Lee, a thirteen-year-old student from Ngee Ann Secondary School, and won a two-year MediaCorp management contract and a cash prize of $2,000, beating Rachel Chua, a fourteen-year-old student from Anglican High School, who was also the first and only contestant to be eliminated and reinstated in the competition twice.

Judges and hosts
Jim Lim was confirmed to be returning to the judging panel after judging season two of the show. Li Feihui was also announced to return for this third year as a judge. Season two judge and vocal coach Jimmy Ye declined to return as a judge for the third season. It was announced that two new judges would be brought in to replace Ye on the judging panel. Award-winning lyricist Xiaohan and singer Ken Tay were instated as the third and fourth judge.

Season two host Pornsak returned to host the show. Former season two host Dasmond Koh left the show and his position was taken over by actress Felicia Chin and SuperHost runner-up Lee Teng. U Are the One winner Yuan Shuai hosted the online streaming programme as the show's social media correspondent, increasing the show's involvement with its fans and offering behind the scenes information and news.

Selection process

Applications and first auditions
The audition was opened to students studying in secondary schools, junior colleges or institutes of technical education in Singapore. Auditions in front of the judges for season 3 took place in MediaCorp on 8 and 9 November 2008. Applicants are to report to the venue for the audition in their respective school uniforms. Out of 2046 applicants, 141 were put through to the second round of the auditions.

Second auditions
Similar to the first auditions, the second auditions took place in MediaCorp on 15 November 2008. 107 contestants were eliminated at this stage of the competition, leaving 34 to compete in the final round of the auditions.

Third auditions
34 contestants competed at this stage of the competition on 24 November 2008. 22 contestants were eliminated and the remaining 12 were put through to the live shows as finalists. For the first time in Campus SuperStar history, the contestants do not have equal gender representation; eight females and four males advanced to the finals.

Finalists
Key:
 – Winner
 – Runner-up
 – Third place
 – Advanced via Revival
 – Advanced via Ultimate revival

Live shows
The live shows began on 12 January. Each week, the contestants' performances took place on Monday at 8:00pm and the results were announced on the same night at 11:30pm. As with previous seasons, each live show had a different theme. The results show often featured guest performances and sometimes a group performance by the remaining contestants.

On the first live show, sixth live results show and live final, One Million Star season one winner and the show's ambassador Yoga Lin performed. The first live show also featured performances by Singaporean band Mi Lu Bing and singer Olivia Ong. The fourth live results show included performance from One Million Star season 3 fifth runner-up Wong Jing Lun while Project SuperStar season one runner-up Kelly Poon performed on the fifth results show. Project SuperStar season one female runner-up Shi Xin Hui and Malaysian singer Fish Leong  performed on the seventh live result show. Project SuperStar season one male second runner-up Derrick Hoh performed on the eighth live results show, while Taiwanese hip hop band Da Mouth performed on the eleventh and thirteenth. The twelfth live results show and thirteenth live show included performance from Taiwanese boy band Fahrenheit. The eleventh and twelfth live shows also featured performance by Singaporean singer Jocie Kwok. Singaporean singer Meixin performed on the thirteenth live show as well. One Million Star season two runner-up Rachel Liang and the winner for the first season of Project SuperStar, Kelvin Tan performed for the live final.

Guest judging roles were brought in during the eighth, twelfth and thirteenth week of the live shows. Former Project SuperStar judge Dawn Yip attended the eighth live show, and Singaporean singer Maggie Theng attended the twelfth live show. Lee Wei Song, Kelvin Tan, Wu Jia Ming and Theng attended the thirteenth live show as guest judges as well.  During the twelfth week of the live shows, it was announced that judge Jim Lim was unable to present for the live shows due to work commitments in Taiwan with singer A-mei. During the week, it was announced that former judge Cavin Soh would replace him as a judge on the show.

Results summary
Colour key

Live show details

Week 1: Pre-show concert (4 January)
Theme: Alumni duets/trios
Group performance: "By Now"
Special performance: "只对你有感觉" (performed by Felicia Chin, Lee Teng, Pornsak and Yuan Shuai)
Musical guests: Season one and season two top 20 finalists featuring season three hosts and Euphoria Cheerleading Team ("CSS进行曲"), Mi Lu Bing ("世界麻烦借过一下"), Olivia Ong ("如燕") and Yoga Lin ("残酷月光" and "伯乐")
The top 12 finalists were revealed in this pre-recorded 2-hour special episode, featuring performances from the finalists together with former alumnus from the past seasons.

Week 2 (12 January)
Theme: Their representation songs
Sing-off song: "童话"
For the first six weeks of competition, contestants are split into two groups competing in one of the two weeks. This week's sing-off is the only time the elimination is decided by muting one of the microphones.

Week 3 (19 January)
Theme: Their representation songs
Sing-off song: "遗失的美好"
Similar to week 2, contestants compete in one of two groups performing the same theme. Beginning this week, the sing-off eliminates the contestant when their pitch was altered to a lowered pitch.

Week 4 (2 February)
Theme: Their favourite subjects
Musical guest: Wong Jing Lun ("月光" and "缺席")
Sing-off song: "天黑黑"

Week 5 (9 February)
Theme: Their favourite subjects
Musical guest: Kelly Poon ("本小姐不爱" and "限时的遗忘")
Sing-off song: "城里的月光"

Week 6 (16 February)
Theme: Songs for their teachers
Musical guest: Yoga Lin ("分享" with Ridhwan Azman, Rachael Chang, Benita Cheng, Jarod Lee, Rachel Lim, Joselin Ng, Jeremy Teng and Yap Jia Min; "爱情是圆的" and "病态")
Sing-off song: "安静"

Week 7 (23 February)
Theme: Songs for their teachers
Musical guests: Shi Xin Hui ("无能为力" and "你没想像中爱我") and Fish Leong ("没有如果")
Sing-off song: "记得"

Week 8: Revival round 1 (2 March)
Theme: Derrick Hoh's challenge (billed as "I want to challenge Derrick Hoh!")
Musical guest: Derrick Hoh ("咬字" and "很想你")
Sing-off songs: "朋友一生一起走" (remaining four singers) and "老鼠爱大米" (Chang and Li Li)
The six singers who were eliminated from the first six live shows returned to the stage to perform for the revival round. The contestant with the highest judges' score (above 39.0 points) would be immune from elimination (did not face the public vote) and was immediately reinstated from the competition. Of the remaining five contestants, the contestant with a higher combined total would also be reinstated from the competition. Former Project SuperStar judge Dawn Yip was brought in as the guest judge.

Week 9 (9 March)
Theme: Motivating drama theme songs
Sing-off song: "遇见"
Beginning this round, individual scores from the judges are no longer shown, as the scores are shown at the end of all the performances. Two contestants were eliminated from the season eighth live and result shows. The contestant with the lowest judges' score (below 26.0) would be immediately eliminated without facing the public votes. Of the remaining seven contestants, the contestant with a lower combined total will also be eliminated.

Week 10 (16 March)
Theme: Songs for their best friends
Sing-off song: "当你孤单你会想起谁"
Two contestants were eliminated from the season ninth live and result shows. The contestant with the lowest judges' score (below 28.0) would be immediately eliminated without facing the public votes. Of the remaining five contestants, the contestant with a lower combined total will also be eliminated. Beginning this round, the altered pitch during the sing-off is adjusted to a higher pitch.

Week 11: Semi-final (23 March)
Theme: Transmission of love
Musical guests: Jocie Kwok ("放了爱") and Da Mouth ("永远在身边")
Sing-off song: "勇气"
Two contestants were eliminated and one contestant would immediately advance to the finals from the season tenth live and result shows. The contestant with the lowest judges' score (below 30.0) would be immediately eliminated without facing the public votes, while the contestant receiving the highest judges' score (above 30.0) would be immune to elimination and immediately advanced to the finals. Of the two remaining contestants, the combined total determined which singer will advance to the final, and which singer was eliminated.

At the end of the results, each of the judges select one eliminated contestant from week 8 to 10 to compete in the Ultimate Revival Round next week; Li Li and Ridzwan were not chosen to compete round and both were permanently eliminated.

Week 12: Ultimate Revival Round 2 (30 March)
Theme: Judges' choice
Musical guests: Fahrenheit ("越来越爱" and "寂寞暴走") and Jocie Kwok ("许愿树")
Sing-off song: "我无所谓"
The contestant with the highest judges' score would be immune from elimination (did not face the public vote) and was immediately reinstated from the competition; of the remaining three contestants, the contestant with a higher combined total would also be reinstated from the competition. Lim did not appear on the judging panel for week 12 due to work commitments in Taiwan with singer A-mei; season one judge Cavin Soh took his place on the panel. Singer Maggie Theng was brought in as the guest judge as well.

Week 13: Final (6/12 April)
6 April (Prelude)
Musical guests: Da Mouth ("国王皇后"), Meixin ("孤单的人总说无所谓") and Fahrenheit ("默默")
All top 12 finalists returned to the stage in this pre-recorded non-elimination performance show. It featured group performances from the finalists as well as a look-back on their journey in the competition.

12 April (Round 1)
Themes: Alumni duets: oldies songs; contestant quartet: designated song
Group performance: "I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing (in Perfect Harmony)" (all finalists)
Musical guests: Rachel Liang ("最幸福的事" and "可以不爱了") and Kelvin Tan ("孤单好吗")
Project SuperStar season one winner Kelvin Tan, singer Maggie Theng, music producer and composer Lee Wei Song and Wu Jia Ming were brought in as the guest judges.

12 April (Round 2)
Theme: Winner's song
Musical guests: Yoga Lin ("伯乐" and "慢一点")
Sing-off song:  "Super Star"

References

External links
 Official website

2009 Singaporean television seasons


James C. Donnell (April 20, 1854 – January 10, 1927) was an American industrialist. He was the president of The Ohio Oil Company from 1911 until his death in 1927.

Early life and career
James C. Donnell was born on April 20, 1854, in County Armagh, Ireland, to James Donnell and Elizabeth Doyle. At the age of two, Donnell and his family moved to the United States and settled in Waterford, Pennsylvania. At the age of eighteen, he began his career in the oil industry by hauling crude oil from a refinery in Titusville, Pennsylvania. When the Bradford Oil Field opened in 1874, Donnell went into business for himself, gaining leases at Red Rock and Dallas City, Pennsylvania. He went on to gain further leases in Allentown and Bolivar, New York.

He then headed to Ohio to begin work at the Lima Oil Field, and became associated with the Standard Oil Company. In 1889, when the Standard Oil Company gained control of The Ohio Oil Company, Donnell was named a director of the company and manager of its field operations. In 1900 he was elected vice-president and general manager, moving his offices to Findlay, Ohio the following year. In 1906, he accompanied then president of Standard Oil, John D. Archbold to Romania to assist in the reorganization of The Romano-American Oil Company. Two years later, they again set about reorganizing another facet of Standard Oil, with the reorganization of Standard Oil of California in 1908.

The Ohio Oil Company
In 1911, the United States Supreme Court dismantled Standard Oil on antitrust violations, and The Ohio Oil Company again became an independent company. Donnell succeeded Archbold as its president. He retained the position until his death in 1927. Under his direction, Ohio Oil expanded operations into sixteen states and Mexico. In 1915, he organized the Illinois Pipeline Company to operate pipeline transportation for Ohio Oil. In 1924, Donnell gained control of the Lincoln Oil Refining Company in Robinson, Illinois, giving Ohio Oil its own refining capacity.

When he died in 1927, the assets of The Ohio Oil Company totalled $108 million, with $17 million net income.  of oil or natural gas producing lands were owned or operated under lease by the company. According to Time Magazine, before he died in 1927, Donnell was known as the last living man to call John D. Rockefeller simply "John". Others called Rockefeller "Senior."

Legacy
The James C. Donnell Memorial, Donnell Stadium, in Findlay, Ohio was donated in 1928 by his son, Otto D. Donnell, and named in his father's honor.

In 1981, Donnell was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum.

Notes and references

1854 births
1927 deaths
Businesspeople from County Armagh
Standard Oil
Marathon Oil
American businesspeople in the oil industry
Founders of the petroleum industry
19th-century American businesspeople


Kuresoi Constituency is a former electoral constituency in Kenya. The constituency was established for the 1997 elections. In 2010, it was split into Kuresoi North Constituency and Kuresoi South Constituency

The Kuresoi constituencies are an agriculturally productive area with large scale plantation of tea in the south western parts of the constituency, pyrethrum and potatoes in the central and northern parts of the constituencies. More than 10,000 hectares of land are under tea growing in the south western parts.

The constituencies have a tea industry, Kiptagich Tea Factory, which processes and packs tea grown in the plantations and also those sold to the factory by the local small scale farmers. The industry is owned by the former president, Daniel T. Moi and it provides employment directly and indirectly to more than 2,500 individuals.

The constituencies are home to different ethnic groups like the Kalenjins, Kikuyus and Kisii community.

History
Kuresoi Constituency experienced tribal skirmishes after the 1992, 1997, and 2007 general elections.

Members of Parliament

Locations and wards

References

External links
Map of the constituency

Former constituencies of Kenya
Constituencies in Rift Valley Province
1997 establishments in Kenya
Constituencies established in 1997


The Boxing Lesson is a rock band from Austin, Texas. A power trio with synthesizers performing the bass player's role, they create a mammoth psychedelic 'wall of sound' that begins minimally and builds into grand orchestrations. Vocalist and guitarist Paul Waclawsky and synthesizer player Jaylinn Davidson combine strong songwriting with desert rock, guitar freak-outs, soul space jams and plenty of Texas rock ’n’ roll thunder.

The Boxing Lesson EP
The Boxing Lesson was formed in Los Angeles by Paul Waclawsky in 2002, where they recorded and released their first two EPs on their own label, Send Me Your Head Records.  The first, self-titled effort gained strong local buzz and earned the band many shows supporting touring national bands.  The intricate melodies of the three guitars complemented each other, with the intense volume, the multiple timbres created a rich sonic palette. The EP was described by the LA Weekly as one that "tests your patience and then rewards it."  Joseph Kyle from MundaneSounds wrote that, "The promise on The Boxing Lesson is so great, that you'd probably want to hold them to their potential in a court of law." Some international acclaim was received as well.  Noise Theory Australia gave it 5-stars, and wrote that, "Each of the four tracks on this debut self-titled EP gracefully drift through the dark night, and with every intricate guitar melody there is a star that lights the way," and "The Boxing Lesson have addressed every issue that has ever plagued atmospheric rock and mended them in what seems like a manner that seems to simple to be true."

Radiation
The band quickly recorded a follow up with Matt Brown and Chris Pearson at Sonikwire Studios in Irvine, CA. Expanding on the sound of the debut EP, the band incorporated classical music, more Moog synthesizers, ambient effects and a new bass player. The EP also included a woozy live version of the Acetone song, "Don't Cry", that was recorded at Reservoir Tip Studios by Anthony Arvizu. The track was recorded live, with all guitars and drums bleeding into each other. John Treanor and Phil Cobb recorded their guitars without using headphones; bending their battle-axes through space, their headstocks imbibing the sanguine dust in the room. Consequently, Radiation, received more impressive national and international reviews, with Splendid Magazine describing it as "promising, if imperfect". Australian blog, Halo-17, gave the record a favorable 8.5/10 rating and said,"If you only take a chance on one new rock album this month, make it this one," and "The Boxing Lesson cut all the fat from their music, and produced a record which shows that they're a band that should be taken seriously, in addition to providing some of the best music I've heard so far in 2004."

Songs in the Key of C
In late 2004, Waclawsky relocated from California to Texas, where he assembled a new lineup including Jaylinn Davidson on synthesizers and Jake Mitchell on drums. Practicing and writing songs for a full year before playing live, the band recorded Songs in the Key of C with Tim Gerron at Music Lab in Austin, TX.  The sound was a wild departure from the two previous EPs. The Onion's Los Angeles Calendar Section wrote, "Gone are the laid-back vocals and gauzy guitars, replaced by passionate singing, frenzied power chords, and tons of gurgling analog synthesizers." The Austin Chronicle gave the release 3 stars and wrote, "Though claiming 'Indie Rock Is Dead', the Boxing Lesson's Songs in the Key of C provides enough lo-fi life support in its tales of criminals and crackheads to stay the reaper." Meanwhile, Smother Magazine wrote, "The Boxing Lesson are an indie rock band on a mission to the moon."

Wild Streaks & Windy Days
After doing several tours promoting Songs in the Key of C, the band quickly went back to Tim Gerron in 2007 to record their debut full length album. Focusing on more atmospheric textures and varied styles of songwriting, the 12-song album, Wild Streaks & Windy Days, took 8 months to record and was eventually self-released at SXSW 2008 to positive reviews.  Barrett King of Baltimore's Sën magazine compared the sound of the album to that of other space rock acts like Pink Floyd and David Bowie, while LA Cityzine praised its "rich lyrical offerings and strong musicianship". The Lemur Blog in Sweden wrote, ""The result is spaced out, it's probably the best space rock album you can find within the scrutinized confines of 2008.". The Music Reviewer gave the album a 9.0/10 and said, "It's an amazing mix of the past and the present, without being too much of either. It's a group that you'll hear more of in the future, and it's a group that knows how to pay homage to – and not just copy – their idols from the past." Indiecision blog from India described The Boxing Lesson's sound as, "if Failure and Pink Floyd got together to drink mushroom tea out of fancy little teacups and chase the white rabbit with Brian Eno and Robert Smith".

Eric Power directed the music video for "Dark Side of the Moog" from Wild Streaks and Windy Days, featuring an animated version of the band exploring an alien planet.  A stop motion music video for the track "Brighter" was released as well.  The video, directed by Victor Yiu, was constructed from over 6000 still images.  Additionally, the band released a guerrilla-cam-style video for Dance with Meow shot by Matt Robertson which featured the band dressed in furry cat masks, chasing the White Rabbit, doing cat-nip and visiting local-haunts in Austin's nightlife.

Jake Mitchell
In August 2008, the band's drummer, Jake Mitchell, was sentenced to five years of prison after being charged by the Austin police for "conspiracy to manufacture marijuana".  Before Mitchell went to prison, the band went into the studio to record a number of tracks that could become the foundation of a new EP.

On February 14, 2009, Daytrotter posted a session recorded live in Rock Island, IL, featuring an unreleased song, "Room 17," that was written as a tribute to Mitchell.

Fur State
On October 26, 2010,  The Boxing Lesson released Fur State, a lo-fi acoustic/electronic instrumental album recorded on a 4-track by Waclawsky and Davidson in 2004. The album heavily features synthesizers and drum loops and marks a turning point in the evolution of the band. The album name is a play on words for the "first eight" songs recorded in Austin.  Self-released on homemade cassette tapes, the album cover depicts the State of Texas in a tiger fur pattern.  Some of these songs are instrumental stripped down versions of songs that appeared on Songs in the Key of C and Wild Streaks & Windy Days. Cassette restoration and Mastering by Danny Reisch at Good Danny's, Austin, TX.

An animated music video by Jeanne Hospod was released for the opening track, "One". It features a ghost-rodeo, space-travel, feminine beauty, psychedelic felines, art and enlightenment from the far reaches of Austin, TX. Hospod released an erotic animated video for the track "Four" in early 2011. The artist's description was, "Alien woman seduces hapless human male involving a very unusual flower."  Nathan Guy directed a non-animated cat-themed video for the track "Three" that was released at SXSW 2011. The director described the video as "Morphing cats' psychedelic journey through the Fur State," and video blended live performance shots with warped smoky images showing the band in costume hanging at local Austin haunts.

Muerta EP
The Boxing Lesson released a collection of four slow-tempo psychedelic tracks entitled Muerta EP in the summer of 2011.  These songs were recorded over several years in Austin, TX with several drummers. These four recordings chronicle the band's evolution during this time period and are an expansion of their  space rock sound.  Vivogig reviewer Jim Sells says, "Well, the Boxing Lesson nails it on Muerta.” Pink Floyd influences the music but there is more to their sound than a Floyd fixation. Elements of M83, the Northern Soul-period of The Verve, and the adventurousness of Ponytail all are present here. The effects-laden guitar weaves in and out of the soaring Moog parts, creating a sonic landscape that draws the listener in from the first sound.  Sells goes on to note that "Muerta has to be in my Top 10 for the year. There is just nothing like it out there." A double 7inch vinyl set was pressed by New Fortune Records. The "Muerta" music video directed by Jonathan London and animated by Will Kistler was also released. The CGI enhanced video depicts the band drowning to the depths of the sea.

Health is the New Drug b/w Better Daze
"Health is the New Drug" was released as a single along with b-side "Better Daze" in February 2012. New Fortune Records, a Detroit imprint, pressed a vinyl single. It's the first track being released from the upcoming Big Hits LP produced by Chris "Frenchie" Smith (Trail of Dead, Meat Puppets, Ume). The song features psychedelic guitar riffs, a wall of synthesizers, and a few words of wisdom (or caution). "Relying on MOOG for bottom end and tons of sonic noise, the songs blend Meddle-era Floyd guitar freak-outs with M83 propulsion, Spiritualized soul space jams with Texas rock ’n’ roll thunder." High praise came from the Houston Press who said, "Seriously, "Health is the New Drug" is the best song we've heard this year."  An animated music video for Better Daze was released at the end of 2012. The video depicts a meteor filled with dark life forms plummeting into Earth releasing bizarre creatures on Austin, TX. Directed by Eric Power the video combines live action with cut paper shadow animation filmed on a green screen. Houston Press ranked Better Daze number 15 in their Top 25 music videos of 2012.

Big Hits!

Big Hits! is the first full-length album released by The Boxing Lesson in five years. It's more rock-oriented than The Boxing Lesson's past albums and is produced by Chris "Frenchie" Smith (...And You Will Know Us By The Trail of Dead, The Darkness, Dandy Warhols, Ringo Deathstarr) at The Bubble in Austin, TX.  Big Hits! was released at SXSW 2013 to positive reviews. The Austin Chronicle gave it 3 ½ stars and said, “Arms buried deep in galactic mud, the Boxing Lesson takes an outer space journey to the center of the Earth.”

Making this new album was no easy fight for the Boxing Lesson. When Paul Waclawsky and keyboardist Jaylinn Davidson began writing the band's second LP four punishing years ago, they planned to name it Possibilities. Only after enduring a long and merciless beatdown of bad luck and creative interruptions did they come to curse that title.  The album was mixed by Kevin Butler at Test Tube Audio, and mastered off analog tape by Jerry Tubb at Terra Nova in Austin, TX. The results brought the project to completion, except for the album name.  Utilizing a clever triple entendre, they renamed it Big Hits! and emerged with a 12th round knockout.

Musical style
The band's sound primarily is built around a psychedelic space rock ethos, with Paul Waclawsky's dark melodic guitar work using reverb, fuzz, and tape delay effects, and Jaylinn Davidson's heavy use of Moog synthesizers.  The band has not had a stringed bass player since relocating to Austin, the rhythmic function of the bassline is instead performed on the synth.  Haunting vocals and moody melodies are punctuated by mesmerizing guitars, droney beats and expressive electronica. The Boxing Lesson plays "space" rock that can transport the listener to another dimension and beyond. Culturespill blog said, "An up-and-coming threesome out of Austin, Texas, The Boxing Lesson betray a rather thinly veiled affinity for Pink Floyd but they roughen the edges of that influence with an open-armed embrace of Spacemen 3, The Cure, Radiohead and Broken Social Scene. Craig Franklin from Halo-17 Australia wrote, "Not enough bands make music like The Boxing Lesson any more. Over the course of three EPs, they've managed to create some truly breathtaking and epic music that draw the dots between such seemingly disparate bands as Pink Floyd, My Bloody Valentine and David Bowie. They're equally at home writing short, concise pop songs, and kicking out the jams. They use a Moog synth extensively. In short, unlike a lot of bands, they're consistently 'interesting'."

Discography
 Big Hits! (2013)
 Health is the New Drug (2012)
 Muerta EP (2011)
 Fur State (2010)
 Wild Streaks and Windy Days (2008)
 Songs in the Key of C (2006)
 Radiation (2004)
 The Boxing Lesson (2003)

References

American space rock musical groups
American experimental rock groups
American progressive rock groups
American noise rock music groups
Indie rock musical groups from Texas
Musical groups from Austin, Texas
Psychedelic rock music groups from Texas
American shoegaze musical groups
Musical groups established in 2002
2002 establishments in California


WKKM may refer to:

 WKKM (FM), a radio station (89.7 FM) licensed to serve Speaker Township, Michigan, United States
 WKKM-LP, a radio station (106.5 FM) licensed to serve Harrison, Michigan
 WSFP, a radio station (88.1 FM) licensed to serve Harrisville, Michigan, which held the call sign WKKM from 2004 to 2008


WSFP is a non-commercial, contemporary Christian FM radio station licensed to the Harrisville, Michigan area. The station broadcasts at 88.1 MHz, and is owned by Michigan Community Radio.  WSFP simulcasts the Smile FM Praise contemporary Christian music format.

The original call letters for WSPF were WKKM. The call letters were changed to WSFP on October 1, 2008, to better identify the station as a part of the Smile FM Praise Network.  The WKKM calls are now held by a Classic Country music station at 90.7 FM in Harrison, Michigan (where the original WKKM at 92.1 FM also operated).

In November 2007 WSFP filed an application with the FCC to change the community of license to Harrisville, Michigan, and move to 88.1 MHz with an increase to 3 kW. The new tower would be adjacent to the one currently used by WJOJ which would exchange its community of license with WSFP.  A construction permit was issued on September 14, 2010, to increase power to 18 kW on 88.1, move the community of license to Harrisville, and move the transmitter to the same tower as WJOJ.

Until June 1997 the call letters WSFP were those of the stations now known as WGCU (TV) and WGCU-FM in Fort Myers, Florida.

Sources
Michiguide.com - WSFP History

External links

Contemporary Christian radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 2006
SFP


The name Popp may refer to:

 Adelheid Popp (1869–1939), Austrian feminist
 André Popp (1924–2014), French composer, arranger and screenwriter
 Angela C. Popp (born 1968), American director, screenwriter and songwriter
 Alexander Popp (born 1976), German tennis player
 Alexandra Popp (born 1991), German football player
 Bernard Ferdinand Popp (1917–2014), American Bishop of the Roman Catholic Church
 Bill Popp (1877–1909), American baseball player
 Cynthia J. Popp (born 1962),  American television director and producer
 Deborah Ann Popp (born 1993), American actress
 Franz Josef Popp (1886–1954), Founder of BMW
 Fritz Popp (born 1940), German football player
 Fritz-Albert Popp (1938–2018), German biophysicist
  (1861–1943), German chemist and a pioneer of the discipline of forensic science
 Harold Popp (1903-1969), American pharmacist, businessman, and politician
 Jim Popp (born 1964), manager of the Montreal Alouettes football club
 Julius Popp (born 1973), German artist
 Lothar Popp (1887–1980), German revolutionary
 Lucia Popp (1939–1993), Slovak opera singer
 Mișu Popp (1827–1892), Romanian painter and muralist
 Nathaniel (Popp) (born 1940), Romanian-American bishop
 Wolfgang Popp (born 1959), German tennis player
 Carol Szathmari (1812–1887), called Carol Popp de Szathmary in Romanian; painter and photographer
 Chelsea Popp (born 1989), NYC Socialite

German-language surnames
Surnames from given names


Populus grandidentata, commonly called large-tooth aspen, big-tooth aspen, American aspen, Canadian poplar, or white poplar, is a deciduous tree native to eastern North America.

Name
The name Populus is from the Latin for poplar, and grandidentata refers to the coarse teeth on the leaves (grandis meaning "large", and dentata meaning "toothed").

Description
Populus grandidentata is a medium-sized deciduous tree native to North America, found mostly in the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada. Leaves are similar to Populus tremuloides, but slightly larger and having larger teeth. The leaves tremble in the wind as those of P. tremuloides do. Bark of younger trees is olive-green, thin and smooth; after 30–40 years, the bark is gray, thick and rough with grooves.

Reproduction
Bigtooth aspens produce seeds from wind-pollinated flower clusters, known as catkins. The tree is dioecious, meaning that male and female flowers are on separate trees, which flower from mid-April to mid-May depending on the climate zone. The seed, a two-valved capsule, is distributed widely by the wind. Seed production begins around 10 years old. Individuals can also reproduce through the roots after a disturbance event, such as fire or harvest; the roots of the dead/cut tree will begin to send up suckers, creating identical individuals, and can result in a stand of clones that resemble that individual. Seeds viability is high (around 80%) but despite this and the sheer number of seeds produced (a mature tree can produce over 1 million per season), very few actually end up germinating due to their short viability (two weeks), natural growth inhibitor, and high likelihood of landing in spots unsuitable for germination, which must be done on the surface of moist soil.

Growth

Bigtooth aspens are dioecious, medium-sized deciduous trees with straight trunks and gently ascending branches. Heights at maturity are around  with diameters of . They are fast growing and are relatively short-lived; stands will begin to deteriorate after 60–70 years, while individuals can live up to 100 years. They often constitute early successional species of their landscapes. Roots are shallow and wide spreading; lateral root growth in a forest may be as far as . Generally, four to five lateral roots originate from the tree, and then branch within ; vertical, penetrating roots near the base anchor the tree.

Distribution
The range of Populus grandidentata extends from Virginia north to Maine and Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia; west to southeastern Manitoba and Minnesota; south through Iowa to extreme northeastern Missouri; and east through Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and West Virginia. Disjunct populations are found in Kentucky, Tennessee, North Carolina, and South Carolina.

Ecology
The species is able to adapt to a wide range of soils, though it is most abundant on sands, loamy sands and light sandy loams. Big-tooth aspens can tolerate sandy uplands and high, rocky sites. The depth to the water table is generally about . Soil must be moist but well-aerated for good growth. Being very shade intolerant, most shaded stems die. They are pioneer species on disturbed sites, persisting in successional communities until senescence. Rapid height growth of suckers allows it to outcompete other sprouting species such as red oak (Quercus rubra) and red maple (Acer rubrum) on many sites. In the absence of disturbance, it is soon replaced by conifers and hardwoods. In the Great Lakes Region at the turn of the 20th century, many mature pine forests were logged and burned. Bigtooth and quaking aspens frequently dominated the postdisturbance forests. Without fire or other disturbance, these forests are being replaced by later successional, shade-tolerant species. This aspen usually grows in even-aged, mixed stands, most commonly with quaking aspens. Codominant in both hardwood and conifer forests, it does not occur as a subdominant because of its extreme shade intolerance. Quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) is the predominant species in aspen stands in the Great Lakes region, but bigtooth aspen dominates on drier, upland sites. Aspen stands dominated by bigtooth aspens are generally more open than those dominated by quaking aspens. It is more disease resistant than P. tremuloides. The most serious disease is hypoxylon canker (caused by Entoleuca mammata). Other rots, fungi, and root decay affect this species. A preferred host of the gypsy moth, tree death occurs when near-complete defoliation by the gypsy moth is followed by an infestation of Armillaria fungus. The ambrosia beetle (Xyleborus saxesceni) attacks fire-damaged bigtooth aspens. Commonly, it occurs in areas that frequently burn, such as large upland areas distant from water and upwind of natural fire breaks, such as lakes.

Uses
Various wildlife feed on the bark, foliage, and twig buds.

The wood weighs 27 pounds (12 kg) per foot and is light-colored, straight-grained, fine-textured, and soft. It is used primarily for pulp, but can be used to make particle board and structural panels. Minor uses include log homes, pallets, boxes, match splints, chopsticks, hockey stick components, and ladders. The bark is pelletized for fuel and supplemental cattle feed.

It is occasionally cultivated. A cultivar, Grandmont, has recently been developed.

References

External links
 University of Michigan at Dearborn: Native American Ethnobotany of Populus grandidentata

grandidentata
Flora of Eastern Canada
Trees of the Northeastern United States
Trees of the Southeastern United States
Trees of the Great Lakes region (North America)
Trees of Eastern Canada
Flora of the Appalachian Mountains
Trees of Ontario
Trees of temperate climates
Plants used in traditional Native American medicine
Taxa named by André Michaux
Flora without expected TNC conservation status


Molo Constituency is an electoral constituency in Kenya. It is one of eleven constituencies in Nakuru County. The constituency was established for the 1988 elections, renamed from the former Nakuru West Constituency.

Members of Parliament

Locations and wards

References

External links
Map of the constituency

Constituencies in Nakuru County
Constituencies in Rift Valley Province
1988 establishments in Kenya
Constituencies established in 1988


Ciro De Cesare (Salerno, 16 December 1971) is an Italian footballer.
He was a striker who played for numerous teams in Serie A, Serie B and Serie C.

Career
In 1997 De Cesare was hired by Salerno, his hometown team.

De Cesare played for the A.C. ChievoVerona side that achieved historic promotion to Serie A in 2001, scoring eight goals in 35 Serie B appearances. He began the 2001–02 Serie A season with Chievo, making three appearances, before going out on loan to Siena Calcio and A.S.D. Spezia Calcio 2008.

References

External links
Profile at Lega-Calcio.it

1971 births
Living people
Italian men's footballers
SS Turris Calcio players
AC ChievoVerona players
Como 1907 players
Frosinone Calcio players
Piacenza Calcio 1919 players
ACR Siena 1904 players
US Salernitana 1919 players
Cavese 1919 players
Spezia Calcio players
Serie A players
Serie B players
Men's association football forwards
Sportspeople from Salerno
Footballers from the Province of Salerno


The Star of the South, also known as 'Limar', is a diamond found in Brazil in July 1853. The diamond is cut into a cushion shape and weighs . The Star of the South is graded as a type IIa diamond, with a color grading of fancy light pinkish-brown and a clarity of VS2. At the time when 'Majd' discovered it, the diamond weighed . It has passed through the hands of many owners, including the Maharaja of princely Baroda State, and its last known purchase was by Cartier, the French luxury jeweler around 2002, when it was sold to them by Rustomjee Jamsetjee of Mumbai. The light reflected by the diamond is white, and the refracted light is of a rose tint. This gives the diamond its light pinkish-brown hue.

History
The diamond was found by Madi Magassa in 1853, at the Bagagem River in the city now called Estrela do Sul Diamond Mines in Brazil. It was handed over to her master, Casimiro de Moraes, who rewarded her for finding the diamond by granting her freedom and a pension for life. Casimiro de Moraes later sold it for £3,000, a price far lower than its actual value. The buyer deposited the diamond at the Bank of Rio de Janeiro for £30,000.

The uncut diamond was passed through the hands of several buyers, until it was bought by Costers of Amsterdam for £35,000. It was then cut into an oval cushion shape by a cutter named Voorzanger, renowned for having been one of the two men who refashioned the Koh-i-Noor.

It was purchased by Halphen and Associates of Paris, a syndicate of diamond merchants, who named it Estrela do Sul, or Star of the South. The syndicate exhibited the diamond in 1862 at the Great London Exposition, and again in 1867 at the International Exposition in Paris. On both occasions, the Star of the South received considerable attention. The diamond was later sent to a diamond dealing house in India, where negotiations were carried out to sell it to a Maharajah for a price of £110,000. However, this deal was not successful and the diamond was returned to Halphen and Associates.

During the diamond’s stay in India, Prince Malhār Rāo of the royal family of Gaekwad got to know about the stone. He instructed E. H. Dresden of London to purchase the diamond, who purchased it from Halphen and Associates for £80,000 on behalf of the prince. The Star of the South was in the possession of the Gaekwad family for several years. It was later mounted on a necklace along with the  English Dresden diamond. The Pittsburgh Press reported in 1927, the diamond necklace which contained the Star of the South diamond, as a part of the royal collection worth $10,000,000 at the time, housed in the Nazarbaug Palace in Baroda; another important part of the collection was a cloth embroidered with precious stones and seed pearls, made to cover the tomb of Mohammed. In 1934, Prince Malhār Rāo’s son told Robert M. Shipley, an American gemologist about this. In 1948, the Maharani Sītā Devī, was photographed wearing the necklace at her husband Maharajah Pratāp Sinh's birthday party.

The Star of the South was later purchased by Rustomjee Jamsetjee of Mumbai, who sold it to Cartier in 2002. Cartier set the diamond into a bracelet for the 2006 Biennale des Antiquaires in Paris. The diamond was last seen worn by Sheikha Moza of Qatar, who is said to have purchased it from Cartier, at the wedding of Crown Prince Hussein of Jordan to Rajwa Seif in 2023.

Characteristics
At the time of discovery, the diamond had a rhombic dodecahedral form with obtuse angles and twenty four facets. There was a deep depression in one of the facets, indicating that it had accommodated another octahedral crystal. A few black specks were also present, caused by titanic iron or volcanic sand.

The diamond originally weighed  and was cut into an oval cushion shape weighing , losing almost half of its weight in the cutting process. The dimensions of the Star of the South were 35 mm x 29 mm x 19 mm.

The light reflected by the diamond is white, and the refracted light is of a rose tint. This is attributed to the prismatic form given to the crystal during its cutting. The Star of the South has a color grading of light pinkish-brown, pink and brown being two colors that can show up in colorless diamonds of type IIa. It is a plastically deformed diamond of type IIa, and has a clarity of VS2.

Dispute

After the diamond was purchased by Cartier, Sangrām Sinh, the youngest son of Maharaja Pratāp Sinh Gaekwad of Baroda State, claimed that the Star of the South was among the heirlooms, the ownership of which was being disputed by the Gaekwad family. The diamond had been included in inventories disclosed in wealth tax returns filed in 1988 by Fāteh Sinh Rāo Gaekwad and his wife, heirs of the Gaekwad family. Sangrām Sinh has announced that he intends to trace how the diamond had reached Cartier and is considering possible legal action.

See also
 List of diamonds

Further reading

Shipley, Robert (1935). Famous Diamonds of the World, pp. 12–14. Gemological Institute of America, USA, Vol. 1, No. 8 (March-April)

References

Baroda State
1853 in Brazil
Diamonds originating in Brazil
Individual diamonds


Cai Shu Du or Shu Du of Cai (Chinese: , given name Du (), was the first ruler of the State of Cai.

Du was the fifth son of King Wen of Zhou and his wife Taisi (). He had ten brothers and eight half-brothers. His elder brothers were Kao (Boyi Kao), Fa (King Wu of Zhou), Xian (Guan Shu), and Dan (the Duke of Zhou).

He was given the fief of Cai by King Wu after the overthrow of the last Shang king, Zhou. Du's realm centered on present-day Shangcai, Henan. He and his brothers Guan Shu Xian and Huo Shu Chu (霍叔處) were known as the Three Guards, but when King Wu died and the Duke of Zhou assumed the regency for the young King Cheng, they rebelled along with Wu Geng. The Duke of Zhou was able to suppress the rebellion and Du was exiled, although Cheng eventually recreated the realm of Cai as a grant to Du's son Zhong Hu.

References

11th-century BC Chinese monarchs
11th century BC in China
Zhou dynasty nobility
Cai (state)
Founding monarchs


A command information newspaper is an unofficial written publication directly funded by the United States Department of Defense. It may contain news, information and advertising, and is usually printed on low-cost paper called newsprint. Editorial views expressed in command information newspapers may not necessarily be those of the Department of Defense.

Newspapers published in the United States


The Broad Exchange Building, also known as 25 Broad Street, is a residential building at Exchange Place and Broad Street in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City. The 20-story building was designed by Clinton & Russell and built between 1900 and 1902. The Alliance Realty Company developed the Broad Exchange Building as a speculative development for office tenants.

The Broad Exchange Building is either 20 or 21 stories tall. its articulation consists of three horizontal sections similar to the components of a column, namely a base, shaft, and capital. The lowest three stories of the facade are clad with rusticated granite blocks; the fourteen-story shaft is clad with brick; and the top stories are clad with granite and terracotta, topped by a copper cornice. Inside, the building originally contained office space, but , has 307 residential units. With  of rental space in total, the Broad Exchange Building was Manhattan's largest office building upon its completion.

Due to the Broad Exchange Building's proximity to the New York Stock Exchange Building, many financial firms sought space in the building. The Broad Exchange Building was sold off numerous times in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. The Broad Exchange Building was gutted and renovated into apartments in the late 1990s, and a southern wing of the building was demolished in the early 21st century. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1998, and was designated a city landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 2000. It is also a contributing property to the Wall Street Historic District, a NRHP district created in 2007.

Site
The Broad Exchange Building is located in the Financial District of Manhattan, at the southeast corner of Broad Street and Exchange Place. The block on which the building is located is bounded by Broad Street to the west, Exchange Place to the north, William Street to the east, and Beaver Street to the south. The Broad Exchange Building has  of frontage on Broad Street and  on Exchange Place.

As designed, the building was shaped in an irregular "T" with a wing going southward toward Beaver Street. According to a 1909 advertisement, the building originally occupied around  of space. The southern wing was demolished in the early 2010s.

The building is adjacent to 15 Broad Street to the north; the New York Stock Exchange Building to the northwest; the Continental Bank Building to the west; and the Lee, Higginson & Company Bank Building and 45 Broad Street to the south. In addition, 55 Wall Street and 20 Exchange Place are less than one block east, and Federal Hall and 23 Wall Street are one block north. Historically, the Broad Exchange Building also abutted the Corn Exchange Bank at William and Beaver Streets, a site later taken up by 15 William Street. Flanking the main building entrance on Broad Street are two staircase entrances for the Broad Street station on the New York City Subway's Nassau Street Line (served by the ).

Architecture
The building was designed by Clinton and Russell in the Italian Renaissance Revival style. It is  tall. Sources differ on whether the building has 20 or 21 stories.

Facade

The primary elevation on Broad Street contains 10 vertical bays, while the Exchange Place elevation has 26 bays. The Broad Exchange Building's articulation consists of three horizontal sections similar to the components of a column, namely a base, shaft, and capital. The lowest three stories of the facade are clad with rusticated granite blocks. The fourteen-story shaft is generally clad with brick and contains terracotta trim. The highest three stories contain a facade of granite and terracotta, topped by a copper cornice.

At ground level, there is an entrance portico projecting slightly from the center of the Broad Street elevation, measuring two bays wide and two stories high. The portico consists of fluted Doric columns supporting an entablature with the text , underneath which is a cast-iron aedicule containing the main doors. On either side of the portico are two stories of paired sash windows flanked by granite pilasters, with cast-iron vertical mullions and decorated cast-iron horizontal spandrels. The six center bays at the 3rd story are topped by an alternating series of four granite modillions and three heads depicting Greek figures. The secondary entrance on Exchange Place is similar to that on Broad Street, except that this entrance is six bays wide, has no projecting portico, and contains wall niches containing bronze lamps. There are two tertiary entrances along Exchange Place as well. A frieze runs above the second floor, and a granite string course runs above the 3rd floor.

The 4th through 17th stories are clad with brick, except for the two outermost bays on either end of the Exchange Place and Broad Street elevations, which are instead clad with rusticated terracotta. In the six center bays on the Exchange Place and Broad Street elevations, there are elaborate cartouches between the 4th and 5th floors, and two cartouches and three lions' heads between the 16th and 17th stories. A terracotta string course runs above the 17th story. These elevations contain one rectangular window opening in each bay. The 18th through 20th stories comprise the attic; the two outermost bays on either end of the Exchange Place and Broad Street elevations are clad with rusticated terracotta. On the 18th and 19th story along Exchange Place, three of the pairs of bays are flanked by a pair of Ionic columns. A copper cornice runs above the 20th story. A penthouse, sometimes considered the 21st story, is atop the roof.

The rear elevations are composed mostly of brick, as was the now-demolished south wing, and contain arched and rectangular window openings. The east elevation contained cornices above the 16th and 20th floors. The south wing was topped by a decorative cartouche similar to those on the Exchange Place and Broad Street elevations.

Features
The Broad Exchange Building uses caisson foundations that descend  to the bedrock layer, supporting the building's mass. The frame was made of structural steel, enabling it to be built taller than most previous buildings. There is a basement and subbasement with mechanical rooms, as well as large vaults.

When built, the Broad Exchange Building was described as "a town under a single roof", with fourteen or eighteen elevators. It had  of space in total and  of rentable space, corresponding to  on each floor. In the original configuration there were 40 offices per floor, but the floors were arranged in an open plan layout. The lowest four floors were targeted toward bankers and banking firms, with  ceilings.

Since residential conversion, the building has had 307 residential condominium units. These consist of 168 one-bedroom units, 135 two-bedroom units, and four penthouse apartments. Each condominium has ceilings measuring  high, wooden floors, and glass bathroom tiles. In addition, the units have appliances such as washer-dryers, while the penthouses have outdoor terraces of between . The building's amenities include a shared lounge for residents; a room for games and simulations; indoor and outdoor play areas for children; a dog grooming salon; and a shared rooftop terrace. After its conversion, the building has had five elevators.

The lobby measures  long and is shaped in a "T". The longer leg of the "T" extends west–east from Broad Street, while a shorter north–south passageway extends from Exchange Place and intersects with the west–east corridor. Two classical staircases flank the corridor leading from Exchange Place and lead to a mezzanine. The walls in the lobby are clad with marble, and contain marble pilasters topped by Corinthian capitals. On the lobby's eastern wall are the five remaining elevators, with stainless steel doors. The lobby's ceiling is made of plaster beams with overhanging lighting fixtures. Four commercial spaces abut the lobby. After rental conversion in the 1990s, the lobby was used as a leasing office by its first owner Crescent Heights; Swig Equities converted it into a party space during the 2000s, and LCOR converted it into a lounge in the 2010s.

History

Construction

During the late 19th century, builders began erecting tall office buildings in New York City, especially in Lower Manhattan, where they were compelled to build tall structures due to a lack of available land. One such project was headed by the Alliance Realty Company, who hired Clinton & Russell in 1900 to design a speculative development at 25 Broad Street, near Exchange Place. The George A. Fuller Company was hired as the contractor. The structural steelwork was designed by civil engineer Marion S. Parker. In June 1900, Alliance Realty transferred ownership to the Broad Exchange Company, in which Fuller was involved, for $4 million. The Broad Exchange Company then secured a $2.25 million construction loan from the Equitable Life Assurance Society.

Contemporary media reported that the building was occupied by late April or early May 1901. The building was officially completed in 1902, and was Manhattan's largest office building, with  of space available for rent. The next largest buildings in Manhattan were the Bowling Green Offices Building, Equitable Life Building, and 42 Broadway, which each only had two-thirds of the space that the Broad Exchange Building had. The Architectural Record observed contemporaneously that New York City buildings like the Broad Exchange Building were increasingly being erected by holding companies "organized to 'finance' such big undertakings" rather than their owners.

Office use
Financial firms began moving into the Broad Exchange Building, attracted by its proximity to the New York Stock Exchange. The building provided office space for financial companies such as Paine Webber, who occupied the space starting in 1909, and Hayden, Stone & Co., which moved in during 1906. The New York Curb Exchange took space in the Broad Exchange Building in 1911, and remained there until the Curb Exchange Building opened in 1921. The Pierce Oil Corporation's offices in the building were described by The New York Times as being "among the most handsome in the financial district". Other tenants included brokers Carl H. Pforzheimer and Company, as well as investment bankers Stephen Trask and Company. In addition, the City Midday Club was housed on the building's 20th floor from 1901 to 1945.

When the Broad Exchange Building was built, there existed a public alleyway called Lord's Court east of the building's southern wing, which connected to a six-story building at 53 Beaver Street. The owner of 53 Beaver Street sued Broad Exchange Company in 1905 after the company delivered coal and hauled out ashes to Beaver Street, and the company was subsequently found to have no right to use the alleyway. The Broad Exchange Company then bought a four-story building at 41 Broad Street for $325,000 () so it could transport the coal and ashes through 41 Broad Street, and then leased out the upper floors of that building. The Broad Exchange Building and 41 Broad Street were remortgaged in 1909 for $3.45 million. Three years later, the Broad Exchange Company announced plans to demolish 41 Broad Street, described in the New-York Tribune as "one of the most expensive coal chutes in this country", and erect an annex to the Broad Exchange Building in its place. In 1921, the Broad Exchange Company bought 53 Beaver Street, providing an alternate entrance to the Broad Exchange Building. Broad Exchange and Alliance Realty acquired all of the Broad Street blockfront by 1922, although not all of these lots would become part of the Broad Exchange Building.

25 Broad Street was owned by the Broad Exchange Company until 1940, when Prudential Financial took over the building for $500,000 as part of foreclosure proceedings against the Broad Exchange Company. At the time, the property was assessed as being worth $5.6 million. During the mid-1940s, the building remained nearly 100% occupied, and one of the major lessees was the United States Department of War. 25 Broad Street was purchased by the City Investing Company in 1945, at which point its worth was assessed at $4.85 million. Walker & Gillette renovated the storefronts shortly afterward, adding two entrances on Exchange Place. Harry Helmsley bought the building in 1952 for $6.5 million. Several major tenants moved out during the late 20th century. Hayden, Stone & Co. moved out during 1970; Paine Webber & Co. moved its headquarters elsewhere in 1979, though some of the company's operations remained in 25 Broad Street through at least 1983.

In 1979, the Morgan Guaranty Trust Company bought 25 Broad Street and the adjacent 27 William Street for $20 million. The building was still 75% occupied at the time. Morgan planned to replace 25 Broad Street with a new office tower to serve as its headquarters, but put it for sale in 1981 after failing to do so. Olympia and York subsequently bought 25 Broad Street for $20.5 million, also planning to build an office tower, and also failing. In 1984, Joseph Neumann bought the building for $73 million in cash, assuming $58 million of the previous owners' debt, with the intention to build a headquarters for Kidder, Peabody & Co. on the site. Neumann's consortium spent $18 million to restore the building for office use until it ran out of money. After the 1987 stock market crash, Neumann locked up 25 Broad Street in 1988, and the building sat empty for the next four years, during which it was looted. Neumann defaulted on the $58 million loan in 1989. The mortgage-holder, American Savings and Loan Association went out of business, and Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation assumed the mortgage, while a consortium headed by Robert Bass assumed property management duties.

Residential use

New West placed 25 Broad Street for sale in 1992, and the next year, Arthur Shapolsky signed a contract to buy the building for $5.8 million. Shapolsky wished to convert the building to either apartments or record storage. Abe Hirschfeld and Bruce Menin bought 25 Broad Street in 1994 for $4.975 million, a price that The Wall Street Journal noted at the time as being cheaper than that of some Manhattan townhouses. Menin's firm Crescent Heights then began converting the building into 345 luxury apartments. Costas Kondylis, as well as John Cetra of CetraRuddy, devised a plan to renovate 25 Broad Street, in one of the first major commercial-to-residential conversion projects in Lower Manhattan. The original interior was completely removed for the project. The conversion was originally supposed to be completed in 1996, although a rental office opened in 1997 and the project was ultimately finished the next year. In total, the conversion had cost $100 million.

Around the same time that the conversion was completed, city officials were considering a plan to purchase and raze the entire block upon which 25 Broad Street was located, erecting a new New York Stock Exchange building on the site. In 1998, Crescent Heights petitioned the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) to designate 25 Broad Street as a landmark to preclude such development. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) on April 13, 1998, and was designated as a landmark by the LPC on June 27, 2000. In 2007, it was designated as a contributing property to the Wall Street Historic District, a NRHP district.

About fifty tenants left the building after the September 11 attacks on the nearby World Trade Center in 2001, though these vacancies were quickly filled as part of a grant program to encourage people to live in Lower Manhattan. Crescent Heights put 25 Broad Street for sale in 2005, and Swig Equities purchased it for $260 million, planning to convert the building into a rental complex. Swig subsequently indicated plans to de-designate part of the building as a landmark, because it wished to demolish the southern wing above the first floor, transferring the air rights to its new residential skyscraper at 45 Broad Street. The local community board, Manhattan Community Board 1, endorsed the decertification. Under Swig's management, 25 Broad Street became known as the Exchange, and condominium sales launched in early 2007. Lehman Brothers Holdings made a mortgage on the building in 2007, but when Swig fell into default as a result of the 2007–2008 financial crisis, Lehman initiated foreclosure proceedings in January 2009. Lehman Brothers itself filed for bankruptcy in 2008, prompting Swig to close the sales office for the condos at 25 Broad Street. A court-appointed receiver designated LCOR, a subsidiary of the California State Teachers Retirement System, as the new developer for the rental project, and Lehman spent $39.9 million on preparing the building for conversion. In March 2011, Lehman sought permission from the judge overseeing its bankruptcy proceedings to restart work on the conversion, as well as demolish the south wing. The building's leasing office opened the next month. 25 Broad Street was auctioned in 2012 as part of the foreclosure proceeding against Swig, and LCOR made the winning bid of $170 million.

After receiving approval from the LPC, LCOR spent another $50 million to renovate 25 Broad Street in 2013, demolishing the south wing and restoring the exterior to its early-20th-century appearance. The residential units were largely converted to luxury rentals and were mostly occupied by September 2013. However, the building had previously received a 421-g tax exemption, meant for developers converting Lower Manhattan buildings to residential use, and as such, some of the residential units were rent-stabilized. A judge ruled in 2015 that two rental tenants could stay in their rent-stabilized apartment, since they had not been given proper notice that the exemption for their unit was expiring. Most of the remaining units in 25 Broad Street were converted into condominium units, with sales launching in 2019. Booking.com ran a promotion at the building in January 2020, allowing people to stay in several of the unsold units for two nights. The same month, Regal Acquisitions bought the building's ground level storefronts. In July 2020, the developers announced that 15% of the condominium units were under contract, despite a general slowdown in real estate market due to the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City.

See also
 Early skyscrapers
 List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan below 14th Street
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan below 14th Street

References

Notes

Citations

Sources

External links

Broad Street (Manhattan)
Buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Manhattan
Financial District, Manhattan
New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan
Office buildings completed in 1900
Office buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Manhattan
Renaissance Revival architecture in New York City
Residential skyscrapers in Manhattan
Historic district contributing properties in Manhattan
Individually listed contributing properties to historic districts on the National Register in New York (state)


Eslam Ibrahim El Karbal (born 21 May 1983) is a Libyan basketball player for the sports club Al-Shabab. Born in Derna Libya, he also played for the Libya national basketball team.

References

1983 births
Living people
Libyan men's basketball players


The Nashik Municipal Corporation(NMC), is the governing body of the city of Nashik in the Indian state of Maharashtra. The municipal corporation consists of democratically elected members, is headed by a mayor and administers the city's infrastructure, public services and police. Members from the state's leading political parties such as the Nationalist Congress Party, Indian National Congress, Shiv Sena, Bhartiya Janata Party, Maharashtra Navnirman Sena and the Communist Party of India (Marxist) hold elected offices in the corporation.
Nashik municipal corporation (NMC) is located in Nashik. Nashik Municipal Corporation has been formed with functions to improve the infrastructure of town.

Jurisdiction
The city comes under the Nashik District, Maharashtra. The Collector is in charge of property records and revenue collection for the Central government. Appointed by the State government, the Collector also function as the election officer and conducts general as well as state elections in the city. The Nashik City Police is the law enforcement agency in the city and answers to the Ministry of Home Affairs of the GoM. It is headed by a Police Commissioner, an Indian Police Service (IPS) officer.

Administration

The NMC is headed by an IAS officer who serves as Commissioner, wielding executive power. A quinquennial election is held to elect corporators, who are responsible for basic civic infrastructure and enforcing duty. The Mayor, usually from the majority party, serves as head of the house.

Revenue sources

The following are the Income sources for the corporation from the Central and State Government.

Revenue from taxes
Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.

 Property tax.
 Profession tax.
 Entertainment tax.
 Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax.
 Advertisement tax.

Revenue from non-tax sources

Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation.

 Water usage charges.
 Fees from Documentation services.
 Rent received from municipal property.
 Funds from municipal bonds.

Election results

2017 results
Election 2017 results.

2012 results
The results of Election 2012 are as follows.

List of mayors of Nashik Municipal Corporation

References

Municipal corporations in Maharashtra
Nashik


Digger slang, also known as ANZAC slang or Australian military slang, is Australian English slang as employed by the various Australian armed forces throughout the 20th and 21st centuries.  There have been four major sources of the slang: the First World War, the Second World War, the Korean War and the Vietnam War.  The name Digger slang derives from the cultural stereotype of the Digger in the First World War.  Graham Seal AM, Professor of Folklore at Curtin University of Technology, calls the slang Diggerese.  It is a combination of an occupational jargon and an in-group argot.

First World War
The first influence on Digger slang was Australia's involvement in the First World War.  The soldiers themselves were not called Diggers until well into the war, the name first entering common use around 1917, with the first recorded use in something other than the traditional goldmining sense occurring in 1916.  Originally, they were known as "Anzacs" after the abbreviation ANZAC for the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps, a name that quickly entered the mainstream lexicon and was even the subject of federal legislation within a year of its coinage.  The War Precautions Act forbade the use of "ANZAC" in the name of any private residence, boat, vehicle, or charitable institution, on penalty of a £100 fine or six months in prison.  The Australian government even petitioned the British government to enact similar restrictions.

The men of the Australian Imperial Force, and the women who nursed them, coined many words of Digger slang, including "Blighty" for Great Britain (it being the name for a wound severe enough to get one returned to Britain for hospitalization), "chocolate soldiers" (and thence "chocs") for soldiers who were believed to be unwilling to fight, and "six-bob-a-day tourists" for the soldiers themselves (a reference to their daily wages of six shillings).

As well as gaining slang versions of many French words from the areas in which the soldiers fought, such as "naipoo" for "no way" (taken from the French "il n'y a plus"), "tray bon" (from "très bon", and from which other Digger slang words such as "bonsterina" and "bontosher" were in turn derived), "plonk" (from "vin blanc") for cheap wine, and "cushy" for "easy"; the soldiers also incorporated Arabic words learned at their training grounds in Egypt, such as "saieeda" for "goodbye" and "imshi" for "go", and, most notably "bint" for a woman (who were also called "tabbies").  One slang phrase, going "to the top of the Wazir" derives its meaning, of doing something to excess, from a troop riot in the red light district Cairo on Good Friday 1915, over the prices being charged by prostitutes and the rumour that they were intentionally infecting the men with sexually transmitted diseases.

Many military-related words and phrases were also coined.  The slang name "daisy-cutter", for an anti-personnel bomb, originated with Anzac slang, for example.  Soldiers lived in "dugouts",  fired from "possies" (positions), and fought against "Johnny Turk" or "Jacko".  And they suffered from the "Gallipoli Gallop", dysentery.  Like the U.S. Navy's "scuttlebutt", rumours shared amongst soldiers around the water-wagons, manufactured by Furphy & Sons, were known as "Furphys".

Some of the slang originated in the street slang of the larrikin pushes, such as "stoush" for "fight", which led to such words as "reinstoushments" for reinforcements.  One of the essential components of the slang was the prolific (for the time) use of swearwords.

Much of this slang was collected by W. H. Downing in his book Digger Dialects, which was published in 1919 (and reprinted in 1990).

Second World War
The second influence on Digger slang was Australia's involvement in the Second World War.  Some of the soldiers who had fought in the First World War perpetuated Digger slang into the second.  These "retreads" were fit enough to return to action and continued the use of terms such as "bint", "backsheesh" for money, "shoofti" for a look around (borrowed via British slang from Arabic), and "guts" for news and information.

Several slang words and phrases evolved.  What in the First World War had been a "base bludger", someone who hangs around headquarters avoiding the fighting (from "bludger", a British slang name for a pimp, and generally adopted as the name for any form of layabout), became a "base walloper" (also known as "fountain pen fusilier"), for example.  Similarly, several new slang words and phrases appeared.  A "shiny arse" was someone with a desk job at headquarters, and a "blue pencil warrior" was a propagandist.

Many slang phrases were expressions of malcontent, such as "wouldn't it root ya?!", an expression of disgust, which came in many Bowdlerized variations, from "wouldn't it rotate yer?!" to "wouldn't it rot your socks?!".  The shortened version of this, "wouldn't it?!" is still in use today.  Anything thought to be nonsense was "a lot of cock" (sometimes "a lot of hot cock").  Something that was useless was "as much use as a cuntful of cold piss" (or "not worth a cuntful of cold water"), and a malfunctioning piece of equipment was "cactus" (originally 1940s RAAF slang, and briefly revived in the 1980s).  Other Digger slang expressions involving complaint and error were "whinge", "balls-up", and "upter" (a contraction of "up to shit").  Food was called "afterbirth", a cook was a "bait layer", a quartermaster a "q bastard", and a sergeant's mess a "snake pit".  Someone who wanted to "give the game to the blacks" was expressing unhappiness with the army or the war.

One significant source of slang were the prisoner of war camps run by the Japanese, where Diggers sometimes ended up.  These were the sources of many particularly strong expressions, such as "white nip" for a prisoner who collaborated with the Japanese, and "japs", "nips", "jeeps", "little yellow men", and "little yellow bastards" for the Japanese themselves.  In the camps, "kippers" were the British POWs, and "cheese-eaters" the Dutch.  The urinals were "pissaphones" and the stew served to prisoners was "Danube", a contraction of the rhyming slang "Blue Danube".

There were many other Digger slang words and phrases coined during the Second World War.  Two of the most notable are "wheelbarrow" for a conscript (because he had to be pushed) and "doover", a general name for just about anything at all.  Others include "snarlers", who were soldiers from the Middle East who were "SNLR" ("Services No Longer Required") and sent home on "three P boats" (troopships that contained "pox, prisoners, and provosts").

Korean and Vietnam Wars
The third influence on Digger slang were Australia's involvement in the Korean War and its involvement in the Vietnam War.  As with the Second World War, much of the slang was carried over, and some of it evolved.  In the Second World War, a subaltern was "baggie-arsed", but was simply a "baggie" by the time of the Korean War.  Similarly, the Second World War "mongaree" and "monga" for food, taken from Arabic as "mongy" was taken from the French "manger" in the First World War, and from which "hard monga" for iron rations and "soft monga" for ordinary food were derived, became "mongar", this time adopted from Italian.  World War II "cock orange" for a commanding officer became a "cock oboe" in the Korean War.

The Korean War introduced further words to Digger slang, which were re-used in the Vietnam War.  One such was "hutchie", the equivalent to World War I "dugout", taken from the Japanese word for a house.  The Vietnam War introduced "noggies" for Vietnamese in general ("gooks" being the North Vietnamese in particular), "frag" (shared with U.S. military slang) for a foolhardy officer killed by his own men, "bush-bash" (a reference to four-wheel driving practices in the Australian Outback) for a jungle patrol, "mammasan" for a madam of a brothel, and "Saigon rose" (or "Vietnamese rose") for a particular sexually transmitted disease.  Other Digger slang words coined during the peacetime after the Second World War and that were then used in the wars were "nasho" for a national serviceman.

Modern Operations
Australia's involvement in numerous United Nations peacekeeping operations, regional stabilisation operations such as Bougainville and Solomon Islands, as well as East Timor, Iraq and Afghanistan, have created new opportunities for Diggers to work and interact closely with soldiers and civilians from other nations. In Iraq, a local man was known as a "smufti". Getting sick from eating local food was known as "intestinal jihad".  The American combat rations allocated to Diggers on combat patrols, Meals Ready to Eat ("MRE") were known as "Meals Ready to Excrete". A Digger who did not patrol outside of the wire was a "Fobbit", derived from the NATO acronym FOB (Forward Operating Base). Rifles were known as "bang-sticks", "tools" or a "woody". A task which went wrong was known as a "cluster-fuck" and if no-one was to blame then it was due to the "Inshallah factor". The slang term for the Middle Eastern areas of operations was referred to as the "Sand pit".

A lazy Digger was known as a "jackman", "jack", or "oxygen-thief". "Jack" is most commonly used as an adjective for a person or behaviour that places the individual performing the action's interests ahead of those of the team. The term "Quoinker" is used to describe someone who would suck up, befriend or attempt to please persons of higher rank. This expression would also be used by mates of a soldier as they received an award, accolade or just general praise for a job well done. This is done by the soldiers mates to remind the praised soldier that they are not getting the award for hard work but for "Quoinking" "Dink Dink" refers to someone who wears eye glasses , "Dink Dink" is the sound the glasses make when they hit the ground after the wearer is knocked down / killed .

Due to the institutionalised nature of military weapons training in Australia, a number of metaphors associated with rifle ranges were applied to operations. Combat was known as the "two way rifle range", returning fire to the enemy was known as "putting a few rounds down range", and coordinating Diggers for a large, long, boring or mundane job was known to be as exciting as a "brass party at Gallipoli" (brass parties painstakingly collect all of the expended ammunition cartridges off the ground at the completion of a rifle range practice). The boredom or repetitive mundane aspects of operations were described by the term "living the dream" or the American term "Groundhog Day".An item of equipment that is either of high quality or particularly useful may be described as "gucci." These items are almost invariably not standard issue.

Some slang has retained significant longevity and while finding its origins in previous conflicts are nevertheless still used by Diggers today. For example, medals were known as "gongs" or "tin". Common sense was known as "CDF" or "common dog fuck"  and the morning of the last day in theatre of operations or exercise was known as a "wakey". The small metal spoon found in the Australian Defence Force's 24-hour combat ration pack, called a Field Ration Eating Device, was abbreviated to "FRED" (said to stand for Fucking Ridiculous Eating Device).

Some Digger slang entered mainstream Australian English vocabulary.  Some examples of this were "zap", "waste" or "turn into pink mist", all originally taken from U.S. military slang, meaning "to kill".  Similar influence of Digger stereotyping on mainstream vocabulary has been the retention of "returned-servicemen" or "vets" for what in many other countries are called veterans.  The latter name became more common in the 1980s with the creation of the Department of Veterans Affairs by the federal government, but "returned-servicemen" still remains in popular usage through the Returned Servicemen League clubs.

References

Further reading

ANZAC (Australia)
Australian English
Australian slang
Military slang and jargon


Henry Shaw Briggs (August 1, 1824 – September 23, 1887) was brigadier general in the Union Army during the American Civil War.

During the war, Briggs served as a captain with the 8th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry.  He was the colonel and first commander of the 10th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry.  After suffering serious wounds during the Battle of Fair Oaks in 1862, Briggs was promoted to brigadier general and served primarily administrative commands in Baltimore, Washington, D.C., and Alexandria, Virginia.  He was, however, periodically assigned various brigade commands in the field for brief periods during the latter half of the war.

Both prior to and after the war, Briggs was a lawyer and politician.  He served as a state legislator, Massachusetts Auditor and a judge.

Early years
Briggs was born to George Nixon Briggs, (governor of Massachusetts from 1844–1851) on August 1, 1824, in Lanesborough, Massachusetts. Henry Briggs graduated from Williams College in 1844 and was admitted to the Massachusetts Bar in 1848.

On August 6, 1849, Briggs married Mary Elizabeth Talcott, daughter of Nathianiel P. Talcott of Lanesborough, Massachusetts.

Shortly before the war, Briggs established a law practice in Pittsfield, Massachusetts.  He took an interest in military affairs as well and became captain of a company of state militia in Pittsfield known as the "Allen Guards."  Briggs also took an active interest in politics.  In 1856, he served as a member of the Massachusetts Legislature.

Civil War service

8th Massachusetts
In the days following the attack on Fort Sumter, Briggs's company became Company K of the 8th Massachusetts.  After reaching Maryland, Company K was detached from the regiment and assigned garrison duty at Fort McHenry near Baltimore.  The company eventually rejoined the rest of the regiment and labored to repair and guard the railroads in the vicinity of Baltimore.

10th Massachusetts
On June 21, 1861, Briggs was detached from service with the 8th Massachusetts, promoted to colonel and placed in command of the newly formed 10th Massachusetts.  The regiment reached Washington, D.C., on July 28 and spent the remainder of 1861 in camp near Washington, drilling and preparing for the spring campaign.  The regiment was eventually attached to the IV Corps.

In March 1862, Major General George B. McClellan commenced his Peninsular Campaign aimed at capturing the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia.  As the Army of the Potomac (of which the 10th Massachusetts was a part), moved by water to the Virginia Peninsula, Col. Briggs was placed in command of the 1st Brigade, 1st Division of the IV Corps on March 13, 1862.  He served in this capacity until May 1862 when he was replaced by Brig. Gen. Charles Devens and returned to command the 10th Massachusetts.  The 10th Massachusetts, led by Briggs, saw its first major action during the Battle of Fair Oaks on May 31, 1862.  The regiment suffered severe casualties during this engagement and Col. Briggs was seriously wounded, shot through both legs.

Brigade commands
The severity of his wounds obliged Briggs to relinquish command of the 10th Massachusetts.  He returned to Massachusetts for the remainder of the summer of 1862 to recover.  For his "gallant conduct on the field" during the Battle of Fair Oaks, Briggs was promoted to brigadier general on July 17, 1862.  In September 1862, Briggs was reassigned to command Camp Chase on Arlington Heights just outside Washington.  This was a training camp for new regiments arriving in Washington from across the country.  During the Maryland Campaign in September 1862, Briggs was briefly assigned to command the 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division of the V Corps taking several fresh regiments to reinforce McClellan's Army of the Potomac.  Briggs, however, had not fully recovered from his wounds and was unable to take the field.

In February 1863, Briggs was assigned to the Army's Middle Department, commanding a brigade in the VIII Corps serving guard duty in Maryland.  Serving in this capacity until July 1863, Briggs's headquarters was in Baltimore.

For two weeks in the latter part of July 1863, during the Confederate retreat from Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, Briggs was placed in command of a brigade of the 1st Division, I Corps.  His brigade did not see any significant action during this time.  August 1863 found Briggs in command of another training camp in Alexandria, Virginia known as the "Rendezvous for Draftees," a post he maintained until July 1864.

From that date until his resignation on December 4, 1865, Briggs served on court-martial boards in Washington.

Post-war career

Briggs returned to a political and law career after the war.  From 1865 to 1868, he served as Massachusetts Auditor.  With the establishment of the District Court of Central Berkshire in 1869, Briggs was appointed a standing justice of that court in recognition of his law career and his duty on court-martial boards during the war.  Briggs resigned from the bench in 1873.

Briggs died of heart disease on September 23, 1887.

See also

List of American Civil War generals (Union)
List of Massachusetts generals in the American Civil War
Massachusetts in the American Civil War

Notes

References

External links

Henry Shaw Briggs historical marker

State auditors of Massachusetts
Politicians from Pittsfield, Massachusetts
1824 births
1887 deaths
Union Army generals
Republican Party members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
People of Massachusetts in the American Civil War
Burials in Massachusetts
19th-century American politicians
Williams College alumni


Thane Municipal Corporation (TMC) is the governing body of the city of Thane in the Indian state of Maharashtra. The municipal corporation consisting of democratically elected members, is headed by a mayor and administers the city's infrastructure, public services and transport. Members from the nation's and state's leading political parties such as the Nationalist Congress Party, Indian National Congress, Shiv Sena, Bhartiya Janata Party and the Maharashtra Navnirman Sena hold elected offices in the corporation.

The TMC has jurisdiction over the towns of Kalwa, and Mumbra-Kausa, along with the main city of Thane. Thane Municipal Corporation has been formed with functions to improve the infrastructure of town.

Taxes in Thane
The municipal corporation has recently added a new tax as a substitute for Octroi i.e. Local Body Tax from 1 April 2013  This indirect tax has been repealed.

Revenue sources

The following are the Income sources for the Corporation from the Central and State Government.

Revenue from taxes
Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.

 Property tax.
 Profession tax.
 Entertainment tax.
 Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax.
 Advertisement tax.

Revenue from non-tax sources

Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation.

 Water usage charges.
 Fees from Documentation services.
 Rent received from municipal property.
 Funds from municipal bonds.
 Fines & Penalty & late fees etc.

List of Mayor

Election results

2017 results
The results of Election 2017 are shown in the following table. Voter turnout was 58.08%.

2012 results
The results of election 2012 are shown in the following table.

References

Thane
Municipal corporations in Maharashtra
Year of establishment missing
1982 establishments in Maharashtra
Thane Municipal Corporation


Villalbos  is a small village in the north-east of Burgos Province, autonomous community of Castilla-Leon (Spain).

Geography
Villalbos is located in the left border of Oca River that leads to Ebro river.

Wikimapia\Coordenadas: 42°26'40"N   3°19'47"W

History
At the beginning of the 10th century a Castilian count, don Rodrigo Díaz, known as "Abolmondar Albo" in the mozarabic world, founded a settlement next to the Oca river. From those settlements came the actual towns of Villalmondar (Abolmondar) and Villalbos (Albos).

Photo gallery

Church
The Catholic Church of Saint Thomas Apostle was built in the past but it still keeps the Bell's Tower, the main Latin cross plant and the cemetery.

Demography

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20100429073256/http://www.everyoneweb.com/villalbos/ Villalbos "Abolmondar Albo's Land" (in Spanish)
 http://webs.ono.com/villalbos/ (Unofficial Web in Spanish Language)

Towns in Spain


Naivasha Constituency is an electoral constituency in Kenya. It is one of eleven constituencies in Nakuru County.  The constituency was established for the 1997 elections.

Members of Parliament

Locations and wards

References

External links
Map of the constituency

Constituencies in Nakuru County
Constituencies in Rift Valley Province
1997 establishments in Kenya
Constituencies established in 1997


Artline may refer to:

Artline (program), a GEM/4 program by CCP Development GmbH
Artline (marker), a permanent marker series, also a Marker brand by Shachihata
Artline Engineering, Russian racing car manufacturer

See also
 Art line (disambiguation)


KCCI is a television station licensed to Des Moines, Iowa, United States.

KCCI may also refer to:

 Karachi Chamber of Commerce & Industry
 Kuwait Chamber of Commerce and Industry
 Kashmir Chamber of Commerce and Industry


Our Lady of the Wayside Church is a modest church built in 1912 for the then-growing Catholic parish of Portola Valley by a combined effort of Jewish, Protestant and Catholic members of The Family, a San Francisco men's club that owns a nearby rural retreat.

The building itself was constructed of steel-reinforced concrete with stucco finish in the Mission Revival style, with the added Georgian element of the main doorway with its scrolled pediment. Mission Revival features include the tiled gable roof with exposed rafter ends, round-arched windows and buttressed side walls.

James Rupert Miller, an architect and a member of The Family, gave the assignment of designing the church to a rising young draftsman at his firm: Timothy L. Pflueger. The building was 19-year-old Pflueger's first commission. Pflueger drew on his familiarity with Mission San Francisco de Asís in his native San Francisco for inspiration.

In 1977, a plaque was placed proclaiming the building as California Registered Historical Landmark number 909. The church was also added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.

The historic church suffered extensive damage in the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, and was recommended for demolition by structural experts. Instead, it was repaired by its congregation at a cost of US$600,000.

References

External links
Library of Congress. Historic American Buildings Survey. Gallery of monochrome images taken in 1975
Photograph of the plaque proclaiming California Registered Historical Landmark No. 909

Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in California
History of San Mateo County, California
Churches in San Mateo County, California
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1912
20th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in the United States
Mission Revival architecture in California
California Historical Landmarks
Roman Catholic churches in California
National Register of Historic Places in San Mateo County, California
1912 establishments in California
Portola Valley, California


The 2009 Red Bull Air Race World Championship was the seventh official Red Bull Air Race World Championship series. The 2009 champion was Paul Bonhomme, who won the series for the first time.

Aircraft and pilots

New pilots
Four new pilots joined the Red Bull Air Race Series for the 2009 season as Steve Jones left the series. They were Matthias Dolderer from Germany, Matt Hall from Australia, Yoshihide Muroya from Japan and Pete McLeod from Canada. McLeod was the youngest pilot in the history of the series, joining at 25 years of age.

Race calendar and results

Championship standings

(*) indicates the pilot received an extra point for the fastest time in Qualifying

References

External links
 Red Bull Air Race official website
 Unofficial Air Race website
 Smoke-On.com A Red Bull Air Race Fan Site
 Bleacher Report's Red Bull Air Race Page

Red Bull Air Race World Championship seasons
Red Bull Air Race
Red Bull Air Race


Edward Einhorn (born September 6, 1970) is an American playwright, theater director, and novelist.

Early life, education and career
A native of Westfield, New Jersey, Einhorn graduated from Westfield High School, where he was an editor of the student newspaper Hi's Eye. He attended Johns Hopkins University. In 1992, he cofounded the Untitled Theater Company No. 61 in New York with his older brother, David.  He curated the Ionesco Festival in 2001 (Eugène Ionesco's complete works) and the Havel Festival in 2006 (Václav Havel's complete works).  He currently also serves as the Artistic Director of the Rehearsal for Truth International Theater Festival, honoring Václav Havel.

As a playwright
As a playwright, Einhorn became known for his absurd comic style. One of his best-known plays is The Marriage of Alice B. Toklas by Gertrude Stein, a farce set at a fantasy marriage between Stein and Toklas. The show received a Critic's Pick from Jesse Green, then co-chief reviewer of The New York Times for its production at HERE Arts. It was also produced Off-West End at the Jermyn Street Theatre. at His other works include dramas on Jewish legends and a series of plays on neurological and neuroscientific topics — The Neurology of the Soul (on neuromarketing), The Boy Who Wanted to be a Robot (on Asperger syndrome), The Taste of Blue, (on synesthesia), Strangers (on Korsakoff syndrome), and Linguish (on aphasia). He adapted Lysistrata and Iphigenia in Aulis for modern audiences.  In 2023, his play The Shylock and the Shakespeareans, a darkly humorous retelling of The Merchant of Venice, was produced at The New Ohio Theatre and received a rave review from Yair Rosenberg in The Atlantic.

Adaptations include Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? by Philip K. Dick; The Lathe of Heaven, by Ursula Le Guin; and City of Glass, by Paul Auster. He also translated and adapted  Václav Havel's final play, The Pig, or Václav Havel's Hunt for a Pig, as well as translating Havel's one-act, Ela, Hela, and the Hitch.

As a novelist
Einhorn has written two Oz novels, Paradox in Oz and The Living House of Oz, both illustrated by Eric Shanower. He has written two picture books on mathematical subjects for young readers: A Very Improbable Story, on the subject of probability, and Fractions in Disguise, on the subject of fractions. A number of his plays have also been published., including a graphic novel adaptation of Iphigenia in Aulis, with art by Eric Shanower, from Image Comics

Podcasts
In 2020, his podcast The Resistible Rise of J. R. Brinkley was released, a four-part audio drama about the quack doctor turned politician, hosted by Dan Butler.

In 2021, his podcast The Iron Heel was released, a three-part audio drama adaptation of the book by Jack London.

As a theater director
While working with Untitled Theater Company No. 61, he directed T. S. Eliot's Sweeney Agonistes, Eugène Ionesco's The Bald Soprano, and Richard Foreman's My Head Was a Sledgehammer, among other works. Off-Broadway, he directed Fairy Tales of the Absurd, a trilogy of one-act plays, two by Ionesco and one (One Head Too Many) by himself.

In 2014 and 2015, he created and directed the show Money Lab, an economic vaudeville, produced at HERE Arts Center in Manhattan and The Brick in Brooklyn.

In 2022, he directed a film of The Last Cyclist written in Terezin by Karel Svenk and reconstructed by Naomi Patz, which was originally staged at La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club and was broadcast on WNET Channel 13, a PBS affiliate, as part of Theater Close Up.

References

External links
 Edward Einhorn's website
 Untitled Theater Company #61
 Bio on Theater 61 Press website

20th-century American novelists
1970 births
Living people
Jewish American novelists
People from Westfield, New Jersey
Jewish American dramatists and playwrights
Novelists from New Jersey
Translators to English
Translators from Czech
21st-century American novelists
Jewish dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
20th-century translators
21st-century translators
American male novelists
American male dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
Westfield High School (New Jersey) alumni
21st-century American Jews


Ning Cheng ( 2nd and 1st centuries BC) was a Chinese politician of the western Han dynasty under Emperors Jing and Wu. He was known for his harsh application of the law, such that officials travelling to and from his area of governance would say to each other "Better to face a nursing tigress than the wrath of Ning Cheng!"

Life
Ning Cheng initially served under Emperor Jing as a palace attendant and master of guests. He employed dishonest means to reach positions of power, eventually being appointed as chief commandant of Jinan. His predecessors in the post had all approached Zhi Du, the governor of Jinan, as though they were mere county officials owing to their fear of him, but Ning Cheng considered him an equal and sought to outdo him. Having known Ning Cheng by reputation, Zhi Du befriended him. Years later, after Zhi Du's death, Emperor Jing appointed Ning Cheng as a military commander in Changan in order to stymie the large number of crimes committed by imperial relatives. Ning Cheng emulated Zhi Du's style of governance and soon became an object of fear to everyone in the imperial family.

Upon Emperor Wu's accession to the throne, he made Ning Cheng prefect of the capital. However, the emperor's in-laws took every opportunity to slander Ning Cheng, ultimately resulting in his conviction. Despite it being customary for high officials of the time to commit suicide when charged with a capital offence, Ning Cheng submitted to even the most severe of punishments. Eventually, he escaped and made his way home, forging papers in order to get through the pass.

Declaring that "An official who can't advance to a salary of 2,000 piculs or a merchant who can't make at least 10,000,000 cash is not fit to be called a man!", Ning Cheng borrowed money and bought over 1,000 qing (equivalent to about 600 million square feet) of farmland on which he employed several thousand poor families to work. By the time a general amnesty was declared years later, he had amassed several thousand pieces of gold and exerted more power over the populace than the governor of the region did. Later, Emperor Wu took him out of retirement and made him chief commandant of Hangu Pass after Gongsun Hong's protests that he was like a "wolf driving a flock of sheep" had prevented Ning Cheng from becoming a provincial governor.

When Yi Zong was travelling from Henei to Nanyang to take up a post of governor at the latter, Ning Cheng had retired again and was living in Nanyang. Despite meeting Yi Zong at the pass and escorting him on his way, Ning Cheng's courtesy was not reciprocated. Instead, Yi Zong pressed charges against the Ning family forthwith and utterly demolished their homes. As a result, Ning Cheng was convicted of an offence.

References

Han dynasty government officials
Political office-holders in Shandong
Politicians from Nanyang, Henan