Paro Taktsang (, also known as the Taktsang Palphug Monastery and the Tiger's Nest), is a sacred Vajrayana Himalayan Buddhist site located in the cliffside of the upper Paro valley in Bhutan. It is one of thirteen Tiger's Nest caves in historical Tibet in which Padmasambhava practiced and taught Vajrayana.

A later monastery complex was built in 1692, around the Taktsang Senge Samdup cave, where Guru Padmasambhava meditated and practiced with students including Yeshe Tsogyal before departing the kingdom of Tibet in the early 9th century. Padmasambhava is credited with introducing Vajrayana Buddhism to Bhutan, which was then part of Tibet, and is the tutelary deity of the country. Today, Paro Taktsang is the best known of the thirteen taktsang or "tiger lair" caves in which he and his students meditated.

The shrine dedicated to Padmasambhava, also known as Gu-ru mTshan-brgyad Lhakhang or "the Shrine of the Guru with Eight Names", refers to Padmasambhava's Eight Manifestations and is an elegant structure built around the cave in 1692 by Gyalse Tenzin Rabgye. It has become the cultural icon of Bhutan. A popular festival, known as the Tsechu, held in honor of Padmasambhava, is celebrated in the Paro valley sometime during March or April.

History

Background and legends

According to the Namthar of the Lhakhang, it is believed that Padmasambhava (Guru Rinpoche) flew to this location from Singye Dzong on the back of a tigress. This place was consecrated to tame the Tiger demon.

An alternative legend holds that a former wife of an emperor willingly became a disciple of Guru Rinpoche (Padmasambahva) in Tibet. She transformed herself into a tigress and carried the Guru on her back from Tibet to the present location of the Taktsang in Bhutan. In one of the caves here, the Guru then performed meditation and emerged in eight incarnated forms (manifestations) and the place became holy. Subsequently, the place came to be known as the “Tiger's Nest”.

The popular legend of the Taktsang monastery is further embellished with the story of Tenzin Rabgye, who built the temple here in 1692. It has been mentioned by authors that the 8th century guru Padmasmabhava had reincarnated again in the form of Tenzin Rabgye. The corroborative proofs mooted are: that Tenzin Rabgye was seen (by his friends) concurrently inside and outside his cave; even a small quantity of food was adequate to feed all visitors; no one was injured during worship (in spite of the approach track to the monastery being dangerous and slippery); and the people of the Paro valley saw in the sky various animal forms and religious symbols including a shower of flowers that appeared and also vanished in the air without touching the earth.

Establishment as a meditation site

As noted before, the monastery was built around the Taktsang Senge Samdup (stag tshang seng ge bsam grub) cave, where custom holds that the Indian Guru Padmasambhava meditated in the 8th century. He flew to this place from Tibet on the back of Yeshe Tsogyal, whom he transformed into a flying tigress for the purpose and landed at the cliff, which he "anointed" as the place for building a monastery. He established Buddhism and the Nyingmapa school of Mahayana Buddhism in Bhutan, and has been considered the “protector saint of Bhutan”. Later, Padmasambhava visited Bumthang district to subdue a powerful deity offended by a local king. Padmasambhava's body imprint is stated to be imprinted on the wall of a cave near Kurje Lhakhang temple. In 853, Langchen Pelkyi Singye came to the cave to meditate and gave his name of Pelphug to the cave, "Pelkyi's cave". After he died later in Nepal, his body was said to have been miraculously returned to the monastery by the grace of the deity Dorje Legpa; it is now said to be sealed in a chorten in a room to the left at the top of the entrance stairway. The chorten was restored in 1982-83 and again in 2004.

From the 11th century, many Tibetan saints and eminent figures came to Taktsang to meditate, including Milarepa (1040–1123), Pha Dampa Sangye (died 1117), the Tibetan yogini Machig Labdrön (1055–1145) and Thangton Gyelpo (1385–1464). In the latter part of the 12th century, the Lapa School was established in Paro. Between 12th and 17th centuries, many Lamas who came from Tibet established their monasteries in Bhutan.
The first sanctuary to be built in the area dates to the 14th century when Sonam Gyeltshen, a Nyingmapa lama of the Kathogpa branch came from Tibet. The paintings he brought can still be faintly discerned on a rock above the principal building although there is no trace of the original one. The Taktsang Ugyen Tsemo complex, which was rebuilt after a fire in 1958 is said to date back to 1408. Taktsang remained under the authority of the Kathogpa lamas for centuries until the mid 17th century.

17th century to present: The modern monastery

In the 17th century the well-known Tertön Pema Lingpa of Bumthang, who founded many monasteries in various parts of Bhutan, was also instrumental in creating religious and secular dance forms from his conception of the 'Zandog Pelri' (the Copper Colored mountain), which was the abode of the Guru Padmasambahva (which is the same place as the Paro Taktsang or Tiger's nest). This dance is performed in Paro as the Tsche festival. But it was during the time of Ngawang Namgyal of the Drukpa subsect, who fled Tibet to escape persecution by the opposing sect of the Gelugpa order (which dominated Tibet under the Dalai Lamas), that an administrative mechanism was established in Bhutan.

In due time, he established himself in Bhutan as a 'model of rulership' and was known as the "Shabdrung" with full authority. He wanted to establish an edifice at the Taktsang Pel Phuk site. It was during a Tibetan invasion of Bhutan in 1644-46 that Shabdrung and his Tibetan Nyingmapa teacher gTer-ston Rig-’dzin sNying-po had invoked Padmasambhava and the protective deities at Taktsang to give them success over the invaders. He performed the bka’ brgyad dgongs ’dus rituals associated with the celebrations of Tshechu. Bhutan won the war against Tibet However, Shabdrung was not able to build a temple at Takstsang to celebrate the event, even though he very much wanted to do so.

The wish of Shabdrung to build a temple here, however, was fulfilled during the 4th Druk Desi Tenzin Rabgye (1638–96), the first, and only successor of Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyel (Zhabs-drung Ngag-dbang rNam-rgyal), "a distant cousin from a collateral line descending from the 15th century ‘crazy saint’ Drukpa Kunley". During his visit to the sacred cave of Taktsang Pel Phuk during the Tshechu season of 1692 he laid the foundation for building the temple dedicated to Guru Rinpoche called the ‘Temple of the Guru with Eight Names’ (’gu ru mtshan brgyad lha-khang). It was a decision taken by Tenzin Rabgye while standing at the cave overlooking the Paro valley. At this time, he was leading the Tshechu festival of religious dances. At that time the only temples reported to be in existence, at higher elevations, were the Zangdo Pelri (Zongs mdog dPalri) and Ugyen Tsemo (Urgyan rTse-mo).

Fire destruction
On April 19, 1998, a fire broke out in the main building of the monastery complex, which contained valuable paintings, artifacts and statues. The fire is believed to have been caused by electrical short-circuiting or flickering butter lamps lighting the hanging tapestries. A monk also died during the fire. The restoration works were undertaken at an estimated cost of 135 million ngultrum. The Government of Bhutan and the then King of Bhutan, Jigme Singye Wangchuck, oversaw the restoration of the damaged monastery and its contents in 2005.

Geography

The monastery is located  to the north of Paro and hangs on a precarious cliff at , about  above the Paro valley, on the right side of the Paro Chu (‘chu’ Bhutanese means ”river or water”). The rock slopes are very steep (almost vertical) and the monastery buildings are built into the rock face. Though it looks formidable, the monastery complex has access from several directions, such as the northwest path through the forest, from the south along the path used by devotees, and from the north (access over the rocky plateau, which is called the “Hundred Thousand Fairies” known as Bumda (hBum-brag). A mule track leading to it passes through pine forest that is colorfully festooned with moss and prayer flags. On many days, clouds shroud the monastery and give an eerie feeling of remoteness.

Near the beginning of the trail is a water-powered prayer wheel, set in motion by a flowing stream. The water that is touched by the wheel is said to become blessed and carries its purifying power into all life forms in the oceans and lakes that it feeds into. On the approach path to the monastery, there is a Lakhang (village level monastery) and a temple of Urgyan Tsemo ("U-rgyan rTse-mo") which, like the main monastery, is located on a rocky plateau with a precipitous projection of several hundred feet over the valley. From this location, the monastery's buildings are on the opposite ravine, which is known by the name “Copper-Colored Mountain Paradise of Padmasambhava”. This is the view point for visitors and there is a cafeteria to provide refreshments. The trek beyond this point is very scenic with the sound of the water fall breaking the silence. Along the trek route blue pine trees, prayer flags and kiosks selling paraphernalia for worship (such as prayer wheels, temple bells and skulls) are seen. The route is scattered with number of temples. On this path, a large water fall, which drops by  into a sacred pool, is forded over by a bridge. The track terminates at the main monastery where colorful paintings are displayed. Guru Rinpoche's cave where he meditated is also seen. This cave is opened for public viewing only once a year.

Structure

Exterior

The monastery buildings consist of four main temples and residential shelters ideally designed by adapting to the rock (granite) ledges, the caves and the rocky terrain. Out of the eight caves, four are comparatively easy to access. The cave where Padmasmabhava first entered, riding the Tiger, is known as 'Tholu Phuk' and the original cave where he resided and did meditation is known as the 'Pel Phuk'. He directed the spiritually enlightened monks to build the monastery here. The monastery is so precariously perched that it is said: "it clings to the side of the mountain like a gecko". The main cave is entered through a narrow passage. The dark cave houses a dozen images of Bodhisattvas and butter lamps flicker in front of these idols. An elegant image of Chenrezig (Avalokitesvara) is also deified here. In an adjoining small cell, the sacred scripture is placed; the importance of this scripture is that it has been scripted with gold dust and the crushed bone powder of a divine Lama. It is also said that the monks who practice Vajrayana Buddhism (the formal State Religion of Bhutan) at this cave monastery live here for three years and seldom go down to the Paro valley.

All the buildings are interconnected through steps and stairways made in rocks. There are a few rickety wooden bridges along the paths and stairways also to cross over. The temple at the highest level has a frieze of Buddha. Each building has a balcony, which provides lovely views of the scenic Paro valley down below. The Monasteries have ancient history of occupation by monks, as hermitages.

Other structures within the precincts

Taktshang Zangdo Pari is the place where Padmasmbahava's wife, known as the “Fairy of Wisdom”, Yeshe Tshogyal (Ye-shes mtsho-rgyal), the founder of the Mon, a convent, by the same name as Taktshang and also two other convents. The present caretaker of the place is said to be an old nun supported by a young trainee.

Another important place near the shrine is the Urgyan Tsemo, the “Peak of Urgyan” which has a small Mani Lakhang. The prayer wheel, turned by an old monk, resounds with chimes that are heard every day at 4 am. Above the Urgyan is the holy cave temple known as 'Phaphug Lakhang' (dPal-phug IHa-khang), which is the main shrine of the Taktshang. It is also the residence of the Head Lama, Karma Thupden Chokyi Nyenci.

Paintings

The “Copper-Coloured Mountain Paradise of Padmasambahva” (Zangdopari) is vividly displayed in a heart shape on every thangkha and also painted on the walls of the monastery as a constant reminder of the legend. The paintings are set on a pedestal that represents the realm of the King of Nagas amidst Dakinis (mKha-hgro-ma), and the pinnacle in the painting denotes the domain of Brahma. The paintings also depict Klu (Naga) demigods with a human head and the body of a serpent, which are said to reside in lakes (said to denote that they are guarding the hidden treasures). Allegorically, they mean to represent the spiritual holy writings. The paintings also show what is termed as “Walkers in the Sky” (mKha-hgro-ma).

The holy hill is drawn in the backdrop with four faces painted with different colors – the east face is in crystal white color, the south face is yellow, the west is in red color and the north has green color. The palace has four sides and eight corners with its lower and upper tiers adorned with jewels. The courtyard with four enclosures is said to represent four kinds of conduct. The walls are built with bricks, balconies have been bejewelled with religious symbols. The ambience is shown in the form of wishing trees, fountains of the water of life, rain bows in five colors with cloud formations and light emanating from lotus flowers. The palace is also shown with a throne with eight corners fully and curiously bejewelled. Padmasmbahva is shown sitting on a pure stalk of lotus emitting divine energy appearing “divine, charitable, powerful, or fierce”.

Further detailing depicted on the four faces and eight corners, are five kinds of Buddhas suppressing the vicious demons (performing four pious deeds) and placed on thrones that are mounted over the stooping demons. The demons and Khadoms are depicted adorned and seated on four petalled and four faced thrones “adorned with necromantic attributes” enjoying a good time; the Khadoms are seen on the four-sided courtyard of the palace and also on all side walls.

The scene is further embellished around the Guru Rinpoche (Padmashambahava) image and also in the palace, with gods and goddesses in the heavens, with gate keepers at the four gates with an army of messengers and servants; all trying to crush the demons to dust. The supporting staff shown are said to represent the Himalayan tribes of pre-Buddhist periods.

Visiting

Entrance Fee
After the revision of visa policy of Bhutan in 2023, it was decided that an entrance fee of 1,000 Nu will be levied for all adult visitors to Taktshang from March, 2023. Under the same revision, there will be special dates on the Bhutanese lunar calendar whereby only Bhutanese will be allowed to visit Taktshang.

References

Further reading
 Guide to Taktshang: Restored Taktshang, Department of Culture, Thimphu, Bhutan 2005.
 Seeds of Faith: A Comprehensive Guide to the Sacred Places of Bhutan vol. 1, pp. 121–125, KMT Publishers, Thimphu, Bhutan 2008.

External links

 A leading tour guide for Paro Taktsang
 Guide tour by Bhutan Himalayan Holidays [https://www.https://bhutanculturaltravel.com/paro-in-bhutan
Complete information about Paro taktsang Monastery

Drukpa Kagyu monasteries and temples in Bhutan
Nyingma monasteries and temples
Religious buildings and structures completed in 1692
Tibetan Buddhism in Bhutan
1692 establishments in Asia


Everybody Is Different : A Book for Young People Who Have Brothers or Sisters With Autism is a book by Fiona Bleach.

Overview
The book addresses questions that siblings of children on the autism spectrum may have. In addition to explaining in basic terms the characteristics of autism, it contains suggestions for making family life more comfortable.

Reception
It was reviewed by Intervention in School & Clinic,
It is number 10 on a list of top 10 autism books on the website Autism World.
It is used by Children, Youth and Women's Health Service.
It is used by The National Autistic Society
It was recommended about on Another Peace of the Puzzle.

References

2005 non-fiction books
British books
Books about autism


Sonita may refer to:

Sonita Kingdom, an ancient Indian kingdom
Sonita Alizadeh, Afghan rapper
Sonita Sutherland, Jamaican athlete
Sonita (film), a documentary about the Afghan rapper
A common misspelling of Sinitta, an American–British singer


Kas laimės milijoną? (English translation: Who will win the million?) was a Lithuanian game show based on the original British format of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?. The show was originally hosted by Henrikas Vaitiekūnas, later replaced by Vytautas Kernagis. The main goal of the game was to win 1 million litai by answering 15 multiple-choice questions correctly. There were three lifelines - 50:50 (vienas iš dviejų), Phone a Friend (skambutis draugui) and Ask the Audience (salės pagalba). Kas laimės milijoną? was broadcast from 16 May 2002 to 18 August 2005. It was shown on the Lithuanian TV station TV3 Lithuania. When a contestant got the fifth question correct, they left with at least 1,000 litai. When a contestant got the tenth question correct, they left with at least 32,000 litai. The biggest winner is Rita Nikolskienė, who won 64,000 litai on 9 May 2003.

Payout structure

References

Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?
2002 Lithuanian television series debuts
2005 Lithuanian television series endings
2000s Lithuanian television series
TV3 (Lithuania) original programming

lt:Kas laimės milijoną?


International
He was 2002 nominated in the 36 man squad for the Fifa World Cup 2002, his first game for the Nigeria national football team was on 20 June 2004 Vs. Angola.

References

External links

1984 births
Living people
Nigerian men's footballers
Nigeria men's international footballers
Nigerian expatriate men's footballers
K.A.A. Gent players
FC Progresul București players
Expatriate men's footballers in Romania
Liga I players
Paris Saint-Germain F.C. players
R.A.E.C. Mons (1910) players
Nigerian expatriate sportspeople in Romania
Kano Pillars F.C. players
Sunshine Stars F.C. players
Wikki Tourists F.C. players
Men's association football wingers


The George Kelley Paperback and Pulp Fiction Collection is a collection of over 25,000 pulp magazine and fiction works that is housed in the Special Collections unit, in the University at Buffalo Libraries at the State University of New York at Buffalo. Noted as one of the best preserved collections of pulp material in modern times, it was donated to UB Libraries in 1994 by Dr. George Kelley, a professor at Erie Community College in Buffalo, New York.

The collection spans genres from adventure, crime and horror to Westerns, fantasy and science fiction, including books, pulp magazines, fanzines and other literature. According to UB Libraries, there are hundreds of paperbacks from the 1940s, thousands from the 1950s and 1960s and more from the 1970s and 1980s. Many of these are paperback originals which have never appeared in hardcover editions.

George Kelley

Kelley, an alumnus of SUNY at Buffalo, donated the collection to the Lockwood Memorial Library in 1994.
Kelley received a doctorate of philosophy from SUNY at Buffalo in 1996, and has received master's degrees from UB in business administration, library science, and English. He is currently a professor of Business Administration at Erie Community College.
After being an avid collector of comic books in his youth, Kelley began collecting paperback books and fiction magazines in his late youth and continued to do so until the 1990s.  A majority of his collection was amassed during the 1970s when he would frequent used book stores on his work-related travels across the country. Kelley was keen on preserving his collection throughout the years, storing the works in Ziploc bags.

Dr. Thomas and Margarete Shaw

In addition to Kelley's collection, Dr. Thomas Shaw and his wife, Margarete Shaw, have also contributed a large number of gifts and books to the collection.
The Shaws’ contribution to the collection is entirely composed of fantasy and science-fiction based works and magazines.

Notable authors

Relevance of collection
Academically, the George Kelly Paperback and Pulp Fiction Collection stands as a vast resource of cultural information that is reflected in the discourse of the works and their imagery, especially sub-culture's social attitudes and behaviors, as well as evolving gender roles and identities in mid-20th century America.

Further, some works published first in paperback form in the George Kelley Paperback and Pulp Fiction Collection have been noted for their alternative lifestyle storylines and content, suggesting an informative understanding of the gay and lesbian world, providing literature oriented towards homosexuality around the 1950s.

For many of the works in the collection, their documentation via the University at Buffalo's library system represents the first time the works have been acknowledged in a national or universal library system (WorldCat)

Some have appraised the collection's value into the millions of US dollars.

Popular culture
The most valuable book in the collection, according to George Kelley, is an original copy of Junkie by William S. Burroughs, with a value estimated at around US$500.  Junkie is often cited as the seminal literature on heroin addiction in America.

According to Dr. George Kelley, his passion for collecting paperbacks and fiction magazines emerged in his adolescence after his mother had disposed of his personal collection of over 1000 comic books.  Dr. George Kelley admits that he decided to donate the collection to University at Buffalo, after receiving an ultimatum from his wife.  The weight from the collection had reportedly begun to damage the floors of his residence.  Every work in the collection continues to be housed in the original Ziploc bag it was placed in when Dr. George Kelley added them to the collection.

A work from the collection,The Guilty Are Afraid by James Hadley Chase, had the honor of being the 37th million record to the WorldCat database, in June 1997.

The collection is currently located in a closed stacks area of the Lockwood Memorial Library at the University at Buffalo, awaiting space being made available for its future permanent home at the Special Collections Unit at Capen Libraries.  The collection is available for access to the general public.

A discovery seminar, instructed by Judy Adams-Volpe, the former director of communications for the UB Libraries, offered UB students the opportunity to explore the collection in depth.  Through the functions of the seminar, many of the works' plots have been summarized into an online database (plot summary database), as well as cover-art scans of several of the collections' more notable covers.

See also
Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum
Fred Waring Cartoon Collection
Michigan State University Comic Art Collection

Notes

References

External links
 George Kelley Paperback and Pulp Fiction Collection main site - University at Buffalo Libraries
 George Kelley's blog
 Detective/Mystery plot summary database - pulp fiction collection

Pulp fiction
University at Buffalo


High School Musical is an American media franchise centered on a series of musical romantic comedy-drama films created by Peter Barsocchini. The franchise also includes stage musicals, books, comics, live shows, video games, and a television series.

The first film was released simply as a Disney Channel Original Movie, but after its huge success, it was followed by a television sequel. The third film received a theatrical release. Zac Efron, Vanessa Hudgens, Ashley Tisdale, Lucas Grabeel, Corbin Bleu, and Monique Coleman starred in the trilogy. Tisdale and Grabeel reprised their roles as Sharpay and Ryan Evans in a spin-off on the series titled Sharpay's Fabulous Adventure, ultimately released as both a direct-to-video film and a Disney Channel Original Movie. The franchise has developed a cult following.

In November 2017, a television spin-off of the franchise was announced to be in development. In November 2019, all of the films, and the series, featuring a completely new cast and titled High School Musical: The Musical: The Series, were released on Disney+.

Films

High School Musical (2006)

Filmed in Utah, High School Musical was released on January 20, 2006 as a Disney Channel Original Movie (DCOM), and was the highest-rated DCOM to that point, watched by 7.7 million viewers for its premiere broadcast in the United States, and by 789,000 viewers for its UK premiere. It was the first DCOM ever to be aired by BBC, broadcast on December 29, 2006, and has been viewed by over 225 million people worldwide. The first film's leads were Zac Efron, Vanessa Hudgens, Ashley Tisdale and Lucas Grabeel, who sang most of the songs.

The film follows basketball star Troy Bolton (Zac Efron) and shy, smart Gabriella Montez (Vanessa Hudgens). After a chance meeting on winter break, Gabriella reconnects with Troy after transferring to East High School in Albuquerque. Drama queen Sharpay Evans (Ashley Tisdale), seeking to eliminate her competition for the Winter Musical, convinces Taylor McKessie (Monique Coleman) to invite Gabriella to the Scholastic Decathlon team. Troy's best friend Chad Danforth (Corbin Bleu) is concerned that Troy is distracted from basketball.

After Sharpay and her twin brother Ryan (Lucas Grabeel) perform a flashy audition for the musical, Troy and Gabriella manage to give their own performance and receive a callback. When the school finds out Troy and Gabriella have auditioned, everyone fears the status quo of the school is drastically changing, frustrating Sharpay, Chad and Taylor, afraid their respective teams will fail, try to intervene, leading Gabriella to believe Troy does not care about her. Guilty, Chad and Taylor's teams fix what they have done.

Sharpay and Ryan convince drama teacher Ms. Darbus to change callbacks to the same date as the basketball championship and the Decathlon. Chad and Taylor stage a school-wide computer glitch that forces the school to stop the game and the Decathlon, and lead all the students into the auditorium. Troy and Gabriella arrive in the nick of time and are awarded the lead roles, while Sharpay and Ryan are understudies. The film ends as the entire school gathers in the gym to celebrate East High's basketball victory.

High School Musical 2 (2007)

The first sequel to High School Musical was released on August 17, 2007 as a Disney Channel Original Movie (DCOM), breaking the previous film's record as the most successful DCOM ever produced, with 17 million viewers for its premiere broadcast in the United States. The cast of the original film returned for the sequel.

At the end of the school year, Gabriella is happy to finally spend summer vacation without having to move. The whole gang is hired at Lava Springs Country Club, where Sharpay tries to convince manager Mr. Fulton (Mark L. Taylor) to intimidate the Wildcats into quitting.

As the club prepares for the end-of-summer talent show, Sharpay schemes to win Troy over with various luxuries, including a chance for a college scholarship, worrying Gabriella. Ryan, abandoned by Sharpay, spends more time with the Wildcats and secretly prepares a special dance number for them to perform at the talent show. Sharpay discovers this and orders Mr. Fulton to disallow all Junior Staff to partake in the talent show.

Ignored by his friends, Troy has a devastating rehearsal with Sharpay and loses Gabriella, who quits her job at Lava Springs. Realizing Sharpay's scheme from Mr. Fulton's memo, Troy confronts Sharpay and refuses to sing with her. Chad and the Wildcats convince Troy to go back to Sharpay and the show. Ryan surprises Troy and Sharpay with a change in song – as the final act, Troy sings solo, when Gabriella unexpectedly joins him, along with the rest of the Wildcats. Sharpay learns her lesson in humility and is invited to join in; instead of awarding the Star Dazzle Trophy to herself as usual, she gives it to Ryan. Troy and Gabriella share their first kiss, and everyone celebrates the end of the summer with a staff pool party.

High School Musical 3: Senior Year (2008)

The third installment in the High School Musical franchise premiered in London on October 17, 2008 and was theatrically released in the United States on October 24, 2008. Receiving generally positive reviews, it set a record for largest opening weekend for a musical film and became the highest-grossing film in the franchise.

Nearing the end of senior year, Troy rallies the Wildcats to basketball championship victory, and he and Gabriella reflect on their time at East High and their uncertain future. With most of the Wildcats recruited to the Spring Musical, which will present the students' final days at East High. Ms. Darbus also announces that she will select one student for a Juilliard scholarship, with Sharpay, Ryan, Kelsi, and Troy under consideration. Desperate to win, Sharpay tries to persuade Ryan to help her convince Kelsi to consider them as the leads.

With prom around the corner, Taylor eventually agrees to be Chad's date, and Ryan asks Kelsi. Gabriella has an opportunity to attend Stanford early, and Sharpay manipulates Troy to encourage Gabriella to go. Conflicted about his own college choices and Gabriella's absence, Troy drives to meet Gabriella for their own prom night. The Wildcats prepare for the musical, where Troy and Gabriella make a surprise appearance, and Ms. Darbus announces that both Kelsi and Ryan have received a scholarship to Juilliard. The Wildcats reveal their college choices, with Troy deciding to stay not far from Gabriella, and the film concludes with a big celebratory graduation.

Sharpay's Fabulous Adventure (2011)

Sharpay's Fabulous Adventure is a spin-off film starring Ashley Tisdale, and was released as a Blu-ray/DVD combination pack on April 19, 2011, and then broadcast as a Disney Channel Original Movie on May 22, 2011.

Set a year after the events of Senior Year, the film looks at Sharpay's life after graduation as she attempts to land a role in a Broadway show. After performing at a local fundraiser event in Albuquerque, New Mexico, a talent scout offers Sharpay a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity in New York City. Unsure if she is ready to take on the big city by herself, Sharpay's father tells her that she has one month to land a role in the show, or she will have to return home and work at the Lava Springs Country Club. Upon arriving in New York City, Sharpay soon realizes that the theatre world is a lot more cut-throat than a high school musical. With the help of her new friend Peyton Leverett (Austin Butler), Sharpay sets out to realize her star-studded dreams.

Future
In early 2016, Disney announced that a fourth installment of the series was "in the works", later announcing a casting call for the film, tentatively referred to as High School Musical 4. In March 2016, details about the film's prospective principal characters were reported. A fictionalized High School Musical 4: The Reunion, featuring some members of the original High School Musical cast, was featured in the fourth season of High School Musical: The Musical: The Series.

Recurring cast and characters

International releases

High School Musical: El Desafío (2008) and High School Musical: O Desafio (2010)

High School Musical: The Challenge refers to the English name of a series of spin-off movies of the American film High School Musical for the Latin-American market. Based on the book Battle of the Bands, the films were produced for theatrical release, and had eight new songs produced for the film. With a script written by Pablo Lago and Susana Cardozo, the movie was filmed three different times with a different cast. The first release was for Argentina in February 2008, with the title High School Musical: El Desafío. The second film release was for Mexico in August 2008, with the same title. The third film was released for Brazil, with the title High School Musical: O Desafio in 2010.

The plot includes: The high school team captain discovers that the girl next door has changed a lot over the summer. Meanwhile, the mean girl is still as vain as ever and overshadows her poor brother and his "invisible" friends. When the school year begins, the school announces a "Battle of the Bands" contest. Working against the clock and with limited resources, both cliques pull their respective forces together for the big day. However, in an effort to win, dreams are thwarted, and only one band will be the winner.

High School Musical: China - College Dreams (2011)
High School Musical: China - College Dreams (), is a spin-off film of the original film series, produced for the Chinese market. Directed by Chen Shi-Zheng, it was released on September 6, 2011. The film was released in North America on DVD under the Disney World Cinema Brand. Film Business Asia critic Derek Elley rated the adaptation three points out of ten. He criticized what he perceived as a lack of effort in creating a culturally relevant adaptation of the original, stating that the film's setting made to look like "any college in Middle America, but full of Mandarin-speaking students", and calling the script "non-existent". The soundtrack was likewise not well-received. Despite this, a song that was written for the movie titled "Rainy Season" (), received positive reception.

Television

Madison High

In November 2010, Disney announced their intention to film a television spin-off of the film series entitled Madison High and began casting that same year. A pilot episode for the series was officially ordered in early 2011, which would star Luke Benward, G. Hannelius, Leah Lewis, Katherine McNamara, Mark Indelicato, and Nolan Sotillo. Alyson Reed also reprised her role as Ms. Darbus.

High School Musical: The Musical: The Series (2019–2023)

In November 2017, a new television series spin-off of the films was announced to be in development. On September 6, 2018, Disney announced that it began casting for a reimagining of the film for its upcoming streaming service, titled High School Musical: The Musical. The 10-episode series would be structured as a single-camera mockumentary, and feature both music from the original film, as well as new songs.

In October 2018, it was announced that Joshua Bassett would play the lead role of Ricky, while the show was given the official title of High School Musical: The Musical: The Series. In February 2019, the rest of the cast was officially announced with: Sofia Wylie as Gina, Kate Reinders as Miss Jenn, and Olivia Rodrigo as Nini. Before the series debuted, it was renewed by Disney+ for a second season of 12 episodes that premiered in May 2021. The third season consisting of eight episodes premiered in July 2022. The series ended August 9, 2023 with a fourth season comprising eight episodes.

Reality television

High School Musical: Get in the Picture

During July and August 2008, ABC broadcast a reality competition based on the series, titled High School Musical: Get in the Picture, hosted by Nick Lachey. The winner of the show appeared in a music video during the credits of High School Musical 3. The series premiered to poor ratings, with the show coming in fourth place in its timeslot.

Reunion special
On January 20, 2016, to celebrate the movie's tenth anniversary, the cast reunited and shared fond memories and photos from the past and present. The special aired on Disney Channel, with Vanessa Hudgens, Ashley Tisdale, Corbin Bleu, Lucas Grabeel and Monique Coleman in attendance. Zac Efron was absent due to promotional commitments for Dirty Grandpa, but sent in a video sharing his memories of the film and thanking the fans.

Soundtrack

Stage

Musical theater

High School Musical was adapted to a stage musical starting in early 2006 with two versions: a 70-minute One Act play and a full-length Two Act musical. On August 1, 2006, Playbill announced that the Stagedoor Manor summer theater camp, featured in the film Camp, would be the first venue to produce High School Musical on-stage. Pacific Repertory Theatre School of Dramatic Arts staged the California premiere in 2007, which was revived in 2008.

From early 2007 through the end of July, North Shore Music Theatre in Beverly, Massachusetts had a production of High School Musical that featured Broadway actor Andrew Keenan-Bolger as Ryan and Kate Rockwell, a semi-finalist on Grease: You're the One that I Want!, as Sharpay.

High School Musical 2 was later adapted to a stage musical starting in late 2008. Both theatrical versions include "Hummuhummunukunukuapua'a", a song cut from the film but included on the DVD. Pacific Repertory Theatre School of Dramatic Arts presented the West Coast premiere of High School Musical 2 in January 2009. The production was directed by PacRep founder Stephen Moorer, who had directed the California premiere of the first High School Musical.

Live tour

In 2006, Disney produced a concert tour titled High School Musical: The Concert. It started on November 29, 2006, kicking off in San Diego. The tour continued until January 28, 2007, performing in major cities around the United States, Canada, and Latin America. The concert featured all of the original cast members, except for Zac Efron, who was shooting Hairspray. Efron was replaced by Drew Seeley (whose voice was blended with Efron's during the film). The concert featured the original songs from the film, as well as songs from Vanessa Hudgens, Ashley Tisdale, and Corbin Bleu.

In 2007, Feld Entertainment produced a global tour titled High School Musical: The Ice Tour, which had its world premiere in New York City, on September 29, 2007. The cast included 2004 World Junior Bronze Medalist Jordan Brauninger and 2004–2005 Australian national champion Bradley Santer. The show contained elements and songs from both the original film and its sequel, High School Musical 2, and now features a special preview of High School Musical 3: Senior Year.

In 2009, Feld Entertainment also produced a touring music show featuring songs and dances from all three movies, titled High School Musical Summer Celebration.

Reception
Entertainment Weekly put it on its end-of-the-decade, "best-of" list, saying, "Call it children stuff. But HSM became a billion-dollar hit across screens big and small thanks to a love of song, dance, and happy endings. And that's pure, old-fashioned showbiz." The original High School Musical sold 8million DVD units, earning an operating income of . East High School was chosen as the Number 1 Top Five Best High Schools from Movies and TV by St. Petersburg Times.

In other media

Literary

Novels

In June 2006, Disney Press published High School Musical: The Junior Novel, the novelization of the successful film. This novel hit number one on the New York Times best-selling list and remained on the list for sixteen weeks. As of August 2007, the novel has sold more than 4.5 million copies, with 1 million copies of the novel's follow-up, High School Musical 2: The Junior Novel, being shipped to American retailers. "High School Musical 3: Senior Year: The Junior Novel" came out on September 23, 2008. Shortly after the success of the original novel, Disney announced that a book series, entitled Stories From East High, would be published in February 2007 with a new book being published every 60 days until July 2008.

Comic books
Between 2007 and 2010, Disney Italia produced and published a series of comics starring the characters of the movies in an official magazine. Some of the stories have been published abroad, such as in Finland and Greece.

Video games
Disney Interactive Studios has produced seven High School Musical video games, all taking the guise of music video games incorporating songs and plots from the films, High School Musical: Sing It!, High School Musical: Makin' the Cut!, High School Musical: Livin' the Dream, High School Musical 2: Work This Out!, High School Musical 3: Senior Year, High School Musical 3: Senior Year Dance!, and Disney Sing It! – High School Musical 3: Senior Year.

See also
 Panorama High School was filmed as the location of the fictitious Madison High School during the first episode.

References

Disney Media Networks franchises
Comedy film franchises
Film franchises introduced in 2006
Films shot in Utah


Ode to Joy is an album by Canadian indie rock band The Deadly Snakes, released in 2003 on In the Red Records.

Track listing

Personnel
 Matt "Dog" Carlson - trumpet, harmonica, bass, guitar, vocals
 André Ethier - vocals, guitar
 Max "Age of Danger" McCabe-Lokos - piano, organ, vocals, percussion
 Greg Cartwright - vocals, guitar
 Andrew Gunn - drums
 Jeremy Madsen - saxophone
 Yuri Didrichsons - bass, guitar
 David Cheppa - mastering
 Peter Hudson - engineer, slide guitar

References

2003 albums
The Deadly Snakes albums
In the Red Records albums


The men's 400 metres hurdles event was part of the track and field athletics programme at the 1924 Summer Olympics. The competition was held on Sunday, July 6, 1924, and on Monday, July 7, 1924. Twenty-three hurdlers from 13 nations competed. The maximum number of athletes per nation was 4. The event was won by Morgan Taylor of the United States, the fifth consecutive victory by an American in the event. Erik Wilén received silver (following the disqualification of Charles Brookins), Finland's first medal in the men's 400 metres hurdles. Another American, Ivan Riley, took bronze.

Background

This was the fifth time the event was held. It had been introduced along with the men's 200 metres hurdles in 1900, with the 200 being dropped after 1904 and the 400 being held through 1908 before being left off the 1912 programme. However, when the Olympics returned in 1920 after World War I, the men's 400 metres hurdles was back and would continue to be contested at every Games thereafter.

One of the six finalists from the 1920 Games returned: fourth-place finisher Géo André of France. The event, a very unusual one before 1920, was becoming more common; the AAU had added it to its programme. Morgan Taylor was the AAU champion and U.S. trials winner.

Argentina, Chile, Denmark, Greece, and Italy each made their debut in the event. The United States made its fifth appearance, the only nation to have competed at every edition of the event to that point.

Competition format

The competition featured the three-round format introduced in 1908: quarterfinals, semifinals, and a final. Ten sets of hurdles were set on the course. The hurdles were 3 feet (91.5 centimetres) tall and were placed 35 metres apart beginning 45 metres from the starting line, resulting in a 40 metres home stretch after the last hurdle.

There were 6 quarterfinal heats, with between 3 and 5 athletes each. The top 2 men in each quarterfinal advanced to the semifinals. The 12 semifinalists were divided into 2 semifinals of 6 athletes each, with the top 3 in each semifinal advancing to the 6-man final.

As with all other races the track was 500 metres in circumference.

Records

These were the standing world and Olympic records (in seconds) prior to the 1924 Summer Olympics.

Morgan Taylor won the U.S. trials in a time of 52.6 but he also knocked over a hurdle, which was against the rules in force at that time. He did the same in the final of this competition so the time he set, again 52.6, was also not ratified as world record. As the second placed Erik Wilén used a similar style his 53.8 were also not accepted as world record but tolerated as Olympic record.

Schedule

Results

Quarterfinals

All heats were held on Sunday, July 6, 1924.

The best two finishers of every heat qualified for the semifinals.

Quarterfinal 1

Quarterfinal 2

Quarterfinal 3

Quarterfinal 4

Quarterfinal 5

Quarterfinal 6

Semifinals

All semifinals were held on Sunday, July 6, 1924.

The best three finishers of each heat qualified for the final.

Semifinal 1

Semifinal 2

Final

The final was held on Monday, July 7, 1924.

Frederick Blackett was disqualified for two false starts. After the race, Morgan Taylor's time was rejected as a world record because he knocked over a hurdle, which was against the rules in force at that time, while Charles Brookins, who had crossed the finish line in second, was disqualified for running out of his lane. As such, Erik Wilén was credited with an Olympic record, but his time was not ratified as world record.

Results summary

References

External links
Olympic Report

Men's hurdles 400 metre
400 metres hurdles at the Olympics


Jelendol () is a settlement on the banks of the Tržič Bistrica River in the Municipality of Tržič in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia.

Name
Until 1955, the village was called Puterhof. The origin of the name Puterhof (also attested as Putterhof and Putrhof) is unknown, but a folk story derives it from German Butterhof (i.e., 'butter farm'), relating that so much butter was produced there that a fire at the farm caused the butter to melt and run down the hill toward the mill on the creek.

In the early 1950s, editorials were published stating that it was necessary to change the name of the village because of its presumed German origin. Suggestions for a new name included Košutnik, Podkošutnik, Žagarji, Jelengaj, and Jelendol. The name of the settlement was changed to Jelendol in 1955 on the basis of the 1948 Law on Names of Settlements and Designations of Squares, Streets, and Buildings as part of efforts by Slovenia's postwar communist government to remove German elements from toponyms. However, the name Puterhof remained in popular use, and it was still condemned decades later as an "ugly Germanism" (). The name Jelendol is a compound derived from jelen 'deer' and dol 'valley', thus 'deer valley'. Compare Landol for a name with the same semantic motivation.

References

External links

Jelendol on Geopedia

Populated places in the Municipality of Tržič


Sociedad Deportiva Atlético Albericia is a football team based in Santander in the autonomous community of Cantabria. Founded in 1974, the team plays in . The club's home ground is Juan Hormaechea, which has a capacity of 1,000 spectators.

History
In the 2018–19 season the club finished 13th in the Tercera División, Group 3.

Season to season

24 seasons in Tercera División
3 seasons in Tercera Federación/Tercera División RFEF

References

External links
Official Webpage
Futbolme.com profile

Sport in Santander, Spain
Football clubs in Cantabria
Association football clubs established in 1974
1974 establishments in Spain
Sports leagues established in 1974


Astragalus albens is a species of milkvetch known by the common names Cushenbury milkvetch and silvery-white milkvetch.

Distribution
It is endemic to San Bernardino County, California, where it is known from the northern slopes of the San Bernardino Mountains near the settlement of Cushenbury. Most of the plants are located in the woodland and scrub of the slopes between Big Bear in the mountains and Lucerne Valley in the Mojave Desert at the foot of the range.

It grows in habitat rich in carbonate rock. It is a federally listed endangered species which is known from 30 to 50 populations. There are a total of about 7000 plants, fewer in drought years.

Description
Astragalus albens is an annual or perennial herb producing a prostrate mat of delicate stems coated densely in silvery hairs. The leaves are generally a few centimeters long and made up of several gray-green oval-shaped leaflets less than a centimeter long each. The inflorescence arises upright from the low patch of foliage and bears up to 14 pealike flowers. Each flower is dark-veined light to deep purple with a spot of white or light pink in the throat.

The fruit is a legume pod between one and two centimeters long. It is roughly hairy and crescent-shaped, drying to a thick papery texture.

Conservation
The main threat to this species is limestone mining, a large industry in this part of the San Bernardino Mountains. This form of mining alters the local habitat by physically removing plant life for quarries, road construction, and load dumping. It also produces major changes in the hydrology of the area and releases large amounts of carbonate dust into the air which combines with water and forms a very thin layer of what is essentially cement over the habitat. Most of the populations of this plant are located on sites of active mining or sites which are targeted for mining in the future.

Most of these sites are part of San Bernardino National Forest, and there are plans to set aside pieces of habitat for this and other endemics. Other threats to the species include off-road vehicle use and urban development.

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment — Astragalus albens
Astragalus albens — U.C. Photo gallery

albens
Endemic flora of California
Flora of the California desert regions
~
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
Natural history of the Mojave Desert
Natural history of San Bernardino County, California
Natural history of the Transverse Ranges
NatureServe critically imperiled species
Critically endangered flora of California
Plants described in 1885


In cryptography, a permutation box (or P-box) is a method of bit-shuffling used to permute or transpose bits across S-boxes inputs, retaining diffusion while transposing.

In block ciphers, the S-boxes and P-boxes are used to make the relation between the plaintext and the ciphertext difficult to understand (see Shannon's property of confusion). P-boxes are typically classified as compression, expansion, and straight, depending on whether the number of output bits is less than, greater than, or equal to the number of input bits, respectively. Only straight P-boxes are invertible.

See also
 Boolean function
 Nothing-up-my-sleeve number
 Substitution cipher

References

Symmetric-key cryptography
Permutations


These are the results of the men's C-1 slalom competition in canoeing at the 2000 Summer Olympics. The C-1 (canoe single) event is raced by one-man canoes through a whitewater course. The venue for the 2000 Olympic competition was in Penrith.

Medalists

Results

Qualifying
The 16 competitors each took two runs through the whitewater slalom course on 17 September. The combined score of both runs counted for the event with the top 12 advancing to the final round the following day.

Final
The 12 competitors each took two runs through the whitewater slalom course on 18 September. The combined score of both runs counted for the event.

References

2000 Summer Olympics Canoe slalom results.
Sports-reference.com 2000 men's slalom C-1 results
Wallechinsky, David and Jaime Loucky (2008). "Canoeing: Men's Canadian Slalom Singles". In The Complete Book of the Olympics: 2008 Edition. London: Aurum Press Limited. pp. 486–7.

Men's Slalom C-1
Men's events at the 2000 Summer Olympics


"Love, Love, Love" is the fourth single from James Blunt's second studio album, All the Lost Souls. It is also his ninth single overall. It is the only song from the deluxe version of the album to be released as a single. It is also the first single released by Blunt to feature John Garrison, who replaced Malcolm Moore at the end of 2007, as one of the band members to perform on the track. The single was released on 7 November 2008, with a physical release appearing three days later. The song peaked at No. 121 on the UK Singles Chart, making it Blunt's lowest charting single to date.

Release
The single was released on one physical and download format, each containing the same track listing. The single features a demo version of album track "I'll Take Everything", which was recorded at its first conception during the writing sessions. The track was written by Blunt and Eg White. The single also features a live version of "1973" recorded live at The MAX Sessions in Sydney.

Music video
Directed by Kinga Burza, the music video shows Blunt playing guitar and singing along to the song, whilst surrounded by 1970s-style performers. The official video with the iTunes version track was uploaded to YouTube on 4 November 2008.

Track listing
 "Love, Love, Love" - 3:46
 "I'll Take Everything" (Demo) - 3:14
 "1973" (Live From The MAX Sessions, Sydney) - 5:37

Charts

References

2000s ballads
James Blunt songs
2008 singles
Pop ballads
Rock ballads
Songs written by Eg White
Songs written by James Blunt
2008 songs
Song recordings produced by Tom Rothrock


William Franklin Endicott (September 4, 1918 – November 26, 2016) was an American baseball left fielder who played briefly for the St. Louis Cardinals during the  season. A native of Acorn, Missouri, he batted and threw left-handed, stood  tall and weighed . His professional baseball career spanned 1937 through 1947, with four seasons (1942–1945) missed during United States Army service in World War II.

With the 1946 Cardinals, Endicott posted a .200 batting average (4-for-20) with two runs and three RBI in 20 major league games; his four hits included three doubles, and a .333 on-base percentage without home runs. He did not appear in the 1946 World Series, won by the Cardinals in seven games over the Boston Red Sox.

He died in November 2016 at the age of 98.

See also
1946 St. Louis Cardinals season

References

External links

Retrosheet

1918 births
2016 deaths
Albany Travelers players
Albuquerque Cardinals players
Baseball players from Missouri
Houston Buffaloes players
Major League Baseball left fielders
Mobile Shippers players
People from Ripley County, Missouri
Sacramento Solons players
St. Louis Cardinals players
United States Army personnel of World War II


The Artificial Lake Castle was built in 1969, when the National Amusement Park was established in the centre of the Mongolian capital Ulaanbaatar.
It is surrounded by an artificial lake and fortress walls in an eastern-Asian style. Inside the walls is a three-storey building. There are three watch towers. An Ethnographic Museum operated in the castle from its establishment until the mid-2000s. The castle has been rebuilt from 2010 assuming an appearance of a Western castle. The mock castle is part of an amusement complex together with the lake, and dock house.

See also
 Architecture of Mongolia

Tourism in Mongolia
Buildings and structures in Ulaanbaatar
Castles in Mongolia


Come Clean is the second novel written by the UK-based American author Terri Paddock.  The book was released in the United Kingdom in 2004. The title is the name of a fictional drug rehabilitation center based in the fictional town of Carrefort, Pennsylvania. The book is dedicated to survivors of real life rehabilitation program Straight, Incorporated, including Paddock's sister.

Plot
Justine Ziegler is taken, against her will, to 'Come Clean Drug Rehabilitation Center', the same rehabilitation center her twin brother Joshua Ziegler attended. After an interview with the program director in which most of her answers are twisted out of context to make her seem like a drug addict, Justine is admitted to Come Clean for what is supposedly a three-day observation. First, she is subjected to a strip search by a senior member, before being taken to the main hall, where the members of the program are "motivating" as part of their rehabilitation. The head of the program, Hilary Navarre, asks the group if anyone knows her, and a boy called Earl admits to taking marijuana with her. Justine denies this until pages of her diary are read out and the twisted truth comes out.

Justine's twin, Joshua, was admitted to the program because he was an addict. One night, Justine woke up and saw Joshua sneaking out to go out with his friends. Justine asks to come along and eventually Joshua agrees. When they reach their destination, Joshua and the driver go for a walk. Justine is in the back of a car with Earl, and another boy. They are both smoking marijuana and hand it to Justine, but before she raises it to her lips Joshua reappears and shouts at her to never do it again. After several events like this, the twins' parents admit Joshua to Come Clean.

Throughout the book, there are chapters with memoirs of the twins' childhood. There are such events as just playing, and starting school. Every one of these chapters is written in a style in which Justine is speaking to Joshua. The final memoir chapter documents Joshua's death on New Year's Eve. Joshua's committing suicide is apparent late in the book.

During Justine's imprisonment in Come Clean, she comes to the attention of a senior staff member, Dwight. It is revealed Dwight raped Joshua during his time in Come Clean and drove him to his suicide. Dwight also forces Justine to do a special penance alone so he can also rape Justine, Which due to her being on her period, she is forced to perform fellatio on him.

A new member is admitted to the program, Toby Sheridan, and he and Justine take an instant liking to each other. Toby was about to graduate from high school but was admitted to the program. During a weekly meeting, where the families of the admitted come to discuss their progress, Toby's little sister does not believe he is an addict so enlists his football friends to help him escape. The next meeting, fireworks go off, and everyone is evacuated outside. Members of Toby's football team are causing chaos and assaulting staff members. Toby escapes, and Justine takes refuge in her parents' car, and she is forced to return inside to the program. The senior member who strip-searched Justine when she was admitted, Gwen, found notes that were passed between Justine and Toby which detailed the escape. Justine is in for severe punishment, but as it is late everybody is sent home. Justine is sent home with a senior member called Moira. During the drive home, a van crashes into Moira's car, and several people bang on the windows chanting Justine's name. Justine escapes into the van where Toby is waiting for her.

Toby and Justine catch a bus to Kansas, where Justine's grandmother lives. They live happily until Justine's mother turns up on the door, having separated from Justine's father.

Later that month, Justine is watching television when Dwight sneaks into the house and catches her. He and Hilary have been granted permission from Justine's father to readmit her. When Justine, her grandmother, mother, Hilary, and Dwight are discussing this, Toby returns from a jog. Upon seeing Dwight, he charges him but is knocked out. Hilary took the precaution of contacting the local police before she arrived, and they arrive on the doorstep. In a last-ditch attempt to prevent re-admittance, Justine explains how Dwight raped and emotionally tortured her. Hilary listens to this and in the end, instructs the police officers to arrest Dwight.

External links
 Harper Collins
 Amazon

2004 British novels
British young adult novels
American young adult novels
Novels set in Pennsylvania
HarperCollins books


Kovor (; ) is a village in the Municipality of Tržič in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia.

Church

The parish church in the village is dedicated to John the Baptist and was first mentioned in documents dating to 1296. Today's building is from the mid-18th century.

References

External links

Kovor on Geopedia

Populated places in the Municipality of Tržič


Leonardo Eugénio Ramos Ribeiro de Almeida (19 September 1924 in Santarém – 18 January 2006), was a Portuguese politician.

Career
He was a Licentiate in Law from the Faculty of Law of the University of Lisbon and became a Lawyer.

He joined then Popular Democratic Party (PPD), later Social Democratic Party (PSD) in May 1974 and in the following year he was elected a Deputy to the Constituent Assembly and in 1980 again to the Assembly of the Republic.

He became the 3rd and 5th President of the Assembly of the Republic between 8 January 1980 and 21 October 1981 and again from 3 November 1982 to 30 May 1983, in which period he also became according to his office a Member of the Portuguese Council of State.

He was also a Minister of Defence between November 1985 and August 1987.

Internationally he participated in the Conference of Presidents of the European Parliaments in Madrid in 1980 and he represented the Portuguese Parliament at the Conference of the Latin-American Parliaments in Bogotá in 1981. As the President of the Portuguese Association of the Atlantic he participated in 1982 in the Sea-Link/82, in the United States of America.

Family
He was married and had issue.

References

 Os Presidentes do Parlamento (Presidents of the Portuguese Parliament), Assembly of the Republic

1924 births
People from Santarém, Portugal
2006 deaths
Social Democratic Party (Portugal) politicians
Presidents of the Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)
Ministers of National Defence of Portugal


The 8th Flying Training Squadron is part of the 71st Flying Training Wing based at Vance Air Force Base, Oklahoma. It operates the T-6A Texan II aircraft conducting flight training.

Mission
Performs Joint Specialized Undergraduate Pilot Training with T-6A Texan II trainers.

History

World War II
Activated in early 1942 under Fourth Air Force; after a brief organizational period in Southern California where it was equipped with reconnaissance P-38 Lightnings (F-4) it deployed to the Southwest Pacific Area, being assigned to Fifth Air Force in Australia.

Engaged in long-range tactical reconnaissance missions over New Guinea; later the Netherlands East Indies and in late 1944, over the Philippines in support of MacArthur's Island-Hopping campaign (1942–1945). After the Japanese capitulation in August 1945, became part of the Army of Occupation in Japan. It was not operational between April 1946 and July 1947.

Korean War
From 1947–1949 flew photographic mapping missions over Japan, Korea, Philippines and other areas of western Pacific. During the Korean War, the squadron flew tactical reconnaissance sorties over North and South Korea from, 29 June 1950 – 24 February 1951.

Flying training
The 8th has conducted undergraduate pilot training for active duty, Air National Guard, Air Force Reserve and selected foreign allies since 1 November 1972. Since the mid-1990s, the squadron has also conducted joint primary flight training for selected US Navy and US Marine Corps student naval aviators, with command of the squadron alternating between Air Force officers in the rank of lieutenant colonel and Navy officers in the ranks of commander.

Lineage
 Constituted as the 8th Photographic Squadron on 19 Jan 1942
 Activated 1 Feb 1942
 Redesignated 8th Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron on 9 Jun 1942
 Redesignated 8th Photographic Squadron (Light) on 6 Feb 1943
 Redesignated 8th Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron on 13 Nov 1943
 Redesignated 8th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron, Night Photographic on 10 Aug 1948
 Redesignated 8th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron, Photo-Jet on 1 Aug 1949
 Inactivated on 25 Feb 1951
Redesignated 8th Flying Training Squadron on 14 Apr 1972
Activated on 1 Nov 1972

Assignments
 IV Air Support Command, 1 Feb 1942
 Fifth Air Force, 29 Mar 1942 (attached to Allied Air Forces, Apr – Sep 1942)
 V Bomber Command, 5 Sep 1942
 6th Photographic Group (later 6th Reconnaissance Group), 13 Nov 1943 (attached to V Bomber Command after c. 10 Dec 1945)
 V Bomber Command, 27 Apr 1946
 314th Composite Wing, 31 May 1946
 71st Reconnaissance Group (later 71st Tactical Reconnaissance Group), 28 Feb 1947 (attached to 314th Composite Wing until Nov 1947)
 Fifth Air Force, 1 Apr 1949
 543d Tactical Support Group, 26 Sep 1950 – 25 Feb 1951
 71st Flying Training Wing, 1 Nov 1972
 71st Operations Group, 15 Dec 1991 – present

Stations

March Field, California, 1 Feb – 14 Mar 1942
 Two flights remained at March Field, CA, to 16 Jun 1942
 Essendon Airport, Melbourne, Australia, 7 Apr 1942
 Archerfield Airport (Brisbane), Australia, 24 Apr 1942
 Charters Towers Airfield, Australia, 2 May 1942
 Kila Airfield (3 Mile Drome), Port Moresby, New Guinea, 9 Sep 1942
 Nadzab Airfield, New Guinea, 16 Mar 1944
 Operated from Biak after c. 11 Aug 1944
 Mokmer Airfield, Biak, 10 Sep – 20 Oct 1944
 Dulag Airfield, Leyte, Philippines, 4 Nov 1944
 Air Echelon assigned to Clark Field, Luzon, Philippines, 19 May – 12 Aug 1945
 Motobu Airfield, Okinawa, 21 Jul 1945
 Chōfu Airfield, Japan, 28 Sep 1945
Irumagawa Air Base, Japan, 25 Jan 1946
 Yokota Air Base, Japan, 25 Mar 1949
 Detachment operated from Itazuke Air Base, Japan, from 29 Jun 1950
 Itazuke Air Base, Japan, 9 Jul 1950
Taegu Air Base (K-2), South Korea, 2 Oct 1950
Komaki Air Base, Japan
 Operated from Taegu Air Base (K-2), South Korea, 26 Jan – 25 Feb 1951
Vance Air Force Base, Oklahoma, 1 Nov 1972 – present

Aircraft

F-4 Lightning (1942–1944)
F-5 Lightning (1943–1946)
B-17 Flying Fortress (1942–1943)
B-26 Marauder (1943–1944)
F-6 Mustang (1946)
P-51 Mustang (1946)
 P-61 Black Widow (1946)
F-15A/RF-61C Reporter (1947–1949)
RF-80 Shooting Star (1949–1951)
T-37 Tweet (1972–2006)
T-6 Texan II (2006 – present)

Notable members
Jeffrey B. Cashman, future Brigadier General.
Fred Hargesheimer, pilot turned philanthropist to those who saved his life after he was shot down.
James P. Ulm, future Brigadier General.

References

Notes
 Explanatory notes

 Citations

Bibliography

 Further reading
 Stanaway, John and Bob Rocker. The Eight Ballers: Eyes of the Fifth Air Force. The 8th Photo Reconnaissance Squadron in World War II. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing, 1999. .

008
0008


Upír z Feratu, also known as Ferat Vampire is a 1982 Czechoslovak horror film directed by Juraj Herz. The name is a pun on Upír Nosferatu, or Nosferatu the Vampire.

Plot

Doctor Marek (Jiří Menzel) is shocked when his beloved nurse, Mima (Dagmar Veškrnová), signs a contract with foreign car manufacturer Ferat to work as a rally-driver. Rumors abound that the Ferat sports car runs not on petrol, but on human blood.

Cast
 Jiří Menzel as Dr. Marek
 Dagmar Veškrnová as Mima
 Jana Břežková as Luisa / Klára
 Petr Čepek as Kříž
 Jan Schmid as Dr. Kaplan
 Zdenka Procházková as Madame Ferat

Production

The Ferat rally car used in the film was, in fact, a prototype for an unrealized sports model Škoda 110 Super Sport produced by Škoda Auto, now generally referred to as the Škoda Super Sport 'Ferat Vampir RSR' in homage to the film. This car white coloured also play a small role in Tomorrow I'll Wake Up and Scald Myself with Tea.

See also
 Blood Car, another film about a car that uses blood for fuel
 Road Kill, a film about a road train that uses a pulp made by grinding human bodies for fuel
 Blood Drive, a TV series centered on a road race with cars that use blood for fuel

External links

 Youtube clip of the film
 Screenshots of various cars used in the film

1982 horror films
1980s science fiction horror films
1982 films
Czechoslovak science fiction horror films
1980s Czech-language films
Films directed by Juraj Herz
Films scored by Petr Hapka
1980s Czech films


North Carolina is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States.

North Carolina may also refer to:

Places
 Province of North Carolina, a British colony from 1729 to 1776

Educational institutions
 University of North Carolina, the public university system of the state of North Carolina, of which the Chapel Hill campus is the oldest
 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, often referred to (technically inaccurately) as the "University of North Carolina"

Ships
 CSS North Carolina, an ironclad gunboat built by the Confederate States Navy in 1863
 USS North Carolina, the name of five ships of the United States Navy
 In the Antebellum period, the North Carolina was the lead ship of slave trader Zephaniah Kingsley.

Sport
 North Carolina Tar Heels, the athletic program of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

See also

 Carolina (disambiguation)


Love is the third studio album from Christian rock band Inhabited. It was released in the United States on February 26, 2008, through the 7Spin Music label.  Three songs have been released as radio singles: "Love (I Need You)", "I Want to Know" and "Hush", which charted in the top 10 on Christian CHR music charts (according to Radio and Records magazine).

Track listing
"We Will Live" – 2:49
"Hush" – 2:58
"Love (I Need You)" – 3:49
"I Want to Know" – 4:45
"Song to the Fatherless" – 3:45
"Respect" – 3:50
"I Miss You" – 3:53
"Are You With Me" – 3:09
"One Show" – 3:04
"Old School" – 3:36

References

2008 albums
Inhabited (band) albums


is a 1929 novel by Japanese author Takiji Kobayashi.

Overview
Kani Kōsen is a proletarian novel by Takiji Kobayashi that was first serialized in the May and June 1929 issues of the communist literary magazine Senki. In September of the same year, it was released as a standalone book by Senki Company. The book was banned by government censors, but not before selling 15,000 copies. The novel has been released in English as The Cannery Boat (1933), The Factory Ship (1973), and The Crab Cannery Ship (2013).

Background
Kobayashi began writing the work late in 1928 and finished in March of the following year. It was not based on any personal experiences of the author, but was influenced by Yoshiki Hayama's semi-autobiographical novel Umi ni Ikuru Hitobito. The work's immediate inspiration came from Kobayashi's reading of a newspaper's description of floating crab cannery workers who had been treated brutally and sued their captain on their return to shore.

Kobayashi considered his use of a collective protagonist rather than a singular hero was a step forward in the creation of a proletarian literature, a claim he made in a letter to his mentor Korehito Kurahara immediately upon completion of the work. The letter also shows the influence orthodox Marxism had on Kobayashi roughly two years after his reading of Das Kapital.

Plot
The work has no single protagonist, and the only named character, the superintendent Asakawa, is portrayed as an inhuman monster. The other characters are various groups of oppressed people: fishermen who began as impoverished farmers and plan on using their earnings to rehabilitate their farms, but wind up resorting to drinking and whoring in Hakodate and Otaru; factory hands in their early teens who have been abandoned by poverty-stricken parents; and students who have been tricked into believing that ship work is attractive summer employment.

Themes
The book expresses a sense of pessimism from the beginning. This extends from the opening remarks to the description of Hakodate harbor as being filled with refuse to the comparison of smaller boats to insects.

Reception
Kani Kōsen sold well enough that 15,000 copies were in circulation before it was banned. Abridged versions that removed politically incorrect content continued to be sold after the book was banned, but the uncut version was not reprinted until 1948. In 2008 it became one of the best-selling novels in Japan, selling around five hundred thousand copies.

The book was well-received by Marxist critics on its initial release, and earned Kobayashi a positive reputation. Non-Marxists were less kind:  attacked the work for its portrayal of individual evil but not organizational evil, attributing all the suffering of the characters to one man in Asakawa. Naoya Shiga was of the opinion that as a work of literature it should move readers directly, not by indirectly conveying ideology. Literary historian and critic Donald Keene wrote that the work "succeeds not because of its message, nor because of its confident appraisal of the future, but because of the vivid, believable details of life aboard the ship." Keene praised the novel's unflinching portrayal of sexual violence by the older fishermen against their younger comrades and refusal to set any one figure up as a "worker-hero".

Adaptations
In 1953, the film Kanikōsen was released, directed by Sō Yamamura and starring himself, Masayuki Mori and Sumiko Hidaka. It was awarded the best cinematography prize at the 1954 Mainichi Film Concours.

A manga version of the book first appeared in 2006, the first of four so far. During 2009, two stage adaptations of the novel were produced in Tokyo, another was produced in 2012.

A remake of the film Kani kōsen, directed by Hiroyuki Tanaka and starring Ryuhei Matsuda and Hidetoshi Nishijima was completed in 2009.

References

Works cited

External links

 Kanikōsen online text.
 Red Star Rising

1929 novels
Proletarian literature
Japanese political novels
20th-century Japanese novels
Shinchosha books
Shōwa-period works


Teófilo Carvalho dos Santos (4 September 1906 in Lisbon – 24 March 1986), was a Portuguese politician.

Career
He was a Licentiate in Law from the Faculty of Law of the University of Lisbon.

In 1945 he became one of the Founders of the Partido Trabalhista and, four years later in 1949, he integrated the core of the Resistência Republicana Socialista.

In 1969 he joined the Accção Socialista Portuguesa (ASP) and in 1973, along with other Members of that Party, he founded the Socialist Party.

After the Carnation Revolution and the legalization of his Party he was a Deputy for PS to the Assembly of the Republic for eleven years, between 1975 and 1986. He died in office.

He was the 2nd President of the Assembly of the Republic for two years, from 30 October 1978 to 7 January 1980, in which period he was also inherently a Member of the Portuguese Council of State.

Family
He married Maria Fernanda Troni de Sousa e Melo, daughter of Vasco de Sousa e Melo, a Lawyer, and wife (m. Alenquer, 27 April 1922) Maria Regina Namorado Troni (Alenquer, Triana, 20 December 1889 - ?), whose paternal grandfather was Italian, and had issue:
 Maria Regina de Sousa e Melo Carvalho dos Santos, married in Lisbon on 19 April 1969 to Nuno Manuel de Brederode Rodrigues dos Santos, a Deputy to the Assembly of the Republic (of distant Dutch descent, great-great-grandson in female line of the 2nd Counts of Vila Real and great-great-great-grandson of the 2nd Counts of a Cunha), brother of Maria Emília de Brederode Rodrigues dos Santos and brother in law of José Manuel de Medeiros Ferreira, also a Deputy to the Assembly of the Republic, and had issue:
 Vasco de Melo de Brederode dos Santos (b. Lisbon, 18 August 1977)
 Alexandre de Melo de Brederode dos Santos (b. Lisbon, 24 May 1980)
 Vasco de Sousa e Melo Carvalho dos Santos, unmarried and without issue

References

External links
 Os Presidentes do Parlamento (Presidents of the Portuguese Parliament), Assembly of the Republic

1906 births
1986 deaths
Socialist Party (Portugal) politicians
Presidents of the Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)


Ingrid Bjerkås (8 May 1901 – 30 November 1980) was a Norwegian theologian and the first female minister in the Church of Norway.

Early life
She was born in Kristiania as a daughter of Olaf Johansen (1874–1958) and Hilda Charlotte Elise Holmsen (1874–1953). She finished her secondary education in 1920, married Søren Alexius Bjerkås (1895–1965) in 1922 and became a housewife. They lived in Bærum. In 1941, during the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany, she wrote two letters to Vidkun Quisling, accusing him of treason and demanding his withdrawal from politics. Nazi physician Hans Eng hinted to her being a psychopath. In 1943 she sent a similar letter to Josef Terboven, protesting the crackdown on Norwegian students following the 1943 University of Oslo fire. She was arrested by the Nazis and was incarcerated in Grini concentration camp from 17 December 1943 to 31 January 1944, then at Bærum Hospital until 19 December 1944.

Priesthood
After the war she taught at a Sunday school for some years before enrolling at the University of Oslo. She graduated with the cand.theol. in 1958, and took the practical-theological examination in 1960. She was ordained by the Bishop of Hamar, Kristian Schjelderup in Vang Church in March 1961. This act was the cause of strong protests from church members and church officials alike. Immediately after her ordination, six of the nine bishops of the Bishop Collegium refused to accept her into the holy orders and stated that "we find it impossible to reconcile female ministry with the New Testament because of the attitude and direct statements. The Word denies women access to pastoral as well as teaching offices, and justifies this principle as God's creation scheme and the Lord's own will. So, we are bound by the word of God that the principles we are committed to must be followed". The other bishops agreed to the request.

Eventually, she was hired as vicar in the parish Berg og Torsken. Some still would not accept a female minister. She resigned in June 1965, one month after the death of her husband. She returned to Bærum, and was a priest at Martina Hansen's Hospital from 1966 to 1971. She issued the book Mitt kall ("My Calling") in 1966. She died in November 1980 in Bærum.

References

External links
Rune Slagstad. Rune Slagstad: Mitt møte med Ingrid Bjerkås i 1962 fikk meg til å endre syn på kvinnelige prester (6 November 2021) Vårt Land (partial paywall)
 Translated links to some of her letters

1901 births
1980 deaths
Clergy from Oslo
People from Bærum
Grini concentration camp survivors
University of Oslo alumni
Women Lutheran clergy
20th-century Norwegian Lutheran clergy


North Dakota is a state in the United States.

North Dakota may also refer to:

USS North Dakota (BB-29), former battleship
USS North Dakota (SSN-784), submarine
North Dakota State University
North Dakota State Bison athletic teams representing the state university
"North Dakota", song on Thrush Hermit's album Sweet Homewrecker
 North Dakota, pseudonym for a character in Dan Brown's novel Digital Fortress
 North Dakota (album)
 University of North Dakota
 North Dakota Fighting Hawks athletic teams representing the university

See also

Dakota (disambiguation)
Dakota North (disambiguation)
SS Flickertail State, named for the state of North Dakota, which is also known as the Flickertail State


Tirley Garth is a large country house some  to the north of Tarporley, Cheshire, England.  The house together with its entrance courtyard walls are recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building.

History
The building of the house began in 1907 for Bryan Leesmith, a director of the chemical firm of Brunner Mond, the architect being C. E. Mallows.  Before it was completed, Leesmith had to sell the house and its ownership passed to Brunner Mond.  It was then leased to Richard Henry Prestwich, who was a director of Burberry’s.  Prestwich’s daughter, Irene, continued to rent the property after her father’s death in 1940.  Irene was a member of the campaign for Moral Re-Armament (MRA) and in 1940 she invited the organisation to move here to shelter from the war.  In November 1940 36 incendiary bombs fell in the garden and one on the house.  During the war the gardens were used for growing produce which was taken to the local markets.  After the war Irene bought the house and grounds from Imperial Chemical Industries, the successors of Brunner Mond, and presented it to MRA, establishing the Tirley Garth Trust in order to preserve it.  Irene Prestwich died in 1974.  In 2002, as the house and grounds were surplus to the requirements of MRA, they were sold to Mersey Television.

Architecture
Tirley Garth is built in pebble-dashed brick with buff sandstone dressings, a York stone-slate roof and tall pebble-dashed chimneys. It is designed in the Art and Crafts style.  The word “garth” in its name derives from the house being built around an internal courtyard. On all sides of the courtyard are stone cloisters with three arches on each side and in its centre is a sunken circular pool reached by curved steps. The living quarters are on the south, west and east sides.  The south front, with views towards the Beeston and Peckforton Hills, is the main front.  It is symmetrical with five bays, all of which are gabled.  The central bay has a large semicircular projection in two storeys with an eleven-light mullioned and transomed window behind which is the great hall. Above this is a five-light window. The end bays have canted two-storey projections with four-light windows above them.  The west front is the entrance front.  It has eight bays, is mainly in two storeys, and has a three-storey tower to the right.  Internally there are many architectural details with some fine wood-carving, and tiles which are unique to the house.

Gardens and associated structures
The gardens were also designed by Mallows who believed that in order to create a unity of design, they should be designed by the architect to create a whole with the house.  Mallows worked from rooms adjacent to those of the landscape architect Thomas Mawson, and it is likely that Mawson influenced Mallows' designs.  The degree of Mawson's involvement is uncertain but he did produce planting plans which were published.  The park and garden are registered at Grade II*. The garden covers an area of about 16 hectares, and is the only Grade II* Arts and Crafts garden in Cheshire that remains complete.

To the west of the house is a turning circle and to the south are formal terraced gardens which lead to a sunken garden.  Beyond this the land slopes down to a valley containing many rhododendrons.  To the east of the house terraces lead to two enclosed lawns and a small octagonal garden containing a fountain.  Beyond these is a rose garden consisting of seven semicircular terraces of grass and rose beds.  From the north of these a path leads to the Round Acre, a circular area initially intended for the kitchen garden, now planted with flowering cherry trees.  The gardens are open to visitors on one or two days each year by arrangement through the National Gardens Scheme.

Structures around the house and in the garden are listed at Grade II.  These are the eastern gateway at the southern entrance to the house, which consists of gatepiers and a stile in bossed red sandstone, designed about 1910 by Mallows; the south terrace with its complex of walls, designed about 1912 by Mawson; and the walls and steps of the east terrace and associated formal gardens, also designed around the same time by Mawson. The lodge house at the southern entrance, designed by Mallows, is also Grade II listed.

See also

Grade II* listed buildings in Cheshire West and Chester
Listed buildings in Willington, Cheshire

References

External links
A gallery of photographs of Tirley Garth house and gardens
Photographs of the house and gardens

Further reading

Grade II* listed buildings in Cheshire
Grade II* listed houses
Country houses in Cheshire
Gardens in Cheshire
Tourist attractions in Cheshire
Arts and Crafts architecture in England


Budki Borovskiye () is a village in Rivne Oblast, Ukraine.

Between the world wars, the village was part of the Second Polish Republic. It was located in Gmina Kisorycze, Sarny County, in Wołyń Voivodeship;  until the 1939 Soviet invasion of Poland.

During the wave of massacres of Poles in Volhynia between 1942 and 1945 the village was one of hundreds of sites of mass killings by the UPA death squads aided by the local Ukrainians. On December 6–7, 1943, the Polish inhabitants of Budki were slaughtered, numbering at around fifty. Those who survived, hidden in the forest, were later threatened with death by their Ukrainian neighbours and left the area. The war history of the village was written about by Kazimierz Garbowski (January 1928 in Budki Borowskie — 2000, Warsaw), author of a memoir collected between 1990-1998.

External links

 Geographical map, including basic info, from Falling Rain Genomics 1996-2004

Villages in Wołyń Voivodeship
Massacres of Poles in Volhynia
Villages in Sarny Raion


Uche Akubuike  (born 17 March 1980 in Akwa Ibom) is a Nigerian football goalkeeper. He plays club football for Enyimba.

Playing career
He began his career in 1997 with NITEL Vasco Da Gama F.C. later moving in 1998 to Jasper United. After 1 year with Jasper United, he left the club and moved to Algerian USM Blida. Afterwards he signed with Canon Yaoundé, and also played on loan with FK Hajduk Kula in Serbia, and B71 Sandoy in the Faroe Islands. In January 2003 he transferred to Julius Berger FC, and, later, he played on loan for Platinum Stars in 2005.

He controversially left the South African club after being arrested for visa irregularities. He left Berger in 2006 and moved to Dolphins F.C. Later in 2006, he moved on loan to Kwara United F.C. After the loan returned for one month before moving to crosstown rival Sharks F.C. On 14 February 2008 left Port Harcourt and signs a contract for Wikki Tourists. AKubuike then played with Gombe United between 2010 and 2012.

He signed for Enyimba in May 2012.

International
He was called up by Bora Milutinović for the Nigeria national football team as back-up goalkeeper in the 1998 FIFA World Cup. He has also played a number of friendly matches and has been part of Nigerian team in the African Nations Cup qualifiers. He was also part of the Nigerian team in the Hong Kong 4 Nations Tournament.

References

1980 births
Living people
Nigerian men's footballers
Sportspeople from Akwa Ibom State
Nigeria men's international footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Dolphin F.C. (Nigeria) players
Platinum Stars F.C. players
Sharks F.C. players
Wikki Tourists F.C. players
Kwara United F.C. players
Ifeanyi Ubah F.C. players
Gombe United F.C. players
Bridge F.C. players
Canon Yaoundé players
Expatriate men's footballers in Cameroon
Expatriate men's soccer players in South Africa
USM Blida players
Expatriate men's footballers in Algeria
FK Hajduk Kula players
Expatriate men's footballers in Serbia and Montenegro
B71 Sandoy players
Expatriate men's footballers in the Faroe Islands
Nigerian expatriate sportspeople in Serbia and Montenegro
Jasper United F.C. players
NITEL Vasco Da Gama F.C. players
Nigerian expatriate sportspeople in the Faroe Islands
Nigerian expatriate sportspeople in Algeria
Nigerian expatriate sportspeople in Cameroon
Nigerian expatriate sportspeople in South Africa


Hudo () is a village in the Municipality of Tržič in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia.

Name
Hudo was attested in written records  1400 as zu Chudein, and as Chudm in 1498. The name is derived from the adjective hud 'poor, meager', referring to the soil quality.

Geography
Hudo is a scattered village on a ridge and slopes above the Hudo Basin () and Hudo Woods (). Water is supplied from a catchwork below Mount Vaško ().

References

External links

Hudo on Geopedia

Populated places in the Municipality of Tržič


Club Atlético Deva is a football team based in Unquera, Val de San Vicente in the autonomous community of Cantabria. Founded in 1950, the team plays in Regional Preferente. The club's home ground is El Llance, which has a capacity of 2,000 spectators.

Season to season

10 seasons in Tercera División

External links
official website

Football clubs in Cantabria
Association football clubs established in 1950
Divisiones Regionales de Fútbol clubs
1950 establishments in Spain


Hadibowo Susanto (4 July 1958 – 7 June 2011) was a badminton player from Indonesia.

Career
A men's doubles specialist, Hadibowo teamed with veteran doubles maestro Christian Hadinata to win the Indonesia and Thailand Opens in 1984. In the 1984 Thomas Cup (men's international team championship) series, Hadibowo and Christian defeated their final round Chinese opponents, contributing to Indonesia's three matches to two victory. They also won their final round match against China in the 1986 Thomas Cup series, but this time in a two matches to three loss.

Achievements

World Cup
Men's doubles

Southeast Asian Games
Men's doubles

International Tournaments

The World Badminton Grand Prix has been sanctioned by the International Badminton Federation from 1983 to 2006.

Men's doubles

References

1958 births
2011 deaths
Indonesian male badminton players
Asian Games medalists in badminton
Badminton players at the 1986 Asian Games
Asian Games bronze medalists for Indonesia
Medalists at the 1986 Asian Games
People from Tegal
Badminton players from Central Java
20th-century Indonesian people
21st-century Indonesian people


is the fourth CD single by Minori Chihara. The single placed 17th on the Oricon charts in the same month it debuted.

Track listing

"Say You?"

"Say you? (off vocal)"

References

Minori Chihara songs
Lantis (company) singles
2008 singles
2008 songs


Hušica () is a small settlement in the Municipality of Tržič in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia.

Geography
Hušica consists of three farms on the ridge of a hill on the edge of mixed forest along the road from Brezje pri Tržiču to Kovor. There is a cold spring west of the village near Strašnik Creek.

Name
The name Hušica is pronounced Hušca in the local dialect. It is a diminutive of the name of Hudo (via *Hujšica), a larger neighboring village.

References

External links

Hušica on Geopedia

Populated places in the Municipality of Tržič


A dance hall is a room for dancing.

Dance hall or dancehall may also refer to:

Music
 Dance hall (Jamaican), a music venue in Jamaica
 Dancehall, a musical genre
 Dancehall a 2008 compilation album of the above genre
 "Dance Hall", a song by Modest Mouse on the album Good News for People Who Love Bad News

Film
 Dance Hall (1929 film), an American musical
 Dance Hall (1931 film), a French drama film
 Dance Hall (1941 film), an American comedy film
 Dance Hall (1950 film), a British film


Samson Kambalu (born 1975) is a Malawi-born artist, academic  and author who trained as a fine artist and ethnomusicologist at the University of Malawi's Chancellor College. He is a Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford.

Life and work
Kambalu was born in Malawi, where he attended Kamuzu Academy, the "Eton of Africa". He graduated from the University of Malawi's Chancellor College, Zomba in 1999.  Kambalu completed his MA in Fine Art at Nottingham Trent University in 2003 and wrote his PhD at Chelsea College of Art and Design, looking at how the problematic of the gift and the general economy animates various aspects of his art practice.

Kambalu's work, which references Situationism and the Chewa Nyau culture of his native Malawi, manifests in various media, from drawing, painting, installation, video to literature and performance.

One of his most well known artworks is Holy Ball, a football plastered in pages of the Bible. Kambalu held an exhibition of 24 "Holy Balls" at Chancellor College in 2000 at which he invited the visitors to “exercise and exorcise”. He has since shown his work internationally. In 2015 he was included in Okwui Enwezor's All the World's Futures at the 56th Venice Biennale. In November 2015 a judge in Venice dismissed a complaint filed by the Italian situationist Gianfranco Sanguinetti against the Venice Biennale and Kambalu with regard to the unauthorised and wholescale appropriation of Sanguinetti's entire archive for one of Kambalu's installations, Sanguinetti Breakout Area.

Kambalu's Nyau Cinema is a series of short film clips of psychogeographical performances, shared as interventions on social networking sites and as installations in galleries. These have been described as "cinematic fragments that blend slapstick and spiritual ritual".

His first book, an autobiographical narrative entitled The Jive Talker or How to Get a British Passport, was published by Jonathan Cape (Random House) in July 2008, and in August 2008 by Free Press (Simon & Schuster). His second novel, Uccello's Vineyard, published in 2012, is in The Book Lovers, a collection of artist novels at the Museum of Contemporary Art in Antwerp.

Kambalu is represented by Kate MacGarry in London and Galerie Nordenhake in Stockholm.

On 5 July 2021, it was announced that Kambalu's artwork had been selected as the next to occupy the Fourth plinth in Trafalgar Square in central London from September 2022 until 2024. The sculpture, entitled Antelope, restages a 1914 photograph of Baptist preacher and pan-Africanist John Chilembwe and European missionary John Chorley. Chilembwe wears a hat in an act of defiance, as it was illegal at the time for an African to wear a hat in front of a white person.

Exhibitions

Selected solo exhibitions
 2017 – Red Barn Farm, Galerie Nordenhake, Stockholm, Sweden
 2015 – The Unbearable Lightness of Nyau Cinema, Gallery U Mloka, Olomouc, Czech Republic
 2015 – Double Feature: Nyau Cinema, Schirn Kunsthalle, Frankfurt, Germany
 2014 – Sepia Rain, Stevenson Johannesburg, South Africa
 2012 – Tattoo City: The First Three Chapters (with guests), Castlefield Gallery, Manchester, UK
 2000 – Holyball Exercises and Exorcisms, Chancellor College, Zomba, Malawi

Selected group exhibitions
 2016 – Liverpool Biennial, Liverpool, UK
 2016 – Dakar Biennale, Dakar, Senegal
 2016 – Lost & Found, Paradiso, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
 2015 –  Embodied, Nikolaj Kunsthal, Copenhagen, Denmark
 2015 – 50/50, New Church Museum, Cape Town, South Africa
 2015 – Transformation Marathon, Serpentine Galleries, London
 2015 – Schema, Stevenson Cape Town, South Africa
 2015 – All The World's Futures, Venice Biennale, Italy
 2014 – Chroma, Stevenson Cape Town, South Africa
 2014 – Dakar Biennale, Dakar, Senegal
 2004 – Bloomberg New Contemporaries, Liverpool, UK

Bibliography

Books
 2012 – Uccello's Vineyard. ASIN: B009Z48N2Y
 2008 – The Jive Talker or, How to Get a British Passport.

Articles
 2015, Entering the Arena: All the World's Futures, Art in Culture, South Korea, and Contemporary And
 2014, Great African Minds: Dr Charles Chanthunya, Peter Hammer Verlag
 2013, The Museum and the Individual, essay on Meschac Gaba's Museum of Contemporary African Art, Tate Modern
 2011, Der skurrile Diktator, Kulturaustausch, IFA, Germany
 2010, Dr Albert Schweitzer's Troublesome Young Brother, Kulturaustausch, IFA, Germany
 2010, Windmill Jive, Salz Magazine, Austria
 2009, Action Bitte – Malawians at Leisure, Kulturaustausch, IFA, Germany

Residencies, fellowships and awards
 2015, Research fellowship, Smithsonian Institution National Museum of African Art, Washington DC, USA
 2014, Research fellowship, Yale Center for British Art, New Haven, USA
 2013, AHRC PhD Research Award, UK
 2005–10, The Fire Station Residency, ACME, London, UK
 2004, Decibel Visual Arts Award, Arts Council
 2000, Thami Mnyele Artist Residency, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

Notes and references

External links

 Kate MacGarry: Samson Kambalu
 Random House
 Simon & Schuster
 Contemporary And: Samson Kambalu
 Giles Foden, "Good news from Africa", review of The Jive Talker, The Guardian, 23 August 2008.
 Susan Williams, "The Jive Talker, by Samson Kambalu – Portrait of the artist as a young African" (review), The Independent, 4 July 2008.
 Aminatta Forna, "Review: The Jive Talker by Samson Kambalu", The Telegraph, 10 August 2008.
 Massa Lemu, "For the ranter, the whole world is a playground. In conversation with Samson Kambalu", Contemporary And, 13 February 2014.

1975 births
British artists
Black British artists
British conceptual artists
Fellows of Magdalen College, Oxford
Malawian artists
Malawian writers
Living people
University of Malawi alumni
Alumni of Nottingham Trent University
Alumni of Kamuzu Academy
21st-century male artists


A primer (in this sense usually pronounced , sometimes , usually the latter in modern British English) is a first textbook for teaching of reading, such as an alphabet book or basal reader. The word also is used more broadly to refer to any book that presents the most basic elements of any subject. Secular primer textbooks developed out of medieval religious primer prayer books and educationally-oriented revisions of these devotionals proliferated during the English Reformation.

The Latin Enschedé Abecedarium of the late 15th century, translated into English as the Salisbury Prymer, has been identified as the earliest example of a printed primer. It presented the alphabet and several Catholic prayers.

Other historical examples of primers for children include:
 The New England Primer (1680s)
 McGuffey Readers (1836) in the US
  Bala Potam (Lessons for Children, 1850 & 1851) by Arumuka Navalar in Sri Lanka
 Al-Qiraa Al-Khaldouniya in 1923 by Sati' al-Husri in Arabic
 Alfudbei Nwe in 1951 by Ibrahim Amin Baldar in Kurdish

See also
 Basal reader
 Hornbook
 Primary education
 Grammarians' War
 Book series
 Volume (bibliography)
 Collection (publishing)

References

 Primer
Linguistics textbooks


Vasco da Gama Fernandes  (4 November 1908 – 9 August 1991), was a Portuguese lawyer and politician.

Background
He was named after his most remote relative Vasco da Gama.

Career
Vasco da Gama Fernandes was licensee in Law, from the faculty of Law of the University of Lisbon, and became a lawyer and politician. Distinguished as an oppositioner to Estado Novo, being arrested for several times by the political police (PIDE), he joined the Aliança Republicana e Socialista (ARS) and later to the Movimento de Unidade Nacional Antifascista (MUNAF). In 1945, he was one of the founders of the Movimento de Unidade Democrática (MUD), and also of the Partido Trabalhista in 1947 and the Socialist Party (PS) in 1973.

After the Carnation Revolution, he was elected a deputy and vice-president of the Constituent Assembly for PS and, when reelected to the Assembly of the Republic, he also became its 1st President from 29 July 1976 to 29 October 1978, also becoming inherently a member of the Portuguese Council of State.

In 1979, he resigned from PS, joining then the Frente Republicana e Socialista (FRS) and later founded the Democratic Renovator Party (PRD). For this party he was again elected deputy in the legislative elections of 1985 and 1987.

References

1908 births
1991 deaths
People from São Vicente, Cape Verde
Socialist Party (Portugal) politicians
Democratic Renewal Party (Portugal) politicians
Presidents of the Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)
20th-century Portuguese lawyers