Nowe Gumino  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dzierzążnia, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Nowe Gumino


Nowe Kucice  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dzierzążnia, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Nowe Kucice


Nowe Sarnowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dzierzążnia, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. Despite being founded for a significant period of time, its population has remained low.

References

Nowe Sarnowo


Pluskocin  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dzierzążnia, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Pluskocin


Podmarszczyn  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dzierzążnia, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Dzierzążnia,  south-west of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Podmarszczyn


Pomianowo may refer to:

Pomianowo, Masovian Voivodeship, Poland
Pomianowo, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland

See also
Pomian (disambiguation)


Pomianowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dzierzążnia, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Pomianowo


Przemkowo may refer to the following places in Poland:

Przemkowo, Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
Przemkowo, Pomeranian Voivodeship (north Poland)


Przemkowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dzierzążnia, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Dzierzążnia,  south-west of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Przemkowo


Rakowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dzierzążnia, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Dzierzążnia,  west of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Sadkowo may refer to the following places in Poland:
Sadkowo, Masovian Voivodeship
Sadkowo, West Pomeranian Voivodeship
Sądkowo, West Pomeranian Voivodeship


Sadkowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dzierzążnia, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Sadkowo


Sarnowo-Góry  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dzierzążnia, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Siekluki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dzierzążnia, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Dzierzążnia,  west of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Siekluki


Skołatowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dzierzążnia, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Dzierzążnia,  west of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Starczewo Wielkie  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dzierzążnia, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Dzierzążnia,  west of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Starczewo Wielkie


Starczewo-Pobodze  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dzierzążnia, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Starczewo-Pobodze


Stare Gumino  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dzierzążnia, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Stare Gumino


Wierzbica Pańska () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dzierzążnia, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Dzierzążnia,  west of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Wierzbica Szlachecka  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dzierzążnia, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Wierzbica Szlachecka


WMR may refer to:

Media and music
"WMR", a track by El-P and Camu Tao from the 2004 compilation album Def Jux Presents 3
 World Marxist Review, the English-language name of the 1958–1990 Communist journal Problems of Peace and Socialism
World Mission Radio, a 1980s evening religious radio program broadcast by an unlicensed operator from a ship in the North Sea

Railways
Wellington and Manawatu Railway Company, a private rail transport company in New Zealand that operated from 1881 to 1908
West Midlands Railway, part of West Midlands Trains, the current holder of the West Midlands franchise
Widney Manor railway station, a station served by the UK National Rail association
WMR No. 10, an 1891 2-6-2 tank locomotive

Software
Windows Mixed Reality, a mixed reality platform designed by Microsoft
WMR e-Pin, LLC, a software development firm from whom DataTreasury acquired four check-imaging technology patents in February 2006

Other
.22 Winchester Magnum Rimfire, also called .22 WMR, .22 Magnum, or .22 Mag, a rimfire rifle cartridge
Mananara Nord Airport, the International Air Transport Association (IATA) airport code for the airport in Mananara Nord, Toamasina Province, Madagascar
Western Mindanao Region (WMR), one of six regions of the Christian And Missionary Alliance Churches of the Philippines (CAMACOP)
WMR Biomedical, a company co-founded by American chemist George M. Whitesides


Wilamowice  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dzierzążnia, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Dzierzążnia,  south-west of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Wilamowice


Adamowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Joniec, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Adamowo


Joniec  is a village in Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Joniec. It lies approximately  east of Płońsk and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

External links
 Official page of brass band from Joniec

Joniec


Joniec-Kolonia  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Joniec, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Płońsk and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Joniec-Kolonia


Józefowo () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Joniec, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Joniec,  south-east of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Krajęczyn  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Joniec, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Płońsk and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Cesáreo Gabaráin (30 April 1936 – 20 April 1991) was a Spanish priest and composer of liturgical songs such as Pescador de hombres (Fisher of Men). He received a Gold Record award in Spain, and his music is well known and sung by English and Spanish-speaking people. Gabaráin became a hymn-writer when he was thirty and went on to write about five hundred songs. He tried to write songs that were easy to learn and be sung by the entire congregation. His hymns support moments of personal and communal prayer and praise to God.

Cesáreo Gabaráin was born in Hernani (Guipúzcoa) in 1936. In addition to music, from 1946 to 1952 he studied at the seminary in Zaragoza and at the Seminario Mayor de San Sebastian. He was ordained a priest in 1959. In the 1960s and 1970s, he was a chaplain at various colleges and nursing homes. In the 1980s, Gabaráin was an assistant priest in his parish in Madrid and head of a religious department at a college. In 1991 he died of cancer at the age of 55.

Named a chaplain prelate of Pope John Paul II, Cesáreo Gabaráin had 37 albums. He conducted workshops in 22 U.S. cities before his death in Anzuola in 1991. He ministered to cyclists participating in the Tour de France and other athletes.  Five of his hymns are in the United Methodist Hymnal, the most popular of which is “Fisher of Men.” This hymn, which features a well-loved gentle melody, was used in two movies. When a tour guide in Palestine said the hymn was written by Lake Tiberias, Cesáreo Gabaráin smiled because he had written it in Madrid. “Fisher of Men” has been translated into more than 80 languages.

Demos Gracias
After his death, a new verse to Demos gracias al Señor was sung by a children's choir: ". . . morning-time the birds sing the praises . . . and you my brother why don't you sing the praises . . . Let's give  thanks . . ." A youth pastor was playing his guitar and children were still singing a tune written in 22 years earlier, in 1973.

500 songs for evangelism
After the Second Vatican Council (1962–65) permitted different styles of music, he was allowed a new freedom in hymn-writing style. His songs were often inspired by people he met and written with the intention to save more souls. He wrote about 500 songs as a teaching tool for church school and to help missionaries. Gabaráin's personal favorites were “Fisher of Men” and “Together Like Brothers,” owing to their popularity.

He met Pope John Paul II, who also liked “Fisher of Men”. The song was translated into English by Gertrude C. Suppe, George Lockwood and Raquel Gutiérrez-Achon as "Lord, You Have Come to the Lakeshore". The Polish version of the song ("Barka"), translated by Stanisław Szmidt, was especially popular.

Abuse accusations

Gabaráin's noted contributions to church hymnody are now sullied by credible reports that he abused a number of young men when he was a chaplain at Colegio Marista in Chamberí. In August of 2021, the Spanish Daily El País reported on the incidents which took place in the late 1970s when Gabaráin was accused of child abuse which took place during his time as chaplain of the Colegio Chamberí which was run by the Marist Brothers, a religious community of which Gabaráin was a member at the time. Eduardo Mendoza, one of Gabaráin's students told his tutor about the abuse and this caused an investigation to be opened which resulted in Gabaráin being fired from the school and dismissed from the Marist brothers in 1978. Several other students have corroborated Mendoza's account and have shared their own accounts of being abused by Gabárain.

In response to these revelations of abuse Oregon Catholic Press (OCP), the designated distributor of Gabaráin's music in the US, has scrubbed any mention of Gabaráin from its website and is undergoing a process of reckoning regarding the presence of his works in their hymnals and other products.

See also
 Wojciech Krolopp

References and external links

1936 births
1991 deaths
20th-century Spanish Roman Catholic priests
Composers of Christian music
Basque musicians
Deaths from cancer in Spain
20th-century composers
20th-century Spanish musicians
Catholic Church sexual abuse scandals in Europe


Królewo may refer to the following places:
Królewo, Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
Królewo, Pomeranian Voivodeship (north Poland)
Królewo, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship (north Poland)
Królewo, West Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-west Poland)


Królewo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Joniec, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Joniec,  east of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Ludwikowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Joniec, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Nowa Wrona  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Joniec, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

History
Before World War II, there were two estates here. The first larger one is Nowa Wrona with an area of 95.05 ha. it belonged to Hersz Segen. The second estate, smaller Nowa-Wrona Lit "H", with an area of 60.66 ha. it belonged to Kazimierz Salamonowicz.
Here was born in 1907 year Lieutenant Mieczyslaw Salamonowicz murdered by soviets in Katyń (1940).

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Omięciny  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Joniec, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Osiek  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Joniec, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Joniec,  east of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

This gentry village ("wieś szlachecka", i.e., owned by a noble) became part of the  in the second half of the XVI. Between 1975 and 1998, this place belonged to the Ciechanów Voivodeship.

References

Osiek


Anna Polony (born January 21, 1939, Kraków) is a Polish stage, film and television actress, as well as the stage director and former Prorector of Cracow's Academy of Dramatic Arts. The media dubbed Polony 'the First Lady of Polish Theatre' or 'the Dame of the Polish Theatre".

Career
Polony studied acting at the Ludwik Solski Academy of Dramatic Arts in Kraków and graduated in 1960. Later she completed her studies in stage directing at her alma mater (1984) and became one of its legendary professors. Polony trained dozens of famous Polish actors including Jan Frycz, Magdalena Cielecka and Sonia Bohosiewicz. The latter of whom recalled that "being a fragile, dove-hearted being, she [Polony] wanted students to be afraid of her".

Polony made her acting debut in Jerzy Kaliszewski's adaptation of Jean Giraudoux's play Wojny trojańskiej nie będzie (English: The Trojan War Will Not Take Place) in 1959 at the Helena Modrzejewska National Stary Theater in Kraków (or simply the Old Theatre). She was a member of the Old Theatre's troupe until 2002 and remained its guest actress until 2014. She is known as the theatrical muse of several renowned Polish directors including Konrad Swinarski, Andrzej Wajda and Krystian Lupa.

She became active as a theatre director in the latter part of her acting career. Her directing career began in 1974 with the production of William Gibson's Two for the Seesaw. Later she became one of the most prominent directors of the Old Theatre. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Polony received nationwide recognition and success as a theatre director. The most notable plays she directed include Harold Pinter's The Birthday Party, Sławomir Mrożek's Widows, and Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew.

Filmography
 Kontrybucja (1966)
 Z biegiem lat, z biegiem dni... (1980)
 Dziady (1983) (TV)
 Diary for My Children (1984)
 Diary for My Lovers (1987)
 Dekalog (1988) (TV, Episode 7)
 Napló apámnak, anyámnak (1990)
 Dwa księżyce (1993)
 The Seventh Chamber (1995)
 Na dobre i na złe (TV)
 Wszyscy święci (2002) (TV)
 Stacyjka (2004) TV mini-series
 Magda M.
 Iron Cross (2009)

References

External links

 Anna Polony at the Culture.pl (in English)

Polish actresses
Actresses from Kraków
Polish stage actresses
Polish film actresses
1939 births
Living people
Recipient of the Meritorious Activist of Culture badge


Popielżyn Górny  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Joniec, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Płońsk and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Popielżyn-Zawady  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Joniec, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Proboszczewice  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Joniec, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Proboszczewice


Sobieski  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Joniec, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Sobieski


Soboklęszcz  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Joniec, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Stara Wrona  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Joniec, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Stara Wrona


Szumlin  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Joniec, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Płońsk and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Szumlin


Beszyno  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Naruszewo, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Naruszewo,  south-west of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Beszyno


Dłutowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Naruszewo, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Naruszewo,  south of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Drochówka  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Naruszewo, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

From 1975–1998, the town administratively belonged to the Ciechanów Voivodeship.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Drochowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Naruszewo, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Drochowo


Grąbczewo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Naruszewo, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Naruszewo,  south of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Januszewo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Naruszewo, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Naruszewo,  south of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Januszewo


Kębłowice  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Naruszewo, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Naruszewo,  south of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Kozarzewo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Naruszewo, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Naruszewo,  south-west of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Kozarzewo


This is a list of roads designated A14.

 A014 road (Argentina), a beltway ring-road around San Juan, San Juan Province
 A14 motorway (Austria), a road connecting Hörbranz and the German Autobahn 96 to Bürs
 A14 motorway (Belgium), a road connecting Antwerp and France at Lille
 A14 motorway (France), a road connecting La Défense, Hauts-de-Seine and Orgeval, Yvelines
 A 14 motorway (Germany), a road in eastern Germany
 A14 motorway (Italy), a road connecting Bologna to Taranto
 A14 road (Kenya), a road connecting Mombasa to the Tanzanian border
 A14 road (Latvia), a road connecting Tilti - Daugavpils - Kalkūni
 A14 highway (Lithuania), a road connecting Vilnius and Utena
 A 14 highway (Sri Lanka), a road connecting Medawachchiya and Talaimannar
 A14 motorway (Switzerland), a road connecting Luzern and Cham
 A14 road (England), a road connecting the Port of Felixstowe to the junction of the M1 and M6 motorways near Rugby
 A14 road (Isle of Man), a road connecting Jurby to Sulby Road
 A14 road (United States of America) may refer to :
 County Route A14 (California), a road in Plumas County connecting SR 89 and Johnsville

See also
 list of highways numbered 14


Krysk  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Naruszewo, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Naruszewo,  south of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw. Krysk has an area of 0.309 km2 (~0.192 miles²).

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Krysk Nowy  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Naruszewo, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Krysk Nowy


Łazęki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Naruszewo, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Płońsk and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


This is a list of roads designated A15. Entries are sorted in alphabetical order by name of country.

 A015 road (Argentina), a road connecting the junction with National Route 14 at La Criolla and the Salto Grande Dam access-road
 A15 road (Australia) may refer to:
 New England Highway, a highway in the Hunter Valley and New England regions
 Tapleys Hill Road, a road in the western suburbs of Adelaide
 A15 motorway (Belgium), a road connecting La Louvière and Liège
 A-15 expressway (Canada), a road connecting the United States border at Saint-Bernard-de-Lacolle and Sainte-Agathe-des-Monts
 A15 motorway (France), a road connecting Gennevilliers, Hauts-de-Seine and Cergy-Pontoise, Val d'Oise
 A 15 motorway (Germany), a road connecting Berlin and the German-Polish border
 A15 motorway (Italy), a road connecting Parma and La Spezia
 A15 road (Latvia), a road around Rēzekne
 A15 highway (Lithuania), a road connecting Vilnius and Lyda
 A15 road (Malaysia), a road in Perak connecting Batu Gajah and Kampung Gajah
 A15 motorway (Netherlands), a road connecting Rotterdam and the interchange Ressen
 A15 motorway (Portugal), a road connecting Caldas da Rainha and Óbidos
 A-15 motorway (Spain), a road connecting Tudela and San Sebastián
 A 15 road (Sri Lanka), a road connecting  Batticaloa and Trincomalee
 A15 road (United Kingdom) may refer to:
 A15 road (England), a road connecting Peterborough and the junction with the M180 near Scawby
 A15 road (Isle of Man), or Maughold road
 A15 road (United States of America) may refer to:
 County Route A15 (California), a road in Plumas County connecting SR 89, SR 36, and SR 70 in Portola

See also
 List of highways numbered 15


Michałowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Naruszewo, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Naruszewo,  south-west of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Nacpolsk  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Naruszewo, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Płońsk and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Naruszewo  is a village in Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Naruszewo. It lies approximately  south of Płońsk and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Nowe Naruszewo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Naruszewo, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Nowe Naruszewo


Nowy Nacpolsk  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Naruszewo, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Płońsk and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Nowy Nacpolsk


This is a list of roads designated A18. Roads are sorted in the countries alphabetical order.

 A18 motorway (Belgium), a road connecting Bruges and Dunkirk, France

 A18 motorway (Italy), a road connecting Messina and Catania in Sicily
 A18 highway (Lithuania), a road around Šiaulių
 A18 road (Malaysia), a road in Perak connecting Bota Bota Kanan and Kampung Sungai Mengkuang
 A18 motorway (Netherlands), a road connecting Zevenaar and Varsseveld
 A18 autostrada (Poland), a planned road connecting Olszyna at the Polish-German border and the junction with the A4 motorway
 A 18 road (Sri Lanka), a road connecting Pelmadulla and Nonagama
 A18 motorway (Switzerland), a road connecting Basel and Reinach BL
 A18 road (United Kingdom) may refer to:
 A18 road (England), a road connecting Doncaster, South Yorkshire and Ludborough, Lincolnshire
 A18 road (Isle of Man) or Snaefell Mountain Road, a road used for the Isle of Man TT Races
 A18 road (United States of America) may refer to:
 A18 road (California), a road connecting SR 273 (and Interstate 5 and SR 299) in Redding and Shasta Dam

See also
 List of highways numbered 18


Pieścidła  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Naruszewo, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Płońsk and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Postróże  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Naruszewo, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


This is a list of roads designated A19. Roads are sorted in the countries' alphabetical order.

 A019 road (Argentina), a beltway around Córdoba
 A-19 expressway (Canada), a road in Quebec connecting the borough of Ahuntsic-Cartierville in Montreal and the Duvernay neighbourhood in Laval
 A19 road (England), a road connecting  Doncaster, Yorkshire and Tyneside
 A19 motorway (France), a road connecting the A5 and the A6 between Sens, Yonne and Courtenay, Loiret
 A 19 motorway (Germany), a road connecting Rostock and the A 24
 A19 motorway (Italy), a road connecting Palermo and Catania
 A19 motorway (Portugal)
 A-19 motorway (Spain), a road connecting Barcelona and Palafolls
 A 19 road (Sri Lanka), a road connecting Polgahawela and Kegalle
A19 road (Tanzania), a road connecting Mbamba Bay to Mtwara
 A19 road (United States of America) may refer to:
 A19 road (California), a road connecting SR 299 and SR 89

See also
 List of highways numbered 19


Potyry  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Naruszewo, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Płońsk and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Potyry


Rąbież  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Naruszewo, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Płońsk and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Radzymin  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Naruszewo, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Naruszewo,  south of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Radzyminek  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Naruszewo, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Płońsk and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Radzyminek


Skarboszewo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Naruszewo, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Skarszyn  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Naruszewo, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Skarszyn


Skwary  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Naruszewo, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Skwary


Taras Hunczak (; born on March 13, 1932, in Staremiasto, near Tarnopol, Poland, now Ternopil Oblast, Ukraine) is a historian, and professor emeritus at Rutgers University in Newark, New Jersey. He lectures in Ukrainian, Russian, and East-European history. Hunczak has written extensively on Ukrainian history, the twentieth century in particular. He has also had involvement with the United Nations, notably moderating a discussion panel at an event marking the 20th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall.

Education
Hunczak earned his B.A. (1955) and M.A. (1958) from Fordham University in Bronx, New York City. In 1965, he earned his Ph.D. at the Vienna University. He received an honorary doctorate from the National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy in 2013.

Career
Hunczak began lecturing at Rutgers University in 1960 and retired after a notable 44-year career with the institution. He also served as Chairman of the History Department and was a member of the Rutgers University Senate between 1960 and 1984.

During his career he established and coordinated the men’s volleyball program at Rutgers-Newark in 1975. Established as a club team, which through his leadership shortly became a Division I Varsity Team. His team won the East Coast Championship and placed second in the NAIA National Championship in 1976.

Because of Hunczak’s incredible accomplishments as a team coach, Rutgers gained both national and international recognition. They were invited to play an invitational tournament in Holland.

Taras Hunczak developed a successful Women’s Team in 1977, which also became a Varsity team within a short period of time.

Taras, who coached and coordinated both teams, served as the United States Volleyball Commissioner of the Garden-Empire Region in New York and New Jersey from 1978 to 1980. He also served as the New Jersey vice-chairman of the National Junior Olympics of the AAU.

Hunczak became Professor Emeritus in 2004 and was inducted into the Rutgers Hall of Fame the same year for his numerous accomplishments.

From 1991, Hunczak has been a professor at the National Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv. In 2013, he received an honorary doctorate from the National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy.

Hunczak is currently retired with his wife, Olga Hunczak.

Publications
Hunczak's publications in English include:
 Russian Imperialism from Ivan the Great to the Revolution;
 The Ukraine, 1917-1921: A Study in Revolution;
 On the Horns of a Dilemma: The Story of the Ukrainian Division Halychyna;
 Symon Petliura and the Jews: A reappraisal (Ukrainian Jewish studies);
  Ukraine: The Challenges of World War II

Hunczak's publications in Ukrainian include:
 Ukraina—persha polovyna XX stolittia: Narysy politychnoi istorii;
 Symon Petliura ta ievrei;
  U mundyrakh voroha

References

1932 births
Living people
People from Ternopil Oblast
People from Tarnopol Voivodeship
20th-century Ukrainian historians
21st-century American historians
21st-century American male writers
Fordham University alumni
Rutgers University faculty
American male non-fiction writers


Sobanice  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Naruszewo, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Płońsk and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Sobanice


Sosenkowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Naruszewo, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Płońsk and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Sosenkowo


Srebrna  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Naruszewo, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Naruszewo,  south of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Stachowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Naruszewo, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Naruszewo,  south-west of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Stary Nacpolsk  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Naruszewo, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Stary Nacpolsk


Strzembowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Naruszewo, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Płońsk and  north-west of Warsaw.

The Strzembowo Castle - This aristocratic residence of the 19th century is located 68 kilometers out of the Warsaw city line. The construction started in 1870 ordered by duke Hazynski of the Shielings. Designed by Victor Shriter one of the most prosperous Russian architects of that time, whose name is famous worldwide after he created the Vorontsov Palace in Alushta. Originally this area emplaced a 17th-century wooden manor, 1939 to 1940 a German military base located here. From 1949 the palace became an elementary school, where teachers were also housed. And since 2003 a private investor begun the restoration of this glamorous venue.
Situated on a small hill the palace is surrounded by an old English park where diverse and valuable are trees surround the lake. The Western wing of the mansion is adjacent to meadows. The palace completes the beauty of this park with exquisite harmony. The lake is the basis of the visual display of the entire estate, bridging the park encircling it and the castle ascending over it. The lake and surrounding park were cleared and renovated in 2005.

The Palace - The central part of the palace is decorated with a two-storey arcade structure. Unusual for the Polish architectural incline, this neat element was borrowed from the Eastern style. The Oriental motifs, fashionable at the time the building was constructed, manifested in the application of exotic elements in the facade composition. Similar tender blend of two different schools of design are seen in the Dzyalinski Palace in Arkugov and the Vorontsov Palace in Alupka (Crimea). The house in built of brick, plastered, decorated with stucco. The total area reaches about 1000 square meters.

References

Strzembowo


Troski  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Naruszewo, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Troski


Wichorowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Naruszewo, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Wichorowo


Wola-Krysk  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Naruszewo, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Wola-Krysk


Wróblewo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Naruszewo, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Naruszewo,  south-west of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Wronino  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Naruszewo, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Naruszewo,  south-west of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Wronino


Zaborowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Naruszewo, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Płońsk and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Zaborowo


Żukowo may refer to the following places:
Żukowo, Płock County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
Żukowo, Płońsk County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
Żukowo in Pomeranian Voivodeship (north Poland)
Żukowo, Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland)
Żukowo, Chojnice County in Pomeranian Voivodeship (north Poland)
Żukowo, Człuchów County in Pomeranian Voivodeship (north Poland)
Żukowo, Gryfice County in West Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-west Poland)
Żukowo, Sławno County in West Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-west Poland)
Żukowo, Stargard County in West Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-west Poland)


Christopher Karl Mellon (born October 2, 1957), is a private equity investor, former Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Intelligence in the Clinton and George W. Bush administrations and later for Security and Information Operations. He formerly served as the Staff Director of the United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. He is a member of the influential Mellon family out of the Greater Pittsburgh area. Mellon has lobbied for U.S. government investigations into UFO/UAP.

Early life and education
Christopher Mellon was born to the Mellon family. He is the son of Karl Negley Mellon and Anne Stokes Bright, and the great-grandson of Gulf Oil co-founder William Larimer Mellon. His great-great-grandfather, Thomas Mellon, founded Mellon Bank of Pittsburgh. He received a B.A. in economics from Colby College in 1980 and a master's degree from Yale University in international relations, with a concentration in finance and management, in 1984.

Political career

Mellon served for 12 years in a variety of positions on Capitol Hill, including nearly 10 years as a professional staff member as a Staff Director of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. Mellon went to the Pentagon as a member of William Cohen's transition team on January 2, 1997. Following the transition, Mellon was appointed as the Coordinator for Advanced Concepts and Program Integration, Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, concentrating on encryption and information assurance issues. From November 1997 to June 1998, he served as the Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Intelligence Policy, providing advice on a range of intelligence issues. From June 1998 through November 1999, Mellon served as the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Security and Information Operations. He was the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Intelligence from November 1999 until December 2002. In that capacity, he was responsible for policy and programmatic oversight of information assurance, critical infrastructure protection, security, counterintelligence, and information operations strategy and integration.   Before entering the private sector, Mellon returned to Capitol Hill, where he served as the Minority Staff Director of the Senate Intelligence Committee for Senator John D. Rockefeller, IV from 2002 to 2004.

Mellon was a lobbyist through an LLC named Mellon Strategic Consulting LLC from 2005 through 2009.

In 2020, Mellon, along with over 130 other former Republican national security officials, signed a statement that asserted that President Trump was unfit to serve another term, and "To that end, we are firmly convinced that it is in the best interest of our nation that Vice President Joe Biden be elected as the next President of the United States, and we will vote for him."

UFO/UAP work

In a 2016 interview with Leslie Kean published on the now-closed HuffPost Contributor Forum, Mellon stated: I highly doubt DoD or any other government agency is concealing UFO information. I participated in a comprehensive review of DoD's black programs and spent over a decade conducting oversight of the national foreign intelligence program, an almost totally separate world of secrets. I visited Area 51 and other military, intelligence and research facilities. During all those years, I never detected the faintest hint of government interest or involvement in UFOs. ... While a few new, previously overlooked documents might turn up (the bureaucracy is never perfect), I do not believe they would resolve the UFO issue or provide significant new insights. I can think of one lengthy UFO report that is classified only due to concerns over sources and methods. In fact, it identified a convincing conventional explanation for the pilot sightings in this particular case. There are lots of classified documents related to activities at Area 51, where high security is needed. But this is all legitimate stuff the American people would support. They have nothing to do with UFOs, to the best of my knowledge.However, in a March 2022 opinion piece published by "The Hill" Mellon stated "I am approaching the UAP topic as a member of two serious groups of scientific researchers, the Galileo Project and the Scientific Coalition for UAP Studies (SCU). Both of these UAP research organizations have gathered able groups of scientists who are seeking to advance our collective understanding of UAP anomalies. Those efforts now appear to be hindered by new guidance that moves the classification yardsticks merely because some U.S. government officials dislike oversight and are uncomfortable sharing information."  Mellon continued, "since DOD isn’t claiming retroactively that the “Gimbal,” “Go Fast” or “FLIR1” videos themselves are or ever should have been classified, or that their release has damaged national security, by what authority are they now claiming the need or right to classify the same sorts of information going forward?"  Mellon worked with Leslie Kean in a UFO organization and is a shareholder and former advisor for the Blink 182 punk rocker Tom DeLonge's To The Stars Academy of Arts & Sciences. According to the company’s website, Mellon's title was "national security affairs advisor". Mellon assisted in production and worked with former Pentagon Director of AATIP, Luis Elizondo as a cast member for the cable television network History that distributes the shows series Unidentified: Inside America's UFO Investigation.

Mellon was featured in the 2020 UFO documentary The Phenomenon, which was directed by UFO enthusiast James Fox. In the documentary, Mellon stated that he was the source who provided the three Pentagon UFO videos which made the "lavish front-page Sunday spread" of the New York Times on December 17, 2017: "Glowing Auras and ‘Black Money’: The Pentagon’s Mysterious UFO Program". In the documentary, Mellon claims he met with an individual in the parking lot of the Pentagon and was handed a package containing three videos recorded by U. S. Navy pilots between 2004 and 2015.

Mellon was featured on episode #1645 of the Joe Rogan Experience on May 5, 2021.

In 2023, Mellon penned an opinion piece for Politico, expressing his desire for Congress' investigation into UFO claims to move forward. He also told media that he backed some of the claims made by David Grusch in a 2023 United States House Committee on Oversight and Accountability hearing, and said that "rightly or wrongly, a number of potential sources do not trust the leadership of the All-Domain Anomaly Resolution Office established by Congress.”

See also

References

External links
 , Harvard Law School

1957 births
American intelligence analysts
American people of Scotch-Irish descent
Colby College alumni
Living people
Mellon family
People from Topeka, Kansas
Yale University alumni


Żukowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Naruszewo, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Naruszewo,  south-west of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Żukowo-Poświętne  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Naruszewo, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Adamowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowe Miasto, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Adamowo


Aleksandria  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowe Miasto, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Anielin  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowe Miasto, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Czarnoty  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowe Miasto, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Nowe Miasto,  east of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Gawłówek  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowe Miasto, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Gawłowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowe Miasto, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Gościmin Wielki () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowe Miasto, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Grabie  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowe Miasto, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Nowe Miasto,  east of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Grabie


Gucin  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowe Miasto, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Henrykowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowe Miasto, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Henrykowo


Janopole  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowe Miasto, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Jurzyn may refer to the following places:
Jurzyn, Żagań County in Lubusz Voivodeship (west Poland)
Jurzyn, Żary County in Lubusz Voivodeship (west Poland)
Jurzyn, Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)


Jurzyn  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowe Miasto, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Jurzyn


Jurzynek  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowe Miasto, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Jurzynek


Karolinowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowe Miasto, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Karolinowo


Kubice may refer to the following places in Poland:

 Kubice, Masovian Voivodeship
 Kubice, Opole Voivodeship


Kubice  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowe Miasto, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Kubice


Latonice  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowe Miasto, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Latonice


Miszewo B is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowe Miasto, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Miszewo B


Miszewo Wielkie  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowe Miasto, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Nowe Miasto,  east of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Miszewo Wielkie


Modzele-Bartłomieje  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowe Miasto, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Nowe Miasto-Folwark () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowe Miasto, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Nowe Miasto-Folwark


Nowosiółki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowe Miasto, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Popielżyn Dolny  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowe Miasto, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Płońsk and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Przepitki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowe Miasto, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Przepitki


Rostki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowe Miasto, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Nowe Miasto,  east of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Salomonka  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowe Miasto, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Salomonka


Szczawin  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowe Miasto, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Nowe Miasto,  east of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Tomaszewo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowe Miasto, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Tomaszewo


Arnold Sigurd Kirkeby (June 12, 1901 – March 1, 1962) was an American hotelier, art collector, and real estate investor. He is now best known for owning Chartwell Mansion in the Los Angeles neighborhood of Bel Air which was the exterior set for the CBS television show The Beverly Hillbillies.

Biography
Kirkeby was born in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Norwegian immigrants. He was married to Carlotta Cuesta (1906–1985), the daughter of Angel LaMadrid Cuesta, founder of the Cuesta-Rey Cigar Company based in Tampa, Florida.

Kirkeby was the founder of the Kirkeby Hotel chain, beginning in Chicago with the Drake Hotel, and ending his hotel interests when he sold the Beverly Wilshire in Beverly Hills, California. After selling the hotel chain and its Chicago ties, he then invested in the Janss Investment Company development of Westwood, Los Angeles, California, in 1959. As part of this project, Kirkeby broke ground on the Kirkeby Center on Wilshire Boulevard in 1960, but died before the building was completed.  Kirkeby Center is now known as the Occidental Petroleum Building, and is the home of the Armand Hammer Museum.

Television fans will note that Kirkeby owned the stately mansion located at 750 Bel Air Road in Bel Air, California, used for exterior shots in the hit CBS sitcom The Beverly Hillbillies.  Series producer Paul Henning paid the family (Mr. Kirkeby had been killed in a plane crash prior to the series debut) $500 per day for filming on the mansion's grounds. The mansion's interior and rear were duplicated on Stage 4 at General Service Studios. Contractual provisions at the time prevented disclosure of the mansion's address in press releases, and required restoration of the grounds after each shoot. The mansion had been previously used by Jerry Lewis in the 1960 film Cinderfella.

Kirkeby died aboard American Airlines Flight 1 when it crashed shortly after takeoff from New York City.

Hotels

The Kirkeby Hotel organization included:

California
Beverly Wilshire Hotel, Beverly Hills, California
The Town House, Los Angeles, California
Sunset Tower, West Hollywood, California

Florida
The Kenilworth, Miami Beach, Florida
Belleview-Biltmore Hotel, Clearwater, Florida

Illinois
The Blackstone Hotel, Chicago, Illinois
The Drake, Chicago, Illinois

New York
The Gotham, New York, New York
Hampshire House, New York, New York
The Sherry-Netherland, New York, New York
The Warwick, New York, New York
Saranac Inn, Saranac Lake, New York

New Jersey
Hotel Ambassador, Atlantic City, New Jersey: Rebuilt as the Tropicana Casino

Pennsylvania
The Warwick, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Cuba
Hotel Nacional de Cuba, Havana, Cuba

Panama
El Panama Hotel, Panama City, Panama

References

External links

1901 births
1962 deaths
American hoteliers
American real estate businesspeople
Businesspeople from Chicago
Accidental deaths in New York (state)
20th-century American businesspeople
American people of Norwegian descent
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1962
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in the United States


Władysławowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowe Miasto, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Wólka Szczawińska  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowe Miasto, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Płońsk and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Zakobiel  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowe Miasto, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Zakobiel


Zasonie  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowe Miasto, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Płońsk and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Zasonie


68 Pages is a 2007 Indian film about an HIV/AIDS counselor and five of her clients who are from marginalized communities. The film is directed by Sridhar Rangayan and produced by Humsafar Trust in association with Solaris Pictures. It had its world premiere at the International Film Festival of Kerala and screened at several international film festivals. It won the Silver Remi award at WorldFest Houston International Film Festival 2008, USA. The film was also screened in the Pink Ribbon Express, a National AIDS Control Organisation initiative.

The film weaves together five Mumbai-based short stories about people living with AIDS from some of the marginalised sections of society.

Overview
A transsexual bar dancer, a sex worker, a gay couple tell their stories of pain, trauma, happiness and hope. 68 Pages reveals how society stigmatizes and shuns those who have HIV/AIDS, or even those who are merely different.

The film was produced with support from Department for International Development (DFID), UK. It was made as an advocacy effort to support the National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO) in National AIDS Control Programme, Phase III. This initiative decided that the female sex workers, intravenous drug users, homosexuals and transgender people will be considered core groups, and HIV projects will start at a rapid pace in the next five years to serve them. During that period the film is scheduled to screen throughout the country in an attempt to change people's attitudes about those living with HIV. The film has also been mandatory resource material for all counselor training programmes in India by NACO.

Plot
Professional ethics demand that Mansi, a young counselor, maintain confidentiality, remain objective and avoid emotional attachment with her clients. As a sensitive person, she finds it difficult to remain unaffected. Her true feelings are reflected in 68 pages of her personal diary.

Her writing tells the stories of Paayal, a commercial sex worker; Nishit, an intravenous drug user; Kiran, a gay man; and Umrao, a transsexual bar dancer, who are marginalized and suffer discrimination both before and after becoming infected with HIV.

Cast
 Mauli Ganguly as Mansi
 Joy Sengupta as Kiran
 Jayati Bhatia as Paayal
 Zafar Karachiwala as Nishit
 Uday Sonawane as Umesh / Umra
 Dilnaz Irani as Neha
 Bakul Thakkar

Festivals
 International Film Festival of Kerala, India (December 2007)
 Pune International Film Festival, India (January 2008)
 Montage International, Kerala, India (February 2008)
 Worldfest Houston, USA (April 2008)–Winner: Silver Remi Award
 Bollywood & Beyond, Germany (July 2008)
 Nigah Queerfest, New Delhi, India (August 2008)
 Q! Film Festival, Indonesia (August 2008)
 Tasveer–Independent South Asian Film Festival ISAFF (September 2008)
 A Million Different Loves, Poland (October 2008)
 Siddharth Gautam Film Festival, Bhubaneshwar, India (December 2008)
 Translations - Seattle Transgender Film Festival, USA (May 2009)
 Ahmadabad International Film Festival, India (June 2009) – Winner: Best Film (Social Issue)
 Perspektive – Nuremberg International Human Rights Film Festival, Germany (Sept 2009)

References

External links
 Official website
 Official site

 "Not Just another AIDS movie - Maker of Gulabi Aaina ready with 68 Pages", Indian Express
 " '68 Pages' portraying life, love & hope", The Times of India
 "Queer Crash", Telegraph
 "Breaking Free", Telegraph
 "Documentary on AIDS counselor", The Times of India

2007 films
2007 LGBT-related films
HIV/AIDS in Indian films
Indian LGBT-related films
Transgender-related films
2000s Hindi-language films


Zawady B is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowe Miasto, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Zawady B


Zawady Stare  ("Old Zawady") is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowe Miasto, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Zawady Stare


Żołędowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowe Miasto, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Arcelin  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Płońsk, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Płońsk and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Arcelin


Bogusławice  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Płońsk, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Bońki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Płońsk, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Brody  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Płońsk, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Płońsk and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Cempkowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Płońsk, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Płońsk and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Cempkowo


Cholewy  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Płońsk, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Płońsk and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Cieciórki () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Płońsk, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Ćwiklin  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Płońsk, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Płońsk and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Ćwiklinek  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Płońsk, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Płońsk and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Dalanówko  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Płońsk, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Ilinko  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Płońsk, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Płońsk and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Ilinko


Jeżewo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Płońsk, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Płońsk and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Kluczewo may refer to:

Kluczewo Airfield, a former Soviet air base
Kluczewo, Szamotuły County in Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland)
Kluczewo, Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
Kluczewo, Wolsztyn County in Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland)
Kluczewo, West Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-west Poland)


Kluczewo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Płońsk, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Kluczewo


Kownaty  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Płońsk, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Płońsk and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Koziminy-Stachowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Płońsk, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Płońsk and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Koziminy-Stachowo


Krępica  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Płońsk, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Płońsk and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Lisewo is a village in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-central Poland).

Lisewo may also refer to:

Lisewo, Golub-Dobrzyń County in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-central Poland)
Lisewo, Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
Lisewo, Konin County in Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland)
Lisewo, Września County in Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland)
Lisewo, Człuchów County in Pomeranian Voivodeship (north Poland)
Lisewo, Puck County in Pomeranian Voivodeship (north Poland)
Lisewo, Wejherowo County in Pomeranian Voivodeship (north Poland)
Lisewo, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship (north Poland)


Lisewo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Płońsk, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Płońsk and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Lisewo


Michalinek  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Płońsk, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Płońsk and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Michalinek


Michowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Płońsk, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Płońsk and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Michowo


Młyńsk  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Płońsk, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Płońsk and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Nowe Koziminy  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Płońsk, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Płońsk and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Nowe Koziminy


Pilitowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Płońsk, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Pilitowo


Poczernin  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Płońsk, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Płońsk and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Poczernin


Pruszyn  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Siedlce, within Siedlce County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Raźniewo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Płońsk, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Siedlin  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Płońsk, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Płońsk and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Siedlin


Skarzyn may refer to the following places in Poland:
Skarzyn, Masovian Voivodeship
Skarżyń, Greater Poland Voivodeship
Skarżyn, Greater Poland Voivodeship
Skarżyn, Łódź Voivodeship
Skarżyn, Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship
Skarżyn, Siedlce County, Masovian Voivodeship
Skarżyn, Węgrów County, Masovian Voivodeship
Skarżyn, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship


Skarzyn  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Płońsk, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Płońsk and  north-west of Warsaw. It was established by Jan of Skarżyno of the Bończa coat of arms. Around 1436, Jan was granted the land on a knightly right from Bolesław IV, Prince of Mazovia.

References

Skarzyn


Skrzynki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Płońsk, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Skrzynki


Słoszewo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Płońsk, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Słoszewo-Kolonia  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Płońsk, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Płońsk and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Stare Koziminy  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Płońsk, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Stare Koziminy


Strachówko  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Płońsk, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Strachowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Płońsk, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Strachowo


Strubiny  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Płońsk, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Płońsk and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Szeromin  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Płońsk, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Szeromin


Szerominek  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Płońsk, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Szerominek


Szpondowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Płońsk, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Szpondowo


Szymaki () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Płońsk, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Płońsk and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Szymaki


Woźniki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Płońsk, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Wroninko  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Płońsk, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Wroninko


Zawady  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Płońsk, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


János Pach (born May 3, 1954) is a mathematician and computer scientist working in the fields of combinatorics and discrete and computational geometry.

Biography
Pach was born and grew up in Hungary. He comes from a noted academic family: his father,  (1919–2001) was a well-known historian, and his mother Klára (née Sós, 1925–2020) was a university mathematics teacher; his maternal aunt Vera T. Sós and her husband Pál Turán are two of the best-known Hungarian mathematicians.

Pach received his Candidate degree from the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, in 1983, where his advisor was Miklós Simonovits.

Since 1977, he has been affiliated with the Alfréd Rényi Institute of Mathematics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.

He was Research Professor at the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences at NYU  (since 1986), Distinguished Professor of Computer Science at City College, CUNY (1992-2011), and Neilson Professor at Smith College (2008-2009).

Between 2008 and 2019, he was Professor of the Chair of Combinatorial Geometry at École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne.

He was the program chair for the International Symposium on Graph Drawing in 2004 and
Symposium on Computational Geometry in 2015. He is co-editor-in-chief of the journal Discrete and Computational Geometry, and he serves on the editorial boards of several other journals including Combinatorica, SIAM Journal on Discrete Mathematics, Computational Geometry, Graphs and Combinatorics, Central European Journal of Mathematics, and Moscow Journal of Combinatorics and Number Theory.

He was an invited speaker at the Combinatorics session of the International Congress of Mathematicians, in Seoul, 2014.
He was a plenary speaker at the European Congress of Mathematics (Portorož), 2021.

Research
Pach has authored several books and over 300 research papers. He was one of the most frequent collaborators of Paul Erdős, authoring over 20 papers with him and thus has an Erdős number of one.

Pach's research is focused in the areas of combinatorics and discrete geometry.
In 1981, he solved Ulam's problem,  showing that there exists
no universal planar graph.
In the early 90s
together with Micha Perles, he initiated the systematic study of extremal problems on topological and
geometric graphs.

Some of Pach's most-cited research work concerns the combinatorial complexity of families of curves in the plane and their applications to motion planning problems the maximum number of k-sets and halving lines that a planar point set may have, crossing numbers of graphs, embedding of planar graphs onto fixed sets of points, and lower bounds for epsilon-nets.

Awards and honors
Pach received the Grünwald Medal of the János Bolyai Mathematical Society (1982), the Ford Award from the Mathematical Association of America (1990), and the Alfréd Rényi Prize from the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (1992). He was an Erdős Lecturer at Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 2005.
In 2011 he was listed as a fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery for his research in computational geometry.
In 2014 he was elected as a member of Academia Europaea, and in 2015 as a fellow of the American Mathematical Society "for contributions to discrete and combinatorial geometry and to convexity and combinatorics."
In 2022 he was elected corresponding member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.

Books
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See also
 Mountain climbing problem

References

External links
 Personal website of János Pach
 Chair of Combinatorial Geometry, EPFL
 János Pach in the EPFL people directory

1954 births
Living people
American computer scientists
Hungarian computer scientists
20th-century American mathematicians
Graph theorists
Graph drawing people
20th-century Hungarian mathematicians
21st-century Hungarian mathematicians
City University of New York faculty
Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences faculty
Hungarian Academy of Sciences
Researchers in geometric algorithms
Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Academic staff of the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
Fellows of the American Mathematical Society
21st-century American mathematicians


Bielany  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Raciąż, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Raciąż,  north-west of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Bogucin  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Raciąż, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Raciąż,  north-west of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Budy Kraszewskie  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Raciąż, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Raciąż,  north-west of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Budy Kraszewskie


Charzyny  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Raciąż, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Raciąż,  north-west of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Charzyny


Chyczewo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Raciąż, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Raciąż,  north-west of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Chyczewo


Cieciersk  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Raciąż, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Raciąż,  north-west of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Cieciersk


Ćwiersk  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Raciąż, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Raciąż,  north-west of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Dobrska-Kolonia  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Raciąż, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Dobrska-Kolonia


Dobrska-Włościany  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Raciąż, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in East-Central Poland.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Draminek  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Raciąż, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Raciąż,  north-west of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Draminek


Drozdowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Raciąż, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Raciąż,  north-west of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Druchowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Raciąż, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Raciąż,  north-west of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Druchowo


Folwark-Raciąż  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Raciąż, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Grzybowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Raciąż, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Jeżewo-Wesel  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Raciąż, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Kaczorowy  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Raciąż, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Raciąż,  north-west of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Kaczorowy


Kiełbowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Raciąż, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Raciąż,  north-west of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Kiniki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Raciąż, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Raciąż,  north-west of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Kiniki


Kocięcin-Brodowy  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Raciąż, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Raciąż,  north-west of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Kocięcin-Tworki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Raciąż, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Raciąż,  north of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Kodłutowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Raciąż, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Raciąż,  north-west of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Kossobudy  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Raciąż, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Raciąż,  north-west of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Kossobudy


Koziebrody  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Raciąż, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

The History of Koziebrody, Poland: 1373-1973, by Prof. John Kneski

References

Koziebrody


Kozolin  is a village within the administrative district of Gmina Raciąż, in Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, located in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Raciąż,  north-west of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Kozolin


Krajkowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Raciąż, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Raciąż,  north-west of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Krajkowo-Budki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Raciąż, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Krajkowo-Budki


Kraśniewo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Raciąż, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Kraszewo-Czubaki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Raciąż, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Kraszewo-Czubaki


Kraszewo-Falki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Raciąż, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Kraszewo-Falki


Kraszewo-Gaczułty  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Raciąż, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


The history of the anchor dates back millennia. The most ancient anchors were probably rocks and many rock anchors have been found dating from at least the Bronze Age. Many modern moorings still rely on a large rock as the primary element of their design.  However, using pure mass to resist the forces of a storm only works well as a permanent mooring; trying to move a large enough rock to another bay is nearly impossible.

The ancient Greeks used baskets of stones, large sacks filled with sand, and wooden logs filled with lead, which, according to Apollonius Rhodius and Stephen of Byzantium, were formed of stone; and Athenaeus states that they were sometimes made of wood. Such anchors held the vessel merely by their weight and by their friction along the bottom. Lashing tree branches to the stone formed teeth or "flukes", to fasten themselves into the bottom. Advances in woodworking and metallurgy encouraged development of improved shapes for more compact, durable, and efficient anchors.

Early designs

Killicks are primitive anchors formed by lashing tree branches to a stone for weight. Greeks were using mushroom anchors by 400 B.C. fashioned from a flattened stone with a hole drilled through the center and a triangular eyebolt at the crown for "tripping" the anchor out of its bed.

Roman iron anchors were in use from the republican period onwards. Originally they were closely modelled on earlier wooden anchors with removable lead stocks. Over time the design of the arms changed probably to increase the ease with which the anchor could be pulled out of the sand or mud it was embedded in. Towards the end of the Roman period stocks became fixed rather than removable.

Scandinavians were fashioning similar anchors of iron with wooden stocks by 700 A.D. The ends of the arms sometimes flared into flattened palms to distribute force though seabed soil.

Teeth
The words  and dentes (both meaning "teeth") are frequently used to denote anchors in Greek and Latin poems. The invention of the teeth is ascribed by Pliny to the Tuscans; but Pausanias gives the credit to Midas, king of Phrygia. Originally there was only one fluke or tooth, whence anchors were called ; but a second was added, according to Pliny, by Eupalamus, or, according to Strabo, by Anacharsis, the Scythian philosopher. The anchors with two teeth were called  or , and from ancient monuments appear to have resembled generally those used in modern days except that the stock is absent from them all. Every ship had several anchors; the largest, corresponding to our sheet anchor, was used only in extreme danger, and was hence peculiarly termed  or sacra, whence the proverb sacram anchram solvere, as flying to the last refuge.

Nomenclature
By the first century, Romans were using anchors similar to what might be considered the traditional design with a wooden stem or shank to which the mooring line was attached at the end opposite the crown where pointed wooden arms or flukes were attached. A perpendicular stock of antimony or a hard lead alloy was intended to lie flat along the sea floor to properly align an arm to dig into the sea floor.

The 19th century
Until the beginning of the 19th century anchors were of imperfect manufacture, the means of effecting good and efficient welding being absent and the iron poor, whilst the arms, being straight, generally parted at the crown, when weighing from good holding-ground. A clerk in Plymouth Yard, named Pering, in the early part of that century (1813) introduced curved arms; and after 1852 the British admiralty anchor, under the direction of the Board, was supplied to H.M. ships, followed by  Lieutenant (afterwards Captain) Rodger's anchor. Rodger's anchor marked a great departure from the form of previous anchors. The arms were formed in one piece, and were pivoted at the crown on a bolt passing through the forked shank. The points or pees to the palms were blunt. This anchor had an excellent reputation amongst nautical men of that period, and by the committee on anchors, appointed by the British admiralty in 1852, it was placed second only to the anchor of Trotman.

Later came the self-canting and close-stowing Martin anchor, which, passing through successive improvements, became the improved Martin anchor made of forged iron. A projection in the center of the arms works in a recess at the hub of the shank; the vacancies outside the shank are filled by blocks bolted through on each side, and are flush with the side plates, which keep the flukes in position.

The introduction of cast steel in 1894 led to the improved Martin-Adelphi pattern, in which the crown and arms are cast in one, and, with the stock, are made of cast steel, the shank remaining of forged iron. A projection in the crown works in a recess (right image), and is secured in its place by a forged steel pin, fitted with a nut and washer, which passes through the crown and the heel of the shank.

All of the above anchors were provide with a stock, the use of which is to "cant" the anchor. If it falls on the ground, resting on one arm and one stock, when a strain is brought on the cable, the stock cants the anchor, causing the arms to lie at a downward angle to the holding ground; and the pees enter and bury themselves below the surface of the soil.

Stockless anchors have been extensively used in the British mercantile marine and in some other navies. In 1903 they were adopted generally for the British Navy, after extensive anchor trials, begun in 1885. Their advantages are: handiness combined with a saving of time and labor; absence of davits, anchor-beds, and other gear, with a resulting reduction in weight; and a clear forecastle for "right ahead" gun fire or for working ship. On the other hand, a larger hawsepipe is required, and there appears to be a consensus that a stockless anchor, when "let go" does not hold so quickly as a stocked one, is more uncertain in its action over uneven ground, and is more liable to "come home" (drag).

The 20th century
At the beginning of the 20th century, the stockless anchors principally in use in the British navy were Hall's improved, Byer's, and Wasteneys Smith's.

In Hall's improved anchor, the arms and crown of cast steel are in one piece, and the shank of forged steel passes up through an aperture in the crown to which it is secured by two cross bolts. Two trunnions or lugs are forged to the lower end of the shank.

In W.L. Byer's plan, the flukes and crown consist of a steel-casting secured to a forged shank by a through bolt of mild steel, the axis of which is parallel to the points of the flukes; one end of the bolt has a head, but the other is screwed and fitted with a phosphor bronze nut to allow the bolt to be withdrawn for examination. A palm is cast on each side of the crown to trip the flukes when the anchor is on the ground, and for bringing them snug against the ship's side when weighing.

Wasteneys Smith's anchor is composed of three main parts, the shank and crown which form one forging, and the two flukes or arms which are separate castings. A bolt passes through the crown of the anchor, connecting the flukes to it; to prevent the flukes working off the connecting through bolt, two smaller bolts pass through the flukes at right angles to the through bolt and are recessed half their diameter into it.

Small boat anchor patterns

Small boat anchors have developed a bit separately from the first half of the 20th century, with the advent of the "CQR", developed by Geoffrey Ingram Taylor of Scotland in the early 1930s. This design was not symmetrical, and required the use of a bow-roller design to effectively stow it. This is practical for small boats and yachts, but does not scale in a practical manner for large shipping. The CQR is now manufactured by Lewmar.

American Richard Danforth invented and developed the "Danforth" pattern in the 1940s, a return to the symmetrical concept but with very large flat plate flukes. This anchor offers very good holding power for its weight (high efficiency) but does not perform well in other respects, meaning that it is not a good general purpose anchor. The original Danforth is still manufactured and sold by Tie Down Engineering in the USA.

Peter Bruce of the Isle of Man in the UK developed the claw-type "Bruce" anchor in the 1970s. Bruce Anchor Co has its primary role in the very large anchor business, producing mooring anchors and permanent installation types for heavy industry, such as oilrigs. On the back of this reputation, the Bruce small boat anchor type was initially very successful, and represented some significant improvements over the CQR. It is no longer produced.

New generation anchors have come into force since the latter part of the 20th century. The German "Buegelanker" features a simple single flat triangular fluke, with a roll-bar to ensure correct setting. A surprisingly simple design, this has proven more effective than its ancestors. Frenchman Alain Poiraud developed the "Spade" anchor in the 1990s, a huge leap in performance over any types which proceeded it. The Spade was the first anchor to successfully make use of a concave fluke, which provides the greatest efficiency (as opposed to the convex "plow" type of the CQR, or the flat "plate" type of the Danforth).

The 21st century

Continued development of small boat anchor patterns

The "Bulwagga" is essentially a modified fluke style anchor which made itself known at the very beginning of the 2000s. Rather than two flukes in a symmetrical configuration, it adds a third for an equilateral triangular arrangement. This concept is an improvement over the Danforth in terms of general purpose usage, but is slightly comparatively inefficient (on account of the fact that one fluke is always unused), and is difficult to stow.

New Zealander Peter Smith in the early 2000s took elements of the Spade and other types, and developed unique solutions of his own, in order to design the "Rocna" anchor, a general purpose type which uses a concave fluke, a self-righting roll-bar, and setting skids.

Bibliography

 Blackwell, Alex & Daria; Happy Hooking – the Art of Anchoring, 2008, 2011, 2019 White Seahorse;
 Hinz, Earl R.; The Complete Book of Anchoring and Mooring, Rev. 2d ed., 1986, 1994, 2001 Cornell Maritime Press;
 Hiscock, Eric C.; Cruising Under Sail, second edition, 1965 Oxford University Press;
 Pardey, Lin and Larry; The Capable Cruiser; 1995 Pardey Books/Paradise Cay Publications;
 Rousmaniere, John; The Annapolis Book of Seamanship, 1983, 1989 Simon and Schuster;

References

Watercraft components
Maritime history
Ship anchors


Kraszewo Podborne  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Raciąż, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Raciąż,  north-west of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Kraszewo-Rory  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Raciąż, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Kraszewo-Rory


Kraszewo-Sławęcin  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Raciąż, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Kruszenica  is a village located in the administrative district of Gmina Raciąż, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Raciąż,  north-west of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Kruszenica


Łempinek  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Raciąż, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Łempino  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Raciąż, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Raciąż,  north-west of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Lipa  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Raciąż, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Mała Wieś  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Raciąż, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Raciąż,  north-west of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Malewo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Raciąż, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Malewo


Młody Niedróż  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Raciąż, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Nowe Gralewo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Raciąż, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Raciąż,  north-west of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Nowe Gralewo


Syrmatia is a South American metalmark butterfly genus in the subfamily Riodininae.

There are four species in the genus. All are Neotropical and have long tails on the hindwings.

External links
Syrmatia at EOL
TOL
Syrmatia at Markku Savela's website on Lepidoptera

Riodinini
Riodinidae of South America
Butterfly genera
Taxa named by Jacob Hübner


Nowe Młodochowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Raciąż, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Nowy Komunin  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Raciąż, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Nowy Komunin


Pęsy  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Raciąż, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Raciąż,  north-west of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Pólka-Raciąż  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Raciąż, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Sierakowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Raciąż, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Raciąż,  north-west of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Sikory is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Raciąż, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Skory


Stare Gralewo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Raciąż, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Raciąż,  north-west of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Stare Gralewo


Thin film electronics may refer to:
Devices
Thin-film diode
Thin-film transistor
Organic field-effect transistor
Thin-film solar cell
Silicon thin-film cell
Thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display
Thin-film memory
Printed electronics

Companies
Thin Film Electronics ASA


Stare Młodochowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Raciąż, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Raciąż,  north-west of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Stary Komunin  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Raciąż, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Stary Komunin


Stary Niedróż  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Raciąż, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Raciąż,  north-west of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Strożęcin  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Raciąż, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Szapsk  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Raciąż, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Raciąż,  north-west of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Szapsk


Szczepkowo may refer to the following places:
Szczepkowo, Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
Szczepkowo, Pomeranian Voivodeship (north Poland)
Szczepkowo, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship (north Poland)


Szczepkowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Raciąż, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Raciąż,  north-west of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Szczepkowo


Unieck  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Raciąż, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Raciąż,  north-west of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Unieck


Wępiły  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Raciąż, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Witkowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Raciąż, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Raciąż,  north-west of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Witkowo


Zdunówek  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Raciąż, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Złotopole  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Raciąż, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Żukowo-Strusie  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Raciąż, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Żukowo-Wawrzonki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Raciąż, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Raciąż,  north-west of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Żychowo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Raciąż, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Raciąż,  north-west of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Baraki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sochocin, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Baraki


Biele  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sochocin, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Sochocin,  north-east of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Biele


Bolęcin  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sochocin, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Budy Gutarzewskie  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sochocin, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Budy Gutarzewskie


Ciemniewo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sochocin, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Sochocin,  north-east of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Drożdżyn  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sochocin, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Sochocin,  east of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Gutarzewo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sochocin, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Sochocin,  north-east of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Gutarzewo


Idzikowice  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sochocin, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Sochocin,  east of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Idzikowice


Jędrzejewo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sochocin, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Sochocin,  east of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Kępa  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sochocin, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Płońsk County


Koliszewo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sochocin, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Koliszewo


Kolonia Sochocin  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sochocin, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Kolonia Sochocin


Kołoząb  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sochocin, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Sochocin,  east of Płońsk, and  north-west of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Płońsk County