The All Ireland Talent Show was  a Raidió Teilifís Éireann television series which was billed as Ireland's biggest-ever talent contest. It was first announced in November 2008 and the first series commenced broadcasting on 4 January 2009, completing on 15 March 2009. Modelled on Got Talent, it is produced by Tyrone Productions. Airing on RTÉ One, it was hosted by Gráinne Seoige.

Five judges take part and each regional judge, with the assistance of two other personalities who then disappear from the show, select five acts to be put forward to the live studio heats. In the second season this was changed to eight acts. Louis Walsh was approached to act as a judge before series one but refused to commit. On the opening night of series one, The All Ireland Talent Show had over 500,000 viewers, with Ireland only having a population of over 4 million people. The opening is similar to the Got Talent series. The twenty-five finalists in series one competed for a first prize of €50,000, which was eventually won by the Mulkerrin Brothers of the Aran Islands.

A second series was announced in August 2009. It was scheduled to avoid competition with UK talent show The X Factor which airs on competing channels ITV and Virgin Media 1, and BBC One's Strictly Come Dancing. The series was also extended with the addition of eight heats, a wildcard show and two semi-finals. There was also the addition of The All Ireland Talent Show Backstage, a companion show presented by Aidan Power and Dustin the Turkey. Series 2 was won by County Tyrone's Chloe Coyle.

A third series was announced in August 2010. The winner of the third series was Daniel Furlong from Wexford. Furlong was the third child act to win the series.

The series was axed in July 2011 and replaced by The Voice of Ireland, based on the hit Dutch TV series The Voice of Holland.

Format
There were 5 stages to The All Ireland Talent competition:

 Stage 1: Auditions
 Stage 2: Live shows
 Stage 3: Wild card show*
 Stage 4: First semi-final and second semi-final*
 Stage 5: Final
This round was not included in series 1.*

Auditions
The auditions took place in the North, the South, the West, the East and Dublin. Where an act auditions in front of their mentor and their selected advisors. Their mentor decided whether or not to put them through to the call-backs. At the start of the call-backs the mentor, with the help of their advisors, decides on the final 16 acts (final 10 in series 1). The advisors then leave and the mentor judges the rest of the call backs alone. The final 16 acts come back and perform again. They also give their reasons for why they should be put through to the live shows. The mentor then selects their final eight (final five in series 1) acts to put through to the live shows.

Live heats
For the first eight (five in series 1) weeks, 5 acts performed representing each judge. After they performed each judge (except the acts mentor), gives the act a score out of ten. At the end of the show the act with the most votes got five points, and the next highest scoring act one point less. This system was applied to the televotes. The two scores were then added (in the event of a tie, the act with the more tele-votes takes higher ranking). The act who places first on the leaderboard makes it through to the semi-finals. (In season one this round was the semi-finals, so the act who placed first made it through to the final.) From the 2nd and 3rd placed acts there was a chance for one of them to become a wildcard. The three remaining judges vote on who deserves the wildcard. In season one from the wildcards picked the judges chose which one should progress through to the final, from season two this was decided in the wildcard show.

Wild card show
All the wild cards return and perform. This time the judges have no power over the final result and this decision is in the hands of the public. The acts who place first and second advance to the semi-finals, while the other acts are eliminated.

Semi-finals
There are two semi finals. In each semi-final 5 acts perform and the judges again have no control over the vote. The top three acts in each semi-final advance to the final while the bottom two are eliminated. This round worked the same as the live heats in season one, and was the first round of the live shows.

Final
The six acts return and perform again. The act who comes first wins the show and the prize of €50,000. However, in season 3 there was a twist. Each act performed once and the lines were frozen at the start of the results show. The three acts with the most votes performed again for the title while the three with the lowest votes were eliminated. The lines were then re-opened and the votes cast earlier carried forward. After the top three have performed again, the lines are closed and the act with the most votes is announced as the winner.

Series summary
To date, three series have been broadcast, as summarised below.

Series 1

During series one, Shane Lynch expressed his concern over the tactical voting of other judges, saying that he felt some of them were deciding upon their marks in what he viewed as an incorrect way. "It's going to affect me, don't get me wrong, it has affected me in fact", he told RTÉ.ie. Referring to the elimination of his dance act Raw Edge Crew, Lynch commented: "They should have done it (progressed)... and there was tactical voting involved". Bláthnaid Ní Chofaigh described herself as the "most honest" judge. Judge Dáithí also reported his dissatisfaction with his fellow judges. Judge Creedon reported his dissatisfaction with Judge Dáithí after the series.

Series 2

A second series of The All Ireland Talent Show was announced on 10 August 2009. Aidan Power presented a companion show called The All Ireland Talent Show Backstage with Dustin the turkey to which Aidan ended his career as co-presenter of Winning Streak: Dream Ticket. Gráinne Seoige returned as presenter in her only role on the channel following the scrapping of Seoige. The second season of The All Ireland Talent Show will be an extended one with more shows. Judge Creedon has warned Dáithi Ó Sé to stop stealing acts from Munster, alleging that he invaded County Clare in series one and that he would be "answerable to me and to my gang" if he continued to persist.

Series 3

A third season was announced in August 2010. However, Boyzone singer Shane Lynch announced his departure from the show due to touring and he was replaced by Amanda Brunker, although he was Amanda's assistant judge at the Dublin auditions. The winner was Daniel Furlong, who was one of the wild cards.

Series 3 was the final series. In July 2011, the show was axed.

Judges and presenters

Judges
From series 1 and 2, The All Ireland Talent Show the judges were broadcaster John Creedon (South), Boyzone member Shane Lynch (Dublin), television personality and weather forecaster Dáithí Ó Sé (West), 1970 Eurovision Song Contest winner and conservative politician Dana Rosemary Scallon (North) and television presenter and Irish language enthusiast Bláthnaid Ní Chofaigh (East). In Series Two Evelyn O'Rourke appeared as a replacement judge for the fourth live show after Shane Lynch's flight from London was delayed.

Shane Lynch left the show for the third series. Amanda Brunker became the new head judge. Lynch, however, served as one of Brunker's assistant judges during the Dublin auditions.

Presenters and other personnel
Gráinne Seoige is the current presenter on the show. Aidan Power and Dustin the turkey are the current presenters on The All Ireland Talent Show Backstage.

Finalists
 – Winning judge/category. Winners are in bold italics.

Winners
Series 1: The Mulkierrin Brothers- West
Series 2: Chloe Coyle- North
Series 3: Daniel Furlong-East

The All Ireland Talent Show Backstage

The All Ireland Talent Show Backstage is a companion show that airs on RTÉ Two from season two on Sunday at 7:30 after the main RTÉ One show.

The show was presented by Aidan Power and Dustin the Turkey.
At the start of the show Power and Dustin talk to the judges about the comments/scores they gave and the comments/scores their act were given.
A clip would be shown of Power and Dustin talking to the acts earlier that day before the show started.
After the clip of the acts before performing they would talk to the acts live about their placing on the leaderboard and give them a chance to plead for votes.
A comedy clip would follow, often of Dustin and Power spoofing Jedward.
However, in the 2010–2011 season, sometimes the clip would be an interview with a "celebrity" guest: as the clip was pre-recorded the performances by the acts during the RTÉ One show would not be discussed.
A "celebrity" guest would come live into studio and talk about the acts and the judges scores.

See also
Class Act
Fame: The Musical
Popstars
You're a Star

Notes

References

External links
 Official website
 Category at RTÉ Entertainment
 John Creedon's rap

Irish talent shows
Irish variety television shows
RTÉ original programming


Ji Xi may refer to:

 Duke Yang of Lu (died 988 BC or 989 BC)
 Marquis Mu of Cai (died 646 BC)
 King Lie of Zhou (died 369 BC)
 Xi of Yan (died after 222 BC)

See also
Jixi, Heilongjiang
Jixi County, Anhui


Uncial 0146 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 037 (Soden), is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament, dated palaeographically to the 8th century.

Description
The codex contains a small part of the Gospel of Mark 10:37-45, on one parchment leaf (27 cm by 21 cm). It is written in two columns per page, 20 lines per page, in uncial letters.

The Greek text of this codex is mixed. Kurt Aland placed it in Category III.

It is dated by the Institute for New Testament Textual Research to the 8th century.

The codex used to be held in Qubbat al-Khazna in Damascus. The present location of the codex is unknown. The manuscript is not accessible.

See also

 List of New Testament uncials
 Biblical manuscript
 Textual criticism

References

Greek New Testament uncials
8th-century biblical manuscripts
Lost biblical manuscripts


The 1946–47 Montreal Canadiens season was the 38th season in club history. The team placed first in the regular season to qualify for the playoffs. The Canadiens lost in the Stanley Cup finals against the Toronto Maple Leafs four games to two.

Regular season

Final standings

Record vs. opponents

Schedule and results

Playoffs

Stanley Cup Finals

Player statistics

Regular season
Scoring

Goaltending

Playoffs
Scoring

Goaltending

Awards and records
 Hart Memorial Trophy : Maurice Richard
 Vezina Trophy : Bill Durnan

Transactions

See also
 1946–47 NHL season

References
 Canadiens on Hockey Database
 Canadiens on NHL Reference

Montreal Canadiens seasons
Montreal
Montreal


The Imperial Household Department (; ) was an institution of the Qing dynasty of China. Its primary purpose was to manage the internal affairs of the Qing imperial family and the activities of the inner palace (in which tasks it largely replaced eunuchs), but it also played an important role in Qing relations with Tibet and Mongolia, engaged in trading activities (jade, ginseng, salt, furs, etc.), managed textile factories in the Jiangnan region, and even published books.

This department was also in charge of the ceremonial and spiritual activities of the Qing imperial household. These activities include the maintenance of the mausoleums of Qing emperors, polytheist worships and posthumous affairs of the royal family (the giving of temple names and posthumous names).

Origins
The department was established before the Manchu-led Qing dynasty defeated the Ming dynasty in 1644, but it became mature only after 1661, following the death of the Shunzhi Emperor and the accession of his son, who reigned as the Kangxi Emperor.

In 1654, the department was temporarily substituted by the Thirteen Yamen (十三衙門) which had similar functions. In 1661, the thirteen yamen were abolished with the re-establishment of the imperial household department.

Personnel
The department was manned by booi (Manchu: booi, ), or "bondservants", who were selected from the bondservants of the upper three banners. Booi was sometimes synonymous with booi aha, which literally means "household person", but aha usually referred to the hereditary and legally servile people who worked in fields, whereas booi usually referred to household servants who performed domestic service. The booi who operated the Imperial Household Department can be divided into roughly four groups:

 a small booi elite;
 the majority of the booi;
 indentured servants of the booi;
 the state bondservants (Manchu: sinjeku, ).

In total, there were three nirus of the department consist of booi. They are Cigu Niru (Chinese niru), Solho Niru (Korean niru) and Hoise Niru (Muslim niru) respectively. The demographic composition of the department was thus diverse. Manchu, Han Chinese, Korean and Muslim were cooperating to keep the department functioning. The three nirus of the imperial household department were under the inner three banners out of the Eight Banners system.

Various classes of Booi
booi niru a Manchu word ), meaning Neiwufu Upper Three Banner's platoon leader of about 300 men.
booi guanlin a Manchu word ), meaning the manager of booi doing all the domestic duties of Neiwufu.
 booi amban is also a Manchu word, meaning high official ).
 Estate bannerman ) are those renegade Chinese who joined the Jurchen, or original civilians-soldiers working in the fields. These people were all turned into booi aha, or field bondservants.
 sinjeku is another Manchu word ), the lowest class of the bondservants.

Divisions
The central administration of the imperial household department was carried out by its chancery. Under the chancery, there were 7 Si (司), 3 Yuan (院) as well as numerous properties in different regions of China. One Grand chancellor of   senior second rank to senior first rank was set at the top of the department. To assist the work of the Grand  chancellor, there were 37 bithesi (Manchu: bithesi, , Secretaries) one langzhong (senior fifth rank) and one  (senior sixth rank).

Below are some of the many bureaus that were supervised by the Chancery of the Imperial Household Department () in Beijing:

Seven Si
The Seven Si are the main functioning body of the department. Every Si (department) has several Langzhong (郎中), Yuanwailang (員外郎) and Bithesi who were officers that supervise the works of these departments.
Privy Purse (, later Guangchusi 廣儲司), in charge of imperial revenues and expenditures. At least as early as 1727, Administrator of the Canton Customs, known to Europeans as the "Hoppo", delivered substantial revenues to the Imperial Household Department through the Privy Purse.
Department of Works (), in charge of maintaining and repairing buildings inside the palace.
Department of Huntsmen (), in charge of personnel appointment and removal as well as the hunting of wild lives.
Department of Ceremonies (), in charge of ceremonial affairs.
Department of royal Ranch (), in charge of the royal ranch which provides livestock for the royal house.
Department of Accounting (), in charge of real estates of the imperial household.
Department of Prudence (), in charge of the martial law of the upper three banners which were governed by the emperor himself.

Three Yuan
Bureau of Imperial Gardens and Parks (), in charge of the everyday maintenance of palace gardens.
Imperial Armory (), in charge of the manufacture and repair of palace weapons.
Imperial Stables (), in charge of maintaining all the palace's horses

Other subsidiaries
Imperial Buttery (), in charge of cooking ordinary meals for the court.
Shenfang (), in charge of rituals.
Old Summer Palace (), known for being burned down by Anglo-French expedition force in 1860.
Summer Palace (), now a UNESCO World Heritage Site
Chengde Mountain Resort (), now a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Yonghe Temple ()
Bureau of internal management (), in charge of the maintenance of imperial warehouses.
By the nineteenth century, the Imperial Household Department managed the activities of more than 56 subagencies.

References

External links
 A study on Manchu Imperial Household Department in Chinese:清代内务府研究综述 李典蓉
 Chinese:内务府三旗（booi ilan gusa,ilan是三的意思， gusa是旗的意思）是包衣三旗，由原来上三旗的包衣组成

Government of Imperial China
Government of the Qing dynasty
Royal households
Eight Banners


The Longxi International Hotel or Hanging Village of Huaxi (; ) is a late-modernist-futurism supertall skyscraper in Jiangyin, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China. The mixed-use tower began construction in 2008 and completed in 2011. The building rises  with 74 stories. The skyscraper includes a glass sphere at the very top. The opening of the Longxi International Hotel was on 12 October 2011.

References

External links
 Longxi International Hotel on CTBUH Skyscraper Center

Hotel buildings completed in 2011
Skyscrapers in Wuxi
2011 establishments in China
Jiangyin
Skyscraper hotels in China


Qualpopoca (or Quetzalpopoca) was an Aztec administrator and military commander whose operations on behalf of the Aztec Emperor Moctezuma Xocoyotzin against the Spanish conquistadors at Nautla prompted the crisis in Aztec-Spanish relations that provided Hernán Cortés with the pretext he needed to capture Moctezuma and overthrow the Aztec state. Qualpopoca had killed and captured a number of conquistadors in a battle close to Nauhtla after a dispute about tribute, and thus was the first (and one of the very few) Aztec commanders who succeeded against the Spanish. In revenge, Cortes forced the captive Moctezuma to order his arrest, return him to the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan and subsequently burn him alive in front of the Templo Mayor.

Operations in Nauhtla
Qualpopoca first appears in the historical record when he was ordered by the Aztec Emperor Moctezuma Xocoyotzin to take control of the region surrounding the Aztec city of Nautla. Nauhtla was a border city of the Aztec Empire, the garrison there exerting Aztec dominion over the local population, who were largely Totonac in ethnic origin. The province had only recently been added to the Aztec Empire through conquest, and when Hernán Cortés arrived in the region (now the Mexican state of Veracruz) in 1519, one of his first acts was to overthrow Aztec dominion by seizing Aztec tribute collectors in the town of Quiahuiztlan and only returning them after a personal request from the Aztec Emperor. He then routed the Aztec garrison at the town of Tizapancingo and returned the state to the native Totonacs under their leader Tlacochcalcatl of Cempoala.

To restore the province to Aztec control, Moctezuma despatched Qualpopoca with instructions to defeat the Totonacs and their Spanish allies. Arriving in October 1519, Qualpopoca demanded that the Totonac towns pay their regular tribute to the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan. The towns appealed to the Spanish garrisons at Villa Rica and Veracruz and Juan de Escalante, the conquistador then in command, warned Qualpopoca not to threaten the Totonacs and demanded gold as recompense. Qualpopoca took no notice and continued to organise reprisals against Totonac villages that had not paid tribute. Escalante counterattacked with an army of conquistadors and Totonac warriors and met Qualpopoca in a battle near Nauhtla.

The battle was short, the Totonac forces routing early on and Escalante forced to withdraw under heavy attack, leaving Nauthla in flames. During the retreat, Escalante was mortally wounded, five Spaniards were killed and one, Juan de Argüello, captured. As was traditional in Aztec society, Argüello and the captured Totonacs were sacrificed, the Spaniard's head being sent to Moctezuma as a trophy. Cortes later suggested in a letter, as justification for the death of Qualpopoca, that these men were not killed or captured in battle, but rather had been sent by the Spanish as emissaries and guides to Qualpopoca who had had them seized and sacrificed.

Intrigues in Tenochtitlan
When word of the battle reached Tenochtitlan on 14 November 1519, there was consternation. Hernán Cortés and his force of 300 conquistadors and several thousand Totonac and Tlaxcalan allies had reached the city a week earlier and were living in one of the city's palaces as guests of Moctezuma. The presence of the Spanish and their traditional enemies the Tlaxcalans caused unease in the city, especially following their massacre of the population of Cholula a few weeks earlier. News of the battle at Nauhtla, accompanied by the arrival of Argüello's head, alarmed the Aztec government that it might provoke the Spanish or their allies into an attack on the city's nobility as had happened at Cholula. The head was sent away and Moctezuma agreed to a private meeting with Cortes.

Cortes arrived with 35 armed men and, after a brief preamble, informed Moctezuma that he would either join the Spanish in their accommodation as a hostage or he would be killed on the spot along with his advisors and attendants. Despite arguing and pleading with Cortes, Moctezuma eventually submitted to the Spanish and, with his principal advisors, moved to the Spanish accommodation where he became a prisoner in all but name. Although allowed to continue to rule as before, all of Moctezuma's proclamations, correspondence and movements were controlled by Cortes.

Death of Qualpopoca

One of the first actions of the new prisoner emperor was to order the arrest of Qualpopoca, two of his sons and 15 other Aztec nobles. These men were brought to Tenochtitlan where Moctezuma gave them to Cortes. Under questioning, Qualpopoca insisted that he had been acting on his own initiative when attacking Escalante but later changed his story, possibly under torture, to claim that Moctezuma had deliberately ordered him to wage war on the Spanish. Cortes informed Moctezuma of this and told him that although he considered the Emperor guilty of ordering the attack on Escalante's men, Cortes would protect him from harm.

Cortes then brought a shackled Moctezuma out into the great plaza in front of the Templo Mayor and made him watch, along with thousands of citizens of Tenochtitlan, as Qualpopoca, his sons and the fifteen other prisoners were tied to stakes, surrounded with bundles or arrows and wooden weapons from the Aztec armouries and burnt to death. According to some accounts, the crowd watched the spectacle in total silence and when the prisoners were dead, Cortes told Moctezuma he could go free. Terrified by the anger of his subjects following this public execution of one of his most senior officers, Moctezuma refused. Over the next few months the Aztec Emperor would gradually lose the respect of his people, culminating in his death on the Noche Triste on 30 June 1520.

Notes

References

Aztec people
Executed Mexican people
People executed by Spain by burning
1519 deaths
Year of birth unknown
15th-century indigenous people of the Americas
16th-century indigenous people of the Americas


The 1942–43 Montreal Canadiens season was the 34th season in franchise history. The team placed fourth in the regular season to qualify for the playoffs. The Canadiens lost in the semi-finals against the Boston Bruins 4 games to 2.

Regular season
The Montreal Canadiens were still making progress, and coach Dick Irvin put together the first "Punch Line" of Elmer Lach, Toe Blake and Joe Benoit. Benoit became the first Canadien to hit the 30 goal plateau since Howie Morenz did it in 1929–30 (40 goals) scoring an even 30. Gordie Drillon also added some scoring power. Rookie  Maurice Richard showed promise, but broke his leg. The Canadiens made the playoffs by one slim point and bowed out in the playoffs' first  round. Alex Smart scored three goals in his National League Debut.

Final standings

Record vs. opponents

Schedule and results

Playoffs

SemiFinals

Player statistics

Regular season
Scoring

Goaltending

Playoffs
Scoring

Goaltending

Awards and records

Transactions

See also
 1942–43 NHL season

References
Canadiens on Hockey Database
Canadiens on NHL Reference

Montreal Canadiens seasons
Montreal
Montreal
Montreal Canadiens
Montreal Canadiens


Ron Botran is a line of rums from Guatemala distilled by the Industrias Licoreras de Guatemala, the same distillery that produces the Zacapa line of rums.  The six Botran rums are Etiqueta Blanca, Añejo Oro, Añejo 8, Añejo 12, Solera 1893, and XL.  Ron Botran was first manufactured in Quetzaltenango, Guatemala.

History
The Botran family is commonly known for sugarcane production in Guatemala, but in 1939 they decided to begin a journey by establishing Industria Licorera Quetzalteca. The five brothers agreed that the ultimate place to age rum in Guatemala was Quetzaltenango. Since that day they have been involved in all the details regarding their rum production. Although the nurturing process has evolved, it all began with the nurturing process called “Sistema Solera.” This process implies the integration of young and old rums, as they mellow for years in white oak barrels.
They are the first family that produced Guatemalan rum, nowadays they continue producing one of the world's finest quality rums. Solera 1893 and Reserva high quality rums have won many worldwide awards for their intricacy, profundity and signature sweet flavor.

Types of Rums
 Botran Solera 1893: An elegant and complex combination of rums between 5 and 18 years old. These rums have been through a process of selection, they have been selected because of their balance and shape. The maturing of these rums has intensified its smell, resulting in burly and elegant rum.
 Ron Botran Reserva: A complex incorporation of rums aged between 5 and 14 years, created through a slow and hard working process of raising, were the Botran family has been putting a unique style with a long lasting end and some sweet unique flavors.
 Ron Botran XL: A really light white rum, aged in white American wood during 2 years with a slight smell of wood, vanilla and fruits with smooth flavor.
 Ron Botran Anejo 12: This famous rum is the product of the combination of rums between 5 and 12 years old.
 Ron Botran Anejo 8: Created through a fusion of rums between 4 and 8 years old.
 Ron Botran Anejo 5: Rum created with a coalition of rums between 3 and 5 years old.

Awards
One of the premium rums, Botran Reserva, received a Gold Medal award at the Ministry of Rum 2010. This tasting competition took place in San Francisco on August 5–6. The medals were awarded based on the aroma, initial taste, body and finish of each rum.

References

External links

 Distillery official website

Guatemalan brands
Guatemalan cuisine
Rums


Michael Brimer (8 August 1933 – 7 March 2023) was a South African-Australian pianist, organist, conductor, composer, musicologist, and academic.

Biography
Brimer was born in South Africa and studied with Eleanor Bonnar, a pupil of Leopold Godowsky. Brimer's school days were spent at the prestigious St George's Grammar School in Cape Town. He continued studies at the University of Cape Town, the Royal College of Music, the Royal School of Church Music in London and at the University of Cambridge. He also studied in Vienna and Australia, where he lived. He was music master at Brisbane’s Church of England Grammar School in the late 1950s. During that time, he staged Gilbert and Sullivan’s The Mikado, the first time an out-of-copyright G&S production had been staged in Queensland. His academic career included appointments at the University of Western Australia, Monash University and the University of Natal as Foundation Professor of Music, the University of Cape Town as Dean of the Faculty of Music. and the University of Melbourne where he was for nine years the Ormond Professor of Music. He was appointed Professor Emeritus on leaving Melbourne and was subsequently based in Sydney while performing and lecturing.

His international solo-performing career also flourished and he gave concerts in many countries as recitalist, soloist and chamber musician. In 1962 he premiered Malcolm Williamson's Piano Concerto No. 2. He was a member of The Australian Trio, along with Donald Hazelwood (violin) and Georg Pedersen (cello). He performed the complete series of Beethoven's 32 piano sonatas five times to great critical acclaim. In Australia, both the live broadcast and recorded series of the Beethoven and of the complete Schumann piano works have been voted the most popular series on ABC Classic FM in the ABC's annual listener survey. Brimer claimed to be the first pianist to record the complete Beethoven sonatas in Australia. The series of live recitals broadcast in 1986 were intended for commercial release on cassette tape, but due to a technical issue not all the sonatas were released. Gerard Willems is the first pianist in Australia to record the 32 sonatas on CD.

In January 2001, in a recital at the City Recital Hall in Sydney, he played Beethoven's Hammerklavier Sonata. The reviewer for The Sydney Morning Herald, Harriet Cunningham, said he had some memory lapses. To rebuff this, he asked Daniel Herscovitch, lecturer in music at the Sydney Conservatorium of Music, to review the tapes of the performance broadcast by ABC Classic FM. Herscovitch found there were some finger slips, but no more than might be expected of pianists of international standing, and no memory lapses at all. The Herald published his findings in their apology to Brimer on 21 February.

Michael Brimer's many performances as organist included those at the Royal Albert Hall, Clare and King’s Colleges, Cambridge, and the Sydney and Melbourne Town Halls, as well as soloist with Australian orchestras.

His conducting experience with orchestras in Australia and overseas encompassed opera, choral and orchestral repertoire, from classical to contemporary works (including premiere performances).

Brimer and his wife Judith were among the co-founders of the Bermagui Four Winds Festival, at which some of his works have been played and he appeared as a pianist.

Michael Brimer composed a number of works. Both his Piano Trios were premiered with the Australian Trio, and the first (2001) has been recorded.

In 1975, his book Utopia Unlimited was published in Cape Town.

In 2005, Brimer was appointed Music Pedagogy Adviser to the Australian Music Examinations Board (NSW), and was a member of AMEB's Teaching Specialist Panel.

Brimer was a juror for the 2006 Lev Vlassenko Piano Competition, and the 2008 Sydney International Piano Competition (SIPCA). He also assisted Warren Thomson in the Sydney auditions for the 2008 SIPCA.

Brimer died on 7 March 2023, at the age of 89.

Notes

Sources
AMEB Newsletter November 2006

1933 births
2023 deaths
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
South African classical musicians
South African classical organists
South African classical pianists
South African composers
South African male composers
Australian classical organists
Male classical organists
Australian classical pianists
Male classical pianists
Australian music educators
Piano pedagogues
Academic staff of the University of Natal
Australian male classical composers
Australian classical composers
21st-century classical pianists
21st-century organists
20th-century Australian male musicians
20th-century Australian musicians
21st-century Australian male musicians
21st-century Australian musicians


In the Battle of Groenkop (Battle of Tweefontein) on 25 December 1901, Head Commandant Christiaan de Wet's Boer commando surprised and defeated a force of Imperial Yeomanry under the command of Major Williams.

Background
By late 1901, de Wet's guerilla force based itself near the settlements of Lindley, Bethlehem and Reitz in the northeast part of the Orange Free State. On 28 November, de Wet called a krijgsraad (war council) of the still-active Boer leaders near Reitz. They determined to strike back at their British tormentors, who numbered 20,000 men.

As part of Lord Kitchener's strategy, the British constructed lines of blockhouses and barbed wire across the veld. The blockhouse lines were designed to restrict the movements of the Boer guerillas so they could be trapped by British mobile columns. One line of blockhouses reached from Harrismith to the Tradoux farm,  east of Bethlehem. To protect the construction, Major General Sir Leslie Rundle deployed four dispersed forces. Rundle with 330 men and one gun guarded the wagon road; the end of the blockhouse line was held by 150 infantry; a 400-man regiment of the Imperial Light Horse lay  to the east at Elands River Bridge; Major Williams with 550 men, mostly of the 11th Battalion, Imperial Yeomanry, a 15-pounder gun and a pom-pom held the  high Groenkop.

Battle
De Wet carefully scouted the Groenkop position for three days. He noted that the British posted their sentries atop the sheer west side of the kop, instead of at the bottom where they could give timely warning of an attack. The Boer leader determined to scale the west side using the trace of a gully.

At 2:00 am on Christmas morning, de Wet's commando clambered up the steep slope in single file with their boots removed so as to minimise any noise. The surprise was nearly total. Challenged by a single sentry when they were over halfway to the top with a few scattered shots, the Boers, who were ordered into battle by de Wet shouting "Stormt Burgers" swarmed up and over the crest. They began firing downhill into the British tents, inflicting a "massacre." Savage fighting lasted about 40 minutes before the British gave up.

Aftermath
The next morning, one of the 206 British prisoners of the Boers noted that his foes were so short of clothing that some wore women's attire. The 250 unwounded British prisoners of war were stripped literally naked before they were turned loose the next day. Kitchener wrote, "It is very sad and depressing that the boers are able to strike such blows, but I fear ... we shall always be liable to something of the sort from the unchecked rush of desperate men at night."

By 5 February 1902, Kitchener's blockhouse lines were completed and he sent 9,000 men on a massive sweep through the countryside. In this first operation, 285 Boers were captured but de Wet and President Marthinus Steyn and their men escaped the trap. The second drive lasted from 16 February to 28. Again, de Wet got away, but this time he had to abandon most of his cattle. On 27 February, Colonel Henry Rawlinson's column encircled and captured a 650-man Boer commando at Lang Reit, a few miles from Tweefontein. This brought the British "bag" in the successful sweep to 778 surrendered Boers. The third drive by Major Elliott's division, from 4 March to 11 March, was a failure, with only about 100 Boers captured. Worse, de Wet escaped to join Fighting General Koos de la Rey in the Western Transvaal.

References

Bibliography
 Evans, Martin Marix. The Boer War: South Africa 1899-1902. Oxford: Osprey, 1999.
 Pakenham, Thomas. The Boer War. New York: Avon Books, 1979.

Battles of the Second Boer War
1901 in South Africa
December 1901 events
Conflicts in 1901


Richard E. Blanton (born November 16, 1943) is an American anthropologist, archaeologist, and academic. He is most renowned for his archaeological field and theoretical research into the development of civilizations in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, particularly those from the central Mexican plateau and Valley of Oaxaca regions. Blanton taught at Rice University and Hunter College of the City University of New York before joining the faculty at Purdue University in 1976.  He is currently () Professor Emeritus of Anthropology at Purdue's College of Liberal Arts.

Blanton helped to develop full coverage survey methods, which he and colleagues applied to the Valley of Oaxaca to help understand the evolution of the Monte Alban state.  The particular method developed by Blanton and his students influenced a generation of archaeologists and are still widely used today.

Due to his interest in regional survey, Blanton helped to introduce methods of spatial analysis into archaeology.  In particular he took an application of graph theory used by architects evaluate movement through buildings and developed it into a method for analyzing prehistoric houses and communities.  He was able to demonstrate that variation in the layout of houses and communities was associated with wealth differences.  In addition, Blanton's method was used to develop a measure of prehistoric warfare frequency that has proven useful in a number of settings.

Blanton was an early proponent of world-systems theory, and actively applied it to the evolution of Mesoamerican polities.  Although this work was criticized at the time, it was further developed an employed by many scholars

Blanton also helped to develop dual processual theory,  Dual-processual theory posits that political leaders employ one of two basic processes to build and maintain power.  Using the first, called a “network” strategy, political leaders use ties to other polities, supernatural powers, or sources of esoteric knowledge and goods to build power, and maintain it by excluding others from access to those sources of power.  Using the second, called a “corporate” strategy, political leaders use the bonds of kinship and social groups to build power, sharing access to those groups broadly, but positioning him or herself as the “first among equals.”  These are not intended to be seen as exclusive categories, but rather as ends of a continuum of political strategy.  Dual-processual theory has had significant impact on archaeological thought.

Notes

References

External links
 Faculty page, Purdue College of Liberal Arts, Anthropology Department

American Mesoamericanists
Mesoamerican anthropologists
Mesoamerican archaeologists
Zapotec scholars
Aztec scholars
20th-century Mesoamericanists
21st-century Mesoamericanists
University of Michigan alumni
Purdue University faculty
1943 births
Living people
Rice University faculty
Hunter College faculty


Alexander Logan (5 November 1841 – 23 June 1894) was a Canadian politician, serving as the fourth Mayor of Winnipeg on three occasions, first from 1879 to 1882 then in 1882 and finally in 1884. Prior to this, he served as a city alderman between 1874 and 1878.

Logan's major work as mayor was to create incentives for the federal government to build the Canadian Pacific Railway route through Winnipeg. Charles Tupper, then the Canadian minister of public works, originally intended to locate the railway away from the city, but relented when Logan led a series of city measures to provide the railway with exemption from taxation, land donation for the passenger terminal. Logan also presided over a council decision to offer funding for a bridge across the Red River which resulted in the construction of the Louise Bridge.

References

External links
 Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online

1841 births
1894 deaths
Mayors of Winnipeg


Panaikulam or Panaikkulam is a village located in the eastern part of Ramanathapuram district, Tamil Nadu, India. The inhabitants of this village are primarily Tamil Muslims.

History
The history of Panaikulam is more than 500 years old. The oral information has been collected from the old people and with the help of a will document written by one of the descendants in the family of the first migrants, it is known that Tamil-speaking Muslims migrated from adjacent parts of Ramanathapuram (e.g. Kothakottai, Udaichiyarvalasai, aalappuli) to a place with pond and lot of palm trees. They named it as Panai (meaning palm tree) kulam (meaning pond). This pond (now called as Pugaloorani) served as the water source for the people and their cattle. Slowly the migrated population moved towards the inner parts of the village and established a mosque (now Jumma Mosque) for praying.

The migrations continued from the adjacent villages of Ramanathapuram and Panaikulam became a Muslim village. Some of the migrants used handlooms to weave the cloths and made business out of it. After some time, the mosque was built up using natural stones. It is indeed a very rare architectural beauty. During the nineteenth century, opportunities present in Malaya (now called Malaysia) attracted Panaikulam people and many of them went to Malaya to earn money. They mostly settled in Penang in businesses such as money exchange and restaurants.

Language
The primary language spoken by the people of Panaikulam is Tamil. Even though the accent is similar to that of the Tamil spoken in rest of Tamil Nadu, it has unique words probably borrowed from Arabic, Malay and Urdu. Certain peculiar words like nadayam (for slipper) and aanam (for curry) are used.

Food and cuisine
The food habits practised by the Panaikulam people have similarities with Tamil Muslim cuisine, Sri Lankan Muslim cuisine and Malay cuisine. For example, the foods such as Watalappam and Idiyappam are regularly prepared and eaten by Sri Lankan Tamil Muslims and Tamil Muslims settled in Malaysia and Singapore.

Notable person
 Haji Mastan - The birthplace of Haji Mastan is Panaikulam.
  K.A.N Bahurdeen, patriarch for the K.A.N (Kati-Adham-Naina) clan, philanthropist and founder of Bahurdeen School, first school to be established in Panaikulam for the village and its surrounding areas. Now it is run by government under the name Bahurdeen Government Higher Secondary School.

References

Cities and towns in Ramanathapuram district


The 1941–42 Montreal Canadiens season was the 33rd season in franchise history. The team placed sixth in the regular season to qualify for the playoffs. The Canadiens lost in the quarter-finals against the Detroit Red Wings 2 games to 1.

Regular season

Final standings

Record vs. opponents

Schedule and results

Playoffs
They went against Detroit in the first round in a best of three series and lost in 3 games, or 1–2.

Player statistics

Regular season
Scoring

Goaltending

Playoffs
Scoring

Goaltending

Awards and records

Transactions

See also
 1941–42 NHL season

References
Canadiens on Hockey Database
Canadiens on NHL Reference

Montreal Canadiens seasons
Montreal
Montreal
Montreal Canadiens
Montreal Canadiens


Cato Reef, a part of Cato Bank, is a coral reef in the Coral Sea, off the central coast of Queensland, Australia.

Geography
Cato Bank measures approximately  with an area of . Water depth is typically less than . As part of Cato Bank, Cato Reef measures in at , with an area of . It includes a small, shallow lagoon that contains Cato Island, a low-relief cay in the west that is approximately , with an area of  and an altitude of . Close to the south-east corner of Cato Bank is Hutchison Rock, with  of water over it.

Cato Island

Cato Island (), is a small oval-shaped island lying approximately  east of Gladstone, Queensland and about  east-southeast of the southern end of the Great Barrier Reef. This island is approximately  south of Bird Islet, part of the east end of the Wreck Reefs.

The island is a mound of coral debris and grit  high, covered in grass and creepers up to  high. An automatic weather station, with two radio masts and a silver-painted hut, stands on the island's northeast end. The island is almost entirely surrounded by reefs: three narrow boat passages cross the reefs on the northern side. The best entrance is the center one, located  north of the eastern end of Cato Island; it has a conspicuous rock at half tide on its eastern side.

The island lies on the western end of an oval-shaped reef enclosing a lagoon. The lagoon contains numerous coral heads. The sea breaks over the reef in all weather. The reef lies on Cato Bank, which falls away steeply on all sides.

The coral reefs are built on the top of a large shield volcano, produced by eruptions of the Tasmantid Seamount Chain.

Hutchison Rock , with a depth of , lies  east of Cato Reef.

Danger Patch lies near the outer end of the eastern ledge of Cato Bank. A tidal race is found between the eastern end of Cato Reef and Danger Patch.

History

Early reports
Cato Island, and then Bird Islet, were found by Captain John Park on  and Lt. Robert Fowler on  on 17 August 1803. Porpoise ran aground on Wreck Reef. Matthew Flinders (1814) on Porpoise reported that the cays held many birds, laying eggs from August–October. On 1 April 1821, the whaler  was wrecked on the shoal, though her crew was saved.

Cato Reef remained a hazard to shipping crossing between Australia and Canton (modern day Guangzhou) or India (where cargo was collected on the way home from Australia to Europe). In due course the southern reefs were surveyed by Captain H. M. Denham (ms, 1860) on  in 1858–60.

The area was visited by increasing numbers of whalers during the off season in New Zealand, in search of the wintering humpback and sperm whales in the middle of the 19th century. Denham reported that in July 1863 the islets had only two or three plants, including a bush  high, and were frequented by sea turtles weighing .

On 12 October 1858, Denham reported that Cato Island was more substantial than other cays in the area, measuring , rising to , and covered in coarse tufted grass, Rottboilla; a creeping plant, Nyctagin portulaca; and a sort of buttercup Senebiera crucifera, undermined and fertilised by burrowing mutton birds, the only species that the sailors chose to eat. Dense colonies of gannets, man-of-war birds and boatswain birds, terns and noddies, with eggs and chicks were abundant. Denham shot a godwit and a brace of plovers. Whalers recorded repeated visits, but only one humpback was reported offshore. Rayner recorded Limosa, Charadrius, Strepsilas interpres, and a land rail. When they returned with plants from the Percy Isles and seeds from Sydney to provide succour for castaways in August 1859, Denham again reported that the birds formed a cloud hovering  above the island, though "a few visits like ours would tend to check the accumulation in proportion to each boat bringing off upwards of 100 dozen eggs at a three hours gleaning."

Guano mining
On 27 October 1862, the British government granted an exclusive concession to exploit the guano on Lady Elliot Island, Wreck Reefs, Swain Reefs, Raine Island, Bramble Cay, Brampton Shoal, and Pilgrim Island to the Anglo-Australian Guano Company organised by whaler Dr. W. L. Crowther in Hobart, Tasmania. They were apparently most active on Bird Islet (Wreck Reefs) and Lady Elliot and Raine Islands, losing five ships at Bird Islet between 1861 and 1882.

The log of the Daily Southern Cross, 19 September 1863, reported on page 2 that a memorandum, enclosed in a bottle, was picked up by Captain Harris, of Caroline, which arrived in Hobson's Bay during Wednesday night, with a cargo of guano from Cato Island, and was found on the Cato Bank:- "25 June 1863 – Prince Edward, of Auckland, Geo. Cook, master, 7 weeks from Bay of Islands, 80 sperm, 6 of blackfish. All well." – Argus, 26 August.

Micronation’s declaration of independence
On 14 June 2004, after sailing on a ship named the Gayflower (a reference to the Mayflower), the activists raised the gay rainbow pride flag on Cato Island, and declared the Coral Sea Islands an independent gay and lesbian state. A memorial plaque on the north eastern tip of Cato Island commemorates this historic event and reads:

"On the 14th day of June 2004, at this highest point in the Coral Sea, Emperor Dale Parker Anderson raised the gay rainbow flag and claimed the islands of the Coral Sea in his name as homeland for the gay and lesbian peoples of the world. God Save our King!"

Coinciding with the decision to secede from Australian sovereignty, the kingdom's founders drafted a declaration of independence. The declaration began,

"Homosexual people have honestly endeavoured everywhere to merge ourselves in the social life of surrounding communities and to be treated equally. We are not permitted to do so. In vain we are loyal patriots, our loyalty in some places running to extremes; in vain do we make the same sacrifices of life and property as our fellow citizens; in vain do we strive to increase the fame of our native land in science and art, or her wealth by trade and commerce. In countries where we have lived for centuries, we are still cried down as strangers.... In the world as it is now and for an indefinite period.... I think we shall not be left in peace".

Stated to have been inspired by the United States Declaration of Independence, the kingdom's Declaration also stated: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all people are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness".

The activists founded a camp site on Cato Island which they named "Heaven" after the famous gay nightclub in London as the claimed capital, and "I Am What I Am" was set as the Kingdom's national anthem.

The leader of the protesters, Dale Parker Anderson, was elected Administrator of the territory and then "declared emperor" of the kingdom upon its independence.

In a scheme similar to Israel's Law of Return, a person was automatically granted permanent resident status and immediately eligible for citizenship in the Gay and Lesbian Kingdom of the Coral Sea Islands simply by being gay or lesbian.

The kingdom issued its first stamps in July 2006 "with the aim of creating a high and distinctive reputation amongst the philatelic fraternity". The kingdom's website stated that tourism, fishing and philatelic sales were its only economic activities.  However, swimming, reef walking, lagoon snorkelling, bird-watching, seashell-collecting, and shipwreck-exploring were all gay government-sanctioned non-economic activities.

Shipwrecks

Dockenhuden
On 3 August 1853, Dockenhuden, a German ship in transit between Melbourne and Bombay, failed in a tack off Cato Reef and having no room to jibe, struck the reef and foundered. The crew spent 15 days repairing the ship's boats before leaving for Moreton Bay, which was reached on 27 August.

Thomas King
Thomas King, a barque of 346 tons, built for the West Indian sugar run, was taken to Australia for the gold rush. Captain J. H. Walker, with a crew shanghaied with the help of local police, after the original English crew had deserted for the gold fields, left Sydney on 4 April 1852 for the Philippines and China with a cargo of sugar and spirits. It wrecked on a reef east of Cato Reef, Queensland, 17 April 1852. The barque struck the reef and became a total wreck. Some of her boats washed away. A boat set out for the mainland to seek help, leaving survivors on the reef. After 14 days they were rescued by the whaler Lady Blackwood. The other boat eventually made Double Island Bay, but when the occupants set out overland for Moreton Bay they were tracked down by aborigines and all but the captain and one seaman were killed. When lost, Thomas King carried 3,500 pounds of specie and 8,000 pounds of gold dust. At the time of sailing it was reported that the gold aboard Thomas King consisted of 212 ounces owned by L. and S. Spyer and 220 ounces 8 penny weights 12 grains owned A. and M. Moses, giving a total weight of 432 ounces 8 penny weights 12 grains or 13.45 kg of gold.

Notes

References
 Australian shipwrecks Vol. 1 1622–1850 By Charles Bateson. Sydney. Reed, 1972 910.4530994 BAT
 Australian shipwrecks Vol. 2 1851–1871 By Loney, J. K. (Jack Kenneth), 1925–1995. Sydney. Reed, 1980 910.4530994 LON
 Australian shipwrecks Vol. 3 1871–1900 By Loney, J. K. (Jack Kenneth), 1925–1995. Geelong Vic: List Publishing, 1982 910.4530994 LON
 Australian shipwrecks Vol. 4 1901–1986 By Loney, J. K. (Jack Kenneth), 1925–1995. Portarlington Vic. Marine History Publications, 1987 910.4530994 LON
 Australian shipwrecks Vol. 5 Update 1986 By Loney, J. K. (Jack Kenneth), 1925–1995. Portarlington Vic. Marine History Publications, 1991 910.4530994 LON

External links

 Nautical description (Sailing Directions)

Coral Sea Islands
Great Barrier Reef
Reefs of Australia


"Simple As That/Over the Rainbow" is the second single by melody. under the Toy's Factory label released June 18, 2003. The single stayed on the Oricon for 5 weeks and peaked at number 19. To date, the single has sold 14,608 copies.

Track listing
 Simple As That (4:20)
 Over the Rainbow (3:14)
 Simple As That: BL Remix (3:30)

Melody (Japanese singer) songs


The 1940–41 Montreal Canadiens season was the 32nd season in club history. The team placed sixth in the regular season to qualify for the playoffs. The Canadiens lost in the quarter-finals against Chicago Black Hawks.

Off-season
During the off-season, Dick Irvin was hired as the new coach of the team. Irvin had previously been the coach of the Toronto Maple Leafs. Maple Leafs' owner Conn Smythe, who wanted to hire Hap Day, suggested Irvin to the Canadiens.

Regular season
Rookie Johnny Quilty led the team in scoring and the team increased its wins total to 16 from 10 in the previous season.

Final standings

Record vs. opponents

Playoffs
The Canadiens qualified for the playoffs and played the Chicago Black Hawks. The Black Hawks won the best-of-three series in three games, two games to one.

Schedule and results

Player statistics

Regular season
Scoring

Goaltending

Playoffs
Scoring

Goaltending

Awards and records
 Calder Memorial Trophy : Johnny Quilty

Transactions

See also
 1940–41 NHL season

References

External links
Canadiens on Hockey Database
Canadiens on NHL Reference

Montreal Canadiens seasons
Montreal
Montreal


Béatrice "Betty" Bonifassi (born  1971) is a Canadian vocalist based in Montreal. She has a deep, contralto singing voice, sometimes referred to as "masculine", which has been compared to that of Shirley Bassey. Bonifassi has performed music of many styles in both English and French—from jazz, to traditional music, to blues, to electronica. In 2003 she gained international exposure when she provided the singing voices for the title characters of the animated film The Triplets of Belleville (Les Triplettes de Belleville). She has collaborated with composer and saxophonist, François D'Amours and has performed and toured with musician Maxime Morin (also known as DJ Champion). Bonifassi appeared as a guest vocalist on Deweare's album High Class Trauma (2006), and she is one half of the electronic music duo Beast.

Personal life
Bonifassi was born in Nice, France, to a Yugoslav mother and a father of Niçois-Italian descent. Raised in a bilingual household, and having studied foreign languages at University, she became interested in other cultures and their traditional music.  She has been singing and writing music for two decades.

In 1997, Bonifassi met her now ex-husband, Québécois composer Benoît Charest, while singing Jimi Hendrix covers at a Montreal jazz club.  Later that year she moved from France to Montreal to join Charest, and has lived in the Canadian city ever since.

Work with DJ Champion
In the late 1990s, Benoît Charest and Montreal DJ and musician Maxime Morin became co-owners of Ben & Max Studios – a company specializing in jingles and soundtracks. In 2001 Morin sold his share in the company back to Charest in order to continue his own musical career under the pseudonym DJ Champion, however he remained in contact with Bonifassi and Charest:  Morin performed bass and percussion on the song "Belleville Rendez-vous", from the 2003 animated film, The Triplets of Belleville (Les Triplettes de Belleville) and he also performed this song live with Bonifassi and Charest at the 76th Academy Awards ceremony—Morin played percussion on a bicycle during the performance.

In 2004, Bonifassi collaborated with Morin once again (performing as "DJ Champion") on his 2004 debut album, Chill'em All. The album included the hit single "No Heaven" which is a soulful and bluesy song set against heavy dance beats and noisy guitar riffs. Inspired by Negro Songs of Protest, Bonifassi sings a plaintive tune reminiscent of the work songs sung by the chain-gangs of the American South in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

"I heard Betty singing those blues songs, and she was the girl for that job," said Morin.

With the success of Chill'em All, Bonifassi toured for over two years with "Champion & His G-Strings".  In 2008 the pair recorded a version of 1957 Screamin' Jay Hawkins hit "I Put a Spell on You" to be used as the theme song of the Québécois film Truffe.

Les Triplettes de Belleville
Bonifassi and Charest collaborated on the soundtrack for the animated film The Triplets of Belleville (Les Triplettes de Belleville); the film's main song, "Belleville Rendez-vous", was nominated for an Oscar in 2004 and the pair performed the song, along with Maxime Morin, at the 76th Academy Awards ceremony.

Bonifassi stated in a 2004 interview that the experience of performing at the Oscars was "magnifique!"

"It was a magic moment that I shared with my husband; I thought it was brilliant!"

Her work on the Oscar-nominated film "opened doors" for her. After the buzz following her Oscars performance, she got many offers from large record companies in North America and abroad, to record jingles and an album in the same Django/chanson réaliste style;  Bonifassi turned down the offers for fear of being pigeonholed, but has stated that she does not discount recording in this style in the future.

Beast

Bonifassi joined forces with percussionist, record producer, and fellow French expat Jean-Philippe Goncalves, to form the band Beast. They released their first album in November 2008.

Beast's sound has been compared to trip hop, only with a bit more aggression.  Bonifassi's vocal stylings also lean more towards rap and spoken-word. Bonifassi is the main songwriter and the music is composed and produced by Goncalves. Canadian singer-songwriter Simon Wilcox also assisted Bonifassi (whose native tongue is French) with Beast's lyrics, which are all performed in English.

"Simon really understood my dark side and the sadness of the moment," says Bonifassi. "I really wanted to sing something lyrically rich and powerful."

Goncalves has also stated that the name Beast suits their project very well: "Betty is a real beast," he jokes, "a ."

Beast's debut album was made available on iTunes as of 4 November 2008; its official commercial release was 18 November 2008.

At the end of 2010, Bonifassi and Goncalves announced that they would be taking an indefinite break from the Beast project. Although when asked in a June 2011 interview for Voir whether her break from Beast was a final one Bonifassi replied: "Disons que le retour de Beast n'est pas dans mes plans actuels" ("Let's say the return of Beast is not my current plans.")

Goncalves stated in an interview that the split was not due to any quarrel between himself and Bonifassi. Citing lagging album sales, frustration with the record industry, the tiresome effects of touring, and familial commitments (Bonifassi's son was 9 years old at the time of the split), the bandmates said they would be working separately on their own local projects.

Solo work
During an interview with Danielle Leblanc of Radio-Canada in 2004, she discussed an album she was working on with the composer Francois D'Amour. She described the album as being very "multi-ethnic, with lots of electronic machines" and that she was hoping to find a major record label for its release. On 24 September of that same year, she performed some of these songs during a live solo performance at Montreal's Cabaret Music Hall.

After Bonifassi and Goncalves announced that they would be taking an indefinite hiatus from the Beast project in late 2010, Bonifassi began to focus on solo projects including a performance at the Festival Montréal en lumière on 24 February 2011—making it her first solo performance since her break with Beast. Her performance included renditions of songs by Édith Piaf and Berthe Sylva, as well as a song by the Franco-Monégasque composer Léo Ferré.

Bonifassi performed at the 2011 FrancoFolies festival held in Montreal, first as part of a performance dedicated to Serge Gainsbourg on 15 June, then in her own solo performances on the 17th and 18th.

In 2014, Bonifassi released a self-titled CD in which she interpreted traditional songs of slaves and prisoners, plus two original cuts, "Working It Down" and "How Does It Feel." In 2016, she followed up with a similar CD entitled Lomax, after ethnomusicologist Alan Lomax, who had archived the traditional songs in question (see Slave Songs of the United States.)

In 2018, in collaboration with Robert Lepage, she created SLĀV, a show based on those songs, which launched at the Montreal Jazz Festival. The show caused public protest on the basis of accusations of cultural appropriation and was subsequently canceled by the Festival on Bonifassi's decision and out of concern for public safety.

References

1970s births
Living people
French emigrants to Quebec
French women singer-songwriters
French singer-songwriters
Singers from Montreal
Musicians from Nice
Canadian people of Italian descent
Canadian people of Yugoslav descent
French-language singers of Canada
21st-century French singers
21st-century French women singers
21st-century Canadian women singers


Annassery is a village in the state of Kerala in India. The name derives from 'Anna' (Rice), the land of rice. It is located at Kozhikode district and it is about 14 km from Kozhikode and is part of Thalakulathur GramaPanchayat.

Transportation
Annassery connects to other parts of India through Koyilandy town.  The nearest airports are at Kannur and Kozhikode.  The nearest railway station is at Koyiandy.  The national highway no.66 passes through Koyilandy and the northern stretch connects to Mangalore, Goa and Mumbai.  The southern stretch connects to Cochin and Trivandrum.  The eastern National Highway No.54 going through Kuttiady connects to Mananthavady, Mysore and Bangalore.

References

Koyilandy area


The  were a class of ten destroyers of the Imperial Japanese Navy.  Each was named after a variety of tree.

Background
At the outbreak of World War I, the Imperial Japanese Navy had a total of two modern destroyers capable of overseas deployment: the   and . It was clear that this force would not enable Japan to fulfill its obligations under the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, so the Japanese government pushed through an Emergency Naval Expansion Budget in fiscal 1914 to allow for the construction of ten new destroyers. As speed was of the essence, the orders were given to both government and civilian shipyards (as was the case with the construction of the Russo-Japanese War vintage Kamikaze-class).

Twelve more vessels were built by the same shipyards in Japan per an order from the French Navy, where they were designated the Tribal class (or Arabe class)   named , , , , , , , , , , , and . The Arabe class were the most advanced destroyers in the French inventory in World War I.

Design
These 2nd class destroyers were funded under the September 1914 War Budget. The ten Kaba-class vessels were built simultaneously at eight different shipyards around Japan. As there was no time to design a new vessel, plans for the previous Sakura-class destroyers were distributed to each shipyard, with the instructions that the power plant was to be a conventional coal-fired triple expansion steam engine, and not a steam turbine.

Armament was almost the same as that of the Sakura class, with one QF 4.7 inch Gun Mk I - IV, mounted on the forecastle deck forward of the bridge, and four 3 inch 12 pounder guns, mounted one on either side and two towards the stern of the ship, with two twin torpedo launchers on rotating centreline mounts, although the latter were the new 533mm type instead of the 450mm type in the Sakura class.

Operational history
Given the speed of construction and the fact that eight different shipyards were used, it is a tribute to the Japanese shipbuilders that all ten vessels produced were uniform in appearance and capabilities, and performed reliably in their overseas deployment to the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea in combat operations in World War I. This deployment began with Rear Admiral Kozo Sato arrived in Malta in mid-April 1917, with the cruiser  as his flagship and eight Kaba-class destroyers. The Japanese fleet was nominally independent, but carried out operations under the direction of the Royal Navy command on Malta, primarily in escort operations for transport and troopship convoys and in anti-submarine warfare operations. Sakaki was damaged by the Austro-Hungarian Navy U-boat  on 11 June 1917 off of Crete with the loss of 68 of her 92 crewmen. She was salvaged and repaired.

All ten vessels survived the war, and were stricken in November 1931 and broken up.

Ships

References

Notes

Books

External links

 French Arabe class

Destroyer classes

World War I destroyers of Japan
Ships built in Japan
Japan–Malta relations


Plaza de toros Monumental de Aguascalientes is a bullring in the city of Aguascalientes, Mexico. It is currently used for bullfighting and concerts. The stadium holds 16,000 people and it was inaugurated on November 23, 1974. Its currently the 4th largest bullring in Mexico.

References

External links
 Official homepage
 www.worldstadiums.com

Sports venues in Aguascalientes
Aguascalientes


The 1992 All-Pro Team is composed of the National Football League players that were named to the Associated Press, Newspaper Enterprise Association, Pro Football Writers Association, and The Sporting News All-Pro Teams in 1992. Both first and second teams are listed for the AP and NEA teams. These are the four teams that are included in Total Football II: The Official Encyclopedia of the National Football League. In 1992 the Pro Football Writers Association and Pro Football Weekly combined their All-pro teams, a practice with continues through 2008.

Teams

Key
 AP = Associated Press first-team All-Pro
 AP-2 = Associated Press second-team All-Pro
 AP-2t = Tied for second-team All-Pro in the AP vote
 NEA = Newspaper Enterprise Association first-team All-Pro team
 NEA-2 = Newspaper Enterprise Association second-team All-Pro team
 NEA-2t = Tied for second-team All-Pro in the NEA vote
 PFWA = Pro Football Writers Association All-NFL
 TSN = The Sporting News All-Pro

References
Pro-Football-Reference.com

All-Pro Teams
Allpro


Class Act is an Irish talent show which last aired on RTÉ One on Sundays at 18:30 throughout September and October 2008. It was presented by Derek Mooney. The show involved a search for young people with special talents whose efforts are then judged on television.

In 2009, due to RTÉ cutbacks, the programme was axed.

2007 series
The 2007 series was presented by Aidan Power and Síle Seoige. It was broadcast on Sundays at 18:30, beginning on 16 September. The three judges of in this series were Cora Venus Lunny, Tony Lundon and Adele King (Twink). The winners of this series were Cathal and Fergal Keaney, from Galway.

2008 series
Out of 10,000 entries, the winner was singer and guitarist, Hugh O'Neill from County Sligo, who won €10,000 after playing a self-composed ditty. He beat Joe Dolan impersonator John Fagan from County Dublin into second place. The six finalists performed live on television from Dublin's Tivoli Theatre on 12 October 2008. They faced a public vote for the first time, having previously been picked on by three judges including Caroline Morahan. The three judges were Caroline Morahan, Doctor Veronica Dunne and Julian Benson.

Broadcasting schedule
There were a total of six episodes, broadcast over a six-week period in September and October 2008.

 Programme 1 - Sunday 7 September, 18.30pm RTÉ One
 Programme 2 - Sunday 14 September, 18.30pm RTÉ One
 Programme 3 - Sunday 21 September, 18.30pm RTÉ One
 Programme 4 - Sunday 28 September, 18.30pm RTÉ One
 Programme 5 - Sunday 5 October, 18.30pm RTÉ One
 Programme 6 - Sunday 12 October, 18.30pm RTÉ One (Live Final)

Contestants
Six contestants competed for two places in the live final in each of episodes three, four and five. The Randomers, Megan Burke, Showgirls and Franz Lawlor exited in episode three. Hugh O'Neill and John Fagan progressed to the live final. Gary Sheridan, Adam Bouktila, Niamh Regan and Moneeka Mukerjee exited in episode four. L'Agnello and Elementz progressed to the live final. Ciara Lyons, Michael Costello, Damien McCarthy and Celtic Roses exited in episode five. Sarah Gannon and Double Trouble progressed to the live final.

Episode six was the live final. The six finalists competed for €10,000. Double Trouble, L'Agnello, Sarah Gannon, John Fagan and Elementz failed. Hugh O'Neill won.

References

External links
 Official site

2007 Irish television series debuts
2008 Irish television series endings
Irish talent shows


5-(2-Aminopropyl)-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran (5-APDB, 3-Desoxy-MDA, EMA-4) is a putative entactogen drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine classes. It is an analogue of MDA where the heterocyclic 3-position oxygen from the 3,4-methylenedioxy ring has been replaced by a methylene bridge. 6-APDB is an analogue of 5-APDB where the 4-position oxygen has been replaced by a methylene bridge instead. 5-APDB was developed by a team led by David E. Nichols at Purdue University as part of their research into non-neurotoxic analogues of MDMA.

In animal studies, 5-APDB's effects generalize most closely to non-stimulant MDMA analogues such as MBDB and MMAI, while producing no substitution for LSD or amphetamine. In vitro studies show that 5-APDB acts as a highly selective serotonin releasing agent (SSRA), with IC50 values of 130 nM, 7,089 nM, and 3,238 nM for inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine, respectively. In contrast, 6-APDB is more balanced on the three monoamine neurotransmitters and acts more similarly to MDA and MDMA.

Methoxy-substituted analogues of 5-APDB and 6-APDB have also been made and substituted for DOM in animal tests, although they were around one tenth as potent as DOM.

Legal status

China
As of October 2015 5-APDB is a controlled substance in China.

UK
On June 10, 2013, 5-APDB and a number of analogues were classified as Temporary Class Drugs in the UK following an ACMD recommendation. This means that sale and import of the named substances are criminal offences and are treated as for class B drugs.

References

Designer drugs
5-Benzofuranethanamines
Substituted amphetamines
Serotonin releasing agents
Entactogens and empathogens


The 1939–40 Montreal Canadiens season was the 31st season in franchise history. The team placed seventh in the regular season and did not qualify for the playoffs for the first time since the 1935–36 season. The Canadiens would not finish a season in last place in their division for another 59 years, and would not finish last in the league for another 82 years.

Regular season
The Canadiens' first game saw them score what would be a season-high 8 goals as they defeated the Chicago Black Hawks 8–2 at the Montreal Forum on November 5, 1939. The Habs were undefeated over their first six games (4-0-2) and were 6-2-2 in their first ten. After that, however, long winless streaks were the rule. They went 3-8-0 in December, 1-10-1 in January, 1-8-1 in February and 1-5-1 in March. Their most lopsided loss happened on February 22, 1940 – 1–10 against the Chicago Black Hawks at Chicago.

Final standings

Record vs. opponents

Schedule and results

Player statistics

Regular season
Scoring

Goaltending

Awards and records

Transactions

Playoffs
They didn't qualify for the playoffs

See also
 1939–40 NHL season

References
Canadiens on Hockey Database
Canadiens on NHL Reference

Montreal Canadiens seasons
Montreal
Montreal


Journey to the Center of the Earth is a 2008 American-Canadian television action adventure film directed by T. J. Scott and starring Rick Schroder, Victoria Pratt, and Peter Fonda. The film is very loosely based on the 1864 novel of the same name by Jules Verne. It was shot in HD on location in and around Vancouver in the summer of 2007, and first aired on Ion Television on January 27, 2008.  It has since been released on DVD.

Plot
Heiress Martha Dennison seeks out professor Jonathan Brock to help find her husband, Edward, who disappeared four years earlier on an expedition towards the center of the Earth. At first Jonathan is hesitant to go despite Martha's offer to handsomely pay him, giving him the opportunity to pay off the debts left to him by his recently deceased father, while his nephew and aspiring journalist Abel is excited for the opportunity to get real life journalistic experience.  After reviewing Edward's notes Jonathan is persuaded to go along.  The two of them, along with Abel, go to the newly acquired Alaskan territory to gather information about Edward and his expedition and find a Russian guide, Sergei, to aide their search of her husband.  They struggle to cover a large amount of ground in only 10 days based upon information recovered from a crudely drawn map.  They find and enter a mine shaft in a volcano, venturing deep into the center of the earth.  Along the way small signs are found of the previous expedition along with the skeleton of Mikael, a friend like a brother to Sergei, and see it as an ominous sign of what's ahead.  Abel constantly lags behind taking notes and pictures of the journey and discovers a passage to a strange new land.

They come out into a world that, at first, seems much like the surface except that it never gets dark despite there being no sun with a lush forest land and a large lake-like sea. Soon they encounter many prehistoric creatures and the adventure really begins.  While Martha takes a bath and short swim she is attacked by some sort of creature in the sea, at the same time Jonathan and Sergei find some logs that were clearly cut down by a person using an axe to make a raft to cross the sea. They use the left over logs and their supply of rope to make a raft of their own and notice several dinosaur-like birds (Archaeopteryx) flying above their heads in a vulture like fashion. As some of the birds move into attack they notice a very, very large pliosaur in the water heading for their raft. Jonathan suggests shooting the birds to distract and accidentally feed the dangerous and lethal marine reptile in the water.

They then discuss the nature of the creatures that they encountered noting that they seem to have come from different eras of development and may have escaped to this region to survive Ice Ages and other dinosaur-killing phenomena.  They then find another damaged raft, believed to be Edward's, and decide to make camp.  While Abel goes exploring alone, Sergei reveals to Jonathan that he did not go along with Edward when he first came to Alaska because he did not trust him and blames himself for not stopping Mikael from joining the expedition that led to his death.  Abel encounters two native women in the forest and he gathers the rest to follow a trail that may lead them to more answers.

While crossing a rather well-made bridge a group of hostile natives surround them and bring them to their village to meet their leader who is Edward himself, who acts rather coldly towards them and forces them to bow and give up their weapons as a native custom.  Edward elaborates the nature of his conditions, that the villagers believe him to be some kind of a god who has brought them prosperity and safety by sharing his wisdom which are actually ideas of indigenous survival he got from studying other civilizations.  In a private discussion with him, Martha admits that she was expecting him to be more happy to see her; he then admits that he had never expected her to come for him and intends to stay there where he has power and influence compared to the world above where he found her power threatening.  Edward makes a pass at Martha and she rebuffs him and he goes to the village priestess whom he regards as a new wife. While they are talking a group of natives join forces and free some prisoners.  When Edward leaves his tent and finds these people he begins to shoot at them and kills one young man in front of all the others claiming that he is a traitor.  Martha slaps him causing him to bleed planting seeds of doubt that he is a god; he then explains that their leader (who escaped with help from Jonathan) has doubted Edward from the start and started a resistance to his rule and that the presence of the renegades has undercut Edward's power and so the resistance must be destroyed.  Martha explains that Edward has always been this way and that his arrogance is what attracted her to him in the first place.

Edward then loses his power and influence over the tribe as he has been revealed to be a false god and all of the villagers leave him.  He then leaves all of his village gear behind and states that they must now leave and that their raft has been destroyed so they must take an ancient passage; meanwhile the resistance is hot on their trail to stop them.  When the resistance advances upon them Edward holds out a single piece of dynamite to ward off their attacks and when they reach the cave he lights the dynamite with the hope that it will seal the entrance to the cave that leads to the surface.  When it fails to ignite, Edward leaves the cave and shoots the dynamite sealing the rest of the group in, and him out with the violent resistance.  The team then struggles through water filled passages that lead them up through to the lake on the surface, where they originally found the entrance to the cave.

On the surface they make a small memorial for Edward, who is presumed dead, and decide not to tell the secret of the world below, and to continue their adventures to the East Indies with Martha and Jonathan (most unpredictably) as an item.  Abel then writes at the end of his diary that everything he has written and drawn about is only a figment of his imagination so as to discredit their discoveries.

Cast
 Rick Schroder as Jonathan Brock
 Victoria Pratt as Martha Dennison
 Peter Fonda as Edward Dennison
 Steven Grayhm as Abel Brock
 Mike Dopud as Sergei
 Elyse Levesque as Emily

External links

 Journey to the Center of the Earth on RHI Entertainment
 Journey to the Center of the Earth on Hallmark Channel

2008 television films
2008 films
2008 science fiction action films
2008 fantasy films
2000s action adventure films
2000s American films
2000s Canadian films
2000s fantasy adventure films
2000s science fiction adventure films
American action television films
American adventure television films
American action adventure films
American fantasy adventure films
American science fiction television films
Canadian action adventure films
Canadian fantasy adventure films
Canadian science fiction television films
English-language Canadian films
Films based on Journey to the Center of the Earth
Films directed by T. J. Scott
Films set in Alaska
Films shot in Vancouver
Sonar Entertainment films
Television films based on books

ja:センター・オブ・ジ・アース ワールド・エンド


The 1938–39 Montreal Canadiens season was the 30th season in club history. The team placed sixth in the regular season to qualify for the playoffs. The Canadiens lost in the first round to the Detroit Red Wings 2 games to 1.

Regular season

Final standings

Record vs. opponents

Schedule and results

Playoffs
The NHL revised its playoff format and six of seven teams qualified for the playoffs. In the first round, the Canadiens would meet Detroit, which had finished in fifth place. They lost in a best of three series in 3 games, or 1–2.

 Detroit Red Wings  vs. Montreal Canadiens

Player statistics

Regular season
Scoring

Goaltending

Playoffs
Scoring

Goaltending

Awards and records

Transactions

See also
 1938–39 NHL season

References
Canadiens on Hockey Database
Canadiens on NHL Reference

Montreal Canadiens seasons
Montreal Canadiens
Montreal Canadiens


Lisa Lutz is an American author. She began her career writing screenplays for Hollywood. One of her rejected screenplays became the basis for a popular series of novels about a family of private investigators, the Spellmans. She is a 2020 recipient of an Alex Award.

Biography
Lutz was born in Southern California in 1970. She attended UC Santa Cruz, UC Irvine, University of Leeds in England and San Francisco State University, all without attaining a degree. During the 1990s she had many low-paying jobs, including work in a private investigation firm, and spent a lot of time writing and re-writing a Mob comedy called Plan B. Her screenplay was optioned in 1997, and was made into a movie in 2000 (released in 2001). Variety Magazine described the movie as "torturously unfunny." She subsequently produced several other tentative screenplays, but none were picked up. Her final effort, tentatively titled "The Spellman Files", was also rejected. At that point, Lutz realized that "the story really needed more space to be told properly," and decided to write it as a novel. She began the novel while still living in California in 2004, then decided to move into a relative's family vacation home in upstate New York to work on it full-time. She returned to Seattle to write her second Spellman novel, then moved to San Francisco, where she lived until 2012. She presently lives in a remote area of upstate New York.

Writing
Her novel series describes the Spellmans, a family of private investigators, who, while very close knit, are also intensely suspicious and spend much time investigating each other. The first book in the series, The Spellman Files, becomes suspenseful when 14-year-old Rae Spellman is apparently kidnapped.

In 2008, The Spellman Files was nominated for three awards for best first novel, the Anthony Award, Macavity Award, and Barry award; was awarded an Alex Award; was nominated for a Dilys Award; and reached #27 on the New York Times Bestseller List

Paramount Pictures optioned the film rights for the novel, with Laura Ziskin producing and Barry Sonnenfeld directing. As of 2016, this film has not been made.

Her second novel, Curse of the Spellmans, was nominated for a 2009 Edgar Award by the Mystery Writers of America for best mystery novel. Lutz went on to write four more entries in the Spellman series: Revenge of the Spellmans (2009), The Spellmans Strike Again (2010), Trail of the Spellmans (2012), and The Last Word, also released as The Next Generation (2013). In addition to the six Spellman novels, Lutz wrote Isabel Spellman's Guide to Etiquette: What is Wrong with You People (2013), a short tongue-in-cheek self-help guide purportedly written by Lutz's series protagonist, and How to Negotiate Everything (2013), a children's book purportedly written by Lutz's series character David Spellman, with illustrations by artist Jaime Temairik.

In 2011, Simon & Schuster published Heads You Lose, a stand-alone comic crime novel written by Lutz with her friend and former romantic partner David Hayward.

Lutz's second stand-alone, How to Start a Fire, was published in 2015 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. A thriller, The Passenger, was published in 2016 by Simon & Schuster.

Published works

Screenplays
Plan B (2001)
 Dare Me (TV series), Season 1, Episode 5, "Parallel Trenches" (2020)

Novels
The Spellman Files (2007)
Curse of the Spellmans (2008)
Revenge of the Spellmans (2009)
The Spellmans Strike Again (2010)
Heads You Lose (with David Hayward) (2011)
Trail of the Spellmans (2012)
The Last Word, later published as "Spellman Six: The Next Generation" (2013)
How to Start a Fire (2015)
The Passenger (2016)
The Swallows (2019)
The Accomplice (2022)

Children's Book
"How To Negotiate Everything" by David Spellman and Lisa Lutz, with illustrations by Jaime Temairik (2013)

Articles or other contributions
Please Stop Talking I have to use the Bathroom (Friction magazine, 2 December 2002 issue)
Confessions of a Hollywood sellout (salon.com, February 2005)
Rule 1: Ignore Rules (The Wall Street Journal, 18 February 2012 issue)
Ask Lutz ("Need unprofessional advice? Ask Lutz" - blogs posted on lisalutz.com from 2002 to 2004)
How to write a Fan Letter Without Getting a Restraining Order (a chapter in the 2005 book "Don't Forget to Write for the Secondary Grades: 50 Enthralling and Effective Writing Lessons (Ages 11 and Up))"
Isabel Spellman's Guide to Etiquette: What is Wrong with You People by Isabel Spellman and Lisa Lutz, e-book only (2013)

References

External links

Interview with Lisa Lutz in BookPage
Heads You Lose official website
Simon & Schuster official author page

1970 births
Living people
21st-century American novelists
American mystery writers
American women screenwriters
American women novelists
University of California, Santa Cruz alumni
University of California, Irvine alumni
Alumni of the University of Leeds
San Francisco State University alumni
Women mystery writers
21st-century American women writers
Screenwriters from California
21st-century American screenwriters


The Third Federal Electoral District of Yucatán (III Distrito Electoral Federal de Yucatán) is one of the 300 Electoral Districts into which Mexico is divided for the purpose of elections to the federal Chamber of Deputies and one of five such districts in the state of Yucatán.

It elects one deputy to the lower house of Congress for each three-year legislative period, by means of the first past the post system.

District territory
Under the 2005 districting scheme, the district covers the north-western portion of the municipality of Mérida.

The district's head town (cabecera distrital), where results from individual polling stations are gathered together and collated, is the state capital, the city of Mérida.

Previous districting schemes

1996–2005 district
Between 1996 and 2005,
Yucatán's Third District covered the western portion of the Mérida Municipality.

Deputies returned to Congress from this district

XLVII Legislature
 1967–1970: Víctor Manzanilla Schaffer (PRI)
XLVIII Legislature
 1970–1973:
XLIX Legislature
 1973–1976:
L Legislature
 1976–1979: Víctor Manzanilla Schaffer (PRI)
LI Legislature
 1979–1982: Jorge Jure Cejín (PRI)
LII Legislature
 1982–1985: Rubén Calderón Cecilio (PRI)
LIII Legislature
 1985–1988: Nerio Torres Ortiz (PRI)
LIV Legislature
 1988–1991:
LV Legislature
 1991–1994: José Feliciano Moo y Can (PRI)
LVI Legislature
 1994–1997: Eric Rubio Barthell (PRI)
LVII Legislature
 1997–2000: Fernando Castellanos Pacheco (PAN)
LVIII Legislature
 2000–2003: Silvia López Scoffie (PAN)
LIX Legislature
 2003–2006: José Orlando Pérez Moguel (PAN)
LX Legislature
 2006–2009: Sofía Castro Romero (PAN)
LXI Legislature
 (2009 - 2010): Angélica Araujo Lara (PRI)
 (2010 - 2012): Efraín Aguilar Góngora (PRI)

References and notes

Federal electoral districts of Mexico
Geography of Yucatán


Lieutenant General Lawrence Aboagye Okai (19 October 1934 – 26 October 2017) was a Ghanaian army officer. He was the Chief of the Defence Staff of the Ghana Armed Forces. He also served on the Supreme Military Council (SMC) of the government led by General Acheampong.

Army career
Lawrence Okai volunteered for service in the Gold Coast Regiment of the Royal West African Frontier Force. He was selected to be trained as officer at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst (RMAS), in the United Kingdom and was commissioned on 16 December 1955. In 1958, he became one of the original officers of the Ghana Regiment, when the Gold Coast gained its independence.

Okai served in the Ghana Army, and rose from 2nd Lieutenant to the rank of Major General.

General Okai was then chosen to be overall commander of the Armed Forces of Ghana, and was further promoted on appointment: he was Chief of the Defence Staff from December 1974 to November 1976.

Politics
After the National Redemption Council took power, it formed a Supreme Military Council (SMC) to provide the executive government. The SMC was composed of the service chiefs and as the head of the armed forces, General Okai became a member of the military government. He served in the junta until he retired as Chief of the Defence Staff in November 1976, when he was succeeded in both roles by Lieutenant General Fred Akuffo.

Retirement
In retirement, he became active in the Veterans Association of Ghana, and later served as the Chairman of its National Council.

He died in October 2017 and was buried, with military honours, in January 2018.

Sources
 Ghana Armed Forces website
 Ghana Home Page

Living people
Ghanaian soldiers
1934 births


Ulocladium chlamydosporum is a filamentous fungus. This fungus is salt tolerant and has been found in water from the Dead Sea and did not grow out on agar without the presence of salt.  The presence of copper and zinc can stimulate growth in U. chlamydosporum, whereas lead, manganese, and molybdenum inhibit growth.

References
 fungal life in Dead Sea
 Heavy metal ions

Pleosporaceae


Politics of memory is the organisation of collective memory by political agents; the political means by which events are remembered and recorded, or discarded. Eventually, politics of memory may determine the way history is written and passed on, hence the terms history politics or politics of history. The politics of history is the effects of political influence on the representation or study of historical topics, commonly associated with the totalitarian state which use propaganda and other means to impose a specific version of history with the goal of eliminating competing perspectives about the past. In order to achieve this goal, memory regimes resort to different means such as narrating (the construction of a seemingly coherent narrative), strategic silencing (the masking-out of historical facts that contradict one's own interpretation), performing (ritualized forms of reifying the narrative) or renaming/remapping (inscribing the narrative into the monumental and toponymic landscape).

Nevertheless, the term is contested and there is no common agreement on its meaning which is often a matter of contextual use. Some authors have suggested that memory debates can be ordered by an Ethics of Political Commemoration, a framework similar to Just War theory.

Memories are also influenced by cultural forces, e.g. popular culture, as well as social norms. It has also been connected with the construction of identity.

By country

Australia

Armenia and Turkey
Armenia and Turkey maintain strongly divergent official narratives on the events of 1915, known as the Armenian Genocide. While Armenian official historiography sees in it a deliberate attempt to irrevocably cleanse the Eastern provinces of the Ottoman Empire of its indigenous Armenian populations that stands in continuity of a longer history of Anti-Armenian pogroms, Turkish official historiography denies the extent of state violence and sees in the events of 1915 merely a resettlement campaign (tehcir) provoked by hostilities of Armenian nationalist organizations backed by Tsarist Russia. In contrast to Turkish official historiography, the Kurdish political movement within Turkey widely recognizes the events as a genocide, though marginalizing the role of Kurdish complicity in the killings.

Cyprus
The two sides in the conflict in Cyprus maintain widely divergent and contrasting memories of the events that split the island. The term selective memory is applied by psychologists to people suffering from head injuries who retain some memories, but have amnesia about others. Societal trauma, such as war, seems to have a similar effect. Recollections that are shaped out of a phenomenon common to many countries traumatized by war and repression, may be remembered in radically different ways by people who experienced similar events.

The selectivity may also serve a political purpose, for example to justify the claims of one group over a competing group. Cyprus is a poignant case for this phenomenon. The longstanding conflict on the island reflects deep roots in the "motherlands" of the Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot peoples.

Germany
In Germany, the term "politics of history"/"history politics" (Geschichtspolitik) was propounded by German Chancellor Helmut Kohl in late 1980s during the Historikerstreit discussion on how to memorialise the Nazi Germany and World War II.

Speeches by politicians often deal with issues of how to memorialize the past. Richard von Weizsäcker as Bundespräsident identified two modes of memorializing the unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany in 1945 in his famous 1985 speech: this date can be seen as defeat or liberation. Weizsäcker backed the latter interpretation. In this regard, such moments as the first official "Day of Commemoration for Victims of National Socialism", on January 20, 1996, led to Bundespräsident Roman Herzog remarking in his address to the German Parliament that "Remembrance gives us strength, since it helps to keep us from going astray." In similar, but somewhat opposing measure, Gerhard Schröder sought to move beyond this in saying the generation that committed such deeds has passed, and a new generation does not have the same fault because they simply weren't there to be responsible.

Good examples for politics of memory could be seen in national monuments and the discourses surrounding their construction. The construction of a Holocaust memorial in memory of the murdered Jews of Europe at a central location in Berlin was met with protests but also with strong support. Likewise the National Memorial to the Victims of War and Tyranny was deemed inappropriate by some onlookers and a discussion revolved around the question whether the lack of a differentiation between victims and perpetrators is adequate or not.

The question if and how to memorise Germans expelled from Poland in the aftermath of World War II has been constantly debated in both West Germany and Poland. Such questions are so difficult because it requires a moral judgement of these events. These judgements differ remarkably. For instance, the Federation of German Expellees called on Poland to pay compensation for lost property to Germans from what after 1945 became Polish territory, a claim that is consistently declined by Poland.

Similarly there have been debates in Germany whether the legacy of World War II implies that Germany's military should be confined to purely defensive measure like peacekeeping or, contrary to this, this legacy can be a justification of an active enforcement of human rights which also might involve preemptive strikes.

Poland

In Poland, the issue of history politics have risen to the state level when in 2015 it was announced that the works had started on the "Strategy of Polish Political Policy" ("Strategia Polskiej Polityki Historycznej"). President Andrzej Duda announced that "carrying out the historical policy is one of the most important activities of the president".

Russia
The history in Russia has been highly politicized since the times of the Soviet Union. in the 2000s Vladimir Putin's regime undertook a new revision of history under the pretext of the defense of the national past against the alleged slanderers. As a first step of this defense was the establishment of the commission to handle "the attempts to falsify history to the detriment of Russia's interests" in May 2009.

The central topic of the new "history politics" has become World War II.

The 2018 book of Mariëlle Wijermars Memory Politics in Contemporary Russia Television, Cinema and the State analyses the effects of various actors, such as the government, the Russian Orthodox Church, cultural figures, and radical thinkers, such as Aleksandr Dugin, on Russian memory politics, and its usage in legitimizing the government and discrediting the opposition.

Ukraine
According to historian Georgiy Kasianov, the Ukrainian Institute of National Memory from 2015 was under control of Ukrainian nationalist forces.

Yugoslavia
Croatian researcher Snježana Koren analyzed the history politics in Yugoslavia by analyzing teaching of history at school during 1945-1960, an immediate aftermath of World War II. She traced both internal and external influences on the state's politics of history, in particular how it was affected by the affiliation with the Soviet Union and the subsequent Soviet-Yugoslav split. She also analyzed the differences in the narratives in different Yugoslav republics.

Monuments

Spatial markers of memory such as monuments play a crucial role in inscribing a historical narrative into the landscape, an act described by Herfried Münkler as the monumentalization of the landscape.  When successor states inherit the monumental landscape of the ancien régime often heated debates errupt on the fate of such monuments. New regimes of memory may neglect, appropriate or physically remove monuments. However, their removals may be controversial: in Estonia the removal of a Soviet era statue from the capital evoked strong reaction from Russia.

Efficacy and moral relativity

W. G. Sebald underlines German amnesia surrounding the Allied carpet bombings of 131 German cities and towns which turned many German cities into vast necropolises, and resulted in an estimated 600,000 primarily civilian deaths, with millions of internal refugees.

In literature
Milan Kundera's opening story in the Book of Laughter and Forgetting is about a Slovak official posing with other officials for a photograph in winter. The man gives his fur hat to cover his superior's bald head and the photo is taken. Later, when he falls out of favour and is denounced and removed from official records and documents, he is even air-brushed out of photographs; all that remains of him is his fur hat.

Winston Churchill is purported to have said that "history is written by the victors." The accuracy and significance of this statement is still debated.

Raul Hilberg's autobiography is titled The politics of memory.

See also
 Censorship
 Damnatio memoriae
 Historical negationism
 Invented tradition
 Memory laws
 Nationalism
 Official history
 Politics of identity
 Social amnesia
 The Use and Abuse of History: Or How the Past Is Taught
 Vergangenheitsbewältigung

References

Further reading
The Politics of History in Comparative Perspective, special edition of The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Memory