The use of biofuels varies by region.
The world leaders in biofuel development and use are Brazil, United States, France, Sweden and Germany.

Americas

Brazil

The government of Brazil hopes to build on the success of the Proálcool ethanol program by expanding the production of biodiesel which must contain 2% biodiesel by 2008, and 5% by 2013.

Canada

The government of Canada aims for 45% of the country's gasoline consumption to contain 10% ethanol by 2010.

Colombia and Venezuela
Colombia mandates the use of 10% ethanol in all gasoline sold in cities with populations exceeding 500,000. In Venezuela, the state oil company is supporting the construction of 15 sugar cane distilleries over the next five years, as the government introduces an E10 (10% ethanol) blending mandate.

United States

The Energy Policy Act of 2005 was passed by the United States Congress on July 29, 2005, and signed into law by President George W. Bush on August 8, 2005, at Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque, New Mexico. The Act, described by proponents as an attempt to combat growing energy problems, changed the energy policy of the United States by providing tax incentives and loan guarantees for energy production of various types. In 2006, the United States president George W. Bush said in a State of the Union speech that the US is "addicted to oil" and should replace 75% of imported oil by 2025 by alternative sources of energy including biofuels.

Essentially all ethanol fuel in the US is produced from corn.  Corn is a very energy-intensive crop, which requires one unit of fossil-fuel energy to create just 0.9 to 1.3 energy units of ethanol.  A senior member of the House Energy and Commerce Committee, Congressman Fred Upton introduced legislation to use at least E10 fuel by 2012 in all cars in the United States.

The 2007-12-19 US Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 requires American "fuel producers to use at least"  "of biofuel in 2022. This is nearly a fivefold increase over current levels." This is causing a significant shift of resources away from food production. American food exports have decreased (increasing grain prices worldwide), and US food imports have increased significantly.

Today most biofuels are not currently cost-effective without significant subsidies. "America's ethanol program is a product of government subsidies. There are more than 200 different kinds, as well as a 54 cents-a-gallon tariff on imported ethanol. This prices Brazilian ethanol out of an otherwise competitive market.  Brazil makes ethanol from sugarcane rather than corn (maize), which has a better EROEI.  Federal subsidies alone cost $7 billion a year (equal to around $1.90 a gallon)."

General Motors is starting a project to produce E85 fuel from cellulose ethanol for a projected cost of . This is optimistic, because $1 per US gallon equates to  which is comparable to woodchips at  or firewood at , and this does not account for conversion losses and plant operating and capital costs which are significant. The raw materials can be as simple as corn stalks and scrap petroleum-based vehicle tires, but used tires are an expensive feedstock with other more-valuable uses. GM has over 4 million E85 cars on the road now, and by 2012 half of the production cars for the US will be capable of running on E85 fuel. But by 2012, the supply of ethanol will not even be close to supplying this much E85. Coskata Inc. is building two new plants for the ethanol fuel. Theoretically, the process is claimed to be five times more energy efficient than corn based ethanol, but it is still in development and has not been proven to be cost effective in a free market. The greenhouse gas emissions are reduced by 86% for cellulose compared to corn's 29% reduction.

The Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008 is a $288 billion, five-year agricultural policy bill being considered by the United States Congress as a continuation of the 2002 Farm Bill. The bill continues the United States' long history of agricultural subsidy as well as pursuing areas such as energy, conservation, nutrition, and rural development.[1] Some specific initiatives in the bill include increases in Food Stamp benefits, increased support for the production of cellulosic ethanol, and money for the research of pests, diseases and other agricultural problems.

Asia
In 2007, the 10 ASEAN members and leaders from Australia, China, India, Japan, South Korea and New Zealand, signed the Cebu Declaration on the East Asian Energy Security Pact in the Philippines and agreed to promote the development of biofuels to reduce fossil fuel dependence and promote cleaner sources of energy.
Subsequently, several Asian countries formulated policies and set targets for biofuels utilization. The Philippine government passed a law that mandates a minimum of 1% biodiesel blend within three months and at least 2% biodiesel blend within two years upon the effectiveness of the Act, and at least 5% bioethanol blend within two years upon effectiveness of the Act and 10% bioethanol fuel within four years after (Philippine Republic Act No. 9637 or also known as the Philippine Biofuels Act).”
Thailand has established a 10% target for an ethanol mix in regular gasoline, while Malaysia has set a 5% palm oil diesel blend at domestic pumps. Indonesia plans to double the palm oil acreage area over the next 30 years.

China

China has 45 listed companies doing biofuels-related businesses and is expected to grow even more because of China’s booming economy. Among the major foreign investors are Biolux Energy, Bright BioFuels (BBF), Sunshine Technology Group, and Asia Energy. As of 2008, China ranked No. 8 in Biofuels Country Attractiveness Indices commissioned by Ernst & Young. Since the late 1990s, China has set up major policies supporting the development and utilization of biofuels. In 2001, the government initially formulated the First Five-Year Plan for Bioethanol and the Special Development Plan for Denatured Fuel Ethanol and Bioethanol Gasoline for Automobiles. In early 2002, the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) and seven other ministries jointly issued two policy documents: the Pilot Testing Program of Bioethanol for Automobiles, and the Detail Regulations for Implementing the Pilot Testing Program of Bioethanol Gasoline for Automobiles. In 2003, a 10% ethanol (E10) blending for its automobile sector was initiated in three cities in Henan Province and in two cities in Heilongjiang Province. The following major support policies were provided to carry out the terms of the two policy documents: (i) a 5% consumption tax on all bioethanol under the E10 program was waived for all bioethanol plants; (ii) the value-added tax (normally 17%) on bioethanol production was refunded at the end of each year; (iii) all bioethanol plants received subsidized “old grain” (grains reserved in national stocks that are not suitable for human consumption) for feedstock. This subsidy was jointly provided by the central and local governments; and (iv) the government offered a subsidy to ensure a minimum profit for the bioethanol plants. This means that in the event that a bioethanol plant declares loss in production and marketing, the government will provide a subsidy equal to the gap between marketing revenues and production costs plus a reasonable profit that the firm could have obtained from an alternative investment. There are five licensed ethanol fuel producers and over 12 operational biodiesel plants and roughly 28 more under construction in China. Among the licensed ethanol producers, the Jilin Fuel Alcohol Company is the largest, located in an industrial complex in the northern part of China near Jilin City, Jilin Province. The largest ethanol production facility was established in 2001 as a joint venture between PetroChina, Cofoco, and the Jilin Food Company. It has its own power station, water treatment facility, and employs about 430 employees of which 10% are at management level. All ethanol produced at this facility is blended by PetroChina, which has 20 ethanol blending stations in Jilin Province. Bioethanol plants are required by the government to sell their produced fuel ethanol only to appointed oil companies, such as PetroChina or Sinopec at a price of 0.91 or about $0.82/liter. The government subsidizes the gap between the sale price and production cost. China's potential marginal arable lands are limited and most are fragmented. In a 2003-2004 survey conducted by the Ministry of Land and Resources, potential arable lands that are not fragmented amounted only to 7.3 million hectares, accounting for 8.28% of total reserved land.

India

In India imports 85% of petrol products with import cost of $55 billion in 2020–21, India has set a target of blending 20% ethanol in petrol by 2025 resulting in import substitution saving of US$4 billion and India provides financial assistance for manufacturing ethanol from rice, wheat, barley, corn, sorghum, sugarcane, sugar beet, etc. Ethanol market penetration reached its highest figure of a 3.3% blend rate in India in 2016.

The country aims to replace 20% of the country's diesel requirement with biodiesel in accordance with the National Biodiesel Mission (NBM) by 2012. The NBM has been, and will continue to be, implemented in two stages: First is a demonstration project, which was carried out over the period 2003-2007 aimed at cultivating 400,000 hectares of Jatropha expected to yield about 3.75 tons of oilseed per hectare annually. The project has also demonstrated the viability of other related activities/projects such as seed collection and oil extraction. In addition, the government will build a transesterification plant. Second, a commercialisation period which started in 2007 and will proceed until 2012 will continue with Jatropha cultivation. The plan also involves the installation of more transesterification plants that will position India to meet 20% of its diesel needs through biodiesel. High ethanol prices and low availability of sources has compelled the government to amend its 5% blending target with the notification that 5% bioethanol blended petrol shall be supplied in identified areas if (a) the indigenous price of ethanol offered for ethanol blended petrol programme is comparable to that offered by the indigenous ethanol industry for alternative uses, (b) the indigenous delivery price of ethanol offered for the ethanol blended petrol programme at a particular location is comparable to the import parity price of petrol at that location, and (c) there is an adequate supply of ethanol. To encourage investment, there are also tax incentives and excise cuts. At the state level, the Maharashtra government offers waivers of government fee from the 1 percent turnover tax on anhydrous ethanol, ₹ 500 per kilolitre (kl) (US$0.048 per US gallon) permit fee, 4% sales tax, 10% surcharge on sales tax, ₹ 1,500/kl (US$0.14/US gal) import fee, ₹ 300/kl (US$0.029/US gal) service charges and 3% Octroi, which is a local tax collected on various articles brought into the district for consumption. By 2030, it is expected that India will soon become the world's third largest economy due to its speedy growth. In 2005, the GDP of India was US$0.6 trillion, and it is forecasted to reach US$6.1 trillion by the year 2030 at an annual growth rate of 9%.

In 2014, India had 125 ethanol producers, mostly in sugarcane producing states, with a total capacity of 1.25 billion litres of ethanol. India ranks No. 12 in the 2008 Ernst and Young Indices.

Earlier in 2003, the national government set a 5% mandated bioethanol blending target for petrol, initiated a program to raise blending requirement from E5 to E10 and then E20, and since then petroleum with an ethanol blend was developed and has been  used across the nation. In 2005, the country became the world's fourth largest producer of ethanol at 1.6 billion litres and at the same time the world's largest consumer of sugar.

Indonesia
On January 25, 2006, the government of Indonesia issued Presidential Instruction (Instruksi Presiden RI) No 1/2006 regarding “Provision and Utilisation of Biofuel as Alternative Fuel” as the legal framework for biofuels development in the country. Accordingly, 10% of bioethanol and biodiesel are allowed to blend with gasoline and diesel. To attract more investors, the government provides investment tax incentives through Government Regulation No. 62/2008, which has the following salient features: (i) 30% reduction of net income from the total investment, applied for 6 yrs, or 5% every year; (ii) expediting depreciation and amortization method; (iii) lower income tax (10%) compared to (15%) in the past for royalties earned by foreign tax payers; and (iv) a longer period of compensation of loss—more than 5 yrs but less than 10 years. To help small farmers, the Ministry of Finance issued Regulation No. 117/PMK.06/2006 or Credit for the Development of Bio-fuel Energy and Plantation Revitalization. This is a subsidized credit scheme for farmers involving several government owned banks—PT. BRI, PT. Bank Mandiri, PT. Bank Bukopin, PT. Bank Sumut, and BPD Sumbar. An interest rate subsidy was also allocated. For example, the market rate for cassava is 18%, while for farmers it is only 9%. Likewise, the market rate for sugar cane where it is 18% but the rate charged to farmers is only 12%. During the initial period, there were only two biodiesel plants in Indonesia: PPKS in Medan and Eterindo in Gresik. At present, there are nine ethanol plants with a total production capacity of 133,632 kiloliters, and some of them began to produce as early as 2007 with oil palm plantation among others like PT Musimas with a capacity of 100,000 tons per year in North Sumatra and PT Prajona Nelayan with a capacity of 60,000 tons per year in Riau. Dumai, also in Riau, was identified by the Indonesian government as the largest biodiesel development center in Indonesia, considering its abundant supply of raw materials including, oil palm in this area, supported by the availability of port facilities and the existence of the largest biofuel processing plant (PT Wilmar Bioenergi with production capacity of 350,000 tons per day). As of 2009, Indonesia has 32 listed companies that are involved in the biofuels industry utilizing sugarcane, cassava, and coconut (according to a presentation delivered by the Directorate General of Electricity and Energy Utilization of the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Republic of Indonesia in the 2nd Asia Biomass Energy workshop, Biofuels Database in East Asia held last December 8–10, 2009 in Kyoto, Japan). Of these 32 companies, nine of them are ethanol producers with a total production capacity of 133,632 kiloliters. Of nine of these companies, only two of them produce ethanol with specifications for fuel or bioethanol. These companies are PT Bukitmanikam Subur Persada in Lampung and PT Indo Acidama Chemical in Surabaya. Total production capacity of these companies reached 93,282 kiloliter per year. Due to Indonesia's initiatives to increase the cultivation of natural resources in terms of biofuel production in coordination with ethanol producers, the country was able to rank No. 14 in the Ernst and Young's Biofuels Indices in 2008.

Israel
IC Green Energy, a subsidiary of Israel Corp., aims by 2012 to process 4-5% of the global biofuel market (~4 million tons).  It is focused solely on non-edible feedstock such as jatropha, castor, cellulosic biomass and algae.  In June 2008, Tel Aviv-based Seambiotic and Seattle-based Inventure Chemical announced a joint venture to use  emissions-fed algae to make ethanol and biodiesel at a biofuel plant in Israel.

Malaysia

Beginning in 1982, Malaysia developed a comprehensive biofuels programme where palm methyl esthers and a 5% blend of processed palm oil were the primary additives to 95% petroleum diesel as transport fuels. At present, Malaysia Energy Centre forecasted that for the next 25 years the country's energy requirements would be tripled from its present consumption levels and expand at a 5.2% annual rate. According to Malaysia's national oil company Petronas, the country's reserves of 5.2 billion barrels of crude oil may only last for another 20 years at the present rate of extraction unless new oil fields are explored or new sources of energy emerge. In pursuit of energy security through diversification, Malaysia passed the Five Fuel Diversification Strategy. Under this strategy, the Malaysian government enacted the National Biofuel Policy (NBP) in August 2005 to develop a framework for biofuels. The NBP aims to supplement the diminishing supply of fossil fuels with renewable resources and has mobilized local resources for biofuel production. This effort involves the exploitation of local technology to generate energy for the transportation and industrial sectors and to pave the way for the export of biofuels. The NBP operates through five strategic objectives:
Objective 1: Biofuel for Transport. Diesel for land and sea transport will be a blend of 5% processed palm oil and 95% petroleum diesel. This ‘B5’ would be made available throughout the country.
Objective 2:  Biofuel for Industry. Supply B5 diesel to the industrial sector, to be used as fuel in industrial boilers, construction machinery, and diesel-powered generators.
Objective 3:  Biofuel Technologies. Promote research, development, and commercialization of biofuel technologies.
Objective 4:  Biofuel for Export. Encourage and facilitate the establishment of plants for producing biofuels for export.
Objective 5:  Biofuel for a Cleaner Environment. Enhance the quality of the ambient air, reduce the use of fossil fuels, and minimize emissions of greenhouse gases (mainly carbon dioxide), carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide and particulates through the increased use of biofuels.

In August 2006, Malaysia's pioneer commercial biodiesel plant started its initial operations. A total of 55,000 tons of biodiesel were produced between August and December 2006, and in 2007 production, escalated to 130,000 tons. RBD palm oil was the primary feedstock used, which accounted for 94% of the total processed palm oil for biodiesel. To regulate the biofuel industry and promote its further development, the Lower House of the Parliament passed the Biofuel Industries Act in April 2007. This statute provides for the mandatory use of biofuels and the licensing of biofuel-related activities; it also allows the licensing authority to revoke or suspend any license if the licensee has ceased to produce, operate or carry out any activity for which the license was issued. The Malaysian government also approved in the same year a total of 92 biodiesel projects, 57 which were installed in Peninsular Malaysia and 35 located in East Malaysia, with a combined annual production capacity of 10.4 million tons or 11.7 billion liters. But at that time, there were only five plants in operation with combined production capacities of 400,000 tons per year. Therefore, an additional seven plants with production capacities of 615,000 tons were constructed during that year. As of September 2008, there were 14 functional biodiesel plants, but only eight were in operation while the other four had suspended operations due to incessant price increases of biodiesel feedstock. From January to September 2008, the estimated total production capacity was 130,000 tons of biodiesel.

Philippines
In 2004, demand for imported fossil fuel products in the Philippines reached approximately 106.5 million barrels of fuel oil, equivalent (MBFOE) to roughly 39% of the total primary energy supply mix. This volume was 96% of the total petroleum supply, reflecting the country's tremendous dependence on imported fossil fuel. The Philippines’ total indigenous local energy production (including coal, oil, natural gas, geothermal, hydropower, biomass, solar and wind) was 139.72 MMBFOE, which in 2004 translated to energy self-sufficiency level of 51%. In terms of foreign exchange, the importations volume has reach an equivalent to roughly US$3.8 billion of currency outflow on an annual basis, the transportation sector representing the largest consumer. Accordingly, they utilized at least 56 MBFOE, equivalent to 28.7% of the country's total consumption. In response to this foreseen dilemma, the Philippine government formulated a national policy that would reduce the country's dependence on imported fossil fuel, protect public health, the environment, and the country's natural ecosystem. This initiative would also generate opportunities for the livelihoods of people, particularly in the countryside. On January 12, 2007, Republic Act No. 9367, or the Biofuels Act, was enacted to develop and utilize indigenous, renewable, and sustainable clean energy sources. The statute mandates the use of bioethanol, biodiesel, and other fuels made from biomass as alternative forms of energy. Two of the salient features of the law include a 5% minimum ethanol blend to gasoline within two years of the Biofuels Act and a 10% minimum blend two years thereafter. Based on the Philippine Energy Plan (2007-2014), a 5% minimum blend was required amounting to 208.11 million liters of ethanol by 2009. With a 10% blend, 460.63 million liters (inclusive of consumption growth rate) will be needed by 2011.

On December 16, 2008, the Renewable Energy Act of 2008 was signed into law to accelerate the exploration, development, and utilization of renewable energy resources, including biofuels and to provide a legal and institutional framework to harmonize the fragmented policies for renewable energy in the country. One salient feature of the policy is to create an environment conducive to investments through the provision of the following incentives: (a) duty-free importation of renewable energy (RE) machinery, equipment and materials over the initial 10 years through the issuance of certifications to RE developers; (b) duty-free importation of farm machinery and agricultural inputs during the initial 10 years from the effectivity of the Renewable Energy law; (c) income tax holidays over the first seven years of commercial operation; (d) accelerated depreciation if an RE fails to receive an ITH before full operation; (e) cash incentives from RE Developers for Missionary Electrification, i.e., 50% of the universal charge for power needed to service missionary areas; (f) corporate tax rates of 10% on its net taxable income after the initial seven-year ITH period; (g) tax exemptions for carbon credits; (h) special realty tax rates of not more than 1.5% on equipment and machinery, civil works, and other improvements; and (i) net operating loss carry-over (NOLCO) during the first three years of commercial operation will be deductible from gross income over the next seven years of operation. As of 2009, the Department of Energy has accredited 12 producers of Coconut Methyl Ester (CME) for biodiesel with a total production capacity of 395,620,165 liters. The Sugar Regulatory Administration (SRA) has accredited two producers of bioethanol (from sugarcane) with a total production capacity of 39 million liters per year.

Thailand
The Thai government instituted the use of gasohol in government vehicles to set an example and to ensure public confidence in biofuels. In 2000, a biomass ethanol project was approved by the Cabinet to encourage investors from the ethanol and biodiesel industries. As a result, 24 investment permits were issued to producers, resulting in a combined production capacity of 4,115,000 liters per day, The following year, three investment permits with a total production capacity of 595,000 liters per day were issued but allegedly, due to uncertainties involving the price of ethanol, construction of the ethanol plants was delayed. To encourage more investors and ensure a sufficient ethanol supply, the government lifted the ceiling on investment permits. Additionally, the Thai government provides zero taxes on imported equipment and machinery and zero income tax for eight years. On September 14, 2006, 18 more permits were granted to ethanol producers enabling the country to reach a total production capacity of 5,730,000 liters per day. The Thai government has a policy of non-intervention for biodiesel production, and interested parties are encouraged to apply for permits to the Department of Industrial Plants, Ministry of Industry. Two sub-committees were appointed by the Energy Policy Committee to oversee ethanol and biodiesel production.

In 2006, the Ministry of Energy (MOE) placed a target on ethanol use as a substitute for methyl tertiary butyl ether mixed with 95 octane gasoline and also to substitute a portion of 91 octane gasoline at the rate of 1.00 million liters per day. However, due to an economic slowdown and price effect of gasoline consumption, the MOE reduced its target to 2.40 million liters per day. The blending target for biodiesel for the whole country is 5% or 3.96 million liters per day of B100. The initial intention was to increase by 10% or 8.50 million liters per day in 2012, but for the same reasons mentioned above, the 2011 target was revised and slashed to 3.02 million liters per day of B100. On November 22, 2007, the MOE and Bank of Agriculture and Agricultural Cooperatives (BAAC) decided to provide low-interest, B7,000 million loans to farmers to grow palm oil for 10 years at a minimum return rate of -0.5% as a support to their livelihood. To formulate a comprehensive framework for oil palm development, the cabinet approved on January 15, 2008, a government order to set up a National Oil Palm Policy. The Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency under the Ministry of Energy reported that Thailand has at least 48 registered number ethanol companies and 14 biodiesel producers as of 2009.

Europe

European Union

The European Union in its biofuels directive (updated 2006) has set the goal that for 2010 that each member state should achieve at least 5.75% biofuel usage of all used traffic fuel. By 2020 the figure should be 10%. These targets were reduced in 2015 in light of certain environmental and social concerns associated with biofuels such as rising food prices and deforestation.

France
France is the second largest biofuel consumer among the EU States in 2006. According to the Ministry of Industry, France's consumption increased by 62.7% to reach 682,000 toe (i.e. 1.6% of French fuel consumption). Biodiesel represents the largest share of this (78%, far ahead of bioethanol with 22%). The unquestionable biodiesel leader in Europe is the French company Diester Industrie producing of 2 million tons of biodiesel. In bioethanol, the French agro-industrial group Téréos is increasing its production capacities. Although France is bound by the EU Renewable Energy Directive and Fuel Quality Directive, the country has not yet implemented any legislation promoting the use of renewable energies to date.

Germany
Germany remained the largest European biofuel consumer in 2006, with a consumption estimate of 2.8 million tons of biodiesel (equivalent to 2,408,000 toe), 0.71 million ton of vegetable oil (628.492 toe) and 0.48 million ton of bioethanol (307,200 toe). The biggest German biodiesel company is ADM Ölmühle Hamburg AG, subsidiary of the American group Archer Daniels Midland Company.  Among the other large German producers, MUW (Mitteldeutsche Umesterungswerke GmbH & Co KG) and EOP Biodiesel AG. A major contender in terms of bioethanol production is the German sugar corporation, Südzucker. Germany has enacted legislation to promote the use of biofuels in transport through 2014 in partial compliance with the Renewable Energy Directive and Fuel Quality Directive.

Spain
The Spanish group Abengoa, via its American subsidiary Abengoa Bioenergy, is the European leader in production of bioethanol. Spain has enacted legislation to promote the use of biofuels in transport through 2013 in partial compliance with the RED and FQD.

Sweden

The government of Sweden and the national association of auto makers, BIL Sweden, have started work to end oil dependency. One-fifth of cars in Stockholm can run on alternative fuels, mostly ethanol fuel.  Stockholm is to introduce a fleet of Swedish-made hybrid ethanol-electric buses.

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, the Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation (RTFO) (announced 2005) is the requirement that by 2010 5% of all road vehicle fuel is renewable. In 2008 a critical report by the Royal Society stated that "biofuels risk failing to deliver significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions from transport and could even be environmentally damaging unless the Government puts the right policies in place".

Developing countries
Biofuel industries are becoming established in many developing countries. Many developing countries have extensive biomass resources that are becoming more valuable as demand for biomass and biofuels increases. The approaches to biofuel development in different parts of the world varies. Countries such as India and China are developing both bioethanol and biodiesel programs. India is extending plantations of jatropha, an oil-producing tree that is used in biodiesel production. The Indian sugar ethanol program sets a target of 5% bioethanol incorporation into transport fuel. China is a major bioethanol producer and aims to incorporate 15% bioethanol into transport fuels by 2010. Costs of biofuel promotion programs can be very high, though.

In rural populations in developing countries, biomass provides the majority of fuel for heat and cooking. Wood, animal dung and crop residues are commonly burned. Figures from the International Energy Agency (IEA) show that biomass energy provides around 30% of the total primary energy supply in developing countries; over 2 billion people depend on biomass fuels as their primary energy source.

The use of biomass fuels for cooking indoors is a source of health problems and pollution. 1.3 million deaths were attributed to the use of biomass fuels with inadequate ventilation by the International Energy Agency in its World Energy Outlook 2006. Proposed solutions include improved stoves and alternative fuels. However, fuels are easily damaged, and alternative fuels tend to be expensive. Very low cost, fuel efficient, low pollution biomass stove designs have existed since 1980 or earlier. Issues are a lack of education, distribution, corruption, and very low levels of foreign aid. People in developing countries often cannot afford these solutions without assistance or financing such as microloans. Organizations such as Intermediate Technology Development Group work to make improved facilities for biofuel use and better alternatives accessible to those who cannot get them.

See also
 European Biofuels Technology Platform
 List of algal fuel producers
 Biofuel advocacy groups
 List of biofuel companies and researchers
 Biodiesel by region
 List of renewable energy topics by country

References

External links
 The European Biofuels Challenge Developments in European Union Policy and Industry Drivers
 BioenergyWiki: EU biofuel policy tracker
 Renewable Energy Directive
 Fuel Quality Directive

Biofuels


The Gleaner Company Ltd. is a newspaper publishing enterprise in Jamaica. Established in 1834 by Joshua and Jacob De Cordova, the company's primary product is The Gleaner, a morning broadsheet published six days each week. It also publishes a Sunday paper, the Sunday Gleaner, and an evening tabloid, The Star. Overseas weekly editions are published in Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States. The paper was known as The Daily Gleaner until 1992.

The company is headquartered in Kingston, Jamaica.

Overview
The Gleaner Company Limited is a Jamaica-based newspaper company. The principal activities of the company and its subsidiaries are the publication and printing of newspapers and radio broadcasting. The company's subsidiaries include Independent Radio Company Limited (IRC)- Power 106 and Music 99 FM, Gleaner Online Limited, Creek Investments Limited, Selectco Publications Limited, GV Media Group Limited and The Gleaner Company (Canada) Inc. and The Gleaner Company (USA) Limited.

There were approximately 417 direct employees. In addition to these direct employees, the company's business depends on contractors and vendors who are business people trading in their own right. Then there are also motor contractors, rural agents, space writers, correspondents, freelance photographers and contributors. In total, some 4,000 people in Jamaica are involved in the Gleaner's operations.

History
The Gleaner commenced publication in the year 1834. It was founded by two brothers, Jacob and Joshua de Cordova.

In 1898 it became a publicly registered company and is listed on the Jamaica Stock Exchange.

From 1834 until mid-1969, the Gleaner Company was situated at various locations on Harbour Street, principally at 148–156 Harbour Street, with some departments operating from 146–161 Harbour Street. Continued growth prompted the company to erect the present building at 7 North Street, where construction work on the plant commenced on 1 February 1967. It was completed in 1969 and blessed by religious leaders in the community on 26 May of that year. By Monday, 14 July of the same year, the company conducted its business entirely on the new premises.

As the need became apparent for the western end of the island to be better serviced, a branch office was established in Montego Bay in 1966, and later advertising offices were opened in Ocho Rios and Mandeville.

Gleaner publications
 The Gleaner is published Monday through Saturday. The Gleaner, a morning broadsheet, is the flagship of the group, containing news, views, sports and in-depth reporting. The Gleaner contains the following regular sections and features the following:
 Western Focus provides for the needs of the people lining in the five western parishes; this special edition carries news, features, and advertisements from those parishes.
 The Flair Magazine is designed to address topics of concerns to women.
 The Financial Gleaner is for the business and financial community.
 Youthlink is a magazine addressing educational and other issues of concerns to the youth and highlighting their achievements.
 The Sunday Gleaner, first published in 1939, is a weekend paper reaching twice as many readers as the daily paper.
 The Star is an afternoon tabloid. "The people paper", it provides investigative reports, news, special columns, and stories.
 The Weekend Star, first published in 1951, reviews of Jamaican music, dance, theatre, and culture.
 Track and Pools is for the horse-racing fraternity. It features computer-calculated tips for each race.
 The Children's Own is published each week during the academic term.
 Hospitality Jamaica is about tourist industry news.

Publications in North America
 The Weekly Star, the Entertainment Paper, covers Jamaican music, arts, and theatre, with human interest features and news about community life.
 The Weekly Gleaner with North America Extra is the top Caribbean newspaper, distributed in 22 American and eight Canadian cities.

Publication in the United Kingdom
 The Weekly Gleaner (UK) carrying news of interest to the West Indians in United Kingdom, the paper offers coverage of important issues and events in both the Caribbean and the United Kingdom.

Notable years in the life of the company

1834 13 September: The first publication was a four-page weekly newspaper printed at 66 West Harbour Street along with the Mercantile Intelligencer. It began life as The Gleaner and Weekly Compendium of News, published on Saturdays only, at a quarterly subscription rate of 10 shillings in Kingston, and 13 shillings and four pence in the rural areas.
 December: The name changed to The Gleaner: A weekly family newspaper devoted to literature, morality, the arts and sciences, and amusements.

1836 Merger of deCordova's Advertising Sheet with The Gleaner to produce a four-page paper, published every day except Sundays.

1875 The Gleaner was printed on a steam-driven press.

1882 Fire destroyed its plant at 148 Harbour Street and The Gleaner was printed at The Government Printing Office for two weeks.

1897 10 June: The Gleaner became a public company.

1902 The Gleaner increased its size to 16 pages and sold for one penny.

1907 14 January: An earthquake and subsequent fire destroyed the building on Harbour Street, four days later the newspaper was on the streets again, and printing being done at the Government Printing Office for a time.

1908 Rapid expansion with the introduction of three linotype machines.

1912 A photo-engraving department was installed.

1917 Hoe Rotary Press was installed.

1920 Motor delivery routes were established.

1925 The Pink Sheet magazine was added to the Saturday Gleaner.

1939 10 September: The first Sunday Gleaner was published, right after World War II started.

1950 11 June: The first Children's Own newspaper was published.

1951 July: The first Overseas Gleaner (now The Weekly Gleaner) was published.
24 November: The first Star was published.

1959 The Company installed a Crabtree rotary press, which allowed the Gleaner to print nine colours, and the Star, six colours.

1960 Branch offices were established, the first was located in Montego Bay.

1962 The Weekend Star was introduced, 24-pages with an eight-page entertainment section, priced at three pence.

1963 The Sunday Magazine was added to The Sunday Gleaner.

1964 Gleaner shares quoted on the Jamaica Stock Market at 12 shillings per five-shilling share.

1969 The Gleaner "The Old Lady of Harbour Street" began operating at 7 North Street, Central Kingston, its current location, where a six-unit Crabtree rotary press was installed.

1982 Major computer system installed - making it one of the first newspapers in the Caribbean to switch over to new technology.

1992 7 December: Name change from The Daily Gleaner to The Gleaner.

1993 The Company signed an agreement with System Integrators, Inc. (SII) to provide news publishing solutions.

1994 The Company installed a 16-unit Goss Urbanite press and a new pre-press system with facility to fully paginate each newspaper page.

1997 16 February: Launch of web site at
 9 June, The Gleaner Company Ltd. begun printing The Miami Herald International Satellite Edition on a daily basis. This operation ended on 31 March 1999

1999 31 March, The Gleaner stopped printing The Miami Herald - International Satellite Version

2000 April: The Story of The Gleaner: Memoirs and Reminiscences of the newspaper was published.
 June: The Digital Laboratory was established.
 September Gleaner started subscription route in Mandeville

2001 Local websites launched go-Kingston and go-Montego Bay.

 February The Gleaner’s evening tabloid, The Star, staged its first inaugural Star Awards to recognize excellence in local music.
 20 March the first issue of Youthlink magazine launched.

2002 London Extra first published - 25 October
 Canada Extra first published - 19 December
 Portmore Star first published - 19 January

2004 Hospitality Jamaica was first published. (13 October)

References

External links

 The Gleaner

Newspaper companies
Mass media in Jamaica
Publishing companies established in 1834
Companies established in 1834
Companies based in Kingston, Jamaica
1834 establishments in the British Empire


"Gubben Noak" ("Old Man Noah", originally "Om gubben Noach och hans fru" or just "Gubben Noach", and since 1791 also "Fredmans sång n:o 35") is a traditional Swedish song, a drinking song and bible travesty written in 1766 or earlier by Carl Michael Bellman. The song is possibly the best known of all Bellman's works. The song was initially published anonymously for fear of the church. In 1768 the Lund chapter attempted to have all copies of the song and other biblical travesties destroyed. It was included in the 1936 Songs for the Philologists by J. R. R. Tolkien and E. V. Gordon. Simplified and more innocent versions of the song are widely sung by children around the world. English versions have been recorded by Adam McNaughtan and the Linköping University Male Voice Choir.

Context

Carl Michael Bellman is a central figure in the Swedish ballad tradition and a powerful influence in Swedish music, known for his 1790 Fredman's Epistles and his 1791 Fredman's Songs. A solo entertainer, he played the cittern, accompanying himself as he performed his songs at the royal court.

Jean Fredman (1712 or 1713–1767) was a real watchmaker of Bellman's Stockholm. The fictional Fredman, alive after 1767, but without employment, is the supposed narrator in Bellman's epistles and songs. The epistles, written and performed in different styles, from drinking songs and laments to pastorales, paint a complex picture of the life of the city during the 18th century. A frequent theme is the demimonde, with Fredman's cheerfully drunk Order of Bacchus, a loose company of ragged men who favour strong drink and prostitutes. At the same time as depicting this reality, Bellman creates a Rococo picture of life, full of classical allusion, following the French post-Baroque poets. The women, including the beautiful Ulla Winblad, are "nymphs", while Neptune's festive troop of followers and sea-creatures sport in Stockholm's waters. The juxtaposition of elegant and low life is humorous, sometimes burlesque, but always graceful and sympathetic. The songs are "most ingeniously" set to their music, which is nearly always borrowed and skilfully adapted.

Song

Music and verse form

The song is in  time and is marked Andantino; the rhyming scheme is ABCCDB. The melody appears to have been written by Bellman; no earlier sources have been found.

Lyrics

"Gubben Noak" ("Old Man Noah", originally "Om gubben Noach och hans fru" or just "Gubben Noach", and since 1791 also "Fredmans sång n:o 35") is a traditional Swedish song. It is both a drinking song and a bible travesty by Carl Michael Bellman. Bellman had completed the song by 1766, but it was probably written earlier. The setting for the song is the time when Noah from the Old Testament had come to rest on the mountains of Ararat. As mentioned in the Book of Genesis 9:20–21, Noah established a vineyard and got drunk from drinking the wine. The rest of the story departs from the biblical account. Along with Fredman's Songs 36–43, such as "Joakim uti Babylon" and "Ahasverus var så mäktig", Gubben Noak is one of the biblical travesties that made Bellman popular during the 1760s.

Reception and legacy

Bellman chose to first publish the song anonymously on broadsheets throughout Sweden. In 1768 the Lund chapter reacted by sending a letter to the priests of the diocese, attempting to collect all prints and transcripts of "Gubben Noach" and other biblical travesties, in order to have them destroyed. Bellman's biographer Lars Lönnroth comments that this showed that the church had failed to understand that ordinary people saw the song as innocent fun. Far from suppressing the song, the church's attention increased its fame, and it quickly became Bellman's most popular work to date. Lönnroth notes that songs praising Noah had been current among the bacchanalian poets of Germany and France from Renaissance times, and that  sixteenth century French poem contained phrases much like Bellman's:

In 1791 "Gubben Noak" was included in the song book Fredmans sånger, along with eight other biblical travesties, such as "Gubben Loth och hans gamla Fru" (Songs of Fredman no 35–43). Simplified and more innocent versions, such as Björnen sover ("The bear's asleep"), and Atte Katte Nuwa ("To catch a whale"), have become popular as children's songs. The song was included in the 1936 compilation of poems by J. R. R. Tolkien and E. V. Gordon, Songs for the Philologists. It has spread around the world to become not just one of Bellman's best-known works, but one of the most popular songs ever written. The Finnish composer Oskar Merikanto wrote his Old Man Noah Variations in 1907, based on Bellman's song. English versions of "Gubben Noak" have been recorded by Adam McNaughtan and the Linköping University Male Voice Choir.

References

Sources

  (with facsimiles of sheet music from first editions in 1790, 1791)

External links

 Text of song 35

Swedish-language songs
Drinking songs
Songs about alcohol
Music based on the Bible
Fredmans sånger


USS Yank (SP-908) was an armed motorboat that served in the United States Navy as a patrol vessel from 1917 to 1919.

Yank was a motorboat built in 1917 by Julius Peterson at Nyack, New York. She was acquired by the U.S. Navy for World War I service on 8 October 1917 from Mr. N. Ackerman of New York City and commissioned on 10 October 1917.

Assigned to the 3rd Naval District, Yank patrolled the coast of Rhode Island and Connecticut for the rest of the participation of the United States in World War I.

Yank briefly remained on the Navy Directory after the armistice on 11 November 1918 but was finally returned to her former owner on 14 February 1919. Her name was simultaneously struck from the Navy List.

See also
USS Yankee

References

Navsource.org

World War I patrol vessels of the United States
Patrol vessels of the United States Navy
Ships built in Nyack, New York
1917 ships


Mobile-assisted language learning (MALL) is language learning that is assisted or enhanced through the use of a handheld mobile device.

MALL is a subset of both Mobile Learning (m-learning) and computer-assisted language learning (CALL). MALL has evolved to support students’ language learning with the increased use of mobile technologies such as mobile phones (cellphones), MP3 and MP4 players, PDAs and devices such as the iPhone or iPad. With MALL, students are able to access language learning materials and to communicate with their teachers and peers at any time, anywhere.

History

1980s

Twarog and Pereszlenyi Pinter used telephones to provide distant language learners with feedback and assistance.

1990s

Instructors at Brigham Young University-Hawaii taught a distance education English course from Hawaii to Tonga via telephone and computer (Green, Collier, & Evans, 2001)

2000s

Dickey (2001) utilized teleconferencing to teach an English conversation course to students in South Korea.
Stanford University learning lab used integrated mobile phones in a Spanish learning program in 2001 (Brown, 2001).
Thornton and Houser (2002; 2003; 2005) developed several innovative projects using mobile phones to teach English at a Japanese university. They also developed a course management system, Poodle, to facilitate deploying language learning material to mobile phones.
 City College Southampton developed a web based "media board" (similar to a web-board but supporting Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) as well as Short Message Service (SMS) and supplied learners of English as a Second Language (ESL) with mobile phones with inbuilt cameras and voice recording facilities (JISC, 2005).
University of Wisconsin–Madison, developed several foreign language courses which have used wireless handheld computers for various classroom activities (Samuels, 2003).
Duke University provided all incoming freshmen with free iPods equipped with voice recorders. Amongst the pilot courses utilizing the players were several language courses, which utilized both their listening and recording capabilities (Belanger, 2005).
United Kingdom’s Open University used voice recorders and mini-camcorders to record interviews with other students and locals and to create audiovisual tours in distance-learning German and Spanish course (Kukulska-Hulme, 2005). The Open University used mobile phones for language learning
A project in Ireland used MALL for Irish Language learning and assessment
The Le@rning Federation (TLF) used MALL for Indonesian Language learning across three states

Affordances and constraints

Enhancing language learning through MALL provides dynamics which are not available through the traditional classroom. MALL offers ubiquitous access to learning anytime, anywhere the user has reception. This enables users to brush up on language skills just before or just after a conversation in the language they are learning. Handheld delivery also affords new dynamics for collaborative learning as users can share the language learning process in small synchronous groups.

Kloper et al. (2002) claimed 5 properties of mobile devices which can produce unique educational affordances:
Portability-the small size and weight of mobile devices means they can be taken to different sites or moved around within a site.
Social interactivity-data exchange and collaboration with other learners can happen face-to-face.
Context sensitivity-mobile devices can both gather and respond to real or simulated data unique to the current location, environment and time.
Connectivity-a shared network can be created by connecting mobile devices to data collection devices, other devices or to a common network.
Individuality- scaffolding for difficult activities can be customized for individual learners.

The most notable constraints for earlier MALL include poor sound and display quality coupled with very limited devices and download speeds. Newer integrated PDA devices have narrowed the gap with higher access speeds, larger screens, having functions and capacities similar to laptop computers (Nah, et al. 2008). Since the PDA devices are now mostly displaced by smartphones, in particular those based on iOS and Android, it is safe to say the constraints mentioned earlier are now non-existent.

References

Sources
Resources that focusing on Mobile Assisted Language Learning are not common (check Augmented Reality Language Learning). We more often find resources that are primarily language learning websites with some space dedicated to technology in language learning and vice versa.

 Belanger, Y. "Duke University iPod first year experience final evaluation report".2005. https://web.archive.org/web/20070609084848/http://cit.duke.edu/pdf/ipod_initiative_04_05.pdf
 BJET - British Journal of Educational Technology http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=0007-1013 (2008 vol. 39)
 Brown, E. (Ed.) "Mobile learning explorations at Stanford Learning Lab."http://sll.stanford.edu/projects/tomprof/newtomprof/postings/290.html2001
 Green, B.A., Collier, K.J., & Evans, N. "Teaching tomorrow's class today:English by telephone and computer from Hawaii to Tonga." In L.E. Henrichsen (Ed.), Distance-;earning program (pp. 71–82). Alexandria, VA: Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Language, Inc. 2001
 IJEL - International Journal on e-Learning http://www.aace.org/pubs/IJEL/ (Specific volumes dedicated to m-learning)
 IRRODL - International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning http://www.irrodl.org/ (2007 Vol. 8, No. 2)
 JCAL - Journal of Computer Assisted Learning http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=0266-4909&site=1 (2003 vol. 19, 2005 vol. 21)
 JISC - Joint Information Systems Committee. Multimedia learning with mobile phones. Innovative Practices with Elearning. Case studies: Anytime, any place Learning. 2005 https://web.archive.org/web/20091002030332/http://www.jisc.ac.uk/uploaded_documents/southampton.pdf
 Klopfer, Eric. "Augmented Learning: Research and Design of Mobile Educational Games." MIT Press, 2008.
 Klopfer, E, Squire, K and Jenkins, H. "Environmental Detectives: PDAs as a window into a virtual simulated world." Proceedings of IEEE International Workshop on Wireless and Mobile Technologies in Education. Vaxjo, Sweden: IEEE Computer Society, 95-98 2002
 Kululska-Hulme, Agnes. Traxler, John. "Mobile Learning: A Handbook For Educators and Trainers (The Open and Flexible Learning Series)." Routledge, 2005.
 Language Learning & Technology - Language Learning & Technology is a refereed journal which began publication in July 1997. The journal seeks to disseminate research to foreign and second language educators in the US and around the world on issues related to technology and language education. http://llt.msu.edu/
 Menzies, David. "Duke University iPod First-Year Experience." Duke's University Center for Instructional Technology coordinated an evaluation of the academic use of iPod, drawing on course-level feedback; student and faculty focus groups; a broad survey of first-year students and faculty; and discussions and feedback among staff, administrators and important campus stakeholder groups. This evaluation focused on the feasibility and effectiveness of the iPod as a tool for faculty and student academic use. This report summarizes the main findings of this collaborative assessment effort. https://archive.today/20121212223049/http://connect.educause.edu/Library/Abstract/DukeUniversityiPodFirstYe/36325
 Metcalf, David S. "mLearning: Mobile Learning and Performance in the Palm of Your Hand." HRD Press. 2006
 mLearnopedia – By using the "search" function, you can enter "language learning" as an exact phrase and turn up some resources specific to MALL. http://mlearnopedia.com/
 Samuels, J. "Wireless and handheld devices for language learning." Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference on Distance Teaching and Learning, Madison, WI. 2003. http://www.uwex.edu/disted/conference/Resource_library/proceedings/03_50.pdf
 Son, J.-B. (2016). Selecting and evaluating mobile apps for language learning. In A. Palalas & M. Ally (Eds.), The international handbook of mobile-assisted language learning (pp. 161–179). Beijing: China Central Radio & TV University Press.
 Stacey, E. (2002). "Learning links online: Establishing constructivist and collaborative learning environments." In S. McNamara and E. Stacey (Eds), Untangling the Web: Establishing Learning Links. Proceedings ASET Conference 2002. Melbourne, 7–10 July. https://web.archive.org/web/20051227121119/http://www.aset.org.au/confs/2002/stacey.html
 Twarog, L., & Pereszlenyi-Pinter, M. "Telephone-assisted language study and Ohio University: A report." The Modern Language Journal, 72, 426–434. 1988
 Thornton, P., & Houser, C. "M-learning in transit." In P. Lewis (Ed.), The changing face of CALL(pp. 229–243). 2002
 Thornton, P., & Houser, C. "Using mobile web and video phones in English language teaching: Projects with Japanese college students. " In B. Morrison, C. Green, & G. Motteram (Eds.), Directions in CALL: Experience, experiments & evaluation (pp. 207–224). 2003
 Thornton, P., & Houser, C. "Using mobile phones in English Education in Japan." Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 21, 217–228. 2005
 Nah, Ki-Chune. White, Peter. and Sussex, Roland. "The Potential of Using mobile Phone to Access the Internet for Learning EFL Listening Skills Within a Korean Context." ReCALL. 20 (3): 331-347 2008 http://www.eurocall-languages.org/recall/index.html
 Askraba, V. (2008). Mobile Assisted Language Learning and its Impact on Student Motivation and Acquisition. MNetComp Thesis. Monash University, Australia.
 Wong, L.-H., Boticki, I., Sun, J., & Looi, C.-K. (2011). Improving the scaffolds of a mobile-assisted Chinese character forming game via a design-based research cycle. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(5), 1783–793.
 Wong, L.-H., Chin, C.-K., Tan, C.-L., & Liu, M. (2010). Students’ personal and social meaning making in a Chinese idiom mobile learning environment. Educational Technology & Society, 13(4), 15–26.
 Wong, L. H., King, R. B., Chai, C. S., & Liu, M. (2016). Seamlessly learning Chinese: contextual meaning making and vocabulary growth in a seamless Chinese as a second language learning environment. Instructional Science, 44(5), 399-422.

Language education
Mobile technology


Port Musgrave is a shallow, almost enclosed, estuarine bay located on the western coast of the Cape York Peninsula in Far North Queensland, Australia.

Geography
Two major rivers, the Wenlock and the Ducie discharge into it. The bay itself and the area surrounding it is defined as the Port Musgrave Aggregation DIWA nationally important wetland. The surrounding area is rich in freshwater swamps, while the estuary itself has tidal flats and mangroves, including stands of the Nipa Palm.  It is an important breeding area for saltwater crocodiles.  The small Aboriginal community of Mapoon lies on the southern shore of the bay.

History
Uradhi (also known as Anggamudi, Ankamuti, Atampaya, Bawtjathi, and Lotiga) is an Australian Aboriginal language of the Western Cape York Peninsula. The traditional language region includes north of Mapoon and Duyfken Point and east of the coast strip to the north of Port Musgrave (Angkamuthi country) incorporating the mouth of the Ducie River, the lower reaches of the Dulhunty River and the upper reaches of the Skardon River in the north. Following the displacement of Indigenous people by British settlement, it was also spoken in the Northern Peninsula Area Region including the communities of New Mapoon, Injinoo and Cowal Creek.

The bay was discovered by Europeans in 1887 by Hugh Milinan and Edward Cullen who named the bay in honour of Sir Anthony Musgrave, at the time, the Governor of Queensland.

See also

References

Musgrave
Estuaries of Queensland
Landforms of Far North Queensland
Bays of Queensland


East Stirlingshire F.C. is a Scottish association football club from the town of Falkirk, formed in 1881. The club played regional football until 1900 when the club was elected into the Scottish Football League, taking the place of Linthouse.

The club experienced success during the late 1800s, reaching the Scottish Cup quarter-finals twice and winning the regional Stirlingshire Cup for four successive seasons. The club won regional leagues such as the Midland League and Central Football Combination before election to the Scottish Football League in 1900, competing in Scotland's top-tier on two occasions in 1932–33 and 1963–64. The club has suffered financially in the past decade and has regularly finished bottom of the Scottish Football League during this period.

Formation and early history: 1880–1900
East Stirlingshire's official date of formation was in 1881, but its origins can be traced to the previous year in 1880 when a local cricket club called Bainsford Bluebonnets formed a football team under the name Britannia. The team's first ever recorded match was against Falkirk's second eleven and resulted in a 7–0 defeat. After the footballers broke away from the cricket club in 1881, they changed the name of the club to its present name of East Stirlingshire which is where the club gets its nickname "The Shire". Under its new guise, the club played one of its first known matches in a friendly against neighbours Falkirk, losing 5–0. After joining the Scottish Football Association, the club became eligible to compete in the Scottish Cup, which is Scotland's main association football knock-out competition. East Stirlingshire first entered the cup in 1882, eliminated in the first round 2–1 by Milngavie Thistle. In December 1883, the Stirlingshire Football Association was founded, resulting in the establishment of a new regional tournament called the Stirlingshire Cup, which was open to clubs exclusively from the county of Stirlingshire. The inaugural season of the tournament saw East Stirlingshire and Falkirk contest the final, the latter winning 3–1 in a replay after an initial 1–1 draw.

The latter years of the 19th century was the most successful period in East Stirlingshire's history in terms of in the Scottish Cup. In the 1888–89 season, East Stirlingshire reached the quarter-finals, recording the club's highest ever win in the tournament and equalling it in successive rounds with a 10–1 victory against local rivals Stenhousemuir in the first round and an 11–2 win over Vale of Bannock in the second round. The club was eventually eliminated in the quarter-finals 2–1, after a very closely fought encounter with a new football team – Celtic – who reached the final of the tournament in their first season in the competition. Two seasons later, East Stirlingshire again reached the Scottish Cup quarter-finals in what was to be the last time for 91 years, this time losing to Heart of Midlothian who went on to win the final. The earlier rounds of the tournament saw East Stirlingshire record an 8–2 victory against Grangemouth in round one and a 10–6 win against Camelon in a third round replay.

Between 1885 and 1889, East Stirlingshire won the Stirlingshire Cup four years in a row, a record which stands to this day. The run included 19 rounds without a defeat and an emphatic 9–0 victory against Falkirk in the 1888 final. It was during this period that four East Stirlingshire players earned international caps for their countries. The first was the Wales national team captain, Humphrey Jones, who earned five of his fourteen caps whilst with the club between 1889 and 1890. Three other players, David Alexander, Archibald Ritchie, and James McKee made appearances for the Scotland national team between 1891 and 1898.

Election to the Scottish Football League: 1900–1914

East Stirlingshire was elected to the Scottish Football League in 1900–01 to replace Linthouse who failed re-election the season before. At the time, the league consisted of two tiers and East Stirlingshire joined the second tier. The club's first ever victory in the league was a 3–0 away win against Motherwell at Fir Park in August 1900. The club ended its first season ranked 7th from ten. In March 1905, a proposal was raised for the club to merge with neighbours Falkirk with an aim to creating a bigger and more financially stable club, which Falkirk accepted in a vote. However, East Stirlingshire's vote was not as unanimous and the club's chairman, John Rutherford, cast the deciding vote and rejected the proposal with both clubs remaining separate entities. The years following included finishing bottom of the league in 1905–06, recording only one win from 22 games, contrasting with finishing as high as third in table in 1912–13, narrowly missing out on winning the championship by two points behind champions Ayr United and runners-up Dunfermline Athletic. The club remained in Division Two until 1914–15 when it, and the Scottish Cup, were both suspended due to the outbreak of World War I.

Inter-war years: 1919–1939
After the end of World War I, the club was re-elected to join the old Division Two which was re-established in the 1921–22 season. The year beforehand saw East Stirlingshire move to Firs Park after leaving their old ground of Merchiston Park in 1920. Shortly after Firs Park opened, the club's record home attendance was set when 12,000 spectators watched the club take on the eventual champions, Partick Thistle, in a Scottish Cup third round match in February 1921. In 1922–23, the club finished second-bottom in Division Two and was relegated to the newly created, but short lived, Division Three, earning promotion back to Division Two after only one season. It was during this season the East Stirlingshire recorded its longest unbeaten home record with 23 games without a loss. Had they not achieved promotion they would almost certainly have lost their place in the Scottish Football league when this level was abandoned in 1925.

A decade later, East Stirlingshire won promotion to Division One, Scotland's top flight, for the first time. En route to promotion, the club spent 32 weeks at the top of Division Two, ending the season equal on 55 points with St Johnstone, with East Stirlingshire winning the championship by virtue of a superior goal average. East Stirlingshire spent only one season in its first spell in the top flight, ending the year bottom of the league in 20th, amassing a total of seventeen points. Despite being relegated, the club was only one of two teams in the league to win both encounters against Aberdeen, one of which was East Stirlingshire's only away league win of the season in a 3–1 victory at Pittodrie in front of 10,000 spectators. Back in Division Two in the 1935–36 season, East Stirlingshire's heaviest league defeat was inflicted by Dundee United in April 1936. With only one point separating the two clubs in the mid-table before the match, Dundee United won 12–1 at Tannadice Park. In 1938–39, the final season before the league was suspended due to World War II, East Stirlingshire finished second-bottom of the league, ahead of only Edinburgh City, who had occupied the bottom spot for six of the previous eight seasons. Despite finishing low in the league, Malcolm Morrison became East Stirlingshire's highest league goalscorer in a single season with 36 goals.

Post-war exclusion and re-election: 1939–1964
The club was excluded from a wartime league in 1939 and was also denied re-entry to the Scottish Football League Division Two at the end of World War II, along with six other small league clubs. As a result, East Stirlingshire competed in a newly created Division C along with pre-war clubs such as Montrose, Leith Athletic and Brechin City. The league also consisted of the reserve teams of some of Scotland's top clubs. In the second season in Division C, East Stirlingshire won the league and earned promotion back to Division Two, now renamed "Division B", but the club finished last in the league after only one season in 1948–49 and were relegated back to the "C Division".

After another six seasons competing in "Division C" the club rejoined Division Two in 1955–56 when the " C Division" was abolished and the number of teams in the Scottish Football League was expanded. In the 1962–63 season, the club won promotion to the top flight for a second time as runners-up in Division Two behind, ironically, champions St Johnstone. Like the previous occasion in 1932–33, East Stirlingshire spent one solitary season in Scotland's top tier before being relegated.

Merger with Clydebank Juniors F.C.: 1964–65

After relegation from Scotland's top flight, East Stirlingshire was controversially merged with Clydebank Juniors in 1964, a junior football club based in the town of Clydebank. The merge was the idea of East Stirlingshire's businessmen owners, Jack and Charlie Steedman, who renamed the club East Stirlingshire Clydebank – often E.S. Clydebank for short – and relocated to Kilbowie Park in Clydebank despite the fans' wishes. However, the merge lasted only one season, with East Stirlingshire shareholders winning several court cases against it and thus the club reverted to its original legal status and moved back to Falkirk, parting company with the Steedman brothers, who reformed a senior Clydebank team which was elected to the Scottish Football League in 1966. During the single season as E.S. Clydebank, the club set a record attendance at Kilbowie Park when 14,900 spectators attended a Scottish Cup first round replay against Hibernian in February 1965.

First manager and league reconstruction: 1965–1981

In 1966, Lawrence Binnie became the club's first official manager, prior to his appointment the board of directors took responsibility for management roles. After de-merging with Clydebank Juniors, the club spent a further 10 seasons in Division Two before being moved by league reconstruction to a new Second Division for the 1975–76 season, now the third tier, to make way for a new Premier Division at the top of the Scottish Football League. During this period, the club reached the supplementary round of the Scottish League Cup for the first time ever since it was inaugurated in 1947, progressing past the group stages after 18 consecutive seasons of being eliminated at this stage. The year beforehand saw the club appoint its most famous manager, Alex Ferguson, who was at the club during 1974 before moving to St Mirren.

In 1979–80, East Stirlingshire won promotion to the First Division, which is currently the last time the club was promoted in the league. Managed by Billy Lamont, the club finished runners-up by one point to rivals Falkirk in the Second Division. The clubs shared the top two spots in the league for the majority of the season and entered the final match equal on 48 points, with East Stirlingshire required to better Falkirk's result to win the championship due to an inferior goal difference. However, Falkirk won its match and East Stirlingshire managed only a 1–1 draw away to Brechin City and had to settle for second position.

Third Division/League Two era: 1994–2016
In the 1994–95 season, the Scottish Football League was again restructured and East Stirlingshire was moved from the old Second Division to create a new Third Division, now the fourth-tier. The club finished its first season in the Third Division ranked fourth from ten and repeated it again in 1997–98. With these exceptions East Stirlingshire generally finished below mid-table, including a final day victory against Arbroath in the 1996–97 season to leapfrog the club and avoid finishing last. In 2000–01, the club reached the semi-final of a national cup competition for the first time in its history, losing 2–1 to Livingston for a place in the final of the Scottish Challenge Cup.

At the start of the 21st century the club struggled financially; as a result East Stirlingshire ranked last in the Scottish Football League for five consecutive seasons from 2002–03 to 2006–07, losing 24 consecutive league games in the 2003–04 season, recording only 8 points from two wins and two draws in 36 games.

From the 2005–06 season, the Scottish Football League determined if any club finished bottom of the Third Division twice in successive years, the club would face the risk of being reduced to associate member status, meaning the loss of voting rights. As East Stirlingshire finished last in successive years, a league vote was held and concluded in favour of the club retaining its full member status with the condition that it did not finish last the following season. Another final day victory saw the club move off the bottom of the table in a 3–1 win against Montrose which was the last ever game at Firs Park, the club's home ground for 87 years. The following season, retaining its full member status, the club moved to Ochilview Park in a ground-share agreement with neighbours Stenhousemuir. Under new manager Jim McInally, the club finished third in successive years to qualify for the promotion play-offs to the Second Division.

In the 2010–11 Scottish Cup, East Stirlingshire initially reached the fifth round of the tournament with a 1–0 victory against Buckie Thistle at Ochilview Park but was expelled a week later for failing to register the loan extension of Falkirk goalkeeper Michael Andrews to the Scottish Football Association, who therefore became ineligible to play for the club.
At the end of season 2015–16, East Stirlingshire, having finished bottom of League Two, faced a play-off against Edinburgh City for a place in League Two in season 2016–17. The first leg of the play-off at Meadowbank Stadium on Saturday 7 May ended in a 1–1 draw, with the second leg at Ochilview ending in a one-nil defeat for The Shire after they conceded a last minute penalty. They subsequently became the first team to be demoted from the professional league set-up into the Lowland League.

Lowland League: 2016-Present

East Stirlingshire adapted relatively well to life in the Lowland League, putting in a strong title bid in their first season after relegation, but ultimately finished second, 7 points behind East Kilbride, and missed out on the promotion play-offs.

In 2017–18, Shire again competed strongly for the Lowland League title, though despite club's going 19 games unbeaten, the long unbeaten run in its history, they finished in 4th place, 9 points behind champions Spartans. East Stirlingshire announced that they would be leaving Ochilview Park at the end of 2017–18, ending a 10-year stint at the ground. They will play their home games at the Falkirk Stadium from 2018 to 2019.

References

External links
 Club history at eaststirlingshirefc.com

East Stirlingshire F.C.
East Stirlingshire


Honky is a 1971 romance film directed by William Graham that depicts the love story of an interracial high school couple.

Synopsis
It depicts the love story of an interracial high school couple. The tagline for the movie was "A love story... of hate". It was nominated for a Golden Globe for Best Original Song for "Something More" by Quincy Jones and Bradford Craig.

Cast
 Brenda Sykes as Sheila Smith
 John Neilson as Wayne "Honky" Devine
 William Marshall as Dr. Craig Smith
 Maia Danziger as Sharon
 Marion Ross as Mrs. Divine
 John Lasell as Archer Divine
 Lincoln Kilpatrick as Fabulous Traveling Shoes
 Jake Mannion and Harriet Gardiner of H.W.A also featured as themselves.

Reviews
The film received mixed reviews. The New York Times writer Howard Thompson began his review by saying "Honky is awful".

TV Guide called the film ""Socially relevant" at the time, now just an overblown, clichéd anachronism, HONKY details an interracial relationship between young white man Nielson and rich black girl Sykes."

See also
 List of American films of 1971

References

External links

1971 films
1971 romantic drama films
American independent films
American romantic drama films
1970s English-language films
Films scored by Quincy Jones
Films about interracial romance
Films about drugs
Films shot in Missouri
Films directed by William Graham (director)
1971 independent films
1970s American films


"I'm So Paid" is the second single from American singer Akon's third studio album, Freedom. The song features additional vocals from rappers Lil Wayne and Young Jeezy, and was released as a digital download worldwide and a physical single in France only on October 4, 2008.

Composition
The song is in the key of F# major. In his opening verse, Akon mentions Jamaican Olympic Athlete Usain Bolt due to the sprinter’s love of his music. Fellow Olympian Michael Phelps is referenced in Young Jeezy's verse.

Music video
A music video for the track was filmed in September 2008 in Miami. Akon said that it would be a James Bond kind of video. The video features Lil Wayne and Young Jeezy, and was directed by Gil Green. DJ Khaled and T-Pain are featured as a cameo. Konvict Muzik artists Kardinal Offishall, Billy Blue, Tami Chynn, Bu Thiam, and Cash Money artist Lil Chuckee were also featured in a cameo. The video was released on October 30, 2008. Clothing brand Coogi underwrote the entire $1-million production cost for the video. The music video begins with Akon entering a yacht off a helicopter, giving the female dealer (Tami Chynn) a diamond in exchange for money. As Akon and another woman leave, the dealer discovers the jewelry gone, and asks her assistants to get them. Akon and the woman escape by boat and car. As Akon parked the car, he gave the money to the girl in exchange for the diamond. The girl later discovers that the money is fake.

Track listing
French CD single
 "I'm So Paid" (Feat. Lil Wayne & Young Jeezy) – 4:23
 "I'm So Paid" (Feat. Lil Wayne) (No Rap) – 3:22

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

References

2008 singles
Akon songs
Lil Wayne songs
Songs written by Akon
Jeezy songs
Songs written by Lil Wayne
Music videos directed by Gil Green
Songs written by Detail (record producer)
Song recordings produced by Detail (record producer)
2008 songs
Universal Motown Records singles


Samuel Barton Burdett (born September 30, 1843 in Tyendinaga, Canada West-died January 20, 1892) was a politician, lawyer and lecturer. He was elected to the House of Commons of Canada as a Member in the 1887 election. He was re-elected in the 1891 election then died in office on January 20, 1892. He also served as a councillor for the town of Belleville, Ontario.

External links

1843 births
1892 deaths
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario


Wyoming Catholic College (WCC) is a private Catholic college in Lander, Wyoming. WCC is the only Catholic college or university in the state.

History
In 2003, then bishop of Wyoming David Ricken expressed interest in having a Catholic college in Wyoming. Together with a parish priest of the Diocese of Cheyenne, Robert Cook, and Robert Carlson, a Wyoming college professor and a former student of John Senior, the bishop began forming plans to found the college. In 2004 and 2005, Lander Wyoming was selected as the location, and Carlson wrote the Philosophical vision statement of the college. On July 11, 2005, Wyoming Catholic College incorporated in the State of Wyoming with Cook as president and Carlson as academic dean.

Accreditation and federal funding
In 2014, the college became a candidate for accreditation by the Higher Learning Commission (HLC). At that time, the college's leadership decided to forgo access to federal funding. According to Inside Higher Ed, this decision was "partly out of concerns that accepting the funds could impair its ability to set its own policies around issues of sexual orientation and gender identity," and as of 2023, the college's website described this decision as being largely motivated by a concern that accepting this funding would allow the government to impose on the college's hiring and admission policies, such as birth control and same-sex marriage. In an interview with Wyoming Public Radio, college president Kevin Roberts clarified that the college was specifically concerned about it ability to discriminate against gay and transgender people. Roberts was also a notable opponent to the Affordable Care Act, suing the state of Wyoming over implementing the program.

WCC achieved full accreditation status from HLC in 2018. During the COVID-19 pandemic, WCC received $1.3 million in aid, including a $739,000 PPP loan, which has been forgiven.

2021 firing of CFO

In 2020 Paul McCown, a former Michigan politician and the school's chief financial officer (CFO) since 2018 launched a distillery business, Sweetwater Spirits.  With the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, he switched to producing hand sanitizer, which he claimed was making millions of dollars. In early 2021 he used claims of wealth from this business to convince an investment firm, Ria R Squared, to loan him $15 million dollars. He then donated $10 million of that, anonymously, to the school. McCown stated he had $750 million in Wyoming Community Bank and impersonated a bank officer to the investment firm. McCown also received $2 million in federally backed PPP loans, claiming 65 employees for his private business in February 2021. McCown was fired by the school in June 2021 as soon as the school realized that he was the source of the donation. A subsequent internal investigation led to the dismissal of the school's director of horsemanship  because of payments made with McCown's approval. Plans for future expansion were being made with the $10 million donation in mind when the fraud was discovered. Because of this, President Arbery stated that "the setback to the college’s expansion plans did not pose an actual threat to the institution’s financial stability." Wyoming Catholic College initially stated that it would return the entire sum to Ria R Squared once it completed an internal investigation into the alleged fraud. On 6 December 2021 Ria R Squared sued Wyoming Catholic College, alleging that the college had not returned a portion of that sum, $239,154 to Ria R Squared, and that the college’s counsel had told Ria R Squared that it no longer intended to return the sum.

Presidents
2007–2013: Robert Cook
2013–2016: Kevin Roberts
2016–2023: Glenn Arbery
2023-present: Kyle Washut

Campus locations

The college is located in an area within the Rocky Mountains, in the town of Lander Wyoming. The college campus consists of multiple facilities around the town of Lander, mostly in the downtown area.

Downtown Campus
The Downtown Campus comprises several historic buildings of downtown Lander, including:

 The Baldwin Building (Includes main reception, offices, classrooms, library, student lounge, and Crux Coffee)
 Orchard Building (offices, classrooms, library)
 Augur Building (classrooms, study area and lounge, Chesterton Library)
 St Joseph’s Hall (Headquarters of COR Expeditions)
 Immaculate Conception Oratory (WCC's Catholic Chapel)
 Frassati Hall (hosting the main dining facility)

Holy Rosary facilities
Located on the property of the diocesan parish of Holy Rosary in Lander, this "campus" includes a number of the residence halls. The college occasionally uses the parish church for special occasions, like graduation. In the first years of the college, some of the parish facilities were used as classrooms.

Other facilities
Additional facilities of the college include the Horse Barn (hosting the college's horsemanship program) located several miles outside of Lander, and residence halls converted from a Holiday Lodge Hotel near the north-east edge of Lander.

Academics
Because it offers a four-year, integrated, Great Books curriculum, Wyoming Catholic College has no majors, minors, specialized degrees or graduate programs; it awards graduating students the degree of Bachelor of Arts in Liberal Arts. As of Fall 2021, there were over 190 students enrolled.

In the spring of 2016, Wyoming Catholic College became the second college in the nation to accept the Classic Learning Test (CLT) as an alternative to the SAT and ACT for college admissions. The college is also recommended by The Newman Guide to Choosing a Catholic College, and its curriculum has received an "A" rating from American Council of Trustees and Alumni.

The curriculum was designed to give students a general liberal arts education through a study of the Great Books. Courses include Humanities, Theology, Philosophy, Math/Science, Fine Arts, Latin, Trivium, and Leadership.

Faculty
Notable former Wyoming Catholic professors include traditionalist author and speaker Peter Kwasniewski.

Accreditation
WCC is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission.

Outdoors

Along with its liberal arts classroom program, Wyoming Catholic College provides all students with an outdoor leadership program taught through what it calls Outdoor Leadership Program (OLP). Freshmen begin their time at the school with a three-week backpacking trip in the Rocky Mountains, what the college calls "the most unusual and meaningful orientation program in the country". Each year, students participate in two separate "outdoor weeks", short courses in outdoors skills; courses have been held in backpacking, canoeing or sea kayaking, canyoneering, fishing, horse packing, ice climbing, mountain biking, mountaineering, rock climbing, skiing, or whitewater rafting and kayaking. All students also must participate in the equestrian program.

As an outreach from its student outdoor program, Wyoming Catholic College also runs contract outdoor custom and open enrollment outdoor courses through its branch of COR Expeditions.

As one of the most notable features of the college, the OLP has received repeated positive media coverage. For example, CNA quoted multiple students in a July 2023 article. “If you are looking for something easy, it’s probably not for you,” Aeja DeKuiper ('25) said. “But if you are willing to put in the time and effort and come with an open mind, it’ll be one of the best experiences you’ve ever had.”

Student life

At the beginning of their first year, students at WCC spend 21 days hiking in the Rocky Mountains. This is a mandatory part of the college's freshman orientation program.

Student Body
WCC admitted its first class in 2007, which consisted of 34 students. The largest class ever accepted was 68 freshman in 2021. Today, it has a student body of about 190. The college has students from most of the US states, as well as several from foreign countries, including Africa.

Technology Policy
The college does not allow televisions on campus. It also does not allow students to access the Internet from the dorm except for their colelge e-mail and a specific websites that are required for their coursework. Students are also prohibited from using mobile devices, including smart phones, on campus; they must be surrendered to the college while on campus. These policies have been suspended at times, for example during the fall 2019 semester when the campus experienced from problems with landline phone and Internet connections. However, while controversial, both students and educational establishments have often had positive things to say regarding the limitation of technology. In July 2023, Inside Higher Ed published an article featuring Wyoming Catholic as representative of a trend that helps "students destress and build community."

Cowboys for Life
“Cowboys for Life” is Wyoming Catholic’s branch of the national “Students for Life” organization, and Wyoming Catholic students regularly participate in Pro-Life activism. Wyoming Catholic students were involved in the first Lander "March for Life" in 2020, and "40-Days for Life" peaceful protest.

Chaplaincy
The college offers Catholic liturgies in both the Roman and Byzantine rites, including the Liturgy of St John Chrysostom, the Traditional Latin Mass, and the Novus Ordo.

Dry Campus and Dress Code
Wyoming Catholic has a dry campus, and a code of conduct that "prohibits visitation between the sexes in student residence halls", as well as "sexual activity outside the confines of a marriage". The college also has a dress code for various occasions including academic seminars.

Finances
The fiscal year for the college is from the beginning of July to the end of June of the following calendar year.
Finances for the fiscal year ending 30 June 2020 (the latest available) consist of: revenue of $10,070,665; expenses of $9,934,076; and donations of $3,231,669.

Cultural references
The college was the inspiration for the setting of the 2019 play Heroes of the Fourth Turning by Will Arbery, which was nominated for the Pulitzer Prize in drama.
Will Arbery is the son of a former president of the college, Glenn Cannon Arbery.

Notes

References

Further reading
 College on the Range, December 2019 article about the college in Inside Higher Ed

External links

Educational institutions established in 2005
Education in Fremont County, Wyoming
2005 establishments in Wyoming
Liberal arts colleges in Wyoming
Catholic universities and colleges in Wyoming
Roman Catholic Diocese of Cheyenne
Lander, Wyoming


Lake Condah, also known by its Gunditjmara name Tae Rak, is in the Australian state of Victoria, about  west of Melbourne and  north-east of Heywood by road. It is in the form of a shallow basin, about  in length and  wide.

The lake is located in the Newer Volcanics Province, a geologically-defined area of western Victoria with the youngest volcanoes in Australia, not far west of the Budj Bim (Mt Eccles) volcano. It lies just outside the boundary of Budj Bim National Park, but within the Budj Bim heritage areas, including the Budj Bim Cultural Landscape, added to the World Heritage List in 2019. The area is known for the extensive aquaculture systems created by the local Gunditjmara people.

Location and description
The closest town is Heywood, some  west of Melbourne.

The lake is shallow, and about 4km long and 1km wide. It lies within the Budj Bim heritage areas, an area known for the ancient aquaculture systems created by the Gunditjmara at least 6,600 years ago to trap short-finned eels (kooyang) and other fish.

History
The lake was probably created by lava flows during or after an eruption of Budj Bim. It is not a crater lake, but a shallow basin on the lava plain. The volcano last erupted about 36,900 years BP.

The Kerrup-Jmara ("people of the lake") are a clan of Gunditjmara Aboriginal people, who lived around the shores of the lake, which they called Tae Rak, for thousands of years pre-dating the arrival of Europeans, and had specific responsibility for it.

Lake Condah was first happened upon by European settlers in 1841, when David Edgar and William Thompson Edgar were travelling through the area. Edgar gave it the name Lake Condon. Anglican pastoralist Cecil Pybus Cooke, who in 1849 acquired Lake Condah station, changed the name of Lake Condon to Lake Condah in the mistaken belief that it meant "black swan", which lived on the lake.

The Gunditjmara people were driven off their lands by the new settlers, and some were relocated to Lake Condah Mission, although not without resistance, in the Eumeralla Wars.

Damaging floods in 1946 led to the construction of a large drain along the swampland, which was connected to the spring at the Mission that flowed into Darlots Creek, completed in 1954. Various plans to restore water to the lake were proposed in the late 20th century, until after March 2008, when Lake Condah was returned to Gunditjmara people. The Lake Condah Restoration Conservation Management Plan was completed in a way that ensured that cultural heritage values were maintained, and works were completed in 2010, winning the Civil Contractors Federation Earth Award.

References

Condah


Bellevue is a primarily African-American neighborhood on the west side of Macon, Georgia, United States. The area is surrounded by the Wesleyan neighborhood to the north-northwest, Vineville to the northeast, Hillcrest to the east, Unionville to the southeast and Bloomfield to the south-southwest The area is served by one elementary school, Brookdale Elementary.

In recent years, Bellevue has gained a reputation for its steadily increasing crime rate. The area is also the location for Freedom Park, which is also known for its crime rate. Napier Avenue serves as the main route in the area.

References

https://web.archive.org/web/20080914115126/http://www.macon.com/198/story/462625.html
https://archive.today/20130116045255/http://www.13wmaz.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=200880912011
http://www.13wmaz.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=200880801009

Geography of Macon, Georgia
Neighborhoods in Georgia (U.S. state)


Carl Fredrik Nyman (31 August 1820 – 26 April 1893) was a Swedish botanist born in Stockholm. His middle name is alternatively spelled Frederik or Frederick.

Nyman was a curator at the Swedish Museum of Natural History in Stockholm (1855–1889). With Heinrich Wilhelm Schott (1794–1865) and Theodor Kotschy (1813–1866), he was editor of Analecta Botanica (1854). Among his publications are the following:

The plant genus Nymania (synonym Phyllanthus) was named in his honor by Karl Moritz Schumann. In 1891 Otto Kuntze named the genus Nymanina after him.

References
 This article incorporates translated text from an equivalent article at the German Wikipedia.

External links

Swedish botanists
1820 births
1893 deaths
Scientists from Stockholm


The official language of Greenland is Greenlandic. The number of speakers of Greenlandic is estimated at 50,000 (85-90% of the total population), divided in three main dialects, Kalaallisut (West-Greenlandic, 44,000 speakers and the dialect that is used as official language), Tunumiit (East-Greenlandic, 3,000 speakers) and Inuktun (North-Greenlandic, 800 speakers).  The remainder of the population mainly speaks Danish; Greenlandic Sign Language is the language of the deaf community.

Greenland has been a very isolated and linguistically homogeneous island historically, but has nevertheless been home to several languages. Greenlandic Norse is believed to have been in language contact with Greenlandic, the language of the indigenous Kalaallit, and to have left loanwords in that language. It has been suggested that the female given name Kuuna derives from kona, the Old Norse word for "woman" and "wife".

The available evidence does not establish the presence of language attrition; the language most likely disappeared with the ethnic group that spoke it.

Greenlandic is not only the national language, but is now "the official language in Greenland" by virtue of Act no. 473, adopted by parliament 12 June 2009, the Act on Greenland Self-Government.

Studying Danish and English is mandatory for students in compulsory schools and also part of many secondary-level study programmes, so knowledge of the two languages is widespread. Other foreign languages frequently studied include German and French.

Temporary visitors and residents often make up a large portion of the population, especially in Ilulissat and the capital Nuuk.

In May 2023, a Greenlandic MP spoke her native language during a debate in the Danish parliament, causing a controversy and highlighting strained relations between Denmark and Greenland.

See also

 Greenlandic

References


Damir Milinović (born 15 October 1972) is a Croatian professional football manager and former player. He was named manager of Dubrava in June 2022.

Club career
Born in Rijeka, Milinović spent most of his career in his local club, Rijeka, before moving to Croatia Zagreb in 1997. He failed to impress in Croatia so he returned to Rijeka in the next season. After an impressive season with Rijeka, during which the club lost the title in last match, Milinović left for Germany in summer of 2000, signing with VfL Bochum. As Bochum finished last in the Bundesliga and were relegated, Milinović returned to Rijeka after only one season. He spent half a season in Rijeka before joining eventual season champions NK Zagreb. In January 2003, Milinović returned to Rijeka for the third and final time, spending there one and a half season before joining Dinamo Zagreb once again. He left Dinamo after only half a season, joining Austria Salzburg just few months before club was rebranded as Red Bull Salzburg. Milinović returned to Croatia after only half a season in Austria, signing for second division side Pomorac Kostrena. After two seasons with Pomorac, Milinović announced his retirement in summer of 2007.

International career
Milinović made his debut for Croatia in a June 1997 Kirin Cup match against Turkey, coming on as a 85th-minute substitute for Tomislav Erceg, and earned a total of 4 caps, scoring no goals. His final international was an April 1999 friendly match against Italy.

Managerial career
A few months after he announced his retirement, Milinović was appointed as a manager of his last club, Pomorac Kostrena. In Pomorac he was quite successful, finishing amongst top clubs in second division and reaching quarterfinals of Croatian Cup. He left Pomorac in 2010 and took over third division side NK Grobničan. With Milinović in charge, Grobničan went from mediocre third division club to one of the best clubs in the league. They were on the edge of promotion to second division two years in a row but were financially incapable to take that step.

In May 2012, Milinović was appointed head coach of HNK Gorica. Milinović spent only six months in Gorica; he resigned in November 2012 after disappointing results in the first half of the season. In January 2013, Milinović took over third division side Novigrad. He signed for Gorica again, on 9 September 2015, but got sacked on 30 March 2017. In August 2017, Milinović became manager of Slovenian club FC Koper.

On 28 August 2020, Milinović was appointed to be second division side Orijent 1919 head coach.

Career statistics

Club

International

Managerial statistics

Honours

Player
NK Zagreb
Croatian First League: 2001–02

References

External links

1972 births
Living people
Footballers from Rijeka
Men's association football defenders
Croatian men's footballers
Croatia men's international footballers
HNK Orijent players
HNK Rijeka players
GNK Dinamo Zagreb players
VfL Bochum players
NK Zagreb players
FC Red Bull Salzburg players
NK Pomorac 1921 players
First Football League (Croatia) players
Croatian Football League players
Bundesliga players
Austrian Football Bundesliga players
Croatian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
Croatian expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Expatriate men's footballers in Austria
Croatian expatriate sportspeople in Austria
Croatian football managers
HNK Gorica managers
HNK Cibalia managers
FC Koper managers
HNK Orijent managers
Croatian expatriate football managers
Expatriate football managers in Slovenia
Croatian expatriate sportspeople in Slovenia


This article lists important figures and events in Malayan public affairs during the year 1949, together with births and deaths of significant Malayans.

Incumbent political figures

Central level
 Governor of Malaya :
 Henry Gurney
 Chief Minister of Malaya  :
 Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra

State level
  Perlis :
 Raja of Perlis : Syed Harun Putra Jamalullail
 Menteri Besar of Perlis : Raja Ahmad Raja Endut
  Johore :
 Sultan of Johor : Sultan Ibrahim Al-Masyhur
 Menteri Besar of Johore : Onn Jaafar
  Kedah
 Sultan of Kedah : Sultan Badlishah
 Menteri Besar of Kedah : Mohamad Sheriff Osman
  Kelantan :
 Sultan of Kelantan : Sultan Ibrahim
 Menteri Besar of Kelantan : Nik Ahmad Kamil Nik Mahmud
  Trengganu :
 Sultan of Trengganu : Sultan Ismail Nasiruddin Shah
 Menteri Besar of Trengganu :
 Tengku Mohamad Sultan Ahmad (until 26 December)
 Raja Kamaruddin Idris (from 26 December)
  Selangor :
 Sultan of Selangor : Sultan Sir Hishamuddin Alam Shah Al-Haj
 Menteri Besar of Selangor :
 Hamzah Abdullah (until 1 July)
 Raja Uda Raja Muhammad (from 1 July)
  Penang :
 Monarchs : King George VI
 Residents-Commissioner : Arthur Vincent Aston
 Malacca :
 Monarchs : King George VI
 Residents-Commissioner :
  Negri Sembilan :
 Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Negri Sembilan : Tuanku Abdul Rahman ibni Almarhum Tuanku Muhammad
 Menteri Besar Negri Sembilan : Abdul Malek Yusuf
   Pahang :
 Sultan of Pahang : Sultan Abu Bakar
 Menteri Besar of Pahang : Mahmud Mat
  Perak :
 British Adviser of Perak : James Innes Miller
 Sultan of Perak : Sultan Yusuf Izzuddin Shah
 Menteri Besar of Perak : Abdul Wahab Toh Muda Abdul Aziz

Events
 27 February – The Malayan Chinese Association (MCA) was founded.
 4 May – The Pan-Malayan Federation of Trade Union (PMFTU) president, Ganapathy, 24, was killed.
 8 October – The establishment of University of Malaya from the merger of King Edward VII College of Medicine and Raffles College in Selangor.
 4 November – A Malay named Ismail bin Awang killed seven people and wounded at least four others in Sungai Dua, Penang.
 Unknown date – The Communities Liaison Committee (CLC) was established.

Births
 19 February – Osu Sukam – Politician and former Chief Minister of Sabah
 6 March – Hilmi Yahaya – Politician
 7 March – G. Palanivel – Politician
 21 July – Tengku Azlan, politician
 28 July – Soh Chin Aun – Footballer
 24 August – Mohd Ali Rustam – Politician and former Chief Minister of Malacca
 8 September – Ng Lam Hua – Politician
 2 November – A. R. Badul – Actor and comedian
 11 November – Sultan Ismail Petra – 28th Sultan of Kelantan (died 2019)
 14 November – Mohd Isa bin Hj. Abdul Samad – Politician and FELDA chairman
 Unknown date – Koh Tsu Koon – Politician and former Chief Minister of Penang

Deaths
 4 May – Ganapathy – Pan-Malayan Federation of Trade Union (PMFTU) president

See also
 1949
 1948 in Malaya | 1950 in Malaya
 History of Malaysia

References

Years of the 20th century in Malaysia
Malaya
Malaya
Malaya