Jask (, Balochi: جاشک also Romanized as Jāsk; also Bandar-e Jask (), (Balochi: بندن ءِ جاشک) also Romanized as Bandar-e Jāsk) is a city in the Central District of Jask County, Hormozgan province, Iran, serving as both capital of the district and of the county.

At the 2006 National Census, its population was 11,133 in 2,406 households. The following census in 2011 counted 13,810 people in 2,958 households. The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 16,860 people in 4,415 households.

Jask is a port town, about  south of Tehran,
situated on the Gulf of Oman.
It serves as the capital of Jask County, and is the site of a base of the Iranian Navy which opened on October 28, 2008.
The base's position provides the Iranian Navy with the capability to close the Strait of Hormuz in order to block the entry of an "enemy" into the Persian Gulf. Admiral Habibollah Sayyari remarked on the base's opening that Iran was "creating a new defense front in the region, thinking of a non-regional enemy."

The port of Jask is also the proposed end of the Neka-Jask pipeline. The city also has the Jask Airport.

Port of Jask

The port of Jask is a small port on the western part of Iran's coast along the Gulf of Oman. However, over the last few years it has seen a steady growth of its export freight flows to Oman, mostly agricultural products, including refrigerated, and construction materials

Major developments for the port of Jask were announced by Iranian authorities in early 2019, i.e. the construction of a new terminal for oil tankers for a total investment of US$700 million, to be followed by the construction of a refinery and of a petrochemical plant. These developments are part of a total investment of US$1.8 billion centered on the construction of a new oil pipeline from Goreh, Bushehr to Jask in order to pump and export oil from Northern Iran.

When these investments are completed in Jask, they will contribute to developing Iran's southern regional economy, as is already the case further east at Chabahar Port, and to facilitating exports through ports which do not require ships to enter the Persian Gulf through the Hormuz Strait.

History
The English people made Jask their primary commercial port in the 17th century, and in 1616 AD, a ship carrying their first shipment sailed from India and arrived at Jask. English businessmen founded the first East India Company trading post in Jask in the year 1619. Jask served as the East India Company's hub for trade and transactions with the Iranian central region up until Bandar Abbas was given responsibility for English trade. The English and Portuguese engaged in a bloody battle that ended with the Portuguese being defeated and driven from Jask in the late 1620s after the Portuguese blocked two East India Company ships from entering the port.

Language
The linguistic composition of the city:

Climate
Jask has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh), with very hot summers, warm winters and little precipitation. Due to winds blowing off the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, the city has experienced some of the highest dew points and heat indices in the world. On July 31, 2015, Jask observed a temperature of  degrees with a dew point of , leading to a heat index of . On July 20, 2012, Jask experienced a dew point temperature of .

See also

References

Cities in Hormozgan Province

Populated places in Jask County

Port cities and towns in Iran


Dietrich Herrman Reinhard von Schlechtendal (20 October 1834 – 5 July 1916) was a German entomologist who worked on Cynipidae.

Born in Halle, Saxony-Anhalt, Schlechtendal trained as a mining expert and metallurgist and worked for many years as an assistant at the Geologisch-Mineralogischen Institut in Halle.
His botanical knowledge led to study of gall wasps. Working on the North American species Neuroterus quercus-batatus (Fitch) in a laboratory, he bred from the parthenogenetic females the bi-sexual form. This species was then introduced onto Turkey oaks in the Halle Botanic Garden. Up to then, the trees had been sterile for decades, but they went on to produce fertile seeds.

Many species of Cynipidae were described by Schlechtendal or their generation sequence was clarified. His collection of Cynipidae with their galls is shared by the Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin and the Zoological Institute of the University of Halle-Wittenberg which also conserves his collections of Blattidae and Lepidoptera. Dietrich von Schlechtendal was an honorary member of the Entomological Society of Halle and a member of the Stettin Entomological Society.

As well as many short scientific papers, Schlechtendal wrote Die Gallbildungen (Zoocecidien) der Deutschen Gefässpflanzen  (1891).

References

Haupt, H. 1916 “Dietrich von Schlechtendahl. Ein Nachruf.” Mitt. Ent. Ges. Halle a. S. , Berlin (10) : 1–9
Moritz, G. & Neumann, V. 2002 [Schlechtendal, D. H. R. von] DGaaE Nachrichten 16(2) 47
Moritz, G., Schneider, K., Heidecke, D. and Neumann, V. 2004 “Die Geschichte der Entomologie am Institut für Zoologie der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg.” Mitt. Dt. Ges. allg. angew. Ent. 14 21–30, 18 Figure 27, Portrait.
Taschenberg, O. 1918 “Dietrich von Schlechtendal + 5 July 1916.” Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaften 86 1915/1917 321–336.
 Schlechtendal, D. von, Die Gallbildungen (Zoocecidien) der Deutschen Gefässpflanzen (R. Zückler, Zwickau, 1891)

1834 births
1916 deaths
German entomologists
Hymenopterists


Orba, also known as X-2, was intended to be the first satellite launched by a British rocket. It was launched at 00:34 GMT on 2 September 1970, atop a Black Arrow rocket from Launch Area 5B at Woomera, but failed to reach orbit after the second stage of the carrier rocket shut down 13 seconds early. Orba was built from spare parts due to funding restrictions, and was to have been used to measure upper atmosphere density by monitoring the decay of its orbit.

See also

Prospero X-3
Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes

References

Satellite launch failures
Space programme of the United Kingdom
Spacecraft launched by Black Arrow rockets
Spacecraft launched in 1970
Rocket launches in 1970


Edward Howard "Eddie" Lucas (born July 14, 1975) is an American retired professional basketball player and current production manager for Highland Construction in Fayetteville NC

Lucas was taken with the last pick of the 1999 NBA draft by the Utah Jazz. He was not offered a spot on the team, and spent three seasons playing for professional teams in Argentina, France, Russia, Israel, and Poland.

Early life and college
In his senior year at Redlands High School in Redlands, California, he was named the team's Most Valuable Player and averaged 20.2 points and was named to the 1A All State team. Lucas started his college career at the United States Naval Academy where he earned All League Patriot Honors in his sophomore year. After transferring to Virginia Tech, Lucas lead the Hokies in scoring at 15.1 points per game in his senior season. At Virginia Tech, Lucas majored in civil engineering.

Basketball career
In the 1999 NBA draft, Lucas was the 58th and final overall pick, selected by the Utah Jazz. However, Lucas never played in the NBA. In addition, the United States Basketball League team Pennsylvania ValleyDawgs drafted Lucas in the fifth round of the 1999 USBL Draft.  The Sioux Falls Skyforce cut Lucas before the 1999–2000 Continental Basketball Association season.

In January 2000, Lucas signed with the Argentine team Libertad de Sunchales and signed with the French team Hermine de Nantes Atlantique the following month. With Nantes, Lucas averaged 18.7 points and 3.9 rebounds per game on 51% shooting. Later in 2000, Lucas joined Russian team BC Spartak Saint Petersburg, then the Israeli Bnei Herzliya (later Bnei HaSharon) in January 2001 and would leave the team in 2002.

Post-basketball career
After retiring from basketball, Lucas and former American football player Chris James founded Interactive Drills, an athletic training company. Lucas also earned a master's degree in Civil and Environmental Engineering with a specialty in Construction Management from Virginia Tech. Since 2011, Lucas has lived in Fayetteville, North Carolina.

References

External links

1975 births
Living people
American construction businesspeople
American exercise instructors
American expatriate basketball people in Argentina
American expatriate basketball people in France
American expatriate basketball people in Israel
American expatriate basketball people in Poland
American expatriate basketball people in Russia
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from Connecticut
BC Spartak Saint Petersburg players
Bnei HaSharon players
Guards (basketball)
Libertad de Sunchales basketball players
Navy Midshipmen men's basketball players
People from Groton, Connecticut
Sportspeople from Redlands, California
Basketball players from San Bernardino County, California
Sportspeople from Fayetteville, North Carolina
Unia Tarnów basketball players
Utah Jazz draft picks
Virginia Tech Hokies men's basketball players
Military personnel from California


Ice sledge speed racing at the 1988 Winter Paralympics consisted of twelve events, eight for men and four for women.

Medal summary

Men's events

Women's events

References

1988 Winter Paralympics events
1988


An intermediate school district, in the United States, is a term used by some states to classify a special agency that operates outside the traditional charter of a school district.  The specific role of these agencies varies by state.

Michigan
In Michigan, an intermediate school district (also known as an educational service agency) is a government agency usually organized at the county or multi-county level that assists a local school district in providing programs and services. Those services and programs include teacher education, enhancing education for very young or disenfranchised youth, providing resources for curriculum development, and training in new technologies. They collect data for the Michigan Department of Education, and act as liaisons to the State of Michigan government. An intermediate school district has a board of education chosen by a group of electors with one member from each local school district's board of education.  Additionally, they may recommend a merger of school districts to the Michigan State Board of Education.

Minnesota
In Minnesota, an intermediate school district is a special designation applied to a school district formed as a cooperative effort of two or more school districts "offering integrated services for secondary, post-secondary and adult students in the areas of vocational education, special education, and other authorized services."

See also

 List of intermediate school districts in Michigan
 List of school districts in Minnesota

References

Intermediate school districts in Michigan
School districts in Michigan
School districts


Kantamani (pronounced ) is a ragam in Carnatic music (musical scale of South Indian classical music). It is the 61st Melakarta rāgam in the 72 melakarta rāgam system of Carnatic music. It is called Kuntalam in Muthuswami Dikshitar school of Carnatic music.

Structure and Lakshana

It is the 1st rāgam in the 11th chakra Rudra. The mnemonic name is Rudra-Pa. The mnemonic phrase is sa ri gu mi pa dha na. Its  structure (ascending and descending scale) is as follows (see swaras in Carnatic music for details on below notation and terms):
:
:
(the notes used in this scale are chathusruthi rishabham, antara gandharam, prati madhyamam, shuddha dhaivatham, shuddha nishadham)

As it is a melakarta rāgam, by definition it is a sampoorna rāgam (has all seven notes in ascending and descending scale). It is the prati madhyamam equivalent of Mararanjani, which is the 25th melakarta.

Janya Rāgams
Kantamani has a couple of minor janya rāgams (derived scales) associated with it. See List of janya rāgams for full list of janya rāgams associated with Kantamani and other 71 melakarta rāgams.

Compositions
A few compositions set to this rāgam are:

Sri Sugandhi Kuntalambike by Muttuswami Dikshitar
Nadasukam by Koteeswara Iyer
Bhuvaneshwari pahi by Dr. M. Balamuralikrishna
Palintuvo by Thyagaraja

Related rāgams
This section covers the theoretical and scientific aspect of this rāgam.

Kantamani's notes when shifted using Graha bhedam, yields Manavati melakarta rāgam. Graha bhedam is the step taken in keeping the relative note frequencies same, while shifting the shadjam to the next note in the rāgam. For further details and an illustration refer Graha bhedam on Manavati.

Notes

References

Melakarta ragas


Agnieszka Chylińska is a Polish singer.

From 1994 to 2003, she was the vocalist for the Polish rock band O.N.A. Since 2003 she has performed as Chylińska and in 2004 she released an album titled Winna. Since 2008 she has been a judge on the Polish version of the Got Talent franchise called Mam talent!. In 2009, she released a studio album Modern Rocking, then Forever Child (2016), Pink Punk (2018) and Never Ending Sorry (2022).

Discography

Studio albums

Live albums

Singles

Music videos

References

External links

Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Musicians from Gdańsk
Polish pop singers
Polish rock singers
Polish lyricists
21st-century Polish singers
21st-century Polish women singers


Walter Sutcliffe (born 1976) is a British opera and theatre director.

His work has been seen in the UK, US, Germany, Austria, The Czech Republic, Italy, France and Estonia, including productions of Christopher Fry's The Lady's Not for Burning, Strindberg's The Great Highway and the Austrian premiere of Michael Tippett's The Knot Garden for the Klangbogen Festival in Vienna. He directed the American stage premiere of Leoš Janáček's first opera, Sarka, for Dicapo Opera, New York. In 2017 his new productions include Rigoletto in Santiago, Chile, Manon Lescaut in Osnabruck, and Eugen d'Albert's Tiefland in Toulouse.

At the Bockenheimer Depot for Frankfurt Opera, he directed the first production in Germany of Benjamin Britten's opera Owen Wingrave in January 2010, and of Aribert Reimann's Gespenstersonate in January 2014. Also in Frankfurt he staged Antonio Cesti's L'Orontea in February 2015. He has directed among other works, such as Mozart's Don Giovanni and Offenbach's Orpheus in the Underworld for the opera in Osnabrück, Verdi's Luisa Miller and La Traviata in Braunschweig, Werther and Kiss Me Kate in Magdeburg, Le Grand Macabre and Der Zwerg in Chemnitz, Cosi fan tutte and Carmen in Tallinn, Estonia, Otello in Turin, Owen Wingrave and The Turn of the Screw in Toulouse, and Albert Herring in Linz.

Sutcliffe studied the bassoon at the Royal College of Music as well as history at Cambridge. His opera background might partly be attributed to the fact that his parents are the opera critic Tom Sutcliffe and the playwright and librettist Meredith Oakes.

References
Emma Pomfrett, interview with Sutcliffe, Opera Now magazine, Nov/Dec 2008

External links
Walter Sutcliffe's official website

1976 births
Living people
British opera directors
British theatre directors


Farm Foundation is an organization set up as a trust in 1933 by Alexander Legge, with the goal of improving the economics of agriculture in the United States. It is based in Oak Brook, Illinois. Henry C. Taylor was the first manage director. Today, the foundation engages in areas such as land conservation, sustainability, farmer health, new technologies, and education. The Farm Foundation "Seeders" program offers corporate partnerships.

Details
Farm Foundation is an "accelerator of practical solutions for agriculture". Its mission is to build trust and understanding at the intersections of agriculture and society.  Farm Foundation accomplishes this by "leveraging non-partisan objective dialogue, information and training, catalyzing solutions and creating multi-stakeholder collaboration". Its vision is to build a future for farmers, communities and the world. Its headquarters are in Oak Brook, Illinois.

Farm Foundation was created in 1933 by Alexander Legge, the president of International Harvester, and former Illinois Governor Frank Orren Lowden. The organization hosts Forums, dialogues and conferences (both on its own and in conjunction with other entities, including the U.S. Department of Agriculture), publishes Issue Reports relating important agricultural topics to stakeholders involved in agriculture in North America, and helps build the next generation of successful agribusiness professionals through its Cultivator and Agricultural Scholars programs.

References

Agricultural organizations based in the United States
Trade associations based in the United States


The Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development highlights the role that states and civil society must play in preventing and reducing violence associated with war, crime, and social unrest. The Declaration was adopted on 7 June 2006 and is now endorsed by 113 states. It is the strongest political statement to date that addresses the impact of armed violence within a development context. Regular high-level diplomatic regional meetings and ministerial review conferences take place to assess progress concerning the process and implementation of the Geneva Declaration; the first two ministerial review conferences took place in 2008 and 2011. During 2014 a series of Regional Review Conferences have been organized not only to review the process in implementing the Geneva Declaration but also to reflect and gather support in integrating meaningfully armed violence reduction in national and international development processes, including the post-2015 development agenda.

Overview
By signing the Geneva Declaration states commit to:

 Support initiatives to measure the human, social and economic costs of armed violence;
 Undertake assessments to understand and respond to risks and vulnerabilities;
 Evaluate the effectiveness of armed violence prevention and reduction programs around the world; and
 To disseminate lessons and best practices.

Understanding that the fight against the global scourge of armed violence and the prospects for sustainable development are closely linked, the signatories recognize that armed violence constitutes a major obstacle to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. They agree to strengthen their efforts to integrate armed violence reduction and conflict prevention programs into national, regional, and multilateral development frameworks and strategies.

The approach is based on three pillars:

 Advocacy: dissemination and coordination initiatives for implementing the Geneva Declaration
 Measurability: country based armed violence mapping and monitoring to identify entry-points and opportunities for interventions
 Programming: practical programming on armed violence prevention and reduction

A Core Group of 14 signatory states and affiliated organizations is responsible for steering the process and guiding the implementation of the Geneva Declaration. Affiliated organizations include the Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery (BCPR) of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the Small Arms Survey—which also hosts the Geneva Declaration Secretariat—, the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and the Quaker United Nations Office (QUNO).

Core group member states:

 Brazil
 Colombia
 Finland
 Guatemala

 Indonesia
 Kenya
 Morocco
 The Netherlands

 Norway
 The Philippines
 Spain

 Switzerland (coordinating country)
 Thailand
 United Kingdom

Signatory states:

 Afghanistan (2006)
 Albania (2008)
 Angola (2007)
 Argentina (2007)
 Australia (2006)
 Austria (2006)
 Bangladesh (2008)
 Belgium (2011)
 Benin (2007)
 Bosnia and Herzegovina (2006)
 Brazil (2006)
 Brunei (2008)
 Bulgaria (2006)
 Burkina Faso (2007)
 Burundi (2007)
 Canada (2006)
 Cameroon (2007)
 Chad (2014)
 Chile (2006)
 Colombia (2008)
 Congo, Democratic Republic of the (2007)
 Costa Rica (2006)
 Côte d'Ivoire (2007)
 Croatia (2008)
 Cyprus (2009)
 Denmark (2008)
 Dominican Republic (2007)
 Ecuador (2007)
 El Salvador (2006)

 Ethiopia (2007)
 Fiji (2008)
 Finland (2006)
 France (2006)
 Georgia (2008)
 Germany (2006)
 Ghana (2006)
 Greece (2006)
 Guatemala (2006)
 Guinea (2011)
 Guyana (2008)
 Holy See (2006)
 Honduras (2006)
 Hungary (2006)
 Iceland (2007)
 Indonesia (2006)
 Ireland (2006)
 Italy (2007)
 Jamaica (2006)
 Japan (2006)
 Jordan (2006)
 Kazakhstan (2008)
 Kenya (2006)
 Korea, North (2008)
 Korea, South (2006)
 Kyrgyzstan (2008)
 Lebanon (2006)
 Lesotho (2007)

 Liberia (2006)
 Libya (2007)
 Liechtenstein (2008)
 Lithuania (2009)
 Luxembourg (2009)
 Macedonia, Republic of (2009)
 Madagascar (2007)
 Malawi (2007)
 Malaysia (2008)
 Mali (2006)
 Mauritius (2007)
 Mexico (2006)
 Mongolia (2008)
 Montenegro (2008)
 Morocco (2006)
 Mozambique (2006)
 Nauru (2008)
 Nepal (2008)
 Netherlands (2006)
 New Zealand (2006)
 Nicaragua (2009)
 Niger (2007)
 Nigeria (2006)
 Norway (2006)
 Palau (2008)
 Panama (2007)
 Papua New Guinea (2006)
 Peru (2007)

 Philippines (2008)
 Portugal (2006)
 Qatar (2006)
 Romania (2008)
 Rwanda (2007)
 Samoa (2008)
 Senegal (2006)
 Serbia (2008)
 Sierra Leone (2006)
 Slovakia (2008)
 Slovenia (2006)
 Solomon Islands (2008)
 South Africa (2006)
 Spain (2007)
 Sudan (2007)
 Sweden (2006)
 Switzerland (2006)
 Tajikistan (2008)
 Thailand (2006)
 Timor-Leste (2006)
 Togo (2011)
 Uganda (2007)
 United Arab Emirates (2011)
 United Kingdom (2006)
 Uzbekistan (2008)
 Vanuatu (2008)
 Zambia (2007)
 Zimbabwe (2007)

See also
 Armed violence reduction
 Small Arms Survey
 Insecurity Insight

References

External links
 http://www.genevadeclaration.org
 The full text of the Geneva Declaration
 The Global Burden of Armed Violence
 Research Notes on Reducing Armed Violence, Enabling Development (2012)
 Working Paper on Working Against Violence: Promising Practices in Armed Violence Reduction and Prevention (2011)

Nonviolence
Treaties concluded in 2006
International development treaties
2006 in Switzerland
Treaties of Afghanistan
Treaties of Albania
Treaties of Angola
Treaties of Argentina
Treaties of Australia
Treaties of Austria
Treaties of Bangladesh
Treaties of Belgium
Treaties of Benin
Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Treaties of Brazil
Treaties of Brunei
Treaties of Bulgaria
Treaties of Burkina Faso
Treaties of Canada
Treaties of Cameroon
Treaties of Chile
Treaties of Colombia
Treaties of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Treaties of Costa Rica
Treaties of Ivory Coast
Treaties of Croatia
Treaties of Cyprus
Treaties of Denmark
Treaties of the Dominican Republic
Treaties of Ecuador
Treaties of El Salvador
Treaties of Ethiopia
Treaties of Fiji
Treaties of Finland
Treaties of France
Treaties of Georgia (country)
Treaties of Germany
Treaties of Ghana
Treaties of Greece
Treaties of Guatemala
Treaties of Guinea
Treaties of Guyana
Treaties of the Holy See
Treaties of Honduras
Treaties of Hungary
Treaties of Iceland
Treaties of Indonesia
Treaties of Ireland
Treaties of Italy
Treaties of Jamaica
Treaties of Japan
Treaties of Jordan
Treaties of Kazakhstan
Treaties of Kenya
Treaties of North Korea
Treaties of South Korea
Treaties of Kyrgyzstan
Treaties of Lebanon
Treaties of Lesotho
Treaties of Liberia
Treaties of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Treaties of Liechtenstein
Treaties of Lithuania
Treaties of Luxembourg
Treaties of North Macedonia
Treaties of Madagascar
Treaties of Malawi
Treaties of Malaysia
Treaties of Mali
Treaties of Mauritius
Treaties of Mexico
Treaties of Mongolia
Treaties of Montenegro
Treaties of Morocco
Treaties of Mozambique
Treaties of Nauru
Treaties of Nepal
Treaties of the Netherlands
Treaties of New Zealand
Treaties of Nicaragua
Treaties of Niger
Treaties of Nigeria
Treaties of Norway
Treaties of Palau
Treaties of Panama
Treaties of Papua New Guinea
Treaties of Peru
Treaties of the Philippines
Treaties of Portugal
Treaties of Qatar
Treaties of Romania
Treaties of Rwanda
Treaties of Samoa
Treaties of Senegal
Treaties of Serbia
Treaties of Sierra Leone
Treaties of Slovakia
Treaties of Slovenia
Treaties of the Solomon Islands
Treaties of South Africa
Treaties of Spain
Treaties of the Republic of the Sudan (1985–2011)
Treaties of Sweden
Treaties of Switzerland
Treaties of Tajikistan
Treaties of Thailand
Treaties of East Timor
Treaties of Togo
Treaties of Uganda
Treaties of the United Arab Emirates
Treaties of the United Kingdom
Treaties of Uzbekistan
Treaties of Vanuatu
Treaties of Zambia
Treaties of Zimbabwe


Liron Vilner (, born 7 February 1979) is a retired second generation Israeli footballer (the son of Yehuda Vilner) and the younger brother of Shlomi Vilner.

Honours
Israeli Youth Championship:
Winner (1): 1994-95
Youth State Cup:
Winner (1): 1996
Israeli Second Division:
Runner-up (2): 2004-05, 2006–07
Toto Cup (Leumit):
Winner (1): 2004-05
Israeli Beach Soccer League:
Runner-up (1): 2009

External links
Profile and statistics on One.co.il

Stats at Maccabi Haifa

1979 births
Living people
Israeli Jews
Israeli men's footballers
Maccabi Netanya F.C. players
Bnei Sakhnin F.C. players
Hapoel Haifa F.C. players
Maccabi Herzliya F.C. players
Maccabi Haifa F.C. players
Bnei Yehuda Tel Aviv F.C. players
Hakoah Amidar Ramat Gan F.C. players
Hapoel Ra'anana A.F.C. players
Hapoel Hadera F.C. players
Maccabi HaShikma Ramat Hen F.C. players
Footballers from Netanya
Liga Leumit players
Israeli Premier League players
Men's association football forwards


Mehmet Nas (born 20 November 1979) is a former Turkish professional footballer, who played last as a midfielder for Sivas Belediyespor.

Club career
Nas began his professional career in 1998. He spent six years with Samsunspor before he moved on to capital club Gençlerbirliği in 2004. After making 132 appearances and scoring six goals for the Ankara-based club, he moved to Manisaspor in 2009. He spent one season at the club before moving to Sivasspor in 2010.

International career
Nas was first called up to the Turkey national under-21 football team in 1998. He made 22 appearances for the team between 1998 and 2001.

See also
Mehmet Nas: "Futbolcu olmasaydım lokantacı olacaktım"  – An extensive interview with the Turkish Football Federation website.

References

1979 births
Living people
People from Kelkit
Turkish men's footballers
Turkey men's under-21 international footballers
Süper Lig players
TFF First League players
Samsunspor footballers
Gençlerbirliği S.K. footballers
Manisaspor footballers
Sivasspor footballers
Elazığspor footballers
Gaziantep F.K. footballers
Men's association football midfielders


The Baumkircher Tower (, from ), also known as Tabor Castle () or Lower Castle (Spodnji grad), is a defensive tower or small castle located in the town of Vipava in southwestern Slovenia.

History
The tower was built by Herhlin Kranspergar in 1342, as a fortification guarding the adjacent stone bridge across the Vipava River. In 1386, the knight Haertl sold it to Hermann I of Celje
After passing from their hands to the Patriarchate of Aquileia to the Habsburgs, it was given in fief to the knights Baumkircher, who lent it its current name. The family retained it until 1471, when then-owner Andreas Baumkircher instigated a revolt of the Styrian nobility against Holy Roman Emperor Frederick III, and was beheaded for treason in Graz. The castle then reverted to the duchy of Carniola, and was managed by its officers and leaseholders. The latter included Jurij Gallo, who between 1517 and 1521 subleased the tower to Carniolan vicedom (bishop's deputy in secular affairs) Erasmus Braunwart.

From either 1533 or 1624 (sources vary) to the end of World War I, the castle was a possession of the Lanthieri family.

The preserved elements of the structure include a part of the old main building, the defensive tower, and a partial wall with a gateway and a stone relief of the Lanthieri arms, dated 1653, set above the portal.

References

Sources
 Castles, Mansions and Manors in Slovenia (Didakta, January 1995, ) by Ivan Jakič (Gradovi, dvorci in graščine na Slovenskem),
 vlaki.net Photos of the castle at Vlaki.net

Buildings and structures completed in 1342
Castles in the Slovene Littoral
Vipava, Vipava


Private Practice was the sixth album by Dr. Feelgood, and was released in October 1978.

This was commercially rewarding when the album spawned a Top 10 hit single (the only one of their career) in "Milk and Alcohol". Their preceding single release, "Down at the Doctors", which also appeared on Private Practice 's track listing, topped out at number 48 in the same UK Singles Chart.

The album peaked at number 41 in the UK Albums Chart on the 7 October 1978, and remained in that chart for five weeks.

Track listing
"Down at the Doctors" (Mickey Jupp) (3:19)
"Every Kind of Vice" (Lee Brilleaux, Gypie Mayo) (3:27)
"Things Get Better" (Eddie Floyd) (2:51)
"Milk and Alcohol" (Nick Lowe, Gypie Mayo) (2:55)
"Night Time" (Bob Feldman, Jerry Goldstein, Richard Gottehrer) (5:26)
"Let's Have a Party" (Jessie Mae Robinson) (2:42)
"Take a Trip" (Lee Brilleaux, Gypie Mayo) (4:25)
"It Wasn't Me" (Nick Lowe, Gypie Mayo) (3:06)
"Greaseball" (Gypie Mayo) (3:55)
"Sugar Shaker" (Lee Brilleaux, Gypie Mayo, John B. Sparks) (4:45)

Personnel
Dr. Feelgood
Lee Brilleaux - vocals, guitar, harmonica
John B. Sparks - bass guitar, backing vocals
 Gypie Mayo - guitar
The Big Figure (John Martin) - drums
Technical
 Richard Gottehrer - producer
Paul Henry - artwork and design
Aldo Bocca - engineer
 Martin Rushent - producer, mixing
Gary Edwards - engineer, mixing
 Keith Morris - photography

References

1978 albums
United Artists Records albums
Albums produced by Richard Gottehrer
Albums produced by Martin Rushent
Dr. Feelgood (band) albums


The winners of the 1995 Asian Cup Winners' Cup, the association football competition run by the Asian Football Confederation, are listed below.

First round

West Asia

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1 AkMaral withdrew

East Asia

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1 Ratnam withdrew after 1st leg

Second round

West Asia

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East Asia

{{TwoLegResult|New Radiant|MDV|3–2|East Bengal Club'|IND|3–0|0–2}}

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Quarterfinals

West Asia

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East Asia

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Semifinals1 Riyadh SC withdrew''

Final

References
 RSSSF Asian Club Competitions 1995

Asian Cup Winners' Cup
2


The hawksbill sea turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) is a critically endangered sea turtle belonging to the family Cheloniidae. It is the only extant species in the genus Eretmochelys. The species has a global distribution that is largely limited to tropical and subtropical marine and estuary ecosystems.

The appearance of the hawksbill is similar to that of other marine turtles. In general, it has a flattened body shape, a protective carapace, and flipper-like limbs, adapted for swimming in the open ocean. E. imbricata is easily distinguished from other sea turtles by its sharp, curving beak with prominent tomium, and the saw-like appearance of its shell margins. Hawksbill shells slightly change colors, depending on water temperature. While this turtle lives part of its life in the open ocean, it spends more time in shallow lagoons and coral reefs. The World Conservation Union, primarily as a result of human fishing practices, classifies E. imbricata as critically endangered. Hawksbill shells were the primary source of tortoiseshell material used for decorative purposes. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) regulates the international trade of hawksbill sea turtles and products derived from them.

Taxonomy

Linnaeus described the hawksbill sea turtle as Testudo imbricata in 1766, in the 12th edition of his Systema Naturae. In 1843, Austrian zoologist Leopold Fitzinger moved it into the genus Eretmochelys. In 1857, the species was temporarily misdescribed as Eretmochelys imbricata squamata.

Neither the IUCN nor the United States Endangered Species Act assessment processes recognize any formal subspecies, but instead recognize one globally distributed species with populations, subpopulations, or regional management units.

Fitzinger derived the genus name Eretmochelys from the Ancient Greek roots eretmo and chelys, corresponding to "oar" and "turtle", respectively, in reference to the turtles' oar-like front flippers. The species name imbricate is Latin, corresponding to the English term imbricate, in reference to the turtles' shingle-like, overlapping carapace scutes.

Description
Adult hawksbill sea turtles typically grow to  in length, weighing around  on average. The heaviest hawksbill ever captured weighed . The turtle's shell, or carapace, has an amber background patterned with an irregular combination of light and dark streaks, with predominantly black and mottled-brown colors radiating to the sides.

Several characteristics of the hawksbill sea turtle distinguish it from other sea turtle species. Its elongated, tapered head ends in a beak-like mouth (from which its common name is derived), and its beak is more sharply pronounced and hooked than others. The hawksbill's forelimbs have two visible claws on each flipper.

An readily distinguished characteristic of the hawksbill is the pattern of thick scutes that make up its carapace. While its carapace has five central scutes and four pairs of lateral scutes like several members of its family, E. imbricata posterior scutes overlap in such a way as to give the rear margin of its carapace a serrated look, similar to the edge of a saw or a steak knife. The turtle's carapace can reach almost  in length. The hawksbill appears to frequently employ its sturdy shell to insert its body into tight spaces in reefs.

Crawling with an alternating gait, hawksbill tracks left in the sand are asymmetrical. In contrast, the green sea turtle and the leatherback turtle have a more symmetrical gait.

Due to its consumption of venomous cnidarians, hawksbill sea turtle flesh can become toxic.

The hawksbill is biofluorescent and is the first reptile recorded with this characteristic. It is unknown if the effect is due to the turtle's diet, which includes biofluorescent organisms like the hard coral Physogyra lichtensteini. Males have more intense pigmentation than females, and a behavioral role of these differences is speculated.Hawksbill turtles are an endangered species under the protection of the US National Endangered Species Preservation act.

Distribution
Hawksbill sea turtles have a wide range, found predominantly in tropical reefs of the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic Oceans. Of all the sea turtle species, E. imbricata is the one most associated with warm tropical waters. Two significant subpopulations are known, in the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific.

Atlantic subpopulation

In the Atlantic, hawksbill populations range as far west as the Gulf of Mexico and as far southeast as the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa. They live off the Brazilian coast (specifically Bahia, Fernando de Noronha).

Along the East Coast of the United States, hawksbill sea turtle range from Virginia to Florida. In Florida, according to the
Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, hawksbills are found primarily on reefs in the Florida Keys and along the southeastern Atlantic coast. Several major nesting sites are found in coastal Palm Beach, Broward, and Dade County. THE FLORIDA HAWKSBILL PROJECT, is a comprehensive research and conservation Program to study and protect the region’s hawksbill sea turtles and the habitats in which they live. Within the scope of this project, numerous studies have been undertaken to characterize the hawksbill aggregations found in southeast Florida waters, and educational programs have been developed to engage the local dive community in the protection of hawksbill sea turtles and coral reef habitats. This program is hosted by the National Save the Sea Turtle Foundation, located in Fort Lauderdale, Florida.Throughout their global range, hawksbill turtles are known to closely associate with coral reef habitats, mostly due to their preference for eating sponges and corals. Due to the large extent of Florida’s barrier reefs (approx. 350 linear miles), the Hawksbill Project focuses on representative sites in the northern, central, and southern sections of the Southeast Florida Reef Tract. The barrier reefs of northern Palm Beach County, the patch reefs of the northern Keys, and the finger reefs of Key West are the primary locations for their sampling efforts

In the Caribbean, the main nesting beaches are in the Lesser Antilles, Barbados, Guadeloupe,  Tortuguero in Costa Rica, and the Yucatan. They feed in the waters off Cuba and around Mona Island near Puerto Rico, among other places.

Indo-Pacific subpopulation
In the Indian Ocean, hawksbills are a common sight along the east coast of Africa, including the seas surrounding Madagascar and nearby island groups. Hawksbills are also common along the southern Asian coast, including the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea, and the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia coasts. They are present across the Malay Archipelago and northern Australia. Their Pacific range is limited to the ocean's tropical and subtropical regions. In the west, it extends from the southwestern tips of the Korean Peninsula and the Japanese Archipelago south to northern New Zealand.

The Philippines hosts several nesting sites, including the island of Boracay and Punta Dumalag in Davao City. Dahican Beach in Mati City, Davao Oriental, hosts one of the essential hatcheries of its kind, along with olive ridley sea turtles in the archipelagic country of the Philippines. A small group of islands in the southwest of the archipelago is named the "Turtle Islands" because two species of sea turtles nest there: the hawksbill and the green sea turtle. In January 2016, a juvenile was seen in Gulf of Thailand. A 2018 article by The Straits Times reported that around 120 hawksbill juvenile turtles recently hatched at Pulau Satumu, Singapore. Commonly found in Singapore waters, hawksbill turtles have returned to areas such East Coast Park and Palau Satumu to nest. In Hawaii, hawksbills mostly nest on the "main" islands of Oahu, Maui, Molokai, and Hawaii. In Australia, hawksbills are known to nest on Milman Island in the Great Barrier Reef. Hawksbill sea turtles nest as far west as Cousine Island in the Seychelles, where the species since 1994 is legally protected, and the population is showing some recovery. The Seychelles' inner islands and islets, such as Aldabra, are popular feeding grounds for immature hawksbills.

Eastern Pacific subpopulation
In the eastern Pacific, hawksbills are known to occur from the Baja Peninsula in Mexico south along the coast to southern Peru. Nonetheless, as recently as 2007, the species had been considered extirpated mainly in the region. Important remnant nesting and foraging sites have since been discovered in Mexico, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Ecuador, providing new research and conservation opportunities. In contrast to their traditional roles in other parts of the world, where hawksbills primarily inhabit coral reefs and rocky substrate areas, in the eastern Pacific, hawksbills tend to forage and nest principally in mangrove estuaries, such as those present in the Bahia de Jiquilisco (El Salvador), Gulf of Fonseca (Nicaragua, El Salvador, and Honduras), Estero Padre Ramos (Nicaragua), and the Gulf of Guayaquil (Ecuador). Multi-national initiatives, such as the Eastern Pacific Hawksbill Initiative, are currently pushing efforts to research and conserve the population, which remains poorly understood.

Habitat and feeding

Habitat

Adult hawksbill sea turtles are primarily found in tropical coral reefs. They are usually seen resting in caves and ledges in and around these reefs throughout the day. As a highly migratory species, they inhabit a wide range of habitats, from the open ocean to lagoons and even mangrove swamps in estuaries. Little is known about the habitat preferences of early life-stage E. imbricata; like other young sea turtles, they are assumed to be completely pelagic, remaining at sea until they mature.

Feeding

While they are omnivorous, sea sponges are their principal food; they constitute 70–95% of the turtles' diets. However, like many spongivores, they feed only on select species, ignoring many others. Caribbean populations feed primarily on the orders Astrophorida, Spirophorida, and Hadromerida in the class Demospongiae.
Aside from sponges, hawksbills feed on algae, marine plants, cnidarians, comb jellies and other jellyfish, sea anemones, mollusks, fish and crustaceans. They also feed on the dangerous jellyfish-like hydrozoan, the Portuguese man o' war (Physalia physalis). Hawksbills close their unprotected eyes when they feed on these cnidarians. The man o' war's stinging cells cannot penetrate the turtles' armored heads.

Hawksbills are highly resilient and resistant to their prey. Some of the sponges they eat, such as Aaptos aaptos, Chondrilla nucula, Tethya actinia, Spheciospongia vesparium, and Suberites domuncula, are highly (often lethally) toxic to other organisms. In addition, hawksbills choose sponge species with significant numbers of siliceous spicules, such as Ancorina, Geodia (G. gibberosa), Ecionemia, and Placospongia.

Life history

Less is known about the life history of hawksbills by comparison to several other sea turtle species. Their life history may be divided into three phases, the: (i) early life history phase from approximately 4–30 cm straight carapace length, (ii) benthic phase when the immature turtles recruit to foraging areas, and (iii) reproductive phase, when individuals reach sexual maturity and begin periodically migrating to breeding grounds. The early life history phase is not as geographically resolved as other sea turtle species. This phase appears to vary across ocean regions and may occur in both pelagic and nearshore waters, possibly lasting from 0–4 years of age. One study from the central Pacific Ocean population used bomb radiocarbon (14C) dating and von Bertalanffy growth models to estimate hawksbills reach sexual maturity at ~ 72 cm and 29 years of age (range 23–36 years). Hawksbills show a degree of fidelity after recruiting to the benthic phase however, the movement to other similar habitats is possible.

Breeding
Hawksbills mate biannually in secluded lagoons off their nesting beaches in remote islands throughout their range. The most significant nesting beaches are in Mexico, the Seychelles, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Australia. The mating season for Atlantic hawksbills usually spans April to November. Indian Ocean populations, such as the Seychelles hawksbill population, mate from September to February. After mating, females drag their heavy bodies high onto the beach during the night. They clear an area of debris and dig a nesting hole using their rear flippers, then lay clutches of eggs and cover them with sand. Caribbean and Florida nests of E. imbricata typically contain around 140 eggs. After the hours-long process, the female returns to the sea. Their nests can be found throughout beaches in about 60 countries.

Hatchlings, usually weighing less than , hatch at night after around two months. These newly emergent hatchlings are dark-colored, with heart-shaped carapaces measuring approximately  long. They instinctively crawl into the sea, attracted by the moon's reflection on the water (disrupted by light sources such as street lamps and lights). While they emerge under the cover of darkness, hatchlings that do not reach the water by daybreak are preyed upon by shorebirds, shore crabs, and other predators.

Maturity

Hawksbills evidently reach maturity after 20 years. Their lifespan is unknown. Like other sea turtles, hawksbills are solitary for most of their lives; they meet only to mate. They are highly migratory. Because of their tough carapaces, adults' only predators are humans, sharks, estuarine crocodiles, octopuses, and some pelagic fish species.

A series of biotic and abiotic cues, such as individual genetics, foraging quantity and quality, or population density, may trigger the maturation of the reproductive organs and the production of gametes and thus determine sexual maturity. Like many reptiles, all marine turtles of the same aggregation are highly unlikely to reach sexual maturity at the same size and thus age.

Age at maturity has been estimated to occur between 10 and 25 years of age for Caribbean hawksbills. Turtles nesting in the Indo-Pacific region may reach maturity at a minimum of 30 to 35 years.

Evolutionary history
Within the sea turtles, E. imbricata has several unique anatomical and ecological traits. It is the only primarily spongivorous reptile. Because of this, its evolutionary position is somewhat unclear. Molecular analyses support Eretmochelys placement within the taxonomic tribe Carettini, including the carnivorous loggerhead and ridley sea turtles, rather than in the tribe Chelonini, which includes the herbivorous green turtle. The hawksbill probably evolved from carnivorous ancestors.

Exploitation by humans
Throughout the world, hawksbill turtles have been hunted by humans, though it is illegal to capture, kill, and trade hawksbills  in many countries today. In some parts of the world, hawksbill turtles and their eggs continue to be exploited as food. As far back as the fifth century BCE, sea turtles, including the hawksbill, were eaten as delicacies in China.

Beyond direct consumption for food, many cultures have also exploited hawksbill populations for their ornate carapace shells, known variously as tortoiseshell, turtle shell, and bekko.

In China, where it was known as tai mei, the hawksbill is called the "tortoise-shell turtle", named primarily for its shell, which was used to make and decorate a variety of small items, as it was in the West. Along the south coast of Java, stuffed hawksbill turtles are sold in souvenir shops, though numbers have decreased in the last two decades. In Japan, the turtles are harvested for their shell scutes, called bekko in Japanese.  Bekko is used in various personal implements, such as eyeglass frames and the shamisen (Japanese traditional three-stringed instrument) picks. In 1994, Japan stopped importing hawksbill shells from other nations. Prior to this, the Japanese hawksbill shell trade was around  of raw shells per year. In Europe, hawksbill sea turtle shells were harvested by the ancient Greeks and ancient Romans for jewellery, such as combs, brushes, and rings. Recently, processed shells were regularly available in large amounts in countries including the Dominican Republic and Colombia.

Global estimates of the historical exploitation of hawksbills have received recent attention. From 1950-1992, one pioneering study estimated that as many as 1.37 million adult hawksbills were killed in the international tortoiseshell trade alone. With the aid of substantial additional trade data, including official trade records from the imperial Japanese archives, the international trade of tortoiseshell was recently updated to have killed approximately 8.98 million hawksbills (range 4.64 to 9.83 million) from 1844-1992. Most of the trade occurred in the Pacific Ocean basin, and the countries of origin and trade routes bore similarity to what is known of illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing (IUU fishing).

Conservation

Consensus has determined sea turtles, including E. imbricata to be at least threatened, because of their slow growth and maturity and low reproductive rates. Humans have killed many adult turtles, both accidentally and deliberately. Their existence is threatened due to pollution and loss of nesting areas because of coastal development. Biologists estimate that the hawksbill population has declined 80 percent in the past 100–135 years. Human and animal encroachment threatens nesting sites, and small mammals dig up the eggs to eat. In the US Virgin Islands, mongooses raid hawksbill nests (along with other sea turtles, such as Dermochelys coriacea) right after they are laid.

In 1982, the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species first listed E. imbricata as endangered. This endangered status continued through several reassessments in 1986, 1988, 1990, and 1994 until it was upgraded in status to critically endangered in 1996. Two petitions challenged its status as an endangered species prior to this, claiming the turtle (along with three other species) had several significant stable populations worldwide. These petitions were rejected based on their data analysis submitted by the Marine Turtle Specialist Group (MTSG). The MTSG data showed the worldwide hawksbill sea turtle population had declined by 80% in the three most recent generations, and no significant population increase had occurred as of 1996. CR A2 status was denied, however, because the IUCN did not find sufficient data to show the population likely to decrease by a further 80%.

The species (along with the entire Cheloniidae family) has been listed in Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species. This means commercial international trade (including in parts and derivatives) is prohibited and non-commercial international trade is regulated.

The United States Fish and Wildlife Service and National Marine Fisheries Service have classified hawksbills as endangered under the Endangered Species Act since 1970. The US government established several recovery plans for protecting E. imbricata.

The Zoological Society of London has inscribed the reptile as an EDGE species, meaning that it is both endangered and highly genetically distinct, and therefore of particular concern for conservation efforts.

The World Wildlife Fund Australia (WWF-Australia) has several ongoing projects aiming at protecting the reptile.

On Rosemary Island, an island in the Dampier Archipelago off the Pilbara coast of Western Australia, volunteers have been monitoring hawksbill turtles since 1986. In November 2020, a 60-year old turtle first tagged in November 1990 and again in 2011 returned to the same location.

References

External links

 US National Marine Fisheries Service hawksbill sea turtle page
 Seaturtle.org Home to sea turtle conservation efforts such as the Marine Turtle Research Group and publisher of the Marine Turtle Newsletter.
 Hawksbill turtle in Bocas Del Toro
 Australian Government Department of the Environment

 3D animation of a Hawksbill sea turtle

hawksbill sea turtle
hawksbill sea-turtle
Pantropical fauna
Critically endangered animals
ESA endangered species
hawksbill sea turtle
Reptiles of New Zealand
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Fauna of Christmas Island


SS Mahratta was a steamship owned by Brocklebank Line which was launched in 1891 and ran aground on the Goodwin Sands in 1909.

History

SS Mahratta was launched on 19 November 1891. Its name is an old spelling of Maratha. In 1900 she served as a troopship in connection with the Boer War.

Shipwreck
On 9 April 1909 (Good Friday), the 5,639 ton liner Mahratta stuck in the Goodwin Sands, with a heavy cargo, a crew of 90 and 17 passengers.   The Mahratta was homeward bound to London from Calcutta, India with a mixed cargo including jute, rice, rubber and tea. She ran aground on the Fawk Spit of the Goodwin Sands in calm weather and stuck fast.

The next day, lifeboats were launched and the majority of the passengers were rescued by the Deal lifeboat. Although two tugs were sent from Dover, it was impossible to pull Mahratta free. Mahratta broke in two the day after this. The three passengers aboard at the time included one female passenger who had refused to leave as she had a dog with her which would have to go into quarantine if rescued.

The Sands did not break the Mahratta's back for 24 hours, allowing time for locals to help unload its cargo. Many of them demanded their right of salvage, and when customs officers searched their houses they were physically roughed up.

The westerly wind increased in strength, and as cargo was salvaged from No.4 and 5 holds the ship listed making further salvage more difficult.

A Board of Trade inquiry found that the ship had run aground because the pilot had failed to recognise the Gull Light and then took an incorrect course.

A second ship named Mahratta ran aground on the Goodwin Sands in 1939, less than a mile away from the site of the wreck of the first Mahratta.

Pride of Canterbury ferry incident
On 31 January 2008, the roll-on/roll-off passenger ferry Pride of Canterbury operated by P&O Ferries struck the wreck of Mahratta while manoeuvering in severe weather into a holding position in The Downs. The ferry suffered extensive damage to her port propeller and had to be assisted to berth in Dover. It is not clear whether the wreck site named in the MAIB report is that of the first SS Mahratta or the later vessel.

References

Shipwrecks in the Downs
Schooners
Maritime incidents in 1909
Merchant ships of the United Kingdom
1891 ships
Ships built in Belfast
Ships built by Harland and Wolff


Thoda Hai Thode Ki Zaroorat Hai was an Indian soap opera that aired in 1997. The director Ravi Rai won numerous awards for the serial, and the series itself won the 'Best Television Serial Drama' award by Screen Awards in the year 1997. The story shows how hard it is for us humans to survive the death of our loved ones.

Cast
Sachin Khedekar...Vishal
Prajakti Deshmukh... Kavita
Alok Nath
Rita Bhaduri as Chandrima bhaduri's daughter
Simone Singh ... Chandni
Mahesh Thakur
Akshay Anand
Masumeh Makhija... Uma
Shruti Ulfat
Raju Kher ***Anupam Kher's brother
Nandita Puri... Neena

References

Indian television soap operas
Sony Entertainment Television original programming
1997 Indian television series debuts
1999 Indian television series endings


John Duncan Henderson (born March 25, 1933) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goaltender

Career
Henderson played 46 games for the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League between 1954 and 1956. The rest of his career, which lasted from 1953 to 1961, and again from 1965 to 1970, was spent in various minor leagues. With the Whitby Dunlops he won the 1957 and 1959 Allan Cup, the senior championship of Canada.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

References

External links

1933 births
Boston Bruins players
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Cleveland Barons (1937–1973) players
Kingston Frontenacs (EPHL) players
Living people
Oklahoma City Blazers (1965–1977) players
Ontario Hockey Association Senior A League (1890–1979) players
Pittsburgh Hornets players
San Francisco Seals (ice hockey) players
Ice hockey people from Toronto
Toronto Marlboros players
Victoria Maple Leafs players


Count of Vila Real (in Portuguese Conde de Vila Real) was a Portuguese title of nobility created by a royal decree, in 1424, by King John I of Portugal, and granted to Dom Pedro de Menezes, also known as Peter I of Menezes, 2nd Count of Viana (do Alentejo).

The Menezes, a high nobility and influential family, quite close to the first Dynasty Kings in Portugal, were negatively affected when the new Aviz Kings came to power, after the 1383-1385 crisis, but Pedro de Menezes supported the new king John of Aviz and was later rewarded.

He was involved in the north African conquests, and became the first Governor of Ceuta after the Portuguese conquest (1415).

He married four times from which he had three daughters. The eldest was Beatrice of Menezes, married to Fernando of Noronha (grandson of King Fernando I of Portugal through his mother, Infanta Isabel of Portugal). Their issue used Menezes as family name and they originated the powerful House of Vila Real (extinct in 1641).

Later, in the 19th Century, King John VI of Portugal, revived the title and granted it by royal decree on July 3, 1823 (second creation), to José Luis de Sousa Botelho Mourão e Vasconcelos (1785-1855), a remarkable military and politician who fought during the Napoleonic invasions and the Liberal wars.

List of the Counts of Vila Real

First creation (1424 - Menezes family)
Pedro de Menezes, 1st Count of Vila Real
Brites de Menezes and her husband Fernando of Noronha, 2nd Counts of Vila Real;
Pedro II of Menezes, 3rd Count of Vila Real (1425-1499), who became 1st Marquis of Vila Real in 1489;
(for the following counts, see Marquis of Vila Real)

Second creation (1823 - Sousa Botelho family)
José Luis de Sousa Botelho Mourão e Vasconcelos (1785-1855);
Fernando de Sousa Botelho Mourão e Vasconcelos (1815-1858)
José Luís de Sousa Botelho Mourão e Vasconcelos (1843-1923);
Maria Teresa de Sousa Botelho e Melo (1871-1947), also 3rd Countess of Melo and Countess of Mangualde by marriage to Fernando de Almeida Cardoso de Albuquerque, 2nd count of Mangualde;
Francisco de Sousa Botelho e Albuquerque (1909-1973), also 3rd Count of Mangualde and 4th Count of Melo;
Fernando de Sousa Botelho de Albuquerque (1941-2022), also 4th Count of Mangualde (1973) and 5th Count of Melo (1973).

See also
Duke of Vila Real
Marquis of Vila Real
Duke of Caminha
List of Portuguese Dukedoms
List of Marquesses in Portugal
List of Countships in Portugal

Bibliography
"Nobreza de Portugal e do Brasil" – Vol. III, pages 522/528. Published by Zairol Lda., Lisbon 1989.

Vila Real
1424 establishments in Portugal


Paulo Renato (1924-1981) was a Portuguese actor. He appeared in numerous plays and films and became very popular in Portugal during the 1950s and 1960s.

Born in Lisbon, on October 23, 1924, he started his career in 1946, with the theater group Pedro Bom. As a stage actor, his most notable appearance was in the play A Severa (1955), where he starred alongside Amália Rodrigues. He also made cinema — Sol e Toiros (1949), Quando o Mar Galgou a Terra (1954), Os Verdes Anos (1963) e Estrada da Vida (1968) among other films. He appeared in Portuguese and international TV series — such as Ivone a Faz Tudo (1978), Millionen nach Maß (1970) or Le Comte de Monte-Cristo (1980) — and TV shows —  like Zip-Zip (1969), where he made some comical sketches with Raul Solnado.

Paulo Renato died on September 26, 1981.

References
 http://www.infopedia.pt/$paulo-renato. Infopédia. Retrieved on 2008-10-28. [In Portuguese.]

External links

1924 births
1981 deaths
Portuguese male film actors
Male actors from Lisbon
20th-century Portuguese male actors
Portuguese male stage actors
Portuguese male television actors


Alexander Smith Johnson (July 30, 1817 – January 26, 1878) was a Judge and Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals and was a United States circuit judge of the United States Circuit Courts for the Second Circuit.

Johnson received a recess appointment from Ulysses Grant on October 25, 1875, to a seat vacated by Lewis Bartholomew Woodruff. Nominated on December 15, 1875; He was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 15, 1875, and received commission the same day. Johnson's service was terminated on January 26, 1878, due to death.

Education and career

Born on July 30, 1817, in Utica, New York, Johnson graduated from Yale University in 1835 and read law in 1838. Johnson entered private practice in Utica from 1838 to 1839, in partnership with Samuel Beardsley. He continued private practice in New York City, New York from 1839 to 1851, in partnership with Elish P. Hurlbut. He was a Judge of the New York Court of Appeals from 1851 to 1859,  elected on the Democratic ticket, and was Chief Judge from 1858 to 1859. In November 1859, he was defeated for re-election by Republican Henry E. Davies. He resumed private practice in Utica from 1859 to 1865. He was a Treaty Commissioner under the Oregon Treaty for settling the claims of the Hudson's Bay and Puget Sound Agricultural Companies, from 1865 to 1869, Great Britain being represented by Sir John Rose, 1st Baronet. Warm praise was awarded Johnson in both England and Canada for the sagacity that he displayed in the peaceful settlement of these difficulties, which at one time threatened serious results. He returned to private practice in Utica from 1869 to 1873. He was a member of the New York State Commission on Appeals from 1873 to 1874. In December 1873, he was appointed to the New York Court of Appeals by Governor John Adams Dix to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Rufus Wheeler Peckham. In November 1874, he ran for a full term on the Republican ticket, but was defeated, and left the bench on December 31, 1874.

Federal judicial service

Johnson received a recess appointment from President Ulysses S. Grant on October 25, 1875, to a seat on the United States Circuit Courts for the Second Circuit vacated by Judge Lewis Bartholomew Woodruff. He was nominated to the same position by President Grant on December 15, 1875. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 15, 1875, and received his commission the same day. His service terminated on January 26, 1878, due to his death in Nassau, The Bahamas. He was interred at the Forest Hill Cemetery in Utica.

Family

Johnson was the son of Alexander Bryan Johnson and Abigail Louisa Smith (Adams) Johnson (1798–1836); she was a daughter of Charles Adams and Sally Smith, a niece of William Stephens Smith, and a granddaughter of President John Adams and Abigail Adams. In 1852, Johnson married Catherine M. Crysler (1833–1898), and they had four children.

Honor

In 1859, Hamilton College conferred the title of LL.D. on Johnson.

References

Sources

Further reading
 "Johnson, Alexander Smith", in Concise Dictionary of American Biography (1964), New York:  Scribner's.

1817 births
1878 deaths
19th-century American judges
Chief Judges of the New York Court of Appeals
Judges of the United States circuit courts
New York (state) Democrats
New York (state) Republicans
Politicians from Utica, New York
United States federal judges appointed by Ulysses S. Grant
Yale University alumni
Adams political family


Maury Dean is an American musician, author and professor at Suffolk County Community College, whose book "The Rock Revolution" is in the Rock N' Roll Hall of Fame and the Smithsonian.

Music
Dean taught a "History of Rock N' Roll" course as well as Mass Media, Journalism, and Literature courses at Suffolk County Community College, and was a member of the band "The Woolies", whose cover of the song "Who Do You Love?" hit the #95 spot on the Billboard Hot 100 charts in 1967. Dean was also in the rock band, 'Maury Dean & The Nite Shift' – who recorded for the Detroit-based Fortune Records. He was also a writer at Motown Records, where he says he lasted all of a few days before leaving.

Author
Dean's first book, The Rock Revolution is considered one of the earliest books about rock n' roll, having been written and published in 1966. Dean has also authored Rock N' Roll Gold Rush, a book that is used as the textbook to his rock n' roll classes, as well as other professor's classes. Rock N' Roll Gold Rush also contains his opinions on music, with most of the text dedicated to his opinions on certain singles, musicians, and bands. Dean also wrote another book, about Buddy Holly, titled This'll Be the Day: The Life and Legacy of Buddy Holly. It was released in April 2009. Dean wrote another book in 2011 titled Billionaire Bingo: Saving Our Endangered Middle Class (). He wrote another book released in 2021 dedicated to another one of his passions, running, titled Glory Days: Still Running Against the Wind ().

While in college in the early 1960s, Dean wrote a book entitled The Hanging Gardens, about the teenage angst of attending high school in post-recession era Detroit, and having nothing much to look forward to except the long hours and boredom of building Fords on the assembly line at the River Rouge plant. He was in edits and rewrites with his publisher when “American Graffiti” hit the movie theaters and stole his thunder. It has been hinted that the hit TV series “Happy Days” was loosely based upon the unfinished manuscript of “The Hanging Gardens”.

Personal life
Dean's son, Jeremy, is the keyboardist for the band Nine Days, whose song "Absolutely" hit #6 on the Billboard charts. Dean retired from teaching in January 2010. Currently, Dean divides his time on Long Island and Detroit, Michigan, doing historical seminars.

References

Living people
American music critics
American music journalists
Suffolk County Community College faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)


Dětřichov () is a municipality and village in Svitavy District in the Pardubice Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.

Etymology
The original Latin name of the village Theodriciuilla is derived from the personal name Theodericus (German: Dietrich, Czech: Dětřich), meaning "Theodor's village". The Czech and German names were created by translation. The German name later appeared as Dittersdorf.

Geography
Dětřichov is located about  northeast of Svitavy and  southeast of Pardubice. It lies in the Svitavy Uplands. The highest point is a hill with an elevation of .

History
The first written mention of Dětřichov is from 1167. In 1278, the area was colonized by German settlers. The hamlet of Vysoké Pole, nowadays a local part of Dětřichov, was founded in 1777. After the World War II, the German population was expelled and partially replaced by Czechs.

Demographics

Sights
The landmark of Dětřichov is the Church of Saints Peter and Paul. Its existence was first documented in 1350. In 1793, it was rebuilt into its current Baroque form.

References

External links

Villages in Svitavy District


George Lyndes Lorillard (March 26, 1843 – February 3, 1886) was an American tobacco manufacturer, yachtsman, and a prominent Thoroughbred racehorse owner.

Early life
He was born in Westchester, New York, the son of Pierre Lorillard III (1796-1867) and Catherine Griswold. In 1760, his great-grandfather founded P. Lorillard and Company in New York City to process tobacco, cigars, and snuff. Lorillard Tobacco Company remains the oldest tobacco company in the United States to this day.

Lorillard graduated with a degree in medicine from the Yale Scientific School in 1862.

Yachting

Lorillard was an avid yachtsman and bought the sloop Eva in 1865. He joined the New York Yacht Club in 1866. He then bought the yacht Magic and won the Regatta at the New York Yacht Club in 1866. He built the Challenge, which sank in a storm in the Bahamas. He built and launched the schooner Meteor in 1869 and took her to the Mediterranean. In 1871, he owned the yacht  Enchantress that was designed by Robert Fish. He sold the Enchantress and gave up yachting in 1872 to pursue horse racing.

Thoroughbred horse racing
George Lorillard, like his brother Pierre, was a prominent racehorse owner in New York, New Jersey and Maryland. At his Long Island estate, he built a large stable and training track. Lorillard arranged to take in boys from the New York House of Refuge, who were given stable work and educated in a specially built schoolroom. The boys learned to ride horses and after a five-year apprenticeship were given an opportunity to become a professional jockey. Notable among them was Tom Costello, who won numerous important races, including three American Classics.

George Lorillard's racing stable was handled firstly by trainer Wyndham Walden followed by John Alcock. Notably, Lorillard and Walden won the Preakness Stakes a record five straight years between 1878 and 1882; the Belmont Stakes in 1878, 1880, and 1881; and the Travers Stakes in 1878 and 1880. Among George Lorillard's best horses were Saunterer, Spinaway, Vanguard, Grenada, Tom Ochiltree, and Duke of Magenta.

In 1878, George Lorillard headed a group of investors which included David D. Withers and Gordon Bennett, Jr., who bought Monmouth Park Racetrack. Under Lorillard's management, they built a new racing facility on  of land with the then-largest grandstand in the United States. Opened on July 4, 1890, the track flourished and became known as the "Newmarket of America."

Personal life
In 1882, George Lorillard was married to Marie Louise La Farge (1845–1899), the sister of artist John La Farge, and the aunt of Christopher Grant La Farge. Marie was the former wife of Edward Whyte, whom she divorced before marrying Lorillard.

Death
George Lorillard died in Nice, France in 1886, aged 42.  His funeral was held in Grace Church in New York City, on April 17.

After his death, Lorillard's widow married in 1889 the Spanish-Mexican Count de Ágreda, becoming Countess de Ágreda. After the Count's death, she married Leopold Morse (son of Leopold Morse), who changed his name to Leopold Morse de Ágreda.

Legacy
Lorillard owned a mansion on an estate of  on Long Island, located north of the Montauk Highway on the west bank of the Connetquot River.  In 1884, he sold much of this estate to William Bayard Cutting, who built a notable house, Westbrook, on the land.  Lorillard also maintained a winter home in St. Augustine, Florida.

Lorillard Avenue in The Bronx is named for him and his brother Pierre.

References

External links
 March 9, 1879 New York Times article on the Lorillard racing stable
 May 11, 1998 Sports Illustrated article on the Preakness Stakes and George Lorillard

Bibliography
 Reeves, Richard Stone, and Ashforth, David. Crown Jewels of Thoroughbred Racing (1997) Eclipse Press

1843 births
1886 deaths
American tobacco industry executives
American racehorse owners and breeders
Owners of Preakness Stakes winners
Owners of Belmont Stakes winners
People from Westchester County, New York
Lorillard family
People from St. Augustine, Florida


Sen o Warszawie ("Dream About Warsaw") is a compilation of Czesław Niemen's first singles. All songs were remastered in 1995.

The song Sen o Warszawie is the anthem of the football club Legia Warszawa, being sung by fans before every match.

Track listing
"Adieu Tristesse"
"El soldado"
"Teach Me How to Twist"
"Locomotion"
"Tylko nie mów mi o tym"
"Wiem, że nie wrócisz"
"Czy mnie jeszcze pamiętasz?"
"Czas jak rzeka"
"Jak można wierzyć tylko słowom"
"Ach jakie oczy"
"Ptaki śpiewają - kocham"
"Nie bądź taki Bitels"
"Zabawa w ciuciubabkę"
"Hippy Hippy Shake"
"Stoję w oknie"
"Jeszcze sen"
"Czy wiesz o tym że"
"Sen o Warszawie"
"Być może i ty"
"Hej dziewczyno hej"

Personnel

Jerzy Kossela - guitar
Krzysztof Klenczon - guitar
Janusz Popławski- guitar
Henryk Zomerski - bass
Zbigniew Bernolak - bass
Jerzy Kowalski - drums
Andrzej Nebeski - drums
Daniel Danielowski - piano
Zbigniew Pogdajn - piano
Włodzimierz Wander - tenor saxophone
Bernard Dornowski, Marek Szczepkowski, Adriana Rusowicz, Maria Wit, Urszula Dziecielska - background vocals
Czesław Niemen - vocal, harmonica, violin, guitar

References

Czesław Niemen compilation albums
1995 compilation albums


Huntingdale Golf Club is a golf club located in Oakleigh South, Melbourne, Australia.

The origins of what would become Huntingdale Golf Club began in 1924, when a Committee leased some property in Doncaster Road, Doncaster and laid out an 18-hole course amid the surrounding orchards. The same Committee took over the assets of the Box Hill Golf Club and re-established it at the Doncaster Road site, under the name of Eastern Golf Club as it is known today.

In the years prior to the second World War, there had been many discussions on the merit of transferring the club on to the famous sandbelt area in the south east of Melbourne, but plans were held in abeyance due to the lack of suitable ground being available.

Early in 1938 a chance remark by one of the members elicited the fact that Mrs Creswick was considering the disposal of the old Melbourne Hunt Club grounds at East Oakleigh. The course design was entrusted to C.H. Alison, an English golf architect, who worked entirely from models, contour plans, and written information as to the topography of the ground. Former curator, the late Sam Beriman, was co-opted to adapt Allison's designs to the terrain. The course opened in 1941, and it was at that time the name Huntingdale Golf Club was adopted. Today with its development as a Club, and advancement as an Australian Championship Golf Course, the future of Huntingdale Golf Club is secure.

Rising to fame in March 1979 with the inaugural hosting of the Australian Masters, Huntingdale has emerged as one of the most recognisable golf courses in Australia, and the world. Since 1979, Huntingdale has played host to some of the most famous names in world golf, including Jack Nicklaus, Greg Norman, Peter Thomson, Gary Player, Arnold Palmer, Nick Faldo, Bernhard Langer, Ian Woosnam, Ian Baker-Finch, Tom Watson, Nick Price, and Tiger Woods.

In 2008, Huntingdale celebrated the 30th year of hosting the Australian Masters and was recognised as the 'Home of the Australian Masters'.

Huntingdale hosted the Australian Masters since its inception in 1979. However, this long association was broken in 2009, when the tournament began a venue rotation policy.

References

External links

Golf clubs and courses in Victoria (state)
Sports clubs and teams in Melbourne
Sports venues in Melbourne
Sport in the City of Monash
Sports clubs and teams established in 1941
1941 establishments in Australia
Buildings and structures in the City of Monash


A knowledge organization is a management idea, describing an organization in which people use systems and processes to generate, transform, manage, use, and transfer knowledge-based products and services to achieve organizational goals.

Overview
From a functional perspective, in a knowledge organization, content (objects, data, information, knowledge, and wisdom) are generated by knowledge workers. Content is captured, organized, and preserved to enable its reuse and leveraging by people and groups other than those who generated it. Infrastructure is in place to enable sharing of content across all elements of an organization and with external partners, as appropriate. Procedures are in place to integrate content from multiple sources and mobilize it to achieve organizational goals and objectives. A learning culture promotes not only individual learning but also results in a shared understanding. Finally, the organization embraces continuous evolutionary change to sustain itself in a constantly changing environment.

Simard et al. (2007)  described five functions of a knowledge-service organization:
 generate content
 transform content into useful products and services
 preserve and manage content to enable organizational use and external transfer
 use content to achieve organizational goals
 transfer content externally, in the form of products and services
Functions 1, 3, and 5 are essential and cannot be bypassed.

A knowledge organization also links past, present, and future by capturing and preserving knowledge in the past, sharing and mobilizing knowledge today, and knowledge organizations can be viewed from a number of perspectives: their general nature, networks, behavior, human dimensions, communications, intelligence, functions and services.

History
In the 1970s Peter Drucker (1974) may have been the first to describe knowledge workers and knowledge work.

Knowledge is created and used by people. Strassman (1985) described the transformation of work in the electronic age from the standpoint of education and training for managers and employees, human aspects of the working environment, and issues of morale, motivation, privacy, and displacements.

In 1990 Charles M. Savage observed that the nature of an organization based on knowledge rather than industrial society notions of land, labor, or capital was not well understood. Mcgee and Prusak (1993) noted that core competencies are not what an organization owns, but rather what it knows.

Bartlett (1999) indicates that empowerment is not possible in an autocratic organization, that networks cannot be sustained in fixed hierarchical structure, and that learning is not possible in an environment constrained by rigid policies and procedures.

Davenport (1997) used an information ecology approach, in which he explored the use and abuse of information in the context of infighting, resource hoarding, and political battles as well as appropriate management in such a context.

Simard (2000) states that knowledge is inextricably linked to organizational mandates. Some providers strive for objectivity, others selectively disseminate information and knowledge, while still others use information to further their agenda. Users must understand that information is not innocent, and that all information is not created equal.

Knowledge organization topics

Network dimension
Knowledge organizations have a network dimension. Davis (1977) states that networks would not replace hierarchies, but that the two would coexist within a broader organizational concept.

Similarly, Amidon (1997) points out that traditional industrial-era hierarchies are neither flexible nor fluid enough to mobilize an organization's intellectual capacity and that much less constrained networked organizational forms are needed for modern decision making.

Tapscott (1998) notes that there is an underlying logic and order to the emerging digital organizational form. It is networked, involves multiple enterprises, is based on core competencies, and knowledge is actively created, exchanged, and used.

Behavioral approach
There is also a behavioral approach. Bartlett (1999)[9] indicates that organizational structure is just a skeleton. Knowledge organizations also have a physiology in the form of the flow of information and knowledge, as life-blood. They also have a psychology represented by people's values and how they act as individuals and collectively.

Collective intelligence
Knowledge organizations also have collective intelligence. Liautaut (2001) points out that in the knowledge economy, being an intelligent business is not only a prerequisite to winning, but even to compete in the first place. In a fluid, fast-paced knowledge market, companies that can find and exploit the slightest advantage for faster, better decision making will dominate. He also indicates that the greater the exchange of data and information across an organization, the more intelligent it will be.

Organizational knowledge
The knowledge in organizations is more complicated. Except from formal and informal documents, Davenport & Prusak’s (1998) also introduced routines, processes, practices and norms. It may therefore be clear that organizational knowledge is much more than a sum of all the individual knowledge (see Bhatt, 2000a). In a survey conducted by Cranfield University (1998) it became clear that most of the knowledge an organization needs, already exists in the organization, but that finding and identifying it were the problems (see also Hinds &Pfeffer, 2001). This has several explanations.

 First of all it depends how the knowledge in an organization is organized. Hansen et al. (1999) made a distinction between a codification and personalization strategy. A codification strategy focuses as the word already implicates, to codify knowledge in a company, where a personalization strategy implies personal interaction as the main factor for exchanging knowledge. Both strategies have their problems. First of all it is in many cases not possible to codify knowledge because of e.g. codifiability and complexity (see Kogut and Zander, 1992 for a very clear and elaborated study on this subject). This is called cognitive limitations (Hinds & Pfeffer, 2001). Hinds & Pfeffer (2001, pp4) argue that :

"As expertise increases, mental representations become more abstract and simplified"

 And even if people can share knowledge, sometimes they do not want to. Hinds & Pfeffer (2001) call this motivational limitations. Hall et al. (2001) see rewards and informal activities with colleagues as the solution for the so-called motivational limitations. They divided the rewards in two groups, the explicit and the soft rewards. Explicit rewards are e.g. economic incentives and career advancement. Soft rewards are non-economic rewards such as reputation and satisfaction.

Formal and informal knowledge sharing
All this theory is based on formal structures in an organization. Organizations all also exist out informal ties and networks. This complicates organizational goals of formal knowledge sharing. A company will lose track of who has what knowledge because of the informal networks. This does not mean that informal networks are negative, just on the contrary, informal networks can create ties and surroundings which are necessary for knowledge sharing (see Brown & Deguid, 2001). Informal networks have received different names in the literature such as sensemaking (Weick, 1979), communities of practice (Brown & Deguid 1998) and communities of knowing (Boland &Tenkasi, 1995), Nikolai Groups (Nikolaivitch 1956). As Pan & Leidner (2003) argue in their paper, communities of practice exist because functional boundaries do not fit the community boundaries. They state (pp 73): “facilitate an environment of 'structured informality' supported by knowledge, people, organizational processes and infrastructure.”

The implication and unfortunately also the complication of informal networks is that an organization loose the general view of the knowledge in the organization. As showed by Cross et al. (2001) an informal structure significantly differs of the formal one. To effectively maximize the potential the authors argue that it is necessary to analyze both structures. They introduce the so-called Social Network analysis which systematically assesses informal networks. Knowledge consequently can be collected from formal and informal networks to create a socio-knowledge matrix in organizations.

Organisational effectiveness
Zheng et al. (2010) studied mediating role of knowledge management and the findings indicate that knowledge management is not only an independent managerial practice, but also a central mechanism that leverages organizational cultural, structural, and strategic influence on organizational effectiveness. Greiner et al. (2007) concluded a strong relationship between the success of knowledge management in terms of improving business performance of the organization and the alignment of KM strategy and business strategy.

According to Greiner et al. (2007) two different knowledge management strategies have been discussed in the literature for sharing tacit and explicit knowledge. The codification strategy focuses on collecting knowledge, storing it in databases and providing the knowledge in an explicit and codified form.
Personalization strategy focuses instead on transferring, communicating and exchanging knowledge by utilising information technology. From the elements of the business strategy and knowledge management strategy can be formulate four different combinations. However, Greiner et al. (2007) suggest that if business strategy focuses on innovation then primarily should be relied on personalization strategy and respectively in case of efficiency then codification should have priority.

See also
 Digital Economy
 Information economy
 Information Market
 Information Society
 Internet Economy
 Knowledge market
 Knowledge policy
 Knowledge Revolution
 Knowledge workers
 Knowledge Value
 Network Economy
 Personal information management
 Knowledge sharing

References

Knowledge management


Rishabhapriya is a ragam in Carnatic music (musical scale of South Indian classical music). It is the 62nd melakarta rāgam (parent scale) in the 72 melakarta rāgam system of Carnatic music. It is the prati madhyamam equivalent of Charukesi, which is the 26th melakarta. It is called Ratipriya in Muthuswami Dikshitar school of Carnatic music.

Structure and Lakshana

It is the 2nd rāgam in the 11th chakra Rudra. The mnemonic name is Rudra-Sri. The mnemonic phrase is sa ri gu mi pa dha ni. Its  structure (ascending and descending scale) is as follows (see swaras in Carnatic music for details on below notation and terms):
:
:

This scale uses the notes chathusruthi rishabham, antara gandharam, prati madhyamam, shuddha dhaivatham and kaisiki nishadham. As it is a melakarta rāgam, by definition it is a sampoorna rāgam (has all seven notes in ascending and descending scale).

Janya rāgams
A few minor janya rāgams (derived scales) are associated with Rishabhapriya. See List of janya rāgams for all associated scales of Rishabhapriya and other 71 melakarta rāgams.

Compositions
A few compositions which are set to Rishabhapriya are:

Ghana naya desika by Koteeswara Iyer
Maara ratipriyam by Muthuswami Dikshitar
Nandisam vande by Dr. M. Balamuralikrishna
Inta sodhanamulaku by Veene Sheshanna
Mahima dakkinchu by Thyagaraja
Panniru Kaiyane by D. pattamal
 Mahatmule theliyaleru by Mysore vasudevacharyar

Related rāgams
This section covers the theoretical and scientific aspect of this rāgam.

Rishabhapriya's notes when shifted using Graha bhedam from the panchamam (Pa), yields one other melakarta rāgam, namely Kokilapriya. Graha bhedam is the step taken in keeping the relative note frequencies same, while shifting the shadjam to the next note in the rāgam. "Rishabhapriya" and "Kokilapriya" are also the only melakarta rāgams to contain a wholetone scale. Omitting Pa in "Rishabhapriya" and Sa in "Kokilapriya" yields the scale. For further details and an illustration refer Graha bhedam on Kokilapriya.

GOPRIYA is a janya raga created by omitting panchamam in the aarohanam and avarohanam (S R2 G3 M2 D1 N2 S---S N2 D1 M2 G3 R2 S) is special in that doing Grahabhedam on it generates the same raga itself over and over. This is because the notes are equally separated in frequency...source is a lec-dem by S. Soumya in Margazhi Maha Utsavam in January 2017. In western classical music terminology, this is called a Whole Tone Scale (Rudi Seitz, 12 Jan. 2013).

Notes

References

Melakarta ragas


In Pakistan, Islamic culture is predominant, but Pakistan also has its own cultural etiquette based mainly on South Asian influence.

Introduction and greeting
Combined-family system is usually [referred but in modern times, the unit-family system prevails more than the former. Elders are respected to the utmost and get love and honour from youngsters, even if they are strangers and meeting each other for the first time in any situation.
Guests are honoured delightfully and treated highly with respect so, relatives, colleagues, friends and people in neighbourhood feel happy and cheerful to meet and stay connected with each other. Usually, in educated families, guests inform the host before their arrival so that someone's routine is not disturbed.
Relatives, co-workers, neighbours, friends and mates stay united in every joy and sorrow and compete with each other in helping their friend in problem.
 In formal contexts, it was previously considered rude to introduce yourself to strangers, and therefore generally advisable to ask some mutual acquaintance to introduce you. Strangers will speak with each other in the "formal" register of Urdu, and using the familiar register will be seen as very rude. This is not the case in everyday life.
 People of the opposite sex do not usually shake hands or interact at all, although this rule is more relaxed if one of the participants is an elder or a close relative.
 The Province of the Punjab is more liberal, whereas the KPK and Balochistan are a bit conservative and prefer to keep up with traditions wholeheartedly. The literacy rate is higher in the Punjab than the other provinces in Pakistan.
In urban Sindh and in other parts of the country, men and women usually lower their head and lift their hand to their forehead to make the "adab" gesture when greeting each other.
 When being introduced to elders or strangers while seated it is customary to get up as sign of respect.
 It is advisable to ask a person how they wish to be addressed.
·Pakistani people are generally very affectionate towards children. It is considered rude and disrespectful to not interact with children, no matter their age.
·Pakistani people generally speak in a very roundabout way, often using many similes, metaphors, and it is fairly common for passages from poems to be recited or cites during conversions.
·It is inadvisable to bring alcohol as a gift to any Pakistani home (As Islam is the dominant religion in the country and it prohibits any mind-altering substances).
·Avoid discussing subjects such as sex and intimacy as these are considered to be taboo.
·Most Pakistani people are not accepting of homosexuality. In many cases they are unaware of the concept.
·Casual dating is considered extremely inappropriate. Moreover, people of the opposite gender seen together in public are subject to judgement. Dating is thought to bring shame and dishonor to the family.
·However in recent years dating has become less of a taboo in Pakistan. This is largely due to the increasing influence of Western culture.
·Arranged marriages are a common practice in Pakistan. Suitable spouses are chosen by the elders of the family by taking into consideration the other family's financial and social standing.

Etiquette in a business environment
 English is widely spoken and understood in major cities. The local dialect is called Pakistani English.
 If at all possible, try not to schedule meetings during Ramadan. The workday is shortened, and since Muslims fast, they will not be able to offer you tea, which is a sign of hospitality.
 Meetings are not scheduled at prayer time.

See also

 Pakistan
 Pakistani culture

Further reading

References

Pakistan
Pakistan, Etiquette
Pakistani culture


Locution can refer to:
 a figure of speech
 Locution (paranormal), a mode of supernatural revelation
 Locution (catchphrase), a particular word, phrase, or expression, especially associated with a particular person, region, group, or cultural level
 Interior locution, the phenomenon when a person reportedly receives a set of ideas, thoughts, or visions from an outside spiritual source

See also
 Locutionary act, the performance of an utterance in linguistics and the philosophy of mind.


Paulo Renato is the name of:
Paulo Renato (actor) (1924–1981), Portuguese actor
Paulo Renato (footballer), Portuguese footballer
Paulo Renato Souza (1945–2011), Brazilian politician


Diphenidol is a muscarinic antagonist employed as an antiemetic and as an antivertigo agent. It is not marketed in the United States or Canada.

Although the mechanism of action of diphenidol on the vestibular system has not yet been elucidated, it exerts an anticholinergic effect due to interactions with mACh receptors, particularly M1, M2, M3 and M4. Hence, its actions may take place at the vestibular nuclei, where a significant excitatory input is mediated by ACh receptors, and also at the vestibular periphery where mACh receptors are expressed at efferent synapses. A series of selective mACh-receptor antagonists based on the diphenidol molecule has been synthesized, but they have not yet been the subject of clinical trials.

Synthesis

Alkylation of 1-Bromo-3-chloropropane [109-70-6] (1) with piperidine (2) gives 3-Piperidinopropyl chloride [1458-63-5] (3). The Grignard reaction of this intermediate with benzophenone [119-61-9] gives the benzhydrol and hence, Diphenidol (4).

References

Antiemetics


Hadronectoridae is an extinct family of prehistoric coelacanth fishes which lived during the Carboniferous period. However, according to Actinistia, it could include Laugiidae, Rhabdodermatidae and not extinct Coelacanthiformes.

References

Prehistoric lobe-finned fish families
Carboniferous extinctions
Carboniferous first appearances


The Arrats is a  long river in southern France, left tributary of the Garonne. Its source is in the northern foothills of the Pyrenees, near Sariac-Magnoac. It flows north through the following départements and towns:
 Hautes-Pyrénées
 Gers: Castelnau-Barbarens, Aubiet, Mauvezin, Saint-Clar
 Tarn-et-Garonne: Saint-Loup

It flows into the Garonne near Valence, between Castelsarrasin and Agen.

References

Rivers of France
Rivers of Gers
Rivers of Tarn-et-Garonne
Rivers of Hautes-Pyrénées
Rivers of Occitania (administrative region)


The NS Class 3400 was a series of diesel multiple unit which were in service in the Netherlands between 1996 and 2017 and were built by Duewag, Talbot and SIG between 1996 and 1998. They were operated by the Nederlandse Spoorwegen and between 1999 until 2014 under lease by Syntus. The class is referred to as DM'90 meaning diesel rolling stock (Diesel Materieel in Dutch) of the 1990s or Buffel, which means Buffalo. The DM'90 series was developed alongside the short lived, electric SM'90 ("stopping-train" or commuter rolling stock of the 1990s) series with which it shares the unusual body cross section. Class 3400 were the last DMUs in service with NS, the older DE3 ("Plan U") and DH1/2 ("Wadloper") series having been replaced by the diesel electric Stadler GTW which are still in use with other operators in the Netherlands. Since January 2018, all units are now stored out of service and 32 units have been sold to SKPL - Polish private railway operator.

History

In 1993, NS ordered 53 units of the class from Talbot, now Bombardier. The electrical systems, train controls, and diagnostic systems were delivered by Holec Ridderkerk, now Alstom. Duewag installed the interiors of the trains in Krefeld, after which the units were transferred to the Netherlands. Unit 3401 was delivered on March 12, 1996, and the last unit, 3453, was brought into service in 1998.

Originally there were intentions to order a follow-up series of the 2-car units, alongside the possible development of a single-car unit, however these were never realised due to the privatisation of many of the diesel-served lines.

The rolling stock was introduced in the end of the 1990s on a large portion of the non-electrified lines in the Netherlands. In the period thereafter many of these routes were transferred to private sector operators, Syntus and several other operators used the sets for their services, others were temporarily used on electrified sectors for local services.

Description

Like the SM'90 ("Railhopper"), the DM'90 uses a non-standard width of , this was made possible by the distinctly bent side-walls which allowed the cars to be  wider than conventional trains while being within the loading gauge. This allowed a 5 abreast seating arrangement, however the trains were eventually delivered with only the standard 4 abreast configuration.

Power is provided by two Cummins (NTA 855 R4) diesel motors, each delivering up to  of power to the Voith hydraulic transmission, driving the axles on the inner bogies. The bogies were Stork-manufactured RMO 9000 series, also used on the SM'90, and DD-IRM trains. The top speed was , reduced to  when running in combination with the older (also diesel-hydraulic) Wadloper series trains.

The combination of disk brakes and quiet operation results that the trains were often poorly detected by axle counters which are commonly found on the lines where the DM'90 operates. Train-protection is provided by ATB-NG. For cross-border operations out of Heerlen, three sets were equipped with the German PZB train protection system along with boarding steps to accommodate the lower platform height.

Between 2008 and 2013, the sets operating between Zwolle and Kampen were provided with passenger information displays showing connection information in Zwolle, as tendered by the province of Overijssel.

The trains were equipped with heating provided by both engine heat and, when necessary, additional electrical heaters. In depots, the heaters can be powered externally to avoid the need for operating the motors. Air conditioning is only present in the driver cab.

Specific operations
3403 and 3410 were branded for the Zwolle - Kampen service.
3401, 3402, 3404, 3412 and 3414 were branded for the Apeldoorn - Zutphen service.

Previous operations
Operations on these lines transferred from Syntus to Arriva since the start of the public transport timetable 2013.

Details

Syntus details

Gallery

References

Diesel multiple units of the Netherlands
Duewag
Waggonfabrik Talbot


D. W. Voorhies House is a house in St. Martinville, Louisiana, United States.  The building  was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 16, 2008.

The house was built in 1903 with many decorative features, all of which survive, although one, the front door, was moved to a different location in the house.  The details include fishscale shingles, an oculus, and beaded rails in a wraparound porch.

It is the 16th property listed as a featured property of the week in a program of the National Park Service that began in July, 2008.

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Louisiana
Houses in St. Martin Parish, Louisiana
Queen Anne architecture in Louisiana
Houses completed in 1903
National Register of Historic Places in St. Martin Parish, Louisiana
1903 establishments in Louisiana


Genesee Intermediate School District is an Intermediate school district in Michigan serving the school districts that primarily lie within Genesee County.

Schools

Direct schools
Elmer A. Knopf Learning Center
Genesee Career Institute
Genesee Early College
Marion D. Crouse Instructional Center
Mott Middle College

Public school districts
Atherton Community Schools
Beecher Community School District
Bendle Public Schools
Bentley Community Schools
Carman-Ainsworth Community Schools
Clio Area Schools
Davison Community Schools
Fenton Area Public Schools
Flint Community Schools
Flushing Community Schools
Genesee School District
Goodrich Area Schools
Grand Blanc Community Schools
Kearsley Community Schools
Lake Fenton Community Schools
LakeVille Community Schools
Linden Community Schools
Montrose Community Schools
Mount Morris Consolidated Schools
Swartz Creek Community Schools
Westwood Heights Schools

Charter schools
Burton Glen Academy
Center Academy
Genesee STEM Academy
Grand Blanc Academy
Greater Heights Academy
International Academy of Flint
Linden Charter Academy
Madison Academy
Northridge Academy
Richfield Public School Academy
The New Standard Academy
WAY Academy Of Flint
Woodland Park Academy

References

External links

Education in Genesee County, Michigan
Intermediate school districts in Michigan