Kirill Leonidovich Khaliavin (; born 21 November 1990) is a Russian-Spanish retired ice dancer. Emerging on the international scene competing for Russia with Ksenia Monko, his future wife, Khaliavin became the 2011 World Junior champion, a two-time (2009, 2010) Junior Grand Prix Final champion, and the 2015 Russian national silver medalist.

Following Monko's retirement, Khaliavin formed a new partnership with Spanish ice dancer Sara Hurtado. With Hurtado he was the 2018 Rostelecom Cup silver medalist and 2017 & 2019 Spanish national champion. The two placed twelfth at the 2018 Winter Olympics and were the first Spanish ice dancers to stand on a Grand Prix podium.

Personal life
Kirill Leonidovich Khaliavin was born 21 November 1990 in Kirov, Kirov Oblast. He married Ksenia Monko in Moscow in late May 2017. He became a Spanish citizen in July 2017. Monko and Khaliavin's son was born in October 2020. The couple now reside in Madrid, Spain.

Career

Early years
Khaliavin started skating in 1994. He began learning ice dancing when he was eight years old. His first coach was Tatiana Kurakina.

2000 to 2009: Early years of Monko/Khaliavin

Khaliavin teamed up with Monko in 2000. The two debuted on the ISU Junior Grand Prix series in 2006, placing eleventh in Norway. They trained in Kirov before problems with ice time led them to move to Rostov in 2005. They relocated with their coach to Moscow in May 2009.

2009–2010 season: First JGP Final title
Monko/Khaliavin won the Junior Grand Prix Final and the Russian Junior title. They took the bronze at the 2010 World Junior Championships.

2010–2011 season: World Junior title
Monko/Khaliavin won their second JGP Final title, and followed that up with their second Russian Junior title. They won gold at the 2011 World Junior Championships.

2011–2012 season: Senior debut
Monko/Khaliavin moved up to the senior level for the 2011–12 season. They were assigned to compete at 2011 Skate America and 2011 Cup of China as their Grand Prix events but Khaliavin fell ill with mononucleosis in September. They withdrew from both Grand Prix events but returned to competition at the Russian Championships where they finished fifth.

In February 2012, Monko/Khaliavin switched coaches to Alexander Zhulin and Oleg Volkov.

2012–2013 season
Monko/Khaliavin finished sixth at the 2012 Rostelecom Cup and fourth at the 2013 Russian Championships. They joined the Russian team to the 2013 World Team Trophy, replacing Ekaterina Bobrova / Dmitri Soloviev who withdrew due to injury. Monko/Khaliavin finished third at the event and Team Russia finished fourth overall. The duo withdrew from the exhibitions after Khaliavin developed an infection resulting in a high fever.

2013–2014 season
Monko/Khaliavin won silver at the 2013 Nebelhorn Trophy, behind Americans Madison Hubbell / Zachary Donohue, and then bronze at the 2013 International Cup of Nice. Their Grand Prix results were sixth at the 2013 Trophée Eric Bompard and fifth at the 2013 Rostelecom Cup. After placing fifth at the 2014 Russian Championships, they were not selected for the Olympics.

2014–2015 season
Monko and Khaliavin placed fourth at 2014 Skate Canada International and second at 2014 NHK Trophy. They went on to place second at the 2015 Russian Figure Skating Championships. They finished tenth at the 2015 European Championships and 8th at the 2015 World Championships.

2015–2016 season: Monko/Khaliavin end partnership
Monko/Khaliavin started their season by finishing fourth at the 2015 Skate Canada International. They withdrew from their second Grand Prix assignment, the 2015 Rostelecom Cup, due to Monko's injury. In 2016, she retired from competition due to the injury.

2016–2017 season: Debut of Hurtado/Khaliavin
Khaliavin and Spain's Sara Hurtado began considering skating together in late December 2015 and had a tryout in March 2016 in Moscow. He was released to skate for Spain in September 2016. They decided to be coached by Alexander Zhulin in Moscow. Making their international debut, they won gold at the Santa Claus Cup, held in December 2016 in Hungary. Later in the month, they won the Spanish national title ahead of Olivia Smart / Adrià Díaz.

Hurtado/Khaliavin finished thirteenth at the 2017 European Championships in Ostrava, Czech Republic. It was their final competition of the season. The Federación Española Deportes de Hielo (FEDH) selected Smart/Díaz to compete at the 2017 World Championships.

2017–2018 season: Winter Olympics
In July 2017, FEDH announced that Spain's Olympic spot in ice dancing would go to the team which received the highest combined score at the 2017 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb and Spanish Championships.

Hurtado/Khaliavin began their season in October with a sixth-place result at the 2017 CS Finlandia Trophy. The following month, they won gold at the Open d'Andorra. In December, they finished fourth at the 2017 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb, just 0.30 points behind bronze medalists Kaitlin Hawayek / Jean-Luc Baker of the United States. They outscored Smart/Díaz by 4.18 points at Golden Spin and finished second at the Spanish Championships with a 3.23 deficit, resulting in a final advantage of 0.95 points. On 17 December 2017, FEDH confirmed that Hurtado/Khaliavin would compete at the Olympics.

In January, Hurtado/Khaliavin placed seventh in the short dance, tenth in the free dance, and eighth overall at the 2018 European Championships in Moscow. In February, they competed at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea. Ranked twelfth in the short and eleventh in the free, the two finished twelfth overall.

The Spanish Federation had decided to send Olivia Smart and Adria Diaz to the World Championships and so Hurtado and Khaliavin got an early start to the upcoming season. However, before that, they went to Spain and met King Felipe VI and Queen Letizia, who invited all the Winter Olympians from PyeongChang.

2018–2019 season: First Grand Prix medal
Hurtado/Khaliavin began their season with bronze at the 2018 CS Lombardia Trophy in September. The following month, making their Grand Prix debut, they placed fourth at the 2018 Grand Prix of Helsinki and then won silver at the 2018 Rostelecom Cup, becoming the first Spanish ice dancers to stand on a Grand Prix podium.  Hurtado called the occasion "a goal and I dreamed of it when I saw Javier getting on the podium. It proves to skaters in Spain that you can be here when you work hard."

After winning their second Spanish national title, Hurtado/Khaliavin competed at the 2019 European Championships, placing seventh, almost four points ahead of Smart/Díaz. They were consequently assigned to Spain's lone dance spot for the 2019 World Championships, where they placed twelfth.

2019–2020 season
Beginning the season on the Challenger series at the 2019 CS Ondrej Nepela Memorial, Hurtado/Khaliavin took the silver medal.  They next won gold at the 2019 CS Ice Star.  At their first Grand Prix assignment, the 2019 Skate Canada International, they placed fifth.  Weeks later at the 2019 Rostelecom Cup, they placed third in the rhythm dance.  Hurtado said there was still "some little things in the technical aspect of the program" to fix, but that they felt the program was improving.  Third in the free dance as well, they won their second Grand Prix medal.

After winning the silver medal at the Spanish championships, Hurtado/Khaliavin placed seventh at the 2020 European Championships, finishing ahead of Smart/Díaz.  The latter were nevertheless assigned to the 2020 World Championships in Montreal, though these were subsequently cancelled as a result of the coronavirus pandemic.

2020–2021 season
Hurtado suffered a shoulder injury in the summer of 2020 that required her to return to Spain for surgery, with a projected recovery time of six months. On December 1, Khaliavin indicated that they had reunited and resumed training.

While Smart/Díaz were listed on the preliminary entry list for the 2021 World Championships, the Spanish Ice Sports Federation announced on March 2 that the final determination as to which team would represent Spain would be made following a virtual skate-off between them and Hurtado/Khaliavin.  On March 7, the Spanish federation announced that the berth had been awarded to Hurtado/Khaliavin. They placed eleventh in Stockholm. This qualified one place for a Spanish dance team at the 2022 Winter Olympics.

2021–2022 season: Final season and retirement
Hurtado/Khaliavin began the season at the 2021 CS Lombardia Trophy, winning the bronze medal. They next competed at the 2021 CS Finlandia Trophy, the first of three matchups with Smart/Díaz to determine who would be named to the Spanish Olympic team. They were third in the rhythm dance, ahead of Smart/Díaz, but due to free dance errors finished in fifth place, 0.25 points behind their rivals in fourth.

At their first Grand Prix assignment, the 2021 NHK Trophy, Hurtado/Khaliavin placed fourth in the rhythm dance, 0.03 points behind third-place Britons Fear/Gibson. In the free dance, Khaliavin struggled to stabilize their curve lift, and they lost a level on their closing rotational lift, as a result of which they were fifth in that segment, but remained narrowly in fourth overall, 0.71 points ahead of the Canadian team Lajoie/Lagha. At the 2021 Rostelecom Cup, Hurtado/Khaliavin were fourth in both programs, again finishing fourth overall.

Hurtado/Khaliavin faced off against Smart/Díaz at the 2022 Spanish Championships, and finished second in both segments of the competition with a score of 191.90, 8.12 points behind their gold medalist rivals, widening their cumulative deficit to 8.37 points. Both teams then went to the 2022 European Championships, the third and final competition for the Spanish Olympic berth. Hurtado/Khaliavin were sixth in both segments for sixth overall. Khaliavin called their performance "the best we have skated it this season and it is maybe the best we have skated together in our career." Smart/Díaz finished in fourth place, 4.96 points ahead. With a cumulative margin of 13.33 points, Smart/Díaz were subsequently named to Spain's Olympic team.

The post-Olympic period brought about a major change in circumstances for Hurtado and Khaliavin, after Russia invaded neighbouring Ukraine and Spain and other NATO countries responded with major economic sanctions. As a result, Hurtado and the Khaliavin family relocated to Madrid indefinitely.

On May 30, Hurtado and Khaliavin announced their retirement from competitive skating. Hurtado said that they had insufficient resources to continue competing, and that she hoped they would work together to develop a skating school in Spain in the future.

Coaching career
In June 2022, Khaliavin and Hurtado began coaching the new Spanish ice dance team of Sofia Val and Alexandre Gnedin.

Programs

With Hurtado

With Monko

Competitive highlights
GP: Grand Prix; CS: Challenger Series; JGP: Junior Grand Prix

With Hurtado for Spain

With Monko for Russia

Detailed results

Small medals for short and free programs awarded only at ISU Championships.

With Hurtado for Spain

With Monko for Russia

References

External links

Russian male ice dancers
1990 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Kirov, Kirov Oblast
World Junior Figure Skating Championships medalists
Naturalised citizens of Spain
Spanish male ice dancers
Russian emigrants to Spain
Figure skaters at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Olympic figure skaters for Spain
Spanish people of Russian descent
21st-century Spanish dancers
Competitors at the 2013 Winter Universiade


Ole Bjørn Støle (9 April 1950 – 19 November 2010) was a Norwegian judge.

He was born in Bergen, and graduated as cand.jur. from the University of Bergen in 1976. He worked in the Ministry of Justice and the Police from 1976, was a deputy judge in Kristiansand City Court from 1978, and worked in the Office of the Attorney General of Norway from 1980. He was then a private lawyer from 1985 to 2002, except for the years 1990–1993 when he was a presiding judge in Gulating. He was a Supreme Court Justice from 2002. He was later appointed an ad litem judge at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, and was thus granted a leave of absence in Norway. He died in November 2010.

References

1950 births
2010 deaths
Lawyers from Bergen
University of Bergen alumni
Supreme Court of Norway justices
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia judges
Norwegian officials of the United Nations
Norwegian judges of United Nations courts and tribunals


Chashni or Chaashni (Pahlavi or Middle Persian: Chaashnig; Chaashnik, Persian Language: چاشنی) means a condiment and is a spice, sauce, or preparation that is added to food to impart a specific taste, to enhance the flavor, or to complement the dish. Some chaashnies are used during cooking to add flavor or texture: saffron, barbecue sauce, teriyaki sauce, soy sauce, and pomegranate juice are examples. Chaashnies are sometimes added prior to serving and is used to taste by the dish, for example, in a sandwich made with ketchup, mustard, mayonnaise, Sriracha, or hot sauce. One of the most important secrets of famous chefs around the world is the use of delicious chaashnies for various dishes. It goes without saying that choosing a good chaashni will make the food or salad tastier and more delicious.

Moreover, Chashni (Hindi/Nepali: चाशनी, Urdu: چاشنی) is the generic name in North Indian, Pakistani, Nepali and Afghan languages for a sugary syrup. The syrup is usually thin enough to allow some swirling, and can have several flavors incorporated in it, such as rose or saffron. Chashni or sugar syrup is used in many Indian sweets and desserts in varying consistencies such as one-thread, two-thread or three-thread consistency (1 tar-chasni, 2 tar-chasni or 3 tar-chasni). Its preparation involves boiling of water with sugar and stirring till the desired consistency is reached. For foods in which chashni needs to be absorbed, a thinner consistency called single thread syrup is used. Sweets that need sugar to set use two thread syrup, which is obtained by boiling and stirring for a longer time. Three thread syrup is used in making Indian ground sugar.

Definition
The exact definition of Chaashni varies. According to Persian dictionaries, a chaashni is a combination of honey with vinegar or lemon juice to increase the food delicacy. Some definitions also refer to Chaashni as the taste of the food. Others restrict the definition to include only "a little amount of the food that is tasted".  Moreover, Chaashni is used as prepared food compounds which are added to food after the cooking process such as the chili sauce.

Etymology
The term Chaashni in New Persian roots in the term “Kweks” or “Kwok” in Indo-European languages meaning to see; show. Then, in Avestan, one of the languages of Old Persian as a branch of the Indo-European languages in their Indo-Iranian subdivision, the term has changed to Cāsh-, kash-, Chash- meaning to behold, see, and taste. In Middle Persian, terms such as Chaashnig, Chaashnik, čāšišn, čašitan, and čaxšišn were used to mean taste, tasting, and teaching.  According to Henning, C’šny in Parthian language and C’šnyg in Middle Persian language were used to mean taste. “A Concise Pahlavi Dictionary by D. N. Mackenzie” refers to č’šnyg as meaning taste in Middle Persian. According to Iranica, “With Aristotle it has been observed that it is through the faculties of sight (wēnišn), touch (pahrmānišn), taste (čāšišn), smell (bōyišn, hanbōyišn), hearing (āšnawišn) that, in association with the organs of the body, principally the tongue (mādayān uzwān), man conveys his thoughts (mēnišn) in the form of language (Dēnkard, p. 48, tr., p. 66).” “Ka dārūg ē ō kāmēd xwardan ud ka dārūg az ān ī pad xwarišn mehmānīh pad drōn frāz nihišn u-š čāšīng pēš ēn az dārūg kunišn. When one desires to take a drug is among the edibles assembled and set out with the drōn, he should taste the drug before.” According to this, the word originates from Persian, in which it means taste, or flavor.

History of using Chaashnies in Iran
In ancient Persia, saffron (kurkum in Middle Persian) was cultivated in the 10th century BC.  Saffron was used by ancient Persian as a brilliant yellow dye, perfume, and a medicine and they mixed it into hot teas as a curative for bouts of melancholy.  Indeed, Persian saffron threads used to spice foods and teas. In addition, Persian saffron was dissolved in water with sandalwood to use as a body wash after heavy work and perspiration under the hot Persian sun. Later, Persian saffron was heavily used by Alexander the Great and his forces during their Asian campaigns. They mixed saffron into teas and dined on saffron rice. Alexander personally used saffron sprinkled in warm bath water, taking after Cyrus the Great. Much like Cyrus, he believed it would heal his many wounds, and his faith in saffron grew with each treatment.

Golpar (Heracleum persicum, commonly known as Persian hogweed), originally native to the region of Iran, has been used as a spice in Persian cooking since ancient times.
Moreover, pomegranate juice or pomegranate molasses has been used in Iranian cuisine from old times since the pomegranate originated in Iran and is native to this region.
Today, a variety of chaashnies are used around the world to satisfy the diverse tastes of people. Nowadays, chaashnies such as ketchup, mayonnaise, paprika, hot sauces, Sriracha, and thousands of other sauces and spices are inseparable components of the dining table.

See also
 List of syrups

References

Iranian condiments
Indian desserts
Syrup


Ctenophora is a genus of true crane flies.
The species are large (about 20 mm long, with 25-mm wingspans),  shiny black craneflies with large yellow, orange, or red markings to mimic wasps. Males have comb-like antennae.
The larvae are saproxylic. The species are confined to old deciduous forests, orchards, and other habitats with continuity of the presence of dying and fallen trees. Ctenophora species are important  bioindicators.

Ctenophora is distinguished from related genera (Dictenidia Brulle, Phoroctenia Coquillett) by these characteristic  combinations. The segments of the antennae of the males have two pairs of outgrowths, the lower pair longer than upper pair. The antennae of the female are distinctly 13-segmented, and often indistinctly serrated. The sides of the mesothorax bear long bristles. Sternite 8 of the  female is without dentate protuberances.

Species
Subgenus Cnemoncosis Enderlein, 1921
C. fastuosa Loew, 1871
C. festiva Meigen, 1804
C. ishiharai Alexander, 1953
C. magnifica Loew, 1869
C. nohirae Matsumura, 1916
C. ornata Meigen, 1818
C. septentrionalis (Alexander, 1921)
C. yezoana Matsumura, 1906
Subgenus Ctenophora Meigen, 1803
C. amabilis Takahashi, 1960
C. apicata Osten Sacken, 1864
C. biguttata Matsumura, 1916
C. elegans Meigen, 1818
C. flaveolata (Fabricius, 1794)
C. guttata Meigen, 1818
C. nigriceps (Tjeder, 1949)
C. nikkoensis Takahashi, 1960
C. nubecula Osten Sacken, 1864
C. pectinicornis (Linnaeus, 1758)
C. perjocosa Alexander, 1940
C. pselliophoroides Alexander, 1938
C. tricolor Loew, 1869
Subgenus Xiphuromorpha Savchenko, 1973
C. sibirica Portschinsky, 1873

References

 Oosterbroek West Palearctic species

Tipulidae
Tipuloidea genera


The 905th Air Refueling Squadron is a United States Air Force Reserve unit.  It is presently active as an element of the 931st Air Refueling Wing at McConnell Air Force Base, Kansas. The squadron was previously inactivated at the end of 2010 when the 319th Air Refueling Wing at Grand Forks Air Force Base lost its operational mission and became the 319th Air Base Wing.

The first predecessor of the squadron was the 505th Bombardment Squadron, which was activated during World War II and served as a Replacement Training Unit until it was inactivated when the Army Air Forces reorganized its training units into Army Air Forces Base Units.

The 905th was organized under Strategic Air Command in 1960 at Grand Forks, where it served as an air refueling unit for the next fifty years under SAC and Air Mobility Command.  From 1960 through 1991 the squadron maintained aircraft on alert, prepared to launch in the event the United States went to war.  The squadron also refueled Boeing B-52 Stratofortress bombers flying airborne alert and deployed tankers and crews to the Pacific during the Vietnam War. In 1985 the two squadrons were consolidated.

In 1992 the squadron became an element of Air Mobility Command.  It continued to support contingency operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Iraq, and Afghanistan until it was inactivated.

History

World War II

The first predecessor of the squadron was the 505th Bombardment Squadron, which was activated in September 1942 at Salt Lake City Army Air Base as one of the original four squadrons of the 346th Bombardment Group. The following month, the squadron moved to Smoky Hill Army Air Field, Kansas, where it briefly acted as a Consolidated B-24 Liberator Operational Training Unit (OTU). The OTU program involved the use of an oversized parent unit to provide cadres to "satellite groups." In November, its mission changed to that of a Replacement Training Unit (RTU). RTUs were also oversized units, but their mission was to train individual pilots or aircrews.

The 505th continued as an RTU until about October 1943. However, the Army Air Forces found that standard military units, based on relatively inflexible tables of organization, were proving less well adapted to the training mission.  Accordingly, it adopted a more functional system in which each base was organized into a separate numbered unit, while the groups and squadrons acting as RTUs were disbanded or inactivated. This resulted in the 505th, along with other units at Dyersburg Army Air Base, being inactivated in the spring of 1944 and replaced by the 223d AAF Base Unit (Combat Crew Training Station (Bombardment, Heavy)), which assumed the unit's mission, personnel, and equipment.

Although the 346th group was reactivated in August 1944 as a Boeing B-29 Superfortress unit, it was assigned three new squadrons and the 505th remained inactive until it was consolidated with the 905th in 1985.

Air Refueling under Strategic Air Command
In 1959 the Air Force assigned the 905th Air Refueling Squadron to Strategic Air Command (SAC), which organized it at Grand Forks Air Force Base, North Dakota in early 1960, where it was assigned to the 4133d Strategic Wing.  The 905th was the first Air Force flying unit to be assigned to Grand Forks. The squadron received its first Boeing KC-135A Stratotanker on 6 May 1960 and began to fly global refueling sorties.

The 4133d wing was established by SAC in a program to disperse its Boeing B-52 Stratofortress bombers over a larger number of bases, thus making it more difficult for the Soviet Union to knock out the entire fleet with a surprise first strike. Half of the wing's aircraft were maintained on fifteen-minute alert, fully fueled and ready for combat.  The 4133d (and later the 319th) continued to maintain an alert commitment until the end of the Cold War.  The 905th also refueled B-52s participating in Operation Chrome Dome, the airborne component of SAC's alert force until Chrome Dome was terminated in 1968.  The squadron's ground alert commitment was increased in the fall of 1962 during the Cuban Missile Crisis, when all available aircraft assumed an alert status.

The squadron transferred to the 319th Bombardment Wing in 1963 when SAC replaced its Major Command controlled (MAJCON) strategic wings with wings carrying the honors of World War II organizations. The squadron supported combat operations in Southeast Asia from 1965 to 1975, supporting PACAF fighters participating in Operation Rolling Thunder, the bombing campaign against North Vietnam. The squadron also deployed elements as part of Operation Young Tiger, which provided tanker support from Thailand.  Operating from its home station, the unit refueled the SAC airborne command post, code named Looking Glass.

As the war in Southeast Asia wound down, the squadron once more focused on training for strategic missions. In 1985, the 505th Bombardment Squadron was consolidated with the 905th. In 1986 the 319th wing's last B-52 left Grand Forks, and the following year the 905th began to support the wing's newly assigned B-1A Lancers. 1987 also marked the squadron's upgrade from the KC-135A to the re-engined KC-135R

In December 1989, the squadron flew missions during Operation Just Cause, the American operation to oust Manuel Noriega from power in Panama. The efforts of the 905th enabled aeromedical evacuation missions to be flown directly to medical facilities in the United States from Panama.

The squadron provided personnel and aircraft for air refueling operations in Southwest Asia from 13 August 1990 to 9 April 1991. On 29 September 1991, as the United States reduced its nuclear alert force following the signing of the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty, the squadron ended thirty years of alert duty with SAC.

Air Refueling under Air Mobility Command
In 1992 the air force reorganized its major commands.  As a result, the 905th's parent 319th Operations Group was reassigned to Air Combat Command as a bomber unit, while the 905th became an element of Air Mobility Command (AMC) and was assigned as a geographically separated unit to the 305th Operations Group, stationed at Grissom Air Force Base, Indiana.  The following year it was transferred to the 43d Operations Group at Malmstrom Air Force Base, Montana, when Grissom closed.  This assignment was short-lived, however, because the 319th wing lost its B-1s and became an air refueling wing in December 1993 and the 905th was once more part of its operations group.

Under AMC control, the unit supported Operation Deny Flight, the no-fly zone over Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1994 and 1995 from Pisa Airport, Italy and Istres Air Base, France. It supported Operation Uphold Democracy, the United States action to remove the military junta and restore the elected president of Haiti in 1995. In 1996 the squadron deployed planes and crews to Riyadh Air Base, Saudi Arabia for Operation Southern Watch, the Southwest Asia Task Force operation to monitor and control airspace in southern Iraq, as an element of Air Expeditionary Force III. It also deployed for the sister operation patrolling northern Iraq, Operation Northern Watch.

The squadron was named the best air refueling squadron in AMC in 1997, being awarded the Spaatz Trophy. After 1998, the unit participated in Operation Joint Forge, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization to provide stability in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

For three months in the summer of 2000, the squadron was forced to operate from MacDill Air Force Base, Florida as the Grand Forks runways underwent a nine million dollar renovation.  For the first time in ten years, following the 9/11 attacks, the squadron once again placed aircraft on alert as part of Operation Noble Freedom and also began support for Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan.  Toward the end of the following year, the squadron began to deploy forward in what became Operation Iraqi Freedom, the war in Iraq.

The last squadron KC-135 departed Grand Forks on 6 December 2010.  At the end of the year the squadron inactivated as AMC ended air refueling operations at Grand Forks and the 319th became a housekeeping unit for the base in preparation for the arrival of Global Hawk unmanned aircraft.

The 905th ARS was transferred to the 931st Air Refueling Wing at McConnell AFB, Kansas, and reactivated on 14 May 2019. The squadron was assigned the KC-46A Pegasus.

Lineage
505th Bombardment Squadron
 Constituted as the 505th Bombardment Squadron (Heavy) on 3 September 1942
 Activated on 7 September 1942
 Inactivated on 1 April 1944
 Consolidated on 19 September 1985 with the 905th Air Refueling Squadron as the 905th Air Refueling Squadron

905th Air Refueling Squadron
 Constituted and activated as the 905th Air Refueling Squadron, Heavy on 12 October 1959 (not organized)
 Organized on 1 February 1960
 Consolidated on 19 September 1985 with the 505th Bombardment Squadron
 Redesignated 905th Air Refueling Squadron on 1 September 1991
 Inactivated on 31 December 2010
 Reactivated on 14 May 2019

Assignments
 346th Bombardment Group, 7 September 1942 – 1 April 1944
 Strategic Air Command, 12 October 1959 (not organized)
 4133d Strategic Wing, 1 February 1960
 319th Bombardment Wing, 1 February 1963
 319th Operations Group, 1 September 1991
 305th Operations Group, 1 June 1992
 43d Operations Group, 1 July 1993
 319th Operations Group, 1 October 1993 – 31 December 2010
 931st Operations Group, 14 May 2019 – Present

Bases stationed
 Salt Lake City Army Air Base, Utah, 7 September 1942
 Smoky Hill Army Air Field, Kansas, 3 October 1942
 Dyersburg Army Air Base, Tennessee, 26 February 1943 – 1 April 1944
 Grand Forks Air Force Base, North Dakota, 1 February 1960 – 31 December 2010
 McConnell Air Force Base, Kansas, 14 May 2019 – Present

Aircraft operated
 Consolidated B-24 Liberator (1942–1943)
 Boeing KC-135A Stratotanker (1960–1987)
 Boeing KC-135R Stratotanker (1987–2010)
 Boeing KC-46A Pegasus (2019-Present)

Awards and Service Streamer

See also

 List of United States Air Force air refueling squadrons

References

Notes
 Explanatory notes

 Citations

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

AFHRA 905th Air Refueling Squadron History

Military units and formations in North Dakota
Air refueling squadrons of the United States Air Force
Military units and formations established in 1959
Units and formations of Strategic Air Command


Luther Place Memorial Church is a congregation belonging to the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. The neo-Gothic church building in Thomas Circle in Washington, D.C., was designed by architects Judson York, J. C. Harkness, and Henry Davis and constructed in 1873 as a memorial to peace and reconciliation following the American Civil War. Its original name was Memorial Evangelical Lutheran Church. The Luther Monument is situated in front of the church. The statue is a replica of the centerpiece of the Luther Monument in Worms, Germany, and was given to the church in 1884 by German emperor William I.

History
Luther Place was built in 1873 by architects Judson York, J. C. Harkness, and Henry Davis. The church, like many others, resembles the shape of a ship, symbolizing a vessel for God's work, and it is well known for its stained glass windows picturing twelve reformers: Gustavus Adolphus, John Hus, John Wycliffe, Philipp Melanchthon, Martin Luther, Martin Luther King Jr., Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Harriet Tubman, John Knox, John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, and John Wesley. The church's exterior is covered with red sandstone from the Seneca Quarry, the same quarry that provided the stone for the Smithsonian Castle.

The church was dedicated as a symbol of healing after the Civil War. In 1904, Luther Place suffered damage from a fire, leading to restoration of the church and a renewed energy and celebration of its mission. President Theodore Roosevelt spoke at the restoration ceremony, saying, "The Lutheran Church is destined to become one of the two or three greatest churches, most distinctly American."

In 2007, the interior of the sanctuary was extensively restored.

Initiatives

N Street Village

In the years after the fiery devastation along 14th street following the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King in April 1968, Luther Place began to consider its property and location as an opportunity to help minister to the wounded of the city. In 1970, the church called a new pastor, John Steinbruck, who had served an innercity neighborhood in Easton, Pennsylvania. Under his leadership, the congregation began transforming dilapidated row houses on N Street into headquarters for faith inspired programs such as Bread for the City, Deborah's Place, Zacchaeus Medical Clinic, Sarah House, Bethany Women's Center, Dietrich Bonheoffer House, Abraham Welcome House, and the DC Hotline to help bring healing in the community. A multi-denominational religious community led by Luther Place, with a Protestant, Jewish, and Catholic coalition (ProJeCt), gradually created what was to become known as N Street Village. A critical step along the way was Luther Place's opening of its church doors to the homeless in the cold winter of 1976.

John and Erna Steinbruck, together with Luther Place congregation, founded N Street Village and created a vision and a challenge to the wider community that gained wide volunteer and financial support. In the late 1980s, Luther Place and its partners initiated a capital campaign to add a permanent night shelter at Luther Place and to build a new complex across N Street to house the various programs for homeless women that had evolved on and near the block. The multi-year effort raised $19.5 million in capital gifts and government grants, loans, and low income tax credits. Luther Place made its land available for the construction and a complex public private partnership was formed to meet the requirements of the government's low income tax credit program. In December 1996, a new facility that included Promise Place (housing for the programs for homeless women) and Eden House (51 apartments serving low and moderate income individuals and families) opened. This facility, along with the Luther Place Night Shelter, formed the core of N Street Village until two additional programs were brought into the Village; Miriam's House for women with HIV/AIDS and Erna's House, permanent supportive housing for homeless women. The set of programs now serves approximately 1000 women per year, estimated to encompass 63 percent of the adult homeless women population in the city.

Lutheran Volunteer Corps
In 1979, Luther Place founded the Lutheran Volunteer Corps as an organization that places young adults as volunteers with social justice-oriented non-profit organizations. It is now a national program that places nearly 150 volunteers in 16 cities. More than 2000 young adults have served in LVC and have gone on to become pastors, doctors, leaders in social justice programs, and similar callings.

Steinbruck Center for Urban Studies

In 2001, the Steinbruck Center for Urban Studies was created as a means of educating others about the work of Luther Place and N Street Village. It is named for John and Erna Steinbruck.

References

Churches completed in 1873
19th-century Lutheran churches in the United States
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington, D.C.
Gothic Revival church buildings in Washington, D.C.
Historic district contributing properties in Washington, D.C.
Lutheran churches in Washington, D.C.
Lutheranism in Washington, D.C.
Religious organizations established in 1873
Logan Circle (Washington, D.C.)
Evangelical Lutheran Church in America


The Thin Red Line is the soundtrack of the 1998 Terrence Malick film of the same name. It was released on January 12, 1999, by RCA Victor.  German-born film composer Hans Zimmer is credited for scoring most of the score along with his studio partner John Powell. The soundtrack was nominated at the 71st Academy Awards for Original Dramatic Score, but lost out to Life Is Beautiful. "Journey to the Line" has become very popular and was used in trailers for Pearl Harbor (Original version of the trailers), Man of Steel (Comic-Con trailer), 12 Years a Slave, and X-Men: Days of Future Past.

Production
Zimmer wrote several hours of music, with several different themes, even before Malick started to shoot the film. The director then played the music on the set, while filming, to get himself, and the rest of the crew and actors in the right frame of mind.
Zimmer and collaborator John Powell composed over four hours of music on this film, presumably for the director's original cut of the film. However, when director Terrence Malick re-cut the film down to its current running time of 170 minutes, he chose only a few select pieces of music from Zimmer's and Powell's musical contributions, along with original source music, and much of Zimmer's compositions were cut. The film also features several Melanesian choral songs and chants, performed by the Choir of All Saints from Honiara, only one of which ("God Yu Tekem Laef Blong Mi") is featured on the soundtrack. In addition to the choral music, Zimmer added to his tracks the use of Asian instruments, like the Shakuhachi and the Koto.

In February 2019, an expanded edition of the soundtrack was released by La La Land Records, Fox Music and Sony Music. It consisted of two discs of the music as heard in the film, plus remastered editions of the original score album and the Melanesian choral album. This new edition was limited to 3500 copies.

Track listing

 The Coral Atoll (8:00)
 The Lagoon (8:36)
 Journey to the Line (9:21)
 Light (7:19)
 Beam (3:44) (Composed by John Powell)
 Air (2:21)
 Stone in My Heart (4:28)
 The Village (5:52)
 Silence (5:06)
 God Yu Tekem Laef Blong Mi (1:58)
 Sit Back and Relax (2:06) (Composed by Francisco Lupica)

References

External links
The Thin Red Line soundtrack- Soundtrack Info

1999 soundtrack albums
1990s film soundtrack albums
Hans Zimmer soundtracks


Hesaraghatta Lake is a manmade reservoir located 18 km to the north-west of Bengaluru in Karnataka state, India. It is a fresh water lake created in the year 1894 across the Arkavathy River to meet the drinking water needs of the city. Sir K. Seshadri Iyer, the then Dewan of erstwhile Mysore state and the then Chief Engineer of Mysuru, M. C. Hutchins, planned to build the scheme called the "Chamarajendra Water Works" to store a three-years' water supply to the city.

Access

The lake is approachable by road from Bengaluru at a distance of 26.5 km to the north-west of the city.

Topography
The total catchment area draining into the Lake at the dam built on the River Arkavati is 73.84 km2 (2189 mi2), out of which the direct draining catchment is 2.68 km2 (6.86 sq mi2). There are 184 tanks built in the Arkavati river basin upstream of the Hesaraghatta lake. The River Arkavati originates in the Nandi Hills of Chikkaballapur district and joins the River Kaveri at Kanakapura after flowing through Kolar District and Bangalore Rural district. The Vrishabhavati and the Suvarnamukhi are the tributaries which drain part of Bengaluru and Anekal Taluk respectively into the Arkavati River. The catchment receives a mean annual rainfall of 859.6 mm.

Hydrology and water works

The Arkavathy River is one of the two rivers which partially meet the water supply needs of Bangalore; the other being the Kaveri. The reservoirs created by building dams on the Arkavathy are the "Hesaraghatta" and the "Chamarajasagara" at Thippagondanahalli (TG Halli) built during the years 1894 and 1933 respectively.
The Hesaraghatta dam is an earthen bund of  with a total height of  creating the Hesaraghatta Lake (reservoir) with storage of 997 M.Cft at full reservoir level with a lake surface area of . Water from the reservoir is taken through initially a 1.4 m dia (42" dia) Hume pipe to the Soladevanahalli Pumping Station by gravity and then pumped (using steam pumps initially and later changed to electric pumps at Soladevanahalli) against a head of 115 to 135 m to the Combined Jewel Filters (CJF) plant at Malleswaram for treatment and supply to the consumers in the city.

When the Hesaraghatta Lake started drying up in the year 1925, as an urgent remedial measure, another dam was built to create a reservoir called the Chamaraja Sagar at TG Halli, downstream of the Hesaraghatta Lake. This dam has been enlarged from time to time, over the years, to meet partially, the increasing water supply demand of Bengaluru.

Deterioration of the lake

The reservoir is reported to have filled up last in the year 1994 and thereafter the lake's deterioration and drying up started, reducing its reliability as a water supply source.

The reasons attributed to the lake's drying up are erosion in the catchment and consequent capacity shrinking due to continuous silting. As of January 2020, the lake is completely dry.

In recent years, the Hesaraghatta Lake bed has seen an increased number of bird photographers who drive on the lake bed using their cars and SUVs as hides resulting in extensive damage to the grassland habitat. This has increased the vehicle tracks to 43 km in total, with the average track width coming to 1.62 meters. About 136 hectares of habitat was either lost or disturbed because of vehicular movement. Unhygienic practices by villagers such as open defecation are also common.

Main factors affecting degradation include sand mining, movement of tractors, tree plantations, and grazing of cattle.

Avifauna

Even in the deteriorated condition of the lake, birds such as the White-breasted Kingfisher (Halcyon smyrnensis), Magpie Robin (Copsychus saularis), Little Egrets, Common Mynas (Acridotheres tristis), Brahminy Kites, Black Drongos, Bulbuls, greater coucals, purple sunbirds, etc., (some are pictured in the gallery) have been reported in and around the lake periphery. Documented records of sighting of 2000 water birds of 29 species have been reported. The lake is also a great place for the winter migrants. Harriers and spotted eagles have been reported on this lake during winter. Bird poaching traps, a common sight, are located and removed from the bed of the lake quite often. In summers, Junonia almana is common. The lake is dried and grass grows on it, on which Vanessa cardui can be found. Colotis amata, Colotis danae, Colotis aurora, and Cepora nerissa are common on Cadaba fruticosa. The lake area is hotter than the rest of Bangalore usually by 1 degrees Celsius. It is the only breeding spot off the Lilac silverline, Aphnaeus lilacinus in South India.

Call for restoration

Apart from the water supply, the lake, which was known for its birds and river rafting (wind surfing), has drawn the attention of public spirited organisations and individuals for undertaking restoration works to revive it.

 The Madras Engineer Group (MEG) of the Indian Army in association with local community organizations such as the "Arkavathy Kere Ulisi Andolana Samithi (AKASH)", which literally means "Save Arkavati Lake Movement" of Hesaraghatta and ‘‘Friends of Hesaraghatta Lake’’ undertook ‘shramadana’ (voluntary manual labour), in May 2004, to clear the main inlet to the lake. It is reported that this activity enabled increase of water storage in the lake which was stated to be  of water in an area of about . AKASH has now sought help of more volunteers to increase the depth of the lake to  to attract several species of birds.

 The "OORU-NEERU" Water Walk was organised by the public spirited people of Bangalore to Hesaraghatta Lake to see and study the status of the Lake and evaluate the relationship of a city to its waters. The observation made by the study is that: It is more correct to refer to the Hesaraghatta reservoir as a ‘once upon a time’ water lifeline for Bengaluru rather than a current lifeline.
The walk has also brought out facts such as, a) presence of the reservoir and old pumps, b) the building of 1896 A.D. vintage which has maps displayed in a building depicting how the water was received and pumped, c) the water level chart of the Hesaraghatta reservoir till 2000 A.D, d)a rain gauge to measure the rainfall, e) the remnants of the brick aqueduct to convey water by gravity at Turbanahalli and f) the Siphon at the Hesaraghatta Lake used to discharge the flood waters when the reservoir was full. The final verdict of the Water Walkers is that:The Hesaraghatta reservoir has the capacity to supplement Bengaluru water requirements at a far cheaper cost than any other. It makes ecological and economic sense to look at its revival.
 Another voluntary effort, the latest, is of the three member team of a villager, a photo journalist and an economist who found that the lake was being de-silted with bull dozers at the lake's eastern channel to connect it with the catchment area and which could bring water into the lake during the monsoon.

Places of interest

The fertile area which encircles the Lake has a number of important institutions such as the Government Aquarium, Government Film and Television Institute, Indian Horticultural Research Institute, Indo-Danish Poultry and Dairy farms with its livestock breeding and poultry centres which face the Lake, and the famous Nrityagram, founded by Odissi dancer, the late Protima Gauri in 1990.

Gallery

References

Reservoirs in Karnataka
Lakes of Bangalore
Water Heritage Sites in India


Filipe Vaz de Azevedo (born 21 January 1975) is a French retired footballer who played as a forward.

External links

1975 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Valence, Drôme
French people of Portuguese descent
Footballers from Drôme
Portuguese men's footballers
French men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Olympique de Marseille players
CS Sedan Ardennes players
Primeira Liga players
Liga Portugal 2 players
F.C. Felgueiras players
F.C. Alverca players
S.C. Campomaiorense players
F.C. Penafiel players
S.C. Salgueiros players
S.C. Olhanense players
Russian Premier League players
FC Lokomotiv Moscow players
Mahindra United FC players
Segunda División B players
CD Ourense footballers
Cypriot First Division players
AEL Limassol players
Expatriate men's footballers in Russia
Expatriate men's footballers in India
Expatriate men's footballers in Spain
Expatriate men's footballers in Cyprus
Portuguese expatriates in Russia
Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in India
Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Portuguese expatriates in Cyprus


Li Weiyue (李惟岳) (died March 9, 782) was the son of the Chinese Tang Dynasty general Li Baochen.  After Li Baochen's death in 781, Li Weiyue tried to succeed his father as the de facto ruler of Chengde Circuit (成德, headquartered in modern Shijiazhuang, Hebei) and waged a campaign against the imperial government when Emperor Dezong refused to let him do so.  In 782, with his losses mounting, his own officer Wang Wujun killed him and submitted to the imperial government.

Background
It is not known when Li Weiyue was born.  He was not Li Baochen's oldest son — as his half-brother Li Weicheng (李惟誠) was older than he was — but as Li Weiyue was born of Li Baochen's wife and Li Weicheng was not, Li Weiyue was considered Li Baochen's proper heir.  Li Weiyue also had at least one younger brother, Li Weijian (李惟簡).

Li Baochen had been a general of the rebel state Yan during the Anshi Rebellion, but in 762 submitted to Tang imperial authority and was made the military governor (Jiedushi) of Chengde Circuit.  He effectively ruled the circuit as his own domain, semi-independent from the imperial government, and he wanted to eventually pass the circuit to Li Weiyue.  During the time that Li Baochen served as military governor, Li Weiyue served as commander of the forces (行軍司馬, Xingjun Sima) as well as the prefect of Chengde's capital prefecture Heng Prefecture (恆州).  Li Weiyue was considered young and weak in personality, so, as Li Baochen aged, he began to kill a number of officers that he viewed as potential threats to Li Weiyue.  The only two major officers who escaped this fate were Zhang Xiaozhong (who escaped the fate by remaining at his garrison at Yi Prefecture (易州, in modern Baoding, Hebei), refusing to return to Heng Prefecture even when Li Baochen summoned him multiple times) and Wang Wujun (whose son Wang Shizhen was a son-in-law to Li Baochen and brother-in-law to Li Weiyue).

Resistance against Emperor Dezong
Li Baochen died in spring 781, and initially, Li Weiyue did not announce Li Baochen's death but forged a petition from Li Baochen, requesting that Li Weiyue be allowed to succeed him.  Emperor Dezong refused and sent the imperial official Ban Hong (班宏) to visit Li Baochen.  When Ban arrived in Chengde, he realized that Li Baochen had died, and Li Weiyue tried to bribe him to make a recommendation that Li Weiyue be allowed to inherit Li Baochen's position.  Ban refused, and after he returned to the capital Chang'an and reported this to Emperor Dezong, Li Weiyue announced Li Baochen's death and claimed the title of acting military governor.  He had his subordinates submit a petition requesting that he be made military governor; Emperor Dezong rejected that petition as well.

Li Weiyue thus prepared for war against the imperial government, along with several military governors who were also ruling their circuits semi-independently and who had previously entered into alliances with Li Baochen — Li Zhengji the military governor of Pinglu Circuit (平盧, headquartered in modern Tai'an, Shandong), Tian Yue the military governor of Weibo Circuit (魏博, headquartered in modern Handan, Hebei), and Liang Chongyi the military governor of Shannan East Circuit (山南東道, headquartered in modern Xiangfan, Hubei).  Li Baochen's secretary Shao Zhen (邵真), hearing of these plans, tearfully begged Li Weiyue to reconsider, and suggested that he arrest Li Zhengji's messengers and deliver them to Chang'an, believing that by doing so, Li Weiyue might gain sufficient imperial trust that his request might be accepted.  The secretary general Bi Hua (畢華), however, argued that the imperial government might still not trust Li Weiyue anyway, and if Li Zhengji then attacked, Chengde would be defenseless, and Li Weiyue agreed with Bi.  Li Weiyue's uncle Gu Congzheng (古從政) also opposed resisting the imperial government; he suggested that Li Weiyue should leave Li Weicheng temporarily in charge of the circuit and personally head to Chang'an to pay homage to Emperor Dezong in order to gain imperial trust.  Li Weiyue refused, and Gu committed suicide.  Subsequently, Tian sent his officer Meng You (孟祐), along with 5,000 soldiers, north to aid Li Weiyue in defense of Chengde, while he himself launched preemptive attacks on Zhaoyi Circuit (昭義, headquartered in Changzhi, Shanxi), then controlled by the imperial general Li Baozhen.

By fall 781, however, Tian himself was suffering defeats at the hand of Ma Sui and Li Baozhen, such that he actually needed aid from both Li Weiyue and Li Zhengji's son and successor Li Na (Li Zhengji's having died by that time as well).  Meanwhile, pursuant to Emperor Dezong's orders, Zhu Tao the acting military governor of Lulong Circuit (盧龍, headquartered in modern Beijing), had launched a campaign against Chengde.  Zhu was quickly able to persuade Zhang Xiaozhong to surrender Yi Prefecture to the imperial cause.  Emperor Dezong named Zhang the new military governor of Chengde and ordered that Li Weiyue escort Li Baochen's casket to Chang'an.  Li Weiyue refused.  In winter 781, Emperor Dezong formally declared Li Weiyue a renegade and removed all of his titles; he also decreed that those who turned against Li Weiyue would be pardoned and awarded.

In spring 782, despite the defense put up by joint Chengde and Weibo troops, Zhu and Zhang captured Shulu (束鹿, in modern Shijiazhuang) and then put Shen Prefecture (深州, in modern Hengshui, Hebei) under siege.  Li Weiyue became deeply worried, and Shao again suggested to him that he submit to the imperial government — that he first send Li Weijian to Chang'an to declare his intent, and then kill the officers who would not agree, leave his father-in-law Zheng Shen (鄭詵) in charge of the circuit, and personally head to Chang'an to pay homage to Emperor Dezong.  Li Weiyue agreed and had Shao draft a petition.  However, the news leaked, and Meng informed this to Tian.  Tian was incensed and sent his staff member Hu Ji (扈岌) to Li Weiyue, demanding Shao's death.  Li Weiyue, in fear, beheaded Shao in Hu's presence, with Bi's encouragement.  He then commanded 10,000 soldiers himself and joined forces with Meng, trying to recapture Shulu, with Wang Wujun as his forward commander.  By this point, though, there had been rumors that Wang would turn against Li Weiyue.  Wang, fearing that Li Weiyue would believe these rumors, intentionally did not use his best efforts in attacking Shulu.  Subsequently, Zhu and Zhang arrived and defeated Li Weiyue, forcing him to flee back to Heng Prefecture.

Li Weiyue began to suspect Wang, particularly after yet another officer, Kang Rizhi (康日知), surrendered Zhao Prefecture (趙州, in modern Shijiazhuang) to the imperial cause, but his staff members urged him not to suspect Wang, as Wang was the only officer he could depend on by this point.  Li Weiyue agreed, and put Wang Shizhen in charge of security while putting Wang Wujun in command of an army, assisted by Wei Changning (衛常寧), to try to recapture Zhao Prefecture.

As soon as Wang Wujun left Heng Prefecture, however, he considered surrendering to Zhang.  Wei, however, persuaded him that it would be his best course to simply turn against Li Weiyue and capture him.  Wang agreed, and therefore turned his army around and headed for Heng Prefecture.  Wang Shizhen and Wang Wujun's associate Xie Zun (謝遵) opened the city gates to welcome Wang Wujun in.  Wang Wujun captured Li Weiyue and executed his close associates, including Bi, Zheng, and the powerful servant Wang Tanu (王它奴).  Initially, because of Wang Wujun's prior service under Li Baochen, he considered sparing Li Weiyue and delivering him to Chang'an.  Wei pointed out that if he did so, Li Weiyue might blame the entire rebellion on Wang instead.  Wang therefore strangled Li Weiyue to death, and then cut off his head and delivered it to Chang'an.

Notes and references

 Old Book of Tang, vol. 142.
 New Book of Tang, vol. 211.
 Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 226, 227.

8th-century births
782 deaths
Tang dynasty generals


Ram Karmi (; 1931 – 11 April 2013) was an Israeli architect. He was head of the Tel Aviv-based Ram Karmi Architects company, and is known for his Brutalist style.

Biography
Ram Karmi was born in Jerusalem. His father was architect Dov Karmi. Karmi grew up in Tel Aviv, served in the Israel Defense Forces in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. He was one of the first soldiers to join the Nahal.

He studied architecture at the Technion, Haifa, and Architectural Association School of Architecture, London in 1951–56. His father, Dov Karmi, was also an architect and won the Israel Prize in 1957. His sister, the architect Ada Karmi-Melamede, was also awarded the Israel Prize for architecture, in 2007. He was married to Rivka Karmi-Edry with whom he has a son and two daughters. He also has two sons and a daughter from a previous marriage.

Architectural career

Early in his career Ram Karmi was employed in his father's office where he worked on plans for the Knesset along with the design competition winner Joseph Klarwein. Karmi planned the Negev Center, Beersheba, in 1960 and El Al building, Tel Aviv, in 1963.  He continued his architectural work while lecturing at the Technion, designing the Amal School in Tel Aviv and the Tel Aviv Central Bus Station.

According to Karmi, after the 1967 Six-Day War, the changed atmosphere in Israeli society caused him to re-think his brutalist style. In 1974, Karmi voluntarily became the chief architect in the Housing and Construction Minister of Israel, a position he held until 1979, and worked to re-design the near-ubiquitous public housing projects in Israel. 1981 he finished the Hecht Synagogue in Jerusalem.

In 1986 Karmi and his sister Ada Karmi-Melamede were invited to participate in the international competition for the design of the Supreme Court of Israel which they won. The building, designed by Karmi and Karmi-Melamede opened in 1992. New York Times architecture critic Paul Goldberger wrote of Karmi's design, "the sharpness of the Mediterranean architectural tradition and the dignity of the law are here married with remarkable grace." Beginning in 2007, Karmi was the architect in charge of renovating the Habima Theatre.

Academic career
Karmi taught at the Technion, Haifa between 1964 and 1994. He lectured at MIT, Columbia University and the University of Houston.

Karmi was a full professor at the School of Architecture of Ariel University Center of Samaria.

Criticism
The massive Tel Aviv Central Bus Station, which Karmi designed along with the architects Tzvi Komet and Ya'el Rothschild, has been criticized over the years for being a difficult to navigate bloated structure which also destroyed the neighborhood it was built in, despite numerous advertising campaigns and improvements. In an interview, Haim Avigal, the CEO of the station from 2005, downplayed the navigation complaints, but said that "if I caught the architect who designed this building, I'd beat him up". In 2010, his renovation of Habima Theatre, which at the time was still under way after three years of development, was fiercely criticized.

Karmi was also involved in the Holyland Park project in Jerusalem, which is called the "Monster on the Hill" by many Jerusalemites.

Awards
Karmi won the following awards:
 Israel Prize, 2002 – for architecture.
 Rechter Prize:
 1967 – for the Negev Center in Beersheba;
 1999 – for the Children's Memorial (Yad LaYeled) in the Ghetto Fighters' House.
 Reinholds Prize, 1969 – for a mixed residential/commercial project in Beersheba.
 Rokach Prize:
 1965 – for the El Al building in Tel Aviv;
 1970 – for residential buildings in Be'eri St., Tel Aviv.

Published works
 Adrikhalut Lirit (lit. Lyric Architecture) (2001). Israeli Ministry of Defense.

See also
List of Israel Prize recipients

References

External links
 The Knesset Building in Giv’at Ram: Planning and Construction
 The Knesset Building - Architectural Highlights by Dr. Susan Hattis Rolef

1931 births
Jewish architects
Israeli architects
Israel Prize in architecture recipients
Brutalist architects
Academic staff of Ariel University
Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty
University of Houston faculty
Columbia University faculty
Technion – Israel Institute of Technology alumni
Israeli Jews
Israeli people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent
People from Tel Aviv
2013 deaths


Bregare ( , ) is a village in central northern Bulgaria, part of Dolna Mitropoliya municipality, Pleven Province. Bregare lies on the left bank of the Iskar River,  from its mouth in the Danube, at an elevation of around .

Geography
The village of Bregare is located on the left bank of the Iskar River, about 15 km from the confluence with the Danube River. The altitude is 39 m. The land is divided into two parts: hilly, called "Pole" and flat - "Ormanja". To the northwest of the village many sloping slopes rise 40–70 m above it, and to the southeast, above the right bank of the Iskar River, the slopes are steeper and rise higher - up to 80–90 m above the village. The village is built in a relative plain, descending with a slope of 1/400 from southwest to northeast. The climate is temperate continental.

History
The village was settled by Balkan Mountains colonists from Vratsa Province after the Liberation of Bulgaria in 1878. Prior to that, following the Crimean War and more specifically the Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855), the Ottoman government settled Crimean Tatars and Circassians in the area. They lived in dugouts and adobe houses, but were forced out of the country in 1878. After the Liberation, around 100 families of settlers from Kunino colonized the area; other Bulgarian colonists soon arrived. The colonists included 83 Banat Bulgarian families from Austria-Hungary who arrived in 1894.

The Orthodox church of Archangel Michael was built in 1912–1915 and inaugurated in 1920; according to accounts of elderly people, the architect was from Macedonia. The village also has a small Roman Catholic ("Banatian") church of the Holy Mother of God serving the Banat Bulgarian community. The Father Paisius school's current building was opened in 1934.

Honour
Bregare Point in Antarctica is named after the village.

Notable people
 Georgi Dimitrov Mihailov – member of the 38-th National parliament.

Gallery

References

Villages in Pleven Province


Inger-Else "Ingse" Stabel (born 14 December 1946) is a Norwegian judge.

She was born in Oslo as a daughter of Supreme Court Justice Carl Ludovico Stabel (1912–1988) and Karen Andrea Elisabeth Eide (1914–2001). She is a niece of Fredrik Stabel. She family moved from Tøyen to Bygdøy when Stabel was 8 years old, and she finished her secondary education at Oslo Cathedral School in 1965. In 1971 she graduated with the cand.jur. degree from the University of Oslo. Between March 1970 and 1985 she was married to Jo Piene; she is now married to Knut Brofoss, a son of Erik Brofoss.

She started working in the Ministry of Justice and the Police in 1971. She was promoted gradually to assistant secretary in 1978, and from 1983 to 1986 she was a legal adviser. She was an acting presiding judge in Eidsivating Court of Appeal for a brief period in 1986, before working in the Office of the Attorney General of Norway from 1986 to 1988. She was also a member of the National Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics from 1981 to 1993.

In 1988 she left this position to become Norwegian Gender Equality Ombud. She served one six-year term. She made a mark by supporting gender quotas.

In 1994 she was appointed as presiding judge in Eidsivating Court of Appeal. After the Borgarting Court of Appeal was split from Eidsivating in 1995, Stabel worked in Borgarting. Also, from 1994 to 1997 she was a judge in the Labour Court of Norway, later serving as a deputy until 2002. She was also a member of the Lund Commission from 1994 to 1996, chaired the committees that delivered the Norwegian Official Reports 2001:14 and 2000:11, and was a committee member for the Norwegian Official Report 1991:6.

She chaired the National Insurance Court from 1997 to 2001, and has been a Supreme Court Justice from 2001 to her retirement at age 70.

References

1946 births
Living people
Judges from Oslo
University of Oslo alumni
Directors of government agencies of Norway
Ombudsmen in Norway
Supreme Court of Norway justices
Norwegian women judges


The discography for the Japanese boy band w-inds. consists of 40 singles and 15 studio albums since their major label debut in 2001.

Albums

Studio albums

Compilation albums

Remix albums

Singles

As lead artist

As featured artist

Promotional singles

Guest appearances

Other charted songs

Videography

Video albums

Music videos

Other discography

DVDs
 "Private of W-inds" (6 February 2002) - ??? copies sold

References

External links
 w-inds. release summary at Oricon

Discographies of Japanese artists
Pop music group discographies


Castricum railway station is located in Castricum, the Netherlands. The station opened on 1 May 1867 as part of the Den Helder–Amsterdam railway.

Train services
, the following services call at Castricum:
2× per hour intercity service (Schagen -) Alkmaar - Amsterdam - Utrecht - Eindhoven - Maastricht
2× per hour intercity service Den Helder - Amsterdam - Utrecht - Nijmegen
2× per hour local service (sprinter) Hoorn - Alkmaar - Uitgeest - Haarlem - Amsterdam

Bus services
These services stop outside the station.

External links
NS website
Dutch public transport travel planner

Railway stations in North Holland
Railway stations opened in 1867
Railway stations on the Staatslijn K
Castricum
Railway stations in the Netherlands opened in the 1860s


The Brest Prison (French - bagne de Brest) was a 254m long prison in Brest, France.  It was built between 1749 and 1751 by Antoine Choquet de Lindu, dominating the military port it was built to serve.  It could house 3000 prisoners (sometimes as much as 10% of the town's population), children as young as 11 as well as older people.  It was closed in 1858, and demolished in the late 1940s.

History
Its construction was launched after Louis XV of France, by an ordinance of 27 September 1748, transferred the (previously independent) galleys to the control of the French Navy, to allow him to provide crews for galleys cheaply.  Galley prisoners were previously held on their galleys - now they would be housed in new prisons, such as that at Brest.  On two levels divided into 4 large sections, the building could house 400-500 prisoners and was designed to house the police cheaply, prevent prisoners escaping and providing for prisoners' vital needs.

Its siting was controversial.  Though many citizens of Brest wanted it to be built within the Arsenal enclosure, no site "below the cliff" provided enough room for such a construction or suitable for its sanitary needs (running water, ventilation, and so on).  Finally built at Lannouron, on the left bank of the Penfeld, between the high corderie, barracks and hospital.

Closed in 1858 since its living conditions were adjudged to be too soft after reports from workers there and after baron Portal's report, its prisoners were moved to penitentiary colonies.

Prison life

Famous prisoners
Eugène-François Vidocq, son of an Arras baker, escaped from here as well as from the prison in Toulon and later became chief of police.

Bibliography
 JARNOUX, Philippe, Survivre au bagne de Brest, Brest, Éd. "Le Télégramme", 2003, 117 p.
 JOANNIC-SETA, Frédérique, Le bagne de Brest, 1749-1800. Naissance d'une institution carcérale au siècle des lumières, Rennes, Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2000, 360 p.

External links
Prison life at Brest

Government buildings completed in 1751
Defunct prisons in France
Prison
Prison
1751 establishments in France
1858 disestablishments in France
Buildings and structures demolished in the 1940s
18th-century architecture in France


The Panderers were formed in late 2006 by Scott Wynn, a lo-fi, DIY audio home recorder, from rural Indiana via Cincinnati, Ohio. Blending rock, lounge soul and stark minimalism, The Panderers' sound is constructed of ultra-simplified guitar work, slurring bass lines and on-point percussion, all of which buoy Wynn's even-handed signature vocal. Wynn lists his strongest influences as lo-fi singer-songwriter as: Bill Callahan (musician), Daniel Johnston and Johnny Cash, he also has drawn direct influence from garage rockers Kings of Leon, "acid country house music" makers Alabama 3 and disco rockers Electric Six.

Overview

The Panderers stemmed all from a Myspace contact from Wynn to Pete McNeal, a member of Mike Doughty’s Band, an American singer-songwriter and former frontman of the band Soul Coughing through most of the 1990s before emerging as a solo artist. McNeal had also been the drummer for Cake (band) from 2001 to 2004. The two were soon contemplating an album.

McNeal shared Wynn’s demo recordings with bassist and composer Andrew “Scrap” Livingston. Being both classically trained and also possessing an equally unorthodox “greasy" upright bass style, Livingston joined the album project. Incidentally, via McNeal, Wynn crossed paths with producer and Grammy nominee, Dave Wilder. Wilder and McNeal were also joint producers in a production company that they had recently formed at the time.

In late 2006, Wynn, McNeal, Livingston and Wilder all convened at Wilderstyle Studio in California, to record what would become Songs that Bang, the first full-length album as The Panderers. The LP was self-released from The Panderers' Myspace page, on April 25, 2007.In order to make it a true "limited-edition," The Panderers stopped selling the hand-numbered units when the serial number reach an even 1,000 and ended offering the serialized copies.

The Panderers were offered and took a showcase at the CMJ Music Marathon and Film Fest 2007.

In late 2007, Mike Doughty took an active interest in The Panderers. Doughty created a microlabel called "Snack Bar" in early 2008 and signed The Panderers to their first national record deal. Snack Bar released an EP consisting of five songs that were originally on Songs that Bang. The EP was entitled Hotshot's Boy which was an early pen name for Wynn and a nickname for Wynn as a youth.

Wynn's father was from the Southeastern Kentucky coal counties and Wynn would make regular treks to his father's mountain hometown as a child. Many knew Wynn’s father only as "Hotshot" after an old school Wolfman Jack-esque radio DJ of the same name. Wynn was known to many in coal country simply as "Hotshot's Boy." Wynn was the first male in his family not to have been a coal miner.

The Hotshot's Boy EP was released by Snack Bar on March 12, 2008. On the very same day, Doughty brought The Panderers (Wynn, McNeal and Livingston) out on the road for their first national tour of the U.S. and parts of Canada.

Discography

Songs that Bang - Self-released in 2007

Hotshot’s Boy - Snack Bar 2008

Style Rock 2 - Virgin Radio Italia 2009

Mucho Diggo - Sought Records 2009

Television, Film and Commercials

LittleBigPlanet Sony PS3 game television commercial ad campaign - (Song: Come On - Snack Bar 2008)

Life (NBC TV series) on NBC, Season 2, Episode 5  - (Song: Come On - Snack Bar 2008)

Dylan Dog: Dead of Night Film soundtrack - (Song: So Hard - Mucho Diggo 2009)

References

External links
 The Panderer's official web site

Indie rock musical groups from Indiana


2008–09 Moldovan Cup was the eighteenth season of the Moldovan annual football tournament. The competition started on 24 September 2008 with the first round and ended with the final held in the spring of 2009. The defending champions were Sheriff.

Preliminary round
This round featured 24 teams from Moldovan lower leagues. The games were played on 31 August 2008.

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First round
In this round entered winners from the preliminary round and 12 new teams, also from Moldovan lower leagues. The games were played on 24 September 2008.

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Second round
This round featured winners from the previous round as well as 4 new teams. The games were played on 8 October 2008.

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Third round
In this round entered winners from the previous round and the 8 remaining teams from the Moldovan National Division. The games were played on 22 October 2008.

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Quarterfinals
The first legs were played on 5 November 2008. The second legs were played on 22–24 November 2008.

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Semifinals
The first legs were played on 8 April 2009. The second legs were played on 29 April 2009.

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Final

References
 Moldova - 2008/09 season (RSSSF)
 PDF

Moldovan Cup seasons
Moldovan Cup 2008-09
Moldova


The City of Los Angeles is the most populous city in California, and the second most populous in the United States.

City of Los Angeles may also refer to:

Government of Los Angeles, the government of the city of Los Angeles
City of Los Angeles (train), a train


The Dulais Valley, one of the South Wales Valleys, is traversed by the River Dulais in southwest Wales north of the town of Neath, Wales.

Settlements in the valley include Crynant, Seven Sisters, Banwen, and Dyffryn Cellwen, which are served by the A4109 road through the valley.

The towns in the valley developed from the coal mining industry.

Visitor attractions in the valley include the Cefn Coed Colliery Museum.

The valley is the main location of the 2014 BBC film Pride.

External links
 The Dulais Valley
 Cwmdulais Historical Society

Valleys of Neath Port Talbot


Dean Byrne, (born 11 September 1984 in Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland) is an Irish professional boxer who fights in the light welterweight class.

Amateur career
Byrne, nicknamed "Irish Lightning", had vast experience boxing as an amateur fighting out of Crumlin ABC and during his 200 amateur fights he became Irish national intermediate light welterweight champion also represented Ireland at international level.

Professional career
Following the Irish senior championships, Byrne then emigrated to Australia where he then turned professional and had his first pro fight in February 2006.

Dean's unbeaten streak lasted until 28 October 2011. When, just 8 days after winning a Unanimous decision over Michael Frontin, Byrne took a major step up in class facing France's IBF International Light-Middleweight Champion, Frank Haroche Horta (then 26–8). An unprepared Byrne was outboxed up until the 8th round when his corner retired him due to an injury to his right hand.

Exactly six months later, Byrne fought the then 5–0 unbeaten Terry Holmes of England, and lost a narrow points decision over 8 rounds. Byrne had a comeback fight against Kevin McAuley winning a points decision over four rounds.

On 8 December 2012 Byrne stepped in on a week's notice as a late replacement to fight American contender Carson Jones after Lee Purdy pulled out of the fight due to having caught a virus. Byrne was supposed to be an easy win for Jones who was just recently coming off a majority decision loss to Britain's hard-punching golden boy Kell Brook, but Byrne managed to battle Jones to a draw.

Professional boxing record

| style="text-align:center;" colspan="8"|18 Wins (6 KOs), 6 Loss, 2 Draw
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3e3;"
|  style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Res.
|  style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Record
|  style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Opponent
|  style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Type
|  style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Round
|  style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Date
|  style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Location
|  style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Notes
|- align=center
|Win
|18–6–1
|align=left| Jamie Robinson
|
|
|
|align=left|
|
|- align=center
|Loss
|17–6–1
|align=left| Peter McDonagh
|
|
|
|align=left|
|
|- align=center
|Loss
|17–5–1
|align=left| David Avanesyan
|
|
|
|align=left|
|
|- align=center
|style="background:#abcdef;"|Draw
|17–4–1
|align=left| William Warburton
|
|
|
|align=left|
|
|- align=center
|Loss
|17–4
|align=left| Mark Douglas
|
|
|
|align=left|
|
|- align=center
|Loss
|17–3
|align=left| Roman Belaev
|
|
|
|align=left|
|
|- align=center
|Win
|17–2
|align=left| Danny Little
|
|
|
|align=left|
|
|- align=center
|style="background:#abcdef;"|Draw
|16–2
|align=left| Carson Jones
|
|
|
|align=left|
|
|- align=center
|Win
|16–2
|align=left| Kevin McAuley
|
|
|
|align=left|
|
|- align=center
|Loss
|15–2
|align=left| Terry Holmes
|
|
|
|align=left|
|
|- align=center
|Loss
|15–1
|align=left| Frank Haroche Horta
|
|
|
|align=left|
|
|- align=center
|Win
|15–0
|align=left| Michael Frontin
|
|
|
|align=left|
|
|- align=center
|Win
|14–0
|align=left| Sergejs Volodins
|
|
|
|align=left|
|
|- align=center
|Win
|13–0
|align=left| Konstantis Sakara
|
|
|
|align=left|
|
|- align=center
|Win
|12–0
|align=left| Justo Sanchez
|
|
|
|align=left|
|
|- align=center
|Win
|11–0
|align=left| Jose reynoso
|
|
|
|align=left|
|
|- align=center
|Win
|10–0
|align=left| Francisco Rios Gil
|
|
|
|align=left|
|
|- align=center
|Win
|9–0
|align=left| Geoffrey Spruiell
|
|
|
|align=left|
|
|- align=center
|Win
|8–0
|align=left| Daniel Gonzales
|
|
|
|align=left|
|
|- align=center
|Win
|7–0
|align=left| Michaelangelo Lynks
|
|
|
|align=left|
|
|- align=center
|Win
|6–0
|align=left| Brad Crookey
|
|
|
|align=left|
|
|- align=center
|Win
|5–0
|align=left| Chris McCullen
|
|
|
|align=left|
|
|- align=center
|Win
|4–0
|align=left| Arnel Porras
|
|
|
|align=left|
|
|- align=center
|Win
|3–0
|align=left| Roberto Oyan
|
|
|
|align=left|
|
|- align=center
|Win
|2–0
|align=left| Roberto Oyan
|
|
|
|align=left|
|
|- align=center
|Win
|1–0
|align=left| Ronnie Oyan
|
|
|
|align=left|
|

References

External links

1984 births
Living people
Irish expatriates in the United States
Irish male boxers
Light-welterweight boxers
Boxers from County Dublin
People from Crumlin, Dublin


Peter Arthur Smith (born 11 July 1942, in Hanworth, England) is a former international motorcycle speedway rider from England, who spent his entire career with the Poole Pirates.

Career
Smith began riding speedway motorcycles at the training track at Rye House Stadium in the early 1960s. In 1962, Smith took part in a number of second-half meetings at Poole and made his first full appearance for Poole at a challenge match at Rye House. He continued to improve at Poole and by 1968, Smith had become the Pirates third heat-leader. Poole won the British League championship in 1969 and Smith rose to the number one position at the club with an average of 9.52. Smith also made his first international appearances for England in 1969 against Australia, New Zealand and Scotland. He was made Poole's captain in 1971 and continued to ride for the club until his retirement from the sport in 1977.

He made 620 appearances for Poole Pirates during his 15 years career establishing a club record.

References

1942 births
Living people
British speedway riders
English motorcycle racers
Poole Pirates riders


Armenian draughts, or Tama, is a variant of draughts (or checkers) played in Armenia. The rules are similar to Dama. Armenian draughts, however, allows for diagonal movement.

Rules
On an 8×8 board, 16 men are lined up on each side in two rows, skipping the first and last row. From a player's point of view, the second and third rows are filled with men of his own color, and the sixth and seventh rows are filled with the opponent's men.

Players alternate turns with each making one move per turn. Pieces initially consist of men only. When reaching the opposite side of the board, men are "crowned" to pieces called kings.

A man can move forwards, straight ahead or diagonally, or sideways to an orthogonally adjacent field if that field is empty. Kings may move in all directions (up, down, left, right, or diagonally), as long as the path is clear of pieces. In other words, the king moves like a Chess queen.

If a man is orthogonally adjacent to an opponent's man, and there is an empty field one square beyond, it may capture the opponent's man by leaping into the empty space (left, right, or forwards). There is no backward or diagonal capture for men.

Kings may capture by jumping over a piece and landing in any field beyond the piece captured, as long as it is not blocked by another piece. Kings may not capture diagonally.

Multiple captures are allowed, and required where possible, for men and kings alike. If, when landing on an empty field after capturing an opponent's man, there is another capture possible, it must be taken immediately. If there are multiples different opportunities for capture, the one which takes the most pieces is mandatory (no distinction between kings and men is made). If there are several opportunities for capture that fulfill the maximum capture rule, the player may choose which to take. Pieces are removed during capture rather than at the end of the move, which means a capture may be "opened up" mid-move by capturing a different piece earlier in the move.

The game ends when one player cannot move their pieces, either because they have been hemmed in and cannot make a legal move, or because all of their pieces were captured.

See also
 Checkers Federation of Armenia
 Dameo
 Keny
 Tobit

References

External links
Some sites give the rules wrongly, allowing also diagonal capture. Correct versions are at:

 HCheckers - a computer opponent playing many variants, including the Armenian one
 Goldtoken (click on rules)
 A free checkers program

Draughts variants
Culture of Armenia
Board games
Abstract strategy games
Armenian inventions


The Lindstrom Peninsula is located on the southern coast of Ellesmere Island, a part of the Qikiqtaaluk Region of the Canadian territory of Nunavut. Across Baffin Bay to the south lies Devon Island. Harbour Fiord and Landslip Island are to the west, while the Grise Fiord is to the east. The highest peak on the peninsula is Mount Aqiatushuk .

In 1953, a small group of Inuit families were resettled on the Lindstrom Peninsula, and others to Craig Harbour, a Royal Canadian Mounted Police trading post  who moved to the Lindstrom Peninsula shortly after their arrival. By the 1960s, they developed a community at what is now the Inuit hamlet of Grise Fiord,  to the east.

References

External links
 Landscape painting of Lindstrom Peninsula and the Grise Fiord

Ellesmere Island
Peninsulas of Qikiqtaaluk Region