Papyrus 41 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), designated by 𝔓41, is an early copy of the New Testament in Greek and Coptic. It is a diglot, it is a papyrus manuscript of the Acts of the Apostles. The manuscript paleographically has been assigned to the 8th century.

Description
 Contents
The Greek text of the papyrus contains:
Acts 17:28-18:2.17-18.22-25.27; 19:1-4.6-8.13-16.18-19; 20:9-13.15-16.22-24.26-38; 21:3.4.26-27; 22:11-14.16-17.

The Coptic text of the papyrus contains: Acts 17:30-18:2.25.27-28; 19:2-8.15.17-19; 20:11-16.24-28; 20:36-21:3; 22:12-14.16-17.

 Text-type
The Greek text of this codex is a representative of the Western text-type. Aland placed it in Category III.

 Textual variants
In Acts 21:1 it reads Παταρα και Μυρα for Παταρα, the reading is supported by Dgr gig (itph Hyram) vgmss copsa;

 Location
It is currently housed at the Österreichische Nationalbibliothek (Pap. G. 17973, 26133, 35831, 39783) in Vienna.

See also
 List of New Testament papyri
 Coptic versions of the Bible

References

Further reading
 C. Wessely, Studien zur Paläographie und Papyruskunde XV, (Leipzig 1914), pp. 107–118.
 F.-J. Schmitz, Neue Fragmente zum P41, (Münster 1988), pp. 78–97.

New Testament papyri
Greek-Coptic diglot manuscripts of the New Testament
8th-century biblical manuscripts
Biblical manuscripts of the Austrian National Library
Acts of the Apostles papyri


This is a list of the Irish language radio stations in Ireland.

Irish-language radio stations
There are four radio stations that broadcast entirely in Irish:

National
RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta (RnaG) - national radio station and part of the RTÉ group.

Youth
Raidió Rí-Rá - a youth-oriented chart music station, currently broadcasting on the internet and in several places on DAB.

Generalist
Raidió Na Life - broadcasting in the Greater Dublin area.
Raidió Fáilte - broadcasting in the Greater Belfast area.

See also
List of Irish language media
List of television channels available in the Republic of Ireland

Gaelic
Lists of radio stations by language
Ireland-related lists


Edmond Couchot (16 August 1932 – 26 December 2020) was a French digital artist and art theoretician who taught at the University Paris VIII.

Life and work
Couchot was a Doctor of aesthetics in the visual arts. From 1982-2000 he headed the department of Arts and Technologies of the Image at the University Paris VIII. He continued to take part in speculative and hands-on study of digital imagery and virtual reality at University Paris VIII.

As a theoretician Dr. Couchot was interested in the connection between art and technology, in particular between the visual arts and data-processing techniques. He published approximately 100 articles on the digital and 3 books.

As a visual artist Dr. Couchot formed cybernetic devices requiring the participation of the spectator in the 1960s. He extended his investigation with digital interactive art and was involved in numerous international digital art exhibitions.

References

Articles

«Le fantôme d'Humphrey Bogart ou Quelques questions sur la technologie», Recherches sociologiques, Les sociologies, volume XIII, N°1-2, 1982.
«La synthèse numérique de l'image : vers un nouvel ordre visuel», revue Traverses, n°26, octobre 1982.
«Prise de vue, prise de temps», Les cahiers de la photo, n°8, mars 1983.
«Images numériques» («Digital images») et
«Images et Electricité» («Images and Electricity»), catalogue de l'exposition «Electra», Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris, décembre 1983.
«Image puissance image», Revue d'esthétique, n°7, juin 1984.
«Sens et contiguïté : la contagion de l'image», revue Traverses, n°32, août 1984.
«Les lendemains de la machine», ouvrage collectif autour de l'exposition «Les Immatériaux», 1984, 34 auteurs pour un colloque, CCI-Centre Georges Pompidou, mars 1985.
«Hybridations», ouvrage collectif Modernes et après; les Immatériaux, Autrement, avril 1985.
«Entrée des artistes», ouvrage collectif La provocation : Hommes et machines en société, CESTA, mai 1985.
«A la recherche du Temps réel», revue Traverses, n°35, septembre 1985.
«Tissage, Métissage : une culture numérique», actes du colloque «L'Imaginaire numérique», Imaginaire numérique, Hermès, avril 1986.
«Temps numérique et communication», revue Temps libre, 1985.
«Une double compétence : pourquoi faire?», actes de «La semaine de l'image électronique», CESTA, avril 1986.
«(Le masque et l'écran)», Revue d'esthétique, n°10, (Vidéo-Vidéo), juillet 1986.
«Von Bild zur Digitalkultur», Ars electronica 86; Computer Tage, actes du colloque de Linz, juin 1986.
«The training of artists in computer graphics», Computers and the Humanities, Paradigm Press, inc., Osprey, Florida, États-Unis, juillet-septembre 1986.
«Médias et Immédias», ouvrage collectif Art et Communication, Osiris, Paris, décembre 1986.
«La mémoire vive», Japon, Art vivant, n°1, janvier 1987.
«Les deux mondes», actes du 2e colloque «L'Imaginaire numérique», Imaginaire numérique, Hermès,1986.
«Sujet, Objet, Image», ouvrage collectif Nouvelles images, nouveau réel – Cahier internationaux de sociologie, PUF, Paris, janvier-juin 1987.
«Pluie, vapeur et vitesse – Lumière et calcul dans les processus automatiques de génération d'images», collectif La vitesse, revue Corps écrit, n°24, PUF, Paris, décembre 1987.
«Synthèse et simulation : l'autre image», ouvrage collectif Contre-bande, revue Hors-Cadre, PUV, avril 1988.
«Vices et vertus du virtuel», in actes du colloqueVers une culture de l'interactivité, Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie, La Villette, Paris, mai 1988.
«La mosaïque ordonnée ou l'écran saisi par le calcul», Revue d'esthétique, septembre 1988.
«L'Odyssée, mille fois ou Les machines à langage», revue Traverses, n° 44-45, août 1988.
«HD-GC, une hybridation nécessaire», Computer Image & Hi-vision, CG 88, Tokyo, novembre 1988.
«La synthèse du temps», Les chemins du virtuel : Simulation informatique et création industrielle, Cahiers du CCI, Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris, avril 1989.
«Des images en quête d'auteur», ouvrage collectif Faire image, PUV, juillet 1989.
«Art et technique. L'émergence du numérique», collectif Arts de l'ère numérique, revue La pensée, n° 268, mars-avril 1989.
«Les années de la synthèse», catalogue de l'exposition Nos années 80, Fondation Cartier, juin 1989.
«La question du temps dans les techniques électroniques et numériques de l'image», 3e semaine internationale de Vidéo, Saint-Gervais Genève, novembre 1989.
«Programmer l'invisible», revue Littérature, Anatomie de l'emblème, n° 78, mai 1990.
«Boites noires», catalogue de l'exposition Art vidéo/ Art cinéma/ Art ordinateur, Paris, janvier 1990.
«Trance machines» (en anglais et en néerlandais), in catalogue de l'exposition What a wonderful world! Music video in architecture, Groningen Museum, Pays-Bas, 1990.
«De la représentation à la simulation. Evolution des techniques et des arts de la figuration», Culture technique (Images, techniques et société), février 1991.
«De la représentation à la simulation. Evolution des techniques et des arts de la figuration», revue Culture technique (Images, techniques et société), février 1991.
«Un fracassant Big Bang», revue Cinémas, Québec, 1991.
«Die Spiele des Realen und des Virtuellen», Digitaler Schein Ästhetik der elektronischen Medien Herausgegeben von Florian Rötzer, edition Suhrkamp, 1991.
«Une responsabilité assistée? Esthétique de la simulation», revue Art Press (Nouvelles technologies...), 1991.
«Utopie et uchronie : les univers virtuels de la simulation numérique», in Actes du quatrième colloque international de science-fiction de Nice, Revue du Centre de la Métaphore, Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 1992.
«Résonance. La condition d’intelligibilité de l’image», revue Littérature (La moiré de l’image), octobre 1992.
«Incidence du numérique sur l’art», revue Le Croquant, n° 12, 1992.
«Une marge étroite mais fertile (À l’interface du réel et du virtuel)», Revue virtuelle, n° 1, Centre G. Pompidou, avril 1992.
«L’interactivité dans la relation homme/machine», en collaboration avec M. Bret et M.-H. Tramus, collectif Les clés d’une communication réussie, Dunod, Paris, 1992.
« Zwischen Reellem und Virtuellem : Die Kunst der Hybridation », in Cyberspace. Zum medialem Gesamtkunstwerk, Boer, Munich, 1993.
« Les objets-temps : Au-delà de la forme », catalogue de l’exposition Design, du XIXe au XXIe siècle, Flammarion, mai 1993.
« Des outils, des mots et des figures. Vers un nouvel état de l’art », revue Réseaux, CNET, septembre 1993.
« Da Representação à Simulação », A imagen-machina.  era das tecnologias do virtual, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, novembre 1993.
« Le geste et le calcul », revue Protée, automne 1993.
« Rupture et continuité – Les incidences du numérique sur l’art contemporain », collectif L’art d’aujourd’hui – Nouveaux concepts, nouveaux outils, revue Les Papiers, Presse Universitaires du Mirail, Toulouse, 1994.
« Rupture et continuité – Les incidences du numérique sur l’art contemporain », collectif L’art d’aujourd’hui – Nouveaux concepts, nouveaux outils, revue Les Papiers, Presses Universitaires du Mirail, Toulouse, 1994.
« Au-delà du cinéma. Image et temps numériques », actes du colloque Le temps au cinéma, Revue Cinémas, AQEC, Québec, 1994.
« Between the Real and the Virtual : The art of hybridization », Annual InterCommunication, Tokyo, 1994.
« Images, automatisme et subjectivité », publications du Collège iconique, groupe de recherche du Dépôt Légal, INA, 1994.
« Un supplément de temps. De la synthèse de l’image à la synthèse du temps »,
actes du colloque La pensée de l’image, revue Littérature, 1994.
« Le temps réel et l’interactivité dans les arts visuels », Technoculture Matrix, NTT Publishing, Tokyo, juin 1994, (en japonais).
« Les promesses de l’hybridation numérique », X, l’œuvre en procès, ouvrage collectif, Publications de la Sorbonne, janvier 1996.
« Du style et des images de synthèse », revue LIGEIA, n° 17-18, 1995-96.
« L’imagerie virtuelle : une entreprise de purification du réel », actes du colloque L’image – le su et l’insu, Sorbonne, 25 mars 1995, paru en septembre 1996.
« Des changements dans la hiérarchie du sensible – Le retour du corps », in Les Cinq sens et la création – Art, technologie et création, Champ Vallon, 1996.
« Entre lo real y lo virtual : un arte de la hibridación », in Arte en la era electrónica, Claudia Giametti, ed., Barcelona, 1997.
« Autre corps, autre image – autre image, autre corps », in Epipháneia, Minervini Editore, Napoli, avril 1997.
« A arte pode ainda ser um relógio que adiante ? O author, a obra e o espectador na hora do tempo real », in A arte no século XXXI, UNESP, Brésil, 1997.
« Problem czasu w elektronicznych i cyfrowych technicach obrazu », revue OPCJE, Pologne, 1997.« Présence et présent du corps dans les arts interactifs », in Pour une Écologie des Médias, Revue ASTARTI-Pour l’Art Audiovisuel, Paris, 1998.
« Un hyperlien social ? », in Troisième Millénaire, le lien social, Revue La Mazarine, juin 1999.
« Medien und Neu ‘Medien’ : Von der Kommunikation zur Kommutation », Bield, Medium, Kunst, Wilhelm Fink Verlag, München, 1999.
« Contact et calcul dans les techniques figuratives », Revue Nouvelles de l’estampe, n° 167-8, BN de France, 1999-2000.
« L’art numérique : dissolution ou hybridation? », Revue Recherches en Esthétique, n° 6, oct. 2000.
« L’embarquement pour Cyber. Mythes et réalités de l’art en réseau », Revue d’Esthétique, n° 39, juillet 2001.
« La critique face à l’art numérique : Une introduction à la question », actes du séminaire Interart 1999-2000 — La Critique : le rapport à l’œuvre —, Klincksieck 2001; cet article est en ligne sur les sites du CICV et de l’Université de Rennes (revue en ligne Solaris).
« Digital Hybridisation. A Technique, an Aesthetic », Revue Convergence, n° 4, décembre 2002.
« L’art numérique », Encyclopaedia Universalis, 2002.
« De la communication à la commutation : l’art et le Web », Revue Ligeia — Art et Multimédia —, juillet-décembre 2003.
«Virtuel» & «Arts technologiques», Grand Dictionnaire de la Philosophie, Larousse, Paris, 2003.
«A segunda interativida. Em direção a novas práticas artísticas», in collaboration with M.-H. Tramus & M. Bret, Arte e vida no século XXI, UNESP, Brazil, 2003.
« Corps hybrides, les jeux du réel et du virtuel », Revue Visio, Actes du 6e congrès international de sémiotique visuelle, Québec, 2004.
à paraître :
« The Automatization of Figurative Techniques: towards the Autonomous Image », in Media Art History (titre provisoire), MIT Press, EU.

Books

 Image. De l'optique au numérique, Hermès, Paris, 1988.
 La Technologie dans l’art. De la photographie à la réalité virtuelle, Éditions Jacqueline Chambon, 1998; 271 pages.
A tecnologia na arte. Da fotografica à realidade virtual, (traduction en portugais par Sandra Rey de La technologie dans l’art. De la photographie à la réalité virtuelle), 2003, Universidade federal do Rio Grande do Sul,  319 pages.
 Dialogues sur l’art et la technologie Autour d’Edmond Couchot, sous la direction de François Soulages, L’Harmattan, 2001.
 L’Art numérique. Comment la technologie vient au monde de l’art, Flammarion, février 2003, en collaboration avec Norbert Hillaire.
Réédition en 2005, chez le même éditeur, collection "Champs".
 Des Images, du temps et des machines, édité Actes Sud, 2007
La plume (1988) (en collaboration avec Michel Bret)
Pissenlit (1990) (en collaboration avec Michel Bret)
Ces œuvres (in progress) ont subi de très nombreuse modifications depuis leur origine et ont fait l'objet des expositions suivantes

Digital installations

1988	Pixim (Paris)
1992	The Robots (Nagoya; Japan)
1995	Press/Enter (Toronto; Canada)
1995	Images du Futur (Montréal; Canada)
1995	Biennale Internationnale de Kwangju (Korea)
1998 	Exposition Art virtuel, création interactives
	et multisensorielles (Boulogne-Billancourt; France)
1999	Bienal Mercosul (Porto Alegre; Brésil)
2000	Art Numérique (Centre culturel Saint-Exupéry; Reims)
2001	Art.outsiders (Maison Européenne de la photographie; Paris)
2003	Le Voyage de l’Homme immobile (Musée d’art contemporain; Gène)
2005	Natural/Digital (numeriscausa à la Biche de Bère Gallery; Paris)

La Maison Européenne de la Photographie  acquis l’œuvre Je souffle à tout vent, en septembre 2001.

External links

1932 births
2020 deaths
French digital artists
Academic staff of Paris 8 University Vincennes-Saint-Denis
Postmodern artists
French contemporary artists
New media artists
Mass media theorists


In Greek mythology, Menon () was a Trojan soldier killed by Leonteus in the Trojan War as detailed by Homer in the Iliad (XII.201).

Notes

References

 Homer, The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. . Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
 Homer, Homeri Opera in five volumes. Oxford, Oxford University Press. 1920. . Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.

External links
Samuael Butler Translation of Iliad at gutenberg.org
Book 12 of the Iliad, Translated by Ian Johnston

Trojans


Peter James Levinson (1 July 1934 Atlantic City, New Jersey - 21 October 2008 Malibu) was an American music publicist and biographer, particularly of jazz musicians.

Education
Levinson took his bachelor's at the University of Virginia, where he wrote on jazz in the university paper.

Career
After completing service in the Army in Korea, he wrote freelance on jazz music in New York City and took a job at Columbia Records in the late 1950s. His first job as a publicist was with Jack Jones, beginning in 1962. He spent nearly fifty years in the music industry as a promoter and representative for stars such as Count Basie, Artie Shaw, Woody Herman, Lalo Schifrin, Antonio Carlos Jobim, Chuck Mangione, Dave Brubeck, Rosemary Clooney, Erroll Garner, Stan Getz, Peggy Lee, Bill Evans, Dexter Gordon, Maynard Ferguson, Pete Fountain, Art Garfunkel, Bud Shank, Phyllis Diller, George Shearing, Chick Corea, Jim Hall, Benny Carter, Charlie Byrd, Louie Bellson, Dee Dee Bridgewater, Jack Lemmon, and Mel Tormé.

Levinson's publicity work also extended into television and film, working on Dallas, Z, Fiddler on the Roof, and Kramer vs. Kramer. He founded his own company, Peter Levinson Communications, which was based initially in New York; though he reduced his clientele in the 1980s and 1990s, he continued to represent clients into the early 2000s. He also helped orchestrate the 1986 introduction of a postage stamp in honor of Duke Ellington.

Late in his career, Levinson began writing biographies, completing works on Harry James, Nelson Riddle, and Tommy Dorsey. A biography of Fred Astaire was completed just before his death, and was published in 2009:  Puttin' on the Ritz: Fred Astaire and the Fine Art of Panache, St. Martin's Press ; ; .

Later life and death
Levinson contracted amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in 2006, which prevented him from speaking; he used a type-to-speech computer and continued writing. He died at the age of 74 after a fall at his home in Malibu, California on October 21, 2008.

Bibliography
Trumpet Blues: The Life of Harry James (1999)
September in the Rain: The Life of Nelson Riddle (2001)
Tommy Dorsey: Livin' in a Great Big Way (2005)
Puttin' on the Ritz: The Life of Fred Astaire (2009)

References

American music critics
Writers from Atlantic City, New Jersey
Accidental deaths from falls
Accidental deaths in California
Deaths from motor neuron disease
1934 births
2008 deaths
University of Virginia alumni
Neurological disease deaths in California
20th-century American biographers


Kakrina () is a village in central northern Bulgaria, part of Lovech Municipality, Lovech Province. It lies in the central Fore-Balkan Mountains, at an altitude of . As of 2008, it has a population of 298.

Kakrina is mainly famous as the site of the Kakrina Inn (Къкринско ханче, Kakrinsko hanche) where national hero Vasil Levski was captured by the Ottoman government in 1872. The inn is today a museum and one of the official 100 Tourist Sites of Bulgaria.

Gallery

Honours
Kakrina Point on Clarence Island, Antarctica is named after the village.

External links

Villages in Lovech Province
Lovech


The 1984 Peach Bowl featured the Purdue Boilermakers of the Big Ten against the Virginia Cavaliers of the ACC. Virginia defeated Purdue 27–24 in the first bowl game in school history.

Purdue jumped out to a 24–14 halftime lead, but Virginia scored the only points of the second half with a touchdown and two field goals in order to pull out the win. Purdue quarterback Jim Everett passed for 253 yards and three touchdowns, but the Boilermakers gained just 75 yards rushing and committed four turnovers in their first bowl loss. Purdue finished the season 7–5 and tied for second place in the Big Ten. Virginia finished 8–2–2.

References

Peach Bowl
Peach Bowl
Purdue Boilermakers football bowl games
Virginia Cavaliers football bowl games
December 1984 sports events in the United States
1984 in sports in Georgia (U.S. state)


The 1992 Monte Carlo Open was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the 86th edition of the Monte Carlo Open, and was part of the ATP Championship Series, Single-Week of the 1992 ATP Tour. It took place at the Monte Carlo Country Club in Roquebrune-Cap-Martin, France, near Monte Carlo, Monaco, from 20 April through 26 April 1992. Unseeded Thomas Muster won the singles title.

Finals

Singles

 Thomas Muster defeated  Aaron Krickstein, 6–3, 6–1, 6–3
 It was Muster's 1st singles title of the year, and his 11th overall. It was his 1st Masters title of the year, and his 2nd overall.

Doubles

 'Boris Becker /  Michael Stich defeated  Petr Korda /  Karel Nováček, 6–4, 6–4

References

External links

 Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) tournament profile
 ITF tournament edition details

Monte Carlo Open
Monte-Carlo Masters
1992 in Monégasque sport
Monte Carlo
Monte


U.S. Route 62 (US 62) is a part of the U.S. Highway System that travels from the United States–Mexico border at El Paso, Texas, to Niagara Falls, New York. In the U.S. state of New York, US 62 extends  from the New York–Pennsylvania border south of Jamestown to an intersection with New York State Route 104 (NY 104) in downtown Niagara Falls, bypassing the city of Jamestown and serves the cities of Buffalo and Niagara Falls, along with several villages. It is the only north–south mainline U.S. highway in Western New York. US 62 was extended into New York  and originally was concurrent with the state highways that had previously been designated along its routing—namely NY 18, NY 60, NY 83 and NY 241. These concurrencies were eliminated individually during the 1940s and 1960s. The last of the four concurrencies, with NY 18 from Dayton to Niagara Falls, was removed . US 62 has one special route, US 62 Business, located in Niagara Falls. US 62 Business is a former routing of US 62 within the city and was once NY 62A.

Route description
Maintenance of the New York segment of US 62 is handled by several jurisdictions. In Chautauqua, Cattaraugus, and Niagara counties, the route is maintained by the New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT). In Erie County, US 62 is locally maintained within the cities of Buffalo and Lackawanna and county-maintained in Amherst between NY 263 (Grover Cleveland Highway) and NY 324 (Sheridan Drive) as County Route 152 (CR 152). The remainder of the highway in the county is state-maintained.

Chautauqua and Cattaraugus counties
US 62 crosses the New York–Pennsylvania border and enters New York  southeast of the city of Jamestown in Chautauqua County. The route proceeds northward through the town of Kiantone, paralleling the course of Conewango Creek, which lies to the east to the highway. As it approaches the vicinity of the hamlet of Stillwater, US 62 crosses Stillwater Creek and intersects NY 60 at a junction east of the community. While NY 60 heads northwestward to serve Stillwater and the city of Jamestown beyond it, US 62 turns east and enters the town of Carroll upon crossing the Conewango Creek. Just inside the town line, US 62 passes through the large hamlet of Frewsburg.

The route continues on, paralleling Conewango Creek through the towns of Carroll and Poland to an interchange with the Southern Tier Expressway (Interstate 86/NY 17) southeast of the hamlet of Kennedy. US 62 continues on to Kennedy, where it crosses the creek once more and intersects NY 394. US 62 curves eastward, joining NY 394 northeastward out of Kennedy to a junction known as Schermerhorn Corners. Here, NY 394 continues eastward along the banks of the creek while US 62 heads northward through a small valley surrounding Indian Brook and into the town of Ellington. South of the hamlet of Ellington, the small creek valley gives way to a larger cut of land surrounding Clear Creek. Indian Brook ends near this point; however, US 62 continues northward to serve the community. In Ellington, US 62 turns eastward for  before veering back to the north at the Chautauqua–Cattaraugus County line. The route straddles the county line and runs along the base of a larger valley surrounding Conewango Creek to the aptly named community of Conewango Valley, where it intersects NY 83, which heads northwestward into Chautauqua County while US 62 curves eastward to traverse the width of the valley. In the hamlet of Conewango, US 62 meets NY 241 and turns north to follow the eastern edge of the valley through the town of Conewango.

Upon entering the town of Leon, US 62 veers slightly northeastward to run along the base of a small valley surrounding Mud Creek. The two entities separate at the hamlet of Leon and US 62 returns northward, descending the eastern side of the Conewango Creek valley and becoming the eastern valley road once again. Just before crossing into the town of Dayton, US 62 leaves the edge of the valley and heads northward through the gully. Here, it crosses over Conewango Creek once more and intersects NY 322. At the northern extent of the ravine, US 62 turns northeastward toward the community of Dayton, the site of its junction with NY 353. Past Dayton, the valley becomes much less defined as the route follows a small stream through the town of Persia and into the village of Gowanda. US 62 becomes Jamestown Street and serves as the primary north–south street through the community. It intersects NY 39 in the village center, and the two routes embark on an overlap along Main Street. Just past the junction, the two routes cross Cattaraugus Creek and enter Erie County.

Erie and Niagara counties

South of Buffalo

Despite the change in counties, US 62 and NY 39 remain in the village of Gowanda. The routes leave Main Street on the eastern riverbank and become Buffalo Street as they head north through the village. Outside of the village center, Buffalo Street widens to include a center turn lane. The extra lane remains until the junction of Buffalo Street and Sandhill Road. Here, Buffalo Street becomes NY 438 while US 62 and NY 39 veer eastward onto Sandhill Road. The routes turn northward at the village limits and remain conjoined to the hamlet of Collins, where NY 39 leaves US 62 on Main Street. US 62 continues north through the largely rural towns of Collins and North Collins to the village of North Collins, located in the extreme northwestern corner of the town. Inside the village, US 62 connects to NY 249. Past North Collins, US 62 heads through the town of Eden as well as the large hamlet of the same name contained within. Northeast of the hamlet of Eden, the route crosses over the south branch of 18 Mile Creek and intersects NY 75, where the routes join and head northward into the village of Hamburg.

In Hamburg, the most developed location along the route since Gowanda, US 62 and NY 75 initially head north on Pierce Avenue. At Main Street, the concurrency ends as US 62 turns east to follow Main through the village center. It remains on Main Street up to Buffalo Street, where it intersects NY 391 by way of a roundabout. East of the roundabout, Main Street becomes NY 391; US 62, meanwhile, follows Buffalo Street through the northern portion of Hamburg and into the surrounding town of the same name, where it becomes South Park Avenue. The amount of development alongside the roadway remains high, reflecting its close proximity to the city of Buffalo. As it heads north, US 62 passes by the Erie County Fairgrounds and Hilbert College and crosses over the New York State Thruway (I-90) before intersecting with Southwestern Boulevard (US 20). North of US 20, US 62 parallels the Thruway northward to the village of Blasdell, located on the border of Hamburg and the city of Lackawanna. Here, US 62 meets Milestrip Road (NY 179) in the southeastern part of the community. The route continues onward through Blasdell and into Lackawanna, intersecting Ridge Road, an east–west arterial linking US 62 to NY 5 (Hamburg Turnpike), US 219 and the Thruway. Just northwest of the Ridge Road junction are the Buffalo and Erie County Botanical Gardens, situated on the Lackawanna side of the Lackawanna–Buffalo city line. US 62 serves as the primary access road to the grounds, then enters Buffalo.

Buffalo to Niagara Falls
This area of the city, known as South Buffalo, is predominantly a working-class Irish American neighborhood, once heavily industrialized. Route 62 turns slightly northwest at Southside Parkway. At Abbott Road, US 62 becomes Bailey Avenue. Across the Buffalo River from Abbott Road is Seneca Street (NY 16), which provides access to I-190. The Interstate Highway can also be reached via the intersection with Clinton Street (NY 354), a few blocks to the north. After passing William Street, Bailey Avenue begins to run along the city's eastern border with Cheektowaga. North of these junctions, the road passes through the city's industrial East Side, then back into residential neighborhoods where it intersects Broadway, the western terminus of NY 130. After the densely developed neighborhoods where Walden Avenue and Genesee Street intersect, it crosses under the Kensington Expressway (NY 33), where other local roads provide access. A few miles further on, at SUNY Buffalo's city campus, US 62 intersects Main Street (NY 5) at the northeast corner of the city and enters the town of Amherst.

Less than a mile beyond Main, Grover Cleveland Highway (NY 263) veers off to the northeast. US 62 continues north through heavily suburban territory to the junction with Sheridan Drive (NY 324), a major commercial strip across Buffalo's northern suburbs, where it leaves Bailey Avenue and heads west for a half-mile (0.8 km) to another major junction, Niagara Falls Boulevard, at the Amherst–Tonawanda town line, where it turns north again, following the Boulevard (as it is locally known) past Boulevard Mall at the junction with Maple and Brighton Roads, then through another commercial strip to I-290. North of the expressway, the road becomes less heavily developed. At the Ellicott Creek crossing, some signs for the former NY 356 are still visible. A short distance further on, as Tonawanda Creek starts to run parallel to the highway, all the land to the west becomes part of Amherst. Two miles to the north, after passing White Chapel Memorial Park, US 62 crosses the creek into Niagara County. Now in Wheatfield, US 62 begins to turn to the northwest as it intersects NY 425 outside of North Tonawanda. The route continues through residential areas of Wheatfield to the town of Niagara, meeting NY 429 along the way. In Niagara, the properties along the highway become more industrial as US 62 approaches Niagara Falls International Airport. Just south of the airport, the route intersects both Williams Road (unsigned NY 952V) and Porter Road (NY 182). West of NY 182, US 62 dips southwest and enters the city of Niagara Falls, where US 62 initially passes by a mixture of commercial and residential developments, then meets NY 265 (Military Road) in the easternmost part of the city ahead of a junction with I-190 exit 22, a mile (1.6 km) to the west. Past I-190, US 62 enters a more industrialized section of the city as it approaches the eastern terminus of US 62 Business, its business route through the Pine Avenue commercial district. Upon intersecting Packard Road, a local northeast–southwest arterial situated just east of Pine Avenue, US 62 splits into a one-way couplet to serve the residential portion of downtown Niagara Falls. US 62 travels into the city (northbound) on Walnut Avenue and out (southbound) on Ferry Avenue and both intersect Hyde Park Boulevard (NY 61) near the eastern end of the couplet, which continues west for roughly  to NY 104 (Main Street), where US 62 terminates northeast of the city's tourism district and the Rainbow Bridge to Canada.

History

Early designations
In 1908, the New York State Legislature created Route 18, an unsigned legislative route extending from the Pennsylvania state line in Ripley to the village of Youngstown by way of the cities of Buffalo, North Tonawanda, and Niagara Falls. Route 18 did not enter the Buffalo city limits, however; it ended at the southern city line and resumed at the junction of Kenmore Avenue—which straddles the northern boundary of the city—and Niagara Falls Boulevard. It then followed Niagara Falls Boulevard northwest to Niagara Falls, where it continued to Main Street by way of Pine Avenue. When the first set of routes in the modern state highway system were assigned in 1924, the northern segment of Route 18 was designated as part of NY 34. The route also extended a short distance southward into Buffalo to end at NY 5A (later NY 5). Also assigned in 1924 was NY 18, a route that began at the Pennsylvania state line north of Bradford, Pennsylvania, and passed through Salamanca, Dayton, and Hamburg on its way to its northern terminus in Buffalo.

In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York, NY 34 became part of NY 18, which was extended north through Buffalo by way of an overlap with NY 5 along Main Street. Meanwhile, two highways in the Southern Tier—NY 83 and NY 241—were created as part of the renumbering. NY 241 led from NY 18 in Dayton south to Randolph, while NY 83 followed a roughly parallel routing to NY 241 from Frewsburg to Silver Creek. In Frewsburg, NY 83 ended at NY 60, a route assigned in the mid-1920s that extended from Pennsylvania to Fredonia via Frewsburg and Jamestown.

Extension of US 62 into New York

US 62 originally ended in Maysville, Kentucky, when it was assigned in 1930. It was extended northeast through Ohio, Pennsylvania, and western New York to Niagara Falls . In New York, US 62 overlapped NY 60 and NY 83 to Conewango Valley, then veered east onto a previously unnumbered highway to Conewango, where it became concurrent with NY 241 and NY 18 north through Dayton, Hamburg, and Buffalo to Niagara Falls. By 1935, US 62 and NY 18 were realigned through Buffalo to bypass downtown on Bailey Avenue. The two routes then overlapped NY 5 southwest on Main Street for roughly  to reach Niagara Falls Boulevard.

The overlaps between US 62 and the pre-existing state highways it followed were gradually eliminated over the course of the next three decades. NY 60 and NY 83 were truncated in the 1940s to Frewsburg and Conewango Valley, respectively. NY 241, meanwhile, was cut back to Conewango in the late 1940s. The overlap with NY 18, the longest of the four initial overlaps, remained until January 1, 1962, when NY 18 was truncated to Lewiston (north of Niagara Falls) .

Realignments
US 62 has been realigned in three locations since the 1930s. In southern Amherst, a suburb just north of Buffalo, it was realigned slightly in the late 1930s to continue north on Bailey Avenue past Main Street to Eggert Road. The route then turned northwest onto Eggert to rejoin its former alignment on Niagara Falls Boulevard. It was rerouted further  to follow Bailey to Sheridan Drive, where it overlapped NY 324 west along Sheridan to its junction with Niagara Falls Boulevard. The former routing of US 62 along Niagara Falls Boulevard from the Buffalo city line to NY 324 is now NY 950K, an unsigned reference route  in length.

Farther north in Niagara Falls, US 62 was shifted south in the mid-1960s from Pine Street onto Walnut and Ferry avenues, which had been transformed into a one-way couplet. Its former routing on Pine Avenue was designated as NY 62A in the early 1970s and redesignated as US 62 Business in 2006.

In Chautauqua County, construction began in the mid-1960s on a new alignment for US 62 between the Pennsylvania state line and NY 60 between Stillwater and Frewsburg. The highway opened to traffic as a realignment of US 62 by 1973. As a result, NY 60 was truncated to its junction with the new US 62 roadway and the routing of former NY 60 to Frewsburg became part of US 62 on July 1, 1972. The original routing of US 62 from the state line to Frewsburg is now maintained by Chautauqua County as CR 53.

US 62 Business

U.S. Route 62 Business (US 62 Business) is a business route of US 62 in the city of Niagara Falls. It runs east–west for  along Pine Avenue from NY 104 in downtown Niagara Falls to US 62 east of the city center. US 62 Business was assigned in 2006; prior to that time, it was NY 62A and, before that, the former routing of US 62 through Niagara Falls.

Major intersections

See also

List of county routes in Chautauqua County, New York
List of county routes in Erie County, New York (129–160)

References

External links

U.S. Route 62 in New York at CanHighways

62
 New York
Transportation in Erie County, New York
Transportation in Niagara County, New York
Transportation in Cattaraugus County, New York
Transportation in Chautauqua County, New York


Josef Bucher (born 19 August 1965 in Friesach) is an Austrian politician and former leader of the Alliance for the Future of Austria (BZÖ) as well as former Member of Parliament for the party. Divorced with two children, Bucher is a hotel owner.

After the death of BZÖ chairman Jörg Haider, Bucher was elected Klubobmann, chairman of the party's parliamentary grouping on 22 October 2008.
Initially, Stefan Petzner, Haider's designated successor as party chairman, was expected to be elected to that post as well. Petzner had to pass the leadership over to former vice-chairman Herbert Scheiber. His replacement as party leader was widely interpreted as the result of the rising criticism of Petzner's former media appearances.

Both Petzner and Scheibner were elected two of five vice chairmen of the party (the other 3 being Stadler the European Parliament future leading candidate of the party, Haider's sister Haubner and former party leader of the BZÖ Westenthaler).

On 26 April 2009 at the party congress in Linz, Bucher was elected as the new leader of the party.

On 30 January 2010 after the secession of the party officials and members from the Carinthian party, Bucher was elected Chairman of the newly formed Carinthian BZÖ.

On 18 April 2012 Josef Bucher stated in further cases of market manipulation and reckless car petrol price increasements by businesspeople in the energy sector prison terms were needed as a stricter penalty against the leading entrepreneurs.

In October 2012 Josef Bucher demanded in parliament for a flat tax with 39% as an income tax quota for all income-earners over €14,793.09 per annum and 10% for all between Geringfügigkeitsgrenze(marginal employment border) and the €14,993.09 threshold per annum)

Josef Bucher stepped down as BZÖ party leader after BZÖ lost all seats in parliament in the 2013 legislative election.

References

1965 births
Living people
People from Friesach
Austrian hoteliers
Alliance for the Future of Austria politicians


Arabakonak () or Botevgrad Pass is a mountain pass through the Balkan Mountains connecting Sofia with Botevgrad and Northern Bulgaria. It has been the site of several important events of the history of Bulgaria.

On 22 September 1872, Dimitar Obshti robbed an Ottoman postal convoy in the pass, an event that would lead to the capture and execution of Vasil Levski.

During the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), the pass was contested between the Russians and the Ottomans until December 1877.

On 14 April 1925, a group of anarchists organized an unsuccessful assassination attempt on Tsar Boris III of Bulgaria.

Mountain passes of Bulgaria
Landforms of Sofia Province


Voynyagovo () is a village in central southern Bulgaria, part of Karlovo Municipality, Plovdiv Province. As of 2008, it has a population of 1,260. The village lies in the Sredna Gora mountains,  above sea level.

History
Legend has it that the founder of the village was the boyar Voyneg, who gathered the huts scattered along Sredna Gora in a village.  The village in the time of the Second Bulgarian Kingdom had the status of a military settlement. By 1829 part of the population of Voynyagovo emigrated with the Russian troops of Gen. Dibic-Zabalkanski during their withdrawal in Bessarabia, in the villages of Kamber and Baskoy (now Romania). Revolutionary and national hero Vasil Levski was a teacher in the village, and a Vasil Levski Culture Centre was established in 1900.

Religion
There is a Church of Saint Dimitar, an Orthodox church, in the village.

References

Villages in Plovdiv Province
Karlovo


Josef Buchner (born 2 March 1942 in Hagenberg im Mühlkreis) is an Austrian politician with The Greens – The Green Alternative. He was the mayor of Steyregg from 1997 to 2012. He was previously leader of the Vereinte Grüne Österreichs which merged with the Alternative Liste Österreichs in 1986 to form the current party.

References

1942 births
Living people
People from Freistadt District
Mayors of places in Austria
People from Linz-Land District
The Greens – The Green Alternative politicians


The Eastern Kentucky Colonels are the intercollegiate athletic teams of Eastern Kentucky University (EKU), located in Richmond, Kentucky, in intercollegiate sports as a member of the NCAA Division I ranks, primarily competing in the ASUN Conference since the 2021–22 academic year.  Its football team competes in the United Athletic Conference (UAC), which starts play in 2023 as a football-only merger of the ASUN and the Western Athletic Conference (WAC). The Colonels previously competed in the Ohio Valley Conference (OVC) from 1948–49 to 2020–21.

Overview
The Colonels athletic program competes in NCAA Division I as a member of the ASUN Conference. The football team plays in the second level of Division I football, the Football Championship Subdivision (FCS). Before joining the ASUN in July 2021, EKU had spent the previous 73 years as a charter member of the Ohio Valley Conference (OVC).  The EKU mascot is The Colonel, and the school colors are maroon and white. While the women's teams were formerly known as the Lady Colonels, the school now emphasizes that all teams are now Colonels.

The ASUN did not officially sponsor football until the 2022 season. In 2021, EKU football competed as a de facto associate member of the Western Athletic Conference (WAC), competing in a football partnership between the two leagues officially branded as the "ASUN–WAC Challenge". The ASUN–WAC alliance was renewed for the 2022 season, and the two conferences fully merged their football leagues after that season, announcing the football league's new branding of United Athletic Conference in April 2023.

Conference affiliations
NCAA
 Ohio Valley Conference (1948–2021)
 ASUN Conference (2021–present)

Varsity teams
EKU's intercollegiate athletics teams are nicknamed the Colonels. Maroon has been the official color of Eastern athletics since the school was begun as the Eastern Kentucky State Normal School in 1906, and the school's official team nickname was the "Maroons" from the start of intercollegiate competition in 1909–10 until 1963, when then-president Robert Martin changed the nickname to the "Colonels".

A member of the ASUN Conference since July 2021, Eastern Kentucky University sponsors teams in eight men's and nine women's NCAA sanctioned sports.

EKU competes in 18 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, tennis and track & field; while women's sports include basketball, beach volleyball, cross country, golf, soccer, softball, tennis, track & field and volleyball.

Football

Eastern has traditionally been quite successful on the football field, having won 20 OVC titles and two Division I-AA National Championships in 1979 and 1982. Much of the success came during the long tenure of head coach Roy Kidd from 1964 to 2002. In 1990, Eastern honored Kidd by naming the school's football stadium Roy Kidd Stadium. With their win over Southeast Missouri State University in 2008, Eastern's football team secured their 31st consecutive winning season. The team is currently coached by Walt Wells, former assistant head coach at Eastern and most recently a quality control assistant at the University of Kentucky.

In September 2013, the Lexington Herald-Leader, the daily newspaper of nearby Lexington, reported that EKU was considering moving its program to the top-level Football Bowl Subdivision. However, under NCAA rules, such a move would require that EKU first receive an all-sports invitation from an existing FBS conference. In the end, no such move was made.

As noted previously, EKU football now plays in the UAC.

Conference championships

Men's basketball
The current head coach of the Colonels is A. W. Hamilton.

The Colonels have appeared in the NCAA tournament seven times. The Colonels play their home basketball games at Alumni Coliseum, located on EKU's campus.

Men's golf
The men's golf team has won 12 Ohio Valley Conference championships: 1975, 1980, 1982–86, 1992, 1997, 2006, 2008, 2015.

Rivalries
Historically, the Western Kentucky Hilltoppers and Lady Toppers served as the primary rival to EKU, especially in football.  Their matchups, known as the "Battle of the Bluegrass," date back to 1914, with Western leading the overall series 34–47–3.  With WKU's recent move up to the Football Bowl Subdivision, any future games between the two teams are uncertain.

Outside of Western, EKU has maintained rivalries with the only remaining in-state OVC member, Morehead State, and Murray State, which left the OVC in 2022 for the Missouri Valley Conference.

Facilities

References

External links

Colonels


The NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS), formerly known as Division I-AA, is the second-highest level of college football in the United States, after the Football Bowl Subdivision. Sponsored by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), the FCS level comprises 128 teams in 14 conferences as of the 2023 season.  The FCS designation is only tied to football with the non-football sports programs of each school generally competing in NCAA Division I.

History

From 1906 to 1955, the NCAA had no divisional structure for member schools. Prior to the 1956 college football season, NCAA schools were organized into an upper University Division and lower College Division. In the summer of 1973, the University Division became Division I, but by 1976, there was a desire to further separate the major football programs from those that were less financially successful, while allowing their other sports to compete at the top level.

Prior to the 1978 season, Division I was split into upper Division I-A and lower Division I-AA. These two divisions were renamed as NCAA Division I FBS and NCAA Division I FCS prior to the 2006 season.

Championships

The FCS has held a post-season playoff to award an NCAA-sanctioned national championship since its inception in 1978.  The size of the playoff bracket has increased from 4 teams in 1978 to 24 teams in the 2020 season.  This makes the FCS the highest level of college football with an NCAA-sanctioned national championship.

Conferences
As of the 2023 football season, there are 13 Division I FCS football conferences:

 Big Sky Conference
 Big South–OVC Football Association
 Started play in 2023 as an alliance between the Big South Conference and Ohio Valley Conference that shares a single automatic FCS playoff berth. Technically treated by the NCAA as an alliance instead of a full conference.
 CAA Football – While administered by the multi-sports Coastal Athletic Association, it is a separate legal entity—although the NCAA considers both sides of the CAA to be a single conference.
 Ivy League
 Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference
 Missouri Valley Football Conference
 Northeast Conference
 Patriot League
 Pioneer Football League
 Southern Conference
 Southland Conference
 Southwestern Athletic Conference
 United Athletic Conference
 Formed in December 2022 by a football-only merger of the ASUN Conference and Western Athletic Conference. In the 2021 and 2022 seasons, those two all-sports conferences had been partners in a football alliance that shared a single berth in the FCS playoffs. The NCAA technically considers the UAC to be a continuation of this alliance instead of a fully formed conference.

See also
 List of NCAA Division I FCS football programs
 List of NCAA Division I FCS football stadiums
 List of NCAA Division I FCS playoff appearances by team
 List of NCAA Division I-AA/FCS football seasons
 NCAA Division I FBS

References

External links


Oscar Kilgore is a Honduran journalist and National Party of Honduras politician and former Mayor of San Pedro Sula (2002–2006) he was imprisoned in 2008 for abuse of authority and corruption relating to a loan he received while Mayor.

References

External links

Living people
Mayors of places in Honduras
National Party of Honduras politicians
Honduran politicians convicted of crimes
Year of birth missing (living people)


Ronald Francis Gora (July 10, 1933 – March 11, 2014) was an American competition swimmer and Pan American Games champion. Gora was born in Chicago, Illinois and attended Lane Tech High School in Chicago. He remains tied with Tom Jager and Brian Alden for the second most individual high school state championships won by a male in Illinois.

Gora won a gold medal in the 4×200-meter freestyle relay event at the 1951 Pan American Games in Buenos Aires, Argentina, alongside Dick Cleveland, Burwell Jones and Bill Heusner.  Individually, he also received a Pan American Games silver medal for his second-place finish in the 100-meter freestyle.  Gora again represented the United States at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, Finland, where he finished eighth in the final of the men's 100-meter freestyle with a time of 58.8 seconds. He attended the University of Michigan, and swam for the Michigan Wolverines swimming and diving team in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) competition from 1952 to 1954.  He was a member of Michigan's NCAA national championship teams in the 400-yard freestyle relay in 1953 and 1954.

Gora had four sisters. On November 16, 1963, he married Maria Käppeler, they had one daughter and two sons. Gora had 2 daughters and 2 son's from a previous marriage.

See also
List of University of Michigan alumni

References

1933 births
2014 deaths
American male freestyle swimmers
Michigan Wolverines men's swimmers
Olympic swimmers for the United States
Swimmers from Chicago
Swimmers at the 1951 Pan American Games
Swimmers at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States
Pan American Games silver medalists for the United States
Pan American Games medalists in swimming
Medalists at the 1951 Pan American Games
20th-century American people
21st-century American people


CthulhuTech is a science-fiction and horror roleplaying game created by Wildfire LLC and published by Sandstorm that combines elements of the Cthulhu Mythos with anime-style mecha, horror, magic and futuristic action. The setting is Earth in 2085 during a worldwide conflict known as the Aeon War, (from the Necronomicon quote: "And with strange aeons even death may die") wherein the planet has been invaded twice: once by a black-skinned manufactured alien race known as the Nazzadi who are derived from humans and who join forces with them, and then a second time by the Mi-Go, an advanced alien civilization seemingly bent on the enslavement of humanity. Aside from these conflicts, the game focuses on other factions, such as ancient cults like the Esoteric Order of Dagon that are running amok across the planet and the eldritch horrors that are rising to destroy the world as, according to the prophecies of the Cthulhu Mythos, the "stars are right" and the Great Old Ones and their servitors are returning/reawakening to reclaim the Earth.  The game uses a proprietary ten-sided die (d10) system titled "Framewerk."

History
Game designer Matthew Grau dreamed up CthulhuTech in Aron Anderson's store, The Dreaming, when Grau realized that no one had ever combined anime-style mechs with Cthulhu. The concept of CthulhuTech combines magic, mecha and the Cthulhu Mythos, in which mankind is fighting a war in a science-fiction age against the mi-go and other alien races. In September 2003, Eos Press announced their intentions to publish a new game, CthulhuTech and said that its system, Framewerk would be the new Eos Press house system; Eos ultimately decided to prioritize their licensed game, Weapons of the Gods, over the newcomer CthulhuTech, thus leading Grau to take his game to Osseum Entertainment and then Mongoose Publishing. Cthulhutech (2007) was published through Mongoose's Flaming Cobra imprint. CthulhuTech got caught up in Mongoose's printing problems of 2007–2008; although the first printing of CthulhuTech was released in full-color, just as WildFire envisioned, a second printing (2008) and follow-up book Dark Passions (2008) both appeared in black and white. As Mongoose could no longer publish the full-color books that Wildfire had envisioned, they brought the game to Catalyst Game Labs. CthulhuTech was the first acquisition by Catalyst Game Labs after they picked up the FASA games Battletech and Shadowrun in 2007. Catalyst was able to rapidly publish a series of five full-color hardcover editions just as WildFire had envisioned – CthulhuTech (2008); Dark Passions (2008); Vade Mecum: The CthulhuTech Companion (2008); Damnation View (2009); and Mortal Remains (2009). After Catalyst, WildFire took CthulhuTech to Sandstorm Productions.

Game overview
CthulhuTech uses a proprietary game system known as "Framewerk" that focuses on a dice pool system. An unusual feature is the selection of numbers from the d10 rolls – a player can pick a single highest number, all like numbers, or straights of consecutive numbers, and use these to generate the result. The result is then added to a "base" consisting of a related attribute score bought by the player at character creation. The sum of the base and the result is then compared to target numbers or to the results of an opponent's rolls to determine success or failure.

Players build characters using points to buy six attributes, Strength, Agility, Perception, Intellect, Tenacity, and Presence, which are used for attribute tests and serve as the base to which roll results for skills are added. Players have another, separate pool of points used to buy skills such as "Marksman" or "Persuade" in five degrees of competency. These levels of competency determine the size of the player's dice pool. Players can also use their points to purchase Assets, including wealth, status, and allies that are beneficial in the game. They can also select Drawbacks, such as poverty or sickness, that will give them extra points to spend at the cost of suffering an ill effect, either as a direct penalty, or as part of the storyline.

Though the character generation is not class-based, there are "Profession" templates that guide players in building characters suitable for the setting, and include prerequisites to join the many factions. For example, the level of devotion and training required to become a Mecha Pilot is explained in its Profession template. Professions still allow the player to build a unique character despite this.

When rolling, players can make use of "Drama Points," which affect die rolls. One drama point spent can remove a die from an opponent's pool or increase their own pool by one die. Players have ten drama points which are restored every game session (loosely defined as being each time the players get together to play). Despite this being a feature suited mostly to players, important Non-Player Characters also possess drama points to make them tougher or represent their importance.

A major element of CthulhuTech is fear and insanity. All alien monstrosities have a fear factor that forces a Tenacity roll – should the player fail, he or she will be scared or panicked by the presence of the monster, which may have scarring effects on the character's psyche. As well, coming into contact with aliens and demons, performing sorcery, utilizing psychic abilities, or witnessing horrible events, could lead players to gain points of Insanity. These can be opposed with Tenacity rolls as well. Should a player gain enough insanity points, the character will suffer psychological trauma, including common mental illnesses such as schizophrenia. If a player gains too many points of insanity, the character will be forced out of the game – but can recover with proper psychological attention over a period of time.

Game setting
The CthulhuTech corebook is set on Earth in 2085, during a war known as the "Aeon War," against aliens and cultists with varying goals. Due to the Aeon War, the political layout of the world has changed greatly. The remainder of the civilized world has joined forces to create the New Earth Government, comprising mainly Western Europe, China, Japan, Australia, Africa, and the Americas. Vast swathes of Asian and European territory have been destroyed by the rapidly expanding Rapine Storm, a cult of crazed psychopaths and cannibals who ravage the land in hordes of armed men and terrifying alien beasts. Antarctica, Alaska, and Northern Europe have fallen under the control of the Mi-Go aliens and their advanced technological war machine. All of the oceans and most of the coasts of the world are sparsely controlled by the Esoteric Order of Dagon, who use sea beasts, monstrous Deep Ones and Hybrid soldiers, brainwashed or conscripted humans, and their own brand of oceanic mecha in their search for R'lyeh, the lost underwater city of Cthulhu.

Players can choose from two player races in the Core Rulebook. Aside from Humans, a player can choose to play as the alien Nazzadi, genetically engineered humans once under the influence of the Mi-Go but now allied with the Earth's government. The Nazzadi are depicted as dark skinned humans with intricate tattoos. The CthulhuTech companion book Vade Mecum introduced three new playable races, two of which are results of Nazzadi and Human coupling and are referred to as "Xenomixes." The third is the monstrous "Ghoul," a race of filthy and only vaguely humanoid creatures that hide within human civilization, disguising themselves as homeless people or living in sewers and tunnels.

Factions include the "Tagers," a group of warriors who work for the mysterious Eldritch Society and bond with alien symbionts that produce alien-like suits of flesh over their bodies, giving them enhanced strength and other abilities. Tagers combat the powerful and nearly all-encompassing Chrysalis Corporation, a front for a terrible cult known as the Children of Chaos, who worship Nyarlahotep, and create shapeshifting super soldiers called "Dhohanoids" to accomplish their ends. "The New Earth Government" is the most encompassing faction, with numerous government agencies, military powers, and all of the world's remaining nations under its command. NEG players will fight the cults and the alien Mi-Go using mecha and military technology out in the battlefields or sorcery, wits, and investigative ability in the futuristic urban arcologies. The players can also, if they choose, ally themselves with the Chrysalis Corporation and other evil cults.

Inspirations
CthulhuTech is inspired by various anime such as Robotech, The Guyver and Neon Genesis Evangelion, and by cyberpunk games like Shadowrun.  The core inspiration is drawn from the works of HP Lovecraft and others. A few Mythos elements have been extrapolated into a futuristic setting, such as monstrous Ghouls and Byakhee, the alien Mi-Go, as well as Lovecraftian deities such as Cthulhu and Hastur.

Despite the use of races and deities created by Lovecraft and others, there is little to connect the game with the Lovecraftian style of horror; the game is more action oriented. While prominent elements of the Mythos described in some of Lovecraft's key works (such as Elder Things, Shoggoths or Yithians) are not used as NPCs or enemies and generally do not appear in the game, they are referenced in a section of the CthulhuTech Core Rulebook describing the background of the setting and intended for gamemasters. Notably, while the game itself is very loosely based on the Mythos and the aspects integrated into gameplay are extensively reimagined, the background section closely follows Mythos canon and is fairly accurate.

The setting features futuristic elements such as the architecturally efficient and futuristic arcologies, powered armor and mecha, energy weapons, and bio and nano-technology. In addition, the setting also includes many paranormal or fantastic elements, such as dangerous sorcery and psychic abilities, which take a toll on the sanity of the user, and the Arcanotechnology, a paranormal technology that produces near-endless amounts of efficient and clean fuel.

Reception
CthulhuTech has received varying degrees of acknowledgment. Io9 featured a short review of Vade Mecum, the CthulhuTech companion book. The reviewer referred to the artwork as "amazing, really helping to evoke the gloomy, decadent world of CthulhuTech" and recommended the book for those who are looking for a dark RPG.

Hyperion, the largest Norwegian website for roleplaying and LARP, featured a review of CthulhuTech. The reviewer applauds CthulhuTech for its fresh setting and the wide variety of stories it can support, saying it might become a "cult symbol" among games. The reviewer also goes through Framewerk, finding it easy to pick up, especially for those with experience in the White Wolf Storyteller System. However, he also goes on to say that some of the skills are similar and might confuse beginners, and that it lacks information on the technology of the setting, requiring more supplements to make it whole.

CthulhuTech was a finalist for the 34th Origins Awards, an award for particular aspects of the traditional gaming industry. It was nominated in the "Roleplaying Game" category for 2008 and was selected as a silver award finalist, though it did not win the category. The winner was Aces & Eights . CthulhuTech was also a finalist for the 2009 ENnie awards for "Best Game", "Best Production Values", "Best Interior Art", "Best Supplement", and "Best Cover Art".  For those categories it won Gold ENnie awards for "Best Cover Art" (Core Rule Book) and "Best Supplement" (Vade Mecum).

CthulhuTech was featured in Yog-Sothoth.com's semi-regular "Yog Radio" podcast. It was featured in Yog Radio #28, in an interview with the game's authors.

Translations of CthulhuTech into Italian, Spanish and French are in the works. The Spanish edition of CthulhuTech is being published by Edge Entertainment in Spain. The French edition of CthulhuTech is being published by La Bibliothèque Interdite in France.

Publication history

The first publisher of CthulhuTech was EOS Press. This was followed by Mongoose Publishing (a relationship which ended amicably) and Catalyst Game Labs, which ended in April 2010 due primarily to non-payment of royalties. Sandstorm Productions followed in  June 2010, but collapsed in early 2012, after which Wildfire was independent.

Books in the CthulhuTech game line currently include (original publisher in brackets):
 CthulhuTech (Mongoose) core book
 Vade Mecum (Mongoose) the CthulhuTech companion which details para-psychics, zoners, additional spells and mecha for various factions
 Dark Passions (Mongoose - black and white; Catalyst - color version) a sourcebook for cults
 Damnation View (Catalyst) a metaplot sourcebook for 2086
 Mortal Remains (Catalyst) details culture, society of the New Earth Government, and their enemies, the Migou
 Ancient Enemies (Sandstorm) details the struggle between the Tagers of the Eldritch Society and the Chrysalis Corporation
 Unveiled Threats (Sandstorm) details the armaments, devices and technology of the Strange Aeon
 Burning Horizon (Wildfire) a metaplot sourcebook for 2087
 Dead Gods - Release date has not been established but the book was pushed at the end of the "production line"

References

External links

Campaign settings
Cthulhu Mythos role-playing games
ENnies winners
Horror role-playing games
Role-playing games introduced in 2007


Menon may refer to:

People
Menon (subcaste), an honorary title accorded to some members of the Nair community of Kerala, southern India; used as a surname by many holders of the title

Surnamed
Menon (surname), the surname of several people

Given named
 Menon (cookbook author), pseudonym of an unidentified 18th-century French cookbook author
Menon (Phidias), a workman with Phidias
Menon (Trojan), a Trojan soldier in Trojan War
Menon I of Pharsalus, assisted Cimon at Battle of Eion
Menon II of Pharsalus, led troops assisting Athens in the Peloponnesian War
Menon III of Pharsalus or Meno, a Thessalian general and character in Plato's Meno dialogue. One of the generals of the Greek mercenaries in the army of Cyrus the Younger.
Menon IV of Pharsalus (born ?), 4th century Greek general
Menon, 4th century BC Peripatetic writer on medicine: see Anonymus Londinensis
Múnón, also called Mennón, a Trojan chieftain or king mentioned by the twelfth-century Icelandic writer Snorri Sturluson that may refer to Menon, Memnon, or another person.

Other uses
Menon (gastropod), a genus of gastropods within the family Eulimidae
Meno, a dialogue by Plato, is sometimes referred to also as Menon
Menon's caecilian
Menon (weapon) An Italian anti-submarine mortar

See also

 Mennon
 Menos (disambiguation)
 Meno (disambiguation)
 Memon (disambiguation)


Burwell Otis Jones (March 23, 1933 – February 6, 2021) was an American former competition swimmer and Pan American Games champion.

Career
At the 1951 Pan American Games held in Buenos Aires, Argentina, he won the bronze medal in the men's 100-meter backstroke, and a gold medal in the men's 4×200-meter freestyle relay event, alongside teammates Dick Cleveland, Ronald Gora and Bill Heusner.

At the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, Finland, Jones swam for the gold medal-winning U.S. team in the preliminary heats of the men's 4×200-meter freestyle relay. Although the U.S. team finished first, Jones did not receive a medal under the 1952 rules because he did not swim in the event final.

Jones attended the University of Michigan, where he swam for the Michigan Wolverines swimming and diving team in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) competition from 1952 to 1954.

See also
 List of University of Michigan alumni

References

External links

1933 births
2021 deaths
American male backstroke swimmers
American male freestyle swimmers
Michigan Wolverines men's swimmers
Olympic swimmers for the United States
Swimmers from Detroit
Swimmers at the 1951 Pan American Games
Swimmers at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States
Pan American Games bronze medalists for the United States
Pan American Games medalists in swimming
Medalists at the 1951 Pan American Games
20th-century American sportsmen


Luis is a male given name. It can also refer to:

 Luis (letter), the second letter of the Ogham alphabet
 Luis (TV series), a short-lived television sitcom starring Luis Guzmán
 Luis  Muñoz Marín International Airport, main airport in San Juan, Puerto Rico
 Hurricane Luis, one of the deadliest and most destructive hurricanes of the 1995 Atlantic hurricane season


Borasu Pass or Bara-su (el. ) is a high mountain pass in the Himalaya Mountains of Uttarakhand in the India. The pass is located on the border of Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh near the border with Tibet. It was an ancient trade route between Har Ki Doon valley and Kinnaur valley.

Geography
Borasu Pass divides Uttarakhand from Himachal Pradesh. The pass is located only a few kilometers from the Tibet border. The east part of the Borasu area comes out from Tons valley and the north-west part is merged with Baspa valley. Its north-west range comes down on Jhukia Glacier. The nearest village, Chitkul, is away from the pass. on the Himachal Pradesh (Kinnaur valley) side and Osla village on the Uttarakhand side of the pass.

Approach to the pass is marked by grasslands. Mountains Bandarpunch, Black Peak or Kalanag, Swargarohini and Har Ki Doon may be observed from the pass.

Climate
In summer, temperatures range from  to more lower. After November, the temperature falls down to several degree lower from . Precipitation in Baspa Valley is low in scale. Comparatively in the side of Tons valley rainfall is often common. Generally, snowfall is received after October.

See also
Rupin Pass
Saach Pass
Pin Parvati Pass
Takling La

References

Mountain passes of Himachal Pradesh
Mountain passes of the Himalayas
Geography of Kinnaur district


"Bailey Park" is a song by Tullycraft, recorded with producer Pat Maley in the Capitol Theater at Yoyo Studios in Olympia, Washington. The birds heard at the beginning of the track are not a sample, Maley hung a second microphone out of a second floor theatre window while Tollefson was recording his vocals. The birds heard on the track are downtown Olympia birds recorded at the same time as the vocals. Guitarist Gary Miklusek said: "'Bailey Park' ranks as a top song for me. Live it was a blast to play and almost a guaranteed string-breaker… perhaps my only sore memories of Tullycraft."

"Sweet" was released as the B-side of the single for "Bailey Park". The track also appeared on the band's debut album Old Traditions, New Standards. In 2007, the song was used in a television commercial for the hot-dog chain Wienerschnitzel. It was licensed without the band's knowledge or permission. The licensing was handled by Darla, the California-based record label that had reissued Old Traditions, New Standards. Tullycraft were not very happy when they learned of the commercial.

"Pedal" was a short re-working of the song that Tollefson had written and recorded with the band Crayon. Pat Maley introduced the idea and even integrated samples of Beat Happening and Tiger Trap from master tapes found in the studio. The idea was to spoof a Pet Shop Boys dance track. In 1997, the Vancouver-based band, Gaze covered the song "Pedal" on their So Sad single.

Track listing
 "Bailey Park"
 "Sweet"
 "Pedal"

Personnel
 Sean Tollefson – vocals, bass
 Jeff Fell – drums
 Gary Miklusek – guitar, backing vocals
 Pat Maley – production, audio engineering
 Aaron Gorseth – production assistance
 Rose Melberg – backing vocals on "Pedal"

References

 Strong, M. C. (2003). The Great Indie Discography (2nd Edition) pg. 1041. Published by Canon Books Ltd. (US/CAN) .
 Discogs . Bailey Park. Retrieved on November 14, 2008.
 Johnston, M. . The Case Of The Wienerschnitzel Song. Retrieved on November 15, 2008.
 Discogs . So Sad. Retrieved on November 14, 2008.

1995 singles
1995 songs


Dmitry Kabalevsky's Preludes, Op. 38 are a set of 24 piano pieces in the Chopinian model, each based on a folksong and each in a different key. It was composed in 1943–44, and dedicated to Nikolai Myaskovsky, his teacher.   It is one of a number of examples of music written in all 24 major and minor keys.

The score is headed by a quote from Mikhail Lermontov on Russian folksong.

List of preludes
Andantino. C major. 27 bars.
Scherzando. A minor. 38 bars.
Vivace leggiero. G major. 53 bars
Andantino. E minor. 63 bars.
Andante sostenuto. D major. 45 bars.
Allegro molto. B minor. 35 bars.
Moderato e tranquillo. A major. 26 bars.
Andante non troppo. Semplice e cantando – Poco Agitato – Tempo I. F-sharp minor. 29 bars.
Allegretto scherzando – Poco più mosso. E major. 63 bars.
Non troppo allegro ma agitato. Recitando, rubato – Largo – Come prima – Largo. C-sharp minor. 43 bars.
Vivace scherzando. B major. 61 bars.
Adagio. G-sharp minor. 35 bars.
Allegro non troppo. F-sharp major. 69 bars.
Prestissimo possibile. E-flat minor. 100 bars.
Allegretto marcato. D-flat major. 32 bars.
Allegro tenebroso. B-flat minor. 59 bars.
Andantino tranquillo. A-flat major. 41 bars.
Largamente con gravita. F minor. 13 bars.
Allegretto. E-flat major. 35 bars.
Andantino semplice. C minor. 53 bars.
Festivamente. Non troppo allegro. B-flat major. 57 bars.
Scherzando. Non troppo allegro. G minor. 62 bars.
Andante sostenuto. F major. 30 bars.
Allegro feroce – Meno mosso. Marciale. – Pochissimo più mosso – Poco meno mosso.. D minor. 105 bars.

References
 Peters's edition of the score; Edition Peters Mo. 4785 – E.P.122225 – Licence-no. 415-300/285/73. Röderdruck, Leipzig (GDR)

Compositions by Dmitry Kabalevsky
1944 compositions
Kabalevsky
Compositions for solo piano
Kabalevsky


WillowWood School is an alternative private school in Toronto, Ontario, Canada for Grades JK through 12.  It was founded in 1980 by owner/principal Joy Kurtz.

The school caters for children with learning differences, ADHD, and other learning challenges.

WillowWood has an Arts and Sports program. There are two annual presentations: the Holiday Happening in December, and the Musical in the Spring. WillowWood sports teams participate in the SSAF (Small Schools Athletic Federation) as the WillowWood Warriors.

External links

  WillowWood School at OurKids.net

Special education in Canada
Educational institutions established in 1980
Private schools in Toronto


Wolfgang Butzkamm (born 11 November 1938) is Professor Emeritus of English as a foreign language at Aachen University, Germany. He is credited with the development of a principled and systematic approach to the role of the mother tongue in foreign language teaching which radically differs from a target-language-only philosophy prevailing in many countries. For him, traditional monolingualism is an instance of a more general naturalistic fallacy which is committed when foreign language teaching is modelled after the natural acquisition of a first language (L1), as in the direct method (education) which was also called the natural method.

Life
Butzkamm is an applied linguist. He was born in 1938 and was educated at the universities of Marburg, Münster, Dortmund, and Appleton (Wis.). He began his career as an innovative teacher of English, German and French as foreign languages, and was appointed to the Chair of English Language Teaching in Aachen in 1973.

Enlightened monolingualism and the principle of dual comprehension
Butzkamm was inspired by C. J. Dodson's language teaching and the bilingual method when he pioneered  his “aufgeklärte Einsprachigkeit” (enlightened or informed monolingualism) in 1973, which in Germany has become almost a stock phrase. Since languages are learned from use, the foreign language is by itself the primary means of acquiring it and must accordingly be made the working language of the classroom. This is however best achieved by systematic mother tongue support. While the implicit activation of mother tongue skills is initially inevitable, explicit systematic mother tongue support is desirable because it promotes positive language transfer.

(1) Bilingual meaning conveyance is safe, effective and practical when the sandwich technique is used
 French teacher of English: “What’s the matter? Qu’y a-t-il? What’s the matter”?
 German teacher of English: “You’ve skipped a line. Du hast eine Zeile übersprungen. You’ve skipped a line.”

This technique of sandwiching the translation of an unknown expression can be carried out very discreetly in the tone of an aside, as a kind of whispered interpreting. It should be a central technique as it is the quickest way to make authentic classroom communication possible: statement in L2, restatement in L1 and again in L2; L2 =>L1=>L2.

(2) Sometimes, a combination of idiomatic and didactic literal translation which Butzkamm calls  "mirroring” can be highly effective, as it clarifies both what is meant and how it is said:
The necessity, even inevitability of this kind of mother tongue support is more obvious when the target language is typologically remote and genetically unrelated to the native language:

Es gibt zu viele (German)
= There are too many (clarifies the meaning)
= *It gives too many (renders the structure transparent)

Quand je serai grand (French)
= When I’m big (clarifies the meaning)
= *When I will-be big (renders the structure transparent)

Shànghǎi bǐ Běijīng dà (Mandarin)
= Shanghai is bigger than Beijing (clarifies the meaning)
= *Shanghai bǐ (=than) Beijing big (renders the structure transparent)

Although not all constructions can be mirrored quite so comfortably, for Butzkamm this dual comprehension (functional understanding / decoding plus structural understanding / codebreaking) is the most important single factor in language acquisition. Only this kind of double understanding enables the learner to create and risk numerous sentences of his own, making, in Humboldt's words, “infinite use of finite means” (the generative principle):

Es gibt zu viele Kinder.         There are too many children.
Es gibt zu wenige Lehrer.      There are too few teachers.
Es gibt Politiker, die…          There are politicians who…
Gibt es Philosophen, die…?  Are there philosophers who…?

Teachers must teach in ways so that the sentences learners hear or read become syntactical germ-cells and models for many more sentences.

Idiomatic translation and mother tongue mirroring combined provide immediate access to a complete meaning of foreign language constructions, often making further explanations superfluous. By contrast, the currently accepted approach seems to see the mother tongue as an intruder only, and a persistent temptation for pupils and (tired) teachers to fall back on, more of a hindrance than a help. The advice commonly given is to use it as little as possible, as a last resort in meaning-conveyance or for grammatical explanations (which themselves must be kept to a minimum).

This, according to Butzkamm, is a colossal mistake, and besides, definitely Eurocentric. While acknowledging that the indiscriminate and haphazard use of the mother tongue is all too frequent and must be avoided, Butzkamm insists that we have to re-define the role of the native language as the major resource in foreign language learning and teaching. As children grow into their mother tongue (1) they have learnt to conceptualize their world and have fully grasped the symbolic function of language; (2) they have learnt to communicate; (3) they have learnt to speak and use their voice; (4) they have acquired an intuitive understanding of grammar and have become aware of many of the finer points of language; (5) they have acquired the secondary skills of reading and writing. The mother tongue is therefore the greatest asset people bring to the task of foreign language learning. It provides an indispensable Language Acquisition Support System - a term used by Jerome Bruner in the context of first language acquisition - which makes instruction possible in the first place.

Successful learners capitalise on the vast amount of both linguistic skills and world knowledge they have already accumulated via the mother tongue. For the most part, they need not reconceptualise their world in the new language. The path breaking power of L1 grammar is not dependent on the fact that both languages share similar grammatical features. It is because all languages have evolved means of expressing abstract ideas such as possession, number, agent, instrument, negation, cause, condition, obligation etc., no matter how they do this, that one natural language is enough to open the door for the grammars of other languages. In a deep sense, we only learn language once.

That is why, according to Butzkamm, the monolingual orthodoxy, with or without small concessions, cannot be supported in any respect. The target-language-only credo must be overturned and foreign language teaching methodology stood on its feet again. Butzkamm and Caldwell's (2009) call for a paradigm shift is in line with Hall and Cook's conclusion in their state-of-the-art article (2012, 299) that “the way is open for a major paradigm shift in language teaching and learning”. However, in Butzkamm's “informed monolingualism”, not a single monolingual technique, simple or sophisticated, is thrown out. Bilingual techniques are clearly intended to enrich existing methodologies, and not to impoverish them. Teachers will have to decide which technique will serve their purpose best in a given situation. To sum it up in one maxim: Teach English through English – but with the help of the mother tongue.

References
Butzkamm, W. (1973/1978), Aufgeklärte Einsprachigkeit. Zur Entdogmatisierung der Methode im Fremdsprachenunterricht.(Enlightened monolingualism. Taking the dogma out of foreign language methodology) Heidelberg: Quelle & Meyer.
Butzkamm, W. (1989 / 2002), Psycholinguistik des Fremdsprachenunterrichts: Von der Muttersprache zur Fremdsprache. (The psycholinguistics of foreign language teaching. From mother tongue to foreign language) Tübingen/Basel: Francke.
Butzkamm, W. (1998), "Code-Switching in a Bilingual History Lesson: The Mother Tongue as a Conversational Lubricant". In:  International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 1:2, 81-99.
Butzkamm, W. (2000), „Generative principle". In: Michael Byram (ed.), Routledge Encyclopedia of Language Teaching and Learning, London and New York: Routledge, 232-234.
Butzkamm, W. (2000), “Monolingual Principle”. In: Michael Byram (eds.), Routledge Encyclopedia of Language Teaching and Learning. London and New York: Routledge,415-417.
Butzkamm, W. (2003), "We only learn language once: The role of the mother tongue in FL classrooms - death of a dogma". In: Language Learning Journal, 28: 29-39.
Butzkamm, W. (2004), Lust zum Lehren, Lust zum Lernen: Eine neue Methodik für den Fremdsprachenunterricht. (Teaching and learning foreign languages with pleasure. A new approach) Tübingen/Basel: Francke. (2nd, improved ed. 2007)
 Butzkamm, W. & Caldwell, John A.W. (2009), The Bilingual Reform: A Paradigm Shift in Foreign Language Teaching. Tübingen: Narr.
 Butzkamm, W. & Dodson, C.J. (1980), “The Teaching of Communication: From Theory to Practice.“ In: International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching 13:4, 289-309.
 Dodson, C.J. (1967/1972), Language Teaching and the Bilingual Method. London: Pitman.
 Hall, G. & Cook, G. (2012), "Own-language use in language teaching and learning: the state of the art." In: Language Teaching 45.3, 271 - 308.

External links
 Wolfgang Butzkamm's website
 Wikiblia

1938 births
German educational theorists
20th-century educational theorists
Linguists from Germany
Living people


The 1945–46 Southern League Cup was the sixth and final edition of the regional war-time football tournament. The North Eastern League and North Eastern League Cup had ended the previous season, teams from those competitions joined the Southern League and Southern League Cup. With the Southern League now acting effectively as a national league the competition was split into two Divisions, The league cup was therefore also split into two divisions.

Aberdeen won the tournament, defeating Rangers 3–2 in the final at Hampden Park before a crowd of 135,000. This was the last edition of the competition, but the trophy itself was used again for the 1946 Victory Cup played only a few weeks later (won by Rangers), therefore Aberdeen only possessed the cup for a short time. The same teams met in first official Scottish League Cup final the following year.

Group stage

Division A

Group A

Group B

Group C

Group D

Division B

Group A

Group B

Play-off

Group C

Group D

Quarter-finals

Semi-finals

Replay

Final

Teams

References

External links
Southern League Cup at Scottish Football Historical Archive (archived version, 2015)

season
1945–46 in Scottish football


The Battle of Hermannstadt, also known as the Battle of Sibiu or the Battle of Szeben, was fought between the army of the Hungarian Kingdom and the Ottoman Empire on March 18 and March 22, 1442, near Marosszentimre and Hermannstadt (Szeben), modern Sântimbru and Sibiu, Romania. The Hungarian forces were commanded by John Hunyadi. Hermannstadt was Hunyadi's third victory over the Ottomans after the relief of Smederevo in 1437 and the defeat of Ishak Beg midway between Semendria and Belgrade in 1441.

Background
In 1438 Ottoman marauders attacked Transylvania, where in 1437 the Ottomans had been beaten by an uprising under Antal Nagy de Buda. For up to 45 days the Ottomans without let or hindrance attacked the Transylvanian Saxon lands and Hungarian villages and market towns.

In 1441 John Hunyadi came to power. Hunyadi attacked the Ottomans in Serbia and at the Battle of Smederevo got the best of Ishak bey. The Ottoman Sultan, Murad II, proclaimed  in the autumn of 1441 that a raid into Hungarian Transylvania would take place in March 1442. In early March 1442, the marcher lord Mezid Bey led 16,000 akinji cavalry raiders into Transylvania, crossing the Danube to Wallachia at Nicopolis and marching north in formation.

Battle
On March 18 bishop György Lépes' forces (2,000 men) clashed with Mezid near Sântimbru. The Ottomans won by forces of numbers and Hunyadi was forced to retreat, but Mezid did not pursue Hunyadi. Lépes was taken prisoner and Mezid beheaded the bishop.

Hunyadi's army regrouped near Hermannstadt. Simon Kemény (sometimes: Kamonyai) swapped his armour for Hunyadi's armour so that the Turks would believe he was Hunyadi. Kamonyai was to execute a head-on attack, while Hunyadi went around Mesid's army. Kamonyai was killed in action, however Hunyadi with the Hungarian heavy cavalry charged Mesid, crushed the Turks and killed Mezid. Hunyadi was able to ransom Lépes's head with Mesid's head.

According to historian Tamás Pálosfalvi, Hunyadi was not present at the first battle.

Aftermath
When John Hunyadi defeated Mezid Bey and the raiding Ottoman army in the south part of the Kingdom of Hungary in Transylvania, Hunyadi chased the Ottomans beyond the Hungarian borders and the Hungarian army penetrated Wallachia at the Red Tower Pass, Hunyadi forced Voivode Vlad II Dracul to became again a Hungarian vassal. Later continuing his campaign, Hunyadi also forced the Moldavian voivodes Ilie and Stephen II, who until that time had recognized the authority of the Polish king, to renew their loyalty to the Hungarian king.

The defeat of Mezid Bey in Transylvania and the surrender of the Wallachian and Moldavian voivodes incited Sultan Murad II for revenge, he decided a general, large-scale retaliatory campaign against the Kingdom of Hungary for the following year, which he personally intended to lead. In order to immediately avenge the defection of the Wallachian voivod and the defeat of Mezid Bey, the Sultan entrusted one of his famous lieutenant, Beylerbey (governor) Şehabeddin of Rumelia, who offered himself voluntarily for this task with great confidence, to punish Wallachia and Transylvania, telling him not to dare to return before the conquest of the two territory.

In the Battle of the Iron Gate, near the Danube, Hunyadi wiped out Shehabbedin's army in the second greatest victory of Hunyadi's career, surpassed only by his rout of the Ottoman sultan's army in 1456 at the Siege of Belgrade.

Citations

References

Sources
Pál Földi. Nagy hadvezérek ("Great Warlords"), Anno Publisher,

Hermannstadt
Hermannstadt
Hermannstadt
Hermannstadt
Military history of Hungary
History of Sibiu County
15th century in Hungary
15th century in Transylvania
15th century in Romania
1440s in the Ottoman Empire
Hermannstadt
1442 in Europe


The discography of American disc jockey DJ Khaled consists of thirteen studio albums, 54 singles (including 11 as a featured artist) and a bunch of music videos (including 6 as a featured artist).

On June 6, 2006, Khaled released his debut album, Listennn... the Album. The album reached number 12 on the Billboard 200.

On June 12, 2007, Khaled released his second studio album, We the Best. The album reached number eight on the Billboard 200. It produced the top-20 single, "I'm So Hood", which features T-Pain, Trick Daddy, Rick Ross, and Plies, and reached number 19 on the Billboard Hot 100. It also produced the top-40 single, "We Takin Over", which features Akon, T.I., Rick Ross, Fat Joe, Birdman, and Lil Wayne, and reached number 28 on the Hot 100.

On September 16, 2008, Khaled released his third studio album, We Global. The album reached number seven on the Billboard 200. It produced the top-40 single, "Out Here Grindin", which features Akon, Rick Ross, Young Jeezy, Lil Boosie, Trick Daddy, Ace Hood, and Plies, and reached number 38 on the Billboard Hot 100.

On March 2, 2010, Khaled released his fourth studio album, Victory. The album reached number 14 on the Billboard 200. It produced the top-40 single, "All I Do Is Win", which features T-Pain, Ludacris, Snoop Dogg, and Rick Ross, and reached number 24 on the Billboard Hot 100.

On July 19, 2011, Khaled released his fifth studio album, We the Best Forever. The album reached number five on the Billboard 200. It produced the top-10 single, "I'm on One", which features Drake, Rick Ross, and Lil Wayne, and reached number 10 on the Billboard Hot 100.

On August 21, 2012, Khaled released his sixth studio album, Kiss the Ring. The album reached number four on the Billboard 200.

On October 22, 2013, Khaled released his seventh studio album, Suffering from Success. The album reached number seven on the Billboard 200. It produced the top-40 single, "No New Friends", which features Drake, Rick Ross, and Lil Wayne, and reached number 37 on the Billboard Hot 100.

On October 23, 2015, Khaled released his eighth studio album, I Changed a Lot. The album reached number 12 on the Billboard 200. It produced the top-40 single, "Hold You Down", which features Chris Brown, August Alsina, Future, and Jeremih, and reached number 39 on the Billboard Hot 100.

On July 29, 2016, Khaled released his ninth studio album, Major Key. The album debuted and peaked atop the Billboard 200, giving him his first chart-topping project. It produced the top-20 single, "For Free", which features Drake and reached number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100. It also produced the top-40 singles, "I Got the Keys", which features Jay-Z and Future, and "Do You Mind", which features Nicki Minaj, Chris Brown, August Alsina, Jeremih, Future, and Rick Ross; the songs reached numbers 30 and 27 on the Hot 100, respectively.

On June 23, 2017, Khaled released his tenth studio album, Grateful. The album debuted and peaked atop the Billboard 200, giving him his second chart-topping project. It produced the Billboard Hot 100 number-one single, "I'm the One", which features Justin Bieber, Quavo, Chance the Rapper, and Lil Wayne. It also produced the top-10 single, "Wild Thoughts", which features Rihanna and Bryson Tiller, and reached number two on the Hot 100.

On May 17, 2019, Khaled released his eleventh studio album, Father of Asahd. The album debuted and peaked at number two on the Billboard 200. It produced the top-10 single, "No Brainer" from 2018, which features Justin Bieber, Chance the Rapper, and Quavo, and debuted and peaked at number five on the Billboard Hot 100. It also produced the top-20 single, "Wish Wish", which features Cardi B and 21 Savage, which reached number 19 on the Hot 100. The album also contains the top-40 singles, "Top Off" from 2018, which features Jay-Z, Future, and Beyoncé, and "Higher", which features Nipsey Hussle and John Legend; the songs reached numbers 22 and 21 on the Hot 100, respectively.

On April 30, 2021, Khaled released his self-titled twelfth studio album, Khaled Khaled, which is named after his legal name. The album debuted and peaked atop the Billboard 200, giving him his third chart-topping project. It produced the top-10 singles, "Popstar" and "Greece", both of which feature Drake and were released in 2020; the songs debuted and peaked at numbers three and eight on the Billboard Hot 100, respectively. It also produced the top-20 single, "Every Chance I Get", which features Lil Baby and Lil Durk, and debuted and peaked at number 20 on the Hot 100. The album also contains the top-40 single, "Sorry Not Sorry", which features Nas, Jay-Z, and James Fauntleroy, and debuted and peaked at number 30 on the Hot 100.

On August 26, 2022, Khaled released his thirteenth studio album, God Did. It produced the top-10 single, "Staying Alive", which features frequent collaborators Drake and Lil Baby.

Studio albums

Singles

As lead artist

As featured artist

Promotional singles

Other charted songs

Guest appearances

Music videos

As lead artist

As featured artist

Production discography

Notes

References

Hip hop discographies
Discographies of American artists


KKCQ-FM (96.7 FM, "Q Country 96.7") is a radio station licensed to serve Bagley, Minnesota. It airs a stereo country music format. News comes from ABC News Radio and the Minnesota News Network.

It sits east of downtown Fosston at 30056 U.S. Highway 2, along with sister station KKCQ (1480 AM). Both stations are owned by Jimmy Birkemeyer, through licensee R&J Broadcasting, Inc. The transmitter and tower are northwest of Bagley.

The station was assigned the KKCQ-FM call letters by the Federal Communications Commission on October 1, 1996.

References

External links
KKCQ-FM official website

Radio stations in Minnesota
Country radio stations in the United States
Clearwater County, Minnesota
Radio stations established in 1997
1997 establishments in Minnesota


Jean-Martin Mbemba (born 13 August 1942) is a Congolese politician and lawyer. He is the President of the Union for Progress (UP) and has been a prominent politician in Congo-Brazzaville since the early 1990s. He served in the 1991–1992 transitional government as Minister of Justice; later, under President Denis Sassou Nguesso, he was Minister of Labour and Social Security from 1997 to 1999, Minister of Justice from 1999 to 2005, and Minister of State for the Civil Service and State Reform from 2005 to 2009. Since October 2009, he has been the President of the National Commission of Human Rights.

Legal career
Mbemba, an ethnic Téké, was born in Brazzaville and studied in France. He was President of the Association of Congolese Students in France from December 1968 to December 1970, and he was President of the Federation of African Students in France from December 1971 to December 1972. He practiced as a lawyer in Brazzaville from February 1976 to June 1991. At the 1987 French trial of Klaus Barbie, a German war criminal of World War II, Mbemba was an assistant defense lawyer in the team headed by Jacques Verges. In the trial, the defense pursued a strategy of highlighting crimes committed by the West, including France itself, in hopes that Barbie's crimes during the German occupation of France would appear less offensive by comparison. Mbemba pointed to France's use of forced labour during the construction of the Congo-Ocean Railway in his own country, as well as France's violent suppression of the 1947 revolt against colonial rule in Madagascar; in addition, he denounced South African apartheid as "the ultimate crime against humanity". Following the trial, Mbemba was Secretary-General of the Union of Lawyers of Central Africa from September 1987 to June 1991.

Political career
Mbemba has been President of the Union for Progress (UP), a political party, since its founding in October 1990. He participated in the 1991 National Conference and headed the committee for the drafting of internal regulations at the National Conference. At the end of the National Conference, he was appointed as Minister of Justice and Administrative Reform in the transitional government of Prime Minister André Milongo, serving in that post from June 1991 to June 1992. He was elected as a municipal councillor from the Fifth Arrondissement (Ouenzé) of Brazzaville in 1992, and soon afterward he was elected to the National Assembly in the 1992 parliamentary election as the UP candidate in the Ignié constituency of Pool Region. He also stood as the UP candidate in the August 1992 presidential election, placing 11th with 0.45% of the vote.

After his departure from Milongo's transitional government, Mbemba again practiced as a lawyer from July 1992 to October 1997, in addition to his political activities. In January 1993, following President Pascal Lissouba's dissolution of the National Assembly, Mbemba became President of the National Commission for the Organization of the Early Legislative Election. He was re-elected to the National Assembly as the UP candidate in Ignié constituency in the mid-1993 parliamentary election.

Following the June–October 1997 civil war, in which Lissouba was ousted, Mbemba was appointed as Minister of Labour and Social Security by President Denis Sassou Nguesso on 2 November 1997. In March 1998, "armed bandits" wounded Mbemba during an invasion of his home, while also killing a bodyguard and driver.

He was moved to the position of Minister of Justice on 12 January 1999. In the May 2002 parliamentary election, he was elected to the National Assembly as the UP candidate in Ignié constituency; he won the seat in the first round with 61.33% of the vote. Following that election, he remained Minister of Justice and was additionally assigned responsibility for human rights in the government appointed on 18 August 2002.

Mbemba served as Justice Minister until he was instead appointed as Minister of State for the Civil Service and State Reform on 7 January 2005. In the 2007 parliamentary election, he was again elected to the National Assembly as the UP candidate in Ignié constituency. He won the seat in the second round after receiving 39.17% of the vote in the first round against 37.84% for Carole Mantot, an independent candidate. He retained his post as Minister of State for the Civil Service and State Reform in the government appointed after the election, on 30 December 2007.

Mbemba and his party supported Sassou Nguesso when the latter ran for another term in the July 2009 presidential election. In the absence of any serious opposition candidates, Sassou Nguesso easily won re-election. Following the election, he appointed a new government, in which Mbemba was not included, on 15 September 2009. Sassou Nguesso instead appointed Mbemba as a member of the National Commission of Human Rights, a constitutional body, a few days later. Mbemba was then elected as President of the National Commission of Human Rights at a meeting held in the Palace of the Parliament in Brazzaville on 2 October 2009, and he took office on 7 October.

In 2013, Mbemba was investigated by the Directorate for Territorial Surveillance regarding allegations of "possession of weapons of war and attempted destabilization of national institutions". In protest, the UP announced on 19 June 2013 that it was suspending its participation in the Rally of the Presidential Majority (RMP) coalition.

References

Members of the National Assembly (Republic of the Congo)
Union for Progress (Republic of the Congo) politicians
Living people
1942 births
People from Brazzaville