Daisy was a 1970s doll designed by British fashion designer Mary Quant.

Design

Daisy was released in the UK in 1973, with the tag line "Mary Quant makes Daisy the best dressed doll in the world". Her name was a reference to Mary Quant's logo, a daisy flower. The doll was manufactured in the 1970s in Hong Kong by Model Toys Ltd, in connection with Flair Toys Ltd. Flair Toys Ltd went out of business in 1980, but Daisy continued to be manufactured until 1983.

The doll is 23 centimetres (9 inches) tall and there are three different versions of her: "Dizzy Daisy", who has a stiff body and unbendable legs, with just her arms and legs swinging up and down from the hips and shoulders; a basic bodied version with bendable legs, as well as the swivelling arms and leg joints; and an active version called "Dashing Daisy", whose body is the most bendable. Her hair colour has ranged from different shades of blond to brunette and red.

Other dolls were manufactured from the same moulds: "Havoc, Super Agent" was released in 1976; and Daisy's best friend, "Amy", who was only available by redeeming daisy tokens from Daisy packages.

Clothes
Daisy's clothes were designed by Mary Quant and there are hundreds of different models. The doll and its accessories were sold in ordinary local shops. The clothes were cutting-edge 1970s design, as would be expected of Mary Quant, one of Britains leading fashion designers and inventor of the mini skirt and hot pants. Materials included satin, for long evening gowns and flared pants, stretch jersey nylon/polyester for T-shirts, fake "fun fur" for jackets and matching hats, and denim for jeans, waistcoats, hats, skirts and even a boiler suit (very fashionable at the time). Cotton was used extensively for all manner of outfits, long gypsy style dresses, again highly fashionable, blouses, tabards, mini dresses, etc. Patterns were also cutting-edge fashion, including flowers, stripes and polka dots. Footwear included platform clogs and sandals in every colour, and go-go boots with the Quant daisy on the side.

House
Daisy had her own house, a fold-up country cottage with one room divided by a split level floor for the bedroom area, and a sloped roof, printed inside with windows and wallpaper and outside with stone walls, windows and greenery. Furniture included round 1970s-style kitchen table and chairs, white with pedestal bases which were based on the Eero Saarinen "Tulip" chairs and table, it had a complete set of crockery and cutlery, plus a bowl of flowers, napkins and two paper table cloths. Daisy also had a kitchen sink with orange doors a 'tiled' white back splash and hot water boiler, a stove, again white with orange bottom drawer and set of pans. In the bedroom there is a 'Victorian' range of furniture: a bed made of brass look plastic with two sheets, a pillow and eiderdown in white nylon with pink roses all over, a dressing table with swivel mirror and working (battery) oil lamp, and a wardrobe. These items were originally in brown plastic to represent wood, and then went on to be manufactured in a rich green, the doors of the wardrobe papered in a tiny flower print.  The range also included a light pink chaise longue, a chevral dressing mirror and bentwood-style coat and hat stand, a Chesterfield-style arm chair with pedestal side table and an oil lamp.

Daisy also had her own bike with a saddle bag, and a "Daisy mobile", rather like the "Mystery Machine" in Scooby-Doo. Later on she had a scooter which ran on battery power.

Pets
Daisy's pets were a dog called Spot, a Dalmatian, a black Labrador retriever and a horse called Archie, which can be found in three colours: white with black spots, brown and a palomino.

Booklets
Every year a new fashion booklet was issued, showing any new Daisy dolls, and all her latest fashions for that year. Each booklet had a theme; the first, in 1973, being called My Fashion Diary, telling all about Daisy's year and the various outfits she wears each month for various occasions. The 1974 booklet is called My Round the World Holiday, in which Daisy travels the world, showing off more wonderful outfits designed by Mary Quant. Later issues included: My Exciting Life as a Reporter (1975); I'm Having Fun as a Travel Courier (1976); All about my Gift shop (1976); and My Glamorous Life as a Ballerina (1977).

Each fashion book took the reader on a journey in Daisy's busy life. Children could emulate her activities with their own Daisy doll and outfits.

Later fashions (after these booklets) were named "The Optimum" and "Flair" ranges.

Imitations
Daisy was imitated by other manufacturers, using similar head moulds to make clone fashion dolls. These dolls may be unmarked, or be marked simply "Hong Kong".

Associated items
Sets of Daisy paper dolls were produced in the 1970s including:
 Daisy's Fashion Wardrobe 1: Daisy becomes a model
 Daisy's Fashion Wardrobe 3: Daisy at the Fair
 Daisy's Fashion Wardrobe 4: Daisy's Dress Show

A book, Mary Quant's Daisy Chain of Things to Make and Do () was published by Collins in 1975.

References

External links
 V&A Museum of Childhood Daisy doll page

Fashion dolls


Little Cressingham lies  south east by road from Great Cressingham,  west of Watton and  south of Swaffham in the Breckland District of Norfolk. It covers an area of  and had a population of 157 in 70 households at the 2001 census It is in the civil parish of Great Cressingham. The village is located on the edge of the Stanford Battle Area.

The villages name origin is uncertain but probably means 'Homestead/village of Cressa's people', or perhaps, 'cress homestead/village'.

The village is dispersed, with the main centre focused on a crossroads around the church and the mill. The village church is dedicated to St Andrew and is partially ruined. The building is medieval and designated as a Grade I listed building. The village is in the Benefice of Cockley Cley. The round tower Church of All Saints at Threxton lies  to the east of the village.

The village pub, The White Horse, closed in 2004. Next to the church is the old Free School founded and endowed by William Farrer in 1809 and built at a cost of £144. It is now the village hall. The mill at Little Cressingham, a Grade II* listed building, is both a water and wind mill, one of only two in Norfolk. It was built in about 1820 on the Clermont Estate and is now disused.

Clermont estate
The Clermont Estate in Threxton, hamlet near Little Cressingham, was created by the Irish peer William Henry Fortescue (1722–1806), Earl of Clermont, friend of the Prince of Wales. He built Clermont Lodge as a shooting box and it was extended for his nephew and heir William Charles Fortescue (1764–1829), Viscount Clermont to designs by the architect William Pilkington. Pilkington was a pupil and assistant to Sir Robert Taylor (architect of the Bank of England).

Following Viscount Clermont's death without issue Clermont Estate was sold to Sir Francis Lyttleton Holyoake Goodricke in 1844 and in 1858 it was purchased by the 2nd Duke of Wellington. In 1863 he conveyed the Hilborough and Clermont Estates to John Remington Mills. In 1869 Mills bought the Watton estate and an outlying farm at Tottenhill in Norfolk. His son Joseph Trueman Mills added the South Pickenham estate, Norfolk.

The last owner of Clermont Hall was Sir Richard Prince-Smith who acquired the estate in 1966 and sold it in 1997. The estate, which originally extended to , was broken up from 1977 onwards. Much of it is now owned by the UK Ministry of Defence.

Clermont House was built in 1971/2 in the walled garden of Clermont Hall as a replacement for Clermont Hall and as an agent's house. John Davies, Prince-Smith's resident land agent from 1971—1997, bought Clermont House in 1977. Davies added to the house in later years and in 1983 developed an arboretum extending  which is open to public visitors. In 1972 Clermont Hall was found to be riddled with dry rot but attempts to demolish were thwarted by the imposition of a preservation order. The hall was sold in 1973 to Philip Jones, an artist, who demolished the servants quarters and restored the main house in  of land with cottages.

Footnotes

References

http://kepn.nottingham.ac.uk/map/place/Norfolk/Great%20and%20Little%20Cressingham

Villages in Norfolk
Breckland District
Civil parishes in Norfolk


Stephen Holliday Martin (born June 15, 1956) is an American politician of the Republican Party. He was a member of the Virginia House of Delegates from 1988–1994 and the Senate of Virginia from 1994–2016.

Electoral history

In 1987, Martin defeated incumbent Democrat Leslie Saunders for the 67th District House of Delegates seat, 51%-49%. In 1989, Saunders challenged Martin for the seat, but Martin won 55%-45%. Due to redistricting, Martin was redrawn into the 27th District in 1991, and won the House of Delegates seat unopposed, and was re-elected in 1993. In February 1994, Martin won a special election to the state Senate in the 11th District after Robert Russell resigned after being convicted of embezzlement. He received 75% of the vote in a four-way race. Martin was easily re-elected to the seat in 1995 (he was unopposed), 1999 (won 65%-35%), 2003 (unopposed), 2007 (received 63% of the vote in a four-way race), and 2011 (unopposed).

Senator Martin announced his intention to seek the Republican nomination for Lieutenant Governor of Virginia in 2013 in June 2012. He was defeated at the 2013 state convention.

On June 9, 2015, in the Republican Primary for the District 11 State Senate Seat, Martin lost to Amanda Chase in a three-way race, with Barry Moore coming in last.

Election results

Memberships
Senator Martin serves as one of two Virginia state chairmen for the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC).

Facebook comments on abortion
Martin made news in 2014 when he wrote a lengthy post on Facebook claiming that pregnant women are "hosts" who have no right to end their pregnancies via abortion. "Martin said that his words were taken out of context and that he was trying to describe the way abortion advocates see women." He later edited the post to replace "host" with "bearer of the child."

References

 Steve Martin – Virginia State Senator Colonial Heights Chesterfield (Constituent/campaign website)

External links

1956 births
Living people
Republican Party Virginia state senators
Republican Party members of the Virginia House of Delegates
People from Chesterfield County, Virginia
21st-century American politicians


This is a list of episodes of the children's animated television series GoGoRiki that have been broadcast in the United States and Canada. A total of 34 episodes divided into 101 6-minute segments have been broadcast in Russia.

Series overview

Episodes

Season 1 (2008–09)

Season 2 (2009–11)

See also
 List of Kikoriki episodes

References

4Kids TV Official GoGoRiki episode guide
MSN TV GoGoRiki episode guide
Information about all episodes, organized by year & by character

GoGoRiki
Kikoriki
GoGoRiki


Kakur Thakur  is a village development committee in Sindhuli District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3,982 people living in 677 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Sindhuli District

Populated places in Sindhuli District


Joseph A. Presel (December 23, 1941 – December 19, 2021) was an American diplomat who served as United States Ambassador to Uzbekistan.

Career
Presel joined the Foreign Service in 1963 and has specialized in Russian, multilateral diplomacy, and political military affairs.  He has served in Turkey, France, Moscow, Belgrade (as Deputy Chief of Mission), and twice in the U.S. Arms Control Delegation in Vienna, the second time as Deputy U.S. Representative. His Washington service includes two assignments to the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, service in the European, Politico-Military, International Organizations and INR bureaus, as well as several assignments in the offices of Department of State principals.

Ambassador Presel, of Rhode Island, served as the Coordinator for Regional Affairs in the New Independent States since 1993 and became Special Negotiator for Nagorno-Karabakh in 1995, with the rank of Ambassador.

The President nominated Presel, a career member of the Senior Foreign Service, Class of Minister-Counselor, to be Ambassador to the Republic of Uzbekistan. Joseph Presel was appointed to this post on November 10, 1997, and presented his credentials to President Islam Karimov on December 3, 1997. Ambassador Presel left Uzbekistan on October 21, 2000.

Life
Presel was a graduate of Harvard College, and studied at St. Antony's College, Oxford University. He is married to Claire-Lise Junod Presel.

References

External links
Bio at Tashkent Embassy web site
The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Presel to Prestine

1941 births
2021 deaths
Ambassadors of the United States to Uzbekistan
Harvard College alumni
Alumni of St Antony's College, Oxford
United States Foreign Service personnel
People from Providence, Rhode Island


Diary of a Hollow Horse is the fifth studio album by English new wave group China Crisis, released in 1989. It was released on CD, LP and Cassette. The original CD version features the bonus track "Back Home".

Described as ''perhaps their most Steely Dan-like album'', the first single released was ''St. Saviour Square'', originally recorded by Walter Becker and subsequently by Mike Thorne, whose version ended up on the album, despite the band considering the Walter Becker's version better.

The song lyrics refer to a demolished housing estate (now site of the Liverpool Women's Hospital) located in the square of the same name (now called Crown Street) west of Upper Parliament Street in the Toxteth area of Liverpool. Gary Daly recalls that: ''I would walk into town most days and hook up with everyone at rehearsals.The walk took me thru a relatively new housing estate, which had fallen prey to horrible neglect. I think with me just becoming a father for the first time shaped my thoughts and helped fashion the lyrics for St. Saviour Square”.The follow-up single would be ''Red Letter Day''. The album did not chart well in the UK given the lack of promotion by Virgin, which also shelved the video prepared for the first single. The album would be the last recorded by the band and distributed by Virgin.

A digitally remastered double-CD edition was published in May 2013 by Cherry Red Records, which includes the original and previously unreleased Walter Becker-produced versions of Red Letter Day, St. Saviour Square and All My Prayers.

Critical reception

David Spodek, reviewer of RPM, expressed an opinion that "this release is proof enough that the choice of producer will certainly influence how an album will sound." As per him Walter Becker brings a lot of Steely Dan sound into the record, "and it makes for very smooth listening from beginning to end".

Track listing

Original version
All tracks written by Gary Daly, Gary Johnson, Eddie Lundon, Brian McNeill and Kevin Wilkinson

All tracks produced by Walter Becker, except 1, 6, 9 produced by Mike Thorne, and 2 produced by Walter Becker and China Crisis
"St. Saviour Square" – 4:09
"Stranger By Nature" – 3:56
"Sweet Charity in Adoration" – 4:51
"Day After Day" – 5:07
"Diary of a Hollow Horse" – 3:15
"Red Letter Day" – 4:38
"In Northern Skies" – 5:02
"Singing the Praises of Finer Things" – 5:20
"All My Prayers" – 4:04
"Age Old Need" – 3:21
"Back Home" – 3:54 (Only appears on the CD version)

2013 version
This version was issued in full consultation with Gary Daly of China Crisis and includes the original Walter Becker-produced tracks, band demo and live versions.

Disc A
"St. Saviour Square" (original Walter Becker production) – 5:27
"Stranger By Nature" – 4:04
"Sweet Charity in Adoration" – 4:53
"Day After Day" – 5:07
"Diary of a Hollow Horse" – 3:15
"Red Letter Day" (original Walter Becker production) – 5:24
"In Northern Skies" – 5:02
"Singing the Praises of Finer Things" – 5:20
"All My Prayers" (original Walter Becker production) – 4:04
"Age Old Need" – 3:21
"Back Home" – 3:54
"St. Saviour Square" (Extended 12" Mike Thorne Mix) 6:17
"Diary of a Hollow Horse" (acoustic version) 3:37
"All My Prayers" (Extended 12" Mike Thorne Mix) 6:10
"Red Letter Day" (Bazilington DJ Vibe Mix) 4:03

Stranger By Nature is listed in the CD booklet as "Uncompressed Version".

Disc B
"St. Saviour Square" (Mike Thorne Re-Recorded version) 4:09
"Red Letter Day" (Mike Thorne Re-Recorded version) 4:39
"All My Prayers" (Mike Thorne Re-Recorded version) 4:05
"St. Saviour Square" (Band demo) 6:25
"Stranger By Nature" (Band demo) 4:23
"In Northern Skies" (Band demo) 5:12
"Sweet Charity in Adoration" (Band demo) 4:49
"Diary of a Hollow Horse" (Band demo) 3:35
"Singing the Praises of Finer Things" (Band demo)  6:11
"All My Prayers" (Band demo)  5:29
"Red Letter Day" (Band demo) 6:01
"Age Old Need" (Band demo) 3:13
"St. Saviour Square" (Live version)  4:07
"All My Prayers" (Live version) 4:14

Personnel
China Crisis
Gary Daly – vocals
Eddie Lundon – acoustic & electric guitars, backing vocals
Brian McNeill – keyboards, backing vocals, marimba
Gary "Gazza" Johnson – bass
Kevin Wilkinson – drums, percussion, bouzouki
with:
Tim Weston - electric guitar
Robbie Buchanan - keyboards on "Day After Day", piano on "Singing the Praises of Finer Things"
Paulinho Da Costa - percussion on "Sweet Charity in Adoration"
Jim Horn - flute on "Sweet Charity in Adoration", saxophone on "Diary of a Hollow Horse"
Walter Becker - synthesizer on "Diary of a Hollow Horse"
Angie Jaree, Conrad Reeder, Linda Harmon, Maxine Waters, Myrna Matthews - backing vocals

References

1989 albums
China Crisis albums
Virgin Records albums
Albums produced by Mike Thorne
Albums produced by Walter Becker


The Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Depot in Yankton, South Dakota was built in 1905 by the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad (otherwise known as The Milwaukee Road).

Prior to the 1870s, Yankton was served by steamboats along the Missouri River. As service declined, railroads took over to serve the communities in South Dakota. In the late 1870s, the Dakota Southern Railroad entered Yankton. Shortly afterward, the Dakota Southern was bought by The Milwaukee Road. The Milwaukee Road then expanded westward toward Rapid City, South Dakota and the Black Hills.

In 1905, The Milwaukee Road built its depot in Yankton.  Using a common design, the depot is rectangular in shape and single story. It is built of brick with wood and stone trim. There is a covered area at one end of the depot that leads to the waiting room.  A baggage room is located at the other end and the station agent's office is located between the two.

As railroad passenger service declined after the 1940s, the depot was sold.  The Milwaukee Road itself went bankrupt in the 1980s, and the tracks adjacent to the depot were sold to BNSF Railway predecessor Burlington Northern. At the time of nomination to the National Register of Historic Places, the depot was used as offices for a local cable television company. In 2008, the depot houses the offices of an architectural firm.

The depot was listed in the National Register because of its architecture and also because of it association with the commercial development of Yankton and the development of railroads in South Dakota.

References

 Zylstra, Roger E., with Carolyn Torma and John Burrows. Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Depot (Yankton County, South Dakota). National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination Form. National Park Service, Washington, DC, 1982.

Railway stations on the National Register of Historic Places in South Dakota
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1905
Yankton, South Dakota
Buildings and structures in Yankton, South Dakota
National Register of Historic Places in Yankton County, South Dakota
Former railway stations in South Dakota


Kalpabriksha is a village development committee in Sindhuli District in the Janakpur Zone of southeastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census, it had a population of 8,849.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Sindhuli District

Populated places in Sindhuli District


The 3rd Tipperary Brigade () was one of the most active of approximately 80 such units that constituted the IRA during the Irish War of Independence. The brigade was based in southern Tipperary and conducted its activities mainly in mid-Munster.

In December 1918 and January 1919, in a tin hut on a dairy farm in Greenane, Tipperary, members of the brigade planned what was to be the first act of the Irish War of Independence, the Soloheadbeg Ambush. In the early part of the war, four members of the brigade were the most wanted men in Ireland. The 'Big Four', as they were referred to in Ireland in 1919, were Seán Treacy, Dan Breen, Séumas Robinson and Seán Hogan. Raids, ambushes and ongoing military activities by the brigade battalions and flying columns made South Tipperary ungovernable for the British in 1920 and 1921, with the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) confined to what barracks remained occupied and the British Army only venturing out in large convoys.

Background
The period between the Easter Rising of 1916 and the start of the Irish War of Independence in January 1919, was one of growing tensions between the nationalist element of the Irish population and those in authority, particularly the RIC and British authorities. These tensions were set against the backdrop of increased membership of nationalist volunteer organizations across the country and meetings and open drilling of volunteer companies coupled with the jailing of a large number of political prisoners, raids on houses of political activists by the RIC and incidents such as the death of hunger striker Thomas Ashe. 1918 saw the political stakes raised with the Military Service Bill coming into effect making conscription in Ireland legal and the proclamation issued banning nationalist organizations such as Sinn Féin, the Irish Volunteers, the Gaelic League and .The response to these measures was a significant upswing in anti British sentiment, emphasized by the overwhelming victory by Sinn Féin in the 1918 General Election and the anti-conscription rallies. While some in the nationalist movement were satisfied with political victories there was an element that argued that the only way Ireland would ever obtain freedom was through a military confrontation with the British and particularly those who served British interests in Ireland.

By 1917 in South Tipperary, the volunteers were being formed into companies with regular drilling and instructions on the use of firearms. Raids for arms were undertaken during 1917 and 1918 as the Volunteer companies were arming themselves in the anticipation of future conflict. Seán Treacy was the driving force behind a lot of this activity and he regularly visited the local companies often accompanied by Dan Breen. The visit of de Valera to Tipperary Town in August 1917 generated great interest and enthusiasm. Treacy was Éamon de Valera's body guard when he came to Tipperary in 1917 to speak at political rallies. Treacy was arrested a short time later and sentenced to 6 months jail. The jails were full of activists who were arrested for drilling, singing banned nationalistic songs, parading in uniform etc. and they became a school for revolutionaries with men from all over Ireland discussing the plight of their country and what needed to be done to progress their cause. In the 1918 General Election, Sinn Féin candidates were overwhelmingly returned in County Tipperary. The relationship between the RIC and the Volunteers was increasingly hostile with clashes at political rallies or while the Volunteers were drilling. Séumas Robinson, a veteran of the 1916 Easter Rising, arrived in Tipperary in 1917 at the request of Eamon Uí Dubhir who he had met while they were both imprisoned. Eamon Uí Dubhir and Maurice Crowe along with Treacy, Breen and Robinson were prominent in leading the activity of the Volunteers in South Tipperary in 1917 and 1918.

Establishment

The Third Tipperary Brigade, also known as the South Tipperary Brigade, was established in 1918. In October 1918 a Brigade meeting was held to elect officers, at P.J. Moloney's house in Church Street, Tipperary Town. Moloney was later in the year elected as a Sinn Féin MP. The house was burnt down during the war by British forces. Moloney's three sons were all members of the brigade. Richard Mulcahy from GHQ presided over the meeting. Séumas Robinson was elected O/C (in absentia as he was imprisoned at the time and did not rejoin the Brigade until late December), Seán Treacy vice O/C, Dan Breen Quarter Master and Maurice Crowe Adjuntant. The Brigade originally had 6 Battalions with this later being extended to 8. These were Rosegreen, Cashel, Dundrum, Tipperary, Clonmel, Cahir, Drangan and Carrick-on-Suir.

After Seán Treacy was released from Dundalk prison in mid 1918, Treacy and Breen along with Seán Hogan set up their headquarters in the 'Tin Hut' in Greenane. Here they tested explosives and planned activities. The 'Tin Hut' was a frequent haunt for many who would later play an important part in the Brigade's activities in the war, including Maurice Crowe, Dinny Lacey, Tadhg Crowe and Patrick O'Dwyer.

Soloheadbeg
The ambush led by Seamus Robinson, Sean Treacy, Daniel Breen and Seán Hogan at Soloheadbeg is generally acknowledged as the opening engagement of the war. Two members of the Royal Irish Constabulary were killed in the attack - Constable Patrick O'Connell and Constable James McDonnell.

The planning for Soloheadbeg took place in the 'Tin Hut' on a dairy farm in Greenane. Treacy, Breen and Hogan had been undertaking experiments with explosives there and considering ways to attack the RIC. Treacy was keen to commence hostilities and believed a military confrontation with the RIC and the British authorities was the only way to establish the Republic that Ireland had proclaimed in 1916 and voted for in 1918. In December 1918, they received information that there were plans to move a consignment of gelignite from the Tipperary Town military barracks to the Soloheadbeg quarry.

Treacy consulted his commanding officer, Seamus Robinson, who gave the go-ahead without consulting General Headquarters in Dublin, on the basis that what the eye does not see the heart will not grieve over.

They commenced plans to intercept the consignment and Dan Breen's brother Lars, who worked at the quarry, received information that the consignment was to be moved around 16 January 1919. They anticipated that there would be between 2-6 armed escorts and they discussed different contingencies, such as where they would guard the RIC if they surrendered and that they would fire on the escort if they did not immediately surrender. Robinson, who had returned to the Brigade area after his release from jail, was briefed by Treacy about the plans to seize the gelignite. Robinson supported the plan and confirmed with Treacy that they would not request permission from GHQ, if they did they would be obliged to wait for a response and even if the response was affirmative it might come back after the gelignite was moved.

'Those involved on the day of the operation were four officers of the 3rd Tipperary Brigade IRA; Seán Treacy, Dan Breen, Seán Hogan (then only 17) and Séumas Robinson. They were joined by five other Volunteers: Tadhg Crowe, Patrick McCormack, Paddy O'Dwyer, Michael Ryan (Donohill) and Seán O'Meara (Tipperary) - the latter two being cycle scouts.

On each day from January 16 to January 21, the men selected for the ambush took up their positions from early in the morning to late afternoon and then retired and spent the night at the 'Tin Hut'. On 21 January around noon, Patrick O'Dwyer noticed the convoy leaving the barracks. The consignment was on a horse-drawn cart, led by two council men with two armed RIC constables guarding the consignment. O'Dwyer cycled quickly to where the ambush party was waiting and informed them of the details of the convoy.

Robinson and O'Dwyer hid about 30 metres in front of the main ambush party of six, in case they rushed through the main ambush position. After the convoy reached the position where the main ambush party was hiding, they called on the RIC officers to surrender as masked men appeared in front of them with their guns drawn. The two constables took up firing positions and the volunteers fired upon them. Both RIC constables, Patrick O'Connell and James McDonnell, were killed. As planned, Hogan, Breen and Treacy took the horse and cart with the explosives and sped off. They hid the explosives in a field in Greenane and threw a few sticks out on the roadside a few miles further on as a decoy. The explosives were moved several times and later divided up between the battalions of the brigade. Tadhg Crowe and Patrick O'Dwyer took the guns and ammunition from the dead constables, while Robinson, McCormack and Ryan guarded the two council workers before releasing them once the gelignite was far enough away.

Breen has left apparently conflicting accounts of their intentions that day. One implies that the purpose of the confrontation was merely to capture explosives and detonators being escorted to a nearby quarry. The other, that the group intended killing the police escort to provoke a military response."Treacy had stated to me that the only way of starting a war was to kill someone, and we wanted to start a war, so we intended to kill some of the police whom we looked upon as the foremost and most important branch of the enemy forces ... The only regret that we had following the ambush was that there were only two policemen in it, instead of the six we had expected."

However, Robinson said that the plan was to call on the RIC men to surrender if there were only two, but to attack if there were six, as the eight IRA men armed only with one rifle (Treacy) and revolvers would be outgunned by eight.

"The reason for the difference was that there would be so little danger to us if only two appeared that it would be inhuman not to give them an opportunity of surrendering, but if six police turned up they, with their rifles, would be too great a danger to the eight of us to take any such risk as to challenge them and thus hand over our initiative. We had only one Winchester Repeater rifle and an agglomeration of small-arms.

On the run
As a result of the Soloheadbeg ambush, martial law was declared in County Tipperary.

Treacy, Breen and Hogan met again with Robinson a few weeks later and the "big four" as they were locally called, remained in hiding over the coming months, moving from house to house of sympathisers or sleeping in the rough in the countryside. Treacy and Robinson traveled to Dublin to consult Michael Collins who offered to arrange for them and Breen and Hogan to escape to America. They rejected the offer and told Collins they would remain in Ireland and continue the fight.

Hogan, who was only eighteen years old, was arrested by the RIC in May 1919. His capture would lead to one of the dramatic events of the war. Robinson, Treacy and Breen, supported by men from the East Limerick Brigade rescued a handcuffed Hogan from a train under the guard of four RIC officers at Knocklong station in Limerick. Hogan would almost certainly have been executed if he was not rescued. Two of the RIC were killed in the fight and Breen and Treacy seriously injured. The four men regrouped at the home of the Foley family, who lived nearby. Two years later Edmond Foley, a son of that house, was executed on suspicion of being involved in Hogan's rescue.

Robinson, Treacy, Hogan and Breen relocated to Dublin and undertook a range of missions under the direction of the Dublin leadership, some of these missions were in association with a unit known as The Squad. Robinson initially and Hogan later returned to Tipperary to continue the fight against the British and the RIC in Tipperary and surrounding counties. Treacy was eventually killed in an exchange of fire with a British secret service agent in Talbot Street, while Breen alternated between Tipperary and Dublin as the conflict continued.

Raids on RIC barracks
Aside from the RIC hunt for 'the big four' the remainder of 1919 was reasonably quiet in South Tipperary. This changed in early to mid 1920 as the battalions of the 3rd Tipperary Brigade mounted a series of raids on RIC barracks, including attacks on the barracks at Hollyford, Drangan, Cappawhite, Rear Cross and Clerihan.

Robinson continued to command the brigade through the rest of the war of independence. In September 1920 he appointed Dinny Lacey as O/C of the brigade's first flying column and later that year a second flying column was established with Seán Hogan as O/C.

Civil War

Reservations about the Treaty caused division within the Brigade. Some members sided with the Provisional Government, (later the Irish Free State), while others remained neutral during the ensuing Civil War. The majority, including Brigade Officers Séumas Robinson, Dan Breen, Seán Hogan and Dinny Lacey, took the Republican side. Lacey was killed in action against Free State troops in 1923 in the Glen of Aherlow while Robinson was a General throughout the civil war, Breen and Hogan were both interned by the Free State Army during the Civil War.

Third Tipperary Brigade Commemorations
A memorial at St Michael's Cemetery, Tipperary Town lists the names of those brigade members who were killed in the War of Independence and the Civil War. There are numerous memorials, plaques and statues in Tipperary and surrounding areas that commemorate members of the brigade or actions of the brigade, including those at Soloheadbeg, Knocklong, Talbot Street, Dublin, Annacarthy, Drangan and Ballingarry. The Sean Treacy Memorial swimming pool in Tipperary Town displays information about and a number of artefacts of the brigade.

A number of songs recall events and members of the brigade including:
The Galtee Mountain Boy – three of the four named historical figures in the song "The Galtee Mountain Boy" were members of the Third Tipperary Brigade, Flying Column leaders Dinny Lacey & Seán Hogan and the Brigade's Quartermaster, Dan Breen.
"Tipperary So Far Away" (Ballad of Sean Treacy). This song recounts the death of Sean Treacy. A line from the song was quoted by Ronald Reagan when he visited Ballyporeen in 1984: "And I'll never more roam, from my own native home, in Tipperary so far away.".
Ballad of Dan Breen
Station of Knocklong, about Sean Hogan's rescue.

Online sources
Tipperary Historical Society : The Third Tipperary Brigade a Photographic Record - Neil Sharkey 1994
Bureau of Irish Military History - Séumas Robinson's witness statement https://web.archive.org/web/20171123144125/http://www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie/reels/bmh/BMH.WS1721.pdf#page=113
List of Brigade members who were killed in the conflict
Tipperary Brigade
Ó Duibhir : The Tipperary Volunteers in 1916: A Personal Account 75 Years On

Brendan A. Creaner : The Rescue at Knocklong (8 December 2003)
Colmcille : (a) : The Third Tipperary Brigade (1921–1923); Part I- From Truce to Civil War  : THJ : 1990
Colmcille : (b) : The Third Tipperary Brigade (1921–1923); Part II- From Ambushes to Executions  : THJ : 1991
Colmcille : (c) : The Third Tipperary Brigade (1921–1923); Part III- The End of the Civil War: THJ : 1992
All preceding accessed on or after 2 Nov 2008

Bibliography

 Shelley, John R. A Short History of the 3rd Tipperary Brigade Published by (Phoenix) : 1996

 All preceding accessed 2 Nov 2008

References

History of Ireland (1801–1923)
Third Tipperary Brigade
Irish Republican Army (1919–1922)
Irish War of Independence


Kapilakot  is a village development committee in Sindhuli District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 6,807 people living in 1,138 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Sindhuli District

Populated places in Sindhuli District


Howard Clewes (27 October 1912 – 29 January 1988) was an English screenwriter and novelist. He wrote for eight films between 1951 and 1974. He also wrote twenty action novels from 1938 to 1979. He was nominated for a BAFTA for Best Screenplay in 1960 for The Day They Robbed the Bank of England.

He was born in York, England. In 1946, he married Renata Faccincani della Torre, a wartime resistance fighter. She was an active (uncredited) editor in his literary and screenwriting projects.

Filmography
 Green Grow the Rushes (1951), based on his 1949 novel of the same name

 The Long Memory (1953), based on his 1951 novel of the same name
 The Steel Bayonet (1957)
 The One That Got Away (1957)
 The Day They Robbed the Bank of England (1960)
 Up from the Beach (1965)
 That Man in Istanbul (1965)
 The Three Musketeers (1974)

Novels

 Sailor Comes Home (1938)
 Dead Ground (1946)
 The Unforgiven (1947)
  Thus am I Slayn (1948)
 The Mask Of Wisdom (1949)
 Green Grow the Rushes (1949)
 The Long Memory (1951)
 An Epitaph For Love (1953)
 The Way The Wind Blows (1954)
 Man On A Horse (1964)
 The Libertines (1966)
 I, The King (1979)

Play

Image in the sun (1955)

References

External links

1912 births
1988 deaths
English male screenwriters
Writers from York
20th-century English screenwriters
20th-century English male writers


Khang Sang  is a village development committee in Sindhuli District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2,402 people living in 386 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Sindhuli District

Populated places in Sindhuli District


General Walther Buhle (26 October 1894 – 28 December 1959) was an infantry General in the  German army who was the Chief of the Army Staff of the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht from 1942 and chief of armaments for the army in 1945.

Career
He was born in Heilbronn, Baden-Württemberg and joined the army as a cadet in July 1913. During World War I he was an officer in the infantry. In 1915 he was seriously wounded. Between the wars he served on the General Staff of the Reichswehr and the infantry and cavalry and by the outbreak of World War II he had reached the rank of Oberst in the Wehrmacht and was appointed chief of the organizations section of the Oberkommando des Heeres as senior officer to Claus von Stauffenberg.

He was injured in 1944 by the 20 July plot bomb planted by von Stauffenberg at the Wolf's Lair headquarters in Rastenburg, East Prussia. He entered the conference room with von Stauffenberg and when a point was raised that von Stauffenberg might have been expected to answer, Buhle was perplexed that he was no longer present and looked for him in the corridor. A telephonist said he had left the building so he returned to the conference.

Buhle recovered from his injuries and in the last days of Nazi Germany, Adolf Hitler appointed him chief of armaments for the army. After the war,  he was a POW at Camp Ritchie in Maryland and was involved with the Hill Project, an effort to use German POWs to translate texts to better understand military efforts of the Nazi regime following the end of the war. Following his return, he was imprisoned until June 1947, he then lived in Stuttgart where he died aged 65.

Decorations and awards
 Iron Cross of 1914, 1st and 2nd class
 Knight's Cross of the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern with Swords
 Knight's Cross of the Military Merit Order (Württemberg)
 Wound Badge (1918) in Black
 Iron Cross of 1939, 1st and 2nd class
 Wound Badge (20 July 1944)

References

1894 births
1959 deaths
People from Heilbronn
German Army generals of World War II
Generals of Infantry (Wehrmacht)
German Army personnel of World War I
People from the Kingdom of Württemberg
Recipients of the clasp to the Iron Cross, 1st class
Reichswehr personnel
Military personnel from Baden-Württemberg

German prisoners of war in World War II held by the United States
People wounded in the 20 July plot


Dublin is an unincorporated community in Harford County, Maryland, United States. Dublin was founded in the early 19th century by George McCausland and a friend who migrated from Dublin, Ireland.

History

The first record of the village of Dublin is found in the Act of Assembly Districts of the 18th century, which divided the county into election districts and designated Dublin the vote place for the Fifth district. Martenet's map of 1878 shows McCausland built a home on one side of what is now Route 440 and a tavern or inn on the other side. The tavern on the southeast side was a long two-story building that was very close to the road. The building had a porch on the first and second stories.

In old records, reference is made of the Mt. Ararat Lodge of Masons, Maryland, which moved its meeting place in 1809 from a tavern in Delta, Pennsylvania to George McCausland's tavern in Dublin. The lodge remained there until 1826, then moved to the old Masonic Lodge on Bond Street in Bel Air.

On the northeast corner of Routes 440 and 136 was a small log house, with a short circular stairway and a fireplace, which was used as a school and referred to as "the academy". Along with several of the older homes, it burned in 1971.

In 1858, the town had ten houses and places of business. Among the owners were McComas, Gallion, James, Rausey, J. Dougherty, and Jones. Dublin had a post office in 1878, one of the first in Harford County.  At that time, the town boasted two stores, a blacksmith shop, a wheelwright shop, a church, a school, and two taverns. Dublin school was a part of the public school system in 1867 with a one-room building on present-day Route 136 across from the present school.

In 1800, Charles Beavers donated land for a Methodist house of worship (on present-day Route 136). A log structure was first erected and later a clapboard one-room was built which served the congregation until 1939. The Methodist bishop sent a deacon to start a church in Dublin. The deacon was visiting Bush Chapel, on the Bush River, and traveled through Dublin to the Greenstone area, now on Baltimore Boy Scout land off Peach Orchard Road. That area was well populated with strong Methodists and also by being on the river and several mining ore mills. The area was very thickly settled. Several stones can be seen which are believed to be part of the foundation the deacon started. He never returned and, in later years, a church was started in Dublin.

Dublin has long been known for the incident of "The Headless Peddler". This occurred in 1763 on John Bryarly's farm on a stream called Rock Run. After this event, the stream name was changed to Peddler's Run. The end of the story was only closed in 1843, on James Warner's farm. The road, now Route 440 through Dublin, was known as Dublin-Stafford Road. This was the main road to Bel Air and the Susquehanna River where the commercial life was. The travel pattern of the county was from Bush River up to Churchville, into Dublin and to the Susquehanna River; there was no Route 1 until later years.

Dublin has two very old cemeteries, a north and a south. The South Cemetery is on Deerfield Road. At one time a small church was erected there for the slaves and Southern sympathizers. You can still make out the foundation lines of the church. The oldest tombstone is dated 1820, though possibly there are older unmarked slaves' graves.

The other cemetery is with the Dublin United Methodist Church on Route 136. On the Martenets' map of 1858, the village was not spread out but in a small area. The Indians had mostly vacated this area by the 18th century but they had left the land very poor and barren for crops. The area was known as Arabin Petra, a tract of approximately  (or hundredth as was used in those days). This land was originally acquired by Dr. Charles Carroll.

Usually, when a settlement was made of a town, the first three things established were a church, a school, and a jail. There is no record of a jail for Dublin. But the local story goes that if you did not live in Dublin, you better have your business in town settled by dark or else the locals would "send you packin'".

Land area
Dublin was part of a  tract of land patented to Dr. Charles Carroll of Annapolis, Maryland.  He was issued a patented certificate on June 15, 1721. The tract lying north of Deer Creek was known as "Arabia Petrea".

Dr. Carroll sold "Arabia Petrea" to Jacob Giles and Isaac Webster in 1733. Isaac and Jacob were brothers-in-law. Isaac and Jacob in turn sold off part to new settlers moving into the area. Two of the newcomers in Dublin were William Beaver and Walter Ashmore.  Isaac and Giles sold lands east of Route 136 to Walter Ashmore and land west of Route 136 to William Beaver. William Beaver willed his land to his son Charles Beaver.

In 1796, Charles petitioned the court to have appointed commissioners "mark and bound" his land. The first stone was set November 8, 1796 with a "B" carved in the face. After more than 200 years, the stone still stands in that spot which is located in the northwest corner of The Evangelical Methodist Church of Dublin.

Charles Beaver, now aging, started to sell off parts of his  farm. In 1794, he leased/purchased a lot on the northeast corner of Route 136 and Route 440 (1603 Whiteford Road) to George McCausland. In 1798, he sold to John Evatt  on the southwest side of Route 136 and Route 440 (1536 Whiteford Road).

On October 20, 1800, Charles sold about  to five trustees for a church to be erected (1528 Whiteford Road). In 1802, he sold lot #1 to George McCausland; George erected a tavern on it. This also served as the Fifth district voting place (Walt Moody's lot). In 1802, Charles sold  to John Evatt (Roger Waddell's lot and Ira Lee's field).

The first school set up in Dublin was in 1812 on a  lot from William Nevill to trustees William Silver, John Galbreath, George McCausland, and Thomas Barnes. This lot bordered Beaver's land and "was to have rights to the cool spring." The first public school in Dublin, by act of the 1850 General Assembly of Maryland, was started in 1855. The quarter acre lot was purchased from Jonathan Lemmon and was next to the church lot. This served as Dublin's public school until 1915 when a new school was built across the road.

Dublin, in 1858, was said to have had ten houses and places of business. By 1878, Dublin boasted two stores, a blacksmith shop, a wheelwright shop, a hoop maker, a tailor shop, one school and two churches, Dublin Methodist Episcopal Church and for the southerners Southern Methodist Episcopal Church.  Some of the residents in 1878 were:

T.J. McCausland, R. Hooper, James Chenowith, R. Gallion, A.L. McCann, J.E. Jones, E. Willis, John McDoon, John Daughtery, William Neville, Jonathan Lemmon, Jane Davis, A.B. Lindsey, James Ramsey, John Crawford, and John Deckman.

Dublin Methodist Church

In 1772, Bishop Frances Asbury had been in the area preaching and ministering the various areas. He returned to England and sent a deacon to establish a church in the area. A foundation was laid at the populated Greenstone, now on the Baltimore Boy Scout Camp off of Robinson Mill Road. The large stones can still be seen. For some reason, the church was never completed.

In 1800, Charles Beaver in Dublin conveyed 126 square perches of land (0.9 acres) to five Trustees in trust, "that they erect or build or have erected or built a house of worship for the use of the member's of the Methodist Episcopal Church." Probably in 1860 a clapboard construction, one room building was erected and served the community for eighty years.

In 1939, while demolishing the old clapboard church to make way for the new Port Deposit granite stone church, a date of 1860 was found carved in one of the roof rafters of the old church. The new church, which is constructed of local material, stone from Port Deposit, and slate from Slateville, also has ten beautiful stained glass windows donated by members of the church. Thanks to many donated hours of labor, the total cost of the church was only $14,053.

In 1963, a two story education wing was added to the existing building, and over the past several years several remodeling projects have been completed in various areas of the church.

In 1870, David and Driscilla Riley sold to the church  and 120 square perches of land and dwelling for $13,000 to be used as the parsonage for the Harford circuit. The building was a two-story log construction, which was located just west of the present Dublin Market on Route 440 (Kilgore-Botts property) until 1977 when it burnt down. In 1872, Reverend Clarkson who was assigned to the eight church circuit (including Dublin, Darlington, Franklin, Watters Meeting [Thomas Run], Mt. Zion, Bel Air, Mt. Vernon, and Emory) refers to the condition and appearance of the parsonage in his journal.

In 1888, the first parsonage and 120 square perches of land was sold to Catherine Daugherty and a second parsonage was built on the remaining part of the lot. This served as the parsonage until 1968 when a new brick structure was built on Route 136 next to the church. The second parsonage was then sold.

Many can remember an old building that sat where the present day parsonage on Route 136 is; it was the original Dublin School. The three room structure was used for grades 1 thru 11 until 1915 when a new wooden schoolhouse was constructed across the road. R.L. McCann willed the old schoolhouse and land to the church. It was utilized as a Boy Scout meeting house until it was demolished to make way for the present day parsonage.

Today, the congregation has many 4-generation worshippers attending services. In the spring of 2000, the Dublin United Methodist Church, being one of the oldest Methodist churches in the New World, celebrated 200 years of worshipping.

Schools

Dublin Elementary School
The mascot of Dublin Elementary School is the dragon. The motto is "Make Dublin Proud!". Located in the rural countryside of Harford County, Dublin Elementary serves approximately 250 students from pre-kindergarten through fifth grade.

Harford Christian School
The mascot of Harford Christian School is the eagle. Harford Christian serves students from preschool to grade 12. Founded in 1966, Harford Christian school had an enrollment of 488 students, K-12 in 2008. Students attend from Harford, Cecil, and Baltimore Counties in Maryland and York and Lancaster Counties in Pennsylvania. Harford Christian School is a ministry of Reformation Bible Church.

Harford Christian's Envirothon team won 1st place in the Maryland State competition in 2012 and 2013, which included both public and private schools.

References

Unincorporated communities in Harford County, Maryland
Unincorporated communities in Maryland
Irish-American culture in Maryland


XHUNES-TDT is an educational television station founded in 2008 by the Universidad España (Spanish University) in Durango, Mexico.

Dedicated to cultural and scientific diversity, XHUNES-TDT broadcasts 24 hours per day. Operated by university staff as well as degree students in various fields of communications, it operates as a teaching and educational facility and a sister station to XHUNES-FM 92.9 radio.

The first university television station in the state of Durango, XHUNES-TDT programming covers natural and social sciences as well as investigative journalism, serving as a laboratory for graduate and undergraduate students of the School of Communication Sciences in degree programs such as marketing, journalism, public relations & corporate image, and graphic design.

The station signed on in analog and converted to digital on physical channel 16, effective December 22, 2015. As a result of the expiration of the permit without renewal, the UNES received a second concession for XHPBDG-TDT on VHF channel 11, which became the new XHUNES-TDT in 2022.

Note

References

Mass media in Durango City
Television stations in Durango
2008 establishments in Mexico
Television channels and stations established in 2008


The Soviet–Lithuanian Mutual Assistance Treaty (, ) was a bilateral treaty signed between the Soviet Union and Lithuania on October 10, 1939. According to provisions outlined in the treaty, Lithuania would acquire about one fifth of the Vilnius Region, including Lithuania's historical capital, Vilnius, and in exchange would allow five Soviet military bases with 20,000 troops to be established across Lithuania. In essence the treaty with Lithuania was very similar to the treaties that the Soviet Union signed with Estonia on September 28, and with Latvia on October 5. According to official Soviet sources, the Soviet military was strengthening the defenses of a weak nation against possible attacks by Nazi Germany. The treaty provided that Lithuania's sovereignty would not be affected. However, in reality the treaty opened the door for the first Soviet occupation of Lithuania and was described by The New York Times as "virtual sacrifice of independence."

Background

Pre-war treaties

Lithuania declared independence from the Russian Empire on February 16, 1918. On June 12, 1920, following the Lithuanian–Soviet War, a Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty was signed. The Soviet Union recognized Lithuania's independence and its right to the Vilnius Region. The region was fiercely contested with Poland and fell under its control after Żeligowski's Mutiny in October 1920. It was then incorporated into the Republic of Central Lithuania which was a short-lived political entity without international recognition. The region was ceded to Poland in 1922 at the Peace of Riga after the Polish–Soviet War and confirmed internationally by the League of Nations. The Lithuanians refused to recognize Polish control and continued to claim legal and moral rights to the region throughout the interwar period. The Soviet Union continued to support Lithuanian claims against sovereign Poland. The Soviets supported as well Lithuania's interests in the Klaipėda Region after the Klaipėda Revolt and signed the Soviet–Lithuanian Non-Aggression Pact in 1926, later extended it to 1944.

On August 23, 1939, the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact and divided Eastern Europe into spheres of influence. According to the pact's secret protocols, Lithuania was assigned to the German sphere of influence while Latvia and Estonia, the other two  Baltic states, were assigned to the Soviets. This different treatment could be explained by Lithuania's economic dependence on Germany. Germany accounted for approximately 80% of Lithuania's foreign trade and after the 1939 German ultimatum had control of Klaipėda, Lithuania's only port. Also, Lithuania and Russia did not have a common border.

World War II
On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland. The Wehrmacht pushed Polish forces behind the line agreed with the Soviets. Germans took control of the Lublin Voivodeship and eastern Warsaw Voivodeship. When on September 17 the Red Army invaded Poland, Soviet  troops took over Vilnius Region, which according to the 1920 and 1926 Soviet–Lithuanian treaties was recognized to Lithuania. As a result, Soviets and Germans re-negotiated the secret protocols of the  Pact. On September 28, 1939, they signed the Boundary and Friendship Treaty. Its secret attachment detailed that to compensate the Soviet Union for German-occupied Polish territories, Germany would transfer Lithuania, except for a small territory in Suvalkija, to the Soviet sphere of influence. The exchange of territories was also motivated by Soviet control of Vilnius: the Soviet Union could exert significant influence on the Lithuanian government, which claimed Vilnius to be its de jure capital. In the secret protocols, both Soviet Union and Germany explicitly recognized Lithuanian interest in Vilnius.

Negotiations

Initial stance
On September 29, the next day after the Boundary and Friendship Treaty, Germany canceled planned talks with Lithuania and the Soviet Union informed Lithuania that it wished to open negotiations regarding future relationship between the two countries. The new Soviet–Lithuanian negotiations were supposed to formally resolve the status of the Vilnius Region. Lithuanian Minister of Foreign Affairs Juozas Urbšys arrived in Moscow on October 3. During the meeting Joseph Stalin personally informed Urbšys about the Soviet–German secret protocols and showed maps of the spheres of influence. He demanded that Lithuania signed three separate treaties, according to which:
 military bases would be established and up to 50,000 Soviet soldiers would be stationed in Lithuania (the original mutual assistance pact);
 Lithuanian territory west of the Šešupė River would be ceded to the Nazi Germany (as agreed between Germany and Soviet Union in the Boundary and Friendship Treaty);
 one portion of the Vilnius Region would be attached to Lithuania.

Urbšys' protested the Soviet bases arguing that it would mean virtual occupation of Lithuania. Soviets argued that their army would protect Lithuania from possible attacks from Nazi Germany and that a similar treaty was already signed with Estonia. Urbšys argued that Lithuania's neutrality was enough to guarantee its security and proposed to strengthen Lithuanian army. According to the Lithuanian brigadier general Musteikis, Urbšys said that Lithuanians refused Vilnius Region as well as the Russian garrisons, however then nervous Stalin replied that "No matter if you take Vilnius or not, the Russian garrisons will enter Lithuania anyway". Finally, the Soviets agreed to reduce the number of troops to 35,000. Urbšys then also bargained for more territories in the Vilnius Region, especially in the vicinity of Druskininkai and Švenčionys, territories with larger Lithuanian populations. The Soviets replied that the boundary draw by the 1920 peace treaty was inaccurate and that Belarusians also laid claims to the territory. The Soviets tentatively agreed that territories where a Lithuanian majority could be proven would be transferred to Lithuania. The most shocking demand was to cede part of Lithuanian territory to Germany. Lithuanians decided to postpone any negotiations regarding territory transfer to Germany until Germans expressed clear demands.

Acceptance

Urbšys returned to Lithuania to consult the government. German officials confirmed that the secret protocols were real, and informed Lithuanians that transfer of the territory in Suvalkija was not an urgent matter. Eventually, Nazi Germany sold this territory to the Soviet Union for 7.5 million dollars on January 10, 1941, in the German–Soviet Border and Commercial Agreement. Lithuanians in principle agreed to sign the mutual assistance treaty, but were instructed to resist Soviet bases as much as possible. Alternatives included doubling the Lithuanian army, exchanging military missions, and building fortifications on the western border with Germany similar to the Maginot Line in France. On October 7, Lithuanian delegation, including General Stasys Raštikis and Deputy Prime Minister Kazys Bizauskas, returned to Moscow. Stalin refused the proposed alternatives, but agreed to reduce the number of Soviet troops to 20,000 – about the size of the entire Lithuanian army. Soviets wanted to sign the treaty right then to commemorate the 19th anniversary of Żeligowski's Mutiny and Lithuania's loss of Vilnius. Political rallies, organized in Vilnius demanding city's incorporation into the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, put additional pressure on Lithuanians and provided a sense of urgency. Urbšys refused to sign and the talks receded for the second time.

In Lithuania, President Antanas Smetona doubted that it was worth gaining Vilnius for such a price and debated whether the negotiations could be broken off. Bizauskas argued that refusing the treaty would not prevent the Soviet Union from implementing its plan. The Soviet Union had already threatened Estonia with force in the case it refused their mutual assistance treaty and was gathering forces in Vilnius Region in the east and in Latvia in the north. In such light, the government decided to demand as much territory as possible. However, when the delegation returned to Moscow, it found the atmosphere changed. The Soviets were inflexible, refused further negotiations, and intimidated the delegation to sign the treaty. They presented a new draft, which combined the mutual assistance pact and transfer of Vilnius into one agreement. The Lithuanian delegation had little choice but to sign the proposed treaty. After signing the treaty, Stalin invited the Lithuanian delegation to celebrate and watch two movies with him. Urbšys informed the Lithuanian government about signing of the treaty only in the morning of October 11 – at the time the treaty was already published by Soviet news agency TASS.

Provisions

Articles of the treaty
The mutual assistance treaty contained nine articles:
Article I: Transfer of Vilnius Region and the city of Vilnius to Lithuania
Article II: Mutual assistance in case of an attack
Article III: Soviet Union renders assistance to the Lithuanian Army in terms of munitions and equipment
Article IV: Soviet Union receives right to station its troops in Lithuania. Base locations are to be decided by a separate treaty.
Article V: Coordinated actions in case of an attack
Article VI: Agreement not to participate in alliances against the other party
Article VII: Sovereignty is not affected by this treaty
Article VIII: Articles II to VII are valid for a period of 15 years with an automatic extension for another 10 (note that transfer of Vilnius is permanent)
Article IX: Date of effect

The treaty also had a secret supplement, which specified that the Soviets could station only up to 20,000 of their troops.

Location of Soviet troops
The treaty did not decide the exact location of the Soviet bases and 18-member Soviet delegation, led by Mikhail Kovalyov, was sent to Lithuania to discuss the specifics on October 22. The Lithuanians sought to limit Soviet bases to Vilnius Region and southern Lithuania, offering Pabradė, Nemenčinė, Naujoji Vilnia, and Alytus. They considered a base in Samogitia (western Lithuania) to be the worst possible outcome. The Lithuanians preferred fewer, but bigger bases with no permanent runways for the aircraft. The Soviets initially proposed to have their bases in Vilnius, Kaunas, Alytus, Ukmergė, and Šiauliai. The final agreement was signed on October 28, the same day when the Lithuanian army marched into Vilnius. A day before, another agreement determined the new border of eastern Lithuania: Lithuania received  of territory with population of approximately 430,000. The territory comprised about one fifth of the Vilnius Region recognized to Lithuania by the Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty of 1920; population of Lithuania reached about 3.8 million.

According to the final agreement, four military bases would be established in Lithuania with 18,786 military personnel from the 16th Special Rifle Corps, 5th Rifle Division, and 2nd Light Tank Brigade. The bases were to be located in Alytus (infantry, artillery, and mechanized units with 8,000 troops), Prienai (infantry and artillery units with 2,500 soldiers), Gaižiūnai (mechanized and tank units with 3,500 troops), and in Naujoji Vilnia (headquarters, infantry and artillery units with 4,500 troops). For comparison, on June 1, 1940, Lithuanian army had 22,265 soldiers and 1,728 officers. While aircraft bases in Alytus and Gaižiūnai were under construction, Soviet aircraft were to be stationed in  a neighborhood of Vilnius. The final location of the bases showed that the Soviets were more concerned with encircling Kaunas, the temporary capital, than with defending the country against a possible foreign attack.

Aftermath

International and domestic reaction
The treaty was presented as proof of Soviet respect for small nations and Stalin's benevolence by Soviet propaganda. Russians emphasized that it was the second time the Soviet Union gave Vilnius to Lithuania while the League of Nations failed to mediate the Polish–Lithuanian dispute. The Soviets also worked to assure Lithuanians that Soviet friendship is effective protection from and a welcome alternative to Nazi aggression. The Polish government-in-exile officially protested the treaty as it did not recognize Russian conquest and claimed sovereignty over territories of the Second Polish Republic. Lithuanians replied that the region was legally part of Lithuania. Poles resented the transfer and as soon as the Soviet Army left Vilnius,  riots broke out accusing Lithuanians of betrayal. France and Great Britain, traditional allies of Poland, also condemned the treaty. Belarusian activists who campaigned for Vilnius incorporation into the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic were arrested, deported, or executed by the Soviet authorities. The transfer upset their national aspirations to position Belarus as a successor to the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Lithuanian relations with the Vatican were expected to improve as the cause for tension, the Vilnius Region assigned to Poland by the Concordat of 1925, now was under Lithuanian control.

Lithuanian politicians attempted to show the regained Vilnius as a major diplomatic victory. The Lithuanian Nationalists Union, ruling political party in Lithuania since the 1926 coup, used celebrations of return of the city to increase its prestige and popularity. The government stressed its competence and the opposition emphasized Soviet generosity. While politicians publicly praised the Soviet Union and taunted "traditional Soviet–Lithuanian friendship," in private they understood this treaty was a serious threat to Lithuanian independence. Popular attitude was reflected in a known slogan "Vilnius – mūsų, Lietuva – rusų" (Vilnius is ours, but Lithuania is Russia's). After the treaty was signed, Lithuania lost its neutrality and could not independently execute its foreign policy. For example, Lithuania could not support Finland when the Winter War broke out after Finland rejected a similar mutual assistance treaty proposed by Soviet Union. In international politics, Lithuania became a Soviet satellite.

In Vilnius Region

On October 28, the Lithuanian Army entered Vilnius for the first time since 1920. Before handing over the city to the Lithuanians, the Soviets robbed and transported to the Soviet Union all valuables: equipment from factories (including Elektrit) and hospitals, vehicles and trains, cultural objects from museums and libraries. After the Russian troops left, Polish residents, seeing the deal as a betrayal of Poland, protested against the Lithuanian government. On October 30 – November 1, when the bread price suddenly rose, clashes between local communists and Poles turned into a riot against the Jewish population. Many Jewish shops were raided and some 35 people were injured. Jews accused Lithuanian police of inaction and sympathizing with Polish rioters. Soviet soldiers, uninvited by the Lithuanian government, helped to subdue the riots.

The territory presented an economic challenge to Lithuania: unemployment was rampant, food was in short supply, valuables were stolen by the Soviet army, war refugees were gathering from other former Polish territories. The Lithuanian army would provide up to 25,000 daily rations of hot soup and bread to residents of Vilnius. The Lithuanian government exchanged the Polish złoty to Lithuanian litas at a favourable rate, losing over 20 million litas. The Lithuanian government decided to implement a land reform similar to the land reform executed in the 1920s. Large estates would be nationalized and distributed to landless peasants in exchange for redemption dues payable in 36 years. Politicians hoped that such reform would weaken pro-Polish landowners and would win peasants' loyalty to the Lithuanian state. By March 1940, 90 estates and 23,000 hectares were distributed. Lithuanians proceeded to "re-Lithuanize" cultural life in Vilnius Region. They closed many Polish cultural and educational institutions, including Stephan Batory University with over 3,000 students. Lithuanians sought to introduce the Lithuanian language in public life and sponsored Lithuanian organizations and cultural activities.

In Lithuania
Future of the Vilnius Region caused frictions between political and military leaders in Lithuania. As the first Soviet troops moved into Lithuania on  the government, which included four generals, resigned. A new civilian cabinet, led by controversial Prime Minister Antanas Merkys, was formed on November 21. Lithuanians were careful to follow the treaty to the letter and not give any excuses for Moscow to accuse them of treaty violations. At first, delayed by the Winter War, the Soviets did not interfere with Lithuania's domestic affairs and Soviet soldiers were well-behaved in their bases. The Lithuanian government started debating its options and what could be done to prepare for the future occupation. Despite various resolutions, nothing material was accomplished. Lithuania had no counterweight to Soviet influence: its own forces were small, Germany was in effect Russia's ally, Poland was conquered, France and Great Britain had bigger issues in western Europe. After the Winter War was over, Soviet Union turned its attention to the Baltic States.

After months of intense propaganda and diplomatic pressure, the Soviets issued an ultimatum on June 14, 1940 – the same day when the world's attention was focused on the fall of Paris during the Battle of France. The Soviets accused Lithuania of violating the treaty and abducting Russian soldiers from their bases. The Soviets demanded that a new government, which would comply with the Mutual Assistance Treaty, be formed and that an unspecified number of Soviet troops be admitted to Lithuania. With Soviet troops already in the country it was impossible to mount military resistance. The Soviets took control of government institutions, installed a new pro-Soviet government, and announced elections to the People's Seimas. The proclaimed Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic was incorporated into the Soviet Union on August 3, 1940.

See also
 Soviet–Estonian Mutual Assistance Treaty
 Soviet–Latvian Mutual Assistance Treaty
 Polish National-Territorial Region

References

Lithuania in World War II
Occupation of the Baltic states
Treaties of Lithuania
Treaties of the Soviet Union
World War II treaties
Treaties concluded in 1939
Treaties entered into force in 1939
1939 in Lithuania
1939 in the Soviet Union
Lithuania–Soviet Union relations
Military alliances involving the Soviet Union
Treaties involving territorial changes


Santa Isabel  is a small town in the Mexican state of Chihuahua. It serves as the municipal seat for the surrounding municipality of Santa Isabel.

As of 2010, the town of Santa Isabel had a population of 1,378, down from 1,412 as of 2005.

References

Populated places in Chihuahua (state)


Kholagaun  is a village development committee in Sindhuli District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2,774 people living in 488 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Sindhuli District

Populated places in Sindhuli District


is Yoko Takahashi's 24th single produced by Columbia Records. It was released on August 27, 2008. Since it reached #174 in the Oricon weekly charts and currently sold a total of 473 copies, it is Yoko's worst selling single to date. The title track was used as the opening theme for the OVA Cobra The Animation.

Track listing

Kizu Darake no Yume—4:01
Fantasy—4:50
Kizu Darake (Instrumental)
Fantasy (Instrumental)

References

2008 singles
J-pop songs
2008 songs
Columbia Records singles


Kusheshwar Dumja  is a village development committee in Sindhuli District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 4,019 people living in 713 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Sindhuli District

Populated places in Sindhuli District


Edmund Wright Brooks (29 September 1834 – 22 June 1928) was an English Quaker philanthropist and cement maker. He was active in the Anti-Slavery movement and also in famine relief in Russia and aid to Armenians. He was joint secretary and then chair of the Friends War Victims Relief Committee.

Family background
He was born 29 September 1834 at Melksham, in Wiltshire, of Quaker parents. He was the son of Edmund Brooks (1802–1893), baker, warehouseman, farmer and Ann Wright (1799?–1884), daughter of David Wright (1774?–1857) of Bury St Edmunds, baker, and Ann Wright (1778?–1827). He had two brothers. About 1850 the family moved to Esher, Surrey, where his father was a farmer.

Education
He was educated at the Sidcot School. He then entered the engineering works of John Fowler & Co., Leeds, and built up a solid position in the firm so that he was able to take a leading part in the engineering industry.

In 1860, he moved to Guildford in Surrey, where he practised as an engineer and in 1870, moved to Grays in Essex.

Business interests
In the cement business, he was a partner with his sons and sons-in-law in Hilton, Anderson Brooks, & Co earlier Brooks, Shoobridge and Co. with activities at Grays in Essex and Halling, Faversham and Upnor in Kent. At one time, his company employed the largest number of staff of any company in Essex. He was fully occupied with this business until the early 1890s, when he became more involved with Quaker and philanthropic work.

Quaker interests
He was treasurer the Anti-Slavery Society until his resignation in 1926. He was Secretary of the British Quaker Anti-Slavery Committee and was concerned among other things with the establishment in 1897 of a Mission in Pemba, one of the Zanzibar islands, now in Tanzania, to help freed and escaped slaves there.  Slavery was finally legally abolished in Zanzibar in 1909.

Because of his knowledge of Russian and his expertise, he was asked by the Meeting for Sufferings in November 1891 to go with Francis William Fox to Russia and investigate the reported famine there.  Brooks returned, reported on 15 January 1892 to the Meeting and left again with Herbert Sefton Jones, who was fluent in Russian, on 15 February with funds for a Quaker relief effort and an urgent need to distribute food before the spring thaw would make transportation difficult.  The Friends concentrated their efforts on Samara but also went to Tatarstan and other adjacent regions.  Some of the travel was by railway but much was by horse drawn sledge.  Brooks returned home on 12 April.  In the end, the Russian famine of 1891–92 killed between 375,000 and 500,000 people.

In 1895 he and Thomas William Marsh (1833–1902) waited on the Czar to plead the cause of religious dissenters in Russia, and he was later active on behalf of the Dukhobors when permission was secured for them to emigrate.  In 1899 he visited Leo Tolstoy with John Bellows.

Between 1896 and 1899, he was clerk of the Friends Armenian Relief Committee, which raised £18,000.

He was a Joint Secretary, with Ruth Fry of Friends War Victims Relief Committee 1914–24, He was later chairman of its executive committee, and if needed, giving almost daily help to the small and overworked office staff. His son, Alfred, also served on this committee.

Public service and politics
He had always been preoccupied with education.  At Guildford he had been secretary of the British School, and at Grays, he was a governor of Palmer's Endowed School and the first chairman of the Grays School Board. He also served on the Committee of Ackworth School, a Quaker school in Yorkshire.

He was involved in local government and philanthropic undertakings, and served as a JP for 30 years.

He stood for Parliament in the Essex, South East constituency, at the General Election of 1892 as a Gladstonian Liberal, against the sitting Conservative MP, Major F C Rasch.

He was a founder of Friends of Armenia which provided relief to Armenians, in 1897, and long term honorary treasurer.

Marriage, family and death

On 29 June 1859, he married Lucy Ann Marsh (1835–1926), daughter of Richard Marsh (1795–1878) of Strood, draper, and Ann Marsh (born Morris, 1793–1891).

There were four sons and six daughters, including Herbert Edmund Brooks (1860–1931), Alfred Brooks (1861–1952) and Howard Brooks (1868–1948), who succeeded him in the cement business. According to DQB and Digest Register in the Library of the Society of Friends, the children were:
Herbert Edmund (born 18 May 1860, Kingston – died 1931)
Alfred (born 9 November 1861, Guildford – died 1952), grandfather of Anthony Brooks
Edith Annie (born 9 February 1863, Guildford – died 22 June 1890)
Charles (born 1 August 1864, Guildford – died 1948)
Lucy Ellen (born 3 September 1866, Guildford – died 1948)
Howard (born 8 May 1868, Guildford)
Ethel Mary (born 17 April 1870, Grays)
Mabel Winifred (born 11 November 1872, Grays)
Gertrude (born 12 February 1875, Grays)
Florence (born 22 March 1877, Grays)

He died at his home, 'Duval', Grays, 22 June 1928.

Of the nine surviving children, one resigned Quaker membership in 1886 and three more in 1915. His daughter Mabel Winifred (b. 1872) remained a Friend and married, in 1897, Henry Jeffrey Simpson (1868–1938) an employee and later partner in the family cement manufacturing company.

References

Sources
 Milligan's Biographical dictionary of British Quakers in commerce and industry:
Edmund Brooks (1803?–1893) (father of Edward Wright Brooks) pp. 69–70,
Edmund Wright Brooks p. 70
Howard Brooks (1848–1948), son of Edmund Wright Brooks, p. 70.
 The Friend (1928), ns lxviii.635-7;
 Testimony of Ratcliff & Barking Monthly Meeting, in London Yearly Meeting Proceedings 1929 pp. 187–90.
 Barry Dackombe "The great Russian famine of 1891–2 : E.W. Brooks and Friends' famine relief "  In Journal of the Friends Historical Society, Vol.58 ; no.3 (1999) p. 277–299.
 Greenwood, John Ormerod Quaker Encounters; in three volumes;York, William Sessions
Volume 1: Friends and Relief (1975)
Volume 2: Vines on the mountains (1977)
Volume 3: Whispers of Truth (1978)
Quaker Encounters Volume 1
86: E.W. Brooks speaks at Meeting for Sufferings concerning the massacre of Armenians in Turkey, he then persuades the Russian Government to instruct their ambassador in Turkey to assist a British Quaker fact-finding mission;
87, Travels to Philippopolis (Bulgaria) to assist with refugees
104 note: visits to Russian Mennonites in 1895 with Thomas Marsh,  with his wife and Hannah White in 1896, with John Bellows in 1899.
108,  view of Tolstoy, following a visit to his home 8 April 1892
116, facing plate – drawing of E.W. Brooks, Francis W Fox and M Pobedonostzef in Russia concerning the famine, from the Daily Graphic 28 January 1892
117, facing plate – portrait photograph of E.W. Brooks
117, Tolstoy reports his own activity during the famine to E. W. Brooks.
120,123-4, Visit to Russia on behalf of the Quaker Russian Famine Committee, with F.W. Fox,  November 1891,
122, 125, Visit to Russia with Herbert Jones in February 1892
127, Closing of Russian Famine fund
128-9, Secretary of Famine Relief Committee, Visits new Czar in 1895
135, E.W. Brooks on Committee to assist the Dukhobors in 1897
144, Efforts to see the Czar in 1900
165, Chair on the newly appointed War Victims Relief Committee, 1914
241, Quoted as having fore-echoed Ruth Fry's statement concerning the falsity of rumours of theft of relief food
Quaker Encounters Volume 2 – No index entries
Quaker Encounters Volume 3
167-8, Secretary of the Pemba Industrial Mission
 The Times, obituary of Edmund Wright Brooks on Sunday, 24 June 1928; pg. 19; Issue 44928; col B.

Notes

English Quakers
English businesspeople
Businesspeople in cement
People from Grays, Essex
People from Melksham
1834 births
1928 deaths


St. Antony is a wine estate in the Rheinhessen wine-growing region in Germany, that has been making wine since the end of the First World War.

The small-scale craft winery is located in Nierstein on the Rhine and owns around 26 hectares of vineyards. It is member of the Verband Deutscher Prädikatsweingüter (VDP).

History
In 1912 the Gutehoffnungshütte (later MAN AG) purchased a lime pit in the south of Nierstein including the neighbouring vineyards. The limestone is needed as raw material for the production in the ironworks of Oberhausen (Ruhr Area). After the First World War the demand for limestone decreased drastically and the management decided to use the purchased area for viticulture. In 1920 the first vintage was vinified. The wines of the estate "Gutehoffnungshütte" were consumed only within the company or donated, later sold, to key customers. The lime pit was sold in 1955, with the proceeds reinvested in the winery. As part of this transaction, top Nierstein vineyard sites were purchased and became assets of the estate and the oenological equipment was modernized.

In the 1980s the corporate structure was changed and the Gutehoffnungshütte ran under the MAN label. Also the Weingut received a new name in 1995 and is called Weingut St. Antony, after the first ironworks, St.-Antony-Hütte, in Oberhausen.

The responsibility for the winery had been directly located at the corporate management, chief oenologist was Alexander Michalsky. During this time St. Antony gathered a place in the top 100 wineries in Germany.

In 2005 Detlev Meyer, a private investor who is a textile merchant, acquired the estate. Since July 2008 another top Nierstein winery "Heyl zu Herrnsheim", with another 13 hectares, was long time rented by Meyer and merged with St. Antony. The winemaking of both is located now in the former Gustav Adolf Schmitt winery. Between 2005 and 2018, the Geisenheimer Felix Peters Chief was the chief oenologist for both estates. Since 2019, Dirk Würtz has been managing the wineries as a partner and chief oenologist.

Geography
The estate stretches across the so-called "Roter Hang" (red slope) with steep slope viticulture and presence of red slate in Nierstein and comprises part of the top vineyard sites "Orbel", "Pettenthal", "Hipping" and "Ölberg". The "Brudersberg" site is in exclusive possession of "Heyl zu Herrnsheim". St. Antony's vineyards in the Rheinhessen wine region are within the boundaries of the collective sites (Großlagen) of Spiegelberg, Rehbach and Auflangen, which are not displayed on the label. The basic wines are simply labelled with grape variety and estate name. Only the Erstes Gewächs designation which claim to be highly "terroir-expressive", display the Lage on the label.

Visitors

The estate is not open to the public.

Assessment
 Jancis Robinson ranks the winery among the 30 best wineries in Germany
Weingut St. Antony was awarded four stars in Eichelmann Deutschlands Weine 2009

References

Further reading

Antony


Vasum, common name the vase snails or vase shells, is a genus of mostly rather large predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Vasinae within the family Turbinellidae.

Shell description
Shells of species in this genus are usually somewhat large, and are usually very thick and heavy. They are often vase-shaped, in the sense that the shell of most of the species is more or less widely conical. The shells have a thick periostracum, a low spires, and 2, 3 or 4 plaits on the columella.

The shell is oval, oblong, solid, tubercular or spinose, with spinose fascicles below. The spire is short. The apex is not papillary. The aperture is oblong. The siphonal canal is short and somewhat recurved. The columella contains  several transverse folds in the middle. The outer lip is thickened and sinuous.

The animal (of Vasum) is slow-moving, timid and inactive, shrinking quickly within the shell on the slightest alarm. The operculum is ovate, acute, with an apical nucleus; it is very thick, claw-like, and partially free at the hind part. The dentition resembles somewhat that of the Buccinidae, differing in the lateral teeth; it differs widely from the Nassidae, and quite as much from that of the Fasciolariidae

Distribution
Species of this genus are circumtropical; also off Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia)

Species
Species within the genus Vasum include:

 † Vasum aedificatum Guppy 1876
 † Vasum aquitanicum Peyrot, 1928
 Vasum armatum (Broderip, 1833)
 Vasum caestus (Broderip, 1833)
 † Vasum cancellatum (Grateloup, 1845)
 Vasum capitellum (Linnaeus, 1758)
 Vasum cassiforme (Kiener, 1840)
 Vasum ceramicum (Linnaeus, 1758)
 Vasum crosseanum (Souverbie, 1875)
 † Vasum dominicense Gabb 1873
 † Vasum elongatum Vokes 1970
 † Vasum floridanum T. L. McGinty, 1940
 †  Vasum frequens (Mayer-Eymar, 1895)
 Vasum globulus (Lamarck, 1816)
 † Vasum gurabicum Maury 1917
 † Vasum haitensis Sowerby 1850
  † Vasum intermedium (Grateloup, 1832)
 Vasum lactisfloris Ferrario, 1983
 Vasum latiriforme Rehder & Abbott, 1951
 Vasum muricatum (Born, 1778)
 † Vasum omanicum Harzhauser, 2007
 † Vasum pufferi Emerson 1964
 † Vasum pugnus Pilsbry and Johnson 1917
 Vasum rhinoceros (Gmelin, 1791)
 Vasum stephanti Emerson & Sage, 1988
 † Vasum subpugillare (d'Orbigny, 1852)
 † Vasum suwanneensis Petuch 1997
 † Vasum tribulosum Vokes 1970
 Vasum truncatum (Sowerby III, 1892)
 † Vasum tuberculatum Gabb 1873
 Vasum tubiferum (Anton, 1838)
 Vasum turbinellus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Species brought into synonymy
 Vasum aldridgei Nowell-Usticke, 1969: synonym of Attiliosa aldridgei (Nowell-Usticke, 1969)
 Vasum antiguaensis Usticke, 1971: synonym of Vasum globulus (Lamarck, 1816)
 † Vasum basilicum Bellardi 1872: synonym of † Melongena basilica (Bellardi, 1873)
Vasum cassidiformis Kiener, 1845: synonym of Vasum cassiforme (Kiener, 1840)
 Vasum castaneum Röding, 1798: synonym of Thais (Thalessa) tuberosa (Röding, 1798)
 † Vasum excrenatum Sacco, 1904: synonym of † Vasum cancellatum (Grateloup, 1845)
 Vasum flindersi Verco, 1914: synonym of Altivasum flindersi (Verco, 1914)
 † Vasum quirosense F. Hodson, 1931: synonym of † Vasum haitensis Sowerby, 1850
 Vasum nigra G. Perry, 1811: synonym of Vasum turbinellus (Linnaeus, 1758)
 Vasum nigricans G. Perry, 1811: synonym of Vasum turbinellus (Linnaeus, 1758)
 Vasum rubescens G. Perry, 1811: synonym of Vasum capitellum (C. Linnaeus, 1758)
 Vasum spinosus G. Fischer von Waldheim, 1807 : synonym of Vasum ceramicum (C. Linnaeus, 1758)
 † Vasum stephanense Peyrot, 1928 : synonym of † Vasum cancellatum (Grateloup, 1845) †
 Vasum triangulare (E. A. Smith, 1902): synonym of Vasum truncatum triangulare (E. A. Smith, 1902)
 Vasum turbinellum [sic]: synonym of Vasum turbinellus (Linnaeus, 1758)
 Vasum urna Röding, 1798: synonym of Vasum muricatum (Born, 1778)
 Vasum variolaris J.B.P.A. Lamarck, 1822: synonym of Vasum turbinellus (Linnaeus, 1758)

References

 W. Wenz. 1938. Handbuch der Paläozoologie; Gastropoda. Handbuch der Paläozoologie
 J. R. Gardner. 1947. The Molluscan Fauna of the Alum Bluff Group of Florida. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper (142A-H)1-709
 Rehder H.A. & Abbott R.T. (1951). Some new and interesting mollusks from the deeper waters of the Gulf of Mexico. Revista de la Sociedad Malacologica "Carlos de la Torre". 8(2): 53-66, pls 8-9.
 B. Wilson. 1994. Australian Marine Shells 2
 E. J. Petuch. 1997. A new gastropod fauna from an Oligocene back-reef lagoonal environment in west central Florida. The Nautilus 110(4):122-138
 J. A. Todd. 2001. Systematic list of gastropods in the Panama Paleontology Project collections.
 J. J. Sepkoski. 2002. A compendium of fossil marine animal genera. Bulletins of American Paleontology 363:1-560
 M. Harzhauser. 2007. Oligocene and Aquitanian gastropod faunas from the Sultanate of Oman and their biogeographic implications for the western Indo-Pacific. Palaeontographica Abteilung A 280:75-121
 B. Landau and C. Marques da Silva. 2010. Early Pliocene gastropods of Cubagua, Venezuela: Taxonomy, palaeobiogeography and ecostratigraphy. Palaeontos 19:1-221

External links

  Röding, P. F. (1798). Museum Boltenianum sive Catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturæ quæ olim collegerat Joa. Fried Bolten, M. D. p. d. per XL. annos proto physicus Hamburgensis. Pars secunda continens Conchylia sive Testacea univalvia, bivalvia & multivalvia. Trapp, Hamburg. viii, 199 pp
 Schumacher, C. F. (1817). Essai d'un nouveau système des habitations des vers testacés. Schultz, Copenghagen. iv + 288 pp., 22 pls
 Perry G. (1810-1811). Arcana: or the Museum of Natural History. pls. 1-48 (= 1810), pls. 49-84 (= 1811), unnumbered text pages. London: James Stratford
  Swainson, W. (1835). The elements of modern conchology. Baldwin & Cradock, London, 62 pp
  Abbott, R. T. (1959). The family Vasidae in the Indo-Pacific. Indo-Pacific Mollusca. 1 (1): 15-32
 Abbott R.T.(1950) - The Genera Xancus and Vasum in the Western Atlantic; Johnsonia v. 2 19-32
  Vokes, Emily H. "The age of the Baitoa Formation, Dominican Republic, using Mollusca for correlation." Tulane Studies in Geology and Paleontology 15.4 (1979): 105-116.

Turbinellidae


Harry B. Blevins (August 22, 1935 – February 19, 2018) was an American politician. He served in the Virginia House of Delegates January 16, 1998 – September 10, 2001 and the Senate of Virginia September 10, 2001 – August 5, 2013, succeeding Randy Forbes in both offices. Blevins was a member of the Republican Party. Blevins died on February 19, 2018.

Notes

External links
 (campaign finance)

1935 births
2018 deaths
Republican Party Virginia state senators
Republican Party members of the Virginia House of Delegates
East Carolina University alumni
University of Virginia alumni
Politicians from Chesapeake, Virginia
People from Avery County, North Carolina
21st-century American politicians


Ángel Picazo (1 July 1917 – 22 October 1998) was a Spanish film actor. He appeared in 30 films between 1947 and 1980. He was born in Murcia, Spain and died in Madrid, Spain.

Selected filmography
 The Call of Africa (1952)
 Two Degrees of Ecuador (1953)
 An Impossible Crime (1954)
 Two Paths (1954)
 Franco, ese hombre (1964)
 That Man in Istanbul (1965)

External links

1917 births
1998 deaths
Spanish male film actors
Deaths from cancer in Spain
20th-century Spanish male actors


The +2s is a Brazilian band from Rio de Janeiro that composes samba but, at the same time, incorporates the sounds of funk and psychedelia into their music. The music group consists of Moreno Veloso, Domenico Lancelotti, and Alexandre Kassin (who also recorded the music to the anime Michiko to Hatchin). Each of them released a single album under their name with the suffix “+2” meaning “and two others”.

+2 is signed to the record label Luaka Bop. This world music label has released three +2 albums: Music Typewriter, Sincerely Hot, and Futurismo.

Discography
 Moreno+2: Máquina de Escrever Música (2000, ROCKiT!)
 released by Luaka Bop first as Moreno Veloso+2: Music Typewriter (2001) and later as Moreno+2: Music Typewriter (2005)
 Domenico+2: Sincerely Hot (2003, Luaka Bop)
 Kassin+2: Futurismo (2007, Luaka Bop)

References

Brazilian musical groups
Luaka Bop artists