The small penis rule is an informal strategy used by authors to evade libel lawsuits. It was described in a New York Times article by Dinitia Smith in 1998:

The small penis rule was referenced in a 2006 dispute between Michael Crowley and Michael Crichton. Crowley alleged that after he wrote an unflattering review of Crichton's novel State of Fear, Crichton included a character named "Mick Crowley" in the novel Next. The character is a child rapist, described as being a Washington, D.C.–based journalist and Yale graduate with a small penis.

See also
 Defamation
 Dignitary tort

References

1998 neologisms
Defamation
Human penis
Informal legal terminology
Rules
Human size


Rapthi Raffella Dannielle Kerkoven (born 6 October 1987) is a Sri Lankan model and former beauty pageant title-holder.

Biography
Kerkoven was born in Colombo, Sri Lanka. She has completed her education with a diploma in airline ticketing and reservations, and works as a model. Kerkoven is the niece of Sri Lankan designer Kirthi Sri Karunaratna and the daughter of former model Rehana Kerkoven. Brian Kerkoven, the renowned designer, is her paternal uncle.

Kerkoven began modelling when she was 12 years old. She competed in Miss World 2006, representing Sri Lanka, after being nominated by a local travel agency. The 2006 Miss World Sri Lanka pageant having been cancelled due to security reasons. In 2012, Kerkoven entered the International Best Female Model World pageant, held in Spain, and placed second runner-up. In 2014, she won the title of Asia's Top Fashion Model of the Year (Female Category) at the Fashion Asia Awards.

In 2017, Kerkoven was appointed a World Peace Ambassador by the World Peace and Diplomacy Organisation India.

References

1987 births
Burgher models
Living people
Miss World 2006 delegates
People from Colombo
Sri Lankan beauty pageant winners


Bibishki () is a rural locality (a village) in Safonovsky District of Smolensk Oblast, Russia, located  southeast of Safonovo and  south of the M1 "Belarus" Highway, on the right bank of the Vopets River. Population: 16 (2007 est.); area:

References

Rural localities in Smolensk Oblast


The electoral districts of Lower Canada were territorial subdivisions of the British North American Province of Lower Canada serving as the basis of the representation of the population in the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada, the lower house of the Provincial Parliament of Lower Canada. This house was the first legislative assembly in the history of Quebec. The districts were used between 1792 and 1838, date at which the constitution of the country was suspended as a consequence of the Rebellions of 1837.

The Constitutional Act of 1791 provided for the creation of a House of Assembly or Legislative Assembly, made up of at least 50 elected members. Lieutenant governor Alured Clarke divided the territory of the province into 27 districts each returning one or two Members to the Provincial Parliament. 23 districts were returning two MPPs and 4 were returning a single one. The rural districts were called  counties (French: comtés), while the urban ones were called cities (cités) or bouroughs (bourgs). 16 out of 27, bore typically English names, while the others bore French or Indigenous names.

In 1828, governor James Kempt, who was in good terms with the elected House of Assembly, favoured the redrawing of the electoral map: five new districts were created, in total electing 8 new MPPs, in the newly settled Eastern Townships. These elected their first representatives to Parliament in 1829. The following year, the old districts were subdivided into smaller ones, which for the most part were given French names. A last district was created in 1832 and a second seat was added to existing ones, so that when the constitution was suspended in 1838, there were 46 electoral districts in Lower Canada and they were returning 90 MPPs in total. 29 of these bore French names, 11 Indigenous names and 6 English names.

1792 to 1829

1829 to 1838

Notes

References
 Reports of Commissioners on Grievances Complained of in Lower Canada. Ordered by the House of Commons to be printed, 20th February, 1837, in Parliamentary Papers, 1837, XXIV, 3-416. (online)
Lacoursière, Jacques (1996). Histoire populaire du Québec, tome 2,  Sillery: Septentrion (preview)


U.S. Army Garrison Baden-Württemberg oversaw a diverse group of United States military communities in the southwest of Germany, focusing on maintaining a high quality for the life of soldiers, civilians and family members under the U.S. Army's Installation Management Command Europe Region Headquarters at Patton Barracks in Heidelberg. It provided support and supervision for U.S. Army Garrison Kaiserslautern, among others.

USAG Baden-Wuerttemberg was activated March 27, 2008. Its original predecessor organization from 1991 to 2005 was the 26th Area Support Group. From 2005 until 2008, USAG Heidelberg fulfilled both the local community support and regional command functions.

Besides providing homes for thousands of American forward-deployed soldiers and their families, until 2013 the communities also served as bases for several major headquarters, including U.S. Army Europe and IMCOM-Europe Region.

Due to the relocation of the U.S. Army Europe headquarters and all its personnel to Wiesbaden, U.S. Army Garrison Baden-Württemberg and all its services were closed on 26 September 2013. The last active military US Installations located in the Mannheim and Heidelberg area of the German state of Baden-Württemberg were scheduled to close by the end of 2014.

References

External links
Link to the U.S. Army Garrison Baden-Wuerttemberg home page
U.S. Army Installation Management Command Europe Region
U.S. Army Garrison Kaiserslautern
U.S. Army Europe
IMCOM-Europe Region

Baden-Württemberg
Military installations of the United States in Germany


Agnes Blannbekin (;  – 10 March 1315) was an Austrian Beguine and Christian mystic. She was also referred to as Saint Agnes Blannbekin or the Venerable Agnes Blannbekin, though never beatified or canonized by the Roman Catholic Church. Her revelations were compiled by an anonymous confessor before being transcribed by the monk Ermenrich and later published in 1731 as Venerabilis Agnetis Blannbekin. The copies were confiscated by the Society of Jesus, and only two manuscripts survived. One was destroyed in a fire at the Strasbourg library in 1870. The surviving manuscript, currently owned by a Cistercian convent in Zwettl, Austria, was not released until the 20th century. Although Blannbekin is best remembered today for her visions, during her life she was known for her ministry to the urban population and her strange and provocative expressions of faith.

Life
Blannbekin was likely born in Plambach, Austria to a peasant family; due to her Life and Revelations being the only source of information from her directly, little is known with certainty. Her surname, which is also sometimes spelled Blanbakin, is a derivation of the name of this village (i.e., Plambachen). At the age of seven or eight, Blannbekin began secretly giving her meals to the poor. By the age of ten or eleven, she began craving the sacramental bread. In around 1260, she joined the Third Order of Saint Francis in Vienna; for the rest of her life she refused to eat meat, claiming the body of Christ was enough meat for her.

During services and prayers in her early teenage years, Blannbekin began to hear voices which explained spiritual mysteries. Like her more famous contemporary, Angela of Foligno, Blannbekin's revelations were dictated to an anonymous Franciscan confessor, and were transcribed by the Franciscan friar Ermenrich possibly as early as 1318; like many women mystics during this time, Blannbekin herself was illiterate. Devotional texts by women mystics that are "co-authored" in this way are thought to suffer from interference from the filtering and dilution of their male scribes. Understandings of the "construction of authorial personae" necessitate doubts of the validity of the transcriptions.

Her visions are typified as distinctive to high medieval devotionalism and used "familiar teaching techniques such as enumerating twelve glories of the Virgin, five types of confessors, and four ways of receiving the eucharist, made memorable through vivid color symbolism and animal imagery," though marked by the eroticism ingrained in them.

Blannbekin's contemporaries were quick to show contempt for her, and she carried the reputation of being "odd" even when she held respect. In one story, she was derided for compulsively bowing toward a basement window as she walked through town, but regained respectability after a stolen Eucharist was discovered in that said basement; however, occasions like these led to her feeling "wrongly accused and defamed."

Association with extremist religious consumption
At the age of seven or eight, Blannbekin began secretly giving her meals to the poor; she would continue performing acts of both charity and self-starvation throughout her life. By the age of ten or eleven, she began craving the sacramental bread. In around 1260, she joined the Third Order of Saint Francis in Vienna, and for the rest of her life she refused to eat meat, claiming the body of Christ was enough meat for her; this led to her joining the legacy of mystics who used food and consumption (or lack thereof) as a vehicle for the soul to express its desire for God, because food was "a central metaphor [and] the most direct way of encountering God." Caroline Bynum writes:…to eat Christ is to become Christ. The Christ one becomes, in the reception of communion and in the imitation of asceticism, is the bleeding and suffering Christ of the cross. The flesh of Jesus—both flesh as body and flesh as food—is at the very center of female piety. And this flesh is simultaneously pleasure and pain.Blannbekin also joined the ranks of spiritual women who often fasted for long periods to induce a "suffering" as an offering to Christ. Gluttony ("the major form of lust") is sinful in the Christian faith, and as it is the binary opposite of fasting ("the most painful renunciation"), the church is predisposed to indulge fasting as a saintly act—however, this opens a channel for extremism that has been renounced in recent decades. Like saints receiving stigmata, spiritual women who practiced extreme fasting “felt that [their] suffering was service—that it was one with Christ's suffering and that it therefore substituted for the suffering of others, both their bodily ills and their time in purgatory, and viewed the physicality of their starvation as their bodies "quite literally [becoming] Christ's macerated and saving flesh." Through this physical performance of religiosity, pious revelations had a literality that enhanced the fulfillment of worship for medieval Christians.

Association with mystic eroticism
Although not all of her revelations were considered obscene, they included visions of monks, women, and Jesus naked, and described pseudo-sexual ecstasy at receiving them. In one vision, she claimed to have felt the foreskin of Jesus in her mouth:Crying and with compassion, she began to think about the foreskin of Christ, where it may be located [after the  Resurrection]. And behold, soon she felt with the greatest sweetness on her tongue a little piece of skin alike the skin in an egg, which she swallowed. After she had swallowed it, she again felt the little skin on her tongue with sweetness as before, and again she swallowed it. And this happened to her about a hundred times. And when she felt it so frequently, she was tempted to touch it with her finger. And when she wanted to do so, that little skin went down her throat on its own. And it was told to her that the foreskin was resurrected with the Lord on the day of resurrection. And so great was the sweetness of tasting that little skin that she felt in all [her] limbs and parts of the limbs a sweet transformation.Blannbekin described herself as continually beset with visions throughout the day, which she described as imber lacrimarum, or a "rain of tears" from God. Many of these visions involved bright lights, and in one she described being "so filled with light within that she could gaze at herself." As with the foreskin occasion, many of her visions involved touch, such as being kissed on the cheeks by the Lamb of God. While eating the Eucharist, Blannbekin claimed to taste Christ; on one occasion, a sexually immoral priest could not find his Eucharist, which Blannbekin claimed to have felt in her own mouth. Similarly, she described drinking a "refreshing spiritual drink" from the spear wound of Jesus. Supposed visitations from Jesus himself caused an orgastic reaction: "Agnes herself was filled with an excitement in her chest every time that God visited her that was so intense that it went through her body and that it burned as a result, not in a painful but in a most pleasurable manner."

The eroticism of Blannbekin's visions are not without precedent; other mystics also presented Christ images with sexual effects or connotations. The reputation she earned during her lifetime is thought to be more related to her behavior than the erotic content of her visions, and sexual contextualization of religious revelations for women was common.

Criticism and support
Modern scholars are splintered over the themes and messages of Blannbekin. Most accounts take a gynocentric viewpoint, e.g. analyzing the erotic images of Christ in terms of feminist criticism; this presents a patterned shift in her reception: as third-wave feminism of the early 1990s reintroduced sex-positivity and Blannbekin's Life and Revelations came back into the medievalist spotlight, her work garnered a remarkable amount of support. Before this, eroticism intermingled with Christian revelations were treated disdainfully.

Additionally, modern critics are increasingly more concerned with explicating the prejudice (albeit standard) in her work:Medieval women, like medieval men, had the choice to support or subvert Christianity's efforts to marginalize and persecute groups such as homosexuals, lepers, Jews, and people of color. Thus, we find Agnes repeating the widely known legend about the death of sodomites at the birth of Christ. She repeatedly condemns Jews, presents a negative portrayal of Ethiopians and associates dark skin with evil, and interprets leprosy as a sign of moral corruption. When read from the perspective of any of these marginalized groups, Agnes's religious beliefs are put into sharp relief as an example of Christian hegemonic strategies, often successful, to employ its subaltern members to its own ends.While this is a mar on the universality of Blannbekin's work, it is still an opportunity for scholars of women's spirituality to peer into the life of an "odd" beguine who emblemizes common topics of interest in Medieval mysticism.

Death
Blannbekin died in Vienna on 10 March 1315, in her convent.

References

Further reading
 Critical edition of her Vita et Revelationes and German translation: Peter Dinzelbacher and Renate Vogeler, Leben und Offenbarungen der Wiener Begine Agnes Blannbekin, Goppingen 1994.

1240s births
1315 deaths
Austrian saints
13th-century Austrian people
13th-century Austrian women
13th-century Christian mystics
14th-century Austrian people
14th-century Austrian women
14th-century Christian mystics
14th-century Christian saints
Austrian women writers
Christian female saints of the Middle Ages
Medieval Austrian saints
Members of the Third Order of Saint Francis
Roman Catholic mystics
13th-century women farmers
13th-century farmers
14th-century women farmers
14th-century farmers


Thomas Fec (born February 6, 1980), better known by his stage name Tobacco (stylized in all caps), is an American electronic musician. He is the frontman of the psychedelic rock band Black Moth Super Rainbow, in addition to working as a solo artist.
As of late 2018, he has teamed up with rapper Aesop Rock to become the music duo Malibu Ken, releasing their self-titled debut album in January 2019.

History
He grew up in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, and graduated from Hampton High School in 1998 along with bandmate Seth Ciotti. In a 2009 interview with Skyscraper Magazine, Tobacco said that his name derived from "a character that freaked me out as a kid, the Tobacco Man," referring to the character from the film Redneck Zombies. In a 2016 interview with Song Exploder podcast, Tobacco discloses that he doesn't know "any instruments," but that he became enamored with a four-track recorder that his parents gave him while he was in high school.

Tobacco released his first solo album, Fucked Up Friends, on Anticon on October 14, 2008. It was recorded using entirely analog equipment. Rolling Stone said of the album, "one of the year's best stoner-rock records – only it's powered by synths, hip-hop beats and vocoders instead of guitars." Exclaim! called it "worthy of obsessive listening." The album featured a guest appearance from Aesop Rock. A DVD of the album had been released more than a year prior, on September 3, 2007, by The 70's Gymnastics Recording Company.

In February 2010, an e-mail sent out to the Black Moth Super Rainbow/Tobacco e-mail list announced a new CD by Tobacco entitled Maniac Meat that would feature Beck on two tracks titled "Fresh Hex" and "Grape Aerosmith." Tobacco revealed that in making the album, the two exchanged parts for songs via e-mail, and that they had never actually met in person. On March 30, 2010, the website Pitchfork Media released the first song from Maniac Meat titled "Sweatmother". The album came out on May 25 on Anticon.

LA UTI was released on November 9, 2010, on Anticon as a companion piece to Maniac Meat. The EP features underground rappers such as Doseone, Rob Sonic, Serengeti among others. Tobacco produced the track "Glass Coffins" from Antipop Consortium rapper Beans' solo album End It All in 2011. In February 2012 it was announced that Tobacco and Zackey Force Funk were teaming up to release an album under the band name Demon Queen. The album, Exorcise Tape, was released March 8, 2013 on Rad Cult.

Several of Tobacco's songs are featured in the HBO series Silicon Valley, including "Stretch Your Face", which serves as the show's theme song. In 2017, Tobacco toured with Nine Inch Nails and would have opened for them on their September US tour. He would later collaborate with Trent Reznor on the song "Babysitter" from Tobacco's 2020 album Hot Wet and Sassy. In January 2021, Tobacco announced his upcoming album Fucked Up Friends 3 for release some time in the year, alongside a lead single called "This Man".

Style
In an interview with Kotori Magazine in September 2008, Tobacco explained the difference between Black Moth Super Rainbow and Tobacco: "Mostly everything I've done with BMSR is made to be pop. And  of people say BMSR is bordering on hip-hop beats. So with Tobacco, I wanted to embrace my beats and get darker and sleeker with it all. I want to make you feel paranoid in a good way. There’s something seriously fucked about workout tapes from the mid 80s, and just about everything obscure on beta tape. They make me feel awful, but really good and curious at the same time. With this Tobacco stuff, I’m trying to translate that feeling."

Tobacco told Song Exploder that he wants his drum beats to sound "as real as possible," so he does not use quantization to perfect the timing. He speaks against music that is too "clean" or "clinical," and notes that his album "Sweatbox Dynasty" features many sounds recorded on the first take.

Tobacco's live shows mainly consist of him and BMSR bandmate The Seven Fields of Aphelion, and an unnamed person from Portland, Oregon , playing along with video projections from Fucked Up Friends and Fucked Up Friends 2.

Discography

Albums
 Fucked Up Friends (Anticon, 2008)
 Maniac Meat (Anticon, 2010)
 Ultima II Massage (Ghostly, 2014)
 Sweatbox Dynasty (Ghostly, 2016)
 Hot Wet & Sassy (Ghostly, 2020)
 Fucked Up Friends 3 (Rad Cult, 2021)
 Skids and Angels (Rad Cult, 2022)

EPs and singles
 Fresh Hex (Anticon, 2010)
 Mystic Thickness (Anticon, 2010)
 LA UTI (Anticon, 2010)
 Lipstick Destroyer (Volcom, 2013) split with Black Bananas
 Hungry Eyes (Ghostly, 2020)

Compilations
 The Allegheny White Fish Tapes (Rad Cult, 2009)
 Ripe & Majestic (Instrumental Rarities & Unreleased Beats) (Rad Cult, 2017)
 High on Life Original Soundtrack Vol 1 (Rad Cult, 2023)

Collaborations
 Exorcise Tape (Esorcizzare Nastro) (Rad Cult, 2013) (with Zackey Force Funk as Demon Queen)
 Malibu Ken (Rhymesayers Entertainment, 2019) (with Aesop Rock as Malibu Ken)

DVDs
 Fucked Up Friends (70s Gymnastics Recording Co., 2007)
 Fucked Up Friends 2 (Rad Cult, 2010)
 Fucked Up Friends 3 (Rad Cult, 2021)

Productions
 Beans – "Glass Coffins" from End It All (2011)
 The Hood Internet – "More Fun" from FEAT (2012) (credited as Tobaxxo)

Remixes
 Genghis Tron – "Relief (Tobacco Remix)" from Board Up the House Remixes Volume 2 (2008)
 Dorosoto – "Emerald Building... (Tobacco Remix)" from Embryonic Audio Restoration (2009)
 Sole and the Skyrider Band – "Battlefields (Tobacco Remix)" from Battlefields (2009)
 Health – "Die Slow (Tobacco Remix)" from Health::Disco2 (2010)
 The Go! Team – "Voice Yr Choice (Tobacco Remix)" from The Go! Team Remixed (2011)
 White Zombie – "Thunderkiss 65 (Tobacco Remix)" from Mondo Sex Head (European Edition) (2012)
 The Red Falcon Projects – "Probotector (Tobacco Remix)" from Ravishing Extras (2013)

References

External links
 Official website

American electronic musicians
Living people
People from Allegheny County, Pennsylvania
Anticon
1980 births


Rizwan Ahmed Cheema (born 15 August 1978) is a former cricketer of the Canadian cricket team. Cheema is a big-hitting batsman who also bowls some medium pace.

Early career

He was born in Muslim Jat family  in Pakistan. Cheema moved to Canada in the early 2000s and had only ever played cricket at club level but his heavy hitting caught attention in the Toronto and District Cricket Association league.

Domestic and T20 franchise career

He turned in a noteworthy season in 2005, scoring 627 runs in 14 matches at just under 50, and taking 24 wickets at 13.12.

After a disappointing 2006, Cheema established himself as the league's most dangerous batsman the following year with two big hundreds 161 off a scarcely believable 61 balls with eight fours with 15 sixes and an effort of 145 with 15 fours and nine sixes.

In 2010, Canada was included in Caribbean T20, the T20 tournament in the West Indies. Due to Ashish Bagai’s injury, Cheema was named as captain for the tournament which also involves seven teams from the Caribbean.

His Canadian team surprised everyone by winning a stirring encounter with England domestic Twenty20 Champions Hampshire cricket club.

He has also made the shortlist for the 2010 IPL contract auction; he is one of 51 people to do so from an original list of 97.

On 3 June 2018, he was selected to play for the Winnipeg Hawks in the players' draft for the inaugural edition of the Global T20 Canada tournament. In June 2019, he was selected to play for the Vancouver Knights franchise team in the 2019 Global T20 Canada tournament. In June 2021, he was selected to take part in the Minor League Cricket tournament in the United States following the players' draft.

International career

Cheema made his international debut at the age of 30 in the Scotia Bank ODI series in King City, Ontario in August 2008.

Cheema came to notice with a 61-ball 89 against West Indies in his second ODI and in the same match also took 3 for 31 in 10 overs which was over shadowed by West Indies cricket team's 303 for 4 which includes century by Xavier Marshall. He followed that up with 61 off 45 balls against the same opposition two days later.

He narrowly misses out in a maiden ODI hundred against Netherlands cricket team in July 2009. Later that month Cheema was one of six players awarded central contracts as Cricket Canada sought to professionalise its structures.

His in ODI is 114.94 which is the top ten list of the highest number of strike rate.
In the Canada T20 tournament, in October 2008, he hit ten sixes, more than either Sanath Jayasuriya or Shahid Afridi and was his team's top run-getter, averaging over 60 in the series. He scored 68 off 43 balls against Sri Lanka in his third game.

Cheema was one of the four, Canadian Cricketer who face visa problem before the World Cup. Cheema hit a fluent 93 from 70 balls from No. 7 at Fatullah in a warm cup game against England.

In September 2018, he was named in Canada's squad for the 2018–19 ICC World Twenty20 Americas Qualifier tournament. In August 2019, he was named in Canada's squad for the Regional Finals of the 2018–19 ICC T20 World Cup Americas Qualifier tournament. In October 2019, he was named in Canada's squad for the 2019 ICC T20 World Cup Qualifier tournament in the United Arab Emirates.

Captaincy career

Cheema was named Ashish Bagai’s deputy for the Canada Tour of Sri Lanka in 2009.
He was appointed captain of the national side for the ICC America's Division One Championship 2009/10 in Bermuda in Ashish Bagai's absence that has been rested ahead of what is to be a gruelling push to the 2011 Cricket World Cup.

He was appointed as full-time captain of Canada in 2012 where he leads them in 2012 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier in UAE where Canada finish Sixth in the tournament.

References

External links

1978 births
Canadian cricketers
Canada One Day International cricketers
Canada Twenty20 International cricketers
Living people
Pakistani emigrants to Canada
Naturalized citizens of Canada
Cricketers at the 2011 Cricket World Cup
Rajshahi Royals cricketers
Cricketers from Gujrat
Pakistani cricketers
Canadian sportspeople of Pakistani descent


Artilleriyskiy Tyagach Lyogkiy, or AT-L (, meaning light artillery tractor) was a Soviet Cold War era artillery tractor. The vehicle has the same cab as the ZIS-150 and ZIL-164 trucks, but has a different front end and grille similar to that of the GAZ-51 truck.

Users

References

Artillery tractors

1950s cars
Military vehicles of the Soviet Union
Malyshev Factory products


Keep On Wombling is the third album released by the Wombles. The songs were written and performed by Mike Batt (vocals/keyboards) with session musicians Chris Spedding (guitars), Les Hurdle (bass), Clem Cattini (drums), Ray Cooper (percussion), Rex Morris (sax), Eddie Mordue (sax) and Jack Rothstein (violin).

This was a departure from the first two albums, being a partial concept album with the first side (subtitled "Orinoco's Dream") following singer Orinoco Womble through a series of dreams. The styles included pop, rock and classical (Hall Of The Mountain Womble is an arrangement of In the Hall of the Mountain King by Edvard Grieg).

The album spent six weeks in the UK album charts, peaking at number 17.

Track listing
All songs written by Mike Batt, unless otherwise noted.

Side One
ORINOCO'S DREAM (Fantasies of a sleeping Womble)
 Womble Of The Universe  (In which Orinoco dreams he is an ASTRONAUT) - 3:41
 The Orinoco Kid (In which Orinoco dreams he is a COWBOY) - 3:17
 The Jungle Is Jumping (In which Orinoco dreams he is a JUNGLE EXPLORER) - 3:21
 Underground Overture (In which Orinoco dreams he is the CONDUCTOR) - 2:39
 The Hall Of The Mountain Womble (Edvard Grieg, arr. Batt) (In which Orinoco's imaginary orchestra does a little turn) - 1:44
 Look Out For The Giant (In which Orinoco imagines a litter crunching giant, GIANT POLU) - 2:24

Side Two
 The Wombling Twist (At the Womble club down in West L.A.) - 3:00
 Tobermory's Music Machine (In which the NEEDLE STICKS) - 2:18
 Wipe Those Womble Tears From Your Eyes (A country Womble ballad) - 3:42
 Invitation To The Ping-Pong Ball (In which we meet the Chinese Wombles, Shanghai Burrow) - 3:49
 Wombling Merry Christmas (With virtuoso sleigh bell performance by Great Uncle Bulgaria) - 3:22

Singles
"Wombling Merry Christmas" was released as single. "The Orinoco Kid" was later released on the B-side of "Superwomble". "The Wombling Twist" was later released on the B-side of "Wombling White Tie And Tails".

"Womble Of The Universe" was used in the soundtrack of the 1977 film Wombling Free.

References

The Wombles albums
1974 albums
Concept albums
Albums produced by Mike Batt


Take My Word For It () is a 30–episode TVB drama broadcast between November 2002 and December 2002.

Synopsis
The story follows the lead characters through their experiences as members of the Police Negotiation Cadre (PNC). The PNC is a volunteer unit of the Hong Kong police force specializing in negotiations with terrorist members, partakers of local violence, and individuals contemplating suicide. The whole series is dotted with both large and small cases handled by the story's heroes and heroines.
There is a love square between Pang Kwok-Tung (Bobby Au-Yeung), Kan Kit (Kenix Kwok), Mok Ka-Chung (Moses Chan) and Poon Man-Ching (Winnie Yeung). Bobby Au-Yeung later finds out that Winnie is cheating on him and secretly meeting Moses, Kenix Kwok's husband. Moses and Winnie leave Hong Kong, however, Moses returns to Hong Kong with the news that Winnie has once again separated from her husband and found another man. Yeung Kwong and Ip Ho-Yan have a comical love relationship, and marry in the end. Eventually, Bobby and Kenix get together. Many problems also happen in Yeung Kwong's (Julian Cheung) family. He is not his father's biological son (although he is favoured over his three siblings). Ip Ho-Yan (Annie Man) has a brief relationship with Julian Cheung's brother, Yeung Hau-Mo (Ellesmere Choi), but it ends when Ellesmere Choi cannot forget his previous girlfriend. Ip Ho-Yan and Julian Cheung start off as beginners learning about PNC. Towards the end, they become professional members of the PNC, and even stop their own instructor, Pang Kwok-Tung (Bobby Au-Yeung) from committing suicide.

Cast
 Bobby Au-Yeung as Pang Kwok-Tung
 Julian Cheung as Yeung Kwong
 Kenix Kwok as Kan Kit
 Annie Man as Ip Ho-Yan
 Moses Chan as Mok Ka-Chung
 Winnie Yeung as Poon Man-Ching
 Ellesmere Choi as Yeung Hau-Mo
 Leila Tong as Ip Ho-Oi
 Catherine Chau as Ip Ho-Hei
 Law Lok Lam as Yeung Sau-Yip
 Yu Chi Ming as Pang Tai-Fuk
 Angelina Lo as Tang Siu-Lan
 Lee Sing Cheung as Pang Kwok-Fu
 Yu Mo Lin as Cheuk Siu-Bing
 Wai Kar Hung as Chai Ka-Chuen
 Kenneth Ma as part of SDU (police, very small role)

Awards and achievements
TVB Anniversary Awards (2003)
 "Top 10 Favorite Characters" (Julian Cheung - Yeung Kwong)

External links
TVB.com Take My Word For It - Official Website
TVB.com Take My Word For It - TVBI Official Website

TVB dramas
2002 Hong Kong television series debuts
2002 Hong Kong television series endings


Kiki Sheung Tin-ngoh (, born 24 July 1963) is a Hong Kong TVB actress. Kiki was originally with TVB, but moved over to rival station ATV in 1995. She moved back to TVB in 2002.

Awards nominations
 Nominated: Hong Kong Film Award for Best Supporting Actress Sentence to Hang (1990)

Filmography

Television

Film
 The Detective (2007)
 I Love Hong Kong (2011)
 A Secret Between Us (2013)

References

External links

1963 births
Living people
Hong Kong film actresses
TVB veteran actors
20th-century Hong Kong actresses
21st-century Hong Kong actresses
Hong Kong television actresses


Guy Fawkes (1570–1606) was a conspirator in the Gunpowder Plot.

Guy Fawkes may also refer to:
 Guy Fawkes (novel), a novel by William Harrison Ainsworth
 Guy Fawkes (film), a 1923 British silent historical film
 Isla Guy Fawkes, an island of the Galapagos Islands
 Guy Fawkes River, a river in New South Wales, Australia
 Guy Fawkes River National Park

See also
 Bridgwater Guy Fawkes Carnival, an annual festival
 Guy Fawkes mask
 Guy Fawkes Night, an annual celebration of the foiling of the plot, on November 5
 Guido Fawkes, a political blog


Live and Unreleased may refer to:
Live and Unreleased, an EP by The Urge
Live and Unreleased (album), an album by Weather Report


Agrochola macilenta, the yellow-line Quaker, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Jacob Hübner in 1809. It is found in Europe (except Russia) and in Asia Minor.

The wingspan is 32–36 mm. Forewing ochreous washed with pale fulvous; the inner and outer lines very faint, marked chiefly by the dark teeth on the veins; a dark spot at base of wing; median shade variable; stigmata of the ground colour, with slight pale outlines, the lower end of the reniform nearly always black; submarginal line ochreous edged inwardly with rufous, nearly straight except for the angulation on vein 7; hindwing grey, the fringe rufous; — in the ab. nigrodentata Fuchs the basal, inner, and outer lines are all strongly marked, blackish and dentate.
The caterpillar is reddish brown with white dots, and three white lines on the back; the line along the spiracles is whitish with a dusky edge above. The head is ochreous brown and the  plate on the first ring blackish lined with white.

The moth flies from September to December depending on the location.

The larvae feed on various shrubs and deciduous trees, including Carpinus, Crataegus, Fagus, Populus, Prunus, Ulmus, Salix, Quercus, Calluna, Hieracium and Plantago.

References

External links

"09571 Agrochola macilenta (Hübner, [1809]) - Gelbbraune Herbsteule". Lepiforum e. V. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
"Geelbruine herfstuil Agrochola macilenta". De Vlinderstichting. Retrieved 22 January 2021.

Agrochola
Moths described in 1809
Moths of Europe
Moths of the Middle East
Taxa named by Jacob Hübner


Agrochola haematidea, the southern chestnut, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Philogène Auguste Joseph Duponchel in 1827. It is found in the southern parts of Europe (including the southernmost parts of Great Britain).

Technical description and variation

A. haematidea Dup. (37 d). Forewing smooth, deep chestnut brown, darker along inner margin, paler in terminal area; cell and median shade deeper chestnut; lines indistinct, the outer double; submarginal line preceded by a row of small black marks and on costa by a blackish blotch; stigmata small, undefined, pale; the orbicular oblique nearly touching reniform at bottom; hindwing fuscous, the fringe pinkish. The forewing has the apex acute and termen oblique.

The wingspan is 32–38 mm.

Biology
The moth flies from October to November depending on the location. The larvae feed on Erica cinerea and Erica tetralix.

Notes

In England it was first discovered by Professor Colin Smith of Cambridge University.

References

External links

Fauna Europaea
"09572 Agrochola haematidea (Duponchel, [1828])". Lepiforum e. V. Retrieved 21 January 2021.

Agrochola
Moths of Europe
Moths described in 1827
Taxa named by Philogène Auguste Joseph Duponchel


In electrical power distribution, armoured cable usually means steel wire armoured cable (SWA) which is a hard-wearing power cable designed for the supply of mains electricity. It is one of a number of armoured electrical cables – which include 11 kV Cable and 33 kV Cable – and is found in underground systems, power networks and cable ducting.

Aluminium can also be used for armouring, and historically iron was used.  Armouring is also applied to submarine communications cables.

Construction

The typical construction of an SWA cable can be broken down as follows:

 Conductor: consists of plain stranded copper (cables are classified to indicate the degree of flexibility. Class 2 refers to rigid stranded copper conductors as stipulated by British Standard BS EN 60228:2005)
 Insulation: Cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) is used in a number of power cables because it has good water resistance and excellent electrical properties. Insulation in cables ensures that conductors and other metal substances do not come into contact with each other.
 Bedding: Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) bedding is used to provide a protective boundary between inner and outer layers of the cable.
 Armour: Steel wire armour provides mechanical protection, which means the cable can withstand higher stresses, be buried directly and used in external or underground projects. The armouring is normally connected to earth and can sometimes be used as the circuit protective conductor ("earth wire") for the equipment supplied by cable.
 Sheath: a black PVC sheath holds all components of the cable together and provides additional protection from external stresses.

The PVC version of SWA cable, described above, meets the requirements of both British Standard BS 5467 and International Electrotechnical Commission standard IEC 60502. It is known as SWA BS 5467 Cable and it has a voltage rating of 600/1000 V.

SWA cable can be referred to more generally as mains cable, armoured cable, power cable and booklet armoured cable. The name power cable, however, applies to a wide range of cables including 6381Y, NYCY, NYY-J and 6491X Cable.

Aluminium wire armoured cable
Steel wire armour is only used on multicore versions of the cable. A multicore cable, as the name suggests, is one where there are a number of different cores. When cable has only one core, aluminium wire armour (AWA) is used instead of steel wire. This is because the aluminium is non-magnetic. A magnetic field is produced by the current in a single core cable. This would induce an electric current in the steel wire, which could cause overheating.

Use of armour for earthing

The use of the armour as the means of providing earthing to the equipment supplied by the cable (a function technically known as the circuit protective conductor or CPC) is a matter of debate within the electrical installation industry. It is sometimes the case that an additional core within the cable is specified as the CPC (for instance, instead of using a two core cable for line and neutral and the armouring as the CPC, a three core cable is used) or an external earth wire is run alongside the cable to serve as the CPC. Primary concerns are the relative conductivity of the armouring compared to the cores (which reduces as the cable size increases) and reliability issues. Recent articles by authoritative sources have analysed the practice in detail and concluded that, for the majority of situations, the armouring is adequate to serve as the CPC under UK wiring regulations.

SWA BS 6724 cable
The construction of an SWA cable depends on the intended use. When the power cable needs to be installed in a public area, for example, a Low Smoke Zero Halogen (LSZH) equivalent, called SWA BS 6724 Cable must be used. After the King’s Cross fire in London in 1987 it became mandatory to use LSZH sheathing on all London Underground cables – a number of the fatalities were due to toxic gas and smoke inhalation. As a result, LSZH cables are now recommended for use in highly populated enclosed public areas. This is because they emit non-toxic levels of Halogen and low levels of smoke when exposed to fire. SWA Cable BS 6724 – which meets the requirements of British standard BS 6724 – has LSZH bedding and a black LSZH sheath.

Use in telecommunications
Armoured cable is used for submarine communications cable to protect against damage by fishing vessels and wildlife.  Early cables carrying telegraph used iron wire armouring, but later switched to steel.  The first of these was a cable across the English Channel laid by the Submarine Telegraph Company in 1851.  Many more telegraph, and later, telephone cables soon followed with multiple cores.  Modern cables are fibre-optic cables rather than copper cores.  The first transatlantic fibre-optic cable was TAT-8 in 1988.

See also
 Electrical cable
 Electrical wiring

References

Electrical wiring
Power cables


Artilleriyskiy Tyagach Sredniy - 59, or ATS-59 (from , meaning medium artillery tractor) was a Soviet Cold War era artillery tractor.

The ATS-59G has a larger cab seating 7 people in two rows. The T-55 tank engine was used and an overpressure NBC system was added. Otherwise the chassis and payload capacity remained unaltered.

The AT-S was developed as the successor for the AT-59. It retained the same payload and towing capability, but had a higher speed, longer range and improved off road capability/

In April 2023, during the war in Ukraine, an armed specimen of 25mm 2M-3M naval gun was photographed.

External links

ATS-59 Medium Tracked Artillery Tractor

Artillery tractors
Military vehicles of the Soviet Union


Stigliano is a village in Tuscany, Italy, a frazione (subdivision) of the comune of Sovicille, in the province of Siena.

History

Ancient era
As showed by excavations of the ruins of  (walls protecting ancient settlements) on the Sienavecchia height, the origins of Stigliano date to Iron Age times. Scholars have suggested that these structures could have been built by the Etruscans as a defence against the invasion of the Senones. The presence of the latter is confirmed by local toponyms such as the name of the village Brenna, close to Stigliano, which could stem from the name of their leader Brennus. The name of the local Merse river, which flows behind Stigliano, is potentially directly related to Merseburg, a town in eastern Germany. Orgia and Rosia are both non-Roman names, possibly related to the Lombard period.

Although very little is known of Stigliano during Roman times, the name Sextilianum, which appears in later records, may show the existence of a private property later on giving the name to the village.

Middle Ages
Stigliano is the site of one of the many castles that were part of the Ardenghesca consortium, feudal lords of Lombard ancestry.

In the Middle Ages Stigliano was the hub of a network of roads crossing the region, one to Massa Marittima and another following the Rosia river to the Maremma area. All routes passed through the villages of Torri and Stigliano; traces of the old roads can be seen in the woods near Stigliano.

The presence of a monastery at Torri triggered economic growth in the area. The monks carried out an agricultural and industrial revolution, draining the marshes and introducing water mills along the Merse. The river accommodated every sort of hydraulic machinery, but mainly the ones, as forges, related to siderurgy.

The abundance of water and wood, so acutely missed by the Siena merchants, influenced the development of Stigliano and the neighbouring villages during the 13th century. These natural resources were of crucial importance for Siena, the major city in the area, who decided finally to take the Ardenghesche lands for its own purposes. The first established industry was that of the Wool Masters, “the Follatura”, who signed a contract with the monks at Torri to develop hydraulic machinery along the Merse river. Later on, the river was diverted to power a series of huge flour mills, built by the Sienese Commune, of which three are still standing: Molino del Pero, near Brenna, Molino Serravalle and Molino del Palazzo. The straight track which goes to San Rocco a Pilli was also built at this time. Some other mills, “Sassa” and “Volta”, are just ruins. These mills were indispensable for the production of flour to supply Siena. Their intricate hydraulic system stretched for kilometres and was one of the most important technical achievements of the Middle Ages in Tuscany.

A careful inventory of land properties in 1320, carried out by the Siena authorities for tax purposes, reveals the main source of incomes from this area in middle age: the iron industry. Although still primitive, siderurgy was greatly improved by hydraulic machinery, and reached high levels of sophistication. During this era, Stigliano was an independent commune, owning large areas of woodland and granting permits for allotments to its inhabitants, not only to farmers but also to commercial entrepreneurs and merchants. There are documents recording land exchanges with the Sienese as far back as the 13th century. However, after the outbreak of the Black Death in 1348 and the subsequent decline of the population, these achievements were neglected and even the revival of agriculture in the 18th century could not compare with the thriving centre in medieval times. The plague and the subsequent appearance of the ruthless condottieri armies, which plundered the countryside, ruined the synergy between the commune and its lands.
Stigliano underwent a stage of refeudalization, and large properties of land were assembled by former merchants and bankers: the Borghese family, who established their master manor in the form of a stronghold at Palazzo, and the Pecci family, who built their own in Poggiarello, the . Further on, a farm belonging to the Sienese hospital Santa Maria della Scala was sold to the Placidi family and became an estate called Poderina (rebuilt in neogothic style in the 19th century). Another Renaissance villa, once owned by the Venturi-Gallerani family, later neglected and transformed into a farmhouse, is in Piaggia.

Frazioni of Sovicille


Pål Thonstad Sandvik (born 1967) is a Norwegian historian. He is professor in economic and business history at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim. He has published extensively on the modern history of Norway. Among his most well-known work is his contribution to the commissioned history about the large Norwegian company Norsk Hydro, which sparked considerable controversy upon publication.

He graduated from the University of Trondheim in 1993 as a cand.philol. in history, and has since published major works on the history of the city of Kristiansand, Falconbridge Ltd.'s nickel refinery in Norway  and the history of the Trøndelag region.  In November 2008, he defended the thesis "The Making of a Subsidiary, Falconbridge Nikkelverk, 1910-1929-2004" for the degree of PhD at NTNU, Trondheim.

References

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20080917144544/http://www.hf.ntnu.no/hf/historie/Ansatte/paal.sandvik/personInfo.html

1967 births
Living people
20th-century Norwegian historians
Academic staff of the Norwegian University of Science and Technology
21st-century Norwegian historians


Laura Rogule (born 5 February 1988 in Riga) is a Latvian chess player who holds the title of Woman Grandmaster. She won the Latvian Chess Championship for women in 2003, 2005, 2006, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2020, 2021, 2022 and 2023. In 2002, she won the World Girls Under-14 Championship.  In 2012, she won the European Blitz Chess Championship and European Rapid Chess Championship in Warsaw.

In August 2022, Laura Rogule was the best among women in the "Riga Technical University Open" tournament "A".

Laura Rogule played for Latvia in Chess Olympiads:
 In 2004, at third board in the 36th Chess Olympiad in Calviá (+5, =1, -5);
 In 2006, at second board in the 37th Chess Olympiad in Turin (+7, =2, -3);
 In 2008, at first board in the 38th Chess Olympiad in Dresden (+3, =4, -3);
 In 2010, at second board in the 39th Chess Olympiad in Khanty-Mansiysk (+5, =1, -3);
 In 2012, at second board in the 40th Chess Olympiad in Istanbul (+5 -2 =2);
 In 2014, at second board in the 41st Chess Olympiad in Tromsø (+6 -2 =2);
 In 2016, at second board in the 42nd Chess Olympiad in Baku (+4 -2 =4);
 In 2018, at first board in the 43rd Chess Olympiad in Batumi (+3 -3 =3).

Laura Rogule played for Latvia in 4th European Team Chess Championship (women):
 In 2001, at reserve board in Leon (+3, =2, -1);
 In 2015, at second board in 20th European Team Chess Championship (women) in Reykjavik (+4 −2 =3);
 In 2019, at second board in the 22nd European Team Chess Championship (women) in Batumi (+4, =1, -4).

References

External links

1988 births
Living people
Latvian female chess players
Latvian chess players
Chess woman grandmasters
Sportspeople from Riga
World Youth Chess Champions


Agrochola decipiens is a moth in the family Noctuidae. It is found in North America.

Agrochola
Moths of North America
Moths described in 1881


is a subway station on the  Fukuoka City Subway Hakozaki Line in Higashi-ku, Fukuoka in Japan. Its station symbol is the gate(Torii) of the Hakozaki Shrine in grey.

Lines

Platforms

Vicinity
Hakozaki Shrine
 - Kyūshū Railway Company : Kagoshima Main Line
Higashi ward office
Higashi Health Center
Fukuoka Prefectural Library

History
September 12, 1983: Decision to build the Station. Tentative name: Hakozaki station.
January 31, 1986: Opening of the station.

Other
A temporary staffed entrance gate is set up during the Hakozaki Shrine festival.

References

External links
 Fukuoka City Subway station information

Railway stations in Japan opened in 1986
Railway stations in Fukuoka Prefecture
Hakozaki Line


Richard Hilton Rand (March 7, 1931 – January 22, 1996) was an American professional baseball catcher who appeared in 72 games in Major League Baseball during all or part of three seasons (,  and ) for the St. Louis Cardinals and Pittsburgh Pirates. Born in South Gate, California, he threw and batted right-handed, stood  tall and weighed .

Rand's pro career stretched over 12 seasons (1949–1959 and 1961). Signed initially by the Cardinals, he had two late-season trials with the Redbirds, collecting 12 hits in 41 at bats (.293) in a dozen games—all of them as the club's starting catcher. St. Louis traded him to Pittsburgh after the 1956 minor-league season, and Rand spent all of 1957 with the Pirates, backing up starting catcher Hank Foiles; he played in 60 contests and started 34 behind the plate. But he batted only .219 and returned to the minors for the rest of his active career.

In the majors, Rand batted .240 lifetime with 35 hits, including three doubles, one triple and two home runs; he had 13 runs batted in.

References

External links

1931 births
1996 deaths
Columbus Jets players
Columbus Red Birds players
Dallas Rangers players
Fresno Cardinals players
Houston Buffaloes players
Major League Baseball catchers
Omaha Cardinals players
People from South Gate, California
Baseball players from Los Angeles County, California
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Pocatello Cardinals players
Rochester Red Wings players
St. Louis Cardinals players
Winston-Salem Cardinals players


Stenje () is a village in the Resen Municipality of North Macedonia. It is located on the shore of Lake Prespa, near the Macedonian-Albanian border and Galičica National Park. Today, the village has 438 inhabitants.

Demographics
As of the most recent national census in 2002, Stenje has an ethnically homogeneous population of Macedonians. The village is also one of only four in the municipality to have gained population from the 1994 census to the latest one.

All but one of the villagers declared Macedonian to be their mother tongue.

Religion
All of Stenje's residents identified as Macedonian Orthodox in the previous census. The village has four churches including the Church of St Atanas, the Church of Ss Cyril and Methodius, the Church of St Nicholas, and the Church of the Presentation of the Holy Mother of God.

People from Stenje
Stojan Georgiev (? - 1922), revolutionary and member of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization

References

Villages in Resen Municipality


Rosales Airport is an airfield located in Barangay Carmen, Rosales, Pangasinan, in the Philippines. During the World War II era, before and after the occupation of Clark Air Base by the Japanese, Rosales Airport acted as a secondary airfield for U.S. Air Force aircraft stationed there. Rosales Airport is listed by the Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines as a community airport and active for general aviation and more commonly known as 'Carmen Airstrip' for its proximity to the town.  Its dirt runway is listed with a length of 2625 ft.

http://www.the-airport-guide.com/airport.php?airports_id=12927

Airports in the Philippines
Transportation in Pangasinan
Buildings and structures in Pangasinan


Leroy Merlin () is a French-headquartered home improvement  and gardening retailer serving several countries in Europe, Asia, South America, and Africa. Leroy Merlin is owned by the Mulliez family, which also owns Auchan.

History

In 1923, Adolphe Leroy and Rose Merlin, associates in private and business life, opened a business of American surplus. Strengthened by this first success, they decided to sell DIY products and supplies at moderate prices. In 1960, the firm was named Leroy Merlin. It became a precursor, as it was the first company to offer free delivery services.

Generally established on the outskirts of major towns and cities, Leroy Merlin stores are large centres (9000 m2 on average) providing self-service and sales assisted services. Its business is centred on six main sectors: DIY, building, gardening, sanitary equipment, renewable energy, and interior decoration.

Controversies
Following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, many international, particularly Western, companies pulled out of Russia. Leroy Merlin, however, on 11 March announced that it has no plans to reduce its operations in Russia, where it operates 143 stores. On 17 March, they cut off the Ukrainian office from corporate communications and stated that they would increase supplies to the Russian Federation.

Leroy Merlin has a strong presence in Russia and generates 18% of its turnover there. In 2020, the company paid $335 million in taxes as a result of their operations in Russia. The company has been criticized for making indirect contributions to the Russian military effort.

On the night of 20-21 March 2022, a shopping centre in Kyiv housing a Leroy Merlin shop was bombed. Shop employees called on the company to leave Russia, as did the Ukrainian MP Oleksiy Honcharenko. The latter, elected in the constituency of Odesa and member of the Ukrainian delegation to the parliamentary assembly of the Council of Europe, broadcast a video. The video was shot in front of the devastated store.

In a statement to AFP, Adeo, Leroy Merlin's holding company, said a closure would be considered a "premeditated bankruptcy" and says that it has an "employer's responsibility towards (its) 45,000 employees and their families who have been contributing to the building of Leroy Merlin Russia for the past 18 years". However, there are reports of insults and threats from customers following the company's continued operations in Russia.

In March 2023, Adeo announced its intention to transfer the Russian Leroy Merlin network to local management. According to the company, this process has already begun. On the 24th July 2023, the company's Russian branch in Moscow was struck by a drone attack.

Earlier in July, it was named "an international sponsor of war" by the Ukrainian government after Russia obliged all large companies operating in the country "to contribute directly to its war effort". It was placed on the list alongside Unilever and Procter & Gamble.

See also
 Home automation
 Organic garden
 Wood pellet

References

External links

Superstores
Garden centres
Hardware stores
Retail companies established in 1923
French brands
Retail companies of Romania


Tom Savage (born November 28, 1953) is a contemporary American painter based in California whose work appears in museum collections and has been exhibited in major cities throughout the United States. His abstract paintings and drawings take a historical cue from post-war European automatism and surrealism, and the influence those movements had on abstract expressionism.

Critical debate
The primal, unconscious and disharmonious nature of Savage's technique, which the artist himself has described as the antithesis of that of regionalist painter Thomas Hart Benton, has proven an interpretive challenge for critics.

In his Los Angeles Times review of Savage's 1995 solo exhibition at the Cirrus Gallery in Los Angeles, critic David Pagel described the artist's works as "raw, incoherent, precarious and daring. At the same time, they're confident and desperate, riddled with deep doubts but also profoundly self-assured."

Writing of the same show in the national West Coast contemporary art review Artweek, critic Peter Kosenko characterized Savage's paintings as "abstract and generally impressionistic, but they nonetheless resist placement within the traditions of abstract expressionism as codified by formalist criticism, for they display little of the angst-ridden struggle with paint or the preoccupation with the sublime that often characterize the strategies of the genre."

Critic David DiMichele of the Los Angeles Downtown News, noting Savage's use of unprimed canvas and "thinly applied traceries," wrote that the artist's style is "marked by a pronounced sense of restraint.... Emphatically abstract, his work seeks to preserve something of the initial excitement that occurs when an artist first puts brush to canvas."

Revisiting Savage's work at the August 1996 exhibition Transcendental Meditations at the William Turner Gallery in Venice, California, Los Angeles Times critic David Pagel observed that the artist's "inarticulate markings, crudely painted and scrawled on raw canvas, share more with children's drawings than with any desire to leave this world behind."

List of major works
 On Top of the World (2004; oil, acrylic and charcoal; 84" × 72")
 Someone Should Say Something (2003; oil and acrylic; 64¼" × 54⅛")
 Untitled (2003; mixed media; 120" × 96")
 Rusted Cage (2000; mixed media; 64" × 54")

Museum collections
Tom Savage's work is in the following institutional collections:

 Arizona State University Art Museum, Tempe, Arizona
 De Saisset Museum, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California
 Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, California
 Tucson Museum of Art, Tucson, Arizona

Selected exhibitions
Savage's solo exhibitions include:

 2001: Is Was, Post Gallery, Los Angeles, California
 2000: Recent Works, Post Gallery, Los Angeles, California
 1997: Ruth Bachofner Gallery, Santa Monica, California
 1996: 410 Boyd Street, Los Angeles, California
 1996: Idyllwild Arts Academy, Idyllwild, California
 1995: Connecticut College, Joann Toor Cummings Gallery, New London, Connecticut
 1995: Recent Paintings, Cirrus Gallery, Los Angeles, California
 1992: University of Montana, Missoula, Montana
 1991: Shoshana Wayne Gallery, Santa Monica, California
 1989: Dinnerware Gallery, Tucson, Arizona
 1988: Concourse Gallery, Bank of America World Headquarters, San Francisco, California

References

External links
Official website
  (2008 documentary short film)

1953 births
American illustrators
20th-century American painters
American male painters
21st-century American painters
Abstract expressionist artists
Living people
20th-century American male artists


The Battenberg course indicator is a mechanical calculating device invented by Prince Louis of Battenberg in 1892 for taking station on other vessels whose range, bearing, course and speed are known. By extension, it has a range of other functions related to relative velocity calculations.

A number of versions of the device were produced and it proved particularly useful for station-keeping, such as ships moving in convoy during World War II. Manufacture of the instruments was contracted to Elliott Brothers, London. Devices based on the Battenberg indicator were also developed for determining course and distance in aviation and when making allowances for aircraft drift due to winds. Instruments were also manufactured for other navies, for example in the USA.

Mark I

Prince Louis of Battenberg employed a firm of London instrument makers to build a prototype to his design. The device comprised:
 2 position bars for setting the initial and final stations
 A speed bar, on which the speed of the ship (relative to the flagship) was set, and which was clamped at one end into the diameter grove by the speed ratio clamp
 A guide bar
 A circular disc
To use the instrument, the course of the flagship was first set on the guide bar. When the initial and final stations had been set using the position bars, the speed ratio clamp was set to show the ratio of own ship speed to the speed of the flagship (if the flagship was doing 10 knots, and the manoeuvring ship had 15 knots available, the clamp would be set to "1.5"). Ensuring that the pin beneath the speed ratio clamp was set within the diameter grove, the course required to take station could then be read off the circular disc.

Mark II
The Mark II version dispensed with the use of relative speeds and set the guide bar on a sliding speed scale, thus allowing the speed of the guide and the speed of the own ship to be set independently. The device was constructed largely of brass.

Mark III
The Mark III instrument was constructed of aluminium alloy.

Mark IV
Similar to Mark III. The circular scale attached to the end of the 'own ship' bar was moved to be part of the pivot assembly so that it is fixed relative to the 'guide bar' instead of being fixed relative to the 'own ship' bar. The 'own ship' bar was redesigned with a pointer on the end to read off the scale.

Mark V

The Mark V instrument dispensed with the guide bar and own ship's bar, retaining only the two position bars. However, the circular base plate was added to by the provision of two celluloid transparent discs which were placed on top of the base and free to rotate. The instrument body was made of an aluminium alloy and had a scale graded in degrees around the outside. The base plate had no scale, but a series of interrupted parallel lines running across it. This device was in production around 1955.

One disc was marked with a scale from 0 at the centre to 36 on the outside, in a similar manner to the markings originally etched onto the base plate, except that three marked scales were used, one in a line through the centre and another parallel but half way to the edge either side of the centre line. The markings were then repeated by a second set at right angles to the first. Depending on usage, the marked scale numbers could refer to distance or speed.

A second disc was marked with a circular scale all around the edge labelled in degrees, with radial lines from the centre of the disc stretching out every ten degrees.  The disc also had concentric circles which coincided with the marked scale on the other disc. To aid clarity, markings on the second disc were in a different colour to those on the first.

The rear of the device had a separate rotating calculator, where if the ship's speed was set against the 60-minute guide mark, then the distance travelled at any time 0–60 minutes could be read off against the logarithmic time scale.

References

Mechanical computers
Analog computers
Military computers
19th-century military computers


Herbert Bunston (15 April 1874 – 27 February 1935) was an English stage and screen actor. He is remembered for his role as Dr. John Seward in the Broadway and film versions of Dracula.

Bunston was born in Charmouth and briefly attended Cranleigh School in Surrey. before working as an actor. Bunston emigrated to the United States in 1922. His first Broadway appearance was Arthur Wing Pinero's The Enchanted Cottage in 1923. Other short-running roles in That Awful Mrs. Eaton! and Simon Called Peter were followed by a critically noticed role in a run of 260 performances of 1925's Young Woodley. On 5 October 1927, Bunston debuted as Dr John Seward in a Broadway production of Dracula alongside Bela Lugosi.

Bunston's other Broadway credits include Young Woodley (1925), Simon Called Peter (1924), That Awful Mrs. Eaton (1924), The Enchanted Cottage (1923), and Drink (1903).

Bunston's stage success led to a contract with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Between 1929 and 1935 he had mainly character roles in over 30 films, and 1931 he re-created his Broadway role in the film adaptation of Dracula. Bunston died of a heart attack in 1935.

Bunston married Emily Fox Chaffey (1866-1939) in 1898 and they had two children, Margaret, and John.

Partial filmography

 The Last of Mrs. Cheyney (1929) – Lord Elton
 The Lady of Scandal (1930) – Lord Crayle
 Old English (1930) – Mr. Brownbee (uncredited)
 Under Suspicion (1930) – Maj. Manners
 Dracula (1931) – Doctor Seward
 Always Goodbye (1931) – Merson
 The Last Flight (1931) – Man on Train (uncredited)
 I Like Your Nerve (1931) – The Colonel (uncredited)
 Once a Lady (1931) – Roger Fenwick
 Ambassador Bill (1931) – British Ambassador
 Charlie Chan's Chance (1932) – Garrick Enderly
 File 113 (1932) – Fauvel
 Vanity Fair (1932) – Mr. Sedley
 Almost Married (1932) – Lord Laverling (uncredited)
 Smilin' Through (1932) – Minister (uncredited)
 The Monkey's Paw (1933) – Sampson
 Trick for Trick (1933) – Professor King (uncredited)
 Long Lost Father (1934) – The Bishop
 Gambling Lady (1934) – Doctor at Party (uncredited)
 Riptide (1934) – Maj. Bagdall (uncredited)
 Dr. Monica (1934) – Mr. Pettinghill
 The Moonstone (1934) – Sir John Verinder
 The Age of Innocence (1934) – W.J. Letterblair (uncredited)
 Desirable (1934) – Uncle Fred (uncredited)
 British Agent (1934) – First Cabinet Member (uncredited)
 The Richest Girl in the World (1934) – Cavendish
 The Little Minister (1934) – Mr. Carfrae
 Clive of India (1935) – First Director (uncredited)
 A Shot in the Dark (1935) – College President
 After Office Hours (1935) – Barlow – Norwood's Butler
 Les Misérables (1935) – Judge at Favorelles (uncredited)
 Cardinal Richelieu (1935) – Duke of Normandy (final film role)

References/

Coughlin, Jim. "The Supporting Players of Universal's Dracula". Midnight Marquee #49, pp. 63–7.
"Herbert Bunston". Variety (US), 6 March 1935, p62.

External links

1874 births
1935 deaths
English male stage actors
English male film actors
People educated at Cranleigh School
Male actors from Dorset
20th-century English male actors
British expatriate male actors in the United States


A technical data management system (TDMS) is a document management system (DMS) pertaining to the management of technical and engineering drawings and documents. Often the data are contained in 'records' of various forms, such as on paper, microfilms or digital media. Hence technical data management is also concerned with record management involving technical data. Technical document management systems are used within large organisations with large scale projects involving engineering. For example, a TDMS can be used for integrated steel plants (ISP), automobile factories, aero-space facilities, infrastructure companies, city corporations, research organisations, etc. In such organisations, technical archives or technical documentation centres are created as central facilities for effective management of technical data and records.

TDMS functions are similar to that of conventional archive functions in concepts, except that the archived materials in this case are essentially engineering drawings, survey maps, technical specifications, plant and equipment data sheets, feasibility reports, project reports, operation and maintenance manuals, standards, etc.

Document registration, indexing, repository management, reprography, etc. are parts of TDMS. Various kinds of sophisticated technologies such as document scanners, microfilming and digitization camera units, wide format printers, digital plotters, software, etc. are available, making TDMS functions an easier process than previous times.

Constituents of a technical data management system
Technical data refers to both scientific and technical information recorded and presented in any form or manner (excluding financial and management information). A Technical Data Management System is created within an organisation for archiving and sharing information such as technical specifications, datasheets and drawings. Similar to other types of data management system, a Technical Data Management System consists of the 4 crucial constituents mentioned below.

Data planning
Data plans (long-term or short-term) are constructed as the first essential step of a proper and complete TDMS. It is created to ultimately help with the 3 other constituents, data acquisition, data management and data sharing. A proper data plan should not exceed 2 pages and should address the following basics:
 Types of data (samples, experiment results, reports, drawings, etc.) and metadata (data that summarizes and describes other data. In this case, it refers to details such as sample sizes, experiment conditions and procedures, dates of reports, explanations of drawings, etc.)
 Means of researches and collections of data (field works, experiments in production lines, etc.)
 Costs of researches
 Policies for access, sharing (re-use within the organisation and re-distribution to the public)
 Proposals for archiving data and maintaining access to it

Data acquisition
Raw data is collected from primary sites of the organisations through the use of modern technologies. Please reference the table below for examples.

The data collected is then transferred to technical data centres for data management.

Data management
After data acquisition, data is sorted out, whilst useful data is archived, unwanted data is disposed. When managing and archiving data, the features below of the data are considered.
 Names, labels, values and descriptions for variables and records. (In the case of TDMS, one example is names of equipments on an equipment datasheet)
 Derived data from the original data, with code, algorithm or command file used to create them. (In the case of TDMS, one example is an expectation report derived from the analysis of an equipment datasheet)
 Metadata associates with the data being archived

Data sharing
Archived and managed data are accessible to rightful entities. A proper and complete TDMS should share data to a suitable extent, under suitable security, in order to achieve optimal usage of data within the organisation. It aims for easy access when reused by other researchers and hence it enhances other research processes. Data is often referred in other tests and technical specifications, where new analysis is generated, managed and archived again. As a result, data is flowing within the organisation under effective management through the use of TDMS.

Advantages and disadvantages of usage of technical data management systems
There are strengths and weakness when using technical data management systems (TDMS) to archive data. Some of the advantages and disadvantages are listed below.

Advantages

1. Faster and easier data management
Since TDMS is integrated into the organisation's systems, whenever workers develop data files (SolidWorks, AutoCAD, Microsoft Word, etc.), they can also archive and manage data, linking what they need to their current work, at the same time they can also update the archives with useful data. This speeds up working processes and makes them more efficient.

2. Increased security
All data files are centralized, hence internal and external data leakages are less likely to happen, and the data flow is more closely monitored. As a result, data in the organisation is more secured.

3. Increased collaboration within the organisation
Since the data files are centralized and the data flow within the organisation increases, researchers and workers within the organisation are able to work on joint projects. More complex tasks can be performed for higher yields.

4. Compatible to various formats of data
TDMS is compatible to many formats of data, from basic data like Microsoft Words to complex data like voice data. This enhances the quality of the management of data archived.

Disadvantages

1. Higher financial costs
Implementing TDMS into the organisation's systems involves monetary costs. Maintenance costs certain amount of human resources and money as well. These resources involve opportunity costs as they can be utilized in other aspects.

2. Lower stability
Since TDMS manages and centralizes all the data the organisation processes, it links the working processes within the whole organisation together. It also increases the vulnerability of the organisation data network. If TDMS is not stable enough or when it is exposed to hacker and virus attacks, the organisation's data flow might shut down completely, affecting the work in an organisation-wide scale and leading to a lower stability as results.

Comparison between traditional data management approaches and technical data management systems
Test engineers and researchers are facing great challenges in turning complex test results and simulation data into usable information for higher yields of firms. These challenges are listed below.
 Increase in complication of designs
 Reduced in time and budgets available
 Higher quality is demanded

Traditional data management approaches
Many organisations are still applying the conventional file management systems, due to the difficulty in building a proper and complete archives for data management.

The first approach is the simple file-folder system. This costs the problem of ineffectiveness as workers and researchers have to manually go through numerous layers of systems and files for the target data. Moreover, the target data may contain files with different formats and these files may not be stored in the same machine. These files are also easily lost if renamed or moved to another location.

The second approach is conventional databases such as Oracle. These databases are capable of enabling easy search and access of data. However, a great drawback is that huge effort for preparing and modeling the data is required. For large-scale projects, huge monetary costs are induced, and extra IT human resources must be employed for constant handling, expanding and maintaining the inflexible system, which is custom for specific tasks, instead of all tasks. In the long-term, it is not cost-effective.

Technical data management systems (TDMS)
TDMS is developed based on 3 principles, flexible and organized file storage, self-scaling hybrid data index, and an interactive post-processing environment. The system in practical, mainly consists of 3 components, data files with essential and relevant Metadata, data finders for organizing and managing data regardless of files formats, and, a software of searching, analyzing and reporting. With metadata attached to original data files, the data finder can identify different related data files during searches, even if they are in different file formats. TDMS hence allows researchers to search for data like browsing the Internet. Last but not least, it can adapt to changes and update itself according to the changes, unlike databases.

Comparison between strong information systems and weak information systems
Complex organizations may need large amounts of technical information, which can be distributed among several independent archives. Existing approaches span from "no integration" to "strong integration", that is based on a common database or product model. The so-called weak information systems (WIS) lie somewhere in the middle. Their basic concept is to add to the pre-existing information a new layer of multiple partial models of products and processes, so that it is possible to reuse existing databases, to reduce the development from scratch, and to provide evolutionary paths relevant for the development of the WIS. Each partial model may include specific knowledge and it acts as a way to structure and access the information according to a specific user view.
The comparison between strong and weak information systems may be summarized as follows:

The architecture of a weak information system is composed of:
 Information sources (databases, computational programs, etc.)
 The integration layer

The integration layer comprises the following sub-layers:
 Abstraction layer (information models)
 Communication layer between models and information sources
 Communication layer between models and humans (human-computer interface)

Technical data management systems in terms of regulations in different countries
In some countries, such as in the US, record and document management are considered very vital functions, and much stress is given in the management of Technical Archives. Records and documents coming under the public domain are governed by appropriate laws. However, this has not been so in many underdeveloped and developing nations. For example, India enacted the ' Public Records Act' in 1993. However, many in the country are not aware of the existence of such a law or its importance.

Applications and examples of technical data management systems
Technical Data Management Systems (TDMS) are widely applied across the globe, in different sectors. Some of the examples are listed below.
 Voith Hydro tests models of the power plant turbines, including 4 main program parts, engine characteristics values, oscillation and cavitation, and transfer data from 1 program part to the next one using TDMS.
 Danburykline created a knowledge and data platform, SOROS, which is following the wiki based approach. It aims to represent data in accessible and simple forms.
 Berghof develops and provides a TDMS to simplify and manage data for development of firms including automobile firms. This TDMS enables reserve of data, centralization of data volumes on an online server. It is also compatible to Windows PC and many other systems.

See also
 Data management system
 Data mining
 Database
 Information Systems Research, an academic journal about information systems and information technology

References
Data management solutions are tools and technologies that organizations use to manage their data. These solutions can include a wide range of different tools and technologies, such as databases and data warehouses, data integration and ETL (extract, transform, load) tools, data governance and quality tools, and data visualization and reporting tools. Data management solutions can help organizations store, organize, and manage their data in a more effective and efficient manner. They can also help to improve the accuracy and reliability of the data that is used to make important decisions and enable organizations to gain insights from their data more easily.

Further reading

Data management
Document management systems
Systems engineering


The A14 is a motorway stretching from the French border at Kortrijk to Antwerp.

References

Motorways in Belgium


Hailufeng ( Hai Lok Hong), or in the language itself Haklau, is a variety of Chinese mostly spoken in the Hailufeng region of Guangdong. The region includes Shanwei (Swabue), which administratively includes Haifeng County (海丰 Hai Hong), and Lufeng City (陸丰 Lok Hong), which itself was a former county and now county-level city. The name 'Hailufeng' / 'Hai Lok Hong' (海陸丰) is a portmanteau of those places. It is a Southern Min (Min Nan) language with similarities to Hokkien, especially Chiangchew Hokkien, though it also has close geographical and cultural ties with neighboring Teochew. Ethnically, the Haklau see themselves as Hokkiens, separate from the Teochews.

Differences from Teochew include the preservation of the final codas -t and -n, which are completely lost in Teochew, as well as the absence of the -oi finals.

Notes

References

Hokkien-language dialects
Shanwei
Southern Min


The Graeco-Arabic translation movement was a large, well-funded, and sustained effort responsible for translating a significant volume of secular Greek texts into Arabic. The translation movement took place in Baghdad from the mid-eighth century to the late tenth century.

While the movement translated from many languages into Arabic, including Pahlavi, Sanskrit, Syriac, and Greek, it is often referred to as the Graeco-Arabic translation movement because it was predominantly focused on translating the works of Hellenistic scholars and other secular Greek texts into Arabic.

Pre-Abbasid developments

Pre-Islamic developments
The ninth king of the Sasanian Empire, Shapur II, established the Academy of Gondishapur, which was to be a medical center, a library, as well as a college where various subjects like anatomy, theology, medicine, and philosophy would be studied. Later, Khosrow I established an observatory that could offer studies in dentistry, architecture, agriculture and irrigation, basics of commanding in military, astronomy, and mathematics. The Academy of Gondishapur was then considered as the greatest crucial center of medicine during the sixth as well as the seventh century. However, during the seventh century CE, the Sasanian Empire was conquered by the Muslim armies, but they preserved the center.

Further west, the Byzantine emperor Justinian I closed the Academy of Athens in 529. Along with the defunding of key public educational institutions, many scholars fled the region with their knowledge and materials. These migrant scholars sought asylum in Persia, whose ruler actively ensured their safe passage out of Byzantium and supported their academic ambitions.

Early Islamic Empire and Umayyad Period (632–750)
Although Greek to Arabic translations were common during the Umayyad Period due to large Greek-speaking populations residing in the empire, the translation of Greek scientific texts was scarce. The Graeco-Arabic translation movement began, in earnest, at the beginning of the Abbasid Period. However, many events and conditions during the rise of the Islamic empire helped to shape the setting and circumstances in which the movement blossomed. The Arab conquests before and during the Umayyad Period that spread into Southwest Asia, Persia, and Northeast Africa laid the groundwork for a civilization capable of fueling the Graeco-Arabic translation movement. These conquests united a massive area under the Islamic State, connecting societies and peoples previously isolated, invigorating trade routes and agriculture, and improving material wealth among subjects. The newfound regional stability under the Umayyad dynasty likely fostered higher literacy rates and a larger educational infrastructure. Syriac-speaking Christians and other Hellenistic Christian communities in Iraq and Iran were assimilated into the structure of the empire. These Hellenized peoples were crucial in supporting a growing institutional interest in secular Greek learning.

Abbasid Period (750–1258)

The Abbasid revolution and the move to a new capital in Baghdad introduced the ruling administration to a new set of demographic populations more influenced by Hellenism. At the same time, the ruling elite of the new dynasty strove to adopt a Sassanian Imperial Ideology, which itself was also influenced by Greek thought. These factors culminated in a capital more receptive to and actively interested in the knowledge contained in scientific manuscripts of Classical Greece. The translation movement played a significant role in the Islamic Golden Age.

The advent and rapid spread of papermaking learned from Chinese prisoners of war in 751 also helped to make the translation movement possible.

The translation movement in Arab progressed in development during the Abbasid period. During the 8th century, there was still no tradition of translating Greek works into Arabic. However, Christian scholars had been translating medical, philosophical, and other Greek works into the Syriac language for centuries. For this reason, the beginning of the translation movement involved the caliphs commissioning Christian scholars who had already established their own translation infrastructure to begin translating various Greek works into the Arabic tongue via Syriac intermediates. For example, one letter by the Patriarch Timothy I described how he himself had been commissioned to perform one of these translations of Aristotle. A famous example of one of these translators was the Christian Hunayn ibn Ishaq. In later periods, Muslim scholars built off of this infrastructure and gained the capacity to begin perform these translations themselves directly from the Greek originals and into Arabic.

The Abbasid period encompassed one of the very critical markers in the movement's history, that is, the translation of the central texts of the Islamic religion, in this case, the Quran. The translation movement in the Arab World was  greatly supported under the Islamic rule, and led to  the translation of materials to Arabic from different languages like middle Persian. The translation movement was instigated by the Barmakids. Available documents depict that Persian texts were greatly privileged by the translation movement.

The movement succeeded in forming civilization overlap and initiated new maps in the fields of culture and politics. Islamic rulers participated in the movement in numerous ways, for example, creating classes for translation to facilitate its flow all through the various phases of the Islamic empires. The translation movement had a significant effect on developing the scientific knowledge of the Arabs since several theories in science had surfaced from various origins. Late, there was the introduction of the western culture to the Arabic translations that were preserved since most of their initial scripts could not be located.

One of Muhammad's contemporaries, an Arab doctor named Harith b. Kalada, is said to have studied in the medical academy at Gondeshapur, however this story is likely legendary. When Muhammad died in 632, caliphs that were considered Rightly Guided Caliphs were chosen to lead the Empire of Islam, the information of the Quran was becoming more known in the surrounding civilizations. There was an expansion of the Islamic empire, leading to searching of multilingual teachers as well as people to translate and teach the Quran and the Arabic language. Later, the Quran would be incorporated into one language.

A polyglot who was considered to be fluent in almost all the targeted languages was regarded as among the greatest translators during that time. He majored in the medical field. Through a hand from his son, Ishaq Hunayn, as well as his nephew, Habash, he translated more than ninety-five pieces of Galen, almost fifteen pieces of Hippocrates, about the soul, and about generation as well as corruption. The Arabic language extensively expanded to reach communities in places such as Morocco and Andalusia and would later be adapted as their language that was regarded as official. The Umayyad caliphs greatly helped in translating science as well as arts, which gave out a long-term foundation for the Empire of Islam. While Islam expanded, there was the preservation of other cultures by the Muslims and the utilization of technology and their knowledge of science in the efforts of stimulating their language to develop.

The House of Wisdom
The "House of Wisdom" (Bayt al-Hikmah) was a major intellectual center during the reign of the Abbasids and was a major component of the Translation Movement and the Islamic Golden Age. The library was filled with many different authors and translated books from the Greek, Persian, and Indian civilizations.

The translation process in the House of Wisdom was very meticulous. Depending on the area of study of a certain book that was being translated, a specific person or group of people would be responsible for those translations. In example, the translation of engineering and mathematical works was overseen by Abū Jaʿfar Ibn Mūsa Ibn Shākir and his family, translations of philosophy and celestial movement was given to Ibn Farkhān al-Tabarī and Yaʿqūb al-Kindī, and Ibn Ishāq al-Harānī was in charge of translations involving the study of medicine. These translators were also from many different cultural, religious, and ethnic backgrounds, including Persians, Christians, and Muslims, all working to develop a well-rounded inventory of educational literature in the House of Wisdom for the Abbasid Caliphate. Once translation was finished the books would need to be copied and bound. The translation would be sent to an individual with very precise and skillful handwriting abilities. When finished, the pages would be bound together with a cover and decorated and would be catalogued and placed in a specific ward of the library. Multiple copies of the book would also be made to be distributed across the empire.

Historically, the House of Wisdom is a story of many successes. In 750 AD, the Abbasid's overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate, becoming the ruling power in the Islamic world. In 762 AD, Abu Jaʿfar Abdallah ibn Muhammad al-Mansur, the second Abbasid Caliph, decided to move the capital of the empire to his newly built city of Baghdad in Iraq from Damascus, which was in Syria. Al-Mansur was very cognizant of the need to cultivate intellect and wanted to advance and magnify the status of the Islamic people and their culture. As a result, he established a library, the House of Wisdom, in Baghdad where scholars and students could study new material, formulate new ideas, transcribe literature of their own, and translate various works from around the world into the Arabic language. Al-Mansur's descendants were also active in the cultivation of intellect, especially in the area of translation. Under the rule of Abu al-Abbas Abdallah ibn Harun al-Rashid (better known as al-Maʿmun) the House of Wisdom thrived, acquiring a large amount of support and recognition. Al-Maʿmun would send scholars all over the civilized world to retrieve various scientific and literary works to be translated. The head translator at the time, Hunayn ibn Ishaq al-Ibadi, who was a Christian Arab of al-Hira, is believed to have translated over one hundred books, including the work On Anatomy of the Veins and Arteries by Galen. Due to the translation movement under al-Maʿmun, the House of Wisdom was one of the largest repositories of scientific and literary books in the world at the time and remained that way until the Siege of Baghdad in 1258 AD. The destruction and pillaging of Baghdad by the Mongols also included the destruction of the House of Wisdom, however, the books and other works inside were taken to Maragha by Hulagu Khan and Nasir al-Din al-Tusi.

Notable Translators
 Abu Zaid Hunayn ibn Ishaq al-Ibadi

Abu Zaid Hunayn ibn Ishaq al-Ibadi was a profound Arab physician, philosopher, author and leading translator in the House of Wisdom . He was born at Hira (Iraq) in 809 AD and spent most of his youth in Basra where he learned Arabic and Syriac. He was affiliated with the Syrian Nestorian Christian Church, and was brought up as a Nestorian Christian long before the rise of Islam. Hunayn was eager to continue his education, so he followed his father's footsteps and moved to Baghdad to study medicine. Hunayn was an important figure in the evolution of Arabic Medicine and was best known for his translations of famous Greek and Middle Eastern authors. He had a complete mastery of Greek, which was the science language of the time. Hunayn's knowledge of Persian, Syriac, and Arabic exceeded that of previous prevalent translators, which enabled him to revise their erroneous renditions. Galen, Hippocrates, Plato, Aristotle, Dioscorides, and Ptolemy were just a few of many writers that Hunayn used for his translated publications of medical and philosophical expositions. These translated treatises, in turn, became the backbone of Arabic Science.

As he began his path into medicine in Baghdad, he had the privilege to study under one of the most renowned physicians in the city, Yūhannā ibn Māssawayh. Yūhannā and his colleagues dedicated their lives to the field of medicine. They showed little to no respect to the people of Hira where Hunayn was from because Hira was known to be a city flourished by commerce and banking rather than science and medicine. Due to this, he did not take Hunayn seriously as a student. Hunayn was a highly intelligent person who paid very close attention to detail and found many mistakes in his assigned medical textbooks, so would often ask difficult questions no one at his school had the answer to. Eventually, Yūhannā became so frustrated that he gave up his rights as his teacher and blatantly told Hunayn that he does not have the ability to pursue this career.

Hunayn had a strong mindset and refused to let Yūhannā get in his way. He left Baghdad for several years, and during his absence he studied the history and language of Greek. When he returned, he displayed his newly acquired skills by being able to recite and translate the works of Homer and Galen. He began translating a large number of Galen's texts including “Anatomy of the Veins and Arteries”, “Anatomy of the Muscles”, “Anatomy of the Nerves”, “On Sect”, and many more in the upcoming future.

Everyone was astonished at his amazing talent especially Yūhannā, so the two reconciled and would later collaborate on several occasions. Hunayn, his son Ishaq, his nephew Hubaysh, and fellow colleague Isa ibn Uahya became very involved in translating medicinal and science texts. This led to the beginning of Hunayn's success into the translation movement, where he interpreted the works of famous Greek and Arabic figures: Plato, Aristotle, Hippocrates, Galen, and Dioscorides. He was also constantly fixing defective manuscripts translated by other writers. Hunayn would collect different books based around the subject he was translating, and strove to make the text as clear as possible for readers. Because his translation methods were impeccable, it was not long until Hunayn became famous. Unlike other translators during the Abbasid period, he did not translate texts word for word. Hunayn had a specific way of absorbing information by  attempting to attain the meaning of the subject prior to rewriting it, which was very rare to witness during his time. After he grasped a proficient understanding of the piece, he would rephrase his knowledge of it in either the Syriac or Arabic language onto a new manuscript.

Hunayn, his son Ishaq Ibn Hunayn, his nephew Hubaysh Ibn al-Hasan al-Aʿsam, and fellow colleague Isa Ibn Uahya became very involved in working together on translating medicinal, science, and philosophical texts. Ishaq and Hunayn were important contributors in Hunayn's translations and active members of his school. His son mastered the Greek, Arabic, and Syriac language to be able to follow into father's footsteps. At the beginning of his career, Hunayn was very critical of his son's work, and even corrected his Arabic translations of "On the Number of Syllogisms". However, Ishaq was more interested in philosophy and would go on to translate several famous philosophical writings such as That the Prime Mover is Immobile and pieces of Galen's On Demonstration. He continued his passion for translations even after his father's death in 873 AD.

Ramifications of the Translation Movement

Lack of original Greek texts
From the middle of the eighth century to the end of the tenth century, a very large amount of non-literary and non-historical secular Greek books were translated into Arabic. These included books that were accessible throughout the Eastern Byzantine Empire and the near east, according to the documentation from a century and a half of Graeco-Arabic scholarship. The Greek writings from Hellenistic, Roman, and late antiquity times that did not survive in the original Greek text were all vulnerable to the translator and the powers they had over them when completing the translation. It was not uncommon to come across Arabic translators who added their own thoughts and ideas into the translations. Ninth century Arab Muslim philosopher al-Kindi, for example, viewed Greek texts as a resource in which he was able to employ new ideas and methods off of, thus, re-inventing philosophy. Al-Kindi used the Greek texts as outlines used to fix the weaknesses and finish what they left unfinished. Translating also meant new information could be added in, while some could potentially be taken out depending on what the translator's goal was. Another example of this is found in the Arabic translator's approach to Ptolemy's astronomy in the Almagest. The Almagest was critiqued and modified by Arabic astronomers for many generations. The modifications were made based on Greek thought, most coming from Aristotle. As a result, this led to many new developments. When discussing the development of Arabic science, Greek heritage is an important area to cover. At the same time, in order to receive a complete understanding of Greek science there are parts that have only survived in Arabic that must also be taken into account. For example, Apollonius' Conics books V to VII and Diophantus' Arithmetica books IV to VII. The two listed are items of Greek origin that have only survived in their Arabic translation. The circumstance is the same for the relationship between Latin and Greek science, which requires the analysis of Greek texts translated into Arabic and then into Latin. Translation entails viewpoints from one angle, the angle of the one performing the translation. The full analysis and journey of the translated pieces are key components in the overarching theme behind the piece.

See also
 Islamic Golden Age
 Science in the medieval Islamic world
 Hellenizing School, an analogue with Armenians

References

Further reading
 Dimitri Gutas (2012). Greek Thought, Arabic Culture. The Graeco-Arabic Translation Movement in Baghdad and Early 'Abbasaid Society (2nd-4th 5th-10th centuries). Routledge.

External links

 How Greek Science Passed to the Arabs, in which the Barmakids play a considerable role. They also translated Indian mathematics books of Aryabhata and Brahmagupta.  Arabs were mostly responsible for spreading of Indian number system and arithmetic throughout the world.

Science in the medieval Islamic world
Medieval Iraq
History of translation
9th century in the Abbasid Caliphate
Abbasid literature