The U-20 class was a class of four submarines or U-boats built for and operated by the Austro-Hungarian Navy ( or ) during World War I. The class is sometimes referred to as the Havmanden class because it was based upon the design of the Royal Danish Navy's 1911 s, three of which were built in Fiume.

With a small fleet of six U-boats at the beginning of World War I, two of which were not operational, the Austro-Hungarian Navy acted to bolster its fleet. They reluctantly ordered four U-20 boats in 1915 because construction could start immediately, even though the Havmanden-class design was largely obsolete by the beginning of the war. Political considerations caused the order to be split between Austrian and Hungarian firms, which contributed to construction problems and delays, keeping any of the boats from being operational until the middle of 1917.

The class boats were just over  long and were armed with two front torpedo tubes, a deck gun, and a machine gun. The engines for the boats were unreliable, which compounded handling problems with the design. The U-20 class did not claim any wartime successes, yet lost two of the boats—U-20 and U-23—to enemy action during the war. The remaining two were delivered as war reparations and broken up. The conning tower from U-20, which was raised and salvaged in 1962, is on display in a military museum in Vienna.

Background
The Austro-Hungarian Navy's U-boat fleet at the beginning of World War I consisted of six largely experimental submarines, two of which were not operational. When it became apparent that the war would not be a short one, Austria-Hungary moved to bolster their U-boat fleet by seizing the plans for the Danish s, three of which had been built at Whitehead's in Fiume. Although the Austro-Hungarian Navy was not happy with the design, which was largely obsolete, it was the only design for which plans were available and which could be begun immediately in domestic shipyards. The Austro-Hungarian Navy unenthusiastically placed orders for four boats on 27 March 1915.

Design and construction
Before construction could begin, the Navy found itself in the midst of political situation because the Hungarian government demanded that a substantial portion of the submarine contracts be allocated to Hungarian firms. After intricate negotiations, the order was split into two orders of two submarines each, with U-20 and U-21 built at the Pola Navy Yard, and U-22 and U-23 built at the Hungarian UBAG yard at Fiume. The subcontracts were also divided between Hungarian and Austrian firms, with about two-thirds going to Hungarian companies and one-third to Austrian companies. This allocation of contracts, while politically expedient, exacerbated technical problems that resulted in numerous modifications and delays.

The U-20-class boats were ocean-going submarines that displaced  surfaced and  submerged. The boats were  long with a beam of  and a draft of . For propulsion, they featured a single shaft, a single  diesel engine for surface running, and a single  electric motor for submerged travel. The boats were capable of  while surfaced and  while submerged. Although there is no specific notation of a range for the U-20 class, the Havmanden class, upon which it was based, had a range of  at , surfaced, and  at  submerged. The U-20-class boats were designed for a crew of 18.

The U-20-class boats were armed with two  torpedo tubes located in the front and carried a complement of two torpedoes. They were also equipped with a 66 mm/26 (2.6 in) deck gun and an  machine gun. The first of the class to be launched was U-21, when it slid down the ways on 15 August 1916; the final boat launched was U-22 on 27 January 1917. The boats entered service between August and November 1917.

Class members
During their active service, the boats of the U-20 class suffered from unreliable engines which compounded the already poor handling characteristics of the boats. None of the class had any successes and two of their number were sunk during the war. U-23 was the first sunk when she went down on 21 February 1918 from an explosive paravane in the Straits of Otranto. U-20, the lead boat of the class, sank in July 1918 when she was torpedoed by the Italian submarine  in the Tagliamento estuary. The remaining two boats were surrendered at war's end, with U-21 being ceded to Italy in 1920, and U-22 to France; both were broken up.

SM U-20

SM U-20, the lead boat of the class, was laid down on 29 September 1915 at the Pola Navy Yard. She was launched on 18 September 1916. During diving trials in March 1917, U-20 was accidentally rammed by the Austro-Hungarian Navy light cruiser , which required seven months of repairs for the U-boat. U-20 was commissioned on 20 October, and operated out of Pola and Trieste. She was in the estuary of the Tagliamento river in early July 1918 when she was spotted by the surfaced Italian submarine . U-20 was hit by one torpedo at a range of  and sank with all hands west of Trieste near position . The wreck of U-20 was raised and salvaged in 1962. Remains of her crewmen were interred on the grounds of the Theresian Military Academy at Wiener Neustadt. The conning tower and a midship section were donated to the Heeresgeschichtliches Museum in Vienna, where they are on display. U-20 did not sink any ships during her service.

SM U-21

SM U-21 was built at the Pola Navy Yard and was launched on 15 August 1916, and was the first of the class to be launched. U-21 was damaged in a diving trial in January 1917, requiring seven months for repairs. The U-boat was commissioned on 15 August 1917. In early October, U-21 conducted patrols off the Albanian coast, but a mid-October Mediterranean patrol was cut short by a leaky seal on her main hatch. After an additional eight months of repairs, U-21 again conducted patrols off Albania. A broken piston in her diesel engine cut short her war career. At Pola at the war's end, U-21 was ceded to Italy in 1920 as a war reparation and broken up. U-21 did not have any successes during the war.

SM U-22

SM U-22 was built at the Hungarian UBAG yard and was launched on 27 January 1917, the last of the class to be launched. The still-incomplete boat sank in the harbor at Fiume in June 1917, but was raised, repaired, and relaunched in October. From her November commissioning, U-22 conducted patrols off the Po River estuary and, later, northern Adriatic patrols from Trieste. After three months of repairs for her failed electric motor in mid 1918, U-22 resumed service, patrolling the Montenegrin coast out of Cattaro. In port at Cattaro at war's end, she was ceded to France as a war reparation and broken up. U-22 sank no ships during the war.

SM U-23

SM U-23 was laid down on 8 December 1915 at the Hungarian UBAG yard and was launched on 5 January 1917. She was commissioned on 1 September and initially patrolled off the Italian towns of Rimini and Ancona. After being transferred to Cattaro in late December, U-23 departed on her final patrol on 20 February 1918. The following day, Linienschiffsleutnant Klemens Ritter von Bézard, U-23s only commanding officer, guided the boat in an attack on the Italian transport  in the Straits of Otranto. U-23 then came under attack from the Italian destroyer ; after first trying to ram the U-boat, the destroyer deployed an explosive paravane. When the paravane came into contact with the submerged U-23, it blew debris into the air, sinking the submarine with all hands. Like all of her sister boats, U-23 had no wartime successes.

Notes

References

Bibliography

Submarine classes


Maynard Dixon (January 24, 1875 – November 11, 1946) was an American artist. He was known for his paintings, and his body of work focused on the American West. Dixon is considered one of the finest artists having dedicated most of their art to the U.S. Southwestern cultures and landscapes at the end of the 19th-century and the first half of the 20th-century.

Through his work with the Galerie Beaux Arts, a cooperative gallery in San Francisco, Dixon played a pivotal role ensuring the West Coast supported the work of local, modern artists. He was married for a time to photographer Dorothea Lange, and later to painter Edith Hamlin.

Early life and education
He was born Lafayette Maynard Dixon in Fresno, California, named after his maternal grandfather. His family of aristocratic Virginia Confederates had found a new home in California after the American Civil War. His father was , a former Confederate officer turned rancher. His mother, Constance Maynard, a well-educated daughter of a Navy officer from San Francisco, shared her love of classic literature with the young boy and encouraged him in his writing and drawing. His brother  was a metalsmith.

Dixon moved to San Francisco in 1893 and studied with Arthur Mathews at the California School of Design (now San Francisco Art Institute). There he became a friend of Tonalist painter Xavier Martinez, with whom he traveled to Monterey, Carmel, and Point Lobos.

Career
In 1900 Dixon visited Arizona and Mexico, later accompanied artist Edward Borein on a horseback trip through several western states. Also he arranged for the debut exhibition of the soon-to-be-famous sculptor Arthur Putnam in the “jinks room” of the San Francisco Press Club. Dixon's sketching trip through Arizona and Guadalajara in March and April 1905 with Martinez garnered much attention in the press. Dixon moved into Martinez's Montgomery Street atelier; their joint studio exhibitions were usually held on Saturdays. To insure a steady income, he worked as an illustrator for local newspapers and magazines (including the Overland Monthly and Sunset magazine), and illustrated numerous books, such as Clarence E. Mulford’s Hopalong Cassidy.

For his first exhibition in the southwest, Dixon contributed four oils to the show of Modern Art From The American West curated by the well-known impressionist Jennie V. Cannon at the University of Arizona in Tucson in December of 1912.

In 1917, to support America’s entry into World War I, Dixon joined Lee F. Randolph, Bruce Nelson, and other artists on a committee to redesign U.S. Army camouflage.

During his tenure in northern California, he was a prolific contributor to art exhibitions. His first publicized exhibition was a show of “regional artists” in Alameda, California during the spring of 1899. Thereafter he exhibited at major venue: California Society of Artists (1902); Bohemian Club (1903–1928); San Francisco Art Association (1903–1931); Newspaper Artists League (1903); Press Club (1904); Hotel Del Monte Art Gallery (1907–1909); Panama–Pacific International Exposition (1915); Gump's Gallery (1920 – solo exhibition); San Francisco Print Rooms (1920 – this show was later sent to Honolulu); San Francisco's Don Lee Galleries (1923); Oakland Art Gallery (1926–1928); University of California, Berkeley (1928); California State Fair (1928); and Golden Gate International Exposition (1939).

Between 1925 and 1933, art dealer Beatrice Judd Ryan ran the Galerie Beaux Arts in San Francisco, with guidance from Dixon. The Galerie Beaux Arts was the first contemporary gallery in the city, as well as a cooperative nonprofit, which supported local modern artists.

In 1926, Dixon was co-curator with Laura Adams Armer for an exhibit of “Pueblo and Navajo Arts & Crafts” at the Paul Elder Gallery of San Francisco under the auspices of the Indian Defense Association of Central and Northern California. In 1927 he joined several prominent artists in a boycott of the Bohemian Club Annual Exhibition when works of the more “modern” artists were excluded. During February 1930 he was one of a handful of artists, which included Ralph Stackpole, Otis Oldfield, Helen Katharine Forbes, and several others, who contributed to a Galerie Beaux Arts show where the subject of every painting was the same female model. During the summer of 1931 he exhibited with the most prominent artists of the west, including William Ritschel, Armin Hansen, Granville Redmond, and Leland Curtis, at the Tahoe Tavern on Lake Tahoe. Between 1935 and 1943 he was a member of the Society of the Thirteen Watercolorists that exhibited at the: San Francisco Museum of Art, California Palace of the Legion of Honor (museum), Stanford University Art Gallery; and the de Young Museum.

For a time, he lived in New York with his young wife and baby daughter Constance, but soon returned to the western United States where he said he could create "honest art of the west" instead of the romanticized versions he was being paid to create. Shortly after he began a new life in San Francisco, his first marriage ended.

Dixon developed his style during this period, and western themes became a trademark for him. In San Francisco, Dixon was considered a colorful character with a good sense of humor. He often dressed like a cowboy and seemed determined to impart a western style, most often in the form of a black Stetson hat, boots, and a bola tie.

Influenced in part by the Panama Pacific International Exposition of 1915, Dixon began to search for a new expression, moving away from impressionism and into a simpler, more modern style. Meeting and marrying Dorothea Lange, a portrait photographer from the east, had a great influence on his art. They married in 1920 and by 1925, the year their first son Daniel Rhodes Dixon was born (15 May), Maynard's style had changed dramatically to even more powerful compositions, with the emphasis on design, color, and self-expression. A true modernist emerged. The power of low horizons and marching cloud formations, simplified, and distilled, became his own brand and at once were both bold and mysterious. On 12 June 1928, their second son was born, John Eaglefeather Dixon.

During the Great Depression, Dixon painted a series of social realism canvases depicting the prevailing politics of maritime strikes, displaced workers, and those affected by the depression. Simultaneously, Lange captured on film images of the migrant workers in the Salinas Valley and the city breadlines, images that eventually brought her fame. In 1933 the Dixons spent the summer in Zion National Park with sojourns to the hamlet of Mount Carmel, Utah. Lange was called back to San Francisco, a separation that led to the couple's divorce in 1935.

Two years later, Dixon married San Francisco muralist Edith Hamlin. The couple left San Francisco two years later for southern Utah, the source of some of Dixon's greatest art. In 1939, the couple built a summer home in Mount Carmel, where Dixon found new friends and became reacquainted with the local natural landscapes. He lived near the cottonwood trees along an old irrigation ditch and took short hikes to a plateau where he loved the quiet. Dixon spent winter months in Tucson, where the couple also had a home and studio.

Dixon continued to create simple but powerful compositions in which non-essential elements were distilled or eliminated. In 1946, Maynard died at his home in Tucson. In the spring of 1947, his widow Edith brought his ashes to Mount Carmel where she buried them on a high bluff above the art studio being built on the property. This had been at his request and she felt it a fitting tribute where friends could come to pay respects and view the land that he loved.

In addition to painting, he also wrote poetry. An article in the California Historical Quarterly described his poetry as "very competent and sometimes superb".

Legacy
The largest collection of Dixon's works is at Brigham Young University, at the Museum of Art.

There are two museums devoted to Dixon and his works. The Maynard and Edith Hamlin Dixon House and Studio, operated by the Thunderbird Foundation, offers guided tours at Mount Carmel, Utah. The foundation is working to establish a separate museum and regional art center that would feature works by Maynard Dixon and his circle, Milford Zornes and his circle, as well as contemporary work by local artists.

There is a Maynard Dixon Museum inside the Mark Sublette Medicine Man Gallery in Tucson, Arizona. Works by Dixon include paintings, watercolors, pastels, drawings, poetry, and illustrations.

The full-length documentary film, Maynard Dixon: Art and Spirit (2007) was directed by Jayne McKay, and includes candid commentary from their children and extended family. The television program, Maynard Dixon: To the Desert Again (2007), was produced by KUED-TV.

Exhibitions
 “Maynard Dixon: Searching for a Home”, Provo, Utah, Brigham Young University Museum of Art, Oct 2022 – Sept 2023 Maynard Dixon: Searching for a Home
 "Maynard Dixon's American West," Western Spirit: Scottsdale Museum of the West, Oct 2019 – July 2020
 "Along the Distant Mesa: An Homage to Maynard Dixon", Medicine Man Gallery, Tucson, Arizona, March–April 2019
 "Maynard Dixon’s New Mexico Centennial", El Museo Cultural – Objects of Art,  Santa Fe, New Mexico. August 2018
 "Maynard Dixon: The Paltenghi Collections". Nevada Museum of Art, Reno, Nevada. January to July 2017
 "Maynard Dixon: Beyond the Clouds". Western Museum, Wickenburg, Arizona. December 2016 – March 2017
 "Widening the Horizon: New Mexico Landscapes". Matthews Gallery, Santa Fe, New Mexico. June 13–30, 2015
 "Maynard Dixon – Masterpieces from Brigham Young University & Private Collections". Pacific Museum of California Art, Pasadena, California, June–August 2007.
 "Maynard Dixon". University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona. January to April 2005
 "Escape to Reality": The Western World of Maynard Dixon". Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah. November 2000 – November 2001
 "Maynard Dixon". University of California Berkeley Art Museum – MATRIX, Berkeley, California. December 15, 1981 – March 7, 1982
 "Maynard Dixon – Images of the Native American". California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California. June–October 1981

See also

 Fernand Lungren
 Western American Art

References

Further reading
 Sublette, J. Mark: "Maynard Dixon's American West: Along the Distant Mesa" (2019). Medecine Man Gallery, Santa Fe.

 Wesley Jessup, Donald J. Hagerty, Jayne McKay: "Maynard Dixon – Masterpieces from Brigham Young University & Private Collections" (2007). Pacific Museum of California Art, Pasadena, California.
 Gibbs, Linda Jones: "Escape to Reality: The Western World of Maynard Dixon" (2001). Brigham Young University, Creative Works.
 Sublette, J. Mark, and Hagerty, Donald J.: "Mesas, Mountains, & Man: The Western Vision of Maynard Dixon" (1998). Medicine Man Gallery Publishing, Santa Fe, New Mexico.
 Lange, Dorothea (1994): Thunderbird Remembered: Maynard Dixon, the Man and the Artist. University of Washington Press.

External links

 Guide to the Maynard Dixon Papers at The Bancroft Library

 Grace Carpenter Hudson/Maynard Dixon correspondence and memorabilia, 1907-1931. California State Library, California History Room.
 Maynard Dixon Gallery of Art
 Maynard Dixon Museum, Tucson, Arizona

 Thunderbird Foundation for the Arts a nonprofit organization furthering the legacy of American artist Maynard Dixon by preserving his estate and educating the public about his immeasurable contributions to American art. The Thunderbird Foundation also maintains the Maynard Dixon summer home and studio in Mt. Carmel, Utah.
 Maynard Dixon Country , annual art show
 Maynard Dixon (2007) documentary produced by KUED

Artists of the American West
19th-century American painters
American male painters
20th-century American painters
American muralists
Social realist artists
1875 births
1946 deaths
People from Fresno, California
Painters from California
Section of Painting and Sculpture artists
19th-century American male artists
20th-century American male artists


Kenyan–Finnish relations are bilateral relations between Kenya and Finland.

History
Finland recognised Kenya on December 13, 1963. Both countries established diplomatic relations on June 14, 1965. Finland recognises that Kenya is a key in maintaining regional stability and that Kenya has the largest and most diverse economy in the region.

Development cooperation
In 2014 total development assistance stood at €13.9 million.

Through development assistance in Kenya the Finnish govt hopes to achieve:
 A society that accounts for human rights
 Poverty reduction
 Improve management of forest and water resources

To achieve this,
 A Local Cooperation Fund (LCF) has been set up, the fund is granted to NGOs involved in achieving good governance and human rights. A total of €11.6 million has been set to achieve this between 2013 and 2016.
 €24.8 million to develop agriculture in Kenya.
 €21.4 million in 2013–2016 has been reserved to improve management of forest and water resources.

Trade
In 2013 trade between Finland and Kenya stood at €35 million. Kenya exported goods worth €17 million to Finland and in turn Finland exported goods worth €18 million.
Kenya exported goods consisting of horticultural products, tea and coffee, Finland mainly exported information communication technology and power plant equipment.

In 2014 both countries also signed a double taxation pact to promote trade and investment.

In 2013, 2,000 Finns visited Kenya while the Kenyan community in Finland stands at about 700.

Resident diplomatic missions
 Finland has an embassy in Nairobi and an honorary consulate in Mombasa.
 Kenya is accredited to Finland from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.

External links
  Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland about Kenya

See also
 Foreign relations of Finland
 Foreign relations of Kenya

References

Kenya
Finland


Hakan Özmert (born 3 June 1985) is a professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for TFF Second League club Sarıyer. Born in France, he represents Turkey internationally.

Club career
Özmert began his professional career with Sakaryaspor, and appeared in 26 Süper Lig matches for the club. In 2005, he was loaned out to Karşıyaka and later made a permanent move to Antalyaspor in July 2007. On 4 July 2015, Özmert signed for Sivasspor.

International career
Despite being born in France, Özmert has exclusively represented Turkey in youth competitions. He has played for the Turkish U16s, U18s, and U19s.

References

External links

1985 births
Living people
French men's footballers
Turkish men's footballers
Turkey men's youth international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
FC Nantes players
Sakaryaspor footballers
Karşıyaka S.K. footballers
Antalyaspor footballers
Kardemir Karabükspor footballers
Orduspor footballers
Kasımpaşa S.K. footballers
Sivasspor footballers
İstanbul Başakşehir F.K. players
Sarıyer S.K. footballers
Süper Lig players
TFF First League players
TFF Second League players
French people of Turkish descent
Footballers from Nantes
Bodrum F.K. footballers


This is a list of Billboard magazine's Top Hot 100 songs of 1995.

See also
1995 in music
List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 1995
List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1995

References

1995 record charts
Lists of Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles


The Prosecutor v. Milan Martić was a case (no. IT-95-11-I) brought before the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia concerning war crimes committed during the Croatian War of Independence against non-Serbs.

Events leading to the trial
Martić was born near Knin (present-day Republic of Croatia) on 18 November 1954. From January 1991 to August 1995, he held various positions within the government of the Serbian Autonomous Region of Krajina, which later evolved into the Republic of Serbian Krajina (RSK), including Chief of the Police in Knin, Secretary for Internal Affairs of the SAO Krajina, Deputy Commander of the Territorial Defense of the SAO Krajina, Minister of Defense of the SAO Krajina, Minister of the Interior of the SAO Krajina and of the RSK and, from 25 January 1994 onwards, President of the RSK.

The events giving rise to this trial took place between August 1991 and December 1995 in the SAO Krajina and the RSK. The Trial Chamber found that Martić participated in a joint criminal enterprise (JCE) with other individuals, the common purpose of which was the establishment of an ethnically Serb territory through the displacement of the non-Serb population.

Martić participated in the JCE by providing substantive financial, logistical, and military support to the SAO Krajina and the RSK, by actively working together with the other JCE participants to fulfill the objective of a united Serb state, by exercising his authority over the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MUP) of the SAO Krajina and the RSK, by fuelling an atmosphere of insecurity and fear through public statements, and by participating in the forcible removal of the non-Serb population.

Trial court
The trial lasted for 143 days. During the trial, the prosecution called 45 witnesses and had 901 exhibits. The defense presented 22 witnesses and had 90 exhibits. The Trial Chamber concluded that Martić incurred individual criminal responsibility under Article 7(1) of the Tribunal's Statute ("Statute"). Martić was convicted of the following crimes:

Count 1, persecution as a crime against humanity;
Count 3, murder as a crime against humanity;
Count 4, murder as a violation of the laws or customs of war;
Count 5, imprisonment as a crime against humanity;
Count 6, torture as a crime against humanity;
Count 7, inhumane acts as a crime against humanity;
Count 8, torture as a violation of the laws or customs of war;
Count 9, cruel treatment as a violation of the laws or customs of war;
Count 10, deportation as a crime against humanity;
Count 11, forcible transfer as a crime against humanity;
Count 12, wanton destruction of villages or devastation not justified by military necessity as a violation of the laws or customs of war;
Count 13, destruction or willful damage done to institutions dedicated to education or religion as a violation of the laws or customs of war; and
Count 14, plunder of public or private property as a violation of the laws or customs of war. The Trial Chamber concluded that the crimes fell within the common purpose of the JCE, or were "foreseeable to Martić", and convicted Martić under the basic form of JCE for Counts 10, 11, and 1 (in part) and under the extended form of JCE for Counts 3 to 9, 12 to 14 and 1 (in part).   The Trial Chamber acquitted Martić of Count 2, extermination as a crime against humanity.

The Trial Chamber further found that Martić ordered the shelling of Zagreb on 2 and 3 May 1995 with Orkan Rockets, containing cluster munitions. It held that he incurred individual criminal responsibility under Article 7(1) of the Statute for ordering under Count 15, murder as a crime against humanity; Count 16, murder as a violation of the laws or customs of war; Count 17, inhumane acts as a crime against humanity; Count 18, cruel treatment as a violation of the laws or customs of war; and Count 19, attacks on civilians as a violation of the laws or customs of war. The Trial Chamber did not enter convictions under Counts 16 and 18, having found that these crimes were impermissibly cumulative with Count 19. The Trial Chamber sentenced Martić, in absentia, to a single sentence of thirty-five years imprisonment.

On 8 March 1996, the Trial Chamber issued a decision confirming the initial indictment and issuing an international arrest warrant for Martić which was sent to all States and the NATO-ledImplementation Force (IFOR) that was in Bosnia and Herzegovina at the time.

Martić surrendered in May 2002. He was transferred on 15 May 2002 to the ICTY in The Hague. On 21 May 2002, during his initial appearance, and then again on 23 January 2003 he pleaded not guilty to all the charges held against him in the indictment. The trial commenced before the ICTY on 13 December 2005.

Appeals Chamber
The Appeals Chamber of the ICTY accepted appeals from both Martić and the Prosecutor. The Defense requested the finding of a not guilty verdict or a re-trial based on alleged errors of law and fact. The Prosecution presented one ground of appeal, asking for a revision of the sentence due to an alleged error of law. Appeals hearings took place on 25–26 June 2008. The Appeals Chamber dismissed nine grounds of Martić's appeal and accepted two sub-grounds of the fifth ground of appeal, reversing Martić's convictions relating to specific alleged crimes committed in Benkovac, Cerovljani, Vukovići, and Poljanak.

The Appeals Chamber rejected Martić's argument that the Trial Chamber erred in failing to take into account relevant contextual factors, in particular, the political objectives of the Serb leadership. The Appeals Chamber granted the Prosecution's sole ground of appeal in which it claimed that the Trial Chamber erred in law when it found that persons hors de combat, i.e., soldiers who are incapable of taking part in the hostilities (for example because injured or detained), could not be victims of crimes against humanity. The Appeals Chamber concluded that the reversals on appeal did not warrant a reduction in sentence. On 8 October 2008, the Appeals Chamber upheld the Trial Chamber's ruling. In June 2009 he was transferred to Tartu Vangla prison in Estonia to serve out his sentence.

References

 "Milan Martic Case Information Sheet." Case Information Sheet. ICTY. 12 Oct. 2008 http://www.icty.org/case/martic/4
 Prosecutor v. Milan Martić, No. IT-95-11-I (International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia March 8, 1996).
 Van Schaack, Beth, and Ronald C. Slye. International Criminal Law and Its Enforcement. New York, NY: Foundation P, 2007. 247–54.
 Statute of the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, U.N. Doc. S/25704 at 36, annex (1993) and S/25704/Add.1 (1993), adopted by Security Council on 25 May 1993, U.N. Doc. S/RES/827 (1993).
 Romande, Loterie. "Trial Watch: Milan Martić." Trial Watch. 10 Oct. 2008. TRIAL. 12 Oct. 2008 <http://www.trial-ch.org/en/trial-watch/profile/db/legal-procedures/milan_Martić_562.html>.

Martic, Milan
Croatian War of Independence


Jean-Étienne Antoinette (born 29 January 1966) is a French Guianan politician. He was a former member of the Senate of France. He is the mayor of Kourou, French Guinea.

External links
Page at the French Senate

1966 births
Living people
French Guianan politicians
French senators of the Fifth Republic
French people of French Guianan descent
Mayors of places in French Guiana
People from Kourou
Senators of French Guiana


Orangutan Foundation International (OFI) has its headquarters in Los Angeles, California. Founded by Dr. Birutė Galdikas, one of three anthropologists (The Trimates) to study great apes under the guidance of Dr. Louis Leakey, OFI continues to rescue and rehabilitate orangutans, preparing them for release back into protected areas of the Indonesian rain forest. In addition, OFI promotes the preservation of rain forest habitats.

Originally called the Orangutan Research and Conservation Project, OFI was founded by Galdikas and former husband Rod Brindamour in 1986. The couple started the project to study the ecology and behavior of wild orangutans. The focus later turned towards conservation, protection, rehabilitation, and education of orangutans. The OFI's research facilities are located in the Indonesian owned part of Borneo, the third largest island in the world. Camp Leakey is where the research on orangutans is conducted and also where rehabilitated orangutans are released.

In 2021, the charity received a 4-star "Give with confidence"-rating from Charity Navigator for its 10th consecutive year. Charity Navigator assesses non-profit organizations by rating their performances based on Financial Health and their Accountability and Transparency. The assessment found that the charity’s total revenue is $2,321,023 in 2019 while 87.3% percent of the organizations total expenses are spent on the programs and services it delivers.

Mission
The Orangutan Foundation International's mission is to:
Support protection, conservation, and understanding about orangutans and their natural habitat while caring for orphaned orangutans and helping them make the transition back into the rain forest. The OFI also educates the public and the government about orangutans, rain forest, and the issues around conservation and protection of the apes and their environment.

History
The Orangutan Foundation International was founded in 1986 by Dr. Birute Galdikas. The precursor to the OFI was the Orangutan Research and Conservation Project (ORCP), founded in 1971 by Galdikas with the help of Louis Leakey as moral and financial support. While working toward her Ph.D at UCLA, Galdikas went to see Leakey who was a guest speaker at the school. During the presentation Galdikas learned that Leakey had sponsored both Jane Goodall and Dian Fossey who also worked with primates and decided to ask him to sponsor her as well.  Leakey agreed, and Galdikas, Goodall, and Fossey became The Trimates. In honor of Leakey, Galdikas' named the base camp Camp Leakey. The first work of the ORCP was taking orangutans that were being kept as pets from government officials and others. The formation of the ORCP gave Galdikas the opportunity to conduct 100,000 hours of observation of orangutans. In 1986, the ORCP morphed in the OFI. The new insight from Galdikas' research with the Asian Ape (orangutan) drew a lot of media attention. Galdikas' found that she needed something to turn the attention into positive action and created the OFI. The OFI's goals were a little bit different from its mother. The OFI is "aimed specifically at conservation, rehabilitation, research, and education". Lawyer John Beal visited Camp Leakey in 1979 and after his return to the United States, aided Galdikas' and others in the establishment of The Orangutan Foundation in Los Angeles, California, which is headquarters for the OFI.

Camp Leakey
What began as two small huts is now a functional research facility. Camp Leakey is where all of the research the OFI conducts on orangutans is done. Others other than the OFI have studied and researched at Camp Leakey including graduate and undergraduate students from multiple institutions such as Universitas Nasional, a college in Indonesia, and universities in the United States. The camp now consists of about 19 miles of trails, rainforest, and swamp land for the rehabilitated orangutans and the wild orangutans that made their home there. The OFI takes in ex-captive, hurt, and orphaned orangutans. Once the ape is in the care of Galdikas and her staff, it is raised (if it is young) or treated for any diseases or injuries in the Care Center. The orangutans in the care center are taken each day by their keepers to Camp Leakey to be allowed to play in their natural habitat. This is done to slowly acclimate the orangutans back into the forest so one day they can be released. Once the orangutan is old enough and deemed suitable, it is released back into the wild. Some orangutans never learn to fend for themselves and for that reason can never leave the care center and the staff. Some orangutans do not want to leave the base of the OFI (where the staff eats and lives) and will venture back from time to time to visit the staff and volunteers.

Controversy
An article from Nature on PBS says "Galdikas’s rehabilitation efforts, however, have brought controversy. The orphaned apes were often psychologically damaged and difficult to control. Some even attacked guests and staffers. Researchers questioned the value of observing the orphaned apes, wondering whether their behavior was representative of orangutans in the wild. Others were concerned that the released rehabilitated apes would spread diseases to local wild orangutan populations. Government officials began to challenge the work, even to withdraw permits. ... At the same time, Galdikas was becoming an increasingly active conservationist. Concerned by the rapid clearing of orangutan habitat, she lobbied the Indonesian government to set aside parks and curb illegal logging and orangutan trading — with some success. But her efforts came at a cost; she was threatened, harassed, and even kidnapped by those who opposed her work."

OFI in the media
IMAX film: Born to be Wild

Sister organizations and partners
Orangutan Foundation Canada
Australian Orangutan Project
Biruté Galdikas Ecology and Support Foundation

See also
InfiniteEARTH

References

External links
 Orangutan Foundation International
Star Bulletin story about Rusti (an orangutan) and the OFI
Smithsonian Magazine article about OFI
Science.ca profile for Dr. Galdikas and her work
Muskingum University page about Dr. Galdikas, from 1999

International environmental organizations
Environmental organizations based in California
Nature conservation organizations based in the United States
Animal welfare organizations based in the United States
Orangutan conservation


Detour for Emmy is a young adult novel by Marilyn Reynolds, published in 1993 by Morning Glory Press. It deals with the impact of an unexpected pregnancy on a teenage girl. Like other novels by the author, it is based on the life challenges of her students.

Reception
Detour for Emmy received the South Carolina Book Award for Young Adult Book Award in 1996. It was one of the American Library Association's Best Books for Young Adults for 1993.

The American Library Association named it the 83rd-most banned and challenged book in the United States between 2000 and 2009, as well as the sixth most challenged book in 2005. The explicit nature of the content caused it to be removed from the El Mirage, Arizona School District  libraries.

References

1993 American novels
American young adult novels
Novels about teenage pregnancy


West Auckland is a former New Zealand parliamentary electorate on the western outskirts of Auckland, created for the  from part of the former  electorate. The electorate was abolished for the , and split between  and  electorates.

Population centres
The 1981 census had shown that the North Island had experienced further population growth, and three additional general seats were created through the 1983 electoral redistribution, bringing the total number of electorates to 95. The South Island had, for the first time, experienced a population loss, but its number of general electorates was fixed at 25 since the 1967 electoral redistribution. More of the South Island population was moving to Christchurch, and two electorates were abolished, while two electorates were recreated. In the North Island, six electorates were newly created (including West Auckland), three electorates were recreated, and six electorates were abolished.

In 1984 the electorate included Kumeū, Hobsonville, Henderson, Rānui and Waitakere; much of the area had previously been in the southern part of the  electorate. In 1987 it was moved to the south, losing Hobsonville and much of Kumeū while gaining Titirangi and Piha.

History
Jack Elder of the Labour Party was elected in  as West Auckland electorate's representative; he had in the previous two elections stood unsuccessfully in the Helensville electorate. When the West Auckland electorate was abolished in , Elder successfully stood in the  electorate.

Members of Parliament
Key

Election results

1990 election

1987 election

1984 election

Notes

References

Historical electorates of New Zealand
Politics of the Auckland Region
1984 establishments in New Zealand
1993 disestablishments in New Zealand
West Auckland, New Zealand


Champi Chatterjee (11 May 1959 – 20 August 2010) was an Indian cricketer. He was a right-handed batsman and a right-arm medium-pace bowler who played for Bengal. He was born in Belur.

Chatterjee made a single first-class appearance for the team, during the 1983–84 season, against Delhi. Batting in the tailend, he scored two runs in the first innings and a single run in the second innings.

Chatterjee bowled nine overs during the match – taking figures of 0–51 in the first innings in which he bowled and 0–10 in the second.

References

External links

1959 births
2010 deaths
Indian cricketers
Bengal cricketers


The Obshcheritsa () is a river in Oryol Oblast, Russia. It is a left tributary of the Nerussa.

Rivers of Oryol Oblast


AnMed Health Medical Center is a 461-bed acute care hospital at 800 N. Fant St. in Anderson, South Carolina. The Medical Center is the anchor facility for AnMed Health, South Carolina's largest independent, not-for-profit health system.

Services provided at the Medical Center include open heart surgery, vascular surgery, general surgery, bariatric surgery, emergency/trauma medicine, a stroke/neurological center, and diagnostic MRI, CT and laboratory medicine. Other facilities located at AnMed Health's medical center campus include Pediatric Therapy Works, a speech, occupational and physical therapy program for children; and CareConnect, a walk-in facility that treats non life-threatening ailments such as influenza, broken bones and minor nosebleeds.

History
Virginia "Jennie" Gilmer is widely recognized as the founder of the Anderson County Hospital, which later became AnMed Health. In 1903, during the birth of her second child, Gilmer vowed that if she lived she would make sure a hospital was built in Anderson. Gilmer survived the delivery, and in May 1904, she and a small group of women started a fundraising campaign for the hospital.

The Anderson County Hospital Association was organized and incorporated in 1906, and fundraising efforts increased under the association's president, Richard S. Ligon. Anderson County Hospital opened its doors on April 20, 1908, and admitted its first patient a day later.

Accredited
AnMed Health Medical Center is accredited by Det Norske Veritas (DNV).

Achievements and awards
VPP status from OSHA. AnMed is the only hospital in the state to achieve this goal; A top performer on Key Quality Measures according to the Joint Commission; Recognition as a "Chest Pain Center with PCI" by the Society of Cardiovascular Patient Care (SCPC); Recognition as one of the nation's Most Wired hospitals and health systems; U.S. News & World Report has released its annual Best Hospitals rankings, placing AnMed Health among the state's best at number 2, tied with MUSC. AnMed is a Magnet Recognized facility, originally qualifying in 2012 and requalifying in 2017.

References

External links
 AnMed Health Homepage

Hospital buildings completed in 1908
Hospitals in South Carolina
Anderson, South Carolina
Buildings and structures in Anderson County, South Carolina
1908 establishments in South Carolina


Thomas Ball Hamilton (September 29, 1924 – November 29, 1973) was a Major League Baseball player who played in 1952 and 1953 for the Philadelphia Athletics. He batted left-handed and threw right-handed, and he was  tall and 213 pounds. Used primarily as a pinch hitter, Hamilton appeared in the field in only 14 of the 67 games he played.

Prior to playing professional baseball, Tom Hamilton attended the University of Texas at Austin, with whom he won the 1949 College World Series Most Outstanding Player award in the first year it was awarded. He is one of six players from University of Texas at Austin to win that award. The others are: J. L. Smith, Mickey Reichenbach, Calvin Schiraldi, Huston Street and David Maroul. In both 1948 and 1949, he was an All-SWC first baseman, and in 1949 he was also a first-team All-American. He hit .417 with a .848 slugging percentage in 1949.

He also played basketball at the University of Texas at Austin, where he was a center. He was an All-SWC basketball selection in 1950, and he was the first player in school history to score 1,000 points.

Hamilton was signed by the Athletics in 1950, as an amateur free agent. He made his big league debut a couple years later, on September 4, 1952. He appeared in nine games in 1952, collecting two hits in 10 at-bats for a .200 batting average. In 1953, he played in 58 games, although he had only 56 at-bats. He hit .196 with no home runs and five RBI that year. On September 13, he played his final big league game. Overall, Hamilton hit .197 with no home runs and six RBI in 66 career at-bats.

Although his big league career was over, his professional career was not. For example, on December 13, 1953, he was involved in a huge 11 player trade between the Athletics and New York Yankees. He was traded with Loren Babe, Harry Byrd, Carmen Mauro, and Eddie Robinson for Don Bollweg, Johnny Gray, Jim Robertson, Jim Finigan, Vic Power, and Bill Renna.

In 1971, he was elected to the University of Texas to Austin Hall of Honor.

He served as the baseball coach and athletic director at St. Edward's University at the time of his death in 1973. Following his death, he was buried in Cook-Walden Capital Parks Cemetery in Pflugerville, Texas.

References

External links

Venezuelan Professional Baseball League statistics

1924 births
1973 deaths
All-American college baseball players
Baseball players from Kansas
Birmingham Barons players
College World Series Most Outstanding Player Award winners
Kansas City Blues (baseball) players
Leones del Caracas players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Lincoln A's players
Major League Baseball outfielders
Minor league baseball managers
Mobile Bears players
Modesto Reds players
New Orleans Pelicans (baseball) players
People from Altoona, Kansas
Philadelphia Athletics players
Richmond Virginians (minor league) players
St. Edward's Hilltoppers athletic directors
St. Edward's Hilltoppers baseball coaches
St. Petersburg Saints players
Savannah Indians players
Texas Longhorns baseball players
Texas Longhorns men's basketball players
American men's basketball players


Küdürlü is a municipality, and a village in Qakh District of Qakh Rayon of Azerbaijan, it has a population of 354 peoples.

References

Populated places in Qakh District


Qapıçay is a municipality and village in the Qakh Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 332. Qapıçay is nearby to Zarna, Gyullyuk and Gora Arpat’yandag. It has an elevation of 266 meters.

References
https://mapcarta.com/29683742

Populated places in Qakh District


Qaradolaq is a municipality and village in the Qakh Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 186.

References

Populated places in Qakh District


Tomas Robert Lindahl FRS FMedSci (born 28 January 1938) is a Swedish-British scientist specialising in cancer research. In 2015, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry jointly with American chemist Paul L. Modrich and Turkish chemist Aziz Sancar for mechanistic studies of DNA repair.

Education
Lindahl was born in Kungsholmen, Stockholm, Sweden to Folke Robert Lindahl and Ethel Hulda Hultberg. He received a PhD degree in 1967, and an MD degree qualification in 1970, from the Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm.

Career and research
After obtaining his research doctorate, Lindahl did postdoctoral research at Princeton University and Rockefeller University.
He was professor of medical chemistry at the University of Gothenburg 1978–82. After moving to the United Kingdom he joined the Imperial Cancer Research Fund (now Cancer Research UK) as a researcher in 1981.  From 1986 to 2005 he was the first Director of Cancer Research UK's Clare Hall Laboratories in Hertfordshire, since 2015 part of the Francis Crick Institute.  He continued to research there until 2009. He has contributed to many papers on DNA repair and the genetics of cancer.

Awards and honours
Lindahl was elected an EMBO Member in 1974 and Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1988, his certificate of election reads:
Lindahl received the Royal Society's Royal Medal in 2007 "making fundamental contributions to our understanding of DNA repair. His achievements stand out for their great originality, breadth and lasting influence." He is a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. He was awarded the Copley Medal in 2010. He was elected a founding Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences (FMedSci) in 1998. In 2018, he was elected a foreign associate of the National Academy of Sciences.

He shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2015. The Swedish Academy noted that "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2015 was awarded jointly to Tomas Lindahl, Paul Modrich and Aziz Sancar 'for mechanistic studies of DNA repair'."

References

External links
  including the Nobel Lecture 8 December 2015 The Intrinsic Fragility of DNA

1938 births
Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences (United Kingdom)
Fellows of the Royal Society
Karolinska Institute alumni
Living people
Members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Nobel laureates in Chemistry
Scientists from Stockholm
Swedish emigrants to the United Kingdom
Princeton University staff
Recipients of the Copley Medal
Royal Medal winners
Swedish biologists
Swedish Nobel laureates
Academics of the Francis Crick Institute
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences


Russia – Zimbabwe relations () date back to the mid-1960s, during the Rhodesian Bush War. The Soviet Union supported Joshua Nkomo's Zimbabwe African People's Union, and supplied them with arms; Robert Mugabe's attempts to gain Soviet support for his Zimbabwe African National Union were rebuffed, leading him to enter into relations with Soviet rival Beijing. Throughout the 1980s Zimbabwean relations with the USSR were notoriously cold. Mugabe "stonewalled" the Soviets "for ten months" rather than establish relations with them while he was establishing relations with other countries including the United Kingdom and the United States. The agreement the Soviets were forced to agree to demanded they meet strict criteria about how they could operate in Zimbabwe, while no other country had to agree to similar concessions before establishing relations. The agreement was described as "embarrassing and humiliating for the Soviets since it singles them out." Mugabe shunned Soviet help and allowed British military bases to be established in Zimbabwe against protests from Moscow. Mugabe also accepted the help of British military advisers and declined the same offers from the Soviet Union. Several American-made movies were aired in Zimbabwean movie theaters in the 1980s that the Soviets believed constituted "anti-Soviet propaganda," including the movies Invasion U.S.A.,  Red Dawn, Firefox, Rocky IV, Rambo: First Blood Part II, Water, The Living Daylights, The Whistle Blower, and Rambo III. The Soviet embassy officially protested, however, they were allegedly told by Mugabe "to complain to your ZIPRA friends." However, since the 2000s Robert Mugabe had strengthened his relations with both Beijing and Moscow as a result of intense western pressure on him. Zimbabwe was one of the few countries that voted with Russia on United Nations General Assembly Resolution 68/262 about the annexation of Crimea. Russia maintains strong economic and political ties with Zimbabwe. Russia still maintains an embassy in Harare. Both Russia and China still maintain strong economic and political ties with Zimbabwe and both countries had vetoed the UN resolution imposing UN sanctions on Zimbabwe which was proposed by both the US and the UK on July 12, 2008.

References

External links
  Documents on the Russia–Zimbabwe relationship from the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs
 Embassy of Russia in Harare

Zimbabwe
Bilateral relations of Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe


John Wesley Boyd Jr. (born September 4, 1965) is an African-American farmer, civil rights activist and the founder of the National Black Farmers Association (NBFA).

He owns and operates Boyd Farms, which has  across three farms in Baskerville, Virginia where he grows soybean, corn and wheat and currently raises one hundred and fifty head of beef cattle. For 14 years Boyd was a chicken farmer in a Perdue Farms breeder program. He was also a tobacco farmer for many years.

Career
Boyd is a fourth-generation farmer. He formed the National Black Farmers Association, a Virginia-based non-profit organization, in 1995. In 2000, Boyd was the Democratic nominee for election to Virginia's 5th congressional district running against independent incumbent Virgil Goode. Goode later became a Republican.

In his role with the National Black Farmers Association, Boyd has worked closely with national leaders in government, agriculture organizations and rural groups nationwide as well as internationally. Boyd was appointed by then-Virginia Governor-elect Tim Kaine to serve as co-chair of his Policy Committee on Agriculture and Forestry during the transition period. In 2000, Boyd was appointed by President Bill Clinton to serve on his administration's tobacco commission. Prior to that, he was appointed by then-Virginia Governor Jim Gilmore to serve on the Virginia Tobacco Indemnification and Community Revitalization Commission. His term lasted from July 1, 1999, until June 30, 2001.

He was an early supporter of Senator Barack Obama during the 2008 Democratic presidential primaries and played an important role organizing African American voters in the critical South Carolina primary. During the primaries Boyd also organized supporters and spoke at events in Alabama, Georgia, and Mississippi. Boyd organized supporters and spoke at events for Obama in important battleground states during the general election including Florida, North Carolina and Virginia.

On July 7, 2008, Roll Call newspaper reported that Boyd was instrumental in "securing the biggest Congressional victory in history for black farmers, a $100 million line item in this year’s farm bill that effectively reopened the government’s discrimination settlement with black farmers."

After leading public rallies and an intensive NBFA member lobbying effort, Congress approved and President Barack Obama signed into law in December 2010 legislation that set aside $1.15 billion to resolve the outstanding Black farmers cases. Boyd attended the bill signing ceremony at the White House. Boyd said, "I don't think this is about the money. I think this is about justice."

Boyd was quoted in the national press numerous times on the Cobell Native American trust fund case. His work on that case, which was resolved when it was grouped with the Black farmers legislation, helped lead to a $3.4 billion legal settlement. He told National Public Radio in November 2010 that "This has been just a long struggle for the black farmers and for the Cobell case as well."

National attention
Boyd was named ABC World News Tonight'''s Person of the Week on Friday, November 21, 2003. The next year he was featured in the CBS Evening News Eye on America report. And he has appeared on CBS's 60 Minutes, Nightline, CNN and other television networks.

He has been named one of the "100 Most Influential Black Americans and Organization Leaders" by Ebony magazine several times. He has been featured in Jet'' magazine numerous times.

Boyd was vetted to be a contender to serve in President Obama's Cabinet as Secretary of Agriculture in President Barack Obama's cabinet. Early in the process, Congressional Quarterly (CQ) reported that some members of the Congressional Black Caucus had thrown their support to Boyd. However, the position ultimately went to Tom Vilsack of Iowa.

In August 2022, Boyd appeared on "Fox & Friends First", where he discussed the crisis facing America's black farmers and what he deemed the Biden administration's failure to address their issues.

References

1965 births
African-American farmers
American activists
20th-century American farmers
Farmers from Virginia
Living people
People from Mecklenburg County, Virginia
Virginia Democrats
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American people
21st-century American farmers


Rear Admiral John Harold Adams,  (19 December 1918 – 3 November 2008) was a Royal Navy officer who was best known for his command of , a 22,000 ton Centaur-class light aircraft carrier, during the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation.

Early life
Adams was born in Newcastle upon Tyne on . He attended Glenalmond College in Perth and Kinross, Scotland and joined the Royal Navy as a special entry cadet in 1936. After eight months of training he joined the  .

Naval career
After the outbreak of the Second World War, Adams was assigned to the destroyer . On 11 September 1939, Walker ran down and went through her sister ship, , and was jammed in her. As the weather and conditions were good, both ships were able to be saved. During the crisis, Adams carried Vanquishers safe with its confidential material inside to the deck of Walker, but found that after the situation had calmed down the next morning that he was unable to lift it.

He served on the   in 1941 and saw action in the Western Approaches of the coast of Great Britain, as part of the St. Nazaire Raid and the landings of Allied troops in North Africa and Sicily. He underwent training and qualified as a torpedo and electrics specialist in 1943, and was able to use this knowledge to prepare escorts for convoys crossing the North Atlantic. On 15 December 1942 he was Mentioned in Despatches for his actions aboard Cleveland in an engagement with E-Boats.

After the war, he commanded the destroyer  and served in the Admiralty's torpedo and anti-submarine warfare division, among other staff appointments. He was promoted to lieutenant commander on 1 June 1948, and commander on 31 December 1950. He was then appointed the executive commander of the Royal Yacht Britannia, which included taking Princess Margaret to the West Indies, Queen Elizabeth II to Portugal and a world tour for Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, serving from 1954 to 1957. As a result, he was appointed a Member of the Fourth Class of the Royal Victorian Order in the 1957 Queen's Birthday Honours. He was promoted captain on 31 December 1956.

Adams commanded  from May 1964 to January 1966. The ship was deployed in the Indian Ocean and the Far East. She arrived east of Suez with 848 Naval Air Squadron and a strong force of Royal Marines. During the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation, Albion sent two flights of Wessex helicopters to support marine and army border patrols from bases in Borneo and Sarawak. He was promoted rear admiral on 7 January 1966.

In 1966, serving as Assistant Chief of Naval Staff (Policy), Adams was assigned to the Ministry of Defence and became chairman of the Future Fleet Working Party, reporting to Admiral of the Fleet Sir Varyl Begg. Building on his experience with the Albion, Adams' working party recommended a "through-deck cruiser" that would carry vertical take-off jet fighters and deploy helicopters, insisting that this approach was the logical conclusion of his research. Begg, who believed that missiles would replace planes, exploded with anger and rejected Adams's report publicly. Begg told him that he would never be employed again. Adams retired on 12 February 1968, and was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in that year's Queen's Birthday Honours, but was invited to the launch of the aircraft carrier  in 1977, which was a vindication of his approach.

Company director and later life
After leaving the Royal Navy, Adams served as Director of the Paper and Paper Products Industry Training Board from 1968 to 1971. From 1972 to 1973, he was Director of the Employers' Federation of Papermakers and Boardmakers and then served from 1974 to 1983 as Director General of the British Paper and Board Industry Federation.

Adams was the author of The Adventure of Charlie the Cone, stories about a traffic cone that he made up for his children during long car trips.

He married the former Mary Parker in 1943. The two had one son and the marriage ended in 1961. He married Ione Eadie later in 1961 and had two sons and two daughters together.

Adams died on .

References

External links
 Royal Navy (RN) Officers 1939–1945
The Papers of Rear-Admiral John Adams at Churchill Archives Centre

1918 births
2008 deaths
Military personnel from Newcastle upon Tyne
Royal Navy rear admirals
British military personnel of the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
Royal Navy officers of World War II
People educated at Glenalmond College
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Lieutenants of the Royal Victorian Order


This article documents the discography of country artist, Stella Parton.

Albums

Studio albums

Live albums

Remix albums

Compilation albums

Extended plays

Singles

Music videos

References

Parton, Stella
Discographies of American artists


Bağtala is a village in the municipality of Uzuntala in the Qakh Rayon of Azerbaijan. According to Azerbaijan's State Statistics Committee, only nine people lived in the village as of 2014.

References

Populated places in Qakh District


Walter Augustus Ormsby Morson (December 24, 1851 – September 9, 1921) was a lawyer and political figure in Prince Edward Island, Canada. He represented 3rd Kings in the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island from 1902 to 1908 as a Conservative member.

He was born in Malpeque, Prince Edward Island, the son of Richard Willock Morson, who was born in the West Indies, and Elizabeth Cody. Morson studied law with William Wilfred Sullivan in Charlottetown and was called to the bar in 1877, becoming a junior partner in the firm of Sullivan, McLeod and Morson. In 1891, he married May Elizabeth Desbrisay. Morson served in the local militia, reaching the rank of major. He was prothonotary for the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia, then registrar in the court of chancery and master in chancery. He was first elected to the provincial assembly in a 1902 by-election held after the death of Malcolm MacDonald. Morson later became senior partner in law firms named Morson and McQuarrie and Morson and Duffy.

References
 MacKinnon, DA & Warburton, AB Past and Present of Prince Edward Island ... (1906) pp. 549–50

1851 births
1921 deaths
Progressive Conservative Party of Prince Edward Island MLAs


Ralph Augustus Graves (October 17, 1924 – June 10, 2013) was an American reporter, editor, and writer. He authored several novels and edited and contributed to famous periodicals such as Life magazine.

Life
Graves was born October 17, 1924, in Washington, D.C. to Elizabeth and Ralph Graves. His father was an editor of National Geographic magazine and The Washington Times.

His mother in 1937 married Francis Bowes Sayre Sr., the last United States High Commissioner to the Philippines and the family resided there in the U.S. Embassy during his term. Graves was a high school student at the time of their arrival. They were evacuated from the embassy on Christmas Eve 1941 to the headquarters of General Douglas MacArthur in Corregidor, living in underground bunkers until escaping to Australia by submarine early in 1942.

Graves served in the United States Army Air Forces during the World War II. His service began in 1943 and concluded in 1945. Graves attained the rank of sergeant before leaving the armed forces.

Graves attended Williams College and later, Harvard University where he was a member of the Phi Beta Kappa honor society. He earned his B.A. from Harvard, being graduated in 1948.

Graves married Patricia Monser in 1950. Graves' marriage to Monser produced two children before the couple divorced. Graves remarried to Eleanor Mackenzie in 1958 and they also had two children.

Graves lived in New York City and maintained a second home in Sarasota, Florida.

Professional career

Graves was employed as a writer and reporter at Life magazine from 1948 to 1958. He steadily rose through the ranks at Life magazine, serving as the articles editor, the assistant managing editor, and the managing editor before leaving the publication in 1972. Graves moved to Time, Inc. where he served as the senior staff editor and editorial director, among other positions. Graves was the final Managing Editor of Life Magazine when it issued the final Edition on December 29, 1972.  His comments celebrated Life and reflected the sense of loss of a generation of American's at the loss of Life. Graves was a writer and held a chair on the Citizens' Crime Commission of New York.

Literary works

Graves' writing career began in 1949 with the publication of Thanks for the Ride. His second book, The Lost Eagles, was published in 1955.  This is a historical novel in which a fictional Roman, Severus Varus, searches for the legionary emblems lost by his kinsman, Quinctilius Varus, at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest.

After a long break from writing books during his time at Life magazine, Graves resumed his literary career with the publication of August People in 1985. This work was followed in 1989 by Share of Honor, an in-depth look into Graves' personal involvement with the Japanese occupation of the Philippines during World War II.

Graves' novel, Orion: The Story of a Rape. was a fictionalized account of the rape of his daughter that occurred in Manhattan in 1983.

Selected bibliography

 Thanks for the Ride (1949)
 The Lost Eagles (1955)
 August People (1985)
 Share of Honor (1989)
 Orion: The Story of a Rape: A Novel (1993)
 Tables of Content (1993) (co-written with Eleanor Graves)
 Martha's Vineyard: An Affectionate Memoir (1995) (co-written with Ray G. Ellis)
 Champagne Kisses, Cyanide Dreams (2001)

Death
Graves died of kidney failure on June 10, 2013, at his home in Manhattan.

References

External links
 Summary of Rape: A Family's Nightmare at the Biography Reference Bank
 Some biographical detail provided in a letter by Ralph Graves about a kitsch statue proposed for placement on the Sarasota bay front
 Graves at the Biography Resource Center

1924 births
2013 deaths
Writers from Washington, D.C.
American reporters and correspondents
20th-century American novelists
Deaths from kidney failure
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
Harvard University alumni
American male novelists
Williams College alumni
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
American male non-fiction writers
United States Army Air Forces soldiers


The Black Death was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 75 to 200 million people in Eurasia, and peaking in Eurasia from 1321 to 1353. Its migration followed the sea and land trading routes of the medieval world. This migration has been studied for centuries as an example of how the spread of contagious diseases is impacted by human society and economics.

Plague is caused by Yersinia pestis, and is enzootic (commonly present) in populations of ground rodents in Central Asia. While initial phylogenetic studies suggested that the plague bacillus evolved 2,000 years ago near China, specifically in the Tian Shan mountains on the border between modern-day China and Kyrgyzstan, this view has been contested by recent molecular studies which have indicated that the plague was present in Scandinavia 3,000 years earlier. Likewise, the immediate origins of the Black Death are also uncertain. The pandemic has often been assumed to have started in China, but lack of physical and specific textual evidence for it in 14th century China has resulted in continued disputes on the origin to this day. Other theories of origin place the first cases in the steppes of Central Asia or the Near East. Historians Michael W. Dols and Ole Benedictow argue that the historical evidence concerning epidemics in the Mediterranean and specifically the Plague of Justinian point to a probability that the Black Death originated in Central Asia, where it then became entrenched among the rodent population.

According to eastern origin theories, it has been assumed that the plague transferred from Central Asia east and west along the Silk Road, by Mongol armies and traders making use of the opportunities of free passage within the Mongol Empire offered by the Pax Mongolica. It was reportedly first introduced to Europe when Mongols lobbed plague-infected corpses during the siege of Caffa in the Crimea in 1347. The Genoese traders fled, bringing the plague by ship into Sicily and Southern Europe, whence it spread. However even the Silk Road spread theory is disputed, as others point out that the Pax Mongolica had already broken down by 1325, when Western and Persian traders found it difficult to conduct trade in the region, and impossible by 1340.

Preexisting conditions
Regardless of its origin, it is clear that several preexisting conditions such as war, famine, and weather contributed to the severity of the Black Death. In China, the 13th-century Mongol conquest disrupted farming and trading, and led to widespread famine.  The population dropped from approximately 120 to 60 million.
In Northern Europe, new technological innovations such as the heavy plough and the three-field system were not as effective in clearing new fields for harvest as they were in the Mediterranean because the north had poor, clay-like soil. Food shortages and skyrocketing prices were a fact of life for as much as a century before the plague. Wheat, oats, hay, and consequently livestock, were all in short supply, and their scarcity resulted in hunger and malnutrition. The result was a mounting human vulnerability to disease due to weakened immune systems.

The Medieval Warm Period ended in Europe sometime in the 13th century, bringing harsher winters and reduced harvests. Heavy rains in late 1314 began several years of cold and wet winters. The already weak harvests of the north suffered. In the years 1315 to 1317, a catastrophic famine, known as the Great Famine, struck much of Northwest Europe. The famine came about as the result of a large population growth in the previous centuries, with the result that, in the early 14th century the population exceeded the number that could be sustained by farming. The Great Famine was the worst in European history, reducing the population by at least ten percent. Records recreated from dendrochronological studies show a hiatus in building construction during the period, as well as a deterioration in climate.
This was the economic and social situation in which the predictor of the coming disaster, a typhoid epidemic, emerged. Many thousands died in populated urban centres, most significantly Ypres. In 1318 a pestilence of unknown origin, sometimes identified as anthrax, affected the animals of Europe, notably sheep and cattle, further reducing the food supply and income of the peasantry.

The European economy entered a vicious circle in which hunger and chronic, low-level debilitating disease reduced the productivity of labourers, and so the grain output was reduced, causing grain prices to increase. This situation was worsened when landowners and monarchs like Edward III of England (r. 1327–1377) and Philip VI of France (r. 1328–1350), out of a fear that their comparatively high standard of living would decline, raised the fines and rents of their tenants.<ref name=BenHol-327>Bennett and Hollister, Medieval Europe, p. 327</ref> Standards of living then fell drastically, diets grew more limited, and Europeans as a whole experienced more health problems.

Possible Asian outbreak
China
For years it was common for Europeans to assume that the Black Death originated in China. Charles Creighton, in his History of Epidemics in Britain'' (1891), summarizes the tendency to retrospectively describe the origins of the Black Death in China despite lack of evidence for it: "In that nebulous and unsatisfactory state the old tradition of the Black Death originating in China has remained to the present hour". There were records of epidemics from 1308 to 1347 but the loss of life is "clearly assigned to floods and famines, with their attendant sickness." In 1308, there was a plague or malignant fever in Jiangxi and Zhejiang following floods, locusts, and failure of crops. In 1313 there was an epidemic in the capital. According to Creighton, Chinese records of pestilence and epidemics in the 14th century suggest nothing more than typhus, and the dates of major Chinese outbreaks of epidemic disease, marked as "great pestilence" or "great plague" from 1352 to 1363, post-date the European epidemic by several years.

Three waves of epidemics occurred in the last years of the Yuan dynasty: 1331-34 spreading from Hebei to Hunan, in 1344–46 in coastal Fujian and Shandong, and in the 1350s throughout northern and central China. The epidemic of 1331-34 recorded a death toll of 13 million people by 1333. The epidemic of 1344-46 was called a "great pestilence." On the heels of the European epidemic, a widespread disaster occurred in China during 1353–1354. Chinese accounts of this wave of the disease record a spread to eight distinct areas: Hubei, Jiangxi, Shanxi, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Henan, and Suiyuan. More than two thirds of the population in part of Shanxi died and six or seven out of ten in Hubei died. Epidemics afflicted various provinces from 1356 to 1360. In 1358, over 200,000 in Shanxi and Hubei died. In Hebei and Shandong, the population fell from 3.3 million in 1207 to 1.1 million in 1393, however the population in the southern Yangzi region continued to grow from 1210 to the mid-1350s and only fell by less than 10 percent by 1381.

Research on the Delhi Sultanate and the Yuan dynasty shows no evidence of any serious epidemic in fourteenth-century India and no specific evidence of plague in fourteenth-century China, suggesting that the Black Death may not have reached these regions. According to Dr Mark Achtman, the Black Death evolved in China over 2,600 years but the dating of the plague suggests that it was not carried along the Silk Road and its appearance there probably postdates the European outbreak. There is also no physical or specific textual evidence for the Black Death in 14th century China. It's speculated that rats aboard Zheng He's ships in the 15th century may have carried the plague to Southeast Asia, India, and Africa. In the present state of research, it is unclear whether 13th-century epidemics in China were in fact outbreaks of the Black Death. According to George D. Sussman, although a case for the Black Death in China is stronger than India, there are several reasons to question it. One, it did not seem to spread throughout all of China but only in certain provinces and regions, unlike in Europe, despite its relatively dense population and integrated economy. Two, there are no descriptions of the symptoms of the Black Death. Three, the timing does not seem to coincide with the spread of the Black Death elsewhere.

Bubonic plague in its endemic form was mentioned for the first time in Chinese sources in 610 and 652, which if presumed to be in connection to the first plague pandemic, would have required human spread for a realistic spread rate from west to east over 5,500 km. In 610, Chao Yuanfang mentioned a "malignant bubo" "coming on abruptly with high fever together with the appearance of a bundle of nodes beneath the tissues." Sun Simo, who died in 652, also mentioned a "malignant bubo" and plague that was common in Guangdong but was rare in interior provinces. Benedictow believes this indicates the spread of an offshoot of the first plague pandemic which reached Chinese territory by 600.

The earliest Chinese description of the Black Death comes from a local gazetteer from Shanxi in 1644: "In the autumn there was a great epidemic. The victim first developed a hard lump below the armpits or between the thighs or else coughed thin blood and died before they had time to take medicine. Even friends and relations did not dare to ask after the sick or come with their condolences. There were whole families wiped out with none to bury them." The Customs Service list described it as a "Great pestilence in Lu-an" where "Those attacked had hard lumps grow on the neck or arm, like clotted blood. Whole families perished. In some cases the victims spat blood suddenly, and expired." This coincided with two epidemics from 1586 to 1589 and 1639–44 that have been characterized as the most deadly in Chinese history. Even then the epidemics do not seem to have behaved the same as in Europe. The epidemics in 17th century China were preceded by huge die offs in the rodent population and took decades to spread from province to province and never spread throughout the whole country, ultimately killing less than 5% of the population.

India
It has been debated whether or not the Black Death occurred in India.

The sultan of the Delhi Sultanate, Muhammad bin Tughluq, made a military campaign toward the South of India in 1334–1335. The military expedition was suddenly interrupted when an epidemic started to spread within his army to such an extent that the whole expedition had to be stopped, and the army returned to Delhi. When the army returned to Delhi, only a third of the soldiers were reportedly left. Due to the fragmentary sources available, it is not known what illness this was and if it was the same as the Black Death. It is known, however, that the Sultan of Delhi recruited many mercenaries from Central Asia in to his army, and since the Black Death is known to have been present in Central Asia, it is considered theoretically possible that the plague could have been carried to India by them.

Whether the Black Death occurred in India is not known, but it is regarded as a possibility and a possible contributor to the sudden decrease in power and expansion of the Delhi Sultanate in this time period.

European outbreak

In 1345 the Mongols under Khan Jani Berg of the Golden Horde besieged Caffa. Suffering from an outbreak of black plague, the Mongols placed plague-infected corpses in catapults and threw them into the city. In October 1347, a fleet of Genoese trading ships fleeing Caffa reached the port of Messina in Sicily. By the time the fleet reached Messina, all the crew members were either infected or dead. It is presumed that the ships also carried infected rats and/or fleas. Some ships were found grounded on shorelines, with no one aboard remaining alive.

Looting of these lost ships also helped spread the disease. From there, the plague spread to Genoa and Venice by the turn of 1347–1348, spreading
across Italy.

From Italy the disease spread northwest across Europe, striking France, the Crown of Aragon, the Crown of Castile, Portugal and England by June 1348, then turned and spread east through Germany and Scandinavia from 1348 to 1350.  It was introduced in Norway in 1349 when a ship landed at Askøy, then proceeded to spread to Bjørgvin (modern Bergen). From Norway it continued to Sweden, by which point it had already spread around Denmark.

Finally it spread to north-eastern Russia in 1351; however, the plague largely spared some parts of Europe, including the Kingdom of Poland, isolated parts of Belgium and the Netherlands, Milan and the modern-day France-Spain border.

At Siena, Agnolo di Tura wrote:

Middle Eastern outbreak

The plague struck various countries in the Middle East during the pandemic, leading to serious depopulation and permanent change in both economic and social structures. As it spread to western Europe, the disease also entered the region from southern Russia. By autumn 1347, the plague reached Alexandria in Egypt, probably through the port's trade with Constantinople, and ports on the Black Sea. During 1348, the disease travelled eastward to Gaza, and north along the eastern coast to cities including Ashkelon, Acre, Jerusalem, Sidon, Damascus, Homs, and Aleppo. In 1348–49, the disease reached Antioch. The city's residents fled to the north, most of them dying during the journey, but the infection had been spread to the people of Asia Minor.

Mecca became infected in 1349. During the same year, records show the city of Mawsil (Mosul) suffered a massive epidemic, and the city of Baghdad experienced a second round of the disease. In 1351, Yemen experienced an outbreak of the plague. This coincided with the return of King Mujahid of Yemen from imprisonment in Cairo. His party may have brought the disease with them from Egypt.

Recurrence
In England, in the absence of census figures, historians propose a range of pre-incident population figures from as high as 7 million to as low as 4 million in 1300, and a post-incident population figure as low as 2 million. By the end of 1350 the Black Death had subsided, but it never really died out in England over the next few hundred years: there were further outbreaks in 1361–62, 1369, 1379–83, 1389–93, and throughout the first half of the 15th century. The plague often killed 10% of a community in less than a year—in the worst epidemics, such as at Norwich in 1579 and Newcastle in 1636, as many as 30 or 40%. The most general outbreaks in Tudor and Stuart England, all coinciding with years of plague in Germany and the Low Countries, seem to have begun in 1498, 1535, 1543, 1563, 1589, 1603, 1625, and 1636.

The plague repeatedly returned to haunt Europe and the Mediterranean throughout the 14th to 18th centuries, and still occurs in isolated cases today.

The plague of 1575–77 claimed some 50,000 victims in Venice. In 1634, an outbreak of plague killed 15,000 Munich residents. Late outbreaks in central Europe include the Italian Plague of 1629–1631, which is associated with troop movements during the Thirty Years' War, and the Great Plague of Vienna in 1679. About 200,000 people in Moscow died of the disease from 1654 to 1656. Oslo was last ravaged in 1654. In 1656 the plague killed about half of Naples' 300,000 inhabitants. Amsterdam was ravaged in 1663–1664, with a mortality given as 50,000.

The Great Plague of London in 1665–1666 is generally recognized as one of the last major outbreaks.

A plague epidemic known as the Great Northern War plague outbreak, that followed the Great Northern War (1700–1721, Sweden v. Russia and allies) wiped out almost 1/3 of the population in the region. An estimated one-third of East Prussia's population died in the plague of 1709–1711. The plague of 1710 killed two-thirds of the inhabitants of Helsinki. An outbreak of plague between 1710 and 1711 claimed a third of Stockholm's population.

During the Great Plague of 1738, the epidemic struck again, this time in Eastern Europe, spreading from Ukraine to the Adriatic Sea, then onwards by ship to infect some in Tunisia. The destruction in several cities in what is now Romania (such as Timișoara) was formidable, claiming tens of thousands of lives.

Explanatory notes

Citations

General and cited references

Migration
Second plague pandemic


Motherwell Shopping Centre is an outdoor shopping centre located in the centre of Motherwell, North Lanarkshire, Scotland. It is owned jointly by Chester Properties and Columbus Capital, who purchased the site from previous owners CALA Properties  in May 2010. The centre is known locally as Motherwell Town Centre.

History and formation
Formerly the section of Brandon Street connecting to Motherwell Point in the post-war era, this section would later separate and be transformed into a pedestrianised street, leading to the creation of Brandon Parade. The new end of Brandon Street would later connect to a by-pass road known as Menteith Road. Plan The centre was later renamed Brandon Shopping Centre after CALA Properties purchased the centre. Due to the transition, many famous nationwide retailers, such as Primark, now have a store in the centre, making it one of the most attractive and well-known shopping centres in North Lanarkshire. In October 2013, the centre was given a radical upgrade, and was renamed Motherwell Shopping Centre upon completion.

Location and transport links
The shopping centre is located close to Motherwell railway station, with access to services on routes including the West Coast Main Line, East Coast Main Line, Cross Country and Argyle Line providing local and longer-distance services, from Glasgow, Edinburgh, stretching out to as far as London and Penzance. It also has numerous bus stops located at Merry Street, Muir Street and West Hamilton Street, as well as a taxi rank at the North of the centre next to the public toilets.

Stores
Stores include: Argos, B & M Bargains, Bonmarché, Boots, British Heart Foundation, Card Factory, Game, Iceland, JD Sports, Poundland, The Works, Wilko

See also
List of shopping centres in the United Kingdom

References

External links
Official Website

Shopping centres in Scotland
Buildings and structures in Motherwell
Tourist attractions in North Lanarkshire


Coopérative des Pêcheurs de Guyane (CODEPEG) is a fishing enterprise in French Guiana. It is based in the capital, Cayenne, and was formed on June 15, 1983. Former directors include Jean-Marie Taubira.

External links
Agrojob.com

Economy of French Guiana
1983 establishments in French Guiana


Myanmar–Russia relations are the bilateral relations between Myanmar and Russia. Myanmar has an embassy in Moscow whilst Russia has an embassy in Yangon.

History

The USSR established diplomatic relations with Myanmar upon the latter's independence in 1948, which remain to the present day through Russia. In 2007, alongside China, Russia vetoed a U.N. Security Council resolution condemning alleged human rights abuses and atrocities at the hands of the Myanmar government.

In August 2022, Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov described Myanmar as a "friendly and longstanding partner."

On 7 September 2022, Myanmar's junta chief Min Aung Hlaing met with Russian President Vladimir Putin on the sidelines of an economic meeting in eastern Russia, the first time that the pair have met since the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état.

On 11 August 2023, Myanmar airways became set to launch direct flights to Russian city of Novosibirsk.

Agreements
In June 2016, the two countries signed a defence cooperation agreement. Min Aung Hlaing and Sergei Shoigu announced their intention to expand military cooperation in a 2018 meeting.

Nuclear cooperation

In 2007, Russia and Myanmar did a controversial nuclear research center deal. According to the press release, "The centre will comprise a 10MW light-water reactor working on 20%-enriched uranium-235, an activation analysis laboratory, a medical isotope production laboratory, silicon doping system, nuclear waste treatment and burial facilities".

See also
 Foreign relations of Myanmar
 Foreign relations of Russia

References

External links

  Documents on the Myanmar–Russia relationship at the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs
  Embassy of Russia in Yangon

Bilateral relations of Russia
Russia


The K1C2 formula (sometimes stylized as KC), was a campaign platform and strategy used by Republican candidate Dwight D. Eisenhower during the 1952 United States presidential election. K1C2 stands for 'Korea, Communism, and Corruption', representing Eisenhower's key attacks on the Democrats throughout the election: the stalemate in the Korean War, the growing fear of Communism, and the allegations of corruption within the Truman administration.

The idea was ultimately successful, with Eisenhower winning the presidency against Democratic candidate Adlai Stevenson and Republicans securing control of both houses of Congress, leading the election to be described as a 'deviating' one against the backdrop of Democratic dominance through the middle of the century.

Korea
After United Nations forces retook "Line Kansas" in May 1951, the Korean War was at a stalemate; the conflict continued, but little territory changed hands.

Communism
The election came in the middle of the McCarthy era when the US was undergoing the second red scare over supposed undercover Communists in American public life. Eisenhower reluctantly supported Joseph McCarthy in his attacks on Democrats, with Republicans believing him to be a "necessary weapon", despite the fact McCarthy had also started attacking Eisenhower's military mentor George Marshall.

Corruption
Truman himself was not linked to any corruption, but his connections to the Pendergast machine were scrutinized. Several members of the Truman administration had conflicts of interest or were involved in corrupt activities:
In 1946, Truman attempted to appoint Edwin W. Pauley, a businessman and Democratic donor, to the post of United States Under Secretary of the Navy. Pauley was seen as unsuited to the post due to his close ties to the oil industry and Truman's continued support for his nomination led to the resignation of Harold Ickes as Secretary of the Interior.
Matthew J. Connelly (Truman's Appointments Secretary) and T. Lamar Caudle (the head of the tax division at the Department of Justice) were found guilty in 1956 of having accepted oil royalty interests in exchange for allegedly giving lenient treatment to a St Louis shoe salesman charged with tax fraud. It was later suggested that Caudle was made a scapegoat by Republican lawmakers in order to secure convictions after their election, so as to look tough on corruption.
Major General Harry H. Vaughan (Truman's friend and military aide) accepted seven home freezers for himself and friends in return for using his influence to fix government contracts.
E. Merl Young, an official in the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, was found guilty of accepting a gift of a mink coat for his wife from a Washington lawyer in return for favourable loans to certain companies.

To try to stem the corruption, in February 1952, Truman appointed Newbold Morris to head an independent investigation as special counsel. He also signed an executive order compelling members of the executive branch to co-operate with Morris' inquiry. Truman's Attorney General J. Howard McGrath objected to Morris' line of investigation (believing the salary surveys Morris was giving out were a "violation of personal rights") and, on 3 April, he fired Morris. Hours later, Truman called McGrath and forced him to resign. This high-profile scandal made sure that corruption would be a major part of the election campaign.

Though Truman may not have condoned the corruption within his administration, "he behaved so willfully as to seem almost a conscious co-conspirator". The extent of the problem was such that Richard Nixon, who ran with Eisenhower as Vice President, dubbed it the 'scandal-a-day administration'.

References

Korean War
Election campaigns
Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower
1952 United States presidential election
Corruption in the United States
Communism in North Korea
Republican Party (United States) campaigns
Anti-communism in the United States


Éxitos En Vivo () is the title of a live album released by Tejano music group La Mafia from Monterrey Nuevo León Mexico on February 28, 1995. This album became their first number-one set on the Billboard Top Latin Albums chart. It received a nomination for a Grammy Award for Best Mexican/Mexican-American Album.

Track listing
Source: Billboard.

Chart performance

See also
List of number-one Billboard Top Latin Albums from the 1990s
List of number-one Billboard Latin Pop Albums from the 1990s

References

La Mafia live albums
Spanish-language live albums
1995 live albums
Sony Music Latin live albums


María del Carmen Díaz Mancilla (born July 15, 1970) is a retired long-distance runner from Mexico. She competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, where she finished in 33rd place in the women's marathon event. She set a personal best of 2:29:48 hours for the marathon in 1996.

International competitions

References

External links

1970 births
Living people
Mexican female long-distance runners
Mexican female marathon runners
Olympic athletes for Mexico
Pan American Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Pan American Games gold medalists for Mexico
Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1987 Pan American Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1991 Pan American Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1995 Pan American Games
World Athletics Championships athletes for Mexico
Pan American Games silver medalists for Mexico
Pan American Games bronze medalists for Mexico
Central American and Caribbean Games gold medalists for Mexico
Competitors at the 1990 Central American and Caribbean Games
Competitors at the 1993 Central American and Caribbean Games
Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in athletics
Medalists at the 1991 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1995 Pan American Games
20th-century Mexican women


Captain Jenkins can refer to:

 Robert Jenkins (master mariner), a British sailor tortured by his Spanish captors by the removal of an ear.
 War of Jenkins' Ear, the ensuing war between the two states caused by the incident.


Carl Theodor Anger (Danzig, 31 July 1803 – Danzig, 25 March 1858) was a German mathematician and astronomer. He was a student of and assistant to Friedrich Bessel at the Königsberg Observatory from 1827 until 1831. Thereafter, he was appointed as astronomer by the Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Danzig.

Besides his scientific work, especially that related to Bessel functions, he is also known for his first-hand biographical notes on the life of Bessel.

Publications

See also
Anger function
Jacobi–Anger expansion

Notes

References

External links
  ADB:Anger, Karl Theodor – Wikisource
  Franz Kössler's Personlexikon von Lehren des 19. Jahrhunderts (Abbehusen – Axt); Anger, Karl Theodor: bibliography with 41 entries

1803 births
1858 deaths
19th-century German mathematicians
19th-century German astronomers
Scientists from Gdańsk
People from West Prussia
Mathematicians from the Kingdom of Prussia