James FitzEustace of Harristown, 3rd Viscount Baltinglass
(1530–1585)
James FitzEustace, the eldest son of Rowland Eustace, 2nd Viscount Baltinglass and Joan, daughter of James Butler, 8th Baron Dunboyne. He was born in 1530 and died in Spain in 1585. Baltinglass's family was traditionally associated with the FitzGerald family, the earls of Kildare, but prudently remained loyal to Henry VIII during the "Silken Thomas" Rebellion of 1534–35. For their loyalty, they were granted additional lands. Later in the 1540s Thomas FitzEustace, James's grandfather, was created first Viscount Baltinglass by a grateful king. But like many other old English Pale families, the FitzEustaces later became disillusioned.

Baltinglass's circle included the Pale families of Plunkett, Dillon, Aylmer, Fitzsimon, Sedgrave and Nugent. Within this circle, discontent increased and the Baltinglass revolt was first conceived. Previously for airing his views James had earned a night in jail, a sermon, a fine and the lasting enmity of Archbishop Adam Loftus of Dublin. James Eustace was educated at Grey's Inn, the most prestigious of the Inns of Court in London, and lived in Rome during the 1570s. James had as his tutor an influential priest, Sir Norman Eustace and became a fervent Catholic who regarded Queen Elizabeth I as an illegitimate heretic. Generally, the government viewed James as misguided, but not a threat. They were even dismissive of him, which echoed ironically after his revolt broke.

Marriage
He married Mary Travers, daughter and co-heiress of Sir Henry Travers of Monkstown Castle, only child of Sir John Travers, by Genet Preston, but they had no children. Henry predeceased his father. Mary died in 1610, having married secondly, in 1587, Sir Gerald Aylmer, Bart., of Donadea, a Catholic loyalist, repeatedly imprisoned, but finally released and knighted, by Elizabeth I and created baronet by James I of England. Sir John Travers of Monkstown (Carrickbrennan), Co. Dublin, was a connection of the Earl of Kildare. He was Master of the Ordnance and a Groom of the Chambers. He married Genet Preston, and during the period 1545 to 1551 received many grants of land, including Rathmore and part of Haynestown (east of Naas), Tomogue, and estates in Co. Carlow. In 1589 Mary petitioned for the return of part of her lands, which must have been extensive. With the assistance of Sir Gerald Aylmer, whom she later married, she obtained the re-possession of the Preceptory of Killerig, Co. Carlow. Soon after her death in 1610 this estate was shared between several grantees, but mainly Monkstown and its estates in seven counties were left to Henry Cheevers, her sister Katherine's second son.

Rebellion

In 1576, before the death of his father, James Eustace lodged complaints against the religious persecution of the Catholic Church in Ireland and the illegal taxation ordered by the Lord Deputy, Sir Henry Sidney. He and other leading Catholics were imprisoned in 1577, and he was released only just in time to assume his title the next year. Much of their resentment was directed against policies pursued by Queen's officials. To finance military campaigns against the Gaelic nobility of Ireland and rebellious Anglo-Irish magnates, the government levied a military tax, known as the cess, upon the Pale. Troops were also billeted upon the Palesmen. This drew increasingly vociferous complaints from both the Pale's gentry, merchants, and commons. Before Baltinglass's rebellion, their discontent was rife. This Pale community opposed government demands on their assets to maintain its military policy. Viscount Roland, James's father, was a prominent leader. With other leaders, he was imprisoned in the closing years of the 1570s by the Elizabethan administration who viewed their opposition as little short of treason. Such action on the government's part only increased its unpopularity. The predominant Pale faith was Catholic.

In Catholic eyes there was a growing threat from the Protestant-dominated government, a perception supported by their marked decline in participation within the kingdom's government. English-born Protestants increasingly occupied positions of authority. These government officers found the concept of being both  Catholic and a loyal subject to be inconceivable. The persecution was further escalated in retaliation for Pope Pius V's excommunication of Queen Elizabeth in the 1570 Papal bull Regnans in Excelsis. With growing regularity, the sons of Catholic families from the Pale families withdrew from English universities and pursued their education in Catholic Europe. Within the walls of these continental colleges, Counter-Reformation theology, Baroque art, and Baroque literature dominated. Catholic Palesmen were profoundly affected by their exposure. Their education made them more determined to both defy and to resist the religious persecution of the Catholic Church in Ireland upon their return.

In 1579, Gerald FitzGerald, 15th Earl of Desmond, took up arms in Munster for a second time against the Queen, in the so-called Second Desmond Rebellion. Elizabeth I appointed Thomas Butler, 10th Earl of Ormond to deal with the rebellion. This he eventually did, but with ruthless and terrible severity. During the summer of 1580, James Eustace, Viscount Baltinglass, apparently prompted almost entirely by religious motives, recruited a Catholic army in County Wicklow, with the goal to assist Desmond. His allies included many influential Catholics, some of them his own relatives.

James Eustace knew that he lacked the necessary military muscle, a suitable operational base and martial experience to be successful. He knew that if he acted independently, his revolt would be crushed easily. Baltinglass's partner in rebellion was Fiach MacHugh O'Byrne, the Chief of the Name of Clan O'Byrne, whose father had defeated Baltinglass's father in a battle that is celebrated in Irish poetry. This did not, however, prevent an alliance between their sons.

Fiach O'Byrne and Baltinglass proved useful partners in rebellion, each bringing different qualities and assets beneficial to the rebellion's initial success. Fiach provided the military leadership and drew to his standard the Irish clans of Leinster, who viewed him as their Chief and their protector. Baltinglass's championing of the Catholic cause gave the revolt the extra dimension which the government so feared. Without Baltinglass's involvement, the uprising would have been looked upon merely as another uprising by the Irish clans. It would not have received any significant aid from Catholic Palesmen. An alliance between the Irish-speaking Clans of the Wicklow Mountains and an English-speaking army from the Pale was a new development in the long history of uprisings against the House of Tudor in Ireland. What this alliance symbolized terrified the government and was to be repeated many times in uprisings to come.

News of this soon reached the ears of Ormonde, James Eustace's brother-in-law, (Edmund Butler, brother of the Earl of Ormonde, had married Eleanor Eustace, Baltinglass's sister) who sent him a severe warning, for we have Baltinglass's defiant reply, later produced in evidence against him.

At first, the revolt was successful, and on 25 August 1580, a severe defeat was inflicted upon the troops of the Lord Deputy in the Wicklow Mountains at the Battle of Glenmalure. The Annals of the Four Masters states that "the entire extent of country from the Slaney to the Shannon and from the Boyne to the meeting of the Three Waters became one scene of strife and dissension".

But Baltinglass and O'Byrne never coordinated their efforts with those of Earl Desmond, and in any case, had started too late. There was desultory fighting for nearly a year, but with no large engagement, and the Baltinglass troops overran a large area doing great damage, but were then hopelessly overpowered. A force of Spaniards and Italians had landed at Smerwick, Co. Kerry, in order to assist the Catholic cause, but when they had completed the long march of 150 miles to Naas were taken prisoner and massacred. The scene of this massacre, on the southern edge of the town, is still called Spaniards Cross or Foad Spaniagh.

Defeat & Exile
Baltinglass and his followers were outlawed and forty-five of them were hanged in Dublin. James Eustace escaped to Munster, where Desmond was still in revolt, and thence, with the aid of the Wexford Martyrs, to Spain. He was well received, and only just failed to persuade King Philip II of Spain to provide sufficient troops and ships to invade Ireland. He died there childless in 1585. The fates of his five brothers were as follows:
1. Edmund Eustace had married Frances, daughter of Robert Pipho, and secondly Joan, daughter of Richard Walsh of Carrickmines, who afterwards married Dermot Kavanagh of Knockangary. In 1583 he escaped to Scotland and thence to Spain, where he was created "4th Viscount" by the Pope. He served against England in the Armada in 1588, and died in Portugal in 1594.
2. Thomas Eustace was executed in 1582.
3. William Eustace was certainly believed to have been slain in battle in 1581, for it was officially reported to Sir Francis Walsingham, Secretary of State in London, "Head of William Eustace, another of the Baltinglass brethren, taken this morning." It is, possible however that this report was untrue and that he was the ancestor of the Eustaces of Robertstown whose distinguished line will be dealt with later. The Complete Peerage reports that William (4th son) was "slain in rebellion, 21 Apr. 1581." Burke's Extinct Peerage1883 reports that William (3rd son) "had not been engaged in rebellion ... (and was) ... living as Viscount Baltinglass, in 1610".
4. Walter Eustace was captured in 1583 and executed.
5. Richard Eustace was in Paris at the time of the rebellion, engaged in arranging for the dispatch of ammunition and supplies to assist his brothers. He became a priest in Rome.

Among the other Eustaces from County Kildare who took part were Maurice of Castlemartin and Thomas of Kerdiffstown (near Sallins), who were both executed, and John of Newland and Oliver of Blackhall, Clane, who were eventually pardoned, as was Maurice FitzGerald of Osberstown, Naas, who was the husband of Baltinglass's aunt Janet.

In 1585, the Statute of Baltinglass was passed by Parliament, but against considerable opposition. Under this Act, the title and arms were attainted, and all the vast Baltinglass possessions were forfeited, as was normal then, with retrospective clauses voiding all transfers of property that had taken place during the previous twelve years. The Eustaces of Harristown, once Lords of Portlester, Kilcullen and Baltinglass were thus virtually obliterated. James and his brothers had fought for what they were convinced was right, but they had failed, and for their failure, they paid dearly. Whether James Eustace and his followers were traitors or martyrs, they were certainly brave men. At the time of the attainder, the Dowager Viscountess, once a proud Butler, but now the mother of "the six traitorous brethren," petitioned (rather pathetically, and with what result we can well imagine) to be allowed to retain her jointure or alternatively to be granted somewhere to live.

Almost all the forfeited estates were granted to Sir Henry Harrington who had been active in quelling the rebellion. He sold them in 1617 to Sir Charles Wilmot, from whom they passed, via Sir James Carroll and Sir Thomas Roper, to the Viscounts (later Earls) of Aldborough. Harristown, Rochestown and Calverstown were granted in about 1590 to John Eustace of Castlemartin. The Baltinglass, house in Dublin and a lease of New Abbey, Kilcullen, were granted to Edmund Spenser, the poet, who was Secretary to the Lord Deputy, Arthur Grey, 14th Baron Grey de Wilton. Rathfarnham Castle and much of the land around Rathfarnham also belonged to the Eustace family of Baltinglass. However, this property was also confiscated for their part in the Second Desmond Rebellion of 1579–83. Rathfarnham castle and its lands were then granted to the Loftus family.

The title was revived in 1685, when Colonel Richard Talbot, of Carton, was created Viscount Baltinglass, but he died without an heir six years later. It was again revived in 1763, when John Stratford was created Baron of Baltinglass, but he was advanced in 1776 to Viscount Aldborough and this title became extinct in 1875. The Eustaces of Castlemartin and Harristown were connected with his family twice. His father had married (as his second wife) Penelope née Eustace, one of the three co-heiresses of Sir Maurice Eustace, the Lord Chancellor of Ireland. His great-great-granddaughter, Louisa Saunders of Saunders Grove, married in 1860 Thomas Tickell, descendant and heir of Clotilda, Penelope's sister and another of the co-heiresses.

References

 Tickell, Sir Eustace F; The Eustace Family and Their Lands in County Kildare; (1955); Journal of the Co. Kildare Archaeological Society; Vol. XIII, No. 6; pp. 284–287.

1530 births
1585 deaths
16th-century Anglo-Irish people
Members of the Irish House of Lords
People of the Second Desmond Rebellion
James


Moons are celestial bodies that orbit planets or smaller bodies.

Moons may also refer to:
 Moonmoon, a "moon of a moon"
 7805 Moons, a main-belt asteroid
 Ellen Moons, Belgian materials scientist
 Jan Moons (born 1970), Belgian footballer
 Harvey balls, ideograms used for comparing qualitative information

See also
Moon (disambiguation)
Mooning


Jean-Marc Monnerville (born 21 February 1959), better known by his stage name Kali, is a French musician from Martinique known for his contributions to Modern Zouk, banjo playing and his work with the Eurovision Song Contest. He is further notable for his often controversial, politically charged lyrics comment on imperialism, slavery and military proliferation.

Early life
Monnerville was born in Fort-de-France on 21 February 1956. His mother, a primary school teacher, and his father, a professional musician, encouraged Jean-Marc to study classical percussion. The nickname "Kali" was developed in primary school in homage to "Kalimero," a well-known cartoon character of the time. Kali's musical career began in earnest when his father sent him to France in the early 1970s to study music composition and theory. His first group, "Gaoule" was symbolically named after a notorious slave massacre carried out in the French West Indies in the 17th century.

His signature Rasta style developed in 1979 with his sophomore ensemble, 6ème Continent. Their notable singles included an iconoclastic version of "Adieu Foulards" and "Reggae Dom-Tom", a hard-hitting song which evoked the difficult relationship between France and its former colony. In June 1983, 6ème Continent rose to national prominence when they stepped in to replace the Nigerian singer Femi Kuti at the "Fète de la Musique." Playing on an open-air stage erected on the Place du Trocadéro, 6ème Continent proved an enormous hit. After being asked to "modernize their sound" by CBS Records (the international name of Columbia Records), Monnerville made the executive decision to split up the group.

Developing career
Kali returned to Martinique to start a solo career, intentionally ignoring the popular "Zouk" craze and focusing on traditional music of the West Indies. This return to musical heritage was further explored on the albums "Racines I" (1989) and "Racines II" (1990) by fusing acoustic piano and banjo with percussion and synthesizers.
After returning to Paris for a live performance in 1990, he was selected to represent France in the 1992 Eurovision Song Contest. His performance, the original composition Monté la riviè (Going up the River) was regarded by fellow contestants to be "an absolute surprise" for its offbeat subject matter and inclusion of the banjo. While the French entry ranked 8th among 22, his performance garnered major popularity and helped the sales of his next album "Lese la Te Tounen" (Let the Earth Move). In 1994 he won an award from the Sacem (French Association of Songwriters and Composers), citing his composition "Pan Patchew" as "Best Song of 1994."

Recent Music
His 1995 album "Débranché" (Unplugged), reverts to a purely acoustic sound. Following the record's success, Kali was invited to perform in Zimbabwe where he joined other musicians celebrating the Centenary of the first anti-colonial insurrection. "Racines IV," a 1998 album, celebrated the artist's comeback to traditional West Indian music since 1992.
In 2002, Kali commemorated the centenary of the eruption of the Pelée volcano with "Bèlè Boum Bap."
The fifth album in the "Racines Caraïbes" series was released in November 2007, featuring guest performances by Jocelyne Beroard, Tanya Saint-Val, Emeline Michel and Ralph Thamar.

Discography
As Gaoulé:

As 6eme Continent:

As Kali:

References

External links
Eurovision Song Contest Today Unofficial Page

1956 births
Living people
People from Fort-de-France
Martiniquais musicians
French pop singers
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for France
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 1992
French people of Martiniquais descent


Thomas Morgan (6 December 1769 – 22 November 1851) was a Welsh navy chaplain who saw action during the French Revolutionary Wars and was involved in the Spithead mutiny before serving as chaplain of the naval dockyard at Portsmouth.

Life
Morgan was born on 6 December 1769 and educated at Christ College, Brecon. He then studied at the University of Oxford, firstly at Wadham College and then at Jesus College, and graduated in 1790.  He later obtained his DD degree (1824).  He was ordained and joined the Royal Navy as a navy chaplain.  During the French Revolutionary Wars, Morgan was injured during the naval battle of the Glorious First of June in 1794.  Four years later, he was serving at Spithead during the Spithead mutiny.  Sympathetic to the men's grievances, he helped to restore order.  Morgan served as chaplain and secretary to Admiral Sir Charles Cotton from 1799 to 1807, then served as a chaplain in naval hospitals before his final posting as chaplain at Portsmouth naval dockyard.  He was also a priest of various parishes: Talley and Llansadwrn in Carmarthenshire, Llanfaches in Monmouthshire and Kings Langley, Hertfordshire.  He died on 22 November 1851 in Portsmouth.

References

1769 births
1851 deaths
19th-century Welsh Anglican priests
Royal Navy chaplains
Alumni of Wadham College, Oxford
Alumni of Jesus College, Oxford
People educated at Christ College, Brecon
Welsh military chaplains
French Revolutionary Wars chaplains


The Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation (McGill Guide or Red Book;  ) is a legal citation guide in Canada. It is published by the McGill Law Journal of the McGill University Faculty of Law and is used by law students, scholars, and lawyers throughout Canada. The book is bilingual, one half being in English and the other in French (Manuel canadien de la référence juridique).

Overview
The first edition of the McGill Guide was published in 1986. A new edition of the book is released once every four years. While the McGill Guide is the standard citation guide taught at law schools throughout Canada, many jurisdictions have their own unique citation styles.

In contrast to other guides (such as the Bluebook) that are created and published jointly by multiple law reviews, the McGill Guide is primarily written by full-time students on the McGill Law Journal and is published by a separate corporation. The McGill Guide is compiled by the citations editor of the McGill Law Journal and is published by Thomson Reuters (previously Carswell). An online subscription version of the McGill Guide was made available on Westlaw Canada in 2014.

Elements
The 10th edition of the McGill Guide provides guidance on the style and formatting of the following elements of legal publications:

 Legislation
 Statutes
 Constitutional Statutes
 Codes
 Bills
 Regulations
 Other Information Published in Gazettes
 Municipal By-laws
 Rules of Court
 Securities Commissions
 Jurisprudence
 Cases with a Neutral Citation
 Cases without a Neutral Citation
 Cases in Online Databases
 Unreported Decisions Without a Neutral Citation
 Jurisprudence Express
 Interlocutory Judgments and Motions
 Administrative Bodies and Tribunals
 Arguments and Evidentiary Documents
 Arbitration Cases
 Government Documents
 Parliamentary Papers
 Non-parliamentary Documents
 Tax Interpretation Bulletins (ITs)
 Information Circulars (ICs)
 Income Tax Folios
 Reports of Inquiries and Commissions
 Public Papers of Intergovernmental Conferences
 Intergovernmental Documents
 Indigenous Treaties and Land Claims Agreements
 International Materials
 International Documents
 Treaties and Other International Agreements
 United Nations Documents
 Council of Europe Documents
 Organization of American States Documents
 World Trade Organization (WTO) and the General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Documents
 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Documents
 Cases
 Permanent Court of International Justice (1922-1946)
 International Court of Justice (1946–Present)
 European Court of Human Rights and European Commission of Human Rights
 Inter-American Commission of Human Rights
 International Criminal Tribunals
 International Military Tribunals
 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1947 Panel Reports
 World Trade Organization (WTO) Panel and Appeallate Body Reports
 Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement Panels
 Canada-United States-Mexico Agreement (CUSMA) Binational Panels
 International Arbitration Cases
 World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Arbitration Case
 International Law Cases Decided Before National Courts
 Secondary Sources and Other Materials
 Journals
 Books
 Essays or Entries from Collections of Essays, Dictionaries and Encyclopedias
 Codes of Professional Conduct
 Book Reviews
 Reports
 Unpublished Manuscripts
 Addresses and Papers Delivered at Conferences
 Course Materials
 Magazines
 Newspapers, Newswires, and Other News Sources
 News Releases
 Personal Communications
 Archival Materials
 Working Papers
 Electric Sources
 Physical Objects
 Foreign Sources
 Common Law Jurisdictions
 Civil Law Jurisdictions
 United Kingdom
 United States
 France
 Australia
 New Zealand
 South Africa
 European Union
 Other Legal Traditions
 Roman Law
 Canon Law
 Talmudic Law
 Islamic Law

Reception
Similar to other uniform legal citation guides (such as the Bluebook), the McGill Guide has been subject to scrutiny by the legal community. One of the most common criticisms is a lack of access to the book due to the price ($89.00), which is sold by Thomson Reuters, rather than directly by the McGill Law Journal. The McGill Law Journal has committed to open access for its journal, but has yet to do so for its citation guide.

See also

 Citation of Canadian legislation

References

External links

 Publisher, Carswell
 "McGill Citation Style" - Ontario Tech University

Legal citation guides
Canadian non-fiction books


The 115th Pennsylvania House of Representatives District is located in northeastern Pennsylvania and has been represented by Democrat Maureen Madden since 2017.

District profile
The 115th Pennsylvania House of Representatives District is located in Monroe County and includes the following areas:
 Barrett Township
 Coolbaugh Township
 Middle Smithfield Township (PART)
 District West
 Mount Pocono
 Paradise Township
 Pocono Township
 Price Township
 Stroud Township (PART)
 Districts 02, 04, and 05

Representatives

References

Government of Monroe County, Pennsylvania
115


The Armed Offenders Squad was a unit of the Victorian Police tasked with investigating non-fatal violent crimes. Subject to frequent complaints of police brutality, the squad was disbanded in 2006 following an investigation by the Victorian Office of Police Integrity.

Formation

The predecessor of the Armed Offenders Squad was the Armed Robbery Squad, a unit regularly accused of excessive force and violence. The 1979 Beach Inquiry found that the Armed Robbery Squad had committed "abuses... so grave as to warrant the most prompt institution of safeguarding reforms.". In 1999 the Armed Robbery Squad, the Special Response Squad, and the Prison Squad were amalgamated to form the Armed Offenders Squad. At the time of its dissolution in 2006, the Squad was made up of 35 detectives.

Internal culture

The Armed Offenders Squad had their own self-created logo of two golden revolvers with the barrels crossed. When the Squad would submit printed evidence to the Victorian Prosecutor, they superimposed the golden-revolver logo on top of the official Victoria Police badge symbol in contravention of Victorian Police regulations. All Squad members, including the squad's sole female member, adopted a uniform of black suits, white shirts, dark sunglasses and a team-issue black tie featuring the logo. The uniform was based on the clothes worn by the jewel-thieves in the film Reservoir Dogs.

Understaffing meant that the Armed Offenders Squad rarely had a permanent supervisor, operating instead under a succession of acting managers and short-term appointees. The Office of Police Integrity's investigation found that "informal Squad culture ... gained such strength and impenetrability that the chain of command was effectively reversed, to the point where some Squad members considered themselves immune from managerial accountability or authority." When, in 2003, a newly appointed Inspector drew up a comprehensive and detailed action plan to improve the day-to-day operations of the squad, his proposals were ignored until he was transferred out, at which point they were permanently shelved. When interviewed by the Office of Police Integrity, a former Squad manager said: "I’d rather see someone out getting complaints for working... You’re going to accumulate complaints if you work... sure you won’t get any if you just sit around and do nothing."

The Office of Police Integrity found that the Armed Offenders Squad were "contemptuous of the law", "divisive, insular, and exclusionary", and possessed an attitude of "elitist superiority within Victoria Police". Covert surveillance revealed that some members still identified with the disbanded Armed Robbery Squad, with Detective Mark Butterfield saying to a suspect "Welcome to the Armed Robbery Squad" before assaulting him.

Armed Offenders Squad detective Graeme Head crashed his car in Mentone in 2001 after a night of drinking with Squad colleagues. When police arrived and attempted to give him a breathalyser test, Head fled the scene twice and was finally captured with the aid of police dogs. Tests revealed that his blood alcohol level was more than three times the legal limit.  When Head was found guilty of drink driving offences two years after the crash, Assistant Commissioner Simon Overland said "a lot has changed in two years" and that the Squad had been reformed since Head's crash.

In October 2005, Detective Inspector Bernie Rankin was appointed to head the Squad. Rankin, former head of the homicide squad and investigator of the Russell Street Bombing, was specifically tasked with reducing the number of complaints the squad was generating. On his appointment, Rankin held a meeting with the Squad members, telling them that their performance had to improve, and that the Inspector had to be notified when prisoners arrived for interrogation. He also warned them that video equipment would be installed in the interview rooms, although this was not arranged for more than two years. Briefings were moved from the informal setting of the Squad kitchen to a new operations room, and new administrative procedures were introduced to make sure that management was informed of the activities of the officers. After this period, there were fewer complaints made against the squad.

Investigation

In July 2005, George Brouwer, the OPI's director, received a letter from a man claiming he had been punched, kicked, elbowed, thrown down a flight of stairs, choked unconscious, and strangled with a plastic bag over his head by three detectives from the Armed Offenders Squad. Later that year the OPI began an investigation into the Squad, codenamed "Operation Air". An initial statistical analysis of complaints indicated an unusually high rate of allegations of violence against the AOS compared to similar squads. Investigators placed covert electronic surveillance equipment in the Armed Offenders Squad's interrogation room at the St Kilda Road Police Station.

Beating of suspect A100

The resulting secret footage revealed one suspect being told, prior to the commencement of a formal interview, that he was not allowed to request a lawyer and that if he did so, the formal audiotape of the interview would be erased and the interview would start afresh. The suspect was codenamed A100 and has been interrogated about the whereabouts of a shotgun used in robberies. A100 was held for six hours, during which he was not given anything to drink or allowed to use the toilet. During the interrogation he was dragged from his chair, assaulted by two officers, and punched and kicked until bloody while the officers yelled, between punches, "Fucking... Armed... Robbery... Squad". After the first assault on the suspect had already happened, Inspector Rankin entered the room for a supposed "welfare check". Rankin told the suspect: "It’s going to be a long hard day for you, pal. ... I suggest you listen to some of the advice that the boys are going to give you. It might be a lot less painful."

The six-hour detention yielded only fourteen minutes of formally taped interview. Detective Mark Butterfield was secretly taped punching the suspect in his ear, which began to bleed, and threatening that the ear would "come off" by the end of the interrogation. Towards the conclusion of the interview, the suspect asked whether he could make a telephone call, for which he was beaten with a telephone by Detective Robert Dabb who said: "Here it is, here's your fucking phone call... piece of shit."

Dissolution and aftermath

In June 2006, the Squad's offices were raided by the OPI. At the time of the investigation, the powerful police union, the Police Association, was headed by Paul Mullett, a former Armed Robbery Squad detective. After the raid, he called for the OPI to be disbanded, calling the investigation a "disgrace".

On 13 September 2006, Chief Commissioner Christine Nixon called a meeting with the Squad's members to announce that the unit was being disbanded. The meeting was covertly recorded and its content leaked to the Herald Sun. The leaker also supplied the Herald Sun with a poem written by a Squad detective, "Ode to the Armed Offenders Squad", which ran in part:

They’ve done a good job, the bosses will say, but know that will last but for a day.

Because some have complained a door was broken, a dog was kicked and neighbours awoken.

But the crim is in the A.O.S. say, the bosses are angry; two complainants today.

So long as there’s bad crooks, they’ll need us around, if they’re rid of us then crime will abound.

Six days later, at a public hearing, Squad detectives Robert Lachlan Dabb, Mark Harrison Butterfield and Matthew Adrian Franc were shown videotape of themselves beating A100. Dabb collapsed in the witness stand when the video was shown. [Hagan, Kate. "Ex-detectives admit to bashing suspect." Age (Melbourne). 26 Feb 2008.] All three claimed not to recognise themselves on the video and denied any involvement in the beating. They were suspended the next day. In response, the Police Association led a rally in Batman Park, which was attended by about 300 police and former members of the Squad, including Dabb, Butterfield, and Franc. The gathering passed resolutions calling for the Squad to be reinstated, for Christine Nixon to resign, and for the OPI to be disbanded. Police Association secretary Paul Mullett told the rally that disbanding the squad would lead to "what's currently occurring in NSW: drive-by shootings, ethnic gangs, race gangs, youth gangs, street gangs, gang rapes by the day". Eventually, Victoria Police guaranteed that the Squad members who were not charged would be guaranteed jobs in the Squad's replacement, the Armed Crime Task Force.

In May 2007, Detective Inspector Bernie Rankin was charged with counselling or procuring the commission of an assault. Dabb, Butterfield and Franc were charged with unlawful assault and lying to the OPI. The charges against Rankin were later dropped. Dabb, Butterfield, and Franc initially seemed likely to fight the charges but later pleaded guilty to assaulting the suspect. Dabb and Butterfield received sentences of ten weeks of community service. Franc was sentenced to five weeks.

With the criminal proceedings finalised, the OPI published its report on the Armed Offenders Squad in October 2008. The report found that replacing the Armed Offenders Squad with an Armed Crime Task Force had increased the percentage of crimes solved from 47% to 80%, and reduced the average number of annual complaints from 10 to less than 1. The report also recommended that video cameras be placed in all Victoria Police vehicles, due to numerous allegations of assaults taking place while suspects were being transported, and that suspects be videotaped from the moment of their arrival at the police station. It was concluded that the Squad was a "cultural relic" and that its members had "[drawn] comfort from the strong support they received from the Police Association". Police Association secretary Paul Mullett would later step down after being charged with perjury and attempting to pervert the course of justice following an unrelated OPI investigation. Cameron Stewart.

Notes

2006 disestablishments in Australia
Organisations based in Victoria (state)
Victoria Police units


Dravo Corporation was a shipbuilding company with shipyards in Pittsburgh and Wilmington, Delaware. It was founded by Frank and Ralph Dravo in Pittsburgh in 1891.  The corporation went public in 1936 and in 1998 it was bought out by Carmeuse for $192 million ($ million today). On March 5, 1942, it became the first corporation to receive the Army-Navy "E" Award for outstanding war time production. Dravo ranked 72nd among United States corporations in the value of World War II military production contracts.

Facilities
Neville Island shipyard, Pittsburgh   started 1919, constructed LST's during World War II employing 16,000 people, closed 1982. ()
Wilmington Shipyard, Delaware  employed 10,500 during World War II, constructing Destroyer escorts. Now closed. Traces back to Harlan and Hollingsworth ()

Ships
From 1942 to 1945 Dravo Corporation built Landing Ship, Tank, (LST).  LST were built to support amphibious operations able to land tanks, vehicles, cargo, and landing troops on to beaches. No docks or piers were required for these amphibious assaults. The LST had a special bow with a large door that could open. Then a ramp was installed for unloading allied vehicles. The LST had a flat keel, so it could be beached and stay upright. The propellers and rudders were  protected from grounding damage. Many were used in the Pacific War and in the European theatre, especially on Battle of Normandy. In 1942 and 1943 Dravo Corporation also built Submarine chasers.

 Pittsburgh yard
 3 of 148 s
  ...
 16 of 343 s
 490 - 495, 573, 592 - 595
 1593 - 1597 (see )
 146 of 1052 Landing Ship Tank
 1 - 60 (except 6, 16, 21, 25)
 730 - 753, 775 - 796, 884 - 905, 1038 - 1059
 Wilmington yard
 15 of 72 s
  ...
 4 of 343 s
 PC-574 - PC-577
 LST6, LST16, LST21, LST25
 65 of 558 Landing Ship Medium
 LSM-201 - LSM-232, LSM-414 - LSM-446

See also
 James v. Dravo Contracting Co.
 :Category:Ships built by Dravo Corporation

References

External links

Heinz History Center Library and Archives
Dravo - Wilmington
Bethlehem - Wilmington (activity prior to Dravo)
Dravo - Pittsburgh
Final Remedial action for cleanup at Wilmington
Historical Marker

Defunct shipbuilding companies of the United States
Defunct companies based in Pennsylvania
Manufacturing companies based in Pittsburgh
Manufacturing companies established in 1891
1891 establishments in Pennsylvania
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1998
1998 disestablishments in Pennsylvania
Ships built by Dravo Corporation


Russell Gerry Crook (1869–1955) was an American sculptor and craftsman active in the Boston area.

Crook was born in San Francisco, and studied under John Henry Twachtman and Augustus Saint-Gaudens. He had his studio in Lincoln, Massachusetts. He created the Kona Fountain in Center Harbor, New Hampshire (1907), as well as figureheads for Dodge Watercars and a pair of terracotta polar bears.

References

 AskArt description
 Invaluable.com auction description
 Dodge Watercars

1869 births
1955 deaths
19th-century American sculptors
19th-century American male artists
American male sculptors
20th-century American sculptors
People from Lincoln, Massachusetts
Sculptors from California
20th-century American male artists


Sir Peter John Wood  (born November 1946, in Surrey) is an English entrepreneur, most notable as the founder of the Direct Line and esure insurance companies. Wood was knighted in the 2016 Birthday Honours for services to UK industry and philanthropy. In 2021 he was the 198th wealthiest person in Britain with an estimated personal fortune of £815 million, according to the Sunday Times Rich List 2021.

Business

Direct Line
In 1985 Sir Peter launched Direct Line, the first telephone-only insurance company in the UK. The venture was underwritten by the Royal Bank of Scotland, and within nine years was the biggest insurer of private vehicles in the country, claiming three times as many customers as the Royal Bank itself. Wood did not have a capital stake in Direct Line, having sold it to the Royal Bank in 1988 in return for considerable performance-related remuneration. This led to his becoming Britain's highest paid company director, receiving £1.6 million in 1991, £6 million in 1992, and £18.2 million in 1993. The subsequent attention and notoriety his pay attracted—Labour Party MP and then-shadow Trade Secretary Robin Cook called his bonus "obscene"—was a source of embarrassment both to Wood himself and the Royal Bank, which attempted to buy its way out of its contractual obligations with a one-off £24 million payment in 1994, taking his total income that year to £42 million. Wood himself claims that he personally requested an end to the deal after receiving a letter bomb at the Direct Line offices which injured a member of staff. Nevertheless, Wood remained richly rewarded, receiving another £17 million in 1995 and remaining a byword for the perceived excesses of corporate boardrooms in the 1990s, according to critics.

He left Direct Line in 1997, but continued to work with the Royal Bank in other areas, including Privilege, an insurance company specialising in lower-risk customers which had been founded in 1996. Whilst running Direct Line, Wood founded Línea Directa Aseguradora (LDA), a direct motor insurer in Spain, through a joint venture between RBS and Bankinter. LDA listed on the Madrid stock exchange in April 2020 with a market valuation of €1.434bn euros.

esure
In 1999 Wood founded esure, this time in partnership with the Halifax bank, which provided £150 million of startup capital. esure used the same business model as Direct Line and targeted the same customer base, establishing a foothold in the market before following with a subsidiary (First Alternative) in 2003 for drivers of higher premium vehicles. Even its advertising and marketing were similar, to the point where Direct Line challenged esure's "Mr Mouse" character to be an infringement of its own iconic red telephone on wheels, and it successfully took esure to court to prevent it being trademarked. A women-only specialist insurance brand, Sheilas' Wheels, was established by Wood and esure in October 2005.

In February 2010, Wood led a management buy-out of esure, subsequently leading the floatation of esure Group plc on the London Stock Exchange on 27 March 2013. esure staff received a £3m payout at the time. In August 2018, esure announced that it was to be acquired by Bain Capital for £1.2bn. Wood remained as Chairman of esure until March 2020 when he stepped down from the Board.

GoCo Group
Sir Peter Wood was also chairman of price comparison website Gocompare.com, following its demerger from esure Group plc in November 2016. In November 2020, Future plc agreed a £594 million takeover of GoCo Group plc, which by this point had grown to include not just Gocompare.com but also Look After My Bills and MyVoucherCodes.

Other
Wood also set up two insurance companies in the United States, Response (1995) and Homesite (1997), although his involvement with both of them came to an end in 2004. He is a Director and shareholder in American insurer The Plymouth Rock Company.

From 1996 to 2000, Wood was a non-executive director of the holding company British Gas and the Automobile Association. In 1998, he was appointed as a non-executive director to the Board of the Economist, where he serviced until March 2004.

Wood is an established investor in property. Developments include the former headquarters of BBC Radio in Marylebone, London and properties in Palm Beach, Florida.

In 2021, Wood founded the investment vehicle, SPWOne.

Philanthropy
He was appointed a director of the Princess Royal Trust for Carers in 1994 and served for three years until he moved to found The Croydon Colorectal Cancer Charity with Mr Ian Swift, Consultant Surgeon at Mayday Hospital, Surrey.

Wood is the biggest donor to prostate cancer research at UCL Hospital in London, where he has funded the latest radiology equipment and sponsors a leading professor. Wood also funded equipment enabling UCL to conduct research in the immune response detectable from the blood of Covid-19 patients.

Footnotes

1946 births
British chairpersons of corporations
British technology chief executives
British technology company founders
Businesspeople awarded knighthoods
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Direct Line Group
English businesspeople
Living people
Knights Bachelor
People from Reigate


The Tango Monastery is a Buddhist monastery located  to the north of the capital city of Thimphu in Bhutan, near Cheri Mountain. It was founded by Phajo Drugom Zhigpo (1184? - 1251?) in the 13th century and built in its present form by Tenzin Rabgye, the 4th Temporal Ruler in 1688. In 1616, the Tibetan lama Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal meditated in its cave. The self-emanated form of the wrathful Hayagriva is deified in the monastery. It belongs to the Drukpa Kagyu School
of Buddhism in Bhutan.

Etymology
The word 'Tango' in Bhutanese language means “horse head”. This name conforms to the main deity Hayagriva (local name Tandin) deified in the monastery.

Legend and tribute
According to local legend, the location of this monastery is the holy place where Avalokiteshvara revealed himself as "the self-emanated form of the Wrathful Hayagriva". The location had been prophesied in Tibet. The acclamation of the divine nature of this place was performed by Ngawang Tenzin.

History

According to a local legend Phajo Drugom Zhigpo propounder of the teachings of Dodeyna who was on a visit to this place during his teaching mission heard the neighing of a horse coming from the direction of the Tango. Concurrently, he witnessed the cliff in the form of god Tandin (horse head or Hayagriva) engulfed in flames. The deity appearing before Zhigpo prophesied that the place was meant to build a monastery for meditation. The prophecy also mentioned that Zhigpo would marry the Dakini, Khando Sonam Peldon and establish the Drukpa Kagyu School of Buddhism in Bhutan.
The earliest history traced to this location is when Guru Rinpoche on a visit to the place in the 8th century had identified the place as representing the Hayagriva or horse head. It was only in 1222 that the place again got its recognition when Phajo Drugom Zhigpo, propounder of the Drukpa Kagyu School of Buddhism, witnessed the cliff in the form of god Tandin (horse head) or Hayagriva.

Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal migrated from Tibet to Bhutan in 1616 at the age of 23 not only at the request of Pal Yeshay Genpo but also due to a conflict with Deb Tsangpa of Tibet; Namgyel belonged to a respectable lineage of Tsangpa Jarey in Tibet and had been christened by the name of Drukpa Rinpochhe Ngawang Tenzin Nampar Gyelwa Jigme Drak Pai Dey and had attained name and fame from a young age as an enlightened dharma preacher. When he travelled in Bhutan on a preaching mission he was also attacked by Tibetan army (sent by his enemy Deb Tsangpa). However, by virtue of his skills in the field of tantric art he subdued his enemies, and finally went into meditation in the caves of the Tango Monastery; the monastery had been offered to him by the Tshewang Tenzing of Dorden (now Dodena). He deeply meditated and performed tantric ritual of Gempo in the cave of Tango. With these spiritual powers, Zhabdrung caused the decimation of the dynasty of Deb Tsangpa of Tibet. Consequently, he celebrated this victory by writing of his achievements by composing the “Nga Chudugma or My sixteen Accomplishments”.

Following his victory, Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal adopted the title of Dujom Dorjee, consolidated his powers and issued sixteen tenets. He renamed the cave monastery as Duduel Phug and then went back to the cave for further meditation. However, the cave was attacked by his enemies using tantric powers. They had destroyed the cliff of the caves, which resulted in blocking of the cave by a huge boulder (size of a yak), which by providence narrowly missed killing the Namgyal, as it is said “the boulder missed Zamdrung’s head by an inch”. His followers considered Zamdrung’s survival as a miracle. During this period Namgyals’ father Tenpai Nima had died and Namgyal brought his father’s body to the cave and cremated it in the cave of the horse head cliff, in Tango. Thereafter, in 1620, Namgyal built the Chari monastery and the Duduel Chorten in memory of his father; the building was constructed by skilled carpenters brought from Nepal.

Gyalse Tenzin Rabgye son of Tshewang Tenzin and Damchoe Tenzima (daughter of the Lama of Chang Gangkha) born in 1638 AD, received religious instructions from a very young age in the Drukpa Kargyud tradition from Shabdrung and his teacher Damchoe Gyeltshe and was very proficient in the tradition when he ascended the throne of Desi at the age of 31. He also became the 4th Desi at the age of 43. As the 4th Temporal Ruler he creditably ruled the country in accordance with set spiritual and temporal laws. The Tango Monastery was rebuilt by him in its present form in 1688/1689. The monastery built with 12 corners has the 3-storey gallery central tower. It was further extended in the 18th and 19th centuries. In the late 19th century, Shabdrung Jigmre Choegyal had a golden roof installed. In 1966 AD, the 64th rJe Khenpo Jamyang Yeshey Sengyel along with Her Royal Highness the Grandmother Ashi Phuntshog Chodon also restarted the Shaydra School of Buddhist Studies. In 1977 AD, Her Majesty the Queen Mother Ashi Kesang Wangchuck refurbished the monastery into a very elegant structure vis-a-vis the original. The monastery underwent restoration again in the mid 1990s and is currently the residence of the 7th Tri Rinpoche, a young incarnation of Tenzin Rabgye. Today it is run as an upper-education level monastic school.

Architecture
Tango Monastery is built in the dzong fashion, and has a characteristic curved (semi-circular) outside wall and prominent main tower with recesses. It covers the caves where originally meditation and miracles were performed by saints from the 12th century onwards. Behind the series of prayer wheels are engraved slates. Inside the courtyard is a gallery, illustrating the leaders of the Drukpa Kagyupa lineage.

Caves
The caves, the original place, before the monastery structure as it exists now was built, is where the holy saints meditated from the 12th century onwards. The rock face identified as the 'Horse head' or 'Hayagriva' is integral to the rock setting of the caves. The caves are formed at two levels – the lower and upper caves with a self formed secret central passage. The central cavern is proclaimed as the “cavern of a dakini containing triangular red and black colours and a natural divine mansion”.

The rock faces at different levels exhibit self-manifest figures of the sun, the moon and of the demon Matramrutra. Other self emanated divine forms identified within the caves consist of: the Pal-khorlo-dompa (Sri Cakrasambhara gods seen even now); a long cavernous passage in the basement that makes a distinction between the good and the evil while manoeuvring through it; the projecting rock face in the form of Hayagriva directly facing the valley denoting Abhicarya in ferocious shapes; a temple of Hayagriva at the lower level; crystal images of tutelary deities; a three-faced Hayagriva (discovered by Ngawang Tenzin); a whip containing combined prayers; a stone slab with foot print of a dakini (the youngest daughter of Ngawang Tenzin); a temple of the four handed Mahakala at the upper cave created by the Shabdrung, a hazardous cave at the bottom – a fit place for hermits; and a large sandalwood tree, considered as walking stick that was planted by Phajo Drukgom with the prophecy that "This will be the centre from which the Drukpa Kargyud doctrine will spread". There is chorten near the cypress trees where Khando Sonam Peldon died. All her belongings are enshrined in the chorten. A Tandin Nye, a temple built by Phajo after his meditation. is also located here.

Monastery/Temple

The 12-cornered monastery was built under the direction of the Gyalse Tenzin Rabgyein in a short span of two months. Basically the monastery has six temples namely, the Trulku lhakhang, the Longku lhakhang, the Choeku lhakhang, the Guru lhakhang, the Namsey Lhakhang and the Gonkhang (inner chapel dedicated to a deity).

On the ground floor in the Tulku lhakhang, is the temple of Trulku where the main deity is of Buddha made in gold and copper. Buddha statue is thrice the height of a man. The sculptor of this statue was the renowned Panchen Deva of Nepal. Flanking the main deity are a clay Buddha Dipankara cast in medicinal metals and a statue of Maitreya (double the height of a man). Life-size statues of the 8 chief spiritual sons of the Buddha (the Jang Sem Nye Wai Say Chen Gyad (Jamyang), Chador, Chenrizig (Avaloketeshvara), Namkhai Nyingpo (Akashagarba), Dripa Namsel, Saye Nyingpo, Jamba and Jampel Zhenu Jurpa) are also located here. These statues are credited to be the work of craftsmen Trulku Dzing and Druk Chophel. Other objects of veneration in the monastery are a stone with a clear footprint of Jetsuen Tenzinma, daughter of Ngawang Tenzin, and also stone impressions of riding horses, goats, and sheep. A golden key discovered by Ngawang Tenzin, in the shape of a horse-head is much revered. Another adjoining temple, the Gonkhang, is dedicated to the four handed Mahakala (Pel Yeshey Gonpo, the protective deity) temple holding a skull in one hand; the skull is said to be that of the Tibetan King Thrisong Detsan."

On the second floor, the statue of Avalokiteshvara – the Buddha of compassion – made (by Panchen Deva of Nepal) of gold and copper is installed in the Longku lhakhang. Also seen on this floor are the temple of Guru Rinpoche and the Namse palace. There is also the Namsey lhakhang where the statue of Namsey (Vaisravana – the god of wealth) is deified.

On the third floor, there are temples of Dharmakaya and a gold and copper statue of Buddha Amitayus (made by Panchen Deva). Buddha image is flanked by a statue of Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal and a life-size clay figure, made with medicinal metals, of Gyalse Tenzin Rabgye. The bedroom of Gyalse Tenzin Rabgye is located to the right of the temples. Central to this room is an image of Guru Rinpoche (who appeared in Tenzin Rabgye's  vision). Other object seen here includes the Kargyud Serthreng. Other images are made with medicinal metals and all images here are credited to Trulku Dzing, the sculptor. A set of paintings seen on the walls here are weeping images. The depiction of weeping is an expression of sorrow at the demise of Gyalse Tenzin Rabgye, at the age of 59 years. There is also self-made image of Trulku Jampel Yamtsho. Wall paintings are seen on all the three floors of the monastery.

There is a natural  fountain in the middle of the courtyard opposite to the central tower. A chaitya known as Jangchub Chorten or Kudung Chorten, built with the ashes of Gyalse Tenzin Rabgye is located between the Dzong and the monastery.

Festival
The Yarney ('Yar' means “Summer” and 'Ney' means “To stay”) represents monks' summer retreat time and is an important annual festival that is held in this monastery. Initiated since 1967, the festival starts from the 15th day of the 6th month of the Bhutanese calendar and concludes on the 30th day of the 7th month, which corresponds to the month of August/September in the Gregorian calendar. During this period, which lasts for one-and-a-half-months, the monks observe special vows and the strictest monastic disciplines. The observances by the monks are in the form of their wearing ceremonial yellow robes, do elaborate chants of prayers before and after eating (eating meals from begging bowls), desist taking the afternoon meal, do not leave the precincts of the monastery, and not involve in any kind of entertainment on holidays; such observances are deemed to accumulate great merits. During this period, common people make food offerings to the monks.

References

12th-century Buddhist temples
Drukpa Kagyu monasteries and temples in Bhutan
Tibetan Buddhism in Bhutan


Millbrae Crescent is a street located in Glasgow providing numerous examples of category A listed buildings thought to be designed by Alexander "Greek" Thomson, or posthumously by his architectural partner, Robert Turnbull. The street comprises an elegant row of two-storey terraced houses built using blonde sandstone and exemplifying Thomson's typical use of Egyptian-derived columns and ornamentation.  Millbrae Crescent is located on the River Cart in Langside, Glasgow, and within close proximity of Thomson's noted residential Victorian villa, Holmwood House. The crescent, which is located near the White Cart Water river, has been a high risk area for flooding over the years.

References

Streets in Glasgow
Crescents (architecture)
Alexander Greek Thomson buildings
1877 establishments in Scotland
Category A listed buildings in Glasgow

External links
 Alexander Thomson's Terraces


Helwangspitz is a mountain in Liechtenstein in the Rätikon range of the Eastern Alps, to the east of Vaduz, with a height of  / or .

References

Mountains of the Alps
Mountains of Liechtenstein


Christopher Merrick Hughes (born 3 March 1954, London, England), also known as Merrick, is a British music producer, songwriter, and former drummer of Adam and the Ants. Best known as producer of Tears for Fears' Songs from the Big Chair, and as the co-writer of "Everybody Wants to Rule the World", Hughes has a joint background as a musician, songwriter and producer. His career began with Adam and the Ants as drummer and producer of the "Cartrouble" and "Kings of the Wild Frontier" singles, then the Kings of the Wild Frontier album. Yielding three hit singles, the album earned Hughes Music Weeks 'Producer of the Year Award'.

Life and career
Hughes was educated at Emanuel School in London, and was a member of Adam and the Ants, also producing their albums, Kings of the Wild Frontier and Prince Charming. Hughes was awarded Music Week’s "Producer of the Year" award for his work on the album, Kings of the Wild Frontier. He co-wrote Tears for Fears' hit song "Everybody Wants to Rule the World", and produced their first two albums, the platinum-selling The Hurting and the multi-platinum Songs from the Big Chair. He began working with the band again on their third album, The Seeds of Love, but left the project due to creative differences. Hughes also produced the Electric Soft Parade's debut album, Holes in the Wall, which was nominated for the Mercury Prize, and Propaganda's 1234. Hughes was also a member of Dalek I Love You and co-produced Peter Gabriel's "Red Rain".

In February 1994, Hughes released Shift, his first solo album, which was re-released in July 2008. Shift was a tribute to American minimalist composer, Steve Reich. In 1972, Hughes' father took him to London to see Reich's performance of Drumming. Hughes credits Reich as a driving influence in his career. Shift uses fragments of Reich's work and "subjects it to subtle manipulations using the technology of recorded sound".

At db records, Hughes worked on the early development of Tom McRae and the Electric Soft Parade, producing debut albums that were both nominated for a Mercury Music Prize.

Hughes has worked with many artists including: Adam and the Ants, Def Leppard, Tears for Fears, Robert Plant, Paul McCartney, Peter Gabriel, Ric Ocasek, Wang Chung, Tom McRae, the Electric Soft Parade, Propaganda, Howard Jones, Lloyd Cole, Jon Bon Jovi, Tori Amos, Enya (Eithne Ní Bhraonáin), Moya Brennan (Máire Ní Bhraonáin) the voice of Clannad, Crybaby, Stackridge, the Teardrop Explodes and Sam Brookes.

His album Eirenic Life was released on Helium Records on 14 July 2017.

References

External links
Official website
website

Living people
Adam and the Ants members
English rock drummers
British male drummers
English record producers
English male songwriters
English new wave musicians
Musicians from London
New wave drummers
1954 births
People educated at Emanuel School


Samia Sarwar (1970 – 6 April 1999) was a Pakistani woman who was shot dead in her lawyers' office in Lahore in an honour killing arranged by her parents.

Sarwar was a married woman with two children, belonging to an affluent family of Peshawar. She had accused her husband, a cousin with whom she had an arranged marriage at seventeen, of marital abuse. She had been separated from him for several years, living at her parents' home with her children. She eventually filed for divorce after deciding to remarry an army officer, but faced strong opposition from her family. Sarwar then sought the help of Lahore-based sisters Asma Jehangir and Hina Jilani, who were well-known human rights lawyers. Shortly afterwards, at a meeting between Sarwar and her mother at their chambers in Lahore, Sarwar was shot dead by an assassin hired by her own parents. They had arranged the murder of their daughter because they felt that she had brought shame upon the family by abandoning her husband to marry another man.

Background
Samia Sarwar was born into an affluent and educated family based in Peshawar, the capital of Pakistan's Khyber-Pakhtoonkhwa province. Her father, Ghulam Sarwar Khan Mohmand, was not only a successful industrialist but also a prominent public figure, being the President of the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Chamber of Commerce. Her mother, Sultana Sarwar, was a medical doctor with a successful practice in Peshawar.

Sarwar had been married for over 10 years to a cousin, her mother's nephew, and had two young children. She had separated from her husband following accusations of physical abuse and had moved back to her parents' home with her children. After a chance meeting at a party, Sarwar fell in love with an army captain named Nadir Mirza. She filed a suit for divorce on the grounds that she was suffering violence and abuse at the hands of her husband. She filed the divorce papers in court secretly and later told her parents about it. Upon their refusal to support her, she left their home for Lahore.

After a frantic search, Sarwar's parents located her and threatened her with dire consequences if she did not come back quietly and returned to her husband. With money running short and no support forthcoming from relatives or others, either of money or shelter, Sarwar took refuge in Dastak, a shelter for women in Lahore. She particularly chose Dastak because that shelter was run by Asma Jehangir, a staunch feminist and women's rights activist. At Dastak, Sarwar knew she would receive not just food and shelter but also free legal counsel.

Death
After being informed that Sarwar had taken refuge at Dastak, her mother sought permission to meet her and discuss matters with her. She stated that she was intensely worried about her daughter and that meeting and conversing with Sarwar may help her and the rest of the family to accept her decision to divorce her husband and remarry. Based on this understanding, Sarwar agreed to meet her mother at the offices shared by her two lawyers and mentors, the sisters Asma Jehangir and Hina Jilani. She however stipulated that her father and brothers, whom she knew were intensely hostile towards her after recent events, should not come to the meeting, and that her mother alone was to come.

Sarwar's mother came to the meeting accompanied by a man whom she did not recognize. He was there ostensibly to chauffeur Sarwar's mother and to help her climb the stairs. Once they were inside the lawyer's office, the man pulled out a gun and shot Sarwar dead at point-blank range.

Aftermath
Nadir Mirza faced an army enquiry and was dismissed "in disgrace" from the army for irresponsible behavior "unbecoming of an army officer." He left the country soon afterwards. He now lives in Britain, and is married with two children.

Despite public protests and demonstrations, nobody received punishment for the crime. This is because the Pakistani Penal Code recognizes the Islamic practices of qisas and diya, where the next-of-kin of a victim can accept restitution and grant forgiveness to the culprit. In that case, the Pakistani state does not press charges even for otherwise cognizable offences like murder. Sarwar's father, being her wali or first-ranking kin, forgave the assassin and also his accomplice (being Sarwar's mother). The law has been amended since through the "Criminal Law (Amendment) (Offences in the name or pretext of Honour) Act, 2016", which states: "For murder committed in the name of honour, even if the accused is pardoned by the Wali or other family members of the victim, the Court will still punish the accused with imprisonment for life."

The two left-wing activists, the feminist lawyers Hina Jilani and Asma Jehangir, were threatened with death for their defense of Samia Sarwar. The death threats were issued by a number of religious groups, most notably the Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam. Ms. Jehangir is also the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Extra-Judicial Killings.

In the Pakistani Senate
After the murder, Senator Syed Iqbal Haider of the Pakistan Peoples Party, supported by nineteen fellow senators, framed a resolution condemning the practice of 'honour killings.' Iqbal had to amend the wording of the proposed resolution four times, as supporting Senators became fewer. On the day when the bill was to be tabled in the Senate, a majority of that House opposed the introduction, Senator Ajmal Khattak stating that when it is a question of 'honour,' there is no room even for discussion. Chairman Wasim Sajjad (a Rhodes Scholar) ruled that there could be no discussion on the matter. As a result, the resolution was not even tabled in the house.

In media
A BBC documentary, Licence to Kill, covered Sarwar's killing and some other honour killing cases which occurred in Pakistan. It was first broadcast on March 25, 2000 and won the RTS 2001 award for Best TV journalism. Licence to Kill is the follow-up to 1999's documentary, Murder in Purdah, on the killing of women in Pakistan. While 'Murder in Purdah' showed how casually women are killed in Pakistan, 'Licence to Kill' shows how state institutions endorse such killings and allow the killers to escape without punishment. Both films were selected for cinema screening at the Human Rights Watch Film Festival in London March 2000.

The BBC programme comments that "The Pakistan Penal Code, amended in 1990 to embrace Islamic principles, has made it easier for those who kill women to get away with it". This is because Sharia, the Islamic principles of law, practices Qisas on cases of murder. The concept of Qisas views a murder as a crime against the victim's family, not the State. This means that the victim's next of kin can forgive a murder if they choose to. So if a woman's family are complicit in killing her, then other family members, as next of kin, can legally forgive those complicit.

See also
 Honour killing in Pakistan
 2012 Kohistan video case
 Qandeel Baloch
 Stoning of Farzana Parveen
 Death of Samia Shahid
 Ayman Udas

References

Honour killing in Pakistan
Incidents of violence against women
1999 murders in Pakistan
Violence against women in Pakistan
Filicides


Alpspitz is a mountain in Liechtenstein in the Rätikon range of the Eastern Alps, to the east of Vaduz, with a height of  or .

References

Mountains of the Alps
Mountains of Liechtenstein


The Warsaw tram network is a  tram system serving a third of Warsaw, Poland, and serving half the city's population. It operates 726 cars, and is the second-largest system in the country (after the Silesian system). There are about 25 regular lines, forming a part of the city's integrated public transport system organized by the Warsaw Transport Authority. Since 1994 the system is operated by the municipally-owned company Tramwaje Warszawskie sp. z.o.o.

History

Horse tram

The history of tram transport in Warsaw dates back to 1866 when a  long horse tram line was built to transport goods and passengers between the Vienna Railway Station and the Petersburg and Terespol railway stations across the Vistula River. This was in order to circumvent limitations imposed by Russian authorities, which prevented the construction of a railway bridge for strategic reasons. In 1880, a second line was constructed with the help of Belgian capital, this time intended as public transit within the city. The Belgian company quickly expanded its own lines, and in 1882 took over the line between the railway stations, which has lost most of its original purpose after a railway bridge was finally built in 1875. In 1899 the entire tram system, by then  of tracks with 234 tram cars and 654 horses operating 17 lines, was purchased by the city. By 1903, plans were drafted to convert the system to electric trams, which was done by 1908.

Interbellum

The development mostly stagnated for the next 10 years with only a few short stretches built. After World War I, the network developed rapidly handling increased traffic and extending to the outskirts of the city with the network reaching the length of  and 757 tram cars in 1939. In 1927, a privately owned light rail line called EKD (today Warszawska Kolej Dojazdowa) was built, connecting several neighboring towns with the center of Warsaw using electric motor coaches similar to trams, only faster, larger and more massive, with frequent stops and tracks running along the streets in city; however the system was incompatible with the Warsaw trams as it used standard gauge tracks while the city network still used Russian gauge left from Russian times. In 1925, the company operating the Warsaw trams decided to construct an underground system. Preliminary boring started, but the work was suspended because of the Great Depression; the idea resurfaced in 1938, but was again buried with the outbreak of World War II.

Second half of the 20th century

The tram system remained operational, although gradually deteriorating, during most of the Nazi occupation until the Warsaw Uprising in 1944, after which all the infrastructure was systematically destroyed. After the war it was rebuilt relatively fast. As the system was practically built from scratch the occasion was used to convert it to standard gauge. During the 1950s and 1960s, the network was extended to newly built districts of soviet style panel houses and industrial plants and newer trams based on the design of Presidents' Conference Committee were introduced. Due to the city's lack of a metro system and restriction on car ownership, the tram system remained the backbone of Warsaw's transport system. In the 1960s, however, a political decision was made to increase the dependency on oil imported from Russia, while Polish coal was to be exported to Western Europe in exchange for hard currency; as a result, newly developed districts were connected with the city center by buses rather than trams, and some of the existing tracks were closed.

Present situation
After 1989, the tram system in Warsaw initially received little investment with a large part of the city's budget spent on the construction of the first Warsaw Metro line. However, since 2005, the situation has been changing with the purchase of new rolling stock, modernization of key tram lines, and deployment of a passenger information system. Plans also include extension of the network and an "intelligent" traffic management system which is to prioritize trams at traffic lights. In August 2008, a tender for delivery of 186 low-floor, air-conditioned trams was launched, allowing for a dramatic overhaul of the look of the tramway system.

In 2014 a first entirely new line since a quarter century was opened, connecting a quickly growing remote residential district Tarchomin on the north-eastern outskirts of the city with the existing tram network and the M1 metro line. The route is undergoing further expansion with the latest 1km long segment finished in September of 2021 after multiple delays. Two more new lines are being planned: one with 4km of new tracks to Gocław, and another almost 20km to a southern suburb of Wilanów. The construction of the tram route to Wilanów was launched in August 2022 and is set to be completed by early 2024. It is unclear when work will start on the line to Gocław.

Rolling stock

Tram depots

Historic fleet
Sources:

Tickets

There is a single fare system for every mode of transportation. Tickets can be purchased at ticket machines and newsagents all over the city, as well as using a mobile app.

Route list

This is a list of Warsaw Tramway lines. As of 2015, there were several track closures all over the tramway system, due to the construction of the second metro line. This list shows tram lines which are operating as of 30 October 2023 and the routes they operate on as of the same date.

The standard headway is every 8 minutes during peak hours and every 12 minutes off-peak, but the trams on lines 1, 9, 17, 31, and 33 run every 4–6 minutes. Line 2 has the most frequent service with trams running every 2 minutes during peak hours.

Tram loops

See also

 List of town tramway systems in Poland
 Warsaw Metro
 Zarząd Transportu Miejskiego w Warszawie

Notes

References

External links

Warsaw Transport Authority – network maps
Tramwar – a private website about trams in Warsaw

Tram
Warsaw
Warsaw


Gafleispitz is a mountain in Liechtenstein in the Rätikon range of the Eastern Alps, to the east of Schaan, with a height of .

References

Mountains of the Alps
Mountains of Liechtenstein


During President Gerald Ford's presidency, he nominated two people for two different federal appellate judgeships who were not processed by the Democratic-controlled Senate Judiciary Committee before Ford's presidency ended.  Neither of the two nominees was renominated by Ford's successor, President Jimmy Carter.  Both nominees were nominated after July 1, 1976, the traditional start date of the unofficial Thurmond Rule during a presidential election year.  Both seats eventually were filled by appointees of President Jimmy Carter.

The two nominees were blocked in committee; no committee hearings ever were held for either one.

List of failed nominees
 United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit
 Tennessee seat – Harry W. Wellford (judgeship later filled by Carter nominee Gilbert S. Merritt Jr.) (In 1982, Wellford was nominated by President Ronald Reagan to a different seat on the Sixth Circuit; he was quickly confirmed by the United States Senate)
 United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
 Arizona seat – Richard Bilby (judgeship later filled by Carter nominee Thomas Tang) (In 1979, Bilby was appointed by President Jimmy Carter to a seat on the United States District Court for the District of Arizona and confirmed three months later.)

According to an October 12, 1976 memo to President Ford from his personnel director, Douglas Bennett, eight U.S. district court nominees also were nominated during 1976 but never acted upon by the U.S. Senate:
 Ed Bethune (nominated June 15, 1976; judgeship later filled by Carter nominee Elsijane Trimble Roy)
 Donald G. Brotzman (nominated July 22, 1976; judgeship later filled by Carter nominee John L. Kane Jr.)
 Elizabeth A. Kovachevich (nominated June 8, 1976; judgeship later filled by Carter nominee Howell W. Melton; later nominated by President Reagan to a seat on the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida and confirmed by the U.S. Senate)
 John H. Moore II (nominated August 4, 1976; judgeship later filled by Carter nominee William Hoeveler; later nominated by President Reagan to a seat on the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida and confirmed by the U.S. Senate)
 Richard Revell (nominated April 26, 1976; judgeship later filled by Carter nominee Edward Huggins Johnstone)
 Donald Ellsworth Walter (nominated August 5, 1976; judgeship later filled by Carter nominee Earl Ernest Veron; later nominated by President Reagan to a seat on the United States District Court for the Western District of Louisiana and confirmed by the U.S. Senate)
 Herbert F. DeSimone (nominated August 5, 1976; judgeship later filled by Carter nominee Francis J. Boyle)
 James A. Andersen (nominated August 6, 1976; judgeship later filled by Carter nominee Jack Edward Tanner)

See also
 Gerald Ford Supreme Court candidates
 United States federal judge
 Judicial appointment history for United States federal courts
 Deaths of United States federal judges in active service

References

Ford, Gerald
judicial appointments


Riccardo Zadra is an Italian pianist.

Zadra was awarded the 1988 Sydney Competition's 2nd prize. He has performed and recorded internationally since. He is the founder of the Accademia pianistica internazionale de Padova, presided by Aldo Ciccolini, and teaches at the Vicenza Conservatory.

References
  Ministry of Education, Universities and Research

Italian classical pianists
Male classical pianists
Italian male pianists
Sydney International Piano Competition prize-winners
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century classical pianists
21st-century Italian male musicians


Windows HPC Server 2008, released by Microsoft on 22 September 2008, is the successor product to Windows Compute Cluster Server 2003. Like WCCS, Windows HPC Server 2008 is designed for high-end applications that require high performance computing clusters (HPC stands for High Performance Computing). This version of the server software is claimed to efficiently scale to thousands of cores. It includes features unique to HPC workloads: a new high-speed NetworkDirect RDMA, highly efficient and scalable cluster management tools, a service-oriented architecture (SOA) job scheduler, an MPI library based on open-source MPICH2, and cluster interoperability through standards such as the High Performance Computing Basic Profile (HPCBP) specification produced by the Open Grid Forum (OGF).

In June 2008, a system built collaboratively with the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) and Microsoft ranked #23 on the TOP500 list, a ranking of the world's fastest supercomputers, with a LINPACK score of 68.5 teraflops. The NCSA supercomputer uses both Windows Server HPC and Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4. By November 2011, that ranking had dropped to #253. Since then, all Windows computers have dropped off the TOP500 list, and Linux has replaced all other operating systems on the list.

In the November 2008 rankings, published by TOP500, a Windows HPC system built by the Shanghai Supercomputer Center achieved a peak performance of 180.6 teraflops and was ranked #11 on the list. In June 2015, that was the last Windows machine left on the list (dropped off later) then ranked 436, just barely made the TOP500 (with Windows Azure dropping off earlier).

Windows HPC Server 2008 R2
Windows HPC Server 2008 R2, also known as Windows Server 2008 R2 HPC Edition (codenamed Windows 7 Server) based on Windows Server 2008 R2, was released on 20 September 2010.

Windows HPC Pack
After Windows HPC Server 2008 R2, Microsoft released HPC Pack 2008 R2 in four flavors: Express, Enterprise, Workstation and Cycle Harvesting. Later it simplified the offer by releasing HPC Pack 2012 that combined capabilities of all four versions of HPC Pack 2008 R2. HPC Pack 2012 can be installed on top of any Windows Server 2012 Standard or Datacenter.

The head node for the HPC-Pack requires Windows Server, however the node computers can be Windows 10 or Windows 11.

References

External links

Windows HPC Server 2008 R2 Technical Library
Windows HPC Server 2008 Resource Kit

Windows Server 2008
Job scheduling
Grid computing


The Girl in the Picture is a 1985 Scottish film directed by Cary Parker and starring John Gordon Sinclair as Alan, a Glaswegian photographer, keen to get back with his former girlfriend Mary (Irina Brook). Meanwhile, his assistant Ken (played by David McKay) is smitten by a girl he knows only through her photograph.

The film also stars Gregor Fisher, Rikki Fulton and Simone Lahbib, with a score composed by Scottish musician Ron Geesin.

External links

1985 films
1985 comedy-drama films
British comedy-drama films
Films set in Glasgow
The Samuel Goldwyn Company films
1980s English-language films
1980s British films


The 116th Pennsylvania House of Representatives District is located in Luzerne County and Schuylkill County and includes the following areas:

Luzerne County

 Hazleton
 Hazle Township
West Hazleton

Schuylkill County

East Union Township
Kline Township
Mahanoy City
Mahanoy Township
McAdoo
North Union Township
Ringtown
Shenandoah
Union Township

Representatives

References

Government of Luzerne County, Pennsylvania
116


Hurricane Olaf was a minimal hurricane that impacted Mexico in October 2003. The fifteenth named storm and sixth hurricane of the annual season, Olaf formed from a tropical wave became better organized on October 2 to the south-southeast of Acapulco and developed into a depression the next day. It strengthened into Tropical Storm Olaf six hours after forming. Continued intensification occurred, and Olaf reached its peak strength as a Category 1 hurricane with 75 mph (120 km/h) winds on October 5 and developed a partial eyewall. The storm soon became disorganized and was only a hurricane for six hours, before re-curving towards the Mexican coast. The cyclone made landfall near Manzanillo, Colima, on October 7 and soon dissipated overland. The storm caused severe flooding in the states of Jalisco and Guanajuato. However, no fatalities were reported.

Meteorological history

Olaf originated from a tropical wave that exited the coast of Africa on September 17. Over the next two weeks, it moved westbound into the northeastern Pacific Ocean. Initially, the wave was not in an environment conductive for further development. However, on October 2, a low-level circulation was noted on satellite imagery. This circulation quickly became better defined over the next several hours while located 400 mi (645 km) south of Acapulco. The next day, Dvorak Classifications, a tool that estimates a tropical cyclone intensity, were placed at T1.5/30 mph (50 km/h). In addition, a ship nearby reported winds of 35 mph (45 km/h). Microwave imagery also indicated that the center was near the associated convection. Based on this, the system was upgraded into a tropical depression.

Initially, wind shear from nearby Tropical Storm Nora was expected to weaken the system but this did not occur. , the depression was soon upgraded into a tropical storm. Moving northwest, it steadily intensified into a moderate tropical storm late on October 3. The next day, Olaf weakened slightly, only to resume intensification roughly 24 hours later. At that time, it was noted that additional intensification was likely. On October 5, radar imagery indicated a partial eyewall. Based on this, Olaf was upgraded into a minimal hurricane. At the same time, reached it peak intensity at 75 mph (120 km/h) and a barometric pressure of 987 millibars. Olaf was hurricane for only six hours, but operationally it was believed had been a hurricane for much longer. This is Because that the center was operationally believed to be further north, closer to the deep convection, Olaf was operationally believed to have been a hurricane for much longer.

Shortly after reaching its peak, Olaf began to become less organized, resulting in steady weakening while the storm's motion slowed. By early October 6, Olaf was only a minimal tropical storm as the system recurved northwest. However, Olaf rapidly reorganized that afternoon and the National Hurricane Center re-assessed the intensity at 50 mph (80 km/h) based on increased banding features. Continued restrengthening occurred, and by October 8, Olaf made landfall with winds of 60 mph (97 km/h) near Manzanillo. Olaf weakened rapidly over the high terrain of the coast. Within 24 hours, Olaf had dissipated inland.

Preparations and impact

While Olaf was at peak strength, a tropical storm warning issued for Punta San Telmo to Lazaro Cardenas and a hurricane warning was issued from Punta San Telmo to San Blas, including the Islas Marias. The next day, the tropical storm warning was extended to include Manzanillo. At that same time, a hurricane watch was issued from San Blas to Mazatlán. In addition, hurricane warning was extended to include areas from Manzanillo to San Blas including the Islas Marias. Three hours later, when Olaf was revealed to be much weaker, the hurricane warnings and hurricane watches were canceled. However, the tropical storm warnings remained in effect until October 7. A yellow alert was declared in the Mexican states of Michoacán, Colima, and Jalisco, and a green alert was declared in Baja California Sur, Sinaloa, Nayarit, and Guerrero. Local authorities also opened shelters.

Olaf was a part of a rainy year in Mexico, producing more rain than Hurricane Nora. One person was killed, and flooding caused serve damage to roadways and crops in the Mexican state of Jalisco. In the same state, more than 12,000 homes were damaged. In the state of Guanajuato, an estimated total of 15,000 people were impacted from the floods. In addition, two communities were isolated. After the hurricane, a program wanted donation from food to basic home supplies. Moisture from the remnants of Nora and Olaf interacted with an upper-level low to produce heavy rainfall across Texas, producing flooding near Waco that forced a family to evacuate in McGregor. The floodwaters closed portions of Interstate 35, U.S. Route 84, and Texas State Highway 36. It also spawned a tornado in Sugar Land that damaged four buildings, including a school.

See also

Other storms of the same name

References

Olaf
Olaf (2003)
Olaf
Hurricanes in Guanajuato
Hurricanes in Jalisco
Hurricanes in Texas
Hurricanes in Michoacán
Hurricanes in Colima
Hurricanes in Nayarit


Safwan al-Qudsi (; 1940 – 28 October 2022) was a Syrian politician and the Secretary General of the Syrian Arab Socialist Union Party,  a member of the central leadership of the National Progressive Front, a political alliance of parties which controls the Syrian legislature, and chairman of the Arab Parties Congress.

Safwan al-Qudsi received his bachelor's degree in philosophy from the University of Damascus.  From 1972 to 1974 he was an assistant editor of the magazine Knowledge (), a chief editor from 1974 to 1978. From 1980 through 1981 he was editor-in-chief of Moral (), a literary magazine.

Safwan al-Qudsi was elected to the legislature in 1977, and was a Minister of State from 1978 to 1980.  Since 1981 he has been a member of the central leadership of the National Progressive Front. He has been the Secretary General of the ASU since 1984. He was member of the Syrian Society for Research and Studies ().

In March 2000 Safwan al-Qudsi's wife, Bari'a al-Qudsi, was appointed Minister of Labor and Welfare, representing the ASU party in the cabinet. She lost the position in the December 2001 governmental reshuffle.

Selected publications
Qudsi, Safwan (1974) Siyasah al-musallahah: dirasat fi al-fikr al-siyasi al-muasir (Armed Policy Studies: Contemporary political thinking) Wizarat al-Thaqafaj wa-al-Irshad al-Qawmi, Damascus
Qudsi, Safwan (1984) al-Batal wa-l-tarikh: Qira'a fi fikr Hafiz al-Asad al-siyasi (The Hero and History: A Reading of the Political Thought of Hafiz al-Asad) Ṭalas, Damascus

Notes

External links
"صفوان قدسي" brief biography of Safwan al-Qudsi in Arabic

1940 births
2022 deaths
Al-Qudsi family
Arab Socialist Union Party (Syria) politicians
Damascus University alumni
Members of the People's Assembly of Syria
Syrian ministers of state


Stephen Paul Miller (born 1951) is an American poet and academic.  He has written five books of poetry, one critical volume, and co-edited two critical collections.

Miller's poetry books include Being with a Bullet (Talisman), Skinny Eighth Avenue (Marsh Hawk Press), Art Is Boring for the Same Reason We Stayed in Vietnam (Domestic), The Bee Flies in May (Marsh Hawk Press), and the forthcoming Fort Dad (Marsh Hawk Press). He is also the author of The Seventies Now: Culture as Surveillance (Duke University Press) and Screwball Consensus: Franklin Roosevelt, Alan Turing, and Preston Sturges. With Terence Diggory, Miller co-edited Scene of Our Selves: New Works on the New York School Poets (National Poetry Foundation, University of Maine, Orono) and, with Daniel Morris, Secular Jewish Culture/Radical Poetic Practice (University of Alabama Press). Miller teaches English at St. John's University.

References

External links
Jewish Week addresses Miller's work concerning Jewish American poetry

City College of New York alumni
New York University alumni
American male poets
Living people
1951 births
20th-century American poets


Schimmelpenninck is the name of the family belonging to the Dutch and German nobility, whose members played important political and military roles in the history of the Netherlands, Prussia and later in the German Empire.

History
The first recorded members of the family lived in the 15th century Zutphen and belonged to the political elite of that city.

Two branches exist nowadays:

 Schimmelpenninck van der Oye: descendants of the family in Zutphen. They have the title of baron. The earliest known member is Jacob Schimmelpenninck who is mentioned in Zutphen from 1418 onwards.

 Schimmelpenninck:  This branch started with the wine merchant Johan Jacobsz Schimmelpenninck († 1574) who was an illegitimate son of a member of the aforementioned Schimmelpenninck van der Oye family.  This branch was granted the title of count in the 19th century, based on the fact that one of its scions, Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck, played an important role in Dutch politics during the 19th century. Other members of this branch are mentioned in Nederland's Patriciaat.

Prussian line
In 1602 one branch of the Schimmelpenninck van der Oye family came to Prussia as a result of religious disputes. They bought extensive land in Archdiocese of Warmia and changed their spelling to German Schimmelpfennig von der Oye. They were awarded with the title of Baron in the Kingdom of Prussia.

Coat of arms
The coat of arms of the family is two crossed, black keys on a silver surface.

Notable members
 Assueer Jacob Schimmelpenninck van der Oye (1631-1673), son of Jacob, Lord of Voorstonden, and Anna Catharina van Kecken, Lady of Holthuisen. Kept a journal which was published in 1870 by his descendant Alexander Baron Schimmelpenninck van der Oye.
 Gerrit Schimmelpenninck (1794–1863)
 Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck (1761–1825)
 Willem Anne Schimmelpenninck van der Oye (1800–1872)
 Jan Elias Nicolaas Schimmelpenninck van der Oye (1836–1914)
 Gratia Schimmelpenninck van der Oye (1912–2012)
 Monique Schimmelpenninck, born de Bissy (1923–2009)
 Sander Schimmelpenninck (born 1984)

Literature
 J. B. Rietstap-Wapenboek van den Nederlandschen Adel (deel 2) 1887.
Nederland's Adelsboek 92 (2006-2007), p. 308-348.
Nederland's Patriciaat 1 (1910), p. 410-413.

References

Dutch noble families
Dutch patrician families


The California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery (also known as CalRecycle) is a branch of the California Environmental Protection Agency that oversees the state's waste management, recycling, and waste reduction programs. CalRecycle was established in 2010 to replace the California Integrated Waste Management Board. It is known for administering the California Redemption Value (CRV) program, among other responsibilities.

History

State Solid Waste Management Board
The original waste management agency, the State Solid Waste Management Board, was established in 1972. It was renamed the California Waste Management Board in 1982.

California Integrated Waste Management Board

The California Integrated Waste Management Board (CIWMB) was established in 1989 under AB 939 introduced by Byron Sher of the California State Assembly and signed into law by Governor George Deukmejian.

The CIWMB was one of six agencies under the California Environmental Protection Agency (abbreviated Cal/EPA, to distinguish it from the federal United States Environmental Protection Agency—EPA). The CIWMB was led by a six-member policy-making Board. Four members of the Board were appointed by the governor, and each branch of the Legislature made one appointment. Board terms ran for up to four years.

In 2005, Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger proposed to eliminate the CIWMB as well as 87 other state boards and commissions. California state senator Tony Strickland introduced Senate Bill (SB) 63 in January 2009 to dissolve the CIWMB; Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger signed SB 63 into law in July 2009. The California Integrated Waste Management Board—CIWMB became defunct on January 1, 2010.

California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery
The CIWMB's duties and responsibilities were transferred to the California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery (CalRecycle), another agency within the California Environmental Protection Agency, in January 2010. The functions of the beverage container recycling deposit/California Redemption Value (CRV) programs established by the California Beverage Container Recycling and Litter Reduction Act (AB 2020, Margolin - 1986), or "Bottle Bill," were consolidated from California Department of Conservation, Division of Recycling into the new CalRecycle.

CalRecycle Monthly Public Meetings provide an overview of many pending and recently-made decisions, updates about ongoing department projects and work activities, and a general report from the Director of CalRecycle.

January 2010 – January 2011
Margo Reid Brown, who was board chair under the previous CIMWB structure, was appointed by Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger as the first chief deputy director and acting director of CalRecycle.

January 2011 – February 2012
CalRecycle deputy director Mark Leary (and Executive Director of the former CIWMB from 2001 to 2010 ) served as Acting Chief Deputy Director and Acting Director of CalRecycle.

February 2012 – May 2012
Mark Leary was appointed by Governor Edmund G. Brown Jr. as Chief Deputy Director of CalRecycle and continued to serve as Acting Director of CalRecycle until Caroll Mortensen was appointed.

October 2011 – July 2015
Caroll Mortensen was the first director of CalRecycle appointed by Governor Edmund G. Brown Jr. in October 2011, confirmed unanimously by the state senate in May 2012, and served until July 2015. Both Mark Leary (2011-2012) and Margo Reid Brown (2010-2011) were acting directors, but Mortensen was the first to be appointed Director of CalRecycle by the governor. Mortensen continues as a senior environmental scientist within the Legislative and External Affairs Office at CalRecycle.

July 2015 – December 2019
Scott Smithline served as the director of CalRecycle from July 2015 to December 2019. Director Smithline was appointed by Governor Edmund G. Brown Jr. and confirmed unanimously by the state senate in July 2015. As director, Smithline led efforts on waste reduction and recycling as well as oversight of waste disposal in order to protect public health and the environment. Before becoming director, he served as the department's assistant director for policy development since 2011, and, previously as the Director of Legal and Regulatory Affairs at Californians Against Waste.   Ken DeRosa is current chief deputy director of CalRecycle and was appointed by Governor Edmund G. Brown Jr. in November 2012.

December 2020 - Current

Rachel Wagoner was appointed as the Director of CalRecycle by Governor Newsom in December 2020.

Programs and current issues
When the CIWMB was established, California diverted only 10 percent of solid waste out of landfills and into recycling and/or reuse projects. By 2007, the waste diversion rate had increased to 58 percent. The CIWMB's cooperative efforts with California's local jurisdictions (counties and municipalities) in furtherance of AB 939's mandate to reach 50 percent waste diversion contributed to the rise.

The CIWMB worked to implement programs to seek "a higher and better use" for an estimated 92 million tons of waste generated each year in California. Specifically, the CIWMB provided grants and loans that helped California's recycling industry; used incentive grants and loans to help spur the private sector into developing new markets for recycled materials; cleaned up solid waste disposal sites; and cleared illegal waste tire disposal sites. The CIWMB also regulated California landfills; promoted the proper disposal of used motor oil; promoted the reuse and recycling of electronic waste; coordinated the safe disposal of sharps waste; and encouraged the purchase of environmentally preferable devices.

In 2001, CIWMB became the first government agency to adopt "Zero Waste" as a strategic goal.

By 2017, the recycling rates for bottles and cans in California had fallen to their lowest point in almost a decade, and critics alleged CalRecycle was not sufficiently adjusting its subsidiary processing payments to changing market conditions.

Composting Goals and Regulations

According to CalRecycle, organic waste takes up about a third of California's landfills  with food waste alone taking up about 15.5 percent. The decomposition of this organic waste in landfills contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions. Organic waste must be diverted from landfills and to Compostable Material Handling Facilities and Operations that are permitted to compost under CalRecycle regulation Title 14, Natural Resources—Division 7, Chapter 3.1 approved April 4, 2003. This regulation was adopted as a means of implementing the provisions of the California Waste Management Act of 1989 relating to composting. California operations that only compost agricultural material and sell or give away more than 2,500 cubic yards or more a year, and operations and facilities that use agricultural and clean green material and sell or give away 1,000 cubic yards or more a year are required to abide by the regulations of chapter 3.1 and obtain a Compostable Materials Handling Facility Permit under Article 2, Section 17854, unless they meet certain exclusions. Handling of compostable materials during use as growth mediums on mushroom farms and Vermicomposting farms are not subject to these regulations. The regulations prohibit the composting of unprocessed mammalian tissue unless used for researching pathogen reduction, treated or untreated medical waste, and hazardous waste, and require minimization of odor, impacts, litter, noise, dust, and pathogens, as well as emissions of the permitted facilities.

Statewide Commission on Recycling Markets and Curbside Recycling

The California Recycling Market Development Act (AB 1583 by Assembly Member Susan Eggman) established the Statewide Commission on Recycling Markets and Curbside Recycling to advise the Department on issues related to market development, recyclability, and achieving the department's existing waste diversion goals. The Director appointed 16 members to serve on the commission, and Chairwoman Heidi Sanborn stated that "the commission was created because there is a crisis in our industry, and our haulers, nonprofits and everyone in this space knows we are not achieving our goals. In fact, we are going backward, so we need to bring stakeholders together to publicly discuss problems." The commission issued 19 Preliminary Recommendations in December 2020.

Nick Lapis of Californians Against Waste, a Commissioner and co-sponsor of the California Recycling Market Development Act, stated that, "China’s National Sword exposed that we thought we were recycling a lot that was going overseas that was not actually being recycled.  Now that we are forced to deal with it ourselves it puts an obligation on us to create markets. And it highlights that a lot of materials that were being shipped are not currently recyclable."

See also
California Environmental Protection Agency
California Redemption Value
California Green Lodging Program
Environmentalism
Index of recycling articles
United States Environmental Protection Agency
3,000 mile myth
Waste reduction

References

External links

Resources Recycling and Recovery
Recycling organizations
Resources Recycling and Recovery


Giver may refer to:

The Giver, a 1993 novel by Lois Lowry
The Giver (film), a 2014 American social science fiction film
"The Giver", a 2012 song by Duke Dumont from EP1
"The Giver (Reprise)", a 2015 remix
Giver (TV series), a Canadian program airing on TVOntario's TVOKids programming
Givers, an indie pop group from Lafayette, Louisiana

See also
Give (disambiguation)