Yogi Bear is a 2010 American 3D live-action/computer-animated comedy film directed by Eric Brevig and written by Brad Copeland, Joshua Sternin and Jennifer Ventimilia. Based on the Hanna-Barbera animated television series The Yogi Bear Show, the film stars Anna Faris, Tom Cavanagh, T.J. Miller, Nate Corddry and Andrew Daly, alongside the voices of Dan Aykroyd and Justin Timberlake. The film centers on Ranger Smith as he teams up with his girlfriend Rachel Johnson, Yogi Bear, and Boo-Boo Bear to stop their home, Jellystone Park, from being logged. Production on the film took place in New Zealand in October 2008.

Produced by Donald De Line's De Line Pictures and Karen Rosenfelt's Sunswept Entertainment, Yogi Bear premiered at Westwood on December 11, 2010 and was theatrically released in the United States six days later on December 17 by Warner Bros. Pictures. Upon release, the film was met with largely negative reviews from critics and audiences for its writing, humor and lack of originality, though they praised the visual effects, vocal performances and faithfulness to the source material. Despite its negative reception, the film was a box office success, having grossed $203.5 million worldwide against an $80 million budget.

Plot

Yogi and Boo-Boo are two talking brown bears who steal picnic baskets from campers at Franklin City’s Jellystone Park. Head park ranger Smith always finds out about the incidents from his co-ranger Jones and is frustrated that Yogi can’t act like a regular bear. Meanwhile, Mayor R. Brown realizes that Franklin City is facing bankruptcy due to profligate spending on his part. Brown plots with his Chief of Staff to raise money for the town budget and his upcoming gubernatorial campaign by shutting down Jellystone and opening the land to logging. To save the park, Smith and Jones, with help from documentary filmmaker Rachel Johnson, hold a centennial festival and fireworks show in an attempt to sell season passes. To sabotage the effort, Brown promises Jones the position of head ranger if the funds are not raised. Yogi and Boo-Boo had promised Smith to stay out of sight during the festival, but Jones convinces them otherwise. The bears try to please the crowd with a water skiing performance, but Yogi inadvertently sets his cape on fire, causing fireworks to be launched into the crowd, who flee in panic.

After Jellystone is shut down, Smith is forced to stay in Evergreen Park and scolds Yogi for interfering with the festival. A depressed Yogi finally decides to act like a regular bear, but Boo-Boo gets him to come to his senses by showing him cut-down trees. Seeing that their home is in danger of being destroyed, Yogi and Boo-Boo travel to Evergreen Park, where they and Smith figure out Brown's plan: Yogi and Smith reconcile in the process. They all return to Jellystone with Rachel, where they learn that Boo-Boo's pet turtle is a rare and endangered species known as a "frog-mouthed" turtle, meaning that, according to law, the park cannot be destroyed if the turtle is living there.

The Chief of Staff learns about the turtle and sends Jones to kidnap it. On the day that Brown is planning a press conference to begin the destruction of the park, Smith, Rachel, and the bears rescue the turtle and try to bring it to the media's attention. Jones, learning that he had been deceived by Mayor Brown, has a change of heart and helps the team bring the turtle to the press conference. At the press conference, Rachel reveals that she had installed a hidden camera in Boo-Boo's bow tie, which had captured Brown admitting to his plan. Smith hooks up the camera to the jumbotron Brown is using for his press conference and shows the video, causing the crowd to turn against him. After Brown and his staff are arrested for their crimes, Jellystone Park is reopened and becomes a great success with Smith reappointed as head ranger, he and Rachel admit their feelings for each other, and Yogi and Boo-Boo start stealing picnic baskets once again.

Cast
 Dan Aykroyd as the voice of Yogi Bear, a talking, picnic basket-stealing brown bear who lives in Jellystone Park. Unlike the series, he is the film's primary comic relief, despite being the titular character.
 Justin Timberlake as the voice of Boo-Boo, Yogi's best friend and sometimes the voice of reason.
Tom Cavanagh as Ranger Smith, the head ranger of the park who always catches Yogi and Boo-Boo stealing picnic baskets.
 Anna Faris as Rachel Johnson, a nature documentary filmmaker, and Ranger Smith's love interest.
 Andy Daly as Mayor Raoul Brown, the main antagonist of the film. He is the Mayor of Franklin City who wants to shut Jellystone Park down so that he can make money for his city and become governor.
 T.J. Miller as Ranger Jones, a park ranger who is tricked by Mayor Brown into getting Jellystone shut down, making the excuse that Jones will be the head ranger of the park.
 Nate Corddry as the Chief of Staff, Mayor Brown's assistant.
 Josh Robert Thompson as the narrator.

Production
In October 2008, it was announced that a live-action/computer-animated Yogi Bear film was in the works. Ash Brannon was originally hired to direct the film, but was replaced by Eric Brevig (Journey to the Center of the Earth 3-D) when it was decided that the film would be produced in 3D. Principal photography took place on the Lake Whakamaru Reserve, Waikato, New Zealand as it was winter in the northern hemisphere, and to wait for summer of 2009 would put the production end time to be six months longer than if in southern hemisphere. Studio filming took place at Studio West in West Auckland.

Like many Hanna-Barbera characters, Yogi's personality and mannerisms were based on a popular celebrity of his original cartoon's time. Art Carney's Ed Norton character on The Honeymooners was said to be Yogi's inspiration; his voice mannerisms broadly mimic Carney as Norton, and Carney in turn received influence from Borscht Belt and comedians of vaudeville.

Dan Aykroyd, the voice of Yogi Bear in the film, explained that he was trying to evoke the influences that shaped Daws Butler's original Yogi Bear voice: "It's about hitting certain notes, going back to those old Lower East Side rhythms, the Catskills, Jersey, Upstate New York. It's the Yiddish language, essentially, being spoken in English. It's the 'setup, delivery, punch' that sitcoms live on today. That's where the origin of American humor is." Aykroyd also stated that he grew up watching Yogi Bear on the long, cold and dark afternoons in his native Ottawa: "As a kid growing up in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, where the sky turns dark in the winter at about 3:30, Yogi Bear was my fire, my hearth, when I would come home. I would immediately turn on the TV while I thawed out."

Justin Timberlake came in the film with a prepared Boo-Boo Bear voice; when he was learning to sing when he was younger, he imitated various cartoon characters. Regarding the film, Brevig stated that he didn't want parents who remembered watching Yogi Bear cartoons in their youth to feel marginalized and displaced by the film's contemporary depiction of Yogi Bear.

Rhythm and Hues Studios provided the CGI character animation for Yogi and Boo-Boo Bear and the frog-mouthed turtle in the film; the company had also worked on previous films based on Hanna-Barbera productions, such as The Flintstones (1994) and its prequel Viva Rock Vegas (2000); Scooby-Doo (2002) and its sequel Monsters Unleashed (2004).

Release
The film was originally scheduled for release on June 25, 2010, but was pushed back to December 17, 2010 in order to avoid competition with Grown Ups. In theaters, the film was accompanied by a CGI Looney Tunes short titled Rabid Rider, starring Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner.

On December 13, 2010, shortly before the film was released in the United States, a fanmade parody video titled "Yogi Bear Parody: "Booboo Kills Yogi" ending" was uploaded on YouTube, serving as an alternate and darker ending to the film (as well as a spoof of The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford) in which Yogi finds Boo-Boo sitting on a chair carrying a double-barreled shotgun as he sees his own picture on a "Wanted" sign with a $5000 reward for whoever kills him. The video ends with fake end credits set to the song We'll Be Alright by Travie McCoy, showing Yogi turned into a rug. The parody was done by Edmund Earle, a 25-year-old Rhode Island School of Design graduate, who made the video in three months using only the trailers and promotional material as references. After the video went viral on Twitter, this led to many people being concerned about whether or not the younger viewers would click on the video in the belief that it is the film's actual ending. While Warner Bros. didn't demand Earle to take down the video, they added a disclaimer telling that the video was done with no one affiliated with the studio or the film's production.

Marketing
The film's first trailer was released online on July 28, 2010. It was also attached with Cats & Dogs: The Revenge of Kitty Galore and Alpha and Omega. A second trailer premiered with Legend of the Guardians: The Owls of Ga'Hoole, and a third trailer premiered with Megamind, Tangled and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1. One of the trailers was also attached with showings of Tron: Legacy in the United Kingdom.

Home media
Warner Home Video released the film on Blu-ray and DVD on March 22, 2011, in four versions:
 DVD (single disc edition)
 Blu-ray (single disc edition)
 Blu-ray + DVD + Digital Copy combo pack
 Blu-ray 3D + Blu-ray + DVD + Digital Copy combo pack

Reception

Box office
Yogi Bear debuted at the American box office at #2 behind Tron: Legacy, with an under-performing $16.4 million compared to Tron Legacys $44 million. The opening weekend was lower than Warner Bros. expected, but executives believed that the film would hold well throughout the holiday season. The film grossed $103.3 million in the United States and a worldwide total of $203.5 million against an $80 million budget.

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 13% based on 105 reviews and an average rating of 3.7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Yogi Bears 3D effects and all-star voice cast are cold comfort for its aggressively mediocre screenplay." On Metacritic the film has a score of 35 out of 100 based on 23 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.

Common Sense Media gave the film one star, saying "Dumber-than-average family comedy won't even impress kids." IGN gave the film 4.0/10, and summed up their review by saying "Of course, Yogi Bear is meant as a kids movie. And one supposes that it works on that level (the little ones at the press screening I attended seemed mildly amused). But we learned long ago that kids movies can operate on more than one level, and that's not something that director Eric Brevig (Journey to the Center of the Earth 3-D) or his screenwriters are interested in. The result is a movie that's dumber than the average bear. Though at least it has a pee joke in it."

Spill.com appreciated the film for staying true to its original source material and not trying to "hip it up", comparing it to Alvin and the Chipmunks (2007), another live-action/CGI hybrid film that was also poorly received.

Awards

Video game
A video game titled Yogi Bear: The Video Game was released for the Wii and Nintendo DS.

Possible sequel
In 2012, it was reported that a sequel was in the works, with Jay Chandrasekhar chosen to direct, but no further updates have ever been given.

References

External links

2010 films
2010 3D films
2010 comedy films
2010s buddy comedy films
2010s children's comedy films
2010s American animated films
2010s children's animated films
American 3D films
American computer-animated films
American buddy comedy films
American children's animated comedy films
American films with live action and animation
Animated buddy films
Animated films about bears
Films about animal rights
Films directed by Eric Brevig
Films produced by Donald De Line
Films produced by Karen Rosenfelt
Films with screenplays by Brad Copeland
Films scored by John Debney
Films set in parks
Films set in forests
Films shot in New Zealand
Films based on television series
Live-action films based on animated series
Environmental films
Yogi Bear films
Warner Bros. films
2010s English-language films


Latiscopidae is an extinct family of Mesozoic Era amphibian Temnospondyli. It was first described in 1940 based on a fossil skull found in Texas.

References

Trematosaurs
Amphibian families


The National Pasta Association (NPA) is a trade association of professionals in the United States pasta industry.  The NPA originally formed as The National Association of Macaroni and Noodle Manufacturers of America in 1904, making it one of the oldest trade associations in the United States.

History
The first commercial pasta plant in the United States was founded in 1848 in Brooklyn, New York. By the turn of the century, the pasta industry had reached a growth point that triggered a large group of industry members to assemble in Pittsburgh for a discussion of manufacturing and marketing issues. The result of this meeting was the establishment of the National Macaroni Manufacturers Association. In 1981, the name was changed to the National Pasta Association.

Mission statement
Increase the consumption of pasta
Promote the development of sound public policy
Act as a center of knowledge for the industry and the consumer

Committees
Communications
Government Affairs
History
Technical Affairs

Presidents
 1904–1905 Thomas H. Toomey
 1919–1921 James T. William
 1922–1928 Henry Mueller
 1928–1930 Frank J. Tharinger
 1930–1932 Frank L. Zerega
 1932–1933 Alfonso Gioia
 1941–1948 C. W. Jack Wolfe
 1950–1952 C. Frederick Mueller
 1952–1959 Thomas A. Cuneo
 1968–1970 Vincent DeDomenico
 1978–1980 Paul A. Vermylen
 1980–1982 Lester R. Thurston Jr.
 1983–1992 Joseph M. Lichtenberg
 1992–2000 Jula J. Kinnaird

Publications
The New Macaroni Journal from May 1919 (volume 1, number 1) until December 1923 (volume 5, number 8)
The Macaroni Journal from January 1924 (volume 5, number 9) until December 1984 (volume 66, number 8)
Pasta Journal from January 1985 (volume 1, number 1) until April 2000, when the publication was discontinued.

Notes

Organizations established in 1904
Pasta industry
Trade associations based in the United States


The Metropolis Bridge is a railroad bridge which spans the Ohio River at Metropolis, Illinois. Originally built for the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad, construction began in 1914 under the direction of engineer Ralph Modjeski.

The bridge consists of the following: (from north to south)

 Deck plate-girder approach spans
 One riveted, 9-panel Parker through truss
 Five pin-connected, Pennsylvania through trusses
 One pin-connected, 8-panel Pratt deck truss
 Deck plate-girder approach spans

Total length of the bridge is . The largest span stretches , and remains the longest pin-connected simple through truss span in the world. Cost of the bridge when built was $4,000,000.

Not long after completion in 1917, ownership of the bridge was passed on to the Paducah and Illinois Railroad, a newly formed railroad jointly owned by the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad and Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway. In 1925, the Illinois Central Railroad purchased a 1/3 share of the Paducah and Illinois Railroad, and assumed operations and maintenance, as the bridge served as an important link in their newly completed Edgewood-Fulton Cutoff route.

As of 2013, the bridge is still owned by the Paducah and Illinois Railroad, with operations managed by Illinois Central Railroad successor Canadian National Railway and bridge maintenance/inspection managed by the BNSF Railway, where it continues to see heavy use.

References

External links
 Historic Bridges of the United States

Bridges completed in 1917
Railroad bridges in Illinois
Railroad bridges in Kentucky
Buildings and structures in McCracken County, Kentucky
Buildings and structures in Massac County, Illinois
Bridges over the Ohio River
Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad
Illinois Central Railroad
Louisville and Nashville Railroad
Metal bridges in the United States
Pennsylvania truss bridges in the United States
Pratt truss bridges in the United States
Parker truss bridges in the United States
1917 establishments in Illinois
1917 establishments in Kentucky
Transportation in Massac County, Illinois
Transportation in McCracken County, Kentucky


A-YA (A-JA), Cyrillic: a-Я — журнал неофициального русского искусства (English: Magazine of Unofficial Russian Art), was an underground Russian art revue. A-YA was illegally prepared in the Soviet Union and then published in Paris from 1979 to 1986.

The editors were Alexander Sidorov (under the pseudonym "Alexej Alexejev") in Moscow and Igor Shelkovsky in Paris. A-YA was distributed in the U.S. by Alexander Kosolapov in New York. It consisted of 60 pages in A4 format. There were 3000 copies per edition (the first edition numbered 7000). A-YA was printed in both color and black and white.

An informal magazine, A-YA opened to the world the virtually unknown-to-the-public contemporary Soviet art and current Russian art, which for many years was to dominate the world's leading exhibition venues and auctions. It was from A-YA that people first heard the names Eric Bulatov, Ilya Kabakov, Dmitry Prigov and many others.

In 2004, the entire run was reprinted as one volume by ArtChronika with a new foreword by Shelkovsky as A-YA - Unofficial Russian Art Review: 1979-1986 ().

External links

New York Times
Time magazine
Sotheby's Auctions Calendar

Annual magazines
Magazines published in the Soviet Union
Magazines established in 1979
Magazines disestablished in 1986
Magazines published in Moscow
Magazines published in Paris
Visual arts magazines published in Russia
Russian-language magazines


Daria "Dasha" Viktorivna Astafieva (; born 4 August 1985) is a Ukrainian model, singer, and actress. Formerly of the Ukrainian pop duo NikitA, Astafieva was the 2007 Playmate of the Year for Ukrainian Playboy and the 55th Anniversary Playmate for American Playboy.

Early life

Dasha Astafieva was born in Ordzhonikidze, Ukraine in 1985. When she was a little girl, Astafieva found a copy of Playboy in a closet at her family's house. Katarina Witt was on the cover. "I was in shock because I didn’t understand how beautiful a woman’s body could be. That day, I said to myself I wanted to pose one day in the magazine," she said in a 2008 interview with AskMen, "I was 9 years old."

Career

Astafieva started to pursue a career in modeling in 2003. In 2008, Astafieva became a founding member of the Ukrainian pop music duo, NikitA. In 2007, she was named Playmate of the Year for Ukrainian Playboy. Two years later, in January 2009, Astafieva was American Playboy's Playmate of the Month. She was the 55th Anniversary Playmate, the search and selection of which were featured on episodes of The Girls Next Door. During that time, Astafieva lived at the Playboy Mansion. When Hugh Hefner told her that she was the Anniversary Playmate, Astafieva cried. In 2011, Astafieva was named spokesperson for AnastasiaDate, a dating site.

Astafieva filmed a commercial for Maxim and a Russian car manufacturer in 2016, with her NikitA partner Anastasiya Kumeyko. The commercial, which involved the two women washing a car topless, was unable to air on Ukrainian television. In 2017, Astafieva left NikitA. She releases new music regularly and performs live in Ukraine.

Personal life

Astafieva fasts once a week. She has studied Muay Thai and theater.

References

External links

 Dasha Astafieva at Playboy Blog

1985 births
Living people
People from Pokrov, Ukraine
Ukrainian female models
2000s Playboy Playmates
21st-century Ukrainian actresses
21st-century Ukrainian women singers
Ukrainian pop singers
Synth-pop singers


Clayton Wesley Hodgson (20 March 1897 – 14 April 1970) was a Progressive Conservative party member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was born in Burnt River, Ontario and became a lumber merchant by career.

He was first elected at the Victoria riding in the 1945 general election then re-elected there for successive terms in the 1949, 1953, 1957, 1958 and 1962 federal elections.

From August 1957 to February 1958, he was Parliamentary Assistant to the Minister of Public Works then from November 1959 to November 1961, he served as Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Transport.

Hodgson died at Haliburton, Ontario aged 73, leaving a wife, four sons and two daughters.

References

External links

1897 births
1970 deaths
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
People from Kawartha Lakes
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada MPs


Joshua’s Law is a Georgia state law enacted in 2007 changing the driver's license requirements for teen drivers. A teen driver must meet the new requirements to obtain a Georgia driver’s license. The law was named after Joshua Brown, who died in an accident in 2003. Joshua’s parents joined with legislators in an effort to put stronger driver training laws into effect. The end result was The Teenage and Adult Driver Responsibility Act (TADRA), a law that requires teens get specific driving experience and instruction before obtaining licensing beyond the learner's permit.  The law also implemented a graduated driver licensing system, imposing time-of-day and passenger restrictions on drivers aged 16 and 17.

Licensing procedure
TADRA, enacted on July 1, 1997, necessitates a graduated three step driver licensing procedure for Georgia teens between the ages of 15 and 18. There are three separate classifications for teen driver licensing. Joshua’s Law, which went into effect January 1, 2007, added an additional educational requirement to the second step.

Step 1, the Learner's permit (Class CP license). Can operate a Class C vehicle when accompanied by a person at least 21 years of age who is licensed to drive a class C vehicle, who is fit and capable of exercising control over the vehicle, and who is occupying a seat beside the driver.

Step 2, the Intermediate license (Class D license). Drivers are 16 years of age, who have held an Instructional Permit for 12 months and 1 day and passed the state-administered comprehensive on-road driving test are eligible for this license. There are several restrictions on this license, which are:
No driving between the hours of 12am and 5am.
For the first six months, the only passengers allowed in the vehicle are immediate family members and spouses.

For the second six months the driver is allowed to carry passengers who are not immediate family members, as long as no more than one of those passengers is under 21 years of age.
After the second six months the driver is allowed up to three such passengers (persons under 21 who are not members of the driver's immediate family).
Joshua's Law - On or after January 1, 2007, any 16 year old who obtains an initial Class D license must have completed:
 a driver education course approved by the Department of Driver Services and
 a cumulative total of at least forty (40) hours of other supervised driving experience, including at least six (6) hours at night.

Step 3, the Full license (Class C license). The Class C license is granted to drivers ages 18 years and older who have a class D license and have no major traffic convictions during the previous 12 months. Major traffic violations are as follows:

DUI
Eluding a police officer
Drag racing
Reckless driving
Hit and run
Any violation that assesses four or more points on the driver's license

Other provisions
Joshua's Law also implemented additional fees on certain traffic offenses such as DUIs. The program raises approximately $2 to $4 million per year in revenue for the State of Georgia.

References

External links
Georgia Department of Driver Services Official Website
Georgia Teen Driver Education Official Website
The Joshua Brown Foundation (Official Facebook Page)

Georgia (U.S. state) statutes
2007 in American law
2007 in Georgia (U.S. state)
Driving licences


Nigerpeton (Niger, for the country, and herpeton (Greek), meaning crawler) is an extinct genus of crocodile-like temnospondyl amphibians from the late Permian (Changhsingian) period. These temnospondyls lived in modern-day Niger, which was once part of central Pangaea, about 250 million years ago. Nigerpeton is a member of the Cochleosauridae family, a group of edopoid temnospondyl amphibians known from the late Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) and early Permian (Cisuralian).

History and discovery
Joulia was the first to publish a notice of vertebrate remains in the Permian Moradi Formation, located in northern Niger in 1960. In the late 1960s, French paleontologists set out on three short expeditions to this formation but only described a single taxon, the captorhinid reptile Moradisaurus grandis. Taquet in 1978 was the first to mention any temnospondyl remains in the Upper Permian rocks in northern Niger but did not describe the fossils. In their 1982 description of the Moradisaurus grandis skull, Ricqlès and Taquet reported finding numerous temnospondyl remains during their three expeditions in the 1960s.

The first specimens of Nigerpeton were collected during fieldwork in 2000, 2003, and 2006, when new fossils representing two new temnospondyl genera were discovered by Sidor et al. These new temnospondyls were named by Sidor et al. as Nigerpeton ricqlesi and Saharastega moradiensis. These specimens were collected from a layer of  conglomerate in the Moradi Formation, approximately 20 km west of Arlit in north-central Niger.

Previously, it was believed that edopoids lived only during the late Carboniferous and early Permian periods, and were restricted to a narrow latitudinal band in Europe and America straddling the paleo-equator. The discovery of these new edopoids in the Moradi formation extended the time span of early Euramerican edopoids and created awareness of new African species.

Description

Skull

When viewed dorsally, the Nigerpeton skull is triangular, a feature present in temnospondyl forms, and somewhat elongated in shape. The full skull length ranges from 45 cm to a midline length of 56 cm. Dermal bones are 2 to 6 mm in thickness. Along the lateral margins, the Nigerpeton skull is straight until it hits the external naris where lateral bulges are visible. This is a distinctive characteristic in Chochleosaurine. The orbits on Nigerpeton are located in the posterior and are dorsally elevated, with wide spacing in between the orbits on the roof of the skull. Due to the posterior positioning of the orbits, the skull has a very elongated preorbital region along with a short postorbital region, a distinctive condition of cochleosaurids. Nigerpeton holds a record for the longest preorbital region among edopoids, corresponding to more than 80% of its skull length. The tip of a Nigerpeton snout is rounded and pierced by two paired circular anterior cavities for positioning of the symphyseal tusks, a distinct feature in Nigerpeton. Anteriorly, the skull decreases in height, resulting in a flat snout with the external nostril rims elevated above the snout. Other features seen in the skulls are deep and wide longitudinal canals, covered by pronounced longitudinal ridges.

Nigerpeton possesses a honey-comb pattern as an ornament trait on the roof of its skull and its mandible, as well as alternating and elongated ridges and groove ornamentation at the periphery and reaching toward the bone. This ridge and groove ornamentation has been suggestive of areas that experience intensive growth, for instance, the premaxillary, maxillary, and nasal regions which other edopids experience.

A lateral line system is visible in Nigerpeton during the adult stage, a sensory system that is only found in aquatic vertebrates. There are canals 3-10 mm wide and 3-6 mm deep located on the external surface of the skull, as well as preorbital canals on the anterior part of the snout. A depression located posteromedial to the anterior paired cavities could be indication of transverse prenarial sulus.

Post-cranial skeleton
Behind the Nigerpeton skull, an atlas was found consisting of a 41 mm high and 47 mm wide, well-ossified, and disk-shaped intercentrum. The intercentrum has a subtriangular profile measuring 21 mm in ventral length and shows a feasible attachment surface for the pluerocentrum on its right medial side. The posterior face is straight to convex while the anterior face is concaved.

About a meter from where one of the Nigerpeton fossils was located, three presacral vertebrae along with their associated ribs and an isolated femur were found. This vertebra consists of isolated neural arches, the usual shape of temnospondyls. The prezygapophyses are well developed with their contact face with the corresponding postzygapophyses being very elongated. Neural spines are elongated and posterodorsally oriented. Their lateral crests end in relatively smooth dorsolateral apophyses, which are a usual character in adult temnospondyls. The transverse processes is said to extend between 90 and 140 degrees from the body arch. Relative to Nigerpeton's small sized ribs and slight curvature this suggests the vertebrae be anteriorly located alongside the vertebral column.

Paleobiology

Feeding ecology
Nigerpeton's unique dentation suggests a highly carnivorous ecology. Even though complete Nigerpeton teeth are not available, the visible tooth row shows the dentation was usually rounded in cross-section like in non-stereospondyl temnospondyls. Nigerpeton’s great heterodonty such as the numerous and differently sized marginal and palatal tusks is great among temnospondyls and is likely associated with the capability to catch and sustain prey in the mouth before swallowing.

Classification
Nigerpeton belongs to the clade Cochleosauridae, a subdivision of the greater clade Edopoidea. Edopoidea belongs to the clade Temnospondyli so there are many cranial features that unite Nigerpeton to the basal temnospondyl clade Edopoidea.

The cladogram below shows the relationships between these clades based on Sidor et al., 2005 and Steyer et al., 2006, which were based on the matrix of Sequeria 2004  who proposed a phylogeny of 17 basal temnospondyls constructed from an analysis of 61 characters.

Paleoenviroment
All Nigerpeton specimens were retrieved from the upper one-third of the Moradi Formation located in Arlit, Niger, a late Permian formation approximately 259 to 252 Ma. During this geologic period, the region was part of Central Pangea. During the Late Permian, desert-like conditions replaced the previous moderate climate according to geologic data and climate simulations. Recent work exhibits that arid to hyperarid conditions occurred during Moradi deposition.

References

Permian amphibians of Africa
Fossil taxa described in 2005
Prehistoric amphibian genera
Taxa named by Christian Sidor

Cochleosauridae
Temnospondyls
Lopingian life
Changhsingian life


is a Japanese manga artist.

The manga artist was once active under her previous pen name,  at the end of the 1990s, but has abandoned the name after she won the Best Rookie award in the LMS for Kaeri Michi, Yuki no Netsu.

Her first series,   was serialized in Hakusensha's monthly shōjo manga magazine, LaLa. This series is licensed for North America, and an anime adaptation was broadcast during Spring 2010.

About

Personal
Hiro Fujiwara was born on December 23, 1981 in Hyōgo Prefecture. She also has two older brothers and two cats, but is currently living alone. She said that one of her older brothers was an otaku and anonymously posted the story of his younger sister, Hiro, on the web radio of her work Kaichō wa Maid-sama! in connection with its story of the Younger Sister Day.

She normally speaks standard Japanese but when she relaxes or let her guard down, she will speak in a Kansai accent in which she can hardly have control of. She also states that currently, she listens to songs by Akeboshi and Rie fu although her all-time favourite singer is Hikaru Utada. She uses background music while doing work.

She also says that being a manga artist was a dream profession when she was young. During high school, she concentrated in playing double bass. While doing literature in a university, she had a gap-year of 4 years to choose what she wanted to be. She started to become a manga artist after she graduated. She mentions that during her university days, she became an assistant for a manga artist and that the experience had helped her with her work now.

She seems to be friends with Yuki Fujitsuka, who authored Toremoto Beat. Fujitsuka's name came up in Kaichō wa Maid-sama!s 5th volume during the closing credits and Fujiwara also listed her as 'Yuki-sama' in her official website. The author and Yuki Fujitsuka both won the same category in the 31st Hakusensha Athena Newcomers' Awards in year 2006.

She also mentioned that all the characters in Kaichō wa Maid-sama! are easy to draw with the exception of Usui.

According to her old website, she does original CG and manga of all genres. She has also written poems.

Career
Hiro Fujiwara made her debut by winning the Best Rookie award in the 144th LaLa Mangaka Scout Course for her work . However, this was won under her name, Hiro Izumi and it went on to be published in the April 2005 issue of LaLa DX.

She has submitted a few works to Hakusensha's other contest besides the manga artist's other attempts at the LMS and LMG. Those works are, , , Fly and another untitled work that was going to be sent in to year 2002's LaLa Mangaka Scout Course. Diary. was sent into the 40th Big Challenge Awards but was not short-listed. She was placed 19th for Kakera, Hitotsu that was sent-in to the Hana to Yume Mangaka Course. The third work, Fly was submitted to the 27th Hakusensha Athena Newcomers' Awards and was mentioned in the 2nd issue of Hana to Yume as well as the February issue of LaLa.

Nevertheless, her second work was published six months after she won the Best Rookie award in the LaLa Mangaka Scout Course. However, it was her first work to be published under the current pen name, Hiro Fujiwara.  won the 36th LaLa Manga Grand Prix's Fresh Debut Award and was published in the November issue of LaLa DX in year 2004. In the same month, she also had another work titled  serialized in LaLa Special.

In 2005, she started the year by serializing  in the March issue of LaLa DX. Three months later, she went on to publish another one-shot,  and made her debut in LaLa DXs sister magazine, LaLa. In the November issue of LaLa DX, she published her last work of the year,  which was also later compiled together into Kaichō wa Maid-sama!s volume one.

In 2006, she made her last one-shot titled  which was published in the February issue of LaLa. She inspired in some things of Gakuen Alice of Tachibana Higuchi for do her manga, where discovered the Hakusensha editorial. However, this one-shot's popularity had made the one-shot span into a manga series which has been serialized in LaLa. It has 18 volumes published in Japan.

Besides authoring the manga, Fujiwara has also illustrated the furoku or freebies given out by the magazine as well as writing the scripts for the drama CDs.

The author had once gone to Hong Kong to attend a signing event. According to an entry at her blog, she said that this was her first overseas signing event.

In 2012, Fujiwara held a small charity auction featuring characters from her manga Kaichō wa Maid-sama!. She announced on her blog that the money would aid Tohoku's earthquake reconstruction from 2011. It was the first time she offered a signed and colored illustration.

Works

One-shots
Hanjuku Wolf
Kimi no Hidamari
Shōnen Scramble
Tōmei na Sekai
Kono Mama Ja Dame Mitai Desu  I Can't Stay Like This
Kaichō wa Maid-sama!

Sent-in works
Kaeri Michi, Yuki no Netsu
Akai Yume

Series

Awards
Best Rookie – 144th LaLa Manga Scout Course (LMS) for her work, Kaeri Michi, Yuki no Netsu
Fresh Debut – 36th LaLa Manga Grand Prix (LMG) for her work, Akai Yume
Outstanding Debut – 31st Hakusensha Athena Newcomers' Awards for her first series, Kaichō wa Maid-sama!

References

External links
Zero – Official website
Comic Holmes: Database of Hakusensha's Mangaka – Hiro Fujiwara

Living people
Manga artists from Hyōgo Prefecture
Women manga artists
Japanese female comics artists
Female comics writers
1981 births
21st-century Japanese women writers


Miles Golding (born in Sydney in 1951) is a classical violinist, and an original member of Split Enz.  Golding played on the band's first single "For You" in 1973, leaving them shortly after to pursue further training in London.

Golding has played a variety of London in the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, BBC Symphony Orchestra, City of London Sinfonia, Academy of St Martin-in-the-Fields, Philomusica, the London Sinfonietta, Kent Opera, and the Orchestra of St John's Smith Square.

After a reunion with Tim Finn, Golding travelled to New Zealand in 2007 and 2008 to play violin on Finn's album The Conversation.

References

1951 births
Living people
New Zealand expatriates in England
Split Enz members
20th-century New Zealand musicians


Dendrerpetontidae is a family of Temnospondyli.

Gallery

References
Benton, M.J. 2005. Vertebrate Palaeontology, Third Edition. University of Bristol

Eutemnospondyls
Prehistoric amphibian families


Yerevanlı or Yerevanly may refer to:
İrəvanlı, Goranboy, Azerbaijan
İrəvanlı, Tartar, Azerbaijan
İrəvanlı, Yevlakh, Azerbaijan


Welded sculpture (related to visual art and works of art) is an art form in which sculpture is made using welding techniques.

History

Welded sculptures have a relatively short history, dating back only to the 20th century. Before the development of current welding technology, sculptures made from metal were either cast or forged, and welding was primarily used in the construction industry.

The first welded sculptures were credited to the Russian artist Vladimir Tatlin, who created his first piece of art in 1913. Tatlin was an important figure in the Russian Constructivist movement, which influenced the use of industrial materials in forms they had not yet been used in, mainly art.

In the 1920s and 1930s, more artists followed this path and the experimenting and artistic work of metalworking came to light. Some of the earliest founders in this practice included Julio Gonzalez, and Alexander Calder. Gonzalez was credited and noticed for his welded sculptures that were not only expressive in an abstract manner but functional as well. Calder’s pieces are among some of the most famous examples of welded sculptures, as they often hang from ceilings or trees. They were mobile structures that responded to air currents, moving in mesmerizing ways that were intriguing to the human eye.

The Catalan artist Julio González is credited as one of the most well known developers of welded sculpture. González came from a line of metalsmith workers; his grandfather was a goldsmith in Galicia, who established in the Catalan capital in the early 19th century. González's father, Concordio González, owned a workshop and as a young boy, González learned from him the techniques of gold, silver, and iron metalwork. He is associated with the Spanish circle of artists of Montmartre, including Pablo Gargallo, Juan Gris and Max Jacob. In 1918, he developed an interest in the artistic possibilities of welding, after learning the technique whilst working in the Renault Factory at Boulogne-Billancourt. This technique would subsequently become his principal contribution to sculpture, though during this period he also painted and —especially— created jewellery pieces. In 1920 he renewed his acquaintance with Pablo Picasso, for whom he later provided technical assistance in executing sculptures in iron, participating to Picasso's researches on analytic cubism. He also forged the infrastructures of Constantin Brâncuși's plasters. In the winter of 1927-28, he showed Picasso how to use oxy-fuel welding and cutting. When their friendship re-established itself, Picasso and González collaborated on a piece called Woman in the Garden between 1928-1930. From October 1928 till 1932, both men worked together. Influenced by Picasso, the fifty-year-old González changed his style, exchanging bronze for iron, and volumes for lines. González began to formalize a new visual language in sculpture that would change the course of his career.

During the mid-20th century, welded sculptures continued to evolve, artists now have access to different materials, techniques, and technology that weren’t available to the early founders. In the 1950s and 1960s, large-scale industrial materials such as steel beams and large plates were utilized to construct monumental sculptures that were march larger than the ones in the past. Artists such as David Smith, Anthony Caro, and Richard Serra were among the first group of artists to create these large-scale sculptures.

Today, welded sculptures are an established form of contemporary art, with artists continuously pushing the boundaries of what’s possible with modern materials and technology.

Welding was increasingly used in sculpture from the 1930s as new industrial processes such as arc welding were adapted to aesthetic purposes. Welding techniques, including digital cutting, can be used to cut and join metal. Welded sculptures are sometimes site-specific. Artist Richard Hunt said "The idea of exploiting welding methods and the tensile strength of metals opened up many possibilities to me. This idea was actually linked to the increasing recognition among artists that an art which was representative of our own time ought to use materials and techniques that were at hand, whether it was new experiments using plastics, new kinds of paints, new kinds of surfaces in painting, or using materials developed during the war effort.""

Associated artists
 Aleš Veselý
 Alexander Calder
 Andrew French
 Anthony Caro
 Antoine Pevsner
 Beverly Pepper
 Bruce Gray
 Charles Ginnever
 David Smith
 James Rosati
 John Raymond Henry
 Julio González
 Ken Macklin
 Kevin Caron
 Lyman Kipp
 Nancy Graves
 Paul Kuniholm
 Pablo Gargallo
 Pablo Picasso
 Peter Hide
 Peter Reginato
 Revs
 Richard Serra
 Richard Hunt
 Robert H. Hudson
 Robert Willms
 Royden Mills
 Ryan McCourt
 Tim Scott
 TEJN
 Todor Todorov
 Vera Mukhina

External links
  Richard Hunt: Freeing the Human Soul
  Janet Goldner: Welded Steel Sculpture

Notes and references

Further reading
Creating Welded Sculpture, by Nathan Cabot Hale, Courier Dover Publications, 1994
Welded Sculpture of the Twentieth Century, Judy K.Van Wagner Collischan, Lund Humphries, 2000

Sculptures by medium
Welding


Roland Léo English (1 January 1909 – 15 January 1993) was a Progressive Conservative party member of the House of Commons of Canada. Born in Rivière-au-Renard, Quebec, he was a manufacturer, organizer and teacher by career. As an industrialist, he was president of Quebec Metal Products Company Ltd.

From 1928 to 1935, English was a professor at St. Roch Academy. In 1935, he was an unsuccessful candidate for a Quebec provincial legislature seat.

His first attempt at federal office was in the 1953 federal election where he was defeated by Liberal candidate Léopold Langlois at the Gaspé riding. He defeated Langlois in the 1957 election then was re-elected at Gaspé in the 1958 and 1962 federal elections. His House of Commons career ended in the 1963 election when he was defeated by Liberal candidate Alexandre Cyr.

English made one further attempt to return to Parliament in the 1965 federal election at the Matapédia—Matane riding, but was unsuccessful there.

From 18 November 1959 to 17 November 1961, English served as Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Fisheries then from 18 January to 19 April 1962, he was Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Fisheries.

References

External links

1909 births
1993 deaths
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Quebec
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada MPs
Canadian chief executives


Cochleosauridae is a family of edopoid temnospondyl amphibians, among the most basal of temnospondyls. Most members of this family are known from the late Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) and early Permian (Cisuralian) of Europe and North America, though Nigerpeton is known from the Late Permian (Lopingian) of Niger in North Africa.

Gallery

External links
Cochleosauridae at The Paleobiology Database.

Edopoids
Prehistoric amphibian families


Təhlə may refer to:
 Təhlə, Barda, Azerbaijan
 Təhlə, Goranboy, Azerbaijan

See also
Təklə (disambiguation)


Alfred Arthur Eric Ackerman (5 January 1929 – 10 July 1988) was a South African professional footballer. Born in Pretoria, Ackerman spent the majority of his career in Scotland and England, playing with Clyde, Hull City, Norwich City, Derby County, Carlisle United and Millwall. He was selected to play for the Third Division North side against the South in April 1957. After retiring as a player in 1961, Ackerman became player-manager of Dartford, and later manager of Gravesend & Northfleet. He died in Dunottan at the age of 59.

Ackerman finished as the top goal scorer in the Transvaal League in South Africa for two seasons in-a-row before signing for Clyde.

He was one of three South African footballers to play for Hull City in the 1950s, the others being Norman Nielson and Neil Cubie.

He scored 37 goals for Carlisle United in season 1957–58.

Career statistics

Honours
 Derby County

 Division Three South runners-up: 1956–57

 Dartford

 Southern Division One promotion: 1962–63

 Northfleet

 Southern Division One promotion: 1970–71

 Individual
 Division Three South Top Scorer: 1957–58

References

External links
Player profile at Post War English & Scottish Football League A – Z Player's Database

1929 births
1988 deaths
South African men's soccer players
South African expatriate men's soccer players
South African soccer managers
Clyde F.C. players
Hull City A.F.C. players
Norwich City F.C. players
Derby County F.C. players
Carlisle United F.C. players
Millwall F.C. players
Dartford F.C. players
Scottish Football League players
English Football League players
Expatriate men's footballers in Scotland
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Soccer players from Pretoria
South African expatriate sportspeople in England
South African expatriate sportspeople in Scotland
Men's association football forwards
Dartford F.C. managers
Ebbsfleet United F.C. managers


Carl Friedrich Heinrich Werner (4 October 1808 – 10 January 1894) was a German watercolor painter.

Biography
Born in Weimar, Werner studied painting under Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld in Leipzig. He switched to studying architecture in Munich from 1829 to 1831, but thereafter returned to painting. He won a scholarship to travel to Italy, where he ended up founding a studio in Venice and remaining until the 1850s, making a name for himself as a watercolor painter. He exhibited around Europe, in particular travelling often to England, where he exhibited at the New Watercolour Society.

He travelled through Spain in 1856-1857, in 1862 to Palestine and then to Egypt, and to the latter country he returned for a longer trip in 1864. Particularly notable were his watercolors in Jerusalem, where he was one of the few non-Muslims able to gain access to paint the interior of the Dome of the Rock. He published a large body of work in London as Jerusalem and the Holy Places, and some more watercolors from Egypt in 1875 as Carl Werner's Nile Sketches. He later travelled to Greece and Sicily, and became a professor at the Leipzig Academy, dying in Leipzig in 1894.

His works include:
 Venice in her Zenith and Decline
 The Ducal Palace, with a Scene from the Merchant of Venice
 The Triumphal Procession of Doge Cantarini (5 ft. high),
 The Zisa Hall in Palermo
 The Lions' Court of the Alhambra
 Jerusalem and the Holy Land, comprises 30 designs, published with text and colored plates (London, 1866-7)

Selected paintings

References

Sources

External links

1808 births
1894 deaths
19th-century German painters
German male painters
German watercolourists
Orientalist painters
19th-century German male artists


Samuel Seamans (born 1967) was an assisting bishop in the Diocese of Mid-America of the Reformed Episcopal Church and the Anglican Church in North America's College of Bishops until he and his parish decided to join the Orthodox Church in November 2015. He is a priest in good standing in the Ukrainian Orthodox Church USA. He is the rector of St. Thomas the Apostle Orthodox Church in Mountain Home, Arkansas. Seamans is a licensed pilot and Emergency Medical Technician.

Ministry

During college Seamans was employed as a police officer and completed the police academy in 1987. After graduation he moved to Mountain Home, Arkansas, and went to work with the Mountain Home Police department where he eventually served as a lieutenant before retiring in 2011.
Seamans states he felt a growing desire to fulfill a vacuum in his spiritual life and in 1997 he began to study church history and liturgy. Then, he states, he found a historical, ancient expression of Christianity in the Anglican tradition. In November 2015 he became Orthodox.

History

Seamans then continued to serve under Arkansas Episcopal bishop Larry Maze, but left the Episcopal Church three years later because of its social and theological liberalism, as well as what he describes as "its departure from the norms that Holy Scripture lays out for the Christian life and ministry".

Episcopal priest controversy

In November 2009, Seamans gained international notice by exposing an All Saints Day liturgy used by an Episcopal priest in Harrison, Arkansas. The liturgy "Praises Mohammed, Vishnu, Buddha, Confucius ..." with the celebrant stating: "All you Hindu saints; we praise you for holy are you ... All you Buddhist saints, we praise you for holy are you ..." even calling on "All you Incas of Peru, holy Mayans and Aztecs of Mexico, all you Native children of the sun and stars ..."

The Episcopal Bishop of Arkansas (TEC) supported the liturgy under the guise of "inter-faith dialogue".

Education

Seamans holds a bachelor's degree from the University of Southwestern Louisiana in Liberal Arts, Master of Ministry Degree from Trinity Theological Seminary in Newburgh, Indiana, Th.M (Masters in Theology) from Cranmer Theological House (REC), and a Graduate Certificate from the Anglican School for Ministry in Anglican Studies, in addition to a Master of Divinity from Holy Resurrection Orthodox Seminary. He was ordained an Orthodox priest in February 2017.

Seamans is conversant in Czech, is a licensed pilot for single engine aircraft, and is a certified emergency medical technician. He is also a long distance cyclist and is very proud of his "Giant FCR 1 Flatbar Road Bike". He says, "I get most of my praying done while riding. I find it a very contemplative exercise which easily gives itself to prayer and meditation."

Career and family life

Seamans is a retired lieutenant from MHPD. He is married to a native of the Czech Republic and has two children.

Publications

 Introduction to Holy Communion and the Bible from the 1928 Book of Common Prayer, BorderStone Press, LLC (2010). Editor Brian R. Mooney.

References

21st-century Anglican bishops in the United States
1967 births
Living people
Baptists from Louisiana
Trinity College and Seminary alumni
People from Morgan City, Louisiana
People from Mountain Home, Arkansas
Baptists from Arkansas
Converts to Eastern Orthodoxy from Anglicanism


The Muskingum Electric Railroad was a private coal-carrying railroad owned by American Electric Power, and started operation in 1968.  MERR shuttled coal in two trains from the mine to a powerplant at Relief, Ohio (across from Beverly, OH), a distance of 20 miles (32 km). The trains were driverless and powered by automated General Electric E50C's. The road also owned two private cars, Dover Fort and Oak Lane. The line is now defunct as the captive coal mine has since run out of economically recoverable coal. The coal was harvested by the largest dragline ever to be built, "Big Muskie". The railroad closed in January 2002.

The line was the first automated railroad in the U.S.

References

External links
Elwood's Fallen Flags Page for MERR
Big Muskie Dragline fan page

Defunct Ohio railroads
Electric railways in Ohio
Railway companies established in 1968
Railway companies disestablished in 2002
1968 establishments in Ohio
American Electric Power
Mining railways in the United States
Transportation in Washington County, Ohio
Coal mining in the United States


Məşədilər, Tovuz may refer to:
Məşədilər (40° 51' N 45° 42' E), Tovuz, Azerbaijan
Məşədilər (40° 53' N 45° 45' E), Tovuz, Azerbaijan


The Delta Air Lines fleet consists of 936 aircraft, making it the second largest airline by fleet size in the world, behind American Airlines. Delta Air Lines operates a fleet manufactured by Airbus and Boeing.

Delta historically has preferred purchasing or leasing used aircraft or use older generation models to keep initial acquisition costs down and then keep those aircraft flying for a longer time than its competitors. To support this business model, Delta has also invested in an extensive MRO (maintenance, repair, and overhaul) organization, called TechOps. However, Delta has acquired lower priced new aircraft as airframers move towards their next generation designs and offered discounts on slower selling models. As a result,  Delta flies the second-oldest fleet among the legacy carriers, and the average fleet age has been reduced to 14.8 years.

Prior to its 2008 merger with Northwest Airlines, Delta's fleet was made up of solely Boeing and McDonnell Douglas aircraft. Airbus aircraft from Northwest joined the fleet after the merger, and more have since been added.

Fleet overview
Delta's fleet consists of 943 Airbus and Boeing aircraft. , Delta has 501 aircraft from Boeing or about 55 percent of the fleet and 421 aircraft from Airbus or about 45 percent of the fleet. The airline has 749 narrow-body aircraft, comprising about 81% of its fleet, while its 173 wide-body aircraft comprise the remaining 19%.

Delta operates the largest fleets of the Airbus A220, Boeing 717, and Boeing 757, the largest passenger fleet of the Boeing 767, and the largest Airbus A330 fleet of any US airline. Alongside United Airlines, it is one of only two airlines operating the Boeing 767-400ER.

Delta primarily uses narrow-body aircraft for its domestic flights within the United States and international flights from the United States to Canada, Mexico, the Caribbean, and some European destinations. Most of its Boeing 717 aircraft are based out of Atlanta and are mainly used for short-haul flights. Its Airbus A220, Airbus A320, Boeing 737 and Boeing 757 aircraft are used for short-haul flights and medium-haul transcontinental flights.

Delta primarily uses its wide-body aircraft on long-haul flights to Africa, Asia, Europe, Oceania, and South America. Its Airbus A330s, Boeing 767-300ERs, and Boeing 767-400ERs mainly operate on flights to Europe, while the Airbus A350-900 mainly operates on flights to Asia and Oceania.

Fleet renewal
Since 2013, Delta has been working to reduce the age of its fleet by purchasing or leasing newly built aircraft or newer model used aircraft. Since launching the effort, Delta has preferred to purchase aircraft from Airbus, a major change for the company which had been a loyal customer of Boeing and McDonnell Douglas (which merged with Boeing in 1997). At the time, Delta had over 200 DC-9, MD-88 and MD-90 aircraft from McDonnell Douglas in its fleet. Replacing these older aircraft was a top priority for Delta.

For its narrow-body fleet, Delta acquired 277 aircraft from the Airbus A321 series and 119 aircraft from the Airbus A220 series. The first major purchase came in September 2013, when Delta ordered 30 A321 aircraft, its first order with Airbus in more than two decades. This order would later be incrementally increased to 122 aircraft with 15 more added to the order in 2014, an additional 37 in 2016, and 40 more in 2017. Since 2017, Delta has also purchased a total of 155 A321neo (new engine option) aircraft, with an initial order for 100 aircraft in December 2017, followed by a purchase of 55 more in 2021. Delta placed its first order for 75 A220 aircraft in April 2016, when the program was still managed by Bombardier Aerospace. Delta purchased the aircraft at a steep discount: $19.6m each, well below their $33.2m production cost, which led Boeing to accuse the company of dumping the aircraft. Delta would later increase its order to a total of 119 A220 aircraft.

For its wide-body fleet, Delta acquired 25 Airbus A330neo and 42 of the newly introduced Airbus A350 aircraft. The A330neo and the first 25 A350 aircraft were purchased in November 2014. The A350 fleet was increased assuming the purchase rights for 10 aircraft from LATAM as part of a deal to acquire a 20% equity stake in LATAM Airlines Group in September 2019 and by leasing 7 used aircraft in July 2021.

Delta has also acquired some aircraft from Boeing. The airline purchased 29 used Boeing 737-900ER aircraft in July 2021 and also agreed to purchase 100 Boeing 737 MAX 10 aircraft in 2022.

As a result of the fleet renewal, Delta was able to retire its McDonnell Douglas MD-88/MD-90, Boeing 777, and Boeing 737-700 fleets in 2020.

Current fleet
, Delta Air Lines operates the following aircraft:

Gallery

Fleet history

Notes

References

Further reading

Delta Air Lines
Delta Air Lines


The rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae) is a stored product pest which attacks seeds of several crops, including wheat, rice, and maize.

Description
The adults are usually between 3 and 4.6 mm long, with a long snout. The body color appears to be brown/black, but on close examination, four orange/red spots are arranged in a cross on the wing covers. It is easily confused with the similar looking maize weevil. The maize weevil is typically somewhat larger than the rice weevil, but rice weevils as large as the largest maize weevils and maize weevils nearly as small as the smallest rice weevils have been found. Some external features can be used to differentiate the vast majority of adults, but the only reliable features are on the genitalia (see table below). Both species can hybridize. The genitalic structure of hybrids is unknown.

Biology

Adult rice weevils are able to fly, and can live for up to two years. Females lay 2–6 eggs per day and up to 300 over their lifetime. The female uses strong mandibles to chew a hole into a grain kernel after which she deposits a single egg within the hole, sealing it with secretions from her ovipositor. The larva develops within the grain, hollowing it out while feeding. It then pupates within the grain kernel and emerges 2–4 days after eclosion.

Male S. oryzae produce an aggregation pheromone called sitophilure ((4S,5R)-5-Hydroxy-4-methylheptan-3-one) to which males and females are drawn. A synthetic version is available which attracts rice weevils, maize weevils and grain weevils. Females produce a pheromone which attracts only males.

Its gammaproteobacterial symbiont Candidatus Sodalis pierantonius str. SOPE is able to supply rice weevil with essential vitamins like pantothenic acid, riboflavin, and biotin. During larvae development, bacteria rely on up-regulation of type three secretion system genes and genes for flagellum so they can infect insect stem cells.

Control
Control of weevils involves locating and removing all potentially infested food sources. Rice weevils in all stages of development can be killed by freezing infested food below −18 °C (0 °F) for a period of three days, or heating to 60 °C (140 °F) for a period of 15 minutes.

See also
 Granary weevil (Sitophilus granarius)
 Maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais)

References

Beetles described in 1763
Dryophthorinae
Storage pests
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus


The name Grand Central Hotel Belfast refers to two separate hotels at different locations in the city. The first opened in 1893 and was converted to a military barracks in 1972, before being demolished in the late 1980s. The second is a converted office building nearby, previously known as Windsor House, which was converted to a hotel and opened on 20 June 2018.

First Grand Central Hotel

The first Grand Central Hotel was located on Royal Avenue in Belfast, Northern Ireland, and opened in 1893. The hotel contained around 200 guest bedrooms and hosted many famous guests, including the Beatles and the Rolling Stones in the 1960s.

The hotel was taken over by the British Army in 1972 for use as a military base from which to patrol the city centre during the height of the Troubles. The troops based there were protected by anti-rocket screens constructed around the front of the building on the main street to repel everything from bricks and bottles to paint and blast bombs. One of the most bombarded hotels in the world, it was attacked more than 150 times by the Provisional IRA and other groups.

In the late 1980s, the hotel was no longer required as a military base. It was acquired by developers and demolished, along with a neighbouring building, to make way for the CastleCourt shopping centre which was completed in 1990.

Second Grand Central Hotel

The second Grand Central Hotel was originally constructed as Windsor House (officially known as 9-15 Bedford Street), a 23-storey, 80 m high-rise building on Bedford Street in Belfast, Northern Ireland.  Following a £30m refurbishment beginning in 2016, the new hotel opened on 20 June 2018 as the Grand Central Hotel.

See also
 List of tallest buildings and structures in Belfast
 Architecture of Belfast

References

External links

 Grand Central Hotel official website

Hotels in Belfast
Hotels established in 1893
Hotel buildings completed in 1893

Hotels established in 2018
Buildings and structures in Belfast
Skyscrapers in Northern Ireland
2018 establishments in Northern Ireland
1893 establishments in Ireland


Song Zude (; born August 24, 1968), known as "the King of Media Hype", is a famous person in the entertainment circle of mainland China. From 2002 to 2008, his accusations and allegations toward different celebrities have been responded by national attention.

Song was born in Jingjiang, Jiangsu in 1968. He graduated from Shanghai Jiao Tong University in 1989.

Song, renowned as one of the most controversial people in China, could always attract nationwide attention after he publicizes his accusations toward different people.

In January, 2005, after he announced he was willing to buy the chest hair of Fei Xiang, a singer in Asia, in order to donate for the relief effort of 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, people from both Indonesia and China accused him of disrespect. In October, 2008, after he accused the late Xie Jin, a well-known and respected film maker in China who died earlier that month, of having a dissolute life, most of the major medias in mainland China, as well as government-controlled agencies, accused him harshly. He is now known by a great number of people in mainland China.

References

External links

1968 births
Businesspeople from Jiangsu
People from Taizhou, Jiangsu
Living people
Shanghai Jiao Tong University alumni
Ocean University of China alumni


Adrien Meunier (24 December 1905 – 31 October 1971) was a Canadian lawyer and politician. Meunier was a Liberal party, initially independent Liberal, member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was born in Saint-Liboire, Quebec and became a lawyer by career.

He first attempted to win a House of Commons seat in the 1949 federal election at Papineau but was defeated by independent candidate Camillien Houde. Meunier won the riding in the 1953 election as an independent Liberal candidate defeating official Liberal candidate Émile Dufresne. Meunier was then re-elected to successive terms in Parliament in the 1957, 1958 and 1962 federal elections. After completing his term in the 25th Canadian Parliament, Meunier did not campaign for another term in Parliament and left federal political office.

External links

1905 births
1971 deaths
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Quebec
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Lawyers in Quebec
20th-century Canadian lawyers


The distinction between typical and maximum performance is one way to classify job performance in industrial/organizational psychology. Typical performance is how an employee performs on a regular basis, while maximum performance is how one performs when exerting as much effort as possible.

Workers usually exhibit maximum performance when they are being observed. Therefore, some conditions that tend to foster maximum performance include work samples (often given to a potential employee during an interview), manager evaluations, and job knowledge tests.  The results from these situations are the ones that are most accessible to supervisors; however, they are usually not reflected in an employee's typical, or day-to-day, performance.  This dichotomy makes it harder for managers to have an accurate picture of how an employee will typically act on the job.  Therefore, an example of the importance of this distinction can be seen when a manager hires an employee based on high performance during an interview; the manager is essentially hiring the employee based on viewing their maximum performance, which may not be representative of their typical performance. Additionally, this distinction has led some organizations to take measures to get their employees to perform at their maximum level more often.

Characteristics
Psychological tests are broadly divided by the British Psychological Society into the following two types.
Test of typical performance. In this case, an individual's performance is assessed according to a given situation. Answers are not right or wrong, but identify choices, preferences and strengths of feeling.
Test of maximum performance: These assess the individual's ability to perform effectively under standard conditions. Performance on these tests, which includes ability and aptitude tests, can be judged as right or wrong. Ability tests come in many different forms and may test a general intellectual functioning or a specific ability.

Both typical and maximum performances are characterized by different conditions.  Managers and organizations should be aware of these so that they are able to identify whether an employee is performing at a typical or maximum level.

Sackett, Zedeck, and Fogli, the researchers who first studied the typical/maximum distinction in 1988, proposed that several conditions must be present for maximum performance to occur:
a. the individual must be aware that they are being observed;
b. the individual must be instructed to maximize their effort; and
c. the measure of performance must occur over a short period of time so that the individual can remain focused on the appropriate goal.

Alternatively, typical performance would occur in situations where the individual is not aware of evaluation, is not consciously attempting their best performance, and is monitored over a long period of time.

More recently, Sackett elaborated on the definition of maximum performance, saying that one can view it as the level of performance an employee can "produce on demand" if exerting maximum effort for a short period of time.  This means that maximum performance cannot be due purely to luck or chance.  As an example, he says that when concentrating, he could make 7 of 10 free throws. But, if he has a hot streak and makes 10 baskets in a row, this wouldn't be maximum performance because it was probably just due to luck.

Original findings
The original research on typical and maximum performance studied supermarket employees scanning items at a cash register. Typical performance was determined by the average number of items scanned and the number of voids per shift.  Maximum performance was calculated according to the speed and accuracy of several timed observation periods.  The researchers found that those two measures were not statistically related, suggesting that typical and maximum performance are actually distinct categorizations.

Confirming research
Continued support has been found for the typical vs. maximum performance distinction since the initial supermarket study.  In one study looking at antecedents of the two types of performance, statistical analyses revealed that typical and maximum performance are conceptually different variables.   In addition, other studies have revealed that typical and maximum performances do not share the same antecedents, which suggests that these are two separate forms of performance.

Components
Job performance is viewed as an employee's results, determined by their combined intelligence and motivation.  Since motivation is dependent on an individual's choices, one can control the direction, level, and persistence they put into a task.  Intelligence, however, is stable and not under personal control.

Motivation and intelligence
All tasks require some form of ability and motivation; however, Sackett and colleagues hypothesized that the difference between typical and maximum performance is determined by a combination of these two factors.  They expected that maximum performance is primarily determined by the intelligence of an individual.  Since maximum performance occurs when the individual is highly motivated to perform well, the impact of intelligence is higher under these conditions.  Everyone under this condition would be exerting the maximum amount, so the difference between individuals lies in their ability.  In typical performance, both intelligence and motivation are thought to influence the quality of an employee's job performance.  However, motivation is believed to be the more influential factor in this situation.

Research has investigated the strength of these original theories driving typical and maximum performance. A recent study confirmed Sackett and colleagues' ideas, finding that maximum performance was related to the employee's knowledge of the job (e.g., intelligence), while typical performance was related to persistence, self-efficacy, and other measures of motivation.

Antecedents
Because maximum performance can be misleading, it is important for managers to be able to recognize the antecedents of both maximum and typical performances. This can further allow them to recognize when they are most likely to observe either type of performance.

Intelligence
Since all individuals in a maximum performance situation are expected to have similarly high levels of motivation, the differences in their performance should be primarily based on the differing ability of each person.  Following these thoughts, researchers have hypothesized that intelligence would be predictive of maximum performance.  A few studies have supported this thought, finding that intelligence is more highly related with maximum performance than it is typical performance.

Personality
Researchers have hypothesized that typical performance would be predicted by personality factors, since much of the variability in this type of performance is controlled by an individual and their exertion of effort.  Specifically, neuroticism and conscientiousness have been believed to be the personality factors that contribute to motivation, since neuroticism is related to self-esteem and confidence, and conscientiousness is related to perseverance and desire to achieve.  This idea has received mixed results in the research.  A study by Ployhart and colleagues found that the personality factors of neuroticism and extroversion significantly predicted typical performance, and extroversion and openness significantly predicted maximum performance. This research appears to indicate that personality is predictive of both types of performance.   A separate study, however, found slightly different results, concluding that overall personality is more predictive of typical performance, while intelligence is still the best predictor of maximum performance.

Honesty
Many organizations give tests to potential employees during the interview process to determine their job knowledge, overall intelligence, or honesty, and use these to predict how the employee will perform if hired.  Research has touched on how maximum performance can be predicted by these tests.  For example, one tool is the integrity test, which is a test that attempts to assess whether potential employees will engage in deviant behavior on the job.  Examples of such behavior can range from gossiping about a co-worker to stealing money from the organization.  Researchers have linked integrity testing to maximum performance because they hypothesize that integrity levels will determine differences in how individuals perform their job, differences which can affect maximum performance in particular.  Results obtained by Ones & Viswesvaran supported the use of integrity testing in predicting maximum performance, but also mentioned that job knowledge tests predicted maximum performance as well.  Integrity tests are related to the personality factor of conscientiousness, which, as mentioned previously, has not been shown to be related to maximum performance.

Race
Research has also investigated racial differences in typical and maximum performance.  Traditionally, studies have found that minority groups, specifically African Americans, score lower than Whites on intelligence tests,  but that personality tests are less biased when predicting performance.  As mentioned previously, typical performance has been linked to personality, and maximum performance has been linked to intelligence.  Therefore, researchers expected African Americans to exhibit lower levels of maximum performance than Whites, with both ethnic groups showing similar levels of typical performance.  However, a study by DuBois and colleagues found just the opposite. Whites outperformed African Americans when they observed typical performance; whereas, the difference was much less pronounced when they examined maximum performance.  While this should not impact selection of employees, managers should be aware of the trend when observing performance.

Purpose of distinction
Distinguishing between typical and maximum performance can have both theoretical implications for researchers and practical purposes for organizations.

Academic implications
Conceptually, the different types of performance could have different predictors, which will affect research in this domain. For example, many studies have found differences in performance ratings depending on whether the rater is a supervisor or a peer. The typical/maximum distinction could explain this difference if, for instance, supervisors observe more maximum performance while peers observe more typical performance.

Practical implications
On the practical side, the typical/maximum distinction can be important when organizations hire new employees. For instance, even though many companies intend to evaluate what an individual's typical performance would be when making a hiring decision, often organizations use measures that should be associated with maximum performance. These common evaluations include assessment centers, intelligence tests, and situational interviews.

Very little research has attempted to look at how various selection tools can predict an employee's behavior with regard to typical and maximum performance; however, one recent study did focus on behavior description interviews and situational interviews. Behavior description interviews ask applicants to describe past behavior related to specific aspects of the job, while situational interviews have applicants respond to hypothetical job-related dilemmas. Klehe and Latham found that both the behavior description interview and the situational interview predicted typical performance, and the situational interview also predicted maximum performance.  While many researchers have expressed concerns about using these tools to predict typical performance, this study suggests that they may actually be quite useful.

Another practical implication of this distinction is the effect it has on employee compensation. Managers may value typical and maximum performance differently, resulting in different rewards. Research suggests that both typical and maximum predict compensation levels, but organizations should ensure that this is the practice they wish to employ.

Unanswered questions
While there have been advances in typical vs. maximum performance theory since Sackett and colleagues' seminal paper, studies on this topic have been limited and many questions are still unanswered.  In focusing on the antecedents of both performance types, conflicting research has prohibited researchers from drawing concrete conclusions as to how to forecast employees' potential performances.  Specifically, there has not been consistent support for either personality as an antecedent of typical performance or intelligence as an antecedent of maximum performance.  In addition, very few other antecedents have been suggested as relating to either type of performance.

Another unanswered question is the time period that may elapse when studying maximum and typical performance.  As mentioned, a requirement of maximum performance is that it must be observed over a "short period of time," whereas typical performance is observed over an extended period of time.  However, Sackett and other researchers have left the exact duration requirements vague. Future research could examine where the cutoff point between typical and maximum performance lies.

Summary
The distinction between typical and maximum performance has been evident for the past 20 years. Research shows that employees perform at a higher level when they are being temporarily observed compared to other times. The level of typical performance one will usually exhibit, and the level of maximum performance one can achieve, both seem to have particular antecedents. These may include intelligence, personality, honesty, and race. However, further research is needed to confirm and expand upon these findings.

References

Human resource management
Industrial and organizational psychology


Lapillopsidae is a family of Temnospondyli.

Lapillopsis was found as the sister to Rotaurisaurus in a 1999 analysis that found the Lapillopsidae as basal stereospondyls. Lapillopsis was found as a sister to Dissorophoidea by a 2017 analysis. Another relative of Lapillopsis, Manubrantlia was described from the Early Triassic of India, and Rhigerpeton was found in Antarctica.

References

Stereospondyls
Triassic temnospondyls


The Baxter Street Dudes was a New York City teenage street gang, consisting of former newsboys and bootblacks, who ran the Grand Duke's Theatre from the basement of a dive bar on Baxter Street in Manhattan during the 1870s. Led by founder Baby-Face Willie, gang members operated the Grand Duke's Theatre and established the venue as their headquarters. Members of the Baxter Street Dudes wrote and performed plays, musicals and variety shows which were enjoyed by other street toughs and slummers throughout the city. The theater house eventually became a popular underworld hangout, from which the gang found financial success.

History

When Grand Duke's Theatre was at its peak, many movements occurring across the United States influenced the organization's ability to function.  In the post-war period following the bitter American Civil War, the volume of immigrants settling in the Northeastern United States became massive.  European emigration increased the population significantly, making the culture of New York City more diverse.  New York and neighboring states were rapidly developing, with notable technical achievements including the introduction of the elevator and the creation of the first telephone line.

Street children in New York
In the 1870s, America experienced a depression that forced many people, including children, to live on the streets. About 5,000 to 10,000 boys were estimated to be living on the streets of New York City by the 1850s. The Children's Aid Society reported around 15,000 homeless youths in 1870. Children were uneducated and treated poorly, enabling theft, mainly in the form of pick-pocketing. The number of pickpocket trials in the New York court rose from 52 in 1859 to 242 in 1876. Most children involved with these cases were between the ages of 15 and 24.

Many children began their own newspaper-selling enterprises, commonly known as newsboys. Children around the age of ten purchased newspapers from local publishers and sold them to passers-by on the street.  Newsboys often organized together to protect themselves and their earnings.  Older adolescent males hired and managed younger boys and formed their own community of street children.

A group of teenagers on Baxter Street, consisting of mainly newsboys, formed the Baxter Street Dudes with fellow neighborhood members, experiencing a similar struggle during a dark economic period.

Baxter Street
In the 1800s, the Baxter Street Dudes operated and expanded into two districts within the Five Points, including Baxter Street and Mosco Street. A well-known detention complex, The Tombs, was situated in the Five Points neighborhood, and held many high-profile criminals.

Despite the active gangs in the late 1870s that enabled Baxter Street to earn a dangerous reputation, The Baxter Street Dudes were a nonviolent group of individuals. The Baxter Street Dudes experienced minor quarrels at the Grand Duke's Theatre between rival street organizations known for mugging, murdering, and tormenting citizens and other street thugs. Throughout performances by the Baxter Street Dudes at Grand Duke's Theatre, members of fellow gangs were known to disrupt actors by causing physical altercations, which eventually led to the foreclosure of the theater by the New York City Police Department. In addition to audience members impacting theater functionality, the Baxter Street Dudes refused to pay amusement taxes to the city.

The gang has been portrayed in a number of historical novels including Dreamland (2003) by Kevin Baker, The Five Points Concluded (2003) by Rocco Dormarunno, Sweet America: An Immigrants Story (2004) by Steven Knoll and Heyday: A Novel (2007) by Kurt Andersen.

The Grand Duke's Theatre

The Baxter Street Dudes started the Grand Duke's Theatre in 1872 under a bar at 21 Baxter Street in Manhattan.  They performed to audiences of up to 300 people, selling tickets at 5¢ a person to 25¢ for private booths.  These prices eventually rose to 20¢ a seat and $5 a booth because of their increased popularity.  Demand for theater grew in New York City and the Baxter Street Dudes began making a $70 a week which was usually donated to charity.

When the Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia visited New York, the boys named their establishment the Grand Duke's Theatre after him.  Members of the gang would steal their props and costumes, spending very little on their production.  Despite the poor quality of their stage equipment, they consistently had popular performances for several years.  Their fame as a performing group led them to travel outside of New York and performed in other cities at theaters, churches, and schools.

New York began charging $500 for theater licensing in 1872, claiming slum theaters were negatively influencing the younger generations.  The theater was challenged in court for not paying the fee in 1874 but its owners were able to win and stay in business.

References

Former gangs in New York City
Five Points, Manhattan
19th century in New York City


WPJF (1260 AM) is Christian Talk in Spanish radio station licensed to Greenville, South Carolina, United States, it serves the Upstate South Carolina area. The outlet is licensed by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to broadcast at 1260 kHz with 5,000 watts of power daytime and 15 watts at night. It first began broadcasting in 1948. The station is currently owned by Iglesia Vida y Esperanza de Greenville, South Carolina.

History
1260 AM signed on under the ownership of Bob Jones University in May 1948 and signed on officially on September 15, 1949 as a venue for sacred and classical music, dramatic readings, and gospel preaching. The call letters stand for "World's Most Unusual University," a now-abandoned promotional slogan of BJU. Bob Jones, Sr. intended for the station to operate independently, accepting advertising rather than being supported by the university, but he did not expect the station to make a profit.

The AM station eventually increased its power from 1,000 to 5,000 watts in the early 1960s.  Bob Jones University eventually shifted the majority of its sacred and classical music to WMUU-FM, using the AM station for preaching and some religious music.

This practice continued until the university sold the station to Comunidad Cristiana International in early 2008.  It then became a Spanish Religious station under the name "Radio Luz."  The station went silent in early 2011 due to financial troubles.

On October 1, 2012, the station's license was assigned to Iglesia Nueva Vida of High Point for a purchase price of $200,000. On May 17, 2018, the station was sold to Iglesia Vida y Esperanza de Greenville, South Carolina for $480,000.

References
 Barbara Rumminger, "WMUU: Greenville's Unique Radio"

External links

Greenville, South Carolina
Radio stations established in 1948
PJF


The Lindens may refer to:
 The Lindens (Washington, D.C.), listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP)
 The Lindens (Bryantown, Maryland), listed on the NRHP

See also
 Linden Labs, the creators of the virtual world Second Life
 Linden (disambiguation)


The Platteville Limestone is the Ordovician limestone formation in the sedimentary sequence characteristic of the upper Midwestern United States.  It is characterized by its gray color, rough texture, and numerous fossils.  Its type locality is Platteville, Wisconsin.  It was heavily used in the early decades of the building of Minneapolis–Saint Paul and Faribault, Minnesota.

In Illinois, the formation is elevated to group status and referred to as the Platteville Group.

Formation

Like almost all limestones, the Platteville variety is a marine creation. Platteville Limestone formed between 488 and 436 million years ago, when what became southeastern Minnesota and southwestern Wisconsin lay beneath an ancient sea. This sea was heavily populated by shellfish and other invertebrates. As they died, their shells and other hard parts, made of calcium carbonate, fell to the ocean floor. Over the centuries, the weight of these deposits crushed the shell fragments and compressed them into stone.

It overlies the thin Glenwood Shale, which overlies the thick St. Peter Sandstone. It is shot through with dolomitic mottles in an anastomose pattern; this dolotimization occurred after deposition but prior to the development of joints in the rock.

About 100 million years later, geologic forces raised southeastern Minnesota above the ocean surface. In the area that became Twin Cities metropolitan region, the limestone was covered by thin deposits of shale and soil. Glaciers covered this region from 75,000 to about 12,000 years ago. When they finally melted, between 14,000 and 12,000 years ago, the released water carved the channels of the Mississippi, Minnesota, and smaller rivers through the layers of limestone, exposing some of it.

This difficult-to-erode unit forms the cap of Saint Anthony Falls, Minnehaha Falls, and the Mississippi River bluffs in most of the Twin Cities area.  Sea life was abundant during the Ordovician Period and a large number of marine fossils including corals, bryozoans, brachiopods, clams, snails, cephalopods, and trilobites can be found in the limestone sediments at several areas along the Mississippi River in the Twin Cities.

Use

When the United States Army began work on Fort Snelling in 1820, Platteville Limestone was abundant and nearby. The fort site lay atop a great deposit of the material. It is an easy stone to quarry, as it breaks readily. Soldiers built almost the entire original fort, from foundations to the round tower, out of Platteville stone. It remains the largest complex of Platteville structures ever made.

Like Fort Snelling, downtown Saint Paul was built atop a Platteville shelf. Once the city moved beyond its early stage of flimsy and flammable wooden buildings, the local limestone came into heavy use. The first quarry went into operation in 1856. The Original Coney Island (1858), the Alexander Ramsey House (1868), and Church of the Assumption (1874) were all built partly or entirely from the local stone. Several fine examples of Platteville limestone's use in private houses can be found in Saint Paul's Summit Hill district, including the Burbank–Livingston–Griggs House (1862).

The Platteville stone was quarried and used also in Minneapolis, though less of it survived there into the 21st century. Quarrying began in 1864 and builders used it for the original Customs House and City Hall (both 1873) and the original Central High School (1878). The most conspicuous survivor is the ruin of the Pillsbury A-Mill, built in 1881; its walls all Platteville stone quarried on site.

Outside of the Twin Cities, Carleton College's first permanent building, Willis Hall (1872), was built of Platteville stone quarried at Dundas, Minnesota. In Faribault, the Cathedral of Our Merciful Saviour and Bethlehem Academy and the most of the main buildings of Shattuck-Saint Mary's were also made of Platteville. (The stone in this area tends to be a paler gray, often stained with light brown patches.)

As a building stone, Platteville's chief attraction was its availability; in Saint Paul and Minneapolis it was often simply quarried on site. But it had limits. Coarse and crumbly, it could not be carved or polished to a smooth finish, and its gray color had limited appeal. With the spread of railroads in the 1870s, other, finer materials became available and affordable, including the red Lake Superior Sandstone and the buff-colored Kasota limestone that were more attractive and easier to work with. Builders rarely used Platteville for major projects after the 1880s.

References

Limestone formations of the United States
Ordovician geology of Wisconsin
Ordovician Illinois
Ordovician Minnesota
Ordovician System of North America
Ordovician southern paleotropical deposits
Ordovician United States


St. Catharine, also known as Dr. Samuel A. Mudd House, is a historic house near Waldorf, Maryland. It is a two-part frame farmhouse with a two-story, three-bay side-passage main house with a smaller two-story, two-bay wing. It features a one-story hip-roofed porch across the facade added in 1928. It was at this house where Samuel A. Mudd treated the injured John Wilkes Booth, who was fleeing justice a day after assassinating President Abraham Lincoln on April 14, 1865, following the defeat of the Confederacy in the American Civil War.

"St. Catharine" has been in the Mudd family since the 1690s.  In 1974, St. Catharine was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.  Currently, it is operated as a historic house museum.

References

External links

museum website
 including photo from 1990, at Maryland Historical Trust

Houses in Charles County, Maryland
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Maryland
Historic house museums in Maryland
Houses completed in 1865
Museums in Charles County, Maryland
Waldorf, Maryland
National Register of Historic Places in Charles County, Maryland
1865 establishments in Maryland


Walter Stuart Diehl (3 December 1893 – 21 November 1976) was an American naval officer and aeronautical engineer.

Early life
Diehl was born in Jonesborough, Tennessee, on 3 December 1893,  as the oldest child of Wiliam P. and Lydia Showalter Diehl.  He lived in Jonesborough until he served in the United States Navy during World War I, in which the United States participated from 6 April 1917 to 11 November 1918.

Personal life
Diehl married Zulime Summers (1895–1974) in 1923 in Washington, D.C. They had two children, Zulime Whitney Diehl, born 19 April 1925, and Walter Colburn Diehl, born 22 February 1930. Zulime Whitney Diehl died in 1956.

Career
Diehl was a pioneer of aerodynamics and aircraft design. Serving in the U.S. Navys Bureau of Aeronautics, he directed the Navy's work in aerodynamics and hydrodynamics from 1918 until 1951. He was responsible for the funding, programs, and facilities of the Aerodynamics Laboratory. The author of the authoritative Engineering Aerodynamics, he actively participated in and strongly influenced continuing advances in aerodynamics and hydrodynamics.

Diehl initiated action that led to establishment of the David W. Taylor Model Basin at Carderock, Maryland, the Aircraft Research Station at Chincoteague, Virginia, and the U.S. Navys test flight unit at Naval Air Station Anacostia in Washington, D.C., which later developed into the Naval Air Test Center at Naval Air Station Patuxent River, Maryland.

Retirement and death

Diehl retired from the Navy in 1951 as a captain. He died in Washington, D.C., on 21 November 1976, and is buried at Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia.

Commemoration
A U.S. Navy fleet replenishment oiler, , was named for Diehl. She was christened in his honor in New Orleans, Louisiana, on 10 October 1987 and entered non-commissioned service as a United States Naval Ship with the Military Sealift Command on 13 September 1988. She remains in active service.

References

External links
Walter Stuart Diehl
NavSource Online: Service Ship Photo Archive: USNS Walter S. Diehl (T-AO-193)
Photos of Diehl's burial place and headstone at Find-A-Grave

1893 births
1976 deaths
United States Navy officers
American aerospace engineers
People from Jonesborough, Tennessee
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
20th-century American engineers


Trimerorhachidae is a family of dvinosaurian temnospondyls, including Trimerorhachis and Neldasaurus.

They are vertebrates and carnivores.

Gallery

References

Dvinosaurs
Amphibian families
Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope


Ruxandra Popa (born 1987 in Ploiești) is a Romanian model and beauty queen. She was named Miss Romania-Earth 2008. She was crowned by Alina Gheorge, Miss Romania Earth 2007.

Miss Earth 2008
By winning Miss Romania-Earth, Popa earned the right to represent Romania at Miss Earth 2008. Ruxandra eventually became one of the favorites to win the Miss Earth 2008 crown.

In the final competition of the eighth edition of the international beauty pageant Miss Earth, Popa was announced as one of sixteen semi-finalists who moved forward to compete for the title. She ended as one of the top 16 semifinalists of Miss Earth. The Miss Earth pageant was held on November 9, 2008 at the Clark Expo Amphitheater in Angeles, Pampanga, Philippines. Eighty-five delegates arrived from October 19, 2008 in the Philippines. The pageant was broadcast live via ABS-CBN in the Philippines and to many countries worldwide via Star World, The Filipino Channel and other partner networks.

References

1987 births
Living people
People from Ploiești
Romanian female models
Miss Earth 2008 contestants
Romanian beauty pageant winners