Diamond type is a method of scientifically classifying diamonds by the level and type of their chemical impurities. Diamonds are separated into five types: Type IaA, Type IaB, Type Ib, Type IIa, and Type IIb. The impurities measured are at the atomic level within the crystal lattice of carbon atoms and so, unlike inclusions, require an infrared spectrometer to detect.

Different diamond types react in different ways to diamond enhancement techniques. Different types can coexist within a single stone; natural diamonds are often mixes of Type Ia and Ib, which can be determined by their infrared absorption spectrum.

Types of diamond

Type I
Type I diamonds, the most common class, contain nitrogen atoms as their main impurity, commonly at a concentration of 0.1%. Type I diamonds absorb in both the infrared and ultraviolet region, from 320 nm. They also have a characteristic fluorescence and visible absorption spectrum (see Optical properties of diamond).

Type Ia
Type Ia diamonds make up about 95% of all natural diamonds. The nitrogen impurities, up to 0.3% (3000 ppm), are clustered within the carbon lattice, and are relatively widespread. The absorption spectrum of the nitrogen clusters can cause the diamond to absorb blue light, making it appear pale yellow or almost colorless. Most Ia diamonds are a mixture of IaA and IaB material; these diamonds belong to the Cape series, named after the diamond-rich region formerly known as Cape Province in South Africa, whose deposits are largely Type Ia. Type Ia diamonds often show sharp absorption bands with the main band at 415.5 nm (N3) and weaker lines at 478 nm (N2), 465 nm, 452 nm, 435 nm, and 423 nm (the "Cape lines"), caused by the N2 and N3 nitrogen centers. They also show blue fluorescence to long-wave ultraviolet radiation due to the N3 nitrogen centers (the N3 centers do not impair visible color, but are always accompanied by the N2 centers which do). Brown, green, or yellow diamonds show a band in the green at 504 nm (H3 center), sometimes accompanied by two additional weak bands at 537 nm and 495 nm (H4 center, a large complex presumably involving 4 substitutional nitrogen atoms and 2 lattice vacancies).
Type IaA, where the nitrogen atoms are in pairs; these do not affect the diamond's color.
Type IaB, where the nitrogen atoms are in large even-numbered aggregates; these impart a yellow to brown tint.

Type Ib

Type Ib make up about 0.1% of all natural diamonds.
They contain up to 0.05% (500 ppm) of nitrogen, but the impurities are more diffuse: the atoms are dispersed throughout the crystal in isolated sites.
Type Ib diamonds absorb green light in addition to blue, and have a more intense or darker yellow or brown colour than Type Ia diamonds.
The stones have an intense yellow or occasionally brown tint; the rare canary diamonds belong to this type, which represents only 0.1% of known natural diamonds.
The visible absorption spectrum is gradual, without sharp absorption bands.
Almost all HPHT synthetic diamonds are of Type Ib.

Type II
Type II diamonds have no measurable nitrogen impurities. Type II diamonds absorb in a different region of the infrared, and transmit in the ultraviolet below 225 nm, unlike Type I diamonds. They also have differing fluorescence characteristics. The crystals as found tend to be large and irregular in shape. Type II diamonds were formed under extremely high pressure for longer time periods.

Type IIa
Type IIa diamonds make up 1–2% of all natural diamonds (1.8% of gem diamonds). These diamonds are almost or entirely devoid of impurities, and consequently are usually colourless and have the highest thermal conductivity. They are very transparent in ultraviolet, down to 230 nm. Occasionally, while Type IIa diamonds are being extruded towards the surface of the Earth, the pressure and tension can cause structural anomalies arising through plastic deformation during the growth of the tetrahedral crystal structure, leading to imperfections. These imperfections can confer a yellow, brown, orange, pink, red, or purple colour to the gem. Type IIa diamonds can have their structural deformations "repaired" via a high-pressure, high-temperature (HPHT) process, removing much or all of the diamond's color. Type IIa diamonds constitute a great percentage of Australian production. Many famous large diamonds, like the Cullinan, Koh-i-Noor, Lesedi La Rona, and The Lulo Rose are Type IIa. Synthetic diamonds grown using the CVD process typically also belong to this type.

Type IIb

Type IIb diamonds make up about 0.1% of all natural diamonds, making them one of the rarest natural diamonds and very valuable.
In addition to having very low levels of nitrogen impurities comparable to Type IIa diamonds, Type IIb diamonds contain significant boron impurities.
The absorption spectrum of boron causes these gems to absorb red, orange, and yellow light, lending Type IIb diamonds a light blue or grey color, though examples with low levels of boron impurities can also be colorless.
These diamonds are also p-type semiconductors, unlike other diamond types, due to uncompensated electron holes (see Electrical properties of diamond); as little as 1 ppm of boron is enough for this effect.
However, a blue-grey color may also occur in Type Ia diamonds and be unrelated to boron.
Type IIb diamonds show distinctive infrared absorption spectrum and show gradually increasing absorption towards the red side of visible spectrum.

Not restricted to type are green diamonds, whose color is derived from exposure to varying quantities of ionizing radiation.

Most blue-gray diamonds coming from the Argyle mine of Australia are not of type IIb, but of Ia type; those diamonds contain large concentrations of defects and impurities (especially hydrogen and nitrogen) and the origin of their color is yet uncertain.

See also
Diamond color
List of diamonds

References

Type


Gravina Museum of Fine Arts (Spanish: Museo de Bellas Artes Gravina, MUBAG) is a museum in the city of Alicante, Spain, located  in the Palacio del Conde de Lumiares, a four floor building constructed between 1748 and 1808 and declared a historical monument.

The museum is devoted to painting and sculpture of Alicante from the sixteenth century to the early decades of the twentieth century. In the museum there are nearly 500 works from funds of the provincial council, including a sculpture by Francisco Salzillo, and a portrait of Ferdinand VII by Valencian painter Vicente López Portaña. The museum has also several works of the most important regional painters of the nineteenth century: Antonio Gisbert, Joaquín Agrasot, Lorenzo Casanova, and Fernando Cabrera Cantó. These works reflect the major trends of the nineteenth century: historicism, customs, portraits, landscapes.

References

External links
 Museum website
 Gravina Museum at whatalicante.com
 Alicante museums at alicante-spotlight.com

Art museums and galleries in Spain
Museums in Alicante
Art museums established in 2001
2001 establishments in Spain


Andrews Avenue station is SEPTA Route 102 trolley stop in Collingdale, Pennsylvania. The station is officially located at Woodlawn & Andrews Avenues. This is the third to last station stop on the Route 102 line, and the second to last stop to run along Woodlawn Avenue.

Trolleys arriving at this station travel between 69th Street Terminal in Upper Darby, Pennsylvania and Chester Pike (US 13) in Sharon Hill, Pennsylvania. The station has a shed with a roof where people can go inside when it is raining. This shed is located on the north side of the grade crossing with Andrews Avenue at the end of a sidewalk platform. Because the stop is in a residential area, no parking is available.

Station layout

External links

 Station from Andrews Avenue from Google Maps Street View

SEPTA Media–Sharon Hill Line stations


Júlio Cernadas Pereira (13 January 1929 – 11 October 2007), commonly known as Juca, was a Portuguese football midfielder and coach. Most of his career was associated with Sporting CP, as both player and manager.

Playing career
The son of Portuguese parents who had settled in Mozambique, Juca was born in Lourenço Marques, and started playing professionally with local Sporting de Lourenço Marques as a goalkeeper. In 1949 he went to Portugal and joined Sporting CP, where he remained for nine years until his retirement at the age of 29 due to a knee injury, helping them win five Primeira Liga championships and the 1954 domestic cup.

During nearly four years, Juca earned six caps for Portugal. His first game was a 1–1 draw with Austria on 23 November 1952 in a friendly match in Porto, and his last appearance was in another exhibition game, against Hungary (9 June 1956 in Lisbon, same result).

Coaching career
Shortly after retiring in 1960, Juca started managing, his first job being with main club Sporting's under-19. He was promoted to head coach of the first team the following year, being in charge for three-and-a-half of the following five years and winning the 1962 and 1966 leagues (he was only in charge for four matches in the latter campaign however) as well as the 1963 Portuguese Cup.

After spending the following years with three clubs, mainly Académica de Coimbra, and some periods of inactivity, Juca returned to Sporting for 1975–76, being fired after the team could only rank in fifth position, 12 points behind champions S.L. Benfica.

In his second spell with the Coimbra side, Juca accumulated and worked for the first time as coach of the Portugal national team – in 1968 he had already worked in Otto Glória's staff– winning three games during the 1978 FIFA World Cup qualifiers and finishing second to Poland in its group, but faring worse in the 1982 edition (fourth position); both campaigns ended in failure to reach the final stages.

Juca was again in charge of the national team for the 1990 World Cup qualification, missing it by just two points in the favour of Czechoslovakia. After being dismissed he returned to Sporting, working until 2004 as director of football and youth coordinator. He died at the age of 78.

Honours

Player
Primeira Liga: 1950–51, 1951–52, 1952–53, 1953–54, 1957–58
Taça de Portugal: 1953–54

Manager
Primeira Liga: 1961–62, 1965–66
Taça de Portugal: 1962–63

References

External links

1929 births
2007 deaths
Footballers from Maputo
Portuguese men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Primeira Liga players
Sporting CP footballers
Portugal men's international footballers
Portuguese football managers
Primeira Liga managers
Sporting CP managers
Vitória S.C. managers
Académica de Coimbra (football) managers
C.F. Os Belenenses managers
S.C. Braga managers
Portugal national football team managers


Lego Games (stylized as LEGO Games) was a product range of the construction toy Lego. The theme was first introduced in 2009.

Overview
The theme focuses on a series of playable games of different types, all of which use Lego bricks, and use the Lego concept of building to encourage players to change and adapt the rules of the games.

Construction sets
The Lego Games sets are board games created by designer Cephas Howard, with consultants Bernie DeKoven and Reiner Knizia, that incorporate Lego pieces as components for the game. Most use original themes and settings, though a small number have been based on existing Lego themes, such as Harry Potter Hogwarts which is based on the Lego Harry Potter theme, and Ninjago: The Board Game, based on Ninjago. The Ramses characters represent a mini-theme within the Games line, comprising three of the sets so far: Ramses Pyramid, Orient Bazaar, and Ramses Return. A more promoted subtheme is the Role-playing game based Heroica, with boards that can be connected to one another. All of the sets make use of the distinctive Lego Dice - a solid plastic, Lego-compatible iomji with soft rubber rimming on each edge to give the die a particularly strong bounce. Depending on the game, the die can be built with different Lego tiles on its faces which will affect gameplay in different ways. The age recommendations range from five and up to eight and up.

The first Lego Games sets were released on July 2, 2009, in the United Kingdom. These ten sets varied in size from around 100 to 350 pieces. Four of the sets - Lava Dragon, Pirate Code, Minotarus, and Creationary - were later released in the United States in March 2010. In March 2010 four new sets were released in the United Kingdom, ranging in size from around 90 pieces to 120. In the United States five of the original ten games were released in June 2010, with only Lunar Command not getting released. This delay between European and American releases has repeated with each subsequent wave of new games. As part of a promotion for the American release, a tour of 13 different parts of the United States was undertaken from July 2 to September 19, 2010.

In July 2010 another four new sets were released in the United Kingdom. At around the same time, Shave a Sheep and Harry Potter Hogwarts were released in the United States, with the former game being renamed "Wild Wool," with Magma Monster and Orient Bazaar following in August and Atlantis Treasure in October. Christmas 2010 saw the distribution of the special set 2010: Happy Holidays - The Christmas Game, a gift to LEGO staff and partners. A further five sets were scheduled for general UK release in early 2011.

Awards and nominations
In 2009, Minotaurus and Ramses Pyramid were awarded "DreamToys" in the Games category  by the Toy Retailers Association.

In 2010, Hogwarts Game was awarded "DreamToys" in the Games category by the Toy Retailers Association.

See also
 BrikWars

References

External links
 Lego Games  at Lego.com

2000s toys
2010s toys
Reiner Knizia games
Products introduced in 2009
Products and services discontinued in 2013


Maria Neculiță (born 30 March 1974) is a Romanian artistic gymnast who competed in international events between 1988 and 1992. Her best events were the floor and the beam. She won the team silver medal at the 1992 Olympics and team bronze at the 1991 World Championships. Individually, she won silver on beam and bronze on floor at the 1992 Worlds and a continental bronze on beam in 1990.

Career
Neculiță started gymnastics at the age of eight at Cetate Deva Gymnastics Club. In 1987 she was selected for the senior national team trained by coaches Octavian Belu.

Her international debut as senior was at the 1988 Moscow news where she medaled bronze on the floor exercise and placed sixth all around and on the uneven bars.
In 1990 she competed in her first major international competition, the 1990 European Championships in Athens. There she won bronze on the balance beam and she placed fifth on floor and sixth all-around.

Neculiță won the bronze medal with the team at the 1991 World Championships. The team showed  a good performance in the team optionals but, together with Eugenia Popa, Maria was heavily criticized by the press and by coach Belu for having let the crowd interfere with their performance during the team compulsories. At this competition Maria did not qualify in any of the final events

However, one year later she had one of her best meets at the 1992 World Championships, tying for silver on beam with Li Yifang and for bronze on floor with Tatiana Lysenko.  Her floor routine showed musicality, style and world class tumbling, establishing her as one of the medal contenders on   floor  for  the 1992 Olympic Games.
In 1992 she  also tied with Gina Gogean for the all around title and won the floor title  at the 1992  International Championships of Romania.

Together with Lavinia Miloșovici, Gina Gogean,  Mirela Paşca, Vanda Hădărean, and Cristina Bontaș, Maria was a member of the silver winning Romanian team at the 1992 Summer Olympics Barcelona,  Spain. Unfortunately, in the qualifications for the floor and beam finals she placed seventeenth and sixteenth, respectively. Therefore,  she did not compete in the final events.  Instead, her teammates Miloșovici and Bontaș won the gold and the bronze in the floor final, respectively.

Her last competition was the 1992 Balkan games where she won the all around (ahead of Gina Gogean), the floor and beam finals and finished second on bars.

Post retirement
Neculiță retired in 1992. In 1995 she  went to Italy to coach at the Nuoro at the Centro Sportivo Osaka club.

References

External links

List of competition results

Living people
Gymnasts at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Romanian female artistic gymnasts
Olympic gymnasts for Romania
Olympic silver medalists for Romania
Medalists at the World Artistic Gymnastics Championships
1974 births
Olympic medalists in gymnastics
Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics
People from Deva, Romania
Sportspeople from Hunedoara County


In communication studies, science communication, psycholinguistics and choice theory, anecdotal value refers to the primarily social and political value of an anecdote or anecdotal evidence in promoting understanding of a social, cultural, or economic phenomenon. While anecdotal evidence is typically unscientific, in the last several decades the evaluation of anecdotes has received sustained academic scrutiny from economists and scholars such as Felix Salmon, S. G. Checkland (on David Ricardo), Steven Novella, R. Charleton, Hollis Robbins, Kwamena Kwansah-Aidoo, and others. These academics seek to quantify the value of the use of anecdotes, e.g. in promoting public awareness of a disease. More recently, economists studying choice models have begun assessing anecdotal value in the context of framing; Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky suggest that choice models may be contingent on stories or anecdotes that frame or influence choice.  As an example, consider the quote, widely misattributed to Joseph Stalin and later recognized to be from Kurt Tucholsky: The death of one man is a tragedy, the death of millions is a statistic.<ref>Solovyova, Julia (October 28, 1997) Mustering Most Memorable Quips , The Moscow Times states: "Russian historians have no record of the lines, 'Death of one man is a tragedy. Death of a million is a statistic,' commonly attributed by English-language dictionaries to Josef Stalin." Discussion of the book by Konstantin Dushenko, Dictionary of Modern Quotations (Словарь современных цитат: 4300 ходячих цитат и выражений ХХ века, их источники, авторы, датировка). See also Joseph Stalin in Wikiquote.</ref>

 See also
 Allais paradox
 Availability heuristic
 Informational cascade

 Notes

 References
 Choices, values and frames'', Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky (Eds.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 840 pp.,
 Telling Stories: The Epistemological Value of Anecdotes in Ghanaian communication research
 The Role of Anecdotes in Science-Based Medicine

Behavioral finance
Evidence law


Turkish Republic may refer to:

 Turkey, archaically the "Turkish Republic"
 Northern Cyprus, officially the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus"


Cayon Rockets are a football club based in Cayon, Saint Kitts and Nevis.

History
They won their country's football championship in 2001/02, thus becoming the first club from outside Basseterre to do so. They were relegated from the Saint Kitts Premier Division in 2006/07. The club previously played home matches at St Mary's Park.

Achievements
Saint Kitts and Nevis Premier Division: 3
 2001–02, 2015–16, 2016–17
Saint Kitts and Nevis National Cup: 2
 2001–02, 2017–18

References

Football clubs in Saint Kitts and Nevis


Velega Savali Savali Jr. (born January 11, 1943) is an American Samoan politician. Savali was a candidate for Lieutenant Governor of American Samoa in the American Samoan gubernatorial election in 2008. He served as the American Samoa Treasurer from 2005 until 2008, and a senator from 2009 to 2012.

Biography

Personal life
Savali is married to Leleiga Fa’atili Esera. The couple have three daughters - Lelatasi, Hope and Tasi - two sons, John and Savali III, and six grandchildren, Anthony, Lela, Walker, Dash, Reid and Maliyah.

Savali was granted the title of High Talking Chief of Velega by his family. He is a deacon at the Congregational Christian Church of American Samoa.

Early life
Savali was born on January 11, 1943, to Savali Rapi Muasau and Taupuleesea Tela. Savali's family is originally from Ofu-Olosega in the Manu'a Islands.

He attended Ofu Elementary School from 1948 and Papatea Junior High School from 1954. Savali moved to the island of Tutuila in 1958, where he attended the High School of American Samoa in Utulei. He and his family soon moved again, this time to Hawaii, where he graduated from Admiral Arthur W. Radford High School in 1962.

Savali enlisted in the United States Marines in 1965, and served in the Vietnam War for a brief time. He was awarded the Vietnam Service Medal, the National Defense Service Medal and two medals for good conduct. Seveli received an honorable discharge from the Marines in 1968 as an E-5.

Savali enrolled at Los Angeles City College in 1969. He transferred to California State University, Los Angeles, in 1971, where he earned a Bachelor of Science degree in political science and business administration.

Career
Savali returned to American Samoa in 1974, where he became the assistant director of the Department of Public Works (DPW). He became the manager of the Office of Motor Vehicles of American Samoa in 1975. He held the position until he took a position as the administrator of the High Court of American Samoa in 1978. Savali later became the manager of the Department of Human Resources.

Savali became a legislative financial officer for the American Samoa Fono in 1986. He was appointed as the vice president of the Development Bank of American Samoa in 2000.

Savali was appointed the Treasurer of the American Samoa government, a cabinet post, in August 2005 by Governor Togiola Tulafono. He was confirmed for the post by the American Samoa Fono. In January 2008, Governor Tulafono wrote to Savali asking that he submit his resignation for failing to report that the government was facing a deteriorating financial crisis and was running out of money. Savali sent a letter back to the Governor refusing to resign and challenging the governor to remove him from his cabinet office. He was subsequently fired by Governor Tulafono. Savali said in an interview that a termination letter was delivered to him in a public park. He stated that the Governor's poor assessment of the American Samoan finances was incorrect.

2008 Lieutenant Governor election

In 2008, Afoa Moega Lutu announced that he would challenge Governor Togiola Tulafono for governor of American Samoa, with Velega Savali as his running mate. Savali would have become the next Lieutenant Governor of American Samoa if elected on November 4, 2008, but the Lutu-Savali ticket lost to the incumbent Governor Togiola Tulafono in a run off.

Senator
In January 2009 Savali joined the American Samoa Senate after a contested selection. In July 2010 he filed a lawsuit preventing the government spending money on a Samoan Heritage Week in Hawaii without the approval of the Fono.

He was subsequently appointed American Samoa's chief election officer, but resigned in May 2013.

References

External links
 Afoa & Savali for Governor: Official 2008 campaign website

1943 births
Living people
American Samoan politicians
Los Angeles City College alumni
California State University, Los Angeles alumni
United States Marine Corps personnel of the Vietnam War
American Samoan chiefs
United States Marines
Admiral Arthur W. Radford High School alumni


Richard P. Gogan (29 November 1899 – 28 April 1982) was a member of the Irish Volunteers who fought in the 1916 Easter Rising. In later life, he became a Fianna Fáil politician.

Early and personal life
He was the son of William J. Gogan and was married to Kitty Gogan. He was one of the Guard of Honour at the funeral of Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa in August 1915, and was present when Patrick Pearse gave his famous speech at the graveside.

1916 Easter Rising
Gogan was a member of B company, 1st Battalion Irish Volunteers commanded by Edward Daly. He saw action at Cabra and at the General Post Office (GPO). On Easter Monday, 24 April 1916, he was part of a unit that were tasked to take control of three bridges into Dublin, at the North Circular Road, Cabra Road and Cross Guns Bridge on Phibsboro Road. They came under machine gun and artillery fire from nearby British military units, and an artillery piece sprayed their barricade with shrapnel after which they escaped and took shelter near Ben Eavin House in Glasnevin. At some point in the early hours of 25 April 1916, he left along with Jack Price, PJ Corless and his brother Vincent.

The next report of his participation in the Rising is at the GPO in O'Connell Street. Early in the morning of Friday 28 April, he volunteered as a stretcher-bearer to carry the wounded James Connolly out of the GPO, which was by then on fire. Under heavy machine-gun fire, he and two others (Sean Price and Paddy Ryan) carried Connolly to an Irish Volunteer position in a mineral water factory on Henry Place.

Prior to the Rising, there is a report of Gogan working in a bomb factory at a house called 'Cluny' in Clontarf which was used as an Irish Volunteers' munitions base.

Political career
He was a founding member of Fianna Fáil. Gogan was first elected to Dáil Éireann as a Fianna Fáil Teachta Dála (TD) for the Dublin North-West constituency at the 1954 general election, having previously unsuccessfully contested the 1948 and 1951 general elections. He held his seat at every subsequent election until losing at the 1977 general election in the new Dublin Cabra constituency.

References

1899 births
1982 deaths
Fianna Fáil TDs
Members of the 15th Dáil
Members of the 16th Dáil
Members of the 17th Dáil
Members of the 18th Dáil
Members of the 19th Dáil
Members of the 20th Dáil
Politicians from County Dublin


Kathleen Hazel Coburn  (September 7, 1905 – September 23, 1991) was a Canadian academic and a leading authority on the poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge.

Born in Stayner, Ontario, a fourth generation Canadian of Scottish–Irish descent, Coburn was one of six children born to John Coburn, a Methodist minister, and Susannah Wesley Emerson, Coburn was educated at Harbord Collegiate Institute in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and later studied at the University of Toronto, taking a BA in 1928 and an MA in 1930. Having been awarded an Imperial Order of the Daughters of the Empire War Memorial Scholarship (IODE) to Oxford in 1930, she obtained a BLitt from St Hugh's College, Oxford in 1932.

In 1930 the 25-year-old Coburn visited The Chanter's House at Ottery St Mary in Devon, which had been the home of the Coleridge family for centuries. Here she discovered an extensive archive of documents written by Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Geoffrey Coleridge, 3rd Baron Coleridge gave her unlimited access to this archive, and allowed her to have it photographed and the copies placed in the British Museum for the benefit of future scholars. He also granted her permission to edit and publish Coleridge's Notebooks, which she edited from 1957 to 1990.

In 1949 Coburn was instrumental in negotiating the sale of this Chanter's House archive to the British Museum for £10,200, with a donation from the Pilgrim Trust. The collection was eventually deposited with the British Museum in May 1951.

Coburn spent her entire academic career at Victoria College in the University of Toronto, firstly for four years as Assistant to the Dean of Women before joining the English Department in 1936, becoming Professor in 1953 until her retirement in 1971. She received a Leverhulme Award in 1948, a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1953, was made a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 1957, an Honorary Fellow of St Hugh's College, Oxford in 1970, an Officer of the Order of Canada in 1974, an honorary DLitt of the University of Cambridge in 1975, and an honorary Doctorate from the University of Toronto in 1978 in recognition of her achievement in the field of Samuel Taylor Coleridge research and study. In 1979 she was awarded the Pierre Chauveau Medal by the Royal Society of Canada and the Rose Mary Crawshay Prize in 1990.

Coburn made a bequest to Victoria College to set up 'Coburn Fellowships' where up to three Fellowships a year valued at $20,000 are awarded to Canadian and Israeli students who are studying in the fields of Fine Art or Humanities. The E. J. Pratt Library in the Victoria University in the University of Toronto has the Kathleen Coburn Reading Room, which is dedicated to Coburn's memory.

Coburn published her autobiography,  'In Pursuit of Coleridge' , in 1977. She died in Toronto, Ontario in 1991.

Publications
Coburn, Kathleen. 'Coleridge; A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1967
Experience into Thought: Perspectives in the Coleridge Notebooks. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1979
The Grandmothers. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1949
In Pursuit of Coleridge. Toronto: Clarke, Irwin, 1977
The Self Conscious Imagination: A Study of the Coleridge Notebooks in Celebration of the Bi-centenary of his Birth 21 October 1772. London: Oxford University Press, 1974
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor. The Collected Works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge. General ed., Kathleen Coburn. London: Routledge and K. Paul; Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969
Inquiring Spirit: A New Presentation of Coleridge from his Published and Unpublished Prose Writings. Ed. Kathleen Coburn. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1979
Notebooks. Ed. Kathleen Coburn. New York: Pantheon Books, 1957-1990
Hutchinson, Sara. Letters from 1800-1835. Ed. Kathleen Coburn. London: Routledge & Paul, 1954

References

External links

Coburn on the University of Toronto website
The Canada Council for the Arts website
'In pursuit of Coleridge' by Kathleen Coburn. Review by Hazel K. Bell
Coburn on the Victoria University Library Special Collections
Coburn in the University of Toronto Magazine

1905 births
1991 deaths
Officers of the Order of Canada
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
University of Toronto alumni
Alumni of St Hugh's College, Oxford
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy
People from Clearview, Ontario
Writers from Simcoe County


This season, Bahraini Premier League will be known as the Bahrain Classification Soccer League 2008–09 and will consist of 19 teams which will play each other once. The top 10 teams will join the new Premier League in 2009–10 and the bottom 9 teams will form a new Division 2 championship.

The top two sides enter the 2009 Gulf Club Champions Cup

Final league table

End of season playoff
Al Hadd and Al Hala went into an end of season play-off to determine which side would stay in the Premier League for the following season. Al Hala won the game 1-0 after extra time.

References
Bahrain - List of final tables (RSSSF)

Bahraini Premier League seasons
1
Bah


Isaac Ikhouria (born 9 October 1947) is a retired light-heavyweight boxer from Nigeria who won a bronze medal at the 1972 Summer Olympics. A year later he won a gold medal at the 1973 All-Africa Games.

References

1947 births
Living people
Light-heavyweight boxers
Olympic boxers for Nigeria
Olympic bronze medalists for Nigeria
Boxers at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Olympic medalists in boxing
Boxers at the 1970 British Commonwealth Games
Boxers at the 1974 British Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for Nigeria
Nigerian male boxers
Medalists at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Commonwealth Games medallists in boxing
African Games gold medalists for Nigeria
African Games medalists in boxing
Boxers at the 1973 All-Africa Games
20th-century Nigerian people
Medallists at the 1974 British Commonwealth Games


Livin Out Loud is an R&B music group consisting of brother and sister, Reuben and Sylvia MacCalla. Reuben MacCalla, also known professionally as Reuben Alexander, is the creative producer for the group and its label, Kin Productions. He is also a performer, songwriter, and producer. Sylvia MacCalla is an actor (Rent, Hairspray, etc.), singer, songwriter, and co-executive producer. The group also formerly included Lisa LaShawn, Dminor, and J. Martini. J Martini is a singer, songwriter, and actor (Jersey Boys, General Hospital, etc.). Lisa LaShawn is a singer and songwriter (written for Mandy Moore and others). Though no longer in the foreground, J. Martini and Dminor both maintain involvement with the group, the former as a guitarist and songwriter, the latter as a music video director. The group is known for its tracks "More Than a Fantasy," "Where's the Love," "You Make Me Smile," "What About Us" and "All That Really Matters."

Livin Out Loud was launched when Reuben and Sylvia collaborated with their brother, Thomas MacCalla, to form Kin Productions as a vehicle to combine their respective artistic and business talents. According to Reuben, "We've all been very blessed with the opportunity to work in an industry that we love... and the name, 'Livin Out Loud,' is all about sharing that love."

Livin Out Loud has received praise from numerous publications on both sides of the Atlantic. UK press has called them "America's best-kept secret." The group was a featured artist in Billboard Magazine (4 October 2009), which said:
Livin Out Loud seemingly exists in a series of alternate universes. In the United Kingdom, a handful of the R&B quarter’s singles have been in rotation at dance clubs and urban radio, remixed by prominent DJ’s for the last four years. In the American South, they have attracted listeners and programmers at adult R&B radio. In Japan, the act has sold 2,000 vinyl copies of the single "More Than A Fantasy," released via Mo’s Music. Not bad for a group based out of Hollywood.
In the United Kingdom, Soul and Jazz and Funk magazine (27 April 2010) said:
LIVIN' OUT LOUD are an American four piece group who are well known to the UK soul cognoscenti. What few copies of their 2006 album What About Us that were available in Europe were quickly snapped up... The first track to be leaked from the album is called Cuz I Gotta Know (in a special Souled Out mix) and it's a smooth slice of steppers soul that will delight sophisticated groovers.

In London, Livin Out Loud achieved chart success with the single, "All That Really Matters," which went to #1 on the DJ Play list. This led to a deal with Fontana Distribution, a Universal Music Group company. Two other singles, "Lately" and "I Can’t Stop," made it onto Billboard’s Hot Adult R&B Airplay chart. "Lately" made it to #1 in several markets, including Little Rock and New Orleans. "Lately" and "I Can't Stop" charted at #31 and #34 respectively on the Urban Adult Contemporary Chart. "So Amazing" was the featured track on Bob Mardis' award-winning documentary, Keeping The Faith, about rebuilding efforts by faith-based organizations after Hurricane Katrina.

Livin Out Loud's music can be found on music download sites such as iTunes, Amazon, etc. In 2010, the music video, "Brokeazz (Radio Edit)," received over 300,000 YouTube views in the first few months of its release. In the UK, Urban Essentials released the single, "Cuz I Gotta Know (Souled Out Mix)," in anticipation of the group's new album later in the year.

On 10 April 2015, Livin Out Loud released their first album as a duo since their debut. This UK-exclusive release, entitled Take It Easy and subtitled "A Musical Timecapsule," includes ten new songs and four re-mastered songs. The album's title track has received radio attention in London, and the group has performed in support of the album in the UK.

Discography

Livin Out Loud - 2000
Live At Humphrey's - 2002
Then and Now - 2004
What About Us - 2006
What About Us (Special Edition) - 2008
Take It Easy - 2015 [UK only]

Singles

 The Singles: More Than a Fantasy/Come On Baby - 2003
 Where's The Love (Single) - 2005
 What About Us (CD Single) - 2006
 All That Really Matters (CD Single) - 2007
 Lately - 2008 [US only]
 I Can't Stop - 2008 [US only]
 Brokeazz (Radio Edit) - 2010
 Cuz I Gotta Know (Souled Out Mix) - 2010 [UK only]

References

External links
 www.kinproductions.com
 www.soulandjazzandfunk.com
 Livin Out Loud on CD Baby

American contemporary R&B musical groups
African-American musical groups
Musical groups from Los Angeles


The Lauchert is a river in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, left tributary of the Danube. Its source is near Sonnenbühl, in the Swabian Alb. It is approx. 60 km long. It flows generally south through the small towns Gammertingen, Veringenstadt and Bingen. It flows into the Danube in Sigmaringendorf.

References

Rivers of Baden-Württemberg
Rivers of Germany


Burnt Peak may refer to:

 Burnt Peak (California)
 Burnt Peak (Montana)
 Burnt Peak (Oregon)
 Burnt Peak (Nevada)
 Burnt Peak (New Mexico)
 Burnt Peak (Utah)
 Burnt Peak (Washington)


Loretta Chen (born 2 December 1976), is a Singaporean theatre director, television presenter, radio personality and author. She was the Group Business Development & Creative Director of The Activation Group, a regional creative agency and production house. She is currently based in Honolulu but is Visiting Professor at the School of Leadership and Organisational Studies at the University of Southern Maine. She is also Adjunct Professor in Stanford University, Carnegie Mellon, Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University and University of Hawaii.

She is currently Co-Founder and CEO of Smobler, a metaverse architecture firm backed by The Sandbox and Brinc, both portfolio companies of Animoca Brands.

Education
Chen studied at Anglo-Chinese Junior College and graduated from the National University of Singapore (NUS) with a degree in English Literature and Theatre Studies. She completed her master's degree at Royal Holloway, University of London. She began doctoral studies at the University of California, Los Angeles but transferred to NUS, graduating with a PhD in Theatre (Critical Theory).

Career
Chen was the Treasurer of the Association of Singapore Actors (ASA). In 2008, she was selected by the Mayor of the Northwest CDC to sit on the Arts and Culture Committee. In 2009, she was shortlisted as one of the Nominated Member of Parliament (NMP) candidates for the Arts in Singapore, though an outspoken gay and human rights activist.

Writing career
Chen published her first book in 2014 with an autobiography, Woman on Top, about her family life and business career.

In 2016, Chen wrote The Elim Chew Story: Driven by Purpose, Destined for Change, a biography about Elim Chew, a female entrepreneur who started the streetwear retail chain 77th Street.

In 2017, Chen published a book, Madonnas and Mavericks: Power Women in Singapore, about 17 Singaporean women who have reached the peaks in various fields such as business, politics, advocacy, sports, lifestyle and the arts. The book includes Jennie Chua, Olivia Lum, Ivy Singh-Lim, Halimah Yacob and Sylvia Lim.

Chen published her fourth book, Mana Wahine: Power Women in Hawaii in 2019.

In December 2022, Chen published M/OTHER, a book inspired by her mother who survived a brain tumor, which explores the concept of motherhood and features interviews with parents who have faced challenges or have themselves challenged the norms. The book is a finalist in the Singapore Book Awards.

Personal life
Chen has two older brothers, the elder of whom is former actor Edmund Chen, the other brother, Eric Chen, manages The Activation Group alongside her.

Chen is based in East Honolulu, Hawaii.

Bibliography

References

External links
Personal Website
Archived Website

Singaporean stage actresses
Singaporean people of Hokkien descent
Singaporean theatre directors
Singaporean women theatre directors
Anglo-Chinese Junior College alumni
Singaporean LGBT writers
Living people
21st-century Singaporean actresses
National University of Singapore alumni
1976 births


Kali Yug: Goddess of Vengeance ( and also known as Vengeance of Kali) is a 1963 Italian fantasy film directed by Mario Camerini and starring Paul Guers.

Cast
 Paul Guers – Dr. Simon Palmer
 Senta Berger – Catherine Talbot
 Lex Barker – Maj. Ford
 Sergio Fantoni – Ram Chand
 Klaus Kinski – Saddhu
 Ian Hunter – Robert Talbot
 I. S. Johar – Gopal
 Claudine Auger – Amrita
 Joachim Hansen – Lt. Collins
 Michael Medwin – Capt. Walsh
 Roldano Lupi – Maharadja d'Hasnabad
 Alfio Caltabiano – The Crie
 Luciano Conversi – Kanchan
 Paul Muller – Botanist Alamian

References

External links

1963 films
1960s fantasy adventure films
1960s Italian-language films
Italian fantasy adventure films
West German films
Films directed by Mario Camerini
Films set in the British Raj
Films released in separate parts
Films set in India
1960s Italian films


The Barton Family Foundation is a charity established in 2005 by United States Congressman Joe Barton to provide support to "select charitable organizations" in , which Barton represents.  His daughter-in-law, Amy Barton, is the Foundation's Executive Director. The foundation spent $130,000 on overhead between 2005 and 2008 and made $90,000 in donations.

The foundation drew page one attention from The New York Times when it was revealed that major energy corporations, such as the Chicago-based nuclear energy producer, Exelon Corporation,  make large gifts to the Foundation. In June 2008, at a time when Barton had introduced legislation to assist corporations with the recycling of spent nuclear fuel, Barton solicited a $25,000 donation to the Foundation from Exelon.  Exelon has also donated $80,000 to Barton's campaign funds.

According to a 2008 story in The New York Times, the foundation pledged $400,000 to the local Boys and Girls Club to help build a $1.2 million clubhouse. The Washington Times reported in 2009 that the foundation gave only $90,000 for the clubhouse. The foundation also pledged $500,000 for a local Meals on Wheels group. Although the foundation made no direct gifts to that charity, Energy Future Holdings and BNSF Railway gave $35,000 in the foundation's name. Both companies have also supported Barton election campaigns.

The donations by major energy corporations led to an investigation by the Office of Congressional Ethics in 2009. Barton was cleared of unethical conduct charges.

External links
Foundation web site

References

Foundations based in the United States
Charities based in Texas
Organizations established in 2005
2005 establishments in Texas


Mermaids on the Golf Course (1985) is a collection of short stories by Patricia Highsmith, encompassing her standard themes of murder, violence, secrets and insanity.

Overview
The stories all serve as an exposé of the underbelly of American middle-class society, including the titular tale of a man whose near death experience casts a dark shadow over the rest of his days, and another about a husband who exacts cruel revenge on his wife by exploiting her habit of preserving dead pets in their garden.

Other stories in the collection are set outside of the US. For example 'A Clock Ticks at Christmas' is set in France, and 'A Shot From Nowhere' in Mexico. Both are countries in which Highsmith lived, and, like her novels, feature distinctly middle and upper-class characters.

Contents
"Mermaids on the Golf Course"
"The Button"
"Where the Action Is"
"Chris's Last Party"
"A Clock Ticks at Christmas"
"A Shot from Nowhere"
"The Stuff of Madness"
"Not in This Life, Maybe the Next"
"I Am Not As Efficient As Other People"
"The Cruellest Month"
"The Romantic"

Reception
One of the exhilarating effects of reading Highsmith's stories is their sure handedness, their amazing breadth and abundance. They compel attention and they add significantly to her already formidable presence. - James Lasdun, Washington Post
A true master of the psychological thriller. - Bookforum
An atmosphere of nameless dread, of unspeakable foreboding, permeates every page of Patricia Highsmith, and there's nothing quite like it. - Boston Globe
It should not now be necessary to expound on Highsmith's great gift...Like Graham Greene, she knows she has no need to gesticulate. - The Times Literary Supplement

References

Short story collections by Patricia Highsmith
1985 short story collections
Heinemann (publisher) books


The Gap Puche Cabin is a log cabin near Jackson, Wyoming that is the last survivor of the early outfitting industry in Jackson Hole.  It was built c. 1929 at the junction of the Gros Ventre River and Crystal Creek by brothers-in-law Actor Nelson and Charlie Smith. Beginning in 1930 the property was used by John Wort and Steve Callaghan as a base camp for their hunting guide, or outfitting operation, and became known as "Wort's Hunting Camp". Callaghan's interest in the operation was bought by Billy Stilson around 1935, and bought out Wort by 1939. The cabin was moved in 1942 or 1943 to its present location.

In 1976 Stilson sold the outfitting business to Gap and Peg Puche, who continue to use the cabin as a base camp.

See also
Wort Hotel

References

External links
Gap Puche Cabin at the Wyoming State Historic Preservation Office

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Wyoming
Houses in Teton County, Wyoming
Log cabins in the United States
National Register of Historic Places in Teton County, Wyoming
Log buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Wyoming


Sande Muhamed Kizito (born 17 October 1974) is a Ugandan light flyweight boxer. He represented his native African country at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia, where he was defeated in the first round by Lithuania's Ivanas Stapovičius. Nicknamed "Sunday" he won the gold medal in the men's light flyweight (– 48 kg) division at the 1999 All-Africa Games.

References
 sports-reference

1974 births
Living people
Ugandan Muslims
Light-flyweight boxers
Boxers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Olympic boxers for Uganda
Ugandan male boxers
African Games gold medalists for Uganda
African Games medalists in boxing
Competitors at the 1999 All-Africa Games


The 1935 Tschammerpokal Final decided the winner of the 1935 Tschammerpokal, the first season of Germany's knockout football cup competition. It was played on 8 December 1935 at the Rheinstadion in Düsseldorf. 1. FC Nürnberg won the match 2–0 against Schalke 04 to claim the first national cup title.

Route to the final
The Tschammerpokal began the final stage with 63 teams in a single-elimination knockout cup competition. There were a total of five rounds leading up to the final. Teams were drawn against each other, and the winner after 90 minutes would advance. If still tied, 30 minutes of extra time was played. If the score was still level, a replay would take place at the original away team's stadium. If still level after 90 minutes, 30 minutes of extra time was played. If the score was still level, a second replay would take place at the original home team's stadium. If still level after 90 minutes, 30 minutes of extra time was played. If the score was still level, a drawing of lots would decide who would advance to the next round.

Note: In all results below, the score of the finalist is given first (H: home; A: away; N: neutral).

Match

Details

References

External links
 Match report at kicker.de
 Match report at WorldFootball.net
 Match report at Fussballdaten.de

1. FC Nürnberg matches
FC Schalke 04 matches
Tschammerpokal Final
1935
December 1935 sports events
Sports competitions in Düsseldorf
20th century in Düsseldorf


The 1936 Tschammerpokal Final decided the winner of the 1936 Tschammerpokal, the 2nd season of Germany's knockout football cup competition. It was played on 3 January 1937 at the Olympiastadion in Berlin. VfB Leipzig won the match 2–1 against Schalke 04 to claim their 1st cup title.

Route to the final
The Tschammerpokal began the final stage with 64 teams in a single-elimination knockout cup competition. There were a total of five rounds leading up to the final. Teams were drawn against each other, and the winner after 90 minutes would advance. If still tied, 30 minutes of extra time was played. If the score was still level, a replay would take place at the original away team's stadium. If still level after 90 minutes, 30 minutes of extra time was played. If the score was still level, a second replay would take place at the original home team's stadium. If still level after 90 minutes, 30 minutes of extra time was played. If the score was still level, a drawing of lots would decide who would advance to the next round.

Note: In all results below, the score of the finalist is given first (H: home; A: away).

Match

Details

References

External links
 Match report at kicker.de
 Match report at WorldFootball.net
 Match report at Fussballdaten.de

1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig matches
FC Schalke 04 matches
Tschammerpokal Final
1936
January 1937 sports events
1930s in Berlin
Football competitions in Berlin


Fredrik Gabriel Hedberg (15 July 1811 – 19 August 1893) was a Finnish Lutheran pastor and vicar. He was a Neo-Lutheran theologian, a prominent figure in the Finnish evangelical revival movement and a leader of confessional Lutheranism in Finland.

Biography
Fredrik Hedberg was born in Saloinen, now a part of Raahe in the Ostrobothnia region of Western Finland. His father  was a sheriff and both his grandfathers had been priests in Ostrobothnia. Hedberg earned a master's of philosophy and theology from the Royal Academy of Turku. He was ordained a Lutheran pastor in 1834 and became curate in Siuntio, then in Lohja. Dating from 1836, he had supported the Pietist revivalist movement led by Savonian farmer and lay preacher Paavo Ruotsalainen. Soon Hedberg became one of the leaders of this movement in southern Finland. The rationalist diocesan chapter begun to dislike Hedberg's activity because of his Pietism and he was transferred first to Paimio in 1838 and again in 1840 as prison chaplain in Oulu. In 1842 he became temporary curate in Replot and in 1843 parish pastor in Pöytyä. He started a short-lived and somewhat polemical publication, , in 1849, but its publishing was taken over by Anders Wiberg in 1851 and Per Palmqvist served as editor until it was discontinued at the end of the year. In 1853 he became vicar in Kaarina and in 1862 vicar at Kimito Church in Kimito.

Gradually, Hedberg discovered Lutheranism without any "order of salvation" from Martin Luther's postil and abandoned Pietism including the books of Arndt and Spener among others, which had formerly been his spiritual authorities. He began to read Martin Luther, Stephan Praetorius and the Book of Concord. He wrote a devotional commentary to the 1st chapter of the Epistle to the Ephesians, "The Doctrine of Faith unto Salvation" (Eng. transl. 1998), which focused on justification by faith alone, being full of joy about salvation. Hedberg now began a controversy against Pietism, using the works of Johann Gerhard, Andreas Gottlob Rudelbach, Wilhelm Löhe, Gottfried Thomasius, Gottlieb Christoph Adolf von Harless and Catenhusen. His main writing in this controversy is Pietism och Christendom (1845) where he criticised Philipp Jacob Spener, Rambach, Johann Philipp Fresenius, Anders Nohrborg and Henric Schartau. In 1855 Hedberg published a book against the teaching of the Baptists in response to the writings of Anders Wiberg.

Hedberg published several religious newspapers for his readers. He kept reading neo-Lutheran theology, Martin Luther and evangelical Roman Catholics Martin Boos and Johannes Gossner. He organised a fundraising as a gift for persecuted Old Lutherans of Prussia. Also in Sweden he had many readers associated with Carl Olof Rosenius, including Baptist pioneer brothers Per Palmqvist and Gustaf Palmquist. His theological influence was such that the Lutheran Evangelical Association of Finland was founded in 1873 to foster and maintain confessional Lutheran revival in Finland. In later years Hedberg focused more on sacraments and on the mystical union with Christ. At Kimito, the Eucharist was celebrated every Sunday during Hedberg's time. As celebrant he also always wore the chasuble.

Hedberg died in 1893 in Kimito.

Selected works
 (1841)
 (1845)
 (1847−1851)
 (1850)
 (1851)
 (1851)
 (1852)
 (1855)
 (1855)
 (1879)

References

Other sources
 Wolfgang Amadeus Schmidt (1951) Fredrik Gabriel Hedberg : den evangeliska rörelsens i Finland grundare (Förbundet för Svenskt Församlingsarbete i Finland)
Esa Santakari, Vanhan Hedbergin sakramenttimystiikka. Elevatis Oculis, studia mystica in honorem Seppo A. Teinonen. Annals of the Finnish Society for Missiology and Ecumenics, 42, 1984.

1811 births
1893 deaths
People from Raahe
People from Oulu Province (Grand Duchy of Finland)
Swedish-speaking Finns
19th-century Finnish Lutheran clergy
Finnish Lutheran theologians
Lutheran writers
Prison chaplains
19th-century Protestant theologians
Finnish Lutheran hymnwriters


Joe Robinson may refer to:

Joe Robinson (footballer, born 1919) (1919–1991), English football goalkeeper
Joe Robinson (actor) (1927–2017), English actor and stuntman
Joe Sam Robinson (born 1945), American neurosurgeon
Joe Robinson (radio personality) (born 1968), American radio personality
Joe Robinson (musician) (born 1991), Australian guitarist and 2008 winner of Australia's Got Talent
Joe Robinson (footballer, born 1996), English professional footballer

See also
Joseph Robinson (disambiguation)


Jean-Pierre-Antoine Rey (21 December 1767 – 12 January 1842) commanded a famous French infantry regiment during the Napoleonic Wars and became a general officer in 1808. He led an infantry brigade in a number of actions in Spain and France. His brother Louis Emmanuel Rey was a French general of brigade who also served in Spain during the Peninsular War. Since most sources do not distinguish between the generals named Rey, the two are easily confused.

Early career
Rey was born on 21 December 1767. He became colonel of the 57th Line Infantry Regiment on 11 November 1803. In the War of the Third Coalition the 57th fought at the Battles of Memmingen, Ulm, and Austerlitz.<ref name=Broughton>{{cite web|last=Broughton |first=Tony |publisher=The Napoleon Series |access-date=15 June 2013 |year=2001 |url=http://www.napoleon-series.org/military/organization/c_frenchinf6.html#Rey |title=French Infantry Regiments and the Colonels Who Led Them 1789-1815: Part VI 51e to 60e}}</ref> At Austerlitz on 2 December 1805, the regiment fought in Dominique Vandamme's division of Marshal Nicolas Soult's IV Corps. On 25 December 1805, Rey received the Commandant's Cross of the Légion d'Honneur.

 Peninsular War 1808–1809
The Dos de Mayo Uprising in May 1808 rendered the French occupation of Spain insecure. Among other units sent to Spain to reinforce the Imperial French units already there were ten veteran battalions under Georges Mouton. Dropping off one brigade at Vitoria, Mouton joined the army of Marshal Jean-Baptiste Bessières and fought at the Battle of Medina de Rioseco on 14 July 1808. Hilaire Benoît Reynaud's brigade with 3,000 men of the 4th Light and 15th Line Infantry Regiments participated in the battle. The troops left at Vitoria were commanded by Rey, a newly minted brigadier. The brigade consisted of the 1st and 2nd Battalions of the 2nd Light and 12th Line Infantry Regiments and one battalion of the Garde de Paris''.

On 9 November 1808, Marshal Nicolas Soult replaced Bessières in command of the II Corps with Mouton's troops designated the 1st Division. The next day, Soult crushed an outclassed Spanish  army at the Battle of Burgos. Seeing the Spanish deployed in a bad position, the French marshal placed Édouard Jean Baptiste Milhaud's dragoon division on the left, Antoine Lasalle's light cavalry in the center, and Mouton's infantry on the right. Not bothering to wait for divisions under Pierre Hugues Victoire Merle and Jean Pierre François Bonet to arrive, Soult ordered an attack. After a cavalry charge collapsed the Spanish right wing, Lasalle's horsemen swung to take the left wing in flank while Mouton's foot soldiers mounted a frontal attack. In the subsequent slaughter, French losses were probably less than 200 while the Spanish may have lost 2,500 killed and wounded and another 900 captured. The same regiments fought under Merle at the Battle of Corunna on 16 January 1809, but Rey was no longer with the division by that time. The brigadiers were Reynaud, Jacques Thomas Sarrut, and Jean Guillaume Barthélemy Thomières.

At the Battle of Talavera on 28 July 1809, Rey led a brigade in the IV Corps division of Horace François Sébastiani. Sébastiani arranged his brigades side by side in two lines. Therefore, the six battalions of Rey's 28th Line Infantry Regiment and Louis Ligier-Bellair's 58th Line were in the front line. Their initial attack was launched against the British 61st Foot and the Guards Brigade. Ignoring the French musketry, the red coats waited until their enemies were  away before firing a murderous volley. The front ranks of French soldiers were mowed down and the survivors took to their heels with the British infantry in enthusiastic pursuit. The 61st Foot soon halted, but the British Guards chased their enemies too far. The routed French battalions rallied behind the second line and, with the help of their powerful artillery, defeated and threw back the Guards. A second French attack rolled forward, threatening to burst through the mauled enemy formations. The British commander Arthur Wellesley quickly brought up Alexander Randoll Mackenzie's brigade and there was a deadly musketry duel for twenty minutes before the second French attack was beaten back. Losses were appalling on both sides. Sebastiani's division suffered 2,100 casualties, of whom only 60 were made prisoners. The butcher's bill included all four colonels wounded, seven of 12 battalion commanders, and 70 other officers. On the British side, Mackenzie was killed and his brigade lost 632 casualties out of roughly 2,000. The Guards lost 611 out of 2,000. The 61st Foot lost 265 men. The second line units in Sébastiani's division were the 32nd and 75th Line Infantry Regiments.

Peninsular War 1810–1814
Spanish General Joaquín Blake y Joyes Blake advanced from the Murcian border on 2 November 1810 with 8,000 infantry and 1,000 cavalry. Cúllar was reached on the 3rd and the small Spanish army kept going. Blake committed a serious blunder by allowing his troops to become badly spread out. His advance guard of cavalry and 3,000 infantry bivouacked near Baza on the evening of the 3rd. His 2,000-man rear guard camped near Cúllar while his remaining division was situated between the two towns. Defending Baza was Rey with a brigade from Sebastiani's 1st Division. Rey's force counted one battalion of the 32nd Line Infantry Regiment and three battalions of the 58th Line.

But help was on the way. Receiving news of the Spanish invasion, Édouard Milhaud marched his cavalry to Baza. He reaching there early on 4 November 1810 and united his horsemen with Rey's 2,000 French infantry. Milhaud brought 1,300 cavalrymen, including the 5th, 12th, 16th, 20th, and 21st Dragoon Regiments and the Polish lancers of the Legion of the Vistula. The French also had two horse artillery batteries. Blake had 12 guns in addition to the 1st and 2nd Divisions of the Army of the Center. Arranging his troopers on both sides of the main highway, Milhaud ordered a cavalry charge. The French horsemen plowed into Blake's horsemen and scattered them. As the Spanish cavalry fled, they rode through their own infantry formations. When the French dragoons and Polish lancers galloped toward the disordered Spanish infantry, the men took to their heels. The Imperial French horsemen completely smashed Blake's vanguard, hacking down scores of soldiers and capturing hundreds of others. When the French came upon Blake's second division deployed in difficult terrain, they stopped their charge. Blake quickly ordered a retreat. In the Battle of Baza the French lost 200 killed and wounded. The cavalry won the battle and Rey's infantry suffered negligible losses. Blake's army lost 500 killed and wounded and 1,000 soldiers captured.

In February 1812, Francisco Ballesteros with 2,000 Spanish infantry and 300 cavalry attempted to seize the port of Málaga. On the 16th the Spanish force bumped into Jean-Pierre Maransin with 2,000 French infantry and 400 cavalry at the village of Cártama. Ballesteros claimed to have killed Maransin and cut down 1,200 of his men. In fact, Maransin was wounded and his troops suffered about 150 casualties. The Spanish force retreated when Rey appeared with 2,500 foot and 200 horse and aimed an attack at Ballesteros' flank.

In 1814, he commanded a brigade in Eloi Charlemagne Taupin’s division at the battle of Toulouse in 1814, first in the defence of Saint-Cyprien, the suburb of Toulouse on the left bank of the river Garonne, and then in the defence of Mont Calvinet.  He survived the battle, and served both the new government and Napoleon’s during the Hundred Days.  He remained on the reserve list at his home in rue Foulimou, Puylaurens.

References

1767 births
1842 deaths
French generals
French military personnel of the Napoleonic Wars


The 1937 Tschammerpokal Final decided the winner of the 1937 Tschammerpokal, the 3rd season of Germany's knockout football cup competition. It was played on 9 January 1938 at the Müngersdorfer Stadion in Cologne. Schalke 04 won the match 2–1 against Fortuna Düsseldorf, to claim their 1st cup title.

With their win, Schalke completed the first double in the history of German football, having previously won the 1937 German football championship with a 2–0 win over 1. FC Nürnberg in the final.

Route to the final
The Tschammerpokal began the final stage with 61 teams in a single-elimination knockout cup competition. There were a total of five rounds leading up to the final. Teams were drawn against each other, and the winner after 90 minutes would advance. If still tied, 30 minutes of extra time was played. If the score was still level, a replay would take place at the original away team's stadium. If still level after 90 minutes, 30 minutes of extra time was played. If the score was still level, a second replay would take place at the original home team's stadium. If still level after 90 minutes, 30 minutes of extra time was played. If the score was still level, a drawing of lots would decide who would advance to the next round.

Note: In all results below, the score of the finalist is given first (H: home; A: away).

Match

Details

References

External links
 Match report at kicker.de
 Match report at WorldFootball.net
 Match report at Fussballdaten.de

FC Schalke 04 matches
Fortuna Düsseldorf matches
Tschammerpokal Final
1937
Sports competitions in Cologne
20th century in Cologne
January 1938 sports events


The 1938 Tschammerpokal Final decided the winner of the 1938 Tschammerpokal, the 4th season of Germany's knockout football cup competition. It was played on 8 January 1939 at the Olympiastadion in Berlin. Rapid Wien won the match 3–1 against FSV Frankfurt, to claim their 1st cup title.

Route to the final
The Tschammerpokal began the final stage with 78 teams in a single-elimination knockout cup competition. Midway through the competition, Austrian teams were merged into the competition following the Anschluss. There were a total of six rounds leading up to the final for the German teams, and a total of three for the Austrian teams. Teams were drawn against each other, and the winner after 90 minutes would advance. If still tied, 30 minutes of extra time was played. If the score was still level, a replay would take place at the original away team's stadium. If still level after 90 minutes, 30 minutes of extra time was played. If the score was still level, a second replay would take place at the original home team's stadium. If still level after 90 minutes, 30 minutes of extra time was played. If the score was still level, a drawing of lots would decide who would advance to the next round.

Note: In all results below, the score of the finalist is given first (H: home; A: away).

Match

Details

References

External links
 Match report at kicker.de
 Match report at WorldFootball.net
 Match report at Fussballdaten.de

FSV Frankfurt matches
SK Rapid Wien matches
Tschammerpokal Final
1938
Football competitions in Berlin
1930s in Berlin
January 1939 sports events


The Napoleon Diamond Necklace is a diamond necklace commissioned by Napoleon I of France c. 1811–1812 from the Parisian jeweler Marie-Étienne Nitot. It is now in the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C.

Description
The Napoleon Diamond Necklace is somewhat atypical of other contemporary works produced by Marie-Étienne Nitot. Other pieces commissioned from him by Emperor Napoleon, such as the two parures celebrating the Emperor's marriage to Archduchess Marie Louise of Austria, the Marie Louise Diadem, the wedding jewels for Empress Joséphine, etc., all demonstrate a predilection for highly decorative flourishes in the framework. These range from silver scrollwork and floral motifs to complex interwoven curves. In contrast, the Napoleon Diamond Necklace is relatively simple and elegant. It consists of a single silver thread, with gold settings containing 28 mine-cut diamonds. Coming off of the central thread is a fringe of alternating pendeloque-cut and briolette-cut diamonds. The five pear-shaped pendeloques are each mounted below a small brilliant cut diamond. The four oval pendeloques are mounted above designs which incorporate 23 brilliant cut diamonds each. Each briolette mounting is set with 12 rose cut diamonds, bringing the total number of diamonds mounted in the necklace to 234.

While the gems of the Napoleon Diamond Necklace have never been professionally graded or weighed by a lapidary (as they have never been removed from their mountings), infrared spectroscopic analysis of the diamonds has shown that they are primarily colourless Type Ia. A smaller number—13 of the 52 largest diamonds—are of the rare Type IIa variety. A number of the Type Ia diamonds show indications of sulfide crystal imperfections. The total weight of the diamonds is estimated at , and the weight of the largest diamond alone is estimated to be about .

Provenance

Habsburgs

In 1810, Napoleon divorced the Empress Joséphine, as she proved to be incapable of producing an heir. He re-married two months later to Archduchess Marie Louise of Austria. Within a year, Marie Louise bore a son, Napoleon II. To celebrate, in June 1811 Napoleon I commissioned two parures (one of which included the Marie Louise Diadem) and the Napoleon Diamond Necklace from Marie-Étienne Nitot, his official court jeweler. He ordered that "all the leading jewelers of the world" be assembled to contribute the necessary number of diamonds. The necklace was designed by Nitot himself, and produced by his company in Paris, The House of Chaumet. Nitot had been commissioned to create several other pieces for the Emperor in the past, including Napoleon's papal tiara, his coronation crown, his ceremonial sword and the wedding jewels of his first wife, Josephine de Beauharnais.

The profligate use of diamonds in the piece—an incredibly rare gemstone given that modern sources such as South Africa and Siberia had yet to be tapped—was a deliberate display of extravagance on Napoleon's part. To emphasise this, he had the value of the completed necklace assessed by a separate jeweler, Ernst Paltscho of Vienna. Paltscho presented his assessment, 376,274 French francs, to the Imperial court the same year. This sum was the equivalent of the Empress's entire annual household budget.

There are several contemporary portraits of Marie Louise wearing the Napoleon Diamond Necklace, including a number by the artists François Gérard and Giovan Battista Borghesi. Several years later, in 1815, Napoleon was exiled to Saint Helena. As the necklace was part of her personal belongings, rather than state property like the Crown Jewels, Marie Louise took it with her when she left the country herself. She eventually settled in Parma, and continued to wear the necklace on public occasions for the rest of her life.

With her son having pre-deceased her, the death of Marie Louise in 1847 saw her estate split between her remaining Habsburg relatives. The Napoleon Diamond Necklace passed to Archduchess Sophie of Austria, the wife of Marie Louise's brother, Archduke Franz Karl of Austria. Two diamonds were removed from the necklace to shorten it, at the request of Princess Sophie. These diamonds were fitted to a pair of earrings, whose location is now unknown.

When Sophie died in 1872, the necklace was jointly inherited by her three surviving sons, Archdukes Karl Ludwig, Ludwig Viktor, and Franz Joseph of Austria. Karl Ludwig later acquired his brothers' stakes in the necklace, and upon his death in 1896 passed it to his third wife, Maria Theresa of Portugal. As an exquisite and fashionable piece of jewelry with an insterestingly-storied history, Maria Theresa took every opportunity to wear the necklace to state events, including the coronation of Tsar Alexander III in 1883, where it proved popular enough among the guests that the Tsar requested it be displayed under guard to guests for several hours each day for the following week.

Theft and Sale

At the start of the Great Depression in 1929, Maria Theresa sought to sell the Napoleon Diamond Necklace along with other inherited jewelry to bolster the family's finances. She made several attempts to sell it through agents, first to Fuad I of Egypt and again to a private collector in the Netherlands. After meeting with little success, she engaged two people presenting themselves as Colonel Townsend of the British Secret Service and Princess Gervez Baronti, daughter of Prince Baronti of Italy, to sell the necklace on commission in the United States. The pair had enlisted Maria Theresa's destitute nephew, Archduke Leopold of Habsburg, to vouch for their characters, and promised her that the necklace would fetch at least US$450,000.

There is little evidence that the pair attempted to reach that asking price; after failed negotiations with the jeweler Harry Winston, an attorney named Harry Berenson, and the socialite Marjorie Merriweather Post, the pair eventually sold the necklace to David Michel, a gem dealer in New York City, for $60,000. From that price, the pair claimed $52,730 as expenses, remitting only $7,270 of the promised $450,000 back to Maria Theresa.

When informed of the sale, Maria Theresa gave power of attorney to her friend Anna Eisenmenger, wife of Victor Eisenmenger, and enlisted her help in retrieving her property. Eisenmenger approached Michel, who eventually agreed to return the necklace for $50,000, taking a personal loss of $10,000 from the sale. She also sought legal redress on Maria Theresa's behalf. Soon after, Thomas C. T. Crain, the New York County District Attorney announced that the Townsends were sought on counts of grand larceny. The scandal reached the New York Times on March 1, 1930, along with initial reports that the Townsends had removed several stones from the necklace to sell separately. These turned out to be false, but the pair fled the country and were never caught. "Princess Baronti" wrote in her self-published 1935 autobiography that the two of them passed through Chicago and then to England before separating, with Townsend planning to move to Japan and Baronti herself travelling to India until the scandal passed.

Archduke Leopold was brought up charges of aiding and abetting the theft itself, and a separate charge of grand larceny for theft of the proceeds, having accepted $20,000 from the Townsends as payment for his character reference. Leopold voluntarily turned himself in and spent twelve days in The Tombs, a detention complex in Manhattan, before a neighbour posted his bail bond. He was eventually acquitted of the first charge, and had his conviction on the second count vacated.

After resolving the incident, Maria Theresa held the necklace until her death in 1944. Four years later, the Habsburg family sold it to the French industrialist Paul-Louis Weiller. In 1960, Weiller sold the Napoleon Diamond Necklace to Harry Winston, who believed that the historical value of the piece would make it more valuable than if the stones were removed and resold individually, as was common practice at the time. As such, he kept it intact, reselling it the same year to Marjorie Merriweather Post. Post donated the necklace to the Smithsonian Institution in 1962, and it has since remained on display at the National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C., United States. The donation also included the original leather case for the necklace, commissioned by Napoleon in the empress's official colours (green and gold) and inscribed with her initials.

References

1811 works
Diamond
Individual necklaces
Napoleon
Jewelry in the Smithsonian Institution


The 1939 Tschammerpokal Final decided the winner of the 1939 Tschammerpokal, the 5th season of Germany's knockout football cup competition. It was played on 28 April 1940 at the Olympiastadion in Berlin. 1. FC Nürnberg won the match 2–0 against Waldhof Mannheim, to claim their 2nd cup title.

Route to the final
The Tschammerpokal began the final stage with 64 teams in a single-elimination knockout cup competition. There were a total of five rounds leading up to the final. Teams were drawn against each other, and the winner after 90 minutes would advance. If still tied, 30 minutes of extra time was played. If the score was still level, a replay would take place at the original away team's stadium. If still level after 90 minutes, 30 minutes of extra time was played. If the score was still level, a second replay would take place at the original home team's stadium. If still level after 90 minutes, 30 minutes of extra time was played. If the score was still level, a drawing of lots would decide who would advance to the next round.

Note: In all results below, the score of the finalist is given first (H: home; A: away).

Match

Details

References

External links
 Match report at kicker.de
 Match report at WorldFootball.net
 Match report at Fussballdaten.de

1. FC Nürnberg matches
SV Waldhof Mannheim matches
Tschammerpokal Final
1939
Football competitions in Berlin
1940s in Berlin
April 1940 sports events


Värtsilä or Wärtsilä may refer to:

 Värtsilä, Finland, a former municipality
 Vyartsilya, an urban locality in Russia, formerly part of the Finnish municipality
 Wärtsilä, a neighbourhood in Järvenpää
 Wärtsilä or Wärtsilä Oyj Abp (Wärtsilä Corporation), a Finnish company in the marine and energy markets


The 1940 Tschammerpokal Final decided the winner of the 1940 Tschammerpokal, the 6th season of Germany's knockout football cup competition. It was played on 1 December 1940 at the Olympiastadion in Berlin. Dresdner SC won the match 2–1 against 1. FC Nürnberg after extra time, to claim their 1st cup title.

Route to the final
The Tschammerpokal began the final stage with 64 teams in a single-elimination knockout cup competition. There were a total of five rounds leading up to the final. Teams were drawn against each other, and the winner after 90 minutes would advance. If still tied, 30 minutes of extra time was played. If the score was still level, a replay would take place at the original away team's stadium. If still level after 90 minutes, 30 minutes of extra time was played. If the score was still level, a second replay would take place at the original home team's stadium. If still level after 90 minutes, 30 minutes of extra time was played. If the score was still level, a drawing of lots would decide who would advance to the next round.

Note: In all results below, the score of the finalist is given first (H: home; A: away).

Match

Details

References

External links
 Match report at kicker.de
 Match report at WorldFootball.net
 Match report at Fussballdaten.de

1. FC Nürnberg matches
Dresdner SC matches
Tschammerpokal Final
1940
Football competitions in Berlin
1940s in Berlin
December 1940 sports events


The 1941 Tschammerpokal Final decided the winner of the 1941 Tschammerpokal, the 7th season of Germany's knockout football cup competition. It was played on 2 November 1941 at the Olympiastadion in Berlin. Dresdner SC won the match 2–1 against Schalke 04, to claim their 2nd cup title.

Route to the final
The Tschammerpokal began the final stage with 64 teams in a single-elimination knockout cup competition. There were a total of five rounds leading up to the final. Teams were drawn against each other, and the winner after 90 minutes would advance. If still tied, 30 minutes of extra time was played. If the score was still level, a replay would take place at the original away team's stadium. If still level after 90 minutes, 30 minutes of extra time was played. If the score was still level, a second replay would take place at the original home team's stadium. If still level after 90 minutes, 30 minutes of extra time was played. If the score was still level, a drawing of lots would decide who would advance to the next round.

Note: In all results below, the score of the finalist is given first (H: home; A: away; N: neutral).

Match

Details

References

External links
 Match report at kicker.de
 Match report at WorldFootball.net
 Match report at Fussballdaten.de

Dresdner SC matches
FC Schalke 04 matches
Tschammerpokal Final
1941
Football competitions in Berlin
1940s in Berlin
November 1941 sports events


The 1942 Tschammerpokal Final decided the winner of the 1942 Tschammerpokal, the 8th season of Germany's knockout football cup competition. It was played on 15 November 1942 at the Olympiastadion in Berlin. A total of 80,000 spectators watched the match, making it the highest attended German cup final in history. 1860 Munich won the match 2–0 against Schalke 04, to claim their 1st cup title.

Route to the final
The Tschammerpokal began the final stage with 64 teams in a single-elimination knockout cup competition. There were a total of five rounds leading up to the final. Teams were drawn against each other, and the winner after 90 minutes would advance. If still tied, 30 minutes of extra time was played. If the score was still level, a replay would take place at the original away team's stadium. If still level after 90 minutes, 30 minutes of extra time was played. If the score was still level, a second replay would take place at the original home team's stadium. If still level after 90 minutes, 30 minutes of extra time was played. If the score was still level, a drawing of lots would decide who would advance to the next round.

Note: In all results below, the score of the finalist is given first (H: home; A: away; N: neutral).

Match

Details

References

External links
 Match report at kicker.de
 Match report at WorldFootball.net
 Match report at Fussballdaten.de

TSV 1860 Munich matches
FC Schalke 04 matches
Tschammerpokal Final
1942
Football competitions in Berlin
1940s in Berlin
November 1942 sports events


Dunavtsi (, , ) is a town in northwestern Bulgaria, part of Vidin Municipality, Vidin Province. It lies in the northwestern Danubian Plain, in a small valley adjacent to the Danube River. As of December 2009, the town has a population of 2,743 inhabitants.

Dunavtsi was formed on 12 December 1955 through the merger of the villages Vidbol and Gurkovo, today regarded as town neighbourhoods. It was proclaimed an urban-type settlement on 11 September 1964 and acquired town privileges on 4 September 1974. From 1949 until 1987, it was the administrative centre of a municipality, but today it is a part of Vidin municipality. The Vidbol River flows into the Danube southeast of the town.

Dunavtsi is an agricultural town located near the Sofia–Vidin road, part of European route E79 and IV Pan-European transport corridor, and the Mezdra–Vidin railway. The town has a railway station at Vidbol and a railway stop at Sinagovtsi–Gurkovo. The local economy is represented by a fodder factory. Since 2011, the mayor has been Dimcho Skorchev.

References

Vidin Municipality
Populated places in Vidin Province
Towns in Bulgaria


The 1943 Tschammerpokal Final decided the winner of the 1943 Tschammerpokal, the 9th season of Germany's knockout football cup competition. It was played on 31 August 1943 at the Adolf-Hitler-Kampfbahn in Stuttgart. First Vienna won the match 3–2 against LSV Hamburg after extra time, to claim their 1st cup title.

Route to the final
The Tschammerpokal began the final stage with 34 teams in a single-elimination knockout cup competition. There were a total of five rounds leading up to the final. In the qualification round, all but two teams were given a bye. Teams were drawn against each other, and the winner after 90 minutes would advance. If still tied, 30 minutes of extra time was played. If the score was still level, a replay would take place at the original away team's stadium. If still level after 90 minutes, 30 minutes of extra time was played. If the score was still level, a second replay would take place at the original home team's stadium. If still level after 90 minutes, 30 minutes of extra time was played. If the score was still level, a drawing of lots would decide who would advance to the next round.

Note: In all results below, the score of the finalist is given first (H: home; A: away).

Match

Details

References

External links
 Match report at kicker.de
 Match report at WorldFootball.net
 Match report at Fussballdaten.de

Luftwaffen-SV Hamburg matches
First Vienna FC matches
Tschammerpokal Final
1943
Sports competitions in Stuttgart
20th century in Stuttgart
August 1943 sports events


The Secret of the Black Widow () is a 1963 West German crime film directed by Franz Josef Gottlieb and starring O. W. Fischer, Karin Dor and Klaus Kinski. It is part of a boom of Krimi films produced during the decade, the third of four films based on the work of Louis Weinert-Wilton that came in the wake of Rialto Film's successful Edgar Wallace adaptations. It was shot in Spain. The film's sets were designed by the art director Ramiro Gómez.

Cast
 O. W. Fischer as Wellby
 Karin Dor as Clarisse
 Klaus Kinski as Boyd
 Werner Peters as Mr. Shor
 Doris Kirchner as Mrs. Shor
 Eddi Arent as Fish
 Claude Farell as Mrs. Ayke
 Gabriel Llopart as Selwood
 José María Caffarel as Cartwright
 Antonio Casas as Bronsfield
 Félix Dafauce as Inspector Terry
 Cris Huerta as Slim
 Tomás Blanco
 Ángel Menéndez
 George Rigaud

References

Bibliography
 Goble, Alan. The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film. Walter de Gruyter, 1999.

External links

1963 films
1963 crime films
1960s German-language films
German crime films
West German films
German black-and-white films
Films directed by Franz Josef Gottlieb
Films based on Czech novels
Films set in London
1960s German films


The Men's Freestyle 68 kg at the 1972 Summer Olympics as part of the wrestling program at the Fairgrounds, Judo and Wrestling Hall. Israeli wrestler Eliezer Halfin was later killed in the Munich massacre.

Medalists

Tournament results
The competition used a form of negative points tournament, with negative points given for any result short of a fall. Accumulation of 6 negative points eliminated the wrestler. When only two or three wrestlers remain, a special final round is used to determine the order of the medals.

Legend
DNA — Did not appear
TPP — Total penalty points
MPP — Match penalty points

Penalties
0 — Won by Fall, Passivity, Injury and Forfeit
0.5 — Won by Technical Superiority
1 — Won by Points
2 — Draw
2.5 — Draw, Passivity
3 — Lost by Points
3.5 — Lost by Technical Superiority
4 — Lost by Fall, Passivity, Injury and Forfeit

Round 1

Round 2

Round 3

Round 4

Round 5

Final

Results from the preliminary round are carried forward into the final (shown in yellow).

Final standings

  and
 -

References

External links
Official Report

Freestyle 68kg


Stephen Conroy (born 1964) is a Scottish figurative painter. He was born in Helensburgh. He studied at the Glasgow School of Art between 1982 and 1987. By 1989, Conroy's work had already gained much recognition and praise in the United Kingdom and internationally. The artist has remained in Scotland, where he currently lives and works.

In 1998, Conroy won the Grand Prize of Rainier III, Prince of Monaco.

Conroy's work is part of a number of public and private collections including The British Council, London, England; The Contemporary Art Society, London, England; Frissiras Museum, Athens, Greece; The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, New York; National Portrait Gallery, London, England; Robert Fleming Holdings Ltd., London, England; The Royal College of Surgeons of England; Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art, Edinburgh, Scotland; Scottish National Portrait Gallery, Edinburgh, Scotland; and the Whitworth Art Gallery, Manchester, England.

References

External links
Marlborough Fine Art
Marlborough Gallery
artnet
Artcyclopedia

1964 births
Living people
20th-century Scottish painters
Scottish male painters
21st-century Scottish painters
21st-century Scottish male artists
People from Helensburgh
Alumni of the Glasgow School of Art
Date of birth missing (living people)
Scottish contemporary artists
20th-century Scottish male artists


Acedera is a Spanish municipality in the province of Badajoz, Extremadura. It has a population of 842 (2007) and an area of 82.5 km2.

References

Municipalities in the Province of Badajoz


Mellow Lane School was a comprehensive school, located in Hayes, in
the London Borough of Hillingdon, Middlesex. It closed in 2011 and reopened in August of that year, as Hewens College.

History

The school was opened in 1938. It housed two departments, run as separate entities: the Mellow Lane Senior Boys' School and the Mellow Lane Senior Girls' School.

In 1948, Mellow Lane was established as a co-educational comprehensive school. It was then one of only two experimental comprehensives in the UK permitted by the UK Government.
It was a grant-maintained school between 1 April 1992 and 31 August 1999, and became a foundation secondary comprehensive school on 1 September 1999.

The architects of the building were Curtis and Burchett. The building was extended in 1949 and 1963.

Houses
There were four houses during much of the school's existence: Dower, which was red; Manor, which was blue; Park, which was green; and Round, which was yellow. These were named after local manor houses.

Notable alumni
 Parmjit Dhanda (born 1971) — MP for Gloucester
 Anne-Marie Duff (born 1970) — British actress
 Ray Iles (born 1963) — scientist, academic, entrepreneur
 Dame Cleo Laine DBE (born 1927) — jazz and pop singer
 Steve Priest (born 1948) — bass guitarist, member of the group The Sweet
 John Sissons (born 1945) — footballer
 Rhoys Wiggins (born 1987) — Welsh international footballer

References

External links
 Archived Mellow Lane School official website
 Ofsted Mellow Lane report
 Archive pictures and documents on Mellow Lane
 Mellow Lane Girls Choir in the 1950s

Defunct schools in the London Borough of Hillingdon
Defunct grammar schools in England
Educational institutions established in 1938
Educational institutions disestablished in 2011
1938 establishments in England
2011 disestablishments in England


Quarry Farm is located on East Hill overlooking Elmira, New York, and the Chemung River Valley. In 1869, Jervis Langdon purchased the property as a vacation home for his family. When he died the following year, it was inherited by his eldest daughter, Susan Langdon Crane. It remained in the Langdon family until 1982, when it was donated to Elmira College as part of the founding of the Center For Mark Twain Studies.

Mark Twain (Samuel Clemens) was married to Susan Crane's younger sister, Olivia Langdon Clemens. During their courtship, Sam promised Livy that he would never allow her to feel the homesickness he felt, and from this promise emanated their annual summer pilgrimage to Quarry Farm.

All three of the Clemens' daughters would be born at Quarry Farm, and during the three decades the family regularly summered there, Twain composed many of his books and other literature, including Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. He wrote most of this work in an octagonal study built expressly for him by the Cranes about  from the main house in 1874. That study was relocated to the campus of Elmira College in 1952.

As part of the stipulation of the gift, Quarry Farm is not open to the public, but is reserved exclusively for the use of scholars researching and writing about Twain and his circle. At least 10–15 of these Quarry Farm Fellows spend anywhere from a week to a month living in the house, surrounded by an extensive library of Twain-related materials, with access to the Mark Twain Archive at Elmira College, and assisted by the Center For Mark Twain Studies, which employs a full-time archivist and resident scholar.

References

External links

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Buildings and structures in Elmira, New York
Houses completed in 1870
Houses in Chemung County, New York
Mark Twain
National Register of Historic Places in Chemung County, New York
Homes of American writers


Large-cell lung carcinoma (LCLC), or large-cell carcinoma (LCC) in short, is a heterogeneous group of undifferentiated malignant neoplasms that lack the cytologic and architectural features of small cell carcinoma and glandular or squamous differentiation. LCC is categorized as a type of NSCLC (non-small-cell lung carcinoma) which originates from epithelial cells of the lung.

Presentation

Patients typically present with a non-productive cough and weight loss.

Diagnosis
LCC is, in effect, a "diagnosis of exclusion", in that the tumor cells lack light microscopic characteristics that would classify the neoplasm as a small-cell carcinoma, squamous-cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, or other more specific histologic type of lung cancer.

LCC is differentiated from small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) primarily by the larger size of the anaplastic cells, a higher cytoplasmic-to-nuclear size ratio, and a lack of "salt-and-pepper" chromatin.

Classification
The newest revisions of the World Health Organization (WHO) "Histological Typing of Lung Cancer schema" include several variants of LCC, including:
 giant-cell carcinoma of the lung
 basaloid large-cell carcinoma of the lung
 clear-cell carcinoma of the lung
 lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the lung
 large-cell lung carcinoma with rhabdoid phenotype
 large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung.

Large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC)

One clinically significant subtype is "large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma" (LCNEC), which is believed to derive from neuroendocrine cells.

In addition, a "subvariant", called "combined large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma" (or c-LCNEC), is recognized under the new system. To be designated a c-LCNEC, the tumor must contain at least 10% LCNEC cells, in combination with at least 10% of other forms of NSCLC.

Pathology images

Incidence

In most series, LCLC's comprise between 5% and 10% of all lung cancers.

According to the Nurses' Health Study, the risk of large cell lung carcinoma increases with a previous history of tobacco smoking, with a previous smoking duration of 30 to 40 years giving a relative risk of approximately 2.3 compared to never-smokers, and a duration of more than 40 years giving a relative risk of approximately 3.6.

Another study concluded that cigarette smoking is the predominant cause of large cell lung cancer. It estimated that the odds ratio associated with smoking two or more packs/day for current smokers is 37.0 in men and 72.9 in women.

Notable people with the condition include American comedian Andy Kaufman, who died from the disease in 1984.

References

External links

 . World Health Organization Histological Classification of Lung and Pleural Tumours. 4th Edition.

Lung cancer


Piccadilly Zero Hour 12 () is a 1963 West German crime film directed by Rudolf Zehetgruber and starring Helmut Wildt.

Cast
 Helmut Wildt - Mike Hilton
 Hanns Lothar - Jack Bellamy
 Ann Smyrner - Ruth Morgan
 Klaus Kinski - Whitey
 Karl Lieffen - Lee Costello
 Pinkas Braun - Sir Cunningham
 Ilja Richter - Edgar
 Marlene Warrlich - Della
 Camilla Spira - Pamela
 Rudolf Fernau - Craddock
 Stanislav Ledinek - Sammy
 Albert Bessler
 Dieter Eppler - Slatterly

External links

1963 films
1963 crime films
German crime films
West German films
1960s German-language films
German black-and-white films
Films directed by Rudolf Zehetgruber
Films set in London
1960s German films


Sainsbury's Local (a trading name of Sainsbury's Supermarkets Ltd) is a chain of 770 convenience shops operated by the UK's second largest supermarket chain Sainsbury's.

History

In 1998, Sainsbury's piloted its first Local shop in Hammersmith. The shop opened on the busy Fulham Palace Road and was designed for the convenience of customers who did not have time to do a full weekly food shop. Research showed that people were working longer hours and more women were in employment than ever before. Customers needed to spend less time on chores such as shopping, so local ‘top-up’ shopping was an ideal solution.  As well as a large range of ready meals, wines and desserts designed for people on-the-go, the branch also offered hot drinks and freshly baked goods, alongside Sainsbury's best-selling products.  The Hammersmith shop also had a cash machine and was open until midnight most days of the week.

Sainsbury's Local shop was also ground-breaking in terms of staff training. In most Sainsbury's shops, colleagues were trained for specific departments (e.g. checkouts, café, fresh foods, GM). The small size of Sainsbury's Local shops meant that staff needed a high level of product knowledge across all departments. Keeping in line with the ‘Local’ concept, the Hammersmith shop also employed only local people.

On 12 November 2008 Sainsbury's announced that 50 convenience shops would open in the 2009/10 financial year, and a further 100 the following year.

Joint venture with Shell
In June 2003, Sainsbury's announced that it was creating 100 new convenience shops at Shell petrol stations. The shops were to open over the next three years, leading to the creation of up to 2,000 jobs.

The first of the shops opened in the autumn of that year, following a successful trial at six garages in the south-east of England. The new shops were based on the existing "Sainsbury Local" outlets, but also sold car care products and motor accessories.

In the end, only 24 shops were opened.

Acquisitions
Following rival Tesco’s purchase of the convenience shop chain T&S Stores in 2002 and the subsequent conversion of 450 of the 870 T&S shops into its Tesco Express convenience shops, Sainsbury’s announced the acquisition of a number of convenience shop chains:

Bells Stores
In February 2004, Sainsbury’s announced it was to buy Bells Stores in the North East of England for around £22m. Bells Stores operated 54 neighbourhood shops, and was owned and run by the Bell family. The shops were initially refurbished to trade as ‘Sainsbury’s at Bells’.

Jacksons Stores
In August 2004 Sainsbury's further increased its presence in the convenience shop sector, by acquiring Jacksons Stores for £78m from the family food business William Jackson & Son Ltd, owned by the Oughtred family. Jacksons Stores had 114 shops in the Yorkshire area and the North Midlands, and just before the Sainsbury's acquisition, was voted the UK's best independent convenience shop chain. The acquisition doubled Sainsbury's market share in the convenience shop sector to 2%. The shops were initially refurbished to trade as ‘Sainsbury’s at Jacksons’.

J B Beaumont
In November 2004, Sainsbury's acquired JB Beaumont, a convenience chain owned and run by the Beaumont family and which was then number 48 in the Grocer Top 50. The company first began trading as a butcher in Kirkby-in-Ashfield (Nottinghamshire) in 1902. The six JB Beaumont shops were located in Cotgrave; Bingham; Keyworth; Long Eaton; Chilwell and Gedling. The shops were initially refurbished to trade as ‘Sainsbury’s at Beaumonts’.

S L Shaw
In April 2005, Sainsbury's acquired SL Shaw Ltd, a neighbourhood convenience shop operator with five shops in the south-east of England. After a programme of refurbishment, the five shops converted to the Sainsbury's Local format, combining Shaw's reputation and customer service with Sainsbury's expertise in fresh and convenience foods.

Branding
Sainsbury's initially retained the strong Bells and Jacksons brands. For example, refurbished shops were called Sainsbury's at Bells or Sainsbury's at Jacksons. These were effectively Sainsbury's Local shops with a revised fascia, retaining some features of the former local chain. Unrefurbished shops retained the original brand and logo, but still offered Sainsbury's own brand products, pricing and some point of sale, without accepting Nectar cards. The old websites were also retained with some of Sainsbury's branding.

This was an experimental format and on 4 May 2007 it was announced that all shops would be rebranded as Sainsbury's Local, with the management teams of the smaller shops integrated into Sainsbury's own teams.

Sainsbury's Central

A second convenience format, Sainsbury's Central, was announced in 1999 for small to mid-sized shops in town centres and commuter areas, similar to Tesco's 'Tesco Metro' format which launched in 1993. Central shops had an offer dominated by convenience foods, but also carried selected ranges from the full Sainsbury's range. These were later rebranded as Sainsbury's stores.

See also

Sainsbury's
Bells Stores
Jacksons Stores

References

External links
J Sainsbury plc
Sainsbury's

Sainsbury's
Convenience stores of the United Kingdom