Sébastien-Nicolas-Joachim Lespès (13 March 1828 – 24 August 1897) was a French admiral who played an important role in naval operations during the Sino-French War (August 1884–April 1885), as second-in-command of Admiral Amédée Courbet's Far East Squadron.

Early career
Sébastien Lespès was born on 13 March 1828 at Bayonne (Basses-Pyrénées).  He attended the École Navale, passing out as a midshipman (aspirant) on 1 August 1846.  In 1850, after serving successively on the warships Inflexible, Friedland, Océan and Psyché with the escadre d'évolution, he took part in the Senegal campaign aboard the brig Aigle.  He received his promotion to enseigne de vaisseau during the course of this campaign, on 26 October 1850.

During the Crimean War (1854-6) he saw service aboard the warship Valmy in the Black Sea, and also distinguished himself ashore with the French naval batteries at the Siege of Sebastopol.  He was promoted lieutenant de vaisseau on 2 December 1854, and was also made a Knight in the Order of the Legion of Honour.

He was posted to the Far East in 1857 and saw active service in the Second Opium War and the Cochinchina campaign, serving successively aboard the warships Audacieux, Némésis, Dordogne and Duchayla.  He was present with Némésis at the attack on the Pei-ho forts and at the capture of Da Nang (September 1858), and with Duchayla at the capture of the Kien Chan forts during the Siege of Tourane (18 November 1859).

In April 1860 he was appointed to the command of the aviso Norzagaray and given the task of scouting the river routes of Cambodia.

He was promoted capitaine de frégate on 27 January 1864 and took part in the Iceland campaign, for two summers, as second officer of Pandore.  He was then appointed by Commandant Jules d'Ariès as chief of staff of the West Coast naval division (division navale du littoral ouest de la France).

In 1869 he sailed for Shanghai with the corvette Dupleix as flag captain and chief of staff to Rear Admiral Krantz, who had recently assumed command of the China and Japan Seas naval division.  He therefore saw no action during the Franco-Prussian War (1870–71).  In the early 1870s Dupleix left the division to undergo repairs, and was replaced by Montcalm. Lespès remained in command of Montcalm until 1876.

During this tour of duty in the Far East, on 20 May 1873, Lespès was promoted capitaine de vaisseau.

In 1876, following his return to Toulon, he assumed command of the frigate Revanche, one of the warships of escadre d'évolution.  Revanche was seriously damaged by a boiler explosion in May 1877, and Lespès was subsequently given command of the ironclad Héroïne, also with the squadron of evolutions (May 1877–May 1878).

During the next five years Lespès held two important administrative posts on the Council of Works () and the Conseil d'Amirauté.  He also held successive command of the first-class ironclads Redoutable and Amiral Duperré.

He was promoted rear admiral (contre-amiral) on 7 December 1881.

Command of Far East naval division

On 7 March 1884 Lespès arrived in Hong Kong aboard his flagship La Galissonnière to replace Admiral Charles Meyer in command of France's Far East naval division.  After his arrival the naval division consisted of the ironclads La Galissonnière and Triomphante, the cruisers d'Estaing, Duguay-Trouin and Volta, and the gunboat Lutin.

The Tonkin Coasts and Far East naval divisions were both placed under Admiral Courbet's command in July 1884, as war with China loomed, and the two divisions were formally united into a Far East Squadron in August 1884.

Sino-French War
Lespès did not possess Admiral Courbet's tactical brilliance, and his record as a naval commander during the Sino-French War was mixed.  On 5 August 1884 he successfully destroyed the Chinese forts at Keelung, and landed a force of sailors to occupy the town.  On 6 August the Chinese counterattacked, and Lespès was forced to re-embark his landing force.

On 29 August 1884, while Courbet's squadron was fighting its way successfully down the Min River after its victory in the Battle of Fuzhou, Lespès came up from Keelung with his flagship La Galissonnière and attempted to force his way into the river.  La Galissonnière came under fire from the Chinese forts at the entrance to the river, received several hits, and was forced to withdraw.

On 8 October 1884 Lespès was in overall command of the French attack on Tamsui, which was ignominiously repulsed by the Chinese.  The Battle of Tamsui was an embarrassing defeat for the French, and Courbet seems to have realised the limitations of his subordinate commander.  Thereafter Lespès was given relatively unexacting duties.  In February and early March 1885, while Courbet hunted down several Chinese ships of the Nanyang Fleet and brought them to action in the Battle of Shipu and the Battle of Zhenhai, Lespès was left in command of the blockade of Formosa.  In late March 1885, in the Pescadores Campaign, Courbet took personal command of the naval expedition.  Again, Lespès was left behind to direct the blockades of Formosa and the Yangzi River.

Command of the Far East Squadron
After Courbet's death on 11 June 1885, Lespès briefly assumed command of the Far East Squadron.  He delivered a moving tribute to his predecessor at a memorial service for Courbet at Makung on 13 June attended by the sailors of the Far East Squadron and the marine infantry of the Formosa expeditionary corps that had fought the Pescadores Campaign.  His command lasted just over a month.  On 25 July 1885 the French government reconstituted the traditional Far East naval division at close to its 1883 strength, and Lespès resumed command of his old division, with Admiral Adrien-Barthélémy-Louis Rieunier as his second-in-command.  The postwar Far East naval division consisted of the ironclads La Galissonnière (Lespès' flagship), Turenne (Rieunier's flagship) and Triomphante, the cruisers Lapérousse, Primauguet, Champlain and Roland, and the gunboats Vipère and Sagittaire.

Personality and views
Lespès tended to make a good impression on those who made his acquaintance.  On 9 August 1884, four days after the French bombardment of the Keelung forts, the Canadian missionary George MacKay was invited aboard La Galissonnière in Keelung harbour and met Lespès.  MacKay, who was accompanied by a Taiwanese student, was struck by the French admiral's humanity:Four days after the bombardment, in company with an Englishman, I went around the coast in a steamship, and was allowed to go on shore to examine the smoking fortifications.  Soldiers were lying on their faces, with bodies shattered.  Evidently they had been fleeing when exploded shells ended their lives.  These shells were sent with such terrific force as to cut off branches of a tree that were half a foot in diameter.  A magazine that had exploded hurled masses of concrete to an incredible distance.  The Englishman and myself, with one of my students, were invited on board the flagship La Galissonair and taken through every part of the vessel.  When we went down below our attention was directed to three holes, nearly a foot in diameter, just above the surface of the water, made by shells from the Chinese fort.  The vice-admiral spoke in the highest terms of the gunners who aimed so truly.  Though he was a man of war, this officer was also a man of sympathy; for when my student looked afraid as the soldiers under drill and their officers dashed to and fro with swords dangling at their sides, he said, 'Poor fellow!  Tell him not to be afraid.  We have no pleasure in killing people.'

Lespès was a reflective and sensitive man, with a good deal of human sympathy. According to Captain Fournier of the French cruiser Éclaireur, who met George MacKay in Keelung on the eve of the French evacuation in June 1885, Lespès had made no secret of his distaste for Jules Ferry's aggressive policy towards China, and believed that France should not have fought the Sino-French War.  This was also Fournier's view (he called the coercion of China 'a disgusting affair'), though it was not an opinion espoused by the majority of the officers of the Far East Squadron.

Notes

References

 Lonlay, D. de, Au Tonkin, 1883-1885 (Paris, 1886)
 Duboc, E., Trente cinq mois de campagne en Chine, au Tonkin (Paris, 1899)
 Garnot, L'expédition française de Formose, 1884–1885 (Paris, 1894)
 Huard, L., La guerre du Tonkin (Paris, 1887)
 Loir, M., L'escadre de l'amiral Courbet (Paris, 1886)

 Thomazi, A., La conquête de l'Indochine (Paris, 1934)
 Thomazi, A., Histoire militaire de l'Indochine français (Hanoi, 1931)
 Tréfeu, E., Nos marins: vice-amiraux, contre-amiraux, officiers généraux des troupes de la marine et des corps entretenus (Paris, 1888)

1828 births
1897 deaths
People from Bayonne
French Navy admirals
French military personnel of the Crimean War
French military personnel of the Sino-French War


Beneath The Bleeding (2007) is a crime novel by Scottish author Val McDermid, the fifth featuring her recurring protagonist, Dr. Tony Hill and his police partner Carol Jordan. The books were successfully adapted into the television series Wire in the Blood., starring Robson Green and Hermione Norris.

The title is part of a line from the poem East Coker by T. S. Eliot (part of the Four Quartets).

Plot summary
After the footballer Robbie Bishop is poisoned with ricin Tony Hill investigates other pupils who went to his school, achieved success, then were suddenly poisoned. After the deaths of Danny Wade who won the lottery and Tom Cross who won the pools the killer is caught before he can kill the police officer Kevin Matthews, who owns a Ferrari. Tony then confronts Jack Andeson with the evidence that he's poisoning men from his school who achieved his teenage goals because he caught AIDS from a gay man and could no longer achieve them. Jack confesses to the murders to avoid a trial and to hide when he killed these men.

References

2007 British novels
Novels by Val McDermid
Tony Hill series
HarperCollins books


The Diamantina tapaculo (Scytalopus diamantinensis) is a species of bird in the family Rhinocryptidae. It is endemic to northeastern Brazil.

Taxonomy and systematics

The Diamantina tapaculo was described as a new species in 2007. At that time it was thought to be closely related to the Planalto tapaculo (Scytalopus pachecoi), and the South American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society (AOS) and the Clements taxonomy have agreed. However, the International Ornithological Congress (IOC) has not accepted that placement.

Description

The Diamantina tapaculo is approximately  long and weighs approximately . The adult's plumage is identical to that of the Planalto tapaculo. The male's upperparts are mainly dark gray and the underparts paler gray. The flanks are buff with dark bars, which differentiate it from the similar but unbarred mouse-colored tapaculo. The female is browner.

Distribution and habitat

The Diamantina tapaculo is found only in the Chapada Diamantina in Brazil's Bahia state. It inhabits some of the remaining patches of dense forest in a region otherwise characterized by campo rupestre, a biome of grassland and rocky outcrops. In elevation it ranges from .

Behavior

Feeding

No information has been published about the Diamantina tapaculo's diet or foraging phenology.

Breeding

Virtually nothing is known about the Diamantina tapaculo's breeding behavior. One nest has been described; it was a bowl of grasses in a rock crevice. The two nestlings were fed by both adults.

Vocalization

The Diamantina tapaculo's song is a simple note, quickly repeated, often for more than a minute . Its call is unique, described as "a single 'tcheep' note".

Status

The IUCN has assessed the Diamantina tapaculo as Endangered because "[it] has a very small range with fewer than five locations and its habitat is declining owing to the replacement of natural vegetation by coffee and banana plantations, collection of firewood for domestic and industrial use and unregulated tourism."

References

Diamantina tapaculo
Birds of the Caatinga
Endemic birds of Brazil
Diamantina tapaculo


David Wagner may refer to:
 David L. Wagner (born 1956), American entomologist
 David Wagner, lead singer of American rock group Crow
 David Wagner (soccer) (born 1971), German-American soccer player and coach
 David Wagner (tennis) (born 1974), American wheelchair tennis player
 David A. Wagner (born 1974), American computer scientist
 David Wagner (judge) (1826–1902), Justice of the Supreme Court of Missouri
 David Wagner (mathematics education) (born 1965), Canadian mathematics education researcher


{{Infobox religious biography
|religion=Islam
|image            =
|caption          =
|name             = Muhammad Masihullah Khan
|title            = Maulana, Masih al-Ummah ,  Imam al sulook "
|birth_date      = 1911/1912
|birth_place      = Sara'i Barla, Aligarh District, British India
|death_date       = 12 November 1992 (aged 79–81)
|death_place      = Jalalabad, Muzaffarnagar District, India
| resting_place = Jalalabad
|nationality      = Indian
|ethnicity        =
|era              =
|region           =
|occupation       = Islamic scholar, Sufi shaykh
|denomination     = Sunni Islam
|Madh'hab         = Hanafi
|creed         = Maturidi
|movement         = Deobandi
|Sufi_order       = Chishtiya-Sabiriya-Imdadiya
|disciple_of      = Ashraf Ali Thanvi
|alma_mater       = Darul Uloom Deoband
|awards           =
|main_interests   = Sufism
|notable_ideas    =
|notable_works            = The Path to Perfection, Shariat-o-Tasawwuf
|influences       = Ashraf Ali Thanvi, Muhammad Ilyas Kandhalvi, Husain Ahmad Madani
|influenced       = Mufti Muhammad Taqi Usmani,khateeb ul ummat syed akbar Miftahi Hyderabadi
}}

Muhammad Masihullah Khan Sherwani Jalalabadi (, Muḥammad Masīhu’llāh Khān Shīrwānī Jalāl ābādī; 1911/1912 – 12 November 1992) was an Indian Deobandi Islamic scholar known as an authority in Sufism. He was among the senior khalifahs of Ashraf Ali Thanvi, who gave him the title "Masih al-Ummah" ("Comforter of the Ummah").

Early life
Muhammad Masihullah Khan was born in 1329 or 1330 AH (1911/1912) in Sara’i Barla, a village in the Aligarh district of Uttar Pradesh, India. His family was of the Sherwani tribe, a Sayyid tribe of Pathans. His father's name was Ahmad Sa`id Khan.
Masihullah was known for piety in his youth, and he often sat in the company of scholars and Sufis. He developed a close companionship with Muhammad Ilyas Kandhalvi, who introduced him to the books and lectures of Ashraf Ali Thanvi.

Education and training
Most of Masihullah's Islamic education was undertaken in his hometown under Sa`id Ahmad Lucknowi. He then enrolled in Darul Uloom Deoband in 1347 AH (1928/1929). In the same year he pledged allegiance to Ashraf Ali Thanvi. At Darul Uloom Deoband, Masihullah's teachers included Husain Ahmad Madani, Muhammad I'zaz Ali Amrohi,
Syed Mian Asghar Hussain Deobandi, and Muhammad Ibrahim Baliyawi.
Masihullah graduated in Sha`ban 1351 AH (1932). On 25 Shawwal 1351 (February 1933), he was granted khilafah by Thanvi, his shaykh, and was thus authorized to take his own disciples. Despite Masihullah's young age, Thanvi listed him among his eleven most distinguished khalifahs (spiritual representatives). In fact, he was ranked second among those eleven  most distinguished khalifahs, ranking only below Professor Mawlana Muhammad 'Isa Allahabadi, who was the most senior disciple of Mawlana Thanwi.   Thanwi had confidence in Masihullah's methods of spiritual training, and would sometimes refer disciples to Masihullah for training.
 The senior khulafas of masi ul ummat :Mufti Muhammad Taqi Usmani , Hazrat dr Tanveer Ahmed khan,  moulana master esa ,  khateeb ul ummat moulana syed akbar Hyderabadi miftahi,  moulana ahlullah, Rahim ul ummat mufti abdur rahim Qasimi  ,mufti taqi usmani is one of his  most distinguished khalifahs.

Jalalabad
Upon the direction of hazrat Thanwi, in 1357 AH (1938/1939)hazrat  Masihullah moved to the town of Jalalabad in the district of Muzaffarnagar, due to the need for a teacher there. In Jalalabad,hazrat Masihullah took charge of a small, two-roomed school known as Madrasah Miftah al-`Ulum. Within thirty years the school developed from a simple maktab into a large madrasah with Islamic education offered from the elementary level up to the Alimiyah and Ifta levels.his favourite student and Khalifa ajal Awwal from starting days of miftah ul uloom Khateeb ul ummat hazrat moulana syed Akbar Hyderabadi miftahi Db.
In 1407 AH (1986/1987),  hazrat Masihullah gave the responsibility for running the madrasah to his son moulana safiullah  so that he could devote more time to his khanqah, where an increasingly large number of people were coming for spiritual reformation. Every Monday and Thursday, Masihullah would conduct a two- to three-hour gathering for instructing his disciples. Every Friday, after the prayer, he would have a gathering for the general public which would be attended by several hundred people from Jalalabad and the surrounding areas.

Literary works
 Shariat-o-TasawwufThe Path to Perfection''

Demise
Masihullah died on 12 November 1992. He was buried the next day after the Friday prayer. The funeral prayer was led by Mufti Inayatullah, and his funeral was attended by over 250,000 people. He was buried in the cemetery next to the madrasah.

References

Year of birth uncertain
1992 deaths
Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam
Hanafi fiqh scholars
Indian Sufis
Sunni Sufis
People from Aligarh
Deobandis
Indian people of Pashtun descent
Disciples of Ashraf Ali Thanwi


Jan Van Bragt (1928–2007) was a scholar of Japanese religion and philosophy at the Nanzan Institute for Religion and Culture in Nagoya, Japan, where he served as its first acting director in 1976.

Biography
Born in 1928 in Sint-Antonius-Brecht, Flanders, Belgium, Van Bragt joined the Congregation of the Immaculate Heart of Mary at the age of 18, was ordained a priest in 1952, then earned a master's degree from the Congregation's seminary, where he taught philosophy while doing doctoral research on Hegel at the University of Leuven, which awarded him a doctorate in 1961. He left right away for Japan, where he spent 18 months learning the language and another 18 months as an assistant pastor at Sakai Catholic Church near Osaka before beginning further academic work at Kyoto University.

He had earlier studied at Kyoto University (1965–1971), and later translated into English one of the master works of Kyoto School philosopher Nishitani Keiji, Religion and Nothingness (University of California Press, 1983). He was also a key member of the Japan Society for Buddhist-Christian Studies, serving as its president from 1989 to 1997.

References

1928 births
2007 deaths
Japanese–English translators
20th-century Belgian Roman Catholic priests
KU Leuven alumni
20th-century translators
Hegel scholars
World Christianity scholars
20th-century Belgian philosophers


Raukokore is a small settlement close to the East Cape in the northeastern North Island of New Zealand. It is located on State Highway 35, close to the mouth of the Raukokore River, 40 kilometres to the west of Hicks Bay.

Raukokore's most notable feature is its Anglican church, Christ Church, a landmark of the East Cape region, which stands isolated close to the shore of Papatea Bay. The church was named as one of the East Cape/Gisborne region's "101 must-do" sites by the New Zealand Automobile Association. The church was designed and built by Duncan Stirling in 1894. Stirling married local Raukokore chief Mihi Kōtukutuku in the church in 1896. The church is listed as a Category 1 Historic Place by Heritage New Zealand.

Raukokore is administered by the Ōpōtiki District Council.

Demographics
Raukokore is in an SA1 statistical area which covers . The SA1 area is part of the wider Cape Runaway statistical area.

Raukokore had a population of 141 at the 2018 New Zealand census, a decrease of 27 people (−16.1%) since the 2013 census, and a decrease of 9 people (−6.0%) since the 2006 census. There were 66 households, comprising 81 males and 57 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.42 males per female. The median age was 47.9 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 33 people (23.4%) aged under 15 years, 9 (6.4%) aged 15 to 29, 63 (44.7%) aged 30 to 64, and 33 (23.4%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 38.3% European/Pākehā, 78.7% Māori, and 2.1% Pacific peoples. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 36.2% had no religion, 44.7% were Christian, and 6.4% had Māori religious beliefs.

Of those at least 15 years old, 9 (8.3%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 33 (30.6%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $22,800, compared with $31,800 nationally. 9 people (8.3%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 45 (41.7%) people were employed full-time, 18 (16.7%) were part-time, and 9 (8.3%) were unemployed.

Marae

The settlement is in the rohe of the iwi of Te Whānau-ā-Apanui and has two marae affiliated with local hapū. Te Maru o Hinemaka Marae and Pararaki meeting house is affiliated with Te Whānau a Pararaki. Wairūrū Marae and Hinemahuru or Mihi Kōtukutuko meeting house is affiliated with Te Whānau a Maruhaeremuri.

In October 2020, the Government committed $205,700 from the Provincial Growth Fund to develop Wairūrū Marae, creating 8 jobs.

Notable people
 Taika Waititi – Academy Award-winning filmmaker, screenwriter and actor
 Rawiri Waititi – New Zealand politician, iwi leader, Ringatū minister and kapa haka exponent
 Tweedie Waititi – New Zealand film director and producer

References

Ōpōtiki District
Populated places in the Bay of Plenty Region


Dameron is a variety of French red wine grape.  The term may also refer to:

Dameron (surname) or Damron, a surname of French and Belgian origin:
Dameron, Maryland, a location in the United States
Dameron, West Virginia
Dameron, the main antagonist of the video game Myth: History in the Making
Poe Dameron, a commander and X-wing pilot in the resistance in the Star Wars sequel trilogy


Papatea Bay is one of numerous small bays which lie between the eastern end of the Bay of Plenty and East Cape in the northeast of New Zealand's North Island. A wide, gently curving bay, it lies approximately halfway between East Cape and Ōpōtiki. The small settlement of Raukokore lies on the shore of the bay.

References

Ōpōtiki District
Bays of New Zealand
Landforms of the Bay of Plenty Region


Various railway lines have been proposed for Sydney, Australia, including both heavy rail extensions to the existing network, and more recently proposals for metro style lines–one of which was completed in 2019.

Pre-Bradfield Proposals
Between the opening of the first railway in the Sydney area (Sydney-Parramatta, 1855) and the publication of the comprehensive Bradfield plan for expansion of the metropolitan railways, there were a number of other proposed railway schemes which did not proceed.

Planning in the early 1880s for the route of the first stage of the Illawarra railway considered a route continuing south from Kogarah, crossing the George's River at Taren Point, then turning southwest to climb the gradual slope from the river to Sutherland. Opposition to this route by Thomas Holt MLC, who owned most of what is now the urban part of Sutherland Shire meant the railway had to take an indirect route via Hurstville, which necessitated the high-level crossing of George's River at Como, and the steep climb from there to Sutherland.

Following the extension of the Belmore railway to Bankstown in 1909, it was intended to continue this line west in a direct line to meet the Main Southern line at Liverpool. Due to the rural nature of this area and the likely consequent low patronage levels, there was no great rush to construct this line. In the event, the railway was extended north rather than west in 1928, to connect to the Lidcombe-Cabramatta line, which had been opened as far as Regents Park in 1912 then extended to Cabramatta in 1924.

Bradfield railway scheme, 1920s

John Bradfield, engineer and designer of the Sydney Harbour Bridge, had a grand vision for Sydney's railway system that has only been partly fulfilled. After joining the New South Wales Public Works Department in 1891, he submitted a report in 1915 calling for the electrification of the suburban railways, a city underground railway and the Harbour Bridge. World War I led to the collapse of all three proposals, and it was not until 1922 that the Bridge Bill passed through parliament, and 1923 until the first sod was turned on the city railway.

Bradfield's overall concept called for the construction of a network of underground city railway lines in association with the construction of the Sydney Harbour Bridge and a new rail terminal, Central. A larger network of lines was proposed for the western, eastern and southern suburbs (see map) however most of these lines remained concepts only and have never been constructed. The Depression and later World War II, along with the growth of the motor car that led to the passenger numbers in Bradfield's plans being grossly overestimated, all prevented the full realisation of the Bradfield scheme. Parts of the city underground were constructed and exist as the present day City Circle, with small sections built for the additional proposed city lines such as additional platforms at Wynyard and St James stations which have never been used for heavy rail transport. The underground city loop was constructed originally as a stub line to St James, and the line through Town Hall and Wynyard to the Harbour Bridge. It was not until 1955 that the loop was completed by the construction of Circular Quay station. A line to the eastern suburbs was eventually built, but along a different alignment to that envisaged by Bradfield, who proposed a line along Oxford Street.

County of Cumberland Plan, 1948

This was the first comprehensive metropolitan landuse and transport plan for Sydney's existing and proposed future urban areas. Its sponsoring body, the Cumberland County Council, did not have the statutory powers to implement the plan, and much of the scheme was frustrated by uncontrolled development and policy decisions of other government bodies. One such element of the County of Cumberland planning scheme which did not see the light of day were two circumferential railways, one from the Cronulla line at Mortdale to the East Hills line at Riverwood, and to continue this route, another line from Padstow to the Bankstown line at Bankstown. By the early 1960s, large parts of these routes had been built on (much by another government body, the Housing Commission) and, without tunnelling, became unimplementable.

Sydney Area Transportation Study, 1974

In 1968, the State Planning Authority of New South Wales released the Sydney Region Outline Plan, which was to guide the development of Sydney for the period 1970–2000. In particular, it aimed to develop new growth corridors to areas such as Green Valley, Campbelltown and Blacktown. This was followed in 1974 by the Sydney Area Transportation Study which proposed several new rail lines in the new growth areas as well as several new lines to ease congestion in the established areas of Sydney. The proposed lines were:
 a line linking Parramatta and Windsor via the Hills District,
 a line between Merrylands and Green Valley,
 a line to the Northern Beaches, including a new underground section through Crows Nest,
 the complete Eastern suburbs line to Kingsford, already under construction at the time but later truncated to Bondi Junction (opened 1979),
 an extension of the East Hills line from East Hills to Glenfield (later constructed and opened in 1987),
 an express line between Redfern and Parramatta, running parallel but north of the existing Main Suburban line,
 a line connecting the Bankstown line at Sydenham with Redfern via Mascot and Alexandria, with a possible future branch to Sydney Airport,
 an extension of the Carlingford line to meet the Main North line at Beecroft, with an intermediate station,
 a connection between the Carlingford line at Rosehill and Parramatta

The rail plans also involved significant duplication and quadruplication of existing lines. Despite extensive modelling, the vast majority of the proposals outlined were not constructed.

Eastern Suburbs Railway, 1960–70s
In 1967, the NSW government recommenced construction on the dormant Eastern Suburbs line that had been partly constructed and had lain dormant since 1952. The original proposal was for a line to Kingsford via Bondi Junction, Randwick and the University of New South Wales. In 1976, the project was curtailed to Bondi Junction, and the full line to Kingsford was not constructed.

MetroWest proposal, 1990
In 1990, the State Rail Authority undertook a feasibility study into the development of a new underground line along the western edge of the central business district. Called MetroWest, the proposal called for the construction of a new underground line between Redfern and Wynyard along the western edge of the CBD with a new underground station complex at Central station, new stations in the Haymarket and Market Street areas, and terminating at a remodelled Wynyard station. The proposal would include platforms suitable to fit longer InterUrban passenger trains from the Central and South Coasts and the Blue Mountains, running through the new line in lieu of terminating at Central. The line underwent a two-year feasibility study and the corridor remains protected for possible future development with planning buffers placed along the corridor in 2006, however plans presently remain unrealised. It was later realised that around $400 million was wasted after this proposal was cancelled.

Action for Transport 2010, 1998

In 1998, the NSW government released a position paper on various road and public transport projects to be delivered before 2010. The rail projects envisaged were:

 the Airport line, already under construction at the time and completed in 2000
 an extension of the Eastern Suburbs line to Bondi Beach, to be completed by 2002
 the Parramatta Rail Link between Parramatta and Chatswood by 2006
 a Hornsby to Newcastle High Speed Rail line to have started by 2010
 a North West Rail Link between Epping and Castle Hill by 2010
 a Sutherland to Wollongong High Speed Rail by 2010
 a Hurstville to Strathfield railway line to start by 2010 and be completed in 2014
 a Liverpool 'Y Link' to start by 2010

Three projects were listed for consideration as additions after 2010:
 a line to the Warringah Peninsula
 an extended Eastern Suburbs line towards Maroubra,
 an extension of the North West railway line towards Rouse Hill.

Of these proposals, only the Airport line and the Epping- Chatswood section of the Parramatta Rail Link, which were already under construction or advanced planning, were completed in 2000 and 2009 respectively. The North West railway line from Epping to Rouse Hill would also later be completed in 2019 but as a Sydney Metro rapid transit system instead, utilising Epping- Chatswood section of the Parramatta Rail Link. However, most of the proposed roads and motorways outlined in the same paper have been constructed.

Bondi Beach railway
In 1996, the NSW government proposed a privately funded extension of the Eastern Suburbs railway from Bondi Junction to Bondi Beach. The final proposed version of the line would have seen a single track extension ending in a station under Bondi Beach park, with a premium (extra $2.50 proposed) added to ticket prices. The Bondi Beach Railway Company, a consortium of Lend Lease Infrastructure and the Macquarie Bank, proposed to build and maintain the railway at a cost of $197 million and to operate it for a 30-year term. The proposal met with fierce opposition from local residents who were concerned with the loss of parkland, fare premium, and little potential use by residents. After a degree of planning and gaining Federal Government backing, the proposal was dropped in 1999.

'Christie' proposals, 2001

In 2001, the Co-ordinator General of Rail, Ron Christie, released a report, the Long-Term Strategic Plan for Rail for Sydney, the Central Coast, Newcastle, the Illawarra, the South Coast and the Blue Mountains, which outlined the critical infrastructure that would need to be built between then and 2050 to ensure the long-term survival and operation of the CityRail network. Christie's report suggested that several "metro" lines should be built to service new areas and to relieve capacity on existing lines. In particular, Christie suggested lines:
 between Cronulla and Miranda in Sydney's south to Dee Why on the northern beaches, via the airport, the CBD and North Sydney
 from Parramatta via Top Ryde or Olympic Park to the CBD via Drummoyne, with potential extension to the University of New South Wales and Sydenham
 from Hoxton Park to Parramatta and Castle Hill

Western FastRail
Western FastRail was a privately operated underground rail tunnel proposed to run between the Sydney CBD and Parramatta, a distance of 26 km, with the high-speed link continuing to Penrith on the outskirts of Sydney. First introduced in 2004 by a consortium of Dutch bank ABN AMRO and developer Leighton Holdings, the project, dubbed the Penrith High Speed Link, was again floated in December 2006 and received favourable comments by the New South Wales State Government, and was offered funding by Federal Opposition Leader Kevin Rudd should the Australian Labor Party win the 2007 Federal Election.

The proposed link would ease congestion along the main west–east corridor and reduce the current 29-minute service into the city to just 12 minutes. The service would operate in conjunction with RailCorp, and would use CityRail's existing railway stations and ticketing system, but with an extra fee on top of the normal CityRail ticket price (at approximately $9.90 a trip including a $3.10 surcharge). The train fleet and rail infrastructure would be built and maintained by a private company. The line has been estimated to cost $5 billion.

Metropolitan Rail Expansion Program, 2005
On 15 June 2005, Premier Bob Carr shortly before his resignation announced the Metropolitan Rail Expansion Program (MREP).  The MREP consisted of three new rail connections:
a North West Rail Link from Cheltenham to Rouse Hill
a South West line between Glenfield and Leppington in Sydney's South West
a CBD Rail Link between Redfern and Chatswood

Estimated to cost about $8 billion, $5 billion of which was for the building of a new tunnel under the Sydney Harbour Bridge and the Sydney central business district, (called the CBD Rail Link). Under this plan, the north-west suburbs would be served by the North West Rail Link by 2017, the new south-west suburbs would be linked to the network via the South West Rail Link by 2015, and the rail line would pass through the new growth corridor from Ryde to the airport. Critics of the New South Wales government criticised what they perceived as a lack of follow through, citing the previously planned Parramatta to Chatswood rail link which had since been truncated to link only Epping to Chatswood, with the Epping to Parramatta portion postponed indefinitely.

It would also have included quadrupled lines between St Leonards and Chatswood on the North Shore line. In 2006, Premier Morris Iemma placed planning controls along two potential corridors in the CBD (the MetroWest and MetroPitt routes) to secure future accessibility. Developers who wanted to excavate deeper than two metres within a 25-metre buffer zone of the corridors needed to seek RailCorp's approval.

Parramatta Rail Link (PRL)
In 2002, the State Government proposed a Parramatta-Epping-Chatswood link. That same year construction began on the latter half which was completed seven years later as the Epping to Chatswood railway line. However the other half was postponed indefinitely in 2003 by Transport Minister Michael Costa citing a lack of projected passenger numbers and economic viability.

On 11 August 2010, the Rudd Federal Government promised $2.6 billion towards this project, which, along with the NSW State Labor Government, would have constructed a line from Parramatta to Epping through the Carlingford line. Work was due to start in 2011, with a prospected 2017 finish, but the O'Farrell government cancelled the project, instead requesting that Federal funding be diverted to a more expensive upgrade of the Pacific Highway. The Gillard Federal Government responded by revoking the funding altogether.

North West Rail Link

After its original announcement in 1998 for completion in 2010 as part of the Action for Transport 2010 plan, in 2006 the schedule was revised for completion in 2017 and later brought forward to a staged plan for train services to Castle Hill and Hills Centre in 2015, and to Rouse Hill by 2017. It was planned to be 22 kilometres in length, consisting of a 16 kilometre section in tunnel from Epping to the proposed Burns Road Station, followed by a 4 kilometre section above ground from Burns Road to Rouse Hill. Six new stations were proposed to be constructed at Franklin Road, Castle Hill, Hills Centre, Norwest, Burns Road and Rouse Hill. A train stabling facility was proposed at the north west of Rouse Hill Town Centre. The NWRL was to connect with the Epping to Chatswood Rail Link through a direct tunnel between Epping and Franklin Road stations, although an original proposal connected with the existing Northern line north of Cheltenham. The direct route was to use the stub tunnels originally built for the deferred Parramatta Rail Link between Parramatta and Epping. New stub tunnels for the Parramatta Rail Link were to be constructed so that if the Parramatta line were completed, trains from Parramatta would have also been able to link into the Epping-Chatswood Line.

It was proposed that the NWRL would offer an off peak rail service of four trains per hour, with six to eight trains per hour in peak periods and was expected to carry six to eight million passengers per year.

In 2008, the North West rail line was superseded by the now-cancelled North West Metro (see below). In 2010, the NWRL was resurrected as part of a new Metropolitan Transport Plan (see below). In May 2011, the new Coalition Government released the proposed plan for comment and drilling commenced on 7 September 2011.

South West Rail Link

The South West Rail Link was announced as part of the Metropolitan Rail Expansion Program to cater to the "South West Growth Centre". It was to consist of a 12-kilometre, twin-track railway running from Leppington and Edmondson Park to connect with the South line at Glenfield. The project also included a train stabling facility to the west of the new Leppington station, and a redesigned and expanded Glenfield station with flyovers to connect with the East Hills line.

On 31 October 2008, the Premier revealed that the South West Rail Link was to be 'indefinitely shelved' due to budgetary constraints, and only an upgrade of the Glenfield Station car park was to proceed. On 14 November 2009, the then-New South Wales Premier Nathan Rees announced that construction of stage two of the South West Rail Link would begin in mid-2010, with completion scheduled for 2016.

CBD Rail Link

The third component to the MREP was the CBD Rail Link, a new underground railway line starting at Redfern station, travelling under the Central Business District and under Sydney Harbour, through the Northern Sydney suburbs and ending at the existing Chatswood railway station. The six kilometre cross-tunnel was slated to cost $5 billion and was to include new or expanded stations at Redfern, Central, Pitt Street, Martin Place, Circular Quay, Victoria Cross, Crows Nest, St Leonards, Artarmon and Chatswood.

On 13 September 2007, it looked unlikely that the New South Wales government would commit to the line when they announced a proposal for a metro line that would span the harbour, the Anzac Line. (see below) On 19 March 2008 the State Government announced that the line would be on hold after construction begins on the North West Metro in 2010, its role to be partly superseded by that railway line. In October 2008, the North West Metro line itself was cancelled and replaced with a shorter CBD metro which would partly follow the alignment of the CBD Rail Link.

Metro proposals, 2008

Anzac Line
In 2007, the NSW government announced the concept of an underground metro line between West Ryde and Malabar. The line would have started at West Ryde station on the Northern line before travelling beneath Victoria Road through Top Ryde, Gladesville, Drummoyne, Rozelle and Pyrmont. The line would then pass through existing city stations at Wynyard, Martin Place and St James, before heading south beneath Anzac Parade to Moore Park, the University of New South Wales in Kensington, Maroubra Junction and Malabar. No detailed design or planning was performed, and the western leg of the line (between West Ryde and the city) was adapted into planning for the North West Metro in 2008.

North West Metro

In early 2008, the NSW State government announced plans to build a metro line between the North West suburbs of Sydney and the CBD. Known as the North West Metro, the line would have superseded the North West Line which was to be built as part of the Metropolitan Rail Expansion Program, and included a new section between Epping and the CBD via Gladesville, approximately along the course of Victoria Road. Controversial from the start, the line was criticised for being too long, too expensive, and inappropriate for a low density suburban area.

The North West Metro was to have been 37 kilometres in length, with 32 kilometres underground and 5 kilometres above ground. The line was likely to have been operated without drivers. The North West Metro would have incorporate the alignment and stations previously proposed by the North West Rail Link but included the additional benefits of directly linking the North West with Gladesville, Drummoyne, Pyrmont and the CBD. There were proposed to be 17 new metro stations at St James, Martin Place, Wynyard, Pyrmont, Rozelle, Drummoyne, Henley, Gladesville, Top Ryde, Denistone East, Epping, Cherrybrook, Castle Hill, Hills Centre, Norwest, Kellyville and Rouse Hill.

According to the State Government press release announcing the North West Metro project, the metro line was to offer a rail service of one train every four to five minutes (three minutes during peak hours). However, there was debate as to whether advertised point-to-point transit times may have been too optimistic. It was to have run on conventional standard gauge track, similar to the existing CityRail network, but with single deck rolling stock.

In October 2008, the newly appointed NSW Premier Nathan Rees cast doubts upon the likelihood of constructing the North West Metro, and instead proposed a short metro line between Central station and Rozelle via Town Hall and East Darling Harbour (Barangaroo), with the potential for further westwards extension to Macquarie Park and Epping. On 31 October 2008, the Premier announced that the North West Metro would not proceed due to budgetary constraints.

CBD Metro
On 23 October 2008, Rees announced the CBD Metro, a shortened version of the North West Metro which would run from Rozelle to Central stations. It was submitted to Infrastructure Australia for funding, with construction proposed to commence in 2010. It was also announced that the line might be extended to link from Rozelle station to Epping and Macquarie Park in the future. In December 2008, the project was placed on a short-list of projects to be funded by Infrastructure Australia's Building Australia Fund.

West Metro
After the announcement of the North West Metro, the State Government announced concepts for a metro line through the Inner Western suburbs of Sydney (to be known as the West Metro), and the potential for a South East Metro along the route of the before-mentioned Anzac Line beneath Anzac Parade. Like the CBD Metro, the West Metro was placed on a short-list of projects to be funded by Infrastructure Australia's Building Australia Fund. in December 2008.

Despite geotechnical work having been performed and the acquisition of properties in progress, in February 2010, the Government of New South Wales led by premier Kristina Keneally announced that it had cancelled plans for metro construction.

2031 Sydney Transport Blueprint, 2009
In 2009, the Sydney Morning Herald revealed plans for a "Sydney Transport Blueprint" which the deposed NSW Premier Nathan Rees was to release in December 2009. The proposal was to include:
the West Metro from Westmead to the city
a metro to the south-eastern suburbs of Randwick, Kensington, the UNSW, Kingsford and Maroubra.
a heavy rail link to the Hills District in the north-west.
completing the missing rail link between Parramatta and Epping.
a metro from Olympic Park to Hurstville.
a CityRail CBD relief line under the city.
Radial transport links into Parramatta.
The proposals were to cost $180 billion over 25 years. In late 2009, Nathan Rees was deposed by Kristina Keneally casting doubt upon the blueprint.

Metropolitan Transport Plan: Connecting the City of Cities, 2010
In February 2010, the NSW premier Kristina Keneally announced the Metropolitan Transport Plan: Connecting the City of Cities. Plans for metro lines were cancelled, with the focus altered to expansion of the present heavy rail system. The rail-related portions consisted of:
 a Western Express CityRail Service consisting of a new CBD Relief tunnel between Redfern and Wynyard with new platforms at Redfern, Central, Town hall and Wynyard,
 the North West rail link from Epping to Rouse Hill with six stations at Franklin Road, Castle Hill, Hills Centre, Norwest, Burns Road and Rouse Hill, to commence construction in 2017
an expansion of the current light rail system to Dulwich Hill, Circular Quay and Barangaroo.

In August 2010, the federal Labor Party announced funding for the Epping-Parramatta rail line (as an extension of the Carlingford Line) as part of its re-election bid for the 2010 federal election, despite it not appearing in the State Government's Transport Plan.

In March 2011, the state election resulted in the election of Barry O'Farrell as premier of NSW, who committed to constructing the North West rail line and the light rail extension. The Western Express and CBD Relief Line were cancelled by the new government. The Epping-Parramatta rail line was later shelved by the NSW Government.

NSW Transport Masterplan, 2012
In June 2012, the government released the Sydney's Rail Future: Modernising Sydney's Trains plan. The plan warned that if there was not a second Harbour Crossing and CBD line by 2031 there would be moderate to severe overcrowding on lines approaching the CBD, with passenger displacement predicted for the Northern Line and East Hills/Illawarra Line.  The plan also predicted further congestion of the three major CBD stations: Central, Town Hall and Wynyard.

In December 2012,  Barry O'Farrell announced a new transport masterplan for Sydney and New South Wales after community feedback and discussion.

The new plan includes:
 The creation of NSW TrainLink and Sydney Trains to replace RailCorp from 1 July 2013.
 Extension of the Inner West Light Rail from Lilyfield to Dulwich Hill railway station with a proposed opening by 2014. This project opened in March 2014.
 Frequency and reliability improvements from 2013 including platform de-cluttering, platform redesign, ATO and ATP as part of the Sydney's Rail Future plan.
 Completion of the South West Rail Link between Leppington and Glenfield with a proposed opening by late 2015. This project opened in February 2015.
 Construction of the privately run rapid transit North West Rail Link from Cudgegong Road to Epping with signal improvements (ATO/ATP) to the Epping to Chatswood Rail Link with a proposed opening by 2019.  Operated as single level trains with 12 per hour, services will terminate at Chatswood until the second Harbour Crossing is constructed. The project, now known as Sydney Metro Northwest, opened in May 2019.
 Construction of the CBD and South East Light Rail with a proposed opening by 2019. The opening was delayed to April 2020.
 A Second Harbour Crossing providing services from the Hills District through the Sydney CBD to Redfern with new stations to be built in the CBD. This is now being constructed as part of Sydney Metro City & Southwest, with a station at Waterloo instead of Redfern.
 'untangling' the CBD network to allow for capacity improvements on the Western Line.
 Conversion of the Bankstown Line and Illawarra line (up to Hurstville) into rapid-transit lines with single-deck trains with network connection through the CBD to the Second Harbour Crossing

Sydney Metro

The announcement of North West Rail Link as rapid transit reignited the concept of a rapid transit system in Sydney.

On 11 June 2014, the Second Harbour Crossing and conversion of Bankstown Line into rapid transit previously announced in 2012, evolved into an extension of the North West Rail Link single-deck rail services from Chatswood to Sydney CBD and Bankstown. Proposed stations at St Leonards, Artarmon Industrial Area, and University of Sydney, along with line extensions to Hurstville and from Bankstown to Cabramatta and Lidcombe were removed in the announcement. Stations at Crows Nest, Victoria Cross in North Sydney, Barangaroo, Martin Place, Pitt Street, Central and Waterloo were confirmed. Construction work commenced during 2017, with planned opening in 2024.

The announcement was presented as conditional on the government's proposed sale of electricity distribution assets and at the time it was not certain that the sale would raise enough capital to fund both Sydney Metro and other promised projects. Following the passage of power privatisation bills in June 2015, the rapid transit system, including North West Rail Link, was renamed 'Sydney Metro'.

Future Transport Strategy 2056, 2018
In 2018, the NSW Government released a planning document for potential railway lines and other transport corridors to be built and/or upgraded by 2056. As of mid-2023, it was last updated in 2022.

In 2023, the government announced that it was committed to extending the Bankstown line and it will be driverless.

See also
 Railways in Sydney
 Sydney Trains
 Sydney Metro Authority

References

External links
 Blowing the Whistle

Rail transport in Sydney
Proposed railway lines in Australia
Lists of proposals


Waverley School could refer to any one of several schools:

United Kingdom
 Waverley School, Birmingham
 Waverley Abbey School, Surrey

Elsewhere
 Waverley College, New South Wales, Australia
 Waverley Elementary School, Vancouver, Canada
 Waverley Primary School, Taranaki, New Zealand
 Waverley Girls' High School, Waverley, Johannesburg, South Africa


"Be OK" is the first single from Ingrid Michaelson's third studio album, Be OK.

The song was used in the films The House Bunny and The Decoy Bride, in Season 1, episode 7 of 90210, in Season 2, episode 15 of Parenthood, in Season 4, episode 1 of Ugly Betty, and in advertisements for Better With You. It is mentioned in the 2012 Law & Order: SVU episode "Child's Welfare" (Season 13, episode 16), although the character erroneously refers to it as "I Just Want To Be OK".

It was also used in commercials for Mott's Apple Juice, Ritz Crackers, Travelers Insurance and German insurance company Allianz.

In 2017, Michaelson performed another version of song on the TBS news satire show Full Frontal with Samantha Bee, titled  "(Earth Is) Not OK" with similarly altered lyrics describing effects of climate change and hurricanes sung from the perspective of the earth.

Music video
Two versions of the music video debuted through the Stand Up to Cancer Foundation. One version debuted through BORDERS, while the other debuted on the Stand Up to Cancer website and featured the acoustic version.

Charts

References

2008 singles
Songs written by Ingrid Michaelson
Ingrid Michaelson songs
2008 songs


The Raukokore River is a river in the northeast of New Zealand's North Island. it flows north from the slopes of Mount Hikurangi, reaching the sea at Papatea Bay close to the small settlement of Raukokore.

Rivers of the Gisborne District
Rivers of New Zealand


Ein Rogel (Hebrew:  ʿĒn Rōgēl), also known as Well of Job, is a spring on the outskirts of Jerusalem.

Ein Rogel was mentioned in the Hebrew Bible as the hiding-place of David's spies, Jonathan and Ahimaaz, during Absalom's uprising against the rule of King David (). It may also have been a sacred place in pre-Israelite times.

Name

Ein Rogel

The application of the Biblical name Ein Rogel to the well in Silwan is long standing amongst early European travellers to Jerusalem.

In English it also appears as Enrogel (, King James Version), En-rogel (2 Samuel 17:17, American Standard Version and English Standard Version), or En Rogel (, NIV and NKJV). It is derived from Hebrew words meaning "eye of a traveller;" springs were seen as an "eye" in the landscape.

En Rogel was one of the boundary marks between Judah and Benjamin (, ). During Absalom's uprising against David, Jonathan and Ahimaaz stayed at Ein Rogel, "for they dared not be seen coming into the city (Jerusalem); so a female servant would come and tell them, and they would go and tell King David". However, "a lad saw them, and told Absalom", and so they had to flee to Bahurim (). Ein Rogel lay close to a stone, Zoheleth, where Adonijah, Solomon's half-brother of, held a sacrificial feast when he attempted to assert his claims to the throne (). The obviously sacred character of the spring suggests that it is the same as the Dragon Well or Serpent Well of .

As of 1901, the meaning of the name was uncertain. The interpretation 'Fuller's Well' does not bear the mark of antiquity. It is probable that, like Zoheleth, the original name had some sacred or mythic significance.

Ein Rogel is mentioned in "Topography of Jerusalem", a document found in the Cairo Geniza, which describes how the water breaks through to the riverbed after a winter of plentiful rainfall.

Bir Ayoub
Some scholars identify Ein Rogel with Bir Ayyub. The application of the name Bir Ayyub ( Bir Ayoub, also spelled Ayub, Ayoub) to the site is old, which translates to "Fountain of Job" or "Job's Well", as it was used by the local inhabitants of Jerusalem in early modern times. Clermont-Ganneau was surprised when local fellahin pronounced it as "be'er" (as in Hebrew) rather than "bir" (as in Arabic). The name was used in Mujir al-Din's 1495 work "The glorious history of Jerusalem and Hebron" as if it was already long-standing.

The name, "Job's Well", is said to have been given to the site on account of an Arab legend which claimed that when the prophet Job was sick and eaten of worms, he went and bathed in a hole full of water, which stood where the well now stands, and that, at length, Job recovered his health and his body turned youthful, while the pool turned into a plenteous spring.

Well of Nehemiah or Well of Fire
It is also known as the Well of Nehemiah, or Puteus ignis (well of fire), in reference to the location in which the sacred fire was hidden during the Jewish captivity in 2 Macc. i. 19-22.

Description

Robinson, during his tour of Palestine in 1838, describes Bir Ayoub (Job's Well) as being "a very deep well, of an irregular quadrilateral form, walled up with large squared stones, terminating above in an arch on one said, and apparently of great antiquity. There is a small rude building over it, furnished with one or two large troughs." The well, he said, went down to a depth of .

A water plant was established near Bir Ayoub, which involved large expenses and a lot of labor. A canal was hewn in the rock, 2 meters high and 0.5 to 1 meter wide. The conduit is more than 600 meters long and passes under the western side of the stream channel at a depth of 23 to 30 meters below the surface. The place can be reached by a staircase that is interrupted in some places. It appears that the purpose of this conduit was to store the water flowing between the layers of limestone.
It is located just south of the junction of the three valleys - Wadi er-Rababi, Central and Kidron. Today there is a  modern pumping station there, drawing water from a 38 m deep well, whose stone lining may be partially of Roman date. Today the Bir Ayoub Mosque of Silwan stands above the Bir Ayoub well.

Gustaf Dalman who visited Palestine in the early 20th-century mentions a custom of the local inhabitants of Silwan to visit Bir Ayoub (Well of Job) and to recite a blessing for the coming rain. During periods of great rain downpour, as happened in February 1927, a gushing spring would issue out of the earth some  downstream from the Well of Job.

Dispute
As of 1901, the identification of the well with Biblical Ein Rogel was uncertain, Charles Warren being one of its skeptics. Bir-Ayoub is a well, not a spring (although it may have formerly been a spring), and is said to lie too far from ez-Zehweleh, although it lies near a large stone in Siloam village called Zehwillat. As Bir Ayoub is in full view of the city, it does not suit the context of , and its antiquity is uncertain.

The Virgin's fountain (ʻAin Sitti Maryam), later ʻAin Umm ed-Deraj, has also been suggested for Ein Rigel as 'the only real spring close to Jerusalem', exactly opposite to which lies ez-Zehweleh, perhaps Zoheleth. The chief points in favour of this are its antiquity and the evidence of Josephus, who places the well in the royal gardens. Other arguments are based upon the fact that in later times the well was used by fullers.

Gallery

External links
Sacred Springs and Sabils

References

Hebrew Bible places
Springs (hydrology)
Silwan


The Turkey: An American Story is a non-fiction book by Andrew F. Smith.

Summary
The book reveals that turkeys can tell us about cultural issues and reveal something about being American. The book is about the history of turkeys and it has turkey recipes. The history of the bird has to do with such things as turkey bones found in 3700 BC and the domestication of turkeys into Europe by explorers of the New World. The recipes are from the 16th through the 19th century. The book also talks about the efforts to stop the wild turkey from becoming extinct.

Reception
The book was reviewed by Reference & Research Book News.
It was reviewed by The New England Quarterly.
A Publishers Weekly review says, "Short chapter sections keep the reading flowing, but the eye-glazing number of facts and dry prose can be overwhelming. Still, Smith has produced a well-researched, comprehensive, though somewhat scattered account of the bird most people take for granted".

References

2006 non-fiction books
American history books
Books about food and drink


Haitian Heritage Month is a celebration in the United States of Haitian heritage and culture. It was first celebrated in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1998.

History
Tele Kreyol, one of the Boston Haitian Access Television programs, celebrated the whole month of May in 1998 with a series of programs on Haitian history, culture, and contributions to the world. The month-long celebration has continued with such activities as parades, flag raisings, and exhibits organized by Haitian-Americans United, Inc. (H.A.U.) in collaboration with several Haitian organizations in the New England area.

The Haitian community of Palm Beach County, Florida, which started its Heritage celebration in 2001, contributed greatly to make the Heritage Month first a statewide celebration, and then, a national one in the United States. South Florida congressman Kendrick B. Meek introduced unsuccessfully a bill in the United States House of Representatives in 2004 and 2006 to recognize the month of May as Haitian-American Heritage Month in the United States. President George W. Bush and his wife Laura Bush sent a letter in May 2005 to congratulate the Haitian-American community for the heritage month and organized a celebration at the White House the same year.

Since 1998, several governors, members of state senates and houses of representatives, mayors and city councilors have issued annual citations and proclamations, recognizing the Haitian Heritage Month celebration in their states or cities.

Celebrations
In 2008, the Haitian Heritage Month/Flag Day was celebrated with parades, festivals, schools activities, and flag raising ceremonies in the following cities and counties in the U.S.:

 Connecticut
 Norwich
 Florida
 Broward County
 Delray Beach
 Palm Beach
 Miami Beach
 Miami Dade County
 Miramar
 North Miami
 Orlando
 Tampa
 Ft. Lauderdale
 Boca Raton
 Collier County
 Palm Bay

 Georgia
 Atlanta
 Illinois
 Chicago
 Massachusetts
 Boston
 Brockton
 Cambridge
 Lawrence
 Malden
 Waltham
 New Jersey
 Irvington
 Trenton

 New Hampshire
 Manchester
 New York
 Brooklyn
 Spring Valley
 Pennsylvania
 Philadelphia
 Rhode Island
 Providence
 Virginia
 Roanoke

Description
The Haitian Heritage Month celebration is an expansion of the Haitian Flag Day, a major patriotic day celebration in Haiti and the Diaspora. Haitian President Dumarsais Estimé started the Flag Day celebration with parades, cultural and athletic events in many cities in Haiti in the 1930s, when he was minister of education under President Sténio Vincent. Estime wanted to commemorate annually the creation of the Haitian flag on May 18 to encourage the development of patriotic sentiments among Haitian youth.

Beside the Flag Day celebration, the month of May carries a number of significant historical and cultural traditions that Haitians are proud to make aware of and to pass on to future generations. In Haiti, May 1 is celebrated as Labor and Agriculture Day. May 2 used to be Flower Day. The Congress of Arcahaie that united black and mulatto officers to fight together for Haiti's independence is remembered from May 15 through 18. The revolutionary general, Toussaint Louverture, was born on May 20, 1743. Teacher's Day is May 17, University Day May 18, and Mother's Day is celebrated on the last Sunday of May. For Haitian Catholics, May is the month of Mary, the mother of Jesus.

Haitian Flag Day is at the center of Haitian Heritage Month on May 18 each year. It was coined as an official commemoration to the fallen soldiers who helped the United States and many other Western colonized countries gain their freedom and independence. The Artist Known as Koolkat whose debut song called "Zoe Flag" hit the charts in 2019 honored the celebration officially. Koolkat who is from South Florida, the most populated Haitian communities in the U.S., cited in a radio interview how Kodak Black, Wyclef, Pras, and Tony Yayo are only a few of Haitian artists who are making a mark in the entertainment industry. The Models, actors, athletes, writers and innovators of all industries are proud to contribute greatness around the world to continue a legacy of freedom fighters and justice for all. In the song "Zoe Flag" Koolkat portrays Haitians to be resilient and rich regardless of financial situations by stating "They know my style they know my island got a history. When drama comes we overcome it with a victory". The Haitian pride is one that is not understood so artists and other leaders support and contribute towards Haitian Heritage month so that the story may live on.

References
 Histoire d'Haïti: De l'independance a nos jours by Odette Roy Fombrun
 Boston Haitian Reporter, May 2008 – Vol 7 Issue 5
 Boston Haitian Reporter, June 2001

External links
 http://www.haitianheritagemonth.net
 http://www.hauinc.org

Cultural festivals in the United States
Haitian-American history
May observances
Commemorative months
Latin American festivals


Elaine Lafferty is an American journalist and the former editor of Ms. magazine. She was a Hillary Clinton supporter who advised the McCain-Palin campaign in 2008.

Lafferty was a staff correspondent for Time magazine contributing to over 30 cover stories. While at Time, she covered the O. J. Simpson criminal and civil trials, as well as the Unabomber case, the Polly Klass murder case and many others. She joined the Dublin-based Irish Times in 1998, and covered conflicts and wars in Kosovo, the Middle East and Afghanistan and Pakistan. As editor of Ms., she led the magazine to its first National Magazine Award nomination in 17 years in 2005. Lafferty also served as a features editor at More magazine. Lafferty is a contributor to The Daily Beast/Newsweek. In 2011, she headed up social media and communications for the Diana Nyad Expedition, the athlete's attempt to swim from Cuba to Florida.

Laffterty is co-author of My Turn at the Bully Pulpit with Greta Van Susteren.

References

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American feminists
American women journalists
21st-century American women


Santa Mesa station is a railway station located on the South Main Line in the city of Manila, Philippines. It is one of two stations (the other is Pasay Road) in the line to have its own access road.

The station is the fourth station southbound from Tutuban and is the only railway station serving Santa Mesa.

In addition to having its own dedicated access road, Santa Mesa station is also one of three stations (the others being Pasay Road and España) to have its original platforms extended and raised in order to accommodate new PNR diesel multiple units. The original platforms have been retained for the use of Commuter Express locomotives and especially for intercity trains, although Santa Mesa is not designated as a station where these trains can stop.  The station used to serve the Santa Mesa-Mandaluyong branch line, also known as Guadalupe line, which used to run up to Antipolo and Montalban. This line has since been dismantled.

History
Santa Mesa was opened on December 22, 1905 as a station originally situated on the Antipolo and Montalban lines. From this station, the Main Line South, as well as its subsequent branch lines which were later abandoned (Naic and Carmona, Cavite; Batangas; Bay, Santa Cruz and Pagsanjan, Laguna; Canlubang, Laguna), branched out southwest from the line heading east southeast to Antipolo and Montalban. Main Line South was constructed not long afterward and was the first railway line of Manila Railroad Company (MRR, later PNR) crossing the Pasig River, with Pandacan and all the oil refineries and other branch lines, including one right to the former site of Philippine Vegetable Oil Company in Santa Mesa, being constructed right after the Pasig River bridge.

Station Layout

Nearby landmarks
The station is near landmarks such as the Santa Mesa Public Market, SM City Sta. Mesa, Puregold Sta. Mesa, the main campus of the Polytechnic University of the Philippines (PUP), the Eulogio "Amang" Rodriguez Institute of Science and Technology (EARIST), the Sacred Heart of Jesus Catholic School, and the Philippine headquarters of the Tzu Chi Foundation.

Transportation links
Santa Mesa station is accessible by jeepneys and buses plying the Ramon Magsaysay Boulevard route.  Several cycle rickshaw terminals are also located near the station.

A Line 2 station, Pureza, is a short walk from Santa Mesa station. Alternately, commuters may opt to ride tricycles to there.

Reconstruction
Santa Mesa station will be reconstructed as part of the North–South Commuter Railway. The two side platforms at the new station building's fifth level will be the highest in the world from ground level at , exceeding Smith–Ninth Streets station's .

External links

References

Philippine National Railways stations
Railway stations in Metro Manila
Railway stations opened in 2009
Buildings and structures in Santa Mesa


There are more than 300 colleges and universities in North Korea. Universities and colleges in North Korea are classified into central class and local colleges. Central universities are managed and controlled by the central (national) government while local universities are managed by local governments. Also, they can be classified into social, special, and military colleges. Special colleges were established with the purpose to raise top executives. Students who have just graduated from high school cannot enter special colleges without any experience in industrial or cooperative farm careers.

List

See also
 List of universities and colleges in South Korea
 Korea University (Japan)

References

Works cited

External links
 Democratic People's Republic of Korea - Educational Establishment ()

North Korea education-related lists
Korea, North
Korea, North
Lists of organizations based in North Korea


Dameron or sometimes spelled Damron is a surname with the following notable people:

 Tadd Dameron, noted jazz musician
 Dick Damron, Canadian country music singer
 Robert Damron, American professional golfer

Fictional characters
 Kes Dameron, a Rebel sergeant in the comic miniseries Star Wars: Shattered Empire
 Poe Dameron, Kes' son and Resistance pilot in the sequel era of the Star Wars universe

External links
 The Dameron/Damron Family Association webpage


Kosan Biosciences, Inc. (stock symbol: KOSN), was a pharmaceutical company which dealt with cancer therapeutics medications.  The company was working on advancing two new classes of anticancer agents through clinical development: heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) inhibitors and epothilones.

Their technology platform was based on manipulation of the genetic instructions of microbes for making natural product polyketides. Rearranging the modular units in natural polyketide synthases, combining modules from different enzymes, and incorporating novel synthetic chemical starter units enabled them to produce a wide variety of novel polyketides that would be difficult to obtain via organic synthesis alone.

Founded in 1995, Kosan was headquartered in Hayward, California and had approximately 90 employees.  Kosan was funded in part as a venture capital start-up with funds from Sofinnova Ventures of California.
Kosan was one of a small number of biotech companies focussed on polyketide drug discovery and development. Another was Biotica Technology Ltd..

On June 26, 2008, Kosan Biosciences was acquired by Bristol-Myers Squibb for $190M.

Discodermolide
Discodermolide is a recently discovered polyketide natural product found to be a potent inhibitor of tumor cell growth.  Kosan had been working in conjunction with the Amos B. Smith research group on a preclinical drug development program.

Management
Helen S. Kim was the President & CEO of Kosan Biosciences in 2008 until it was sold to BMS.  One member of the Board of Directors, Dr. Jean Deleage, was one of the founders and managing partners of Burr, Egan, Deleage & Co., a private venture capital firm which invested in information technology, communications, and healthcare/biotechnology companies.

References

External links
Bristol-Myers Squibb acquires Kosan (26 June 2008)
Chemical & Engineering News, (1 March 2004), "Scaled Up Synthesis of Discodermolide
KOSAN BIOSCIENCES INC SEC FILINGS

Organizations established in 1995
Companies based in Hayward, California
Technology companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
1995 establishments in California


Mireille Marokvia (1908 – 19 October 2008) was a French writer best known for her two books about her ordeals during World War II in Nazi Germany.

Biography
She was born in a village near Chartres, France, in December 1908. Her first English publication was a children's book released in 1959.

She died on 19 October 2008 in Las Cruces in the United States at the age of 99.

References

1908 births
2008 deaths
French women writers
20th-century French women
French women memoirists


Sidnie Milana Manton  (4 May 1902 – 2 January 1979) was an influential British zoologist. She is known for making advances in the field of functional morphology. She is regarded as being one of the most outstanding zoologists of the twentieth century.

Early life
Sidnie Milana Manton was born in Kensington, London the daughter of a descendant of French aristocracy and a dentist. She was educated at the Froebel Demonstration School and at St. Paul's Girls' School before joining Girton College, Cambridge in 1921. While at Girton College she was awarded the Montifiore Prize in 1925. She came top of the class list, but was not awarded the prize that that position usually brings, because women were not at that time officially members of Cambridge University.

Career
Manton initially worked as an Alfred Yarrow Research Student at Girton College, Cambridge, and later was the first woman to receive a Doctor of Science (ScD) title from Cambridge University and the first woman to hold the post of Demonstrator in Comparative Anatomy at Cambridge University. She took part in an expedition to the Great Barrier Reef in 1928-1929, which was the first scientific study of any coral reef in the world. Manton was responsible for collection and preservation of specimens, particularly arthropods. The scientists, including Manton, collected unprecedented data on the reef's ecology and health, data which are still in use today.  As her career at Cambridge University developed, she became Director of Studies in Natural Sciences, Director of Studies in Geography and Lecturer. While at Cambridge University she worked on the evolution of the arthropods, publishing "The Arthropoda: Habits, Functional Morphology and Evolution" in 1977.

Manton died on 2 January 1979. Her archives are held at the Natural History Museum., and a collection of her letters and Diaries were published in 2020

Honours and awards
She was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in March 1948, one of the first women to receive this honour. She was also a Fellow of the Linnean Society, and was awarded a Gold Medal by the Linnean Society in 1963. In 1968, she was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Lund in 1968. The Zoological Society of London awarded her the Frink Medal in 1977 for "the advances made by her towards the understanding of arthropod evolution.".

Together these awards demonstrate the very high esteem in which her work was held during her lifetime, but recognition has also continued after her death. In 1992, the Manton crater on Venus was named after Sidnie Manton and her sister Irene Manton. In 2018 the British Ecological Society and the Journal of Animal Ecology inaugurated the Sidnie Manton Award for early career ecologists.

Personal life
Manton's sister was the botanist Professor Irene Manton FRS. Manton married John Philip Harding in 1937. They had one son and one daughter.

References

1902 births
1979 deaths
People from Kensington
People educated at St Paul's Girls' School
Fellows of Girton College, Cambridge
Female Fellows of the Royal Society
Place of death missing
20th-century British zoologists
Fellows of the Royal Society
20th-century British women scientists
Women entomologists
Alumni of Girton College, Cambridge
British marine biologists
Women marine biologists


Sile Doty (August 30, 1800 – March 12, 1876) was an infamous robber, burglar, horse thief, highwayman, counterfeiter, and criminal gang leader. Stewart Holbrook says that Doty "was, before the James-Younger era, the most energetic and notorious all-around bandit in the United States." Doty's criminal career is known primarily through his autobiography, compiled by J. G. W. Colburn and published four years after Doty's death as The Life of Sile Doty The Most Noted Thief and Daring Burglar of His Time.  As this title suggests, the tone of the autobiography is boastful and unapologetic. Doty excuses his crimes as stealing from the rich to give to the poor. Except where otherwise noted, what follows is taken from the autobiography and may contain exaggerations and self-serving distortions.

Early life

Doty was born Silas Doty in St. Albans, Vermont. His parents were David Doty (1778–1855) and Martha Wilson (1781–1875). Silas was a fourth great grandson of Mayflower passenger Edward Doty (–1655) and Faith Clarke (1619–1675). As a child, he stole toys from his siblings, a pen knife from his teacher, and a horseshoe from a blacksmith, not because he needed or wanted these things, but for the excitement and pleasure he took from evading detection. When Doty was about nine years old, his family moved west to Bangor, New York, a fur trapping region, where he began a lucrative three-year career of stealing animals from traps and selling their furs. Circa 1815, Doty joined a band of thieves and counterfeiters operating in the Bangor area. In a few years, Doty became the leader of this gang, whose depredations now extended throughout New England and the Mid-Atlantic states.

In the winter of 1818, Doty learned blacksmithing and used his new skills to outfit himself with a complete set of skeleton keys and burglary tools. Throughout his criminal career, Doty specialized in making such tools and employing them with great stealth and skill. Doty typically employed disguises, false identities, misdirection, and other nonviolent means, but when directly challenged he would resort to brass knuckles or whatever was at hand. Doty learned to pass counterfeit money from Ed Cooper, a resident of New York City, who would wholesale such money to him for 30 cents on the dollar.

Criminal methods and tactics

Doty typically entered a town with one or more associates, who would pretend not to know Doty in order to gather intelligence about whether he had been detected—and if so, what actions were being taken to pursue him. If he had counterfeit money, Doty would go on a spending spree, all the while scouting out where stores kept their money. If a tempting prize was guarded by a watch dog, Doty would feed it poisoned meat. At night he and his associates would break into homes, places of business, and stables using skeleton keys and relocking doors after leaving. He would deposit his loot with a confederate. By the time Doty was ready to leave town, he would have scouted out a fast horse to steal, in order to make his getaway. A favorite tactic was to have an associate show up at the location of the horse to be stolen with a legitimately rented horse. Doty would steal both the horse and a sulky, wagon, or other rig, which would be attached to the legitimate horse and driven by the associate in the opposite direction from that taken by Doty and the stolen horse. Several miles out of town, the stolen rig would be abandoned and the legitimate horse returned to its owner. It never failed that when the theft was detected, the aroused citizens would pursue the tracks of the stolen rig.

Each year, Doty would go on a campaign of crime through the towns and cities of New York State and New England. He was part of an extensive network of criminals with whom he cooperated and to whom he could sell his stolen goods. During the summer of 1822, Doty learned sailing by working on a boat traveling up and down the Saint Lawrence River, and in the process managed to fill a trunk with pilfered valuables. In the fall, Doty made use of his new sailing skills by stealing a pleasure boat in Kingston, Ontario, loading it with stolen property, and sailing it down the Saint Lawrence to a place near Ogdensburg, New York, where he unloaded the boat and sank it.

England
In the spring of 1823, finding himself hotly pursued by his victims from throughout the northeastern United States, Doty decided to ship out for Quebec City, from which he took passage first to Halifax, thence to Liverpool, England. Doty soon found a thriving underworld in Liverpool, from which he selected four rogues for his English gang. After engaging in some thievery in Liverpool, the gang took a ship to the north of England near the Scottish border where they stole nine horses. After a five-day ride, the gang reached London, where they sold the stolen horses. Doty spent the winter of 1823–1824 committing burglaries in London. In the spring, he was forced to flee London on foot, one step ahead of the law. Having walked all the way to Liverpool, he booked passage to New York City under an alias.

Midwest
Doty spent the winter of 1824–1825 at his father's home in Bangor, New York, perfecting his metalworking skills and courting Sophia Adams, whom he married in the spring of 1825. Doty tried to lead a settled life of farming, but he could never resist the temptation to go on another campaign of thievery. Finally by 1834, Doty was wanted for crimes throughout the northeast and his evil reputation had followed him home to Bangor, so he moved with his wife to Adrian, Michigan, and shifted his criminal operations to Michigan, Indiana, Ohio and Illinois. In 1838, Doty extended one of his campaigns into Kentucky, where he helped a slave to escape and cross the Ohio River to the free state of Ohio. Doty was motivated less by abolitionist sentiment than by the challenge of stealing a slave.

In 1839, Doty moved to Steuben County, Indiana where he hired Lorenzo G. Noyes to work for him as a farm hand. When Noyes learned of Doty's criminal activities he threatened to go to the authorities, whereupon Doty struck him with a hickory walking stick, killing him. Doty hid the body in a swamp. In 1841, Doty was arrested for stealing a span of matched bays and confined to the jail in Huntersville, Virginia, now in West Virginia, but an accomplice smuggled him a saw and auger, which he used to saw through the log structure and make his escape. He made his way to the notorious Tamarack House near Rome, Indiana, the hangout of outlaws from throughout the Midwest. Sile Doty, most likely, knew of and had connections with the Banditti of the Prairie in Illinois. The following winter Doty was arrested in Michigan for stealing a large number of buffalo robes and several sets of harness and sent to the penitentiary for two years. In June 1842, a body said to be that of Lorenzo Noyes was discovered, and as a result Doty was removed to the jail in Angola, Indiana to stand trial for Noyes' murder. In 1844, Doty was convicted of murder in the second degree and sentenced to life in prison.

Mexico
In the fall of 1845, the Indiana Supreme Court granted Doty a new trial, and he was returned to the Angola jail to await the retrial. In the spring of 1846, he escaped by cutting a hole through the jail floor and got as far as Logansport, Indiana before being identified and returned to jail. Using two knives hidden in his belt, Doty broke out of jail once more and headed for the Mexican–American War, reaching General Zachary Taylor's army at Camargo about September first. Congress had passed a law forgiving all past offenses of those who enlisted for the duration of the war, so Doty sent letters to his home saying that he had enlisted until the end of the war, although he had done no such thing.

After Monterrey fell to the Americans Doty joined other scoundrels in a binge of looting and murder. About December 1846, Doty stole the best horse he could find in General Taylor's camp at Monterrey and rode it to General Winfield Scott's camp at Camargo, where he won General Scott's good will by presenting him with the stolen horse. Scott employed Doty to take care of the horse and used him as a messenger during the Battle of Veracruz. Doty followed the American army all the way to Mexico City, disguising himself as a Mexican at night in order to waylay and rob Mexican citizens, selling the plundered goods to soldiers in the American army.

Home, prison and old age
In the fall of 1847, Doty returned to his home in Steuben County, Indiana and continued his depredations on the citizens of northern Indiana and southern Michigan, having convinced his neighbors that he had been granted amnesty because of his participation in the Mexican-American War. In August 1849, Doty was arrested for robbing a peddler, and spent several months in jail in Hillsdale, Michigan before being bailed out. Doty was able to get his trial postponed repeatedly, during which time he stepped up his criminal activity stealing more property, he claimed, than at any other time in his career. When he finally came to trial in the spring of 1851, Doty was found guilty and sentenced to 17 years in the State Prison of Southern Michigan. Even though Doty could not resist stealing small items like horseshoes, he was trusted by his jailors to work alone outdoors at various farm chores, and he was released two years early for good behavior on September 1, 1866. The following summer, Doty stole a horse from a lawyer who, he thought, had wronged him years before. He was apprehended at a livery near the old Yates House hotel in Bryan, Ohio, and returned to prison for four years. Upon release, Doty immediately returned to his life of crime, and was again convicted of theft and returned to prison for another two years. Despite being in his seventies by the time he completed this sentence, Doty continued his criminal career until his death at the home of his son in Reading, Michigan.

Legacy
Sile Doty appears as a character, played by Robert Wilke, in the 1956 film Raw Edge.
A small cave in Hillsdale County, Michigan in the Lost Nations Game Area is named for him, and it is said to be where he held stolen horses.

References

Further reading
Burroughs, Stephen. Memoirs of the Notorious Stephen Burroughs. Boston: C. Gaylord, 1835.
Doty, Sile. The Life of Sile Doty: The Most Noted Thief and Daring Burglar of His Time. Blade Printing & Paper Company, 1880.

1800 births
1876 deaths
People from Franklin County, Vermont
American outlaws
Crimes in Indiana
People from Indiana in the Mexican–American War
People from St. Albans, Vermont
Caves of Michigan
People from Steuben County, Indiana
People from Bangor, New York


Francisco Partners is an American private equity firm focused exclusively on investments in technology and technology-enabled services businesses. It was founded in August 1999 and based in San Francisco with offices in London and New York City.

In June 2022, Francisco Partners were ranked 20th in Private Equity Internationals PEI 300 ranking of the largest private equity firms in the world.

History

1999–2011
Francisco Partners was founded in August 1999, in Menlo Park, California, during the emergence of dedicated technology buyout firms. Founders Sanford Robertson, Dipanjan Deb, David Stanton, Benjamin Ball, and Neil Garfinkel came from a variety of private equity firms. Robertson had been the founder of the technology-focused investment bank Robertson Stephens, while Deb left TPG Capital in August 1999, in order to help found the firm. Among its notable early investments, in 2000 the firm paid $375 million in cash to purchase 90% of Advanced Micro Devices' communications products division. Francisco Partners then raised $800 million in 2002 to purchase 90% of Global eXchange Services, a unit of the General Electric Company handling sales operations for about 30,000 multinational companies.

The firm purchased NPTest in 2003, the semiconductor-testing unit of Schlumberger, and by the following year Francisco Partners had more than 30 active portfolio companies. Francisco Partners purchased Smart Modular from the Solectron Corporation in 2004, with Smart Modular going public two years later. From 2005 until 2010 the firm owned the software company RedPrairie. In 2006 the company led a leveraged buyout of Metrologic Instruments, which makes laser and holographic-based scanners, and also purchased WatchGuard. The firm purchased API Healthcare in 2008, and by 2010 Francisco Partners' other healthcare holdings included AdvancedMD, Healthland, QuadraMed, and T-System.

2012–2015
By 2012, the Francisco Partners' funds had about $7 billion in capital and invested "exclusively in technology companies across sectors including semiconductors, capital equipment and electronics components." That year the company acquired the software company Ichor from American Industrial Partners, as well as Plex Systems, and Kewill. The firm invested in Paymetric in 2013, selling the company to Vantiv in Atlanta, Georgia four years later. After acquiring the e-commerce services company Avangate in 2013,  in 2014 the firm invested in the software company Prosper, with Francisco Partners' executive David Golob becoming a Prosper director. Also in 2014, Francisco Partners invested in the information technology company CoverMyMeds, and paid $120 million for a majority stake, in the controversial spy company NSO Group, sold in 2019. The firm completed raising about $2.9 billion for its fourth fund in 2015. That year, the firm also purchased the California-based analytics company Procera Networks for $240 million and the Israeli workplace management company ClickSoftware Technologies for $438 million. The firm invested in GoodRx in 2015 as well.

2016–2019
Francisco joined with Elliott Management in June 2016 to buy the SonicWall, as well as Quest Software, subsidiaries from Dell as part of the spinoff of Dell Software.  The SonicWall investment attracted some controversy in the press, as Francisco Partners had also invested in the competitor WatchGuard, going against norms in the private equity industry. Also in 2016, the firm sold Aesynt to Omnicell for $275 million and took Ichor Holdings public with an initial public offering. In late 2016, Francisco Partners launched its Agility fund, raising approximately $600 million of committed capital to focus on smaller technology deals. Shortly afterwards, Francisco Partners invested in Dynamo Software, Pet Circle,  Discovery Education,  and myON, the latter of which was sold in 2018. Additional investments in 2016 and 2017 included companies such as SmartBear Software, iconectiv, and others.

In 2017, Francisco Partners sold CoverMyMeds to McKesson, and Paymetric to Vantiv, and also sold PayLease and Corsair Gaming. Francisco Partners bought, and subsequently sold, James Allen.com in 2017. In June 2017, Francisco Partners also acquired Sandvine, a Canadian public company that was combined with Procera, for $444 million. Francisco Partners was named Private Equity Firm of the Year by Mergers & Acquisitions in 2017. The firm's fifth fund, Francisco Partners V, was formed at the end of 2017 with approximately $4 billion of committed capital. The year after Francisco Partners V's launch, the firm acquired Bomgar Corporation, Renaissance Learning, and LegalZoom. In June 2018, Francisco Partners purchased VeriFone for $3.4 billion. Also in 2018, Blackstone Inc.'s Strategic Capital Group and Goldman Sachs' Petershill program acquired a minority stake in Francisco Partners.

On September 30, 2019, Francisco Partners announced its intent to acquire Orchard Software Corporation, a privately-owned company specializing in medical laboratory software.

2020–2021
In 2020, Francisco Partners joined Diligent Corporation's Modern Leadership Initiative and pledged to create five new board roles among its portfolio companies for gender or ethnically diverse candidates.

On October 26, 2020, Francisco Partners announced the acquisition of Forcepoint, a cybersecurity company formerly owned by Raytheon Technologies. Shortly thereafter, the firm bought MyFitnessPal from Under Armour for $345 million. The acquisition completed on December 1, 2020.

On August 31, 2020, the deal closed for Francisco Partners to buy LogMeIn, most known for LastPass password manager, for $4.3 billion together with Evergreen Coast Capital Corp., a private equity affiliate of Elliott Management. In September 2020, Francisco Partners investment GoodRx went public on the Nasdaq, with a market cap of about $19.4 billion.

On January 11, 2021, Francisco Partners completed acquisition of Forcepoint. In March 2021, the firm entered into a partnership with Zenefits that gave them full control of the company.

Also in early 2021, Francisco Partners acquired MyHeritage for a reported $600 million.  In May 2021, Francisco Partners and TPG Capital agreed to acquire cloud-based integration business Boomi from Dell for $4 billion. In July 2021 Francisco Partners acquired STARLIMS from Abbott Informatics. They also completed an acquisition for the EHR vendor OfficeAlly in December 2021.

2022–2023
On January 21, 2022, Francisco Partners acquired health data assets from IBM's Watson Health unit. These assets included Health Insights, MarketScan, Clinical Development, Social Program Management, Micromedex, and imaging software offerings. The assets were valued at a reported $1 billion.

Also in 2022, Francisco Partners announced the acquisition of bswift from CVS Health. bswift is a provider of software and services for benefits and human resources administration.

In May 2023, Francisco Partners completed the acquisition of Sumo Logic for $1.7 billion.

In July 2023, together with TPG Inc., Francisco Partners agreed to acquire web tracking and analytics firm New Relic in an all-cash deal valued at $6.5 billion.

In August 2023, IBM agreed to sell The Weather Company to Francisco Partners for an undisclosed sum.

Business model
Francisco Partners specializes in financing divisional buyouts, take privates of public companies, sponsored mergers and acquisitions, growth equity financing, recapitalizations, and restructurings. The firm primarily invests in maturing or mature technology and technology-related companies in areas such as software, internet, healthcare, communications, hardware, and technology services. The firm typically acquires a majority or controlling stake in its portfolio companies, but will occasionally acquire a minority interest in a company with board representation. Specializing in technology buyouts, Francisco has acquired former venture capital-backed companies, as well as many divisions of large conglomerates and IT companies worldwide.

Offices and employees
The firm is based in San Francisco, California, with additional offices including one in London, United Kingdom. Francisco Partners is currently led by CEO Dipanjan Deb, one of the firm's founders, along with Ezra Perlman and Deep Shah, co-presidents, and David Golob, the chief investment officer.

Investments
Top-ranked in 2020 among tech specialist private equity firms, Francisco Partners has a list of portfolio companies that changes frequently. Francisco Partners has invested in or acquired companies including GoodRx, BeyondTrust, Renaissance Learning, and MyHeritage.

In the past, Francisco Partners has held, among others, investments or ownership of ClickSoftware Technologies, Comodo Group, and Connecture.

References

External links
FranciscoPartners.com

1999 establishments in California
Companies based in San Francisco
Financial services companies established in 1999
Private equity firms of the United States
Privately held companies based in California


Ziegenbock (Ziegen Bock) is a German amber lager brewed by Anheuser-Busch. It is billed as "for Texans by Texans," and distributed in Texas and nearby states. Ziegenbock is the German word for a billy goat.

Ziegenbock is marketed as a Texas-brewed Bock-Style Beer (Import - Craft - Specialty) and positioned as a Texan beer to compete with Shiner Bock. Ziegenbock is brewed at Anheuser-Busch's Houston brewery. Like Shiner Bock and Amber Bock, it does not conform to the BJCP style guidelines for a Bock, either in terms of flavor profile or potency.

Ziegfest
Ziegfest is an annual music festival sponsored by Ziegenbock and its parent company, Anheuser-Busch. Ziegfest typically features Red Dirt musicians. There are typically several venues with the events scheduled around a month apart.

References

External links

Ziegfest

Anheuser-Busch beer brands


Live Kosevo is a performance captured on DVD at the Kosevo Stadium in Sarajevo by Dino Merlin. The concert had many guest performances and part of it was even held in the rain.

Track listing

Burek (feat. Arijander)
Želja
Esma
Kokuzna vremena
Svila
Ti si mene (feat. Nina Badrić)
Ćuskije
Lažu me
Verletzt (feat. Edo Zanki)
Majka ruži kćer (feat. AKUD Seljo)
Mišići
Zid (feat. Kempa Orchestra)
Subota (feat. Gani Tamir)
Sarajevo (feat. Char)
Kremen
Godinama (feat. Ivana Banfić)
Kad čovjek voli ženu (feat. Nermin Puškar & Mahir Beat House)
Supermen (feat. Željko Joksimović)
Sve je laž (feat. Almir Hukelić)
Bosnom behar probeharao
Na Vi

Bonus features

Concert Rehearsals
Jedna si jedina (by TVBiH Symphony Orchestra)

Concert films
2005 video albums
Dino Merlin albums


Christina Alma Elisabet Schollin (; born 26 December 1937) is a Swedish actress. She is best known to international audiences mainly through her appearances in motion pictures, such as Dear John, Song of Norway and Ingmar Bergman's Fanny and Alexander.

The "angel" theme has become an integral part of Schollin's image, and until 2011 she ran her own gift shop with that motif and product, plus an adjacent lounge for performing arts, in the Old Town Gamla stan of Stockholm.

She is known in Sweden for her roles as Margaretha Öhman in the series Varuhuset, and Birgitta Wästberg in the series Tre Kronor. Lately she is also known for participating in her daughter Pernilla Wahlgren's TV series Wahlgrens värld which is broadcast on Kanal 5.

Family
Since 1962, she is married to actor Hans Wahlgren; the couple have four children: Peter, Niclas, Pernilla  and Linus Wahlgren.

She won the award for Best Actress at the 3rd Guldbagge Awards for her role in Ormen.

References

External links

1937 births
Living people
Swedish film actresses
Best Actress Guldbagge Award winners
Actresses from Stockholm


Sary is a given name and surname. Notable persons with that name include: Aley Sary, the son of Khaled Sary: A multi millionaire Egyptian doctor.

People with the given name
 Ieng Sary (1925–2013), a co-founder and third ranking member of the Cambodian Khmer Rouge regime
 Sary Matnorotin (born 1996), Cambodian footballer

People with the surname
 Ahmed Sary (born 1968), Egyptian football striker
 László Sáry (born 1940), Hungarian composer and pianist
 Sam Sary (1917– 1962), Cambodian politician

Places
 Sary (Poltava Oblast), village in Ukraina

See also

 Sari (disambiguation)


Harold Francis Falls (November 25, 1909 in Winchester, Indiana – May 27, 2006 in Brighton, Michigan) was an American ophthalmologist and geneticist. He helped found one of the first genetics clinic in US. The Nettleship-Falls syndrome, the most common type of ocular albinism, is named after him and English ophthalmologist Edward Nettleship.

References
 Who Named It?, Harold Francis Falls
 University of Michigan Obituary

American ophthalmologists
1909 births
2006 deaths
People from Winchester, Indiana
University of Michigan faculty
University of Michigan Medical School alumni


Polydoro (, before 1929: Μάζι - Mazi) is a village in the municipal unit of Molossoi, Ioannina regional unit, Greece. In 2011 its population was 63. It is situated on a hillside on the left bank of the river Tyria. It is 4 km southwest of Voutsaras, 4 km northwest of Granitsa and 25 km west of Ioannina. The village church is dedicated to the Dormition of the Virgin.

Population

See also

List of settlements in the Ioannina regional unit

External links
polydoro.gr
Polydoro at the GTP Travel Pages

References

Populated places in Ioannina (regional unit)
Zitsa