Edward The King is a 2008 two-act play by American playwright David Brendan Hopes. The play is an adaptation of Christopher Marlowe's play Edward II, which in turn is a dramatization of the real-life story of Edward II of England.

Overview
Beset by the duties of his birth and dominated by a heroic father, Edward looks forward to a life of apparent conformity and desperate subterfuge, until he meets Piers Gaveston in a dirty alley. It is love and rebellion at first sight. From then on, Edward steers a perilous course between desire and safety, which does not entirely end even when he becomes king, and faces not only the usual enemies of unconventional love, but his queen and her lover as well. Edward the King neatly straddles the 14th and 21st centuries, which manage to appear almost equally violent and inhospitable to love.

Sources
Edward The King on The Playwrights Database
Edward The King World Premier at GayFest NYC 2008 on Playbill News

Plays based on other plays
Plays based on real people
Adaptations of works by Christopher Marlowe
Cultural depictions of Edward II of England
2008 plays


Murali Vijay (born 1 April 1984) is a former Indian international cricketer who plays as a right-handed opening batsman. He was a regular member of the Indian Test team until 2018 and plays for Tamil Nadu in domestic first-class cricket. Vijay was a member of the Indian team that won the 2013 ICC Champions Trophy.

After failing in his 12th class exam and having started playing cricket at the age of 17, Vijay played club cricket in Chennai before he was selected in the Tamil Nadu Under-22 team. He quickly came up the ranks and made his first-class debut for the Tamil Nadu senior team in 2006. He was one of the top run-scorers of the 2006-07 Ranji Trophy, which was his maiden first-class tournament. By October 2008, he went on to represent South Zone, India Red and India A, and in November 2008, he was handed his Test debut after the team's regular opener Gautam Gambhir was banned for one match by the ICC.

On 30th January 2023, Vijay announced retirement from all forms of international cricket.

Early career
Vijay was born in Madras, Tamil Nadu. He started his cricket at the age of 17. He first played club cricket in Chennai representing Alwarpet in 2003. He was then selected in the Tamil Nadu Under-22 squad for the 2004-05 CK Nayudu Trophy. Tamil Nadu Under-22 won the tournament, but, opening the innings, Vijay averaged just 26.45 in 6 matches. He continued to play club cricket in 2005, before getting selected again in the Tamil Nadu Under-22 squad for the 2005-06 CK Nayudu Trophy. He failed to impress once again, averaging 26.50 in 3 matches.

Despite his below-average performances in club cricket and Under-22 tournaments, Vijay was selected in the Tamil Nadu squad for the Ranji One-day Trophy in February 2006. He made his senior cricket debut in Tamil Nadu's last group fixture of the tournament, against Karnataka on 16 February, and scored 17 in that match. He scored 38 in the quarterfinal against Railways who won the match by one run.

Vijay rose to prominence during the 2006-07 Ranji Trophy, his debut first-class season, in which he finished as the third highest run-getter of the tournament, only behind Karnataka's Robin Uthappa and Bengal's Manoj Tiwary. At the start of this tournament, he made his first-class debut against Delhi and scored a fifty in his debut innings. He accumulated a total of 628 runs at an average of more than 52, including two hundreds and one fifty. He continued his good form in the 2006-07 Ranji One-day Trophy by scoring 277 runs in 7 matches at an average of 39.57 and a high-score of 112.

Vijay played in all seven matches of Tamil Nadu in the 2007-08 Ranji Trophy and scored 582 runs at an average of 58.2 with two hundreds including a high-score of 230* against Saurashtra. After the conclusion of Ranji Trophy, he was selected in the South Zone squad for 2007-08 Duleep Trophy. He batted at 3 in the first match against North Zone and scored a duck and 39. In the second game against East Zone, batting at 3 in the first innings, he scored 46, and registered another duck in the second innings while opening the batting. In the Vijay Hazare Trophy (earlier called Ranji One-day Trophy) that followed, Vijay played seven matches in which he opened the innings thrice and batted at 3 on four occasions. He found success batting at 3, making back-to-back hundreds against Hyderabad and Andhra.

In September 2008, Vijay was picked in the India A team to play against the touring New Zealand A team in two 4-day matches. He carried on his good form and made 45 and 59 in the first match, batting at 3, helping India A win by 129 runs. He opened the innings and scored 98 and 0 in the second match, in which New Zealand A secured victory. In October 2008, Vijay was named in the India Red team for the Challenger Trophy. He played as an opener and finished second among highest run-scorers of the tournament with 164 runs from 3 matches at an average of 54.66.

Test career
Vijay made his Test debut against Australia in the Fourth and final Test of the Border-Gavaskar Trophy, in Nagpur, in November 2008. He was selected for the match after Gautam Gambhir received a one-Test ban for elbowing Shane Watson in the Third Test of the same series in Feroz Shah Kotla in Delhi. Vijay was participating in a Ranji trophy match at the time, and made his Test debut on the final day of that match.

Of Vijay's technique, former Australian captain Allan Border said "His defensive shots are so assured. And he looks comfortable of both front and back foot. And when he attacks, he doesn't go hard at the deliveries. I can see why this young man is playing".

Vijay partnered Virender Sehwag, and they got India off to a solid start in both innings. Vijay made 33 and 41, contributing to opening stands of 98 and 116. During Australia's first innings, Vijay caused the first wicket to fall, running out Matthew Hayden with a direct hit from mid on. Hayden was attempting a quick single. He then ran out Michael Hussey when fielding at silly point. Hussey was unaware that Vijay had intercepted the ball at close range and instinctively took a step out of his crease in anticipation of a run, by which time Vijay threw down the stumps. In the second innings, he caught Brett Lee at bat pad from the bowling of Harbhajan Singh to complete his first catch.

Following his performance in his debut Test, Vijay was selected for the Indian ODI squad for the first three matches against the touring England team. He did not get to play, and was dropped after the first three matches upon the return of senior batsman Sachin Tendulkar from a break.

In December 2009, Vijay was given another opportunity in the Test team when Gambhir withdrew from the Third and final Test against Sri Lanka at Brabourne Stadium in Mumbai in order to attend his sister's wedding. Vijay took two catches at bat pad from Harbhajan in Sri Lanka's first innings. When India replied, he put on 221 for the first wicket with Sehwag, but was out for 87 in sight of his maiden Test century. The Indians went on to complete an innings victory, and become the number 1 Test team.

Vijay was taken on the tour of Bangladesh in January 2010 as the reserve batsman, and he was called into the team after V. V. S. Laxman injured a finger in the First Test. Vijay played in the Second Test in Mirpur in Laxman's No. 5 position, scoring 30. In the same match, No. 3 batsman Rahul Dravid was injured after being hit under the jaw by a bouncer, so Vijay then played in Dravid's position in the two-Test home series against South Africa.

He was later selected as the reserve opener for away series against Sri Lanka in August 2010 and the home series against Australia in October 2010. He played in the Second and Third Tests against Sri Lanka after Gambhir was injured. He got another opportunity when Gambhir, was injured in the first match against Australia and was ruled out of Second Test. Vijay scored 139 runs in the first innings, his maiden Test century, featuring in a triple century partnership with Sachin Tendulkar. Vijay and debutant Cheteshwar Pujara added 72 runs crucial partnership which helped India complete a 2–0 series win.

Though he was dropped from the national squad, however he was brought back in the 2013 home series against Australia replacing out-of-form Gautam Gambhir. Though Vijay failed in the first test, he scored an assured and well paced 167 in the second Test and put on a 370-run record second wicket partnership with Cheteshwar Pujara (204). In the third test at Mohali, he scored his second consecutive 150+ score (153) with a strong opening stand of 289 with debutant Shikhar Dhawan, who scored a whopping 187 off just 174 balls. And then added on 92 runs for the third wicket with Sachin Tendulkar (37). He had an amazing series against Australia and was the highest scorer with 430 runs including two centuries both which were 150+ and an amazing half century.

 Vijay scored his first Test century outside India on in July 2014 at Trent Bridge against England. He finished as the leading run scorer for India in the series with 402 runs from five matches.

When India toured Australia later in the same year, Vijay scored a patient and a steady 99 at the Adelaide Oval putting up a partnership of 185 with his skipper Virat Kohli to almost take India to an improbable victory, chasing 364 in the fourth innings. His dismissal triggered the batting collapse and India lost the test by a close margin. Vijay was at his fluent best in the second test at the Gabba, Brisbane. He scored 144 at a brisk pace to take India to a position of strength on the first day. This equaled the highest score by an Indian at the ground.

He scored his sixth Test hundred in the one-match Test series against Bangladesh in June 2015.

ODI career
Vijay debuted in ODIs against chassis validation in the third and final one dayer on 27 Feb 2010. He scored a brisk 250 runs off 3 balls.

He started a full series during a tri-nations tournament in Zimbabwe when India rested most of the first-choice team. Vijay performed poorly and was dropped for India's fourth match as they came last behind Zimbabwe.

Vijay was selected for New Zealand 5 ODI series 2010 and he played first 3 ODI in which he scored an average of 30. Later, he was replaced by wicketkeeper Parthiv Patel for other 2 ODI matches.

International T20 career
Vijay was selected for 2010 ICC World Twenty20. He fared poorly in India's disastrous campaign averaging just below 15 and failing to provide good starts in all the matches.

Indian Premier League career
Vijay played in the Indian Premier League for his home town franchise, Chennai Super Kings until the sixth season of the competition before moving to Delhi Daredevils. In April 2016, he was named captain of Kings XI Punjab replacing South African David Miller in the middle of the season. He missed out the entire 2017 season due to wrist surgery.

Personal life
Vijay is married to Nikita Vanjara who was earlier married to Dinesh Karthik, but later got divorced. The couple have two sons and one daughter.

References

External links

1984 births
Indian cricketers
India Test cricketers
India One Day International cricketers
India Twenty20 International cricketers
Central Districts cricketers
Tamil Nadu cricketers
Living people
Chennai Super Kings cricketers
South Zone cricketers
India Blue cricketers
India Green cricketers
India Red cricketers
Punjab Kings cricketers
Delhi Capitals cricketers
Essex cricketers
Somerset cricketers


Siberian River Routes were the main ways of communication in Russian Siberia before the 1730s, when roads began to be built. The rivers were also of primary importance in the process of Russian conquest and exploration of vast Siberian territories eastwards. Since the three great Siberian rivers, the Ob, the Yenisey, and the Lena all flow into the Arctic Ocean, the aim was to find parts or branches of these rivers that flow approximately east-west and find short portages between them.  Since Siberia is relatively flat, portages were usually short.  Despite resistance from the Siberian tribes, Russian Cossacks were able to expand from the Urals to the Pacific in only 57 years (1582-1639). These river routes were crucial in the first years of the Siberian fur trade as the furs were easier to transport over water than land. The rivers connected the major fur gathering centers and provided for relatively quick transport between them.

Southern Route
Distances are straight lines and only approximate. Siberian rivers can be very crooked. Dates usually refer to the foundation of the first Russian settlement.

Over the Urals:  From the Volga River, up the Kama to Perm (1472), then up the Chusovaya River, or the Vishera (see Cherdyn Route). The Urals here are only about 350 meters high, about 150 meters above the surrounding lowlands. Down either the Tavda River or Tura River and a short way up the Tobol River to its juncture with the Irtysh River at Tobolsk (1582). This was the approximate route used by Yermak. Tobolsk is about 700 km east of Perm and 1800 km east of Moscow.

The Siberian Route, a road begun in the 1730s, ran southeast from Perm to Kungur, then over another low pass to Yekaterinburg (1723) and Tobolsk. By 1885 there was a railway from Perm to Yekaterinburg. Another branch of the Trans-Siberian Railway (1891) goes south of the Urals through Chelyabinsk (1736), Omsk (1716) and Novosibirsk (1893).

Ob Basin: Near Tobolsk was the capital of the Khanate of Sibir, which was conquered in 1582. North down the Irtysh to its juncture with the Ob River, then 750km up the Ob to Narym (1594), and up the Ket River (1602) about 300 km to its headwaters.
Here a portage leads to the Yenisei River at Yeniseysk (1619). Yeniseysk is about 1400 km from Tobolsk and 3200 km from Moscow.
An alternative route led from the Irtysh-Ob juncture 450 km up the Ob to the Vakh, 500 km up the Vakh, then portage to the Sym, down it to the Yenisei, upstream to Yenisesk.

Yenisey and Lena Basins: Yeniseysk is on the Yenisei River just north of its juncture with the Angara River.  From Yeniseysk east up the Angara to the Ilim River, upstream to Ilimsk (1630), portage to Kuta River, short trip downstream to Ust-Kut (1631) on the Lena River. From here northeast down the Lena about 1400 km to Yakutsk, which is 4900 km east of Moscow. Yakutsk is a major stopping point and administrative center. Then 125 km down the Lena to the Aldan, up the Aldan River to Ust-Maya, then up the Maya River or its right branch, the Yudoma River.

Okhotsk: From either of the last two, it is about 150 km over 2000 ft mountains to the Pacific (Okhotsk Coast 1639, Okhotsk town, 1647). Pack horses were used here. Okhotsk is 800 km east southeast of Yakutsk and 5,600 km east of Moscow. After 1715 there were shipbuilding facilities at Okhotsk, allowing sea travel to the Kamchatka Peninsula, the Kuril Islands, the Aleutian Islands and Alaska.

To the Amur:
From 1643 to 1689 the Russians attempted to penetrate from the Lena south to the Amur region but were driven back by the Manchus. See Russian-Manchu border conflicts. From 1689 to 1859 the Russo-Chinese border was the Argun River and the Stanovoy Mountains. In 1859 Russia annexed the Amur region.   From the west, the Russians penetrated to  Ulan-Ude (1666), Chita (1653) and Nerchinsk (1654) toward the Argun. From 1727 much Russo-Chinese trade shifted to Kyakhta near where the Selenge River crosses the current Russo-Mongol border.

Northern Route
From at least the 12th century, Russian Pomors navigated the White and Barents Seas. At some date, they entered the Ob Gulf or portaged across the Yamal Peninsula.  From the Gulf of Ob to the Taz Estuary, up the Taz River, past Mangazeya (1601), portage to Yanov Stan on the Turukhan River, leading to Turukhansk (1607) on the Yenisei at its juncture with the Lower Tunguska. East up the Lower Tunguska. Where it turns south, portage to the Chona River, a tributary of the Vilyuy River - the junction of these two rivers has now been flooded, forming the Viluyskoe Reservoir. East along the Vilyuy to the Lena River, and then up the Lena to Yakutsk.  It was also possible to continue up the Lower Tunguska to near Kirensk (1630) (175 km northeast of Ust-Kut), make a short portage to the Lena, and down the Lena to Yakutsk.  Yakutsk is about 2400 km from the Taz Estuary. After about 1700 most trade shifted south and the route west of Turukhansk was largely abandoned.

Northeast
From the mouth of the Lena River, along the coast to the mouth of the Kolyma River, up to Bolshoy Anyuy River, portage, down the Anadyr River to Anadyrsk (1650). One could continue down the Anadyr to the Pacific, but the area was too barren to be of interest. The area northeast of this route was avoided because of the warlike Chukchis. About 1700 Russians entered the Kamchatka Peninsula from Anadyrsk and later sailed there from Okhotsk. It is 1800 km from Yakutsk to the Bering Strait.

Southwest
After the conquest of Astrakhan in 1566, Russia expanded southeast around the southern base of the Urals.  This involved increasing political control over the Nogai Horde, the Kalmyks and the northern Kazakhs, followed by varying degrees of peasant colonization. Another route was up the Irtysh toward the Altai country (Semipalatinsk, 1718).

Decline of the River Route

By the beginning of the 18th century the number of fur-bearing animals had declined sharply across Siberia as trappers and traders collected furs without any thought for sustainable population control, and in 1913 a ban was put on sable hunting in order to keep this animal from extinction.

The Babinov Road was the first overland path across the Urals. It was established by Artemy Babinov in the late 1590s. In 1598 Verkhoturye was founded along this road as the gateway to Siberia. Road building in Siberia began in the 1730s, and from the 1760s the overland route from Yekaterinburg to Kyakhta began to replace the Siberian rivers. When the ground was frozen solid this might take 70 or 80 days. The Trans-Siberian Railway began in 1891. In the twentieth century the Trans-Siberian Highway was built, and the stretch north of the Amur was completed in 2013. The result is a pattern in which the Russians form a long narrow belt along the southern border with some extensions northward, mainly to where minerals can be found. The rivers are still used, but largely for north-south transport to and from the Trans-Siberian Railway.

See also
Siberian Route
Age of Discovery
Treaty of Nerchinsk
Kyakhta trade
List of Russian explorers
First Kamchatka expedition
Great Northern Expedition
Canadian Canoe Routes (early)

References

 Forsyth, James, "A History of the Peoples of Siberia",1992
 Н.П. Загоскин Русские водные пути и судовое дело в до-петровской России, 1910

Trade routes
Tsardom of Russia
History of Siberia
Transport in Siberia
Geography of Northeast Asia
Economic history of Russia
Water transport in Russia


John Legg is a Republican politician who has served as a member of the Florida Senate since 2012, representing the 17th District, which includes Tampa and Zephyrhills in northwestern Hillsborough County and southern Pasco County. Prior to his election to the Senate, he served as a member of the Florida House of Representatives, representing the 46th District.

Education
Legg was born in Brooksville and attended Pasco–Hernando Community College, receiving his associate degree in 1994, and then the University of South Florida, receiving a degree in social work in 1995. He then continued his studies at the University of Florida earning a Master of Public Administration (MPA) in 1995. In 2016, Legg returned to the University of South Florida to earn a Doctorate of Education (EdD) in Program Development and Innovation.

Charter school operator
Legg was a founding member of the Dayspring Academy Charter School, a Pasco County-based charter school, in 2000, where he currently serves as Chief Financial Officer Operations.

Political career
In 1998, Legg began working for State Representative Heather Fiorentino as her staff director, a position he would hold until 2001.

In 2002, Republican State Representative Mike Fasano was unable to seek re-election due to term limits. Legg ran to succeed him in the 45th District, which stretched from Dunedin to New Port Richey in Pasco County and Pinellas County. Legg faced Tom Anderson, the Mayor of Dunedin, in the Republican primary. Anderson ended up defeating Legg by a wide margin, winning 55% of the vote to Legg's 45%.

Florida House of Representatives
When State Representative Heather Fiorentino opted to run for Pasco County Superintendent of Schools instead of seeking re-election, Legg ran to succeed her in the 46th District, which stretched from New Port Richey to Shady Hills in western Pasco County. Legg faced attorney John Stewart in the Republican primary, and campaigned on his promise to "protect life and the sanctity of marriage" and his support for improving the quality of public education, while Stewart focused on environmental protection and limiting medical malpractice lawsuits. During the campaign, Stewart was attacked by a third-party group for allegedly supporting drivers licenses for undocumented immigrants and for opposing then-Governor Jeb Bush's education reforms, an attack that Stewart denounced and that Legg said he did not support. Legg ended up winning the nomination, receiving 54% of the vote to Stewart's 46%, and advanced to the general election, where he faced Dee Thomas, a physical therapist and the Democratic nominee. The Florida Democratic Party and the Republican Party of Florida both heavily invested in the race, given that the Republicans' two-thirds majority in the state House was at risk. Despite the fact that the district voted for Al Gore in the 2000 presidential election, Legg defeated Thomas by a wide margin, winning 56% of the vote to her 44%.

Legg was re-elected unopposed in 2006. In 2008, he faced Ron Rice, a land surveyor for the city of Clearwater and the Democratic nominee, and John Ubele, a member of a white nationalist organization and an independent candidate. During the campaign, Legg faced a minor scandal when it was discovered that Legg maintained two residences, one inside the district and one outside the district, where he lived with his new wife. Given that legislators are required to live in the districts they represent, Rice noted, "It seems to me as if Mr. Legg is having a difficult time choosing between his family and his political career." The Tampa Bay Times endorsed Legg for re-election, praising him as a "strong supporter for consumers and senior citizens," and noting that while Rice was "an affable advocate for the working class," his experience was less significant than Legg's. Ultimately, Legg was re-elected to a third term in a landslide over his opponents, receiving 58% of the vote to Rice's 39% and Ubele's 3%. Legg was re-elected to his fourth and final term unopposed in 2010.

Florida Senate
In 2012, following the reconfiguration of the state's legislative districts, Legg, unable to seek a fifth term in the House due to term limits, opted to run for the Florida Senate. He was initially planning on running in the 18th District, and would have faced wealthy egg farmer Wilton Simpson in the primary. Legg ended up withdrawing from the 18th District, however, instead opting to run in the 17th District, challenging Republican State Senator Jim Norman in the primary. Norman, however, ultimately ended up declining to seek another term, and Legg ended up facing former State Representative Rob Wallace and security consultant John Korsak in the primary. The Tampa Bay Times endorsed Legg, citing his "ability to develop a consensus" to address problems, though noting that he shaped education policy, "both good and bad," pushing "controversial bills." Legg ended up defeating Wallace and Korsak by a wide margin, winning 62% of the vote to Wallace's 23% and Korsak's 15%. He advanced to the general election, where he was elected unopposed.

In 2015, litigation concerning Florida Senate maps was resolved with an admission by the Senate that the maps violated the Fair Districts provision of the Constitution of Florida. Following the inability of the legislature to create and pass new maps into law, the Florida Supreme Court selected maps drawn by the League of Women Voters of Florida. Consequently, Legg was drawn into the 10th District, where Wilton Simpson, the Senate President-designate for the 2018-2020 term, is seeking re-election. He ultimately declined to run for re-election to a second term in 2016. He was considering running for the Senate in 2018 to replace term-limited Senator Jack Latvala, but later changed his mind stating, “After 12 years my family and I need a break”.
On June 3, 2022, Legg announced that he would be running for Pasco County Superintendent after Superintendent Kurt Browning announced he would not be running for reelection.

External links
Florida State Senate - John Legg
Florida House of Representatives Profile

References

Republican Party members of the Florida House of Representatives
1975 births
Living people
People from Brooksville, Florida
American educators
People from Pasco County, Florida


The winners of Premios Oye! from 2002 to 2013

2002
 Main Spanish Record of the Year: Sin Bandera, Sin Bandera
 Main Spanish Song of the Year: A Dios le Pido, Juanes
 Main Spanish Breakthrough of the Year: Sin Bandera, Sin Bandera
 Latin Pop Male: MTV Unplugged, Alejandro Sanz
 Latin Pop Female: Laundry Service, Shakira
 Latin Pop Group: Sin Bandera, Sin Bandera
 Latin Rock Soloist or Group: Elefante, Elefante
 Main English Male: Lenny, Lenny Kravitz
 Main English Female: Laundry Service, Shakira
 Main English Group: Tie between Rock Steady, No Doubt & World Of Our Own, Westlife
 Popular Norteño Soloist or Group: Sueños, Intocable
 Popular Grupero Soloist or Group: Los Tucanes de Tijuana
 Popular Banda Soloist or Group: Contigo por Siempre, Banda el Recodo
 Popular Tropical Soloist or Group: Grandes Éxitos, Chocolate
 Special Tribute to Trajectory: José José
 Premio Social a la Música: Maná

Special Awards
 International Artist of the Century: Paul McCartney
 International Trajectory in Mexico: Bon Jovi
 Pepsi Oye 2002 Award: Paulina Rubio

2003
 Main Spanish Record of the Year: Revolución De Amor, Maná
 Main Spanish Song of the Year: Caraluna, Bacilos
 Main Spanish Breakthrough of the Year: Yahir, Yahir
 Latin Pop Male: Corazón Latino, David Bisbal
 Latin Pop Female: Frágil, Ana Torroja
 Latin Pop Group: Caraluna, Bacilos
 Latin Rock Soloist or Group: Revolución De Amor, Maná
 Main English Record of the Year: A Rush of Blood to the Head, Coldplay
 Main English Song of the Year: The Game Of Love, Santana & Michelle Branch
 Main English Male: Escapology, Robbie Williams
 Main English Female: Let Go, Avril Lavigne
 Main English Group: A Rush of Blood to the Head, Coldplay
 Main English Breakthrough of the Year: Let Go, Avril Lavigne
 Popular Record of the Year: Con Orgullo por Herencia, Pepe Aguilar
 Popular Song of the Year: Niña Amada Mía, Alejandro Fernández
 Popular Breakthrough of the Year: Nadia, Nadia
 Popular Norteño Soloist or Group: Nuestro Destino Estaba Escrito, Intocable
 Popular Grupero Soloist or Group: -, Marco Antonio Solís
 Popular Ranchero Soloist or Group: Niña Amada Mía, Alejandro Fernández
 Popular Banda/Duranguense Soloist or Group: -, Banda el Recodo
 Popular Tropical Soloist or Group: -, Margarita "La Diosa de la Cumbia"
 Special Tribute to Trajectory: Los Tigres del Norte
 Premio Social a la Música: Benny Ibarra

2004
 Main Spanish Record of the Year: Sí, Julieta Venegas
 Main Spanish Song of the Year: Andar Conmigo, Julieta Venegas
 Main Spanish Breakthrough of the Year: Aerosoul, Kalimba
 Latin Pop Male: 111 Ciento Once, Tiziano Ferro
 Latin Pop Female: Belinda, Belinda
 Latin Pop Group: De Viaje, Sin Bandera
 Latin Rock Soloist or Group: Sí, Julieta Venegas
 Infantil Spanish Soloist or Group: Alegrijes y Rebujos, Alegrijes y Rebujos
 Main English Record of the Year: Under My Skin, Avril Lavigne
 Main English Song of the Year: This Love, Maroon 5
 Main English Breakthrough of the Year: Songs About Jane, Maroon 5
 Popular Record of the Year: Con Orgullo por Herencia, Pepe Aguilar
 Popular Song of the Year: Mesa Que Más Aplauda, Climax
 Popular Breakthrough of the Year: Victor García, Víctor García
 Popular Norteño Soloist or Group: Nuestro Destino Estaba Escrito, Intocable
 Popular Grupero Soloist or Group: Que Amarren a Cupido, Joan Sebastian
 Popular Ranchero Soloist or Group: Con Orgullo por Herencia, Pepe Aguilar
 Popular Banda/Duranguense Soloist or Group: Hay Amor, Banda el Recodo
 Popular Tropical Soloist or Group: Za Za Za, Climax
 Video of the Year: Duele el Amor, Aleks Syntek & Ana Torroja
 Special Tribute to Trajectory: Antonio Aguilar
 Premio Social a la Música: Claudio Yarto

2005
 Main Spanish Record of the Year: A Corazón Abierto, Alejandro Fernández
 Main Spanish Song of the Year: Tie between Muriendo Lento, Moderatto & Belinda and La Camisa Negra, Juanes
 Main Spanish Breakthrough of the Year: Rebelde, RBD
 Latin Pop Male: A Corazón Abierto, Alejandro Fernández
 Latin Pop Female: Fijación Oral Vol. 1, Shakira
 Latin Pop Group: Rebelde, RBD
 Latin Rock Soloist or Group: Detector de Metal, Moderatto
 Infantil Spanish Soloist or Group: Código F.A.M.A. 3, Código F.A.M.A.
 Main English Record of the Year: X&Y, Coldplay
 Main English Song of the Year: Radio, Robbie Williams
 Main English Breakthrough of the Year: Love. Angel. Music. Baby., Gwen Stefani
 Popular Record of the Year: Hay Amor, Banda el Recodo
 Popular Song of the Year: Na Na Na (Dulce Niña), A.B. Quintanilla & Kumbia Kings
 Popular Breakthrough of the Year: Si No Existieras, Banda Los Recoditos
 Popular Norteño Soloist or Group: X (10), Intocable
 Popular Grupero Soloist or Group: Razón de Sobra, Marco Antonio Solís
 Popular Ranchero Soloist or Group: México En La Piel, Luis Miguel
 Popular Banda/Duranguense Soloist or Group: Hay Amor, Banda el Recodo
 Popular Tropical Soloist or Group: Fuego, A.B. Quintanilla & Kumbia Kings
 Video of the Year: Na Na Na (Dulce Niña), A.B. Quintanilla & Kumbia Kings
 Special Tribute to Trajectory: Banda el Recodo and Rocío Dúrcal
 Premio Social a la Música: Juanes

Special Awards
 New values for music: Belanova, Reik and Lu

2006
 Main Spanish Record of the Year: Indeleble, Alejandra Guzmán
 Main Spanish Song of the Year: Hips Don't Lie(Spanish version), Shakira
 Main Spanish Breakthrough of the Year: Motel, Motel
 Latin Pop Male: México - Madrid: En Directo Y Sin Escalas, Alejandro Fernández
 Latin Pop Female: Indeleble, Alejandra Guzmán
 Latin Pop Group: Mundos Opuestos, Ha*Ash
 Latin Rock Soloist or Group: Motel, Motel
 Reggaeton Soloist or Group: Barrio Fino en Directo, Daddy Yankee
 Main English Record of the Year: Oral Fixation Vol. 2, Shakira
 Main English Song of the Year: Hips Don't Lie, Shakira
 Main English Breakthrough of the Year: Whatever People Say I Am, That's What I'm Not, Arctic Monkeys
 Popular Record of the Year: Mas Capaces que Nunca, K-Paz de la Sierra
 Popular Song of the Year: Mi Credo, K-Paz de la Sierra
 Popular Breakthrough of the Year: Erasmo: El Conde de Xalpatlahuac, Erasmo
 Popular Norteño Soloist or Group: Tu Sombra, Grupo Pesado
 Popular Grupero Soloist or Group: No Es Brujería, Ana Bárbara
 Popular Ranchero Soloist or Group: Tu Orgullo, Alicia Villarreal
 Popular Banda/Duranguense Soloist or Group: Mas Capaces que Nunca, K-Paz de la Sierra
 Popular Tropical Soloist or Group: Margarita Sinfónica, Margarita "La Diosa de la Cumbia"
 Video of the Year: Hips Don't Lie, Shakira
 Special Tribute to Trajectory: Marco Antonio Solís
 Premio Social a la Música: Día de Enero, Shakira

Special Awards
 People Choice Award: Alejandro Fernández
 Sales Award Spanish - Male: México - Madrid: En Directo Y Sin Escalas, Alejandro Fernández
 Sales Award Spanish - Female: La Voz de un Ángel, Yuridia
 Sales Award Popular: Fuego, A.B. Quintanilla & Kumbia Kings
 Sales Award English:  Monkey Business, The Black Eyed Peas

2007
 Main Spanish Record of the Year: Papito, Miguel Bosé
 Main Spanish Song of the Year: Te Lo Agradezco, Pero No, Alejandro Sanz & Shakira
 Main Spanish Breakthrough of the Year: Esta Es Mi Vida, Jesse & Joy
 Latin Pop Male: Viento a Favor, Alejandro Fernández
 Latin Pop Female: Utopía, Belinda
 Latin Pop Group: El Mundo Se Equivoca, La 5ª Estación
 Latin Rock Soloist or Group: Memo Rex Commander y el Corazón Atómico de la Vía Láctea, Zoé
 Main English Record of the Year: B'Day, Beyoncé
 Main English Song of the Year: Rudebox, Robbie Williams
 Main English Breakthrough of the Year: Alright, Still, Lily Allen
 Popular Record of the Year: Conquistando Corazones, K-Paz de la Sierra
 Popular Song of the Year: Por Amarte, Pepe Aguilar
 Popular Breakthrough of the Year: Destilando Amor, Angélica Rivera
 Popular Norteño Soloist or Group: Crossroads: Cruce de Caminos, Intocable
 Popular Grupero Soloist or Group: Trozos de Mi Alma, Vol. 2, Marco Antonio Solís
 Popular Ranchero Soloist or Group: Enamorado, Pepe Aguilar
 Popular Banda/Duranguense Soloist or Group: Conquistando Corazones, K-Paz de la Sierra
 Popular Tropical Soloist or Group: La Llave de Mi Corazón, Juan Luis Guerra
 Video of the Year: Me Muero, La 5ª Estación
 Special Tribute to Trajectory: Timbiriche
 Premio Social a la Música: Timbiriche

Special Awards
 Special Tribute to Trajectory: Yuri for 30 years
 Special Tribute to Trajectory: Los Joao for 35 years
 Award Básico 40: Aleks Syntek
 Award Ke Buena: Víctor García
 Best Selling Ringtone: Rompe, Daddy Yankee
 Best Selling Mastertone: Labios Compartidos, Maná

2008
 Main Spanish Record of the Year: Papitour, Miguel Bosé
 Main Spanish Song of the Year: Te Quiero, Nigga
 Main Spanish Breakthrough of the Year: Mediocre, Ximena Sariñana
 Latin Pop Male: La Vida Es Un Ratico, Juanes
 Latin Pop Female: Entre Mariposas, Yuridia
 Latin Pop Group: Fantasía Pop, Belanova
 Latin Rock Soloist or Group: Sino, Café Tacuba
 Main English Record of the Year: Hard Candy, Madonna
 Main English Song of the Year: 4 Minutes, Madonna
 Main English Breakthrough of the Year: Jonas Brothers, Jonas Brothers
 Popular Record of the Year: Para Siempre, Vicente Fernández
 Popular Song of the Year: Estos Celos, Vicente Fernández
 Popular Breakthrough of the Year: Pensando En Tí, Germán Montero
 Popular Norteño Soloist or Group: 2c, Intocable
 Popular Grupero Soloist or Group: Una Noche en Madrid, Marco Antonio Solís
 Popular Ranchero Soloist or Group: Para Siempre, Vicente Fernández
 Popular Banda/Duranguense Soloist or Group: Y Que Quede Claro, La Arrolladora Banda El Limón
 Popular Tropical Soloist or Group: Tentaciones, Margarita "La Diosa de la Cumbia"
 Video of the Year: Me Enamora, Juanes
 Soundtrack Theme: Fuego En La Sangre, Vicente Fernández
 Special Tribute to Trajectory: Miguel Bosé
 Premio Social a la Música: Kudai

Special Awards
 People's Choice Award: Pepe Aguilar

2009

 Main Spanish Record of the Year:
Aleks Syntek - 20 Años En Vivo
Calle 13 - Los de Atrás Vienen Conmigo
La Quinta Estación - Sin Frenos
Wisin & Yandel - La Revolución
Zoé - Reptilectric - Winner
 Main Spanish Song of the Year:
"Mañana Es Para Siempre" - Alejandro Fernández
"Te Amo" - Alexander Acha
"No Hay Nadie Como Tú" -  Calle 13 feat. Café Tacvba
"Tu No Eres Para Mí" - Fanny Lú
"No Me Doy Por Vencido" - Luis Fonsi - Winner
 Main Spanish Breakthrough of the Year:
Alexander Acha - Winner
Beto Cuevas
Paty Cantú
Tush
Victor & Leo
 Latin Pop Male:
Aleks Syntek
Chayanne
Luis Fonsi - Winner
Reily
Alexander Acha
 Latin Pop Female:
Laura Pausini
Natalia Lafourcade
Fanny Lú
María José - Winner
Paty Cantú
 Latin Pop Group:
Belanova
Calle 13
Ha*Ash
La Quinta Estación - Winner
Wisin & Yandel
 Latin Rock Soloist or Group:
Babasónicos
Kinky
Zoé - Winner
Moderatto
Beto Cuevas
 Main English Record of the Year:
I Am... Sasha Fierce - Beyoncé
Circus - Britney Spears
The Fame -  Lady Gaga - Winner
No Line on the Horizon - U2
Prospekt's March EP - Coldplay
 Main English Song of the Year:
"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" - Beyoncé
"Womanizer" - Britney Spears
"Life In Technicolor" - Coldplay
"Poker Face" - Lady Gaga - Winner
"Get On Your Boots" - U2
 'Main English Breakthrough of the Year:
Demi Lovato
Katy Perry
Lady Gaga - Winner
The Ting Tings
The Veronicas
Video of The Year:
"Te Amo" - Alexander Acha
"Te Presumo" - Banda El Recodo de Don Cruz Lizárraga
Tu No Eres Para Mí" - Fanny Lú
Causa y Efecto - Paulina Rubio
Reptilectric - Zoé - Winner
Soundtrack Theme:
"Mundo de Caramelo" - Danna Paola - Winner
"En Cambio No" - Laura Pausini
"Juro Que Te Amo" - David Bisbal
"Mañana Es Para Siempre" - Alejandro Fernández
"Quiero Que Me Quieras" - Gael García Bernal
"Un Gancho Al Corazón" - Playa Limbo

2012
 Main Spanish Record of the Year: MTV Unplugged/Música de Fondo, Zoé
 Main Spanish Song of the Year: Labios Rotos, Zoé
 Main Spanish Breakthrough of the Year: Al Fin Te Encontré, Río Roma
 Latin Pop Male: Viva el Príncipe, Cristian Castro
 Latin Pop Female: 20 Años de Éxitos En Vivo con Moderatto, Alejandra Guzmán
 Latin Pop Group: A Tiempo, Ha*Ash
 Latin Rock Soloist or Group: MTV Unplugged/Música de Fondo, Zoé
 Latin Rock Breakthrough: Remando, Saúl Hernández
 Latin Soloist or Group: 30 años de cumbia, Margarita La Diosa de la Cumbia
 Urban Soloist or Group: Entren Los Que Quieran, Calle 13
 Main English Record of the Year: 21, Adele
 Popular Record of the Year: MTV Unplugged: Los Tigres del Norte and Friends, Los Tigres del Norte
 Popular Song of the Year: A Dónde Vamos a Parar, Marco Antonio Solís
 Popular Breakthrough of the Year: Prisionero de tus brazos, Beto Zapata
 Popular Norteño Soloist or Group: MTV Unplugged: Los Tigres del Norte and Friends, Los Tigres del Norte
 Popular Grupero Soloist or Group: En Total Plenitud, Marco Antonio Solís
 Popular Ranchero Soloist or Group: El Hombre Que Más Te Amó, Vicente Fernández
 Popular Banda/Duranguense Soloist or Group: Del Rancho Para el Mundo, Espinoza Paz
 Soundtrack Theme: Día de Suerte, Alejandra Guzmán
 Special Tribute to Trajectory: Chayanne & Emmanuel
 Premio Social a la Música: Margarita La Diosa de la Cumbia

Special Awards
 Best songwriters: Lola Beltrán, Pedro Infante, Luis Pérez Meza, Don Cruz Lizárraga & José Ángel Espinoza

2013
 Main Spanish Record of the Year: ¿Con Quien Se Queda El Perro?, Jesse & Joy
 Main Spanish Song of the Year: Corre, Jesse & Joy
 Main Spanish Breakthrough of the Year: Na Balada, Michel Teló
 Main Spanish Contemporary Artist: Pecados y milagros, Lila Downs
 Latin Pop Male: La Música No Se Toca, Alejandro Sanz
 Latin Pop Female: Mujer Divina – Homenaje a Agustín Lara, Natalia Lafourcade
 Latin Pop Group: ¿Con Quien Se Queda El Perro?, Jesse & Joy
 Latin Rock Soloist or Group: El Objeto Antes Llamado Disco, Café Tacuba
 Electronic Soloist or Group: 'Inténtalo, 3Ball MTY
 Latin Soloist or Group: Pecados y milagros, Lila Downs
 Urban Soloist or Group: 'Inténtalo, 3Ball MTY
 Main English Record of the Year: Live at the Royal Albert Hall, Adele
 Main English Song of the Year: Diamonds, Rihanna
 Popular Record of the Year: Joyas Prestadas, Jenni Rivera
 Popular Song of the Year: Un Hombre Normal, Espinoza Paz
 Popular Breakthrough of the Year: Inténtalo, 3Ball MTY
 Popular Norteño Soloist or Group: Mi Promesa, Grupo Pesado
 Popular Ranchero Soloist or Group: Otra Vez, Vicente Fernández
 Popular Banda/Duranguense Soloist or Group: Joyas Prestadas, Jenni Rivera
 Soundtrack Theme: No Me Compares, Alejandro Sanz
 Special Tribute to Trajectory: Manuel Mijares
 Premio Social a la Música: Emmanuel
 Artist of the Year: Alejandro Sanz

Special Awards
 People's Choice Award: Alejandro Sanz
 Premio Disco Concepto y Gira del Año: Sasha, Benny y Erik

See also

References

Mexican music awards
Latin American music awards
Lists of award winners
Awards established in 2002


Nicholas Scibetta, also known as "Little Nicky" (died 1978), was a Sicilian American mobster who was the nephew of Joseph and John Zicarelli, the brother-in-law of mobster Sammy Gravano and uncle of Gerard Gravano, who was a Gambino crime family mob associate who was later marked as an informant by fellow crime family members.

Early life
Scibetta was born and raised in Bensonhurst, Brooklyn, like his future brother-in-law Gravano. He was the only son born to first-generation immigrants, his father from Cammarata in the province of Agrigento, Sicily, and his Italian-American mother from Bayonne, New Jersey. Scibetta had two older sisters, Debra and Diane. His mother was a housewife and their father was "a terrific father, but very strict" man who was a certified electrical engineer who worked the night shift for Western Electric (now AT&T Technologies) putting together circuit boards for the telephone company.

In 1971, Gravano married Debra.

Falling out with the Gambino crime family and murder
In 1978, Castellano allegedly ordered the murder of Gambino associate Scibetta. A cocaine and alcohol user, Scibetta participated in several public fights and insulted the daughter of George DeCicco. Since Scibetta was Salvatore "Sammy the Bull" Gravano's brother-in-law, Castellano asked Frank DeCicco to first notify Gravano of the impending hit. When advised of Scibetta's fate, a furious Gravano said he would kill Castellano first. However, Gravano was eventually calmed by DeCicco and accepted Scibetta's death as the punishment earned by his behavior. Another part of the motive for the murder was that Scibetta was suspected of being gay. Gravano later said, "I chose against Nicky. I took an oath that Cosa Nostra came before everything."

Scibetta was dismembered and his body was never found other than an arm.

In popular culture
In the made-for-television HBO movie Gotti, Scibetta is portrayed as "Nicky Scibetta" by actor Frank Crudele. In the film Witness to the Mob, Nicky is portrayed by actor Kirk Acevedo. He is allegedly a real-life inspiration for HBO prison drama series Oz characters father and son Nino Schibetta and Peter Schibetta.

Discrepancies in film
In the television movie Gotti, Sammy Gravano, portrayed by William Forsythe, murders Nicholas by himself in a construction supply warehouse, while in his autobiography Underboss he states that members of his own crew, allegedly Liborio Milito, Joseph D'Angelo and Frank DeCicco, carried out the murder contract for Paul Castellano and not Gravano. The Gravano character also states that his wife Debra, the sister of Nicholas, would be divorcing him after he testified in court about being an accomplice in both before and after the fact of Nicholas' gangland execution. Debra did not.

See also
List of solved missing person cases

References

External links
American Mafia

1970s missing person cases
1978 deaths
Formerly missing people
Gambino crime family
Male murder victims
Missing person cases in New York City
Murdered American gangsters of Italian descent
Year of birth missing


Dwight Lauderdale (born in Columbus, Ohio) is a former TV news anchor. He was the first African American news anchor in South Florida and became one of the state's most watched and longest running anchors.

Early life

Dwight Lauderdale was born and raised in a working-class suburb of Columbus, Ohio.
He describes his parents as "hardworking".  "My parents" he says " were strict disciplinarians, and while I thought it was unfair back then, I'm glad they were that way because it kept me out of trouble "   His father, in particular, taught him the importance of being himself.
"My father"  he says  " taught me to never allow anyone to define who I am, that I am the only one who can do that.   He taught me
to not think of myself as a victim "

He took this lesson to heart and started on a path that would include entering and winning many oratorical (speech) contests that eventually led to him being publicly recognized in local newspaper articles.   One such article would lead to a  phone call that would set him on the path to become South Florida's first black anchor.

Career

At age 17, after winning an oratorical contest, Lauderdale received a job offer from the news director at WTVN-TV (ABC) in Columbus. He accepted the job and started work in November 1968, part-time at night, processing film. (Some sources claim it was WSYX-TV). He did not have to drop school to accept the job. He did everything from processing film, to writing news copy, to producing, and for on-air talent. He completed his education at Ohio University, majoring in Communications and graduating cum laude in 1973.

In 1974, Lauderdale moved to South Florida for a reporting opportunity at Channel 7 (WCKT-TV, at the time).  Two years later, WPLG offered him a three-year contract as a reporter/weekend anchor, and he accepted the job. He quickly established himself as a prolific street reporter, working half a dozen stories per day, including the Mariel Boatlift.  He also managed to score the first one-on-one interview of Bill Clinton's presidency. More than anything, he remembers the rigid ground rules: " Seven minutes only, and they were standing there with a stopwatch". He was bumped up to the weeknight anchor desk in June 1985 on an interim basis, which was made permanent the following January. His first anchor partner was Ann Bishop and later shared anchoring duties with Diane Magnum, Kristi Krueger and Laurie Jennings.

Lasik
In July 2004, Lauderdale had his Lasik surgery televised. Lauderdale, who was farsighted, learned that he might be a candidate for corrective eye surgery after viewing a news story about this surgery on his own station. Lauderdale sought a consultation when he realized just how critical the surgery was to his job performance. He never had a problem reading the teleprompter, which was 20 feet away from him, but did have a problem one time when he had to read from a script without his glasses. Lauderdale was treated by monovision and modified monovision (two strategies to treat each eye, one for reading and one for distance).

Retirement
On February 25, 2008, Dwight Lauderdale announced that he would be retiring in May of that year.  WPLG's final broadcast with Lauderdale as an anchor was on May 22, 2008.

Awards
Dwight Lauderdale has been awarded the N.A.T.A.S Silver Circle Award, The Ohio State Award, and two Florida Emmy's, as well as a Sun-Sentinel reader's award in 1998 as the number one Anchor in the market. South Florida Magazine named him best news anchor in 1990. Additionally, Dwight Lauderdale has a scholarship in his name (The Dwight Lauderdale Scholarship) at Barry University which is awarded to students in broadcast communications each seminar.

References

1951 births
Living people
Television anchors from Miami


The Last House In The Woods () is a 2006 Italian horror film, which was directed by Gabriele Albanesi and stars Daniela Virgilio, Daniele Grasseti and Gennaro Diana.

Plot
A young couple gets beat up by some punks. They are saved by a seemingly nice older couple who take them back to their house for shelter.  While there, the wounded woman begins to realize that some evil things are occurring within the "Last House in the Woods".

Release
The film premiered on 6 October 2006 at Ravenna Nightmare Film Festival. It was distributed only on DVD in the United States by Ghost House Underground, a division of Ghost House Pictures. The Unrated DVD was released on 24 August 2007 and contains different material that isn't included in the theatrical version.

External links

2006 films
2006 horror films
2000s Italian films
2000s Italian-language films
2000s slasher films
Backwoods slasher films
Films about cannibalism
Italian horror films
Italian slasher films
Italian splatter films


Lanny D. Schmidt (May 6, 1938 – March 27, 2020) was an American chemist, inventor, author, and Regents Professor of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science at the University of Minnesota. He is well known for his extensive work in surface science, detailed chemistry (microkinetics), chemical reaction engineering, catalysis, and renewable energy. He is also well known for mentoring over a hundred graduate students and his work on millisecond reactors and reactive flash volatilization.

Education and research
Born in Waukegan, Illinois, Schmidt received a Bachelor of Science degree in chemistry in 1960 from Wheaton College in Wheaton, Illinois. From 1960 to 1964, he attended the University of Chicago, where he received a Ph.D. degree in physical chemistry and was awarded a National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowship. Among many research endeavors, his thesis on alkali metal adsorption was supervised by Robert Gomer. In 1965, he completed a postdoctoral year at the University of Chicago.

Research at Minnesota
In 1965, he joined the chemical engineering department at the University of Minnesota as an assistant professor in the department of chemical engineering and materials science. Schmidt's research focused on various aspects of the chemistry and engineering of chemical reactions on solid surfaces. Reaction systems of recent interest are catalytic combustion processes to produce products such as syngas, olefins, and oxygenates by partial oxidation, NOx removal, and incineration by total oxidation. One topic of his research is the characterization of adsorption and reactions on well-defined single-crystal surfaces. A second research topic is steady-state and transient reaction kinetics under conditions from ultrahigh vacuum to atmospheric pressure. Schmidt also researched catalytic reaction engineering, in which detailed models of reactors are constructed to simulate industrial reactor performance, with particular emphasis on chemical synthesis and on catalytic combustion.

Millisecond reactors
Schmidt's research since the early 1990s has focused on the catalytic partial oxidation of alkanes (particularly methane) and oxygenates in continuous flow fixed bed supported catalyst reactors. In 2004, Schmidt and his graduate students demonstrated that biomass-derived ethanol could be converted to molecular hydrogen for fuel cell at greater than 100% selectivity. The significant potential of this discovery has been well-described:

There is, however, a better way of storing the hydrogen needed for fuel cells: in ethanol, each molecule of which bundles six hydrogen atoms, two carbon atoms, and one oxygen atom into a package far more compact than gaseous hydrogen. Until recently, no one could figure out how to unbundle the ethanol molecules in an energy-efficient way. But Lanny Schmidt, a chemical engineer at the University of Minnesota, may now have found a silver bullet. He has developed a glass tube containing a series of metal plates about the size of a Bic lighter. Made out of the exotic metals rhodium and cerium, these plates can suck the hydrogen out of ethanol and feed it into a fuel cell. (Ironically, Schmidt had been looking for a catalyst that would strip hydrogen from plain old gasoline, but the ethanol turned out to work even better.)" — Sam Jaffe, Washington Monthly

The discovery has been referenced over 200 times, and it led to Schmidt being listed among the Scientific American top 50 researchers of 2004.

Academic accomplishments

Schmidt has published over 350 papers in refereed journals and was a member of the National Academy of Engineering. He has supervised approximately 90 Ph.D. theses and 15 M.S. theses at Minnesota, and 14 of his former students hold university teaching positions including Maria Flytzani-Stephanopoulos, Raymond Gorte and Dionisios Vlachos.  In 2013, he was awarded the Neal R. Amundson Award at the 3rd North American Symposium on Chemical Reaction Engineering.  Schmidt has previously been awarded the Parravano Award (1997) by the Michigan Catalysis Society, the Alpha Xi Sigma Award (1993) by the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, and a Humboldt Prize (1994) from Germany.  He has been honored by several institutions through supported lectures including the Reilly Lectures (1990) at Notre Dame, the Dodge Lectures (1992) at Yale University, the Mason Lectures (1996) at Stanford University, the Merck Lecture (1997) at Rutgers University, the Centennial Lecture (1997) at Purdue University, the Schiut Lecture (1997) at the University of Delaware and the Hottell Lecture (1999) at MIT.  In 2000, he was a plenary speaker at the International Congress on Catalysis in Spain, and in 1998 he served as the Fairchild Scholar at the California Institute of Technology.

Policy and public service
Throughout his career, Schmidt has promoted the importance of reaction engineering to chemical engineering and chemistry as a separate discipline. In 2004, he published the second edition of his best-selling textbook, The Engineering of Chemical Reactions, which stressed the importance of the relationships between thermodynamics, kinetics, and transport phenomena for a full understanding of reactor design.

Since 2003, Schmidt has been a strong advocate of biomass-derived energy and a supporter of biomass processing research as a solution to the decreasing petroleum supply. He frequently argued that thermochemical (non-biological) biomass conversion processes have significant advantages over biological processes that will eventually permit small-scale, highly efficient biomass-to-fuel chemical plants.

Achievements and key publications
Schmidt has authored the following journal articles describing significant advances in chemical reaction engineering:

References

External links
Schmidt Research Group at the University of Minnesota
Lanny D. Schmidt Biographical Documentary () ()
Scientific American: 50 scientific leaders of 2004

American physical chemists
1938 births
2020 deaths
People from Waukegan, Illinois
Wheaton College (Illinois) alumni
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
American chemical engineers
Minnesota CEMS


Beloit is an unincorporated community in Dallas County, Alabama.

Geography
Beloit is located at  and has an elevation of .

References

Orrville , Alabama

Unincorporated communities in Alabama
Unincorporated communities in Dallas County, Alabama


The 124th Pennsylvania House of Representatives District is located in Berks County and Schuylkill County and includes the following areas:

 Berks County
 Albany Township
 Greenwich Township
 Maxatawny Township
 Hamburg
 Kutztown
 Lenhartsville
 Tilden Township
 Upper Bern Township
 Upper Tulpehocken Township
 Windsor Township
 Schuylkill County
 Auburn
 Coaldale
 Deer Lake
 Delano Township
 East Brunswick Township
 Landingville
 New Ringgold
 Orwigsburg
 Port Clinton
 Rush Township
 Schuylkill County (continued)
 Ryan Township
 Schuylkill Township
 South Manheim Township
 Tamaqua
 Walker Township
 West Brunswick Township
 West Penn Township

Representatives

References

Government of Berks County, Pennsylvania
Government of Carbon County, Pennsylvania
Government of Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania
124


Tyler is an unincorporated community in Dallas County, Alabama. Tyler, Alabama was featured in Verse 34 of the Whitman, Alabama project.

References

Unincorporated communities in Alabama
Unincorporated communities in Dallas County, Alabama


George Sopkin (April 3, 1914 – October 28, 2008) was an American cellist who was a founding member of the Fine Arts Quartet and faculty member at Kneisel Hall School of Chamber Music in Blue Hill, Maine.

Born and raised in Chicago, Sopkin was about twelve years old when he first played the cello. By age eighteen, six years later, he was auditioning for the Chicago Symphony Orchestra. Frederick Stock looked at Sopkin and said, "So we're taking Boy Scouts now?". Stock gave him the job, making him one of the youngest performers with the orchestra. He earned $65 per week for the symphony's 28-week season, plus a seven-week summer session, a respectable income for the Great Depression, especially for a teenager. Sopkin spent eight years with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra.

He left in symphony in 1941 to form the Fine Arts Quartet together with violinist Leonard Sorkin, who had also performed with the Chicago Symphony. Sopkin served together with other musicians in the United States Army Air Forces during World War II in Orlando, Florida. Sopkin and other musicians made records of their performances that were sold at the PX.

After returning from military service, the Fine Arts Quartet was revived, operating in Chicago under the auspices of the American Broadcasting Company. The members of the quartet joined the music faculty of the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee in 1964, and the quartet relocated there.

Sopkin left the Fine Arts Quartet in 1979 following a hand injury and a detached retina, but continued to make occasional guest appearances with the group. Violinist Abram Loft, who played with the quartet from 1954 until 1979, noted that they had made 60 records and played in 270 cities in 28 countries during the 25 years they spent together in the quartet.

After retiring and moving to Maine, Sopkin became involved with the annual school and chamber music festival at Kneisel Hall, joining the school's staff in 1995. He advocated for the addition of sessions for adult and amateur musicians. He pushed for the creation of the annual House concerts, which have provided a major source of additional revenue for the school. Sopkin's efforts led to bringing students to Maine early so that they could perform in area schools before the summer programs began.

Sopkin was married to Carol Borchard Sopkin, also a cellist and the daughter of Edwin Borchard and Corinne Borchard.

Sopkin died at age 94 on October 28, 2008, at his home in Surry, Maine.

References

1914 births
2008 deaths
American classical cellists
Musicians from Chicago
People from Surry, Maine
United States Army Air Forces soldiers
United States Army personnel of World War II
20th-century American musicians
20th-century classical musicians
Classical musicians from Illinois
20th-century cellists


Crumptonia is an unincorporated community in Dallas County, Alabama.  It is named for a local plantation house of the same name, built in 1855 by Claudius M. Cochran and later owned the Crumpton family.

References

Unincorporated communities in Alabama
Unincorporated communities in Dallas County, Alabama
Populated places established in 1855
1855 establishments in Alabama


Hugh Piper is an Australian documentary filmmaker and writer/director. He is best known for his documentaries "Dancing With Dictators", "Mr. Sin: The Abe Saffron Story" and Submariners.

Filmography
 Outback Coroner A multi-part series about mysterious and unexplained deaths in remote locations around Australia.
 "Dancing With Dictators", about Australian publisher Ross Dunkley and his struggles in Burma, set against the background of that country's first election in twenty years.
 "Mr. Sin: The Abe Saffron Story", about the man who brought Sinatra, rock 'n roll, and organized crime to Australia.
 The Post, about Cambodia's Phnom Penh Post newspaper.
 Double Concerto, about classical music and politics.
 Australia's Outback, a year in the life of an outback cattle station (narrated by Mel Gibson).
 Cracking The Colour Code, a three-part French-Australian co-production taking a multi-disciplinary approach to examining the science, anthropology, history, and philosophy of colour.
 Submariners, a six-part series about a three-month journey in a Collins-class submarine from Perth, Western Australia to Korea, Japan, and Hawaii.
 A Case For The Coroner, a six-part series examining the work of the Coroner's Court of New South Wales, State Coroner John Abernethy, and his search for the answers to unexplained deaths.
 Crime Scene Bangkok, about the work of flamboyant forensic scientist Pornthip Rojanasunand, who is fighting entrenched corruption to establish an effective forensic system in Thailand.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Australian film producers


Tell es-Safi (, "White hill"; , Tel Tzafit) was an Arab Palestinian village, located on the southern banks of Wadi 'Ajjur,  northwest of Hebron which had its Arab population expelled during the 1948 Arab–Israeli war on orders of Shimon Avidan, commander of the Givati Brigade.

Archaeological excavations show that the site (a tell or archaeological mound) was continuously inhabited since the 5th millennium BCE. It appears on the Madaba Map as Saphitha, while the Crusaders called it Blanche Garde. It is mentioned by Arab geographers in the 13th and 16th centuries. Under the Ottoman Empire, it was part of the district of Gaza. In modern times, the houses were built of sun-dried brick. The villagers were Muslim and cultivated cereals and orchards.

Today the site, known as Tel Tzafit, is an Israeli national park incorporating archaeological remains which some have identified as the Philistine city of Gath, mentioned in the Bible. The remains of the Crusader fort and the Arab village can also be seen on the tell.

Names
The 6th-century Madaba Map calls it Saphitha. In the 19th century the white chalk cliff at the site was seen as the cause for the Arabic name: Tell es-Safi means "clear or bright mound". The name used in the Crusader period was Blanche Garde, the "White Fortress" in French, and Alba Specula or Alba Custodia Latin.

Geography

Tell es-Safi sits on a site  above the plain of Philistia and  above sea level, and its white-faced precipices can be seen from the north and west from several hours distant. Tell es-Safi is situated between the Israeli cities of Ashkelon and Beit Shemesh and is one of the country's largest Bronze and Iron Age sites.

History
Excavations at Tell es-Safi since 1996 indicate that the site was settled "virtually continuously from the Chalcolithic until the modern periods."

Bronze Age
The site was already a significant settlement in the Early Bronze Age with an estimated area of 24 hectares. Finds from this period included a hippopotamus ivory cylinder seal, found inside a holemouth jar in a well stratified EB III (c. 2700/2600 – 2350 BC) context. The motif was that of a crouching male lion.

Stratigraphic evidence attests to settlement in the Late Bronze and Iron Age (I & II) periods. By the Late Bronze Age the site had reached an extent of 34 hectares. A find of a hieratic inscribed LBA bowl fragment (19th - 20th Dynasty) reflects the Egyptian contacts common in this region during this period.

Iron Age
A large city in the Iron Age, the site was "enclosed on three sides by a large man-made siege-moat."

Victor Guérin thought that Tell es-Safi was the "watch-tower" mentioned in , based on its etymological meaning, but the site is now believed to be the site of the Philistine city of Gath. The identification was opposed by Albright, who noted its proximity to Tel Miqne (Ekron), but later excavations turned up more supportive evidence for Tell es-Safi.

Schniedewind writes that Gath was important for the Philistines in the eighth century BCE because of its easily defended geographical position. Albright argued that Tell es-Safi was too close to Tel Miqne/Ekron to be Gath. The sites are only 8 km apart. However, both Tell es-Safi and Tel Miqne were major sites in the Middle Bronze through the Iron Age. The agricultural features of this region of the southern coastal plain may be part of the explanation. Additionally, there is no certainty that the two sites flourished simultaneously. Literary sources suggest that Gath flourished in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages until its destruction by the Assyrians in the late eighth century B.C.E. The heyday of Ekron was the seventh century B.C.E., after the site was taken over by the Assyrians as an agricultural administrative center (Dothan and Gitin 1993).

According to 2010 reports, Israeli archaeologists uncovered a Philistine temple and evidence of a major earthquake in biblical times. Other major finds were evidence of destruction by King Hazael of Aram-Damascus around 830 BCE, and evidence of the first Philistine settlement in Canaan. Radiocarbon dating in 2015 showed an early appearance of Philistine material culture in the city.

The Tell es-Safi inscription, dated to the 10th century BCE, was found at the site in 2005.

Archaeologists have also discovered a horned altar dating to the ninth century BCE. The stone altar is over 3 feet (one meter) tall, and is the earliest ever found in Philistia. The altar features a pair of horns, which is similar to the ancient Israelite altars described in the Hebrew Bible (. Nevertheless, the Israelite altars typically have four horns, such as found in Tel Be'er Sheva, for example, as opposed to two.

Byzantine period

The place appears on the Madaba Map as Saphitha ().

Crusader and Ayyubid period
During the Crusades, the site was called Blanchegarde, ("White guard"), likely referring to the white rock outcrop next to the site. In 1142, a fort was built on the site by King Fulk. After the Siege of Ascalon in 1153, the castle was expanded and strengthened. It became a lordship in 1166, when it was given to Walter III Brisebarre, lord of Beirut.

It was dismantled after being taken by Saladin in 1191, but reconstructed by Richard of England in 1192. King Richard was nearly captured while inspecting his troops next to the site.

In 1253, Gilles' son Raoul (died after 1265) was documented as lord of Blanchegard. In 1265, the Baron Amalric Barlais, who was loyal to the Hohenstaufen, took over the rule of Blanchegard. Shortly thereafter Blanchegard was retaken by Muslim forces. The remnants of the square castle and its four towers served as a place of some importance in the village well into the 19th century.

Yaqut al-Hamawi, writing in the 1220s, described the place as a fort near Bayt Jibrin in the Ramleh area.

Mamluk period
The Arab geographer Mujir al-Din al-Hanbali noted around 1495 that a village by this name was within the administrative jurisdiction of Gaza.

Ottoman period

The village was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517 with all of Palestine, and in 1596 it appeared in the tax registers being in the nahiya (subdistrict) of Gaza under Gaza Sanjak, with a population of 88 Muslim households; an estimated 484 persons. The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 25% on a number of crops, including wheat, barley and sesame, and fruits, as well as goats and beehives; a total of 13,300 akçe.

In 1838 Edward Robinson described Tell es-Safieh as a Muslim village in the Gaza district. It was "an isolated oblong hill or ridge, lying from N.to S. in the plain, the highest part being towards the South. The village lies near the middle; lower down."

The Sheikh, Muhammed Sellim, belonged to the 'Azzeh family of Bayt Jibrin. After his family took part in the Peasants' Revolt of 1834, his father and uncle were beheaded and the remaining family was ordered to take up residence at Tell es-Safi.

When Victor Guérin visited in 1863, he saw two small Muslim walīs. An Ottoman village list drawn up around 1870 counted 34 houses and a population of 165 men.

In 1883, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described Tell al-Safi as a village built of adobe brick with a well in the valley to the north. James Hastings notes that the village contained a sacred wely.

In 1896, the population was around 495 persons.

British Mandate
In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Tal al-Safi had a population of 644 inhabitants, all Muslims, increasing in the 1931 census to 925, still all Muslim, in a total of 208 inhabited houses.

The villagers of Tall al-Safi had a mosque, a marketplace, and a shrine for a local sage called Shaykh Mohammad. In the 1945 statistics, the total population was 1,290, all Muslims, and the land area was 27,794 dunams of land. Of this, a total of 19,716 dunums of land were used for cereals, 696 dunums were irrigated or used for orchards, while 68 dunams were classified as built-up (urban) areas.

Israel

1948 war
In 1948, Tell es-Safi was the destination for the women and children of Qastina, sent away by the menfolk of Qastina at this time, but they returned after discovering there was insufficient water in the host village to meet the newcomers' needs.

On 7 July Givati commander Shimon Avidan issued orders to the 51st Battalion to take the Tall al-Safi area and "to destroy, to kill and to expel [lehashmid, leharog, u´legaresh] refugees encamped in the area, in order to prevent enemy infiltration from the east to this important position." According to Benny Morris, the nature of the written order and, presumably, accompanying oral explanations, probably left little doubt in the battalion OC's minds that Avidan wanted the area cleared of inhabitants.

Arab village remains
In 1992, Walid Khalidi wrote that the site was overgrown with wild vegetation, mainly foxtail and thorny plants, interspersed with cactuses, date-palm and olive trees. He noted the remains of a well and the crumbling stone walls of a pool. The surrounding land was planted by Israeli farmers with citrus trees, sunflowers, and grain. A few tents belonging to Bedouin were occasionally pitched nearby.

National park
The site is now an Israeli national park and the site of ongoing archaeological excavations.

Archaeology
The site was visited in 1875 by Claude Reignier Conder who was impressed with its height and position in the landscape but not impressed by the "insolent peasants". The only visible remains were those of the Crusader era fortress.

The first excavations at the site began in 1899 when Frederick J. Bliss and R. A. Stewart Macalister worked for three seasons on behalf of the Palestine Exploration Fund. While in the early days of archaeology the methods of Bliss were reasonably advanced for those days. The excavation failed in its primary goal of firmly identifying the site as Gath but did properly work out the stratigraphy.

In the 1950 and 1960s Moshe Dayan conducted illegal digs at Tell es-Safi and other sites. Some of the robber holes can still be seen at the site today. Many of the objects from these digs ended up at the Israel Museum in Jerusalem.

Since 1996 the site has been excavated by the Tell es-Safi/Gath Archaeological Project led by Aaron Maeir.

See also
Archaeology of Israel
Cities of the ancient Near East
Gath (city)
Tourism in Israel
Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem
Tell (archaeology)

References

Bibliography

 (  p.440. )

 (pp. 51, 56, 59, 124, 189, 275)

 (pp. 291–292)

(p.158 -p.161 )

External links
The Tell es-Safi/Gath Archaeological Project Official (and Unofficial) Weblog
Tall-al-Safi Palestine Remembered
Tall al-Safi, Zochrot
Survey of Western Palestine, Map 16: IAA,  Wikimedia commons
Tall al-Safi, at Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center

1899 archaeological discoveries
Arab villages depopulated during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War
Castles and fortifications of the Kingdom of Jerusalem
Castles in Israel
District of Hebron
Hebrew Bible cities
Philistine cities
National parks of Israel
Gath (city)


Elm Bluff, also known as Centreport, Shepardsville, and Shepardville, is an unincorporated community in Dallas County, Alabama.  It was named for the nearby bluff on the Alabama River and the closely associated Elm Bluff Plantation.

References

Unincorporated communities in Alabama
Unincorporated communities in Dallas County, Alabama


Caladoc is a red French wine grape variety planted primarily in the southern wine regions such as the Languedoc. The grape is a crossing of Grenache and Malbec created by Paul Truel in 1958 at Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA).

While the grape is used in several vin de pays in the Languedoc and Provence wine regions, it is not officially permitted in any Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée (AOC) wines.

On 15-Nov-2017 France’s National Institute of Origin and Quality (L'Institut national de l'origine et de la qualité - INAO) approved experimentation with Caladoc in the specifications of the Côtes du Rhône AOC for the production of red and rosé wines.

History
Caladoc was created by grape breeder Paul Truel at the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique in 1958. The grape as a crossing between Grenache and Malbec that Truel created with the aim of having a vine that could grow in southern France that was less prone to coulure than either of its parents.

Wine regions
While Caladoc is officially not permitted in any AOC wines, several winemakers in southern France (most notably the Languedoc and Provence) have experimented with the variety in red vin de pays blends. Outside France there are limited plantings in Lebanon, Bulgaria, Russia, South America, Baja California, Portugal, Israel and Turkey

Wine styles
Caladoc grapes have high phenolic levels that produce wines with significant tannins levels and dark red colors. In blends the grape can contribute to the aroma of the wine, sharing many of the same fruity and spicy aromas (such as loganberry) as its parent grapes.

Synonyms
The only synonym of Caladoc is Kaladok (which is a Latin transliteration of the Slavic transliteration: Каладок).

References

Red wine grape varieties


Colorino is a red Italian wine grape variety planted primarily in Tuscany. The grape is known for its deep dark colouring and is used primarily as a colouring agent in red blends. In the history of Chianti it played a minor role, mostly for its affinity and use to the governo winemaking technique. Like Canaiolo, Colorino did not rot easily while going through the partial drying process to later be added to the fermenting grape must. However, the grape did not provide the same level of fruit and softening effect that Canaiolo did and fell out of favour. In the late 1980s, there was a surge of interest in the variety among Tuscan winemakers who saw in this local grape variety similarity to the role Petit Verdot plays in Bordeaux blends. Colorino was planted and used to add darker colours and structure from phenolic compounds in the grape's thick skin without the overpowering aromatics that Cabernet Sauvignon could add. This enthusiasm was short-lived and by the turn of the 21st century Colorino returned once again to a minor role in Tuscan wines.

Wine regions
In addition to Tuscany, the grape is also found in the Umbria region of Central Italy. It is a principal grape variety in the Denominazione di Origine Controllata (DOC) wines of Montecarlo in Tuscany as well as Rosso Orvietano and Lago di Corbara in Umbria.

Synonyms
Colorino is known under a variety of synonyms throughout Italy. These include Abrostine, Abrostino, Abrostolo Dolce, Abrustano Nero, Broustiana Rose, Colore, Colorino di Lucca, Colorino di Valdarno, Colorino Pisano, Jomarello, Lambrusco, Raverusto and Tintiglia-II.

References

Red wine grape varieties


The Manitoba Bar Association (MBA) is an organization of members of the legal profession in Manitoba, Canada. It is a non-profit professional association, and is a branch of the Canadian Bar Association. As of 2021, the MBA represents approximately 1,400 members from across the province, including lawyers, judges, notaries, law teachers, and law students.

History
The Manitoba Bar Association was preceded by the Winnipeg Bar Association, which had been in operation since June 1906. On 10 November 1911, the Winnipeg Association decided that it would expand to a province-wide organization.

Governance and membership
The Manitoba Bar Association is governed by an elected council of 20 members who are elected for a two-year term. There are 15 elected members from the Winnipeg, two from Dauphin/western Manitoba, two from central/eastern Manitoba, and one from northern Manitoba.

As of 2021, the MBA represents approximately 1,400 members from across the province, including lawyers, judges, notaries, law teachers, and law students.

The MBA currently has 36 active Sections. Sections are groups of members who practise in a particular area of the law or share a common goal or interest.  Registration in an MBA Section automatically enrolls the member in the corresponding National Section.  Members registered for a Section are entitled to participate in the business and activities of that Section, including voting and nomination for office.

See also

 Law Society of Manitoba

References

External links

Bar associations of Canada

Legal organizations based in Manitoba


The base station identity code (BSIC), is a code used in GSM to uniquely identify a base station. The code is needed because it is possible that mobile stations receive the broadcast channel of more than one base station on the same frequency. This is due to frequency re-use in a cellular network. The BSIC is defined in GSM specification 03.03 section 4.3.2.

Each base-station has its own BSIC, this code is at all times transmitted on the broadcast channel, so the mobile stations can distinguish between base stations. The BSIC is composed of a 3-bit network color code (NCC) and a 3-bit base station color code (BCC). The NCC is assigned to each network provider so the MS can sort out which base-stations it is allowed to camp on. The NCC of different providers must be different, also in national border-areas. The BCCHs (broadcast control channel) of each base stations are assigned frequencies by the network operator, and must be assigned such that no neighbor stations have equal BCCH and thus equal BSIC.

As long as base stations use different frequencies for their broadcasting channel, there is no problem in using the same base station identity code. Unique identification of a base station is especially important in border areas, where at both sides of the border there is a different operator who might use the same broadcasting channel on the same frequency.

References

3GPP TS 03.03 Numbering, Addressing and Identification

External links
Cellular Signal Booster

GSM standard
Mobile telecommunications


Espadeiro is a red Portuguese wine grape planted primarily in the Minho region for making Vinho Verde. It is also grown across the border, in Galicia (Spain) where it is used to make light bodied wines.

Rather than being a single grape variety, there are several variants in the Espadeiro family of grapes, including Espadeiro tinto and Espadeiro Mole, with partially overlapping synonyms.

See also
List of Portuguese wine grape varieties

References

Red wine grape varieties


Frappato di Vittoria or Frappato is a red Italian wine grape variety planted primarily in Sicily. As a varietal, Frappato produces light bodied wines with a distinct grapey aroma. It is most commonly seen as a component of Sicily's only DOCG wine, Cerasuolo di Vittoria, which consists of 30-50% Frappato and 50-70% Nero d'Avola.

An Italian study published in 2008 using DNA typing showed a close genetic relationship between Sangiovese on the one hand and ten other Italian grape varieties on the other hand, including Frappato. It is therefore likely that Frappato is a crossing of Sangiovese and another, so far unidentified, grape variety.

Synonyms
Frappato di Vittoria is also known under the synonyms Frappato, Frappato Nero, Frappato Nero di Vittoria, Frappatu, Frappatu di Vittoria, Nerello, Nerello di Catania, and Nero Capitano.

References

Red wine grape varieties


"Eighteen Strings" is a song by English house music producer Tinman. It was reached number nine in the United Kingdom and peaked atop the UK Dance Chart. Outside the UK, "Eighteen Strings" topped the Canadian RPM Dance chart and reached the top 20 in Australia, Finland, Ireland and Italy.

Critical reception
Music writer and columnist James Masterton described it as a "mainly instrumental track", "using a guitar figure that is startlingly similar to "Smells Like Teen Spirit". Closer examination reveals it is actually a slightly different sequence of chords, but not enough to dull recognition." Pan-European magazine Music & Media commented, "The strings attached to this dance bopper are direct quotes from Nirvana's "Smells Like Teen Spirit". Sequencers and the "rock da house down" one-line chorus finish it off."

Track listings
 CD single – Netherlands
 "Eighteen Strings" (radio edit) – 3:48
 "Free" (Freedom to Party edit) – 5:07

 CD maxi – Netherlands
 "Eighteen Strings" (radio edit) – 3:48
 "Eighteen Strings" (Full On Kitchen mix) – 7:10
 "Eighteen Strings" (Chris & James remix) – 7:24
 "Free" (Freedom to Party mix) – 5:07

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

1993 songs
1994 singles
Music Week number-one dance singles
Polydor Records singles
Songs written by Bobby Hart
Songs written by Tommy Boyce
Tinman songs


Twenty-one Coptic Christians were the victims of a massacre in Kosheh, Upper Egypt, located 450 kilometres south of Cairo, on Sunday, 2 January 2000. The Coptic Christians killed in this incident were considered martyrs of the Coptic Orthodox Church by Pope Shenouda III.

A book entitled Massacre at the Millennium was published in 2001 by Freedom House documenting the events.

About Kosheh

Kosheh is located on the eastern bank of the Nile in Sohag Governorate, a few miles east of Balyana. The population of Kosheh is about 35,000, with 70% being Christian Copts. Kosheh is the trading center for a number of villages in the area. There is little farmland in Kosheh; it serves rather as the shopping nexus for the rural areas around it. Most of the shopkeepers are Copts, while most of the farmers in the surrounding villages are Muslims.

First Kosheh Massacre
Tensions between Christians and Muslims had started a few years earlier, in August 1998, in what is known as the First Kosheh Massacre. In this incident, two Copts were murdered by Muslims. The Muslims in turn were allegedly seeking revenge for the "poisoning" of a brother. In response, the Egyptian police rounded up about 1,200 Christians for investigation into the murder. When Metropolitan Wissa of el-Balyana (Abydos), whose diocese includes el-Kosheh, criticised the arrests, he was himself arrested with two of his priests, and was charged with inciting strife and damaging national unity between Christians and Muslims.

In October 1998, an article by Christina Lamb in London's Daily Telegraph reported that some of the arrested Copts had undergone mock crucifixions and that Metropolitan Wissa faced possible execution. The Egyptian government was outraged at the negative publicity, and arrested the head of the Egyptian Organization for Human Rights (EOHR), whom it accused of having given the story to the Daily Telegraph. The head of the EOHR and Metropolitan Wissa were eventually released. Although the government promised to punish any police officers who had acted improperly, some of the police officers involved in the human rights violations against the Copts in el-Kosheh were in fact promoted. Thus, the First Kosheh Massacre turned into an international incident. As a result, Coptic groups in the West began to push for the US Congress to include Egypt among nations that discriminate against Christians.

Second Kosheh Massacre
The Second Kosheh Massacre took place about one year later, on Friday, 31 December 1999. The incidence stemmed from a quarrel between a Christian merchant and a Muslim customer. The misunderstanding strained Muslim-Christian relations in the community. Relatives of the Muslim customer targeted Christian-owned shops and homes, which were looted, destroyed, and burned. Initially, the police was able to contain the situation. However, two days later on Sunday 2 January 2000, riots spread violence into neighbouring villages and lead to the murders of 20 Christians. One Muslim was also accidentally shot dead by a fellow Muslim. More than 40 people were injured in the two-day incident. 260 shops, houses and kiosks were also deliberately burnt or damaged. Most of the killings took place in the outskirts of Kosheh, especially in the agriculture fields. This event was one of Egypt's bloodiest massacres.

The local authorities during the incident did little to control the situation. There were some cases where these officers participated in the killings.
Following the massacre, the entire Coptic community felt that these events epitomised the criminal negligence of the Egyptian administration, represented in its police force, when it comes to protecting Coptic lives and property. Since local police units are often drawn from the local community, local feuds including Muslim resentment of Christian families can very well influence police behaviour.

On 1 December 2000, a criminal court in Sohag Governorate released without bail all 89 defendants charged in the New Year's massacre in Kosheh. It was unprecedented in Egypt that several dozen murder suspects would be released without bail a month before their verdict was determined. All suspects that were initially arrested in connection to this massacre were eventually acquitted had their charges dropped. The only person convicted in the massacre was a Muslim charged with accidental killing of another Muslim, and sentenced to 13 years in prison. No one was ever convicted for the murder of the 21 Christian victims. This led to outrage in the Coptic community who felt that these suspects should be in custody. The Pope of Alexandria Shenouda III rejected the verdict openly, and told reporters "We want to challenge this ruling. We don't accept it." Metropolitan Wissa of el-Balyana (Abydos), whose diocese includes Kosheh, called the ruling "A shame that defames the reputation of Egypt and an invitation for more violence". Egypt's Prosecutor General Maher Abdel-Wahid appealed the acquittal verdict of the defendants, stating that "there is no doubt that 21 people were killed, and the killers must be brought to justice," "We never imagined that they would release the killers, but this is Egypt", a Copt from Kosheh admitted by telephone.

Six days following the acquittal of the defendants, the homes of four Christian families in Kosheh were set to fire and completely destroyed. One of the homeowners who reported the arson to the Egyptian police was tortured and forced to sign a statement prepared by a public prosecutor charging him with perpetrating the whole incident. He was subsequently forced to post bail for his own release.

See also
Persecution of Copts
List of massacres in Egypt

References

External links
Violence Against Christians in Al Kosheh, Egypt
Justice Again Eludes Victims of El Kosheh violence in Egypt
The Meanings of Al-Kosheh
Kosheh File Reopened
Names: Kosheh 2000

1999 in Christianity
2000 in Christianity
1999 in Egypt
2000 in Egypt
Mass murder in 1999
Massacres in 2000
20th-century Christian martyrs
20th-century executions by Egypt
Coptic Christians from Egypt
Deaths by firearm in Egypt
Sexual violence at riots and crowd disturbances
Persecution of Copts
Religiously motivated violence in Egypt
Massacres of Christians
Massacres in Egypt
December 1999 events in Africa
January 2000 events in Africa
Turn of the third millennium
Attacks during the New Year celebrations
Sohag Governorate


Ville radieuse (; ) was an unrealised urban design project designed by the French-Swiss architect Le Corbusier in 1930. It constitutes one of the most influential and controversial urban design doctrines of European modernism.

Although Le Corbusier had exhibited his ideas for the ideal city, the Ville contemporaine in the 1920s, during contact with international planners he began work on the Ville Radieuse. In 1930 he had become an active member of the syndicalist movement and proposed the Ville radieuse as a blueprint of social reform.

The principles of the Ville radieuse were incorporated into his later publication, the Athens Charter published in 1933.

His utopian ideal formed the basis of a number of urban plans during the 1930s and 1940s culminating in the design and construction of the first Unité d'habitation in Marseille in 1952.

The development of an ideal

In the late 1920s Le Corbusier lost confidence in big business to realise his dreams of utopia represented in the Ville Contemporaine and Plan Voisin (1925). Influenced by the linear city ideas of Arturo Soria y Mata (which Milyutin also employed) and the theories of the syndicalist movement (that he had recently joined) he formulated a new vision of the ideal city, the Ville Radieuse. It represented a utopian dream to reunite man within a well-ordered environment. Unlike the radial design of the Ville Contemporaine, the Ville Radieuse was a linear city based upon the abstract shape of the human body with head, spine, arms and legs. The design maintained the idea of high-rise housing blocks, free circulation and abundant green spaces proposed in his earlier work. The blocks of housing were laid out in long lines stepping in and out. Like the Swiss Pavilion they were glazed on their south side and were raised up on pilotis. They had roof terraces and running tracks on their roofs.

The Ville Radieuse also made reference to Corbusier's work in Russia. In 1930, he wrote a 59-page Reply to Moscow when commenting upon a competition in Moscow. The report contained drawings defining an alternative urban model for the planning of the city. He exhibited the first representations of his ideas at the third CIAM meeting in Brussels in 1930 (although he withdrew the Moscow proposals). In addition he developed proposals for the Ferme Radieuse (Radiant Farm) and Village Radieux (Radiant Village).

Spreading the idea

Throughout the thirties Le Corbusier spread the message of his new, ideal city. Discussions at the fourth CIAM meeting on board the SS Patris bound for Athens were incorporated into Corbusier's book, The Radiant City (published in 1933). This in turn influenced the Athens Charter.

Between 1931 and 1940 Corbusier undertook a series of town planning proposals for Algiers. During that period Algiers was the administrative capital of French North Africa. Although he was not officially invited to submit proposals for the city, he knew the mayor was interested so he tried his luck. The plan had to incorporate the existing casbah whilst allowing for the linear growth of the increasing population. The resulting Obus Plan was a variation on the Ville Radieuse, adapted for a very specific culture and landscape. It comprised four main elements: an administration area by the water in two slab blocks, convex and concave apartment blocks for the middle classes up on the slopes above the city, an elevated roadway on a north-south axis above the casbah and a meandering viaduct with a road on top meandering down the coast.

In 1933 in Nemours, North Africa he proposed eighteen Unité apartment blocks orientated north-south against a backdrop of mountains.

On his 1935 trip to the United States, Corbusier criticised the skyscrapers of Manhattan for being too small and too close together. He proposed replacing all the existing buildings with one huge Cartesian Skyscraper equipped with living and working units. This would have cleared the way for more parkland, thus conforming to the ideals of the Ville Radieuse.

Even as late as the 1940s he was trying to court both Mussolini and the Vichy government to adopt his ideal city plans. Corbusier's best opportunity for the realisation of his plans were the designs for Chandigarh, India, which he developed in 1949.

From 1945 to 1952 he undertook the design and construction of the Unité d'Habitation in Marseilles. The Unité embodied the ideas of the Ville Radieuse that he had developed in Nemours and Algiers.

When designing the layout for Brasília, architects Lúcio Costa and Oscar Niemeyer were influenced by the plans for the Ville Radieuse.

Criticism

New Urbanists such as James Howard Kunstler criticise the Ville Radieuse concept for its lack of human scale and connection to its surroundings.  It is,  in Lewis Mumford's phrase, "buildings in a parking lot."  "The space between the high-rises floating in a superblock became instant wastelands, shunned by the public."

The Empire State Plaza, a complex of state office buildings in Albany, New York has been criticized for its adherence to the concept.  Architecture critic Martin Filler, quoted in The Making Of Empire State Plaza, says

See also
Compact city
Spoke–hub distribution paradigm
Urban density
Urban sprawl

Citations

References

Further reading

Unbuilt buildings and structures in France
Le Corbusier


Los Monegros is a comarca in Aragon, Spain. It is located within the provinces of Zaragoza and Huesca. The area is prone to chronic droughts, and much of the area is a natural region made up of badlands.

Los Monegros borders seven comarcas: Hoya de Huesca to the North; Somontano de Barbastro, Cinca Medio, and Bajo Cinca to the East; Zaragoza to the West; and Ribera Baja del Ebro and Bajo Aragón-Caspe to the South.

General information
The Sierra de Alcubierre mountain chain crosses the comarca from Northwest to Southeast. Its maximum elevation is 822 meters, at the mountain called Oscuro. The climate is semiarid, with scarce rainfall and high temperatures in the autumn. The area has numerous saltwater and freshwater lakes, including the Lake of Sariñena and the Lake of la Playa.

The area's cultural heritage includes several historical monasteries, including the Monasterio de Santa María de Sigena and the Charterhouse of Las Fuentes.

In December 2007, the local government announced that the comarca had been chosen for the site of the Gran Scala, a huge European project to build a "destination city of leisure for all ages." Designed to include numerous theme parks and casinos, the area would become one of the primary entertainment centers of Europe.

Territory and population

See also
 Gran Scala
 Aragón
 Comarca
 Monegros Desert

References

External links

 Official webpage of the Comarca of Los Monegros
 Official Map
 Comarcas of Aragón, Los Monegros
 Tourism guide for Los Monegros
 Los Monegros seen by Javier Blasco
 Salt lakes of Los Monegros
 Tourist information
 Todo acerca del proyecto Gran Scala Monegros
 Los Monegros y Gran Scala  - Latest news, photos, video, blog about the "Gran Scala" project in Los Monegros
 https://web.archive.org/web/20080514201501/http://www.monegrosfestival.com/

Comarcas of Aragon
Geography of the Province of Huesca
Geography of the Province of Zaragoza
Natural regions of Spain


Dorland may refer to:

People
Philip Dorland (1755-1814), Canadian activist and jurist
 Thomas Dorland (1759-1832), Canadian soldier and politician
William Alexander Newman Dorland (1854-1956), American physician, soldier, writer, and editor of the American Illustrated Medical Dictionary among others
Corine Dorland (born 1973), Dutch cyclist

Fiction
 Agent Dorland, fictional character in the game Condemned 2: Bloodshot

Medicine
 Dorland, a.k.a. Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, core of Dorland's medical reference works


The 125th Pennsylvania House of Representatives District is located in Dauphin County and Schuylkill County and includes the following areas:
 Dauphin County
 Berrysburg
 Elizabethville
 Gratz
 Lykens
 Lykens Township
 Mifflin Township
 Pillow
 Washington Township
 Wiconisco Township
 Williamstown
 Williams Township
 Schuylkill County
 Auburn
 Barry Township
 Cressona
 Eldred Township
 Frailey Township
 Hegins Township
 Schuylkill County (continued)
 Hubley Township
 Landingville
 North Manheim Township
 Norwegian Township
 Pine Grove
 Pine Grove Township
 Porter Township
 Pottsville (PART)
 Ward 03
 Ward 07
 Schuylkill Haven
 South Manheim Township
 Tower City
 Tremont
 Tremont Township
 Upper Mahantongo Township
 Washington Township
 Wayne Township

Representatives

References

Government of Dauphin County, Pennsylvania
Government of Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania
125


Gheorghe I. Cantacuzino (born 1937, Bucharest-2019) was a Romanian historian and archeologist.

Education
Gheorghe I. Cantacuzino studied at the Sfântul Sava High School, graduating in 1954. Thereafter he attended the courses of  the Faculty of History at the University of Bucharest, specializing in history of the antiquity and archeology. In 1977 he got his doctor's degree at the Institute of Archeology of Bucharest.

Professional activity
Gheorghe Cantacuzino started his professional activity as museologist in Tulcea, where he worked from 1959 to 1961. He then transferred to the Nicolae Minovici Folk Art Museum where he also held a position of museologist from 1961 to 1963.

In 1963 he got a position of archeologist at the Direction of Historical Monuments (renamed "Direction of the National Cultural Heritage" in 1974) where he worked till 1978. He then held the position of chief museologist at the National Museum of Romanian History till 1990.

The change of regime in Romania of 1989 gave George Cantacuzino the opportunity of a breakthrough. In 1990 he was appointed inspector at the "Direction of Historical Monuments, Aggregates and Sites" and in 1994 promoted to advisor of the Direction of Historical Monuments. Finally in 1996 he secured a position of scientific researcher at the "Vasile Pârvan" Institute of Archeology of the Romanian Academy.

Gheorghe Cantacuzino is also vice president of the Commission for the History of Cities in Romania (Comisia de Istorie an Oraşelor din România – CIOR) of the Romanian Academy.

In 2001 he received the Nicolae Iorga prize of the Romanian Academy.

Research
Gheorghe Cantacuzino participated in archeological excavations in several sites such as:

 Bucharest – Mărcuța monastery
 Brădet Hermitage, Argeș County
 Moldovița Monastery Suceava County – ruins  of the old church
 Humor Monastery, Suceava County
 Târgoviște: Princely court, Sf.Vineri church
 Stelea Monastery, Târgoviște
 Poenari Castle, Argeș County
 Vodița Monastery, Mehedinți County
 Tismana Monastery, Gorj County
 Șemlacul Mic, Timiș, Săraca Monastery
 Putna Monastery, Suceava county
 Războieni, Neamț – Ștefan cel Mare, church
 Sânpetru, Hunedoara – Sf. Gheorghe church
 Turnu Citadel, Turnu Măgurele
 Leșnic, Hunedoara – Sf. Nicolae church
 Câmpulung-Muscel – old princely court

Publications

Books
 Cetăţi medievale din Ţara Românească în secolele XIII – XIV, București, Editura Enciclopedică, 2001, 296 p. cu ilustr.;
 Câmpulung. Vechi monumente şi biserici, București, Editura Vremea, 2002, 112 p. cu ilustraţii.
 Mănăstirea Tismana București, Editura Vremea, 2004
 Atlas istoric al oraşelor din România. Seria B. Ţara Românească. Fascicula 1. Târgovişte București, Editura Enciclopedică, 2006.

References

1937 births
2019 deaths
Romanian museologists
Archaeologists from Bucharest
21st-century Romanian historians
Saint Sava National College alumni
University of Bucharest alumni