Paul Baynes (also Bayne, Baines; c. 1573 – 1617) was an English clergyman. Described as a "radical Puritan", he was unpublished  in his lifetime, but more than a dozen works were put out in the five years after he died. His commentary on Ephesians is his best known work; the commentary on the first chapter, itself of 400 pages, appeared in 1618.

Life
He went to school at Wethersfield, Essex. A pupil and follower of William Perkins, he graduated from Christ's College, Cambridge with a B.A. in 1593/4, M.A. in 1597, and was elected a Fellow of Christ's College in 1600, a position he lost in 1608 for non-conformity. He was successor to Perkins as lecturer at the church of St Andrew the Great in Cambridge, opposite Christ's; they were considered the town's leading Puritan preachers.

Influence
Baynes was an important influence on the following generation of English Calvinists, through William Ames, a convert of Perkins, and Richard Sibbes, a convert of Baynes himself. This makes Baynes a major link in a chain of "Puritan worthies": to John Cotton, John Preston, Thomas Shepard and Thomas Goodwin. Ames quoted Baynes: "Beware of a strong head and a cold heart", an idea that would be repeated by Cotton Mather, who was grandson to John Cotton.

Works
Commentary on Ephesians (1618)
A Counterbane against Earthly Carefulnes (1619)
The Diocesans Tryall (1621)
Brief Directions unto a Godly Life (1637)

References

Further reading
Andrew Atherstone, The Silencing of Paul Baynes and Thomas Taylor, Puritan Lecturers at Cambridge'', Notes and Queries (2007) 54, pp. 386–389.

External links

Alumni of Christ's College, Cambridge
1573 births
1617 deaths
17th-century English Puritan ministers
17th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians
Fellows of Christ's College, Cambridge
English Calvinist and Reformed theologians
16th-century English writers
16th-century male writers
17th-century English writers
17th-century English male writers
English male non-fiction writers


Tandi is a village development committee in Sindhuli District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 6,368 people living in 1,162 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Sindhuli District

Populated places in Sindhuli District


Raisin' Cain is an album by Johnny Winter, released in 1980 by Blue Sky Records. A retrospective album review for AllMusic by William Ruhlmann notes the mix of rock and roll, Chicago blues, and
New Orleans rhythm and blues/New Orleans blues tunes lacks any compositions by Winter. Ruhlmann gave the album three out of five stars and concluded:

Track listing
Side1
"The Crawl" (Raymond Victorica, Wayne Shuler)2:05
"Sittin' in the Jail House" (Robert Ross)3:19
"Like a Rolling Stone" (Bob Dylan)5:35
"New York, New York" (Rob Stoner)5:10
"Bon Ton Roulet" (Clarence Garlow)4:43

Side 2
"Rollin' and Tumblin'" (McKinley Morganfield)3:25
"Talk Is Cheap" (Jim Liban)3:40
"Wolf in Sheep's Clothing" (Jon Paris)5:30
"Don't Hide Your Love" (Jon Paris)3:26
"Mother-in-Law Blues" (Don Robey)2:53
"Walkin' Slowly" (Earl "Connelly" King)3:19

Personnel
Johnny Winterguitar, vocals
Jon Parisbass, guitar, harmonica
Bobby Torellodrums
Tom Strohmansaxophone
Dan Hartmanpiano
Dave Stilltambourine

References

1980 albums
Johnny Winter albums
Albums produced by Johnny Winter
Blue Sky Records albums


Tamajor  is a village development committee in Sindhuli District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census, it had a population of 2,140 people living in 339 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Sindhuli District

Populated places in Sindhuli District


The 2012 Pacific typhoon season was a slightly above average season that produced 25 named storms, fourteen typhoons, and four intense typhoons. It was a destructive and the second consecutive year to be the deadliest season. It was an event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation, in which tropical cyclones form in the western Pacific Ocean. The season ran throughout 2012, though most tropical cyclones typically develop between May and October. The season's first named storm, Pakhar, developed on March 28, while the season's last named storm, Wukong, dissipated on December 29. The season's first typhoon, Guchol, reached typhoon status on June 15, and became the first super typhoon of the year on June 17.

The scope of this article is limited to the Pacific Ocean, to the north of the equator between 100°E and the 180th meridian. Within the northwestern Pacific Ocean, there are two separate agencies that assign names to tropical cyclones, which can often result in a cyclone having two names. The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) will name a tropical cyclone should it be judged to have 10-minute sustained wind speeds of at least 65 km/h (40 mph) anywhere in the basin. PAGASA assigns unofficial names to tropical cyclones which move into or form as a tropical depression in their area of responsibility, located between 115°E–135°E and between 5°N–25°N, regardless of whether or not a tropical cyclone has already been given a name by the JMA. Tropical depressions that are monitored by the United States' Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) are given a numerical designation with a "W" suffix.

Seasonal forecasts

During each season, several national meteorological services and scientific agencies forecast how many tropical cyclones, tropical storms, and typhoons will form during a season and/or how many tropical cyclones will affect a particular country. These agencies include the Tropical Storm Risk (TSR) Consortium of the University College London, Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) and the Taiwan's Central Weather Bureau. During previous seasons the Guy Carpenter Asia-Pacific Climate Impact Centre also issued forecasts, however they did not issue a forecast this year as it had been overestimating how many tropical cyclones would develop during the last few seasons.

On March 20, the Hong Kong Observatory predicted that the typhoon season in Hong Kong, would start in June or slightly earlier, with 5–8 tropical cyclones passing within  of the territory. The TSR Consortium subsequently released their initial forecast of the season on April 11, and predicted that the basin would see activity about 10% below the 1965–2011 average, with 25.5 tropical storms, 15.6 typhoons, 7.3 "intense" typhoons and an ACE index of about 262 units. In late April, the China Meteorological Administration's Shanghai Typhoon Institute (CMA-STI) predicted that between 22 and 25 tropical storms would develop within the basin during the year. On May 5, after a new forecast model had become available, TSR predicted that the season would now be near-normal as a new forecast model had become available as a result they raised their forecast for the number of intense typhoons to 8.5 and the ACE Index to 300 units. On May 21, the Thai Meteorological Department predicted that 1-2 tropical storms would affect Thailand during 2012. They predicted that 1 would move through Vietnam and affect Upper Thailand, during August or September, while the other one was expected to move through Southern Thailand during October or November.

In late June after six typhoons had formed Taiwan's Central Weather Bureau predicted that the season, would be near or below its average of 25.7 with 23 – 26 tropical storms occurring over the basin during 2012. Between three and five of the systems were predicted to affect Taiwan compared to an average of around 3.6. Within its July forecast update TSR increased its forecast and now predicted that the basin would see activity about 10% above the 1965–2011 average with 26.8 tropical storms, 16.7 typhoons, 9.2 "intense" typhoons and an ACE index of about 324 units. This increase was attributed to the sea surface temperatures being expected to be warmer than previously thought. Within its July — December seasonal climate outlook, PAGASA predicted that 7 — 10 tropical cyclones were likely to develop within or enter the Philippine area of responsibility between July and September, while 4 — 7 were predicted to occur between October and December. On August 6, TSR tweaked its forecast but still expected activity to be 10% above the 1965–2011 average with 27.4 tropical storms, 17.4 typhoons, 9.3 "intense" typhoons and an ACE index of about 327 units.

Season summary

The season's first named storm, Pakhar, developed on March 28 while the last named storm, Wukong, dissipated on December 29. The season became very active between mid-July and mid-August, with nine named storms formed during the period. Vicente underwent explosive intensification and made landfall over the west Pearl River Delta as a strong typhoon. Damrey developed into a typhoon in the Yellow Sea and became the most intense tropical cyclone to make landfall north of the Yangtze River since 1949. Typhoon Haikui, although centred far away from the Philippines, killed at least 89 people in the country. Typhoon Tembin affected Taiwan twice because of its cyclonic loop.

From late August to September, three very powerful typhoons, Bolaven, Sanba and Jelawat, directly hit Okinawa Island successively. In October, the remnants of Severe Tropical Storm Gaemi arrived at the Bay of Bengal and re-intensified into a deep depression before making landfall over Bangladesh. In December, Typhoon Bopha, an unusually very low-latitude but very powerful tropical cyclone, caused catastrophic damage in Mindanao in the Philippines. Bopha killed 1,901 people and cost $1.16 billion (2012 USD) in Philippines, becoming the deadliest storm worldwide in the year and the third-costliest Philippine typhoon in history, only surpassed by Typhoon Haiyan in the following season and Typhoon Rai in 2021.

Systems

Tropical Depression 01W

Early on February 17, the JMA reported that a tropical depression had developed, about  to the southeast of Manila on the Philippine island of Luzon. During that day the depression moved westwards, before the Joint Typhoon Warning Center initiated advisories at 1500 UTC and designated the system as Tropical Depression 01W. However, six hours later the JTWC issued its final advisory as vertical windshear had started to increase, and after it had found no deep convection near the systems low level circulation centre during a reassessment of the depressions low level structure. Over the next few days the JMA continued to monitor the depression before it was last noted during February 20.

Tropical Storm Pakhar

On March 28, the JTWC issued a TCFA on the tropical depression, as its LLCC began to consolidate more. Early on March 29, the JMA upgraded the tropical depression to a tropical storm, and named it Pakhar, because the storm's convection had completely wrapped around the circulation center. Early on March 30, the JTWC upgraded Pakhar to a Category 1 typhoon, as a banding eye formed. Because of land interaction and colder sea surface temperatures, the JTWC downgraded Pakhar to a severe tropical storm, early on March 31. On April 1, Pakhar made landfall near Vũng Tàu, Vietnam with gusting 132 km/h, and began to weaken. Early on April 2, the JMA reported that Pakhar had weakened into a tropical depression, before they reported later that day that the system had dissipated over Cambodia.

Although Pakhar did not affect the Philippines as a tropical cyclone, its precursor produced heavy rains across part of the nation. Flooding occurred in different parts of central and southern Luzon, and the northern Visayas region. In Basud, Camarines Norte, 128 families had to be evacuated due to flash flooding. A few landslides resulted from the rains, damaging or destroying a few homes. Throughout the affected region, five people were killed and three others were listed as missing. In Vietnam, ten people were killed and several others were injured due to flash flooding and high winds. The hardest hit area was Khánh Hòa Province where the storm made landfall. About 4,400 homes were damaged in the region by the storm and thousands of acres of rice paddy were flooded. In Ho Chi Minh City, officials reported that 600 homes and schools were destroyed. Total damage were finalized at ₫1.12 trillion (US$53.9 million). The remnants of the system brought rains to parts of Cambodia, Laos, and Thailand.

Severe Tropical Storm Sanvu

On May 20, the JMA reported that a tropical depression had developed about  to the southeast of Guam.
 Late on May 27, the JMA reported that Sanvu had degenerated into an extratropical low, before the remnants dissipated during May 30.

Sanvu brought tropical storm force wind gusts and rainfall between  to parts of Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands. However the only damage reported was on Guam where falling tree limbs caused an estimated $20,000 of damage to power lines.

Typhoon Mawar (Ambo)

On May 29, a tropical disturbance formed northwest of Palau. On May 30, the disturbance began moving northwestwards, as it slowly strengthened. On May 31, the system's convection became significantly organized near Samar prompting the JTWC to issue a TCFA. Later that day, the PAGASA upgraded the low-pressure area to a tropical depression and assigned its local name Ambo, and the JTWC upgraded the disturbance into a tropical depression. On June 1, the JMA upgraded the system to a tropical storm and named it Mawar. On June 2, the JMA upgraded Mawar to a severe tropical storm, and the JTWC upgraded it to a category 1 typhoon as the convection began to wrap up and organize. On June 3, the JMA upgraded Mawar to a typhoon after the JTWC upgraded it to a category 2 typhoon. Early on June 4, the JTWC upgraded Mawar to a category 3 typhoon but downgraded it to a category 2 typhoon only six hours later, due to increasing wind shear coming from a subtropical jet stream located over Japan. On June 5, Mawar started its extratropical transition, and the JMA downgraded Mawar to a severe tropical storm. On June 6, Mawar fully became extratropical cyclone and dissipated east of the Kamchatka Peninsula on June 13.

Mawar brought torrential rain to parts of the Philippines including the Bicol Region while enhancing the southwest monsoon which triggered delays and cancelled of air flights. In Bicol region, more than 332 passengers were stranded at ports due to Mawar. Different domestic and international flights were forced to divert at Clark Air Base rather than NAIA due to bad weather. Some other flights were also cancelled. At least three were reported dead due to rains brought by Mawar.

Typhoon Guchol (Butchoy)

Between June 14 and 18, Guchol enhanced the southwestern monsoon over the Philippines, resulting in widespread rains. However, the effects of these rains were limited and only one fatality took place. In Japan, airlines cancelled 420 domestic and international flights because of the strong winds, affecting 32,600 passengers. The town of Nachikatsuura, some 400 kilometres southwest of Tokyo, ordered nearly 1,600 residents to evacuate, warning of the danger of landslides brought on by heavy rain, media reports said. At least two people were killed and eighty others were injured across the country. Total economic losses were estimated in excess of ¥8 billion (US$100 million).

Severe Tropical Storm Talim (Carina)

On June 14, a low-pressure area within the monsoonal trough formed east of Hainan, China. On June 16, the low-pressure area started to absorb the surrounding convection from the dissipating monsoonal trough and started to organize, promoting the JMA and the HKO to upgrading the system to a tropical depression later that day. On June 17, the HKO raised the Standby signal, No. 1 as the tropical depression was centered about 470 kilometers from Hong Kong, and the JTWC issued a TCFA on the system. Late on the same day, the JMA upgraded the system to a tropical storm and named it Talim, and the JTWC upgraded Talim to a tropical depression. On June 18, the JTWC upgraded Talim to a tropical storm. On June 19, as the HKO raised the Strong Wind signal, No. 3, moderate vertical wind shear from the north pushed Talim's convection to the south. Later that day, the JMA upgraded Talim to a severe tropical storm, but the JMA downgraded it to a tropical storm early on June 20 as the LLCC fully exposed. Yet, Talim's convection soon wrapped around the center, as it began to merge with a monsoon trough. Later, the PAGASA assigned the local name Carina on the system as it briefly entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility. Late on June 20, both the JMA and the JTWC downgraded Talim to a tropical depression, as the system weakened in the Taiwan Strait. Shortly thereafter, the tropical depression was absorbed into the same monsoon trough which gave birth to Talim. Throughout China, 1 people were killed and total economic losses were counted to be CNY2.25 billion (US$354 million).

Tropical Storm Doksuri (Dindo)

On June 25, the JMA started to monitor a tropical depression that had developed, within the monsoon trough about  to the southeast of Manila, Philippines. During that day the depression moved north-westwards and consolidated further before during the next day, PAGASA started to monitor it as Tropical Depression Dindo. Later that day, the JMA upgraded the system to a tropical storm and named it Doksuri, and the JTWC upgraded Doksuri to a tropical depression. Late on the same day, the JTWC upgraded Doksuri to a tropical storm. On June 27, Doksuri's low-level circulation center became exposed due to moderate easterly wind shear. On June 28, the JTWC downgraded Doksuri to a tropical depression, as the system's exposed circulation center began to undergo an unusual circulation center replacement cycle, which involves a circulation center to be replaced by another new circulation center. Late on June 29, Doksuri made landfall over Nanshui, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China. During June 30, the JMA reported that Doksuri had weakened into a tropical depression, before reporting that the depression had dissipated later that day. In Macau, the storm caused minor roof damage.

Severe Tropical Storm Khanun (Enteng)

 while in North Korea, state-run media reported that at least seven people were killed in Kangwon Province, with an eighth fatality reported elsewhere. It said the storm caused significant damage, destroying 650 dwelling houses, 30 public buildings, railways, roads, bridges, and various systems. The flooding also inundated nearly 3,870 homes, leaving more than 16,250 people homeless.

On July 29 the North Korean government dramatically raised the death toll in the country to 88, with an additional 134 injured. The biggest loss of human life was in two counties of South Pyongan Province. At least 63,000 were made homeless by the flooding, while more than 30,000 hectares of land for growing crops were submerged and will add to growing fears of another looming famine in the country. Three hundred public buildings and 60 factories were damaged during the storm.

Typhoon Vicente (Ferdie)

Originally Khanun's large area of convention on July 16, the JMA upgraded the system to a tropical depression on July 18. On July 20, the JTWC issued a TCFA on the system; soon, the PAGASA upgraded it to a tropical depression and named it Ferdie. The JTWC also upgraded the system to a tropical depression late on the same day. After the system moved into the South China Sea on July 21, the JMA upgraded the system to a tropical storm and named it Vicente, so did the JTWC.

On July 23, due to weak vertical wind shear and high sea surface temperature, Vicente started to undergo an explosive intensification prompting the JMA to upgrade Vicente to a typhoon, and the JTWC upgraded Vicente to a category 4 typhoon later. At 16:45 UTC, the HKO issued the Hurricane Signal, No. 10, the first since Typhoon York in 1999. Later, Typhoon Vicente made landfall over Taishan in Guangdong, China. Due to land interaction, the JMA downgraded Vicente to a severe tropical storm early on July 24, and the JTWC downgraded Vicente to a category 3 typhoon. Late on the same day, the JMA downgraded Vicente to a tropical depression.

Typhoon Saola (Gener)

On July 26, the JMA reported that a tropical depression had developed within an area of strong vertical windshear in the monsoon trough about  to the southeast of Manila in the Philippines.

Early on July 28, the JTWC upgraded the system to a tropical depression, whilst the JMA upgraded it to a tropical storm and named it Saola. Soon, the PAGASA upgraded the system to a tropical depression and named it Gener. Later that day, the JTWC upgraded Saola to a tropical storm. Early on July 29, the JMA upgraded Saola to a severe tropical storm. On July 30, the JTWC upgraded Saola to a category 1 typhoon, as it started to develop an eye-like feature, but soon downgraded it to a tropical storm late on the same day. Late on July 31, the JMA upgraded Saola to a typhoon. It continued to intensify the next day, reaching its peak intensity as a Category 2 typhoon.

Most forecast models predicts Saola to pass very near on the northern coastline of Taiwan, but this is defied on August 1, when Saola had made landfall on Taiwan as a Category 2 typhoon. It moved slowly inland, making a counter-clockwise loop. It made out to sea, now downgraded as a severe tropical storm. Just then did Saola passed very close to the northern coastline of Taiwan, then it headed straight for China. On August 3 it made landfall near Fuding, Fujian Province as a tropical storm, then headed straight inland until on the next day when Saola dissipated near Jiangxi.

Typhoon Damrey

Originally a cold-core low, the system became a tropical disturbance southwest of Minamitorishima late on July 26. Early on July 27, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) upgraded it to a tropical depression. On July 28, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert on the system, before the JMA upgraded it to a tropical storm and named it Damrey. Late on the same day, the JTWC upgraded Damrey to a tropical depression, and even upgraded it to a tropical storm on the next day. After Damrey had drifted slowly for two days, the JMA upgraded it to a severe tropical storm northeast of Chichi-jima late on July 30, when the storm began to accelerate moving west-northwest and form a banding eye. On August 1, the JTWC upgraded Damrey to a category 1 typhoon, while the system passed through the Ōsumi Islands in Japan, as it started to develop a well defined eye. When Damrey drifted towards Yellow Sea on August 2, the JMA upgraded it to a typhoon. Soon, Typhoon Damrey made landfall over Xiangshui County in Jiangsu, China at 13:30 UTC (21:30 CST).  The system then dissipated near Hebei on August 4.

Typhoon Haikui

Late on July 31, a tropical disturbance formed within a large monsoon trough. On August 1, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) mentioned the system as a tropical depression southeast of Iwo Jima, and the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert late on the same day. Late on August 2, the JTWC upgraded it to a tropical depression, before the JMA upgraded the system to a tropical storm and named it Haikui early on the next day. Early on August 4, the JTWC upgraded Haikui to a tropical storm. On August 5, the JMA upgraded Haikui to a severe tropical storm when it was located north-northeast of Kume Island.  Later, Typhoon Haikui made landfall over Xiangshan County in Zhejiang, China at 19:20 UTC (03:20 CST on August 8).

Severe Tropical Storm Kirogi

During August 3, the JMA reported that a tropical depression had developed, about  to the northwest of Wake Island. Over the next day the system gradually developed further, before the JTWC started to monitor the system as Tropical Depression 13W, late on August 4.

On August 5, the JTWC upgraded the system to a tropical storm. Early on August 6, the JMA reported that the system had become extratropical. However, the JMA designated it as a tropical storm with the name Kirogi early on August 8. Early on August 9, the JTWC downgraded Kirogi to a tropical depression. Later, the JMA upgraded Kirogi to a severe tropical storm, it reached its peak intensity, while the JTWC upgraded it to a tropical storm again. Later that day, the JTWC issued its final warning on Kirogi as it transitioned from a warm cored tropical system to a cold cored extratropical system. The remnants of the system then entered the Sea of Okhotsk.

Typhoon Kai-tak (Helen)

The monsoonal trough spawned a tropical disturbance early on August 10, which had organizing convection and a weak circulation. Early on August 12, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) started tracking the system as a weak Tropical Depression with winds under 30 knots. Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) started issuing advisories on the system, naming it Helen. That day, the JTWC also initiated advisories on Tropical Depression 14W. Early on August 13, the JMA upgraded the depression to Tropical Storm Kai-tak (1213). and 9 hours later the JTWC followed suit. Later the same day, the JMA upgraded it to a Severe Tropical Storm. On August 15, the convection increased as outflow improved, and the JTWC upgraded Kai-tak to a typhoon. The storm continued towards China, with deepening convection due to decreasing wind shear. However, it was only at 0000 UTC on August 16 when the JMA officially declared Kai-tak a typhoon. At the same time, the PAGASA issued their last warning on Kai-tak, otherwise known as Helen, locally, as it left the Philippine area of Responsibility.

On the morning of August 17, Kai-tak made landfall over the Leizhou peninsula in southern China as a typhoon. Within 6 hours, Kai-tak made a second landfall over the northeast coast of Vietnam and weakened slightly to a tropical storm. Later that night, the JTWC issued their final warning on the system as it weakened further and sped up inland. The JMA stopped tracking the storm early the next morning, no longer considering it a tropical cyclone.

Typhoon Tembin (Igme)

On August 16, a tropical disturbance formed southeast of Taiwan. On August 17, the JMA mentioned it as a tropical depression, as a subtropical ridge pushed the system southwards. The JTWC issued a TCFA on the system late on August 18; early on the next day, the JMA upgraded it to a tropical storm and named it Tembin, and the JTWC upgraded it to a tropical depression. Soon, the PAGASA also upgraded it to a tropical depression and named it Igme. On August 20, Tembin entered a period of explosive intensification by excellent dual outflow, prompting both the JMA and the JTWC upgrading it to a typhoon.

On August 22, Tembin began to undergo an eyewall replacement cycle, as it further weakened to a category 1 typhoon. On August 23, Tembin re-intensified into a category 3 typhoon, before it made landfall over Pingtung, Taiwan later on the same day. Due to minor land interaction, the JMA downgraded Tembin to a severe tropical storm early on August 24, and the JTWC downgraded it to a tropical storm later.  Afterward, Typhoon Tembin interacted with the nearby Typhoon Bolaven (Julian). Over the next few days, Tembin made a counterclockwise loop westward, moving back into the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR) in the process, causing more rainfall over in the Philippines. Afterward, Tembin weakened into a tropical storm on August 28 and turned north-northeastward. On August 30, Tembin made landfall on South Korea and transitioned into an extratropical storm, before dissipating two days later.

Typhoon Bolaven (Julian)

Forming as a tropical depression on August 19 to the southwest of the Mariana Islands, Bolaven steadily intensified as it slowly moved west-northwestward in a region favoring tropical development. The system was soon upgraded to a tropical storm less than a day after formation and further to a typhoon by August 21. Strengthening became more gradual thereafter as Bolaven grew in size. On August 24, the system attained its peak intensity with winds of 185 km/h (115 mph) and a barometric pressure of 910 mbar (hPa; 26.87 inHg). Weakening only slightly, the storm passed directly over Okinawa on August 26 as it began accelerating toward the north. Steady weakening continued as Bolaven approached the Korean Peninsula and it eventually made landfall in North Korea late on August 28 before transitioning into an extratropical cyclone. The remnants rapidly tracked northeastward and was last noted over the Russian Far East.

Although Bolaven struck the Ryukyu Islands as a powerful typhoon, damage was less than expected. Relatively few buildings were damaged or destroyed across the region. The most significant effects stemmed from heavy rains, amounting to , that caused flash flooding and landslides. One person drowned on Amami Ōshima after being swept away by a swollen river. In mainland Japan, two people drowned after being swept away by rough seas. In South Korea, 19 people were killed by the storm. Many buildings were damaged and approximately 1.9 million homes were left without power. Losses in the country reached ₩420 billion (US$374.3 million), the majority of which was due to destroyed apple orchards. Significant damage also took place in North Korea where at least 59 people were killed and 50 others were reported missing. Additionally, 6,700 homes were destroyed. Offshore, nine people drowned after two Chinese vessels sank. Total economic losses in China were counted to be CNY 19.82 billion (US$3.126 billion).

Typhoon Sanba (Karen)

A low-pressure area formed east of Palau on September 9. On September 10, both the JMA and the JTWC upgraded it to a tropical depression. As the system entered the PAR early on September 11, the PAGASA named it Karen. At the same time, the JMA upgraded the system to a tropical storm and named it Sanba, and the JTWC also upgraded it to a tropical storm later.

In Kōchi Prefecture, Japan, 222 hectares (548 acres) of agricultural land was damaged by the storm, with losses reaching ¥50 million (US$640 thousand). Throughout Okinawa, damage to agriculture, forestry, and fisheries amounted to ¥900 million (US$11.5 million).

Typhoon Jelawat (Lawin)

 On September 30, it made landfall on Japan, then on October 1 the system became an extratropical cyclone.

Severe Tropical Storm Ewiniar

Early on September 22, a tropical disturbance formed west of Guam, out of the Intertropical Convergence Zone, and the JMA upgraded it to a tropical depression on the next day. On September 24, the JTWC upgraded the system to a tropical depression, as it became better organized, however the low level circulation center remained exposed, due to outflow wind shear from Jelawat, which pushed the convection to the east of the system, and prevented it from strengthening more quickly. On September 24, the JTWC further upgraded the system to a minimal tropical storm and named it Ewiniar, as the system started moving away from Jelawat, which allowed it to strengthen. On September 27, with the system far from Jelawat's outflow, the exposed low level circulation center was wrapped with convection, and the JMA upgraded the system to a Severe tropical Storm. A small eye-like feature showed up in the satellite image of Ewiniar. On September 29, the system became totally exposed, with the convection being blown away by strong vertical wind shear. It became extratropical the next day.

Severe Tropical Storm Maliksi

On September 27, a large tropical disturbance formed near Chuuk. On September 29, the JMA upgraded the system to a tropical depression. On October 1, the system was upgraded into a tropical storm and named Maliksi. The large storm developed a mid-level circulation center, with microwave satellite imagery showing that the storm had become less organized during the morning hours of October 2 because it had become slightly elongated and on October 3, the JMA upgraded it to Severe Tropical Storm, and the storm's center soon passed over Iwo To. High wind shear and unfavorable conditions made it weaken as it started transitioning to an extratropical system. On October 4, it became fully extratropical, with wind shear from the southwest, which pushed most of the showers and thunderstorms northeast of the center of circulation.

Severe Tropical Storm Gaemi (Marce)

On September 29, the JMA reported that a tropical depression that had developed within the monsoon trough, about  to the northwest of Ho Chi Minh City in Southern Vietnam. As the tropical depression organized, large, powerful thunderstorms with very cold cloud top temperatures (colder than -63F/-52 C) surrounded the center of circulation, hinting that the storm was organizing and strengthening. The system remained quasi-stationary over the next 12 hours, due to weak steering environment. On October 1, the system strengthened into a tropical storm,

Typhoon Prapiroon (Nina)

On October 5, the JMA started to monitor a tropical depression that had developed about  to the northeast of Hagåtña, Guam.  As the JMA upgraded the storm to a Severe Tropical Storm on October 8, rapid convection produced a tightly wrapped system with multiple deep convective bands wrapping into a well-defined low level circulation center. On October 9, the JTWC, and the JMA upgraded the system to a typhoon. On  October 11, as the system developed a ragged eye, the JTWC upgraded Prapiroon further, to a category 2 typhoon. The ragged eye soon became well defined as seen in Microwave imagery later that day, and was soon upgraded further to a category 3 typhoon. On October 15, as the system was pushed south, by an anticyclone ridging in from the north, and caused it to make a small cyclonic loop. On October 16, an Anticyclone located on the north west of Prapiroon became slightly displaced to the southeast, which brought wind shear to Prapiroon's northern periphery's convection to be pushed to the south, and caused a strong southern outflow. On October 19, Prapiroon transitioned into an extratropical cyclone, as it became bombarded by strong vertical wind shear. The remnants of Prapiroon's center fully dissipated early on October 23.

Severe Tropical Storm Maria

Late on October 12, the JMA started to monitor a tropical depression that had developed near the Northern Mariana Islands, about  to the northeast of Guam.

As it moved westward it strengthened to become Tropical Storm Maria on October 14. Early the next day, the JMA upgraded the Maria into a severe tropical storm.  Early on October 20, the JMA reported that Maria had dissipated.

Typhoon Son-Tinh (Ofel)

On October 19, a tropical disturbance formed southeast of Yap, and the JMA mentioned the system as a tropical depression on October 21. On October 22, the PAGASA started to monitor the tropical depression and named it Ofel. On October 24, the storm made landfall over Leyte and capsized 6 boats in Tacloban City. The storm caused heavy rains and strong winds over the Visayas. At the night of October 24, the storm hardly hit Cebu with rain and winds. Classes in Cebu City were suspended the next day.

Authorities in the Philippines confirmed at least four deaths – an 8-year-old boy who drowned, two men crushed by falling trees, and an elderly man who died from hypothermia. Six fishermen were reported missing, and more than 13,000 passengers were stranded at ferry terminals and ports. Widespread flooding was reported as rivers burst their banks, in some instances rising as much as 12.8 meters in 24 hours. A cargo ship, called the ML Lady RP II, sank with around 1,200 sacks of copra near Zamboanga City at the height of the storm. Strong winds derailed a train in Quezon.

Son-Tinh reached typhoon strength on October 27.

Tropical Depression 25W

Early on November 12, the JTWC reported that a tropical disturbance had developed within an area of weak to moderate vertical windshear, about  to the southeast of Manila in the Philippines. Later that day as the system moved towards the north-northwest, the JTWC reported that the disturbance had become a tropical depression before the JMA followed suit early on November 13.

Typhoon Bopha (Pablo)

On November 23, the JTWC reported that a large area of convection  persisted approximately 0.6°N of the equator, or 350 nm south of Pohnpei in the Caroline Islands, and dubbed the system as Invest 90W. Its organization steadily improved over the next few days under a favorable conditions with warm sea surface temperatures. and on November 25 both JTWC and JMA upgraded its status to a Tropical Depression, while the JTWC designated it with 26W. During the early hours of November 26, an upper-level anticyclone formed over the center with near-radial outflow and weak vertical wind shear. Under its influence, 26W strengthened gradually and acquired tropical storm status by that evening. As a result, the JMA officially named the storm Bopha. On November 27, a deep centralized convective cover developed over the LLCC and the JTWC too upgraded Bopha into a tropical storm. By the evening of December 2, the storm entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility and was named Pablo. Late on December 3, as the system continued to strengthen, the system unexpectedly rapidly intensified into a category 5 super typhoon, as the eye started to become well defined at 27 kilometers across. Bopha made landfall as a Category 5 Super Typhoon.  After landfall in Visayas and Mindanao, Bopha weakened to tropical storm as it passed through Palawan island. On December 7 Bopha rapidly re-intensified, going from a Category 1 to a Category 4 in less than 6 hours. The next day it weakened rapidly from a Typhoon to a Tropical Storm due to moderate vertical wind shear. On December 9, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center issued its final advisory. Later that day Bopha weakened into tropical depression and dissipated completely 70 kilometers north of Binabalian, Philippines.

Tropical Storm Wukong (Quinta)

Early on December 24, the JMA reported that a tropical depression had developed within a trough of low pressure, about  to the north-east of Palau. During that day the depressions low level circulation gradually consolidated further, as it moved towards the west-northwest along the southern edge of the subtropical ridge of high pressure. The JTWC and PAGASA subsequently initiated advisories on the system with the latter naming it Quinta. Early on Christmas Day 2012, the JMA reported that the depression had become a tropical storm and named it as Wukong, before reporting that the system had attained its peak 10-minute sustained windspeeds of 75 km/h (45 mph). Later that day, the system passed over or close to several of the Visayan Islands, before the JTWC reported that the system had reached its peak 1-minute sustained windspeeds of 65 km/h (35 mph).

During December 26, Wukong continued to move through the Philippine islands, before the JTWC reported that the system had become a tropical depression, after its low level circulation center became fully exposed within an area of moderate to strong vertical windshear. However, throughout December 27, as the system moved through the South China Sea and deep convection redeveloped over the systems center, the JMA continued to report that Wukong was a tropical storm. During the next day, the JMA reported that the system had weakened into a tropical depression, before the JTWC issued their final warning on Wukong as a north-easterly cold surge along the coast of south-east Asia had caused the depression to become fully exposed. The depression subsequently was last noted during the next day by both the JTWC and the JMA, dissipating about  to the south of Vietnam.

Within the Philippines, 20 people were killed, while 4 others were left missing.

Other systems
On January 13, the JMA started monitoring a tropical depression that was located within an area of moderate to strong vertical windshear about  to the east of Kuala Lumpur in Malaysia. During that day the depression remained near stationary, before the JMA issued their final advisory on the system during the next day as the system dissipated. On April 8, the JMA started to monitor a tropical depression, that had developed about  to the northeast of Tarawa island in Kiribati. Over the next few days the JMA continued to monitor the depression, before it was last noted by the JMA during April 11 about  to the northwest of Wake Island. Late on April 28, the JMA reported that a tropical depression had developed about  to the southeast of Davao City on the Philippine island of Mindanao. Over the next day, the depression moved towards the west-northwest, before it was last noted early on April 30, as it dissipated near Mindanao.

On August 5, the Central Pacific Hurricane Center started to monitor a TUTT cell that had developed into a subtropical low, while located about  to the southeast of Midway Atoll. Over the next few days the low moved westwards towards the Western Pacific, before it moved into the basin during August 7. As it continued to move towards the west the JMA reported on August 9, that the low had developed into a tropical depression. The system re-entered the Central Pacific Ocean early on August 11. On August 23, the JMA reported that a tropical depression had developed about  to the northeast of Shanghai in China. Over the next few days, the depression moved northwards, before it was last noted by the JMA during August 25 moving into North Korea. During September 10, the JMA started to monitor a tropical depression, that had developed in an area of moderate vertical windshear between two upper tropospheric trough cells about  to the southeast of Tokyo, Japan. During that day the depression remained near stationary, before it started during September 11 to move northwards as it directly interacted with another area of low pressure, located about  to the northwest of the depression. Over the next couple of days, as the depression moved towards the northwest, the system transitioned into a subtropical cyclone, before it was last noted by the JMA during September 13.

Storm names

Within the North-western Pacific Ocean, both the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) and the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration assign names to tropical cyclones that develop in the Western Pacific, which can result in a tropical cyclone having two names. The Japan Meteorological Agency's RSMC Tokyo — Typhoon Center assigns international names to tropical cyclones on behalf of the World Meteorological Organization's Typhoon Committee, should they be judged to have 10-minute sustained windspeeds of 65 km/h, (40 mph). While the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration assigns names to tropical cyclones which move into or form as a tropical depression in their area of responsibility located between 135°E and 115°E and between 5°N-25°N even if the cyclone has had an international name assigned to it. The names of significant tropical cyclones are retired, by both PAGASA and the Typhoon Committee. Should the list of names for the Philippine region be exhausted then names will be taken from an auxiliary list of which the first ten are published each season. Unused names are marked in .

International names

During the season 25 tropical storms developed in the Western Pacific and each one was named by the JMA, when the system was judged to have 10-minute sustained windspeeds of . The JMA selected the names from a list of 140 names, that had been developed by the 14 members nations and territories of the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee. During the season the names Pakhar, Doksuri, Haikui, Sanba, Maliksi and Son-Tinh were used for the first time, after they had replaced the names Matsa, Nabi, Longwang, Chanchu, Bilis and Saomai, which were retired after the 2005 and 2006 seasons.

Retirement
After the season the Typhoon Committee retired the names Vicente and Bopha from its naming lists, and in 2014 and 2015, the names were subsequently replaced with Lan and Ampil for future seasons.

Philippines

During the season PAGASA used its own naming scheme for the 17 tropical cyclones, that either developed within or moved into their self-defined area of responsibility. The names were taken from a list of names, that had been last used during 2008 and are scheduled to be used again during 2016. The names Carina and Ferdie were used for the first time during the year after the names Cosme, and Frank were retired.

Retirement
After the season the name Pablo was retired by PAGASA, as it was responsible for over 300 deaths and Php1 billion in damages. It was subsequently replaced on the list with Pepito.

Season effects
This table lists all the storms that developed in the western Pacific Ocean to the west of the International Date Line during the 2012 season. It includes their intensity, duration, name, areas affected deaths, and damages. All damage figures are in 2012 USD. Damages and deaths from a storm include when the storm was a precursor wave, or an extratropical low.

|-
| TD ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Malaysia ||  None ||  None ||
|-
| 01W ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines ||  ||  ||
|-
| TD ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines ||  None ||  None ||
|-
| Pakhar ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand ||  ||  ||
|-
| TD ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None ||  None ||  None ||
|-
| TD ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Palau, Philippines ||   None ||  None  ||
|-
| Sanvu ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Guam, Marina Islands ||  ||  None ||
|-
| Mawar (Ambo) ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, Japan ||   None ||  ||
|-
| Guchol (Butchoy) ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Caroline Islands, Philippines, Japan ||  ||  ||
|-
| Talim (Carina) ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || China, Taiwan ||  ||  ||
|-
| Doksuri (Dindo) ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, Taiwan, China ||  ||  None ||
|-
| Khanun (Enteng) ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Japan, Korea || ||  ||
|-
| Vicente (Ferdie) ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, China, Vietnam, Laos, Burma ||  ||  ||
|-
| Saola (Gener) ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, Taiwan, Japan, China || ||  ||
|-
| Damrey ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Japan, China, South Korea ||  ||  ||
|-
| Haikui ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Japan, Philippines, China || ||  ||
|-
| Kirogi ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Japan ||  None ||  None ||
|-
| TD ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None ||  None ||  None ||
|-
| Kai-tak (Helen) ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, China, Vietnam, Laos ||  ||  ||
|-
| Tembin (Igme) ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, Taiwan, China, Japan, South Korea || ||  ||
|-
| Bolaven (Julian) ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || China, Japan, Korea, Siberia ||  ||  ||
|-
| TD ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Korean Peninsula ||  None ||  None ||
|-
| Sanba (Karen) ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Palau, Japan, Korea, China, Siberia  ||  ||  ||
|-
| TD ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Japan ||  None ||  None ||
|-
| Jelawat (Lawin) ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, Taiwan, Japan ||  ||  ||
|-
| Ewiniar ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Mariana Islands, Japan ||  None ||  None ||
|-
| Maliksi ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Guam, Marina Islands, Japan ||  None ||  None ||
|-
| Gaemi (Marce) ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand ||  ||  ||
|-
| Prapiroon (Nina) ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Japan ||  None ||  ||
|-
| Maria ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Mariana Islands, Japan ||  None ||  None ||
|-
| Son-Tinh (Ofel) ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Palau, Philippines, China, Vietnam ||  ||  ||
|-
| 25W ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Malaysia, Vietnam ||  None ||  None ||
|-
| Bopha (Pablo) ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Caroline Islands, Palau, Philippines || || ||
|-
| Wukong (Quinta) ||  || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, Vietnam ||  ||  20 ||
|-

See also

Tropical cyclones in 2012
 List of Pacific typhoon seasons
 2012 Pacific hurricane season
 2012 Atlantic hurricane season
 2012 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone seasons: 2011–12, 2012–13
 Australian region cyclone seasons: 2011–12, 2012–13
 South Pacific cyclone seasons: 2011–12, 2012–13
2012 China floods

Notes

References

External links

2012
Articles which contain graphical timelines
2012 WPac


Tinkanya  is a village development committee in Sindhuli District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3,797 people living in 688 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Sindhuli District

Populated places in Sindhuli District


William Whitaker (1548 – 4 December 1595) was a prominent Protestant Calvinistic Anglican churchman, academic, and theologian. He was Master of St. John's College, Cambridge, and a leading divine in the university in the latter half of the sixteenth century. His uncle was  Alexander Nowell, the Dean of St. Paul's Cathedral and catechist.

Early life and education
He was born at Holme, near Burnley, Lancashire, in 1548, being the third son of Thomas Whitaker of that place, by Elizabeth his wife, daughter of John Nowell, esq., of Read, and sister of Alexander Nowell, dean of St Paul's." After receiving the rudiments of learning at his native parish school, he was sent by his uncle, Alexander Nowell, to St Paul's School in London. (Alexander Nowell, a Marian exile, a fugitive from the "burning times" of Anglo-Italian policies, 1553–1558, was also a Protestant, Reformed and Anglican Churchman.) Whitaker thence proceeded to Cambridge, where he matriculated as a pensioner of Trinity College on 4 October 1564. He was subsequently elected a scholar on the same foundation, proceeded B.A. in March 1568, and on 6 September 1569 was elected to a minor fellowship, and on 25 March 1571 to a major fellowship, at his college. In 1571 he commenced M.A. Throughout his earlier career at the university he was assisted by his uncle, who granted him leases, "freely and without fine," towards defraying his expenses. Whitaker evinced his gratitude by dedicating to Nowell a translation of the Book of Common Prayer into Greek, and a like version of Nowell's own larger catechism from the Latin into Greek.

Academic career
The marked ability with which he acquitted himself when presiding as "father of the philosophy act" at an academic commencement appears to have first brought him prominently into notice. He also became known as an indefatigable student of the scriptures, the commentators, and the schoolmen, and was very early in his career singled out by John Whitgift, at that time master of Trinity, for marks of special favour. On 3 February 1578 he was installed canon of Norwich Cathedral, and in the same year was admitted to the degree of B.D., and incorporated on 14 July at Oxford. In 1580 he was appointed by the crown to the regius professorship of divinity, to which Elizabeth shortly after added the chancellorship of St. Paul's, London, and from this time his position as the champion of the teaching of the Protestant and Reformed Church of England appears to have been definitely taken up. In 1582, on taking part in a disputation at commencement, he took for his thesis, Pontifex Romanus est ille Antichristus, quern futurum Scriptura prædixit, or, The Roman Pope is that Antichrist which the Scriptures Foretold. His lectures, as professor, afterwards published from shorthand notes taken by John Allenson, a fellow of St. John's, were mainly directed towards refuting Roman Catholic theologians, especially Robert Bellarmine and Thomas Stapleton. He also severely criticised the just-published Douay version of the New Testament, thereby becoming involved in a controversy with William Rainolds.

His work, Disputatio de Sacra Scriptura contra hujus temporis papistas, inprimis Robertum Bellarminum, or Disputations on Holy Scripture, remains one of the premier volumes on the doctrine of Scripture, often under-appreciated, little read, but standing like a titan amongst the volumes of the English Reformed Churchman. One of the premier issues that divided and still divides informed Protestants from Roman Catholics is the question of the place of Scripture. Reformed Churchmmen like Whitaker, then like now, declared that the Scriptures alone are the rule of faith and practice whereas Roman Catholics assert co-equal veneration and co-authoritative roles between Scripture, traditions held by the Church and other unwritten issues. This debate is not new. William Whitaker forcefully and brilliantly championed the Protestant, Reformed and Anglican position in 1588. He deals with the number of canonical books, the authority of Scripture, the perspicuity (clarity) of Scripture, the proper interpretation of Scripture, and the perfection of Scripture against unwritten traditions.

On 28 February 1586 Whitaker, on the recommendation of Whitgift and Burghley, was appointed by the crown to the mastership of St. John's College. The appointment was, however, opposed by a majority of the fellows on the ground of his supposed leanings towards puritanism. His rule as an administrator justified in almost equal measure the appointment and its objectors. The college increased greatly in numbers and reputation, but the puritan party gained ground considerably in the society. Whitaker was a no less resolute opponent of Lutheranism than of Roman doctrine and ritual.

In the discharge of his ordinary duties as master his assiduity and strict impartiality in distributing the rewards at his disposal conciliated even those who demurred to his theological teaching, and Baker declares that the members of the college were "all at last united in their affection to their master," and that eventually "he had no enemies to overcome."

In 1587 he was created D.D.; and in 1593, on the mastership of Trinity College falling vacant by the preferment of Dr. John Still to the bishopric of Bath and Wells, he was an unsuccessful candidate for the post. In the following year he published his De Authoritate Scripturæ, written in reply to Stapleton, prefixing to it a dedication to Whitgift (18 April 1594), the latter affording a noteworthy illustration of his personal relations with the primate, and also of the Roman controversialist learning of that time. In May 1595 he was installed canon of Canterbury; but his professorship, mastership, and canonry appear to have left him still poor, and in a letter to Burghley, written about a fortnight before his death, he complains pathetically at being so frequently passed over amid "the great preferments of soe many." He may possibly have been suffering from dejection at this time, owing to the disagreement with Whitgift in which, in common with others of the Cambridge heads, he found himself involved in connection with the prosecution of William Barret. In November 1595 he was deputed, along with Humphrey Gower, president of Queens' College, to confer with the primate on the drawing up of the Lambeth Articles. On this occasion he appears to have pressed his Calvinistic views warmly, but without success, and he returned to Cambridge fatigued and disappointed. He fell ill and died on 4 December 1595.

In 1900 there were two portraits of Whitaker in the master's lodge at St. John's College (one in the drawing-room, the other in the hall), both bearing the words, "Dr. Whitaker, Mr. 1587," and one at the Chetham Hospital and Library at Manchester. His portrait was engraved by William Marshall in Thomas Fuller's Holy State, 1642, and by John Payne. His epitaph, in Latin hexameters on a marble tablet, has been placed on the north wall of the interior of the transept of the college chapel.

His hopes of preferment were disappointed, probably because he was twice married, and thus forfeited in some measure the favour of Elizabeth. The maiden name of his first wife, who was sister-in-law to Laurence Chaderton, was Culverwell; his second wife, who survived him, was the widow of Dudley Fenner.  He had eight children: one of the sons, Alexander Whitaker, who was educated at Trinity College, afterwards became known as the "Apostle of Virginia."  Alexander baptised Pocahontas.  Another son who set his eyes on America was Jabez.  He was one of the first planters in Jamestowne and helped build a guest house to greet new families to Virginia.

No English divine of the sixteenth century surpassed Whitaker in the estimation of his contemporaries. Ralph Churton justly styles him "the pride and ornament of Cambridge." Bellarmine so much admired his genius and attainments that he had his portrait suspended in his study. Joseph Scaliger, Bishop Hall, and Isaac Casaubon alike speak of him in terms of almost unbounded admiration.

Works
The following is a list of Whitaker's published works:
Liber Precum Publicarum Ecclesiae Anglicanæ . . . Latine Græceque æditus, London, 1569.
Greek verses appended to Carr's 'Demosthenes,' 1571.
 Κατηχισμός, ... τἢτε 'Ελλήνων καὶ τἢ 'Ρωμαίων διαλέκτῳ ὲκδοθεἷσα, London, 1573, 1574, 1578, 1673 (the Greek version is by Whitaker, the Latin by Alexander Nowell).
Ioannis Iuelli Sarisbur ... adversus Thomam Hardingum volumen alterum ex Anglico sermone conversum in  Latinum a Gulielmo Whitakero, London, 1578.
Ad decem rationes Edmundi Campiani ... Christiana responsio, London, 1581; a translation of this by Richard Stock was printed in London in 1606.
Thesis proposita ... in Academia Cantabrigiensi die Comitiorum anno Domini 1582; cujus summa hæc,Pontifex Romanus est ille Antichristus, London, 1582.
Responsionis ... defensio contra confutationem Ioannis Duraei Scoti, presbyteri Iesuitse,' London, 1583.Nicolai Sanderi quadraginta demonstrationes, Quod Papa non-est Antichristus ille insignis ... et earundem demonstrationum solida refutatio, London, 1583.Fragmenta veterum haereseon ad constituendam Ecclesiæ Pontificiae ἀποστασίαν collecta, London, 1583.An aunswere to a certaine Booke, written by M. William Rainoldes ... entituled A Refutation, London, 1585; Cambridge, 1590.Disputatio de Sacra Scriptura contra hujus temporis papistas, inprimis Robertum Bellarminum ... et Thomam Stapletonum ... sex quæstionibus proposita et tractata, Cambridge, 1588.Adversus Tho. Stapletoni Anglopapistæ ... defensionem ecclesiasticæ authoritatis ... duplicatio pro authoritate atque αύτοπιστίᾳ S. Scripturæ, Cambridge, 1594.Praelectiones in quibus tractatur controversia de ecclesia contra pontificios, inprimis Robertum Bellarminum Iesuitam, in septem qusestiones distributa, Cambridge, 1599. Edited by John Allenson.Cygnea cantio ... hoc est, ultima illius concio ad clerum, habita Cantabrigiæ anno 1595, ix Oct.  Cambridge, 1599.Controversia de Conciliis, contra pontificios, inprimis Robertum Bellarminum Iesuitam, in sex quaestiones distributa, Cambridge, 1600.Tractatus de peccato originali ... contra Stapletonum, Cambridge, 1600.Prælectiones in controversiam de Romano Pontifice ... adversus pontificios, inprimis Robertum Bellarminum, Hanau, 1608.Praelectiones aliquot contra Bellarminum habitæ (in Conr. Decker De Proprietatibus Iesuitarum, Oppenheim, 1611).Adversus universalis gratiæ assertores prælectio in 1 Tim. ii. 4 (in Pet. Baro's Summa Triurn de Prædestinatione Sententiarum, Harderwyk, 1613).Prælectiones de Sacramentis in Genere et in Specie de. SS. Baptismo et Eucharistia, Frankfort, 1624.Articuli de prædestinatione ... Lambethæ propositi, et L. Andrews de iisdem Iudicium, London, 1651.

Other works by Whitaker are extant in manuscript; the Bodleian Library hasCommentarii in Cantica, and Prælectiones in priorem Epistolam ad Corinthios by
him; Caius College, Theses: de fide Davidis; de Prædestinatione; and St. John's
College, Cambridge, a treatise on ecclesiastical polity, which Baker thinks was
probably from his pen, although it leans somewhat to Erastianism.

Notes

References

Attribution:

External links

1548 births
1595 deaths
Masters of St John's College, Cambridge
People from Burnley
16th-century English writers
16th-century male writers
People educated at St Paul's School, London
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Regius Professors of Divinity (University of Cambridge)
Supralapsarians
16th-century Anglican theologians


Tourbat is a white grape variety planted primarily in the French wine region of the Côtes du Roussillon AOC where is sometimes called Malvoisie du Roussillon. It is also found in the Italian wines from Sardinia where the grape is known as Torbato and in the Aragon region of Spain. As a varietal, Tourbat is known for its smokey notes.

History

The exact origins of Tourbat are unknown, with some ampelographers and wine historian suggesting that it has a similar origins as Grenache and is likely a Spanish variety. Its presence in Roussillon seems to trace to that area's time under the Kingdom of Majorca with James I of Aragon was lord of over a wide expanse of land that crosses the modern-day borders of southern France and northern eastern Spain. Similarly, like Grenache, Tourbat may have spread to Sardinia when the island was under the rule of the Kingdom of Aragon.

Plantings of Tourbat greatly declined in the 20th century with Sardinia remaining the one significant source of the variety for a large part of that century. Even there the grape was on the verge of extinction until one producer, Sella & Mosca, began focusing on the variety and propagating healthier cuttings. Their work also lead to a slight resurgence of interest in the Roussillon region in the 1980s when the new cuttings of healthier vines were imported from Sardinia. However, overall the variety is still not widely planted.

Wine regions
In Sardinia, Tourbat is known as Torbato and is grown around Alghero in the province of Sassari on the northwestern reaches of the island. In France, it is most widely planted in the Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée AOC region of the Côtes du Roussillon where the variety is known as Malvoisie du Roussillon.

Wine styles
Tourbat tends to produce full-bodied wines with distinctive aromas that often include smokey notes.

Synonyms

Tourbat and its wines are known under a variety of synonyms including Canina, Caninu, Cuscosedda Bianca, Malvoisie des Pyrenees Orientales, Malvoisie du Roussillon, Malvoisie Tourbat, Razola, Torbat, Torbato, Torbato Bianco, Trubat Iberica, Trubau, Turbato, and Turbau.

Other Malvoisies
Despite the similarities with the notable synonym of Tourbat, Malvoisie du Roussillon, Tourbat has no known relation with other grapes that share Malvoisie as a name or synonym-most notably Pinot gris but also Bourboulenc, Clairette, Macabeo and Vermentino.

References

White wine grape varieties


Drew Pearce is a British screenwriter, director, and producer. He is known for creating the British TV comedy No Heroics, co-writing Iron Man 3 and Hobbs & Shaw, and writing the story for Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation.

Pearce made his feature directorial debut with Hotel Artemis, a futuristic thriller set in a secret, members-only hospital for criminals.

Early life

Pearce worked at The Face magazine for editor Richard Benson, while studying at Exeter University.

Between 2000 and 2004, Pearce was the lead singer and guitarist in the London alt-country band Woodchuck.

Career
Television

No Heroics

In 2007, Pearce created the cult-hit series No Heroics, a sitcom about unsuccessful superheroes, following their R-rated off-duty exploits and their lives in hero-only pub The Fortress. The full series was shot in 2008, and released in October of that year. The show was ITV2's first original sitcom. No Heroics was well-reviewed by critics. The Times said of the show, "ITV2's new comedy No Heroics is fast, funny and a little ingenious. Drew Pearce, the creator/writer, established an engaging collection of pretenders to the throne". The show was nominated for Best New British TV Comedy of 2008 at the British Comedy Awards.

In 2009, ABC commissioned Pearce for an American adaptation pilot of No Heroics. Pearce was joined by Will & Grace writer Jeff Greenstein for the pilot.

Film

The Runaways

In 2010, Marvel hired Pearce to write a feature adaptation of Runaways based on the comic book of the same name by Brian K. Vaughan and Adrian Alphona. Development on the film was put on hold the following October, and Pearce explained in September 2013 that the Runaways film had been shelved due to the success of The Avengers. Years later, Runaways would eventually be released as a streaming television series created for Hulu by Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage.

Iron Man 3

In March 2011, Marvel announced that Pearce would co-write Iron Man 3 with director Shane Black. Black described their take on the film as not being "two men in iron suits fighting each other," and more like a "Tom Clancy thriller," with Iron Man fighting real-world type villains. Pearce added that they would avert magic and space, with Iron Man 3 being "a techno-thriller set in a more real-world than even The Avengers."

The film received positive reviews and was commercially successful, grossing over $1.2 billion worldwide, the second-highest-grossing film of 2013 overall, and the second-highest-grossing film at the domestic box office released in 2013.

Pearce continued his work as a writer on a wide array of projects. Pearce also completed an uncredited rewrite on Guillermo del Toro's sci-fi action thriller Pacific Rim. In October 2011, he was commissioned to write the script for a third film in the Sherlock Holmes film series starring Robert Downey Jr. The following year Pearce was tapped to polish the script for Legendary Pictures' Godzilla reboot.

Mission Impossible: Rogue Nation

In August 2013 Paramount Pictures announced the fifth Mission: Impossible film, from a script penned by Pearce. After developing the script with the director, Christopher McQuarrie, Pearce received a story by credit for Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation. The film received positive reviews from critics and grossed $682 million worldwide.

Continuing his relationship with Paramount Pictures, Pearce was tapped to pen The Wedding Sting, a film based on The Atlantic article of the same title. Written by Jeff Maysh, the article tells the story of how the 1990 Flint police department devised a sting to put on a fake wedding that would lure the city's drug dealers to a single location.

Pearce then partnered with Jason Segel to create the concept for a third Lego Movie spin-off, titled The Billion Brick Race. In March 2015, Warner Bros. announced that the film was in development with its animation feature arm, Warner Animation Group. Pearce and Segel were initially signed on to co-direct and write the film, however, both subsequently stepped away from those roles. On 8 February 2018, they returned to the project when it was revealed that the initial director, Jorge R. Gutierrez, left it.

All Hail The King

During the production of Iron Man 3, Pearce and producer Stephen Broussard had the idea for a short film that provided "a fresh take" on the Mandarin character. Marvel Studios and consultant Joss Whedon were positive about the short, and after Ben Kingsley agreed to reprise his role as Trevor Slattery, Pearce wrote and directed the short, titled All Hail The King. The short was filmed in Los Angeles, with Sam Rockwell's cameo filmed in Toronto on a set that was painted to match the Los Angeles shoot.

All Hail the King was released on the digital download release of Thor: The Dark World on 4 February 2014, and on 25 February 2014 for the Blu-ray release. IGN's Cliff Wheatley gave All Hail the King a 9.4 out of 10. He said that it is "a return to the loveable personality of the hapless Trevor and a step forward for the larger Marvel Cinematic Universe. It has its twists that should satisfy both lovers and haters of Trevor Slattery. But it's the approach that Pearce takes with the material, from the kung-fu movie style credit sequences to the light-hearted tone that takes a sudden and jarring turn."

Hotel Artemis

Pearce made his feature directorial debut with the genre-bending, cult hit Hotel Artemis. The film, also written by Pearce, is a futuristic thriller, set in a secret, members-only hospital for criminals.

Two-time Academy Award winner Jodie Foster starred in the film, alongside an ensemble cast, including Sterling K. Brown, Dave Bautista, Sofia Boutella, Jeff Goldblum, Jenny Slate, Charlie Day, Zachary Quinto, Brian Tyree Henry and Kenneth Choi. Filming began in Los Angeles in May 2017, and Hotel Artemis was released on 8 June 2018 in North America, by Global Road Entertainment.

The film had received mostly positive reviews. Zoe Margolis of CineVue said, "Artemis is a bold, loud, ambitious film, far cleverer than the bog-standard summer blockbuster fare, and with sharp humour and driving suspense it makes this pulpy-sci fi thriller a very fun watch." Mick LaSalle of The San Francisco Chronicle praised the film saying, "It turns out that maybe no one should ever get in Pearce's way again." Marjorie Baumgarten of The Austin Chronicle praised the film stating, "With all the activity deriving from its basic concept of a members-only hospital for criminals, Hotel Artemis feels like a throwback to a earlier, more stripped-down era of action movies in which a good idea was a sufficient platform on which to drape fine acting and creative execution."

Hobbs & Shaw

Pearce co-wrote the script for the Fast & Furious franchise spin-off, Hobbs & Shaw, with Chris Morgan. The film was directed by David Leitch, produced by Seven Bucks Productions and Chris Morgan Productions, and was released by Universal Pictures. The film stars Jason Statham and Dwayne Johnson, returning as their respective characters Luke Hobbs and Deckard Shaw from the previous Fast and Furious films.  The film also starred Idris Elba, Vanessa Kirby, Eiza González, and Helen Mirren, with cameos by Ryan Reynolds and Kevin Hart.

Point of No Return

In 2018 Pearce established production company Point of No Return Films in Los Angeles, California. The company focuses on developing and producing film and television projects aimed at reinventing genre. Its first production was Pearce's directorial debut, Hotel Artemis. On 26 June 2019, Variety announced that Netflix acquired Pearce's next film, Quartermaster, which Point of No Return will produce alongside Adam Siegel of Marc Platt Productions. It will be a "high-concept thriller" that Pearce is slated to write and direct.

Music videos

In March 2012, Pearce directed the music video for the song "Rearrange" by Miles Kane. By March 2018, it had received over 3.9 million YouTube views. Pearce went on to direct a video for the Father John Misty song "The Night Josh Tillman Came to Our Apt.".

Filmography

Writer

Director

Music videos
 "Rearrange", Miles Kane (2011)
 "The Night Josh Tillman Came to Our Apt.", Father John Misty (2015)

References

External links

Living people
21st-century British male writers
21st-century British screenwriters
21st-century Scottish male musicians
21st-century Scottish writers
Alumni of the University of Exeter
British male screenwriters
Scottish film directors
Scottish film producers
Scottish screenwriters
Scottish television writers
Writers from Fife
Year of birth missing (living people)


Tosramkhola  is a village development committee in Sindhuli District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 1,901 people living in 313 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Sindhuli District

Populated places in Sindhuli District


Guitar Slinger is an album by guitarist and singer Johnny Winter.  Released in 1984, it was his first studio album in four years, and his first album for Alligator Records. It was the second consecutive album to feature no original Winter compositions.

Guitar Slinger was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Traditional Blues Album.

Track listing
"It's My Life, Baby" (Don Robey) – 4:08
"Don't Take Advantage of Me" (Lee Baker, Jr.) – 5:22
"Iodine in My Coffee" (Muddy Waters) – 3:44
"Trick Bag" (Earl King) – 3:20
"Mad Dog" (Charles Sheffield, Eddie Shuler) – 4:27
"Boot Hill" – 3:35
"I Smell Trouble" (Don Robey) – 4:50
"Lights Out" (Mac Rebennack, Seth David) – 2:33
"Kiss Tomorrow Goodbye" (Al Reed) – 3:53
"My Soul" (Jamesetta Hawkins) – 3:45

Personnel
Musicians
Johnny Winter – guitar, vocals
Ken Saydak – keyboards
Johnny B. Gayden – bass
Casey Jones – drums
Terry Ogolini - tenor saxophone
Steve Eisen - baritone saxophone
Don Tenuto - trumpet
Jim Exum - trombone
Gene Barge – tenor saxophone on "Lights Out"
Billy Branch – harmonica on "Iodine in My Coffee"
Production
Johnny Winter, Bruce Iglauer, Dick Shurman – producers
Fred Breitberg – recording engineer
Glenn Odagawa – assistant recording engineer

References

1984 albums
Johnny Winter albums
Albums produced by Bruce Iglauer
Albums produced by Johnny Winter
Alligator Records albums


The Bridge of Las Tres Fuentes (the three fountains) is a bridge pattern by disciples of Gustave Eiffel originally constructed in iron. In the 20th century it was covered with concrete. It is near Gil Marquez, Almonaster la Real.

Tres
Railway bridges in Spain


The men's C-2 500 metres event was an open-style, pairs canoeing event conducted as part of the Canoeing at the 2000 Summer Olympics program.

Medalists

Results

Heats
15 teams entered in two heats. The top three finishers from each heat advanced to the finals while the remaining teams were relegated to the semifinal.

Overall Results Heats

Semifinal
The top three finishers from the semifinal advanced to the final.

Final

Novák and Pulai were known as "The Monster and the Little Guy" because Pulai was 1.99 meters (6 ft. 6.25 in.) tall and weighed 97 kg (214 lbs) while Novák was 1.72 meters (5 ft. 8 in.) and weighed 77 kg (170 lbs). Pulai taped Novák's leg to the boat so that his partner would not fall to the high winds that took place on the day of the final.

References
2000 Summer Olympics Canoe sprint results.
Sports-reference.com 2000 C-2 500 m results.
Wallechinsky, David and Jaime Loucky (2008). "Canoeing: Men's Canadian Doubles 500 Meters". In The Complete Book of the Olympics: 2008 Edition. London: Aurum Press Limited. p. 482.

Men's C-2 500
Men's events at the 2000 Summer Olympics


La Maragatería or País de los Maragatos (Tierra de Maragatos in Leonese language), is an ancient historical region or traditional comarca in the landlocked Province of León, Spain. It borders with La Cepeda comarca in the north, La Valduerna in the south, with the comarcas of El Bierzo and La Cabrera in the west and southwest, and in the east with La Vega del Tuerto and La Valduerna.

La Maragatería encompasses lesser comarcas, like the Alta Maragatería, Baja Maragatería and the Somoza Comarca. Its inhabitants are known as "Maragatos".
Leonese language is widely used in this shire.

Municipalities
The main municipalities making up the comarca are:
 Astorga, the main town
 Brazuelo
 Lucillo
 Luyego
 Santa Colomba de Somoza
 Santiago Millas
 Val de San Lorenzo

Culture
The Maragatos form a small ethnic and cultural community with distinctive customs and architecture. The Maragata women used to wear a striking regional dress that made them stand out when they travelled to other parts of Spain.

Cocido Maragato (Cocíu maragatu in Leonese language) is a traditional local soup dish with meat.

Tierra de Maragatos has its own traditional way of building stone houses with large doors. Some of them have been preserved.

See also
 Astorga
 Comarca de La Cabrera
Mantecadas

References

External links

Maragatos en el recuerdo
La esfinge maragata Old movie showing traditional dresses and dances
 Astorga y la Maragateria
 La comarca de la Maragatería
 La página web del cocido maragato
La Maragatería y Cepeda


Bob Andy's Song Book is a 1970 album of songs by Jamaican reggae singer and songwriter Bob Andy, recorded between 1966 and 1968. Andy had first found fame as the lead vocalist of The Paragons, but his peak as a solo artist came in the late '60s when he recorded a string of singles for Clement "Coxsone" Dodd's Studio One label. In 1970, these singles were compiled on the Song Book album. Many of the songs on the album have since been covered by a range of artists, including Taj Mahal, who covered "Desperate Lover" on his 1974 Mo' Roots album. Vocal harmony on three tracks on the album are performed by Bunny Wailer and Peter Tosh of The Wailers, and backing comes from Studio One band the Soul Vendors, whose members included Jackie Mittoo and Roland Alphonso. The album was re-issued on CD in 1997, with extended versions of "Desperate Lover" and "Feeling Soul". In the Rough Guides book Reggae: 100 Essential CDs, the album is described as "a masterpiece that belongs in anyone's CD collection - and not just of reggae music", and it has also been described as "one of the era's classic albums".

Track listing
"My Time"
"Desperate Lover"
"Life Could Be A Symphony"
"Too Experienced"
"I've Got To Go Back Home"
"I Would Be A Fool"
"Going Home"
"Stay In My Lonely Arms"
"Let Them Say"
"Unchained"
"Feeling Soul"
"Crime Don't Pay"

References

1970 compilation albums
Bob Andy albums
Studio One (record label) compilation albums
Albums produced by Coxsone Dodd


Latvia–Lithuania relations are bilateral international relations between Latvia and Lithuania. Latvia has an embassy in Vilnius, and Lithuania has an embassy in Riga. The two states share  of common border. Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.

History

Medieval period

Relations between Latvian and Lithuanian ancestors - Baltic tribes - developed even in pre-state times (Baltic states). Linguistic, archeological and historical data shows this. From the 12th century the Baltic tribes were linked by a common struggle with the Livonian Brothers of the Sword (1202-37), later with the Order of Livonia. The state created by the Lithuanians - the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) - prevented the German states of the Livonian Confederation from germanizing the inhabitants of present-day Latvia, becoming a certain barrier to the emigration of Germans, primarily German peasants, to the Baltic lands, and encouraged Latvian resistance against the enslavers. During those battles, some of the tribes of the current territory of Latvia joined the GDL for a while. After the Battle of Aizkraukle in 1279, Duke Nameisis of the Semigalians recognized the supremacy of Grand Duke Traidenis of Lithuania and became a member of the Council of the Grand Duke of Lithuania. Lithuanian crews were stationed in several Semigalian castles. Lithuanian grand dukes Traidenis, Butigeidis and even later rulers of Lithuania (e.g. Gediminas) also used the title "Duke of Semigalia" in their full titles. Between 1281–1313 the GDL ruled Daugavpils, the lands up to Daugava and its surroundings. In the 13th century during the war with Livonia, many members of Curonians, Semigalians, Selonians and other tribes from the territory of present-day Latvia moved to Lithuania, strengthened its economic and military potential, and eventually merged into the emerging Lithuanian nation. It is believed that the Latgalians moved to their place, thus the territory of the Latvians expanded and their nation began to form.

From the 13th century Riga was an important trade partner of GDL, a large part of foreign trade was conducted through the city. Lithuanian grand dukes Vytenis, Gediminas, later Vytautas and others, seeking to weaken the Livonian confederation, supported the fight of the Archbishop of Riga with the Livonian Order for the right to rule Riga and the fight of the citizens of Riga for the violation of their self-government rights. During the 13th-15th centuries at the beginning of the war between the estates of Livonia and Lithuania, a wide stretch of sparsely inhabited or uninhabited land, covered with forest was formed, the so-called "wasteland". In the beginning of the 16th century, during the internal colonization, the Lithuanian peasants turned many of the forests of that stretch into cultivated land, and founded villages; Lithuanian states naturally expanded to the north. From north to south, the Latvian peasantry did the same. The border between the possessions of Lithuania and Livonia, which settled over time, is shown by the treaty of 1529. According to it, some areas of present-day Southern Latvia belonged to the GDL; the border was established to the north of the current districts of Rokiškis (Dienvidsusēja), Pasvalys (Nemunėlis to Luopgalė), Pakruojis, Joniškis, Naujoji Akmenė districts (later, the border established in 1529 and coincided in many places with the northern border of Kaunas Governorate; the governorate included Aknīste, Grendza, Nereta, Šķirāni, Ukrai and other Lithuanian or mixed settlements).

Early modern period

During the Livonian War (1558–83), the territory of present-day Latvia north of the Daugava was transferred to Lithuania, it became the Duchy of Livonia (1561–1677), which was an autonomous province of the GDL in 1561–69, later it belonged to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and was administered by the Lithuanian and Polish dignitaries. To the south of the Daugava, the Duchy of Courland (1561–1795) under the Commonwealth was created. 1581–1621 Riga also belonged to the Commonwealth. After the Republic of the Polish–Swedish War (1600–1629) according to the Truce of Altmark (1629), the Commonwealth retained only the eastern part of present-day Latvia, which formed the historical and ethnographic region of Latgale. 16th-18th centuries Lithuanian settlements near Daugavpils reached Daugava (Lithuanian was spoken here until the beginning of the 19th century) and crossed it; the territory inhabited by Lithuanians is shown by the surviving names of settlements with the suffix -išk. From the 18th century until 1915, all of Latvia and most of Lithuania were ruled by the Russian Empire. In 1819, the Russian authorities assigned the Palanga counties,(which originally belonged to Lithuania) were given to the Curonian Governorate since they wanted the entire Baltic coast to be in one governorate, and the Aknīste counties (formerly belonged to the Curonian Governorate) to the Kaunas governorate.

Interwar period

After the First World War, when the Baltic countries were creating independent states, on 1919 March 1st, the Lithuanian and Latvian governments signed an agreement in Kaunas, and Lithuania granted Latvia 5 million. mark loan, acquired the right to use the port of Liepaja duty-free for the transport of military and commercial cargo for a while; agreed to fight the Bolsheviks together.
On September 8, 1919, Latvia recognized Lithuania de facto, on February 23, 1921 - de jure. Since 1919, there have been embassies of Lithuania in Riga and Latvian embassies in Kaunas. In 1923–29, the "Lithuanian vice-consulate" operated in Daugavpils, consulates in Riga, Liepaja, and until 1924 in Bauska. In 1919-20 there were disputes about the border of both states. It was established by the agreement of both parties on 1921 March by the arbitration commission (established in 1920; chairman J. Simpson). The border is essentially the northern border of the former Kaunas Governorate. According to the agreement, Lithuania received Palanga counties and the Šventoji-Palanga coastal stretch (183 km2), and Latvia received part of the northernmost Lithuanian settlements (Šķirāni and Ukrai) and disputed territories such as Aknīste, a total of 290 km2 (Latvia received a larger area, because the coastal territory was considered more valuable than the mainland). 20th century In the 1930s and 1940s, under a special agreement, the so-called Baltic Clause, the Baltic countries granted each other trade preferences that were greater than those of other most-favoured-nation countries. 12/01/1933 The Latvian-Lithuanian Small Border Communication and Cooperation Agreement was signed in Riga. On September 12, 1934, in Geneva, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania signed the Treaty of Harmony and Cooperation between the States; the political diplomatic union Baltic Entente was formed.

During the Soviet occupation

After the occupation of the Baltic countries by the USSR in June 1940, diplomatic missions and consulates of both nations countries continued to operate in the United States of America and other countries that did not recognize the Soviet annexation of the Baltic countries. After the end of the funds deposited by Lithuania in the United States of America, the diplomatic representatives of Latvia and Lithuania, with the mediation of officials of the State Department of the United States of America, agreed in 1980 on a loan to maintain Lithuanian embassies; to repay this loan in 2005 Lithuania and Latvia signed an Agreement on the repayment of the debt to the Republic of Latvia in connection with the maintenance of the Embassy of the Republic of Lithuania in Washington D.C.. The legal sovereignty of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia was reminded to the world public by the remaining embassies and the communities of emigrants and war refugees who went to Western countries and fought for the restoration of the independence of the Baltic States. Joint white organizations were founded ("Baltic Committee", "Council of White Women"), joint publications were published ("Baltic Review", "Baltic News" and others). The struggle for the restoration of the independence of the three republics occupied by the USSR became more organized when the young generation of war refugees grew up. Due to the efforts of the organizations founded by it (American White Freedom League, United American White National Committee, World White Union and others) in 1982-91 in the United States of America and other countries, the Day of White Freedom was celebrated on a national scale, the Baltic Peace and Freedom Cruise was organized in 1985, the 1985 Copenhagen organized Baltic Tribunal; these and many other innovative actions reminded the society of Western countries and international organizations of the case of the freedom of the Baltic countries, and encouraged resistance to the Soviet occupation regime.

From the 20th century In the Soviet Union of the 1960s, demonstrative cooperation of neighboring so-called "unionized republics", so-called "socialist racing", was encouraged (Latvian and Lithuanian cities, districts, companies, farms competed); meetings and connections of intellectuals (e.g. scientists, primarily Latvian and Lithuanian linguists, artists, actors, encyclopedists) contributed to the enrichment of the cultures of both nations. Joint folklore festivals, students and other celebrations, Baltic painting triennials were held. Lithuania and Latvia helped each other to train specialists in narrower specialties (in 1985, about 40 students from Lithuania studied at the Riga Polytechnic Institute, more than 100 from Latvia at the Kaunas Polytechnic Institute and Vilnius University). Relations between the fighters against the Soviet regime were also forged (in 1975 a joint memorandum of the Forty-five Baltic States was signed, other statements).

Restoration of independence

In the late 20th century, the struggle against the Soviet occupation brought the nations of the Baltic countries closer together. In 1988-90, the society and numerous organizations led the struggle for the restoration of the independence of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia. The Baltic Way (1989) and the Flaming Baltic Road (1991) are notable among their joint actions. The Baltic Assembly was established as institution for cooperation.

Based on the principles of the 1934 Geneva Conference, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania founded the Council of Baltic States on 12 May 1990 and the council operated until the end of 1992. On 22 August 1991, Lithuania recognized the independence of Latvia which was declared on 21 August 1991. The countries are represented by ambassadors residing in Riga and Vilnius. The Baltic countries are developing regional cooperation. According to the 1994 agreement, its main forms are: the Baltic Assembly, a cooperation organization of the parliaments of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, the cooperation of governments is coordinated by the Baltic Council of Ministers, and joint sessions of these organizations (Baltic Council) are held. The Forum of the Heads of State of the Three Baltic States is active (since 1990), now it is also called the Council of Baltic Presidents. The Baltic countries cooperate in the field of defense (Baltic Battalion, Baltic Air Surveillance Network, Baltic Naval Squadron, Baltic Defence College). Since the late 20th century countries cooperated in order to becomethe  members of NATO and the European Union. Their efforts were supported by the joint organizations of Baltic diaspora in the Western countries. Baltic Unity Day is celebrated every year on September 22.

Economic relations

In 2020, the trade turnover between Latvia and Lithuania amounted to 4.9 billion euros. Lithuania exported 2.65 billion worth of goods to Latvia. Latvia mainly imported mineral fuel (15%), electrical machines and equipment and parts (10%) from Lithuania, Lithuania from Latvia - electrical machines and devices (17%). Latvia's direct investments in the Lithuanian economy in 2017 amounted to 493.5 million. euro while Lithuanian to Latvian economy - 1.057 billion. euros. In 2020, Latvia took first place in the Lithuanian inbound tourism sector.

European Union
Both countries became members of the European Union in 2004.

NATO
Both countries became members of NATO in 2004.

Resident diplomatic missions

 Latvia has an embassy in Vilnius.
 Lithuania has an embassy in Riga.

See also
Foreign relations of Latvia
Foreign relations of Lithuania
2004 enlargement of the European Union
Lithuanians in Latvia
Latvians in Lithuania

References

External links
  Embassy of the Republic of Latvia in the Republic of Lithuania
   Embassy of the Republic of Lithuania in the Republic of Latvia

Lithuania
Bilateral relations of Lithuania


Mark "Mike" Storen Jr. (September 14, 1935 – May 7, 2020) was an American sports executive in basketball, baseball, and football.  After graduating from the University of Notre Dame and a stint in the US Marines, he began his career with the Chicago Zephyrs and became their promotions director after their move to Baltimore.  He subsequently served as the first general manager of the Indiana Pacers from 1967 to 1969, before assuming the positions of GM and part-owner of the Kentucky Colonels.  He became the commissioner of the American Basketball Association (ABA) in 1973, and played an instrumental role in the league's merger with the National Basketball Association (NBA) three years later.

Early life
Storen was born on September 14, 1935, to Mark Storen and Marion Lois Riley, and grew up in Michigan City, Indiana.  He graduated from the University of Notre Dame, where he played defensive back on their football team during his freshman year.  He proceeded to serve in the Marine Corps, participating in their Toys for Tots program.

Career
Storen career in sports management began in the early 1960s, when he successfully applied to become a ticket seller for the NBA's Chicago Zephyrs after seeing their job advertisement in a newspaper.  He remained with the team after their move to Baltimore in 1963 and subsequently rose to the position of promotions director.  Storen then became the business manager and assistant general manager of the NBA's Cincinnati Royals.

Storen became the first vice president and general manager of the Indiana Pacers of the ABA in 1967.  He played a key role in selecting the team's name and colors, as well as in creating their first logo.  Under Storen's leadership, the Pacers brought in Bobby Leonard as their head coach and future Hall of Famers Roger Brown and Mel Daniels.  These moves paid off, as the team's nine seasons in the ABA saw them win three championships and reach five Finals.

In April 1969, Storen and others including – future Governor of Kentucky John Y. Brown, Jr. – bought the ABA's Kentucky Colonels franchise. Storen became president and general manager of the Colonels.  Storen resigned his positions with the Colonels in 1973 as Brown bought out the other investors and assumed more operational involvement than Storen thought appropriate. Storen had a rocky relationship with the Louisville media after firing Colonels head coach Gene Rhodes, a favorite of the local reporters, due to Rhodes' allegedly mediocre performance.  Rhodes succeeded Storen as general manager of the Colonels in 1973, when Storen became Commissioner of the ABA.

Storen became ABA commissioner in 1973.  His initiative of having the fledgling league recruit undergraduate college stars like Julius Erving galvanized the drive toward ABA–NBA merger in 1976.  Storen would leave this position to become an owner of the league's Memphis Sounds franchise with Isaac Hayes and Kemmons Wilson.  After the 1974–75 season, the Sounds were sold and became the Baltimore Claws.  Storen became president and general manager of the Atlanta Hawks of the NBA in 1977.

In the late 1980s and through the 1990s, Storen was commissioner of the Continental Basketball Association, Global Basketball Association, and Indoor Professional Football League.  His final job in sports was with the Georgia Force in 2002.

Personal life
Storen had three children, Mark, Duke, and Hannah, from his first wife, also named Hannah. He also had two stepdaughters from his second marriage to Lynn. His daughter Hannah Storm is a broadcast personality on ESPN, and also studied at Notre Dame. He had 14 grandchildren and was a relative of Major League Baseball player Drew Storen.

Death
Storen died on May 7, 2020, at the Emory University Hospital in Atlanta, Georgia.  He was 84, and had been suffering from a rare form of cancer.  News of his death was first announced by his daughter Hannah via Twitter.  A message of condolence conveyed by the Indiana Pacers praised Storen, stating that it was "impossible to overstate the impact [he] had on our franchise", from choosing the team's name, logo, and colors to assembling their staff and players.  They also credited him for being "the foundation for the tradition of success the Pacers maintain to this day".

References

Sources
 Pluto, Terry, "Loose Balls: The Short, Wild Life of the American Basketball Association" (Simon & Schuster, New York, 1990,

External links
 Kentucky Colonels, RememberTheABA.com
 Memphis Sounds, RememberTheABA.com

2020 deaths
Atlanta Hawks executives
Indiana Pacers executives
Kentucky Colonels executives
Memphis Sounds executives
American Basketball Association commissioners
Continental Basketball Association commissioners
Deaths from cancer in Georgia (U.S. state)
1935 births