Tiflorex (TFX), formerly known as flutiorex, is a stimulant amphetamine that was under development as an appetite suppressant in the 1970s, but appears to have been abandoned.
It is structurally related to fenfluramine and 4-MTA.

Tiflorex went to phase II clinical trials. The extended release formulation "TFX-SR" produced significant suppression of appetite. It also caused slightly more sleep disturbances and headaches than placebo, as well as mydriasis and a self-reported decrease in arousal. It had little effect on heart rate.

Tifluorex is claimed to be a more potent anorectic than fenfluramine, with twice its potency in humans and 4 times its potency in rats.

Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics
The mechanism of action of tiflorex has apparently never been studied. Similar compounds such as fenfluramine, norfenfluramine and 4-MTA act as selective serotonin releasing agents and 5-HT2 receptor agonists. Fenfluramine in particular causes very similar side effects and appetite suppression at therapeutically relevant doses.

Pharmacokinetics
In rats, tiflorex is rapidly N-dealkylated to norflutiorex. Both tiflorex and norflutiorex appear to be excreted in urine.

Synthesis

The Rosenmund reduction of 3-(trifluoromethylthio)benzoyl chloride [51748-28-8] (1) gave 3-((trifluoromethyl)thio)benzaldehyde [51748-27-7] (2). Henry reaction with nitroethane led to 1-(2-nitroprop-1-en-1-yl)-3-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfanyl]benzene [176242-84-5] (3). With the aid of iron catalyst in concentrated HCl acid there occurred FGI into 1-(3'-trifluoromethylthiophenyl)-2-propanone, CID:21325269 (4'). Reductive amination with ethylamine and formic acid as the reductant completed the synthesis of tiflorex (5).

References

Anorectics
Substituted amphetamines
Abandoned drugs
Trifluoromethyl compounds
Trifluoromethylthio compounds
Thioethers


Brede Pit and Cutting is a  geological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Brede in East Sussex. It is a Geological Conservation Review site.

This site shows the junction between two formations in the Wealden Group, dating to the Early Cretaceous. It exposes the top 2 metres of the Ashdown Formation and the bottom 1.5 metres of the Wadhurst Clay Formation. The environments change from shallow fluvial to deeper lakes and lagoons and there are fossils of plants, fishes and reptiles.

The site is private land with no public access.

References

Sites of Special Scientific Interest in East Sussex
Geological Conservation Review sites
Pit and Cutting


The four teams in this group played against each other on a home-and-away basis. The winner Switzerland qualified for the eighth FIFA World Cup held in England.

Matches

Switzerland qualified.

Final Table

Team stats

Head coach:  Alfredo Foni

Head coach:  Bertie Peacock

Head coach:  Elek Schwartz (first match);  Denis Neville (second to sixth match)

Head coach:  Zyber Konçi (first to fifth match);  Loro Boriçi (sixth match)

External links
FIFA official page
RSSSF - 1966 World Cup Qualification
Allworldcup

5
1965–66 in Swiss football
1964–65 in Swiss football
1965–66 in Northern Ireland association football
1964–65 in Northern Ireland association football
1965–66 in Dutch football
1964–65 in Dutch football
1965–66 in Albanian football
1964–65 in Albanian football
1963–64 in Dutch football
1963–64 in Albanian football


Cherven () is a village in northeastern Bulgaria in the Ruse Province. Cherven is situated in the municipality of Ivanovo. , the village had 239 inhabitants. The tributary of the river Rusenski Lom, Cherni Lom (meaning Black Lom), divides the village into two parts.

One of the most important towns in the Second Bulgarian Empire existed near the village and was also called Cherven. During its heyday between 12th and 14th centuries, it was one of the largest commercial and military centres in the region. It was fully destroyed after the Bulgarian–Ottoman Wars and is now in ruins.

Villages in Ruse Province


The Heinrich Wieland Prize is awarded annually by the Boehringer Ingelheim Foundation for outstanding research on biologically active molecules and systems in the areas of chemistry, biochemistry and physiology as well as their clinical importance.

In 1963, the Margarine Institute established the Heinrich Wieland Prize to support research in the field of lipids. In 2000, the Margarine Institute ended its sponsorship of the Prize and the pharmaceutical company Boehringer Ingelheim became the new sponsor. In 2011, the Boehringer Ingelheim Foundation took over the prize.

The awardee is selected by a scientific board of trustees. The prize is named after the Nobel Prize Laureate in chemistry Professor Heinrich Wieland (1877-1957), one of the leading lipid chemists of the first half of the 20th century. To mark its 50th anniversary in 2014, the prize money was raised to 100,000 euros.

Four of its awardees have gone on to receive the Nobel Prize: Michael S. Brown and Joseph L. Goldstein (1974), Bengt Samuelsson (1981) and James E. Rothman 1990.

Prize winners
Source:  Boehringer Ingelheim Foundation Heinrich Wieland Prize Laureates since 2020

1964: Ernst Klenk
1965: Wilhelm Stoffel
1966: no award presented
1967: Heinrich Wagener and Bruno Frosch
1968: David Adriaan van Dorp
1969: Werner Seubert
1970: Christian Bode and Harald Goebell
1971: Laurens L.M. van Deenen
1972: Heiner Greten and Kurt Oette
1973: Shosaku Numa
1974: Michael S. Brown and Joseph L. Goldstein
1975: Ernst Ferber and Klaus Resch
1976: Dietrich Seidel and Eckhart Schweizer
1977: Gerd Assmann and Helmut K. Mangold
1978: Olga Stein and Yechezkiel Stein
1979: Konrad Sandhoff
1980: H. Bryan Brewer and Barry Lewis
1981: Bengt Samuelsson
1982: Hansjörg Eibl and Robert William Mahley
1983: John M. Dietschy
1984: Olaf Adam and Gerhart Kurz
1985: Guy Ourisson
1986: Eugene P. Kennedy
1987: Akira Endo and Dietrich Keppler
1988: Lawrence C.B. Chan
1989: Ching-Hsien Huang
1990: James E. Rothman and Karel W. A. Wirtz
1991: Jan L. Breslow
1991: Wolfgang J. Schneider
1992: Lev D. Bergelson
1993: Walter Neupert
1994: Joachim Seelig
1995: Jean E. Schaffer and Dennis E. Vance
1996: Jeffrey M. Friedman
1997: Bruce M. Spiegelman
1998: Thomas E. Willnow
1999: Ernst Heinz
2000: Lewis Clayton Cantley
2001: Felix Wieland
2002: Stephen O'Rahilly
2003: David J. Mangelsdorf
2004: Raphael Mechoulam and Roger Nicoll
2005: Helen Hobbs
2006: Alois Fürstner
2007: Joachim Herz
2008: Markus Stoffel
2009: Steven Ley
2010: Nenad Ban
2011: Franz-Ulrich Hartl
2012: Carolyn R. Bertozzi
2013: Tony Kouzarides
2014: Reinhard Jahn
2015: Gero Miesenböck
2016: Peter G. Schultz
2017: Alexander Varshavsky
2018: Pascale Cossart
2019:
2020: Craig M. Crews
2021: Thomas Boehm
2022: Xiaowei Zhuang

See also

 List of chemistry awards
 List of prizes named after people

References

External links
http://www.heinrich-wieland-prize.com

Boehringer Ingelheim
Chemistry awards
American science and technology awards
Awards established in 1963


Hulkoti is a town in Gadag district of Karnataka state, India. The town is situated on the way from Hubli to Gadag road(NH-63).The town is known for the co-operative movement in Karnataka.K.H. Patil was in the forefront of co-operative movement in this town. The town has many educational institutes.It has state board as well as CBSE school,PU College and Engineering College.

External links
K H Patil Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Hulkoti
ದೇಶಕ್ಕೆ ನಂ. 1 ನಮ್ಮ ರಾಜ್ಯದ ಈ ಗ್ರಾಮ | First Rank Village :Hulkoti
History of K H Patil
"As you sow..." Deccan Herald
Hulkoti is one of the well developed village in the world. Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam has visited to hulkoti Sri Rajeshwari Vidyaniketan school.

Cities and towns in Gadag district


Mark Philippoussis was the defending champion, but lost in the second round this year.

Thomas Enqvist won the title, defeating Andre Agassi 6–7(4–7), 7–6(8–6), 6–3 in the final.

Seeds

  Greg Rusedski (first round)
  Jonas Björkman (quarterfinals)
  Gustavo Kuerten (second round)
  Tim Henman (second round)
  Mark Philippoussis (second round)
  Sergi Bruguera (first round)
  Thomas Enqvist (champion)
  Andre Agassi (final)

Draw

Finals

Top half

Bottom half

External links
 1998 BMW Open Singles draw

Singles


Nikolai Nikolaevich Nekhoroshev (; 2 October 1946 – 18 October 2008) was a prominent Soviet Russian mathematician specializing in classical mechanics and dynamical systems. His research concerned Hamiltonian mechanics, perturbation theory, celestial mechanics, integrable systems, dynamical systems, the quasiclassical approximation, and singularity theory. He proved, in particular, a stability result in KAM-theory stating that, under certain conditions, solutions of nearly integrable systems stay close to invariant tori for exponentially long times .

Nekhoroshev was professor of the Moscow State University and University of Milan. He was an alumnus of Moscow's boarding school no. 18 (1964).

Winner of the Kolmogorov Prize (1997).

References
 .

 .
 .

Moscow State University alumni
Academic staff of Moscow State University
Russian mathematicians
Soviet mathematicians
1946 births
2008 deaths
Dynamical systems theorists


is a historical street in Kyoto, Japan, running north–south. It runs between Kiyamachi Nijō and Kiyamachi Shichijō on the eastern side of the Takase River near the Kamo River. There also runs Nishi-Kiyamachi Street on the western side of Takase River between Sanjō and Shichijō. It was constructed with the excavation of Takase River in the Edo period. Kiya is an old Japanese word which means woods stores. In 1895 a tram started to run between Kiyamachi Nijō and Kiyamachi Gojō. The tram line was moved to Kawaramachi Street in 1920s.

History
Ryoui Suminokura began his excavation of Takase River at Nijoukirimachi (present day Kamikorikichou) in 1611 during the Keichou Era (1596 - 1615). At the time, the road was called Korikichou Street.

At the beginning of the Edo period, charcoal and lumber from Osaka and Kyoto were loaded on boats and brought to the area to be put in storehouses, which lined the river. Thus the area was called Kiyamachi. Zaimokumachi, Kamiyamachi, Nabeyamachi, Komeyamachi, and other towns still remain in the area around Kiyamachi, each of which was named for the products they dealt in. According to topographical records in 1762 of the Houreki era, the area from Kitanijou Street to Minamigojou was defined as Kiyamachi.

In the middle of the Edo era in the 18th century, because of an influx of travellers and merchants in the area, the appearance of the street changed and restaurants, inns, and bars were established. At the end of the Edo era, the town served as a secret meeting place for loyalists of the emperor such as Ryouma Sakamoto, Takayoshi Kido, Masujirou Oomura, Seiishiro Honma, and Shouzan Sakuma. Monuments were placed in the downtown area to commemorate these loyalists.

In 1895 of the Meiji period, a street car line was built which ran from Nijou to Gojou. In the 1920s, due to the expansion of Kawaramachi Street, it became known as the Kawaramachi Line.

Current State
Cherry blossom trees have been planted along the river and a sidewalk has been laid along the street. Further improvements are being made to the road.

Around Sanjou Street and Shijou Street, there are tea and coffee shops, bars, and restaurants offering not only Japanese food but food from various countries. Because of the increase in entertainment, measures are being taken to maintain public order.

As of 2003, the district of Kiyamachi has been designated a beautifully developed community of importance in Kyoto.

External links
  (Kiyamachi Nijō intersection)
  (Kiyamachi Shichijō intersection)

Streets in Kyoto


Geoffrey or Geoff Wilson may refer to:

 Geoff Wilson (Canadian politician) (born 1941), former member of the Canadian House of Commons
 Geoff Wilson (Australian politician) (born 1952), member of the Queensland Parliament
 Geoff Wilson (Australian footballer) (1940–2022), Australian rules footballer
 Geoff Wilson (professor) (1938–2020), nuclear physicist
 Geoffrey Plumpton Wilson (1878–1934), English amateur footballer
 Geoffrey Wilson (cricketer) (1895–1960), English cricketer
 Geoffrey Wilson (British politician) (1903–1975), British Conservative politician

See also
 Jeff Wilson (disambiguation)
Jeffrey Wilson (disambiguation)


792 Naval Air Squadron (792 NAS) was a Naval Air Squadron of the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm and was originally formed at RNAS St Merryn (HMS Vulture) in August 1939 as an Air Target Unit, equipped with six Blackburn Skuas. The squadron disbanded in 1945 and merged with 794 Naval Air Squadron. 792 Squadron reformed at RNAS Culdrose in 1948 as a Night Fighter Training Unit. It was initially equipped with Fairey Firefly NF.1s and Avro Ansons. They were later replaced with Sea Hornets shortly before the squadron disbanded again in August 1950.

The squadron was reformed at RNAS Culdrose (HMS Seahawk) in November 2001 from the Fleet Target Group from RNAS Portland, which closed in 1998. It operated the Mirach 100/5 unmanned subsonic drones which were used to test the Sea Dart Missile System on Type 42 destroyers and Sidewinder missiles on Harrier and Tornado fighters. It is not listed on the current Royal Navy website and is believed to have been replaced by QinetiQ's Combined Aerial Target Service contract.

References

Bibliography

700 series Fleet Air Arm squadrons
Military units and formations of the Royal Navy in World War II
Military of the United Kingdom in Cornwall


Persecution of people with albinism (sometimes abbreviated PWA) is based on the belief that certain body parts of albinistic people can transmit magical powers. Such superstition is present especially in some parts of the African Great Lakes region, it has been promulgated and exploited by witch doctors and others who use such body parts as ingredients in rituals, concoctions and potions with the claim that their magic will bring prosperity to the user (muti or medicine murder).

As a result, people with albinism have been persecuted, killed and dismembered, and graves of albinos dug up and desecrated. At the same time, people with albinism have also been ostracised and even killed for exactly the opposite reason, because they are presumed to be cursed and bring bad luck. The persecutions of people with albinism take place mostly in Sub-Saharan African communities, especially among East Africans.

Albinism is a genetically inherited condition which is very rare and, worldwide, affects approximately one in twenty thousand people. Although rare in the western world, albinism is quite common in sub-Saharan Africa, likely as a result of consanguineous alliances. Both parents, who may or may not be albinos themselves, must carry the gene if it is to be passed on to the child. Albinism occurs in both males and females and is not specific to any race or ethnic group. Statistics show that fifty percent of albinistic people in Tanzania have a known albinistic relative, although very few understand or are educated about the medical and genetic causes of this condition. Many believe it is a punishment from God or bad luck, and that their "disease" could be contagious, which is often the view of even members of the medical and professional community. These misconceptions, coupled with the lack of education, are some of the key reasons that albinism is so heavily persecuted. This lack of knowledge about people with albinism means that folktales and superstition in the name of witchcraft take the place of medical and scientific facts in the minds of many native Africans, with and without albinism, which in turn has major effects on the social integration of albinistic people into African society. Ninety-eight percent of albinos die by the age of forty for reasons which could easily be prevented.

Current statistics of persecution of albinistic people

A report was released on 1 April 2014 by the Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, office of the Canadian charity Under the Same Sun. Titled Reported Attacks of Persons with Albinism, the document reviews 180 countries and lists 129 recent killings and 181 other attacks, all within 23 African countries. These attacks include mutilation, violence, violation of graves, and cases of asylum-seeking.

Tanzania
In Tanzania, albinos represent one in every 1429 births, a much higher rate than in any other nation. According to Al-Shymaa Kway-Geer, an albino member of parliament, there are 6977 officially registered albinos in Tanzania. However, it is believed that there may be up to 17000 undocumented. A number of albinos have migrated to the Dar es Salaam area, as they feel safer in an urban setting. Tanzania is thought to have the largest population of albinos in Africa. Albinos are especially persecuted in Shinyanga and Mwanza, where witch doctors have promoted a belief in the potential magical and superstitious properties of albinos' body parts. This can cause immense strain on families and relationships. An albino child is often seen as a bad omen and treated as unwanted. Many albino babies become victims of infanticide due to these superstitious views.

Malawi
After 2015 when Tanzania enacted tougher steps against violence against albinos, Malawi has seen a "steep upsurge in killings" with 18 reported killings since November 2014, and the likely toll being higher because of missing persons and unreported murders. President Peter Mutharika has formed a committee to study the situation. Additionally, Malawi has faced an immense amount of graves belonging to Albino people being robbed in more recent history. In 2017, police found at least 39 cases of illegal removals of the bodies of Albino people from their graves or having body parts removed from their corpses. Another phenomenon that has also begun to occur is an increase in religious leaders, police, and government officials being charged and convicted of slaying Albino people in Malawi. As of 2018, there has been speculation President Mutharika making moves toward implementing the death penalty to convicted murderers of Albino people as a way to significantly decrease the attacks being perpetrated, putting fear into those who do it for business or religious purposes and making it substantially less acceptable by witch doctors and other people who follow superstitions. There is a death penalty in place, but it has not been put in to use since the government changed to democracy in 1994, and convicts who are given the death penalty have sat in prison for life instead. The president sees this as a way to tighten judicial control and work to eradicate the hate crimes committed against Albinos.

In 2018, Malawian MP Esther Jolobala alleged that there were significant delays in the Malawian Police Service's response to reports of crimes against albinos.

Zambia
On the report of Zambian Albinism Organisations like AFZ and others there are about 25,324 people with albinism in Zambia, according to the country's last census, conducted in 2010. "Noting the efforts made by the Zambia government to promote the welfare of PWA in the country including prohibiting racial discrimination of persons as well as offenses causing bodily harm through the Constitution as well as Penal Code of Zambia; supporting the publishing of a handbook called "Living with Albinism in Zambia: Information for children and young people" which aims to teach children about healthcare, sun damage and the differences between them and their family and peers; Including PWA in the 2010 Census of Population and Housing; Occasional purchase and free distribution of sunscreen lotions to PWA; and hosting cancer clinics where PWA go for cancer treatment covering medical bills for some of them. However, there are a number of issues that are yet to be adequately addressed." The latest killing in Zambia was reported in March 2020

Origins of myths and superstition causing persecution of people with albinism
African rituals and spiritual ideas about albinism have led to the brutal murder of and attacks on innocent men, women and especially children. These ideas have been around for many generations, but in recent years witch doctors have been teaching misconceived ideas about the promise of wealth, success, and power when albino hair or limbs are used in a potion as part of witchcraft practices. This has gained public attention nationally and internationally as these crimes have been reported as crimes against human rights. "Infanticide, kidnapping, amputations, and decapitations, committed for purposes of supplying highly valued body parts used for amulets, which are then sold in underground witchcraft market."  Therefore, this causes great unrest and angst among the albino population, who must be protected and often live in a state of solitude simply to protect their own lives and to prevent being hunted like animals.

US congressman Gerry Connolly in 2010 introduced legislation to protect albinos and urge local governments to protect albinos, stating that "With their help and the passage of this resolution today, maybe we can bring an end to these horrific and heinous crimes."

It is clear that "the main driving forces underlying these profiling crimes are ignorance, myth, and superstition, such as the belief that individuals with albinism possess superpowers or that their body parts bestow fortune and health." It is commonly known that in many communities, predominantly in Tanzania and parts of east Africa, superstitious views derived from ancient spiritual beliefs and reinforced by local witch doctors have been carried through centuries of ritualistic practices and mythical beliefs. This creates a serious risk to the lives of persons with albinism as the people believe it will bring them wealth, power, success, or health depending on the variances of interpretation. Senior police officers claim that these body parts may be sold for as much as US$75,000 on the black market for a set of arms, legs, ears, and genitals from an individual with albinism. Therefore, there has been an extensive amount of albino murders in the past decade especially in Burundi and Tanzania, wherein 2007 more than seventy documented killings took place and one hundred and fifty body parts of albinos were reported to have been chopped off. Now the number of killings is well over one hundred, with low conviction rates, and albinos continue to have limbs severed, leaving many crippled or severely maimed, traumatized and tortured in the process.

This threat to albinos has the potential to cause extreme trauma and stress in their daily lives, which are already impacted by the stress of their condition, affecting skin and eyesight, placing albinos in a constant state of insecurity and distrust. According to Navi Pillay, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, because of the social and educational exclusion which can often occur there are often very low education levels in albinos, so that they lack social and economic tools to live productive lives. It also "is a common belief that albinos have low brain capacity and are unable to function at the same level as 'normal people'. Therefore, their ability to learn is often deficient due to the fact that one hundred percent of albinos suffer from some form of visual impairment and there often are not sufficient educational facilities, learning supplies or funding to support children with limited sight. This causes extensive bullying, exclusion from peer groups, low self-esteem and confidence, along with emotional and mental illness stemming from rejection by society, and often family members who harbor superstitious myths about albinos. It is clearly revealed that no matter what mythical or spiritual mantra a person may be following or believing about albinos there is a general view in "nearly all cultures in the region of East Africa held and some still hold the view that albinos are less desirable beings who are less than human." Therefore, homes and schools specifically for albinos, such as Buhangija Albino School, have been created as safe environments for learning, growing and permanently residing. Many children fear to ever return to their families, believing that they may be killed by even their closest relatives. Ukerewe Island is a key example of this, displayed in the film home to a large community of people with albinism where 62 albinos reside, most likely to remain in solitude and away from albino hunters.

The UN report submitted as part of the Human Rights Council resolution 23/13 of 13 June 2013 states that albinos are often regarded as "ghosts and not human beings, who can be wiped off the global map." They are often persecuted as devils or people who are a bad omen or suffer from a curse. In some communities, it is "believed that contact with them will bring bad luck, sickness or death." Therefore, this is discrimination and mental and emotional persecution alone, where severe bullying of children, exclusion and abandonment occurs even without brutal physical persecution.

However, the issues which have created a spotlight for the Human Rights Council of the United Nations are the murder of albinos for medicine and dismemberment, and attacks, and murder of persons with albinism. Another myth that imposes a risk on people with albinism is the belief that "sexual intercourse with a woman or a girl with albinism can cure HIV/AIDS." Sacrifice of albinos has believed also to "appease the god of the mountain" when fear of a volcano eruption is possible, and it is believed that pulling the hair of albinos can bring good luck. It has also been reported that "miners use the bones of persons with albinism as amulets or bury them where they are drilling for gold. The attacks which occur usually result in the death or severe mutilation of the albino, which according to the Human rights council can in "some cases involve trade in organs, trafficking in persons and sale of children, infanticide and abandonment of children."

Action against persecution
With escalating killings, President Kikwete publicly and repeatedly condemned witch doctors, their helpers and middlemen, and the clients, which include members of the police force, for these murders. Victims include children snatched or abducted from their parents. The killers and their accomplices use hair, arms, legs, skin, eyes, genitals, and blood in rituals or for witch potions.

The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights has published a preliminary report regarding discrimination which has been directed toward people with albinism. This report has been submitted as part of the Human Rights Council resolution 23/13 of 13 June 2013. It reinforced that "states would adopt specific measures to protect and preserve the rights to life and security of persons with albinism, as well as their right not to be subject to torture and ill treatment, and ensure their access to adequate health care, employment, education and justice." The discrimination against albinos is often demonstrated by family members and relatives especially at birth, and ill-treatment by general society is widespread where there are severe issues of social exclusion and stigma. The Resolution 23/13 explains the Human Rights council's concerns about "attacks against persons with albinism". Therefore, the Council encouraged the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) to submit a report. Navi Pillay is the current United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. As the representative, on 11 March 2014 she submitted a message which overviewed the current status of discrimination against persons with albinism and possible pathways for change and development in protection of albinos. "People with albinism have the right to live without fear or bullying, discrimination, social exclusion, killing and dismemberment." This footage was published on 13 March 2014 to overview the current situation surrounding albinos who live in fear of being murdered or captured for the purposes of murder medicine and witch doctors belief in the magical potential of albino hair and limbs.

Also a key issue is the influence of educating the public to encourage the removal of the social stigma associated with albinos in a society which does not completely understand that albinism is not a curse or a spiritual ghost, but simply a skin condition. In Zimbabwe albinos have been given the name sope which indicated that they are possessed by evil spirits, and in Tanzania they are known as nguruwe meaning 'pig', or zeru which means 'ghost'. The Report discusses the "most serious human rights violations faced by persons with albinism, primarily focusing on the ritual killings and attacks to which they are subjected." It also includes recommendations to the international community and member states action towards persons with albinism.

Future plans

International federation Secretary General Bekele Geleta states that "Albinism is one of the most unfortunate vulnerabilities… and needs to be addressed immediately at international level." This is a cry for international exposure and help to ensure that people suffering from albinism can be protected from inhumane killings and to be sheltered from the merciless hunters of albino body parts for their potions and spiritual medicine. "The main issues that should be addressed include skin cancer prevention education, stigma and discrimination denouncement, and swift prosecution of albino hunters and their sponsors." Therefore, it is clear that albinos are facing many issues in their lives, and must be protected on the basis of human rights even if they look different and unlike any other race on earth. It is "imperative to inform the medical community and the general national and international public about the tragedies faced by albinos to protect them from skin cancer and ritualistic murders by individuals seeking wealth through clandestine markets perpetuating witchcraft."

A number of steps were taken by the government to protect the albino population.  The president ordered a crackdown on witchdoctors in the spring of 2008. In addition, an albino woman, Al-Shymaa Kway-Geer, was named to become a member of the parliament, the first albino in such a position in the history of Tanzania. Police have also been advised to generate lists of albinos and provide special protection for them.

To foil graverobbers, graves of the albinistic were to be sealed with concrete. However, by October 2008, killings had not abated, and while some suspects had been apprehended, no convictions had taken place. It was estimated that over 50 murders had taken place since March 2007, many of them in the mining and fishing communities near Lake Victoria, especially at Mwanza, Shinyanga and Mara.

In January 2009, "Prime Minister Pinda had declared war on the albino hunters, and in an effort to stop the trade in albino body parts he had revoked the licenses of all the country's witch doctors who use the body parts in their black magic fetishes."

Convictions against albino hunters
The first ever conviction for the killing of an albino in Tanzania occurred on 23 September 2009 at the High Court in Kahama. This was a "landmark verdict" was due to the fact that there have been more than 50 murders known at this time and this was the first actual conviction. The conviction came about following the murder and mutilation of a 14-year-old boy, Matatizo Dunia, who was attacked by three men in Bukombe district in Shinyanga Region in December 2008.

The men carried Dunia from his home late at night before brutally murdering him. One of them was later found with Dunia's leg in his possession. The rest of Dunia's body parts were located concealed in shrubbery. The men confessed a desire to sell Dunia's parts to a witch doctor, yet despite this, their legal team had not anticipated the death sentence of hanging which the three men would receive.

The Canada- and Tanzania-based Under The Same Sun albinism activist organisation praised the breakthrough but its founder Peter Ash remarked: "This is one conviction. There are 52 other families still awaiting justice". The Tanzania Albino Society's chairman Ernest Kimaya called for the hanging to be made public to further demonstrate to others that the issue of killing albinos was to be taken seriously.

This issue with witchcraft and its power and influence is that a witch doctor has, as he is almost always "revered by society as ultimate truth". Most tribes in ancient times would have committed infanticide upon an albino child seeing it as a bad omen, practiced by the Sukuma, the Digo and the Maasai. However, in some tribes the albinos were made the sacrifices of offerings to the gods or for such uses as potions which is what they are still hunted for today in the 21st century. "One of the most dangerous myths and the crux of recent attacks against PWA is that their body parts can be made into potions that give good luck and wealth to its users."

In 2006 some of the first publicly reported killings were spoken about in the media, such as 34-year-old albino woman, Arithi, who was murdered with her arms and legs hacked off and sold. Some cases which have been key in recent years firstly occurred in 2008 when a Tanzanian man tried to sell his albino wife for a price of US$3,000 to Congolese businessmen. Although the businessmen managed to escape their arrest, Interpol has been assigned to attempt to track these men. this is what led to President Jakaya Kikewere ordering a tightening of police and protection from prosecution, however due to corruption there is still proof that even policeman are being bribed and "bought off" to turn a blind eye to certain crimes if they are receiving pecuniary gain. Although according to BBC News 170 witch doctors have been arrested for involvement in inhumane interactions and intentions with albinos.

Another example which occurred where two mothers who were attacked by gangs with machetes in order to get to their albino children. The men broke into a refugee house known as the Lugufu Camp in Kigoma in search of the children; although the children remained untouched the women received severe injuries. A further case uncovered by US congressman Gerry Connolly was the November 2008 in Ruyigi, Burundi where the case of a 6-year old albino girl who was shot dead and her head and limbs were hacked off, leaving only her dismembered torso.

Organizations to prevent persecution

Many organisations have been set up to help protect and provide for communities with albinism. Films have also been produced to encourage, educate and create an international understanding of the trials which persons with albinism are facing in a modern world still dealing with ancient rituals and practices which encourage murder for medicine. This is against all international human rights legislation and therefore it is important that persons with albinism are collectively protected. Organisations such as National Organization for Albinism and Hypopigmentation (NOAH), Tanzania Albino Centre (TAC), based in Arusha, Tanzania; aiming to "improve the lives of albinos with educational and medical assistance so that they may live safe, accepted, and prosperous lives in the society of their choice." Other groups include the Albinism Foundation Zambia (AFZ), based in Lusaka, founded by musician John Chiti, who is diagnosed with Albinism, Assisting Children in Need (ACN); and Under the Same Sun where Ash, also having albinism himself, states his aspirations and purpose for the project: "I have a dream that one day in Africa, people with albinism will take their rightful place throughout every level of society, and that the days of discrimination against persons with albinism will be a faint memory!" The Vision of Albinism Foundation Zambia is, according to their website: "Persons with Albinism in Zambia enjoying and exercising their rights and fundamental freedoms on an equal basis with the rest of society without any form of discrimination on the basis of their condition"

The International Federation of Red Cross (IFRC) is a key part of the albino protection movement who are working to integrate persons with albinism back into society safely in Burundi "striving to minimize their vulnerability to hunters, skin cancer, and educational and social marginalization." The IFRC particularly works with protecting mothers and children who are fearing persecution and they assist them in providing safe homes and protection where children are frightened of attackers and by providing a special arena for the albinos it ensures safety protection and an environment of love, understanding of one another all with albinism, and unity in the battle against persecution and discrimination. The Red Cross have made it very clear in their publications that the government must also take drastic steps in protection of persons with albinism to stop the persecution.  They have stated that it is imperative that the government strives to "Ensure effective legal protection for people with albinism, use local administrative structures to locate and protect albino people in hiding and conduct public anti-discrimination campaigns and extend medical services to albinos in need."

Asante Mariamu is another organisation which was created after the survival of Mariamu Staford from an anti-albino attack which is determined to ensure that there is "swift prosecution and convictions of their killers" and therefore encouraging justice. This story was presented to the US House of Representatives in March 2010 where US Congressman Gerry Connolly was impacted by this horrific story and "moved me to take action". He introduced a bill to take action to severe violence being performed against persons with albinism in east Africa and to bring justice and punishment to perpetrators. He spoke to the house in March 2010 urging his colleagues "to join me and Mariamu Stanford in bringing international attention to this horrific abuse of human rights." This legislation condemns any injury, murder or mutilation of persons with albinism and specifically urges the local east African government especially in Tanzania and Burundi "to take immediate action to prevent further violence against persons with albinism." There are many more which are working on protecting persons with albinism from persecution, and providing adequate health care, sun protection and learning facilities to ensure that persons with albinism are treated fairly and with all human rights, and not hunted as animals in fear of their life. Albino Awareness day has also been created by Dr Aisha Sethi who is an assistant professor of dermatology in the Pritzker School of Medicine which is celebrated on 4 May each year. The President has also appointed Al-Shymaa Kway-Geer, himself a person with albinism, as an MP who seeks to be a voice in the Tanzanian parliament for protection against persecution of persons with albinism in society and encourages facilities and support of their physical, medical, and education protection and enhancement.

Under the Same Sun (UTSS)

Under the Same Sun is a Canadian-founded organization with support focused on Tanzania and based in Dar es Salam, founded in 2008 by Peter Ash with a vision to "promote via advocacy and education, the wellbeing of persons who are often marginalized or misunderstood. We are driven by the belief that all persons have intrinsic value and since they are created in the image of God." Therefore, they are acting upon the moral and human rights values to support victims to end the discrimination and persecution of innocent persons with albinism.  According to Under The Same Sun, to eradicate attacks against persons with albinism, "it is necessary to focus on eliminating reliance on witchcraft beliefs by strengthening the provision of infrastructure such as schools and hospitals while enhancing the sense of fairness by improving on the system of justice." Therefore, regaining persons with albinism their rights to being treated as human, fairly as functioning members of society who may look different and suffer severe vulnerabilities die to their physical condition, but do not deserve to be murdered or hurt in any way because of ancient myths claiming sacrifice of these people will create future benefit for another person.

Albinism Foundation Zambia (AFZ)
Albinism Foundation Zambia is based in Lusaka, Zambia. The founder of the Albinism Foundation of Zambia (AFZ) is John Chiti as the first person with albinism to come out in the lime light in Zambia as awarded musician. He then began to mobilise the albinism community using his own resources and later formed this foundation through which they could profile their concerns on issues of governance to government and stake holders. The Albinism Foundation Zambia was thus established in 2008 as a non-governmental organization that works to promote the welfare of persons with albinism in Zambia. It is also the first albinism organization in Zambia.

Amnesty International (AI)
Amnesty International has run several campaigns against the persecution and discrimination of persons with albinism. 'Albinism in Malawi: Stop the Killings' is a campaign run by the organization that was started to "stop ritual murders of people with Albinism".

Films highlighting persecution of albinism

Films which have been created are also helping to raise awareness and tell the stories of persecuted persons with albinism, beginning with In My Genes, a 2009 Kenyan documentary directed by Lupita Nyong'o (later a key actor from the 2013 film Twelve Years a Slave). It was followed in 2010 by White and Black: Crimes of Color, by Canadian filmmaker Jean-François Méan, which tells the story of Vicky Ntetema, a Tanzanian journalist who investigated the trade for albinotic body parts in Tanzania. This film became the cornerstone of a national campaign sponsored by Under the Same Sun to end the wave of violence. After the film's broadcast, the murder rate, which had been steady for three years, dropped by 90%.

White Shadow, a German–Italian–Tanzanian 2013 drama film written, produced and directed by Noaz Deshe, drew international attention to the issue, screening at various film festivals, winning the Lion of the Future Award at the Venice festival.  Also released in 2013, In the Shadow of the Sun, a documentary filmed in Tanzania over the course of six years by Harry Freeland, featured the struggles of Josephat Torner, a campaigner for de-mystification of the superstitions about albinistic people and their use for witchcraft; and teenaged Vedastus, who hopes to survive the persecution of persons with albinism to adulthood.
And also The Beautiful Ones Are Born, a yet to be released short film by one of the youngest Nigerian Film maker Dami Taiwo.

My Colour, Your Kind, a 1998 Australian film, gives a powerful, impressionistic insight into the feelings of alienation experienced by a teenage albino Aboriginal girl. In a convent boarding school in Alice Springs, she is misunderstood and bullied by a severe, unloving nun. She escapes in dreams and eventually in reality to her mother where she feels at peace.

Other African countries
By June 2008 killings had been reported in neighboring Kenya and possibly also the Democratic Republic of Congo.

In October 2008 AFP reported on the further expansion of killings of albinos to the Ruyigi region of Burundi.  Body parts of the victims are then smuggled to Tanzania where they are used for witch doctor rituals and potions. Albinos have become "a commercial good", commented Nicodeme Gahimbare in Ruyigi, who established a local safe haven in his fortified house.

By 2010 cases had also been reported from eSwatini.

South Africa

Biology
Oculocutaneous albinism, OCA2, is the most common gene type of albinism inherited disorders among the Bantu population of southern Africa. It occurs at a frequency of 1:4000. The incidence in Sotho people in northern South Africa is at its highest, with a ratio of 1:1500 in neonates. Albinism is the largest cause of childhood visual impairment in northern South Africa with a frequency of 1:1900 among the black population. Statistics on albinism in South Africa are largely incomplete however, studies quoted by the World Health Organization in 2006 reported that 1:4000 were born with albinism, compared to about 1:20 000 worldwide.

South African human geneticist Trefor Jenkins has made vast contributions to assist in understanding the social and cultural milieu of albinism, the medical risks and implications, resolving the molecular basis and aetiology for OCA2 in Southern Africa.

Skin cancer
Children with albinism in rural areas are exposed to high levels of ultraviolet light without the adequate protective gear resulting in skin damage. Only 12% of public schools provided SPF15 sunscreen for children with albinism. Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck is the most common type of cutaneous tumours in African patients with albinism. Non melanoma cancers, namely basal and squamos cell carcinoma, which are usually rare in black populations are common among the vulnerable group living with albinism. A South African study of 111 participants with OCA revealed that 23%
of these participants developed skin cancer with the head area being the most commonly affected site. Many people from rural areas like the Eastern Cape with albinism are unaware of the precautionary measures required to protect their skin. Dr Willie Visser, head of the dermatology division at Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, said that while white South Africans presented with skin cancer only after the age of 60, most albinos presented with skin cancer as young as 20. The government health facilities are required to provide sunblock lotion to albinos on a monthly basis however this need is not always met due to stock-outs and lack of knowledge on the part of health workers.

Racial classification
Racial appearance and descent played a key role in the racial classification process during Apartheid. Additionally, different sociological and psychological give skin colour its many connotations. Skin colour is traditionally an instant indicator of identifying race and racial differences. Traditional definitions of race suggest that race and colour are inseparable however, for people with albinism race and colour are not linked. Though colour and race are used interchangeably, they remain independent grounds for discrimination. Individuals living with albinism should be protected against unfair discrimination on the basis of their race as well as their skin tone. Individuals living with albinism are exposed to discrimination, stigmatisation and prejudice based on their colour as well as their race. Skin tone discrimination may be interracial or it can be intraracial. Scott argues that because current classifications of race do not afford people living with albinism adequate protection, a new category of colour should be proposed. Mswela argues that additional divisions and classifications of race will reinforce problems associated with race.

Discrimination
The difference in appearance in the child with albinism creates socialization and adaption problems. The distinctive phenotypical difference of black (African) people with albinism and the rest of the population group leads to barriers in social integration thus ostracism. South Africans living with albinism are among the most vulnerable in the country and there is hardly a serious attempt to protect these citizens from human rights violations, violent crimes, and threats. The extent of violent crimes for people with albinism is not as high as other African countries however, surges of violent crimes against people with albinism have been noted. Their sensitivity to sunlight, which limits the extent to which they can participate in outdoor activities, contributes to the physical and social isolation of children living with albinism. There has been an obligation and responsibility placed on the government to protect vulnerable people after the constitutional court decision on the Carmichele v Minister of Safety & Security case. The litigation in the Carmichele case creates a strategy for bringing a precautionary suit against the state based on the contention that the state has a duty to protect persons with albinism from violent acts. The South African government has designated the month of September as Albinism Awareness month. Thando Hopa is a 24-year-old Public Prosecutor and model living with albinism. She is one of the few black albino models and albinism activists in the world.

Myths
Many African communities depend on traditional explanations of albinism rather than the biomedical explanation. This often leads to a negative socialisation of the individual with albinism. People living with albinism are often referred to by derogatory names such as 'inkawu', the Nguni term for white baboon, 'isishawa' a Zulu translation of a person who is cursed as well as 'zeru zeru' which means ghost like.
The Swahili term 'zeru' is also commonly used in Tanzania.

Three people were convicted of the murder of 20 year old Thandazile Mpunzi, including her 17 year old boyfriend. The boyfriend lured Mpunzi to an isolated area on the afternoon of 1 August 2015 in the Phelandaba area of Emanguzi in northern KwaZulu-Natal. She was strangled, murdered and dismembered. They planned to sell the body parts of Mpunzi for a fortune. They claimed that a traditional healer told them they would get rich if they mixed Mpunzi's blood and parts with 'muthi'. Two of the accused pleaded guilty of murder and are sentenced to 20 years imprisonment. Numerous accounts of murdered as well as missing people with albinism are reported. The trading of albino body parts has become a lucrative business.

International reaction
After events involving murders of albino people by three Tanzanian men had been publicised by the BBC and others, the European Parliament strongly condemned the killing of albinos in Tanzania on 4 September 2008.
The U.S. House of Representatives passed H. Resolution 1088, introduced by Rep. Gerry Connolly (D, VA), by a vote of 418–1 on 22 February 2010. The resolution condemns the attacks and killings; categorizes them as human rights violations, and urges the governments of Tanzania and Burundi to vigorously prosecute such cases and to conduct educational campaigns to combat the superstitious beliefs that underlie the violent attacks.

See also
 Child sacrifice in Uganda
 Witchcraft accusations against children in Africa
 Discrimination based on skin color
 International Albinism Awareness Day

References

Further reading

National Geographic photo article. "Inside the Lives of Albinos in Tanzania", January 2013
National Geographic article. "As Tanzania's Albino Killings Continue, Unanswered Questions Raise Fears", October 2013
Zeru Zeru: The Ghosts, documentary about the hunting of albino individuals in Tanzania; by Small Planet Productions
Additional documents from the organisation Under the Same Sun

External links
Tanzania Albino Society website (archive from 2011)
Pamoko.org, a website accounting for the media campaign that took place in Tanzania after the broadcast of the documentary White and Black
Albinism-in-Africa.com, website for a project that aims to provide accurate and accessible information on albinism in Africa, as well as information on advocacy, education, projects, and research
http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/06/living-albinism-south-africa-160613062821350.html
Video: KZN traditional healers call for the protection of children with Albinism
http://www.saflii.org/za/cases/ZACC/2001/22media.pdf

African witchcraft
Albinism
Society of Burundi
Discrimination based on skin color
Crimes involving Satanism or the occult
Cultural studies
Society of Ivory Coast
Society of Nigeria
Albinism
Politics and race
Human skin color
Social stigma
Society of South Africa
Society of Eswatini
Society of Tanzania
Conspiracy theories in Africa

fr:Albinisme#Préjugés et croyances sur l'albinisme


Ida Bagus Made Poleng (1915–1999) was a traditional Balinese painter. Known also as Ida Bagus Made Poleng or Ida Bagus Made Tebesaya or simply Gus Made.

Biography

He was born in Tebasaya, Ubud, Bali in 1915. Ida Bagus Made came from a Brahman family of accomplished artists in Tampaksiring, Bali. His Father, Ida Bagus kembeng (1897–1952), was a well-known painter who won the prestigious Silver Medal in 1937 at the International Colonial Art Exposition in Paris. Ida Bagus Made first learned painting and carving from his father. He later studied painting under the guidance of Rudolf Bonnet. Bonnet once wrote that Ida Bagus Made was one of the most talented artist in Bali. He was in his teens when the modernization of Balinese art began in the late 1920s, and only 21 years old when he joined the prestigious Pitamaha Artist Guild, founded in 1936 to preserve Balinese art from the threat of tourism and commercialism.

His father, Ida Bagus Kembeng had two wives: Jero Deblog and Ida Ayu Rai. Ida Bagus Made was a child from his second wife. From his marriage with Jero Deblog, Ida Bagus Kembeng had two sons: Ida Bagus Putu Wiri and Ida Bagus Made Belawa. With Ida Ayu Rai, Kembeng had a daughter, Ida Ayu Oka, and two sons: Ida Bagus Made Poleng and Ida Bagus Nyoman Raka.

Ida Bagus Made was married to Gusti Niang and had one daughter, Ida Ayu Sadri. Since Ida Bagus Made did not have a son, he adopted Ida Bagus Pudja, a son of his half brother, Ida Bagus Belawa.

He was known by the Balinese as a ritual specialist for carving sacred masks imbued with magical powers for the surrounding temples of Ubud. As a traditional painter of the Pitamaha generation, he became known worldwide for his artistic mastery.

Ida Bagus Made was a prolific painter who had a profound distrust of art dealers and collectors. He scrutinized his admirers and only a handful of collectors passed his test. The late Indonesian President Sukarno was one of such collectors that Ida Bagus Made revered. His works are well sought after and are in the collection of many museums in the world.

He died after an illness in 1999. In 2000, following the artist’s last wish, the widow of Ida Bagus Made loaned over 100 paintings from the artist’s private collection to the Puri Lukisan Museum for safekeeping.

Works
Ida Bagus Made's paintings are some of the best examples of the Ubud school from the Pitamaha generation, and have not been surpassed by younger painters. His paintings have been acquired by prestigious institutions all over the world, including the United Nations, the Royal Tropical Institute Museum (Amsterdam) and the Royal Ethnographic Museum (Leiden). In Indonesia, his paintings are in the collections of former President Sukarno, the Museum Puri Lukisan, the Neka Museum, the Agung Rai Museum of Art, the Bentara Budaya Museum, and many others.

Several most important work from Ida Bagus Made are : (1) Atomic War in Indra's Heaven (Ida Bagus Made' estate in Museum Puri Lukisan). (2) Dancing Leyak (Ida Bagus Made' Estate). (3)Three Women Shape-Shifters (Ida Bagus Made's Estate).

Exhibitions
Before the Second World War, his paintings were included in many touring exhibitions organized by the Pitamaha Artist Guild. Exhibitions were held in the Kunst-ring (Art Circle) of Batavia (1936, 1937, 1939); Bandung (1936, 1938); Tegal (1938); Medan, Palembang and Surabaya (1939).

After 1945, he stopped participating in any exhibitions. Not until 1998 that he gave a blessing to a solo exhibition organized by Darga Gallery (Sanur, Ubud). The exhibition (14 March - 14 April 1998) featured paintings from the Neka Museum, The Agung Rai Museum of Art and of a handful private collectors. Ida Bagus Made attended the opening of the exhibition. A short catalog, entitled Ida Bagus Made - Mata Air Campuhan Masa Silam, accompanied the exhibition.

In 2001, a posthumous solo exhibition was held at the Herbert Johnson Museum of the Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. The exhibition was curated by Prof. Kaja McGowan of Cornell University. Third teen paintings from three private collectors were shown from August 18 - October 28, 2001. An exhibition leaflet: Suaranya Gong Kebyar: the Balinese Art of Ida Bagus Made was published.

In July 2008, a posthumous solo exhibition was held in Museum Puri Lukisan in Bali. This exhibition features paintings from the estate of maestro Ida Bagus Made Poleng and celebrates the visual artistry of one of the foremost painters of Ubud. Fifty paintings from the estate of the artist was presented to the public for the first time. It is accompanied by a catalog: “Ida Bagus Made – the Art of Devotion”

References

Artists from Bali
20th-century Indonesian painters
20th-century Dutch East Indies people
1915 births
1999 deaths
People from Gianyar Regency
Balinese people


The British Aircraft Company was a British aircraft manufacturer based in Maidstone. It was founded by C H Lowe-Wylde and produced gliders and light aircraft during the 1930s.

B.A.C. Ltd was registered as a Limited Company on 4 March 1931; directors were C H Lowe-Wylde, K Barcham Green and Mrs Sheila M Green. Around this time Lowe-Wylde was developing the principle of launching gliders by towing them using a powerful car. Giving demonstrations around the country, his Bentley, driven by Mrs Green, was able to launch him to a height of 300 ft, thus making hill sites and bungy-launch teams unnecessary. A public demonstration of this on the Brooklands Race Track's Finishing Straight on 9 April 1931 was filmed by British Pathe and almost ended in disaster when Lowe-Wylde clipped the port wing as he made an impressive landing under a footbridge.  A school of auto-towed instruction was started at West Malling. The Sopwith Dove G-EBKY (now with the Shuttleworth Collection) was also used for aero-towing.

Glider production
Charles H Lowe-Wylde was the first person in Britain to earn the F.A.I. "A" gliding certificate, on 30 March 1930, flying a primary glider of his own design, built in five weeks by members of the Kent Gliding Club and named "Columbus". The glider was first flown at Detling on 23 February 1930.
Lowe-Wylde set up the British Aircraft Company in mid-1930, with works in an old brewery at Lower Stone Street, Maidstone.

B.A.C. I
The first true B.A.C. aircraft was another primary, the B.A.C. I, again used by the Kent Gliding Club.

B.A.C. II
The B.A.C. II was also a primary, but instead of an open girder-type frame, it had a box spar fuselage. This first flew at Lenham on 21 September 1930 and about fifteen were sold, including one in Jamaica. Lowe-Wylde would deliver the gliders personally and demonstrate them at the club's site (and if necessary take the pieces home for repair the same day).

B.A.C. III
The B.A.C. III consisted of the wings and tail from the B.A.C. II combined with a fuselage enclosing the pilot. First flying at Lenham on 12 October 1930, two went to the Glasgow and Accrington gliding clubs, while three further clubs had their B.A.C. II primaries delivered along with alternative B.A.C. III fuselages, so they could be flown in either configuration.

B.A.C. IV
An improved version of the B.A.C. III appearing in April 1931 was the B.A.C. IV with longer, tapered wings. One was sold to Mr C M C Turner of the Channel Gliding Club. For an intended channel crossing. it was towed to 10,000 ft by Sqn Ldr Probyn in his Westland Widgeon G-EBRQ on 18 June 1931, but this was not high enough for the planned flight.

B.A.C. V
The B.A.C. V was simply a B.A.C. III equipped with a pair of wheels for auto-towing. One was built for the Border Gliding Club, while the Preston & District club converted their B.A.C. III for towing off the beach at Middleton Sands, Heysham. However this aircraft crashed there fatally on 15 May 1932.

B.A.C. VI
When the B.A.C. IV was fitted with wheels, it was known as the B.A.C. VI. One was soared by Wolf Hirth at Balsdean on 1 April 1931 for 2hrs 13min.
The Taunton & West Somerset Gliding Club was presented with a B.A.C. VI by their president, Lt. Col. Hamilton Gault, M.P., which was first demonstrated for the club by Mr Lowe-Wylde on 9 July 1931.

B.A.C. VII
On 12 April 1931 the first two-seat B.A.C. VII flew, still using the 40 ft 10in span wings of the B.A.C. IV and VI, but with a new fuselage and an aircraft-type twin-wheel undercarriage for aero- or auto-towing.
A B.A.C. VII sponsored by novelist Barbara Cartland was intended to compete for the Daily Mail cross-channel competition prize, but in trials, flown by Edward Mole and towed by DH.60 Moth G-AAPA of National Flying Services, the combination was unable to get above 6,000 ft, insufficient height for a crossing, so instead a towed flight was made from Maidstone to Reading on 20 June 1931. (Robert Kronfeld made a successful channel crossing the same day.)

The RAF Pageant held at Hendon on 25 June 1932 included a display by three B.A.C. VII gliders.
At the British Gliding Association meeting at Huish/Pewsey Hill, G E Collins – the BGA instructor, made the first thermal-soaring flights in the UK, with a cross-country flight of 6 miles in a B.A.C. VII on 3 July 1933.
Some B.A.C. VIIs were sold as kits, including one built in Palestine, and a replica was built by Michael Maufe in the 1980s, using the wings from a Drone.

B.A.C. VIII
The B.A.C. VIII was a two-seat flying boat glider using B.A.C. VII wings and tail. Nicknamed the "Bat-Boat" after similar craft described in a short story by Rudyard Kipling, it was tested in August 1931 by being towed behind a speed-boat on the River Medway at Rochester. On 7 December that year it was demonstrated from the Welsh Harp reservoir at Hendon.

B.A.C. XI
The last of Lowe-Wylde's glider designs was the B.A.C. IX, a lightweight sailplane designed for possible home building. One only was built, first flown at Balsdean on 4 Oct 1931. The Kent Gliding Club were hoping to acquire it in 1933, but nothing more is known.

Powered aircraft
Planette
In Autumn 1932 the four B.A.C. Planettes appeared; these were conversions of B.A.C. VIIs fitted with a 600cc Douglas engine driving a pusher propeller. The first two were demonstrated at London Air Park on 27 November 1932. In 1932 the prototype Percival Gull, G-ABUR, was built in the B.A.C. works at Maidstone.

On 13 May 1933 Lowe-Wylde was killed in an accident while flying a Planette at Maidstone Airport.

British Aircraft Company Drone
Robert Kronfeld took over the company and started modifying the surviving Planettes to produce a more practical single-seat light aeroplane known as the B.A.C. Drone. The firm moved to a new factory at London Air Park (Hanworth), and became the British Aircraft Company (1935) Ltd. The Drone went into quantity production in 1935. On 21 May 1936 the company was renamed as Kronfeld Ltd.
The Drone was also built under licence at Issy les Moulineaux in France by the Societe Francaise des Avions Nouvelles (SFAN), and at Ghent in Belgium by the Societe Gantoise des Avions sans Moteur.

References
 Ellison, N.H. British Gliders and Sailplanes 1922–1970. London: A & C Black, 1971
 Jackson, A.J. British Civil Aircraft since 1919 Volume 1. London: Putnam, 1973
 Riding, R.T. Ultralights – The Early British Classics. Patrick Stephens Ltd, 1987
 The Sailplane and Glider. British Gliding Association, weekly from 1930

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Former defence companies of the United Kingdom


John Pugh (August 1821 – September 23, 1900) was an Irish-born merchant and politician in Nova Scotia, Canada. He represented Halifax County in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly as a Conservative member from 1878 to 1882.

He was born in Dublin, the son of Thomas Pugh and Ann Burns, and was educated there. Pugh went to sea at the age of 13 and was a ship's captain from 1843 to 1857. In 1850, he married Alice Saunders. Pugh served as a member of the province's Board of Works from 1864 to 1867. He served on the school board for Halifax. He ran unsuccessfully for reelection to the provincial assembly in 1882. He died in Halifax.

References
The Canadian parliamentary companion and annual register, 1879, CH Mackintosh
 A Directory of the Members of the Legislative Assembly of Nova Scotia, 1758-1958, Public Archives of Nova Scotia (1958)

1821 births
1900 deaths
Progressive Conservative Association of Nova Scotia MLAs
Politicians from Halifax, Nova Scotia
Irish emigrants to Canada


Robert William Buss (4 August 1804 – 26 February 1875) was a Victorian artist, etcher and illustrator perhaps best known for his painting Dickens' Dream. He was the father of Frances Buss, a pioneer of girls' education.

Early career
Born in Bull and Mouth Street, Aldersgate in London in 1804, Buss served an apprenticeship with his father, a master engraver and enameller, and then studied painting under George Clint, a miniaturist, watercolour and portrait painter, and mezzotint engraver.

At the start of his career Buss specialised in painting theatrical portraits, with many of the leading actors of the day sitting to him, including William Charles Macready, John Pritt Harley, and John Baldwin Buckstone. Later Buss painted historical and humorous subjects. He exhibited a total of 112 pictures between 1826 and 1859, 25 at the Royal Academy, 20 at the British Institution, 45 at the Suffolk Street gallery of the Society of British Artists, seven at the New Watercolour Society, and 15 in other places.

The Pickwick Papers

Buss was commissioned by Dickens' publishers, Chapman and Hall, to provide two illustrations for The Pickwick Papers after the original illustrator, Robert Seymour, committed suicide. Buss immediately set aside his other work and prepared a dozen or so preliminary sketches for the novel, then in its second of twenty instalments. Five of these sketches are in the Morgan Library & Museum in New York. His drawings were regarded as adequate, but the process of etching on a steel plate was unfamiliar to him so he hired an expert etcher.

Buss realised that the "free touch of an original work was entirely wanting", and that the printed images lifted from his plates seemed lifeless and uninspired. But, he concluded, "Time was up", and the unsatisfactory illustrations for part 3 had to be issued. The publishers summarily dismissed him, which worried Buss throughout the rest of his life. The commission went instead to Hablot Knight Browne, but Buss never held his dismissal against Dickens. Instead, Buss remained his lifelong admirer and went on to produce several paintings celebrating the author's work, including the unfinished Dickens' Dream.

Later life

In 1837 publishers Saunders and Otley hired Buss to illustrate a new edition of Frederick Marryat's Peter Simple and Henry Colburn hired him to illustrate Frances Trollope's The Widow Married in 1840. These the artist managed to etch satisfactorily, and afterwards he successfully gained several commissions for illustrating fiction. For some years Buss worked for Charles Knight, designing wood-engravings for his editions of London (1841–44), William Shakespeare (1842–43), and Old England (1845–46).

Buss married Frances Fleetwood on 21 March 1826, and the couple settled in Camden Town, London, where they had ten children, six of whom survived infancy. Their only daughter, Frances Mary Buss, became a distinguished pioneer of women's education, and was assisted for many years by her father and her clergyman brothers Alfred and Septimus Buss.

In 1845, worried by 'money anxieties', Buss's wife started a school for young boys and girls at 14 Clarence Road, Kentish Town, London. In the same premises his daughter Frances began a morning school offering young ladies a liberal education. In 1850 the two schools moved into larger quarters in Holmes Terrace, and Buss assisted by teaching drawing and later science, literature, and elocution. In 1850 Buss's wife retired from the school.

Buss also researched earlier British printmakers, and lectured on the topic in his daughter's schools and, from 1853, he delivered a series of four talks, accompanied by 300 examples reproduced on sixty scrolling cartoons, at literary and scientific institutions in London and the provinces. These talks he published privately in 1874 as English Graphic Satire, a book for which he supplied in various mediums examples of his predecessors' work. Buss also gave lectures on fresco painting and on the picturesque and the beautiful, though these were never published, and from 1850 to 1852 he edited The Fine Art Almanack.

On hearing of Dickens' death in June 1870, Buss was moved to attempt a large watercolour, 'Dickens's Dream', which now hangs in the Charles Dickens Museum in London. The painting portrays the dozing author seated in his Gad's Hill Place study surrounded by many of the characters he had created. The desk, chair and background of the painting were closely based on The Empty Chair, an engraving made at Gads Hill Place in 1870, shortly after Dickens's death, by Samuel Luke Fildes. The painting was Buss's last attempt to illustrate Dickens's characters, and he modestly reproduced the images of the artists who had succeeded him.  However, before he could finish it Buss died at his home at 14 Camden Street, London on 26 February 1875.

He is buried with his wife on the western side of Highgate Cemetery (plot no.10939).

References

External links

Buss' biography on The Art of Robert William Buss
Buss on Artnet.com
Buss and Dickens' Dream
Buss on the Royal Academy Collections website
Buss on the Smithsonian American Art Museum website

1804 births
1875 deaths
19th-century English painters
English male painters
English illustrators
English etchers
Charles Dickens
Burials at Highgate Cemetery


The Studios Hergé were, between 1950 and 1986, a SARL company consisting of Belgian cartoonist Hergé and his collaborators, who assisted him with the creation of The Adventures of Tintin and derived products. Over the years, the studios had between 12 and 50 employees, including some prestigious artists like Jacques Martin, Bob de Moor and Roger Leloup.

Every creation produced by the studios was attributed to Hergé alone, except for three albums of Quick & Flupke which are attributed to Studios Hergé on the cover.

In 1987, the Studios were disbanded and transformed into the Hergé Foundation by Fanny Rodwell, a former colourist at the Studios and Hergé's widow.

History
The Studios Hergé were created by Hergé in 1950 to assist him with the production of The Adventures of Tintin. They permitted him to focus on the creation of new stories by handing over some aspects of the artwork, particularly the colouring, which Hergé had never really mastered and which in the 1940s was done by Edgar Pierre Jacobs, and the drawing of decors. Technical elements required much documentation and a specific drawing technique, making such assistance worthwhile. The Studios were created when Hergé worked on Destination Moon, an adventure permeated by technology.

The influence of some studio members on the stories is also present. For example, Jacques Martin claims to have introduced a number of burlesque gags that don't correspond to Hergés style of humour.

The story of the "gag page"
An anecdote well known among tintinophiles is indicative of the atmosphere in the Studios in those years. When Hergé was on a holiday in December 1965, the two main collaborators, Bob de Moor and Jacques Martin, created a fake Tintin page, completely in the style of the master, which they sent to the Swiss weekly magazine L'Illustré. It was published there as an installment of the next Tintin adventure.

Jacques Martin: "I first invented a short story, and then composed the page and placed the characters. Next, Bob de Moor completed the backgrounds, which I had sketched, and we both inked the page: he did the backgrounds, I did the characters.

Apparently, Hergé didn't react immediately upon discovering this, but probably preferred let matters stand as they were with this joke, which, according to some, was a true indication of the state of mind of the collaborators who wanted to be more involved in the creation of the adventures of Tintin.

The gag page depicts an airport scene comparable to some sequences in Destination Moon and The Calculus Affair, actually closely resembles a page by Hergé, with only some tintinophiles able to spot some typical style elements of De Moor and Martin. The page can be seen at Tintin est Vivant !.

The Studios after Hergé
After the death of Hergé in 1983, his widow Fanny Remi, who started working with the studios as a colorist in 1956, inherited the rights to the works of the author, but not the rights to the derived works, which belonged to Hergé's friend Alain Baran of the company Tintin Licensing, who later sold the rights to the television channel Canal+.

Fanny followed the wishes of Hergé. who didn't want The Adventures of Tintin to be continued after his death. Some doubt exists about Tintin and Alph-Art, however, left unfinished by Hergé at his death and at first handed over to the Studios to be finished by De Moor. Fanny Remi then changed her mind and decided to publish just the sketches by Hergé, to the disappointment of De Moor.

There is also some hesitation about Quick & Flupke. Less popular than Tintin, Hergé had not left any clear instructions about a continuation of the series. Perhaps more to keep the Studios running than for a truly artistic reason, Fanny accepted the proposal of Johan De Moor, son of Bob and recent arrival in the Studios, to restart the series. He created an album of new strips while the Studios updated a number of old strips never before published in colour. Three albums appeared in 1985, the only ones to officially credit the Studios Hergé on the cover and inside. Fanny then announced that the series would end there and that the Studios would be closed.

The activities of the Studios ceased soon thereafter, but not before finishing some projects of derived products and publicity work. In 1986, the Studios Hergé were replaced by the Hergé Foundation, solely occupied with the rights of the series.

In 1988, the giant fresco in Stokkel/Stockel metro station was inaugurated, based on sketches by Hergé, which were finished by the Studios.

Members of the Studios
This non-exhaustive list features the principal members only.

Artists
Bob de Moor (1950–1986)
He entered the Studios Hergé on 5 April 1950, and soon became the first assistant, a position held by Edgar P. Jacobs in the previous decade. Reputed for his perfect imitation of the style of Hergé, he supervised the totality of the album production together with Hergé. He was also charged with the creation of all derived products featuring the heads of Tintin or Snowy.
Jacques Martin (1947?–1972)
 Creator of Alix, close to Hergé, he joined the Studios mainly as an assistant to the stories, starting with The Calculus Affair. He worked with Hergé until 1972, notably on The Red Sea Sharks and Tintin in Tibet
Roger Leloup (1953–1969)
Assistant of Jacques Martin for the colours and backgrounds in Alix, he joined the Studios Hergé on 15 February 1953. His main work are the mechanical elements in the drawings, like automobiles. He was the creator of the futuristic jet of Laszlo Carreidas in Flight 714 to Sydney. He was also responsible for the public relations of Hergé. He left the Studios on 31 December 1969 to work exclusively on his own series, Yoko Tsuno.
Michel Demarets (1953–1986)
Jo-El Azara (1954–1961)
Guy Dessicy (1950–1953), creator of the Publiart company
Johan De Moor
 The son of Bob De Moor arrived at the Studios only a short time before the death of Hergé, and was mainly active afterwards, with the new version of Quick & Flupke.
Pierre Gay (1984–1986)
 A young cartoonist hired 13 months after Hergé's death as an assistant to Bob De Moor. He was the last cartoonist to be hired by the Studios Hergé.

Colorists
Josette Baujot
 Main colorist. Her rather stormy character was caricatured in Tintin and Alph-Art with the character Josette Laijot.
Monique Laurent
France Ferrari
Nicole Thenen
Fanny Vlamynck
 Became the second wife of Hergé and inherited the rights to his works after his death. Presides over the Hergé Foundation since 1986. Remarried later to Nick Rodwell.

Secretaries
 Marcel Dehaye
 Baudouin van den Branden

Works of the Studios
All works realised under the name of Hergé since 1950 can be considered as works of the Studios. This is a non-exhaustive list of those works where the Studios played a major role, either by colouring, drawing of backgrounds, or by completely replacing Hergé. However, it is difficult to correctly judge the role of the contributors, as Hergé and, later, his rights-holders minimized their work. There is debate over a number of albums, mainly Tintin and the Picaros and the third version of The Black Island, where some believe that Bob De Moor completely redrew the entire album. With the Jo, Zette and Jocko adventure The Valley of the Cobras, Jacques Martin is sometimes said to have drawn the whole of the album.

Albums

The Adventures of Tintin
 Destination Moon (1953)
 Explorers on the Moon (1954)
 The Calculus Affair (1956)
 The Red Sea Sharks (1958)
 Tintin in Tibet (1960)
 The Castafiore Emerald (1963)
 Flight 714 to Sydney (1968)
 Tintin and the Picaros (1976)

Reformatting and colouring of old albums
 Cigars of the Pharaoh (1955)
 The Black Island (1966)
 This is the third version of this album, requested by the British publisher of Tintin who wanted a more realistic representation of the country. Bob De Moor visited the country extensively and redrew most of the book.
 Land of Black Gold (1971)
 Some scenes rewritten by Hergé and redrawn by Bob De Moor.

Additional publications
 Six pop-up books, Pop-Hop, published by Hallmark between 1969 and 1971.
 Realised by Michel Demarets, based on existing stories.
 Tintin and the Lake of Sharks (1972), adaptation of the animated movie.
 Two versions were created, one with images from the movie, the other one as a redrawn comic strip. The first was published as a book by Casterman, the second was published in a number of Belgian and French newspapers.
 Two books Jouons avec Tintin are combined and published in English as The Tintin Games Book (1974).
 Also realised by Michel Demarets based on the albums by Hergé.

Short stories
 Les Gorilles de la Vedette (Tintin) (1985)
 Two pages drawn by Bob de Moor, published in Super Tintin n°28, with the Thompson Twins as stars.
 The 60th and last page of Récit Spatio-Temporel by the artists of the weekly Tintin magazine, as usual by Bob de Moor, in the Tintin magazine n°23 of 1986
 Les Magiciens d'Eau (1987)
 One page drawn by Bob de Moor for the Fondation Balavoine, published in the book with the same title
Les Aventures de la 2 CV et de l'Homme des Neiges (engl.: The adventures of the Citroën 2CV6 and The Arctic Snowman, 1987)
 Eight pages, publicity for Citroën.
Les Aventures de la 2 CV et de la Grotte Hantée (1988)
 Eight pages, publicity for Citroën.

Quick & Flupke

Adaptation of old gags by Hergé
 Jeux interdits (1985)
 Tout va bien (1985)

New gags created after the death of Hergé
 Haute tension (1985)
 Johan De Moor with ideas by Roger Ferrari

Jo, Zette and Jocko
 La Vallée des Cobras (1956)

Pages by Bob de Moor featuring Hergé
Un bienfait ne reste jamais impuni, 1 page, (À Suivre...), Hors Série Spécial Hergé, April 1983
De la Planche aux planches, 1 page, Tintin magazine n°43, 1986 (Barelli meets Hergé)

Animated movies
 Tintin and the Temple of the Sun (1969) by Eddie Lateste. Animated movie by Belvision Studios.
 Tintin and the Lake of Sharks (1972) by Raymond Leblanc. Animated movie by Belvision, story by Greg.
 Quick & Flupke (1985). Series of short animations by Johan De Moor.

Sources

Tintin
Hergé
Hergé
Belgian companies established in 1950
Companies disestablished in 1987
Mass media companies established in 1950
Mass media companies disestablished in 1987


In theoretical computer science, the closest string is an NP-hard computational problem, which tries to find the geometrical center of a set of input strings.

To understand the word "center", it is necessary to define a distance between two strings. Usually, this problem is studied with the Hamming distance in mind.

Formal definition
More formally, given n length-m strings s1, s2, ..., sn, the closest string problem seeks for a new length-m string s such that d(s,si) ≤ k for all i, where d denotes the Hamming distance, and where k is as small as possible. A decision problem version of the closest string problem, which is NP-complete, instead takes k as another input and questions whether there is a string within Hamming distance k of all the input strings.

The closest string problem can be seen as a special case of the generic 1-center problem in which the distances between elements are measured using Hamming distance.

Motivation
In bioinformatics, the closest string problem is an intensively studied facet of the problem of finding signals in DNA.

Simplifications and data reductions
Instances of closest string may contain information that is not essential to the problem. In some sense, the usual input of closest string contains information, that does not contribute to the hardness of the problem. For example, if some strings contain the character a, but none contains the character z, replacing all as with zs  would yield an essentially equivalent instance, that is: from a solution of the modified instance, the original solution can be restored, and vice versa.

Normalizing the input
When all input strings that share the same length are written on top of each other, they form a matrix. Certain row types have essentially the same implications to the solution. For example, replacing a column with entries (a, a, b) with another column (x, x, y) might lead to a different solution string, but cannot affect solvability, because both columns express the same structure, viz. the first two entries being equal, but different from the third one.

An input instance can be normalized by replacing, in each column, the character that occurs the most often with a, the character that occurs the second most often with b, and so forth. Given a solution to the normalized instance, the original instance can be found by remapping the characters of the solution to its original version in every column.

The order of the columns does not contribute to the hardness of the problem. That means, if we permute all input strings according to a certain permutation π and obtain a solution string s to that modified instance, then π−1(s) will be a solution to the original instance.

Example

Given an instance with three input strings uvwx, xuwv, and xvwu. This could be written as a matrix like this:

The first column has the values (u, x, x). As x is the character that appears the most often, we replace it by a, and we replace u, the second most often character, by b, obtaining the new first column (b, a, a). The second column has the values (v, u, v). As for the first column, v is replaced by a and u is replaced by b, obtaining the new second column (a, b, a). Doing the same with all columns gives the normalized instance

Data reduction obtained from normalization
Normalizing the input reduces the alphabet size to at most the number of input strings. This can be useful for algorithms whose running times depend on the alphabet size.

Approximability
Li et al. evolved a polynomial-time approximation scheme which is practically unusable because of the large hidden constants.

Fixed-parameter tractability
Closest String can be solved in , where k is the number of input strings, L is the length of all strings and d is the desired maximum distance from the solution string to any input string.

Relations to other problems
Closest string is a special case of the more general closest substring problem, which is strictly more difficult. While closest string turns out to be fixed-parameter tractable in a number of ways, closest substring is W[1]-hard with regard to these parameters.

References

NP-hard problems
Formal languages


The Good Time Songs of Glen Campbell is a double album which consists of two previously released Pickwick albums A Satisfied Mind and The Glen Campbell Album.

Track listing
Side 1:

 "Only the Lonely" (Roy Orbison, Joe Melson) - 2:14
 "Same Old Places" (Glen Campbell) - 2:09
 "Woman's World" (W. T. Walker) - 2:10
 "Heartaches Can Be Fun" (Bare, Williams) - 1:50
 "Let Me Tell You 'Bout Mary" (B. Bare) - 2:05

Side 2:

 "Through The Eyes Of A Child" (Jerry Capehart, Glen Campbell) - 2:40
 "That's All Right" (A. Inman) - 2:18
 "Prima Donna" (Jerry Fuller) - 2:29
 "Can't You See I'm Tryin'" (Jerry Fuller, Glen Campbell)  -2:51

Side 3:

 "A Satisfied Mind" (J.H. Hayes, Jack Rhodes) - 2:01
 "Weary Lonesome Blues" (Alton Delmore) - 2:15
 "Truck Driving Man" (Terry Fell) - 2:00
 "There's More Pretty Girls Than One" (Alton Delmore, Arthur Smith) - 2:55
 "Rainin' On The Mountain" (Alton Delmore) - 2:22

Side 4:

 "One Hundred Miles Away From Home" (Jerry Capehart, Glen Campbell, Nick Venet) - 3:10
 "Kentucky Means Paradise" (Merle Travis) - 1:39
 "Lonesome Jailhouse Blues" (Alton Delmore, Rabon Delmore) - 1:32
 "Long Black Limousine" (Vern Stovall, Bobby George) - 3:00
 "Poor Boy Lookin' For A Home" (Melvin Schmidt) - 2:10

1973 compilation albums
Glen Campbell compilation albums


Silvio Milazzo (Caltagirone, September 4, 1903 – December 24, 1982) was an Italian Christian Democrayc politician and the president of Sicily from 1958 to 1960.

Sicilian deputy
Milazzo was a landowner from Caltagirone and sat in the Sicilian regional parliament since 1947 for the Christian Democrat Party (DC) in the political current of Mario Scelba. He was the Regional Minister for Public Works and for Agriculture in the regional governments of Franco Restivo (1949-1955), Giuseppe Alessi (1955-1956) and Giuseppe La Loggia (1956-1958). He was a reliable party loyalist up to the time former Italian Premier Amintore Fanfani began to bring in bright young men from Rome into Sicily's Christian Democratic organization. Outraged by this infringement on Sicilian autonomy and threat to Sicilian patronage, Milazzo became the gullible protagonist of Sicilian autonomy.

After the regional elections of 1955, Milazzo, supported by the left and dissident Christian democrats, surprisingly had won the vote for head of the regional government against the outgoing president Restivo. However, the DC did not give its consent and after 37 minutes Milazzo was forced to renounce the appointment. He became vice-president under Giuseppe Alessi. It would be a prelude for the years to come.

Regional president
In October 1958, Milazzo formed an atypical coalition government that was supported by Communists, Monarchists, Neo-Fascists and dissident Christian Democrats, breaking the power monopoly of the DC, that had ruled Sicily since 1947. Despite the expulsion of Milazzo and his followers from the party, he continued to head the Sicilian regional government. The expelled members formed a new party, the Social Christian Sicilian Union (Unione Siciliana Cristiano Sociale, USCS), in December 1958. He competed in the regional elections in June 1959 under the slogan "Sicily for the Sicilians. Down with the mainland."

The Christian Democrat party establishment appealed to the Vatican to counter Milazzo. Armed with a papal decree banning Catholics to vote for any candidate allied with Communists, Sicily's Cardinal Ernesto Ruffini sent Catholic Action groups from door to door to campaign against Milazzo. In the US, the Hearst press implored its Italian-American readers to send anti-Milazzo letters and telegrams to Sicily; advising the use of night-rate cables. The New York Journal American pleaded: "Even $2.75 is a small price for preserving democracy."

Milazzo said: "They have called me a Trojan horse. But I am not that. I am a pure-blooded Sicilian horse, a noble animal. I am an anti-Communist leading only a rebellion against the injustices of Rome." After the indecisive regional elections in June 1959 in which the UCSC gained 10 per cent of the votes, Milazzo again succeeded in forming a majority coalition with the aid of Christian Democratic defectors.

Downfall
Milazzo was under constant pressure from the Vatican and the Christian Democratic national government led by Antonio Segni, and spent most of his time trying to defend his two-vote majority in Sicily's regional Assembly. In February 1960, Milazzo resigned, after a regional deputy revealed that he was approached to change allegiance for a substantial amount of money by one of Milazzo's top aides, the Communist Ludovico Corrao.

The nation's anti-Communist press and politicians seized the occasion to remove the Italian Communists from their one real foothold in Italy. "An unheard-of attempt at corruption," Milan's Corriere della Sera headlined. The Communist maintained a bewildered silence. Rome's pro-Communist newspaper Paese Sera claimed that Milazzo was the victim of a Mafia plot.

Allegations of Mafia backing
On the contrary, rumours about Mafia backing of Milazzo's government were confirmed in the 1980s by several Mafia turncoats (pentiti), such as Tommaso Buscetta and Antonio Calderone. Both the Mafia clan in Catania and the Cosa Nostra-backed entrepreneur Costanzo campaigned for Milazzo. The Salvo cousins supported the Milazzo government as well as the old Mafia families of Greco and Bontade.

The Operation Milazzo, as it was called, was something of a clientelist “coup”, according to scholar René Seindal. The Christian Democrats lost control of the region's resources and the various parts of Milazzo's coalition strengthened their negotiating position towards the Christian Democrats. The Salvos, for instance, gained control over the private concession for collecting taxes in Sicily with extremely favourable conditions. To consolidate the privilege, the Salvos unscrupulously withdrew their support for Milazzo to ally themselves with the mainstream Christian Democrats which tried to regain control of the region to maintain their cliental power base.

From then until the mid-1980s the Salvos were among the most powerful businessmen in the economic, political and social life of Sicily – until they were prosecuted by Palermo's Antimafia pool that included Giovanni Falcone and Paolo Borsellino. They controlled the Christian Democratic party branch in the Province of Trapani that guaranteed them great influence over the regional decision making of the DC. After initially supporting Milazzo, the Mafia was not opposed to the fall of his government as well – and Mafia boss Francesco Paolo Bontade and later his son Stefano Bontade sustained a close relationship with the Salvo cousins, which allowed them access to regional politics.

History of Milazzoism
On October 30, 1958, the regional deputy Silvio Milazzo of DC was elected president of the Sicilian Region with the votes, in the Sicilian Regional Assembly, of the parties of the right and the left, against the official candidate of his party, Giuseppe La Loggia, indicated by the national leaders of the DC, then led by Amintore Fanfani. Silvio Milazzo, exponent of the most extensive autonomism, was at odds with the strongly centralizing direction given to the organization of DC by Fanfani, then also President of the, while the position of the President of the Republic Gronchi

First Milazzo junta
The first Milazzo junta was attended together by representatives of the PCI and the MSI, allies "in the name of the superior interests of the Sicilians", said the regional secretary of the PCI Emanuele Macaluso (who had been given the green light by Palmiro Togliatti) and the group leader at the ARS of the MSI Dino Grammatico, with the consent of Giorgio Almirante.

Milazzo was immediately expelled from DC, then created with a group of regional deputies a new political party, the Sicilian Christian Social Union (USCS). Dino Grammatico in his memoirs defined that first phase of milazzismo as a "Sicilian Revolt",

Catholic Church's opposition
The Catholic Church was strongly criticized with the operation and in April 1959 the Holy Office renewed the excommunication to the Communists extending it to those, such as the Milazzo movement, who allied with them and a few months later, on the eve of the regional elections, the Sicilian episcopate expressly invited not to vote for the USCS.

Second Milazzo junta and crisis
Milazzo, after the June 1959 regional elections, where his movement won 10 ARS deputies, formed a second junta on August 12, 1959, in which the MSI did not enter, which returned to opposition, along with DC. This second junta had a varied support around the USCS, the left, the monarchists, the top of Sicindustria, then led by Domenico La Cavera,who had already broken with Confindustria, up to exponents close to the Mafia. The ideologues at that stage were Ludovico Corrao and the national deputy Francesco Pignatone.

This brief second term at the head of the Milazzo Region, came into crisis due to a scandal, with an attempt at corruption organized by two deputies, one of the PCI (Vincenzo Marraro) and one of the USCS (Ludovico Corrao), denounced by a DC deputy, Carmelo Santalco, who were promised 100 million to vote in favor of the junta, a conversation that he recorded. The crisis ended in February 1960, when a member of his movement, Benedetto Majorana della Nicchiara, was persuaded by D.C. majors to accept the office of president of the region, in a majority of Christian Democrats, liberals and monarchists, with the external support of the MSI.

Milazzo also resigned as a regional deputy in 1962. The USCS disbanded after the 1963 regional election, where it did not win a seat.

References

 Paoli, Letizia (2003). Mafia Brotherhoods: Organized Crime, Italian Style, New York: Oxford University Press
 Seindal, René (1998). Mafia: Money and Politics in Sicily, 1950-1997, Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press

External links
  Il governo Milazzo
  Profilo Deputato Milazzo Silvio, Assemblea Regionale Siciliana

1903 births
1982 deaths
Presidents of Sicily
People from Caltagirone
Christian Democracy (Italy) politicians
20th-century Italian politicians
Politicians from the Province of Catania


Kuperjanov is an Estonian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
 Alice Kuperjanov (1894–1942), Estonian nationalist
 Julius Kuperjanov (1894–1919), Estonian military officer

References

Surnames


The Biblical Manuscripts in the Freer Collection, a collection of six biblical manuscripts, date from the 3rd to 6th centuries. Most of the manuscripts are written in Greek, one in Coptic. They are important witnesses of the history of the text of New Testament and Septuagint. The collection was established by Charles Freer (1854–1919), an industrialist from Detroit, Michigan and is held at the Freer Gallery of Art in Washington D.C.

All these manuscripts were purchased at the beginning of the 20th century in Egypt by Charles Freer. Four manuscripts were bought on 19 December 1906 from an Arab dealer named Ali in Giza, not far from Cairo. Freer paid £1,600. Upon the next expedition to Egypt, Freer met with Ali and acquired a Coptic codex of the Psalms and the earliest papyrus codex of the Minor Prophets.

Formerly these manuscripts were held in Detroit, Michigan, in Freer's private collection. He gave his art collections to the United States together with funds for a building to house them. The building cost $1,000,000, all of which was paid by Freer.

The Freer Gallery of Art was opened in 1923.

Manuscripts
 WI: Greek parchment codex, containing Deuteronomy and Joshua, from the early 5th century (designated as Washington Manuscript I by the Freer/Sackler Gallery).
 Rahlfs 1219: Incomplete Greek parchment codex of the Psalms from 5th century (designated as Washington Manuscript II by the Freer/Sackler Gallery).
 W (Codex Washingtonianus): Contains the four Gospels from the 5th century, with some material from 6th century (designated as Washington Manuscript III by the Freer/Sackler Gallery).
 Fragmentary Codex Freerianus, contains Pauline epistles from the 5th century (designated as Washington Manuscript IV by the Freer/Sackler Gallery).
 W: Twelve Prophets on papyri - before the discovery  of the Dead Sea Scrolls, this was the oldest Greek manuscript of Twelve Prophets, of the 3rd century A.D. (designated as Washington Manuscript V by the Freer/Sackler Gallery).
 Coptic manuscript of Psalms from the 5th century.

Gallery of Biblical Manuscripts

References

External links
 The finding aid for this collection from The Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Archives.  Includes biographical information, relevant name and subject terms, and descriptions of the series.

Further reading
 Henry A. Sanders, The Old Testament Manuscripts in the Freer Collection, New York, 1917.
 Henry A. Sanders, The New Testament Manuscripts in the Freer Collection, The Macmillan Company, New York – London 1918.
 Larry W. Hurtado, The Freer Biblical Manuscripts. Fresh Studies of an American Treasure Trove, Brill 2007.

Biblical manuscripts
Greek New Testament manuscripts
3rd-century biblical manuscripts
4th-century biblical manuscripts
5th-century biblical manuscripts
6th-century biblical manuscripts
Manuscripts in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution
Collection of the Smithsonian Institution


was one of fourteen s built for the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II.

Background and description
The Etorofu class was an improved version of the preceding  with a greater emphasis on anti-submarine warfare. The ships measured  overall, with a beam of  and a draft of . They displaced  at standard load and  at deep load. The ships had two diesel engines, each driving one propeller shaft, which were rated at a total of  for a speed of . The ships had a range of  at a speed of .

The main armament of the Etorofu class consisted of three Type 3  guns in single mounts, one superfiring pair aft and one mount forward of the superstructure. They were built with four Type 96  anti-aircraft guns in two twin-gun mounts, but the total was increased to 15 guns by August 1943. 36 depth charges were stowed aboard initially, but this later increased by August 1943 to 60 depth charges with a Type 97  trench mortar and six depth charge throwers. They received Type 22 and Type 13 radars and Type 93 sonar in 1943–44.

Construction and career
Matsuwa was launched by Mitsui, Tumano, on 19 April 1942 and completed on 1 April 1943. On 2 August 1944, she was torpedoed and sunk by the submarine  in Hidai Bay.

Notes

References

External links
 Matsuwa on combinedfleet.com

World War II naval ships of Japan
Ships sunk by American submarines
Etorofu-class escort ships
1942 ships
Maritime incidents in August 1944
Ships built by Mitsui Engineering and Shipbuilding
Shipwrecks of the Philippines
Shipwrecks in the South China Sea