Joint Special Operations Command Task Force in the Iraq War was a joint American and British special operations unit, of which little is publicly known. It is described as a "hunter-killer team" with its core made up of the United States Army's 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta (Delta Force or Delta) and the 75th Ranger Regiment, as well as the United States Naval Special Warfare Development Group (DEVGRU or SEAL Team Six) and members of the United States Air Force's 24th Special Tactics Squadron (24 STS), all under Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC) and elements from the United Kingdom Special Forces, including the Special Air Service (22 SAS or SAS), Special Boat Service (SBS), Special Reconnaissance Regiment (SRR), 18 (UKSF) Signal Regiment (18 SR) and the Special Forces Support Group (SFSG). The unit was reported to be responsible for the cross border raid into Syria from Iraq in October 2008 that resulted in eight deaths including Abu Ghadiya, along with several US operations in the Horn of Africa targeting al-Qaeda.

Etymology of Task Force designations
Since the invasion of Iraq, the unit went through a number of changes of designation. Task Force 20 was amalgamated with Task Force 5 (formerly Task Force 11/Task Force Sword) in Afghanistan in July 2003, and became Task Force 21. It was then redesignated Task Force 121, and later as Task Force 626, Task Force 145, and Task Force 88. Neville notes that he omitted the "current" (c. 2008, time of writing) designation of the unit. However, he did say that it was also known obliquely as Other Coalition Forces – Iraq (OCF-I), "a wry reference to the CIA unit of the moniker OGA". By the time General Stanley McChrystal took command, the force was known as Task Force 714. Whether intended or not, the obvious pun connection to Detective Joe Friday's badge number 714 from Dragnet drew many a smile and chuckle from older reserve augmentees newly assigned or detailed to the unit with some instantly saying or mouthing "Dragnet" on first learning the unit designation during The Surge phase in 2007–2008.

Post-invasion organization

 Task Force 77 (formerly Task Force 145) – LSA Anaconda, Balad
 TF Black/Knight – Elements, UK's SAS, SBS, SRR, 18 SR and the SFSG until 2006 – Based in headquarters known as MSS Fernandez a.k.a. 'the Station', in Baghdad
 TF North/Red rotating battalion, 75th Ranger Regiment and a small element of Delta Force operators – Tikrit
 TF West/Blue rotating squadron, DEVGRU, supported by units from the 75th Rangers – Al Asad Airbase(company sized sub-unit)
 TF Center/Green rotating squadron, Delta Force, supported by an element of the 75th Rangers – LSA Anaconda and MSS Fernandez
 TF Orange – detachments of various intelligence agencies including the U.S. Intelligence Support Activity (ISA)

Organization as of October 2006
TF 145, or TF 88 as it may now be known, was commanded by a colonel (the commanding officer of Delta Force) and is based at five locations across Iraq. Its task organization drew on every unit of (JSOC) as well as on the CIA's Special Activities Division Special Operations Group (SAD/SOG) and British special operations forces.

The headquarters element, which included the majority of the task force's many aviation and intelligence assets, was based at Balad Air Base between Samarra and Baghdad; the four elements that it controlled, each commanded by a lieutenant colonel or equivalent, were spread across the country.

Task Force Center is probably co-located with TF 145's headquarters element at Balad, but it could also be based at Camp Liberty, since it is responsible for the Baghdad region. TF Center is based around a direct-action squadron; the three Delta Force squadrons and SEAL Team Six appear to rotate through this position. It is also supported by a rotating company-sized element of the 75th Ranger Regiment and elements of the 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (160 SOAR). TF Center has taken casualties in the Yusufiya area, where one of its helicopters was shot down in spring 2006.

Task Force West is structured similarly to TF Center in that it has a company-sized force protection element from the 75th Rangers and is based around a battalion-sized direct action unit that can at any given time be a Delta Force squadron or SEAL Team Six. It seems that these units rotate every three to four months. TF West is responsible for operations in Anbar, where it is known to have been active at various times in Fallujah, Qaim, Husayba, and Ramadi; Delta Force lost nine operators during combat in Husaybah, Qaim and Ramadi. It is likely that TF West is based either at Camp Asad or Camp Taqaddum.

Task Force North is organized differently: it is based around a full battalion of the 75th Rangers (the position rotates among the three battalions), with a company-sized element from Delta Force acting in support. TF North was based at FOB Marez in Mosul.

History as Task Force 20

Invasion of Iraq
In preparation for the 2003 invasion of Iraq, Task Force 20 was formed based on Task Force 11/Sword during the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan and were assigned to western Iraq, the TF (Task Force) was led by Major General Dell Dailey. TF 20 was composed of mainly Black SOF units from JSOC: B squadron, Delta Force and all 3 Battalions of the 75th Ranger Regiment; a battalion strength element of the 82nd Airborne Division, serving as a QRF and reinforcements; and a M142 HIMARS; later in the invasion M1A1 Abrams tanks from C Company, 2nd Battalion 70th Armor were attached to TF 20.

TF 20 was covertly based at Ar'Ar Air Base in Saudi Arabia; the commander of the Delta Force squadron Lieutenant Colonel Pete Blaber wanted to deploy his operators out into western Iraq and conduct strikes against enemy concentrations, tying up enemy forces that could otherwise be sent to reinforce against the Army and Marine advance from the south, such operation would also effectively deceive the Iraqis as to the true intentions of the coalition forces and precisely where the main effort would be concentrated. However, Daily wanted the Delta squadron to stay at Ar'Ar Air Base and only launch against suspected WMD sites and/or HVT, the disagreement was decided by General Tommy Franks who went with Blaber's plan. TF 20 was tasked with seizing airfields deep in Iraq and capturing HVTs along with providing long-range Special Reconnaissance; one of its primary pre-invasion targets was the planned seizure of Saddam International Airport in Baghdad, two full-scale rehearsals were carried out but the operation was never carried out and the airport was eventually captured by conventional units.

In the evening of 19 March 2003, Task Force 20, led by B squadron, Delta Force (accompanied by several Air Force Special Tactics teams, a Delta intelligence and targeting cell, several military working dog teams and two Iraqi—American interpreters), was the first US SOF unit to enter western Iraq as part of the initial infiltration before the main invasion. They later assisted coalition SOF in the capture H-3 Air Base, Rangers were later flown in to garrison the base; unofficially, Task Force 20 had been in Iraq, along with British SOF Task Force 7 and 14, and the Australian SOF Task Force 64. Delta Force then proceeded to the Haditha Dam complex; it also conducted numerous deception operations to confuse the Iraqis as to the disposition of Coalition forces in the west.

On 24 March 2003, Delta Force recce operators drove through Iraqi lines around the Haditha Dam, marking targets for Coalition airstrikes, the subsequent bombings resulted in the destruction of a large number of Iraqi armoured vehicles and antiaircraft systems. Also that day, 3rd Battalion 75th Ranger Regiment conducted a combat drop onto H-1 Air Base, securing the site as a staging area for operations in western Iraq. Delta's reconnaissance of the dam indicated that a much larger force was needed to capture it, so C squadron Delta squadron was dispatched from Fort Bragg, with a further Ranger battalion, along with M1A1 Abrams tanks from C Company, 2nd Battalion 70th Armor (known as 'Team Tank'). C-17s flew the company from Tallil to H-1 Air Base and then to MSS (Mission Support Site) Grizzly—a desert strip established by Delta Force which was located between Haditha and Tikrit; C Squadron, Delta Force was flown directly to MSS Grizzly.

On 26 March 2003, the DEVGRU component in TF 20 supported by B company 2nd Battalion 75th Ranger Regiment conducted the raid Objective Beaver—a suspected chemical and biological weapons site at the al Qadisiyah reservoir, north of Haditha, they engaged numerous gunmen but there was no chemical or biological weapons at the site.

On 1 April 2003, DEVGRU along with Para Rescue Jumpers and Combat Controllers from the 24th Special Tactics Squadron and Rangers from 1st and 2nd Battalions, 75th Ranger Regiment and other forces took part in the rescue of PFC Jessica Lynch; also that day C Squadron, Delta Force and 3rd Battalion, 75th Ranger Regiment captured the Haditha Dam and held it for a further 5 days.

Delta units headed north from Haditha to conduct ambushes along the highway above Tikrit, tying up Iraqi forces in the region and attempting to capture fleeing high-value targets trying to escape to Syria, Team Tank convinced Iraqi Generals that the coalition main effort might be coming from the west. On 2 April 2003, they were engaged by half a dozen armed technicals from the same anti-special forces Fedayeen that had previously fought Task Force 7. Two Delta operators were wounded and the squadron requested aero medical evacuation and close-air support as a company of truck-borne Iraqi reinforcements arrived to bolster the Fedayeen assault. Two MH-60K Blackhawks carrying a para jumper medical team and two MH-60L Black Hawk DAPs of the 160 SOAR responded and engaged the Iraqis, which allowed the Delta operators to move their casualties to an emergency HLZ, after which they were medevaced to H-1 Air Base, escorted by a pair of A-10As. However, Master sergeant George Fernandez died of his wounds. The DAPs stayed on station and continued to engage the Iraqis, destroying a truck carrying a mortar and several infantry squads, whilst Delta snipers killed Iraqi infantryman firing on the DAPs. A pair of A-10As arrived and dropped 500 lb airburst bombs within 20m of Delta positions and killed a large number of Iraqi infantry who had been gathering in a wadi. The DAPs spotted several Iraqi units and engaged them until they were dangerously low on fuel.

On 9 April 2003, the combined team seized an airfield near Tikrit during a night attack, one tank drove into a 40 ft deep hole and flipped, injuring one of the crew and disabling the tank, which was later destroyed by another tank to deny it to the enemy. By mid-April, Delta had advanced into Baghdad and 'Team Tank' returned to its parent unit.

Throughout April, TF 20 continued to raid suspected WMD sites, sometimes only hours ahead of the official Army WMD SSE team as major combat operations were winding down TF 20 transitioned to hunting HVT former Ba'athists. On 19 April 2003, the TF captured HVTs Mohammed Abbas, the leader of the PLF terrorist group. On 25 April, captured the Iraqi deputy Prime Minister Tariq Aziz. TF 20 also recovered a Mi-17 Hip helicopter for later use in covert operations.

Post invasion
In May 2003, 80% of SOF assets were rotated out of the theatre at the conclusion of major combat operations, elements of Task Force 20 remained and continued to hunting HVT former Ba'athists under direct JSOC command and had several successes in its early operations.

On 16 June 2003, operators from G Squadron, SAS (part of Task force 14) and B squadron, Delta Force, captured Lieutenant-General Abid Hamid Mahmud al-Tikriti, who had been Saddam Husseins' personal secretary and had been ranked the fourth most important HVT. He was captured in a joint helicopter and ground assault on a safehouse in Tikrit without resistance or casualties, in what was considered a highly successful operation.

On 18 June 2003, near the Syrian border, AC-130 Spectre gunships guided in by TF 20 operators destroyed a convoy of Ba'ath Party members escaping to Syria, intelligence indicated that the convoy may included Saddam Hussein and/or his sons, other reports claim the convoy was composed of oil smugglers. Once the convoy was destroyed by the AC-130s, TF 20 conducted a heliborne assault into a nearby compound that proved to be a Ba'athist safehouse for ferrying FREs (Former Regime Elements) across the border, the operators then came under fire from Syrian border guards leading to a firefight that left several of the border guards dead with 17 more captured who were immediately released.

On 22 July 2003, a former Ba'athist regime member used an informer to pass intelligence onto the 101st Airborne Division that Uday and Qusay Hussein (whom had $15 million bounty), along with Qusays' son and a bodyguard, were hiding in the informers home in Mosul; the 101st passed this information to their divisional special forces liaison, whom passed it onto TF 20. Platoons from the 101st Airborne set up an outer cordon around the target house, a Delta assault team prepared to breach and clear the building from the entrance, whilst a Delta interpreter called upon the occupants to surrender. The informer and his two sons left the building as previously agreed. Delta operators breached and entered, upon which they were immediately engaged by small arms fire, which wounded one Delta operator. As they withdrew from the house, the occupants threw grenades from the second floor on them, and several Delta operators were lightly wounded by the grenade fragments; the stairs had also been blocked to impede any rapid assault. Another group of assaulters fast roped from a MH-6 Little Bird onto the roof of the building to examine the possibility of entering the building through the roof, but this wasn't possible. The decision was taken to soften up the target with heavy weapons before another entry. After soldiers of the 101st Airborne engaged the building with .50cal HMGs and M136 anti tank rockets, a third entry attempt was made, but was again driven back by intense gunfire. The 101st fired 10 TOW missiles from HMMWV-mounted TOW II antitank guided missiles into the house, followed by repeated gun runs from OH-58 Kiowas firing 2.75 rockets and .50cal machine guns. Delta subsequently made a successful entry and moved up onto the second floor, finding Qusay and the bodyguard dead. Qusay's son was hiding under a bed and opened fired on the operators, leaving them no choice but to kill him. Uday was discovered wounded and armed, a Delta operator shot and killed him.

History as Task Force 121
In July 2003, Task Force 5 (formerly Task Force 11) in Afghanistan and Task Force 20 were amalgamated to form Task Force 21, which was later renamed as Task Force 121—the command was set up in such a way that TF 121's Delta Force and other elements of JSOC could be switched between Afghanistan and Iraq as required. The task force continued to successfully target former regime members.

Between July and December 2003, TF 121 carried out twelve unsuccessful raids to find Saddam Hussein, together with 600 other operations against targets, including 300 interrogations. On 12 December 2003, a raid on a house in Baghdad, that was being used as an insurgent headquarters, captured Muhammed Ibrahim Omar al-Musslit, who was Saddam's right-hand man, known to TF 121 as "the source" or "the fatman". Early the next morning he revealed where Saddam may be found. This intelligence and other intelligence from detained former members of the Ba'ath Party, supported by signals intelligence from the ISA, finally pinpointed Hussein at a remote farm compound south of Tikrit. Operation Red Dawn was launched on two likely locations of Saddam's whereabouts (code-named Wolverine 1 and Wolverine 2) near the town of ad-Dawr. C squadron, Delta Force, ISA operators under TF 121 and the First Brigade Combat team of the 4th Infantry Division, conducted the operation, Delta operators eventually found and arrested Saddam Hussein.

In the final weeks of 2003, Colonel Stuart Herrington had been on an inspection of Camp Nama—the special ops facility at Baghdad Airport, (at the time it was TF 121 main operations centre in Iraq prior to moving to Balad Air Base) in particular he inspected the detention and interrogation facilities-where individuals captured by JSOC and SAS were taken to. As a result, he reported to the chief army intelligence officer in Baghdad that Iraqis who had been captured by TF 121 had showed signs of mistreatment. In the following months there was a series of investigations and a total of 29 complaints were investigated in relation to Camp Nama, 5 were upheld resulting in disciplinary action against 34 soldiers.

By early 2004 many of the leading 'deck of cards' figures had been accounted for. By the Spring of 2004, Major General Stanley McChrystal, the commander of JSOC, began dealing with the level of abuse of detainees at Camp Nama, McChrystal—believing that 'you need to build a network to defeat one'—shut down Camp Nama and established a new base at Balad Air Base, there he created a state-of-the-art JOC (Joint Operations Centre) where JSOCs war in Iraq would be run day to day by the commander of Delta Force, the base was up and running by July 2004.

History of Task Force 6-26
The Guardian reported that a few days after the US media published a series of photographs showing abuse of detainees at Abu Gharib prison Task Force 121 was renamed Task Force 6-26.

TF 6-26 conducted missions in Fallujah before and during the First Battle of Fallujah.

On 19 August 2004, TF 6-26 operators and an Iraqi special forces unit, supported by U.S. Marines from Detachment One as part of Task Unit Raider carried out a raid on "Objective Resistor", the target being a former regime official running a large anti-coalition cell connected to JTJ, Detachment One would raid the official's house while TF 6-26 operators and an Iraqi special forces unit killed/captured two of his financiers. However, the mission was a "dry hole".

History as Task Force 145
It was a combined U.S. and British military special forces provisional grouping specifically charged with hunting down high-value al-Qaeda and Iraqi leadership including Osama bin Laden and, prior to his death on 7 June 2006, Al-Qaeda in Iraq leader Abu Musab al-Zarqawi. It is believed that the Task Force played a role in the medium-altitude strike mission that killed al-Zarqawi just outside Baqubah. The Task Force was charged with disrupting al-Qaeda operations in Iraq and, to a lesser extent, Afghanistan.

The action arm of the task force was made up of operators from Delta Force, DEVGRU, SAS, SBS and the 75th Ranger Regiment. Members of the CIA's elite (SAD/SOG) paramilitary unit were also believed to be an important part of the group. Support elements include the 160 SOAR (Night Stalkers), the USAF 24 STS, and British paratroopers from the SFSG.

The unit was operating up until at least January 2007; it is not clear whether it is still operational with the U.S. drawdown from Iraq. In January 2007 Task Force 88 established a subsidiary task force, Task Force 17 (US Army ODA/Special Forces), in addition to an existing task force for which it supported, Task Force 16 (US/UK Tier 1 SOF). Task Force 17 was established to 'counter Iranian influence.' Task Force 17 was to be made Initially Operationally Capable as of 'NLT 15 January 2007 and Full Operational Capability (FOC) will be in place NLT 15 February 2007.'

Operations
The task force is known to operate very autonomously. In their only publicly known operation they reportedly conducted several raids without requiring approval from nearby conventional command structures and only requiring it from USSOCOM. The task force was also responsible for the tracking and eventual elimination (by F-16 launched ordnance) of Abu Musab al-Zarqawi.

Over 18 months beginning in early 2007, the task force reportedly arrested 3,500 terrorists in Baghdad and killed several hundred others. Thus, al Qaeda bomb attacks went down from an average of 150 per month (killing monthly 3,000 people) to about two. During the campaign, six SAS troops were killed and 30 injured. Delta Force suffered an overall 20 percent casualty rate (killed, injured, sick). Overall, by the cessation of operations, TF 145 suffered 18 killed in action.

During operations in Al-Anbar province, TF88 operatives entered the insurgent-controlled city of Haditha, several times finding Zarqawi's hideouts. Their raids found eggs still cooking, just missing the terrorist leader. Based on this current and actionable intelligence, they asked the commander of II MEF(FWD) to have to the city of Haditha assaulted in order to flush Zarqawi out. The general chose the 3rd Battalion 1st Marines, experienced in heavy fighting from Operation Phantom Fury, to assault the city.

Originally, it was not clear what the reduced U.S. military role following the U.S.–Iraq Status of Forces Agreement and associated drawdown to purely advisory operations has had on the task force's operations. Currently, other temporarily formed Task Forces are compiled primarily of US and UK Special Operations units (and depending on the operational needs, usually involving other Coalition members' SOF units such as Australia’s Special Air Service Regiment and 2nd Commando Regiment as well as Canada’s JTF2 and Germany’s KSK.) and mostly, are put together for specific taskings, such as hunting ISIL leadership (such as unconfirmed reports of a reformation of "TF Black") or the hunt of Somalian Al-Shabaab alongside CJSOTF-Africa. There are numerous small Task Forces dedicated to counterterrorism tasks across the globe, but with the current cutbacks by the Dept of Defense and the Administration, the most needed Task Forces are stretched thinner than even before in the Global War on Terror.

Task Force Black/Knight
Based in the Baghdad area at MSS Fernandez, TF Black (which was supported by Parachute Regiment members of the SFSG) is based around a squadron of the SAS, with integrated units from the SBS, SRR, 18 SR and Delta Force and DEVGRU.. In the early months of 2004, the SAS used their capabilities in reconnaissance and surveillance to watch suspects and develop/gather intelligence for the coalition intelligence services. The SAS operational process in Baghdad was known as find-fix-finish. Working backwards with the 'finish' part being a raid to take down a suspect, 'fix' involved pinpointing a time and place which a target can be taken; 'find' would be finding the insurgent/terrorist. In this period, they almost captured/killed Abu Musab al-Zarqawi when they assaulted a house in Baghdad. After forcing entry, they withdrew when they discovered a booby trap. They still managed to overwhelm the occupants of the building; captured intelligence revealed Zarqawi had left a short time before.

Due to mistreatment of detainees and the conditions at Camp Nama and JSOC's TSF (Temporary Screening Facility) at Balad and the deportation of detainees to Bagram Airbase, US-UK relations were strained when they refused to turn over detainees to US custody. McChrystal kept Task Force Black out of JSOC, but this would change in 2006. In the meantime, Task Force Black targets were former Ba'athist party regime elements. On 11 April 2005, Task Force Black's G squadron, SAS, captured Fadhil Ibrahim al-Mashhadani, one of Saddam Hussein's former apparatchik after assaulting his house. At about the same time, in an attempt to find the kidnappers of a foreigner, the SAS also captured a former senior Ba'athist party official and another man. They didn't find the hostage but the men were definitely connected to the kidnappers; they were later released, however, when US intelligence revealed that they were CIA assets.

In Spring 2005, the Director Special Forces (DSF) rebalanced British special forces deployments so that Afghanistan would be the responsibility of the SBS and Iraq would be that of the SAS. Following the Basra prison incident in September 2005, in which the name of the unit 'Task force Black' was leaked to the press; the unit was renamed 'Task force Knight'

After a change of DSF and improvement of the JSOCs TSF, in late 2005 Task Force Black began to integrate more closely with JSOC. In mid-January 2006, the British SAS began Operation Traction: which was its secret upgrade/integration into JSOC, they deployed TGHG (Task Group Headquarters Group): this included senior officers and other senior members of SAS - to JSOCs base at Balad. This upgrade now meant that the SAS were "joined at the hip" with JSOC and it gave the SAS a pivotal role against Sunni militant groups, particularly AQI

In early 2006, Task Force Black was involved in the release of three hostages working for Christian Peacemaker Teams as part of Operation Lightwater. With the aim of finding the hostages, the operation involved raiding houses and arresting suspects almost every day and night until sufficient intelligence was gathered on the whereabouts of the hostages. The total number of building raids amounted to 50, 44 of them being by British special forces including a total detained 47 people. In April 2006, B squadron SAS launched Operation Larchwood 4 the results of which gave the coalition intelligence on Zarqawi which led to his death.

According to journalist Sean Rayment for the Telegraph, TF Black removed or killed 3,500 terrorists in Baghdad prior to 2008. Rayment wrote that these killings "reduced bombings in Baghdad from about 150 a month to just two."

In October 2004, all SAS personnel in Iraq including Task Force Black were banned from handing over suspects to the US forces if the suspects were going to be taken to a US interrogation center, because of the bad reputation of the centers. Another setback for the task force was during the Second Battle of Fallujah when the SAS was banned from going into the city alongside its American counterpart because of the pressure that the government was feeling from the unpopularity of the war.

In 2007, when JSOC began conducting CII (Counter Iranian Influence) missions, the UK government ordered that Iranian nationals should not be taken by Task Force Knight and they excluded them from certain intelligence-gathering missions measures being taken to prepare for possible strikes against Iran.

Following a SAS takedown operation of Qais Khazali - a senior Shia militant and Iranian proxy in Basra and his brother: Laith al-Khazali and his Ali Mussa Daqduq a Hezbollah advisor, turned out to be the Task Force most significant action of Operation Crichton. They also found critical documents: one was a report on the Karbala raid which identified Azhar al-Dulaimi as being responsible for it, he was eventually killed by US forces; the Karbala memo also indicated that Iran's Quds Force approved the attack. There were memos about attacks on British forces in Basra and large financial payments based on performance against the coalition. Daqduq revealed that he had been brought into Iraq by Quds Force leadership to be a sort-of insurgent management consultant. He also revealed that the Shia Special Groups gave reports of IED attacks and indirect fire to the Iranians as well as said Iraqi's for training in Iran.

The mission made a strategic impact, Task Force 17 (a unit consisting of US Army Special Forces and elite Iraqi units conducting Counter Iranian Influence missions) stepped up its raids against Iranian targets. Operators from Task Force knight responded to 2007 Iranian seizure of Royal Navy personnel, but the incident was eventually resolved. The CII missions successfully caused the leader of the Mahdi Army, Muqtada al-Sadr, to flee to Iran, where in August he declared a ceasefire with the coalition.

During the Spring and summer of 2007, the British SAS as part of Task Force Knight suffered several men seriously wounded as it extended its operations into Sadr City; in April, Task Force Knight focused its efforts against Arab Jabour which HUMINT intelligence revealed that it was an al-Qaeda's "bastion".

Following the disbandment of Task Force Spartan in southern Iraq following the British withdrawal, Task Force Knight focused its efforts on al-Qaeda VBIED network in Iraq, mainly in Dora, Salman Pak and Arab Jabour, killing dozens in the summer months of 2007.

By March 2008, the Sunni insurgency was waning rapidly, the need for aggressive special operations raids became few, B squadron SAS extended its operations into Tikrit and Anbar province, going after low-level targets that the Iraqi military could deal with. UKSF left Iraq in May 2009.

Task Force Black/Knight provided the United Kingdom with one clear success of the nations controversial involvement in the Iraq War. In an interview with The Times newspaper in August 2008, General David Petraeus said the SAS "have helped immensely in the Baghdad area, in particular to take down the al-Qaeda car bomb networks and other al-Qaeda operations in Iraq's capital city". Lieutenant-General Rob Fry described the role of British special forces in defeating al-Qaeda as being of "an absolutely historic scale".

The SAS campaign against the Shia Special Groups was successful. Iraq's population, however, is made up of a Shia majority whose insurgents were supported covertly by Iran. The task force and JSOC, therefore, could only contain the threat rather than destroy it. Many members of the Special Groups have since been released by the Iraqi government.

Currently, rumors of a "reformation of a similar Task Force going by the cover name of TF Black" have emerged. Most former Special Mission Unit members and insiders believe, however, that because the concept of a "Task Force is temporary, hence the term 'Task' Force...as in being tasked with a particular objective", this would be unlikely, regardless of the reports of mainstream media to the contrary. Most of the time, Task Forces such as the original TF Black, cannot technically "be reformed" to hunt ISIL when the creation of a more current and lesser-known joint Task Force would make more sense to those inside the Joint Special Operations Command.

History as Task Force 88
The Long War Journal reported that Task Force 88 operators with Iraqi forces carried out a raid in north of Baquba, Diyala province on 22 January 2008 as part of Operation Raider Harvest-an operation focusing on al Qaeda in Iraq/ISI's network in the Miqdadiyah region of Diyala province. The raid targeted "an improvised explosive device specialist involved in coordinating IED and suicide-vest attacks in the region-with ties to several al Qaeda in Iraq senior leaders." They killed the high-value target and one other operative during the raid and found IEDs and grenades at the scene. The following day, TF 88 returned to the region in search of a second ISI (Islamic State of Iraq) leader. Ten ISI fighters were killed in airstrikes and another three were killed by ground fire as they moved to attack the operators. As they secured the building used by the terrorists, Coalition forces found "machine guns, military-style assault vests, rocket-propelled grenade propellant, and various ammunition," Multinational Forces Iraq reported. "Nearby, the ground force discovered additional weapons caches to include rocket-propelled grenades, artillery, and mortar rounds, improvised IEDs, and suicide-vest materials."

The Long War Journal reported that on 24 June 2008, a team of TF 88 operators killed ISI emir in a raid on a terrorist safe house in Mosul.

References

Further reading
 Smith, Michael, Killer Elite: The Inside Story of America's Most Secret Special Operations Team, 2008
 Urban, Mark, Task Force Black, 2010

 Shultz, Richard (2018)."U.S. Counterterrorism Operations during the Iraq War: A Case Study of Task Force 714". Intelligence and National Security 33:7, pp. 974-998.

External links
Cuomo, C, McNiff, E, & ABC News Law and Justice Unit, . 9 June 2006. The men in the shadows—hunting al-zarqawi
GlobalSecurity.org, http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/dod/tf-145.htm Task Force 145
Hala Jaber, Sarah Baxter and Michael Smith, How Iraq's Ghost of Death was Cornered, The Times, 11 June 2006
Brian Ross, Secret U.S. task force changes its name, again, The Blotter, ABC News, 12 June 2006
Mark Bowden, The Ploy, Atlantic Monthly, May 2007
Bill Roggio, Secret order to target Al-Qaeda , November 2008
Bill Roggio, The Black Guards, Long War Journal, September 2006

Special forces task forces of the United States
Ad hoc units and formations of the United States
Occupation of Iraq
Special Air Service
Military counterterrorist organizations
Military units and formations of the Iraq War
Military units and formations established in the 2000s


The Khmer People's National Liberation Armed Forces (KPNLAF) was the military component of the Khmer People's National Liberation Front (KPNLF) a political front organized in 1979 in opposition to the Vietnamese-installed People's Republic of Kampuchea (PRK) regime in Cambodia. The KPNLAF was loyal to Son Sann, a former Prime Minister under Prince Norodom Sihanouk and the founder of the KPNLF political movement.

Establishment
The KPNLAF was formed in March 1979 from various anti-communist groups that had concentrated on the Thai-Cambodian border and which were opposed to the People's Republic of Kampuchea, the Vietnamese-backed government of Cambodia. Many of these groups were warlord bands, engaging more in smuggling and in internecine fighting than in combat operations. They were brought together by General Dien Del, a former career officer of the Khmer Republic who became chief of the KPNLAF General Staff. By mid-1979 there were 1,600 armed soldiers in the KPNLAF.

The KPNLF was proclaimed on October 9, 1979 at Sok Sann, a camp in the jungles of the Cardamom Mountains that contained barely 2,000 men and was a merger of 13 armed groups, some of them remnants of the Khmer National Armed Forces. The following month the first shipment of 3,000 rifles arrived from Beijing. In 1981 overall command was given to General Sak Sutsakhan, another prominent member of the Republic's former army.

Expansion 1981–82
General Dien Del opened an officer's training school at Ampil Refugee Camp (Ban Sangae) in January 1981. The first graduating class of 82 cadet officers, 68 company-level commanders and 76 platoon-level commanders immediately took up posts in the field. This was further helped by the arrival of some 3000 Chinese weapons in March.

Because of Son Sann's non-communist credentials, the KPNLAF offered an alternative to those Cambodians who supported neither Sihanouk, Hanoi nor the Khmer Rouge, and it quickly became the second largest guerrilla force in Thailand, second only to the remnants of the Khmer Rouge. By mid-1981, with about 7,000 personnel under arms, it was able to protect its refugee camps and occasionally to conduct forays into Cambodia.

In June 1982 the KPNLF joined the Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea, although military operations between the three partner organizations never achieved any degree of coordination.

Nong Chan Refugee Camp became the KPNLAF's military headquarters at the end of 1982, although Ampil Camp remained the administrative headquarters until it was destroyed in early 1985. Nong Chan housed the KPNLAF's 3rd, 7th and 9th battalions and a Special Forces commando unit, while the 1st Battalion was at Nong Samet Refugee Camp and the 2nd at Ampil. By early 1984 Son Sann claimed that his KPNLF army "…had 12,000 fully armed fighters, with an additional 8,000 trained but still without weapons."

Equipment
The KPNLAF favored strike-and-retreat guerrilla tactics and tended to operate in small, lightly armed, highly mobile units of 6 to 12 soldiers.

The Chinese-made Type 56 assault rifle was the weapon of choice, supplied by the People's Republic of China or captured in combat but also occasionally bought or traded from KPRAF troops. The folding stock version came into common use in the early 1980s.
M79 grenade launchers and the B-40 variant of the RPG-2 were used both in attack and in the defense of the border camps.
Soviet-made 82mm B-10 recoilless rifles were the KPNLAF's only form of artillery and were used primarily in defensive positions.
A small number of mortars was supplied by China during 1985.

Due to the lack of weapons, many KPNLAF troops carried their own guns, including American M16s which had been supplied by the US military to Khmer National Armed Forces troops prior to 1975. A few soldiers even carried hunting rifles or shotguns.

KPNLAF forces were adept at the use of landmines, particularly blast mines such as the PMN-2 and M14, as well as bounding fragmentation mines such as the M16A2 and the M2A4.

The Vietnamese offensive of 1984-85

Two developments in the mid-1980s greatly diminished KPNLAF capabilities as a fighting force. The first of these was the Vietnamese dry season offensive of November 1984 to March 1985, which weakened the KPNLAF's numbers and forced them to abandon several fortified border encampments (such as Nong Samet and Nong Chan) on the Thai-Cambodian border. The other insurgent forces, the Khmer Rouge and the Armée Nationale Sihanoukiste, were also affected by this offensive, which reduced the number of camps on the border from 21 to 11. The Government of Thailand and the international community viewed the quartering of KPNLAF troops in civilian camps as a recipe for disaster, and United Nations Border Relief Operation, the UN agency responsible for security on the border, relocated the camps inside Thailand with troops in separate camps from refugees.

The second development, equally harmful to the KPNLAF cause, was the dispute that broke out among the top leaders. Following the loss of the border camps, contemporary reports noted that "open revolt" had broken out among guerrilla commanders over the "dictatorial ways" of Son Sann, who had continued as president of the KPNLF, and his "interference in military matters." The crisis resulted in the virtual paralysis of the KPNLAF until leadership issues were resolved in late 1986.

Commando operations inside Cambodia
Partly as a result of leadership disputes that prevented the development of a coordinated military strategy, the KPNLAF turned to sabotage and demolition in order to wage a war of attrition. Starting in 1983 the Special Air Service of the United Kingdom secretly provided training to a 250-man KPNLAF commando battalion. Commandos were trained to operate independently in enemy territory in six-man units that attacked bridges, railways, trains, office buildings, artillery, power lines, transformers, and radar stations, using small group tactics, booby-traps, landmines and improvised explosive devices manufactured from commercial products or conventional ordnance. Students were also trained in tactics, weapons, navigation, first aid, radio communications, and unarmed combat. At least six training courses of six to ten weeks were conducted between 1986 and 1989. The training was provided in Thailand at a Thai military facility near the Burmese border, and in Singapore. Revelation by John Pilger of these activities  caused considerable debate in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom in July 1991.

Demobilization
Hostilities involving KPNLAF forces had largely ended by mid-1989, and Vietnam withdrew the bulk of its occupying troops from Cambodia by September 21, 1989. General Dien Del presided over the demobilization of the KPNLAF in February 1992.

References

Rebel groups in Cambodia
Military history of Cambodia
Anti-communism
Cold War rebellions
Guerrilla organizations
Rebellions in Asia
Factions of the Third Indochina War
1979 in Thailand
Military history of Thailand


Feindouno is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 Benjamin Feindouno (born 1983), Guinean footballer
 Pascal Feindouno (born 1981), Guinean footballer
 Simon Feindouno (born 1985), French-Guinean footballer


Non-Nuclear Futures: The Case for an Ethical Energy Strategy is a 1975 book by Amory B. Lovins and John H. Price. The main theme of the book is that the most important parts of the nuclear power debate are not technical disputes but relate to personal values, and are the legitimate province of every citizen, whether technically trained or not.  Lovins and Price suggest that the personal values that make a high-energy society work are all too apparent, and that the values associated with an alternate view relate to thrift, simplicity, diversity, neighbourliness, craftsmanship, and humility.  They also argue that large nuclear generators could not be mass-produced.  Their centralization requires costly transmission and distribution systems.  They are inefficient, not recycling excess thermal energy.  The authors believed that nuclear reactors were less reliable (a grossly incorrect prediction) and take longer to build, exposing them to escalated interest costs, mistimed demand forecasts, and wage pressure by unions.

Lovins and Price suggest that these two different sets of personal values and technological attributes lead to two very different policy paths relating to future energy supplies.  The first is high-energy nuclear, centralized, electric; the second is lower energy, non-nuclear, decentralized, less electrified, softer technology.

Subsequent publications by other authors which relate to the issue of non-nuclear energy paths are Greenhouse Solutions with Sustainable Energy, Plan B 2.0, Reaction Time, State of the World 2008, The Clean Tech Revolution, and the work of Benjamin K. Sovacool.

See also
Anti-nuclear movement in the United States
Contesting the Future of Nuclear Power
List of books about nuclear issues
Nuclear energy policy
Nuclear or Not?
Nuclear-Free Future Award
Nuclear-free zone
Rocky Mountain Institute
Kristin Shrader-Frechette
Benjamin K. Sovacool.

References

External links
Nuclear Power's Global Expansion: Weighing Its Costs and Risks
 Nuclear-free future award

1975 non-fiction books
Energy policy
Social philosophy
Futurology books
1975 in the environment
Books by Amory Lovins
Books about nuclear issues
Ethics of science and technology
Friends of the Earth


Rosanoff is the surname of:
 Aaron Rosanoff (1878-1943) a Russian-American psychiatrist
 Martin André Rosanoff (1874–1951) a Russian-American chemist
 Lillian Rosanoff Lieber (1886-1986) a mathematician and popular author

See also
 Rozanov


Waldemar Wilenius (26 October 1868 in Hämeenlinna − 21 September 1940 in Helsinki) was a renowned Finnish architect at the end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century designing buildings in first a Neo-Renaissance style before moving to an Art Nouveau style. Wilenius completed his studies at the Finnish Polytechnical Institute in 1889, after which he undertook further studies at the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts in Stockholm and the Technical University of Berlin.  After his studies he returned to Helsinki where he worked at the National Board of Building, fulfilling various positions until 1889. He also established his own architect's office. Wilenius is particularly known for a number of apartment blocks built in the centre of Helsinki.

Buildings by Waldemar Wilenius
 Park Pavilion, Kemi – 1893.
 Kontio apartment building, Kruunuvuorenkatu 5/Kauppiaankatu 1–3, Helsinki − 1898.
 Merilinna apartment building, Merikatu 1/Neitsytpolku 2, Helsinki − 1900.
 Gunnebo Gård apartment building, Pietarinkatu 23/Huvilakatu 18, Helsinki − 1905.

References
Riitta Nikula, Architecture and Landscape. The Building of Finland. Otava Publishing, Helsinki, 1993.
Johnathan Moorhouse et al., Helsinki. Jugendstil Architecture, 1895–1915. Otava Publishing, Helsinki, 1987.

External links

Pictures of apartment buildings in Helsinki by Waldemar Wilenius

1868 births
1940 deaths
Finnish architects
Art Nouveau architects
Architects from the Russian Empire


Little Sahara may refer to:

 Little Sahara (Kangaroo Island), a sand dune system on Kangaroo Island in South Australia
 Little Sahara Recreation Area in Utah
 Little Sahara State Park in Oklahoma


(James) Henry Broderick was an Irish Labour Party politician. He was first elected to Dáil Éireann as a Labour Party Teachta Dála (TD) for the Longford–Westmeath constituency at the June 1927 general election. He was re-elected at the September 1927 general election but lost his seat at the 1932 general election. He stood unsuccessfully at the 1933, 1937 and 1943 general elections.

References

Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Labour Party (Ireland) TDs
Members of the 5th Dáil
Members of the 6th Dáil


Thomas Lawlor (died 29 October 1945) was an Irish Labour Party politician and trade union official.

In 1925 the Labour Party identified high taxation as a government weakness and decided to contest the Dublin South and Dublin North by-elections. Lawlor, as general secretary of the Irish Municipal Employees' Trade Union was the candidate in Dublin South, with Denis Cullen of the Irish Bakers Union running in Dublin North. Neither of them were elected.

Lawlor was first elected to Dáil Éireann as a Labour Party Teachta Dála (TD) for the Dublin South constituency at the June 1927 general election. He lost his seat at the September 1927 general election. He was an unsuccessful candidate at the 1932 general election but re-gained his seat at the 1937 general election. He lost his seat again at the 1938 general election.

At the 1943 general election he was an unsuccessful independent candidate in the Carlow–Kilkenny East constituency.

References

Year of birth missing
1945 deaths
Trade unionists from County Dublin
Labour Party (Ireland) TDs
Members of the 5th Dáil
Members of the 9th Dáil
Politicians from County Dublin
Independent candidates in Dáil elections


Gratefulness, also Katanho (), is a Cambodian drama film, based on a true life of a young girl who lived in Phnom Penh. The film was considered one of the best films of the year in Cambodia. The film had a highly successful theatrical run and received several awards at the Khmer film festival. These included the best actress award for Ly Chan Siha. Despite being based on true life, the film has some similarity to Thailand's 1985 film Walli (thai:วัลลี) . as well as another film produced by Campro Production, Neang Neath which seem to be the remake of Nang Nak, Thai 1999s horror film. This film was released at the Kirirom cinema in Phnom Penh with English subtitles.

Tag lines
She ran to school because she wanted to study, She ran back home because of her gratefulness

Plot
This movie was based on a true story. Lyka was born in a poor family where she was living with her parent and a blind grandma but one day, her father was killed in a car accident when he on the way back home from his work in the Battam bong province. After his death, the mother worked every day and night to feed the family until one day, she was sick. So everything fell to Lyka; she took care of her sick mother and blind grand mother. She ran many kilometers to school and went home after the break and she tried to find another job to buy the medicines and food for her mom and grandmother.

One day, Lyka wrote an Essay which telling a misery life and gratefulness of herself to the class as well as the writing made every classmate including the teacher knew the true life of Lyka. Her essay about her life was published in a newspaper and generous donations flooded in both from inside Cambodia and from foreign countries to Lyka's family which fed her family and paid the hospital bills for Lyka's mother. Lyka's mother life was like the sunset as Lyka was too late to cure her mother from the illness.

At the end, we see Lyka was sitting on railway for a moment and then walking along it when thinking of her life at tomorrow while the sun sets.

Awards
The film received many awards in Khmer film festival:
 Best Actress
 Best Shooting
 Best Acting
 Best Script
 Best Direction
 Third prize for bronze award of Best Movie

Success of the actress
After her role in Gratefulness, Ly Chan Siha become a famous actress. She had roles in several other films including Moronak Meada and won the award for best actress.

References

External links

  Gratefulness on Angkorwat
  Official Website

2003 films
2003 drama films
Films directed by Heng Tola
Cambodian drama films


The Calvo Group is a backward vertically integrated group of companies dedicated to fishing, processing and distribution of canned goods. The group is centred on Luis Calvo Sanz, S.A., a company established in 1940 in Carballo.

Grupo Calvo operated in the town of Guanta, Venezuela under the name "Atuneras del Oriente" (ATORSA) and, later, as Industrias Calvo Conservas de Venezuela S.A. Between 1991 and 2001, they had to temporarily close due to lack of tuna.

In 2003, Calvo opened a facility in El Salvador, specifically, in Puerto La Unión. In 2006, Calvo expanded its canned fish facility in Gomes da Costa, Brazil. In November 2008, Calvo closed its cannery in Laayoune, Western Sahara. In 2008, Calvo had a net profit of two million euros. Since 2017, the power of the company is 77.8% in the hands of the Calvo family and 22.2% in the hands of the Italian giant Bolton Group, who paid a total of 70 million to take over the shares they previously had. In 2017, and for the first time, it began to distribute its products under the white label of the Día supermarket chain.

References

External links
 Grupo Calvo

Companies of Spain
Food and drink companies of Spain
Companies based in Galicia (Spain)
Spanish brands
Food product brands
Canned food
Fishing in Spain
1940 in Spain
Companies established in 1940


This is the discography of Natalia Oreiro, a Uruguayan pop-rock singer. Oreiro has released three studio albums, six reissues albums, three soundtrack albums, twenty four singles (including five as a featured artist), three charity singles and sixteen music videos. She first appeared on the tracks "Que sí, que sí" and "Caminos" for the soundtrack Un Argentino En New York in 1998.

Oreiro's debut album, Natalia Oreiro, was released on 14 July 1998. The album peaked at No. 1 in Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia and at No. 4 in Grece. It spawned five singles: "Que sí, que sí", "De tu amor", "Cambio dolor", "Me muero de amor" and "Huracán". The album was reissued five times as especial editions in Argentina, Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary and Israel, incorporating remixes to the original tracklist and a DVD with live performances and the music videos of the singles.

Albums

Studio albums

Compilation albums

Soundtracks

Extended plays

Singles

As lead artist

As featured artist

Charity singles

Other appearances

References

Latin pop music discographies
Discographies of Uruguayan artists


Melanargia occitanica, the western marbled white, is a butterfly species belonging to the family Nymphalidae.

Distribution
It can be found in North Africa and south western Europe.(West Morocco, South-west Europe, Portugal, Spain, South France and Italian Alps).

Description
The length of the forewings is 25–28 mm. Seitz - M. syllius Hbst. (= occitanica Esp.) (39 d, e). At once recognized by the veins and transverse lines forming a network of brown markings on the hindwing beneath, the large ocelli with their heavy whitish violet centres standing in between the stripes. The cell of the forewing above bears a black transverse line not far from its apex.

Subspecies
Melanargia occitanica pelagia Oberthür, 1911 Morocco
Melanargia occitanica megalatlasica Tarrier, 1995  Tizi-n-Talrhemt High Atlas,Morocco
Melanargia occitanica moghrebiana Varin, 1951 Ifrane, Azrou, Annoceur, Tizi-n-Foucht, Col du Taghzeft, Aghbalou-Larbi in the Middle  Atlas

Biology
In Europe the butterflies fly in one generation from April to June.In Morocco only in May.In Europe the habitat is garrigue ; in Morocco the edges of mountain forests.

The larvae feed on various grasses- Brachypodium pinnatum, Dactylis glomerata, Lygeum spartum.

References

Satyrinae of the Western Palearctic - Melanargia occitanica
Butterflies of Europe

occitanica
Butterflies of Africa
Butterflies of Europe
Lepidoptera of North Africa
Fauna of the Iberian Peninsula
Butterflies described in 1793


Albatrellus subrubescens is a species of polypore fungus in the family Albatrellaceae. The fruit bodies (mushrooms) of the fungus have whitish to pale buff-colored caps that can reach up to  in diameter, and stems up to  long and  thick. On the underside of the caps are tiny light yellow to pale greenish-yellow pores, the site of spore production. When the fruit bodies are fresh, the cap and pores stain yellow where exposed, handled, or bruised.

The species is found in Asia, Europe, and North America, where it grows on the ground in deciduous or mixed woods, usually in association with pine trees. It is closely related, and physically similar, to the more common Albatrellus ovinus, from which it may be distinguished macroscopically by differences in the color when bruised, and microscopically by the amyloid (staining bluish-black to black with Melzer's reagent) walls of the spores. The fruit bodies of A. subrubescens contain scutigeral, a bioactive chemical that has antibiotic activity. A. subrubescens mushrooms are mildly poisonous, and consuming them will result in a short-term gastrointestinal illness.

Taxonomy and phylogeny

The species was first described as Scutiger subrubescens by American mycologist William Murrill in 1940, based on collections that he found growing under oak near Gainesville, Florida, in November 1938. In 1947 he transferred it to the genus Polyporus. Josiah Lincoln Lowe examined Murrill's type material and thought that it did not differ from Albatrellus confluens. In 1965, Zdeněk Pouzar made collections from Bohemia (now the Czech Republic), and described it as a new species (Albatrellus similis), unaware of the similarity to Murrill's Florida specimens. Further study revealed that A. similis was identical to Murrill's Scutiger subrubescens, and Pouzar transferred the latter epithet to Albatrellus. In 1974, Pouzar recognized that Lowe's species Albatrellus confluens was distinct from A. subrubescens. The specific epithet subrubescens, "tinted reddish", is derived from the Latin words sub ("less than") and rubescens ("growing red").

Four Albatrellus species were included in a large-scale phylogenetic analysis of the order Russulales published in 2003. Based on their ribosomal DNA sequences, the four form a clade, or monophyletic group (that is, they derived from a single ancestor). Of the four tested species, A. ovinus was most closely related to A. subrubescens. The polypore Wrightoporia lenta (type species of the genus Wrightoporia) occurred on a single branch basal to the albatrellus clade, implying that it shared with the Albatrellus species a common ancestor from which both were descended. In a more recent (2010) molecular analysis by Canadian mycologist Serge Audet aimed at clarifying relationships among species formerly placed in Scutiger, A. subrubescens grouped in a clade with A. ovinus and A. citrinus. According to Audet, these species, in addition to A. avellaneus and A. piceiphilus, are the constituents of an Albatrellus with limits defined by molecular genetics. Other Albatrellus species were transferred to segregate genera: A. fletti and A. confluens to Albatrellopsis; A. caeruleoporus and A. yasudae to Neoalbatrellus; A. pes-caprae and A. ellisii to an amended Scutiger.

Description

The cap of A. subrubescens is between  in diameter, with a central, eccentric (away from the center), or rarely lateral (attached to the edge of cap) stem. Initially, the cap is convex with an involute margin, flattening out with age. The cap margin may be folded or flat. The cap surface in young specimens is smooth but soon forms appressed scale-like spots, which may transform into scales in age. Initially, the cap has white margins and a brownish-violet center with scale-like spots; the center later becomes orange-brownish or ochraceous brown. According to Canadian mycologist James Ginns, who described North American Albatrellus species in 1997, some North American specimens may be covered with blackish-gray to purple-gray fibrils, but this characteristic is not seen in European collections. The cap discolors yellowish when bruised.

The stem is  long and  thick, cylindrical, irregular, and its base may be somewhat pointed, or bulbous. Initially white, the stem develops orange/violet spots and later brownish orange spots; in old specimens the stem may be brownish brick red. The tubes on the pore surface (underside of the cap) are about 2.5–3 mm long and decurrent in attachment. The pores are small, measuring about 2–3 per millimeter. They are initially greenish-white, but later turn dark brown; dried specimens can have pores that are tinted green. Fruit bodies have a "faintly fragrant, pleasant" odor; in his original report on the species, Murrill noted that specimens left to dry in an oven developed a strong odor of burnt sugar. The taste of the mushroom has been described variously as indistinct, or "distinctly bitter". The type material was noted by Murrill to taste bitter, an observation later corroborated by Pouzar with European collections. A. subrubescens mushrooms are mildly toxic: consumption causes a gastrointestinal illness that usually subsides one to four hours after ingestion. Despite the Angeli opinion, which should be supported, this mushroom is commercial in Filland, so it has a large tradition of consumption.

In deposit, the spores are white. The spores are 3.4–4.7 by 2.2–3.4 µm, ellipsoid to ovoid in shape, and amyloid (absorbing iodine when stained with Melzer's reagent). Most have a single large oil drop. The spore-bearing cells (the basidia) are club-shaped, 12–16 µm long by 5.7–7.7 µm thick, and have four thin, slightly curved sterigmata that are 3.4–4.3 µm long. The hymenium lacks any cystidia. The hyphal system is monomitic, meaning that the context is made of thin-walled generative hyphae. These hyphae have lengths in the range of 3.5–30 µm (most commonly 6–17 µm), with thin walls (up to 1 µm thick), and are hyaline (translucent). Although they are inamyloid, some hyphae have internal masses that are colored pale bluish-gray to black, which makes them appear collectively grayish-black under the microscope. Gloeoporous hyphae (wide and thin-walled with refractive contents) are also scattered throughout the context, as well as some hyphae with expanded tips that are thick-walled and amyloid.

Similar species

In general, A. subrubescens can be distinguished from other Albatrellus species by its white cap that becomes orange when bruised, its simple-septate hyphae, small amyloid spores, and habitat under pines. In the field, Albatrellus ovinus is difficult to differentiate from A. subrubescens due to its similar appearance. A. ovinus usually lacks the violet color often seen in the cap and stem of A. subrubescens. Microscopic characteristics can be used to reliably distinguish the two species: the spores of A. subrubescens are amyloid, in contrast to those of A. ovinus, and A. ovinus spores are smaller, typically 3.8–4.6 by 3.3–3.5 µm. Other similar species include A. tianschanicus, described from the Altai Mountains in East-Central Asia, and the Japanese species A. cantharellus. Unlike A. subrubescens, these species have hairy scales on the surface of their caps, and the scales are darker than the spaces between the scales. Also, the scales of A. subrubescens are not much darker than the area between the scales. Both of these Asian species have larger spores than A. subrubescens: those of A. cantharellus are 4.5–7 by 4–5.5 µm, while those of A. tianschanicus are 5–7 by 4–5 µm.

Albatrellopsis confluens has caps that are pinkish-buff to pale orange, and white flesh that dries to a pinkish-buff; it has a taste that is bitter, or like cabbage. The spores of A. confluens are weakly amyloid. Additional differences distinguishing Albatrellopsis confluens from A. subrubescens include the presence of clamp connections in the context hyphae, and mycelium on the base of the stem. The European fungus A. citrinus, originally considered a morphotype of A. subrubescens, was described as a new species in 2003. It is distinguished from A. subrubescens morphologically by its smaller caps (up to  in diameter), the yellowish bruising of the caps with age or after handling, and the absence of violet spots on the cap. A. citrinus associates with spruce rather than pine, and requires calcareous (lime-rich) soil.

Habitat and distribution

Fruit bodies of A. subrubescens are usually solitary, but sometimes several (typically between two and eight) are stuck together by the stem bases or on the sides of their caps. A strictly terrestrial species, it is not found fruiting on wood. It prefers to grow in pine woods, but has occasionally been associated with silver fir in Europe; fruit bodies associated with the latter tree species tend to be less robust than those found growing with pine. It is suspected that A. subrubescens may be mycorrhizal with two- and three-needle pines (i.e., those species that have their needles attached in bundles of two or three), although its ecological preferences are not known with certainty. Ginns, relating a personal communication with David Arora, wrote that Arora encountered several clumps of fruit bodies in an area in California containing mostly knobcone pine (a three-needle pine), manzanita, huckleberry and a few mandrones.

The species has been reported from a variety of locations in temperate regions of Asia, Europe, and North America. In North America, its distribution includes Alberta, Quebec, and the Northwest Territories in Canada. In the United States, it is found in Alabama, Arizona, California, Florida, New York, Texas, Washington, and Wisconsin. The North American distribution extends south to Mexico, in Chiapas. In Asia, the fungus has been recorded from Yunnan in southwest China, and Tibet. In Europe, collections have been reported from Austria, Czechoslovakia, Finland, Germany, Italy, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, Yugoslavia, and the Ukraine.

Bioactive compounds

Albatrellus subrubescens contains the bioactive compound scutigeral, which has antibiotic activity. This chemical—also found in the related species A. ovinus—may contribute to the mushroom's toxicity by disturbing the body's intestinal flora. Scutigeral interacts selectively to the dopamine receptor D1 subfamily (the most abundant dopamine receptor in the central nervous system, regulating neuronal growth and development, and mediating some behavioral responses). A 1999 publication suggested that scutigeral has agonistic activity at vanilloid receptors (a receptor found on sensory nerves in mammals); specifically, that it affects the uptake of calcium in the neurons of rat dorsal root ganglia. Later reports failed to corroborate this pharmacological activity. One 2003 study reported that scutigeral acts as a weak antagonist on the human vanilloid receptor VR1, while another study published that year did not find any activity.

References

Fungi described in 1940
Fungi of Asia
Fungi of Europe
Fungi of North America
Poisonous fungi
Russulales
Taxa named by William Alphonso Murrill


The following is an incomplete list of notable people who have been deported from the United States. The U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ), particularly the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and the Executive Office for Immigration Review (EOIR), handles all matters of deportation. Their decisions may be appealed and reviewed by federal judges.

In several cases (i.e., Charlie Chaplin, Adam Habib  and Conrad Gallagher), the orders of deportation and/or exclusion were later lifted. Among many changes in terminology, "removal" superseded "deportation" in 1996 following the enactment of Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA).

Aside from the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798, there was no applicable deportation law in the United States until an 1882 statute specifically geared towards Chinese immigrants. The Alien and Sedition Acts gave the President of the United States the power to arrest and subsequently deport any alien that he deemed dangerous. The 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act was designed to suspend Chinese immigration to the United States, and deport Chinese residents that were termed as illegally residing in the country. The types of individuals that could be deported from the United States was later reclassified to include those who were insane or carrying a disease, convicts, prostitutes, those entering the United States over the immigration quotas, anarchists, and those that belonged to organizations which supported the overthrow of the United States government by use of violence.

Legislation enacted by the U.S. Congress in 1891 gave a time limit of one year after an alien entered the country for the individual to be deported and decreased judicial review of deportation proceedings. The office of superintendent of immigration in the Department of the Treasury was also created with the 1891 enactment, and this responsibility later passed to the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS). During the Red Scare in 1919, a number of persons were deported under suspicion of illegal activity. The statute of limitations on deportation from the United States was removed under the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952. Deportation laws were cited during the 1950s in order to remove union leaders and alleged members of the Communist party said to be illegally in the country. According to Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia, about 23,000 aliens were deported annually from the country during the latter period of the 1980s.

If an alien is deemed by the government to be removable, they will receive a "notice to appear" (NTA) and later face an immigration judge, who will decide whether or not the alien is removable from the United States. Either party (the alien or the government prosecutor) may appeal (by legal brief, not in person) an immigration judge's decision to the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA). If an alien fails to appear for any immigration hearing, they is usually ordered removed in absentia. Those individuals who illegally entered the United States constitute the single largest portion of people deported from the country. Once deported or removed, an alien is not allowed to legally reenter the country unless given special permission to do so by either the DHS or the EOIR. The DHS has placed 164,000 criminals in removal proceedings in 2007, and estimated that figure would be 200,000 for 2008.

In 2001, approximately 73,000 illegal aliens with criminal convictions were deported from the United States, and in 2007 this figure was 91,000. In 2011, the DHS deported 396,906 people. Of those deported, 54.6% were criminal offenders.

List

See also

 Illegal immigration to the United States
 List of denaturalized former citizens of the United States
 U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement
 List of people barred or excluded from the United States

References

External links
 U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement

Illegal immigration to the United States
Lists of people by location
Lists of people by legal status

United States immigration law


Larentia clavaria, the mallow, is a moth of the family Geometridae. The species was first described by Adrian Hardy Haworth in 1809. It is found from Siberia (Altai Mountains) in the east to the Iberian Peninsula, North Africa, and the British Isles in the west. In the north it ranges to the Caucasus, Tajikistan and Fennoscandia. In the south  it is found the western Mediterranean islands, Italy, the Balkans and Asia Minor. It occurs only locally and is almost always rare. In the Alps, it rises up to 1200 m above sea level.

The wingspan is 36–40 mm. Forewings are fawn colour with a browner basal patch, median band and distal shade, all finely and delicately white-edged distally, the median band also accompanied by a fine white line proximally, sharply indented on the submedian fold and more shallowly in the cell. Hindwing pale, becoming browner at the distal margin. The larva is long and slender, monochrome bright yellow-green.

The moth flies from August to November depending on the location.

The larvae feed on Althaea officinalis and Malva species.

Subspecies
Larentia clavaria clavaria
Larentia clavaria datinaria (Oberthur, 1890)
Larentia clavaria pallidata (Staudinger, 1901)
Larentia clavaria saisanica Prout, 1937

References

External links

The mallow at UKMoths
Lepidoptera of Belgium
Lepiforum e.V.
De Vlinderstichting

Moths described in 1809
Larentiini
Moths of Europe
Moths of Asia
Taxa named by Adrian Hardy Haworth


The Peruvian Naval Aviation () is the air branch of the Peruvian Navy. It was originally formed in 1919 as the Naval Aviators Corps (Cuerpo de Aviadores Navales) but was merged in 1932 with the Peruvian Army Aviation. The service was recreated under its current name on July 3, 1963. It is currently made up of three operational squadrons and the Naval Aviation School (Escuela de Aviación Naval). The squadrons are distributed among three bases: Lima-Callao, which is part of Lima's Jorge Chávez International Airport, San Juan de Marcona and Pucallpa. About 800 personnel comprise Peruvian Naval Aviation.

Organization

Naval Air Squadron 11
Tasked as maritime surveillance squadron, also undertakes MEDEVAC and transportation roles. Is based in the Callao Aeronaval Station at Jorge Chavez Airport.
Fokker 60 MPA
Beechcraft 200T Super King Air
Fokker 50 SIGINT

Naval Air Squadron 21
Embarked for anti-submarine and anti-surface warfare missions for the Lupo-class frigate.
Kaman SH-2G(P) Super Seasprite
Agusta-Bell AB-212ASW

Naval Air Squadron 22
Had assigned the entire Sea King fleet, provides anti-submarine, anti-surface and general utility roles from ashore or embarked in the largest units of the fleet.

Agusta-Sikorsky ASH-3D Sea King
Sikorsky UH-3H Sea King

Naval Air Squadron 23
Provides logistical support and general utility helicopters

Agusta-Bell AB-412SP

Naval Air Squadron 31
Basic training squadron for fixed-wing pilots, based at San Juan de Marcona aeronaval station.

Beech T-34C-1 Turbo Mentor

Naval Air Squadron 32
Heavy-duty and general transportation squadron, operated also in the Amazon basin and VRAEM, includes:

Fokker 60 UTA
Antonov An-32B
Cessna 206 Stationair
Mil Mi-8T

Naval Air Squadron 33
Training squadron for helicopter pilots, also based at San Juan de Marcona.

Enstrom F-28F

Aircraft

Recently decommissioned aircraft

Gallery

References

External links
 Official website

Peruvian Navy
Naval aviation services
Aviation in Peru


Coenagrion hastulatum, the northern damselfly or spearhead bluet, is a damselfly in the family Coenagrionidae.

The species is widespread and common in northern Eurasia but is restricted to elevated or bog-like sites towards the west and south. In Britain, it is confined to a few small lochans in Scotland.

Coenagrion hastulatum is  long.

The specific part of the scientific name, hastulatum, from the Latin hastula (small spear) is because of the distinctive markings on the second segment of the abdomen that resembles a spear.

References

External links

Damselflies of Europe
Coenagrionidae
Insects described in 1825
Taxa named by Toussaint de Charpentier


Leo Zobel (28 January 1895, Nitra - 25 April 1962) was a Slovak chess master.

He won the 7th Czechoslovak Chess Championship at Prague 1931. He also took 12th at Trenčianske Teplice 1928 (Boris Kostić won), tied for 9-10th at Brno 1929 (the 6th CSR-ch, Karel Opočenský won), and tied for 10-11th at Stubňanské Teplice 1930 (Andor Lilienthal won).

References

External links

1895 births
1962 deaths
Sportspeople from Nitra
Slovak Jews
Slovak chess players
Jewish chess players
20th-century chess players


Ramón Flecha is a Spanish sociologist who is a professor of sociology at the University of Barcelona, Doctor Honoris Causa from West University of Timişoara, and a researcher in social sciences in Europe. Alain Touraine highlighted the contribution of Flecha in recognizing the knowledge of cultural analysis of people without studies:

Ulrich Beck pointed out how Flecha's analysis of contemporary sociological theory demonstrated rigorous research with facts, linking theory with criticism and empirical research with praxis:

He attributes a strong coherence between his personal and social life and the values that he promotes in his research. His sociological contributions cover different areas; research methodology (communicative methodology), culture (dialogic literary gatherings), economics (successful cooperative actions), education (learning communities), cultural groups (distinction of modern and postmodern racism), new masculinities (alternative masculinities), sociology of science (scientific, political and social impact) and social theory (dialogic societies).

Biography
Ramón Flecha was born in 1952. In 1967, he collaborated in the creation of a cultural centre of activities in the most deprived area of his city of birth, Bilbao. He was a member of the clandestine opposition against Franco's dictatorship from 1969 until democracy arrived in Spain. During the years of dictatorship as a democratic leader, he opposed any dictatorship as well as sexual harassment within organizations. The application of the values of democracy, equality and freedom were consistent in their personal and social life. In 1978 he moved to a neighbourhood of Barcelona where there were shacks and founded La Verneda Adult School – Sant Martí, being the first Spanish experience published in the specialized journal "Harvard Educational Review", and identified as one of the exemplary adult education experiences. He worked with Paulo Freire for more than twenty years, and the cultural creation of dialogic literary gatherings is known as one of the relevant pedagogical creations within the field of international critical pedagogy.

In 1991 Flecha founded the CREA research centre at the University of Barcelona. Currently, the centre has become a network of researchers from different universities. The communicative methodology created in the research centre has served as a reference in different fields of research, but with particular relevance in research focused on vulnerable groups. In 1997 he published his first book that included the theory of dialogic learning, subsequently published in English and in Chinese.

The theoretical basis is the basis of the transformation of schools into Learning Communities – School as learning communities. In parallel, to the development of research, as a professor at the University of Barcelona, he began to identify how the problem of sexual harassment in Spanish universities was severe. In 1995, he presented the first complaint to the university's governing team that addressed the issue by creating international organizations and procedures that were being carried out in other universities around the world. No measures were implemented until the Law for the effective equality of women and men 2007, which included the obligation of Spanish universities to have equality commissions and protocols against gender violence. He supported as director of the centre the women's group CREA-SAFO. This group is responsible for leading gender studies and the prevention of gender violence. He supported them when they decided to continue denouncing sexual harassment perpetrated in the university, as well as when they decided to lead the first investigation R&D on Gender Violence in Spanish Universities. Thanks to his support and research, his work to overcome gender violence was reflected in the first publication of scientific results on sexual harassment in Spanish universities in the international scientific journal Violence Against Women, the most important one on the issue. Due to his stand in favor of the victims, he himself has received attacks and defamation of his person, which is known as second-order sexual harassment, a concept about which he has recently published another research article in Violence Against Women, as the press has echoed. From the beginning of his career until now he has directed numerous national and European research. Regarding the political and social impact, two of them should be highlighted.

The first, WORKALÓ research of the FP5 European Framework Program, was the first European research about the Roma in Europe, and the first, where researchers and members of the Roma community collaborated as a joint team. The main conclusion of the study was the need for recognition of the Roma people on the part of the institutions, and this contribution was introduced in a parliamentary session being approved unanimously by the European Parliament. As of that moment, several member states included in their parliaments the same recognition, as was the case of the Spanish parliament. The second, INCLUD-ED of the sixth European Framework Program, was selected as the only outstanding research in social and human sciences by the European Commission in its publication of the list of the ten successful scientific investigations. Concerning its political impact, the communication from the European Commission to the European Parliament stands out. This communication included the recommendation to promote learning communities in Europe – schools as learning communities- to overcome school dropout and improve academic results, one of the conclusions of the study. There are currently 685 learning communities-school as learning communities-, mainly in Europe and Latin America.

He is currently advising the evaluation of the social impact of science in the European Framework Program, after the completion of his latest European research IMPACT-EV.

Distinctions and awards
His contributions have been awarded by various institutions, some examples;

 2007 Doctor Honoris Causa by the West University of Timișoara
 2012 Gold Medal for Merit in Education of the Junta de Andalucía
 2016 Research Award for his contribution to schooling and academic success of roma students – Instituto Cultura Gitana
 2019 Catalonia Award of Sociology 2019 – Associació Catalana de Sociologia
 2019 Muncunill Social Innovation Award – Ajuntament de Terrassa

Publications
Some of his publications are;
 Flecha, R. (2021). ‘Second-Order Sexual Harassment: Violence Against the Silence Breakers Who Support the Victims’, Violence Against Women, pp. 1–20.
Puigvert, L., Gelsthorpe, L., Soler-Gallart, M., & Flecha, R. (2019). Girls’ perceptions of boys with violent attitudes and behaviours, and of sexual attraction. Palgrave Communications, 5(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-019-0262-5
Flecha, R., Soler, M. & Sordé, T. (2015).Social impact: Europe must fund social sciences, Nature, 528, 193.
 Flecha, R. (2015). Successful Educational Actions for Inclusion and Social Cohesion in Europe. New York: Springer.
 Flecha, R. (2014). Using mixed methods from a communicative orientation: Researching with grassroots Roma. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 8 (3):245-254.
 Flecha, R. & Soler, M. (2014).Communicative Methodology:  Successful Actions and Dialogic Politics. Current Sociology, 62(2): 232–242.
 Flecha, R., & Soler, M. (2013). Turning difficulties into possibilities: engaging Roma families and students in school through dialogic learning. Cambridge Journal of Education.  This paper obtained the 2013 Best Paper Prize of Cambridge Journal of Education.
Touraine, A.; Wieviorka, M.; Flecha, R. et al. (2004). Conocimiento e identidad. Voces de grupos culturales en la investigación social. Barcelona: Roure
Flecha, R. (2000): Sharing Words. Theory and Practice of Dialogic Learning. Lanham, M.D: Rowman & Littlefield, also available in Spanish and Chinese.
Castells, M.; Flecha, R.; Freire, P.; Giroux, H.; Macedo, D. & Willis, P. (1999): Critical Education in the New Information Age. Lanham, M.D: Rowman & Littlefield. Foreword by Peter Mclaren. Also available in Spanish and Portuguese.
Flecha, R. (1999). Modern and postmodern racism in Europe: dialogic approach and anti-racist pedagogies, Harvard Educational Review, 69(2), 150–171.

References

External links
ORCID – Ramón Flecha
The Paulo and Nita Freire International Project for Critical Pedagogy, retrieved September 3, 2019.

Spanish sociologists
1952 births
Living people
Academic staff of the University of Barcelona


The BLU-80/B BIGEYE bomb was a developmental U.S. air-launched binary chemical weapon. The BIGEYE was a  class glide bomb with a radar altimeter fuze intended to disperse the binary generated nerve agent VX, made in flight from the non-lethal chemical components "QL" and sulfur only after aircraft release.  The BLU-80-B was designed under the auspices of the U.S. Navy as a safe chemical weapons alternative in response to chemical weapons (CW) threats from the USSR and other actors.  BIGEYE was a genuine tri-service program led by the U.S. Navy with significant U.S. Army and U.S. Air Force participation. Initially approved in the 1950s, the program persisted into the 1990s.

Background
As the stockpile of U.S. unitary (live agent) chemical weapons began to show troubling leakage, the Department of Defense (DoD) became acutely aware of the safety hazard to military personnel and public backlash this could generate. It is now known that the Soviets experienced the same and likely worse leakage issues with their unitary live agent weapons. With this in mind, the Pentagon insisted that it needed a binary chemical weapons program to counter and deter a Soviet Union or third-world chemical attack threat.

The U.S. Army Chemical Corps was reactivated in 1976 to assess and deal with this threat, and with it came the increased desire to acquire a retaliatory chemical capability in the form of much safer binary chemical weapons. Initially, the United States was in Strategic Arms Limitation Talks with the Soviet Union, and then-President Jimmy Carter rejected U.S. Army requests for authorization of the binary chemical weapons program.  The talks deteriorated, and President Carter eventually granted the Army request. However, at the last minute Carter pulled the provision from the budget. This action left the decision on a retaliatory binary chemical weapons option to the Ronald Reagan administration.

History
BIGEYE (an acronym for Binary Internally Generated chemical weapon within the "EYE" series of  canister weapons) was the common name for the BLU-80/B, a concept conceived during the 1950s. During the 1970s at Pine Bluff Arsenal around 200 test articles were produced. Initial production contracts for the BIGEYE were awarded in June, 1988, to The Marquardt Company of Van Nuys, CA, the project's prime contractor for most of the program.  The original timeline for the U.S. binary chemical weapons program called for the BIGEYE to be deployed by September 1988. President Reagan authorized the spending of more than $59 million in 1986 to revive the binary chemical weapons program. Under the original timeline, the BIGEYE was to be the second binary chemical weapon to be produced (the first being a binary artillery shell) with binary chemical agent rockets to follow. After a General Accounting Office (GAO) report pointed out numerous flaws in the program the U.S. Senate moved to effectively kill the binary chemical weapons program, including the BIGEYE bomb. In 1989 President George H. W. Bush announced that the U.S. would retain the option to produce such binary weapons. At the time of his announcement, 1992 was the earliest date BIGEYES were expected to be deployed.

Specifications
The BIGEYE was an air-launched 500 pound-class canister weapon to be delivered by various U.S. Navy and Air Force aircraft. The interior of the weapon consisted of two separate containers of non-lethal chemical compounds, stored separately and assembled only immediately before flight, and then combined to create the active chemical nerve agent VX only after release from the aircraft. It was the storage separation of less aggressive chemical components that ensured safe storage/handling and simpler maintenance requirements. The bomb was a Navy weapon design that would atomize the percutaneous nerve agent VX over a targeted area by releasing the binary-generated agent while gliding through the air over the target.

The BIGEYE bomb weighed ;  and would have generated the chemical agent VX. It was to have a length of  and a diameter of . The glide bomb had a wingspan of . The BIGEYE was not planned to have any internal guidance, propulsion or autopilot systems (hence its "glide bomb" designation).

Problems and issues

The 25+ year old, on-again off-again BIGEYE bomb program was plagued with problems and controversy from its outset. Much of the controversy was based on analysis by the Government Accountability Office (GAO). Also criticized was the entire idea of a modern American chemical weapons program. Such a program, the argument went, would actually encourage others to develop chemical weapons, as opposed to acting as a deterrent.

The testing, which had mixed results, presented its own set of problems. In 1987 the Navy and Air Force conducted 70+ tests, results which were characterized as "very inconsistent" by the GAO. Following a test suspension and subsequent significant design improvements, vastly better weapons function and reliability results were achieved.  Problems the Navy encountered with the BIGEYE included excessive pressure build-up, questions about the lethality of the chemical mixture resulting from variable mix times, and overall reliability concerns. Scientists debated the efficacy of the binary weapons program, especially since the BIGEYE had only been tested using simulants.

In the end, the BLU-80/B BIGEYE binary chemical weapon might possibly have been the tipping point in chemical weapons disarmament talks with the USSR, as the Soviets agreed to significant chemical weapons disarmament agreements immediately after successful operational test results of the BIGEYE resulting from improvements implemented by the U.S. Navy's Naval Air Weapons Center, China Lake.

Notes

Chemical weapon delivery systems
Cold War aerial bombs of the United States
Chemical weapons of the United States


Walter Skocik (born 6 September 1940 in Schwechat) is a former Austrian international footballer and football manager.

External links

 Profile - Rapidarchiv

1940 births
Living people
People from Schwechat
Men's association football midfielders
Austrian men's footballers
Austria men's international footballers
SK Rapid Wien players
FC Wacker Innsbruck players
Austrian Football Bundesliga players
Austrian football managers
Austrian expatriate football managers
SK Rapid Wien managers
UD Las Palmas managers
Athlitiki Enosi Larissa F.C. managers
PAOK FC managers
FK Austria Wien managers
LASK managers
Ethnikos Piraeus F.C. managers
Apollon Smyrnis F.C. managers
Wiener Sport-Club managers
First Vienna FC managers
Al-Ittihad Club (Jeddah) managers
AC Omonia managers
FC Fribourg players
FC Fribourg managers
Footballers from Lower Austria
WSG Tirol players
Expatriate men's footballers in Switzerland
Austrian expatriate sportspeople in Switzerland
Expatriate football managers in Spain
Expatriate football managers in Switzerland
Expatriate football managers in Saudi Arabia
Expatriate football managers in Greece
Expatriate football managers in Cyprus
Austrian expatriate sportspeople in Cyprus
Austrian expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Austrian expatriate sportspeople in Greece
Austrian expatriate sportspeople in Saudi Arabia
FC Tirol Innsbruck managers


Paracolax tristalis, the clay fan-foot, is a litter moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1794. It is found in the Palearctic realm.

The wingspan is 28–35 mm. The moth flies from June to August depending on the location.

The larvae feed on various shrubs and deciduous trees.

External links

"Paracolax tristalis (Fabricius, 1794)". Fauna Europaea. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
"Paracolax tristalis (Fabricius, 1794)". Lepidoptera of Belgium. Archived 12 May 2017.
"08839 Paracolax tristalis (Fabricius, 1794) - Trübgelbe Spannereule". Lepiforum e.V. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
"Gele snuituil Paracolax tristalis". De Vlinderstichting. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
"Subfamily: Herminiinae (5G 9S)". British Lepidoptera. Retrieved 28 January 2020.

Herminiinae
Moths of Japan
Moths of Europe
Moths of Asia
Taxa named by Johan Christian Fabricius
Moths described in 1794


Adergas (; in older sources also Adergaz, ) is a village in the Municipality of Cerklje na Gorenjskem in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia.

Velesovo Monastery
The Velesovo Monastery, a Dominican convent, was developed around the local church, dedicated to the Annunciation. It was founded by the Patriarchate of Aquileia in 1238, but was badly damaged in 1471 during an Ottoman raid. The current building, what was the eastern wing of the original monastery, dates to the first half of the 18th century and was erected upon the plans of the constructor expert Gregor Maček, Jr. It houses the local school, the parish offices, and a number of residences. The Baroque church of the monastery was erected in the second half of the 18th century upon the plans of the architect . It contains the oldest Medieval statue in Slovenia, the Velesovo Madonna, dated to  1220. The statue is a painted wooden Romanesque sculpture about half a meter tall from about 1220.

Gallery

References

External links

Adergas on Geopedia

Populated places in the Municipality of Cerklje na Gorenjskem


Sixteen Soldiers is a two-player abstract strategy board game from Sri Lanka.  It also comes from India under the name Cows and Leopards. A variant of this game is also popular in Bangladesh, where it is known as Sholo guti (Sixteen pieces).  One way it is played (especially in villages), is by drawing the court of the game on the ground and using stones as pawns.

The game was documented by Henry Parker in Ancient Ceylon: An Account of the Aborigines and of Part of the Early Civilisation (1909) with the name Hēwākam Keliya or the War Game.  Parker mentions that the game is also played in India and Bangladesh under the name Sōlah Guttiya or Sixteen Balls.  The game is similar to draughts (checkers) and Alquerque as players hop over one another's pieces to capture them; it is more similar to Alquerque between the two since it uses a standard Alquerque board.  However, unlike standard Alquerque, an additional two triangular boards are attached on two opposite sides of the standard Alquerque board.  Furthermore, pieces can move and capture in any direction from the beginning.

Parker mentions that the game pieces are called "soldiers", and when a soldier is captured it is said to be "chopped".

Its actual closest relatives are Peralikatuma and Kotu Ellima which are also from Sri Lanka.  The difference between these three closely related games is that Peralikatuma and Kotu Ellima have four triangular board extensions as opposed to two.  Also the number of pieces differ.  In Sixteen Soldiers, each player has 16 pieces hence the name of the game.  In Peralikatuma, each player has 23 pieces.  In Kotu Ellima, each player has 24 pieces.  Sixteen Soldiers is also related to the Indonesian game of Permainan-Tabal.

Setup
An expanded Alquerque board is used.  Two triangle boards are attached to two opposite sides of an Alquerque board.  Each player has 16 pieces that are distinguishable from the other player. Pieces are placed on the intersections (or "points") of the board, specifically on their half of the Alquerque board, and the nearest triangular board.

Rules

The following rules are based upon Parker's description:

  Players alternate their turns
  A player may only use one of their pieces in a turn, and must either make a move or perform a capture but not both.
  A piece may move onto any vacant adjacent point along a line.
  A piece may capture an opposing piece by the short leap as in draughts or Alquerque. The piece must be adjacent to the opposing piece, and leap over it onto a vacant point immediately beyond. The leap must be in a straight line and follow the pattern on the board. Captures are not mandatory.  A piece can continue to capture within the same turn, and may stop capturing any time.  The captured piece (or pieces) is removed from the board.
  The player who captures all of the other player's pieces wins.

Related games

Peralikatuma
Kotu Ellima
Permainan-Tabal
draughts
Alquerque

Notes

References

External links
 Soldier 16 game on web
 https://web.archive.org/web/20080828192050/http://www.manqala.org/wiki/index.php/Llibret/Alquerc

Abstract strategy games
Traditional board games


Just Friends is a 2005 romantic comedy film starring Ryan Reynolds and Amy Smart.

Just Friends may also refer to:

Film and television
 Just Friends (1993 film), a Belgian-Dutch film directed by Marc-Henri Wajnberg
 Just Friends? (2009 film), a 2009 South Korean short film directed by Kim Jho Kwang-soo
 Just Friends (2018 film), a 2018 Dutch film, original title Gewoon Vrienden, directed by Ellen Smit
 "Just Friends" (Degrassi High), an episode of Degrassi High
 "Just Friends" (Life with Derek), an episode of Life with Derek
  Just Friends (TV series), a 1979 American sitcom

Music

Albums
 Just Friends (Joe Temperley and Jimmy Knepper album), 1978
 Just Friends (soundtrack), a soundtrack album from the 2005 film
 Just Friends (Rick Haydon and John Pizzarelli album), 2006
 Just Friends (Zoot Sims and Harry Edison album), 1980
 Just Friends, a 1989 album by Oliver Jones
 Just Friends, a 1989 album by Helen Merrill
 Just Friends (Buddy Tate, Nat Simkins and Houston Person album), 1992
 Riddim Driven: Just Friends, a 2002 compilation album

Songs
 "Just Friends" (Danny! song), 2009
 "Just Friends" (Hayden James song), 2018
 "Just Friends" (John Klenner and Sam M. Lewis song), 1931
 "Just Friends (Sunny)", a 1999 song by Musiq Soulchild
 "Just Friends", a song by Amy Winehouse from Back to Black
 "Just Friends", a song by Gavin DeGraw from Chariot
 "Just Friends", a song by the Jonas Brothers from Jonas Brothers
 "Just Friends", a song by Nine Black Alps from Everything Is
 "Just Friends", a song by Vanessa Williams from The Real Thing
 "Just Friends", a song by Virginia to Vegas from Hartland St.
 "Just Friends", a song by Why Don't We

Artists
 Just Friends (band), an American funk rock band

See also
 Just Between Friends (album), a 2008 album by saxophonist Houston Person and bassist Ron Carter
 Just Between Friends (soundtrack)
 Just Good Friends (disambiguation)
 Friend zone, a strictly platonic relationship in which one partner, but not the other, wishes to enter into a strong and close romantic relationship
 Friends (disambiguation)
 Friendship, a form of interpersonal relationship


Louis Puech (1 May 1851, in Gavernac, Bozouls, Aveyron – 15 July 1947, in Aubignac, Aveyron) was a député of the French Third Republic and Minister of Public Works in the second government of Aristide Briand from 3 November 1910 to 24 February 1911.  During his 30 years in office he was inscribed with the group of Républicains de gauche. He was the brother of the sculptor Denys Puech, director of the Villa Médicis (1921–33).

Life
A lawyer by profession, he was noted for pleading in several varied political affairs, notably those of the grévistes of Decazeville (also known as the Watrin affair) and the anarchists Monod and Lucas.

Conseiller municipal for Paris between 1893 and 1898 and a député for the Seine (3rd arrondissement of Paris) from 1898 to 1932, he was known for having denounced the poor care and pitiable monitoring of the archives for France's colonial African administrations, revealing he was in possession of originals which should never have left Africa. His action forced the then Minister for the Colonies to review the organisation of the archives in French West Africa.

He was Minister of Public Works, Posts and Telegraphs from 3 November 1910 to 27 February 1911.

References

Sources

1851 births
1947 deaths
People from Aveyron
Politicians from Occitania (administrative region)
Radical Party (France) politicians
Democratic Republican Alliance politicians
French Ministers of Public Works, Posts and Telegraphs
Transport ministers of France
Members of the 7th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of the 8th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of the 9th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of the 10th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of the 11th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of the 12th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of the 13th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of the 14th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
19th-century French lawyers


is a former Japanese football player.

Playing career
Matsuyo was born in Nara on April 9, 1974. After graduating from Tenri University, he joined J1 League club Gamba Osaka in 1997. However he could hardly play in the match behind Hayato Okanaka and Ryota Tsuzuki until early 2002. From August 2002, he became a regular goalkeeper instead Tsuzuki. However he got hurt in August 2005 and he lost regular position behind Yosuke Fujigaya who came to Gamba Osaka in this season. From 2005, although he battles with Fujigaya for the position, he could not become regular goalkeeper. The club won the champions 2005 J1 League, 2007 J.League Cup and 2008 Emperor's Cup. In Asia, the club also won the champions 2008 AFC Champions League first Asian champions in the club history. In 2009 Emperor's Cup, although he could not play in the match, the club won the qualify to final. At the final, he played the match because Fujigaya became influenza and the club won the champions. This match is his last match and he retired end of 2009 season.

Club statistics

Honors
 2008 AFC Champions League
 2008 Pan-Pacific Championship
 2005 J1 League
 2009 Emperor's Cup
 2007 J.League Cup
 2007 Japanese Super Cup

See also
List of one-club men

References

External links

1974 births
Living people
Tenri University alumni
Association football people from Nara Prefecture
Japanese men's footballers
J1 League players
Gamba Osaka players
Men's association football goalkeepers
Sportspeople from Nara, Nara