In philosophy and religion the passions are the instinctive, emotional, primitive drives in a human being (including, for example, lust, anger, aggression and jealousy) which a human being must restrain, channel, develop and sublimate in order to be possessed of wisdom. Passions in religion and philosophy have a different connotation from the popular concept of passion which is generally seen as a positive emotion. The philosophical notion of passion, in contrast, is identified with innate or biologically driven emotional states regarded in ancient philosophies and the great religions as being the basis for deadly sins and seen as leading to various social and spiritual ills such as unstable relationships, broken marriages, lack of social integration, psychological disorders and other problems. In the philosophical tradition of the West passion is often placed in opposition to reason. Reason is advocated in the control of passion, something seen as desirable and necessary for the development of a mature, civilized human being. This is achieved by the cultivation of virtue. Four virtues in particular have long been seen as of especial value in this regard.

The majority of philosophies and religions advocate at the very least tempering the passions to keep them within acceptable bounds. However, most of the great religions recommend both the restraint and the transformation of the passions to the point where they no longer arise. This is true of Christianity, Jainism, Buddhism, Islam and Hinduism. The institution of the monastery within various religions is a means by which human beings may temporarily or permanently seclude themselves from circumstances exacerbating the arising of passion and provide a supportive environment for doing spiritual work.

Contemporary philosopher Roberto Mangabeira Unger has developed a view of the passions that disassociates them from human nature, and instead gives them a formless life that serve in our noninstrumental dealings with each other. Rather than the guiding force behind our relations with the world, they organize and are organized around the need and danger that is at the heart of our relations with each other. In this way, Unger rejects the traditional view of the passions as something counter to reason and which are associated with certain expressions, rather he sees them at the service of reason and their expression formed within certain contexts.

Background
The subject of the passions has long been a consideration in Western philosophy. According to European philosopher Michel Meyer, they have aroused harsh judgments as the representation of a force of excess and lawlessness in humanity that produces troubling, confusing paradoxes. Meyer sees philosophers as having treated the passions as a given expression of human nature, leaving the question of whether the passions "torture people because it blinds them, or, on the contrary, does it permit them to apprehend who and what we really are?"

Spinoza
The seventeenth century Dutch philosopher Spinoza contrasted "action" with "passion," as well as the state of being "active" with the state of being "passive." A passion, in his view, happened when external events affect us partially such that we have confused ideas about these events and their causes. A "passive" state is when we experience an emotion which Spinoza regarded as a "passivity of the soul." The body's power is increased or diminished. Emotions are bodily changes plus ideas about these changes which can help or hurt a human. It happens when the bodily changes we experience are caused primarily by external forces or by a mix of external and internal forces. Spinoza argued that it was much better for the individual himself to be the only adequate cause of bodily changes, and to act based on an adequate understanding of causes-and-effects with ideas of these changes logically related to each other and to reality. When this happened the person is "active," and Spinoza described the ideas as adequate. But most of the time, this does not happen, and Spinoza, along with Freud, saw emotions as more powerful than reason. Spinoza tried to live the life of reason which he advocated.

See also
 Passion: An Essay on Personality
 Philosophy of desire
 Baruch Spinoza
 Passion (emotion)
 Philosophy of Spinoza
 Rene Descartes' Passions of the Soul
 Stoic passions

References

Religious philosophical concepts


Class 71 may refer to:
GMB Class 71, a Norwegian passenger train.
 British Rail Class 71
 DRG Class 71, a class of German tank locomotives with a 2-4-2T wheel arrangement operated by the Deutsche Reichsbahn comprising the:
 DRG Class 71.0: Standard locomotive Einheitslokomotive
 Class 71.0: Prussian T 5.1
 Class 71.2: Bavarian Pt 2/4 H
 Class 71.3: Saxon IV T
 Class 71.4: Oldenburg T 5.1
 Class 71.5: BBÖ DT 1
 Class 71.6: PH E
 Class 71.70: PKP Class OKe1


The Big Fish Golf Club  is a public golf course in Hayward, Wisconsin, in Sawyer County, Wisconsin, United States. Golfweek has rated it the "#7 Public Course in Wisconsin".  It was designed in 2004 by the renowned golf architect, Pete Dye.

Hole By Hole

External links
Big Fish Golf Club

Golf clubs and courses in Wisconsin
Buildings and structures in Sawyer County, Wisconsin
Tourist attractions in Sawyer County, Wisconsin


Alvarado Estates is a neighborhood in the College area of San Diego, California.  It is a gated community of over 100 homes on lots of one acre or more, with limited access streets, and has a community park. Neighborliness is fostered by the Alvarado Community Association, which is governed by a volunteer Board of Directors.

See also
 Communities of San Diego

References

Neighborhoods in San Diego


The Vickers Medium Tank may refer to one of the series of tanks built by Vickers-Armstrong during the 1920s:

 Vickers Medium Mark I
 Vickers Medium Mark II
 Medium Mark III, built by both Vickers-Armstrong and the Royal Ordnance Factory

See also: Vickers MBT, a low-cost British Main Battle Tank of the 1960s, designed for export.

History of the tank


WNDH (103.1 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a classic hits format. Licensed to Napoleon, Ohio, United States, the station is currently owned by iHeartMedia, Inc.

WNDH began broadcasting in 1972 and originally featured a beautiful music format, which has been updated over the years to an adult contemporary sound.  The station switched to Clear Channel's Classic Hits format in early September 2014, with the former AC format moving to sister station 98.1 WDFM. The station's coverage area in Northwest Ohio includes the cities of Defiance, Bryan, and Wauseon, in addition to Napoleon.

Broadcast tower
The WNDH broadcast tower is located near the intersection of County Road J and Township Road 15 in Flatrock Township in Henry County, Ohio. Its coordinates are 41.3, -84.156111.

Programming
WNDH is affiliated with IHeartRadio, NBC News Radio and features a classic hits format. WNDH also broadcasts Ohio State Buckeyes football and men's basketball, as well as local high school football, basketball, baseball, and other various local events in Henry County and Northwest Ohio.

References

External links

NDH
Classic hits radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1972
IHeartMedia radio stations


Valle de Zaragoza  is a settlement in the Mexican state of Chihuahua.
It serves as the municipal seat of the surrounding municipality of Valle de Zaragoza. Ranchera singer Francisco Avitia was born in Valle de Zaragoza.

As of 2010, the town of Valle de Zaragoza had a population of 2,223, up from 1,871 as of 2005.

History
Valle de Zaragoza was founded on 10 December 1780, as Nuestra Señora del Pilar de Conchos; it later became known as Pilar de Conchos.
Its current name, given to it on 28 April 1864,  honours General Ignacio Zaragoza and his defeat of the French in the Battle of Puebla of 5 May 1862.

References

Populated places in Chihuahua (state)
Populated places established in 1780


Class 72 may refer to:
NSB Class 72, a Norwegian passenger train.
 German passenger tank locomotives with a 4-4-0T wheel arrangement operated by the Deutsche Reichsbahn comprising the:
 Class 72.0: Prussian T 5.2
 Class 72.1: Bavarian Pt 2/4 N


Stephen Addam Zeff (born July 26, 1933) is an American accounting historian, and Herbert S. Autrey Professor of Accounting at the Jesse H. Jones Graduate School of Business, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States. He was inducted into the Accounting Hall of Fame in 2002.

Life and work
Zeff was born in Chicago, Illinois, where his father ran a small industrial advertising agency. After his graduation from Highland Park High School in 1951, he went to the University of Colorado Boulder, where he obtained his BS in 1955 with a major in accountancy and his MA in 1957. He then moved to the University of Michigan, where he received his Master of Business Administration in 1960 and his PhD in 1962. Recently he received an honorary doctorate in Economics from the Turku School of Economics and Business Administration, in Finland.

During his undergraduate years, Zeff worked as an editor for the Colorado Daily, the student newspaper. He became the newspaper's managing editor in his senior year. In 1955 he became an instructor at the University of Colorado, Boulder. At the University of Michigan, he taught accounting courses, was assistant of Herb Miller revisioning accounting books, and was research assistant at its Bureau of Industrial Relations. After his graduation in 1961, he was appointed Assistant Professor at Tulane University, and Associate Professor in 1963 and Professor of Accounting in 1966. In 1978 he moved to Rice University, where he is Herbert S. Autrey Professor of Accounting since 1979.

Over the years Zeff has been a visiting professor at the University of California at Berkeley, University of Chicago, Harvard Business School, Northwestern University, and the University of Texas at Austin. He has also been outside the United States in universities in Mexico, Australia, New Zealand, and the Netherlands.

Honors
In 1988, he received the American Accounting Association’s Outstanding Accounting Educator Award
In 1999 the AAA’s International Accounting Section named him the recipient of its International Accounting Educator Award
Hourglass Award, Academy of Accounting Historians, in both 1973 and 2001
Basil Yamey Prize, Accounting, Business & Financial History, 2004
The only non-British member of the academic panel of the Accounting Standards Board of the United Kingdom
From 1981 to 2004, he was the only non-European on the executive committee of the European Accounting Association
From 1991 to 2002, he was the International Accounting Adviser for the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland, which recognized him as its Honorary Research Fellow in 2003
In 2002 he was inducted as the 70th member of Accounting Hall of Fame

Selected publications
Zeff has authored and/or edited about 25 books and over 100 articles. Books, a selection:

Zeff, Stephen A. The Accounting postulates and principles controversy of the 1960s, 1982.
Zeff, Stephen A. Uses of accounting for small business. 1962.
Zeff, Stephen A. The rise of economic consequences. Division of Research, Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University, 1978.

Articles, a selection:

Zeff, Stephen A. "Forging accounting principles in five countries: A history and an analysis of trends" (1971).
Dyckman, Thomas R., and Stephen A. Zeff. "Two decades of the Journal of Accounting Research". Journal of Accounting Research (1984): pages 225-297.
Zeff, Stephen A. "Political lobbying on proposed standards: A challenge to the IASB". Accounting Horizons 16.1 (2002): pages 43-54.
Zeff, Stephen A. "How the US accounting profession got where it is today: Part I". Accounting Horizons 17.3 (2003): pages 189-205.
Zeff, Stephen A. "How the US accounting profession got where it is today: Part II". Accounting Horizons 17.4 (2003): pages 267-286.

References

External links
Personal Page at Rice.
Biography at OSU's Accounting Hall of Fame

1933 births
Living people
Rice University faculty
American economists
Harvard Business School faculty
Highland Park High School (Illinois) alumni
University of California, Berkeley faculty
Ross School of Business alumni
University of Colorado alumni
University of Chicago faculty


Samuel Norton may refer to:

Samuel Norton (alchemist) (1548–1621), English writer
Samuel Norton, a character in The Shawshank Redemption
Samuel Tilden Norton (1877–1959), Los Angeles-based architect

See also
Sam Norton-Knight (born 1983), Australian rugby union footballer


The Lucky Tattie is a type of traditional sweet made in Scotland. The lucky tattie is made of a white fondant solid core flavoured with cassia, and steamed and covered with cinnamon powder. The tattie used to contain a small plastic lucky charm in the centre (like a tiny animal or toy), hence the lucky.  Due to health and safety concerns they were removed.

See also
 List of steamed foods

References

External links
Image of lucky tatties

Scottish confectionery
Steamed foods


The Bund II is a Hong Kong period drama television series broadcast on TVB in 1980. It is a direct sequel to The Bund, also produced and released by TVB earlier in the same year. A sequel, The Bund III, was released by TVB later that year.

Plot
The story continues from after Hui Man-keung's death in The Bund. Hui's best friend, Ting Lik, now controls the Shanghai underworld and he seeks to avenge Hui. Ting sends Chan Cheung-kwai to hunt down those responsible for murdering Hui, leading to a series of killings.

At the same time, Ting is depressed after receiving news that his lover, Ching-ching, has become a nun. He decides to find another girlfriend, whom he has no romantic feelings for, just to cheer his mother up. By coincidence, Ting meets Chu Yin-yin and he falls in love with her. Just as their relationship is developing well, Tik Wan-chi, a gentlemanly and wealthy businessman, appears and starts courting Chu. The three of them are drawn into a complex love triangle.

Tik's immense wealth actually comes from secret financial support by the Japanese. Tik invites Ting to become his business partner and Ting reaps great rewards from their partnership. However, Tik's goal is to pave a path for the Japanese to take control of Shanghai.

Ting eventually learns of Tik's background after cooperating with him for some time. He is also shocked to discover that Tik was the mastermind behind Hui's assassination. Ting enters a dilemma on whether to kill Tik. He intends to kill Tik to avenge his friend and prevent the Japanese from taking over Shanghai. However, he is also hesitant when he sees that Chu truly loves Tik and when he feels that he does not want to lose Tik as a business partner. Eventually, Ting decides to turn against Tik. His decision will stir up big trouble in Shanghai.

Cast
 Ray Lui as Ting Lik (丁力)
 Chow Yun-fat as Hui Man-keung (許文強)
 Gigi Wong as Chu Yin-yin (朱燕燕)
 Patrick Tse as Tik Wan-chi (狄雲志)
 Liu Kai-chi as Chan Cheung-kwai (陳祥貴)
 Mary Hon as Poon Ling (潘玲)
 Chan Lap-ban as Ting Lik's mother
 Dominic Lam as Kwok Chun-cheung (郭鎮昌)
 Chong Man-ching as Wong Yuet-kei (汪月琪)
 Cheung Kwok-keung as Man Kwok-keung (聞國強)
 King Doi-yum as Kwok Chau-ha (郭秋霞)
 Lo Chun-shun as Cheung (阿張)
 Fung Kwok as Fai (阿輝)
 Lung Tin-sang as Bo (阿保)
 Cheung Sang as Kiu Ying (喬英)
 Yu Ming as Pang Choi (彭才) / Uncle Cheuk (卓伯)
 Tsui Kwong-lam as Fok Kei (霍基)
 Cho Chai as Siu Hung (蕭熊)
 Ma Hing-sang as Boss Ma (馬老闆)
 Leung Oi as Sister Ping (萍姐) / Aunt Ping (平嫂)
 Mui Lan as Sam (阿三)
 Chow Kit as Chairman Ng (伍社長) / Manager Lee (李經理)
 Kwan Kin as Kwok Tso-yin (郭祖賢)
 Wong Man-yee as Miss Shanghai
 Lee Ching-wai as Sister Kam (琴姐)

 Natalis Chan as doctor
 Lin Yin-fai as doctor
 Chan Wing-fai as Lik (力打手) / Chuen (阿全) / bodyguard
 Leung Kit-wah as Kwok Chau-ha's classmate / Mary (瑪莉)
 Hui Yat-wah as Kwok Chau-ha's classmate
 Leung Siu-tik as Robert (羅拔) / gangster Hung (流氓洪)
 Lo Kwok-wai as Wong Yan (王仁) / robber
 Wu Chi-lung as Wong Yung (王勇) / robber
 Chung Chi-keung as Ho Sing (何勝)
 Ye Fung as Tanaka (田中)
 Law Lai-kuen as Secretary Tik (狄秘書)
 Cheung Kwok-keung as Man Kwok-keung (聞國強)
 Michael Miu as Secretary Wong (黃秘書)
 Peggy Lam as Poon Ling's friend / Or (阿娥)
 Man Kit-wun as Poon Ling's friend
 Chan Mei-suen as Poon Ling's friend
 Wong Jo-see as Lau Siu-ching (劉小青)
 Lai Siu-fong as Kwok Chun-cheung's mother
 Ho Kwai-lam as Lui Hon (雷漢) / Pierre
 Mak Tze-wun as gangster
 Bak Lan as Yeung's mother
 Sheung-koon Yuk as Kwok Tso-yin's wife / Kwok Chau-ha's mother
 Leung Suk-yee as Kwok Chau-ha's classmate / student
 Felix Wong as Kei (阿基) / worker
 Chu Kong as guard
 Au Bing-nam as gangster / middle-aged man

 Shek Siu-lun as warehouse guard / committee member So (蘇委員)
 Tsui Kwai-heung as Japanese woman
 Bak Man-biu as Murakami Taro (村上太郎) / village chief
 Yeung Chung-yan as Japanese monk
 Henry Lee as Japanese monk / Manager Au (區經理)
 Chow Ding-yuen as Kwan (阿均)
 Wong Ying-wah as Tak (阿德) / Yan (助手仁)
 Kiu Hung as Inspector Yuen (袁局長)
 Tan Chuen-hing as Tik Wan-chi's henchman
 Mak Tai-shing as famous man
 Yeung Ka-nok as worker
 Chan On-ying as Poon Ling's friend
 Cheung Hei as old man
 Law Kwok-wai as Manager Yau (由司理)
 Chun Wong as Manager Tsang (曾經理)
 Lee Yeung-do as gangster / coolie / student / Sa (阿沙)
 Chan Lin-sin as Kwok Chun-cheung's sister
 Ho Kei-ning as Kwok Chun-cheung's brother
 Lai Bik-kwong as warehouse guard / driver
 Wai Yee-yan as emcee
 Kwong Chor-fai as Lawyer Sam (岑律師) / Manager Sam (岑司理)
 Tsui Yau-lun as Yuen (阿原) / assassin
 Wong Chi-wai as Fei (阿肥)
 So Hon-sang as rickshaw puller / gangster
 Lui Oi-kwan as Yuen San (袁珊)
 Leung Kit-fong as Aunt Man (文嬸)

 Tsang Yuk-ha as dancer
 Siu Siu-ling as dancer
 Law Keung as assassin
 Lok Kung as Mayor Ng (吳市長)
 Cheung Chi-keung as fisherman Kwong (漁民廣)
 Fu Yuk-lan as student
 Pui Wun as aunt
 Yip Ping as aunt
 Mak Yiu-sun as gangster
 So Ping-bo as tipster
 Fong Ping as mamasan
 Lau Siu-ming as lawyer
 Ng Bok-kwan as assassin Hak (殺手克)
 Cheng Fan-sang as assassin Chiu (殺手招)
 Simon Yam as Chin (阿錢)
 Wong See-yan as Secretary Chin (錢秘書)
 Felix Lok as Chung (阿忠)
 Ho Bik-kin as constable
 Law Wai-ping as doctor
 Tsang Wai-ming as coolie Sam (苦力三)
 Benz Hui as driver Ming (車伕銘)
 Law Chun-biu as assassin Wai (殺手羣)
 Ho Kwong-lun as Ting Lik's henchman
 Liu Chun-hung as Tin (阿田)
 Tsui Wai-sun as Kwong (阿光)

External links

1980 Hong Kong television series debuts
1980 Hong Kong television series endings
TVB dramas
The Bund (TV series)
Sequel television series
Cantonese-language television shows
Television shows set in Shanghai
Triad (organized crime)


WOGI (104.3 FM) is a radio station that broadcasts a Froggy-branded, country music, format. Licensed in the Pittsburgh suburb of Moon Township, Pennsylvania, United States, the station serves the Pittsburgh Media Market.

This station serves as the defacto flagship station of Forever Media, LLC (based in Pittsburgh) and simulcasts on WOGG and WOGH.

History

WOGI signed on the air April 15, 1959 as WOHI-FM, the FM sister station of WOHI, both owned by East Liverpool Broadcasting Company.
WOHI and WOHI-FM were sold to Constrander Corporation, owned by Joseph D. Coons for $175,000 on December 20, 1960.
The acquisition of the stations took effect January 27, 1961.

WOHI-FM changed callsigns to WRTS in June 1967,
and in November 1971, Coons sold both WOHI and WRTS to Frank Mangano for $290,493; however, the name of the company remained the same under the new owner.
WRTS changed callsigns once again to WELA in May 1974.  In the mid-1970s, WELA was an easy listening format.

By 1981, the easy listening format was dropped in favor of a C&W format. By the late 1990s, the station had a classic hits format dubbed "Classic Hits 104."

Keymarket purchased both WOHI and WELA in 2000.
 The new owner changed the callsign to WOGF on July 7, 2000, and adopted a country music format with the "Froggy" moniker; a format which continues today.

WOGF recently changed its city of license to Moon Township, Pennsylvania from East Liverpool, Ohio.  The tower location remains in Beaver County, Pennsylvania.

WOGF assumed the callsign WOGI in 2009, a callsign that was previously used on 98.3, which is a station in Pittsburgh that Keymarket sold to EMF in 2009. The new callsign on 98.3 is WPKV.

WOGI was partially simulcast on WOGG in Oliver, Pennsylvania for many years. The two stations had separate morning shows but were simulated throughout the day. In July 2020, the stations combined into a full simulcast are known as Froggy 104.3 and Froggy 94.9.

Currently, the station's weekday air staff consists of Mornings with Frogman Frank from 5-10AM, Katie Green Middays from 10AM-2PM, and Program Director Danger is on Afternoos 2-7PM.

References

External links

 https://radioinsight.com/headlines/189898/wogg-wogi-combine-into-simulcast/

OGF
Radio stations established in 1959
1959 establishments in Pennsylvania
Country radio stations in the United States


The Bund III is a Hong Kong period drama television series broadcast on TVB in 1980. The series is a direct sequel to The Bund and The Bund II, which were both released earlier in the same year.

Plot
The story continues from the end of The Bund II and chronicles the final years of Ting Lik's long reign as master of the Shanghai underworld.

Cast

 Ray Lui as Ting Lik
 Susanna Au-yeung as Yip Chau-ying
 Wong Yuen-sun as Kei Sin-yung
 Felix Wong
 Chow Sau-lan

1980 Hong Kong television series debuts
1981 Hong Kong television series endings
TVB dramas
The Bund (TV series)
Sequel television series
Cantonese-language television shows
Television shows set in Shanghai
Triad (organized crime)


Adam Menelaws, also spelled Menelas (born between 1748 and 1756, presumably in Edinburgh – died 31 August 1831 in Saint Petersburg, ) was an architect and landscape designer of Scottish origin, active in the Russian Empire from 1784 to 1831. Menelaws achieved success in the first two decades of the 19th century as the designer of town and country residences and parks of Razumovsky and Stroganov families, and later worked for emperor Alexander I, specializing in Gothic Revival architecture. From 1825 to 1831 Menelaws, then in his seventies, became the first house architect of Nicholas I and de facto the leading architect of the Empire. Except for this final, properly evidenced, stage, life story of Adam Menelaws remains scarcely documented and has been reconstructed by biographers based on sketchy archive data and circumstantial evidence; Menelaws still "belongs to the category of almost unknown".

Biography
The Scottish origin of Menelaws was confirmed by the architect himself to A. B. Granville, an English traveler who published a report of his journey in London in 1828. There is no other reliable evidence of his early years, education and experience prior to arriving in Russia in 1784. Members of Menelaws family were construction contractors in Argyll; Howard Colvin and Dmitry Shvidkovsky suggest that Adam Menelaws belonged to the same family, but this opinion has not been reliably confirmed by archive research. Historians split over the year of his birth: a 1784 immigration record suggests that he arrived in Russia at the age of 35, i.e. born in or around 1748, while the funeral records of the English church in Saint Petersburg state the year of his birth as 1756. In 1803 Menelaws asserted that he hails from a noble English family, but Russian authorities refused to honour his claim.

In early 1780s Charles Cameron, an architect employed by Catherine II since 1779, published a job offer in Edinburgh Evening News, signed Catherine of Russia, inviting skilled construction workers to join his Tsarskoye Selo project. 73 craftsmen, including Adam Menelaws, agreed to move to Russia (many took their families with them), causing a futile protest of the Foreign Office. All were sufficiently qualified to become professional architects or at least architect's trainees in Russia; Cameron ranked Menelaws as the one of two best stonemasons – the "vaulting master". Menelaws signed for a three-year contract to build the Cold Baths near Saint Petersburg, agreeing also to train a class of Russian craftsmen. Apparently the number of Scottish professionals was too big for Cameron, and one year later Menelaws left him and joined the service of Nikolay Lvov.

Lvov, an amateur composer, poet and Palladian architect was at that time aide to statesman Alexander Bezborodko. Historians divide over his role in Menelaws career: tradition held it that Lvov promoted Menelaws, introducing him to the Crown projects, while later researchers assert that, on the contrary, Lvov's influence slowed down Menelaws career. Instead of architecture, in May 1785 Lvov engaged Menelaws and William Heste in search for coal fossils (at that time Russian metallurgy was dependent on either charcoal or imports from England and Wales). In 1786 Menelaws found commercial-grade ("not inferior to that of Newcastle") coal near Borovichi; by 1790 the coal research team increased to 10 professionals. It is quite likely, however, that Lvov used the state-sponsored quest for coal as a cover to extract a talented architect for his own use: in 1785–1794 Menelaws was regularly involved in Lvov's construction projects. Another Scot, Walter Irving, was employed by Lvov to construct his idealist Sun Temple, a country estate in Tver Oblast; its circular arcade, resembling the henges of Britain, was later recreated in Menelaws' own designs. The rotunda motive, common to Menelaws later works, was most likely inspired by Lvov.

Menelaws married Elizabeth Cave in 1792; the ceremony was attended by Lvov, Alexey Olenin (president of the Imperial Academy of Arts) and numerous members of the English and Scottish diaspora. In 1795 Menelaws began gradually separating from Lvov's service after the construction of the Saint Joseph cathedral in Mahilyow, but the two remained in contact until Lvov's sudden death in 1803. Meanwhile, Menelaws remained a Russian state servant of a small rank since his arrival. After Lvov's death he attempted to retire immediately, but, faced with refusal in pension benefits, preferred to remain in service until 1806. According to Anthony Cross, "the late burgeoning of Menelaws talent" probably occurred only after Lvov' death, during his work for the Razumovsky family.

In the 19th century Menelaws created a string of English gardens for the Razumovskys; the best known, in Gorenki (present-day Balashikha), was included in John Claudius Loudon's An Encyclopedia of Gardening for its landscaping and a private botanical garden. Historians split on the issue whether Gorenki was designed primarily by Menelaws or by Lvov. In 1801–1802 Menelaws designed and built the Razumovsky Palace in Basmanny District of Moscow; the palace was destroyed by the Fire of 1812 and later reconstructed by Afanasy Grigoriev. Another large park, Stroganov's Maryino, was laid down near Saint Peterburg in 1813. All these landscaping projects perished by the end of 19th century. Menelaws park designs always employed a Gothic ruin as a visual anchor. Menelaws was instrumental in operations of the Maryino school established by the Golitsyns in 1819, teaching the peasants the craft of cob construction. Introduction of cob technology in Russia is usually credited to Lvov, but may also be linked directly to Menelaws's Scottish experience. Dmitry Shvidkovsky suggested that Menelaws, not Cameron, was the designer of the Razumovsky palace in Baturin, but other historians reject this opinion.

In the 1810s Alexander I invited Menelaws to redesign the Alexander's Park in Tsarskoye Selo, starting with an old dilapidated menagerie. The new plan proposed by Menelaws created an illusion of a completely novel design, yet carefully preserved the structure of a regular park shaped in the previous century; according to Lvov, Menelaws "merged the art of Kent and Le Nôtre". Menelaws designed and built 12 structures, including the Egyptian Gates and three park pavilions: the large Arsenal (1819–1834) built on the site of Mon Bijou built by Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli in 1750s, the White Tower (1821–1827), a house for the young Grand Dukes and the Chapel (1825–1828), a folly providing living quarter to the palace chaplain. Use of an eclectic, pan-European romanticism was justified as a symbol of the New Europe shaped at the Congress of Vienna, but was also a sign of Alexander's turn to mysticism. Alexander's Park was occupied by Nicholas I, then heir presumptive, who also leaned to eclecticism and medieval legacy, as would be evidenced later by his reign.

Nicholas became Menelaws' "most appreciative patron who provided him with the opportunity at a very advanced stage of life". Indeed, his most important commission, the Alexandria Park, was started when the architect was at least around 70 years old.

Shortly before his death in 1824, Alexander I granted a  lot of land on the coast of Gulf of Finland, east of Petergof, to Nicholas I. The new Alexandria Park, commissioned to Menelaws, became the last, and best preserved of the architect's projects. The work started with landscaping the territory and digging two large artificial pools; after Alexander's death, Nicholas commissioned Menelaws to build his summer residence, the asymmetrical Cottage. Externally, it was more English than Gothic; Gothic influence was more obvious in the interiors designed by Menelaws. The park, laid down in English style, featured winding walkways around ponds, and had a Gothic Chapel (private church of the House of Romanov, designed by Karl Friedrich Schinkel) as its focal point (it was completed by Ludwig Charlemagne three years after Menelaws' death). It was suggested that Nicholas actually planned to relocate the remains of Alexander Nevsky into the chapel. The park also had facilities of the lesser rank: an animal sanctuary for old horses retired from the palace service, a farm and a menagerie with llama and elephant pavilions. Elephants lived in Alexandria until 1911 and were allowed to roam free in the summer.

Menelaws died in Saint Petersburg during the cholera epidemic of 1831.

Notes

References

Colvin, Howard (1995) A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects, 1600-1840. Yale University Press.

 (biography of Charles Cameron)

Scottish expatriates in Russia
Gothic Revival architects
Russian neoclassical architects
18th-century Scottish architects
19th-century architects from the Russian Empire
Landscape or garden designers
18th-century births
1831 deaths
Deaths from cholera


Roy Pierpoint (15 May 1929 – 12 January 2023) was a British racing driver who drove in saloons and sports cars.

Racing career
His first race was in 1949, at a BARC meeting driving a Fiat 1100 special, which he built himself: "very neat was Pierpont's (sic) F.I.A.T. 1,100 with aerodynamic but not all-enveloping bodywork, two Amal carburetters, a neat silencer in its straight exhaust pipe and an oil-cooler ahead of the main radiator." He finished seventh in a 3-lap handicap.

Pierpoint raced very little after that until 1961. In 1962 he drove in several events including the BRDC Trophy at Silverstone, the Guards Trophy and the Brands Six Hour Race where he finished third in his class alongside Bruce Halford. Also that year, he achieved some success at Hill Climb events. He continued in sports car racing in 1963 and 1964, again in the Guards Trophy. In 1968 he was in the Nürburgring 1000 km race in a Ford GT40, but did not finish. He competed in 1968 and 1969 at Denmark's Jyllands-Ringen, with two wins from four races.

Pierpoint was best known for his time driving in the British Saloon Car Championship, with a total of fourteen race wins. In his first year in 1965, he won the Championship for Alan Mann Racing, driving a V8 4.7-litre Ford Mustang: "After a struggle throughout 1965 against the Austin Mini-Cooper S of Warwick Banks,.." The championship was won after a protest against the car of Jack Brabham, which was found to have illegal modifications. He raced a Ford Falcon the following year, which was not competitive enough to defend his title. He stuck with the Falcon for another three years. In 1968 he finished fifth on points and in 1969 he finished third in the championship. He spent two more years in the BSCC, but did not come close to winning the title in a Chevrolet Camaro.

Racing record

Complete British Saloon Car Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap.)

† Events with 2 races staged for the different classes.

References

External links
 BTCC.net official profile
 Historic Racing profile

1929 births
2023 deaths
People from Weybridge
British Touring Car Championship drivers
British Touring Car Championship Champions
English racing drivers
12 Hours of Reims drivers


Louis Hasselriis (12 January 1844 – 20 May 1912) was a Danish sculptor known for his public statuary.

Early life and education
Hasselriis was born in Hillerød, the son of Herman Edvard Louis H (1815–1907) and Sophie Frederikke Schondel (1802–55).  Gis mother had previously been married to pharmacist in Hillerød Ebbe Madsen Andresen, 1802–38) and her new husband took over the pharmacy in connection with their wedding. He later bought a farm in .

Hasselriis apprenticed as a wood carver under Wille and later in the studio of Herman Wilhelm Bissen. He attended the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts in 1859–66 and won the small gold medal in 1868 for David forbereder sig til kamp med Goliath.

Career
Hasselriis had his debut at the Charlottenborg Exhibition in 1863. From 1869 and for the rest of his life he lived in Rome, but retained strong links with his homeland and also with the USA. In Denmark he created a statue of William Shakespeare for Helsingør and memorials to national heroes such as Peder Griffenfeld (Copenhagen) and Hans Christian Andersen (Odense)). A copy of his Hans Christian Andersen statue exists in New Jersey.

His memorial to Heinrich Heine marks the poet's grave in Montparnasse cemetery in Paris. A full size statue of the German-Jewish poet was also created for Empress Elizabeth of Austria. After her death it was removed from its original location by the antisemitic Kaiser Wilhelm II, and was rejected when offered to the city of Hamburg. With the rise of the Nazis, it was moved out of Germany to be erected in the Jardin d'acclimatation du Mourillon, Toulon. Though it survived the war, other Hasselriis statues were melted down to make munitions.

Gallery

References

1844 births
1912 deaths
20th-century Danish sculptors
Male sculptors
19th-century sculptors
People from Hillerød Municipality
Danish male artists
20th-century Danish male artists


The Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping from Ships and Aircraft also called the Oslo Convention was an international agreement designed to control the dumping of harmful substances from ships and aircraft into the sea.  It was adopted on 15 February 1972 in Oslo, Norway and came into force on 7 April 1974.  Original signatories were Denmark, France, Iceland, Norway, Portugal, Spain, and Sweden. Later members included the United Kingdom (1975), the Netherlands (1975), Germany (1977), Finland (1979), Ireland (1982), and Belgium (1985).

The area covered by the treaty included the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans north of latitude 36°N, east of longitude 42°W and west of longitude 51°E, excluding the Baltic and Mediterranean Seas

The Convention prohibited the dumping of halocarbons and organosilicon (with some exceptions), mercury and mercury compounds, cadmium and cadmium compounds, non-biodegradable plastics and other persistent materials, as well as "substances which have been agreed between the Contracting Parties as likely to be carcinogenic under the conditions of disposal."  It also restricted and required a permit for the dumping of arsenic, lead, copper, zinc and their compounds, as well as cyanides, and fluorides, pesticides, containers, "tar-like substances", scrap metal, and "other bulky wastes."

It also defined the considerations to be made in the issuance of dumping permits by each signatory state and required them to enforce the agreement within their territorial sea and make efforts to prevent dumping of materials outside the agreement's defined borders.

The convention was amended once, in December 1981, which amendment came into force in February 1982.  The Oslo Convention was replaced by the Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic or "OSPAR Convention" when it came into force on 25 March 1998.

References

External links
 Full text of the Convention
Summary and ratifications.

Waste treaties
Ocean pollution
Atlantic Ocean
Environment of the Arctic
Government of the Arctic
Treaties concluded in 1972
Treaties entered into force in 1974
1974 in the environment
1972 in Norway
Treaties of Denmark
Treaties of Finland
Treaties of France
Treaties of West Germany
Treaties of Iceland
Treaties of Norway
Treaties of Portugal
Treaties of Francoist Spain
Treaties of Sweden
Treaties of the United Kingdom
Treaties of the Netherlands
Treaties of Ireland
Treaties of Belgium


WOHC (90.1 FM) is a Christian worship formatted radio station licensed to Chillicothe, Ohio, United States and broadcasts the nationally syndicated Air1 feed.  The station is currently owned by Educational Media Foundation.

References

External links

Air1 radio stations
Radio stations established in 1992
1992 establishments in Ohio
Educational Media Foundation radio stations
Ohio


Milroy's disease (MD) is a familial disease characterized by lymphedema, commonly in the legs, caused by congenital abnormalities in the lymphatic system. Disruption of the normal drainage of lymph leads to fluid accumulation and hypertrophy of soft tissues.

It was named by Sir William Osler for William Milroy, a Canadian physician, who described a case in 1892, though it was first described by Rudolf Virchow in 1863.

Presentation
The most common presentation of Milroy's disease is unilateral lower extremity lymphedema, and may also be accompanied by hydrocele. Males and females may have upslanting toenails, deep creases in the toes, wart-like growths (papillomas), and prominent leg veins. Some individuals develop non-contagious skin infections called cellulitis that can damage the thin tubes that carry lymph fluid (lymphatic vessels). Episodes of cellulitis can cause further swelling in the lower limbs.

Genetics

This disease is more common in women and an association with the gene FLT4 has been described. FLT4 codes for VEGFR-3, which is implicated in development of the lymphatic system.

Milroy's disease is also known as primary or hereditary lymphedema type 1A or early onset lymphedema. It is a very rare disease with only about 200 cases reported in the medical literature. Milroy's disease is an autosomal dominant condition caused by a mutation in the FLT4 gene which encodes of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 (VEGFR-3) gene located on the long arm (q) on chromosome 5 (5q35.3).

In contrast to Milroy's disease (early onset lymphedema type 1A), which typically has its onset of swelling and edema at birth or during early infancy, hereditary lymphedema type II, known as Meige disease, has its onset around the time of puberty. Meige disease is also an autosomal dominant disease. It has been linked to a mutations in the 'forkhead' family transcription factor (FOXC2) gene located on the long arm  of chromosome 16 (16q24.3). About 2000 cases have been identified. A third type of hereditary lymphedema, that has an onset after the age of 35 is known as lymphedema tarda.

Diagnosis
Only conservative measures can be taken. Certain treatments for lymphedema disorders may possibly alleviate specific symptoms; no cure and it is usually congenital. Genetic counseling can be done. May have similar health conditions, delays, disorders, and physical traits associated with other lymphatic genetic diseases and chromosome #5 abnormalities.

Prognosis
Milroy's disease does not normally affect life expectancy.

Medscape states patients may have recurrent streptococcal cellulitis and lymphangitis, with subsequent hospitalizations for antibiotic therapy. A rare complication is the appearance of lymphangiosarcoma or angiosarcoma in patients with persistent lymphedema. Some patients may develop protein-losing enteropathy and visceral involvement. Chylous ascites and chylothorax rarely occur.

See also
 List of cutaneous conditions

References

Further reading

External links

Vascular-related cutaneous conditions
Rare genetic syndromes


25 Scorpii (abbreviated to 25 Sco) is a star in the zodiac constellation of Scorpius, located about 920 light years away from the Sun. Its apparent magnitude is 6.71, so its apparent brightness is at the limit of human eyesight and can only be seen under excellent conditions, according to the Bortle scale. The object is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of −1.3 km/s. It is a proposed member of the Scorpius–Centaurus association.

This is an evolved bright giant with a spectral type of K0 II. It is about two times more massive and over twelve times wider than the Sun. The star is radiating 135 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of about 4,700 K.

References

K-type bright giants
Scorpius–Centaurus association
Scorpius
Scorpii, 25
Durchmusterung objects
151179
082140
6225


Breakfast is the first meal of the day.

Breakfast may also refer to:

Arts, entertainment, and media

Broadcasting
 Breakfast, the early-morning daypart period on a radio or television station when most listeners or viewers will be eating breakfast, e.g.:
 Breakfast (Australian TV program), a 2012 Australian TV program on Network Ten
 Breakfast (New Zealand TV program), a New Zealand TV program on TV One
 Saturday Breakfast, a 2011–2012 Saturday edition of the daily New Zealand program
 Breakfast (Philippine TV program), a 1999–2007 Filipino television program that aired on Studio 23
 Breakfast, a weekday radio program on BBC Radio 3
 BBC Breakfast, a British TV program simulcast on BBC One and the BBC News channel
 Breakfast News, a 1989–2000 British TV program that aired on BBC One
 Breakfast Time (British TV programme), a 1983–1989 British TV program on BBC One
 CP24 Breakfast, a Canadian TV program on CP24
 News Breakfast, or ABC News Breakfast, a 2008 Australian TV program on ABC1 and ABC News 24
 RN Breakfast, an Australian Broadcasting Corporation radio program
 The Big Breakfast, a 1992–2002 British TV program on Channel 4
 "Breakfast" (airdate 1987), the first episode of the British TV series ChuckleVision

Music

Albums
 Breakfast (Chiddy Bang album), or the title song, 2012
 Breakfast, a 1991 album by Mr Floppy, or the title song

Songs
 "Breakfast (Associates song)", a song by the Associates
 "Breakfast", a song by Brockhampton from the 2016 mixtape, All-American Trash
 "Breakfast", a song by Kelis from the 2014 album Food
 "Breakfast", a song by Newsboys from the 1996 album Take Me to Your Leader
 "Breakfast", a song by Sly Withers from the 2020 album Gardens
 "Breakfast (Syrup)", a 2012 song by Kreayshawn featuring 2 Chainz

See also
 Break fast, the meal eaten after Jewish fast days such as Yom Kippur and Tisha B'Av
 Breakfast at Tiffany's (disambiguation)
 Wedding breakfast, a British term for the meal and reception following a marriage service
 Breakfast Princess, a character who first appeared in the episode "Hitman" of the animated series Adventure Time


Luigi Petrucci (born 13 September 1956) is an Italian film and television actor.

Life and career
Born in Naples, at young age Petrucci studied singing, piano and guitar, and he started his professional acting career on stage, where he worked with the companies of Eduardo De Filippo, Carlo and Aldo Giuffrè, Nino Taranto and Dolores Palumbo, among others. He made his film debut in 1981, and had his breakout with the role of Postiglione in Carlo Verdone's Compagni di scuola.

Filmography
Blues metropolitano (1984, directed by Salvatore Piscicelli)
L'amara scienza (1985)
Italian Fast Food (1986, directed by Lodovico Gasparini)
Compagni di scuola (1988, directed by Carlo Verdone)
Supysaua (1988, directed by Enrico Coletti)
Il bambino e il poliziotto (1989, directed by Carlo Verdone)
Matilda (1990, directed by Antonietta De Lillo)
Fantozzi alla riscossa (1990, directed by Neri Parenti, Paolo Villaggio)
Piedipiatti (1991, directed by Carlo Vanzina)
Mutande pazze (1992, directed by Roberto D'Agostino)
Pacco, doppio pacco e contropaccotto (1993, directed by Nanni Loy)
Mario il mago (1994, directed by Klaus Maria Brandauer)
Mollo tutto (1994, directed by José Maria Sanchez)
Miele dolce amore (1994, directed by Enrico Coletti)
Le nuove comiche (1994, directed by Neri Parenti)
La classe non è acqua (1996, directed by Cecilia Calvi)
Fireworks (1997, directed by Leonardo Pieraccioni)
Rose e pistole (1997, directed by Carla Apuzzo)
I vesuviani (1997, directed by Antonietta De Lillo)
L'amore non ha confini (1998, directed by Paolo Sorrentino)
La vespa e la regina (1999, directed by Antonello De Leo)
La partita - La difesa di Lužin (2000, regia Marleen Gorris)
Mi sei entrata nel cuore come un colpo di coltello (2000, directed by Cecilia Calvi)
Tre metri sopra il cielo (2004, directed by Luca Lucini)
Ho voglia di te (2007, directed by Luis Prieto)
La maschera d'acqua (2007)
Ci sarà un giorno - Il giovane Pertini (2010)

References

External links

1956 births
Living people
Italian male film actors
Italian male stage actors
Italian male television actors
Male actors from Naples


Rustin Parr is a fictional character from the Blair Witch series of horror films. He first appeared in Curse of the Blair Witch (1999) as an old man on death row giving his last interview before being executed for the murders of seven children, in which he was portrayed by Frank Pastor. Created by Haxan Films, the character has subsequently been represented in various other media, including novels, video games, and comic books.

Development
In developing the mythology behind the film, the creators used many inspirations. For instance, several character names are near-anagrams: Elly Kedward (The Blair Witch) is Edward Kelley, a 16th-century mystic, and Rustin Parr, the fictional 1940s child-murderer, began as an anagram for Rasputin.

When it came time to cast the role, Haxan chose Frank Pastor, who had been a free-lance gardener hired to tend to the garden around the Haxan office. His prison interview scene was filmed at the Old St. Johns County Jail in St. Augustine, Florida. Pastor attended the first screening of The Blair Witch Project in 1998 at the Enzian Theater in Maitland, Florida. But sometime after that, he vanished. When the film became a massive success, Artisan Entertainment attempted to track Frank Pastor down, but was unable to, leading to them recasting the role for the film's sequel.

Appearances
Rustin Parr made his first appearance in 1999, in the Curse of the Blair Witch, a mockumentary which aired on Syfy to promote the release of The Blair Witch Project. The footage from Curse was originally supposed to be part of the final film, but during the editing process Dan Myrick and Ed Sanchez realized the most engaging part of the film was Heather, Mike, and Josh. The footage left on the cutting room floor was then repurposed for the mockumentary. As well as the films, there have been books and comics that have either expanded the universe of Rustin, or been based on a minor aspect of him.

Films and mockumentaries
 Curse of the Blair Witch
 Book of Shadows: Blair Witch 2
 Shadow of the Blair Witch
 The Burkittsville 7

Literature
Rustin first appeared outside of the film in the dossier written by DA Stern, produced to further promote The Blair Witch Project. Published on September 1, 1999, the book features newspaper articles recounting his trial, and eventual execution.

More of Rustin's backstory is learned in The Blair Witch Files: The Dark Room which was published in August 2000, when Laura Morely and Cade Merrill venture to the ruins of the Parr house, but through Laura's eyes and her camera the house is perfectly intact. Laura sees Rustin as a child along with his twin brother Dale, and their fighting and bickering. She ends up watching the past play out like a film, and sees Rustin beat Dale to death with a tree branch, although Rustin's parents tell everyone he died in a hunting accident.

 The Blair Witch Project: A Dossier - September 1, 1999
 Blair Witch: The Secret Confession of Rustin Parr - August 1, 2000
 Blair Witch: Graveyard Shift - September 28, 2000
 Blair Witch: Book of Shadows - Dossier - November 1, 2000

Merchandise
The character of Rustin Parr was featured on t-shirts after the first film was released. Halloween masks of Parr were released by Cesar Masks, upon release of the second film.

See also
 List of horror film villains
 Michael Myers
 Jason Voorhees
 Freddy Krueger
 Leatherface

References

Blair Witch
Fictional characters from Maryland
Fictional murderers of children
Fictional hermits
Fictional kidnappers
Film characters introduced in 1999
Male horror film characters
Fictional characters from the 20th century


Thronar was a Dutch Viking metal/black metal band from the Netherlands. The band released a discography consisting of three demos, one split album, and two albums.

History
Thronar formed under the name "Cerberus" in 1998 by guitarists Otto van Beusekom and Reamon Bloem, with drummer Joost Westdijk (of Bolthorn). The band got serious when joined by Nathalia Hoogkamer (keyboards) and Marin (vocals). Under the name Cerberus they released two demos, A Journey Must Begin... and One Man's Faith. In 2002, they changed their name to Thronar because there were many bands called Cerberus, and because they started playing a different style, from black metal to Viking metal.

The band have commented on being influenced by the early Norwegian black metal scene; they claim to be atheistic, though they respect certain forms of Satanism. Ideologically, the band hearkens back to old myths and mysticism.

In 2003, Thronar recorded a promo consisting of four tracks, which led to the band getting signed to Seven Kingdoms Records. Shortly afterward, the band made a split with three other bands, Arnhem Trolleymetaal.

In 2005, Thronar's debut album, For Death and Glory, was released through Seven Kingdoms. The album received positive reviews and was reprinted several times. Shortly after in 2006 Reamon decided to fully concentrate on guitar and Koen was brought on for vocal duties. In this lineup the band toured with bands such as Eluveitie, Moonsorrow, Ensiferum, Arch Enemy, Korpiklaani, and In Extremo.

Thronar's second album, Unleash the Fire, was released in 2008 on Twilight Records.

In 2009, Thronar's vocalist, Reamon Bloem, left the band and a replacement was sought.  However, following this, Thronar declared that they were split up.

Discography

As Cerberus
A Journey Must Begin... (demo, 1999)
One Man's Fate (demo, 2001)

As Thronar
Promo 2003 (demo, 2003)
Arnhem Trolleymetaal (split album, Seven Kingdoms, 2003)
For Death and Glory (full-length, Seven Kingdoms, 2005)
Unleash the Fire (full-length, Twilight, 2008)

Line-up

Final members
Otto van Beusekom - guitar, vocals (1998–2009)
Jarno Olinga - drums (2005–2009)
Kevin Olinga - guitar (2007–2009)
Nathalia Hoogkamer - keyboards (1999–2009)
Bouke Braun - bass (1999–2009)

Former members
Reamon Bloem - guitar (1998–2009), vocals (1998–2006, 2008–2009)
Joost Westdijk - drums (1999–2005)
Koen de Graaf - vocals (2006–2008)
Elwin Molenaar - drums (2005)
Nick - vocals
Marin - vocals

References

Viking metal musical groups
Dutch black metal musical groups
Musical groups established in 1998
Dutch folk metal musical groups
Musical groups disestablished in 2009


The Biinjitiwaabik Zaaging Anishinaabek (formerly known as Rocky Bay First Nation) is an Ojibway First Nation band government in Northwestern Ontario, Canada.  Their territory is located on the Rocky Bay 1 reserve in Greenstone, Ontario, bordering on the community of Macdiarmid.  In October 2008, they had a total registered population of 678 people, of which 327 people lived on their own Indian reserve. The Nation is led by Chief Gladys Thompson. The council is a member of Nokiiwin Tribal Council, a Regional Chiefs' Council, and is member of Union of Ontario Indians, a Tribal Political Organization. The First Nation is also a member of Waaskiinaysay Ziibi Inc., an economic development corporation made up of five Lake Nipigon First Nations.

History
The first nation's television series Spirit Bay was filmed here in the 1980s. A modern school in Rocky Bay has been named the "Spirit Bay School" after the series.

In June 1994, the Chiefs at the Anishinabek Grand Council on the Rocky Bay First Nation, directed that the Education Directorate formally establish the Anishinabek Education Institute (AEI) in accordance with the post secondary education model that was submitted and ratified. (Res. 94/13)

References

External links
Biinjitiwaabik Zaaging Anishinaabek First Nation
AANDC profile
FirstNations.ca profile

First Nations governments in Ontario
Ojibwe governments


Faye Duchin (; born 1944) is an American Computer Scientist and Professor Emeritus of Economics at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute ("RPI"), where she was the Dean of the School of Humanities and Social Sciences from 1996 to 2002. She worked in the fields of ecological economics and industrial ecology and employs Input-Output Analysis in her work. Her faculty page at RPI stated that she was "concerned with ways of achieving economic development while avoiding environmental disasters."

Biography
Faye Duchin was raised in  Bayonne, New Jersey, attended Cornell University, and received a BA in Experimental Psychology in 1965.  In 1973, she completed a Ph.D. in Computer Science at UC Berkeley with a dissertation on the newly passed Rent Control law in Berkeley.

From 1977–1996, Duchin was on the faculty at New York University, where she worked for Nobel Laureate Wassily Leontief on input-output economics. In 1985, she became Director of the NYU Institute for Economic Analysis, a position she held until 1996 when she left to become Dean of the School of Humanities and Social Sciences at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. In 2002, Duchin resigned as Dean.

Professional affiliations
Duchin served as president of the International Input-Output Association from 2004 to 2006, and is a former Vice President of the International Society for Ecological Economics (ISEE). She is a member of the editorial boards of various journals, including the journal of Industrial Ecology, having held this position since the journal's founding in 1997. was one of the founders and a managing editor of the journal Structural Change and Economic Dynamics,

Scholarly contributions
Duchin has stated that she examines factors that could "make a difference in satisfying major global imperatives." She has examined technological change, lifestyle change, quality of life, income distribution, consumption, international trade, natural resource use and environmental degradation using input-output models. She calls her work "problem-oriented rather than discipline- or technique-oriented" and has used an interdisciplinary approach to study sustainability. She claims to study physical realities and constraints, not just monetary values, by using process and engineering data to model technology and resource use.

Publications
 1983: Military Spending: Facts and Figures, Worldwide Implications and Future Outlook with Wassily Leontief
 1986: The Future Impact of Automation on Workers with Wassily Leontief
 1994: The Future of the Environment: Ecological Economics and Technological Change with Glenn-Marie Lange
 1998: Structural Economics: Measuring Change in Technology, Lifestyles, and the Environment

Footnotes

External links
 Faye Duchin homepage
 Prof. Duchin personal website

1944 births
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute faculty
Living people
Industrial ecology
Ecological economists
Cornell University alumni


Martha Speaks is a children's picture book written and illustrated by Susan Meddaugh, published by Houghton Mifflin in 1992. It is the first in a series of six books featuring a young girl's pet dog named Martha.

Plot
The book follows the adventures of the dog Martha, who could speak after being fed alphabet soup. The family complains about Martha being talkative, and she stops eating her soup. Then, when a burglar breaks into her house, Martha was unable to call for help. When the burglar gives her alphabet soup, Martha calls the police and the family appreciates her for speaking again.

Reception

The Horn Book Magazine said the book was "Good-natured and amusing, with cheerful illustrations" and Patricia Tauzer writing for Common Sense Media wrote in a four star (out of five) review that, "the story is clever."

In popular culture
Prior to an adaptation into a TV series of the same name in 2008, the book was featured on an episode of Reading Rainbow, and was also featured (but not read) on an episode of Kino's Storytime.

References

1992 children's books
American picture books
Children's books about dogs
Talking animals in fiction
Houghton Mifflin books


Sig Libowitz (born March 1, 1968) is an American lawyer, actor, film executive, writer, producer, and professor. He is currently the director of the Graduate Film and Media program at Johns Hopkins, a prestigious university in Baltimore, Maryland.
Libowitz is notable for writing, producing, and acting in a film, The Response, which he wrote after reading the actual transcripts from the Guantanamo detainees' Combatant Status Review Tribunals.

Education
Libowitz earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in theatre and politics from New York University and a Juris Doctor from the University of Maryland School of Law in 2007. One of Libowitz's professors at law school distributed Guantanamo transcripts to his class. Libowitz decided the transcript could be turned into a script.

Career
From 2007 to 2012, Libowitz worked for the law firm Venable LLP.

Libowitz was a vice president of acquisitions and co-productions at Paramount Pictures. Prior to that, he was an executive at Film4 and Good Machine, where he oversaw production of the Academy Award-nominated film, In The Bedroom, starring Sissy Spacek, Tom Wilkinson, and Marisa Tomei. As an actor, Libowitz had recurring roles in The Sopranos and Law & Order.

The Response has screened at the Pentagon, United States Congress, United States Department of Justice, the United States Military Academy, and numerous universities including Harvard University, UCLA, and Columbia University. The Response was shortlisted for the 2010 Academy Award (Best Live Action Short) and won the 2009 ABA Award as Best of the Year in Drama and Literature. Previous ABA winners include To Kill a Mockingbird, Twelve Angry Men, and Judgment at Nuremberg.

Peter Riegert, Kate Mulgrew star as the two other JAG officers on the Tribunal. Aasif Mandvi stars as the detainee.
Following the release of his film, The Response, Sig was invited to visit Guantanamo Bay, Cuba as a legal observer.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

American lawyers
Living people
1968 births


18th Joseph Plateau Awards
May 3, 2005

Best Film:
 Steve + Sky
The 18th Joseph Plateau Awards were given on 3 May 2005 and honored the best Belgian filmmaking of 2004.

Winners and nominees

Best Belgian Actor
 Benoît Poelvoorde - Aaltra and Podium
Titus De Voogdt - Steve + Sky
Joan Heldenbergh - Steve + Sky

Best Belgian Actress
 Marie Vinck - The Kiss (De kus)
Viviane de Muynck - Sweet Jam (Confituur)
Yolande Moreau - When the Sea Rises (Quand la mer monte...)

Best Belgian Composer
 Soulwax - Steve + Sky
Stef Kamil Carlens and Bert Joris - The Kiss (De kus)
Vincent D'Hondt - Gilles' Wife (La femme de Gilles)

Best Belgian Director
 Frédéric Fonteyne - Gilles' Wife (La femme de Gilles)
Lieven Debrauwer - Sweet Jam (Confituur)
Felix Van Groeningen - Steve + Sky

Best Belgian Film
 Steve + Sky
Aaltra
Gilles' Wife (La femme de Gilles)

Best Belgian Screenplay
 Gilles' Wife (La femme de Gilles) - Philippe Blasband, Frédéric Fonteyne and Marion Hänsel
When the Sea Rises (Quand la mer monte...) - Yolande Moreau
Steve + Sky - Felix Van Groeningen

Best Belgian Short Film
 Alice and I (Alice et moi)
Cologne
Flatlife

2004 film awards


The Wedding is the first self-titled release from the American punk rock band, The Wedding. It was released February 15, 2005 on Rambler Records, and is the only album put out by the band to have four members. Two singles have been released from this album, "Move this City" and "Song for the Broken". No music videos have been released for this cd, single or otherwise.  The album received mostly positive reviews and the band soon released a follow-up EP, Rumble in the South, with bonus songs and later a second album, Polarity. This album includes guest vocals from Matt Thiessen of Relient K in the song "But A Breath".

Sound
The Wedding's debut release is lighter than other albums; this is because of the band only having four members at the time of this release. The music relies on Kevin Kiehn's high vocals and piano and pushes the bass into the background. The band's then current drummer, Clint Robinson, plays lightly with more simple beats rather than "Polarity" which features fast drumming.

Track listing
"Morning Air"
"Move This City"
"This Time I'm Leaving"
"Wake the Regiment"
"One Eye Open"
"Price For Love"
"Death By Xanga"
"479HxC (Through the Night)"
"Joyride"
"But A Breath"
"Water Under the Bridge"
"Song for the Broken"

Credits

 Kevin Keihn: Lead vocals, Piano, Synthesizer
 Cody Driggers: Bass, Background vocals
 Trevor Sarver: Guitar
 Clint Robinson: Drums, piano
 Mark Townsend: Producer, Engineer

References

The Wedding (band) albums
2005 debut albums


Aglaodorum is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Araceae. The only species that is a member of this genus is Aglaodorum griffithii.

Aglaodorum is extremely similar to species in the genus Aglaonema. One main differences that distinguishes Aglaodorum from species in Aglaonema is that it produces green fruit whereas Aglaonema species produce red fruit. Also, Aglaodorum has a longer peduncle and produces only one whorl of flowers instead of many as in Aglaonema.

Aglaodorum are found growing in tidal mudflats in Borneo, Sumatra, southern Indochina, and Peninsula Malaysia. It is usually found growing alongside of Cryptocoryne ciliata and Nypa fruticans. An interesting feature of the plant is that the seeds germinate before it drops from the plant.  The seeds themselves tend to be quite large.

References

Aroideae
Monotypic Araceae genera
Flora of Indo-China
Flora of Malesia


Tata Bojs is a Czech pop rock band, formed in 1988 by bass-player Mardoša and drummer/singer Milan Cais. The band plays electronic pop music. The band is famous for its creative lyrics and word play. The current line-up of the band includes guitarist Vladimír Bár, producer Dušan Neuwerth on guitar and Matěj Belko on piano and keyboards. The band won the award for Best Group at the 2004 Anděl Awards.

Discography

Albums
1991 Šagali Šagáli
1995 Ladovo album
1997 Jaro/Divnosti
1997 Ukončete nás
1998 Nekonečná stanice
2000 Futuretro
2001 Termixes
2002 Biorytmy
2002 Attention!
2003 Šagalí léta 89-97
2004 Nanoalbum
2007 Kluci kde ste?
2008 smetana (with Ahn Trio)
2011 Ležatá osmička (∞)
2013 Hity a city
2015 A/B
2017 Tata Bojs & SOČR Live
2020 Jedna nula

DVD
2005 Nanotour
2012 Ležatá Letná

Books
2004 Nanobook

Awards
Anděl Awards
2004 Best Group

References

External links

Czech rock music groups
1988 establishments in Czechoslovakia
Musical groups established in 1988


Sepia Cinderella is a 1947 American musical race film directed by Arthur H. Leonard. The film is notable for musical numbers by vocalists Billy Daniels and Sheila Guyse, and for a brief guest appearance by former child star Freddie Bartholomew, who is onscreen as himself for five minutes, telling gags to recharge his post-war career.
It was the film debut of Sidney Poitier, who had an uncredited role.

Plot summary
The musical follows a young woman, Barbara (played by Guyse), in love with a good and kind bandleader, Bob (portrayed by Daniels), who seems oblivious to her love. Barbara helps Bob write a new song, "Cinderella", and it becomes an unexpected hit. Success and sudden fame lead Bob to abandon his former performing venue and lose touch with his friends. He becomes caught in the talons of a devious female club-owner who milks his success and tries to also seduce him, even though she is engaged, unbeknownst to Bob. As his career crumbles and the scales fall from his eyes, Bob's press agent finally finds a way for things to end happily: Bob will make a comeback and in doing so will choose a woman's shoe out of dozens entered, and the winner will sing with him and have her prince. Bob rightly picks Barbara's shoe, and the show goes out on yet another great musical number.

Cast

Soundtrack
Deek Watson and The Brown Dots - "Long Legged Lizzie" (Words and music by Herman Fairbanks and Deek Watson)
Deek Watson and The Brown Dots - "Is It Right" (Words and music by Deek Watson and William "Pat" Best)
Billy Daniels and Sheila Guyse - "Cinderella" (Words and music by Walter Fuller)
Billy Daniels - "Ring Around My Rosie" (Words and music by Walter Fuller)
Credited in the opening titles, may be used in the background - "Can't Find a Thing to Say" (Words and music by Milt Shaw)
Ruble Blakey - "Oh Ho! It's a Lovely Day" (Words and music by Eric Miller, Ruble Blakey and Rudy Toombs)

DVD release
Sepia Cinderella was released on Region 0 DVD by Alpha Video, as part of a double feature with Dirty Gertie from Harlem U.S.A., on July 31, 2007.

See also
 List of films in the public domain in the United States

References

External links

1947 films
1947 musical films
American black-and-white films
Race films
American musical films
1940s English-language films
1940s American films


To Die For is a 1995 film directed by Gus Van Sant and starring Nicole Kidman.

To Die For may also refer to:

 To Die For (1989 film), also known as Dracula: The Love Story, a horror-romance film directed by Deran Sarafian
 To Die For (1994 film), a British comedy-drama film directed by Peter Mackenzie Litten
 To Die For (2022 film), a film from John Schneider Studios

Music
 To/Die/For, a gothic metal band from the town of Kouvola in southeast of Finland
 To Die For (Integrity album), by the American hardcore band Integrity and its title track
 "To Die For" (Sam Smith song)
 "To Die For" (Luke Galliana song)
 To Die For (B.I album), 2023 studio album by South Korean musician B.I

Other

 To Die For (novel), a 2004 American novel by Linda Howard
 2 Die 4, a 2009 British novel by Nigel Hinton


The Story of the Blues (1959) is an album by singer and actress Della Reese. It is a concept album about the history of the blues. Before each song, there is a small spoken narrative by Reese.

Track listing

 "The Story of the Blues"
 "Good Morning Blues"
 "Empty Bed Blues"
 "Squeeze Me"
 "You've Been a Good Old Wagon"
 "Sent for you Yesterday (And Here You Come Today)"
 "St. James Infirmary"
 "Lover Man"
 "Things Ain't What They Used to Be"
 "Stormy Weather"
 "There's Always the Blues"

Release history

References

Della Reese albums
Big band albums
Jubilee Records albums
1959 albums
Blues albums by American artists


The 109th Pennsylvania House of Representatives District encompasses all of Columbia County.

Representatives

References

Government of Columbia County, Pennsylvania
109


American singer and songwriter Marc Anthony has released 13 studio albums, 15 music videos and 49 singles. Anthony has sold more than 12 million albums worldwide.

Albums

Studio albums

Compilation albums

Live albums

Singles

Solo

Notes

Promo singles/Radio airplay songs

As featured artist

Songwriting credits

Notes
C"Ride on the Rhythm" reached #1 on the Billboard Dance/Club charts.
D"Vieja Mesa" peaked at #7 on the Billboard Latin Tropical Airplay charts.
E"Barco a la Deriva" peaked at #8 on the Billboard Latin Tropical Airplay charts.
F"Amigo" peaked at #4 on the Billboard Latin Tropical Airplay charts.
G"Volando Entre Tus Brazos" peaked at #11 on the Billboard Latin Tropical Airplay charts.
H"El Día de Mi Suerte" peaked at #28 on the Billboard Latin Tropical Airplay charts.

References

Discography
Discographies of American artists
Latin pop music discographies
Tropical music discographies


88 Tauri, also known as d Tauri, is a multiple star system in the constellation Taurus. It has an apparent magnitude of about 4.25, meaning that it is visible to the naked eye. Based upon parallax measurements made by the Hipparcos spacecraft, the star system is some  from the Sun.

88 Tauri is a sextuple star system, meaning that it contains six stars in a hierarchical orbit. The brighter component, 88 Tauri A, is a quadruple system consisting of two spectroscopic binaries orbiting each other with an orbital period of 18 years. The fainter component, 88 Tauri B, is also a spectroscopic binary, and is about 69 arcseconds away, bringing up the total to six stars.

Orbit
Hierarchy of orbits in the 88 Tauri system
88 Tauri A is a fourth-magnitude star with two components, 88 Tauri Aa and 88 Tauri Ab. 88 Tauri Aa and Ab orbit each other once every 18 years and are separated by about 0.28 arcseconds. Those two components themselves are spectroscopic binaries: binary stars that are too close to be resolved but can be detected by periodic Doppler shifts in their spectrum. In this case, variability in the radial velocity has been recognized as early as 1907. The Aa pair has an orbital period of 3.57 days, the Ab pair has an orbital period of 7.89 days, and both have circular orbits with low orbital eccentricities.

88 Tauri B, 69.56 arcseconds away, is a seventh-magnitude star that is also a binary star system. It is another spectroscopic binary whose components (88 Tauri Ba and Bb) orbit each other every 3.69 years. The orbit of 88 Tauri B around 88 Tauri A likely takes about 70,000 years.

Properties
88 Tauri Aa has a spectral type of A6m, indicating that it is an A-type star. The "m" in its spectral type means that it is an Am star, also known as a metallic-line star. These types of stars have spectra indicating varying amounts of metals, like iron. The rest of the stars in 88 Tauri A have spectral types ranging from F5 to G2-3, meaning that they are regular F-type or G-type main-sequence stars. The spectral types for 88 Tauri Ab1 and Ab2 are less certain, because their spectral lines are weaker, hence the colon after G2. Aa1 does not appears to be rotating synchronously with its companion (nor does it have a convective atmosphere), unlike Aa2. (It is not known if the two stars of 88 Tauri Ab are in synchronous rotation with each other, because of the relatively high errors in their measurements.)

88 Tauri B consists of a F-type main sequence star, with another low-mass star. The mass of the smaller component is at least 0.15 solar masses, so it is most likely a red dwarf.

References

Taurus (constellation)
Tauri, 088
Spectroscopic binaries
6
Tauri, d
1458
029140
021402
Durchmusterung objects
Am stars


Joe Palatsides (born 7 July 1965) is a Greek Australian soccer manager and former player. He is the head coach of the Melbourne Victory FC Youth.

Playing career
A defender, Palatsides began his senior football career with Brunswick Juventus where he quickly became a first team regular, his best season coming in their relegation year where he played in every home-and-away game, scoring 11 goals. He signed with Footscray JUST in 1989, but they would also be relegated, and he eventually made the move to South Melbourne when the National Soccer League moved to the summer format. After two seasons, he transferred to rivals Heidelberg United, where he spent a further three seasons in Australia's top flight competition.

At 29, and with a wealth of senior football experience in Australia behind him, he tried his luck abroad in the country of his origin, firstly with Apollon Kalamarias in the Greek Super League. where he scored 3 goals in 12 appearances.

Coaching career
Palatsides retired in 2000 in order to become the manager of Poseidon Neas Michanionias and he had three wins and five losses in eight games played. He then joined Kallikratida Chalkidiki club in which he stayed about five years as manager of the club. He joined in 2005 OF Ierapetra where he stayed about two months, from 4 October till 15 December, managing the team in Gamma Ethniki and winning nine out of nine matches. For personal causes he went back to Kallikratida Chalkidiki club until 2008 when he took charge at Zakynthians Olympic Champions Ground, Zakynthos. The club was promoted under his management to  Gamma Ethniki for season 2008–09.
He is also a member of the Australian Professional Footballers' Association (APFA) and he is one of the members that have served on the APFA Executive (with international honours).

On 2 May 2019, the Football Association of Singapore unveiled Joe Palatsides as its new technical director. Palatsides extended his contract in 2021, but ended his stint by mutual agreement citing the COVID-19 pandemic as well as health and personal issues on 9 November the same year. A day later, Palatsides joined Melbourne Victory's Youth Academy as a coach.

References

External links

 APFA Official Website

1965 births
Living people
Australian people of Greek descent
Australian men's soccer players
Greek men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Australia men's international soccer players
Australian soccer managers
Greek football managers
Apollon Pontou F.C. players
Brunswick Zebras Football Club players
South Melbourne FC players
A.P.S. Zakynthos managers
Olympiacos Volos F.C. players
Super League Greece players
Melbourne City FC non-playing staff
Australian expatriate men's soccer players
Greek expatriate men's footballers
Australian expatriate soccer managers
Greek expatriate football managers
Australian expatriate sportspeople in Greece
Place of birth missing (living people)


Lima Airport Partners S.R.L. is a Limited liability company that operates Peru's main airport: the Jorge Chávez International Airport in Callao, near Lima. It was founded in February 2001 and holds a 30-year concession to operate the airport. The company is 80.01% owned by Fraport AG of Germany.

History
On November 15, 2000, a joint venture consisting of German airport operator Fraport AG Frankfurt Airport Services Worldwide, Bechtel Enterprises International Ltd. - a North American holding originally dedicated to construction - and Peruvian construction company Cosapi S.A. won the thirty-year concession from the Peruvian State to build, operate and transfer the Jorge Chavez International Airport in Callao, Peru.
In December 2001, Bechtel Enterprise Services, Ltd. transferred its LAP shares to Alterra Lima Holdings, Ltd., subsidiary of Alterra Partners, an airport operator whose shareholders are Bechtel and Singapore Changi Airport Enterprise (operator of the Singapore International Airport).
In September 2003, Cosapi S.A. sold its LAP shares to Alterra Holdings, Ltd. Consequently, the distribution of shares turned 57.25% for Alterra Lima Holdings, Ltd. and 42.75% for Fraport AG.
In August 2007, Fraport AG Frankfurt Airport Services Worldwide acquired 57.25% of Alterra Lima Holdings and turned into the main shareholder of Lima Airport Partners.
In June 2008, the International Finance Corporation, member of the World Bank group, and Fund for Investment in Infrastructure, Public Services and Natural Resources, administered by AC Capitales SAFI, became partners of LAP. Therefore, the share distribution turned:
    70.01%, Fraport AG
    19.99%, International Finance Corporation
    10.00%, Fund for Investment in Infrastructure, Public Services and Natural Resources

Tenth anniversary
On February 2, 2011, Fraport and Lima Airport Partners celebrated the 10th anniversary of the airport concession in an event attended by important Peruvian business and political leaders as well as by Peru's vice president Luis Giampietri. Stefan Schulte, Fraport's executive board chairman, took the occasion to point out the significant improvements in the quality of infrastructure and services provided as well as the increase in the number of passengers which reached more than 10 million by the end of 2010.

2019
In May 2019, Fraport AG purchased a further 10-percent stake in Lima Airport Partners S.R.L. (LAP) – operator consortium of Jorge Chavez International Airport Lima – from AC Capitales’ Infrastructure Fund, which held the stake for over 10 years. The resulting partnership structure of LAP was as follows: Fraport AG 80.01% and IFC 19.99%.

See also

 Fraport AG
 Jorge Chávez International Airport
 Aeropuertos del Perú
 CORPAC

References

External links
 Official web site of Lima Airport and Lima Airport Partners S.R.L.

Airport operators
Transport companies of Peru


Camilla Sparv (born 3 June 1943) is a Swedish actress, noted for her role opposite James Coburn in Dead Heat on a Merry-Go-Round (1966).

Early life
Camilla Margareta Sparv was born in Stockholm, Sweden, on 3 June 1943.

Career
She was a photographer's model in Stockholm.

Sparv appeared in such films as: Dead Heat on a Merry-Go-Round (1966),  Murderers' Row (1966), The Trouble with Angels (1966), Assignment K (1968), Nobody Runs Forever (1968), Mackenna's Gold (1969), Downhill Racer (1969), The Greek Tycoon (1978), Caboblanco (1980), and Survival Zone (1983), as well as the television shows Airwolf, The Rockford Files (SE2EP19), The Love Boat, Hawaii Five-O and the miniseries Jacqueline Susann's Valley of the Dolls (1981). In 1977, she appeared in "Never Con a Killer," the pilot for the ABC crime drama The Feather and Father Gang.

Personal life
Sparv was briefly married to American film producer Robert Evans in 1965.

On 20 December 1969, Sparv married her second husband, Herbert W. 'Bunker' Hoover III, a Hoover vacuum heir, and had two children by him.

Sparv had one child with her third husband, Fred Kolber, later, a Madoff investor.

Recognition
Sparv was awarded a Golden Globe as Most Promising Newcomer (female) in 1967 for her role opposite James Coburn in Dead Heat on a Merry-Go-Round (1966).

References

External links

Camilla Sparv at RogerEbert.com
Camilla Sparv at Getty Images

1943 births
Living people
Actresses from Stockholm
Swedish film actresses
New Star of the Year (Actress) Golden Globe winners
Evans family (Paramount Pictures)


Love or Bread () is a 2008 Taiwanese drama starring Joe Cheng and Ariel Lin. It was produced by Gala Television and directed by Lin He-long. This marks the third drama that Cheng and Lin have co-starred together, after It Started with a Kiss in 2005 and its sequel They Kiss Again in 2007.

It was first broadcast in Taiwan on free-to-air China Television (CTV) from 16 November 2008 to 8 February 2009, every Sunday at 22:00 and cable TV GTV Variety Show/CH 28 on 22 November 2008 to 14 February 2009, every Saturday at 21:30.

This drama is broadcast on Hunan TV in China from February 11, 2009, every day at 22:00 (full version of this drama with 25 episodes). When broadcast in China, the drama is titled 我的爱情面包 (Wǒ de àiqíng miànbāo, My love bread) instead of 我的億萬麵包 (Wǒ de yì wàn miànbāo, My billion dollar bread) as when broadcast in Taiwan (the drama's English name is still Love or Bread). Many of Ariel Lin's scenes in China in this drama were cut out when broadcast in Taiwan, but were broadcast in full in China.

Synopsis
Frank (Joe Cheng) is a young man who wears designer labels and thinks he's suave when he is actually poor. He had a tragic past and both his parents died, he doesn't know how to handle money. His grandmother misunderstood that he had to steal to make money, so she chased him out of the countryside. Frank then went to Taipei to find a job and became a cleaning staff for a cleaning company with A Xing (Huang Wen-hsing). The money he earns every month goes to his grandmother. He borrowed money from the bank and loan sharks but ended up with a gang coming after him. He considers pawning his mother's gold ring, the only thing he had left of hers, but he can't do it.

Zeng Shanmei (Ariel Lin) is a poor but very loving, caring, and hard-working girl. She has a boyfriend (Jing Rong), but he moves to mainland China for university and promises that they will get married after he graduates. At that time, Shanmei worked as a bank employee during office hours and as a janitor at a shopping mall at night to earn money to send to her boyfriend Jing Rong in Hangzhou. Shanmei goes after him to China hoping they will finally get married. Shanmei's family is against her decision because they need her to support them, but her father holds off the rest of the family while yelling at Shanmei that she should go and be happy. Shanmei once saved Frank's life when Frank was drowned in a barrel of water in Frank's motel room by gangsters. She met Frank again while he was running from the gangsters who loaned him the money—in the ladies' bathroom. Thinking that he's a pervert, she reports him to the police and he gets arrested. The gold ring fell out of Frank's pocket in the girls' bathroom and the policeman stuck it into Shanmei's bag. He meets Shanmei once more, this time on the road. He tries to get his ring back from her but she has no idea what he's talking about and she still thinks that he's a pervert. He doesn't get his ring, but he does get to drive her to the airport.

When Shanmei reaches her destination in Hangzhou, she helps her boyfriend Jing Rong's two roommates put out the fire that was burning in the shared kitchen of the motel room. The two then treat her to food and tell her about Jing Rong (Wu Jianfei) and Xiao Bo. They said that the four of them lived in this motel room together. At that time, Shanmei thought that Xiao Bo was a boy like Jing Rong and these two roommates. She met her boyfriend Jing Rong at night and casually mentions "Xiao Bo". Shanmei then always cooked for Jing Rong and his two roommates and was taken around Hangzhou by Jing Rong. Shanmei found it strange that Xiao Bo didn't appear. Eventually, Jing Rong couldn't take the guilt and admitted to Shanmei that he betrayed her and fell for Xiao Bo, who is actually a girl. Seeing that Xiao Bo (Zhang Na) is seriously ill in need of surgery, Shanmei helped Jing Rong take care of Xiao Bo for a few days. Jing Rong returned the money Shanmei had sent to Jing Rong for the past 3 years, but Shanmei refused. Shanmei asked Jing Rong to keep the money to help Xiao Bo with surgery.

After that, Shanmei didn't have the money to fly back to Taiwan, so she decided to get a job in Hangzhou. She was recommended by two of Jing Rong's roommates to work as a maid in Jin Enhao's house in Hangzhou. Jin Enhao (Ray Chang) once asked the previous maids to finish their work and leave his house before he got home from work, otherwise they would be fired by him. Many previous maids had been fired like this, so Shanmei always tried to finish the housework quickly and avoid Jin Enhao. Jin Enhao enjoyed eating Taiwanese food cooked by Shanmei and wanted to meet Shanmei, but he couldn't meet Shanmei. Jin Enhao's foster father (Yue Yaoli) met Shanmei. He liked Shanmei and wanted Shanmei to marry Jin Enhao. But Shanmei misunderstood that Jin Enhao's foster father had bad intentions toward her, so after she received a salary as a maid, she bought a plane ticket to fly from Hangzhou to Taiwan.

After 1 month in Hangzhou, Shanmei returns to Taiwan with nowhere to go. She cannot go home because her mother said when she was leaving to China that if she went then she wouldn't be considered a member of the family anymore. Her best friend, Huang Linglong (Zhang Yuchen) was constantly nagging at her not to go and even said "don't come crying to me." Shanmei decides to rent a place by using Frank's gold ring that the policeman had found. Her neighbouring tenant just happens to be no-one other than Frank. Frank and Shanmei later discovered that the owner of the house they rented from was a fraud who took Frank's gold ring away. The real the owner of the house was in America.

When they both want money and they are complete opposites. Introduced by Lin Meiru, Frank went to work as an aircraft engineer but he wore a pilot's outfit on the first day and was ridiculed. He immediately quit his job. Shanmei was introduced by Lin Meiru to work as a manager of a clothing section in a shopping mall. While working, she discovered that her friend Huang Linglong also worked in the same clothing department as her, and she also quit her job. Frank and Shanmei were then introduced by Lin Meiru to learn how to make bread. Because Shamei was allergic to flour, he stopped working, and Frank also stopped working along with Shanmei. Then Frank and Shanmei registered to learn English to export labor abroad. However, both of them only worried about causing trouble with each other, did not focus on studying and in the end both of them dropped out of school. Then Frank worked as a car salesman. Time came that Shanmei thinks of ending her life because there is no hope of getting back her boyfriend. However, thanks to the advice of Frank and the fortune teller, Shanmei gave up the idea of committing suicide because of her failure in love with Jing Rong. Later, Shanmei worked part-time jobs such as wearing a mascot and handing out leaflets to shopping malls, selling magnolia at traffic lights, helping at a coffee shop, and selling beer at a roadside restaurant. Frank also worked part-time at the same cafe as Shanmei.

That's when Shanmei and Frank meet numerous times. But both of them are having money issues so they decide to continue living together in the house they were renting. Frank pretends to be Shanmei's rich husband to help Shanmei get forgiveness from her family about her leaving home to Hangzhou to find Jing Rong in the past. Little do they know that they both started falling in love with one another. However, they dared not say love to each other.

Jin Enhao in Hangzhou always remembers the dishes that Shanmei cooks, so he sent someone to investigate Shanmei. Jin Enhao's men went to Jing Rong's room to look for her, but couldn't find Shanmei. Jin Enhao then flew from Hangzhou to Taiwan to find Shanmei. Jin Enhao then stepped between Shanmei and Frank. Frank's childhood lover Ye Kena (owner of the coffee shop where Shanmei and Frank are working part-time, played by Lu Xiaolin) also appeared and influenced the relationship between Frank and Shanmei. Jin Enhao's foster father was ill, so Jin Enhao managed the shopping mall that Shanmei is working for part-time instead of him.

After being fired from his job selling cars, Frank turned to working as a magician at bars with his childhood friend Da Tou to earn money. Frank was conscious that he could not bring a good and happy life to Shanmei, so he had the intention of giving up and leaving Shanmei to Jin Enhao.

After that, Frank not only ignored Shanmei's use of his ring to rent a house, he also borrowed money from the gangsters to help Shanmei's mother with heart surgery. Frank was arrested by the gangsters because he did not have the money to pay his debt. Shanmei goes to save Frank and is also captured. Both are about to be killed by the gangsters when Huang Linglong and A Xing fail to deliver the money on time. Thanks to Chen Wancai (a retired gangster with a dead wife whose face resembles Shanmei, played by Zhao Shun), Frank and Shanmei are saved.

Shanmei then goes to Frank's hometown to help Frank and his grandmother reconcile. The two decided to leave the house they used to rent for more than 3 months. Frank then blessed Shanmei and Jin Enhao, and Shanmei blessed Frank and Ye Kena. The two bid each other farewell.

Since Ye Kena has switched to teaching dance to children, her coffee shop has closed. Shanmei had to return to being a bank employee like before. And Frank switched to working as a construction worker.

Several months passed, Shanmei met Ye Kena. Ye Kena telled that she hasn't seen Frank for a long time and that Frank had feelings for Shanmei. Frank is then informed by the police that the fake owner of the house from the past has been arrested. His mother's gold ring was given to him by the police. Frank returned to the house he once rented with Shanmei and learned that the real owner of the house had returned from America. Frank spent money to rent that house to live with memories of Shanmei.

Six months later, Shanmei was getting married to Jin Enhao when she ran out of the aisle looking for Frank. Wearing a bridal gown, Shanmei runs to the rented house she used to live with Frank and meets Frank again. The two looked at each other and called each other's names in happy tears.

Cast
 Joe Cheng as Frank / Cai Jinlai
 Ariel Lin as Zeng Shanmei
 Ray Chang as Jin Enhao
 Zhang Yuchen as Huang Linglong
 Huang Wen-hsing as himself
 Lu Xiaolin as Ye Kena
 Wu Jianfei as Jing Rong
 Zhang Na as Xiao Bo
 Kuo Tzu-chien as Zeng Huo-shu
 Lin Mei-hsiu as Zeng Huang Shuiliang
 Wang Yuetang as Zeng Xiaobei
 Yue Yaoli as Enhao's foster father
 Zhao Shun as Wan Ye (Chen Wancai)

Production
In July 2008, GTV announced that lead actress Barbie Shu will be replaced by Ariel Lin. GTV stated that the drama, which was scheduled to start shooting in August, had originally cast Lin for the role of Zeng Shanmei, hence it has now returned to the actress for whom it was originally intended.

Music
 Opening theme song: "億萬克拉的幸福" (Million Dollar Happiness) by Huang Wen-hsing
 Ending theme song: "麵包的滋味" (The Taste of Bread) by Ariel Lin
Insert songs
 "If I Could" by Babyface
 "歐兜水" by Huang Wen-hsing

International broadcast
 Hong Kong - TVB, from February 7, 2009, every day 22:00 (full version of this drama with 25 episodes).
 China - Hunan TV, from February 11, 2009, every day 22:00 (full version of this drama with 25 episodes).
 Philippines – ABS-CBN, from June 15, 2009, every Monday to Friday 17:15.
 Japan – Television Kanagawa, Metele, Shizuoka Asahi Television, BS Japan
Thailand – Channel 7, from August 27, 2013, every Monday to Thursday  03:50.

References

External links
 GTV Love or Bread official homepage
 CTV Love or Bread official homepage

China Television original programming
Gala Television original programming
2008 Taiwanese television series debuts
2009 Taiwanese television series endings


Terry Flew  is an Australian media and communications scholar, and Professor of Digital Communication and Culture  in the Department of Media and Communication at the University of Sydney, Australia. He was formerly the Professor and Assistant Dean (Research) in the Creative Industries Faculty at the Queensland University of Technology. He has produced award-winning research in creative industries, media and communications, and online journalism. He is primarily known for his publication, New Media: An Introduction, which is currently in its fourth edition (2002, 2005, 2008, 2014). His research interests include digital media, global media, media policy, creative industries, media economics, and the future of journalism.

Biography
Flew graduated from the University of Sydney with a Bachelor of Economics (Honours) in 1986 and a Master of Economics in 1991. Flew received his PhD in Media and Cultural Studies from Griffith University for his thesis titled "Culture, Citizenship and Content: Australian Broadcast Media Policy and the Regulation of Commercial Television, 1972-2000".

In 1990, Flew started his teaching career as a lecturer in the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences at the University of Technology, Sydney. In 1994, he moved to Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, and worked as a lecturer in Media Studies. During his role as a lecturer in the School of Media and Journalism, Flew also served as the Director of the Centre for Media Policy and Practice. Flew was appointed Senior Lecturer in 2001, and later promoted as Associate Professor and Head of Postgraduate Study in 2006. Since 2009, Flew is the Professor of Media and Communications in the Creative Industries Faculty at Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane.

Professional and research experience
Flew is the founding editor of Communication Research and Practice, a journal sponsored by the Australian and New Zealand Communication Association (ANZCA), published by Taylor & Francis. In 2009, Flew commenced his role as the President of ANZCA, while partnering with Sensis in developing Digital Media Foresight analysis to study online user behavior in news consumption . Beginning 2011, Flew also served as the Advisor to Council for the Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences (CHASS) on communication science in several Australian universities. In the same year, he was appointed as the Commissioner of the Australian Law Reform Commission, responsible of the National Classification Scheme Review, which focuses on technological and media policy in Australia. In 2012, Australian Research Council appointed Flew to be a member of Research Evaluation Committee. Flew is currently serving as the Chair of Global Communication and Social Change Division, in ICA Board.

Awards and grants
Flew has received numerous awards and grants for his research in media studies, and been involved in various projects with a cumulative total of $4.2 million. One of his notable project, titled Social Media in Times of Crisis: Learning from Recent Natural Disasters to Improve Future Strategies is made possible by the grants from Australian Research Council. The project is evaluating the usage of social media in crisis situations such as natural disaster, and exploring how such usage is utilized by government officials and citizen during emergencies. His latest grant, also from Australian Research Council, is titled Politics, Media and Democracy in Australia: Public and Producer Perceptions of the Political Public Sphere. The project focuses on political media and audience perception in Australia.

In 2019 Flew was elected fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities.

Works
Flew has authored eight books, including Media Economics (Palgrave, 2015), Global Creative Industries (Polity, 2013), Key Concepts in Creative Industries (Sage, 2013), Creative Industries, Culture and Policy (Sage, 2012), Understanding Global Media (Palgrave, 2007), and New Media: An Introduction (Oxford University Press, 2002, 2005, 2008, 2014). He also edited two books, titled Global Media and National Policies: The Return of the State (Palgrave, 2016, with Petros Iosifidis and Jeanette Steemers) and Creative Industries and Urban Development: Creative Cities in the 21st Century (Routledge, 2012), as well as authoring 50 book chapters. Flew has also written 81 academic journal articles and 14 research reports. He also has been the editor for 13 special issues academic journals.

New Media: An Introduction
In New Media: An Introduction, Flew explored the theories of new media, its development and the role of new media in networked society. The book examines how new media is socially, economically and politically impacting creative industries. In the first chapter, Flew tries to define “new media” as a media that combines three Cs: computing information technology, communication network, and content. One of Flew's biggest contribution in this book is in the second chapter, in which Flew explains 20 key concepts of new media, which includes collective intelligence, convergence, creative industries, cyberspace, digital capitalism, digital copyrights/creative commons, digital divide, globalization, hype, information overload, interactivity, knowledge economy, networks, participation, remediation, security and surveillance, speed, ubiquity, user-generated content/user-led innovation, and virtuality. Flew argues that new media is unable to be categorized as dualistic, as it is an inherent part of constructing the good and the bad for the society. Flew also argues that the significance and usage of new media has not only influenced what people think but also influenced the process of such thinking. In this book, Flew also explores some of the key elements of new media and its usages in globalization, such as the culture of participatory media, the technology of games, online news and the future of digital journalism. Furthermore, Flew also explored how new media is impacting creative industries and internet governance. First published in 2002, the book is currently in its fourth edition, last published in 2014. The latest edition includes additional chapters on Transforming Higher Education, and Online Activism and Networked Politics. It also includes a substantial revision on the chapter of Online News and the Future of Journalism. The Canadian Edition of the book is published in 2011, co-written by Flew and Richard Smith, and now is in its second edition, last published in 2014.

Games: Technology, Industry, Culture
In his book, Flew proposes that the new digital gaming trend works against the mainstream media's portrayal of players as isolated, socially-awkward adolescent boys, hidden away in darkened bedrooms. He draws on recent statistics showing that between 40-50% of those gamers are women, and that the average age of players is mid- to late-20s, rather than young teens. Flew also credits the advent of video games with popularizing innovative media technologies, allowing consumers to archive, annotate, appropriate and recirculate media content. Consumers can use this media source as an alternative tool to gain access to information within their areas of interest, and to generate their own content and ideas.

Flew says that people are drifting away from the traditional mode of consumerism. He uses the term "pro-sumer" to describe the group of users who both consume and produce new media. These "pro-sumers" involve themselves in gaming communities in which online and offline spaces become merged and indistinguishable. Flew suggests that part of the appeal of MMORPGs lies in the idea of escapism, and the ability to assume the role of someone or something that is not possible in that individual's real life. To the player, his or her online identity may be more acceptable and desirable than their real-world identity. Flew refers to this form of hopping from one persona to another as "identity tourism". Players see their in-game personae as "theirs", whereas game publishers claim ownership of all in-game characters and property, leading to tensions between the two groups. In response to the perennial question of whether violent themes and action in video games correlate with real-life acts of violence, Flew argues that the research in this area is based mostly on a flawed cause-effect model of behaviour, and is often initiated in response to a moral panic.

See also
Video game culture

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Academic staff of the University of Sydney
Video game culture
Fellows of the Australian Academy of the Humanities
Academic staff of Queensland University of Technology