The Grand Falls-Windsor Cataracts are a senior ice hockey team based in Grand Falls-Windsor, Newfoundland and Labrador and a member of the Central Division of the Newfoundland Senior Hockey League.

Since it was founded in 1966, the Cataracts hockey club has been awarded the Herder Memorial Trophy eight times as all-Newfoundland senior hockey champions, including three consecutive championships from 2014 to 2016. The Cataracts were awarded the Evening Telegram Trophy on four occasions for finishing first overall in the NSHL regular season.  The Cataracts won the Allan Cup in 2017 in Bouctouche, NB.

The Cataracts have played all their home games at the Joe Byrne Memorial Stadium, formerly known as the Grand Falls Stadium until 1991.

History
The Grand Falls Cataracts were founded in 1966 by a group led by Leo Murphy, Al Dwyer Jr., Jim Temple and Walter Davis and supported by the Cataracts Booster Club whose members were ex-hockey players and hockey fans. The Cataracts joined the Newfoundland Senior Hockey League (NSHL) for the 1966–67 season. The previous papertown entry in the provincial senior league, the Grand Falls Andcos, had folded at the end of the 1964–65 season. Winnipeg native  Nick Mickoski was hired as the Cataracts' first head coach. At the end of the 1967-68 regular season, the Cataracts finished in first place and were awarded the Evening Telegram Trophy. The Cataracts won back-to-back all-Newfoundland senior hockey championships in 1981 and 1982 but did not join the NSHL in 1983–84. The club re-joined the NSHL in 1984–85 to make it a four-team league.

At the end of the 2010–2011 season, after finishing first place in the league, the Cataracts defeated the Conception Bay North Cee Bee Stars 4–0 in the finals series to win the Herder Memorial Trophy. It was the hockey club's first provincial senior hockey championship since 1982. From 2011 to 2014 the club was part of the re-formed Newfoundland Senior Hockey League. In 2012 Herder finals, the Cataracts were runners-up to the Clarenville Caribous who took the Provincial title.

On March 8, 2015, Cataracts' import Rob Hennigar scored the OT winner to win the CWSHL finals series four-games-to-two. The Cataracts were awarded their second straight all-Newfoundland senior championship and the home town received its thirteenth Herder Memorial Trophy.

The Cataracts won their first Allan Cup on April 15, 2017  in Bouctouche, NB after defeating the Lacombe Generals 7–4 in the final.

Season-by-season record

Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, OTL = Overtime Losses, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against

Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, OTL = Overtime Losses, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, DNQ = Did not qualify

NSHL = Newfoundland Senior Hockey League (1962-1989) or Newfoundland Senior Hockey League (2011-2014), NSHL-C = Newfoundland Senior Hockey League - Central Division, CBIHL = Central Beothuck Intermediate Hockey League, WCSHL = West Coast Senior Hockey League, CWSHL = Central West Senior Hockey League

Allan Cup results

Current roster

For the current team roster see the Cataracts profile on the league website

Leaders

Team captains
Leo Murphy, 1967–68, 1970–71
Jim Beckman, 1971–72
Al Dwyer, 1973–74
Roger Elliott, 1980-81
Harold Stanley, 1975–76
Gene Faulkner, 1981-82
Brian Grouchy, 2002–03
Brad Lewis, 2006–13
Mike Brent, 2013–18

Head coaches
Nick Mickoski, 1966–69
Len Haley, Jim Beckman, 1969–70
Jean-Marc Pichette , 1970–73
Leo Murphy, 1973-76 (playing-coach)
Joe Grimes, 1977–78
Al Dwyer Jr., 1978–79
Joe Byrne, 1979-1980, 1980-1981, 1981-1982
Gord Gallant, 1982–83
Alex Faulkner, Tony Grimes, 1984-1985
Mike Brown, John McSween 2002-2003
Robert Goulding 2003-2004
Robert Goulding, Barry Manual 2004-2005
Tony Walsh, Barry Manual 2005-2006
Barry Manual, 2006–2007, 2007-2008
Walt Lewis, 2008–09
Paul Glavine, 2009–10
Brian Casey, 2010-11, 2011–2012
Shane Lukinchuk, 2012-2013, 2013-2014, 2014-2015
Tom Coolen, 2015–2016, 2016-2017
Pat Yetman , 2017-2018, 2018-2019

Team awards

Team MVP
(Cataracts most valuable player in the regular season)
Tyler Whitehead, 2011
Cam Fergus, 2016

James "Bucky" Hannaford Jr. Award
(Awarded to the player who shows dedication to the team both on and off the ice)
Mike Brent, 2011
Sam Hounsell, 2013
Nicklas Lindstrom, 2016
Nicklas Lindstrom, 2017

The Cohen's Cup
(Awarded to the Cataract receiving the most points on 3-Star selection during the regular season)
Andre Gill, 2012–13
Andre Gill, 2013–14
Cam Fergus, 2014–15
Mike Brent, 2015–16
Danny Wicks, 2016–17
Danny Wicks, 2017–18
A.J. Whiffen, 2018–19

League trophies and awards
First place in the West Coast senior Hockey League: 2011
First place in the Central West Senior Hockey League: 2016
CWSHL championship: 2015, 2016

League individual awards

League MVP (in the regular season)
Cam Fergus, 2016
Collin Circelli, 2017

Top Scorer (in the regular season)
Cam Fergus, 2016

Top goal scorer (in the regular season)
Chad Earle, 2011
Cam Fergus, 2016

Coach of the Year (in the regular season)
Brian Casey, 2011
Tom Coolen, 2016
Tom Coolen, 2017

Top Goalie (in the regular season)
A.J. Whiffen, 2016
Bryan Gillis, 2017
A.J. Whiffen, 2019

Top Defenseman (in the regular season)
Luke Gallant, 2016
Nick Lindstrom, 2019

Rookie of the Year (in the regular season)
Chad Earle, 2011

Hockey NL (HNL) Trophies and Awards

HNL team awards
Eight all-Newfoundland senior hockey championships (Herder Memorial Trophy): 1971, 1972, 1981, 1982, 2011, 2014, 2015, 2016
First place in Newfoundland Senior Hockey League (Evening Telegram Trophy): 1968, 1972, 1981, 2014

HNL individual awards

S. E Tuma Memorial Trophy (Top scorer in the regular season)
Charlie Greene, 1975
Gene Faulkner, 1976
Dennis Goulding, 1977
Bruce Campbell, 1982
Ron Hennigar, 2014

T.A. (Gus) Soper Memorial Award (Most valuable player in the Senior "A" leagues in the regular season)
Jason Stone, 2006
A.J. Whiffen, 2013
Ron Hennigar, 2014
Cam Fergus, 2016

Albert "Peewee" Crane Memorial Trophy (Senior league rookie of the year)
Terry French, 1969
Don Howse, 1972
Brandon Nicholas, 2008
Chad Earle, 2011

Howie Clouter Memorial Trophy (Most Gentlemanly and Effective Player in the regular season)
Al Dwyer Jr., 1974, 1975
Dan Flynn, 1981
Bruce Campbell, 1982
Troy Thompson, 2006
Andre Gill, 2010
Danny Wicks, 2018
Danny Wicks, 2019

President's Goaltender's Award (Top goaltender in the regular season)
Fred Janes, 1968, 1969
Jean-Guy Morissette, 1972
Rocky Martin, 1973
Eddie Davis, 1982
Mark Yetman, 2012
A.J. Whiffen, 2013
A.J. Whiffen, 2014
A.J. Whiffen, 2016
A.J. Whiffen, 2019

Top Defenseman (Top defenseman in the regular season)
Rodi Short, 2014
Luke Gallant, 2016

Coach of the Year
Shane Lukinchuk, 2014
Tom Coolen, 2016

Cliff Gorman Memorial Award (Most valuable player of the Herder Playoffs)
A.J. Whiffen, 2014
Cam Fergus, 2015
Luke Gallant, 2016

Honoured members
Note: (the year honoured is noted)

Retired numbers
 #7 Al Dwyer Jr.
 #12 Jim Temple
 #8 Gene Faulkner (2011)
 #55 Martin Lapointe (2015)
 #16 Clar Goulding (2017)
 # Wayne Faulkner (2017)
 # James "Bucky" Hannaford (2018)
 # Cec Thomas (2018)

Honoured Builders
 Walter Davis (2018)

NL Hockey Hall of Fame
The following people associated with the Cataracts have been inducted into the Newfoundland and Labrador Hockey Hall of Fame.
Note: (the year of induction is noted)
Alex Faulkner (1994)
Joe Byrne (1995)
Allan Dwyer Jr. (1996)
Walt Davis (1999)
Leo Murphy (1999)
Harold Stanley (2000)
Don Howse (2000)
Jim Temple (2001)
Gene Faulkner (2001
Harry Katrynuk (2007)
Clarence Goulding (2008)
Allan Bargery (2009)
Wayne Faulkner (2013)
Cecil Thomas (2018)

References

Bibliography

External links
 Team website
 League website

Ice hockey in Newfoundland and Labrador
Ice hockey teams in Newfoundland and Labrador
Grand Falls-Windsor
1966 establishments in Newfoundland and Labrador
Ice hockey clubs established in 1966
Senior ice hockey teams


Moli is a village development committee in Okhaldhunga District in the Sagarmatha Zone of mid-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3447 living in 597 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Okhaldhunga District

Populated places in Okhaldhunga District


Mulkharka is a village development committee in Okhaldhunga District in the Sagarmatha Zone of mid-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3719 living in 596 individual households.

Etymology
The name of the village development committee, Mulkharka, comes from the two local words, 'mul' meaning main and 'kharka' meaning a pasture.

Description
This village development committee lies in the hills of Okhaldhunga District. It has a dense forest of many useful trees,  herbs and shrubs. The concept of community forest has been introduced for a decade. Wild animals and birds such as deer, tiger, porcupine, rabbit, and peacock. can be easily found in the forests. Tamang community has a majority population in the VDC while Magar community also has a small settlement.

Economy
Majority of the population depend on agriculture. Crops such as wheat, potato, paddy are grown. Most of the youths, specially the male ones, have been to foreign countries like Malaysia, the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Oman , etc. for their employment.
Few people are engaged in teaching, shop keeping, driving and as armies in the Indian Gurkha Rifles.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Okhaldhunga District

Populated places in Okhaldhunga District


Protostomia () is the clade of animals once thought to be characterized by the formation of the organism's mouth before its anus during embryonic development. This nature has since been discovered to be extremely variable among Protostomia's members, although the reverse is typically true of its sister clade, Deuterostomia. Well known examples of protostomes are arthropods, molluscs, annelids, flatworms and nematodes. They are also called schizocoelomates since schizocoely typically occurs in them.

Together with the Deuterostomia and Xenacoelomorpha, these form the clade Bilateria, animals with bilateral symmetry, anteroposterior axis and three germ layers.

Protostomy

In animals at least as complex as earthworms, the first phase in gut development involves the embryo forming a dent on one side (the blastopore) which deepens to become its digestive tube (the archenteron). In the sister-clade, the deuterostomes (), the original dent becomes the anus while the gut eventually tunnels through to make another opening, which forms the mouth. The protostomes (from Greek   'first' +   'mouth') were so named because it was once believed that in all cases the embryological dent formed the mouth while the anus was formed later, at the opening made by the other end of the gut.
It is now known that the fate of the blastopore among protostomes is extremely variable; while the evolutionary distinction between deuterostomes and protostomes remains valid, the descriptive accuracy of the name protostome is disputable.

Protostome and deuterostome embryos differ in several other ways. Many protostomes (the Spiralia clade) undergo spiral cleavage during cell division instead of radial cleavage.
Spiral cleavage happens because the cells' division planes are angled to the polar major axis, instead of being parallel or perpendicular to it.
Another difference is that secondary body cavities (coeloms) generally form by schizocoely, where the coelom forms out of a solid mass of embryonic tissue splitting away from the rest, instead of by enterocoelic pouching, where the coelom would otherwise form out of in-folded gut walls.

Evolution

The common ancestor of protostomes and deuterostomes was evidently a worm-like aquatic animal of the Ediacaran. The two clades diverged about 600 million years ago. Protostomes evolved into over a million species alive today, compared to ca. 73,000 deuterostome species.

Protostomes are divided into the Ecdysozoa (e.g. arthropods, nematodes) and the Spiralia (e.g. molluscs, annelids, platyhelminths, and rotifers). A modern consensus phylogenetic tree for the protostomes is shown below.
The timing of clades radiating into newer clades is given in mya (millions of years ago);  less certain placements are indicated with dashed lines.

See also
 Embryological origins of the mouth and anus
 Urbilaterian, a hypothethical common ancestor to Protostomes and Deuterostomes

References

External links

 The Taxonomicon for Karl Grobben

Ediacaran first appearances
Infrakingdoms
Taxa named by Karl Grobben


Woodhill is the name of several places in New Zealand:
Woodhill, Auckland is a locality near Helensville in the Rodney District
Woodhill, Whangarei is a suburb of Whangarei
Woodhill Forest is a forest located northwest of Auckland


The Main Navy and Munitions Buildings were constructed in 1918 along Constitution Avenue (then known as B Street) on Washington, D.C.'s National Mall (Potomac Park) as the largest of a set of temporary war buildings on the National Mall. Both buildings were constructed by the Navy's Bureau of Yards and Docks, with the United States Department of War occupying the Munitions Building. To make the buildings more resistant to fire, the buildings were constructed using concrete. With solid construction, the temporary buildings remained used long after the end of World War I.

In August 1939, the Secretary of War relocated his offices from the overcrowded State-War-Navy Building (Old Executive Office Building) to the Munitions Building. The Department of War headquarters remained in the Munitions Building through the early years of World War II until 1942, when some space became available in the Pentagon, which was under construction. The Munitions Building was turned over to the Navy in 1943 when the Department of War vacated the Munitions Building once construction of the Pentagon was completed.

Both buildings suffered severe structural problems in the 1960s. In December 1969, President Richard Nixon announced that both buildings would be demolished, a plan carried out in 1970. The land was then reclaimed and turned into Constitution Gardens, with the Vietnam Veterans Memorial built near the former Munitions Building site in the early 1980s.

Construction
Constructing the Munitions and Main Navy Buildings was an idea conceived by Franklin D. Roosevelt, then the Assistant Secretary of the Navy, who put forth the idea to President Woodrow Wilson. Roosevelt originally suggested a temporary building be placed on the Ellipse, but President Wilson disliked the idea of a building on the White House's front lawn. Thus, Roosevelt suggested placing the buildings on the National Mall (Potomac Park) along B Street (renamed Constitution Avenue in 1931), near the Lincoln Memorial. Roosevelt wanted them to be ugly wooden buildings, so people would want to tear them down immediately after World War I. However, concrete and steel materials were recommended to make the buildings more fire resistant. Roosevelt later expressed regret for allowing these building to be constructed, saying in 1941, "I didn't think I would ever be let into the Gates of Heaven, because I had been responsible for desecrating the parks of Washington."

The project was originally intended for just the Navy, but the Department of War also wanted in on the project; thus, two buildings were proposed. With concrete construction not unreasonably more expensive than a wood frame building, Congress accepted the proposal for concrete buildings and approved the funds for the project in March 1918. The task of design and construction of the buildings was given to the Navy's Bureau of Yards and Docks, and the buildings were completed in 5 months. The primary designer of the buildings was Lieutenant Commander Frederic W. Southworth, chief architect of the Bureau, under the supervision of Commander Archibald L. Parsons.

Munitions Building

The Munitions Building, constructed in 1918, contained  of space across three stories and was designed to provide temporary accommodations for 9,000 Department of War employees. During World War I, the War Department had greatly expanded, and by the end of the war, the Main Navy and Munitions Building together housed 14,000 military personnel, including the Secretary of the Navy. A large parking lot  wide and  long, was located at the rear of the Munitions Building, with space to accommodate approximately 1,000 cars. Various small exhibits were on display in the corridors of the Munitions Buildings, showing military uniforms, types of gas masks, military daily rations, and Army photographs. The Munitions Building was separated from the Main Navy Building by a vehicle entryway at 19th Street. The main entrance of the Munitions Building was located at 20th Street. The Munitions Building had a total of eight wings.

At the end of World War I, the Munitions Building housed technical branches, including the Quartermaster General, United States Army Corps of Engineers, Ordnance Corps,
Chemical Warfare Service, Signal Corps, and Army Air Service.  In March 1923, the Army's Finance Office also moved into the Munitions Building. In February 1924, plans were put forth to build an oil steam plant for the Main Navy and Munitions Building. In November 1933, the Army Inspector General's office, along with the Organized Reserves, the welfare section of the Secretary's office, and the Office of Chief of Chaplains moved into the Munitions Building. The National Guard Bureau also was housed in the Munitions Building, as was the Army Industrial College.

Headquarters

At the time when the Munitions Building was constructed, the War Department was headquartered in the State-War-Navy Building, which was completed in 1888 and located on 17th Street NW, next to the White House. By the 1930s, the War Department was being squeezed out by the Department of State, and the White House also needed additional office space. In August 1939, Secretary of War Harry H. Woodring, along with Acting Chief of Staff of the Army George C. Marshall, moved his office into the Munitions Building. In the late 1930s, a new War Department Building was constructed at 21st and C Streets in Foggy Bottom. Still, upon completion, the new building did not solve the department's space problem and ended up being used by the Department of State.  To help deal with the space shortage, a fourth story was added to the Main Navy and Munitions Buildings during World War II.

Coming into office, with World War II breaking out in Europe, Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson was faced with the situation of the War Department spread out in numerous buildings across Washington, D.C., as well as Maryland and Virginia, and the Munitions Building was overcrowded. On 28 July 1941, Congress authorized funding for a new Department of War building in Arlington, Virginia, which would house the entire department under one roof.  When office space became available in 1942 at the Pentagon in the first completed wing, the Secretary of War vacated the Munitions Building and moved to the Pentagon. The Department of War vacated the Munitions Building in 1943 once the Pentagon was constructed. The Department of Navy took over the Munitions Building once the Department of War relocated out of the building and placed the Navy's Material Systems Command offices in the Munitions Building.

World War II
The Signal Intelligence Service was located in the Munitions Building during the early years of World War II. In September 1939, the Signal Intelligence Service was able to break Japan's cipher, Purple. The Department of War continued to receive intercepted messages, codenamed Magic, including final messages to the Japanese Embassy in Washington before the Attack on Pearl Harbor.

Main Navy
The Navy used the Main Navy building from when it was built until it was demolished in 1970. The building contained  of space, nine wings, and was connected to the Munitions Building by an elevated covered walkway.

Navy offices housed in the Main Navy building soon after it opened included the Bureau of Ships, Bureau of Navigation, Bureau of Supplies and Accounts, Bureau of Steam Engineering, Bureau of Construction and Repair, the Bureau of Yards and Docks, Bureau of Ordnance, Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, the Secretary of Navy's offices, along with Naval Operations, and the Compensation Board. Later, other Navy Offices moved into Main Navy, including the Dispensary, the Navy Red Cross, Examining Board, and Retiring Board, previously housed in Corcoran Courts, an apartment building converted into offices. The Hydrographic Office and United States Marine Corps moved to Main Navy from a Navy Annex building located at New York Avenue and 18th Street, and the United States Coast Guard relocated from the Munsey Building. The Navy Department Library was relocated to the Main Navy building in 1923. From 1926 to 1941, a small reinforced concrete roof penthouse on the Main Navy building was used for radio and communication intercepts training.

Criticism
The Main Navy and Munitions Buildings were disliked by many as going against the intentions of Pierre Charles L'Enfant of making the National Mall into an open space surrounded by aesthetically pleasing government buildings. The Munitions and Navy buildings were described as "unsightly shacks, of which many scores sprung up like mushrooms during the war". Due to their solid construction, some were concerned that the buildings would remain for an extended period.

Demolition

By 1960, the Munitions Building housed approximately 7,000 employees of not only the Navy but also the Army, Air Force, Veterans Administration, and the Department of State. After decades of use, the building experienced structural problems in the late 1950s and 1960s, including cracked concrete piers, numerous interior cracked and bent walls, and settling floors. The buildings, constructed on marshy parkland, were damp, and the foundations settling. Portions of the buildings were declared unsafe in 1969, resulting in approximately 3,000 employees relocating to other facilities. In December 1969, President Richard Nixon announced a plan for demolishing the Main Navy and Munitions Buildings. The plan involved moving Navy employees to new buildings in the Crystal City and Ballston areas in Arlington, Virginia. The Main Navy and Munitions Buildings remained on the Mall until 1970, when they were demolished.

In the 1970s, Constitution Gardens was built on the former site of the Main Navy and Munitions Buildings, and the Vietnam Veterans Memorial was built nearby in the early 1980s.

In popular culture
The buildings are briefly featured in the 1970 film Tora! Tora! Tora! and are used as a backdrop setting in the matters of the War Department leading up to the attack on Pearl Harbor. Shortly after the film was made, the buildings were demolished.

References

External links

Main Navy Building: Its Construction and Original Occupants Naval Historical Foundation publication
Naval Historical Center photographs

Buildings of the United States government in Washington, D.C.
Demolished buildings and structures in Washington, D.C.
Installations of the U.S. Department of Defense
1918 establishments in Washington, D.C.


A courtesy book (also book of manners) was a didactic manual of knowledge for courtiers to handle matters of etiquette, socially acceptable behaviour, and personal morals, with an especial emphasis upon life in a royal court; the genre of courtesy literature dates from the 13th century.

Medieval
Courtesy books formed part of the didactic literature of the Middle Ages, covering topics from religion and ethics to social awareness and social conduct. While firmly normative in their bent, they also showed an awareness of the human realities that did not fit neatly under the rubric of their precepts. Such books appealed both to an aristocratic readership and to aspiring urban middle classes.

The oldest known courtesy book from Germany is the mid-thirteenth century Tannhäuser Book of Manners.

Another of the oldest known courtesy books of Germany, is the learning-poems of "Winsbecke" and "Winsbeckin", written around 1220 by an anonymous author.

The oldest known courtesy book from Italy around 1215/16 is the Der Wälsche Gast by Thomasin von Zirclaere, speaking to a German audience.

The oldest known courtesy book from England is Book of the Civilized Man by Daniel of Beccles, also known as the Liber Urbani, from the beginning of the 13th century – possibly 1190AD.

Renaissance
The Renaissance saw the re-emergence of urban civilisation in the Italian city-states, drawing on the earlier urban civilizations of ancient Greece and Rome, but developing new ideals of manners and courtesy. Three sixteenth century Italian texts on courtly manners and morals – Baldassarre Castiglione's Il Cortegiano (1528); Giovanni della Casa's Il Galateo (1558) and Stefano Guazzo's La Civil Conversazione (1574) in four volumes – had an especially wide influence both south and north of the Alps.  Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, apparently had at his bedside three books: the Bible, Niccolò Machiavelli's The Prince, and Il Cortegiano (The Courtier ). Through Castiglione's writings, the Italian ideals of Neo-Platonism, beauty and symmetry, and the amateur author, reached a wide humanist audience, as did the new Italianate emphasis on the self in society and the importance of social appearances.

The norms for personal boundaries and social proxemics established by figures such as della Casa still influence the Western world almost a half millennium later.

English translations and developments

In 1561, Thomas Hoby published The Courtyer, his translation of Il Cortegiano, (although he had made the translation a decade earlier). The work was read widely and influenced the writings of Shakespeare, Edmund Spenser and Ben Jonson. Robert Peterson's translation of Il Galateo appeared in 1576. George Pettie translated the first three books of Guazzo's work into The Civil Conversation in 1581; the fourth and last volume from La Civil Conversazione appeared five years later in a translation by Bartholomew Yonge.

A well-known English example of the genre is Henry Peacham's The Compleat Gentleman of 1622.

Later developments
Courtesy books continued to be written into the 1700s, the last traditional English one being Lord Chesterfield's Letters to His Son – memorably described by Samuel Johnson as teaching "the morals of a whore and the manners of a dancing-master". However they took on a new form in the fiction of the time, much of it (like the work of Sir Charles Grandison) filling a similar normative role.

See also
 Book of Proverbs
 Conduct book
 Courtly love
 De Officiis
 Plutarch
 Thomas Elyot
 Mirrors for princes

References

Further reading

Chivalry
Etiquette
European literature
Habits
Non-fiction genres


William Bonville, 6th Baron Harington (1442 – 30 December 1460) was an English nobleman  who was a loyal adherent of the House of York during the dynastic conflict in England in the 15th century now known as the Wars of the Roses. He was slain and left dead on the field during the Yorkist defeat at the Battle of Wakefield, leaving his baby daughter, Cecily Bonville heiress to his barony.

Family
William was born in Chewton Mendip, Somerset, England to William Bonville and Elizabeth Harington. His paternal grandparents were William Bonville, 1st Baron Bonville and Margaret Grey. His maternal grandparents were William Harington, 5th Baron Harington of Aldingham (c. 1394 - 1458) and Margaret Hill daughter of Sir John Hill, Justice of the King's Bench.

In 1458, he succeeded his grandfather as the 6th Baron Harington of Aldingham by right of his mother, who had died in her father's lifetime.

Marriage and death
The same year in which he gained his title, William married Lady Katherine Neville, a younger sister of military commander Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, known as Warwick the Kingmaker. They had one child, Cecily Bonville.

The Bonvilles were loyal adherents of the House of York.  William Bonville, 6th Baron Harrington was among the many Yorkists who were slain and left dead on the field during the Battle of Wakefield on 30 December 1460.

His widow, Katherine married secondly William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings, another Yorkist nobleman, by whom she had six more children. Cecily succeeded to William's barony, becoming the 7th Baroness Harington of Aldingham suo jure, on his death.

References

Bibliography
Roskell, J.S. The History of Parliament: The House of Commons 1386-1421.  Vol. 2. (Stroud: Alan Sutton Publishing, 1993).
Seward, Desmond. A Brief History of the Wars of the Roses. (London: Constable and Robin, 2007).
Jones, Dan. The Hollow Crown: The Wars of the Roses and the Rise of the Tudors. (London: Faber & Faber, 2014).

1442 births
1460 deaths
William
People of the Wars of the Roses
Barons Harington


Swimming at the 1972 Summer Paralympics consisted of 56 events, 28 for men and 28 for women.

Medal summary

Medal table

Participating nations

Men's events

Women's events

References

External links

1972 Summer Paralympics events
1972
Paralympics


() is a county-level district under the jurisdiction of Ningbo city in Zhejiang Province of the People's Republic of China.

Since the district has a drum tower (gulou) that was constructed during the Tang Dynasty, it is alternatively called "Haishu Lou". The district's total area is 29 square kilometers, and its population is 280,000 people. The district's postal code is 315000.  The district people's government is located at 229 Lingqiao Road.

Administrative regions
The district administers eight streets, 66 communities, and 16 administrative villages.

Street offices: Lingta Street, Yuehu Street, Gulou Street, Nanmen Street, Ximen Street, Baiyun Street, Duantang Street, and Wangchun Street.

Education
Ningbo University of Technology (previously Ningbo College) was formerly located in the district.

Tourist attractions
 Tashan Weir
 Yuehu Mosque

References

Geography of Ningbo
Districts of Zhejiang


The West Coast Senior Hockey League (WCSHL) is a senior ice hockey league with teams based in Newfoundland and Labrador.  The WCSHL was founded in 1996 as a senior B intermediate league and developed into a senior A league. It operated until the summer of 2011 when the WCSHL merged with the Avalon East Senior Hockey League to form the Newfoundland Senior Hockey League.

The league resurfaced for the 2016–2017 season, with that season being shortened. For the 2017–2018 season it played an 18-game season, with teams based out of Corner Brook, Deer Lake, Stephenville, and Port aux Basques.

The league returned to action for the 2022-23 season with three competing teams from Corner Brook, Deer Lake, and Port aux Basques.

History

Current Teams
Corner Brook Royals

Deer Lake Red Wings

Port-aux-Basques Mariners

Stephenville Lightning

League Champions
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001 Deer Lake Red Wings
2002 Corner Brook Royals
2003 Corner Brook Royals
2004 Corner Brook Royals
2005 Deer Lake Red Wings
2006 Deer Lake Red Wings
2007 Deer Lake Red Wings
2008 Deer Lake Red Wings
2009 Clarenville Caribous
2010 Clarenville Caribous
2011 Grand Falls-Windsor Cataracts

League Trophies and Awards

Top Goaltender Award (donated by Corner Brook West Sports Club)

Herder Champions
2001 Corner Brook Royals
2002 Deer Lake Red Wings
2005 Deer Lake Red Wings
2009 Clarenville Caribous
2010 Clarenville Caribous
2011 Grand Falls-Windsor Cataracts

Allan Cup Results
2011 Clarenville Caribous (2011 Allan Cup champions)

Defunct ice hockey leagues in Newfoundland and Labrador
Ice hockey in Newfoundland and Labrador


The Peach Season is a play by the Australian playwright Debra Oswald. It premiered at Sydney's Griffin Theatre Company in March 2006.
The play was short-listed for the New South Wales Premier's Literary Awards.

The Peach Season evokes the heat, scent and hard slog of a peach farm at harvest time. When a desperate brother and sister turn up looking for picking work, it triggers strong feelings, bad decisions and danger.

Summary

Celia owns the farm. She left Sydney, with baby Zoe in her arms, sixteen years ago when her husband was killed as a bystander in an armed robbery. She has constructed a small haven, keeping her daughter safe from the dangers of the world. But Zoe is chafing against Celia's protectiveness.

This is a moving and suspenseful story about intoxicating first love and the burning love of a mother for a child. It's a story about our overwhelming desire to protect the people we love and the painful necessity to let children go out into the world.

Details of Premiere Production

A Griffin Theatre Company production at the SBW Stables Theatre. Previewed 10–14 March 2006 and played 15 March-22 April 2006.

Director David Berthold
Designer Alice Babidge
Lighting Designer Stephen Hawker
Sound Designer Jeremy Silver
CELIA Anne Looby
ZOE Maeve Dermody
SHEENA Alice Parkinson
KIERAN Scott Timmins
DOROTHY Maggie Blinco
JOE John Adam

References

 Interview with Debra Oswald in Sydney Morning Herald
 Production information from Griffin Theatre Company, with reviews
 Publication details - Currency Press

Australian plays
2006 plays


The Province of Cartagena de Indias in Colombia was founded concurrently with the city of Cartagena, Colombia in 1533 by the conquistador Pedro de Heredia, thus fulfilling his part in a contract of conquest made with King Charles V of Spain. The town and province were named after Cartagena, Spain, the hometown of most of Heredia's sailors.

The province became independent during the 19th century, and essentially preserved its original territorial area, although it had changed names several times.

The following is a list of the governors or presidents of the Province of Cartagena, later known as the "Republic of Cartagena".

In response to the demands of the people, the Junta de Gobierno of Cartagena declared its independence from the Spanish Crown and the abolition of the Inquisition on November 11, 1811. The Junta issued an acta de independencia declaring: "the Province of Cartagena de Indias is from today, in fact and by law, a free, sovereign, and independent state." Leaders of the territory when it was an independent nation are also included here.

Province of Cartagena de Indias (1533-1810)
The Province of Cartagena in its initial form lasted from 1533 to 1810, during which time the title of the province's chief executive was Governor. With exceptions in 1539 and 1540, provisional leaders served without that title. During the Viceroyalty of Peru, the administrative power of the governor diminished due to the presence of the Viceroy in Cartagena de Indias and its selection as the alternative capital of New Kingdom of Granada.

During this period, the corregidor, or alcalde mayor, of Cartagena de Indias had both judicial and administrative powers, while the colonial governor was the military and budgetary authority in the province and semi-corregidor of the capital city, which because of its economic importance had significant autonomy from Bogotá, and played a vital role in the balance of powers in New Granada.

In the 18th century Cartagena de Indias was the preeminent city of the New Kingdom of Granada, its port controlling most of the colony's trade. The Spanish government had built an imposing fortress, the Castillo San Felipe de Barajas, in a strategic location on the Hill of San Lázaro, which dominated all approaches to the city by land or sea. Cartagena controlled the region commercially, politically, and  militarily, and served as headquarters for Spanish army and naval stations on the Caribbean coast.

In this list appears the title, name, length of the governorship and notes about the incumbent.

   1. Pedro de Heredia (1533–1536) Founder of the city and the province.
   2. Juan de Vadillo (1536–1537) Two streets in the city are named after him.
   3. Juan de Santacruz (1538–1540)
   4. Exc. Cartagena de Indias Cabildo ( City Council) (1539–1540)
   5.  Alonso de Zurita (1540)
   6. Francisco De Montaño (1540)
   7. Miguel Díaz de Armendáriz (1544-1545)
   8. Alonso López de Ayala (1546-1549)
   9. Pedro de Heredia (1549–1554)
 10. Dr. Juan Maldonado (1554–1555)
 11. Jorge de Quintanilla (1555-1556)
 12. Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada (1556–1557)
 13. Antonio de Castro Interim governor
 14. Francisco Velásquez (1557)
 15. Juan de Busto y Villegas (1557–1562) Resisted the pirate attack of Martin Cote
 16. Martin de la Sala (1562–1563)
 17. Anton Davalos de Luna (1563–1567) Died in office of natural causes (disease)
 18. Alonso de Vargas (1567) His rule lasted only 5 days and 3 hours; died in office from appendicitis.
 19. Juan Lope de Orozco (1567) Interim governor
  20. Martin de las Alas (1567–1570)
  21. Pedro Fernandez Busto (1571–1572)
  22. Francisco Bahamonde de Lugo (1572–1574) Died in office of natural causes
  23. Hernan Suarez de Villalobos (1574) (interim)
  24. Dr. Francisco Mejía (1574–1575)
  25. Pedro Fernandez Busto (1575–1586)
  26. Pedro de Lodeña (1586–1593)
  27. Pedro de Acuña y De los Monteros, Knight of Sovereign Military Order of Malta (1593–1601)
  28. Gerónimo de Zuazo y Casasola, Knight of the Order of Santiago (1601–1606), Died in office of natural causes. Initiated many public works and began the construction of the city government palace.
  29. Francisco Sarmiento de Sotomayor (1606) Interim.
  30. Diego Fernández de Velasco, Knight of the Order of Alcantara, Marquis of Solaner
  31. Pedro de Acuña y De los Monteros (1614–1619)
  32. Garci Girón de Loayza, Count of Villasañudo (1619–1625)
  33. Diego de Escobar y Olañeta, Marquis of Mohedana de la Frontera, Knight of the Order of Santiago (1625–1628) Finished the city government palace and refurbished many other civil buildings.
  34. Francisco de Berrio y de Garriztabengoa, Lord of Azcárate (1628) Interim.
  35. Ing. Francisco de Murga y Veleidén (1629–1636) Began the works on the city walls,  called "Marquis de las Murallas" (Marquis of the walls) in recognition of his efficiency.
  36. Pedro de Fidalgo y Oreiro, Knight of the Order of Santiago (1636)
  37. Nicolas de Larraspuru y de Villanueva (1636–1637) Interim.
  38. Gonzalo de Herrera y de la Calzada, Marquis of Villalta (1637) The Villalta manor was the first noble estate established in New Granada, in 1540, the governor held other minor titles but acquired this one through marriage.
  39. Vicente de los Reyes Villalobos, (1637–1638)
  40. Field Marshal Melchor de Aguilera (1638–1641)
  41. Gen. Diego Fernández de Córdoba, Marquis of Guadalcázar, Knight of the Order of Santiago (1640–1641) Not to be confused him with his father of the same name, who was Viceroy of New Spain and of Peru (1640–1641)
  42. Hortuno de Aldape (1641–1643)
  43. Gen. Luis Fernandez de Córdoba, Knight of the Order of Santiago (1643–1646)
  44. Clemente Soriano (1647)
  45. Pedro Zapata de Moxos (1647–1648)
  46. Fernando de la Rivaguero, Knight of the Order of Santiago (1648–1654)
  47. Pedro Zapata de Moxos (1654) Interim.
  48. Francisco Rexis Corbalán (1654) Interim.
  49. Juan Pérez de Guzmán (1654–1659)
  50. Diego de Portugal y de Sintra, Grandee of Spain Member of the Portuguese Royal Family (1660–1664). Only Spanish royal to govern in New Granada.
  51. Benito de Figueroa y Barrantes (1664–1667)
  52. Field Marshal Antonio de Vergara Azcarate (1668) Spanish royal colonial Treasurer, Knight of the Order of Santiago, accountant of the Tribunal de cuentas, Colonial Governor of Cartagena de Indias, Mérida and, Maracaibo, mayor of Santa Fe Bogotá in the New Kingdom of Granada,
  53. Pedro De Ulloa y Rivadeneira (1669–1673)
  54. Alonso de Mercado y Villacorta (1673–1674)
  55. José Daza y Guzmán (1675–1679)
  56. Gen. Rafael Capsir y Sanz (1679–1683) during his administration the Catholic Church imposed the  Cessatio a divinis, forbidding the clergy from celebrating the divine offices of the church in Cartagena.
  57. Juan de Pando y Estrada (1684–1686)
  58. Francisco de Castro y de Castro (1687–1688) Subjected to a residencia by the King because of many the acts of violence he ordered during his tenure, it is widely believed that he was severely mentally ill.
  59. Martin de Zevallos y de la Cerda (1687–1692)
  60. Diego de Portugal y de Sintra, Grandee of Spain, (1692–1695) Second term.
  61. Field Marshal Diego de los Rios y Quesada (1695–1697) Died defending the city during the Raid of Pointis in 1698. Not to be confused with his great-grandson who was last governor of the Philippines
  62. Pedro de Olivera Ordoñez (1697–1699)
  63. Juan Díaz Pimienta y Zaldivar (1699–1705) Knight of the Order of Calatrava, initiated the reconstruction of the city.
  64. Lazaro de Herrera y Leyba (1706)
  65. José Zúñiga y La Cerda (1706–1712)
  66. Field Marshal Jeronimo de Badillo (1713–1716) Finished the reconstruction of the public buildings and oversaw the beginning of the economic expansion of the city in the 18th century.
  67. Field Marshal Francisco de Baloco y Leigrave, (1716–1717), the Baloco street in the Cartagena de Indias is in his memory.
  68. Jeronimo de Badillo (1717–1719)
  69  Carlos de Sucre (1719–1720)
  70. Alberto de Bertodano y Dolores (1720–1724)
  71. Col. Luis de Aponte (1724–1728)
  72. Field Marshal Juan José de Andía, Marquis of Villahermosa (1728–1730)
  73. Col. Antonio de la Salas (1730–1737)
  74. Pedro José Fidalgo (1737–1740)
  75.Melchor de Navarrete Marquis of la Defensa de San Luis (1740–1743)
  76. Basilio de Gante (1743–1749)
  77. Lt. Ignacio de la Sala, son of the 64th. governor, finished many public works and is known as the builder of the Cádiz puerta de tierra. (1749–1752)
  78. Fernando Morillo Velarde Knight of the Order of Alcantara (1752–1753) a distant relative of Pablo Morillo who destroyed the city sixty years later.
  79. Lt. Ignacio de la Sala (1753)
  80. Diego Tabares (1753–1761)
  81. José de Sobremonte Marquis de Sobremonte, (1761–1766) built many public buildings including the first bullring in New Granada, now a Viceroyalty, and finished the city walls.
  82. Fernando Morillo Velarde Knight of the Order of Alcantara (1766–1770) Second term.
  83. Gregorio de la Sierra (1770–1772)
  84. Roque de Quiroga (1772–1774)
  85. Col Juan Díaz de Torrezar y Pimienta, Knight of the Order of Charles III. (1774–1780) Built many hospitals and opened many roads, well remembered for his efficiency. He was the son of the 59th governor. Became Viceroy of New Granada after his governorship ended, but died shortly after.
  86. Roque de Quiroga (1782–1785)
  87. Col. Juan Díaz de Torrezar y Pimienta (1781–1787)
  88. José Carrión y Andrade (1787–1789)
  89. Antonio de Narváez y de la Torre (1789) Interim.
  90. Joaquin de Cañaveral y Ponce (1789–1796) During his tenure the economic expansion reached a peak and stabilized; opened the city's Consulate of Commerce.
  91. Field Marshal Anastasio Zejudo (1796–1808), Died in office, put down a negro revolt instigated by the newly independent Haiti slave republic.
  92. Francisco de Montes (1809–1810) Deposed by a Junta after the events of the Peninsular War.

Peninsular War, Revolution and Independence (1810-1820)
The events of the peninsular war and the convocation of Juntas throughout Spain transformed the traditional order. Although everything remained the same, the instability of this period makes almost impossible to state what was the precise status of the province.

  92. Blas de Soria Santacruz, assumed as chief of the Junta of Cartagena de Indias with two vocals: Antonio de Narváez y de la Torre and Tomás De Andrés Torres. (1810-1810)

This triumvirate was fragile and was replaced by a "Supreme Junta" where the locals had more power, this could be regarded as a sort of fight between the virtually nonexistent royal power and the city councils.

  93. Dr. Jose Maria Garcia de Toledo y De Madariaga Marquis of Valdehoyos (1810-1810) under the title of President of the Junta.
  94. Gen. Antonio de Narváez y de la Torre Count of Santa Cruz de La Torre (1810-1810) with the title of President-Governor

By this time chaos dominated the political scene, with many advocating independence of the viceroyalty, others of the province, others the return of the Ancien regime, while yet others, desiring stability, wanted to maintain the status quo under the present governorship, or whatever title given the office, which always represented a short-lived victory of one faction or another.

  95. Jose Davila (1810–1811) with the title of Governor
  96. Dr. José María Del Real y Mirandela (1811-1811) with the title of General Supreme Governor
  97. José Ignacio de Cavero y Cárdenas (1811-1811) with the title of President of the Junta
  98. Dr. José María Del Real y Mirandela (1811-1811) Second time
  99. Manuel Rodriguez de Torices (1811-1811) as Prefect of the Constituent Assembly of Cartagena de Indias

Intendency of the department of Magdalena (1820-1832)
In August 1820, the Province of Cartagena was annexed to Greater Colombia and the revolutionary wars finally ended. In 1821 Cartagena and Santa Marta provinces merged in the Intendency of Magdalena Department, and were governed by a Prefect Intendent from Cartagena de Indias.

 100. Lt. Col. Jose Maria Córdoba (1820)
 101. Dr. Pedro Gual Escandón  (1820–1821)
 102. Col. Jacinto Lara (1821)
 103. Don Manuel de Romay y Riverol, Grandee of Spain, Lord of Marín de Arriba, (1821). Under the title of Political Governor of Cartagena.
 104. Gen. Mariano Montilla (1821–1822) The first to serve as Prefect Intendent in an organized Intendency.
 105. Col. Jose Vicente Ucros y de Herrera (1822–1824)
 106. Dr. José Ignacio de Cavero y Cárdenas (1824)
 107. Gen. Carlos Soublette (1824–1825)

Province of Cartagena de Indias (1832-1841)

Republic of the Southern Caribbean (1841-1841)

Province of Cartagena de Indias (1841-1863)

Sovereign State of Bolivar (1863-1886)

Department of Bolivar (1886-today)

References

Governors
Cartagena
History of Cartagena, Colombia


Derek Kwok Chi-kin (, born 10 October 1976) is a Hong Kong film director and screenwriter. He won the 28th Hong Kong Film Awards for Best New Director with his film The Moss.

Director
2007 The Pye-Dog
2008 The Moss
2010 Gallants
2010 Frozen
2013 Journey to the West: Conquering the Demons
2014 As the Light Goes Out
2015 Full Strike
2017 The Tales of Wukong
TBD The Unleashed Blaze

Screenplay
2000 Skyline Cruisers
2001 2002
2002 The Mummy
2002 Dry Wood Fierce Fire
2004 Leaving Me, Loving You
2007 The Pye-Dog
2008 The Moss
2010 Gallants
2010 Frozen
2013 Journey to the West: Conquering the Demons
2014 As the Light Goes Out
TBD The Unleashed Blaze

References

External links

Living people
Hong Kong film directors
Hong Kong screenwriters
1976 births


Canada–Malaysia relations refers to bilateral foreign relations between the two countries, Canada and Malaysia. Canada has a high commission in Kuala Lumpur, and Malaysia has a high commission in Ottawa. Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations. Canada has a long history of close and friendly bilateral relations with Malaysia and was one of the first countries to recognise Malaysia's independence.

Science and technologies
Canada and Malaysia have strengthening ties in sectors such as aerospace, green technology, agriculture, transport, oil and gas.

Notably, Petronas (the Malaysian state-owned oil and gas company) has a 25% equity ownership in LNG Canada, which at CAD 40 billion, is the largest private sector investment in Canadian history. Canada is Petronas' second largest resource holder, after Malaysia.

Trade
Canada's trade relationship with Malaysia includes commerce across several sectors. Malaysia is also one of the members of the Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership which Canada joined in 2012. In 2018, Canada seeking to enhanced the trade relations with the Malaysian state of Sabah especially in infrastructure, energy, information and communications technology, water treatment and waste since it has expertise in these areas as well in education.

High Commission of Malaysia, Ottawa

The High Commission of Malaysia in Ottawa is Malaysia's primary diplomatic mission in Canada. It is located at 60 Boteler Street in Ottawa (). The first High Commissioner of Malaysia to Canada was Tan Sri Ong Yoke Lin, who was appointed in April 1967.

The current High Commissioner of Malaysia to Canada is Her Excellency Dato' Nor' Aini Abd Hamid, since September 2019, who replaced Her Excellency Dato' Aminahtun (from 2016 to 2018), and prior to her, Her Excellency Dato' Hayati Ismail (2011-2015).

High Commission of Canada, Kuala Lumpur

The  High Commission of Canada in Malaysia is found in Kuala Lumpur. The High Commissioner since November 2017 is Julia G. Bentley. There is also a consulate headed by an honorary consul in Penang.

Further reading
 Canada's relations with Malaysia JSTOR

References

External links
 High Commission of Malaysia in Ottawa
 Consulate General of Malaysia in Vancouver

Malaysia
Bilateral relations of Malaysia
Malaysia
Canada


The rate of a chemical reaction is influenced by many different factors, such as temperature, pH, reactant, and product concentrations and other effectors. The degree to which these factors change the reaction rate is described by the elasticity coefficient. This coefficient is defined as follows:

where  denotes the reaction rate and  denotes the substrate concentration. Be aware that the notation will use lowercase roman letters, such as  to indicate concentrations.

The partial derivative in the definition indicates that the elasticity is measured with respect to changes in a factor S while keeping all other factors constant. The most common factors include substrates, products, and effectors. The scaling of the coefficient ensures that it is dimensionless and independent of the units used to measure the reaction rate and magnitude of the factor. The elasticity coefficient is an integral part of metabolic control analysis and was introduced in the early 1970s and possibly earlier by Henrik Kacser and Burns in Edinburgh and Heinrich and Rapoport in Berlin.

The elasticity concept has also been described by other authors, most notably Savageau in Michigan and Clarke at Edmonton. In the late 1960s Michael Savageau developed an innovative approach called biochemical systems theory that uses power-law expansions to approximate the nonlinearities in biochemical kinetics. The theory is very similar to metabolic control analysis and has been very successfully and extensively used to study the properties of different feedback and other regulatory structures in cellular networks. The power-law expansions used in the analysis invoke coefficients called kinetic orders, which are equivalent to the elasticity coefficients.

Bruce Clarke in the early 1970s, developed a sophisticated theory on analyzing the dynamic stability in chemical networks. As part of his analysis, Clarke also introduced the notion of kinetic orders and a power-law approximation that was somewhat similar to Savageau's power-law expansions. Clarke's approach relied heavily on certain structural characteristics of networks, called extreme currents (also called elementary modes in biochemical systems).  Clarke's kinetic orders are also equivalent to elasticities.

Elasticities can also be usefully interpreted as the means by which signals propagate up or down a given pathway.

The fact that different groups independently introduced the same concept implies that elasticities, or their equivalent, kinetic orders, are most likely a fundamental concept in the analysis of complex biochemical or chemical systems.

Calculating elasticity coefficients

Elasticity coefficients can be calculated either algebraically or by numerical means.

Algebraic calculation of elasticity coefficients

Given the definition of the elasticity coefficient in terms of a partial derivative, it is possible, for example, to determine the elasticity of an arbitrary rate law by differentiating the rate law by the independent variable and scaling. For example, the elasticity coefficient for a mass-action rate law such as:

where  is the reaction rate,  the reaction rate constant,  is the ith chemical species involved in the reaction and  the ith reaction order, then the elasticity,  can be obtained by differentiating the rate law with respect to  and scaling:

That is, the elasticity for a mass-action rate law is equal to the order of reaction of the species.

For example the elasticity of A in the reaction  where the rate of reaction is given by: , the elasticity can be evaluated using:

Elasticities can also be derived for more complex rate laws such as the Michaelis–Menten rate law. If

then it can be easily shown than

This equation illustrates the idea that elasticities need not be constants (as with mass-action laws) but can be a function of the reactant concentration. In this case, the elasticity approaches unity at low reactant concentration (s) and zero at high reactant concentration.

For the reversible Michaelis–Menten rate law:

where  is the forward ,  the forward ,  the equilibrium constant  and  the reverse , two elasticity coefficients can be calculated, one with respect to substrate, S, and another with respect to product, P. Thus:

where  is the mass-action ratio, that is . Note that when p = 0, the equations reduce to the case for the irreversible Michaelis–Menten law.

As a final example, consider the Hill equation:

where n is the Hill coefficient and  is the half-saturation coefficient (cf. Michaelis–Menten rate law), then the elasticity coefficient is given by:

Note that at low  concentrations of S the elasticity approaches n. At high concentrations of S the elasticity approaches zero. This means the elasticity is bounded between zero and the Hill coefficient.

Summation property of elasticity coefficients

The elasticities for a reversible uni-uni enzyme catalyzed reaction was previously given by:

An interesting result can be obtained by evaluating the sum . This can be shown to equal:

Two extremes can be considered. At high saturation (), the right-hand term tends to zero so that:

That is the absolute magnitudes of the substrate and product elasticities tends to equal each other. However, it is unlikely that a given enzyme will have both substrate and product concentrations much greater than their respective Kms. A more plausible scenario is when the enzyme is working under sub-saturating conditions (). Under these conditions we obtain the simpler result:

Expressed in a different way we can state:

That is, the absolute value for the substrate elasticity will be greater than the absolute value for the product elasticity. This means that a substrate will have a great influence over the forward reaction rate than the corresponding product.

This result has important implications for the distribution of flux control in a pathway with sub-saturated reaction steps. In general, a perturbation near the start of a pathway will have more influence over the steady state flux than steps downstream. This is because a perturbation that travels downstream is determined by all the substrate elasticities, whereas a perturbation downstream that has to travel upstream if determined by the product elasticities. Since we have seen that the substrate elasticities tends to be larger than the product elasticities, it means that perturbations traveling downstream will be less attenuated than perturbations traveling upstream. The net effect is that flux control tends to be more concentrated at upstream steps compared to downstream steps.

The table below summarizes the extreme values for the elasticities given a reversible Michaelis-Menten rate law. Following   Westerhoff et al. the table is split into four cases that include one 'reversible' type, and three 'irreversible' types.

Numerical calculation of elasticity coefficients

Elasticities coefficient can also be computed numerically, something that is often done in simulation software.

For example, a small change (say 5%) can be made to the chosen reactant concentration, and the change in the reaction rate recorded. To illustrate this, assume that the reference reaction rate is , and the reference reactant concentration, . If we increase the reactant concentration by  and record the new reaction rate as , then the elasticity can be estimated by using Newton's difference quotient:

A much better estimate for the elasticity can be obtained by doing two separate perturbations in . One perturbation to increase  and another to decrease . In each case, the new reaction rate is recorded; this is called the two-point estimation method. For example, if  is the reaction rate
when we increase , and  is the reaction rate when we decrease , then
we can use the following two-point formula to estimate the elasticity:

Interpretation of the log form

Consider a variable  to be some function , that is . If  increases from  to  then the change in the value of  will be given by . The proportional change, however, is given by:

The rate of proportional change at the point  is given by the above expression divided by the step change in the  value, namely :

Rate of proportional change

Using calculus, we know that

,

therefore the rate of proportional change equals:

This quantity serves as a measure of the rate of proportional change of the function . Just as  measures the gradient of the curve  plotted on a linear scale,  measures the slope of the curve when plotted on a semi-logarithmic scale, that is the rate of proportional change. For example, a value of  means that the curve increases at  per unit .

The same argument can be applied to the case when we plot a function on both  and  logarithmic scales. In such a case, the following result is true:

Differentiating in log space

An approach that is amenable to algebraic calculation by computer algebra methods is to differentiate in log space. Since the elasticity can be defined logarithmically, that is:

differentiating in log space is an obvious approach. Logarithmic differentiation is particularly convenient in algebra software such as Mathematica or Maple, where logarithmic differentiation rules can be defined.

A more detailed examination and the rules differentiating in log space can be found at Elasticity of a function.

Elasticity matrix

The unscaled elasticities can be depicted in matrix form, called the unscaled elasticity matrix, . Given a network with  molecular species and  reactions, the unscaled elasticity matrix is defined as:

Likewise, is it also possible to define the matrix of scaled elasticities:

See also

 Control coefficient (biochemistry)
 Metabolic control analysis

References

Further reading

Chemical kinetics
Biochemistry methods
Metabolism
Mathematical and theoretical biology
Systems biology


Frederick of Anhalt-Harzgerode (16 November 1613, Ensdorf, Bavaria – 30 June 1670, Plötzkau), was a German prince of the House of Ascania and the first ruler of the principality of Anhalt-Harzgerode.

He was the fourth (but third surviving son) of Christian I, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg, by his wife Anna of Bentheim-Tecklenburg, daughter of Arnold III, Count of Bentheim-Steinfurt-Tecklenburg-Limburg. In fact, he was the youngest son of his parents who survived into adulthood: his younger brother, Frederick Louis, born in 1619, died in infancy.

Life
After the death of his father in 1630, Frederick and his brother Ernest were excluded from the government of Anhalt-Bernburg by their older brother Christian II. Ernest died two years later, unmarried and childless.

Only in 1635 Christian II concluded a treaty to divide the principality with Frederick, then his only surviving brother, who received Harzgerode.

Frederick ruled his small principality without complications for almost thirty years, until 1665, when the extinction of the line of Anhalt-Plötzkau changed the original division of the Anhalt principalities. Plötzkau returned to Anhalt-Bernburg, from which it was originally extracted in order to create a new principality; Christian II granted this land to Frederick, who moved there until his death, five years later.

From 1660 until 1668, Frederick was heir presumptive to the principality of Anhalt-Bernburg, preceded only by his nephew Victor Amadeus.

Marriages and Issue
In Bückeburg on 10 August 1642 Frederick married Johanna Elisabeth (b. Dillenburg, 7 January 1619 – d. Harzgerode, 2 March 1647), daughter of John Louis, Prince of Nassau-Hadamar. They had three children:
William Louis, Prince of Anhalt-Harzgerode (b. Harzgerode, 18 August 1643 – d. Harzgerode, 14 October 1709).
Anna Ursula (b. Harzgerode, 24 June 1645 – d. Harzgerode, 25 February 1647).
Elisabeth Charlotte (b. Harzgerode, 11 February 1647 – d. Osterholm, 20 January 1723), married on 25 August 1663 to William Louis, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen, then for a second time on 6 October 1666 to Augustus, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön-Norburg.

In Harzgerode on 26 May 1657 Frederick married for a second time to Anna Katharina (b. Brake, 31 July 1612 – d. Harzgerode, 15 October 1659), daughter of Simon VII, Count of Lippe-Detmold. This union was childless.

1613 births
1670 deaths
People from Amberg-Sulzbach
Princes of Anhalt-Harzgerode
House of Ascania


David Angelo Diach Madrigal (born 7 June 1974) is a Costa Rican professional footballer who currently plays for Guatemalan side Halcones.

Club career
Diach made his debut on 5 August 1995 for Costa Rican Second Division Vecinos and has played for several clubs in Costa Rica. He had spells with Trikala and Paniliakos in the Greek Super League during the 1999-00 season, played in the second divisions in Brazil and China and for Brujas and Cartaginés whom he joined in January 2005.

He also had a brief spell with vision del 10 Luis Ángel Firpo in El Salvador where he scored 14 goals and with Antigua GFC in Guatemala.

He returned to Costa Rica, to play for Herediano until he joined Carmelita in June 2007. He joined América de Chimaltenango in Guatemala for the 2009–2010 season, but he returned to Costa Rica to play for Limón in January 2010.

In August 2013 he returned to Barrio Mexico after scoring 20 goals for fellow second division outfit Juventud Escazuceña in the 2012/13 season.
In January 2014 Diach returned to Guatemala to play for Halcones.

International career
Diach has made six appearances for the Costa Rica national football team, his debut coming in a qualifying match for the 1998 FIFA World Cup against Canada on November 16, 1997 which proved to be his sole FIFA competition match.

His final international was an October 2007 friendly match against Haiti.

References

External links

 “Hay futbolistas buenos y malos, no viejos y jóvenes” David Diach, goleador de Barrio México (50 Questions) - Diario Extra
 Profile at Nacion

1974 births
Living people
Men's association football forwards
Costa Rican men's footballers
Costa Rica men's international footballers
Liga Deportiva Alajuelense footballers
Trikala F.C. players
Paniliakos F.C. players
Roma Esporte Apucarana players
Ceará Sporting Club players
C.S. Herediano footballers
Nanjing Yoyo F.C. players
Brujas F.C. players
C.S. Cartaginés players
C.D. Luis Ángel Firpo footballers
Liga FPD players
A.D. Carmelita footballers
Costa Rican expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Greece
Expatriate men's footballers in Brazil
Expatriate men's footballers in China
Expatriate men's footballers in El Salvador
Expatriate men's footballers in Guatemala
Costa Rican expatriate sportspeople in Greece
Costa Rican expatriate sportspeople in Brazil
Costa Rican expatriate sportspeople in El Salvador
Costa Rican expatriate sportspeople in Guatemala
Antigua GFC players


Secrets of Sinister House was a horror-suspense anthology comic book series published by DC Comics from 1972-1974, a companion to Forbidden Tales of Dark Mansion. Both series were originally inspired by the successful ABC soap opera Dark Shadows, which ran from 1966 to 1971.

Publication history
After four issues as The Sinister House of Secret Love, which featured Gothic romance/horror stories written by Michael Fleisher and others, the title changed to Secrets of Sinister House, and the original format and romance angle were abandoned the following issue.

In the same vein as House of Mystery and House of Secrets (as well as its successor, Secrets of Haunted House), Secrets of Sinister House was "hosted" by Eve (the character debuted in issue #6) and included guest appearances by Eve's cousins Cain and Abel. In issue #16, Eve was removed as host — as editor Joe Orlando departed from the title, replaced by Jack C. Harris — to focus on the concept of the "sinister houses". The following month, she began nudging Destiny out of Weird Mystery Tales.

Secrets of Sinister House was canceled after publishing fourteen issues in two years (together, Sinister House of Secret Love and Secrets of Sinister House published eighteen issues).

Edited by Joe Orlando and E. Nelson Bridwell, contributors to the title included Alfredo Alcala (issues #6, 13, 14), Robert Kanigher (#6, 9, 11), Sam Glanzman (#7), Michael William Kaluta (covers for issues #6, 7), Maxene Fabe (#8 & 11), Ruben Yandoc (#8 & 11), Jack Oleck (#9, 12, 13), Neal Adams (#10), Mike Sekowsky (#14), and Alex Niño (#8, 11-13).

See also
 Haunted Love

References

Comics by Michael Fleisher
Comics by Robert Kanigher
Defunct American comics
Fantasy comics
1973 comics debuts
2019 comics debuts


The Road to Freedom is singer Chris de Burgh's 15th original album, released in 2004. It was the first album released after he left A&M, who had released all of de Burgh's previous albums and singles.

Track listing
All compositions by Chris de Burgh except as noted.
"When Winter Comes" – 3:48
"The Road to Freedom" – 4:26
"Snow Is Falling" – 3:53
"The Words 'I Love You'" – 3:26
"Songbird" – 4:00
"Five Past Dreams" – 3:48
"Here for You" – 3:41
"What You Mean to Me" – 3:29 (music: Phil Palmer, lyrics: de Burgh)
"Rose of England" – 5:14
"The Journey" – 3:52
"Read My Name" – 4:16
"Even Now" - 4:09 (Special Edition Only)
"Kiss Me from a Distance - 3:22 (Special Edition Only)
"Little Angel" - 3:10 (Special Edition Only)
"Once Upon a Time - 3:39 (Special Edition Only)

Personnel

 Chris de Burgh – lead and backing vocals, acoustic piano, guitars
 Chris Cameron – acoustic piano (1, 3), orchestral arrangements (1, 3, 7)
 Peter Gordeno – keyboards
 Phil Palmer – guitars
 Rick Mitra – bass
 Danny Cummings – drums, percussion
 Gavyn Wright – orchestral leader
 Isobel Griffiths – orchestral contractor

Production

 Produced by Chris de Burgh and Chris Porter
 Engineered and Mixed by Chris Porter
 Photography – David Morley
 Sleeve Design – Chris de Burgh, Kenny Thomson and Mike McCraith.
 Art Direction – M+H Communications Ltd.
 Management – Kenny Thomson Management, Inc.

Chris de Burgh albums
2004 albums


Table tennis at the 1972 Summer Paralympics consisted of nineteen events, ten for men and nine for women.

Medal table

Medal summary

Men's events

Women's events

References

1972 Summer Paralympics events
1972
Paralympics


The 2010 Arctic Winter Games were held in Grande Prairie, Alberta, Canada from March 6 to 13th.

The Arctic Winter Games is an international biannual celebration of circumpolar sports and culture, held in Canada or Alaska.

Over 2,000 athletes from nine teams (Alaska, Alberta North, Yukon, Yamal-Nenets, Northwest Territories, Greenland, Nunavik Québec, Nunavut and Saami) participated in the games.

Sports included alpine skiing, arctic sports, badminton, basketball, biathlon, curling, dene games, dog mushing, figure skating, freestyle skiing, gymnastics, hockey, indoor soccer, snowboarding, snowshoeing, speed skating, table tennis, volleyball and wrestling.

Medal tally

See also
2006 Arctic Winter Games
2008 Arctic Winter Games

References

External links
Arctic Winter Games Official Site
Arctic Winter Games 2010
Honourable Lunn’s Statement On The 2010 Arctic Winter Games Closing

Arctic Winter Games
Arctic Winter Games
Arctic Winter Games
Sport in Grande Prairie
Winter multi-sport events in Canada
Arctic Winter


The TSF Ditzingen is an association football club in Germany. It is located in the city of Ditzingen, in Baden-Wurttemberg.

History
The club was formed on 2 July 1893 under the name of TV Ditzingen. However, it did not have a football department until 1920. The club changed its name in 1919 to TSVgg Ditzingen after a merger.

The club existed for most of its life as an undistinguished amateur club, lingering in the lower divisions of Württemberg football. The club fluctuated between Kreisklasse A and Kreisklasse B in those years, the local fifth and sixth division. Only in 1950 could it briefly gain entry to the tier-four 2nd Amateurliga.

It began its rise to prominence in the mid-1980s when a couple of quick promotions took the TSF from the tier-eight Kreisliga B to the tier-three Amateuroberliga Baden-Württemberg in 1991. One of the players in this team was Fredi Bobic, who later played for Germany internationally. Bobic was the Oberliga Baden-Württemberg top-scorer in 1991–92, playing for the TSF, with 19 goals.

In 1993, the club managed to win the Württemberg Cup, beating SV Böblingen 3–2 in the final. This allowed the TSF to take part in the 1993–94 DFB-Pokal, where it lost to Hansa Rostock 0–2 in the second round.

In three seasons in the Oberliga, the club did well enough to qualify for the new Regionalliga Süd, which was formed in 1994. Initially, in this new league, Ditzingen performed well, too, finishing 6th and 5th in its first two seasons. In the 1994–95 season, Sean Dundee scored 24 goals for the team and came second in the Regionalliga scorer list.

From 1996, the club declined however, having to struggle against relegation instead. When, in 2000, the number of Regionalligas was reduced from four to two, the TSF failed to make the cut, having finished only 15th in the league.

With the end of the club's "miracle" rise, it was handed down through the Oberliga within two seasons to the Verbandsliga. After 2008, the club went into free fall, suffering three consecutive relegations and ending up in the tier-nine Kreisliga A Enns/Murr in 2011–12. It won promotion back to the Bezirksliga for a season but was relegated back down to the Kreisliga A in 2013 and the Kreisliga B in 2015. Ditzingen went up to the Kreisliga A the next year but came down again after the season, becoming a yo-yo club.

Honours
The club's honours:

League
 Verbandsliga Württemberg (IV)
 Champions: 1991
 Landesliga Württemberg I (V)
 Champions: 1990
 Bezirksliga Enz-Murr (VI)
 Champions: 1988

Cup
 Württemberg Cup
 Winners: 1993
 Runners-up: 1994

Recent seasons
The recent season-by-season performance of the club:

 With the introduction of the Regionalligas in 1994 and the 3. Liga in 2008 as the new third tier, below the 2. Bundesliga, all leagues below dropped one tier.

References

External links
 Official team site
 Abseits Guide to German Soccer – TSF Ditzingen
 TSF Ditzingen profile at Weltfussball.de
Das deutsche Fußball-Archiv historical German domestic league tables

Football clubs in Germany
Football clubs in Baden-Württemberg
Association football clubs established in 1920
Sports clubs and teams established in 1893
1893 establishments in Germany
Ludwigsburg (district)