Eric John Magnuson (born January 27, 1951) is an American lawyer in private practice. He was the Chief Justice of the Minnesota Supreme Court from 2008 to 2010.

Education and professional background
Magnuson was born in Morris, Illinois. He graduated from Osseo High School, Osseo, Minnesota in 1968 and the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis in 1972, and from William Mitchell College of Law in Saint Paul in 1976.  During his third year of law school, Magnuson
clerked for future state Chief Justice Douglas Amdahl, then a Hennepin County district judge. The following year, he clerked for then-Chief Justice Robert Sheran.

Magnuson joined the Minneapolis law firm of Rider Bennett in 1977. An appellate lawyer in the state and federal courts, he served as president of the American Academy of Appellate Lawyers and founded the Eighth Circuit Bar Association. Governor Tim Pawlenty chose him to chair the state Commission on Judicial Selection from 2003 to 2008. In 2007, after Rider Bennett dissolved, he joined the Minneapolis law firm of Briggs & Morgan.

Judicial service

On March 17, 2008, Governor Pawlenty appointed Magnuson Chief Justice of the Minnesota Supreme Court to succeed the retiring Russell A. Anderson. He was sworn in on June 2, 2008.

Magnuson served on the State Canvassing Board for the United States Senate election in Minnesota, 2008.

On March 11, 2010, Magnuson announced that he would be stepping down as chief justice on June 30, 2010, returning to the private practice of law. In his resignation letter to the governor, he cited "reasons personal to me and my family."

On May 5, 2010, Magnuson authored a 4-3 decision of the Minnesota Supreme Court, ruling that Minnesota Gov. Tim Pawlenty had overstepped his authority by rescinding funding passed by the Minnesota legislature. Pawlenty was Magnuson's former law partner.

Post-Supreme Court
Magnuson became a partner at Robins Kaplan LLP, and teaches at Humphrey School of Public Affairs. In 2014, the Minnesota Vikings hired Magnuson and Chris Madel to lead an independent investigation concerning the Vikings' termination of Chris Kluwe.

References

1951 births
Living people
University of Minnesota alumni
William Mitchell College of Law alumni
Minnesota lawyers
People from Morris, Illinois
Chief Justices of the Minnesota Supreme Court
Minnesota state court judges


.

Upper Fraser developed between Aleza Lake and Hansard on the southwest side of the Fraser River in central British Columbia. The community of about 20 residents comprises a post-office and several houses straddling Upper Fraser Road.

Transportation
A trackside signpost marks the flag stop for Via Rail's Jasper – Prince Rupert train. The immediate Via Rail stops are Aleza Lake to the west and McGregor to the southeast.

History

Railway
Upper Fraser lies at Mile 104.0, Fraser Subdivision. Previously designated as Mile 194 and the Hudson Bay Spur, it was the closest railway point east of Willow River for accessing the Fraser. During 1914, Edward Andrew Seebach (1880–1932) (Seeback alternate spelling) and Albert James Huble (1872–1947) (Hubble alternate spelling), and farmer George McDowell, their agent, regularly advertised their weekly passenger and freight motorboat service to Giscome Portage, which connected with the waterways to the Peace Country via Finlay Forks. Five years later, the opening of the Prince George–Summit Lake wagon road superseded this route.

A steamboat service from Prince George operated into the 1920s. The spur also provided the best link to the outside world for mining and hunting activities to its north and northwest that encompassed the river and its tributaries. Unlike the unsafe and difficult Giscome Rapids downstream, calm waters prevailed upstream to the spur. However, winter freezing, limited river use to summer months.

In May 1913, during the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway construction, the Smith and Ramsay camp was just northwest at former Mile 195, and their engineer, F. Purvis, was just southeast at former Mile 193. Although variations of the name Hudson Bay Spur were in use until the 1930s, the 1920 description as the Hudson Bay’s old spur suggests the actual spur had fallen into disuse by that time. Largely known as Upper Fraser Spruce Mills from the early 1940s, the Canadian National Railway station was called Upper Fraser from 1964.

During the 1945/46 winter, when a brush with a freight train broke a moose's leg, a rifle shot put the hobbling animal out of its misery. Rather than plunging into the deep snow flanking the roadbed, moose often ran ahead of trains for miles, which delayed services and hindered section crews (track maintenance). Vicious moose not only challenged trains, but also charged children on their way to school, or adults walking along the tracks. During the 1948/49 winter, a snow plow travelling at  scooped up William John Zuck lying on the tracks. The plow train's crew car carried the victim to Prince George, where a hospital examination found no injuries.

A westbound freight train instantly killed deaf George Whitford (1885–1965), who was sitting upon the track at Upper Fraser. The following year, a  washout west of Aleza Lake terminated a westbound passenger train at Upper Fraser. The mill cookhouse fed the passengers, who remained on board. Towed through heavy mud and deep holes by bulldozers near Giscome, three buses brought eastbound passengers from Prince George, and returned with the westbound ones. In 1968, a railway accident cost H. Dyck two toes.

In 1978, Upper Fraser was one of the 11 communities between Prince Rupert and the Alberta border, where the CNR replaced its agent-operator position with a resident serving as a CN Express agent.

 Assumedly, a remeasurement confirmed the spur switch was closer to Mile 104.0

Forestry
The narrow strip of accessible spruce forest bordering the railway that stretched some  east of Prince George was known as the East Line. Reputedly, a small mill existed at the location in 1928.

In 1935, Donald (Don) S. McPhee (1892–1964), formerly at Sinclair Mills, and A. Roy Spurr (1885–1954), formerly at Penny, partners in the Giscome mill, acquired and relocated the equipment from the bankrupt Longworth Lumber Co. The following year, pioneer lumberman George Stauble (1898–1971) supervised the reconstruction. Incorporated as the Upper Fraser Spruce Mills, the 40,000-foot per shift capacity modern mill opened in 1939. That year, the three mills controlled by the partnership produced almost 60 percent of the lumber in the Prince George district. Cecil T. Clare (1905–85) came from Sinclair Mills in 1937 to manage the 100-man company. He was president of the Northern Interior Lumberman's Association (1945–48 and 1959–60).

From 1940, Clare largely replaced horses with vehicles for hauling logs from the bush. C. Merle, his wife, was active in the local Red Cross fundraising efforts. The company logging Camp 13 temporarily closed for a week in 1942, while the crew went to fight a forest fire at Purden Lake. During the 1942/43 winter, a falling tree fractured logger Albert Roussin's skull, and a decking hoist employee at Camp 15 badly burned his face when a blow torch, thawing an engine, caused a gas tank explosion.

During the following winter, snow accumulation collapsed the roofs of a bunkhouse and barn at Camp 17. Eight escaped unhurt, one sustained concussion, and another suffered minor facial injuries, but a horse died. When braces broke weeks later, the released large deck of logs fatally crushed George Swan (1894–1944). Employees contributed to a collection for his widow.  While riding the steam-powered saw carriage, which steadily moves a log through the saw blade, dogger Albert Anderson (1925–44) encountered a sudden failure of the steam feed valve. The uncontrollable carriage forcefully ejected him, fatally breaking his neck. In 1945, logger Adolf Bruestle (later at Aleza Lake) sustained extensive facial abrasions at Camp 17. Two years later, James Ernest Clish (1927–87) lost a leg in a mill accident. Although the 1949 fire totally consumed the mill, the rebuilding project took only three months.

Falling branches or tree trunks killed company loggers Jean Ouellette (c.1927–50) and Emanuel Zielke (1927–50), prompting calls for better training. Mile 98 (McGregor) was the next logging camp. When the government introduced forest management licences that year, Upper Fraser Spruce Mills was among the first five approved in principle within the Prince George district, and quickly granted. Logging moved from the Bowron River to Mile 98. (Nick) Vid Tomich (1893–1958) sustained fatal spinal injuries after tumbling from a 12-foot-high lumber pile. A year later, the company received one of the nine tree farm licences that followed from the 1956 Royal Commission Report.

In 1960, Don McPhee and Cecil T. Clare sold Upper Fraser Spruce Ltd. for almost a million dollars to National Forest Products Ltd. (NFP) (formerly Midway Terminals Ltd.). Soon moving to Vancouver, Clare was chair of Canadian Lumber Standards (1962–71). Already owning Sinclair Spruce Lumber Co. Ltd., NFP appointed E.R. McDonald as general manager for both companies.  Within a year, the Noranda Mines Ltd./Mead Corporation partnership established Northwood Pulp and Timber Ltd., which acquired the above operations. The next year, John R. Blackstock became general manager. A heavy plate falling from a crawler inflicted fatal head injuries upon mechanic William (Bill) H. Chance (1921–62), who had recently transferred from Sinclair Mills. A 1964 fire destroyed a diesel generating unit and part of the mill powerhouse.

In the late 1960s, the mill underwent a major expansion. After voting in favour of strike action, the IWA strike at BC interior mills ended the following month in the north, but in the south lasted seven months. The 480,000-foot capacity Upper Fraser operation provided woodchips to Northwood Pulp in Prince George as a by-product. The mill built and equipped a recreation centre, catering especially for the 100–130 single employees.

Another round of strike ballots began in October 1970, which led to a wildcat strike, before employees at Northwood sawmills at Eagle Lake and Upper Fraser, along with Its McGregor logging camp, ratified the proposed contract settlement. A strike vote followed when the 1972 contract negotiations broke off. An alleged unjustified disciplinary action by a supervisor, an open sewage system, and sham safety procedures, prompted an illegal walkout. Workers returned after a couple of days, but walked out again within two days, when the company refused to promise that strikers would not receive disciplinary action. An injunction forced employees back within two days.

In 1973, a freight car shortage increased finished lumber inventory. When exacerbated by a nationwide rail strike, all five northern BC sawmills operated by Northwood Pulp and Timber closed for a week. A year later, weakened lumber markets resulted in massive layoffs at Northwood's Houston and Upper Fraser sawmills, and reducing to single shifts from the fall. The seven-week BC Rail strike, which ended in January 1975, hampered woodchip shipments to the Northwood pulp mills. However, it did not delay the Upper Fraser sawmill reopening after the Christmas/New Year break. The pulpworker strike months later put many sawmill employees on indefinite layoff, owing to a lack of burning capacity or space to store the chips. IWA members at Northwood sawmills, having accepted their latest contract, continued on the job despite the ongoing pulp mill strike. In 1977, the IWA was pressing for one province-wide set of negotiations, while employers in the north, which included the Northwood sawmills, clung to separate talks. The following year, owner-operators of logging trucks protested their compensation rates.

Surpassing earlier upgrades, the company installed a new double-cut bandsaw and lumber sorter in 1978 in a $6.4 million modernization to improve the mill's efficiency. Paul A. Calder (1931–79) died of asphyxiation after falling into a hog fuel intake bin. Northwood sawmills at Prince George, Upper Fraser, Shelley and Houston supplied half the woodchip requirements for the Prince George pulp mill. With weakening market demand during 1980, Northwood temporarily introduced a four-day workweek at all sawmills except Shelley. The following year, lack of progress in contract talks led to illegal strikes, which included Upper Fraser. The summer province-wide strike lasted six weeks. A month later, Northwood sawmills temporarily implemented four-day workweeks.

In early 1982, with the ongoing market slump, the Upper Fraser mill further reduced output from 80 percent to 60 percent by laying off indefinitely 117 out of 251 employees, and adopting a one-shift five-day workweek. To reduce energy costs, the mill installed new burners that consumed wood shavings instead of natural gas or propane. The process heated oil for circulation to drying kilns and the mill itself. The company consolidated all vacation time into a four-week period to shut down the mill for the summer. The next summer, the mill returned to two shifts and the workforce totalled 1,000.

Rolling strikes throughout the north during 1986, which escalated into a four-month province-wide woodworkers strike, resulted in a moratorium on contracting out work normally performed by union members until a royal commission had studied the issue. The following spring, mill employees and the Upper Fraser volunteer fire department tackled a huge fire in the log deck area. Their 1954 Thibault fire truck ran nonstop for 36 hours, assisted by the company's helicopter hauling water to drop on the burning logs and a fire bomber dropping retardant. After protecting the mill and the town since the 1970s, the department acquired a replacement fire truck. Northwood donated the Thibault to the Prince George Railway and Forestry Museum in 1999.

Bandsaw operator Shirley Anne Elaine Peterson (c.1952–88) sustained fatal injuries when pinned between lumber and a roller case. Later that year, market conditions necessitated a two-week shutdown. To secure log supplies months later, Northwood increased subcontractor payment rates to improve compensation for logging truck owner-operators. In 1990 and 1993, disputes triggered brief walkouts.

The 1990 $16.5 million modernization, which closed the mill for several weeks, was far more extensive than the rebuilds in the 1950s, 1968, and 1978. New computerized equipment controlled thinner saw blades and edgers that maximized the amount of square lumber from each round log, but eliminated 10–15 jobs. An additional wood waste burner lowered emissions. Capacity increased to 960,000 board feet. The next year, the second shift was dropped for four weeks. A 1994 mill fire damaged wiring for the cut-off saws which turn log stems into desired lengths. During 1995, a new edger-optimizer was installed, and a single shift operated for eight weeks over the summer.

A 1997 fire, on a sub-zero January night, destroyed the primary breakdown area where the logs entered the mill. The volunteer fire department was able to save the other half, housing the head rig and high-tech equipment. The larger machinery, like cut-off saws, debarkers and canters sustained $20–30 million of damage. (The latter is a moving deck that cuts round logs into a square shape for processing as lumber, while the curved parts move on to become chips for a pulp mill). The planer mill, operating a single shift, continued processing existing inventory and lumber trucked in from elsewhere. After a period of uncertainty, Northwood announced plans to rebuild. This included a new $6 million merchandiser (a mechanized deck that fed and cut to length the arriving logs). The mill, which traditionally handled the larger logs, became equally suited to handle the predominantly medium sizes available. About eight months after the fire, the mill resumed production, reaching full operation a month later. Weakening demand prompted a short shutdown a year later.

In 1999, Canfor purchased the Northwood operations, which included the Upper Fraser mill. Securing a three-year pact with the IWA, the company doubled shutdowns. The $8.5-million insurance settlement for the 1997 fire helped Canfor's 2001 first quarter profit. The mill permanently closed in 2003.

Community
During the mid-to-late 1940s, the location gradually became Upper Fraser and the former name of Mile 104 phased out. From 1940, children attended school in Hansard, where they occasionally stayed overnight when the road was impassable. Samuel Laird was the inaugural Upper Fraser postmaster 1942–44. The musically gifted William (Bill) (1911–48) & Jeanne (c.1919–2003) Padlesky and children arrived in 1943, where Bill worked in the mill. Tired of walking  to the Hansard store for groceries and the mail, they opened the first general store in the community. Although the mill was designated as the postmaster 1944–48, the post-office clearly was not open for all of this period.

Budgeted at $7,500, the one-room school opened for the 1948/49 year. The community held dances and other fundraising socials in the building.  Gordon Gale opened a store, and wife Lorraine (1920–69) was postmaster 1948–50 and 1952–60, a role commonly performed by a storeowner in such towns. Harold Toplis (1908–84) took over in 1951, and wife Eleanor (1900–93) (né Stewart, former Hansard teacher) was postmaster 1950–52. Organized religion during the 1950s was limited to occasional United Church baptisms, and Catholic services on alternate Sundays at the school.

Disembarking Ole Hansen of Hansard's boat prior to its capsizing, saved Mable and Gladys (the older Padlesky children) from a likely drowning. Months later, when a fire raged through the Padlesky store and home, Mable (1938–2014) was away at boarding school. Gladys (1941–2004) crawled out, mother Jeanne dragged Joyce (1943–55) in a sheet, and holding Gloria (c.1948–), they exited to safety, but the blaze destroyed the building and all their possessions. An alternate account mentions a forest fire as the cause, and Joyce running back into the burning building before her mother rescued her. Jeanne remarrying, the family moved to Prince George. Joyce, still haunted by the fire, drowned in the Fraser River. A 1968 fire gutted a small cabin Jeanne owned at Willow River.

In 1953, a new hall opened. Budgeted at $2,500 for the building and $500 for furnishings, a teacherage came in the mid-1950s. Enrolments ranged 19–46 until 1960. To address overcrowding, an additional one-room building provided more classroom space and teaching staff.

Francis (Frank) H. (1913–75) & Dorothy M. (1917–92) Hern owned the store/gas bar. Dorothy was postmaster from 1960. Their son Brian (1951–60) died in a motor vehicle accident at Aleza Lake.

During the early 1960s, the United Church held Sunday afternoon services, sometimes as frequently as every second week. With the appointment of a lay minister at Giscome, oversight transferred from St. Andrews in Prince George. During the mid-1960s, services were held on alternate Wednesday evenings.

The school board budgeted $33,000 for a building program. For the 1964/65 year, pressing needs elsewhere, meant only two new portables were available, plus one from the Aleza Lake school. The mill operated the bus to transport students the  from that location. By 1965, two surplus teacherages existed at Upper Fraser. The Royal Produce supermarket opened in 1966.

Northwood approached the RDFFG to examine a proposal for a town site. The preliminary 1972 study indicated few people were interested in owning houses in the area and preferred better roads for commuting. Subsequently, the district used a $25,000 federal planning grant to investigate the feasibility of establishing a new community to replace the existing rundown mill town. At the time, the population was about 600. That year, egg-sized hail punched holes through roofs and smashed windows. Unmaintained since the sawmill closed, Sinclair Mills' deteriorating wooden water pipes forced the temporary closure of that school. From the 1972/73 year, the 14 students were bussed  to Upper Fraser. Assumedly the school reopened when the new owner of the Sinclair Mills site restored the infrastructure.

The Mt. Tabor Pastoral Charge of the United Church held occasional services, which developed into a regular Monday night Sunday school and study group from November 1970 to June 1971. November 1971 to July 1972 offered only a Monday night Sunday school. A Monday night Sunday school and service were held during September and October 1972, which changed to a Sunday afternoon service and Monday night Sunday school for the period until June 1973, except January to April, when both activities were held on Sunday.

The town site received water and sewer pipes in the 1970s. The two-storey general store, fronted by two gas pumps, was advertised for sale during 1973–75. By the mid-1970s, the closure of post-offices in smaller communities between Prince George and Hansard, left only the ones at Willow River and Upper Fraser open.

Abe Siemens and Monty Woodley were the first two principals. A report recommended the half-filled dormitory building in Prince George, which housed mostly Upper Fraser students, be replaced by alternative accommodation and/or bussing. Although parents initially favoured retaining the dormitory, opinion quickly shifted to the bussing option. Rehabilitation costs for the deteriorated 35-year-old former army barracks were prohibitive, especially in light of the occupancy rate. At  each way, the bus for Blackburn Junior Secondary operated from 1975. David Bond was the Upper Fraser elementary school principal for two years from the 1975/76 school year. Art Webb followed for 1977/78. The 1978 capital budget was $1,600 for sites, $40,000 for buildings, and $7,500 for equipment.

When the Royal Produce chain encountered financial difficulties, closing most of the stores in 1980, this likely included the Upper Fraser one.

There being no gymnasium for school or community use, School District 57 proposed two more classrooms, a library and a gymnasium be included in the 1980 capital budget, which comprised $61,460 for sites, $718,500 for buildings, and $44,000 for equipment. That year, a surplus teacherage was tendered for sale. Lorne Brown succeeded Rob Howardson as principal for the 1981/82 school year. The classroom/library construction commenced in 1982, with a time capsule buried in the foundations. The RDFFG covering half the almost $500,000 gymnasium cost, the expanded facilities were ready the next year. The two surplus portables were sold.

Thelma & Paul Misiura, son of John & Margaret Misiura of Hansard, ran a general store by the early 1980s. The original general store, which Dave Lee managed as late as October 1980, appears to have ceased operating, because the premises were available for rental two and a half years later.

Having only seven pupils, Sinclair Mills elementary closed permanently and the students assimilated into the 138-member Upper Fraser elementary for the 1983/84 school year. The latter's enrolments had not fallen below 70 during the prior decade.

With highway paving complete, Northwood bussed employees to and from the sawmill, and the Upper Fraser population of around 500 began declining. Barbara Osten became principal for the 1984/85 school year. By this time, bussing for higher grades was to Duchess Park Secondary School.

During the 1985/86 year, 28 students bussed from Aleza Lake and Sinclair Mills to Upper Fraser, but the service ceased the next year owing to insufficient numbers. RDFFG and parental lobbying for the 12 students affected proved unfruitful. Operating at 46 percent student capacity, Upper Fraser's four smaller-sized classes rendered significantly increased costs per student. With 48 enrolments and about 300 residents, further declines were anticipated, and the ongoing costs for the gymnasium became an increasing burden. Parents were concerned about the impact a closure would have on the community.

Brian Pepper (later district superintendent) succeeded Barbara Osten as principal for the 1989/90 school year. Beginning that winter, the school bus services from Aleza Lake and Sinclair Mills were reinstated temporarily. Norma and Hans Hiltergerke, then Katherine Cuthbert, operated a summertime mobile concession stand during the early 1990s. The population was 248 at the time. Kerry Bergeron was the principal for two years from the 1991/92 school year. Dan Dones was principal by 1995, and Mike Moore by 1997, serving as principal/teacher.

In 1996, Larry & Susan Faulkner purchased the busy store/café from the Misiuras. A Girl Guide company operated around this time. Following escalating rumours, the school closed, with bussing to Giscome Elementary from the 1998/99 year for Grades 6 and 7. The remaining grades joined them in January, after the demolition of an aging teacherage and laundry building.

In 1999, having given 12 months' notice to tenants of the 24 occupied houses, Northwood closed the 30-house town site, leaving a community of 15–20 privately-owned homes, including a store. The three times daily free bus service from Prince George continued to serve mill employees. The school board budgeted $45,645 for the removal and disposal of the school buildings and gym.

Although only three students travelled from Sinclair Mills by 2010, parents successfully appealed a proposal to eliminate this section from the Giscome school bus service, and the route remained.

In 2015, Canada Post mandated reduced hours at rural post-offices, such as Upper Fraser. The modest general store/post-office property continues to operate with the Faulkner's granddaughter in charge.

Crime, calamity & safety measures
In 1915, a homesteader at Mile 195 (now Mile 105) was presumed drowned after going missing.

During 1947, Ewald Edward Koch, an assistant in the post-office, stole C.O.D. remittances and cheques from registered mail. Found guilty of theft, he received one year hard labour.

In 1949, Gordon Lilgedahl, who stole personal possessions from the mill bunkhouse, was apprehended on the train at McBride. The same year, resident Harold Kidd, alias Thomas Kidd, received three months hard labour for cashing worthless cheques. A repeat performance a decade later, defamed an individual sharing the same name.

When David J. Gagnon (1942–53) went missing while chasing a cat, dragging the river and searching the adjacent woods failed to disclose any clues as to his whereabouts. About two weeks later, an employee found the body well downstream in the log boom at Shelley Sawmills.

At nearby Toplis Lake in 1970, five children fell through thin ice and drowned. The victims were Kevin B.
(1962–70) and Malcolm (1963–70) Morgan, and Robert D. (1961–70), Wendy C. (1962–70), and Wanda M. (1962–70) Kennedy.

Charles Hamilton Rombough (1913–76) beat and kicked Hazel Cousins (1914–61), his common-law wife, and put her outside the house when she was inadequately dressed for the extreme cold. Found guilty of manslaughter, he received an eight-year sentence.

In 1964, Charles Thomas was fined $200 for a brutal unprovoked attack on a man at a community dance. The following year, Francis A. Lightening (c.1947–2005) and two juvenile accomplices entered the mill bunkhouse at 2:00 a.m. and beat up two Hungarian immigrants. Francis' two brothers, E. James
(1946–67), and Robert (1951–74), died young.

During the 1970s, Richard Solloway, 28, who robbed and beat a man near Upper Fraser, was arrested when he reported to his parole officer. Found guilty with accomplice Leslie (Mickey) Tresierra (1949–97), Solloway received a two-year sentence and Tresierra two years less a day. Although sexual assault charges were unproven against Stanley George Biggs, an Upper Fraser welder, intimidation and subsequent violent crime suggested a pattern.

In 1985, Robin Ernest Schwartz (1955–90) received a one-year sentence for using false identification to cash three income assistance cheques and being in possession of a further 395 cheques stolen from a Ministry of Human Resources office in June 1984. That year, a westbound bus carrying millworkers home collided with an eastbound car. The car driver died at the scene and some bus passengers suffered bruises. The next year, an attempted murder charge against Darrell Wayne Flewin was subsequently reduced to assault, but the judge dismissed all charges, because police refused to come and intervene after his victim had physically attacked him.

In 1986, an earthquake measuring 6.0 on the Richter scale (centred  north of Upper Fraser) shook most of the stock from the grocery store shelves and caused a minor electrical fire at the school.

During the 1990s, payroll cheques were stolen from the planer mill. Previous vandalism prompted a police response when the school alarm was set off. The culprit, a bear, which had broken a window, escaped with a warning.

Electricity, broadcast transmissions & communications devices
During 1964, BC Hydro cleared a right-of-way and constructed high-voltage pylons from Willow River,  north to Summit Lake, and  east to Upper Fraser. The voltage increased to 138,000 on the existing Prince George-Willow River lines, reduced to 60,000 at the Willow River substation, and further reduced to 25,000 at the Upper Fraser substation, before distribution east to Sinclair Mills and west to Newlands. The network primarily served sawmills and other industries, which had formerly generated their own power. In 1970, the whole line was converted to 138,000 volts.

In 1974, an automatic telephone exchange replaced hand cranking and party lines. After a 1981 referendum, telephone subscribers from Salmon Valley to Hansard opted for a fixed monthly charge for toll-free calling to Prince George.

The CRTC approved cable television for the community in 1992, issuing a renewal in 1995.

During the 2010s, fibre optics and satellite introduced high-speed internet connections to the area.

Road transport
The respective Hansard section covers roadbuilding, the relief camp, road transport, and bus services.

Footnotes

References

Robson Valley
Populated places in the Regional District of Fraser-Fort George


Magnetic Man is an English electronic music project from London, consisting of dubstep producers and DJs Benga, Skream and Artwork (previously known as Menta). The trio first met in the late 1990s at the Big Apple Records store in Croydon. They performed using three computers, one playing drum samples, one playing basses and the third playing leads and other samples. Artwork controlled the master laptop, to which the other two are synchronised via MIDI. Their sets usually consisted of a mix of original tracks produced together, and live remixes of Benga and Skream's tracks, accompanied by synchronised projected visuals by Novak Collective. They signed to Columbia Records in 2010. Magnetic Man completed their first full-length sellout tour on 5 November 2010. Their self-titled debut studio album, Magnetic Man, was released through Sony by Columbia Records on 10 October 2010.

Discography

Albums

Extended plays

Singles

Other charted songs

Produced songs

Written songs

Other songs

References

External links

English electronic music groups
English musical trios
Musical groups from London
Dubstep music groups
Columbia Records artists


Sami Khelifi (, January 1, 1974) is a boxer from Tunisia. He represented his native North African country at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia. There he was stopped in the first round of the Men's Light-Welterweight (– 63.5 kg) competition by Russia's Aleksandr Leonov. Khelifi won a silver medal at the 2001 Mediterranean Games in Tunis, Tunisia.

References
Profile

1974 births
Living people
Light-welterweight boxers
Welterweight boxers
Boxers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Olympic boxers for Tunisia
Tunisian male boxers

Mediterranean Games silver medalists for Tunisia
Competitors at the 2001 Mediterranean Games
Mediterranean Games medalists in boxing
20th-century Tunisian people


Teatro Farnese is a Renaissance theatre in the Palazzo della Pilotta, Parma, Italy. It was built in 1618 by Giovanni Battista Aleotti. The idea of creating this grand theater came from the Duke of Parma and Piacenza Ranuccio I Farnese. The theatre was almost destroyed by an Allied air raid during World War II (1944). It was rebuilt and reopened in 1962.

It is, along with the Teatro all'antica in Sabbioneta and the Teatro Olimpico in Vicenza, one of only three Renaissance theaters still in existence.

Some claim this as the first permanent proscenium theatre (that is, a theatre in which the audience views the action through a single frame, which is known as the "proscenium arch").

References
Notes

Cited sources
King, Kimball, Western Drama Through the Ages, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007.
Kuritz, Paul, The making of theatre history, Paul Kuritz, 1988. ,

Other sources
  Paolo Donati, Descrizione del gran teatro farnesiano di Parma e notizie storiche sul medesimo. Blanchon, Parma, 1817.
  Pietro de Lama, Descrizione del Teatro Farnese di Parma. Published by A. Nobili, Bologna, 1818.
  Bruno Adorni, L'architettura farnesiana a Parma 1545–1630. Battei, Parma, 1974, pp. 70–78.
  Vittorio Gandolfi, Il Teatro Farnese di Parma. Battei, Parma, 1980;.
  Adriano Cavicchi e Marzio Dall'Acqua, Il Teatro Farnese di Parma. Parma, 1986.
  Gianni Capelli, Il Teatro Farnese di Parma. Architettura, scene, spettacoli. Public Promo Service, Parma, 1990.
  Luca Ronconi and others, Lo spettacolo e la meraviglia. Il Teatro Farnese di Parma e la festa barocca. Nuova ERI, Torino, 1992.
  Jadranka Bentini, Il Teatro Farnese: caratteristiche e trasformazioni, in Il Palazzo della Pilotta a Parma. Dai servizi della corte alle moderne istituzioni culturali. FMR, 1996. pp. 113–123.
  Milena Fornari, Il Teatro Farnese: decorazione e spazio barocco in La pittura in Emilia e in Romagna. Il Seicento, II. Milano, 1993, pp. 92–101.

Theatres in Emilia-Romagna
Teatro Farnese
Performing arts venues in Emilia-Romagna
Theatres completed in 1618
1618 establishments in Italy


Ode to Venus is the second full-length album recorded by Niemen.  It was released in Germany by European part of Columbia, and was created with notable help of Reinhold Mack and SBB.

Track listing
 "Ode to Venus" - 6:37 (lyrics: Czesław Niemen)
 "Puppets" - 4:38 (lyrics: Cyprian Kamil Norwid)
 "From the First Major Discoveries" - 9:33 (lyrics: Leszek Aleksander Moczulski)
 "What Have I Done" - 5:43 (lyrics: Bolesław Leśmian)
 "Fly Over Fields of Yellow Sunflowers" - 4:02 (lyrics: Paweł Brodowski)
 "What a Beautiful Woman You Are" - 4:20 (lyrics: Brodowski)
 "A Pilgrim" - 4:09 (lyrics: Norwid)
 "Rock for Mack" - 2:04 (instrumental)

All Polish to English lyric translations by Paweł Brodowski.

Personnel
 Czesław Niemen - vocal, flute, keyboards
 Józef Skrzek - organ, electric piano, bass, clavinet, harmonica, violin
 Apostolis Anthimos - guitar
 Jerzy Piotrowski - drums

References

Czesław Niemen albums
1973 albums


The Hard Rock Miner's Handbook is a reference book that deals with the underground hard-rock mining industry. It was written by engineer Jack de la Vergne as a non-profit publication. The first edition was published in 2000 by McIntosh Engineering, a mining engineering consulting company. It is currently in its third printing, is used by thousands of people in the mining industry, including students, professors, miners, engineers and mining executives as a source of practical mining information, as well as "Rules of Thumb" and "Tricks of the trade" are used widely in the mining industry. Copies of the handbook have been distributed to more than 113 countries around the world.

References

Works about mining
Handbooks and manuals
Mining engineering


A compressor station is a facility which helps the transportation process of natural gas from one location to another.  Natural gas, while being transported through a gas pipeline, needs to be periodically pressurized at intervals of . Siting is dependent on terrain, and the number of gas wells in the vicinity. Frequent elevation changes and a greater number of gas wells will require more compressor stations.

The compressor station, also called a pumping station, is the "engine" that powers a long-distance natural gas pipeline.  As the name implies, the station compresses the gas (increasing its pressure) thereby providing energy to move it through the pipeline. The compressor is driven by a motor fueled by some of the natural gas bled from the pipeline.

Pipeline companies install compressor stations along a pipeline route.  The size of the station and the number of compressors (pumps) varies, based on the diameter of the pipe and the volume of gas to be moved.  Nevertheless, the basic components of a station are similar.

Liquid Separators

As the pipeline enters the compressor station the natural gas passes through scrubbers, strainers or filter separators. These are vessels designed to remove any free liquids or dirt particles from the gas before it enters the compressors. Though the pipeline is carrying “dry gas,” some water and hydrocarbon liquids may condense out of the gas stream as the gas cools and moves through the pipeline.

Any liquids that may be produced are collected and stored for sale or disposal.  A piping system directs the gas from the separators to the gas compressor for compression.

Prime Movers

There are three commonly used types of engines that drive the compressors and are known as "prime movers":

 Turbine / Centrifugal Compressor uses a natural gas-fired turbine to turn a centrifugal compressor.  The centrifugal compressor is similar to a large fan inside a case, which pumps the gas as the fan turns.  A small portion of natural gas from the pipeline is burned to power the turbine.
 Electric Motor/Centrifugal Compressor uses a centrifugal compressor driven by a high voltage electric motor.  An electrified compressor may still require an air permit, as regulations vary by state an applicability analysis should be conducted whenever a compressor station will be constructed.  A highly reliable source of electric power must be available and near the station.
 Reciprocating Engine/Reciprocating Compressor uses a large piston engine resembling an automobile engine, only much larger.  Commonly known as “,” these engines are fueled by natural gas from the pipeline.  Reciprocating pistons, located in cylinder cases on the side of the unit, compress the natural gas.  The compressor pistons and the power pistons are connected to a common crankshaft.  The advantage of reciprocating compressors is that the volume of gas pushed through the pipeline can be adjusted incrementally to meet small changes in customer demand.

See also

 Gas compressor
 Centrifugal fan
 Gas compression heat pump

References

Natural gas infrastructure
Natural gas technology


Sarah Keys Evans (born Sarah Louise Keys; 1928 or 1929) is an African American Army veteran who was a major figure in the civil rights movement in the United States.

Biography
A native of Washington, North Carolina, Keys is the daughter of David Keys, a Navy veteran of World War I and a convert to Catholicism. Keys enlisted in the Women's Army Corps in 1951. She completed her training at Fort McClellan, Alabama, and was stationed at Fort Dix in New Jersey.

As a Private First Class on 1 August 1952, Keys traveled from Fort Dix to her family's home in North Carolina. When the bus stopped to change drivers, the new bus driver demanded that Keys relinquish her seat to a white Marine. Keys, feeling tired, declined. She was arrested and spent 13 hours alone in a jail cell in Roanoke Rapids, North Carolina. She was then ordered to pay a $25 fine for disorderly conduct.

Keys was represented by attorney Dovey Johnson Roundtree in Keys v. Carolina Coach Co. During that time, Keys had been assigned to Fort Knox, Kentucky. and was discharged in 1953. The case was finally resolved in Keys' favor in 1955 by the Interstate Commerce Commission. Keys was working at a beauty salon in Brooklyn when the news broke. She had tried to keep her case a secret, but her photo soon appeared in the newspapers. Later that same year, Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to yield her seat to a white passenger.

Legacy

Keys was invited to speak at the 1997 Dedication of the Women in Military Service for America Memorial. In 2020, Roanoke Rapids declared 1 August to be "Sarah Keys Evans Day," and dedicated a mural depicting her story.

The 117th United States Congress considered a bill awarding Keys with the Congressional Gold Medal.

Personal life
In 1958, Sarah Keys married George Evans. Keys is a member of Our Lady of Victory Catholic Church in Brooklyn, New York.

References

African-American activists
African-American female military personnel
Military personnel from North Carolina
People from Washington, North Carolina
Living people
Year of birth uncertain
1920s births
African-American history of North Carolina
Women's Army Corps soldiers
20th-century African-American women
20th-century African-American people
21st-century African-American people
21st-century African-American women
African-American United States Army personnel
African-American Catholics


Alone II: The Home Recordings of Rivers Cuomo is a compilation album by the Weezer songwriter Rivers Cuomo. It is Cuomo's second compilation of demos, after Alone: The Home Recordings of Rivers Cuomo, and includes material written for Weezer's unfinished album Songs From the Black Hole. Alone II debuted at #2 on the Billboard Top Heatseekers chart with first-week sales of 6,000. It was followed by Alone III: The Pinkerton Years (2011).

Background
Rivers Cuomo has recorded a great deal of unreleased material, nearly 800 songs. This material was recorded with Weezer, earlier bands, and self-recorded demos. Of these songs, despite the large amount of unreleased material that has been made available by Cuomo on the internet, large chunks of his work remain unheard by fans. These include certain demos for The Blue Album, various songs from Weezer's abandoned Songs from the Black Hole album, over a hundred songs he composed and demoed throughout 1999 (songs which he has described as ranging from "drone-y romantic," "abrasive dissonance" and "riffy pop-rock") and over a hundred songs that didn't make the cut for Make Believe.

The idea for the demo collection was made 10 years previously, when Cuomo had brought up the idea to his record company. However, they discouraged him from the idea because they didn't want to "dilute the Weezer name" by putting out less polished material. It wasn't until 10 years later that Cuomo pushed harder for the collection and it gained enough support for a release.

There were some legal problems between Cuomo and Geffen about releasing the album:

Artwork and liner notes
The album's cover photo was taken while Cuomo was in high school for his senior portrait. Cuomo elaborated on the photo session:

Much like the first Alone album, Alone II features liner notes. These notes provide detailed descriptions and insight into where Cuomo draws inspiration to write and arrange his music, specifically stating the time and dates where songs were written. Cuomo commented on the liner notes:

Track origins
 "Victory on the Hill" is an all-trumpet instrumental written and performed by Cuomo in late 1993. Its all-trumpet sequel, "Defeat on the Hill", was written and recorded between touring for Weezer (The Blue Album) in mid-1994.
 "I Want to Take You Home Tonight" was recorded in 2002.
 "Paper Face" was recorded in 1992. A full-band demo was released on the deluxe version of Weezer (The Blue Album).
 "Don't Worry Baby" and "The Purification of Water" were recorded in 1992 and 1993 before the release of the band's debut album, Weezer (The Blue Album).
 "I'll Think About You" was originally written in 1994 and later a contender for the never-released Homie album. The recording featured on this collection was recorded in 1997.
 "Walt Disney" and "Harvard Blues" were recorded in 1995.
 "Come to My Pod", "Oh Jonas" and "Please Remember" were recorded for Songs from the Black Hole, recorded in 1995.
 "The Prettiest Girl in the Whole Wide World" was recorded in 1997 during the band's hiatus as an early contender for 2001's Weezer (The Green Album). A new version ended up on Raditude as a bonus track.
 "I Was Scared" was recorded in 2003 as an early contender for Make Believe.
 "My Day is Coming" and "I Don't Wanna Let You Go" were recorded in 2006 and 2007, before the release of Weezer (The Red Album). "I Don't Wanna Let You Go" ended up as the closing track the Weezer's 2009 album Raditude.
 "Can't Stop Partying" was written by Jermaine Dupri with additional work and writing by Cuomo, and was demoed in 2008. A version of the song appeared on Weezer's studio album Raditude featuring Lil Wayne.
 "Cold and Damp" was recorded in 1999.

Track listing

References

External links

2008 compilation albums
Rivers Cuomo albums
Demo albums
Geffen Records compilation albums
Sequel albums
Albums recorded in a home studio


Sterling is a fractal-generating computer program written in the C programming language in 1999 for Microsoft Windows by Stephen C. Ferguson. Sterling was initially released as freeware but is not free now. Sterling2 is a freeware version of Sterling with different algorithms. It was released in September 2008 by Tad Boniecki. Apart from the name (which shows as sterlingwar2 in the title bar and on the About screen), the program looks just like the original Sterling. The only internals that are different are the 50 formulae for fractal generation. Parameter files made by Sterling can be used in Sterling2 and vice versa, though they will draw different images.

Sterling is based on the notion that one way to generate interesting fractal images is by using elaborate color filters and shading. In many images, the main interest lies in the filters rather than the actual fractal boundaries themselves, as in traditional fractal-generating programs. The fractal merely serves as a seeding function to the coloring algorithms and filters. A feature of Sterling is the richness of the renders.

Sterling has a simple GUI interface with a limited number of functions. The program saves files as JPEG, BMP or one of six other formats. It draws in Julia mode, allows inside-out rendering and does anti-aliasing. It offers 32 different renders and four transform effects. There are three independent color controls and two ways to zoom into an image.

The Sterling2 ZIP file (436 KB) contains brief instructions. There is no installation — it is enough to put the executable and dynamic-link library files in the same directory and start the exe file.

In 2018, the original code for sterling was released under the GPLv3.

Sample images

References

External links
 Sterling2 (freeware) home page : including download, instructions and sample images.

Free software programmed in C
Fractal software
1999 software
Formerly proprietary software
Windows-only free software


Phillip Dudley Waller (28 January 1889 – 14 December 1917) was an English-born international rugby union forward who played club rugby for Newport and Johannesburg. He won six caps for Wales and also played for the British Isles in their 1910 tour of South Africa.

Rugby career
Waller joined Newport in 1906 and represented the club on 79 appearances. While playing in Britain he represented two county teams, Somerset and Monmouthshire. In 1908 Waller turned out for Newport against the touring Australian team. He debuted for Wales against the same touring Australian team he faced with Newport. The next year he was selected to play in all three matches of the 1909 Home Nations Championship. In his first Home Nations match against England he was joined by fellow Newport player Jack Jones and Swansea's Jack Bancroft. Wales won all their matches and won the Triple Crown. Wales and Waller also faced France during 1909, and after beating them Wales won the unofficial Grand Slam. Waller is therefore one of the very few Welsh internationals to have defeated a Southern Hemisphere team and won a Grand Slam in the same season. Waller played once more for Wales, again against France in a record breaking game in 1910.

Waller was chosen in 1910 to represent the British Isles team in their tour of South Africa. Waller was chosen to play in all three tests, and after the tournament was over, elected to stay in South Africa and played for Johannesburg's Golden Lions. After the outbreak of World War I, he enlisted in the South Africa Artillery Regiment. He was killed by shellfire at Arras in northern France in 1917.

International matches played
Wales
  1905
  1903
  1909, 1911
  1909
  1909

British Isles
  1910, 1910, 1910

References

Bibliography

1889 births
1917 deaths
Rugby union players from Bath, Somerset
South African military personnel killed in World War I
Rugby union forwards
English rugby union players
Wales international rugby union players
Welsh rugby union players
British & Irish Lions rugby union players from Wales
Newport RFC players
Golden Lions players


Sir David William Evans (4 November 1866 – 17 March 1926) was a Welsh lawyer and public servant, who played a leading role in the fight against tuberculosis in Wales. In his early adult life, Evans was a very keen sportsman and played rugby union for Oxford University and Cardiff. He played five international matches for Wales national rugby union team between 1889 and 1891.

Life
Evans was born at Dowlais, Merthyr Tydfil, Wales, his father (Thomas Evans) being a merchant and musician.  Evans was educated at Llandovery School and Jesus College, Oxford, matriculating in 1885.  He won his "Blue" at rugby in 1887 and 1888, but the Cambridge University team won on both occasions. He played for the Wales national rugby union team against the Irish and Scottish teams in 1889, and against the English and Irish teams in 1890 and 1891. He was admitted as a solicitor in 1893, and practised in Cardiff.

In 1913, he was appointed as director and legal advisor of the King Edward VII National Memorial Association for the Prevention and Treatment of Tuberculosis; his obituary in The Times said that his "keenness and energy" in this role "unquestionably had far-reaching effects on the health of the Principality".

He was also a member of the council of the Cardiff Royal Infirmary, the Prince of Wales's Hospital, the Nursing Association, the National Eisteddfod Association, the National Council of Music, and the Ministry of Health Consultative Council for Wales. He was knighted in 1925 "for public services in Wales".

Shortly before his death, he was installed as Master of the Hendre Lodge of Freemasons. He died in Cardiff on 17 March 1926, having been suffering with a heart condition for some time that had required him to spend the previous four months away from work.

References

1866 births
1926 deaths
Alumni of Jesus College, Oxford
Barbarian F.C. players
Cardiff RFC players
Knights Bachelor
Lawyers awarded knighthoods
London Welsh RFC players
Oxford University RFC players
Rugby union forwards
Rugby union players from Merthyr Tydfil County Borough
Wales international rugby union players
Welsh rugby union players
Welsh solicitors


Rima Fakih Slaiby (; born September 22, 1985) is a Lebanese American model, philanthropist, former professional wrestler and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss USA 2010. Having previously been crowned Miss Michigan USA 2010, Fakih was the first Arab American woman and the third woman from Michigan to win the Miss USA title.

Fakih was a contestant in season five of WWE Tough Enough, where she trained to become a professional wrestler. In 2018, she became the national director of the Miss Universe Lebanon Organization. As a philanthropist and advocate, she has worked with numerous organizations in the United States and in Lebanon devoted to providing assistance for women and children.

Early life and education
Rima Fakih was born on September 22, 1985, in Srifa, a small city in the Jabal Amel region of Southern Lebanon, to parents Hussein and Nadia Fakih. She is the fourth of five children; her siblings include brothers Rabih and Rami, and sisters Rana and Rouba. Fakih was raised in a Shia Muslim family. She spent her early life in the village of Souk El Gharb, and attended Catholic school near Beirut.

In 1993, Fakih and her family moved from Lebanon to New York City due to the effects of the Lebanese Civil War. After arriving in the United States, the family settled in the Jackson Heights neighborhood of Queens. Fakih attended St. John's Preparatory School in Astoria, while her father ran a restaurant in Manhattan. In New York, Fakih's family faced discrimination, and believed that this was due to events in the Middle East. Business at her father's restaurant began to rapidly decline following the September 11 attacks in 2001.

In 2003, Fakih moved with her family to Dearborn, Michigan, home to one of the largest Arab American populations in the country. After moving to Michigan, Fakih attended Henry Ford Community College and later received degrees in economics and business management from the University of Michigan–Dearborn. Initially, Fakih had planned to attend law school after completing her reign as Miss USA. Prior to becoming a pageant titleholder, Fakih was working at the Detroit Medical Center in developing and recruiting for the Arab American community.

Pageantry

Early pageantry
Fakih first began competing in pageantry at age 19, when she placed as the fourth runner-up at Miss Wayne County, a qualifying pageant for Miss Michigan within the Miss America system. She went on to compete in three minor international pageants.

In 2008, Fakih was selected to represent Michigan in the Miss Lebanon Emigrant pageant. The pageant was meant for women belonging to the international Lebanese diaspora, with the winner going on to compete in Miss Lebanon. Fakih placed as the second runner-up in the competition, behind winner Carina El Kaddissi of Brazil and first runner-up Jessica Kahawaty of Australia.

Miss USA 2010
In 2009, Fakih won the Miss Michigan USA 2010 title on her first attempt. As Miss Michigan USA, she received the right to represent Michigan at Miss USA 2010. The Miss USA competition was held at the Theatre for the Performing Arts within Planet Hollywood Las Vegas in Las Vegas on May 16, 2010. After competing in the preliminary competition, Fakih was selected as one of the fifteen semifinalists. She later advanced to the top ten and top five, until being crowned the winner, besting first runner-up Morgan Woolard of Oklahoma; her win ended a five-year streak of southern states winning the title. Following her win, Fakih became the third woman representing Michigan to win the Miss USA title following Carole Gist in 1990 and Kenya Moore in 1993, the first winner from the Midwest since Shandi Finnessey in 2004 who won representing Missouri, and is believed to be the first Lebanese American, Arab American, and Muslim American, although pageant officials have stated that their records are not detailed enough to confirm this.

During and after the Miss USA competition, Fakih's background, religious beliefs, and Arab identity became the subject of media attention and discussion. Regarding her identity, Fakih stated "I'd like to say I'm American first, and I am an Arab-American, I am Lebanese-American, and I am Muslim-American." While her victory was celebrated by some in the Arab American community, she was also criticized by some amidst allegations that she did not properly represent Muslims. Iranian-Canadian Islamic scholar Ghazal Omid wrote "To say that she is a Muslim is inaccurate. No Muslim woman can call herself a Muslim and be on stage with her bikini." In response to criticism from some within the Muslim community, Fakih stated that while she and her family identify as Muslims and respect the religion, they are not as strict as others and do not define themselves by their religion, adding that they view themselves as more "spiritual" than "religious." Her religion and role in pageantry was further scrutinized after it emerged that Fakih had taken part in a "Stripper 101" competition hosted by Detroit morning show Mojo in the Morning, where she pole danced.

As Miss USA, Fakih received the right to represent the United States at Miss Universe 2010. The Miss Universe competition was later held on August 23, 2010, at the Mandalay Bay Events Center in Las Vegas. Fakih was not selected as one of the fifteen semifinalists, becoming the first American entrant to fail to place in the competition since Shauntay Hinton at Miss Universe 2002, and only the fourth ever. Fakih later completed her reign as Miss USA on June 19, 2011, after crowning Alyssa Campanella of California as her successor at Miss USA 2011.

Miss Universe Lebanon
In 2018, Fakih received the license for the Miss Universe Lebanon competition, becoming the organization's national director. She organized the Miss Universe Lebanon 2018 competition, which crowned Maya Reaidy as its winner, who went on to represent Lebanon at Miss Universe 2018. The 2019 edition of the competition was later canceled due to the 2019–20 Lebanese protests, while the 2020 edition was never scheduled due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Lebanon.

Philanthropy
As a part of Miss Universe, Fakih has worked with Best Buddies International to help create new opportunities for people with intellectual or developmental disabilities. She now serves as a board member for the organization. She was named as an ambassador for The Children's Cancer Center in Lebanon (CCCL) in February 2020. In March of the same year, she was appointed as an ambassador for School on Wheels, a non-profit organization dedicated to providing free tutoring and mentoring for children who are experiencing homelessness.

In response to the 2020 Beirut explosion, Fakih, alongside her husband Wassim Slaiby, created a campaign called #GlobalAidForLebanon, in collaboration with Global Citizen and the United Nations World Food Programme. The fundraiser has raised over 2 million dollars to provide assistance for those affected. On April 15, 2021, Fakih was appointed to the World Food Program USA's Board of Directors, where she serves as the chairwoman of their communications committee.

Other ventures

Professional wrestling

During her reign as Miss USA, Fakih was frequently involved in WWE events. She first appeared as a guest star on the November 29, 2010 episode of WWE Raw, where she crowned Sheamus as winner of the King of the Ring tournament. The following month, she appeared at the WWE Tribute to the Troops event in Fort Hood, Texas, where she served as the ring announcer. Fakih later appeared as a contestant on season five of WWE Tough Enough on the USA Network, competing for a contract with the WWE as a professional wrestler. She was eliminated from the competition in week four. Due to scheduling conflicts with Miss USA 2011, Fakih was the only contestant from the season not to appear in the live finale episode. Following her appearance in the series, Fakih revealed that she was receiving training to become a professional wrestler. In 2012, she made an appearance at WrestleMania Axxess.

Other media
Fakih was listed as number 86 on AskMen.com's top 99 women in 2011. Also in 2011, The Roots performed a freestyle about Fakih during her appearance on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon. Fakih also had a cameo in the film Real Steel (2011). In 2012, Fakih participated in the Fox dating game show The Choice as one of its four female celebrity bachelorettes in its June 28, 2012 episode. In 2015, Fakih competed in the Thai reality design competition series The Apartment - Celebrity Edition, where she placed as the runner-up behind Chinese actress Xiao Wang.

Awards and recognition
After her coronation as Miss USA in 2010, Fakih was among the guests at the American Chamber of Commerce conference in Cairo alongside former US President Bill Clinton.  In January 2010, Fakih received the key to Dearborn which was presented by Mayor John B. O'Reilly Jr.

86 in Top 99 Women, AskMen.com, 2011
 410 in Power 500 2011, Arabian Business
 100 in 100 Most Powerful Arab Women 2011, Arabian Business

Later life

In 2011, Fakih was arrested for driving under the influence of alcohol, resulting in an arrest for misdemeanor drunk driving.

On May 15, 2016, Fakih married music executive and talent manager Wassim Slaiby in a ceremony at The Patriarchal Edifice in Bkerké, Lebanon. Prior to their wedding, Fakih converted from Shia Islam to Catholicism. The wedding was attended by numerous celebrities, including The Weeknd (who is managed by Slaiby), French Montana, Haifa Wehbe, and Wael Kfoury and was presided over by Maronite Patriarch, Bechara Boutros al-Rahi. Together, Fakih and Slaiby have three children. They reside in Los Angeles, California.

See also

 History of the Middle Eastern people in Metro Detroit

References

External links

1985 births
20th-century Muslims
21st-century Muslims
21st-century Eastern Catholics
American beauty pageant winners
American female models
American former Shia Muslims
American Maronites
Articles containing video clips
Converts to Eastern Catholicism from Shia Islam
Female models from Michigan
Female models from New York (state)
Henry Ford Community College alumni
Lebanese emigrants to the United States
Lebanese female models
Lebanese former Shia Muslims
Living people
Miss Universe 2010 contestants
Miss USA 2010 delegates
Miss USA winners
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from Dearborn, Michigan
People from Jackson Heights, Queens
People from South Lebanon
People from Tyre District
Tough Enough contestants
University of Michigan–Dearborn alumni


Hansard station existed on the southwest side of the Fraser River  northwest of the Bowron River confluence, and  southeast of Upper Fraser, in central British Columbia. The namesake small community to its northwest has since dispersed.

History

Railway
When the National Transcontinental Railway's link to the BC coast was proposed, its expected course was through what became Grande Prairie, then southwest through the Wapiti Pass and what became Hansard. Although the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway (GTP) surveyed the same pass during 1904–1906, the Yellowhead Pass was the final choice. Subsequently, a series of different proposals to route a line via the Monkman Pass and Hansard never eventuated.

Hansard, like Aleza Lake to its northwest, and Dewey to its southeast, was an original train station (1914) on the GTP (the Canadian National Railway after nationalization). Hansard village nestled around Mile 101. The railway crossing is at Mile 100.39. The station was at Mile 100.2, Fraser Subdivision (about Mile 190 during the line's construction), and the CNR Hansard Bridge spans at Mile 99.1 (formerly 189).

George Prudente (1884–1949), a foreman during the construction era, became the Hansard section foreman (track maintenance). In 1920, his bride, M. Angelina Pizzuto (1897–1987), joined him. Relocating to Prince George in the early 1920s, he was a public figure successful in business. Northwest, at former Mile 192, a steam shovel operated in May 1913, and L. Johnson appears to have had a blasting contract months later. By January 1914, eastbound passenger services were running as far as Mile 190, with the expectation passenger and freight service would extend to Prince George on February 1. Months later, slips and the settling of previously unfrozen ground, leaving the track unballasted on the Prince George-Mile 190 section, delayed a westbound train for four days at McBride. The final  taking five hours to cover, the journey terminated across the river from Fort George, because the bridge had washed out. Days later, a mixed train carrying 100 passengers fared worse. The passenger car abandoned at Mile 190, the men travelled in the freight cars and the woman and children in the caboose. Derailments on the 32-car train limited the next day's progress to . Some walked to Willow River (about Mile 216.5) to board a steamboat, while others completed their journey by overloaded handcar. Until the Fort George-McBride track was rehabilitated, Edmonton stopped selling tickets to Prince George and stranded passengers from later trains returned to Alberta.

The station name acknowledged Hugh H. Hansard (1869–1931), Assistant Solicitor GTP (from 1911), Solicitor GTP (from 1912), who conducted legal negotiations with the various stakeholders along the route. In accordance with directives from the GTP executive management, who consistently steamrolled over unfavourable legal requirements, his role was to neutralise all opposition, which in some cases exhibited as few scruples as the GTP itself. However, this tactic also undermined the economic prosperity of communities and other businesses, hampering the increase in traffic volumes essential for the GTP's own survival. Following the CNR takeover, Hugh Hansard received a $7,200 payout.

The location included a pumpman, water tower, and wye. In 1920, an eastbound mixed train jumped the tracks at Hansard. Two years later, a locomotive derailed. In 1956, a bridge crew dismantled the GTP construction-era pump house.

When Albert J. Downing (1886–1955) became CNR section foreman in 1936, two of his daughters boarded for school in Prince George. The following year near Chilako, one of Albert's sons jumped from a freight car after the loaded poles shifted. When eight cars derailed, the two other train hoppers on the same car died. A moose charged Albert's speeder during the 1938/39 winter, derailing and damaging the machine. A local pedestrian experienced a similar encounter earlier in the same week. That winter, heavy snow brought down the CNR telegraph lines in the vicinity. At this time, Elsie and Richard Downing boarded for school at Sinclair Mills. Albert transferred to Isle Pierre in 1942.

In 1940, a work crew took several hours to restore the track bed washed out by overflowing creek waters near Hansard. William (Bill) Haws (1904–69), raised at Kidd, took over as section foreman in 1942. The CNR appointed John Prudun (1902–81) (Pruden alternate spelling) as section foreman in the late 1940s, and M. Kerchuk, Lawrence Goetz, and Hiram W. Clark (1899–1986), as successive agents in 1951. Mike Kosteck (1927–2001) became agent in 1954, but this was one of a series of shorter assignments culminating in his appointment as supervisory agent at Prince George.

A 1964 derailment of two boxcars near Hansard delayed the westbound passenger train for nearly six hours.

Built in 1914, the standard-design Plan 100‐152 (Bohi's Type E) station building was removed around 1967.

 3,000 feet

Forestry
The narrow strip of accessible spruce forest bordering the railway that stretched some  east of Prince George was known as the East Line. The reference to Anthony Lumber Co. existing at Hansard in 1921 probably should have read Hansard Lake, because the company operated from May 1 that year in the Aleza Lake area.

In 1923, Martin Olson, purchased the Northern Lumber Co. sawmill at Willow River. After moving the dismantled equipment to Hansard, he rebuilt between the river and railway siding. Olson quickly resold to entrepreneur Albert (Al) Johnson (1866–1947), whose son and brother joined him in the enterprise. Olson unsuccessfully challenged the sales commission owing to M.C. Wiggins (1869–1948), a game-hunting associate of Al Johnson. When fire totally destroyed the 40,000-foot per shift capacity mill in 1926, a 20,000-foot capacity one replaced it the next year. The company invested in Caterpillar tractors to expedite log hauling. By 1929, the company suffered severe liquidity problems, but managed to survive into the Depression era. A 1931 fire again completely destroyed the mill and planing plant. Two years later, the logging equipment was sold.

J. Matiuk arrived in November 1946 to work with the Mack and Jack Sawmill Co. Two weeks later, Jack Stanyer of Newlands sold his interest in the company to P. Mickelow of Hansard. The following May, Matiuk sold his share in the Hansard Spruce Mill to J. Misiura  and returned to Alberta. This mill operated at least from 1947.

During 1951, a plank road connected the mill with logging in the Bowron River area, and U.S. investors purchased the mill. At least one mill operated during the late 1950s. In 1960, a logger suffered broken ribs when pinned beneath a tree for more than four hours.

In 1964, Northwood acquired the Hansard Lumber Co. and the three Fichtner mills that August Fichtner (1902–73) founded. The former was located across the river, far from Hansard. However, one of the latter mills was at Hansard. These smaller mills closed soon afterward to consolidate sawmill operations at the company's Upper Fraser facility. The McGregor Logging Division initially operated from the Hansard site.

Hunting & Trapping
Geo. Moquist, Fred Oleson, and John Oman
(1882–1945), were listed as trappers from 1927, and William Stroffield from 1929.

In 1942, relocating from Shelley, Arthur (Art) Renauld (1883–1957) (Renaud alternate spelling), a well-known trapper, purchased a 40-acre property. Although returning for visits, he had relocated by the mid-1940s. In 1945, a Hansard trapper died in Prince George from a self-inflicted rifle shot. When not attending traplines, from his Monkman Pass base, Henry Hobe
(1886–1964) (Hobi alternate spelling) resided in Hansard. Big game hunters from Vancouver, Prince George, and the U.S., often met with their guides at Hansard.

In 1928, Anund (Ole) Hansen (1892–1974) of Aleza Lake (Olie Hanson alternate spelling), hunter, trapper and boatman, married Helen Dragan (1907–78), but she remained a schoolteacher in Prince George area schools such as Ferndale. They relocated to Hansard in the early 1930s. He had been a big game guide on the McGregor River since 1912. Hansen was navigating the first supply boat, when Harry Jackson of Aleza Lake, an occupant of the third boat, drowned on the McGregor in 1930. In 1938, he piloted the boat that was to collect the "Pathfinder" car southwest of Monkman Pass. Back and shoulder injuries, which sent him to hospital during the 1940s, later resurfaced. Sons Anund Jr. (1934–63), James (Jimmy) (1940–60), or both, accompanied him on visits to his trapline.

Anund Jr., one of the youngest hunting guides in Canada, started at 13, but my 1961, rumours circulated regarding his fitness to hold a BC Guides Licence. Ole and Anund Jr. were instrumental in locating the lost 1961 hikers. Ole retired in 1962. Jimmy took his own life, and Anund Jr. died in an apparent logging accident.

Community
The population went from minimal in 1918, to about 100 by 1929, but 50 by 1930.

E. Franklin Hendren opened a general store and was the inaugural postmaster 1924–25, a role commonly performed by a storeowner in such towns. Moving from Aleza Lake in 1925, John Francis (1871–1940) & Barbara (1876–1954) Wilson took over the general store and she became postmaster 1925–39. Her daughter left in 1934 to become teacher at the Chief Lake school. The following year, her son Francis (1912–?) married Flora Houghtaling (1915–?), and the couple settled in Hansard.

In 1938, the Pentecostal Assembly held a series of services in Wilson's Hall, located next to the post-office. On the Wilson's departure, John Misiura (1903–81) purchased their home, and wife Margaret became postmaster 1939–43. The general store reopened after closing for a year. With separation and divorce, John became postmaster 1946–56.

Situated a little over a mile northwest of the station, within the village, the school opened in January 1940 with Miss K.M. Richardson as the inaugural teacher. The building quickly became a venue for social occasions, many of which were fundraising events. Neighbouring communities often attended one another's concerts and dances, and scheduling minimized dates clashing.

Appointed for the 1942/43 school year, Mrs. Eleanor Stewart (1900–93) married Harold Toplis (1908–84), but completed the year before settling in Upper Fraser. Miss W. Davidson taught the following year. High school students boarded in Prince George.

Mary Josephine (Josie) Haws (1912–99), the section foreman's wife, assisted with the Junior Red Cross. The memorable Advent news item was: "Mrs. W. Haws, accompanied by her daughter, Mary, and son, Joseph, visited her mother-in-law Mrs. J. W. Cattle Saturday." Josie Haws also kept a cow, which when sold ended the only fresh milk supply for the area. Her brother, T. Fleetwood (Fleet) Weaver (1918–44), who spent most of his life at Hansard, was killed in action during World War II.

The schoolhouse painted, Mrs. W. Cannon was the teacher for the 1944/45 year, when a hot lunch program was implemented. Student enrolments ranged 14–16 in 1940–45, 8 in the 1946, and 9–12 in 1952–57. Insufficient student numbers closed the school 1947–52, and finally in 1958. The 36' x 20' frame building was moved to Upper Fraser.

In the mid-1940s, the population comprised 65 family units. Storekeeper John Misiura was fined for exceeding the controlled prices during World War II, with the store closing a couple of years later. Girl Guides and Scouts operated, but members apparently belonged to the Sinclair Mills groups.

Deep fresh snow greeted Miss E. Thompson, the teacher for the 1946/47 year. One day, a bear followed her along the railway tracks to the general store, where J. Misiura came to her rescue. Marie, one of Ole Hansen's  daughters, had a perfect attendance record, because she was never late nor missed a day during her eight years at Hansard school. Her sister Ruth, a well-rounded student, was nominated May queen at her high school.

During 1951, Catholic services were held alternate Sundays in the school. John Chymelk, previously at the mill, farmed on the former Misiura property. Milk from his two cows and fresh eggs from his 100 chickens supplied the town. The Hansens filled a void by opening a general store/café, with wife Helen as the final postmaster 1956–57.

In the mid-1970s, a preliminary RDFFG study recommended that
two conventional communities, comprising an expanded Willow River and a new town site at Hansard, replace company-owned mill towns. Grants, community consultations and various development proposals followed, but no such developments came to fruition.

Crime, Calamity & Safety Measures
Leslie Downing (1919–38), who died of pneumonia, does not appear to be one of the section foreman's sons.

Sandra Dorward (1943–54) drowned while attempting to swim to a nearby island. Neither search boats nor dragging the river located the body, which was discovered near Shelley a month later. When a speedboat capsized, Ernest E.Turner (1923–56) of Longworth, the operator, drowned, but the other occupant safely reached the island. The boat was soon recovered near Shelley, as was the body a month later. A decade earlier, Ernest had dived repeatedly to retrieve the body of a drowning victim.

Theadore Adam Scheck (1932–61) drowned nearby in the Bowron River.

Ferry & Loading Areas
In 1911, cable towers were constructed on opposite banks of the Fraser to provide a ferry service connecting communities across the river with Hansard. With the railway soon providing this link, the towers served little purpose. In 1925, Joseph (Joe) Gagne, a recluse, settled in the area and acquired the property on the northeast bank upon which a tower stood. To reach the road on that side, an ice bridge provided the winter route, but after the spring thaw, motorists faced the inconvenience of rail transport by flatcar, or a privately arranged water crossing. To the left of the road after making the 370-metre (1,200-foot) crossing, Joe's cabin included a floating floor to handle flooding. A farmer, he focused on potato crops.

The three options for a vehicular crossing were a highways ferry (limited to the short summer months), a new provincial bridge ($104,000), or planking the CNR Hansard Bridge track. The CNR objected to planking, proposing instead a separate vehicle roadway attachment, entailing a $60,000 capital cost and $4,650 annual rental charge. The greater value of a new separate road bridge, and World War II financial constraints, narrowed the immediate choice to a ferry.

Ole Hansen piloted the ferry on its 1942 maiden voyage. During the late 1940s, the ferry operators included A. Hanley, and Joe Gagne, with the vessel hauled from the water for the long winters.

When the ferry sank in shallow water at the 1951 spring launching, the fitting of two steel pontoons kept it out of commission until August. Lou Gale became the operator, followed by Ole Hansen, and Charles Carlson. A capacity of two cars or one truck per trip, for the 15- to 20-minute crossing, limited its functionality. Many years, the peak water levels resulted in suspending sailings for several days. Low water conditions brought the season to an earlier close.

A condemned cable tower delayed the opening of the 1957 ferry season. Joe Gagne, disposed to physical altercations, for four years had refused to let any highways repair crew access his property to replace the structure. After months of failed negotiations, the government expropriated this portion of land, before sending in a work crew accompanied by armed police.

With the reaction ferry in summer, dangerous river ice in winter, and no crossing in spring or fall, the 1960s brought a continuing demand for adapting the CNR bridge for vehicular traffic. The final summer the 6 a.m. to 11 p.m. daily ferry service operated was 1968.

Road Transport
To extend the existing Prince George-Aleza Lake highway, the  to Longworth were cleared, grubbed and rough graded during 1929. Despite the ongoing Hansard-Longworth work, the rapid deterioration of the road, culverts and bridges, made it largely impassable beyond Hansard. By 1931, the Great Depression relief program provided labour from three camps between Aleza Lake and Hansard. When worker discontent escalated, the men at the Hansard and Mile 111 camps refused to work. These camps closed, but the Hudson Bay Spur (Upper Fraser) one appears to have remained open.

In 1932, the road condition from Prince George became adequate for cars, but the lack of a gravel supply between Giscome and Hansard delayed ballasting. By 1937, this road was gravelled to  west of Upper Fraser, with the remaining  to Hansard graded. The Prince George-Hansard weekend bus service, whose intermediate stops included Upper Fraser, appears short lived. In 1939, the Hansard-Sinclair Mills road was sand surfaced from Hansard to the west end of the muskeg,  west of Dewey.

During the late 1930s, Hansard delineated the southwestern connection for the Monkman Pass Highway proposal.

In 1941, Percy Garland (1900–60) pioneered a freight line between Prince George and Hansard, using a 1929 Model A Ford. During 1945, the final four of the nine miles to Sinclair Mills were gravelled, and regravelled in subsequent years. In 1949, a 7,000-cubic-yard gravel fill, with culvert, replaced the condemned wooden road bridge across a 35-foot deep gully at Mile 102 (toward Upper Fraser). Near impassable muddy conditions during that fall, and the following spring, prompted volunteers from the district to spend a weekend significantly rehabilitating the road west to Aleza Lake. Insofar as the road was navigable, regular Prince George-Hansard freight services operated, but the Giscome-Hansard section generally received insufficient maintenance. The government made a special appropriation of $100,000 in 1964 to alleviate this problem.

Planking around the tracks and the installation of traffic lights adapted the CNR Hansard Bridge to vehicular traffic in July 1969. Connecting with the new Highway 16, a  logging road opened in the fall. Including the existing road through Giscome, three permanent access routes converged on the area.

Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, the three times weekly Prince George-McGregor bus route, which Prince George Transit operated, served Hansard. Giscome to Newlands was a typical country road regularly receiving gravel. However, the frequent potholes east of the Newlands slowed car speeds to . The government allocated an additional $50,000 for gravelling the Giscome-Sinclair Mills section. With gravel trucks prohibited from the CNR bridge, an ice bridge across the Fraser provided a winter opportunity to stockpile gravel from a nearby source.

Paving promised for 1979 was delayed until 1980 and limited to a  section east from Giscome. Trucks hauling woodchips to Prince George were diverted to an alternative forestry road to minimize accidents upon, and damage to, the main road. In 1980, tight curves were eliminated and sharp shale gravel added around Newlands, but traffic volumes did not warrant paving. The Bowron logging road to Highway 16 was better maintained than the sections east of Newlands. During 1981, rebuilding and gravelling reached Upper Fraser, with paving promised the next year. In 1983 came fulfillment with paving stretching from Prince George to Upper Fraser.

Safety barriers lowered when trains approached the shared use CNR bridge. To ensure motorists and snowmobilers did not circumvent these roadblocks, a roster of four bridge monitors provided around the clock enforcement. The signalman on duty occupied the control tower. Flooding temporarily closed the road near Hansard a number of times. Public reaction to a 1999 proposal to close the Hansard Bridge to vehicles from midnight to 9 a.m. prompted a postponement and shelving of the idea. Upper Fraser-Hansard appears to have been paved to connect with the new road bridge opened in 2003.

Electricity & Communications Devices
The early telegraph office likely relied upon automatic printing apparatus, because there was no dispatcher at this station. By 1922, a telephone had replaced the telegraph. The respective Upper Fraser section covers subsequent developments.

Footnotes

References

Robson Valley
Ghost towns in British Columbia
Railway points in the Regional District of Fraser-Fort George
Railway stations in Canada opened in 1914
Grand Trunk Pacific Railway stations
Canadian National Railway stations in British Columbia


Kwäday Dän Ts'ìnchi (), or Canadian Ice Man, is a naturally mummified body found in Tatshenshini-Alsek Provincial Park in British Columbia, Canada, by a group of hunters in 1999. Kwäday Dän Ts'ìnchi means "Long Ago Person Found" in Southern Tutchone, and is pronounced  in that language. Radiocarbon dating of artifacts found with the body placed the age of the body at between 300 and 550 years.

DNA testing of more than 240 volunteers from the local Champagne and Aishihik First Nations revealed 17 persons who are related to the ice man through their direct maternal line.

Discovery
Three sheep hunters, Bill Hanlon, Warren Ward and Mike Roche, discovered a number of artifacts and a human body in a melting glacier while hunting near the Yukon border on July 22, 1999 (). The hunters were walking along a glacier, above the treeline, and noticed some bits of wood, which they thought unusual given their location. They examined the wood, and noticed carvings and notches, possibly indicating the wood formed the frame of a backpack. Searching with binoculars, Ward discovered the body in the ice. On August 16, the party reported their find to Yukon archaeology department staff, and turned in a number of artifacts they collected from the site.

Before making a public announcement, the archaeologists notified representatives of the Champagne and Aishihik First Nations, whose historical territory is here. They visited the site and decided to name the person Kwäday Dän Ts'ìnchi, which means Long Ago Person Found. A team of archeologists was assembled to assess the find, and the First Nations were further consulted about the project. They supported having scientific studies done, including DNA analysis.

Description
The remains had been dismembered after death, probably by shifting ice due to thermal cracking and slumping along the edge of the glacier. The first part found was the torso, with left arm and mummified hand still attached. The lower body was found a few meters away, with the thighs and muscle still attached. The head was missing, as were the right arm and lower right leg, though his hair, attached to some remnants of the scalp, and some small bones from the right hand and foot were recovered. Soft tissue was present primarily in the torso and thighs. The torso was of particular interest, as gastric contents could be analyzed to yield clues to the days leading up to the man's death. The skull was located in 2003, but was not removed from the site for study.

The young man was estimated to be approximately 18–19 years old at his time of death. The cause of death is unknown, but there appears to be no sign of serious injury, and hypothermia is a possibility. He died near the onset of the Little Ice Age. An examination of the food in Kwäday Dän Ts'ìnchi's digestive tract reveals that he had traveled a distance of around  in the three days prior to his death, from the coastal region up into higher elevations where he was found. Based on pollen found in the contents of his colon, he was traveling in the summer.

Kwäday Dän Ts'ìnchi was found with a number of artifacts, including a robe made from 95 pelts of the local arctic ground squirrel (commonly called "gophers") subspecies Spermophilus parryii plesius sewn together with sinew, a woven Tlingit  (root hat) of split spruce root (probably Sitka spruce), a pouch or small bag of beaver fur containing a mass of lichen, mosses and leaves, gaff poles/walking sticks, sticks for carrying salmon, a curved, hooked stick possibly used for setting snares to catch marmots, a "Carved and Painted stick" of unknown purpose, an iron-bladed knife with matching gopher skin sheath, and an atlatl and dart. The use of gopher skins for common household items, robes, and blankets had been important in the past, but the discovery of Kwäday Dän Ts'ìnchi helped revive interest among the Champagne and Aishihik people in teaching and passing on the skills involved, from harvesting the animals to the preparation and the sewing of pelts together. The find also inspired weaving workshops in the Klukwan and Yukon communities for teaching spruce root weaving.

Tissue studies revealed that his long-term diet consisted principally of shellfish and salmon, indicating that he was originally from one of the communities near the Pacific Ocean coast; however, hair samples indicated that his diet over the couple of months before his death had been more strongly meat-based than usual, suggesting that he had spent some time inland. His stomach contents included beach asparagus and he was carrying salmon and shellfish with him, suggesting that he had been back at the coast again and was traveling back inland to the Tatshenshini River at the time of his death.

The tribes allowed samples, including DNA, to be taken for study. They decided to have his remains cremated and scattered over the area where he was discovered. , local clans were considering a memorial potlatch to honour the ancient man.

DNA tests
In 2000, mitochondrial DNA tests of 241 area volunteers of the Champagne and Aishihik First Nations revealed 17 living persons who are related to Kwäday Dän Ts'ìnchi through their direct maternal line. Among them were Sheila Clark and Pearl Callaghan, two of seven sisters. Clark said of finding they were related to Long Ago Man, "It was extremely moving. I couldn't believe it." Fifteen of the 17 individuals identify as Wolf clan, suggesting the man may also have belonged to the Wolf clan. In their matrilineal kinship system, children are considered born into their mother's clan. The individuals were split roughly in half between those who lived in coastal areas and those who lived inland, reflecting historical territories of bands.

A partial mitochondrial DNA sequence of Kwäday Dän Ts'ìnchi, containing information on the hypervariable region HVR2, bases 1 to 360, is available in the National Center for Biotechnology Information's genome sequencing database, GenBank, as accession number AF502945.

Conference
The find and studies generated great interest in Kwäday Dän Ts'ìnchi. In June 2005, the findings were discussed at a science conference on Rapid Landscape Change at Yukon College.

See also

Arlington Springs Man –
Buhl Woman –
Calico Early Man Site –
Cueva de las Manos –
Fort Rock Cave –
Genetic history of Indigenous peoples of the Americas
Kennewick Man –
List of unsolved deaths
Luzia Woman –
Marmes Rockshelter –
Mummy Cave –
Paisley Caves –
Xá:ytem –

References

1999 archaeological discoveries
Archaeology of British Columbia
First Nations history in British Columbia
Mummies
Pre-Columbian archaeology
Pre-Confederation British Columbia people
Southern Tutchone
Tutchone people
Unsolved deaths


Sinclair Mills is a community located on the north bank of the Fraser River between McGregor and Longworth in central British Columbia.

Via Rail's Jasper – Prince Rupert train calls at the Sinclair Mills railway station.

 there are only 19 Families living in actual Sinclair Mills. It is a quiet, rural community in the scenic Upper Fraser Valley, with a fantastic backdrop of the western foothills of the Rockies and also the Cariboo Mountains. The majority of the current inhabitants are either in farming, trapping, hunting and outfitting, or they are retired. Those who do work in other sectors, usually commute to work in the city of Prince George (app. 100 km) or its surrounding areas. The beautiful surroundings offer great hiking, fishing and hunting, as well as all sorts of ATV-ing, snowmobiling and backcountry-skiing opportunities. There is a small heli-ski lodge and also two licensed hunting outfitters in the village, who accept visitors.

It gave name to Sinclar Group Forest Products, originally started in 1962.

The community association, called the "Sinclair Mills Education and Recreational Club" is very active to bring together the "neighbourhood" and to raise funds for projects (e.g. the Giscome Elementary School re-construction) in the entire Upper Fraser Valley.
The association has currently 55 member families from Longworth, Hutton, Sinclair Mills, Upper Fraser, Aleza Lake, Giscome, Willow River and Prince George.

Sinclair Mills is conveniently close to a bigger city and an international airport (Prince George/ YXS), but also remote enough to keep those happy who cherish old-fashioned, quiet, safe, neighbourly Canadian country life.

"Bearpaw Heli-skiing", a ski lodge offering helicopter skiing and scenic views of the area, opened in 2011/12.

References

BCGNIS Geographical Name Query

Populated places in the Regional District of Fraser-Fort George


Perkins v. Benguet Mining Co., 342 U.S. 437 (1952), was a United States Supreme Court case which held that an Ohio state court could exercise general personal jurisdiction over a foreign corporation on the basis of that company's "continuous and systematic" contacts with the state of Ohio. Benguet Consolidated Mining Co. was a Philippine mining corporation, owned by American John W. Hausermann, that temporarily stopped its mining operations and relocated its president to Ohio during the World War II Japanese occupation of the Philippines. The Court held that the president's use of his office in Ohio to carry on continuous business activities during this period allowed Ohio to properly assert general jurisdiction over his company.

Background
The Supreme Court case consolidated the two original suits into one. One suit had been brought by the petitioner Ms. Perkins for approximately $68,400 in dividends that she alleged were due her as a stockholder. The second suit was for $2,500,000 damages claimed as a result of the company's failure to issue to her certificates for 120,000 shares of its stock.

The trial court had sustained a motion to quash the summons in each case because the defendant was a foreign corporation and, as such, the Court did not have personal jurisdiction over it. Neither its corporate headquarters nor its principal place of business were in Ohio, and it had not applied for the required license to transact business in Ohio nor appointed an agent for service of process in state. Additionally, the claims Ms. Perkins sued upon did not arise from anything the defendant did in the state of Ohio.  The Ohio State Supreme Court affirmed the decision and the plaintiff filed another appeal in the U.S. Supreme Court.

Opinion of the Court
The Supreme Court reversed on the basis of the defendant president's "continuous and systematic supervision of the necessarily limited wartime activities of the company"  in Ohio. It was thus not a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment due process clause for Ohio to assert general jurisdiction over the company on the plaintiff's claim, even though the claim arose from activities conducted outside the forum state and entirely distinct from those activities conducted inside the forum state.

The judgment of the Supreme Court of Ohio was vacated and the cause of action remanded for further proceedings consistent with the opinion.

This is a notable United States civil procedure case in the area of general jurisdiction. It represents one of the rare instances in which a state's exercise of general (as opposed to specific) personal jurisdiction over a non-resident was deemed to comport with the requirements of due process, due to the non-resident's extensive activities within the state.

See also
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 342

References

External links

United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Vinson Court
United States personal jurisdiction case law
1952 in United States case law
Mining in Ohio
Philippines–United States relations


Strike.TV was created during the 2007-08 Writers Guild of America (WGA) strike as consortium of more than 40 online shows by Hollywood guild members, and later uploaded to YouTube.

"Strike TV is overseen by its creator, Peter Hyoguchi who got the idea off the ground during the WGA's 100-day walkout with the help of its association with United Hollywood, the scribe-run blog that became an influential force in rallying and disseminating info to scribes during the strike."

The website was first archived 7 September 2008. Its launch on October 28, 2008 featured several shows of various genres:

"The purpose of the site is to generate revenue for out-of-work colleagues. Strike.tv has pledged to donate the first three months of ad revenue to the Entertainment Assistance Program of the Actors Fund. The site is also intended to generate revenue for the writers as they will own the intellectual property they create."

Web series
 "Anyone But Me": written and directed by Tina Cesa Ward and Susan Miller
 "5 or Die": written and directed by Tom Holland ("Childs Play")
 "The Challenge": written by Lloyd Garver  ("Newhart")
 "Confessional": written by Ken LaZebnik  ("Prairie Home Companion")
 "Dangerous Women (web series)": written by David O'Malley  ("Fatal Instinct")
 "Daryl from OnCar": Ron Corcillo ("Malcolm in the Middle") and Russ Carney
 "Faux Baby": directed by Charlie Stratton written by Laura Brennan , Jennifer Maisel, Rachel Leventhal
 "Global Warming": written by Rob Kutner ("The Daily Show"), Sheryl Zorn ("Penn & Teller: Bullshit!") and directed by Mike Shapiro.
 "Greenville General": written by Karen Harris ("General Hospital")
 "House Poor": written by Mindy Kaling & Lester Lewis ("The Office")
 "Joe & Kate": written by and starring Joe Kelly ("How I Met Your Mother") and Kate Purdy ("Cold Case")
 "John's Hand": written by Catherine Butterfield  ("Ghost Whisperer")
 "Life in General": written by Karen Harris ("General Hospital")
 "Lose Yourself"
 "Me First": written by Peter Hyoguchi, Krista Tucker
 "Side Effects": written by Chuck Rose
 "Sketch Toons": written by Charles Horn ("Robot Chicken")
 "Speedie Date": written by Lorin Wertheimer  ("Girlfriends")
 "The Smartest Guy in the World": written by Rick Rosner ("Jimmy Kimmel Live!")
 "Tender Morsels": written by Giuseppe Graziano ("The King of Queens")
 "Unknown Sender": written and directed by Steven E. de Souza ("Die Hard")
 "With the Angels": written by Mary Feuer ("lonelygirl15")
 "Katana (web series)": written by Yuji Okumoto and Richard Cranor

The first three months' of profits will be contributed to the Actors' Fund Entertainment Assistance Program, that offers financial relief and other services to entertainment industry professionals negatively impacted by the strike.

References

External links
https://www.youtube.com/user/strikedottv

Writers Guild of America


Women Management is a prominent modeling agency with its headquarters in New York. It is a part of the Women International Agency Chain, which was established by Paul Rowland in the year 1988. In addition to its New York location, Women Management operates offices in Paris, Los Angeles, and Milan.

Overview
Women Management is part of Elite World Group network. Manager Piero Piazzi  became the President of Women Milan in 2017 after being the worldwide President and Nathalie Cros-Coitton is the managing director of Women Paris.

Models
Models currently represented by Women Management include:
 Naomi Campbell
 Frida Aasen
 Bianca Balti
 Kylie Bax
 Mariacarla Boscono
 Akon Changkou
 Shannan Click
 Jourdan Dunn
 Anna Ewers
 Nyasha Matonhodze
 Isabeli Fontana
 Alexina Graham
 Daphne Groeneveld
 Luma Grothe
 Héloïse Guérin
 Rianne ten Haken
 Laura Harrier
 Camille Hurel
 Mathilde Henning
 Anna Jagodzińska
 Carmen Kass
 Issa Lish
 Rebecca Leigh Longendyke
 Heather Marks
 Hanne Gaby Odiele
 Herieth Paul
 Teddy Quinlivan
 Natasha Poly
 Behati Prinsloo
 Lais Ribeiro
 Eva Riccobono
 Coco Rocha
 Sam Rollinson
 Vlada Roslyakova
 Viktoriya Sasonkina
 Anna Selezneva
 Iselin Steiro
 Julia Stegner
 Daria Strokous
 Iris Strubegger
 Kasia Struss
 Fei Fei Sun
 Lea T
 Nataša Vojnović
 Jing Wen
 Molly Goodwin
 Delaney Quinn

See also
 List of modeling agencies

External links

 Official web site

References

Companies based in New York (state)
Entertainment companies established in 1988
Modeling agencies