SS Sicamous is a large four decked sternwheeler commissioned by the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) and built by the Western Dry Dock and Shipbuilding Company for Okanagan Lake service between the fruit communities of Penticton, and other towns of Kelowna and Vernon, British Columbia. The vessel launched in 1914 and operated until 1937, and it is currently beached as a part of a heritage park cared for by the S.S. Sicamous Marine Heritage Society in Penticton. The vessel today is operated both as a museum, restoration site, and a facility for special events.

Form
Built in 1914, Sicamous made daily trips around Okanagan Lake until 1936, with her last official voyage in 1937. Throughout her twenty-two years of official service, Sicamous remained an important link within the transportation system of the Okanagan. Sicamous now resides in Penticton where she continues to undergo restoration.
Sicamous had the following dimensions:
  Length: 200.5 ft (registered); 228 ft (overall)
  Breadth: 40 ft
  Height (main deck to pilot house): 53 ft
  Gross Tonnage: 1786.65 tons
  Net Tonnage: 994.38 tons
Although passengers would board the ship on the cargo deck, their access was limited to the bow. After boarding they would head up either one of the two exterior staircases leading to the saloon deck. The saloon deck was home to the exquisite dining hall featuring an impressive mezzanine balcony and clerestory windows. Located at the bow was the Gentlemen’s Saloon with bar, while the stern housed the Ladies Saloon complete with a beautiful bridal suite. Above the saloon deck was the observation deck or gallery deck. This was where passengers would go to admire the view of Okanagan Lake and the surrounding area. Much like the saloon deck, ladies and gentlemen each had their own separate observation area, with women observing at the bow, and men at the stern. Just beneath the Pilot House was the Texas Deck, which served as a casual meeting place for the captain and his crew.

The combined factors of the Kettle Valley Railway, which ran along the east side of Okanagan Lake, the construction of the highway along the west side of the lake, and the influence of the Great Depression in the 1930s contributed to a decline in ridership and profitability for the Sicamous. As a result, the CPR decided to renovate Sicamous, removing the Texas Deck and two thirds of the observation deck. These changes were designed to reduce wind resistance and weight, decreasing coal consumption and allowing for more cargo to be transported. Despite her decrease in size, Sicamous remained a first-class steamship with the same fine Australian mahogany and Burmese teak finishings.

Function
Sicamous was a steam-driven sternwheeler, consuming an average of fifteen to seventeen tons of coal each day, depending upon weather conditions and the number of stops made along the lake. Today Sicamous remains the largest steam-powered, steel-hulled sternwheeler in Canada.
Twenty-three feet long and made of Carnegie flange steel, the boiler was designed to burn 1720 kilograms of coal each hour. It was important to maintain a large and very hot fire burning within the boiler. Surrounding the fire was a steel chamber containing water pulled from the lake as well as 320 hollow tubes. These tubes would heat rapidly, quickly turning the water to steam. Pressure would build and the temperature would rise. The steam pressure was constantly monitored and maintained at 160 psi by a fireman or an engineer who was responsible for manually releasing steam as needed. This steam would travel from the boiler to the engines via the bulkhead, a large tube attached to the ceiling of the bilge. Sicamous had two engines, each with a low- and high-pressure cylinder. Steam would travel from cylinder to cylinder, moving pistons which were attached to the ship's pitman arms. These pitman arms were connected to the wooden stern wheel and moved completely out of phase with one another, distributing power equally to both sides of the stern wheel.

Purpose
Built in 1914 and retired in 1936, Sicamous dedicated twenty-two years of service to the CPR, transporting people of the Okanagan and travelers alike. Although always a first-class steamship complete with luxurious staterooms and cabins, Sicamous was renovated in 1935 and became primarily a cargo vessel, reducing her total number of berths from 80 to 20. This change was made in hopes of serving the people of the valley better while increasing her profits.

Operation
Construction of Sicamous began September 1913 and continued throughout the winter, finishing in the spring of 1914. The hull, engine and boiler were fabricated beforehand in Port Arthur, Ontario (Thunder Bay) and shipped to the construction site at Okanagan Landing. It took seventeen railcars to ship the prefabricated materials to the construction site. Up to 150 men were hired to build both Sicamous and her sister ship, Naramata. The cost to build Sicamous alone was estimated to be $180,000 not including the additional $14,000 spent on fine furnishings.

Sicamous was launched May 19, 1914 at 2:15 in the afternoon, and had its first excursion on June 12, 1914. The first to pilot the ship was Captain George Estabrooks, followed by Captain Otto Estabrooks in 1915, Captain William Kirby in 1916, Captain George Robertson from 1917 to 1921 and lastly Captain Joseph Weeks from 1922 to 1935. To be captain of such a ship was considered to be one of the most prestigious careers in the Okanagan Valley and each captain was held in very high regard.

Crew Complement and Officers
While off duty, the twenty-four crew members aboard Sicamous would sleep in the crew’s quarters at the stern of the cargo deck. These rooms consisted of three single bunks and housed up to six men. Crew members would sleep in shifts, sharing bunks where need be. Their quarters were known for having bed bug and cockroach infestations while also being plagued by mosquitoes living in the valley. However, a warm place to stay overnight and three meals a day were included in the crew’s wages.
Chief Engineers aboard Sicamous included:
  William Jacobs
  D. Stephens
  D.H. Biggam
  John F. McRae
  P.H. Pearce
During World War I, many of the Lake and River Service’s skilled engineers left for battle, leaving numerous steamships, including Sicamous, without a Chief Engineer. As a result, Dave Stephens (rumored to be the D. Stephens above) filled in for the younger men who had joined the army. Dave Stephens was the British Columbia Lake and River Service’s Primary Chief Engineer and oversaw operations from Nelson.
Captains aboard Sicamous included:
  Captain George Estabrooks (1914)
  Captain Otto Estabrooks (1915)
  Captain William Kirby (1916)
  Captain George Robertson (1917-1921)
  Captain Joseph Weeks (1922-1935)
Before he became a captain, Otto Estabrooks (at the age of fifteen) was assigned the task of relieving the night watchman. He was responsible for keeping the fire within the boiler burning strongly throughout the night. This was necessary so that Sicamous could leave on time the next morning. His recollection is included below:

"The first night I fell asleep and did not waken until 5:30 a.m., exactly in time to sound the three whistles to announce that it was a half hour before leaving time-something any kid would have loved to do all by himself.
Rushing to the pilot house and pulling the cord, it didn’t whistle. There wasn’t enough steam. The engineer, a  gentleman  of the first water, said he forgot to tell me to keep steam up. They were kind words from a kind man, even if they were not true."

See also
 Steamboats of Lake Okanagan
 Canadian Pacific Railway Lake and River Service
 List of historic vessels in British Columbia

Citations

References

External links

British Columbia railways
Penticton
Canadian Pacific Railway
Paddle steamers of British Columbia
Tourist attractions in the Okanagan
Heritage sites in British Columbia
Museum ships in Canada
Museum ships in British Columbia
1914 ships
Steamboats of Okanagan Lake


Ramón Patricio Ávila Castro (born February 20, 1982) is a Chilean former footballer who played as a forward for clubs in Chile and El Salvador.

Club career
Born in Villa Alegre, Chile, Ávila played in the Colo Colo youth teams before joining Rangers de Talca in 2001.

He spent the most part of his career with Rangers, with a stint in El Salvador, where he played for Luis Ángel Firpo and won the league title in 2008. He retired in 2010 while he played for Rangers in the Primera B de Chile.

Personal life
In December 2021, he had a heart attack when he was a player of the amateur club 8 1/2 from Talca.

Honours
Luis Ángel Firpo
 Salvadoran Primera División: 2008 Clausura

References

External links

Ramón Ávila at PlaymakerStats.com

1982 births
Living people
People from Linares Province
Footballers from Maule Region
Men's association football forwards
Chilean men's footballers
Chilean expatriate men's footballers
Rangers de Talca footballers
C.D. Luis Ángel Firpo footballers
Chilean Primera División players
Primera B de Chile players
Salvadoran Primera División players
Chilean expatriate sportspeople in El Salvador
Expatriate men's footballers in El Salvador


Herber Antonio Barrera Romero (born April 28, 1987) is a Salvadoran footballer.

Club career
Barrera started his career at third division side Topiltzín, with whom he clinched promotion to the Second division in 2005. In 2007, he stepped back to the third division and joined Espíritu Santo and made his debut in the Primera División de Fútbol de El Salvador with Luís Ángel Firpo in 2008. In summer 2010 he was out of contract with Firpo, with Atletico Balboa and Atletico Marte interested, but Barrera rejected Balboa and Marte did not have the money to sign him.

International career
Barrera made his debut for El Salvador in a July 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup match against Canada, coming on as a late substitute for Williams Reyes. As of January 2011, this has been his only international match.

References

External links

1987 births
Living people
People from Usulután Department
Men's association football forwards
Salvadoran men's footballers
El Salvador men's international footballers
2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
C.D. Luis Ángel Firpo footballers


TV 2 Sonen 24/7 was a Norwegian interactive television channel based on a show on TV 2 and TV 2 Zebra where viewers could communicate with the host via SMS. play games and request songs.

External links
Sonen blir egen TV-kanal

Defunct television channels in Norway
Television channels and stations established in 2007
Television channels and stations disestablished in 2007


The Guia Circuit, or Circuito da Guia, is a  street circuit located at the southeast region of the Macau Peninsula in Macau. It is the venue of the Macau Grand Prix and Guia Race of Macau. The circuit consists of long straights and tight corners, and features the characteristics of a typical street circuit - narrow, bumpy and limited overtaking opportunities. However, there are two special features that can rarely be found in other street circuits - variation in altitude (over  between highest and lowest point of the circuit) and an ultra long main straight that allows top speed of  on Formula Three cars. As a result, the circuit is recognised as one of the most challenging circuits in the world in terms of both driving and tuning, as cars have to maintain competitive speed to overcome hill-climbing, twisty corners and long straights in a single lap.

History

The Guia Circuit was originally conceived in 1954 as the route for a treasure hunt around the streets of the city, but shortly after the event it was suggested that the hunt's track could host an amateur racing event for local motor enthusiasts. Since 1967, with the introduction of a motorcycle race, the track has become a venue for both motorcycle and car racing events.

Racing events
The circuit is unique for its combination of motorcycle and car racing events within the same race weekend. The Macau Motorcycle GP, the Guia Race (WTCC final rounds from 2005 to 2014) and the Macau Formula 3 GP are the highlights of the race weekend. In addition, various kind of racing events are organised for competition between local and regional (Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japan, South East Asia, etc.) enthusiasts.

Layout

Unlike other regular racing tracks in the world, the layout of the Guia Circuit has not been modified since 1957 (the pit and paddock complex has been relocated to the present location since 1993, but the layout of the circuit has not been changed). The narrowest part of the track has a width of merely , which is located at the Melco Hairpin. The whole length of the circuit is safely bounded by Armco barriers painted in black and yellow stripes. There used to be a gravel trap near the Reservoir Bend but since the pit and paddock complex was moved to the present location, this feature has been removed.

Grandstands

There are two major grandstands around the circuit for spectators to watch live racing - the main grandstand along the pit straight and the other one at the Lisboa Bend. The Lisboa Bend is the most famous spot of excitement as it offers the only possible overtaking opportunity at the end of the main straight. On the other hand, it is also notorious for massive pile-ups on opening laps due to its 90-degree turn configuration and its significant reduction in track width. As a result, the ticket price for a seat at the Lisboa Bend is much higher than that of a seat at the main grandstand. But as with most street circuits there are many people who stand or sit next to the track or on bridges and fly overs.

Lap records

Italics indicate discontinued class. As of November 2022, the fastest official race lap records at the Guia Circuit are listed as:

Appearances in video games

See also
 Macau Grand Prix
 Guia Race of Macau
 World Touring Car Championship

References

External links

Official site
Asian Festival of Speed results

Motorsport venues in Macau
Motorsport in Macau
Tourism in Macau
Macau Grand Prix
Sports venues in Macau
World Touring Car Championship circuits


The 1992 Philadelphia Eagles season was their 60th in the National Football League (NFL). The team fought through adversity from the outset and improved upon their previous output of 10–6, winning eleven games and returning to the playoffs after a year out.

This was the first season the team was sponsored by the Russell Athletic brand until the 1996 season.

After winning four in a row and five of their last six regular-season games, the Birds kept the momentum going and posted their first playoff victory since the 1980 NFC Championship Game, topping the Saints in New Orleans in the Wild Card playoffs. It was also their first playoff win on the road, since the 1949 NFL Championship Game.
Season highlights included: the first 4–0 start since going 6–0 to begin the 1981 campaign, a home shutout of the Denver Broncos on September 20, a memorable seven-play goal-line stand in a 7–3 win over the Cardinals on October 25, a come-from-behind 47–34 win over the New York Giants at the Meadowlands (which included a Vai Sikahema punt return for a touchdown and his iconic boxing with the padding at the base of the goal posts), and cornerback Eric Allen batting away a Mark Rypien pass at the goal line to seal a playoff-spot-clinching 17–13 decision against the Washington Redskins on December 20.

The entire season was the focus of Mark Bowden's best-selling book "Bringing the Heat", which also dealt in great detail with prominent recent-term figures who were not with the 1992 Eagles, including tight end Keith Jackson who became the first prominent NFL player to use his newly-granted rights of full and unrestricted free agency and signed a deal with the Miami Dolphins several weeks into the season, and former coach Buddy Ryan who struggled through a TV commentator's role two years after he was fired as the Eagles coach but remained a huge (and not always positive) influence on the 1992 Eagles (particularly through the defensive players who loved Ryan and remained loyal to him, and who were lukewarm at best about Rich Kotite's leadership). Bowden's book also described the personal issues that Eagles players faced, the friction between how injuries should be (or were) treated by the team's medical staff, and the story of hugely successful but haunted then-team owner Norman Braman.

The last remaining active member of the 1992 Philadelphia Eagles was punter Jeff Feagles, who retired after the 2009 season.

Offseason
The Eagles were represented at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville, as Herschel Walker represented the United States in the two-man bobsled event. Walker and Brian Shimer's sled finished seventh and missed a medal by 0.32 seconds, and was the higher finishing American team.

Jerome Brown's death
Tragedy struck the team when, on June 25, 1992, defensive tackle Jerome Brown lost control of his Chevrolet Corvette at high speed before crashing into an electric pole, killing Brown and his nephew Gus. Later that evening in Philadelphia, in front of a large gathering at Veterans Stadium and a national television audience who were participating in a Billy Graham Crusade, Reggie White broke the news of his teammate's passing to the shock of the audience.

The Eagles retired number 99 in honor of Brown, kept his locker untouched, and wore a patch with his initials and number on their jerseys. They also adopted the rallying cry "Bring It Home For Jerome", referring to their desire to win the Super Bowl for their fallen teammate.

NFL draft

The Eagles had a 10–6 record in 1991 and tied with three other teams. Because of this they selected the 16th to 20th pick on a rotating basis in the 12 rounds. They traded away their first round pick earlier, which was made by the Dallas Cowboys. With their pick in the second round they chose Siran Stacy, a running back out of the University of Alabama. The Eagles selected 12 players over the 12 rounds.

Personnel

Staff

Roster

Regular season

Schedule

Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text.

Game summaries

Week 1: vs. New Orleans Saints

 Source: Pro-Football-Reference.com

Week 2: at Phoenix Cardinals

 Source: Pro-Football-Reference.com

Week 3: vs. Denver Broncos

 Source: Pro-Football-Reference.com

Week 5: vs. Dallas Cowboys

 Source: Pro-Football-Reference.com

Week 6: at Kansas City Chiefs

 Source: Pro-Football-Reference.com

This game ended the longest ever gap between two NFL teams meeting – it was the first occasion the Eagles had opposed the Chiefs since October 22, 1972, and only their second-ever matchup. This occurred because in previous seasons when the AFC West and NFC East met each other, either the Eagles or the Chiefs (but never both) finished in fifth position and did not play the ordinary set of interconference games.

Week 7: at Washington Redskins

Week 8: vs. Phoenix Cardinals

Week 9: at Dallas Cowboys

 Source: Pro-Football-Reference.com

Week 10: vs. Los Angeles Raiders

 Source: Pro-Football-Reference.com

Week 11: at Green Bay Packers

 Source: Pro-Football-Reference.com

Week 12: at New York Giants

 Source: Pro-Football-Reference.com

Week 13: at San Francisco 49ers

 Source: Pro-Football-Reference.com

Week 14: vs. Minnesota Vikings

 Source: Pro-Football-Reference.com

Week 15: at Seattle Seahawks

 Source: Pro-Football-Reference.com

Week 16: vs. Washington Redskins

 Source: Pro-Football-Reference.com

Week 17: vs. New York Giants

 Source: Pro-Football-Reference.com

Standings

Playoffs

NFC Wild Card: at New Orleans Saints

 Source: Pro-Football-Reference.com

NFC Divisional: at Dallas Cowboys

 Source: Pro-Football-Reference.com

References

Further reading
 Bringing the Heat (1994; ), an account by Mark Bowden of the 1992 Philadelphia Eagles season

External links
 1992 Philadelphia Eagles at Pro-Football-Reference.com

Philadelphia Eagles seasons
Philadelphia Eagles
Philadelphia Eagles


Ponponio (also known as Pomponio and Lupegeyun, c. 1799 – 1824), was the leader of a band of Native American fugitives in California who called themselves Los Insurgentes and who rebelled against Mexican rule and the mission system in California. Under his organization they raided settlements between the areas of modern-day Sonoma and Soledad in the early 19th century.

Pomponio State Beach, Pomponio Creek, south of San Gregorio, and the Pomponio Trail in Pescadero Creek Park, San Mateo County, were named for him.

Early years
Ponponio was a Coast Miwok from the Guaulen local tribe area of present-day Bolinas according to sources that reference the early Franciscan mission records. He was born to Francisco (Tabal[j]eiu) and Antonia (Juniela) about 1799 with the native name Lupegeyun (or [S]upugeyun). He was baptized at the Mission Dolores in San Francisco in 1803, and given the Spanish name "Ponponio". The mission recorder noted he was about four years old ("como 4"), when he was baptized. The mission records spell his name Ponponio. Later historians such as Hurt spell it Pomponio.

By legend Ponponio was also rumored to be "the bravest and most fearsome of the Cainameros tribe" which was a reference to the Southern Pomo of present-day Sonoma County, California.

Another non-mission source identifies him as an Ohlone from south of the Golden Gate, although this seems a legend without supporting documentation.

He may have at some time served the Mission San Rafael Arcángel as an alcade.

Rebel years
Ponponio fled the mission and began raids against scattered ranches and missions about 1818. In the summer of 1823, his main camp was somewhere in the area of present-day Upper Alpine Road, San Mateo County. A cave "once called Ponponio's Cave" at the headwaters of Pomponio Creek, near Devils Canyon Falls, was said to have been his headquarters.

Originally, much of Ponponio's legend was assembled from unreliable, anecdotal sources.  One romantic, fictionalized account of his life has Ponponio cutting off his own heels to escape from captivity. The origin of this story may be that a lieutenant of Ponponio's band, one Gonzalo from Carmel, was captured and put in irons, and was reported to have cut off both heels to escape.  The historical account continues saying that after a career as a robber, Gonzalo asked Ponponio to bring a priest to make his dying confession. Rather than have a priest hear anything not to his  (Ponponio's) benefit, Ponponio ran him through with a lance. Ponponio gave similar treatment to another of his lieutenants named Baltasar.

Ponponio raided far from his home vicinity of the Pescadero and San Gregorio Creeks.

He was captured by a party of four soldiers near San Rafael and tried by court martial in Monterey, and shot on February 6, 1824. The mission records also note this "Alcabuc[e]aron...por sentencia de un consejo de Guerra formado en el mismo Presidio." [They warmed by sentence of a war council formed in the same Presidio.]

Notes

References

Brown, Alan K. Indians of San Mateo County, in La Peninsula:Journal of the San Mateo County Historical Association, Vol. XVII No. 4, Winter 1973-1974.
Brown, Alan K. Place Names of San Mateo County, San Mateo County Historical Association, 1975.
Brown, Alan K. Pomponio's World, in Argonaut, (San Francisco Westerners), no. 6, San Francisco, May 1975.
California Coastal Commission, Madge Caughman, and Joanne S. Ginsberg, California Coastal Resource Guide, University of California Press, 1987. , page 179

The Huntington Library, Early California Population Project Database, 2006.
Jackson, Robert. Indians, Franciscans, and Spanish colonization,  University of New Mexico Press, 1995, page 185
Hurt, The Indian frontier, 1763-1846, UNM Press, 2002, , p. 74
Laws, David A. Coastside: Exploring the Ocean Side of the San Francisco Peninsula, Windy Hill, 2004, , page 8 []

 Sánchez, Rosaura. Telling Identities: the Californio Testimonios, University of Minnesota Press, 1995, , page 155.

Further reading
Half Moon Bay Memories: The Outlaw Pomponio and the art of David Gremard Romero, June 1, 2017.

People of Mexican California
History of the San Francisco Bay Area
Native American leaders
People from Marin County, California
People from San Mateo County, California
1790s births
1824 deaths
Year of birth uncertain


is the 17th studio album by Japanese singer-songwriter Miyuki Nakajima, released in November 1989. Like some of her previous efforts (Okaerinasai and Oiro Naoshi), it comprises the materials that she wrote for other singers.

The album features three top-ten hit singles. Among them, "Haru Nanoni" was recorded by pop idol Yoshie Kashiwabara in 1983. It became Kashiwabara's most successful single after her breakthrough "Hello Goodbye", peaking at No. 6 on the Japanese Oricon chart. Nakajima's contribution won the 25th Japan Record Awards for the "Best Songwriting Prize". "Lonely Canary" is one of Kashiwabara's subsequent materials written by Nakajima, released in 1985 and charted at No. 9. The lead-off track, "Kōsa ni Fukarete," was recorded by Shizuka Kudō and released as a single 2 months before Kaikinetsu came out. Nakajima had previously contributed the lyrics for her records, including two chart toppers "Fu-Ji-Tsu" and "Mu-Go,n...Iroppoi". "Kōsa ni Fukarete" also reached the summit of the Oricon shortly after its release, becoming the fifth of Kudo's eight consecutive No. 1 hit singles. In Japan, it became one of the biggest hits of 1989 with sales of over 580,000 copies, winning the 4th RIAJ Gold Disc Awards for "The Best Five Singles of Year" category.

Following the smash hit single interpreted by Kudo, Kaikinetsu sold better than other Nakajima's albums released in the late 1980s. On the Japanese Oricon Year-end chart of 1990, it was placed at the 99th best-selling album.

Track listing
All songs arranged by Ichizō Seo

Personnel
Hideo Yamaki – drums
Eiji Shimamura – drums
Jun Aoyama – drums
Yūichi Tokashiki – drums
Chiharu Mikuzuki – bass guitar
Kenji Takamizu – bass guitar
Tsugutoshi Goto – bass guitar
Yasuo Arakawa – wood bass
Tsuyoshi Kon – electric guitar
Masaki Matsubara – electric guitar
Hideo Saito – electric guitar
Ryōmei Shirai – electric guitar
Kiyoshi Sugimoto – electric guitar
Chuei Yoshikawa – acoustic guitar, flat mandolin
Nobuo Kurata – keyboards
Yasuharu Nakanishi – keyboards
Ken Shima – keyboards
Elton Nagata – keyboards
Hideo Ichikawa – keyboards
Yasuhiro Kobayashi – accordion
Aska Group – strings
Joe Group – strings
Sakurako Shirahama – violin
Kouzou Noguchi – bassoon
Masashi Togame – clarinet
Toshihiko Furumura – alto sax
Nobuhiko Nakayama – computer programming
Tatsuhiko Mori – computer programming
Keishi Urata – computer programming
Yuiko Tsubokura – backing vocals
Kazuyo Sugimoto – backing vocals
Ichizō Seo – backing vocals, keyboards, computer programming
Miyuki Nakajima – lead and backing vocals

Chart positions

References

1989 albums
Miyuki Nakajima albums
Pony Canyon albums
Self-covers albums


Soldiers Sortie () is a 2007 Chinese TV drama based on a novel by Lan Xiaolong. It was co-produced by the 8-1 Film Studio, Chengdu Military Region Television Arts Center, Huayi Brothers Film Investment Co. Ltd., and Yunnan TV Station. The production cast includes Kang Honglei as director, Wu Yi as producer, Qian Zhang as chief producer, and Lan Xiaolong as script writer.

Cast
 Wang Baoqiang (王宝强) as Private, later NCO (Class 1) XU Sanduo (许三多): A shy village boy, forced to quit school and drafted into the People's Liberation Army by his alcoholic father, to toughen him up.
 Chen Sicheng (陈思成) as Private, later NCO (Class 1) CHENG Cai (成才): A boy from the same village as Sanduo, a childhood bully but a very talented soldier. He joins the army with Sanduo and goes to Section 7 of the 7th Company, where he is trained as a marksman.
 Xing Jiadong (邢佳栋) as NCO (Class 2) WU Liuyi (伍六一): Second-in-command of Section 3
 Zhang Yi (张译) as NCO (Class 3), SHI Jin (史今): Commander of Section 3, who drafted Sanduo into the boot camp.
 Fan Lei (范雷) as NCO (Class 3) MA (老马): Commander of Section 5 of the 3rd Company.
 Zhang Guoqiang (张国强) as Captain, later Major GAO Cheng (高城): Commanding officer of the "Steel" 7th Company.
 Duan Yihong (段奕宏) as Lieutenant Colonel YUAN Lang (袁朗): Leader of the "Unit A" special ops.
 Li Chen (李晨) as Lieutenant Commander WU Zhe (吴哲): "Unit A" recruit, and one of XU Sanduo's best friends in the detachment.
 Gao Feng (高峰) as Captain QI Huan (齐桓): A member of "Unit A" and the trainer for the entry training.
 Li Bo (李博) as Private, later NCO (Class 1) GAN Xiaoning (甘小宁): A soldier of the 7th Company and a friend of Sanduo.
 Zuo Tengyun (左腾云) as Private BAI Tiejun (白铁军): A soldier of the 7th Company.
 Li Liang (李梁) as Cadet MA Xiaoshuai (马小帅): The last member of the 7th Company, a later 2nd Lieutenant in the Reconnaissance Battalion of T Division.

See also
  People's Liberation Army
  QBZ-95
  Type 07
My Chief and my Regiment

External links
  The official website of Soldiers Sortie

2006 Chinese television series debuts
Fiction about the People's Liberation Army
Mandarin-language television shows
Chinese drama television series
Television series by Huayi Brothers


Australian Newsagents' Federation is a trade association representing newsagents in Australia.

Newsagents have been represented by state-based industry bodies for over 100 years and in 1995 a national secretariat, The Australian Newsagents’ Federation, was established in Sydney. IT represents newsagents to government and industry, provides communication, education and training as well as an Awards Program for members. Branches exist in WA, SA, NT, Tasmania and Queensland and close ties are held with the NSW & ACT and Victorian organisations.

ANF is a major Western Union network agent for the newsagency channel, since 2003. The ANF is also developing a parcel network, CONNECT, throughout Australia. There are 4000 newsagency outlets Australia-wide.

References

External links
Official site

Organisations based in Sydney
Trade associations based in Australia


Ric Estrada  (February 26, 1928 – May 1, 2009) was a Cuban-American comics artist who worked for companies including the major American publisher DC Comics. He also worked in comic strips, political cartoons, advertising, storyboarding, and commercial illustration.

Biography

Early life and career
Ric Estrada was born in Havana, Cuba. He made his first professional sale, an illustration used on the cover of the Cuban magazine Bohemia, at the age of 13. Estrada attended the University of Havana. Through his uncle, Sergio Carbo, Estrada met writer Ernest Hemingway; the two men facilitated Estrada's move to New York City in 1947 to further his artistic studies and start a career. Estrada there attended the New York Art Students League, New York University, and the School of Visual Arts. Estrada's first New York home was in Greenwich Village where he met fellow artists such as Lee J. Ames, Dan Barry, Sy Barry, Frank Frazetta, Andre LeBlanc, Mort Meskin, Pete Morisi, Don Perlin, and George Roussos.

Comic books
In the 1950s, Estrada penciled and inked "Bunker", the first comic-book story to feature an African-American hero, and "Rough Riders". Both stories were for the EC Comics series Two-Fisted Tales. He drew for Dell Comics, Hillman Periodicals, St. John Publications, and Ziff-Davis. In the late fifties he drew almost half the satirical articles of the first two issues of the Mad magazine imitator Frantic. After that he moved to Germany, where he stayed for three years. He did political cartoons for the Spandauer Volksblatt in the morning and did storyboards for the advertising company Deutschen Documentar in the afternoons.

In 1967 and 1968, he drew stories for Warren Publishing's black-and-white horror comics magazine Eerie. Much of Estrada's comic book career after returning from Germany was spent working for DC Comics. Though superheroes were not his preference Estrada worked on Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, Wonder Girl, and Richard Dragon, and he co-created Lady Shiva and Power Girl. Estrada drew detective comics, romance comics, war comics and a few horror stories for DC. In 1976, Estrada's work was in such high demand from DC that he illustrated the premiere issues of six separate titles that year: All Star Comics, Blitzkrieg, Freedom Fighters, Isis, Karate Kid, and Super Friends.

Estrada's preference was for the war stories.  Among the war titles he worked on for DC Comics was G.I. Combat, for which he illustrated a number of stories in the ongoing features "Blitzkrieg" and "Robert Kanigher's Gallery of War", both written by Robert Kanigher.

While working on G.I. Combat #169 (Feb. 1974), Estrada filled a page shortage with an account from the Book of Ether, a short book of scripture contained in the Book of Mormon. That story came to the attention of Hugh W. Pinnock, who was in charge of creating a comic-style adaptation of the New Testament for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and in 1980 Estrada drew all the pictures for that book.

Comic strips and animation
Estrada drew the Flash Gordon syndicated newspaper comic strip in sporadic stints from the 1950s to the 1970s.  In the 1980s, he collaborated on the animated television series He-Man and the Masters of the Universe, Galtar, The New Adventures of Jonny Quest, and Bionic Six.

Death
Estrada died May 1, 2009, at 81, after a lengthy battle with prostate cancer.

Awards
Ric Estrada received an Inkpot Award in 2000.

References

External links

 Ric Estrada at Mike's Amazing World of Comics

1928 births
2009 deaths
20th-century American artists
20th-century American novelists
20th-century Cuban artists
20th-century Cuban male artists
American comics artists
American comic strip cartoonists
American illustrators
American male novelists
American storyboard artists
Art Students League of New York alumni
Converts to Mormonism
Cuban emigrants to the United States
Cuban Latter Day Saints
DC Comics people
Deaths from prostate cancer
EC Comics
American editorial cartoonists
Inkpot Award winners
Latter Day Saints from New York (state)
New York University alumni
School of Visual Arts alumni
Silver Age comics creators
University of Havana alumni
20th-century American male writers


Consequent to the promise made to the Indian Armed Forces by the Government of India, the Married Accommodation Project, or MAP, was begun to construct married accommodation for the three services, with a view to remove over a period of time the complete deficiency of married accommodation for service personnel of the Indian Armed Forces.

A separate Directorate General Married Accommodation Project(DG MAP) was raised on 31 May 2002 by the Government of India under the aegis of Engineer-in-Chief for this purpose, subsequent to the Prime Minister of India's announcement on 15 Aug 2001.

With a mandate to construct 200,000 dwelling units, it is one of the largest construction endeavors in the world.

See also
Indian Army Corps of Engineers

External links
 DG MAP official site

2002 establishments in India
Military of India
Executive branch of the government of India
Housing in India


St. Anthony's Chapel () is located in Kornelimünster/Walheim, a district of the German city of Aachen.

The chapel was built in 1718 but destroyed by an earthquake before consecration. Charles Ludwig von Sickingen-Ebernburg, the abbot of the abbey at Kornelimünster later ordered to rebuild the damaged unfinished building. The work was completed in 1781 and the chapel consecrated in the same year to Anthony of Padua by the administrator of the abbey Charles Caspar von der Horst.

The St. Anthony-Chapel is part of a circle of five chapels built around the abbey as the central church of Kornelimünster.

External links
 Sehenswürdigkeiten in Kornelimünster {ge}
 Antoniuskapelle {ge}

Buildings and structures in Aachen
Roman Catholic chapels in Germany
Roman Catholic churches in North Rhine-Westphalia


C More Film was a Scandinavian television channel that showed movies from the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s and 1990s.

The sister channel, C More Film 2, started in 2005.

References

External links
Canal+ blir 8 kanaler

Pan-Nordic television channels
Defunct television channels in Denmark
Defunct television channels in Norway
Defunct television channels in Sweden
Defunct television channels in Finland
Television channels and stations established in 2004
Television channels and stations disestablished in 2006


Scotton is a village and civil parish in the West Lindsey district Lincolnshire, England. It is situated  south from Scunthorpe,  north-west from Market Rasen, and  south from the larger village of Scotter. The western boundary of the parish is formed by part of the A159 Gainsborough to Scunthorpe road.

In 1086, Scotton was mentioned in the Domesday Book as a settlement in the Hundred of Corringham within the county of Lincolnshire. At that time, its population comprised 71 households which made it in the top fifth of recorded settlements by population size. The Murder of William de Cantilupe of Scotton in March 1375 became a  owing to his links to the crown and the unusual circumstances of his death.

The 2001 Census recorded a population of 531 for the civil parish, increasing to 642 at the 2011 census.

The ecclesiastical parish is in the Church of England Diocese of Lincoln, Archdeaconry of Stow and Manlake Deanery. The church is dedicated to St Genewys. Historically, the parish was in the wapentake of Corringham, and following the Poor Law reforms of the early 19th century was placed in the Gainsborough Poor Law Union.

References

External links

Villages in Lincolnshire
Civil parishes in Lincolnshire
West Lindsey District


Ross Jamison (born 19 March 1990 in Wales) is a former Hong Kong racing driver of British descent. He is the champion of the Formula BMW Pacific series in 2008.

Ross started racing in Formula BMW in 2007. He was one of the five scholarship winners and finished second in the Rookie Cup and fifth overall.

He continued in Formula BMW in 2008 and clinched the championship in Shanghai, with two races to spare.

Ross took part in his first ever race in Macau in 2008. He qualified 4th  and finished 16th after an accident with teammate Alex Sims at Lisboa corner.

Personal life
Ross studied at King George V School in Kowloon, Hong Kong. His father is a captain with Cathay Pacific.

References

External links
 Official website
 Jamison crowned champion in Shanghai as BMW Junior takes victory.
 Driver profile on BMW Motorsport

 CityKarting.com Profile

1990 births
Living people
Hong Kong racing drivers
Hong Kong people of Welsh descent
Formula BMW Asia drivers
Alumni of King George V School, Hong Kong
Team Meritus drivers
Formula BMW Pacific drivers


Chandrayaan-2  (; from Sanskrit: , "Moon" and , "craft, vehicle"), is the second lunar exploration mission developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), after Chandrayaan-1. It consists of a lunar orbiter, and formerly included the Vikram lander and the Pragyan rover, all of which were developed in India. The main scientific objective is to map and study the variations in lunar surface composition, as well as the location and abundance of lunar water.

The spacecraft was launched from the second launch pad at the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Andhra Pradesh on 22 July 2019 at 09:13:12 UTC by a LVM3-M1 rocket. The craft reached the lunar orbit on 20 August 2019 and began orbital positioning manoeuvres for the landing of the Vikram lander. The lander and the rover were scheduled to land on the near side of the Moon, in the south polar region at a latitude of about 70° south on 6 September 2019.

However, the lander crashed when it deviated from its intended trajectory while attempting to land on 6 September 2019. According to a failure analysis report submitted to ISRO, the crash was caused by a software glitch.

History
On 12 November 2007, representatives of the Roscosmos and ISRO signed an agreement for the two agencies to work together on the Chandrayaan-1's follow-up project, Chandrayaan-2. ISRO would have the prime responsibility for the orbiter, rover and the launch by GSLV, while Roscosmos was to provide the lander. The Indian government approved the mission in a meeting of the Union Cabinet, held on 18 September 2008 and chaired by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. The design of the spacecraft was completed in August 2009, with scientists of both countries conducting a joint review.

Although ISRO finalised the payload for Chandrayaan-2 on schedule, the mission was postponed in January 2013 and rescheduled to 2016 because Russia was unable to develop the lander on time. In 2012, there was a delay in the construction of the Russian lander for Chandrayaan-2 due of the failure of the Fobos-Grunt mission to Mars, since the technical issues connected with the Fobos-Grunt mission which were also used in the lunar projects including the lander for Chandrayaan-2 needed to be reviewed. The changes proposed by Roscosmos necessitated increase in lander mass and required ISRO to decrease mass of its rover and accept some reliability risk. When Russia cited its inability to provide the lander even by a revised time-frame of 2015 due to technical and financial reasons, India decided to develop the lunar mission independently. With new mission timeline for Chandrayaan-2 and an opportunity for a Mars mission arising with launch window in 2013, unused Chandrayaan-2 orbiter hardware was repurposed to be used for Mars Orbiter Mission.

Chandrayaan-2 launch had been scheduled for March 2018 initially, but was first delayed to April and then to October 2018 to conduct further tests on the vehicle. On 19 June 2018, after the program's fourth Comprehensive Technical Review meeting, a number of changes in configuration and landing sequence were planned for implementation which increased the gross lift-off mass of spacecraft from 3,250 kg to 3,850 kg. Initially an uprated GSLV Mk II was the chosen launch vehicle for Chandrayaan-2 but this increased spacecraft mass and issues with launch vehicle upratement forced the launch vehicle to be switched to more capable LVM3. Issues with engine throttling were found during testing pushing the launch to the early 2019 and later two of the lander's legs received minor damage during one of the tests in February 2019 delaying the launch even further.

Chandrayaan-2 launch was scheduled for 14 July 2019, 21:21 UTC (15 July 2019 at 02:51 IST local time), with the landing expected on 6 September 2019. However, the launch was aborted due to a technical glitch and was rescheduled. The launch occurred on 22 July 2019 at 09:13:12 UTC (14:43:12 IST) on the first operational flight of a GSLV MK III M1.

On 6 September 2019, the lander during its landing phase, deviated from its intended trajectory starting at  altitude, and had lost communication when touchdown confirmation was expected. Initial reports suggesting a crash  were confirmed by ISRO chairman K. Sivan, stating that "it must have been a hard landing". The Failure Analysis Committee concluded that the crash was caused by a software glitch. Unlike ISRO's previous record, the report of the Failure Analysis Committee has not been made public.

Chandrayaan-2 orbiter performed a collision avoidance manoeuvre at 14:52 UTC on 18 October 2021 to avert possible conjunction with Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. Both spacecraft were expected to come dangerously close to each other on 20 October 2021 at 05:45 UTC over the Lunar north pole.

Objectives
The primary objectives of the Chandrayaan-2 lander were to illustrate the ability to soft-land and operate a robotic rover on the lunar surface.

The scientific goals of the orbiter are:

 to study lunar topography, mineralogy, elemental abundance, the lunar exosphere, and signatures of hydroxyl and water ice.
 to study the water ice in the south polar region and thickness of the lunar regolith on the surface.
 to map the lunar surface and help to prepare 3D maps of it

Design
The name Chandrayaan means "mooncraft" in Sanskrit and most other Indian languages. The mission was launched on a GSLV Mk III M1 with an approximate lift-off mass of  from Satish Dhawan Space Centre on Sriharikota Island of Andhra Pradesh. , the mission has an allocated cost of  9.78 billion (approximately US$141 million which includes  6 billion for the space segment and  3.75 billion as launch costs on GSLV Mk III M1. Chandrayaan-2 stack was initially put in an Earth parking orbit of  perigee and  apogee by the launch vehicle.

Orbiter

The Chandrayaan-2 orbiter is orbiting the Moon on a polar orbit at an altitude of . It carries eight scientific instruments; two of which are improved versions of those flown on Chandrayaan-1. The approximate launch mass was . The Orbiter High Resolution Camera (OHRC) conducted high-resolution observations of the landing site prior to separation of the lander from the orbiter. The orbiter's structure was manufactured by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited and delivered to the ISRO Satellite Centre on 22 June 2015.

 Dimensions: 3.2 × 5.8 × 2.2 m
 Gross lift-off mass:
 Propellant mass:
 Dry mass:
 Power generation capacity: 1000 watts
 Mission duration: ~ 7.5 years, extended from the planned 1 year owing to the precise launch and mission management, in lunar orbit

Vikram lander

The mission's lander is called Vikram ( )  named after cosmic ray scientist Vikram Sarabhai (1919–1971), who is widely regarded as the founder of the Indian space programme. The Vikram lander detached from the orbiter and descended to a low lunar orbit of  using its  liquid main engines. After checking all of its on-board systems it attempted a soft landing that would have deployed the rover, and performed scientific activities for approximately 14 Earth days. Vikram crash-landed during this attempt. The combined mass of the lander and rover was approximately .

The preliminary configuration study of the lander was completed in 2013 by the Space Applications Centre (SAC) in Ahmedabad. The lander's propulsion system consisted of eight  thrusters for attitude control and five  liquid main engines derived from ISRO's  liquid apogee motor. Initially, the lander design employed four main throttle-able liquid engines, but a centrally mounted fixed-thrust engine  was added to handle new requirements of having to orbit the Moon before landing. The additional engine was expected to mitigate upward draft of lunar dust during the soft landing. The four throttle-able engines of lander were capable of throttling between range of 40 to 100 percent incrementally in steps of 20%.Vikram was designed to safely land on slopes up to 12°.

Some associated technologies include:
 A high resolution camera, Laser Altimeter (LASA)
 Lander Hazard Detection Avoidance Camera (LHDAC)
 Lander Position Detection Camera (LPDC)
 Lander Horizontal Velocity Camera (LHVC), an 800 N throttleable liquid main engine
 Attitude thrusters
 Ka-band radio altimeters
 Laser Inertial Reference and Accelerometer Package (LIRAP)  and the software needed to run these components.

Engineering models of the lander began undergoing ground and aerial tests in late October 2016, in Challakere in the Chitradurga district of Karnataka. ISRO created roughly 10 craters on the surface to help assess the ability of the lander's sensors to select a landing site.

 Dimensions:
 Gross lift-off mass:
 Propellant mass:
 Dry mass:
 Power generation capability: 650 watts
 Mission duration: ≤14 days (one lunar day)

Pragyan rover

The mission's rover was called Pragyan ( ) ) with a mass of , and would have operated on solar power. The rover was to move on six wheels, traversing  on the lunar surface at the rate of  per second, perform on-site analyses and send the data to the lander, which would have relayed it to the Mission Control on the Earth.

For navigation, the rover would have used:

 Stereoscopic camera-based 3D vision: two 1 megapixel, monochromatic navcams in front of the rover to provide the ground control team a 3D view of the surrounding terrain, and help in path-planning by generating a digital elevation model of the terrain. IIT Kanpur contributed to the development of the subsystems for light-based map generation and motion planning for the rover.
 Control and motor dynamics: the rover has a rocker-bogie suspension system and six wheels, each driven by independent brushless DC electric motors. Steering is accomplished by differential speed of the wheels or skid steering.

The expected operating time of Pragyan rover was one lunar day, or ~14 Earth days, as its electronics were not designed to endure the frigid lunar night. However, its power system has a solar-powered sleep/wake-up cycle implemented, which could have resulted in longer service time than planned. Two aft wheels of the rover had the ISRO logo and the State Emblem of India embossed on them to leave behind patterned tracks on the lunar surface.

 Dimensions: 0.9 × 0.75 × 0.85 m
 Power: 50 watts
 Travel speed: 1 cm/sec
 Mission duration: ~14 Earth days (one lunar day)

Science payload

ISRO selected eight scientific instruments for the orbiter, four for the lander, and two for the rover. While it was initially reported that NASA and European Space Agency (ESA) would participate in the mission by providing some scientific instruments for the orbiter, ISRO in 2010 had clarified that due to weight restrictions it will not be carrying foreign payloads on the mission. However, in an update a month before launch, an agreement between NASA and Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) was signed to include a small laser retroreflector from NASA to the lander's payload to measure the distance between the satellites above and the microreflector on the lunar surface.

Orbiter

Payloads on the orbiter are:

 Chandrayaan-2 Large Area Soft X-ray Spectrometer (CLASS) from the ISRO Satellite Centre (ISAC), which makes use of X-ray fluorescence spectra to determine the elemental composition of the lunar surface
 Solar X-ray monitor (XSM) from Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad, primarily supports CLASS instrument by providing solar X-ray spectra and intensity measurements as input to it. Additionally these measurements will help in studying various high-energy processes occurring in the solar corona.
 Dual Frequency L-band and S-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (DFSAR) from the Space Applications Centre (SAC) for probing the first few metres of the lunar surface for the presence of different constituents. DFSAR is expected to provide further evidence confirming the presence of water ice, and its distribution below the shadowed regions of the Moon. It has lunar surface penetration depth of  (L-band).
 Imaging IR Spectrometer (IIRS) from the SAC for mapping of lunar surface over a wide wavelength range for the study of minerals, water molecules and hydroxyl present. It features an extended spectral range (0.8 μm to 5 μm), an improvement over previous lunar missions whose payloads worked up to 3 μm.
 Chandrayaan-2 Atmospheric Compositional Explorer 2 (ChACE-2)  Quadrupole Mass Analyzer from Space Physics Laboratory (SPL) to carry out a detailed study of the lunar exosphere
 Terrain Mapping Camera-2 (TMC-2) from SAC for preparing a three-dimensional map essential for studying the lunar mineralogy and geology
 Radio Anatomy of Moon Bound Hypersensitive Ionosphere and Atmosphere – Dual Frequency Radio Science experiment (RAMBHA-DFRS) by SPL for the studying electron density in the lunar ionosphere
 Orbiter High Resolution Camera (OHRC) by SAC for scouting a hazard-free spot prior to landing. Used to help prepare high-resolution topographic maps and digital elevation models of the lunar surface. OHRC has a spatial resolution of  from  polar orbit, which is the best resolution among any lunar orbiter mission to date.

Vikram lander
The payloads on the Vikram lander were:

 Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA) MEMS based seismometer by LEOS for studying Moon-quakes near the landing site
 Chandra's Surface Thermo-physical Experiment (ChaSTE) thermal probe jointly developed by SPL, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC)  and Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad for estimating the thermal properties of the lunar surface
 RAMBHA-LP Langmuir probe by SPL, VSSC for measuring the density and variation of lunar surface plasma
 A laser retroreflector array (LRA) by the Goddard Space Flight Center for taking precise measurements of distance between the reflector on the lunar surface and satellites in lunar orbit. The microreflector weighed about  and cannot be used for taking observations from Earth-based lunar laser stations.

Pragyan rover
Pragyan rover carried two instruments to determine the abundance of elements near the landing site:

 Laser induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS) from the laboratory for Electro Optic Systems (LEOS), Bangalore
 Alpha Particle Induced X-ray Spectroscope (APXS) from PRL, Ahmedabad

Discoveries and Results

The orbiter, which is still active, did experiments on Lunar Atmospheric composition, trace elements, and more

 Detection of sodium: On october 2023, the orbiter discovered an abundance of sodium on the Moon. The moon is shown to have a tail of Sodium atoms thousands of Kilometers long. Due to phenomena like photon stimulated desorption, solar wind sputtering, and meteorite impacts, sodium atoms gets knocked off the surface. Solar radiation pressure accelerates the sodium atoms away from the Sun, forming an elongated tail toward the antisolar direction. Using the large area X-raySpectrometer, CLASS, the probe has spotted and mapped sodium on the Moon.

 Hydroxyl and Water molecules: The Chandrayaan-1 probe detected water on the moon for the first time. Chandrayaan-2 detected Water, as well as Hydroxyl ions on the moon, August 2022. It distinguished between these two with the aid of IIRS (Imaging Infrared Spectrometer). Between 29 and 62 degrees north latitude, the probe detected the presence of these two molecules. Along with this, it also observed that the sunlit regions contain higher concentrations of these two.

 Distribution of Gas in Lunar Atmosphere: Chandra Atmospheric Composition Explorer-2, detected Argon-40 in Lunar exosphere. The distribution of Ar-40 has significant spatial heterogeneity. The NASA probe, LADEE, detected Argon near the Equatorial region, but Argon far from that, was detected for the first time. There are localised enhancements (termed as Argon bulge) over several regions including the KREEP (potassium (K), rare-earth elements, and phosphorus (P)) and South Pole Aitken terrain.

 Presence of Rare elements: Chandra’s Large Area Soft X-ray Spectrometer (CLASS), detected magnesium, aluminium, silicon, calcium, titanium, iron etc. It also examined and detected minor elements – chromium and manganese, for the first time. The findings have paved the path for adding knowledge about the magmatic evolution of the Moon, its nebular conditions and much more.

 Solar X-ray Monitor (XSM), has witnessed a huge amount of microflares outside the active regions of the Sun for the first time.

 The DFSAR instrument studied the subsurface features of the Moon, detected signatures of the sub-surface water-ice, mapped lunar morphological features in the polar regions in high resolution.

 The TMC 2, which is conducting imaging of the Moon at a global scale, found interesting geologic signatures of lunar crustal shortening, and identification of volcanic domes. The OHRC, mapped Moon With a resolution of 25 cm at 100km altitude.

 DFRS experiment, studied the ionosphere of the Moon, which is generated by the solar photo-ionisation of the neutral species of the lunar tenuous exosphere. The experiment showed that Moon’s ionosphere has a plasma density of the order of 10^4 cm^3, in the wake region which is at least one order of magnitude more than that is present in the day side. Total electron content along the ray path in the Lunar ionosphere can be as large as 1.5 TECU (1 TECU = 1016 m-2) with the uncertainty of 0.15 TECU.

Mission profile

Launch

The launch of Chandrayaan-2 was initially scheduled for 14 July 2019, 21:21 UTC (15 July 2019 at 02:51 IST local time). However, the launch was aborted 56 minutes and 24 seconds before launch due to a technical glitch, so it was rescheduled to 22 July 2019. Unconfirmed reports later cited a leak in the nipple joint of a helium gas bottle as the cause of cancellation.

Finally Chandrayaan-2 was launched on board the LVM3 M1 launch vehicle on 22 July 2019 at 09:13:12 UTC (14:43:12 IST) with a better-than-expected apogee as a result of the cryogenic upper stage being burned to depletion, which later eliminated the need for one of the apogee-raising burns during the geocentric phase of mission. This also resulted in the saving of around 40 kg fuel on board the spacecraft.

Immediately after launch, multiple observations of a slow-moving bright object over Australia were made, which could be related to upper stage venting of residual LOX / LH2 propellant after the main burn.

Geocentric phase

After being placed into a 45,475 × 169 km parking orbit by the launch vehicle, the Chandrayaan-2 spacecraft stack gradually raised its orbit using on-board propulsion over 22 days. In this phase, one perigee-raising and five apogee-raising burns were performed to reach a highly eccentric orbit of 142,975 × 276 km followed by trans-lunar injection on 13 August 2019. Such a long Earth-bound phase with multiple orbit-raising manoeuvres exploiting the Oberth effect was required because of the limited lifting capacity of the launch vehicle and thrust of the spacecraft's on-board propulsion system. A similar strategy was used for Chandrayaan-1 and the Mars Orbiter Mission during their Earth-bound phase trajectory. On 3 August 2019, the first set of Earth images were captured by the LI4 camera on the Vikram lander, showing the North American landmass.

Selenocentric phase
After 29 days from its launch, the Chandrayaan-2 spacecraft stack entered lunar orbit on 20 August 2019 after performing a lunar orbit insertion burn for 28 minutes 57 seconds. The three-spacecraft stack was placed into an elliptical orbit that passed over the polar regions of the Moon, with  aposelene and  periselene. By 1 September 2019, this elliptical orbit was made nearly circular with  aposelene and  periselene after four orbit-lowering manoeuvres  followed by separation of Vikram lander from the orbiter on 07:45 UTC, 2 September 2019.

Planned landing site

Two landing sites were selected, each with an ellipse of . The prime landing site (PLS54) was at 70.90267°S 22.78110°E ( from the south pole,) and the alternate landing site (ALS01) was at 67.87406° South 18.46947° West. The prime site was on a high plain between the craters Manzinus C and Simpelius N, on the near side of the Moon.

Loss of Vikram

Vikram began its descent at 20:08:03 UTC, 6 September 2019 and was scheduled to land on the Moon at around 20:23 UTC. The descent and soft-landing were to be performed by the on-board computers on Vikram, with mission control unable to make corrections. The initial descent was considered within mission parameters, passing critical braking procedures as expected, but the lander's trajectory began to deviate at about  above the surface. The final telemetry readings during ISRO's live-stream show that Vikram'''s final vertical velocity was  at  above the surface, which a number of experts noted, would have been too fast for the lunar lander to make a successful landing.Frozen screens tell story: Chandrayaan-2's Vikram Lander fell silent 335 m from Moon  Johnson T. A., Indian Express 11 September 2019 Initial reports suggesting a crash were confirmed by ISRO chairman K. Sivan, stating that "it must have been a hard landing". However, it contradicted initial claims from anonymous ISRO officials that the lander was intact and lying in a tilted position.

Radio transmissions from the lander were tracked during descent by analysts using a  radio telescope owned by the Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy. Analysis of the doppler data suggests that the loss of signal coincided with the lander impacting the lunar surface at a velocity of nearly  (as opposed to an ideal  touchdown velocity). The powered descent was also observed by NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) using its Lyman-Alpha Mapping Project instrument to study changes in the lunar exosphere due to exhaust gases from the lander's engines. K. Sivan, tasked senior scientist Prem Shanker Goel to head the Failure Analysis Committee to look into the causes of the failure.

Both ISRO and NASA attempted to communicate with the lander for about two weeks before the lunar night set in,Chandrayaan-2: The Sun has finally set on Vikram lander  Swathi Moorthy, Money Control 22 September 2019 while NASA's LRO flew over on 17 September 2019 and acquired some images of the intended landing zone. However, the region was near dusk, causing poor lighting for optical imaging.NASA Moon Orbiter Fails to Spot India's Lunar Lander: Report  Leonard David, space.com 18 September 2019 NASA's LRO images, showing no sight of the lander, were released on 26 September 2019. The LRO flew over again on 14 October 2019 under more favourable lighting conditions,NASA still searching for India's Chandrayaan-2 Vikram moon lander  Amanda Kooser, CNET 18 September 2019 but was unable to locate it.NASA finds no trace of India's Chandrayaan-2 Vikram lander in latest pics by Moon orbiter  The Economic Times 24 October 2019 The LRO performed a third flyover on 10 November 2019.

On 16 November 2019, the Failure Analysis Committee released its report to the Space Commission, concluding that the crash was caused by a software glitch. Phase One of descent the Rough Braking Phase from an altitude of 30 km to 7.4 km above the Moon's surface went as intended with velocity being reduced from 1683 m/s to 146 m/s. Anomalous deviation in performance began 693.8 seconds into powered descent after the end of first phase and with the beginning of Absolute Navigation Phase (also known as Camera Coasting Phase) where lander's orientation is deliberately kept fixed. It was found that lander's main engines had slightly higher thrust of  than nominal at , so during this phase lander slowed down more than it should have. The thrust control algorithm was configured to apply corrections towards the end of the phase and not instantaneously allowing large navigation errors to be accumulated. After end of camera coasting phase, rate of applying corrections was limited due to builtin safety constraints such as maximum rate at which attitude can change. Other contributing issues were, coarse throttling of main engines, polarity related software error, wrong computation of remaining time of flight by onboard algorithm and very rigid requirement to land inside the planned 500×500 meter landing site regardless of non-nominal flight status. Subsequently Vikram lander ended up increasing its horizontal velocity (48 m/s) to reach landing site while descending at high rate (50 m/s) causing Vikram to land hard, though it managed to impact relatively near the intended landing site. The complete official report has not been made public.Vikram'''s impact site was located at  by the LROC team after receiving helpful input from Shanmuga Subramanian, a volunteer from Chennai, Tamil Nadu, who located debris from the spacecraft in pictures released by NASA. While initially estimated to be within  of the intended landing site, best-guess estimates from satellite imagery indicate initial impact about 600 m away. The spacecraft shattered upon impact, with debris scattered over almost two dozen locations in an area spanning kilometres. The crash site was later named Tiranga Point after the Chandrayaan-3 landing.

The orbiter part of the mission, with eight scientific instruments, remains operational, and will continue its seven-year mission to study the Moon.

Telemetry, tracking, and command (TT&C)
During various phases of launch and spacecraft operations of Chandrayaan-2 mission, the TT&C support was provided by ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC), Indian Deep Space Network (IDSN), NASA Deep Space Network and National Institute for Space Research's (INPE) ground stations located in Alcântara and Cuiabá.

Aftermath
There was an outpouring of support for ISRO from various quarters in the aftermath of the crash landing of its lunar lander. However, prominent Indian news media also criticized ISRO's lack of transparency regarding the crash of the lander and its analysis of the crash. Indian media also noted that unlike ISRO's previous record, the report of the Failure Analysis Committee was not made public and RTI queries seeking it were denied by ISRO citing section 8(1) of the RTI Act. ISRO's lack of consistency regarding the explanation around the rover's crashing was criticized, with the organization providing no proof of its own positions until the efforts of NASA and a Chennai based volunteer located the crash site on the lunar surface. In the wake of the events surrounding Chandrayaan-2, former ISRO employees criticized unverified statements from the ISRO chairman and what they claimed is the top-down leadership and working culture of the organization.

Scientists involved in the mission

Key scientists and engineers involved in the development of Chandrayaan-2 include:

 Ritu Karidhal – Mission Director
 Muthayya Vanitha – Project Director
 Kalpana Kalahasti – Associate Project Director
 G. Narayanan – Associate Project Director
 G. Nagesh – Project Director (former)
 Chandrakanta Kumar – Deputy Project Director (Radio-frequency systems)
 Amitabh Singh – Deputy Project Director (Optical Payload Data Processing, Space Applications Centre (SAC))

Reattempt

In November 2019, ISRO officials stated that a new lunar lander mission was being studied and prepared. It was launched on 14 July 2023; with the designation Chandrayaan-3, which was a second attempt to demonstrate the landing capabilities needed for the Lunar Polar Exploration Mission proposed in partnership with Japan for 2025. The new mission was designed with a detachable propulsion module, also behaving like a communications relay satellite, a lander and a rover, but with no orbiter. S. Somanath, the VSSC director, announced that there would be more follow-up missions in the Chandrayaan programme.

In December 2019, it was reported that ISRO requested the initial funding of the project, amounting to , of which  is intended for machinery, equipment and other capital expenditure, while the remaining  was sought under a revenue expenditure allowance. K. Sivan stated that its cost would be around . It performed a soft landing on the Moon on 23 August 2023.

See also

 Beresheet lander – Concurrent lunar lander mission, crash-landed on the Moon
 Chandrayaan-3
 LUPEX
 Exploration of the Moon
 List of missions to the Moon
 List of ISRO missions
 Lunar resources

References

External links

 Official Chandrayaan-2 mission page , by the Indian Space Research Organisation
 GSLV-Mk III launcher , by the Indian Space Research Organisation

Missions to the Moon
Lunar rovers
Indian lunar exploration programme
Space probes launched in 2019
Spacecraft launched by India in 2019
ISRO space probes
Space synthetic aperture radar
Spacecraft launched by GSLV rockets
Satellites orbiting the Moon
Spacecraft that impacted the Moon
2019 on the Moon


The Last Producer is a 2000 American drama film directed by and starring Burt Reynolds. It also featured Sean Astin, Ann-Margret, Lauren Holly, Rod Steiger, and Benjamin Bratt. It was also referred to as The Final Hit in final packaging and promotional materials. It is the final film to be directed by Reynolds before his death in 2018.

Plot
Sonny Wexler is an aging, washed-up, veteran film producer with a pill-popping wife. In his heyday, Sonny produced an Oscar nominated movie, but now he finds he's a "has been" in a Hollywood that's been taken over by a younger generation, personified by studio executive Damon Black and foreign investors.

Knowing that he is soon going to die or be forgotten, he decides to wager all his strength in one last movie, something for which he can be remembered. His chance comes in the form of a brilliant screenplay optioned from a promising young writer. But when Black undercuts the deal and eases Sonny out, Sonny has seventy-two hours to come up with enough money to purchase the script for himself. In desperation, he turns to the mafia to borrow the $50,000 he needs.

Cast
 Burt Reynolds as Sonny Wexler
 Rod Steiger as Sheri Ganse
 Benjamin Bratt as Damon Black
 Ann-Margret as Mira Verder
 Lauren Holly as Frances Chadway
 Sean Astin as Bo Pomerantz
 Kim Chase as Teddy
 Charles Durning as Syd Wolf
 Robert Goulet as Henry Moore
 Erin Gray as Dee Freeman
 E. J. Peaker as Rosie
 Robert Costanzo as Moogian
 Arthur Darbinyan as Nidal
 Charles Lanyer as Biderman
 Greg Germann as Ruben Tallridge
 Marnie McPhail as Julia Tallridge
 Paul McCrane as Austin Green
 Marvin J. McIntyre as Manny
 Ed O'Ross as Sarky
 Cynthia Palmer as Maude Chasen
 Jeannette Papineau as Niki
 Angie Dickinson as Poker Player
 Tony Denison as Poker Player (credited as Anthony John Denison)
 James Farentino as Poker Player
 Alex Rocco as Poker Player
 Shelley Berman as Poker Player
 Shecky Greene as Poker Player (credited as Shecky Green)
 Heidi Kaufman as Dancer
 Kimberly Pullis as Cocktail Waitress
 Joe Mantegna as Extra (uncredited)

Production
The film was financed by the Kushner Locke Company.

Filming started May 1999.

Home media
The film was released on home video in Iceland and Argentina in 2000 before airing on television in the U.S. in 2001. It was later re-titled The Last Hit for its U.S. home video release.

References

External links

Review of film at Variety

2000 films
2000 drama films
American drama films
Films about filmmaking
Films directed by Burt Reynolds
Films set in Los Angeles
2001 drama films
2001 films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films


Armania may refer to:

 a misspelling of Armenia, a country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia
 Armania (plant), a synonym for Encelia, a genus of the plant family Asteraceae
 Armania (insect) Dlussky, 1983, a genus of fossil ant-relatives, the type of the family Armaniidae
 Armania (mammal) Gabunia and Dashzeveg 1988, a genus of prehistoric mammals in the family Amynodontidae


Kuber Nath Rai (26 March 1933 – 5 June 1996), also written as Kubernath Ray and Kuber Nath Ray, was a writer and scholar of Hindi literature and Sanskrit.

Early life
Kuber Nath Rai was born in Bhumihar Brahmin family in Matsa village of Ghazipur district in Uttar Pradesh, India. His father's name was Vakunth Narayan Rai. He got his early education at village Matsa. However he did his matriculation from Queen's College, Varanasi. For higher studies he got enrolled in Banaras Hindu University (BHU). He did his masters in English Literature from Calcutta University. As an academician he started his career with Vikram Vishvavidyalaya but after a short period he moved to Nalbari, Assam as a lecturer of English literature. He retired from Swami Sahajanand Mahavidyalaya as its principal.

Career

Teaching career
From 1958 to 1986 he was in Nalbari College, Assam as a lecturer in English Department. From 1986 to 1995 he was in Swami Sahajanand Saraswati PG College, Ghazipur, UP as a Principal. He got the Moortidevi Award from Bharatiya Jnanpith and many awards from UP, WB and Assam Government.

Writing career
Kuber Nath Rai dedicated his writing entirely to the form of the essay.

His collections of essays Gandha Madan, Priya neel-kanti, Ras Aakhetak, Vishad Yog, Nishad Bansuri, Parna mukut have enormously enriched the form of essay. A scholar of Indian culture and western literature, he was proud of Indian heritage. His love for natural beauty and Indian folk literatures and preference for agricultural society over the age of machines, his romantic outlook, aesthetic sensibility, his keen eye on contemporary reality and classical style place him very high among contemporary essayists in Hindi.

Main works
 Andhkaar Mein Agnishikha, Prabhat Prakashan, .
 Priya Neelkanthi, Bharatiya Jnanpith, 1969.
 Ras Aakhetak, Bharatiya Jnanpith, 1971.
 Gandhmaadan, Bharatiya Jnanpith, 1972.
 Nishad Bansuri, 1973.
 Vishad Yoga, National Publiśhiṅg Hause (Delhi), 1974.
 Parn mukut, Lok Bhāratī Prakāśana (Allāhābād), 1978.
 Mahakavi ki Tarjani, National Publiśhiṅg Hāuse (Delhi), 1979
 Patr:Maniputul ke naam, Viśvavidyālaya Prakāśana (Vārāṇasī), (1980) reprint 2004.
 Manpawan ki Nauka, Prabhāt Prakāśana (Delhi), 1983.
 Kirat nadi mein Chandramadhu, Viśvavidyālaya Prakāśana (Vārāṇasi), 1983.
 Dristi Abhisaar, National Publiśhiṅg Hāuse (New Delhi), 1984
 Treta ka vrihatsaam, National Publiśhiṅg Hāuse (New Delhi), 1986.
 Kaamdhenu, Rājapal& Sons (Delhi), 1990.
 Maraal, Bharatiya Jnanpith, 1993.
 Agam ki Nav
 Vani ka kshirsagar
 Ramayana Mahateertham, Bharatiya Jnanpith (New Delhi), 2002
 Kanthamani (Kavya Sangrah), Viśvavidyālaya Prakāśana, (Vārāṇasī), 1998
 Uttarkuru, 1993.
 Cinmaya Bhārata: ārsha-cintana ke buniyādī sūtra, Hindustānī Academy, (Allahabad), 1996

Anthologies of essays
 Kuberanātha Rāya ke pratinidhi nibandha, Sāhitya Bhavana (Allahabad), 1991
 Kuber Nath Rai Sanchayan, Sahitya Academy

See also
 List of Indian writers
 Sitakant Mahapatra
 Tapan Kumar Pradhan
 Odisha Public Service Commission

References

Works on Rai
 Rajiv Ranjan, 'Bhartiyata Ki Sankalpana Aur Kuber Nath Rai' (2009) Dept. Of Lit. Mahatma Gandhi Anatrrashtriya Hindi Vishwavidyalaya, Wardha Maharashtra
Kuber Nath Rai: Parichay Aur Pahchan, Rajiv Ranjan,2014, Ashish Prakashan Kanpur,
 DR. Ajay RAI, "Lalit Nibandh Parampara Aur Kubre Nath Rai" V.B.S Purvanchal University , Jaunpur, U.P.
 Sankar Chandak, Kuber Nath Rai Ke Nibandhan Ka Swaroop Aur Shilpa Vidhan. V.B.S Purvanchal University , Jaunpur, U.P., 2001.
 Vishwanath Prasad Tiwari, Bhartiya Sahitya ke Nirmata, Kubernath Rai, Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi (2007)
 Aman Mohindra;Kubernath Rai ke Lalit Nibandhon Ka Saanskritik Vishleshan, Punjabi University, Patiala.2003
 Suresh Maheshwari, Lalit Nibandhakar Kuberanath Ray: Vyaktitva-Krtitva Ki Lalit Alocana, Bhavana Prakasana; 1st edition (1999),

External links
 Odisha Public Service Commission https://web.archive.org/web/20090619073729/http://opsc.nic.in/ocs-main.pdf

1933 births
1996 deaths
Hindi-language writers
Indian male essayists
People from Ghazipur
Writers from Uttar Pradesh
20th-century Indian essayists
Recipients of the Moortidevi Award


"Getting Better" is a 1967 song recorded by the Beatles, written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney.

Getting Better may also refer to:

"Getting Better" (Shed Seven song), a single released in 1996
"Gettin' Better", a track from the album Mechanical Resonance by Tesla, 1986

See also
"It's Getting Better All the Time",  a single by American country music group Brooks & Dunn
"Keeps Gettin' Better",  a single by American singer Christina Aguilera
Keeps Gettin' Better: A Decade of Hits, an album by American singer Christina Aguilera
"My Dreams Are Getting Better All the Time", a popular song published in 1945
"Every day, in every way, I'm getting better and better", the mantra of Émile Coué
"It's Getting Better", a 1969 hit single by Cass Elliot


This is a list of RMIT University people.

This list of people includes alumni as well as current and former students and faculty of the Australian (RMIT University) and Vietnamese (RMIT University Vietnam) branches of the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT).

It also includes alumni as well as former students and faculty from its antecedents: Melbourne Technical College (MTC) and Working Men's College (WMC); amalgamations with: Emily McPherson College of Domestic Economy (EMC), Melbourne College of Decoration, Melbourne College of Printing and Graphic Art and Melbourne College of Textiles; and merger with Phillip Institute of Technology (PIT).

Art

Drawing and painting

Photography and printmaking

Sculpture and smithing

Others

Business and society

Design

Architecture

Fashion industry

Entertainment and media
Note: RMITV is a department of the RMIT University Student Union, which offers training accredited by RMIT.

Film and television

Journalism

Literature

Music industry

Government and law

Leaders

Ministers

Members

Others

Health and sports
Note: RMIT offers degrees in applied sciences of health and life, but does not have a medical school.

Health industry

Sports

Australian rules football

Science and technology

See also
RMIT University (Australia)
RMIT University Vietnam

References

Texts

External links

RMIT Alumni homepage
RMIT University homepage
RMIT University Vietnam homepage

Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology
Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology
Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology


The 1999 Poolrite GTP Bathurst Showroom Showdown was an endurance race for GT Production Cars.
The event was staged at the Mount Panorama Circuit, Bathurst, New South Wales on 13 November 1999 over a three-hour duration.

The race was won by Terry Bosnjak and Mark Williamson driving a Mazda RX-7 SP Turbo.

Class structure
The field was divided into the following six classes:
 Class A : Super Cars under $300,000
 Class B : High Performance Cars & Sports Cars under $89,000 (Including Turbocharged All Wheel Drive)
 Class C : Production Touring Cars under 5000cc, Two Wheel Drive & under $47,000
 Class D : Production Touring Cars under 2500cc, Front Wheel Drive & under $37,000
 Class E : Production Touring Cars under 1850cc, Front Wheel Drive & under $26,000
 Class S : Sports, Performance Cars under 2600cc and under $63,000

Results

References

External links
 Bathurst Update and Entry List, www.motorsport.com, as archived at web.archive.org
 Mt. Panorama 1999 FAI Bathurst 1000 Preview, www.motorsport.com, as archived at web.archive.org
 Poolrite 3-Hour Bathurst Showroom Showdown Results, au.motorsport.com
 Image of the winning Mazda RX-7, autopics.com.au
 Image of Stoupas/D’Agostin (Porsche) and Bosnjak/Williamson (Mazda), www.christiandagostin.com, as archived at web.archive.org

Motorsport in Bathurst, New South Wales
Poolrite


The Riparius Bridge is a two lane truss bridge that carries New York State Route 8 across the Hudson River connecting Johnsburg, New York with Chestertown, New York.  It was built in 2003, replacing a similar style camelback truss bridge that had been built in 1919.  The new bridge was built to better accommodate vehicles, bicycles, and pedestrians.

See also
List of fixed crossings of the Hudson River

References

Bridges over the Hudson River
Bridges completed in 2003
Road bridges in New York (state)
Steel bridges in the United States
Parker truss bridges in the United States
Transportation buildings and structures in Warren County, New York


Gompholobium ecostatum, commonly known as dwarf wedge-pea, is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae and is endemic to southern Australia. It is a low-lying to erect shrub with trifoliate leaves with linear to lance-shaped leaflets, and apricot-coloured to reddish, sometimes yellow flowers.

Description
Gompholobium ecostatum is a low-lying to erect shrub that typically grows up to a height of up to  high and has hairy, wiry stems. The leaves are trifoliate, the leaflets linear to narrow lance-shaped,  long and about  wide and sessile with the edges rolled under. There are tapering stipules about  long at the base of the leaves. The flowers are arranged singly or in pairs in leaf axils, each flower  long on a pedicel up to  long. The sepals are up to  long and glabrous on the outside and the petals are apricot to reddish, sometimes yellow. Flowering occurs from October to March and the fruit is an obliquely oval pod  long.

Taxonomy
Gompholobium ecostatum was first formally described in 1965 by Rex Harold Kuchel in the Supplement to J.M.Black's Flora of South Australia (Second Edition, 1943-1957). The specific epithet (ecostatum) means "without ribs".

Distribution and habitat
Dwarf wedge-pea grows in heathland and woodland in southern Victoria from near Wilsons Promontory to Kangaroo Island in South Australia and inland as far as the Little Desert National Park. It also occurs on Flinders Island in Tasmania.

Conservation status
This pea is classified as "endangered" under the Tasmanian Government Threatened Species Protection Act 1995.

References

ecostatum
Flora of South Australia
Flora of Victoria (state)
Flora of Tasmania
Plants described in 1965


Pentamorphone (14β-pentylaminomorphinone, RX-77989) is a semi-synthetic opiate derivative related to compounds such as Morphinone and oxymorphone. Developed in 1984, it is a potent opioid analgesic several times stronger than fentanyl, and with a similarly fast onset of effects and short duration of action. It was found to produce relatively little respiratory depression compared to other potent opioid agonists, but its analgesic effects were somewhat disappointing in human trials, and while pentamorphone had some slight advantages over fentanyl these were not sufficient to warrant its introduction into clinical use.

References

4,5-Epoxymorphinans
Phenols
Ketones
Mu-opioid receptor agonists
Semisynthetic opioids


Petre Melikishvili (; July 11, 1850 — March 23, 1927) was a Georgian chemist. He was the co-founder of Tbilisi State University (TSU), the first Rector of TSU, Head of the Department of Organic Chemistry (1919-1927), Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1927) and Professor at the University of Odessa.

Petre Melikishvili's field of interest in organic chemistry was the synthesis and properties of inorganic peroxide and acids; in inorganic chemistry - the chemistry of glycolic acids and acrylic acids. He also studied meteorite compositions and agricultural issues.

Family

Petre Melikishvili's ancestors moved from Adjara to Akhaltsikhe in the 16th century. His parents moved from Akhaltsikhe (Meskheti) to Tbilisi in the 1940s. They settled in the house at 36 Vasil Bebutov Street (now 44 Lado Asatiani Street).

Father Grigol Melikishvili was a public figure and actively participated in the establishment of the first private Georgian printing house in Tbilisi. He sent his eldest son to Vienna to bring printing equipments. Petre Melikishvili's older brother Stefane Melikishvili was the first editor and publisher of the newspaper "Droeba". His younger brother Iosebi was also a publisher, and his sister, Sergei Meskhi's wife, Ekaterine Melikishvili-Meskhi, was a writer, translator and feminist. Ilia Chavchavadze, Akaki Tsereteli, Sergey Meskhi, Niko Nikoladze and other leaders of the Georgian intelligentsia often visited the Melikishvili family.

Early years and Education
Petre Melikishvili was born on July 11, 1850, in Tbilisi. His grandmother taught him to read and write. At the age of ten he was sent to the gymnasium, where he was taught by Nikoloz Ghoghoberidze. Petre Melikishvili graduated from the gymnasium with honors in 1868 and under the influence of Besarion Ghoghoberidze chose to study natural sciences. Petre Melikishvili decided to continue his studies in Moscow or St. Petersburg, but due to poor health, doctors prevented him from continuing his studies in Russia. In 1869 he left for Ukraine and enrolled in the Department of Natural Sciences of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics at the University of Odessa. Vasil Petriashvili (later the rector of Odessa University) also studied in the last year of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, with whom Petre Melikishvili soon became friends.

In 1872, Petre Melikishvili graduated from the University two years earlier with honors and remained at the University of Odessa to train as a professor. In the same year he arrived in Tbilisi, where he taught botany for a year at a private women's gymnasium.

In 1873 Petre Melikishvili went abroad on a business trip. For 2 years he was acquainted with the chemical laboratories of Lothar Meyer and Johannes Vilicenus in Tübingen and Karlsruhe. After returning to Ukraine in 1876, he worked as a laboratory assistant at the University of Odessa Chemical Laboratory.

In 1877 Petre Melikishvili started scientific work in organic chemistry. In 1878 he passed the master's examinations at the University of Odessa and began intensive work on products of unsaturated acids. From 1879 to 1880 he published six papers on acrylic acid and related matters.

In 1881, Petre Melikishvili defended his dissertation "Acrylic Acids" for a master's degree, after which he left for Paris, where he attended lectures by the French chemist Marceline Bertha. Petre Melikishvili left France for Munich, where he worked in the laboratory of the German chemist Adolf Bayer.

In 1884 Petre Melikishvili returned to Odessa. In the same year he was appointed Associate Professor of the Department of Agronomic Chemistry at the University. In 1885, Melikishvili defended his dissertation "Isomeric Crotonic Acid Products" and was awarded the degree of Doctor of Chemistry. In the same year he was elected Professor of the Department of Pure Chemistry, and in 1889 he became Professor of the Department. During this period Petre Melikishvili worked on the synthesis of homologous series of acrylic acid and their products.

Scientific Work

In 1885-1917 Petre Melikishvili was a professor in the Department of Agronomic Chemistry at the University of Novorossiysk.

Petre Melikishvili showed great interest in the emancipation of women. he sent his sister to France to get higher education and was active in getting Georgian women to get higher education abroad. In 1905 he actively participated in the formation of the Odessa Women's Higher Courses. In 1906, the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics was opened for women courses. In October of the same year, Petre Melikishvili was elected dean of the faculty.

In 1923, the 50th anniversary of Petre Melikishvili's pedagogical and scientific-social activity was celebrated. Four years later he was elected a Corresponding Member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences.

Petre Melikishvili owns 85 scientific papers. He mainly worked in two fields: organic chemistry and inorganic chemistry, and after returning to Georgia he worked intensively on agricultural issues. Petre Melikishvili published the first two works while he was still a student in 1872. During this period, the University of Odessa was the leader in the study of azo and azoxy compounds, and Petre Melikishvili also worked mainly on these compounds. In 1875 he published two papers in the field of physical chemistry.

Petre Melikishvili laid the foundation for the creation of chemical terminology in the Georgian language, which was later developed by his students: Nino Tsitsishvili and Rusudan Nikoladze.

Meteorites and Agrochemistry

In the 1890s, Petre Melikishvili became interested in the nature of meteorites. He studied meteorites which fell in different places, including: Tsmeti, Zabrod, Migey, Vakulov and others. After chemical research of meteorites, it was concluded that they contain the same chemical elements as the Earth. The Migay meteorite differed from others in that it contained coal, sulfur, phosphorus, and organic compounds, namely higher hydrocarbons.

Petre Melikishvili also studied minerals and agricultural products. His field of research included: wine, cheese, tea, etc. As a result of chemical analysis of wine and wheat, he concluded that the quality of these products is influenced by climatic conditions and time. after researching Chakvi tea with M. Rosenblatt, he found that the subtropical climate and soil in western Georgia were suitable for tea plantation cultivation.

Petre Melikishvili owns the following researches: "Chemical composition of Turkish wheat", "Wines of Odessa region", "Investigation of wheat of southern Russia", "Gluten exchange", "Wines of Kherson province", "Chemical composition of Russian sheep cheese", "Analysis of Russian sheep cheese", etc which were published in various editions of the Russian Empire.

In 1896, Petre Melikishvili published a study on natural soda, in which the issue of its formation was discussed.

Inorganic Chemistry

In 1897 Petre Melikishvili started working in the field of inorganic chemistry and wrote more than 20 papers in this field. The Russian Academy of Sciences has published these studies under the title "Peroxides and Super Acids". Petre Melikishvili was awarded the Lomonosov Gold Medal together with Lev Pisarzhevsky for these examinations. According to Dmitry Mendeleev, their works "perfected the periodic table of the chemical elements."

In Tbilisi State University
At the suggestion of Ivane Javakhishvili, on January 13, 1918, Petre Melikishvili was elected the first rector of Tbilisi State University. He did not receive a salary during his tenure as rector.   Petre Melikishvili gave lectures and set up laboratories at the Faculty of Natural Sciences. In 1918, he founded the Department of Chemistry, which he headed, and then it was divided into two departments, the Department of Inorganic Chemistry (headed by Jason Moseshvili) and the Department of Organic Chemistry, which he headed.

In 1919 Petre Melikishvili and the Dean of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Andrea Razmadze argued. Petre Melikishvili applied for the resignation, however, he continued to work in the Department of Organic Chemistry and headed the newly established Faculty of Agriculture of the University.

Death and Inheritance

Petre Melikishvili was a lonely man. He avoided political activities, including administrative positions.

Petre Melikishvili died on March 23, 1927, at the age of 77. He is buried in the yard of Tbilisi State University. Petre Melikishvili was the first professor to be buried in the university yard. A year later, a monument created by Iakob Nikoladze was erected in the Pantheon.

The Petre Melikishvili Prize exists at the Georgian National Academy of Sciences. There is a scholarship, an auditorium and a cabinet-library named after him at Tbilisi State University. The first rector's desk and personal belongings are kept in the University Museum. The original photos of Petre Melikishvili's personal fund are kept in the Odessa regional archive. Electronic versions are kept in the Museum of Tbilisi State University.

Petre Melikishvili Street is located in Tbilisi. Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry is named after him.

Organizations and Associations
Tbilisi State University, Founder, Rector (1918-1919)
Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Corresponding Member (1927-)
Georgian Scientific School of Chemistry, founder

Awards
Mikhail Lomonosov Gold Medal (1899)

References

Bibliography
"The chemical composition of our wine." Tbilisi (Georgia): Printing house of the Ministry of Defense. 1920.

Further reading
Gverdtsiteli, I. (1975). Petre Grigoli Melikishvili: Life and Work. Tbilisi: Tbilisi University Publishing House.
Toradze, M. (2015). Petre Melikishvili: First Rector of the University. Publicist Essays, 2. Tbilisi: Tbilisi State University.
Menagarishvili, A. (April 12, 1968). The first rector of the university, the great caretaker of agriculture. Tbilisi University. №13 (284).
Pirtskhalava, N. (April 12, 1968). The great Georgian scientist P. C. Melikishvili. Tbilisi University. №13 (284).
Shalamberidze, M. (1923). Petre Melikishvili (1873-1923). Tbilissi.
Tsuladze, E. (1953). Two chemists. Tbilisi: Publishing House and Printing House of the Georgian Academy of Sciences.

External links
Image of Petre Melikishvili
 Petre Melikishvili — TSU
 Collection of Petre Melikisvhili

Chemists from Georgia (country)
1850 births
1927 deaths
Rectors of Tbilisi State University
Corresponding Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Chemists from the Russian Empire


Three ships and a shore establishment of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Quebec, after the city of Quebec in Canada:

Ships
  was a 32-gun fifth rate launched in 1760 and blown up in action with French in 1779.
  was a schooner purchased in 1775 and wrecked later that year.
  was a 32-gun fifth rate launched in 1781 and broken up in 1816.

Shore establishments
  was a combined training centre (No 1 CTC) at Inveraray between 1940 and 1946. Now Argyll Caravan Site.
 HMS Quebec II was the headquarters of the commanding officer of the northern patrol and Combined Operations Staff Officer Training Centre at Hollywood Hotel in Largs between 1941 and 1942.

See also

 , subsequently , originally MV Port Quebec

Royal Navy ship names


Business NSW is an Australian not-for-profit membership organisation that advocates on behalf of Australian businesses. The organisation has been operating since 1826. It has formerly been known as the NSW Business Chamber (2006-2020), The Chamber of Manufactures of NSW (1885-2006) and the Sydney Chamber of Commerce (1826-1885).

Purpose and role

Business NSW works with businesses and local chambers of commerce to represent business interests to local, state and federal governments. Issues it advocates include red tape reduction, business taxation, workforce skills, infrastructure, workplace health and safety, and workplace relations. Business NSW has ten regional offices across New South Wales.

History

Business NSW has undergone a number of name changes and mergers with other business organisations since its founding in 1826 when it was known as the Sydney Chamber of Commerce.

The Chamber of Manufactures of New South Wales was then established with the inaugural meeting in August 1885 at Sydney Town Hall in which the rules and regulations were adopted and Archibald Forsyth was elected its first president.

The Chamber got off to an initial slow start with its primary supporters focusing most of their efforts on tariff policy lobbying, especially in setting up a "Protection Union", in direct opposition to the "Free Traders" led by Sir Henry Parkes.

The Chamber was finally re-constituted in June 1895 at a meeting at the Hotel Australia. The Chamber abandoned the idea of partisan political lobbying and adopted a position of a non-political organisation which has continued to the present day.

In 1914, the Chamber of Manufactures of NSW set up the Manufacturers Mutual Insurance Company (now MMI). The insurance company arm was established primarily to indemnify employers against claims that might be made by their employees who were injured at work, and was in direct response to the new Workmen's Compensation Act of 1910.

The Chamber continued to expand in NSW over the following years opening offices in Newcastle, Lismore, Wollongong and Ballina while pursuing possible amalgamations with other business organisations, such as the Australian Chamber of Manufactures and Employer's Federation, most of these options were explored but not acted upon.

In 1995, the Chamber of Manufactures of NSW broke its tie with MMI, selling its shares of the company and changing its name to Australian Business Limited. The sale of MMI shares made Australia Business Limited one of the most well funded business organisations in Australia.

In 2006 the State Chamber of Commerce (NSW) changed its name to the Sydney Business Chamber of Commerce, echoing the original concept of the chamber of Commerce that applied when it started in 1826.  In December 2006, Australian Business Limited changed its name to NSW Business Chamber Limited to reflect the new entity emerging from this union. Following the transfer of all members into NSW Business Chamber Limited, the Sydney Chamber activities continued as the Sydney Business chamber, a division of the NSW Business Chamber.

In 2020, the NSW Business Chamber rebranded its advocacy arm to Business NSW.

See also
 Economy of New South Wales
 Economy of Australia

References

Chambers of commerce in Australia
Economy of New South Wales