Shang Ting 商挺 (1209–1288), also known as Shang Mengqing 商孟卿  and in old age as “The Old Man of Zuo Mountain” 左 山老人. was a Yuan 元 period writer of Chinese Sanqu poetry. He was also a noted calligrapher and landscape artist. Unfortunately, although a prolific poet, most of his writings have been lost. The surviving sanqu poems of the poet are all written to the same musical mode and song title. However, the content of the poems suggests they were written at different times. His son Shang Qi 商琦 was likewise an official and artist.

Biography
Shang Ting was from Shandong 山東  Province. Shang and his entire family were on familiar terms with the poet and statesman Yuan Haowen 元好問 (1190–1257). His uncle was the sanqu 散曲 poet Shang Dao 商道 (1193?-1258?). Shang Ting served the Mongol monarch Kublai before he took the throne. Later there followed an array of official appointments. When the Yuan Dynasty 元 was officially founded in 1271, Shang was appointed Assistant Administrator in the Secretariat. In later life, he was implicated in a wrongful death case and was imprisoned twice. He was later found innocent, but never again took an official position. He died at age eighty and many posthumous titles followed.

Translations

(Shuangtiao 雙調 : Panfei qu 潘妃曲)

Untitled

Green willows with a wide flowing wind;

Peach and plum vie to shed blossoms.

The swallows are busy,

Pair after pair with bits of nest

Sport in the painted eaves.

Yellow willow leaves

Fine enough for a room's screen painting.

(Shuangtiao 雙調 : Panfei qu 潘妃曲)

Untitled

Depressed I climb the high tower to gaze out;

Green lotus leaves and red blossoms everywhere.

Summer days long

As Xuan plants and pomegranate flowers

Vie for fragrance.

Green gauze windows,

Fine enough for a room's screen painting.

See also
Chinese Sanqu poetry
Classical Chinese poetry
Classical Chinese poetry forms
Classical Chinese poetry genres
Yuan Haowen
Qu (poetry)

References

Lu Weifen and Wu Gengshun ed., Complete Yuan Period Sanqu Lyrics, Liaoning, 2000, vol. 1, pp. 39–42.

Carpenter, Bruce E. 'Chinese San-ch’ü Poetry of the Mongol Era: I', Tezukayama Daigaku kiyo (Journal of Tezukayama University), Nara, Japan, no. 22, pp. 33–4.

Ma Liangchun　and Li Futian ed., The Great Encyclopedia of Chinese Literature, Tianlu, 1991, vol. 7, p. 5443.

Yuan dynasty poets
1209 births
1288 deaths
Poets from Shandong
Yuan dynasty government officials
Politicians from Heze
Yuan dynasty calligraphers
Yuan dynasty landscape painters
Painters from Shandong
13th-century Chinese calligraphers
Writers from Heze


The Spanish conquest of the Iberian part of Navarre was initiated by Ferdinand II of Aragon and completed by his grandson and successor Charles V in a series of military campaigns lasting from 1512 to 1524. Ferdinand was both the king of Aragon and regent of Castile in 1512. When Pope Julius II declared a Holy League against France in late 1511, Navarre attempted to remain neutral. Ferdinand used this as an excuse to attack Navarre, conquering it while its potential protector, France, was beset by England, Venice, and Ferdinand's own Italian armies.

Several attempts were made to reconquer Iberian Navarre immediately following the Castilian invasion. There was a half-hearted attempt in 1516 and a full-fledged Franco-Navarrese campaign in 1521. All attempts were defeated by the Spanish and clashes came to a halt in 1528, when Spanish troops withdrew from Lower Navarre north of the Pyrenees. The Treaty of Cambrai between Spain and France in 1529 sealed the division of Navarre along the Pyrenees.

The portion annexed by Castile also came to be known as Upper Navarre, while the portion north of the Pyrenees, also called Lower Navarre, remained an independent kingdom, ruled by the House of Albret, and maintained close links with France. The kingdom was in personal union with France after 1589 and absorbed into France in 1620. It ceased to exist as an administrative division in 1790.

Background

External intervention in internal affairs

Navarre had been mired in instability over the throne since the mid-15th century, with Navarre's nobility splitting into two warring factions in the War of the Bands, i.e. the Beaumonts; and the Agramonts. This caused ramifications in the Basque Country both within and out of Navarre, and made it susceptible to external meddling. In 1461, Navarre was invaded by Castilian troops, resulting in the territorial loss of the Sonsierra, as well as several strongholds, to the Castilians. Starting in 1474, Ferdinand II of Aragon, instituted a combination of alliances and military efforts aimed at securing the control of neighbouring kingdoms. This included turning Navarre into a de facto protectorate of Castile in 1476. However, ambitions over Navarre did not only come from south of the Pyrenees, the Count John of Foix also had aspirations on its crown, based on a Salic Law alien to Navarre.

The crown, effectively led by Magdalena of France, Princess of Viana, attempted a difficult diplomatic balance since 1483. For its part, King Ferdinand II looked among the magnates of Navarre for allies, finding it in Louis of Beaumont, Count of Lerin, who demanded to rule over Los Arcos and Laguardia. He also managed to buy the services of the viceroy Peter of Foix to have the young Queen Catherine married to John, prince of Castile-Aragon. Magdalena found the arrangement, removing Peter from office. Finally, an arrangement with Alain of Albret paved the road for the young Gascon noble John's accession to the throne of Navarre in February 1484, thwarting again the Aragonese king's plans. However, many in Navarre contested the marriage.

In 1488, Alain of Albret aspired to marry Anne of Brittany, supporting in turn an alliance with Castile-Aragon, England, and Burgundy against Charles VIII. In March that year, Alain signed the Treaties of Valencia with Ferdinand, including military agreements for the defense of Navarre against France, and recognition of Bearn as sovereign. An understanding of Magdalena with Ferdinand, by which the Navarrese monarchs' first-born Anne would marry John, Prince of Asturias, or any grandson by Ferdinand and Isabella, led to the coronation in Pamplona of Catherine and John in 1494. However, the Count of Lerin would not accept the agreement, prompting a revolt. The crown was now resolute to crush him and other rebellious earls once and for all, but needed to secure the control of all fortresses in the kingdom for the purpose.

Bearn offered a contingent of 1,000 archers, but Ferdinand warned against military support from the Pyrenean principality. The Navarrese monarchs in turn could not subdue the rebellious count, who remained in possession of several strongholds, and under Castilian control. However, by early 1495 the crown had managed to expel him from the kingdom, gain control of a number of strongholds, obtain the complete endorsement of the Courts of Navarre, as well as the allegiance of an important number of Beaumot supporters. Meanwhile, the appointment of Antonio Pallavicini as bishop of Pamplona became another point of contention with Rome, as it did not count with the approval of the Navarrese monarchs. The accession of Louis XII to the throne of France in April 1498 ignited mutual hostility. Alain of Albret attempted to ease up relations by supporting Louis XII's ambitions to marry Anne of Brittany, as well as offering Carlota of Albret to the pope Alexander VI as a bride for Cesare Borgia. The ensuing peace treaties between the crowns of Navarre, France, and Castile-Aragon inaugurated a 4-year-period of stability for the kingdom.

Count of Lerín defeated and ensuing peace
After Isabella's death in 1504, Ferdinand unexpectedly married the French princess Germaine of Foix, daughter of a claimant to the throne of Navarre John of Foix, Viscount of Narbonne. Any children from Ferdinand's marriage would have a claim on the crown of Navarre. Ferdinand also wanted to spite his son-in-law and successor Philip, the new King of Castile. The monarchs Catherine and John opted to support Philip after the expulsion of Ferdinand II from Castilian politics in July 1506, resulting in the Treaty of Tudela de Duero. This move empowered the Navarrese crown, but alienated them from Louis XII. On the other hand, they earned the support of Emperor Maximilian, especially against France, and the pope.

As of 1507, with Ferdinand again administering the politics of Castile as a regent, the defiant count of Lerín Louis Beaumont, Ferdinand's key ally in Navarre, revolted along with other lords. However, the royal authority—Catherine and John III—warned Ferdinand that this time no demands from the count would be accepted and no pardon would be granted to the Count of Lerín. A faction of the Castilian nobility started to reach out to the Navarrese monarchs against Ferdinand II after Philip's death. However, they remained cautious.

It was in 1507, during the fight for Viana, that the condottiero Cesare Borgia, an agent of Maximilian then in the service of John, was killed by Beaumont knights. In 1508, after a year-long stand-off, the crown launched an offensive to quell the Count's rebellion. Lerín was occupied, and a severe defeat inflicted on Louis.The count's defeat inaugurated a (short) period of peace and stability for the kingdom; the Courts of Navarre unanimously put an end to the Brotherhood of Navarre in early 1510 on the grounds that "regular justice is well established, which suffices to keep the kingdom in peace"; the Brotherhood, founded in 1488, aimed at a more effective implementation of justice and persecution of crime within Navarre.

King Louis XII's ambitions
Relations between Ferdinand and King Louis XII improved after the former's marriage to Germaine of Foix. The French king put pressure on the Albrets to give up on their principalities outside Navarre—Béarn, Bigorre, County of Foix, etc.—but was met with their strong refusal. In 1507 the Parliament of Navarre appointed a diplomatic task force to France led by John of Jaso—president of the Royal Council of Navarre and father of Francis Xavier—and the bishop of Lescar. The effort was weak, as were other diplomatic approaches.

Louis XII coveted the Albrets' territories and resorted to the Parliament of Toulouse, which issued a confiscation decree. When the Courts of Navarre (The Three States) and the States-General of Béarn were confronted with the possibility of a French takeover in 1510, a military mobilization was decreed and a bill passed to create a Béarn-Navarre confederation and a permanent joint defense provision against external assault. Ferdinand II again searched for allies among the Navarrese Beaumont party.

Preparation for the invasion
In summer 1510 the international scene took a sharp turn in the Italian Wars. Pope Julius II was one of the most ambitious Popes of the era. He had declared a Holy League against Venice in 1508, and defeated it. Then the formerly allied Papal States and France went to war with one another. Julius II declared a new Holy League against France on 4August 1511 after siding with King Ferdinand in the French-Spanish struggle for power in Italy. Navarre refused to join and declared neutrality. Ferdinand II declared war on France in March 1512. A month later, Gaston of Foix died, meaning that Ferdinand's wife Germaine of Foix was able to claim the Pyrenean territories of the Albrets.

King Louis became more conciliatory with Queen Catherine and King John III, backing down on his territorial demands. Catherine and John III negotiated with Ferdinand too, who intertwined proposals and menaces with the movement of troops to the borders of Navarre. In February 1512, Ferdinand allied with England in a move leading to military intervention in the French royal territory of Guyenne, present-day region Aquitaine. The Navarrese authorities made arrangements for the defense, while Ferdinand designed a plan to invade the kingdom This included a propaganda scheme in which the Navarrese crown would be labeled as schismatic with the support of a papal bull from Pope Julius. To obtain papal agreement to this, Castilian diplomats negotiated with Rome for months.

Castilian-Aragonese invasion of 1512

Invasion of Navarre

In June 1512, tension mounted when the Holy League made a formal petition to send English and Castilian troops through Navarre to France. At the same time a Navarrese diplomatic mission sent to France was holding talks with Louis XII lasting a month, while Ferdinand threatened to cross the border if an agreement was reached. The talks led to the Fourth Treaty of Blois on 18July 1512, providing for mutual assistance to keep Navarre's neutrality. It also brought attention to the English threat to France after their disembarkation in Hondarribia, Gipuzkoa in Basque territory suzerain to Castile. The next day Ferdinand sent his troops across the border from Álava into Navarre, commanded by General Don Fadrique de Toledo, Duke of Alba, who had been involved in the conquest of Granada. By that time a Gipuzkoan militia had broken into Navarre from the north-west and captured Goizueta, a village and fortress bordering on Gipuzkoa on 10July.

In a few days Castilian troops advanced without resistance to the outskirts of Pamplona, where Ferdinand's ally Count John of Beaumont played host to the invading troops in his fortified palace of Arazuri. The assault troops of the expedition numbered 6,000 veterans, but the whole caravan including the rearguard amounted to 15,000. The population of Pamplona was less than 10,000. Catherine and John III left for Tudela hoping to raise troops among loyal lords, but managed to recruit only 500. Overwhelmed by the sheer size of the Spanish expedition, the loyalists veered east to Lumbier (Irunberri), and on to Lower Navarre. Catherine, John III, and their troops retreated to Orthez, Béarn.

Pamplona's outer walls were flimsy, and the threat of a sack pronounced by the Duke of Alba loomed over the town. In view of the royal family's retreat to Lumbier, the local authorities surrendered on 25July. Without delay, messengers were sent out by the Castilians to the main fortresses across Navarre demanding that they follow suit. Most of them submitted, except for Amaiur (Baztan), Estella-Lizarra, Tudela, and Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port. The authorities of Pamplona were required to vow loyalty to Ferdinand, but they alleged that they could not as they had pledged allegiance to John III, their natural lord, and he was alive. In late August 1512 Ferdinand claimed that he was King of Navarre in law: de jure propio.

Tudela in turn was besieged, and resisted the Aragonese assault led by Alfonso of Aragon, a bastard son of Ferdinand II and archbishop of Zaragoza, who was commanding 3,000 infantry and 300 cavalry. The determined loyalty of the local authorities to the Navarrese crown could not hide their low morale on account of the Pope's bull and the hopelessness of their resistance, as set down on letters to the King by the defenders. The town surrendered by 9September 1512 in order to avoid being sacked, further confiscations, and futile bloodshed. Alfonso took an oath to respect the Navarrese laws, following his father Ferdinand's instructions.

Castilian-Aragonese control of the kingdom
By late August 1512, virtually all Iberian Navarre was under Spanish rule. The Duke of Alba, commanding a force of 3,000 infantry and 300 cavalry supported by a further 400 artillerymen, occupied the Pyrenean valleys of Aezkoa, Salazar, and Roncal. They crossed the Pyrenean passes northbound, taking the Chapel of Roncevaux by surprise, and setting fire to the village. The Castilian forces spearheaded by Colonel Villalba (or the Beaumont party lord Martin of Ursua, depending on sources) arrived in Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port on 10September, only to find that its garrison under the lord of Miossens (an Albret) was abandoning the stronghold. The Castilian forces set about pillaging, burning, and terrorising the villages of Lower Navarre, a tactic the Castilian commander tried to justify in his letters. The Church appears to have approved of the subjugation of the Navarrese population.

The Castilians demanded the submission of all the lords in Lower Navarre (Ultrapuertos, Deça-Ports), while the Duke of Alba ordered the pulling down of all the tower houses in the territory. The orchards in the Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port (Donibane Garazi in Basque) area were cut down, leaving the local population struggling for subsistence. At this point, Ferdinand demanded a capitulation of Catherine and John III, but offered to negotiate their hold on the throne on condition that they sent their heir apparent Henry to be raised in the court of Castile. The demand was met with a flat refusal.

Meanwhile, a French army was stationed in Bayonne (Labourd, in Guyenne) guarding against possible English or Castilian moves. Ferdinand still planned to invade Guyenne, home to both Albrets' possessions and French royal lands, or at least Bayonne, a strategic port for Navarre. However, time was running out for the Castilians in Lower Navarre, short of food and supplies, and under adverse weather conditions. 1,000 discontented veteran troops in Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port mutinied. The Duke of Alba negotiated their removal to the less hostile area of Burgui and Salazar, breaking up the uprising.

Navarrese counterattack

By mid-October, John III had raised an army of 15,000 Navarrese, Gascons, and landsknechts ready to counterattack. Three columns advanced into Gipuzkoa and the heartland of Navarre. The first laid siege to Hondarribia and Donostia, and occupied a number of small towns of the area. This was to divert the attention of any Castilian relief attempt for the besieged troops in Pamplona. By then, tired of Ferdinand II's unreliability, the English had decided to leave the theatre of war, after sacking a number of villages and towns (Errenteria). The second column, commanded by the Duke of Longueville, was made up of 8,000 Gascons, 1,000 Navarrese, 1,500 landsknechts, and corresponding artillery. It set off from Peyrehorade, engaged the Castilians in Ainhize, and defeated them on 19October.

The third column crossed the Pyrenees from Roncal (Erronkari) and reached Burgui. Fearful of having his communications with Pamplona cut, the Duke of Alba withdrew to the capital, leaving a well-equipped garrison in Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port. The Navarrese column advanced from Salazar towards Pamplona. On hearing the news of the Navarrese army's approach, Estella-Lizarra and the fortress of Monjardin next to it revolted against the occupiers. On 24October 1512, the Duke of Alba reached Pamplona, followed by Navarrese loyalist forces, who laid siege to the capital.

In Estella-Lizarra, the Navaresse led by John Ramirez de Baquedano and Jaime Velaz de Medrano were soon opposed by the forces of Pedro de Beaumont, supported by the Castilians the Duke of Nájera and the Marquis of Comares. The Navarrese leaders made a last stand at the Monjardin fortress under the control of the Medrano family, but eventually a capitulation was signed. The investment of Pamplona lasted for a month, but the coming of winter and the arrival of reinforcements from Castile thwarted any prospects of a successful conclusion to the operation. The loyalists retreated and the Castilian troops made their way back across the Pyrenees to Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port and Lower Navarre, engaging in regular skirmishes with the disgruntled Beaumont party Lord of Luxe.

On 7December 1512, a detachment of the Navarrese army's decimated landsknechts who were escorting twelve artillery pieces when they encountered a patrol led by the governor of Gipuzkoa Juan de Silva at the Belate pass. The Gipuzkoan militia took on the landsknechts, who retreated in disarray, and were pursued and largely slaughtered. The skirmish was later exaggerated to a wholesale battle, with the cannons seized being added in 1513 to the official coat of arms of Gipuzkoa.

Spanish reoccupation and aftermath
As of December 1512, the clashes were confined to Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port and its hinterland, still occupied by the Castilians. Between 13 and 23March 1513 the Parliament of Navarre, reduced to the Beaumount party representatives who had sided with the Castilian conquest, was called and accepted Ferdinand as their "natural lord and king." Ferdinand in turn agreed to keep Navarrese institutions and identity. At the same time, the first Castilian viceroy, Diego Fernández de Córdoba, took an oath to respect Navarrese law, known as the fueros.

Initially the kingdom was attached to Ferdinand—and therefore to the Crown of Aragon—as an earned good, falling back on the Papal bulls. Aragon was a Pyrenean realm with a similar confederate institutional make-up, as opposed to the authoritarian Castile. Castillian pressure resulted in the bequeathing of Navarre to Castilian Queen Isabella's daughter, Joanna of Castile, and annexing the Basque kingdom to Castile in 1515. On 11June 1515 the Cortes of Burgos met. It was not attended by any Navarrese representatives. Even the Navarrese count of Lerin Louis of Beaumont, Ferdinand II's accomplice up to that point, protested at this annexation to Castile, and was incarcerated. The annexation was confirmed by Ferdinand on 7 July, taking an oath to respect Navarre's laws and institutions, the pactum subjectionis, simultaneously assigning to the Royal Council of Castile the attributions to rule and administer justice on the matters affecting Navarre.

Castile and Navarre had different institutional and legal systems, and dissimilar social and ethnic make-ups. Once the Castilian and Aragonese military confirmed their occupation of all the strongholds, the ground was paved for a progressive institutional takeover marked by the centralizing drive of the Spanish-Castilian Crown. This was the source of frequent frictions and tensions. The diplomat and writer Niccolò Machiavelli anticipated a prompt and easy understanding by Ferdinand II with France "on the only condition of keeping Navarre, giving up instead the Duchy of Milan for its vicinity to the Helvetians."

Construction of the case for the conquest

Legal claims
Ferdinand wished to present his military intervention as legally justified. He commissioned a report by the legal specialists Antonio de Nebrija and Juan López de Palacios Rubios in order to make the case for his actions with a wide range of claims over the Basque kingdom. During the following decades and centuries these reports were to become a reference point for debates on the morality of the Spanish conquest. Both scholars were acting as servants of their masters King Ferdinand II and the Duke of Alba when they accepted these propaganda assignments, as pointed out by the historian Alfredo Floristan. López de Palacios would later develop the doctrine legitimizing the Spanish conquest of the West Indies.

In late August 1512, once the conquest of the heartland of Navarre was completed, Ferdinand issued a statement defending his right to attack Navarre according to the iure belli or "fair war" doctrine passed by the Roman Church in 1511. With Pamplona on his hands and the royal family in Béarn, Ferdinand further justified his claim on the Crown of Navarre by de iure propio, entitlement in his own right. Another claim involved a so-called "right of way" across Navarre in order to achieve military goals in Guyenne, supported by Ferdinand's divine right as a king. Ferdinand also claimed that he was "observing international treaties" by invading Navarre in order to help his ally England.

An additional claim was that the Navarrese lineage starting with Iñigo Arista (824–851) was an usurpation of the rightful Castilian claimant, the alleged heir to the Visigothic Kingdom via the Kingdom of Asturias, the Visigoths being the holders of Roman Emperor Honorius' mandate for Hispania. Lastly, Ferdinand advanced a number of claims to the Navarrese throne related to his marriage to Germaine of Foix, and to his father John II of Aragon.

Pope's intervention
Ferdinand was informed by spies of the progress of the negotiations between Navarrese diplomats and Louis XII at Blois. On the eve of the invasion, 17July 1512, Ferdinand had a forged draft copy of the Treaty of Blois, signed on 18July, circulated. This aimed to smear both parties. The Papal ruling Pastor Ille Caelestis issued on 21July, just three days after the start of the invasion, authorized Ferdinand to wage war on Church enemies and to claim their lands and subjects providing they lie outside Italy, which would apply to Louis XII's France and the "heretic" crown of Navarre. This provision was added at the instigation of Ferdinand in December 1511.

On 5June 1512, Ferdinand had addressed a letter to the Pope Julius II urging him to issue a bull excommunicating "everyone in the kingdom of Navarre and the principality of Béarn" and allocating him Navarre, or failing that, the right to take it over, and appealing to the Pope's own interests in Spain. "You just need a scroll and ink" he added. On 7June 1512 Ferdinand addressed another letter to his ambassador in Rome urging him to secure the bulls as soon as possible, for "our army is up and the artillery ready" to invade Navarre.

However, the Navarrese crown was not cited explicitly in the Pastor Ille Caelestis bull. Echoing Ferdinand's claim in late August 1512, the Exigit Contumatium Papal bull was issued half a year later, on 18February 1513. Catherine and John III were labelled as schismatic and therefore unworthy holders of the royal title, excommunicating them and confiscating their properties. The members of the Parliament of Navarre attending the session held in Pamplona on 13–24March 1513 accepted Ferdinand II as king.

New order built over former structures
Despite the papal support to his actions, Ferdinand—and his successors— was haunted by allegations of tyranny and usurpation, and these concerns were to leave an imprint in the status of Navarre after the invasion. Ferdinand arranged to present the invasion as a mere dynastic change, attempting to conceal the fact of the military takeover. Despite Navarre being considered an "earned good" for the free disposition of Ferdinand, the pactum subjections was applied—taking an oath to respect the Navarrese law and identity.

Navarre was no Granada, which was considered not only a legitimate conquest by Roman Catholic standards but a "reconquest" of the Visigoth Kingdom. On the other side, Navarre was widely held to be an old Christian kingdom, with secular institutions and an entrenched identification of its population with the native social order. Prior in tempore, potior in iure, or "earlier in time, stronger in law": the kingdom was stronger than the crown itself.

1516 reconquest attempt

Reconquest opportunity on Ferdinand's death
By 1516 Ferdinand was dead and his sixteen-year-old grandson by Isabella, Charles of Austria, had ascended to the throne of both Castile and Aragon. However, in 1516 he still lived in the Burgundian Netherlands. John III of Navarre saw an opportunity to reconquer Iberian Navarre. He raised an army in Sauveterre-de-Bearn made up of two columns, one commanded by himself and the other by Pedro, Marshal of Navarre. This small army aimed at reaching Sanguesa and Lumbier, and there inciting an uprising against the Castilians.

The first column led by John III failed to overcome the Castilian garrison occupying St-Jean-Pied-de-Port, while the second was no more successful. Pedro advanced towards Roncevaux on 12March 1516, but Cardinal Cisneros had been informed of the Navarrese intentions and had Colonel Villalba awaiting him at Roncevaux.

Pedro in turn decided to avoid Roncevaux by way of Salazar and Roncal, but weather and the little sympathy shown by the local population (except for Roncal) eroded the 600-strong column. The column was engaged in battle and defeated by Colonel Villalba near Isaba, in the valley of Roncal, and the survivors taken prisoner. Pedro was assassinated years later while in custody at Simancas, although it was presented as a suicide.

Failed expedition
Among the captured were several lords, including Valentin of Jaso, cousin of Francis Xavier. The prisoners were taken to Atienza and held in chains with restricted communications. Extreme security measures were taken and no Navarrese were allowed into the town, with any resident hosting a Navarrese or not reporting their presence being subject to a 1,000 maravedi fine and two years imprisonment. The surviving 7 Navarrese Agramont lords were eventually released on acceptance of their submission, but they all joined the 1521 French-Navarrese expedition commanded by General Asparros.

The reconquest attempt failed, and on 14August 1516 the Treaty of Noyon was signed between Francis I of France and Charles V, in which Charles agreed in the context of a wider agreement to reconsider his rights over the Kingdom of Navarre and listen to Queen Catherine's envoys. However, Franco-Spanish tensions mounted again, Catherine died in early 1517 and the provisions on Navarre set out in the treaty were never enforced.

Talks continued between Navarrese diplomats and Charles V to reach an agreement over a marriage between Charles' sister Eleonor and the new king of Navarre, Henry II. The Parliament of Navarre in Pamplona, attended only by Beaumont party members, demanded the reattachment to Higher Navarre of "Coastal Navarre", the Basque districts better known as Biscay until the early 19th century.

Cisneros' repression on Charles V's accession
The Spanish cardinal Cisneros was acting as regent for the newly proclaimed King Charles. As such, in 1517 he decreed that all Navarrese castles be pulled down to prevent future resistance. Prominent Navarre figures who had stood up for the Navarrese monarchs were imprisoned in Atienza or forced into exile. The repression was aimed, in Cardinal Cisneros' words, at further "subjugating and constraining [Navarre], so that no one in that kingdom dares or ventures to rebel".

Mimicking the 1502 royal decision in Castile—the details of the decision are not well known—the Spanish imperial authorities decreed the forced conversion or the expulsion of the Navarrese Muslims living in and around Tudela, probably on 1May 1516. However, by 1516 many of them had emigrated following exactions imposed for decades. Muslims emigrated from Navarre until 1520, with many of them settling in Aragon, where they found temporary shelter until their 1526 expulsion.

The institutional framework of Navarre was preserved following the 1512 invasion. Once Ferdinand II of Aragon died in January, the Parliament of Navarre gathered in Pamplona, urging Charles V, aged 16, to attend a coronation ceremony in the town following tradition. The Parliament's envoys were met with the Emperor's utter indifference, if not contempt. He refused to attend any ceremony and stated "let us say that I am happy and [the proclamation proposal] pleases me". Eventually the Parliament met in 1517 without Charles V, who was represented by the Duke of Najera.

Charles pronounced an array of promises, while Parliament kept submitting grievances and demands for damages to the Emperor, a total of sixty-seven. The second viceroy of Navarre, Fadrique de Acuña, was deposed in 1515; probably for passing on the grievances. Contradictions in the documents relating to the Emperor's purported oath pledge in 1516 point to a contemporary manipulation of the records.

1521 French-Navarrese expedition

New hopes for a young generation

In 1520 and 1521, Castile was distracted by the Revolt of the Comuneros.  The Crown of Aragon was also suffering economic difficulties as a consequence of the Revolt of the Brotherhoods. As a result, Spain was seen as a target of opportunity by the King Francis I of France. Meanwhile, the young King Henry II of Navarre, based in Béarn, saw a way to reconquer Navarre. Taking advantage of the synergies with France, Henry began raising a 12,000-strong army, mainly Gascons and Navarrese exiles. This Franco-Navarrese army was commanded by General Asparros (or Esparre). It consisted of 12,000 infantry, 800 mounted knights, and 29 pieces of artillery.

The Castilian Viceroy of Navarre, Antonio Manrique de Lara, 2nd Duke of Nájera, was caught off-guard. The Duke was responsible for guarding the Navarrese lands conquered in 1512, but he had moved the bulk of his troops away from Navarre to suppress the Revolt of the Comuneros in his home territory of Castile. Rumors of a "French" invasion had been widespread, with former comunero noble Pedro Girón warning of the impending invasion in April 1521.

Angry at the Castilian takeover of the ecclesiastic, administrative, and judicial institutions in Navarre, the Navarrese rose up in support of Henry II on hearing the news of Henry II's expedition. Volunteer bands were created in many places to expel the Castilians. As the Franco-Navarrese army approached Pamplona, the citizens revolted and besieged the Castilian military governor, Ignatius of Loyola, in his newly built castle. The garrison surrendered after a few days of resistance in late May 1521 in the Battle of Pampeluna (Pamplona). In less than three weeks, all of Navarre was reconquered.

Still, not all was settled. The absence of Henry II was disquieting to the population. Additionally, the troops led by General Asparros indulged in looting on arrival at Viana, leaving many angry and disappointed with an expedition that was meant to liberate them. The Franco-Navarrese army then moved out of friendly territory and into Castile, crossing the Ebro and besieging the town of Logroño, where the count of Lerin was stationed with a 4,000-strong force.

Castilian counterattack

Unfortunately for the King of Navarre and the French, the Revolt of the Comuneros had been crushed at the Battle of Villalar in April. Not only was the Castilian government able to send its soldiers back to Navarre, but a large number of Castilian nobles who had supported the comuneros or vacillated between sides were now presented with an opportunity to prove their loyalty to Castile. Many formerly rebel-held towns sent soldiers to Navarre as well.
Backed by a suddenly reunified Castile, an army of 30,000 men approached Navarre. On 11 June Asparros abandoned his siege of Logroño and retreated back to Tiebas, in Navarre.  Asparros desperately requested reinforcements from Béarn, but Henry II refused the request, presumably not wanting to risk them in a battle that was likely already lost.

The Franco-Navarrese were completely defeated at the Battle of Esquiroz (Noáin) near Pamplona, on 30June 1521. The French-Navarrese force did not have sufficient artillery to defend themselves, and were outnumbered by more than two-to-one. French and Navarrese losses numbered more than 6,000 dead, and General Asparros was captured, and released in return for a ransom of 10,500 ducats, and the surrender of Pamplona.

The Castilian fatalities numbered between 50 and 300. The victory was followed by an occupation in which the Navarrese were subject to abuse, pillaging, marginalization, and exile. This situation bred despair among many Navarrese, with many lords opting to switch sides to the victorious Castilians. The Castilians did not relent, and continued to send reinforcements to the area as Charles V and France went to war across Europe.

Hondarribia and last stand at Amaiur

Franco-Navarrese expeditions over the coast and north Navarre
With the defeat at Noain still fresh in their memories, Henry II of Navarre and Francis I of France allied again to strike back. This time on the northern fringes of Navarre—probably expecting the Spanish to be worn out militarily and financially by their relentless war activity. In late September 1521, the Franco-Navarrese divided in two columns and advanced towards the Bidasoa.

The first column, made up of Agramont-party Navarrese, Normans, and Gascons, was based in Labourd (in French royal territory), while the second, formed by German, Gascon, and Norman infantry, set off from Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port—then in the hands of troops loyal to Henry II. A total of 27,000 combatants were under the command of Guillaume Gouffier, seigneur de Bonnivet. Most of the troops were raised in the Norman and Pyrénées-based possessions of the Foix-Albret. After taking over Roncal, the second column headed west along the Pyrénées range, and captured Roncevaux.

The Franco-Navarrese force approached the fortress of Amaiur (Baztan, Navarre), laying siege to the fortress the Castilians had just reinforced. On 3October 1521 the Castilians capitulated in exchange for free passage to Castile. The troops of Guillaume Gouffier then headed to Labourd and on to Behobia, capturing the fortress of Urantzu and moving on to invest the coastal stronghold of Hondarribia (Fuenterrabía, Fontarabie) at the tip of Gipuzkoa in the Basque Country. This stronghold was captured on 12October 1521 (other sources state 6October). The Franco-Navarrese held sway over an area extending from Belate to the mouth of the Bidasoa river.

In May 1522, with Charles V in Pamplona, the Spanish forces started to gather the funds and troops necessary to respond. In July 1522, with Navarrese Amaiur about to fall, the Emperor disembarked in Santander with 4,000 landsknechts. Many Basques from Biscay proper, Gipuzkoa, Álava, and even Navarre joined Charles V's forces, as did a number of Aragonese. Ahead of the Castilian expedition to the Bidasoa, a combination of Gipuzkoan militias supported by 1,000 landsknecht engaged the Franco-Navarrese at the fortress of Urantzu in the Battle of San Marcial. The pro-Imperial forces took the position on 30June 1522.

Fall of Amaiur
While Charles V made military arrangements, he also issued a decree pardoning many of the banished and exiled Agramont party members loyal to Henry II. Charles V seems to have followed Ferdinand II's tactics, the partial pardon was intertwined with repression, such as a new order to pull down remaining Agramont and other Navarrese fortresses, besides putting Agramont leaders loyal to King Henry II to trial on lèse-majesté charges.

On 4July 1522, a 7,000-strong Castilian expedition left from Pamplona, and by 15July Amaiur was invested. The fortress was defended by 200 Navarrese loyal knights commanded by Don Jaime Velaz de Medrano, Alciade and Mayor of Amauir and one of the 1512 leaders of Estella-Lizarra. However, no relief force arrived and it ultimately fell to the Count of Miranda on 19July 1522. A commemorative monolith now stands on the site of the fortress. After the capitulation of Amaiur, orders were issued by the Venetian-born Castilian bishop of Pamplona, John de Rena, to level the fortress and pull down a number houses owned by Agramont sympathisers, as well as setting fire to the Abbey of Urdazubi.

The 39 surviving Navarrese defenders of Amaiur were taken to Pamplona and held captive in the Saint Nicolas fortress. Besides Jaime Velaz de Medrano, they included Jaime's son Luis Velaz de Medrano, Miguel de Jaso, lord of Xavier, and Francis Xavier's oldest brother. They were imprisoned in Pamplona, with some accounts saying that Jaime and his son were poisoned and others say they were released. Miguel managed to escape dressed in woman garments; he joined his brother John de Jaso and the 3,000 strong garrison of Hondarribia—1,000 Navarrese and 2,000 French. The garrison included Claude of Lorraine as one of its commanders.

Charles V's thrust to the north of the Pyrenees
At the peak of Francis' and Henry II's campaign, the Navarrese king made a symbolic gesture: he called the Estates of Navarre in Saint-Palais (Donapaleu), reuniting on 18 August 1523 at the church of Saint-Paul. The king took an oath days later to respect the Navarrese laws (fueros), and reorganized the Navarrese administration according to actual territorial control. Charles V felt his authority in Navarre was being defied, and designed a plan to subdue Henry II and Francis, and finally suppress Navarrese resistance. His ambitious plan aimed at invading Lower Navarre, Toulouse, Bayonne, and Hondarribia after Amaiur was captured.

The Viceroy of Aragon advanced to Oloron in Béarn and laid siege to the town, while the army of the Prince of Orange Philibert of Chalon failed to take Bayonne. Frustrated at his failure, on his withdrawal south Philibert devastated Ustaritz, and sacked Biarritz and Saint-Jean-de-Luz (Donibane Lohizune). Other towns and villages inland straddling the Navarre-Béarn border were also devastated. Eventually, the Imperial forces focused all their strength on capturing Hondarribia. On 15December 1523, Charles V issued a new pardon, this time including most of the Navarrese Agramont leaders, except for 152 prominent figures, some of them still fighting in Hondarribia.

Political arrangements
The Battle of Hondarribia (Fuenterrabía) would last until April 1524. On 19February 1524, the Navarrese forces commanded by Pedro de Navarra, son of the assassinated Navarrese marshall, capitulated to Iñigo Fernandez de Velasco, his own uncle. On 29 April, Charles decreed a final general pardon, with the defenders of Hondarribia leaving the position after virtually two years of investment. The pardon was substantiated before the emperor on 3 May at a ceremony held in Burgos. The Navarrese leaders were promised a restitution of their properties, but only after vowing loyalty to Charles V. Ultimately, some of the defenders of the position were given positions in Charles V court—but far from Navarre—and their properties were partially or fully restored, but not without problems. With this surrender, Navarrese resistance to the Spanish-Castilian occupation was dealt its final blow.

Localized military clashes were now confined to the southern fringes of Lower Navarre (Nafarroa Beherea in Basque, see map). In 1525, a Spanish attack captured St-Jean-Pied-de-Port again, it was held by the Spanish for almost two years, but in 1527 the lord of Luxe (Lukuze) and Esteban de Albret, lord of Miossens, recaptured the position. Except for a Spanish outpost in Luzaide/Valcarlos the region was abandoned in 1528 due to Charles V's loss of interest and the difficulties of defending it. France's loss of the wider war, with King Francis' and Henry II's capture at the Battle of Pavia in February 1525, sealed the division of Navarre. While Henry II managed to escape from prison, the Treaty of Madrid on 1January 1526 and the Treaty of Cambrai in 1529 confirmed Spanish control over the Iberian part of Navarre—Francis I committed to denying assistance to Henry II.

Aftermath and consequences

Institutional takeover during occupation
The successive pardons decreed by Charles V were intended to help integrate Navarre into Habsburg Spain. A series of pardons to clergy who had sided with the Navarrese monarchs were also decreed, with the first just after the 1512 invasion. However, distrust to the loyalty of the Navarrese was maintained throughout the 16th century while Protestant and independent Navarre existed to the north of the Pyrenees, prior to its absorption into France in 1620. Holdings confiscated from subjects loyal to Henry II began to be returned, but the procedures were fraught with problems, were accompanied by judicial persecution, and were accompanied by exemplary sentences for Agramont party leaders.

While no burning of books is attested, as happened during the follow-up to the conquest of Granada in Oran (on Cardinal Cisneros' orders), large numbers of books, records and archives are missing; these relate to jurisprudence, accountancy, appointments, Parliament and Royal Council sessions, as well as property titles of the period prior to the 1512 invasion from the mid 15th century to early 16th century, with records resuming in 1512.

Files relating to the previous period appear to have been seized by the Spanish monarchy or their newly appointed authorities. The vast majority of the population was Basque-speaking and was mostly illiterate, relying on a bilingual notary who could write in Romance (a Navarrese variant merging with Castilian) or Latin, but a requirement was imposed to re-register property titles before Castilian officials. Failing registration, ownership of the holding was invalidated and was subject to confiscation in favour of the occupier.

Navarre remained on a state of military occupation until at least 1530. All positions in the kingdom's government were taken over by Castilian appointees, namely bishops, viceroys, and administrative personnel of the Royal Tribunals, the Royal Council, Accounts Chamber (Comptos), and the curia. Pamplona, and other Navarrese towns were garrisoned by Castilian or Castilian-controlled troops. Navarrese ecclesiastics were prevented from rising to the position of abbot or above. Navarrese showing a submissive demeanour were occasionally kept or appointed as officials.

Since the Spanish conquest, each time a bishop vacancy occurred, either the cathedral chapter of Pamplona, or later the Diputacion, would request a Navarrese bishop, but to no avail. For example, in 1539 an extensive report insisted on choosing a native ecclesiastic for the position on a number of accounts, one of them being that he could speak Basque and would be obeyed by his subjects, "for his native origin and because the Basque people, the main part of the kingdom, love like no other nation their own nature and language." The report was turned down without explanation, and a Castilian bishop appointed. Historian of the church Goñi Gaztanbide (Historia de los Obispos de Pamplona, 1985) is adamant in his criticism, denouncing the "Castilian assimilation of Navarrese Church at all levels," to the point of considering that it was subjected to a colonial regime.

Heresy against a political backdrop
The Navarrese continued turning their eyes to their Protestant brethren to the north, in Henry II's independent Navarre with Béarn. Navarre, like Gipuzkoa, became a hotspot of penetration for Protestant ideas as early as 1521, when the Inquisition seized and set fire to a number of books. A ban was imposed on reading them, or even writing or preaching against Protestant doctrines, in order to avoid bringing attention to their claims.

In 1525, shortly after Henry II's two failed reconquest campaigns, the first witchcraft allegations were instigated by the graduate Balanza, a member of the Royal Council and a commissioner of inquiries on witchcraft for Navarre. He sent letters to the Castilian bishop of Pamplona, John de Rena (an able military administrator, but not ordained for religious functions). Balanza asserted that there existed "so much evil" in a number of southern Pyrenean valleys—starting from Salazar and Roncal, to Burguete (Auritz), Baztan, Bortziriak, Malerreka (to Pamplona)—located in the rear of the St-Jean-Pied-de-Port front in Lower Navarre, and an active theatre of war just a few years or months before, "it should not be only me who is aware of it". After his inquiry and the resultant trials, held between January and August 1525, 30–40 people, mostly women, were condemned and burnt alive by the occupation authorities; other sources point to 200. A further 43 were stripped of their property.

On 15August 1532, Ana of Albret, the sister of Henry II, died. She expressed in her will the wish to be buried with her parents Catherine I and John III in Pamplona, but her wish was not honoured. She also bequeathed her dominion as Princess of Viana to her brother King Henry II. Doubts over the occupation of Navarre perturbed Charles V until death. He attempted to find a compromise suiting both his ambitions and the monarchs of Navarre. To that end, he tried to marry his son and successor Philip II of Spain to the heir-apparent of Navarre, Jeanne d'Albret, in 1539, highlighting her high educational background and intelligence. These attempts ultimately failed, but Charles V left Philip II instructions on his will to give Navarre back, "following his conscience". That never happened.

Footnotes

References

16th-century conflicts
Wars involving France
Wars involving Spain
16th century in Navarre
Basque history
16th century in Spain
1512 in Spain
1524 in Spain
War of the League of Cambrai


Or Else, the Lightning God & Other Stories is a collection of eighteen short stories by Catherine Lim, first published by Heinemann in 1980 under the Writing in Asia Series.  The book follows the success of Little Ironies: Stories of Singapore, published two years ago by the same author.  Both these two collections were used as set texts by the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate for GCE 'O' Levels. Examined in 1989 and 1990, Or Else, the Lightning God & Other Stories was the first Singapore book to be used.

The Stories

The themes and style of the stories are very much carried on from Catherine Lim's first collection of short stories, Little Ironies.  They focus on the snobbery, selfishness, prejudice and ignorance of the characters.  The stories are also as a rule slightly longer than those in Little Ironies.

References

1980 short story collections
Heinemann (publisher) books
Singaporean short story collections


In mathematical analysis, the final value theorem (FVT) is one of several similar theorems used to relate frequency domain expressions to the time domain behavior as time approaches infinity.
Mathematically, if  in continuous time has (unilateral) Laplace transform , then a final value theorem establishes conditions under which

Likewise, if  in discrete time has (unilateral) Z-transform , then a final value theorem establishes conditions under which

An Abelian final value theorem makes assumptions about the time-domain behavior of  (or ) to calculate .
Conversely, a Tauberian final value theorem makes assumptions about the frequency-domain behaviour of  to calculate  (or )
(see Abelian and Tauberian theorems for integral transforms).

Final value theorems for the Laplace transform

Deducing

In the following statements, the notation '' means that  approaches 0, whereas '' means that  approaches 0 through the positive numbers.

Standard Final Value Theorem

Suppose that every pole of  is either in the open left half plane or at the origin, and that  has at most a single pole at the origin.  Then  as , and .

Final Value Theorem using Laplace transform of the derivative

Suppose that  and  both have Laplace transforms that exist for all . If  exists and  exists then .

Remark

Both limits must exist for the theorem to hold. For example, if  then  does not exist, but
.

Improved Tauberian converse Final Value Theorem

Suppose that  is bounded and differentiable, and that
 is also bounded on . If  as  then .

Extended Final Value Theorem

Suppose that every pole of  is either in the open left half-plane or at the origin. Then one of the following occurs:
  as , and .
  as , and  as .
  as , and  as .
In particular, if  is a multiple pole of  then case 2 or 3 applies ( or ).

Generalized Final Value Theorem

Suppose that  is Laplace transformable. Let . If  exists and  exists then

where  denotes the Gamma function.

Applications

Final value theorems for obtaining  have applications in establishing the long-term stability of a system.

Deducing

Abelian Final Value Theorem

Suppose that  is bounded and measurable and . Then  exists for all  and .

Elementary proof

Suppose for convenience that  on , and let . Let , and choose  so that  for all . Since , for every  we have

hence

Now for every  we have
.
On the other hand, since  is fixed it is clear that , and so  if  is small enough.

Final Value Theorem using Laplace transform of the derivative

Suppose that all of the following conditions are satisfied:
  is continuously differentiable and both  and  have a Laplace transform
  is absolutely integrable - that is,  is finite
  exists and is finite
Then
.

Remark

The proof uses the dominated convergence theorem.

Final Value Theorem for the mean of a function

Let  be a continuous and bounded function such that such that the following limit exists

Then .

Final Value Theorem for asymptotic sums of periodic functions

Suppose that  is continuous and absolutely integrable in . Suppose further that  is asymptotically equal to a finite sum of periodic functions , that is

where  is absolutely integrable in  and vanishes at infinity. Then
.

Final Value Theorem for a function that diverges to infinity

Let  and  be the Laplace transform of . Suppose that  satisfies all of the following conditions:
  is infinitely differentiable at zero
  has a Laplace transform for all non-negative integers
  diverges to infinity as
Then  diverges to infinity as .

Final Value Theorem for improperly integrable functions (Abel's theorem for integrals)

Let  be measurable and such that the (possibly improper) integral  converges for . Then

This is a version of Abel's theorem.

To see this, notice that  and apply the final value theorem to  after an integration by parts: For ,

By the final value theorem, the left-hand side converges to  for .

To establish the convergence of the improper integral  in practice, Dirichlet's test for improper integrals is often helpful. An example is the Dirichlet integral.

Applications

Final value theorems for obtaining  have applications in probability and statistics to calculate the moments of a random variable. Let  be cumulative distribution function of a continuous random variable  and let  be the Laplace–Stieltjes transform of . Then the -th moment of  can be calculated as

The strategy is to write

where  is continuous and
for each ,  for a function . For each , put  as the inverse Laplace transform of , obtain
, and apply a final value theorem to deduce
.  Then

and hence  is obtained.

Examples

Example where FVT holds

For example, for a system described by transfer function

the impulse response converges to

That is, the system returns to zero after being disturbed by a short impulse. However, the Laplace transform of the unit step response is

and so the step response converges to

So a zero-state system will follow an exponential rise to a final value of 3.

Example where FVT does not hold

For a system described by the transfer function

the final value theorem appears to predict the final value of the impulse response to be 0 and the final value of the step response to be 1. However, neither time-domain limit exists, and so the final value theorem predictions are not valid. In fact, both the impulse response and step response oscillate, and (in this special case) the final value theorem describes the average values around which the responses oscillate.

There are two checks performed in Control theory which confirm valid results for the Final Value Theorem:
 All non-zero roots of the denominator of  must have negative real parts.
  must not have more than one pole at the origin.

Rule 1 was not satisfied in this example, in that the roots of the denominator are  and .

Final value theorems for the Z transform

Deducing

Final Value Theorem

If  exists and  exists then .

Final value of linear systems

Continuous-time LTI systems
Final value of the system

in response to a step input  with amplitude  is:

Sampled-data systems

The sampled-data system of the above continuous-time LTI system at the aperiodic sampling times  is the discrete-time system

where  and
,
The final value of this system in response to a step input  with amplitude  is the same as the final value of its original continuous-time system.

See also
 Initial value theorem
 Z-transform
 Laplace Transform
Abelian and Tauberian theorems

Notes

External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20101225034508/http://wikis.controltheorypro.com/index.php?title=Final_Value_Theorem
http://fourier.eng.hmc.edu/e102/lectures/Laplace_Transform/node17.html : final value for Laplace
https://web.archive.org/web/20110719222313/http://www.engr.iupui.edu/~skoskie/ECE595s7/handouts/fvt_proof.pdf: final value proof for Z-transforms

Theorems in Fourier analysis
it:Teorema del valore iniziale


Đorđe Bogić (Serbian Cyrillic: Ђорђе Богић; 6 February 1911 – 17 June 1941) was a protopresbyter in the Serbian Orthodox Church and the parish priest of the Orthodox church in Našice.

He was canonized by the Serbian Orthodox Church as Saint Hieromartyr Georgije Bogić due to his brutal murder by Croatian fascists in 1941.

Life
Đorđe was born in Pakrac on 6 February 1911. He completed grammar school in Nova Gradiška and seminary in Sarajevo. On 25 May 1934, Đorđe was ordained a priest in Pakrac. Đorđe then performed his duties in the parishes of Majar and Bolmače, after which he was moved to Našice, where he happened to be at the beginning of World War II.

Torture and death
His afflictions were witnessed by Proko Prejnović, a Serb who hid from the Ustashe in a tree:

 The Ustashas tied the priest to a tree before they began their atrocities. They cut offthe priest's ears, his nose, and then his tongue. With relish and entirely senselessly, they pulled out his beard and the underlying skin. The poor, exhausted priest cried out of sheer pain. He was still a young man of thirty, healthy and well built. The whole time the priest was resolute and stood upright so that the Ustashas could give free rein to their crudeness. After gouging out his eyes the priest still did not stir so they cut open his stomach and chest so that Bogić collapsed. One could see his heart beating. One of the Ustashas yelled: "Cursed be your Serb mother whose heart is still beating." After this sentence the Ustashas set the priest on fire and shortened his pain and suffering.

According to another witness, the person guilty of these martyr afflictions was a Roman Catholic priest from Našice, Sidonije Šolc: "He (Fra Šolc) had our parish priest Đorđe Bogić killed in the most monstrous manner. They took him out of his apartment in the middle of the night and butchered him.

Đorđe's body remained in the same place the whole night, until the afternoon of the next day. Around 4 PM, the local Romani were ordered to take the corpse to Brezik Našički and to bury it in the graveyard.

Canonization
At the regular session of the Holy Assembly of Bishops of the Serbian Orthodox Church in 1998, Protopresbyter Đorđe was canonized, and his name was entered in the list of names of the Serbian Church Saints.

See also
 List of Serbian saints

References

1911 births
1941 deaths
People from Pakrac
Serbs of Croatia
Persecution of Serbs
Serbian saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church
20th-century Eastern Orthodox martyrs
20th-century Christian saints
Serbian Orthodox clergy
Serb priests
New Martyrs
Hieromartyrs
People executed by the Independent State of Croatia
Serb people who died in the Holocaust
Serbian civilians killed in World War II


The National Socialist People's Welfare (, NSV) was a social welfare organization during the Third Reich. The NSV was originally established in 1931 as a small Nazi Party-affiliated charity, which was active locally in the city of Berlin. On 3 May 1933, shortly after the Nazi Party took power in Weimar Germany, Adolf Hitler turned it into a party organization that was to be active throughout the country. The structure of the NSV was based on the Nazi Party model, with local, county (Kreis) and district (Gau) administrations.

Nazi Opposition to Social Welfare

While the Nazi Party had existed since 1920, it did not initially set up its own social welfare department as several other German political parties had done. Nazi ideology was in principle unfavourable to the idea of social welfare. Writing in Mein Kampf about his time spent among the poor in Vienna, Hitler expressed indignation against social welfare for helping the degenerate and the feeble. The Nazis believed that the German race had to be strengthened through a process of natural selection, which required weeding out its weakest elements, so they condemned the goals of charity and philanthropy. They opposed the extensive welfare system of the Weimar Republic for being wasteful, bureaucratic, and helping the wrong people, since it distributed welfare benefits indiscriminately without regard for race and often assisted people that the Nazis considered inferior.

Foundation in Berlin

By the 1930s, however, the Great Depression had caused mass unemployment in Germany, and it had become politically untenable for the Nazis to write off the destitute as not worth helping. In 1931, Joseph Goebbels, the Gauleiter (regional Nazi Party leader) of Berlin, realized the propaganda potential of a small Nazi People's Welfare Association founded by one of the Berlin party branches, and sought to expand it. Goebbels placed Erich Hilgenfeldt in charge of this association, after Hilgenfeldt had organized a successful charity drive to celebrate Adolf Hitler's birthday on 20 April 1931.

Expansion of NSV and disbanding of other welfare organisations

Two years later, after Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany, the NSV became established as the single Nazi Party welfare organ on 3 May 1933. On 21 September in the same year, Hilgenfeldt was appointed as Reich Commissioner for the Winterhilfswerk (Winter Support Programme). Hitler directed Hilgenfeldt to "see to the disbanding of all private welfare institutions" and to "take charge of the Caritas organisation and the Inner Mission," so as to exclude Jews, non-Germans, opponents of the Nazi regime, and other "racially inferior" persons from receiving aid. Before the Nazi seizure of power, there had been seven main charitable networks in Germany: two socialist welfare organizations (one run by the SPD and the other by the KPD), the Christian workers' welfare association, the national Jewish charitable agency, the Roman Catholic Caritas, the Protestant Inner Mission, and the German Red Cross. The Nazis disbanded the socialist and Christian workers' associations and seized their assets, restricted the activities of the Jewish agency to helping ethnic Jews, and sought to "coordinate" the remaining three agencies under the control of the NSV. The non-Nazi charities were forced to accept the principles of eugenics and refrain from helping those deemed biologically unfit, while the German Red Cross was compelled to appoint Nazis to prominent positions.

The NSV was the second largest Nazi group organization by 1935, second only to the German Labour Front. It had 4.7 million members and 520,000 volunteer workers. Nazi Party members who were active in communal welfare professionally or as volunteers had to be NSV members.

Racially and socially restrictive criteria

The NSV restricted its assistance from the very beginning to individuals of "Aryan descent" who met a range of conditions to be deemed worthy of support, officially stating that its aim was to promote "the living, healthy forces of the German people." The list of those excluded from NSV benefits was composed of "alcoholics, tramps, homosexuals, prostitutes, the 'work-shy' or the 'asocial', habitual criminals, the hereditarily ill (a widely defined category) and members of races other than the Aryan." Within these limitations, 17 million Germans received assistance under the auspices of NSV by 1939, and the agency operated 8,000 day-nurseries, funded holiday homes for mothers, distributed additional food for large families and was involved with a wide variety of other facilities. It "projected a powerful image of caring and support" for those who were seen as full members of the German racial community, while also inspiring fear through its intrusive questioning and the threat of opening a Gestapo investigation on those who did not fulfill the criteria for support.

Under the NSV, German social welfare and voluntary charity were thoroughly restructured to follow the racial and ideological goals of the Nazi state. The Nazi government declared that in the future, welfare and charitable aid would be granted only to individuals who were "racially superior" and could prove their value to the Volksgemeinschaft. The criteria for receiving aid were both racial and political, as individuals could be denied assistance for being Jewish and also for being Communists, Social Democrats, or other political opponents of the regime. The NSV sought to apply these principles to all areas of public and private assistance and charitable work, by extending its competence and control as broadly as possible. Thus, for example, one of the NSV branches, the Office of Institutional and Special Welfare, asserted its authority over all activities related to "travellers' aid at railway stations; relief for ex-convicts; support for re-migrants from abroad; assistance for the physically disabled, hard-of-hearing, deaf, mute, and blind; relief for the elderly, homeless and alcoholics; and the fight against illicit drugs and epidemics." Another branch, the Office of Youth Relief, which had 30,000 offices by 1941, took the job of supervising "social workers, corrective training, mediation assistance" and dealing with judicial authorities to prevent juvenile delinquency.

Activities

One of the NSV's main activities was the Winter Relief of the German People, which coordinated an annual drive to collect charity for the poor to provide them with heating and food over the winter months. Goebbels claimed that this was neither state welfare nor charity, but rather a new type of "racial self-help run by the German people for the German people." The Winter Relief program officially relied on voluntary donations, but in practice those donations were often collected by armed members of the Nazi Party going door to door in uniform, or by Hitler Youth members who were keeping lists of who had or had not contributed. A law was passed in 1934 that allowed the Interior Minister and the Nazi Party Treasurer to suspend any charities that competed with the Winterhilfswerk; this was used to force the other charities to limit their collection drives to the summer months.

In 1939, the NSV was also involved in the distribution of soup to the citizens of Warsaw after the city's surrender. Jews were excluded from the effort, which focused on the propaganda value.

Funding

During World War II, the NSV took over more and more governmental responsibilities, especially in the fields of child and youth labor. The NSV budget routinely ran a deficit and had to be subsidized with funds from the central government, and these subsidies increased significantly just before and after the outbreak of war, more than doubling in three budgetary years from 640.4 million Reichsmarks in 1938 to 1.395 billion Reichsmarks by 1941. The Nazi government did not wish to increase taxes on German citizens to pay for the NSV's expenses, so an alternative solution was found: theft of benefits and wages from forced laborers and the populations of conquered territories. The forced labor of non-Germans and the confiscation of Jewish assets were used to provide the necessary subsidies for the NSV during the war, especially after 1941.

Disbandment

After Nazi Germany's defeat in World War II, the Allied Military Government issued a special law outlawing the Nazi Party and all of its branches. Known as Law number five, this denazification decree disbanded the NSV, like all organizations linked to the Nazi Party.  New social welfare organizations were established during the postwar reconstruction of both West and East Germany.

See also
 National Socialist War Victim's Care
 Winterhilfswerk

References

Social welfare charities
Nazi Party organizations
1933 establishments in Germany
1945 disestablishments in Germany
Organizations established in 1933
Organizations disestablished in 1945


Isopropyl aminoethylmethyl phosphonite (NATO designation QL), also known as O-(2-diisopropylaminoethyl) -ethyl methylphosphonite, is a precursor chemical to the nerve agent VX  and VR-56. It is a colorless liquid with a strong fishy odor, and is slightly soluble in water.

Synthesis
QL is manufactured by reacting diethyl methylphosphonite with 2-(diisopropylamino)ethanol.

Uses in chemical warfare
QL is a component in binary chemical weapons, mainly VX nerve agent. It, along with methylphosphonyl difluoride (DF), was developed during the 1980s in order to replace an aging stockpile of unitary chemical weapons. QL is listed as a Schedule 1 chemical by the Chemical Weapons Convention.

Toxicity
QL itself is a relatively non-toxic chemical. However, when reacting with sulfur, the corresponding sulfide of QL isomerizes into the highly toxic VX molecule.

References

Nerve agent precursors
Organophosphonites
Diisopropylamino compounds
Ethoxy compounds


Haemieup-seong is a fortress located in Haemi-eup near Seosan, South Chungcheong Province in South Korea. Haemi Castle was built between the 17th year of the reign of King Taejong (1417) and the 3rd year of Sejong the Great's reign in 1421 during the Joseon period. The fortress was completed in the 22nd year of the reign of King Seongjong. In January 1963, it was listed as South Korea's Historical Site No. 116 and was renovated in 1973. The castle was the background of the Donghak Rebellion in 1864. This fortress, originally built to protect against Japanese pirates, was a historical site where thousands of Catholics were executed during the French Invasion in 1866.

Facilities
There's a historic culture festival held at Haemieup-seong. The theme is Seosan during the Joeseon period. The fortress has several facilities that include a natural eco park, horseback riding, shops and places to eat and drink, as well as gukgung and ssireum.

Operating Hours
Summer season 05:00-21:00 / Winter season 06:00-19:00

See also

Castles in Korea
Korean Architecture
 Korean-style fortresses in Manchuria
 Korean-style fortresses in Japan
 Cheolli Jangseong

References

External links
 Haemieup Castle
Cultural Heritage
Visit Korea

Buildings and structures in South Chungcheong Province
City walls in South Korea
Seosan


Mount Hiru (蛭ヶ岳 Hiru-ga-take) is the tallest mountain of the Tanzawa Mountains with a height of .

Gallery

References

 Mapple Yamachizu

Hiru


The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Arab Republic of Egypt () is the Egyptian government ministry which oversees the foreign relations of Egypt. On 17 July 2014 Sameh Shoukry was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs.

History

Early history
In the 19th century, the ministry was one of the divans established by Muhammad Ali Pasha, known as the 'founder of modern Egypt'. The aim of the ministry was to organize Egypt's internal, and external affairs, and was concerned with trade, and commerce. Later, it became the Divan of Foreign Affairs, and was concerned with trade, and citizen's affairs. It continued to function after the Muhammad Ali's reign, and it was one of the fundamental divans of the state. It was concerned with abolishing slavery, and following up international treaties. During the era of Sa'id Pasha, and Isma'il Pasha, there were some modifications in the ministry, due to the increasing presence of the Europeans in Egypt.

Due to the change of rule in Egypt in 1878, the absolute jurisdictions given to rulers were diminished, and the divans were replaced by portfolios. During this period, the foreign portfolio was headed by prominent figures such as Boutros Ghali, who spent the longest period in office from 1894 to 1910.

The foreign portfolio was put to an end after the declaration of the British Protectorate over Egypt in 1914.

Reestablishment
After Egyptian independence was officially recognised by the United Kingdom on 22 February 1922, the Ministry of Foreign affairs was re-established on 15 March 1922. Ahmed Heshmat Pasha, who became the first Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1923, laid the cornerstone of the organizational structure of the ministry and took Al Bustan Palace in Bab El Louk, a palace owned by King Fuad, to be the first official headquarters to his ministry. He divided the ministry into four main departments, the minister's divan, the department of political and commercial affairs, the department of consular affairs, and the department of administrative affairs.

In 1925, the first special decree regarding the consular system was issued, and also the decree regarding the system of the political positions.

Although the reestablishment of the ministry was approved, the continuing British occupation of the country imposed restrictions on the level of the Egyptian diplomatic representation abroad.

After the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936, diplomatic representation of Egypt was raised to be at the same level as the diplomatic representation in London. Under the treaty, Britain recognised Egypt's right to raise its diplomatic representation to the level of "ambassador" which in turn enabled Egypt to join the League of Nations in 1937. This enabled Egyptian diplomacy to have a role in the international arena once more.

The Egyptian diplomatic representation spread to many parts of the world. During this period, the Egyptian consular representation spread more than the diplomatic representation due to the large number of consuls who already functioned in cities like London, and Liverpool in Britain, Paris, Marseille, and Lyons in France, and Berlin, and Hamburg in Germany.

The aftermath of the Second World War had a great impact on the Egyptian diplomatic performance through the structural changes made by the Egyptian ministers at that time in order to cope with the profound changes created by the war. After the end of the war, the Egyptian ministers made changes to cope with the effect of the war.

The ministry after the Egyptian Revolution of 1952
The Egyptian Revolution of 1952 led to transformation of the organisational structure of the ministry. On 21 September 1955, law number 453 was issued to define the role of the Foreign Ministry in implementing Egyptian foreign policy, developing foreign relations of Egypt with foreign governments, and international organisations, protecting Egyptian interests abroad, issuing diplomatic passports, and following up issues related to diplomatic immunities and privileges. In 1966, the ministry set up the Institute for Diplomatic Studies.

In 1979, the Egyptian foreign minister, Boutros Boutros-Ghali, decided to reorganise the ministry to deal with the new circumstances following the Egyptian–Israeli Peace Treaty, and the following year, Foreign Minister Kamal Hassan, reorganised the ministry in order to develop the internal work mechanisms, and also worked on enhancing the Diplomatic Institute.

Hosni Mubarak became the president of Egypt on 14 October 1981, after which the ministry went through a comprehensive reform process. For the first time in 30 years, the law related to the Diplomatic and Consular Corps was modified. Consequently, Law Number 45 for year 1982 regarding the Diplomatic and Consular Corps was issued to cope with the new prospects of the Egyptian diplomatic and consular relations, according to the two Vienna Conventions on Diplomatic and Consular Relations which Egypt joined in the 1960s.

In the 1990s, a restructuring process for the Egyptian diplomatic practice took place. This process was influenced by the factors affecting the international arena such as the information and technological revolution, the increase in the role of non-governmental organisations in international relations, and the emergence of economic globalisation.

Decision-making process
The ministry is responsible for conducting the Egypt's foreign relations within the framework of the Egyptian cabinet. It plays an essential role in collecting and evaluating political, economic, cultural, and scientific information that may affect foreign relations.  It is also responsible for planning and implementing Egyptian foreign policy, and co-ordinating with the other Egyptian ministries and institutions concerned.

After the Egyptian Revolution of 1952,  the decision-making patterns in the ministry underwent alteration. Such alteration depended mainly on the nature of the relationship between the presidential institution and the ministry, and on the sort of issues with which the decision-maker is dealing. The changes made to the decision-making process also took into consideration the efficiency with which the ministry will operate if it functioned independently without obtaining assistance or information from other institutions and ministries.

The Egyptian political leadership has made way for the ministry and other institutions to participate actively in the decision-making process through consultations, and accepting suggestions.

The role of the ministry
The ministry oversees the foreign relations of Egypt. It engages in Egypt's comprehensive development efforts by trying to attract foreign investments, acquire economic assistance, and facilitate technology transfer. There are specialized departments for international cooperation and economic relations have been established within the ministry to achieve these goals. They also coordinate and cooperate with other Egyptian ministries and institutions working in those domains.

Traditional relationships with other Arab and African states are maintained mainly through interactions with regional organisations such as the Arab League, and the African Union. Bilateral relations with these states are also promoted through undertaking continuous consultations, widening the scope of cooperation in various fields, as well as exchanging expertise in the different areas of development. Egypt's strategic relationships with the United States, and European states are also maintained by the ministry.

The ministry co-operates with the international community through international organisations such as the United Nations, and tries to play an active role in the UN, its specialised agencies, and several other international institutions to foster international peace, security, and economic development.

The ministry also helps to promote understanding of Egyptian culture through the cultural sector of the Foreign Ministry. The cultural sector co-operates with other Egyptian institutions, such as Al-Azhar University, the Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs, and the Egyptian Ministry of Education to offer scholarships and training courses to African, and Asian students.

See also

Cabinet of Egypt
Minister of Foreign Affairs (Egypt)

References

External links

 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Arab Republic of Egypt
 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Arab Republic of Egypt
Egypt's Cabinet Database

Egypt
Foreign relations of Egypt
Foreign Affairs
Ministries established in 1922
Downtown Cairo


Biathlon at the 2002 Winter Paralympics consisted of six events, three for men and three for women.

Medal table

Medal summary

Men
 7.5 km
 Sitting
 Standing
 Visually impaired

Women
 7.5 km
 Sitting
 Standing
 Visually impaired

Men's events

Women's events

See also
Biathlon at the 2002 Winter Olympics

References

Paralympics - Biathlon results, deseretnews.com

2002 Winter Paralympics events
2002
Paralympics
Biathlon competitions in the United States


US Post Office-Fredonia may refer to:
United States Post Office (Fredonia, Kansas), listed on the NRHP in Kansas
United States Post Office (Fredonia, New York), List of RHPs in NY


US Post Office-Geneva may refer to:
United States Post Office (Geneva, Nebraska), listed on the NRHP in Nebraska
United States Post Office (Geneva, New York), listed on the NRHP in New York


CAPA-alpha (sometimes abbreviated to K-a) was the first amateur press association (APA) devoted to comic books, started by Jerry Bails (the "father of comics fandom") in the United States in 1964.

History
In October 1964 Bails released the first issue of comics' first dedicated APA publication. Between 1963 and 1964, "new fanzines were popping up right and left . . . [as] a lot of fans were infected by the "publishing bug," many of them talented writers and artists." In an attempt to focus these emerging talents, and head off the over-abundance of poor quality fanzines (or "crud-zines") which seemed to equal in number their good quality counterparts, Bails adapted the long-standing practice of APAs for comics, creating the first all-comics APA, "CAPA-alpha" (the first—e.g., 'alpha'—'Comics A.P.A.'). Cartoonist and fanzine publisher Johnny Chambers is credited with coming up with the title CAPA-Alpha.

This allowed the easy formulation of a fanzine, created through submissions by each of its fifty-strong membership, who could all contribute short submissions on a regular basis. Compiled in the regular APA mold by a "central mailer" (in which role Bails first served), copies of the membership's individual submissions could then be collated and mailed out to everyone. "Now," explained fandom historian Bill Schelly, "fans could get into print and retain editorial control of their material, without publishing their own fanzine."

CAPA-alpha soon grew to its present limit of fifty members, becoming along the way the archetype for most subsequent comics APAs. Besides Bails, notable members have included Mark Evanier, Carl Gafford, Fred Patten, Richard and Wendy Pini, Neal Pozner, Roy Thomas, Tony Isabella, Bob Ingersoll, Dan Alderson, Dave Kaler, Ralph Alfonso, Rick Norwood, Don Markstein, Dwight Decker, Rob Solomon, Rocky Bronstein, Tom Stern, Jim Korkis, Richard Morrissey, Harry Broertjes, Jim Chadwick, Wayne DeWald, Meloney Crawford, Gary Brown, Alan Hutchinson, Jeffrey H. Wasserman, and Don and Maggie Thompson.

In addition, Michael Barrier's animation fanzine Funnyworld started as a CAPA-alpha contribution.

References

Comics fandom
Magazines about comics
Journalism-related professional associations
Zines


The Charlotte Stone Crabs were a Minor League Baseball team located in Port Charlotte, Florida, from 2009 to 2020. They competed in the Florida State League (FSL) as the Class A-Advanced affiliate of the Tampa Bay Rays Major League Baseball (MLB) team. They played their home games at Charlotte Sports Park and were named for the Florida stone crab, which is indigenous to the Charlotte County region.

The Stone Crabs arrived in Port Charlotte in 2009 after the Vero Beach Devil Rays were purchased by Ripken Baseball and relocated from Vero Beach, Florida. They played 11 seasons in Port Charlotte. The 2020 season was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. After the cancelled season, the Stone Crabs were dropped as a Rays affiliate and not invited to join another organization as a part of MLB's 2021 reorganization of the minor leagues.

History
On August 25, 2008, it was announced that the Vero Beach Devil Rays, the Class A-Advanced affiliate of the Tampa Bay Devil Rays playing in the Florida State League (FSL), had been sold to Ripken Baseball. This resulted in a relocation of the franchise from Vero Beach, Florida, to Port Charlotte with the team becoming the Charlotte Stone Crabs.

In preparation for the new team's arrival, Charlotte County Stadium, which last housed the Charlotte County Redfish of the now defunct South Coast League, underwent a $27 million renovation, which was completed in January 2009. Renamed Charlotte Sports Park, it became the spring training home of the Tampa Bay Rays as well as the regular season home of the Stone Crabs.

On April 9, 2009, with the Fort Myers Miracle as opponents, Alex Cobb threw the first pitch in Stone Crabs history. A rehabbing B. J. Upton was the first Stone Crabs batter, and Matt Fields hit a home run to lead off the second inning, laying claim to the first Stone Crabs hit, home run, and RBI. After starting the season 0–3, the franchise notched its first win on April 13 in Fort Myers. The Stone Crabs won the South Division title in their first season, but lost the FSL championship to the Tampa Yankees, three games to two. In 2010 and 2013, they again won the FSL South and returned to the league championship series, but lost to the Tampa Yankees (2010) and Daytona Cubs (2013).

In 2012, the Stone Crabs hosted the Florida State League All-Star Game. The South Division All-Stars came from behind for a 6–3 win over the North All-Stars with Charlotte pitchers bookending the game. C. J. Riefenhauser started the evening with a perfect inning and Chris Rearick threw a scoreless ninth for the save. St. Lucie Mets third baseman Wilmer Flores took home Most Valuable Player honors, and Lakeland Flying Tigers outfielder Avisaíl García won the Home Run Derby.

Charlotte won their lone FSL championship in 2015, defeating the Daytona Tortugas, 3–1.

The 2019 season became the team's last. The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in the cancellation of the 2020 season. After the cancelled season, Major League Baseball took direct control of Minor League Baseball. The Stone Crabs were not among the four teams invited to remain as affiliates of the Tampa Bay Rays, with whom they had been affiliated since 2009. This ended the team's 12-year run. General manager Jeff Cook was the team's final employee.

Uniform
The Stone Crabs had four jerseys and two hats that they wore during the season. The uniforms were manufactured by Rawlings and the hats were made by New Era. Navy socks were worn high with all uniforms, per team policy. Player names were not worn on the jersey backs.

Jerseys
The home white had "Stone Crabs" across the chest with navy piping around the neck, down the center of the jersey, and around the two sleeves. There was also a thin navy line down both white pant legs. The number on the back was navy with a light blue outline.

The road grays had "Charlotte" written across the chest with navy piping around the neck, down the center of the jersey, and around the two sleeves. There was also a thin navy line down both gray pant legs. The number on the back was navy with a white outline. There was also a crab patch on the left sleeve.

The alternate uniform was light blue with the alternate logo (a crab claw grasping a capital C) on the left side of the chest. Parallel navy stripes ran along the shoulders, navy piping circles each sleeve, and navy bars ran from the armpits down the side of the jersey to the base. The number on the back was navy with a white outline. New for the 2014 season and made of a lightweight material, these jerseys were worn nearly every game. As of 2018 these jerseys were no longer worn.

The fourth jersey was the alternate prior to 2014, but was later used exclusively for warm-ups. Made of a mesh material, these navy blue, two button pullovers had "Stone Crabs" across the chest with light blue piping that ran from the collar bone down both sleeves. There was also a light blue semi-circle that ran from the shoulders under each armpit. The numbers on the back were light blue with a white outline. These jerseys were only used for batting practice.

As of 2017, the Stone crabs had another Jersey. The Jersey was navy blue with the SC stone crabs logo on the front of the Jersey. The Jersey featured a crab logo on the sleeve of the jersey. These were worn on select home week days.

Hats
The primary hat was navy blue with a matching navy brim and button, the "SC" logo on the front, and a white New Era flag logo on the left side.

The alternate hat was light blue with a navy blue brim and button, the alternate crab claw logo on the front, and a navy New Era flag logo on the left side.

The 2014 season saw a new hat added to the rotation, which was used exclusively for warm-ups. It was made of a navy blue, lightweight material with the crab logo on the front, a light blue brim and button, and a light blue New Era flag logo on the left side.

Team managers and coaches
On December 20, 2008, the team announced that Vero Beach manager Jim Morrison would follow the team to Port Charlotte and become the first skipper of the Stone Crabs, a position he would retain through the 2012 season. In 2013, managing duties were passed to Brady Williams, who had managed the class A affiliate Bowling Green Hot Rods for the previous three seasons. Williams was promoted to the Double-A Montgomery Biscuits for the 2014 season and a Hot Rods manager was again called on to fill the vacancy, this time former Tampa Bay Devil Ray Jared Sandberg.

Season-by-season

  The Stone Crabs finished with the same record as the Fort Myers Miracle, but since the Miracle had the better head-to-head record in the second half (4–2), the Stone Crabs did not win the division.
  The playoffs were canceled due to the impending threat from Hurricane Dorian.

All-time records

Noteworthy games

No-hitter
Blake Snell, August 2, 2014: The first no-hitter in Stone Crabs history was a rain shortened one, as lefty Blake Snell stumped the Daytona Cubs for 5.1 innings before heavy rains washed away the final frames at Charlotte Sports Park. The Stone Crabs won 10–0.

Single-season records

Offensive
Hits: 145.....Tyler Bortnick '11
Doubles: 38.....Mike Sheridan '11
Triples: 11.....Hak-Ju Lee '11
Homeruns: 14.....Alejandro Segovia & Jeff Malm '13
RBIs: 73.....Richie Shaffer '13
Walks: 79.....Tyler Bortnick '11
Stolen Bases: 43.....Tyler Bortnick '11

Pitching
Wins: 14.....Jeremy Hall '09
Strikeouts: 208.....Matt Moore '10
Saves: 25.....Zach Quate '10

Notable Stone Crabs alumni
Alex Cobb (2009)
Jake McGee (2009)
Matt Moore (2010)
Stephen Vogt (2009–10)
Jake Bauers (2015)
Blake Snell (2015)
Brandon Lowe (2017)
Willy Adames (2015)
Kenny Rosenberg (2018)

References

External links

 Statistics from Baseball-Reference

Charlotte County, Florida
Defunct Florida State League teams
Professional baseball teams in Florida
Tampa Bay Rays minor league affiliates
Baseball teams established in 2009
Baseball teams disestablished in 2020
2009 establishments in Florida
2020 disestablishments in Florida


Mark Blagrave (born 1956) is a Canadian writer of plays, short stories, and novels, and a former university professor and administrator.

Born in Niagara-on-the-Lake, Blagrave was raised in Southern Ontario and Bermuda before finishing high school in Saint John, New Brunswick. After earning his BA at Mount Allison University in Sackville, New Brunswick, and his MA and PhD from the University of Toronto, he returned to teach at the University of New Brunswick in Saint John and then, for twenty years, at Mount Allison University. In 2009, he returned to Ontario as Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Social Science at Huron University College, where he stayed until 2016 when he settled back in New Brunswick in St Andrews By-the-Sea.

Three of Blagrave's plays have been contracted for professional production (We Happy Few, and Scape by Live Bait Theatre, and Nomentacke by NotaBle Acts Festival) and a dozen others have been produced by university theatres in New Brunswick. His short stories have appeared regularly in Canadian periodicals such as The Fiddlehead, The Antigonish Review, and The New Quarterly. Silver Salts, his first novel, was shortlisted for the Commonwealth First Novel Award (Canada and Caribbean) for 2008. Salt in the Wounds, a collection of linked stories, all connected to salt, followed in 2014, and the novel Lay Figures in 2020.

References

External links
Mark Blagrave at Mount Allison University

1956 births
Living people
Canadian male novelists
Canadian male short story writers
Academic staff of the University of Western Ontario
People from Sackville, New Brunswick
Writers from New Brunswick
21st-century Canadian novelists
20th-century Canadian dramatists and playwrights
21st-century Canadian dramatists and playwrights
Canadian male dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Canadian short story writers
21st-century Canadian short story writers
20th-century Canadian male writers
21st-century Canadian male writers


The National Socialist War Victim's Care (, NSKOV) was a social welfare organization for seriously wounded veterans as well as frontline fighters of World War I. The NSKOV was established in 1934 and was affiliated to the Nazi Party.

After Nazi Germany's defeat in World War II, the American military government issued a special law outlawing the Nazi Party and all of its branches. Known as Law number five, this denazification decree disbanded the NSKOV as with all organizations linked to the Nazi Party. The organizations taking care of the welfare for World War I veterans had to be established anew during the postwar reconstruction of both West and East Germany.

History
The headquarters of the organization was in Kreuzberg, Berlin (at the time called the SW 68 district) and employed the architect Willy Muehlau to design cheap residential complexes for Nazi war veterans. These complexes emerged some time between the late 1920s and early 1930s and are protected according to the City of Berlin's Denkmalliste (monument list).

Notes and references

See also
 Deutscher Kriegerbund

External links

 NSKOV ceremony
 History: Property control in the U.S.-occupied area of Germany

German veterans' organisations
Aftermath of World War I in Germany
Social welfare charities
1934 establishments in Germany
1945 disestablishments in Germany
Nazi Party organizations
Organizations established in 1934
Organizations disestablished in 1945
Non-profit organisations based in Berlin


The Hole in the Wall Theatre was a small theatre in the Perth suburb of Leederville, Western Australia, operating from 1968 to 1984. In 1984 it was relocated to a civic auditorium in Subiaco which, , is known as the Subiaco Arts Centre, a heritage-listed building, managed by the Perth Theatre Trust.

History
The original Hole in the Wall Theatre was established in 1965 in Newcastle Street, Perth by Frank Baden-Powell and John Gill.

In August 1968 the Hole in the Wall was relocated to a converted warehouse in Southport Street, Leederville. For part of the Southport Street era, Richard Davey was director of the theatre. It also had produced a newsletter. Edgar Metcalfe had also been director of the theatre.

In 1984 the theatre moved to the new Subiaco Theatre Centre, part of the Subiaco Civic Hall. Its first show there was on 4 August. The new theatre building in Subiaco was designed by Perth architect Peter Parkinson. His other projects include the Octagon and Dolphin theatres at the University of Western Australia.

Hole in the Wall artistic director Raymond Omodei told ABC TV's Stateline in 2006 that the theatre's unique corner stage, while criticised by some directors, was still one of the best. "It's a very demanding space, but Joan Sydney, Amanda Muggleton and the very lovely Jill Perryman has each said this is the best space for a performer in the country. In my last year here we played to 89,000 people. We had great success here," he said.

In an assessment of the centre, the Heritage Council of Western Australia said the building was "…significant in displaying aesthetic qualities of the Post-War International style. The formality and rhythm created by the articulated structure are balanced by the interest provided in contrasting materials".

In 1987 Omodei directed Richard Dillane as Hamlet and in 1989 a production of Travesties by Tom Stoppard with John O'Hare as James Joyce and Bruce Hughes as Tristan Zara and in 1991 a production of Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House starred Greta Scacchi as Nora, Michael Loney as Torvald Helmer, Andrew Warwick as Dr Rank and Anni Murtagh-Monks as Kristine Linde.

References

Theatres in Perth, Western Australia
Subiaco, Western Australia
State Register of Heritage Places in the City of Subiaco


Alexandre Jacques François Brière de Boismont (often translated as Brierre de Boismont in English) (18 October 1797 – 25 December 1881) was a French physician and psychiatrist born in Rouen.

In 1825 he received his medical doctorate in Paris, afterwards working as a physician at the nursing home of Mme Marcel Sainte-Colombe, , Paris. In 1831 he performed important studies of a cholera epidemic in Poland, and in 1838 was appointed director of a private nursing home on Rue Neuve Sainte-Genevieve, located near the Panthéon de Paris. Beginning in 1859, he practiced medicine in Saint-Mandé.

Brière de Boismont was the author of numerous publications in several medical fields, that included hygiene, forensic medicine and anatomy, but is best known for his work in psychiatry. In 1845 he published Des Hallucinations, ou Histoire raisonnée des apparitions, des visions, des songes, de l'extase, du magnétisme et du somnambulisme, a landmark study of hallucinations, of which he considered were a significant part of mankind's psychological history. This book was later translated into English as Hallucinations: or, The rational history of apparitions, dreams, ecstasy, magnetism, and somnambulism (1853).

In 1856 he published a comprehensive study on suicide, titled Du suicide et de la folie suicide. With Jules Baillarger (1809–1890) and others, he was co-editor of Annales médico-psychologique. In 1862, Brière de Boismont provided an early description of what would later become known as Kleine-Levin syndrome (KLS).

Publications
 Hallucinations or, the Rational History of Apparitions, Visions, Dreams, Ecstasy, Magnetism, and Somnambulism (1853)

References
 "Parts of this article are based on a translation of an equivalent article at the French Wikipedia".
 ILAB, "Des hallucinations"
 Kleine-Levin syndrome @ Who Named It
 Medical Times and Gazette (obituary notice).

1797 births
1881 deaths
French psychiatrists
19th-century French physicians
Physicians from Rouen
French medical writers
French sceptics
19th-century French writers
19th-century French male writers
French male non-fiction writers