Penny, between Longworth and Dome Creek on the northeast side of the Fraser River in central British Columbia, offers an access point for outdoor recreational activities. With a community hall and 15 permanent residents,  No utilities infrastructure exists. Prior to the post office permanently closing on 31 December 2013, the community was the only one in Canada that still relied upon the railway for its postal service.

Transportation
A trackside signpost marks the flag stop for Via Rail's Jasper – Prince Rupert train. The immediate Via Rail stops are Longworth to the northwest and Bend to the southeast.

History

Railway
Penny lies at mile 69.5, Fraser Subdivision. Previously designated as Mile 159 during the line's construction, it was the area headquarters for Foley, Welch and Stewart, the prime contractor. The Siems-Carey headquarters, and a work camp existed at Mile 160. Mr. Flannigan, a contractor at this camp, who considered all the camps maintained exceptional sanitary conditions, complained of IWW agitators seeking better wages and camp conditions. The government sanitary inspector, who described camp conditions as fair, destroyed 20,000 lbs. of beef at about Mile 160, and bacon unfit for human consumption at other camps. He advised contractors to stop dumping garbage into the Fraser River. Soon after, typhoid and diphtheria cases filled the medical outpost. In one 10-day period, the facility treated five victims of dump-car accidents, and the latest patient from Camp 162 had been cut in two. The Miles 160 and 162 camps were both large, and a hospital was mentioned at Mile 160. The true location of the hospital was likely Mile 73 (formerly around Mile 162.5).

Not a planned station on the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway (the Canadian National Railway after nationalization), Penny remained absent from the 1916 timetable. Exclusion from the 1919 and 1921 Official Guides probably reflects that only the employee timetables initially listed it as a footnote. Mention in the 1918 BC towns directory, and on a c.1919 map, suggest a 1917 or 1918 opening date for the station.

The settlement developed between Lindup to its northwest, and Guilford to its southeast. The name, a surname that emerged by the beginning of the 13th century, was selected for unknown reasons. Commonly claimed as an English place name on the list prepared by Josiah Wedgwood (submitted at the request of William P. Hinton, the railway's general manager), no such location existed in the United Kingdom. Furthermore, the name Penny, in use by 1914, predated the station by at least three years. Formerly it was known just as the Engineers' Camp.

Trains sometimes struck straying livestock, but slowed to a crawl if sighted in time. A passenger shelter likely existed prior to replacement in 1927 by a converted section tool house from Miworth. In 1947, the latter burned to the ground. Transported the  by railway flatcar, Lindup exchanged its standard-design Plan 100-152 (Bohi's Type E) station building for Penny's Plan 110-101 converted sectionmen's bunkhouse. The CNR appointed the first station agent at this time.

A burned out journal box on a freight car immobilized a train at Penny for seven hours in 1955. During the 1960s, 18 cars derailed from an eastbound 98-car freight train in the vicinity, which delayed the westbound passenger train for three hours. In another incident, a head-on collision with a bull moose, just outside Penny, derailed 23 cars of a westbound 50-car freight train.

In 1970, CNR closed its section shop. Isolated communities, like Penny, suffered when the Prince George–McBride way freight ceased operations in 1977. The next year, Penny was one of the 11 communities between Prince Rupert and the Alberta border, where the CNR replaced its agent-operator position with a resident serving as CN Express agent.

The deep snow of the 1981/82 winter near Penny caused hundreds of collisions between moose and trains. By this time, the station was boarded up apart from a small waiting room. In 1988, an ice bridge was built across the Fraser River to carry the station by flatbed truck to its new home, the Prince George Railway & Forestry Museum. Using a raft 18 months earlier, volunteers transported a heritage railway speeder shed and tool shed from Penny to that site.

The remaining passenger shelter was removed in 1996.

Map

Hunting & trapping
Trapper Fred Rankin (1879–1964), a keen astronomer and resident 1939–1964, who arrived in the district in 1910, had a cabin near the creek bearing his name  west of Red Mountain Creek). Resident Charles Hartsell (1862–1937) was possibly the companion who mistook him for a moose and accidentally shot him in the arm a few miles from Penny in 1919. Onufry Lewoniuk (c.1904–1933), who was staying with the pair while trapping and hunting at Slim Lake about  southwest of Penny, died of exposure to the cold at the lake edge.

John (Jack) Evans (1866–1948), a homesteader, had  trapline through Penny in 1912/13. He paddled and poled to Tête Jaune in 1897, continued to Fort George in 1905, and later settled near Penny. A regular contributor to the Red Cross, he lived alone in his cabin, which was about  upstream and across the river. Famed for his horticulture, he was especially popular with the local children for his candy treats.

Benjamin (Ben) (1883–1955) & Adelia (Ada) (1886–1977) Sykes had relocated from Slim Creek by 1918. Their children were Bessie (1906–43), David (1909–31), Alice (c.1911–2003), Mary (1913–?), Thelma (1915–?), Marjory (1918–?), Leona (1922–80), and Faye Lucille (c.1923–2003). When the family left in 1924, the school closed owing to insufficient pupils.

By 1921, the recognized guides for big game hunters in the Penny area were B. T. Sykes, C. Hartsell and J. R. Norboe (c.1853–1921) (Narboe alternate spelling). Ben had guided with John Norboe, who died of a seizure in
Nels Pedersen's house . John's brother Mac drowned that year at Eaglet Lake, but was misreported as Slim Lake.

Forestry
A. Roy Spurr (1885–1954), who arrived at the Tête Jaune railhead in 1911, was a fur trader, who operated a store, café and accommodation, and provided a bookkeeping service, at camps during the railway construction. Using his savings, he opened a sawmill at Penny in 1917, later buying out his partners. The mill lay south of the village on the riverbank. As early as the 1920s, fellow lumber operators recognized his sawmilling and business expertise and sought his advice. Spurr's Red Mountain Lumber Co and the Penny Lumber Co. were both in operation by 1918, but a later misconception that the former opened years later possibly inspired the questionable claim that Spurr also had an ownership interest in the latter.

In bankruptcy by 1921, the assets of the Penny Lumber were acquired by company president, George H. Lipsett (1866–1955). Located south of the CNR track on Rankin Creek, it operated as Penny Lumber, and then as G.H. Lipsett Lumber, until fire totally destroyed the mill in 1926.

The narrow strip of accessible spruce forest bordering the railway that stretched some  east of Prince George was known as the East Line. In the 1920s, with logging limited to the winter and fall seasons to facilitate the hauling of logs over snow and ice, loggers were transient. However, year round work existed in sawmill towns such as Giscome, Aleza Lake, Hutton, Penny, and Longworth. Injuries and death were common in sawmills and logging camps. Sawyer Laughlin McKenzie (1856–1923) was killed when a saw severed his body from head to hips at the Red Mountain Lumber Co.

The proceeds from selling Red Mountain Lumber Co. during the 1928 boom year provided Spurr with the funds to acquire other mills at bargain prices during the Great Depression. The purchasers, who were owners of Cranbrook Sawmills, dismantled their mill at Otway, and either sold or relocated the machinery to Penny. Like other sawmills during 1930–32, the Penny mill, then owned by the Joseph Campbell and John (Jack) Myers (1881–1960) partnership, scarcely operated. In 1932, fire completely destroyed the sawmill and yard lumber. At the time, Newlands, Snowshoe and Sinclair Mills were the only ones sawing, the latter having a big logging camp at Penny.

During the 1920s, W. Langmuir was the district forester. The forest ranger, residing in Penny for the Penny Ranger District covered an area that stretched from Dewey to Rider. His dispersed field staff, which were seasonal from spring to fall, travelled by boat or speeder. In 1948, two forestry speeders carrying 17 men to a forest fire at Loos collided near Bend. While the two most seriously injured went by freight train to Prince George, an amphibian plane later landed on the river at Penny to fly five of the less seriously injured for medical treatment. The ranger position was eliminated in the mid-1960s.

In 1933 Myers bought out his partner, and the following year rebuilt the Red Mountain Lumber Co. mill. In 1940, the 50,000-foot per shift capacity sawmill was again destroyed by fire, but the planing mill and processed lumber piles escaped conflagration. Fulfilling his prior commitment, Myers sold the mill to John F. McMillan and C. Earl Jaeck (1904–52), formerly at Bend, who changed the name to the Penny Sawmills. Jaeck died in a train/truck collision.

In 1941, Elizabeth (1906–91)  (né Coats of Longworth, C. Earl Jaeck's cousin) & Rory (Roy) R.M. McGillivray (1903–94), formerly at Bend, relocated with children S.T. Michael (1930–2015) and Barbara (1935–2015), when Roy became general manager at the Penny mill. Elizabeth headed the local Red Cross fundraising effort during World War II.

In 1942, a new dry kiln was installed, and several new homes and bunkhouses were constructed on the mill site to accommodate the demand from running two shifts. Since the homes mostly lacked indoor plumbing, outhouses were the norm and water came from a tap at the end of the road. The following year, fire destroyed the planing mill boiler room, putting it out of operation for 6 weeks. This may have been the occasion when a passing CNR locomotive rescued part of the building.  In 1945, labour shortages closed one logging camp. The company name changed again to Standard Tie and Timber, when Standard Forest Products acquired the mill in late 1945 or early 1946. After an absence, Roy McGillivray returned as general manager. The family relocated to Prince George in 1953. On cremation, Roy's ashes were scattered in the Fraser at Penny.

In 1947, the large bunkhouse was constructed at Penny. The following year, the mill burned down, and a portable mill set up at the mouth of the Red Mountain Creek was used until the old mill was rebuilt. In 1952, renamed as the Penny Spruce Mills, the Totem Pole group, controlled by the Thurston family, purchased the operations, which included the bunkhouse and 35 family residences. Leboe Bros. of Crescent Spur provided mainly fir logs from the Goat River area, which were floated down the Fraser to the mill.

The mill, which employed about 120 during summer and 45 in winter, plus 40 at the logging camps, was one of the hardest hit by the strike of 1953. In 1955, the mill cookhouse burned to the ground. Closed in 1958, after the Bank of Montreal called the operating loan, the 100,000-foot capacity sawmill, steam and diesel power plants, 78-man bunkhouse, cookhouse, company houses, machine shop, garage, tractor house and various equipment were soon auctioned by court order.

During the 1940s–50s, as many as three sawmills operated in the area. The main mill, bought by Eagle Lake Lumber of Giscome, was renamed Penny Forest Products, and continued as a much smaller operation. In 1963, fire destroyed the mill and powerhouse, with only part of the trimmer left standing. Fire damage and outdated equipment made the investment in a rebuild unrealistic. Subsequently, Gordon Geddes ran portable mills until all sawmilling activity ceased in 1965. Northwood inherited the defunct Penny mill when it acquired the Eagle Lake mill in 1966. Long abandoned, the beehive burner, one of the largest in BC's history, still stands.

The back-to-the-land movement peaked in the 1970s, with two tree planting companies and fire suppression crews based in Penny. The movement largely comprised hippies, many U.S. draft dodgers, who temporarily settled along the East Line. In addition to occupying vacant houses, a commune existed by the river, which locals called "Buffalo Wallow".

Community
Population estimates were 25 (Rev. W.J. Patton) and 50–85 (Wrigley) for 1918, 200 by 1920, 100 by 1928, 100 by 1934, 203 for 1943 and 1944, and 200 for 1948. The population peaked in 1957/58 at 675, which included the logging camps.

Commonly, the postmaster in such towns was also a storeowner. Nels Pedersen (c.1885–?), the first postmaster 1916–19, ran a general store 1914–27 as a sole proprietorship or in partnership as Johnston & Pedersen. Thomas B. (1877–1952) & Betty Fae (c.1885–1945) Wall were storeowners, and she was postmaster 1919–25. William Birt and Joseph Melling purchased this store, with Birt as postmaster 1926–28.

Samuel (Sam) (1895–1940) & Annie (1890–1931) Michaylenko, who arrived as the CNR section foreman around 1919–20, operated a store 1929–31, and apparently applied to be postmaster. Their children were Nettie (1921–?), William (Bill) (1923–58), Helen (1925–?), Joseph (Joe) (1926–99), Florence (1928–?), Jessie (1930–?), and Magdelina (1931–?). When Annie died, Sam assumed responsibility for the children, except Magdelina, whom the Hinsbergers adopted. When Sam died, Nettie cared for her siblings. On adulthood, the children left Penny.

Siblings Ole (1882–1956), Halvor (1891–1973), and Ingeborg L. (1884–1952) Mellos relocated from neighbouring Guilford in 1927. While the brothers developed a farm,
Ingeborg purchased the Pedersen general store, and was postmaster 1929–38. In 1929, Halvor Mellos formed the Mellos & Johnson Logging Co. Halvor, who became Ingeborg's business partner, was postmaster 1938–48. Together, they purchased the Bert and Melling store and sold their original property.

In 1932, Halvor married Anna Marie Haugen (1908–2008), who arrived in 1930. They raised their own daughter, Katherine, and niece Kathleen Johnson, after the death of Ole's wife Emma (c.1897–1942). A 1936 fire destroyed their hotel and store. Recently constructed and equipped with all modern conveniences, it was the most popular accommodation between Longworth and McBride. Their private hydro plant supplied electricity, and unlike most properties relying upon wells, they had running water. Buying the bunkhouse buildings at the abandoned relief camp , and transporting the wood by flatcar, Halvor rebuilt his house, storage and general store.

For many years, Anna Mellos managed their rooming house close to the store, which catered to short-term stays. After selling the store, Halvor performed odd jobs in the community. On Katherine's marriage to Jack Clements in 1953, the couple remained in Prince George. Although Kathleen married William Isfan at Penny in 1955, the couple were never residents. Anna resided in Penny 1930–95.

In 1935, the widowed Victor Mellows (1898–1994), his mother Anna (1862–1943), and three sons Arne, Ivar and Oscar settled in Penny. Victor initially farmed, then worked at the sawmill. After Ivar and Oscar had left, Victor relocated in 1956. Returning from World War II, Arne Mellows married Carrie Benson (1923–2012) from Bend.
Their children raised in Penny were Karen, Lloyd, and Craig.

In 1948, Arne, and brother-in-law Carl A. Benson (1928–2015) from Bend, bought the Mellos' store, trading as Penny Merchants, and then as Penny Mercantile Co. The following year, Carl sold his share to Oscar. Two years later, Arne installed a gas pump for the increasing number of vehicles. Formerly, fuel came by rail in barrels. Arne was postmaster 1948–65, at which time the store closed permanently, and the family departed for Prince George.

Jack Taylor opened a coffee shop in his pool hall, and sold the business to Mr. & Mrs. C. Kirkwood.

Philippe (1900–84) & Anna (1905–83) Michaud, who resided 1952–61, opened the Dew Drop Inn, a coffee shop, poolroom and accommodation for boarders. Their children were Roland, Emile, René, Gisele, Madeleine, Fernande (c.1936–2008), Gilberte, Philip, Lorraine (1942– ), Louis, Louise, and Jeannie. Emile, who married Helen Bechtel, raised three children there. He stayed 1946–60 and subsequently remarried. Other adult siblings came and went. Fernande (Fern) married Mike Saiko (1927–98) a local, and their daughter was born in Penny. Gilberte married James (Jim) Kruger, and moved away. René, who played violin, suffered work and sports injuries. Coming and going, he married Teena Teichroeb in 1959. Lorraine married Richmond Lozeau, and moved away. Philip (Phil), who played guitar and sang, remained longer in Penny. Gisele married Bertil Stavely (c.1934–2014), and their three children were born while at Penny. Philippe, Anna and their three youngest left in 1961.

The first school, held in an old bunkhouse behind the sawmill, opened in 1920 or 1921, with Miss H. Thomas (possibly 1903–?) filling in until the arrival of Mrs. L.O. Cameron as the inaugural teacher. Owing to low student numbers, it closed 1925–29. A one-room school was built as a replacement in 1930. To facilitate a second teacher, it was remodelled as two classrooms in 1943. The following year, a teacherage was built on the school grounds, with propane lighting added in 1955.

The last of the three facilities, a two-room school opened for the 1953/54 year, with propane lighting added in 1954. The former building was moved off the grounds. The school closed for six years during the 1970s, but students taking correspondence courses continued to use a classroom. It reopened in 1977 with 13 students. Enrolment for 1945–50 in Grades 1–9 was 27–32, 1953–60 in Grades 1–8 was 31–51, 1963–70 in Grades 1–7 was 6–34, 1970–78 in Grades K–7 was 7–13, and 1981–84 in Grades K–7 was 10–12. Having only seven students, the school closed permanently in 1985, with the building ultimately removed.

The community club, formed in 1932, held functions for nine years in the sawmill cookhouse. The community hall was built in 1941. The building, severely damaged by heavy snow in 1946, was repaired and an electrical generator installed two years later. The hall hosted country artists, professional entertainers, movie screenings and many weddings.

John E. (1906–87) & Jean (1909–96) Humphreys arrived in late 1946 or early 1947. To fill individual customer orders, John, as shipper, coordinated product through the planer mill and into boxcars for delivery. Their children were John A. (1932–2006), Jean (1933–2002), James (Jim) (1940–2011), and Jerry (1945– ). John Jr. married  Margaret Boudreau.  Jean Jr. left, trained as a nurse, and married Arne May. John Sr. rented and showed movies in the community hall. The Friday night screenings were weekly in the summer and biweekly in the winter. Admission was 50 cents. Active in the social life, Jean Sr., a registered nurse, delivered 14 of the community babies. On buying the Dome Creek store, they left in 1957 . After boarding away for high school, Jim joined his parents at Dome Creek.

Badminton was popular. The hall was a venue for community dances during World War II, when many were in aid of the Red Cross. The post-war dances often attracted visitors from surrounding communities. The hall, falling into disuse during the 1960s, was renovated in 1971 and used for badminton during the 1970s–1980s.

In his role as rector of All Saints Anglican, McBride, Rev. Duncan Cameron regularly conducted Sunday evening services in the Penny schoolhouse, as did his predecessor, Rev. J.J. Cowan, each month. A Sunday school commenced in 1946. St. Paul's United Church, McBride, also held evening services in the Penny school. The priest came from Giscome each month to St. James Catholic Church, which opened in 1954. Formerly, their services were conducted in the school, with Catholic, Anglican and United alternating weeks. The deconsecrated Catholic building became a residence.

When the mill closed, most of the population left. Some abandoned their privately owned houses, which had become worthless.

The Penny cemetery, 200–300 feet along the side road where the boat ramp road makes a right angle bend, is on land provided by Halvor Mellos. Volunteer male labour produced the coffins and dug the graves, and the women prepared the bodies.

A homecoming reunion for former residents occurred August 18–20, 1995, for which the book covering the community's history was compiled. At the time, the permanent population of 11 was meagre in relation to the 36 dwellings.

Boudreau family
Joseph (Joe) (1889–1969) & Bessie (1894–1983) Boudreau arrived in 1923. They built a house on their preemption in 1928. Joe was a trapper and logger, who could play the violin. Bessie, an avid gardener, who delivered many of the community's babies, could play the piano, flute and harp. Their children were M. Isabelle (1923–2001), Eveline (1925–98), Joseph E. (Joe Jr.) (1929–91), Clarence (1931– ), E. Jack (1933–2018), Margaret (1934– ), and June. The family made their own entertainment, singing and playing musical instruments, and the community attended these gatherings at their place.

M. Isabelle left, but returned for her wedding to Peter Motiuk (1920–88). Never residing as a couple in Penny, their children were Patricia (Pat) and Cary. Isabelle provided a home away from home to family members who came to Prince George for high school.

Eveline married resident Jack McKinley (1924–2017), a talented Prince George piano player. They supplied the music for many events. Their children raised in Penny were Gail, Barry, and Rocky L., with Melody and Charlene born after the family left in 1956.

Josie married William F. (Bud) Proctor in 1946. Months earlier, Bud, a local logger, suffered a skull fracture when struck by a falling tree. Josie and daughter Sandra spent part of 1947 with Bud in Merritt. Josie returned to Penny prior to the birth of son Dwayne. Tragically, 20-month-old Sandra, died of accidental ingestion of gasoline. Janet A. and J. Mark were born subsequently. In 1956, Josie left permanently to work in Prince George. Remarried, she and Marcien Fisher, of Penny, had three children.

Joe Jr. married Edith (Penny) Lammle (1934–2011) at Penny. Their children raised there were Rhoda, Donna (1953–2009), Judy, and William. Joe, a sawfiler then millwright, departed with his family to pursue other work opportunities.

Clarence married Olga Horn (1932– ), one of the two teachers who had arrived for the 1950/51 school year. Their children Dan, Diane Louise (1954–2009), Larry, Maxine, and Jenny, attended the Penny school, as well as three of the grandchildren. Dan has authored five books, When 15, Clarence joined his father and older brother in driving their horse team that hauled logs for milling. In 1956, he bought a Caterpillar D6 to clear their land for potato farming. When cattle ranching proved unprofitable, he focused on logging, land clearing and snowplowing. He was fire warden for many years, and ran (1980–1996) the salmon hatchery (1980–2006) located on their property. In retirement, he voluntarily maintained the Longworth–Penny road with his Cat D6, and remained a resident for nearly 80 years. During the 1970s, when the school closed temporarily, Olga supervised the correspondence course children. Although away from teaching while raising her children, she did substitute when needed. She worked in, and did the bookkeeping for, the hatchery. She also kept a large garden and canned the produce. They acquired their first electricity generator in 1982. Diane Louise is the most recent burial at the cemetery. Clarence, having resided for 80 years, the couple left in 2011.

E. Jack and ex-wife, Andreen E. Spoklie (1942–2015), had two children, Kelly and Kim., Jack worked various jobs in the mill and in driving logs down the river. In 1967, residents protested the closure of their post-office and it reopened after six weeks. Jack was postmaster 1967–76, chair of the citizens committee, and remained a resident. He left in 1976. He finished his career elsewhere as a licensed scaler, an industrial first-aid attendant, and forest firefighter mostly with the Ministry of Forests. In 1999 on retirement, he wrote the first of his 10 published books on the region's history and personalities.

Margaret married logger John A. Humphreys.  Their children were David J., James (Jim) C., and Allan. By 16, Margaret could harness and work her father's horse team. Starting work at 15, John spent about 15 years at the lumber camps or the mill. The family left in 1965.

June Boudreau worked briefly in Prince George, before marrying William (Bill) Benedict (1928–2013), and having children Julie (died of SIDS at six months), Shirley (Allannah), Darlene, and Wayne. The Penny station was busy for most of Bill's tenure as CNR station agent 1954–65, but the family departed after sawmilling activity ceased. In 1993, he returned to live in Penny for a number of years, and his ashes were spread at the cemetery. Remarried, June Vandermark has been a prolific writer of letters to the editor, which criticize mainline religious, environmental, and sundry matters.

Pastor family, scouts, guides & polio outbreak
Joseph Pastor (1896–1982) settled in 1934. His wife Mary (1900–84), and children Mary E. (1920–86), Theresa (Terry) M. (1921–84), and Joseph (Joe) (1925–2006), joined him from Hungary. Although he worked in the sawmill during the earlier years, the farm was his primary involvement. Mary Sr. delivered milk, cream, butter and cheese to residents. On retiring in 1973, they left.

Joseph was also a hunting guide, who had been shot during World War I and the bullet was removed from his elbow in 1944. His Hungarian friend, Joseph Kobra (1902–65), a sometime Penny resident since the 1940s, followed him from Lindup, remaining in the Penny/Lindup area for 40 years.

In 1937, Mary married Gustof (Gus) Frenkel (1905–83), but they never resided as a couple in Penny. Their children were John, Margaret, Sheila and Marie.

In 1943, Terry married J. Earl Lousier (1924–2011). Initially a sawmill blade tooth setter, Earl became a sawyer after two years. Danny, their son, was born in Penny, with Theresa (Terry) Ann, Bonita (Bonnie), and Lorraine born after the family left in 1952.

During the mid-1940s, a Scout troop and Wolf Cub pack operated. Charles (Charlie) Adcock, the CNR section foreman, was scoutmaster, and Earl Lousier was his assistant. Thurston Berg led the Cubs. On Charlie's transfer, Larry Willington became scoutmaster and Alice Sinclair had taken charge of the cubs, but these activities soon folded.

In 1946, Joe Jr. married Marie Jopp (1924–2014). Joe, who played trumpet at the dances, months earlier had lost two toes in a logging accident. Marie was one of the two teachers for the 1944/45 to 1946/47 school years, after which she was available as a substitute. During the mid-to-late 1940s, she led the Girl Guides, who were involved in a range of events. In 1950, Marie was briefly confined to hospital in Prince George with suspected polio, before convalescing at home. Their children raised in Penny were Gary (1948– ), Richard (Ritchie) (1949–2004), Shirley (1961– ), Stewart (1953–93), and Terry-Lynn (1955– ), with Ronnie born after the family left in 1955.

In 1952, Mrs. R. Clark and Mrs. A. Ward are recorded as teachers for the Girl Guides and Brownies, the latter company having been recently organized, but these groups are not mentioned after 1953.

John Kuz (1913–50) was the only Penny resident to die of polio. He had arrived in Penny in 1937, where his wife Anne
(probably 1917–2003) and baby Harold (probably 1937–2016) soon joined them. They were active in community life, and their subsequent children raised in Penny were Leona (1939– ), M. Elaine (1943– ), and John (1949– ). Initially a logger, John Sr. became a mill labourer, oiler, and finally millwright, where in 1943 he lost three toes in a mill accident. In 1949, a 12-foot fall required a hospital visit. On John's death in hospital at Prince George, public functions in Penny were cancelled and the school closed as a precaution, which was repeated during another polio outbreak two years later. The community collected almost $1,100 for the family, who left in 1951.

Riggs & Finer families
In 1928, widower Frederick (Dick) R. Finer
(1884–1952) arrived in Penny. The following year, his children Mabel (1914–2007), Irene (1916–2002), and Allen (1918–2010), joined him. Mabel married Wilbert (Bert) Riggs (1912–99) of Longworth in 1932, where they homesteaded, before residing off and on in Penny from 1936. Bert was a logger, sawmill worker, and with Mabel, ran their small farm.

In 1937, Irene Finer left and married N. Wilfrid Appleyard (c.1901–?). Allen R. Finer enlisted during World War II, was wounded, married, and settled in Vancouver. His father soon followed.

In 1942, the Riggs resettled in Penny. Their children were Clarence (1933–45), Lelia, Keith (1937– ), Patricia (Pat) (1945– ), and Juanita (Nita) (1947– ). Clarence drowned at Guilford Lumber mill. Mabel Riggs operated an iced confectionary booth from her front porch during the summertime. Bert Riggs was hospitalized several times, being evacuated by amphibian plane on one occasion. After relocating to and from Prince George for a couple of years, the family, except Lelia, returned. Keith left for work, and Lelia I. married Lawrence B. Tindill. (1927–2003). Bert relocated for work in 1958, and Mabel, Pat and Nita joined him in 1963. Nita married David Solecki, and Pat married Cornelius Evert (Casey) Van Beek.

Crime, calamity & safety measures
During the 1927 forest fire, women and children were temporarily evacuated by special train to Dome Creek.

A sudden death in 1934 prompted an investigative visit by the coroner and a constable from Prince George.

Logger G. Edward Hooker (1915–36), formerly at Bend, slipped and drowned while breaking up a logjam. His body was found over seven months later downriver at Sinclair Mills.

In 1944 and 1945, the police arrested the offenders responsible for break and entries at the store.

A rolling log fatally crushed William Gorrick (1915–48).

Although limited mentions of houses burning to the ground, it was likely a common occurrence.

In 1957, safecrackers stole $4,000 in cash from the store.

While hunting near Penny, Kalman Malzsencizky mistook his friend, Bela Bill Cservenka
(1927–65), for a moose and fatally shot him. First aid was administered immediately and after a boat trip back to the Pastor farm, where the victim died four hours after the incident. At his trial, Malzsencizky pleaded guilty to criminal negligence. Schervenka's widow was awarded $60,719 in damages under the provincial Families Compensation Act.

A self-inflicted rifle wound took a hunter's life on the access road.

In 1975, Imre Sorban fired shots at a boatload of people on the outskirts of Penny, forced another woman into a car, and later shot out two tires on the vehicle before he was subdued. Another victim sustained leg wounds from a shotgun blast. Midway through his trial, Sorban pleaded guilty to charges of carrying an offensive weapon and illegally confining another person.

When ice jams upstream and downstream blocked the river during the 1980/81 winter, owners could not reach their cars parked on the west bank, and flooding submerged 13 vehicles and carried off several boats. Though the townsite on higher ground was safe, houses in low-lying areas were flooded.

Relief programs during the Great Depression
The Aleza Lake to Tête Jaune highway-construction relief project began in 1931. The seven camps between Aleza Lake and McBride housed 500 workers. Discontent in the camps prompted demands for increased wages, and strike action occurred in April and July 1932, at which time the workers departed for Prince George. In August 1932, the province redirected the men to these isolated locations, now designated as non-work relief camps. Camp 88, Penny, was the largest of the group. On 19 November 1932, a physical confrontation with the camp foreman led to his replacement and a police investigation. On 25 November 1932, police arrested three agitators from the camp for travelling without railway tickets and they received one-month prison sentences. By month end, the camp held its full complement of 108 men. The camp closed in October 1933.

The Penny location at about Mile 72 occupied the former GTP construction camp (formerly about Mile 162). In 1934, Edward (Ed) V. (1888–1951) & Elsie (1904–95) Chambers moved from Lindup to the camp, where Ed was employed, and by 1936, he worked at a logging camp across the river. Their children were D. Bernice (c.1923–?), James (Jim) (1924–?), Marie (possibly 1926–2010), Lillian Jean (c.1928–2002), Charles Lindburgh (Lindy) (1929–79), M. Jean (1930–2012), and Bette.

The family settled in Penny just before World War II, with the children spending varying periods of their adult lives there. Ed remained until his death, and Elsie stayed. Bernice  married Len Gagnon (1909–59), who worked in the sawmill. James (Jim) E. enlisted 1942–46, married Marion Hooker (1924–2002) of Bend, and settled in Vancouver. Marie moved to Jasper, and enlisted 1944–46. She lived in Vancouver and married J. McNeil. Lillian Jean enlisted 1944–45, married Chester Whelen (c.1921–2012), and settled in Alberta, but later married Michael Kosteck. Lindy remained based in Penny, married Alice Taylor, but later moved. M. Jean married local Charles (Charlie) F. Benton. Bette left for Vancouver and married.

Roads
In 1947, Standard Tie and Timber graded a  road through the town. By 1951, there were 21 cars in the community, but still only one mile of road. When Highway 16, linking Prince George and McBride, opened in 1969, many residents parked their vehicles on the opposite bank of the Fraser River. In winter, the frozen river could usually be crossed by an ice bridge, but if the weather was unusually mild, the train provided the only access. A proposal for a reaction ferry or bridge access divided the community. In 1995, volunteers upgraded a  logging road, and for the next 20 years, maintained this only road access to the community. In 2017, the province agreed to maintain the private road to Longworth for two years. A replacement contract is under consideration.

Electricity, broadcast transmissions & communications devices
From 1929, the CNR telephone lines opened for public usage, linking Dome Creek with Prince George. Fifty years later, the CN lines from Giscome still served Penny's crank-style phones on a party line. In the 1990s, the service continued to be erratic, because Telus could not justify the cost of dedicated lines for so few customers.

Using a 150-foot wire strung between two 50-foot poles as an aerial, predominantly battery-powered radios received better reception from certain stations in Calgary or the U.S. west coast.

Some places had diesel or alternately powered generators. Otherwise, oil or gas lamps provided light and wood-burning stoves heat. Around 1950, the sawmill wired and supplied electricity to many company houses, which ceased when the mill closed. There are no BC Hydro transmission lines.

A new transmitter, installed by CKPG-TV on Mount Tabor in 1964, provided reception as far southeast as Longworth & Penny.

Completed in 2014, the Telus cell tower near Dome Creek also serves over  of Highway 16 between Penny and Dome Mountain.

Footnotes

References

Robson Valley
Populated places in the Regional District of Fraser-Fort George
Populated places on the Fraser River
Unincorporated settlements in British Columbia
Grand Trunk Pacific Railway stations


The Ounasjoki () is the Kemijoki's largest tributary and is Finland's longest single river tributary. It is also the largest river entirely within its borders. Ounasjoki is approximately  in length, and the catchment area is , 27% of the Kemijoki catchment area.

Course
The Ounasjoki originates at Ounasjärvi lake in Enontekiö. It flows first eastwards through Periläjärvi lake and turns south after some seven kilometres. The river then follows southern-southeasterly course until its confluence with the Kemijoki at Rovaniemi.

Tributaries

Left
 Näkkäläjoki
 Käkkälöjoki
 Syvä Tepastojoki
 Loukinen
 Meltausjoki

Right
 Marrasjoki

Fauna
Grayling, trout, pike and other fish typical to northern Finland are found in the Ounasjoki.

References

External links

Kemijoki basin
Rivers of Finland
Rivers of Enontekiö
Rivers of Kittilä
Rivers of Rovaniemi


Nora W. Coffey is a women's health advocate, activist, and educator. She founded the Hysterectomy Educational Resources and Services (HERS) Foundation in 1982.

Career
Coffey has lectured in the United States and Europe. She has been a guest lecturer at medical schools, nursing schools for undergraduate, and graduate programs. She has presented papers to Women and Gender Studies Conferences and women’s health organizations. She has also been interviewed by 20/20, Oprah Winfrey, Phil Donahue, and Good Morning America. Interviews with Coffey have appeared in the New York Times, Los Angeles Times, Philadelphia Inquirer, Boston Globe, New York Magazine, Newsweek, USA Today, Ms. Magazine, and others.

She has testified at U.S. Food and Drug Administration hearings and works with the FDA to ensure the reporting of adverse events of uterine artery embolization.

Coffey founded the Hysterectomy Educational Resources and Services (HERS) Foundation in 1982. The foundation is the only independent, nonprofit organization solely dedicated to the alternatives to, and the aftermath of hysterectomy.

Rick Schweikert's "on becoming," which had its Off-Broadway debut in 2004, was directed by Coffey. It was subsequently seen in 23 cities and produced in Washington, D.C. in 2005. It received praise from Barbara Seaman, health advocate, and author of The Greatest Experiment Ever Performed on Women: Exploding the Estrogen Myth.

Coffey is working toward a sustainable legal remedy to end hysterectomy without the information requisite to informed consent.

Coffey and Schweikert’s book, The H Word, about the physical, political, economic, and social environment surrounding hysterectomy, was published in 2009.

Coffey was honored by the organization Women's Way of Philadelphia at their 32nd Annual Powerful Voice Awards on May 6, 2009.

References

External links
 New York Times Article "Rate of Hysterectomies Puzzles Experts"
 New York Times Article "In a Culture of Hysterectomies, Many Question Their Necessity"
Los Angeles Times Article "When does hysterectomy go too far?"
Boston Globe
USA Today
CNNmoney.com
 FDA testimony
 Women's Way

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American health activists


Utu Abe Malae (died October 2, 2018) was an American Samoan politician, banker and businessman. A long-time leader of the American Samoa Power Authority, he served in the American Samoa Senate, and was a candidate for Governor of American Samoa in the 2008 gubernatorial elections, finishing second in the runoff to incumbent Governor Togiola Tulafono.

Personal life
Utu Abe Malae's family and ancestry is originally from the Manu'a Islands,(his father's side) which are located approximately 70 miles east of American Samoa main island, Tutuila. His mother's family is from the village of Amouli, American Samoa. He was the fifth of seven children born to the late Elder Pita Malae and the late Fiapa'ipa'i Sera Utu Malae.

Malae received his bachelor's degrees in both chemistry and English in 1970 from Morningside College in Sioux City, Iowa. He went on to earn his first master's degree in physical chemistry from Iowa State University's School of Science & Technology in 1973. He next obtained two separate master's degrees in both public works administration and civil engineering from the University of Pittsburgh in Pennsylvania.

Malae was bestowed the Samoan chiefly title of Utu by his family in the early 2000s. Malae also served in the American Samoa Senate for Sa'Ole County.

Utu Abe Malae died on October 2, 2018, at the LBJ Tropical Medical Center in Faga'alu, American Samoa.

Career
Malae worked within the government of American Samoa for over twenty-five years. He served as the executive director of the American Samoa Power Authority (ASPA), a government electric utility. He was appointed to oversee both the LBJ Medical Center and the Port Administration by separate American Samoan governors while he headed the ASPA.

Utu served as the CEO for the LBJ Medical Center from November 1995 to January 1997.

In April 2001, Malae was named one of the "Top Ten Public Works Leaders of the Year" by the American Public Works Association.

Malae, the American Samoa Power Authority and several other employees of the ASPA were also honored at the Mayors' Asia-Pacific Environment Summit 2001 in Honolulu, Hawaii. The summit was sponsored by the Asian Development Bank. Before the Summit, Malae presented then Honolulu Mayor Jeremy Harris with detailed accomplishments of ways in which the ASPA, under his directorship, had worked to combat environmental problems in American Samoa and elsewhere in the Pacific. Malae had initially promised to combat environmental pollution at the first Asia-Pacific Environment Summit in 1999. For his work, Malae received one of the summit's awards and was asked to appear as one of its featured guest speakers. The award "honors Abe Malae and recognize the tangible progress of the municipality and people of the American Samoa Power Authority in fulfilling their sustainable development commitment declared." Malae and his management of the ASPA was particularly praised for its operations of a utility service located in Ebeye, Marshall Islands.

Malae became vice chairman of the Pacific Power Association in 2001 and later became the acting chairman of the PPA in 2002 following the resignation of the organization's representative from the Northern Marianas Islands. In 2002 Malae was chosen for a full two-year term as chairman of the Pacific Power Association while still working as the executive director of the American Samoa Power Authority.

Malae left the ASPA in September 2004 to become acting president of the Development Bank of American Samoa, a government-owned bank. He was retained again as President of the bank in September 2006. Malae received praise for his management of the bank, which included a "clean" audit of its finances in 2007. He remained as head of the bank until his resignation to run for governor in 2008.

Malae, a Republican, was one of two American Samoans of the committee which drafted the election platform for the 2008 Republican National Convention. Malae served as one of American Samoa's elected delegates who supported 2008 presidential nominee Senator John McCain, and represented the territory at the 2008 Republican National Convention in Saint Paul, Minnesota.

In August 2009 Utu resigned his position in the Senate to take up a role with the Northern Marianas Commonwealth Utility Corporation (CUC) in the Northern Mariana Islands. He was succeeded as Senator by Fuata Tanielu Iatala. He was appointed as executive director of the CUC in November 2010. On August 15, 2011, Malae announced his candidacy in the 2012 American Samoa gubernatorial election. However, Malae withdrew from the gubernatorial race on October 10, 2011, citing a need to continue his work as the executive director of the Northern Marianas Commonwealth Utility Corporation (CUC) in the Northern Mariana Islands. He was reappointed as ASPA chief executive in January 2013.

2008 gubernatorial candidacy

Utu Abe Malae announced the formation of an exploratory committee April 2008 to study the feasibility of a candidacy for Governor of American Samoa. The committee was made up of Malae's family, friends and supporters.

Malae fueled further speculation that he was planning a run for governor when he tendered his resignation as president of the Development Bank of American Samoa. He submitted a letter of resignation to the bank's board of directors on May 29, 2008. He left the bank on July 3.

Malae officially announced his candidacy on June 10, 2008, for Governor of American Samoa in the 2008 gubernatorial election. He chose Nua Mailo Saoluaga, a former Speaker of the American Samoa House of Representatives who is from Manu'a, as his running mate for lieutenant governor. Malae filed his petition to run for governor at the American Samoa Election Office at 9:00 A.M. on June 10. He held his official gubernatorial announcement at the Maliu Mai Beach Resort later in the day.

In his announcement, Malae promised to make healthcare and education a top priority in a future Malae administration. He referred to these as the top two issues facing American Samoa today.

Malae faced incumbent Gov. Togiola Tulafono and two other candidates in the gubernatorial election on November 4, 2008. Tulafono received 41.3% of the vote to Malae's 31.4%. Because no candidate received more than 50% of the vote, a run-off election between Malae and Tulafono took place on November 18, 2008. Governor Tulafono defeated Malae to win a second, four-year term.

Chairmanship of the Republican Party of American Samoa
In March 2016, Malae was elected chairman of the Republican Party of American Samoa.

Legacy
In March 2017 the Utu Seamount was named after him.

References

|-

American Samoa Senators
American Samoan chiefs
Iowa State University alumni
Morningside University alumni
2018 deaths
Place of birth missing
Swanson School of Engineering alumni
Candidates in the 2008 United States elections
American Samoa Republicans


Glossen (Marginal Notes), opus 163, is a waltz composed by Johann Strauss II in 1855. The work was dedicated to the students of law at the Vienna University on the occasion of their ball held at the Sofienbaad-Saal, which was attended by 1200 or so guests. The title of the composition refers to explanatory notes appearing in margins of draft statutes prior to their becoming law.

References

Waltzes by Johann Strauss II


Lawrence W. Sherman (born October 25, 1949) is an American experimental criminologist and police educator who is the founder of evidence-based policing.

Sherman's use of randomized controlled experiments to study deterrence and crime prevention has led him to examine such wide-ranging issues as domestic violence, saturation patrol, gun violence, crack houses, and reintegrative shaming. He has collaborated with over 30 police and justice agencies around the world, and been credited as a key founder of the field of experimental criminology.

Sherman holds the posts of director of the Jerry Lee Centre for Experimental Criminology and Wolfson Professor of Criminology Emeritus at the University of Cambridge, where he is also Chair of the Cambridge Police Executive Program. He is also  the director of the Cambridge Centre for Evidence-Based Policing, and Editor-in-Chief of the Centre's Cambridge Journal of Evidence-Based Policing.

Education
Sherman graduated magna cum laude from Denison University in 1970, with a B.A. in Political Science. He received an M.A. in social science from the University of Chicago in 1970, earned a Diploma in Criminology from Cambridge University in 1973, and received his M.A. and Ph.D.in sociology from Yale University in 1974 and 1976 respectively.

Academic career
Sherman's career began at age 20 in the New York City Mayor's Office and Police Department as an Alfred P. Sloan Foundation New York City Urban Fellow and aide to the NYPD's Police Commissioner Patrick V. Murphy, where he began a long research partnership with NYPD Assistant Chief Tony Bouza. Bouza became the Minneapolis Police Chief in 1980, where he persuaded the City Council to approve Sherman's research design to randomly assign arrest for misdemeanor domestic violence, later known as the Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment. Sherman's early experimental research into the influence of arrest on recidivism in spouse abuse led to changes in police department policies and procedures nationwide, encouraged state legislatures to modify state statutes to allow for misdemeanor arrest, and eventually resulted in five federally funded replications, one of which Sherman led in Milwaukee. In the late 1980s, Sherman's discovery of hot spots of crime led to his experimental research with David Weisburd and Tony Bouza that was first to show clear crime prevention effects of directed police patrol in high crime locations. In the early 1990s, Sherman's Kansas City Gun Experiment studied the effect of concentrated police patrol on gun crime and violence and that directed police patrol in gun crime "hot spots" led to an increase in seizures of illegally carried guns and a decrease in gun crimes.

Since 1995, Sherman has been co directing a program of prospective longitudinal experiments in restorative justice involving approximately 2,500 offenders and 2,000 crime victims. He has also  worked on the development of new tools for predicting murder among offenders on probation and parole in Philadelphia, as well as randomized trials of intensive services among highest risk offenders.

From 1999 to 2007, Sherman was Greenfield Professor of Human Relations at the University of Pennsylvania, initially in the Department of Sociology. Under his leadership, Penn became the first Ivy League University to establish a Ph.D. in criminology as a separate field in 2000, and the first to establish a separate department of criminology in 2003, when Sherman was appointed the University's first Professor of Criminology. He served as Chair of the University's Department of Criminology from 2003 to 2007 and as the director of the Fels Institute of Government from 1999 to 2005. He resigned from Penn in June 2010 to return to the University of Maryland as distinguished university professor while jointly serving as Wolfson Professor of Criminology from 2007-2017. Since 2016, he has also served as an honorary professor at the University of Queensland in Brisbane.

Sherman also served Maryland as chair of the Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice from 1995 to 1999, and as a faculty member from 1982 to 1999. In 1987, he was the Seth Boyden Distinguished Visiting Professor at Rutgers University's Graduate School of Criminal Justice and from 1994 to 2016 he served as adjunct professor of law at the Australian National University's Research School of Social Science and later in the ANU School of Global Governance (RegNet). From 1976 to 1980 he was on the faculty of the University at Albany's School of Criminal Justice.

From 2001 to 2007 he was the co-director of the Justice Research Consortium in the United Kingdom. Since 1995 has been the scientific director of RISE, an ongoing research program in partnership with Australian National University and the Australian Federal Police. From 1985 to 1995 he served as president of the Crime Control Institute, and from 1979 to 1985 he was the director of research and later vice president for the Washington, D.C.-based Police Foundation.

In addition to his experimental research, Sherman has published articles and book chapters on a wide variety of topics, including police corruption, police education, police discretion, police crackdowns, restorative justice, investigations, police use of force, and fear reduction. In 1997, Sherman led a team of University of Maryland criminologists in producing Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn't, What's Promising, a Congressionally mandated evaluation of over 500 state and local crime prevention programs.

Key research findings
His major discoveries can be summarized as follows:

 In 1980, he discovered that restricting police powers to shoot people was not followed by any increases in crime, or in violence against police officers; this evidence was later cited by the U.S. Supreme Court in its 1985 Tennessee v. Garner decision to restrict police powers to kill across the US.
 In 1984, the Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment found that arresting suspects in domestic violence cases was more effective at reducing re-offending than counselling or temporarily separating the suspect and victim.
 In 1987, he discovered that over half of all reported crime and disorder occurred at just 3% of the property addresses in a major city, a finding that has since been consistently replicated in other cities. He showed that exactly where and when crime will occur is far more predictable than anyone had previously thought, thus laying the theoretical and empirical basis for what is now called "hot spots policing," now widely practiced from New York to Sydney.
 In 1995, he discovered that homicides, shootings and other gun crimes could be reduced by intensified but lawful use of police stop and search powers in hot spots of gun crime, a finding that has now been replicated in six out of six independent re-tests by other scholars. This research helped prompt a major change in police practice in the US that was followed by a substantial reduction in the US homicide rate.
 In 1992, he discovered that arrest has contradictory effects on different kinds of domestic violence offenders, causing less violence among employed men but doubling the frequency of violence among men without jobs. This finding has also been replicated by independent scientists, and is now the basis for some women's advocates to recommend abandoning mandatory arrest policies for non-injurious domestic assault.
 In 1995, with his colleague David Weisburd, he demonstrated that doubling or tripling the frequency of police patrols in crime hot spots could reduce street crime by two-thirds. This discovery has been replicated by other scholars as well.
 In 2000, with his colleague Heather Strang (to whom he was married in 2010), he discovered that restorative justice conferences between violent offenders and their victims could reduce repeat offending by half.
 In 2006, with his colleagues Strang, Barnes and Woods, he showed that restorative justice also caused a 400% increase in criminal offending among Australian Aboriginals. He concluded that while restorative justice had been shown in most other places to be effective, it could backfire in some places.
 In 2008, Sherman discovered with Strang that nine ten out of ten of the restorative justice experiments they designed with victims present substantially reduced the overall two-year frequency of repeat convictions or arrests, across a wide range of offence types, offenders, and points in the criminal justice system. This included seven that were independently assessed by Professor Joanna Shapland of Sheffield University.
 In 2009, with Richard A. Berk and others, he discovered that a "data-mining" algorithm can predict which Philadelphia probationers are charged with murder or attempted murder 75 times more often than those the algorithm classifies as low-risk.
 In 2011, he first published his proposal for a "crime harm index" to weight any count of crimes by individuals, groups, cities and countries by the number of days in prison prescribed for each offence type by sentencing guidelines, irrespective of whether anyone is charged or convicted of each reported offence.
 In 2013, he developed the "Triple-T" framework for applying his 1998 model of evidence-based policing, showing how police decision-making could integrate systematic evidence on targeting, testing and tracking the use of police resources.
 In 2014, he discovered with Heather Harris that the long-term effect of arresting domestic abusers on their victims was to increase the victims’ death rate from all natural causes, but not homicide, compared to police warning the offender at the scene, with a doubling in mortality among African-American abuse victims from 5% to 10% over 23 years.
 In 2016, he published with Peter and Eleanor Neyroud the details of the Cambridge Crime Harm Index, a system for measuring multiple crimes in areas or by individuals with the total number of days imprisonment the crime could attract. The Index has since been used in various forms by police agencies in the UK, US, Sweden, Australia, and Uruguay. The paper and the concept won an award from Cambridge University's Vice Chancellor.

Research on the prestige of scholars in criminology and criminal justice has listed Sherman as one of the most highly cited scholars in the field.

Evidence-based policing

In a 1998 Police Foundation lecture, Sherman sketched out the concept of "evidence-based policing," modeled on the ideas of evidence-based medicine. His core idea was that police practice can be made far more effective if all of its complex but repeated elements were tested by repeated controlled field experiments. In February 2000, Sherman co-founded the Campbell collaboration's Crime and Justice Group, which has pursued the synthesis of research evidence on the effectiveness of policing and other crime prevention practices. Since then, the FBI Academy has offered a course on evidence-based policing, and it has become the subject of wide debate and commentary in police practice and research journals.

In 2008, Sherman made evidence-based policing (EBP) the core of the Police Executive Programme at Cambridge University, a part-time course of study for senior police leaders from around the world to earn a Diploma or Master's in applied criminology. In that year, the National Policing Improvement Agency (NPIA) funded the first international conference on EBP, which was attended by police executives from Asia, Australia, Europe and the US. Since then the conference has been held each July, with the 5th International Conference attended by over 250 police and scholars from six continents, including Africa and Latin America.

In 2010, a group of UK police officers founded the Society of Evidence-Based Policing, and elected Sherman its first Honorary President, along with Sir Peter Fahy, Chief Constable of the UK's Greater Manchester Police (see http://sebp.police.uk/index.php); as of 2014 the Society has over 1,000 members, primarily UK police officers but with membership from Australia to Argentina and North America. In 2013, police in collaboration with the University of Queensland established the Australian-New Zealand Society of Evidence-Based Policing, which now has over 500 members (see http://www.anzsebp.com/index.php). In 2015, both Canada (see https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072800/http://www.can-sebp.net/index.php) and the United States (see http://www.evidencebasedpolicing.org/index.php) established their own branches of this learned professional society. In 2013, UK Home Secretary Theresa May appointed Sherman an independent non-executive director of the new College of Policing, which develops and promotes evidence of what works in policing.

Institution building

Sherman has been a prime mover in the development on several permanent new additions to the institutional landscape of criminology. The most visible of these new institutions is the Stockholm Prize in Criminology, which philanthropist Jerry Lee and Sherman proposed to Professor Jerzy Sarnecki of Stockholm University in mid-2000, and which Sarnecki brought to the Swedish Ministry of Justice where it received support from successive Ministers. The annual Prize for criminological research or its application that benefits humanity was funded by the Jerry Lee Foundation for a guaranteed minimum of ten years, with the first prizes awarded in 2006. The Prize has been awarded annually since then, most often presented by a member of the Royal Family, with Sherman and Sarnecki as co-chairs of the International Jury that selects the winners. In 2012, Justice Minister Beatrice Ask concluded an agreement with the Soderberg foundations to provide joint funding with Ministry investment of a permanent endowment for a new Stockholm Prize Foundation, which guarantees annual funding of the Prize in perpetuity.

Sherman has also founded or helped to found the Academy of Experimental Criminology (in 1999), the Division of Experimental Criminology of the American Society of Criminology (in 2009), the Campbell Collaboration and its Crime and Justice Group (in 2000), the first Department of Criminology in the Ivy League—at the University of Pennsylvania (in 2003) and its Ph.D and MA degrees (in 2001), its Master of Science (2004), and its Jerry Lee Center of Criminology (in 2001). He also founded the first centre for experimental criminology in 2008, the Jerry Lee Centre of Experimental Criminology at the University of Cambridge Institute of Criminology.

Former students

Sherman's students have included University of Cincinnati Professor John Eck, University of Pennsylvania Professor John MacDonald, George Mason University Professors Cynthia Lum and Christopher Koper, London School of Economics Professor Meredith Rossner, University of Pennsylvania Research Professor Geoffrey Barnes, and former Thames Valley Police and National Policing Improvement agency Chief Constable Peter Neyroud, President of the American Society of Evidence-Based Policing and working police sergeant Renee J. Mitchell, Matthew T. Mangino, former member of the Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole and former district attorney of Lawrence County, Pennsylvania. His currently serving police executive students include   Stephen Williams, Acting Commissioner of Police, Trinidad and Tobago Police Service; from the UK, Chief Constables Sara Thornton (Thames Valley Police), Simon Bailey (Norfolk Constabulary), John Parkinson (West Yorkshire Police), and Assistant Chief Constable Marcus Beale (West Midlands Police); and Police Chief William Farrar, from the Rialto Police Department, California.

Awards and honors

Sherman has been the recipient of numerous honors and awards for his work in the field of criminology and policing. Sherman's work in establishing the Stockholm Prize in Criminology was recognized by the King of Sweden in 2016, who appointed Sherman a Knight "Commander of the Royal Order of the Northern Star" (KNO). In 2017, Yale University Graduate School awarded him a Wilbur Cross Medal for public service, and the University of Bialystok awarded him its medal for services to criminology. In 2011, the Royal Society of Arts in London awarded him its Benjamin Franklin Medal (Royal Society of Arts) for his work on evidence-based crime prevention, and in 2009 he won the Beccaria Gold Medal of the Criminology Society of German-Speaking Countries.

In 2013 the University of Stockholm awarded him an honorary doctorate in social science, and George Mason University presented him its Award for Distinguished Achievement in Evidence-Based Crime Policy. In 2014 Denison University awarded him an honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters.

In 1998 he was elected the founding president of the Academy of Experimental Criminology and in 1999 was elected a fellow of the Academy. In 2006, the Academy presented him with the Joan McCord Award for Outstanding Contributions to Experimental Criminology.

In 1994, Sherman was elected a fellow of the American Society of Criminology. In 1999, he received the Society's Edwin Sutherland Award for outstanding contributions to the field of Criminology. In 2001 he was elected President of the Society. He served as president of the International Society for Criminology from 2000 to 2005  and president of the American Academy of Political and Social Science from 2001 to 2005; the AAPSS also elected him as a Fellow in 2008.

In 1994, the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences presented Sherman with the Bruce Smith Sr. Award, in recognition of outstanding contributions to criminal justice as an academic or professional endeavor. Sherman received the Distinguished Scholarship Award in Crime, Law and Deviance from the American Sociological Association in 1993, the Lee Jerry Lee Lifetime Achievement Award from American Society of Criminology's Division of Experimental Criminology and the Lifetime Achievement Award of the American Society of Criminology's Division of Policing.

Bibliography

Selected writings

 Lawrence W. Sherman. 2013. "The Rise of Evidence-Based Policing: Targeting, Testing and Tracking." CRIME AND JUSTICE vol. 42, M. Tonry editor, University of Chicago Press, pp. 377–431.
 Lawrence Sherman and Heather Strang. 2007. Restorative Justice: The Evidence. London: Smith Institute, 95 pp.
 Lawrence W. Sherman, David P. Farrington, Brandon Welsh and Doris MacKenzie, eds., Evidence-Based Crime Prevention. London: Routledge, 2002.
 Lawrence W. Sherman, et al. 1997. Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn't, What's Promising. Report to the U.S. Congress. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Justice, 655 pp.
 Lawrence W. Sherman, Policing Domestic Violence: Experiments and Dilemmas. N.Y.: Free Press, 1992. (Winner of 1993-94 Distinguished Scholarship Award, American Sociological Association, Section on Crime, Law and Deviance).

 Lawrence W. Sherman, Scandal and Reform: Controlling Police Corruption. Berkeley: University of California Press (1978) 304 pp.
  [Cited by U. S. Supreme Court in Tennessee v. Garner, 1985]

References

External links

American criminologists
American non-fiction writers
Criminology educators
Gun violence researchers
Denison University alumni
University of Chicago alumni
Yale University alumni
Alumni of Darwin College, Cambridge
Fellows of Darwin College, Cambridge
University of Maryland, College Park faculty
Rutgers University faculty
University of Pennsylvania faculty
Fels Institute of Government
1949 births
Living people
American chief executives
Wolfson Professors of Criminology


Lindup, between Longworth and Penny, existed on the northeast side of the Fraser River in central British Columbia. The previous small community has now completely vanished.

History

Railway
Lindup, like Longworth to its northwest, and Guilford to its southeast, was an original train station (1914) on the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway (the Canadian National Railway after nationalization). The name, an early medieval English surname, was possibly selected from the list prepared by Josiah Wedgwood (submitted at the request of William P. Hinton, the railway's general manager).

Lindup lay at Mile 75.0, Fraser Subdivision (about Mile 164.5 during the line's construction). In 1912, Magoffin (McGoffin alternate spelling) & Berg subcontracted at Mile 162. The next year, their steam shovel at Mile 163 was one of the largest on the line. A camp existed at Mile 166. The station included a pumpman and water tower, located just east at Lindup Creek (formerly called Tank Creek). The early telegraph office likely relied upon automatic printing apparatus, because there was no dispatcher at this location. By 1922, a telephone had replaced the telegraph. A 1926 forest fire brought down nearby telegraph wires. The following year, a fire burning on both sides of the tracks from Hutton to Guilford threatened the station building and the railway dispatched a crew to protect the company property. While attempting to board a railway cable car at Lindup, Wesley Goheen (1910–78), a work train employee, slipped and a wheel crushed his ankle. The injured foot required a hospital amputation.

This track maintenance location closed in the mid-1930s, with the section crew reassigned elsewhere. Joseph (Joe) Denicola (1909–78) was foreman from about 1930 until closure. He was later a roadmaster (supervised section foremen within a territory), before joining BC Rail. His brother Armand Denicola (1922–2019), raised at Foreman, worked for him during this time. Joseph (Joe) Bugyinka (1888–1971), was a section hand from around 1927–28 until closure.  He lost his first wife, Margaret (1891–1934), who inadvertently consumed poisonous mushrooms she had picked locally.

George (1891–1962) & Helen (1901–60) Wlasitz arrived around 1927–28. George worked as a section hand from that time until retirement. When the section closed, he was reassigned to Longworth. However, they remained Lindup residents until about 1956. Their children were Stephen (Steve) (1919–2008), Mary (1921–2001), Frank (c.1923–2012), and James (Jim) (c.1932–?). Mary married Nick Mokrey (1910–97), they lived elsewhere, but the marriage failed. Steve worked as a logger and as a section hand from 16. The older brothers enlisted. After the war, Steve commuted to Dewey by speeder where he was a section hand, but also worked elsewhere as a relief section foreman. When Steve married Helen Petro, the couple initially lived at Lindup, but soon relocated to Sinclair Mills. Frank married Winnifred Tate and they settled in Longworth, as did Jim on marrying Anna Margaret Mann.

Built in 1914, the standard-design Plan 100-152 (Bohi's Type E) station building was transported in 1947 by railway flatcar to Penny, and exchanged for the latter's Plan 110-101 converted sectionmen's bunkhouse. In 1960, this smaller structure was relocated to Eddy.

In 1952, when a westbound passenger train smashed into two boxcars at the siding, the impact shattered the empty one and extensively damaged the partly loaded one. Safety supervisor Edward F. Daly (1892–1958) suffered a badly wrenched shoulder. The boxcars apparently rolled onto the mainline following shunting operations the previous night.

Grade stabilization at Mile 75.87 in 1994 included culverts, manholes and revetment work.

Forestry & hunting
In the 1920s, a hunter for caribou in the vicinity observed the plentiful moose population.

The narrow strip of accessible spruce forest bordering the railway that stretched some  east of Prince George was known as the East Line. In 1929, J.B. Turnbull (possibly 1878–1964) conducted summer logging  south. Across the river to the north, Jack Smedley ran a logging camp. This is likely the same Jacob (Jake) Smedley (c.1882–?) based in the Dewey area (encompassing Sinclair Mills) during the 1920s, who was later foreman at the Sinclair logging camp near Longworth.

In 1928, Edward (Ed) V. (1888–1951) & Elsie (1904–95) Chambers arrived from Foreman. Their children were D. Bernice (c.1923–?), Jim (1924–?), Marie (c.1926–?), Lillian Jean (c.1928–2002), Charles Lindburgh (Lindy) (1929–79), Jean (1930–2012), and Bette. While hunting, Ed seriously injured his hand, when a falling loaded rifle accidentally discharged. Ed ran a 25-man logging camp that produced telegraph poles. Non-payment for a two-railway-car consignment to Nogle Co. during the Great Depression bankrupted his business. Unable to settle his business debts, the remaining cedar poles stacked at the siding were seized and sold by sheriff's sale. In 1934, the family relocated to the Mile 72 Relief Camp.

During 1949–52, Torsten Berg (1912–2007), a Longworth resident, operated the only mill to exist at Lindup. Milling the high quality spruce from north and east of the railway line, he subcontracted to Charles Howarth of Guilford Lumber to supply planks for the podium used at Queen Elizabeth's 1953 coronation. The sawmill soon returned to Longworth.

Community
Comprising minimal residents, recipients collected their mail from either Longworth or Penny. The population peaked at about 50 in 1929, but dwindled into the Great Depression, and was almost a ghost town by the mid-1940s. Children attended school in either Longworth or Penny, a  walk each way for most students. These were also social venues. When Penny, a settlement and station not originally planned by the GTP, took root, it shadowed Lindup's future. George & Helen Wlasitz were the final permanent residents. The back-to-the-land movement, which peaked during the 1970s, likely prompted the brief reopening of the flag stop.

Crime, calamity & safety measures
In 1934, the partial remains of a man were found in bush near Lindup. Wildlife had torn apart the victim, a former Penny relief camp resident, who had apparently committed suicide.

That year, trapper/loggers Joseph Pastor (1896–1982) and Joseph Kobra (1902–65), Hungarians, were sentenced to one month's imprisonment for assaulting a police officer in the discharge of his duty. In an unrelated offence, Kobra was sentenced to two months hard labour for relief fraud during 1931. He continued to flout the law by running his three-wheeled homemade speeder on the railway line. He was one of the few who not only drank the muddy Fraser water, but proclaimed its qualities. Pastor, followed by Kobra, resettled in Penny.

In the summer of 1938, a transient walking the railway track started a forest fire between Longworth and Lindup, prompting a precautionary temporary evacuation of the latter. The blaze quickly spotted, a crew of 100 volunteers (largely drawn from Longworth) brought it under control.

Relief camps
The Aleza Lake to Tête Jaune highway-construction relief project began in 1931. The seven camps between Aleza Lake and McBride housed 500 workers. Nearby relief camps operated at Miles 72 and around 76.5 (occupying the former GTP construction camps at the then Miles 162 and 166). Inhabitants built a road alongside the railway track and a ski hill at Mile 74, both of which fell into disuse.

Footnotes

References

Robson Valley
Ghost towns in British Columbia
Railway points in the Regional District of Fraser-Fort George
Railway stations in Canada opened in 1914
Grand Trunk Pacific Railway stations
Canadian National Railway stations in British Columbia


Gabino Sosa (4 October 1899 – 3 March 1971) was an Argentine football forward who spent all his career for Central Córdoba de Rosario, playing 24 years for the club. He also played in the Argentina national team.

His dribbling technique made Sosa to be one of the most prominent players not only in Rosario but in Argentina. Sosa was highly regarded as the best Central Córdoba player of those times, apart from being considered the first great player from the city of Rosario.

The Central Córdoba venue was named in his honour in 1969, two years before his death.

Career

Born in Rosario, Santa Fe, Sosa began playing football for local club Central Córdoba. Playing as left wing, he made his debut in the Asociación Rosarina championship in 1913. Sosa would then switch to forward. In 1916 (with only 17 years old) Gabino Sosa was called up for the Seleccionado Rosarino, a combined team where the most prominent players of Rosario.

Sosa played his entire club career as an amateur for Central Córdoba, winning four regional championships and the 1934 Copa Adrián Beccar Varela (the most notable achievement for Central Córdoba in its history). Central Córdoba won the cup after eliminating Atlanta, Platense and Gimnasia y Esgrima (Santa Fe). Central Córdoba played the final v Racing, being awarded champion after the porteño team retired from the field in disagreement with the referee's performance.

When Argentine football turned professional in 1931, Sosa declined professional contract offers from clubs in Buenos Aires and stayed on with Central Córdoba. Sosa signed his first contract for only $ 400 and a doll that he gave his little daughter.

Sosa was first called up by the Argentina national team in 1921, to play the Campeonato Sudamericano that would win by Argentina achieving its first title. Sosa also played the 1926 championship where he scored four goals to Paraguay. Sosa played a total of 14 matches for Argentina, scoring 6 goals.

Later years

After retiring as a player Sosa worked in the Córdoba Central Railway ("Ferrocarril Central Córdoba", the British railway company from which he club took its name), until his retirement in 1955. He also became a coach, managing Central Córdoba from 1939. Sosa then remained in Central Córdoba working in the youth divisions of the club. Some of the players that develop a career under his guidance and then became notable footballers were Vicente de la Mata,  Waldino Aguirre, Vicente Aguirre, José Casalini, Federico Monestés, Humberto Fiore, among others.

Quotes

Titles

Club
 Copa Beccar Varela (1): 1933
 Torneo Gobernador Luciano Molinas (2): 1932, 1936
 Torneo Preparación (2): 1931, 1934

National team
 Campeonato Sudamericano (1): 1921

Bibliography
 Gabino Sosa, el Payador de la Redonda by Julio Rodríguez, 2017

References

1899 births
1971 deaths
Footballers from Rosario, Santa Fe
Argentine men's footballers
Argentina men's international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Central Córdoba de Rosario footballers
Argentine football managers
Copa América-winning players


North Bend School District (13) is a public school district that serves the city of North Bend, Oregon, United States. It came to national attention in 2018, when the Oregon Department of Education's report found that LGBT high school students in the district were subjected to systematic harassment and given the Bible to read as punishment.

Demographics
In the 2009 school year, the district had 73 students classified as homeless by the Department of Education, or 3.0% of students in the district.

Schools

Elementary schools
Hillcrest Elementary School
North Bay Elementary School

Middle school
North Bend Middle School

High school
North Bend High School

Charter schools
Lighthouse School (grades kindergarten-eight)
Oregon Coast Technology School (grades six- twelve) (ORCO Tech will no longer exist at the end of the 2015–2016 school year)

References

External links

School districts in Oregon
Education in Coos County, Oregon
North Bend, Oregon


In Germany and Austria, the running of railway services for a railway administration or the regional network of a large railway company was devolved to railway divisions, variously known as Eisenbahndirektionen (ED), Bundesbahndirektionen (BD) or Reichsbahndirektionen (RBD/Rbd). Their organisation was determined by the railway company concerned or by the state railway and, in the German-speaking lands at least, they formed the intermediate authorities and regional management organisations within the state railway administration's hierarchy. On the formation of the Deutsche Bahn AG in 1994 the system of railway divisions (Eisenbahndirektionen) in Germany was discontinued and their tasks were transferred to new "business areas".

Germany

State railway divisions

Incorporation into the state government
The first railway divisions of the various German state railways (known as Länderbahnen), usually reported to a specific government ministry. For example, in Prussia they came under the 'Ministry for Trade, Industry and Public Works" and, from 1878, the "Ministry of Public Works" which had been split off from it. In the Kingdom of Bavaria the railway operating divisions came under the "State Ministry of Transport". By contrast the Royal Saxon State Railways reported to the Saxon finance ministry.

In Bavaria the five railway operating divisions (Eisenbahnbetriebsdirektionen) initially worked under the "General Division for Royal Transportation", in 1886 they reported to the "General Division of the Royal Bavarian State Railways" and from 1906 to the "State Ministry of Transport".

As a small state, Baden ran its railway operations from just one central headquarters and it was not until 1882 that there was a railway division in Karlsruhe. Hitherto, the responsibility for national railway construction was allocated to its Home Office and operations, by contrast, to the Foreign Office. In between times, the "Department of Waterway and Road Construction" and, later on, the "Department of Post and Railways" were responsible.

Internal organisation

As the organisation of railway operations progressed, railway divisions were usually subject to state control with regard to finances. In particular this covered the fares structure (standard fare rates and special fares for specific areas), the retention or handing over of financial takings and the guarantee of additional resources to compensate for losses or for the construction of railway structures such as stations, new lines or electrification.

Within these prescribed boundaries the divisions ran the traffic operations on the routes allocated to them. Internally they frequently had departments assigned to "Finance and Staff", "Timetables, Fares and Operating Procedures" and "Construction, Maintenance and Vehicles".

Sub-divisions
Beyond that, a railway division could have several traffic operating offices, main workshops or locomotive depots at various locations, that were each allocated to specific lines.
It was also sometimes the case that in a city or at a railway hub, several traffic operating offices of different railway divisions were represented next to one another, especially in the capital city of Berlin.

For example, the "Royal Berlin Division of the State Railways" was divided into eleven external "traffic operating offices" (Betriebsämter) for the routes shown:
 Three in Berlin: a) Stadtbahn and Ringbahn, b) Berlin-Sommerfeld, c) Berlin-Dresden
 Two in Breslau: a) Breslau-Sommerfeld, b) Breslau-Halbstadt
 Two in Stettin: a) Berlin-Stettin, b) Stettin-Stralsund
 One each in Görlitz, Stralsund, Kottbus and Guben

Following its restructuring on 1 April 1895 the Berlin division had:
nine operating inspectorates (Betriebsinspektionen)
three engineering inspectorates (Maschineninspektionen)
thirteen workshop inspectorates (Werkstätteninspektionen)
a telegraph inspectorate (Telegrafeninspektion) and
four traffic inspectorates (Verkehrsinspektionen).
In addition to the president, the workforce comprised 15 members of the board, 10 assistants, an accounts director, an accounts manager and 580 office workers.

Prussia
In Prussia the administrations of the larger state railways were reorganised into independent divisions that were referred to as "Royal Railway Divisions" (Königliche Eisenbahndirektionen or KED for short. Later they were simply called railway divisions (Eisenbahndirektionen or ED) within the Prussian state railways. Prussia's vast railway network had the largest number of railway divisions and they had widely differing structures. The railway divisions reported directly to the Ministry for Trade, Industry and Public Works until 1878, when it was broken up and the divisions reported to the newly formed Ministry for Public Works. In addition to the railways, it was responsible for the construction of canals and country roads, thus it was a sort of transport ministry.

Divisions
As at 1907, after the management reform of 1895 and its merger with the Hessian State Railways, the Prussian state railways had the following divisions:

The divisions created as a result of the restructuring of 1895 in Prussia were, in the main, adopted by their successor administrations: the Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft, the Deutsche Bundesbahn and the Deutsche Reichsbahn in East Germany.

Bavaria
The state-run regional administrations which formed part of the Royal Bavarian State Railways were initially referred to as "railway offices" (Bahnämter) and "main railway offices" (Oberbahnämter). The latter were located in Augsburg, Bamberg, Ingolstadt, Kempten, Munich, Nuremberg, Regensburg, Rosenheim, Weiden and Würzburg. Until 1886, they were subordinated to the "General Division of Royal Transportation" (Generaldirektion der königlichen Verkehrsanstalten) and from 1886 to 1906 to the "General Division of the Royal Bavarian State Railways" (Generaldirektion der königlich bayerischen Staatseisenbahnen). From 1906 'railway operating divisions' (Eisenbahnbetriebsdirektionen) were created, that reported to the "State Ministry for Transport" (Staatsministerium für Verkehrsangelegenheiten). They included the divisions of Augsburg, Ludwigshafen/Rhine, Munich, Nuremberg, Bamberg, Regensburg and Würzburg, that, apart from Bamberg (which became part of Nuremberg) were taken over by the Reichsbahn in 1920.

Saxony
In Saxony there were initially several organisationally separate "state railways", based in Dresden, in Leipzig and briefly it would seem in Chemnitz.

On 1 August 1848 the "Royal Division of the Saxon-Bohemian State Railway" (Königliche Direction der Sächsisch-Böhmischen Staatseisenbahn) was founded. Shortly afterwards it was retitled to the "Royal Division of the Saxon-Bohemian and Saxon-Silesian State Railways" (Königlichen Direction der Sächsisch-Böhmischen und Sächsisch-Schlesischen Staatseisenbahnen), from 14 December 1852 to the "Royal State Railway Division" (Königlichen Staatseisenbahn-Direction), from 1 October 1853 to the "Royal Division of the Eastern State Railways" (Königliche Direktion der östlichen Staatseisenbahnen) and finally on 1 July 1869 it was combined with the Leipzig division to become the "Royal General Division of the Saxon State Railways" (Königlichen Generaldirection der sächsischen Staatseisenbahnen).

On 1 April 1847 in Leipzig the "Royal Division of the Saxon-Bavarian State Railway" (Königliche Direction der Sächsisch-Bayerischen Staatseisenbahn) was founded; on 1 October 1853 it became the "Royal Division of the Western State Railway" (Königlichen Direktion der westlichen Staatseisenbahn). It was disbanded on 1 July 1869 and merged with Dresden.

Other state railways
The other state railway divisions were:

 Hesse:
 The "Grand Duchy Division of the Upper Hessian State Railway" in Giessen
 The "Main-Neckarbahn Division" in Darmstadt.
 Württemberg: "Railway Division of the Württemberg state railways" in Stuttgart
 Baden: "General Division of the Grand Duchy of Baden State Railways" in Karlsruhe
 Oldenburg: "Grand Duchy railway division" in Oldenburg.
 Alsace-Lorraine: "Imperial General Division of the railways in Alsace-Lorraine" at Strasbourg, for the railway in Alsace-Lorraine and the Wilhelm-Luxemburg railway.
 Mecklenburg: "Grand Ducal General Railway Division" (GGED) in Schwerin (from 1889)

Deutsche Reichsbahn
In 1920 the successor to all the German state railways, the Deutsche Reichsbahn was founded and, in 1924 the Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft (to 1945/1949) took over most of the divisions of the German Länderbahnen, which then acted as intermediate authorities within the Reichsbahn structure. During the 1930s, a few of the smaller Reichsbahn divisions were allocated to larger divisions or split between several divisions.

The Reichsbahn divisions (Reichsbahndirektionen, RBD or Rbd) were responsible for traffic operations, locomotive running and all specialist functions that were not reserved by the Ministry, by a senior management department (Oberbetriebsleitung, later Generalbetriebsleitung), a central office or special "lead divisions". In the case of the latter, the specific functions of several RBDs were carried out by one of them. These were primarily workshop functions (especially those of the Reichsbahn repair shops, the Reichsbahnausbesserungswerke, which counted as "offices"), i. e. these lead divisions commanded and oversaw the activities of all workshops in the repair shops of its area of business, the remaining, local RBDs having nothing to do with those workshops.

Each RBD was usually divided into five specialist departments, that corresponded to the railway departments of the Reich Transport Ministry and the Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft.

Reichsbahn divisions
The individual divisions were given identification letters. Even the abbreviations of stations and other operating points within the division began with the divisional letter as recorded in the Reichsbahn's official list of railway operating points (DV100/DS100).

In 1927, the Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft was divided into 24 Reichsbahn divisions, to which were added the six, initially separate, divisions of the Bavarian Group Administration (Gruppenverwaltung Bayern) and two divisions from the wider German-speaking world:

A Reichsbahndirektion Altona (later Hamburg)
B Reichsbahndirektion Berlin
Reichsbahndirektion Breslau
D Reichsbahndirektion Dresden
Reichsbahndirektion Elberfeld (later Wuppertal)
U Reichsbahndirektion Erfurt
E Reichsbahndirektion Essen/Ruhr
F Reichsbahndirektion Frankfurt/Main
L Reichsbahndirektion Halle (Saale)
H Reichsbahndirektion Hannover
R Reichsbahndirektion Karlsruhe
Reichsbahndirektion Kassel
K Reichsbahndirektion Köln
Reichsbahndirektion Königsberg (Pr.)
 Reichsbahndirektion Magdeburg (disbanded on 1 October 1931, to RBD Halle/Saale, Berlin, Altona and Hannover), but see below!
Reichsbahndirektion Mainz
Reichsbahndirektion Münster (Westf.)
Reichsbahndirektion Oldenburg (dissolved on 1 January 1935, to RBD Münster and Hannover)
Reichsbahndirektion Oppeln
Reichsbahndirektion Osten (in Frankfurt/Oder)
W Reichsbahndirektion Schwerin
Reichsbahndirektion Stettin
T Reichsbahndirektion Stuttgart
S Reichsbahndirektion Trier (from 1935 RBD Saarbrücken)

The Bavarian Group Administration (dissolved at the end of 1933) of the Deutsche Reichsbahn included the:
Reichsbahndirektion Augsburg
Reichsbahndirektion Ludwigshafen/Rhein (dissolved on 1 April 1937, to RBDs Mainz und Saarbrücken)
M Reichsbahndirektion München
N Reichsbahndirektion Nürnberg
Reichsbahndirektion Regensburg
Reichsbahndirektion Würzburg (dissolved on 1 January 1931, to RBD Nuremberg)

The railway lines of the Sudetenland were allocated to the neighbouring railway divisions of Breslau, Dresden and Regensburg. In 1939, after the annexation of former German imperial and Polish territories into the German Reich, two new Reichsbahn divisions were formed:
Reichsbahndirektion Danzig for the Reichsgau of Danzig-West Prussia
Reichsbahndirektion Posen für the Reichsgau of Wartheland

Deutsche Reichsbahn in the GDR (East Germany)
The Deutsche Reichsbahn in East Germany after the war added four more divisions to those on its national territory taken over from its predecessor organisation. These took over the responsibility formerly discharged by the divisions in the former eastern territories and by those now in the Federal Republic of Germany, keeping the identification letters. The Deutsche Reichsbahn in the GDR continued to refer to them as "Reichsbahn divisions" until its merger into the Deutsche Bahn AG in 1994.

Each Reichsbahn division was headed by a President, who reported to the Ministry of Transport. The Reichsbahn division was subordinated to a Reichsbahn office, local departments to the main functional branches of engineering, wagon maintenance, railway infrastructure, safety and communications, and departments with special tasks to the district. The Reichsbahn division itself was split into groups, run by a group head, and into functional departments (e.g. planning, personnel and training, ledger keeping and statistics). The boundaries of the Reichsbahn divisions took account of the railway network and the territorial structure of the GDR.

GDR Reichsbahn divisions
List of divisions in the Reichsbahn in East Germany:
 Reichsbahndirektion Berlin
 Reichsbahndirektion Cottbus (from 1 October 1945 for RBD Osten)
 Reichsbahndirektion Dresden
 Reichsbahndirektion Erfurt
 Reichsbahndirektion Greifswald (from 10 October 1945 for RBD Stettin)
 Reichsbahndirektion Halle
H Reichsbahndirektion Magdeburg (from 18 August 1945 for RBD Hannover)
 Reichsbahndirektion Schwerin
 Reichsbahndirektion Wittenberge (from 15 August to 30 September 1945 replaced RBD Hamburg)

Deutsche Bundesbahn
On the creation of the Deutsche Bundesbahn the former Reichsbahndirektionen were renamed Bundesbahndirektionen (federal railway divisions).
Their area of operations was broadly the same as the former Reichsbahn divisions with the exception of areas which lay in the GDR and the eastern European countries.

Following the law creating the Bundesbahn the railway divisions were subordinated to the 20-strong governing body of the Bundesbahn, whose members were selected by the federal government. According to the Bundesbahn law, the governing body decided on the presidents of the railway divisions in agreement with the board, as well as the establishment, transfer, dissolution or significant organisational changes to a railway division or a central office of the Deutsche Bundesbahn and any major changes to its districts.
The law also specified that organisational changes had to be carried out with the agreement of the state authorities affected. The final authority was the Federal Minister of Transport.

Bundesbahn divisions
In 1993 the Deutsche Bundesbahn was divided into the following divisions (in brackets the identification numbers of the traffic operating departments, the construction and engineering departments had this number plus 50):
 Bundesbahndirektion Hamburg [01]
 Bundesbahndirektion Hannover [13]
 Bundesbahndirektion Essen [10]
 Bundesbahndirektion Köln [15]
 Bundesbahndirektion Frankfurt [11]
 Bundesbahndirektion Saarbrücken [25]
 Bundesbahndirektion Karlsruhe [14]
 Bundesbahndirektion Stuttgart [29]
 Bundesbahndirektion Nürnberg [22]
 Bundesbahndirektion München [20]

At that time the following divisions had been dissolved and absorbed by other remaining divisions:
 Bundesbahndirektion Augsburg (dissolved on 1 Juni 1971, to BD München) [02]
 Bundesbahndirektion Mainz (dissolved on 30 April 1972, to BDs Karlsruhe, Frankfurt and Köln)[19]
 Bundesbahndirektion Münster (dissolved on 31 December 1974, to BDs Essen and Hannover) [21]
 Bundesbahndirektion Wuppertal (dissolved on 31 December 1974, to BDs Köln and Essen) [08]
 Bundesbahndirektion Kassel (dissolved on 31 December 1974, to BD Frankfurt) [05]
 Bundesbahndirektion Regensburg (dissolved on 1 June 1976, to BDs München and Nürnberg) [26]

In addition there were departments like the Bundesbahn central offices in Munich and Minden (Westf.) and other central departments, whose ambit covered several divisions.

On the creation of Deutsche Bahn AG in 1994 all the divisions were scrapped and their tasks transferred to new business areas.

Tabular overview
In the following table all the former German railway divisions are listed, together with their affiliations over time. For some of the railway divisions in this table earlier formation dates are given; these are usually the divisions of the former private railway companies.

 Legend
 Time periods:
 1 = Länderbahnen to 1866 (In 1866 several states were annexed by Prussia)
 2 = Länderbahnen 1866–1895 (In 1895 there was a management reform in the Prussian state railways)
 3 = Länderbahnen 1895–1920 (In 1920 the Länderbahnen were taken over by the Deutsche Reichsbahn)
 4 = Deutsche Reichsbahn (Gesellschaft) 1920–1945/49 (In 1945/49 Germany was divided)
 5 = Deutsche Bundesbahn/Deutsche Reichsbahn (GDR) 1949–1994 (In 1991–1994 the DB and DR merged into the Deutsche Bahn AG)

Länderbahn abbreviations:
 Bad = Grand Duchy of Baden State Railways
 Bay = Royal Bavarian State Railways
 Bra = Duchy of Brunswick State Railway (from 1870 part of the Prussian state railways)
 D-H = Danish-Holstein (King Christian VIII Baltic Sea Railway)
 GOE = Grand Duchy of Oldenburg State Railways (G.O.E., 1867–1920)
 Hann = Royal Hanoverian State Railways (from 1866 part of the Prussian state railways)
 Kurh = Bebra-Hanau railway (Kurhessian State Railway) (from 1866 part of the Prussian state railways)
 MFF = Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg Friedrich-Franz Railway
 Nas = Nassau State Railway (from 1866 part of the Prussian state railways)
 Pr = Prussian state railways
 Sä = Royal Saxon State Railways
 Wü = Royal Württemberg State Railways
 DB = Deutsche Bundesbahn
 DR = Deutsche Reichsbahn
 DRG = Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft

Austria

Former Austro-Hungary

The organisation in Austria dates from a decree of 24 February 1882. According to that a "Royal Imperial Division for State Railway Operations" in Vienna was subordinated to the Trade Ministry and was assigned a state railway governing body. Below that were main railway operating offices (Oberbahnbetriebsämter) which were made responsible for overseeing the traffic operations, construction, railway maintenance and train services within a given district.

In Hungary, central management of operations was in the hands of a division in Pest with a director at its head, who had sub-directors appointed to run the various functional branches. The latter exercised a degree of independence of management within their area of business and acted on the board of directors as experts in their own right. Operations, construction, track maintenance and train services for the various operating districts (of 150–600 km in size) were entrusted to operating and traffic managers (like the railway operating offices in Prussia).

Annexed Austria
After the annexation of Austria in 1938 into the German Reich the territory operated by the BBÖ was allocated to the following Reichsbahn divisions:
 Reichsbahndirektion Linz
 Reichsbahndirektion Villach
 Reichsbahndirektion Wien

Austria
 Eisenbahndirektion Wien / from August 1945 "General Division of the Austrian State Railways" (ÖstB), later "General Division of the Austrian Federal Railways" (ÖBB) and "Bundesbahndirektion" (federal division).
 Eisenbahndirektion Linz, later "Bundesbahndirektion"
 Eisenbahndirektion Villach, later "Bundesbahndirektion"
 Eisenbahndirektion Innsbruck, later "Bundesbahndirektion"

Poland

German Ostbahn
After the invasion of Poland the Deutsche Reichsbahn (DRB) organised the railway routes in the so-called Generalgouvernement on 1 November 1939 into the "General Division of the Eastern Railway" (Generaldirektion der Ostbahn) (GEDOB) with its headquarters in Kraków (Krakau). The majority of the staff of the Deutsche Ostbahn came from Germany; Polish citizens were only permitted to be employed in the lower ranks. The rolling stock on the Ostbahn came from the former Polish State Railways (PKP).

 Generaldirektion der Ostbahn
Präsident Adolf Gerteis

Literature
Hansjürgen Wenzel: Kriegsende und Eisenbahnorganisation, in: Eisenbahn-Kurier 5/95, S. 44–49.
Michael Reimer, Volkmar Kubitzki: Eisenbahn in Polen 1939–1945 – Die Geschichte der Generaldirektion der Ostbahn.

See also
 History of rail transport in Germany

References

History of rail transport in Germany


Alfred Albini (; 15 July 1896 – 4 November 1978) was a Croatian-Jewish architect. He received a Vladimir Nazor Award for architecture and urban planning.

Albini was born and died in Zagreb. He worked at the ateliers of Viktor Kovačić and Hugo Ehrlich and as a professor at the Faculty of Architecture at the University of Zagreb. He projected single-family houses and apartment buildings, together with civic buildings (Faculty of Technology at the University of Zagreb). He synthesized modernistic ideas into his own architectural expression. Furthermore, he discussed the problem of urban planning and the protection of landmarks, wrote expert works and theoretical articles, and painted. Albini died on 4 November 1978 in Zagreb. He was buried at the Mirogoj Cemetery.

See also
 List of Croatian architects

Citations

Bibliography

External links

 Biography

1896 births
1978 deaths
Austro-Hungarian Jews
Burials at Mirogoj Cemetery
Architects from Zagreb
Croatian Austro-Hungarians
Croatian Jews
Yugoslav architects
Faculty of Architecture, University of Zagreb alumni
Jewish architects
Academic staff of the University of Zagreb
Vladimir Nazor Award winners


Harry Gilmore may refer to:
 Harry Gilmor, Confederate cavalry officer and the Baltimore City Police Commissioner
 Harry J. Gilmore, American diplomat