In physics, the  radiative efficiency limit (also known as the detailed balance limit, Shockley–Queisser limit, Shockley Queisser Efficiency Limit or SQ Limit) is the maximum theoretical efficiency of a solar cell using a single p-n junction to collect power from the cell where the only loss mechanism is radiative recombination in the solar cell. It was first calculated by William Shockley and Hans-Joachim Queisser at Shockley Semiconductor in 1961, giving a maximum efficiency of 30% at 1.1 eV.  The limit is one of the most fundamental to solar energy production with photovoltaic cells, and is considered to be one of the most important contributions in the field.

This first calculation used the 6000K black-body spectrum as an approximation to the solar spectrum. Subsequent calculations have used measured global solar spectra, AM 1.5, and included a back surface mirror which increases the maximum solar conversion efficiency to 33.16% for a single-junction solar cell with a bandgap of 1.34 eV. That is, of all the power contained in sunlight (about 1000 W/m2) falling on an ideal solar cell, only 33.7% of that could ever be turned into electricity (337 W/m2). The most popular solar cell material, silicon, has a less favorable band gap of 1.1 eV, resulting in a maximum efficiency of about 32%. Modern commercial mono-crystalline solar cells produce about 24% conversion efficiency, the losses due largely to practical concerns like reflection off the front of the cell and light blockage from the thin wires on the cell surface.

The Shockley–Queisser limit only applies to conventional solar cells with a single p-n junction; solar cells with multiple layers can (and do) outperform this limit, and so can solar thermal and certain other solar energy systems. In the extreme limit, for a multi-junction solar cell with an infinite number of layers, the corresponding limit is 68.7% for normal sunlight, or 86.8% using concentrated sunlight (see solar cell efficiency).

Background

In a traditional solid-state semiconductor such as silicon, a solar cell is made from two doped crystals, one an n-type semiconductor, which has extra free electrons, and the other a p-type semiconductor, which is lacking free electrons, referred to as "holes." When initially placed in contact with each other, some of the electrons in the n-type portion will flow into the p-type to "fill in" the missing electrons. Eventually enough will flow across the boundary to equalize the Fermi levels of the two materials. The result is a region at the interface, the p-n junction, where charge carriers are depleted on each side of the interface. In silicon, this transfer of electrons produces a potential barrier of about 0.6 V to 0.7 V.

When the material is placed in the sun, photons from the sunlight can be absorbed in the p-type side of the semiconductor, causing electrons in the valence band to be promoted in energy to the conduction band. This process is known as photoexcitation. As the name implies, electrons in the conduction band are free to move about the semiconductor. When a load is placed across the cell as a whole, these electrons will flow from the p-type side into the n-type side, lose energy while moving through the external circuit, and then go back into the p-type material where they can re-combine with the valence-band holes they left behind. In this way, sunlight creates an electric current.

The limit
The Shockley–Queisser limit is calculated by examining the amount of electrical energy that is extracted per photon of incoming sunlight. There are several considerations:

Blackbody radiation
Any material, that is not at absolute zero (0 Kelvin), emits electromagnetic radiation through the black-body radiation effect. In a cell at room temperature, this represents approximately 7% of all the energy falling on the cell.

Any energy lost in a cell is turned into heat, so any inefficiency in the cell increases the cell temperature when it is placed in sunlight. As the temperature of the cell increases, the outgoing radiation and heat loss through conduction and convection also increase, until an equilibrium is reached. In practice, this equilibrium is normally reached at temperatures as high as 360 Kelvin, and consequently, cells normally operate at lower efficiencies than their room-temperature rating. Module datasheets normally list this temperature dependency as  (NOCT - Nominal Operating Cell Temperature).

For a "blackbody" at normal temperatures, a very small part of this radiation (the number per unit time and per unit area given by , "c" for "cell") is photons having energy greater than the band gap (wavelength less than about 1.1 microns for silicon), and part of these photons (Shockley and Queisser use the factor tc) are generated by recombination of electrons and holes, which decreases the amount of current that could be generated otherwise. This is a very small effect, but Shockley and Queisser assume that the total rate of recombination (see below) when the voltage across the cell is zero (short circuit or no light) is proportional to the blackbody radiation . This rate of recombination plays a negative role in the efficiency. Shockley and Queisser calculate  to be 1700 photons per second per square centimetre for silicon at 300K.

Recombination

Absorption of a photon creates an electron-hole pair, which could potentially contribute to the current. However, the reverse process must also be possible, according to the principle of detailed balance: an electron and a hole can meet and recombine, emitting a photon. This process reduces the efficiency of the cell. Other recombination processes may also exist (see "Other considerations" below), but this one is absolutely required.

In the Shockley–Queisser model, the recombination rate depends on the voltage across the cell but is the same whether or not there is light falling on the cell. A factor fc gives the ratio of recombination that produces radiation to total recombination, so the rate of recombination per unit area when V = 0 is 2tcQc/fc and thus depends on Qc, the flux of blackbody photons above the band-gap energy. The factor of 2 was included on the assumption that radiation emitted by the cell goes in both directions. (This is actually debatable if a reflective surface is used on the shady side.) When the voltage is non-zero, the concentrations of charge carriers (electrons and holes) change (see Shockley diode equation), and according to the authors the rate of recombination changes by a factor of exp(V/Vc), where Vc is the voltage equivalent of the temperature of the cell, or "thermal voltage", namely

(q being the charge of an electron). Thus the rate of recombination, in this model, is proportional to exp(V/Vc) times the blackbody radiation above the band-gap energy:

(This is actually an approximation, correct so long as the cell is thick enough to act as a black body, to the more accurate expression

The difference in maximum theoretical efficiency however is negligibly small, except for tiny bandgaps below 200meV.)

The rate of generation of electron-hole pairs not due to incoming sunlight stays the same, so recombination minus spontaneous generation is

where

(Shockley and Queisser take fc to be a constant, although they admit that it may itself depend on voltage.)

The rate of generation of electron-hole pairs due to sunlight is

where  is the number of photons above the band-gap energy falling on the cell per unit area, and ts is the fraction of these that generate an electron-hole pair. This rate of generation is called Ish because it is the "short circuit" current (per unit area). When there is a load, then V will not be zero and we have a current equal to the rate of generation of pairs due to the sunlight minus the difference between recombination and spontaneous generation:

The open-circuit voltage is therefore given (assuming fc does not depend on voltage) by

The product of the short-circuit current Ish and the open-circuit voltage Voc Shockley and Queisser call the "nominal power". It is not actually possible to get this amount of power out of the cell, but we can get close (see "Impedance matching" below).

The ratio of the open-circuit voltage to the band-gap voltage Shockley and Queisser call V. Under open-circuit conditions, we have

Asymptotically, this gives

or

where  is the voltage equivalent of the temperature of the sun. As the ratio  goes to zero, the open-circuit voltage goes to the band-gap voltage, and as it goes to one, the open-circuit voltage goes to zero. This is why the efficiency falls if the cell heats up. In fact this expression represents the thermodynamic upper limit of the amount of work that can be obtained from a heat source at the temperature of the sun and a heat sink at the temperature of the cell.

Spectrum losses
Since the act of moving an electron from the valence band to the conduction band requires energy, only photons with more than that amount of energy will produce an electron-hole pair. In silicon the conduction band is about 1.1 eV away from the valence band, this corresponds to infrared light with a wavelength of about 1.1 microns. In other words, photons of red, yellow and blue light and some near-infrared will contribute to power production, whereas radio waves, microwaves, and most infrared photons will not. This places an immediate limit on the amount of energy that can be extracted from the sun. Of the 1,000 W/m2 in AM1.5 sunlight, about 19% of that has less than 1.1 eV of energy, and will not produce power in a silicon cell.

Another important contributor to losses is that any energy above and beyond the bandgap energy is lost. While blue light has roughly twice the energy of red light, that energy is not captured by devices with a single p-n junction. The electron is ejected with higher energy when struck by a blue photon, but it loses this extra energy as it travels toward the p-n junction (the energy is converted into heat). This accounts for about 33% of the incident sunlight, meaning that, for silicon, from spectrum losses alone there is a theoretical conversion efficiency limit of about 48%, ignoring all other factors.

There is a trade-off in the selection of a bandgap. If the band gap is large, not as many photons create pairs, whereas if the band gap is small, the electron-hole pairs do not contain as much energy.

Shockley and Queisser call the efficiency factor associated with spectrum losses , for "ultimate efficiency function". Shockley and Queisser calculated that the best band gap for sunlight happens to be 1.1 eV, the value for silicon, and gives a  of 44%. They used blackbody radiation of 6000K for sunlight, and found that the optimum band gap would then have an energy of 2.2 kTs. (At that value, 22% of the blackbody radiation energy would be below the band gap.) Using a more accurate spectrum may give a slightly different optimum. A blackbody at 6000 K puts out 7348 W per square centimetre, so a value for  of 44% and a value of  photons per joule (corresponding to a band gap of 1.09 V, the value used by Shockley and Queisser) gives  equal to  photons per second per square centimetre.

Impedance matching
If the resistance of the load is too high, the current will be very low, while if the load resistance is too low, the voltage drop across it will be very low. There is an optimal load resistance that will draw the most power from the solar cell at a given illumination level. Shockley and Queisser call the ratio of power extracted to  the impedance matching factor, . (It is also called the fill factor.) The optimum depends on the shape of the  versus  curve. For very low illumination, the curve is more or less a diagonal line, and  will be 1/4. But for high illumination,  approaches 1. Shockley and Queisser give a graph showing  as a function of the ratio  of the open-circuit voltage to the thermal voltage . According to the authors, this ratio is well approximated by , where  is the combination of factors , in which  is the solid angle of the sun divided by π. The maximum value of  without light concentration (with reflectors for example) is just , or , according to the authors. Using the above-mentioned values of  and , this gives a ratio of open-circuit voltage to thermal voltage of 32.4 ( equal to 77% of the band gap). The authors derive the equation

which can be solved to find , the ratio of optimal voltage to thermal voltage. For a  of 32.4, we find  equal to 29.0. One can then use the formula

to find the impedance matching factor. For a  of 32.4, this comes to 86.5%.

All together
Considering the spectrum losses alone, a solar cell has a peak theoretical efficiency of 48% (or 44% according to Shockley and Queisser – their "ultimate efficiency factor"). Thus the spectrum losses represent the vast majority of lost power. Including the effects of recombination and the I versus V curve, the efficiency is described by the following equation:

with

where , , and  are respectively the ultimate efficiency factor, the ratio of open-circuit voltage Vop to band-gap voltage Vg, and the impedance matching factor (all discussed above), and Vc is the thermal voltage, and Vs is the voltage equivalent of the temperature of the Sun. Letting  be 1, and using the values mentioned above of 44%, 77%, and 86.5% for the three factors gives about 29% overall efficiency. Shockley and Queisser say 30% in their abstract, but do not give a detailed calculation. A more recent reference gives, for a single-junction cell, a theoretical peak performance of about 33.7%, or about 337 W/m2 in AM1.5.

When the amount of sunlight is increased using reflectors or lenses, the factor  (and therefore ) will be higher. This raises both  and . Shockley and Queisser include a graph showing the overall efficiency as a function of band gap for various values of . For a value of 1, the graph shows a maximum efficiency of just over 40%, getting close to the ultimate efficiency (by their calculation) of 44%.

Other considerations
Shockley and Queisser's work considered the most basic physics only; there are a number of other factors that further reduce the theoretical power.

Limited mobility
When an electron is ejected through photoexcitation, the atom it was formerly bound to is left with a net positive charge. Under normal conditions, the atom will pull off an electron from a surrounding atom in order to neutralize itself. That atom will then attempt to remove an electron from another atom, and so forth, producing an ionization chain reaction that moves through the cell. Since these can be viewed as the motion of a positive charge, it is useful to refer to them as "holes", a sort of virtual positive electron.

Like electrons, holes move around the material, and will be attracted towards a source of electrons. Normally these are provided through an electrode on the back surface of the cell. Meanwhile, the conduction-band electrons are moving forward towards the electrodes on the front surface. For a variety of reasons, holes in silicon move much more slowly than electrons. This means that during the finite time while the electron is moving forward towards the p-n junction, it may meet a slowly moving hole left behind by a previous photoexcitation. When this occurs, the electron recombines at that atom, and the energy is lost (normally through the emission of a photon of that energy, but there are a variety of possible processes).

Recombination places an upper limit on the rate of production; past a certain rate there are so many holes in motion that new electrons will never make it to the p-n junction. In silicon this reduces the theoretical performance under normal operating conditions by another 10% over and above the thermal losses noted above. Materials with higher electron (or hole) mobility can improve on silicon's performance; gallium arsenide (GaAs) cells gain about 5% in real-world examples due to this effect alone. In brighter light, when it is concentrated by mirrors or lenses for example, this effect is magnified. Normal silicon cells quickly saturate, while GaAs continue to improve at concentrations as high as 1500 times.

Non-radiative recombination

Recombination between electrons and holes is detrimental in a solar cell, so designers try to minimize it. However, radiative recombination—when an electron and hole recombine to create a photon that exits the cell into the air—is inevitable, because it is the time-reversed process of light absorption. Therefore, the Shockley–Queisser calculation takes radiative recombination into account; but it assumes (optimistically) that there is no other source of recombination. More realistic limits, which are lower than the Shockley–Queisser limit, can be calculated by taking into account other causes of recombination. These include recombination at defects and grain boundaries.

In crystalline silicon, even if there are no crystalline defects, there is still Auger recombination, which occurs much more often than radiative recombination. By taking this into account, the theoretical efficiency of crystalline silicon solar cells was calculated to be 29.4%.

Frequency-dependent absorption
The frequency dependence of the absorption and effectively the reflectance of materials can be taken into account when calculating the solar cell efficiency. According to Shockley-Quiesser limit, solar cell efficiency of semiconductors depend on the band gap of the material. Here, it is assumed that optical absorption starts above the band gap of the material. However, due to finite temperature, optical excitations are possible below the optical gap. We can clearly see this from the tail of the imaginary dielectric function below the optical gap depending on temperature. Since imaginary dielectric functions is, even though low, non-zero below the optical gap, there is absorption of light below the optical gap. For thick enough materials this can cause significant absorption. In the Shockley-Quiesser limit, 100% light absorption is assumed above the band gap of the material in order to find highest possible efficiency of a solar cell in case reflectance is reduced to zero for example by using an anti-reflecting coating. However, the problem with this assumption is that absorbance below the band gap of the material at finite temperatures is neglected which can effect the efficiency. With the inclusion of the absorption below the band gap, the lower limit of the short-circuit current integral is changed from band gap to zero and therefore the equation is defined as;

where Jsc is the short-circuit current, A is the thickness dependent absorbance of the material, Jph is the AM1.5 solar energy flux, and ω is the frequency of light.

Exceeding the limit

It is important to note that the analysis of Shockley and Queisser was based on the following assumptions:
 One electron–hole pair excited per incoming photon
 Thermal relaxation of the electron–hole pair energy in excess of the band gap
 Illumination with non-concentrated sunlight

None of these assumptions is necessarily true, and a number of different approaches have been used to significantly surpass the basic limit.

Multijunction cells

The most widely explored path to higher efficiency solar cells has been multijunction photovoltaic cells, also known as "tandem cells". These cells use multiple p-n junctions, each one tuned to a particular frequency of the spectrum. This reduces the problem discussed above, that a material with a single given bandgap cannot absorb sunlight below the bandgap, and cannot take full advantage of sunlight far above the bandgap. In the most common design, a high-bandgap solar cell sits on top, absorbing high-energy, shorter-wavelength light, and transmitting the rest. Beneath it is a lower-bandgap solar cell which absorbs some of the lower-energy, longer-wavelength light. There may be yet another cell beneath that one, with as many as four layers in total.

The calculation of the fundamental efficiency limits of these multijunction cells works in a fashion similar to those for single-junction cells, with the caveat that some of the light will be converted to other frequencies and re-emitted within the structure. Using methods similar to the original Shockley–Queisser analysis with these considerations in mind produces similar results; a two-layer cell can reach 42% efficiency, three-layer cells 49%, and a theoretical infinity-layer cell 86% in non-concentrated sunlight.

The majority of tandem cells that have been produced to date use three layers, tuned to blue (on top), yellow (middle) and red (bottom). These cells require the use of semiconductors that can be tuned to specific frequencies, which has led to most of them being made of gallium arsenide (GaAs) compounds, often germanium for red, GaAs for yellow, and GaInP2 for blue. They are very expensive to produce, using techniques similar to microprocessor construction but with "chip" sizes on the scale of several centimeters. In cases where outright performance is the only consideration, these cells have become common; they are widely used in satellite applications for instance, where the power-to-weight ratio overwhelms practically every other consideration. They also can be used in concentrated photovoltaic applications (see below), where a relatively small solar cell can serve a large area.

Tandem cells are not restricted to high-performance applications; they are also used to make moderate-efficiency photovoltaics out of cheap but low-efficiency materials. One example is amorphous silicon solar cells, where triple-junction tandem cells are commercially available from Uni-Solar and other companies.

Light concentration

Sunlight can be concentrated with lenses or mirrors to much higher intensity. The sunlight intensity is a parameter in the Shockley–Queisser calculation, and with more concentration, the theoretical efficiency limit increases somewhat. If, however, the intense light heats up the cell, which often occurs in practice, the theoretical efficiency limit may go down all things considered.

In practice, the choice of whether or not to use light concentration is based primarily on other factors besides the small change in solar cell efficiency. These factors include the relative cost per area of solar cells versus focusing optics like lenses or mirrors, the cost of sunlight-tracking systems, the proportion of light successfully focused onto the solar cell, and so on.

A wide variety of optical systems can be used to concentrate sunlight, including ordinary lenses and curved mirrors, fresnel lenses, arrays of small flat mirrors, and luminescent solar concentrators. Another proposal suggests spreading out an array of microscopic solar cells on a surface, and focusing light onto them via microlens arrays, while yet another proposal suggests designing a semiconductor nanowire array in such a way that light is concentrated in the nanowires.

Intermediate band photovoltaics

There has been some work on producing mid-energy states within single crystal structures. These cells would combine some of the advantages of the multi-junction cell with the simplicity of existing silicon designs. A detailed limit calculation for these cells with infinite bands suggests a maximum efficiency of 77.2% To date, no commercial cell using this technique has been produced.

Photon upconversion

As discussed above, photons with energy below the bandgap are wasted in ordinary single-junction solar cells. One way to reduce this waste is to use photon upconversion, i.e. incorporating into the module a molecule or material that can absorb two or more below-bandgap photons and then emit one above-bandgap photon. Another possibility is to use two-photon absorption, but this can only work at extremely high light concentration.

Thermal photon upconversion
Thermal upconversion is based on the absorption of photons with low energies in the upconverter, which heats up and re-emits photons with higher energies. The upconversion efficiency can be improved by controlling the optical density of states of the absorber and also by tuning the angularly-selective emission characteristics. For example, a planar thermal upconverting platform can have a front surface that absorbs low-energy photons incident within a narrow angular range, and a back surface that efficiently emits only high-energy photons. A hybrid thermophotovoltaic platform exploiting thermal upconversion was theoretically predicted to demonstrate maximum conversion efficiency of 73% under illumination by non-concentrated sunlight. A detailed analysis of non-ideal hybrid platforms that allows for up to 15% of absorption/re-emission losses yielded limiting efficiency value of 45% for Si PV cells.

Hot electron capture
One of the main loss mechanisms is due to the loss of excess carrier energy above the bandgap. It should be no surprise that there has been a considerable amount of research into ways to capture the energy of the carriers before they can lose it in the crystal structure. One system under investigation for this is quantum dots.

Multiple exciton generation

A related concept is to use semiconductors that generate more than one excited electron per absorbed photon, instead of a single electron at the band edge. Quantum dots have been extensively investigated for this effect, and they have been shown to work for solar-relevant wavelengths in prototype solar cells.

Another, more straightforward way to utilise multiple exciton generation is a process called singlet fission (or singlet exciton fission) by which a singlet exciton is converted into two triplet excitons of lower energy. This allows for higher theoretical efficiencies when coupled to a low bandgap semiconductor and quantum efficiencies exceeding 100% have been reported.

Also in materials where the (excited) electrons interact strongly with the remaining electrons such as Mott insulators multiple excitons can be generated.

Fluorescent downconversion/downshifting
Another possibility for increased efficiency is to convert the frequency of light down towards the bandgap energy with a fluorescent material. In particular, to exceed the Shockley–Queisser limit, it is necessary for the fluorescent material to convert a single high-energy photon into several lower-energy ones (quantum efficiency > 1). For example, one photon with more than double the bandgap energy can become two photons above the bandgap energy. In practice, however, this conversion process tends to be relatively inefficient. If a very efficient system were found, such a material could be painted on the front surface of an otherwise standard cell, boosting its efficiency for little cost. In contrast, considerable progress has been made in the exploration of fluorescent downshifting, which converts high-energy light (e. g., UV light) to low-energy light (e. g., red light) with a quantum efficiency smaller than 1. The cell may be more sensitive to these lower-energy photons. Dyes, rare-earth phosphors and quantum dots are actively investigated for fluorescent downshifting. For example, silicon quantum dots enabled downshifting has led to the efficiency enhancement of the state-of-the-art silicon solar cells.

Thermophotovoltaic downconversion

Thermophotovoltaic cells are similar to phosphorescent systems, but use a plate to act as the downconvertor. Solar energy falling on the plate, typically black-painted metal, is re-emitted as lower-energy IR, which can then be captured in an IR cell. This relies on a practical IR cell being available, but the theoretical conversion efficiency can be calculated. For a converter with a bandgap of 0.92 eV, efficiency is limited to 54% with a single-junction cell, and 85% for concentrated light shining on ideal components with no optical losses and only radiative recombination.

See also
 Thermodynamic efficiency limit

References

External links
 Reproduction of the Shockley–Queisser calculation (PDF), using the Mathematica software program. This code was used to calculate all the graphs in this article.
Luque, Antonio, and Antonio Martí. "Chapter 4: Theoretical Limits of Photovoltaic Conversion and New-generation Solar Cells." Ed. Antonio Luque and Steven Hegedus. Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering. Second ed. N.p.: John Wiley & Sons, 2011. 130–68. Print.

Energy conversion
Semiconductor devices
Photovoltaics
Infrared solar cells


The Kiribati Red Cross Society was founded in 1965. It has its headquarters in Bairiki, Kiribati.

References

External links
Kiribati Red Cross Society Profile

Red Cross and Red Crescent national societies
1965 establishments in the Gilbert and Ellice Islands
Organizations established in 1965
Medical and health organisations based in Kiribati


George Ambler Wilson, CBE, MICE (1906–1977) was a British civil engineer.

Wilson was born in Wellington, Shropshire in 1906. He was the chief engineer of the Port of London Authority from 1953 to 1967.  In 1958 he was elected a member of the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers. He also served as president of the Institution of Civil Engineers from November 1971 to November 1972. He died in 1977 and the National Portrait Gallery in London holds two images of him.

Wilson was honoured in the Queens 1967 birthday honours and appointed a CBE in the Civil Division.

Family
Wilson has 4 daughter from two marriages.

In 1970, Georges daughter Gail Wilson married her LSE colleague, Meghnad Desai, They had three children together.

References

Bibliography

British civil engineers
Presidents of the Institution of Civil Engineers
1906 births
1977 deaths
People from Wellington, Shropshire


Eluanbi Lighthouse is a lighthouse located on Cape Eluanbi, the southernmost point of the main island of Taiwan, which separates Taiwan's South Bay from Banana Bay and the Taiwan Strait and the South China Sea from the Philippine Sea. It is near Eluan Village in the township of Hengchun in Pingtung County, Taiwan. The lighthouse is open to the public all year around.

Names
The lighthouse is named after nearby Cape Eluanbi, the southernmost point on Formosa or Taiwan Island. The name also appears as Eluan and ; as Oluenpi and  from its Wade-Giles romanization; and as Garanbi or Garambi from its Japanese pronunciation.

Eluanbi Lighthouse is also known as "The Light of East Asia" because its light is the most intense of those on Taiwan.

History

Qing Empire
Shipwrecks were common around Cape Eluanbi in the early modern era owing to the nearby Qixingyan reefs and strong currents. The hostile native reactions to these accidents rose to the level of international incidents in the case of the Rover and a Ryukyu convoy, which prompted invasions from the United States and Japan in 1867 and 1874. In the latter case, the Qing Dynasty explicitly disavowed responsibility for native-held areas on Taiwan Island, creating a power vacuum that threatened Japanese or European colonization of the region. Following the advice of Charles Le Gendre, the American consul at Xiamen (then known as "Amoy"), the Viceroy of Liangjiang, Shen Baozhen, began constructing coastal defenses to improve the situation.

Construction of the Eluanbi Lighthouse fell under the purview of the British diplomat Robert Hart, inspector general of the Imperial Maritime Customs Service. He sent agents to purchase the southern cape from the leaders of the    Guīzǎijiǎo) in 1875.

Construction began in 1881. Although Shen largely favored French officers like Prosper Giquel, Hart placed construction of the Eluanbi works under the English engineer John Reginald Harding and architect W. F. Spindey. Wang Fulu   Wáng Fúlù) oversaw the project and the 500 soldiers sent to protect it. Native opposition from the Paiwan and other local indigenous tribes was severe and sustained. The structure was the only armed lighthouse on the island, surrounded by a  fosse provided with caponiers and barbed-wire fencing. It was riddled with gunports to allow its garrison to repel assaults. Work was finished in early 1883 and the tower began operation on 1April. The total cost was 71,248 Mexican dollars, more than 200,000 silver taels. £5,881 were used for the tower and fort; £3,223 for the light and its housing. A great deal of the rest was used for dynamiting the coral around a nearby creek and constructing a  concrete jetty for landing personnel and supplies; the jetty had proved necessary because of the difficult landing at Eluanbi's beaches owing to their heavy swells.

George Taylor assisted with construction after its first year and served as its first lightkeeper until 1889. He maintained close relations with the Paiwan and even became proficient in their language, but was also protected by 16 Chinese soldiers under a German officer. Their arsenal included two 18-pounder cannons, two Gatling guns, and a Cohon mortar; and they maintained food and water provisions capable of lasting a three-month siege. The station also kept a team of laborers and kitchen staff on site.

The first tower was  high and cast iron. It was  in diameter at the base and  at the top. The lantern included revolving steel shutters to protect the glass from attack, and its gallery included gunports for rifles and one of the fort's Gatling guns. The foreign staff had spacious brick bungalows whose rooms were connected by bulletproof corridors to the  fort; they stayed in quarters inside the tower during assaults. The Chinese staff lived in the fort at all times and maintained its kitchen, armory, storerooms, and underground cisterns.

The garrison was later reduced to eight men.

Imperial Japan
During the First Sino-Japanese War, the lighthouse was severely damaged by attack and then from sabotage by its retreating Qing garrison. After the Treaty of Shimonoseki gave Japan control of the island, colonial officials first repaired the lighthouse in 1898 and then installed a stronger light in 1910.

During World War II, the lighthouse was again seriously damaged by American bombing.

Republic of China
The lighthouse was rebuilt by the Republic of China in 1947. It was refurbished with a powerful Fresnel lens in 1962. The surrounding Eluanbi Park opened to the public on 25 December 1982 and the lighthouse itself welcomed regular visitors ten years later.

On the memorial to Eluanbi Lighthouse as one of the 8 Views of Taiwan, the Chinese "Eluanbi" is sculpted into the surface in Wang Xizhi's calligraphic style.

Transportation
The lighthouse is accessible from Provincial Highway 26.

Gallery

See also

 List of lighthouses in Taiwan

References

Citations

Bibliography

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 .
 .
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 .

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External links

 Eluanbi Lighthouse-Directorate General of Customs(Taiwan)

1883 establishments in China
Lighthouses completed in 1883
Lighthouses in Pingtung County


UK Financial Investments (UKFI) was a limited company set up in November 2008 and mandated by the British government to manage HM Treasury's shareholdings in the Royal Bank of Scotland Group (RBS) and in UK Asset Resolution, which held the residual assets of NRAM plc and Bradford & Bingley. UKFI formerly managed the British government's shares in Lloyds Banking Group, until the government confirmed that all its shares had been sold on 17 May 2017. It also previously owned Northern Rock, until that company was taken over by Virgin Money on 1 January 2012. UKFI ceased trading on 31 March 2018, and its business and assets were transferred to UK Government Investments, a limited company wholly owned by HM Treasury.

History
In November 2008, UK Financial Investments was established as part of the UK's response to the financial crisis.

In 2015 UKFI and the Shareholder Executive became subsidiaries of UK Government Investments and in April 2016 both were merged.

RBS
On 3 November 2009, the government injected further capital into RBS in particular, which resulted in HM Treasury's shareholdings in that company rising from 70% to 83%. Since then, the proportion of those shareholdings have fallen slightly to 80%, as of end-March 2014, because of new issues of shares to other shareholders during the past few years. The government's stake had further decreased to 78.3% by August 2015. That month, UKFI disposed of 5.4% of their shareholding in RBS. As of April 2020 the shareholding is 62%.

Lloyds
HM Treasury's shareholdings in Lloyds dropped from 43% to 41% in February 2010 after it issued 3.14 billion new shares, and dropped again in 2013 from 39% to 33% after it sold £3.2 billion worth of shares. A trading plan of incremental sales during 2015 reduced the stake to below 10% by the end of October. Sales resumed in November 2016, as the holding was reduced to 7.99%. By mid-March 2017, the holding was 2.95% and by late April it was just 0.89%.

See also
 2008 United Kingdom bank rescue package
 2008 Liechtenstein tax affair

References

External links

 WhatDoTheyKnow.com: UK Financial Investments Ltd: Freedom of Information requests

Government-owned companies of the United Kingdom
HM Treasury
Financial services companies of the United Kingdom
Northern Rock
British companies established in 2008
2008 establishments in the United Kingdom
Investment in the United Kingdom
Financial services companies established in 2008


This page gathers the results of provincial elections in Veneto since 1995.

The direct election of the Presidents of Province was introduced in 1993 and carried out for the first time in 1995.

Direct elections, of both Presidents and Councils, were suspended in 2012 and replaced by indirect elections in 2014. Under the new system, only mayors and municipal councillors vote for the President and the Council, often forming bipartisan or trans-party alliances.

Contextually, the Province of Venice is under the process of transformation into "Metropolitan City of Venice" and its leadership was thus not renewed in 2014.

Direct elections (1995–2012)

1995 provincial elections

|-
!align=left rowspan=2 valign=center bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|
!colspan="3" align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|Pole of Freedoms
!colspan="3" align="center" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|Alliance of Progressives
!colspan="3" align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|Lega Nord
!colspan="1" align="center" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|Others
|-
|align="left" bgcolor="lightblue"|candidate
|align="center" bgcolor="lightblue"|1st round
|align="center" bgcolor="lightblue"|2nd round
|align="left" bgcolor="pink"|candidate
|align="center" bgcolor="pink"|1st round
|align="center" bgcolor="pink"|2nd round
|align="left" bgcolor="lightgreen"|candidate
|align="center" bgcolor="lightgreen"|1st round
|align="center" bgcolor="lightgreen"|2nd round
|align="center" bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|1st round
|-
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9" |Belluno
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue" |Angelo Baraldo(Forza Italia)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue" |28.7%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|30.0%
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|Oscar De Bona(Lega Autonomia Veneta)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|39.1%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|70.0%
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|Leonardo Colle(Liga Veneta–Lega Nord)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|26.5%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|-
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|5.7%
|-
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|Padua
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|Pierluigi Ancilotto(Forza Italia)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|37.7%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|43.5%
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|Ennio Ronchitelli(Labour Federation)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|18.7%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|with Sacco
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|Renzo Sacco(Liga Veneta–Lega Nord)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|29.7%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|56.5%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|13.9%
|-
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|Rovigo
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|Vittorio Cogo(Forza Italia)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|33.2%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|41.3%
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|Alberto Brigo(Italian People's Party)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|36.4%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|58.7%
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|Cosimo Oliva(Liga Veneta–Lega Nord)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|11.6%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|-
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|18.8%
|-
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9" |Treviso
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue" |Fausto Favaro(Forza Italia)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue" |31.1%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|34.8%
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|Tiziano Gava(Democratic Party of the Left)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|13.4%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|-
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|Giovanni Mazzonetto(Liga Veneta–Lega Nord)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|43.5%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|65.2%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|12.0%
|-
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|Venice
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|Paolo Dalla Vecchia(Forza Italia)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|36.1%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|38.2%
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|Luigino Busatto(Democratic Party of the Left)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|42.9%
|align="center" valign=top  bgcolor="pink"|61.8
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|Alberto Mazzonetto(Liga Veneta–Lega Nord)
|align="center" valign=top  bgcolor="lightgreen"|10.2%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|-
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|10.8%
|-
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|Verona
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|Aventino Frau(Forza Italia)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|44.3%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|46.0%
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|Silvia Mostarda(Democratic Party of the Left)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|13.4%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|-
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|Antonio Borghesi(Liga Veneta–Lega Nord)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|35.4%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|54.0%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|6.9%
|-
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9" |Vicenza
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue" |Giuseppe Castaman(Forza Italia)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue" |34.0%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|38.6%
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|Giuseppe Doppio(Italian People's Party)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|31.4%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|61.4%
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|Manuela Dal Lago(Liga Veneta–Lega Nord)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|29.0%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|-
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|5.6%
|}
Source: Regional Council of Veneto

1997 provincial elections

|-
!align=left rowspan=2 valign=center bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|
!colspan="3" align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|Pole for Freedoms
!colspan="3" align="center" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|The Olive Tree
!colspan="3" align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|Lega Nord
!colspan="1" align="center" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|Others
|-
|align="left" bgcolor="lightblue"|candidate
|align="center" bgcolor="lightblue"|1st round
|align="center" bgcolor="lightblue"|2nd round
|align="left" bgcolor="pink"|candidate
|align="center" bgcolor="pink"|1st round
|align="center" bgcolor="pink"|2nd round
|align="left" bgcolor="lightgreen"|candidate
|align="center" bgcolor="lightgreen"|1st round
|align="center" bgcolor="lightgreen"|2nd round
|align="center" bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|1st round
|-
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9" |Vicenza
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue" |Giuseppe Castaman(Forza Italia)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue" |22.0%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|-
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|Giuseppe Doppio(Italian People's Party)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|25.0%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|37.7%
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|Manuela Dal Lago(Liga Veneta–Lega Nord)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|41.4%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|62.3%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|11.6%
|}
Source: Istituto Cattaneo

1998 provincial elections

|-
!align=left rowspan=2 valign=center bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|
!colspan="3" align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|Pole for Freedoms
!colspan="3" align="center" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|The Olive Tree
!colspan="3" align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|Lega Nord
!colspan="1" align="center" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|Others
|-
|align="left" bgcolor="lightblue"|candidate
|align="center" bgcolor="lightblue"|1st round
|align="center" bgcolor="lightblue"|2nd round
|align="left" bgcolor="pink"|candidate
|align="center" bgcolor="pink"|1st round
|align="center" bgcolor="pink"|2nd round
|align="left" bgcolor="lightgreen"|candidate
|align="center" bgcolor="lightgreen"|1st round
|align="center" bgcolor="lightgreen"|2nd round
|align="center" bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|1st round
|-
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9" |Treviso
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue" |Francesco Benazzi(Forza Italia)Carla Puppinato(United Christian Democrats)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue" |24.1%7.2%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|40.0%
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|Ivano Sartor(Italian People's Party)Gianni Maddalon(North-East Movement)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|16.8%8.7%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|-
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|Luca Zaia(Liga Veneta–Lega Nord)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|41.4%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|60.0%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|1.8%
|}
Source: Istituto Cattaneo

1999 provincial elections

|-
!align=left rowspan=2 valign=center bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|
!colspan="3" align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|Pole for Freedoms
!colspan="3" align="center" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|The Olive Tree
!colspan="3" align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|Lega Nord
!colspan="1" align="center" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|Others
|-
|align="left" bgcolor="lightblue"|candidate
|align="center" bgcolor="lightblue"|1st round
|align="center" bgcolor="lightblue"|2nd round
|align="left" bgcolor="pink"|candidate
|align="center" bgcolor="pink"|1st round
|align="center" bgcolor="pink"|2nd round
|align="left" bgcolor="lightgreen"|candidate
|align="center" bgcolor="lightgreen"|1st round
|align="center" bgcolor="lightgreen"|2nd round
|align="center" bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|1st round
|-
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9" |Belluno
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue" |Angelo Costola(Forza Italia)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue" |23.5%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|34.5%
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|Oscar De Bona(Dolomitic Agreement)Livio Viel(Democrats of the Left)Giuseppe Fascina(The Democrats)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|38.4%14.3%7.3%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|65.5%
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|Andrea Dall'O(Liga Veneta–Lega Nord)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|11.2%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|-
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|5.3%
|-
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|Padua
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|Vittorio Casarin(Forza Italia)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|43.1%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|55.4%
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|Antonino Ziglio(Italian People's Party)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|39.7%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|44.6%
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|Flavio Minzolini(Liga Veneta–Lega Nord)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|7.3%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|-
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|6.1%
|-
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|Rovigo
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|Alberto Brigo(United Christian Democrats)Andrea Previati(National Alliance)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|26.9%11.5%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|41.7%
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|Federico Saccardin(Democrat of the Left)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|48.4%
|align="center" valign=top  bgcolor="pink"|58.3%
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|Andrea Astolfi(Liga Veneta–Lega Nord)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|5.3%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|-
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|7.9%
|-
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|Venice
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|Luciano Falcier(Forza Italia)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|35.8%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|43.7%
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|Luigino Busatto(Democrats of the Left)Maria Luisa Semi(The Democrats)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|39.6%8.2%
|align="center" valign=top  bgcolor="pink"|56.3%
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|Alberto Mazzonetto(Liga Veneta–Lega Nord)
|align="center" valign=top  bgcolor="lightgreen"|7.8%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|-
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|8.6%
|-
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|Verona
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|Aleardo Merlin(Forza Italia)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|41.5%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|53.0%
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|Franco Bonfante(Democrats of the Left)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|29.8%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|47.0%
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|Stefano Zaninelli(Liga Veneta–Lega Nord)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|15.0%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|-
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|8.2%
|}
Source: Istituto Cattaneo

2002 provincial elections

|-
!align=left rowspan=2 valign=center bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|
!colspan="3" align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|House of Freedoms
!colspan="3" align="center" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|The Olive Tree
!colspan="3" align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|Lega Nord
!colspan="1" align="center" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|Others
|-
|align="left" bgcolor="lightblue"|candidate
|align="center" bgcolor="lightblue"|1st round
|align="center" bgcolor="lightblue"|2nd round
|align="left" bgcolor="pink"|candidate
|align="center" bgcolor="pink"|1st round
|align="center" bgcolor="pink"|2nd round
|align="left" bgcolor="lightgreen"|candidate
|align="center" bgcolor="lightgreen"|1st round
|align="center" bgcolor="lightgreen"|2nd round
|align="center" bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|1st round
|-
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9" |Treviso
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue" |Francesco Giacomin(Forza Italia)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue" |25.1%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|-
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|Diego Bottacin(Democracy is Freedom)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|25.4%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|31.1%
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|Luca Zaia(Liga Veneta–Lega Nord)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|43.3%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|68.9%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|6.2%
|-
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9" |Vicenza
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue" |Manuela Dal Lago(Liga Veneta–Lega Nord)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue" |57.0%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|-
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|Giuseppe Berlato Sella(Democracy is Freedom)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|35.2%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|-
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|7.8%
|}
Source: La Repubblica

2004 provincial elections

|-
!align=left rowspan=2 valign=center bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|
!colspan="3" align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|House of Freedoms
!colspan="3" align="center" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|The Olive Tree
!colspan="3" align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|Lega Nord
!colspan="1" align="center" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|Others
|-
|align="left" bgcolor="lightblue"|candidate
|align="center" bgcolor="lightblue"|1st round
|align="center" bgcolor="lightblue"|2nd round
|align="left" bgcolor="pink"|candidate
|align="center" bgcolor="pink"|1st round
|align="center" bgcolor="pink"|2nd round
|align="left" bgcolor="lightgreen"|candidate
|align="center" bgcolor="lightgreen"|1st round
|align="center" bgcolor="lightgreen"|2nd round
|align="center" bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|1st round
|-
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9" |Belluno
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue" |Floriano Pra(Forza Italia)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue" |40.2%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|43.8%
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|Sergio Reolon(Democracy is Freedom)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|39.2%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|56.2%
|align="left" bgcolor="lightgreen"|Gianvittore Vaccari(Liga Veneta–Lega Nord)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|9.7%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|with Pra
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|11.1%
|-
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|Padua
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|Vittorio Casarin(Forza Italia)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|44.2%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|51.0%
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|Franco Frigo(Democracy is Freedom)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|41.8%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|49.0%
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|Maurizio Conte(Liga Veneta–Lega Nord)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|8.8%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|with Casarin
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|5.2%
|-
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|Rovigo
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|Renzo Marangon(Forza Italia)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|37.2%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|-
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|Federico Saccardin(Democracy is Freedom)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|50.6%
|align="center" valign=top  bgcolor="pink"|-
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|Franco Secchieri(Liga Veneta–Lega Nord)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|5.9%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|-
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|6.3%
|-
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|Venice
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|Carlo Alberto Tesserin(Forza Italia)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|32.3%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|-
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|Davide Zoggia(Democrats of the Left)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|50.5%
|align="center" valign=top  bgcolor="pink"|-
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|Giovanni Anci(Liga Veneta–Lega Nord)
|align="center" valign=top  bgcolor="lightgreen"|8.2%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|-
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|9.0%
|-
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|Verona
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|Elio Mosele(Forza Italia)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|39.2%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|52.5%
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|Gustavo Franchetto(Democracy is Freedom)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|37.9%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|47.5%
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|Flavio Tosi(Liga Veneta–Lega Nord)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|13.2%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightgreen"|with Mosele
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|9.7%
|}
Source: Istituto Cattaneo

2006 provincial elections

|-
!align=left rowspan=2 valign=center bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|
!colspan="3" align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|House of Freedoms (incl. Lega Nord)
!colspan="3" align="center" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|The Union
!colspan="3" align="center" valign=top bgcolor="#FBEC5D"|North-East Project
!colspan="1" align="center" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|Others
|-
|align="left" bgcolor="lightblue"|candidate
|align="center" bgcolor="lightblue"|1st round
|align="center" bgcolor="lightblue"|2nd round
|align="left" bgcolor="pink"|candidate
|align="center" bgcolor="pink"|1st round
|align="center" bgcolor="pink"|2nd round
|align="left" bgcolor="#FBEC5D"|candidate
|align="center" bgcolor="#FBEC5D"|1st round
|align="center" bgcolor="#FBEC5D"|2nd round
|align="center" bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|1st round
|-
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9" |Treviso
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue" |Leonardo Muraro(Liga Veneta–Lega Nord)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue" |57.3%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|-
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|Lorenzo Biagi(Democracy is Freedom)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|30.2%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|-
|align="left" bgcolor="#FBEC5D"|Giorgio Panto(North-East Project)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="#FBEC5D"|10.3%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="#FBEC5D"|-
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|2.2%
|}
Source: Istituto Cattaneo

2007 provincial elections

|-
!align=left rowspan=2 valign=center bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|
!colspan="3" align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|House of Freedoms (incl. Lega Nord)
!colspan="3" align="center" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|The Union
!colspan="3" align="center" valign=top bgcolor="#CCCCFF"|VPPE, DC, LVR, etc.
!colspan="1" align="center" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|Others
|-
|align="left" bgcolor="lightblue"|candidate
|align="center" bgcolor="lightblue"|1st round
|align="center" bgcolor="lightblue"|2nd round
|align="left" bgcolor="pink"|candidate
|align="center" bgcolor="pink"|1st round
|align="center" bgcolor="pink"|2nd round
|align="left" bgcolor="#CCCCFF"|candidate
|align="center" bgcolor="#CCCCFF"|1st round
|align="center" bgcolor="#CCCCFF"|2nd round
|align="center" bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|1st round
|-
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|Vicenza
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue" |Attilio Schneck(Liga Veneta–Lega Nord)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue" |60.0%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|-
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|Pietro Collareda(Democracy is Freedom)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|17.2%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|-
|align="left" bgcolor="#CCCCFF"|Giorgio Carollo(Veneto for the EPP)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="#CCCCFF"|9.9%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="#CCCCFF"|-
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|13.0%
|}
Source: La Repubblica

2009 provincial elections

|-
!align=left rowspan=2 valign=center bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|
!colspan="3" align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|The People of Freedom & Lega Nord
!colspan="3" align="center" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|Democratic Party and allies
!colspan="3" align="center" valign=top bgcolor="#CCCCFF"|Union of the Centre
!colspan="1" align="center" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|Others
|-
|align="left" bgcolor="lightblue"|candidate
|align="center" bgcolor="lightblue"|1st round
|align="center" bgcolor="lightblue"|2nd round
|align="left" bgcolor="pink"|candidate
|align="center" bgcolor="pink"|1st round
|align="center" bgcolor="pink"|2nd round
|align="left" bgcolor="#CCCCFF"|candidate
|align="center" bgcolor="#CCCCFF"|1st round
|align="center" bgcolor="#CCCCFF"|2nd round
|align="center" bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|1st round
|-
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9" |Belluno
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|Gianpaolo Bottacin(Liga Veneta–Lega Nord)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|47.1%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|51.1%
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|Sergio Reolon(Democratic Party)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|41.2%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|48.9%
|align="left" bgcolor="#CCCCFF"|Luigi De Cesero(Union of the Centre)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="#CCCCFF"|8.0%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="#CCCCFF"|-
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|3.7%
|-
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9" |Padua
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|Barbara Degani(The People of Freedom)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|53.9%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|-
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|Antonio Albuzio(Italy of Values)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|30.6%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|-
|align="left" bgcolor="#CCCCFF"|Antonio De Poli(Union of the Centre)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="#CCCCFF"|11.3%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="#CCCCFF"|-
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|4.2%
|-
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9" |Rovigo
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|Antonello Contiero(Liga Veneta–Lega Nord)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|48.7%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|47.7%
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|Tiziana Virgili(Democratic Party)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|36.7%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|52.3%
|align="left" bgcolor="#CCCCFF"|Michele Raisi(Union of the Centre)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="#CCCCFF"|6.2%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="#CCCCFF"|-
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|8.3%
|-
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9" |Venice
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|Francesca Zaccariotto(Liga Veneta–Lega Nord)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|48.4%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|51.9%
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|Davide Zoggia(Democratic Party)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|41.9%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|48.1%
|align="left" bgcolor="#CCCCFF"|Ugo Bergamo(Union of the Centre)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="#CCCCFF"|5.6%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="#CCCCFF"|-
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|4.1%
|-
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9" |Verona
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|Giovanni Miozzi(The People of Freedom)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|59.1%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|-
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|Diego Zardini(Democratic Party)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|23.3%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|-
|align="left" bgcolor="#CCCCFF"|Mario Rossi(Union of the Centre)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="#CCCCFF"|8.4%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="#CCCCFF"|-
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|9.2%
|}
Source: La Repubblica

2011 provincial elections

|-
!align=left rowspan=2 valign=center bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|
!colspan="3" align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|The People of Freedom & Lega Nord
!colspan="3" align="center" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|Democratic Party and allies
!colspan="3" align="center" valign=top bgcolor="#CCCCFF"|Union of the Centre & North-East Union
!colspan="1" align="center" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|Others
|-
|align="left" bgcolor="lightblue"|candidate
|align="center" bgcolor="lightblue"|1st round
|align="center" bgcolor="lightblue"|2nd round
|align="left" bgcolor="pink"|candidate
|align="center" bgcolor="pink"|1st round
|align="center" bgcolor="pink"|2nd round
|align="left" bgcolor="#CCCCFF"|candidate
|align="center" bgcolor="#CCCCFF"|1st round
|align="center" bgcolor="#CCCCFF"|2nd round
|align="center" bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|1st round
|-
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9" |Treviso
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue" |Leonardo Muraro(Liga Veneta–Lega Nord)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue" |57.5%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="lightblue"|-
|align="left" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|Floriana Casellato(Democratic Party)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|32.9%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="pink"|-
|align="left" bgcolor="#CCCCFF"|Marco Zabotti(Union of the Centre)
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="#CCCCFF"|6.8%
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="#CCCCFF"|-
|align="center" valign=top bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|2.8%
|}
Source: Ministry of the Interior

Indirect elections (2014–present)

2014 provincial elections

Elections in Veneto
Veneto


Clubul Sportiv Building Vânju Mare, commonly known as Building Vânju Mare, or simply as Building, was a Romanian football club based in Vânju Mare, Mehedinți County, founded in 2002 and dissolved in 2009.

The club was established in 2002 by the merger between Real Vânju Mare and Constructorul Drobeta-Turnu Severin. Building played its home matches at first on Municipal Stadium in Drobeta-Turnu Severin, then moving on Victoria Stadium in Vânju Mare and Dunărea Stadium in Orșova. At its best, Building played in the second tier, Liga II, but with no notable results.

History
CS Building Vânju Mare was established in the summer of 2002, as a result of the merger between the newly-promoted in the third tier, AS Real Vânju Mare and the 4th tier member, Constructorul Drobeta-Turnu Severin, owned by Mihaela Giuca. The new team obtained the promotion to Divizia B after only one year since its establishment.

In the seven seasons of existence, "the Builders" activated in the third tier (Liga III) during the 2002–03 (2nd place), 2005–06 (1st place), 2007–08 (7th place) and 2008–09 (5th place) seasons, and in the Liga II during the 2003–04 (12th place), 2004–05 (14th place) and 2006–07 (15th place) editions.

Mihaela Giuca's team played its home matches on the Municipal Stadium in Drobeta-Turnu Severin in the first two seasons of Divizia B. After the first relegation, in 2005, Building returned on the Victoria Stadium in Vânju Mare, with a capacity of 1,000 seats. After another three years, Building moved to Orșova, following a conflict with the Commune of Vânju Mare, which allowed Minerul Mehedinți to play its home matches on the same ground.

Building withdrew from Liga III in the summer of 2009 and subsequently was dissolved.

Honours

Leagues
Liga III:
Winners (1): 2005–06
Runners-up (1): 2002–03

References

External links
 CS Building Vânju Mare at soccerway.com

Association football clubs established in 2002
Association football clubs disestablished in 2009
Defunct football clubs in Romania
Football clubs in Mehedinți County
Liga II clubs
Liga III clubs
2002 establishments in Romania
2009 disestablishments in Romania


Methley Junction railway station was one of three stations that served the village of Methley, West Yorkshire, England. It opened on 1 October 1849 and closed on 4 October 1943.

The station was built by the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway on its line from Knottingley which joined the line of the North Midland Railway (currently used by the Hallam Line) north of the junction of the Woodlesford–Castleford (Midland) and the Woodlesford–Normanton (North Eastern Railway) tracks. South of the station, the Methley Joint Railway to Lofthouse branched off from the Lancashire and Yorkshire line. The site of the former station is now part of a housing estate.

See also
Methley railway station
Methley South railway station

References

External links
 Methley Junction station (shown closed) on navigable 1947 O. S. map

Disused railway stations in Leeds
Former Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1849
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1943
1849 establishments in England
Rothwell, West Yorkshire


James Henry Blake (October 7, 1808 – August 1, 1874) was the City Marshal of Boston from 1840 to 1845. He was a son of Edward Blake and Sarah (Parkman) Blake and nephew of George Parkman. The Parkmans and Blakes were two prominent families of the Boston Brahmins who were well respected merchants.

Early life and career
Blake established himself as a merchant and real estate broker and also served in the Massachusetts Artillery as Major of Independents Cadets beginning in 1830.  In 1831, while conducting business aboard the ship Mentos, two pirates boarded the boat where Blake witnessed their arrest.  He testified against the pirates in the first of his many court appearances.

On May 12, 1835, he married Marianne Wildes of Boston and ran his brokerage on State Street. He was appointed City Marshal of Boston on May 1, 1840, at an annual salary of $1,000.00. Most of Blake's term as Marshal was  involved overseeing July 4 celebrations on the Common, taking a census of buildings, banning illegal hay scales along the wharf, and clearing the streets of snow.  He also passed a leash law forbidding large dogs to roam the streets. The most violence he saw was snowball fights, against which he swiftly levied hefty fines.  For his diligence, he received a salary increase of $100 in 1844.

Blake was replaced as Marshal by Ira Gibbons in 1845,  whereafter he returned to the business of real estate. He opened an office on State Street and later, as his business grew, moved to Congress Street.  In 1847, Blake, along with police officer Samuel D. Fuller, helped recover articles stolen from Ebenezer Mann, another merchant.

In May 1849, the City of Boston and 17 citizens petitioned to have Blake return to fill the post and oust their City Marshal, Francis Tukey, but Tukey kept the position.

Disappearance of George Parkman
On November 23, 1849, after Blake's uncle, George Parkman disappeared after not returning from lunch, the Parkman family began a search with Blake and his brother Edward.  While Edward went to City Marshal Tukey to appeal for police help, James searched in Boston. Tukey sent police officers to drag the river and search the areas the doctor frequented.  On November 25, Blake was standing outside the Harvard Medical College, speaking to police officer Trenholm, when he was approached by one of the professors from the College, John White Webster who was eventually found to be responsible for Parkman’s Murder

After this encounter James met William V. Thompson, the City Clerk. Thompson told James that he had seen his uncle the afternoon of November 23, just after 2:00 p.m.  He also told him he had spoken to  Webster about Parkman and Webster told him that Parkman was angry and excited regarding Webster's failure to pay on the outstanding debt to him. On November 30, 1849, Parkman's remains were found by the College janitor in Webster's privy. Blake requested his own Medical Examiner, Charles T. Jackson, be present to examine the remains.

Blake recounted his meeting with Webster in the court trial. At the end of the twelve-day trial, Webster was found guilty.  Amid the furor of the verdict, Blake returned to his business.

Blake was involved in other court cases, either as a juror or a plaintiff.  Two of his appearances as plaintiff involved the burglary of his clothes.  James Henry Blake died on August 1, 1874, in a boating accident in the Boston Harbor.

Notes

References
Bemis, George. Report of the Case of John W. Webster. Boston: Little, Brown, 1850
Blake, Samuel. Blake Family Boston: E. Clapp & Sons, 1857
Boston Police Museum
Lane, Roger.  Policing in the City: Boston 1822-1885. Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press, 1967
Massachusetts State Archives, Vital Records
Roberts, Oliver Ayer. History of History of the Military Company of the Massachusetts, Vol. III Boston: Mudge & Son, 1898
Stone, James W. Report of the Trial of John W. Webster.  Boston:  Holden, 1850
Sullivan, Robert.  The Disappearance of Dr. Parkman.  Boston: Little, Brown, 1971.
Webster, John W. and The Boston Journal. The Trial of Prof. John W. Webster Indicted for the Murder of Dr. George Parkman.  Boston: Redding & Company, 1850
Webster, John W. and The New York Globe. Trial of Professor John W. Webster for the Murder of Doctor George Parkman.  New York: Stringer & Townsend, 1850.
Whitman, Zachariah. The History of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company. Boston: Eastburn, 1842.

People from Boston
1808 births
1874 deaths
Accidental deaths in Massachusetts
Boating accident deaths


Methley South railway station was one of three stations that served the village of Methley, West Yorkshire, England.

The station was built by the Methley Joint Railway, a line in which the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway, the GNR and the NER were shareholders.
The station, opened on 1 May 1869, known as Methley Joint station, renamed to Methley South and was closed on 7 March 1960.

See also
Methley railway station
Methley Junction railway station

References

External links

 Methley South station (shown open) on navigable 1947 O. S. map

Disused railway stations in Leeds
Former Methley Joint Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1869
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1960
1869 establishments in England
Rothwell, West Yorkshire


The Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 (No. 49 of 1988) is an Act of the Parliament of India enacted to combat corruption in government agencies and public sector businesses in India.

Provisions

The act consists of 5 chapters spread across 31 sections.

Chapter I: Preliminary

This chapter contains sections describing title, territorial extent, basic definitions, etc. Two of the main definitions are "public servant" and "undue advantage". Following are some sections:

Chapter II: Appointment of Special Judges

Section 3: Appointment of special Judges

Power To Appoint Special Judges:
The Central and the State Government is empowered to appoint Special Judges by placing a Notification in the Official Gazette, to try the following offences:
· Any offence punishable under this Act.
· Any conspiracy to commit or any attempt to commit or any abetment of any of the offences specified under the Act.
The qualification for the Special Judge is that he should be or should have been a Session Judge or an Additional Session Judge or Assistant Session Judge under the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973

Section 4: Cases triable by special Judges

The offences punishable under this act can be tried by special Judges only. When trying any case, the special Judge is empowered to try any offence other than an offence punishable under this act, with which the accused may be charged at the same trial. It is recommended that the special Judge should hold the trial daily.

Case Trial By Special Judges:
Every offence mentioned in Section 3(1)shall be tried by the Special Judge for the area within which it was committed. When trying any case, a Special Judge may also try any offence other than what is specified in S. 3, which the accused may be, under Cr.P.C. be charged at the same trial. The Special Judge has to hold the trial of an offence on day-to-day basis. However, while complying with foretasted, it is to be seen that the Cr.P.C. is not bifurcated.

Section 5: Procedure and powers of special Judge

The following are the powers of the Special Judge:
He may take cognizance of the offences without the accused being commissioned to him for trial. In trying the accused persons, shall follow the procedure prescribed by the Cr.P.C. for the trial of warrant cases by Magistrate. he may with a view to obtain the evidence of any person supposed to have been directly or indirectly concerned in or privy to an offence, tender pardon to such person provided that he would make full and true disclosure of the whole circumstances within his knowledge or in respect to any person related to the offence.

Except as for S. 2(1), the provisions of Cr.P.C. shall apply to the proceedings before a Special Judge. Hence, the court of the Special Judge shall be deemed to be a Court of Session and the person conducting a prosecution before a Special Judge shall be deemed to be a public prosecutor.
The provisions of secs. 326 and 475of the Cr.P.C. shall apply to the proceedings before a Special Judge and for purpose of the said provisions, a Special Judge shall be deemed to be a magistrate.

A Special Judge may pass a sentence authorized by law for the punishment of the offence of which a person is convicted.
A Special Judge, while trying any offence punishable under the Act, shall exercise all powers and functions exercised by a District Judge under the Criminal Law Amendment Ordinance, 1944.

Power to try summarily: Where a Special Judge tries any offence specified in Sec. 3(1), alleged to have been committed by a public servant in relation to the contravention of any special order referred to in Sec.12-A(1) of the Essential Commodities Act, 1955 or all orders referred to in sub-section (2)(a) of that section then the special judge shall try the offence in a summarily way and the provisions of s. 262 to 265 (both inclusive) of the said code shall as far as may be apply to such trial. Provided that in the case of any conviction in a summary trial under this section this shall be lawful for the Special Judge to pass a sentence of imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year. However, when at the commencement of or in the course of a summary trial it appears to the Special Judge that the nature of the case is such that a sentence of imprisonment for a term exceeding one year may have to be passed or it is undesirable to try the case summarily, the Special judge shall record all order to that effect and thereafter recall any witnesses who may have been examined and proceed to hear and re-hear the case in accordance with the procedure prescribed by the said code for the trial of warrant cases by Magistrates. Moreover, there shall be no appeal by a convicted person in any case tried summarily under this section in which the Special Judge passes a sentence of imprisonment not exceeding one month and of fine not exceeding Rs. 2000.

Chapter III: Offences and penalties
The following are the offences under the PCA along with their punishments:-
Obtaining an undue advantage, with the intention to perform or cause performance of public duty improperly or dishonestly, etc., and if the public servant is found guilty, he shall be punishable with imprisonment which shall be not less than 3 years but which may extend to 5 years and shall also be liable to fine.
 Taking gratification in order to influence public servant, by corrupt or illegal means, shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which shall be not less than three year but which may extend to seven years and shall also be liable to fine.
 Taking gratification, for exercise of personal influence with public servant shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which shall be not less than six months but which may extend to five years and shall also be liable to fine.
 Abetment by public servant of offences defined in Section 8 or 9, shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which shall be not les than six months but which may extend to five years and shall also be liable to fine.
 Public servant obtaining valuable thing without consideration from person concerned in proceeding or business transacted by such public servant, shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which shall be not less than six months but which may extend to five years and shall also be liable to fine.
 Punishment for abetment of offences defined in Section 7 or 11 shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which shall be not less than six months but which may extend to five years and shall also be liable to fine.
 Any public servant, who commits criminal misconduct shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which shall be not less than one year but which may extend to 7 years and shall also be liable to fine.
 Habitual committing of offence under Section 8, 9 and 12 shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which shall be not less than two years but which may extend to 7 years and shall also be liable to fine.
 Prevention to the Corruption Act considers non-performance of public duty as an offence. Thus, non-performance of duty by public servants for which they are morally, legally and constitutionally mandated to do, is a form of corruption.

Chapter IV: Investigation
Investigation shall be done by a police officer not below the rank of:
In case of Delhi  Special Police Establishment, of an Inspector of Police.
In metropolitan areas, of an Assistant Commissioner of Police.
Elsewhere, of a Deputy Superintendent of Police or an officer of equivalent rank shall investigate any offence punishable under this Act without the order of a Metropolitan Magistrate or a magistrate of first class, or make any arrest therefore without a warrant.

If a police officer not below the rank of an Inspector of Police is authorized by the State Government in this behalf by general or special order, he may investigate such offence without the order of a Metropolitan Magistrate or Magistrate of First class or make arrest therefor without a warrant.

Provided further that an offence referred to sec 13.1.e shall not be investigated without the order of a police officer not below the rank of a Superintendent of Police. Any such investigation without the order of a SP or above rank will be dismissed.

Amendment Act 2018
As the Prevention of Corruption Act saw limited success in preventing corruption in Government departments and prosecuting and punishing public servants involved in corrupt practices, an amendment was enacted (Amendment Act) and brought into force on 26 July 2018. The Amendment Act attempted to bring the Prevention of Corruption Act in line with United Nations Convention against Corruption 2005, which was ratified by India in 2011.

Highlights of the Amendment

(i) Definition of Undue Advantage
The terms “gratification other than legal remuneration” and “valuable thing” are being replaced by the term “undue advantage”. The bill, therefore, redefines the offense of accepting bribes as “obtains or accepts or attempts to obtain from any person an undue advantage, intending that in consequence a public duty would be performed improperly or dishonestly, either by himself or by another public servant is guilty of offense under section 7 and shall be imprisoned for a term of 3 to 7 years.

(ii) Offering of Bribes by Person/Commercial Organization
In addition to treating bribe-giving as an offense, section 9 specifically provides for an offense by a commercial organization if any person associated with the commercial organization gives or promises to give any undue advantage to a public servant to obtain or retain business or an advantage in conduct of business. Such a person/commercial organization shall be punishable with a fine, quantum of which is not prescribed in the act.

(iii) Redefining Criminal Misconduct
The offense of criminal misconduct specified in section 13 of the Prevention of Corruption Act, is being substituted by a new section restricting the criminal misconduct to dishonest or fraudulent misappropriation of any property entrusted to the public servant or if the public servant intentionally enriches himself illicitly during the period of his office.  Thus the scope of criminal misconduct has been narrowed in the amendment and the threshold to establish the offense has been increased.

(iv) Prior Sanction of Appropriate Government for Investigation and Prosecution
The amendment extends the protection of requirement of prior approval to investigation prior to prosecution. Under the new Section 17A, except when a public official is caught ‘redhanded', the police cannot begin a probe, without the approval of the relevant authority, of any public official. Earlier, this was limited to protecting joint secretaries and above. The amendment has created additional hurdles for investigation and prosecution. The amendment provides for the requirement to obtain prior sanction from appropriate Government to initiate a probe on serving as well as former public servants. While the intent was to prevent victimisation of honest officers, the amendment seemingly strengthens the shield available to officials accused of corruption.

(v) Forfeiture of Property
The new Section 18A also introduces a provision for special courts to confiscate and attach the property acquired through corrupt practices.

(vi) Time Frame for Trial
To ensure speedy justice, the Amendment Act now prescribes that the courts shall endeavor to complete the trial within 2 (two) years. This period can be extended by 6 (six) months at a time and up to a maximum of 4 (four) years in aggregate subject to proper reasons for the same being recorded.

(vii) Enhancement of Punishment
Punishment has been increased from a minimum imprisonment term of 6 (six) months to 3 (three) years, and from a maximum of 5 (five) years to 7 (seven) years, with or without fine.

Prominent cases

2G Spectrum Case

The telecom spectrum, which is allotted to private players through the spectrum auction, was allotted by the UPA government at throwaway prices to companies through corrupt and illegal means. On 21 December 2017, the special court in New Delhi after thorough examination of the case and hearing what the CBI had to say, acquitted all accused in the 2G spectrum case including prime accused A Raja and Kanimozhi. The court ruled that this case was baseless.

Ketan Desai
The CBI recently arrested the Medical Council of India's former president Ketan Desai and three others under this act, for allegedly accepting a bribe to permit Patiala-based Gyan Sagar Medical College to recruit a fresh batch of students without having an adequate infrastructure.

See also
 The Lokpal Bill, 2011
 Jan Lokpal Bill
 Indian political scandals
 Corruption Perceptions Index
 Corruption in Mumbai
 Rent seeking
 Lok Ayukta
 List of Acts of the Parliament of India

References

External links

Acts of the Parliament of India 1988
Rajiv Gandhi administration
Anti-corruption measures in India


Clubul Sportiv Medgidia, commonly known as CS Medgidia, or simply as Medgidia, is a Romanian sports club from Medgidia, Constanța County, Romania, founded in 1952.

Its professional football club currently play in the Liga III. Apart from football the club also competes in handball, volleyball, wrestling, boxing, arm wrestling, swimming, chess, and rugby.

History
CS Medgidia was founded in 1952 as Cimentul Medgidia (Medgidia Cement), name that was in close contact with the club's owner Medgidia Cement Factory. Over time the club was named also as Voința I.C.S. and Cimentul Voința being a team with constant appearances in the second and third tiers. The local rival of Cimentul was I.M.U. Medgidia, club named over time also as I.M.U. C.S. Școlar and Progresul C.S.Ș.

1999–2000 season of Divizia C was the last one for the club under the name of Cimentul, in the summer of 2000 the club was renamed as CSM Medgidia. In 2002 the club promoted back in Liga II, but after two seasons chose to sell its place to Liberty Salonta and continued to play in the Liga III until 2010, when the club withdrew from championship, then being dissolved.

In the summer of 2017, the team was re-founded as CS Medgidia and was enrolled in the Liga IV, promoting back in the Liga III after only one season.

Honours
Liga III
Winners (3): 1974–75, 1978–79, 2001–02

Liga IV – Constanța County
Winners (3): 1991–92, 2006–07, 2017–18
Runners-up (1): 2021–22

Club Officials

Board of directors

Current technical staff

League history

References

External links

CS Medgidia at AJF Constanţa

Association football clubs established in 1952
Football clubs in Constanța County
Liga II clubs
Liga III clubs
Liga IV clubs
1952 establishments in Romania


Iowa Highway 152 (Iowa 152) was a very short route which connected Interstate 35 (I-35) and U.S. Route 69 (US 69) near Osceola, Iowa.  Through Iowa, I-35 and US 69 are mostly parallel routes; Iowa 152 connected the two routes at the narrowest location between them.  The route was formed in 1980 from a portion of Clarke County Road R35 and did not undergo any changes in alignment while it was designated.  The highway was relinquished to Clarke County and the City of Osceola in 2014.

Route description
Iowa 152 began at a diamond interchange along I-35 northwest of Osceola.  CR R35 continued along the roadway to the north and west as Iowa 152 headed to the south-southeast.  It passed country homes and wooded acreages along a two-lane road.   east of I-35, the highway curved to the south as it passed between farms. Just  from its eastern end, it curved back to the east and crossed the city limits into Osceola.  Iowa 152 ended at an intersection with US 69, which runs along Main Street in Osceola.  The rural portion of the highway had an annual average daily traffic of 940 vehicles, while the portion within the city limits handled 1270 vehicles.

History
Iowa 152 was designated in 1980 from a segment of CR R35.  It was entirely paved upon designation and did not undergo any route changes.

In 2014, the Iowa DOT negotiated the transfer of Iowa 152 to Clarke County and the City of Osceola.  Pursuant to Section 306.8 of the Iowa Code, any time the a roadway is transferred from one jurisdiction to another, the highway either must be in good condition or the transferring agency must make a one-time payment to the accepting agencies for an amount which would pay for improvements to the road.  In the case of Iowa 152, the Iowa DOT paid Clarke County $2.5 million, which included the payment to the City of Osceola.

Major intersections

References

External links

End of IA 152

152


Samoa Red Cross Society was founded in 1952 as branch of the New Zealand Red Cross Society. It was later closed, then reactivated in 1981. It has its headquarters in Apia.

References

External links
Official Samoa Red Cross Society Web Site
Samoa Red Cross Society Profile

Red Cross and Red Crescent national societies
Organizations established in 1952
Medical and health organisations based in Samoa
1952 establishments in Samoa


David Goggins (born February 17, 1975) is an American retired United States Navy SEAL. He is also an ultramarathon runner, ultra-distance cyclist, triathlete, public speaker, and author of two memoirs, and was inducted into the International Sports Hall of Fame for his achievements in sport. Goggins was also awarded the VFW Americanism award in 2018, for his service in the United States Armed Forces. Goggins also published a New York Times best-seller book titled Can't Hurt Me: Master Your Mind and Defy the Odds.

Early life and education
Goggins was born on February 17, 1975, to Trunnis and Jackie Goggins. In 1981, he lived in Williamsville, New York, on a street called Paradise Road with his parents and brother, Trunnis Jr. While Goggins' neighborhood held "model citizens consisting of mainly white people", he describes his home experience as "hell on Earth". Goggins' father owned the roller skating rink Skateland, located in East Buffalo, New York. At age six, Goggins often worked the night shift at Skateland alongside his family, organizing roller skates.
Goggins’ mother left his father due to abuse, and eventually moved herself and her children to live with Goggins' grandparents in Brazil, Indiana.

Goggins enrolled in second grade at a small Catholic school and made First Communion. His brother Trunnis Jr. returned to Buffalo to live with their father. When Goggins enrolled in the third grade he was diagnosed with a learning disability due to the lack of schooling. He also found it difficult to learn as he was suffering from toxic stress because of the child abuse that he suffered during his early years in Buffalo, New York. Because of the stress, he developed a stutter. Goggins explains how he was constantly in a fight-or-flight response with social anxiety because of his stuttering. In school, Goggins was subjected to racism and the Ku Klux Klan held a local presence at the time in Brazil, Indiana. Goggins recalls he once found "Niger  we're gonna kill you" on his Spanish notebook. At 16, a student spray painted 'nigger' on the door of Goggins' car. He decided to join the United States Air Force.

Before his freshman year, Goggins attended a pararescue jump orientation course. Goggins' grandfather had served in the Air Force before him, and prompted him to attend.

Career
Goggins applied to join the United States Air Force Pararescue, and was accepted into training. During the training he was diagnosed with sickle cell trait and was removed from training temporarily. He instead participated in United States Air Force Tactical Air Control Party (TACP) training, and worked as a TACP from 1994 until 1999 alongside British counterparts Flt Sgt Jones, Flt Stg Nair and Pvt Noble, when he left the United States Air Force.

He later quit an exterminator job to become a Navy SEAL. He joined the reserves, eventually making the weight requirements to begin training as a SEAL after losing 106 lbs in three months. He graduated from BUD/S training with BUD/S class 235 in 2001. Following SEAL Qualification Training (SQT) and the completion of a probationary period, he received the NEC 5326 as a Combatant Swimmer (SEAL)and was assigned to SEAL Team 5. In his 20-year military career, Goggins served tours in Iraq and Afghanistan. In 2004, Goggins graduated from Army Ranger School, and received the "Enlisted Honor Man" award, receiving a 100% peer evaluation. Goggins was the 36th African-American Navy Seal in United States Navy Seal history.

Charity
After several of his military friends died in Afghanistan in a 2005 helicopter crash during Operation Red Wings, Goggins began long-distance running to raise money for the Special Operations Warrior Foundation, which gives college scholarships and grants to the children of fallen special operations soldiers. Competing in endurance challenges, including the Badwater Ultramarathon three times, Goggins raised more than  million for the Special Operations Warrior Foundation.

Marathon and ultramarathon running
In 2005, Goggins entered the San Diego One Day, a 24-hour ultramarathon in San Diego. He then completed the Las Vegas Marathon in a time to qualify for the Boston Marathon. In 2006, he entered the HURT 100 in Hawaii.  Goggins was invited to the 2006 Badwater-135, where he finished 5th overall.

In 2006, he competed in the Ultraman World Championships Triathlon in Hawaii, placing second in the three-day, 320-mile race. He also participated in the Furnace Creek-508 (2009), an ultra-distance invitational Cycling Race.

In 2007, Goggins placed third overall in the Badwater-135. He competed in the Badwater-135 in 2013 and finished 18th, after a break from the event since 2008.

In 2008, he was named a "Hero of Running" by Runner's World. In 2016, Goggins won the Infinitus 88k in 12 hours. In the same year, he won the Music City Ultra 50k, and Strolling Jim 40 Miler. In 2020, Goggins ran the Moab 240 ultramarathon, placing 2nd in the 241-mile event with a time of 63 hours and 21 minutes, approximately 95 minutes behind race winner Michele Graglia.

Entrepreneur Jesse Itzler, upon seeing Goggins perform at a 24-hour ultramarathon, hired Goggins to live with him in his house for a month. Itzler wrote about his experience on a blog and later published the story as a book

His self-help memoir, Can't Hurt Me: Master Your Mind and Defy the Odds, was released on December 4, 2018. In the book he refers to the 40% rule, his belief that most people, even with considerable effort, only tap into 40% of their capabilities. A follow-up sequel Never Finished: Unshackle Your Mind and Win the War Within was published December 4, 2022.

Awards and decorations

Bibliography

References

External links

 Goggins' International Trailrunning Association (ITRA) Race Results

Living people
1975 births
21st-century American military personnel
African-American United States Navy personnel
American male ultramarathon runners
American memoirists
Track and field athletes from Buffalo, New York
United States Air Force airmen
United States Army personnel of the Iraq War
United States Navy SEALs personnel
United States Navy sailors
African-American Catholics
Ultra-distance cyclists
American male triathletes
American public speakers