Alan L. Hart (also known as Robert Allen Bamford Jr., October 4, 1890 – July 1, 1962) was an American physician, radiologist, tuberculosis researcher, writer, and novelist. Hart pioneered the use of X-ray photography in tuberculosis detection; he worked in sanitariums and X-ray clinics in New Mexico, Illinois, Washington, and Idaho. For the last 16 years of his life, he headed mass X-ray programs that screened for tuberculosis in Connecticut X-rays were not regularly used to screen for tuberculosis prior to Hart's innovation, and are still used as a gold standard today, which has led researchers to believe that he has saved countless lives.

As a fiction author, Hart published over nine short stories and four novels, which incorporated drama, romance, and medical themes.

Circa 1917, Hart became one of the first trans men in the United States to undergo a hysterectomy.

Early life

Hart was born Alberta Lucille Hart on October 4, 1890, in Halls Summit, Coffey County, Kansas, to Albert L. Hart and Edna Hart (née Bamford). When his father died of typhoid fever in 1892, his mother reverted to her maiden name and moved the family to Linn County, Oregon. When Hart was five years old his mother remarried, to Bill Barton, and the family moved to Edna's father's farm. Hart wrote later, in 1911, of his happiness during this time, when he was free to present as male, playing with boys' toys made for him by his grandfather. His parents and grandparents largely accepted and supported his gender expression, though his mother described his "desire to be a boy" as "foolish". His grandparents' obituaries, from 1921 and 1924, both list Hart as a grandson. When Hart was 12 the family moved to Albany. There Hart was obliged to present as female to attend school, where he was treated as a girl. He continued to spend the holidays at his grandfather's farm, presenting as male among his male friends, "teasing the girls and playing boy's games". According to a reminiscence piece in the Halls Summit News of June 10, 1921: "Young Hart was different, even then. Boys' clothes just felt natural. Hart always regarded himself as a boy and begged his family to cut his hair and let him wear trousers. Hart disliked dolls but enjoyed playing doctor. He hated traditional girl tasks, preferring farm work with the menfolk instead. The self reliance that became a lifelong trait was evident early: once when he accidentally chopped off his fingertip with an axe, Hart dressed it himself, saying nothing about it to the family."

During his school years, Hart was allowed to write essays under his chosen name "Robert Allen Bamford Jr." with little resistance from his classmates or teachers. It was common at the time for writers to use pseudonyms, including to assume names of a different gender. Hart published work in local newspapers and in school and college publications under this name, or as "submitted by an anonymous boy", or using the neutral "A. L. H." or "A. Hart". He used his legal name only under pressure from peers or seniors. His early work dealt with masculine subjects, even when he was asked to write on topics about life as a woman. When asked to write about female classmates or friends he portrayed them as prize fighters or boyish basketball players.

Hart attended Albany College (now Lewis & Clark College), then transferred with classmate and romantic partner Eva Cushman to Stanford University for the 1911–1912 school year before going back to Albany. Hart graduated from Albany College in 1912, and in 1917 obtained a doctor of medicine degree from the University of Oregon Medical Department in Portland (now Oregon Health & Science University); during this period, Hart also returned to Northern California to attend courses in the summer of 1916 at the Stanford University School of Medicine, then located in San Francisco. Hart was deeply unhappy that the medical degree was issued in his female name, limiting his opportunities to use it in any future life under a male name. College records show that at least one of the senior staff was sympathetic; his graduation records were indexed internally as "Hart, Lucile (aka Robert L.), M.D." Nonetheless, Hart knew that if he presented himself as Robert, any prospective employer checking his credentials would discover the female name or find no records for him at all. After graduation he worked for a short while (presenting as a woman) at a Red Cross hospital in Philadelphia.

Tuberculosis research
Hart devoted much of his career to research into and treatment of tuberculosis. In the early 20th century the disease was the biggest killer in America. Doctors, including Hart, were realizing that myriad illnesses (consumption, phthisis, phthisis pulmonalis, Koch's disease, scrofula, lupus vulgaris, white plague, King's evil, Pott's disease and Gibbus) were all cases of tuberculosis (TB). TB usually attacked victims' lungs first; Hart was among the first physicians to document how it then spread, via the circulatory system, causing lesions on the kidneys, spine, and brain, eventually resulting in death. Scientists had discovered in the nineteenth century that tuberculosis was not hereditary, but an airborne bacillus spread rapidly among persons in close proximity by coughing and sneezing. This meant it might be treated, but with no cure for the disease in its advanced stages the only hope for sufferers was early detection.

X-rays, or Roentgen rays as they were more commonly known until World War Two, had been discovered only in 1895, when Hart was five years old. In the early twentieth century they were used to detect bone fractures and tumors, but Hart became interested in their potential for detecting tuberculosis. Since the disease often presented no symptoms in its early stages, X-ray screening was invaluable for early detection. Even rudimentary early X-ray machines could detect the disease before it became critical. This allowed early treatment, often saving the patient's life. It also meant sufferers could be identified and isolated from the population, greatly lessening the spread of the disease. Public fund-raising drives, like the newly created Christmas Seal campaign, helped finance these efforts. By the time antibiotics were introduced in the 1940s, doctors using the techniques Hart developed had managed to cut the tuberculosis death toll down to one fiftieth.

In 1937, Hart was hired by the Idaho Tuberculosis Association and later became the state's Tuberculosis Control Officer. He established Idaho's first fixed-location and mobile TB screening clinics and spearheaded the state's war against tuberculosis. Between 1933 and 1945 Hart traveled extensively through rural Idaho, covering thousands of miles while lecturing, conducting mass TB screenings, training new staff, and treating the effects of the epidemic.

An experienced and accessible writer, Hart wrote widely for medical journals and popular publications, describing TB for technical and general audiences and giving advice on its prevention, detection, and cure. At the time the word "tuberculosis" carried a social stigma akin to venereal disease, so Hart insisted his clinics be referred to as "chest clinics", himself as a "chest doctor", and his patients as "chest patients".  Discretion and compassion were important tools in treating the stigmatised disease.

In 1943, Hart, now recognized as pre-eminent in the field of tubercular roentgenology, compiled his extensive evidence on TB and other X-ray-detectable cases into a definitive compendium, These Mysterious Rays: A Nontechnical Discussion of the Uses of X-rays and Radium, Chiefly in Medicine (published by Harper & Brothers), still a standard text today. The book was translated into Spanish and several other languages.

In 1948, Hart was appointed director of hospitalization and rehabilitation for the Connecticut State Tuberculosis Commission. As in Idaho, Hart took charge of a massive statewide X-ray screening program for TB, emphasizing the importance of early detection and treatment. He held this position for the rest of his life, and is credited with helping contain the spread of tuberculosis in Connecticut as he had previously in the Pacific Northwest. Similar programs based on his leadership and methodology in this field in other states also saved many thousands of lives.

Personal life

Transition
Upon reaching adulthood, Hart sought psychiatric counselling and surgery to continue passing as a man. Hart's was the first documented transgender male transition in the United States, though sex reassignment surgeries had been carried out earlier in Germany, including on one man, treated by German sexologist Magnus Hirschfeld, who had won the right to serve in the German military.  The 1906–1907 case of Karl M. Baer had set a new precedent for sex reassignment surgery by enlisting simultaneous support from psychiatric, legal, and surgical quarters. There was now medical and legal precedent for transitioning; Hart's approach to his own transition appears to have drawn on the Baer case.

In 1917, Hart approached Joshua Allen Gilbert, Ph.D., M.D., at the University of Oregon and requested surgery to eliminate menstruation and the possibility of ever becoming pregnant. He also presented Gilbert with a eugenic argument, that a person with "abnormal inversion" should be sterilized. Gilbert was initially reluctant, but accepted that Hart was "extremely intelligent and not mentally ill, but afflicted with a mysterious disorder for which I [Gilbert] have no explanation". He accepted that Hart experienced himself only as a male, who described himself using phrases including "the other fellows and I" and asking "what could a fellow do?" Gilbert wrote, in case notes published in the Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease in 1920, that "from a sociological and psychological standpoint [Hart] is a man" and that living as one was Hart's only chance for a happy existence, "the best that can be done". Gilbert addressed the fact that Hart already passed as male, stating: "Many Kodak pictures of H have been exhibited as those of a man without being questioned." He added: "Let him who finds in himself a tendency to criticize to offer some constructive method of dealing with the problem on hand. He will not want for difficulties. The patient and I have done our best with it."

Early FTM surgeries involved the implanting of testicular tissue in place of the removed ovaries. Crystalline male hormones had been extracted in usable quantities from male urine by 1903, but it represented an infection risk.

Hart's surgery was completed at the University of Oregon Medical School over the 1917–1918 winter vacation. He then legally changed his name.

He interned at San Francisco Hospital. A former classmate recognized him there, and he was outed as transgender in the Spokesman-Review newspaper on Feb. 6, 1918. The article's opening sentence referred to him by his birth name and with female pronouns, describing him as having graduated from Stanford "as a fluffy coed ... [who] affected boyish mannerisms".

In February 1918, he married his first wife, Inez Stark, at a Congregational church and moved with her to Gardiner, Oregon, to set up his own medical practice.

In an interview with a local paper, Hart declared that he was "happier since I made this change than I ever have in my life, and I will continue this way as long as I live .... I have never concealed anything regarding my [change] to men's clothing .... I came home to show my friends that I am ashamed of nothing".

Synthetic hormones were not manufactured until 1920 (by Bayer), and when given the opportunity, Hart began taking testosterone. His treatment led to masculinization, including a lower-pitched voice and facial hair.

Life after transition
In Oregon, Hart suffered an early blow when a former medical school classmate outed him as transgender, forcing Hart and his wife to move. Hart found the experience traumatic and again consulted Gilbert, who wrote that Hart had suffered from "the hounding process ... which our modern social organization can carry on to such perfection and refinement". Hart set up a new practice in remote Huntley, Montana, writing later that he "did operations in barns and houses ...[till] the crash of the autumn of 1920 wiped out most of the Montana farmers and stockmen, and me along with them". He then took itinerant work, until in 1921, on a written recommendation from noted doctor Harriet J. Lawrence (decorated by President Wilson for developing a flu vaccine), he secured a post as staff physician at Albuquerque Sanatorium.

The relocations, financial insecurity, and secrecy placed strain on Hart's marriage, and Inez left him in September 1923. She ordered him to have no further contact with her, and divorced him in 1925. The same year Hart married his second wife, Edna Ruddick; the union lasted until the end of Hart's life. In 1925 Hart moved to the Trudeau School of Tuberculosis in New York, where he also carried out postgraduate work; he spent 1926–1928 as a clinician at the Rockford TB sanatorium in Illinois. In 1928 Hart obtained a master's degree in Radiology from the University of Pennsylvania; he was in 1929 appointed Director of Radiology at Tacoma General Hospital. During the 1930s the couple moved to Idaho, where Hart worked during the 1930s and early 1940s; his work also took him to Washington, where he held a research fellowship as a roentgenologist in Spokane. During the war Hart was also a medical adviser at the Army Recruiting and Induction headquarters in Seattle, while Edna worked for the King County Welfare Department in the same city.

In 1948, after Hart obtained a master's degree in public health from Yale, the couple moved to Connecticut, where Hart had been appointed Director of Hospitalization and Rehabilitation for the Connecticut State Tuberculosis Commission. The couple lived for the rest of their lives in West Hartford, Connecticut, where Edna became a professor at the University of Hartford. After the Second World War synthetic testosterone became available in the US, and for the first time Hart was able to grow a beard and shave. He also developed a deeper voice, making him more confident and his public appearances easier.

During the last six years of his life Hart gave numerous lectures, and dedicated all his free time to fundraising for medical research and to support patients with advanced TB who could not afford treatment. He was a member of the American Thoracic Society, American Public Health Association, American Association for the Advancement of Science, and American Civil Liberties Union, among many others. Socially, both he and Edna were well liked, active community leaders. Alan was of Protestant faith and served for eight years as vice president for his local Unitarian Church council.

Hart died of heart failure on July 1, 1962. The terms of his will directed his body be cremated and his ashes scattered over Puget Sound where he and Edna had spent many happy summers together.

Hart said once, in a speech to graduating medical students, "Each of us must take into account the raw material which heredity dealt us at birth and the opportunities we have had along the way, and then work out for ourselves a sensible evaluation of our personalities and accomplishments".

Bibliography
Alongside his medical practice and research, Hart pursued a second career as a novelist. He had in early life published in local, school, and college magazines, and later published four novels, chiefly on medical themes. His four novels incorporate semi-autobiographical themes: The Undaunted (1936) contains a doctor, Richard Cameron, who describes himself as a 'cripple' after his foot is amputated following persistent bone infection. Cameron worries that this physical defect will drive women away, but ends up marrying his sweetheart. A second character, a radiologist named Sandy Farquhar, is a gay man who has been harassed and tormented, driven from job to job, over his sexuality. Farquhar, who is short, thin, and bespectacled, resembles Hart physically, and considers himself "the possessor of a defective body" from which he wishes to escape, a possible expression of gender dysphoria. Another novel, In the Lives of Men, contains a gay male character with a missing arm.

Early short stories
These short stories were collected in The Life and Career of Alberta Lucille/Dr. Alan L. Hart, with collected early writings, by Brian Booth.

 1908: "Frankfort Center" (published in the Albany High School Whirlwind) – For an assignment to write about female college members and sporting activities, Hart described the ambiguously named "Frances", a prize boxer and basketball player.
 1909: "My Irish Colleen" (published anonymously in the Albany College Student, March 1909 issue) – A love poem, presented as the work of an anonymous male student about an Irish girl. It was reprinted in his college yearbook in 1911, under his female name, outing his crush on Eva Cushman.
 1909: "To the Faculty" (published in the Albany College Student, March 1909 issue) – A call for student rebellion and a statement of the need of students to be taken seriously. The work discusses doves spreading their wings and flying, reflecting Hart's sense of confinement while forced to live as a sedate young woman.
 1909: "The American 'Martha'" (published in the Albany College Student, December 1909 issue) – A critical take on the fate of women obliged to be housewives, and raising their daughters to the same destiny. The piece quoted the Bible and reflected a concern for women's rights.
 1909: "'Ma' on the Football Hero" (published in the Albany College Student, December 1909 issue) – Hart asks "what would his mother would say if he were to be a rough and tough College football hero?"
 1910: "The Magic of Someday" (published in the Albany College Student, January 1910 issue) – A lament on the destruction of Hart's childhood dreams of freedom when he was obliged to be female; ending with hope for a future in which he, "with a heart of a man", might be happy.
 1910: "The National Triune" (published in the Albany College Student, February 1910 issue, under the pseudonym "Lucille Hart") – the story condemns contemporary politic scandals and the injustice of sexism, and sets out Hart's ideas about the character of a true and respectable man.
 1910: "The Unwritten Law of the Campus" (published in the Albany College Student, March 1910 issue) – A discussion of the difference between moral laws, physical laws, and laws of convention, with reference to discourtesy of someone who tells tales on another student for contravening gender norms.
 1911: "An Idyll of a Country Childhood" (published in The Takenah, Albany College yearbook, 1911) – By now Hart's habits of male dress outside school were well-known, and this story frankly described his early life and its freedom to dress and live as a boy.

Novels

 1935: Doctor Mallory (published by W. W. Norton & Company) – An overnight best-seller, Hart's first novel drew on his experiences as a small-town doctor in Gardiner, Oregon. It portrayed the medical profession as increasingly venal, and was the first exposé of the medical world by a working doctor.
 1936: The Undaunted (published by W. W. Norton & Company) – This novel showed gay physician "Sandy Farquhar" pursuing a career in radiology "because he thought it wouldn't matter so much in a laboratory what a man's personality was", conflicts and themes which Hart himself had experienced in his early career.
 1937: In the Lives of Men (published by W. W. Norton & Company) – Hart's third novel was favorably reviewed for its insights into contemporary medicine, but the reviewer at a national magazine (The Saturday Review of Literature) noted "as a doctor, Hart knows surprisingly little about women".
 1942: Doctor Finlay Sees it Through (published by Harper & Brothers) – Hart's final novel, not to be confused with A. J. Cronin's Dr Finlay's Casebook, is considered to have influenced subsequent medical fiction. Another semi-autobiographical account, it revolves around John Finlay, a relatively wealthy doctor who owns his own practice during the Great Depression.

Legacy
After Hart's death his wife acted on his wish to establish a fund for research into leukemia, from which his mother had died. The interest on his estate is donated annually to the Alan L. and Edna Ruddick Hart Fund, which makes grants for research into leukaemia and its cure.

Hart's will, written in 1943, stipulated that his personal letters and photographs be destroyed, and this was done on his death in 1962. Hart had acted all his life to control the interpretation of his private and emotional life, and the destruction of his personal records at his death were commensurate with this goal. Believing that the secret of his personal history was safe he made no attempt to account for his own life. His identity as the pseudonymous "H" in Gilbert's notes was discovered posthumously by Jonathan Ned Katz, and his identity described as lesbian. Katz's attempts to learn more about Hart's life by contacting Hart's widow were discouraged by Edna Ruddick Hart. The message passed on by her friend in Albany was: "Let that all be passed now. She is older and does not want any more heart ache now."

Controversy

Lesbian reclamation
Jonathan Ned Katz, who in Gay American History: Lesbians and Gay Men in the U.S.A. (1976) first identified Hart as the pseudonymous "H" in Joseph Gilbert's 1920s case notes, described Hart as a lesbian and depicted his case as one where contemporary strictures against lesbianism were so strong that a 'woman' like Hart had to adopt a male identity to pursue love affairs with women. Katz contended again in his 1983 Gay/Lesbian Almanac: A New Documentary that Hart was "clearly a lesbian, a woman-loving woman".

As activist Margaret Deidre O'Hartigan noted in the book The Phallus Palace, Katz expressed the belief that transsexualism was "quack medicine" at the time. Wrote Katz: "An historical study needs to be made of the medical and autobiographical literature on 'transsexualism'; it will, I think, reveal the fundamentally sexist nature of the concept and the associated medical treatments." Hart's widow refused interviews to Katz, offended by his categorization of her husband (and by extension, herself) as lesbian. Katz has said he would not portray Hart as a lesbian today.

In 1981, the Oregon gay and lesbian rights PAC called Right to Privacy began hosting the Lucille Hart dinner. They characterized Alan Hart as a famous lesbian from Portland. This fundraiser regularly collected over $100,000 in contributions annually. Right to Privacy's executive director, Barry Pack, claimed in 1995: "We continue to believe that Lucille Hart made a choice to represent herself as a man based on the oppression of society at large [. . .]It is our belief that by honoring the beginning of her life as a woman, as well as the end of her life as a man, we bring greater dignity and respect to one of Oregon's greatest lesbian and gay heroes." In 1996, the Oregonian reported that Right to Privacy said Hart obtaining a hysterectomy was an "unfortunate result of the psychotherapy".

Right to Privacy published "The Lucille Hart Story: an Unconventional Fairy Tale" in 1996. It was authored by amateur historian Tom Cook, and Thomas Lauderdale, who had a degree in history but a career as a pianist for the band Pink Martini. Both Cook and Lauderdale believed that Hart was a lesbian and frequently gave soundbites to newspapers about it as well as formal presentations at colleges and history museums in Oregon and Washington.

Other Portland publications, such as Alternative Connections in 1993 and Just Out in 1995, also claimed Hart was a lesbian. In 1995, transsexual historian Susan Stryker weighed in on Hart's identity twice in the Transsexual News Telegraph. Stryker claimed in the summer of 1995 that Hart was "the butch half of a butch/femme relationship". In the following issue, Stryker said that her social constructionist views of identity gave her "reservations about using the word 'transsexual' to refer to people before the mid 20th century who identify in a profound, ongoing manner with a gender that they were not assigned at birth". The term 'transsexual' was not published until the 1920s, and not widely used until the 1960s, near Hart's death.  O'Hartigan noted in The Phallus Palace that a social constructionist view would seem to exclude claiming Hart was butch as well.

Transgender protest of lesbian reclamation
In the popular 1985 pamphlet, Information for the Female-to-Male Crossdresser and Transsexual, author and activist Lou Sullivan listed Alan Hart as a historical figure representing transgender men. In October 1994, Candace Hellen Brown, a male-to-female transsexual residing in Portland, wrote a letter to the editor of Just Out magazine defending Hart's manhood and criticizing the Right to Privacy dinner. In her letter she wrote:The Right to Privacy Political Action Committee in Oregon has a big fundraiser every year that is called the Lucille Hart Dinner. When asked if I am going, I indignantly answer, "Not until they stop using the wrong name and gender for one of our heroes!" His name is Alan [. . .] He never wavered from his identity as a man, and upon his death his widow continued to insist that he was a man. Why would such a straight man be called a lesbian by the gay community when today we would certainly call him a female-to-male transsexual? [. . .] He was transsexual or, at least, a transgenderist - a true pioneer. One who is seen as a hero by today's transsexual community. Please don't let him be taken away from us by allowing his old name to be used as though it were a badge of honor.Margaret Deidre O'Hartigan called this "the opening shot in the struggle to restore Hart's manhood" in The Phallus Palace. In 1995, Candace Hellen Brown and other transsexuals in Portland formed the Ad Hoc Committee of Transsexuals to Recognize Alan Hart. A representative from the committee, Rachel Koteles, approached the Portland chapter of the Lesbian Avengers and asked if they would like to see a presentation that argued their case. The Lesbian Avengers agreed and, upon seeing a presentation by Brown, Koteles, and a female-to-male transsexual named Ken Morris, were persuaded to believe that Alan Hart was a transgender man. After attempting to negotiate with the Right to Privacy commission, The Lesbian Avengers and the Ad Hoc Committee of Transsexuals decided to protest the Lucille Hart Dinner and other events.

In October 1995, members from the Ad Hoc Committee interrupted a Reed College lecture given by Thomas Cook titled " The Legendary Life of Lucille Hart, alias Dr. Alan Hart" to unfurl a 20 foot banner that said "HIS NAME WAS ALAN!" Three days after this protest, over a dozen transsexuals and lesbians (including Brown, Morris, Koteles, several members of the Portland Lesbian Avengers, several transsexual men from Seattle, and the wife of one of those men) protested the Right to Privacy dinner in the convention center where it was taking place. They wore buttons that said HIS NAME WAS ALAN HART! and passed out over 400 yellow flyers to attendees that said HIS NAME WAS ALAN and explained that they wanted the Right to Privacy dinner to acknowledge that he was a "transsexual hero". The Lesbian Avengers also placed a message on the flyer urging Right to Privacy to acknowledge Hart this way. According to FTM International, attendees responded to this with generally favorable attitudes.

After the protest, Brown wrote an editorial for Just Out that emphasized the Ad Hoc Committee was not complaining about lesbian and gay people in general. Brown emphasized that the Committee believed that the lesbians and gays who were transphobic were a "minority of the gay and lesbian community". She emphasized the allyship of the Lesbian Avengers in this editorial. Right to Privacy was resistant to the protests, with their chair, Lisa Maxfield, saying that she was "not yet convinced" that anyone could know "the truth about whether Lucy was a lesbian or preoperative transsexual". However, Right to Privacy agreed to start a face-to-face dialogue about the issue with the Ad Hoc Committee in January 1996.

Transgender reclamation and conflict resolution
In March 1996, the board of Right to Privacy announced that they would change the name of the Lucille Hart Dinner. According to Maxfield: "The articles presented to us were very convincing and certainly influenced our decision." Right to Privacy settled on the name "Right to Pride" for the next dinner that same year. In 1999, Right to Pride dissolved, and many members joined Basic Rights Oregon, a similar gay and lesbian group. They used Hart's name for fundraising in 2000 for the "17th Annual Hart Dinner" and used both she and he pronouns for him in the pamphlet. In 2003, the writer Joy Parks described the battle, especially within Portland, Oregon GLBT communities over Hart's identity as "extremely ugly" and one in which "neither side appeared particularly victorious".

In 1997, female-to-male transsexual philosopher Jacob Hale supported Stryker's views in the Transsexual News Telegraph, calling Hart an "issue in a recent transgender community controversy" and one of "three butch/ftm border war figures". However, O'Hartigan claimed in The Phallus Palace that Hale framing the issue as infighting among transsexuals did not represent the truth, which is that there was a strong movement among transsexuals and lesbians at the time to pressure Right to Privacy to change the name of the dinner and to claim Alan Hart as a transsexual man. In 2004, writer Jillian Todd Weiss published an article in the Journal of Bisexuality that claimed Hart's attempted lesbian reclamation was a "gay rewriting of history" and that it showed a "blatant lack of regard for transgendered identities".

Writers in the 2020s for mainstream publications as well as historical societies tend to portray Alan Hart as a transgender man. The Oregon Encyclopedia acknowledges that there was conflict over his identity, but refers to him as "one of the first female-to-male transgender persons to undergo a hysterectomy in the United States and live the remainder of his life as a man". Scientific American referred to Hart as a "trailblazing transgender doctor" in 2021.

Additional media

Exhibitions
 In 2002 the Aubrey Watzek Library at Lewis & Clark College ran an exhibition on Hart's life and early writings, titled "The Lives of Men": A Literary Glimpse at the Life of Alberta Lucille Hart/Dr. Alan L. Hart, a title drawing on one of Hart's novels. The exhibition's run was extended by nearly a month in light of unexpectedly high interest.
 In 1994, the story of Alan Lucille Hart and Eva Cushman's attendance at Stanford University, along with a brief description of their subsequent lives, was included in the historical exhibition "Coming to Terms: Passionate Friendship to Gay Liberation on the Farm" at Cecil H. Green Library at Stanford. The exhibition was curated by independent scholar Gerard Koskovich; it ran from July through October 1994 and was the subject of a feature article in the Stanford Daily. "the farm" in the exhibition title is a nickname for the Stanford campus.
 Hart and Cushman's story also was featured in a second historical exhibition at Stanford University: "Creating Queer Space at Stanford: Pages From a Student Scrapbook", which was on display in April and May 2004 in the second floor lobby of Tresidder Memorial Union on the Stanford campus. The exhibition was curated by independent scholar Gerard Koskovich, with Stanford undergraduate Hunter Hargraves serving as associate curator.

Describing Hart as transsexual/transgender
 Bair, Henry. "Lucille Hart Story" and Brian Booth "Alan Hart: A Literary Footnote", in Right to Privacy Ninth Annual Lucille Hart Dinner Booklet (October 6, 1990).
 Bates, Tom. "Decades ago, an Oregon Doctor Tried to Define Gender"" The Oregonian (July 14, 1996).
 Koskovich, Gerard. "Gay at Stanford: Past, Present and Future" (panel discussion sponsored by the Stanford Historical Society at Stanford University, Dec. 3, 2009). Koskovich was one of three presenters; his talk mentions Hart as a forebear of the transgender rights movement. A podcast of the panel is available on the Stanford Historical Society website .

Describing Hart as lesbian
 Katz, Jonathan. Gay American History: Lesbians and Gay Men in the U.S.A. New York City: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1976.
 Katz, Jonathan Ned. Gay/Lesbian Almanac: A New Documentary. New York City: Harper and Row, 1983.
 Lauderdale, Thomas M., and Cook, Tom. "The Incredible Life and Loves of the Legendary Lucille Hart", Alternative Connection, Vol. 2, Nos. 12 and 13 (September and October 1993).
 Miller, Janet, and Schwartz, Judith. Lesbian Physicians Sideshow, created for American Association of Physicians for Human Rights Conference, Portland, Oregon (August 19, 1993).

General works
 Booth, Brian. The Life and Career of Alberta Lucille/Dr. Alan L. Hart with Collected Early Writings. Lewis & Clark College, Portland, OR. 1999.
 Koskovich, Gerard. "Private Lives, Public Struggles", Stanford, Vol. 21, No. 2 (June 1993).
 A compilation of Hart's college writings from the Lewis & Clark College Special Collections, accompanied by an overview and timeline of Hart's life by Brian Booth:  PDF from Lewis and Clark College.

See also

 List of LGBT people from Portland, Oregon

References

1890 births
1962 deaths
Oregon Health & Science University alumni
Lewis & Clark College alumni
Stanford University alumni
Yale School of Medicine
20th-century American novelists
American male novelists
American medical writers
Transgender male writers
Transgender novelists
LGBT physicians
Transgender scientists
Gender-affirming surgery (female-to-male)
LGBT people from Kansas
American LGBT scientists
American radiologists
People from Linn County, Oregon
Physicians from Oregon
Medical fiction writers
American LGBT novelists
Yale School of Public Health alumni
Physicians from Kansas
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
American male non-fiction writers
People from Gardiner, Oregon
Historical figures with ambiguous or disputed gender identity
20th-century American LGBT people
LGBT history in Oregon
American transgender writers


Alexander Engel, birth name: Kurt Engel (4 June 1902 – 25 July 1968) was a German film actor. He appeared in more than 70 films between 1932 and 1968. He was born in Berlin, Germany and died in Saarbrücken, West Germany. He chose the stage name "Alexander", to prevent confusion with the popular musician Kurt Engel.

Selected filmography

 Playing with Fire (1921)
 The Love Express (1931)
 Venetian Nights (1931)
 Hasenklein kann nichts dafür (1932) - Fritz - Bürodiener
 A Prince's Young Love (1933) - Kandidat Schmitt
 Music in the Blood (1934) - Klinkermann, erster Geiger
 Princess Turandot (1934)
 One Too Many on Board (1935) - Ingenieur Sparkuhl
 Savoy Hotel 217 (1936) - Fedor Fedorovich Daschenko
 Schlußakkord (1936) - Mr. Smith
 Under Blazing Heavens (1936) - Theater director
 White Slaves (1937) - Turbin
 Madame Bovary (1937) - Homais, Apoteker
 The Yellow Flag (1937) - Dr. Martinez - Arzt - Quarantäne-Sation
 Another World (1937) - Dr. Jerrys, Arzt
 Schüsse in Kabine 7 (1938) - Reverend Smith
 After Midnight (1938) - Wronski
 Ballade (1938) - Schattenwitz, des Herzog's Vater
 Sergeant Berry (1938) - Gomez
 War es der im 3. Stock? (1939) - Iwan, Diener
 The Green Emperor (1939) - Sekretär Favard
 Der vierte kommt nicht (1939) - Holmin, Privatsekretär
 Die Hochzeitsreise (1939) - Second Guest, the 'Drinker'
 Parkstrasse 13 (1939) - Diener Fedor
 The Curtain Falls (1939) - Cadoni
 Die fremde Frau (1939) - Samuli
 Brand im Ozean (1939) - Käpt'n Gold
 Commissioner Eyck (1940) - van Fliet
 Golowin geht durch die Stadt (1940) - Marisch, Redakteur
 Alarm (1941) - Barpianist Ölkers
 Vom Schicksal verweht (1942) - Prof.Forster
 Attack on Baku (1942) - Steffens, ein englischer Agent
 Sieben Briefe (1944) - Dr. Torda
 The Blue Swords (1949) - Herr von Tschirnhausen
 Und wenn's nur einer wär''' (1959) - Oberschulrat
 The Merry Wives of Windsor (1950) - Innkeeper Reich (Page)
 Heart of Stone (1950) - Lisbeths Oheim
 The Colourful Dream (1952)
 Hit Parade (1953) - Prof. Hochstätter
 Das Fräulein von Scuderi (1955) - La Regnie
 My Children and I (1955) - Herr Knirsch
 Ein Herz schlägt für Erika (1956)
 Winter in the Woods (1956) - Seifert
 Made in Germany (1957) - Kurator von Eggeling
 Das Glück liegt auf der Straße (1957) - Prof. Fruehauf
 Mischief in Wonderland (1957)
 A Time to Love and a Time to Die (1958) - Mad Air Raid Warden
 Taiga (1958) - Sazarin
 Mandolins and Moonlight (1959)
 The Return of Dr. Mabuse (1961) - Prof. Griesinger
 The Strange Countess (1961) - Patient
 The Indian Scarf (1963) - Rev. Hastings
 Der Henker von London (1963)
 Long Legs, Long Fingers (1966) - Arzt
 The Hound of Blackwood Castle (1968) - Doc Adams
 Death and Diamonds (1968) - Owner of Minicars Racing Center (uncredited)
 Two Undercover Angels'' (1969) - Albert Carimbuli

References

External links

1902 births
1968 deaths
Male actors from Berlin
German male film actors
20th-century German male actors


Lamine Gassama (born 20 October 1989) is a Senegalese professional footballer who plays as a right back for Swiss club Lausanne-Ouchy and the Senegal national team.

Career

Early career
Gassama grew up in the neighbourhood of La Castellane in the city of Marseille. He began his career playing for FC Martigues, just north of his hometown. After spending two years in the youth system, he returned to Marseille and joined local club Aubagne FC. There, he caught the attention of Olympique Lyonnais and joined the club's academy the following year.

Lyon
Before the start of the 2008–09 season, Gassama was promoted to the first-team squad participating in Lyon's pre-season tour. He appeared in all five matches including starts against Nîmes Olympique, Rapid București, and AS Nancy. On 2 September 2008, it was announced by Lyon that Gassama had signed a professional contract keeping him with the champions until 2011. He made his professional football debut on 29 October 2008 against FC Sochaux-Montbéliard starting in the right back position. The match resulted in a 2–0 victory with Gassama playing the full 90 minutes.

Gassama made seven league appearances, and also made his debut in the UEFA Champions League starting Lyon's final group stage match against Bayern Munich, with his primary responsibility being to contain fellow Frenchman and the much more experienced Franck Ribéry. The matchup, in the end, was unquestionably in Ribéry's favor, as Lyon lost the match 2–3 with the French talisman being involved in two of Bayern's goals and Gassama being substituted out in the 64th minute.

Lorient
On 26 January 2012, Gassama joined Lorient on a free transfer, after Olympique Lyonnais decided not to extend his contract.

Lausanne-Ouchy
On 11 July 2022, Gassama signed with Lausanne-Ouchy in Switzerland.

International career
Gassama made no appearances with any of France's youth squads. However, due to his performances with Lyon, he received a surprise call-up to the under-21 squad, who were looking to start fresh after their elimination from the 2009 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship, for a friendly against Denmark. He made his under-21 debut in that match starting the match in the right back position before being subbed out in the 82nd minute. France would go on to win the match 1–0.

In May 2011, it was confirmed that Gassama would be representing Senegal at senior international level. He made his debut on 10 August 2011 in a 0–2 friendly home defeat against Morocco.

In May 2018 he was named in Senegal's 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia.

Career statistics

Club

Honours

Individual
Africa Cup of Nations Team of the Tournament: 2019

International

References

External links

1989 births
Footballers from Marseille
Black French sportspeople
French sportspeople of Senegalese descent
French sportspeople of Guinean descent
Senegalese people of Guinean descent
Citizens of Senegal through descent
Living people
French men's footballers
France men's youth international footballers
France men's under-21 international footballers
Senegalese men's footballers
Senegal men's international footballers
Men's association football fullbacks
Olympique Lyonnais players
FC Lorient players
Alanyaspor footballers
Göztepe S.K. footballers
CE Sabadell FC footballers
FC Stade Lausanne Ouchy players
Ligue 1 players
Süper Lig players
Primera Federación players
Swiss Challenge League players
2015 Africa Cup of Nations players
2017 Africa Cup of Nations players
2018 FIFA World Cup players
2019 Africa Cup of Nations players
Senegalese expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Turkey
Senegalese expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
Expatriate men's footballers in Spain
Senegalese expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Expatriate men's footballers in Switzerland
Senegalese expatriate sportspeople in Switzerland


The Jochstock (2,564 m) is a summit of the Urner Alps, located near Engelberg in Central Switzerland. The summit is one of the two tripoints between the cantons of Berne, Nidwalden and Obwalden (the other being the Graustock).

A platter lift runs from the Joch Pass (2,207 m) to near the summit of the Jochstock.

References

External links
 Jochstock on Hikr

Mountains of the Alps
Mountains of Switzerland
Mountains of the canton of Bern
Mountains of Nidwalden
Mountains of Obwalden
Bern–Obwalden border
Nidwalden–Obwalden border
Bern–Nidwalden border
Two-thousanders of Switzerland


Vijaypur or Vijayapur may refer to:

 Vijayapura, Karnataka, also known as Bijapur
 Vijaypur, Uttarakhand, a hill station in Bageshwar district, Uttarakhand, India
 Vijayapur, Nepal, a historical capital now part of the Dharan town
 Vijay Pur, Jammu and Kashmir, India
 Bijeypur, or  Vijaypur, a city in the Sheopur District of Madhya Pradesh, India
 Raghogarh-Vijaypur, a town in Guna district, Madhya Pradesh, India
 Vijayapuram, a village in Andhra Pradesh, India

See also

 Vijaypur Assembly constituency (disambiguation)
 Bijapur (disambiguation)
 Vijayapuri (disambiguation)
 Vijayapuram, village in Andhra Pradesh, India
 Vijayapuram, Pudukkottai, village in Tamil Nadu, India
 Vijayapuram Grama Panchayat, Kerala, India


The Xcel Energy Cabin Creek Fire occurred on October 2, 2007, at Xcel Energy’s pumped storage hydroelectric plant near Georgetown, Colorado, a small town forty-five miles west of Denver.  The accident killed five workers and injured three.  The incident is thought to be the result of botched work by a contractor (RPI Coating) and Xcel Energy's willingness to cut costs at the expense of safety.

The plant

The plant, the Cabin Creek Generating station, is a pumped storage hydroelectric generator that opened in 1967. It is located about 6 miles from Georgetown, accessed by the high mountain road of Guanella Pass.  It sits at an elevation of greater than 10,000 feet above sea level.   The power plant runs two generators that, when running at top performance, can deliver a total 324 megawatts of electrical power to the Shoshone Transmission Line. The plant is powered by water pressure from the water released from a storage reservoir.  General Electric expected to complete a major refurbishment to the plant in 2020.

Incident

Prior events
In 2000, a Federal Energy Regulatory Commission-initiated inspection of the penstock (a long, sloping tunnel and confined space running nearly 3/4 of a mile) found that the epoxy lining on the interior of the pipes was deteriorating.  This was leading to damage of the pipes themselves and Xcel was mandated to repair the epoxy to limit further damage.  Work did not begin in earnest until seven years later, as the company had successfully been granted extensions to the deadline for this work to be completed.

Xcel Energy selected RPI Coating Inc. after a competitive RFP process.  This was despite RPI having had more than $100,000 of fines levied against it by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and Xcel's own rating of the company's safety profile as "zero."  A zero should have automatically disqualified RPI from the bid process.  Safety concerns had been identified by Xcel's safety director and RPI arranged for a specialist to be brought to the Cabin Creek site to address specific training for operating safely during work at the plant.  While 14 crew members were slated to be working on the site, only nine attended the six-hour safety meeting.

In September 2007, the tunnel was prepped for work by Xcel and RPI.  This involved shutting down the plant, draining via the penstock, and creating an access point for equipment and workers.  A single ingress/egress point in such a culvert would later prove to be deadly; if the route to the single point of exit were blocked, workers would become trapped.  This was not the only hazard: an RPI worker dislocated a shoulder during this process, after slipping on the moss covered floor of the tunnel.  Sand blasting and other prep work would last through the month of September.

Internal Xcel documents show that the penstock was a permit-required confined space work area.  This would have required a costly set of safety mechanisms to be put in place, including work environment monitoring, specialized rescue team on site, and rigorous control of flammable substances.  Neither Xcel nor RPI actually treated the work site as permit-required confined space.

In early October, re-application of the epoxy coat started with about a dozen workers inside the penstock.  An epoxy sprayer was operated by a small crew, workers did prep work ahead, and others ran material from the tunnel opening to the sprayer.  While the epoxy itself was not volatile at the temperatures being used, it was applied at temperatures that were below the optimum for ideal use.  To cope with this, and to help with regular cleaning, a solvent was used to keep the spray equipment free from contamination.  RPI workers used methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), a highly volatile chemical with a low flash point, as the solvent.  It was used on the sprayer as it sat inside the culvert, where multiple sources of ignition were present.

Explosion
On October 2 around 1:55 pm, when a safety inspector and general foreman were out to lunch, a flash fire engulfed the sprayer platform while MEK was being circulated through the equipment. A growing fire separated the work group; five workers were on the far side of the burning spray platform, unable to reach the single point of exit, more than 1400 feet away. The separated workers were able to shout over the fire and ask for fire extinguishers, but none were located inside the tunnel. Other workers would have to leave the penstock and get fire extinguishers from outside. They then had to re-enter the now smoke-filled culvert while the fire spread to other containers of MEK and other material around the spray platform. The trapped workers retreated up a steep section of the culvert. Due to poor visibility, thick smoke, and other fumes, workers with fire extinguishers were unable to reach the fire and it continued to burn.  The workers trapped by the fire were uninjured in the explosion and maintained radio contact until 2:45 pm.

Emergency response
Clear Creek emergency communications center first received word of the incident at 2:03 pm after an RPI contractor notified Xcel about the incident and the Xcel employee called 9-1-1.  First responders were immediately dispatched, but were not told that the fire was in a confined space, nor that specialized equipment by highly trained rescuers would be needed.  After the enormity of the rescue was recognized, local first responders requested the help of a large, suburban Denver fire department.  They also requested a mine rescue team from Climax Molybdenum Company's Henderson mine.  Both agencies were over an hour away.  Local responders, including a backcountry rescue team, made a single attempt to enter the tunnel, using breathing apparatus and an ATV. Conditions were still very hazardous in the culvert, including toxic fumes and black smoke reducing visibility to zero.  The rescuers were forced to turn back.  Attempts to lower breathing apparatus, a radio and other equipment to the trapped workers were also made.

Ultimately, the Henderson Mine Rescue Team would make entry into the tunnel and confirm both that the fire was out and that five workers were dead.  Donald Dejaynes, 43, Dupree Holt, 37, James St. Peters, 52, Gary Foster, 48, and Anthony Aguirre, 18, asphyxiated.

The four surviving workers were transported to a Denver hospital where they were all treated and subsequently released. In recognition of the tragic event, Colorado state governor Bill Ritter later traveled to Georgetown to meet with the families of the deceased.  The U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board has completed an investigation into this incident.

Investigation and aftermath

Investigation
The case was investigated by the US Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board and a formal report was released on August 25, 2010. The investigation was hampered by Xcel and RPI refusing to furnish testimony, evidence, and response to questions from the investigating board. Many RPI managers invoked their fifth amendment right from self-incrimination.  Indeed, despite the Chemical Safety Board having a federal mandate to investigate and report about the accident, Xcel energy went to court to block the release of the report, saying it would be detrimental to their court case.  Xcel Energy also leaked a confidential draft of the report to the media before the official report was released.

Among the findings of the investigation:

MEK was the source of the flash fire
Both Xcel and RPI knew in advance of the need to use a flammable solvent inside the penstock
Despite the penstock having very limited egress routes, ventilation, and very dangerous working conditions, neither Xcel nor RPI treated the tunnel as a permit-required confined space as required by OSHA
Neither Xcel nor RPI's training and safety programs were adequate for the task of working in the penstock
Both Xcel and RPI had, prior to the accident, identified a single point of egress as a major safety concern, yet did nothing about it
The emergency action plan of calling 911 was inadequate, as the local emergency service providers were not equipped, nor trained, to respond to an emergency in a confined space
Xcel Energy did not follow their own guidelines when selecting RPI as a contractor for the job; RPI received a safety rating of "zero" and should have been excluded from contention, but proved to be the lowest bidder
Xcel was aware of life-threatening working conditions at the site, yet did nothing about it

Allegations have been made that RPI destroyed evidence (log books, etc.) at the job site.

Criminal case against Xcel Energy and RPI Coating
On June 1, 2011, Federal prosecutors opened their charges that Xcel Energy was criminally liable for the deaths of the five RPI workers.  On June 28, the jury found Xcel Energy not guilty.

The contractor, RPI Coating, had a long history of citations from both federal and state agencies. The company had accumulated fines totaling $135,569 from ninety incidents since 1988. Most of the fines stemmed from unsafe working conditions, such as a worker who was crushed by a work platform while working on the I-80 San Francisco Bay Bridge. These ninety incidents were accumulated while the company was operating under the name of Robison Prezioso Inc. Of the ninety fineable incidents, twenty-seven were violations considered serious by the OSHA.

On December 19, 2011, RPI Coating pleaded guilty to workplace safety violations and paid $1.55 million in a cash settlement.  The company took responsibility for the deaths of five workers and the injuries to three.  This plea deal prevented a civil lawsuit and subjected RPI to further monitoring for workplace safety violations.

References

Fires in Colorado
2007 fires in the United States
2007 in Colorado
Xcel Energy
Industrial fires and explosions in the United States


The Bandaranaike–Chelvanayakam Pact was an agreement signed between the Prime Minister of Sri Lanka S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike and the leader of the main Tamil political party in Sri Lanka S. J. V. Chelvanayakam on July 26, 1957. It advocated the creation of a series of regional councils in Sri Lanka as a means to giving a certain level of autonomy to the Tamil people of the country, and was intended to solve the communal disagreements that were occurring in the country at the time.

The act was strongly opposed by certain sections of the Sinhalese (while a few Tamil politicians opposed it for not going far enough), and was eventually torn up by Prime Minister Bandaranaike in May 1958 due to the pressure of Buddhist monks. The abandonment of the pact led to tensions between the two communities, resulting in a series of outbreaks of ethnic violence in the country which eventually spiraled into the 26 year Sri Lankan Civil War. Prime Minister Bandaranaike's later attempts to pass legislation similar to the agreement was met by strong opposition.

Background
Following the gaining of independence for Sri Lanka from Britain in 1948, English continued to be the official language of the country. However sections within the Sinhalese community, who wanted the country to distance itself from its colonial past, began a campaign to have Sinhala made the official language of Sri Lanka. At the 1956 parliamentary elections, the leader of the Mahajana Eksath Peramuna, S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike campaigned on a promise to make Sinhala the sole official language of Sri Lanka. Bandaranaike won the election and was named the 4th Prime Minister of Sri Lanka. After his government was set up, he made it his priority to follow up on his promises related to the language issue, and introduced the Official Language Act (commonly known as the Sinhala Only Act) on June 5, 1956. In opposition to the act, Tamil People staged a hartal in parts of the country, and demonstrated in front of the parliament at Galle Face Green.

In reaction to the legislation, the main Tamil political party in Sri Lanka, the Federal Party (known as the Ilankai Tamil Arasu Kadchi in Tamil) put forward four major demands at their convention held in Trincomalee on August 20, 1956. They were,

The establishment of a new constitution for Sri Lanka based on federal principles, with the creation of one or more Tamil states enjoying wide autonomous powers
Parity status for Tamil alongside Sinhala as the official languages of the country
The repeal of citizenship laws that denied Indian Tamils Sri Lankan citizenship
The cessation of state dry land colonization schemes

The Federal Party vowed that if their demands were not met by August 20, 1957, they would engage in “direct action by non-violent means” to achieve these objectives. They also called on their supporters to prepare for a prolonged struggle.

At the same time, Prime Minister Bandaranaike faced pressure from Sinhalese extremist groups who complained about the delays in enforcing the Official Languages Act.

Signing of the pact

Fearing that violence would break out if an agreement between the leaders of the communities was not reached, S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike reached out to the Federal Party leadership, who agreed to meet the Prime Minister in April 1957.  The first meeting between a Federal Part delegation comprising its leader S. J. V. Chelvanayakam, V. A. Kandiah, N. R. Rajavarothayam, Dr E. M. V. Naganathan and V. Navaratnam, and a government delegation which included Prime Minister Bandaranaike,  Minister Stanley de Zoysa and P. Navaratnarajah took place at Bandaranaike's ancestral house at Horagolla. A second meeting took place at Bandaranaike's residence in Rosemead Place, Colombo, and a final meeting was held at the Senate building on July 26, 1957. The discussions concluded successfully, with an agreement reached between the leaders. It was described by the ITAK as an “interim adjustment”, and would later be known as the Bandaranaike–Chelvanayakam Pact.

The pact was a landmark in the history of Sri Lanka, as it marked for the first time a political agreement had been reached between the leaders of the two main ethnic groups of the country. Both sides made concessions by agreeing to the pact, with Chelvanayakam accepting less than federalism that had been demanded by the Federal Party, and Bandaranaike agreeing to give regional councils substantial powers.

However the pact left out the issue of citizenship for Tamils of Indian origin. Chelvanayakam was also not entirely pleased that he had been unable to obtain a single, merged, North-Eastern province for Tamils, as he feared a divide could ensue between Tamil people in the north and the east of the country. Despite the initial doubts, the agreement was seen as a reasonable compromise by both sides, and it was believed that both Bandaranaike and Chelvanayakam had enough credibility amongst their communities to pass it through. With the agreement, the government was also able to prevent the campaign threatened by the Federal Party across the country.

As an initial step towards implementing the pact, the legislators of the Mahajana Eksath Peramuna agreed on a draft of the Regional Councils Bill, which would combine the 22 districts of the country into regions. The councilors of the Regional Councils were to be chosen by urban and municipal councilors.

Opposition
The pact was greeted by mixed reception around the country, and was immediately opposed by certain sections of both communities.

The leader of the All Ceylon Tamil Congress, G. G. Ponnambalam opposed the pact, as did Member of Parliament C Suntheralingham, who in a letter to Chelvanayakam wrote that instead of the regional councils promised by the pact, he wanted “an autonomous Tamil state which would constitute a Commonwealth of Dominion of Tamil Ilankai”.

It also sparked suspicion among Sinhalese nationalist leaders, who saw it as a sell out to Tamil people. The main opposition in the Sinhalese community came from the opposition United National Party, headed by J. R. Jayawardene. Following the defeat of the UNP in the 1956 elections, Jayawardene invited former leader Dudley Senanayake to re-enter politics, and UNP used their opposition to the agreement as the basis of their return to active politics.

March to Kandy
In September 1957, Jayawardene announced a 72-mile march from Colombo to the central city of Kandy in opposition to the pact. He declared that at the end of the march, he would pray against the agreement at the sacred Buddhist shrine the Temple of the Tooth, and invoke the blessings of the gods against the agreement. The proposed march was banned by the government, which cited fears of violence, but the ban was ignored by the UNP.

The march began on October 4, 1957, with Jayawardene and Dudley Senanayake and the head of the procession. At Grandpass junction in Colombo, the march was pelted with stones by supporters of the SLFP. Opposition to the march intensified further as it passed Kelaniya, and S. D. Bandaranaike, nephew of Prime Minister Bandaranaike, squatted in the middle of the road with his supporters to stop the march at Imbulgoda, in Gampaha. As a result, the UNP was forced to give up the march, and they proceeded to Kandy by vehicle, where they declared they would oppose the setting up of regional councils.

Continuing ethnic tensions
As opposition to the agreement was growing, other factors were causing increased tensions between the two communities. In March 1958, the government introduced legislation to place the Sinhala  character on the number plates of all state vehicles in the country. This was strongly opposed by Tamil people, and the Federal Party organized an “anti-sri” campaign. Participants in the campaign went around the north of the country applying tar on the  character on vehicles they came across. This was met with anger amongst the Sinhalese community, who painted over Tamil characters in signs around the south of the country.

Abrogation
Amid the growing opposition to the pact, Prime Minister Bandaranaike continued his efforts to convince the people of the country that it was the best solution to the communal problems of the country. He equated the pact to the Middle Way doctrine of Buddhism. However the demonstrations continued, and came to a head on April 9, 1958 when approximately 100 Buddhist monks and 300 other people staged a protest on the lawn of Bandaranaike's Rosemead Place residence. They demanded that the Prime Minister abrogate the agreement he signed with Chelvanayakam.

After listening to the monks and consulting a few members of his cabinet, Bandaranaike publicly tore the agreement into pieces. Upon the insistence of the monks, he also gave them a written pledge that the pact would be abrogated.

Reaction
The Prime Minister's decision to abrogate the pact was greeted with dismay by moderate Tamil politicians. Savumiamoorthy Thondaman called it the “saddest day in the history of Ceylon’s racial relations”. V Navaratnam, a member of the Federal party who took part in the initial discussions later wrote “(Bandaranaike's enemies) forced him to treat the B-C Pact like Adolf Hitler treated the solemn undertaking which he gave to Neville Chamberlain at Munich. To them the B-C Pact was as much a piece of paper as was the Munich paper to Hitler."

In response to the abrogation, the Federal Party declared they would launch a direct action campaign in the form of a non-violent Satyagraha to achieve their objectives. The decision was announced at the party's annual convention held in May 1958. However, before the protests could begin, a series of riots broke out across the country, further damaging relations between the two communities.

Assassination of Bandaranaike
On August 5, 1958, Prime Minister Bandaranaike introduced the Tamil Language (Special Provisions) Act No. 28 of 1958, as a compromise measure to appease the Tamil community. The bill act part of the original Official Languages Act, but had been removed at the insistence of Sinhalese extremists. The bill was passed on August 14, 1958, and it dealt with the provisions regarding education, public service entrance examinations and the administration of the north and east of the country. However it did not satisfy the Tamil politicians, and it also led Buddhists who worked for Bandaranaike to be increasingly dissatisfied with him.

At the same time, the country faced unrelated anti-government strikes organized by the leftist LSSP and other communist parties in the country. In May 1959, leftist members of Bandaranaike's administration including Philip Gunawardena quit the government and joined the opposition.

As Prime Minister S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike struggled to keep his party in power, Talduwe Somarama, a Buddhist monk called upon Bandaranaike at his residence in Rosemead Place. As Bandaranaike was paying obeisance to Somarama, the monk took out a revolver and shot Bandaranaike in his stomach at point blank range. Bandaranaike succumbed to his injuries the next day. A commission of inquiry later found that the monk was manipulated by former supporters of Bandaranaike, who helped him get elected in 1956, but now opposed his moves to appease the Tamil population.

Later attempts to revive the pact
At the 1960 parliamentary elections in Sri Lanka, no party was able to obtain a majority in the country's 151 member legislature. As a result, the United National Party, which obtained the most seats by a single party, formed an unstable minority government. In its quest to form a government, the Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP), successor to the Mahajana Eksath Peramuna, reached out to the Federal Party, and the two sides reached an agreement that if the Federal Party helped the SLFP form a government, the Bandaranaike–Chelvanayakam Pact would be included in the throne speech as a policy statement of the new SLFP government.

As a result, the SLFP and the Federal Party, along with a number of other minority parties, voted against the speaker nominee of the UNP government, and on April 22, 1960 defeated the throne speech of the UNP government by a majority of 86 votes to 61. However instead of calling on the SLFP to form a government, the Governor General of the country called for fresh elections in July of the same year.

Throughout the subsequent election campaign, the SLFP maintained contact with the Federal Party, and the agreement to include the Bandaranaike–Chelvanayakam Pact in the throne speech of a future SLFP government remained. At the July elections, the SLFP achieved a convincing victory, winning 75 seats. This permitted the party, now headed by assassinated Prime Minister S. W. R. D Bandaranaike's widow Sirimavo Bandaranaike, to form a government without the help of the Federal Party. As a result, they cast aside the agreement with the Federal Party, and later introduced legislation to make Sinhala the official language of the courts of the country.

In explaining the decision, Felix Dias Bandaranaike said the government did not go through with the agreement as it would have given the UNP an opportunity to “incite the Sinhalese extremists” as they had done in 1957.

See also
Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism
Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
Tamil militant groups

References

External links
Full text of the Bandaranaike-Chelvanayakam Pact

Politics of Sri Lanka
History of Sri Lanka (1948–present)
Sri Lankan Tamil politics


Maud Battle Johnson ( – September 5, 1985) was a US journalist and author of romance novels. Johnson began her writing career working for newspapers in North Carolina, eventually becoming managing editor of the Rocky Mount Evening Telegram. Her novels for teen-aged girls included a romance series set in Virginia — where Johnson later died of cancer — the novels, beginning in 1979 with I'm Christy and continuing through Christy's Choice, Christy's Love, and Christy's Senior Year, were best sellers but were critically panned as "corny" and "bland." Johnson died in Richmond, Virginia, but was buried in Pineview Cemetery in Rocky Mount; her final novel, Dating Blues, was published after her death.

Notes

Sources
 "Maud Battle Johnson" (obituary), Washington Post, September 9, 1985.

1910s births
Year of birth uncertain
1985 deaths
American women novelists
Novelists from Virginia
Novelists from North Carolina
20th-century American women journalists
20th-century American women writers
20th-century American novelists
Women romantic fiction writers
American romantic fiction novelists
20th-century American journalists
Journalists from Virginia
Journalists from North Carolina
Deaths from cancer in Virginia


Live from Austin, TX is a performance by Athens, Georgia's Widespread Panic that came from the Austin City Limits vaults.  The DVD is part of the Austin City Limits concert series that features previously unreleased performances from the television show.  The finished product is limited selection of eleven songs that have been re-mixed and remastered in stereo and 5.1 surround sound.  The original performance was recorded on October 31, 2000.

Track listing
 "Let's Get Down to Business" (Vic Chesnutt)
 "Ain't Life Grand" (Widespread Panic)
 "Space Wrangler" (Widespread Panic)
 "Climb to Safety" (Jerry Joseph and Glen Esparza)
 "Blue Indian" (Widespread Panic)
 "Casa Del Grillo" (Widespread Panic)
 "Driving Song > Surprise Valley > Driving Song" (Widespread Panic)
 "Travelin' Light" (J.J. Cale)
 "Bear's Gone Fishin'" (Widespread Panic)
 "Dyin' Man" (Widespread Panic)
 "Porch Song" (Widespread Panic)

Personnel

Widespread Panic
 John "JB" Bell - Vocals, Guitar
 Michael Houser - Guitar, Vocals
 David Schools - Bass, Vocals
 John "JoJo" Hermann - Keyboards, Vocals
 Todd Nance - Drums
 Domingo "Sunny" Ortiz - Percussion

Management
 Sam Lanier at Brown Cat, Inc./Buck Williams at PGA Management

Original Austin City Limits Production
 Producer - Terry Lickona
 Associate Producers - Jeff Peterson, Susan Caldwell and Leslie Nichols
 Director - Gary Menotti
 Audio Engineers - David Hough and Billy Lee Myers, Jr.
 Photography - Scott Newton
 Executive Producer - Dick Peterson
 A Production of KLRU-TV Copyright October 31, 2000 KLRU-TV, Austin, TX

New West Records DVD Production
 Producer - Gary Briggs and Cameron Strang
 Associate Producer - Clare Surgeson
 Mixed By - Chet Himes and Gary Briggs at ASM Studios
 Audio Mastering - Jerry Tubb at Terra Nova Digital Audio
 Package Design - Paul Moore
 Business Affairs - David Lessoff
 Project Coordinator - Mary Jurey
 New West Intro Design - Victoria De La Paz
 Post Producers - George O'Dwyer, Donnie Knutson and Stuart Mydlow
 Editor -  Justin Barclay
 eQ Finish Artist - Jim Reed
 Menu Design - Jeff Orgill
 DVD Authoring - 501 Post
 Engineer - Mark Tullos

External links
 Widespread Panic
 Live From Austin, TX
 New West Records

Austin City Limits
Widespread Panic video albums


Gutenborner is a white German wine grape that is also used in English wine production. The grape was created in 1928 by Heinrich Birk at Forschungsanstalt Geisenheim by crossing of Müller-Thurgau and Bicane (also known as Chasselas Napoleon).

The only synonym of Gutenborner is its breeding code, Geisenheim 17–52.

References

White wine grape varieties


The Association Royale des Radio Amateurs du Maroc (ARRAM) (in English, Royal Association of Radio Amateurs of Morocco) is a national non-profit organization for amateur radio enthusiasts in Morocco.  Key membership benefits of the ARRAM include a QSL bureau for those amateur radio operators in regular communications with other amateur radio operators in foreign countries, and a network to support amateur radio emergency communications.  The ARRAM operates a club station with the call sign CN8MC.  The ARRAM represents the interests of Moroccan amateur radio operators before Moroccan and international regulatory authorities.  The ARRAM is the national member society representing Morocco in the International Amateur Radio Union.

External links
 ARRAM Historical Overview (in French)
 Official web site (in French)
 http://radioscoutmorocco.e-monsite.com

References

Morocco
Business organizations based in Morocco
Communications and media organizations based in Africa
Communications in Morocco
Mass media in Morocco
Organizations with year of establishment missing
Radio in Morocco
Organizations based in Rabat


The Widderfeld is a mountain in the Emmental Alps, located west of the Pilatus in Central Switzerland. The summit lies on the border between the cantons of Obwalden and Lucerne. The tripoint between the cantons of Lucerne, Obwalden and Nidwalden (1,920 m) lies 300 m north of the summit.

References

External links
 Widderfeld on Hikr

Mountains of the Alps
Mountains of Obwalden
Mountains of the canton of Lucerne
Lucerne–Obwalden border
Emmental Alps
Mountains of Switzerland


"Toutes les femmes de ta vie" () is a 2001 song recorded by French girl group L5. It was their debut single released on November 26, 2001, from its first album L5 on which it features as first track. The song was also included on the band's 2004 album live Le live. It was a huge success in France where it was a number-one hit and can be considered as L5's signature song.

The song was produced by Maxim Nucci, Jenifer Bartoli's boyfriend at the time. "Toutes les femmes de ta vie" was inspired by a Britney Spears' song and was originally composed for Ophélie Winter. This woman anthem had several writers, including Doriand who recorded "Au Diable le Paradis" in 1994. "Toutes les femmes de ta vie" became the seventh best-selling single of the 21st century in France, with 825,000 units sold. and was part of many French compilations such as Barbie la compilation, Star of the TV, Just Girls and Hits de diamant. The song was also included on L5's 2006 best of.

It was band's sole charting single in Belgium (Wallonia).

Track listings
 CD single
12" single
 "Toutes les femmes de ta vie" — 3:15
 "Où sont passés les hommes ?" (Doriand/Régis Ducatillon/Jérémy Olivier) — 2:58

 Digital download
 "Toutes les femmes de ta vie" — 3:15
 "Toutes les femmes de ta vie" (live) — 3:40

Personnel
Maxim Nucci - backing vocals, bass guitar, guitar & keyboards
Phil Delire - programming
Yannic Fonderie - programming
Laurent Darmon - photography
★ Bronx - artwork

Production
Produced by Maxim Nucci
Engineered & mixed by Djoum at ICP Studios, Brussels
Mastered by Pompon Finkelstein at Translab, Paris

Charts

Certifications and sales

References

2001 debut singles
L5 (band) songs
SNEP Top Singles number-one singles
Songs with feminist themes
Songs written by Billy Steinberg
Songs written by Johan Åberg
Songs written by Sigurd Rosnes
2001 songs
Mercury Records singles


Cartoon Network is a Latin American pay television channel distributed by Warner Bros. Discovery for the Latin American audience, and the Caribbean. It is the Latin American version of the original Cartoon Network television channel in the United States. It is divided into five feeds, all originating from its central headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia, United States; four are in Spanish (Mexico, Argentina/Uruguay, Chile/Peru, Colombia/Venezuela/Central America), and the other is in Portuguese for Brazil. The feeds have different schedules.

It primarily airs cartoons and animated programming, marketed towards children and teens. Operated in Argentina by Turner Broadcasting System Latin America, it began broadcasting on April 30, 1993, as the first children-oriented cable channel available in the region. Argentina and Mexico had previously launched children's cable channels (The Big Channel and Cablín in Argentina, and ZAZ in Mexico; all of which are now defunct), but they were only available in their respective countries.

History
Cartoon Network began broadcasting in Latin America on April 30, 1993, becoming the first 24-hour children's animation channel in the region. Although much is not known about its first broadcast in the region, its beginnings were similar to its U.S. counterpart, whose programming focused solely on the classic cartoons of the Turner Entertainment film library, made up of studios Hanna-Barbera, MGM, Warner Bros. and Fleischer Studios. Its programming and graphics used at that time were the same as the U.S. feed, with the difference that between 1993 and 1995, the Latin American feed was just a Spanish-language feed from the United States, which was broadcast exclusively to the region. It was not until 1996 that this feed became completely independent of the US feed, and this began to have its own programming with its own schedules, as well as new worldwide acquisitions for the channel.

In 1996, it began broadcasting its first original series, beginning with Space Ghost Coast to Coast, an original reinvention of Hanna-Barbera's superhero, which gained the popularity of adult audiences. In addition, new original channel series were incorporated at that time, known as Cartoon Cartoons: Dexter's Laboratory, Johnny Bravo, Cow and Chicken, I Am Weasel, The Powerpuff Girls and Ed, Edd and Eddy, which became the channel's flagship series.

In 2001, Cartoon Network made the first edition of Copa Toon, a soccer special featuring the cast of Space Ghost, whose theme was to interview several personalities from the world of sports and soccer, in addition to presenting a fictional tournament between the teams of the channel series. In that same year, it launched its new sister channel Boomerang, at that time, a new channel that would be dedicated solely to broadcast of classic Hanna-Barbera cartoons that no longer aired in the programming of the main channel due to the arrival of new series. This channel had already been launched in 2000 in the United States, and until then, it was also a block broadcast in the main channel.

In January 2005, Cartoon Network introduced a new logo along with a new visual branding known as the "CN City", with a new slogan We know what you really like (Spanish: Sabemos lo que realmente te gusta; Portuguese: Nós sabemos do que você realmente gosta). and with this rebrand, Cartoon Network introduced new original series such as Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends, besides new acquisitions and programming blocks. In October of the same year, the Adult Swim block was released in Latin America after 4 years of being released in the United States, The block debuted due to the popularity of the TV Series Space Ghost Coast to Coast.

In March 2008, Cartoon Network presented its new locally produced content, a new campaign with a new image and a complete redesign of its websites. After these changes, the Adult Swim block was removed from the channel due to Jim Samples resigning in 2007 and the Programming Manager Cindy Kerr also leaving being succeeded by Pablo Zuccarino. However, the block continued to be broadcast by I.Sat until December 2010; years later, the block returned to the same channel in April 2015 until April 2020, when this block was moved to Warner Channel.

In June and July 2010, the channel began to use small idents with the logo in white and with the  Toonix characters (similar to the Noods of the United States) originally promoting the 2010 Soccer World Cup. In August 2010, the Toonix era became official, using small ads and promotional campaigns similar to those used by the Noods era of Cartoon Network, from August 2008 to June 2010. On July 6, 2011, the Toonix era began airing in the 16:9 aspect ratio (panoramic) with the series Total Drama Island although it was only experimental.

On January 1, 2012, the channel launched a new logo and visual identity. In March 2012, its high-definition simulcast was launched. However, the launch of the new feed could not take place, as its distribution was still under negotiation with other cable operators in the region.

The network incorporated new age rating system notices, identifying the type of content and what type of viewers could watch. In April 2013, the channel began its 20th-anniversary celebrations. Several Turner channels joined in the celebration, including Warner, TruTV, I-Sat, Boomerang, TNT, TCM and Tooncast. With this, the channels's TV series were broadcast in those channels for that month. The celebration took place again in September, celebrating the 21st anniversary of the American signal, this time with the premiere of Teen Titans Go!.

On January 16, 2014, the Panregional and South Atlantic feeds merged, causing the establishment of the Argentine schedule in the same feed being one of the two official times of the feed, along with the Colombian.

On August 4, 2014, the channel began the "Check It 3.0" era branding (known in Latin America as "Cartoon Network Renewed") and, also, it changed its aspect ratio from 4:3 to 16:9 in all its feeds. Cartoon Network's HD feed was launched in Mexico on November 21, 2014, being Axtel the first cable operator to acquire the signal. It was an HD simulcast of the channel's Mexico feed.

On June 1, 2015, the South Atlantic feed was separated from the Panregional feed, the latter being divided in two, leading to the creation of new independent feeds for the general public. These were the North Atlantic feed (available for Colombia, Venezuela, Central America and the Caribbean) and the Pacific feed (available for Chile, Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia); this was done for the purpose of launching new individual high-definition feeds throughout the region. On August 3, new bumpers were shown depicting children imitating their favourite characters; this event was named a sub-rebrand of the Check it 3.0 era listed as 3.5. For this purpose, the application CN blah! was launched.

On January 11, 2016, the brand introduced a new graphic identity, the "Check it 4.0" era.

On January 2, 2017, Cartoon Network began using the "Dimensional" era with new graphics in the ads of the programming blocks Ja, Ja, Ja/Ha, Ha, Ha (Brazil), Heroes (Héroes/Heróis) and Cine Cartoon, and the introduction of new bumpers and the premiere of Mighty Magiswords, and Justice League Action.

The channel celebrated its 25th anniversary on April 30, 2018, so a block was created to commemorate it. The block "Que No Pare la Fiesta"/"Que Não Pare a Festa" was broadcast in April and September to commemorate the channel's 25th anniversary.

On April 1, 2022, it introduced the "Redraw Your World" Era with new graphics and a new typeface.

Programming

The channel primarily airs shows and animated series, both original to Cartoon Network and others which have been acquired from outside networks.

10 of the 15 most popular shows among children aged 6-to-10 years old were broadcast by Cartoon Network Latin America, including The Powerpuff Girls, Dexter's Laboratory, Cow and Chicken, Johnny Bravo and I Am Weasel. Older franchises like Scooby-Doo, Tom and Jerry and Looney Tunes were also broadcast, as well as popular global anime franchises like Pokémon and newest original series such as the Ben 10 franchise, Adventure Time, Regular Show, The Amazing World of Gumball, Steven Universe and The Powerpuff Girls reboot. Cartoon Network Latin America has also aired original productions and live-action series such as La CQ and Use Sua Voz. the channel's first original Mexican live-action series which premiered in 2012. In 2014, the channel acquired Digimon Fusion and Power Rangers Megaforce in a partnership with Saban Brands, and both series premiered on the channel in May 2014.

Services
Since 2007, the channel has offered different services.

Cartoon Network Mobile
Cartoon Network Mobile is a paid service for mobile phones, offering videos, wallpapers, games, screensavers, speech tones, ringtones and among other products.

Feed structure
All feeds are generated by central headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia and also broadcast both programming and continuity in English through SAP.
Mexico. Aimed at Mexico. It uses the Mexico City timezone as its main timezone. It is available to Central American countries on satellite TV provider Sky
Feed 2: Colombia, Venezuela, Central America and the Caribbean.
Feed 3: Chile, Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia.
Feed 4: Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay.
Brazil.

Programming blocks
JA JA JA/HA HA HA: A block that airs several comedy shows, including The Amazing World of Gumball, Apple & Onion, Craig of the Creek, Teen Titans Go! and We Bare Bears.
Cine Cartoon: A block that airs full-length movies, both animated and live-action. Airs weekends, with new movies premiering every Friday.
Hora Cartoonito/Cartoonito Hour: A one-hour block that airs preschool shows from its newly launched sister channel Cartoonito like Masha and the Bear, Little Ellen, Lucas the Spider and Thomas & Friends: All Engines Go.

Toonami
On December 2, 2002, Cartoon Network premiered Toonami, replacing a similarly themed block, Talisman. Toonami aired shows that were already on the lineup, these being Gundam Wing, Pokémon and Dragon Ball Z, and served as the home of Inuyasha.  Over the years, Toonami added shows such as Saint Seiya, and Yu Yu Hakusho, as well as the revamped version of Cyborg 009, and Astro Boy.  However, the block had to move to the late-night slots on CN Latin America, due to protests of violent scenes on the block. CN moved the block in November 2004.

In 2005, Toonami had short-lived weekend schedules, which were later replaced by Adult Swim in Latin America.

In March 2006, Toonami revamped its lineup to include more adult-oriented series, such as Love Hina, taking advantage of the schedule and the refusal of anime on Adult Swim, as well as to compete against anime channel Animax for new anime series. In June 2006, Toonami premiered anime movies in two monthly variations: Dragon Ball Theatricals (which had 17 different Dragon Ball movies), and Toonami Movies (general animated action movies).

In 2007, Cartoon Network retired Toonami. The movies were no longer aired (with the exception of the Dragon Ball movies). After its cancellation in Latin America on March 26, 2007, the block's programming gradually vanished. In January 2010, the block Animaction was created, showing on Wednesday evenings. This block broadcast both action programming and anime programming before it was removed in April 2011.

On August 18, 2020, Cartoon Network announced that the Toonami programming block was being revived in partnership with Crunchyroll. It was announced that Dragon Ball Super and Mob Psycho 100 would start airing in the one hour weeknight block. The new incarnation debuted on August 31. The block was removed on August 30, 2022.

See also

Cartoon Network
Cartoonito
Boomerang
Discovery Kids
Tooncast

References

External links
Official Latin American website
Official Mexican-localised website
Official Argentina-localised website
Official Brazilian-localised website

Warner Bros. Discovery Americas
Cartoon Network
Anime television
Anime and Cartoon television
Television channels and stations established in 1993
Spanish-language television stations
Portuguese-language television stations
Latin American cable television networks


Hans Söhnker (11 October 1903 – 20 April 1981) was a German film actor. He appeared in more than 100 films between 1933 and 1980. He was born in Kiel, Germany and died in West Berlin, West Germany.

Selected filmography

 The Tsarevich (1933) – Der Zarewitsch
 The Black Forest Girl (1933) – Hans Fichtner, Student
 Annette im Paradies (1934) – Hans Siebert
 The Big Chance (1934) – Thomas Menzel
 Ich sing' mich in dein Herz hinein (1934) – Hans, sein Sohn
 The Csardas Princess (1934) – Prinz Edwin Weylersheim
 Jede Frau hat ein Geheimnis (1934) – Hans Jürgens
 She and the Three (1935) – Rudolf Rostorff, Zimmerkellner
  (1935) – Georg von Hochheim
 Rêve d'Amour (1935) – Leutnant Baron Koloman von Eötvös
 The Young Count (1935) – Hans Flint
 Herbstmanöver (1936) – Viktor von Randau
 Faithful (1936) – Carl Koster
 Arzt aus Leidenschaft (1936) – Dr. Wüstefeld
 Where the Lark Sings (1936) – Hans Berend
 The Three Around Christine (1936) – Eggert
 Dinner Is Served (1936) – Robert Spiller
  (1937) – Dr.-Ing. Heinz Fritsch
 Truxa (1937) – Chef einer Tanzgrippe
 Patricia Gets Her Man (1937) – Count Stephan d'Orlet
 The Model Husband (1937) – Jack Wheeler
 The Irresistible Man (1937) – André Vallier
  (1937) – Kammersänger Hans Weigel / Eisenstein
 Musik für dich (1937) – Peter
 The Woman at the Crossroads (1938) – Fred Moebius
 Der Tag nach der Scheidung (1938) – Julian Bork, Sportflieger
 The Four Companions (1938) – Stefan Kohlund
  (1938) – Hans Promm
  (1938) – Ruda, Dompteur
 Mistake of the Heart (1939) – Flugkapitän van Santen
 Gold in New Frisco (1939) – Frank Norton
 Men Are That Way (1939)
  (1939) – Nick Dorland
 Nanette (1940) – Alexander Patou
 Woman Made to Measure (1940) – Christian Bauer
 Blutsbrüderschaft (1941) – Oberleutnant Klaus Olden
 Goodbye, Franziska (1941) – Michael Reisiger
 Wenn du noch eine Heimat hast (1942) – Heinrich Doorn
 The Big Game (1942) – Zuschauer
 Fronttheater (1942) – Selbst / Himself (unconfirmed, uncredited)
 My Wife Theresa (1942) – Peter Dühren
 Nacht ohne Abschied (1943) – Rittmeister Gunnar Nyborg
 Love Premiere (1943) – Komponist Axel Berndt
 A Man With Principles? (1943) – Dr. Hans Winhold
  (1944) – Hans Gustav (Achim) Strengholt
 Große Freiheit Nr. 7 (1944) – Willem
 Film ohne Titel (1948) – Martin Delius
 Hallo, Fräulein! (1949) – Walter Reinhardt
 Einmaleins der Ehe (1949) – Peter Norden
 Beloved Liar (1950) – Rudolf Siebert
 Only One Night (1950) – Der Mann
 The Rabanser Case (1950) – Peter Rabanser
 Love and Blood (1951) – Marco, capo camorra
 Shadows Over Naples (1951) – Marco, capo Camorra
 White Shadows (1951) – Richard
 My Friend the Thief (1951) – Percy
 Queen of the Arena (1952) – Professor Gerhart Mahnke, Bildhauer
 The Singing Hotel (1953) – Hans
 The Stronger Woman (1953) – Jochen Faber
 Must We Get Divorced? (1953) – Dr. Algys
 A Life for Do (1954) – Thomas
 Men at a Dangerous Age (1954) – Franz Volker
 Hoheit lassen bitten (1954) – Graf Rosen-Bückburg
 The Great Test (1954) – Dr. Clausen
 Doctor Solm (1955) – Oberarzt Dr. Karl Solm
 One Woman Is Not Enough? (1955) – Ernst Vossberg
 Before God and Man (1955) – Georg
  (1956) – Professor Mathias
 Holiday in Tyrol (1956) – Robert von Stetten
 If We All Were Angels (1956) – Enrico Farlotti
 Beloved Corinna (1956) – Peter Mansfeld
 Wie schön, daß es dich gibt (1957) – Theo Henning
  (1957) – Alfred Roscher
  (1957) – Wolfgang Cornelius – Gymnasialdirektor
  (1958) – Erik Kramer
 Worüber man nicht spricht – Frauenarzt Dr. Brand greift ein (1958) – Professor Dr. Brand
 For the First Time (1959) – Prof. Bruckner
 Jacqueline (1959) – Zander, Theaterdirektor
 I'm Marrying the Director (1960) – Direktor Georg Stahlmann
 Brainwashed (1960) – Bishop Ambrosse
 Carnival Confession (1960) – Panezza
 Wegen Verführung Minderjähriger (1960) – Dr. Stefan Rugge, Studienrat
 I Will Always Be Yours (1960) – Heinrich Horstmann
 Our House in Cameroon (1961) – Willem Ambrock
 The Longest Day (1962) – Pemsel's Officer (uncredited)
 Sherlock Holmes and the Deadly Necklace (1962) – Prof. Moriarty
 Dulcinea (1963)
 The Phantom of Soho (1964) – Sir Phillip
 The World Revolves Around You (1964) – Richard Fischer, Martins Vater
 The Hound of Blackwood Castle (1968) – Anwalt Robert Jackson
 Salto Mortale (1969, TV series) – Direktor Kogler
 (1970, TV film) – Sam Kinsale

References

External links

Hans Söhnker at Virtual History

1903 births
1981 deaths
20th-century German male actors
German male film actors
German male television actors
Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany


Humagne Blanche or Humagne is a white Swiss wine grape planted primarily in the Valais region. The total Swiss plantations of the variety in 2009 stood at .

The grape produces a full bodied wine that is richer than Amigne and Petite Arvine, but more neutral in flavour than the latter.

DNA profiling at Changins in Switzerland and Aosta in Italy established that Humagne Blanche is not related to the red Swiss variety Humagne Rouge.

References

White wine grape varieties


Eric Toms (born August 17, 1979 in San Jose, California) is an American stand-up comedian, writer, actor and television personality, who most notably was the host of Fox Reality Channel’s Reality Binge.

Early life

Toms was born in San Jose, California, to Dottie Toms, a florist and high school lunch lady, and James Toms, a mutual funds broker. His parents divorced when he was eight and although his parents had joint custody, Toms was primarily raised by his mother and two sisters, Stephanie and Nicole.

Toms attended various schools, including Laurelwood Elementary, Peterson Middle School, and Wilcox High School, where his mother worked as a lunch lady. He excelled in high school and starred in a number of plays, but his grades and SAT scores were not very attractive to colleges, despite being in honors classes. Toms applied to but was rejected from UC Santa Cruz, UCLA, and Santa Clara University. At the suggestion of his father, Toms applied and gained entree to San Jose State University. He attended classes for 9 months before dropping out.

Career

After dropping out of San Jose State University in 1998, Eric joined the theater group Big Lil’s in downtown San Jose. Two years after joining, the group created a sketch troupe called “SUTN” and Toms became a cast member, head writer and video producer. The group was signed to a television deal with KRON4 and produced over 50 shows before moving to UPN in San Francisco to produce another 12. Making the leap to stand-up comedy Eric traveled the world and by 25 had already worked with some of his comedy heroes, such as Kevin Pollak, Norm Macdonald, Lewis Black, Tracy Morgan and Bobby Slayton. In 2008, Toms won the host role and became a story producer for the comedy clip show Reality Binge on Fox Reality Channel. Working on Reality Binge later led to a guest appearance on Good Day LA and a number of other panel shows. He guest starred as Gilroy Smith in the Sonny With a Chance season 1 finale "Sonny: So Far". Since then Eric’s writing has won recognition with The Academy of Arts and Sciences. Eric has also written and performed commercial campaigns for brands such as 7-11, Netflix, and Cholula Hot Sauce.

Film roles

In 2001 Toms began his film career in the low-budget indie film Pins and Needles. He went on to perform in the historical drama Valley of the Heart’s Delight with the late Pete Postlethwaite. In 2008 Toms performed in Growing Out, a film by childhood friends, Graham and Garett Ratliff. Most recently Toms starred in the raunchy college comedy DisOrientation distributed by Spotlight Pictures, in which Eric was nominated for the Jury Award at the New Haven Film Festival.

Personal life

Toms married his long-time girlfriend Heather Plep, an advertising and marketing specialist, on October 15, 2005 in Santa Cruz, California. Toms's high school friend and former roommate Mike Hogan was the best man at his wedding.  The couple has two children together, Nicholas (b. 2010) and Fletcher (b. 2012).

Toms's mother briefly appeared on his late night sketch show Seriously Unusual Television Network which aired in Toms's home town of San Jose in the early 2000s.

Kidney donation

In the fall of 2011 Toms's long time friend, Michael Hogan, was diagnosed with kidney failure. After months of searching for a donor, Toms volunteered to give his kidney to his friend. What followed was several months of testing for both for Hogan and Toms. In early 2012 it was determined that Toms was a match and that both men were physically capable of surviving the surgery.

The transplant took place on May 4, 2012 at the Connie Frank Transplant Center at UCSF. It was hailed as a success and both men began their road to recovery. In the months to come, Hogan contracted meningitis, common in transplant recipients. Despite the early detection and treatment, Hogan died on March 9, 2013.

References

External links

 Eric Toms Official Site
 Eric Toms Facebook Fan Page
 Eric Toms Twitter Page
 Eric Toms Reality Binge page on Myspace
 Eric Toms Comedy page on Myspace
 Eric Toms on Youtube
 New Haven International Film Festival Page
 Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
 Growing Out on IMDB

1979 births
American male comedians
Male actors from San Jose, California
Living people
Comedians from California
21st-century American comedians


Mediaweek was a New York–based trade magazine that published from 1991 to 2011. The magazine was initially focused on the media buying and selling communities, but later expanded to cover all aspects of media.

Circulation was roughly half paid (the media), and half controlled (to the advertising buying community), with a total of approximately 22,000 subscribers.

Publication history
Mediaweek was founded in January 1991 by BPI Publications, parent company of Billboard. The founding editors were Craig Reiss and Bill Gloede. Reiss became the editor-in-chief of parent Adweek magazines in April of that year. Gloede became editor and remained until 2002, at which time Brian Moran, the magazine's former executive editor, moved up to editor. He was succeeded by Michael Burgi in 2004.

A two-person Washington D.C. bureau was established in 1994, and a four-person bureau was opened in Los Angeles to cover the television production studios. Ten reporters and editors were based in the New York headquarters.

Until the middle 2000s, each weekly edition of the magazine featured the "Media Person" column by Lewis Grossberger, which began its life in Seven Days magazine (which was printed at the time by the publisher of the Village Voice in order to compete against New York magazine).

In October 2008, Adweek Media Group announced the merging of its three separate editorial teams (Adweek, Brandweek, and Mediaweek) into one. In 2011, Mediaweek and Brandweek were merged into Adweek.

See also
 Inside.com

References

External links

1991 establishments in New York City
2011 disestablishments in New York (state)
Business magazines published in the United States
Weekly magazines published in the United States
Defunct magazines published in the United States
English-language magazines
Magazines established in 1991
Magazines disestablished in 2011
Magazines published in New York City
Mass media trade magazines