John Augustus Blume (April 8, 1909 – March 1, 2002) was an American structural engineer born in Gonzales, California.  He first decided he wanted to study earthquake engineering when he witnessed the Santa Barbara earthquake of 1925. In 1929, he went to Stanford University, where he later received his A.B.degree, his graduate degree of engineer and his doctorate.

Blume's career included major contributions to dynamic theory, soil structure interactions, and the inelastic behavior of structures, earning him the title of the “Father of Earthquake Engineering.”  Blume died at the age of 92 at his Hillsborough, California home on March 1, 2002.

See also
George W Housner
Maurice Anthony Biot

Notes

References

 Blume, John A. Interview with Stanley Scott. Connections: The EERI Oral History Series. 1994.

1909 births
2002 deaths
Structural engineers
Stanford University alumni
American civil engineers
20th-century American engineers


The SpVgg Ludwigsburg was a German association football club from the city of Ludwigsburg, Baden-Württemberg.

History
The club was formed in 1907 under the name of 1. FC Ludwigsburger Kickers. In August 1907, the club then played its first game, a 0–2 loss to FC Vorwärts Stuttgart-Ostheim. In 1909, the club entered the local C-Klasse, beginning its area of competitive football.

The First World War took a heavy toll on the relatively new club, of its 100 members, 35 did not return from the war. On 17 February 1919, the club reformed itself after being dormant throughout the war and adopted a new name, VfB Ludwigsburg. The new name was meant as a sign to show that the club had evolved from a football-only to a multi-sport association.

By 1921, the VfB counted 500 members but internal strife lead to some the footballers going their own way that year, forming the RSV Ludwigsburg. VfB and RSV at times competed on the same level, resulting in interesting derbies. Both clubs reached as far as the local second division, the Kreisliga.

In 1938, the two clubs finally came together again, merging and forming the current SpVgg 07 Ludwigsburg. the aim of the new club was to gain entry to the Gauliga Württemberg, then the highest level of play in the state. SpVgg also became the owner of the Ludwig-Jahn-Stadion, the second-largest stadium in Württemberg at the time. Despite all this, the club did not achieve promotion to the Gauliga until 1944, when playing football was already almost impossible due to the worsening war situation. The 1944–45 season barely got under way before it had to be cancelled and the SpVgg managed to play only four games.

After the Second World War, the US occupation authorities did not permit the formation of more than one club in Ludwigsburg at the time, therefore, all clubs merged temporarily into the SKV Ludwigsburg. In January 1947, the SpVgg reformed and got approval from the authorities a month later.

The early post-war years were difficult for the club, its old ground was for a time occupied by the United States Army and unavailable. To entice the TSV 1860 Munich to play a friendly in town in 1947 for example, the SpVgg had to pay the other club 120 kg of fruit as money was virtually worthless at this time.

On the playing field, the SpVgg languished in the second-highest league in Württemberg, the tier-four Bezirksklasse. In 1955, it barely escaped relegation from there but then managed to improve its fortunes and in 1958, it earned promotion to the Amateurliga Württemberg (III). In this league, the club archived mid-table finishes in its first couple of seasons. In 1962, it struggled against relegation, but the season after, 1962–63, it finished runners-up to the VfB Stuttgart Amateure in what was now the Amateurliga Nordwürttemberg.

After this short run of success, the team deteriorated, falling back to the end of the table. After a narrow escape in 1965, the club was relegated to the 2nd Amateurliga in 1966. A championship in this league in 1970 earned the club the right to return to the third division.

Back at this level, the SpVgg once more managed to finish runners-up to the second team of the VfB Stuttgart. Because reserve teams were ineligible for promotion to the Regionalliga, Ludwigsburg earned the right to take part in the promotion round. In this round, the club managed to beat Waldhof Mannheim and earn promotion to the second division Regionalliga Süd. It was the club's first entry into professional football.

It lasted for two seasons in the Regionalliga, finishing 15th in the first year and 16th in the second and with this being relegated back to the Amateurliga. Back in this league, Ludwigsburg performed strongly, finishing third, second and first in the next three seasons. It also won its first Württemberg Cup in 1974. This allowed the club to play in the 1974–75 DFB Cup, where it lost to 1. FC Mülheim in the first round replay. The second place in 1975 also earned the club entry into the German amateur football championship, where it competed with very little success. In 1975–76, the club once more competed in the German Cup, losing 0–6 to Borussia Dortmund at home in the first round.

In 1976–77, the club had a bad season but recovered to qualify for the new Oberliga Baden-Württemberg in 1978, finishing fifth, the last possible spot to do so.

After a slow start in the new league and two difficult seasons, the club managed a second-place finish in 1982. Entering the German amateur championship for a second time, it narrowly lost to SV Werder Bremen Amateure in the semi-finals in extra time. After this, the club didn't play a big role in the league, eventually finding itself relegated in 1988, to the Verbandsliga Württemberg (IV). It staged a quick recovery in this league and by winning it returned to the Oberliga on first attempt. In 1991, it once more came second in this league and went all the way to the final of the amateur championship. Despite having a home game, SpVgg managed to lose 1–2 to Werder Bremen Amateure once more. Reaching the final meant however the club was qualified for next season's German Cup, where it lost 1–6 to Eintracht Frankfurt at home in the second round, having beaten Eintracht Braunschweig 3–2 in the first round.

With the reforming of the Regionalliga Süd, the club managed to qualify for this league, too in 1994. The SpVgg lasted three seasons in this league, a seventh place in 1995–96 being the highlight. However, the season after it was relegated back to the Oberliga.

After eight seasons with mixed results, the club once more found itself relegated to the Verbandsliga in 2005. Despite ambitions to return to the Oberliga, higher than upper-table finishes could not be achieved in this league and the SpVgg 07 Ludwigsburg eventually found itself relegated from the Verbandsliga in 2011 and from the Landesliga in 2018.

Following financial and personnel difficulties, a majority of SpVgg members voted at their last general meeting on 29 March 2019 to join neighbouring MTV Ludwigsburg. Consequently, the debt-ridden club ceased to exist.

Honours
The club's honours:

League
 Amateurliga Nordwürttemberg (III)
 Champions: 1976
 Runners-up: 1963, 1975
 Oberliga Baden-Württemberg (III)
 Runners-up: 1982, 1991
 Verbandsliga Württemberg (IV)
 Champions: 1989

Cup
 Württemberg Cup
 Winners: 1974

Last seasons
The last season-by-season performance of the club:

 With the introduction of the Regionalligas in 1994 and the 3. Liga in 2008 as the new third tier, below the 2. Bundesliga, all leagues below dropped one tier.

References

External links
Abseits Guide to German Soccer – SpVgg Ludwigsburg
SpVgg Ludwigsburg profile on Weltfussball.de
Das deutsche Fußball-Archiv historical German domestic league tables

Defunct football clubs in Germany
Defunct football clubs in Baden-Württemberg
Association football clubs established in 1907
Association football clubs disestablished in 2019
1907 establishments in Germany
2019 disestablishments in Germany
Ludwigsburg


DTU Campus Village is an international student housing complex found on campus at the Technical University of Denmark (DTU). The university attracts more than 700 international students a year. Campus Village houses up to 224 international students, most of them staying for the duration of a semester or an academic year. It is made up of many identical red constructions,  which house up to ten students each.
Within the village, there exists an environment of collaborative learning and cultural learning, characteristic of Erasmus+ and similar international student programs. Residents come from many different backgrounds and countries.

Origin
DTU Campus Village was constructed in the summer of 2001, and was opened as an international student dormitory starting in fall 2001. Every unit houses 9 to 10 students. Residents staying in Campus Village may be participants of exchange or bilateral agreement programs between DTU and their home university. Many of the European students receive scholarships through the Erasmus+ program.

Location
The cluster of container units is placed on a lot with the address Elektrovej 330. The units are arranged in rows, and they are most often called the "containers", by both residents and non-residents. Unlike most other campus buildings, Campus Village (building 330) does not have a yellow brick facade. It is instead made up of many one-story structures resembling shipping containers, painted red like the DTU logo, and each of them labeled with a letter from the alphabet.

Campus Village is located in the southwest quadrant (kvadrant 3) of the DTU Campus, in between Elektrovej and Fysikvej, and located centrally on the campus, near lecture halls, professors, and the social scene. Classrooms, administration buildings, library, computer labs, and the student bar are all found on campus, within . Downtown Lyngby is  away.

Reason to study abroad

Campus Village residents study engineering or science, as DTU is a technical university. The twenty-four DTU Msc (Master of Science) program offers a variety of English-tutored classes in  mathematics, science, computer science, environmental science, technology, and engineering. Students at Campus Village can have different levels of education completed at their home university; some come to DTU as undergraduates to gain general competence in engineering, and others are in the process of writing their master theses or working on graduate research at DTU.
A universal reason for study abroad, often more important than the technical education, is an expansion of the world view. Students hope to learn about cultures and languages different from their own. "Container life," where students come from all regions and perspectives, or the world, allows students to experience different cultures and attitudes. The Village culture that develops among the students is unique, and it enhances cultural learning and promotes collaborative community-living.

Languages

A mix of languages is present at Campus Village. While some students with common nationalities talk to each other in their native languages, many students make an effort to learn another language. Many international students hope to learn English by studying in Denmark, as most Danes speak English from a young age. Some Campus Village residents manage to learn phrases from an additional foreign language like French or Portuguese through living with native speakers of those languages. Some students attend a class at night to learn Danish.

Cultural Learning Experience
Most Campus Village residents are university-age students in their undergraduate or graduate years, who leave their home country to gain a deeper and wider understanding of other cultures. There is enthusiasm towards sharing of cultural beliefs and trends. Through interaction with each other—cooking together, cleaning together, talking, playing games, and watching films—students come to understand cultural differences and similarities.

Flexible Program

Some students choose DTU as a study abroad destination because of its flexible graduate program. The programs offer a wide range of advanced technical courses. DTU has official co-operation agreements with major technical universities of the world such as the Beijing Polytechnic University and the University of Illinois, making credit transfer easy for students studying abroad.

Community

Students at DTU Campus Village collaborate to make each other's time abroad a memorable learning experience. "Container life" is the term most often used by present and past residents to describe the campus experience. Daily container life is highlighted by several student-organized events, such as dinners, dances, BBQ in the Village, and group travels.

International Dinners

Cooking together and sharing food are popular activities through which residents bond. Some Containers regularly cook together, and some Containers assign shifts so that one or two will cook for many. Students in a container often shop for groceries at a Fakta, Netto, or other discount stores in Lyngby. Some Containers save money by keeping a food fund together. Because of the diversity in the background of the students, Container dinners will involve cultural dishes, as well as dishes that are a mix of several cultural tastes. Past dinner events held include
 International Dinner – a potluck, where each resident or some of the residents volunteer a dish of their country
 Italian Dinner
 Sushi Night
 Moroccan Dinner
 Polish Vodka Night – Village-wide famous event during which Polish Vodka is served, as well as Pączki.
International students with off-campus housing often visit Campus Village to visit and participate in these dinners.

International students studying in Denmark are generally not offered aid to cover the cost of living expenses such as meals, accommodation, transport, books, or materials. Because they find that food items, like most everything else, are more expensive compared to in their home countries, group meals are also a way to save money on groceries.

Travel

Students from the Containers sometimes travel together on weekends and holidays. Weekend trips may be to Copenhagen, or to other major cities of Denmark: Roskilde, Odense, etc. Scandinavian countries of Sweden, Norway, and Finland are also relatively close destinations. Popular cities to visit outside Scandinavia include Berlin, Amsterdam, Prague, and Brussels.  Some European students have cars to travel in. Non-European students may travel together, using the Eurail discount pass to travel by train.

The Buddy Programme
Foreign exchange students at DTU have the option to have a Danish Buddy through the university's student association, in order to get better acquainted with the campus, campus life, and Danish culture. The Polyteknisk Forening (student association, or PF) sponsors the Buddy Programme, which is led by student coordinators. Buddies are Danish students who volunteer to help international students adapt to studying and living in Denmark. In exchange for their guidance and friendship, Buddies gain more insight into the life of exchange students, as well as the culture of foreign students. The Buddy Programme offers organized group events for Buddies and international students, including cultural dinners, a trip to Malmö, Sweden, a Danish Christmas or Easter Dinner, and ice skating. The Buddies are encouraged to meet weekly to talk with their students. The meetings sometimes take place during International Night at the Cellar Bar on campus, making it an environment for social and cultural exchange on Tuesdays.

Notes

External links
Technical University of Denmark
Krydsfelt (Intersect) Student Publication Magazine, DTU

Academic transfer
University and college residential buildings in Copenhagen


Melvin Lewis Calhoun Jr. (born January 1, 1977), better known by his stage name Kutt Calhoun, is an American rapper and business executive from Kansas City, Missouri. After getting his start in the late 1990s underground rap scene of Kansas City, he subsequently signed to Strange Music when the label was founded in 1999. Calhoun released his debut album B.L.E.V.E. in 2004, and his 2007 sophomore album Feature Presentation debuted at number 60 on the Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. Calhoun's third album, Raw and Un-Kutt, made its debut at number 162 on the Billboard 200 chart in its first week of release, as well as charting at No. 19 on the Top Heatseekers chart.

Between 2011 and 2012 he released two EPs, Red-Headed Stepchild and Kelvin, both of which again charted high on Billboard, with Kelvin reaching No. 8 on Top Heatseekers. Calhoun released his fourth studio album, Black Gold, in 2013, and the album debuted at number 1 on Top Heatseekers. With first-week sales of 4,300 copies in the United States, the album met with positive critical response from publications such as HipHopDX. Splitting from Strange Music in 2014 on amicable terms, he afterwards founded the record label Black Gold Entertainment. His 2015 Kuttin Loose EP was the first release on the imprint. Distributed through Empire Distribution, it peaked at No. 16 on Heatseekers and No. 41 on the Top Rap Albums chart. Again meeting with a positive response, MetroActive wrote that the EP "demonstrates a devastating flow, razor sharp wit and some downright nasty Dirty South production." Frequently touring the United States, by the end of 2015, Calhoun had embarked on his independent On My Own Tour.

Music career

Early years and B.L.E.V.E. (1990s–04)

Melvin Lewis Calhoun Jr. was born on January 1, 1977, in Kansas City, Missouri, where he spent his childhood. By the 1990s he was involved in the underground hardcore rap scene of Kansas City, and he began actively recording in the late 1990s. Rapping professionally since 1998, that year Calhoun appeared on the album Center Piece of the Puzzle by Snug Brim, using the alias Cutt Dawg. Afterwards he began working as the hype man of Kansas City rapper Tech N9ne, also helping cofound the Tech N9ne imprint Strange Music in 1999. Calhoun had several features in 2002 on Tech N9ne's album Absolute Power.

After being featured as a guest artist on a number of singles, Kutt would release his debut album, B.L.E.V.E. (standing for Boiling Liquid Expanding Viscous Explosion), on August 10, 2004 through Strange Music. The album features several appearances by Tech N9ne, as well as other local rappers such as Krizz Kaliko and Skatterman & Snug Brim. The album made an appearance on Billboard's Top Heatseekers (West North Central) chart. Rap Reviews greeted the album positively, writing "Calhoun has represented his hometown [Kansas City] admirably on B.L.E.V.E. and seems on the verge of blowing up bigtime. All he needs is more exposure, a slightly tighter selection of beats, and one big video on a Viacom owned network."

Feature Presentation (2006–07)

He self-released his Flamez Mixtape on . Calhoun's second studio album, Feature Presentation, was released through Strange Music on October 7, 2008. The album saw features from his label mates Tech N9ne, Krizz Kaliko and Skatterman & Snug Brim once again, and also featured several other local rappers. The album has production from Michael "Seven" Summers, Wyshmaster, Matic Lee and Young Fyre. The sophomore release reached No. 60 on Billboards Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums in its first week of release, as well as charting at No. 19 on the Top Heatseekers chart. Rap Reviews gave the album a positive review and a score of 8/10. A music video was shot for the album's single "Bunk Rock Bitch," and was released on January 15, 2009, with features from Tech N9ne and Krizz Kaliko.

Raw and Un-Kutt and first EPs (2010–12)

On May 26, 2010, XXL premiered the video for Calhoun's new single "Naked (Boom Boom Room)" on their website. Kutt Calhoun released his third album, Raw and Un-Kutt, on June 8, 2010. Singles from the album included "Naked (Boom Boom Room)" and "Get Kutt," with features from Brotha Lynch Hung, E-40, Joe Budden, Tech N9ne, and Too Short among others. The album debuted at No. 170 on the Billboard 200 chart in its first week of release. It also reached No. 6 on the Top Heatseekers chart and peaked at No. 15 on the Top Rap Albums chart.

Calhoun released his Red-Headed Stepchild extended play through Strange Music on . The EP reached No. 23 on Heatseekers Albums and No. 52 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. He released his EP Kelvin on , again through Strange Music. Charting higher than its predecessor, the EP reached No. 8 on Top Heatseekers, 41 on the Independent Albums chart, 28 on the US R&B chart, and 21 on the Top Rap Albums chart.

Black Gold (2013)

Calhoun released his fourth album, Black Gold on February 26, 2013, as what would be his last release on Strange Music. The album was supported by two singles: "Self Preservation" and "I Been Dope," and features guest appearances from Krizz Kaliko, Brotha Lynch Hung, Tech N9ne, and Ron Ron, among others. The album debuted at number 1 on the US Billboard Heatseekers Albums chart and at number 120 on the Billboard 200, with first-week sales of 4,300 copies in the United States. It also peaked at No. 13 on the Independent Albums chart, among other rankings.

Meeting with a largely positive critical response, the publication HipHopDX wrote that "Black Gold revels in its ability to highlight the unique approach of Strange Music while still sounding refreshingly conventional. At 35 years young, Kutt Calhoun is picking up traction when other rappers would be given the checkered flag. Underappreciated or not, that’s something that won’t go unnoticed." Like HipHopDX, David Jeffries of AllMusic also gave the album three and a half stars out of five, praising Calhoun's sense of humor in the lyrics.

Black Gold Ent. and Kuttin Loose (2014–16)

Calhoun decided to form his own imprint in 2014, and he split from Strange Music shortly afterwards on amicable terms. Calhoun went on to found Black Gold Entertainment, and in July 2015 he announced plans to release an EP under the label titled The Kuttin Loose EP. Kuttin Loose was released on  through Black Gold Entertainment and distributed through Empire Distribution. It peaked at No. 16 on the Heatseekers Albums chart, and No. 41 on the Top Rap Albums chart. HipHopDX gave Kuttin Loose a score of 3.5/5 and a positive review. Wrote MetroActive, on "the Kuttin Loose EP, he demonstrates a devastating flow, razor sharp wit and some downright nasty Dirty South production." Among other themes, album's single "Handz Up (Shut Shit Down)" explicitly addressed police brutality, with Kutt directing the music video himself. By the end of 2015, Calhoun had embarked on his On My Own Tour. On June 3, 2016, Calhoun collabed in his single called "ALIVE" with The Jokerr. On July 13, 2016, Calhoun collabed in his single called "Never Know" with Automatic.

Discography

Studio albums
 B.L.E.V.E. (2004)
 Feature Presentation (2008)
 Raw and Un-Kutt (2010)
 Black Gold (2013)
 Truth Be Told (2019)

EPs
 Red-Headed Stepchild (2011)
 Kelvin (2012)
 Kuttin Loose (2015)
 Residue (2023)

See also

List of American rappers
Strange Music discography
List of hip hop musicians
Midwest hip hop

References

External links

TheRealKuttCalhoun.com
Kutt Calhoun on Facebook
Kutt Calhoun on Twitter

Audio and media
Kutt Calhoun on SoundCloud
Kutt Calhoun on YouTube
Kutt Calhoun on VEVO

African-American male rappers
American male rappers
Rappers from Kansas City, Missouri
African-American Christians
Underground rappers
1977 births
Living people
21st-century American rappers
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century African-American musicians
20th-century African-American people


The 2009 United Nations Security Council election was held on 15 October 2009 during the 64th session of the United Nations General Assembly, held at United Nations Headquarters in New York City. The election was for five non-permanent seats on the UN Security Council to serve two-year mandates commencing on 1 January 2010.

In accordance with the Security Council's rotation rules, whereby the ten non-permanent UNSC seats rotate among the various regional blocs into which UN member states traditionally divide themselves for voting and representation purposes, the five available seats were allocated as follows:

Two for Africa (previously held by Burkina Faso and Libya)
One for Asia (previously held by Vietnam)
One for Eastern Europe (previously held by Croatia)
One for Latin America and the Caribbean (previously held by Costa Rica)

Nigeria was expected to run unopposed for a 2010–11 seat, but unexpectedly faced competition from Sierra Leone. Nigeria has already served thrice in the UNSC, while Sierra Leone served only once. Sierra Leone did not contest the seat, however. Instead, Gabon ran for the second seat.

Bosnia and Herzegovina was the only candidate country for the Eastern European group seat, as Poland withdrew its candidacy in order to give a strong support to the new Bosnian statehood. Poland then gave its support to Bosnia and Herzegovina and invited "all the countries which have already given their support to Polish candidacy, to back-up Bosnia and Herzegovina becoming a member of the UN Security Council." Serbia announced its plans to run for the Eastern Europe seat.

As Libya's term was ending, the new Arab representative would come from the Asian Group. One of the eleven Arab League member states in Asia would therefore succeed to Vietnam's seat in this election. Lebanon announced its intention to obtain this seat.

Brazil sought to replace Costa Rica.

This year, Bosnia and Herzegovina was elected to the Council for the first time.

Elected members
The five elected members after the 2009 elections were:
Africa: Gabon and Nigeria replaced Burkina Faso and Libya
Asia: Lebanon replaced Vietnam
Eastern Europe: Bosnia and Herzegovina replaced Croatia
GRULAC: Brazil replaced Costa Rica

Results
All the candidates ran unopposed, so the election was expected to be a non-event. Nigeria got 186 votes, Gabon 184, Bosnia 183, Brazil 182 and Lebanon 180.

Official results were:
Group A — African and Asian States (three to be elected)

Group B — Eastern European States (one to be elected)

Group C — Latin American and Caribbean States (one to be elected)

See also

List of members of the United Nations Security Council
Brazil and the United Nations
List of United Nations resolutions relating to Lebanon

References

External links
General Assembly 64th session 20th plenary meeting (official records)
GA/10871 Department of Public Information
UN News Centre

2009 in international relations
2009
2009 elections
Non-partisan elections
2009 in New York City
October 2009 events


Santiago Auserón, also known as Juan Perro (July 25, 1954 in Zaragoza, Aragon) is a Spanish singer and lyricist. He was songwriter and vocalist of Spanish rock's Radio Futura. Auserón has been recognized with the Aragón Music Prize for Career Trajectory in 2017, Cubadisco Prize for the Best International Album in 2017 and Aragón Music Prize for the Best Soloist 2019.

From 1972 to 1977 he attended the University of Madrid where he studied philosophy. After that he attended the University of Vincennes in Saint-Denis, Paris, where he stayed one year.

In 1979, Auserón founded Radio Futura, being part of the Madrilenian scene ().

In 1992, he left the group and started his career as a soloist under his pseudonym "Juan Perro".

Discography

Radio Futura
 Música moderna (1980, Hispavox)
 La estatua del jardín botánico / Rompeolas (1982, single. Hispavox)
 Dance usted / Tus pasos (instrumental) (1983, single. Hispavox)
 La ley del desierto / La ley del mar (1984, Ariola)
 De un país en llamas (1985, Ariola)
 La canción de Juan Perro (1987, Ariola)
 Escueladecalor. El directo de Radio Futura (1989, BMG Ariola). (In live)
 Veneno en la piel (1990, BMG Ariola)
 Tierra para bailar (1991, BMG Ariola)

As soloist
 Raíces al viento (1995, Animal Tour/BMG-Ariola)
 La huella sonora (1997, Nueva Sociedad Lírica/BMG Music Spain)
 Mr. Hambre (2000, Nueva Sociedad Lírica/La Huella Sonora)
 Cantares de vela (2002, Nueva Sociedad Lírica/Animal Musik/La Huella Sonora)
 Río Negro (2011, Nueva Sociedad Lírica/La Huella Sonora).

References

External links
 Official website
  Entrevista en la Universidad Internacional Menéndez Pelayo (UIMP). Summer 2009, Santander]
Complete discography at discogs.com

1954 births
Living people
Spanish male singers
Spanish rock singers
Rock en Español musicians
Musicians from Zaragoza


Elfster is a proprietary software application providing social networking features related to "secret Santa" style gift exchanges. It is available, without charge, as software as a service, via a website and via mobile apps for iOS and Android.

The website's features include a universal wishlist, an anonymous Q&A section, personalized gift recommendations, activity updates, and forum discussions. The company is headquartered in Delaware, United States.

History
Elfster was founded by software engineer Peter Imburg in 2004 after hearing about the difficulty his wife and sister had when trying to organize a Secret Santa for their family.

In November 2011, the website reached 2 million members. In Christmas of the same year, the Elfster Facebook App was launched for mobile device users. The app also serves as an extension of Elfster.com's service.

Services
Elfster can be used to create wishlists and organize online gift exchanges. Users can find friends in Elfster, and follow their wishlists. Items can be added from any site online, and with the Elfster mobile app, bar code scanning allows items to be added on the go. When organizing an online gift exchange, Elfster draws names randomly and allows users to ask their draw partner questions anonymously - maintaining secrecy in a "high-tech way".

Elfster provides a series of tools for organizing secret gift exchanges such as automated event-organization, name pairing, draw restrictions, gift guidance, wishlists, and anonymous questions and answers.

Elfster helps with the logistics of determining who wants to participate, drawing names, and communicating the names that were drawn, while identities remain secret

In December 2009, Elfster collaborated with Claire's to create Secret Santa Circle, a temporary Secret Santa website for the jewelry retailer.

In November 2010, new features were added including trending gifts, activity updates and the ability to suggest and share gift ideas.

References

External links
 Elfster website
 Elfster.com Brings Secret Santa to Facebook
 Holiday Gift Exchanges Go High Tech with Introduction of Elfster En Espanol "Amigo Secreto"
 Generation Limbo: Waiting It Out

See also
Secret Santa

Social networking services
Internet properties established in 2004
Christmas traditions


Extended Play Live is a live EP released by Mudcrutch in November 2008 on Reprise Records. It was recorded during the band's 2008 tour to promote their first album Mudcrutch. The EP was released on CD and vinyl.

Track listing
All songs were written by Tom Petty, except where noted.
 "The Wrong Thing to Do" – 4:46
 "Bootleg Flyer" (Petty, Mike Campbell) – 4:01
 "Crystal River" – 15:00
 "High School Confidential" (Ron Hargrave, Jerry Lee Lewis) – 4:01

 Tracks 1 and 2 recorded April 20, 2008, at the Ventura Theatre, Ventura, California.
 Track 3 recorded April 28, 2008, at The Troubadour, West Hollywood, California.
 Track 4 recorded May 2, 2008, at The Troubadour, West Hollywood, California.

Personnel
Tom Petty – bass guitar, vocals
Mike Campbell – guitar, mandolin
Tom Leadon – acoustic guitar, vocals
Benmont Tench – organ, piano, vocals
Randall Marsh – drums

Other personnel
Dennis Callahan – photography
Ryan Corey – design
Kevin Scanlon – cover photo
Ryan Ulyate – engineer, mixing

References

External links
 Mudcrutch website

Albums produced by Tom Petty
2008 EPs
Mudcrutch albums
Live EPs
Reprise Records live albums
2008 live albums
Reprise Records EPs


Arnfinn Bårdsen (born 11 July 1966) is a Norwegian judge.

He was born in Stavanger, graduated as cand.jur. from the University of Bergen in 1992 and took the dr.juris degree in 1999. He worked as an associate professor at the University of Bergen from 1992 to 2003, except for the period 1994 to 1995 when he was an acting deputy judge in Jæren. From 2003 to 2008 he was a presiding judge in Gulating Court of Appeal. He is a Supreme Court Justice from 2008. In 2018 he took a leave to become judge in the European Court of Human Rights.

References

Supreme Court of Norway justices
University of Bergen alumni
Academic staff of the University of Bergen
People from Stavanger
Living people
1966 births
Judges of the European Court of Human Rights
Norwegian judges of international courts and tribunals


The Kendrit Shiri Sanatan Dharam Shiv Temple was a Hindu temple in Nadi, Fiji. Built by indentured Indian labourers in 1905, it was one of the oldest Hindu temples in Fiji, until it was destroyed by fire on 16 October 2008. Police confirmed that they were treating the temple's destruction as an arson attack. It was the fourth Hindu temple destroyed by arson within two weeks in Fiji. The Fiji Times published an editorial condemning the destruction of a local "landmark" by "thugs" and calling upon "the leaders of Christian churches [to] make an immediate and unequivocal call on their members to desist from the temple burning which continue to plague our nation".

References

Religious buildings and structures completed in 1905
Hindu temples in Fiji
Religious buildings and structures destroyed by arson
1905 establishments in Fiji


Tian Xu (764– May 20, 796), formally the Prince of Yanmen, was a Chinese military general, monarch, and politician during the Tang Dynasty who ruled Weibo Circuit (魏博, headquartered in modern Handan, Hebei) semi-independently from the imperial government.

Background
Tian Xu was born in 764, during the reign of Emperor Daizong.  At that time, his father Tian Chengsi was serving as the military governor (Jiedushi) of Weibo Circuit and ruling it semi-independently from the imperial government.  He was Tian Chengsi's sixth son, out of 11.  As Tian Chengsi found his nephew (Tian Xu's cousin) Tian Yue to be more capable than his own sons, he had Tian Yue serve as his deputy and intended heir, having his sons assist Tian Yue.  After Tian Chengsi died in 779, Tian Yue succeeded him as the military governor of Weibo Circuit with permission from Emperor Daizong, and Tian Xu thereafter served under Tian Yue.

Service under Tian Yue
Because Tian Yue was thankful to Tian Chengsi for raising him and passing the circuit to him, he treated Tian Xu and his brothers with kindness.  He put Tian Xu in charge of the headquarters guards.  It was said that Tian Xu was violent and often committed crimes, but Tian Yue did not have the heart to give him heavy punishment, although on one occasion he whipped Tian Xu and briefly detained him, drawing resentment from Tian Xu.  Tian Xu also resented Tian Yue because Tian Yue, frugal by nature, restricted his family members' monetary expenditures, such that Tian Xu felt that the expenditures were insufficient for him.

In 781, Tian Yue, along with several other military governors, rose in rebellion against Emperor Daizong's son and successor Emperor Dezong, but by 784, Emperor Dezong, who was then in desperate straits due to the rebellion at the capital Chang'an by Zhu Ci, issued a general pardon.  Tian Yue accepted the general pardon, along with his allies Wang Wujun and Li Na, and they turned against another ally, Zhu Tao (Zhu Ci's brother), who had not accepted the pardon.  After Tian Yue's submission, Emperor Dezong sent the imperial official Kong Chaofu () to Weibo to meet with Tian Yue, to thank him for his allegiance and to encourage the troops.  Meanwhile, though, on one night in spring 784, while Kong was still at Weibo, Tian Xu was complaining to his brothers and nephews about Tian Yue, while he was drunk.  When the nephew tried to stop his complaints, he killed his nephew.  After he became sober, he realized what he had done, and worried that Tian Yue would kill him when he found out.  He therefore took his followers, went to Tian Yue's headquarters, and killed Tian Yue, Tian Yue's mother, wife, and children.  He then, issuing orders in Tian Yue's name, summoned Tian Yue's staff members Hu E (), Xu Shize (), and Jiang Ji ().  When they arrived, Tian Xu killed them as well.  However, Tian Xu then panicked and fled out of Weibo's capital prefecture Wei Prefecture ().  The senior officers Xing Caojun () and Meng Xiyou (), however, chased him down and offered the military governorship to him, as Tian Xu's remaining older brother, Tian Guan (), was also killed in the disturbance.  Tian Xu then declared that it was another officer, Liu Zhongxin (), who had assassinated Tian Yue, and took over control of the circuit.  Kong then commissioned him as the acting military governor.  (The soldiers found out a few days later that it was actually Tian Xu who carried out the assassination, but by that point Tian Xu was firmly in control.)

As acting Jiedushi and then Jiedushi
Zhu Tao, who was then attacking Weibo, was pleased to hear of Tian Yue's death and remarked that heaven was punishing Tian Yue through Tian Xu for his betrayal.  He sent messengers to Tian Xu, offering an alliance; initially, Tian Xu agreed.  However, after Tian Xu had more control of the situation in Weibo, both Li Baozhen and Wang Wujun sent messengers reaffirming that they were going to continue to uphold the alliance Tian Yue entered with them.  His staff members Zeng Mu () and Lu Nanshi () persuaded him to remain faithful to the imperial camp, pointing out that the army of Zhu's Lulong Circuit (盧龍, headquartered in modern Beijing) had already laid waste to Weibo to the people's detriment.  Tian Xu agreed with them and sent messengers to Emperor Dezong, pledging his loyalty.  Emperor Dezong commissioned him as the military governor of Weibo.  Soon thereafter, Li Baozhen and Wang defeated Zhu, forcing him to retreat back to Lulong.

In 785, Emperor Dezong gave his sister Princess Jiacheng in marriage to Tian Xu.  She did not bear him any sons, but his concubines bore him three sons — Tian Jihe (), Tian Jizhi (), and Tian Ji'an.  Although Tian Ji'an was the youngest, Princess Jiacheng adopted him as her child, and therefore, eventually, he became designated as Tian Xu's heir.

Meanwhile, Tian Xu was said to be cruel and extravagant as military governor, as he was wasteful and spent much time in drinking and sexual relations — activities that, while Tian Yue was alive, Tian Yue had curbed him from.  In 790, there were rumors that Li Na, who governed Pinglu Circuit (平盧, headquartered in modern Tai'an, Shandong), whom Tian Xu's older brother Tian Chao () served under as prefect of Qi Prefecture (齊州, in modern Jinan, Shandong), was planning to escort Tian Chao back to Weibo to vie for control of Weibo Circuit.  Tian Xu feared this, and, under suggestion by his staff member Sun Guangzuo (), he sent gifts to Li Na to please him and persuade him to send Tian Chao to Chang'an — and further suggested Li Na to accept the surrender of the prefect of Di Prefecture (棣州, in modern Binzhou, Shandong), Zhao Gao (), who had previously submitted to Wang's Chengde Circuit (成德, headquartered in modern Shijiazhuang, Hebei) but who later refused to follow Wang's orders.  Li Na therefore accepted Zhao's surrender and took Di Prefecture, despite Wang's attacks.  Tian further cemented the relationship with Li Na by sending Sun to Pinglu's headquarters at Yun Prefecture (), announcing an imperial edict (which Tian Xu had forged) declaring Di Prefecture to be part of Pinglu Circuit.  In anger, Wang sent his son Wang Shiqing () to attack Weibo's Bei Prefecture (貝州, in modern Xingtai, Hebei), occupying four counties of Bei Prefecture.  In winter 790, Emperor Dezong, wanting to put an end to the campaigns between these circuits, ordered Li Na to return Di Prefecture to Chengde; Li Na demanded that Wang return the four counties of Bei Prefecture to Weibo first.  Wang did so, and subsequently, Li Na returned Di Prefecture to Chengde.

In 794, after Li Baozhen's death, his Zhaoyi Circuit (昭義, headquartered in modern Changzhi, Shanxi) fell into internal warfare between Emperor Dezong's appointed successor for Li Baozhen, Wang Qianxiu (), and Yuan Yi (), the prefect of Ming Prefecture (洺州, in modern Handan).  The battles waged on for more than a year, but by spring 796, Yuan had run out of strength, and he took 5,000 soldiers, as well as their families, and fled to Wei Prefecture.  Emperor Dezong did not request Tian to give Yuan up, and instead ordered Tian to accept them, thus allowing Tian to take over those troops.  Soon thereafter, as part of Emperor Dezong's bestowing of various honors on many military governors, he bestowed the honorary chancellor designation of Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi () on Tian.

In summer 796, Tian Xu died suddenly.  Initially, his staff members kept the death secret, and they supported Tian Ji'an, then age 14, to succeed him.  Five days later, they publicly announced Tian Xu's death, and Tian Ji'an claimed the title of acting military governor, an act that Emperor Dezong later approved.

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography
 Old Book of Tang, vol. 141.
 New Book of Tang, vol. 210.
 Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 230, 231, 233, 235.

764 births
796 deaths
Politicians from Handan
Tang dynasty generals from Hebei
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Weibo Circuit
Tang dynasty nonimperial princes


Karen Boback is an American politician and educator who served as a Republican member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives for the 117th legislative district from 2007 to 2022.

Early life and education
Boback was born in Scranton, Pennsylvania. She earned a bachelor's degree in elementary and special education and a master's degree in education from College Misericordia, a master's degree from elementary school guidance counseling Marywood University, and a Ph.D. in organizational leadership from the University of Pennsylvania.

Career
Prior to her career in politics, Boback worked as a teacher, guidance counselor and college professor. She was presented with the Excellence in Education Award by College Misericordia in November 2006 and was named Harveys Lake Citizen of the Year in 2006.

In 2018, Boback announced "the leadership program she developed for high school students is up-and-running in the Dallas, Tunkhannock and Lake-Lehman School Districts."

Boback currently serves on the Tourism & Recreational Development and Veterans Affairs & Emergency Preparedness committees.

In 2022, Boback announced her intent to retire at the end of her current term. She was succeeded by Republican Michael Cabell.

Electoral history

References

External links
Pennsylvania House of Representatives - Karen Boback  official PA House website
Pennsylvania House Republican Caucus - Rep. Karen Boback official Party website
Karen Boback for State Representative official campaign website

1951 births
Living people
Republican Party members of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
Politicians from Scranton, Pennsylvania
University of Pennsylvania alumni
Women state legislators in Pennsylvania
Marywood University alumni
University of Scranton alumni
Misericordia University alumni
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians


Terror is a 1977 Danish crime film directed by Gert Fredholm and starring Bo Løvetand.

Cast
 Bo Løvetand - Boy
 Johnny Olsen - Trigger
 Ole Meyer - Schatz
 Jess Ingerslev - Benny
 Poul Reichhardt - Kriminalassistent Ancher
 Ole Ernst - Kriminalassistent Brask
 Ulf Pilgaard - Kriminalassistent Rieger
 Holger Juul Hansen - Kriminalkommisær Runge
 Knirke - Kate
 Ingolf David - Streichner
 Henning Palner - Direktør Ejlersen
 Lykke Nielsen - Direktør Ejlersens sekretær Jette
 Beatrice Palner - Schatz' mor
 Aksel Erhardtsen - Schatz' far
 Inger Stender - Schatz' fars sekretær
 Lise Thomsen - S-togspassager
 Lone Helmer - Cafeteriadame
 Ib Tardini - Cafeteriamedhjælper
 Ulla Jessen - Bennys fars veninde
 Ulla Koppel - Dame i pølsebod

External links

1977 films
1970s Danish-language films
1977 crime films
Films directed by Gert Fredholm
Danish crime films


Shkëlzen ( 'Shkëlzeni') is a mountain situated in the Albanian Alps, bounded by the Tropojë river valley to the northeast, the Gashi river valley to the southwest, and the Tropojë basin to the southeast. Its highest of the two peaks, Maja e Shkëlzenit, reaches a height of .

Geology
Composed primarily of Mesozoic limestone and dolomite, the mountain has an anticlinal structure, with a band of flysch emerging in the north and south.
It forms a sharp ridge between the northeastern peak (Shkëlzen) and the southwestern peak of Radesha , marked by steep slopes that descend sharply into the valleys. Two glacial troughs divide the mountain's summit, and both peaks show distinctive pyramid-like shapes with sharp edges.

Vegetation is scarce, with shrubs and pines found on its slopes.

See also
 List of mountains in Albania

References

Mountains of Albania
Two-thousanders of Albania


This international super-tournament, organised by Nikolai Krylenko, was held at Moscow in the Soviet Union, from 10 November to 8 December 1925. It was the world's first state-sponsored chess tournament.</ref> There were eleven foreign stars and ten Soviet masters. World champion José Raúl Capablanca and his predecessor Emanuel Lasker were expected to be the main contenders, as they had been in the New York 1924 chess tournament, but the Soviet master Efim Bogoljubov achieved an unexpected victory. Lasker finished 1½ points behind Bogolyubov and just ahead of Capablanca.

The film Chess Fever used a number of scenes from the tournament, and even featured Capablanca playing himself. The Cuban-Soviet film Capablanca has its main plot during the tournament.

Results
The results and standings:

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
! # !! Player !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! 18 !! 19 !! 20 !! 21 !! Total
|-
| 1 || align=left |  ||x ||½ ||0 ||½ ||1 ||1 ||0 ||½ ||1 ||1 ||½ ||1 ||1 ||½ ||1 ||1 ||1 ||1 ||1 ||1 ||1  ||15½
|-
| 2 || align=left | ||½ ||x ||½ ||1 ||½ ||0 ||½ ||1 ||½ ||1 ||1 ||1 ||1 ||1 ||0 ||½ ||1 ||½ ||½ ||1 ||1  ||14
|-
| 3 || align=left |  ||1 ||½ ||x ||1 ||1 ||½ ||½ ||½ ||½ ||0 ||1 ||0 ||½ ||½ ||½ ||½ ||1 ||1 ||1 ||1 ||1  ||13½
|-
| 4 || align=left |  ||½ ||0 ||0 ||x ||½ ||0 ||1 ||1 ||½ ||0 ||1 ||1 ||1 ||1 ||1 ||1 ||½ ||0 ||½ ||1 ||1  ||12½
|-
| 5 || align=left |  || 0 ||½ ||0 ||½ ||x ||½ ||1 ||½ ||½ ||½ ||½ ||1 ||1 ||1 ||½ ||1 ||1 ||½ ||½ ||½ ||½  ||12
|-
| 6 || align=left |  || 0 ||1 ||½ ||1 ||½ ||x ||½ ||0 ||½ ||½ ||0 ||1 ||½ ||½ ||1 ||½ ||0 ||1 ||1 ||1 ||1  ||12
|-
| 7 || align=left |  ||1 ||½ ||½ ||0 ||0 ||½ ||x ||1 ||0 ||1 ||1 ||½ ||0 ||½ ||½ ||1 ||1 ||½ ||1 ||½ ||½  ||11½
|-
| 8 || align=left |  ||½ ||0 ||½ ||0 ||½ ||1 ||0 ||x ||1 ||0 ||½ ||1 ||0 ||0 ||1 ||1 ||1 ||½ ||1 ||1 ||1  ||11½
|-
| 9 || align=left |  ||0 ||½ ||½ ||½ ||½ ||½ ||1 ||0 ||x ||1 ||½ ||½ ||½ ||0 ||½ ||1 ||1 ||½ ||½ ||½ ||½  ||10½
|-
| 10 || align=left |  ||0 ||0 ||1 ||1 ||½ ||½ ||0 ||1 ||0 ||x ||½ ||0 ||1 ||½ ||0 ||½ ||1 ||½ ||½ ||1 ||1  ||10½
|-
| 11 || align=left |  ||½ ||0 ||0 ||0 ||½ ||1 ||0 ||½ ||½ ||½ ||x ||½ ||½ ||1 ||½ ||1 ||½ ||½ ||½ ||½ ||1  ||10
|-
| 12 || align=left |  || 0 ||0 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||½ ||0 ||½ ||1 ||½ ||x ||1 ||1 ||1 ||½ ||0 ||1 ||½ ||1 ||0   ||9½
|-
| 13 || align=left |  ||  0 ||0 ||½ ||0 ||0 ||½ ||1 ||1 ||½ ||0 ||½ ||0 ||x ||1 ||1 ||½ ||½ ||1 ||½ ||0 ||1   ||9½
|-
| 14 || align=left |  ||½ ||0 ||½ ||0 ||0 ||½ ||½ ||1 ||1 ||½ ||0 ||0 ||0 ||x ||1 ||0 ||0 ||1 ||1 ||1 ||1  || 9½
|-
| 15 || align=left |  ||0 ||1 ||½ ||0 ||½ ||0 ||½ ||0 ||½ ||1 ||½ ||0 ||0 ||0 ||x ||1 ||1 ||½ ||½ ||1 ||½   ||9
|-
| 16 || align=left |  ||0 ||½ ||½ ||0 ||0 ||½ ||0 ||0 ||0 ||½ ||0 ||½ ||½ ||1 ||0 ||x ||1 ||½ ||1 ||1 ||1   ||8½
|-
| 17 || align=left |  ||0 ||0 ||0 ||½ ||0 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||½ ||1 ||½ ||1 ||0 ||0 ||x ||1 ||½ ||0 ||1   ||7
|-
| 18 || align=left |  || 0 ||½ ||0 ||1 ||½ ||0 ||½ ||½ ||½ ||½ ||½ ||0 ||0 ||0 ||½ ||½ ||0 ||x ||0 ||1 ||0   ||6½
|-
| 19 || align=left |  ||0 ||½ ||0 ||½ ||½ ||0 ||0 ||0 ||½ ||½ ||½ ||½ ||½ ||0 ||½ ||0 ||½ ||1 ||x ||0 ||½   ||6½
|-
| 20 || align=left |  ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||½ ||0 ||½ ||0 ||½ ||0 ||½ ||0 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||1 ||0 ||1 ||x ||1   ||6
|-
| 21 || align=left |  || 0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||½ ||0 ||½ ||0 ||½ ||0 ||0 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||½ ||0 ||0 ||1 ||½ ||0 ||x  || 4½
|}

References

International chess tournaments
Chess in the Soviet Union
1925 in chess
1925 in the Soviet Union
Sports competitions in Moscow
1925 in Moscow
1925 in Soviet sport


Siwanoy Country Club is a country club located in Bronxville, New York. The club hosted the first PGA Championship in 1916, which was won by Jim Barnes.

History
The Club was incorporated on May 20, 1901 at the Westchester County Clerk's office. The officers were president, Archibald M. Campbell; vice-president, Frank Mack vice-president; secretary, William N. G. Clarke; Arthur D. Stone, treasurer; and Alfred E. Taylor, team captain. The club got its name from the tribe that inhabited the shore of Long Island Sound. The club leased the Robert O. Glover estate with 40 acres of land and a house and barn. A 18 hole golf course and tennis courts were developed.

Tom Kerrigan joined the Siwanoy Country Club in 1914 and served as professional at the Club for a half century. In 1939 he shot the exceptionally low score of 62 on the par 71 Siwanoy course. He was often called "Tee Shot" Kerrigan due to his ability to hit unusually long drives. He is one of just a few who were granted lifetime honorary membership at the Club. The World War I fighter ace Eddie Rickenbacker also received that honor.

References

External links

Bronxville, New York
Golf clubs and courses in New York (state)
Golf clubs and courses designed by Donald Ross
Sports venues in Westchester County, New York
1901 establishments in New York (state)


Kjell Storvik (born 20 November 1930) is a Norwegian economist and former Governor of the Central Bank of Norway.

He is a cand.oecon. by education. From 1977 to 1981 he was the vice president of the Norwegian Shipowners' Association. He was then State Secretary in the Ministry of Finance for four years. He was appointed Vice Governor of the Central Bank of Norway. When Governor Torstein Moland was forced to resign, Storvik became acting Governor, only to get the job permanently the next year.

References

1930 births
Living people
Governors of the Central Bank of Norway
Norwegian economists
Norwegian state secretaries
Conservative Party (Norway) politicians


Italia's Next Top Model, Season 2 is the second season of the Italian reality television show based on the American program of the same name. It is broadcast on SkyVivo, a channel of the Italian subscription television Sky TV. It began airing in September 2008.

The host is once again the Russian former model and actress Natasha Stefanenko. Other permanent judges are Micheal Giannini, art director and talent scout of model agency d’Management, former top model, Gianni Versace's and Giorgio Armani's muse Nadège du Bospertus and fashion journalist Giusi Ferré. Recurring judges are photographer Ciro Zizzo and photographer Settimio Benedusi.

Michela Maggioni was the winner of this season thus receiving a one-year-contract with d’Management Group as well as a Max Factor campaign worth €150,000.

Episode summaries

Episode 1
First aired September 23, 2008

After months of castings throughout Italy, the 30 pre-selected semi-finalists arrive in Milan. They are welcomed by Natasha Stefanenko, the host, and Michael Giannini, art director of d'Management, in a modern luxury hotel where the final castings will take place.

Soon the girls start their individual evaluations in front of the judging panel made up of Natasha, Michael, former top model Nadège, model scouts Danilo Di Pasquale and Anna Peggion. Interesting and determined contestants show up at panel, such as Claudia B., coming from a small village in Sardinia, Claudia C., a karate expert, Diletta, the soccer player, Beatrice, with an ethereal modelesque look, Claudia M., with a wonderful body and a bubbly personality, Giorgia, who shows great self-confidence despite her body flaws and Amy, the Ivorian woman with a hard past reflected in her eyes. Unfortunately, only 20 will continue to the final choice, and the girls are asked to show their walks and potential.

Later on, Natasha reveals the 20 aspiring contestants that have passed the selection and some tears are shed by the eliminated ones. But there is no time for rest for the others, since they must face a photoshoot to show their facial intensity to the judging panel.

After the judges' deliberation Natasha welcomes the girls at the final cast selection. Once chosen, the selected contestants show happiness and joy, but, while leaving the hotel, some of the rejected girls express rude remarks about some picked ones or by saying the judges will regret not casting them.

Episode 2
First aired September 30, 2008

The 14 finalists are sent to the exclusive sea resort of Santa Margherita Ligure to be immediately tested by facing their first photoshoot with famous photographer Settimio Benedusi who also worked for Sports Illustrated. The contestants must pose on rocks with aggressive but modelesque attitude in front of the Ligurian sea while wearing bikinis. Some need to be coached, others perform naturally.

Later the excited girls enter their Milan home, but Natasha's letter inform them they will be judged the following day.

At their first judging Amy and Michela are highly praised for their effortless performance, Beatrice is noted for her high fashion features, whereas Claudia B. disappoints the judges with her unacceptable shot and Noemi produces a vulgar photo. Giorgia and Giulia are told to work on their bodies.

Noemi and Claudia B. land in the bottom two for being uncomfortable at the photoshoot and Claudia B. is sent home for losing her determination in front of the camera and having a bad body posture.

Bottom two: Claudia B. & Noemi Del Falco
Eliminated: Claudia B.
Guest judges: Settimio Benedusi, fashion photographer & Danilo Di Pasquale, model scout

Episode 3
First aired October 7, 2008

In this episode, the girls are announced to get ready for their makeovers, so they reach the Charme&Cheveux salon to find out what they will be. Beatrice sheds a few tears when told to be dyed from blonde to red but she is surprisingly satisfied with the outcome. Michela and Martina get more radical changes as their hair is chopped off but appreciate the result. Almost all the girls are pleasantly happy with the changes with the exception of Claudia C. who does not allow the hairstylist to cut a fringe since for her that haircut is not easy to manage.

The next day the contestants are taken to their first runway challenge where they must walk wearing Love Moschino outfits showing a happy mood. Noemi redeems herself with an effortless performance, Giada demonstrates a huge improvement from her first walk, Martina does not impress, Beatrice is liked by Rossella Jardini, the creative head of Moschino, and Claudia M. has troubles with her shoes too small for her size.

In the judging room, Nadege is appalled and disappointed with most of the girls, Giorgia is critiqued for walking with a sad mood, Claudia M. is warned to have done a step backwards by being too maneater when walking and judge Nadège comments about her excuses, she also says Giulia's performance had horrified her. The judges ask Diletta for more of her presence and deeply scold Claudia C. for her poor performance and bad attitude at the makeovers. Mary is found again to be walking like a soldier despite an entire week of training in runway walking.

Finally Claudia C. and Mary are placed in the bottom two for their dreadful performances but Mary is sent home as her look is considered too commercial and her walk is deemed the worst.

Bottom two: Claudia Cuomo & Mary
Eliminated: Mary
Guest designer: Rossella Jardini, creative head of Moschino

Episode 4
First aired October 14, 2008

The twelve remaining girls experience the first problems of cohabitation as Martina argues with Michela over cereals while Diletta is annoyed by Michela's lack of interest in other people's needs. A group made up of Giorgia, Elena, Diletta, Noemi and Martina does not seem to get along well with Michela's personality. Natasha is deeply disappointed with this childish attitude and reminds the girls they are there to compete and show an adult behavior.

This week the contestants take part in their first reward challenge. Judge Giusi Ferré, fashion journalist, gives them a brief lesson on the history of fashion in the 20th century and asks the girls to recreate a vintage look using vintage dresses and clothes from Franco Jacassi's collection. Amy is declared the winner for her elegant look and is awarded with an Emilio Pucci vintage dress.

Then the girls are announced their third elimination challenge. They will pose in two groups for a photoshoot that will be their first printed advertisement where they will be wearing only a pair of Indian Rose jeans and nothing else. Some of them, such as Giorgia and Claudia C., work very well in group while others, like Diletta, need to be coached more.

At panel Nadege is still not convinced by many girls' performances and states that Beatrice is not the kind of model for jeans. Amy is praised for her never boring look, Noemi is found again uncomfortable in front of the camera and Diletta, although showing improvement in the facial expression, is deemed a broken doll about her body position and reprimanded for not listening to the photographer. Giulia is complimented for her eyes' intensity and for working with her body. Elena is found too plain and Martina's face is noticed for her look, despite Nadege's disapproval.

Diletta and Noemi find themselves in the bottom two and Noemi is sent packing for her mature look and inability in the photoshoots that placed her at the bottom of the pack twice in three weeks.

Bottom two: Diletta & Noemi Del Falco
Eliminated: Noemi Del Falco
Special Guest: Franco Jacassi, fashion collection owner

Episode 5
First aired October 21, 2008

After being told to get ready for this week's reward challenge, the eleven remaining girls meet Rajan Tolomei, make-up artist of Max Factor. He teaches the girls a basic lesson on how to create a natural and fresh make-up useful for castings. Then the contestants are asked to recreate the make-up of a Japanese geisha on their faces using photos of geishas. Giorgia, Giulia and Elena do extremely well but is Giorgia who wins the challenge and she shares the prize with Elena. The reward is a phone call to a loved person.

This week the girls will be evaluated on a runway challenge where the contestants must walk wearing the elegant lingerie designed by Madame Chantal Thomass. The designer herself prepares and coaches the girls for the runway where they will interpret the sexy and sophisticated lingerie without being vulgar. At the end Chantal Thomass is quite satisfied with some girls' walks and interpretation.

In the judging session Claudia M., Elena and Giada shine because of their improvements on the runway, Giulia is highly praised for being self-confident despite her curvy thighs. Diletta is found bored and scared while walking but Michael and Nadege defend her for delivering a good walk wearing open shoes with pantyhose that can get slippery. Michela is reprimanded for showing lack of confidence by making grimaces at the end of the runway, Amy is scolded for losing composure and producing an unacceptable performance and so is Claudia C. for her lack of expression.

Claudia C. and Amy land in the bottom two because of their second lackluster performance on the runway and Claudia C. is sent home for always having only an aggressive mood on the runway despite her high fashion look.

Bottom two: Claudia Cuomo & Amy
Eliminated: Claudia Cuomo
Guest designer: Madame Chantal Thomass, lingerie designer
Guest judge: Rajan Tolomei, make-up artist of Max Factor

Episode 6
First aired October 28, 2008

This week the ten aspiring models get a visit from Stefano Fadda, a coolhunter. He explains that, for this week's reward challenge, they must improvise themselves as photographers to do coolhunting in the centre of Milan, taking pictures of people who may anticipate certain fashion trends. Martina is exempt from the challenge, having injured her foot by slipping on the staircase when walking with wet feet. So the nine girls are split into groups of three and sent downtown to take snapshots. Diletta, Elena and Giorgia are declared winners and can spend an evening out in one of Milan's coolest lounge bars.

For this week's elimination the girls participate in a beauty photo shoot with Ciro Zizzo, and they must pose without make-up to show their true potential. Beatrice, Martina and Michela shine according to the photographer, while Diletta, Elena, Giorgia and Giulia struggle and need to be coached.

In the judging room the contestants' photos are shown with and without digital retouching to determine who has a fresh face and who has not. Claudia M. cries when critiqued, Giulia disappoints the panel because of a banal shot and so does Diletta for resting on pretty, Elena is deemed too normal by the photographer. Martina and Amy are praised for their photos and Giorgia surprises the judges with the best shot despite her struggle with the camera.

Diletta and Giulia are paired in the bottom two for not translating their beauty into their pictures and for the amount of coaching needed. Although declared one of the most beautiful girls, Diletta is eliminated for not progressing in the competition because of her weakness and for requiring too much retouching on her photo.

Bottom two: Diletta & Giulia Galizia
Eliminated: Diletta
Special guest: Stefano Fadda, cool-hunter

Episode 7
First aired November 4, 2008

The nine remaining girls face their fourth reward challenge when Susanna Ausoni, stylist and look maker, pays them a visit to teach the contestant how to accessorize a dress properly. Then the aspiring models wear a simple black sheath and are put through a test to evaluate who has learnt the most by accessorizing this simple dress. After single critiques are given, Claudia M. is declared winner of the challenge and is awarded with a shopping trip to a shoe store where she picks a pair of Les Tropeziénnes shoes.

The competition gets tougher and tougher for the contestants as they leave Milan for Genoa, where they will take part in this week's complicated editorial photo shoot. The girls arrive at the monumental cemetery of Staglieno and meet Nicola Majocchi who will be their photographer for this unusual photo shoot. The contestants must impersonate women in mourning while wearing high fashion dresses with a monumental and macabre grave in the background. Elena, Giorgia and Michela show great interpretive skills, but for Amy, Beatrice, and Claudia M. the task seems to be much harder.

Back in Milan, at panel, the judges scold Amy for the sleepy look on her photo and Martina receives warnings to be more present when doing the photoshoots. Judge Nadege is deeply disappointed with Giulia's weight gain and strongly reprimands her for not taking care of her body thus showing a deplorable lack of involvement in the competition. Elena, Giada, Giorgia and Michela shine in their photos according to the panel, while Claudia's performance proves that the photo shoot was too much of an obstacle for her.

Martina and Claudia M. land in the bottom two for their disappointing performances both on set and on picture. After Martina is warned to overcome her limits quickly to be noticed by the panel, Claudia M. is sent home for not impressing the judges enough with her poor results on set and for her lack of expression in the last photo shoots.

Bottom two: Martina & Claudia Manzella
Eliminated: Claudia Manzella
Guest judge: Nicola Majocchi, fashion photographer
Special guest: Susanna Ausoni, stylist and look maker

Episode 8
First aired November 11, 2008

For this week's reward challenge the eight remaining girls face a photo shoot where they must pose in motion while playing tennis. After the contestants get coached in the basic movements, their photographer Ciro Zizzo asks them to express elegance and flexibility even under physical effort. The winner of the challenge is Michela who can get a visit from her mother.

For their weekly elimination challenge the aspiring models are taken at the beautiful neoclassical scenery of Villa Olmo in Como, there they will take part in their first public runway show that evening. They must walk on a runway submerged by ten centimeters of water. The task consists of walking and showing the gowns by being natural despite the difficulty of walking on water. All the girls are scared for this twist but some of them manage to deliver good walks.

In the judging room Giorgia is praised for being more natural compared to her first weeks, Martina is noticed for her improvements, Beatrice gets unanimous praise for her pleasant performance. Michael is extremely disappointed in Elena's failure on this runway and Natasha reprimands her by stating that excuses will not get her anywhere. Nadege scolds Giulia for her heavy walk and for not having the spirit of sacrifice required in a model since she has gained weight the previous weeks, but Michael defends her performance. Then Nadège tells Michela that her performance was overdone. Giada is told to show more confidence as her walk did not impress the panel as the previous ones.

In the end Elena and Giulia land in the bottom two and Giulia gets eliminated for her weight gain that hampered her performance and for lacking the determination and abnegation she declared to have.

Bottom two: Elena Ripamonti & Giulia Galizia
Eliminated: Giulia Galizia
Guest judge: Costantino Della Gherardesca, fashion expert
Special guest: Stefano Lacarbonara, tennis instructor

Episode 9
First aired November 18, 2008

Previously, during this week, the seven remaining contestants received second makeovers to refresh their looks and, despite some initial preoccupation, all were satisfied with the final outcomes.

The girls are announced that for their weekly reward challenge they will be treated like stars. Soon after they are taken to a television studios centre where they meet Cristina Parodi, journalist and fashion expert, who explains that they will be prepared with elegant dresses and make-up to face a fake red carpet event, where they will be evaluated on their presence. The girls must impersonate actresses at their movie premiere and, after posing for the photographers, they are briefly interviewed by Cristina. For handling the questions with a natural attitude Elena is chosen as the winner and decides to share the reward with Giorgia. They will be spending time with Cristina in a luxury Japanese restaurant.

Then the aspiring models are told to get ready for their elimination challenge. The girls will act as sexy women in a TV commercial with the model and actor Sergio Muniz, who is very popular in Italy. They are excited to work with a man and must interpret different types of young women trying to seduce him as follows:

The contestants are asked to pose with sensuality as tempting ladies behind an opening door while the male model walks through a corridor to reach the only woman of his life, his mother, since the commercial celebrates Mother's Day. Some of the girls shine, others, such as Amy and Martina, are found too stiff.

In the judging room all the judges are wowed by Giorgia's constant improvements, Giada impresses the panel with her seductive performance although judge Giusi Ferré finds her a bit ordinary. Michela get praises for adapting to her role. Amy totally disappoints the judges with her sleepy eyes and mechanical movements and Martina is strongly scolded for not being sexy as required.

Amy and Martina are paired in the bottom two for their lackluster performances on set and Amy is sent packing for not being consistent in her improvements and for losing the determination Martina is considered to keep.

Bottom two: Amy & Martina
Eliminated: Amy
Guest judges: Sergio Muniz, model and actor & Danilo Di Pasquale, model scout
Special guests: Cristina Parodi, journalist and fashion expert & Umberto Spinazzola, director

Episode 10
First aired November 25, 2008

The six aspiring models receive a visit from Barbara Ronchi Della Rocca, one of the major experts of etiquette, who will teach them how to behave appropriately when attending a social event that may occur in the public life of a model. For this reward challenge the girls are taught the basis of bon-ton when at the table and soon after they wear elegant dresses to attend a mock aristocratic dinner to show what they have learned. After some laughs are shared for some difficult situations, Martina is declared the winner for quickly learning and showing good manners. She decides to share the prize with Beatrice who was eager of a win. The two girls can telephone to their families and tears are shed during their calls after spending two months with no contacts.

For this week's elimination challenge the contestants are brought to Frankie Morello's atelier where they meet Maurizio Modica and Pierfrancesco Gigliotti, founders and designers of this fashion house. The girls will show their runway skills wearing eccentric complex outfits. After being coached by the stylists about their dresses they get prepared for the task. Many of the aspiring models are confident and after the performance each one is satisfied.

In the judging room this week the judges have contrasting opinions. Martina is praised for her confident walk but is told to avoid her stiff facial expressions, Elena is complimented for delivering a good walk while wearing the most difficult outfit, although she still has to learn how to use her face. Michela is highly praised for her improvements, but Natasha scolds her for wasting the pose at the end of the runway and Nadege says she was lucky with a dress fitting her happy personality, however Michael notices her impressive pose and glance before her exit. Giorgia is reprimanded for looking bored and forgettable when walking and so is Giada for delivering a stiff performance with a bad pose. Beatrice's walk and mood are praised by Michael and the designers but not appreciated by judges Nadège and Giusi since they find it always the same.

After deliberation Giada and Giorgia are placed in the bottom two for their lack of improvement on runway and, although the judges recognise Giada's potential they decide to eliminate her for not overcoming her fears and letting them hamper her walk and presence on the runway.

Bottom two: Giada Folcia & Giorgia
Eliminated: Giada Folcia
Guest judges: Maurizio Modica & Pierfrancesco Gigliotti, founders and fashion designers of Frankie Morello
Special guests: Barbara Ronchi Della Rocca, etiquette expert & Renzo Martini, actor

Episode 11
First aired December 2, 2008

The five remaining contestants get letters from their parents and some tears are shed after two months without contacts with their families. The next day the girls are announced that, for their weekly reward challenge, they will take part in a casting for Mariella Burani, noted Italian fashion designer. Casting director Francesca Mezzali evaluates the girls: Giorgia has too big hips for her standards, Elena must walk with more determination, Beatrice is noticed for her good walk and right look, Michela fails to impress because of her playful attitude and gets reprimanded for not taking the casting seriously and Martina is deemed too shy by the way she walks and presents herself. Some of them are ordered to be faster when getting dressed. Beatrice wins the challenge and can spend the entire afternoon out shopping, in addition she wins an expensive Mariella Burani's purse.

This week's photoshoot will take place in Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II, located in the very centre of Milan. There the contestants will be photographed by the renowned photographer Settimio Benedusi while suspended in the air, floating with peacock-inspired long dresses. After a demonstration from Natasha they get coached about the movements. Each aspiring model is asked to express dynamism and lightness at the same time. Elena shines after overcoming her fear of heights while Michela loses her focus.

At panel Beatrice is critiqued for her legs' and arms' stiffness and is reprimanded for not giving enough, despite producing an overall acceptable photo. Martina is praised by the photographer for taking directions well and expressing the requested emotion although Nadège does not like the result. Giorgia is deemed too heavy in her shot for not being able to balance her body thus looking lifeless to the judges. Elena is highly praised for working with her body and assuming a positive attitude on set, taking directions and giving various poses to the photographer like a professional model. With her performance Michela upsets Natasha, Michael and Nadege who heavily scold her for being unprofessional on set, playing rather than focusing, thus making a step backwards.

Michela and Giorgia land in the bottom two and Michela is saved for effortless producing a good shot but is warned to grow up. Giorgia is eliminated for reaching her limit in the competition despite her previous constant improvements.

Bottom two: Michela Maggioni & Giorgia
Eliminated: Giorgia
Guest judges: Settimio Benedusi, fashion photographer & Marta Citacov, fashion journalist
Special guest: Francesca Mazzali, casting director of fashion designer Mariella Burani

Episode 12
First aired December 9, 2008

The four remaining contestants leave Milan for Capri, one of Italy's most fashionable islands and a sea resort noted for inspiring such designers as Coco Chanel. After visiting the town and discovering the local fashion the girls face their last reward challenge: they will pose in pairs as mannequins in the windows of the local Valentino boutique, wearing the designer's elegant dresses. For totally embodying the spirit of a living mannequin Beatrice is declared the winner and can get a pair of Sandali Capresi, the typical shoes of Capri.

Later the girls take part in this week's photo shoot: they pose as sensual and sophisticated ladies on their yacht with Capri's reefs in the background. The task requires them to balance their bodies on wedge-heeled shoes while standing and showing their '80s-inspired outfits. All the girls manage to focus and deliver a good performance.

Back in Milan, in the judging room, Elena gets universal praises for her body pose, facial expression and effort to make the most of her outfit, although Nadege reminds her she lucked into her pose. Beatrice is praised by Michael and Nadege for her photo and her modern icy beauty, while the photographer Settimio Benedusi points out her stiffness during the shooting. Michela is highly appreciated by Natasha and all the panel for her results and professionalism after her unprofessional behavior on the previous set. Martina is noticed for showing more femininity with her intense look and facial expression, although Nadege still finds her body too masculine.

After a difficult deliberation Beatrice and Martina are left in the bottom two and Beatrice is spared for her constant results and high fashion look. Martina is eliminated because, although delivering her best performance, the judges think her determination can not make up for being still less impressive than the other finalists.

Bottom two: Beatrice Coos & Martina
Eliminated: Martina
Guest judge: Settimio Benedusi, fashion photographer

Episode 13
First aired December 16, 2008

The three finalists face their next to last challenge posing for a Marie Claire-cover inspired photoshoot. All of them perform well showing self-confidence and professionalism. Elena is satisfied with this challenge since for her is a revenge after her bland beauty shot. Beatrice and Michela are determined to stay in the competition.

At judging the girls get universal praises for their results and achievements in the competition. Antonella Antonelli, editor of Italian Marie Claire magazine, tells Michela that her shot could be an actual cover and appreciates her modern face. Elena is noticed for using her beauty to her advantage thus producing a captivating shot and getting praised for not being a useless beauty anymore. Beatrice is praised for her elegance though her important dress on the photo may distract from her face.

Following a difficult deliberation the three contestants are all called in front of Natasha and commended for getting this far. Michela is called first and Elena is saved soon after, so Beatrice brokes into tears after her elimination and is comforted by Natasha before leaving.

Bottom two: Beatrice Coos & Elena Ripamonti
Eliminated: Beatrice Coos
Guest judges: Paolo Candian, fashion photographer & Rajan Tolomei, make-up artist of Max Factor

Then the two finalists are driven to Verona, at the main atelier of Byblos, an important Italian fashion house. There Elena and Michela will face their last challenge: a runway show with professional models where they are asked to show three different outfits each, walking with self-confidence, elegance and strength. Both the girls do their best and are happy to be in the final runway after overcoming the hostility they had at the beginning of the competition.

In their last judging session Natasha and Michael show their pride for the girls' achievements. Elena is commended for delivering a truly confident walk with a captivating and determined glance and the judges are amazed at her improvements that transformed her from beautiful girl into a model. Although judge Rajan states that her beauty gives her a more commercial appeal she is praised for being able to change in the competition. Then Michela is commended by Nadege for her effortless talent on set and her performance on the final runway, and, although Michael reminds her of a flaw in her second exit, she has convinced the judges of being capable to perform as a professional model.

After a really tough deliberation the two remaining contestants are called back in the judging room and Natasha reveals that Michela is the new Italia's Next Top Model thanks to her natural posing talent and her new improved model attitude and walk.

Final two: Elena Ripamonti e Michela Maggioni
Runner-up: Elena Ripamonti
Italia's Next Top Model: Michela Maggioni
Special guest: Manuel Facchini, designer and creative head of Byblos
Guest judge: Rajan Tolomei, make-up artist of Max Factor

Contestants
(ages stated are at start of contest)

Summaries

Call-Out Order

 The contestant was eliminated
 The contestant won the competition

 The first call-out does not reflect the girls' actual performances this first week.
 Episode 1 and 2 did not have reward challenges.

Bottom Two

  The contestant was eliminated after their first time in the bottom two
  The contestant was eliminated after their second time in the bottom two
  The contestant was eliminated after their second time in the bottom two
  The contestant was eliminated and placed as the runner-up

References

External links

2008 Italian television seasons


Arrows of Love is an English, London-based musical group, based around the songwriting and performance styles of creative partners Nima Teranchi and Nuha Ruby Ra. The wider group resembles something akin to a collective, with members swapping in and out for various tours and shows, adding to its nature as a constantly evolving force, and threaded together by the fiercely energetic live shows and inventive songwriting which are the trademark of its main members.

In the UK, Arrows of Love received the PRSF's respected Momentum Award, which funded their then upcoming second album, produced and mastered by Mikko Gordon and Bob Weston of the American band, Shellac. They have toured Europe with California's Meatbodies, had a string of dates in the US including South by Southwest and CMJ Music Marathon, and booked 2016 dates with The Fall, and the American musician Mike Watt of both The Stooges and Minutemen.

The first album featured various musicians in its recording - drums by Wim Eden, female vocals by Lyndsey Lupe, guitars by Alex Pyper, Luis Felber, and Oliver Martin, and cello by Kate Le Versha. Other recordings have featured Stefano Bernardi on guitar. Although not featured on recordings, other notable members include Mike Frank and Rufus Miller.

Discography
Albums
PRODUCT: Your Soundtrack To The Impending Societal Collapse (I'm Not From London Records)
Everythings F***ed (2014, (1-2-3-4 Records))

Singles
"The Knife" (2014, (Urban Fox Recordings)
"Conspiracy Podcast" (2013, (Strong Island Recordings)
"Honey" (2012, Handspun Records)

References

External links
 ArrowsofLove.com

English indie rock groups


Mind Your Back, Professor () is a 1977 Danish comedy film directed by Jens Okking and starring Ulf Pilgaard.

Cast

References

External links

1977 films
Danish comedy films
1970s Danish-language films
1977 comedy films
Films directed by Jens Okking


, prov. designation: , is a centaur orbiting in the outer Solar System with a perihelion greater than Jupiter and a semi-major axis less than Saturn.

Perihelion

 is listed as a centaur by the Minor Planet Center, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and the Deep Ecliptic Survey (DES).  Of numbered objects listed as a centaur by all 3 major institutions,  has the smallest perihelion distance.

It came to perihelion in August 2010.

See also

References

External links

Centaurs (small Solar System bodies)
Discoveries by the Observatorio Astronómico de Mallorca
20080825


The Center for Simulation of Advanced Rockets (CSAR) is an interdisciplinary research group at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, and is part of the United States Department of Energy's Advanced Simulation and Computing Program. CSAR's goal is to accurately predict the performance, reliability, and safety of solid propellant rockets.

CSAR was founded in 1997 as part of the Department of Energy's Advanced Simulation and Computing Program. The goal of this program is to "enable accurate prediction of the performance, reliability, and safety of complex physical systems through computational simulation." CSAR extends this motive into the realm of solid rocket propellants, specifically those used by the Space Shuttle.

CSAR aims to be able to simulate entire rocket systems, under normal and abnormal situations. This involves highly accurate modeling of components and dynamics of fuel flow and other environmental factors. Modeling this requires large computational power, on the order of thousands of processors. Development of the computational infrastructure is critical in achieving their goal.

Areas of research
There are several fields researched by CSAR. Physical simulations are implemented in CSAR's Rocstar software suite.
Fluids and combustion - The study of how a rocket's fuels are ignited and directed in such a way as to provide thrust.
 Multiphase Flow
 Turbulence Modeling
 Multiscale Acceleration (via "time zooming")
 Propellant Morphology/characterization
 Propellant combustion modeling
 Structures and Materials - Analysis of the physical structure of a rocket
 Constitutive and damage modeling
 Crack propagation
 Multiscale materials modeling
 Molecular modeling of material interfaces
 Space-time discontinuous Galerkin Methods
 Computer Science - Development of advanced simulation and visualization tools
 Parallel programming environments
 Parallel I/O
 Parallel performance modeling and prediction
 Meshing
 Hybrid geometric/topological mesh partitioner
 Visualization
 System Integration - Bringing the available tools and resources together in an efficient manner
 Object-oriented integration framework
 Flexible parallel orchestration
 Stable component coupling and time-stepping
 Accurate and conservative data transfer based on common refinement
 Stable and efficient surface propagation
 Uncertainty Quantification - Determining accuracy and confidence in simulation results
 Clustering techniques for sampling-based Uncertainty Quantification

Computation environment
Physical simulations are performed using CSAR's Rocstar suite of numerical solver applications. Rocstar was built by CSAR, and is designed to run efficiently on massively parallel computers. Implementation of Rocstar is done in MPI and is entirely compatible with Adaptive MPI. Rocstar is currently in its third version, Rocstar 3. Documentation on using Rocstar 3 is available through a User's Guide.

CSAR uses a number of supercomputing resources for their simulations. Along with CSAR, the National Center for Supercomputing Applications is located at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. CSAR takes advantage of the computing environment provided by NCSA for many simulations. The university's department of Computational Science and Engineering has a supercomputing cluster known as Turing, which is also utilized by CSAR.

The computation environment used by CSAR takes advantage of work done by the University of Illinois' Parallel Programming Lab, in particular Charm++ and Adaptive MPI. These parallel programming frameworks allow for application development that scales easily to thousands of processors, which allows for highly complex computations to finish quickly. The Run-time system employed by both Charm++ and AMPI has two primary features that are used by CSAR's software: load-balancing, which helps improve performance by keeping work distributed evenly across all processors, and checkpointing, which allows a lengthy computation to be saved and restarted without having to start over.

Using these highly parallel tools, CSAR's developers have built a number of components which are able to simulate various physical phenomena related to rocket propulsion. Combined, they provide a complete simulation environment. Below is a list of all the Rocstar modules and links to their respective users guides.

Events
 On 11–12 June 2007, UIUC's Computational Science and Engineering department, home of CSAR, hosted a workshop on Uncertainty Quantification. Over 40 people attended, and lectures were given by Habib Najm and Nicholas J. Zabaras.
 On 13 July 2007, CSAR held their International Symposium on Solid Rocket Modeling and Simulation, which featured speakers from CSAR, Japan's JAXA, and France's SNPE

References

Rockets and missiles
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign centers and institutes
1997 establishments in Illinois


A Cornhusker is a person or machine that removes the husk from a corncob. It may refer to:

 Cornhusker state, the nickname of the U.S. state of Nebraska
 Nebraska Cornhuskers, the name given to the athletic teams of the University of Nebraska

See also


Engineers Country Club is a historic country club located in Roslyn Harbor, New York, on the historic Gold Coast on the north shore of Long Island.

History
Founded as a Jewish country club, the club has an 18-hole championship golf course which hosted the PGA Championship in 1919 and the United States Amateur Championship in 1920. The competitions were won by Jim Barnes and Chick Evans, respectively. Herbert Strong was the architect of the original golf course and Devereux Emmet remodeled part of the course in 1921.

The golf course was constructed on the former grounds of the W. R. Willet Manor estate. The property was purchased by the Engineers Country Club in March 1917, which had been formed on January 21, 1917 by the Engineers Club of Manhattan.The first round on the newly constructed course was played on June 29, 1918. The first foursome out consisted of club president B. G. M. Thomas, vice president Nat M. Garland, Frank Dupont, chairman of the Building Committee, and T. I. Jones, one of the governors. After completion of his round, Garland described the 18th green as "sui generis, rara avis ... in a class by itself".

Engineers Country Club plays  yards from the black tees,  from the blue tees,  from the white,  from the gold tees and  from the red women's tees. The women's championship tees are farther back at .

The signature 14th hole, which for a time had been abandoned, has now been reintegrated to the main golf course and is open for play.  This short  par three with a classic postage stamp green was dubbed the "Two or Twenty Hole" due to the fact that in 1919 Bobby Jones and Gene Sarazen both took double figures on the tricky hole. There is a sign near the tee box referring to the difficulties Jones and Sarazen experienced while playing the hole.

In August 1920 a sports writer said, "No young club in the history of golf, let it go back 400 years, has come in for as much discussion and comment as Engineers. The main nerve test will be on the greens. You will find strong men weeping as they finish a round."

In July 1924, prior to the playing of the Metropolitan Open at Engineers Country Club, golf writer George Trevor of the Brooklyn Daily Eagle described the golf course:

Since 1998 the club has completed major renovations to update its facilities. In 2004, club president Jonathan Gold stated, "We became kid-friendly about six years ago. We built a kiddie pool and playground, and we hold events such as carnivals. Making it attractive for children is a big draw. We are relaxing a lot of the age-old rules that have been part of these old-time country clubs that would frown on kids under a certain age."

In 2018, Engineers Country Club was sold to RXR Realty.

References

External links

  Official site
 Engineers Country Club on GolfClubAtlas.com

Roslyn Harbor, New York
Golf clubs and courses in New York (state)
Sports venues in Long Island
Sports venues in Nassau County, New York
Town of North Hempstead, New York
Golf clubs and courses designed by Devereux Emmet


Bjarne Eriksen (30 March 1882 – 21 November 1970) was a Norwegian painter.

He was born in Copenhagen, Denmark. He was the son of Adam Emanuel Erichsen and Olea Pedersen. His brother  Sigurd Eriksen  was also a painter.
He attended the Norwegian National Academy of Craft and Art Industry in  Oslo. He studied art under Kristian Zahrtmann in 1904 and 1905 and was also influenced by Henrik Sørensen. He was awarded both state scholarships and private endowments to study abroad. He conducted study trips to Paris in 1910 and 1919. He principally painted abstract and colorful landscapes. He is represented in the National Gallery of Norway.

References

1882 births
1970 deaths
20th-century Norwegian painters
Norwegian male painters
Norwegian expatriates in Denmark
20th-century Norwegian male artists


The 2008–09 Slovak Cup was the 40th season of Slovakia's annual knock-out cup competition and the sixteenth since the independence of Slovakia. It began on 5 August 2008 with Round 1 and ended on 20 May 2009 with the Final. The winners of the competition earned a place in the third qualifying round of the UEFA Europa League. Artmedia Petržalka were the defending champions.

First round
The games were played around 5 August 2008.

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Second round
The games were played around 16 September 2008.

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Third round
The games were played on 24 September 2008 (1 game), 30 September 2008 (4 games), 1 October 2008 (2 games) & 21 October 2008 (1 game).

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Quarter-finals
The first legs were played between 21 and 29 October 2008. The second legs were played on 4 November 2008 with the exception of Slovan – Žilina, which was played on 18 March 2009.

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Semi-finals
The first legs were played on 22 April 2009. The second legs were played on 5 May 2009.

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Final

External links
 profutbal.sk

References

Slovak Cup seasons
Slovak Cup
Cup


Giselher, Gisilher, Gisiler, or Giseler () is a Germanic masculine given name. It may refer to:

Giselher of Burgundy, Burgundian king
Gisilher (archbishop of Magdeburg) (died 1004), German ecclesiastic
Giselher Klebe (1925–2009), German composer
Giselher Wilke (1922–2007), German army officer

See also
Gislhere (died circa 785), English Bishop of Selsey

German masculine given names
Masculine given names


The Heritage () is a 1978 Danish drama film directed by Anders Refn and starring Jens Okking.

Cast
 Jens Okking - Helmuth
 Helle Hertz - Alvilda
 Bodil Udsen - Juliane
 Stefan Ekman - Grev Scheele
 Poul Reichhardt - Adolf Mascani
 Birgit Sadolin - Johanne Mascani
 Stine Bierlich - Karen
 Anne Marie Helger - Frøken Jansen
 Masja Dessau - Clara Mascani
 Allan Olsen - Julius
 Otte Svendsen - Tjener Niels
 Folmer Rubæk - Forvalter Rasmus
 Ulla Lock - Stasia
 Inger Stender - Kammerjomfru
 Judy Gringer - Maren
 Elin Reimer - Stine
 Else-Marie - Amalie (as Else Marie Juul Hansen)
 Claus Strandberg - Jakob
 Bendt Rothe - Herredsfoged

External links

1978 films
1970s Danish-language films
1978 drama films
Danish drama films
Films directed by Anders Refn


Blacksand is a British guitar-based electronic music duo consisting of Nick Franglen of Lemon Jelly and C.J. Casey of Akasha.

They are noted for the unusual places in which they play their improvised music, which include down a mine, on a submarine and in an abandoned industrial testing facility.  They released their first album, Barn, in May 2008.

References

External links
Blacksand official website

English electronic music duos
Male musical duos


Sleep journal may refer to:
 A sleep diary, a record of an individual's sleeping and waking times
 Sleep, a medical journal covering sleep research