The World Triathlon Cup is an annual series of triathlon races staged around the world. The series is organised by the World Triathlon, the world governing body of the sport. Inaugurated in 1991, the World Cup began as an attempt to create a regular season under its management in tandem with the ITU Triathlon World Championship race. However, this meant that there was a World Cup champion as well as a world champion. Following the 2008 series the ITU reorganized its top level competitions and created the World Triathlon Series, a series of races that was to be the successor of the World Championship. Meanwhile, the World Cup was relegated to become a second tier series, as a result the number of races in the World Cup were reduced. Since the reformat, points earned in World Cup racing are now applied only to an athlete's World Ranking.

Points
At its founding the first twenty athletes each race would earn points dependent on their placing and the athletes with the most points at the end of the season would be named the World cup champion.

With the reorganization in 2009 and the discontinuation of the world cup champion title it was decided that world cup points should contribute to an athlete's world series. This was managed by allowing athletes best two world cup placements could be considered as part of their world series ranking. However, due ranking being based on an athlete's four highest scoring appearances that year along with the fact that world series races were worth 2.5 times as much as a world cup meant that no contribution was made to any athlete in the top 10.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%">
|+(2009-2014)
|-
!Place
!1st
!2nd
!3rd
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8
!9
!10
!11
!12
!13
!14
!15
!16
!17
!18
!19
!20
!21
!22
!23
!24
!25
!26
!27
!28
!29
!30
|-
|Points
|300
|278
|257
|237
|220
|203
|188
|174
|161
|149
|138
|127118
|109
|101
|93
|86
|80
|74
|68
|6358
|54
|50
|46
|43
|40
|37
|34
|31
|}

After 2014 world cup points totals were increased awarding first place 500 points and each subsequent athlete 7.5% less points that the athlete before for the first 50 athletes as long as they made the time cut (5% to the winner's time in the men's event and 8% in the women's event). However the points would no longer contribute to an athlete's world series score and only to an athlete's world ranking.

Sponsors
BG Group were title sponsors of the series from 2006 to 2008.

Winners
The World Cup champions are based on the final accumulated point totals as earned in each year's series of World Cup races, with double points awarded for results achieved in the ITU Triathlon World Championship race. The declared champions from 1991 to 2008 are:

See also
Hy-Vee Triathlon
Mooloolaba Triathlon
Noosa Triathlon
Salford Triathlon

References

External links
ITU website - Event archives

Triathlon World Cup
World Cup


U-139 may refer to one of the following German submarines:

 , the lead ship of the Type U 139 submarines; launched in 1917 and that served in the First World War until surrendered on 24 November 1918; became French submarine Halbronn until 24 July 1935; broken up
 During the First World War, Germany also had this submarine with a similar name:
 , a Type UB III submarine laid down but unfinished at the end of the war; broken up on the slip in 1919
 , a Type IID submarine that served in the Second World War until scuttled on 2 May 1945; wreck broken up at later date

Submarines of Germany


The 2002 Grand Prix Hassan II was a tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the Complexe Al Amal in Casablanca in Morocco and was part of the International Series of the 2002 ATP Tour. It was the 18th edition of the tournament and was held from 8 April through 14 April 2002.

Finals

Singles

 Younes El Aynaoui defeated  Guillermo Cañas 3–6, 6–3, 6–2
 It was El Aynaoui's 2nd title of the year and the 4th of his career.

Doubles

 Stephen Huss /  Myles Wakefield defeated  Martín García /  Luis Lobo 6–4, 6–2
 It was Huss's only title of the year and the 1st of his career. It was Wakefield's only title of the year and the 1st of his career.

External links
 Official website
 ATP tournament profile

Grand Prix Hassan II
Grand Prix Hassan II


Salempur may refer to:

 Salempur, Gaya, a village in Gaya district, Bihar, India
 Salempur, Saran, a village in Saran district, Bihar, India
 Salempur, Uttar Pradesh, a town in India
 Salempur (Lok Sabha constituency), the parliamentary constituency for the town
 Salempur, Gosainganj, a village in Lucknow district, Uttar Pradesh, India
 Salempur, Kakori, a village in Lucknow district, Uttar Pradesh, India
 Salempur, Nepal, a village development committee in Sarlahi District

See also
 Salempur Masanda, a village in Jalandhar District in Punjab, India


The Moscow Art Theatre production of The Seagull in 1898, directed by Konstantin Stanislavski and Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko, was a crucial milestone for the fledgling theatre company that has been described as "one of the greatest events in the history of Russian theatre and one of the greatest new developments in the history of world drama." It was the first production in Moscow of Anton Chekhov's 1896 play The Seagull, though it had been performed with only moderate success in St. Petersburg two years earlier. Nemirovich, who was a friend of Chekhov's, overcame the writer's refusal to allow the play to appear in Moscow after its earlier lacklustre reception and convinced Stanislavski to direct the play for their innovative and newly founded Moscow Art Theatre (MAT). The production opened on . The MAT's success was due to the fidelity of its delicate representation of everyday life, its intimate, ensemble playing, and the resonance of its mood of despondent uncertainty with the psychological disposition of the Russian intelligentsia of the time. To commemorate this historic production, which gave the MAT its sense of identity, the company to this day bears the seagull as its emblem.

Cast
 Irina Nikolayevna Arkadina: Olga Knipper
 Konstantin Gavrilovich Treplyov: Vsevolod Meyerhold

 Masha: Maria Lilina
 Boris Alexeyevich Trigorin: Konstantin Stanislavski

Stanislavski's directorial conception
While visiting his brother's estate near Kharkiv in August 1898, Stanislavski began work on his production plan (or his directorial "score" as he came to call it) for the play, into which he incorporated his sensory experiences of the Russian countryside there. He storyboarded key moments of the play with small drawings that gave the actor's spatial and proxemic relationships. He also detailed individual rhythms, physical lives and mannerisms for each character:

The score indicates when the actors will "wipe away dribble, blow their noses, smack their lips, wipe away sweat, or clean their teeth and nails with matchsticks." This tight control of the mise en scène was intended to facilitate the unified expression of the inner action that Stanislavski perceived to be hidden beneath the surface of the play in its subtext. Vsevolod Meyerhold, the director and practitioner whom Stanislavski on his death-bed declared to be "my sole heir in the theatre—here or anywhere else", and the actor who played Konstantin in this production, described years later the poetic effect of Stanislavski's treatment of the play:

Stanislavski's directorial score was published in 1938.

Production process

As an actor, despite wishing to play Trigorin, Stanislavski initially prepared the role of the doctor Dorn, at Nemirovich's insistence. When Chekhov attended rehearsals for the production in September 1898, however, he felt that the performance of Trigorin was weak, which resulted in a re-casting; Stanislavski took over Trigorin and Nemirovich apologised for having kept the role from him. Olga Knipper (Chekhov's future wife) played Arkadina.

The production had 80 hours of rehearsal in total, spread over 24 sessions: 9 with Stanislavski and 15 with Nemirovich. Despite this, a considerable length by the standards of the conventional practice of the day, Stanislavski felt it was under-rehearsed and threatened to have his name removed from the posters when Nemirovich refused his demand to postpone its opening by a week.

Performance and reception
The production opened on  with a sense of crisis in the air in the theatre; most of the actors were mildly self-tranquilised with Valerian drops. In a letter to Chekhov, one audience member described how:

Nemirovich described the applause, which came after a prolonged silence, as bursting from the audience like a dam breaking. The production received unanimous praise from the press.

It was not until  that Chekhov saw the production, in a performance without sets but in make-up and costumes at the Paradiz Theatre. He praised the production but was less keen on Stanislavski's own performance; he objected to the "soft, weak-willed tone" in his interpretation (shared by Nemirovich) of Trigorin and entreated Nemirovich to "put some spunk into him or something". He proposed that the play be published with Stanislavski's score of the production's mise en scène. Chekhov's collaboration with Stanislavski proved crucial to the creative development of both men. Stanislavski's attention to psychological realism and ensemble playing coaxed the buried subtleties from the play and revived Chekhov's interest in writing for the stage. Chekhov's unwillingness to explain or expand on the script forced Stanislavski to dig beneath the surface of the text in ways that were new in theatre.

See also
 Moscow Art Theatre
 The Seagull
 Moscow Art Theatre production of Hamlet

References

Sources

 Allen, David. 2001. Performing Chekhov. London: Routledge. .
 Balukhaty, Sergei Dimitrievich, ed. The Seagull Produced By Stanislavsky. Trans. David Magarshack. London: Denis Dobson. New York: Theatre Arts Books.
 Banham, Martin, ed. 1998. The Cambridge Guide to Theatre. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. .
 Benedetti, Jean. 1989. Stanislavski: An Introduction. Revised edition. Original edition published in 1982. London: Methuen. .
 ---. 1999. Stanislavski: His Life and Art. Revised edition. Original edition published in 1988. London: Methuen. .
 Braun, Edward. 1982. "Stanislavsky and Chekhov". The Director and the Stage: From Naturalism to Grotowski. London: Methuen. p. 59-76. .
 Chekhov, Anton. 1920. Letters of Anton Chekhov to His Family and Friends with Biographical Sketch. Trans. Constance Garnett. New York: Macmillan. Full text available online at Gutenberg
 Golub, Spencer. 1998. "Stanislavsky, Konstantin (Sergeevich)." In Banham (1998, 1032-1033).
 Rudnitsky, Konstantin. 1981. Meyerhold the Director. Trans. George Petrov. Ed. Sydney Schultze. Revised translation of Rezhisser Meierkhol'd. Moscow: Academy of Sciences, 1969. .
 Worrall, Nick. 1996. The Moscow Art Theatre. Theatre Production Studies ser. London and NY: Routledge. .

External links

Seagull (MAT)
Seagull
Theatre in Russia
Stage productions of plays


The Charles Samuel Richter House is a house in Montello, Wisconsin, United States, listed on the National Register of Historic Places.  The house was built by Charles Samuel Richter, the president of the Montello Granite Company.  It is sited on a hill overlooking both Montello Lake and Buffalo Lake.  The plans were drawn in 1908, and construction lasted three years until it was completed in 1912.  The house has thick walls with granite on the exterior and cinderblock in the middle.  The two round pillars around the front entrance are solid granite, and required six months of mechanical polishing to make them perfect.  The interior has hardwood floors, 54 leaded glass windows, stained glass above the bookcases on either side of the fireplace, and a curved open stairway in the foyer.  At the time it was built, it was billed as the only granite house in the world.

It was designed by architects Parkinson & Dockendorff.

References

Houses in Marquette County, Wisconsin
Colonial Revival architecture in Wisconsin
Houses completed in 1912
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Wisconsin
1912 establishments in Wisconsin
National Register of Historic Places in Marquette County, Wisconsin


Hans Niessenberger was an architect of the latter part of the Middle Ages.

Life
Niessenberger's name is mentioned with comparative frequency in contemporaneous literature, but information about his personality and his works is somewhat more difficult to find. It seems however, that he was born in Graz, Styria. He worked on the choir of the Freiburg Minster from 1471 to 1480; in the latter year he was compelled to leave the task of building and to swear that he would not try to revenge himself for this. The choir at Freiburg was turned over to him in 1471; the contract is interesting and instructive showing as it does the manner in which buildings of this kind were erected during the latter part of the Middle Ages, and how the working hours, wages, etc. were determined upon. The choir possesses great beauty, but it also manifests the peculiarities of Late Gothic architecture. It is long, like the main church, with the nave higher, the side aisles lower and somewhat narrower than in the front, and surrounded by twelve chapels, enclosed on two sides by fluted columns. The arched roof, supported by beautifully carved columns, forms a network. The windows are characteristically Late Gothic, and the arches are wonderfully delicate. In 1482, He worked on the Strasbourg Cathedral; and in the following year he probably was engaged on the Milan Cathedral with a yearly salary of 180 guilders. In 1491 he replaced the local master mason Hans Nussdorf at the Leonhards church. The two had a disagreement after his predecessor Nussdorf appeared to have insulted him and he had to leave Basel. He had to affront other accusations from Freiburg, who deemed his works as not sufficient enough. Following, he was dismissed and shortly arrested. He appeared to have died in 1493.

References

Attribution
 The entry cites:
Schreiber, op. cit.
Kubler, Geschichte der Baukunst, II (1859)
Otte, Kunst-Archäologie (5th ed., 1884)
Kempf, Das Münster zu Freiburg im Breisgau (Freiburg, 1898).

15th-century architects
Architects from Graz
Gothic architects
Year of death unknown
Year of birth unknown
15th-century people from the Holy Roman Empire


Shreepur may refer to:

Shreepur, Mahottari, in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal
Shreepur, Sarlahi, in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal
Shreepur, Maharashtra in Malshiras Taluka in India

See also
 Sripur (disambiguation)


HMP Prison Drake Hall is a women's closed prison, located near the town of Eccleshall in Staffordshire, England. The prison is operated by His Majesty's Prison Service.

History
Formerly used during World War II by female munitions workers as a residence, then as a Teacher Training College. From January 1957 until August 1957, Drake Hall was used as temporary housing for hundreds of refugees from Egypt, who were expelled by Nasser following the shambles of the Suez Crisis of October 1956. The first inflow of refugees was on 7 January 1957. Most of the first occupiers were from Alexandria, Egypt. The building was repurposed in the 1960s as a male open prison. From 1974, Drake Hall has been used as a women's prison. In the mid-1990s, the prison was renovated. In 2002, it became a semi-open prison after a perimeter fence was constructed, but was re-designated a closed prison in March 2009.

An open unit for prisoners nearing the end of their sentences was added in 2015.  Inmates can work there in various roles including personal trainers, beauty therapists and call-centre assistants.  Low risk prisoners are allowed to work in nearby towns.

The prison today
Drake Hall holds both adult and young offenders. It specialises in foreign national prisoners and in resettlement.

The prison's regime includes incentives, education, workshops, training courses, farms and gardens, a works department, and a gym. There are also voluntary and paid outwork programmes and a listener scheme.

Notable inmates
 Barbara Salisbury (formerly) – nurse convicted of the attempted murder of two elderly patients in order to "free up beds", was also charged but not convicted of other attempted murders/ murders of patients
Jordan Worth (released in January 2022)

References

External links
 Ministry of Justice pages on Drake Hall

Prisons in Staffordshire
Drake Hall
1960s establishments in England
Eccleshall


Noah is an unincorporated community in Coffee County, Tennessee. In 1887 it was described as being  north of the county seat of Manchester and having a population between 50 and 100. Noah is believed to be the first settlement in Coffee County, having been settled on the Noah Fork of the Duck River about 1800 by the Patton Brothers, John, Daniel, and Neely.

Between 1830 and 1840 Jonathan Webster built a corn-mill on Noah Fork. In the 1880s minor industries in Noah included Samuel Brantley's saw and grist mill and the Beckman Bros.' flour and grist-mill. From the 1870s to 1902 the Farrar Distillery operated on the Thomas Farm, selling apple brandy and peach brandy, along with corn whiskey. The Farrar Distillery ceased operation in 1902 after being damaged by flooding.

The first post office opened in Noah on May 2, 1836, and closed on June 26, 1845. A second post office was established on June 23, 1880, but closed on May 15, 1905.

One of the oldest churches in Noah is the Noah’s Fork Baptist Church, erected between 1830 and 1840. The church was destroyed by fire in 1924, but was rebuilt shortly thereafter. Other churches in Noah during the 19th century include Noah Fork Separate Baptist and Noah Methodist Episcopal South.

References

Unincorporated communities in Coffee County, Tennessee
Unincorporated communities in Tennessee
Populated places established in 1836
1836 establishments in Tennessee


Albert Bessler (15 February 1905 – 4 December 1975) was a German film actor. He appeared in 40 films between 1942 and 1975. He was born in Hamburg, Germany and died in West Berlin, West Germany.

Partial filmography

 Front Theatre (1942) - Ein Offizier (uncredited)
 Berliner Ballade (1948) - (uncredited)
 The Blue Swords (1949) - Finanzminister
 The Perfect Couple (1954)
 Confess, Doctor Corda (1958) - Dr. Dollheubel
 Restless Night (1958)
 Majestät auf Abwegen (1958) - Filmdirektor
 Aus dem Tagebuch eines Frauenarztes (1959) - Landgerichtsdirektor
 Menschen im Hotel (1959) - Dr. Altendorfer (uncredited)
 The Death Ship (1959) - US-Konsul
 The High Life (1960) - Monsieur Onyx
 Sweetheart of the Gods (1960) - Ministerialrat
 The Avenger (1960) - Zeitungsmann
 Brainwashed (1960) - Scientist
 The Thousand Eyes of Dr. Mabuse (1960) - Hotel-Ingenieur
 Carnival Confession (1960) - Dr. Classen
 The Young Sinner (1960) - Scharwitz
 The Last Witness (1960) - Dr. Hollberg
 Blind Justice (1961) - Empfangschef
 The Return of Dr. Mabuse (1961) - Trödler
 The Strange Countess (1961) - Gefängnisdirektor Duffon (uncredited)
 Ich kann nicht länger schweigen (1962) - Sachverständiger
 Eheinstitut Aurora (1962) - Charles, Diener
 Das Geheimnis der schwarzen Koffer (1962) - Harris (uncredited)
 Das Testament des Dr. Mabuse (1962) - Joe - Paragraphen
 The Squeaker (1963) - Butler James
 The Strangler of Blackmoor Castle (1963) - Sebastian - the Gardener
 Scotland Yard Hunts Dr. Mabuse (1963) - Konservator
 Der Henker von London (1963)
 Piccadilly Zero Hour 12 (1963) - Skinny
 Frozen Alive (1964) - Martin, lab tech.
 Neues vom Hexer (1965) - Vorsitzender bei Gericht (uncredited)
 Tierra de fuego (1965) - Reverendo Dean
  (1966, TV Mini-Series) - Dr. Swanson
 Long Legs, Long Fingers (1966) - Richter
 The Hunchback of Soho (1966) - Butler Anthony
 Creature with the Blue Hand (1967) - Butler Anthony
 Death and Diamonds (1968) - Butler
  (1974) - Stanislav
 Derrick (1975, Episode 10: "Kamillas junger Freund") - Marczek

References

External links

1905 births
1975 deaths
German male film actors
Male actors from Hamburg
20th-century German male actors


William Beverly Lillard (January 10, 1918 – June 9, 2009) was an American professional baseball player.  A shortstop, the native of Goleta, California, was listed at  tall and  and threw and batted right-handed. His older brother, Gene, also played in the Majors.

Bill Lillard started his career in the minors in 1938 with the San Francisco Seals and after hitting .335 that season, moved up to Major League Baseball playing shortstop from  through  for the Philadelphia Athletics of the American League. In a two-season Major League career, Lillard was a .244 hitter (55-for-206) with one home run and 22 RBI in 80 games, including 30 runs, nine doubles, two triples, and a .339 on-base percentage.

Lillard then served in the Pacific Theater of Operations during World War II and was wounded by a mortar round for which he received the Purple Heart Medal.

He returned to baseball for his final seasons with the New York Giants' organization, batting .269 in 1946 for their American Association team in Minneapolis.  He helped the Jersey City Giants win the International League pennant in 1947 while batting .264.

Lillard died in San Luis Obispo, California at the age of 91.

See also
1939 Philadelphia Athletics season
1940 Philadelphia Athletics season

External links

1918 births
2009 deaths
Baltimore Orioles (International League) players
Fort Worth Cats players
Hollywood Stars players
Jersey City Giants players
Major League Baseball shortstops
Minneapolis Millers (baseball) players
People from Goleta, California
Baseball players from Santa Barbara County, California
Philadelphia Athletics players
San Diego Padres (minor league) players
San Francisco Seals (baseball) players
Toronto Maple Leafs (International League) players
Tucson Cowboys players


Sundarpur may refer to several places:

In Nepal
Sundarpur, Mahottari
Sundarpur, Morang
Sundarpur, Sarlahi
Sundarpur, Udayapur

In India
 Sundarpur, Khurda, Orissa
 Sundarpur, Bihar


Dead Oceans is an American independent record label formed in 2007 and based in Bloomington, Indiana.

History
In 2007, Phil Waldorf founded Dead Oceans with Chris Swanson. Swanson suggested the name Dead Oceans, which came from the lyrics of Bob Dylan's "A Hard Rain's a-Gonna Fall" (1963). Chris' brother Ben Swanson, Darius Van Arman, and Jonathan Cargill of Secretly Canadian and Jagjaguwar also helped to found the label. The label is part of Secretly Group.

Some of the label's earliest releases include Phosphorescent's Pride, Dirty Projectors' Rise Above, and Akron/Family's Set ‘Em Wild, Set ‘Em Free, ranging from folk to art punk to groove-y rock. Dead Oceans has published Julianna Barwick, Mitski, Phoebe Bridgers, Japanese Breakfast, Ryley Walker, The Tallest Man on Earth, Kevin Morby, Marlon Williams, Shame, and many others.

In 2017, the label released shoegaze band Slowdive's first album in 22 years.

In 2018, Dead Oceans was listed as #7 on Paste magazine's top-10 record labels of 2018. Jagjaguwar was listed as #4 and Secretly Canadian was listed as #8.

Artists

 A Place to Bury Strangers
 Akron/Family
 Alex Lahey
 Bear in Heaven
 Better Oblivion Community Center
 Bill Fay
 Bishop Allen
 Bleached
 Bowerbirds
 Brazos
 Bright Eyes
 Califone
 Citay
 Destroyer
 Dirty Projectors
 Dub Thompson
 Durand Jones & The Indications
 Evangelicals
 Fenne Lily
 Frog Eyes
 Gauntlet Hair
 Japanese Breakfast
 John Vanderslice
 Julianna Barwick
 Kane Strang
 Kevin Morby
 Khruangbin
 Mark McGuire
 Marlon Williams
 Mitski
 Mt. St. Helens Vietnam Band
 Nurses
 On Fillmore
 Phoebe Bridgers
 Phosphorescent
 Ryley Walker
 Shame
 Sloppy Jane
 Slowdive
 Strand of Oaks
 Sun Airway
 The Donkeys
 The Explorers Club
 The Luyas
 The Tallest Man on Earth
 These Are Powers
 Tom Rogerson
 Toro y Moi
 Wednesday
 White Hinterland

See also
List of record labels
Secretly Canadian
Jagjaguwar

References

External links
Dead Oceans official website

American independent record labels
Indie rock record labels
Alternative rock record labels
Record labels established in 2007
Indie pop record labels


The city of Barcelona has a great many neighborhood markets that provide meat, fish, produce, and more on a daily basis, and are still vital to the urban life of the city.  Many of the city's historic markets date to the mid-to-late 19th century, as the city was experiencing rapid growth due to the creation of the Eixample.  Each neighborhood has at least one market and many have up to 4.  Markets in the city are typically large enclosed spaces located centrally in the neighborhoods they serve.  The larger markets are arranged into departments depending on the product.  In addition, there exist many non-food based markets around the city, such as those that offer art or secondhand goods. The city's oldest markets are located in the Ciutat Vella and Eixample, with newer markets along the fringes of the city.  Many of the older markets, such as La Boqueria, not only provide food and goods for their surrounding neighborhoods, but are tourist attractions in their own right, as they provide an essential glimpse into everyday life in the city.  The markets are administered under the Mercats Municipals de Barcelona wing of the city's government.

La Boqueria

The Boqueria is the most well known market in the city of Barcelona.  It houses the best and most well known producers and specializes in the sale of fresh produce, seafood, meats (specifically Jamón Iberico) and tapas.  Also well known are the candies and fresh juices found on the Rambla side of the market.
The first known mention of the Boqueria came in 1217, when meat sales began to take place near the old door to the city.  In December 1470, the marketplace began to specialize in the sale of pigs.  These transitions came and passed as the marketplace functioned under the names El Mercat Bornet and El Mercat de la Palla (Straw Market) until 1794 when it began to be referred to as the Boqueria.
The market was still unenclosed and functioning as an extension of the Mercat de Placa Nova until the government decided to make it an independent market off the Rambla for the sale of meats and fish.  In 1826, it was legally recognized.  On March 19, 1840, construction began under the direction of architect Mas Vilà.  The market opened in the same year but was not officially inaugurated until 1854.  In 1911, the new fish market opened and in 1914, the metal roof, which still covers the market, was built.

Mercat de Sant Antoni

The Mercat de Sant Antoni is one of the largest markets in the city of Barcelona.  It was built according to Ildefonso Cerdà’s original, nature-based city plan (Greek-cross style plan inset in a larger square) by Antoni Rovira i Tras in 1882 in a triangle of Eixample blocks in between El Raval and Poble Sec.  The metal structure covers an entire block of the Raval.  Items sold include fresh produce, meats and fish.   It is known for its book and coin market that is held outside on Sundays.  In 2015, the market building closed for renovations, and the market itself is housed in a temporary building next door until 2017.

Mercat de Santa Caterina

Located in La Ribera just off the Via Laietana, the Mercat de Santa Caterina has been in operation since 1848. It was recently remodeled in 2005 by Enric Miralles and Benedetta Tagliabue.  The remodel included a roof in the form of a multicolored ceramic wave, which sits atop the wooden walls that enclose the market.  During the remodeling, the market was relocated to the stretch of the Passeig de Sant Joan in between the Arc de Triomf and the city's Parc de la Ciutadella.

The market now serves an area also previously served by the Mercat del Born, which has been converted into an archaeological site preserving the foundations of the older neighborhood underneath its roof. Inside are numerous food stalls as well as restaurants. Also known as "that colorful roof in Barcelona"

Mercat de la Barceloneta

The Mercat de la Barceloneta, like the Mercat de Santa Caterina dates from 1848.  While originally an open-air market, it has since been enclosed.

Mercat de la Concepció

The Mercat de la Concepció is well known for its flowers.  Built in 1888 by Antoni Rovira i Trias, this Eixample market, which spans an entire block, was constructed using iron, a revolutionary new architectural form that gained prominence around this time.  It was completely remodeled in 1998 due to its outdated nature and lack of necessary amenities.  Some of the improvements included reorganizing the market, evolving its offerings, adding new technology, and improving basic elements of the market such as parking availability.

Mercat del Ninot

The Mercat del Ninot is located in the western portion of the Eixample.  Its current building dates from 1933.

Mercat d'Hostafrancs

The Mercat d'Hostafrancs is one of the larger markets in the western part of the city.  It is located near Montjuic.

Mercat de Sants

Located in the Sants district, this market dates from 1913

Mercat del Fort Pienc

The Mercat del Fort Pienc is one of the city's newest markets, dating from 2003

Mercat de Poblenou

One of the few markets serving the Poblenou area, the Mercat de Poblenou has served its neighborhood since 1913.

Pintors del Pi Market

One of the most famous art markets in the city of Barcelona is the Mercadillo de la Placa de Sant Josep, also known as the Pintors del Pi market.  Situated in the Placa de Sant Josep Oriol i Pi just under the church of Santa Maria del Pi, the market began in the 1970s when a group of Catalan artists decided to meet up to bring art to the streets of the city.  Many different types of art are represented, including watercolors and oils, and representations vary from cityscapes to portraits.  The market opens every weekend and usually showcases around 15 artists.

El Mercat dels Encants

El Mercat dels Encants is Barcelona’s biggest and most recognized secondhand market.  This newly renovated market next to Las Glorias Square is well known for its aggressive architectural style.  Fermín Vásquez Arquitectos, the group that designed the building, did not want the building to appear as a shopping center.  This led to the design of a wall-less, continuous space, with ramps and elevated “floors” that loop around the entire structure.  Notable items include furniture, clothing and books on the upper floors, and the second-hand items are primarily on the ground floor level. The market is open on Mondays, Wednesdays, Fridays, and Saturdays.

El Mercat Gotic

El Mercat Gotic is an antique market located in the gothic quarter of Barcelona, next to the Catedral de Santa Eulàlia.  The market showcases secondhand items, mostly art pieces.  Some notable items include ceramics, candles, dolls and other rare objects.  The market opens every Thursday except in August.

Fira de Nadal de la Sagrada Familia

The Fira de Nadal de la Sagrada Familia is an annual open-air Christmas market that has been held at the Sagrada Familia since 1960, normally from November 29 to December 23.  Items sold include Christmas trees, figurines, toys, gifts, food, and art.  The market is popular among families with children due to the appearance of Santa Claus.

Other Markets

In addition to its larger, more central markets, the city of Barcelona also contains many more neighborhood markets under its care.
 In the Eixample, the Mercat de la Sagrada Família was opened in 1973.
 In Sants-Montjuïc, the Mercat de la Marina can be found.
 The Les Corts district contains a market by the same name.
 Sarrià - Sant Gervasi contains four markets: Mercat de Galvany, Mercat de Sant Gervasi, Mercat de les Tres Torres, and the Mercat de Vallvidrera
 In Gràcia, the Mercat de l'Abaceria Central, the Mercat de l'Estrella, the Mercat de Lesseps, and the Mercat de la Llibertat can be found.
 in Horta-Guinardó, the Mercat del Guinardó, Mercat del Carmel, Mercat d'Horta, and the Mercat de la Vall d'Hebron have been established.
 Nou Barris contains the markets La Mercè, La Guineueta, Canyelles, Montserrat, La Trinitat, Ciutat Meridiana, and Núria
 The three markets that serve the Sant Andreu district are the Mercat de Felip II, the Mercat de Sant Andreu, and the Mercat del Bon Pastor
 In Sant Martí neighborhoods are served by the Mercat del Clot, the Mercat de Provençals, the Mercat de Sant Martí, and the Mercat del Besòs.

See also
List of theatres and concert halls in Barcelona
List of museums in Barcelona

References

External links
Mercats Municipals of the City of Barcelona

Markets
Barcelona


U-141 may refer to one of the following German submarines:

 , a Type U 139 submarine launched in 1918 and that served in the First World War until surrendered on 26 November 1918; broken up at Upnor in 1923
 During the First World War, Germany also had this submarine with a similar name:
 , a Type UB III submarine laid down but unfinished at the end of the war; broken up on the slip in 1919
 , a Type IID submarine that served in the Second World War until scuttled on 2 May 1945; wreck broken up at later date

Submarines of Germany


In linguistics, pluractionality, or verbal number, if not used in its aspectual sense, is a grammatical aspect that indicates that the action or participants of a verb is, or are, plural. This differs from frequentative or iterative aspects in that the latter have no implication for the number of participants of the verb.

Often a pluractional transitive verb indicates that the object is plural, whereas in a pluractional intransitive verb the subject is plural. This is sometimes taken as an element of ergativity in the language. However, the essence of pluractionality is that the action of the verb is plural, whether because several people perform the action, it is performed on several objects, or it is performed several times. The exact interpretation may depend on the semantics of the verb as well as the context in which it is used. The lack of verbal number does not generally mean that the action and participants are singular, but rather that there is no particularly notable plurality; thus it may be better described as paucal vs. multiple rather than singular vs. plural.

Although English does not have verbal number as a grammatical device, many English verbs such as stampede and massacre are used when one of the participants involves a large number. English also has a number of verbs (often ending in , such as nibble) which indicate repetitive actions, and this is similar to some types of grammatically-marked pluractionality in other languages.

In Ainu
The Ainu language of Japan has a closed class of 'count verbs'. The majority of these end in -pa, an iterative suffix that has become lexicalized on some verbs. For example, kor means 'to have something or a few things', and kor-pa 'to have many things'; there are also causative forms of the latter, kor-pa-re 'to give (one person) many things', kor-pa-yar 'to give (several people) many things'. The -pa may occur more than once; this may be a case of the pluractional verb in its iterative aspect:

hosip-pa-pa "everyone came back"

There are also suppletive forms:

In addition to literal number, pluractionality can be used for politeness, much as plural pronouns are in many languages. (See T–V distinction.)

In Georgian
Georgian shows an illuminating distinction between verbal and nominal number.  Georgian verbs may be suppletive for tense and animacy as well as number. When a noun occurs with a numeral in Georgian, it takes the singular form regardless of its semantic number. Verbal agreement is syntactic, and therefore is also singular. However, the pluractionality of the verbal root remains plural. Thus,

Singular participant, singular verb:

Plural participant, plural verb:

Grammatically singular but semantically plural participant, mixed verb:

(See Interlinear gloss to explain the format of these examples.)

In Mongolic
The Mongolian verb has no personal conjugation, but three different voices requiring a plural subject – reciprocal, cooperative and pluritative –, of which the pluritative may be seen as a true verbal plural. Cognate forms are found in other Mongolic languages and can be reconstructed to Proto-Mongolic.

In Muskogean
Muskogean languages such as Koasati have a three-way distinction, with singular, dual, and plural verbs. However, it is not clear if this is pluractionality or simply suppletive verbal agreement for number. See Koasati language for details.

In Hopi
In Hopi, dual nouns as subjects take the suffix -vit and singular verbs. Hopi does not have dual pronouns, but the plural pronouns may be used with singular verbs with a dual meaning. However, it is not clear if this is pluractionality or simply number agreement on the verb. See Hopi language for details.

In Central Pomo
The Central Pomo language of California distinguishes  'sit, stay' and pluractional  for more than one person. The perfective suffix -w on these verbs may be replaced with -t for a plural object:

As in Ainu, pluractionality may be used for politeness.

In Hausa
Chadic languages such as Hausa use reduplicated verbs with "a general meaning of a repeated action, an action simultaneously performed by several agents, and action performed on more than one object, or various combinations of these 'plural' meanings" (Eulenberg 1971). There are also derived forms:

naa aikee su 'I sent them'
naa a”aikee su 'I sent() them'
The first implies that I sent them all together, whereas the second means that I sent them at different times or to different places.

In Papuan languages
Pluractionality is not uncommon in New Guinea. The Koiarian language Barai has suppletive forms:
{|
|fi||'one sits'|| ||kari||'many sit'
|-
|abe||'take one'|| ||ke||'take many'
|}

In Slavic languages
The Slavic verb can express pluractionality as part of its morphological equipment besides iterativity. In Slovak and Czech, it is often formed by the prefix po- + iterative form, cf Slovak:
išla 'she went'  - chodila (iterative) 'she went (often, to many places); walked (about); wandered; circulated'
pochodila (pluractional) 'she went (to all possible places); visited (all possible people)'
Prefixation generally produces perfective meaning in Slavic verb, so due to the po- prefixation, the pluractional form is aspectually perfective while the iterative is imperfective. That is why, morphologically, this pluractional form may seem as just a perfective counterpart to iterative (chodila - pochodila), yet there is a difference. The pluractional form differs in valency from the iterative form. While the iterative retains the valency of the original verb, the pluractional takes a direct object. So, whereas išla and its iterative chodila requires a directional preposition (išla (chodila) do Malej Fatry / k doktorovi  'she went (often/regularly went) to the Malá Fatra mountains / to (see) a doctor'), the pluractional pochodila takes a direct object: pochodila (celú) Malú Fatru; pochodila (všetkých možných) doktorov  'she wondered the whole of the Malá Fatra mountains; she went to / consulted (all possible) doctors'. (Alternatively, the accusative direct object can be replaced by the preposition po + locative: pochodila po (celej) Malej Fatre; pochodila po (všetkých možných) doktoroch, which has a nuance of a weaker, less expressive perhaps, extent of the action. This construction is also possible with iterative, but then the pluractional meaning is lost.) The change in valency raises the question whether Slavic pluractional forms are lexical, rather than grammatical, derivations; a question similar to the case of Ainu and its suppletive forms.

In American Sign Language

In American Sign Language, verbal number is expressed through reduplication. There are several verbal aspects using modified reduplication that indicate frequent or iterative action; these are unusual cross-linguistically in that transitive verbs lose their transitivity. In addition, transitive verbs may be reduplicated to show plurality of their object; the motion of the verb is either extended or repeated to cover the spatial locations of multiple objects or recipients. These are true duals and plurals, and so may be best thought of as object incorporation rather than pluractionality. For example,  is signed by flexing the index finger of an upright G hand in the direction of that person; the dual involves flexing it at both object loci (sequentially with one hand or simultaneously with both), the simple plural involves a single flexing, which spans the object group while the hand arcs across it, and an individuated plural involves multiple rapid flexings while the hand arcs.

References

Campbell, G. (2000). Compendium of the World's Languages. Taylor & Francis.
Corbett, G. (2000). Number. Cambridge University Press.
Eulenberg (1971). Papers in African Linguistics
Liddell, Scott K. (2003). Grammar, Gesture, and Meaning in American Sign Language. Cambridge University Press.
Mithun, Marianne (1999). The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge University Press.
Tamura, Suzuko (2000). The Ainu Language. Tokyo: Sanseido.

Linguistic morphology
Syntax


Yu Qiuli (; 15 November 1914 – 3 February 1999) was a Chinese Communist army officer and politician, general of the People's Liberation Army. A veteran of the Long March, he held top military and government positions under both Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping and is considered the founding father of the Chinese petroleum industry and the China National Petroleum Corporation.

Following military service as a senior commander and political commissar in the Second Sino–Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War, Yu then served as Minister of the Petroleum Industry (1958–1966), Chairman of the State Planning Commission (1970–1980), Vice Premier (1975–1982), and Deputy Secretary-General of the Central Military Commission as well as Director of the PLA General Political Department (in effect, responsible for ensuring the political loyalty of the entire PLA) from 1982 to 1987.

Early life and military service
Yu was born in Ji'an, Jiangxi, in 1914, three years after the collapse of China's last imperial dynasty, into a poor peasant family. By the age of 14 he had taken part in a peasant uprising. At 16 he joined the Chinese Communist Party. Yu was among the tens of thousands of guerrillas and their supporters who from 1934 joined the Long March in an effort to break through the Kuomintang blockades around the Communist base in the south. In 1936, he was injured in the arm during a skirmish with pursuing nationalist forces. He continued on the journey north over treacherous terrain. Nine months later, after he had completed a journey of thousands of miles in terrible pain, his arm was amputated. "I am a man who has gone through nine deaths," Yu told the American journalist Harrison Salisbury in 1984.

From November 1936 to August 1937, he received advanced military and political training at the Counter-Japanese Military and Political University.

During the Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937–1945, he served as Director of the Political Department of the 358th Brigade and in the subsequent Chinese Civil War, as Commander and Political Commissar of the 1st Division of the 1st Field Army, he played a leading role in the capture of Qinghai.

Early People's Republic
After the Communist victory in 1949, Yu Qiuli was transferred to the Southwest, serving as a member of the Standing Committee of the Party Committee of the Western Sichuan District of the Communist Party of China and as the Principal and Political Commissar of the Senior Infantry School. In December 1954, he was called to Beijing and was named Director of the General Finance Department of the PLA, holding that position until early 1957, when he became Director of the PLA General Logistics Department. In September 1955, he was awarded the rank of lieutenant general.

Petroleum Industry
In February 1958, he became the Second Minister for the Petroleum Industry, and decided to focus on oilfield exploration. He replaced Li Jukui in this role, a change made at the recommendation of Peng Dehaui. This move thrust him into a far more prominent role in the Communist government. In the following year, the discovery of huge oil reserves in Daqing in the desolate wastes of north-eastern China gave him a mission for which he is much remembered. Yu became the leader of the so-called "Petroleum Group" of officials which promoted the Daqing model of industrialization.

Daqing Oil Field
Yu was in charge of the development of the Daqing oil field. During its 1960 construction as part of the Great Leap Forward, Yu mobilized workers building the Daqing oil field through ideological motivation instead of material incentives, focusing enthusiasm, energy, and resources to complete a rapid industrialization project. Yu read Mao Zedong's writing to workers, urging them to engage in the hard labor at hand out of commitment to the building of Chinese socialism. In April 1960, Yu stated that Mao's texts On Contradiction and with On Practice would be the ideological core of the campaign to develop the oil field.  The Petroleum Ministry shipped thousands of copies by plane so that every Daqing oil worker would have copies and for work units to each set up their own study groups.

Under Yu's direction, the mosquito-infested marshland - in winter, an expanse of ice - was transformed into China's biggest oil production centre. The economic benefits of the project were critical because without the production of the Daqing oil field, crude oil would have been severely limited after the Soviet Union cut off supplies as a result of the Sino-Soviet split.

The successful construction of the Daqing oil field despite harsh weather conditions and supply limitations became a model held up by the Communist Party as an example during subsequent industrialization campaigns. On February 5, 1964, the central Party promoted Daqing oil field to other industrial enterprises, instructing them to follow the "all-out battle" tactics of Daqing oil field. Shortly afterwards, Mao Zedong praised the Daqing oil field at an education work conference, stating that with a "little investment" in a "short period of time" a "great achievement" had been finished. Daqing oil field produced the famous Maoist icon Iron Man Wang, who, in order to stop a blow-out, leapt into a pool of liquid concrete to mix it using his own body. Yu chose Wang as the first model worker from Daqing oil field.

After Daqing
After his success in Daqing, Yu went on to establish several more major production centres. In 1964, China declared itself self-sufficient in oil. That year, Yu was moved into the most important government ministry related to the economy, the State Planning Commission, as vice director. He also functioned as the de facto director of the commission until 1980.

In 1965, Mao made Yu the top drafter of the Third Five Year Plan and put him in charge of relocating major industries to the remote hinterland of south-western China.

Yu was involved in the February Countercurrent of 1967, an intra-party conflict in which a group of military leaders opposed the direction of the Cultural Revolution and the Gang of Four. Yu supported the military leaders who contended that the Cultural Revolution had disrupted the social order and undermined Party leadership, although his criticism was not nearly as forceful as the criticism from leaders like Chen Yi and Tan Zhenlin. The radical side prevailed in the dispute and several leaders who had been a part of the February Countercurrent were required to take leaves of absence and make self-criticisms. Given his lower rank than others who were part of the February Countercurrent, Yu was able to retain his position.

However, Yu also became a frequent target of Red Guards in Beijing and was subjected to numerous denunciation sessions. At one point, radical students confined him to the Beijing Oil Institute until Zhou Enlai contacted the Cultural Revolution Group to intercede with the students and allow Yu to return to work.

Also during the Cultural Revolution, Petroleum Minister Kang Shi'en was told to denounce Yu. Kang refused and was forced out of his position as a result.

In 1975, Yu was appointed Vice Premier, as was Deng Xiaoping.

After the death of Mao in 1976, Yu was promoted to the Politburo. He was a member of what is commonly referred to as the "petroleum faction" or "petroleum group," a group of senior officials who advocated using the profits from petroleum exports to finance high technology imports from the West and Japan. These officials were essentially Stalinists in their economic thinking, favoring central planning and heavy industry - a strategy that clashed with that of the ascendant Deng. As Deng's political fortunes rose in the late 1970s, those of the petroleum faction waned. Yu was forced to make a self-criticism after the collapse of a Japanese-made oil rig in the Bohai Gulf in 1979, and in 1980 he was transferred from the chairmanship of the State Planning Commission to the less high-profile post of head of the State Energy Commission.

Political overseer of the PLA
In 1982, however, Yu was back in uniform, as Deng named him Deputy Secretary-General of the Central Military Commission and Director of the PLA General Political Department, a position of massive influence in the PLA, being responsible for checking and ensuring the political reliability and loyalty of all military personnel, and often described as "Military Grand Inquisitor". Yu held these posts until 1987, when he retired.

During the First Plenary Session of the 12th Central Committee, Yu was elected as a Secretary of the Secretariat of the Central Committee.

References

Bibliography
Salisbury, Harrison E. The New Emperors

External links
 on chinavitae.com
 on china.com.cn
"Obituary: Yu Qiuli", The Independent, Feb 20, 1999  by James Miles

1914 births
1999 deaths
People of the Cultural Revolution
Members of the Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party
People's Liberation Army generals from Jiangxi
People's Republic of China politicians from Jiangxi
Government ministers of the People's Republic of China
Politicians from Ji'an
State councillors of China
Members of the 12th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party
Members of the 11th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party
Chinese amputees
Chinese Communist Party politicians from Jiangxi
People from the Republic of China
Burials at Babaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery


"It" is a  horror short story by American writer Theodore Sturgeon, first published in Unknown of August 1940 (volume 3, number 6). The story deals with a muck-monster that emerges from a swamp, and terrorizes a family who lives nearby. The creature has no emotions, and is simply curious about the things that it observes. Its terrifying strength allows it to grab animals and people and tear them apart, to see how they work. Ultimately, the creature is revealed to have formed around a human skeleton.

P. Schuyler Miller described "It" as "probably the most unforgettable story ever published in Unknown". The story was published in book form in Sturgeon's first short story collection, Without Sorcery (1948).

The story inspired many similar characters in comic books, including Swamp Thing and Man-Thing.

Similar characters

Plant-based swamp monsters similar to that in the story appear in various comic books.  Among these characters are Hillman Comics' the Heap in Airboy Comics, who debuted in what was intended as a one-time appearance in the feature "Skywolf" in Air Fighters #3 (December 1942).

Early depictions of the Heap look highly similar to the Looney Tunes/Merrie Melodies character Gossamer, an orange-furred, practically featureless monster in sneakers who menaced Bugs Bunny in the 1946 animated short "Hair-Raising Hare" before going on to other appearances (and named "Rudolph" in one).

Solomon Grundy in All-American Comics is the result of a criminal having fallen in a swamp, though he did not have a plant-like appearance.

Sturgeon's story continued to show influence after the relaxation of the Comics Code Authority's restrictions on horror late in 1971. The Man-Thing first appeared (in an unrestricted black and white magazine-size comic) from Marvel Comics in May 1971, and DC Comics introduced the Swamp Thing in the anthology comic House of Secrets #92 in June 1971.  A different character, based upon the House of Secrets story and also called the Swamp Thing, debuted in issue #1 of its own title (November 1972).

Marvel also published an adaptation of the original story in Supernatural Thrillers #1. Supernatural Thrillers #1 sold very well; Marvel wanted an "It!" comic book. Roy Thomas and Tony Isabella discussed this and determined they could not do a continuation of the Sturgeon story since they were already publishing Man-Thing as an ongoing series. Isabella suggested he and Thomas look at the sales of their monster reprint titles and discovered that the two issues that reprinted the Colossus stories by Larry Lieber and Jack Kirby had sold better than other issues of those titles. Isabella started developing what became It! The Living Colossus!

The 1980s saw the introduction of Bog Swamp Demon and two Swamp Thing movies, as well as Dave Sim's Man-Thing and Swamp Thing parodies, Woman-Thing and Sump-Thing, in the pages of Cerebus.

The 1990s introduced more parodies, including Swamp Beast in Harvey Comics' Monster in My Pocket and Man-Thang and Swamp-Thang in Marvel's What The--?!.

References

1940 short stories
Horror short stories
Short stories by Theodore Sturgeon
Works originally published in Unknown (magazine)
Swamp monsters
Comics set in swamps


The Lunheng, also known by numerous English translations, is a wide-ranging Chinese classic text by Wang Chong (27- ). First published in 80, it contains critical essays  on natural science and Chinese mythology, philosophy, and literature.

Name
The title Lunheng combines lun 論 or 论 "discuss; talk about; discourse; decide on; determine; mention; regard; consider" and heng 衡 "crosswise; balance beam; weigh; measure; judge; appreciate". English translations of the title include "Disquisitions" (Alfred Forke), "Critical Essays" (Feng Yu-lan), "The Balanced Inquiries" (Wing-tsit Chan), or "Discourses Weighed in the Balance" (Joseph Needham).

Text
The received Lunheng comprises 85 pian 篇 "articles; sections; chapters" in 30 juan 巻 "scrolls; volumes; books", with more than 200,000 characters. Actually, 84 pian is more accurate because the text only contains the title of Chapter 44 Zhaozhi 招致.

Yang Wenchang (楊文昌) edited the first printed Lunheng edition, which was the basis for subsequent editions. Its 1045 preface notes that Yang compared 2 complete and 7 partial textual copies and corrected 11,259 characters.

"No commentaries to the Lun heng appear to have been written before the nineteenth century," write Pokora and Loewe, which is unusual among Chinese classics. The first Lunheng commentators were Yu Yue (1821–1907), Sun Yirang (1848–1908), and Yang Shoujing (1839–1915).

History
Based on internal evidence, Forke concludes the Later Han Dynasty Lunheng text "must date" from the years 76-84. Chapter 38 (齊世 "The Equality of the Ages") says, "Our present sage and enlightened sovereign is continuing the blessings and the prosperity of the reigns of" Emperor Guangwu (r. 25-57) and Emperor Ming (r. 58-75), which implies the period of Emperor Zhang (r. 75-88). Chapter 30 (講瑞 "Arguments on Ominous Creatures"), notes it was completed during the Jianchu 建初 era (76-84).

Feng notes the Lunheng "was probably completed" during the years 82 and 83. "The authenticity of the work has not been brought into question", write Pokora and Loewe, and the text "may possibly have been completed between 70 and 80", based upon collections of Wang's earlier writings or essays.

Content
The contents of the Lunheng are summarized by Pokora and Loewe.
In discussing natural phenomena and their implications or causes, matters of popular belief and misconception and political issues, the book is often written in polemical form. A controversial statement is made, to be followed by the author's critical rebuttal, which is often supported by quotations from earlier writings. In many ways the Lun heng may be regarded as an encyclopaedic collection of the claims and beliefs of Chinese religion, thought and folklore.

Wang's Lunheng frequently espouses Daoist notions of naturalism. For example, Chapter 54 Ziran 自然 "Spontaneity" says.
By the fusion of the fluids [qi] of Heaven and Earth all things of the world are produced spontaneously, just as by the mixture of the fluids of husband and wife children are born spontaneously. Among the things thus produced, creatures with blood in their veins are sensitive of hunger and cold. Seeing that grain can be eaten, they use it as food, and discovering that silk and hemp can be worn, they take it as raiment. Some people are of opinion that Heaven produces grain for the purpose of feeding mankind, and silk and hemp to cloth them. That would be tantamount to making Heaven the farmer of man or his mulberry girl [who feeds the silkworms], it would not be in accordance with spontaneity, therefore this opinion is very questionable and unacceptable.

Reasoning on Taoist principles we find that Heaven [tian] emits its fluid everywhere. Among the many things of this world grain dispels hunger, and silk and hemp protect from cold. For that reason man eats grain, and wears silk and hemp. That Heaven does not produce grain, silk, and hemp purposely, in order to feed and cloth[e] mankind, follows from the fact that by calamitous changes it does not intend to reprove man. Things are produced spontaneously, and man wears and eats them; the fluid changes spontaneously, and man is frightened by it, for the usual theory is disheartening. Where would be spontaneity, if the heavenly signs were intentional, and where inaction [wu wei]?

References

Footnotes

Further reading

Leslie, Donald. 1956. "Contribution to a new translation of the Lun heng", T'oung Pao 44:100-149.

External links
Lunheng 論衡 "Discussive Weighing", ChinaKnowledge entry
論衡, Lunheng text in Traditional Chinese characters
论衡, Lunheng text in Simplified Chinese characters
Lun Hêng (),works by Wang Ch'ung, philosophical essays of Wang Ch'ung, translated from the Chinese and annotated by Aalfred Forke..

Chinese classic texts
Classical Chinese philosophy
Philosophy books
Han dynasty literature
1st-century books


Eder may refer to:

People
Eder (surname)
Éder (given name), a Portuguese or Spanish given name
Éder (footballer, born 1986), Brazilian footballer Éder Citadin Martins
Eder (footballer, born 1987), Portuguese footballer from Guinea-Bissau Ederzito António Macedo Lopes

Other uses
Eder, California, a community in the United States
Eder (Fulda), a river in western Germany, tributary to the Fulda
Eder (Eggel), a river in western Germany, tributary to the Eggel
Eder (finance), a social institution of Ethiopia


The Environmental and Engineering Geophysical Society (EEGS) is an international, applied scientific organization (not-for-profit corporation) that has 700 members. One of the society’s major activities is producing its annual meeting, the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems (SAGEEP). It develops and distributes a peer-reviewed scientific journal, the Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics (JEEG), as well as an electronic quarterly newsletter, FastTIMES. It publishes, markets, and distributes books and CD-ROMs on the application and use of near-surface geophysical technologies, both in print and electronically (EEGS Research Collection, is an online reference featuring the entire collection of the organization’s JEEGs and SAGEEP proceedings).

Mission
to promote geophysics as applied to environmental and engineering problems,
to foster scientific interests of geophysicists and their colleagues in other related sciences and engineering,
to set a high professional standard for its members, and
to promote fellowship and cooperation among persons interested in the science.

History
EEGS was founded in 1992 and is incorporated in the State of Colorado as a not-for-profit corporation and has approximately 700 international members.  There are student chapters in North America and Canada. In addition, EEGS maintains ties with the near-surface geophysics section (formerly EEGS-European Section) of the European Association of Geoscientists and Engineers, the Near-Surface Geophysics Section of the Society of Exploration Geophysicists, the Near-Surface Focus Group of the American Geophysical Union, and formal affiliated society agreements with several international professional societies.

Meetings

SAGEEP
The annual meeting of the organization, known as the Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Environmental and Engineering Problems (SAGEEP), is held in the late winter or early spring and provides geophysicists, engineers, geoscientists and end-users from around the world an opportunity to discuss near-surface applications of geophysics and learn about developments in near-surface geophysics.

Since 1988 at the Colorado School of Mines, the symposium has been held over a five-day period at locations throughout the United States, with 150 oral and poster presentations, educational workshops, vendor presentations, and a commercial exhibition. A set of proceedings, comprising technical papers presented at the conference, is available online at EEGS’ Research Collection site.

EEGU
Environmental and Engineering Geophysical University (EEGU) is held over three days in parallel with the regular SAGEEP technical sessions.  EEGU introduces nontraditional geophysical conference attendees (regulators, environmental program managers, consultants, and students who are new to near-surface geophysics) to incorporating geophysical approaches into characterization or remediation programs or to evaluating the suitability of geophysical methods for general classes of environmental or engineering problems. Sessions are led by experts in the application of seismic, electrical, gravity, magnetics, and ground-penetrating radar methods.

Publications

Journal of Environmental & Engineering Geophysics
A peer-reviewed journal, Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics (JEEG), is published quarterly and distributed via mail to the EEGS membership and academic libraries.  It is available online as part of EEGS’ Research Collection.  Articles from recent issues (2005 forward) are available online to members of subscribing institutions through GeoScienceWorld (www.geoscienceworld.org).

FastTIMES
An electronic newsmagazine, FastTIMES, is also produced quarterly and is distributed via email and as a downloadable file through the society's web page.

Awards

EEGS/Geonics Early Career Award
The EEGS/Geonics Early Career Award acknowledges academic excellence and encourages research in near-surface geophysics.  The award is presented to a full-time university faculty member who is within ten years post-completion of his or her Ph.D. The award acknowledges significant and ongoing contributions to the discipline of environmental and engineering geophysics.

EEGS/NSGS Frank Frischknecht Award
The joint EEGS/NSGS Frank Frischknecht Award was established to recognize extraordinary leadership in advancing the cause of near surface geophysics through long-term support of the near-surface geophysics community. Such leadership is often boldly displayed by an invention, a new methodology or technique, a theoretical or conceptual advancement, or an innovation that transforms the nature and capabilities of near-surface geophysics.

See also
Geological Society of America
Society of Exploration Geophysicists
List of geoscience organizations

External links
EEGS
JEEG
FastTIMES
SAGEEP

Geophysics societies
Non-profit organizations based in Colorado
Organizations based in Denver
Organizations established in 1992


Marcius may refer to:

Marcius (family), ancient Romans
Marcius (insect), a genus in family Alydidae

See also
 Martius (disambiguation)
 Marsyas (disambiguation)


U-152 may refer to one of the following German submarines:

 , a Type U 151 submarine launched in 1917 and that served in World War I until surrendered on 24 November 1918; scuttled off the Isle of Wight on 30 June 1921
 During the First World War, Germany also had this submarine with a similar name:
 , a Type UB III submarine laid down but unfinished at the end of the war; broken up incomplete in 1919
 , a Type IID submarine that served in World War II until scuttled on 2 May 1945; wreck broken up at later date

Submarines of Germany


Federalism in Nigeria refers to the devolution of self-governance by the West African nation of Nigeria to its federated states, who share sovereignty with the Federal Government.

Federalism in Nigeria can be traced to Sir Frederick Lord Lugard, when the Northern and Southern protectorates were amalgamated in 1914.

Before and right after independence
Federalism is a system of government in which governmental powers that exists in a country are shared between central government and component region. It is also defined as the system of government in which governmental powers are shared between the component units and the central government, i.e. the federal government and its components (state and local government).

Bernard Bourdillon the Governor-general at that time initiated and laid the foundation of federalism in Nigeria in 1939 by creating three provinces. He later handed over the constitution to his successor Arthur Richards and it became the Richards Constitution of 1946.
At the beginning of formal British indirect rule in 1901, Nigeria was divided into two regions: Northern and Southern, both of which were divided into provinces. From 1901 to 1958, the number of regions was increased to three through both acquisition of territories and partition from existing provinces. However, while native-born chiefs and clerks were appointed to govern the provinces, the regions were governed by the British-appointed colonial authorities. Such regions were made dependent upon the colonial authorities for martial law, manpower and management of resources.

With the approach of independence, power over the regions was given to Nigerian-born citizens, and regional legislatures were established. By the time that Nigeria had declared itself a republic and replaced the post of Governor-General with the post of President, a national bicameral parliament was established and the country was considered a federation of the three regions. The Mid-Western Region was formed from the Western Region in 1966, and Lagos, the capital, was effectively governed as an unofficial fourth region outside the bounds of the Western Region.

First coup, counter-coup and the new states
After the first coup and under the short-lived military government of Aguiyi-Ironsi, Nigeria was reorganized under a central government. Following the counter-coup which resulted in Aguiyi-Ironsi's deposition and assassination, Nigeria was reorganized as a federal country, with three of the regions being divided into newer entities and all first-level subdivisions being renamed as states:

 Eastern Region was divided into East-Central (Enugu), Rivers (Port Harcourt), and South-Eastern (Calabar) states;
 Northern Region was divided into Benue-Plateau (Jos), Kano (Kano), Kwara (Ilorin), North-Central (Kaduna), North-Eastern (Maiduguri), and North-Western (Sokoto) states
 Western Region was divided into Lagos (Lagos) and Western (Ibadan) states.

the states of former Eastern Region made a bid to secede from Nigeria as the states of Biafra and Republic of Benin, resulting in the Nigerian Civil War.

1976
In 1976, six years after the end of the civil war, the states were further reorganized:

 Benue-Plateau state divided into Benue (Makurdi) and Plateau states;
 East-Central state divided into Anambra and Imo (Owerri) states;
 Federal Capital Territory (Abuja) formed from parts of Niger and Plateau states;
 North-Eastern state divided into Bauchi (Bauchi), Borno, and Gongola (Yola) states;
 Niger (Minna) state split from Sokoto;
 Western state divided into Ogun (Abeokuta), Ondo (Akure), and Oyo states

State boundaries and names were also reorganized.

1987/1989

 Akwa Ibom state split from Cross River;
 Katsina state split from Kaduna

1991-1996

 Abia State split from Imo;
 Bendel State divided into Delta and Edo;
 Enugu State split from Anambra;
 Gongola State divided into Adamawa and Taraba;
 Jigawa State split from Kano;
 Kebbi State split from Sokoto;
 Kogi State formed from parts of Benue and Kwara;
 Osun State split from Oyo;
 Yobe State split from Borno.

1996-present
 Bayelsa State was split from Rivers;
 Ebonyi State was formed from parts of Abia and Enugu;
 Ekiti State was split from Ondo;
 Gombe State was split from Bauchi;
 Nasarawa State was split from Plateau;
 Zamfara State was split from Sokoto.

Causes for, and effects of federalism

Causes for federalism
The demand for the creation of newer states in Nigeria tends to emanate from sub-state groups, often ethnic- or tribal-interest groups, which accuse the current larger state governments of subverting or ignoring the interests and necessities of the more local regions. Nigeria also has power politically and economically the states have said.

References

Politics of Nigeria
Nigeria


The Fight of the Century usually refers to the 1971 Joe Frazier vs. Muhammad Ali boxing match.

Fight of the Century may also refer to:

 the 1910 boxing match between James Jeffries and Jack Johnson
 the 1921 boxing match between Georges Carpentier and Jack Dempsey
 the 1938 boxing match between Joe Louis and Max Schmeling
 the 2009 boxing match between David Tua vs Shane Cameron
 the 2015 boxing match between Floyd Mayweather Jr. and Manny Pacquiao


Nuris Arias Doñé (born May 20, 1973, in San Cristobal) is a retired volleyball player from the Dominican Republic, who won the gold medal with the women's national team at the 2003 Pan American Games in her home town of Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.

Career
At the 2000 USA Volleyball Open Championships won by her team, Arias was selected among the All-Tournament team.

Playing as a wing-spiker she also competed at the 2006 FIVB Women's World Championship for her native country, wearing the #9 jersey.

Clubs
  San Cristóbal (-1998)
  Marsì Palermo (1998–1999)
  Olimpia Teodora Ravenna (1999–2000)
  Rio Marsì Pa (2000–2001)
  Pallavolo Palermo (2001–2002)
  Universidad de Burgos (2002–2003)
  Gelati Gelma Seap Aragona (2003–2004)
  Mirador (2006)
  Zoppas Industries Conegliano (2006–2007)
  Infotel Banca Di Forlì (2007–2008)
  Distrito Nacional (2008)
  Riso Scotti Pavia (2008–2009)

Awards

Individuals
 2000 USA Open Championships "All-Tournament Team"
 2008 Dominican Volleyball League "Best Attacker"

Clubs
 2003 Spanish Queen Cup –  Runner-Up, with Universidad de Burgos
 2006 Dominican Republic Distrito Nacional Superior Tournament –  Champion, with Mirador
 2008 Dominican Republic Volleyball League –  Champion, with Distrito Nacional

References

External links
 FIVB profile
 CEV profile
 Italian League profile
 CV Diegos Porcelos

1973 births
Living people
Dominican Republic women's volleyball players
Volleyball players at the 2003 Pan American Games
Pan American Games gold medalists for the Dominican Republic
Pan American Games medalists in volleyball
Central American and Caribbean Games gold medalists for the Dominican Republic
Central American and Caribbean Games silver medalists for the Dominican Republic
Competitors at the 1998 Central American and Caribbean Games
Competitors at the 2002 Central American and Caribbean Games
Competitors at the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games
Wing spikers
Expatriate volleyball players in Italy
Expatriate volleyball players in Spain
Dominican Republic expatriates in Italy
Dominican Republic expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in volleyball
Medalists at the 2003 Pan American Games


Alexander Anatolyevich Yakobson () is an Israeli historian, professor of Ancient history at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, political activist, and commentator.

Background

Alexander Anatolyevich Yakobson was born on October 5, 1959, in Moscow. His parents were Soviet dissidents Anatoly Yakobson and Maya Ulanovskaya.  His grandparents were Soviet spies Alexander Ulanovsky and Nadezhda Ulanovskaya.  Yakobson immigrated to Israel with his family (mother, father, and grandmother) at age 13. He earned his degrees from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem: BA cum laude in History and Political Science (1985), MA in History (1989), and doctorate in Ancient History (1995). He also conducted postdoctoral research at the University of Cologne.

Career

Academia

In 1995, Yakobson was appointed assistant professor of History at the University of Haifa through 1997. In 2000, he was appointed as a senior lecturer in history at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. In 2011, he was appointed associate professor of Ancient history at the Hebrew University.

Political activism

Yakobson is a former Meretz activist and Peace Now member with a regular op-ed column in the newspaper Haaretz. He is a supporter of a two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. He co-wrote Israel and the Family of Nations: The Jewish Nation State and Human Rights with former Israeli minister Amnon Rubinstein, which seeks to assert Israel's right to exist as a Jewish state.

He is an Advisory Editor at "Fathom: For a deeper understanding of Israel and the region".

Works

See also

 Anatoly Yakobson
 Maya Ulanovskaya
 Nadezhda Ulanovskaya
 Alexander Ulanovsky

References

External links

What does Israel's Arab minority really think?, Alexander Yakobson, Fathom: For a deeper understanding of Israel and the region, 26 April 2013
Alexander Yakobson's CV at the Hebrew University

Israeli historians
Israeli people of Russian-Jewish descent
Academic staff of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Living people
1959 births


U-153 may refer to one of the following German submarines:

 , a Type U 151 submarine launched in 1917 and that served in World War I until surrendered on 24 November 1918; scuttled off the Isle of Wight on 30 June 1921
 During the First World War, Germany also had this submarine with a similar name:
 , a Type UB III submarine laid down but unfinished at the end of the war; broken up incomplete in 1919
 , a Type IXC submarine that served in World War II until sunk on 13 July 1942

Submarines of Germany


In Austrian business cycle theory, malinvestments are badly allocated business investments resulting from artificially low interest rates for borrowing and an unsustainable increase in money supply. Central banks are often blamed for causing malinvestments, such as the dot-com bubble and the United States housing bubble. Austrian economists such as F. A. Hayek advocate the idea that malinvestment occurs due to the combination of fractional reserve banking and artificially low interest rates sending out misleading relative price signals which eventually necessitate a corrective contractiona boom followed by a bust.

In the Austrian Business Cycle Theory and all its different frameworks, the actual definition of malinvestment is the same: an investment with high potential that loses value. However, it is important to note that a malinvestment only occurs if the loss in value is due to increased interest rates. The classification of a malinvestment only applies when there is an increased amount of credit which causes it to become worthless. Many economists believe that malinvestments occur at different times and to certain companies. Åkerman and Dahmén, who came up with the Åkerman-Dahmén theory, which is different from the Austrian Business Cycle Theory, believe that a malinvestment will occur during the "boom" to companies who cannot keep up with the interest rate growth.

The concept dates back to at least 1867. In 1940, Ludwig von Mises wrote, "The popularity of inflation and credit expansion, the ultimate source of the repeated attempts to render people prosperous by credit expansion, and thus the cause of the cyclical fluctuations of business, manifests itself clearly in the customary terminology. The boom is called good business, prosperity, and upswing. Its unavoidable aftermath, the readjustment of conditions to the real data of the market, is called crisis, slump, bad business, depression. People rebel against the insight that the disturbing element is to be seen in the malinvestment and the overconsumption of the boom period and that such an artificially induced boom is doomed. They are looking for the philosophers' stone to make it last."

See also
 Demonstrated preference
 Market failure
 Government failure
 Partial knowledge

References

Austrian School
Business cycle theories
Investment indicators


The 2003 Grand Prix Hassan II was a tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the Complexe Al Amal in Casablanca in Morocco and was part of the International Series of the 2003 ATP Tour. It was the 19th edition of the tournament and was held from 7 April through 13 April 2003. Unseeded Julien Boutter won the singles title.

Finals

Singles

 Julien Boutter defeated  Younes El Aynaoui 6–2, 2–6, 6–1
 It was Boutter's only title of the year and the 5th of his career.

Doubles

 František Čermák /  Leoš Friedl defeated  Devin Bowen /  Ashley Fisher 6–3, 7–5
 It was Čermák's only title of the year and the 3rd of his career. It was Friedl's only title of the year and the 3rd of his career.

External links
 Official website
 ATP tournament profile

Grand Prix Hassan II
Grand Prix Hassan II


Francis Charles Roth (October 11, 1878 – March 27, 1955) was an American professional baseball catcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1903 to 1910 for the Philadelphia Phillies, St. Louis Browns, Chicago White Sox, and Cincinnati Reds.

Roth's brother was former Major League outfielder Braggo Roth.

Sources

Major League Baseball catchers
Philadelphia Phillies players
St. Louis Browns players
Chicago White Sox players
Cincinnati Reds players
New York Yankees coaches
Chicago White Sox coaches
Cleveland Indians coaches
Sioux City Cornhuskers players
Cedar Rapids Rabbitts players
Evansville River Rats players
Battle Creek Cero Frutos players
St. Joseph Saints players
Indianapolis Indians players
Milwaukee Brewers (minor league) players
Montreal Royals players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Louisville Colonels (minor league) players
Baseball players from Illinois
1878 births
1955 deaths


Clube Atlético de Valdevez known as CA Valdevez or Atlético dos Arcos is a Portuguese football club from Arcos Valdevez which was founded in 1945. The team ran into serious financial problems after the 2009–10 season and was stopped. They previously played in the Portuguese Second Division Serie A and finished in 3rd place during the 2007/08 season. They will continue to play their home games in 2012–13 in Estádio Municipal da Coutada with a capacity of 4,000.

The local town government, according to an article in an August weekly edition of the "Noticias dos Arcos", had donated 20,000 euros to help start the team's return to the districts league of Viana do Castelo. According to the website zerozero.pt, the 2012–13 roster features a number of players from local clubs such as Ponte De Barca and Proselense. The schedule for 2012–13 has not yet been announced by the regional federation.

Prior to the club stopping, they successfully competed and during the 2008–09 Portuguese Cup they reached as far as the quarterfinals before losing in penalty kicks to First Division Club Nacional da Madeira. This match, which was moved from the Coutada Stadium to the new regional stadium in Melgaco, disappointed many followers who did not want to travel during a weekday to a remote location, which became necessary in order for it to be televised. Outside of hosting First Division Club Sport Lisboa e Benfica in a Portuguese Cup match in the early 1980s, the match against Nacional was the most important of the current generation.

There are various prominent alumni associated with the team, the biggest is former manager Jorge Casquilha (2007–08), who is currently managing First Division Newly Promoted Portuguese Club Moreirense. Other former alumni of the club include Pedro Tiba, Camora, Helder Cabral and Leandro Morais, the once manager of Atletico dos Arcos who achieved the two recent promotions with the club, is currently the assistant manager of the legendary and former champion of Portugal, Boavista.

The club president is José Carlos Caçador Marinho. They announced Fernando Rego who is currently 51 years of age as their coach. Valdevez is sponsored by Seguravez, Oliveiros Group, and the Municipality of Arcos de Valdevez.

The 2017/2018 line-up is as follows:

Goalkeepers

-        Cesteiro 27 yrs old.

-        Koke 23 yrs old.

Defenders

-	Ângelo Rego 26 yrs old.

-	Tiago Letras 20 yrs old.

-	Hélder Feijó 27 yrs old.

-	Nélson Amorim 26 yrs old.

-	Pedro Rocha 32 yrs old.

Midfielders

-	Paulo Amaral 39 yrs old.

-	Tiago Bonera 26 yrs old.

-	Flávio Dantas 21 yrs old.

-	Nélson Ventura 23 yrs old.

-	Patrick Cunha 24 yrs old.

-	Guima 24 yrs old.

-	Rui Pereira 18 yrs old.

Forwards

-	Licas Feijó 22 yrs old.

-	Hugo Reis 21 yrs old.

They were promoted in the 2016/2017 season to the district league of Viana do Castelo and will play the Campeonato de Portugal Prio 2017/18 season. Atl. dos Arcos won the Regional Cup in 2015/16, the 2nd division cup in 2012/13, and earned 2nd place in the First Division District Cup in 2016/17. The main colors of the club are red and white. The alternative colors typically used are blue and yellow. Although Atletico dos Arcos is a small team in relation to many other football clubs in Portugal, they do receive an incredible amount of support from immigrants spread all over the world including France, Canada, Switzerland, United States and Brazil.

References

External links
CA Valdevez Updated Unofficial site (Portuguese)

Football clubs in Portugal
Association football clubs established in 1945
1945 establishments in Portugal


Alfred Vohrer (29 December 1914 – 3 February 1986) was a German film director and actor. He directed 48 films between 1958 and 1984. His 1969 film Seven Days Grace was entered into the 6th Moscow International Film Festival. His 1972 film Tears of Blood was entered into the 8th Moscow International Film Festival. His 1974 film Only the Wind Knows the Answer was entered into the 9th Moscow International Film Festival.

Selected filmography

Dirty Angel (1958)
 My Ninety Nine Brides (1958)
 Crime After School (1959)
  (1960)
 The Dead Eyes of London (1961)
 Our House in Cameroon (1961)
 The Door with Seven Locks (1962)
 The Inn on the River (1962)
 The Squeaker (1963)
 The Indian Scarf (1963)
 An Alibi for Death (1963)
 Waiting Room to the Beyond (1964)
 Der Hexer (1964)
 Among Vultures (1964)
 Neues vom Hexer (1965)
 Old Surehand (1965)
 Long Legs, Long Fingers (1966)
  The Hunchback of Soho (1966)
 Winnetou and Old Firehand (1966)
 Creature with the Blue Hand (1967)
 The Monk with the Whip (1967)
 The Hound of Blackwood Castle (1968)
 The Zombie Walks (1968)
 The Gorilla of Soho (1968)
 The Man with the Glass Eye (1969)
 Seven Days Grace (1969)
  (1969)
 The Sex Nest (1970)
  (1970)
 Und Jimmy ging zum Regenbogen (1971)
 Love Is Only a Word (1971)
 The Stuff That Dreams Are Made Of (1972)
 Tears of Blood (1972)
 All People Will Be Brothers (1973)
  (1973)
 Three Men in the Snow (1974)
  (1974)
 Only the Wind Knows the Answer (1974)
 Crime After School (1975)
  (1975)
 Derrick (1975–1986, TV series, 28 episodes)
 Everyone Dies Alone (1976)
  (1976)
 Silence in the Forest (1976)
 The Old Fox (1977–1981, TV series, 12 episodes)
 Das Traumschiff (1983–1984, TV series, 6 episodes)
 Weißblaue Geschichten (1984–1986, TV series, 6 episodes)
 The Black Forest Clinic (1985, TV series, 12 episodes)

References

External links

1914 births
1986 deaths
Film people from Stuttgart


Zouzou may refer to:

 Zouzou (model) (Danièle Ciarlet), model, actress and singer
 Zouzou (film), 1934 film directed by Marc Allégret
 Zouzous, a French children's programming block


Ted Goff is an American cartoonist who specializes in business and industrial safety cartoons.

Career
Goff is a cartoonist who says, "I've been drawing cartoons forever, and selling them since 1980". He specializes in drawing business and safety cartoons.

Appearances
The "About Me" section of Goff's website states: "My cartoons have appeared in hundreds of publications around the world, and have been used in ads, presentations, T-shirts, newsletters, textbooks and posters. Thanks to the web, I often hear from great people on every continent who need cartoons to accompany their ideas." His work has appeared in print, in Harvard Business Review, The Saturday Evening Post, The Wall Street Journal, and many other publications, as well as online; "Mostly Business" is a daily business cartoon for intranets and web pages.

Awards
In 2001, Goff received the National Cartoonist Society Silver T-Square Award, awarded by unanimous vote of the NCS Board of Directors, to persons who have demonstrated outstanding dedication or service to the Society or the profession.

References

External links

American cartoonists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


Wycoller Hall was a late sixteenth-century manor house in the village of Wycoller, Lancashire, England. The hall was the centre of a sizeable estate but subsequently fell into disrepair. The ruins are now listed, and form part of Wycoller Country Park.

History

Wycoller Hall dates back to the end of the 16th century, and was built upon the site of a house occupied in 1507 by Piers Hartley. By the 1590s a substantial house had been built, probably sometime in the mid 16th century, replacing Piers' original dwelling. The estate then came into the possession of the Cunliffe family, after the marriage of Pier's daughter Elizabeth to Nicholas Cunliffe in 1611. They had a number of children, one of whom, John, married Grace Hartley in 1628. The Cunliffes settled at Wycoller in the 1720s, after losing their ancestral home to debts. The estate then passed through several brothers, all of whom died without issue, before passing to the grandson of one of the sisters, Henry Owen, on the condition that Owen took the name Cunliffe. He took the name Henry Owen Cunliffe, and became the new squire. He embarked on a large building project for the hall, to create a home that he felt would be worthy of his  position, and that would attract a new wife.

The building project took over a year to complete, during which time Henry moved out and lodged at the nearby public house. The work included the fitting of a new porch, a large range of mullioned windows, and the modernisation of the interiors. By the time it was complete Henry had married and the couple moved into the hall to enjoy their new lifestyle. Henry was however a keen sportsman and gambler, and ran up heavy debts. On his death in 1818 the property passed to his nephew, Charles Cunliffe Owen, but Charles could not afford to pay off the debts, and the estate was parcelled off to the creditors. The hall passed to a distant relative, John Oldham, and then to the Rev. John Roberts Oldham. The latter arranged for large parts of the stonework to be sold off to build a cotton mill at Trawden.

Despite this, much of the hall survived into the late 19th century, though it was unoccupied and steadily crumbling, with considerable amounts of the stonework being removed for local buildings. The entire village subsequently passed into the ownership of the local Water Board, but continued to decline. A local conservation group, 'The Friends of Wycoller' was founded in 1948, and began a campaign to conserve the historic village. Their work on the hall included the restoration of the fireplace in the 1950s. The entire area was sold in 1973 to Lancashire County Council, which declared the entire village a conservation area, and designated the surrounding  as a Country Park. The ruins of the hall were designated as a scheduled monument and are Grade II* listed. An exhibition about the history of the hall, the village, and the surrounding area was established in the aisled barn close to the ruins.

Design
The house had a grand two storey porch, which had been removed in the 1870s and re-erected in Trawden. The porch led into the great hall, dominated by a large stone fireplace. On the right is a key hole shaped opening, the function of which is still unknown. The part of the house rebuilt in the time of Henry Owen Cunliffe was three storeys high, and contained the drawing and sitting rooms, and the bedrooms. Behind the main hall were the kitchens. Beyond the main building of Wycoller Hall was a courtyard with coach-house and stables. Gardens were laid out in Henry Owen Cunliffe's period of occupancy, as was a cock pit. During the last years of occupancy the house was divided in two and lived in by two different families.

Wycoller in Literature
The seasonal celebrations shown in the above engraving (from a painting by Henry Melville) are the subject of Letitia Elizabeth Landon's poetical illustration Christmas in the Olden Time, 1650 in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1836.

Wycoller and the Brontës
Wycoller Hall is thought to be the inspiration for Ferndean Manor in Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre. The Brontës lived in the nearby village of Haworth, and the family probably visited Wycoller on their walks. Parallels have also been drawn with the owner of Ferndean, Mr Rochester's father, and Henry Owen Cunliffe. One of the occupants of the hall, Elizabeth Cunliffe, also became Elizabeth Eyre through marriage. Wycoller Hall was even used to illustrate the cover of the 1898 edition of Jane Eyre.

Ghosts at Wycoller

The phantom horseman
Wycoller and Wycoller Hall also became the site of several ghost stories. One such concerns the murder of the wife of one of the squires of the hall, one Simon Cunliffe. During the reign of King Charles II the squire and his hunt were pursuing a fox. The fox ran into the hall and up into the woman's chamber. The hounds pursued it and attacked it, with Simon Cunliffe riding his horse into the hall and up the stairs. Finding his wife terrified at the scene, he cursed her cowardice and raised his hunting crop as if to strike her. She then died of fright.

The squire is supposedly still seen at night returning to the hall, dressed in the costume of the early Stuart era. The noise of his horse clattering across the bridge and up to the hall door, and then up the stairs can be heard, followed by a woman's screams. The ghost then returns the way he came.  He supposedly is seen once a year, during stormy weather when darkness has fallen. Paranormal Investigators Colin Veacock and Peter Crawley recorded a sound similar to a riding crop on 26 July 1996.

The murdered woman herself is recorded to have appeared once to two lovers at the hall. The ghost wore a black silk dress and foretold the downfall of the Cunliffes and the ruin of the hall. She was later seen by two workmen, but has not been seen since the death of the last Cunliffe of Wycoller. Despite the compelling nature of the stories, there never was a Simon Cunliffe as squire of Wycoller.

Black Bess
Another of the Cunliffes was said to have travelled to the West Indies, where he married a West Indian woman. On the return voyage he began to have second thoughts of the suitability of his marriage, so he threw his wife overboard, where she drowned. The ghost of the woman followed him back to Wycoller, in search of her murderer.

See also

Scheduled monuments in Lancashire
Listed buildings in Trawden Forest

References

External links

Grade II* listed buildings in Lancashire
Buildings and structures in the Borough of Pendle
Ruins in Lancashire
Scheduled monuments in Lancashire


Who See (also referred to as Who See? and Who See Klapa) is a Montenegrin hip-hop duo from Kotor. Its members are Dedduh or Deda (Dejan Dedović), from Kotor, and Noyz (Mario Đorđević), from Herceg Novi. The group was created in the early 2000s, recording their first demo track titled "Dim po dim" ("Puff after puff"). Noyz and Dedduh had guest appearances on Serbian hip-hop compilation "Ulice vol.1", and Sve same barabe, an album by 43Zla. In 2007, the group released their debut album, Sviranje kupcu. Among the guests on the album there are Bad Copy, Škabo from Beogradski Sindikat, Hornsman Coyote from Eyesburn and Rhino, a producer and MC from Podgorica. He authored some of the beats on the album and was the executive producer on all the tracks.

Who See also collaborated with various artists, recording tracks with Sean Price, Ajs Nigrutin, Wikluh Sky, Prti Bee Gee, Krešo Bengalka, Kid Rađa, Frenkie, Random, Smoke Mardeljano, Kendi, Labia and fellow Eurovision alumnus Sergej Ćetković.

Performance at Refresh Festival 2008

Who See Klapa had the honour to perform as the opening act of Kotor's 2008 Refresh Festival's hip-hop category on opening day, 7 August. They opened at the hip-hop stage at the Maximus discothèque, their appearance scheduled for 00:00 (Midnight) local time. Their performance proved that it is not instant success that they have attained even outside of Montenegro's border. Their performance also successfully paved for their colleague, Serbian rapper Marčelo's, performance, which was due an hour after Who See?'s performance.

Solo works
In their free time, Dedduh and Noyz have worked on their own solo works. Dedduh recorded a single called "Kakav ćemo refren?" ("What kind of chorus [do we want]?), featuring Serbian rapper Ajs Nigrutin. Meanwhile, Noyz recorded "Niđe hedova masnija", featuring Ajs Nigrutin and Timbe.

Eurovision Song Contest 2013
After winning MTV Adria award for Best regional Act RTCG announced in December 2012 that Who See would represent Montenegro in the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 held in Malmö. Their entry was the song "Igranka" with additional vocals by singer Nina Žižić. The song was performed as part of the first semi-final heat on Tuesday 14 May 2013 and failed to advance to the finals.

Albums
 Sviranje kupcu (2007)
 Krš i drača (2012)
 Nemam ti kad (2014)
 Pamidore (2017)

References

External links

Review of their debut album
Who See at the Refresh Festival in Kotor
Presentation of their album
Who See biography

Montenegrin hip hop musicians
Montenegrin musical groups
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 2013
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Montenegro
MTV Europe Music Award winners


Petras Kalpokas (31 March 1880 in Miškinė – 5 December 1945) was a Lithuanian artist and professor.

Biography

Kalpokas was born on 31 March 1880 in the village of Miškinė, near Kvetkai, in the Kovno Governorate of the Russian Empire (in the Biržai district of present-day Lithuania).

From 1890 to 1895 he attended the Gymnasium of Jelgava, Latvia. He was expelled when he drew a teacher's cartoon on a stove.

In 1898 Kalpokas moved to Odessa where he spent two years as an art student. In 1890 (?) he received a bronze medal for his still life painting. In 1892 the first exhibition of Kalpokas' drawings was organized in Riga. Kalpokas continued his studies of arts in Munich. He studied under guidance of Anton Ažbe and Wilhelm von Debschitz. Kalpokas attended Heimann Academy and Munich University.

Between 1909 and 1920 Kalpokas traveled around Europe: Switzerland, Hungary, Italy. In 1914 he attempted to organize a large one-man exhibition in Germany, but more than 120 of his paintings were lost due to World War I. After he returned to Lithuania, Kalpokas began teaching. First lecturing at drawing courses, established by Justinas Vienožinskis, he later taught at Kaunas Art School. In 1928 Kalpokas held a large personal exhibition in Kaunas. In 1930 he published a textbook on painting techniques and in 1945 became a professor.

Works
Most of Kalpokas' works are landscapes and portraits, but he experimented with diverse genres (still life, thematic composition, theatrical scenery, monumental painting) and techniques (oil, watercolor, tempera, fresco). Landscapes of Kalpokas are lyric. Some of them are realistic, others have features of impressionism. His portraits are psychological and precise, while frescoes - decorative and dynamic. Among noted works by Kalpokas are:

 The Golden Birch Tree (1907)
 Rivulet in Spring (1907)
 Sylvan way (1912)
 The landscape of Switzerland (1915)
 Wind from the Sea (1942)
 Portrait of Jurgis Šlapelis (1924)
 Portrait of Jonas Jablonskis (1938)
 Portrait of Salomeja Neris (1945)
 Amasone (1933)
 Forest and Cloud (1926)

References

1880 births
1945 deaths
20th-century Lithuanian painters
Burials at Petrašiūnai Cemetery