The presence of mercury in fish is a health concern for people who eat them, especially for women who are or may become pregnant, nursing mothers, and young children. Fish and shellfish concentrate mercury in their bodies, often in the form of methylmercury, a highly toxic organomercury compound. This element is known to bioaccumulate in humans, so bioaccumulation in seafood carries over into human populations, where it can result in mercury poisoning. Mercury is dangerous to both natural ecosystems and humans because it is a metal known to be highly toxic, especially due to its neurotoxic ability to damage the central nervous system.

In human-controlled ecosystems of fish, usually done for market production of wanted seafood species, mercury clearly rises through the food chain via fish consuming small plankton, as well as through non-food sources such as underwater sediment.

Fish products have been shown to contain varying amounts of heavy metals, particularly mercury and fat-soluble pollutants from water pollution. Species of fish that are long-lived and high on the food chain, such as marlin, tuna, shark, swordfish, king mackerel and tilefish contain higher concentrations of mercury than others. Cetaceans (whales and dolphins) also bioaccumulate mercury and other pollutants, so populations that eat whale meat, such as the Japanese, Icelanders, Norwegians and the Faroese, are also vulnerable to mercury ingestion.

Biomagnification

The consumption of fish is by far the most significant source of ingestion-related mercury exposure in humans and animals. Mercury and methyl mercury are present in only very small concentrations in seawater. However, they are absorbed, usually as methyl mercury, by algae at the start of the food chain. This algae is then eaten by fish and other organisms higher in the food chain. Fish efficiently absorb methyl mercury, but excrete it very slowly. Methyl mercury is not soluble and therefore not excreted. Instead, it accumulates, primarily in the viscera, although also in the muscle tissue. This results in the bioaccumulation of mercury, in a buildup in the adipose tissue of successive trophic levels: zooplankton, small nekton, larger fish, and so on. The older that such fish become, the more mercury they may have absorbed. Anything that eats these fish within the food chain also consumes the higher level of mercury that the fish have accumulated, including humans. This process explains why predatory fish such as swordfish and sharks or birds like osprey and eagles have higher concentrations of mercury in their tissue than could be accounted for by direct exposure alone. Species on the food chain can amass body concentrations of mercury up to ten times higher than the species they consume. This process is called biomagnification. For example, herring contains mercury levels at about 0.1 parts per million, while shark contains mercury levels greater than 1 part per million.

Origins of mercury pollution

Terrestrial mercury pollution
There are three types of mercury emission: anthropogenic, re-emission, and natural, including volcanoes and geothermal vents. Anthropogenic sources are responsible for 30% of all emissions, while natural sources are responsible for 10%, and re-emission accounts for the other 60%. While re-emission accounts for the largest proportion of emissions, it is likely that the mercury emitted from these sources originally came from anthropogenic sources.

Anthropogenic sources include coal burning, cement production, oil refining, artisan and small-scale gold mining, wastes from consumer products, dental amalgam, the chlor-alkali industry, production of vinyl chloride, and the mining, smelting, and production of iron and other metals. The total amount of mercury released by mankind in 2010 was estimated to be 1,960 metric tons. The majority of this comes from coal burning and gold mining, accounting for 24% and 37% of total anthropogenic output respectively.

Re-emission, the largest emitter, occurs in a variety of ways. It is possible for mercury that has been deposited in soil to be re-emitted into the mercury cycle via floods. A second example of re-emission is a forest fire; mercury that has been absorbed into plant life is re-released into the atmosphere. While it is difficult to estimate the exact extent of mercury re-emission, it is an important field of study. Knowing how easily and how often previously emitted mercury can be released helps us learn how long it will take for a reduction in anthropogenic sources to be reflected in the environment. Mercury that has been released can find its way into the oceans. A 2008 model estimated the total amount of deposition into the oceans that year to be 3,700 metric tons. It is estimated that rivers carry as much as 2,420 metric tons. Much of the mercury deposited in the oceans is re-emitted, however; as much as 300 metric tons is converted into methyl mercury. While only 13% of this finds its way into the food chain, that is still 40 metric tons a year.

Much (an estimated 40%) of the mercury that eventually finds its way into fish originates with coal-burning power plants and chlorine production plants. The largest source of mercury contamination in the United States is coal-fueled power plant emissions. Chlorine chemical plants use mercury to extract chlorine from salt, which in many parts of the world is discharged as mercury compounds in waste water, though this process has been largely replaced by the more economically viable membrane cell process, which does not use mercury. Coal contains mercury as a natural contaminant. When it is fired for electricity generation, the mercury is released as smoke into the atmosphere. Most of this mercury pollution can be eliminated if pollution-control devices are installed.

Mercury in the United States frequently comes from power plants, which release about 50% of the nation's mercury emissions. In other countries, such as Ghana, gold mining often uses mercury compounds, leading to workers receiving significant quantities of mercury while performing their jobs. Such mercury from gold mines is specifically known to contribute to biomagnification in aquatic food chains.

Elemental mercury often comes from coal power plants, and oxidized mercury often comes from incinerators. Oil-fired power plants also contribute mercury to the environment. The energy industry therefore is a key player in the introduction of mercury into the environment. When addressing the issue of reducing seafood mercury bioaccumulation on a global scale, it is important to pinpoint major energy producers and consumers whose exchange of energy may be the root of the problem.

Aquatic mercury pollution
The farming of aquatic organisms, known as aquaculture, often involves fish feed that contains mercury. A study by Jardine has found no reliable connection between mercury in fish food affecting aquaculture organisms or aquatic organisms in the wild. Even so, mercury from other sources may affect organisms grown through aquaculture. In China, farmed fish species, such as bighead carp, mud carp, and Siniperca chuatsi, carried 90% of total mercury content in all of the measured fish in a study by Cheng. This study also concluded that mercury bioaccumulates through food chains even in controlled aquaculture environments. Both total mercury and methyl mercury absorption was found to be derived from sediments containing mercury, not mainly from fish feed.

The Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology has noted that fish feed used in aquaculture often contains heavy metals such as mercury, lead, and arsenic, and has dispatched these concerns to organizations such as the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

Mercury can get into freshwater systems by point sources and extended flooding. In Canada, mercury poisoning in Grassy Narrows was likely caused by a spill at a paper mill, which is a point source. Non-point sources include floods that create hospitable habitats for bacteria that can convert mercury to methylmercury, which is the toxic form that bioaccumulates through aquatic food webs. The effects of these different sources of mercury have been studied at the Experimental Lakes Area in Ontario, Canada, using research procedures including whole-lake ecosystem experiments and non-lethal fish muscle biopsies.

Controlling output of mercury pollution sources
The U.S. Geological Survey projects that in the next several decades there will be a 50 percent increase in mercury levels. The study also shows that the increases are connected through industrial emissions and are not natural as previously thought.However, by decreasing emissions from industrial plants, the possibility of decreasing the high level of mercury remains plausible. Several nations are currently implementing systems that will detect and therefore later be able to control the output of mercury into the atmosphere. Air pollution control devices (APCDs) have been implemented in South Korea as the government is starting to take inventory of mercury sources. Mercury pollution can also be removed by electrostatic precipitators (ESPs). Bag-based filters are also used in factories that may contribute mercury to the environment. Flue-gas desulfurization, normally used to eliminate sulfur dioxide, can also be used in conjunction with APCDs to remove additional mercury before exhausts are released into the environment. Even so, countries such as South Korea have only begun to use inventories of mercury sources, calling into question how fast anti-mercury measures will be put into factories.

Health effects and outcomes

Disparate impacts
Mercury content in fish does not affect all populations equally. Certain ethnic groups, as well as young children, are more likely to suffer the effects of methyl mercury poisoning. In the United States, Wallace gathered data that indicated 16.9% of women who self-identify as Native American, Asian, Pacific Islander, or multiracial exceed the recommended reference dose of mercury. A study done on children of the Faroe Islands in the North Atlantic showed neurological problems stemming from mothers consuming pilot whale meat during pregnancy (see Whaling in the Faroe Islands). A 2020 NBER paper found that in coastal Colombia, those born during periods when fish catches have high mercury content have worse educational and labor market outcomes than those born during periods of low mercury content in fish.

Regulation and health
While various studies have shown high concentrations of mercury accumulated in fish, medical cases often go unreported and pose a difficulty in correlating mercury in fish with human poisoning. Environmental issues cover a broad range of areas, but medical cases that are associated with pollutants released into the environment by factories or construction areas cause public health issues that affect not only the environment but also human well-being. Substances poisonous to the human body in a particular amount or dose may not cause any symptoms over time. While there are limits to how much of anything the body can have, mercury is a particular poison that produces immediate physical symptoms when the body has been accumulating it over a period of time.

In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency estimates the amount of mercury in human blood that is not likely to pose fatal health outcomes. The agency is in charge of enforcing regulations and policies that cover a range of environmental topics. Analysis of blood mercury concentrations in childbearing women has documented that exposure to methyl mercury (MeHg) occurs primarily through the consumption of fish. The U.S. FDA highly recommends against pregnant women and young children consuming raw fish. Pregnant women and young children often lack strong immune systems and are more at risk for foodborne illnesses.

Medical cases and exposure to mercury
In the United States, the EPA provides advice about the levels of mercury that are non-fatal in humans. Symptoms of exposure to high levels of methyl mercury include disturbed vision, hearing, and speech, lack of coordination, and muscle weakness. Medical studies have examined the correlation of fish consumption and health issues. American studies have presented evidence of fish consumption and its effects on child development. Longitudinal studies agree that human activities release mercury that accumulates in marine life. Addressing the issues of fish consumption forces health officials to recognize the sources of mercury in the human body. Specific Native American tribes are vulnerable to a high exposure of mercury. Studies have determined that these native peoples in the United States suffer more from mercury poisoning and illness than any other cohort group in the country. This is due to the fact that fish is a main source of protein. Exposure risk was assessed through a medical study, thus raising judicial issues of whether the public health of these groups is a priority in the United States.

Work and exposure
Most cases that arise are due to work exposure or medicinal poisoning. Environmental justice advocates can relate these mercury cases to the unregulated amount of mercury that enters the environment. Workers can be exposed to mercury through the manufacture of fluorescent tubes, chloralkali, or acetaldehyde among other products. Anthropogenic sources and places where mercury is released or used as a solid or vapor puts these has caused fatigue, dizziness, hyperhidrosis, chest congestion, and loss of motor skills. When taken to the hospital, the neurotoxicity levels had already exceeded the maximum amounts. Over-the-counter medicines have been shown to have traces of mercurous chloride. Medical research reported that the children who received doses of these medicines experienced physical symptoms such as "drooling, irregular arm movements, and impaired gait". Exposures to this result in severe physical impairments unregulated chemicals that are put in products. The intake of laxatives that contained about 120 mg of mercurous chloride has also been cases of mercury's toxicity.

Even in countries, such as Sweden, that have phased out mercury in the dental industry and manufacturing, lingering quantities of mercury still exist in lakes and coastal areas. Moreover, global contributions of mercury to the environment also affect that country. A study in Sweden selected 127 women who had a high level of fish consumption. Around 20% of the women selected, after hair and blood samples, were found to have exceeded the EPA's recommended reference dose of 0.1 micrograms of methyl mercury per kilogram of body weight. Additionally, the study concluded that there was "no margin of safety for neuraldevelopmental effects in fetus[es]" without removing the offending species of fish from the diets of the women. This indicates that families intending to raise children should be especially careful about exposing their unborn babies to toxic mercury via fish.

Children exposed to mercury are particularly susceptible to poisoning since the ratio of food, water, and air intake versus individual body weight is much higher than that of adults. Additionally, children undergo fast growth that causes them to be more susceptible to damaging exposure to methylmercury, as well as the long term consequences of such exposure during childhood development. Young age plays an important role in terms of damage caused by mercury, and much literature on mercury focuses on pregnant women and specific precautions designed to prevent youth mercury exposure. Prenatal methylmercury exposure does cause behavioral problems in infants and worsened cognitive test performance. Additionally, Hughner estimates that 250,000 women may be exposing their unborn babies to levels of methyl mercury above recommended federal levels.

Economically, there does not seem to be a difference in mercury exposure based on socioeconomic bracket and the ability to buy fish from the market. One study shows "no significant differences in mercury levels in tuna, bluefish, and flounder as a function of type of store or economic neighborhood".

By nation
Certain countries have cultural differences that lead to more fish consumption and therefore more possible exposure to seafood methylmercury. In Ghana, the local population traditionally consumes large quantities of fish, leading to potentially dangerous amounts of mercury in the bloodstream. In the Amazonian Basin, during the rainy season, herbivorous fish dominate the diet of 72.2% of the women selected from a particular Amazonian village. Analysis also shows increase of mercury content in the hair of humans who eat fish on a daily basis in the Amazon.

The most serious case of mercury poisoning in recent history was in the Japanese city of Minamata, in the 1950s. Minamata poisoning demonstrated that significant prenatal and postnatal exposure to high levels of methylmercury caused serious neurological problems. Minamata victims also showed higher than normal signs of psychiatric diseases, along with those diseases being caused by underlying neurological issues.

A 2014 USGS survey of mercury levels in the United States water system found that methylmercury concentrations in fish were typically highest in wetland areas including the coastal plain streams in the Southeast. Fish methylmercury levels were also high in the Western US, but only in streams that had been mined for mercury or gold.

Minamata disease
In the 1950s, inhabitants of the seaside town of Minamata, on Kyushu island in Japan, noticed strange behavior in animals. Cats would exhibit nervous tremors, dance, and scream. Within a few years, this was observed in other animals; birds would drop out of the sky. Symptoms were also observed in fish, an important component of the diet, especially for the poor. When human symptoms started to be noticed around 1956 an investigation began.
Fishing was officially banned in 1957. It was found that the Chisso Corporation, a petrochemical company and maker of plastics such as vinyl chloride, had been discharging heavy metal waste into the sea for decades. They used mercury compounds as catalysts in their syntheses. It is believed that about 5,000 people were killed and perhaps 50,000 were to some extent poisoned by mercury.
Mercury poisoning in Minamata, Japan, is now known as Minamata disease.

Seafood consumption benefits
The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists noted that, considering all the dangers and benefits, the overall result of eating fish in the United States is likely to improve personal health rather than damage it. The College argues that the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids found in fish have a health benefit that outweighs the harm from mercury or polychlorinated biphenyls. Even so, the College suggested limiting fish consumption for pregnant women. A risk-benefit study weighing the risks of mercury consumption against the benefits derived from fish in Alaska showed that the benefits outweigh the risks when consuming salmon for both cardiovascular health and infant neurological development, and that methyl mercury data for non-oily fish need to be of high quality before relative risk can be reliably identified.
 The Seychelles Child Development Study traced more than seven hundred mother-child pairs for nine years and found no neurological problems in the children resulting from both prenatal and postnatal methylmercury exposure. A study done with marketed fish in Oman concluded that, except in a few rare cases, the fish available for consumption had lower levels of mercury than limits defined by various health organizations. Some, citing these studies, have suggested the creation of place-based consumption advisories. However place-based approaches do not take into account cases of severe mercury poisoning, such as that found in Minamata disease.

Selenium is an element that is known to counteract some of the dangers of ingesting mercury. Multiple studies have been done, such as those in New Jersey and Sweden, that take into account selenium as well as mercury levels. Fish often do contain selenium in conjunction with bioaccumulated mercury, which may offset some of the dangers associated with the mercury ingested.

Levels of contamination

Most-contaminated fish species
The danger level from consuming fish depends on species and size. Size is the best predictor of increased levels of accumulated mercury. Sharks, such as the mako shark, have very high levels of mercury. A study on New Jersey coastal fish indicated that one third of the sampled fish had levels of mercury above 0.5 parts per million, a level that could pose a human health concern for consumers who regularly eat this fish. Another study of marketplace fish caught in waters surrounding Southern Italy showed that, undoubtedly, greater fish weight leads to additional mercury found in fish body tissues. Moreover, the concentration, measured in milligrams of mercury per kilogram of fish, steadily increases with the size of the fish. Anglerfish off the coast of Italy were found with concentrations as high as 2.2 milligrams of mercury per kilogram, higher than the recommended limit of 1 milligram of mercury per kilogram. Annually, Italy catches approximately a third of its fish from the Adriatic Sea, where these anglerfish were found.

Fish that consume their prey in a certain manner may contain much higher concentrations of mercury than other species. Grass carp off the coast of China hold far less internal mercury than do bighead carp. The reason for this is that bighead carp are filter feeders, while grass carp are not. Thus, bighead carp gather more mercury by eating large amounts of small plankton, as well as sucking up sediments that collect a sizable amount of methyl mercury.

US government scientists tested fish in 291 streams around the country for mercury contamination. They found mercury in every fish tested, according to the study by the U.S. Department of the Interior. They found mercury even in fish of isolated rural waterways. Twenty-five percent of the fish tested had mercury levels above the safety levels determined by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for people who eat the fish regularly.

Legislation

Japan
Since the Minamata disaster, Japan has improved on its mercury regulation. During the 1970s Japan made strides to reduce mercury demand and production. Chief among these efforts was the reduction of inorganic mercury produced by mines. It was halted by 1974, and demand fell from 2,500 tons per year in 1964, its peak, to 10 tons per year in recent years. Since these initial strides, Japan has introduced a list of regulations governing the mercury content of a variety of materials.

Regulation of these potential sources of pollution reduces the amount of mercury that ends up in fish and, through biomagnification, in humans. In addition to enacting legislation controlling the mercury levels in potential pollutants, Japan has directly influenced the environment by issuing regulations setting acceptable levels of environmental mercury pollution.

It is Japan's goal to promote international mercury legislation in hopes of preventing any country from experiencing what it did. Despite Japan's extensive regulation and experience with mercury-based disasters, there is still little information provided to the public. The Japanese Federal Fish Advisory's recommendations are less strict than those in America.

United States

Air pollution regulations
The United States has regulated mercury emissions under the authority of the Clean Air Act.

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) first attempted to regulate power plant mercury emissions with the Clean Air Mercury Rule in 2005. The George W. Bush administration intended for the regulation to use a cap-and-trade system to control emissions across multiple industries. The rule was challenged in litigation, and in 2008 the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit vacated the rule, stating that EPA had improperly excluded power plants from designation as emitting hazardous air pollutants.

EPA subsequently classified mercury emissions from power plants as hazardous under section 112 of the Clean Air Act. The 2012 Mercury and Air Toxics Standards (MATS) regulation, issued by the Barack Obama administration, targets airborne mercury emissions from power plants and other stationary sources. Airborne mercury is dissolved in the oceans, where microorganisms convert waterborne mercury into methyl mercury, which enters the food chain and is stored in fish tissue.

EPA stated that the MATS regulation would prevent about 90% of power plant mercury. The agency estimated the total expected health benefits are estimated at $37 billion–$90 billion by 2016. EPA estimated the economic cost at $9.6 billion annually..

In 2020 the Trump administration weakened the MATS rule by disavowing EPA's previous calculations and justifications, thereby making the rule subject to legal challenges.

Wastewater regulations
EPA published wastewater regulations (effluent guidelines) for mercury in industrial categories where mercury is used in the manufacturing process, including battery manufacturing; inorganic chemicals manufacturing; oil and gas extraction (drilling fluids and cuttings); and nonferrous metals manufacturing (smelting).

European Union

In EU, the regulation (EU) 2017/852 covers the full life cycle of mercury. This legislation prohibits the manufacture, export and import of a large range of mercury-added products; puts an end to all uses of mercury catalysts and large electrodes in industrial processes and reduces the use of and pollution from dental amalgam. Recently, the EU estimated the Mercury content in the topsoils based on a large Land Cover Survery named LUCAS. The mercury content in EU topsoils has a median of 38 μg per Kg with a total content of around 45,000 tons in the 0–20 cm of EU.

International
Some believe that legislation on a global scale is needed for this issue because mercury pollution is estimated to be so far-reaching. Pollution from one country does not stay localized to that country. Despite this, international regulation has been slow to take off. The first forms of international legislation appeared in the 1970s, beginning as agreements about shared bodies of water. The next step was the Stockholm Declaration, which urged countries to avoid polluting the oceans by dumping. The 1972 Oslo Convention and the 1974 Paris Convention were adopted by parts of Europe. Both lessened polluting the ocean with mercury, the former by banning the dumping of ships and aircraft into the ocean and the latter by obligating participants to reduce land-based pollution on coastlines. The first real global legislation regarding mercury pollution was the Basel Convention of 1989. This convention attempts to reduce the movement of mercury across borders and primarily regulates the import and export of toxic chemicals, including mercury. In 1998 the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution was adopted by most of the European Union, the United States, and Canada. Its primary objective is to cut emissions of heavy metals. The convention is the largest international agreement on mercury established to date. In the early 21st century, the focus of mercury regulation has been on voluntary programs. The next phase in legislation is a global effort, and this appears to be what the Minamata Convention hopes to accomplish. The Minamata Convention, named after the Japanese city that suffered horribly from mercury pollution, has taken four years of negotiation but was finally adopted by delegates from over 140 countries. The convention was ratified after 50 countries signed it. The Minamata Convention requires all participants to eliminate, where possible, the release of mercury from small-scale gold mining. It also requires a sharp reduction in emission from coal burning.

Current advice
The complexities associated with mercury transport and environmental fate are described by USEPA in their 1997 Mercury Study Report to Congress. Because methyl mercury and high levels of elemental mercury can be particularly toxic to a fetus or young children, organizations such as the U.S. EPA and FDA recommend that women who are pregnant or plan to become pregnant within the next one or two years, as well as young children, avoid eating more than 6 ounces (170g, one average meal) of fish per week.

In the United States, the FDA has an action level for methylmercury in commercial marine and freshwater fish that is 1.0 parts per million (ppm). In Canada, the limit for the total of mercury content is 0.5 ppm. The Got Mercury? website includes a calculator for determining mercury levels in fish.

Species with characteristically low levels of mercury include shrimp, tilapia, salmon, pollock, and catfish (FDA March 2004). The FDA characterizes shrimp, catfish, pollock, salmon, sardines, and canned light tuna as low-mercury seafood, although recent tests have indicated that up to 6 percent of canned light tuna may contain high levels. A study published in 2008 found that mercury distribution in tuna meat is inversely related to the lipid content, suggesting that the lipid concentration within edible tuna tissues has a diluting effect on mercury content. These findings suggest that choosing to consume a type of tuna that has a higher natural fat content may help reduce the amount of mercury intake, compared to consuming tuna with a low fat content. Also, many of the fish chosen for sushi contain high levels of mercury.

According to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the risk from mercury by eating fish and shellfish is not a health concern for most people. However, certain seafood might contain levels of mercury that may cause harm to an unborn baby (and especially its brain development and nervous system). In a young child, high levels of mercury can interfere with the development of the nervous system. The FDA provides three recommendations for young children, pregnant women, and women of child-bearing age:

 Do not eat shark, swordfish, king mackerel, or tilefish (Gulf of Mexico) because they might contain high levels of mercury.
 Eat up to 12 ounces (2 average meals of 170 g each) a week of a variety of fish and shellfish that are lower in mercury. Five of the most commonly eaten fish and shellfish that are low in mercury are: shrimp, canned light tuna, salmon, pollock, and catfish. Another commonly eaten fish, albacore or ("white") tuna depending on its origin might have more mercury than canned light tuna. So, when choosing your two meals of fish and shellfish, it is recommended that you should not eat more than up to 6 ounces (one average meal) of albacore tuna per week.
 Check local advisories about the safety of fish caught by family and friends in your local lakes, rivers, and coastal areas. If no advice is available, eat up to 6 ounces (one average meal of 170 g) per week of fish you catch from local waters, but consume no other fish during that week.

Research suggests that selenium content in fish is protective against the toxic effects of methylmercury content. Fish with higher ratios of selenium to methylmercury (Se:Hg) are better to eat since the selenium binds to the methylmercury allowing it to pass through the body un-absorbed.

In 2012 the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) reported on chemical contaminants they found in the food of over 20 European countries. They established that fish meat and fish products were primarily responsible for methylmercury in the diet of all age classes. Particularly implicated were swordfish, tuna, cod, pike, whiting and hake. The EFSA recommend a tolerable weekly intake for methylmercury of 1.3 μg/kg body weight.

See also
 Diagnosis Mercury: Money, Politics and Poison
 Mercury pollution in the ocean
 Mercury in tuna
 Safe Harbor Certified Seafood
 Whale meat

References

Additional sources
 Kidd K and Batchelar K (2011) "Mercury" In: Wood CM, Farrell AP and Brauner CJ, Fish Physiology: Homeostasis and Toxicology of Non-Essential Metals, pp. 238–297. Academic Press. .

External links
Health policy for pregnant women The NRDC created the chart below as a guideline to how much tuna can be eaten by children, pregnant women or women wanting to conceive, based on their weight.
Recommendations for Fish Consumption in Alaska Bulletin No. 6 June 15, 2001 Mercury and National Fish Advisories Statement from Alaska Division of Public Health
Methylmercury in Sport Fish: Information for Fish Consumers
FDA Tests Show Mercury in White Tuna 3 Times Higher than Can Light, Says Mercury Policy Project
FDA - Mercury Levels in Commercial Fish and Shellfish (1990-2012)
Federal Study Shows Mercury In Fish Widespread, Inescapable
Mercury Awareness Program Highlighted on Pacifica Radio | Turtle Island Restoration Network A Mercury Calculator from Got Mercury?
Fish, Mercury & Nutrition: The Net Effects Documentary produced by Prairie Public Television

Environmental impact of fishing
Mercury (element)


Genesee School District is a public school district in Genesee County in the U.S. state of Michigan and in the Genesee Intermediate School District.

High school

Athletics

References

External links
 Genesee High School website

School districts in Michigan
Education in Genesee County, Michigan


Peppermill or peppermills may refer to:
Pepper grinder
Peppermill Las Vegas in Winchester, Nevada
Peppermill Reno in Reno, Nevada
Peppermill Wendover in West Wendover, Nevada
Peppermills (1997 film)
Peppermill restaurant in Nieuwerkerken, Limburg, Belgie


The men's K-1 500 metres event was an individual kayaking event conducted as part of the Canoeing at the 2000 Summer Olympics program.

Medalists

Results

Heats
31 competitors first raced in four heats. The top six finishers from each of the heats and the three fastest finishers advanced directly to the semifinals.

Overall Results Heats

Semifinals
The top three finishers in each of the three semifinals advanced to the final.

Gurshikhin's disqualification was not disclosed in the official report.

Overall Results Semi-Finals

Final

The final was delayed six hours to strong winds of 50 mph (80 km/h), a race official sinking in his aluminum dinghy, start lanes for lanes seven and eight being broken prior to the start, and 30 spectators stripping to their underwear to swim to the medal podium only to be taken into custody by police and security personnel. Except for Kolganov edging pre-Olympic favorite Vereckei at the line, the race itself was generally unevental.

References
2000 Summer Olympics Canoe sprint results.
Sports-reference.com 2000 men's K-1 500 m results
Wallechinsky, David and Jaime Loucky (2008). "Canoeing: Men's Kayak Singles 500 Meters". In The Complete Book of the Olympics: 2008 Edition. London: Aurum Press Limited. p. 470.

Men's K-1 500
Men's events at the 2000 Summer Olympics


Alain de Mijolla (15 May 1933, in Paris – 24 January 2019) was a French psychoanalyst and psychiatrist. Mijolla was analyzed by Conrad Stein and Denise Braunschweig. He became a psychoanalyst in the Societe psychanalytique de Paris in 1968, and was by 2001 a training analyst there.

He also created and chaired the International Association of History of the Psychoanalysis (AIHP), and received the Mary S. Sigourney Award in 2004. He died on 24 January 2019, aged 85.

Writings
De Mijolla wrote numerous articles and works; he also edited psychoanalytical collections at several publishers, including the three volumes of the International Dictionary of Psychoanalysis.

In a 1987 paper on identification in the family, he highlighted how Sigmund Freud's creativity can be linked with his identification with the prestige of his grandfather.

His article "Freud and the Psychoanalytic Situation on the Screen" stressed the difficulties of representing the psychoanalytic setting in cinematic terms.

See also
Maria Torok

References

Further reading
 International Dictionary of Psychoanalysis 3 vol.. Edited by Alain de Mijolla, MacMillan Reference Books, .

1933 births
2019 deaths
French psychoanalysts


Kearsley Community School District is a public school district in Genesee County, residing in the U.S. state of Michigan and is part of the Genesee Intermediate School District.

History
Kearsley Community Schools is named after U.S. Army Major Jonathan Kearsley, who fought in the War of 1812.
The first Kearsley school opened before the Civil War, the land being donated by Mr. and Mrs. John and Mary Cashin, the single room building was burnt down later in 1929. The same year the district got a $42500 bond to purchase land and build an eight-room school. In 1937 the first superintendent, George Daly, was hired. Sometime in 1940 four different school districts, Tanner, White, Wentworth,  and Kearsley, combined to form the Kearsley Rural Agricultural School District.

Schools
Located east of Flint, Michigan, the Kearsley School District is home to nearly 3000 PK12 students.  Schools operated by the Kearsley Board of Education include:
 Pumpkin Patch Early Childhood Center (Buffey Elementary)
 Weston Elementary
 Dowdall Elementary
 Fiedler Elementary
 Armstrong Middle School
 Kearsley High School

Former Kearsley schools
Tanner Elementary
Paro Elementary
Burgtorf Elementary School
George Daly Jr High; formerly Kearsley High
Wentworth Elementary

Notable alumni
 Mark Farner of Grand Funk Railroad

References
https://kearsleyeclipse.com/12975/news/kearsley-celebrates-its-75th-anniversary/

https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/districtsearch/district_detail.asp?ID2=2620070

External links
 Kearsley Community Schools Website

School districts in Michigan
Education in Genesee County, Michigan


Nicolò Venier (ca. 1483 – 1530) was a Lord of Paros in 1518-1530.

He was a son of Zuan Francesco Venier, Co-Lord of Cerigo and his wife Fiorenza Sommaripa, Lady of Paros, and had a sister Cecilia, who succeeded him to the lordship of Paros.

In 1507 Venier married a woman named Zantano, by whom he had a son Andrea Venier, who died during his father's life. There are speculations that he was the biological father of Italian concubine Cecilia Venier-Baffo, who was captured and sold to slavery. Then she became Nurbanu Sultan, the wife of Sultan Selim II, and the queen mother of Sultan Murad III

References

1483 births
1530 deaths
Nicolo
Nicolo


Day by Day is an album by Nigerian musician Femi Kuti released in mid-October 2008.

Track listing
All tracks by Femi Kuti

 "Oyimbo" – 3:53
 "Eh Oh" – 4:17
 "Day by Day" – 3:01
 "Demo Crazy" – 7:34
 "Do You Know" – 4:52
 "You Better Ask Yourself" – 6:00
 "One Two" – 2:15
 "Tell Me" – 4:37
 "They Will Run" – 5:25
 "Tension Grip Africa" – 5:07
 "Dem Funny" – 4:19
 "Let's Make History" – 2:28

Personnel

 Ademola Adegbola– Guitar
 Bose Ajila – Background Vocals
 Celine Bary – Background Vocals
 Philippe Bordas – Portraits
 Thomas Bubar – Assistant
 Vaughan Davies – Photo Courtesy
 Jacques Djeyim – Guitar
 Seb Dupuis – Editing
 Debo Folorunsho – Percussion, Drums
 Kunle Ogon Fuyi – Photo Courtesy
 Patrick Goraguer – Percussion, Keyboards, Fender Rhodes
 Guillaume Jaoul – Assistant
 Xavier Bernard Jaoul – Assistant
 Keziah Jones – Guitar
 Femi Kuti – Organ, Trumpet, Alto, Baritone, Soprano & Tenor Saxophones, Vocals
 Made Anikulapo Kuti – Alto Saxophone, Vocals
 Yeni Anikulapo Kuti – Background Vocals
 Gbenga Laleye – Trumpet
 Doris Lanzman – Background Vocals
 Morgan Marchand – Programming, Engineer, Additional Production
 Sébastien Martel – Guitar
 Bernard Matussiere – Photography
 Vladmir Nesckovic – Programming, Engineer, Additional Production
 Guy N'Sangue – Bass
 Tiwalade Ogunlowo – Trombone
 Kunle Olayode – Percussion, Drums
 Francis Onah – Tenor Saxophone
 Positive Force – Performer
 Julia Saar – Background Vocals
 Camille Sarr – Background Vocals
 Gérald Sebastien – Assistant
 Sodi – Programming, Producer, Engineer, Mixing
 Onome Udi – Background Vocals

2008 albums
Femi Kuti albums
Wrasse Records albums
Afrobeat albums
Yoruba-language albums


Staged reforming is a thermochemical process to convert organic material or bio waste such as wood, dung or hay into combustible gases containing methane, carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The single-stage reforming of bio materials results in high dust and tar yields in the produced gas restricting its use, hence the use of staged reforming. After reforming the output is approximately 80% fuel gas and 20% cokes.

In staged reforming technology, gas conversion is a separate stage after pyrolysis.

First stage
Organic material is decomposed into gas and coal at approximately 600°C.

Second stage
Gas produced by the first stage is reformed with water vapor and heat energy from the cokes into a dust and residue-free fuel gas.

Second stage process steps:

 Heating in the pre-heater at 1050°C.
 Cooldown in the reformer by chemical reaction at 750°C
 Further cooling to 550°C by heating the cold cokes by using cold mix
 Re-heating to 1050°C

See also
Plasma arc waste disposal
Thermochemical conversion

References

External links
 Blauer Turm

Biogas technology
Chemical processes
Hydrogen production


Charles-Louis-Étienne Nuitter was a French librettist, translator, writer and librarian born in Paris, France, on 24 April 1828. He died there on 23 February 1899 after suffering a stroke a few days before.

Librettist and translator
Nuitter studied law and practised in Paris from 1849. He was a keen theatre-goer, and in the 1850s he started writing librettos, mainly vaudevilles, later opéras comique, operas bouffes, operettas and ballets. It is estimated that he wrote or co-authored around 500 theatrical pieces, including libretti for several works by Offenbach, the scenario for Léo Delibes's ballet Coppélia (Nuitter had wanted the piece to be called La poupée de Nuremberg) and pieces by Hervé, Guiraud, Lalo, Lecocq and others, of which 100 or so were staged.

He helped translate Wagner's operas into French (Tannhäuser, 1861, Rienzi, 1869, Lohengrin 1870 and The Flying Dutchman, 1872). Other translations include I Capuleti e i Montecchi, Oberon, Abu Hassan, Die Zauberflöte, and Verdi's Macbeth, Aida, La forza del destino and Simon Boccanegra. Wagner and Verdi esteemed highly the quality of his translations, and he assisted Verdi over the revision of Don Carlos in 1882–83. From a different era, Nuitter's translation of La Prière du matin et du soir by Emilio de' Cavalieri (1600) was performed regularly at the Concerts du Conservatoire during the 1870s–80s and beyond.

Archivist
Becoming involved in the archives of the Paris Opera in 1863, he became official archivist there three years later, and ended his career in law (he had given legal advice to Offenbach in a dispute with the manager of the Théâtre des Bouffes-Parisiens prior to the 1864 premiere of La belle Hélène).

His archival work was extremely important in cataloguing the existing library, rescuing documents from destruction, and acquiring autograph documents and journals (sometimes at his own expense) for the collection. Acquisitions by Nuitter included an important collection of theatre books by Joseph de Filippi and around 900 opera librettos from a former director of the théâtre, Nestor Roqueplan.
His influence on the expansion of the archive was impressive. In 1861, there were 350 volumes; by the end of 1862 there were 1,076, and in 1882 the collection had grown to 7,807. He ensured that their importance was taken into account when the Palais Garnier opened in 1875.

Selected stage works by Nuitter (often in collaboration)

Bavard et Bavarde (1862, Offenbach)
Il signor Fagotto (1863, Offenbach)
Les bavards (1863, Offenbach)
Les fées du Rhin (1864, Offenbach)
Une fantasia (1865, Hervé)
La source (1866, Delibes and Minkus – ballet)
Vert-Vert (1869, Offenbach)

Coppélia (1870, Delibes – ballet)
Boule de neige (1871, Offenbach)
Whittington (1874, Offenbach)
Maître Péronilla (1878, Offenbach)
Le coeur et la main (1882, Lecocq)
Hellé (1896, Duvernoy)

References

External links

1828 births
1899 deaths
French opera librettists
French librarians
French ballet librettists
German–French translators
Writers from Paris
19th-century French translators
19th-century French dramatists and playwrights


Lake Fenton Community School District is a public school district in Genesee County in the U.S. state of Michigan and in the Genesee Intermediate School District. The district is a classified as a "Class C"
school district consisting of 27 square miles which takes in portions of the city of Fenton, Fenton Township, parts of Grand Blanc, Linden and Mundy townships.

History
The district originally began as a collection of six one-room schoolhouses that consolidated in two waves. O'Dell Schoolhouse was designated as School District No. 1 and was located at the corner of Baldwin and Torrey roads in Fenton Township on land owned by Lafayette O'Dell and later donated by his descendant William O'Dell. The school was started in 1837, and was the first record school in the county. The first schoolhouse was built in 1845. At annexation, the school was the oldest district still in continuous operation.

The first wave of consolidation was in 1922, and consisted of Severance, Long Lake and Sand Bar schools joined together. In 1953–54, the school district added the O'Dell, South Mundy and Kennedy one-room schools.

Consolidation began in 1922 and, in 1956, the Lake Fenton Community School (essentially West Shore Elementary and Torrey Hill Middle School) was built to replace the one-room schools. The school itself sat on the site of one of the one-room schools, the former Long Lake School. Then, in 1959, the first Lake Fenton High School was built, being added onto the Community School.  In time, West Shore and Torrey Hill moved to a new building in Lahring Road, and the high school occupied the 1956 school building.  Today, Torrey Hill is an intermediate school, the original high school a middle school and a new high school that has been built on Lahring Road in Fenton Township.

High school

Athletics

The Lake Fenton Blue Devils play in the Flint Metro League and compete in many sports including Basketball, Cheer (Competitive & Sideline), Football, Cross Country, Track, and, after adding Gymnastics and Lacrosse in 2015, Fenton offered opportunities for every Michigan High School Athletics Association (MHSAA) tournament sport.

References

External links
lakefentonschools.org - official url
lake-fenton.schoolfusion.us - actual website

School districts in Michigan
Education in Genesee County, Michigan
1956 establishments in Michigan
School districts established in 1956


Clemente de Faria Jr. (born August 17, 1987 in Belo Horizonte) is a Brazilian racing driver. He won the 2007 Formula Three Sudamericana championship with the Cesário Formula team, and was part of A1 Team Brazil as a rookie driver, during the 2007-08 A1 Grand Prix season. He would make appearances in the rookie sessions, at Taupo Motorsport Park in New Zealand and at Eastern Creek Raceway in Australia. He moved up to the British Formula Three Championship during the 2008 season, driving at Silverstone for Räikkönen Robertson Racing and at Donington Park with his Sudamericana-winning Cesário Formula team.

From 2010 onwards Clemente went back to Brazil and joined Pater Racing for Trofeo Linea Brasil.

Racing record

Career summary

References

External links

1987 births
Living people
Brazilian racing drivers
British Formula Three Championship drivers
Formula 3 Sudamericana drivers
Sportspeople from Belo Horizonte
Double R Racing drivers


Akadema is a privately owned sporting goods manufacturing company located in Hawthorne, New Jersey, United States. The company was founded by brothers, Joseph and Lawrence Gilligan of Ringwood, New Jersey Lawrence was a former Minor League player for the St. Louis Cardinals. The company specializes in manufacturing baseball gloves.

History
The first series of gloves were released in 1998 under the name "Academy."   In 2000 the company experienced rapid growth when it changed its name to Akadema, moved into the old Yoo-hoo factory in Garfield, NJ, and released the patented Reptilian Glove. Akadema signed Ozzie Smith as the company spokesman and then Anthony Telford and Clay Bellinger became the first Major League Players endorsing Akadema. Kris Totten (a former Minor League player for the Seattle Mariners) joined the firm to head up sales.

The company would follow up the Reptilian with the Claw, The Funnel and Spiral Lock,  Tacktion Grip,  The Hot Hands and the UFO Mitt  to continue the companies first decade in creative sports design. The most popular of the patented glove however has been the Praying Mantis Mitt which was created with input from Gary Carter.

The company crossed over into popular culture when their products appeared in Adam Sandler films such as Click, Benchwarmers and the Billy Bob Thornton remake of Bad News Bears.  Akadema also has been a sponsor of Spike TV programs "Pros vs Joes" and "DEA" second season.

Sponsorship

Akadema's most important and visible endorsement deals have been the signing of Manny Ramirez from 2004-2011 and a five-year deal with future star Bryce Harper.   Shane Victorino has won three Gold Glove Award trophies since signing on with Akadema.   Akadema's other current endorsements are with: Bobby Jenks,  Brandon Moss, Jose Veras, Tim Redding, Mark Melancon, Vin Mazzaro, Ross Ohlendorf,  Vicente Padilla, Brandon McCarthy, Darnell McDonald, Derek Holland, Willie Eyre, Cameron Maybin, and Craig Breslow. Akadema also became strong within the women's fast pitch market. They have sponsored Crystl Bustos 2000-2010 and Monica Abbott of Team USA 2008-2010 and are an official supplier to USA softball Olympic team and the National Pro Fast Pitch League.

As the pro ranks grew, the Akadema brand spread quickly and became very popular among Minor League and college level players.

In addition to modern gloves, Akadema introduced the Hoboken Collection, a vintage line of equipment that had been used by Babe Ruth, Lou Gehrig, Bob Feller, Dazzy Vance, Mickey Cochrane and Yogi Berra. Akadema quickly gained rights to
Ken-Wel and Reach companies trademarks.

Manufacturing
Akadema started manufacturing through suppliers overseas but unlike most manufacturers of the day, Akadema has brought some manufacturing in house to the USA. Akadema started its own wood baseball bat shop and can customize a bat. Two years later the company opened its own embroidery shop. This year the company started its own baseball glove shop making it one of the few companies that still makes wood bats, metal bats and gloves in the USA. In 2008 the company purchased an industrial building and consolidated its operations under one roof in Hawthorne, NJ. According to Inc. magazine, 2007 sales were 4.8 million. Current sales are said to be around seven million.

References

External links
 Company website
 Akadema at Baseballgloves.com

Sporting goods manufacturers of the United States
Companies based in Passaic County, New Jersey
Gloves
Hawthorne, New Jersey
Baseball equipment


You Are My Sunshine is an album by Elizabeth Mitchell released in 2002. The album is a collection of children's music played in various styles, including folk, gospel, reggae and rock. It features covers of a variety of songs by other artists, among them "Hey Bo Diddley" by Bo Diddley, "Car Car" by Woody Guthrie, Cat Stevens' "Here Comes My Baby" and "Goodnight Irene" by Lead Belly.

Track listing
 So Glad I'm Here
 Skip To My Lou
 Ladybug Picnic
 Hey Bo Diddley
 Crawdad
 Alphabet Dub
 Car Car
 Ooby Dooby
 Goin Down the Road
 Black Jack Baby
 Jubilee
 Here Comes My Baby
 Three Is the Magic Number
 Froggy Went A Courtin
 Goodnight Irene
 You Are My Sunshine

References

2002 albums
Elizabeth Mitchell (musician) albums


Maliszewski ( ; feminine: Maliszewska; plural: Maliszewscy) is a surname of Polish-language origin. It is a toponymic surname associated with one of the places in Poland named Maliszew, Maliszewo, or Maliszów.

the Lithuanianized version is  Mališauskas. The Russian-language versions of the surnames are Malishevsky (masculine), Malishevskaya (feminine).

Notable people with this surname include:

 Anna Maliszewska (born 1993), Polish modern pentathlete
 Karol Maliszewski (born 1960), Polish poet, prose writer, literary critic
 Natalia Maliszewska (born 1995), Polish short track speed skater
 Patrycja Maliszewska (born 1988), Polish short-track speed skater
 Łukasz Maliszewski (born 1985) Polish footballer
 Mirosław Maliszewski (born 1968), Polish politician
 Stas Maliszewski (born 1944), American football player
 Witold Maliszewski (1873–1939), Polish composer

 (1918-1977), Soviet film and stage actor

References

See also

Polish-language surnames
Polish toponymic surnames


Trichophaga tapetzella, the tapestry moth or carpet moth, is a moth of the family Tineidae. It is found worldwide.

The wingspan is 14–18 mm. The head is white, the forewings
ochreous-white, thinly strigulated with grey; basal 2/5 dark purplish-fuscous; a roundish grey posterior discal spot; some small black spots about apex. Hindwings light brassy-grey. The moth flies from June to September depending on the location.

The larvae feed on animal skin, bird nests, pellets, fur, clothing and floor and furniture covering made of animal skin.

Tapestry moths complete their cycles within a year and are more like webbing clothes moths in that they spin webbing in areas where they like to reside. Their speed of development depends entirely upon local temperature, humidity and food supplies.

Carpet moths, known scientifically as Trichophaga Trapatzella, are small insects that can cause significant damage to carpets, clothes, and other household fabrics. They are part of the Tineidae family of moths, commonly referred to as fungus moths.

Carpet Moth - Main Characteristics
Carpet moths belong to the family of fungus moths, Tineidae. With sizes less than half an inch, their diminutive stature often conceals their potential for causing damage. Adult carpet moths are nocturnal and are drawn to the darkness and solitude of closets, basements, and other rarely disturbed areas of the home, where they seek suitable materials for egg-laying.

It's essential to highlight that adult carpet moths aren't the fabric-damaging culprits. Instead, their larvae are responsible for the harm, feeding on keratinous materials. These materials include wool, silk, fur, and feathers, which are protein-rich, offering the larvae the nutrients they need for growth and development.

Life Cycle of Carpet Moths
The life cycle of carpet moths is indeed a captivating sequence of stages that manifests nature's intricacies. It comprises four key stages - egg, larva, pupa, and adult, each of which plays a pivotal role in the moth's lifecycle and its interaction with the environment.

Beginning with the egg stage, adult female moths seek out and lay hundreds of tiny eggs on suitable fabric materials, including wool, fur, and feathers. These fabric materials not only provide a safe haven for the eggs but also serve as an initial food source for the hatched larvae, effectively setting the stage for the next phase of their lives.

Upon hatching, the larvae embark on a period of intense feeding, representing the most destructive phase of the carpet moth's life cycle. This larval stage, which lasts for varying durations depending on the species and environmental conditions, sees the larvae voraciously consume fabric materials. This results in the typical 'moth-eaten' damage often associated with moth infestations.

The pupa stage, also known as the cocoon stage, follows the larval stage. Having consumed enough nutrients, the mature larvae weave protective cocoons around themselves. These cocoons serve as a shield, providing the larvae with the safety required for the next significant transformation in their lives.

Within the safety of these cocoons, the larvae undergo metamorphosis, a biological process through which they transform into adult moths. This remarkable transformation marks the end of one cycle and the beginning of another, setting the stage for the perpetuation of the species. Upon emerging from the cocoons, the adult moths seek out mates to reproduce, thereby ensuring the survival and continuation of their lineage.

Differences Between Carpet Moths and Clothes Moths
The terms 'carpet moth' and 'clothes moth' are often used interchangeably, leading to some confusion. The confusion arises from the English or Common names of the different species. The Carpet or Tapestry Moth trichophaga trapatzella sounds like it's larvae will infest carpet, and it follows that the Common Clothes Moth tineola bisselliella will infest clothes.  This is not the case at all. These are two of many species of Textile Moths which seek out protein rich foods to break down.  Wool, fur, skin and feathers are full of the protein, keratin, and so are excellent sources of food for these insects.  In nature these insects are one of many creatures which break down carcasses, but inside homes and other buildings they will infest carpets, rugs, clothes, fur, taxidermy and even dust.

The misconception that the common names of these textile moths indicates what they feed on has led to an explosion of misinformation on the subject. Which, through online repetition amongst: DIY moth control product retailers, pest control websites and social media platforms has become re-inforced and adopted as truth.

Damage Caused by Carpet Moths in House
The damage caused by carpet moths in the house can be quite extensive due to the larvae's appetite for organic fibers, especially animal-derived ones such as wool, fur, and feathers. These larvae, in their pursuit of sustenance, chew through these materials indiscriminately, leaving behind a trail of visible damage that often appears 'moth-eaten'.

The consequences of an infestation are typically evidenced by the unsightly holes in clothing, rugs, and other fabric-based items. Yet the harm extends beyond aesthetics. In severe cases, carpet moths can compromise the structural integrity of certain items, such as carpeting and upholstered furniture.

Furthermore, the cost of replacing or repairing these items can escalate quickly, making carpet moth infestations not just a nuisance but a potentially significant financial burden. Hence, early detection and timely intervention are vital to prevent these small pests from causing substantial damage.

Pest Control
Dealing with a carpet moth infestation involves a multi-pronged approach. Regular and thorough cleaning is a primary step. Vacuuming helps remove any eggs and larvae from carpets, rugs, and upholstery, potentially preventing an infestation from developing. Regular inspection of clothes, particularly those in long-term storage, is also recommended.

For larger infestations, professional pest control services may be necessary. These services can offer a range of treatment options, including insecticide sprays and heat treatments, to effectively deal with widespread infestations.

In addition to cleaning and professional help, using specific pest control measures such as pheromone traps can help monitor the infestation. These moth traps lure male moths with a synthetic female sex pheromone and trapping them on a sticky surface. Monitoring traps provide useful information about the species involved, the infestation's severity and the success of control efforts. However they do not provide control in themselves, as they have no effect on the female adult moth, the larvae or eggs.

References

External links
Tapestry moth at UKmoths
Caterpillars of Australia
Lepiforum.de

Tineinae
Moths described in 1758
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus


Hubert Wołąkiewicz (born 21 October 1985 in Skarżysko-Kamienna) is a Polish professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Wiara Lecha Poznań.

Career

Club
He started his football career in Tęcza 34 Płońsk. In 2002 he joined Amica Wronki and until the end of the 2002/2003 season he played in their junior teams. Then he was in the reserves. On April 11, 2006, he made his debut in the Orange Ekstraklasa in a 0–3 defeat against Korona Kielce. After Amica merged with Lech Poznań, Wołąkiewicz remained in the team from Wronki and played with them in the 2006/2007 season in the third league.

In July 2007, Wołąkiewicz moved to the second-league Lechia Gdańsk, where he quickly became the main defender. In the 2007/2008 season, he and his team were promoted to the Ekstraklasa. On August 7, 2009, he scored the first goal in the above-mentioned league in a 6-2 win against Cracovia.

On January 3, 2011, Hubert Wołąkiewicz signed a contract with Lech Poznań. He made his debut on February 20, 2011 in the cup match against Polonia Warsaw. He played 128 games for Lech, scoring 4 goals. He also played with the team from Poznań in the UEFA Europa League.

In February 2015 he joined the Romanian Astra Giurgiu, from where he left after playing one league match. On June 15, 2015, he signed a two-year contract with Cracovia. He made his debut on July 17 in a 1-0 against Lechia Gdańsk. In the colors of the Stripes he played 64 matches. In 2017 he moved to Chojniczanka Chojnice playing in the first league. For three seasons he played 67 matches for this club and scored 7 goals. In winter 2020, he signed a six-month contract with Widzew Łódź. On March 1, 2020, he made his debut in a 2-2 draw in the second league against Olimpia Elbląg. On July 19, 2020 in the league match with Resovia, due to the limit of substitutions of the Łódź team and Wojciech Pawłowski's red card, he took his place in the goal. It was the first situation since 2001 when a field player replaced the goalkeeper in the Widzew Łódź team.

International
He made his full international debut on October 12, 2010 in a 2-2 draw against Ecuador.

Honours

Lech Poznań
 Ekstraklasa: 2014–15

References

External links

1985 births
Living people
People from Skarżysko County
Polish expatriate men's footballers
Footballers from Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship
Polish men's footballers
Poland men's international footballers
Amica Wronki players
Lechia Gdańsk players
Lech Poznań players
FC Astra Giurgiu players
Chojniczanka Chojnice players
Widzew Łódź players
Ekstraklasa players
I liga players
II liga players
MKS Cracovia players
Liga I players
Polish expatriate sportspeople in Romania
Expatriate men's footballers in Romania
Men's association football defenders


The 25th Flying Training Squadron is part of the 71st Flying Training Wing based at Vance Air Force Base, Oklahoma. It operates Northrop T-38 Talon aircraft conducting flight training.

Overview
The squadron has provided Undergraduate Pilot Training (UPT) for active duty, Air National Guard, Air Force Reserve, and selected foreign allies since 1 November 1972.

History
The 25th flew combat reconnaissance missions in the Southwest and Western Pacific from, 5 February 1944 – 14 August 1945. It was active but not operationally manned or equipped from, November 1945 – February 1946. The squadron also conducted photographic reconnaissance in western United States between 1955 and 1957.

Lineage
 Constituted as the 25th Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron on 5 February 1943
 Redesignated 25th Photographic Squadron (Light) on 6 February 1943
 Activated on 9 February 1943
 Redesignated 25th Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron on 11 August 1943
 Redesignated 25th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron on 24 January 1946
 Inactivated on 1 April 1949
 Redesignated 25th Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron, Fighter on 4 November 1954
 Activated on 24 January 1955
 Inactivated on 1 July 1957
 Redesignated 25th Flying Training Squadron on 14 April 1972
 Activated on 1 November 1972

Assignments
 6th Photographic Group (later 6th Photographic Reconnaissance and Mapping Group, 6th Photographic Reconnaissance Group 6th Photographic Group 6th Reconnaissance Group) Group]], 9 February 1943 (attached to V Fighter Command after 10 February 1946)
 V Fighter Command, 27 April 1946
 315th Composite Wing, 31 May 1946
 71st Reconnaissance Group (later 71st Tactical Reconnaissance Group), 28 February 1947 – 1 April 1949 (attached to 315th Composite Wing until November 1947)
 71st Strategic Reconnaissance Wing, 24 January 1955 – 1 July 1957
 71st Flying Training Wing, 1 November 1972
 71st Operations Group, 15 December 1991 – present

Stations

 Colorado Springs Army Air Base, Colorado, 9 February – 22 October 1943
 Sydney Airport, Australia, 19 November 1943
 Archerfield Airport, Brisbane, Australia, 25 November 1943 – 19 January 1944
 Lae Airfield, New Guinea, 3 February 1944
 Nadzab Airfield Complex, New Guinea, 7 February 1944
 Mokmer Airfield, Biak, Netherlands East Indies, 23 July – 16 November 1944
 Dulag Airfield, Leyte, Philippines, 24 November 1944
 San Jose Airfield, Mindoro, Philippines, 3 January 1944
 Detachment at Dulag Airfield, Leyte, Philippines, to 6 February 1945
 Air echelon at Clark Field, Luzon, Philippines, 14 June – 14 July 1945

 Motobu Airfield, Okinawa, 9 July 1945
 Chofu Airfield, Japan, 27 September 1945
 Itazuke Air Base, Japan, 10 February 1946
 Itami Airfield, Japan, 30 March 1946 – 1 April 1949
 Larson Air Force Base, Washington, 24 January 1955 – 1 July 1957
 Vance Air Force Base, Oklahoma, 1 November 1972 – present

Aircraft
 Lockheed F-5 Lightning (1943–1945)
 North American B-25 Mitchell (1944)
 North American F-6 Mustang (1946–1949)
 Stinson L-5 Sentinel (1946)
 Beechcraft F-2 Expeditor (1947–1948)
 Republic RF-84F Thunderflash (1955–1957)
 Northrop T-38 Talon (1972–present)

References

Notes
 Explanatory notes

 Citations

Bibliography

External links

025
0025


Jovan Damjanović (Serbian Cyrillic: Јован Дамјановић; born 4 October 1982) is a Serbian former professional footballer who played as a striker. He is currently the manager of Serbian SuperLiga side FK Voždovac.

In 2011, Damjanović was capped three times for Serbia. He previously represented FR Yugoslavia at the 2001 UEFA European Under-18 Championship, scoring three goals in the process, as the team lost in the third-place match.

External links

1982 births
Living people
2. Bundesliga players
3. Liga players
Men's association football forwards
Austrian Football Bundesliga players
Belarusian Premier League players
China League One players
Expatriate men's footballers in Austria
Expatriate men's footballers in Belarus
Expatriate men's footballers in China
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
FC Dynamo Brest players
FC Dinamo Minsk players
First League of Serbia and Montenegro players
FK Borac Čačak players
FK Novi Pazar players
FK Rad players
FK Radnički Obrenovac players
FK Sutjeska Nikšić players
FK Voždovac players
FK Železnik players
Hunan Billows F.C. players
OFK Beograd players
Sportspeople from Knin
Serbian men's footballers
SC Paderborn 07 players
Serbia men's international footballers
Serbian expatriate men's footballers
Serbian expatriate sportspeople in Austria
Serbian expatriate sportspeople in Belarus
Serbian expatriate sportspeople in China
Serbian expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Serbian SuperLiga players
Serbs of Croatia
SV Ried players
SV Wehen Wiesbaden players


Triaxomera parasitella is a species of tineoid moth. It belongs to the fungus moth family (Tineidae), and therein to the subfamily Nemapogoninae. It is widespread and common in much of western Eurasia, but seems to be absent from some more outlying regions, such as Portugal and the eastern Baltic, Ireland and Iceland. It has also not been recorded from Slovenia but given that it is found in neighboring countries, it may well occur there unnoticed. Recently, the species was recorded from British Columbia. Generally, it is a moth of warm temperate regions, e.g. in Great Britain it is only a rare and scarce species from the English Midlands northwards.

The adults have a wingspan of 16–21 mm. They are generally nocturnal and can be attracted by light at night. They are on the wing in late spring to early summer, about May to July or starting somewhat earlier, depending on location. Their forewings are predominantly blackish, with irregular white mottling and speckling which results in a rough black zig-zag stripe running along the length of the wings. The forewing border is a hairy fringe colored with alternating black and white. The hindwings are uniformly pale dull grey and have a longer hairy fringe which is colored like the wings proper. The head has a tuft of orange-brown hairs. The caterpillars feed on bracket fungi, in particular Trametes and shiitake (Lentinula edodes), and also on the dead wood these fungi grow on.

Synonyms
Junior synonyms of T. parasitella are:
 Tinea carpinetella Stainton, 1849
 Tinea griseolella Costa, 1836
 Tinea parasitella Hübner, 1796
 Triaxomera carpinetella (Stainton, 1849)
 Triaxomera griseolella (Costa, 1836)

Footnotes

References
  (2009): Triaxomera parasitella. Version 2.1, 2009-DEC-22. Retrieved 2010-MAY-05.
  (1942): Eigenartige Geschmacksrichtungen bei Kleinschmetterlingsraupen ["Strange tastes among micromoth caterpillars"]. Zeitschrift des Wiener Entomologen-Vereins 27: 105-109 [in German]. PDF fulltext
  [2010]: UKmoths – Triaxomera parasitella. Retrieved 2010-MAY-05.
  [2010]: Global Taxonomic Database of Tineidae (Lepidoptera) – Triaxomera parasitella. Retrieved 2010-MAY-05.

External links

 waarneming.nl
 Lepidoptera of Belgium

Nemapogoninae
Moths described in 1796
Moths of Europe
Moths of Asia


LakeVille Community Schools is a public school district in northeastern Genesee County in the U.S. state of Michigan and is part of the Genesee Intermediate School District.

Service area
LakeVille Community Schools serves the northeastern corner of Genesee County, as well as the northwestern corner of Lapeer County.

Villages
Columbiaville
Otisville
Otter Lake

Townships
Forest
Marathon
Deerfield (part)
Oregon (part)
Richfield (part)
Thetford (part)

High school

Athletics

References

External links
lakevilleschools.org
Athletic Schedule Site

School districts in Michigan
Education in Genesee County, Michigan
Education in Lapeer County, Michigan


Redemption song(s) may refer to:

Music
 "Redemption Song", a 1972 song from the Toots and the Maytals albums Slatyam Stoot and Funky Kingston
 "Redemption Song", a 1980 song from the Bob Marley album Uprising
 "Redemption Song", a 1989 song from the Majek Fashek album Prisoner of Conscience
 Redemption Songs, a 2005 album by Jars of Clay
Redemption Songs  (Sons of Korah album), a 2000 album by Sons of Korah
Redemption Songs: Unearthed, Vol. 3, a 2003 album by Johnny Cash
 "You're Not the Only One (Redemption Song)", a 2018 song from the Lukas Graham album 3 (The Purple Album)

Books
Redemption Song: An Irish Reporter Inside the Obama Campaign, a book about Barack Obama's 2008 presidential election campaign by Niall Stanage
Redemption Song: The Ballad of Joe Strummer, a 2006 biography of Joe Strummer by Chris Salewicz
Redemption Song: Muhammad Ali and the Spirit of the Sixties, a 1999 biography of Muhammad Ali by Mike Marqusee

Television
 Redemption Song (TV series), a 2008 American reality show where female contestants compete to become a rockstar
 Redemption Song, an episode from Degrassi: The Next Generation (season 5)

See also
 Redemption (disambiguation) § Songs, for songs titled "Redemption"


Tinea semifulvella is a species of tineoid moth. It belongs to the fungus moth family (Tineidae), and therein to the nominate subfamily Tineinae. It is widespread and common in much of the western Palearctic, but seems to be absent from Portugal and the Balkans as well as the outlying islands (e.g. Iceland). The nocturnal adults are on the wing around May to September, depending on the location, and are easily attracted to light sources.

This smallish moth has a wingspan of  when adult. They are more colorful than usual for the genus Tinea, though their colors usually fade considerably in dead specimens. The forewings are grey with a brownish tinge at the base, and rusty-red in the outer part. They have a black dot on the edge bordering the hindwings. The latter are a paler and purer grey. The body is dusky grey, but the head has a tuft of brick-red hair. The caterpillars feed on natural fibers, predominantly of animal origin, such as feathers, furs and wool; they have been found in bird nests and were recorded to eat rags and old clothes. But they are not notably synanthropic and generally eat only food that is outdoors; unlike the closely related case-bearing clothes moth (T. pellionella) the present species is rarely if at all recorded as a pest.

Footnotes

References
 (1942): Eigenartige Geschmacksrichtungen bei Kleinschmetterlingsraupen ["Strange tastes among micromoth caterpillars"]. Zeitschrift des Wiener Entomologen-Vereins 27: 105-109 [in German]. PDF fulltext
 [2010]: UKmoths – Tinea semifulvella. Retrieved 2010-MAY-05.
 (2009): Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and some other life forms – Tinea semifulvella. Version of 2009-AUG-20. Retrieved 2010-MAY-05.

External links
Lepidoptera of Belgium
Lepiforum.de

Tineinae
Moths of Europe
Moths described in 1828
Taxa named by Adrian Hardy Haworth


Paul Cartledge is an English record producer specializing in media based projects including advertising, television, film, radio and digital.

He grew up in the Punk scene in the North West of England, playing in various bands. He was taken under the wing of Tony Visconti, record producer to David Bowie among others, and became the studio manager of Visconti's 'Good Earth Studios' in London. There he worked with many rock and pop artists including The Moody Blues, Elaine Paige, Les Rita Mitsouko, The Alarm, Big Audio Dynamite, Paul Oakenfold & Steve Osbourne with Happy Mondays, Captain Sensible, The Jesus and Mary Chain, Hazel O'Connor, Bros, S'Express, Derek B, and Ed Buller.

He went on to work for Joe & Co, the music production company owned by Joe Campbell & Paul Hart. He became house engineer and worked with many artists including Pink Floyd, Robert Plant, Dusty Springfield, Jon Secada, Roy Wood, Carl Wayne, Stephanie Lawrence, Ralph McTell, Georgie Fame, Charles Aznavour, Chrissie Hynde, Dead or Alive; his highest profile engineering credits being on two records, produced by Phil Ramone, for Frank Sinatra. He pioneered ISDN recording techniques and used this in work on film soundtracks, including Steven Zaillian's Searching for Bobby Fischer and Henry Selick's James and the Giant Peach, produced by Tim Burton. Notable actors he has recorded include James Coburn, Sir Robert Stephens, Sir Ben Kingsley, Pete Postlethwaite, and David Thewlis.

At the beginning of the 21st century, Cartledge teamed up with Harrison Birtwistle protogé Philip Jewson, to compose and produce music for the British cult drama Urban Gothic, and has since worked with Jewson on an array of music for media projects. Together they own the Soho-based music production company 'Yellow Boat Music Limited'.

He has kept the connection with Visconti alive recording vocals on a duet "No Other God" between Placebo frontman Brian Molko And Kristeen Young, on the Visconti produced album X and is mentioned in his autobiography, Bolan, Bowie and the Boy from Brooklyn.

Record credits

References

Living people
English record producers
Year of birth missing (living people)


HM Prison Hindley  is a male prison located in the village of Bickershaw (near Wigan) in Greater Manchester, England. Hindley is operated by His Majesty's Prison Service.

History
Hindley Prison opened in 1961 as a Borstal. In 1983 it was re-classified as a Youth Custody Centre. Hindley was then re-classified as an adult prison and in 1997 it became a joint prison and Young Offenders Institution. In 2015 Hindley was reclassified as a full adult jail for offenders over the age of 21.

In 2002, His Majesty's Chief Inspector of Prisons recorded many good initiatives taking place at Hindley, particularly in suicide prevention, drugs strategy, sentence planning and joint work with the police service to monitor and act on racial incidents. However the Inspector criticised inadequate reception procedures, insufficient purposeful activity and patchy help with resettlement at the prison.

In December 2004 a security alert was sparked when two inmates staged a roof-top protest at Hindley Prison.

More than 100 extra staff were drafted in to deal with a riot at the prison on 5 October 2005. It took more than seven weeks to fully restore the prison wing after the riot which caused more than £145,000 damage.

The prison today
The Youth Justice Board announced on 23 October 2014  that it will be withdrawing completely from Hindley.
Hindley Prison is no longer a youth offender prison. It holds Category C male prisoners from the age of 21 upwards. Accommodation at the prison is made up of seven secure units, consisting of single and double cells.

Hindley is a combined establishment with a regime that offers opportunities for inmates to gain qualifications, address offending behaviour, and reintegrate into society on their release. Regime provision includes learning and skills, as well as workshop places (which include construction skills) and physical education.

Hindley also operates a listener and peer support scheme for those who may be at risk of suicide or self-harm. The prison's medical provision includes an in-patient healthcare facility and a mental health day care centre.

Notable inmates
Will Cornick, jailed in 2014 for a minimum of 20 years for murdering his schoolteacher

References

External links
 Ministry of Justice pages on Hindley
 HMP Hindley - HM Inspectorate of Prisons Reports

Prisons in Greater Manchester
Young Offender Institutions in England
Juvenile prisons in England
1961 establishments in England


Astragalus bernardinus, known by the common name San Bernardino milkvetch or the Lesser Three-keeled Milkvetch, is a species of milkvetch. It is a plant of desert and dry mountain slope habitat. It is native to California.

Distribution and Habitat
The plant is native to the San Bernardino Mountains of Southern California. It is also found in the Mojave Desert sky islands, in the Ivanpah Mountains  and nearby New York Mountains which straddle the California—Nevada state line.

It lives in the communities of Pinyon-Juniper Woodland and Joshua Tree Woodland. It is threatened in California.

It has a rank of G3, which means it is vulnerable.

Description
Astragalus bernardinus  is a slender, wiry perennial herb growing in twisted clumps, sometimes clinging to other plants for support. The stems are 10 to 50 centimeters long and mostly naked, coated partly in stiff hairs. The leaves are up to 14 centimeters long and are made up of widely spaced pairs of lance-shaped leaflets. The inflorescence is a loose cluster of up to 25 light purple pealike flowers. The fruit is a pale-colored legume pod up to 3 centimeters long which dries to a papery texture. The bloom colors are White, Pink, Blue , Purple, or Violet.

Its bloom period is through April, May, and June. It has major toxicity, which probably comes from eating it. It is found in the elevations of 900-2300 meters.

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
The Nature Conservancy
USDA Plants Profile
Photo gallery

bernardinus
Flora of California
Flora of Nevada
Flora of the California desert regions
Natural history of the Mojave Desert
Natural history of the Transverse Ranges
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Natural history of San Bernardino County, California