Big wall climbing is a form of rock climbing that takes place on long multi-pitch routes (of at least 6–10 pitches or 300-500 metres) that normally require a full day, if not several days, to ascend.  Big wall routes are typically sustained and exposed, where the climbers remain suspended from the rock face, even sleeping hanging from the face, with limited options to sit down or escape unless they abseil back down the whole route (a complex and risky action). It is therefore a physically and mentally demanding form of climbing.

Big wall climbing is typically done in pairs in a traditional climbing format, but with the distinction that the non-lead climber usually ascends by jumaring up a fixed rope to save time and energy.  It requires an extensive range of supplies and equipment over and above that of traditional climbing that is carried in haul bags, including portaledges, aid climbing equipment, poop tubes, and food and water.  It requires additional techniques such as pendulums/tension traversing, aid climbing, using trail ropes, jumaring, and sometimes simul climbing.

Big wall climbing began in the Dolomites with early pioneers such as Emilio Comici inventing many of the first techniques and tools in the 1930s, and then spreading throughout the entire European Alps by climbers such as Riccardo Cassin and Walter Bonatti with his milestone solo ascent of the Dru in 1955.  From the 1960s, American climbers led by Royal Robbins developed Yosemite into the most important big wall climbing venue in the world, with Lynn Hill's 1993 first free ascent of The Nose at  on El Capitan being an important milestone in big wall history.  Major high-altitude big-walls have been scaled in Patagonia and in the Himalayas.

Description
Big wall climbing is rock climbing on large routes that often take a full day, if not several days, of continuous climbing to ascend.  Big wall climbing is a form of multi-pitch climbing but there is no definition of how many pitches are needed for a route to be a big wall ; a minimum of at least 6–10 pitches (or roughly 300-500 metres) is typically required. Big wall climbing is usually done in pairs as lead climbing, however, due to the length of the climbs, the second climber usually ascends via a fixed rope to save energy and time.

Big wall climbing can be performed as free climbing, however, it is common for big wall climbers to use some level of aid climbing on the route, as it is often impossible for very large multi-pitch routes to have a uniform level of difficulty (i.e. there may be some particularly difficult sections that are well beyond the difficulties of the rest of the route).  Most big wall routes require traditional climbing techniques for climbing protection however some routes have bolted sections (or pitons) like sport climbing routes.  Big wall routes have also been free solo climbed.

Big wall routes are typically sustained and exposed, where the climbers will be required to remain suspended on the rock wall during their entire ascent, with limited availability to sit down (e.g. few large ledges), or to escape from the wall other than by abseiling back down the entire route (which can be itself a risky process). Big wall climbing is therefore considered a more serious undertaking than even multi-pitch climbing, and climbers will generally only attempt big wall routes at grades that they can easily manage as multi-pitch routes.

The duration and sustained exposure of big wall climbs require a significant increase in equipment and in equipment-handling skills, over and above what is required for multi-pitch routes.  Big wall climbers need to be able to haul gear and supplies up the route as they climb (using pulleys and haul bags), ascend on fixed ropes (the non-leading climber), build major anchor points (for hanging belays), hammer-in bolts and pitons as required, and set up portaledges for resting and sleeping. Given the length of the routes, this must happen efficiently.

Notable walls

In determining what is a "big wall", there is not only debate about the height requirements but also on whether it includes alpine climbs such as the north faces of the Eiger and the Matterhorn, which also have a lot of snow and ice. Regardless, a number of walls are considered particularly notable in the development of big-wall climbing:

 Tre Cime di Lavaredo, Dolomites. The Dolomites were the birthplace of big wall climbing where many important early tools and techniques were developed, and the scene of many milestones by pioneers such as Emilio Comici and Riccardo Cassin, and modern milestones in big wall free and solo climbing by Alexander Huber.

 Petit Dru, Mont Blanc Massif. An important big wall in the heart of one of Europe's most important alpine climbing venues (i.e. the Dru is surrounded by many notable rock and ice alpine climbing routes); the Dru was the scene of several milestones in big-wall climbing and most notably, Walter Bonatti's groundbreaking 1955 solo ascent of the eponymous Bonatti Pillar, and Catherine Destivelle's 1991 solo of the eponymous Voie Destivelle.

 El Capitan and Half Dome, Yosemite.  The world's most famous big wall venue, and where many techniques, tools, and grade milestones were developed in big wall climbing by pioneers such as Royal Robbins and Warren Harding in the 1960s and 1970s; Lynn Hill's 1993 first free ascent of The Nose was one of the greatest milestones in big wall climbing; Tommy Caldwell's 2015 milestone in freeing the Dawn Wall, and Alex Honnold's 2017 milestone in big wall free soloing attracted global attention.

 Trango Towers, Karakoram.  The Great Trango Tower's east face and east buttress form the world's longest big wall climbs; in the mid-1970s, the group was the birthplace of high-altitude big wall climbing; the towers, including the adjoining Nameless Tower, are considered formidable and dangerous due to their extreme altitude, and include famous big wall routes such as Eternal Flame (650-metres, 24-pitches, VI 5.13a), and The Grand Voyage (1,340-metres, 33-pitches, VII 5.10 A4+), one of the world's largest.

 Mount Asgard and Mount Thor, Baffin Island. In the early 1970s, British big wall climber Doug Scott highlighted the enormous range and scale of big wall climbing possibilities on Baffin Island, and it has been a focus of big wall climbers ever since.

 Cordillera Paine, Chilean Patagonia.  Developed by British and Italian climbers in the early 1960s, the windswept towers have been a continuous venue for big wall climbing with the world's leading big wall climbers still trying to fully free the famous 1991 partially-aided route by Wolfgang Gullich and Kurt Albert, Riders on the Storm (VI, 5.13/7c+, A3).

 Cerro Torre and Fitz Roy, Patagonia.  Cerro Torre is one of the most iconic big walls but also one of the most controversial as a result of Cesare Maestri's dubious 1959 ascent (disproven in 2015), and his 1970 densely-bolted Compressor Route (bolts removed in 2012); its neighbour Fitz Roy also has iconic big wall routes, and both have attracted climbers doing grand-traverses (or enchainments) of their multiple towers.

 Ulvetanna Peak, Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. Considered the "last frontier" in big wall climbing and its huge rock faces have attracted the continuous attention of some of the world's best contemporary big wall climbers who continue to develop new routes in the location.

In addition to the above big walls, a number of other locations are regarded as having impressive big walls that are climbed. However, their level of challenge (sometimes due to the variable or poor quality of the rock) has not been as notable in the development of big wall climbing; they include Troll Wall (Norway), Cerro Autana (Venezuela), Naranjo de Bulnes (Spain), Tsaratanana Massif (Madagascar), Potrero Chico (Mexico), Ketil (Greenland), and Notch Peak and The Streaked Wall (Utah).

History

One of the earliest examples of "big wall climbing" dates from 1887 when a 17-year-old Georg Winkler free soloed the Vajolet Towers in the Dolomites.  The Dolomites were the birthplace of big wall climbing, and where pioneer Emilio Comici invented many big wall techniques such as aid climbing with multi-step aiders, hanging belays and bivouacs, advanced rope maneuvers, and leading with a trail rope.  In 1933, Comici climbed the overhanging north face of the Cima Grande, then the world's hardest big wall route.  Other pioneers such as Riccardo Cassin, himself a leading alpinist, created even harder new routes and spread big wall techniques across the Alps. In 1955, Walter Bonatti ushered in modern big wall climbing with his six-day solo ascent of a new route on the southwest pillar of the Petit Dru, still considered one of the greatest and most important big wall climbs of all time.

In 1957, a team led by Royal Robbins climbed the Northwest Face of Half Dome in Yosemite, ushering in modern American big wall climbing.  In 1958, a team led by Warren Harding aid climbed The Nose on El Capitan using siege tactics (600 pitons and 125 bolts) over 47 days; while the ascent got worldwide recognition it was controversial due to the excessive use of aid.  Robbins' ethos of minimizing the use of aid prevailed over that of Harding, and his legacy of partially aided ascents including the Salathé Wall (1961), the North American Wall (1964), and the Muir Wall (1968) cemented Yosemite, and the granite walls of El Capitan, as the world's most important big wall climbing venue, and Robbins' own place in big wall history.

The development of big wall techniques and tools in the European Alps and in Yosemite led to a worldwide search for new big walls.  In 1963, a team led by Chris Bonington established the first big wall routes on the Cordillera Paine, Chilean Patagonia, followed closely by new Italian-led routes. In 1972, Doug Scott, and later Charlie Porter, developed big wall routes on Mount Asgard, and highlighted the enormous big wall potential of Baffin Island.  In 1976, a British team led by Joe Brown ascended one of the first-ever high-altitude big wall routes with the granite Trango (Nameless) Tower in the Karakoram, which was followed in 1992 by the two-man team of John Middendorf and  who ascended the east buttress of the neighboring Great Trango Tower, putting up The Grand Voyage (1,340-metres, 33-pitches, VII 5.10 A4+), one of the longest big wall routes in the world.

From the late 1980s, leading sport climbers began to fully free-climb major big wall routes, and establish new testpieces.  In 1988, Todd Skinner and Paul Piana freed the Salathe Wall on El Capitan at . In 1989, Wolfgang Gullich, with others, established the mega-route Eternal Flame on Nameless Tower (fully freed by the Hubers in 2009), and in 1991, created Riders on the Storm on the Torres del Paine.  In 1993, Lynn Hill claimed one of the greatest prizes in big wall climbing by freeing The Nose on El Capitan at . In 2001, Alexander Huber freed  on the Cima Ovest at . In 2015, Tommy Caldwell and Kevin Jorgeson freed Dawn Wall on El Capitan at . During this era, new milestones were also set in big-wall free solo climbing by Alexander Huber, with Brandler-Hasse Direttissima on the Cima Grande in 2012 at , by Hansjörg Auer, with Fish Route on the Marmolada in 2007 at , and by Alex Honnold with Freerider on El Capitan in 2017 at .

Equipment

Big wall climbing requires all of the equipment used in traditional climbing and multi-pitch climbing (but in greater volume as the pitches are of fuller length), as well as specific additional items that are needed for extended multi-day muti-pitch big wall routes, including:
 Haul bags. Given the level of equipment and supplies needed, heavy-duty haul bags (including stuff sacks and rope bags) are used extensively in big wall climbing; self-locking rope capture pulleys are used for hauling up these haul bags on static/tag rope lines.
 Aid climbing equipment. Many big wall climbers carry a basic set of aid climbing equipment including aiders, daisy chanins, pitons (and also angles, knifeblades, copperheads and even bolt kits), a hammer, hooks, prusiks, and a chest harness/gear sling.
 Fixed or static rope systems. A distinctive aspect of big wall climbing is the additional static fixed rope (or tag-line) that is used by the non-lead climber to ascend the route (using ascenders), and by both climbers to haul up their equipment in haul bags; a longer  length rope is standard for big walls.
 Anchor, belay, and abseil systems. The sustained nature of big wall climbs places more onus on the skills of creating secure and safe anchor points (e.g. for the portledge),  belaying over long pitch lengths (often meriting a bosun's chair and grigris), and setting up long and complex abseils (e.g. for any need to retreat).
 Portaledges and poop tubes. For overnight stays, portaledges are used (including rain shields), as well as bivy bags and sleeping bags.  Poop tubes are used for capturing human waste, which is disposed of on completion.
 Food and water.  Water is one of the heaviest elements the climbers have to carry, and big wall climbs typically require circa 3-4 liters per day per person to be hauled along the route (mistakes due to dehydration in the sustained and serious environment of big wall climbing can have serious outcomes); in addition, climbers will also need food/energy provisions to sustain them for the ascent.
 Other clothing. As the climbers are spending long days (and potentially nights) on the route, they will need some basic rain gear and warm jackets; big wall climbers also use kneepads and fingerless gloves (and duct tape) to protect their skin during the extended climbing.

Techniques
While the essence of big wall climbing is that of traditional climbing, and particularly multi-pitch climbing, it also uses a number of specific techniques that are important in being able to meet the unique challenges of ascending big wall routes, which include the following:

 Traverse pitches.  Some big wall routes will require a horizontal traverse, beyond a pendulum, to get to the next crack system; traverse pitches place additional strains on the non-leading climber as they cannot use fixed rope techniques to quickly follow on the lead climber, and almost have to re-lead the climb, albeit with the protection pre-placed.  The 2017 film Dawn Wall features an extremely difficult big wall traverse.

 Trail ropes.  An aspect of big wall climbing is the lead climber's use of an additional "trail rope" (often a static rope) that they trail behind them as they ascend; it allows the lead and belayer to pass equipment on the climb (i.e. pieces of aid gear).  Once the lead climber has reached the top of the pitch, they anchor their dynamic lead rope allowing the belayer to jumar up the lead rope, and focus on hauling up equipment on the trail rope.

 Tension traverses and pendulums.  Many big wall routes do not have crack systems (or other faults which can be used by climbers) that follow from the ground to the summit.  Climbers use pendulums and tension traverses (i.e. a half-pendulum that uses rope tension for aid) to move between such crack systems.  One of the most notable is King Swing, 100-foot swing from Boot Flake to Eagle Ledge on the Nose (VI 5.9 C2) of El Capitan.

 Fixed rope jumaring.  Another aspect is that the belayer is not themselves belayed as they ascend the route (i.e. like in a normal lead climbing format).  Due to the length of the routes and the need to conserve energy and move quickly, the lead climber will anchor the dynamic lead rope after finishing the pitch, allowing the belayer to jumar up the lead rope (cleaning out the protection en route) using ascenders or top rope soloing.

 Aid climbing techniques.  Even in the era of free climbing, the use of some aid is common in big wall climbing; the scale of the routes means that sections may have difficulties that are way beyond the general route; in addition, abseil retreat from big wall routes is serious and complex (particularly with pendulums and traverses), and climbers will therefore use aid to maintain upward momentum (also called French free climbing).

 Simul climbing techniques. Big wall climbing places great physical strains on the climbers, particularly if the route takes a number of days. To speed up the ascent, some climbers use simul climbing techniques where both climbers (lead and belayer) move simultaneously up the route without any need to use pitches. Simul climbing techniques are complex and require significant coordination and trust between the climbers.

Grading
Big wall climbing is used exclusively in relation to rock climbing.  Long rock climbing routes that also have ice or snow, are referred to as alpine climbing.  There is overlap in the skill sets, and many famous alpinists such as Walter Bonatti, Catherine Destivelle, and Alexander Huber, were also big wall climbers.  The most common grading systems used in big wall climbing are the French, American (also known as the Yosemite Decimal System), and to a lesser extent the UIAA rock climbing grades for free climbing; the A-grade or C-grade systems are used for sections of aid climbing.

In addition to the above rock climbing grades (for both free climbing and for aid climbing), a National Climbing Classification System (NCCS) grade is sometimes quoted on North American big-wall (and alpine) climbs, that are described by the American Alpine Club (republished in 2013) as follows: "North American NCCS grades, often called "commitment grades", indicate the time investment in a route for an "average" climbing team":

I and II: "Half a day or less for the technical (5th [i.e. Yosemite Decimal System grade] class) portion of the route". Often listed as "1–3 hours" (for grade I), and "3–5 hours" (for grade II).
III: "Most of a day of roped climbing". Often listed as "5–8 hours".
IV: "A full day of technical climbing". Often listed as "a full day".
V: "Typically requires an overnight on the route, or done fast and free in a day". Often listed as "one very long day or two full days".
VI: "Two or more days of hard climbing". Often listed as "two days to a week".
VII: "Remote walls climbed in alpine style". Often listed as "more than a week in extreme conditions".

Because of the great length of big-wall routes, detailed topos are usually provided outlining the grades on each pitch, and the aid climbing versus free climbing options at key sections.  For example, one of the most famous big wall routes is the 31-pitch 870-metre route The Nose, on El Capitan, which is graded VI 5.9 C2 as a partial aid climb (mainly due to its roof section), but which is graded VI  if climbed completely free.

Evolution of grade milestones

The following big wall free climbing redpoints (i.e. no aid) are notable in the evolution of big wall climbing grade milestones and standards from being a skill used in alpine climbing to a standalone sport in its own right; some are at the borderline of being multi-pitch rather than big wall climbs:

Redpointed

2015: The Dawn Wall (1,000-metres, 32-pitches), El Capitan. First-ever big wall redpoint at , by Tommy Caldwell and Kevin Jorgeson; 19 days. Repeated in 2016 by Adam Ondra; 8 days.

2001:  (500-metres, 10-pitches), Cima Ovest. First-ever big wall redpoint at , by Alexander Huber; repeating it in 2007 to create Pan Aroma 8c, Huber found key holds "treated" from a 2005 attempt, and the crux was lined with pegs, which softened grade to 8b/8b+.

1993: The Nose (870-metres, 31-pitches), El Capitan. Second-ever big wall free climb at , by Lynn Hill (partnered by Brooke Sandahl); it is considered as one of the most important ascents in rock climbing history, and a major milestone in both female and big wall rock climbing; in 1994, Hill repeated it in under 24 hours, and it took over a decade for the second free climb of the route to happen.

1991: Neverending Story (450-metres, 11-pitches), 7th Kirlichspitze, Rätikon. First big wall free climb at , by .

1989: New Age (150-metres, 5-pitches), 7th Kirlichspitze, Rätikon. First multi-pitch/big wall free climb at , by .

1988: Salathé Wall (870-metres, 35-pitches), El Capitan. First big wall free climb at , by Todd Skinner and Paul Piana, and the first free climb of a Yosemite big wall route.

1988: Via Acacia (330-metres, 9-pitches), 5th Kirlichspitze, Rätikon, Switzerland. First big wall free climb at , by .

1984: Amarcord (400-metres, 9-pitches), 7th Kirlichspitze, Rätikon. First big wall free climb at , by .

Free-soloed

2017: Freerider (915-meters, 30-pitches), El Capitan. First-ever big wall free solo at , by Alex Honnold; 3 hrs, 56 min.

2007:  (850-meters, 37-pitches), Marmolada. First-ever big wall free solo at , by Hansjorg Auer; 2 hr, 55 min.

2005: Romantic Warrior (305-meters, 9-pitches), Needles, California. First-ever big wall free solo at , by Michael Reardon;

2002: Brandler-Hasse Direttissima (580-meters, 17-pitches), Cima Grande. First-ever big wall free solo at , by Alexander Huber.

High altitude and expedition
A number of big wall-free climbs are notable for their high altitude or the remoteness of the expedition:

 2012:Bavarian Direct (700-metres, 28-pitches, 5.13b), on Mount Asgard. First free ascent of the 1997 aid climb by Alexander Huber and Thomas Huber.

 2009: Eternal Flame (650-metres, 24-pitches, 5.13a), on Trango ("Nameless") Tower. First free ascent by Alexander Huber and Thomas Huber of the historic 1989 Güllich, Albert et. al. route.

In film
A number of notable films have been made focused on big wall climbing including:
El Capitan, a 1978 documentary film about an early ascent of The Nose (VI 5.9 C2) on El Capitan.
Meru, a 2015 documentary film about the ascent of a Himalayan big wall route called the Shark's Fin,
The Dawn Wall, a 2017 Netflix documentary film about Tommy Caldwell and Kevin Jorgeson's ascent of the first-ever big wall route at .
Valley Uprising, a 2014 Amazon Prime documentary film about rock climbing in Yosemite, that includes big wall climbing.
Free Solo, a 2018 Netflix documentary film about Alex Honnold's free solo climb of Freerider  on El Capitan.

See also

Alpine climbing
Free solo climbing
Sport climbing

References

Further reading

External links
Big Wall Bible (2023)
BigWalls.net, by big wall climber John Middendorf (2023)
Big Wall Guide, by Neil Chelton of VDiff Climbing (2023)
Big Wall Articles and Reviews, by big wall climber Andy Kirkpatrick (2023)

Types of climbing
Types of Mountaineering


U-164 may refer to one of the following German submarines:

 , a Type U 93 submarine launched in 1918; served in World War I until surrendered on 22 November 1918; broken up at Swansea in 1922
 , a Type IXC submarine that served in World War II until sunk on 6 January 1943

Submarines of Germany


The Scarlet Ruse (1972) is the fourteenth novel in the Travis McGee series by John D. MacDonald. The plot revolves around McGee's investigation into some extremely valuable rare postage stamps which have been stolen. McGee investigates the problem of Hirsh Fedderman's missing stamps on behalf of his friend and sidekick Meyer. By the end of the book, McGee has put himself and Meyer in mortal peril.

The character Willy Nucci, who is introduced in this book, reappears in the final McGee book, The Lonely Silver Rain.

References

1972 novels
Travis McGee (novel series)


The Hörsel () is a  long river in Thuringia, Germany, right tributary of the Werra. It is formed by the confluence of two smaller rivers in Leinatal, at the northern edge of the Thuringian Forest. The Hörsel flows generally northwest through the towns Hörselgau, Wutha-Farnroda and Eisenach. It flows into the Werra in Hörschel, a village near Eisenach.

Course
As with many rivers, the name of the middle and lower reaches of the Hörsel was only extended to the upper reaches in the 20th century.

Kleine Leina und (Wilde) Leina

The Hörsel has its source as Kleine Leina in the Thuringian Forest in the immediate vicinity of the Rennsteig south of the 749 metre high Spießberga at the southern community border of Finsterbergen to Georgenthal. (both district of Gotha). The stream flows first to the northeast and passes different parts of Georgenthal.

After 8.4 kilometers of flow distance in the district Schönau vor dem Walde the Leinakanal branches off to the right. Shortly after, streams flow in from both sides. From Schönau vor dem Walde the small river turns to the north. In maps from the beginning of the 20th century the name Wilde Leina is written here. After the inflow of the Cumbach from Cumbach the name Leina-Hörsel. In the further course to the north the Schilfwasser coming from Ernstroda flows in from the left.

Hörsel

In Leinatal-Leina after 16.3 kilometres with the inflow of the Altenwasser (also: Altes Wasser, from right) the name Leina ends completely. From here the river is called Hörsel and its course turns to the northwest.

In Wahlwinkel and Hörselgau the Badewasser flows in two arms from left. After passing Fröttstädt, the Asse flows into Teutleben from the right. The Hörsel takes over the direction of flow to the west and, after the inflow of the Laucha, the Asse flows into the Laucha. Mechterstädt

When reaching the Wartburgkreises the river crosses under the Bundesautobahn 4, flows south past the Hörselbergen through the communities Hörselberg-Hainich (district Sättelstädt with the left-sided tributary Emse) and Wutha-Farnroda, where the Erbstrom flows into Wutha from the left.

Then the Hörsel reaches Eisenach, where it takes in from the right the approximately equally strong Nesse and the much smaller Michelsbach, from the left the Löbersbach and the Roten Bach. Further west, in the Eisenach district of Hörschel - - the place of origin of the Rennsteigs - is its estuary (waters) into the Werra.

The total length of the river "Kleine Leina-Hörsel" is 48.5 km, over the 52.6 km long Nesse the Hörsel is even about 62 km long.

Tributaries

The catchment area of the Hörsel is divided into two major landscapes. The headwaters Leina and left tributaries come from the Thuringian Forest, while all right tributaries come from the Thuringian Basin and its edge plates. Correspondingly, the upper reaches of the left tributaries are typical low mountain streams with deep gorges and a large bottom gradient, while the right tributaries are mostly lowland rivers with a small gradient, almost all of them flowing into the Hörsel via the Nesse. Today, their courses are mostly straightened and integrated into a system of drainage ditches.

The catchment area of the Nesse comprises 426.3 km2, 54.4% of the total catchment area of the Hörsel and 139.5% of the Hörsel catchment area above the Nesse estuary (305.6 km2). Thus, the Nesse brings about the same amount of water (3.14 m2/s) to unite with the Hörsel as the Hörsel itself (3.11 m2/s).

A pipeline from the Leina - and the (upper) Apfelstädt from the system Gera/Unstrut/Saale/Elbe - to the subsystem of the Nesse is the Leinakanal, which was already built in the Middle Ages to supply the city Gotha with water from the Thuringian Forest. The flow distance of the Hörsel over the upper reaches of the Leina, the Leina Canal, the Wilden Graben from the Leina Canal, the Nesse (middle and lower reaches) and the Hörsel Lower reaches is 8.4 + 29.5 + 9.8 + 26.0 = 73.3 km.

See also
List of rivers of Thuringia

References

Rivers of Thuringia
Rivers of Germany


David Ronaldo Terkpertey  (born November 27, 1987, in Goma-Fetteh) is a Ghanaian football player who plays in Azerbaijan for FK Göyazan Qazax.

Career
He left in 2008 the Feyenoord Academy and joined the Azerbaijani club FK Göyazan Qazax in July 2008.

Notes

External links
 Player profile

1987 births
Living people
Ghanaian men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Azerbaijan
Men's association football midfielders
Ghanaian expatriate men's footballers
West African Football Academy players
People from Central Region (Ghana)


Derastus Clapp (May 1, 1792 – June 1, 1881) was head of the first city detective bureau in the United States, located in Boston, Massachusetts.  He was appointed to the office of constable by the elderly Mayor Josiah Quincy in 1828, and was reappointed every succeeding year to 1874. In 1848, he was promoted to be one of the first detectives in the city. Clapp is most noted for his role in the arrest and prosecution of John White Webster for the murder of George Parkman.

Biography
Clapp was born in Claremont, New Hampshire, but soon moved to Boston, after his marriage to Susannah Bowditch of Braintree, Massachusetts on February 15, 1818. He established an auction house, over which he presided for several years before he was appointed to the office of constable for the City of Boston in 1828. In 1832 and 1836, he was also captain of a ward militia company.  According to an interview in the Boston Traveller on October 26, 1874, Clapp stated that "136 prisoners arrested by him were sent to the State Prison, and several hundred to the House of Correction, and that many thousand dollars worth of stolen property have been recovered by him and restored to its owners." He gained renown during his tenure as constable as "a successful detecter [sic] of crime" whose name would conjure "dread...among those who had reason to fear an arrest." There were reports that he would instill fear in the guilty without even approaching them. In 1850, most of the dread was harbored by school-aged children, as he was also an appointed truant officer. He and his assistant literally carried hundreds of children from all parts of the city back to the public school system.

In 1849, Clapp caught his "big break". A prestigious member of the Boston Brahmins was reported missing.  Clapp's role in the investigation of the disappearance of Dr. George Parkman propelled him into international fame.  His fame was short-lived, however, and in 1854, Boston established its first uniformed police force, with Constable Clapp as its less prominent member. His sole concern was ticketing illegally parked traffic on State Street and serving orders of notice issued by the City Clerk. In January 1874, a muscle tear in his right leg disabled him, but he continued his duties until October of that year. He retired on October 1, 1874 after 46 years of service.

Derastus Clapp and the disappearance of Dr. Parkman
During 1849-50, Derastus Clapp participated in the investigation of the disappearance of Dr. George Parkman and the subsequent arrest and trial of Professor John White Webster for the murder of Parkman. Clapp's experience before this event was centered on less heinous crimes, such as burglary and counterfeiting, and he was initially unprepared for the demands required when dealing with homicide among the Boston elite.

November 23, 1849, was the last day Dr. Parkman was seen. Parkman's family notified Charles M. Kingsley, Parkman's business manager, that the doctor never returned home for lunch.   The next day, November 24, he began a search of the city along with a half dozen police officers and a group of concerned citizens. The search continued as the family posted notices offering a reward of $3,000 for information related to Parkman's disappearance.  Based on information acquired during the search, on November 26, 1849, Clapp, in addition to Kingsley and other officers, began focusing on the Harvard Medical College and surrounding areas. During the search of the college, Clapp made his deference to the upper class apparent. According to trial testimony by Mr. Kinsley, Clapp stated to Professor Webster that he was just following orders and no one in the college was a suspect. Clapp's hesitancy during the search is also on record.  While searching Webster's laboratory, he started opening a door to a small room.  When Webster told him that he kept his valuable and dangerous articles there, Mr. Clapp put his head as far as the door and turned back again, saying, "I will not go in to be blowed up."

As the investigation continued, and suspicion fell on the college as the scene of the crime, Clapp became more aggressive.  The college's janitor, Ephraim Littlefield, had been conducting his own investigation, and found what were later to be identified as Dr. Parkman's remains under Webster's private privy.  On November 30, a week after Parkman's disappearance, Clapp was again called to the college, where he was the first to view Littlefield's gruesome discovery.   He was dispatched to Webster's house to make the arrest.

Clapp was not going to be made the fool twice. Having experience with the "rogues" of Boston, Clapp called upon his "devious Yankee" skills to lure the professor out of his house and into jail. He took a coach and two other officers for back-up and rode to Cambridge to the Webster residence. Leaving the coach and the other officers parked away from the house, Clapp approached Webster on his porch as he was escorting out a visitor. He requested Webster accompany him to the college to perform another search.  Webster went back inside to get his hat and coat, but when he saw the coach and other officers, he suddenly remembered his keys. Clapp deterred his efforts to return to the house and told him they had keys enough to get in, "it was of no consequence."

Webster boarded silently as Clapp instructed the driver to go over Craigie's Bridge, where the police had been searching the waters earlier. After a few minutes of desultory conversation, Clapp broached the subject of the search efforts for the doctor and the progress the police had made. Webster confessed he had seen Dr. Parkman the week prior at the college, but the doctor had left the campus, still alive.  During their conversation, the coach turned on to Brighton Street, and Webster became very agitated.  "The driver is going the wrong way." Clapp tried to calm him by telling him the driver was "probably green" and would get it straightened out.  When they stopped in front of the jail, Webster knew something was wrong. "What does this all mean?" Clapp escorted him into the jail and charged him with the murder of Dr. George Parkman.

Detective Clapp and the other officers continued their efforts while Webster was incarcerated. On December 5, 1849, Clapp executed a warrant to search the Webster house, meticulously and overtly following proper procedures during the course of the search. Evidence acquired during the search provided motive for the court to proceed in the prosecution of Professor John White Webster.

Although Derastus Clapp retired from the police force in 1874, he continued to serve in public office and retained his notoriety. In 1896, fifteen years after his death, a small paragraph in an Ohio paper noted:

They have extremely venerable policeman in
Boston, Mr. Derastus Clapp.
Who is ninety years old, has been in the
department about forty-four years, and is
at present in the special service of the
board of street commissioners.

Notes

References
Acts and Resolves Passed by the General Court
Amory, Cleveland.  The Proper Bostonians.  New York: E.P. Dutton, 1947
The Athens Messenger 18 November 1880, Athens: Ohio
Bemis, George. Report of the Case of John W. Webster. Boston: Little, Brown, 1850
Borowitz, Albert. Janitor's Story66 ABAJ 1540-45 (1980)
Borowitz, Albert. A Gallery of Sinister Perspectives: Ten Crimes and a Scandal.  Kent State University Press, 1982
Boston Daily Advertiser, 08 Feb 1820, 28:58, Boston, Massachusetts
Clapp, Ebenezer. Clapp Memorial: Record of the Clapp Family in America. Boston: Clapp & Sons, 1876
Davis, William Thomas.  Memories of an Octogenarian. Plymouth, MA: Bittinger, 1906
Dempewolff, Richard. Famous New England Murders. Brattleboro, VT: Steven Daye Press, 1942.
Dilnot, George.  The Trial of Professor John White Webster. New York: Scribner, 1928
Ferdinand, Theodore N. "The Criminal Patterns of Boston Since 1849." The American Journal of Sociology 73.1 (1967): 84-99.
Holmes, Sr., Oliver Wendell "The Brahmin Caste of New England," Atlantic Monthly in 1860.
Lane, Roger.  Policing in the City: Boston 1822-1885. Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press, 1967
Roberts, Oliver Ayer. History of History of the Military Company of the Massachusetts, Vol. III Boston: Mudge & Son, 1898
Shimer, William Allison. The American Scholar. Virginia: University of Virginia, 1945
Steubenville Daily Herald Ohio: Steubenville
Stone, James W. Report of the Trial of John W. Webster.  Boston:  Holden, 1850
Story, Ronald. Harvard and the Boston Brahmins: A Study in Institutional and Class Development, 1800-1865. Journal of Social History 8.3 (1975)
Sullivan, Robert.  The Disappearance of Dr. Parkman.  Boston: Little, Brown, 1971.
Vinton, John Adams.  The Vinton Memorial.  Boston: Whipple, 1858
Webster, John W. and The Boston Journal. The Trial of Prof. John W. Webster Indicted for the Murder of Dr. George Parkman.  Boston: Redding & Company, 1850
Webster, John W. and The New York Globe. Trial of Professor John W. Webster for the Murder of Doctor George Parkman.  New York: Stringer & Townsend, 1850.

1792 births
1881 deaths
History of Boston
Trials in the United States
American police detectives
People from Boston
People from Claremont, New Hampshire


Nikolai Ivanovich Parshin () (January 28, 1929December 16, 2012) was a Soviet football player and manager. He was born in Moscow.

Honours
 Soviet Top League winner: 1952, 1953, 1956.
 Soviet Cup winner: 1950.

International career
Parshin played his only game for USSR on August 21, 1955, in a friendly against West Germany, scoring a goal in that game.

External links
  Profile

References

1929 births
2012 deaths
Footballers from Moscow
Russian men's footballers
Soviet men's footballers
Soviet Union men's international footballers
Soviet football managers
FC Spartak Moscow players
FC Shakhtar Donetsk players
FC Zimbru Chișinău players
FC Shinnik Yaroslavl players
FC Arsenal Tula players
Soviet Top League players
Men's association football midfielders
FC Torpedo Moscow players


Slobodan Beštić (; born 27 March 1964 in Pančevo, Serbia) is a Serbian actor. A prolific stage actor, he is perhaps best known for his critically acclaimed and versatile repertoire as a drama champion at the National Theatre in Belgrade.

Biography
Beštić studied at the Faculty of Dramatic Arts of the University of Arts in Belgrade and graduated in 1987. The young actor started his career at the Yugoslav Drama Theater in the same year, then he changed to Belgrade's National Theatre in 2001, which he belongs since then as a member of the ensemble. He has been teaching at the Faculty of Contemporary Arts of the University Business Academy Novi Sad since 2015.

He participated in several acting seminars from 1992 to 2000 in the context of Eugenio Barba's Theatre Laboratory at the Odin Theatre, at the International School of Theatre Anthropology, at the DAH Theater Center Belgrade, the REX Cultural Center Belgrade, the University of Birmingham and others.

He provided the voice of Lord Dingwall in the Serbian dub of Brave (2012).

References

1964 births
Living people
People from Pančevo
Serbian male actors
University of Belgrade Faculty of Dramatic Arts alumni


U-165 may refer to one of the following German submarines:

 , a Type U 93 submarine launched in 1918; served in World War I until accidentally sunk on 18 November 1918 before surrendering; raised and stricken on 21 February 1919; broken up
 , a Type IXC submarine that served in World War II until sunk on 27 September 1942

Submarines of Germany


The men's 48 kg powerlifting event at the 2008 Summer Paralympics was contested on 9 September at the Beihang University Gymnasium in Beijing, China. This event was the lightest of the men's powerlifting weight classes, limiting competitors to a maximum of  of body mass. Powerlifters were divided into two groups, A and B, with group B beginning their lifts at 13:00 and group A at 13:45.

As with all Paralympic powerlifting events, lifters competed in the bench press. Each athlete was allowed three attempts to bench press as much weight as possible. Athletes attempting to break a record were allowed a fourth attempt. For the attempt to be valid, the competitor must have lowered the weighted bar to his chest, held it motionless for a moment, then pressed the bar upwards until his arms were fully extended. If the competitor failed to meet these requirements or any other rule infraction was committed, the attempt was declared invalid by a team of three referees and the result struck from the record.

Results

Key: WR=World record; NMR=No marks recorded

References

Men's 048 kg


Carmen Rosa Caso Sierra (born November 29, 1981 in Santo Domingo) is a retired volleyball player from the Dominican Republic, who won the bronze medal with the Dominican women's national team at the 2007 NORCECA Championship. She also became "Best Libero" of the event.

Career
At the volleyball tournament during the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games, she won the "Best Libero" award and the gold medal.

She became the "Best Defender" of the 2006 TV Azteca’s Women Stars Volleyball Cup, played in Monterrey, Mexico and won by the team with a perfect record in 5 matches.

At the 2007 Pan-American Cup she took the bronze medal with the National Team and also the "Best Libero" award. Later that year, she won this same award at the 2007 NORCECA Championship.

Rosa joined Mirador to play the 2011 FIVB Women's Club World Championship, and her team finished in 4th place after losing the Bronze Medal match to the Brazilian team Sollys/Nestle.

Clubs
 Arlenis Cordero (-2004)
 Mirador (2005–2006)
 Distrito Nacional (2007–2010)
 Mirador (2010–2011)

Awards

Individuals
 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games "Best Libero"
 2006 TV Azteca’s Women Stars Volleyball Cup "Best Receiver"
 2006 TV Azteca’s Women Stars Volleyball Cup "Best Defender"
 2007 Pan-American Cup "Best Libero"
 2007 NORCECA Championship "Best Libero"
 2007 Pan-American Games "Best Libero"
 2008 Dominican Volleyball League "Best Libero"

External links
 FIVB biography

References

1981 births
Living people
Dominican Republic women's volleyball players
Volleyball players at the 2007 Pan American Games
Central American and Caribbean Games gold medalists for the Dominican Republic
Competitors at the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games
Liberos
Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in volleyball
Pan American Games competitors for the Dominican Republic


Quillajaceae is a family of flowering plants.  It contains only two extant species, Quillaja brasiliensis and Quillaja saponaria, and one fossil species, Dakotanthus cordiformis.

References

Rosid families


The Montgomery is a residential highrise located at 74 New Montgomery Street in San Francisco, California. The building was designed by the Reid Brothers architects in 1914 and served as headquarters and the offices of the newspaper The San Francisco Call after its building, The Call Building, was damaged in the great fire.

The site was selected for its central location, which quickly became a regional media hub during that time period.  From 1914 to 1950 The Montgomery was home to The San Francisco Call and at times the offices of rival publications as well.  From 1950 until 2005 the building continued to be utilized as premium commercial office space.  In 2005, a team of developers took over the project, close to the Civic Center, the Financial District and Union Square, and converted it into a luxury residential building.

Today there are 107 new residences at 74 New Montgomery. The new developers installed new electrical wiring (including CAT 5), new windows designed to preserve the classic aesthetics, and a seismic retrofit to the foundation.

References

External links
 The Montgomery Official website

Residential condominiums in San Francisco
Residential skyscrapers in San Francisco
Residential buildings in San Francisco
Buildings and structures completed in 1914


Alhassan Nuhu (born 4 June 1993) is a Ghanaian footballer who last played for New Edubiase United.

Career
Nuhu began his career by AC Milan Colts Club in Tema, before in 2006 was transferred to Real Sportive, after the relegation of his club from the Ghana Premier League left Alhassan his club alongside his twin brother Fuseini and signed for New Edubiase United. In June 2011 he and Fuseini were transferred to Moldavian vice-champion FC Sheriff Tiraspol.

Nuhu joined Ashanti Gold in 2015, scoring on his debut, against Medeama. He was released after a single season, having made 20 appearances for the club. He then returned to New Edubiase United for a brief spell.

Personal life
Nuhu played with his brother Fuseini by the team from Tema.

References

External links

1993 births
Ghanaian men's footballers
Real Sportive players
New Edubiase United F.C. players
Expatriate men's footballers in Moldova
Footballers from Tema
Ghanaian twins
Living people
Ghanaian Muslims
Men's association football midfielders
Ghanaian expatriate sportspeople in Moldova
Ghanaian expatriate men's footballers


The Rodney Power Station was a proposal for a natural gas fired combined cycle power station developed by Genesis Energy Limited. The project was abandoned in 2015.

The power station would have been located on a 48 ha site midway between Helensville and Kaukapakapa on State Highway 16, near the Kaipara Harbour, north west of Auckland.  The proposed development included substantial upgrade or replacement of the Helensville waste water treatment plant, which the local council would otherwise have to fund.

The plant was designed to use high efficiency combined cycle gas turbine technology to meet the increasing demand for electricity in the north Auckland region.  The location would also have assisted to ease constraints on HV electricity transmission.

In its assessment of Transpower's proposal to upgrade HV transmission to north of Auckland, the Electricity Commission considered that the Rodney power station project provided a generation alternative to transmission.

Consenting
Genesis Energy's applications for resource consents including air discharges were notified for public submissions in April 2008, a public hearing was held in September and the resource consents were granted by Auckland Regional Council in December 2008.

The project was opposed by some local residents, Greenpeace, and the Green Party.

Land use resource consents for the power station were granted by Rodney District Council in March 2009.  A variation to the District Plan created a thermal energy generation rural zone between Helensville and Kaukapakapa.

Although resource consents and the District Plan provisions are in place, Genesis does not intend to proceed with construction in the near future. The resource consents allowed Genesis a period of 15 years in which to build the plant. In July 2015, Genesis officially abandoned the project, and put the site up for sale.

See also
Electricity sector in New Zealand
List of power stations in New Zealand

References

External links
Genesis Energy - Rodney Power Station information page

Natural gas-fired power stations in New Zealand
Rodney Local Board Area
Proposed natural gas-fired power stations
Buildings and structures in the Auckland Region
Proposed power stations in New Zealand


The American Association of Nurse Practitioners (AANP) is a North American 501 (C)(6) membership organization formed in 2013 as a result of a merger between the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners (founded in 1985) and the American College of Nurse Practitioners (founded in 1995) to provide nurse practitioners with a unified way to network and advocate their issues. The American Academy of Nurse Practitioners was the first organization created for nurse practitioners of all specialties in the United States of America, and AANP remains the largest national membership organization for nurse practitioners in the United States. AANP seeks to represent the interests of the more than 355,000 nurse practitioners licensed to practice in the U.S. and continually advocates at local, state and federal levels for the recognition of nurse practitioners as providers of high-quality, cost-effective and personalised health care.

The association has two official journals: the Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners and The Journal for Nurse Practitioners.

Criticism
The AANP's position paper Quality of Nurse Practitioner Practice has been strongly criticised for misrepresenting the available data.

Notable events
 2013 - The American College of Nurse Practitioners and American Academy of Nurse Practitioners merge to form the American Association of Nurse Practitioners.
 2020 - AANP calls on members to use social media channels to block a news story which is negative towards nurse practitioners.
 2020 - AANP states a book relating to nurse practitioners is propagating negative "conspiracy theories and misstatements".

References

External links

Nursing organizations in the United States
Advanced practice registered nursing
2013 establishments in the United States


An abecedarian hymn is a hymn that begins with the letter A, and each verse or clause following begins with the next letter of the alphabet.

The abecedarian hymn Altus Prosator is used on All Saints Day. Other such hymns include A patre unigenitus, Carmen paschale and Archangelum mirum magnum.

References

See also
Acrostic

Hymns


Fuseini Nuhu (born 20 June 1989 in Accra, Greater Accra Region) is a Ghana football player who plays for Mekelle City FC

Career
Nuhu began his career by AC Milan Colts Club in Tema, before which he was transferred to Real Sportive. After the relegation of his club after the 2008/2009 season, he signed with New Edubiase United, where he scored here in his first goal. In June 2011 he was transferred to Moldavian FC Sheriff Tiraspol.

Personal life
Nuhu is the brother of Alhassan Nuhu.

References

1989 births
Ghanaian men's footballers
Real Sportive players
New Edubiase United F.C. players
2011 African Nations Championship players
Expatriate men's footballers in Moldova
Footballers from Tema
Ghanaian twins
Living people
Ghanaian Muslims
Men's association football forwards
Ghana men's international footballers
Mekelle 70 Enderta F.C. players
Ethiopian Premier League players
Ghanaian expatriate men's footballers
Ghanaian expatriate sportspeople in Moldova
Ghanaian expatriate sportspeople in Ethiopia
Ghana men's A' international footballers


The Turquoise Lament (1973) is the fifteenth novel in the Travis McGee series by John D. MacDonald. It focuses on McGee's involvement with an old acquaintance, Pidge, who believes her husband Howie Brindle is trying to kill her to acquire her considerable inheritance. It takes place primarily in Hawaii and other Pacific Rim islands, particularly American Samoa.

References

1973 American novels
Travis McGee (novel series)
Novels set in Hawaii
Novels set in Oceania


Hanwei may refer to:
It may refer to:
韩伟, 韓偉 hánwěi, the Chinese for Greater Korea
historical name for the Three Kingdoms of Korea
Hanwei (egg producer) (韩伟 hánwěi), company based in Dalian, China
Wei Han (韓偉 Hán Wěi, 1906–1992), Lieutenant General of the Chinese People's Liberation Army
Wei Han (韓偉 Hán Wěi, 1928–1984), Taiwanese scholar
Hanwei (sword producer) (汉威 hànwēi), company manufacturing swords based in Dalian, China


U-167 may refer to one of the following German submarines:

 , a Type U 93 submarine launched in 1918; served in World War I until surrendered on 18 April 1919; broken up at Grays in 1921
 , a Type IXC/40 submarine that served in World War II until scuttled on 6 April 1943; raised in 1951 and transferred to Spain; used commercially for filming; broken up

Submarines of Germany


Mikhail Nikolayevich Perevalov (; 1930 in Moscow – 1995 in Moscow) was a Soviet football player.

Honours
 Soviet Cup winner: 1955.

International career
Perevalov played his only game for USSR on September 16, 1955 in a friendly against India.

External links
  Profile

1930 births
1995 deaths
Russian men's footballers
Soviet men's footballers
Soviet Union men's international footballers
FC Spartak Moscow players
PFC CSKA Moscow players
Men's association football defenders


Chad Taylor (1964) is a New Zealand writer.

Life
Chad Taylor is a New Zealand author of novels, short stories and screenplays. He was born in Auckland. He received a Bachelor of Fine Arts from Elam School of Fine Arts. He was the recipient of the Buddle Findlay Sargeson Fellowship for literature in 2001 and the University of Auckland Literary Fellow in 2003. His work has been translated in Germany, Italy and France. In 2006 he was one of 12 New Zealand authors invited to tour France for Les Belles Etrangeres. He appeared at the Frankfurt Book Fair in 2012. He currently resides in New Zealand.

Work
Taylor's style can be described as neo-noir. His themes include murder and love, sex, reality, identity and life in an intense, urban environment. The Oxford Companion to New Zealand Literature (1998) described him as:

A writer of uncompromisingly contemporary fictions of transience and shifting realities in the modern city. Born and educated in Auckland, where his work is largely set, he graduated BFA at Elam and has carried that interest into the strong visual quality of his writing... The fictions often work on the edge of such conventions as the murder story ('No Sun, No Rain'), futuristic fantasy ('Somewhere in the 21st Century') or romance triangle (Pack of Lies, 'Calling Doctor Dollywell'), often through unreliable or unattractive narrators... As these literary norms are subverted, perceptions of reality and identity are challenged. Strong visual representations, especially of sex and clothing, and filmic treatment with fragmentary and mobile scenes and chronology, provide metaphorical access to these internal concerns.

Guardian Critic Maxim Jakubowski described Taylor's novel Electric (2003) as "entropy noir" and praised Shirker (2000) for its "existential anomie."

Much more ambitious, and weaving a seductive web of existential anomie, is Chad Taylor's Shirker, a fascinating and obsessive novel from New Zealand with shades of Paul Auster's New York Trilogy. Ellerslie Penrose, a part-time futures broker, finds a junkie's body in an Auckland dumpster, steals his wallet and embarks on a hallucinatory journey into the shadow life of the dead man. This brings him into contact with fantasy bordellos, mysterious manuscripts, bizarre antiques dealers, and a sleazy nest of quirky happenstance. Oddly detached from its subject matter, this is as hypnotic as they come; it's also miles away from the conventions of your average country-cottage crime or pig-headed cop yarn. One for the connoisseurs.

Taylor acknowledged the "noir" label in a 2009 interview:

I’ve basically deconstructed crime novels: I’ve taken aspects of crime novels, rewritten them, taken them apart. People used to ask me, “What do you write?”... I just don’t know. But you have come up with a word for what you do. ‘Noir’ kind of fits it.

In 1998, his novel Heaven was made into a feature film by Miramax. The film was produced by Sue Rogers, directed by Scott Reynolds and starred Martin Donovan. Taylor has also written for film including the original screenplay for the short film Funny Little Guy (1994), directed by Chris Graves. In May 2003 the NZ Listener listed him as one of "New Zealand's Top Ten Novelists Under 40."

Electric (2003) is set in Auckland during the power cuts that blacked out the city in 1998. Time Out London selected the novel as Book of the Week on 22 January 2003. Time Out critic Roger Howard described Electric as a story of chaos and urban malaise:

His setting is a New Zealand you won't see in Lord of the Rings: a city suffering from the same urban malaise as glitzier metropolises on other continents. Our protagonist, Samuel Usher, is a drug addict who supports himself by recovering data from damaged computers. He falls in with a couple of drifters who occupy themselves with recondite mathematics. But the favoured activity for all three involves powders on polished surfaces. When Jules dies in mysterious circumstances, Usher sets off to find out why. Thematically, Taylor's concerns are twofold: the infinite extent of digitised culture; and the limitless flood of narcotics (not to mention the global industry behind it). Electric looks at what happens when chaos rises up to warp these apparently unassailable worlds.

The novel Departure Lounge (2006) is based on the 1979 Erebus crash. Washington Post critic Jonathan Yardley compared the novel's style to Raymond Chandler:
His style owes a lot to Raymond Chandler and lesser apostles of noir, but at the same time it's very much his own. His prose is spare but with a strong undercurrent of emotion; "cool" certainly is the word for him, but there's a good deal of heat beneath.

Houston Chronicle critic P.G. Koch described Departure Lounge as a crime novel that played with expectations of the genre:

New Zealand writer Chad Taylor plays with the crime/noir genre for his own philosophical purposes in an open-ended way that subverts reassuring convention. In Departure Lounge, we first glimpse a newscast tragedy — a plane that has vanished in Antarctica — before moving on to the book's narrator, Mark Chamberlain, as he shoots pool with Rory, a real estate developer who is short on scruples and whose apartment Mark later burgles... For all its nighttime street life of taxis and clubs, this is an oddly silent book. It is as if we move through its impeccable structure seeking resolution the same way that Mark ghosts through all those houses he breaks into. Taylor in effect has taken the not-knowing at the mystery genre's core and enshrined it, occupied its amorphous territory and made of it, as in this slight book's emotional peak, a luminous art.

In 2008 UK Guardian critic Maxim Jakubowski described Chad Taylor as a cult author:
Taylor is a minimalist whose tortured characters populate a world where silence and night form a disconsolate backdrop for their musings and meanderings across a landscape of bleak, concrete cities... (He has) a profound empathy for the losers in our midst and an acute sense of place and the bizarre in everyday life.

Taylor's 2009 novel The Church of John Coltrane (2009) was a sequel to Heaven.

In 2013 New Zealand director  Jonathan King began filming Taylor's original screenplay REALITi in Wellington, New Zealand. The film is a science fiction / noir set in the near future. Taylor has described it as a "talkie" and "a science fiction film with no special effects." The cast of REALITi includes Nathan Meister, Michelle Langstone, Miranda Manasiadis, Graham McTavish , Tim Wong and Aroha White. The film premiered at the New Zealand International Film Festival and at Fantastic Fest. Harry Knowles reviewed the movie at Ain't It Cool News:
This is a deliberately paced mind bender ... A societal science fiction horror film. Now, it isn’t horror in the bogeyman sense, it’s horror because the idea of chemicals that can reprogram your perception of reality toward a corporate or governmental agenda is not only terrifying, but ingested intelligence is something that some scientists and tech watchers are predicting as being something that will be in our world in very short order. We’ve heard that the powers that be have figured out how to suppress and alter memories and this film plays with that disconcerting reality. Nathan Meister does a great job of being off center throughout the film. He’s having colliding realities that are not discernable to his senses, but he’s feeling things are slipping. He’s trying to understand what happened to him, and navigating this bad trip is... well, the fun of this film. The more you hang in there, the more you’re rewarded.

REALITi was nominated for five categories in the 2014 Rialto Channel New Zealand Film Awards, including Best Screenplay.

Bears Fonte writing in AMFM Magazine called REALITi "one of the most fascinating films I’ve seen in the last few years ... The audience is constantly wondering is the world changing, or is it just one man cracking up? He might be saving the world, but he also just might be paranoid. REALITI never really lets you get a firm foothold because Vic doesn’t either, and like a great noir, we are left to follow the clues with him."

In 2015 Taylor dramatised his short story 'Close to You' for Radio New Zealand. The play was nominated for Best Drama in the Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union (ABU) Prizes 2016.

His seventh novel Blue Hotel (2022) was a finalist in the Best Novel category in the 2023 Ngaio Marsh Awards.

References

List of Publications
 Pack of Lies (1994), Novel, (Hazard Press (NZ); Mana Verlag (Germany))
 Heaven (1994), Novel, (David Ling (NZ))
 The Man Who Wasn't Feeling Himself (1995), Short Story Collection, (David Ling (NZ))
 Shirker (2000), Novel, (Canongate Books (UK & Commonwealth); Christian Bourgois (France); DTV (Germany); Neri Pozza (Italy); Walker Books (USA)
 Electric (2003), Novel, (Jonathan Cape (UK); Random House (UK & Commonwealth); Christian Bourgois (France))
 Departure Lounge (2006), Novel, (Jonathan Cape, (UK); Random House (UK & Commonwealth); Christian Bourgois (France); Europa Editions (USA); Edizione EO (Italy))
 The Church of John Coltrane (2009), novel, (Christian Bourgois, (France))
 Blue Hotel (2022), novel, (Brio Books, (Australia))

External links
 Chad Taylor biography at the New Zealand Book Council

 Chad Taylor official author site
 Chad Taylor database at the New Zealand Literature File
 Essays and articles written by Chad Taylor
 Guardian article on Chad Taylor
 Washington Post review of "Departure Lounge"
 Primastoria.com interview, January 2009
 Quote Unquote magazine interview, 2005

1964 births
Living people
Writers from Auckland
New Zealand male novelists
New Zealand crime fiction writers
New Zealand male short story writers
20th-century New Zealand novelists
21st-century New Zealand novelists
20th-century New Zealand short story writers
21st-century New Zealand short story writers
20th-century New Zealand male writers
21st-century New Zealand male writers


Quillaja is a genus of flowering plants, the only extant genus in the family Quillajaceae with two or three known species. It was once thought to be in the rose family, Rosaceae, but recent research shows it belongs in its own family.  The inner bark of the soap bark tree (Q. saponaria) contains saponin, which is a natural soap.  Members of this genus are trees that grow to about .

Species
The species were revised by Luebert in 2014:

References

Fabales genera


Ash Hill, or Hitching Post Hill, is a two-story brick dwelling erected ca. 1840, and located on Rosemary Lane, in Hyattsville, Prince George's County, Maryland. The house was built by Robert Clark, an Englishman who was seeking space and quiet in contrast to the crowded city of Washington, D.C. In 1875, General Edward Fitzgerald Beale bought the property. Beale was well connected and known to have entertained President U.S. Grant (a close personal friend who kept his two Arabian horses, Leopard and Linden, stabled at Ash Hill), President Grover Cleveland and Buffalo Bill Cody. The house, with its foot-thick brick walls and hilltop site, is an imposing one, made even more so by the massive pillared porch which surrounds it on three sides. The porch was added by Admiral Chauncey Thomas who purchased the property in 1895.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.

References

External links

, including photo in 2003, at Maryland Historical Trust website

Houses in Prince George's County, Maryland
Hyattsville, Maryland
Houses completed in 1840
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Maryland
National Register of Historic Places in Prince George's County, Maryland
Historic American Buildings Survey in Maryland


The Ulster is a  river in Thuringia and Hesse, Germany.

The Ulster's source is in the Rhön Mountains, near Ehrenberg. The Ulster flows generally north through the towns of Hilders, Tann, Geisa and Unterbreizbach. It flows from the left into the Werra in Philippsthal.

See also
List of rivers of Thuringia
List of rivers of Hesse

References

Rivers of Hesse
Rivers of Thuringia
Rivers of Germany


Bre Pettis (born  1972/1973) is an American entrepreneur, video blogger and creative artist. Pettis is best known as the co-founder and former CEO of MakerBot Industries, a 3D printer company now owned by Stratasys.

Early life and education
Pettis was raised in Ithaca, New York, a childhood spent climbing trees and playing in the woods independent and self-reliant. At the age of 13 he moved to the Seattle area, where he later graduated from Bellevue High School. Pettis is a 1995 graduate of The Evergreen State College, where he studied psychology, mythology and performing arts.

After college, Pettis worked as floor runner and camera assistant on feature films in Prague and as an assistant at Jim Henson's Creature Shop in London. He then attended Pacific Oaks College and graduated with a teaching certificate. He worked as a teacher for the Seattle Public Schools from 1999 through 2006.

Career

After graduating and working on various films in Europe, Pettis moved to London and began working at Jim Henson’s Creature Shop and making super-custom animatronics, or high-performance robots. Pettis learned prototyping here, as well as building one-of-a-kind things from scratch, allowing him to eventually be paid for his work.

He is also known for DIY video podcasts for MAKE, and for the History Hacker pilot on the History Channel.  He is one of the founders of the Brooklyn-based hacker space NYC Resistor.

Pettis is a co-founder and former CEO of MakerBot Industries, a company that produces 3D printers now owned by Stratasys. Besides being a TV host and Video Podcast producer, he's created new media for Etsy.com, hosted Make: Magazine's Weekend Projects podcast, and has been a schoolteacher, artist, and puppeteer. He was the artist-in-residence of art group monochrom at Museumsquartier Vienna in 2007.

Pettis was featured in the documentary film Print the Legend.

He left Makerbot in 2014.

In June 2017, Pettis acquired start-up Other Machine Co. — now called Bantam Tools — from its founder and CEO, Danielle Applestone.
In November 2019, Bantam Tools moved their facilities to Peekskill, NY.

References

Further reading
 Rich, Laurie, "Mr. Wizard for the Internet age", Columbia University News Service, Columbia Journalism School, April 14, 2009.

External links

 Bre Pettis website
 Bre Pettis on The Colbert Report (June 8, 2011)

American bloggers
Evergreen State College alumni
Pacific Oaks College alumni
1970s births
Living people
3D printers
Henry Crown Fellows


Christian Montanari (born 21 June 1981) is a former racing car driver from San Marino.

Results summary

Career summary

Complete Formula Renault 3.5 Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

24 Hours of Le Mans results

External links

1981 births
Living people
Sammarinese racing drivers
Italian racing drivers
Auto GP drivers
Italian Formula Renault 2.0 drivers
Formula Renault Eurocup drivers
Formula Renault V6 Eurocup drivers
Italian Formula Three Championship drivers
A1 Grand Prix Rookie drivers
International Formula 3000 drivers
24 Hours of Le Mans drivers
24 Hours of Daytona drivers
European Le Mans Series drivers
World Series Formula V8 3.5 drivers
Superstars Series drivers
24 Hours of Spa drivers
Draco Racing drivers
Prema Powerteam drivers

AF Corse drivers
Victory Engineering drivers
Scuderia Coloni drivers


William Pitt Smith (1760 – 1796) was a U.S. physician, educator and theological writer.

Smith began his career serving in the General Hospital Department of the Continental Army during the American Revolution. He became Professor of Materia Medica at Columbia College in 1792.

Smith authored two books that espoused the tenets of Universalism: The Universalist; in Seven Letters to Amyntor (1787) and Observations on Conventions (1793). In his books, Smith argued that the notion of infinite and universal sin contradicted God's basic nature. Smith's writing also spoke positively of deism, noting its practitioners were "of amiable characters, or sense, learning and morality", and he argued that Universalism could serve as a bridge to connect the theological separation between deists and Christians.

Smith was elected as a member of the New York State legislature in January 1796, where he argued for the abolition of slavery. However, his political term was brief, as he died in February 1796 following complications from pneumonia.

References

1760 births
1796 deaths
Physicians in the American Revolution
American Christian universalists
Columbia University faculty
18th-century Christian universalists
Christian universalist theologians


An Icelandic Odyssey is a two-part concept album series by Norwegian avant-garde metal band Solefald. The first part, Red for Fire, was released on 18 October 2005, while the second part, Black for Death, was released on 24 November 2006. The band was quoted as saying "Solefald was experimenting when everybody was being true. Now that things are changing and that we've pushed the experiment quite far already, we wanted Red for Fire plus Black for Death to be our attempts at being 'true'. This will be a true Nordic Viking metal album."

Both albums could be considered a play on how Solefald describe their music, which is as "red music with black edges".

Track listing

Red for Fire

 "Sun I Call" – 6:19
 "Survival of the Outlaw" – 6:37
 "Where Birds Have Never Been" – 5:5
 "Bragi (Instrumental)" – 1:18
 "White Frost Queen" – 6:57
 "There Is Need" – 5:53
 "Prayer of a Son (Poem)" – 1:47
 "Crater of the Valkyries" – 8:21
 "Sea I Called" – 5:34
 "Lokasenna" – 5:39

Black for Death

All tracks written by Cornelius and Lazare.

 "Red for Fire + Black for Death" – 3:55
 "Queen in the Bay of Smoke" – 5:34
 "Silver Dwarf" – 3:23
 "Underworld (Instrumental)" – 1:15
 "Necrodyssey" – 3:47
 "Allfathers" – 5:56
 "Lokasenna Part 2" – 4:29
 "Loki Trickster God" – 5:50
 "Spoken to the End of All (Poem)" – 2:05
 "Dark Waves Dying (Instrumental)" - 3:55
 "Lokasenna Part 3" – 4:47
 "Sagateller" – 5:45

The music in the song "Loki Trickster God" is the same as in "White Frost Queen" from Red for Fire; however, "Loki Trickster God" is shorter, and the music is arranged differently in the second half of the song.

Personnel

Solefald

 Cornelius – vocals, guitar, samples
 Lazare – vocals, keyboards, drums

Guest musicians

Red for Fire

 Aggie Frost Peterson – vocals on "Sun I Call" and "White Frost Queen"
 Sareeta – violin on all tracks except "There Is Need" and "Lokasenna"
 Live Julianne Kostøl – cello on all tracks except "There Is Need", "Prayer of a Son (Poem)" and "Lokasenna"
 Kjetil Selvik – saxophone on "Sun I Call"
 Jörmundur Ingi Hansen – vocals on "Lokasenna"

Black for Death

 Kristoffer Rygg – vocals on "Loki Trickster God"
 Aggie Frost Peterson – vocals on "Loki Trickster God"
 Sareeta – violin on  tracks 1, 2, 6, 8, 9, 10 and 12
 Live Julianne Kostøl – cello on tracks 1, 2, 6, 8, 9 and 12
 Kjetil Selvik – saxophone on "Underworld" and "Dark Waves Dying"
 Jörmundur Ingi Hansen – vocals on "Lokasenna" compositions

References

2005 albums
2006 albums
Concept album series
Solefald albums
Season of Mist albums


Lisa Sounio (born 1970) is a past CEO and chairperson of social networking site Dopplr. She is also the CEO of her own design management consultancy Sonay. She has a background in industrial design management. Early in her career she worked as a sales- and export manager in the Finnish furniture industry. Before becoming an entrepreneur she worked for Iittala where she was in charge of branding and product design development.

Sounio has a master's degree from the Helsinki School of Economics. She has also studied at the University of Art and Design Helsinki and at the Helsinki University of Technology. She is also a columnist and public speaker. Sounio is married to and a business partner of Marko Ahtisaari.

She was a candidate for the 2014 Finnish European Parliament election, on the National Coalition Party list, but was not elected.

References

Further reading

External links

1970 births
Living people
Businesspeople from Helsinki
Finnish women in business


The Third Battle of Manzanillo was a naval engagement that occurred on July 18, 1898, between an American fleet commanded by Chapman C. Todd against a Spanish fleet led by Joaquín Gómez de Barreda, which occurred during the Spanish–American War. The significantly more powerful United States Navy squadron, consisting of four gunboats, two armed tugs and a patrol yacht, overpowered a Royal Spanish Navy squadron which consisted of four gunboats, three pontoon used as floating batteries and three transports, sinking or destroying all the Spanish ships present without losing a single ship of their own. The victory came on the heels of a more significant American success at the Battle of Santiago de Cuba, and was the third largest naval engagement of the war after Santiago de Cuba and the Battle of Manila Bay.

Tensions between Spain and the United States worsened over Spanish behavior during their efforts to quell a revolution in their colony of Cuba, with the American public being agitated by largely falsified reports of Spanish atrocities against the Cuban population. In January 1898, in the interest of safeguarding American interests in Cuba, the cruiser USS Maine was dispatched to the island. In February 1898, the Maine exploded while lying at anchor in Havana harbor, killing more than half her crew and inflaming American opinion against Spain, with the Spanish being portrayed as the culprit in the American media regardless of the actual source of the explosion. Two months later, war was declared.

After defeating the largest Spanish squadron stationed in Cuba, the United States Navy continued dispatching warships to defeat the remaining Spanish naval presence on the island, as they had done upon the outbreak of war. The port of Manzanillo contained a significant Spanish naval presence in addition to being a haven for Spanish blockade runners, and the Americans had attempted twice before to destroy the squadron lying at anchor, with both the first and second attempts having been repulsed. On the third attempt, all U.S. naval elements in the area, reinforced by two Wilmington-class gunboats combined forces under the command of Chapman C. Todd to destroy the Spanish vessels once and for all.

The seven-ship force split into three different groups and entered the harbor at the same time to ensure the Spanish vessels had no path of escape. They first targeted the three transports and destroyed them while they were lying at anchor, alongside repulsing several gunboats who moved to repulse the Americans. The seven ships then moved further in the harbor to engage the gunboats and the immobile pontoon. All gunboats and transports were quickly destroyed or sunk, with minimal casualties for the Americans, with the only casualty being damage incurred to the lone armed tug. Although the battle destroyed the small Spanish squadron in the harbor, the Spanish defenders inside the town refused to relinquish control of the city to the Americans, leading to the Fourth Battle of Manzanillo, resulting in the town falling into American hands.

Background

Upon the outbreak of war, the United States Navy had placed a blockade around the island of Cuba, both to assist the local revolutionaries fighting against Spanish rule, and to hamper Spanish efforts to resist the American expeditionary forces by ensuring they could not move around men and supplies to areas which required them. Several ports in Cuba, such as Cárdenas and Cienfuegos had already seen several unsuccessful attempts by the Americans to attack the ports, with the Battle of Cárdenas proving to be the most costly American failure. Spanish blockade runners would move from port to port to skirt the American blockade, bringing vital men and material to Spanish soldiers engaged in combat with the Cubans. The port of Manzanillo had been a refuge for Spanish troop transports and blockade runners (many of which were requisitioned merchant steamships) since the outbreak of war, and the United States Navy had already dispatched two reconnaissance expeditions to the harbor to determine its defenses.

The first expedition, consisting of the gunboats  and , alongside the armed tug  under the command of Lucien Young, attempted to clear the harbor of the Spanish vessels. Accurate fire from the four Spanish gunboats in the harbor, Estrella, Guantánamo, Centinela and the Delgado Parejo forced an American withdrawal, with only three casualties and damaged vessels to show for their efforts. The second expedition, led by Adolph Marix and consisting of the  and , launched their attack unaware of the fate of the first expedition, and were similarly repulsed by the Parrott guns of the Spanish gunboats. Wrote one American sailor:

Although a number of awards were given for these actions, they proved that the presence of the Spanish vessels and shore batteries were not going to be easy to overcome, and two gunboats were accordingly dispatched to aid the American vessels, the two being the  and . The commanding officer of the Wilmington, Chapman C. Todd, became commander of the now seven-vessel strong American force, and moved to clear the harbor of Spanish vessels. Todd ordered his vessels to be split up into three groups, with the two gunboats Wilmington and Helena being ordered to enter the harbor via a channel on the northern side of the bay and attacking from the left, Osceola and Scorpion being ordered to attack from a channel directly opposite the city, and the Wompatuck, Hist and Hornet being ordered to move in from the right through one of the bays southern channels. All three of the American squadrons were instructed to time their passages through the channels to enter the bay concurrently. The reason behind the division of the squadron was to prevent any Spanish vessels from escaping by blocking their escape routes.

Battle

At 07:00am, the seven American warships began to approach the harbor of Manzanillo, having rendezvoused at Guayabal the night before. Just four minutes later the battle began when Spanish shore batteries noticed the approaching Americans and began firing at them, although they scored no hits. Some fifteen minutes later, the Scorpion and Osceola replied by opening fire on the shore batteries, although they likewise were unable to score any hits. At 07:50am, the Americans sighted the three Spanish transports lying at anchor, these being the El Gloria, Jose Garcia and El Purísima Concepción. El Gloria and Jose Garcia were merchant steamers used for transporting troops while the El Purísima Concepción was a blockade runner. All three vessels were destroyed over a two and a half hour period by the Americans, who were careful to remain out of the range of the Spanish batteries.

Upon seeing the plight of their fellow vessels, several Spanish gunboats set sail and moved to repulse the American warships, however they found themselves being repulsed and forced to retreat further inside the harbor due to being outgunned. Hist, Hornet, and Wompatuck pursued the gunboats to their moorings and engaged them. The American vessels continued their advance into the harbor, but they soon ran into issues with the shallow depth of Manzanillo's bay, forcing them to reconnoiter passages so that the deeper-drafted gunboats, the Wilmington and the Helena, would not beach themselves accidentally. Advancing upon the Spanish positions, Todd realised that his forces were focusing too much of their fire upon transports taking refuge in the harbor alongside the immobile pontoon present, the hulk and storeship Maria, and ordered the Helena to switch to targeting the cornered gunboats instead of assisting the Willmington with finishing the transports and pontoon off.

With the transports and pontoons destroyed, all the American efforts were switched to finishing off the badly damaged gunboats. One by one, the four gunboats were finished off, with three being destroyed, one being sunk and another beaching itself before sinking later. At 10:22am, just three hours after initiating the engagement, Todd gave the order to withdraw from the harbor. On their way out, much as they had done on their way in, they made sure to keep out of the range of the Spanish batteries, who had helplessly watched the battle unfold. During the battle, Todd had noted the good performance of the officers serving under him, and stated as such in his battle report to Sampson:

Aftermath

By 10:35am, the battle had been concluded. The Spanish squadron had been entirely destroyed, suffering casualties of three men killed, fourteen men wounded, four gunboats sunk or destroyed and three transports and pontoons burned to the waterline, while the Americans, on the other hand, had suffered no casualties. The only significant damage incurred by the American force was a three-pounder gun that broke loose from its rivets on the Wompatuck, though one of USS Wilmingtons guns was disabled due to Spanish gunfire for a few minutes. The threat posed by the Spanish flotilla was eliminated, and the American squadron returned victorious to the main fleet. The Wompatuck, however, left the rest of the warships and instead sailed towards at Guantánamo Bay where the Americans had established a base after their victory at the Battle of Guantánamo Bay to bring Admiral William T. Sampson news of the latest American victory.

During the battle, the Americans took great care to ensure that their gunfire did not target the city, and in the words of Todd, "so far as could be observed, little, if any, was done." Although the Spanish naval presence in Manzanillo was eliminated, the Spanish defenders in the town stubbornly refused to relinquish control to either the Americans or the Cubans, and even without a naval presence, it took a U.S. Navy bombardment of the town combined with Cuban rebels storming the town for the Spanish to finally surrender the town, when they learnt of the ceasefire that resulted in the end of the war. Manzanillo would be the last town to surrender in Cuba during the war and the last engagement which took place on the island. Four days after the battle, on the 22nd of July, the New York Times published news of the victory to the American public.

References

Bibliography

Naval battles of the Spanish–American War
Battles involving Cuba
Battle of Manzanillo 03
Battle of Manzanillo 03
Conflicts in 1898
Battle of Manzanillo 03


The Teche Greyhound Lines (called also Teche or TGL), a highway-coach carrier, was a Greyhound regional operating company, based in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, from 1934 until 1954, when it (along with the Dixie Greyhound Lines) was merged into the Southeastern Greyhound Lines, a neighboring operating company.

[Teche, pronounced as "tesh", is a word of French origin, a word (téche) for "snake" – due to a legend (about a large snake in the region) which the natives had told to the early French traders and explorers – from the name of the Bayou Teche in the swamp country in coastal Louisiana.]
Correction note: Not named Teche because of a big snake in the region; but, because the Bayou Teche has a snakelike appearance as it meanders through the land curving this way and then that way, similar to snakelike movements.

Origin
The Teche Greyhound Lines (GL) began as the Teche Transfer Company, which became incorporated in Louisiana in April 1920 to operate buses between Jeanerette and New Iberia (a distance of about 10 miles in the region west of New Orleans and Baton Rouge and southeast of Lafayette).  The firm then began to grow in steps.

In 1929 the Teche Transfer Company became renamed as the Teche Lines, then in 1932 it began to use the hyphenated brand name, trade name, or service name of the Teche-Greyhound Lines (with the consent of The Greyhound Corporation, the parent Greyhound firm), while at first retaining its own corporate name (until 1934) – after it entered into a through-traffic agreement with Greyhound, and after Greyhound began to buy a minority interest in Teche (which interest continued to grow).

Wheeling and dealing
In 1929 the Old South Coach Lines came into existence – to buy (from the Alabama Bus Company) a short branch line (with a length of about 59 miles), between Birmingham and Tuscaloosa (both in Alabama), then promptly extended about 93 more miles (by application rather than purchase) from Tuscaloosa to Meridian (in Mississippi).

The next year, 1930, the Teche Lines bought the Old South Coach Lines, thereby completing its route between New Orleans and Birmingham.

[That same year, 1930, the Alabama Bus Company – which in 1929 had sold its branch line from Birmingham to Tuscaloosa (to the Old South Coach Lines) – became bought by and merged into the Consolidated Coach Corporation (which in 1936 became renamed as the Southeastern Greyhound Lines) – thereby extending Consolidated from Chattanooga (in Tennessee) through Birmingham and Montgomery to Mobile (all three in Alabama) – the entire length of the "Heart of Dixie".]

The Old South Lines (entirely different from the Old South Coach Lines) was a property of John Gilmer, who previously (in 1925) had founded the Camel City Coach Company, based in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, which (in 1929) became the southern half of the National Highway Transport (NHT) Company, based in Charleston, West Virginia, which (in 1931) became renamed as the Atlantic Greyhound Lines.

In 1933 the Old South Lines started running between Charlotte (in North Carolina) and Atlanta (in Georgia) and between Columbia (in South Carolina) and Atlanta.

Gilmer’s Old South Lines in 1934 bought the route between Montgomery and Atlanta (including an alternate loop through Columbus in Georgia) – from the Hood Coach Lines, which on that route had begun its first service (in 1930 between Atlanta and Columbus, then in 1933 onward to Montgomery), and which had soon tried (unsuccessfully) to run additional routes between Atlanta and Macon (in Georgia), between Macon and Savannah (in Georgia), and between Macon and Jacksonville (in Florida) via Waycross (in Georgia).

[Hood in November 1934 sold also the latter routes – to the Consolidated Coach Corporation and the Union Bus Company (acting jointly), with the Atlanta-Macon and Macon-Waycross-Jacksonville routes going to Consolidated (which in 1936 became renamed as the Southeastern Greyhound Lines) and with the Macon-Savannah route going to Union (which in 1941 was bought by and merged into the Southeastern GL) – thereby gaining for Consolidated and Union (and therefore later for Greyhound) not only a new route between Macon and Savannah and a parallel alternate route between Atlanta and Macon but also a quicker alternate route between Macon and Jacksonville (about 50 miles shorter than its older route via Valdosta in Georgia and Lake City in Florida).

After that last sale the Hood firm, no longer holding any other route, went out of business.

In 1935 the Atlantic GL bought the Old South routes to Atlanta from Charlotte and from Columbia, thereby preparing to establish connections in Atlanta with the Teche GL and the Southeastern GL.

In February 1936 Teche bought the Old South route between Montgomery and Atlanta (with the loop through Columbus), thereby completing its route between New Orleans and Atlanta.

Background and participation of O.W. Townsend
O.W. Townsend, who in 1932 obtained control of the Teche Lines, had begun in the highway-coach industry in 1924 when he founded the Cornhusker Stage Lines (based in Hastings, Nebraska, running between Hastings and Lincoln, the capital of the Cornhusker State), which in 1927 became a link in the chain of independently owned carriers which (acting separately but cooperatively) operated under the collective name of the YellowaY Lines (in an attempt to reach from coast to coast).

Soon under the YellowaY name Townsend ran his coaches across Nebraska between Chicago (in Illinois) and Denver (in Colorado) – and maybe onward to Salt Lake City (in Utah).

In 1928 Townsend sold some (but not all) of his rights (in the routes of the Cornhusker Stage Lines) to the newly formed American Motor Transportation Company, which bought also most of the other independent YellowaY member firms, and which then operated them as the YellowaY-Pioneer System.  [On 11 September 1928 a YellowaY-Pioneer coach completed the first regularly scheduled coast-to-coast bus trip in the US (from Los Angeles to New York City) by a single operating company.]

In 1929 the Motor Transit Corporation (called also MTC) bought the Yelloway-Pioneer System, and later in 1929 the MTC became renamed as The Greyhound Corporation.

Townsend in 1929 sold his remaining property (including the remaining routes) in the Cornhusker Stage Lines to the Union Pacific (UP) Railroad, which merged it into its new Interstate Transit Lines, which in 1943 (along with the Union Pacific, UP, Stages, another bus subsidiary of the UP Railroad) began operating under the brand name, trade name, or service name of the Overland Greyhound Lines (after The Greyhound Corporation began to buy a minority interest in each of those two bus companies of the railroad), and both of which in 1952 became wholly owned subsidiaries of the parent Greyhound firm, then became merged, under the name of the Overland Greyhound Lines, as a division of The Greyhound Corporation.

Meanwhile, even before Townsend sold the remainder of Cornhusker to Interstate (that is, not later than 1929), he began another carrier – the Atlantic-Pacific Stages, running between Saint Louis (in Missouri) and Los Angeles (in California) via Kansas City (on the state line between Kansas and Missouri), Denver (in Colorado), and Albuquerque (in New Mexico) – which in 1930 he sold to the Interstate Transit, Inc., a completely different firm (different from the Interstate Transit Lines) with a confusingly similar name, operating as the Colonial Stages, which afterward became renamed as the Colonial Atlantic-Pacific Stages (called also CAPS), and which succumbed in 1932 during (and as a casualty of) the Great Depression.

In 1931 and 1932 Townsend lived and worked in Philadelphia (in Pennsylvania) as the regional manager of the eastern end of the CAPS.

After the second (and final) failure of the CAPS, Townsend moved to New Orleans (lawfully taking with him about 20 of the newer coaches, Macks of the model BK), bought a controlling interest in the Teche Lines, and began making deals with The Greyhound Corporation.

Further developments
About 1934 Greyhound increased its partial ownership of the Teche Lines to a controlling (majority) interest, and Greyhound renamed Teche as the unhyphenated Teche Greyhound Lines; then in 1939 Greyhound bought also the last remaining minority interest of Townsend (first leaving the new Teche GL as a wholly owned subsidiary); and in 1941 Greyhound merged the TGL into itself as a division of the parent Greyhound firm.

By 1954 the TGL ran from New Orleans to Baton Rouge (in Louisiana), Natchez (in Mississippi), through Hammond (in Louisiana) to Jackson (in Mississippi and on the way to Memphis, Saint Louis, and Chicago), through Hattiesburg and Meridian (both in Mississippi) to Birmingham (in Alabama), through Mobile and Montgomery (both in Alabama) and Columbus (in Georgia) to Atlanta (in Georgia), through Mobile to Marianna (in Florida and on the way to Tallahassee and the rest of the Sunshine State), and westward through Lafayette to Lake Charles (both in Louisiana and on the way to Houston, the rest of Texas, and the rest of the West), plus along several regional and feeder routes in the southern part of the Pelican State.

The Teche GL met the Dixie GL to the north, the Southwestern GL to the west, and the Atlantic GL and the Southeastern GL to the east.

The TGL took part in major interlined through-routes (using pooled equipment in cooperation with other Greyhound companies) – that is, the use of through-coaches on through-routes running through the territories of two or more Greyhound regional operating companies – connecting New Orleans with Los Angeles, Houston, Memphis, Saint Louis, Chicago, Detroit, New York City, Washington, Jacksonville, Miami, and Saint Petersburg.

Merger into Southeastern GL
In October 1954 The Greyhound Corporation merged Teche and a neighboring operating company, the Dixie GL (called also Dixie or DGL), based in Memphis, Tennessee, into the Southeastern GL (called also Southeastern, SEG, SEGL, or the SEG Lines), another neighboring regional company, based in Lexington, Kentucky.  The three fleets of the three divisions became combined into a single fleet.

Thus ended the Teche GL.

Beyond Teche GL
After that merger the newly expanded Southeastern GL served 12 states along 13,227 route-miles of highways – from Cincinnati (in Ohio), Saint Louis, Memphis, Natchez, Baton Rouge, New Orleans, and Lake Charles – to Savannah and Jacksonville – from the Mississippi River to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Ohio River to the Gulf of Mexico.

In October 1957 The Greyhound Corporation merged also the Florida GL (called also FGL), one more neighboring operating company, based in Jacksonville, Florida, into the SEGL.

In November 1960 The Greyhound Corporation further merged the Atlantic GL (called also Atlantic or AGL), yet another neighboring regional company, based in Charleston, West Virginia, with – not into but rather with – the Southeastern GL, thereby creating the Southern Division of The Greyhound Corporation (called also the Southern GL), the third of four huge new divisions (along with Central, Eastern, and Western).

Thus ended the Southeastern GL, and thus began the Southern GL.

Later (about 1966) The Greyhound Corporation reorganized again, into just two humongous divisions, named as the Greyhound Lines East (GLE) and the Greyhound Lines West (GLW); even later (about 1970) it eliminated those two divisions, thus leaving a single gargantuan undivided nationwide fleet.

When the Southern GL came into existence, the headquarters functions became gradually transferred from Lexington, Kentucky, and Charleston, West Virginia, to Atlanta, Georgia; when GLE arose, many of those administrative functions became shifted from Atlanta to Cleveland, Ohio; eventually those functions migrated to Chicago, Illinois, then to Phoenix, Arizona, when (in 1971) The Greyhound Corporation moved its corporate headquarters from Chicago to a new building in Phoenix.

In 1987 The Greyhound Corporation (the original umbrella Greyhound firm), which had become widely diversified far beyond passenger transportation, sold its entire highway-coach operating business (its core bus business) to a new company, named as the Greyhound Lines, Inc., called also GLI, based in Dallas, Texas – a separate, independent, unrelated firm, which was the property of a group of private investors under the promotion of Fred Currey, a former executive of the Continental Trailways (later renamed as the Trailways, Inc., called also TWI, also based in Dallas), which was the largest member company in the Trailways trade association (then named as the National Trailways Bus System, now as the Trailways Transportation System).

Later in 1987 the Greyhound Lines, Inc., the GLI, the new firm based in Dallas, further bought also the Trailways, Inc., the TWI, its largest competitor, and merged it into the GLI.

The lenders and the other investors of the GLI ousted Fred Currey (as the chief executive officer) after the firm went into bankruptcy in 1990.

The GLI has continued to experience difficulties and lackluster performance under a succession of new owners and new executives – while continuing to reduce its level of service – by hauling fewer passengers aboard fewer coaches on fewer trips along fewer routes with fewer stops in fewer communities in fewer states – and by doing so on fewer days – that is, increasingly operating some trips less often than every day (fewer than seven days per week) – and by using fewer through-coaches, thus requiring passengers to make more transfers (from one coach to another).

After the sale to the GLI, The Greyhound Corporation changed its name to the Greyhound-Dial Corporation, then the Dial Corporation, then the Viad Corporation.  [The contrived name Viad appears to be a curious respelling of the former name Dial – if one scrambles the letters D, I, and A, then turns the V upside down and regards it as the Greek letter lambda – Λ – that is, the Greek equivalent of the Roman or Latin letter L.]

The website of the Viad Corporation (http://www.viad.com) in September 2008 makes no mention of its corporate history or its past relationship to Greyhound – that is, its origin as The Greyhound Corporation.

See also
The Greyhound Corporation
Atlantic Greyhound Lines
Capitol Greyhound Lines
Dixie Greyhound Lines
Florida Greyhound Lines
Great Lakes Greyhound Lines
Southeastern Greyhound Lines
Tennessee Coach Company

References
Hixson, Kenneth (2001).  Pick of the Litter.  Lexington: Centerville Book Company.  .
Jackson, Carlton (1984).  Hounds of the Road.  Dubuque: Kendall Hunt Publishing Company.  .
Meier, Albert, and John Hoschek (1975).  Over the Road.  Upper Montclair, NJ (US): Motor Bus Society.  No ISBN.
Schisgall, Oscar (1985).  The Greyhound Story.  Chicago: J.G. Ferguson Publishing Company.  .
Motor Coach Age (a publication of the Motor Bus Society), various issues, especially these:
July–August 1990;
March–April 1991;
April–June 1995;
October–December 1996;
October–December 1998.
Backfire, the corporate newspaper for the Southeastern Greyhound Lines, all issues, from January 1938 through February 1956.
Web-based schedules and historical data at http://www.greyhound.com.

External links
 "Teche Greyhound Lines" (at Bluehounds and Redhounds)
 Bluehounds and Redhounds, the history of Greyhound and Trailways
 "Northland Greyhound Lines" (at Bluehounds and Redhounds), including the early history of The Greyhound Corporation
 "Greyhound Lines after WW2" (at Bluehounds and Redhounds)
 "The Scenicruiser" at Bluehounds and Redhounds

Defunct transportation companies of the United States
Intercity bus companies of the United States
Greyhound Lines
Transportation companies based in Louisiana
Defunct companies based in Louisiana


Alexsandar Petrov () (1893–1942) was an association football player.

International career
Petrov played his only game for Russia on 5 July 1914 in a friendly against Sweden.

External links
  Profile

1893 births
1942 deaths
Men's footballers from the Russian Empire
Russian Empire men's international footballers
Men's association football forwards
FC Dynamo Moscow players