Cudgewa Football Netball Club, nicknamed the Blues, is an Australian rules football club which plays in the Upper Murray Football League. The club is based in Victorian town of Cudgewa and plays its home games at the Cudgewa Recreation Reserve. The club fields senior, reserve and junior sides as well as fielding all netball sides.

History
The Blues were among the founding members in 1893 of the Corryong Football Association, the competition which, after several name changes, became the Upper Murray Football League in 1937. The side finished second in its debut season and again in 1895 before claiming its first premiership in 1896. This inaugural flag was won on the basis of the number of premiership points attained during the home and away season, but by the time Cudgewa next went top, in 1904, the Association had introduced a finals system. The Blues won that year's grand final against Corryong, and by the time of the outbreak of world war one had added further such triumphs at the expense of Federal in 1911, Corryong in 1913, and Federal in 1914.

Between the wars Cudgewa claimed another four premierships but it was during the first four decades after world war two that the club really came into its own. Over the course of the forty-one season period from 1946 to 1986 the Blues contested no fewer than twenty-four senior grade grand finals, winning sixteen of them.

2000 and Beyond
Since the late 1990s Cudgewa has experienced mixed success under a variety of coaches starting by going back to back Premiers in 1999 and 2000. However, by the early 2000s the Blues were struggling with the retirement of several older players and the reformation of the Bullioh Football Club the Blues were drained of many of its better players. For the rest of the decade the Blues made the finals on only 4 occasions as they slowly rebuilt with some of the more promising players in the competition. By 2011 under new coach Bill Deery, and with a host of new recruits, the club made a resurgence to reach the Grand Final only to be defeated by Bullioh by 63 points in the decider.

See also
Upper Murray Football Netball League
Tallangatta & District Football League
Australian rules football in Victoria
Australian rules football in New South Wales

References

External links

 Club profile on AFL National

Netball teams in Victoria (state)
Australian rules football clubs in Victoria (state)
1893 establishments in Australia
Sports clubs and teams established in 1893
Australian rules football clubs established in 1893
Multi-sport clubs in Australia


Bedford County Public Schools is a school district based in Bedford, Virginia, United States. It serves Bedford County, Virginia, United States.

Schools

Elementary schools

Bedford Elementary School
Bedford Primary School
Big Island Elementary School
Body Camp Elementary School (Closed)
Boonsboro Elementary School
Forest Elementary School
Goodview Elementary School
Huddleston Elementary School
Moneta Elementary School
Montvale Elementary School
New London Academy
Otter River Elementary School
Stewartsville Elementary School
Thaxton Elementary School (Closed)
Thomas Jefferson Elementary School

Middle schools
Bedford Middle School (closed)
Forest Middle School
Liberty Middle School
Staunton River Middle School

High schools

Bedford Science and Technology Center
Jefferson Forest High School
Liberty High School
Staunton River High School

Foundation
The Bedford Area Educational Foundation raises funds and provides grants to improve education in Bedford and Bedford County.

References

External links
Bedford County Public Schools

School divisions in Virginia
Education in Bedford County, Virginia


Patrick Frederick Mooney (17 January 1880 – 23 December 1942) was an Australian politician. He served as a Senator for New South Wales only serving 6 months, 1931 to 1932, representing the Lang Labor faction of the Australian Labor Party (ALP). He was a long-serving member of the Redfern Municipal Council and was a hotel manager and tram driver before entering politics.

Early life
Mooney was born on 17 January 1880 near Eurobodalla, New South Wales. He was the third son of Kate () and Thomas Mooney. His father was a farmer and later became a hotel manager and publican.

Mooney began working for his father after completing primary school, helping run hotels at Bega, Pambula and Tomerong. He later managed the Railway Hotel in Bathurst. He moved to Sydney in 1908 and began working as a conductor on the Sydney tramways. He later qualified as a driver and joined the Government Tramway Employees' Association, becoming vice-president by 1917. He supported the 1917 general strike.

Politics
Mooney joined the ALP in 1913. He remained loyal following the 1916 party split and was elected to the state executive. He served on Redfern Municipal Council from 1920 to 1928, including as mayor in 1924.

In December 1931, Mooney was nominated to fill the casual vacancy caused by the resignation of Senator Walter Duncan, a member of the United Australia Party (UAP). By that time he was associated with the Lang Labor faction controlled by New South Wales premier Jack Lang, which held a majority in state parliament and operated as a separate caucus in federal parliament. Mooney's appointment to the Senate, occurring only four days after the 1931 federal election, was likely invalid under the Senate Elections Act 1903, as Senator Hal Colebatch noted in April 1932. The vacancy should have been filled by Charles Hardy, who was elected to a term beginning on 1 July 1932. However, the issue was not taken before the Court of Disputed Returns before the expiry of Mooney's term on 30 June 1932.

Mooney spoke only five times in the Senate and was a staunch defender of Lang and his government's policies. He returned to local politics and served as a Redfern alderman until 1935, as well as a Lang Labor organiser.

Personal life
Mooney married Bridget Collins in 1911, with whom he had six children. He died in Lewisham, New South Wales, on 23 December 1942 at the age of 62.

References

Lang Labor members of the Parliament of Australia
Members of the Australian Senate for New South Wales
Members of the Australian Senate
1880 births
1942 deaths
20th-century Australian politicians
Mayors of Redfern
Australian Labor Party mayors
Train drivers


Adam Zejer  (born 3 November 1963 in Olsztyn) is a retired Polish professional footballer who played for Zagłębie Lubin, Stomil Olsztyn, Beşiktaş J.K., and Gaziantepspor.

Club career
Zejer spent two seasons in the Turkish Super Lig with Beşiktaş J.K. and Gaziantepspor and many seasons in the Ekstraklasa with Zagłębie Lubin and Stomil Olsztyn.

International career
Zejer made five appearances for the Poland national football team, his debut coming in a friendly against East Germany on 19 August 1987.

Honours
Zagłębie Lubin
Ekstraklasa: 1990–91

Beşiktaş
Süper Lig: 1991–92

References

External links

1963 births
Living people
Polish men's footballers
Poland men's international footballers
Zagłębie Lubin players
Stomil Olsztyn S.A. players
Beşiktaş J.K. footballers
Gaziantepspor footballers
Wigry Suwałki players
Ekstraklasa players
I liga players
Süper Lig players
Polish expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
Expatriate men's footballers in Turkey
Polish expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Polish expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
Footballers from Olsztyn
Men's association football midfielders


The East Glacier Ranger Station, east of Glacier National Park, is characteristic of park buildings constructed in the 1920s and 1930s. It was designed by Daniel Ray Hull of the National Park Service Office of Plans, as a frame building compatible in style with the prevailing National Park Service Rustic style. It is the center of a group of related buildings, including several residential structures.

East Glacier, Montana was an arrival point for tourists arriving by rail in the park.  Until the 1920 completion of US 2 and the Going-to-the-Sun Road, the east side of the park was isolated from the headquarters at West Glacier. The new ranger station complex at East Glacier was proposed to provide administrative services to the east side. In 1937, with the completion of the Going-to-the-Sun Road the more convenient Saint Mary Ranger Station took over maintenance duties, and four buildings at East Glacier were demolished by Civilian Conservation Corps workers.

References

Ranger stations in Glacier National Park (U.S.)
Park buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Montana
Civilian Conservation Corps in Montana
National Park Service rustic in Montana
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Montana
National Register of Historic Places in Glacier County, Montana


Gligor Stefanov (born 1956 SR Macedonia, SFR Yugoslavia) is a sculptor and environmental installations artist, who lives in Windsor, Ontario, Canada.

Education and career

He graduated at the Belgrade Art Academy with an M.A. Gligor Stefanov has participated in eighteen one-man exhibitions and in more than 100 group exhibitions in many countries, including the Venice Biennale, in Italy.

Artist style
He creates site-specific works, paintings and drawings, religious and eco-art with organic materials. From the beginning of his career, Stefanov treated sculpture as an object or an installation of objects situated in space. In 1988, narrative aspects of his work shifted from mythology to religion. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, he produced a series of objects and installations, in the form of angels' wings and discs, executed in straw and boards or tree trunks and branches.

One-man exhibitions
 1972 – Kavadarci, Library Exhibition Hall(drawings&paintings)
 1974 – Kavadarci, Culture Center (paintings)
 1981 – Kavadarci, Town Square – Installations
 1982 – Pazin – Installation with Grass in the Park
 – Skopje, Museum of Contemporary Art – Installation with Cotton
 – Kavadarci, Luna Gallery (drawings)
 – Pazin, Culture Center, Environment's Rhythms (drawings and installation)
 1983 – Skopje, 25 May Gallery – Linear Intervention
 1984 – Zagreb, SC Gallery – Linear Intervention
 – Belgrade, SKC Gallery – Linear Intervention
 1985 – Belgrade, FLU Gallery (objects)
 1986 – Skopje, Museum of Contemporary Art (objects and installations)
 1989 – London, Whitechapel Art Gallery – Broadgate Sculpture Project
 1990 – Grizedale Forest Sculpture Park, Cumbria, England – Cherubic Wings (sculpture)
 1991 – Cirencester, England – Seraphim (objects and installations)
 – London, Docklands – Cherubim (sculpture)
 – Dublin, Temple Bar – Guardian Angel (installation)
 1993 – Venice, 45th Biennale – Representative of Macedonia (with Petre Nikoloski)

Group exhibitions

Stefanov has participated in more than 100 group exhibitions since 1973, among which are:

1977 – Rijeka (Croatia) – 9th Biennial of Yugoslav Young Artists-Modern Gallery (also 13th, 1985 and 14th Biennial,1987)
1977 – Belgrade (Yugoslavia) – 8th Exhibition of drawings by students of FLU, Gallery of the Young (also 9th, and 10th exhibitions)
1981 – Belgrade – 65th Exhibition of the Society of Artists at the Cvijeta Zuzoric Art Pavilion
1982 – Skopje (Macedonia), Museum of Contemporary Art – "Young Generation"
1983 – Skopje, 25 May Gallery-Macedonian Art in the last year "Critics Choice
- Skopje, Museum of Contemporary Art – "20 Years of the Museum"
1984 – Skopje,25 May Gallery – "New Tendencies in Macedonian Art in the last Decade"
- Skopje, Museum of Contemporary Art – "40 Years of Macedonian Art" – Belgrade, Cvijeta Zuzoric Art Pavilion (drawing and sculpture)
- Sombor – 8th Triennial of Yugoslav Drawings, City Museum (also 9th,1987)
- Zrenjanin (Yugoslavia) – 2nd Biennial Yugoslav Art, National Museum
1985 – Sarajevo (Bosnia), Collegium Artisticum -"View of the 80s"(Critics Choice)
- Pancevo –  3rd Exhibition of Yugoslav Sculpture, Contemporary Art Gallery (also 4th, 1987 and 5th Biennial,1989)
- Belgrade, Cvijeta Zuzoric Art Pavilion -"In the Meantime" (Critics Choice)
- Banja Luka, Art Gallery – "Material as a Challenge" (Critics Selection)
- Murska Sobota (Slovenia), DE Gallery; Ljubljana, Cankar House and Piran, Embankment Gallery – 8th Biennial of Yugoslav Sculpture (also 9th Biennial)
1986 – Zagreb, Gallery of Contemporary Art; Belgrade, Museum of Contemporary Art;
- Skopje, Museum of Contemporary Art – "Six Macedonian Artists – From the Miraculousness of the Meadow to the Joy of Living"
- Sarajevo, Collegium Artisticum – "Art and Criticism in the Mid-80s"
- Skopje, Museum of Macedonia – "80s in Macedonian Contemporary Art"
- Vienna (Austria), Hoshcule fur Angewandle Kunst; Graz, Kunstlerhaus und Neue Gallerie; Klagenfurt, Kunstlerhaus – "Young Yugoslav Art"
1987 – Banja Luka, Art Gallery – "The Loneliest" (Critics Selection)
- Skopje, Museum of Contemporary Art – First Biennial of Young Artists
- Sarajevo, Collegium Artisticum – "Yugoslav Documenta" (Critics Selection)
- Athena (Greek), National Pinacoteca – "Contemporary Yugoslav Art"
- Salzburg (Austria), Salzburgger Kunstverein; Dubrovnik (Croatia), Art Gallery; Bratislava (Slovakia), Slovenska Narodna Galeria; Lubljana (Slovenia), Modern Gallery; Prague (Czech), U Hubernu; Zagreb, Gallery of Contemporary Art; Belgrade, Museum of Contemporary Art; "Young Yugoslav Art" (Tour Exhibition-Critics Selection)
1988 – Belgrade, Exhibition Hall – 6th Triennial of Yugoslav Art
- Skopje, 25 May Gallery – Drawings of Young Macedonian Artists
- Zagreb, PM Art Pavilion and Gallery – "Young Selection"
- Skopje, 25 May Gallery – "Environmental Sculptures"
1989-London(England), Whitechapel Art Gallery – Broadgate Sculpture Project
- Sarajevo, Skenderija – "Yugoslav Documenta" (Critics Selection)
- Carcassonne (France), Musee des Beaux Arts; Les Sables d'Olonne, Musee de l'Abbaye Sainte-Croix – "Avant-Gardes Yougoslaves"
1990 – Toulon (France), Musee d'Art – "Avant-Gardes Yougoslaves"
- Grizedale Sculpture Park, Cumbria (England)
1991 – Dublin (Ireland) – Sculpture Trail
- London, Docklands (England) – Outside Art
- Leicester (England), Abbey Park – Installations in the Park
1993 – Venice (Italy) – 45th Biennial, Macedonian Selection (with Petre Nikoloski)
1994 – Budapest, Ernest Museum-"Nature and Art in Central Europe" (Macedonian Selection)
- Nurnberg (Germany), Kunstbunker – Seven Macedonian Artists
1995 – Dresden(Germany), Kulturrathaus – Seven Macedonian Artists
1996 – Berlin, Medien Galerie – Five Artist from Macedonia
1998 – Skopje, Museum of Contemporary Art – Anthology of Macedonian Art
1999 – Skopje, National Gallery – 20th Century Macedonian Art
2002 – Skopje, Museum of Contemporary Art – "Transfiguration"
- Novi Sad, Art Gallery – Balkan Art
- Windsor, (Canada) – Artcite Gallery – "Artseen 10"
2003 – Windsor, (Canada) – Art Gallery of Windsor, -" RE: Wind"
2003 – Windsor, (Canada) – Smogfest

Awards
1981: Prize for Drawings from ULUS, Belgrade
1981: Prize for Sculpture from FLU (Academy of Fine Arts), Belgrade
1982: Awards from MSU (Museum of Contemporary Art), Skopje
1983: Macedonian Annual Award of the "Mlad Borec" magazine, Skopje
1983: "Seven Secretaries of SKOJ" – Yugoslav Annual Award, Zagreb
1986: '7 September Annual Award, Kavadarci
1986: Prize for Drawings from MSU, Skopje
1987: Prize for Sculpture from MSU, Skopje
1991: Prize for Installation, Leicester

References

External links
 Gligor Stefanov

1956 births
Living people
Artists from Windsor, Ontario
Canadian male sculptors
Macedonian sculptors
Macedonian contemporary artists
Macedonian emigrants to Canada
Canadian people of Macedonian descent


Bukachivtsi (; ) is an urban-type settlement in Ivano-Frankivsk Raion, Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast, Ukraine. It hosts the administration of Bukachivtsi settlement hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Population:

History
The village had an important Jewish community which was destroyed during World War II.

Until 18 July 2020, Bukachivtsi belonged to Rohatyn Raion. The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast to six. The area of Rohatyn Raion was merged into Ivano-Frankivsk Raion.

References

External links
Bukachevtsy, Ukraine
Bukachevtsy ShtetLinks site on JewishGen - Bukachevtsy, Ukraine

Urban-type settlements in Ivano-Frankivsk Raion
Holocaust locations in Ukraine
Historic Jewish communities in Ukraine


A decoherence-free subspace (DFS) is a subspace of a quantum system's Hilbert space that is invariant to non-unitary dynamics. Alternatively stated, they are a small section of the system Hilbert space where the system is decoupled from the environment and thus its evolution is completely unitary. DFSs can also be characterized as a special class of quantum error correcting codes. In this representation they are passive error-preventing codes since these subspaces are encoded with information that (possibly) won't require any active stabilization methods. These subspaces prevent destructive environmental interactions by isolating quantum information. As such, they are an important subject in quantum computing, where (coherent) control of quantum systems is the desired goal. Decoherence creates problems in this regard by causing loss of coherence between the quantum states of a system and therefore the decay of their interference terms, thus leading to loss of information from the (open) quantum system to the surrounding environment. Since quantum computers cannot be isolated from their environment (i.e. we cannot have a truly isolated quantum system in the real world) and information can be lost, the study of DFSs is important for the implementation of quantum computers into the real world.

Background

Origins
The study of DFSs began with a search for structured methods to avoid decoherence in the subject of quantum information processing (QIP). The methods involved attempts to identify particular states which have the potential of being unchanged by certain decohering processes (i.e. certain interactions with the environment). These studies started with observations made by G.M. Palma, K-A Suominen, and A.K. Ekert, who studied the consequences of pure dephasing on two qubits that have the same interaction with the environment. They found that two such qubits do not decohere. Originally the term "sub-decoherence" was used by Palma to describe this situation. Noteworthy is also independent work by Martin Plenio, Vlatko Vedral and Peter Knight who constructed an error correcting code with codewords that are invariant under a particular unitary time evolution in spontaneous emission.

Further development
Shortly afterwards, L-M Duan and G-C Guo also studied this phenomenon and reached the same conclusions as Palma, Suominen, and Ekert. However, Duan and Guo applied their own terminology, using "coherence preserving states" to describe states that do not decohere with dephasing. Duan and Guo furthered this idea of combining two qubits to preserve coherence against dephasing, to both collective dephasing and dissipation showing that decoherence is prevented in such a situation. This was shown by assuming knowledge of the system-environment coupling strength. However, such models were limited since they dealt with the decoherence processes of dephasing and dissipation solely. To deal with other types of decoherences, the previous models presented by Palma, Suominen, and Ekert, and Duan and Guo were cast into a more general setting by P. Zanardi and M. Rasetti. They expanded the existing mathematical framework to include more general system-environment interactions, such as collective decoherence-the same decoherence process acting on all the states of a quantum system and general Hamiltonians. Their analysis gave the first formal and general circumstances for the existence of decoherence-free (DF) states, which did not rely upon knowing the system-environment coupling strength. Zanardi and Rasetti called these DF states "error avoiding codes". Subsequently, Daniel A. Lidar proposed the title "decoherence-free subspace" for the space in which these DF states exist. Lidar studied the strength of DF states against perturbations and discovered that the coherence prevalent in DF states can be upset by evolution of the system Hamiltonian. This observation discerned another prerequisite for the possible use of DF states for quantum computation. A thoroughly general requirement for the existence of DF states was obtained by Lidar, D. Bacon, and K.B. Whaley expressed in terms of the Kraus operator-sum representation (OSR). Later, A. Shabani and Lidar generalized the DFS framework relaxing the requirement that the initial state needs to be a DF-state and modified some known conditions for DFS.

Recent research
A subsequent development was made in generalizing the DFS picture when E. Knill, R. Laflamme, and L. Viola introduced the concept of a "noiseless subsystem". Knill extended to higher-dimensional irreducible representations of the algebra generating the dynamical symmetry in the system-environment interaction. Earlier work on DFSs described DF states as singlets, which are one-dimensional irreducible representations. This work proved to be successful, as a result of this analysis was the lowering of the number of qubits required to build a DFS under collective decoherence from four to three. The generalization from subspaces to subsystems formed a foundation for combining most known decoherence prevention and nulling strategies.

Conditions for the existence of decoherence-free subspaces

Hamiltonian formulation

Consider an N-dimensional quantum system S coupled to a bath B and described by the combined system-bath Hamiltonian as follows:

where the interaction Hamiltonian  is given in the usual way as

and where  act upon the system(bath) only, and  is the system(bath) Hamiltonian, and  is the identity operator acting on the system (bath).
Under these conditions, the dynamical evolution within , where  is the system Hilbert space, is completely unitary  (all possible bath states) if and only if:

In other words, if the system begins in  (i.e. the system and bath are initially decoupled) and the system Hamiltonian  leaves  invariant, then  is a DFS if and only if it satisfies (i).

These states are degenerate eigenkets of  and thus are distinguishable, hence preserving information in certain decohering processes. Any subspace of the system Hilbert space that satisfies the above conditions is a decoherence-free subspace. However, information can still "leak" out of this subspace if condition (iii) is not satisfied. Therefore, even if a DFS exists under the Hamiltonian conditions, there are still non-unitary actions that can act upon these subspaces and take states out of them into another subspace, which may or may not be a DFS, of the system Hilbert space.

Operator-sum representation formulation
Let  be an N-dimensional DFS, where  is the system's (the quantum system alone) Hilbert space. The Kraus operators when written in terms of the  basis states that span  are given as:

where  ( is the combined system-bath Hamiltonian),  acts on , and  is an arbitrary matrix that acts on  (the orthogonal complement to ). Since  operates on , then it will not create decoherence in ; however, it can (possibly) create decohering effects in . Consider the basis kets  which span  and, furthermore, they fulfill:

 is an arbitrary unitary operator and may or may not be time-dependent, but it is independent of the indexing variable . The 's are complex constants. Since  spans , then any pure state  can be written as a linear combination of these basis kets:

This state will be decoherence-free; this can be seen by considering the action of  on :

Therefore, in terms of the density operator representation of ,  , the evolution of this state is:

The above expression says that  is a pure state and that its evolution is unitary, since  is unitary. Therefore, any state in  will not decohere since its evolution is governed by a unitary operator and so its dynamical evolution will be completely unitary. Thus  is a decoherence-free subspace.
The above argument can be generalized to an initial arbitrary mixed state as well.

Semigroup formulation
This formulation makes use of the semigroup approach. The Lindblad decohering term determines when the dynamics of a quantum system will be unitary; in particular, when , where  is the density operator representation of the state of the system, the dynamics will be decoherence-free.
Let  span , where  is the system's Hilbert space. Under the assumptions that:

a necessary and sufficient condition for   to be a DFS is :

The above expression states that all basis states  are degenerate eigenstates of the error generators  As such, their respective coherence terms do not decohere. Thus states within  will remain mutually distinguishable after a decohering process since their respective eigenvalues are degenerate and hence identifiable after action under the error generators.

DFSs as a special class of information-preserving structures (IPS) and quantum error-correcting codes (QECCs)

Information-preserving structures (IPS)
DFSs can be thought of as "encoding" information through its set of states. To see this, consider a d-dimensional open quantum system that is prepared in the state  - a non-negative (i.e. its eigenvalues are positive), trace-normalized (),  density operator that belongs to the system's Hilbert–Schmidt space, the space of bounded operators on  (). Suppose that this density operator(state) is selected from a set of states , a DFS of  (the system's Hilbert space) and where .
This set of states is called a code, because the states within this set encode particular kind of information; that is, the set S encodes information through its states. This information that is contained within  must be able to be accessed; since the information is encoded in the states in , these states must be distinguishable to some process,  say, that attempts to acquire the information. Therefore, for two states , the process  is information preserving for these states if the states  remain as distinguishable after the process as they were before it. Stated in a more general manner, a code  (or DFS) is preserved by a process  if and only if each pair of states   is as distinguishable after  is applied as they were before it was applied. A more practical description would be:  is preserved by a process  if and only if  and

This just says that  is a 1:1 trace-distance-preserving map on . In this picture DFSs are sets of states (codes rather) whose mutual distinguishability is unaffected by a process .

Quantum error-correcting codes (QECCs)
Since DFSs can encode information through their sets of states, then they are secure against errors (decohering processes). In this way DFSs can be looked at as a special class of QECCs, where information is encoded into states which can be disturbed by an interaction with the environment but retrieved by some reversal process.

Consider a code , which is a subspace of the system Hilbert space, with encoded information given by  (i.e. the "codewords"). This code can be implemented to protect against decoherence and thus prevent loss of information in a small section of the system's Hilbert space. The errors are caused by interaction of the system with the environment (bath) and are represented by the Kraus operators. After the system has interacted with the bath, the information contained within  must be able to be "decoded"; therefore, to retrieve this information a recovery operator  is introduced. So a QECC is a subspace  along with a set of recovery operators

Let  be a QECC for the error operators represented by the Kraus operators , with recovery operators  Then  is a DFS if and only if upon restriction to , then , where  is the inverse of the system evolution operator.

In this picture of reversal of quantum operations, DFSs are a special instance of the more general QECCs whereupon restriction to a given a code, the recovery operators become proportional to the inverse of the system evolution operator, hence allowing for unitary evolution of the system.

Notice that the subtle difference between these two formulations exists in the two words preserving and correcting; in the former case, error-prevention is the method used whereas in the latter case it is error-correction. Thus the two formulations differ in that one is a passive method and the other is an active method.

Example of a decoherence-free subspace

Collective dephasing
Consider a two-qubit Hilbert space, spanned by the basis qubits  which undergo collective dephasing. A random phase  will be created between these basis qubits; therefore, the qubits will transform in the following way:

Under this transformation the basis states  obtain the same phase factor . Thus in consideration of this, a state  can be encoded with this information (i.e. the phase factor) and thus evolve unitarily under this dephasing process, by defining the following encoded qubits:

Since these are basis qubits, then any state can be written as a linear combination of these states; therefore,

This state will evolve under the dephasing process as:

However, the overall phase for a quantum state is unobservable and, as such, is irrelevant in the description of the state. Therefore,  remains invariant under this dephasing process and hence the basis set  is a decoherence-free subspace of the 4-dimensional Hilbert space. Similarly, the subspaces  are also DFSs.

Alternative: decoherence-free subsystems
Consider a quantum system with an N-dimensional system Hilbert space  that has a general subsystem decomposition  The subsystem  is a decoherence-free subsystem with respect to a system-environment coupling if every pure state in  remains unchanged with respect to this subsystem under the OSR evolution. This is true for any possible initial condition of the environment. To understand the difference between a decoherence-free subspace and a decoherence-free subsystem, consider encoding a single qubit of information into a two-qubit system. This two-qubit system has a 4-dimensional Hilbert space; one method of encoding a single qubit into this space is by encoding information into a subspace that is spanned by two orthogonal qubits of the 4-dimensional Hilbert space. Suppose information is encoded in the orthogonal state  in the following way:

This shows that information has been encoded into a subspace of the two-qubit Hilbert space. Another way of encoding the same information is to encode only one of the qubits of the two qubits. Suppose the first qubit is encoded, then the state of the second qubit is completely arbitrary since:

This mapping is a one-to-many mapping from the one qubit encoding information to a two-qubit Hilbert space. Instead, if the mapping is to , then it is identical to a mapping from a qubit to a subspace of the two-qubit Hilbert space.

See also

 Quantum decoherence
 Quantum measurement

References

Quantum measurement
Quantum information science


The Johannite Church (Full title: l'Église Johannite des Chrétiens Primitifs, “The Johannite Church of Primitive Christians”), is a Gnostic Christian denomination founded by the French priest Bernard-Raymond Fabré-Palaprat in 1804.

The Johannite Church received its full name in 1828 after Fabré-Palaprat's claimed discovery of the Levitikon gospels. It is termed "Johannite" because it claims continuity with the primitive Johannine Christianity of saints John the Baptist and John the Apostle, and other Christian scriptures attributed to John.

See also
 Ordo Supremus Militaris Templi Hierosolymitani
 Self-styled orders

References

External links
 The Apostolic Johannite Church
 The Gnostic Wisdom Network
 Levitikon on Gallica website
 What is Gnosticism?

Christian denominations founded in France
Gnosticism
Hermeticism
1804 establishments in France


Charles Downey Hardy (12 December 1898 – 27 August 1941) was an Australian politician who served as a Senator for New South Wales from 1932 to 1938, representing the Country Party. He was the founder of the Riverina Movement, which advocated for the separation of his native Riverina region from the state of New South Wales.

Early life
Born in Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, he was educated at Geelong Grammar School before serving in the military 1917–1919. He returned to become a manufacturer of building supplies, and was a leader of the Riverina new state movement.

Active in local politics since the 1920s, Hardy founded the Riverina Movement with the support of Robert Hankinson and other Riverina business leaders. Hardy was highly critical of the Labor state government of Jack Lang, and, promoted by Clyde Packer's press empire, Hardy travelled the state in an aeroplane making what were described as 'demagogic' speeches. Hardy openly declared himself a fascist, and in Packer's media was described as a 'Cromwell of the Riverina' and likened, favourably, to Benito Mussolini. Such was Hardy's appeal to country voters that he was investigated by the Commonwealth Police. Allegations later surfaced that Hardy may have been attempting to organise a paramilitary movement along the lines of the New Guard, possibly preparing for a coup against the state government.

Senate
In 1931, he was elected to the Australian Senate for New South Wales as a member of the Country Party, taking his seat in 1932. He did not regularly attend the Senate chamber and described it as "simply an echo of city interests that have more than their fair share of representation".

In October 1935, Hardy was elected as the Country Party's Senate leader. His elevation to the position was opposed by Western Australian senators William Carroll and Bertie Johnston; Carroll had previously served as the party's de facto leader. Johnston contested the leadership ballot against Hardy, but was unsuccessful and subsequently left the party to sit as an independent. Hardy failed to win re-election at the 1937 election, with his term concluding on 30 June 1938.

Later life
Having left politics, he became a co-ordinator of works with the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF).
In May 1941, Hardy was appointed as a business liaison officer to the Department of Air, working in an honorary capacity and supervising construction expenditure. Two weeks before his death, he was seconded to the Department of Defence Co-ordination.

Death
Hardy and two others were killed when an Airlines of Australia charter flight crashed in Far North Queensland on 27 August 1941. The other victims were the pilot Frank Cohen and Lieutenant-Colonel Ramsay Miller, a director of works with the Australian Army. Hardy and Miller were returning from a trip to Thursday Island in the Torres Strait. Their de Havilland Puss Moth was en route to Cairns when it crashed into a bank of the Coen River  outside of the township of Coen. Eyewitnesses reported the plane veering out of control before bursting into flames in mid-air. Hardy's body was recovered some distance from the wreckage.

Hardy's body was brought to Sydney and cremated at the Northern Suburbs Crematorium. A memorial service was held on 31 August at St Alban's Church, Lindfield, with Prime Minister Arthur Fadden in attendance.

References

National Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Australia
Members of the Australian Senate for New South Wales
Members of the Australian Senate
1898 births
1941 deaths
20th-century Australian politicians
People educated at Geelong Grammar School
People from Wagga Wagga
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1941
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in Australia
Accidental deaths in Queensland
Royal Australian Air Force personnel of World War II
Australian military personnel killed in World War II
Australian fascists


Glycerol phosphate may refer to:

 Glycerol 1-phosphate
 Glycerol 2-phosphate
 Glycerol 3-phosphate


Brad W. Setser is an American economist. He is a former staff economist at the United States Department of the Treasury, worked at Roubini Global Economics Monitor as Director of Global Research where he co-authored the book "Bailouts or Bail-ins?" with Nouriel Roubini, as a fellow for international economics at the Council on Foreign Relations, for the United States National Economic Council as Director of International Economics, for the United States Department of the Treasury, and as Deputy Assistant Secretary for International Economic Analysis as senior fellow for international economics at the Council on Foreign Relations.

Career
After leaving the RGE in 2007, Setser became a fellow for international economics at the Council on Foreign Relations.  In 2009, he took a position with the National Economic Council, as Director of International Economics. In 2011, he moved to the United States Department of the Treasury, where he was the Deputy Assistant Secretary for International Economic Analysis where he worked on  Europe's financial crisis, U.S. currency policy, financial sanctions, commodity shocks, and Puerto Rico’s debt crisis.

In 2015, he returned as the Steven A. Tananbaum senior fellow for international economics at the Council on Foreign Relations.  He is the author of the economics blog "Follow the Money" about global economic imbalances, which The Washington Post described in 2016 as a "must-read for those in the economics blogosphere".

Setser has been interviewed in financial publications such as The Wall Street Journal and the Financial Times on U.S. international economic issues. Setser has also written opinion pieces including in The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal on U.S. international economic policy.

In November 2020, Setser was named a member of the Joe Biden presidential transition Agency Review Team to support transition efforts related to the Office of the United States Trade Representative.

Bibliography

See also
 Base erosion and profit shifting
 Leprechaun economics
 Ireland as a tax haven
 EU illegal State aid case against Apple in Ireland
 Double Irish, Single Malt, and CAIA

References

External links
 "Follow the Money," Brad Setser's blog at the Council on Foreign Relations
 Brad Setser C-SPAN
 Bloomberg TV: Brad Setser

American bloggers
21st-century American economists
Living people
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Harvard University alumni
21st-century American non-fiction writers
Year of birth missing (living people)


A klippe is a square coin minted on more easily produced square flans either using round or square dies.  These coins were originally issued under unfavourable conditions, such as a city under siege.  Such emergency coins were issued in Vienna in 1529, while the city was besieged by the troops of the Ottoman Empire. However, by the seventeenth century, klippe were also commonly produced as presentation pieces, and medals. As well, some klippe coins were made as a regular strikes, such as the many variations of the city of Salzburg in Austria, where klippe coins were made in silver and gold for many centuries.

References

Numismatics


The Delaware River Basin Commission (DRBC) is a United States government agency created in 1961 by an interstate compact, signed into law by President John F. Kennedy, between four states (Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey, and New York).

Purpose and activities

The purpose of the Commission is to bring the Delaware River under collective and balanced control, and to ensure fair usage by the states.  To this end, the Commission conducts programs related to water quality protection, water supply allocation and water conservation, regulatory review and permitting, watershed planning, drought management, flood mitigation and loss reduction, and recreational activities (such as fishing).

The DRBC was one of the first government agencies in the United States to address the problem of water pollution.  The agency predates the establishment of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (1970) and the Clean Water Act (1972).

Membership
The five members of the Commission include the four state governors of the member states and the Division Engineer, North Atlantic Division, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, who serves as the ex-officio U.S. member. As of 2021 the Commission Chair is Delaware Governor John Carney and the Federal Representative is Brigadier General Thomas J. Tickner.

See also

 Partnership for the Delaware Estuary - Regional nonprofit organization

References

External links
Official site
Delaware River Basin Commission in the Federal Register
Brief history of the Commission from the Delaware State Archives

United States interstate agencies
Delaware River
Government agencies established in 1961
Water management authorities in the United States
Water law in the United States
Delaware law
New York (state) law
New Jersey law
Pennsylvania law


Saint John Neumann High School was an all-male Roman Catholic high school located in the South Philadelphia area of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. In 2004 the school, which was a part of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Philadelphia, merged with Saint Maria Goretti High School to form Saints John Neumann and Maria Goretti Catholic High School.

History
Southeast Catholic High School opened at the intersection of Seventh Street and Christian Street in 1934. The school became Bishop Neumann High School, after John Neumann, in 1955. In March of the following year the school moved to 2600 Moore Street, its last location. In August 1978 the school became St. John Neumann High School to reflect Neumann's canonization. In 1992 Neumann had 853 students. In October 1992 consultants told the archdiocese that Neumann and Goretti should be consolidated onto Neumann's site. By December of that year the archdiocese decided not to consolidate the two schools. In 2003 Neumann had 608 students. By then the combined populations of both schools declined by 29 percent in an 11-year span. In March 2003 the archdiocese asked the faculty and staff of Neumann to consider merging or closing the school as the school had increasing deficits and a decreasing student population. In June of that year the committees unanimously requested a merge. In September of that year Cardinal Anthony Bevilacqua, the Archbishop of Philadelphia, decided that the merge should occur. In 2004, Saints John Neumann and Maria Goretti Catholic High School opened.

The former Neumann campus became the St. John Neumann Place, a housing development for senior citizens.

References

External links
 Saint John Neumann High School (Archive)

Defunct boys' schools in the United States
Educational institutions established in 1934
Educational institutions disestablished in 2004
Defunct Catholic secondary schools in Pennsylvania
Defunct schools in Pennsylvania
1934 establishments in Pennsylvania
2004 disestablishments in Pennsylvania
South Philadelphia


Degollado () is a small town and municipality located in the Mexican state of Jalisco, in the cultural region of Ciénega, just south of Los Altos. The municipality encompasses Huascato, Los Ranchitos, La Vibora, Buenos Aires, Las Limas, Altamira, La Chancla and El Corral de Piedra.

In Spanish, the word degollado means "to slit one's throat", "behead", or "decapitate". It is also a last name, and in this case the town was named after Mexican general Santos Degollado. A statue of him is in el Jardin de Niños which was made from coins from the townspeople during the early 1960s.

History

The town dates back to the 19th century to land east of Ayotlán known as Los Encinos. A chapel was erected and blessed by the priest of Ayotlán Clemente Pérez in 1856, whose patron saint is San Ignacio de Loyola.

For this reason, the growing village was given the name of San Ignacio de Morelos in 1857, also commonly referred to as San Ignacio de los Encinos. The town was renamed after general Santos Degollado in 1861.

On December 24, 1917, the town was under siege by bandit leader J. Inés García Chávez. Degollado is also one of the places in highlands of Jalisco where the Cristero War took place during the 1920s.

Arts and culture

The holy patroness of Degollado is Our Lady of Guadalupe and is celebrated in the town center on December 12.

Degollado is famous for its cantera (freestone masonry). One of the best selling products are  stone images of the Virgin of Guadalupe and sculptures, such as fountains, animals, and columns.

The town is known for tequila production, with much of the surrounding farmland cultivated for the blue agave plant.

In July 2019, the Iowa Organization of Professional Fire Chiefs donated US $90,000 (MXN $171,000) worth of firefighting equipment to the Degollado Fire Department.

References

Municipalities of Jalisco
Populated places established in 1848


Bedford Public Schools is a public school district in Temperance, Michigan. It is the smallest division 1 school district in Monroe County in terms of area. The district includes all of Bedford Township and a very small portion of Whiteford Township. Bedford School District comprises a total land area of around , which is located between I-75 and US 23 and bordered to the south by Toledo, Ohio. The district has a population over 30,000, and has a current enrollment of about 5,400 students. Bedford Public Schools is placed #1 of opportunities in Monroe county in 2020 being the 10th in the state.

Notable alumni
Chris Morris, National Football League
Jackson Lamb, College Baseball
Joey Wiemer, Major League Baseball
Dennis Kinney, Major League Baseball
Austin Emerson, College Wrestling
Christian Brown, College Football
Brandon Nigh, College Baseball
Jared Kujawa, College Baseball
Ethan Lingle, College Track and Field
Brandon Thomas, College Track and Field
Micah Scheffer, College Swimming
Rollie Denker, College Wrestling

See also

WMLZ-LP

References

External links
Bedford Public Schools

School districts in Michigan
Education in Monroe County, Michigan


Pineocytoma, is a benign, slowly growing tumor of the pineal gland. Unlike the similar condition pineal gland cyst, it is uncommon.

Diagnosis
Pineocytomas are diagnosed from tissue, i.e. a brain biopsy.They consist of:
 cytologically benign cells (with nuclei of uniform size, regular nuclear membranes, and light chromatin) and,
 have the characteristic pineocytomatous/neurocytic rosettes, which is an irregular circular/flower-like arrangement of cells with a large meshwork of fibers (neuropil) at the centre. Pineocytomatous/neurocytic rosettes are superficially similar to Homer Wright rosettes; however, they differ from Homer Wright rosettes as they have (1) more neuropil at centre of the rosette and, (2) the edge of neuropil meshwork irregular/undulating.

Management

See also
 Pineal gland

References

External links

Endocrine neoplasia
Brain tumor


Macartney "Mac" Abbott (3 July 1877 – 30 December 1960) was an Australian politician. Born in Murrurundi, New South Wales, he was educated at King's School, Parramatta. He became a farmer and grazier in the Upper Hunter area of New South Wales. He was the half brother of Joe Abbott, Member of the Australian House of Representatives (MP) for New England 1940–1949, and the cousin of Aubrey Abbott, MP for Gwydir 1925–1929 and 1931–1937. In 1913 he was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly as the member for Upper Hunter, first as a Liberal and then from 1916 as a Nationalist. In 1918 he left the Assembly. In 1934 he was elected to the Australian Senate as a Country Party Senator for New South Wales. He was defeated in 1940. Abbott died in 1960.

References

Commonwealth Liberal Party politicians
Nationalist Party of Australia members of the Parliament of New South Wales
National Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Australia
Members of the Australian Senate for New South Wales
Members of the Australian Senate
Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly
1877 births
1960 deaths
20th-century Australian politicians


La Barca may refer to:

La Barca (municipality), town and municipality of Jalisco
"La Barca", 1957 bolero by Roberto Cantoral


Bedford Public Schools is a school district in  Bedford, Massachusetts, United States.  Once encompassing 5 elementary schools, a junior high and high school, has since made changes to system layout.  From 1979 to 1989, they have closed two elementary schools, and restructured which schools students attend for certain grades.  In recent years, The Davis School was completely rebuilt next to the former building, and The Job Lane School and the Bedford High School received additions increasing the capacity of those buildings.

Schools
Bedford High School Grades 9–12; Also serves High School pupils from Hanscom Air Force Base
John Glenn Middle School (Formerly John Glenn Junior High School, Bedford Junior High School; Formerly grades 7 & 8) Grades 6-8 (named for a previous school superintendent, not the former Senator and astronaut)
Lt. Job Lane Elementary School (Formerly grades K-6) Grades 3-5
Lt. Eleazer Davis Elementary School (Formerly grades K-6) Grades K-2
Center Elementary School (Closed 1979; Grades K-6)
Nathaniel Page School (Closed c. 1982; Grades K-6) (Formally Grades 1–5 with grade 6 sent to the Job Lane School)

References

External links
Bedford Public Schools

School districts in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Bedford, Massachusetts


Daniel Ost (born 5 August 1955) is a Belgian floral artist, floral designer and garden architect. CBS News has described him as "the world's leading flower designer" while The New York Times says that "to call him a master flower designer is akin to calling Annie Leibovitz a shutterbug".

His clientele includes numerous royal families, sheikhs, multinational organisations and humanitarian organisations like UNICEF.

Biography
Ost was born in 1955 in the suburban town of Sint-Niklaas, Belgium, in a family of which he was the eldest of six children.

Marriage and children
Ost and his wife Marie-Anne have two children. Maarten Ost was a children's book author who lived in Leuven, Belgium, but passed away in 2017 while his daughter, Nele Ost, is following in his footsteps as a floral designer and is currently the creative director of the company.

Education
Sociology at Bisschoppelijke Normaalschool in Sint-Niklaas, Belgium, from 1967 to 1973
Flower design at IMOV Institute in Afsnee, Belgium, from 1973 to 1976
Master of Floral Art at Tuinbouwschool Vught, The Netherlands, from 1976 to 1979
Instructor floral art in Japan and Taiwan
Founder of Daniël Ost Flower Academy in Sint-Niklaas and Tokyo, Japan

Business
Daniel Ost and his wife Marie-Anne founded 'Floreal' as small flower shop in Sint-Niklaas, Belgium in 1979. Over the years, it has grown into an international flower house, active in retail, event design, garden & landscape design and its own flower academy.

The Daniel Ost Group has 5 retail shops (Sint-Niklaas, Brussels, Knokke, Amman and Riyadh) and is active all over the world with their flower decorations and garden & landscape architecture.

The business is managed by Daniel Ost's son-in-law Yann Callaert as CEO and by his daughter Nele Ost as Creative Director. Daniel Ost is still president of the board and acts as a creative consultant on numerous projects.

Published works
Throughout his career, Ost has published numerous books about his exhibitions, decorations and gardens. He has also been featured in numerous magazines like Elle, Vogue, Architectural Digest and Bloomberg, regarding floral design and garden architecture.

Leafing Through Flowers I (1989)
Leafing Through Flowers II (1993)
Leafing Through Flowers III (1997)
Ostentatief (1998)
Invitations (2002)
Remaining Flowers (2003)
East x West (2005)
Transparant (2007)
Invitations II (2009)
Daniël Ost - The Master (2015)

Awards
1st place Belgian Championship in Brussels in 1979
1st place Belgian Championship in Brussels in 1983
1st place Golden Orchid in Hannover  in 1981
1st place Golden Orchid in Hannover in 1983
2nd place European Championship in Brussels in 1983
2nd place World Championship in Detroit in 1985
1st place Osaka World Expo in Osaka  in 1990
Citizen of Honour of Sint-Niklaas since 2005
Top 7 European Garden Designers in Germany in 2014

Honours
 2015: Imperial Order of the Rising Sun.
 Citizen of Honour of Kurashiki (Japan) since 2015

References

External links
 Official web site
 Japanese gallery of Ost art

Belgian artists
Florists
1955 births
Living people
People from Sint-Niklaas
Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun, 4th class


Lionel Thomas Courtenay (1 December 1879 – 11 July 1935) was an Australian businessman and politician. Born in Sydney, he left school at a young age but became general manager of an engineering company. He was involved in local politics, sitting on Mascot Council, Mosman Council and Sydney City Council. In 1932, he was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Council as a member of the United Australia Party. He left the Council in 1934 to contest the Australian Senate as a UAP candidate for New South Wales, in which he was successful. However, he died on 11 July 1935, 11 days after he formally became a Senator, necessitating the appointment of Guy Arkins to replace him.

Early life
Courtenay was born on 1 December 1879 in Balmain, New South Wales, the son of Catherine (née Gleeson) and Lionel Lewis Courtenay. His mother was born in Ireland, while his father, an engineer, was born in England. He attended the Gardeners Road Public School in Rosebery.

Business career
Courtenay left school at the age of fourteen and began working as a messenger boy for J. Tylor and Sons, a sanitary and hydraulic engineering firm. He was later promoted to travelling salesman, eventually becoming general manager of the Australian division and securing an ownership stake. Outside of Tylors, Courtenay helped establish the National Roads and Motorists' Association (NRMA) in February 1920, serving as the inaugural treasurer but resigning within the year to protest staff reductions. He was also a director of radio station 2SM.

Politics

Local government
In 1906, Courtenay was elected to the North Botany Borough Council, serving as an alderman until 1910. He later served on the Mascot Municipal Council (1914–1916), the Mosman Municipal Council (1917–1922), and the Sydney City Council (1921–1927). He was a long-serving member of the executive of the Local Government Association of New South Wales, serving as president for two years and a councillor and vice-president of the Town Planning Association. In 1920 he helped establish the Civic Reform Association to support non-Labor candidates in local government elections.

State and federal politics
Courtenay was a member of the Australian Labor Party (ALP) until the 1916 party split over conscription, when he joined the newly formed Nationalist Party. In 1917 he was a delegate to the national conference of the Australian National Federation in Melbourne.

Courtenay was the Nationalist Party's candidate at the 1931 East Sydney by-election to the House of Representatives, losing to ALP candidate Eddie Ward. He defeated fourteen other candidates for UAP preselection. In the same year Courtenay joined the new United Australia Party. In September 1932 he was appointed to the New South Wales Legislative Council, at the time a lifetime appointment. Following a constitutional amendment, he was re-elected to the council in November 1933 but resigned in August 1934 to contest the 1934 federal election.

Courtenay was elected to a Senate term beginning on 1 July 1935, polling the second-highest number of votes in New South Wales. Already ill at the time of the election, he died after the start of his term but before taking his seat.

Personal life

Courtenay married dressmaker Anne Elizabeth Lee in 1902, with whom he had six children. He died at his home in Willoughby on 11 July 1935, aged 55. He was interred at Rookwood Cemetery.

Prior to his death, after being diagnosed with terminal cancer, Courtenay offered to donate his body to medical research, either for medical experimentation during the remainder of his life or for post-mortem examination. The offer was made to former prime minister Billy Hughes, the federal minister for health, who stated that is was "a tragedy that no sooner had he achieved the summit of his ambition, when the portals of a wide political life were opening to him, than he fell upon the threshold". John Cumpston, the director-general of health, accepted Courtenay's offer and directed that a post-mortem examination be performed to aid knowledge of metastatic cancer.

References

Australian builders
United Australia Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Members of the Australian Senate for New South Wales
Members of the Australian Senate
Members of the New South Wales Legislative Council
1879 births
1935 deaths
20th-century Australian politicians
Deaths from cancer in New South Wales
New South Wales local government politicians


Bernard-Raymond Fabré-Palaprat (29 May 1773 – 18 February 1838), was a priest and mystic who founded a neo-Templar order  called l'Ordre du Temple in 1804 and the Johannite Church in 1812, and proclaimed himself Grand Master of the Templars and Sovereign Pontiff of the Primitive Catholic religion, opposing the Church of Saint Peter.

Early life
Bernard-Raymond Fabré-Palaprat was the son of a surgeon and nephew of a priest in the diocese of Cahors.  He studied at the diocesan seminary and was ordained a priest. Leaving the priesthood, he studied medicine in Montpellier and Caen, where he received his medical degree on 12 April 1798. Moving to Paris the same year, he obtained another medical degree on 16 September 1803, and became the director general of the Société médico-philantropique.

Order of the Temple
On 4 November 1804 Fabré-Palaprat founded the Order of the Temple  and revealed the existence of the Larmenius Charter (or "Charter of Transmission"). Knights of the Order were always addressed as "Sir Knights". The Grand Master of the Order was addressed as "Most Eminent Highness, Very Great, Powerful, and Excellent Prince, and Most Serene Lord."

The Larmenius Charter, allegedly written in Latin in 1324, listed 22 successive Grand Masters of the Knights Templar from 1324 to 1804, Fabré-Palaprat's name appearing last on the list. The Charter is named after Johannes Marcus Larmenius, the purported author of the document who, according to the Charter, was appointed Grand Master by Jacques de Molay while imprisoned, also having the power to appoint his successor (Thomas Theobaldus Alexandrinus in 1324; the first name on the list). The list of Grand Masters in the Larmenius Charter differs from the list of 'Scottish' Grand Masters given by the German Strict Observance, who produced no document, and the Larmenius Charter also anathematized the 'Scottish' Templars, who were excommunicated by Johannes Marcus Larmenius in 1324, who declared them "Deserters of The Temple".

Fabré-Palaprat's Order of the Temple claimed to possess significant relics: the sword of Jacques de Molay, the helmet of Guy Dauphin d'Auvergne, the Beausant, and four fragments of burnt bones taken from the funeral pyre where Jacques de Molay had been executed. These relics, described as "The Sacred Treasure of The Order of The Temple" in the Manual of the order (and described within an Inventory in the Statutes of the order), were displayed in March 1808 on the anniversary of Jacques de Molay's death, when members of the Order celebrated a public requiem for the 'martyred' Grand Master in the Church of St. Paul in Paris.

Johannite Church
In 1812 Fabré-Palaprat formed the Johannite Church, introducing faith-based elements into his order. He later ordained Ferdinand-François Châtel, a radical clergyman who left the priesthood following the July Revolution, as Primate of the Johannite church, on 4 May 1831. Châtel established his new French Catholic Church (Eglise Catholique Française) in former shop premises in Montmartre, decorating it with the bust of Louis Philippe I placed under the Tricolour flag. The Johannite church was located in a former bottle shop in the Cour des miracles, dubbed the "Apostolic Court of the Temple". The Order dated its documents from 'Magistropolis', a mystical calendar commencing from the foundation of the Knights Templar in 1118.

In 1831, following the July Revolution, Fabré-Palaprat published the Evangelikon, a Gnostic version of the Gospel of John that omits intra-textual commentary and the Resurrection narrative, preceded by an introduction and a commentary allegedly written by Nicephorus, a Greek monk of Athens, that carries the name Lévitikon. The Lévitikon contains an esoteric lineage from Jesus to the Knights Templar, and hints that Jesus was an initiate of the mysteries of Osiris, which were passed on to John the Beloved. Fabré-Palaprat claimed to have bought this vellum manuscript (allegedly dating from the 15th century), from a Paris second-hand bookstall on New Year's Day in 1814. It was translated into English for the first time in 2010.

Fabré-Palaprat introduced a Johannite Mass in 1834. The title "Christ" was reserved not just for Jesus but used for all leaders of the Johannite tradition who had attained Gnosis, similar to deification in the Orthodox Church.

In 1836 a schism, led by the Duc de Choiseul resulted out of dissatisfaction with the new Johannite church that had replaced the previous chivalric-style order. Fabré-Palaprat responded by admitting Sir Sidney Smith to the Johannite church.
The Duc de Choiseul was later elected Grand Master of the Order of the Temple in 1838, dying the same year.

Sir Sidney Smith was invited to take over as Grand Master of the Order, an offer he declined, but consented to preside over as Regent until a successor to Fabré-Palaprat had been chosen (which did not happen during his lifetime).

Distinctions
Fabré-Palaprat was awarded the Legion of Honour for his defence of Paris in 1814, and received the July Medal for his actions during the Three Glorious Days of the Revolution of 1830.

"Memoir of the Late M. Bernard Raymond Fabré-Palaprat, Grand Master of the Order of the Temple" was published by Robert Bigsby the Younger, in The Miscellaneous Poems and Essays of Robert Bigsby (London: Whittaker And Co., 1842).

Aftermath
The Regency of the Order of the Temple was at one stage passed on to Joséphin Péladan, later becoming amalgamated among other occult groups headed by Papus, finally becoming legally incorporated by a Belgian group known as the Ordre Souverain et Militaire du Temple de Jérusalem, OSMTJ. Today, this group operates as a Christian chivalric order and charitable organization. As well as with the Ordre Souverain du Temple Initiatique Sovereign Order of the Initiatory Temple (OSTI).

The Sovereign Order of the Initiatory Temple (OSTI), and its outer order known as International Circle for Cultural and Scientific Research (CIRCES International), with CIRCES being created by Raymond Bernard in 1988. Raymond Bernard describes his initiation into the OSTI in 1955, and the mission he was charged with for bringing OSTI public, in his 1966 book entitled A Secret Meeting In Rome. Raymond Bernard created CIRCES International as an outward Templar vehicle to eventually prepare people for initiation into the inner Order of the OSTI. CIRCES International also continues to protect and perpetuate L'Ordre Martiniste of Papus, which Joseph Péladan had been initiated into.

Selected works
 Lévitikon: ou Exposé des principes fondamentaux de la doctrine des chrétiens-catholiques-primitifs: suivi de leurs évangiles, d'un extrait de la Table d'or... et précédé du statut sur le gouvernement de l'Eglise et la hiérarchie lévitique (Paris: Librairie des Chrétiens-primitifs: J. Machault, 1831).
 Épître du souverain pontife et patriarche de la religion chrétienne catholique primitive (Paris: Ladvocat, 1831).
 De l'Église chrétienne-primitive et du catholicisme romain de nos jours, par une réunion d'ecclésiastiques (Paris: Houdaille, 1833).
 Jérusalem et Rome, débats entre les journalistes protecteurs du catholicisme romain de nos jours et les conservateurs du christianisme de l'Église primitive, pour faire suite au livre "De l'Église chrétienne-primitive" (Paris: Bureau central d'imprimerie et de librairie, 1834).
 Recherches historiques sur les Templiers et sur leurs croyances religieuses (Paris: Dentu, 1835).

Further reading

 Manual of The Knights of the Order of The Temple, Translated by Henry Lucas (Liverpool: David Marples, 1830)
 Alec Mellor, Les Mythes Maçonniques (Paris: Payot, 1974).
 Manuel des Chevaliers de l'Ordre du Temple (Paris: J.-B. Poulet et Ch.-A. Poulet, 1817-1818), French language version available from Google books

External links
Manual of The Knights of the Order of the Temple, English translation available from Google books
Lévitikon on Gallica website
Ordre Chevaliere du Temple from Google books
Bernard-Raymond Fabrè-Palaprat + 18 February 1838
Ordre Souverain et Militaire du Temple de Jérusalem (OSMTJ)

See also
 Ordo Supremus Militaris Templi Hierosolymitani
 Jules Doinel

References

1773 births
1838 deaths
19th-century French physicians
French Christian mystics
Laicized Roman Catholic priests
Self-styled orders


Commercial Paper Funding Facility (CPFF) was a system created by the United States Federal Reserve Board during the financial crisis of 2007–08 to improve liquidity in the short-term funding markets. It was reauthorized in March 2020 in reaction to the financial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, including the 2020 stock market crash. The CPFF ceased purchasing commercial paper on March 31, 2021.

First iteration (2008–2010)

The CPFF was created on October 27, 2008 and funded a special purpose vehicle (SPV) that purchased three-month unsecured and asset-backed commercial paper (CP) from eligible issuers. This resulted in greater availability of credit for firms doing business. It worked under the aegis of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York where the NY Fed finances the purchase of highly rated unsecured and asset-backed commercial paper from eligible issuers via eligible primary dealers. The facility expired February 1, 2010. The final CP purchased matured on April 26, 2010. All CP notes purchased were repaid in full.

Explanation
The CPFF began operations on October 27, 2008 following the collapse of Lehman Brothers and government bailout of AIG and the global credit freeze that ensued. The CPFF method of short-term funding provided liquidity to U.S. issuers of commercial paper through a special purpose vehicle, aka SPV, which bought unsecured and asset-backed commercial paper for 3-month period from eligible issuers with funds made available by the NY Fed. The commercial paper remained in the custody of the SPV till the CP matured. On maturity, the proceeds from commercial paper and other assets were used to repay the loan that was originally taken from the NY Fed. All purchases of the Commercial Papers by the SPV was done through the New York Fed's primary dealers.  This program lent out a total $738 billion before it was closed.  45 out 81 of the companies participating in this program were foreign firms.  Research shows that Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) recipients were twice as likely to participate in the program than other commercial paper issuers who did not take advantage of the TARP bailout.  The Fed incurred no losses from the CPFF.

This program was created at the same time that the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation implemented the Temporary Liquidity Guarantee Program to increase liquidity in inter-bank lending.

Eligibility
Only "Active" U.S. issuers of commercial paper (including those with a foreign parent), were eligible to sell commercial paper to the SPV. Active was defined as having at least three consecutive months of commercial paper outstanding during the period starting January 1, 2008 through August 31, 2008.

The commercial paper had to be rated at least A-1/P-1/F1 by a major nationally recognized statistical rating organization (NRSRO) and, if rated by multiple major NRSROs, must have been rated at least A-1/P-1/F1 by two or more major NRSROs.

As part of the application process to be eligible for this program issuers had to pay a 10 basis point (0.1%) fee based on their maximum CP balance during the active period mentioned above.

Second iteration (2020–2021)

On 17 March 2020, following a global stock market crash and Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war, and in light of a corporate debt bubble and wider financial turmoil resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, the Fed announced that they would utilize the CPFF. The U.S. Treasury Department authorized $10 billion to backstop any losses incurred by the Fed using the Treasury's Exchange Stabilization Fund.

See also
 Federal Reserve System

References

External links
 Commercial Paper Funding Facility (2008–2010)
 Commercial Paper Funding Facility (2020–)

2008 in economics
Federal Reserve System
Great Recession in the United States


John E. Derhak (born 1957) is a Canadian-born, American novelist, writer, and historian. His works of fiction include, , Chill Your Cockles, The Bones of Lazarus, and The Guardian Angel of Death.

His first novel,  (2007), tells the story of a humble, yet bungling innkeeper, "brother John," as he manages a small town inn, the  Hotel, in a place called the Lost Kingdom of Moose Harbor, on the coast of rural Maine. The book is noted for its humor, character development, and storytelling. The book was optioned to Signet Entertainment, a division of Signet International Holdings, Inc., in 2007.

Chill Your Cockles (2008), his second book, follows a storyline from his first work, and is a collection of mysterious and haunting tales that serve to further the histories, and add layers to, the fantastic legends and characters that inhabit the Lost Kingdom of Moose Harbor, Maine.

The Bones of Lazarus (2012), is a supernatural thriller that traces intersecting lives on a war-torn, resource rich, Caribbean island. The plot revolves around the premise that Lazarus of Bethany, the man resurrected by the hand of Christ, became an immortal creature of Judgment, seeking the hearts and souls of the wicked. Other themes explored by Derhak include political and social manipulation, terrorism, arms proliferation, the selling of news as entertainment, greed, plunder of natural resources, and religion. The novel is based on a short work that originally appeared in Chill Your Cockles.

The Guardian Angel of Death (2017) is a prequel to Derhak's first novel,  Set on Halloween day, 1932, in rural Maine, the novel expands on a story from Tales, told by the fabled baseball-playing, Porter Gibson 'Digit.' Stalked by the Angel of Death, enchanted by a gypsy woman, haunted by a ghastly specter, and pursued by gangsters, Porter struggles for his sanity and survival amidst the backdrop of the Great Depression, Prohibition and rum-running, and government surveillance.

The author stated in a June 2010, interview with Jam Forums Jam Forums that three novels were currently in the works. One of them, The Bones of Lazarus, was published in 2012. A second, The Guardian Angel of Death, was published in 2017.

The song, "The Bones of Lazarus," by the rock band moe., on their 2012 album, "What Happened to the La Las" (Sugar Hill Records), was named for the novel.

External links
 www.moerepublic.org Author's website
 Jam Forums Interviewed at Nateva Music Festival 2010, by Jamforums.com
 Author's Voices Magazine Interview in Author's Voices Magazine
 Jambands.com Interview in Jambands.com

American male writers
1957 births
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)


James Guy Dalley Arkins (14 October 1888 – 2 August 1980) was an Australian politician.

Born in Millthorpe, New South Wales, he was educated at public schools before becoming a builder. In 1915 he was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly as the Labor member for Castlereagh. After the Labor split of 1916 over conscription, Arkins joined the Nationalist Party. While still an MLA, he served in the military from 1916 to 1919. In 1920 he transferred to the seat of St George, and in 1927 to Rockdale. He contested Waverley in 1932, following the abolition of Rockdale, but was defeated by William Clementson.

On 26 September 1935, Arkins was appointed to the Australian Senate as a member of the United Australia Party (UAP) (successor to the Nationalist Party), filling the vacancy caused by the death of NSW Senator Lionel Courtenay, who had died 11 days after being sworn in. In the 1937 federal election, an election was held for four NSW Senate seats, all of which were won by the Labor Party using the infamous "four A's" strategy, whereby the ALP selected candidates whose names all began with the letter A.

Arkins returned to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, winning Dulwich Hill in 1938 and holding it until 1941. He died in 1980. He was the last surviving member of the 1935–1937 Senate.

References

Australian builders
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of New South Wales
Nationalist Party of Australia members of the Parliament of New South Wales
United Australia Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Members of the Australian Senate for New South Wales
Members of the Australian Senate
Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly
1888 births
1980 deaths
20th-century Australian politicians
United Australia Party members of the Parliament of New South Wales


Cavedweller is the second novel from author Dorothy Allison. Much like her award-winning novel, Bastard Out of Carolina, Cavedweller deals with domestic violence, friendship among women, mother-daughter bonds, and poverty in the small-town American South. Although the point of view shifts throughout the novel, the story is told primarily from the perspective of Delia Byrd.

Plot

Delia Byrd is a native of Cayro, Georgia, and a recovering alcoholic who lives in Los Angeles with her surly ten-year-old daughter, Cissy. The former lead singer of the obscure blues-rock band Mud Dog, Delia is supported primarily by Randall Pritchard, Cissy's father and a member of Mud Dog. The novel opens with Randall being killed in a motorcycle accident. Grief-stricken, nearly penniless, and desperate to reconcile with the daughters she left behind in Georgia, Delia packs up her daughter and drives nearly non-stop cross-country.

When she arrives in Cayro, she is confronted by townspeople who think she is a "hussy" for having left her two daughters despite being aware of the fact that Delia's husband was often abusive toward her. After a disappointing reunion with the grandfather who raised her, Delia enrolls Cissy at the local school, gets a job as a cleaning woman and sinks into a deep depression.

After emerging from the depression, Delia embarks on a quest to regain custody of her now-pubescent daughters, Amanda and Dede, from their hateful and puritanical paternal grandmother. She enlists the aid of the preacher at her mother-in-law's church. Despite the fact that the minister is able to convince the grandmother to consent to visits, Grandma Windsor does not keep her side of the bargain. Desperate, Delia approaches the girls' father, Clint, and makes a deal with him. Clint, who is gravely ill with cancer, agrees to transfer legal custody of the girls to Delia if she moves into his house and cares for him as he is unwilling to spend his last days in a hospital. After thoroughly cleaning the house, Delia moves all three girls in.

Things between Delia and her daughters are tense at first. Fourteen-year-old Amanda is as rigid and religion obsessed as her grandmother, frequently telling Cissy that she is going to hell. Dede is a sexually precocious twelve-year-old who likes to smoke cigarettes. They initially ignore their younger sister and her mother. The two older girls also hate their father, remembering the times that he assaulted his parents.

Cissy, unable to get along with any of her female relatives, takes pity on the bedridden Clint. She begins reading to him. Eventually, Clint begins to tell her about the early days of his marriage to Delia, expressing remorse about the violence he subjected her to.

After Clint dies, Cissy and Dede form a tight bond. However, Amanda remains intractable, frequently arguing with her mother and sisters. Amanda goes on to marry an aspiring preacher and gives birth to two sons in short order. After undergoing a procedure to remove gallstones, Amanda suffers a minor nervous collapse and begins rethinking her previous religiosity.

Cissy, who has had problems fitting in at school, develops an abiding friendship with Nolan, a classmate who shares her passion for science fiction novels. Nolan eventually introduces Cissy to spelunking and falls madly in love with Dede, who scorns his advances.

Dede, who has several brushes with the law and briefly battles drug addiction, eventually gets a job managing the convenience store. After Nolan rescues Dede from a gun-toting ex-boyfriend, the two embark on a passionate love affair.

Cissy begins making plans to return to Los Angeles to study at UCLA. This leaves the forty-something Delia at loose ends as the two older girls have already left home. She has broken up with Cayro's deputy sheriff and has no romantic prospects. Delia then resolves to begin a new chapter of her life by becoming more involved with her young grandsons.

Critical reception

This book received mostly good reviews. The New York Times wrote, "This is not a novel interested in formal invention, in ironic distance or even in elegant prose ... It is clear-eyed about the economic forces that shape these women's lives, but it is also unabashedly emotional and hopeful about their futures. It reaches back to the conventions of straightforward storytelling and pays close attention to the way women get by, the way they come to forgive one another, the way they choose who they will be." Time magazine noted that "the central story of mother and daughter runs true, both on and beneath the surface." The book made the Los Angeles Times bestsellers list in 1998.

References

1998 American novels
Novels set in Los Angeles
Lambda Literary Award-winning works
Working-class literature
American novels adapted into films


"Love Is Dreaming" is MAX's 7th single released under Avex Trax. Both the title song and b-side were originally English songs written by Joey Carbone and Jeff Carruthers entitled, "First Kiss" and "Be Good To Me." They were recorded and released in Japan in 1991 by Singaporean singer, Maizurah. With the help of the original songwriters, a Japanese version of "First Kiss" was rewritten and recorded as "Love Is Dreaming" and "Be Good To Me" was rewritten as "Wonderland." The single debuted and peaked at #4.

Track listing

Charts
Oricon Sales Chart (Japan)

References

MAX (band) songs
1997 singles
Songs written by Joey Carbone
Song recordings produced by Max Matsuura
1997 songs
Avex Trax singles


Langley Covered Bridge is the longest remaining wooden covered bridge in the U.S. state of Michigan, and is located three miles north of Centreville, the seat of St. Joseph County. The bridge is located in Lockport Township. The road to get to the bridge borders on the east line of Lockport and Nottawa townships. The bridge crosses the St. Joseph River. The current bridge and causeway opened in 1887. The bridge and causeway make up Covered Bridge Road.

History
The bridge is not the first bridge to span this section of the St. Joseph River. In 1887 a swollen St. Joseph River swept away a bridge that was about two blocks from the current bridge location. The current bridge was constructed in 1887 by nearby Parkville builder Pierce Bodmer. Both Lockport and Nottawa Township commissioned the bridge which cost about $3,000. The bridge is named for Thomas W. Langley and family, pioneers who helped establish the village of Centreville in the mid-19th century. Langley was the very first settler in Centreville.

Restoration work
In the 1940s, as motor vehicle traffic started to replace the horse and buggy and foot traffic, the added weight and vibration began causing damage to the bridge and abutments and required repair. "The road commission was flooded with requests from all parts of the state and surrounding states to do everything possible to keep the covered bridge intact." The Elkhart Bridge and Iron Works was awarded the contract to fix the bridge. The 1950-51 project was to give the bridge a new under structure at a cost of $35,885. In September 1950 the bridge was closed to traffic so work could begin and did not reopen till August 1951. During the closure "All the load carrying elements of the bridge were changed from wood to steel or concrete. The old flooring was replaced with two by fours creosoted."

When the bridge was again in need of major repair, the St. Joseph County Road Commission hired Anlaan Corporation to perform the restoration work. All of the siding was removed from the bridge and the roof was replaced. The asphalt that had been added to road decking was removed and returned to wood planking. The cost of the 2008-09 repair was almost $1 million. During this Restoration project two Height Restrictor portal frames and signs were added.

In 2023, St. Joseph County plans to replace all the steel underpinnings of the bridge. Work should be complete by the end of 2023.

Replacement
In 1964 the bridge became the center of controversy when the then county road official wanted to widen the road between Centreville and Vicksburg.

Tourism

Many of the covered bridges in Michigan and other states no longer exist, and the Langley Covered Bridge is consequently considered a historic site and tourist attraction. For almost 130 years the covered bridge has been a scenic point for travelers, and artists and photographers hoping to capture the changing shadows of the bridge. The bridge draws history and bridge buffs to see the longest covered bridge in Michigan. People also come to fish from inside the bridge.

Facts and figures

The bridge spans  across the river, it is made up of three spans and is made of the Howe truss construction. Its frame and timbers are constructed of White pine. The original bridge section are made from three  sections which are joined together to form the  length of the bridge. They measure  wide by  high. The original bridge's planking and decking rests on 40 beams that measure  by  by  long. It is estimated on average that 1,700 vehicles a day use the bridge. During the 2008–09 project on the bridge, two Heigh restrictor portal frames and signs were add at the cost of $20,000 each for a total $40,000 to help protect the bridge.

When the Sturgis Dam was installed the bridge had to be raised . In a two-year period, 1950–51, the St. Joseph County Road commission undertook work to help preserve the bridge for use by future generations. To accomplish this the old foundation timbers had to be replaced by wood reinforced with steel beams. The cost of the repair was almost $36,000 (equivalent to $ in ).

There are three main restrictions on the bridge. There is a  weight limitation, a  height restriction, and there is a limit on how wide vehicles can be. There are many warning signs leading up to the bridge to warn of the restrictions. The Saint Joseph County Road Commission has attempted some creative ways to stop people from damaging the bridge. Despite the signs, people have hit the metal sign and damaged it beyond repair in 2016. The sign was replaced.

Other events

The bridge has been a symbol of the village of Centreville for a century. Since 1975 the village's annual summer festival has been called Covered Bridge Days. A local newspaper that operated in 1960 used the sketch of the bridge as its logo at different times.

The Three Rivers Chamber of Commerce hosted what was billed a once-in-a-lifetime event, in which the bridge was closed to host a charity dinner. The event was done in coordination with the county road commission that had some planned deck work on the bridge.

Photo gallery

See also

References

External links

Buildings and structures in St. Joseph County, Michigan
Bridges completed in 1887
Covered bridges in Michigan
Wooden bridges in Michigan
Tourist attractions in St. Joseph County, Michigan
Howe truss bridges in the United States
Road bridges in Michigan


Stanley Kerin Amour (2 April 1900 – 29 November 1979) was an Australian politician. Born in Hamilton, New South Wales, he was educated at Catholic schools before becoming an insurance agent. He served in the military from 1915–1917. In 1937, he was elected to the Australian Senate as a Labor Senator for New South Wales. He was selected largely because his surname began with A, as did the other three candidates, Bill Ashley, John Armstrong and Tom Arthur. After leaving the ALP briefly for the Langite Australian Labor Party (Non-Communist), Amour served in the Senate for over 20 years, retiring in 1965. He died in 1979.

External links

References

Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Lang Labor members of the Parliament of Australia
Members of the Australian Senate for New South Wales
Members of the Australian Senate
1900 births
1979 deaths
20th-century Australian politicians


Yuyuanozoon magnificissimi is the largest known vetulicolian, with the holotype (and only known specimen) measuring about 202 millimeters in length. In life, it would have been an egg-shaped animal with a long cylindrical tail. The body is divided into 6 segments, with a gill opening (that has gill filaments extending out from each opening) placed symmetrically on each side of every body segment starting at the second segment. The cylindrical tail is divided into 7 segments, and differs from the tails of all other known vetulicolians (not being flattened like vetulicolids like Vetulicola, and not oar-like or leaf-like like those of the didazoonids like Didazoon, and is unlike the tails of banffozoans like Banffia and Skeemella).

The details of the tail anatomy, and of the gill openings with gill filaments currently leave Y. magnificissimi as incertae sedis.

Etymology
The generic name translates as "Animal of Yu Yuan," Yu Yuan being an ancient name for Chengjiang County. The specific name, magnificissimi, translates as "magnificent," in reference to the great size of the holotype.

See also

 Maotianshan shales

References

Notes

Cambrian animals of Asia
Enigmatic Vetulicolia taxa
Fossil taxa described in 2001
Prehistoric animal genera

Cambrian genus extinctions


Saint Maria Goretti High School was an all-female Roman Catholic high school located at 1736 South Tenth Street in the South Philadelphia area of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. In 2004 the school, which was a part of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Philadelphia, merged with Saint John Neumann High School to form Saints John Neumann and Maria Goretti Catholic High School.

History
Goretti opened in 1955. In 1992 Goretti had 970 students. In October 1992 consultants told the archdiocese that Neumann and Goretti should be consolidated onto Neumann's site. By December of that year the archdiocese decided not to consolidate the two schools. In 2003 Goretti had 683 students and the school had a stable financial situation. By then the combined populations of both schools declined by 29 percent in an 11-year span. In March 2003 the archdiocese asked the faculty and staff of Neumann to consider merging or closing the school as the school had increasing deficits and a decreasing student population. In June of that year the committees unanimously requested a merge. In September of that year Cardinal Anthony Bevilacqua, the head of the Philadelphia Archdiocese, decided that the merge should occur.

See also

References

External links

Defunct girls' schools in the United States
Educational institutions established in 1955
Educational institutions disestablished in 2004
Defunct Catholic secondary schools in Pennsylvania
Defunct schools in Pennsylvania
1955 establishments in Pennsylvania
South Philadelphia
Italian-American culture in Philadelphia
Girls' schools in Pennsylvania


The Greatest Bits: B-Sides & Rarities is the second compilation album released by the British pop rock band McFly. The album was released on 3 December 2007, and was only available at Woolworths stores in the UK. The album has a range of B-sides and covers from the group's singles, as well as a new recording of "Santa Claus Is Coming To Town". Physical copies of the album have become quite sought after since the collapse of Woolworths in 2008 although it has since been released on downloads. The cover version of "Pinball Wizard" is a new live version, previously released only as a studio version and a music video.

Song information
"Mr. Brightside" is a song covered from "The Killers", originally taken from the band's performance in the Radio 1 Live Lounge studio. Dougie Poynter also takes lead vocals. This originally was on the "I Wanna Hold You" single.
"Lola" was a track which was a B-side on the "5 Colours in Her Hair" single, written by Ray Davies. It features Busted.
"She Loves You" is a cover of a hit single by The Beatles and it appears on the "That Girl" single.
"No Worries" is a track dropped from Wonderland, but used on the "I'll Be OK" single.
"Help!" is another Beatles cover which was a B-side to the "Obviously" single which went to No. 1 in the UK singles chart.
"Crazy Little Thing Called Love" is a cover of a Queen song, taken from the "Room on the 3rd Floor" single.
"Santa Claus Is Coming to Town" was recorded after the band performed it on The Paul O'Grady Show in 2007. Poynter sings.
"The Guy Who Turned Her Down" was a B-Side on the enhanced CD2 single of "5 Colours in Her Hair".
"Umbrella" is a Rihanna cover which McFly first performed on their Greatest Hits Tour and then a recorded version was placed on "The Heart Never Lies" single, produced by Danny Jones.
"Pinball Wizard" is a cover of a song by The Who, McFly having collaborated with Roger Daltrey in 2005 on the charity single "My Generation". A studio version appeared on the "I'll Be OK" single, but here the song is performed live.
"Deck the Halls" was a B-side for the "Room on the 3rd Floor" single, with Fletcher, Poynter and Jones on lead vocals.
"Fight for Your Right" is a Beastie Boys song which McFly performed first on the Motion in the Ocean Tour, and then the live recording of "Fight for Your Right" was a "Transylvania" B-side. This version is used here.

Track listing

References

McFly compilation albums
2007 compilation albums
B-side compilation albums


Yuan Haowen () also known as Yuan Yishan (遺山/遗山) or “Yuan of Yi Mountain” (1190–1257) was a poet from Xinzhou, in what is now Shanxi province, noted for his poems in the ci and the sanqu forms and for including poems in the sangluan genre of Classical Chinese poetry among his poetic works. Yuan Haowen was the outstanding literary figure of his period, in northern China, excelling at various genres of both prose and poetry: his ci poetry is said to be some of the best of the Jin period writers. Just a few of his sanqu lyrics have survived. Yuan Haowen was born in the Jin dynasty of northern China.

Biography
Yuan Haowen's ancestors were of non-Han origins who changed their surname to Yuan. His father experienced disappointments in life and later led a secluded existence. However he passed on his taste for literature to his son. An uncle who was a government official took the young Yuan along on his official journeys, thus introducing him to some well known places and scenery. He could compose poetry by the age of seven leading people to refer to him as a child prodigy. His uncle also saw to it that he studied with the best teachers. He prospered. Born at the height of the Jin dynasty (1115–1234), he experienced the social unrest and war at the decline of the dynasty. He fled to Henan with his mother when the Jin regime moved their capital. He had served the Jin in a variety of posts, but when the Jin dynasty gave way in favor of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty he no longer sought official appointments and went into retirement. In June, 1233, Yuan Haowen was captured and compelled to go to Shandong. For a time he was a destitute wanderer.

See also
Bai Renfu
Classical Chinese poetry
Classical Chinese poetry forms
Classical Chinese poetry genres
Daming Lake
Shang Ting

Notes

References
Carpenter, Bruce E. 'Chinese San-ch’ü Poetry of the Mongol Era: I', Tezukayama Daigaku kiyo (Journal of Tezukayama University), Nara, Japan, no. 22, pp. 34–5.
Crump, J. I. (1990). Chinese Theater in the Days of Kublai Khan. (Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies The University of Michigan) .
Davis, A. R. (Albert Richard), Editor and Introduction,(1970), The Penguin Book of Chinese Verse. (Baltimore: Penguin Books).
Hu Qiaomu ed., The Great Encyclopedia of China, Chinese Literature, vol. 2, Beijing-Shanghai, 1986, p. 910.
Lu Weifen and Wu Gengshun ed., Complete Yuan Period Sanqu Lyrics, Liaoning, 2000, vol. 1, pp. 144–51.
Ma Liangchun　and Li Futian ed., The Great Encyclopedia of Chinese Literature, Tianlu, 1991, vol. 2, pp. 495–6.

Jin dynasty (1115–1234) poets
Yuan dynasty poets
1190 births
1257 deaths
Politicians from Xinzhou
Poets from Shanxi
Jin dynasty (1115–1234) government officials


The Turbo A.C.'s are an American punk rock band from New York City, United States, formed in 1995. The band's high-octane sound has led to comparisons with the likes of The Supersuckers and New Bomb Turks.

Band history
In 1996, the band released their first full-length album, Damnation Overdrive, on New York based hardcore label, Blackout Records. This was followed by releases on Cacophone, Nitro Records and Gearhead Records. The band's catalog features a number of punk personalities producing, including Agnostic Front's Roger Miret and the Dwarves' Blag Dahlia.

The band's name is a reference to the Turnbull A.C.'s, a fictional gang featured briefly in the 1979 Walter Hill film, The Warriors.

They have frequently toured Europe following releases on the German label, Bitzcore Records.

Bassist Mike Dolan left the band in 2005 to start a band in the vein of The Hellacopters and Motörhead called The FTW's.

Drummer Mikey Montreal plays in the Montreal based band The Von Rebels.

Mikey Millionaire also plays in the Newport, Rhode Island based Skinny Millionaires

Lineup
Band members
 Kevin Cole - guitar, vocals
 Mikey Millionaire - guitar, acoustic guitar, vocals
 Eric Bhell - bass, vocals
 Mikey Montreal - drums, vocals

Former members
 Mike Dolan - bass, vocals
 Kevin Prunty - drums, vocals
 Tim Lozada - bass, vocals
 Jer VonDuck - guitar, vocals

Discography

Albums
Damnation Overdrive (1996) Blackout! Records
Winner Take All (1998) Cacophone Records
Fuel for Life (2001) Nitro Records
Automatic (2003) Gearhead Records/Bitzcore Records
Avenue X (2005) Gearhead Records/Bitzcore Records
Live To Win (2006) Bitzcore Records
Kill Everyone (2011) Stomp Records
Radiation (2018) Concrete Jungle Records/Stomp Records

Other
 "Gonna Get It" 7" (1995)
 Supercharged Straight To Hell" (1995, Turbo Titans Records)
 "Eat My Dust" / "Righteous Ruler" 7" (1995, Blackout! Records)
 "Chupacabra!" 7" (1997, Blackout! Records)
 Hellboys/Turbo A.C.'s Split 7" (1997, Explicit Sound Records)
 "Hit & Run" 7" (1999, Into The Vortex)
 "Hit The Road" 10" Picture Disc (1999, Community/Renate Records)
 Clean'' Split with The Demonics (2000, Radio Blast Records)

References

External links

 Official Fanclub
 [ Turbo A.C.'s] at Allmusic

Punk rock groups from New York (state)
American garage punk groups
Garage rock groups from New York (state)
Nitro Records artists


Thomas Christopher Arthur (born Christopher Thomas Arthur; 11 May 1883 – 6 June 1953) was an Australian politician. Born in Forbes, New South Wales, he received a primary education before becoming a miner and an official of the Miners' Federation. Later, he was an organiser with the Australian Workers' Union. In 1937, he was elected to the Australian Senate as a Labor Senator for New South Wales, forming one part of the "four A's" with Bill Ashley, Stan Amour and John Armstrong (the Labor Party had nominated four candidates with their surnames beginning with A to take advantage of alphabetical ordering on the Senate ticket). He lost Labor endorsement for the 1943 election but contested the Senate as an independent, winning only 0.5% of the vote. He left politics to become a public servant, and died in 1953.

References

Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Independent members of the Parliament of Australia
Members of the Australian Senate for New South Wales
Members of the Australian Senate
Australian trade unionists
1883 births
1953 deaths
20th-century Australian politicians