Madí (or MADI; also known as Grupo Madí or Arte Madí) is an international abstract (or concrete) art movement initiated in Buenos Aires in 1946 by the Hungarian-Argentinian artist and poet Gyula Kosice, and the Uruguayans Carmelo Arden Quin and Rhod Rothfuss.

The movement focuses on creating concrete art (i.e., non-representational geometric abstraction) and encompasses all branches of art (the plastic and pictorial arts, music, literature, theater, architecture, dance, etc.). The artists in the Madí movement consider the concrete, physical reality of the art medium and play with the traditional conventions of Western art (for instance, by creating works on irregularly-shaped canvases). Artwork of Madí movement appeared in eight issues of its magazine, Arte Madí Universal, published between 1947 and 1954.

Historical Context
The Grupo Madí was one of two prominent groups of artists pursuing abstract art in Argentina. The other was Arte Concreto-Invencíon, or AACI, founded in 1945. The Madí art movement formed as a reaction to the AACI, whose art was perceived by the Madí group as being too strict in their method of creating concrete art, resulting in a lack of expression in their artworks.

Operating under the rule of Colonel Perón, whose time in power was characterized by a volatile political climate, the Madí artists used their art to make statements with social and political implications. One of the most overt criticisms made by the Madí movement criticized cultural authorities in the Arte Madí Universal magazine, commenting "[t]he last submission to the Venice Biennial has signified for Argentina a blunt negation of the new [artistic] values. We invite competent authorities to stop and compare the true current of contemporary plastic arts with the submissions that today put us [our country] half a century behind", which vaguely attack the aesthetic choices of certain cultural officers under Perón. According to Pérez-Barreiro, Madí and Concrete art (referring to the Asociación Arte Concreto-Invención (AACI)) are the artistic parallel(s) of the political phenomenon of Peronism. These artists were also seen as combining modern art with Communist ideology. Some scholars, including Barreiro, saw the government was an outspoken critic against concrete art as a whole, whereas others such as Andrea Giunta assert that the Madí and Concrete groups were not victimized under Perón's regime; rather, they "coexisted on its margins".

The political regime of Perón made use of both linguistic and visual images for propaganda purposes. This is seen in his use of an image, "the shirtless workers" (los descamisados), as an alternative to the concept of the working class. This image had strong connections and connotations with the male worker, shirtless and, unrealistically, without much affliction. In a speech given 17 October 1946 at Plaza de Mayo, Perón addressed the workers in speeches as "mis queridos descamisados" (my loving shirtless workers). At this speech, he declared 17 October the "Day of the Shirtless Workers" and stated "I don’t want to govern over men but over their hearts, because mine beats in unison with the heart of each shirtless worker, which I interpret and love above all things". The use of representations to create propaganda opened up a clear target for the Madí artists to oppose.

Origin of the name
Gyula Kosice, who also operated under the pseudonym Raymundo Rasas Pèt, has explained that the name for the movement is derived from the Republican motto in the Spanish Civil War, "Madrí, Madrí, no pasarán" ("Madrid, Madrid, they will not make it in", i.e., the Francoist forces will not invade Madrid). The name is most typically understood as an acronym for Movimiento, Abstracción, Dimensión, Invención (Movement, Abstraction, Dimension, Invention). It could be an acronym for Movimento de Arte De Invención (because the group was against static arts) or Marxisme/Matérialisme Dialectique, but it could also be a nonsense word.

Characteristics

A Madí work is non-figurative and non-representational; it has a cut-out or irregularly-shaped form, which takes away the viewer's perception of spatial depth that a rectangular frame provides; its colors are flat and sharply defined; it is often three-dimensional and sometimes articulated and/or mechanical; and it is playful in spirit. Madí artists were concerned with creating artworks that were autonomous with functions that naturally transcend the physical features that constitute the work. Introducing elements of transformation and ambiguity were techniques commonly employed by these artists to avoid representation as well as avoid the fixity of representations. In painted works, some artists would intentionally lower the legibility of the design.

The incorporation of unusual materials into artworks is seen throughout the art movement movement; this includes Plexiglas, fluorescent tubes, neon lights, water, metal, and other materials. An example of this is seen in Kosice's first hydraulic piece, La arquitectura del agua: Hidro-escultura (The Architecture of Water: Hydro-Sculpture), which utilized light and water interaction.

Madí artists sought to combat representational forms because this art reflected and perpetuated class-based social organizations. They believed that representational images "forced others to relate to concepts, connotations, and feelings which were superfluous to the object itself... which enticed individuals into supporting class-based organizations". The Concrete art they produced was meant to have a reality that was self-contained. In other words, the reality of the art ended in the object. In the minds of the Madí artists, "Concrete art was worthy as a contribution to social liberation" because it helped its audience grasp true reality while standing against the concepts, connotations and feelings associated with art. To state this differently, exposing people to what is actually reality allows people to eventually confront myths perpetuated by the bourgeois that has suppressed revolution.

Madí is perhaps the sole remaining art movement which can boast of a half-century of uninterrupted activity since its creation in Buenos Aires in 1946. Today, the MADI movement has over 60 members – painters, sculptors, architects and poets – working in France, Italy, Belgium, Spain, Hungary, Japan, Argentina and the United States. One prominent figure behind this fifty years of artistic creation is Carmelo Arden Quin.

The Madí Manifesto
The Madí Manifesto was created to defend the importance of invention in the light of limitations imposed on concrete art by the excessive rationalism of European concrete art. This strictness of form in concrete art was also demonstrated by the Asociación Arte Concreto-Invención (AACI). The manifesto also called for "the integration of the nonorthogonal framework into representational space".

Madí Dictionary
In written works, artists "disrupted the construction of semantically coherent structures" to avoid attaching meaning to the art and the possibility of representation. The Madí created a dictionary that accomplished the opposite of what a normal dictionary does in that it confused and distorted the meanings of words and made up words. The following excerpt is from the Madí dictionary, which demonstrates a correct grammatical structure that relates ideas that are impossible to interpret meaningfully. This is an example of this incoherent construction which prevents interpretation:M Maclode: Upward hill. / Slope to insinuate land.Meril: Kidnapping of flat centimeters. / Madícional ['Madí-like' or 'of Madí origin'] opposition and resistance.Miogue: Account of events in which the authors of great answers participated.Molois: Site where the most varied adjectives are collected. / Fam. Insult.Musver: About the manner to focus in photography the liveliest glare of a childhood memory. / Fixation.Macichud: Line of shade that emits a loosening of gray beams.NNandy: Arrangement for new personal cuño.Nem-Er: Record of instances.Nigs: Opening that is left so that a cluster of enchanted powder emigrates.Novoh: Shooter that the riverside authority exercises to learn the coastal ruling

Selected Artists and Artworks
Representatives of the Madí movement, in addition to Kosice, Quin and Rothfuss, include Martín Blaszko, Volf Roitman, Waldo Longo, Juan Bay, Esteban Eitler, Diyi Laañ, Valdo Wellington, and Ladislao Pablo Győri, among others.

Gyula Kosice
Röyi, 1944
Lámpara, 1961
Ciudad hidroespacial, 2005
Sobre Relieve, 1950
Pintura Madi, 1948
Hidroluz (Lampara de pie), ca. 1975
Coplanal, 1947
Parabolica, 1960
Gota de agua, 1960
Revolving water, 1964
Hidroluz [Hydrolight], 1975

Rhod Ruthfuss
3 circulos rojos, 1948

Diyi Laañ
"La batalla de Inod", (short story) 1947
Tiagno, (play script) 1947

Others
 Tomás Maldonado, Composition, 1951
 Lidy Prati, Concrete Painting 2-B, 1948

Exhibitions
Aug. 1946 –  Instituto Francés de Estudios Superiores in Buenos Aires, where the MADI manifesto was read
Oct. 1945 – Concret invencion (French) Location: House of Dr. Enrique Pichon-Riveiere (leader of Psychoanalytic Societry of Argentina)
Dec. 1945 –  El movimiento de arte concreto-invencion, a multimedia event which became the hallmark of Madí exhibitions. Location: House of Bauhaus- trained photographer Grete Stern
1947 – Galerías Pacífico, Buenos Aires
1948 – Salon des Réalités Nouvelles in Paris
1958 – Art Madí International at the Galerie Denise René
 1996 - Madí Internacional: 50 Años Después, Centra de Exposiciones y Congresos, Saragossa
 2010 – Outside the Box: Eleven International MADI Artists, Polk Museum of Art, Florida

Why MADI?
To the question, "Why MADI?" Josee Lapeyrere, who met Arden Quin in 1962 and has since participated with her poem-objects in most of the events organized by the movement, replies: "MADI's goal is to be rigorous, inventive, gay and ludic." By the importance to which they accord spiritual and imaginative games, even the most serious MADI artists can be described as playful. Already in 1795, Schiller focused on "the inborn playful nature of man" as an explanation for his production of art forms. In his essay, "Homo Ludens" ("Ludic Man") (1938), Johan Huizinga observed that, "Play reveals an aspiration to beauty. The terms we use to designate the elements of play are, for the most part, the same as those utilized in the aesthetic realm: beauty, tension, balancing, equilibrium, gradation, contrast, etc. Like art, play engages and delivers. It absorbs. It captivates, or, in other words, it charms. It is full of those two supremely noble qualities which man expresses through rhythm and harmony." The French art critic Dominique Jacquemin also remarks that, "It is possible that Arden Quin's passion for game playing led him to create MADI, the only remaining contemporary art movement which can pride itself in possessing both coherence and a truly international outlook."

See also
 Museum of Geometric and MADI Art

References

External links
Volf Roitman
Madi Museum Dallas, Tx
The Hungarian MADI art periodical in English
Arden Quin

Art movements
Modern art


{{New Testament manuscript infobox
| form   = Papyrus
| number =𝔓24
| image  =
| isize  =
| caption=
| name   = P. Oxy. 1230
| sign   =
| text   = Revelation 5-6 †
| script = Greek
| date   = 4th century
| found  = Egypt
| now at = Franklin Trask Library Andover Newton Theological School
| cite   = B. P. Grenfell & A. S. Hunt, Oxyrynchus Papyri X, (London 1914), pp. 18-19
| size   = [19 by 28 cm]
| type   = Alexandrian text-type
| cat    = I
| hand   =
| note   =
}}Papyrus 24 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), designated by siglum 𝔓24', is an early copy of the New Testament in Greek. It is a papyrus manuscript of the Book of Revelation, it contains only Revelation 5:5-8; 6:5-8. The manuscript paleographically has been assigned to the early 4th century.

 Description
Originally it was written on a large leaf (approximately 19 by 28 cm).
It is the earliest manuscript which has survived to the present day with the text of Rev. 5–6. It uses letter Ζ for επτα (seven'').

The Greek text of this codex is a representative of the Alexandrian text-type (rather proto-Alexandrian). Aland placed it in Category I. This manuscript exhibits textual agreement with Papyrus 18, Papyrus 47, and Codex Sinaiticus, but the surviving fragment is too small to determine its overall textual affinities.

It is currently housed at the Franklin Trask Library Andover Newton Theological School (OP 1230) in Newton, Massachusetts.

See also

 List of New Testament papyri
Revelation 5, 6

References

Further reading

 B. P. Grenfell & A. S. Hunt, Oxyrynchus Papyri X, (London 1914), pp. 18–19.

External links

 Robert B. Waltz. NT Manuscripts: Papyri, 𝔓24.' Encyclopedia of Textual Criticism
 P24 images at the Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts

New Testament papyri
4th-century biblical manuscripts
Book of Revelation papyri


Dizangue is a village in the Littoral Province of Cameroon. It is located at around  in the Sanaga-Maritime Division.

Personalities
Thomas Nkono, former football goalkeeper (1955)

See also
Communes of Cameroon

External links
Satellite map of Dizangue

Populated places in Littoral Region (Cameroon)


The Red Main ( or Rotmain) is a river in southern Germany. It is the southern, left headstream of the river Main. It rises in the hills of Franconian Switzerland, near Haag and flows generally northwest through the towns Creußen, Bayreuth, Heinersreuth and Neudrossenfeld. It merges with the White Main near Kulmbach to form the Main. The Red Main is  long and descends a total of .

The waters of the Red Main flow through a region of clayey soils, which is why the river carries a lot of suspended solids, especially after rainfall, and acquires a red-brown colour, hence the name Red Main.

Sources

The Red Main rises  south of Bayreuth near Hörlasreuth (Creußen)  in the  Lindenhardt Forest at a height of . The source of the Red Main (Rotmainquelle) was impounded in stone in 1907, the water flows out of a small wooden pipe. Its source region lies in the Franconian Switzerland-Veldenstein Forest Nature Park. Geologically it belongs to the Brown Jura.

Course
The Red Main flows initially in a southeasterly direction, before it swings northeast and passes through Creußen. From there it heads almost due north and then turns west beyond Eremitage. It passes through the town of Bayreuth from east to west. In the town centre it has been confined since the 1970s in a concrete channel and partially covered.

In the vicinity of the Bayreuth folk festival square the river divides into two branches. The southern branch is called  the Mühlkanal, because it used to feed several mills within the town. Its water flow is held roughly constant by a weir and it runs above ground as far as the Münzgasse. Behind the former state central bank it disappears into a tunnel and surfaces again opposite the Graser School just before reuniting with the northern branch. In the late 1990s a section of the channel in Opernstraße was exposed and swept up as part of the rebuilding at the southern end of Luitpoldplatz.

The northern arm usually carries only a small amount of water, but acts as a flood channel at times of high water and has a very wide river bed. It is partly covered by two car parks.

Beyond Bayreuth the Red Main flows northwest in wide meanders through a broad valley, past the villages of Heinersreuth and Neudrossenfeld. South of Kulmbach, near Steinenhausen Castle, it is united with the White Main, which rises in the Fichtel Mountains near Bischofsgrün. The Red Main is  long (source to mouth), the White Main . At the confluence of the two headstreams a bridge was built in 2009 where the young Main may be crossed right at its beginning. Information boards on the bridge describe the rest of the river's course, the local walking and cycle routes and the surrounding countryside.

Bodenmühlwand geotope

In the vicinity of the Bodenmühle mill east of Bayreuth the Red Main has carved out a bluff (Prallhang) on a bend in the river caused by erosion, the so-called Bodenmühlwand, a steep slope  in height.

This has exposed rock strata from the Middle Keuper period. Around 225 million years ago the area was a coastal region with frequent changes caused in the influence of land and sea. As a result, today, layers of claystone and Benker sandstone (Estheria) lie on top of each other. In the latter, geologists found fossils of ostracods (Palaesteria minuta), after which the layers are named (in German), the remains of coelacanth as well as the scales, teeth and fin spines of prehistoric sharks.
The highest and thickest rock layer belongs to reed sandstones (Stuttgart-Formation) of the Carnian stage.

Fauna
The Red Main is a habitat for brown trout, grayling, barbel, bullhead, lamprey, carp, tench, carp bream, roach, perch, pike, pike-perch, eel and burbot.

Tributaries

 Simmelbach (right)
 Eschingbach (right)
 Hühnerbach (right)
 Kupfergraben (Kaingraben) (left)
 Tiefenbach (left)
 Schwarzbach (right)
 Metzelersbach (right)
 Gosenbach (left), (7.95 km)
 Schliefgraben (right)
 Schwarzweiherbach (left)
 Weihersgraben (left)
 Brunnengraben (right)
 Schamelsgraben (right)
 Mühlwässerlein (left)
 Schnerfenbach (right)
 Thiergatenweihergraben (left)
 Ölschnitz (right), (with the Laimbach 14.72 km)
 Gereutbach (right)
 Bühlersbach (left)
 Warme Steinach (right), (24.61 km)
 Mistel (left), (11.42 km)
 Grünbaumgraben (right)
 Preuschwitzerin (left)
 Cottenbach (right)
 Tannenbach (left)
 Dühlbach (left), (7.01 km)
 Seebach (right)
 Köhlersgraben (left)
 Rottelbach (left), (6.93 km)
 Pechgraben (right)
 Erlgraben (right)
 Reuthbach (Rotbach) (left), (5.94 km)
 Schellenbach (right)
 Friesenbach (left), (8.85 km)
 Aubach (right)
 Erlenbach (right)
 Hirtengraben (left)
 Krummer Lachengraben (right)
 Proßer Bach (right)

Trails
The Red Main Trail (Rotmainweg), which was laid out by Fichtelgebirge Club, begins near the source. This main footpath is marked by a red M on a white background throughout its length. Its 60 kilometre long route is as follows: Source of the Red Main-Creußen-Eimersmühle-Schlehenberg-Eremitage-Bayreuth-Martinsreuth-Altenplos-Grüngraben-Jöslein-Langenstadt-Affalterhof Katschenreuth-Steinenhausen Castle near Kulmbach (confluence with the White Main).

The Main-Mies Trail (Main-Mies-Weg), established by the Upper Palatinate Forest Club (Oberpfälzer-Wald-Verein) also begins near the source. Here the trail is marked by at red diagonal cross on a white background. The 93 km long route is as follows: Source of the Red Main-Creußen-Seidwitz-Frankenberg-Neustadt am Kulm-Erbendorf-Falkenberg-Tirschenreuth-Griesbach.

Sources
 M. Johann Willen: Das Teutsche Paradeiß in dem vortrefflichen Fichtelberg. In: Archiv für Geschichte von Oberfranken. Band 15, Heft 3, p. 167
 Johann Christoph Pachelbel: Ausführliche Beschreibung des Fichtel-Berges im Nordgau liegend. Leipzig 1716, p. 18
 Faltblatt des Fichtelgebirgsvereins: Der Rotmainweg (detailed route description)
 Gustav Schmidt: Der Obermain von den Quellen bis Bamberg. In: Heimatbeilage zum Oberfränkischen Schulanzeiger. Nr. 325/2005
 Franz X. Bogner: Der Obermain. Ein Luftbildporträt von Bayreuth bis Bamberg. Ellwanger-Verlag, Bayreuth 2006,

References

External links
 Main River Website on the River Main by the Tourist Board of Franconia.

Rivers of Bavaria
Bayreuth (district)
Bayreuth
Kulmbach (district)
Rivers of Germany


St Nicolas Church is an Anglican church in the Portslade area of the English city of Brighton and Hove.  It has 12th-century origins, and serves the old village of Portslade, inland from the mostly 19th-century Portslade-by-Sea area.

It is one of the numerous hall churches in southern England.

History
A Roman road ran from north to south through the area which later became Portslade.  There was no recorded Roman settlement, although Samian ware pottery has been found nearby and neighbouring Southwick had a Roman villa.  A village began to develop in mediaeval times, and a manor house and church were built close to each other in the 12th century.  As originally built, the church consisted of a chancel, a nave with an aisle on the south side, and a square tower at the west end.  The nave, aisle and part of the tower appear to have been built first, along with the typically Norman architectural feature of twin pillars of Caen stone; the chancel and the upper part of the tower were built in the early 13th century.  The bell tower, with battlements, was added at the top of the tower in the 14th century; the porch on the south side was added later, but probably by the 16th century.

Portslade was originally the most populous and important of the villages and parishes west of Brighton, and St Nicolas Church never declined to a ruined state, unlike the churches at Hove (St Andrew's), Aldrington (St Leonard's), Hangleton (St Helen's) or West Blatchington (St Peter's).  However, the fabric of the church and its fixtures did decay gradually over time, and like many churches in Brighton and Hove it was altered and restored during the Victorian era.  Medieval wall paintings were uncovered in the nave in 1847, but were whitewashed over and lost.  The mural depicted the Last Judgement; an illustrated article was subsequently written by the incumbent vicar for an archaeological journal, in which a date of 1440 was attributed to the painting.  An aisle was added on the north side in 1849.  In 1946, local stained glass designers Cox & Barnard made a small window which was installed in the church tower.  It commemorates former verger A.C. Wheatland and depicts the church's patron saint.

The church roof was made of heavy stone slabs, and significant repair work had to be carried out in 1959: it was not only sagging in places, but had been displaced by  because of their weight—despite the support given by substantial wooden king posts.  For most of that year, a jack, anchored under the chancel arch, was used to gradually move the roof back into position.  At the same time, a vestry and a gallery for the organ were added.

One of Portslade's most prominent families, the Brackenburys, had their family vault at the church, and between 1869 and 1874 the Brackenbury Chapel was built at its west end.  Highly elaborate, in contrast to the simple church, it was built by Hannah Brackenbury, who was buried there when she died in 1873.  She was a benefactor to local causes and charities, and to Balliol College, Oxford, where a debating society and a building at the college entrance are named after her. She also donated land and money for the construction of the local primary school—a Gothic building of 1872.

Architecture

The church is a relatively plain, uncomplicated structure, similar in layout to many 12th- and 13th-century churches in Sussex.  The chancel, with its chamfered Norman arch, leads to the three-bay nave with aisles on the south and north sides.  In the older south aisle, the piers have capitals decorated with a scallop design.  The 19th-century north aisle is similar but wider.  Also in the chancel are a restored sedilia, piscina (both 13th-century, and on the south wall), pulpit of stone, a modern altar, and a reredos and panelling dating from 1921. Most windows are lancets; some date from the 13th century, and most contain plain glass.  Two stained glass windows depict St Francis of Assisi and St Nicolas.  The east end windows consist of two tall, narrow lancets below a sexfoil (six-lobed window).

The Brackenbury Chapel is more ornate, featuring a three-pane lancet window with stained glass (including the family's coat of arms), elaborately carved wood, stonework and black and green marble.  In the centre is a marble tomb, and the walls—flanked by arcades—feature memorial tablets to family members.  The chapel is built of knapped flint, unlike the rest of the church which is pale rubble-work.  A partition links the chapel and the north aisle of the church.

The turreted tower, in three parts—the 12th-century base, the 13th-century upper section and the bell tower—is of coursed stone rubble-work, rather than the random arrangement in the main walls of the church.  It has no buttresses.

The church today
The church was listed at Grade II* on 19 July 1950.  As of February 2001, it was one of 70 Grade II*-listed buildings and structures, and 1,218 listed buildings of all grades, in the city of Brighton and Hove.

Services are held daily, with two or three on Sundays.

St Andrew's Church was built on Church Road in Portslade-by-Sea between 1863 and 1864.  It was designed by Brighton-based architect Edmund Scott.  In 1898 it was given its own parish, but this has now been united with the parish of St Nicolas.  The combined parish covers the whole of Portslade-by-Sea and Portslade Village, and extends some way on to the south face of the South Downs.  As from September 2013 the status of St Andrews was changed to a "Chapel of Ease" and now will be only used occasionally for religious service.
In September 2013, St Nicolas Portslade & St Andrew Portslade were united with The Good Shepherd Mile Oak to form the new Parish of Portslade & Mile Oak.

See also
 List of places of worship in Brighton and Hove

References

Notes

Bibliography

Church of England church buildings in Brighton and Hove
Grade II* listed churches in East Sussex
12th-century church buildings in England
Grade II* listed buildings in Brighton and Hove


Oh No Not Stereo is a high-energy melodic rock band from Los Angeles, California.

History

Formation/001
Oh No Not Stereo was formed by Skyler Nielsen and Mykul Lee in Hollywood, California in June 2003. The two met at a music store in Hollywood within months of moving to LA. Immediately they collaborated musically and began writing together, developing their concept of a live-duo that delivers a full 'conventional' sound. (The band's name relates to Nielsen's inability to hear out of his right ear, suffered from a serious ATV accident in 1993.) In December 2004, the duo recorded with producer Marc Jordan (Velvet Revolver, Rock Kills Kid, A Static Lullaby) and independently released their first full-length record "001" on May 10, 2005.

Trio/002
Oh No Not Stereo toured relentlessly as a duo for eighteen months before meeting Joshley Hogan in Oklahoma City in February 2005. He soon relocated to Los Angeles to join the band playing bass. In October 2005, the three piece re-hired Marc Jordan to record a self-titled EP, which they would release independently in January 2006. Nielsen and Lee continued to tour with Hogan until he left the band in June of that same year. The duo soon then-after signed a distribution deal with Takeover Records in November 2006. They re-packaged, re-mastered and re-released their EP with the label on Feb 20th 2007, this time referring to the EP as "002". The sixth track on the re-release is different than the sixth track self-titled EP; the band decided to replace "Monster" with "Every Link In The Chain", which was engineered by Ken Harter at Wedge Studios in Long Beach. The band filed for breach of contract with Takeover Records shortly afterward due to financial struggles with the label.

Warren Miller Films and MTV Networks regularly license Oh No Not Stereo's music for use in shows such as Bam's Unholy Union, Paris Hilton's My New BFF, and Meet the Barkers. The group was also chosen out of over 4,000 bands to compete in MTV2's Dew Circuit Breakout contest in 2007.

Quartet/003 & 004
Oh No Not Stereo added Michael Rosenthal on bass and Pat O'Donnell on second guitar before playing SXSW in 2007, Vans Warped Tour dates and touring with Sugarcult that spring and summer. Nielsen and Lee inhabited a house in Scottsdale, Arizona where they wrote over 50 songs together between May and July 2007. They then returned to the studio in October 2007 to self-produce their latest works, "003" and "004", with assisted production from Max Coane (Jack's Mannequin, The Rocket Summer), and Jim Wirt (Incubus, Something Corporate, Jack's Mannequin). After the two-month recording process, Scott Trieglaff was added on bass and Brandon Henderson was added on second guitar for their 'SxSW Tour 2008'. With this line-up, Oh No Not Stereo completed over 25,000 miles of touring across the U.S. between March and June 2008. The band also a completed a co-headlining UK tour with Bayside and Hit The Lights in December 2008 with touring members Jussi Karvinen and Airin Older (Sugarcult). In January 2009 ONNS supported The All-American Rejects in the UK with Jussi Karvinen on guitar and touring bass player Everett Connors. The band was a featured showcasing artist at the South By Southwest Music Festival in Austin, Texas in March 2009, with Marc Wysocki on bass guitar.

After the digital release of their latest record (003) on January 13 (2009)  Oh No Not Stereo designed a Limited Edition Bonus EP (released as 004) to be included in the Deluxe Edition of the album for fan club members and online pre-orders. The physical release of the 15-track record was on March 10, stocking the shelves of select Hot Topic and Best Buy stores nationwide.  As an effort to reward fans and friends on the mailing list, and shine a light on the dynamic capability of the band, ONNS offered a free download every Monday in October (2009) of exclusive live-acoustic tracks and video footage of "Say Anything", "All You", "This Friday Night", and "Let's Get It Started".

As a result of their successful independently driven marketing campaign, ONNS spent seven consecutive weeks on the CMJ Top 200 radio charts.

InCaseOfStaresUseFire
Skyler and Mykul spent most of 2010 writing new material for their fifth release and third full-length, InCaseOfStaresUseFire. Throughout the year the pair accumulated over 50 new songs that they kept track of on a white board in their kitchen. That was the easy part. By the end of the year, as the duo prepared to fly producer Jayson DeZuzio (Foxy Shazam, Coheed and Cambria) out to LA from New Jersey, the great task became how to sift through these tracks and assemble a cohesive album.

In the end, 10 songs were recorded over the course of six weeks in early 2011, both in the band’s home studio and SoundFactory studios in Hollywood (this time adding guitarist Jussi Karvinen in the mix as the third leg to the writing, pre-production and recording process.)  The new record, meant to be experienced as a complete album, offers a dynamic range, veering from the propulsive rock of the album opener “Make My Move” to the angular heaviness of “Behind Closed Doors” to the ballad “Brighterside”.  There’s a notable thematic variety to the songs as well, but the common thread is that of positivity.

“We take a lot of pride in being independent, which allows us to do whatever we want musically,” Skyler says. “No two songs on this record are about the same thing or same person, yet each song was written in confidence that the listener will be able to relate.”

Additionally, the band spent 16 weeks this summer conceptualizing and filming a music video for every song on the album. The intention: To infuse the record with additional life and offer visual experiences that parallel the meanings of the tracks. As an added bonus, the video for "All You" was licensed for MTV’s current reboot of Beavis and Butthead.

Band members

Songwriters
Mykul Lee – drums, percussion, guitar, piano, b3
Skyler Nielsen – vocals, guitar, piano, drums, bass, organs

Touring members
Josh Hogan – bass (2005–2006)
Mike Rosenthal – bass (2007)
Pat O'Donnell – guitar (2007)
Brandon Henderson – guitar (2008)
Scott Trieglaff – bass (2008)
Airin Older – bass (2008–2009)
Jussi Karvinen – guitar (present)
Marc Wysocki – bass (2010)
Ryan Williams – bass (2011)
Everett Connors – bass (present)

Discography
001 [LP] (Self-Released, 2005)
The Oh No Not Stereo EP  (Self-Released, 2006)
002 [EP] (Takeover Records, 2007)
003 [LP]  (Self-Released/Digital Release date 01/13/2009 and Physical Release date 3/10/2009)
004 [(UNRELEASED) BONUS EP] (Self-Released, 2009)
"We Are Who We Are (You Can't Take That Away)" [SINGLE] (Self-Released, 2010)
''InCaseOfStaresUseFire [LP] (Oh No Not Stereo, LLC / BFM Digital, 2011)

References
[ Oh No Not Stereo], All Music
Oh No Not Stereo, Dew Circuit Breakout
Oh No Not Stereo, Alternative Press (Article)

External links
Official Site

Musical groups from Los Angeles


Sebasco Harbor Resort, is a privately held destination resort located in Mid Coast Maine,  north of Portland.  It is situated at the tip of Popham Peninsula in the Town of Phippsburg,  due south of Bath, Maine on over  and tidal estuaries. Founded in 1930 by bakery magnate Nathan Cushman, it was frequented by Eleanor Roosevelt.

Sebasco Harbor Resort contains over 133 guest rooms.

History

In 2008, Sebasco Harbor Resort was named to Parents magazine's Best Beach Resorts for Families list.  In 2011, it was named to Spa Index Guide to Spas Best of Family Spas (Maine) list

Renovations
As part of a $12 million renovation, the Fairwinds Spa Suites.

Amenities

There are two restaurants at the Resort – The Pilot House and The Ledges.  Both restaurants focus on homegrown and local food purchasing from local and regional organic farmers, lobstermen, fishermen, cheesemakers, dairy farmers, and cattle ranchers. They are overseen by Executive Chef Melanie Houston a Maine Native, and graduate of Johnson & Wales University.

Sebasco Harbor Resort contains a 9-hole golf course and 3-hole regulation length course for beginners. Full-service waterfront spa, tennis courts, cruising boat, playground, fitness center, kayaking, recreation center, and lawn bowling.  The Quarterdeck is a rec hall of the type made famous in the film, Dirty Dancing.  In the summer, the Resort provides a day camp for children.  Corporate retreats, weddings and family reunions are also held at the Resort.

Management: Bob Smith purchased Sebasco Harbor Resort in 1997. Michael J. Lynch is the General Manager/Partner.

References

External links
  Sebasco Harbor Resort

Resorts in Maine
Hotels in Maine
Seaside resorts in Maine
Buildings and structures in Sagadahoc County, Maine
Tourist attractions in Sagadahoc County, Maine
Phippsburg, Maine


António José Parreira do Livramento ComIH (28 February 1943 – 7 June 1999) was a Portuguese roller hockey player and coach. A forward, he is revered as one of the sport's greatest players, and by some as the greatest ever.

Player career
Born in Évora, Livramento first started to play football, when he was invited to play roller hockey at Futebol Benfica in 1959, as he did. He represented Benfica, from 1959–60 to 1969–70, and after a year absent, from 1971–72 to 1973–74, Banco Pinto & Sotto Mayor, from 1974–75 to 1975–76, Sporting CP in 1976–77, Amatori Lodi, in Italy, in 1977–78, and another period for Sporting CP, from 1978–79 to 1980–81.

He started to play at the youth category of Portugal in 1960, being considered the best player at the Youth Rink Hockey European Championship. He soon was called for the main team, winning the Rink Hockey European Championship, in 1961, and the Rink Hockey World Championship, the following year. During his long career, Livramento was capped 209 times, scoring 425 goals, from 1961 to 1977. The sad incident with a Spanish player at the 1977 Rink Hockey Championship final, led him to leave the national team.

Livramento won 3 Rink Hockey World Championship, in 1962, 1968 and 1974, and 7 Rink Hockey European Championship, in 1961, 1963, 1965, 1967, 1973, 1975 and 1977.

Coach career
After ending his playing career, Livramento started a coach career. He was the coach of Bassano Hockey 54, in Italy, from 1984–85 to 1985–86. He would be also the coach of Sporting CP and the Portugal national team, winning 3 World Championships, in 1982, 1991 and 1993, and 3 European Championships, in 1987, 1992 and 1994. He resigned after the unsuccessful presence at the 1995 World Championship.

Death
Livramento died in Lisbon, Portugal, on 7 June 1999 from a stroke at the age of 56.

Honours
Orders
 Commander of the Order of Prince Henry

Player

Club
SL Benfica
Portuguese First Division: 1959-60, 1960-61, 1965-66, 1966-67, 1967-68, 1969-70, 1971-72, 1973-74
Portuguese Cup: 1962-63
Nations Cup: 1962

HC Monza
Coppa Italia: 1970-71

Sporting CP
Portuguese First Division: 1976-1977
Portuguese Cup: 1976-77
European Cup: 1976-77

Amatori Lodi
Coppa Italia: 1977-78

Country
Portugal
 Nations Cup: 1963, 1965, 1968, 1970, 1973
 World Championship – A: 1962, 1968, 1974
 European Championship: 1961, 1963, 1965, 1967, 1973, 1975, 1977

Coach

Club
Sporting
Portuguese First Division: 1981-82, 1987-88
Portuguese Cup: 1983-84
Portuguese Super Cup: 1983
CERH Cup Winners' Cup: 1980-81
CERS Cup: 1983-84

Porto
Portuguese First Division: 1998-99
Portuguese Cup: 1998-99
Portuguese Super Cup: 1998

Country
Portugal
Nations Cup: 1984, 1987, 1994
World Championship – A: 1982, 1993
European Championship: 1987, 1992, 1994
World Games: 1993

References

External links
 António Livramento tribute page

1943 births
1999 deaths
People from Évora
Portuguese roller hockey players
Portuguese roller hockey coaches
S.L. Benfica (roller hockey)
Sporting CP roller hockey players
Sportspeople from Évora District


The Roanoke Region ( ) is the area of the Commonwealth of Virginia surrounding the city of Roanoke. Its usage may refer to the metropolitan statistical area or the Roanoke Valley, but it sometimes includes areas in the Allegheny Mountains and New River Valley which includes Alleghany County, Montgomery County, Covington, Clifton Forge, Blacksburg, Christiansburg, and Radford. Bedford County and Floyd County are sometimes included as part of the region.

The Roanoke Region, excluding communities in the New River Valley, has a population of 316,802. If including the New River Valley, its population is 475,130.

Both the Roanoke Region and the Roanoke MSA are sometimes referred to as the Roanoke Valley (or Greater Roanoke Valley) and are often included in the NewVa region. The Roanoke Valley, however, more accurately describes the geographic depression between the Blue Ridge Mountains where many of the region's communities are located (see Roanoke Valley). Notable places and landmarks in the Roanoke Region include the Blue Ridge Parkway, the Blue Ridge Mountains, the Allegheny Mountains, the Roanoke River, Virginia Tech, the Mill Mountain Star, the Booker T. Washington monument, the Fincastle Court House, and Smith Mountain Lake.

Definitions and regional organizations

Roanoke Metropolitan Statistical Area
As defined by the United States Office of Management and Budget (OMB), the Roanoke MSA includes four counties, two independent cities, and 21 incorporated towns and census-designated places.

Counties
Botetourt
Craig
Franklin
Roanoke
Cities
Roanoke (principal city)
Salem
Incorporated Towns and Census-designate places
Blue Ridge (census-designated place)
Boones Mill
Buchanan
Cave Spring (census-designated place)
Cloverdale (census-designated place)
Daleville (census-designated place)
Eagle Rock (census-designated place)
Ferrum (census-designated place)
Fincastle
Glen Wilton (census-designation place)
Henry Fork (census-designated place)
Hollins (census-designated place)
Laymantown (census-designated place)
New Castle
North Shore (census-designated place)
Penhook (census-designated place)
Rocky Mount
Troutville
Union Hall (census-designated place)
Vinton
Westlake Corner (census-designated place)

Roanoke Region
The Roanoke Region is defined by many regional economic, planning, and tourism organizations. The most common definition includes communities located within the Roanoke Valley and Allegheny Mountains. It typically includes

The Roanoke Regional Partnership, a regional, nonprofit economic development organization formed by area businesses and local governments, defines the region as including the counties of Roanoke, Botetourt, Franklin, and Alleghany; the cities of Roanoke, Salem, and Covington; and the town of Vinton. The same region is defined by the Commonwealth of Virginia as the Workforce Investment Area III, but also includes Craig County. The LWIA-III service area is also served by the Roanoke Valley-Alleghany Regional Commission, an organization that provides analysis, demographic research, and other regional data for the state and local governments.

The Roanoke Valley Convention and Visitors Bureau (RCVB), which promotes tourism in the region and provides conference and meeting services for business and visitors, excludes Alleghany County from its definition, but includes Bedford, Montgomery, and Floyd counties, although it gives less attention to these areas in its promotional materials. The Roanoke Regional Chamber of Commerce (RRCC) advocates and provides various professional services to businesses within the region, which it more strictly defines as Botetourt, Craig, Franklin, and Roanoke counties, and Roanoke and Salem cities.

Various media outlets, periodicals, and magazines in the region include different areas in their coverage. The most widely distributed and read newspaper, The Roanoke Times, includes Bedford, Botetourt, Floyd, Franklin, Giles, Montgomery, and Roanoke counties, as well as, Radford, Roanoke, and Salem cities in its coverage area.  Other periodicals, magazines, and television news outlets include the same communities, but also Lynchburg, Amherst County, and Rockbridge County.

Thus, the Roanoke Region typically refers to the following communities:
Alleghany County
Botetourt County
Covington
Franklin County
Roanoke County
Roanoke City
Salem

And, less often, also includes:
Bedford County
Blacksburg
Christiansburg
Floyd County
Giles County
Montgomery County
Radford
Pulaski County

NewVa Region
The use of the term "NewVa" is relatively new and was first introduced in 2002 by the Roanoke Valley-Alleghany Regional Commission as a brand for an economic development strategy serving the a larger economic region that combines two adjacent planning districts: the 5th Planning District and the 4th Planning District. It has since been adopted by the majority of economic and community development organizations and businesses as well as participating local governments.

The NewVa Corridor Technology Council (NCTC), a nonprofit, member-driven association of businesses and organizations in the region, is most prominent contributor to promoting the  NewVa regional identity. The NewVa economic strategy and the NCTC define the region as nine counties, five cities, and 23 towns.

Counties
Alleghany
Botetourt
Craig
Floyd
Giles
Montgomery
Pulaski
Roanoke
Cities
Covington
Radford
Roanoke
Salem
Towns
Blacksburg
Blue Ridge
Boones Mill
Buchanan
Cave Spring
Christiansburg
Clifton Forge
Cloverdale
Daleville
Ferrum
Fincastle
Hollins
Iron Gate
Laymantown
New Castle
North Shore
Pearisburg
Penhook
Pulaski
Rich Creek
Rocky Mount
Troutville
Union Hall
Vinton
Westlake Corner

Economy and major industries
The Roanoke Region has a diverse economic base that includes finance, service, retail, transportation, manufacturing, health care and life sciences. Alongside Montgomery County, the region is also a major technology and research hub, home to Virginia Tech and several technology companies. The region serves as the medical, cultural, retail, media, and commercial center for nearly a million people, and is the largest place for employment opportunities in western Virginia.

Finance, insurance, and real estate
Several banks and insurance providers are headquartered (or regionally headquartered) in the region, including:

Atlantic Credit and Finance (Headquarters)
BB&T (Regional headquarters)
Bank of America (Regional headquarters)
Bank of Botetourt (Headquarters)
Bank of Fincastle (Headquarters)
Brown Edwards (Certified public accounting firm headquarters)
Delta Dental of Virginia (Virginia headquarters)
First Citizens Bank (Regional headquarters)
Goodman & Company  (Regional office of one of the largest Virginia-based certified public accounting firms)
Hometown Bank (Headquarters)
KPMG   (Regional office)
Shenandoah Life Insurance (Headquarters)
SunTrust  (Regional headquarters)
Valley Bank (Headquarters)
Wachovia Securities (Regional headquarters)

The region is also home to top ranked Virginia Tech's Pamplin College of Business and Radford University College of Business and Economics.

Transportation
The first major industry in the region was the railroad industry. The transportation and transportation-related manufacturing industries have since grown and include:

Altec Industries — Aerial devices for utility and telecommunications trucks
Advance Auto Parts — Automotive aftermarket parts; Former headquarters
Cardinal Rubber & Seal — Hydraulic, rubber, plastic hoses, belting and packing
Corning, Inc. — Substrates and cellular ceramic supports for catalytic converters
Dynax America — Automatic transmission clutch disc plates
Graham White — Components for rail, trucks, and buses
Metalsa — Heavy truck parts
Norfolk Southern — Railroad
Salem Preferred Partners — Hydrogen generating fuel modules
Salem Vent — Metal stamped components for heavy truck cabs
TMD Friction — Brake friction components
Virginia Forge — Wheel hubs for auto industry
Volvo North America — Heavy truck assembly plant
Westport — Axle assemblies for Volvo trucks
WestRock — High performance friction papers for automatic transmissions
Yokohama Tire Corporation — Passenger and light truck tires

Health care and life sciences
The health care and life science industries are anchored by the Carilion Clinic, one of the largest health care companies in Virginia and the region's largest employer, and Virginia Tech, both of which recently partnered to establish the Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine. Also, Carilion Clinic, Virginia Tech, and the University of Virginia have collaborated in establishing the Fralin Biomedical Research Institute. Other major health care related firms include:

Accellent – Medical devices
American Biosystems – Direct-fed microbials used in waste treatment, feed and aquaculture products
Attention Point – R&D of assessment tools for the diagnosis of ADHD
Emtech Laboratories – Hearing care products
Excel Prosthetics – Custom-made prosthetics and orthotics
Foot Levelers – Custom orthotics, pillows and exercise equipment for spinal stabilization
Intrexon – DNA control systems to enhance safety and outcomes of biological therapeutics
Ion Healthcare – Products and services for sleep apnea diagnosis
Keraderm – Medical device to treat nail infections
Luna Innovations – Biotech instrumentation, nanotechnology
McAirlaid's – Non-woven composite materials for absorbency end uses
Microscope.com – One of the largest Internet retailers of microscopes in the world
Nature Diagnostics – Performs genetic diagnostics of agriculture products
Novozymes Biologicals – Enzymes for industrial cleaning, odor control, turf/plant health
OcuCure Therapeutics – Ophthalmic eye drops to treat age-related macular degeneration
Pixel Optics – Spectacle lenses for the correction of presbyopia
Plastics One – Cochlear implants, other medical devices
Precision Fabrics – Surgical drapes
ProGenetics – R&D, production of biologically produced therapeutics
Revivicor –Regenerative medicine, R&D of treatments for diabetes and whole organ transplantation (xenotransplantation, stem cells)
Schultz-Creehan – Contract R&D, materials science, and industrial engineering
Smart Perfusion – R&D of organ perfusion and transplant systems
Surgical Tools – Distributor of high-quality German surgical tools
TechLab – Develops, manufactures, distributes intestinal diagnostic assays
Virginia Prosthetics – Custom-made prosthetics and orthotics
Wireless MedCARE – Wireless and web-connected medical devices and applications

Geography and climate

The Roanoke Region covers approximately  of land, and approximately . of water. The region is located within the Appalachian Mountains, specifically the Blue Ridge and Allegheny Mountains. There are also two major rivers, the James River and the Roanoke (Staunton) River, that pass through the Roanoke Region. There are several small lakes, including Lake Moomaw and Carvins Cove, as well as one major lake, Smith Mountain Lake. The region is in the temperate broadleaf and mixed forest biome. Smith Mountain Lake, the Blue Ridge Parkway, the Appalachian Trail, the rivers and streams, Dixie Caverns, the Botetourt County blueways, and the mountains attract thousands of visitors to the region each year.

The climate of the Roanoke Region is humid subtropical with four distinct seasons. The average temperature in January is ; July is 75.6 degrees. The average yearly rainfall is  and snowfall is 27.2 inches.

History

Early history
The earliest history of the Roanoke Region exists as archaeological evidence of Native American tribes which settled by the Roanoke River, which takes its name from the Algonquian word for the shell "money" found in the waters.

In the mid-1770s, Scotch-Irish and German settlers reached the upper Roanoke Valley traveling on the Great Wagon Road down the Shenandoah Valley from Pennsylvania. Settlers also followed the James River from eastern Virginia. As tradesmen and farmers moved into the region, new counties and communities were established.

Botetourt County was established in 1770, carved out from Augusta County. The county was named for the popular governor of the Virginia Colony, Lord Botetourt. The county's boundaries extended west all the way to the Mississippi River including most of Kentucky, West Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. The town of Fincastle in Botetourt served as the gateway to the American West and was the starting point for Lewis and Clark's famous exploration of the Louisiana Purchase. Botetourt's early role is preserved in the Fincastle Courthouse, designed by Thomas Jefferson.

Formed from parts of Bedford and Henry County and named for Benjamin Franklin, Franklin County was established in 1785. It produced one of the nation's most respected leaders, eminent black educator Booker T. Washington, who was born April 5, 1856, on the Burroughs Plantation, approximately sixteen miles northeast of Rocky Mount. His childhood was spent as a slave, and he lived in a one-room cabin. After emancipation and a successful quest to educate himself, Washington established a new black school in 1881 in Tuskegee, Alabama. Known as the Tuskegee Institute, the college helped Washington achieve his goal of educating his people to provide opportunities. His birthplace is preserved today as the Booker T. Washington National Monument.

Alleghany County was formed out of Botetourt in 1822 and named for the Allegheny Mountains. During the Civil War, the county provided much-needed iron resources for the Confederate troops; Longdale Furnace provided the iron for the .

Roanoke County was formed from Botetourt in 1838, taking its name from the Roanoke River. The county eventually annexed additional territory in 1845 from Montgomery County, and historic Salem continues to serve as the county seat. The town of Salem, established in 1802, served travelers on the Great Wagon Road and was located on two stagecoach lines. It was the major center of activity in the Roanoke area until the mid-1880s. In 1847, the Virginia Institute, a boy's preparatory school, moved to Salem from Staunton and was renamed Roanoke College. Salem became an independent city in 1968.

Towns formed within what is now the City of Roanoke in the first decades of the 19th century. Antwerp was subdivided in 1801, followed by Gainesborough in 1825 (the present Gainsboro neighborhood) and Old Lick in 1834. The Gainesborough settlement remained the most populous community until 1874 when the town of Big Lick was chartered. The unique name was derived from salt marshes that attracted wildlife to the area. This tiny village of less than five hundred people was to become the town of Roanoke in 1882 and in 1884, the city of Roanoke. The new town was located along the old Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio Railroad, later to become the Norfolk and Western Railway.

The history of transportation
With the Great Wilderness Road and Botetourt County serving as the gateway to the American West, the Roanoke Region was always an intersection for travel and transportation. In the 1850s, the region became a major hub for the nation's developing railroad system. The Virginia and Tennessee Railroad (V&T) came to Big Lick, linking Lynchburg to Bristol and transforming the region. A system was developed to link three railroads across the southern tier of Virginia to form the Atlantic, Mississippi & Ohio Railroad (AM&O). When the Shenandoah Valley Railroad linked Hagerstown, Maryland to the AM&O in Roanoke in 1882, it became the Norfolk & Western Railway. This marked the beginning of a period of rapid growth for the City of Roanoke which was called "the magic city" during this time. The Town of Vinton also was incorporated at this time.

To further enhance Roanoke's reputation as a rail hub, The Virginian Railway was built in the early 20th century along the Roanoke River and merged with Norfolk & Western in 1959.

In Alleghany County, the Virginia Central Railroad had extended its track from Staunton to the Jackson River in 1857. After the Civil War, the railroad expanded west to connect with the Covington and Ohio Railroad and in 1868 the two lines merged to form the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway (C&O). The railroad established a depot and named it Clifton Forge, the only town in the United States to bear its name. When the track to Richmond was completed in 1881, the town boomed as a railway hub and remains as the region's only stop on the Amtrak line.

Access to the coalfields of Southwest Virginia made N&W prosperous, transporting the world-famous Pocahontas bituminous coal which fueled half the world's navies. N&W became famous for manufacturing steam locomotives in the Roanoke Shops.

C&O Railway was eventually obtained by CSX Transportation, merging the railways of Clifton Forge with the larger system that exists today.

Interstate highways also have made a significant impact on the region. Interstate 81 runs from Canada to Tennessee paralleling the Alleghany Mountains in Virginia. Interstate 64 runs from Chesapeake, Virginia to St. Louis, Missouri. An excellent transportation infrastructure has been a hallmark of the Roanoke Region for more than 150 years.

Present
In Franklin County, a 1960s era project to build the hydroelectric Smith Mountain Dam created the largest lake in Virginia, Smith Mountain Lake, which is an economic powerhouse for the region. The lake's  and  of shoreline are dotted with luxury homes and condominiums. It is popular for recreation and recognized for boating, skiing, and fishing. Bassmasters tournaments are televised nationally from the lake.

The region combines a host of well-known nature-based attractions such as the Appalachian Trail, Blue Ridge Parkway, and Jackson and James Rivers with a growing and sophisticated business community.

Culture
The Roanoke Region has a diverse culture. There are a number of music and performing arts venues and groups, a prospering arts community and lively nightlife, and a unique set of outdoor opportunities.

Arts, theater and music
The region boasts a thriving arts community with more than 40 art galleries throughout the area. The Taubman Museum of Art in downtown Roanoke City is a work of modern architecture. The museum that recently hosted Cirque du Soleil and features numerous exhibits. The colleges in the region all each maintain museums and galleries, capturing the work of students, faculty, and regional, national, and international artists. The communities in the region each have art festivals and shows.

The Roanoke Region is home to professional live theater. The Mill Mountain Theatre offers several shows a year including classics and originals. The Roanoke Civic Center also regularly features traveling Broadway shows and a variety of other famous plays. Community theater and college theater are also prevalent in the region.

The region has a long history in music and is a featured stop along Virginia's Heritage Music Trail, also known as the Crooked Road. There are several venues throughout the region that host nationally and internationally recognized music acts, including the Roanoke Civic Center, the Jefferson Center, the Salem Civic Center, Roanoke College Gymnasium, and Lane Stadium at Virginia Tech. Smaller venues also host traveling music acts as well as the growing local music scene.

Education
There are 11 institutes of higher education in the Roanoke Region. Colleges and universities include:
ECPI University
Ferrum College
Hollins University
Radford University Carilion (formerly Jefferson College of Health Sciences)
Mountain Gateway Community College (formerly Dabney S. Lancaster Community College)
National College
Radford University
Roanoke College
Southern Virginia University
Virginia Tech
Virginia Western Community College

The Roanoke Higher Education Center, located in Downtown Roanoke, is the satellite campus for a number of Virginia colleges and universities.

References

External links
Roanoke Regional Partnership
Roanoke Valley-Alleghany Regional Commission
Roanoke Valley Convention and Visitors Bureau
NewVa Corridor Technology Council
Roanoke Regional Chamber of Commerce
New River Valley Economic Development Alliance
The Roanoke Times

Regions of Virginia


Papyrus 25 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), designated by 𝔓25, is an early copy of the New Testament in Greek. It is a papyrus manuscript of the Gospel of Matthew, it contains only Matthew 18:32-34; 19:1-3.5-7.9-10.
The manuscript paleographically had been assigned to the early 4th century.

The Greek text of this codex is unclassifiable because of the Diatessaric character of text (like Dura Parchment 24 (Uncial 0212). Aland did not place it in any of Categories of New Testament manuscripts.

It is currently housed at the Staatliche Museen zu Berlin (Inv. no. 16388) in Berlin.

See also

 List of New Testament papyri
 Matthew 18, 19

References

Further reading

 Otto Stegmüller, Ein Bruchstück aus dem griechischen Diatessaron, ZNW 37 (1938), pp. 223–229.

External links

 P25 images at the Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts

New Testament papyri
4th-century biblical manuscripts
Papyri in the Staatliche Museen zu Berlin
Gospel of Matthew papyri


Felsőtárkány National Forest Railway () is a 5 kilometers long railway line in Northern Hungary. It operates regularly between 1 May and 30 September. It was built in 1915.

Stations
Village of Felsőtárkány
Egres Valley (Varróház)
Stimecz-ház Tourist House and Field School

Sights around
Vöröskő spring
A 1,5 km long hiking trail with 21 stops.
Lake of Felsőtárkány
Museum of Bükk

Railway lines in Hungary
Forestry in Hungary
760 mm gauge railways in Hungary


The 1990 Paris Open was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts. It was the 18th edition of the Paris Masters, and was part of the newly formed ATP Championship Series, Single Week of the 1990 ATP Tour. It took place at the Palais omnisports de Paris-Bercy in Paris, France, from 29 October through 5 November 1990.

The draw was headlined by ATP No. 1, Cincinnati, Indian Wells, Miami, Wimbledon and Australian Open titlist Stefan Edberg, Stockholm, Indianapolis winner, Queen's, Hamburg, Tokyo runner-up and Paris defending champion Boris Becker and Australian Open, Milan, Queen's champion, Wimbledon semi-finalist Ivan Lendl. Other top seeds were US Open titlist Pete Sampras, French Open winner Andrés Gómez, Emilio Sánchez, John McEnroe and Brad Gilbert.

Stefan Edberg won the singles title on default after Boris Becker retired injured after just 6 games.

Finals

Singles

 Stefan Edberg defeated  Boris Becker, 3–3 (retired)
 It was Edberg's 7th singles title of the year and the 27th of his career. It was his 3rd Masters title of the year, and overall.

Doubles

 Scott Davis /  David Pate defeated  Darren Cahill /  Mark Kratzmann, 5–7, 6–3, 6–4

References

External links
 ATP tournament profile
 Official website


The president of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States, indirectly elected to a four-year term via the Electoral College. The officeholder leads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. Since the office was established in 1789, 45 men have served in 46 presidencies. The first president, George Washington, won a unanimous vote of the Electoral College. Grover Cleveland served two non-consecutive terms and is therefore counted as the 22nd and 24th president of the United States, giving rise to the discrepancy between the number of presidencies and the number of persons who have served as president. The incumbent president is Joe Biden.

The presidency of William Henry Harrison, who died 31 days after taking office in 1841, was the shortest in American history. Franklin D. Roosevelt served the longest, over twelve years, before dying early in his fourth term in 1945. He is the only U.S. president to have served more than two terms. Since the ratification of the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1951, no person may be elected president more than twice, and no one who has served more than two years of a term to which someone else was elected may be elected more than once.

Four presidents died in office of natural causes (William Henry Harrison, Zachary Taylor, Warren G. Harding, and Franklin D. Roosevelt), four were assassinated (Abraham Lincoln, James A. Garfield, William McKinley, and John F. Kennedy), and one resigned (Richard Nixon, facing impeachment and removal from office). John Tyler was the first vice president to assume the presidency during a presidential term, and set the precedent that a vice president who does so becomes the fully functioning president with his presidency.

Throughout most of its history, American politics has been dominated by political parties. The Constitution is silent on the issue of political parties, and at the time it came into force in 1789, no organized parties existed. Soon after the 1st Congress convened, political factions began rallying around dominant Washington administration officials, such as Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson. Concerned about the capacity of political parties to destroy the fragile unity holding the nation together, Washington remained unaffiliated with any political faction or party throughout his eight-year presidency. He was, and remains, the only U.S. president never affiliated with a political party.

Presidents

See also
 Acting President of the United States
 Founding Fathers of the United States
 President of the Continental Congress

Notes

References

Works cited

General

Expert studies

Presidential biographies

Online sources

External links

United States


Ambros Uchtenhagen (23 August 1928 - 10 September 2022) was a Swiss psychiatrist. He was the widower of politician Lilian Uchtenhagen, who died in 2016. He served as a professor at the University of Zürich.

References

1928 births
2022 deaths
Swiss psychiatrists
Academic staff of the University of Zurich
People from Basel-Stadt


Mourner's Rhapsody is an English-language album by Czesław Niemen, recorded in 1974 in New York, USA. Michał Urbaniak invited his friends (also some members of the famous Mahavishnu Orchestra) to support Niemen after his earlier band left to re-initialise their own band SBB (Silesian Blues Band), which now became short for Search, Breakup and Build, Sound Beyond Borders and similar. The album was released in West Germany (1974), the United Kingdom (1975) and the United States (1976). It was re-released on CD in 1993.

The main title Mourner's Rhapsody is a remake of Niemen's cult status initial version issued in 1970 on Enigmatic on which Michał Urbaniak also participated.

Despite the top class cast and progressive music the album didn't sell as good as the initial Polish Enigmatic, which reached a cult status, or even the earlier albums recorded for CBS Records International with SBB (grupa Niemen), e.g. Strange Is This World and Ode to Venus (between 1972 and 1974 SBB participated on 5 albums of Niemen and were called Grupa Niemen at this most creative period).

In 1974 SBB released their very own first live album SBB (1), which immediately reached cult status in all Central Europe and Soviet Union (where it was distributed illegally in underground) and also across the Iron Curtain presenting a new vital direction in progressive rock music already present in some form on their 5 albums recorded with Niemen. Ufortunately Mourner's Rhapsody didn't present this kind of freshness and vitality (also present in Mahavishnu Orchestra) and in 1975 Niemen cast a new Polish band. His new band presented on Niemen Aerolit included a phenomenal guitarist Sławomir Piwowar, who eventually joined SBB in 1978.

After Niemen passed in 2004 Michał Urbaniak joined SBB in 2016 recording with the band 2 albums.

Track listing
 "Lilacs And Champagne" - 4:05 (lyrics Norman Simon)
 "I've Got No One Who Needs Me" - 4:14 (lyrics Norman Simon)
 "I Search For Love" - 4:51 (lyrics Norman Simon)
 "Baby M" - 5:17 (lyrics Norman Simon)
 "Inside I'm Dying" - 5:34 (lyrics Norman Simon)
 "Mourner's Rhapsody" - 15:00 (lyrics Cyprian Kamil Norwid, translation Norman Simon)

Extended version (1993 CD reissue)

 "Prelude" - 3:19 (intro from divided track "Mourner's Rhapsody")
 "Mourner's Rhapsody" - 12:35
 "Lilacs And Champagne" - 4:05
 "I Search For Love" - 4:55
 "I've Got No One Who Needs Me" - 4:14
 "Baby M" - 5:18
 "Inside I'm Dying" - 5:35
 "Half Way Around the World" - 4:21 (new track, lyrics Norman Simon)
 "I'm Reaching Out To The People" - 3:48 (new track, lyrics Norman Simon)

Personnel
 Czesław Niemen - vocal, piano, Fender piano, mellotron, organ, moog
 Jan Hammer - drums
 Michał Urbaniak - violin
 Rick Laird - bass guitar
 Don Grolnick - piano
 Dave Johnson - percussion
 Seldon Powell - flute
 John Abercrombie - guitar
 Steve Khan - guitar
 Carl Rabinowitz - guitar
 Erin Dickins - vocal
 Gail Cantor - vocal
 Tasha Thomas - vocal
 Choir under direction of Howard Roberts

References

Czesław Niemen albums
1974 albums


Papyrus 26 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), designated by 𝔓26, is an early copy of the New Testament in Greek. It is a papyrus manuscript of the Epistle to the Romans, it contains only Romans 1:1-16. The manuscript paleographically has been assigned to the late 6th or early 7th century.

The Greek text of this codex is a representative of the Alexandrian text-type. Aland placed it in Category I.

It is currently housed at the Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas.

See also

 List of New Testament papyri

References

Further reading

 B. P. Grenfell & A. S. Hunt, Oxyrynchus Papyri XI, (London 1915), pp. 6–9.

External links

 Advanced Papyrological Information System, UM
 Image of P26 at the Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts

New Testament papyri
6th-century biblical manuscripts
Epistle to the Romans papyri


Flagfall, or flag fall, is a common Australian expression for a fixed start fee, especially in the taxi, haulage, railway, and toll road industries. For example, Sydney's WestConnex motorways charge such a fee. From the Australian mobile phone industry, the expression has recently begun to spread to other English-language countries as business jargon for an initial fixed fee for establishing each phone call. The logic behind is believed to be a method used by Australian mobile phone companies to recover a component of the carriage charges that they incur in completing a call to a subscriber. Called termination rates, they are based on the price terms and conditions for the mobile terminating access service (MTAS). The Australian Competition & Consumer Commission is reviewing such arrangements.

The expression is also beginning to find its way into other businesses as a synonym to "start fee".  The taxi expression is also being used in Hong Kong, New Zealand, and some other countries, but it has not been used there as a general synonym for a start fee.

Origin
“Flagfall” is a taxi word that means the minimum cost for hiring a taxi. When the taxi meter is started, your cost starts  at the flag fall value, and increases with distance travelled or time taken.

When the passenger steps inside the taxicab, the flagfall condition is triggered and the taxicab driver can start the taximeter. Even if the passenger has not yet instructed the driver where to go, the driver is entitled to the flagfall and the rate per minute component even if the taxi is not moving.
The term "flagfall" dates back to the old mechanical taximeters, which were equipped with a flag-like lever that could be seen from outside the cab. When the "flag" was up and visible, the cab was not occupied.  When a passenger stepped in, the driver turned the lever down, the "flag fall",  and the taximeter started counting. In Australia, once the taximeter is counting, there are orange tariff indicator lights on the taxi head sign that light up to show that the taxicab is hired.

See also
 Trackage rights

References

External links

Document from the Western Australian government about flagfall charges in the rail industry
Picture showing iPhone time tracking application "Jobs", which has "flagfall" as a cost item
Glossary from Australian Oracle Telecom, showing the expression used for phone costs

Australian English


"Appelle mon numéro" (English: "Call/dial My Number") is a 2008 song recorded by French singer Mylène Farmer. Released on 3 November 2008, it was the second single from her seventh studio album, Point de Suture. It received generally positive reviews from critics and was more aired on radio and television than Farmer's previous single, "Dégénération". In France, the single allowed Farmer to establish a new record: to obtain a sixth number-one hit.

Background and release
In late August 2008, when Point de Suture was available digitally, several sites announced "Appelle mon numéro" as the singer's next single from her album, but often presented as a probability. However, this information was not officially confirmed before 12 September 2008. That day, a promotional format was sent to the radio stations which began to broadcast the radio edit version.

On 9 October, Cede.ch site announced the date of release – 3 November 2008 – and two formats that would be available – two CD maxi. Two days later, Amazon.fr and Alapage.com revealed other two formats: a CD single, a digipack CD maxi and a vinyl. The cover art of the CD maxi was shown on 19 October 2008, and those of the CD single on 21 October.

Music and lyrics
This "pop ballad" uses an acoustic guitar. The psychologist Hugues Royer said the song is naughty and speaks of love on the phone, Farmer hoping that her lover came to share her privacy. He said that the lyrics "my most beautiful gesture" is for the singer "the act of placing her head on the pillow, and that this privilege is reserved for the person who "enters the history", i.e. that of the singer".

Music video
On 8 October, some media revealed that the music video was shot on 4 and 5 October in the studios of Saint-Ouen, Seine-Saint-Denis, France. This video was scheduled to be broadcast on television on 22 October but, according to Polydor, it could be delayed on 29 October if the assembly is not finished. It was directed by Benoît Di Sabatino, the singer's companion, who had also produced the music videos for "C'est une belle journée", "L'amour n'est rien..." and "Drôle de creepie" (for Lisa). The first images were shown on the Internet on 17 October 2008 and the full video was eventually available on the Internet and on television on 22 October. It was elected "Video of the month" of November 2008 on the radio Radio Jeunes Reims. On 17 November 2008, the video was available digitally on the official sites of download.

The video has no screenplay and uses the radio edit version of the song. In it, the singer is lying on a huge white bed, while four way of colors illustrating the four seasons are shown (dead leaves, rain, snow, sun). In each of them, Farmer wears different clothes, and has successively in her hands a crystal ball, a pillow, a telephone, a shoe that she repairs while wearing round glasses, an umbrella. The video ends in the same way it began, i.e. showing the singer being asleep.

The video was generally well received by the media. Virgin site said the clip is "fresh and colorful", and expresses "the naughty and the childhood side of the artist". According to Obiwi, the video is "sweet and paradisiac" and "we would believe it was taken from a fairy's tale". For Musique.evous, Farmer seems surprisingly "happy" in this video which "shows the red icon in a new light". However, Plurielles said the video, "full of thoughtlessness", was not appreciated by all the singer's fans, adding that it shows Farmer "as a child woman, a little candid". However, the video was diversely appreciated by the singers' fans: some of them liked the freshness, the colors and the fact that Farmer was smiling in the video, others considered that there was a lack of inspiration.

Critical reception
The song was generally well received by the critics. According to La Meuse, this song will "win over the public". Télé Moustique said that "Appelle mon numéro" is "an stubborning song whose freshness makes almost forget the refrain". For Cité Gay, the song is "rather pleasant, [but] does not give an irrepressible desire to replay without delay". For Le Petit Journal, the song is "a solid, tenderly naughty and very catchy composition". Backchichinfo stated: ""Appelle mon numéro" holds the attention, with an effective verse and a certain general freshness." According to Royer, the song demonstrates a sense of "indolent humor" and is "musically successful".

However, there were sometimes mixed reviews by the media and Farmer's fans. For example, Hit Muse Mag stated: ""Appelle mon numéro" [has] a minimalist text. The detractors of Mylène who had blamed her for an outdated expression and for a pretentious vocabulary are fulfilled... The poor melody is easy to remember. We wonder if, due to having dug the abysses of a black and painful poetry, Mylène Farmer did not use her lexical field preferred up to the rope." Le Matin deemed that with this song, "Farmer almost reaches the limits of the easiness : kind melody, simple lyrics". Similarly, French author Julien Rigal said the song has "disappointing lyrics".

Chart performance
On 8 November 2008, the single entered the French Singles Chart at number one, selling 16,236 units, thus becoming Farmer's sixth number-one single in France, which was at the time the new record for an artist on the SNEP Singles Chart. The following week, it dropped to number three, with 5,376 sales (−66%), and continued to drop, re-gained a few places during Christmas, then dropped slowly out of the top 50. It totaled five weeks in the top ten, 21 weeks in the top 50 and 36 weeks in the top 100. "Appelle mon numéro" also entered the digital chart at number 22 on 8 November 2008, then dropped and fell off the top 50 after eight weeks.

The single started at number 12 on the Ultratop 40 in Belgium (Wallonia), on 15 November 2008, then peaked at number seven seven weeks later, and remained in the top 40 for 14 weeks. In Switzerland, it debuted at number 53 on 16 November 2008, then dropped to number 89 and fell off the chart.

In France, the single was much aired on radio than "Dégénération". It reached number 38 in its fourth week on the airplay chart. The video reached number 13 on the Muzicast television chart in its second week, while the single peaked at number 42 on the club chart in its fifth week, on 4 December 2008. The song was much aired in Ukraine, Lithuania and Russia, reaching number 16 in Moscow and 19 in St. Petersbourg in 2008 and 2009, and hit number 98 in the whole country in 2010.

Promotion and live performances
The song was actively promoted on TF1: two advertisements, respectively of 20 and 30 seconds, were broadcast from the late October to the early November, then a 1:30 teaser in early December 2008. Mylène Farmer performed the song in lip sync on 13 December 2008, on France 2, on the TV show Ça ne finira jamais, devoted to Johnny Hallyday. On this occasion, the singer was sitting near a window and was dressed as on the single cover, plus few rings with skulls at her fingers. The song was also performed during the 2009 tour: at this point, Farmer wore a glittering short dress with red cape with hood and the stage became pink. The introduction being very different from the album version, the first notes of the song are unrecognizable.

Formats and track listings
These are the formats and track listings of single releases of "Appelle mon numéro":

 CD single

 CD maxi – Digipack

 12" maxi

 Digital download

 12" maxi – Promo – Remixes

 CD single – Promo

 CD single – Promo – Club Remixes

 CD maxi – Promo

Official versions

Credits
These are the credits and the personnel as they appear on the back of the single:

 Mylène Farmer – lyrics
 Laurent Boutonnat –  music
 John Nollet /H&K – photo
 Henry Neu – design
 Isiaka – editions
 2008 Stuffed Monkey
 Made in the E.U.
 Manhattan Clique remix and Manhattan Clique-X directory dub
 Manhattan Clique – remix, additional production
 Philip Larsen, Chris Smith – keyboards

 MHC Star69 remix
 Manhattan Clique – remix, additional production
 Philip Larsen – keyboards
 Lee Turner – guitar

Charts and sales

Peak positions

Year-end charts

Release history

References

Notes

External links
  Mylène Farmer — "Appelle mon numéro" All about the song, on Mylene.net
 "Appelle mon numéro", official music video

2008 singles
Mylène Farmer songs
Songs with lyrics by Mylène Farmer
Songs with music by Laurent Boutonnat
SNEP Top Singles number-one singles
Songs about telephone calls
2008 songs
Polydor Records singles


Papyrus 27 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), designated by 𝔓27, is an early copy of the New Testament in Greek. It is a papyrus manuscript of the Epistle to the Romans, it contains only Romans 8:12-22.24-27; 8:33-9:3.5-9. The manuscript paleographically has been assigned to the early 3rd century. It is written in 43 lines per page. The scribe of this manuscript may have also written 𝔓20.

The Greek text of this codex is a representative of the Alexandrian text-type. Aland placed it in Category I. This manuscript shows agreement with Codex Sinaiticus, Vaticanus and other witnesses of the Alexandrian text-type.

It is currently housed at the Cambridge University Library (Add. 7211) in Cambridge.

See also
 List of New Testament papyri
 Romans 8, 9

References

Further reading
 B. P. Grenfell & A. S. Hunt, The Oxyrhynchus Papyri XI (London 1915), pp. 9–12.

New Testament papyri
3rd-century biblical manuscripts
Early Greek manuscripts of the New Testament
Epistle to the Romans papyri
Manuscripts held by the University of Cambridge


Charles Ragon de Bange (17 October 1833 – 9 July 1914) was a French artillery officer and Polytechnician. He invented the first effective obturator system for breech-loading artillery, which remains in use. He also designed a system of field guns of various calibers which served the French Army well into World War I: the Système de Bange.

Career

De Bange breech obturator system

Many attempts had been made at developing breech-loading cannons, but had only partial success sealing of the breech. When fired, hot gases and burning gunpowder could escape, losing power and potentially burning the operating crew. Rifles, with smaller loads and thus less stress, were able to use rubber in O-rings as on the  Chassepot rifle. The same principle of breech sealing applied on cannons was not as easy to develop. Several materials were able to hold the pressure and heat of cannon fire, but did not expand like rubber, thereby failing to provide a tight seal. The most successful of those designs was the Broadwell ring invented by American engineer Lewis Wells Broadwell (who worked as a sales agent for the Gatling Gun Company in Europe) in early 1860s and widely applied (without a license) by the Krupp company on their breech-loaders.

In 1872, de Bange designed the de Bange system, a new type of obturating ring for breech-loading artillery pieces. His system utilized the same general principle devised by Andrew Hotchkiss ca. 1855 for his rifled muzzle-loading projectiles, where two parts of the shell squeezed a soft (in that case lead) ring under the pressure of gunpowder fumes to obturate the barrel (see Rotation of ammunition), and used a breech block made of three parts; an interrupted screw locking mechanism at the rear, a doughnut-shaped grease-impregnated asbestos pad that sealed the breech, and a rounded movable "nose cone" at the front. When the gun fired, the nose was driven rearward, compressing the asbestos pad and squeezing it so it expanded outward to seal the breech. The French referred to the shape of the breech's nose as "mushroom like", as it resembled the cap of a mushroom.

The action was controlled by a handle, normally mounted vertically on the right side of the breech. When lifted, the handle operated a cam that forced the breech to rotate counter-clockwise, unlocking the interrupted thread. The entire breech was then pulled rearward with the same handle, sliding on a ring-shaped holder. The breech holder was hinged on one side, normally the left, so when the breech block was slid all the way to the rear it could be rotated out of the way for loading.

The de Bange system was widely adopted, including by the United States Navy and the British Royal Navy. The technique developed by de Bange is still in use today.

The only major advance on the original de Bange system was the introduction of the stepped screw in the Welin breech block of 1889, which greatly increased the load-bearing surface of the breech, allowing them to be made shorter, simpler, more secure and faster to operate. Other block mechanisms are also used, but the de Bange obturator remains widespread even on these.

Manufacture of cannons

In 1873, de Bange became Director of the "Atelier-de-précision" in the Central Depot in Paris (Paris arsenal's precision workshop), in order to redesign French light and heavy artillery.

Between 1877 and 1881, de Bange developed several artillery pieces, such as the De Bange 90 mm cannon (field artillery, 1877), the De Bange 80 mm cannon (mountain artillery, 1878), the De Bange 120 mm L cannon (siege artillery, 1878), De Bange 155 mm L cannon (siege artillery, 1877),  De Bange 155 mm C howitzer (siege artillery, 1881), as well as mortars for siege warfare, such as the 1880 De Bange 220 mm mortar, 1885 De Bange 270 mm and coastal batteries such as the De Bange 240 mm and De Bange 270 mm. Several of these weapons were used during the colonial wars of the end of the 19th century, during the First World War and also sometimes during the Second World War. As with other cannons, the de Bange cannons had the disadvantage of being slow to fire, as they were affected by recoil, and thus had to be re-aimed after every shot.  This inconvenience would be solved with the appearance of the famous Canon de 75, that had a hydro-pneumatic recoil mechanism, which kept the gun's trail and wheels perfectly still during the firing sequence.  However, there were two howitzers the Obusier de 120 mm C modèle 1890 and Obusier de 155 mm C modèle 1890 with de Bange breeches and recoil mechanisms designed by Captain Louis Henry Auguste Baquet.  From 1882 to 1889, de Bange was Director of the Cail Manufacturing Corporation (Société Anonyme des Anciens Etablissements Cail), the forerunner of the Société française de constructions mécaniques, where he worked on weapon design and trade, selling guns to such countries as Serbia.

A street is named after him (Rue du Colonel de Bange) in the city of Versailles.

See also
Cannons
Shells
Canet guns

Gallery

De Bange 155mm cannon (1877)

De Bange 220mm mortar (1880)

References

External links

Breech mechanisms
Data for all the guns in the De Bange system

French Army officers
19th-century French inventors
Artillery of France
École Polytechnique alumni
1833 births
1914 deaths


Hershey Felder (born July 9, 1968) is a pianist, actor, and playwright known for his portrayals of classical and American composers on the theatrical stage.

Early life
Felder was born in Montreal, Quebec, to Jacob Felder (born 1929 in Ustrzyki, Poland) and Eva Surek Felder (born 1946 in Budapest, Hungary). He was raised in a Yiddish-speaking home mainly, from age 13, by his widower father.

Career
Felder travelled to Los Angeles in 1994 and worked briefly for the Steven Spielberg Shoah Foundation, now the USC Shoah Foundation, with his knowledge of Yiddish and French interviewing Holocaust survivors to preserve their oral histories on film. The following year, he attended the 50th anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz in Poland, where he met Helmuth Spryzcer who as a boy was made to whistle Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue to the German guards. This led Felder to create Sing! A Musical Journey about two Holocaust survivors, with Rhapsody in Blue at the conclusion.  For nearly two years, Felder focused on the persona and music of George Gershwin, meeting with many of Gershwin's family members, and in 1999 created at  Los Angeles Tiffany Theatre, a workshop production of a one-man show, George Gershwin Alone  that has gone on to play over 40 productions in theatres in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom and Italy. George Gershwin Alone was followed by Monsieur Chopin (premier Royal George Theatre, Chicago, 2006), Beethoven As I Knew Him (Old Globe Theatre San Diego, 2008).

In 2010, he premiered his one-man play-with-music about Leonard Bernstein, Maestro  at the Geffen Theatre in Los Angeles. In 2013, Felder received a letter from Russian Theatrical Producers inviting him to portray Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky. The same month, Russian Duma - Russian Parliament, had passed anti-gay legislation. Since Tchaikovsky is believed to have been homosexual, Felder named his work "Our Great Tchaikovsky", performing it only in the U.S.

A 2014 an American Theatre profile referred to Felder as being "in a category all his own". His major portrayals are those of George Gershwin, Frédéric Chopin, Ludwig van Beethoven, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, and Claude Debussy. After a storied gestation period of two years, including meetings with many of the Irving Berlin family members, he has given a much-requested dramatic impersonation of the American songwriter Irving Berlin.

In 2013, Felder  directed concert pianist Mona Golabek in The Pianist of Willesden Lane, in his adaptation of her book The Children of Willesden Lane, telling the story of Golabek's mother as an adolescent in the Kindertransport during World War II.

As a composer, Felder's works include Noah's Ark, an Opera, Aliyah Concerto on Israeli Themes, as well as Song Settings (the poetry of Vachel Lindsay), Etudes Thematiques, Les Preludes. In September 2010, An American Story was recorded with the Ars Viva Symphony Orchestra of Chicago.

On May 10, 2020, Felder live-streamed his one-man play Hershey Felder as Irving Berlin from his home in Florence, Italy to selected audiences throughout the United States. The production was a fundraiser for the San Diego Repertory Theatre; along with a dozen other theaters at which Felder performs. On July 12, Felder performed another online benefit of his one-man show Hershey Felder: Beethoven. In 2020 Felder went onto create the broadcast entertainment brand Live From Florence which broadcasts original productions performed and filmed on location for worldwide audiences.

In November 2021, Felder moved away from live-streamed theater to on-demand musical films with the premiere airing of Dante and Beatrice in Florence, which he wrote both the script and the score, co-directed the film, and performed two roles as well as playing the piano and singing.

Personal life
Felder is married to former Prime Minister of Canada Kim Campbell. They share residences in Paris and Florence.

Composer plays
Felder has written and performed solo in multiple plays of notable composers, as well as other characters amassing over 6000 live performances before the public.

Discography
 Broadway in Concert (2004)
 Love Songs of the Yiddish Theatre
 Back from Broadway
 George Gershwin Alone (2005)
 Monsieur Chopin (in association with WFMT Radio Network Recordings)
 Beethoven As I Knew Him
 An American Story
 Hershey Felder as Irving Berlin (2018)
 Our Great Tchaikovsky (2019)
 Beethoven (2019)

References

External links
 www,hersheyfelder.net

 Hershey Felder Presents: Live from Florence (global livestreaming launched 2020)

1968 births
Living people
Male actors from Montreal
Musicians from Montreal
Jewish Canadian musicians
Canadian male dramatists and playwrights
Canadian male pianists
Writers from Montreal
20th-century Canadian dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Canadian pianists
20th-century Canadian male actors
20th-century Canadian male writers
20th-century Canadian male musicians
21st-century Canadian dramatists and playwrights
21st-century Canadian pianists
21st-century Canadian male actors
21st-century Canadian male writers


Sydney Airport Holdings () was a publiclylisted Australian holding company which owned a 100% interest in Kingsford Smith Airport via Sydney Airport Corporation. The company was listed on the Australian Stock Exchange, and had its head office located in Sydney, New South Wales.

The company was acquired in March 2022 by Sydney Aviation Alliance (SAA).

History
In 1989, Qantas bought a 30-year lease on the domestic terminal of Sydney Airport, but sold it back to the Airport's operator in August 2015 for US$395 million.

In 2002, the Macquarie Bank bought a 99-year lease on the airport for $5.6 billion.

The company was known as Macquarie Airports as a combination of trusts managed by Macquarie Group until it was spun off in 2009 to form MAp Airports. MAp owned shareholdings in Brussels and Copenhagen Airports, and an 84.8% stake in Sydney Airport.

In 2011, MAp Airports traded its stakes in the Brussels and Copenhagen airports to the Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan in exchange for the OTPP's 11% stake in Sydney airport. In December 2011, MAp Airports renamed itself Sydney Airport Holdings. The company retained a 1% stake in Bristol Airport until 2013.

In 2013, Sydney Airport Holdings took a 100% stake in Sydney Airport by issuing securities to, or buying out, minority owners of the airport, which included various superannuation funds.

In August 2013, it was revealed that, since the airport had been acquired by the Macquarie Bank in 2002, it didn't pay corporate taxes, even though all other airports in the country did. In November 2013, the Macquarie Bank sold its shares of the airport back to its own shareholders, cashing $377 million in the process.

In November 2021, the company announced that it had agreed to accept a $23.6 billion takeover bid from the Sydney Aviation Alliance (SAA), a consortium comprising IFM Investors, QSuper and Global Infrastructure Partners. In December 2021, the Australian Competition & Consumer Commission approved the deal. The acquisition was completed in March 2022.

Sydney Airport Corporation

Sydney Airport Corporation Limited (SACL) is a private company that operates and manages Kingsford Smith Airport.

Southern Cross Airports Corporation Holdings Limited (SCACH) is the ultimate parent company of SACL, which is controlled by a number of entities, including Sydney Airport Holdings.

Corporate background
In 2002, the Australian Government entered into an arrangement for SACL to lease and operate the airport for a period of 99 years. Whilst the airport is privately controlled under this agreement, the Australian Government still retains responsibility for other airport-related services through agencies such as Airservices Australia (air traffic control, aviation communications/navigation-aids, airport fire-fighting and rescue), the Australian Customs Service, the Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service, the Australian Federal Police and the Department of Infrastructure and Transport.

Management
The company's inaugural CEO was Max Moore-Wilton , serving from 2002 until April 2006; when Moore-Wilton resigned as CEO to become Chairman of Sydney Airport Holdings. He was succeeded as CEO by former Australian Broadcasting Corporation managing director, Russell Balding. In 2011, Kerrie Mather, a senior executive with MApa trust spun out of the Macquarie Group, succeeded Balding as CEO.

References

External links

 Corporate pages

Holding companies of Australia
Transport operators of Australia
Airport operators
Companies based in Sydney
Holding companies established in 2002
Transport companies established in 2002
Australian companies established in 2002
Sydney Airport
Companies listed on the Australian Securities Exchange
2013 mergers and acquisitions
2022 mergers and acquisitions


Harry Jarman (1883 – 13 December 1928) was a Welsh international forward who played club rugby for Newport and Pontypool. He won four caps for Wales and also played for the British Isles in their 1910 tour of South Africa. In 1928 Jarman died when he threw himself in front of a runaway coal truck which was heading towards a group of playing children.

Rugby career
Jarman was born in Talywain,  and joined Talywain Rugby Club and in 1908 joined first class side Newport and in December of that year turned out for the club against the touring Australian team.

Jarman made his debut for Wales against England in the 1910 Five Nations Championship under the captaincy of Billy Trew. He joined fellow Newport team-mates Jack Jones and Charlie Pritchard in the first ever international to be held at Twickenham. Wales lost the game 11-6 beginning a twenty-year losing streak at the London ground. Jarman was back in the squad for the next game of the tournament against Scotland, in a home game at the Cardiff Arms Park. The Welsh beat Scotland, a feat the team would repeat against Ireland in Jarman's third game on 12 March 1910. His final game was against England in the 1911 Championship, this time with Home advantage, at St Helens in Swansea, Wales won the match, and although Jarman played no further part, the team won the Grand Slam.

Jarman was chosen, between the 1910 and 1911 Five nations Championship, to join Tommy Smyth's British Isles team to tour South Africa. Jarman played in all three tests and was rated as one of the best forwards of the touring side.

International matches played
Wales
  1910, 1911
  1910
  1910

British Isles
  1910, 1910, 1910

Bibliography

References

1883 births
1928 deaths
British & Irish Lions rugby union players from Wales
Newport RFC players
Pontypool RFC players
Rugby union locks
Rugby union players from Torfaen
Talywain RFC players
Wales international rugby union players
Welsh rugby union players
Railway accident deaths in the United Kingdom
Accidental deaths in Wales


Papyrus 28 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), designated by 𝔓28, is an early copy of the New Testament in Greek. It is a papyrus manuscript of the Gospel of John, it contains only one leaf with the text of the Gospel of John 6:8-12.17-22. The manuscript paleographically has been assigned to the late 3rd century.

Description

The text is written in medium-sized semi-uncial. It is a single leaf, written in 12 lines per page (originally 25 lines). It uses the nomina sacra, but incomplete. The handwriting is quite similar to P. Oxy. 1358. Originally it had 13 cm by 20 cm. Text is written in 25 lines per page.

Text

The Greek text of this codex is a representative of the Alexandrian text-type (rather proto-Alexandrian). Aland placed it in Category I. According to Aland it represents a "normal text". This manuscript displays a closest agreement with 𝔓75 (in 7 out of 10 variants). According to Grenfell and Hunt it is closer to Vaticanus than to Sinaiticus. Only in one case it supports Codex Alexandrinus against Sinaiticus and Vaticanus (John 6:11). Grenfell and Hunt noted that text is not "very correctly spelled". It has five unique readings. In John 6:10 it has πεντακισ]χιλειοι, ελεβεν instead of ελαβεν, in 6:19 ενγυς instead of εγγυς, in 6:20 φοβεισθαι instead of φοβεισθε, in 6:22 ιδεν instead of ειδεν.

History
The manuscript was found together with 3rd-4th century documents.

It was housed at the Pacific School of Religion (Pap. 2) in Berkeley, California until it was sold in 2015 to a private collector, Gifford Combs, and is now housed in Los Angeles (Collection of Gifford Combs).

See also
 John 6
 List of New Testament papyri

References

Further reading
 B. P. Grenfell & A. S. Hunt, Oxyrynchus Papyri OP XIII, (London 1919), pp. 8–10.

External links

 Robert B. Waltz. NT Manuscripts: Papyri, 𝔓28.

New Testament papyri
3rd-century biblical manuscripts
Early Greek manuscripts of the New Testament
Gospel of John papyri