Resin is a web server and Java application server from Caucho Technology. In addition to Resin (GPL), Resin Pro is available for enterprise and production environments with a license. Resin supports the Java EE standard as well as a mod_php/PHP like engine called Quercus.

While Resin (GPL) is free for use in production, Resin Pro includes optimizations such as:
built-in caching
public/private/or hybrid clustering
advanced administration health system
HTTP session replication
distributed cache replication
auto-recovery & diagnostic reports

Although a Java-based server, key pieces of Resin's core networking are written in highly optimized C. Caucho states Java is the layer that allows Resin to be "full featured" while C provides the speed. Resin, which was released in 1999, predates Apache Tomcat, and is one of the most mature application servers and web servers.

Product features

Resin Pro has been engineered to include:

 Dynamic Clustering-  Locking was replaced with non-locking atomic operations, cleared contention bottlenecks, improved the async/epoll performance, and reduced thread overhead to handle 100,000 requests per second.
 Cloud Support- Elastic cluster members can be added or removed using a single command. Cluster topology, load balancing, caching, messaging and management automatically adapt to dynamic servers.
 Compiled PHP on the JVM- Improves performance, scalability and security of PHP applications by allowing PHP code to directly call Java Objects.
 Security though Open SSL integration- A comprehensive security framework for application authentication, authorization and transport level SSL based security.
 Smart Software Load balancer- Application load is shared among resources automatically to balance them.
 Proxy cache- Faster application performance is possible with Java caching by saving the results of long calculations and reducing database load and application response time.

Scalability
 Elastic Clustering / Cloud support
3rd generation clustering optimized for Virtualization 2.0, EC2 and OpenStack deployments
 Session Replication
 Load balancing
 Distributed Cache
 Memcached wire protocol for Couchbase Server like caching

Development
 Class compilation
 JIT Profiling and heap analysis
 No  required
 JUnit support
 Web Admin
 DevOps support via CLI and REST control of Resin
 Apache Ant/Maven/Ivy integration
 IDE integration
 Flexible project management
 Logging
Production Ready
 Reliability
 Server Monitoring
 Deployment / Cloud deployment
 Versioned deployment
 Merge paths
 Troubleshooting aids
 Server health reports, baselining and post mortem reporting
 Throttling
App Server
 Java EE Web Profile certified,
 Java CDI
 standard Java dependency injection similar to Guice and Spring, part of Java EE
 Transaction support

Web Server
 Static files/JSP/Servlet/JSF
 Extensible access logging
 URL rewriting
 Proxy caching (similar to Squid)
 Gzip compression

 Virtual Hosts
 Comet/Server push
 WebSocket
 mod-php like support via Quercus
 FastCGI

Usage
Resin's market share is small in the grand scheme of Java Application Servers, but some high traffic sites use it, such as Toronto Stock Exchange, Salesforce.com, Condé Nast (parent company of Wired, Vogue, GQ), CNET. NetCraft's February 2012 Survey stated Resin grew to 4,700,000 sites; Resin was the only Java-based web server mentioned.

A 2012-page on a Caucho wiki site describes a test procedure with results showing that tested 0k (empty HTML page), 1K, 8K and 64K byte files. At every level Resin matched or exceeded nginx web server performance.

Quercus

Quercus is a Java-based implementation of the PHP language that is included with Resin.  According to a slideshow presented by Emil Ong (from Caucho), to a San Francisco Java Meetup Group in April 2008 pertaining to Resin 3.1, an essential difference in the operation of Quercus between the Resin Open Source and the Resin Professional editions is that in Resin Professional the PHP is compiled to Java bytecode whereas in the open source version PHP is executed by an interpreter.

Caucho stated in 2007 that Quercus was faster than standard PHP 5 (PHP 8 with JIT is much faster than older PHP versions; PHP 5 is no longer supported) although this is only true for the JIT-compiled version in Resin Professional.  Quercus ships with Resin.

Licensing
One license covers all components of the Resin architecture.

Resin is provided in both an open source GPL license and a Pro version with enhancements for enterprises.

See also

 Comparison of application servers

References

External links
Resin Features

Cross-platform software
Java enterprise platform
Web server software programmed in Java


Rod Skoe (born August 9, 1954) is a Minnesota politician and former member of the Minnesota Senate. A member of the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party (DFL), he represented District 2, which included all or portions of Becker, Beltrami, Clearwater, Hubbard, Lake of the Woods, Mahnomen, Otter Tail and Wadena counties in the northwestern part of the state.

Education
Skoe completed high school at Kelliher High School in Kelliher, and later received a B.A. from Augsburg College in Minneapolis.

Minnesota House of Representatives
Skoe served in the Minnesota House of Representatives representing District 2B from 1999 to 2003.

Minnesota Senate
Skoe was first elected in 2002 and was re-elected in every subsequent election since then until 2016. He chaired the senate tax committee from 2012 to 2016.   In 2016 he lost to Republican Paul Utke.

Electoral history

Personal life
He and his wife, Sarah, have two children.

References

External links

Minnesota Public Radio Votetracker: Senator Rod Skoe
Project Vote Smart - Senator Rod Skoe Profile
Follow the Money - Rod Skoe Campaign Contributions
2008 2006 2004 2002 2000 1998

1954 births
Living people
Democratic Party Minnesota state senators
Democratic Party members of the Minnesota House of Representatives
People from Clearwater County, Minnesota
American Lutherans
21st-century American politicians


Nonconformity: Writing on Writing is a book-length essay by Nelson Algren, intended for publication in 1953 but released posthumously in 1996 by Seven Stories Press. Kurt Vonnegut called it, "A handbook for tough, truth-telling outsiders who are proud, as was Algren, to damn well stay that way."

Overview
The bulk, written between 1951 and 1953, presents Algren's philosophy as a writer, especially in the context of McCarthyism. The book was demanded by and given in June 1953 to his then-publisher Doubleday, but possibly due to the pressure of the FBI's then-ongoing investigation of Algren, Doubleday rejected it in September. Algren then sent it to his agent, but the manuscript was either lost in the mail or intercepted by the FBI, and the text salvaged from a carbon copy. In 1956, Algren gave those carbons to Van Allen Bradley, the Chicago Daily News editor who had commissioned the essay that inspired the book.

Excerpts were published as "Things of the Earth: A Groundhog View" (in The California Quarterly, Autumn 1952) and as "Great Writing Bogged Down in Fear, Says Novelist Algren" (in the Chicago Daily News, December 3, 1952).

Added to the original essay is a memoir on the making of the 1955 film version of his novel The Man with the Golden Arm.

References

External links

 Nonconformity at Seven Stories Press

1953 essays
1996 essays
1953 non-fiction books
1996 non-fiction books
Literary autobiographies
Seven Stories Press books


The U-1 class (also called the Lake-type) was a class of two submarines or U-boats built for and operated by the Austro-Hungarian Navy (). The class comprised  and . The boats were built to an American design at the Pola Navy Yard after domestic design proposals failed to impress the Navy. Constructed between 1907 and 1909, the class was a part of the Austro-Hungarian Navy's efforts to competitively evaluate three foreign submarine designs.

Both U-1-class submarines were launched in 1909. An experimental design, the submarines included unique features such as a diving chamber and wheels for traveling along the seabed. Extensive sea trials were conducted in 1909 and 1910 to test these features as well as other components of the boats, including the diving tanks and engines for each boat. Safety and efficiency problems related to the gasoline engines of both submarines led the Navy to purchase new propulsion systems prior to World War I. The design of the U-1 class has been described by naval historians as a failure, being rendered obsolete by the time both submarines were commissioned into the Austro-Hungarian Navy in 1911. Despite this, tests of their design provided information that the Navy used to construct subsequent submarines. Both submarines of the U-1 class served as training boats through 1914, though they were mobilized briefly during the Balkan Wars.

At the outbreak of World War I, the U-1-class submarines were in drydock in Pola awaiting the installation of diesel engines. From 1915 to 1918, both boats conducted reconnaissance cruises out of Trieste and Pola, though neither sank any enemy vessels during the war. Declared obsolete in January 1918, both submarines were relegated to secondary duties and served as training boats at the Austro-Hungarian submarine base on Brioni Island, before being transferred back to Pola at the end of the war. When facing defeat in October 1918, the Austro-Hungarian government transferred its navy to the newly formed State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs to avoid having to hand its ships over to the Allied Powers. Following the Armistice of Villa Giusti in November 1918, the U-1-class submarines were seized by Italian forces and subsequently granted to the Kingdom of Italy under the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye in 1920. Italy scrapped the submarines at Pola later that year.

Background
With the establishment of the Austrian Naval League in September 1904 and the appointment of Vice-Admiral Rudolf Montecuccoli to the posts of Commander-in-Chief of the Navy (German: Marinekommandant) and Chief of the Naval Section of the War Ministry (German: Chef der Marinesektion) the following month, the Austro-Hungarian Navy began an expansion program befitting a great power. Montecuccoli immediately pursued the efforts championed by his predecessor, Admiral Hermann von Spaun, and pushed for a greatly expanded and modernized navy.

Montecuccoli's appointment as Marinekommandant coincided with the first efforts to develop submarines for Austria-Hungary. Prior to 1904, the Austro-Hungarian Navy had shown little to no interest in submarines. In early 1904, after allowing the navies of other countries to pioneer submarine developments, Constructor General (German: Generalschiffbauingenieur) of the Austro-Hungarian Navy, Siegfried Popper, ordered the Naval Technical Committee (German: Marinetechnisches Kommittee, MTK) to produce a submarine design. Popper himself submitted his first design for a submarine shortly before Montecuccoli took office; technical problems encountered during the initial design phase delayed further proposals from MTK for nearly a year. By this time, Montecuccoli had begun to outline his plans for the future of the Austro-Hungarian Navy.

Shortly after assuming command as Commander-in-Chief of the Navy, Montecuccoli drafted his first proposal for a modern Austrian fleet in early 1905. It was to consist of 12 battleships, 4 armored cruisers, 8 scout cruisers, 18 destroyers, 36 high seas torpedo craft, and 6 submarines. While far more attention at the time was being placed upon the construction of battleships—particularly dreadnoughts—Montecuccoli remained interested in the development of a submarine fleet for the Austro-Hungarian Navy and encouraged further development of the program.

Proposals
Following up on Montecuccoli's initial naval expansion plan, MTK submitted its specifications for a class of submarines on 17 January 1905. The MTK design called for a single-hull boat with a waterline length of , a beam of  and a draught of . The submarines were intended to displace  when surfaced.

The Naval Section of the War Ministry (German: Marinesektion) remained skeptical about the seaworthiness of this design. Further proposals submitted by the public as part of a design competition were all rejected by the Navy as impractical. As a result, the Navy decided to purchase designs from three different foreign firms for a class of submarines. Each design was to be accompanied by two submarines to test each boat against the others. This was done to properly evaluate the various different proposals which would come forward.

Simon Lake, Germaniawerft, and John Philip Holland were each chosen by the Navy to produce a class of submarines for this competitive evaluation. The two Lake-designed submarines comprised the U-1 class, the Germaniawerft design became the , and the Holland design became the . In 1906, the Navy formally ordered plans for the building of two boats—designated U-1 and U-2—from the Lake Torpedo Boat Company of Bridgeport, Connecticut. The Austro-Hungarian Navy had contacted Lake Torpedo Boat Company as early as 1904 for a submarine design, but the decision to scrap the MTK proposal and initiate a competition among foreign builders led the Navy to formally solicit a bid from the American company. In 1906, Lake traveled to Austria-Hungary to negotiate the details of the agreement and on 24 November, he signed the contracts with the Navy in Pola to construct the U-1-class submarines.

Popper, in particular, had high praise for Lake's designs, telling the American naval architect, "When I saw your plans I recognized that you had introduced valuable features that were better than mine, and also that you had actual experience building and operating submarines, so I went to the Emperor and asked his consent to substitute your type of boat for my own...Do you know, Mr. Lake, I have been responsible for the design of all other vessels built for the Austrian Navy during the [past] 25 years?"

Designs

Although intended to serve as an experimental design when initially ordered,  the U-1 class became the first submarines of the Austro-Hungarian Navy. The boats proved to be a disappointment. The naval historians David Dickson, Vincent O'Hara, and Richard Worth described the U-1 class as "obsolete and unreliable when completed and suffered from problems even after modifications". René Greger, another naval historian, wrote that "the type proved a total failure".

Despite these criticisms and shortcomings, the experimental nature of the submarines provided valuable information for the Austro-Hungarian Navy, and Lake's designs addressed what the Navy was asking for when ordering the submarine class. John Poluhowich writes in his book Argonaut: The Submarine Legacy of Simon Lake that "the two submarines were completed to the satisfaction of Austrian officials".

Their design was initially in line with Austro-Hungarian naval policy, which stressed coastal defense and patrolling of the Adriatic Sea. Following the onset of World War I, it became clear that Austro-Hungarian U-boats needed to be capable of offensive operations, namely raiding enemy shipping in the Adriatic and Mediterranean Seas.

General characteristics

The U-1-class submarines had an overall length of , a beam of , and a draught of  at deep load. They were designed to displace  surfaced, but when submerged they displaced . The boats were also built with a double hull, as opposed to the single-hull design initially proposed by the MTK. After their modernization, the length of the boats was increased to .

Derived from an earlier concept for a submarine intended for peaceful exploring of the sea, the U-1-class design had several features typical of Lake's designs. These including a diving chamber under the bow and two variable pitch propellers. The diving chamber was intended for manned underwater missions such as destroying ships with explosives and severing offshore telegraph cables, as well as for exiting or entering the submarine during an emergency. This diving chamber proved its usefulness during the sea trials of the U-1 class when the crew of one submarine forgot to bring their lunches on board before conducting an underwater endurance test. A diver from shore was able to transport lunch for the crew without the submarine having to resurface. Lake's design also called for two retractable wheels that, in theory, could allow travel over the seabed. The design also placed the diving tanks above the waterline of the cylindrical hull, which necessitated a heavy ballast keel for vertical stability and required flooding to be done by pumps.

The propulsion system for the U-1 class consisted of two gasoline engines for surface running and two electric motors for running submerged. The gasoline engines could produce , while the electric motors had an output of . These engines could produce a speed of  while surfaced, and  when submerged. The boats had an operational range of  while traveling at  when surfaced, and  while traveling at  when submerged. For underwater steering, the design of the U-1 class featured four pairs of diving planes. These planes provided the submarines with a considerable amount of maneuverability.

Both submarines had three  torpedo tubes—two in the bow, one in the stern—and could carry up to five torpedoes, but typically carried three. While no deck guns were initially installed on the U-1 class, in 1917 a  gun was mounted on the deck of both boats. These guns were removed in January 1918 when the boats were declared obsolete and returned to training duties. The boats were designed for a crew of 17 officers and men.

Boats

Construction and commissioning

U-1 was laid down on 2 July 1907 at the Pola Navy Yard (German:Seearsenal) at Pola. She was followed by U-2 on 18 July. Construction on the boats was delayed by the need to import the American-made engines for both submarines. U-1 was the first boat launched on 10 February 1908, and U-2 was launched on 3 April 1909.

Upon completion of the two boats, the Austro-Hungarian Navy evaluated the U-1 class in trials during 1909 and 1910. These trials were considerably longer than other sea trials due to the experimental nature of the submarines and the desire by Austro-Hungarian naval officials to test every possible aspect of the boats. While the sea trials for both submarines were underway, efforts were being made to conceal their results from the general public, and especially from the navies of foreign powers. The Austro-Hungarian government attempted to keep the construction and testing of the boats a state secret, to the point of employing many of the same measures which the Navy was using with respect to the s. On 13 October 1909, as the U-1-class submarines were still undergoing sea trials, Montecuccoli addressed the Austro-Hungarian Foreign Ministry about the urgent need to impose censorship restrictions on the publication of any sea trial results for Austria-Hungary's submarines. These measures were implemented and in February 1910 the level of secrecy surrounding the U-1 class was so great that a Uruguayan naval officer conducting a visit to Austria-Hungary was shown all of the Navy's warships with the explicit exception of its submarines.

During these trials, extensive technical problems with the gasoline engines of both submarines were revealed. Exhaust fumes and gasoline vapor frequently poisoned the air inside the boats and increased the risk of internal explosions, and the engines were not able to reach the contracted speed, which was   surfaced and  submerged. Indeed, the engine problems for both submarines were so significant that on multiple occasions their crews had to conduct emergency resurfacing to bring fresh air into the boats. Because of the problems, the Austro-Hungarian Navy considered the engines to be unsuitable for wartime use and paid only for the hulls and armament of the two U-1 boats. While replacement diesel engines were ordered from the Austrian firm Maschinenfabrik Leobersdorf, they agreed to a lease of the gasoline engines at a fee of US$4,544 annually. On 5 April 1910, U-1 suffered engine damage when her electric motors were disabled by an accidental flood.

Flooding the diving tanks, which was necessary to submerge the submarines, took over 14 minutes and 37 seconds in early tests. This was later reduced to 8 minutes. At a depth of  the hulls began to show signs of stress and were in danger of being crushed. As a result, the commission overseeing the submarines' trials concluded that the maximum depth for the submarines should be set at  and that neither boat should attempt to dive deeper. The four pairs of diving planes equipped on each submarine gave the boats exceptional underwater handling, and, when the boats were properly trimmed and balanced, the boats could be held within  of the desired depth. While surfaced, the shape of the hull of each submarine resulted in a significant bow-wave, which resulted in the bow of the boat dipping under the water. This led to the deck and bow casing of both submarines to be reconstructed in January 1915. Other tests proved the use of the submarine's underwater wheels on the seabed to be almost impossible.

Ultimately, the experimental nature of the submarines resulted in a mixed set of sea trial results. Despite this, the U-1-class boats outperformed the Germaniawerft-built U-3 class and the Holland-built U-5 class in both diving and steering capabilities in the Austro-Hungarian Navy evaluations. After these sea trials, U-1 was commissioned on 15 April 1911; U-2 followed on 22 June.

History

Pre-war
Both submarines of the U-1 class saw very limited service upon commissioning, as they were originally ordered and constructed for experimental purposes. After being commissioned into the Austro-Hungarian Navy, both submarines were assigned as training boats, with each boat making as many as ten training cruises a month.

Within five months of U-1s commissioning into the Austro-Hungarian Navy, the Italo-Turkish War erupted in September 1911. Despite the fact that Austria-Hungary and Italy were nominal allies under the Triple Alliance, tensions between the two nations remained throughout the war. The Austro-Hungarian Navy was placed on high alert, and the Army was deployed to the Italian border. The war ultimately became localized at the request of Austria-Hungary to parts of the eastern Mediterranean and Libya, and the First Balkan War broke out before Italy and the Ottoman Empire were able to conclude a peace agreement. The Ottoman military proved insufficient to defeat its opponents and within a matter of weeks, the Balkan League of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, and Montenegro overran most of the Ottoman Empire's remaining European possessions. By November 1912, Serbia appeared poised to obtain a port on the Adriatic Sea. Austria-Hungary strongly opposed this, as a Serbian port on the Adriatic could drastically alter the balance of power in the region by serving as a Russian naval base.

Austria-Hungary found Italy in opposition to a Serbian port on the Adriatic as well. Rome opposed Serbian access to the Adriatic on the belief that Russia would use any Serbian ports to station its Black Sea fleet. Italy also feared that Austria-Hungary would one day annex Serbia, and thus gain more Adriatic coastline without any exchange of Italian-speaking territories such as Trentino or Trieste. Russia and Serbia both protested to Austria-Hungary regarding its objection to a potential Serbian port on the Adriatic. By the end of November 1912, the threat of conflict between Austria-Hungary, Italy, Serbia, and Russia, coupled with allegations of Serbian mistreatment of the Austro-Hungarian consul in Prisrena led to a war scare in the Balkans. Both Russia and Austria-Hungary began mobilizing troops along their border, while Austria-Hungary began to mobilize against Serbia. During the crisis, the entire Austro-Hungarian Navy was also fully mobilized, including U-1 and U-2. They were ordered to join the rest of the fleet in the Aegean Sea in the event of a war with Serbia and Russia.

By December 1912, the Austro-Hungarian Navy had, in addition to U-1 and U-2, a total of seven battleships, six cruisers, eight destroyers, 28 torpedo boats, and four submarines ready for combat. The crisis eventually subsided after the signing of the Treaty of London, which granted Serbia free access to the sea through an internationally supervised railroad, while at the same time establishing an independent Albania. The Austro-Hungarian Army and Navy were subsequently demobilized on 28 May 1913. After demobilization, both submarines of the U-1 class resumed their duties as training vessels. During one of these training cruises on 13 January 1914 near Fasana, U-1 was accidentally rammed by the Austro-Hungarian armored cruiser . The collision destroyed the submarine's periscope.

World War I
At the outbreak of World War I, U-1 and U-2 were both in drydock in Pola awaiting the installation of their new diesel engines, batteries, and periscopes. To accommodate the new engines, the boats were lengthened by about . These changes lowered the surface displacement to  but increased the submerged displacement to . After these modernization efforts were completed, U-1 returned to training duties until 4 October 1915. Meanwhile, U-2 underwent a further refit in Pola starting on 24 January 1915. During this refit, she had a new conning tower installed, which was completed on 4 June 1915.

U-1 continued as a training boat for the Austro-Hungarian Navy for just over a month, before being relocated to Trieste on 11 November to conduct reconnaissance patrols. U-2 had already been relocated to Trieste on 7 August 1915 after her new conning tower had been installed. Both boats subsequently conducted reconnaissance cruises from 1915 onward out of Trieste. The relocation to Trieste was undertaken in part to dissuade Italian naval attacks or raids on the crucial Austro-Hungarian city. The U-1-class submarines were already outdated by 1915, but their relocation to Trieste helped to dissuade the Italians from their plans to bombard the port, as Italian military intelligence suggested the submarines were on regular patrol in the waters off Trieste.

After being stationed out of Trieste for just over two years, U-1 was sent back to Pola on 22 December 1917, while U-2 remained at Trieste until the end of the year. Despite being declared obsolete on 11 January 1918, both submarines remained in service as training boats at the submarine base at Brioni Island. In mid-1918, the U-1-class submarines were considered for service as minesweepers, as the diving chamber in the boats could allow divers to sever the anchoring cables of sea mines. The poor condition of the boats prevented the plan from being implemented. Near the war's end, both boats were once more taken to Pola. By October 1918 it had become clear that Austria-Hungary was facing defeat. With various attempts to quell nationalist sentiments failing, Emperor Karl I decided to sever Austria-Hungary's alliance with Germany and appeal to the Allied Powers in an attempt to preserve the empire from complete collapse. On 26 October, Austria-Hungary informed Germany that their alliance was over. In Pola, the Austro-Hungarian Navy was in the process of tearing itself apart along ethnic and nationalist lines.

On 29 October the National Council in Zagreb announced Croatia's dynastic ties to Hungary had come to a formal conclusion. The National Council also called for Croatia and Dalmatia to be unified, with Slovene and Bosnian organizations pledging their loyalty to the newly formed government. This new provisional government, while throwing off Hungarian rule, had not yet declared independence from Austria-Hungary. Thus Emperor Karl I's government in Vienna asked the newly formed State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs for help maintaining the fleet stationed at Pola and keeping order among the navy. The National Council refused to assist unless the Austro-Hungarian Navy was first placed under its command. Emperor Karl I, still attempting to save the Empire from collapse, agreed to the transfer, provided that the other "nations" which made up Austria-Hungary could claim their fair share of the value of the fleet at a later time. All sailors not of Slovene, Croatian, Bosnian, or Serbian background were placed on leave for the time being; the officers were given the choice of joining the new navy or retiring.

The Austro-Hungarian government thus decided to hand over the bulk of its fleet to the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs without a shot being fired. This was considered preferential to handing the fleet to the Allies, as the new state had declared its neutrality. Furthermore, the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs had also not yet publicly rejected Emperor Karl I, keeping the possibility of reforming the Empire into a triple monarchy alive. The transfer to the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs began on the morning of 31 October, with Rear Admiral (German: Konteradmiral) Miklós Horthy meeting representatives from the South Slav nationalities aboard his flagship, . After "short and cool" negotiations, the arrangements were settled and the handover was completed that afternoon. The Austro-Hungarian Naval Ensign was struck from Viribus Unitis, and was followed by the remaining ships in the harbor. Control over the ships in the harbor, and the head of the newly-established navy for the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, fell to Captain Janko Vuković, who was raised to the rank of admiral and took over Horthy's old responsibilities as Commander-in-Chief of the Fleet.

Post-war
Under the terms of the Armistice of Villa Giusti, signed between Italy and Austria-Hungary on 3 November 1918, this transfer was not recognized. Italian ships thus sailed into the ports of Trieste, Pola, and Fiume the following day. On 5 November, Italian troops occupied the naval installations at Pola. The State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs attempted to hold onto their ships, but lacked the men and officers to do so as most sailors who were not South Slavs had already gone home. The National Council did not order any men to resist the Italians, but they condemned Italy's actions as illegitimate. On 9 November, all remaining ships in Pola had the Italian flag raised. At a conference at Corfu, the Allied Powers agreed the transfer of Austria-Hungary's navy to the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs could not be accepted, despite sympathy from the United Kingdom. Faced with the prospect of being given an ultimatum to hand over the former Austro-Hungarian warships, the National Council agreed to hand over the ships beginning on 10 November 1918.

In 1920 the final distribution of the ships was settled among the Allied powers under the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye. Both submarines of the U-1 class were ceded to Italy as war reparations and scrapped at Pola in the same year. Due to the training and reconnaissance missions the submarines engaged in throughout the war, neither boat sank any ships during their careers.

Notes

Footnotes

Citations

References

Further reading

External links

Submarine classes


Majestic Theatre or Majestic Theater may refer to:

Australia
 Majestic Theatre, Adelaide, former name of a theatre in King William Street, Adelaide, built 1916, now demolished
Majestic Theatre, Launceston, a former cinema in Tasmania designed by Greek-Australian businessman Marino Lucas
Majestic Theatre, Pomona, a heritage-listed silent movie theatre in Queensland
Majestic Picture Theatre, Malanda, a heritage-listed movie theatre in Queensland

Singapore
The Majestic, Singapore, a historic building and former theatre in Chinatown, Singapore

United States of America
CIBC Theatre, Chicago, Illinois, opened in 1906 as the Majestic Theatre
Cutler Majestic Theatre, Boston, Massachusetts, a 1903 Beaux Arts-style performing arts center at Emerson College
Majestic Repertory Theatre, Las Vegas, a 2016 local community theatre
Majestic Theatre (Bridgeport, Connecticut), 1922
Majestic Theatre (Broadway), New York City, a 1927 theatre known as a venue for major musical theatre productions
Majestic Theatre (Columbus Circle), New York City, a 1903 building, demolished in 1954
Majestic Theatre (Dallas), Texas, a 1920 performing arts theater in the City Center District, listed on the NRHP
Majestic Theatre (Detroit), a 1915 theatre in Michigan listed on the NRHP
Majestic Theatre (East St. Louis), listed on the NRHP in St. Clair County, Illinois
Majestic Theatre (Los Angeles), now demolished
Majestic Theatre (Madison), a historic landmark
Majestic Theatre, Providence, Rhode Island, now known as Trinity Repertory Company
Majestic Theatre (San Antonio), Texas, a 1929 building listed on the NRHP

See also
Majestic (disambiguation)


The Van Horn Mansion was built by Judge James Van Horn in 1823. It is the site of the Town of Newfane's first town meeting, April 6, 1824. The name for the Town of Newfane is believed to be chosen by the town Postmaster. The Mansion includes 16 rooms and five bathrooms. It is located on Lockport-Olcott Road in Niagara County, New York on Route 78 and is also considered to be haunted. It is one many National Register of Historic Places in Niagara County.

Judge James Van Horn
Judge James Van Horn was born in the state of New Jersey. James Van Horn moved north as the famous Erie Canal was being built. Van Horn settled in Newfane in 1817 with 9 children. Van Horn built a gristmill and was the first builder of a wool mill in Niagara County, New York in 1842.  Van Horn became one of four of Niagara County's first judge's in 1821. In 1823, he built the brick Georgian-style Van Horn Mansion which was the first brick home in Newfane. James Van Horn was the Town of Newfane Supervisor from 1829 to 1831.

The Mansion after the Van Horns
The last surviving Van Horn descent sold the mansion to W.H. Davis of New York City in 1910. In 1922, it was owned by Herbert Pease. Douglas Patterson of Nova Scotia, Canada, purchased the mansion in 1929 after a short ownership by the Cramer Brothers. During that time until 1938, Patterson opened a community skating rink to the residents of Newfane. In 1939, the structure suffered a fire. Mary Wagner in 1949 received the mansion and helped to renovate it for an upscale restaurant known as Green Acres. In 1959, the building was converted into apartments by John Strickland and eventually was left for vandals. The Noury Chemical Company acquired the structure and then donated it to the Newfane Historical Society in 1987. The Newfane Historical Society has maintained its splendor and value to present day. It has held Victorian teas, tours, and underwent numerous volunteer renovation programs over the years.

Haunting Occurrences

In 1996, a student of Niagara County Community College created a haunted house in the mansion. Psychics have long called the building haunted. The Van Horn Mansion is one of several haunted locations in Niagara County and Western New York. During renovations roofers witnessed faces in windows of the vacant mansion and saw lights flicker for no reason. Carpenters saw spirits appear to them. The person who haunts the mansion is said to be Malinda with a few others. The grave of Malinda, wife of James Van Horn Jr, is located in the rose garden on the south side of the grounds. Cars have skidded to avoid hitting a girl running from the mansion who later vanishes. The girl is believed to be Malinda. People have held séances there, and have recounted other paranormal occurrences as well. The bones of Malinda have since been moved to a small area in the backyard of the mansion and no other paranormal encounters have been made.

Researcher Joe Nickell has written that there is no credible evidence the mansion is haunted. He wrote that the various incidents at the mansion have simple physical causes or are the result of misperception and suggestion. Nickell discovered that there were many contradictory and exaggerated stories about Malinda. He also attended some séances in 2003 and discovered the table-tipping phenomena was the result of the ideomotor effect.

Interior/Exterior of the Van Horn

References

External links

 Visiting information
 Newfane Historical Society

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Houses in Niagara County, New York
Museums in Niagara County, New York
Historic house museums in New York (state)
National Register of Historic Places in Niagara County, New York


Jalan Lapangan Terbang Sultan Azlan Shah, Federal Route 137, is a federal road in Perak, Malaysia. It is a main route to the Sultan Azlan Shah Airport from Jalan Gopeng (Federal Route 1). The Kilometre Zero of the Federal Route 137 is located at Jalan Gopeng, at its junctions with the Federal Route 1, the main trunk road of the central of Peninsular Malaysia.

At most sections, the Federal Route 137 was built under the JKR R5 road standard, allowing maximum speed limit of up to 90 km/h.

List of junctions

References

Malaysian Federal Roads


Dress for Success is a 1975 book by John T. Molloy about the effect of clothing on a person's success in business and personal life. It was a bestseller and was followed in 1977 by The Women's Dress for Success Book. Together, the books popularized the concept of "power dressing".

Molloy's advice was unusual because they ran actual tests by showing drawings to people and compiling their perceptions of the impact of the clothes. In The Women's Dress for Success Book, he stated, "This is the most important book ever written about women's clothes, because it is based on scientific research, not on [the author's] opinion."

What was discovered is still included in "advice" articles today: Dress like you already have the job. Respondents subconsciously judged the clothes to see that the wearer fit in with other employees. Molloy frankly stated that the attempt to "look like" current employees posed a special challenge for women and minority applicants in the contemporary (1977) reality of a white, male-dominated workplace.

References

External links
 Article discussing dressing for success Dress For Success in the Workplace

1975 non-fiction books
1970s fashion
Self-help books


David Joseph Tomassoni ( ; December 5, 1952 – August 11, 2022) was an American politician who served in the Minnesota Legislature from 1993 to 2022. A former member of the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party (DFL), Tomassoni left the party to become independent in November 2020 and joined the Minnesota Senate Republican Caucus.

Tomassoni chaired the Senate Economic Development Committee from 2007 to 2010. He then chaired the Environment, Economic Development and Agriculture Finance Division, co-chaired the Legislative-Citizen Commission on Minnesota Resources (LCCMR), and chaired the Iron Range Resources & Rehabilitation Board (IRRRB) four times. Tomassoni was also vice chair of the Minnesota Amateur Sports Commission.

Early life, education, and career
Tomassoni was born in Bemidji, Minnesota. He graduated from Chisholm High School in Chisholm, Minnesota and received a BSBA from the University of Denver. Tomassoni played professional hockey in Italy for 16 years and for the Italian national team at the 1984 Winter Olympics.

Minnesota House of Representatives
Tomassoni represented District 5B in the Minnesota House of Representatives from 1993 to 2001. He served as an assistant majority leader from 1997 to 2001.

Minnesota Senate
Tomassoni was elected to the Senate in 2000 and reelected in 2002, 2006, 2010, 2012, 2016, and 2020. He was a majority whip from 2001 to 2007.

President of the Minnesota Senate

Tomassoni was elected president of the Minnesota Senate on November 12, 2020, in a rare event where the Senate's Republican majority supported a member of the DFL for Senate president. The move was seen as strategic, given that the slim Republican majority in the Senate could be lost if the Senate president became lieutenant governor. That happened in 2018, when Senate President Michelle Fischbach became lieutenant governor after Tina Smith was appointed to the U.S. Senate.

Three weeks after the 2020 elections, when it was determined that the DFL had not won a Senate majority, Tomassoni and Senator Thomas Bakk announced they had left the DFL to form their own "Independent Caucus." Republican Majority Leader Paul Gazelka welcomed the move and made Tomassoni chair of the Higher Education Finance and Policy Committee in exchange for voting with Republicans on floor votes. This changed the Senate's composition to 34 Republicans, 31 Democrats, and two independents.

Electoral history

Personal life and death
Tomassoni and his wife, Charlotte, have three children and lived in Chisholm, Minnesota. He was involved in the insurance business. In July 2021, Tomassoni announced he had been diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Tomassoni died of ALS at a hospice in Duluth, Minnesota, on August 11, 2022.

References

External links

Senator David Tomassoni official Minnesota Senate website
Minnesota Public Radio Votetracker: Senator Dave Tomassoni
Senator David Tomassoni official campaign website

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1952 births
2022 deaths
21st-century American politicians
American athlete-politicians
American people of Italian descent
Businesspeople from Minnesota
Deaths from motor neuron disease
Denver Pioneers men's ice hockey players
HC Gardena players
HC Merano players
HC Milano players
HC Varese players
Ice hockey players from Minnesota
Ice hockey players at the 1984 Winter Olympics
American expatriate ice hockey players in Italy
Members of the Minnesota House of Representatives
Minnesota Democrats
Minnesota Independents
Minnesota state senators
Neurological disease deaths in Minnesota
New Haven Nighthawks players
Olympic ice hockey players for Italy
People from Bemidji, Minnesota
People from Chisholm, Minnesota
Presidents of the Minnesota Senate
Ritten Sport players
Naturalised citizens of Italy
American ice hockey defensemen
Italian ice hockey defencemen


Begonia boliviensis is a plant in the begonia family, Begoniaceae, which was introduced to Europe in 1864 by Richard Pearce who discovered it in the Bolivian Andes, although the plant had previously been identified by Hugh Weddell in the same region but not introduced.

Begonia boliviensis is of special historical interest to gardeners, being one of the species used by John Seden in the production of the first hybrid tuberous begonia raised in England, B. × sedenii.

The plant originates from montane cloud forests on the eastern side of the Andes in Bolivia and Argentina. It is typically found in rock crevices and slopes near streams, where plant competition is low.

It was exhibited for the first time at the International Horticultural Show in Paris, in May 1867, when it attracted much attention from both botanists and horticulturists, "more than any other plant then brought to that magnificent exhibition."

Description
The stems of Begonia boliviensis spring from a tuberous root-stock, and attain a height of between  and ; the flowers, produced in pairs or threes on short stems in the angles of the obliquely lanceolate leaves, are bright orange/pink in colour, composed of four pointed segments.

The description in Hortus Veitchii reads: "A very beautiful plant with drooping scarlet flowers, from Bolivia, sent by Richard Pearce, and of great interest as one of the original species from which the numerous garden varieties, so popular at the present day, have been derived."

The cultivar B. boliviensis 'Bonfire' is widely available commercially and can be used in containers, in hanging baskets and as a landscape plant. It has bright-orange, bell-shaped flowers covering the plant from late spring through summer, with serrated foliage accented by a red margin. It reaches  tall.

Hybridization
Shortly after the plant's introduction to England, John Seden, the foreman at James Veitch & Sons of Chelsea, London, successfully crossed B. boliviensis and another Andean species, believed to be B. veitchii. This was the first hybrid tuberous begonia raised in England. The new hybrid variety was named B. × sedenii after him and was distributed in 1870, having been awarded the Silver Floral Medal by the Royal Horticultural Society.

References

boliviensis
Flora of Argentina
Flora of Bolivia
Garden plants
Veitch Nurseries
Plants described in 1859


Astragalus cimae is a species of milkvetch known by the common name Cima milkvetch. It is native to the Mojave Desert and its sky island woodlands of eastern California western Nevada, especially on calcareous soils, including the Cima Dome area in the Mojave National Preserve.

Description
Astragalus cimae is a spreading perennial herb with somewhat fleshy stems up to about  long. Leaves are up to  long and made up of oval or rounded leaflets. The plant bears an inflorescence of up to 25 flowers with reddish or pinkish purple petals sometimes tipped with white. Each flower is between  long. The fruit is a legume pod with usually two inflated chambers.

Its bloom period is April to May. It has major toxicity.

The size is  0.8 to 9.8 inches tall. The flower color is pink, white, purple, or red.

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment - Astragalus cimae
USDA Plants Profile: Astragalus cimae
The Nature Conservancy
Astragalus cimae - Photo gallery

cimae
Flora of Nevada
Flora of the California desert regions
Mojave National Preserve
Natural history of the Mojave Desert


Thimmarajupally is a village located in Kadapa district, Andhra Pradesh, India.

The village consists of nearly one hundred families. The area is primarily agricultural, with villagers growing rice and sunflower.

References

Villages in Kadapa district


David Jones is a former freelance computer game programmer who was prolific in the mid-to-late 1980s. He is best known for the creation of the cult computer game character Magic Knight in his 1985 game Finders Keepers for the Mastertronic budget label and released on the ZX Spectrum, Amstrad CPC, MSX and Commodore 64. He later went on to work for Psygnosis and Acclaim.

Finders Keepers spawned three cult sequels: Spellbound (1985), Knight Tyme (1986) and Stormbringer (1987).

In 2019, Jones donated the Tandy TRS-80 Model III computer that he used to create the Magic Knight series of games to The Centre for Computing History. Also donated were many floppy disks, and a hard disk that containing source code and assets for many of his games. The data will be preserved as part of the Centre's ongoing video game preservation work.

As of 2019, Jones is a Games Lecturer at Breda University of Applied Sciences in the Netherlands.

References

Video game programmers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people


"Flowerz" is a song by American record producer Armand van Helden featuring vocals from American musician Roland Clark. The song samples from Donald Byrd's 1974 track "Think Twice" from his Stepping into Tomorrow album. "Flowerz" was released on April 19, 1999, as the follow-up single to van Helden's number-one single "You Don't Know Me".

Track listings
UK CD single
 "Flowerz" (radio edit)
 "Flowerz" (12-inch version)
 "Flowerz" (dubstrumental version)

US CD single
 "Flowerz" (radio edit)
 "Summertime"
 "Flowers" (TV track)
 "Flowerz" (original mix)

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Release history

References

1999 singles
1998 songs
Armand Van Helden songs
FFRR Records singles
Songs written by Armand Van Helden


EA Sports Active: Personal Trainer is a video game developed by EA Canada for the Wii console. It was released on May 19, 2009 in North America. The game ships with a strappable pouch to hold the Nunchuk and a resistance band.

The game is the first in a line of EA Sports Active branded games and related peripherals. An expansion, EA Sports Active: More Workouts, was released on November 17, 2009.

A follow-up, EA Sports Active 2, released in November 2010. An NFL-themed version, EA Sports Active NFL Training Camp, was released on the same day.

Gameplay

EA Sports Active is an exercise game consisting of activities that use the motion controls of the Wii platform. Primarily played using the Wii Remote, the game package includes a pouch that allows the player to strap the attached Nunchuk to their legs in order to track their lower body movements. The Wii Balance Board is also supported but is not required for play.

The game features a number of exercise options supervised by a virtual personal trainer, including 20 minute workout regimens and a 30 Day Challenge mode that lets players set workout goals, such as calories burned or a number of sessions while tracking their progress over time. The idea is that the weight loss will happen on its own if the calories burned goals in each workout are met or exceeded.

The game also awards trophies for reaching specific fitness landmarks, such as accumulating 10 total workout hours, working out with a friend, and completing all the exercises in the 30 Day Challenge.

Players are also encouraged to create a custom workout session built around either personal favorite exercises, calorie goals (such as burning 100+ calories in one session), or targeting specific body areas. To help aid in creating a balanced workout, a percentage chart displays how much of the routine is devoted to either upper body, lower body, or cardio development. The intensity of the workout can be altered by changing the difficulty levels of either a single exercise or the entire routine.

Development

EA Sports' Peter Moore claims that EA Sports Active was developed to focus more on a higher-impact "Western" philosophy of exercise focused mainly on weight loss, compared to a lower-impact, stretching and balance based "Eastern" approach, as taken by Nintendo's Wii Fit. EA also saw a strong business opportunity in creating a game for people who need to work out yet do not have the time or are not comfortable doing so in public.

Celebrity personal trainer Bob Greene was involved with developing the game.

Reception

EA Sports Active has received generally positive reviews from video game critics and the mainstream media.

One of the biggest critiques on EA's community message boards about the game was the lack of real resistance offered by the supplied elastic band. Many found that folding the band over itself as suggested by the game's tutorial to be ineffective in increasing the resistance level. However, the supplied grips for the elastic band can be used with other elastic bands, specifically those used in pilates, in order to increase the intensity of all upper body exercises.

EA claims that EA Sports Active has sold over 600,000 units worldwide between May 19, 2009 and June 1, 2009, and 1.8 million units in its quarter. It is EA's best selling Wii title.

The lack of an option to switch to left-handed has caused discontent for some left-handed users who have purchased the game as this is not advertised on the outer packaging.

More workouts
After the success the game received, EA Sports released an expansion pack on 17 November 2009, titled EA Sports Active: More Workouts, which, as the name suggests, added several new workouts to the existing program.

References

External links
 Official EA Sports Active website

2009 video games
EA Sports games
Electronic Arts franchises
Electronic Arts games
Fitness games
Video games developed in Canada
Video games with expansion packs
Wii games
Wii-only games
Wii Balance Board games
Multiplayer and single-player video games


The 'Shri Ram School ' is a co-educational private school in India. It is one of the most sought-after schools in the country. Founded in July 1988, the Shri Ram School has four campuses spread across the National Capital Region of India. The first is the Junior School in Vasant Vihar, New Delhi to which was added the Senior School on Moulsari Avenue, DLF Phase III, Gurgaon in 1994.

The Shri Ram School - Aravali was established in 2000 at the request of DLF Limited. It is a common campus for Pravesh Vatika (Nursery), Upvan (Kindergarten) through to Class XII. It is situated at the Hamilton Court Complex, DLF Phase IV, Gurgaon. In 2009, a new branch, "The Shri Ram Millennium School" was opened in Noida. The Noida School is located in Sector-135.

Overview
Founded by Mrs. Manju Bharat Ram in July 1988 under the aegis of SRF Ltd. and now the SRF Foundation, TSRS began with the pre-primary section, and a Form was added every year.

Students are selected based on their academic and intellectual capabilities. It is known for a high rate of rejection and low rate of acceptance of about 4%.

Curriculum

The school ascribes to the ISC and ICSE Boards. In addition, the IB Diploma Programme (since January 2005), administered by the International Baccalaureate (IB)  and the National Indian Open Schooling Certificate are offered at the Senior School in the Moulsari campus.

2010 molestation incident
In 2010, a child was allegedly molested by a contract employee at school. Upon being asked about the incident, Manju Bharat Ram, the school chairperson, stated: "We have taken appropriate steps to ensure that such an incident is not repeated [...] Besides, we are taking steps like not leaving a child alone at any point in time and no male attendants would be allowed in toilets."

Charity work

In 2010, after the 2010 Leh floods, its students formed "Mission Julley", (Julley means 'hello' in the local language), an initiative that included an online community page and events, collected Rs 8 lakh for three schools and a Relief Camp in Leh.

Sujata Sahu worked here teaching IT and maths for two years before leaving to create a charity to support schools in the Ladakh region.

Notable alumni

 Karan Chandhiok, Partner and Head of Competition Law (Chandhiok & Mahajan)
 Gautam Raj Anand, Founder, Hubhopper

References

External links
 The Shri Ram School Official Website (http://tsrs.org/)

International Baccalaureate schools in India
Private schools in Delhi
Schools in Gurgaon
Schools in Noida
Educational institutions established in 1988
1988 establishments in Delhi


is the name of a neighborhood (a ) in Kamakura, a city located in Kanagawa, Japan, about 50 km south-south-west of Tokyo. Nishi Mikado lies north-east of Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gū.

Etymology of the name
In 1180 the locality of  in today's Nishi Mikado was chosen by Minamoto no Yoritomo as the seat of his government, which he called . (46 years later, after Hōjō Masako's death, the government's headquarters were transferred to a location near Wakamiya Ōji and renamed ). The compound had four gates, and the western one gave its name to the area it faced. The area east of Egara Tenjinsha, now called , used to be called Higashi Mikado, and the name is still sometimes used. Kita Mikado still exists as well but, like Higashi Mikado, it does not constitute a chō.

The Kamakurachō Seinendan stele in Nishi Mikado says:

Nishi Mikado is the area west of the Hokkedō. It was given this name because it faced the Ōkura Bakufu's western gate. In Nishi Mikado used to stand [temples called] Hōon-ji, Hojuin, Kōshō-ji, and Raikō-ji. Of them, only Raikō-ji still exists.

Points of interest
 Tomb of Minamoto no Yoritomo
 Raikō-ji
 The site of the Ōkura Bakufu
 The site of Hokkedō
 Egara Tenjinsha shrine

Notes

References

Kamakura, Kanagawa


"You Sound Like Louis Burdett" is a song by Australian band The Whitlams. It was released in January 1997 as the lead single from their third studio album, Eternal Nightcap. The single was placed at number 53 of Triple J's Hottest 100 of that year.

Louis Burdett is an eccentric inner-west Sydney personality. Tim Freedman once shared a cottage in Tempe with Burdett, who is described on the Whitlams' official site as "an underemployed avant-garde musician." The song's narrator repeatedly scolds himself for sounding like Louis Burdett.

Reception
The Guardian said, "Named for the drummer and Freedman’s one-time housemate, this energetic song is filled with sleazy guitar, jangling piano and a breathless account of life in Sydney that is bewildering to Whitlams fans living anywhere else."

Track listing
"You Sound Like Louis Burdett" – 4:00
"10 or 11 Drink Clown" – 3:49
"Charlie No.3" – 4:29
"Hurt" – 3:17

References

The Whitlams songs
1997 singles
Songs written by Tim Freedman
1996 songs


Raymond Routledge, best known as Ray Routledge (October 9, 1931 – November 12, 2008) was an American amateur and professional bodybuilder. He was crowned AAU Mr. America in 1961. He held the title of Amateur Mr. Universe the same year.

Routledge died at the age of 77 in San Bernardino, California in November 2008.

See also
List of male professional bodybuilders

References

External links
Pearl, Routledge Win 'Universe' Titles 1962 article by Oscar Heidenstam

1931 births
2008 deaths
American bodybuilders
People associated with physical culture
Professional bodybuilders


Ukiyo-e artists may be organized into schools, which consist of a founding artist and those artists who were taught by or strongly influenced by him.  Artists of the Osaka school are united both stylistically and geographically.  Not all of these artists designed woodblock prints, and some ukiyo-e artists had more than one teacher, and others are not known to be associated with any particular school.

Asayama school (in Osaka)

Asayama Ashikuni (founder)
Ashisato
Ashifune
Ashihiro
Ashikiyo
Asayama Ashitaka
Asayama Ashitomo
Gigadō Ashiyuki (Nagakuni)
Jukōdō Yoshilkuni

Eishi school (also known as Hosoda school)

Chōbunsai Eishi (founder)
Ichirakute Eisui
Chōkōsai Eishō
Chōkyōsai Eiri
Gessai Gabimaru
Chōensai Eishin
Rekisentei Eiri
Harukawa Eizan

Furuyama school

Furuyama Moroshige (founder)
Furuyama Moromasa
Furuyama Morotane
Furuyama Morotsugu

Harukawa Eizan school

Harukawa Eizan (founder)
Harukawa Goshichi
Harukawa Eichō

Harunobu school

Suzuki Harunobu (founder)
Isoda Koryūsai
Shiba Kōkan (Suzuki Harushige)
Yasunobu
Komai Yoshinobu
Suzuki Haruji
Masunobu
Mitsunobu
Naka Kuninobu
Morino Sōgyoku
Ueno Shōha

Hasegawa school (in Osaka)

Hasegawa Sadanobu I (founder)
Hasegawa Sadanobu II
Hasegawa Settan
Hasegawa Settei

Hishikawa school (also known as the Moronobu school)

Hishikawa Moronobu (founder)
Hishikawa Morofusa
Hishikawa Moroyoshi
Hishikawa Moronaga
Hishikawa Moroshige
Hishikawa Morohira
Tamazaki Ryūjo

Hokusai school

Katsushika Hokusai (Shunrō, Sōri, Taitō)
Katsushika Ōi
Yanagawa Shigenobu
Yanagawa Nobusada (Yanagawa Yukinobu)
Hishikawa Sōri
Katsushika Hokumei
Teisai Hokuba
Maki Bokusen
Numata Gessai
Shōtei Hokuju
Totoya Hokkei
Ryūryūkyo Shinsai
Hōtei Gosei
Katsushika Hokuun
Katsushika Taito II
Katsushika Isai
Katsushika Hokui
Enkōan

Ippitsusai Bunchō school

Ippitsusai Bunchō (founder)
Tsumuri no Hikaru
Tamagawa Shūchō

Ishikawa Toyonobu school

Ishikawa Toyonobu (founder)
Ishikawa Toyomasa

Kaigetsudō school

Kaigetsudō Ando (founder)
Kaigetsudō Anchi
Kaigetsudō Dohan
Kaigetsudō Doshin
Kaigetsudō Doshu
Kaigetsudō Doshū
Hasegawa Eishun (Baiōken Eishun)
Matsuno Chikanobu

Katsukawa school (also known as the Shunshō school)

Katsukawa Shunshō (founder)
Koikawa Harumachi I
Katsukawa Shunrō
Katsukawa Shun'ei
Katsukawa Shuntei
Katsukawa Shun'en
Katsukawa Shundō II
Katsukawa Shunrin
Katsukawa Shōju
Katsukawa Shundō
Katsukawa Shunzan
Katsukawa Shunjō
Katsukawa Shunsen (Katsukawa Shunkō II)
Katsukawa Shunchō
Katsukawa Shunkō I
Katsukawa Shungyō
Tamagawa Shunsui
Kinchōdō Sekiga
Katsukawa Shunri
Katsukawa Shunwa

Kawamata school

 Kawamata Tsuneyuki
 Kawamata Tsunemasa
 Kawamata Tsunetatsu

Keisai Eisen school

Keisai Eisen (founder)
Isono Bunsai
Yamatoya Sada
Teisai Senchō
Senshōtei Toyotsuru

Kitagawa school (also known as Utamaro school)

Kitagawa Utamaro (founder)
Kitagawa Utamaro II
Maki Bokusen
Kitagawa Chiyojo
Kitagawa Fujimaro
Kitagawa Tsukimaro
Chōchōdō Kagenori
Kitagawa Yukimaro
Kitagawa Shikimaro
Kitagawa Yoshimaro
Eishōsai Chōki
Kitagawa Hidemaro
Juka Sekijō
Soraku
Michimaro
Chikanobu
Bunrō
Isomaro
Hishikawa Ryūkoku
Rakumaro
Minemaro
Senman

Kitao school (also known as the Shigemasa school)

Kitao Shigemasa (founder)
Kitao Shigemasa II
Kubo Shunman
Kitao Masanobu
Kitao Masayoshi

Koikawa school

Koikawa Harumachi I (founder)
Koikawa Harumachi II
Koikawa Harumasa
Koikawa Hakuga

Kondō school

Kondō Kiyoharu (founder)
Kondō Kiyonobu
Kondō Katsunobu

Miyagawa school

Miyagawa Chōshun (founder)
Miyagawa Isshō
Miyagawa Chōki
Miyagawa Shunsui

Nishikawa school (also known as the Sukenobu school)

Nishikawa Sukenobu (founder)
Nishikawa Suketada
Kawashima Nobukiyo
Nishikawa Terunobu
Takagi Sadatake

Nishimura school (also known as the Shigenaga school)

Nishimura Shigenaga (founder)
Ishikawa Toyonobu
Nishimura Shigenobu
Suzuki Harunobu
Yamamoto Fujinobu
Tomikawa Fusanobu
Yamamoto Yoshinobu
Hirose Shigenobu

Okumura school (also known as the Masanobu school)

Okumura Masanobu (founder)
Okumura Nobufusa
Okumura Toshinobu
Tanaka Masunobu
Mangetsudō

Ōoka school (in Osaka)

Ōoka Shunboku (founder)
Takehara Shunchōsai

Osaka school

Ryūkōsai Jokei (founder)
Shōkōsai Hanbei
Shunkōsai Hokushū (Shunkō IV)
Ashikuni
Ashiyuki (Nagakuni)
Enjaku
Yoshida Hanbei
Hikokuni
Hironobu
Hirosada I
Hirosada II
Shunbaisai Hokuei (Shunkō III)
Hokumyō
Kagematsu
Kikyo
Kiyosada
Kunihiro
Kunikazu
Kunimasu (Sadamasu)
Kunishige
Mitsukuni
Munehiro
Nagahide
Nobukatsu
Yanagawa Nobusada
Sadahiro I
Sadahiro II
Sadanobu I
Sadanobu II
Sadayoshi
Shigefusa
Shigeharu
Shigenobu
Shunkyō
Shunshi
Shunshō
Shûshō
Tokusai
Toyohide
Utakuni
Yoshifune
Yoshikuni I
Yoshikuni II
Yoshitaki
Yoshiume
Yoshiyuki

Ryūkōsai school (in Osaka)

Ryūkōsai Jokei (founder)
Shōkōsai Hanbei
Urakusai Nagahide

Shigenobu school

Yanagawa Shigenobu I (founder)
Yanagawa Shigenobu II
Tōrōsai Shigemitsu

Shunkōsai Fukushū school (in Osaka)

Shunkōsai Fukushū (founder)
Shunshosai Hokuchō
Gatōken Shunshi
Shunbaisai Hokuei (Shunkō III)
Seiyōsai Shunshi

Torii school

Torii Kiyomoto (founder)
Torii Kiyonobu I (co-founder)
Torii Kiyonobu II
Torii Kiyomasu I
Torii Kiyomasu II
Torii Kiyomitsu I
Torii Kiyotsune
Torii Kiyohiro
Torii Kiyosato
Torii Kiyonaga
Torii Kiyomasa I
Torii Kiyomine I
Hanegawa Chinchō
Kondō Kiyoharu
Torii Kiyotada
Katsukawa Terushige
Torii Kiyotomo
Torii Kiyoshige I
Torii Kotondo

Toyohara school

Toyohara Kunichika (founder)
Yōshū Chikanobu (Toyohara Chikanobu)
Watanabe Nobukazu
Toyohara Chikaharu
Morikawa Chikashige
Toyohara Chikayoshi
Toyohara Chikasato

Utagawa school

Utagawa Toyoharu (founder)
Utagawa Toyohiro
Utagawa Hirochika II
Utagawa Toyokuni I
Utagawa Kunimasa
Utagawa Kunisada (Toyokuni III)
Utagawa Kunisada II
Utagawa Kunisada III
Utagawa Sadahide
Utagawa Sadakage
Utagawa Sadafusa
Utagawa Fusatane
Utagawa Sadahiro
Utagawa Kuniteru II
Utagawa Kunimasu I (Sadamasu)
Utagawa Sadayoshi
Utagawa Kunihisa II
Utagawa Kunichika
Utagawa Kuniaki I
Utagawa Kuniaki II
Utagawa Kunimasa IV
Utagawa Kokunimasa
Utagawa Kunisato
Utagawa Kunitoshi
Utagawa Toyokuni II (Toyoshige)
Utagawa Kunitsuru
Utagawa Kunimatsu
Utagawa Kuniteru III
Utagawa Kunimaru
Utagawa Kuniyasu
Utagawa Kuninao
Utagawa Kuniyoshi
Utagawa Yoshimune
Utagawa Yoshiume
Utagawa Yoshitsuya
Utagawa Yoshifuji
Utagawa Yoshiharu
Utagawa Yoshitoyo
Utagawa Yoshimori
Utagawa Yoshimasa
Utagawa Yoshitora
Kawanabe Kyōsai
Hayakawa Shōzan
Utagawa Yoshiiku
Kobayashi Ikuhide
Utagawa Yoshitama
Utagawa Yoshifusa
Utagawa Yoshitoshi
Utagawa Yoshikata
Utagawa Yoshikatsu
Utagawa Yoshijo
Utagawa Yoshinobu
Utagawa Yoshitorijo
Utagawa Yoshitsuna
Utagawa Yoshitsuru
Utagawa Yoshikazu
Utagawa Yoshitomi
Utagawa Kunikiyo
Utagawa Kunihisa
Utagawa Kunitora
Utagawa Kuniteru I
Utagawa Kunihiro
Ryusai Shigeharu
Utagawa Kunikage
Utagawa Kuninaga
Utagawa Hiroshige (Andō Hiroshige)
Utagawa Hiroshige II (Shigenobu)
Utagawa Hiroshige III
Risshō II
Shōsai Ikkei
Utagawa Shigemaru
Utagawa Shigekiyo
Utagawa Hirokage

Artists not associated with a particular school

Kanbun Master
Sharaku
Sawa Sekkyō
Setsuri
Toriyama Sekien
Ogata Gekkō
Sugimura Jihei
Kobayashi Kiyochika
Kikukawa Eizan

Notes

References
 Lane, Richard. (1978).  Images from the Floating World, The Japanese Print. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ;  OCLC 5246796
 Link, Howard A., The Theatrical Prints of the Torii Masters, A Selection of Seventeenth and Eighteenth-Century Ukiyo-e, Honolulu, Honolulu Academy of Arts, 1977.
 Newland, Amy Reigle. (2005). Hotei Encyclopedia of Japanese Woodblock Prints.  Amsterdam: Hotei. ;  OCLC 61666175
 Roberts, Laurance P., A Dictionary of Japanese Artists, Tokyo, Weatherhill, 1976.
 Ujlaki, Peter, Osaka Kabuki at the BM, Andon, Vol. 82, 2007, 56-72.

Ukiyo-e
Ukiyo-e


The NBA draft is a major annual event in which all the 30 franchises in the National Basketball Association select new players for their teams.  Eligibility rules for prospective players have changed eight times during the history of the league. No player may sign with the NBA until they are 18 years or older.

Early history
In the earliest days of the NBA, three players entered the NBA without having played in college (although one of them did not enter the league until he was 39 years old). However, the league eventually established a rule that "a player could not make himself available" for the draft until two  years after his high school graduation.

Haywood v. NBA

The first major challenge to the NBA's eligibility rules came from Spencer Haywood. He graduated from high school in 1968, at a time when college freshmen were not allowed to play varsity sports for NCAA member schools. He played a year at a Colorado junior college, followed by a season at the University of Detroit. After the 1969–70 season, he left college for the NBA's rival at the time, the American Basketball Association (ABA), which offered a hardship exemption for players who were not four years removed from high school. Haywood had a spectacularly successful rookie season with the Denver Rockets (the predecessor to today's Denver Nuggets), being named the ABA's Rookie of the Year and MVP. Near the end of the season, he turned 21; shortly after its end, he repudiated his contract with the Rockets, claiming he had been defrauded. Haywood then signed a contract with the Seattle SuperSonics (later relocated to become the Oklahoma City Thunder), which put him and the Sonics on a collision course with the NBA, as he was only three years removed from his high school graduation.

The NBA threatened to disallow the contract and impose sanctions against the Sonics. Haywood responded by filing an antitrust suit against the league, seeking an injunction to prevent the NBA from disallowing the contract or punishing the Sonics. The case eventually reached the U.S. Supreme Court, which issued a 7–2 decision in Haywood's favor in 1971.

After the decision, the NBA allowed players to enter early as "hardship cases", which essentially meant that the player had to prove financial hardship. This rule quickly developed into one that was observed in the breach, with Sport magazine writer Jackie Lapin commenting in the 1970s that "Almost anyone who has been any good at the game in the past decade would qualify [as a hardship case]—with the probable exception of Bill Bradley, the banker's son."

Later history

As a consequence of the aforementioned Haywood decision, and following soon after, three high schoolers chose to enter the professional ranks without ever enrolling in a college. In 1975, Darryl Dawkins and Bill Willoughby both went to the NBA from high school. Dawkins had a solid 14-year career in the NBA, while Willoughby played for eight NBA seasons.

While underclass draftees are too numerous to list, it can be noted that among the 50 Greatest Players, 10 left college early for the NBA.

After Dawkins and Willoughby, no high school player went directly to the NBA for 20 years, although Lloyd Daniels and Shawn Kemp went to the NBA without having played college basketball (both had enrolled in college, but never played). That would change in 1995 with the arrival of future NBA MVP Kevin Garnett, who was selected fifth overall. The following year, another future MVP in Kobe Bryant and a future All-Star in Jermaine O'Neal were first-round picks out of high school. Most years after that saw at least one, and often more, high schoolers drafted, most notably Tracy McGrady (1997), Kwame Brown (the first high schooler to be the #1 overall pick, in 2001), Amar'e Stoudemire (2002), LeBron James (#1 in 2003), and Dwight Howard (#1 in 2004).

However, the influx of high schoolers caused considerable controversy. When the NBA and its players union negotiated a new Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA) in 2005, NBA Commissioner David Stern publicly called for a higher age limit of 20, stating that he wanted the league's scouts and general managers out of high school gyms and that too many young "urban Americans" incorrectly saw the NBA as a viable path to fame and financial security. Most of the players were opposed to an age limit; Jermaine O'Neal was perhaps the most strident critic, accusing the NBA of racism. Ultimately, the union reluctantly agreed to an age limit of 19, accepting it in exchange for tweaks to salary cap rules that were favorable to the players' interests.

The current eligibility rules were established under the NBA's  collective bargaining agreement (CBA), which expired in , resulting in a lockout. The previous CBA, approved in December 2011, made no changes to the draft rules, but called for the NBA and its players union to form a committee to discuss draft-related issues. In 2016, the NBA and NBA Players Association met to work on a new CBA, which both sides approved in December of that year. This most recent agreement started with the 2017–18 season and will run through 2023–24, with a mutual opt-out after 2022–23. The basic rules that started in the 2006 draft are:
 All drafted players must be at least 19 years old during the calendar year of the draft.
 Any player who is not an "international player", as defined in the CBA, must be at least one year removed from the graduation of his high school class.

The "one year out of high school" requirement is in addition to the age requirement. For example, although O. J. Mayo turned 19 in November 2006, six months before his high school graduation, he was not eligible until the 2008 draft, a year after his high school class graduated. Stern stated the rules were business-related and not a "social program", citing the need to see players perform against higher competition before they are evaluated for valuable draft picks. The rule effectively mandated that players spend at least one year in college. High school players who would otherwise have jumped directly into the NBA were instead playing in college for the required year before leaving and entering the draft—a phenomenon known as one and done. The NBA G League (formerly Development League) is one alternative to college. Players can earn five-figure salaries, but the level of competition is possibly lower than in the Division I level in college. Some players, most notably Brandon Jennings, have also played overseas in lieu of college. However, in recent years, other players like Satnam Singh, Thon Maker, and Matur Maker have looked to enter the NBA draft while still being high schoolers by exploiting a loophole where they enter the draft as high school postgraduates. Also since the one-and-done rule began in the 2006 draft, it became more common for high school players to reclassify and graduate a year earlier, allowing them to qualify for the draft sooner.

In April 2018, a report from the Commission on College Basketball was released. It recommended, among its findings, the abolishment of the "one-and-done" rule, thus high school players can be directly eligible for the draft again. The NBA notified its member teams in a memorandum later in June that the earliest possible draft without the one-year rule (not named in the memo), among eligibility changes, was initially in 2021, only to be moved forward in October to 2022. The NBA had looked to revert their ruling from 2005 to change the age limit back to 18 again with a recent report from February 2019, only to keep the "one-and-done" rule in place by April 2020 because discussions stalled over physical tests (physicals) and medical evaluations.

Automatic eligibility
Players whose 19th birthday falls during or before the calendar year of the draft, or at least one year removed from the graduation of their high school class, and who do not meet the criteria for "international" players are automatically eligible if they meet any of the following criteria:
 They have completed four years of their college eligibility.
 If they graduated from high school in the U.S., but did not enroll in a U.S. college or university, four years have passed since their high school class graduated.
 They have signed a contract with a professional basketball team outside the NBA, anywhere in the world, and have played under that contract. They also must be released from their contract before they can leave college to go to the NBA

Those who have reached the minimum eligibility age of 19 and meet the criteria for "international" players are automatically eligible if they meet any of the following criteria:
 They are exactly 22 years old during the calendar year of the draft.
 They have signed a contract with a professional basketball team outside the NBA within the United States, and have played under that contract.

"Early entry" player
Players who are not automatically eligible but wish to be drafted must declare their eligibility no later than 60 days before the draft. After this date, "early entry" players may attend NBA pre-draft camps and individual team workouts to show off their skills and obtain feedback regarding their draft positions. Under the CBA, a player may withdraw his name from consideration from the draft at any time before the final declaration date, which is 10 days before the draft. However, the NCAA adopted a rule that took effect in August 2009 that requires players at its member institutions to withdraw no later than May 8 to retain their college eligibility; the first draft affected by this rule was the 2010 draft. In 2011, the NCAA shortened its timeline for players to withdraw and retain eligibility to one day before the start of the spring signing period for men's basketball, which occurs in April. The NCAA changed its withdrawal rule again in 2016, effective with that year's draft; its withdrawal deadline is now in late May, specifically 10 days after the final day of the annual NBA Draft Combine. Due to disruptions brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic, the NCAA announced that for the 2020 draft, the withdrawal deadline was changed to 10 days after the combine or August 3, whichever comes first.

The NBA announced on February 26, 2021 that for the 2021 draft only, all college players who wish to enter the draft, regardless of class, will be required to declare eligibility. In October 2020, COVID-19 led the NCAA to declare that the 2020–21 season would not be counted against the college eligibility of any basketball player. The exact language of the CBA with regard to automatic eligibility of college seniors is "The player has graduated from a four-year college or university in the United States, and has no remaining intercollegiate basketball eligibility." Due to the NCAA ruling, every college senior in the 2020–21 season had remaining eligibility. The league was required to consult with the players' union and NCAA to determine whether it would require seniors to opt out of the draft (which was implemented by the NFL for its 2021 draft, affected by a similar NCAA ruling for football) or require opt-ins, with the latter option being chosen. Because of uncertainty surrounding dates of the draft and draft combine, the early entry date for the 2021 draft had not been set at that time.

A player who declares for the draft and stays in it loses his college eligibility when he is drafted. He can sign with any agent following an evaluation from the NBA Undergraduate Advisory Committee, and if he ends up undrafted, he has the opportunity to return to his school for at least another year only after terminating all agreements with that agent, effective with the 2019 draft; until 2018, college players lost their eligibility when they signed with their agents and stayed in the draft, only to be left undrafted. Before 2016, the NCAA only allowed a player to enter the draft once without losing eligibility, but current NCAA rules now allow players to declare for and withdraw from multiple drafts while retaining college eligibility. The CBA allows a player to withdraw twice.

Definition of international players
The CBA defines "international players" for draft purposes as those who meet all of the following criteria:
 Permanently reside outside the U.S. for at least three years before the draft while playing basketball outside the U.S.
 Have never enrolled in a U.S. college or university.
 Did not complete high school in the U.S.

Note that this definition is very different from what the NBA uses in listing "international players" on its team rosters. For that purpose, the league defines an "international player" specifically as one born outside the 50 United States or the District of Columbia, even if that player's parent is a natural-born American. Also of note is that a prospective player's birthplace is not relevant to his definition as an "international player" for draft purposes. By contrast, the WNBA requires that, for purposes of its draft, "international players" be born outside the U.S.

Reaction of high school players

In the third annual High School Hoops magazine, the players weighed in on the subject of the new rules regarding draft eligibility. Many of them felt that it was unfair. Kansas State freshman Bill Walker, said (as a junior in high school), "I'm against it. I don't see why you have to be 19 to play a game of basketball when you can be 18 and go to war for our country and die. It's ridiculous." Jerryd Bayless said "It's not fair at all. If a tennis player can go pro at 13, I don't understand why a basketball player can't go pro at 18." A possible number one pick out of high school, had the rule not been put in place, was Greg Oden (though he was still picked first in 2007). When asked about the agreement he said "It's unfair, but it's over with now, so there's no reason to complain." In spite of the claims that the rule is unfair, Wayne Ellington of North Carolina, said that "…I also think it's going to help the league a little bit. Some guys who come in, like from this year's draft, it will help." Brandan Wright said that "It may hurt guys who need money, but it will help people grow and develop."

On the specific topic of Oden entering the draft, Jack Keefer, Oden's high school coach at Lawrence North, Indiana, said, "I really think he thought he was going to college. He seems to be more at ease with himself right now. I think the stress came with worrying about the NBA."

Alternates to college basketball
While playing college basketball has been the most popular option for players coming out of high school, some have opted for alternative options. Oklahoma City Thunder guard Terrance Ferguson had originally committed to Alabama then Arizona, but then decided to play in Australia for the Adelaide 36ers. He has urged others to do the same, saying: "Most one-and-done players only spend a few months in college. You have to do schoolwork and all this other stuff. You go overseas, you spend the same amount of months, but you’re focusing straight on basketball. I feel like more players should do it." Another argument he made is that he gets paid for playing overseas, while college players don't receive pay, which is one of the biggest issues players have with going to college. Another alternative that can be taken is instead of playing, players may take a year off to train. Recently drafted Portland Trail Blazers guard Anfernee Simons decided to skip out on college altogether, and instead opted to spend a postgraduate year at the IMG Academy. Simons explained his reasoning for skipping college by saying, “I feel like in college you got three classes a day. That’s a big thing — a lot of time. That’s basically time that I was able to spend in the gym getting better.”  In 2020 the NBA created the NBA G League Ignite team made of up of prospects and veteran players and touted it as an alternative to playing college basketball with potential prospects on the team earning salaries of up to $500,000.  In 2021 Overtime Elite was formed with a similar purpose for 16 to 20 year olds.

Changes for college underclassmen in 2016
In March 2015, following a series of meetings that began at the 2014 men's Final Four, the NBA, NCAA, and the trade association for college men's coaches, the National Association of Basketball Coaches (NABC), announced a plan that would give college underclassmen a better opportunity to make an informed decision about their NBA status than the then-current system. Under this plan:
 The NCAA would no longer automatically treat entry into the draft as forfeiture of remaining college eligibility. Instead, it would allow underclassmen to withdraw from the draft in late May, about five weeks after the then-current deadline, and retain their remaining eligibility (as long as they do not sign with an agent or a professional basketball team in the meantime). The NBA's early-entry and withdrawal deadlines, respectively 60 days and 10 days before the draft, would not change because they are written into the league's collective bargaining agreement.
 The NBA would expand its invitation-only draft combine, currently held in Chicago, to include players with remaining college eligibility (who would also have to be invited in order to attend). The stated purpose of this expansion was to allow underclassmen to receive feedback from NBA teams on their draft prospects. According to one NCAA executive, the expanded combine would involve from 20 to 30% more players than the approximately 70 who participated at that time.

The NCAA rule change was formally presented by the NCAA men's basketball oversight committee on June 24, 2015, and was approved by the NCAA Division I council on January 13, 2016. The new rule, which took effect with the 2016 draft, specifically sets the new withdrawal date at 10 days after the end of the NBA draft combine. Additionally, players may declare for the draft multiple times without losing college eligibility, as long as they withdraw before the new deadline without hiring an agent or signing a professional basketball contract, and are now allowed to attend the draft combine and one tryout per year for each NBA team without losing college eligibility. However, it has been stated that current commissioner Adam Silver has been working to change this rule and meeting with NCAA officials to make the changes for the betterment of the NBA and NCAA basketball players, teams, and coaches alike.

Notes and references

National Basketball Association draft
Rules of the National Basketball Association


"Love Screw" is MAX's 26th single on the Avex Trax label.

Track list

Charts
Oricon Sales Chart (Japan)

References

2003 singles
MAX (band) songs
2003 songs
Avex Trax singles


Isabella Pajardi (born 24 January 1989) is an Italian former competitive ice dancer. She started skating at age four and was a single skater until 2000 when she began ice dancing with Stefano Caruso. They are the 2008 Italian junior national champions and placed 9th at the 2008 World Junior Championships.

Programs
(with Caruso)

Competitive highlights
(with Caruso)

GP = Grand Prix; JGP = Junior Grand Prix

References

External links

Italian female ice dancers
1989 births
Living people
Figure skaters from Milan
Competitors at the 2009 Winter Universiade
20th-century Italian women
21st-century Italian women


Berrook is a locality situated in remote north-west Victoria in the Sunraysia region.  The place by road, about 8 kilometres east from Peebinga South Australia and only about 3 kilometres from the South Australian Border. It can be found by following the Panitya- Berrook unsealed road north for 30 kilometres from Sunset. It is in the local government area of the Rural City of Mildura.

Berrook is near the south-west areas of the Murray-Sunset National Park.

Berrook Post Office opened on 18 February 1929 and closed in 1935.

References


Stefano Caruso (born 19 April 1987) is a former competitive ice dancer with dual German and Italian citizenship. Representing Germany with Tanja Kolbe, he won seven international medals and two German national silver medals. They placed eighth at the 2013 European Championships and competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics, finishing 19th. Earlier in his career, Caruso competed for Italy with Isabella Pajardi.

Personal life
Stefano Caruso was born 19 April 1987 in Rome, Italy, to a Hungarian mother and a father from Naples. He moved to Milan in 2000. He studied languages and communication in Bergamo. In September 2013, he became a German citizen while retaining his Italian citizenship. In January 2014, he began working for the Bundeswehr's sports group.

Career

Early career
Caruso started skating as an eight-year-old in Mentana, Rome. He trained in ice dance from the start and teamed up with Isabella Pajardi in 2000. They won the 2008 Italian national junior title and placed 9th at the 2008 World Junior Championships. After they split up in 2010, Caruso had tryouts with an American, Isabella Tobias, and a Canadian.

Partnership with Kolbe
Caruso teamed up with Tanja Kolbe in 2010 to represent Germany. In their first season together, they took bronze at the 2010 Ice Challenge and at the 2011 German Championships.

In their second season together, Kolbe/Caruso won two international medals, gold at the 2011 NRW Trophy and bronze at the Istanbul Cup. They took the silver medal at the German Championships and were assigned to the 2012 European Championships where they finished 12th. The duo split up after the event but teamed up again in July 2012.

In the 2012–13 season, Kolbe/Caruso took silver again at the German Championships and earned another trip to the European Championships where they finished 8th. They won two international medals – bronze at both the New Year's Cup and Volvo Open Cup.

In the 2013–14 season, Kolbe/Caruso were invited to their first Grand Prix event, the 2013 Trophee Eric Bompard where they placed 7th. They added two more international medals to their collection – bronze at the 2013 Ondrej Nepela Trophy and Ice Challenge. In February 2014, Kolbe/Caruso competed at the Winter Olympics in Sochi and finished 19th. They announced the end of their partnership in June 2014.

Post-competitive career
After ending his competitive career in 2014, Caruso began a coaching partnership with Barbara Fusar-Poli at Milan's Agorà ice rink. In November 2021, Berliner Zeitung reported that Caruso was facing allegations of misconduct from multiple students.

Programs

With Kolbe

With Pajardi

Competitive highlights
GP = Grand Prix; JGP = Junior Grand Prix

With Kolbe for Germany

With Pajardi for Italy

References

External links

 Tanja Kolbe / Stefano Caruso official website

Italian male ice dancers
German male ice dancers
1987 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Rome
Naturalized citizens of Germany
Figure skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Olympic figure skaters for Germany
German sportspeople of Italian descent
21st-century Italian dancers
21st-century German dancers
Competitors at the 2009 Winter Universiade
Italian expatriate sportspeople in Germany


MV China Star (中华之星) is the world's largest ship with a SWATH design, and the only twin-hull cruise ship ever built. It was sold and has operated in Hong Kong as the gambling ship Asia Star for Asia Cruises beginning in 2005, and the ship was later renamed China Star and was operated by several operators. The ship is currently laid up in Shenzhen, China. This 350-passenger all balcony luxury cruise ship was the largest SWATH ship in the world when it was built, displacing more than 20,000 tons. Originally known as the Radisson Diamond, the ship was built for Diamond Cruise, a conglomerate of several Finnish banks and the UKL-based Carlson Companies (the parent company of Radisson Cruises and Hotels). The ship was built by Finnyards in Rauma, Finland.

In June 2011, the ship was purchased for $45M by China Cruises Company Limited, the deal being led by Chinese millionaire entrepreneur Huang Weijian, CEO of CCCL. Another $20M was spent refurbishing her. Operation started on March 9, 2012, as the first ship of the new CCCL luxury cruise line.

References

External links

 China Cruises Company Limited
 Independent professional photographs from shipspotting.com

Cruise ships
1991 ships
Ships built in Rauma, Finland


Wagenknecht is a German surname, where 'Wagen' means a 'horse-drawn vehicle', 'Knecht' a servant. Notable people with the surname include:

Addie Wagenknecht (born 1981), American artist
Alfred Wagenknecht (1881–1956), German-American Communist
Detlef Wagenknecht (born 1959), German middle-distance runner
Edward Wagenknecht (1900–2004), American literary critic
Lukáš Wagenknecht (born 1978), Czech economist
Max Wagenknecht (1857–1922), German composer
Sahra Wagenknecht (born 1969), German politician

German-language surnames
Surnames of German origin
de:Wagenknecht


Mestaruussarja (Championship series) was the top division of Finnish football from 1930 to 1989. It was replaced by Veikkausliiga in 1990.

In 1930 league format was used for the first time to decide the Finnish champion. Before that (1908-1929) the championship was decided by cup competition. The league was dominated by clubs from Helsinki, Turku and Vyborg. The first champion was HIFK Fotboll from Helsinki. In 1935 four best clubs were from Helsinki; and in 1934 and 1936 top three clubs also came from Helsinki. From 1908 to 1940 the championship went outside Helsinki on only six occasions. Kuopio was the first inland city to get into the league when Pallotoverit were promoted in 1938. During World War II years the league was sometimes cut short, abandoned or decided with cup competition instead. In 1940s TUL clubs also participated.

The last Mestaruussarja season was 1989 and FC Kuusysi was crowned as the last champions. The new top level division was at first called SM-liiga and later renamed as Veikkausliiga.

Mestaruussarja consisted of 8 clubs when it was founded. It was later expanded to ten and at the time of dissolution league had 12 clubs. The league's popularity peaked in 1960s. Ten HJK matches between 1964 and 1969 had more than 10,000 spectators. The highest attendance was 17,293 between HJK and FC Haka in 1965. Highest average attendance was 3,071 in 1967, a figure that is yet to be beaten by current Veikkausliiga.

Champions

Top scorers

External links
 Finland - List of League First Level Tables at RSSSF

1
Fin


Brown Owl is a suburb of Upper Hutt, located 3–4km from the city centre. It developed slowly from the 1960s

The suburb is located on the eastern side of the Hutt River at the base of the Eastern Hutt Valley Hills and Emerald Hill, with SH2 running right through it. It is bordered by Timberlea to the east (at the intersection of SH2 and Norana Road in the northeast), Maoribank to the south of SH2 at Moeraki Road, and Birchville just past the northern side of Harcourt Park on Akatarawa Road. Tōtara Park can be accessed by foot by crossing the Harcourt Park Bridge at the end of Norbert Street.

Brown Owl is serviced by a small shopping centre on Akatarawa Road and a Caltex service station on SH2 opposite Moeraki Road.

Subdivisions
Brown Owl is split into three distinctive areas:

The main central part of Brown Owl was mostly developed between 1970 and 1990, and contains all of the businesses in Brown Owl.

On the south-western side of Emerald Hill are four streets which contain houses that offer expansive views across the Upper Hutt Valley. The main street, Sunnyview Drive, regularly contains a Christmas lights exhibition annually in December; many of the residents light up their houses and the street with extensive lights displays. It can be seen right across the Upper Hutt Valley. This area was mainly developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s.

Next to the river and Te Haukaretu Park is the Riverglade subdivision. This modern subdivision, developed between the early 1990s and mid-2000s, contains large executive homes; with many of these homes having views across Te Haukaretu Park towards the Hutt River.

Parks

There are three public parks in Brown Owl:

Brown Owl Park; Located off of SH2 (access point from Speargrass Grove, Timberlea also), contains some bush and a small trail.

Te Haukaretu Park; Located at the end of Norbert Street next to the Harcourt Park Bridge, this picturesque park runs along the eastern bank of the Hutt River. There is a playground and duck pond located at its southern end, and a large football field at its northern end. It has pedestrian access from SH2. A section of the Hutt River Trail runs through this park.

Harcourt Park; Located off of Akatarawa Road and Norbert Street, Harcourt Park is a large, major park in Upper Hutt. This large park contains a small playground and a large playground, along with a toddler's pool and public toilets at its eastern end. It has a soundstage in the south-western end near the Norbert Street entrance, which is used for small local concerts and events. There is a learn-to-ride cycle track on the park's northern side, as well as many wide lawns throughout the park for picnicking or relaxing. Wellington's Kiwi Holiday Park is located on its northern side off of Akaratawa Road. The Hutt River Trail runs along the western edge of the park. Harcourt Park is a very good spot to witness river terracing. The Gardens of Isengard in the Lord Of The Rings trilogy was filmed in Harcourt Park.

Demographics
Birchville-Brown Owl statistical area covers  and includes Birchville. It had an estimated population of  as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Birchville-Brown Owl had a population of 3,519 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 192 people (5.8%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 180 people (5.4%) since the 2006 census. There were 1,275 households, comprising 1,740 males and 1,773 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.98 males per female. The median age was 38.8 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 690 people (19.6%) aged under 15 years, 678 (19.3%) aged 15 to 29, 1,701 (48.3%) aged 30 to 64, and 450 (12.8%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 87.7% European/Pākehā, 13.6% Māori, 4.9% Pasifika, 5.1% Asian, and 2.4% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 19.1, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 57.6% had no religion, 32.2% were Christian, 0.4% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.6% were Hindu, 0.1% were Muslim, 0.8% were Buddhist and 2.0% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 477 (16.9%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 552 (19.5%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $39,500, compared with $31,800 nationally. 558 people (19.7%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 1,620 (57.3%) people were employed full-time, 393 (13.9%) were part-time, and 111 (3.9%) were unemployed.

Schools
Brown Owl used to have a school (Brown Owl School), but this school closed in 2002. The nearest primary schools are Maoribank School and Birchville School. The nearest secondary school is Heretaunga College, some 6 km away.

Public Transport
Brown Owl is serviced by the Emerald Hill – Petone commuter bus service (#110), operated by Metlink.

References

Further reading
 - Upper Hutt City Library Digital Archive item 64/14238

Suburbs of Upper Hutt
Populated places on Te Awa Kairangi / Hutt River


Begonia veitchii is a plant in the begonia family, Begoniaceae, which was introduced to Europe in 1866 by Richard Pearce who discovered it in the Peruvian Andes near Cusco at an elevation of from  and . It was named after Pearce's employers, James Veitch & Sons of Chelsea, London. It can be found today in the mountains around Machu Picchu. A later plant collector, Walter Davis, found Begonia veitchii inhabiting rocky positions by waterfalls, in company with Masdevallia veitchiana.

Begonia veitchii played an important role in the development of today's popular hybrid cultivars and, together with Pearce's other introductions, B. boliviensis and B. pearcei, was subsequently hybridized to produce the Begonia × tuberhybrida cultivar group.

Description
The flowers are bright red-orange. They have rounded petals and are displayed on strong erect stalks well above the foliage.

According to Hortus Veitchii, Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, writing in the Botanical Magazine, described this as "the finest species then known", saying: "Of all the species of Begonia known, this is, I think, the finest. With the habit of Saxifraga ciliata, immense flowers of a vivid vermilion cinnabar-red, that no colorist can reproduce, it adds the novel feature of being hardy in certain parts of England at any rate, if not in all."

References

External links

veitchii
Flora of Peru
Veitch Nurseries
Taxa named by Joseph Dalton Hooker