Zhang Yi (張鎰) (died November 8, 783), courtesy names Jiquan (季權) and Gongdu (公度), was a Chinese historian, military general, and politician during the Tang dynasty, briefly serving as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Dezong.

Background
It is not known when Zhang Yi was born, but it is known that his family was from Su Prefecture (蘇州, in modern Suzhou, Jiangsu).  His family traced its ancestry to officials of the Spring and Autumn period state Jin, the Warring States period state Han, Han dynasty, Southern Qi, Liang dynasty, Sui dynasty, and Tang dynasty.  His great-great-grandfather Zhang Houyin () was a principal of the imperial university early in Tang and carried the title of Duke of Xinye.  His grandfather Zhang Lüshi () served as an advisor to an imperial prince.  His grandfather Zhang Yifang () served as a prefectural prefect.  His father Zhang Qiqiu () was a military governor (Jiedushi) of Shuofang Circuit (朔方, headquartered in modern Yinchuan, Ningxia).

During Emperors Suzong's and Daizong's reigns
Due to Zhang Yi's father Zhang Qiqiu's status, he was made an officer of the imperial guards early in his career.  When the major general Guo Ziyi served as the deputy supreme commander of armed forces in the Guannei Region (關內, i.e., the region around the capital Chang'an), because Guo had previously served under Zhang Qiqiu, he invited Zhang Yi to serve as his secretary.  He later served as Dali Pingshi (), a judge at the supreme court, and then as Dianzhong Shiyushi (), an imperial censor.  During Emperor Suzong's Qianyuan era (758-760), there was an incident when a county magistrate, Lu Cong (), rebuked his subordinate Qi Lingshen (), and Qi, as payback, made false accusations against Lu.  Zhang was put in charge of the investigation against Lu, and he suggested that Lu be demoted — but after he made his reports to his superiors, they decided that Lu should be executed by caning.  Zhang, believing this to be unjust, put on his official uniform and told his mother:

Zhang's mother responded: "If you are doing the right thing, then I will not worry."  Zhang thus submitted a petition in Lu's defense, and Lu was not executed but exiled.  Zhang himself was demoted to be the census officer of Fu Prefecture (撫州, in modern Fuzhou, Jiangxi).  He was later made the magistrate of Jinling County (晉陵, in modern Changzhou, Jiangsu), but before he could report to Jinling, Zhang Gao, the governor of Jiangnan West Circuit (江南西道, headquartered in modern Nanchang, Jiangxi), invited him to serve as a secretary.  Zhang Yi later was recalled to Chang'an, and he successively served as Tuntian Yuanwailang (), a low-level official at the ministry of public works (工部, Gongbu); Cibu Yuanwailang (), a low-level official at the ministry of rites (禮部, Lǐbu); and Yousi Yuanwailang (), an assistant to one of the secretaries general of the executive bureau of government (尚書省, Shangshu Sheng).  When his mother died, he observed a period of mourning for her, and after the mourning period was over, he was made Sixun Yuanwailang (), a low-level official at the ministry of civil service affairs (吏部, Lìbu, note different tone than the ministry of rites).  It was said that he chose his friends carefully and did not associate with many people, and was particularly friendly with Yang Guan and Cui Youfu.

In 770, during the reign of Emperor Suzong's son Emperor Daizong, Zhang Yi was made the prefect of Bo Prefecture (濠州, in modern Chuzhou, Anhui).  It was said that he ruled the prefecture effectively, and he invited scholars to teach the students of the prefecture.  During his term of service, as a result, over 40 people from the prefecture passed the imperial examinations.  He also authored a number of commentaries on the Three Rites (i.e., the Classic of Rites, the Rites of Zhou, and the Yili "Etiquette and Rites"), the Five Classics, and the Mencius.  When the army officer Li Lingyao () rebelled at Biansong Circuit (汴宋, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Henan) in 776, Zhang trained the militia and defended the prefecture carefully, drawing Emperor Daizong's praise.  He was given the defender of the Huai River region (沿淮鎮守使, Yanhuai Zhenshoushi).  He was soon made the prefect of Shou Prefecture (壽州, in modern Lu'an, Anhui), and continued to carry the title of defender of the Huai River Region.

During Emperor Dezong's reign
Emperor Daizong died in 779 and was succeeded by his son Emperor Dezong.  He made Zhang Yi the governor of Jiangnan West Circuit and the prefect of its capital Hong Prefecture ().  Later, he recalled Zhang to serve as the deputy minister of civil services affairs (吏部侍郎, Libu Shilang).  He later made Zhang the governor of Hezhong Circuit (河中, headquartered in modern Yuncheng, Shanxi), but after just a few days made Zhang the military governor of Yongping Circuit (永平, headquartered in modern Kaifeng) instead.  Claiming an illness, Zhang never reported to Yongping Circuit.  He was allowed to return to Chang'an to recover from illness at his mansion.  In 780, when the chancellor Yang Yan was removed from his post, Emperor Dezong made Zhang Zhongshu Shilang (), the deputy head of the legislative bureau (中書省, Zhongshu Sheng), and gave him the designation Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi (), making him a chancellor de facto.

Zhang Yi's chancellor colleague Lu Qi, however, was trusted by Emperor Dezong and was far more powerful than Zhang himself was.  For example, later in the year, when Li Wei () the prefect of Xu Prefecture (徐州, in modern Xuzhou, Jiangsu), was ready to submit to imperial authority and turn against his relative, Li Na, who was resisting imperial authority and ruling Pinglu Circuit (平盧, headquartered in modern Tai'an, Shandong) independently after Emperor Dezong denied him permission to succeed his father Li Zhengji.  Li Wei sent his assistant Cui Cheng () to Chang'an to report on Li Wei's submission and suggested that if Emperor Dezong publicly made him the governor of, in addition to Xu, two other prefectures nearby, that those prefectures would also follow his call to return to imperial authority.  When Cui arrived at Chang'an, however, not understanding the power balance between the chancellors, he reported to Zhang rather than Lu.  Even though Zhang relayed the report to Lu, Lu was still angered, and Li Wei's proposal was rejected.  Subsequently, the imperial government was only able to recover Xu Prefecture.

In 782, Zhao Zong (), the minister of husbandry and a son-in-law to Guo Ziyi (who had died in 781), was accused by his own eunuch Dangqian () of improprieties.  Zhao was arrested and detained at the bureau of censors, while Emperor Dezong kept Dangqian as an imperial servant at the bureau of eunuchs.  Zhang submitted a lengthy petition, pointing out that it was troubling that Zhang was being arrested based on accusation of a servant and that he was the third son-in-law of Guo's to be accused of crimes within a short period after Guo's death.  As a result, Emperor Dezong only demoted Zhao and put Dangqian to death for betraying his master.  Zhang took Dangqian's body and displayed it to all of the servants of the Guo household as a warning.

Zhang was respected by Emperor Dezong, and Lu became jealous of this, and he wanted to remove Zhang from his chancellor position.  Later in 782, when Emperor Dezong removed Zhu Ci the military governor of Fengxiang Circuit (鳳翔, headquartered in modern Baoji, Shaanxi) from his post because Zhu Ci's brother Zhu Tao the acting military governor of Lulong Circuit (盧龍, headquartered in modern Beijing), had rebelled against imperial authority, Lu stated that due to Fengxiang's importance, Zhu Ci needed to be succeeded by a chancellor, and offered to take the position himself.  When Emperor Dezong hesitated, Lu, who was ugly in appearance, immediately stated that he understood Emperor Dezong's hesitation that because of his ugliness he might not be able to gain the respect of the army, and requested that someone else be sent.  Emperor Dezong thus made Zhang the military governor of Fengxiang Circuit and the mayor of Fengxiang Municipality, and Zhang continued to carry a chancellor designation as an honorary designation.

In 783, by Emperor Dezong's orders, Zhang and the Tufan chancellor Nanam Shang Gyaltsen Lhanang ("Shang Jiezan" () in Chinese) swore an oath of friendship between the two states.  In the solemn ceremony, Zhang and six of his staff members — among whom were future chancellors Qi Ying, Qi Kang, and Yu Di — served as administrators of the oath on the Tang side, while Shang and six of key Tufan officials and generals served as administrators of the oath on the Tufan side.  Zhang was, however, ashamed of having to swear an oath with someone that he saw as a barbarian, and he wanted to reduce the solemnity of the oath.  Originally, the oath was to be accompanied by sacrifices of horses and cattle.  Zhang requested that sheep, pigs, and dogs be substituted, but as pigs could not be found in the locale, at Shang's suggestion, goats were substituted instead.

It was said that while Zhang was serving as the military governor of Fengxiang, he was not well-acquainted with military matters, and spent much time on personal appearance.  On November 2, 783, soldiers from Jingyuan Circuit (涇原, headquartered in modern Pingliang, Gansu), at Chang'an to await deployment to the east against warlords, mutinied when they did not receive rewards they felt they deserved.  Emperor Dezong fled to Fengtian (奉天, in modern Xianyang, Shaanxi), but as Fengtian was a small city, considered further heading to Fengxiang.  The soldiers supported Zhu Ci as their leader, and Zhu Ci initially postured that he would calm the people of Chang'an and then welcome Emperor Dezong back to Chang'an.  Meanwhile, Zhang, hearing of the mutiny and of Emperor Dezong's considering visiting Fengxiang, began undertaking preparations for the  emperor's arrival.  Qi Ying and Qi Kang pointed out that one of the military officers, Li Chulin (), was previously a subordinate of Zhu Ci's and would be difficult to control.  Zhang thus issued an order that Li Chulin report to Long Prefecture (隴州, in modern Baoji).  Li Chulin, giving excuses, did not report immediately, and Zhang, concentrating on welcoming the emperor, never followed up on whether Li Chulin left for Long Prefecture.  The night of November 8, Li Chulin and his associates mutinied and attacked Zhang's headquarters.  Zhang and two of his sons climbed over the city walls and tried to flee, but were captured by the mutineers and killed.  He was posthumously honored by Emperor Dezong.

Notes and references

 Old Book of Tang, vol. 125.
 New Book of Tang, vol. 152.
 Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 227, 228.

783 deaths
8th-century Chinese historians
Chancellors under Emperor Dezong of Tang
Mayors of Baoji
Tang dynasty historians
Tang dynasty generals at war against Tibet
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Fengxiang Circuit
Year of birth unknown


The West Virginia Department of Transportation (WVDOT) is the state agency responsible for transportation in the U.S. state of West Virginia.  The Department of Transportation serves an umbrella organization for four subsidiary agencies which are directly responsible for different areas of the state's infrastructure.

Subsidiary agencies

Division of Highways
The West Virginia Division of Highways (DOH) is the largest component of the Department of Transportation.  It is responsible for almost all public roads in the state outside of incorporated municipalities.  The Division of Highways was previously its own standalone agency, the Department of Highways, and was known as the State Road Commission until about the 1970s.

Division of Motor Vehicles
The West Virginia Division of Motor Vehicles (DMV) handles vehicle registration and driver licensing for the state.  In addition to its headquarters in Charleston, it operates a network of 23 regional offices throughout West Virginia.

West Virginia Parkways Authority

The West Virginia Parkways Authority was created in 1989 as a successor to the West Virginia Turnpike Commission.  The agency is tasked with operating the West Virginia Turnpike, an  tolled stretch of Interstate 77 from Charleston to Princeton.  It was involved in the planned operation of a toll U.S. Route 35 in Mason and Putnam counties and the Mon-Fayette Expressway, however WV 43 was opened as a freeway and a possible toll US 35 completion was rejected by the Legislature in 2012.

The Parkways Authority used to be named the Parkways, Economic Development, and Tourism Authority.  It participated in economic development programs, an activity that was curtailed under former governor Joe Manchin.  It continues to operate Tamarack, Best of West Virginia, an arts and crafts center near Beckley, pending its transfer to the West Virginia Department of Commerce.

Division of Multimodal Transportation Facilities
The Division of Multimodal Transportation Facilities was created in 2022 and is tasked with operating the State Rail Authority, Division of Public Transit, Public Port Authority, and Aeronautics Commission.

State Rail Authority
The State Rail Authority was formed to assume ownership of rail lines that were planned for abandonment by their original operators.  It directly operates the South Branch Valley Railroad, a former  Baltimore & Ohio Railroad line between Green Spring and Petersburg.

The authority also owns the West Virginia Central Railroad, consisting of  near Elkins.  The West Virginia Central is operated by a private company, the Durbin and Greenbrier Valley Railroad.

Other State Rail Authority duties include promoting tourist and short-line railroads, operating three MARC train stations in the Eastern Panhandle, and helping to preserve or railbank lines targeted for abandonment.

Division of Public Transit
The Division of Public Transit helps assist public transit agencies in the state.

Public Port Authority
The Public Port Authority helps to develop and market ports and intermodal facilities in the state.

Aeronautics Commission
The Aeronautics Commission helps to develop and fund air infrastructure projects in West Virginia.

References

State departments of transportation of the United States
State agencies of West Virginia


Boon Lay Secondary School (BLS) is a government secondary school located in Jurong West, Singapore.

History
The school commenced operations in 1977 at a S$3.59 million campus at the junction of Boon Lay Way and Jalan Boon Lay, with 13 classes, seven of which were English-medium and the remaining six Chinese-medium. It was officially opened in 1979 by the then-Member of parliament for Boon Lay Ngeow Pack Hua. It became a solely English-medium school in 1998, and started operating single-session in 2000.

In 1996 Boon Lay began enrolling deaf students. Specifically it educated deaf students who were required to use sign language to communicate. In 2017 the Government of Singapore designated Beatty Secondary School as the school to educate deaf students who must use sign language, concentrating all such students at one school due to them numbering about 15.

As part of the phasing-out of streaming, Boon Lay has been dividing classes by their students' co-curricular activities (CCA) since 2017.

Merger with Pioneer Secondary
In 2017, Boon Lay Secondary School absorbed Pioneer Secondary School due to falling enrolment in both schools.

School identity and culture

Crest
The current school crest was introduced in November 2016, in order to commemorate the merger of the school with Pioneer Secondary from then on. It depicts two people moving as one moving towards their goals, embodying a teacher and student working together. Its resemblance to a ladder also calls for its students to spur on to greater heights. The crest is accompanied by the acronym of the school and its Chinese name, the latter indicating the school's early years as a Chinese-medium school.

Notable alumni
Ken Chu: Member, Taiwanese boy band, F4

References

External links
Official site

Boon Lay
Secondary schools in Singapore


Hammalawa Saddhatissa Maha Thera (1914–1990) was an ordained Buddhist monk, missionary and author from Sri Lanka, educated in Varanasi, London, and Edinburgh.   He was a contemporary of Walpola Rahula, also of Sri Lanka.

Early life
Saddhatissa was born in 1914 Hammalawa, a hamlet in the northwest of Sri Lanka. He ordained as a sāmaṇera (novice monk) at the age of twelve in 1926. He received his early education at the Sastrodaya Pirivena at Sandalankawa and continued his higher studies at Vidyodaya Pirivena, Colombo, where he passed the final examinations with honours.

Missionary work in India
The Maha Bodhi Society invited Saddhatissa to become a missionary (dharmaduta) monk in India like his contemporary Henepola Gunaratana. In order to teach to Indians he learnt Indian languages such as Hindi, Urdu and Punjabi. While in India, he came to know B. R. Ambedkar, who reportedly obtained advice from him on how to draft the Indian constitution along the lines of the vinaya. He also obtained an M.A. Degree from the Banaras Hindu University and then became a lecturer there.

Stay in the West
In 1957 he traveled to London at the request of the Maha Bodhi Society and lived the rest of his life in the West.

He obtained his PhD from the University of Edinburgh and held academic appointments at a number of universities. He was a visiting lecturer in Buddhist studies at Oxford University; a lecturer in Sinhala at the University of London; and Professor of Pali and Buddhism at the University of Toronto. He was a Buddhist Chaplain at the London University and a vice president of the Pali Text Society.

At the time of his death he was the head of the London Buddhist Vihara and the Head of the Sangha (Sanghanayaka) of the United Kingdom and Europe of the Siam Nikaya of Sri Lanka."

He was posthumously honored in 2005 by Sri Lanka with a postage stamp bearing his image.

Philosophy
Due to spending years at SOAS, University of London, Saddhatissa developed a sensitivity to Western philosophical discourse.  He thus developed his thought, specifically in Buddhist ethics, with both traditional training and Western thought in mind.  His primary Western influence (in Buddhist Ethics at least) appears to be Fyodor Shcherbatskoy, followed by the Belgian philologist Louis de La Vallée-Poussin.

His main interest was in staying close to the 'lived expression' of Buddhism as opposed to abstract academic theorizing.

Published works

Books

 The Buddha's Way (1971)  (Paperbound)  (Hardbound)
 Before He Was Buddha: The Life of Siddhartha with Jack Kornfield (2000)
 Buddhist Ethics (1970) (1987) and (1997 & 2003)
 The Sutta Nipata trans. (1985)  ( Wisdom Books)
 A Buddhist's Manual (1976) ASIN: B000YH9HP8
Facets of Buddhism (2016), Buddhist Publication Society,

Articles
   Dependent Origination (.pdf) (1989)

Reviews
 Buddhist Ethics, reviewed by Bhikkhu Bodhi, Buddhist Publication Society Newsletter, No. 11, Winter 1989, 3–4
 Buddhist Ethics, reviewed by Koller, John M. Philosophy East and West Vol. 50, No. 2 (April 2000) pp. 294–297

References

External links
  The Research Institute for Pali Literature

1914 births
1990 deaths
Sri Lankan scholars of Buddhism
Buddhist writers
Sri Lankan Buddhist monks
Sinhalese monks
20th-century Buddhist monks


Annington may refer to:

Annington, West Sussex, a hamlet in England
 Annington (Poolesville, Maryland), US


Jenn McGinn (born in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island) is a Canadian politician, who was elected to the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia, representing the electoral district of Vancouver-Fairview, in a by-election on October 29, 2008. She is the first openly lesbian MLA to serve in the British Columbian Legislature. A member of the British Columbia New Democratic Party, her candidacy was endorsed in a Georgia Straight editorial.

McGinn is an account manager with the community business banking team of Vancity Savings Credit Union. She is a former vice-president of Little Mountain Neighbourhood House and past executive director of the South Granville Seniors Centre. She was also the director of development for the Surrey Women's Centre. McGinn first became involved in politics as a high school student in Charlottetown in the late 1980s. She was 17 when she joined the party, and soon became president of the P.E.I. Young New Democrats.

After the 2008 by-election the provincial constituency of Vancouver-Fairview was redistributed by Elections BC as part of a larger provincewide redistribution. She was defeated by BC Liberal candidate Margaret MacDiarmid in the 2009 provincial election.

Electoral record

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References

External links
 Jenn McGinn

British Columbia New Democratic Party MLAs
Canadian LGBT people in provincial and territorial legislatures
Lesbian politicians
Living people
Politicians from Charlottetown
Politicians from Vancouver
Women MLAs in British Columbia
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century Canadian politicians
21st-century Canadian women politicians
21st-century Canadian LGBT people


The Canadian Intergovernmental Conference Secretariat (CICS; ) is an independent Canadian government agency enacted on November 29, 1973 by an Order in Council from the first ministers created for the purpose of facilitating intergovernmental meetings in Canada. It offers planning and administrative services for meetings between first ministers, ministers and deputy ministers of provincial and territorial governments, and multilateral meetings between ministers of the provinces, territories, and the federal government. The agency reports to the Parliament of Canada through the Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs. Each of the provinces and territories of Canada has their own similar agency.

See also
 First ministers conference

References

External links

1973 establishments in Canada
Federal departments and agencies of Canada
Government agencies established in 1973
Independent government agencies of Canada


Floyd Kinnard "Sugar Bear" Rayford (born July 27, 1957) is a retired professional baseball player who played for seven seasons in the Major leagues.  He primarily played third base and catcher during his career, but was a utility man who played four different positions during his Major League career. He served as batting coach for two seasons with the Rochester Red Wings of the International League until his firing on September 9, 2011. He was known as "Sugar Bear" and a fan favorite for his roly-poly physique.

Early career
Rayford's professional baseball career began in 1975, when he was drafted as a catcher out of Manual Arts High School in the fourth round of the amateur draft by the California Angels.  He spent the 1975 through 1979 seasons in the Angels' minor league system, spending the 1979 season at the Triple-A level playing for the Salt Lake City Gulls.  In his first Triple-A season, he batted .294 with 13 home runs while playing third base.

Baltimore Orioles (first stint)
After playing one season for the Gulls, Rayford was traded, along with an undisclosed amount of money, from the Angels organization to the Baltimore Orioles in exchange for Larry Harlow.  In 1980, Rayford made his major league debut for the Orioles; over the course of the season he played in 8 games for the Orioles while spending most of the year with the Triple-A Rochester Red Wings.  He spent the entire 1981 season with the Red Wings, during which he played on the losing side of the longest game in baseball history and caught the 31st inning of that game.  In 1982, he returned to the Major League with the Orioles, but he hit only .132 in 34 games.

When Cal Ripken Jr. began his streak of 2,632 consecutive games played in 1982, Rayford was the player who Ripken replaced in the lineup.  Rayford had been given a day off in the second game of a doubleheader and Ripken started at third base in his place.

He again returned to Rochester in 1983, and hit .371 in 42 games with the Red Wings.

St. Louis Cardinals
Rayford was traded to the St. Louis Cardinals on June 13, 1983, in a transaction that was completed  months later when Tito Landrum was sent to the Orioles on August 31. He was the backup third baseman behind Ken Oberkfell that year and hit .212 in 56 games for the Cardinals.

Baltimore Orioles (second stint)
Less than a year after trading Rayford, the Orioles purchased his contract from the Cardinals before the 1984 season.  He served primarily as a backup catcher in his first year back with the Orioles, and his hitting numbers improved, with his average reaching .256 in 1984.  Sharing time as the regular third baseman in 1985, he had a career year, hitting .306 with 18 home runs and 48 runs batted in, all career highs. Entering the 1986 season, he was expected to replace Rick Dempsey as catcher with Jackie Gutiérrez becoming the starting third baseman, but his numbers fell when he batted .176 and was sent back to Rochester.  He split the 1987 season between Baltimore and Rochester and batted .220 at the Major League level in what would prove to be his final major league season.

Minor league career
Before retiring as a player, Rayford played parts of three seasons, from 1989 to 1991, with the Triple-A Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Red Barons, playing in 81 games with the club over the three-year span.  During the latter two seasons, Rayford served as a player-coach, starting a long tenure as a minor league coach.  Since 1990, he has coached eight separate minor league teams, and in 1996, he spent his only season to date as a minor league manager, doing so for the Batavia Clippers.  He has been a member of the Rock Cats' coaching staff since 2005.

References

External links

 Klingaman, Mike. "Catching Up With...former Oriole Floyd Rayford", The Toy Department (The Baltimore Sun sports blog), Tuesday, June 30, 2009

1957 births
Living people
Major League Baseball third basemen
Major League Baseball catchers
Baseball players from Memphis, Tennessee
African-American baseball players
Baltimore Orioles players
St. Louis Cardinals players
St. Lucie Legends players
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople


Ko Kra (, ) is a group of small rocky islets in the southern area of the Gulf of Thailand. It is under the administration of Nakhon Si Thammarat Province of Thailand.

This islet group should not be confused with other islands of the same name: Ko Kra in Chumphon Province or Mu Ko Kra (หมู่เกาะกระ) a group of islets to the west of Ko Mak in Trat Province. There is also a place by the name of Ko-kra in Kayah State, mainland Myanmar.

Geography
Ko Kra, about 54 km from the nearest shore, consists of three islets: Ko Kra Yai, Ko Kra Klang, and Ko Kra Lek, as well as one small rocky outcrop, Hin Ko Kra. The area surrounding these islets is a good diving spot owing to its relative remoteness.

Territorial dispute
The Ko Kra group, although barren and uninhabited, is part of a territorial dispute along with the islet of Ko Losin.
The dispute over the continental shelf boundary between Malaysia and Thailand arises from the different baselines which the two countries adopt in calculating the equidistant line for boundary. Thailand's proclaimed baseline runs from the terminus at Kuala Tabar (the eastern terminus of the Malaysia-Thailand land border as defined by the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909) northwards to Ko Losin islet and then northwestwards to Ko Kra. Malaysia however does not regard Ko Losin as a valid baseline point and calculates the equidistant line on a baseline running along the shore. India has shown support for the Thais, calling for an end to the dispute.

See also
 List of islands of Thailand
 Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909

References

External links
Vietnam’s First Maritime Boundary Agreement
  Limits in the Seas, No 122 Straight Baseline Claim: Thailand;  United States Department of State Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs

Kra
Territorial disputes of Thailand
Territorial disputes of Malaysia
Malaysia–Thailand border
Uninhabited islands of Thailand
Islands of the Gulf of Thailand
Ramsar sites in Thailand


Johann Wilhelm Löbell (15 September 1786 – 12 July 1863) was a German historian.

Biography
Löbell was a native of Berlin. He studied at the Universities of Heidelberg and Berlin under Wolf and Böckh. He had entered the scholarly life against the wishes of his mother who wanted him to go into business. During the War of the Sixth Coalition (1812–14), he served as a volunteer in a Landwehr installation. He was not on the frontlines but worked in a supporting office.

In 1814 he moved to Breslau, where he soon found work as a teacher in a war college. There he published a historical paper and another one on building connections between the sciences and humanities in gymnasium studies. In 1823, he went to work in Berlin at a military academy as a history teacher. There he also became involved with the issuance of new editions of Karl Friedrich Becker's "Weltgeschichte" (World history). He eventually oversaw the issuance of three new editions. During this time period he was friends to Henrich Steffens (1773-1845) and Friedrich von Raumer (1781-1873).

In 1829 he became an associate professor of history at the University of Bonn, where two years later he became a full professor. Among the works he wrote at Bonn were "Gregor von Tours und seine Zeit" (Gregory of Tours and his times, 1839), a revision of Becker's "Weltgeschichte" (1836–38), "Weltgeschichte in Umrissen und Ausführungen" (World history outlined and explained Part I, 1846), "Die Entwicklung der deutschen Poesie von Klopstocks erstem Auftreten bis zu Goethes Tode" (The development of German poetry from Klopstock until Goethe's death, 1856–65), and "Historische Briefe" (Letters on history, 1861), an anonymous attack on Ultramontanism.

Legacy
Löbell's large personal library is now kept in a school library at the Bielefeld Ratsgymnasium, and is property of the city of Bielefeld.

Notes

References

  Translation by Google Translate.
Carl Schurz, Reminiscences (3 volumes), New York: The McClure Company, 1907.  Schurz mentions Löbell in Chapter V of Volume One as the leader of the “Constitutional Club” at the University of Bonn during the 1848 agitation.  Schurz characterizes  Löbell and his group as very respectable opponents to the democratic club which Schurz had helped found with his teacher Gottfried Kinkel.

19th-century German historians
Writers from Berlin
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
Academic staff of the University of Bonn
People of the Revolutions of 1848
1786 births
1863 deaths
German male non-fiction writers


Hu Zhiyu (, 1227–1293), also known as Purple Mountain Hu (), was a period writer of Chinese Sanqu poetry during the Yuan dynasty. He was from Hebei and orphaned early in life. Nonetheless, he applied himself to his studies and associated with others of exceptional ability. In the 1260s he rose to the high official position of Erudite of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices. However he earned the enmity of a Muslim high minister of finance Ahmad Fanakati (?-1282). Hu was then obliged to fill lesser official positions. Others wrote of him that officials feared him while ordinary people loved him. His writings were largely poetry. He was much influenced by Song poetry with its directness and lack or ornament. His sanqu (散曲) verses were highly literate, a characteristic of the time. He was likewise gifted at a variety of literary forms, as well as a skilled calligrapher.

(Shuangdiao: Chenzui tongfeng)

For the Actress Zhu Lianxiu

By the river stitched in colors,

Kingfisher-green bamboos.

Above the wool-dressed sea

There is a bright pearl.

When the moon is pale,

Where the wind is pure,

The dust from fallen crimson is shut away.

A bit of careless ease

Bears the strains of life,

My constant thinking

Of love's morning clouds and evening rains.

See also
 Qu (poetry)

References
 Hu Qiaomu ed., The Great Encyclopedia of China, Chinese Literature, vol. 1, Beijing-Shanghai, 1986, p 271.
 Lu Weifen ed., Complete Yuan Period Sanqu Lyrics, Liaoning, 2000, vol. 1, pp. 157–9.
 Ma Liangchun　and Li Futian ed., The Great Encyclopedia of Chinese Literature, Tianlu, 1991, vol. 6, p. 4190.
 Carpenter, Bruce E. "Chinese San-ch’ü Poetry of the Mongol Era: I", Tezukayama Daigaku kiyo (Journal of Tezukayama University), Nara, Japan, no. 22, p. 34.

Yuan dynasty poets
13th-century Chinese poets
1227 births
1293 deaths
Poets from Hebei