Daniel Nicoletta  (born December 23, 1954) is an Italian-American photographer, photojournalist and gay rights activist.

Biography
Daniel Nicoletta was born in New York City and raised in Utica, New York. In his late teens he left New York to attend San Francisco State University, later graduating from the bachelor of arts program. He started his photographic career in 1975 as an intern to Crawford Barton, who was then a staff photographer for the national gay magazine The Advocate.

Career
In 1974, when he was 19, Nicoletta first met Harvey Milk and Scott Smith at Castro Camera, their camera store on Castro Street; the following year, they hired him to work at the shop. The three became friends, and Nicoletta worked with Milk on his campaigns for political office. During this period of time, Nicoletta took many now well-known photographs of Milk. When Milk was elected to the San Francisco Board of Supervisors, he became California's first openly gay elected official; he served for almost eleven months before he and Mayor George Moscone were assassinated by Dan White at City Hall on November 27, 1978.

After Milk's death, Nicoletta worked to keep his memory alive. He was the installation coordinator of the Harvey Milk photographic tribute plaques installed at Harvey Milk Plaza and at the Castro Street Station, which featured his photographs as well as those of Marc Cohen, Don Eckert, Jerry Pritikin, Efren Ramirez, Rink, and Leland Toy.  He was co-chair of the Harvey Milk City Hall Memorial Committee, and his photograph served as the basis for the bust of Milk that now resides in the rotunda of San Francisco's City Hall.

Nicoletta was one of the founders of the San Francisco International LGBT Film Festival, now known as the Frameline Film Festival. In 1977, while still working at Harvey Milk's photography shop, Nicoletta, along with David Waggoner, Marc Huestis, and others, began film screenings of their Super 8 films, called the Gay Film Festival of Super 8 Films, which evolved into the yearly festival.

From 1990 to 2000, Nicoletta maintained a photography studio in San Francisco's Hayes Valley neighborhood. The studio provided him a setting for work focused on artistic portraits of queer personalities, community leaders, performers and colorful urban characters. It also served as a cultural and social center where Nicoletta organized parties, salons, memorial services and other events.

Nicoletta's work has documented queer culture from the mid-1970s into the 2000s. In addition to his historic images of Harvey Milk, his subjects include the White Night Riots, the Castro Street Fair, the San Francisco Pride Parade, The Cockettes, and the Angels of Light, as well as personalities such as Justin Bond, Loren Cameron, Divine, Mark Ewert, Ruth Weiss, Allen Ginsberg, Harry Hay, G.B. Jones, and Sylvester. He also has served as a set photographer for several films, including Vegas in Space (1992), Milk (2008) and All About Evil (2010).

Publications
Since the late 1970s, Nicoletta's photographs have been widely reproduced in periodicals, including The Advocate, the Bay Area Reporter, The Guardian, the Los Angeles Times, The New York Times, the San Francisco Chronicle, the Village Voice and X-tra West (Canada).

His work has appeared in numerous books, including Randy Shilts' The Mayor of Castro Street (1982); Ruth Silverman's San Francisco Observed: A Photographic Record (1986); Beth Schneider and Nancy E. Stoller's Women Resisting AIDS: Feminist Strategies of Empowerment (1995) (cover photo); Jim Van Buskirk and Susan Stryker's Gay by the Bay: A Pictorial History of Queer Culture in the San Francisco Bay Area (1996); David A. Sprigle's Beasts: FotoFactory Anthology II (1997); Strange de Jim's San Francisco's Castro (2003); David Gere's How to Make Dances in an Epidemic: Tracking Choreography in the Age of AIDS (2004); Joshua Gamson's The Fabulous Sylvester: The Legend, the Music, the Seventies in San Francisco (2006); Dustin Lance Black and Armistead Maupin's MILK: A Pictorial History of Harvey Milk (2009); and Chris March's I Heart Chris March (2010) (cover photo).

Harvey Milk "Forever Stamp," issued May 22, 2014. The stamp art centers on a photo of Milk taken in front of his camera store in San Francisco. The colors of the gay pride flag appear in a vertical strip in the top left corner.

Nicoletta's photographs have been featured in a number of documentary films. His images of Harvey Milk appear prominently in the 1985 Academy Award winning documentary The Times of Harvey Milk, directed by Rob Epstein. His work also appears in the 1993 Marc Huestis film Sex Is....

Exhibitions
The photographic work of Daniel Nicoletta has been shown in one-artist exhibitions at Josie's Cabaret (San Francisco, 1994); Levi-Strauss Corporate Headquarters (San Francisco, 1996); Overtones Gallery (Los Angeles, 2009); and Electric Works (San Francisco, 2010).

In addition, his prints have appeared in numerous group shows in the United States, including "AIDS: The Artists' Response," Hoyt L. Sherman Gallery, Ohio State University (April 1989); "Group Work: AIDS Timeline", Whitney Biennial (April 1991); "Harvey Milk: Second Sight," San Francisco Arts Commission Gallery (October–November 1998); "Out of the Closet," Catharine Clark Gallery, San Francisco (May–June 2000); "Made in California," Los Angeles County Museum of Art (October 2000–February 2001); "An Autobiography of the San Francisco Bay Area, Part 1," San Francisco Camerawork (September–October 2009); and "Life and Death in Black and White: AIDS Direct Action in San Francisco, 1985–1990," the GLBT History Museum, San Francisco (March–June 2012).

His work was featured in the 1997 exhibition "Goodbye to Berlin: 100 Jahre Schwulenbewegung," organized by the Schwules Museum at the Akademie der Künste in Berlin.

Museum and archival collections
Nicoletta's work is represented in the permanent collections of the James C. Hormel Gay and Lesbian Center at the San Francisco Public Library; the Bancroft Library at the University of California, Berkeley; the Wallach Collection of Fine Prints and the Berg Collection at the New York Public Library; the Schwules Museum in Berlin, Germany; and the GLBT Historical Society in San Francisco.

In media
In the feature film Milk, a biographical film based on the life of Harvey Milk directed by Gus Van Sant, Daniel Nicoletta is played by Lucas Grabeel. Nicoletta plays Carl Carlson and served as the still photographer on the film.

Bibliography
LGBT San Francisco: The Daniel Nicoletta Photographs, (Reel Art Press, 2017)
Flight of Angels, Adrian Brooks (author) and Daniel Nicoletta (photographer) (Arsenal Pulp Press, 2008)
Gay By The Bay, Susan Stryker and Jim Van Buskirk, (Chronicle Books, 1996)
The Mayor of Castro Street, Randy Shilts, (St. Martin's Press, 1988)

Film
Reel in the Closet (2015) directed by Stu Maddux
Milk (2008) directed by Gus Van Sant
That Man: Peter Berlin (2005) directed by Jim Tushinski
Sex Is (1993) directed by Marc Huestis
The Times of Harvey Milk (1984) directed by Rob Epstein
Theatrical Collage (1976) directed by Daniel Nicoletta
The Advocate for Fagdom documentary by Angélique Bosio about queercore filmmaker Bruce La Bruce,

References

External links

 Daniel Nicoletta's photographs

 SF Gate on an exhibition of Daniel Nicoletta's photographs

1954 births
Living people
American photojournalists
American gay artists
American gay writers
American LGBT photographers
American LGBT journalists
American LGBT rights activists
Gay photographers
Gay journalists
Radical Faeries members
Harvey Milk


St. Ignatius Church is a Catholic church of the Archdiocese of Washington located at 2315 Brinkley Rd., Fort Washington, MD 20744, in Oxon Hill, Prince George's County, Maryland.

Building
The historic church structure was constructed between 1890 and 1891. The -story structure is wood frame, with clapboarding, and shingling in imbricated pattern. It is rectangular in form with a gabled roof,  projecting front belfry with spire and louvered openings, round arched openings, and modified corner buttresses. The architectural style is considered Eclectic, with elements of the Shingle and Queen Anne styles.

History
It is the second church on site and has served as a mission and parish church. The original church, built in 1849, was partially funded by Mary Surratt, one of the conspirators involved with the Assassination of Abraham Lincoln. It was later staffed by the Josephites, a religious society serving African Americans.

The present church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.

St. Luke's Catholic Church entered into a shared community arrangement at the historic building as of September 2019. Under the agreement between the Archdiocese of Washington and the Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter, the pastor of St. Luke's also serves as administrator of St. Ignatius. The principal Sunday Mass and masses during the week are now celebrated according to the Ordinariate's Anglican Use liturgy with the Divine Worship: The Missal. Masses Saturday evening and early Sunday morning continue to be celebrated in the Ordinary Form of the Roman Missal. Details of the schedule are at the parish websites referenced below.

References

External links

, including photo in 1972, at Maryland Historical Trust website
St. Ignatius Parish website
St. Luke's at Ignatius Church Parish website
Historical Marker Database, St. Ignatius marker

Churches in Prince George's County, Maryland
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Maryland
Roman Catholic churches in Maryland
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1891
19th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in the United States
Shingle Style church buildings
Queen Anne architecture in Maryland
Historic American Buildings Survey in Maryland
National Register of Historic Places in Prince George's County, Maryland
Oxon Hill, Maryland
Churches of the Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter
Shingle Style architecture in Maryland
1891 establishments in Maryland


Richard Konwiarz (15 February 1883 – 14 December 1960) was a German architect. He was born in Tschempin and died in Hanover.

In 1932 he won a bronze medal in the art competitions of the Olympic Games for his design of the "Schlesierkampfbahn" in the Sport Park of Breslau.

In the years 1952 to 1954 he constructed in cooperation with Heinz Goesmann the Niedersachsenstadion in Hanover. Meanwhile, it is rebuilt and modified and called by its sponsor AWD-Arena.

References

External links
 profile

1883 births
1960 deaths
20th-century German architects
Olympic bronze medalists in art competitions
Medalists at the 1932 Summer Olympics
Olympic competitors in art competitions


Grupo Gigante is a holding listed at Mexican Stock Exchange founded in 1962, enterprises includes: Office Depot, The Home Store, SuperPrecio and Toks. The namesake hypermarkets and supermarkets are sold in 2008 to Soriana. Until December 2008, used to work with a joint venture with RadioShack.

History

 1923: Comes from Spain to port of Veracruz, Ángel Losada Gómez; a 15-year-old who wanted to succeed in the business world.
 1940: Angel Losada Gomez founded "La Comercial" in Apan, Hidalgo in the state, foundations of the current Gigante. Currently, the store has Apan stay in the market under the name of “La Moderna”.
 1962: Birth of the first store “Gigante” in Mixcoac, with 64 departments, 250 employees and 65 office store. Gigante Mixcoac was placed as a convenience store Latin America's largest and second on the continent with  of total area.
 1971: The company diversified its activities by opening its first coffee family in Mexico City under the trade name of "Toks".
 1977: In this year, Gigante can operate 12 stores.
 1979: Gigante takes an important step, expanding in the rest of the country, opening its first store outside Mexico City in the city of Guadalajara, later expanding with 8 more stores. The Gigante slogan dates from this year.
 1980: Gigante bought the supermarket Maxi from Guadalajara. Between 1980 and 1990, it opened 9 stores in the cities of Querétaro, Celaya, Acapulco, Puebla, Salamanca and Morelia. In the late 1980s it already had 32 stores in operation in four cities.
 1981: Launches Gigante products "Selección Gigante" (white brand).
 1982: This year the company opened its first specialty restaurant. It now operates four specialty restaurants Mexican, Italian and Spanish: "El Campanario", "Tutto Bene", "La Viña del Quijote" and "Casa Rodrigo."
 1988: Gigante expands to Monterrey, Saltillo, Torreón, Nuevo Laredo, Reynosa, Durango, Ciudad Victoria, Matamoros, San Luis Potosí, Tijuana and Mexicali.
 1991: Gigante opened its 100 store in Toluca, becoming the first supermarket chain to achieve a hundred stores in operation, under one brand.
 1992: Grupo Gigante acquired stores "Blanco" and "El Sardinero"; thus strengthening its national presence. From the early 1990s, Gigante developed various formats, like their co-investments:
 Gigante
Bodega Gigante
Súper Gigante (before Súper G)
Súper Precio
Office Depot in partnership with Office Depot from the USA
RadioShack in partnership with Tandy Corporation
1993: The Híper G format, a broader format of the commercial chain, is put to the test, opening the first branch in Eduardo Molina, in Mexico City (currently Chedraui)
1994: In association with the commercial chain of French origin Carrefour, the first Carrefour store in Mexico was opened, in what was the Hiper G branch on Av. Eduardo Molina in Mexico City, thus marking Carrefour's incursion into the Mexican territory.
1997: Grupo Gigante breaks ties with the French retail chain Carrefour.
 2000: Gigante open market in the southeast of the country, with branches in Campeche, Yucatan, Tabasco, Chiapas and Quintana Roo. Starts the format “Super Gigante” with the first branch “Cumbres” in Monterrey city, as an evolution of the format "Super G".
 2001: Gigante continues to expand, adding to the group the chain stores “Super MAZ” in the southeast.
 2002: Grupo Gigante and PriceSmart Inc.  in a joint venture, opened the first three PriceSmart stores in the country, in Celaya, Irapuato, and Queretaro.
 2004: Gigante starts a new concept of store in their Coapa store.
 2005: In February the group begins to face economic difficulties, due to slow response of the market and lack of profits, all the PriceSmart stores in Mexico were closed (Celaya and Irapuato stores became Home Depot). Likewise, the French commercial chain Carrefour, also due to lack of profitability, leaves Mexico selling its branches to the Chedraui commercial chains (Mexico City, Guadalajara, Puebla, Cuernavaca, Acapulco, Toluca, León, Querétaro, Aguascalientes, San Luis Potosí , Villahermosa, Mérida and Cancún), Soriana (Saltillo, Chihuahua, Ciudad Juárez and Hermosillo) and Walmart (Monterrey); for that year they had already closed operations in Baja California, Sonora, Chihuahua and Coahuila and sold their stores to Soriana in the north of the country. The remaining branches (most of them) were sold to Grupo Chedraui, except for the Valle Oriente branch in Monterrey, Nuevo León, which was transferred to Walmart, due to Chedraui's reluctance and refusal to invest in the Metropolitan Area of Monterrey, despite having a distribution center in its northern area.
 2007: In a new strategy Grupo Gigante sold its supermarket stores to Organización Soriana which purchased represented more than 50% of the Gigante stores, this included the stores located in the United States. Grupo Gigante kept its joint ventures and “Super Precio” stores and created its new “Gigante Grupo Inmobiliario” (Gigante Real Estate Group).
 2008: Begins to operate, with the opening of the branch channel Tezontle Avenue in Mexico City, The Home Store format, dedicated to selling decorative items. Grupo Gigante sold to its partner, the Tandy Corporation U.S., its 50% of RadioShack stores in Mexico, specialized in selling electronics products.

See also
 Official page of Grupo Gigante

References

Retail companies of Mexico


Villa de Etla is a town and municipality located in the Mexican state of Oaxaca. It is located in the far northwestern part of the Central Valley of Oaxaca, about seventeen km from the capital. The town is centered on the church and former monastery of San Pedro y San Pablo, and as municipal seat functions as the local government for six other communities. Most of the town's history has been lost due to the lack of records, but oral tradition states that it was founded sometime in the 15th century. Today, the town is noted for its weekly Wednesday market, where one can find traditional merchandise such a local variety of white cheese, tamales, frames for donkeys and goat barbacoa prepared in an earthen oven.

The town
The town of Villa de Etla is centered on the church and former monastery of San Pedro y San Pablo, with the layout of the original streets of the town marked off from it. The complex was completed in 1636 and consists of three parts, the church, the former monastery and the cloister, all constructed from green sandstone. The main portal of the church has a simple arch over which is the choir window. Over this is a pediment which contains a clock. Behind the monastery area, there are the remains of an aqueduct. This arched construction was one of the first built in the area and was used during the colonial period to provide water to the town from the surrounding mountains. It is not known when the aqueduct was built but it was probably completed by the end of the 16th century. The church is one of a series of churches and monasteries which were established by the Dominicans between the city of Oaxaca and the Puebla border in the 16th century. Today this path is the main highway to the city of Puebla and the church is grouped with those from Yanhuitlán, Teposcolula and Coixtlahuaca . There is one other significant church in the town but it is unknown when it was constructed.

The other two important constructions are next to this complex, the municipal market, behind which is the municipal palace, or government office. The municipal market is the center of most of the municipality's commerce, with efforts to build larger commercial stores opposed by many residents. The market is the center for the weekly tianguis or open-air market held on Wednesdays. The Wednesday market is part of an informal system of weekly markets that occur in most of the larger communities of the Central Valleys region. This market is best known for its locally produced variety of white cheese, but it also offers a number of kinds of traditional merchandise such as sheepskins, frames for packing donkeys, the green glazed pottery of Atzompa and tamales. Another specialty is goat barbacoa cooked in earthen ovens.

The main festival for the municipality is in the seat in honor of Saints Peter and Paul. This event begins with processions along the main streets to announce the start, just before the actual feast day. Then on the day before, a very large frame loaded with fireworks, called a castillo (castle) along with smaller bull figures called toritos are set alight. On the main day, there are masses and other religious observances ending with a large public dance.

Lent is an important time in the state of Oaxaca, with many communities developing various types of celebration over these forty days. As Villa de Etla already experiences warm weather by this time, flavored drinks sold by street vendors are popular during the processions, masses and other events held during this time. Some typical flavors served include horchata, hibiscus tea, drinks made from coconuts, a fermented corn drink called tejate and one made from a sweet squash from the area called chilacayota. These are often offered to participants in the various events.

The Viernes de Cuaresma attracts a large number of visitors from around the area. It is marked by a large fair, with about forty amusement rides for children, and musical events. There are over 100 stands selling food and other commodities. The event begins with a music band wandering the streets of the town at 9 pm followed by the setting off of fireworks fastened to a large wooden frame called a castillo (castle). The following day is dedicated to the Christ image called the Señor de las Peñas with more music and fireworks. It ends on Sunday with dancing to popular music. Hundreds from Oaxaca and as far as Puebla, Chiapas and Mexico City come to honor the Señor de las Peñas to keep promises and to ask for favors. The fifth Friday of Lent is dedicated to this image. The festivities are arranged by a committee which is selected each year under Usos y Costumbres.

The fourth Friday of Lent, three weeks before Good Friday, is the La Samaritana celebration. Large ceramic pots are placed and decorated. Some are decorated with bricks but most have imitations, and then arches of palm fronds with bougainvillea flowers are then placed. The tradition is derived from a passage in the Bible in which a Samaritan offers water from a well to Jesus.

Palm Sunday celebrations begin a day before when elaborate figures made of palm fronds are made to be blessed at mass the following day. The figures vary in size and complexity and are often decorated with crosses, pins and flowers. Those who do not make their own palm arrangements buy them from stands located in and around the main church. These are then kept for the remainder of the year to protect the home. During mass, eight young men are chosen to read different Biblical passages related to the Passion of Christ. They are dressed in white tunics, with wreaths on their head to represent Christ. Afterwards, it is traditional to go to the municipal market next door to buy provisions for that day's supper. This includes a bread called “pan Amarillo" cheese, honey, ice cream, tamales, tasajo, tlayudas, tortillas, fruits and flowers.

At these and other events, the most common music is produced by wind instruments and the most common dance is the jarabe, especially at weddings. The most commons foods include mole (especially amarillo, verde, and coloradito), regional sweets, tlayudas, barbacoa and fava beans, accompanying by tepache, mezcal and beer.

The municipality
As municipal seat, the town of Villa de Etla is the local government for six other communities, but most people live in the town proper. These communities together occupy a territory of 17.85km2 and are bordered by the municipalities of Asunción Etla, Santo Domingo Etla, San Miguel Etla and Reyes Etla. The municipality is located in the Central Valleys region of the state about seventeen km from the capital of Oaxaca. The municipal government consists of a municipal president, an officer called a “síndico” and four secretaries called “regidors” (for taxes, education, public works and agencies/neighborhoods). These and other officials are elected under Mexico's usos y costumbres system.
As of 2005, only 621 people out of a population of 7,637 spoke an indigenous language. Most are Catholic but about a sixth belong to another or no faith.

As of 2005, there were a total of 1691 homes almost all of which were owned by their occupants. Of these homes, 61% have running water, 95% are in areas with public lighting and 49% have public drainage. Federal Highway 190 passes through the municipality connecting it to the city of Oaxaca and Mexico City.

About seventy percent of the municipality's population is dedicated wholly or in part to agriculture, with the primary livestock being cattle. However, only eight percent are dedicated to it full-time. About thirty six percent work in industry, mining and construction. The main handcraft is basketry. About fifteen percent are dedicated to commerce, most of which is related to the sale of dairy products such as milk and cheese. Other commerce focuses on local needs, with the municipal market and the weekly market having a primary role. The total percentage dedicated to commerce, tourism and services is 53%.

The municipality has several preschools, primary schools along with center for study at the high school level. Villa de Etla is the head of the twenty eight schools of Scholastic Zone Number 5. Preschools include Ignacio José Allende, Jaime Torres Bodet, Leona Vicario, Niños Heroes de Chapultepec, Ovidio Decroly, Porfirio Díaz and Prodei Modulo 2. Primary schools include Basilio e Zarate, Cuauhtémoc, Iep 13 General de Division Ignacio Mejia, José María Morelos, Juan de la Barrera, Margarita Maza de Juarez, Ricardo Flores Magon and Valentin Gomez Farias. Secondary education is provided at Escuela Secundaria Technica 84. Special education schools include Centro de Atencion Multiple 26 and Unidad de Servicios de Apoyo a la Educación Regular No. 19. High school level instruction is found at the Centro de Estudios de Bachillerato 6/12. All schools and other centers of instruction are public.
The Basilio E. Zárate School celebrated its fiftieth anniversary in 2007. It is the largest and oldest primary school in the area, with a number of students receiving awards in the arts and academics. The school began with classes held at private homes and in makeshift constructions. The current building was eventually financed with support from local, state and federal governments. Maintenance is paid for by students’ parents. There are currently about 500 students from the first to sixth grades with a number receiving special educations services from the Unidad de Servicios Educativos Especiales del Instituto Estatal de Educación Pública de Oaxaca. It also has a social worker, a psychologist and a speech therapist. It recently installed a multimedia room.

In addition to the monastery complex in the main town, an excavated archeological site is another of the municipality's monuments. The archeological zone was first occupied during the Monte Albán IIIA phase and grew during IIIB to about 2,500 people. From 700 to 450 BCE, it dominated the local area, becoming the most important site of the Valley of Etla. It was abandoned between 650–800 CE, or Monte Albán IV.

Geography
The municipality is located in the Valley of Etla, which is a sub-valley located in the far northwest of the Valley of Oaxaca. The municipality lies on a valley floor so its terrain is relatively flat with no significant elevations other than small hills. Almost all of the land in the area is used for agriculture or human habitation. The major rivers are the Asunción which flows through the community of Nativitas Etla and the Salinas River when crosses through Santo Domingo Barrio Alto and Santo Domingo Bajo Etla. It has a temperate climate.

Flora and fauna
Almost all of the vegetation in the municipality is secondary with decorative species such as geraniums, bougainvillea; trees such as laurel and eucalyptus, and various edible and medicinal herbs. Wildlife mostly consists of bird species such as doves and hummingbirds, various insects, along with some aquatic species such as frogs, fish and crab and reptiles such as lizards, small turtles and snakes. Mammals are all domesticated species.

History
The name means “town of the land of beans” mixing Spanish and Nahuatl. “Villa” is from Spanish and means “town” and “Etla” comes from Nahuatl meaning in “land of beans.” The Zapotec name for the area is Loohvana, which refers to the land's fertility.

Most of the history of this town has been lost due to the lack of records. Oral tradition states that the settlement was founded sometime in the 15th century.
The decisive Battle of La Carbonera was fought on October 18, 1866 near to Etla during the war caused by the French intervention in Mexico.

The last few years of the municipality has been marked by political instability. This has negatively impacted public works such as the repaving of roads, electrification and a non functioning water treatment plant, with delays as long as 15 years. In 2008, Federal Highway 190 and the main entrance to town were blocked by those protesting the lack of potable water for three months in 2008. The protesters claimed they had running water irregularly only about once a week and sometimes not even that. In 2010, a group of over a hundred residents took over the municipal palace to force the state government to reinstitute Alma Delia Ramos as municipal president. A previous first takeover ended peacefully but without the desired results of the protestors.  The latest protests and blockades have centered on the government of Danial Ramírez Ramírez from April to May 2011. This municipal president has been accused of nepotism, putting family and friends on municipal payrolls for no work. He has also been accused of threatening the homes and lives of those who oppose him. Protestors have principally called for and received state-led investigations into the matter, in order to avoid escalation. There have been various incidents over these two months from the blocking of Federal Highway 190, to the blocking of all six main entrances to the town to the takeover of the municipal palace. However, there have been other demands by protestors such as the stop to the construction of a “Súper Precio” commercial center which they say would negatively affect about 300 local merchants.

References

External links
Entry for Villa de Etla in the Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México: Estado de Oaxaca (in Spanish)
Santos in Oaxaca's Ancient Churches: San Pedro y San Pablo Etla - Art-historical study of the statues in the church.

Municipalities of Oaxaca
Populated places established in 1636
1636 establishments in New Spain


HMS Astraea was an  second class cruiser of the Royal Navy. She was built towards the end of the nineteenth century, and survived to serve in the First World War.

Construction and commissioning
Astraea was ordered as part of the eight-ship Astraea class under the Naval Defence Act of 1889. She was laid down at Devonport Dockyard in August 1890 and launched from there on 17 March 1893. She was completed and commissioned for service in November 1895.

Career
Astraea served in the Mediterranean Sea in early 1900 under the command of Captain Alfred Paget, and was in China the following year under the command of Captain Casper Joseph Baker. She left Hong Kong on 27 March 1902, homeward bound, arriving in Singapore on 2 April, Colombo on 10 April, Suez on 27 April, Malta on 2 May, and in Plymouth on 14 May, having convoyed the destroyer  from the Mediterranean. She paid off at Chatham on 12 June 1902, and was placed in the B Division of the Fleet Reserve.

She was again sent to the China Station in 1906, followed by a period at Colombo between 1908 and 1911. She returned to Britain in January 1912, where she was refitted to return to service. She was recommissioned at the Nore in June 1912, and joined the Third Fleet. By April 1913 she had been reassigned to operate off the Cape of Good Hope as part of the squadron assigned to the West Africa Station. She was serving off East Africa at Zanzibar when the First World War broke out, and the squadron was initially assigned to protect British Empire shipping travelling on the trade routes around the African coast. On 8 August 1914 Astraea bombarded Dar-es-Salaam, part of the German colony of German East Africa. Astraeas guns destroyed a radio station, and fearing an imminent landing, the German authorities scuttled their floating dock to block the harbour. This had the subsequent effect of preventing the German commerce raider  from being able to return to the port. Astraea was later one of the ships assigned to hunt and blockade Königsberg in the Rufiji Delta.

In May 1915 Astraea became the ship of the senior naval officer assigned to support the invasion of Kamerun, replacing the cruiser  in the role.

Ghostly encounter
One of Astraeas First World War officers was Harold Owen, younger brother of the wartime poet Wilfred Owen. Shortly after the signing of the Armistice, Astraea was anchored in Table Bay. Harold later wrote:

Harold only later learned that Wilfred had been killed in action on 4 November 1918, a week before he had apparently appeared to him on Astraea.

Scrapping
Astraea returned to the UK and was paid off in July 1919. She was sold on 1 July 1920 to the ship breakers Castle, but was subsequently resold and was broken up in Germany in 1920.

Notes

References

Sources

Astraea-class cruisers
Ships built in Plymouth, Devon
1893 ships
World War I cruisers of the United Kingdom


The Moment of Truth (French: La Minute de vérité, Italian: L'ora della verità) is a 1952 French-Italian drama film directed by Jean Delannoy and starring Michèle Morgan, Jean Gabin and Walter Chiari. Delannoy co-wrote the screenplay with Henri Jeanson, Roland Laudenbach and Robert Thoeren. The music score is by Paul Misraki, Winfried Zillig and Georges Van Parys. It was shot at the Francoeur Studios in Paris. The film's sets were designed by the art director Serge Piménoff.

Synopsis
It tells the story of a doctor, his wife and his patient, who was her former lover.

Cast

References

Bibliography
 Harriss, Joseph. Jean Gabin: The Actor Who Was France. McFarland, 2018.
 Turk, Edward Baron . Child of Paradise: Marcel Carné and the Golden Age of French Cinema. Harvard University Press, 1989.

External links

La Minute de vérité at Films de France

1952 films
Films directed by Jean Delannoy
Adultery in films
Films with screenplays by Roland Laudenbach
French drama films
1952 drama films
1950s Italian films
Italian drama films
French black-and-white films
1950s French-language films
1950s French films
Gaumont Film Company films
Films shot at Francoeur Studios


Oi Mikromesaioi () is a Greek comedy series. It was aired by Mega Channel during the 1992-1993 television season.

External links

Mega Channel original programming
Greek-language television shows
1992 Greek television series debuts
1993 Greek television series endings
1990s Greek television series
Greek comedy television series


Return to Sender is a 2004 film written by Neal Purvis and Robert Wade and directed by Bille August. It was also released on video under the title Convicted. The film stars Aidan Quinn, Connie Nielsen and Kelly Preston.

Aidan Quinn was nominated for a 2005 IFTA Best Actor in a Feature Film award for his performance. Quinn plays an unscrupulous attorney who is challenged by Nielsen, his latest client.

Plot
Quinn's character, a jaded ex-lawyer, has been befriending and exploiting death row convicts and selling their final letters to the media.  While attempting to foster his relationship with Nielsen's character, he becomes convinced that she is innocent.

Cast

Reception
Todd McCarthy of Variety gave the film a negative review and suggested it "should be returned to maker" and says the film shows "absolutely no feel for its characters or setting, pic doesn't convince on any level".

References

External links
   Return to Sender at BFI
   Return to Sender at Lumiere

2004 films
2004 psychological thriller films
American psychological thriller films
British psychological thriller films
Danish thriller films
English-language Danish films
Films scored by Harry Gregson-Williams
Films about capital punishment
Films about lawyers
Films directed by Bille August
Number 9 Films films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films
2000s British films


William Grant Mills (August 15, 1877 – March 14, 1933), nicknamed Wee Willie, was a professional baseball pitcher. He briefly pitched for the New York Giants in 1901.

Mills earned his nickname due to his stature; he stood only 5'7" and weighed about 150 lbs.

Mills first pitched for Utica in the New York State League in 1899. He would post a 47-26 record with Utica over two seasons, leading the club to the 1900 New York State League championship. In 1901 he began the season with a 13-game winning streak while playing for Schenectady before being called up by the Giants. However, he would only make two appearances for the Giants, earning the loss in both games, before being returned to Schenectady.

During his career, he also pitched for Montreal, Los Angeles, Baltimore, Rochester, and Toronto.

Mills was the father of Art Mills, who played for the Boston Braves and also coached the Detroit Tigers in their 1945 World Series victory.

References
Billy Mills and Scott Fiesthumel. Diamond Dynasty: Three Generations in Baseball. Erie Canal Productions, .

External links

1877 births
1933 deaths
New York Giants (NL) players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Baseball players from New York (state)
Fall River Indians players
Hartford Bluebirds players
Newark Colts players
Torrington Demons players
Reading Coal Heavers players
Utica Reds players
Schenectady Electricians players
Montreal Royals players
Rochester Bronchos players
Toronto Maple Leafs (International League) players
Baltimore Orioles (International League) players
Utica Pent-Ups players
Nashville Vols players


Victor I. Hoagland Sr. (May 4, 1936 – January 12, 2002), known professionally as Hoagy Lands, was an American soul singer.

Biography
Lands was born in New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States, to an Afro-Cuban father and an African American mother of American Indian descent, Lands formed a group at Roosevelt Junior High School in Elizabeth, New Jersey that was called TNB (The New Brunswick) Dynaflows.

His recording career spanned from the late 1950s on into the mid-1970s, recording a few duets with Lily Field. He made appearances in England shortly before his death in 2002, in Orange, New Jersey, following heart surgery.

His grandson is recording artist Jaheim.

Discography
Ivory (unknown number) – Oo-Be-Do / You're Only Young Once – 1959
Judi 054 – (I'm Gonna) Cry Some Tears / Lighted Windows – 1961
ABC-Paramount 10171 – (I'm Gonna) Cry Some Tears / Lighted Windows – 1961
MGM K-13041 – My Tears Are Dry / It's Gonna Be Morning – 1961
MGM K-13062 – Goodnight Irene / It Ain't Easy As That – 1961
ABC-Paramount 10392 – Tender Years / I'm Yours – 1963
Atlantic 2217 – Baby Come On Home / Baby Let Me Hold Your Hand (Backing vocals by Cissy Houston, Dee Dee Warwick and Judy Clay – Eric Gale on guitar) – 1964
Laurie 3349 – Theme From The Other Side / Friends And Lovers Don't Go Together – 1966
Laurie 3361 – Theme From The Other Side / September – 1967
Laurie 3372 – Yesterday / Forever in My Heart- 1967
Laurie 3381 – The Next in Line / Please Don't Talk About Me When I'm Gone (Backing vocals by The Chiffons) – 1967
Laurie 3463 – Two Years and a Thousand Tears (Since I Left Augusta) / White Gardenia – 1968

With Lily Fields
 Stardust 028 – I'm Yours / The Tender Years – 1963
 Spectrum 116 – Beautiful Music / Crying Candle – 1969
Spectrum 118 – Sweet Soul (Brother) / A Boy in a Man's World – 1970
Spectrum 122 – Do You Know What Life Is All About / Why Didn't You Let Me Know – 1972
Spectrum 129 – Reminisce / Why Didn't You Let Me Know – 1972
Spectrum 130 – A Man Ain't No Stronger Than His Heart / Do It Twice – 1972
Paramount 0232 – Mary Ann / Pledging My Love – 1973
Spectrum 140 – The Bell Ringer / (Instrumental) – 1976

In popular culture
Lands' recording of Lighted Windows was played over the end titles of Season 4, Episode 8 of Orange Is the New Black in June 2016.

References

1936 births
2002 deaths
Musicians from New Brunswick, New Jersey
American soul singers
American people of Cuban descent
American people who self-identify as being of Native American descent
20th-century African-American male singers


Sonja Hagemann (6 September 1898 – 17 October 1983) was a Norwegian literary historian and literary critic, especially of children's literature. She is primarily known for the monumental Barnelitteratur i Norge (Norwegian Children's Literature I:1965; II:1970; III:1973).

She was raised in Christiania (now Oslo) Norway. She graduated with a degree in economics at the University of Oslo (1919).
She first worked in government service. She worked at  Dagbladet as a critic of children's literature (1946-1971).
She received the Arts Council Norway Honorary Award (Norsk kulturråds ærespris) in 1980.

She represented the Liberal Party in Oslo school board. She was a parliamentary ballot candidate from the constituency of Oslo in 1965.

She was married to Otto Holmboe Hagemann (1891–1961) in 1925 and was the mother of geologist Fredrik Hagemann.

References

1898 births
1983 deaths
Writers from Oslo
University of Oslo alumni
Norwegian women writers
Norwegian literary critics
Norwegian women literary critics
Norwegian women non-fiction writers
Norwegian literary historians
Liberal Party (Norway) politicians
Politicians from Oslo
Women literary historians
Norwegian women historians


André Verbeke (2 January 1908 – 9 March 1978) was a Belgian architect. In 1932 he won a bronze medal in the art competitions of the Olympic Games for his design of a "Marathon Park".

References

External links

1908 births
1978 deaths
20th-century Belgian architects
Olympic bronze medalists in art competitions
Medalists at the 1932 Summer Olympics
Olympic competitors in art competitions


Statistics is the mathematical science involving the collection, analysis and interpretation of data. A number of specialties have evolved to apply statistical and methods to various disciplines. Certain topics have "statistical" in their name but relate to manipulations of probability distributions rather than to statistical analysis.

Actuarial science is the discipline that applies mathematical and statistical methods to assess risk in the insurance and finance industries.
Astrostatistics is the discipline that applies statistical analysis to the understanding of astronomical data.
Biostatistics is a branch of biology that studies biological phenomena and observations by means of statistical analysis, and includes medical statistics.
Business analytics is a rapidly developing business process that applies statistical methods to data sets (often very large) to develop new insights and understanding of business performance & opportunities
Chemometrics is the science of relating measurements made on a chemical system or process to the state of the system via application of mathematical or statistical methods.
Demography is the statistical study of all populations. It can be a very general science that can be applied to any kind of dynamic population, that is, one that changes over time or space.
Econometrics is a branch of economics that applies statistical methods to the empirical study of economic theories and relationships.
Environmental statistics is the application of statistical methods to environmental science. Weather, climate, air and water quality are included, as are studies of plant and animal populations.
Epidemiology is the study of factors affecting the health and illness of populations, and serves as the foundation and logic of interventions made in the interest of public health and preventive medicine.
Forensic statistics is the application of probability models and statistical techniques to scientific evidence, such as DNA evidence, and the law. In contrast to "everyday" statistics, to not engender bias or unduly draw conclusions, forensic statisticians report likelihoods as likelihood ratios (LR).
Spatial statistics is a branch of applied statistics that deals with the analysis of spatial data
Geostatistics is a branch of geography that deals with the analysis of data from disciplines such as petroleum geology, hydrogeology, hydrology, meteorology, oceanography, geochemistry, geography.
Jurimetrics is the application of probability and statistics to law.
Machine learning is the subfield of computer science that formulates algorithms in order to make predictions from data.
Operations research (or operational research) is an interdisciplinary branch of applied mathematics and formal science that uses methods such as mathematical modeling, statistics, and algorithms to arrive at optimal or near optimal solutions to complex problems; Management science focuses on problems in the business world.
Population ecology is a sub-field of ecology that deals with the dynamics of species populations and how these populations interact with the environment.
Psychometrics is the theory and technique of educational and psychological measurement of knowledge, abilities, attitudes, and personality traits.
Quality control reviews the factors involved in manufacturing and production; it can make use of statistical sampling of product items to aid decisions in process control or in accepting deliveries.
Quantitative psychology is the science of statistically explaining and changing mental processes and behaviors in humans.
Reliability engineering is the study of the ability of a system or component to perform its required functions under stated conditions for a specified period of time.
Social statistics is the use of statistical measurement systems to study human behavior in a social environment.
Statistical finance, an area of econophysics, is an empirical attempt to shift finance from its normative roots to a positivist framework using exemplars from statistical physics with an emphasis on emergent or collective properties of financial markets.
Statistical mechanics is the application of probability theory, which includes mathematical tools for dealing with large populations, to the field of mechanics, which is concerned with the motion of particles or objects when subjected to a force.
Statistical physics is one of the fundamental theories of physics, and uses methods of probability theory in solving physical problems.
Statistical signal processing utilizes the statistical properties of signals to perform signal processing tasks.
Statistical thermodynamics is the study of the microscopic behaviors of thermodynamic systems using probability theory and provides a molecular level interpretation of thermodynamic quantities such as work, heat, free energy, and entropy.

See also
List of statistics topics

Fields of application


Gumbasia is a 3-minute short film released on September 2, 1953, the first clay animation produced by Art Clokey. He used the same technique to create the classic characters Gumby and Davey and Goliath.

Production
Clokey created Gumbasia while a student at the University of Southern California under the direction of Slavko Vorkapić. In his father's garage, he worked the clay on a ping-pong table. The film is a surreal short of pulsating shapes and lumps of clay set to jazz music in a homage of Walt Disney's Fantasia.

Gumbasia was created in a style Vorkapić taught, called Kinesthetic Film Principles and described as "massaging of the eye cells". Based on camera movements and stop-motion editing, this provides much of the look and feel of Gumby films.

When Clokey showed Gumbasia to film producer Sam Engel in 1955, Engel funded a 15-minute short film that became the first Gumby episode, "Gumby Goes to the Moon". Based on that episode, a TV series titled Fun in Gumbasia was scheduled for release in mid-2017.

References

External links

 Article at Gumbyworld.com
 Premavision/Clokey Productions
 ArtClokey: the First 50 Years

1955 films
Clay animation films
Articles containing video clips
1955 animated films
Abstract animation
Animated films without speech
American animated short films
1955 short films
1950s stop-motion animated films
1950s American films
1950s American animated films
Disney parodies


Amor en Custodia is a Mexican television drama, inspired by the popular Argentine telenovela of the same name, and developed and produced by Emilia Lamothe. Amor en Custodia focuses on and satirizes the lives of socialite teens and young adults growing up in Mexico city. It deals with sexuality, drugs, money, jealousy and other issues.

It first aired on July 18, 2005 and ended on August 11, 2006.

It has been shown in more than 13 countries, including the USA, Europe, Japan, Thailand, and Latin America, and has been translated into English, French, Japanese, and German.

Production

Conception
The project was originally intended as a film, to be made by Zeta Films, with La Mujer de Mi Hermano's creator Jaime Bayly set to write the screenplay, actress Angélica Aragón to star as Paz Achával Urién, and Bárbara Mori to portray Paz's daughter Barbara. The film never went into production and was ultimately canceled.

The project was later redesigned as a TV-movie, for Televisa, but again the production was canceled.

Development of the show, this time as a TV series to be shown on TV Azteca, finally began on January 5, 2005, when TV Azteca gave it a put pilot commitment, with Emilia Lamothe as writer and executive producer. In February 2005, the network confirmed the pilot order, and Mario O. Garcés was named as co-writer.

Music
Pop singer Alexandre Pires was credited with the music selection used on Amor en Custodia, though the cast played a part in the choice, and even recorded some of their own songs for inclusion.

In contrast to his usual style of Spanish independent music and alternative rock artists, Pires largely used pop songs for the Mexican version, and current Top 40 hits for the American version. He explained, "Since the show is based on high class profiled families, I'm going for more pop-ish sounds, for the USA version. I want to attract new viewers, so I will be using some top 40 English songs from the best artists today and from great artists internationally."

The opening theme chosen was Abre tu Corazón, performed by Olga Tañón.

Broadcasting history
Originally scheduled to air on June 13, 2005, the initial episode of Amor en Custodia was delayed by a week. As a result, the previously planned two-hour season special of La Academia was edited down to one hour to accommodate it. It finally made its television debut on Canal 7, in Mexico City, on June 19, 2005 at 10:00 p.m. TV Azteca broadcast the first episode nationally the following day, at 9:00 p.m.

In the United States, Amor en Custodia premiered on Azteca America, on July 18, 2005 at 9:00pm, a month after the original Mexican showing.

The first episode was provided as a free download at the series' official website on June 30, 2005.

At the end of the first season, TV Azteca canceled the Canal 7 showing due to poor reception by the public.

The series was suspended in Argentina between November and January, over a dispute concerning the rights to the story. During the suspension, TV Azteca repeated the first episodes, hoping that the series would later return. However, it did not return to the air in Argentina, except for the last episodes of the first season.

Cast and characters
Featuring four main character roles, the majority of the cast was assembled from January to March, 2005. Bárbara Mori was originally cast as the female lead, Barbara, but due to scheduling problems she was forced to pull out and was replaced by Paola Núñez. Margarita Gralia was then signed to play Paz.

Andrés Palacios auditioned for one of the lead roles, Pacheco, but was made second choice after Sebastián Estevanez. However, before filming began, Estevanez had to pull out for personal reasons and Palacios got the part.

With just a month before the scheduled release of the first episode, Sergio Basañez was cast to play Paz's love interest, Manuel.

In the 8th season, and some of 11th season, Sebastián Estevanez appeared as Barbara's boyfriend and bodyguard.

The rest of the cast were chosen as the series continued, and by early July 2006 casting stopped as the series was coming to an end.

Cast

(*) Transferred from "guest star" status to main cast mid-season.

Reception

Critical response
Amor en Custodia initially received strong reviews. Due to its pedigree as an adaptation from the Argentine version, it was one of the most anticipated new shows of 2005. The first week showing garnered positive reviews from sources such as Ventaneando, The Washington Post, Los Angeles Times and Yahoo!.

DVD release
There was originally no plan to release the series on DVD, but with the success of bootleg DVD versions in Mexico, the USA, Europe, and Argentina, and Internet piracy, a 2-disc DVD was released on February 13, 2007.

Remake
As of July 23, 2012, Nicandro Diaz Gonzalez produced Amores verdaderos, a Mexican telenovela for Televisa. Eduardo Yáñez, Erika Buenfil, Sebastian Rulli and Eiza González starred as the protagonists, while Guillermo Capetillo, Marjorie de Sousa and Francisco Gattorno starred as the antagonist.

References

External links
 Official Site

Amor en Custodia at Yahoo! TV
Colombian Version, synopsis, pictures and cast

2005 telenovelas
2005 Mexican television series debuts
2006 Mexican television series endings
2000s teen drama television series
Television shows set in Mexico City
TV Azteca telenovelas
Mexican television series based on Argentine television series
Spanish-language telenovelas
Television series about teenagers


Bortnytsia (, ) is a village in Rivne oblast, near the town of Dubno, in Dubno Raion, Ukraine. The village currently has a population of 365.

History
Before the Nazi German and Soviet invasions of Poland the village was located in the Wołyń Voivodeship of the Second Polish Republic. It was made up of 61 farms of different sizes.

World War II history
In World War II, following the Soviet invasion of Poland, dozens of ethnic Polish families were sent to Siberia by the NKVD in 1940. Bortnica was one of many sites of the massacres of Poles and Jews committed between 1942 and 1945 by the death squads of OUN-UPA and the local Ukrainian peasants. The village was raided repeatedly in a process of ethnic cleansing. Farms were burned mostly at night. Jews kept a 24-hour vigil, because, unlike the Polish families who in the worst-case scenario could flee into the German–occupied cities, Jewish families had nowhere to run. Pitched battles with Ukrainian Insurgent Army were breaking out all the time. The bloodiest fighting broke out in Bortnica on Christmas Eve in 1943, six weeks before the arrival of the Red Army. Fifteen Poles and eight Jews defending themselves against the invading force of 400 Ukrainian nationalists. Devoid of ammunition, the defenders fell back a day later. Half were killed in battle. A few escaped into the forest. In the Dubno County, the Polish self-defence against ethnic cleansing by OUN-UPA was more successful only in Pańska Dolina.

References

Villages in Dubno Raion
Holocaust locations in Ukraine
Massacres of Poles in Volhynia


Sidney Graham Winter (born 1935, in Iowa City, Iowa) is an American economist and Professor Emeritus of Management at the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania. He is recognized as a leading figures in the revival of evolutionary economics.

In 1982, he co-published with Richard R. Nelson An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change, a book which has since been cited nearly 25,000 times.

Winter was Chief Economist of the US General Accounting Office (1989-1993). He won the Viipuri Prize for Strategic Management in 2008.

Winter was the second husband and widower of economist Alice Mitchell Rivlin.

Works
An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change, 1982,
Patents and Welfare in an Evolutionary Model., 1993
Founding Co-editor of Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization (with R. H. Day)

External links

 Faculty profile at University of Pennsylvania web site
 Charles Cooper Memorial Lecture at UNU-MERIT web site.

Innovation economists
American economists
Fellows of the Econometric Society
1935 births
Living people
Writers from Iowa City, Iowa
Economists from Iowa
Academic journal editors
20th-century American male writers


The Fernleigh Track is a multi-use rail trail near Belmont in New South Wales. The track was constructed in the way of the former Belmont railway line. The project is a joint venture between Newcastle City Council and City of Lake Macquarie. The track extends from Adamstown to Belmont over an approximate distance of . The former railway closed in December 1991. The first section between Adamstown and Burwood Road opened in 2003. Construction has continued in stages with the final section between Jewells and Belmont completed in March 2011.

The abandoned Belmont railway line was a coal haulage and passenger rail line from Adamstown to Belmont. In 1880 a rail line was built to Redhead with the line being extended to Belmont in 1916. At one stage there was talk of extending the line to Swansea.

A feature of the conversion of the former railway to a multi-use trail is the retention of many industrial heritage features. The trail passes through the brick-lined Fernleigh Tunnel under the Pacific Highway.

At the site of the former Kahibah station, the cycleway is crossed by the Great North Walk, a  walking trail connecting Newcastle and Sydney. The track also passes through the centre of the Glenrock Lagoon catchment.

Track details

Station/platform (distance)
 Adamstown: (0)
 Fernleigh: ()
 Kahibah: ()
 Dudley Junction: ()
 Burwood Platform: ()
 Whitebridge: ()
 Redhead: ()
 Redhead South: ()
 Jewells: ()
 John Darling Platform: ()
 Belmont: ()

Track statistics

 Level crossings, 5
 Tunnels, 1 (curved - )
 Over Bridges, 2
 Drive through culvert, 1 (Little Flaggy Creek)
 Stations or Platforms, 10
 Signal Boxes, 4
 Major colliers served, 5
 Maximum gradient, 1 in 40
 Minimum elevation,  (nr Belmont Station)
 Maximum elevation,  (on main line)
 Length of Line,

History of the line
 1880 - Rail line opened to Redhead
 December 1916 - Rail line extended to Belmont
 12 October 1922 - Special train left Newcastle for the opening of "Soldiers' Memorial Hall" at Kahibah.
 January 1925 - Redhead Loop name changed to Fernleigh Loop
 1967 - Last passenger steam train to Belmont
 8 April 1971 - At 17:10 the last rail passenger train to Belmont via Kahibah left Newcastle Station.
 19 December 1991 - Rail line closed
 2 February 2003 - Adamstown to Kahibah Station stage of the Fernleigh Track (cycleway) opened
 August 2004 - Dudley Junction to Whitebridge Station section of Fernleigh Track completed
 7 May 2005 - Kahibah Station to Whitebridge Station section officially opened.
 November 2009 - Whitebridge Station to Redhead Station section of Fernleigh Track completed
 November 2010 - Redhead Station to Jewels section of Fernleigh Track completed
 12 March 2011 - Fernleigh Track fully completed.

References

External links
 Rail Trails Australia
 Newcastle Cycleways Movement
 Lake Macquarie City Council
 Premiers Council for Active Living
 Kahibah Public School's Fernleigh Track site
 NSWRail.net diagram of Belmont line
 Curve and gradient data including the Belmont line

City of Lake Macquarie
Newcastle, New South Wales
Rail trails in Australia
History of Newcastle, New South Wales


Lellouche is a North-African surname; a variant form of Lellouch, Lelouch, Alloush, Allouch and Allouche. It is derived from the early Afroasiatic-Semitic family, where it is seen in the Berber and Arabian Peninsula Arabic cultures as el allouch (alush), meaning "the lamb".  It is most-often used to signify a young male lamb, and remains a nickname or term of endearment in some North African and Arabic cultures.

Louche also means "cross-eyed" in French, and le/la Louche serves as nickname in its figurative meaning, a "shady" one, for some historical people in French texts.

Notable people with the name include:

People and places named Allouch

People named Allouch
 Jean Allouch (born 1939), French psychoanalyst.
 Moustapha Allouch (born 1958), Lebanese politician.
 Roula Allouch, Wisconsin born American with Syrian descent, chairwoman of the Council on American–Islamic Relations.
 Soulaïman Allouch (born 2002), Moroccan-Dutch footballer.

Places named Allouch
 Dar Allouch, a town in Nabeul Governorate, Tunisia.

People named Allouche
 Adam Allouche (born 1993), French–Lebanese award winning international swimmer.
  (born 1956), French bridge player.
 Fabrice Allouche (born 1968), French professional boxer;
  (born 1939), French politician.
  (active 2004–now), French composer, pianist and music producer.
  (born 1953), mathematician, research director at CNRS.
  (born 20th century), French psychosociologist;

People named Alloush

 Fadi Alloush (born 1969), Lebanese footballer.
 Kinda Alloush  (born 1982), Syrian actress.
 Zahran Alloush (1971-2015), Syrian rebel.

People named Lelouch

Claude Lelouch and relatives
 Claude Lelouch (born 1937), French film director, writer, cinematographer, actor and producer. He has 7 known children, 4 of them being active in film industry as either producers or actors.
 Marie-Sophie L., Claude's ex-wife, French actress, raw foodism advocate.
  née Cochet (born 1963), Claude's ex-wife, French actress.
  (born 1983), Claude's daughter with Christine, French actress.
  (born 1976), Claude's daughter with Christine, TV presenter and producer.
 Shaya Lelouch (born 1992), Claude's daughter with Christine, French actress.
  (born 1969), Claude's son with Christine, French actor, director, screenwriter.
 Martine Lelouch, Claude's sister, French actress, photographer and videographer.

Other people named Lelouch
 Émilie Lelouch, French actress, stunt woman.

Fictional people named Lelouch
Lelouch Lamperouge, anime character from Code Geass

People named Lellouch
 Emmanuel Lellouch (born 1963), Observatoire de Paris planetary scientist.
 5519 Lellouch, a minor planet, named after Emmanuel Lellouch.

People named Lellouche
  (born 1981), French poker player.
 Camille Lellouche (born 1986), French actress, comedian and singer.
 Élie Lellouche (born 1952), French trainer of thoroughbred race horses.
 Gilles Lellouche (born 1972), French actor, Philippe Lellouche's brother.
 Ofer Lellouche (born 1947), Israeli artist.
 Pierre Lellouche (born 1951), French politician.
 Philippe Lellouche (born 1966), French actor, Gilles Lellouche's brother.
  (20th century), French director.

Others
 Bernard I (died 995), Count of Armagnac.
 Vassili (1421–1448), Grand Prince of Muscovy.

References

Surnames of Algerian origin
Arabic-language surnames
Surnames of Jewish origin


Mary Surratt House may refer to either of two historic houses associated with Mary E. Surratt:

Surratt House Museum, in Clinton, Maryland, also known as Mary Surratt House
Mary E. Surratt Boarding House, in Washington, D.C., also known as Mary E. Surratt House


"Ghetto Romance" is a song by British R&B group Damage, released in June 2000 as the first single from their second album, Since You've Been Gone (2001). The song was produced by Tim & Bob, and peaked at number seven on the UK Singles Chart.

Track listings
UK CD single
 "Ghetto Romance" (seven inch mix)
 "Maria" (featuring Kele Le Roc)
 "Midnight Caller" (Lovestruck garage mix)
 "Ghetto Romance" (enhanced video)

UK 12-inch single
A1. "Ghetto Romance" (featuring Siamese) – 4:05
A2. "Ghetto Romance" (Ghetto Thug mix) – 3:52
B1. "Ghetto Romance" (Groove Chronicles mix) – 5:29
B2. "Ghetto Romance" (Trigbag Club Sandwich mix) – 7:48

UK cassette single
 "Ghetto Romance" (seven inch mix)
 "Ghetto Romance" (Y-Tribe vocal)
 "Maria" (featuring Kele Le Roc)

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

2000 songs
2000 singles
Damage (British band) songs
Cooltempo Records singles
Song recordings produced by Tim & Bob
Songs written by Bob Robinson (songwriter)
Songs written by Tim Kelley


Nitsa Tsaganea (; 17 February 1902 – 30 April 2002) was a Greek actress of theatre and film.

Biography
Eleni Laskari was the second wife of actor Christos Tsaganeas. Her most famous movies were Enas iroas me pantoufles and Oi Germanoi xanarhonte.

Tsaganea died on 30 April 2002 and was buried at the Athens First Cemetery, next to her daughter, actress Liana Vitsori.

Filmography

References

External links

1902 births
2002 deaths
Actresses from Athens
Greek film actresses
National Liberation Front (Greece) members
Greek centenarians
Women centenarians


Mezinárodní všeodborový svaz '(International All-Trade Union League', abbreviated MVS, , abbreviated IAV) was a national trade union centre in Czechoslovakia. MVS was founded in October 1922, after communists had been expelled from the Odborové sdružení českoslovanské (Czechoslav Trade Union Association, OSČ). MVS functioned as the trade union wing of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSČ), but parallel to MVS there were also the 'Red Trade Unions' (communist-dominated autonomous unions).

MVS affiliated itself to the Red International of Labour Unions (Profintern).

The communist trade unions (i.e. MVS and the Red Trade Unions) had a combined membership which fluctuated between 88 000-200 000. The communists were strongest amongst blue-collar workers, especially amongst Hungarians and in the agricultural sector.

By late 1927 MVS had 179 993 members, 10.71% of the unionized labour force in the country. In total MVS had 16 affiliated unions with a combined number of 2406 local trade union cells. At the time, MVS was the third largest trade union centre in Czechoslovakia.

But the relations between the MVS and KSČ were not uncomplicated. The MVS leadership had political goals of their own, somewhat different from the ambitions of the party. The MVS saw the OSČ as its main competetitor, and actively encouraged workers to leave OSČ for MVS. This made the work of building communist, red, fractions inside OSČ unions more difficult for KSČ. The KSČ repeatedly demanded that MVS would cease its policy of draining the OSČ of leftwing elements, but the MVS did not yield. Partly, MVS could ignore the party demands due to disunity within the party on trade union matters.

In 1929 the relation between KSČ and MVS was broken, as the Communist International shifted from its united front policy to the class against class policy. The Red Trade Unions became the main labour front of KSČ instead. In 1930, after a brief existence as an independent trade union centre, MVS merged back into OSČ.

References

National trade union centers of Czechoslovakia
1922 establishments in Czechoslovakia
1930 disestablishments in Czechoslovakia
Profintern
Trade unions established in 1922
Trade unions disestablished in 1930


Isaiah (Ike) Blessitt (born September 30, 1949), is a former Major League Baseball (MLB) outfielder who played in 1972 with the Detroit Tigers. He batted and threw right-handed. Blessitt had no hits in five at bats in four games, in his one-year career.

He was drafted by the Tigers in the 15th round of the 1967 amateur draft.

External links

1949 births
Living people
African-American baseball players
Detroit Tigers players
Major League Baseball outfielders
Baseball players from Michigan
Lakeland Tigers players
Rocky Mount Leafs players
Montgomery Rebels players
Toledo Mud Hens players
Tucson Toros players
Birmingham A's players
Holyoke Millers players
Petroleros de Zulia players
Orlando Juice players


Eduard Carl Fimmen (18 June 1881, Nieuwer-Amstel – 14 December 1942, Cuernavaca), also known as Edo Fimmen, was a Dutch trade unionist.

Early life
Fimmen was born in Nieuwer-Amstel on 18 June 1881. His father was a merchant, Eduard Hermann Johann Fimmen, and his mother was Therese Ansoul. They were both of German origin. He married Julie Lucie Cornelia (Nelly) Michen on 18 January 1906, and they were to have a daughter and son. In December he met the German journalist Alida Kammerer by whom he had two daughters while remaining married to his wife.

From 1894 to 1889, Fimmen attended the Amsterdam Trade Public School (1894–1899). Fimmen, developed a talent for languages, writing and speaking French, German and English fluently. He was able to earn money as a translator following his father's death when he was sixteen. Following a tour of duty in the Dutch Army he was drawn to the Salvation Army, through Christian commitment rather than a liking of military organisation. After meeting Lodewijk van Mierop, a member of the Dutch Reformed church and Menno Huizinga, a baptist - both theology students - he became involved in a Christian Anarchist magazine Vrede (peace) and the Rein Leven Movement, having his letters published under the pseudonym Edo. The group brought together young men of varying backgrounds, in term of education, employment, knowledge and faith, but who shared a desire for complete purity of body and soul. Fimmen and Huizinga were principle editors to this group and fimmen devoted his spare time from 1901 - 1908 to the group. In particular they agitated against prostitution. For most of this period he chaired the Amsterdam meetings and bi-annual conferences. However, from 1905 disagreements arose over "free" and "bourgeois" marriages. By 1908 Fimmen was amongst a group who considered the movement as no longer anarchist and after rowing with Meirop he left.

Fimmen had also been active in the Society for the Suppression of the Neo-Malthusian using the names Nel Jaccard and Edo for articles in Tegen Leugen en Geweld (Against Lies and Violence), edited by Van Mierop. He translated material from the Conference of International Anti-militarist League (26–28 June 1904) held in Amsterdam. Encouraged by Domela Nieuwenhuis he chaired the last day of the conference where the Christian anarchists - as socialists,  Christians and revolutionaries -advocated Conscientious objection and a general strike in the event of war.

Trade Union career
Fimmen worked as a clerk, probably for the American Petroleum Company and during the 1903 strike joined the National Union of Commercial and Office Employees. Allied to G L Niermeyer, he was elected secretary. He was then obliged to give up his job, and supported himself through translation work for J. C. Dalmeyer. On 22 October 1905 he was one of the founder members of the General Dutch Union of Trade and Office Workers. He was the treasurer from 1905 to 1907, and then Secretary from 1907 - 1916. He also edited Onze Strijd (Our Struggle) from 1909 - 1916. They successfully campaigned for equal pay for men and women in 1909.

From 1919 to 1942, Fimmen served as General Secretary of the International Transport Workers' Federation. In the early phases of World War II in Europe, he organized couriers for Soviet military intelligence and also assisted the British.

Books

Fimmen's Translations into Dutch

From German
 De kunst van het arbeiden, Carl Hilty,  (1903)
 Geluk, Carl Hilty, (1903)

From English:
 Nyria , Mrs. Campbell Pread, (1904);

From the French:
 Wat volwassen meisjes wel eens mogen weten,  Ch. Burlureaux, (1905),

Books by Fimmen
 Labour's Alternative: The United States of Europa or Europe Limited (1924) Labour Publishing Company, London

References

Further reading

 Hans Schoots, 'Fimmen, Eduard Carl (1881-1942)', in: Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederland 5 (2002)

1881 births
1942 deaths
Anarcho-pacifists
Christian anarchists
Dutch anarchists
Dutch Christian pacifists
Dutch trade union leaders
Dutch socialists
International Transport Workers' Federation
Trade unionists from Amsterdam


Gustave Saacké (20 August 1884 – 18 April 1975) was a French architect. In 1932 he won a gold medal in the art competitions of the Olympic Games together with Pierre Montenot and Pierre Bailly for their design of a "Cirque pour Toros" ("Circus for Bullfights").

References

External links

1884 births
1975 deaths
20th-century French architects
Olympic gold medalists in art competitions
Medalists at the 1932 Summer Olympics
Art competitors at the 1932 Summer Olympics


Alexander Armstrong Shaw (7 September 1907 – 19 July 1945) was an English cricketer. He was a right-handed batsman and wicket-keeper. He was born in Shardlow and died in New Delhi.

Shaw's first-class debut was playing for Sussex against Cambridge University. In Shaw's first innings in the field, he caught three batsmen and stumped three others.

Shaw's second and final first-class match was eight years later, playing for Bengal. Shaw scored just a single run in the two innings in which he batted.

External links
Alexander Shaw at Cricket Archive

1907 births
1945 deaths
English cricketers
Sussex cricketers
Bengal cricketers
People from Shardlow
Cricketers from Derbyshire
Indian Army personnel killed in World War II
Wicket-keepers


John Warren was an Indian cricketer who played for Bengal. He was a right-handed batsman.Warren made a single first-class appearance for the team, in the 1935–36 season, against Central Provinces and Berar. Batting as an opener, he scored 3 runs in the first innings, and 66 runs in the second, one of two half-centuries in Bengal's second innings.

External links
John Warren at Cricket Archive

Indian cricketers
Bengal cricketers

References


Hirendranath Sadhu (born 1 September 1915, date of death unknown) was an Indian cricketer. He played as a right-handed batsman and a left-arm medium-pace bowler.

He was born on 1 September 1915 in Chinsurah.

Career
Sadhu's debut came for Bengal in 1939/40, playing against Bihar, against whom he helped his team to an innings victory. Sadhu's second and final first-class appearance followed nine seasons later, playing for Assam. He scored a duck in his first innings for the team and 11 runs in the second. Sadhu bowled 41 overs in his first-class career.

References

1915 births
Date of death unknown
Assam cricketers
Bengal cricketers
Cricketers from West Bengal
Indian cricketers


Ernest Goward (10 August 1896 – 17 September 1961) was an Indian cricketer. He was a right-handed batsman who played for Bengal. He was born in Barrackpore (now Barakpur) and died in Virginia Water.

Goward made a single first-class appearance for the team, having made an appearance for a British in Bengal team against Marylebone Cricket Club nine seasons previously.

Goward's first-class appearance came in the 1935-36 Ranji Trophy, against Madras, against whom he scored a duck in the first innings and 16 runs in the second.

External links
Ernest Goward at Cricket Archive

1896 births
1961 deaths
Indian cricketers
Bengal cricketers


Zorzi is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

13–17th century
 Bertolome Zorzi (fl. 1266–1273), Venetian nobleman, merchant, and troubadour
 Marino Zorzi (1231–1312), 50th doge of the Republic of Venice
 Chiara Zorzi or Giorgio, also Clara or Claire (died 1454), was duchess consort of Athens by marriage to Nerio II Acciaioli
 Nicholas I Zorzi (or Giorgi) (died 1345), Marquess of Bodonitsa
 Jacob Zorzi (also Giacomo Giorgi), the Marquess of Bodonitsa from 1388 to 1410
 Nicholas II Zorzi, Margrave of Bodonitsa,  from 1410 to 1414
 Marino Zorzi (bishop of Brescia) (died 1631), Roman Catholic Bishop of Brescia (1596–1631) and Apostolic Nuncio to Florence
 Marino Giovanni Zorzi (died 1678), Roman Catholic Bishop of Brescia
 Zorzi Ventura, Italian mannerist painter of the Venetian school, active mainly in Venice, Istria and Dalmatia

20–21st century
 Alvise Zorzi (1922–2016), Italian journalist and writer from Venice
 Andrea Zorzi (born 1965), former Italian volleyball player who won two World Championships
 Angelo Zorzi (1890–1974), Italian gymnast
 Bruno Zorzi (born 1937),  former Australian rules footballer
 Cristian Zorzi (born 1972), Italian cross country skier
 Delfo Zorzi, presently known as Roi Hagen, Italian-born Japanese citizen
 Giulio Zorzi (born 1989), South African swimmer
 Guglielmo Zorzi (1879–1967), Italian screenwriter and film director
 Juan Carlos Zorzi (1935–1999), Argentine musician, composer, and orchestra director
 Lucia Zorzi (born 1961),Italian television writer, producer and consultant
 Mario Zorzi (1910–1944), Italian sports shooter
 Renzo Zorzi (1946–2015), Italian racing driver
 Sergio Zorzi (born 1964), former Italian rugby union player and currently, coach
 Susanna Zorzi (born 1992), Italian racing cyclist
 Veronica Zorzi (born 1980), Italian professional golfer
 William F. Zorzi, journalist and screenwriter

See also
 George (disambiguation)
 Giorgi (surname)
 Giorgi (disambiguation)

Italian-language surnames


Peter Malcolm William Entwisle (20 September 1948 – 14 March 2018) was a New Zealand art historian and writer, notably on the history of Dunedin and of New Zealand art.

Early life
Entwisle's parents both worked within the book industry. His father, Arnold, had been born in Cheshire, and moved to London where he worked as a buyer for a bookshop. Here he met Mary Crabb, who worked at Hogarth Press for Leonard Woolf. They married in 1936. After serving in World War II, Arnold got a scholarship to Oxford University, and gained a degree in history.

Peter was born in Newmarket, Suffolk, England in 1948. He had three sisters, Jane, Susan and Sarah. Peter was the third child. In 1952, the family moved to Kuala Lumpur in Malaya, where Arnold worked in the British Colonial Service. The family moved from there to Dunedin in 1955, where Arnold had gained a post as a lecturer at the University of Otago. From a young age, Peter became acquainted with many of the city's top literary and intellectual names, whom his father had become friends with through his university work. These included the circle of poets and artists who surrounded Charles Brasch. It was Brasch who awakened Entwisle's interest in Dunedin's history and architecture.

Peter attended George Street Normal School, Dunedin North Intermediate, and Otago Boys' High School, before enrolling at the University of Otago in 1968. He graduated in 1975 with a BA(Hons) and MLitt in philosophy. While still a student he married Rosemary. He had two daughters, Rebecca and Jennifer.

Later career
Entwisle and his family moved to England in 1976. His initial plans were to complete postgraduate study, but instead he worked as a freelance journalist while acquiring a love for European art. He returned to Dunedin in 1980 where he began work at Dunedin Public Art Gallery, of which he was soon appointed curator, a post he held for 20 years. After 2000, he worked as a freelance writer, and as a regular columnist for the Otago Daily Times. He also became a passionate advocate for Dunedin's built heritage, working as a consultant to the Dunedin City Council's planning department. His written work covered historical and architectural subjects, and also included art criticism. Several of his biographical writings became part of the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. He also curated a number of art exhibitions.

Heritage and conservation work
Entwisle was involved in the preservation of Dunedin's architectural heritage, and was involved in several campaigns including those against structural changes to the exterior of the Dunedin Municipal Chambers and against the construction of the Forsyth Barr Stadium at University Plaza. He stood for the office of Mayor of Dunedin in 1980 as part of a campaign against the building of an aluminium smelter at Aramoana. He was a member of the New Zealand Historic Places Trust from 1985.

Death
Entwisle died on 14 March 2018 due to illness at his home in central Dunedin. He is survived by his two daughters, grandchildren and his sisters.

Bibliography
William Mathew Hodgkins & his Circle, Dunedin Public Art Gallery, Dunedin, 1984.
Pavilioned in Splendour: George O’Brien’s Vision of Colonial New Zealand, (with Roger Collins),  Dunedin Public Art Gallery, Dunedin, 1986.
Nerli, (with Michael Dunn and Roger Collins)  Dunedin Public Art Gallery, Dunedin, 1988.
Derek Ball: a Decade of Sculpture, Dunedin Public Art Gallery, Dunedin, 1988.
Annie Baird:  an Exhibition of Recent Works, Dunedin Public Art Gallery, Dunedin, 1989.
Venus Fly Traps:  Nicola Jackson, Dunedin Public Art Gallery, Dunedin, 1990.
Treasures of the Dunedin Public Art Gallery, Dunedin Public Art Gallery, Dunedin, 1990.
In Tasman’s Wake: European Art from the Age of Rembrandt to the Land of Colin McCahon, Dunedin Public Art Gallery, Dunedin, 1991.
Elaine & Other Stories, ESAW Press, Dunedin, 1992.  (fiction)
Behold the Moon: the European Occupation of the Dunedin District 1770–1848, Port Daniel Press, Dunedin, 1998.
Taka, a Vignette Life of William Tucker 1784–1817, Port Daniel Press, Dunedin, 2005.

References

1948 births
2018 deaths
New Zealand art historians
20th-century New Zealand historians
Writers from Dunedin
University of Otago alumni
English emigrants to New Zealand
People educated at Otago Boys' High School
New Zealand art curators
People from Newmarket, Suffolk
New Zealand biographers
21st-century New Zealand historians


The Alabama Department of Transportation (ALDOT) is the government agency responsible for transportation infrastructure in Alabama. The Department is organized into five geographic regions, with a Central Office located in Montgomery, AL. The Central Office is organized into the Office of the Transportation Director and the Office of the Chief Engineer. The five Region Engineers report to the director and Deputy Director, Operations. The organization of the various bureaus and offices are designed to report to the director and the deputy directors, Chief Engineer, or the Assistant Chief Engineers. The Department has several boards and committees that operate either within a bureau or as a cooperative effort among several bureaus or regions.

References

External links

State agencies of Alabama
Transportation in Alabama
State departments of transportation of the United States


Iji is a freeware 2008 video game featuring platform and shooting elements, developed by Daniel Remar using Game Maker over a period of four years.  In the game, the player controls Iji Kataiser, a young woman enhanced with nanotechnology, as she navigates a research facility on modern day Earth in the wake of an invasion by the Tasen, an alien species. Awakening after an aerial bombardment, Iji finds herself enhanced with nanotechnology and, learning of the Tasen and their invasion, resolves to convince the aliens' leader to retreat from the planet, guided by her brother Dan via the complex's loudspeaker system.  Iji was generally well received. Reviews praised the replay value, the player's ability to guide Iji on different moral paths, and that it was created by a single developer.

Iji was first released on .  The original version used version 5.3a of Game Maker; a major update, version 1.7, was released in 2017 that used the Game Maker 7.0 framework for better compatibility with recent OSes (e.g. Windows 10, macOs).  It also added a sizable amount of new features, including new endings, more plot, a revamped upgrade interface, a new nonlethal skill tree, overhauled graphics, faster walkspeed, changes to the hacking minigame, and more interaction tracking for Iji's actions over the course of the game.

Gameplay

Iji is described by Remar as System Shock 2 in 2D. Players control the titular character, Iji, a human woman who has been enhanced with nanotechnology following the invasion of Earth by an alien species known as the Tasen. Iji must navigate a research station while being guided by her brother Dan, who communicates via the station's loudspeaker system, in order to convince the aliens' leader to retreat from the planet. Though the game's plot is linear, interactions with non-player characters (NPCs) change according to the player's actions, leading to one of multiple endings. The player's primary choice is between pursuing Iji's goal either as a pacifist, or by engaging in violence against the alien threat.

Iji's nanotech energy field functions as a shield, and players begin the game armed with a shotgun. Seven further weapons can be collected throughout the game; including a machine gun, rocket launcher and alien technology like the Shocksplinter weapon. Eight additional weapons can be unlocked by combining the standard firearms using a combining station, depending on her Crack ability. Blue nanofields that function as experience can be collected during play, when enough are collected Iji gains a level. Each level she gains allows the player to use an upgrade station to increase one of Iji's seven skills by one level. These skills include physical traits such as strength and health, as well as abilities such as close-quarters combat and computer cracking. Iji's jumping ability and armor can both be improved twice each during play if players can find their power-ups.

Plot

The player controls Iji, who in opening cutscenes accompanies her little sister Mia as they are shown around a science facility by her father. She notices activity in the clouds, and suddenly the sky is lit by beams of light. When the game resumes, months later, Iji awakens to find that she has been modified by a team of researchers using alien nanotechnology, making her a cyborg soldier. Via a loudspeaker, her brother Dan explains that the area was struck by a space-to-ground weapon called an "Alpha Strike" wielded by aliens called "Tasen". This, and an ensuing ground invasion, killed nearly every human in the facility, including their father and sister. Dan advises Iji to try to convince the Tasen "Elite" leader, known as Krotera, to leave.

On her way to Krotera, Iji discovers the invasion is worldwide. Further on, she discovers a scout team of a different alien species, the "Komato", who Dan explains is an "interplanetary peacekeeping force". Iji encounters Krotera, who tells her that this was the last Tasen colony, and that they had come to Earth to escape the Komato. He is then killed either in direct combat with Iji or by an underling sympathetic to humanity's plight. Dan advises Iji to continue on to a Tasen communication area nearby, in order to send a distress call to the Komato.

The Komato Imperial Army, led by General Tor and Iosa "The Invincible", arrives and engages both the Tasen and Iji with genocidal intent, inflicting heavy losses. Iji navigates through the chaos to the roof of the complex and is confronted by the Komato Assassin Asha; after she defeats him, he teleports away. Iji meets with Dan, who reveals that the Komato are planning to destroy the planet's surface in an attempt to annihilate the remaining Tasen. Dan urges Iji to destroy the Phantom Hammer—a device that will destroy the shields currently protecting Earth—in order to secure time before the Alpha Strike. Iji boards a Komato ship, destroying the Phantom Hammer and a Komato sentry sent to stop her. However, another ship deploys its own Phantom Hammer, destroying the shields. Asha kidnaps Dan and again confronts Iji, potentially resulting in Dan's death and Iji suffering a psychotic breakdown. Iji encounters the remaining Tasen forces hiding in a fortified base. Here, depending on how the player has played Iji, one of three options can occur: (1) Iosa breaks in and annihilates all the Tasen, (2) some Tasen manage to escape before the break-in, or (3) the shelter opens and allows for Iji to pass through (and therefore intercept Iosa before she can kill the Tasen). Outside the base, Iji confronts and defeats Iosa; she is then offered the chance to either finish Iosa off or to spare her. If Iji has previously met with the rogue assassin named Ansaksie, she will receive her assistance against Iosa, culminating in Ansaksie finishing Iosa off herself.

In the last sector, Asha is either slain in a final battle with Iji or commits suicide if she finds a way to circumvent him. On the roof, Iji finds General Tor, and argues to spare the Earth from the Alpha Strike because Iosa has already killed the last of the Tasen (or claims so if the Tasen have survived). Tor claims he has no real power, but must appease the people, even though he himself is weary of the war. Resolved to stop one another, they fight, and Iji beats Tor, gravely injuring him.

In the default ending, Iji spares Tor. Recognizing her will to survive, Tor orders the Komato fleet to cancel the Alpha Strike and evacuate Earth, telling Iji that he is giving her planet a chance to survive; afterwards he commits suicide. Iji walks outside to the side of a cliff, either by herself or alongside Dan, and sees the Komato ships depart. The credit sequence shows life on Earth slowly returning, in spite of the devastation. If Iji previously spared Iosa, then the latter returns to save Tor; she chastises Iji for sparing her life and kills her before she can react. In turn, both Tor and his second-in-command Kiron berate her for her reckless behaviour and the Alpha Strike is called off; Tor then lets himself be killed by a demoted and humiliated Iosa, who then leaves with the fleet. If Iji has acted without mercy throughout the game, she may execute Tor. Kiron berates her for killing the only man willing to negotiate with humanity before executing the Alpha Strike and annihilating humanity. The credit sequence shows Earth devastated and the Komato forces returning in triumph.

Development

Development of Iji began in 2004, after Remar learned about and began to use Game Maker. Inspired by the animations of Alien 3 and Another World, he created a 3D model of the character Iji and started to build a basic platform game around it. Remar has stated that the name "Iji" has no special meaning, but that the character and name is a combination of his previous characters, and that he wanted the main characters' names to be "short and easily recognizable".

The soundtrack for Iji is credited in the game manual to Chris Geehan and Dan Byrne McCullough, with additional music from Tom Mauritzon, Captain Goodnight and LifeForce.

The credits song, "Further", is a song from the VNV Nation album Burning Empires, covered by the band LifeForce, which consisted of
Mithra Sadeghati and Kahl Hellmer. Not much is known about the band, except that Kahl Hellmer later co-founded the band Machinae Supremacy.

Around 2013 the source code for the game was made available by Daniel Remar. Asha later appeared as a playable character in the fighting game Slap City, with Ansaksie as an alternate skin for the character.

Reception
Iji has received a mostly positive response from commentators, particularly for its replay value. PopMatters' L.B. Jeffries stated that the player's choice in guiding Iji to the end of the game as either a pacifist or an aggressor, along with the outcomes of those paths, sets Iji apart from other games. Greg Costikyan of website Play This Thing described it as "… a nice, nostalgia-inducing game of a type you don't often see any more …", and was impressed that the game was created by a single developer using Game Maker.

Anthony Burch of gaming website Destructoid was not as positive, highlighting the game's limitations in terms of abilities. Investing points in hand-to-hand combat, for instance, does not increase damage inflicted by a successful attack but instead dictates which enemy types can be physically attacked. He stated this system "makes leveling the player's individual stats feel less like you're actually improving your character and more like you're simply collecting keys to unlock doors."

The game was voted number one in the Free Indie of the Year 2008 contest by Bytejacker.

See also
Hero Core, another game by Daniel Remar.

References

External links

Official trailer at YouTube

2008 video games
Action-adventure games
Freeware games
Indie games
GameMaker Studio games
MacOS games
Metroidvania games
Video games about extraterrestrial life
Video games featuring female protagonists
Video games developed in Sweden
Windows games


Pierre Montenot (November 1, 1884 – June 6, 1953) was a French 20th-century architect. In 1932 he won a gold medal in the art competitions of the Olympic Games together with Gustave Saacké and Pierre Bailly for their design of a "Cirque pour Toros" ("Circus for Bullfights").

References

External links

1884 births
1953 deaths
20th-century French architects
Olympic gold medalists in art competitions
Art competitors at the 1932 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1932 Summer Olympics


Selinger (also Sellinger) () is a surname, originally an Ashkenazi Jewish surname of German origin.

Notable people with the surname include:

 Al Sellinger (1914–1986), American cyclist
  (1912–2002), Austrian Benedictine abbot
 Arie Selinger (born 1937), Israeli volleyball coach
 Avital Selinger (born 1959), Israeli volleyball player
 Ben Selinger (born 1939), Australian chemist and author
 Christine Selinger (fl. from 2009), Canadian paracanoeist
 Emily Selinger (1848–1927), American painter, writer, poet, educator
 Greg Selinger (born 1951), Canadian politician
 Jerry Selinger (1935–2017), Canadian football player
 Joe Selinger (fl. 1956–1960), Canadian ice hockey player
 Joseph A. Sellinger (1921–1993), American Catholic priest and university president
 Sellinger School of Business and Management
 Patricia Selinger, American computer scientist
 Philip R. Sellinger (born 1954), American lawyer
 Robin Selinger (fl. from 1995), American materials scientist
 Shelomo Selinger (born 1928), Israeli sculptor

See also

 St. Leger family, an Anglo-Irish family with Norman roots, that in some cases transformed into Selinger or Sellinger

German-language surnames
Surnames of Jewish origin