Darren Hossack (born 1 April 1970) is a multiple-championship winning Australian race car driver.

Early career
A long time kart racing driver, working professionally in the industry for Drew Price Engineering, he stepped into circuit racing in 1992 in state level Formula Ford, and won the Victorian championship in his debut season, a first title for emerging Formula Ford constructor, Spectrum. Without the funding to progress his career stalled at this point, taking him back to kart racing, picking up the Australian Reed Light Championship in 1994, and also into dirt-track Speedway, running Super Sedans.

Touring Cars
An opportunity opened in 1997 for Hossack, driving the Wynns backed Holden Commodore in the 1997 Australian Touring Car Championship, and impressed in the midfield, snatching several top ten results during the season. For the final round he moved into a Gibson Motor Sport run Commodore, which continued into the endurance season where on his Bathurst debut, he and co-driver Steven Ellery finished in sixth position, the highest placed finish for any rookie in the race.

1998 saw a full-time drive in the Gibson Motor Sport team along with Wynns backed teammate Darren Pate, and Ellery also as teammate in a Holden Young Lions liviered Commodore. Hampered by Yokohama tyres, which were no match for Bridgestone and Dunlop shod teams, it was not a happy season and Hossack was replaced after the Barbagallo Raceway round by experienced veteran Tomas Mezera as the team struggled for pace. Hossack returned to the team for the endurance races and paired with Pate, took eighth place at the Sandown 500 and seventh at Bathurst.

While a full-time V8 Supercar drive did not return, Hossack was a valued endurance co-driver for the next several seasons, driving for Romano Racing in 1999 and returning to Gibson Motor Sport in 2000 with a highlight of ninth position for GMS with David 'Truckie' Parsons at Bathurst in 2000. After a few seasons away from V8 Supercars, Hossack returned in 2003, driving a third Ford Performance Racing Falcon with Adam Macrow.

Australian Champion
 Hossack became involved in John Gourlay's Sports Sedan team, driving a Chevrolet V8 powered Saab 900. He finished runner up to Tony Ricciardello in the 2002 Australian Sports Sedan Championship, and fourth in 2003 behind Kerry Baily, Dean Randle and Ricciardello, before claiming a hard-fought win in the 2004 Tranzam Sports Sedan Series. After placing third in the 2005 series the team scaled down their efforts over the next few years having come to the end of the Saab's racing career (it was sold during the 2006 season to Mark Nelson) and construction began on a new race car. Again Chevrolet V8 powered, the Audi A4 made its debut in 2007, and quickly became a race winning car. In an epic finale to the 2008 season, with the pointscore tied heading into the final race Hossack beat 2007 series winner Ricciardello to win the race and the series by three points.

The 2007 season saw Hossack begin racing Superkarts as well, racing the Anderson Maverick owned by Scott Ellis' Safe Evolutions team, which Ellis was using to prove his own engine design, the Safe Racing Engine, which was a modern re-interpretation of the 20-year-old Rotax 256 design. Promising results in the first season lead to his first race wins, first at state level in Victoria, then in front of a national field on the support program of the 2008 Eastern Creek round of the V8 Supercar Championship.

Two race wins at the opening round of the Australian Superkart Championship also held at Eastern Creek Raceway set up a points buffer which was whittled away as the final round at Mallala Motor Sport Park progressed. With a slender points lead to protect, and title rivals Sam Zavaglia and Gary Pegoraro winning races almost lost the title. After almost stalling on the final race, Hossack raced back through the field, overtaking 25 karts over the eight lap finale to climb into third place on the final lap. With Zavaglia finishing second, it gave the title to Hossack by just three points.

Hossack lost both titles in 2009, his rivalry with Tony Ricciardello saw category veteran Des Wall win the Sports Sedan series with a consistent run, and Sam Zavaglia took the Superkart title with a career best season. Hossack was third in Sports Sedans and second in Superkarts. 2010 saw a return to the title claiming his second Australian Championship in Superkarts after win in the final race of the series broke a tie with Warren McIlveen whose previously points leading Superkart limped to the line in third position.

Career results

References

1970 births
Australian racing drivers
Living people
Supercars Championship drivers
Australian Touring Car Championship drivers


The monument to Alexander I of Russia was erected on the initiative of the people of Taganrog in memory of the emperor's stay and death in the city.

The place to set the monument was chosen by the widow of Alexander I Elizabeth Alexeievna (Louise of Baden) – opposite the Greek monastery. Most of the money to subsidize the construction of the monument was donated by the members of the Imperial house of Romanovs, the rest of the sum was raised by the people of Taganrog.

The statue was sculpted by the eminent sculptor, rector of the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts Ivan Martos. The architectural part of the monument was designed by the famous architect Avraam Melnikov.

The bronze figure of the emperor at full height was draped with a simple gown, and a general's uniform was visible under it. The tsar held the sword hilt with his left hand, and carried a scroll which was supposed to be the code of laws. One foot of Alexander I trampled a coiling snake symbolizing the victory over Napoleon. The face of the sculpture was a copy of the emperor's portrait, and the winged angels at his feet pointed out his angelic character. The granite pedestal consisted of three parts, 5 steps led to it. The entire monument weighed about 1600 kg.

On October 23 (11), 1831, celebrations took place on the occasion of unveiling the monument. They included divine services, consecration of the monument, firing a salute, ringing bells at all the churches and evening illumination.

In 1837 cast-iron lumps with heavy chains were added to palisade the monument. In 1888 a square was planted around and fenced with iron forged railings.

In 1920 the monument was destroyed (in 1932 the statue was remelted).

In 1998 in the course of celebrations of the tercentenary of Taganrog the monument was reconstructed according to original plans at the same place. The reconstruction was financed by the Rossiyskiy Kredit Bank.

The original model of the monument is kept in the collection of Russian Museum in Saint Petersburg.

Old and Modern Views

References

 The Taganrog Encyclopaedia, 2nd edition, 2003
 Materials of the Taganrog State Archive and Taganrog Local Government

Outdoor sculptures in Russia
1831 sculptures
Monuments and memorials in Taganrog


Ichilo is one of the fifteen provinces of the Bolivian Santa Cruz Department and is situated in the department's north-western parts. The province was founded by a decree of 8 April 1926 and is named after Río Ichilo which is forming the province border in the West.

Location
Ichilo Province is located between 15° 48' and 18° 00' South and between 63° 27' and 64° 50' West. It extends over 350 km from Northwest to Southeast, and up to 110 km from Southwest to Northeast.

The province is situated in the Bolivian lowlands and borders Beni Department in the North, Cochabamba Department in the West, Manuel María Caballero Province in the Southwest, Florida Province in the South, Andrés Ibáñez Province in the Southeast, Sara Province in the East, and Ñuflo de Chávez Province in the Northeast.

Population
The population of Ichilo Province has increased by circa 80% over the recent two decades:
1992: 49,484 inhabitants (census)
2001: 70,444 inhabitants (census)
2005: 81,118 inhabitants (est.)
2010: 91,678 inhabitants (est.)

 47.8% of the population are younger than 15 years old. (1992)

The literacy rate of the province is 78.5%.

 96.1% of the population speak Spanish, 40.7% speak Quechua, 1.9% Aymara, and 0.6 speak Guaraní. (1992)

 67.1% of the population have no access to electricity, 46.6% have no sanitary facilities. (1992)

 81.3% of the population are Catholics, 15.1% are Protestants. (1992)

Geography
The medium altitude of the province is 386 m.
The medium annual temperature in the province is 24.3 °C, the annual precipitation amounts to 2,563 mm.

Towns
Buena Vista is the province capital with 4,697 inhabitants (est. 2008). Other important towns in the province are
 Yapacaní - 21,622 inhabitants (2008)
 Santa Fe de Yapacaní - 7,736 inhabitants (2008)
 San Carlos, Ichilo - 4,440 inhabitants (2008)
 San Juan de Yapacaní - 4,121 inhabitants (2008)

Industry
Main agricultural good of the province is rice, 50% of all the production in the Santa Cruz Department is from Ichilo Province. Other important economic goods are cocoa and timber.

Division
The province comprises four municipalities:
Buena Vista Municipality 2,047 km2 - 13,273 inhabitants (2001)
San Carlos Municipality 3,998 km2 - 25,633 inhabitants (2001)
Yapacaní Municipality 8,187 km2 - 31,538 inhabitants (2001)
San Juan de Yapacaní Municipality - 9,131 inhabitants (2001)

References

External links
General map of province
Detailed map of province towns and rivers
Population data (Spanish)
Social data (Spanish)

Provinces of Santa Cruz Department (Bolivia)


"The Last Voyage of the Starship Enterprise" is a comedy sketch that first aired on May 29, 1976, during episode 22 of the first season of the NBC variety show, Saturday Night Live. The twelve-minute sketch was written by Michael O'Donoghue during a month-long process consulting with actor John Belushi. The sketch is a satire of the 1969 cancellation of Star Trek. The set design featured an effective replica of the bridge of the USS Enterprise. Dress rehearsal was difficult, with the writer doubting whether Belushi was able to pull off an effective parody of William Shatner's performance as Captain James Kirk. However, the result was a success, and O'Donoghue immediately congratulated Belushi after his performance and reflected that he had perfectly parodied Shatner as Kirk.

The sketch became a cult classic hit among Star Trek and science fiction fans. The 1977 book Saturday Night Live edited by Anne Beatts and John Head included a copy of a note from Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry praising the comedic bit. The sketch was released on a 1985 Saturday Night Live compilation VHS that featured The Best of John Belushi, and re-released with the same title in DVD format in 2011. In his book Metapop author Michael Dunne called the comedic bit among the most well-known of all Saturday Night Live routines. The Chicago Sun-Times referred to it as an intelligent satire of Star Trek. The Los Angeles Times placed the parody among the program's top ten sketches of all-time. On the series' 40th anniversary, Tulsa World listed the sketch as one of the television show's most iconic.

The New Yorker film critic Anthony Lane wrote that Belushi was flawless and captured Shatner's essence while adding simultaneously his own layer of weariness to the character. The Hollywood Reporter interviewed Tom Hanks and Elliott Gould in 2015; Gould called the sketch a favorite, while Hanks placed it among the best five of all time. In ranking every single Saturday Night Live cast member by talent in 2015, Rolling Stone called the Captain Kirk parody one of Belushi's most memorable and wrote that it was evidence of the actor's youthful innocence.

Plot synopsis

The sensors of the starship USS Enterprise pick up a strange alien spacecraft following it in hot pursuit. Mr. Spock, played by Chevy Chase, identifies it as a 1968 Chrysler Imperial with a tinted windshield and retractable headlights. The automobile is registered to NBC, a company that, according to Spock, used to make cookies.

Captain Kirk, played by John Belushi, orders the ship to outrun the strange craft. Unable to do so, he orders phasers and photon torpedoes to destroy the craft. Unfortunately, all of the ship's equipment fails for no reason and the Enterprises systems break down. Suddenly, Dr. Leonard McCoy, played by Dan Aykroyd, runs onto the bridge saying that the aliens are on the ship. He says they did not beam aboard, but merely walked out from behind the curtains.

It turns out that the aliens are NBC executive Herb Goodman, played by Elliott Gould, and his associate Curtis, played by Garrett Morris. They announce that the Star Trek series has been cancelled. Captain Kirk orders the crew to fire their hand phasers at the aliens but nothing happens. Mr. Spock assumes that the aliens have a type of weapons de-activator and tries to employ his famous Vulcan nerve pinch on him, but that does not work either. The executive confiscates Mr. Spock's pointed ears. Spock then mind-melds with Goodman only to discover that, as he describes it, "It was all dark and empty in there, and there were little mice in the corners.  I kept bumping my head on the ceiling...!"  Whereupon Kirk slaps him back to his senses.

Other NBC executives and staff show up and dismantle the Enterprise set.

Other crew members accept the cancellation, but Shatner and Nimoy try to hang on to their Star Trek personae as Kirk and Spock. However, Nimoy is eventually reduced to a sobbing, nervous wreck, and is carried off the set. Shatner remains defiantly in the Captain's chair, as Herb Goodman mentions to Shatner he got a phone call from a margarine company. Finally, the set is completely dismantled, and still in his chair, Shatner, as Captain Kirk, makes a final entry into his log recalling his previous three years of space exploration, concluding: "And except for one television network, we have found intelligence everywhere in the galaxy." Raising his hand in the Vulcan salute, he goes on, "Live long and prosper". Then he brings his fingers together, his hand still raised, and adds, "Promise".

Production

Writing
The twelve-minute sketch was written by Michael O'Donoghue who wanted to create a scene to showcase the acting talents of John Belushi. O'Donoghue had been the one who had initially persuaded producer Lorne Michaels to hire Belushi for the new Saturday Night Live program. O'Donoghue and Belushi recognized that the original Star Trek series itself was not a ratings success during its initial run, but had become much more successful during syndication. Belushi enjoyed the Star Trek series and wanted the part of Captain Kirk. He demonstrated his intense desire to get the role by trimming his sideburns to closely resemble Kirk's facial appearance in the original series. They worked together on the sketch for thirty days and scheduled it for the final episode of the 1976 season of the show, hosted by Elliott Gould.

Cast

John Belushi as Captain Kirk/William Shatner
Chevy Chase as Mr. Spock/Leonard Nimoy
Dan Aykroyd as Dr. Leonard McCoy/DeForest Kelley and the voice of Scotty on intercom
Elliott Gould as Herb Goodman, NBC Executive
Garrett Morris as Curtis, Head NBC stage crew
Akira Yoshimura as Mr. Sulu/George Takei
Doris Powell as Lt. Uhura/Nichelle Nichols

Set design
The production staff had reproduced an effective-looking replica of the bridge of the USS Enterprise. As the scene began, the viewscreen of the ship depicted the USS Enterprise being pursued by a type of automobile commonly manufactured in the United States and from the time period when Star Trek was cancelled.

Dress rehearsal
Dress rehearsal for the sketch went poorly. During rehearsal, Belushi was having difficulty correctly parodying the character of James T. Kirk as originally portrayed by actor William Shatner. Belushi had sat for several hours while being made up to look the part. Sketch writer O'Donoghue was worried that the sketch was too long and might not go over well with the audience. He knew that Belushi was a fan of Star Trek, and had previously rescued sketches that others thought would flop, but O'Donoghue was nervous that Belushi was not able to pull off a comedic performance on this occasion.

O'Donoghue complained directly to Belushi that he thought his parody of Shatner during the dress rehearsals was inadequate and needed much improvement. Further, actor Chevy Chase was annoyed that he was satirizing Leonard Nimoy as Spock; he did not like the idea of playing second-fiddle to Belushi. During all of the rehearsals, Chase attempted to attract more attention to his character's role and dominate the scene. Just prior to the on-air performance of the sketch, O'Donoghue admonished Belushi and implored him to perform an effective parody. Belushi's dress rehearsal performance had worried executives so much that they had discussed canceling the entire sketch altogether.

Release

"The Last Voyage of the Starship Enterprise" first aired during episode 22 of the first season of The NBC variety show, Saturday Night Live on May 29, 1976.

Immediately upon the conclusion of the sketch, writer Michael O'Donoghue knew it was a success. He had been watching the Saturday Night Live performance from beside the set, off-camera. He felt that Belushi had performed his role as Captain Kirk perfectly. As soon as Belushi left the set, O'Donoghue went over to him and gave the actor a congratulatory hug. On reflection, after the live performance, O'Donoghue stated that Belushi had performed a perfect parody of Shatner as Kirk. Belushi felt it was one of his most satisfying performances.

In their book Saturday Night: A Backstage History of Saturday Night Live, authors Doug Hill and Jeff Weingrad wrote that the sketch was writer Michael O'Donoghue's signature success on the television program. In addition, they noted that the staff of Saturday Night Live felt the sketch was among the best routines on the program.

After Belushi's sudden death by drug overdose in 1982, Judith Jacklin Belushi, the actor's widow, began to think about putting together a video to commemorate him. The sketch was included on the 1985 Saturday Night Live release of 16 sketches featuring Belushi called The Best of John Belushi, produced by Lorne Michaels and Judith Jacklin Belushi, sold by Warner Home Video in VHS format.

Together, Lorne Michaels, Belushi's brother Jim Belushi, and Judith Jacklin Belushi, reviewed the actor's comedic sketches from Saturday Night Live to select what were generally considered his best works. In an interview with the Los Angeles Daily News on the 1985 VHS release, Belushi's widow commented she was not sure if her husband had a particular sketch he liked the most, but that he considered the Star Trek parody among his favorites. The Best of John Belushi edition in VHS format sold approximately 200,000 copies. It reached number three on Billboards Top Videocassettes Sales Chart in February 1986.

The DVD edition of the collected shorts video release by Saturday Night Live was released in 2011, again under the title The Best of John Belushi.

Themes
Writing for American Humor, academic Robert G. Pielke observed that the sketch was a very well-done, and moving, reflection on NBC management's fealty to Nielsen ratings and profit. Pielke went on to analyze the sketch and characterized it as an example of Saturday Night Live resisting conformist authority. He commented that an injustice had been wrought by NBC the company, whereas the NBC executives who came to shut down Star Trek were simply pawns in the process. He posited that the USS Enterprise crew members were against cancelling the television program because their self-worth had become tied to it. Pielke noted that within the confines of the sketch's plot itself, as each crew member realized there was no option other than cancellation, they each showed their identity and humanity.

Pielke praised the final scene of the sketch as evocative of the original series and an indictment of capitalism. He wrote that Belushi finished off the sketch with a moving rendition of the introduction to the original Star Trek series, while modifying it slightly to emphasize that NBC's greed had ended the Enterprise mission.

Mother Jones magazine additionally commented upon the key theme of satire over conflict between the critical success of Star Trek and the decision to cancel the program by the studio executives. The magazine noted that writer Michael O'Donoghue's work for the sketch was among the highest caliber scripts he had written for Saturday Night Live. Mother Jones found it ironic that in the sketch the Enterprise was defeated not by its traditional enemies such as the Klingons, but by a stupid NBC executive in charge of the network's programming schedule.

Upon re-release of the sketch on the Saturday Night Live compilation DVD titled The Best of John Belushi, Jon Corey wrote for Inside Pulse that the sketch was still one of ten best ever on Saturday Night Live. He pointed out the irony that it was not Khan Noonien Singh or the Klingons that defeated the Enterprise, but an enemy much more powerful —  NBC executives. Nick Hartel reviewed the DVD release for DVD Talk, and commented that the sketch's satire succeeded because it was a surreal form of meta-comedy that dared to criticize NBC management.

The New Yorker film critic Anthony Lane reflected on the sketch and Belushi's performance in 2013. Lane thought that the sketch was an effective satire of the cancellation of the series and simultaneously served as a death knell for the Star Trek franchise. He felt that viewers watching the sketch in 1976 would be hard-pressed to imagine a future, thirty-seven-years later, where Star Trek was so thoroughly ensconced within popular culture. Lane wrote that Belushi was flawless in his role parodying Shatner playing Kirk. He observed that Belushi both performed an effective parody, while simultaneously injecting his own weariness into the Kirk character. Lane wondered how the Star Trek franchise could ever come back from the total deconstruction the SNL skit presented.

The sketch had one minor error.  While breaking down the set, Herb Goodman (Gould) suggested, "How about it, Curtis?  You think we can sell any of this junk to Lost in Space?"  Actually, CBS had cancelled Lost in Space in 1968, one year before NBC cancelled Star Trek.

Impact on Star Trek

 The sketch became a cult classic hit among Star Trek and science fiction fans. Captain Kirk actor William Shatner was asked which Star Trek parody was his favorite: Belushi's impression of himself, or the later satire wherein Shatner appeared on Saturday Night Live in a sketch telling Star Trek fans known as Trekkies to "Get a life". Shatner said he preferred Belushi's impression to his own later appearance on the comedy television program. Shatner commented: "I like Belushi's work as Kirk better than my own".

DeForest Kelley, the actor who portrayed physician Leonard McCoy on Star Trek, was a personal favorite of John Belushi. Belushi had offices on the same lot as Kelley. Kelley overheard Belushi discussing the Saturday Night Live parody of Star Trek with William Shatner, and mentioned to both of them that he had not yet seen the sketch. Belushi immediately escorted Kelley to his office on the lot and had him watch it on videotape.

Kelley thoroughly enjoyed it, especially Belushi's impression of Captain Kirk. He later remarked that he had trouble going back to act on the Star Trek set in a scene opposite Shatner because he could not stop laughing remembering the Saturday Night Live parody and Belushi's portrayal.  Belushi later gave Kelley a signed videotape of the sketch; he had written "Live Long and Prosper" on the tape. Kelley sent the videotape to close friends when Belushi died because he did not want to hold on to the memento which brought up sad memories of his loss.

The 1977 book Saturday Night Live, edited by Anne Beatts and John Head, includes the complete script of the sketch, as well as a message from Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry in which he effusively praised the sketch.

Roddenberry had sent a letter to Elliott Gould on June 3, 1976, in which he thanked the actor for the parody and said he would show it to members of the Star Trek cast. Roddenberry called the sketch creatively designed with the light comedic touch necessary to pull off an effective satire. Elliott Gould later told The Hollywood Reporter that the success of the sketch inspired Roddenberry to create the first feature film version of his series: Star Trek: The Motion Picture.

Yoshimura, who has been a production designer on SNL for the entirety of its run, has been pressed into service to play Sulu whenever the show did a Star Trek spoof—most recently on the Season 42 episode that aired on May 6, 2017—a full 41 years after the original parody.

Reception

In reviewing The Best of John Belushi when Saturday Night Live released the compilation to VHS in 1985, The New York Times critic Fred Ferretti highlighted Belushi's role as Captain James Kirk among the actor's memorable performances. In his 1992 book, Metapop: Self-referentiality in Contemporary American Popular Culture, author Michael Dunne called the comedic bit: "one of SNL's most famous sketches". The Los Angeles Times called the sketch one of the television program's most noteworthy of all time. In a 1999 article reflecting on the 25th anniversary of Saturday Night Live, Los Angeles Times journalist Susan Keller placed the Star Trek parody at number eight on a list of the program's top ten all-time sketches.

In a contribution to the 2001 compilation book Faith, Reason, and Political Life Today, Paul A. Cantor calls the sketch among the best of Star Trek parodies, saying it is "hysterical". A 2005 article by journalist Darel Jevens, writing for the Chicago Sun-Times, called the sketch an intelligent satire of Star Trek. Reflecting on Belushi's impact 25 years after the actor's death, a 2007 Associated Press article noted that the parody of Captain Kirk, Bluto from Animal House and the Saturday Night Live Samurai were among the characters that illustrated his acting versatility.

In a 2008 article published by Huffpost TV, columnist Richard Keller characterized the sketch as one of the most well-known satires of Star Trek; the other being another Saturday Night Live episode where William Shatner appeared playing himself. Los Angeles Times film critic Betsy Sharkey wrote that Belushi's performance was so nuanced and full of depth, because he was able to skillfully rely upon the depth that William Shatner had given to the character's prior portrayals. It was described by TrekMovie.com founder Anthony Pascale as "one of the best Star Trek parody sketches of all time".

Reflecting on the life of John Belushi for a 2012 article, WOMC placed the sketch among those regarded as the most well-remembered and loved performances by the actor. In his 2012 book Star Trek: The Complete Unauthorized History, author Robert Greenberger called the piece a classic. In a September 2013 article for The A.V. Club, Phil Dyess-Nugent described "The Last Voyage Of The Starship Enterprise" as lovable in-depth satire of Star Trek with a touching impression of Shatner that was likely the best routine from the first year of Saturday Night Live. In a subsequent review of the episode in an October 2013, Dyess-Nugent again praised the sketch, writing that it was an outstanding work both as a form of humor and a tribute to Star Trek fans.

Writing for CNN in 2014, journalist Todd Leopold commented that he appreciated the sketch, but did not place it among the program's five all-time sketches. Time magazine included the sketch in a retrospective on classic Saturday Night Live works, placing the comedic bit among the most iconic from the program's first years on television. On the 40th anniversary of Saturday Night Live, Tulsa World placed the sketch among "16 iconic skits".

In his 2015 book John Prine: In Spite of Himself, author Eddie Huffman wrote that the Captain Kirk role, along with his portrayal of Samurai warrior, and Marlon Brando as the Godfather, helped John Belushi become famous and an acting sensation. In a 2015 The Hollywood Reporter interview with actors Tom Hanks and Elliott Gould, Gould called the sketch one of his favorite, and Hanks remarked: "Oh, I think that's got to be one of the top five of all." Rolling Stone ranked every single one of the 141 cast members of Saturday Night Live in order of talent. John Belushi was ranked at number one, with Rolling Stone citing his Captain Kirk parody as evidence of his youthful innocence among his often lunatic-like performances in a 2015 article. The website Rotten Tomatoes characterized the sketch as a satire that did not lose its effectiveness with age.

See also

Galaxy Quest
The Man Who Came to Be Dinner
Why Must I Be a Crustacean in Love?
Where No Fan Has Gone Before

Footnotes

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

Saturday Night Live sketches
Saturday Night Live in the 1970s
Parodies of Star Trek


Dose area product (DAP) is a quantity used in assessing the radiation risk from diagnostic X-ray examinations and interventional procedures. It is defined as the absorbed dose multiplied by the area irradiated, expressed in gray-centimetres squared (Gy·cm2 – sometimes the prefixed units mGy·cm2 or cGy·cm2 are also used). Manufacturers of DAP meters usually calibrate them in terms of absorbed dose to air. DAP reflects not only the dose within the radiation field but also the area of tissue irradiated. Therefore, it may be a better indicator of the overall risk of inducing cancer than the dose within the field. It also has the advantages of being easily measured, with the permanent installation of a DAP meter on the X-ray set.
Due to the divergence of a beam emitted from a "point source", the area irradiated (A) increases with the square of distance from the source (A ∝ d2), while radiation intensity (I) decreases according to the inverse square of distance (I ∝ 1/d2). Consequently, the product of intensity and area, and therefore DAP, is independent of distance from the source.

How DAP is measured

An ionization chamber is placed beyond the X-ray collimators and must intercept the entire X-ray field for an accurate reading. Different parameters of the X-ray set, such as peak voltage (kVp), tube current (mA), exposure time, or the area of the field, can also be changed.

For example, a 5 cm × 5 cm X-ray field with an entrance dose of 1 mGy will yield a 25 mGy·cm2 DAP value. When the field is increased to 10 cm × 10 cm with the same entrance dose, the DAP increases to 100 mGy·cm2, which is four times the previous value.

Kerma Area Product
Kerma area product (KAP) is a related quantity, which for all practical radiation protection purposes is equal to dose area product. However, strictly speaking , where g is the fraction of energy of liberated charged particles that is lost in radiative processes in the material and the dose is expressed in absorbed dose to air. The value of g for diagnostic X-rays is only a fraction of a percent.

Adult coronary angiography and PCI procedures expose patients to an average DAP in the range of 20 to 106 Gy·cm2 and 44 to 143 Gy·cm2 respectively.

References

Radiology
Medical terminology
Nuclear medicine
Medical physics


Visoko (; ) is a village in the Municipality of Šenčur in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia.

Geography
Visoko is a ribbon village along the road from Kranj to Zgornje Jezersko, with additional road connections to Cerklje na Gorenjskem, Šenčur, and Suha pri Predosljah. Significant construction of houses along the road to Cerklje na Gorenjskem took place after the Second World War. The Kokra River flows past the village to the west, where it powered two grain mills and a sawmill in the past. The highest elevation in the village is at Hrib Hill () southeast of the village center.

Church

The local church is dedicated to Saint Vitus and was built in 1861 on the site of an earlier church.

Notable people
Notable people that were born or lived in Visoko include:
Peter Bohinjec (1864–1919), writer

References

External links

Visoko on Geopedia

Populated places in the Municipality of Šenčur


Twenty-two ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Fortune:

 was a ship in service in 1512.
 was a ship in service in 1522.
 was a ship, formerly the French Fortunee. She was captured in 1627 and last appears on navy lists in 1635.
 was a 12-gun Royalist ship, captured by the Parliamentarians in 1644 and renamed Robert. She was captured by Irish Royalists in 1649.
 was a 12-gun Royalist ship purchased in 1644 and captured that year by the Parliamentarians. She was renamed Dove, and was lost in 1650.
 was a ship captured in 1651, and captured in 1652 by the Dutch.
 was a 10-gun fireship captured in 1652 and last listed in 1653.
 was a 32-gun ship, formerly the French Fortunee. She was captured in 1653 and sold in 1654.
 was a 6-gun fireship captured in 1666 and expended later that year.
 was a 4-gun flyboat captured from the Dutch in 1666 and sunk as a blockship in 1667.
 was an 8-gun flyboat captured from the Dutch in 1672 and sold in 1674.
 was a storeship purchased in 1699 and wrecked in 1700.
 was a storeship captured in 1700 and still on navy lists in 1702.
 was a 24-gun storeship launched in 1709 and sold in 1713.
HMS Fortune was a 14-gun sloop launched in 1744. She was captured by the French in 1745, was recaptured as an 18-gun sloop in 1746, and had been renamed HMS Fortune by 1756. She was converted to a fireship in 1759 and was sold in 1770.
 was a 10-gun brig-sloop purchased in 1770 and still in service in 1772.
 was a 14-gun sloop launched in 1778 and captured by the French in April 1780 and served with the French navy under the same name. In October 1783 she became a packet ship under the name Courrier de Lorieint (and later Courrier de Lorient No.3), serving out of Lorient on the line Lorient-New York. In January 1787 she was transferred to the Régie des Paquebots, for whom she served on the Havre-New York line.  She was put up for sale at Havre in December 1788 and sold in January 1789 to Mr. Ruellan.
 was a 14-gun sloop captured from the Americans in 1779 and lost in 1780.
 was a 14-gun brig-sloop launched in 1780 and wrecked in 1797.
 was an 18-gun sloop captured from the French in 1798 and recaptured by them in 1799.
 was an  launched in 1913 and sunk at the Battle of Jutland in 1916.
 was an F-class destroyer launched in 1934. She was transferred to the Royal Canadian Navy in 1943 as , and was broken up in 1946.

See also

Citations

References

Demerliac, Alain (1996) La Marine De Louis XVI: Nomenclature Des Navires Français De 1774 À 1792. (Nice: Éditions OMEGA).

Royal Navy ship names


Visoko () is a village in the Municipality of Ig in central Slovenia. The municipality is part of the traditional region of Inner Carniola and is now included in the Central Slovenia Statistical Region. The hamlet west of the main settlement was formerly known as Mokrice ().

Churches
The local church, built on a small hill southeast of the settlement, is dedicated to Saint Nicholas. It dates to the early 15th century. A second church on Kurešček Hill west of the settlement is dedicated to the Nativity of Mary. Both belong to the Parish of Ig.

The first church on Kurešček Hill was built in the 15th century. It became a pilgrimage site and was remodeled several times over the centuries, acquiring a Baroque style in the 18th century. The church was only slightly damaged during the Second World War, but the communist authorities forbade repairs to it. The roof was soon destroyed by wind and the interior vandalized, and in 1950 a damaged statue of the Virgin Mary was retrieved from the church. A fire on April 30, 1970 destroyed the bell tower. Work to rebuild the church started in March 1991, and it was consecrated by Archbishop Alojzij Šuštar on August 30, 1992. There is a cemetery below the church.

References

External links

Visoko on Geopedia
Visoko Cemetery

Populated places in the Municipality of Ig


Aangan Terha (, ) was a satirical Pakistani drama presented by the PTV network in the year 1984. The show starred Salim Nasir, Shakeel, Arshad Mehmood, Durdana Butt and Bushra Ansari in lead roles. It was directed by Qaiser Farooq and written by Anwar Maqsood.

Plot and main theme
The drama is based on many stories on multiple issues of the society and indirect criticism of the martial law and the military regime in Pakistan and the electoral system. Many major Pakistani stars and artists played guest roles in the drama including great comedians like Lehri, Moin Akhtar and Mahmood Ali. The twist occurs when the writer Anwar Maqsood appears near the end of the serial to inform the characters that the serial is about to end.

Lead characters

 Mehboob Ahmed, a retired civil servant, played by Shakeel
 Jahan Ara Begum, Mehboob Ahmed's wife, played by Bushra Ansari
 Akbar, domestic help of Mehboob Ahmed and Jahan Ara Begum, previously a classical dancer, played by Salim Nasir
 Chaudhry Sahib, Mehboob Ahmed's neighbor, played by Arshad Mehmood
 Sultana Sahiba, Chaudhry Sahib's sister, played by Durdana Butt

Guest appearances
 Moin Akhtar
 Lehri
 Alamgir
 Mahmood Ali
 Anwar Maqsood as Himself
 Qazi Wajid
 Azra Sherwani
 Shakeel
 Sultana Zafar as Maryam
 Latif Kapadia
 Asif Raza Mir as Bunty

References

Pakistani drama television series
Urdu-language television shows
Pakistan Television Corporation original programming
Television shows set in Karachi
Pakistani television sitcoms
1980s Pakistani television series
Pakistani television series endings


Ten ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Forester:

 was a 22-gun ship launched in 1657 and blown up in 1672.
 was a 7-gun hoy launched in 1693 and wrecked in 1752.
 was a 4-gun hoy launched in 1748 and transferred to the coastguard as a hulk in 1828.
 was a 3-gun gunvessel, formerly a Thames sailing barge, purchased in 1794 and sold on 29 December 1801 for £210.
 was an 18-gun  launched in 1806. She was used for harbour service from 1816 and was sold in 1819.
HMS Forester was to have been a 10-gun brig. She was ordered in 1824, but the order was either cancelled in 1830, or otherwise transferred to become the next HMS Forester.
 was a 10-gun  launched in 1832, wrecked in 1833 and sold in 1843.
 was an  wooden screw gunboat launched in 1856. She was renamed YC7 as a yard craft in 1868, and was lost in a typhoon in 1871.
 was a composite screw gunboat launched in 1877. She became a coal hulk in 1894 and was sold in 1904.
 was an  launched in 1911 and sold in 1921.
 was an F-class destroyer launched in 1934. She was sold for scrapping in 1946.

Citations

Royal Navy ship names


Vibeke Merete Wulff Møller (later Boisen, 21 November 1904 – 7 August 1987) was a Danish freestyle swimmer who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics. She was born in Gentofte. In 1924 she was a member of the Danish relay team which finished fourth in the 4×100 metre freestyle relay competition. In the 400 metre freestyle event she was eliminated in the first round.

References

External links
profile

1904 births
1987 deaths
Olympic swimmers for Denmark
Swimmers at the 1924 Summer Olympics
Danish female freestyle swimmers
People from Gentofte Municipality
Sportspeople from the Capital Region of Denmark
20th-century Danish people


Zhangzizhong Lu Station () is a station on Line 5 of the Beijing Subway. Zhangzizhonglu, literally meaning Zhang Zizhong Road, is named after general Zhang Zizhong, who died in the Second Sino-Japanese War. It will become a transfer station for Line 3 in the future.

Station Layout
The station has an underground island platform.

Exits
There are four exits, lettered A, B, C, and D. Exit D is accessible.

References

External links

Beijing Subway stations in Dongcheng District
Railway stations in China opened in 2007


Keep It Hot is a live album released by the funk/R&B group Cameo in 2007. In addition to the live material, two studio tracks were included: "Come Fly With Me" and "Nasty", both written by Larry Blackmon. The "Mega-Mix" is a remix of the album's live tracks. This album is the third album in 2007 to be a nearly track for track re-release of Nasty from 1996. However, Nasty's "Mega-Mix" was left off in favor of three new tracks.

Track listing
 "Intro" – 1:03
 "Flirt" – 1:36 (Blackmon, Jenkins)
 "She's Strange" – 2:37 (Blackmon, Jenkins, Leftenant, Singleton)
 "Back and Forth" – 5:54 (Blackmon, Jenkins, Kendrick, Leftenant)
 "Skin I'm In" – 5:09 (Blackmon)
 "Why Have I Lost You" – 6:10 (Blackmon)
 "Sparkle" – 4:23 (Blackmon, Lockett)
 "Candy" – 4:45 (Blackmon, Jenkins)
 "Shake Your Pants" (Intro) – 0:42
 "Shake Your Pants" – 4:00 (Blackmon)
 "I Just Want to Be" – 1:38 (Blackmon, Johnson)
 "Keep It Hot" – 5:12 (Blackmon, Lockett)
 "Word Up!" – 6:44 (Blackmon, Jenkins)
 "Come Fly With Me" – 3:57 (Blackmon)
 "Nasty" – 3:44 (Blackmon)
 "Let Me Put Love on Your Mind" – X:XX (Cameo)
 "Heartbeat" – X:XX (Cameo, Andrews, Ronnie)
 "No Hiding Place" – X:XX (Cameo, Wilson, Ronnie)

References

2007 live albums
Cameo (band) albums


World Poverty and Human Rights: Cosmopolitan Responsibilities and Reforms is a 2002 book by Thomas Pogge. In the book, Pogge explains that the poorest 44% of humankind have 1.3% of global income and their purchasing power per person per day is less than that of $2.15 in the US in 1993; 826 million of them do not have enough to eat. One-third of all human deaths are from poverty-related causes: 18 million annually, including 12 million children under five.

At the other end of the spectrum, the 15% of humankind in the developed countries have 80% of global income. Pogge argues that shifting 1 or 2%  of the wealthy states' share toward poverty eradication is morally compelling. Yet most of the affluent believe that they have no such responsibility and Thomas Pogge's book seeks to explain how this belief is sustained. He analyzes how the "moral and economic theorizing and our global economic order" have adapted to make the wealthy states appear disconnected from mass poverty abroad. Dispelling the illusion, he also offers a normative standard of global economic justice and makes detailed, realistic proposals toward fulfilling it.

Pogge argues that at the cost of two thirds of the US military's expenditures, wealthy states could largely eradicate poverty. The global rich have a duty to eradicate poverty because they have violated the principal of justice not to cause undue harm to others by their coercive global order.

References

2002 non-fiction books
British non-fiction books
Books about poverty
Books about globalization
Polity (publisher) books


Buena Vista is a small town in the Bolivian lowlands, capital of the Ichilo Province of the department of Santa Cruz. The city was founded on November 26, 1694 as the Jesuit Mission of the betrothal of the Saints of Joseph and Mary.

.

Location

Buena Vista is administrative center of the Ichilo Province and located in the Buena Vista Municipio on the right banks of Río Ichilo, 90 km south-west of the departmental capital Santa Cruz.

Climate
Buena Vista has a medium yearly temperature of 24.3 °C, with a medium maximum of 27.8 °C and a minimum of 14.4 °C. The average precipitation amounts to 2,563 mm per year, the average relative humidity is 80%. The climate is a tropical humid one, with July being the coldest month and November the warmest.

Population
The population of Buena Vista has increased strongly over the past decades, from 400 inhabitants (1969) to 2,900 (1992 census) and 3,800 inhabitants (2001 census). Estimations about the recent population figures differ strongly, some estimations say 12-14,000 inhabitants, presumably misinterpreting the municipio population as the city population.

References

External links
Detailed province map
Population figures

Populated places in Santa Cruz Department (Bolivia)


Herewini Rangi is a New Zealand rugby league coach and former player who played one match in the NRL. He played as a  or , who could also kick goals.

Early years
Rangi grew up in Huntly and played for the Taniwharau Rugby League Club. In 2001 he played for the Waikato Under-17s and also made the National U-17 team. He made the Junior Kiwis in 2002, playing both games.

Playing career
Rangi joined the New Zealand Warriors 25-man squad for 2004, moving to Auckland. The club assigned him to play for the Eastern Tornadoes in the Bartercard Cup. He played only one NRL game for the Warriors, against the Canberra Raiders. However, he was named Clubman of the Year at the end of season awards dinner. In 2004 he was also the leading scorer for the Tornadoes with 62 points and represented Auckland.

In 2005 he travelled across the Tasman to join the Central Comets in the Queensland Cup. He moved to the Wynnum Manly Seagulls in 2007, playing five Queensland Cup games and also representing the FOGS Cup team.

In Round one of the 2008 FOGS Cup Herewini suffered a serious spinal injury when he collided with the goal post. It was originally feared he may have suffered permanent damage but this was later downgraded when he began to regain feeling in his arms and legs. He was still expected to require at least six months in hospital, but was released in May and returned to New Zealand.

Later years
In 2011 Rangi is coached the Taniwharau side in the Waicoa Bay competition. In 2012 he coached the Gisborne Tairawhiti team and was appointed the Gisborne KiwiSport Officer.

References

1984 births
Living people
Auckland rugby league team players
Date of birth missing (living people)
Eastern Tornadoes players
Junior Kiwis players
New Zealand Māori rugby league players
New Zealand rugby league coaches
New Zealand rugby league players
New Zealand Warriors players
Rugby league hookers
Rugby league players from Huntly, New Zealand
Taniwharau Rugby League Club players
Waikato rugby league team players
Wynnum Manly Seagulls players


Zabag (Indonesian: Sabak; Chinese: 阇婆 or 闍婆 "She-bó", "Shepo"; Sanskrit: Javaka; Arabic: الزابج "Zabaj"; Latin: Jabad) is thought to have been an ancient territory located south of China somewhere in Southeast Asia, between the Chenla Kingdom (now Cambodia) and Java. Several historians have  associated this kingdom with Srivijaya and thought its location was somewhere in Sumatra, Java or Malay Peninsula. Indonesian historians have suggested that Zabag is connected to the present day Muara Sabak area, the estuary of Batang Hari River in East Tanjung Jabung Regency, Jambi province. Zabag could also have been located in Java, not Srivijaya because Zabag is noted to annex Srivijaya, and the size of Zabag is only half the size of an island called Ramni (Sumatra).

Samuel Bochart suggested that Jabad is the island of Iabadiu as mentioned by Ptolemy: "it's reads ἰαβαδίου, thas is iaba-diu, or the island of Java". He argue that "iaba diu" means the island of barley, and the word "iaba" is based on the Arabic word jabad or aibad, by which is signified a grass or a grain of barley intended for fattening cattle. Bochart also argue that the correct interpretation of Iabadiu is νῆσος (nesos, many islands) not νήσου (nísou, an island). On critical edition of Stephanus of Byzantium, Abraham Berkelius argue that the island of Iabadiu, as presented by Ptolemy, is Iaba diu, or the island of Java; and for the Persians and Indians there is no one who does not know that "diu" denotes the island, and "iaba" signifies grass or grain of barley.

Its exact location, however, is still the subject of debate among scholars. Other possible locations such as northern Borneo and Philippines have also been suggested.

Historical sources
The main source of the existence of the kingdom of Zabag was a Persian sailor named Sulaiman al-Tajir al-Sirafi, known as Sulaiman the Merchant, in his book "Rihlah As-Sirafiy" (As-Sirafi's journey), in which he recorded his journey to India, China, and the Zabaj islands in the period 851 AD. Following are excerpts of Sulaiman al-Tajir al-Sirafi's journey: Then we will discuss the city of Zabaj, which separates from China. Between the two [Zabaj and China] can be reached by sea travel for a month, or less if the wind is good; it is said to be around 900 farsakh. The king is known as "maharaja" (''al-maharij''). The maharaja is in control of the many islands so that the total power can reach 1000 Farsakhs or more. And in its territory there is an island which is the center of its kingdom, as told in the length of about 400 Farsakhs. There is also an island known as "Al-Rami" (Land of Arrows) which is about 800 farsakh in length; there are plants such as red wood, camphor, and others. And in its territory there is an island [Singapore] which is a crossing between Chinese lands and Arab lands. And the estimated distance is 80 farsakhs. And to him collected merchandise such as rattan, camphor, sandalwood, ivory, tin, ebony, red wood, and various spices, and others whose list will be very long. And at this time the journey from Oman to there and from there to Oman has already taken place. The maharaja's orders apply throughout the islands and also the mainland, and its main area is where it is located.

The Maharaja controlled all of these islands. As for the island, where he lives, is a very fertile and densely populated island. Someone who can be trusted says, when roosters start crowing at dawn, as is the case in Arab lands, they will reply within more than 100 farsakhs. This can happen because the villages are interconnected and because there are no deserts or ruins, they line up continuously. People who travel by foot or horse in this country can go wherever he likes. If he is tired, he can stop wherever he likes, and he can always find a place to stay. ("Rihlah As-Sirafiy", Sulaiman al-Tajir al-Sirafi)

Legend of the Maharaja of Zabaj
One day in a fit of jealousy, the Khmer ruler made the following remark in court.

"I have one desire that I would like to satisfy," said the young ruler.

"What is that desire, O King," inquired his faithful councillor.

"I wish to see before me on a plate," remarked the monarch, "the head of the King of Zabaj."

"I do not wish, O King, that my sovereign should express such a desire,” answered the minister. “The Khmer and Zabaj have never manifested hatred towards each other, either in words or in acts. Zabaj has never done us any harm. What the King has said should not be repeated."

Angered by this sage advice, the Khmer ruler raised his voice and repeated his desire so that all of the generals and nobles who were present at court could hear him. Word of the young ruler's impetuous outburst passed from mouth to mouth until it finally arrived at the court of the Maharaja of Zabaj. Upon hearing the words of the Khmer ruler, the Maharaja ordered his councillor to prepare a thousand ships for departure. When the fleet was ready, the Maharaja himself went aboard and announced to the crowd on shore that he would be making a pleasure trip amongst his islands. Once at sea, however, the Maharaja orders the armada to proceed to the capital of the Khmer ruler, where his troops took the Khmers by surprise, seized the city, and surrounded the palace. After the Khmer ruler had been captured, he was brought before the Maharaja of Zabaj.

"What caused you to form a desire which was not in your power to satisfy, which would not have given you happiness if you had realized it, and would not even have been justified if it had been easily realizable?" inquired the Maharaja of Zabaj.

Since the Khmer king had nothing to say in return, the Maharaja of Zabaj continued. "You have manifested the desire to see before you my head on a plate. If you also had wished to seize my country and my kingdom or even only to ravage a part of it, I would have done the same to you. But since you have only expressed the first of these desires, I am going to apply to you the treatment you wished to apply to me, and I will then return to my country without taking anything belonging to the Khmer, either of great or small value."

When the Maharaja returned to his own palace back home, he seated himself on the throne. Set before him was a plate upon which rested the head of the former Khmer king.

Sayabiga
Numerous Arabic sources noted the existence of a people called Sayabiga, which are already settled on the shores of the Persian Gulf before the rise of Islam. This tribe or group appears to have been derived from a colony of Sumatran or Javanese people, originally settled in Sind, but who were eventually made prisoners during a Persian invasion and forcibly enrolled in the Persian military forces. Sayabiga were mercenaries of high soldierly qualities, disciplined, used to the sea, faithful servants; and in consequence, they were considered eminently suitable to serve as guards and soldiers, gaolers, and wardens of the treasury. In the reign of Caliph Abu Bakr (632–634) they formed a garrison at At-Khatt, in Al-Bahrain, and in 656 they are recorded as having been entrusted with the guarding of the treasury at Al-Basra. Ferrand (1926) shows that the name Sayabiga is derived directly from Sabag, which is a variation of Zabag.

Location

Srivijaya
Many historian identify Zabag with Srivijaya, an empire centered in Sumatra. Zabag is the Arabic word for Sumatra and Java, roughly corresponding with the Srivijaya. A French scholar, George Coedès, published his discoveries and interpretations in Dutch and Indonesian-language newspapers. Coedès noted that the Chinese references to "Sanfoqi" or "Sanfotsi", previously read as "Sribhoja", and the inscriptions in Old Malay refer to the same empire. This contradicts the opinion of Mulyana and Lombard, who identified Sanfotsi and Sanfoqi as Srivijaya / Sumatra, in contrast to Java.

Srivijaya and by extension Sumatra had been known by different names to different peoples. The Chinese called it Sanfotsi, and at one time there was an even older kingdom of Kantoli that could be considered as the predecessor of Srivijaya. The Arabs called it Zabag and the Khmer called it Melayu. This is another reason why the discovery of Srivijaya was so difficult. While some of these names are strongly reminiscent of the name of Java, there is a distinct possibility that they may have referred to Sumatra instead.

The opinion that states Zabag as Srivijaya has incomplete evidence. Because Zabag has other names namely Javaka and Yavadesh. It is linguistically very unlikely if a large kingdom like Srivijaya is called with other words which refer to the country opposite. In addition, the records about Zabag also mention the words Sribuja and Ramni. The term Sribuja is closer to Srivijaya, which was one of Zabag's territories. If it is associated with the Ligor B inscription in Southern Thailand, it has very strongly emphasized the period of Javanese domination over Srivijaya. This happened when the Mataram Kingdom was led by Rakai Panangkaran. In addition, other evidence that Zabag is called Java and Sribuja is southern Sumatra is the change in the dynasty that ruled Srivijaya. The Srivijaya kingdom which was fostered by Dapunta Hyang was replaced by the leadership of the Syailendra dynasty who came from Java. Even if it is associated with the Nalada inscription, it is very clear that Balaputradewa is King Suwarnadwipa who is the grandson of King Yawabhumi. This confirms that Zabag refers to Java at this time. In addition, Zabag is connoted as fertile land and is closely related to volcanic soil in the Mataram kingdom. The term Zabag also connotes a different island with one of its territories, Ramni. The Ramni Kingdom itself is located on the northern part of Sumatra Island (Lamuri). This confirms that Zabag is not Srivijaya and is currently on the island of Java.

Java
Sulayman around 851 AD noted that Sribuza (Srivijaya) and Kalah (a place on the Malay peninsula, possibly Kedah) were the area ruled by Zabag. Therefore, the intended Zabag is not Srivijaya. Ibn Khordazbeh in 844, Ibn Al-Fakih in 902, Abu Zayd Hasan in 943, and Sulayman in 851 AD noted that Zabag united Sribuza and Kalah. During this period, Java was ruled by Mataram Kingdom.

From other Arabic information, the kingdom of Zabag is as far as 20 days of voyage from the Kalah. According to Abu'lfida' information, the distance between Kalah and the central state of Java was 20 days of journey. The distance is the same as the distance from Malacca to Majapahit as recorded by The Epic of Hang Tuah. According to Nugroho, this indicates that Zabag is Java, not Sumatra or the Malay peninsula. He also noted several important points: Sulayman mentioned that Zabaj is only half the length of Al-Rami island, which indicates that Zabaj is Java while Al-Rami is Sumatra. The island on which the Maharaja resided was very fertile and densely populated, which corresponds to Java. It is also possible that She-pó or She-bó in Chinese records, which is the original name of the island of Java (Javadvipa is the Sanskrit word for the island), is Zabag.

When John of Marignolli returned from China to Avignon, he stayed at the Kingdom of Saba for a few months, which he said had many elephants and was led by a queen. Saba may be his interpretation of She-bó. Afanasij Nikitin, a merchant from Tver (in Russia), travelled to India in 1466 and described the land of Java, which he called  (/).

The word saba (sabhā) in Old Javanese means "meeting" or "assembly," so the name could be interpreted as "meeting place". According to Fahmi Basya, the word means "assembly place", "meeting place", or "meeting place of nations".

See also
Sanfotsi
Waqwaq

Notes

References

External links
 The Medieval Geography of Sanfotsi and Zabag

Precolonial states of Indonesia
History of Malaysia
Song dynasty
Srivijaya
Mythological islands
History of Indonesia
Former kingdoms
Mataram Kingdom


Agnete Olsen (later Granholm, 22 December 1909 – 13 September 1997) was a Danish freestyle swimmer who competed in the 1924 and 1928 Summer Olympics. She was born in Copenhagen and was the sister of Rigmor Olsen.
In 1924, she was a member of the Danish relay team which finished fourth in the 4×100 metre freestyle relay competition. In the 100 metre freestyle event she was eliminated in the first round. Four years later at the Amsterdam Games she was eliminated with the Danish relay team in the first round of the 4×100 metre freestyle relay competition. In the 100 metre freestyle event she was eliminated in the semi-finals.

References

External links

1909 births
1997 deaths
Danish female swimmers
Olympic swimmers for Denmark
Swimmers at the 1924 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1928 Summer Olympics
Danish female freestyle swimmers
Swimmers from Copenhagen
20th-century Danish women


Arthoniomycetes are a class of ascomycete fungi. It includes two orders: Arthoniales and Lichenostigmatales. Most of the taxa in these orders are tropical and subtropical lichens.

Systematics
Phylogenetic analysis supports the monophyly of this class. Dothideomycetes is a sister group.

Characteristics
Taxa have apothecia, cup- or saucer- shaped ascoma in which the hymenium is exposed at maturity. These apothecia are bitunicate - with clearly differentiated inner and outer walls.

References

Fungus classes
Lichen classes
Taxa described in 1997


Geertjan Lassche (born in Zwolle, 17 August 1976) is a Dutch reporter and documentary film maker.

Career
He started his career in journalism in 1996, at the Zwolse Courant, a local newspaper in Zwolle. At the same time, he worked on a freelance base, among other things for the local stations RTV Oost, Omroep Gelderland, and Radio 1. He also wrote for several Dutch magazines: Nieuwe Revu, Kijk, and Voetbal International. Two years later, a radio documentary by Lassche about the everyday life on a village of farmers was awarded with the second prize at RVU-Radioprijs.

Lassche has been working for the Evangelische Omroep since 2000 for several programs. He reconstructed an attempt at kidnapping Juliana of the Netherlands by South Moluccan radicals and to occupy the Soestdijk Palace. This plot, to be executed in April 1975, was prevented as the General Intelligence and Security Service (BVD) was tipped at the last moment. Etienne Urka, who was befriended with South Moluccans then, confessed to Lassche that he informed the BVD about the RMS plot while in prison.

Lassche became renowned for his report about the 'Forgotten Poles during the Battle for Arnhem', for which he took the last journalistic television-interview with prince Bernhard. Following this documentary, Queen Beatrix honored the 1st Independent Polish Parachute Brigade with the Military Order of William on May 31, 2006. The commander of the Brigade, the late Major General Stanisław Sosabowski, was awarded the "Bronze Lion" posthumously.

The gratitude for this retribution was so great in Poland that Lassche himself was also decorated. On January 30, 2007, he was awarded a military decoration and the civil Golden Cross of Merit. During the ceremony, a grandson of Major General Sosabowski was present.

In 2005 Lassche made a series of reports about the Netherlands's Foreign Law. It was discovered that civil servants of the Immigration and Naturalisation Services had informed the Congolese embassy and authorities that several of the people sent back to the Democratic Republic of Congo had claimed asylum in the Netherlands. This information is considered confidential and should not have been disclosed to the Congolese authorities. Rita Verdonk, then Minister of Immigration, at first denied any wrongdoing on behalf of herself or her civil servants, but later admitted that in several cases the Congolese embassy had been informed that returnees were former applicants for asylum in the Netherlands. For these reports, Lassche got the Gouden Tape, an incentive prize for young journalism television talent.

Lassche's historical documentary t Was maar een mof ('He was just a jerry') revealed the story of the German Wehrmacht soldier Karl-Heinz Rosch during the occupation of the Netherlands in the Second World War, who rescued two Dutch toddlers but was killed himself. This story became well-known nationally and resulted in the dedication of a statue for Rosch.

In 2007, Lassche's revelation of adoption scandals in Colombia, India and China created commotion among adoptive children and parents, adoption offices and the Ministry of Justice. Several independent government researches confirmed the wrongdoing and insisted on better supervision and a new policy.

In 2008, Geertjan Lassche was nominated for De Tegel, the annual Dutch award for journalism.

In 2022, Lassche made a two hour documentary about Louis van Gaal, entitled, Louis, with the tag line "The man behind the legend". It premiered, on April 11, in the Amsterdam Tuschinski Theatre. It was released April 14, 2022.

References and footnotes

External links
  A picture of Geertjan Lassche

1976 births
Living people
Dutch journalists
Protestant Church Christians from the Netherlands
People from Zwolle
Recipients of the Gold Cross of Merit (Poland)
Recipients of the Bronze Lion


Hagberg may refer to:

People
 Brita Hagberg (1756–1825), a woman who served as a soldier in the Swedish army during the Russo-Swedish War
 Carl August Hagberg (1810–1864), a Swedish linguist and translator
 Christin Hagberg (born 1958), a Swedish social democratic politician
 David Hagberg (born 1942), a prolific American novelist
 Edvin Hagberg (1875–1947), a Swedish sailor who competed in the 1908 and 1912 Summer Olympics
 Garry L. Hagberg, an author, professor, philosopher, and jazz musician
 Göran Hagberg (born 1947), a former Swedish football goalkeeper
 Henrik Hagberg (born 1975), a Swedish Bandy player who currently plays for Sandvikens AIK as a midfielder
 Hilding Hagberg (1899–1993), a Swedish communist politician
 Justin Hagberg, a guitarist of Canadian heavy metal band 3 Inches of Blood
 Liselott Hagberg (born 1958), a Swedish Liberal People's Party politician
 Michael Hagberg (born 1954), a Swedish social democratic politician
 Oscar Hagberg, the 25th head college football coach for the United States Naval Academy Midshipmen located in Annapolis, Maryland
 Sven Hagberg, one of the creators of the Falling Number test
 Charles Theodore Hagberg Wright (1862–1940), English librarian informally called Hagberg

Places
 Hagberg (Welzheim Forest), a hill in the Swabian-Franconian Forest, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
 Hagberg, a village in the municipality of Mank, Melk District, Lower Austria

See also
 Hagenberg


is a Japanese pianist.

She won the first international edition of the Paloma O'Shea Santander International Piano Competition (Spain, 1974) and shared the 1980 Concorso Busoni 2nd prize with Rolf Plagge and Hai-Kyung Suh (no 1st prize was awarded). She taught at the Osaka College of Music.

References

  Northport Art Coalition
  Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes - Fundación Albéniz

Year of birth missing (living people)
Japanese classical pianists
Japanese women pianists
Living people
Prize-winners of the Ferruccio Busoni International Piano Competition
Prize-winners of the Paloma O'Shea International Piano Competition
Women classical pianists
21st-century classical pianists
21st-century Japanese women musicians
Academic staff of Osaka College of Music
20th-century classical pianists
20th-century Japanese women musicians
20th-century Japanese pianists
21st-century Japanese pianists
20th-century women pianists
21st-century women pianists


CSPC Pharmaceutical Group () (China Pharma, , Hang Seng Index component) researches, develops, manufactures and sells pharmaceutical products. Its headquarters is in China's Hebei Province.

CSPC produces both active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and formulations. API products include
penicillin, cefalosporins, synthetic vitamins, caffeine and ranitidine. Formulations include antibiotics, butylphthalide (NBP) and  analgesics, in addition to nearly 1,000 other products.

CSPC's 15,000 employees are divided among more than ten subsidiaries, including CSPC Zhongrun, Weisheng, Zhongnuo and NBP.

CSPC Pharma's total assets are valued above RMB 8 billion. In 2007, CSPC Pharma achieved sales of RMB 8 billion and net income of RMB 485 million. Direct exports of US$300 million ranked CSPC  first among China's pharmaceutical enterprises.

One subsidiary, China Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd (China Pharma) is based in Hong Kong. It is listed on the Hang Seng China-Affiliated Corporations Index. In 2003 and 2004, China Pharma was listed as one of 100 excellent listed companies with turnover less than $1 billion.

CSPC Pharma is recognized as one of China's “500 Most Valuable Chinese Brands” and “Top 500 Chinese Enterprises.” In 2007, CSPC Pharma ranked second among China's top 100 pharmaceutical industry companies.

See also
Pharmaceutical industry in China

References

External links

Pharmaceutical companies of China
Companies based in Hebei
Chinese brands
Companies based in Shijiazhuang


Tina Sani is a Pakistani female singer famous for her classical and semi-classical Urdu Ghazals.

Early life
Tina Sani was born in Dhaka, at the time East Pakistan; the family moved to Kabul for a few years, where her father, Nasir Sahni, worked for an oil company, before moving to Karachi, where after graduating from the Karachi American School, she went on to study commercial art. She was trained in classical music by Ustad Nizamuddin Khan, son of Ustad Ramzan Khan of Delhi gharana and Ustad Chand Amrohvi. Tina also received special training from ghazal maestro Mehdi Hassan.

Career
Tina Sani began working for an advertising agency in 1977. She was involved in all the creative aspects of advertising business, including listening to and evaluating the music that is an integral part of advertising. Tina also taught at the Karachi American School in the art department.

Singing career
She entered the professional world of singing in 1980, when producer Ishrat Ansari introduced her on TV in a youth programme titled 'Tarang' hosted by Alamgir.

She was influenced by renowned ghazal singers from South Asia like Mehdi Hassan, Malika Pukhraj, Begum Akhtar, Mukhtar Begum and Farida Khanum but has created her own style of singing. She gained much acclaim in Pakistan and India by singing the poetry of Faiz Ahmed Faiz including poems like  and  composed by Arshad Mehmood. She renders poetry of contemporary poets with complete ease and is equally at home singing works of famous poets like Zauq, Ghalib, Mir Taqi Mir and Jalaluddin Rumi.

Her rendition of Iqbal's Shikwa Jawab-e-Shikwa has earned her great reviews and remains to be the lengthiest piece of poetry she has ever sung.

More recently Tina Sani sang Rumi's beginning verses of the Mathnavi for Coke Studio (Pakistan) to bring verses of the 13th century mystic poet's Persian verses in Urdu language.

Tina Sani was invited as a guest judge in the first Pakistan Idol TV show.

Tina Sani was part of Lahore music meet, 2016. She shared her music journey in a session named "Classical Music Appreciation". Sani also discussed the current situation and lack of classical music from Pakistani music industry. She praised role of television in supporting them to continue practising music.

She has sung many songs for the Pakistani TV and film industry, such as the OST for Hum TV's soap 'Choti Si Ghalat Fehmi' and Ho Mann Jahan's 'Khush Piya Wassen'. She has also sung the OST for PTV's 'Moorat', Hum TV's Bari Aapa and ARY Zindagi's 'Bahu Begum'.

Her top five favourite songs are

 بابل مورا – a song by K.L. Saigal
 کورا کاغذ تھا یہ من میرا – a song from film Aradhana by Kishore Kumar
  آپ جیسا کوئی میری زندگی میں آئے تو بات بن جائے – a song by Nazia Hasan from 1980 film Qurbani
 کھڑی نیم کے نیچے – a folk song by Pakistani folk singer Mai Bhaagi
 کوئی تو ہے جو نظامِ ہستی چلا رہا ہے وہی خدا ہے – a Hamd song by Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, written by Muzaffar Warsi

Awards
 The Pride of Performance Award in 2004 – Government of Pakistan
 Performance Recognition Award (2011) by President of India during centennial celebrations of Faiz Ahmed Faiz
 Lifetime Achievement Award from Lux Style Awards in 2017

References

External links
 Beyondborders: Shubha Mudgal and Tina Sani
 Tina Sani interview on cineplot.com website
 Coke Studio recording on YouTube

Living people
Pakistani people of Bangladeshi descent
Pakistani ghazal singers
Recipients of the Pride of Performance
Karachi American School alumni
Women ghazal singers
Musicians from Dhaka
Pakistani expatriates in Afghanistan
Year of birth missing (living people)
20th-century Pakistani women singers
20th-century Pakistani singers


Hedevig Rasmussen (later Gjørling, later Jensen, 21 April 1902 – 15 April 1985) was a Danish freestyle swimmer who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics. She was born in Copenhagen and died in Lundtofte, Hovedstaden.

In 1924 she was a member of the Danish relay team which finished fourth in the 4×100 metre freestyle relay competition. In the 400 metre freestyle event she was eliminated in the semi-finals and in the 100 metre freestyle event she was eliminated in the first round.

References

External links

1902 births
1985 deaths
Danish female swimmers
Olympic swimmers for Denmark
Swimmers at the 1924 Summer Olympics
Danish female freestyle swimmers
Swimmers from Copenhagen


Word Up! Greatest Hits – Live is a live album released by the funk/R&B group Cameo in 2007. In addition to the live material, two studio tracks were included: "Come Fly With Me" and "Nasty", both written by Larry Blackmon.  The "Mega-Mix" is a remix of the album's live tracks.

Track listing
 "Intro" – 1:03
 "Flirt" – 1:36 - Blackmon, Jenkins
 "She's Strange" – 2:37 - Blackmon, Jenkins, Leftenant, Singleton
 "Back and Forth" – 5:54 - Blackmon, Jenkins, Kendrick, Leftenant
 "Skin I'm In" – 5:09 - Blackmon
 "Why Have I Lost You" – 6:10 - Blackmon
 "Sparkle" – 4:23 - Blackmon, Lockett
 "Candy" – 4:45 - Blackmon, Jenkins
 "Shake Your Pants" (Intro) – 0:42
 "Shake Your Pants" – 4:00 - Blackmon
 "I Just Want to Be" – 1:38 - Blackmon, Johnson
 "Keep It Hot" – 5:12 - Blackmon, Lockett
 "Word Up!" – 6:44 - Blackmon, Jenkins
 "Come Fly With Me" – 3:57 - Blackmon
 "Nasty" – 3:44 - Blackmon
 "Megamix" – 6:29 - Cameo

References

Cameo (band) albums
2007 live albums


Karen Maud Rasmussen (later Pedersen, 27 June 1906 – 5 September 1994) was a Danish freestyle swimmer who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics. She was born and died in Copenhagen. In 1924 she was a member of the Danish relay team which finished fourth in the 4×100 metre freestyle relay competition. In the 100 metre freestyle event she was eliminated in the first round.

References

External links
profile

1906 births
1994 deaths
Danish female swimmers
Olympic swimmers for Denmark
Swimmers at the 1924 Summer Olympics
Danish female freestyle swimmers
Swimmers from Copenhagen


Jean-Marie Tassoua is a Congolese politician.  Tassoua was a militia commander during the 1997 civil war and served in the government of Congo-Brazzaville as Minister of Energy and Hydraulics from 1997 to 2002. He has been the President of the Economic and Social Council, a state institution, since 2009 and he was Co-President of the New Democratic Forces (FDN), a political party, from 2007 to 2010.

Political career
An ethnic Mbochi, Tassoua was born at Enyellé, located in the Likouala Region of northern Congo-Brazzaville, and worked at Insurance and Reinsurance of Congo (Assurances et Réassurances du Congo, ARC). Beginning with the introduction of multiparty politics in 1990, he led a political party, the Democratic Rally of the Congolese People (RDPC). He participated in the February–June 1991 National Conference and was included on the National Conference's committee for the drafting of internal regulations. During the June–October 1997 civil war, Tassoua commanded Denis Sassou Nguesso's Cobra rebel militia; the war concluded with the capture of Brazzaville by the Cobras in mid-October. Speaking to the press after this victory, Tassoua condemned ousted President Pascal Lissouba, saying that "for five years Lissouba didn't invest one cent in the country", and he alleged that international mercenaries were hired to fight on Lissouba's side. Sassou Nguesso then appointed Tassoua to the government as Minister of Energy and Hydraulics on 2 November 1997; Tassoua was one of several Mbochis who held important posts in the government, demonstrating that the government was dominated by members of Sassou Nguesso's own ethnic group and other northerners. He retained his post as Minister of Energy for nearly five years.

Tassoua was a candidate in the May–June 2002 parliamentary election, but failed to win a seat. After the election, he was not included in the government that was appointed on 18 August 2002. Tassoua was subsequently appointed to the Economic and Social Council on 13 August 2003. The newspaper Le Choc reported on 20 July 2004 that Tassoua, together with a minister and two other former ministers, had been barred from leaving the country without Sassou Nguesso's approval due to suspicions that they had misused public funds. This report was denied on the next day by public prosecutor Georges Akiéra.

In March 2007, the RDPC agreed to merge with several other parties to create a new party, the New Democratic Forces (FDN). At the constitutive congress of the FDN, Tassoua, as the oldest of the FDN leaders, presided over its opening ceremony on 19 April 2007 and spoke about the FDN's purpose and programme. He was chosen to jointly head the FDN's National Executive Bureau together with Léon-Alfred Opimbat, and on 15 May he and Opimbat signed an electoral agreement on behalf of the FDN with the governing Congolese Labour Party (PCT).

In the June–August 2007 parliamentary election, Tassoua was elected to the National Assembly as the FDN candidate in the Dougou constituency of Likouala Region, where he faced candidates from two friendly parties, the PCT and the Club 2002-PUR. Tassoua was one of three FDN candidates to win seats in the election.

President of the Economic and Social Council (2009–present)
After serving as First Vice-President of the Economic and Social Council, Tassoua was appointed as its president by Sassou Nguesso on 18 September 2009. He succeeded Auguste-Célestin Gongarad Nkoua in that position. The council is a state body that is assigned the constitutional role of advising the government and Parliament on policy. It has 75 members and has three commissions separately dealing with economic, social, and cultural matters. Speaking to the press on 12 October 2009, Tassoua discussed his plans for improvements to the Council's work, mainly focusing on increasing the visibility of the institution through greater openness and accessibility.

The council opened its first session under Tassoua's leadership on 25 January 2010. The session was focused on employment and professional training; Tassoua particularly pointed to the problem of youth unemployment. He also stressed that Congo-Brazzaville had ample natural resources and that unemployment could be reduced through the exploitation of those resources. Tassoua reiterated that the Council had an important role to play in the nation's political life as "a center of reflection" assisting the decision-makers. The session ended on 5 February 2010. Tassoua said on the occasion that employment and educational issues needed to be addressed as a prerequisite for industrialization. He also noted the importance of a large operating budget for the Council so that it could work effectively, and he highlighted the importance of regional cooperation in anticipation of a planned meeting of the Union of Economic and Social Councils of Africa (UCESA).

Tassoua and Opimbat jointly led the FDN for three years. At the FDN's First Ordinary Congress on 2–3 May 2010, Opimbat was elected as the sole President of the FDN. The party congress also saw the establishment of the High Council of Dignitaries, a consultative body intended to advise the FDN Executive Bureau; Tassoua was included as one of its seven members, and it was installed on 1 June 2010. Tassoua chaired the consultative body.

As President of the Economic and Social Council, Tassoua made an official visit to China in March 2011. The FDN merged itself into the ruling PCT in July 2011, on the occasion of the PCT's Sixth Extraordinary Congress. At the congress, Tassoua was elected to the PCT's 471-member Central Committee.

According to Tassoua, armed men attacked his home in Impfondo on the night of 22–23 September 2014 intending to kill him, but he was not there at the time. He said that he intuitively felt he was in danger in Impfondo and therefore traveled to the village of Ibenga that night, although it was a risky journey. Speaking about the attack at a press conference on 15 October 2014, Tassoua stressed that he was "no longer interested in active politics" and said that he devoted his free time to farming.

References

Members of the National Assembly (Republic of the Congo)
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
New Democratic Forces politicians


The Arthoniales is the second largest order of mainly crustose lichens, but fruticose lichens are present as well. The order contains around 1500 species, while the largest order with lichenized fungi, the Lecanorales, contains more than 14000 species.

Classification
The Arthoniales is one of two orders of the class Arthoniomycetes within the phylum Ascomycota. The order includes seven families (Andreiomycetacae, Arthoniaceae, Chrysotrichaceae, Lecanographaceae, Opegraphaceae, Roccellaceae and Roccellographaceae).  Lecanographaceae, Roccellographaceae, Opegraphaceae and Roccellaceae are well-supported families within Arthoniales, and they were circumscribed in 2011. Andreiomycetaceae was described as a new family by Hodkinson and Lendemer in 2013.

The Arthoniales is the sister group to Dothideomycetes.

Figure 1. Cladogram of the Arthoniales, rooted with Curvularia brachyspora, Cudonia circinans and Seynesia erumpens as the outgroup. The cladogram shows the division of Arthoniales into seven families, based on Hodkinson et al. 2013.

Distribution and habitats
The Arthoniales is distributed in most habitats worldwide, as it ranges at latitudes from arctic to tropical regions. They grow on different types of substrates like bark, wood, rocks, bryophytes and living leaves. The order has adapted to live in both humid forests and dry habitats like savannas and steppes, as well as varying altitudes from sea level to alpine regions. The highest species diversity are known from subtropical coastal areas with a Mediterranean or dry climate. The species diversity of the Arthoniales is expected to be higher than currently reported from several areas worldwide like the tropical rain forests.

Ecology
The majority of species in Arthoniales have a lichenized lifestyle, but lichenicolous and saprophytic species are presented as well. The original state in the Arthoniales is believed to be the lichenized state, and the non-lichenized and parasitic states have evolved independently several times. The lichenized fungi live in symbiosis with a photobiont that in most cases is a species of Trentepohliaceae, but photobionts from Chlorococcaleae are known from Chrysotrichaceae and a few species in Arthonia.

Characters
It is difficult to mention typical morphological characters like fruit body, exiple, hypothecium, hymenium, chemistry, ascospore color and ascospore septation that can be used as uniting traits for delimiting families and genera in the Arthoniales. The reason is that the Arthoniales is an old order and taxa have evolved in parallel for a long time, which gives a high level of homoplasy.

Ascomatal anatomy

The ascomata are usually apothecial and it produces bitunicate asci. The bitunicate asci are thick-walled, with an outer and inner layer. The outer and inner layer of the ascus wall are called exotunica and endotunica, and they separate during ascospore release. The asci usually contains eight ascospores, while the shape and separation of the ascospores are more variating.

Thallus
The majority of the species in Arthoniales are crustose lichens, with a thallus growing tight to the surface. Fruticose lichens have a bushy thallus and are known in Roccellaceae, where it has evolved and been lost multiple times. The thalli among crustose lichens can either grow within the substrate, called endophloedal or it can grow at the surface of the substrate, called epiphloedal.

Genera incertae sedis

The following genera have been tentatively classified in the Arthoniales but have not been placed with any certainty into a family.

Angiactis  – 3 spp.
Arthophacopsis  – 1 sp.
Bactrospora  – 35 spp.
Bryostigma  – 3 spp.
Catarraphia  – 1 sp.
Felipes  – 1 sp.
Glyphopsis  – 1 sp.
Gossypiothallon  – 1 sp.
Helminthocarpon  – 3 spp.
Hormosphaeria  – 1 sp.
Minksia  – 2 spp.
Nipholepis  – 1 sp.
Paradoxomyces  – 1 sp.
Perigrapha  – 5 spp.
Phacothecium  – 1 sp.
Phoebus  – 1 sp.
Sporostigma  – 1 sp.
Synarthonia  – 5 spp.
Synarthothelium  – 2 spp.
Tarbertia  – 1 sp.
Trichophyma  – 2 spp.
Tylophorella  – 1 sp.
Wegea  – 1 sp.

References

Arthoniomycetes
Lichen orders
Ascomycota orders
Taxa named by David Leslie Hawksworth
Taxa described in 1986


Terms such as Serbian Volunteers (Srp: Srpska dobrovoljačka), Serbian Volunteer Corps, Serbian Volunteer Division, Serbian Volunteer Force, Serbian Volunteer Guard, Serbian Volunteer Military, et cetera may refer to:

Serbian Militia, a militia formed to fight the Ottoman Empire during the Great Turkish War
Serbian Militia (1718–39), a militia formed to fight the Ottoman Empire during the Austro-Turkish War
Serbian Free Corps, a militia formed to fight the Ottoman Empire in the 18th century, also known by the shortened name "Free Corps"
First Serbian Volunteer Division, a World War I era military organization created in Odessa, also known by the names "First Serbian Division" and "Serbian First Division"
Serbian Volunteer Corps (World War II), a formation of Nazi collaborators that began in 1941, also known by the acronym "SDK" and the name "Serbian Volunteer Command"
Serb Volunteer Guard, a paramilitary unit active in the 1990s, also known by the acronym "SDG" and the names "Serbian Volunteer Guard" and "Arkan's Tigers"

See also
Chetniks, a disorganized set of militant groups associated with both World Wars and later conflicts
List of Serbian paramilitary formations
Yugoslav Partisans, anti-Nazi forces including Serbs among other ethnicities


The Chopin Alveograph is a tool for flour quality measurement. It measures the flexibility of the dough produced from the flour, by inflating a bubble in a thin sheet of the dough until it bursts.  The resulting values show the strength of the flour, and thus its suitability for different uses.

It was developed in 1920 in France by Marcel Chopin, who named it the Extensimeter.

History
Developed in the late 1920s in France by Marcel Chopin, the Chopin Alveograph is used in bakery worldwide. The alveographic test enables to measure the tenacity (resilience), the extensibility, and elasticity of a dough (standardized mix of flour and water). This measurement of the strength of flours is considered as a good index of the baking quality of baking flours.

In France, it has been used in regulations since at least 1963 as a criterion in milling for the composition of flours destined to the "french" type bread-baking.

Agronomist Norman Borlaug (Nobel Prize in 1970) used this invention to select varieties of wheat for tropical environments.

Description
The Chopin alveograph is composed of two inseparable elements:
 a kneading-machine equipped of an extraction passage which enables the development of the dough and the extraction of it for the preparation of the dough pieces in order to realise the alveographic test.
 the alveograph in itself which measures the three-dimensional extension of the piece of dough, which is deformed like a bubble. That extension mode reproduces the deformation of the dough under the influence of the pushing of gas.
Still used nowadays, the Chopin alveograph is manufactured by Chopin Technologies, subsidiary of the KPM Analytics company. They produce a derivative device called the  which, among other uses, measures the degree of degradation due to pest and fungus, and the protection provided by insecticides and fungicides.

Usage Protocol

Calibration
1. Press the button 60/92

2. Place the calibrator and tighten the lock screw.

3. Open the valve to the maximum

4. Launch the air by pressing button 92/60

5. Adjust the high pression on 92 with the arrow, then press ok

6. Adjust the low pression on 60 with the valve

Experience
1. Press on the green graph

2. Select the little note at top right to settle parameters

3. Pour 250g of the sample

4. Fill the burette with salt solution (2.5%) function of the flour humidity

5. Start the chronometer by pressing the green button

6. Open to the maximum the burette overhead the hole of the tank

7. At the end of the two first periods, stop the arm at the bottom of the tank by pressing the red button and scrape off the flour

8. At 8 min, press on the arrow

9. Remove the first centimeter of the emerging dough

10. When the dough arrives at the level of the notches, cut the dough and flatten it with the rolling mill.

11. Re-oil the tray between every dough pieces

12. Cut a circle with the die-cutter and place in the oven

13. At the last dough, press the red button first and the arrow

14. Clean the tank

15. At 28 min, press a long time on the 1 to reset the chronometer

16. Center the dough, place the two covers, tighten the lock screw and remove the two covers

17. Press the red/green button then press again when the bubble  bursts.

Bibliography
 Chopin, Marcel, Cinquante années de recherches relatives aux blés et à leur utilisation industrielle, Boulogne, 1973.

References

External links
Chopin Alveograph videos
Chopin Alveograph manufacturer's leaflet
Chopin Alveograph Guide from AHDB
Alvéographe, par Nancy Edwards et Jim Dexter (in French) Last Modification: 2008-12-04

Flour
French inventions
Breads
Baked goods
Science and technology in France


Erich Hauser (15 December 1930, Rietheim – 28 March 2004, Rottweil) was a German  sculptor.

Life

From 1945 to 1948 Erich Hauser was apprenticed to a steel engraver. Moreover, he was taught drawing and modelling by Father Ansgar at the Beuron Archabbey.
Afterwards he studied at the Freie Kunstschule in Stuttgart taking evening classes in sculpting.

Since 1952 Hauser worked as a free artist and sculptor. His first influences were the sculptures of the Spanish artist Pablo Picasso and the Italian-French artist Berto Lardera.

In dealing with metal he was influenced by contemporary informel painters of the 1950s. At first his steel sculptures still showed noticeable marks of processing. Later he opted for smooth surfaces.
Since 1962 he worked with industrially pre-fabricated steel plates. At the same time he dealt with basic geometrical structures and technical structural elements, which were characteristic of Hauser’s first autonomous works.

He transformed composed surfaces into hollow sculptures to be viewed from all sides, showing edgy burrs and caves. The sculptures cannot be walked-on. Hauser assembled the metal elements in such a way that they finally became regular hollow bodies. Thus he created spheres, cubes and tetrahedrons.

It is significant of these works that they seem likely to break or fall to pieces or be in risky balance.

Hauser’s participation in the documenta III (1964), documenta 4 (1968) and documenta 6 (1977) in Kassel brought about his artistic breakthrough.

From 1964 to 1965 Hauser was a guest lecturer at the school of visual arts in Hamburg. Since then he frequently used pillars as subjects and discovered spatial height. Since 1967 he made his sculptures from polished metal discs shaped as pipes divided lengthwise. In 1969 he was awarded the renowned prize of the São Paulo Art Biennial.

In 1970 Erich Hauser became a member of the Art Academy in Berlin.

Since the 1970s he created numerous sculptures for public places e. g. in Darmstadt, Hanover, Kiel and Kassel. In 1971 he created a double sculpture for the Hesse Landesmuseum in Darmstadt, and in 1977 he provided sculptures for the walls of the Berlin State Library.
He accepted commissions, and also created small sculptures of crescent-shaped discs on cubic blocks.

In 1970 Hauser moved from Dunningen to Rottweil and helped establish the Forum Kunst Rottweil. Next to his workshop in the so-called Saline, he created a sculpture garden, where the Art Foundation Erich Hauser, which was founded in 1996, keeps presenting his works to this day.

From 1964 to 1985 he was a visiting professor at the school of visual arts in Berlin; in 1986 he received an honorary degree as professor from the state of Baden-Württemberg.

One of his remarkable sculptures is the Stahlengel (steel angel) (1987) in the Hanover Mile of Sculptures. The stainless steel sculpture is 12 metres high and 16 metres wide.

In 1996 the Erich Hauser-Stiftung e.V (Erich Hauser Foundation) was founded. Its main purpose is the preservation and presentation of Hauser’s works.

Honours
 In 2000 Erich Hauser was awarded the Verdienstmedaille (medal of merit) of the state of Baden-Württemberg and the cultural award of the city of Rottweil
 A vocational school in Rottweil was named  Erich-Hauser-Gewerbeschule.

Exhibitions
 documenta 3 1964 in Kassel
 documenta 4 1968 in Kassel
 documenta 6 1977 in Kassel

Works (assorted examples)

Further reading
In German:

External links

 Kunststiftung Erich Hauser

1930 births
2004 deaths
People from Tuttlingen (district)
20th-century German sculptors
20th-century German male artists
21st-century German sculptors
21st-century German male artists
German male sculptors
Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Recipients of the Order of Merit of Baden-Württemberg


Alida "Ada" Cornelia Bolten (20 October 1903 – 29 January 1984) was a Dutch freestyle swimmer who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics. She was born and died in Amsterdam. She was the sister of Wim Bolten. In 1924 she was a member of the Dutch relay team which finished sixth in the 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay competition.

References

External links
profile

1903 births
1984 deaths
Dutch female freestyle swimmers
Olympic swimmers for the Netherlands
Swimmers at the 1924 Summer Olympics
Swimmers from Amsterdam
20th-century Dutch women


Voglje (; ) is a village in the Municipality of Šenčur in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia.

Name
Voglje was attested in written sources in 1247 as in villa Winkeler (and as Winchleren in 1313 and Winklern in 1408). The Slovene name developed from the plural accusative demonym *Ǫgъľane, derived from the common noun *ǫgъlъ (> Sln. vogel) 'corner; upper part of a mountain chain; place where two ridges diverge', and therefore originally refers to the residents of such a location.

Church
The local church is dedicated to Saint Simon and Saint Jude and was built in 1750 on the site of an earlier church.

References

External links

Voglje on Geopedia

Populated places in the Municipality of Šenčur


The Falling Number (FN), also referred to as the Hagberg number or Hagberg–Perten number, is the internationally standardized (ICC 107/1, ISO 3093-2004, AACC 56-81B) and most popular method for determining sprout damage. With the Falling Number test, so-called weather or sprout damaged wheat or rye, which adversely affects bread-making quality, could be detected at the grain silo intake within a few minutes.

Sprouting or pre-harvest germination is caused by damp or rainy weather conditions during the final stage of maturation of the crop. The germination causes an accelerated production of the starch-degrading enzyme alpha-amylase. Severely sprouted grain kernels can contain several thousand times the amount of enzyme of sound un-sprouted kernels. Because of this, very low levels of severely sprouted kernels mixed into sound wheat can cause the entire lot to exhibit significant amylase activity. Since its introduction in the early 1960s, the FN test has become a world standard in the grain and flour milling industries for measuring alpha-amylase activity in wheat, durum wheat, triticale, rye and barley, as well as milled products made from these grains.

History
The Falling Number method was developed at the end of the 1950s by Sven Hagberg and his co-worker Harald Perten, both at the Cereal Laboratory of the Swedish Institute for the Crafts and Industries.

Method description
The Falling Number method is uncomplicated, but requires an apparatus which follows the international standards. Such an apparatus consists of a water bath, a test tube, a stirring rod, and a stirring device. The test was performed manually when first employed, test instrumentation today is mostly automated.

To analyze a grain sample it first needs to be ground to a powder; a flour sample can be analyzed as is. The sample is put into the test tube; distilled water is added, and the tube is then shaken vigorously to achieve a homogeneous mix. The tube is then placed in the boiling water bath, and the operator begins to stir the sample. Simultaneously the starch begins to gelatinize and the slurry becomes more viscous. The mixing ensures the gelatinization is homogeneous in the slurry, crucial for consistent test results. An additional effect of the high temperature is that the alpha-amylase enzyme contained in the grain begins to break the starch down into glucose and maltose, thereby reducing the viscosity of the slurry. The amount of starch break-down is directly proportionate to the alpha-amylase activity, meaning that the higher the activity of the alpha-amylase, the lower the viscosity will be.

After 60 seconds of mixing, the stirrer is dropped from the top of the test tube, and the operator measures the time it takes for the stirrer to reach the bottom. That time, measured in seconds, is the Falling Number. When the stirrer is dropped, its speed and thus the time it takes for it to reach the bottom, will be determined by the viscosity of the slurry. In other words, the more sprouted the grain was, the higher the alpha-amylase activity will be. The higher the alpha-amylase activity the lower the viscosity of the slurry. The lower the viscosity of the slurry the faster the stirrer will fall to the bottom. That is why more sprouted grain results in a lower Falling Number as Falling Number is the time it takes the stirrer to fall to the bottom.  The FN value has an inverse relationship with the alpha-amylase activity, meaning the higher the alpha-amylase activity the lower the FN value, and vice versa.

Cereals
Food technology
Agricultural economics


Mark Carter is a former rugby football player. He represented Auckland in both rugby union and rugby league and represented New Zealand in rugby union. He has a street named after him in South Auckland.

Early life

Carter attended Liston College in Henderson, West Auckland.

Rugby Union
He played in the 1991 Rugby World Cup. He became the first forward for the Auckland Blues to score three tries in a Super Rugby match, which he did in 1998 while playing the Stormers.

References

External links
Mark Carter @ '''Rugby League Project

1968 births
Living people
Auckland rugby union players
New Zealand rugby union players
New Zealand international rugby union players
New Zealand rugby league players
New Zealand Warriors players
People educated at Liston College
Rugby league players from Auckland
Rugby league second-rows
Rugby union players from Auckland
1991 Rugby World Cup players
Rugby union flankers