The North Korea Freedom Coalition (NKFC) is a US organisation established in 2003 for human rights and freedom in North Korea. The North Korea Freedom Coalition is composed of 60 organizations. Some of these organizations are advocacy groups, such as women's rights and refugee groups. Other groups have a religious background, and perform missionary work from outside of the North Korean border.

Advocacy
The NKFC supported the North Korea Sanctions Enforcement Act of 2013 (H.R. 1771; 113th Congress), a bill that would increase U.S. sanctions against North Korea. The organization encouraged Americans to contact their Members of Congress about the bill. According to the organization, the bill "would impose tough, targeted financial sanctions on North Korean leaders who are responsible for crimes against humanity and would significantly decrease North Korea's profoundly egregious human rights abuses."

References

External links

North Korea Freedom Week to Focus on World's Most Persecuted People; Opening Event

North Korean democracy movements
Human rights organizations based in the United States
Organizations established in 2003
Organizations specializing in North Korean issues


The Mauritius campaign of 1809–1811 was a series of amphibious operations and naval actions fought to determine possession of the French Indian Ocean territories of Isle de France and Île Bonaparte during the Napoleonic Wars. The campaign lasted from the spring of 1809 until the spring of 1811, and saw both the Royal Navy and the French Navy deploy substantial frigate squadrons with the intention of disrupting or protecting trade from British India. In a war in which the Royal Navy was almost universally dominant at sea, the campaign is especially notable for the local superiority enjoyed by the French Navy in the autumn of 1810 following the British disaster at the Battle of Grand Port, the most significant defeat for the Royal Navy in the entire conflict. After their victory, the British used the original Dutch name of Mauritius for Isle de France. In 1814, Île Bonaparte was returned to France, who eventually renamed it La Réunion.

The Royal Navy had been planning an operation against Isle de France since neutralizing the threats from Cape Town and Java in the Dutch East Indies in 1806, but was forced to act earlier than expected following the despatch from France of a powerful frigate squadron under Commodore Jacques Hamelin in late 1808. This French force was able to capture a number of East Indiamen and disrupt trade routes across the Indian Ocean by raiding the convoys in which the merchant ships travelled. Forced to confront this enemy, Admiral Albemarle Bertie at the Cape of Good Hope ordered Commodore Josias Rowley to blockade the French islands and prevent their use as raiding bases.

For the next two years, the British raided ports and anchorages on the French islands while the French attacked trade convoys in the wider ocean. The British were able to slowly reduce the French presence by eliminating their bases through limited invasions, but suffered a major setback at Grand Port in August 1810 and were forced onto the defensive in the autumn. Hamelin was eventually defeated only after being personally captured on his flagship Vénus by Rowley, shortly before substantial reinforcements arrived under Bertie to seize Isle de France. Throughout the campaign Hamelin was unable to secure reinforcement from France—almost all attempts to break through the British blockade of French ports proved futile and only one frigate successfully reached the Indian Ocean before the surrender of Isle de France. The final such attempt arrived off Mauritius in May 1811, only to discover that the island was in British hands. On the return journey, the force was attacked by a British squadron off Madagascar and defeated, leaving the British in complete control of the Indian Ocean.

Background

The Indian Ocean was a vital part of the chain of trade links that connected the British Empire. Merchant ships from China, Arabia and East Africa crossed it regularly and at its centre was the British-held continent of India, from which heavily laden East Indiamen brought millions of pounds worth of trade goods to Britain every year. Trade with India was vital to the financial security of Britain and consequently the trade routes across the Indian Ocean were a high priority for protection from the Royal Navy and at serious risk from French raiders. The outbreak of the Napoleonic Wars in 1803, following the brief Peace of Amiens that had ended the French Revolutionary Wars, placed the Indian Ocean trade routes under threat from Dutch cruisers operating from Cape Town and the Dutch East Indies and French ships based on Isle de France and the newly renamed Île Bonaparte. By 1808, most of the Dutch colonies had been neutralised in a series of brief but successful campaigns; the Cape by Sir Home Riggs Popham in January 1806 and the Dutch island of Java by Sir Edward Pellew in a campaign that ended in December 1807. The French Indian Ocean islands were however far more defensible: heavily fortified, garrisoned by regular French soldiers and several months voyage from the nearest British port, they presented a much greater challenge to the limited British forces available in the region.

At the beginning of the war, as in the preceding conflict, French privateers operated from the islands, including a fleet of small vessels run by Robert Surcouf. Supplementing these ships were occasional French naval vessels, principally the frigate Piémontaise (captured in March 1808) and the old frigates Sémillante and Canonnière. These ships operated independently of one another and achieved minor successes against smaller British warships and merchant vessels but were not powerful enough to have a serious effect on the Indian Ocean trade routes. In August 1808, Sémillante and Canonnière were downgraded to armed storeships and sent back to France. To replace these ships, four large frigates under Jacques Hamelin were sent to Governor Charles Decaen on Isle de France in the late autumn of 1808. These vessels, Vénus, Manche, Caroline and Bellone were large and powerful ships under orders to operate from Isle de France and Île Bonaparte against British trade in the Indian Ocean. Based on Isle de France, these frigates had access to large numbers of unemployed sailors and several fortified anchorages from which to launch raids on the British trade routes. A fifth frigate, Niémen, was to have joined the force in the summer of 1809, but was intercepted and captured within hours of leaving France at the action of 6 April 1809.

To counteract the French deployment to the region, a small British force was organised by Vice-Admiral Albemarle Bertie at Cape Town under the command of Commodore Josias Rowley, with orders to blockade Isle de France and Île Bonaparte and seize or destroy any French ships that operated from the islands. To perform this task, Rowley was given the old ship of the line HMS Raisonnable, the fourth rate HMS Leopard, frigates HMS Nereide, HMS Sirius and HMS Boadicea and a number of smaller ships. Both the British and the French squadrons reached the Indian Ocean in the spring of 1809.

Campaign

First exchanges
Hamelin's forces were immediately effective: Caroline attacked a westbound convoy of East Indiamen in the action of 31 May 1809 in the Bay of Bengal and captured two, the Streatham and Europe. She seized several other small vessels on the cruise before slipping back to Île Bonaparte with her prizes in August. Hamelin too cruised in the Bay of Bengal during the summer and autumn, Vénus accompanied by Manche and the corvette Créole. On 26 July, Vénus captured the Honourable East India Company (HEIC) warship Orient off the Nicobar Islands.

Rowley's force had also been active: Nereide under Captain Robert Corbet captured a number of small vessels off Port Napoleon in the late spring, including the brig Aigle, which he sent to the Cape of Good Hope with a prize crew that mutinied, killed their officer and took the ship to Île Bonaparte. The brig HMS Otter, under Captain Nesbit Willoughby, raided an anchorage at Rivière Noire District on 14 August, capturing a coastal vessel (which he later had to abandon) under heavy fire. Willoughby also recaptured Aigle shortly afterwards. Rowley himself had chased the Bellone in Raisonnable as the French ship emerged from Port Napoleon on 17 August, but had been unable to catch her. Most significant of all was the seizure of the island of Rodrigues by a British Army force from India under Lieutenant Colonel Henry Keating. This small island was close enough to Isle de France to provide an effective base for the British blockade squadron and a staging area for a future invasion of the French islands.

Rowley's first co-ordinated action was prompted by the return of Caroline with her prizes. Sheltering under the guns of Saint-Paul harbour, Caroline made an inviting target for an expeditionary force from Rodrigues in practice for the anticipated invasion of the whole island. On 21 September, a force of over 600 soldiers, sailors and Royal Marines under Keating and Willoughby landed on Île Bonaparte and marched around the town's seaward fortifications, storming them from the rear at first light. Capturing each in succession and routing opposition from French militia, the force secured the gun batteries overlooking the port, allowing Rowley to bring his squadron directly into the harbour and bombard the shipping anchored within. The French naval officers, outnumbered and unsupported, drove their ships on shore and abandoned them, allowing the British to seize and carry off Caroline, the two captured East Indiamen and a number of smaller vessels. French attempts to recapture the town were undermined by the failure of the island's commander, General Nicolas Des Bruslys, to engage the British with his main force. Des Bruslys later committed suicide. With the garrison leaderless, a truce was agreed that granted the British five days in control of the town. In this time they were able to remove all government supplies and demolish the town's government buildings. Rowley and his force eventually departed from Saint-Paul on 28 September. As a reward for their services, Willoughby was promoted to command Nereide and Corbet sent back to Britain in Caroline, renamed HMS Bourbonaise.

While Rowley was attacking Saint-Paul, Hamelin and his ships Vénus, Manche, Bellone and Créole were cruising in the Bay of Bengal. On 10 October, Hamelin attacked the Honourable East India Company's base at Tappanooly on Sumatra and burnt it to the ground: the entire population was taken prisoner, although the women were sent to Padang in a small schooner. On 2 November, the British brig HMS Victor was captured by Bellone after a running fight and two weeks later Hamelin intercepted a convoy of three East Indiamen, Windham, Streatham and Charlton, capturing all three in the action of 18 November 1809. On 22 November, Bellone chased, caught and defeated the 52-gun Portuguese frigate Minerva. With their crews now dispersed among their prizes and cyclone season rapidly approaching, Hamelin ordered his squadron back to Isle de France. En route, the convoy was struck by a storm and scattered: Vénus was especially badly damaged and at one point was only saved from sinking by the efforts of the English prisoners aboard. By 31 December, all ships had returned to Isle de France except Windham, which had been recaptured by the recently arrived British frigate HMS Magicienne.

Invasion of Île Bonaparte
The French Navy considered 1809 to have been a success; they reinforced Hamelin with one frigate, the only one able to slip through the British blockade of French ports, the Astrée, which arrived early in 1810. Hamelin was quick to act at the end of the cyclone season: Captain Guy-Victor Duperré in Bellone and Captain Pierre Bouvet in the ex-Portuguese Minerva (renamed Minerve) departed Isle de France on 14 March to raid in the Bay of Bengal and subsequently along the South-East coast of Africa. Despite an initial lack of targets, Duperré's cruise was successful: in July he discovered and defeated a convoy of East Indiamen at the action of 3 July 1810, seizing Windham for a second time and Ceylon.

Shortly after Duperré's departure, a British squadron under Captain Henry Lambert consisting of HMS Magicienne, HMS Iphigenia and HMS Leopard arrived off Isle de France to restore the blockade. Rowley subsequently increased Lambert's forces, detaching Willoughby in Nereide with instructions to raid coastal anchorages on the island. On 24 April, Willoughby sighted the recently arrived Astrée, and on 30 April attacked the protected anchorage at Jacolet. His target was a large French merchant ship protected by two batteries and a detachment of regular infantry. Landing at night under heavy fire, Willoughby's men seized one battery, drove off a French attack on their beachhead and captured the second battery despite having to advance across a river, under fire, in broad daylight. On returning to their boats, Willoughby's men were attacked by a second French force which they also routed and drove more than a mile inland. Shortly afterwards however, Willoughby was seriously wounded when a musket he was firing exploded, shattering his jaw. As a result, he was forced to spend several months recovering from his injuries on Rodriguez.

During the late spring, Rowley's force was shorn of Raisonnable and Leopard, sent back to Britain for refit. Although reduced to five frigates and a few smaller vessels, Rowley began preparations for the invasion of Île Bonaparte by increasing the number of soldiers available on Rodriguez with detachments sent from Madras. Bonaparte was the smaller of the French bases and was more weakly defended, the island's defences damaged in the raid at Saint Paul the previous year. On 24 June, Rowley withdrew Boadicea and Nereide to Rodriguez and collected Keating's force of over 3,000 soldiers. Meeting the rest of his squadron off Bonaparte, Rowley organised two landings on 7 July, either side of the island's capital Saint Denis. Advancing rapidly against weak French defences, the British landing parties forced the island's governor Chrysostôme de Sainte-Suzanne to surrender the following day. It was in the days after this operation that Commander Matthew Flinders, an explorer who had been arrested by Decaen at Port Napoleon eight years earlier and held prisoner despite instructions from Napoleon himself to release him, was freed. Flinders was able to supply Rowley and later Bertie with detailed information about the defences on Isle de France.

Battle of Grand Port

Even before the French garrison on Île Bonaparte had surrendered, Rowley had turned his attention eastwards to Isle de France. The British commander had decided that the best way to eliminate the threat of Hamelin's squadron was to blockade the island's principal ports by seizing the coral islands that marked the entrances to the harbours through the complicated coral reefs that surrounded Isle de France. These islands were fortified, and once in British hands could prevent French ships leaving or entering the harbours, effectively containing Hamelin's ships until Rowley was ready to launch an invasion. Detailed to lead this campaign was Captain Samuel Pym in Sirius and Willoughby in Nereide, with instructions to begin by seizing Île de la Passe at the entrance to the harbour of Grand Port on the south-eastern coast of Isle de France.

Willoughby stormed Île de la Passe on 13 August and captured it, blocking the entrance to Grand Port. With the harbour secure, Willoughby raided along the coastline while Pym, reinforced by Henry Lambert in Iphigenia and Lucius Curtis in Magicienne, blockaded Port Napoleon. On 20 August, sails were spotted approaching Grand Port and Willoughby determined to trick the approaching ships into entering the channel under Île de la Passe, where he could attack and capture them. The squadron was Duperré's squadron returning from the African coast with their prizes and, despite misgivings from Captain Bouvet, Duperré was determined to enter Grand Port and reassured by recognition signals flown by Willoughby, who had captured the French codes on Île de la Passe. As the French passed the fort, Willoughby sprang his trap and opened fire, but a false French tricolour flying from Île de la Passe accidentally ignited as it was lowered. The fire spread to a ready magazine in the fort, which exploded, causing severe damage and casualties. In the confusion all but one of Duperré's ships successfully entered the harbour.

Willoughby appealed to Pym for assistance and Pym brought Sirius, Iphigenia and Magicienne to support Nereide, launching an assault on Grand Port on 23 August. Pym had failed to properly reconnoitre the channel and Duperré had had the warning buoys removed, so that Pym's squadron was blindly sailing into a complicated system of reefs and channels. Sirius and Magicienne were soon irretrievably grounded while Iphigenia struggled to find a passage and was unable to close with the French squadron. Only Nereide reached Duperré's line and Willoughby's initial attack was so determined that the entire French squadron was rapidly driven ashore, only Bellone remaining in a position to exchange fire with the British frigate. A fortunate shot from Bellone cut Nereide's anchor cable and the British frigate swung around, presenting her stern to the French ships which raked her repeatedly. Willoughby managed to mitigate some of the effects by cutting the other anchor cable, which brought some of his guns within range of the French, but the balance of the battle had shifted. Over the next few hours his frigate was battered from the French ships and from guns ashore until she was a dismasted, battered hulk with over 220 of her crew killed or wounded.

Nereide surrendered on the morning of 24 August and over the next three days Magicienne and Sirius were abandoned and burnt to prevent their seizure by the French. On the morning of 28 August, Iphigenia, laden with survivors from the grounded frigates, was confronted by Hamelin and his main squadron, which had taken seven days to travel from Port Napoleon. Hugely outnumbered, Lambert had no choice but to surrender, ending the worst British naval defeat of the entire war. Rowley arrived in Boadicea on 29 August but was unable to influence the outcome of the battle and was chased back to Saint Denis by Hamelin on Vénus. On the defensive, Rowley sent messages to Rodriguez, Madras and the Cape of Good Hope requesting urgent reinforcements as Bouvet began a blockade of Île Bourbon in the hope of trapping Boadicea.

On 11 September the frigate HMS Africaine arrived from Rodriguez, commanded by Captain Robert Corbet who had served in the raid on Saint Paul in 1809. Corbet was a deeply unpopular commander and when his frigate was attacked and captured by Bouvet's frigates at the action of 13 September 1810, rumours spread that his death was the result or suicide or even murder, rather than from the battle. Rowley was able to recapture Africaine the following day, but the danger that Hamelin's ships posed to British frigates sailing independently was further emphasised at the action of 18 September 1810, when HMS Ceylon was captured by Hamelin's flagship Vénus. Again, Rowley was able to recapture the British frigate and on this occasion the damage done to Vénus was so severe that she was unable to outrun Boadicea and she too was captured, with Hamelin on board.

Capture of Isle de France

In September, October and November 1810, British navy and army forces arrived from Madras, Bombay and the Cape of Good Hope, warships joining Rowley's squadron off Isle de France and soldiers gathering at Rodrigues. The buildup of forces was prompted by the defeat at Grand Port combined with the heavy losses of East Indiamen during 1809 and 1810; the British authorities were determined to end the threat posed by the French squadron on Isle de France before the hurricane season made travel in the region too dangerous. In fact, the threat from Isle de France was already substantially reduced: the damage suffered by the French frigates in the engagements at Grand Port and during September could not be repaired with the available naval supplies on Isle de France. In addition, food supplies were running low due to the large number of British prisoners on the island and morale had collapsed in the aftermath of Hamelin's defeat.

By late November 1810, the invasion force was assembled and Vice-Admiral Albemarle Bertie assumed command at Rodrigues. Upon consultation with his commanders, Bertie decided to land at Grand Baie to the north of the island's capital. The landing itself would be commanded by Captain Philip Beaver in HMS Nisus and the first troops ashore would be a specially selected vanguard under Keating and a naval brigade under Captain William Augustus Montagu. These forces would advance on Port Napoleon with subsequent reinforcement by the main force under General John Abercromby over the following days. This force, nearly 7,000 in number, was significantly larger than the reliable troops available to Decaen, which numbered approximately 1,300, and were intended to achieve a quick resolution to the campaign before the hurricane season began in December.

Sailing from Rodrigues on 22 November, the 70 vessels of the invasion fleet reached Grand Baie on 29 November. The French made no attempt to resist the landing either at sea or on land and Keating was able to rapidly advance on the capital, hastily mobilised militia units falling back before the British advance. On 30 November, Keating crossed the Rivière du Tombeau after the militia garrison withdrew and in the evening his forward units were skirmishing with Decaen's garrison of Port Napoleon a few miles from the capital. The following morning, Decaen's field commander, Edmé-Martin Vandermaesen made a stand, forming a line on a rise outside the town that blocked Keating's advance. Engaging the centre, Keating used his superior numbers to outflank and defeat the French garrison and Port Napoleon fell. A ceasefire was agreed on 2 December and the following day Decaen surrendered, although he and his men were repatriated to France with their standards and personal weapons.

Aftermath
The fall of Isle de France marked the end of the active British campaign and saw six frigates and over 200 cannon fall into British hands, in addition to the island itself, which was returned to its original Dutch name of Mauritius, and has been known as such ever since. The island remained under British control until granted independence in 1968. The British forces in the region were scaled back, command passing to Beaver, who sent ships to eliminate French ports on Madagascar and in the Seychelles. Due to the length of time it took for communications to travel between the Indian Ocean and Europe however, the French government were still unaware of the fall of the island in February 1811, when a squadron of reinforcements under François Roquebert, with the supplies needed to repair Hamelin's squadron, was despatched to the Indian Ocean. The squadron arrived on 6 May and was almost brought to battle by a British force off Grand Port, before escaping into the western Indian Ocean. Stopping at Tamatave on Madagascar, the French squadron was caught by a British force under Captain Charles Marsh Schomberg on 20 May and defeated. The Battle of Tamatave was characterised by very light winds, which left the combatants becalmed for much of the day, engaging in periodic fighting as the breeze increased.

Two French frigates were lost at Tamatave, taking the number of frigates lost by the French Navy during the campaign to ten. The defeat marked the end of the campaign and the end of French hopes of seriously disrupting British trade with India: the only remaining safe harbours in the region were a few Dutch colonies on Java, which became the next target of the Royal Navy forces in the region. The Mauritius campaign also had an effect on British post-war strategy in the Indian Ocean, demonstrated by the retention of Mauritius as a colony. Bourbon was returned to France in 1814 after Napoleon's abdication. With strategic bases placed along their trade routes, British convoys were assured a greater degree of safety and the Royal Navy provided with the infrastructure to operate worldwide.

Île Bonaparte was known as Île Bourbon until 1789 and Réunion from the French Revolution until 1801. British sources never acknowledged either of these changes in name and in 1810 restored the name Île Bourbon. This was retained by the island's British governors, and from 1814, French governors until the Revolution of 1848, when the name became Réunion () once more.

Culturally, the campaign captured the public imagination in Britain and France: the Battle of Grand Port is the only naval battle that appears on the Arc de Triomphe, while in Britain Rowley and Bertie were both made baronets for their services in the Indian Ocean.

In history
The campaign has been studied extensively, by British naval historians such as William James in 1827 and William Laird Clowes in 1900.

In literature

Alexandre Dumas features the campaign from a French perspective in his 1843 novel Georges. The 1977 novel The Mauritius Command by Patrick O'Brian closely follows the British campaign with Rowley replaced by the fictional Jack Aubrey.

References

Bibliography

Naval battles of the Napoleonic Wars
Conflicts in 1809
Conflicts in 1810
Conflicts in 1811
Military history of Mauritius
Wars involving Mauritius
Isle de France (Mauritius)
British Mauritius
1809 in Mauritius
1810 in Mauritius
1811 in Mauritius
Attacks in Mauritius
Military history of the Indian Ocean


NKFC may refer to:

 Nong Khai F.C., a  football club based in Nong Khai, Thailand
 North Korea Freedom Coalition, an organisation for human rights in North Korea


is a Japanese video game developer. It was founded in December 2006. Koichi Ishii, known for his work on the Mana series of games by Square Enix, was hired as CEO and president of the company in April 2007. The company's name comes from the Italian expression "diamante grezzo", meaning "a diamond in the rough".

Games

References

External links

Amusement companies of Japan
Video game companies of Japan
Video game development companies
Nintendo divisions and subsidiaries
Video game companies established in 2006
Japanese companies established in 2006
Software companies based in Tokyo


Rosto (14 February 1969 – 7 March 2019), was a Dutch artist and filmmaker best known for his award-winning short film trilogy and online graphic novel Mind My Gap. Rosto is the founder and owner of Studio Rosto A.D, a film production company, animation studio and atelier in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

Early life
Born as Robert Stoces, his first shorts (the rise and fall of the legendary) Anglobilly Feverson (2002) and Jona/Tomberry (winner of the Grand Prix Canal+ at the 2005 Cannes Film Festival) were screened at many international festivals and brought him worldwide recognition. These short films were part of Mind My Gap, a mixed media project that started with an online graphic novel (now concluded on www.mindmygap.com), and continued with music and print as well as films. A retrospective of the films and related work has been presented at several international festivals, including The Museum of Modern Art in Ljubljana in 2015.

The Monster of Nix (2011) was the most ambitious project. The 30 minute animated musical took six years to produce and had an impressive voice cast including Terry Gilliam, Tom Waits, The Residents and The Dø. The film, which is dedicated to Rosto's son Max, was theatrically released in the Netherlands and Belgium, won numerous awards and was screened at many festivals.

In 2008, No Place Like Home was released. It was the first of a tetralogy of short films concerning the music and characters of the music project Thee Wreckers. Lonely Bones started its successful festival life at the International Film Festival Rotterdam in 2013 and won the grand prix at the 2013 Ottawa International Animation Festival. Like his other films, Bones was also distributed in Dutch cinemas and has been broadcast by television stations in several countries. Splintertime (2015) is Rosto's third in a series of four films featuring his music project Thee Wreckers. Reruns (2018) completes this Thee Wreckers Tetralogy.

Death
Rosto died on 7 March 2019. He was survived by his wife, British film animator Suzie Templeton and their two children, a son and daughter. Max and Rosie Templeton

Filmography
 Mind My Gap – online graphic novel – (1998–2014)
 Beheaded (1999)
 (the rise and fall of the legendary) Anglobilly Feverson (2002)
 Jona/Tomberry (2005)
 Big White/Big Black (2006)
 Thee Wreckers: No Place Like Home (2008)
 The Monster of Nix (2011)
 Thee Wreckers: Lonely Bones (2013)
 Thee Wreckers: Splintertime (2015)
 Thee Wreckers: Reruns (2018)

Published
 Rosto A.D's Mind My Gap Short Film Trilogy Extravaganza (DVD) – 2005, published by Chalet Pointu, Paris.
 The Monster of Nix (DVD) – 2012, published by Studio Rosto A.D/Autour de Minuit.

References

External links
Studio Rosto A.D official website
Mind My Gap official website
Jona/Tomberry official website
The Monster Of Nix official website
Thee Wreckers official website

1969 births
2019 deaths
Dutch animated film directors
Place of birth missing
Place of death missing
Dutch film directors
Dutch animators
People from Leeuwarden


Uncial 0109 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 52 (Soden), is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament, dated paleographically to the 7th-century.

Description
The codex contains a small part of the Gospel of John 16:30-17:9; 18:31-40, on two parchment leaves (17 cm by 15 cm). The text is written in one column per page, 22 lines per page, in uncial letters.

The text is divided according to the Ammonian Sections, whose numbers are given at the margins, with their references to the Eusebian Canons.The Greek text of this codex is mixed. Kurt Aland placed it in Category III. C. R. Gregory dated it to the 7th or 8th-century. Currently it is dated by the INTF to the 7th-century.
C. R. Gregory saw it in 1903. In 1908 Gregory gave siglum 0111 for it.

The codex is located at the Berlin State Museums (P. 5010) in Berlin.

See also

 List of New Testament uncials
 Textual criticism

References

Further reading

 A. H. Salonius, Die griechischen Handschriftenfragmente des Neuen Testaments in der Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin, ZNW 26 (1927), p. 108.
 U. B. Schmid, D. C. Parker, W. J. Elliott, The Gospel according to St. John: The majuscules (Brill 2007), pp. 125–128. [text of the codex]

Greek New Testament uncials
7th-century biblical manuscripts


Tønsbergs Blad is a local newspaper published in Tønsberg, Norway. The newspaper was founded by printer Hans Jørgen Magnus Hansen on 3 August 1870, with an initial circulation of 210 copies. By the turn of the century the circulation had grown to 2,600. In 1881 the newspaper was purchased by Tønsbergs Aktietrykkeri, to operate as a conservative publication. In 1986 Orkla Media ASpart of the Orkla Grouptook over ownership. When this company was taken over by the Mecom Group in 2006, it changed name to Edda Media.

Tønsbergs Blad had a circulation of 30,354 copies in 2007. The newspaper employs 98 people full-time, and the editor in chief is Håkon Borud.

References

External links
 Official website

1870 establishments in Norway
Newspapers published in Norway
Norwegian-language newspapers
Newspapers established in 1870
Mass media in Vestfold
Tønsberg


Rhinestone Cowboy (New Studio Recordings) contains nine songs that were previously unreleased: "All the Way", "Blue Sky Shining", "By the Time I Get to Phoenix", "Didn't We", "Learning the Blues", "Pretend", "Rhinestone Cowboy", "Young at Heart" and "Colleen". The origins of these recordings are unknown. The others songs on this compilation were taken from the Love Songs disc of the 1999 release My Hits and Love Songs.

Track listing
 "Rhinestone Cowboy" (Larry Weiss) – 2:59
 "By the Time I Get to Phoenix" (Jimmy Webb) – 2:45
 "You'll Never Walk Alone" (Oscar Hammerstein II, Richard Rodgers) – 2:45
 "Bridge Over Troubled Water" (Paul Simon) – 4:38
 "Feelings" (Albert, Kaiserman, Gate) – 3:42
 "You Don't Have to Say You Love Me" (Vicki Wickham, Simon Napier-Bell, Pino Donaggio, Vito Pallavicini) – 2:37
 "All the Way" (Sammy Cahn, Jimmy Van Heusen) – 3:18
 "Blue Sky Shining" (Mickey Newbury) – 2:36
 "Colleen" (Michael Smotherman) – 3:56
 "Didn't We" (Jimmy Webb)
 "Learning the Blues" (Silvers) – 3:11
 "Pretend" (Douglas) – 2:55
 "The Impossible Dream" (Joe Darion, Mitch Leigh) – 2:39
 "Without You" (Loewe, Lerner) – 3:06
 "Young at Heart" (Leigh, Richards) – 2:54

2004 compilation albums
Glen Campbell compilation albums


Walter Rickett (20 March 1917 – 1991) was an English professional footballer who played as a winger for Sheffield United, Blackpool, Sheffield Wednesday, Rotherham United and Halifax Town.

Blackpool
Rickett signed for Joe Smith's Blackpool during the 1947–48 season, making his debut on 14 February 1948, in a 3–1 victory over Grimsby Town at Bloomfield Road. He went on to make a further thirteen league appearances for the club that season, scoring twice (one in 2–1 defeat at Sheffield United and one in a 7–0 victory at Preston North End in the final game of the season). He also played in two FA Cup ties, including Blackpool's 4–2 defeat to Manchester United in the final.

References

External links

List of Rotherham United players

1917 births
1991 deaths
English men's footballers
Men's association football wingers
English Football League players
Sheffield United F.C. players
Blackpool F.C. players
Sheffield Wednesday F.C. players
Rotherham United F.C. players
Halifax Town A.F.C. players
Huddersfield Town A.F.C. wartime guest players
Ballymena United F.C. managers
English football managers
Date of death missing
Place of death missing
Sittingbourne F.C. players
Footballers from Sheffield
Dundalk F.C. managers


A Graham patch is a surgical technique that is used to close duodenal perforations. A piece of omentum is used to cover the perforation. This patch is typically used for holes with a size of 5mm or less.

Procedure
An appropriately-sized tongue of tension-free, well-vascularized omentum is used to plug the perforation. The omental patch is held in place by interrupted sutures placed through healthy duodenum on either side of the perforation. Once the patch is secure, the seal can be tested by submerging the site under irrigation fluid and injecting air into the patient's nasogastric tube. The absence of air bubbles indicates that the seal is intact.

References

 RR Graham, The treatment of perforated duodenal ulcers, Surg Gynec Obstet 64 (1937), pp. 235–238.

Abdominal surgical procedures
Digestive system surgery


Culture Shock was a weekly BBC World Service radio programme, hosted by Tim Marlow. The programme ran from 2005 to 2008.

Format
The programme aimed to examine "the latest cultural trends from around the world, social or technological developments which are reflecting and shaping the way we live: what are people thinking, buying, or doing and why; the next wave of telecommunications, the latest design craze or toy, new ways to entertain, future behaviours".

Guests
Among guests on the programme were:

James Harkin, author of Big Ideas: The Essential Guide to the Latest Thinking
Mark Katz, the author of Capturing Sound: How Technology Has Changed Music
Professor Gerd Gigerenzer
David Levy, author of Love and Sex with Robots

Professor Clay Shirky from New York University
Professor Peter Singer
Jeff Taylor of Monster.com

References

External links
Homepage
Listen again facility

BBC World Service programmes


Uncial 0111 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament, dated paleographically to the 7th-century.

Description
The codex contains a small part of the 2 Thess 1:1-2:2, on only one parchment leaf (). The text is written in two columns per page, 24 lines per page, 12–14 letters per line, in small uncial letters. It has not accents. It has itacism errors; parchment is very thin. The leaf has survived in a fragmentary condition.

The Greek text of this codex is a representative of the Alexandrian text-type. Aland placed it in Category II, it means it contains some alien readings.

Currently it is dated by the INTF to the 7th-century.

The codex now is located in the Berlin State Museums (P. 5013) in Berlin.

See also

 List of New Testament uncials
 Textual criticism

References

Further reading

 C. R. Gregory, "Textkritik des Neuen Testaments", Leipzig 1909, vol. III, pp. 1075-1078.
 A. H. Salonius, Die griechischen Handschriften des Neuen Testaments in den Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin, ZNW 26 (1927), pp. 97-119.

Greek New Testament uncials
7th-century biblical manuscripts


Viva Machine were a Welsh rock band, formed in 2003. Initially known as Ipsofacto, they adopted the name Viva Machine in 2006. In 2008 they added a second guitarist and synth player Justin Hendy. The band announced an indefinite hiatus in September 2009.

History
The band released their first single, "My Jet Set Radio", on 4 December 2006, which had a small amount of airplay on BBC Radio 1, as well as being featured on ITV show The Guest List, where the band also performed.

In 2007, working with producer Richard Jackson, the band wrote and recorded their debut album, recording 15 album tracks and around 20 b-sides. They finished most of the album in mid-2008. "Robotbodyrox" was the first single from the album, with "Go! Go! Go!" as the b-side. The music video for the single was released online on 21 October 2008.

In September 2008 the band added another guitarist and synth player Justin Hendy.

The band's debut album, Viva Machine, was released on 15 June 2009 by Rocklouder Records, after a break from live shows so bassist Tom Stephens could finish his degree. The track "Earthquakers & Loveshakers" was released as a free download on 8 June to promote the album's release.

In September 2009 the band announced a lengthy, possibly indefinite hiatus, citing financial and educational commitments.

Influences
In an interview in 2007, the band cited influences including Clutch, Queens of the Stone Age, Weezer, Jarcrew, Biffy Clyro, Radiohead and The Beach Boys.

Band members
 Chris Seacombe (vocals, synth)
 Tom Stephens (bass, vocals)
 Gareth Carter (guitar, vocals)
 Dai "D.P. Francais" Francis (drums)
 Justin Hendy (guitar, synth)(2008–present)

Discography

Albums
 Viva Machine (2009)

Singles
 "My Jet Set Radio" (2006)
 "Robotbodyrox" (2008)
 "Earthquakers & Loveshakers" (2009)

References

External links
 Official site

Musical groups established in 2003
Welsh alternative rock groups
Musicians from Swansea


Clinical Breast Cancer is a bimonthly peer-reviewed medical journal established in 2000 and published by Elsevier. It covers all areas related to breast cancer.

Abstracting and indexing
Clinical Breast Cancer is indexed by Index Medicus/PubMed, EMBASE Excerpta Medica, ISI Current Contents, CINAHL, Scopus, and Chemical Abstracts. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2017 impact factor of 2.703.

References

External links

Oncology journals
Breast cancer
Academic journals established in 2000
Elsevier academic journals
English-language journals
Bimonthly journals


"Release Me" is a song made by the Swedish indie pop group Oh Laura, released as a single in 2007. The single is first off in Oh Laura's debut album, A Song Inside My Head, a Demon in My Bed.

Oh Laura won the Sopot International Song Festival in 2008 with the song.

Remixes
The Swedish band The Attic also recorded a remix of "Release Me" featuring Oh Laura. It appears in the EP Release Me, The Attic Remix that contains for remix tracks:
"Release Me" (The Attic Remix) (3:35)
"Release Me" (Remix) (3:43)
"Release Me" (The Attic Extended Remix) (8:01)
"Release Me" (Extended Remix) (7:14)

In popular culture
The song appeared in a Saab commercial for the Saab 9-3 car model, which was aired in Sweden, Norway, Poland, Spain, Ireland, France and the United Kingdom and later also in New Zealand and Australia.
Martin Halla sang the song in the semi-finals of The Voice – Norges beste stemme the inaugural season of the Norwegian The Voice. His version of "Release Me" peaked at number 7 on VG-lista, the Norwegian Singles Chart.

Charts
Oh Laura version

Martin Halla version

References

2007 singles
2012 singles
Oh Laura songs
2007 songs


Broadcast Exchange Format (BXF) is an SMPTE standard for data exchange in the broadcasting industry.

History
BXF was developed to replace various archaic types of exchange for playlists, record lists and other data in broadcasting. Version 1.0 (SMPTE standard 2021) was published in 2008. Over 150 SMPTE members have been involved in defining the standard. BXF is XML based.

See also
 AAF, Advanced Authoring Format
 BWF, broadcast Wave Format
 MXF, Material eXchange Format

References

External links
 SMPTE standards

Standards of the United States
Computer file formats
Film and video technology


List of television stations in Andalusia include the following:

Autonomous channels

Provincial channels

Almería

Cádiz
 Antena Bahía TV
 Canal Cádiz Televisión
 Canal Sierra de Cádiz TV
 Onda Chipiona Televisión
 Onda Jerez TV
 Onda Sur Televisión
 Ondaluz Televisión
 Telepuerto
 Tele Puerto Real
 Televisión del Sur
 Televisión San Roque
 Arcos Televisión
 Arlu
 Cable Televisión Conil
 Canal 43 Rota TV
 Canal 66
 Canal V TV
 CATV Rota
 Isla Televisión
 Olvera CATV
 Onda Bahía
 Onda Luz TV
 PDR TV Local Prado del Rey
 RTO (Radio Televisión Olvera)
 RTV Los Barrios
 Sintonía Seline La Línea
 TBC 90 Ubrique
 TBC Televisión Bahía de Cádiz
 TDC Sanlúcar
 Tele Barbate
 Tele Chipiona
 Tele Puerto
 Tele Rota
 Telealcalá del Valle
 TV Algeciras (Onda Algeciras TV)
 TV Campo de Gibraltar
 Videofaro I Chipiona

Córdoba

Granada

Huelva

Jaén

Málaga

Sevilla

See also
 Television in Spain

External links
 http://www.tvlocal.com/television.htm

Mass media in Andalusia
Spanish television-related lists


Gazete ODTÜLÜ is an independent, unofficial online student newspaper of METU (ODTÜ in Turkish) in Ankara, Turkey.

Brief overview
When a group of students of METU founded Gazete ODTÜLÜ in October 2006, they have become the first online campus newspaper of Turkey. In their first anniversary, they have published a printed special edition which included the selected articles during the first year of their publication life.

History

Interviews
In 2 years’ period, Gazete ODTÜLÜ has landed interviews with famous entertainers, artists, and notable figures and academics of METU. These people include...

People

2008-09 Staff

Past Editors in Chief

References

Turkish news websites
Turkish-language newspapers
Newspapers established in 2006
Mass media in Ankara


The Vanuatu Labour Party (; ) is a political party in Vanuatu. The party was established on 3 June 1987. It was founded on the initiative of various trade union organizations in order to contest the 1987 parliamentary election. The proposal to found the party was first presented by Ephraim Kalsakau, a leader of the Vanuatu Municipal Workers Union.

In the 1987 polls, it presented four candidates; George Kalsakau in Port Vila, Willy Romain in Tanna, Thomas Reynold in Luganville and Kenneth Satungia of Efate. All four candidates were trade union leaders. Ephraim Kalsakau later claimed that the electoral participation was mainly intended as an awareness-raising effort, and that the party hadn't expected to win any of the seats.

The party did not present candidates in the 1991 parliamentary election.

The party gained parliamentary representation in 2005 as Joshua Kalsakau, then the Minister for Ni-Vanuatu Business and an MP from Efate representing the National Community Association Party, joined the party.

Joshua Kalsakau is the president of the party whilst Lui Kaltonga is its general secretary.

The party is connected to the Vanuatu Council of Trade Unions and the Vanuatu National Workers Union. The main stronghold of the party in the capital Port Vila.

Joshua Kalsakau was reelected from his seat in the 2008 parliamentary election. In Luganville, the party had launched Pierre Malamlaen as its candidate. Malamlaen was however not elected. After the elections, Joshua Kalsakau was named as the new Minister of Justice in the cabinet of Edward Natapei. In the 2012 general election, Kalsakau narrowly lost his seat, by a margin of just twelve votes (out of more than 15,000), leaving Labour without representation in Parliament.

References

Political parties in Vanuatu
Political parties established in 1987
Main
Labour parties


Veronika Martinek (born 3 April 1972) is a former professional tennis player playing for Germany. On 25 March 1991, she reached a career high of No. 49 on the WTA rankings. Her career stretched from the end of the 1980s to 2001.

In 1995, she lost in the third round of Roland-Garros to Adriana Serra Zanetti, her best performance in Grand Slam tournaments.

WTA Tour finals

Singles (1 titles, 1 runners-up)

Doubles (1-0)

ITF finals

Singles (1–2)

Doubles (3–0)

References

External links

1972 births
German female tennis players
Living people
Sportspeople from Ústí nad Labem
West German female tennis players
Czechoslovak emigrants to Germany


Lingyuan may refer to:

Lingyuan, Liaoning, city in Liaoning, China
Lingyuan Subdistrict, in Jinjiang, Fujiang, China
Chu Lingyuan (褚靈媛) (384–436), last empress of Jin Dynasty in China
Lingyuan, Wenquan, Yingshan County, Huanggang, Hubei


John D. Graham is a former senior official in the George W. Bush administration and the former dean of the Indiana University O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs (formerly SPEA). Graham stepped down from the deanship to return to the O'Neill School faculty in the 2019 academic year.

Early life and education
John D. Graham was born in 1956 as the son of an accomplished steel industry executive, and raised in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

He earned his Bachelor of Arts in politics and economics at Wake Forest University in 1978, where he also won national awards as an intercollegiate debater. He earned his Master of Arts in public policy at Duke University in 1980 before serving as staff associate to Chairman Howard Raiffa's Committee on Risk and Decision Making of the National Research Council/National Academy of Sciences, (Washington, D.C.). He earned his Ph.D. in public policy at Carnegie Mellon University, and his doctoral dissertation on automobile safety, written at the Brookings Institution, was cited in pro-airbag decisions by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1983 and by Secretary of Transportation Elizabeth Dole in 1985.

Graham joined the Harvard School of Public Health as a post-doctoral fellow in 1983 and as an assistant professor in 1985. He taught methods of decision analysis and cost-benefit analysis to physicians, nurses, and other graduate students in public health. His prolific writings addressed both the analytic and institutional aspects of lifesaving policies. In 1991, at age 34, Graham earned tenure at Harvard.

Career
From 1990 to 2001, Graham founded and led the Harvard Center for Risk Analysis (HCRA).  By raising over $10 million in project grants and philanthropic contributions, Graham helped support eight new faculty positions and dozens of post-doctoral and doctoral students. By 2001, HCRA became internationally recognized for analytic contributions to environmental protection, injury prevention, and medical technology innovation.

In 1995, Graham was elected president of the Society for Risk Analysis (SRA), an international membership organization of 2,400 scientists and engineers. Graham reached out to risk analysts in Europe, China, Japan, and Australia as he helped organize the first World Congress on Risk Analysis in Brussels in 2000. In 2009, Graham received the SRA's Distinguished Lifetime Achievement Award, the society's highest award for excellence.

In 2013, Graham returned to Brussels, Belgium, to testify before the European Parliament Committee on International Trade about barriers to free trade. He has delivered invited testimony to numerous House and Senate Committees, state and federal agencies, and the European Commission and Parliament.

Graham is widely known to the public and to opinion leaders through his entertaining speeches about why Americans are both paranoid and neglectful of risks in their daily lives. In both formal and informal formats, he speaks frequently to groups of reporters, students, business leaders, and government officials. He has made several prime-time television appearances, including a Good Morning America interview on the safety of automobile airbags and a significant contribution to John Stossel's prime-time ABC special, Are We Scaring Ourselves to Death?

In March 2001, President George W. Bush nominated Graham to serve as administrator, Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, Office of Management and Budget. He was confirmed by the Senate in July 2001. Located in the Executive Office of the President, this office of 50 career policy analysts oversees the regulatory, information, and statistical activities of the federal government. In this capacity, Graham worked to slash the growth of regulatory costs by 70 percent while encouraging regulations that save lives, prevent disease, and protect the environment.

From March 2006 to July 2008, Graham was dean of the Frederick S. Pardee RAND Graduate School (PRGS) at the RAND Corporation in Santa Monica, California. PRGS is the largest doctoral program in policy analysis in the world. Graham streamlined the core curriculum, established new analytic concentrations, revised program requirements to enable students to launch their dissertations more promptly, and raised funds from individuals and corporations to support scholarships, dissertation support, and policy papers co-authored by students and RAND researchers.

On July 28, 2008, Graham became the dean of a unique two-campus professional school, the Indiana University School of Public and Environmental Affairs (SPEA). Located in Bloomington and Indianapolis, Indiana, SPEA is one of the largest public affairs schools in the nation. During Graham's tenure, the School's enrollment grew to more than 2,000 undergraduate students, 500 plus master's students, and 80 doctoral students. The 85 full-time faculty members include laboratory scientists, social scientists, lawyers, and policy specialists.

Additionally, under Graham's deanship, SPEA's Master's in Public Affairs on the Bloomington campus rose to No. 1 out of 272 programs in the US in the 2016 U.S. News & World Report national survey. He helped raise more than $50 million in philanthropic support for the School and implemented a strategic planning process to guide the School, resulting in the publication of SPEA 2015 and SPEA 2020. During his tenure, student enrollment in overseas study programs tripled and the first fully online MPA program offered by a top graduate school in public affairs, SPEA Connect, was launched. In 2019, under his leadership, the School was named after Paul H. O'Neill, the former Chairman of ALCOA Corporation and the former Secretary of the US Department of the Treasury.

Professor Graham is a longtime director of NSF International (Ann Arbor, Michigan) and an elected Fellow, National Academy of Public Administration (2009). Throughout his scholarly career, he has authored or co-authored more than 10 books and 200 articles for academic journals and national publications.

Personal life
Graham is married to Susan Woerner Graham, a certified financial planner. They have two daughters, Jennifer and Katie, and three grandchildren. The Grahams share interests in duplicate bridge, golf, and ballroom dancing.

References

Indiana University faculty
1956 births
Wake Forest University alumni
Sanford School of Public Policy alumni
Heinz College of Information Systems and Public Policy alumni
Carnegie Mellon University faculty
Harvard University faculty
Living people
George W. Bush administration personnel
Competitive debaters


Secrets of Haunted House was a horror-suspense comics anthology series published by American company DC Comics from 1975 to 1978 and 1979 to 1982.

Publication history
The series began in April–May 1975. Like its predecessor Secrets of Sinister House, Secrets of Haunted House was originally "hosted" by Cain, Abel, Eve, and Destiny who had moved over from Weird Mystery Tales. By issue #10 (Feb.–March 1978), Destiny was the only one of these who remained a regular. In issue #40 (Sept. 1981), Abel returned with no further mention of Destiny.

A Secrets of Haunted House Special was published in 1978 as part of the DC Special Series umbrella title. Secrets of Haunted House was a temporary victim of the so-called "DC Implosion". With issue #14 (Oct.–Nov. 1978), it was cancelled but revived a year later with issue #15 (Aug. 1979). The title continued until issue #46 (March 1982).

The Mister E character was introduced in issue #31 (Dec. 1980) by writer Bob Rozakis and artist Dan Spiegle and became a recurring character for the next ten issues. The final Mister E story appeared in issue #41 (Oct. 1981).

The series' letter column was titled "The Haunted Mailbox".

Collected editions
 The Steve Ditko Omnibus, Volume 1 includes stories from Secrets of Haunted House #9, 12, 41, and 45, 480 pages, September 2011,

References

External links

 Secrets of Haunted House at Mike's Amazing World of Comics

1975 comics debuts
1978 comics endings
1979 comics debuts
1982 comics endings
Comics anthologies
Comics by Arnold Drake
Comics by David Michelinie
Comics by George Kashdan
Comics by J. M. DeMatteis
Comics by Paul Kupperberg
Comics by Steve Ditko
Comics magazines published in the United States
DC Comics one-shots
Defunct American comics
Fantasy comics


The 2008 Libyan Super Cup was a match that took place on Wednesday, 15 October 2008 between the Libyan Premier League winners Al Ittihad and Libyan Cup winners Khaleej Sirte. The Super Cup is always the curtain raiser prior to the LPL season. Al Ittihad ran out 4-0 winners at the 11 June Stadium. After this win, Al Ittihad have now won the last six Super Cup titles, from 2002 onwards.

Match details

Libyan Super Cup
Super Cup


Peter Eric Zizzo (born February 22, 1966) is an American songwriter, music producer, musician and writer. Zizzo is also a stage and television actor, having appeared in the Showtime series Billions in 2021. Zizzo has written hits for artists such as Celine Dion, Avril Lavigne, Jennifer Lopez, Marit Larsen, O.A.R, Jason Mraz, Donna Summer, Diana Ross, M2M, Cliff Richard, Clay Aiken, Howie Day, Kate Voegele, Jackie Evancho, Pixie Lott, Vanessa Carlton, and many others. He has been considered instrumental in developing the careers of artists Avril Lavigne, Vanessa Carlton in the US, and Pixie Lott in the UK. Recordings of his songs have collectively sold in excess of 100 million copies worldwide.

Zizzo has also produced songs for Nickelodeon and the Nick Jr. Channel, including the shows Middle School Moguls, The Fresh Beat Band, Blue's Clues & You! and the Nickelodeon revival of Winx Club. For Winx Club, he composed many of the episodic songs as well as the single "We Are Believix," which was sung by Victorious star Elizabeth Gillies. In 2013, Zizzo won the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Music Direction and Composition for his music on The Fresh Beat Band.

Early life
Born in New York to musical parents, Zizzo was initially a teen rock guitar prodigy, featured in Guitar Player magazine. As a songwriter, he got his first cut, "March", by The Weather Girls, at age 18. He attended college at Tufts University, graduating with a Bachelor's in English. Shortly thereafter, he won BMI's "Best New Songwriter" award on the heels of his first hit, the dance track "Whispers" by Corina. Zizzo found more success working alongside top 1980s producer Ric Wake on records by Celine Dion and Jennifer Lopez. It was through Wake's company that he signed his first developing artist, Billy Porter, whose A&M debut Untitled was largely written and produced by Zizzo, and featured "Love Is On The Way", the central ballad from the hit film The First Wives Club. Porter went on to win a Tony award for his starring role in Broadway's Kinky Boots.

Entrepreneurial ventures

In his role of Artist Development, Zizzo discovered, developed, produced, and helped launch prominent artists such as Avril Lavigne, Vanessa Carlton, Pixie Lott, and more recently, People's "One To Watch, 2017" Hailey Knox. Zizzo has also spoken and led seminars at South by Southwest and other music industry events. Zizzo's songs and productions have sold over 100 million copies worldwide.
In 2010, Zizzo's production and writing on BeBe and CeCe Winans' "Still" won a Grammy for Best Gospel Album.

Zizzo has also written and produced songs for several shows on Nickelodeon, including Middle School Moguls, Winx Club, The Fresh Beat Band, and the title music for Blue's Clues & You! (a reboot of Blue's Clues). His work on The Fresh Beat Band in 2013 won him an Emmy Award for best musical composition. He was nominated again the following year for Outstanding Original Song for "Spring Has Sprung", from the show Peter Rabbit.

Zizzo is also an author of short fiction and has written several screenplays, one of which, Timmy Tilson, placed in the finals in The Creative World Awards international screenplay competition.

Partial discography
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Artist
! Album/Singles
! Charts
! Certifactions/Awards
! Credits
|-
| 2012
| Elizabeth Gillies
| Winx Club (Nickelodeon Revival)
 "We Are Believix"
| –
| –
| Producer, writer
|-
| 2011
| The Fresh Beat Band
| A Friend Like You [single]
 "A Friend Like You"
| #1 on iTunes Kids Chart 5 Album
| –
| Producer, writer, arranger
|-
| 2009
| Pixie Lott
| Turn It Up
 "Jack"
 "The Way The World Works"
| UK Top 5 Album
| −2× platinum (600,000+)
|Producer, writer, arranger
|-
| 2009
| BeBe & CeCe Winans
| Still
 "Things feat. Marvin Winans"
 "Never Thought"
| US #14 Billboard Top 100
US #1 Gospel Album
US #2 R'n'B Album
| Best Contemporary R&B Gospel Album 2011
| Producer, writer, arranger
|-
| 2009
| Blake Lewis
| Heartbreak on Vinyl
 "The Point"
| US #7 Dance & Electronic Album
| –
| –
|-
| 2006
| Stephanie McIntosh
| Tightrope
 "Overcome"
| #4 AUS
| Gold (+35,000 units sold)
| Producer, co-writer
|-
| 2005
| Toby Lightman
| Little Things
 "Devils & Angels"
 "The River"
 "Don't Wanna Know"
| Top 15 Hot AC, Top 40 Pop
| –
| Producer, writer, arranger
|-
| 2002
| Avril Lavigne
| Let Go
 "Nobody's Fool"
 "Why" (International Releases)
| –
| 18 Million Worldwide
RIAA Diamond Award
| Producer, writer, arranger
|-
| 2000
| M2M
| Shades of Purple
 "Don't Say You Love Me"
| US Top 20 Radio
US Sales #1 (Certified Platinum)
| 2 Million Worldwide
| Producer, writer, arranger
|-
| 1999
| Jennifer Lopez
| "On The 6"
 Promise You'll Try
| –
| 7 Million Worldwide
| Producer, writer, arranger
|-
| 1997
| Celine Dion
| These Are Special Times
 "Don't Save It All For Christmas Day"
| –
| 14 Million Worldwide
| Writer, arranger
|-
| 1996
| Celine Dion
| Let's Talk About Love
 "Love Is on the Way"
| Top 40
| 33 Million Worldwide
RIAA Diamond Award
| Writer, arranger
|-
| 1994
| Celine Dion
| "The Color of My Love "Misled" (single) BMI Award
 "Only One Road" (single)
| Top 10 US
Top 5 UK
| 16 Million Worldwide
| Writer, arranger
|}

Acting career
In 2009 Zizzo played a character named after himself in the Steven Soderbergh film The Girlfriend Experience starring adult film star Sasha Grey. The film was written by Zizzo's lifelong friends Brian Koppelman and David Levien who also named a character after him in the poker classic Rounders''.

References

1966 births
Living people
Musicians from New York City
Tufts University School of Arts and Sciences alumni
20th-century American guitarists
Record producers from New York (state)
American male songwriters


Gresham Castle is located south of the village of Gresham in the north of the English county of Norfolk. The medieval castle was actually a fortified manor house.

Permission by licence to crenellate his manor house was gained by Sir Edmund Bacon in 1318. Gresham was one of a group of late castles to be fortified or built along the east coast that include Baconsthorpe, Caister, Claxton and Mettingham Castle in Suffolk.

Description
The castle is situated in a green field site close to the village. It is rectangular in shape with a bulbous protrusion at the north-west corner. A moat surrounding the site is twelve to fifteen feet wide at points and still contains water which can restrict access to the site. The waters of the moat were once supplied from Gur Beck which now has been re-directed and runs approximately 50 meters adjacent to the remains of the castle. The central platform is approximately 2378 square meters (2844 square yards) in area, with round towers 35 feet in diameter. It is very overgrown with trees, bushes and brambles, making an overview of the castle very difficult. The tower that stood at the south-east angle is forward of the platform line. The revetments of the two corner towers on the west elevation can be seen, of which one is much larger than the other. Between them part of the curtain wall still stands to about six feet. The footprint of the site indicates that there were towers on the east side as well, with the one at the north west angle being the size of a keep. Large timbers, presumed to be what remained of a drawbridge, an entrance to a passage, and the keel of a boat were discovered when the surrounding moat was cleaned out in 1846.

History
In 1427 the castle and manor of Gresham was purchased by the lawyer William Paston to add to his already large property holdings in Norfolk. Paston purchased the castle and manor from Thomas Chaucer of Ewelme and Sir William Moleyns, who each owned half of the property. However, the legality of the purchase was challenged by the Wiltshire peer, Robert Hungerford, Lord Moleyns, 2nd Baron Hungerford. Consequently, when William Paston died he left a large and valuable inheritance including Gresham Castle to his son John Paston. Lord Moleyns' longstanding claim to half of the property was encouraged by John Paston's bitter rival John Haydon of nearby Baconsthorpe Castle. On 17 February 1448 forces led by Lord Moleyns took direct action and entered the fortified manor house and began to collect rent from the tenants of the manor. After these actions, John Paston petitioned the king, and after his appeals Paston reclaimed his property on 6 October. On 28 January, Moleyns with a force of a one thousand men made up of some locals and retainers from Wiltshire, occupied the castle once more this time forcible evicting John Paston's wife Margaret and twelve of her servants. A lieutenant of Moleyns by the name of Partridge was left to barricade the castle against any attempt by Paston to reclaim his property. In the Paston Letters Margaret explains to her husband John:

One year later John Paston reclaimed the castle and manor, this time with no resistance. He found that the castle was in a very poor state and unfit for habitation. In 1466 John Paston died leaving his estate which included Gresham to his eldest son, also called John. In 1471 Sir John Gresham contemplated the rebuilding of Gresham Castle and sent his brother, also called John, to survey the site and draw up plans for a rebuilding. In the event no rebuilding was carried out and the site was abandoned.

See also
Castles in Great Britain and Ireland
List of castles in England

References

Archaeology of Norfolk
Castles in Norfolk
English Heritage sites in Norfolk
Ruins in Norfolk
Grade II listed buildings in Norfolk
North Norfolk
Country houses in Norfolk


Willie Rogers (3 July 1919 – 8 February 1974) was an English professional footballer who played as a winger for Blackburn Rovers and Barrow.

References

1919 births
1974 deaths
English men's footballers
Men's association football wingers
English Football League players
Blackburn Rovers F.C. players
Barrow A.F.C. players
Huddersfield Town A.F.C. wartime guest players
Preston North End F.C. players
Place of birth missing


Desmond Thomas Townson  (16 March 1934 – 15 October 2008) was a New Zealand yacht designer. As a teenager he won the Tanner Cup in 1950, the nation's premier teenage yachting championship and he designed some of the best-known classes in New Zealand sailing, including the Starling, Zephyr Mistral and Dart dinghy classes.

As well dinghies, he also designed many classes of light and medium displacement keel boats, commencing with the Townson 26 flyer Serene, followed by the plywood Townson 22 Pied Piper. Later the renowned "Moonlight" trialed impressively for the New Zealand entry for the One Ton Cup in 1971 and he followed this with a series of successful designs including the Townson 32's Starlight and Twilight, the transitional Townson 33 Restless - and culminating in his most successful keelboat designs, the Townson 34's Dreamtime and Talent.

He is credited with having at least 3,500 of his designs produced by 2008, when his contribution to yachting earned him membership in the New Zealand Order of Merit in the 2008 Queen's Birthday Honours.

In his later years Townson focused on producing his one-design radio controlled Electron racing yachts. Townson died on 15 October 2008 at his home in Auckland after a long battle with cancer.

References

Bibliography

Des Townson
Deaths from cancer in New Zealand
Members of the New Zealand Order of Merit
New Zealand yacht designers
1934 births
2008 deaths


BXF or bxf may refer to:

 Broadcast Exchange Format, an SMPTE standard for data exchange in the broadcasting industry
 BXF, the South Eastern Railway station code for Barsuan railway station, Odisha, India
 bxf, the ISO 639-3 code for Bilur language, Papua New Guinea


Crossley is a surname of Old English origin deriving from two locations called Crossley in West Yorkshire.

Crossley may refer to:

 Ada Crossley (1874–1929), Australian singer
 Andrew Crossley, British solicitor, partner in closed law firm ACS:Law
 Anthony Crossley (1903–1939), British writer and Conservative Party politician
 Bob Crossley (1912–2010), English abstract artist
 Bryn Crossley (1958–2018), Welsh jockey
 Callie Crossley, American journalist, host of "The Callie Crossley Show"
 Edward Crossley (1841–1905), English businessman and Liberal Party politician
 Francis Crossley (1817–1872), British carpet manufacturer and philanthropist
 Frank Crossley (actor) (1874–1943), Australian comic actor
 Geoffrey Crossley (1921–2002), British racing driver
 Geoffrey Allan Crossley (1920–2009), British diplomat
 Herbert Crossley (1901–1921), English heavyweight boxer
 Hugh Crossley (born 1971), British hotel owner and aristocrat
 James Crossley (bodybuilder) (born 1973), English bodybuilder and actor
 James Crossley (author) (1800–1883), English author, bibliophile and literary scholar
 James Crossley (rugby league), English rugby league footballer who played the 1930s and 1940s
 John Crossley (1812–1879), British politician
 John Crossley Jr. (born 1956), English rugby league footballer who played in the 1970s and 1980s
 Kelsey-Beth Crossley (born 1992), English actress
 Kevin Crossley-Holland (born 1941), English children's author
 Lloyd Crossley (1860–1926), Anglican Bishop of Auckland, New Zealand
 Mark Crossley (born 1969), English born Wales goalkeeper
 Mark Crossley (broadcaster) (born 1987), English Radio DJ
 Mark Crossley (musician), Canadian musician
 Matt Crossley (born 1968), English footballer
 Michael Crossley (1912–1987), Royal Air Force flying ace
 Pamela Kyle Crossley (born 1955), American historian
 Paul Crossley (pianist) (born 1944), British pianist
 Paul Crossley (footballer) (1948–1996), English professional footballer
 Richard Crossley (born 1969), Maltese, English professional fashion photographer
 Richard Crossley (born 1970), English professional footballer
 Rosemary Crossley (1945–2023), Australian author
 Roy Crossley (1923–2003), English footballer
 Russell Crossley (1927–2018), English footballer
 Shanna Crossley (born 1983), American professional basketball player
 Steve Crossley (born 1990), English rugby league footballer who played in the 2010s
 Syd Crossley (1885–1960), English film actor
 Thomas Crossley, English 19th-century professional footballer
 Wallace Crossley (1874–1943), publisher and 29th Lieutenant Governor of Missouri

See also
 Savile Crossley, 1st Baron Somerleyton (1857–1935), British Liberal Unionist politician
 Sir William Crossley, 1st Baronet (1844–1911), British engineer and Liberal politician

References

English-language surnames
English toponymic surnames
Surnames of English origin


The Journal of Religious & Theological Information is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by Routledge that covers research in the field of library and information studies as relating to religious studies and related fields, including philosophy, ethnic studies, anthropology, sociology, and history.

External links

Taylor & Francis academic journals
Quarterly journals
English-language journals
Academic journals established in 1992
Religious studies journals
Library and information science journals


Roger Alan Murrah (born November 20, 1946) is a songwriter and independent music publisher who has written hits for artists including Waylon Jennings, Alan Jackson, Al Jarreau, and Alabama.

Biography

Early life
Roger Murrah was born on November 20, 1946, in Athens, Alabama.

Career
After working in the late 1960s as a staff writer, he opened his own studio in Huntsville, Alabama. He then moved to Nashville, Tennessee, and in 1972 made his first appearance on the national charts with "It's Raining in Seattle" by Wynn Stewart. In 1990, he started his own publishing company, Murrah Music and in 1992 was named Billboard's Independent Publisher of the Year. Murrah signees include: Mark Alan Springer, Neal Coty, Rachel Proctor, Luke Bryan, Rebecca Lynn Howard, Steve Azar, Phillip White, Rachel Thibodeau, Michael Mobley, Jimmy Melton and Jon Henderson. His songs have been recorded by artists including: Al Jarreau, Alan Jackson, Barbara Mandrell, Tanya Tucker, The Oak Ridge Boys, Wynonna Judd, Mel Tillis, Take 6, Alabama, Conway Twitty, Ronnie Milsap, and Waylon Jennings.

He was inducted into the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2005. Additionally, he has served five terms as Chairman of the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame Foundation (NaSHOF), and two consecutive terms as president of the Nashville Songwriters Association International (NSAI).

Number one hits
 "Southern Rains" — Mel Tillis 1981
 "Life's Highway" — Steve Wariner 1986
 "Hearts Aren't Made to Break (They're Made to Love)" — Lee Greenwood 1986
 "It Takes a Little Rain (To Make Love Grow)" — Oak Ridge Boys 1987
 "This Crazy Love" — Oak Ridge Boys 1987
 "High Cotton" — Alabama 1989
 "Southern Star" — Alabama 1990
 "Don't Rock the Jukebox" — Alan Jackson 1991
 "I'm in a Hurry (And Don't Know Why)" — Alabama 1992
 "If I Could Make a Living" — Clay Walker 1994

Awards
 1988 BMI Songwriter of the Year
 1980's BMI Songwriter of the Decade
 BMI Millionaire Airplay Award (for over one million radio performances of Al Jarreau's "We're in This Love Together.")
 3rd BMI Millionaire Airplay Award (for over three million radio performances of Al Jarreau's "We're in This Love Together.")
 CMA Song Of The Year Nomination (1991) Alan Jackson's "Don't Rock the Jukebox."
 CMA Song Of The Year Nomination (1992) Alan Jackson's "Don't Rock the Jukebox."
 BMI 2nd Millionaire Airplay Award (for over two million radio performances of  Alan Jackson's "Don't Rock the Jukebox.")
 BMI Millionaire Airplay Award  (for over one million radio performances of Wynonna's "Only Love.")
 BMI 2nd Millionaire Airplay Award (for over two million radio performances of  Alabama's "High Cotton.")
 BMI Millionaire Airplay Award  (for over one million radio performances of Alabama's "Southern Star.")
 BMI 2nd Millionaire Airplay Award (for over two million radio performances of  Alabama's "I'm In A Hurry (And Don't Know Why).")
 BMI 2nd Millionaire Airplay Award (for over two million radio performances of  Tanya Tucker's "It's a Little Too Late.")
 BMI Millionaire Airplay Award  (for over one million radio performances of The Oak Ridge Boys' "This Crazy Love.")
 BMI Millionaire Airplay Award  (for over one million radio performances of Travis Tritt's "Where Corn Don't Grow.")

References

External links
 Murrah Music website
 Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame
 In The Spotlight Feature Interview 2010
 Interview, HitQuarters June 2009
 American Songwriter February 19, 2009
 Alabama Music Hall of Fame
 American Chronicle Feature 2006
 Bluegrass Journal February 18, 2010
 BMI Music World Feature Interview, June 2006
 NAMM Oral History Program Interview, July 2009
 MusicRow September 7, 2010

1946 births
Living people
People from Athens, Alabama
Musicians from Nashville, Tennessee
American country songwriters
American male songwriters
Songwriters from Tennessee
Songwriters from Alabama


Savings & Investment Bank (SIB) was a bank licensed in the Isle of Man that collapsed in 1982 with liabilities of some £37 million.

History
Liquidation of the bank commenced on 29 July 1982.  An approximate statement of affairs prepared for a creditors' meeting disclosed loans and advances over £40 million. In a statement to Tynwald Court the Chairman of the Finance Board said that after meeting the auditors and the directors of the Bank, it was obvious that SIB had made very large loans to a relatively small group of companies, beyond banking guidelines, and these were probably irrecoverable. Liquidation commenced 29 July 1982.

Claims from 3,000 depositors and other creditors totalling £31.4 million were admitted in the liquidation but recoveries from loans and advances totalled only £12.8 million. The eventual dividend was 29p in the pound which was finalised after 23 years.  The Isle of Man Government made additional ex gratia payments of 50p in the pound to certain depositors on the first £10,000 of their deposits. Some depositors participated directly in the settlement of claims against SIB's auditors.

Following the collapse, the Lieutenant Governor commissioned an examination of banking supervision in the Isle of Man by officials seconded from the Bank of England. Responding to criticisms and recommendations contained in their report, the Financial Supervision Commission was established in 1983, and the Insurance Authority (later the Insurance and Pensions Authority) in 1986.

A further outcome of the SIB collapse was the introduction of a scheme to protect depositors with Isle of Man Banks, funded by a levy on participating operations - the Depositors' Compensation Scheme contained in the Banking Business (Compensation of Depositors) Regulations 1991.

References

Further reading
Chadwick, JM; Jordan, MA; & Beer, TJ. Savings & Investment Bank Limited: Investigation under Section 5 of The Companies Act 1974 (Chadwick Report). Tynwald Library, March 1986
May, ATK. Savings and Investment Bank Ltd: Commission of Inquiry (May Report). Tynwald Library, December 1990

Defunct banks of the Isle of Man
Bank failures
Banks disestablished in 1982
British companies disestablished in 1982
1982 disestablishments in the Isle of Man


Eleanor Manning  (21 March 1906 – 21 November 1986) was a member of the Women's Australian National Services and became the most senior officer of the Australian Women's Army Service (AWAS) in the State of New South Wales. Manning was active in Girl Guiding both in Australia and internationally.

Life
Born in 1906, Manning was the daughter of Sir Henry and Lady Manning. She was a pupil at Frensham School in Mittagong, New South Wales.

When the Australian Women's Army Service was established in October 1941, Manning was appointed Assistant Controller, Eastern Command with the rank of Major. After attending the first Officers Training School held at Yarra Junction, Victoria in November 1941, she returned to Sydney and commenced duty at Headquarters Victoria Barracks, Sydney. She and her staff were responsible for the recruitment and initial training of all AWAS enlistments in New South Wales. In 1943, Manning became Deputy Controller to the Controller, Colonel Sybil Irving MBE of the AWAS, at their Headquarters in Melbourne.

Manning also served as Commanding Officer at the Australian Women's Services Officers' School, Darley, Victoria. This post combined the training of both the AWAS and the Australian Army Medical Women Service Officers.

In 1946, Manning and three other Girl Guides went to Malaya to serve with the Guide International Service (GIS) to work on post war rehabilitation. In 1955, she became Chief Commissioner of the Girl Guides Association of Australia (1955–1962) and later a member of the World Committee of World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts (1960–1969). Manning became Australian International Commissioner and was a driving force in the establishment of Sangam.

Manning was awarded the Beaver (1938), Silver Fish (1954), O.B.E. (1959) for services as Chief Commissioner of the Girl Guides Association of Australia, King George VI Coronation Medal and the Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal.

Eleanor Manning Training Fund
The Eleanor Manning Training Fund provides financial assistance to Australian Girl Guide trainers attending selected training events in the Asia-Pacific Region of WAGGGS. This reflects Manning's concern with the development of Guiding in this region.

References

External links

Eleanor Manning at the Australian Women’s Archives Project

1906 births
1986 deaths
Girl Guiding and Girl Scouting
Australian Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Australian military officers
Women in the Australian military
Recipients of the Silver Fish Award
20th-century Australian women
People educated at Frensham School


Andhari अँधेरी is a market in Siddhicharan Municipality in Okhaldhunga District in the Sagarmatha Zone of mid-eastern Nepal. This village center was merged to the Municipality in May 2014. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2536 living in 490 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Okhaldhunga District

Populated places in Okhaldhunga District


Wuwei may refer to:

Philosophy
Wu wei (／), Chinese philosophical concept from Confucianism and an important concept in Chinese statecraft and Taoism

Places
Wuwei, Gansu (), prefecture-level city, China
Wuwei, Anhui (), Wuhu, Anhui, China

People
Wuwei Chanyu (), chanyu of the Xiongnu empire
Princess Wuwei (), also known as Princess Tuoba, daughter of Emperor Mingyuan of Northern Wei in ancient China
Princess Wuwei (), daughter of Juqu Mujian and Princess Tuoba in ancient China

See also
Wu Wei (disambiguation)


Waksa, Nepal is a village development committee in Okhaldhunga District in the Sagarmatha Zone of mid-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2467 living in 462 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Okhaldhunga District

Populated places in Okhaldhunga District


Balakhu is a village development committee in Okhaldhunga District in the Sagarmatha Zone of mid-eastern Nepal. Balakhu Village is located on the bank of Sunkoshi river at the south western part of Okhaldhunga District.At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3703 living in 677 individual households. Simalchaur

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Okhaldhunga District

Populated places in Okhaldhunga District


Baruneshwar is a village development committee in Okhaldhunga District in the Sagarmatha Zone of mid-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3240 living in 656 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Okhaldhunga District

Populated places in Okhaldhunga District


Barnalu बर्नालु is a market in Siddhicharan Municipality in Okhaldhunga District in the Sagarmatha Zone of mid-eastern Nepal. This village center was merged to the Municipality in May 2014. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2522 living in 484 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Okhaldhunga District

Populated places in Okhaldhunga District


Betinee is a village development committee in Okhaldhunga District in the Sagarmatha Zone of mid-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 1872 living in 329 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Okhaldhunga District

Populated places in Okhaldhunga District


The Whirlpool River is a short river in Jasper National Park, Alberta, Canada. It is an early tributary of the Athabasca River.

The Whirlpool is formed in Athabasca Pass, collecting meltwater from the Hooker Icefield and the Mount Brown Icefield.  It flows north, collecting the Middle Whirlpool River before passing under Alberta Highway 93A and flowing into the Athabasca River south of Jasper.  The Moab Lake Road parallels the Whirlpool near its confluence with the Athabasca River.

The Whirlpool was named by Sir James Hector in 1859.  He noted the presence of many eddies in the river.

Tributaries
Scott Creek
Ross Cox Creek
Middle Whirlpool River
Divergence Creek
Simon Creek

See also
List of Alberta rivers

References

Rivers of Alberta
Rivers of the Canadian Rockies


Bhadaure is a village development committee in Okhaldhunga District in the Sagarmatha Zone of mid-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3030.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Okhaldhunga District

Populated places in Okhaldhunga District


Bhussinga is a village development committee in Okhaldhunga District in the Sagarmatha Zone of mid-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 1301 living in 261 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Okhaldhunga District

Populated places in Okhaldhunga District


Stanley Scrimshaw (7 August 1915 – 1988) was an English professional footballer who played for Hartlepools United and Bradford City. He was born in West Hartlepool.

He was  tall.

References
Profile of Stan Scrimshaw
Rootsweb

1915 births
1988 deaths
People from West Hartlepool
Footballers from Hartlepool
English men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
English Football League players
Hartlepool United F.C. players
Bradford City A.F.C. players
Huddersfield Town A.F.C. wartime guest players


Bigutar is a village development committee in Okhaldhunga District in the Sagarmatha Zone of mid-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 1874 living in 387 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Okhaldhunga District

Populated places in Okhaldhunga District


Crawford v. Nashville, 555 U.S. 271 (2009), is a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court unanimously ruled that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 protects an employee who opposes unlawful sexual harassment, but does not report the harassment themself.

Background

The petitioner, Vicky Crawford, was a long-time worker for the Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County. In 2002, the department of human resources began an investigation into Dr. Gene Hughes, the newly hired employee relations director for the Metro School District. Several female employees had expressed concern about being sexually harassed by Hughes. Veronica Frazier, the assistant director for the county human resources department was assigned to investigate the allegations.

Frazier began by calling employees who had worked closely with Hughes, including Crawford. Crawford described to Frazier several incidents of sexual harassment.

According to Crawford, Hughes has requested on "numerous" occasions to see her breasts. Hughes also, in response to the question "What's up?" grabbed his crotch and replied "You know what's up." On several occasions, Crawford continued, Hughes had pressed his crotch against the window of her office. On one occasion, when Crawford asked Hughes what she could do for him, he grabbed her head and pulled it towards his crotch. Other allegations were made by two other women who worked with Hughes.

Frazier's report did not resolve the allegations, as Hughes denied the allegations and there were no witnesses. The report concluded that Hughes had acted inappropriately, but no disciplinary action was taken against him. (In fact even after information surfaced in March 2003 that he had made false statements on his resume, claiming untruthfully that he was an attorney, a professional football player with the Pittsburgh Steelers, and a Navy SEAL, Hughes was merely demoted from his $91,250 position to a $75,857 position, and then moved to the athletics department and given a $6,500 pay raise. Hughes resigned in August 2003 but was allowed to collect pay at home through October 2003.)

However, all three of the witnesses who had offered evidence of sexual harassment, including Crawford, were dismissed. Crawford had been employed by the district for over 30 years. Crawford had expressed reluctance to report the incidences earlier because Hughes headed the department, employee relations, where charges are reported. Hughes was tasked with investigating claims of sexual harassment. Hughes was also, Crawford noted, a good friend of the Director of the School District Pedro Garcia, and Crawford was worried that this would result in her losing her job. The Metro school board in January 2008 voted unanimously to end Garcia's tenure due to poor performance.

Following her termination, Crawford sued her former employer under Title VII, which protects employees who oppose unlawful employment actions from employment retaliation. The District Court concluded, and the Sixth Circuit Court affirmed, that Crawford was not protected by Title VII on two grounds. First, her statements to Frazier did not constitute "opposition" to illegal conduct, as Crawford did not initiate the investigation. Second, the court held that Crawford was not protected against retaliation because the investigation was an employer's internal investigation and a charge had not been filed with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Crawford only filed with the EEOC after she had been terminated, as required by Title VII.

Crawford appealed to the Supreme Court, who heard the case on October 8, 2008. The court ruled unanimously in her favor on January 26, 2009.

Decision
Writing for the majority, Justice Souter defines two activities Title VII protects, saying section 704(a) "makes it unlawful 'for an employer to discriminate against any... employe[e]' who (1) 'has opposed any practice made an unlawful employment practice by this subchapter' (opposition clause), or (2) 'has made a charge, testified, assisted, or participated in any manner in an investigation, proceeding, or hearing under this subchapter' (participation clause)." The Sixth Circuit held, when it heard the case, that the opposition clause demanded "active, consistent" opposing, which it did not find Crawford had done, as she did not initiate her own complaint before to the investigation. It also held that since the internal investigation was not conducted pursuant to a charge pending with the EEOC, Crawford was not protected by the participation clause.
The court found that "oppose" is not defined by the statute, so a normal definition of it may be used, per Perrin v. United States. "Thus, a person can 'oppose' by responding to someone else’s questions just as surely as by provoking the discussion," further "we would call it 'opposition' if an employee took a stand against an employer’s discriminatory practices not by 'instigating' action, but by standing pat, say, by refusing to follow a supervisor’s order to fire a junior worker for discriminatory reasons." The court supposes there could be a hypothetical case in which an employee describes a "supervisor's racist joke as hilarious", but finds that these "will be eccentric cases, and this is not one of them."

It rejects Metro's argument that "employers will be less likely to raise questions about possible discrimination if a retaliation charge is easy to raise" because "[e]mployers... have a strong inducement to ferret out... discriminatory activity." This is because cases such as Burlington Industries, Inc. v. Ellerth and Faragher v. Boca Raton hold employers "vicariously liable" for actionable hostile working environments created by supervisors. (Such as Hughes "sexually obnoxious behavior".) Further, studies show that Ellerth and Faragher prompted employers to "adopt or strengthen procedures for investigating, preventing, and correcting discriminatory conduct." From the employees' perspective, agreeing with Nashville and the Sixth Circuit would mean the prudent employee may decide not answer questions regarding discrimination, as there would be no protection against retaliation. If employees choose not to participate in internal investigations, the employer would have a defense, should a Title VII lawsuit be filed, as Ellerth requires employees to reasonably "take advantage of... preventive or corrective opportunities provided by the employer," a situation described by the court as a "catch-22". The court, then, decided not to overturn the Ellerth-Faragher scheme. Having ruled on the "opposition" question, the court chose not to address the "participation" question.

Justice Alito wrote a concurrence joined by Justice Thomas, in which he agrees with the Court's primary reasoning, but separately emphasizes that, he believes, the Court's holding "does not and should not extend beyond employees who testify in internal investigations or engage in analogous purposive conduct." Alito disagrees with the Sixth Circuit that "opposition" must be consistent and initiated by the employee, but writes that the opposition must be "active and purposive". Alito finds the majority's definition of oppose could also "embrace silent opposition," and it is questionable whether that is protected. He worries that an "interpretation of the opposition clause that protects conduct that is not active and purposive" would "open the door to retaliation claims by employees who never expressed a word of opposition to their employers." As a hypothetical, he asks if an employee would be protected in a case where the opposition was expressed in an informal "water cooler" chat. A fired employee could claim that the termination was retaliatory if the employers became aware of the views the employee had expressed. He notes that EEOC retaliation charges doubled between 1992 and 2007 and fears that an "expansive interpretation of protected opposition conduct would likely cause this trend to accelerate."

While that is not the question of this case, Alito finds the answer "far from clear". For "present purposes", however, "it is enough to hold that the opposition clause does protect an employee" like Crawford.

See also
Chrapliwy v. Uniroyal
Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson

External links

 http://www.aclu.org/pdfs/scotus/crawford_v_nashville_acluamicus.pdf
 http://ohioemploymentlaw.blogspot.com/2008/01/supreme-court-to-hear-retaliation.html
 http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/1007/p02s01-usju.html
 https://www.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idUSTRE50P4TG20090126

 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/01/26/AR2009012601039.html

United States Supreme Court cases
2009 in United States case law
United States employment discrimination case law
Government of Nashville, Tennessee
Sexual harassment in the United States
United States Supreme Court cases of the Roberts Court
Harassment case law
History of women in Tennessee


Bilandu is a village development committee in Okhaldhunga District in the Sagarmatha Zone of mid-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2279 living in 431 individual households. On December 15, 2010 a plane crashed in the forest of Bilandu, near the village of Shreechaur in the adjacent village development committee.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Okhaldhunga District

Populated places in Okhaldhunga District


Chyanam is a village development committee in Okhaldhunga District in the Sagarmatha Zone of mid-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3000 living in 585 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Okhaldhunga District

Populated places in Okhaldhunga District


Diyale is a village development committee in Okhaldhunga District in the Sagarmatha Zone of mid-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2510 living in 470 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Okhaldhunga District

Populated places in Okhaldhunga District


Sir William Pollard Byles (13 February 1839 – 15 October 1917) was a British newspaper owner and radical Liberal politician.

Background
Born in Bradford, Yorkshire, in 1839, W P Byles was the son of William Byles, proprietor of the Bradford Observer and Anna Holden of Halifax. He eventually succeeded his father as owner of the newspaper, which had been renamed the Yorkshire Observer. He married Sarah Anne Unwin of Colchester in 1865. They had no children. He was knighted in 1911.

Political career
In 1892 he was elected as Liberal Member of Parliament for Shipley. Upon election he became a member of the Interparliamentary Union for Peace and Arbitration. He lost his seat three years later to Fortescue Flannery, his Conservative opponent. Byles was a pacifist, and actively opposed the Second Boer War. In 1900 he stood on an anti-war ticket as Labour Representation Committee candidate at Leeds East, but was defeated. He returned to the Commons at the 1906 general election as Liberal MP for Salford North. He was an advanced radical, a strong supporter of Irish Home Rule and an advocate of Land Reform. Byles retained his seat until his death.

Labour relations
Byles sought to improve relations between the Liberal Party and the Independent Labour Party. The 1896 Bradford East by-election was an opportunity for the Liberals to re-gain a seat they had lost to the Conservatives in 1895. However, Keir Hardie had decided to intervene as an ILP candidate, making the contest three-way. In an effort to prevent the Conservative winning due to a split ant-Tory vote, Byles attempted to resolve the situation by suggesting himself as a compromise candidate that both parties could support. Hardie re-buffed his overture and the Conservatives held the seat with Hardie finishing a poor third.
For his 1900 Leeds candidature, Byles was endorsed as candidate by the Leeds Trades Council who then sought to get him endorsed by the Liberal Association. However, it soon became clear that Byles did not have the full support of all trades with the council's Secretary also seeking the nomination. The Liberals thus chose not to endorse Byles and instead adopt another candidate. Byles decided to run anyway and surprisingly, the Labour Representation Committee stepped in and endorsed him, to the annoyance of many in the local Trades Council who would have happily supported a 'Liberal-Labour' candidate. Byles had thus ended up creating a situation in 1900 that he had sought to avoid in 1896. The outcome of the Leeds East contest was similar to the Bradford East by-election with the Conservative winning due to a split vote.
Throughout this period and his career in its entirety, Byles remained a member of the Liberal Party and always took the Liberal whip in the House of Commons. Although he was not a trade unionist, at every election in which he stood he was able to secure the support of his local Trades Council, which is why he is frequently described as 'Liberal-Labour'.

Electoral record

Sir William Pollard Byles died in October 1917 at his home in Hampstead, London, aged 78.

References

External links

1839 births
1917 deaths
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1892–1895
UK MPs 1906–1910
UK MPs 1910
UK MPs 1910–1918
Politicians from Bradford
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Salford North
Liberal-Labour (UK) MPs


Phediguth is a village development committee in Okhaldhunga District in the Sagarmatha Zone of mid-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3531 living in 670 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Okhaldhunga District

Populated places in Okhaldhunga District


Phulbari is a village development committee in Okhaldhunga District in the Sagarmatha Zone of mid-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3815 living in 708 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Okhaldhunga District

Populated places in Okhaldhunga District


Corser is a surname, and may refer to:

 Bernard Corser, (1882–1967) Australian politician
 Edward Corser, (1852–1928) Australian politician
 Frederick Corser, (1849–1924) American architect
 Rodger Corser, (born 1973) Australian actor
 Thomas Corser, (1793–1876) British clergyman
 Troy Corser, (born 1971) Australian motorcycle racer


Wadjmose was an ancient Egyptian prince of the 18th Dynasty; a son of Pharaoh Thutmose I.

Biography
He is likely to have been born a few years before his father ascended the throne. He had a brother named Amenmose; it is disputed who their mother was. If they were born to Queen Ahmose, they were full brothers of Hatshepsut and Neferubity. On the other hand, Wadjmose may have been the son of Queen Mutnofret and thus a  full brother of Thutmose II.

Wadjmose is depicted in the El Kab tomb of himself and Amenmose's tutor , as sitting on Paheri's lap. He is thought to have predeceased his father. Wadjmose and another prince named Ramose were mentioned in the Theban funerary chapel of Thutmose I where Queen Mutnofret is also included. This chapel may have been erected during the reign of Thutmose II between the places where later the mortuary temple of Thutmose IV and the Ramesseum were built. A statue of Mutnofret was found here, making it likely that she was his mother.

Wadjmose's name occurs written in a cartouche, which is quite rare for princes.

Sources

Princes of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Children of Thutmose I