The Indiana State Sycamores are the NCAA Division I intercollegiate athletic teams of Indiana State University.  Since the 1977–78 academic year, Indiana State has been a member of the Missouri Valley Conference (MVC). The Indiana State football team has competed in Division I FCS since the 1982 season, and has been a member of the Missouri Valley Football Conference (MVFC) since it was spun off from the Gateway Collegiate Athletic Conference (Gateway) when the latter league merged into the MVC in 1992. Past conference memberships include the Indiana College Athletic League (1895–1922), the Indiana Intercollegiate Conference (1922–1950), the Indiana Collegiate Conference (1950–1968) and the Midwestern Conference (1970–1972). The women's teams were Gateway members from the league's 1982 founding until its absorption by the MVC. In 1986, a year after the Gateway took on football as its only men's sport, the Sycamores football team joined that conference.

History

'Sycamores' nickname and evolution of mascot

Early on in the school's history, the athletes were referred to as the "Fighting Teachers" (one of the school's early names was "Indiana State Teachers College"), until the students chose the name "Sycamores", due to the abundance of sycamore trees in Indiana and especially in the Wabash River Valley; though it is believed that the students voted on 'Sycamores' on a lark, never thinking it would win. During the 1950s and 1960s, the sycamore tree itself was used as Indiana State's mascot. However, as a tree does not lend itself well to an athletic mascot, especially considering Indiana State's in-state rivalries with the Ball State Cardinals and Butler Bulldogs, the university created an Indian mascot named "Chief Quabachi", and his "Princess", in 1969. This change paid homage to the fact that ISU was the "State" university of a state named after Indians (prior to statehood Indiana was primarily inhabited by Indians). The university dropped the "Chief Quabachi" mascot in 1989 in response to a variety of objections over use of the Indian caricature and did not have another mascot until 1995, when a blue-and-white gender neutral woodland creature named "Sycamore Sam" became Indiana State's mascot.

Sports sponsored
A member of the Missouri Valley Conference, Indiana State University sponsors six men's and nine women's teams in NCAA sanctioned sports.  Indiana State's softball team has appeared in two Women's College World Series in 1974 and 1976.

National championships

National team championships (3)

As of August 1, 2022, Indiana State has won three National Championships; one NCAA team championship, one NAIA team championship and one USBC title.

The men's basketball team won the 1950 NAIA National Championship.

Kurt Thomas led the men's gymnastics team to the 1977 NCAA National Championship.  In 1973 and 1979, the team finished third in the NCAA Championships.  In 1971, Coach Margit "Grete" Treiber led the ISU women's gymnastics team to a national runner-up finish at the AIAW National Championships.  In 1964, Coach Roger Counsil led the ISU men's freshman gymnastics team to a national runner-up finish at the NCAA Championships.

The women's bowling team won the 1984 United States Bowling Congress' National Intercollegiate Championship.

The men's basketball team was the NCAA Division I national runner-up in 1979 and the NCAA College Division national runner-up in 1968.

The men's basketball team was the national runner-up in the 1946 and 1948 NAIA National Championship Tournaments.  The 1950 title team placed eight players on the 1951 Pan-American Games gold medal-winning team.  Head Coach John Longfellow also served as co-head coach of the Pan-American Games team.

NCAA National Individual Championships (30)

Indiana State athletes have won 30 NCAA Individual Championships.

NAIA Individual Championships (5)

 John Caddell (Swimming & Diving) – 3
(1M Diving 1963, 1964; 3M Diving 1964)
 Mike Lane (Swimming & Diving) – 1
(3M Diving 1965)
 Larry Dalton (Swimming & Diving) – 1
(200M Freestyle 1965)

Other Individual Championships (5)
 Sarah Brumgart (Gymnastics) – 1
(Balance Beam) DGWS National Collegiate Championship – 1971
 Cheryl Pedlow Bridges-Flanagan (Outdoor track) – 2
(1 mile, 880 yards) DGWS National Collegiate Championship – 1969
 Mike Hanna (Indoor track) – 2
(Pole Vault) Canadian Indoor National Championship – 1968, 1969

Olympians (8)
Indiana State has produced 8 Olympians; 7 for the United States & 1 (Greggmar Swift) for Barbados.  Additionally, several ISU Coaches have US Olympic ties; Roger Counsil was the 1980 US Olympic Gymnastics coach, Erin Gilreath, ass't track & field coach competed in the 2004 Summer Olympics

 Kurt Thomas – Gymnastics, 1976 Summer Olympics, 1980 Summer Olympics
 Benita Edds – Archery, 1984 Summer Olympics
 Bruce Baumgartner – Wrestling, Gold Medalist 1984 Summer Olympics; Silver Medalist 1988 Summer Olympics; Gold Medalist 1992 Summer Olympics; Bronze Medalist 1996 Summer Olympics
 Bryan Leturgez – Bobsleigh (Men's Four) - 1988 Winter Olympics, 1992 Winter Olympics,
 Larry Bird – Basketball, Gold Medalist - 1992 Summer Olympics
 Greggmar Swift – Track & Field (110m hurdles) - 2012 Summer Olympics
 Felisha Johnson – Track & Field (shot put) - 2016 Summer Olympics
 Noah Malone – Track & Field (4x100 relay), Gold Medalist; (400m sprint), Silver Medalist; (100m sprint), Silver Medalist - 2020 Summer Paralympics

National team athletes & coaches
Greggmar Swift - 2007-2015, 2019 Barbadian National Track & Field Team
 Steve Cooksey - 1998-2013 U.S. National Track & Field Team (Coach)
Bruce Baumgartner - 1982-1996 U.S. National Wrestling Team
Roger Counsil - 1978-1980 U.S. National Gymnastics Team (Coach)
Carl Nicks – 1979 U.S. National Select Basketball Team
Larry Bird – 1978 U.S. National Basketball Team World Invitational Tournament
Larry Bird – 1977 U.S. National Basketball Team World University Games
 Sarah Brumgart - 1973 U.S. National Team (Rhythmic Gymnastics)
 Roger Adkins – 1951 U.S. National Basketball Team Pan American Games
 Dick Atha – 1951 U.S. National Basketball Team Pan American Games
 Richard Babcock – 1951 U.S. National Basketball Team Pan American Games
 Bob Gilbert – 1951 U.S. National Basketball Team Pan American Games
 Tom Kern – 1951 U.S. National Basketball Team Pan American Games
 Gene Lambdin – 1951 U.S. National Basketball Team Pan American Games
 Ed Longfellow – 1951 U.S. National Basketball Team Pan American Games
 Cliff Murray – 1951 U.S. National Basketball Team Pan American Games

James E. Sullivan Award (2)
Indiana State has produced 2 Sullivan Award winners:
Kurt Thomas 1979 winner; World Champion (1978, 1979), NCAA Champion (1977)   (men's gymnastics)
Bruce Baumgartner 1995 winner; Olympic Champion (1984, 1992), World Champion (1986, 1993, 1995), Pan-American Champion (1987, 1991, 1995), NCAA Champion (1982)   (freestyle wrestling)

All-Americans (171)
Indiana State has produced 174 All-Americans:
 The Men's Gymnastics Team leads with 46 All-Americans (1964–1980).
 The Football Team has 34 All-Americans (1967–2019)
 The Baseball Team has produced 26 All-Americans (1963–2000)
 The Women's Cross-Country & Track and Field Teams have produced 26 All-Americans (1969–2021)
 The Men's Cross-Country & Track and Field Teams have produced 21 All-Americans (1958–2017)
 The Men's Basketball Team has produced 14 All-Americans (1930–1979)
 The Wrestling Team produced 7 All-Americans (1933–1986)

Conference champions (98)

Indiana College Athletic League (1900–1922)
3 titles in baseball

Indiana Intercollegiate Conference (1923–1947)
6 titles in baseball
5 titles in men's basketball

Indiana Collegiate Conference (1950–1968)
30 titles in baseball, men's basketball, men's cross-country, men's golf, football, men's swimming, men's track & field and wrestling.

 Paul Wolf—ICC Baseball Coach of the Year (1958, 1963, 1966 and 1967)
 Duane Klueh—ICC Basketball Coach of the Year (1959, 1963, 1966, 1967)
 Mark Dean—ICC Football Coach of the Year (1952)
 Bill Jones—ICC Football Coach of the Year (1959, 1960, 1963)
 Jerry Huntsman—ICC Football Coach of the Year (1966)
 Paul Selge—ICC Swimming Coach of the Year (1965)
 Chester Sanders—ICC Wrestling Coach of the Year (1966)
 Ted Parker—ICC Wrestler of the Year (1966)

Gateway Conference (1982–1992)
4 titles in women's basketball, women's track & field and women's cross-country.

 Andi Myers—Gateway Basketball Coach of the Year (1988)

Missouri Valley Conference (1977–present)
65 titles
16 in men's track & field (12 outdoor, 4 indoor)
13 in women's track & field (7 outdoor, 6 indoor)
9 in men's cross-country
10 in baseball
5 in men's tennis
4 in men's basketball
3 in women's basketball
2 in women's cross-country
2 in softball
1 in women's tennis

Of particular note, the Runnin' Sycamores (the men's and women's cross-country and track & field teams) have won 32 titles in the past 26 seasons.

* Note  – All of the above championship information is from the media guides available at www.gosycamores.com or from the Indiana State archives (each yearbook from 1896 to 1993 is available).

Championship host
Indiana State University has hosted thirteen (2002, 2004–2011, 2013–14, 2016-2017) NCAA Division I cross country championships at the LaVern Gibson Championship Cross Country Course.  ISU will also host the 2018 NCAA Great Lakes Regionals in cross country and the 2019 NCAA Division I Nationals.

Indiana State University hosted the 10th NCAA Wrestling Championships in 1937, at a time when the school had yet to establish a wrestling program. In 1965, the University hosted the National NAIA Wrestling tournament.

The university also hosted the 1972 US Olympic Trials and the 1975 NCAA Gymnastics National Championships.

Rivalry
Indiana State University's rivalries include the Illinois State Redbirds, cross-state Ball State Cardinals (formerly a regional campus of Indiana State) with whom the Sycamores football team competed for the Victory Bell, the Evansville Purple Aces and the nearby Eastern Illinois Panthers.

Athletic bands
Indiana State's marching band is called the Marching Sycamores. The marching band performs at home football games and is the feature band at the Brickyard 400. There are two alternating bands that play at men's and women's basketball games, known as the Blue and White Basketball Bands.

Athletes & coaches

Clint Barmes (baseball)
Bruce Baumgartner Olympic & World Champion (freestyle wrestling), James E. Sullivan Award (1995)
Larry Bird (basketball)
Roger Counsil 1980 U.S. Olympic & 1977 NCAA Champion Coach (men's gymnastics)
Glenn M. Curtis (head basketball coach)
Brian Dorsett (baseball)
Vencie Glenn (football)
Robert Griswold (swimming)
Bill Hayes (MLB baseball)
Bill Hodges (head basketball coach)
Tunch Ilkin (football)
Duane Klueh (basketball, player and coach)
Felisha Johnson (track, shot put)
Bob King (head basketball coach)
Bryan Leturgez (Olympic bobsledding)
Sean Manaea (baseball)
Thad Matta (basketball coach)
Carl Nicks (basketball)
Jake Odum (basketball)
Brian Omogrosso (baseball)
Sean Payton (football coach)
Jake Petricka (baseball)
Dave Schellhase (head basketball coach)
Steve Smith (track and field) Silver Medalist, 1995 Pan-Am Games
Gordon Stauffer (head basketball coach)
Zane Smith (baseball)
Greggmar Swift (Olympic hurdler)
Joe Thatcher (baseball)
Kurt Thomas World & NCAA Champion (men's gymnastics), James E. Sullivan Award (1979)
Robert Tonyan (football)
John Wooden 10x NCAA Champion (head basketball coach)

References

External links

Sports in Terre Haute, Indiana


Gary Pig Gold (born May 30, 1955 in Toronto, Ontario) is a Canadian singer-songwriter, record producer, filmmaker, author and journalist. His fanzine The Pig Paper was Canada's second independently published music magazine, and among the recording artists he has worked with are Pat Boone, Dave Rave, Endless Summer, Simply Saucer and Shane Faubert. Gold has written many books on popular music and has contributed to dozens of magazines as well as seven books in the multi-genre MusicHound album guide series. AllMusic describes him as "rock music's all-time hardest-working man ... with all apologies to James Brown".

Early career
He formed his first band, Pornographic Cornflake (named after "I Am the Walrus" lyric) at age thirteen, and his first 16mm film made four years later, a documentary about his hometown entitled This is Port Credit!, was chosen to be aired on a local PBS Television affiliate after winning an award at a high school film competition. Due to its libelous nature however, Gold was advised to indemnify himself from possible legal action by crediting the film to a fictitious director. Eating breakfast the morning the credits were to be re-shot, a plastic pig stamper fell from his cereal box and the pseudonym Gary Pig was adopted.

Writing and publishing
Under this nom de plume, Gold began self-publishing the fanzine The Pig Paper in 1973 and distributing it by mail to friends. Visiting London two years later he met Joe Strummer, then leading The 101ers, who encouraged Gold to continue his writing. That winter, he published a mock concert program commemorating an appearance by The Who in Toronto, and in 1977 a similar Pig Paper on The Kinks became the first issue to be made available outside of Canada, when Gold followed the band to a concert and record signing in Buffalo, New York.

The featured interviewee of that Pig Paper was Edgar Breau, whose band Simply Saucer Gold began managing and producing, releasing their first record June 8, 1978 on Pig Records. It was voted Single Of The Week in London's Record Mirror the following month. By then, The Pig Paper was being distributed throughout the U.S. and Europe, offering early in-depth coverage of The Viletones, Ramones, Half Japanese, Elvis Costello and Talking Heads as well as features on such vintage acts as The Hollies and Dave Clark Five.

The Pig Paper has become an important primary source for the documentation of the Toronto punk scene with citations in numerous published works and histories of the punk movement.

Gold is a noted interviewer and music writer, writing for music publications and fanzines like Ear Candy Mag, Indie Journal, and purrmag.

Gold is a writer and contribute to numerous music publications, authoring Visible Ink Press's Music Hound Essential Album Guide series, as well as Bubblegum Music Is the Naked Truth, Encounters With Bob Dylan, Lost in the Grooves, Paul McCartney: I Saw Him Standing There, TV A-Go-Go, Treat Me Like Dirt: An Oral History of Punk in Toronto and Beyond 1977–1981, and  The Little Black Book of Music. He is a contributor on publications such as Lost in the Grooves: Scram's Capricious Guide to the Music You Missed published by Routledge.

His syndicated "Pigshit" column continues to run monthly online, having first appeared in Los Angeles' Flipside (fanzine) in 1979.

He was also a featured interview subject in the Jandek on Corwood documentary film.

Music activities
Immediately after attending a Jan and Dean concert in Toronto during the summer of 1980, Gold relocated to California where he formed The Loved Ones, as well as promoting concerts for local bands such as The Crowd over the next three years. He spent the remainder of the decade back in Canada, first joining the Vancouver-based Fun With Numbers band before touring five years with Endless Summer. In 1989, he returned to the studio, working in Nashville alongside Donald Dunn and Pat Boone, then at Daniel Lanois’ Grant Avenue Studio with Dave Rave DesRoches, the latter sessions resulting in the Valentino's Pirates album, which became the first independently recorded western release to be issued on the Soviet Union's Melodiya record label.

After relocating to New York City with DesRoches to form the Dave Rave Conspiracy alongside Billy Ficca of Television and ex-Washington Squares Lauren Agnelli, Gold co-founded the pioneering alternative-country band The Ghost Rockets, whose  maximum rhythm ‘n’ bluegrass cover of the Beach Boys' "In My Room" became a radio "turntable hit" in Europe. Another song, "Marcia Marcia Marcia", written by Gold for the A Very Brady Sequel movie, appeared instead on the King Records label in New Zealand, to be followed by dozens of other Ghost Rockets releases worldwide.

Activities as a producer
Gold meanwhile produced two albums for Shane Faubert, formerly of The Cheepskates, at Dubway Studios. With Shane, he began the To M’Lou Music label in 1998, releasing the acclaimed debut album of the Los Angeles band The Masticators as well as He's a Rebel: The Gene Pitney Story Retold, which included exclusive recordings by Billy Cowsill, Mick Farren, Gordon Waller and Al Kooper. Gold contributed tracks himself to the Bullseye Records of Canada Men In Plaid Bay City Rollers tribute album as well as singing alongside Jim Carroll for Back to The Streets: Celebrating the Music of Don Covay, and with Andrew Loog Oldham on the 1993 issue of Alex Chilton's Bach's Bottom album.

Later career
In 2008, Gold began work at John Huelbig's Backroom Studios in Wallington, New Jersey, writing, performing and producing with such artists as Mark Johnson, Chris Butler, Dave Rave and Frank Lee Sprague.

Discography
 Gary Pig Gold, 1998
 "Permanent Vacation" / "Rock and Roll Love Letter," 2000
 Gary Goes To Hollywood!, 2002

Production credits
 "She's A Dog" / "I Can Change My Mind" – Simply Saucer, 1978, 2018
 Valentino's Pirates – Dave Rave Conspiracy (aka Dave Rave Group), 1990, 2001, 2019
 San Blass – Shane Faubert, 1993
 Three Octave Fantastic Hexagram – Dave Rave Conspiracy, 1994
 Squirrelboy Blue – Shane Faubert, 1997
 Unsound, Volume Two: Guitars! – various artists, 1999
 Homework # 2: U.S. D.I.Y.- Punk and Punkwave Singles R to U – Simply Saucer, 2000
 Driving In The Rain 3AM: Songs to Get Lost With – Dave Rave Group, 2002
 He's A Rebel: The Gene Pitney Story Retold – various artists, 2002
 Cyborgs Revisited – Simply Saucer, 2003

Appears on
 "Johnny Kool" / "Wouldn't It Be Nice" – Endless Summer, 1986
 "That Summer Feeling" / "Wouldn't It Be Nice" – Endless Summer, 1988
 "Fools’ Hall Of Fame" – Pat Boone, 1989
 Kalkara – Shane Faubert, 1990
 Amazing Grace – The Wretches, 1990
 A One Act Play With V-8 Engines – Dave Rave Conspiracy, 1992
 Bach's Bottom – Alex Chilton, 1993
 "Christmas" / "Steeplechase" – The Rooks, 1993
 Cowboy Flowers Sessions – Agnelli and Rave, 1995
 "Roses To You" / "Marcia Marcia Marcia" – The Ghost Rockets, 1996
 "Weight Of The World" / "Do It All Over" – Dave Rave Conspiracy, 1996
 Confetti! – Agnelli and Rave, 1997
 Bootlegs – The Ghost Rockets, 1998
 Spatula Ranch Sessions, Volume One – The Ghost Rockets, 1998
 Encore Echoes – The Rooks, 2000
 D. T. Delinquent – Jack Pedler, 2003
 Lost and Found – Jeremy (Morris), 2004
 Anthology, Vol.s 1 and 2 – Dave Rave, 2006
 Modern Silence – Casper & The Cookies, 2009
 NBT-4-CNP – The Next Big Thing, 2009
 Live With What You Know – Dave Rave, 2010
 Complete Masticators! – The Masticators, 2013
 Best – Mick Hargreaves, 2013
 A Little Messed Up In Rock & Roll – Dave Rave, 2017

Compilation albums
 Baloney Sandwich – The Loved Ones, The Know Goods, 1990
 1990 Volume 5 – Dave Rave Group, 1991
 22 Original Hits, 22 Original Stars – Dave Rave Conspiracy, Lauren Agnelli, 1991
 U.S. Rock ‘n’ Roll Anthology Volume 1 – Dave Rave, 1991
 The 8th Wonder – Martin and the E-Chords, 1991
 More Hits, More Stars – Dave Rave Conspiracy, Coyote Shivers, 1992
 Reaction, Volume One – Dave Rave Conspiracy, 1992
 Rock My Child – Lauren Agnelli, 1993
 Back To The Streets: Celebrating The Music of Don Covay, 1993
 Impact Music, Volume 2 – Dave Rave Conspiracy, 1994
 Powerplay – The Ghost Rockets, 1995
 Total Fun – The Ghost Rockets, 1996
 Hit The Hay, Volume 2 – The Ghost Rockets, 1996
 Never Been To Nashville – The Ghost Rockets, 1996
 Astral Weeks – The Ghost Rockets, 1996
 Pop! Productions 1987-1997 – The Ghost Rockets, 1997
 A Pig Pop Sampler – The Ghost Rockets, Shane Faubert, 1997
 Edges From The Postcard – The Ghost Rockets, 1997
 Fireworks – The Ghost Rockets, 1997
 Twangfest 1997 – The Ghost Rockets, 1997
 The Ghost Rockets, Astral Weeks – The Ghost Rockets, 1997
 Unsound, Volume One: Pop! – Gary and the Portastudio, 1998
 Edges From The Postcard 2 – The Ghost Rockets, 1998
 Essentials – The Ghost Rockets, 1999
 This Note's For You Too! A Tribute to Neil Young – Shane Faubert, 1999
 Postcards From The Other Side – The Ghost Rockets, 1999
 A Tribute to The Left Banke: Shadows Breaking Over Our Heads – Shane Faubert, 1999
 Men In Plaid: A Tribute to The Bay City Rollers – Gary and the Grip Weeds, 2000
 Full Circle: A Tribute to Gene Clark – The Ghost Rockets, 2000
 Burnt Marshmallows and Teeny Bikinis – Gary and the Masticators, 2000
 International Pop Overthrow Vol. 3 – Shane Faubert, 2000
 Shoe Fetish: A Tribute to Shoes – Shane Faubert, 2001
 Dropped On The Head, Volume 1 – Gary Pig Gold, 2001
 Uno-A-Go-Go! – Gary Pig Gold, 2002
 Under the Covers at Hawthorne High Vol. 9 – The Ghost Rockets, 2004
 This is Rock ‘n’ Roll Radio, Volume 1 – Gary Pig Gold and Shane Faubert, 2005
 The Blog Gems, Volume Three (1976-1999) – Gary and the Masticators, 2006
 Hi-Fi Christmas Party Volume 2 – Gary Pig Gold, 2006
 Sweet Relief – The Next Big Thing, Ghost Rockets, Dave Rave Group, 2007
 ValleyView Christmas Compilation 2007 – Gary Pig Gold, 2007
 Tributes Or Not Tributes – Gary and the Grip Weeds, 2008
 Raiders Of The Lost Hook Vol. 2 – Dave Rave Group, 2008
 The Mockeers: Then and Now – Gary Pig Gold and his Loved Ones, 2008
 ValleyView Christmas Compilation 2008 – Gary Gold and his Orchestra, 2008
 That's Truckdrivin''' – Gary Pig Gold, 2009
 Winter Holidays with Little Pocket – Gary Pig Gold, 2009
 Not Quite Yet (Wives Alive @5) – The Faubert Gold, 2010
 International Email Audio Art Project Volume 2 – Gary Pig Gold, 2010
 Mongrel Zine Volume Nine CD Comp – Gary Pig Gold, 2010
 What We Do On Our Holidays – Gary Pig Gold, 2010
 Best Of Mongrel Zine #1-3 Compilation – Gary Pig Gold, 2011
 Pop Garden Radio Presents: The Rock On The Road Tour, Season 2 – The Next Big Thing, 2011
 Legacy: A Tribute To Rick Nelson, Volume 1 – Gary Pig Gold, 2013
 Get Yer Fa La La's Out: A Bullseye Christmas Vol. III – Gary Pig Gold, 2013
 It Was 50 Years Ago Today: A Tribute to The Beatles, Volume 2 – Little Sisters, 2014
 Heavy Metalloid Music – The Loved Ones, 2016

Liner Notes
 More Hits, More Stars – Rick Harper, Mark William Johnson, 1992
 Astral Weeks – The Ghost Rockets, 1996
 Unsound, Volume One: Pop!, 1998
 Unsound, Volume Two: Guitars!, 1999
 Burnt Marshmallows and Teeny Bikinis, 2000
 232 Days On The Road – Adam Marsland, 2002
 Cyborgs Revisited – Simply Saucer, 2003
 Mad Kingdom – Robin Stanley, 2004
 Magic City Music: Ft. Lauderdale 1981-1986 – Breathers, 2004
 Lost And Found – Jeremy (Morris), 2004
 Remember – The Cheepskates, 2004
 Jam On Jeremy: A Tribute To Jeremy Morris, 2005
 Down In A Mirror: A Second Tribute To Jandek, 2005
 7th Floor Christmas – Erich Overhultz, 2005
 The New Sell Out, 2012
 Saucerland – Simply Saucer, 2016
 Valentino's Pirates – Dave Rave Conspiracy (aka Dave Rave Group), 2019

Bibliography
 Music Hound Rock: The Essential Album Guide (Visible Ink/Omnibus, 1996, 1999, contributor)
 Music Hound Country: The Essential Album Guide (Visible Ink/Omnibus, 1997, contributor)
 Music Hound R & B: The Essential Album Guide (Visible Ink/Omnibus, 1998, contributor)
 Music Hound Folk: The Essential Album Guide (Visible Ink/Omnibus, 1998, contributor)
 Music Hound Lounge: The Essential Album Guide to Martini Music and Easy Listening (Visible Ink/Omnibus, 1998, contributor)
 On A Cold Road: Tales of Adventure in Canadian Rock by Dave Bidini (McClelland & Stewart, 1998, interview subject)
 Music Hound Swing: The Essential Album Guide (Visible Ink/Omnibus, 1999, contributor)
 Music Hound World: The Essential Album Guide (Visible Ink/Omnibus, 2000, contributor)
 Encounters with Bob Dylan: If You See Him, Say Hello (Humble Press, 2000, contributor)
 Paul McCartney: I Saw Him Standing There (Billboard Books, 2000, contributor)
 Bubblegum Music is the Naked Truth: The Dark History of Prepubescent Pop, from the Banana Splits to Britney Spears (Feral House, 2001, contributor)
 The Beach Boys’ Pet Sounds: The Greatest Album of the Twentieth Century (Helter Skelter, 2001, contributor)
 Lost In The Grooves (Routledge, 2005, contributor)
 T.V. A-Go-Go: Rock on T.V. from American Bandstand to American Idol (Chicago Review Press, 2005, contributor)
 The Little Black Book of Music (Cassell Illustrated, 2007, contributor)
 The Top 100 Canadian Albums (Goose Lane Editions, 2007, contributor)
 Treat Me Like Dirt: An Oral History of Punk in Toronto and Beyond, 1977-1981 (Bongo Beat Books/ECW Press, 2009, 2011, editor, interview subject)
 The Mammoth Book of Bob Dylan (Constable & Robinson/Running Press, 2011, contributor)
 Perfect Youth: The Birth of Canadian Punk (ECW Press, 2012, interview subject)
 The Canadian Pop Music Encyclopedia Volumes 1 and 2 (Bullseye Canada, 2012, contributor)
 A Lennon Pastiche: Expressions from Fans of John Lennon (PANGEA Publishing, 2013, contributor)
 50 Licks: Myths and Stories from Half a Century of the Rolling Stones (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2013, contributor)
 A Tribute To The Forgotten Rebels (ePub Bud, 2013, contributor)
 The Mammoth Book of The Rolling Stones (Constable & Robinson/Running Press, 2013, contributor)
 It Was Fifty Years Ago Today: The Beatles Invade America and Hollywood (Otherworld Cottage Industries, 2014, interview subject)
 Turn Up The Radio!  Rock, Pop, and Roll in Los Angeles 1956-1972 (Santa Monica Press, 2014, contributor)
 Gods Of The Hammer: The Teenage Head Story (Coach House Books, 2014, interview subject)
 Neil Young: Heart of Gold (Backbeat Books, 2015, contributor)
 Heavy Metalloid Music: The Story of Simply Saucer (Eternal Cavalier Press, 2016, interview subject)
 1967: A Complete Rock Music History of the Summer of Love (Sterling Publishing, 2017, contributor)
 Inside Cave Hollywood: Music InnerViews and InterViews Collection, Vol. 1 (Cave Hollywood, 2017, contributor)
 Dreamer: The Making of Dennis Wilson's 'Pacific Ocean Blue' (Jetfighter, 2017, interview subject)
 The Doors: Summer's Gone (Otherworld Cottage Industries, 2018, contributor)
 The Story Of The Band: From Big Pink to The Last Waltz (Sterling Publishing, 2018, contributor)
 Docs That Rock, Music That Matters (Otherworld Cottage Industries, 2020, contributor)
 Domenic Troiano: His Life And Music (FriesenPress, 2021, interview subject)
 Jimi Hendrix: Voodoo Child (Sterling Publishing, 2021, interview subject)

Selected articles
 The Blacklisted Journalist
 In Music We Trust
 New York Waste
 Medleyville
 Go Metric
 The Rock and Roll Report
 PopDiggers

Filmography
 Jandek on Corwood'', 2004
 The Last Pogo Jumps Again, 2013
 Records, 2021

References

1955 births
Living people
Canadian male singer-songwriters
Canadian singer-songwriters
Singers from Toronto
Canadian record producers


Pinara is a genus of moths in the family Lasiocampidae. The genus was erected by Francis Walker in 1855.

Species

 Pinara adusta Walker, 1869
 Pinara albida Walker, 1865
 Pinara apicalis Walker, 1855
 Pinara australasiae Fabricius, 1775
 Pinara calligama Felder, 1874
 Pinara cana Walker, 1855
 Pinara chlorosacca Turner, 1902
 Pinara cinerata Walker, 1865
 Pinara cycloloma Turner, 1902
 Pinara decorata Walker, 1865
 Pinara divisa Walker, 1855
 Pinara erubescens Lower, 1894
 Pinara fervens Walker, 1855
 Pinara flexicosta Felder, 1874
 Pinara guttularis Walker, 1855
 Pinara intemerata Walker, 1865
 Pinara marginata Walker, 1855
 Pinara metaphaea Walker, 1862
 Pinara nana Walker, 1855
 Pinara nasuta Lewin, 1805
 Pinara nasutula Wallengren, 1861
 Pinara obliqua Walker, 1855
 Pinara parvigutta Walker, 1855
 Pinara plinthopa Turner, 1904
 Pinara pudorina Walker, 1865
 Pinara rubida Walker, 1865
 Pinara rufescens Butler, 1886
 Pinara rufescens Walker, 1855
 Pinara saturata Walker, 1865
 Pinara sesioides Walker, 1866
 Pinara simonis Guenée
 Pinara sobria Walker, 1865
 Pinara spodopa Turner, 1904

References

 Encyclopedia of Life

Lasiocampidae
Moth genera


George Fletcher Cotterill (18 November 1865 – 13 October 1958), born in Oxford, England, was an American civil servant and politician. His public career in Seattle and the state of Washington lasted over 40 years; Cotterill was a Georgist progressive. He was an advocate of woman suffrage, prohibition, land value tax, municipalisation of port facilities and utilities, and the development of public parks.

Youth and early career
Born in Oxford, England, Cotterill was the son of a gardener Robert Cotterill and his wife Alice. The family immigrated to the United States in May 1872, when he was six, arriving in Boston before settling on a farm in Montclair, New Jersey. After graduating from high school in Montclair—at the young age of 15 and as class valedictorian—he worked as a rod man on a railroad survey, while training to be a surveyor and engineer.

In 1883, he travelled to the Pacific Northwest with his father and brother. They had hoped to find work for the Northern Pacific Railroad, but by the time they arrived the project in question had been suspended. His father and brother headed back East in 1884. Cotterill stayed on and managed to obtain a job as a bookkeeper for the Moran Brothers shipyard in Seattle. Moran and Cotterill would each later serve the city as its mayor.

He was not a bookkeeper for long. The growing town and the Washington Territory needed surveyors and engineers. Cotterill laid out the seating diagram for Frye Opera House (Seattle's premier theatre of its time), worked for the Columbia & Puget Sound Railway, the Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern Railway, and eventually for the Northern Pacific when they resumed development in the region. He was involved with the coal mines in Gilman (now Issaquah, Washington) and Grand Ridge. He surveyed land in West Seattle (which at that time was not yet part of Seattle proper) and laid out the plan of the city of Sidney (later Port Orchard) in Kitsap County. Most importantly for his future career, though, he worked for City of Seattle Surveyor R. H. Thomson, both as a surveyor and in building the city's first sewers.

Thomson and Cotterill

Thomson became City Engineer in 1892 and appointed Cotterill as an assistant. They developed the basis of what remains Seattle's main water supply over a century later (see Seattle Public Utilities), bringing in water from the Cedar River. The financial hurdles were almost as daunting as the technical difficulties.  In an 8 July 1889 election, barely a month after the Great Seattle Fire (6 June 1889) Seattle's citizens had voted 1,875 to 51 to acquire and operate their own water system. However, the Panic of 1893 wrecked the city's finances. Cotterill devised the then-novel plan of borrowing money for the pipeline by pledging the receipts from the water to be delivered when the $1,250,000 system was completed. This brought Cotterill into electoral politics for the first time, supporting his own plan in an 1895 special election. The Klondike Gold Rush put Seattle on a sound economic footing and the 1901 completion of Cedar River Supply System No. 1 (active from 21 February 1901) gave the city a steady supply of clean water.

Other achievements by Thomson and Cotterill in this era included 25 miles of bicycle trails (later the basis of the city's Olmsted boulevard system) the filling of tideflats that compose much of today's SoDo and Industrial District south of Downtown Seattle, and the development of the plats that still determine the general plan of the piers on Seattle's Central Waterfront. Each pier is more or less a parallelogram. Most earlier piers, none of which survive, formed a perfect right angle to the shore, and the curvature of the shore meant that each pier was at a slightly different angle, causing potential for collisions. Their uniform northeast-southwest direction was prescribed by Thomson and Cotterill not only solved that problem but also spared freight trains from needing to make a sharp right angle.

Politics
An increasingly prominent figure in the city, Cotterill was soon embroiled in matters unrelated to his technical skills (or even his financial skills)
Gold Rush money had turned Seattle into a wide open city: brothels and casinos flourished, as did concomitant corruption. Cotterill had been a Republican, but in 1900 he supported populist Democrat William Jennings Bryan for President and ran for mayor of Seattle, nominally as a nonpartisan, but effectively as a Democrat. It was not the Democrats' year, and Cotterill lost (as he would also lose a Congressional race two years later). He resigned his city job and resumed private practice.

In 1906, he finally achieved electoral success as one of only three Democrats elected to the Washington State Senate, which then had 42 members. Crossing the aisle, he became the leader of progressive Republicans, and successfully built support for the direct primary law of 1907. As a legislator, he also backed the Lake Washington Ship Canal and helped preserve shorelines for the University of Washington and for city parks. He backed local option as a step toward the prohibition of alcohol and drafted an amendment to the state constitution that granted women the right to vote in 1910, a decade ahead of the country at large. He was also instrumental in passing the law that allowed formation of port districts. The workman's compensation law he helped to write became a national model.

Cotterill was the Democratic candidate for the United States Senate in 1908 and 1910, but lost both races.

Mayor of Seattle

Hiram Gill ran successfully for the Seattle mayoralty in 1910 on "open city" platform, defeating real estate man George W. Dilling. Gill opposed municipal ownership of utilities, arguing not only for privatised transit, but for privatised waterworks, and opposing the then-young Seattle City Light electric utility. He was generally anti-tax and anti-union. Gill reinstalled police chief Charles "Wappy" Wappenstein, whom Gill's predecessor John F. Miller had dismissed as corrupt. Wappenstein promptly established a regime far more "open" than any that Gill had overtly advocated. Every prostitute in Seattle was expected to pay $10 a month to "Wappy", and the police department made sure they paid. Beacon Hill became home to a 500-room brothel with a 15-year lease from the city. It did not take long for the voters to get fed up, and Gill was recalled from office in 1911, though it would not be his last time as mayor. Dilling finished out Gill's term. Wappenstein eventually went to prison.

Gill ran for mayor again in March 1912, and Cotterill ran against him. Seattle Times publisher Alden J. Blethen ardently supported Gill, but Cotterill won. The election wasn't even close, and a third candidate, Socialist Hulet Wells, received nearly as many votes as Gill. Reformers, many of them with no party affiliation, formed the majority of the Seattle City Council. Theodore Roosevelt's "Bull Moose" candidacy carried the state in the presidential election later that year, though Roosevelt did not win the country.

Although in some ways his moment of triumph, Cotterill was by this time, in Roger Sales's words, riding "two horses… moving in different directions". His desire for municipal ownership of utilities and public control of ports allied him with labour and populism; his lifelong Prohibitionist views did not. The Prohibitionist movement was, by this time, aligning itself with issues that wanted small government on most other issues, because they had come to believe that big government inevitably meant corruption. Meanwhile, labour was moving farther left, toward socialism and even anarcho-syndicalism.

Prohibitionism and the temperance movement had always been at the centre of Cotterill's morality. His parents had been members of the United Kingdom Temperance Alliance. During his childhood in England, he attended the Band of Hope, an organisation for children's temperance education. His mother had formed the local chapter. He attended a convention of the International Order of Good Templars in 1897 and was involved with the Templars for the rest of his life, serving for a time as Grand Secretary of the Washington State division and later as Chief Templar of the national division. He was a member of the Anti-Saloon League and in 1909, was appointed by President Taft to represent the US at the International Congress against Alcoholism; in 1913 he was reappointed to this role by President Wilson.

As mayor, Cotterill instigated an anti-vice campaign that raised civil liberties issues, and he soon became embroiled in other issues, as well. There were thousands of vice-related warrantless arrests, and the crackdown on vice may simply have created new and different modes of police corruption.

At this time, Seattle had a big summer celebration known as Potlatch Days, the name deriving from the potlatch ceremonies of the indigenous peoples of the region. In summer 1913, during the Golden Potlach celebration, Blethen succeeded in stirring up already hot tempers and sparking a riot that destroyed the local offices of the Industrial Workers of the World and of the Socialist Party. Cotterill shut down the saloons, suspended all street meetings, and attempted to close the Seattle Times. In this last, he was stopped by a judge; he and police chief Claude Bannick nearly found themselves arrested. However, he survived a recall attempt instigated by Blethen.

That was hardly the last of the labour troubles Cotterill faced as mayor. Later that year, the Teamsters struck for union recognition and a closed shop. Cotterill attempted to remain neutral, which the employers viewed as support for the union.

Later career
Rather than seek re-election as mayor, in 1914 Cotterill ran again for the United States Senate. Again, he lost. In 1916, he was appointed Chief Engineer of the state highway department. In 1922, he was elected to the first of four three-year terms on the Seattle Port Commission, after which he worked a variety of jobs, including working for the King County Assessor's Office until retiring at the age of 84.

Cotterill seems never to have given up hopes of resuming a career in electoral politics. He ran for governor in 1928 and for at least five various city and state offices between 1932 and 1951. His finances fared poorly in the Great Depression, which was part of the reason he worked into his 80s. Most likely, he would have worked even longer if the state had not adopted a mandatory retirement law for government employees over 70.

Roughly a decade after his retirement, he died in a Seattle nursing home.

References

Further reading

 George F. Cotterill Papers. 1839-1958. 12.78 cubic feet. At the Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections.

Mayors of Seattle
1865 births
1958 deaths
Politicians from Oxford
American surveyors
American civil engineers
American Congregationalists
British emigrants to the United States
Washington (state) Democrats
Washington (state) Republicans
American temperance activists
Georgist politicians


Afro-Brazilian literature has existed in Brazil since the mid-19th century with the publication of Maria Firmina dos Reis's novel Ursula in 1859. Other writers from the late 19th century and early 20th century include Machado de Assis, Cruz e Sousa and Lima Barreto. Yet, Afro-Brazilian literature as a genre that recognized the ethnic and cultural origins of the writer did not gain national prominence in Brazil until the 1970s with the revival of Black Consciousness politics known as the Movimento Negro.

History

Literature written by individuals or groups of African ancestry in the present-day nation of Brazil, it can trace its origins to the 19th century. However, oral traditions of histories and narratives can be traced back to the 16th century when African slaves were brought across the Atlantic to work in the Portuguese colonies. Written forms of Afro-Brazilian literature do not appear until the 19th century with publications by writers such as Maria Firmina dos Reis, Cruz e Sousa and Machado de Assis.

There also existed during the 19th century a vast wealth of literature on Afro-Brazilians written by White Brazilians. Many of these writers were abolitionists that included Castro Alves, Joaquim Nabuco, Joaquim Manuel de Macedo, and Naturalist writers that included Aluísio Azevedo, Jose Veríssimo, and Raul Pompéia. The well known Bahian author of the 20th century, Jorge Amado, also included many aspects of Afro-Brazilian culture and religion in many of his novels such as Tenda dos Milagres (Tent of Miracles) and A Morte e a Morte de Quincas Berro Dágua (The Two Deaths of Quincas Wateryell).

With the largest population of African descendants outside of Africa found in Brazil, the importance of focusing on Afro-Brazilian literature has increased in recent years with the publication of multiple anthologies and literary criticisms revolving around Afro-Brazilian writers. Furthermore, Afro-Brazilian literature reflects the complex relationship between Brazil's long history of slavery, its politics of branqueamento (racial whitening) that were implemented by the Brazilian government during the late 19th and beginning of the 20th century, and the myth of racial democracy that pervaded and still exists within the Brazilian national consciousness.

Major writers/contributors

19th century

Maria Firmina dos Reis
Born in São Luiz do Maranhão October 11, 1825, Maria Firmina dos Reis was a mulata woman living in a segregated society. Her maternal aunt was crucial in her education as well the writer Sotero dos Reis. During the beginning of the 1880s, she creates the first free and coed state school in Maranhão while simultaneously maintaining a constant presence in the local press publishing poetry, fiction and chronicles. In 1859, she publishes her best known book, Úrsula which focuses on the issue of slavery from the perspective of the "Other". Because of the attitudes regarding the silencing and submission of women in 19th-century Brazilian society, Maria Firmina dos Reis omits her name from the cover of "Úrsula" and writes the pseudonym "Uma Maranhense” (A Maranhese woman). It is not until 1975, when Horácio de Almeida publishes a facsimile of Úrsula, that Maria Firmina dos Reis is revealed as the author of the book.

Luis Gama

Cruz e Sousa

Machado de Assis
Considered to be the greatest Brazilian writer and the first writer to be inducted into the Brazilian Academy of Letters, Machado de Assis was a mulatto (more specifically, a quadroon) whose grandparents were slaves.

20th century

Lima Barreto

Solano Trindade

Abdias do Nascimento

Quilombhoje
An Afro-Brazilian literary group founded by a group of Paulistanos in 1980 by Cuti, Oswaldo de Camargo, Paulo Colina, Abelardo Rodrigues and others, its objective was to discuss and deepen the understanding of Afro-Brazilians in literature. It also desired to promote the habit of reading and to develop and to encourage studies, research and analysis concerning Black literature and culture. The group is best known for its annual publication of Cadernos Negros (Black Notebooks), an anthology of poetry, fiction, and essays by Afro-Brazilian writers, artists and intellectuals. In collaboration with other organizations and academic literary departments, they have created courses, seminars, and debates about Afro-Brazilian literature and questions of race in literature. Since 1999 the group is coordinated by Esmeralda Ribeiro and Márcio Barbosa.

Late 20th/early 21st century

Joel Rufino dos Santos
He was a Brazilian historian, writer, and human rights activist. He also wrote children's and non-fiction books. Santos was an important exponent of Afro-Brazilian literature in Brazil in the second half of the 20th century and was a professor at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. He became known for his contributions to the history of Afro-Brazilian culture and literature in Brazil. At the same time he fought in his work for recognition of the black minority and against racism. He was also a fighter for democracy in Brazil.

Paulo Lins
Best known for his novel Cidade de Deus (City of God), Paulo Lins currently teaches at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Cidade de Deus was the result of eight years of ethnographic fieldwork that Lins conducted in the favela of the same name and where he grew up as a child. Lins is currently working on a book that deals with slavery in Brazil since the 15th century.

Ferréz and Literatura Marginal (Marginal Literature)
Literatura Marginal was another Afro-Brazilian literary group founded by a group of writers and artists from the São Paulo favela of Capão Redondo in 2005. This literary group has a strong relationship with the hip-hop culture of São Paulo with writers crossing over into the production of rap, and rap artists crossing over into the field of literary production. One of the leaders of Literatura Marginal, Ferrez, is considered to be the most published and best known writer of this group. His first publication came in 1997 with a collection of poetry entitled Fortaleza da Desilusão (Fortress of Disillusion). He then published two novels: Capão Pecado and O Manual Pratico do Odio (The Practical Manual of Hate). His writings have a prominent aesthetic of gratuitous violence and sex that conveys life in the urban periphery. The use of slang and Afro-Brazilian cultural and historical allusions is commonly found throughout his novels as well.

Afro-Brazilian literary studies and criticism

In recent years, Afro-Latino Studies has gained attention in U.S., Latin-American, European and African universities. Within this broad field of study, Afro-Brazilian Literary & Cultural Studies has also gained traction in National Literature, Anthropology, History, and other academic departments. Several notable books include The Afro-Brazilian Mind: Contemporary Afro-Brazilian Literary and Cultural Criticism, edited by Niyi Afolabi (Assistant Professor, Department of Spanish & Portuguese, University of Texas at Austin), that brings together writers, academics, and intellectuals from the U.S. and Brazil to focus on the genre of Afro-Brazilian literature and culture. Another important book is Writing Identity: The Politics of Afro-Brazilian Literature by Emanuelle Oliveira (Associate Professor, Department of Spanish & Portuguese, Vanderbilt University) uses Pierre Bourdieu's theory of culture production to analyze Quilombhoje's literary and cultural production as Afro-Brazilians. Black Brazil: Culture, Identity, and Social Mobilization, edited by Randal Johnson and Larry Crook, is a collection of essays that focus on Afro-Brazilians through the fields of anthropology, history, sociology, literary studies, religious studies, and performance studies.

References

Afro-Brazilian culture
Brazilian literature
African diaspora literature


Benbros (London) Ltd was a British toy company in existence from the late 1940s to 1965.

The company was founded by two brothers, Jack and Nathan Benenson, the name, a contraction of "Benenson Brothers", was adopted in 1951 and the company was based at 145, Gosport Road, Walthamstow.

Benbros produced:
 Die cast metal model cars and farm machinery under the names of "Qualitoys" and "T.V. Series" that came packed in a box that looked like a television set that were later retitled "Mighty Midgets".
 "Zebra Toys" that came in black and white striped boxes that were better quality models.
 Hollow cast metal Robin Hood, cowboy and Indian figures and toy soldiers.

Timpo Toys sold several of their moulds to Benbros, which can lead to collectors to having difficulty identifying which company made some figures.

References
Footnotes

Sources
 Joplin, Norman The Great Book of British Hollow Cast Figures 2000 New Cavendish Books
 Newson, Robert Benbros T.V. Series and Mighty Midgets 2002 R. Newson

Model manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Manufacturing companies of England
Defunct toy manufacturers
Toy companies of the United Kingdom
Toy brands
Toy cars and trucks
Toy soldier manufacturing companies
1953 establishments in England
1965 disestablishments in England


Al-Hudood Sports Club () is an Iraqi professional sports club based in Falastin Street, East Districts of the Tigris River, Baghdad. It has teams in various sports including football, basketball, Jujutsu, Kickboxing, and Wrestling. The best known section of the club is the Jujutsu, Kickboxing, and Wrestling teams who play in the Arab and Asian tournaments as representatives of Iraq.

History
Al-Hudood were founded in 1976 by the Border Guards Command of the MOI, In 2008–09 season, the football team was playing in the Iraqi Premier League for first time. It was less successful during the first two seasons, and relegated to Iraq Division One at the end of the 2009–10 season. But regained promotion one year later, it played in league in 2011–12 season, and was relegated to Division One again. But two years later, the team was promoted to the Iraqi Premier League, has resumed playing in the league since the 2014–15 season until it was relegated to the Division One in the 2020–21 season.

In addition to the club's participation in the Iraqi Premier League and Iraq FA Cup, the club has a military football team playing in the Interior Ministry League. In January 2018, they beat Himayat Al-Munshaat wal-Shakhsiyat on penalties to win the Iraqi Ministry of Interior Cup.

Current squad

First-team squad

Out on loan

Current technical staff

{| class="toccolours"
!bgcolor=silver|Position
!bgcolor=silver|Name
!bgcolor=silver|Nationality
|- bgcolor=#eeeeee
|Manager:||Adel Nima||
|-
|Assistant manager:||Ibrahim Abed Nader||
|- bgcolor=#eeeeee
|Assistant manager:||Qasim Farhan||
|-
|Fitness coach:||Faris Jihad||
|-
|Goalkeeping coach:||Hisham Ali||
|-bgcolor=#eeeeee
| Director of football:||Hazim Taymouz||
|-
| Administrative director:||Muslim Karim||
|-bgcolor=#eeeeee
| Club doctor:||Firas Al-Minshedawi||
|-

Kit suppliers

Managerial history

  Adel Nima
  Abdul Ameer Naji
  Thair Adnan
  Adel Nima
  Ali Wahab
  Adel Nima
  Mudhafar Jabbar
  Adel Nima
  Mudhafar Jabbar
  Ammar Hussien
  Abbas Attiya
  Adel Nima

Honours
Iraqi Division One (second tier)
Winners (1): 2021–22

References

External links
 Club page on Goalzz

Sport in Baghdad
1976 establishments in Iraq
Football clubs in Baghdad


Interlac is a bimonthly amateur press association devoted to the DC Comics science fiction superhero team the Legion of Super-Heroes. It was the first APA devoted to the Legion and, despite the decline of APAs due to Internet forums, continues to operate to this day. June 2021 marked the 45th anniversary. The site is named after the fictional language of the same name, which is the primary language used in the comic's setting.

History
Rich Morrissey founded the APA in June 1976, calling it LEAPA (the LEgion Amateur Press Association); it changed its name to Interlac three mailings later. There were 15 founding members, and the first mailing was 26 pages.

At the time, there were few general-interest comics APAs, CAPA-alpha and APA-5 being the exceptions, but never before in comic book fandom had the fans of a single comic book come together in a single APA. While Interlac's form came from CAPA-alpha, its membership came from the Legion Fan Club (started by 13-year-old Mike Flynn in 1972) and The Legion Outpost (a fanzine started in 1972).

In 1976, the Legion of Super-Heroes comic was finally on a solid footing, with the rich Legion mythos giving members plenty to discuss. As the roster grew—soon reaching its 50-member limit—it became clear that the APA had become a true community. Members met each other at comic book conventions and became real-life friends; members Tom Bierbaum and Mary Gilmore met through the APA, began a romance, and eventually married. The Bierbaums later graduated from Interlac to working as scripters of the Legion comic itself.

The roster, with the exception of a few stalwarts, has turned over repeatedly, breathing fresh life and bringing new points of view into the forum. All the same, in 2000, eight of the 15 founders were still on the roster, waiting list, or honorary membership list, and four of the original 15 had remained on the roster continuously.

At one point, a spin-off APA devoted to music was formed, dubbed Quarternotes by its founders.

Policies
 Membership
Interlac membership is limited to 50 roster slots. Minimum activity requirement is four collated and stapled pages in any three consecutive mailings. Applicants for membership send the Leader $10.00 to join the waitlist. A new waitlister receives a copy of the most recently available mailing and thereafter a Bulletin until becoming a member. Waitlisters are encouraged to submit contributions from the waitlist; for doing so, they'll be eligible to purchase a copy of the mailing the contribution appears in. Any waitlister, having contributed at least ten pages, may be granted an extension of their invited period at the Leader's discretion.

Honorary memberships have been awarded to former members of at least three years whose presence "significantly enriched Interlac and furthered its goals". No more than one person per year may be awarded an honorary membership.

 Expenses
Divided evenly among the members, except the Leader(s) (to a maximum of two individuals at a time), who is exempt. Mailings for sale are available to members and waitlisters.

 Leadership elections
The Leader is elected by the majority of the voting membership to a one-year term. The Leader is responsible for distributing mailings, appointing a Deputy to serve in case of absence, setting deadlines, presenting a complete statement of the APA's finances in each mailing's Bulletin and interpreting the Constitution. The Leader is responsible for setting the copy count within a limit of 60.

Notable members (past and present)
 Jim Shooter (founding member)
 Tom and Mary Bierbaum
 Dave Cockrum
 Colleen Doran
 Paul Levitz
 Tom McCraw
 Mark Waid
 Jim Chadwick

See also
 Legion of Super-Heroes
 Amateur press association
 Interlac
 Science fiction fandom

References

External links

Legion of Super-Heroes
Comics fandom
Magazines about comics
Zines


David Popescu (25 May 1886 – 11 April 1955) was a Romanian  general during World War II and Interior Minister in 1940.

Biography
He was born in 1886 in Comarnic, Prahova County, Kingdom of Romania, the son of Iulian (a priest) and Maria.  He attended primary school in his hometown, and then went to the  in Ploiești. He started military service in 1905, advancing to sergeant by 1906. After attending the Military School for Infantry and Cavalry Officers, he graduated in 1908 with the rank of second lieutenant; after further studies at the Special Infantry School, he was promoted to captain in 1912.  In 1913 he fought with the 7th Regiment Vânători in the Second Balkan War.  Once Romania entered World War I on the side of the Allies in August 2016, Popescu fought in Dobruja as a battalion commander of the 40th Infantry Regiment.  He was wounded in action and sent to a hospital in Iași for treatment. Promoted to major in 1917, he spent the rest of the war instructing cadets in Iași and Botoșani.

From 1921 to 1922, Popescu attended the Military Academy of Turin. After advancing in rank to lieutenant colonel in 1925, Popescu served as instructor at the Higher War School, and then as military attaché in Rome from 1928 to 1930. During that period he was awarded the Order of the Crown (Romania), Knight rank and the Order of the Crown of Italy, Officer rank. He was promoted to colonel in 1930, and brigadier general in 1938. He commanded the Guards Brigade from 1937 to 1939, after which he became the Deputy Chief of the General Staff and served as director of the National Military Circle, February–March 1939.

Popescu served as the Minister of Internal Affairs in the Gigurtu cabinet from July 4 to September 4, 1940, and in the First Antonescu cabinet from September 4 to September 14, 1940. In early July he helped manage the flow of refugees from Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina in the wake of the Soviet annexation of those Romanian territories. On August 30, Popescu participated in a meeting of King Carol II's Crown Council, where he was (alongside Gheorghe Mihail, Nicolae Păiș, and ) one of the four out of five military representatives who recommended accepting the provisions of the Second Vienna Award, by which Romania were to cede Northern Transylvania to Hungary.

On January 10, 1941 he was named commanding officer of the 11th Infantry Division of the Romanian Armed Forces. On May 9, 1941 he was awarded the Order of the Star of Romania, Commander rank. Romania joined Operation Barbarossa on 22 June 1941 in order to reclaim the lost territories of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina. Popescu fought with his division in Southern Bessarabia and at the Siege of Odessa. On August 20 he was removed from the command of the division, and on August 31 he was dismissed and put into the reserves. After King Michael's Coup of August 23, 1944, he was rehabilitated and promoted, first to divisional general and then to army corps general.

In 1946 Popescu was investigated by the Bucharest People's Tribunal in connection with Ion Antonescu's trial, but he was not arrested. After being denounced in 1950 as a "deadly enemy of communism", he was arrested and imprisoned at Jilava Prison.  He was released on July 4, 1953, and acquitted of all charges. He died in Bucharest in 1955.

References

External links

1886 births
1955 deaths
People from Comarnic
Romanian Land Forces generals
Romanian military personnel of World War II
Romanian Ministers of Interior
Commanders of the Order of the Star of Romania
Knights of the Order of the Crown (Romania)
Recipients of the Order of the Crown (Italy)
Romanian collaborators with Nazi Germany
Romanian military personnel of the Second Balkan War
Romanian military personnel of World War I
People detained by the Securitate
Inmates of Jilava Prison


Mysterious Journeys is a paranormal television series that aired on the Travel Channel. Similar to Weird Travels (on the same channel), In Search Of..., and Is It Real? (on the National Geographic Channel), the show explores a variety of topics often considered pseudoscientific or paranormal, covering everything from ghosts, monsters, and UFOs to strange disappearances and historical locations. The show is usually presented through interviews, reenactments and scene footage, with narration by Dellums.

The show premiered on March 20, 2002, and ran a limited 4-episode season, halting production until 2007 when an additional 10 episodes aired. The show has since halted production and it is unknown if any further episodes will air, as there is little to no information available on the Travel Channel's website.

Cast and crew
Erik Todd Dellums - Narrator
Ron Zimmerman - Director (2002)
Joe Swift - Executive Producer (2002)
Mike Mathis - Producer (2002)
Vera Golakova - Supervising Producer (2002)
Joshua Finn - Segment Producer (2002)
Kurt Knutsen - Post Supervisor (2002)
Megan Peterson - Writer/Director/Producer (2007)
Elizabeth Browde - Executive Producer (2007)
Valerie W. Chow - Executive Producer/Supervising Producer (2007)
Tom Rogan - Executive Producer (2007)
Lawrence Williams - Producer (2007)
Cassie Lambert - Segment Producer (2007)

Episodes

Season 1 (2002)

Season 2 (2007)

Reception
The ratings of Mysterious Journeys have been positive, gaining a 4.5 out of 5 on TVGuide.com.

References

External links
Mysterious Journeys at TVGuide.com
Mysterious Journeys on Mahalo.com

Travel Channel original programming
Television series by Authentic Entertainment
Paranormal television


Laser-based angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy is a form of angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy that uses a laser as the light source. Photoemission spectroscopy is a powerful and sensitive experimental technique to study surface physics. It is based on the photoelectric effect originally observed by Heinrich Hertz in 1887 and later explained by Albert Einstein in 1905 that when a material is shone by light, the electrons can absorb photons and escape from the material with the kinetic energy: , where  is the incident photon energy,  the work function of the material. Since the kinetic energy of ejected electrons are highly associated with the internal electronic structure, by analyzing the photoelectron spectroscopy one can realize the fundamental physical and chemical properties of the material, such as the type and arrangement of local bonding, electronic structure and chemical composition.

In addition, because electrons with different momentum will escape from the sample in different directions, angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy is widely used to provide the dispersive energy-momentum spectrum. The photoemission experiment is conducted using synchrotron radiation light source with typical photon energy of 20 – 100 eV. Synchrotron light is ideal for investigating two-dimensional surface systems and offers unparalleled flexibility to continuously vary the incident photon energy. However, due to the high costs to construct and maintain this accelerator, high competition for beam time, as well as the universal minimum electron mean free path in the material around the operating photon energy (20–100 eV) which leads to the fundamental hindrance to the three-dimensional bulk materials sensitivity, an alternative photon source for angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy is desirable.

If femtosecond lasers are used, the method can easily be extended to access excited electronic states and electron dynamics by introducing a pump-probe scheme, see also two-photon photoelectron spectroscopy.

Laser-based ARPES

Background
Table-top laser-based angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy had been developed by some research groups. Daniel Dessau of University of Colorado, Boulder, made the first demonstration and applied this technique to explore superconducting system. The achievement not only greatly reduces the costs and size of facility, but also, most importantly, provides the unprecedented higher bulk sensitivity due to the low photon energy, typically 6 eV, and consequently the longer photoelectron mean free path (2–7 nm) in the sample. This advantage is extremely beneficial and powerful for the study of strongly correlated materials and high-Tc superconductors in which the physics of photoelectrons from the topmost layers might be different from the bulk.
In addition to about one-order-of-magnitude improvement in the bulk sensitivity, the advance in the momentum resolution is also very significant: the photoelectrons will be more broadly dispersed in emission angle when the energy of incident photon decreases. In other words, for a given angular resolution of the electron spectrometer, the lower photon energy leads to higher momentum resolution. The typical momentum resolution of a 6 eV laser-based ARPES is approximately 8 times better than that of a 50 eV synchrotron radiation ARPES. Besides, the better momentum resolution due to low photon energy also results in less k-space accessible to ARPES which is helpful to the more precise spectrum analysis. For instance, in the 50 eV synchrotron ARPES, electrons from the first 4 Brillouin zones will be excited and scattered to contribute to the background of photoelectron analysis. However, the small momentum of 6 eV ARPES will only access some part of the first Brillouin zone and therefore only those electrons from small region of k-space can be ejected and detected as the background. The reduced inelastic scattering background is desirable while doing the measurement of weak physical quantities, in particular the high-Tc superconductors.

Experimental realization
The first 6 eV laser-based ARPES system used a Kerr mode-locked Ti: sapphire oscillator is used and pumped with another frequency doubled Nd:Vanadate laser of 5 W and then generates 70 fs and 6 nJ pulses which are tunable around 840 nm (1.5 eV) with the 1 MHz repetition rate. Two stages of non-linear second harmonic generation of light are carried out through type Ι phase matching in β-barium borate and then the quadruple light with 210 nm (~ 6 eV) is generated and finally focused and directed into the ultra-high vacuum chamber as the low-energy photon source to investigate the electronic structure of the sample.

In the first demonstration, Dessau’s group showed that the typical forth harmonic spectrum fits very well with the Gaussian profile with a full width at half maximum of 4.7 meV as well as presents a 200 μW power. The performance of high flux (~ 1014- 1015 photons/s) and narrow bandwidth makes the laser-based ARPES overwhelm the synchrotron radiation ARPES even though the best undulator beamlines are used. Another noticeable point is that one can make the quadruple light pass through either 1/4 wave plate or 1/2 wave plate which produces the circular polarization or any linear polarization light in the ARPES. Because the polarization of light can influence the signal to background ratio, the ability to control the polarization of light is a very significant improvement and advantage over the synchrotron ARPES. With the aforementioned favorable features, including lower costs for operating and maintenance, better energy and momentum resolution, and higher flux and ease of polarization control of photon source, the laser-based ARPES undoubtedly is an ideal candidate to be employed to conduct more sophisticated experiments in condensed matter physics.

Applications

High-Tc superconductor
One way to show the powerful ability of laser-based ARPES is to study high Tc superconductors. The following figure references refer to this publication. Fig. 1 shows the experimental dispersion relation, binding energy vs. momentum, of the superconducting Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+d along the nodal direction of the Brillouin zone. Fig. 1 (b) and Fig. 1 (c) are taken by the synchrotron light source of 28 eV and 52 eV, respectively, with the best undulator beamlines. The significantly sharper spectral peaks, the evidence of quasiparticles in the cuprate superconductor, by the powerful laser-based ARPES are shown in Fig. 1 (a). This is the first comparison of dispersive energy-momentum relation at low photon energy from table-top laser with higher energy from synchrotron ARPES. The much clearer dispersion in (a) indicates the improved energy-momentum resolution as well as many important physical features, such as overall band dispersion, Fermi surface, superconducting gaps, and a kink by electron-boson coupling, are successfully reproduced. It is foreseeable that in the near future the laser-based ARPES will be widely used to help condensed matter physicists get more detailed information about the nature of superconductivity in the exotic materials as well as other novel properties that cannot be observed by the state-of-the-art conventional experimental techniques.

Time-resolved electron dynamics
Femtosecond laser-based ARPES can be extended to give spectroscopic access to excited states in time-resolved photoemission and two-photon photoelectron spectroscopy. By pumping an electron to a higher level excited state with the first photon, the subsequent evolution and interactions of electronic states as a function of time can be studied by the second probing photon. The traditional pump-probe experiments usually measure the changes of some optical constants, which might be too complex to obtain the relevant physics. Since the ARPES can provide a lot of detailed information about the electronic structures and interactions, the pump-probe laser-based ARPES may study more complicated electronic systems with sub-picosecond resolution.

Summary and perspective
Even though the angle-resolved synchrotron radiation source is widely used to investigate the surface dispersive energy-momentum spectrum, the laser-based ARPES can even provide more detailed and bulk-sensitive electronic structures with much better energy and momentum resolution, which are critically necessary for studying the strongly correlated electronic system, high-Tc superconductor, and phase transition in exotic quantum system. In addition, the lower costs for operating and higher photon flux make laser-based ARPES easier to be handled and more versatile and powerful among other modern experimental techniques for surface science.

See also
Photoemission
ARPES
Two-photon photoelectron spectroscopy
Synchrotron radiation
XPS
Fermi surface
List of laser articles

References

Emission spectroscopy
Synchrotron-related techniques


Al-Nasiriya Sports Club (), often simply known as Al-Nasiriya SC, is an Iraqi professional football club based in An Nasiriyah, Dhi Qar Governorate. Founded on 21 October 1961, the club competes in the Iraq Division One. An Nasiriyah FC is nicknamed Sons of Sumer ().

The An Nasiriyah Stadium is where Al-Nasiriya SC play their home games. It is a multi-use stadium in An Nasiriyah, Iraq and has a maximum capacity of around 10,000.

Managerial history
  Ahmed Daham
  Murtadha Ali
  Ali Jawad
  Ali Wahaib
  Dhiaa Abdul-Nabi
  Mubarak Matar
  Mohsin Abdul-Nabi
  Aqeel Mohammed

References

External links
 Al-Nasiriya SC on Goalzz

1961 establishments in Iraq
Association football clubs established in 1961
Football clubs in Dhi Qar


Paul Alexiu (April 8, 1893 in Bucharest – September 30, 1963, in Bucharest) was a major-general in the Romanian Armed Forces during World War II.

After attending the Artillery Military School in Bucharest (1911–1913), he graduated with the rank of second lieutenant. After World War I, he pursued his studies at the Higher War School (1920–1922).  Alexiu was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1933 and to colonel in 1938.

The start of Operation Barbarossa on 22 June 1941 found Colonel Alexiu in command of the 3rd Artillery Regiment from the 10th Artillery Brigade, in charge of two 75mm Gun Battalions and one 100mm Howitzer Battalion. During World War II he fought on the Eastern Front, participating in the Crimean campaign, especially in the July 1942 battle at Eltigen in the Kerch Peninsula. He served as commanding officer of the 4th Artillery Regiment between 1941 and 1942, and in 1942 to 1943 he served as the commanding officer of the artillery 10th division. He was promoted to brigadier general in March 1943, and was put in reserve in June 1943.

After King Michael's Coup of August 1944, Alexiu was recalled to active duty in December 1944, and assigned to the command of an artillery brigade attached to the 1st Army. In mid-April 1945 he took command of the 18th division, and fought at the Váh River near Trenčín in western Slovakia, during the Bratislava–Brno Offensive.

In August 1946 he was promoted to major general. From 1946 to 1947, Alexiu was the inspector of artillery. He became commanding 2nd Military Region in 1947 and general officer commanding anti-aircraft defence in 1949. In a secret report from June 1949, the CIA mentioned that Alexiu had been promoted to lieutenant general, and was a "devoted Communist". After retiring from the Army in March 1950, he was arrested in January 1954 and set free in September 1954; while in detention, he was investigated for actions taken during the Odessa massacre of October 1941.

Awards and honors
 Officer of the Order of the Star of Romania (8 June 1940).
Order of the German Eagle (1943).

References

1893 births
1963 deaths
Military personnel from Bucharest
Romanian Land Forces generals
Romanian military personnel of World War II
Officers of the Order of the Star of Romania
Carol I National Defence University alumni
Prisoners and detainees of Romania
Romanian prisoners and detainees


David L. Robbins (born 1954) is an American author of several historical fiction novels, and a co-founder of the James River Writers.  He founded the Richmond-based Podium Foundation.

Biography
The son of two World War II veterans, David Lea Robbins was born on March 10, 1954, in Richmond, VA.  He received his B.A. in Theater and Speech from the College of William and Mary in 1976, then his Juris Doctor from the same school four years later.

He spent one year practicing environmental law in South Carolina then turned to freelance writing. He did not devote his time to writing fiction until  1988 when he discovered the true-life duel between the top Soviet and German snipers at the battle of Stalingrad. He spent two months traveling in the Soviet Union to research the novel which became his first bestseller in 1990, War of the Rats. With its publication, and his subsequent novels, Robbins was able to become a full-time novelist.

In 2007, Robbins returned to William & Mary, this time as the Writer in Residence. He followed that up with a decade teaching advanced creative writing at Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) Honors College, then the VCU Art School.

Robbins founded James River Writers in 2002. The original board included other Richmond writers and members of the literary community, including Dean King, Tom De Haven, and Phaedra Hise, to encourage creative expression in the Richmond area. Since its founding, the nonprofit organization has held literary contests, newsletters, and a yearly conference as well as exposing readers to contemporary authors who come to speak.

Robbins became interested in creating opportunities for underserved students in Richmond Public Schools through creative expression and writing. In 2008, he and friend Lindy Bumgarner started The Podium Foundation, with Robbins as the fledgling organization's first chair and Bumgarner as Executive Director, a role she filled until 2019 when she joined the marketing team of the Richmond area YMCA. Podium is a grassroots non-profit organization that provides youth in the Greater Richmond Metropolitan Area with the skills to become confident and capable readers, writers, and communicators. Podium holds weekly after-school, in-school, and summer programs and publishes both a quarterly zine and annual journal composed of students’ work.

In 2015, Robbins, with assistance from the Virginia War Memorial, founded "The Mighty Pen Project," a university-style writing class offered at no cost to veterans to encourage and teach them to share their stories. Two years after founding The Mighty Pen, the Virginia War Memorial approached Robbins about making the MPP a full-time program of the state-run War Memorial. Today, the Mighty Pen Project is one of the Virginia War Memorial's most prized programs, with Robbins doing the teaching. In recent years, Podium students have had opinion pieces published in the Richmond Times-Dispatch, online journals, and other school publications. The organization gives thousands of inner-city students the opportunity to experience the power of the written word and uncover their potential.

Again finding ways to spread the benefits of writing to deserving, underserved and traumatized communities, Robbins founded Frontline Writers https://www.frontlinewriters.org for first responders in the Richmond area, including fire, police, and emergency response personnel. Frontline Writers was designed similarly to the Mighty Pen,. as a writing program to help capture and honor stories of service.

In addition to writing novels, Robbins is an avid sailor, sportsman and musician.

When not traveling to research his novels, he lives in his hometown of Richmond, VA.

Novels
Robbins’s first book, Souls to Keep (pub. 1998 by HarperCollins), attracted little attention. His breakthrough came in 1999 with the publication of War of the Rats, a recounting of the Russian and German sniper duels over the city of Stalingrad. The novel became an international bestseller and made the NY Times bestseller list.

Robbins followed up War of the Rats with The End of War, another World War II-era tale of the approach of the Allied forces and the fall of Berlin, this time adding civilian perspectives to his narrative. His fourth novel, Scorched Earth, addressed contemporary racism in the American South.  Robbins returned to World War II with Last Citadel, describing Cossack traditions and partisan warfare during the tank battle of Kursk in August 1943. Liberation Road deals with the experience of black and Jewish minorities in the U.S. Army during the war.

Branching from historical fiction into alternate history, The Assassin’s Gallery features the assassination of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. It is the first of Robbins’ novels to have a direct sequel, The Betrayal Game, in which an American teacher visiting Havana is embroiled in a conspiracy to assassinate Fidel Castro before the Bay of Pigs invasion. Quentin Tarrantino has credited The Assassins Gallery as inspiring his film Inglorious Basterds, allowing him the freedom to assassinate Hitler in the film.

Robbins' novel Broken Jewel was released in 2009 by Simon & Schuster. In this novel, Robbins explores the Pacific Theater and the atrocities committed upon the so-called “comfort women” enslaved by the Japanese military.

Beginning in 2012, Robbins next published a four-book series of novels about the US Air Force pararescue jumpers, called the "PJs."  The series begins with adventure tale of Somali pirates and international intrigue influenced by Mary Shelley, The Devil's Waters, was published in 2012 and reached #2 on Amazon's sales ranking. The sequel, The Empty Quarter, was published in 2014. The Devil's Horn is the third in the series. The PJ books conclude with The Low Bird, a novel based on the true-to-life rescue of an F-105 pilot downed in the Vietnam War.

In 2021, Robbins published another historical epic, Isaac's Beacon, set during the time between the end of WWII in 1945 and the creation of the state of Israel in '48.

Bibliography

World War II novels
 War of the Rats (Bantam, 2000),
 The End of War (Bantam, 2000),
 Last Citadel (Bantam, 2003),
 Liberation Road (Bantam 2005),
 Broken Jewel (Simon & Schuster, 2009)

Alternate history
 The Assassin’s Gallery (Bantam, 2006)
 The Betrayal Game (Bantam, 2008)

USAF Pararescue Thrillers
 The Devil's Waters (Thomas & Mercer, 2012),
 The Empty Quarter (Thomas & Mercer, 2014),
 The Devil's Horn (Thomas & Mercer, 2015),
 The Low Bird (Thomas & Mercer, 2016),

History of Israel

 Isaac's Beacon (Wicked Son, 2021)

Other books
 Souls to Keep (HarperCollins, 1998),
  Scorched Earth (Bantam, 2002),
 The Finger: A Novel of Love & Amputation (Amazon, 2014)

References

External links

 James River Writers (official)
 The Podium Foundation
 David L. Robbins at publisher Simon & Schuster
 The Mighty Pen Project

Review of ‘Isaac's Beacon’ by David L. Robbins | Ellis Shuman | The Blogs (timesofisrael.com)
Author website https://www.davidlrobbinsauthor.com/

1954 births
College of William & Mary alumni
College of William & Mary faculty
William & Mary Law School alumni
Living people
Writers from Richmond, Virginia
American male writers


Barbu Alinescu (20 January 1890–30 November 1952) was a major general of the Romanian Armed Forces during World War II.

He was born in Bucharest in 1890. After graduating from military school with the rank of second lieutenant, he participated in the Second Balkan War in 1913, and then promoted to lieutenant. At the start of World War I he fought at the Battle of Turtucaia in 1916, after which he was promoted to captain and then to major the next year.  After the war, Alinescu pursued his studies at the Higher War School (1919–1921), after which he was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1927, to colonel in 1934, and to brigadier general in 1939.

From 1940 to 1942 Alinescu was the director of the National Military Circle. In 1941, he became the Inspector of Engineers and that same year the Commanding Officer of the 1st Engineers Brigade. He was awarded the Order of the Crown, Commander class, on 9 May 1941.

After Romania entered World War II on the side of the Axis Powers, he became General Officer Commanding 4th Infantry Division on 1 August 1942. In November 1942, at the start of Battle of Stalingrad, his division was part of the 7th Corps (commanded by lieutenant general ) of the Fourth Army  (under the command of lieutenant general Constantin Constantinescu-Claps). On 27 November 1942, Alinescu was dismissed by Conducător Ion Antonescu and put into reserve, the command of the 4th Division being assigned to colonel Ion A. Dumitriu. In 1943 Alinescu was promoted to major general (in reserve), and on 1 July 1945 he was recalled to active duty.

He died in Bucharest in 1952.

References

1890 births
1952 deaths
Romanian Land Forces generals
Romanian military personnel of World War II
Commanders of the Order of the Crown (Romania)
Romanian military personnel of World War I
Romanian military personnel of the Second Balkan War
Military personnel from Bucharest
Carol I National Defence University alumni


Salahaddin SC () is an Iraqi football team based in Tikrit.

Honours

Major
Iraq Stars League
Champions (1): 1982–83

Minor
Al-Wehdat Championship
Winners (1): 1983
Rovers Cup
Winners (1): 1982

Notable head coaches

 Wathik Naji
 Douglas Aziz
 Basim Qasim

References

External links
 Club page on Goalzz

1975 establishments in Iraq
Association football clubs established in 1975
Football clubs in Saladin


Constantin Anton (May 21, 1894 in Bucharest – March 17, 1993 in Bucharest) was a brigadier general of the Romanian Armed Forces during World War II.

From 1944 to 1946, he served as the Inspector-General of the Jandarmeria Română, a Romanian military police force. In 1948, he was arrested and tried by the Bucharest People's Tribunal for "complicity with high treason". He was sentenced to 18 years of hard labor as a result. In 1952, his sentence was altered to 10 years in prison and demotion to civilian status. In 1959, he was released, and in 1964 he was reinstated to the military with the rank of divisional general.

References

Romanian Gendarmerie officers
Romanian military personnel of World War II
1894 births
1993 deaths
Romanian Land Forces generals
Military personnel from Bucharest
Prisoners and detainees of Romania
Romanian military personnel of World War I
Romanian military personnel of the Second Balkan War
Carol I National Defence University alumni
Recipients of the Order of the Crown (Romania)


Pepper Young's Family is a daytime drama series, with various format and title changes during its long run from 1932 to 1959. It was created and written by short story author and playwright Elaine Sterne Carrington.

History
With Burgess Meredith in the title role, the program began as Red Adams, about high school athlete Red Adams, his family, and his friends. The 30-minute series was broadcast on the Blue Network, airing on Sunday nights at 10:30pm. When Beech-Nut Gum signed as a sponsor, they wanted no mention of their competition, Adams gum, so the title changed to Red Davis, a 15-minute series heard three times a week from 1933 to 1935. The series was again retitled, and the 15-minute Forever Young was heard on NBC weekdays at 3pm from January 13 to June 26, 1936. Three days later, on June 29, it became Pepper Young's Family, continuing on NBC for the next 23 years with Procter & Gamble's Camay as the sponsor.

Meredith was replaced by Curtis Arnall in 1934 who played the title role through 1937 when Lawson Zerbe took over.  Next Mason Adams assumed Pepper's persona in 1945 and continued to portray him through the final episode in 1959, more than half of the program's entire history.

In the storyline, high school athlete Larry "Pepper" Young and his sister Peggy (Elizabeth Wragge) lived in the small town of Elmwood where their father, Sam Young (Jack Roseleigh, Bill Adams, Thomas Chalmers) ran a manufacturing company. Pepper's girl friend was Linda Benton (Eunice Howard), and his buddy was Nick Havens (John Kane). Leaving school, Pepper took a job as a reporter with the local Free Press. When Pepper and Linda (played by Margaret Draper) married, they had a child, Button. Sam Young became Elmwood's mayor. Oil was discovered on the farm where Pepper and Linda lived, but a fire at the oil well spread, burning down much of the town.

Others in the cast were Grace Albert, Marion Barney (as Pepper's mother), Alan Bunce, Michael Fitzmaurice, Stacy Harris, Claire Howard, Madge Kennedy, Greta Kvalden, Cecil Roy, Laddie Seaman, Jean Sothern, Arthur Vinton, Edwin Wolfe (who also directed some shows).

Announcers included Martin Block, Alan Kent and Richard Stark. The opening piano theme was Au Matin.

Carrington continued to script the program until her death in 1958. She also wrote scripts for two other daytime dramas, When a Girl Marries and Rosemary.

In 1964, NANA Radio began production of newly written episodes of Pepper Young's Family. At least 88 of these revival episodes are in circulation today.

Comic strip adaptation
Bernard Krigstein adapted the radio series into a comic strip in 1950, but his work never found a publisher.

See also
List of radio soap operas

References

Sources
Cox, Jim. Historical Dictionary of American Radio Soap Operas, Scarecrow Press, 2005.

External links
Pepper Young's Family comic strip
Pepper Young's Family article in TV Radio Mirror, November 1956

1932 radio programme debuts
1959 radio programme endings
American radio soap operas
NBC radio programs
NBC Blue Network radio programs
Radio programs about families


Adalbert Ricken (18 March 1851 – 1 March 1921) was a German Roman Catholic priest and mycologist born in Fulda.

He attended the seminary for Roman Catholic priests in Fulda, and afterwards was a priest and chaplain at several locations in the Fulda diocese.

He made contributions in the classification of fungi, and was the author of a popular textbook on mushrooms called Vademecum für Pilzfreunde (Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf). Another noted work by Ricken was Die Blätterpilze (Agaricaceae) Deutschlands und der angrenzenden Länder, besonders Oesterreichs und der Schweiz (1915), a publication on fungi from the family Agaricaceae that are native to central Europe.

The genus Rickenella from the family Repetobasidiaceae is named in his honor. Since 1987, the "Adalbert Ricken Preis" is awarded by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Mykologie for research done by young amateur mycologists.

References

 Biography of Adalbert Ricken
 German Mycological Society Adalbert-Ricken-Preis

German mycologists
People from Fulda
1851 births
1921 deaths


Ilie Antonescu (19 February 1894–22 November 1974) was a major general of the Romanian Armed Forces during World War II.

Antonescu was born in Turnu Severin, in the western part of the historical region of Oltenia. He became a Commanding Officer 6th Călărași Cavalry Regiment in 1941, and moved to the 55th Exploration Group and then to the 6th Călărași Cavalry Regiment that year.  In 1942, he served as the Romanian Liaison Officer to Army Group South, the Chief 4th Section forward echelons General Headquarter, and the Chief of Staff 5th Corps Area.  He was Deputy General Officer Commanding 5th Cavalry Division in 1943, and in 1944 became General Officer Commanding 5th Training Cavalry Division, then General Officer Commanding 5th Cavalry Division, and finally Assistant Inspector-General of Cavalry.  He commanded the 9th Cavalry Division in 1944, and spent 1945–1948 in reserve.  Antonescu retired in 1948.

His awards include the Order of the Star of Romania, Officer class (June 8, 1940) and the Order of Michael the Brave, 3rd class (August 4, 1945).

References

1894 births
1974 deaths
People from Mehedinți County
Romanian Land Forces generals
Romanian military personnel of World War II
Officers of the Order of the Star of Romania
Recipients of the Order of Michael the Brave


Gressoney (, ) was a commune of Aosta Valley in north-west Italy. It was created in 1928 by the union of the two existing communes of Gressoney-La-Trinité and Gressoney-Saint-Jean. Between 1939 and 1946 its official name was Italianized as Gressonei, after which the commune was suppressed and the two former municipalities reconstituted.

Former municipalities of Aosta Valley


Whirlpool Corp v Camco Inc, [2000] 2 S.C.R. 1067; 2000 SCC 67, is a leading Supreme Court of Canada decision on patent claim construction and double patenting. The court adopted purposive construction as the means to construe patent claims.  This judgement is to be read along with the related decision, Free World Trust v Électro Santé Inc, [2000] 2 S.C.R. 1066, 2000 SCC 66, where the Court articulated the scope of protection provided by patents.

Background

Law
The Canadian patent system prohibits double patenting, acquiring two patents for the same invention. In order to determine whether an inventor has secured a double patent, courts compare the claims of the patents, searching for identical or conterminous claims. This process is known as "same invention" double patenting. Another type of double patenting, known as "obviousness" double patenting is in no way explained other than "when the second, later set of claims are not patently distinct from the claims of the earlier patent."

Facts
In the 1970s, Whirlpool developed a dual-action washing machine agitator that utilized the bottom portion of the shaft for the usual oscillating motion but added an upper sleeve that was designed to work as an auger. The auger propelled water and clothing downwards toward the agitator's oscillating vanes so as to produce more uniform scrubbing. Whirlpool secured three Canadian patents for this work. In the first patent, the dual agitator was powered by a drive shaft.  A second patent (known as the '803 patent) substituted a clutch mechanism for the drive shaft. Both patent specifications described the agitator's vanes as being rigid. Whirlpool's third patent, known as the '734 patent, featured flexible vanes on the lower agitator instead of rigid vanes.

The courts below

At trial in the Federal Court, the trial judge found that the '734 patent was a valid patent, and that it had been infringed by Camco. Camco appealed this ruling to the Federal Court of Appeal, who dismissed the appeal. Camco then appealed to the Supreme Court of Canada.

See also

 List of Supreme Court of Canada cases (McLachlin Court)

Notes

External links
Trial

Patents
Canadian Patent 1113156
Canadian Patent 1150361

Canadian patent case law
Supreme Court of Canada cases
2000 in Canadian case law


"Back to Your Heart" is a song by Australian singer-songwriter Delta Goodrem, co-written by Goodrem with John Shanks and Matthew Copley. It was released to streaming services on 4 August 2023 by Goodrem's own label ATLED Records.

Background
The release of "Back to Your Heart" was announced by Goodrem in July 2023, scheduled for the following month under her own record imprint, ATLED Records.

In an interview with Retro Pop Magazine, Goodrem discussed the conception of her new music, and said "that last album was so intense and heavy; it was me at the piano asking, 'Where do we come from? How did I get here? What do I need to do to heal and work through?'… It was a real deep dive", but that while touring with the Backstreet Boys in 2022 she was "surrounded by so much fun, which gave me a sense of freedom in what I wanted to do now!".

Critical reception
"Back to Your Heart" was positively received upon release, with the Official Charts Company describing the song as "a souring behemoth bursting with early nineties nostalgia" and comparing it to the music of Celine Dion and Tina Turner. Cassandra Green of Marie Claire Australia wrote that the song "brings an 80s energy and is a real belter: the kind of anthem you can’t help but want to sing along to in the car, in the shower and into your hairbrush."

Women in Pop said "The song is an anthemic, uplifting pop-rock track with a classic, addictive ‘na-na-na’ melody that quickly lodges itself in your head. Goodrem's voice is, as always, pure magic as she sings of never giving up and always trust what your heart tells you"

Chart performance
"Back to Your Heart" entered the UK Singles Downloads Chart at number 25 on 11 August 2023.

Track listing

Charts

Release history

References

2023 singles
2023 songs
Delta Goodrem songs
Pop ballads
Songs written by Delta Goodrem
Songs written by John Shanks


Nao Takasugi (April 5, 1922 – November 19, 2009) was an American politician from California, a member of the Republican Party, and a survivor of the Japanese American internment camps.

Early life
Born and raised in Oxnard, California, Takasugi was the valedictorian of his Oxnard High School class and worked in the family grocery store, the Asahi Market, before he enrolled at UCLA.  After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Executive Order 9066, he was pulled out of the university at the age of 19 and removed with other Japanese Americans to the Tulare Assembly Center, where he shared a converted horse stall with his family. While in Tulare, Takasugi worked as a teacher's aide at the camp high school, teaching business and Spanish. He was later transferred to the War Relocation Authority camp at Gila River, Arizona. In February 1943, Takasugi became one of 4,000 students released from camp to continue college and relocated to the East Coast.  He earned his bachelor's degree from Temple University in 1945 and his MBA from the Wharton School of Business at the University of Pennsylvania in 1946.

After graduating from the Ivy League school, he applied to multiple accounting firms in Philadelphia; he was turned down at each firm, later explaining, "They'd say, 'With that Asian face, we can't put you in the field." He instead returned to Oxnard to work in his family's Asahi Market.  The Takasugi family had opened the store in 1907 and had left it in the custody of employee Ignacio Carmona when they were forced to enter camp.  Upon the Takasugis' return from Gila River, Carmona returned control of the store to the Takasugis.

In 1952, Takasugi married his wife, Judy, with whom he had five children, Scott, Russell, Ron, Tricia and Lea.

Public service
After the City of Oxnard turned down his efforts to get a new sign for his family's market, Takasugi felt the city needed someone with a head for business to cut through the bureaucracy and decided to run for the City Council and won a four-year term in his first election in 1976.  He was reelected to the council in 1980 and then was elected Mayor of Oxnard in 1982.  Takasugi won re-election as Mayor four more times before winning election to the Assembly.

Takasugi won election to the California State Assembly in 1992, then becoming the only Asian American in the legislature at that time. A moderate, he succeeded conservative icon Tom McClintock in the Ventura County based 37th district (formerly the 36th). He won easy reelection in 1994 and 1996 but term limits prevented him from running again in 1998.

In the year 2000 Takasugi ran for a seat on the board of the Oxnard Harbor District and won.  He remained in the position until retiring in 2008.

Later life
In his final year in the Assembly at the age of 76, Takasugi suffered a heart attack while jogging outside his Sacramento apartment near the California State Capitol.

The Takasugi family was featured in the book "The Greatest Generation" by Tom Brokaw.  During his interview with Brokaw, Nao Takasugi said "I find that I am compelled to remember the best – not the worst – of that time. To focus not on the grave deprivation of rights which beset us all, but rather on the countless shining moments of virtue that emerged from the shadows of that dark hour".

At the age of 87, Takasugi died of complications from a stroke on November 19, 2009, at 8:20 P.M. at St. John's Regional Medical Center in Oxnard.  He was survived by his wife of 57 years, Judy.

Electoral history

References

1922 births
2009 deaths
People from Oxnard, California
American mayors of Japanese descent
American politicians of Japanese descent
California city council members
Asian-American city council members
Japanese-American internees
California politicians of Japanese descent
Mayors of places in California
Republican Party members of the California State Assembly
Temple University alumni
Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania alumni
20th-century American politicians
Burials at Ivy Lawn Cemetery
Asian conservatism in the United States
Oxnard High School alumni


Kai Chung Secondary School (, abbreviation SMKC) is a public secondary school in Bintangor, a town in the East Malaysian state of Sarawak. This school is also a non-fully government school.

References

External links
 Homepage of SM Kai Chung
 SM Kai Chung's Blog Site

Secondary schools in Sarawak
Educational institutions established in 1922
1922 establishments in Sarawak