FIBA Asia Under-18 Championship for Women 2008 is FIBA Asia's basketball championship for females under 18 years old. The games were held at Medan, Indonesia.

The championship is divided into two levels: Level I and Level II. The top three teams of Level I at the end of the tournament qualifies for the World U-19 Championship for Women. The two lowest finishers of Level I meets the top two finishers to determine which teams qualify for Level for 2010's championship. The losers are relegated to Level II.

Participating teams

Preliminary round

Level I

Level II

Qualifying round
Winners are promoted to Level I for the 2010 championships.

Final round

Semifinals

3rd place

Final

Final standing

Awards

External links
FIBA Asia
www.jabba-net.com

2008
2008 in women's basketball
2008–09 in Asian basketball
2008–09 in Indonesian basketball
International women's basketball competitions hosted by Indonesia
2008 in youth sport
2008 in Indonesian women's sport


Vaidyanathan Thirunavukkarasu (11 January 1926 – 5 November 2008), popularly known as V. T. Arasu, was a Singaporean journalist, civil servant, editor, author and Tamil enthusiast.

Arasu was born in India on 11 January 1926 and moved to Singapore in 1951. He was educated at the University of Madras and obtained a degree there. With five years of experience in journalism in India, he joined Tamil Murasu in Singapore, the then leading Tamil daily, as its sub-editor.

His pithy weekly and daily columns and catchy headlines attracted readers. In tandem with this portfolio, under the guidance of the community leader and editor G. Sarangapany, Arasu played a prominent role in the cultural and educational movements of the 1950s and 1960s. Notable among these activities were the management of Tamil schools, encouragement of creative writing, organization of the Tamizhar Tirunaal and the campaign to establish the Tamil department at the university.

In the 1950s and 1960s, he played a significant role in developing the cultural and educational scene in various ways, such as encouraging creative writing.

Arasu left Tamil Murasu in 1958 to join the civil service but returned in 1989 as its Chief Editor at the request of its owners, the G. Sarangapany family. When he returned to Tamil Murasu as its chief editor, that he would begin to shape what many now call his enduring legacy: transforming a failing community newspaper into a relevant and thriving publication.

Arasu started by revamping the paper's content to make it more in-depth and local-based. He upgraded its design and computerised its production and plugged the distribution system into that of all the other language papers.

By the time he stepped down in 2000, Tamil Murasu had quadrupled its circulation and become a profitable paper. More importantly, by making Tamil Murasu a part of the Singapore Press Holdings, he ensured the continuity and growth of the Tamil daily for the foreseeable future. He was instrumental in securing the paper's survival.

Arasu's Years in the Civil Service

Arasu joined the Civil Service as Information Officer (Tamil) at Ministry of Culture in 1958, when preparations were underway to make Tamil one of Singapore's four official languages. He played a crucial role in the production of various Tamil publications and current affairs publications.

He went on to take charge of several publications, including The Mirror and the Singapore Yearbook. He also headed the Singapore Government's Media Relations Department during his time there.

Subsequently, he served the Government in various capacities as editor of books at the Institute of national Language and Culture, editor of current affairs weeklies Kannottam ( Tamil) and the Mirror
( English) and several other publications of the Ministry of Culture. He co-authored and edited the best seller, Singapore, An Illustrated History 1941 - 1984. He was also one of the editors of Singapore Poetry -Asean Literatures. Arasu also served as head of the Singapore Government Media Relations Department and acted from time to time as Press Secretary to the Prime Minister.

Contributions to the Community

As Chairman of the Hindu Advisory Board (1974–76), Arasu persuaded the Hindu community to abandon the age-old practice of open cremation by firewood and opt for closed cremation by gas. He also persuaded the Government to provide special facilities at the crematorium to perform Hindu funeral rites and ceremonies. Arasu also served as member of the Hindu Endowments Board for a few terms.

As President of the Tamil Language and Cultural Society, from 1984 to 1998, he invited young professionals to join the organization and encouraged them to play a greater role in the community. Tirukkural Vizha, which was his initiative, became a popular annual literary and family event. Under his guidance, the society produced four attractively illustrated Tamil story books for children from the ages 4 to 7. The Society's nationwide parental education programmes and its representation to the Parliamentary Select Committee on Group Representation Constituency are its other achievements.

Arasu also served as a trustee of Singapore Indian Development Association (SINDA) from 1991 to 2000.

He was the first chairman of the Tamil Language Council, a national organization set up to promote the wider usage of Tamil in Singapore.

He also served as one of the Secretary-Generals of the International Association for Tamil Research since 1987 till the 2000s.

While Arasu's involvement with Indian community issues and promotion of Tamil extended throughout the last 50 years of his life, he also devoted considerable time and effort on matters of common interest to all Singaporeans. His work at the Preservation of Monuments Board (1975-1992) particularly as chairman of the Board's Research and Publicity Committee from 1979 is one example. He had also served as member of the National Archives and Oral History Board. and several other committees relating to arts and literature and social issues.

The Singapore government conferred on Arasu the Efficiency Medal in 1985 and the Public Service Medallion (PBM) in 1999. The National University of Singapore's Centre for the Arts honoured him
for his services at the conference on “Tamil in the International Arena.” in January 2002

Arasu died at the age of 83, on 4.11.2008 from complications linked to pancreatic cancer.

He is survived by his wife, son and three grand children.

References

Tamil's Murasu Obituary for Mr V T Arasu, dated 5 November 2008

1926 births
2008 deaths
Singaporean people of Tamil descent
Singaporean journalists
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Singaporean Hindus
20th-century journalists


Kingsthorpe is a rural town and locality in the Toowoomba Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , the locality of Kingsthorpe had a population of 2,159 people.

Geography
Kingsthorpe is on the Darling Downs,  north-west of the Toowoomba CBD and  west of the state capital, Brisbane.

Kingsthorpe railway station on the Western railway line serves the town (). Kings railway station is a closed station on that line on the boundary between the localities of Kingsthorpe and Kings Siding ().

History
The town was named after pastoralist brothers Colonel Henry Venn King and George Beresford King, of the Gowrie pastoral property.

St Gregory's Anglican Church in Meringandan was consecrated on Sunday 12 September 1886 by Bishop William Webber. It was located on a  piece of land near the railway station, donated by Mr Foland. It was built by Mr Maag and was  and could seat 150 people. In 1905 it was relocated to Kingsthorpe where it was re-consecrated at St Gregory's by Archbishop St Clair Donaldson on 20 October 1905. The church was closed circa 1982.

Gowrie Mountain Provisional School opened on 30 May 1901, becoming Gowrie Mountain State School on 1 January 1909. It closed in 1967. It was on a  site at 95 Gowrie Mountain School Road (), formerly within Gowrie Mountain but now within Kingsthorpe.

Kingsthorpe State School opened on 10 July 1911.

Kingsthorpe was in the Shire of Rosalie until 2008, when the shire was amalgamated into the new Toowoomba Region local government area.

Demographics
In the , the locality of Kingsthorpe had a population of 1,820 people.

In the , the locality of Kingsthorpe had a population of 1,867 people.

In the , the locality of Kingsthorpe had a population of 2,159 people.

Education

Kingsthorpe State School is a government primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at 50 Goombungee Road (). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 187 students with 13 teachers (12 full-time equivalent) and 12 non-teaching staff (7 full-time equivalent).

There is no secondary school in Kingsthorpe. The nearest secondary schools are in Oakey, Highfields, and Wilsonton Heights (in Toowoomba).

Amenities
Library services in Kingsthorpe are provided by the Toowoomba Regional Council's mobile library service. The van visits Kingsthorpe State School  and Kingsthorpe Village Green every Wednesday.

Kingsthorpe features a number of parks with recreation areas, play equipment, and amenities, including Rosalie Walk, Settlers Park, Village Green, and Stoney Ridge Park. The Recreational Reserve has a large sporting oval, tennis courts, picnic facilities with an electric barbeque, and a clubhouse with a canteen and amenities.

The Kingsthorpe branch of the Queensland Country Women's Association meets at 2 Gowrie Street (beside the Kingsthorpe and District Memorial Hall).

Attractions
Mount Kingsthorpe Bushland Reserve is on a hill in the south-east of the locality (). Rising to , there are expansive views from the top. Access is between 29 and 33 Emmanulla Road.

References

External links

Towns in Queensland
Towns in the Darling Downs
Toowoomba Region
Shire of Rosalie
Localities in Queensland


Delray Beach is a city in Palm Beach County, Florida, United States. The population of Delray Beach as of April 1, 2020 was 66,846 according to the 2020 United States Census. Located in South Florida, 52 miles (83 kilometers) north of Miami, Delray Beach is in the Miami metropolitan area.

History

Early years
The earliest known human inhabitants of what is now Delray Beach were the Jaega people. Tequesta Indians likely passed through or inhabited the area at various times. Few other recorded details of these local indigenous settlements have survived.

An 1841 U.S. military map shows a Seminole camp located in the area now known as Lake Ida. In 1876, the United States Life Saving Service built the Orange Grove House of Refuge to rescue and shelter ship-wrecked sailors. The house derived its name from the grove of mature sour orange and other tropical fruit trees found at the site chosen for the house of refuge, but no record or evidence of who planted the trees was discovered.

The first non-indigenous group to build a settlement was a party of African Americans from the panhandle of Florida, who purchased land a little inland from the Orange Grove House of Refuge and began farming around 1884. By 1894 the black community was large enough to establish the first school in the area.

In 1894 William S. Linton, a Republican U.S. Congressman for Saginaw, Michigan, bought a tract of land west of the Orange Grove House of Refuge, and began selling plots in what he hoped would become a farming community. This community was named after Linton. In 1896 Henry Flagler extended his Florida East Coast Railroad south from West Palm Beach to Miami, with a station at Linton.

The Linton settlers established a post office and a store, and began to achieve success with truck farming of winter vegetables for the northern market. A hard freeze in 1898 was a setback, and many of the settlers left, including William Linton. Partly in an attempt to change the community's luck, or to leave behind a bad reputation, the settlement's name was changed in 1901 to Delray, after the Detroit neighborhood of Delray ("Delray" being the anglicized spelling of Del Rey, which is Spanish for "of the king"), which in turn was named after the Mexican–American War's Battle of Molino del Rey.

Settlers from The Bahamas (then part of the British West Indies), sometimes referred to as Nassaws, began arriving in the early 1900s. After 1905, newspaper articles and photographs of Delray events reveal that Japanese settlers from the nearby Yamato farming colony also began participating in Delray civic activities such as parades, going to the movies, and shopping. The 1910 census shows Delray as a town of 904 citizens. Twenty-four U.S. states and nine other countries are listed as the birthplace of its residents. Although still a small town, Delray had a diverse citizenry.

In 1911, the area was chartered by the State of Florida as an incorporated town. In the same year, pineapple and tomato canning plants were built. Pineapples became the primary crop of the area. This is reflected in the name of the present day Pineapple Grove neighborhood near downtown Delray Beach.

Prior to 1909, the Delray settlement land was within Dade County. That year, Palm Beach County was carved out of the northern portion of the region. In 1915, Palm Beach County and Dade County contributed nearly equal portions of land to create what is now Broward County between the two, leaving Delray situated within the southeastern portion of Palm Beach County.

By 1920, Delray's population had reached 1,051. In the 1920s, drainage of the Everglades west of Delray lowered the water table, making it harder to grow pineapples, while the extension of the Florida East Coast Railway to Key West resulted in competition from Cuban pineapples for the markets of the northern United States.

The Florida land boom of the 1920s brought renewed prosperity to Delray. Tourism and real estate speculation became important parts of the local economy. Delray issued bonds to raise money to install water and sewer lines, paved streets, and sidewalks. Several hotels were built. At that time, Delray was the largest town on the east coast of Florida between West Palm Beach and Fort Lauderdale. The collapse of the land boom in 1926 left Delray saddled with high bond debts, and greatly reduced income from property taxes.

Delray was separated from the Atlantic Ocean beach by the Florida East Coast Canal (now part of the Intracoastal Waterway). In 1923 the area between the canal and the ocean was incorporated as Delray Beach. In 1927 Delray and Delray Beach merged into one town named Delray Beach.

Beginning in the mid-1920s, a seasonal Artists and Writers Colony was established in Delray Beach and the adjacent town of Gulf Stream. At the time, the city of Palm Beach did not welcome Hollywood personalities or all types of artists, so the Delray winter colony drew a more eclectic and bohemian populace. Throughout the 1930s and '40s, Delray became a popular winter enclave for artists and authors. Two nationally syndicated cartoonists – H.T. Webster (creator of "Caspar Milquetoast") and Fontaine Fox of "Toonerville Trolley" – had offices upstairs in the Arcade Building over the Arcade Tap Room; a gathering place where the artists and writers might be joined by aristocrats, politicians, entertainers, and sports figures. Other well-known artists and writers of the era who had homes in Delray Beach include: Herb Roth, W.J. "Pat" Enright, Robert Bernstein, Wood Cowan, Denys Wortman, Jim Raymond, Charles Williams, Herb Niblick, Hugh McNair Kahler, Clarence Budington Kelland, Nina Wilcox Putnam, and Edna St. Vincent Millay. These seasonal visitors helped soften the effect of the real estate downturn and The Great Depression on the city.

During the Depression, not much money was available since the two banks had failed, but progress continued, and the town still looked prosperous because of the previous burst of new buildings during the boom years. The Artists and Writers Colony flourished and Delray Beach's fame as a resort town grew. This era is regarded as Delray Beach's "golden age of architecture;" a period in which the city ranked 50th in population but 10th in building permits in Florida. Prominent architectural styles in Delray Beach from this period include Art Deco, Mediterranean Revival, Mission Revival, Monterey Colonial, Streamline Moderne, bungalows, and 'Key West style' cottage homes for the Artists and Writers Colony winter residents.

Post World War II

For the four years of World War II, citizens of Delray Beach volunteered to watch the beach and ocean 24 hours a day from the faux bell tower atop the seaside Seacrest Hotel. Military personnel patrolled the beach on horseback. Shipping attacks could be seen from the coast. During WWII Delray Beach also saw an influx of service personnel stationed at the nearby Boca Raton Army Airfield. Some of the veterans who had trained at the airfield returned to settle in Delray Beach after the war. Steady growth of the city continued through the 1950s and 1960s.

While Delray Beach had a sizeable African-American population from the beginning, it attempted to keep out Jews. In 1959, the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith called it "one of the nation's most completely anti-Semitic communities". It quoted an unnamed realtor who "proudly called it the only city on the East Coast [of Florida] fully restricted to Gentiles both in buying and selling".

By the early 1960s Delray Beach was becoming known for surfing. Atlantic Avenue was the biggest seller of surfboards in Florida at the time. Delray Beach's surfing fame increased somewhat serendipitously after a 1965 shipwreck. During Hurricane Betsy, the  freighter Amaryllis ran aground on Singer Island, creating a windbreak that formed perfectly breaking waves. The ship was dismantled three years later, yet local surfers have retained an association with the area.

In the 1970s, Interstate 95 between Palm Beach Gardens and Miami was fully completed and development began to spread west of the city limits. This pattern continued and accelerated through the 1980s, as downtown and many of the older neighborhoods fell into a period of economic decline.

Revitalization of some historic areas began during the last decade of the twentieth century, as several local landmark structures were renovated. These include the Colony Hotel and Old School Square (the former campus of Delray Elementary School and Delray High School, since turned into a cultural center). The city also established five Historic Districts, listed in the Local Register of Historic Places, and annexed several other historic residential neighborhoods between U.S. Route 1 and the Intracoastal Waterway in an effort to preserve some of the distinctive local architecture.

In 2001, the historic home of teacher/principal Solomon D. Spady was renovated and turned into the Spady Cultural Heritage Museum. The Spady Museum houses black archives. In 2007 the museum was expanded by renovating a 1935 cottage as a Kid's Cultural Clubhouse, and the construction of a 50-seat amphitheater named for C. Spencer Pompey, a pioneer black educator.

Downtown Delray, located in the eastern part of the city, along Atlantic Avenue, east of I-95 and stretching to the beach, has undergone a large-scale renovation and gentrification. The Delray Beach Tennis Center has brought business to the area. It has hosted several major international tennis events such as the April 2005 Fed Cup (USA vs. Belgium), the April 2004 Davis Cup (USA vs. Sweden), the Delray Beach International Tennis Championships (ATP Event), and the Chris Evert/Bank of America Pro Celebrity.

Atlantic Community High School was rebuilt in 2005 on a different site from the previous school, a plan which was met with much contention.

When DayJet operated from 2007 to 2008, its headquarters were in Delray Beach.

From 2009 to 2012, Pet Airways had its headquarters in Delray Beach.

In 2012, Rand McNally "Best of the Road" named Delray Beach America's Most Fun Small Town. Delray Beach was rated as the 3rd Happiest Seaside Town in America by Coastal Living in 2015.

Opioid epidemic
Delray Beach has experienced a drastic spike in opioid overdoses in recent years, reaching record numbers in 2016 and 2017. The number reached its pinnacle of 96 in October 2016. Most overdoses are a result of heroin mixed with Fentanyl.

This is due to the high concentration of halfway houses throughout the city.

Geography

 The city's eastern boundary includes  of beachfront along the Atlantic Ocean.
 Directly to the south, the city is bordered by Boca Raton.
 To the south and southeast, the city is bordered by Highland Beach on the same barrier island east of the Intracoastal Waterway.
 Directly to the north, the city is bordered by Boynton Beach.
 To the north and northeast, the city is bordered by Gulf Stream on the barrier island and along a section of mainland east of U.S. Route 1.
 To the west, an urbanized area that includes High Point, Kings Point, Villages of Oriole, and multiple gated communities extends from the city's western boundary to the Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge portion of the Everglades. Many residences and businesses within this suburban corridor of unincorporated Palm Beach County possess a Delray Beach postal address despite technically lying outside the city limits. This area is sometimes referred to collectively and informally as "West Delray."

Delray Beach's location in Southeastern Palm Beach County is in the middle of Florida's Gold Coast region.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city of Delray Beach has a total land area of .

Downtown location

In earlier years, downtown Delray was centered along Atlantic Avenue as far west as Swinton Avenue and as far east as the intracoastal waterway. Downtown has since expanded. By 2010, downtown extended west to I-95 and east as the Atlantic Ocean; The north–south boundaries extend roughly two blocks north and south of Atlantic Avenue.

Climate

Delray Beach has a tropical climate, more specifically a tropical trade-wind rainforest climate (Köppen climate classification Af), as its driest month (February) averages 64.8mm of precipitation, meeting the minimum standard of 60mm in the driest month needed to qualify for that designation.

Delray Beach has hot and humid summers. High summertime temperatures range from 87 to 93 °F with low temperatures around 75–78 °F. Winters are warm, with a marked drier season. Ordinarily wintertime high temperatures are typically in the range of 74–83 °F and low temperatures 57–65 °F. However, when occasional cold fronts hit South Florida, daytime high temperatures may only reach the low or mid 60s (°F). Overnight lows during these brief periods can sink into the 40s. These cold fronts do not typically last more than a day or two and only occur several times each winter. Its near sea-level elevation, coastal location, position above the Tropic of Cancer, and proximity to the Gulf Stream shapes its climate. Hurricane season officially runs from June 1 through November 30, although hurricanes can develop outside those dates. The most likely time for hurricane activity is during the peak of the Cape Verde season, which is mid-August through the end of September. Delray Beach has received direct or near direct hits from hurricanes in 1903, 1906, 1928, 1947, 1949, 1964, 1965, 1979, 1992, 1999, 2004, and 2005.

Demographics

2020 census

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 66,846 people, 28,914 households, and 15,279 families residing in the city.

2010 census

As of the 2010 United States census, there were 60,522 people, 27,116 households, and 14,211 families residing in the city.

2000 census
As of 2000, 18.9% of households had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.4% were married couples living together, 10.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 43.7% were non-families. 35.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.87.

In 2000, the city's population was spread out, with 18.2% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 27.1% from 25 to 44, 22.4% from 45 to 64, and 25.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.0 males.

In 2000, the median income for a household in the city was $43,371, and the median income for a family was $51,195. Males had a median income of $33,699 versus $28,469 for females. The per capita income for the city was $29,350. About 8.2% of families and 11.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.6% of those under age 18 and 7.8% of those age 65 or over.

As of 2000, speakers of English as a first language accounted for 75.44% of all residents, and French Creole accounted for 11.73%, Spanish consisted of 7.02%, French was at 1.87%, Italian at 0.88%, and German made up 0.75% of the population.

As of 2000, Delray Beach had the sixteenth highest percentage of Haitian residents in the U.S., with 10.50% of the population.

Media
Delray Beach is covered by two major daily newspapers, the Palm Beach Post and Sun Sentinel, as well as local publications, including the Coastal Star, Delray Newspaper  and the Delray Beach Times. There are also two lifestyle magazines, Delray Magazine and Atlantic Ave Magazine. Local television stations covering the county are channel 5 NBC WPTV, channel 25 ABC WPBF, channel 12 CBS WPEC and channel 29 FOX WFLX.

Sports
The Delray Beach Open is an ATP Tour 250 series men's professional tennis tournament held each year. The Delray Beach Tennis Center has hosted the Fed Cup, the Davis Cup, and the Chris Evert Pro-Celebrity Tennis Classic.

The ProWorld Tennis Academy is located in Delray Beach. The Delray Beach Tennis Center is a full-service public tennis facility with 14 clay courts, 6 hard courts, and an 8,200-seat stadium located near downtown on Atlantic Avenue. The center includes an upstairs pavilion and conference room, pro-shop with locker rooms, racquet stringing, and merchandise. The club offers a variety of adult and junior programs, leagues, clinics and camps. A second location, the Delray Swim & Tennis Club, features 24 clay courts and a clubhouse that has a pro shop with merchandise and locker rooms.

On July 20, 2010, the city's commissioners proclaimed that the city's name would be officially changed to Tennis Beach for one week in honor of its nomination by the United States Tennis Association as one of the top tennis towns in the United States.

Arts and culture

The city has  of public beach accessible from Florida State Road A1A. Travel Holiday magazine named Delray Municipal Beach as the top beach in the southeastern United States. The City of Delray Beach maintains five athletic fields, five beach and oceanfront parks, eight community parks, two intracoastal parks, a teen center and skatepark, a splash park, and a pool and tennis club, offering a variety of recreational activities and facilities.

Arts and music
Delray Beach also has a wide variety of venues for all types of art. The Pineapple Grove Arts District, located downtown north of Atlantic Avenue, is noted for its galleries, performance art, and cultural organizations. Arts Garage, a not-for-profit multi-media arts venue, hosts musical concerts, live theatre, arts education and outreach programs, and a visual art gallery. The Delray Beach Playhouse, which opened in 1947 in Lake Ida East Park, stages plays, musicals, interactive studio theatre, books on stage, children's theatre productions, classes and camps.

Old School Square, the former campus of Delray Elementary School and Delray High School, has since been converted into a cultural center. The Old School Square complex now comprises the Crest Theatre, a venue for the performing arts, in the former High School building; the 1925 Gymnasium, restored to maintain its appearance, which has since become a venue for local events such as wedding receptions and dances; the Cornell Art Museum, built in the restored Elementary School; and The Pavilion, which serves as an outdoor venue for musical performances and other events such as political rallies. The Creative Arts School offers beginner through master level art, photography, and writing classes for children and adults.

Atlantic Avenue is also a regular host for various art fairs and street festivals.

Non-art museums and nature
Some museums within Delray Beach have a more historical focus. Cason Cottage House Museum, once home to a family of Delray Beach pioneers, offers visitors a glimpse at daily life in South Florida from 1915 to 1935. The Museum is maintained and operated by the Delray Beach Historical Society. The historic home of teacher and later principal Solomon D. Spady was renovated and turned into the Spady Cultural Heritage Museum. The Spady Museum houses black archives and hosts exhibits and programs designed to recognize the efforts of blacks who were instrumental in shaping Delray Beach and Palm Beach County. In 2007 the museum was expanded by renovating a 1935 cottage as a Kid's Cultural Clubhouse, and the construction of a 50-seat amphitheater named for C. Spencer Pompey, a pioneer black educator. Among the city's most niche museums is the pinball-centered Silverball Museum, which features more than 150 classic, playable pinball machines and arcade games.

The remains of the British Steamship Inchulva that sank on Sept 11, 1903 are located in shallow water near the public beach, acting as habitat for native fish and corals. Known today as the Delray Wreck, the site is noted for snorkeling and scuba diving.

Some historic houses have been repurposed. The historic Sundy House now operates as a luxury eco resort. The premises includes The Sundy family's former apartments and cottages which have been converted into guest accommodations, a café, an antique shop, and tropical Taru Gardens. The J.B. Evans House at 142 South Ocean Boulevard, has been repurposed into the Sandoway Discovery Center, a natural history museum and environmental center which features native plants, live animals, and a large collection of shells from around the world.

Delray Beach is also the home of the Morikami Museum and Japanese Gardens, a center for Japanese arts and culture. The campus includes two museum buildings, the Roji-en Japanese Gardens: Garden of the Drops of Dew, a bonsai garden, library, gift shop, and a Japanese restaurant, called the Cornell Cafe, which has been featured on the Food Network. Rotating exhibits are displayed in both buildings, and demonstrations, including tea ceremonies and classes, are held in the main building. Traditional Japanese festivals are celebrated several times a year.

Wakodahatchee Wetlands is a wetlands park open to the public. Facilities include a three-quarter mile (1.2 kilometer) boardwalk that crosses between open water pond areas, emergent marsh areas, shallow shelves, and islands with shrubs and snags to foster nesting and roosting. The site is part of the South section of the Great Florida Birding Trail and offers many opportunities to observe birds in their natural habitats. Over 151 species of birds have been spotted inside the park, including pied-billed grebe, snowy egrets, and black-bellied whistling ducks. The park is home to turtles, alligators, rabbits, frogs, and raccoons.

Economy
Delray Beach is one of South Florida's most popular beach destinations. The area is noted for its restaurants, retail shops, nightclubs, art galleries, and hotels. East Atlantic Avenue is in particular is noted for its nightlife, dining, and shopping. One of the city's most prominent commercial centers is Delray Beach Market, a food hall and event venue which is Florida's largest. Open since 2021, the opening ceremony was attended by Florida governor Ron DeSantis, though is closed temporarily for the first half of 2023 to make room for newer constructions.

Recent development
Downtown Delray Beach has had a building boom since roughly 2003. Recent development reflects trends of New Urbanism downtown, and mansionization of waterfront property, sometimes creating pressures on Historic Districts and historic sites. New mixed-use development projects have recently been constructed, and more are planned, in the areas immediately north and south of Atlantic Avenue. To accommodate the anticipated growth the city has also built two new municipal parking garages.

Drug recovery programs
In 2007, an article in The New York Times labeled Delray Beach the drug recovery capital of the United States because it had one of the country's largest recovery communities and relative number of sober living houses. The local drug rehab industry has received mixed reviews from addiction experts and is considered a public nuisance by some residents and city officials. Persistent complaints of health care fraud, insurance fraud, strain on public resources, and a perceived lack of adequate regulation and rehab facility inspections have received media coverage. In July 2017, several national news outlets, including The New York Times and NBC News, published investigative reports detailing fraud allegations within South Florida's billion-dollar drug rehab industry, focusing on Delray Beach's sober houses. At least 30 arrests for illegal "patient brokering" had been made between July 2016 and July 2017.

Top employers

According to Delray Beach's 2018–2019 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are:

Transportation
Delray Beach has a street-legal golf cart community among residents as well as local businesses.

Highways
 Florida State Road A1A, locally known as "Ocean Boulevard", is a north–south Scenic and Historic Coastal Byway passing through the city between the Intracoastal Waterway and the Atlantic Ocean.
 U.S. Route 1, also known as "Federal Highway", is a north–south road passing through downtown, commercial districts, and residential areas in the eastern part of the city. US1 splits into a divided one-way pair through downtown.
 Interstate 95 bisects the city from north to south with two Delray Beach interchanges.
 Florida's Turnpike is a north–south toll road passing through unincorporated Delray Beach, with an interchange at Atlantic Avenue.
 U.S. Highway 441, also known as State Road 7, is a north–south highway passing through residential and commercial areas west of the city limits.
 Other major north–south roads include Congress Avenue, Military Trail, and Jog Road.
 Florida State Road 806, locally known as "Atlantic Avenue", is the primary east–west route between State Road A1A and US 441, and the central commercial thoroughfare downtown.
 Linton Boulevard and George Bush Boulevard are the other two roads connecting to State Road A1A with drawbridge crossings over the Intracoastal Waterway.

Rail

 Tri-Rail commuter rail system and Amtrak serve the city with stops at Delray Beach Station.

Bus
PalmTran provides local bus service in the area.

Water
Downtown Delray Beach is accessible by boat via The Intracoastal Waterway. The city has a municipal marina with rental slips south of the Atlantic Avenue crossing. Yacht cruises also launch daily from Veteran's Park north of the Atlantic Avenue drawbridge.

Notable people

 Leslie Alexander, billionaire attorney, businessman and financier, owner of the Houston Rockets
 Kristin Kuhns Alexandre, novelist and screenwriter
 Kevin Anderson, South African-born professional tennis player
 Tommy Armour, Scottish-American professional golfer
 Alfons Bach, German-born industrial designer and painter
 Lisa Baker, Playboy model and actress
 Fred A. Bantz, business executive and Under Secretary of the Navy
 Filippo Barbieri, Brazilian-born professional cyclist
 Kim Barnouin, model and best-selling cookbook author
 Erwin S. Barrie, artist, gallery executive
 John Barrow, professional football player, Canadian Football Hall of Fame inductee
 Robert Bernstein, comic book writer, playwright, and concert impresario
 Eric Biddines, rapper, record producer
 Ashley Biden, social worker, activist, philanthropist, and fashion designer. Daughter of US President Joe Biden and First Lady Jill Biden.
 Michael Binger, professional poker player
 Jim Bishop, journalist and best-selling book author
 Prudy Taylor Board, author
 Jason Bonham, English-born drummer
 Benjamin A. Borenstein, food scientist
 Lemuel Boulware, business executive, head of labor relations for G.E.
 Marvin Bower, business management theorist and author
 Jerry Bresler, composer and musician
 Leslie Buck, New York-based businessman
 Bobby Butler, professional football player
 Jim Butler, professional football player, NFL Pro Bowl running back
 Yancy Butler, actress
 Milton Caniff, cartoonist
 Ken Carson, singer and entertainer
 Enrique Martinez Celaya, Cuban-American artist
 Joseph V. Charyk, space scientist, first Director of the National Reconnaissance Office
 James H. Clark, billionaire computer scientist and entrepreneur, founder of CommandScape
 Donald Henderson Clarke, novelist and screenwriter
 David Clowney, professional football player
 Clement Conger, U.S. State Department and White House curator
 Tom Creavy, professional golfer, PGA Championship winner
 Bobby Cruickshank, Scottish-American professional golfer
 Melinda Czink, Hungarian-born professional tennis player
 Lilly Daché, French-born milliner and fashion designer
 Beth Daniel, professional golfer
 Bucky Dent, professional baseball player and manager
 Jean Despres, French-born perfume industry businessman
 Victoria Duval, professional tennis player
 S. Paul Ehrlich, Jr., former Surgeon General of the United States
 Arnold Eidus, violinist and recording artist
 Rita Ellis, politician
 William J. Ely, retired Lieutenant General in the U.S. Army.
 Mary Lena Faulk, professional golfer
 Ben Ferencz, prosecutor
 Mark Fields, president and CEO of Ford Motor Company
 Gar Finnvold, professional baseball player
 Richard Fleischman, viola player and conductor
 Brandon Flowers, professional football player
 Fontaine Fox, cartoonist and illustrator
 Orlando Franklin, Jamaican-born professional football player
 Coco Gauff, professional tennis player
 Jason Geathers, professional football player
 Sergio George, musician, Grammy award winning record producer, founder of Top Stop Music
 William Henry Gleason, early real estate developer, lieutenant governor of Florida
 Izzy Goldstein, professional baseball player
 Hy Gotkin, professional basketball player
 Ted Gray, professional baseball player, MLB All-Star pitcher
 James J. Greco, businessman.
 Arnold Greenberg, New York-based businessman, co-founder of Snapple
 George Haggarty, professional basketball player, attorney
 Larry Haines, film and television actor, Broadway performer
 Roberta Haynes, actress
 Penny Hammel, professional golfer.
 C. Herrick Hammond, architect
 Billie Harvey, professional racing driver
 Barry Hill, professional football player
 Jayron Hosley, professional football player
 Gayle Hunnicutt, film and television actress
 Omar Jacobs, professional football player
 Kevin James, actor, comedian, writer, and producer
 Betty Jameson, professional golfer, World Golf Hall of Fame inductee
 Rhi Jeffrey, swimmer, US Olympic gold medalist
 Ricardo Jordan, professional baseball player
 Clarence Budington Kelland, writer
 Alex Kim, professional tennis player
 Chelsea Krost, television and radio personality
 Steve Leveen, businessman, author, co-founder of The Levenger Company
 William S. Linton, U.S. Congressman, investor and early settler
 Lou Little, football player and coach
 Nancy Littlefield, film and television producer and director
 Nicholas M. Loeb, film and television actor and producer, businessman, socialite
 Betty Luster, television actress, singer, dancer
 Gustav Maass, architect
 Rick Macci, USPTA tennis coach
 Rod MacDonald, singer-songwriter
 Lee MacPhail, business executive for Major League Baseball, American League president
 Tomas Maier, German-born fashion designer, creative director of Bottega Veneta
 Meg Mallon, professional golfer
 Bam Margera, television personality, skateboarder, and stunt performer.
 Fran Matera, cartoonist
 Bryan McCabe, Canadian-born professional ice hockey player
 Fred McCarthy, cartoonist
 Joseph J. McCarthy, lieutenant colonel in the U.S. Marine Corps, World War II Medal of Honor recipient
 Central McClellion, professional football player
 Jameel McCline, professional heavyweight boxer
 Bob McFadden, voice actor, singer, and impressionist
 Thomas Joseph Meskill, U.S. Congressman, governor of Connecticut, and United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit judge
 Edna St. Vincent Millay, writer and poet, Pulitzer Prize winner
 Mike Mineo, singer-songwriter and musician
 Greg Miskiw, former editor of British tabloid newspaper News of the World
 George Sukeji Morikami, Japanese-born pineapple farmer, member of the Yamato Colony
 Ralph Morse, photographer for Life magazine
 Zack Mosley, comic strip artist
 Louis Moyroud, French-born American inventor
 Bob Murphy, professional golfer, PGA Champions Tour
 Tommy O'Connell, professional football player, NFL Pro Bowl quarterback
 Robert Oelman, business executive and co-founder of Wright State University
 John T. Oxley, businessman, polo player and polo club owner
 Preston Parker, professional football player
 John Patrick, dramatist and Pulitzer Prize winning playwright
 Josue Paul, professional football player
 Toney Penna, Italian-American professional golfer
 Lillie Pierce Voss, writer and pioneer
 Chad Plummer, professional football player
 Lois Pope, philanthropist and socialite
 Theodore Pratt, novelist
 Anthony Pugliese, real estate developer and pop culture collector
 Nina Wilcox Putnam, novelist, screenwriter and playwright
 J Rand, singer, actor, dancer, songwriter
 Jim Raymond, artist, cartoonist
 Rick Rhoden, professional baseball player and golfer
 Steve Rifkind, hip-hop music mogul
 Godfrey A. Rockefeller, aviator and environmental conservationist, co-founder of World Wide Fund
 Samari Rolle, professional football player, NFL Pro Bowl cornerback
 Mike Rumph, professional football player
 Kenneth Rush, U.S. diplomat
 Kerri Sanborn, bridge player
 Gene Sarazen, professional golfer, World Golf Hall of Fame inductee.
 Harry Sargeant III, billionaire energy and shipping magnate
 Ossie Schectman, professional basketball player
 Paul J. H. Schoemaker, Dutch-American author and academic
 Jackson Scholz, U.S. Olympic sprinter, portrayed in Chariots of Fire
 Albert Seedman, New York Police Department chief of detectives
 Mike Sherman, television host
 Robert Sickinger, theatre director
 Isiah C. Smith, African-American civil-rights leader, attorney, and judge
 Solomon D. Spady, educator
 Leon Stein, writer and newspaper editor
 Louise Suggs, professional golfer, co-founder of the LPGA Tour
 Macrae Sykes, former chairman of the American Stock Exchange
 Gene Tierney, actress
 Sofía Vergara, Colombian-American actress and model
 Al Wallace, professional football player
 Mashona Washington, professional tennis player
 Anna Leigh Waters, no. 1 professional pickleball player
 H.T. Webster, cartoonist
 Max Weinberg, drummer and television personality
 Russ Weiner, multi-billionaire businessman, founder of Rockstar energy drink
 Serena Williams, professional tennis player
 Venus Williams, professional tennis player
 Gary Woodland, professional golfer
 Van Winitsky, professional tennis player
 Denys Wortman, painter and cartoonist

In popular culture

During the Artists and Writers Colony of the 1930s–1950s, Delray Beach residents and locations were described and depicted—both directly and indirectly—within the cartoon illustrations of Herb Roth, W.J. (Pat) Enright, H.T. Webster, Fontaine Fox, and Jim Raymond.

Delray Beach is referenced in published correspondence from poet Edna St. Vincent Millay, who resided in the city with her husband Eugen Jan Boissevain in 1935–1936 while writing Conversation at Midnight.

Popular novels with scenes specifically set in Delray Beach include La Brava, Elmore Leonard’s 1984 Edgar Award winner for Best Novel, and Elaine Viets’ Catnapped! from the national bestselling Dead-End Job mystery series.

Transplanted Greenwich Village folk singer Rod MacDonald’s song “My Neighbors in Delray” was written upon the author's discovery that some of the terrorists responsible for the September 11 attacks had spent time in Delray Beach before the attacks.
Some film and television productions specifically set or filmed in Delray Beach include:
 Body Heat, starring William Hurt, Kathleen Turner, and Ted Danson, was partially filmed in Delray Beach.
 The Comedian, a 2016 film starring Robert De Niro, Leslie Mann and Danny DeVito, was partially filmed in Delray Beach.
 Bad Boys II, starring Martin Lawrence and Will Smith, was partially filmed in Delray Beach. The film's producers blew up a real $40 million waterfront mansion in Delray Beach as part of a scene that is set in Cuba.
 After Midnight, a 2014 feature film was shot in Artists Alley, part of Delray Beach's Pineapple Grove Arts District downtown.
 In Her Shoes, starring Cameron Diaz, Toni Collette, and Shirley MacLaine, is partially set and was filmed in Delray Beach.
 Hitters Anonymous, starring Linda Blair, Steven Bauer, and Clint Howard, was filmed in Delray Beach.
 Traces of Red, starring James Belushi, Lorraine Bracco and Tony Goldwyn, was partially filmed in Delray Beach.
 CSI: Miami filmed scenes, including a crash-landing of a light aircraft on the beach, in Delray Beach.
 TLC's program The Psychic MatchMaker is shot in Delray Beach.
 Broad City, a Comedy Central series, shot a season 4 episode titled “Florida” at multiple locations in Delray Beach.

Sister cities
Delray Beach has four sister cities, as designated by Sister Cities International:
  Miyazu, Kyoto, Japan - Miyazu was the birthplace of George Morikami, for whom Morikami Park and the Morikami Museum and Japanese Gardens is named.
  Moshi, Tanzania
  Aquin, Haiti
  Pesaro, Italy

See also
 LaFrance Hotel

References

Sources

 "Old School Square Cultural Arts Center – Creatively Blending Past and Present in Downtown Delray Beach"
 Spady Museum, Connecting Culture and Community

External links

 City of Delray Beach
 Greater Delray Beach Chamber of Commerce

Cities in Florida
Cities in Palm Beach County, Florida
Populated coastal places in Florida on the Atlantic Ocean
Populated places on the Intracoastal Waterway in Florida
Populated places established in 1911
Seaside resorts in Florida
Beaches of Palm Beach County, Florida
Beaches of Florida


Manopsak Kram (born 27 November 1988 in Alor Setar, Kedah) is a Thai-Malaysian footballer and younger brother of footballer Samransak Kram. He currently plays for Pos Malaysia FC as a midfielder.

He also has played in Kedah's President Cup starting from 2006 to 2008 season.

References

1988 births
Living people
Malaysian men's footballers
Kedah Darul Aman F.C. players
Malaysian people of Thai descent
Footballers from Kedah
Men's association football midfielders


ZK-93426 (ethyl-5-isopropoxy-4-methyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate) is a drug from the beta-carboline family. It acts as a weak partial inverse agonist of benzodiazepine receptors, meaning that it causes the opposite effects to the benzodiazepine class of drugs and has anxiogenic properties, although unlike most benzodiazepine antagonists it is not a convulsant and actually has weak anticonvulsant effects. In human tests it produced alertness, restlessness and feelings of apprehension, and reversed the effect of the benzodiazepine lormetazepam. It was also shown to produce nootropic effects and increased release of acetylcholine.

See also
 ZK-93423

References

Anxiogenics
Beta-Carbolines
GABAA receptor negative allosteric modulators
Nootropics
Phenol ethers
Carboxylate esters
Ethyl esters
Isopropyl compounds


Philip Hughes Callan (26 December 1881 – 5 February 1917) was an Australian rules footballer who played for Essendon and South Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

He was killed in action serving with the First AIF in France.

Family
The son of Philip Hughes Callan (1840–1893), and Rose Margaret Callan, née Miller, Philip Hughes Callan was born at Ararat, Victoria, on 26 December 1881.

He married Eleanor Lilian "Lala" Williams on 17 June 1911.

Education
He grew up in Melbourne, and attended Christian Brothers College, Victoria Parade, East Melbourne.

Football
Callan, who played his entire career as an amateur, played in the ruck, and was noted for his "nimbleness of foot", "extreme courage", and "excellent palming of the ball".
"Educated at St. Patrick's College, Melbourne, the late Hughie Callan early gave promise of developing into a great player – a promise which was amply fulfilled. On the field he was quick, clever, and daring; a trifle reckless at times, yet always an opponent from whom danger was to be expected, as he was capable of doing exceptional things." – The Record, 10 March 1917.

Essendon (VFL)
Callan's career began at Essendon in 1903 after he was recruited from Brighton. He spent three seasons with Essendon.

Eden (AFLA)
In 1906 he didn't play VFL football because he had been sent to New Zealand by his employer, the Bank of Australasia.

In New Zealand, Callan played for the Eden Football Club in the Australian Football League of Auckland during the 1906 season. Also in that year, he represented Auckland in an inter-provincial match against Waihi.

South Melbourne (VFL)
Callan returned the following year and joined South Melbourne, playing as a forward pocket in their losing 1907 VFL Grand Final team.

Hawthorn (MJFA)
In 1912 he was captain of the (pre-VFA) Hawthorn Football Club's team in the Metropolitan Junior Football Association (MJFA).

Military service
He enlisted in the First AIF on 14 January 1916, and served overseas, leaving Melbourne in the HMAT Port Lincoln (A17) on 4 May 1916.

Death
On 5 February 1917, Callan was killed in action while fighting in France during World War I.

He was buried at Bancourt British Cemetery, in France.

Remembered
In the 1919 VFL pre-season, the Weekly Times football correspondent, "Rover", visited the South Melbourne Football Club, and had a long discussion with Herb Howson and Jack Marshall.

Herb Howson, the 1919 coach, had coached South Melbourne to a premiership in 1918, had played 204 VFA/VFL games for the club over 16 seasons (1893 to 1908), and had served as a club official in one capacity or another for many years. Jack "Twister" Marshall, the team's head trainer, originally a trainer of champion boxers, had served the club continuously as a trainer since 1883.

Given their extensive and detailed knowledge of football, and of the preceding thirty years or so at South Melbourne, the discussion soon turned to the great players of the past:
"Marshall and Howson agreed that the [1889] team was the best side that ever represented South.In two or three minutes they were able to recall the names, although 20 years have elapsed since these men carried the honors to Albert Park. Here is the list:— [Peter] Burns, [Harry] "Sonny" Elms, [Ben] Page, [Dinny] McKay, W. [Billy"] Spence, [Joe] Wyatt, [Bill] Windley, [Fred] Waugh, [Bolivar] Powell, R. ["Bob"] Talbot, ["Jimmy"] Graham, [Tom] Glen, [Edgar] Barrett, [Arthur] Brown, [Jack] Middleton, [Harry] Purdy, J. ["Jimmie"] O'Meara, [Richard "Chopper"] Doran, J. ["Bosko"] Dunn, ["Dick'] Kerr, [Archie] McMurray.Asked to name the champion Southern player of the period, they selected Peter Burns, but with some hesitancy, Dinny McKay being one of the men who caused them to think before speaking.For his size, Hughie Callan (formerly of Essendon and afterwards of South), was declared to have been the finest player of all. With marvellous stamina, the speed of a greyhound, and the skill of a master, the late Hughie Callan, then playing with Essendon, was declared to have once beaten South "on his own".How very sad that the war should have exacted the supreme sacrifice from so many of our superb athletes, Callan among them!

See also
 List of Victorian Football League players who died on active service

Footnotes

References

Football
 League Football: The South Melbourne Team, The Weekly Times, (Saturday, 13 June 1908), p.25.
 Holmesby, Russell and Main, Jim (2007). The Encyclopedia of AFL Footballers. 7th ed. Melbourne: Bas Publishing.
 Main, J. & Allen, D., "Callan, Hugh", pp. 30–32 in Main, J. & Allen, D., Fallen – The Ultimate Heroes: Footballers Who Never Returned From War, Crown Content, (Melbourne), 2002.
 Maplestone, M., Flying Higher: History of the Essendon Football Club 1872–1996, Essendon Football Club, (Melbourne), 1996.
 New Zealand Herald, 26 May 1906, p.7., 4 August 1906, 6 August 1906, 11 August 1906, 13 August 1906 and 18 August 1906.

Military
 More South Melbourne Football Heroes, The Winner, (Wednesday, 26 September 1917), p.8.
 World War One Embarkation Roll: Private Hugh Callan (5652), collection of the Australian War Museum.
 World War One Nominal Roll: Private Hugh Callan (5652), collection of the Australian War Museum.
 World War One Service Record: Lance Corporal Hugh Callan (5652), National Archives of Australia: note that his original regimental number"5333" was changed to "5652".
 Private Hugh Callan (5652), Commonwealth War Graves Commission.
 Honour Roll Circular: Private Hugh Callan (5652), collection of the Australian War Museum.
 Honour Roll: Private Hugh Callan (5652), Australian War Museum.

External links

1881 births
1917 deaths
People educated at Parade College
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
Australian Rules footballers: place kick exponents
Essendon Football Club players
Sydney Swans players
Brighton Football Club players
Australian military personnel killed in World War I
Australian Army soldiers
Burials at Bancourt British Cemetery


North Central may refer to:

 North Central Airlines, a defunct United States based airline
 North Central College, a private, 4-year  liberal arts college located in Naperville, Illinois
 The North Central region of the United States, which is divided into the West North Central States and the East North Central States
 North Central Nigeria
North Central Province, Maldives
North Central Province, Sri Lanka
 North Central Region, United States, the former name of the Midwestern United States
 North Central Region (WFTDA)
 North Central University in Minneapolis, Minnesota
Northcentral University, a doctoral research university
 North Central Conference (disambiguation)

See also

 North (disambiguation)
 Central (disambiguation)
 Centre (disambiguation)
 Center (disambiguation)


Federal Communications Commission v. Fox Television Stations, Inc., 556 U.S. 502 (2009), is a decision by the United States Supreme Court that upheld regulations of the Federal Communications Commission that ban "fleeting expletives" on television broadcasts, finding they were not arbitrary and capricious under the Administrative Procedure Act. The constitutional issue, however, was not resolved and was remanded to the Second Circuit and re-appealed to the Supreme Court for a decision in June 2012.

Background
The case entered the Supreme Court's docket in October 2007 and specifically concerns obscene language broadcast on the Fox television network from two Billboard Music Awards shows from 2002 and 2003. In the 2002 show, presenter Cher said "f**k 'em" regarding people who she believed criticized her; in the 2003 show, presenter Nicole Richie stated regarding her television show: “Why do they even call it The Simple Life? Have you ever tried to get cow s**t out of a Prada purse? It’s not so f***ing simple.”

In 2004, the FCC prohibited "single uses of vulgar words" under any circumstances, including previous instances where it gave leeway for "fleeting" expletives that networks unknowingly allowed to enter the airwaves. However, the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit ruled in the case Fox et al. v. Federal Communications Commission (06-1760 ) that the FCC cannot punish broadcast stations for such incidents.

On the week of March 17, 2008, the Supreme Court announced that it would hear this case. The Supreme Court heard arguments from the case on November 4, 2008, which was also Election Day. Chief Justice John G. Roberts and Associate Justice Antonin Scalia expressed support for the FCC.

Supreme Court decision
The Supreme Court ruled in a 5–4 decision on April 28, 2009, that the Federal Communications Commission had not acted arbitrarily when it changed a long-standing policy and implemented a new ban on even "fleeting expletives" from the airwaves. The Court declined to decide whether the new rule is constitutional, and sent the issue back to the lower courts for their review. Justice Antonin Scalia, in the majority opinion, wrote: "The FCC’s new policy and its order finding the broadcasts at issue actionably indecent were neither arbitrary nor capricious." In the dissenting opinion, Justice John Paul Stevens claimed that this decision was hypocritical given the presence of television commercials for products treating impotence or constipation.

First Amendment question
In its decision, "the court did not definitively settle the First Amendment implications of allowing a federal agency to censor broadcasts," and left that issue for the Second Circuit Court of Appeals.  However, Justice Clarence Thomas's separate opinion openly stated his willingness to overturn Federal Communications Commission v. Pacifica Foundation and Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. Federal Communications Commission, the two cases on which all FCC authority rest, even as he joined the majority on procedural grounds.

Subsequent history

Upon remand, the Second Circuit addressed the actual Constitutionality of the fleeting expletive rules, striking it down in July 2010. The FCC re-appealed the case. On June 21, 2012, the Court decided the re-appeal narrowly, striking down the fines as unconstitutionally vague, but upholding the authority of the FCC to act in the interests of the general public when licensing broadcast spectrums to enforce decency standards, so long as they are not vague, without violating the First Amendment.

See also
 FCC v. Pacifica Foundation
 List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 556
List of United States Supreme Court cases

References

External links

 Fox et al. v. Federal Communications Commission oral argument on archive.org - 2nd Circuit Court of Appeals
Associated Press article about the case

United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Roberts Court
Federal Communications Commission litigation

Censorship of broadcasting in the United States
United States obscenity case law
2009 in United States case law
2009 in American television
Media case law
20th Century Fox litigation

Fox Broadcasting Company


The Aldomirovtsi Marsh () is a karst marsh in western Bulgaria near the town of Slivnitsa. In 1989 the marsh was designated a protected area in order to preserve the natural habitat of rare species of waterfowl and 40 species of higher plants.

Description
The marsh is situated in the westernmost reaches of the Sofia Valley, 5 km north-west of the town of Slivnitsa and 1 km north of the village of Aldomirovtsi near European route E80. It is located not far from the Serbian border (28 km), and 30 km from capital city Sofia. The Aldomirovtsi Marsh covers an area of 129.4 ha.

Near the marsh are the localities Meka Crev and Tri Ushi–- a scene of the bloody battle of Slivnitsa in November 1885 during the Serbo-Bulgarian War when the Bulgarians decisively defeated a Serbian invasion.

The marsh used to be a popular destination for anglers due to the large specimen of northern pike, common carp and the introduced grass carp. The record for a grass carp fished by angle was set there in 1982 –- 22.7 kg.

The Aldomirovtsi Marsh is home to many nesting and wintering bird species, including ruff, great crested grebe, little grebe, black-necked grebe, white stork, water rail, little gull, common redshank, little egret, little bittern, short-toed snake eagle, etc.

Drying problems and recovery
The marsh has a variable water regime and irregular shape. Its area increases in spring and almost dries in summer and autumn. The marsh had dried completely twice, in 1991 and 2012. In May 2012, immediately after the 2012 Pernik earthquake, the marsh began to rapidly dry up until it disappeared completely in July 2013. The cause was a shift of the earth layers of the local karst rocks in the aftermath of the earthquake.

In 2014 experts from Slivnitsa municipality and environmentalists discovered that the water of the marsh was draining in a ponor. The ponor was sealed with clay and concrete and since the autumn of 2014 the Aldomirovtsi Marsh has recovered.

See also

Geography of Bulgaria
Dragoman Marsh
List of protected areas of Bulgaria
List of lakes in Bulgaria

Citations

Sources

External links

Marshes of Bulgaria
Landforms of Sofia Province


Crawford railway station was a station which served the village of Crawford, near Abington, in the Scottish county of South Lanarkshire. It was served by local trains on what is now known as the West Coast Main Line.

History
Opened by the Caledonian Railway, it became part of the London Midland and Scottish Railway during the Grouping of 1923. It was closed by British Railways.

Accidents and incidents
On 2 April 1909, a passenger train became divided and was derailed due to the failure of the crank axle on the locomotive hauling it. A few passengers suffered minor injuries.

The site today
Trains pass at speed on the electrified West Coast Main Line but there is no station at the site now.

References

Notes

Sources

 Crawford station on navigable OS map

Disused railway stations in South Lanarkshire
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1891
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1965
Beeching closures in Scotland
Former Caledonian Railway stations
1891 establishments in Scotland
1965 disestablishments in Scotland


The president-elect of the United States is the candidate who has presumptively won the United States presidential election and is awaiting inauguration to become the president. There is no explicit indication in the U.S. Constitution as to when that person actually becomes president-elect, although the Twentieth Amendment uses the term "president-elect", thus giving the term "president-elect" constitutional justification. It is assumed the Congressional certification of votes cast by the Electoral College of the United States – occurring after the third day of January following the swearing-in of the new Congress, per provisions of the Twelfth Amendment –  unambiguously confirms the successful candidate as the official "president-elect" under the U.S. Constitution. As an unofficial term, president-elect has been used by the media since at least the latter half of the 19th century, and was in use by politicians since at least the 1790s. Politicians and the media have applied the term to the projected winner, even on election night, and very few who turned out to have lost have been referred to as such.

While Election Day is held in early November, formal voting by the members of the Electoral College takes place in mid-December, and the presidential inauguration (at which the oath of office is taken) is then usually held on January 20. The only constitutional provision pertaining directly to the person who has won the presidential election is their availability to take the oath of office. The Presidential Transition Act of 1963 empowers the General Services Administration to determine who the apparent election winner is, and provides for a timely and organized sequence for the federal government's transition planning in cooperation with the president-elect's transition team; it also includes the provision of office space for the "apparent successful candidates". By convention, during the period between the election and the inauguration, the president-elect actively prepares to carry out the duties of the office of president and works with the outgoing (or lame duck) president to ensure a smooth handover of presidential responsibilities. Since 2008, incoming presidents have also used the name Office of the President-elect to refer to their transition organization, despite a lack of formal description for it.

Incumbent presidents who have won re-election for a second term are generally not referred to as presidents-elect, as they are already in office and are not waiting to become president. A sitting vice president who is elected president is referred to as president-elect.

History of the usage of the term
The use of the term dates back to at least the 1790s, with letters written by multiple of the Founding Fathers of the United States having used the term in relation to the 1796 United States presidential election. There is evidence from some of these letters that, as is the case today, it may have been acceptable to apply the term to individuals that appeared to have won election, even before the full results were known.

Major news publications began to regularly use the term in the latter half of the 19th century.

With the 1933 ratification of the 20th Amendment to the United States Constitution, the term was now used in the Constitution of the United States.

Presidential election law overview

Article II, Section 1, Clause 2 of the United States Constitution, along with the Twelfth and Twentieth Amendments directly address and govern the process for electing the nation's president. Presidential elections are further regulated by various federal and state laws.

Under the 1887 Electoral Count Act, the presidential electors, the members of the Electoral College, the body that directly elects the president, must be "appointed, in each state, on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in November, in every fourth year". Thus, all states appoint their electors on the same date, in November, once every four years. However, the manner of appointment of the electors is determined by the law of each state, subject to the restrictions stipulated by the Constitution.

Currently, in every state, an election by the people is the method employed for the choice of the members of the Electoral College. The Constitution, however, does not specify any procedure that states must follow in choosing electors. A state could, for instance, prescribe that they be elected by the state legislature or even chosen by the state's governor. The latter was the norm in early presidential elections prior to the 1820s; no state has done so since the 1860s. Several states have enacted or proposed laws that would give their electoral votes to the winner of the national popular vote regardless of the result of their statewide vote, but these laws will not come into force unless states with a majority of the electoral votes collectively enact such laws, which as of 2018 has yet to occur.

On the Monday after the second Wednesday in December, the electors of each state meet in their respective state capitals (and the electors of the District of Columbia meet in the federal capital), and in those meetings the electors cast their votes for president and vice president of the United States. At the conclusion of their meetings, the electors of each state and of the District of Columbia then execute a "certificate of vote" (in several original copies), declaring the vote count in each meeting. To each certificate of vote, a certificate of ascertainment is annexed. Each certificate of ascertainment is the official document (usually signed by the governor of the state and/or by the state's secretary of state) that declares the names of the electors, certifying their appointment as members of the Electoral College. Given that in all states the electors are currently chosen by popular vote, each certificate of ascertainment also declares the results of the popular vote that decided the appointment of the electors, although this information is not constitutionally required. The electors in each state and of the District of Columbia then send the certificates of vote, with the enclosed certificates of ascertainment, to the president of the U.S. Senate.

The electoral votes are counted in a joint session of Congress in early January (on January 6 as required by 3 U.S. Code, Chapter 1, or an alternative date set by statute), and if the ballots are accepted without objections, the presidential and vice-presidential candidates winning at least 270 electoral votes—a majority of the total number of electoral votes—are certified as having won the election by the incumbent vice president, in their capacity as president of the Senate. If no presidential candidate reaches the 270-vote threshold, the election for the president is decided by the House of Representatives in a run-off contingent election. Similarly, if no vice-presidential candidate reaches that threshold, the election for the vice president is decided by the Senate.

Electoral College role
Although neither the Constitution nor any federal law requires electors to vote for the candidate who wins their state's popular vote, some states have enacted laws mandating that they vote for the state vote winner. In 2020, the constitutionality of these laws was upheld by the United States Supreme Court. Historically, there have only been a few instances of "faithless electors" casting their ballots for a candidate to whom they were not pledged, and such instances have never altered the final outcome of a presidential election.

Congressional reports
Two congressional reports found that the president-elect is the eventual winner of the majority of electoral ballots cast in December. The Congressional Research Service (CRS) of the Library of Congress, in its 2004 report "Presidential and Vice Presidential Succession: Overview and Current Legislation," discussed the question of when candidates who have received a majority of electoral votes become president-elect. The report notes that the constitutional status of the president-elect is disputed:

The CRS report quotes the 1933 U.S. House committee report accompanying the Twentieth Amendment as endorsing the latter view:

President-elect succession
Scholars have noted that the national committees of the Democratic and Republican parties have adopted rules for selecting replacement candidates in the event of a nominee's death, either before or after the general election. If the apparent winner of the general election dies before the Electoral College votes in December the electors would likely be expected to endorse whatever new nominee their national party selects as a replacement. The rules of both major parties stipulate that if the apparent winner dies under such circumstances and his or her running mate is still able to assume the presidency, then the running mate is to become the president-elect with the electors being directed to vote for the former vice presidential nominee for President. The party's national committee, in consultation with the new president-elect, would then select a replacement to receive the  electoral votes for Vice President.

If the apparent winner dies between the College's December vote and its counting in Congress in January, the Twelfth Amendment stipulates that all electoral ballots cast shall be counted, presumably even those for a dead candidate. The U.S. House committee reporting on the proposed Twentieth Amendment said the "Congress would have 'no discretion' [and] 'would declare that the deceased candidate had received a majority of the votes.'"

The Constitution did not originally include the term president-elect. The term was introduced through the Twentieth Amendment, ratified in 1933, which contained a provision addressing the unavailability of the president-elect to take the oath of office on Inauguration Day. Section 3 provides that if there is no president-elect on January 20, or the president-elect "fails to qualify", the vice president-elect would become acting president on January 20 until there is a qualified president. The section also provides that if the president-elect dies before noon on January 20, the vice president-elect becomes president-elect. In cases where there is no president-elect or vice president-elect, the amendment also gives the Congress the authority to declare an acting president until such time as there is a president or vice president. At this point the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 would apply, with the office of the Presidency going to the speaker of the House of Representatives, followed by the president pro tempore of the Senate and various Cabinet officers.

Horace Greeley is the only presidential candidate to win pledged electors in the general election and then die before the presidential inauguration; he secured 66 votes in 1872 and passed away before the Electoral College met. Greeley had already clearly lost the election and most of his votes inconsequentially scattered to other candidates.

The closest instance of there being no qualified person to take the presidential oath of office on Inauguration Day happened in 1877 when the disputed election between Rutherford B. Hayes and Samuel J. Tilden was decided and certified in Hayes' favor just three days before the inauguration (then March 4). It might have been a possibility on several other occasions as well. In January 1853, President-elect Franklin Pierce survived a train accident that killed his 11-year-old son. Four years later, President-elect James Buchanan battled a serious illness contracted at the National Hotel in Washington, D.C., as he planned his inauguration. Additionally, on February 15, 1933, just 23 days after the Twentieth Amendment went into effect, President-elect Franklin D. Roosevelt survived an assassination attempt in Miami, Florida. The amendment's provision moving inauguration day from March 4 to January 20, would not take effect until 1937, but its three provisions about a president-elect went into effect immediately. If the assassination attempt on Roosevelt had been successful then, pursuant to Section 3 of the amendment, Vice President-elect John Nance Garner would have been sworn in as president on Inauguration Day, and the vice presidency would have remained vacant for the entire 4-year term.

Presidential transitions

Since the widespread adoption of the telegraph in the mid-19th century, the de facto president-elect has been known beyond a reasonable doubt, with only a few exceptions, within a few days (or even hours) of the polls closing on election day. As a result, incoming presidents gained valuable preparation time prior to assuming office.

Recent presidents-elect have assembled transition teams to prepare for a smooth transfer of power following the inauguration. Outgoing presidents have cooperated with the president-elect on important policy matters during the last two months of the president's term to ensure a smooth transition and continuity of operations that have significant national interests. Before the ratification of the Twentieth Amendment in 1933, which moved the start of the presidential term to January, the president-elect did not assume office until March, four months after the popular election.

Under the Presidential Transition Act of 1963 (P.L. 88-277), amended by the Presidential Transitions Effectiveness Act of 1998 (P.L. 100-398), the Presidential Transition Act of 2000 (P.L. 106-293), and the Pre-Election Presidential Transition Act of 2010 (P.L. 111-283), the president-elect is entitled to request and receive certain privileges from the General Services Administration (GSA) as they prepare to assume office.

Section 3 of the Presidential Transition Act of 1963 was enacted to help smooth transitions between incoming and outgoing presidential administrations. To that end, provisions such as office space,  telecommunication services, transition staff members are allotted, upon request, to the president-elect, though the Act grants the president-elect no official powers and makes no mention of an "Office of the President-Elect."

In 2008, President-elect Barack Obama gave numerous speeches and press conferences in front of a placard emblazoned with "Office of the President Elect" and used the same term on his website. President-elect Donald Trump did likewise on January 11, 2017.

The Presidential Transition Act of 1963 further authorizes the Administrator of the General Services Administration to issue a "letter of ascertainment" even before the December vote of the Electoral College; this letter identifies the apparent winners of the November general election; this enables the president-elect, vice president-elect, and transition teams for the purposes of receiving federal transition funding, office space and communications services prior to the beginning of the new administration on January 20. There are no firm rules on how the GSA determines the president-elect. Typically, the GSA chief might make the decision after reliable news organizations have declared the winner or following a concession by the loser.

Article II, Section 1, clause 8 of the Constitution provides that "Before he enter on the Execution of his Office" the president shall swear or affirm to "faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States" and "preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States." The Twentieth Amendment provides that noon on January 20 marks both the end of a four-year presidential term and the beginning of the next four-year presidential term. It is a "constitutional mystery" about who (if anyone) holds the presidency during the brief period on Inauguration Day between noon and the swearing-in of a new president (or the renewed swearing-in of a re-elected president) approximately five minutes later. One view is that "a President-elect does not assume the status and powers of the President until he or she takes the oath"; under this view, "a person must reach before he or she can assume and exercise the powers of President." A second, opposite view is that the taking of the oath is a "ceremonial reminder of both the President's duty to execute the law and the status of the Constitution as supreme law" and is not a prerequisite to a person "exercis[ing] the powers of the Chief Executive"; the view can be partially based on the fact that the oath is not mentioned in the eligibility requirements for the presidency set forth elsewhere in Article II. A third, intermediate view (the "primed presidency" view) is that "a President-elect automatically becomes President upon the start of his new term, but is unable to 'enter on the Execution of his Office' until he recites the oath"; in other words, the president "must complete the oath before she can constitutionally tap the power of the presidency."

The president-elect and vice president-elect receive mandatory protection from the United States Secret Service. Since the 1968 assassination of Robert F. Kennedy, major-party candidates also receive such protection during the election campaign.

List of presidents-elect

See also

 Vice President-elect of the United States
 Prime minister-designate (analogous term)

References

External links
 Presidential Transition, GSA
 President Eisenhower Writes President-Elect John F. Kennedy a Chilly Letter about Staffing, 1960 Shapell Manuscript Foundation
 President-Elect Garfield Can't Afford Transportation

Presidential elections in the United States
United States presidential inaugurations
United States presidential transitions


Panasonic Lumix DMC-FX150 is a digital camera by Panasonic Lumix. The highest-resolution pictures it records is 14.7 megapixels, through its 28-100mm Leica DC VARIO-ELMARIT.

Property
Intelligent Auto Mode
LEICA DC Vario-Elmarit Lens
High Sensitivity

References

External links
DMC-FX150K on shop.panasonic.com
DMC-FX150S on shop.panasonic.com
Panasonic Lumix DMC-FX150 Review

Point-and-shoot cameras
Digital cameras with CCD image sensor
FX150


Viscous remanent magnetization (abbreviated VRM), also known as viscous magnetization, is remanence that is acquired by ferromagnetic materials by sitting in a magnetic field for some time. The natural remanent magnetization of an igneous rock can be altered by this process. This is generally an unwanted component and some form of stepwise demagnetization must be used to remove it.

Origin

Viscous remanent magnetization is the result of jumps between magnetic states driven by thermal fluctuations. In the simplest case, there is a single characteristic time  called the thermal relaxation time. If the starting magnetization is  and the magnetization in equilibrium is , the magnetization after a time  is

If  is a natural remanent magnetization (NRM) acquired in the Earth's field at one time, and  is the equilibrium magnetization in a different field at some later time, the change in remanence  is the VRM.

The above equation is applicable to the simplest single domain magnets, those described by the Stoner–Wohlfarth model. The relaxation time  depends on factors such as the size of the magnet and its magnetic anisotropy. Rocks have collections of magnetic minerals with varying size and anisotropy, and therefore a broad spectrum of relaxation times. The magnetization tends to have a logarithmic dependence on time, so the rate of change is often represented by a viscosity coefficient

Significance for paleomagnetism

Paleomagnetists are interested in the primary natural remanent magnetization (NRM) in a rock, acquired when the rock was originally formed. Viscous remanent magnetization is regarded as noise. Any component of the NRM that is in the direction of the present Earth's field is suspect because it may have been acquired since the last geomagnetic reversal. VRM is often removed by the first steps in a stepwise thermal demagnetization of the NRM.

VRM may also be acquired in the laboratory while measuring the NRM. To avoid this, paleomagnetists make their measurements in a magnetically shielded environment. Often the magnetometer is housed in a room with walls made of mu-metal.

See also
Rock magnetism

Notes

References

Rock magnetism
Ferromagnetism


Alexander del Mar (aka Alexander Del Mar and Alexander Delmar; August 9, 1836 – July 1, 1926) was an American political economist, historian, numismatist and author. He was the first Director of the Bureau of Statistics at the U.S. Treasury Department from 1866 to 1869.

Del Mar was a rigorous historian who made important contributions to the history of money. During the mid-1890s, he was distinctly hostile to a central monetary role for gold as commodity money, championing the cause of silver and its re-monetization as a prerogative of the state.

He believed strongly in the legal function of money. Del Mar dedicated much of his free time to original research in the great libraries and coin collections of Europe on the history of monetary systems and finance.

Biography
Alexander del Mar, of Jewish-Spanish descent, was born in New York City, August 9, 1836, as oldest son of Jacob and Belvidere Alexander del Mar. He lived for a short period of time in the United Kingdom with his uncle Emanuel del Mar and there received an education in humanities from a private tutor, Arthur Helps (later knighted, becoming Sir Arthur Helps). He was instructed in history, literature, law, and political economy.

After graduating from New York University as a civil engineer, he was educated as a mining engineer in Spain at the Madrid School of Mines.

Aged 18, he returned to the U.S. in 1854 to become the financial editor of the short-lived Daily American Times. He moved to Hunt's Merchant's Magazine in 1860, and in 1863 co-founded and edited with Simon Stern the prestigious quarterly New York Social Science Review (first published in January 1865). He was also involved with the Commercial & Financial Chronicle, founded in 1865 by William Dana.

In 1865, Del Mar, a notorious Free Trader, helped establish the first Free Trade organization in the United States, the American Free Trade League (AFTL), alongside Horace White, William Lloyd Garrison, and Ralph Waldo Emerson, among others.

In 1866, Del Mar was appointed as the first Director of US Treasury Department's Bureau of Statistics (now part of the Bureau of Economic Analysis). At the time the bureau was a board of trade, with executive functions, among others the supervision of the commissioners of mines, commerce, immigration, etc. Del Mar pioneered the use of a modern and scientific approach to statistics. He remained director until 1869, overseeing numerous reports. He was forced to resign by his superior, David Ames Wells, and was replaced by Francis Amasa Walker. Both were ardent supporters of specie money and opposed to Del Mar's convictions of fiat money.

In 1866, he was appointed the American delegate to the International Monetary Congress which met in Turin, Italy.

During the close-fought 1868 presidential election, he was nominated for Secretary of the Treasury under Horatio Seymour's Democratic ticket.

In 1869, he purchased the Washington-based National Intelligencer, merged it with the Washington Express and moved its offices to New York in January 1870. It later became the New York City and National Intelligencer which he edited and published until 1872.

He ran under Horace Greeley's ticket for Secretary of the Treasury during the 1872 United States presidential election. The coalition between the Democrats and Greeley's Liberal Republican Party was soundly defeated, and the LRP ceased to exist shortly after. In the same year Del Mar represented the United States at the international monetary congress in St. Petersburg, Russia.

In 1877, Del Mar was appointed mining commissioner to the U.S. Monetary Commission. This commission was created by Congress in 1876 when it discovered the subterfuge that led to the Panic of 1873. It was charged to investigate:

Although the commission reported unfavourably on the switch to the de facto gold standard and recommended a return to silver, gold's status as a reserve currency was to remain unchallenged until the 1930s.

In 1878, Del Mar was appointed as clerk to the United States House Committee on Expenditures in the Navy Department.

In 1878, Del Mar also wrote a series of letters under the Chinese pseudonym "Kwang Chang Ling" in the San Francisco Argonaut journal.  The letters warned Californians, and the broader United States, that China had the potential to rise as an economic giant.  Del Mar, as Kwang Chang Ling, argued that excluding cheap Chinese labor to protect American wages and lessen unemployment would do little to protect American laborers in the long term, for China's labor force would continue to pose a global economic threat despite national policies. Del Mar's writings are the first known attempt to use Free Trade rhetoric as a solution to the "Chinese Question" and to counter anti-Chinese attitudes that led to the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act.

In 1879, he published his History of the Precious Metals, the labor of twenty-two years of research during his own free time. From 1880 onwards, he mainly devoted his professional career to writing.

In 1881, he published A History of Money in Ancient States, in 1885 Money and Civilization, in 1889 The Science of Money, in 1895, A History of Monetary Systems in Modern States, in 1899 A History of Monetary Crimes, in 1900 A History of Money in America, in 1903 A History of Monetary Systems of France. Del Mar also published several archaeological treatises.

Del Mar was the New York state chairman of the Silver Party, and spoke at its 1896 Chicago meeting in support of William Jennings Bryan.

He was editor-in-chief of the American Banker, 1905–1906.

Alexander del Mar died at his daughter's home in Little Falls, New Jersey on July 1, 1926, at the age of ninety. Upon his death, he donated his private library of 15,000 volumes to the American Bankers Association.

Family life
With his first wife, the former Emily Joseph (the daughter of Joseph L. Joseph), he had eleven children, seven that survived to adulthood, including five sons, Walter, Eugene, Harry, Algernon, and William ; and two daughters, Francesca Paloma del Mar, who trained as an artist, and Maud (Blackwelder) del Mar.  With his second wife, the former Alice Florence Berg, he had 9 children, including six sons and three daughters: Edward Del Mar, Juanita Del Mar, May Delmar, Frank Del Mar, Sidney Del Mar, Albert Del Mar, Eric Del Mar, Hugo Del Mar, Irene Del mar.

Quotes

 John Stuart Mill spoke highly about Del Mar:

Del Mar is a remarkable writer. There is stuff in him. He is the sort of man you need in America. He knows what he is about. He is the sort of man to put things right in your country, or in any country.

 From Del Mar's 1895 book History of Monetary Systems:

In the United States the same bag of coins often masquerades now as the reserve of one bank, and now of another. How far similar subterfuges are employed in the various private banking establishments of Germany is not known, and in the absence of such knowledge it is deemed safer to include the entire paper issues in the circulation. This at least is a known quantity; the " reserves," as experience has too often and too sadly proved, may only exist in the playful imagination of that fortunate class who have secured the prerogative to issue bank money.

 A la mort, l'argent! (Silver until I die!)

Selected bibliography
 del Mar, Alexander, (1862). Gold money and paper money. New York: Anson D.F. Randolph. (Pamphlet) (Cornell University Library reprint 200 ... )
 del Mar, Alexander (1864). The great paper bubble: or the coming financial explosion. New York: Office of the Metropolitan Record.
 del Mar, Alexander, (1866). Statistics of the world. Washington (DC): Government Press. (Pamphlet)
 "Emile Walter" (del Mar, Alexander, pseud.) (1867). What is free trade? An adaptation of Frederick Bastiat's "Sophismes economiques". New York: G.P. Putnam and Son. (repr. Dodo Press, 2009 )
 del Mar, Alexander, (1867). History of money and civilization. (repr. NY: Burt Franklin, 1969)
 del Mar, Alexander, (1867) Decadence of American shipbuilding. Washington: Government Press

 del Mar, Alexander, (1868). The whiskey tax for 100 Years. Washington (DC): Congressional Subcommittee on Retrenchment.
 del Mar, Alexander, (1878). Why should the Chinese go? : a pertinent inquiry from a mandarin high in authority. San Francisco: Bruce's Book & Job Printing House. [N.B. del Mar states the case for not expelling the Chinese workers.]
 del Mar, Alexander, (1879). Usury and the jews:  a lecture delivered at Steinway Hall, February 11th, 1879. San Francisco (CA): I.N. Choynski. (Pamphlet) [Not available online as of November 2013, but its contents are summarised in Brooke-Rose, Christine, (1971). A ZBC of Ezra Pound. University of California Press, pp. 223–5.]

 del Mar, Alexander, (1880) The history of money in ancient countries from the earliest times to the present. London: George Bell and Sons. (repr. Kessinger Publishing, 2003 )
 del Mar, Alexander, (1885), (2nd ed., 1899). The science of money. London, George Bell and Sons. (repr. Kessinger Publishing, 2008 )
 del Mar, Alexander, (1887) "Silver". Enyclopedia Britannica, 9th Edition, Vol. XXII, pp. 70–74 (signed A. De.)
 del Mar, Alexander (1885), (2nd ed., 1901). History of the precious metals from the earliest times to the present. London: George Bell and Sons. (repr. Kessinger Publishing, 2004 )
 del Mar, Alexander, (1895). History of monetary systems. New York: Cambridge Encyclopedia Co. (repr. NY: A.M. Kelley, 1978)
 del Mar, Alexander, (1899) The history of money in America, from the earliest times to the constitution. New York: Cambridge Encyclopedia Co. (repr. NY: Burt Franklin, 1968)
 del Mar, Alexander, (1899). Barbara Villiers: or a history of monetary crimes. New York: Groseclose, Money & Man. (repr. Omni Publications, 1967,1983)
 del Mar, Alexander, (1899). The worship of Augustus Caesar: derived from a study of coins, monuments, calendars, eras, and astronomical and astrological cycles, the whole establishing a new chronology and survey of history and religion. New York: Cambridge Encyclopedia Co.
 del Mar, Alexander, (1899). Ancient Britain in the light of modern archaeological discoveries. New York: Cambridge Encyclopedia Co.
 del Mar, Alexander, (1900). The middle ages revisited; or, the Roman government and religion and their relations to Britain. New York: Cambridge Encyclopedia Co.

Some works by Del Mar were announced but apparently not printed, including The politics of money and The history of money in modern countries.

See also
 Coinage Act of 1873
 Free silver
 Monetary reform
 Black Friday (1869) Covers the gold scandal of 1869.
 Veil of money
 Money illusion
 Criticism of fractional-reserve banking
 Stephen Zarlenga
 American Monetary Institute

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

1836 births
1926 deaths
American numismatists
American economists
Monetary economists
Economic historians
Monetary reformers
Silver Party politicians
New York (state) Silverites
American people of Spanish-Jewish descent
American Sephardic Jews


Elena Puidokaitė (better known by her stage name Atlanta; born 5 April 1981) is a Lithuanian pop singer. She made her debut in 1998, when the music manager Martynas Tyla offered her to join the new band "Cushions". Their most successful hit "Winter" was recorded with Atlanta.

Atlanta's first two solo's, "Never" and new version of Lemon Joy song "White City" were recorded in “Zymozek Sonic” studio with Algis Drėma's help. Also that group singer Igoris Kofas created the first hit "And Girls want to love" music.

Atlanta debuted with album “Girls want to love” in August 2001. She created a new version of old song "Swallows, swallows" with Andrius Mamontovas, when the second album "The wind told me" has just appeared.

Musical activity

Albums
 2001:  "Girls want to love"
 2003:  "The wind told me"
 2005:  "Heart"
 2007:

Radio singles
 2001:  "Friends"
 2001:  "Girls want to love"
 2001:  "I like to live like that"
 2002:  (with Stano)
 2002:
 2002:
 2002:
 2002:
 2003:  (with Andrius Mamontovas)
 2004: Me And My Girls
 2005: Pas(si)lik
 2005:
 2005:
 2005:
 2006:
 2006:

Awards
Radiocentras musical awards for the best song.

References

External links
 Official website of Atlanta

Women rock singers
Lithuanian pop singers
21st-century Lithuanian women singers
Living people
1981 births


The Questions were a Scottish pop band, active during the late 1970s and early 1980s.

History
They formed in the summer of 1977 at St. Augustine's High School in Edinburgh, and performed their first gig in December of that year at St. Margaret's Church Hall in Davidson's Mains, a suburb of Edinburgh.

The following year, they sent a demo tape of rehearsals to Bruce Findlay of Bruce's Record Shop, which led to signing a recording contract with Zoom Records in Edinburgh in 1978. The band's first single was "Some Other Guy" backed with "Rock & Roll Ain't Dead" (August 1978). They were crowned Young Band of the Year by Southern Television on Saturday Banana in December 1978.

"I Can't Get Over You" b/w "Answers" followed in January 1979. The band subsequently left school in June 1980 and came to the attention of Paul Weller, with "Get Away From it All", a track that was never officially released. The band supported The Jam at the Edinburgh Playhouse Theatre on the first of many occasions in October 1980, and signed to Weller's fledgling Respond Records in 1981. The Questions contributed three songs to Respond's Love the Reason album - "Work and Play", "Building on a Strong Foundation" and "Give It Up Girl". They also contributed to the track "Mama Never Told Me" with Tracie Young as Tracie & The Questions. Many tours, TV appearances and singles followed, including "Work and Play", "Tear Soup" and "Price You Pay". In 1983, band members Paul Barry and John Robinson penned the Top 10 hit "The House That Jack Built" for fellow Respond Records label mate Tracie Young. They would go on to write three additional songs - "I Can't Hold on Till Summer", "Moving Together" and "What Did I Hear You Say" - for Young's debut LP, Far From the Hurting Kind.

In 1984, Belief, the band's only full-length album was finally released. "Tuesday Sunshine" and "A Month of Sundays" were released as singles.

The album did not sell well, and the band played its final concert on 30 November 1984, at the 100 Club in Oxford Street, London.

After a twelve-year wait, Belief was issued on CD by the Japanese label Trattoria Records. The re-issue included the album's original eleven songs, plus eight previously unreleased tracks.

Members
 Paul Barry - bass guitar, vocals
 John Robinson - rhythm guitar, vocals
 Frank Mooney - drums
 Stephen Lennon - lead guitar, vocals
 Chris Kowalski - drums
 Joseph Jones - keyboards, clarinet
 Maureen Barry - vocals

Discography

Albums
 Belief (1984)
"Belief"
"All The Time In The World"
"The Bottom Line"
"Month Of Sundays"
"Someone's Got To Lose"
"Body And Soul"
"Tuesday Sunshine"
"December"
"The Learning Tree"
"Drop That Burden"
"Everything I See"
"It's In Me" - Demo
"Boys Back Home" - Demo
"What Did I Hear You Say" - Demo
"Tuesday Sunshine" - Demo
"Drop The Burden" - Demo
"Month Of Sundays" - Rough Edit
"Tear Soup" - Live
"Body And Soul" - Live

The above is the 1996, CD re-issue track listing

Singles
 "Some Other Guy" / "Rock & Roll Ain't Dead" (1978)
 "I Can't Get Over You" / "Answers" (1979)
 "Work and Play" / "Saved by the Bell" (1982)
 "Price You Pay" / "The Groove Line" (1983) - UK No. 56
 "Tear Soup" / "The Vital Spark" (1983) - UK No. 66
 "Tuesday Sunshine" / "No One" (1984) - UK No. 46
 "A Month of Sundays" / "Someone's Got to Lose" (1984)
 "Building on a Strong Foundation" / "Dream Come True" (1984)

References

External links
 The Questions' Myspace
 "Music Box: The Questions" (article published 12 November  2008)

Scottish pop music groups
Scottish rock music groups
Musical groups established in 1977
Musical groups disestablished in 1984
Musical groups from Edinburgh


Joanne Mitchelson (born 7 January 1971) is a Tasmanian-born artist whose watercolours focus on the natural environment of Tasmania.

Joanne was raised near Westbury, Tasmania on her parents' farm.

Joannes paintings can be found with many private collections, the Tasmanian Queen Victoria Museum and Art Gallery in Launceston, the Artists Garret in Deloraine, Tasmania, the Tasmanian Design Centre in Launceston, and the Ulverstone Civic Centre.

In 2008 was one of the principal exhibitors at the Tasmanian Craft Fair Deloraine, Tasmania, and in 2007 Joanne was the runner up in the John Glover Art Award.

Art award

 For the watercolour Deep Reflection, by the pool of Salome, Walls of Jerusalem National ... Joanna Mitchelson Deep Reflections (commended) http://www.taswatercolours.com.au/aboutartist.htm Tasmanian Water Colour Artists]

References

1971 births
Living people
Artists from Tasmania
Australian women painters
21st-century Australian women artists
21st-century Australian artists