A quartz fiber dosimeter, sometimes called a self indicating pocket dosimeter (SIPD) or self reading pocket dosimeter (SRPD) or quartz fibre electrometer (QFE), is a type of radiation dosimeter, a pen-like device that measures the cumulative dose of ionizing radiation received by the device, usually over one work period.  It is clipped to a person's clothing, normally a breast pocket for whole body exposure, to measure the user's exposure to radiation.

It is now being superseded by more modern dosimeter types such as the electronic personal dosimeter (EPD).

Use
As with other types of personal radiation dosimeter, it is worn by workers who are occupationally exposed to radiation, so their employers can keep a record of their exposure, to verify that it is below legally prescribed limits. It works by measuring the decrease in electrostatic charge on a metal conductor in an ionization chamber, due to ionization of the air in the chamber by radiation.  It was invented in 1937 by Charles Lauritsen.

The dosimeter must be periodically recharged to restore it to a zero dose reading after being exposed to radiation. It is normally read immediately after use, and the dose is logged to record the user's exposure.  In some organizations, possession of the recharging device is limited to health physicists to ensure accurate recording of exposures.  It contains a low-power microscope and an illumination lens which allow direct reading of exposure at any time by aiming the illumination lens at a light source and looking into the microscope.

The device is mainly sensitive to gamma and x-rays, but it also detects beta radiation above 1 MeV.  Neutron sensitive versions have been made.

Quartz fiber dosimeters are made in different ranges.  Peace-time occupational exposure ranges usually measure up to 500 mrem (5 mSv), which exceeds the normal US yearly dose of 360 mrem (3.6 mSv).  War-time fallout meters measure up to 500 rem (5 Sv), roughly the lethal dose.

The quartz fiber device is an older dosimeter design.  It suffers from these disadvantages:
Low accuracy: Because of the analog mechanical design, accuracy is around 15%, less than other dosimeters.
Reading errors: Since it can only be read manually it is prone to human reading errors.
Small dynamic range: The range of the device is limited by the charge on the electrode.  Once the charge is gone the device stops recording exposure.  This means unexpected large radiation doses can quickly saturate devices designed to monitor the more usual low level exposures.
Susceptibility to moisture is dealt with by separating the charging pin from the ion chamber by a small gap. The device is pushed firmly onto the charger, closing the gap and allowing the dosimeter to be reset. Releasing the dosimeter disconnects the charger pin from the ion chamber but does induce a small change in the zero which is relatively unpredictable.

Theory of operation
The quartz fiber dosimeter is a rugged form of a device called a Lauritsen electroscope.  It consists of a sealed air-filled cylinder called an ionization chamber.  Inside it is a metal electrode strip that is attached to a terminal on the end of the pen for recharging.  The other end of the electrode has a delicate gold-plated quartz fiber attached to it, which at rest lies parallel to the electrode.  The ends of the chamber are transparent and the microscope is focused on the fiber.

During recharging, the charger applies a high DC voltage, usually around 150-200 volts, to the electrode, charging it with electrostatic charge.  The quartz fiber, having the same charge, is repelled by the surface of the electrode due to the coulomb force and bends away from the electrode.  After charging, the charge remains on the electrode because it is insulated.

When a particle of ionizing radiation passes through the chamber, it collides with molecules of air, knocking electrons off them and creating positively and negatively charged atoms (ions) in the air.  The ions of opposite charge are attracted to the electrode and neutralize some of the charge on it.  The reduced charge on the electrode reduces the force on the fiber, causing it to move back toward the electrode.  The position of the fiber can be read through the microscope.  Behind the fiber is a scale graduated in units of radiation, with the zero point at the position of the fiber when it is fully charged.

Since each radiation particle allows a certain amount of charge to leak off the electrode, the position of the fiber at any time represents the cumulative radiation that has passed through the chamber since the last recharge.  Recharging restores the charge that was lost and returns the fiber to its original deflected position.

The charger is a small box, usually powered by a battery.  It contains an electronic circuit that steps the battery voltage up to the high voltage needed for charging.  The box has a fixture that requires one to press the end of the dosimeter on the charging electrode.  Some chargers include a light to illuminate the measurement electrode, so that measurement, logging and recharging can occur with one routine motion.

Units with larger ranges are made by adding a capacitor attached between the electrode and the case.  The capacitor stores a larger amount of charge on the device for a given voltage on the electrode.  Since each radiation particle allows a fixed amount of charge to escape, a larger number of radiation particles is required to move the fiber a given amount.

Pocket ionization chamber
A version of the above dosimeter without the self-reading capabilities, called a pocket ionization chamber or just pocket chamber, was widely used in World War II and postwar government and military projects, particularly the Manhattan project.  This consisted of a simple ionization chamber with an electrode running down the center, but no electroscope for reading.  Instead the exposure was read by plugging the device into a separate precision electrometer/charger, which measured the decline in charge on the electrode and displayed it on a meter, before recharging the electrode.  These had the advantage that they were simpler, more rugged, and cheaper than the electrometer type, but had the disadvantage (considered desirable in some military applications) that the exposure couldn't be read by the wearer without the electrometer/charger.  They are no longer used.

Rate meter
A similar device, used with the same charger, is a rate meter.  This is an inexpensive method for civil defense persons to measure radiation rates.  One measures the rate of change of the rate meter for a timed exposure after charging the rate meter.  Usually one measures heavy fallout of a thirty-second period, and light fallout over a ten-minute period.  The rate meter has two internal scales that read the radiation flux directly in rems for each period.

See also
 Geiger counter
 Scintillation counter

References

External links
 A photographic list of radiation dosimeters

Dosimeters
Ionising radiation detectors


Piquet Racing was a short-lived British Formula 3000 racing team set up in 1992 by Brazilian Formula One world champion Nelson Piquet and Nigel Stepney.

The team entered a single car for Olivier Beretta, a young Monegasque friend of Piquet, in the 1992 Formula 3000 season. The season was without much success, though, as Beretta failed to score any points, and third on the grid at the Spa-Francorchamps round was the highlight of the season. The team did not return for 1993.

Complete Formula 3000 results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

References

Auto racing teams in the United Kingdom
International Formula 3000 teams
Piquet Racing

Auto racing teams established in 1992
Auto racing teams disestablished in 1992


The Blackouts were a punk rock band formed in Seattle in 1979 by singer/guitarist Erich Werner, bassist Mike Davidson, and drummer Bill Rieflin, who were all former members of a local punk band, The Telepaths. They were joined by Roland Barker, first on synthesizer and later on saxophone.

Following a single and EP on small local labels, Davidson was replaced by Roland's brother Paul Barker in 1981.  This line-up recorded the "Exchange of Goods" single for English label Situation Two, and relocated to Boston in 1982. There they met Al Jourgensen of Ministry, who produced their last recording, the Lost Soul's Club EP for Wax Trax! Records.

The band relocated a second time to San Francisco in 1984, and toured the East Coast with Ministry that year before breaking up.  Jourgensen recruited Paul and Roland Barker and Rieflin to the line-up of Ministry, playing a major part in the transformation of Ministry from a synth-driven dance band to one of the top exponents of industrial metal. This started a long collaboration between Paul Barker and Jourgensen in Ministry, Revolting Cocks, Lard, and other projects. Rieflin released his first solo album in 1999, Birth of a Giant, worked with KMFDM, Pigface, Ruby, Peter Murphy, Nine Inch Nails, Swans, and King Crimson, and was the studio and touring drummer for R.E.M. Erich Werner went on to join the Toiling Midgets.

In 2004, Olympia's K Records released History in Reverse, compiling the band's studio recordings.

References

External links

Musical groups from Seattle
Musical groups established in 1979
Wax Trax! Records artists
Situation Two artists


The  is a Japanese commuter railway line operated by the Seibu Railway, a major private railroad in Tokyo. The single-track line connects Higashi-Murayama Station and Seibuen Station, both located in Higashimurayama, Tokyo.

Stations
Both stations are located in Higashimurayama, Tokyo.

History
The line was opened on 5 April 1930.

References

Railway lines in Tokyo
Seibu Shinjuku Line
Lines of Seibu Railway
1067 mm gauge railways in Japan
1930 establishments in Japan


William Wordsworth (7 April 1770 – 23 April 1850) was an English Romantic poet who, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped launch the Romantic Age in English literature with their 1798 joint publication, Lyrical Ballads. His early years were dominated by his experience of the countryside around the Lake District and the English moors. Dorothy Wordsworth, his sister, served as his early companion until their mother's death and their separation when he was sent to school.

Parents
Wordsworth's parents were John Wordsworth, a legal agent for James Lowther, 1st Earl of Lonsdale and Collector of Customs at Whitehaven, and his wife, Ann Cookson. John was the son of Richard Wordsworth, a land owner who served as a legal agent to the Lowther family.

Like his father, John became a legal agent for James Lowther, 1st Earl of Lonsdale and was made Bailiff and Recorder for Cockermouth and Coroner for the Seigniory of Millom.

Ann was the daughter of William Cookson, a linen-draper, and Dorothy Crackanthorpe, daughter of a gentry family in Westmorland. They lived above Cookson's shop in Penrith, Cumbria. Ann's brother, Christopher "Kit" Crackanthorpe Cookson (later, Christopher Crackanthorpe) inherited the family estate of Newbiggin Hall.

John, at the age of 26, married Ann, 18, in 1766, and he used his connections with the Lowther family to move into a large mansion in the small town of Cockermouth, Cumbria, in the Lake District. John owned many properties, in Cockermouth and Ravenglass, and he inherited a property at Sockbridge, which was originally purchased by his father and given to John after his older brother, Richard, was disinherited by their father. However, the brother's relationship was not strained by this decision, and Richard would become guardian to John's children after his death.

William's mother died when he was 7 years old and he became an orphan at the age of 13 years.

Childhood
Wordsworth was born on 7 April 1770 in Cockermouth, the second of five children. His sister, the poet, and diarist Dorothy, to whom he was close all his life, was born the following year, and the two were baptized together. They had three other siblings: Richard, the eldest who became a lawyer; John, born after Dorothy, who would become a poet and enjoy nature with William and Dorothy until he died in an 1805 shipwreck; and Christopher, the youngest, who would become a scholar and eventually Master of Trinity College, Cambridge. Although he lived at his father's mansion, Wordsworth, as with his siblings, had little involvement with their father, and they would be distant with him until his death in 1783.

Wordsworth's father, although rarely present, did teach him poetry, including that of Milton, Shakespeare, and Spenser, in addition to allowing his son to rely on his father's library. In addition to spending his time reading in Cockermouth, he would stay at his mother's parents home in Penrith, for extended periods of time, which took place primarily during 1775–1776 and during the winter months of 1776–1777. At Penrith, Wordsworth was exposed to the moors and was influenced by his experience with the landscape and was further turned towards nature by the harsh treatment he received at the hands of his relatives. In particular, Wordsworth could not get along with his grandparents and his uncle, and his hostile interactions with them distressed him to the point of contemplating suicide.

In March 1778, Ann died of an illness, possibly pneumonia, at Penrith. After the death of his mother in 1778, his father was inconsolable and sent his children away to be raised by their relatives. William was taken in by his mother's family and eventually sent to Hawkshead Grammar School, and Dorothy was sent to live with Elizabeth Threlkeld, Ann's cousin, in Halifax. She and William did not meet again for another nine years. Although Hawkshead was Wordsworth's first serious experience with education, he was taught to read by his mother and attended a tiny school in Cockermouth of low quality.

Education and nature
At Penrith, Wordsworth was sent to a school for the children of upper-class families and taught by Ann Birkett, a woman who insisted in instilling tradition in her students that included pursuing both scholarly and local activities, especially the festivals around Easter, May Day, or Shrove Tide. Wordsworth was taught both the Bible and the Spectator, but little else. It was at the school that Wordsworth was to meet the Hutchinsons, including Mary, who would be his future wife. Life at Penrith wasn't a happy time for Wordsworth, because he was unsatisfied with his grandparents' treatment; he still spent time at his grandparents' home and their relationship was still tense. Wordsworth became rebellious to the point of destroying a family portrait.

His discontent with his familial situation provoked Wordsworth to spend his time wandering away from his home, an action Wordsworth relates as uniting a childish imagination with both nature and mankind in The Prelude. He became attached to nature, and, when he was finally sent to school in Hawkshead, he was able to fully enjoy the countryside.
Besides the local surroundings, Wordsworth was educated at the Hawkshead Grammar School, which had a reputation for scholarship and preparation for University entrance.

A large portion of Wordsworth's education at Hawkshead was based on mathematics. The rest of the curriculum was based on teaching the classics, and it was during his classical studies that Wordsworth gained a love for Latin literature. Besides his literary education, Wordsworth and his brothers were given dancing lessons in 1785. While Wordsworth was taught at Hawkshead, he boarded with Hugh and Ann Tyson in the nearby hamlet of Colthouse, where he was exposed to the local yarn trade. The community had a strong Quaker influence, and Wordsworth, after experiencing their traditions, rejected their fixation on praising God for a relationship with the divine that would involve a more direct interaction.

College
Hawkshead School had a strong relationship with St.John's College at Cambridge University and, in October 1787, Wordsworth became an undergraduate there.

Early career
Wordsworth felt that his life before Samuel Taylor Coleridge was sedentary and dull and his poetry amounted to little. When Coleridge was near, he was Wordsworth's muse, and Coleridge's praise and encouragement kept Wordsworth motivated. Dorothy described Wordsworth while around Coleridge when she wrote: "His faculties seem to expand every day, he composes with much more facility than he did". It was under Coleridge's support that Wordsworth was encouraged to write poetry intended to rival Milton.
William Wordsworth,one of the pioneers of the Romantic movement in English poetry, was deeply influenced by the French revolution which broke out in 1789.The spirit of revolution popularly summarised as "liberty, equality, fraternity" informed the romantic elements in his poetry. His friendship with Coleridge led to joint literary venture in the form of publication of The Lyrical Ballads in 1798.
When Wordsworth was forced to move from Alfoxden, Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Dorothy agreed to travel to Germany in September 1798. Originally, Coleridge and Wordsworth lived together in Hamburg, until Coleridge decided to look for a place to live at Ratzeburg. Wordsworth wanted to join his friend, but was forced to decline over monetary issues; Wordsworth was unable to provide for both himself and his sister in such an expensive town, and they instead moved to Goslar. The separation, with the expenses, made it impossible for Wordsworth to spend time with Coleridge until after the winter of 1798.

Wordsworth continued to write even without the support of Coleridge's company, and from October 1798 to February 1799 Wordsworth began writing the "Matthew" poems along with the "Lucy" poems and other poems. These poems express the frustration and anxiety that Wordsworth was feeling In particular, it is possible that the "Lucy" poems allowed Wordsworth to vent his frustration with his sister, and that they contain the subconscious desire for his sister to die. The two poems are thematically unique compared to Wordsworth's other poems, especially in their portrayal of loss and a lack of faith that nature is able to provide comfort or solutions to life's problems. This reversal of Wordsworth's view of nature provoked Alan Grob to suggest that the two sets of poems should be known "as the Goslar lyrics of 1799".

Early works
Besides an emphasis on nature, as Bennett Weaver points out, "The dominant theme of the poems of 1799 is death: death for the children of the village school, for Matthew's daughter, and for Lucy Gray."

In his "Preface to Lyrical Ballads", which is called the "manifesto" of English Romantic criticism, Wordsworth calls his poems "experimental". The year 1793 saw Wordsworth's first published poetry, with the collections An Evening Walk and Descriptive Sketches. He received a legacy of £900 from Raisley Calvert in 1795 so that he could pursue writing poetry. That year, he met Samuel Taylor Coleridge in Somerset. The two poets quickly developed a close friendship. In 1797, Wordsworth and his sister Dorothy moved to Alfoxton House, Somerset, just a few miles away from Coleridge's home in Nether Stowey. Together, Wordsworth and Coleridge (with insights from Dorothy) produced Lyrical Ballads (1798), an important work in the English Romantic movement. The volume gave neither Wordsworth's nor Coleridge's name as author. One of Wordsworth's most famous poems, "Tintern Abbey", was published in the work, along with Coleridge's "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner". The second edition, published in 1800, had only Wordsworth listed as the author, and included a preface to the poems, which was augmented significantly in the 1802 edition. This Preface to Lyrical Ballads is considered a central work of Romantic literary theory. In it, Wordsworth discusses what he sees as the elements of a new type of poetry, one based on the "real language of men" and which avoids the poetic diction of much 18th-century poetry. Here, Wordsworth gives his famous definition of poetry as "the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings: it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility." A fourth and final edition of Lyrical Ballads was published in 1805.

Prelude
In 1799, Wordsworth completed a version of his Prelude, which was, according to Stephen Gill, "the most sustained self-examination in English poetry". In Wordsworth's 1799 Prelude, he attempted to write a biography about the growth of his mind from childhood to the current time. However, he realized that this could never be complete and wrote:
But who shall parcel out
His intellect by geometric rules,
Split like a province into round and square?
Who knows the individual hour in which
His habits were first sown even as a seed?
Who that shall point as with a wand, and say
'This portion of the river of my mind
Came from yon fountain'? (Prelude II 243–249)
The 1799 Prelude describes Wordsworth's early, happy moments in Cockermouth with a particular focus on the River Derwent and Cockermouth Castle. The poem transitions into the happy moments at Hawkshead, skipping over Wordsworth's experience with his mother's family, and only one scene containing his experience in Penrith was introduced in Book XII of the 1805 edition.

Notes

References
 Bateson, F. W. Wordsworth: A Re-Interpretation. London: Longmans, 1954.
 Gill, Stephen. William Wordsworth: A Life. Oxford: Clarendon, 1989.
 Grob, Alan. The Philosophic Mind: A Study of Wordsworth's Poetry and Thought 1797–1805. Columbus: Ohio State University, 1973.
 Hartman, Geoffrey. Wordsworth's Poetry 1787–1814. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1967.
 Matlak, Richard. "Wordsworth's Lucy Poems in Psychobiographical Context". PMLA, Vol. 93, No. 1 (Jan. 1978): 46–65.
 Moorman, Mary. William Wordsworth: A Biography, The Early Years 1770–1803. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1968.
 Weaver, Bennett. "Wordsworth: Poet of the Unconquerable Mind". PMLA, Vol. 75, No. 3 (Jun., 1960), pp. 231–237.
 Wordsworth, William. The Letters of William and Dorothy Wordsworth Vol 1. Ed. Ernest de Selincourt and Chester Shaver. Oxford: Clarendon, 1967.

Early lives by writer
William Wordsworth


Death Makes a Holiday: A Cultural History of Halloween is a non-fiction book by David J. Skal.

Book summary
The book talks about the history of Halloween such as exploring its dark Celtic history and talking about why it was evolved. The author travels throughout the United States and reviews people about what they think of Halloween such as people that go to extraordinary lengths, businessmen who see Halloween in terms of money, and practicing witches. The book tries to explain what the many rituals and traditions say about people's psyche. It talks about such things as myths, horror films, and haunted houses.

Reception
A review from the book The Year's Best Fantasy and Horror says, "Death Makes a Holiday: A Cultural History of Halloween is an entertaining dissection of the holiday horror aficionados love best by an expert in pop culture. I was hooked from the first chapter, which explores the urban myth of poisoned and booby-trapped candy". The book was used as a reference in the books Salem: Place, Myth, and Memory, The Cute and the Cool: Wondrous Innocence and Modern American Children's Culture, and From Shaman to Scientist: Essays on Humanity's Search for Spirits.

References

2003 non-fiction books
American history books
Halloween practices
Cultural history of the United States
21st-century history books

Halloween books


Francisco Corzas Chávez (October 4, 1936 - September 15, 1983) was a Mexican painter and printmaker, part of the Generación de la Ruptura. He was born in a very poor family but managed to study art in both Mexico and Italy, beginning his art career in Europe. He moved back to Mexico in the 1960s, but kept career ties in Europe with several commissions as well as exhibitions. Although he was a prolific creator, there are only about 1,500 of his works in existence because of his early death at age 47. His works can be found in museums and private collections in Europe (including the Vatican) and Mexico.

Life
Born in Mexico City, Francisco Corzas was the last of eight children of Enrique Corzas and Regina Chávez, who were musicians originally from Quecholac, Puebla. He grew up in the rough Tepito neighborhood and was nicknamed Pancho. His family was extremely poor and has a child Corzas dreamed of being a bullfighter or a boxer to better his lot. However, he spent time creating drawings on the bathroom wall using pieces of coal, the first indication of his artistic talent.

At the age of fourteen, he enrolled in La Esmeralda, with his mother’s support, despite their still dire financial circumstances. He studied there from 1951 to 1955 under teachers such as Agustín Lazo, Manuel Rodríguez Lozano, Carlos Orozco Romero, María Izquierdo and Juan Soriano . During this time, he discovered that he could not only paint, but had an exceptional baritone voice, which would serve him economically as well. One of these endeavors was the formation of the group Trio La Esmeralda with Felipe Zaúl Peña and Raúl Anguiano, which performed at student parties.

In 1956, at the age of nineteen, Corzas went to Italy to study, accompanied by Humberto Kubli. Kubli returned to Mexico soon after, but Corzas stayed in Rome in the ancient Trastevere neighborhood. He considered his three years there to be his real formation as a painter.  He studied fresco painting at the Accademia San Giacomo and figure drawing at the Brera Academy. However, more importantly, his time in Europe allowed him to visit various museums to learn about and develop a passion for classic European art, which had great influence on his aesthetics. To support himself, he toured parts of Europe to earn money singing.

In Italy in 1967, Corzas met his future wife, Bianca Dall’Occa, a young widow eleven years his senior. They met at a restaurant where Francisco was painting a mural and where Bianca sang and played the guitar in exchange for meals. The relationship began as a friendship, taking long walks and conversing. Bianca followed Corzas to Mexico to marry him and they remained together until his death. However, the relationship was rocky. Corzas was fascinated by music, poetry, dance, and the pleasures of life, including romantic affairs. He had mood swings as well and Bianca worked to create order in his life and provide stability.

Corzas returned to live in Mexico in the 1960s but returned to Europe again for a time in the 1970s to live and work.

Corzas died in 1983 in Mexico City at the age of forty-seven after battling an illness for three years. For the time prior to his death, he painted almost constantly, even at night, leading to speculation that he foresaw his end.

Career
Corzas began his art career while still studying in Europe in the latter 1950s. He returned to Mexico in 1962, but struggled for a time because his work was not yet well appreciated. Although he worked almost constantly, he produced only about 1,500 works because of his untimely death. His last work, called La modelo, was auctioned off in 2011. It was created during the last days of his life.

He had fourteen individual exhibitions and participated in forty three in various countries of the world including Rome, Florence, Venice, Belgrade, Prague, Brussels, Vienna, New Delhi, Mumbai, Osaka, New York, San Antonio, Los Angeles, Montreal, Bogota, Buenos Aires, Rio de Janeiro and Santiago de Chile.  The first individual exhibition was at the YMCA in Rome in 1958, followed by another at the Trentadue Gallery in Milan and various collective exhibitions. When he returned to Mexico he initially showed his work at the Antonio Souza Gallery. However, his first important exhibition was that of large-scale figurative works at the Galería Misrachi in 1962. By 1972, he was important enough to warrant a retrospective at the Palacio de Bellas Artes called “Francisco Corzas, 1962-1972, followed by an individual show at the Museo de Arte Moderno in 1976.

His work remained recognized in Europe after he moved back to Mexico, with invitations to produce work there and in the United States.  He spent time again in Europe in the 1970s, receiving a Des Art grant from the French government. He spent a year at the Bramsen workshop in Paris then traveled to various European countries. He created ten lithographs called los Profetas at the Caprina Graphics workshop in Rome and one other called Umbrío por la pena with the Upiglio workshop in Milan, and eleven lithographs related to the Carmina Burana with the Olivetti workshop. He also did painting, producing two canvases for the Vatican called Profeta (found in Room 12) and Plegaria (in the Stampa Room) .  In addition to those commissions, he also received one for ten lithographs for Lublin Press in New York as well as one from the Fundación Cultural Televisa to create a work called Agonías y otras ofrendas.

The first recognition of his work was a silver medal at the Via Margutta International Fair in Rome in 1958, which gave his work international notice. He also participated in competitions in Oslo, Frenchen (Germany) and San Juan, Puerto Rico.  In Mexico, he received an honorary mention from the Salón de la Plástica Mexicana, of which he became a member.  In 1964 he received the first Acquisition Prize of Salón 65 of Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes. In 1998, fifteen years after his death, there was a homage to the artist at the Centro Cultural San Ángel, with José Luis Cuevas, Rafael Coronel, Javier Juárez and Raymundo Sesma among others.

Much of his work is found outside of Mexico, some in museums and others in private collections. In Mexico, his work can be found in the Museo de Arte Moderno (la Empaquetada (1966)) and the Museo Carrillo Gil, as well as the Fundación Cultural Televisa.

Artistry
Francisco Corzas is considered to be part of Mexico's Generación de la Ruptura, the generations of artists in the 20th century who rebelled against the artistic and political precepts of Mexican muralism. These artists experimented with other forms of expression. In Corzas case, a new kind of figurative expression that left much of the definition to the imagination, especially the background, giving the works an ethereal quality. He was a prolific artist that worked on several projects at a time. He always painted with a drink at hand, listening to operatic arias at full volume.

Corzas described his work as impressionism, with strong influence from Goya; however, it has also been classified as expressionism. Corzas’ strongest influence on his artistic development came from his time in Italy and his study of European movements from the Renaissance, to Baroque, to Mannerism and the more modern avant garde. Among the painters Corzas most admired was Correggio, Veronese, Tintoretto, Velazquez and especially Goya. He even signed some of his very early works with the pseudonym of “Goya.” He was profoundly attracted by the past and images from the past often appeared in his work such as figures in old fashioned garments and large hats.

His preferred themes included sensual and erotic female nudes, among the best being melancholic, sadly beautiful women among faded colors that suggest a bed or a shawl. His early works focus on images of mutilated bodies and ghost like faces, often enveloped in light. Orange tones dominated and contrasted with the faces. He did not use models, basing the faces of his human figures on stories he read and some completely invented. Elements of his own face can be found in many of the figures. In addition to human, other elements included animals, which often accompanied the female nudes. These included owls, bulls, cats and especially horses. Elements of dance appeared because of his relationship with music.  His formation of images was not completely realistic, leaving a lack of definition in the forms, especially the background elements. This gives the works a mysteriousness, accentuated by the play of light and shadow as well as the use of limited colors such as yellows, dark ochre and black.

References

1936 births
1983 deaths
20th-century Mexican painters
Mexican male painters
Mexican printmakers
Artists from Mexico City
Escuela Nacional de Pintura, Escultura y Grabado "La Esmeralda" alumni
20th-century printmakers
20th-century Mexican male artists


Marjorie Hughes (born Marjorie Carle, December 15, 1925) is an American singer.

Career
Hughes is the daughter of bandleader and pianist Frankie Carle, and began her career as a singer in her father's band. After singers Betty Bonney (aka Judy Johnson) and Phyllis Lynne had come and gone, Carle was auditioning new female singers – some in person, and some by means of demo records. Carle's wife sneaked in a demo of their daughter recorded from a radio program, where she was singing with the Paul Martin band in her first singing job. Carle liked the singer he heard on the demo, at first unaware that it was Hughes. When he decided to give his daughter a chance with his band, Carle changed her name to Marjorie Hughes, so that the public would not know she was his daughter, until he could be certain she would make the grade. The band had a No.1 hit for six weeks with Hughes' vocals on "Oh, What It Seemed To Be", a song her father had co-written. With the success of that song, Walter Winchell announced that Hughes was actually Carle's daughter.

Hughes stopped singing with the Carle orchestra in 1948 "because of illness." By 1950, she was working in television and radio on the west coast. In 1949, she was the featured female singer on Your Hit Parade on Parade.

Personal life
Marjorie married to Hughey Hughes, a pianist with Carle's orchestra in 1945; after four years of marriage, they divorced in 1949.

References

1925 births
Possibly living people
Big band singers
Musicians from Springfield, Massachusetts


The aspects of Bertrand Russell's views on philosophy cover the changing viewpoints of philosopher and mathematician Bertrand Russell (1872–1970), from his early writings in 1896 until his death in February 1970.

Philosophical work
Russell is generally credited with being one of the founders of analytic philosophy, and he also produced a body of work that covers logic, the philosophy of mathematics, metaphysics, ethics and epistemology.

Analytic philosophy
Bertrand Russell helped to develop what is now called "Analytic Philosophy." Alongside G. E. Moore, Russell was shown to be partly responsible for the British revolt against idealism, a philosophy greatly influenced by G. W. F. Hegel and his British apostle, F. H. Bradley. This revolt was echoed 30 years later in Vienna by the logical positivists' "revolt against metaphysics." Russell was particularly critical of a doctrine he ascribed to idealism and coherentism, which he dubbed the doctrine of internal relations; this, Russell suggested, held that to know any particular thing, we must know all of its relations. Russell argued that this would make space, time, science and the concept of number not fully intelligible. Russell's logical work with Whitehead continued this project.

Russell and Moore were devoted to clarity in arguments by breaking down philosophical positions into their simplest components. Russell, in particular, saw formal logic and science as the principal tools of the philosopher. Russell did not think we should have separate methods for philosophy. Russell thought philosophers should strive to answer the most general of propositions about the world and this would help eliminate confusions. In particular, he wanted to end what he saw as the excesses of metaphysics. Russell adopted William of Ockham's principle against multiplying unnecessary entities, Occam's razor, as a central part of the method of analysis.

Logic and philosophy of mathematics
Russell had great influence on modern mathematical logic. The American philosopher and logician Willard Quine said Russell's work represented the greatest influence on his own work.

Russell's first mathematical book, An Essay on the Foundations of Geometry, was published in 1897. This work was heavily influenced by Immanuel Kant. The book was highly praised but according to the author "far more in fact than it deserved". Russell later realised that the conception it laid out would make Albert Einstein's schema of space-time impossible. Thenceforth, he rejected the entire Kantian program as it related to mathematics and geometry, and rejected his own earliest work on the subject.

Interested in the definition of number, Russell studied the work of George Boole, Georg Cantor, and Augustus De Morgan. Materials in the Bertrand Russell Archives at McMaster University include notes of his reading in algebraic logic by Charles Sanders Peirce and Ernst Schröder. In 1900 he attended the first International Congress of Philosophy in Paris, where he became familiar with the work of the Italian mathematician, Giuseppe Peano. He mastered Peano's new symbolism and his set of axioms for arithmetic. Peano defined logically all of the terms of these axioms with the exception of 0, number, successor, and the singular term, the, which were the primitives of his system. Russell took it upon himself to find logical definitions for each of these. Between 1897 and 1903 he published several articles applying Peano's notation to the classical Boole-Schröder algebra of relations, among them On the Notion of Order, Sur la logique des relations avec les applications à la théorie des séries, and On Cardinal Numbers. He became convinced that the foundations of mathematics could be derived within what has since come to be called higher-order logic which in turn he believed to include some form of unrestricted comprehension axiom.

Russell then discovered that Gottlob Frege had independently arrived at equivalent definitions for 0, successor, and number, and the definition of number is now usually referred to as the Frege-Russell definition. Russell drew attention to Frege's priority in 1903, when he published The Principles of Mathematics (see below). The appendix to this work, however, described a paradox arising from Frege's application of second- and higher-order functions which took first-order functions as their arguments, and Russell offered his first effort to resolve what would henceforth come to be known as the Russell Paradox. Before writing Principles, Russell became aware of Cantor's proof that there was no greatest cardinal number, which Russell believed was mistaken. The Cantor's paradox in turn was shown (for example by Crossley) to be a special case of the Russell Paradox. This caused Russell to analyse classes, for it was known that given any number of elements, the number of classes they result in is greater than their number. This in turn led to the discovery of a very interesting class, namely, the class of all classes. It contains two kinds of classes: those classes that contain themselves, and those that do not. Consideration of this class led him to find a fatal flaw in the so-called principle of comprehension, which had been taken for granted by logicians of the time. He showed that it resulted in a contradiction, whereby Y is a member of Y, if and only if, Y is not a member of Y. This has become known as Russell's paradox, the solution to which he outlined in an appendix to Principles, and which he later developed into a complete theory, the theory of types. Aside from exposing a major inconsistency in naive set theory, Russell's work led directly to the creation of modern axiomatic set theory. It also crippled Frege's project of reducing arithmetic to logic. The Theory of Types and much of Russell's subsequent work have also found practical applications with computer science and information technology.

Russell continued to defend logicism, the view that mathematics is in some important sense reducible to logic, and along with his former teacher, Alfred North Whitehead, wrote the monumental Principia Mathematica, an axiomatic system on which all of mathematics can be built. The first volume of the Principia was published in 1910, and is largely ascribed to Russell. More than any other single work, it established the speciality of mathematical or symbolic logic. Two more volumes were published, but their original plan to incorporate geometry in a fourth volume was never realised, and Russell never felt up to improving the original works, though he referenced new developments and problems in his preface to the second edition. Upon completing the Principia, three volumes of extraordinarily abstract and complex reasoning, Russell was exhausted, and he felt his intellectual faculties never fully recovered from the effort. Although the Principia did not fall prey to the paradoxes in Frege's approach, it was later proven by Kurt Gödel that neither Principia Mathematica, nor any other consistent system of primitive recursive arithmetic, could, within that system, determine that every proposition that could be formulated within that system was decidable, i.e. could decide whether that proposition or its negation was provable within the system (See: Gödel's incompleteness theorem).

Russell's last significant work in mathematics and logic, Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy, was written while he was in jail for his anti-war activities during World War I. This was largely an explication of his previous work and its philosophical significance.

Philosophy of language
Russell made language, or more specifically, how we use language, a central part of philosophy, and this influenced Ludwig Wittgenstein, Gilbert Ryle, J. L. Austin, and P. F. Strawson, among others, who used many of the techniques that Russell originally developed. Russell, and GE Moore, argued that clarity of expression is a virtue.

A significant contribution to philosophy of language is Russell's theory of descriptions, set out in On Denoting (Mind, 1905). Frank P. Ramsey described this paper as "a paradigm of philosophy." The theory considers the sentence "The present King of France is bald" and whether the proposition is false or meaningless. Frege had argued, employing his distinction between sense and reference, that such sentences were meaningful but neither true nor false.  Russell argues that the grammatical form of the sentence disguises its underlying logical form.   Russell's Theory of Definite Descriptions enables the sentence to be construed as meaningful but false, without commitment to the existence of any present King of France. This addresses a paradox of great antiquity (e.g. "That which is not must in some sense be. Otherwise, how could we say of it that it is not?" etc.), going back at least as far as Parmenides.  In Russell's own time, Meinong held the view of that-which-is-not being in some sense real; and Russell held this view prior to On Denoting.

The problem is general to what are called "definite descriptions." Normally this includes all terms beginning with "the," and sometimes includes names, like "Walter Scott." (This point is quite contentious: Russell sometimes thought that the latter terms shouldn't be called names at all, but only "disguised definite descriptions," but much subsequent work has treated them as altogether different things.) What is the "logical form" of definite descriptions: how, in Frege's terms, could we paraphrase them to show how the truth of the whole depends on the truths of the parts? Definite descriptions appear to be like names that by their very nature denote exactly one thing, neither more nor less. What, then, are we to say about the proposition as a whole if one of its parts apparently isn't functioning correctly?

Russell's solution was, first of all, to analyse not the term alone but the entire proposition that contained a definite description. "The present king of France is bald," he then suggested, can be reworded to "There is an x such that x is a present king of France, nothing other than x is a present king of France, and x is bald." Russell claimed that each definite description in fact contains a claim of existence and a claim of uniqueness which give this appearance, but these can be broken apart and treated separately from the predication that is the obvious content of the proposition. The proposition as a whole then says three things about some object: the definite description contains two of them, and the rest of the sentence contains the other. If the object does not exist, or if it is not unique, then the whole sentence turns out to be false, not meaningless.

One of the major complaints against Russell's theory, due originally to Strawson, is that definite descriptions do not claim that their object exists, they merely presuppose that it does.

Wittgenstein, Russell's student, achieved considerable prominence in the philosophy of language after the posthumous publication of the Philosophical Investigations. In Russell's opinion, Wittgenstein's later work was misguided, and he decried its influence and that of its followers (especially members of the so-called "Oxford school" of ordinary language philosophy, who he believed were promoting a kind of mysticism). He wrote a foreword to Ernest Gellner's Words and Things which was a fierce attack on the Oxford School of Ordinary Language philosophy and Wittgenstein's later work and was supportive of Gellner in the subsequent academic dispute. However, Russell still held Wittgenstein and his early work in high regard, he thought of him as, "perhaps the most perfect example I have ever known of genius as traditionally conceived, passionate, profound, intense, and dominating." Russell's belief that philosophy's task is not limited to examining ordinary language is once again widely accepted in philosophy.

Logical atomism
Russell explained his philosophy of logical atomism in a set of lectures, "The Philosophy of Logical Atomism", which he gave in 1918. In these lectures, Russell sets forth his concept of an ideal, isomorphic language, one that would mirror the world, whereby our knowledge can be reduced to terms of atomic propositions and their truth-functional compounds. Logical atomism is a form of radical empiricism, for Russell believed the most important requirement for such an ideal language is that every meaningful proposition must consist of terms referring directly to the objects with which we are acquainted, or that they are defined by other terms referring to objects with which we are acquainted. Russell excluded some formal, logical terms such as all, the, is, and so forth, from his isomorphic requirement, but he was never entirely satisfied with our understanding of such terms. One of the central themes of Russell's atomism is that the world consists of logically independent facts, a plurality of facts, and that our knowledge depends on the data of our direct experience of them. In his later life, Russell came to doubt aspects of logical atomism, especially his principle of isomorphism, though he continued to believe that the process of philosophy ought to consist of breaking things down into their simplest components, even though we might not ever fully arrive at an ultimate atomic fact.

Epistemology
Russell's epistemology went through many phases. Once he shed neo-Hegelianism in his early years, Russell remained a philosophical realist for the remainder of his life, believing that our direct experiences have primacy in the acquisition of knowledge. While some of his views have lost favour, his influence remains strong in the distinction between two ways in which we can be familiar with objects: "knowledge by acquaintance" and "knowledge by description". For a time, Russell thought that we could only be acquainted with our own sense data—momentary perceptions of colours, sounds, and the like—and that everything else, including the physical objects that these were sense data of, could only be inferred, or reasoned to—i.e. known by description—and not known directly. This distinction has gained much wider application, though Russell eventually rejected the idea of an intermediate sense datum.

In his later philosophy, Russell subscribed to a kind of neutral monism, maintaining that the distinctions between the material and mental worlds, in the final analysis, were arbitrary, and that both can be reduced to a neutral property—a view similar to one held by the American philosopher/psychologist, William James, and one that was first formulated by Baruch Spinoza, whom Russell greatly admired. Instead of James' "pure experience," however, Russell characterised the stuff of our initial states of perception as "events," a stance which is curiously akin to his old teacher Whitehead's process philosophy.

Philosophy of science
Russell claimed that he was more convinced of his method of doing philosophy than of his philosophical conclusions. Science was one of the principal components of analysis. Russell was a believer in the scientific method, that science reaches only tentative answers, that scientific progress is piecemeal, and attempts to find organic unities were largely futile. He believed the same was true of philosophy. Russell held that the ultimate objective of both science and philosophy was to understand reality, not simply to make predictions.

Russell's work contributed to philosophy of science's development into a separate branch of philosophy. Much of Russell's thinking about science is expressed in his 1914 book, Our Knowledge of the External World as a Field for Scientific Method in Philosophy, which influenced the logical positivists.

Russell held that of the physical world we know only its abstract structure except for the intrinsic character of our own brain with which we have direct acquaintance (Russell, 1948). Russell said that he had always assumed copunctuality between percepts and non-percepts, and percepts were also part of the physical world, a part of which we knew its intrinsic character directly, knowledge which goes beyond structure. His views on science have become integrated into the contemporary debate in the philosophy of science as a form of Structural Realism, people such as Elie Zahar and Ioannis Votsis have discussed the implications of his work for our understanding of science. The seminal article "The Concept of Structure in The Analysis of Matter" by William Demopoulos and Michael Friedman was crucial in reintegrating Russell's views to the contemporary scene.

Russell wrote several science books, including The ABC of Atoms (1923) and The ABC of Relativity (1925).

Ethics
While Russell wrote a great deal on ethical subject matters, he did not believe that the subject belonged to philosophy or that when he wrote on ethics that he did so in his capacity as a philosopher. In his earlier years, Russell was greatly influenced by G.E. Moore's Principia Ethica. Along with Moore, he then believed that moral facts were objective, but known only through intuition; that they were simple properties of objects, not equivalent (e.g., pleasure is good) to the natural objects to which they are often ascribed (see Naturalistic fallacy); and that these simple, undefinable moral properties cannot be analysed using the non-moral properties with which they are associated. In time, however, he came to agree with his philosophical hero, David Hume, who believed that ethical terms dealt with subjective values that cannot be verified in the same way as matters of fact.

Coupled with Russell's other doctrines, this influenced the logical positivists, who formulated the theory of emotivism or non-cognitivism, which states that ethical propositions (along with those of metaphysics) were essentially meaningless and nonsensical or, at best, little more than expressions of attitudes and preferences. Notwithstanding his influence on them, Russell himself did not construe ethical propositions as narrowly as the positivists, for he believed that ethical considerations are not only meaningful, but that they are a vital subject matter for civil discourse. Indeed, though Russell was often characterised as the patron saint of rationality, he agreed with Hume, who said that reason ought to be subordinate to ethical considerations.

In terms of his normative ethical beliefs, Russell considered himself a utilitarian early in his life.

Religion and theology
For most of his adult life Russell maintained that religion is little more than superstition and, despite any positive effects that religion might have, it is largely harmful to people. He believed religion and the religious outlook (he considered communism and other systematic ideologies to be forms of religion) serve to impede knowledge, foster fear and dependency, and are responsible for much of the war, oppression, and misery that have beset the world.

In his 1949 speech, "Am I an Atheist or an Agnostic?", Russell expressed his difficulty over whether to call himself an atheist or an agnostic:

In the 1948 BBC Radio Debate between Bertrand Russell and Frederick Copleston, Russell chose to assume the position of the agnostic. It seems to have been because he admitted to not being able to prove the non-existence of God:

Though he would later question God's existence, he fully accepted the ontological argument during his undergraduate years:

This quote has been used by many theologians over the years, such as by Louis Pojman in his Philosophy of Religion, who wish for readers to believe that even a well-known atheist philosopher supported this particular argument for God's existence. However, elsewhere in his autobiography, Russell also mentions:

Russell made an influential analysis of the omphalos hypothesis enunciated by Philip Henry Gosse—that any argument suggesting that the world was created as if it were already in motion could just as easily make it a few minutes old as a few thousand years: {{quote|There is no logical impossibility in the hypothesis that the world sprang into being five minutes ago, exactly as it then was, with a population that "remembered" a wholly unreal past. There is no logically necessary connection between events at different times; therefore nothing that is happening now or will happen in the future can disprove the hypothesis that the world began five minutes ago.|Bertrand Russell|The Analysis of Mind, 1921, pp. 159–60; cf. Philosophy, Norton, 1927, p. 7, where Russell acknowledges Gosse's paternity of this anti-evolutionary argument. }}

As a young man, Russell had a decidedly religious bent, himself, as is evident in his early Platonism. He longed for eternal truths, as he makes clear in his famous essay, "A Free Man's Worship", widely regarded as a masterpiece of prose, but a work that Russell came to dislike. While he rejected the supernatural, he freely admitted that he yearned for a deeper meaning to life.

Russell's views on religion can be found in his book, Why I Am Not a Christian and Other Essays on Religion and Related Subjects. Its title essay was a talk given on 6 March 1927 at Battersea Town Hall, under the auspices of the South London Branch of the National Secular Society, UK, and published later that year as a pamphlet. The book also contains other essays in which Russell considers a number of logical arguments for the existence of God, including the first cause argument, the natural-law argument, the argument from design, and moral arguments. He also discusses specifics about Christian theology.

His conclusion:

Influence on philosophy
As Nicholas Griffin points out in the introduction to The Cambridge Companion to Bertrand Russell, Russell had a major influence on modern philosophy, especially in the English-speaking world. While others were also influential, notably Frege, Moore, and Wittgenstein, Russell made analysis the dominant methodology of professional philosophy. The various analytic movements throughout the last century all owe something to Russell's earlier works. Even Russell's biographer, the philosopher Ray Monk, no admirer of Russell's personal snobbery, characterised his work on the philosophy of mathematics as intense, august and incontestably great and acknowledged, in the preface to the second volume of his biography, that he is one of the indisputably great philosophers of the twentieth century.

Russell's influence on individual philosophers is singular, especially in the case of Ludwig Wittgenstein, who was his student between 1911 and 1914.

Wittgenstein had an important influence on Russell as he himself discusses in his My Philosophical Development. He led him, for example, to conclude, much to his regret, that mathematical truths were purely tautological truths, however it is doubtful that Wittgenstein actually held this view, which he discussed in relation to logical truth, since it is not clear that he was a logicist when he wrote the Tractatus. What is certain is that in 1901 Russell's own reflections on the issues raised by the paradox that takes his name Russell's paradox, led him to doubt the intuitive certainty of mathematics. This doubt was perhaps Russell's most important 'influence' on mathematics, and was spread throughout the European universities, even as Russell himself laboured (with Alfred North Whitehead) in an attempt to solve the Paradox and related paradoxes, such as Burali-Forti. As Stewart Shapiro explains in his Thinking About Mathematics, Russell's attempts to solve the paradoxes led to the ramified theory of types, which, though it is highly complex and relies on the doubtful axiom of reducibility, actually manages to solve both syntactic and semantic paradoxes at the expense of rendering the logicist project suspect and introducing much complexity in the PM system. Philosopher and logician F.P. Ramsey would later simplify the theory of types arguing that there was no need to solve both semantic and syntactic paradoxes to provide a foundation for mathematics. The philosopher and logician George Boolos discusses the power of the PM system in the preface to his Logic, logic & logic, stating that it is powerful enough to derive most classical mathematics, equating the power of PM to that of Z, a weaker form of set theory than ZFC (Zermelo-Fraenkel Set theory with Choice). In fact, ZFC actually does circumvent Russell's paradox by restricting the comprehension axiom to already existing sets by the use of subset axioms.

Russell wrote (in Portraits from Memory, 1956) of his reaction to Gödel's 'Theorems of Undecidability':

Evidence of Russell's influence on Wittgenstein can be seen throughout the Tractatus, which Russell was instrumental in having published. Russell also helped to secure Wittgenstein's doctorate and a faculty position at Cambridge, along with several fellowships along the way.
However, as previously stated, he came to disagree with Wittgenstein's later linguistic and analytic approach to philosophy dismissing it as "trivial", while Wittgenstein came to think of Russell as "superficial and glib", particularly in his popular writings. However, Norman Malcolm tells us in his recollections of Wittgenstein that Wittgenstein showed a deference towards Russell such as he never saw him show towards anyone else, and even went so far as to reprimand students of his who criticised Russell. As Ray Monk relates in his biography of Wittgenstein, Wittgenstein used to say that Russell's books should be bound in two covers, those dealing with mathematical philosophy in blue, and every student of philosophy should read them, while those dealing with popular subjects should be bound in red and no one should be allowed to read them.

Russell's influence is also evident in the work of Alfred J. Ayer, Rudolf Carnap, Alonzo Church, Kurt Gödel, David Kaplan, Saul Kripke, Karl Popper, W. V. Quine, John R. Searle, and many other philosophers and logicians.

Russell often characterised his moral and political writings as lying outside the scope of philosophy, but Russell's admirers and detractors are often more acquainted with his pronouncements on social and political matters, or what some (e.g., biographer Ray Monk) have called his "journalism," than they are with his technical, philosophical work. There is a marked tendency to conflate these matters, and to judge Russell the philosopher on what he himself would definitely consider to be his non-philosophical opinions. Russell often cautioned people to make this distinction. Beginning in the 1920s, Russell wrote frequently for The Nation on changing morals, disarmament and literature. In 1965, he wrote that the magazine "...has been one of the few voices which has been heard on behalf of individual liberty and social justice consistently throughout its existence."

Russell left a large assortment of writing. From his adolescent years, he wrote about 3,000 words a day, with relatively few corrections; his first draft nearly always was his last, even on the most complex, technical matters. His previously unpublished work is an immense treasure trove, and scholars continue to gain new insights into Russell's thought.

Notes

References
 Bertrand Russell. 1967–1969, The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell, 3 volumes, London: George Allen & Unwin.
 Wallechinsky, David & Irving Wallace. 1975–1981, "Famous Marriages Bertrand Russell & Alla Pearsall Smith, Part 1" & "Part 3", on "Alys" Pearsall Smith, webpage content from The People's Almanac, webpages: Part 1 & Part 3 (accessed 2008-11-08).

Further reading
Selected bibliography of Russell's books
This is a selected bibliography of Russell's books in English sorted by year of first publication.
 1896, German Social Democracy, London: Longmans, Green.
 1897, An Essay on the Foundations of Geometry, Cambridge: At the University Press.
 1900, A Critical Exposition of the Philosophy of Leibniz, Cambridge: At the University Press.
 1903, The Principles of Mathematics The Principles of Mathematics, Cambridge: At the University Press.
 1905 On Denoting, Mind vol. 14, NS, , Basil Blackwell
 1910, Philosophical Essays, London: Longmans, Green.
 1910–1913, Principia Mathematica (with Alfred North Whitehead), 3 vols., Cambridge: At the University Press.
 1912, The Problems of Philosophy, London: Williams and Norgate.
 1914, Our Knowledge of the External World as a Field for Scientific Method in Philosophy, Chicago and London: Open Court Publishing.
 1916, Principles of Social Reconstruction, London: George Allen & Unwin.
 1916, Justice in War-time, Chicago: Open Court.
 1917, Political Ideals, New York: The Century Co.
 1918, Mysticism and Logic and Other Essays, London: Longmans, Green.
 1918, Proposed Roads to Freedom: Socialism, Anarchism, and Syndicalism, London: George Allen & Unwin.
 1919, Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy, London: George Allen & Unwin, ( for Routledge paperback) (Copy at Archive.org).
 1920, The Practice and Theory of Bolshevism, London: George Allen & Unwin
 1921, The Analysis of Mind, London: George Allen & Unwin.
 1922, The Problem of China, London: George Allen & Unwin.
 1923, The Prospects of Industrial Civilization (in collaboration with Dora Russell), London: George Allen & Unwin.
 1923, The ABC of Atoms, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner.
 1924, Icarus, or the Future of Science, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner.
 1925, The ABC of Relativity, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner.
 1925, What I Believe, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner.
 1926, On Education, Especially in Early Childhood, London: George Allen & Unwin.
 1927, The Analysis of Matter, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner.
 1927, An Outline of Philosophy, London: George Allen & Unwin.
 1927, Why I Am Not a Christian, London: Watts.
 1927, Selected Papers of Bertrand Russell, New York: Modern Library.
 1928, Sceptical Essays, London: George Allen & Unwin.
 1929, Marriage and Morals, London: George Allen & Unwin.
 1930, The Conquest of Happiness, London: George Allen & Unwin.
 1931, The Scientific Outlook, London: George Allen & Unwin.
 1932, Education and the Social Order, London: George Allen & Unwin.
 1934, Freedom and Organization, 1814–1914, London: George Allen & Unwin.
 1935, In Praise of Idleness, London: George Allen & Unwin.
 1935, Religion and Science, London: Thornton Butterworth.
 1936, Which Way to Peace?, London: Jonathan Cape.
 1937, The Amberley Papers: The Letters and Diaries of Lord and Lady Amberley (with Patricia Russell), 2 vols., London: Leonard & Virginia Woolf at the Hogarth Press.
 1938, Power: A New Social Analysis, London: George Allen & Unwin.
 1940, An Inquiry into Meaning and Truth, New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
 1946, A History of Western Philosophy and Its Connection with Political and Social Circumstances from the Earliest Times to the Present Day, New York: Simon and Schuster.
 1948, Human Knowledge: Its Scope and Limits, London: George Allen & Unwin.
 1949, Authority and the Individual, London: George Allen & Unwin.
 1950, Unpopular Essays, London: George Allen & Unwin.
 1951, New Hopes for a Changing World, London: George Allen & Unwin.
 1952, The Impact of Science on Society, London: George Allen & Unwin.
 1953, Satan in the Suburbs and Other Stories, London: George Allen & Unwin.
 1954, Human Society in Ethics and Politics, London: George Allen & Unwin.
 1954, Nightmares of Eminent Persons and Other Stories, London: George Allen & Unwin.
 1956, Portraits from Memory and Other Essays, London: George Allen & Unwin.
 1956, Logic and Knowledge: Essays 1901–1950 (edited by Robert C. Marsh), London: George Allen & Unwin.
 1957, Why I Am Not A Christian and Other Essays on Religion and Related Subjects (edited by Paul Edwards), London: George Allen & Unwin.
 1958, Understanding History and Other Essays, New York: Philosophical Library.
 1959, Common Sense and Nuclear Warfare, London: George Allen & Unwin.
 1959, My Philosophical Development, London: George Allen & Unwin.
 1959, Wisdom of the West ("editor", Paul Foulkes), London: Macdonald.
 1960, Bertrand Russell Speaks His Mind, Cleveland and New York: World Publishing Company.
 1961, The Basic Writings of Bertrand Russell (edited by R.E. Egner and L.E. Denonn), London: George Allen & Unwin.
 1961, Fact and Fiction, London: George Allen & Unwin.
 1961, Has Man a Future?, London: George Allen & Unwin.
 1963, Essays in Skepticism, New York: Philosophical Library.
 1963, Unarmed Victory, London: George Allen & Unwin.
 1965, On the Philosophy of Science (edited by Charles A. Fritz, Jr.), Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company.
 1967, Russell's Peace Appeals (edited by Tsutomu Makino and Kazuteru Hitaka), Japan: Eichosha's New Current Books.
 1967, War Crimes in Vietnam, London: George Allen & Unwin.
 1967–1969, The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell, 3 vols., London: George Allen & Unwin.
 1969, Dear Bertrand Russell... A Selection of his Correspondence with the General Public 1950–1968 (edited by Barry Feinberg and Ronald Kasrils), London: George Allen and Unwin.

Russell also wrote many pamphlets, introductions, articles and letters to the editor. His works can be found in The Collected Papers of Bertrand Russell, an anthology which McMaster University began publishing in 1983. The Russell Archives at McMaster University also has more than 30,000 letters that he wrote.

Additional references
Russell
 1900, Sur la logique des relations avec des applications à la théorie des séries, Rivista di matematica 7: 115–148.
 1901, On the Notion of Order, Mind (n.s.) 10: 35–51.
 1902, (with Alfred North Whitehead), On Cardinal Numbers, American Journal of Mathematics 23: 367–384.

Secondary references

 Ivor Grattan-Guinness, 2000. The Search for Mathematical Roots 1870–1940. Princeton University Press.

Books about Russell's philosophy
 Bertrand Russell: Critical Assessments, edited by A. D. Irvine, 4 volumes, London: Routledge, 1999. Consists of essays on Russell's work by many distinguished philosophers.
 Bertrand Russell, by John Slater, Bristol: Thoemmes Press, 1994.
 Bertrand Russell's Ethics. by Michael K. Potter, Bristol: Thoemmes Continuum, 2006. A clear and accessible explanation of Russell's moral philosophy.
 The Philosophy of Bertrand Russell, edited by P.A. Schilpp, Evanston and Chicago: Northwestern University, 1944.
 Russell, by A. J. Ayer, London: Fontana, 1972. . A lucid summary exposition of Russell's thought.
 The Lost Cause: Causation and the Mind-Body Problem, by Celia Green. Oxford: Oxford Forum, 2003.  Contains a sympathetic analysis of Russell's views on causality.
 The Ethical Philosophy of Bertrand Russell by Dr. Ramendra, New York: Vantage Press,1993.
 Russell's Idealist Apprenticeship, by Nicholas Griffin. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.

Biographical books
 Bertrand Russell: Philosopher and Humanist, by John Lewis (1968)
 Bertrand Russell and His World'', by Ronald W. Clark (1981)

External links

Works about Bertrand Russell's philosophy

Philosophical Works by Bertrand Russell

 Works by Bertrand Russell at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)

Audio files
 Bertrand Russell Audio Archive
 In Praise of Idleness free mp3 recitation of Russell's essay of the same name, from the Audio Anarchy project

Other

 Russell Photo Gallery
 Photographs at the National Portrait Gallery

 The Bertrand Russell Archives
 The First Reith Lecture given by Russell (Real Audio)
 Lecture about 1905, the philosophical landscale of Einstein in which Russell was central

Philosophy
Analytic philosophy


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Tea brands in the United States
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Douglas Bennett (September 13, 1918 – June 28, 2008) was a Canadian sprint canoeist who competed from the mid-1930s to the late 1940s. He won a silver medal in the C-1 1000 m event at 1948 Summer Olympics in London.

Prior to becoming a canoeist, Bennett played for the Royal Montreal Hockey Club in 1937. He took up canoeing when his swimming career did not pan out. Winning several canoeing championships for Canada between 1934 and 1939, he qualified for the 1940 Summer Olympics in Tokyo that were subsequently cancelled. In 1947, Bennett was named Montreal's Sportsman of the Year after winning Canada's C-1, C-2, and C-4 national championships. Following the 1948 games, Bennett retired and went to work for Bell Canada's engineering department though he would continue canoeing for exercise.

Bennett was a native of Saint Lambert, Quebec.

References
Sports-reference.com profile

1918 births
2008 deaths
Canadian male canoeists
20th-century Canadian engineers
Canadian ice hockey players
Canoeists at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Olympic canoeists for Canada
Olympic silver medalists for Canada
Sportspeople from Quebec
People from Saint-Lambert, Quebec
Sportspeople from Montérégie
Olympic medalists in canoeing
Medalists at the 1948 Summer Olympics
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No Molestar (Eng.: "Do Not Disturb") is the eighth studio album released by Marco Antonio Solís on October 7, 2008. This album became the ninth number-one set on the Billboard Top Latin Albums for Solís, the most for any artist on the chart.

Track listing

All songs written and composed by Marco Antonio Solís

Chart performance

Sales and certifications

References

2008 albums
Marco Antonio Solís albums
Spanish-language albums
Fonovisa Records albums


BC Yambol () is a Bulgarian professional basketball club based in Yambol. Founded in 1945, Yambol has won the Bulgarian championship once as Yambolgas. They play their home matches at the Diana Hall. The team is a regular first league participant. Former names of the club are Luskov, Tundja, Yambolen and Yambolgas.

History
Founded in 1945, the club joined the third edition of the Bulgarian Championship to become the first participant of this basketball championship based outside of the capital Sofia.

In 1976 the club, as "Luskov"-Yambol, appointed Simeon Varchev as new head coach, who work there until 1980. He recruit some new young players including Georgi Glouchkov, the first bulgarian played in NBA. In 1977 they won the first medal for the club, third place in the Bulgarian Cup and in 1979 the bronze medal in Bulgarian Championship. In 1980 Georgi Glouchkov moved to PBC CSKA Sofia, captain of the team Ivan Angelov retired, and even though Varchev and Ivan Glavov (one of the leading playmakers in league the time) stayed, the club relegated in to the second tier.

Yambol stayed there until 1992, when it got promoted and since then remains in the top flight. The coach of the club was Ivan Cholakov, who was team head coach in two periods- 1989-2002 and 2004-2013. In 2002, with the name of Yambolgas by sponsorship reasons, the club won the Bulgarian Championship after winning to Lukoil Academic by 3–0 in the final series.

Honours
Bulgarian Championship
 Winners (1): 2002
 Runners-up (1): 2001
Bronze medalist (5): 1979, 2000, 2003, 2011, 2012
Bulgarian Cup
 Bronze medalist (4): 1977, 2000, 2001, 2002

Roster 2022-2023

In Europe
BC Yambol played in FIBA Korać Cup(2000,2001), FIBA Europe Champions Cup for Men 2003/Conference South and NEBL Open 2001/2002.

1999–2000 FIBA Korać Cup

2000–01 FIBA Korać Cup

2002–03 FIBA Europe Champions Cup

Season by season

Notable players

 Georgi Glouchkov
 Dimitar Angelov
 Georgi Stankov
 Valcho Yordanov
 Ivan Angelov
 Ivan Glavov
 Geno Plachkov
 Dimitar Dimitrov
 Georgi Kovachev
 Emil Stamenov
 Stanislav Govedarov
 Dimitar Horozov
 Decho Koeshinov
 Rumen Shopov
 Martin Durchev
 Pavel Marinov
 Yulian Radionov
 Nikolay Varbanov
 Pavlin Ivanov
 Franko Kaštropil
 Nemanja Milošević
 Ninoslav Tmušić
 Nenad Djorić
 Zoran Stevanovic
 John Ofoegbu
 Tony Gugino
 Yaroslav Zubrytskiy
 Volodymyr Ryzhov
 Sergey Grishaev
 Anatoliy Yasinskiy

Head coaches

  Slavcho Slavov 1956-1959
  Dobri Rusev 1959-1960
  Ivan Stoyanov 1960-1964
  Blagoy Peev 1964-1965
  Ivan Stoyanov 1965-1969
  Velcho Petrov 1969-1972
  Valcho Yordanov 1972-1976
 Simeon Varchev 1976-1980
  Ivan Glavov 1980-1981
  Hristo Kostov 1981-1984
  Ivan Angelov 1984-1986
  Velcho Petrov 1986-1987
  Mityo Georgiev 1987-1989
 Ivan Cholakov 1989-20021
 Zoran Krečković 2002–2003
  Valeri Bachvarov 2003-2004
 Ivan Cholakov 2004-20132
 Yulian Radionov 2013–2015
 Petar Petrov 2015–20173
 Ivan Cholakov 2017–2020
 Toni Dechev 2020–2022
 Aleksander Aleksiev 2022–2023
 Toni Dechev 2023-Present

1During the 2001–02 season, Vitaly Lebedintsev coached 6 regular season games. Lebedintsev was fired on November 2001, and Ivan Cholakov coached the remaining season games.
2During the 2010–11 season, Ivailo Stoimenov coached 7 regular season games. Stoimenov resigned on November 29, 2010, and Ivan Cholakov coached the remaining season games.
3During the 2015–16 season, Ninoslav Marjanovic coached 9 regular season games. Marjanovic resigned on December 5, 2015.

References

External links
Official website
Eurobasket.com BC Yambol Page

Basketball teams in Bulgaria
Basketball teams established in 1945
Yambol


EuropaCorp S.A. (stylised in opening logo as EUROPA CORP.) is a French motion picture company headquartered in Saint-Denis, a northern suburb of Paris, and one of a few full service independent studios that both produces and distributes feature films. It specializes in production, distribution, home entertainment, VOD, sales, partnerships and licenses, recording, publishing and exhibition. EuropaCorp's integrated financial model generates revenues from a wide range of sources, with films from many genres and a strong presence in the international markets.

Over 14 years, EuropaCorp has produced and co-produced over 80 films and is now distributing over 500 titles after the integration of the RoissyFilms Catalogue. The studio is mainly known for its expertise in the production of English-language films with strong earning potential in the international marketplace. The company developed and produced the successful Taken trilogy and the Transporter series. The company began producing TV series in 2010 through EuropaCorp Television which had already adapted EuropaCorp's popular Taxi film franchise.

Since 2018, the company has faced tumultuous times following rape and sexual assault accusations towards its chairman and majority owner Luc Besson.

History
The company was created by Luc Besson in 1992 under the name Leeloo Productions, but it only fully began producing and co-producing feature films many years later, with the release of Taxi and The Dancer. The company was renamed EuropaCorp in 2000. Luc Besson had also created a smaller production company called Les Films du Dauphin in 1990 that has existed outside of Leeloo Productions / EuropaCorp. Pierre-Ange Le Pogam, old associate of Besson from Gaumont, the production company behind many earlier Besson's directed films, joined EuropaCorp in 2000. He had worked with Besson since 1985 first as a Distribution Director and from 1997 as a Deputy Chief Executive Officer at Gaumont. He became known as the right-hand man of Besson at EuropaCorp. He left the company in 2011 over disagreements with Besson.

In July 2007 EuropaCorp successfully managed its IPO on Euronext Paris. In May 2008, the CSA, French authority for media regulation, selected the EuropaCorp TV project in its invitation to apply for a mobile TV channel in France. In 2013 Lisa Ellzey, hitherto producer for Lionsgate and 20th Century Fox, was appointed as executive vice president of U.S. Motion Picture Production of EuropaCorp.

In 2018, Besson was accused of rape by an actress who wishes to remain anonymous. EuropaCorp stocks dropped 17% to just €2.31 ($2.70) after the rape allegation. Later the same year, EuropaCorp sold its French television division to Mediawan and renamed into Storia Television. EuropaCorp also agreed to sell the Roissy Films library to Gaumont. Five more women made similar statements against Besson.

In May 2019 EuropaCorp was granted a six-month debt waiver from a French commercial court and placed under court protection. A week later the studio filed for bankruptcy protection in the United States. Its stock value had fallen to €0.67. It had no films in production. In December 2019 the company was $182 million in debt and it had been in long bailout negotiations with Vine Alternative Investments.

Structure
In 2007 EuropaCorp was owned at 62% by Luc Besson through his company Frontline and at 8.06% by Pierre-Ange Le Pogam; 23% was public.

Besson was appointed the chairman of EuropaCorp's board of directors. Jean-Julien Baronnet was the chief executive officer of EuropaCorp until November 2008. Christophe Lambert was CEO from 2010 to 2016. Marc Shmuger was appointed as CEO in 2016.

Digital Factory is related to EuropaCorp via Luc Besson. The handling of post-production sound is performed chiefly at its Normandy site, while the visual effects are done in Paris.

In September 2016 it was announced that Chinese film company Fundamental Films had acquired a stake of 27.9% in EuropaCorp, becoming the second-largest shareholder in the company.

In June 2017, EuropaCorp signed a music publishing deal with Sony/ATV Music Publishing. And later that month, the studio posted a loss of 120 million euros (US$135 million).

International dimension
EuropaCorp has produced the world box-office hits Taken ($224 million at world box-office), Arthur and the Invisibles ($107 million), Transporter 3 ($106 million) and Hitman ($100 million).
Two EuropaCorp productions have been topping the US box-office: Transporter 2 by summer 2005 and Taken at spring 2009.

Many international film stars have appeared in EuropaCorp productions: Jim Carrey,  Penélope Cruz, Robert De Niro, David Duchovny, Morgan Freeman, Salma Hayek, Tommy Lee Jones, Jet Li, John Malkovich, Jason Statham, Brittany Murphy, Liam Neeson, Madonna, Freddie Highmore, Ewan McGregor, Lou Reed, and others. Consequently, the films are usually shot in English.

EuropaCorp Japan, a subsidiary of EuropaCorp based in Tokyo, has for core business the distribution of feature films in Japan. It is a joint-venture with three Japanese companies: Asmik Ace, Sumitomo Corporation and Kadokawa.

In 2012, EuropaCorp struck a three-year output deal with Chinese film distributor Fundamental Films for 15 feature films. Fundamental Films agreed to co-produce three of these films.

In May 2015, the company announced an output deal with Polish film distributor Kino Swiat.

"Cité du Cinéma", French movie studios
EuropaCorp relocated to the Cité du Cinéma  in 2012. This movie studio complex, located in Saint-Denis in the close outskirts of Paris, at build out will have a total of nine film stages, with another 12,000 square metres of space devoted to technical units and 2200 square metres for screening and reception rooms.

The cinema, photography and sound engineering school ENS Louis-Lumière was relocated to the complex in 2012.

EuropaCorp signed a lease with the Nef Lumière, owner of the tertiary complex, for space for its permanent staff and the film crews, with extra space for potential new activities. This tertiary complex is financed by both the Caisse des Dépôt and Vinci.

EuropaCorp is a minority shareholder in the company operating the studios, joining Euro Media Group, Quinta Communications and Frontline. The Euro Media Group, which owns several film studios throughout Europe, will provide management of daily operations of these studios of Paris.

Films

Television series
 No Limit (2012–2015)
 Transporter: The Series (2012–2014)
 Nom de code: Rose (2012)
 XIII: The Series (2011–2012)
 Flight of the Storks (2012)
 Taxi Brooklyn (2014)
 Taken (2017–2018)

Awards and nominations
 2009: In the Beginning directed by Xavier Giannoli competed as France's Official Selection in the Cannes Film Festival.
 2009: I Love You Phillip Morris, in which Glenn Ficarra and John Requa directed the film stars Jim Carrey and Ewan McGregor, competed for the Camera d’Or during the Director’s Fortnight.
 2009: Taken, directed by Pierre Morel, was nominated at the Teen Choice Award for the Action Adventure Movie Award. The movie and its soundtrack composer Nathaniel Mechaly in particular, won the BMI Film Music Award.
 2009: Human Zoo, directed by Rie Rasmussen, competed at the 59th Berlin Film Festival in the Panorama section, as well as at the film festivals in Copenhagen and Rio de Janeiro.
 2007: Hitman, directed by Xavier Gens, won the Golden Trailer Award 2008 for Best Motion/Title Graphics.
 2007: Arthur and the Invisibles, directed by Luc Besson, won the NRJ Ciné Award 2007 for Best Dubbing; the film was also nominated at the Young Artist Award for Best International Family Feature Film and Best Performance in an International Feature Film - Leading Young Actor with Freddie Highmore.
 2006: The Chinese Botanist's Daughters, directed by Dai Sijie, won in 2006 the Best Artistic Contribution and People’s Choice Awards at the Montreal World Film Festival, and was nominated for the «Grand Prix des Amériques». The film won the Best Canadian Film or Video Award at the 2007 Toronto Inside Out Lesbian and Gay Film and Video Festival.
 2005: The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada, by Tommy Lee Jones, was nominated for the Palme d'Or, and Tommy Lee Jones won the Best Actor Award while Guillermo Arriaga won the Best Script Award. The movie was given a place of honor at the Satellite Awards 2005 and the Independent Spirit Awards 2005. It also won the "Grand Prix" at the Flanders International Film Festival and the Bronze Wrangler at the Western Heritage Awards.

References

External links
  Europacorp at Uni France
  EuropaCorp Official Website
  Europacorp at Cineuropa
  Euronext Website
  Digital Factory website
  Roissy Film website
  Dog Productions website
  Editions Intervista website
  Edition Septième Choc website
  EuropaCorp Japan website

EuropaCorp films
French film studios
2007 initial public offerings
Companies listed on Euronext Paris
Mass media companies established in 1992
Film production companies of France
Film distributors of France
French companies established in 1992
Luc Besson
Mass media in Paris
Newsreels
International sales agents


Robert Boutigny (24 July 1927 – 22 July 2022) was a French sprint canoeist who competed from the late 1940s to the early 1950s. Competing in two Summer Olympics, he won a bronze medal in the C-1 1000 m event at London in 1948. Boutigny also won two medals at the 1950 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships with a gold in the C-1 10000 m and a silver in the C-1 1000 m events.

References

External links

Robert Boutigny's profile at Sports Reference.com

1927 births
2022 deaths
People from Villeneuve-le-Roi
Canoeists at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Canoeists at the 1952 Summer Olympics
French male canoeists
Olympic canoeists for France
Olympic bronze medalists for France
Olympic medalists in canoeing
ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships medalists in Canadian
Medalists at the 1948 Summer Olympics


David Lane is a tram station on Nottingham Express Transit, in the city of Nottingham suburb of Basford. The tram lines here run parallel to the Robin Hood railway line that links Nottingham with Worksop, but there is no corresponding railway station. Both tram and railway lines have two tracks, and the resulting four tracks cross David Lane on a pair of parallel level crossings. The tram stop comprises a pair of side platforms on both sides of the tramway.

With the opening of NET's phase two, David Lane is now on the common section of the NET, where line 1, between Hucknall and Chilwell, and line 2, between Phoenix Park and Clifton, operate together. Trams on each line run at frequencies that vary between 4 and 8 trams per hour, depending on the day and time of day, combining to provide up to 16 trams per hour on the common section.

Nottingham Express Transit recommend using this stop to change between the Hucknall and Phoenix Park branches, rather than the next station (Highbury Vale) where the two branches diverge.

This is the closest tram stop to Basford United's football stadium, Greenwich Avenue.

Gallery

References

External links

Nottingham Express Transit stops


Licofelone is a dual COX/LOX inhibitor that was studied in clinical trials as a treatment for osteoarthritis and which was under development by Merckle GmbH with partners Alfa Wassermann and Lacer.

Licofelone is both an analgesic and an anti-inflammatory. Inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) may reduce the gastrointestinal toxicity associated with other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), which only inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX). Licofelone is the first drug to inhibit both.

Phase III trials for osteoarthritis were conducted in the early 2000s, but results were mixed and the drug has never been submitted for regulatory approval.

References

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Abandoned drugs


James Calvin Sadler (February 9, 1920 – September 2, 2005) was an American meteorologist, and a professor in tropical meteorology at the University of Hawaii, where he taught for 22 years. He is considered one of the pioneers of tropical meteorological study.

Career
Sadler was born in Silver Point, Putnam County, Tennessee. He graduated with a civil engineering degree from the Tennessee Polytechnic Institute in 1941, receiving a meteorology certificate from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1942, and later in 1947 earning a master's degree in meteorology from the University of California, Berkeley. He spent a number of years in the U.S. Air Force, where he made some important contributions towards satellite observations and tropical meteorology.

Publications
Sadler was the author of many books and essays on tropical meteorology including Average Cloudiness in the Tropics from Satellite Observations  (1969) and Pacific Ocean Cloudiness from Satellite Observations (1976). Sadler documented the tropical cyclones over the eastern North Pacific that were revealed by satellite observations, and suggested that the upper-tropospheric circulation is a factor of development, as well as the life history of the tropical cyclones. Using charts of mean 200-hectopascal circulation for July through August to locate the circumpolar troughs and ridges, he observed that there is a trough line extending over the eastern and central North Pacific and another one extending over the North Atlantic. He also stated that the summer tropical upper tropospheric trough in the Southern Hemisphere lies over the trade wind region of the east central Pacific and can induce tropical cyclones.

According to Tom Schroeder, director of the Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, "He was one of the foremost meteorologists of his time, and one of the founders of tropical meteorology as a discipline."

Family

Sadler died on September 2, 2005, survived by his wife, the late Nanell Harding Sadler (2014), and two sons, James C. Sadler, Jr., and Glen H. Sadler.

See also
Upper tropospheric cyclonic vortex

References

1920 births
2005 deaths
People from Putnam County, Tennessee
American meteorologists
Tennessee Technological University alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni
University of Hawaiʻi faculty


Manfred Baerns (23 July 1934 – 2 February 2021) was a German chemist.

Career
After a 2-years postdoctoral fellowship at the Argonne National Laboratory (Argonne, Illinois), a further 5 years in academia and a 5-year career in industry, was a full professor for chemical technology and reaction engineering at Ruhr-University Bochum (Germany) from 1974–1995. He then acted as scientific director of the "Institute of Applied Chemistry Berlin-Adlershof" until 2003. He was lately a guest scientist as Professor Emeritus at the "Fritz-Haber-Institute" of the Max-Planck-Society at Berlin.

Baerns was a member of numerous scientific committees and a referee for research proposal at a national level. From 1991 to 1997 he was member of the board DECHEMA (a scientific association of chemical technology, chemical engineering and biotechnology), and a permanent member of the German Chemical Society, the German Bunsen Society for Physical Chemistry, German Society for Coal, Oil and Gas, and finally the American Chemical Society.

He received the DECHEMA titanium medal, the award of the 4th World Congress on Oxidation Catalysis, for which he acted as president, honorary professorships of the Humboldt University and the Technical University, both at Berlin, honorary membership of the Leibniz-Institute for Catalysis at Rostock (Germany).

Baerns was an author of about 300 scientific publications and three books on chemical reaction engineering and catalysis. His research focused on heterogeneous catalysis (oil and gas for chemicals) and chemical reaction engineering.

He died in February 2021 at the age of 86.

Books

Manfred Baerns, Martin Holena, Combinatorial development of solid catalytic materials - Design of high throughput experiments, data analysis, data mining, 2009, Imperial College Press, London, 178 pages

References

1934 births
2021 deaths
German physical chemists


Georges Henri Reeb (12 November 1920 – 6 November 1993) was a French mathematician. He worked in differential topology, differential geometry, differential equations, topological dynamical systems theory and non-standard analysis.

Biography
Reeb was born in Saverne, Bas-Rhin, Alsace, to Theobald Reeb and Caroline Engel. He started studying mathematics at University of Strasbourg, but in 1939 the entire university was evacuated to Clermont-Ferrand due to the German occupation of France.

After the war, he completed his studies and in 1948 he defended his PhD thesis, entitled Propriétés topologiques des variétés feuilletées [Topological properties of foliated manifolds] and supervised by Charles Ehresmann.

In 1952 Reeb was appointed professor at Université Joseph Fourier in Grenoble and in 1954 he visited the Institute for Advanced Study. From 1963 he worked at Université Louis Pasteur in Strasbourg.

There, in 1965 he created with Jean Leray and Pierre Lelong the series of meeting Rencontres entre Mathématiciens et Physiciens Théoriciens. in 1966 Reeb and Jean Frenkel founded the Institute de Recherche mathématique Avancée, the first university laboratory associated to the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, which he directed between 1967 and 1972.

In 1967 he was President of the Société Mathématique de France and in 1971 he was awarded the .

In 1991 Reeb received an honorary doctorate from Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg and from Université de Neuchâtel. He died in 1993 in Strasbourg when he was 72 years old.

Research

Reeb was the founder of the topological theory of foliations, a geometric structure on smooth manifolds which partition them in smaller pieces. In particular, he described what is now called the Reeb foliation, a foliation of the 3-sphere, whose leaves are all diffeomorphic to , except one, which is a 2-torus.

One of its first significant result, Reeb stability theorem, describes the local structure foliations around a compact leaf with finite holonomy group.

His works on foliations had also applications in Morse theory. In particular, the Reeb sphere theorem says that a compact manifold with a function with exactly two critical points is homeomorphic to the sphere. In turn, in 1956 this was used to prove that the Milnor spheres, although not diffeomorphic, are homeomorphic to the sphere .

Other important geometric concepts named after him include the Reeb graph and the Reeb vector field associated to a contact form.

Towards the end of his career, Reeb become a supporter of the theory of non-standard analysis by Abraham Robinson, coining the slogan "The naïve integers don't fill up " and working on its applications to dynamical systems.

Selected works

Books
with Wu Wen-Tsün: Sur les espaces fibrés et les variétés feuilletées, 1952
with A. Fuchs: Statistiques commentées, 1967
with J. Klein: Formules commentées de mathématiques: Programme P.C., 1971
Feuilletages: résultats anciens et nouveaux (Painlevé, Hector et Martinet), 1974

Articles

 with André Haefliger:

See also
Séminaire Nicolas Bourbaki
Séminaire Nicolas Bourbaki (1950–1959)

References

1920 births
1993 deaths
People from Saverne
Academic staff of the University of Strasbourg
20th-century French mathematicians


Mauricio González (born October 16, 1960) is a Mexican retired long-distance runner. He won the gold medal in the men's 5000 metres event at the 1986 Central American and Caribbean Games, and competed for his native country at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea. Mexican record holder 5000m and 10000m 1985–1988. Fourth place Final Grand Prix 5000m Rome Italy.

González was married to Poland's long-distance runner Wanda Panfil.

Personal bests
5,000 metres — 13.22.4 (1985)
10,000 metres — 27.43.64 (1988)

External links

1960 births
Living people
Mexican male long-distance runners
Athletes (track and field) at the 1987 Pan American Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Mexico
Central American and Caribbean Games gold medalists for Mexico
Competitors at the 1986 Central American and Caribbean Games
Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in athletics
Pan American Games competitors for Mexico
20th-century Mexican people


János Parti (24 October 1932 – 6 March 1999) was a Hungarian sprint canoeist. He competed in singles at the 1952, 1956 and 1960 Olympics and won one gold and two silver medals. He also won a gold medal in the C-1 1000 m event at the 1954 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in Mâcon.

References

External links

1932 births
1999 deaths
Canoeists at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Canoeists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Canoeists at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Hungarian male canoeists
Olympic canoeists for Hungary
Olympic gold medalists for Hungary
Olympic silver medalists for Hungary
Olympic medalists in canoeing
ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships medalists in Canadian
Medalists at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Canoeists from Budapest
20th-century Hungarian people