The yellow-faced whip snake (Demansia psammophis) is a species of venomous snake in the family Elapidae, a family containing many dangerous snakes. D. psammophis is endemic to Australia, found throughout the continent in a variety of habitats from coastal fringes to interior arid scrubland.

Taxonomy
The yellow-faced whip snake is part of the Demansia genus, a group of venomous snakes from the Elapidae family. This genus is composed of whip snakes, characterized by their large eyes and whip-like tail. The Demansia genus is commonly found in the Southern hemisphere around Australia and equatorial countries such as Papua New Guinea.

There are currently 14 species that have been identified under the genus Demansia, these include:

Description
Demansia psammophis is a long thin snake with a narrow head. D. psammophis grows up to a total of 1m in length, averaging around 80cm in length, females being slightly smaller than males. Characterized by their narrow yellowish head, pale ring around the eyes, and a dark marking curving along the upper lip, D. psammophis becomes distinguishable from other Demansia snakes. Juveniles can be distinguished as a white-edged dark line is seen across the snout. The large prominent eyes surrounded by a pale ring, account for its ability to be a successful diurnal species, having the largest eyes of any Australian snake assisting in prey capture. The colour of yellow-faced whip snakes varies, ranging from olive green, grey and brown; however, a common characteristic in colour is a ‘red flush along the anterior third of its back'.

To accurately identify this species, there must be a clear view of the head, and the scales around the snake's mid-body must be counted. D. psammophis has 15 midbody scale rows and between 165-230 ventrals, with the anal and subcaudals divided.
Demansia psammophis is commonly confused with the eastern brown snake (Pseudonaja textilis), due to their similar appearance.

Distribution and habitat

Demansia psammophis are distributed throughout the Australian continent, with presence in every state except Tasmania. Although the distribution of D. psammophis is wide, it is endemic to Australia.
Found in a variety of habitats across Australia, Demansia psammophis ranges from coastal forests to arid scrublands and grasslands in Australia’s interior.
It is not uncommon to find more than one D. psammophis as they are community dwellers. Habitats in rock crevices and under logs are common community habitats with communities often aggregating in winter months.

Behaviour
Demansia psammophis are diurnal reptiles, fast-moving with a nervous disposition, always alert and fleeing quickly when disturbed. The yellow-faced whip snake is subject to brumation, or slowing down their movements, in the winter months, usually only moving to seek sun and water.

Reproduction
Demansia psammophis are oviparous, laying clutches of 5-6 and 15-20 amniotic eggs. Communal egg laying is also common among the species, with some nests having between 500-600 eggs present. D. psammophis females experience vitellogenesis between September and November, ovulating in late spring or summer. Hatchlings are approximately 17cm in length from snout to base of tail and are laid between February and March.

Diet
Small diurnal lizards are the main source of food, as well as lizard eggs. D. psammophis, although diurnal, forage during the night, catching nocturnal forms such as geckoes, lerista and frogs.

Predation and Venom
Small reptiles such as lizards and skinks are predated on by D. psammophis, during the day. Juvenile D. psammophis have been observed to constrict their prey, however, as they become adults, constriction becomes uncommon, with the species occasionally creating a single body loop to restrain their prey. To immobilize and kill prey, D. psammophis lash out and inject toxic venom, slowing and eventually killing their prey.

Although this venom is deadly to other reptiles and amphibians, it is not considered dangerous to adults. If bitten, the bite will be painful and the injection of venom will cause localized pain and swelling, ranging from moderate to severe, with some bites causing systemic symptoms such as paralysis and bleeding. Medical treatment should be sought following any snake bite.

Conservation
Yellow-faced whip snakes are currently classified as least concern under the IUCN Red List and are considered stable.

The species is secure under the status of least concern in the majority of States and Territories in Australia, including QLD and the NT; however, they are considered near-threatened in Victoria.

D. psammophis is not found in Tasmania due to the Tasman Strait that separates it from mainland Australia and the climatic conditions of Tasmania.

References

Sources

 Weigel, John (2002). Australian Reptile Park's Guide to Snakes of South-east Australia...
 Cotter, Harold G.(Oct 2018. Updated Seventh Edition.) “REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS OF AUSTRALIA.”
. (Demansia psammophis, p. 50).
 "Demansia psammophis ". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. www.itis.gov.

Further reading
Boulenger GA (1896). Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume III., Containing the Colubridæ (Opisthoglyphæ and Proteroglyphæ) ... London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xiv + 727 pp. + Plates I-XXV. (Diemenia psammophis, pp. 322–323).
Schlegel H (1837). Essai sur la physionomie des serpens. Amsterdam: M.H. Schonekat. Partie générale, xxviii + 251 pp.; Partie descriptive, 606 + xvi pp. (Elaps psammophis, new species, p. 455). (in French).

Snakes of Australia
Demansia
Reptiles described in 1837
Taxa named by Hermann Schlegel
Reptiles of New South Wales


Oberon Township is a civil township in Benson County, North Dakota, United States. As of the 2000 census, its population was 91.

References

Townships in Benson County, North Dakota
Townships in North Dakota


McClellan Township is a civil township in Benson County, North Dakota, United States. As of the 2000 census, its population was 34.

References

Townships in Benson County, North Dakota
Townships in North Dakota


South Viking Township is a civil township in Benson County, North Dakota, United States. As of the 2000 census, its population was 69.

References

Townships in Benson County, North Dakota
Townships in North Dakota


In painting, local color is the color of an object when seen under flat white light with no adjustment for form shadow or colors of light or secondary light sources. An example would be the assumption that an apple is "red" when it is actually dependent on the color of the light hitting it, color of objects around it, glossiness, and variations within the colors on the surface of the apple itself. Local color is learned in childhood to help simplify and make sense of the world. Coloring books reinforce the idea of simplifying colors. "The sky is blue", "grass is green", etc. when there are actually myriad variations in hue, chroma, within these areas. In order to represent objects realistically, painters must look beyond the simplifications of local color. Demonstrations of color constancy show how flawed local color assumptions can be when the light source has a color shift.

In contemporary sculpture local color is the original color of the raw material that remains unpainted in the completed work.

External links
Local color at ArtLex

Color appearance phenomena
Painting
Sculpture


Catherine Anne Grant Sadleir (born 14 August 1964) is a sports executive and former synchronized swimmer.

Biography
Sadleir was born in Torphins, Scotland to Australian and Scottish parents. The family emigrated to Canada, then, when she was 16, moved to New Zealand and settled in Lower Hutt.

Sadleir first participated in synchronised swimming when she was living in Canada, aged 8, and represented the country in the sport. She later competed for New Zealand at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles with her sister Lynette Sadleir. In the women's solo, Sadleir finished 37th and in the women's duet, Katie and Lynette finished 12th. At the 1986 Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh, Sadleir won the bronze medal in the women's solo.

Sadleir has been involved a range of governance and leadership roles in sport: she was appointed to the New Zealand Swimming Federation board while in her 20s, and also served on the New Zealand Olympic Committee Athletes Commission, was general manager of Sport New Zealand and led the establishment of the New Zealand Academy of Sport. She was the Assistant Chef de Mission for the New Zealand team at the 1994 Commonwealth Games in Victoria. She was the general manager of women's rugby for World Rugby from 2016 to August 2021, when she was appointed Chief Executive Officer of the Commonwealth Games Federation. Sadleir is the first woman to hold the position.

Sadleir completed a master's degree on swimming at Victoria University of Wellington.

Publications

References

1964 births
Living people
New Zealand synchronised swimmers
Scottish emigrants to New Zealand
Synchronized swimmers at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Olympic synchronised swimmers for New Zealand
Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for New Zealand
Commonwealth Games medallists in synchronised swimming
Synchronised swimmers at the 1986 Commonwealth Games
Canadian people of New Zealand descent
Victoria University of Wellington alumni
Medallists at the 1986 Commonwealth Games
People from Torphins


Cockle Creek is the farthest point south one can drive in Australia. It is located on Recherche Bay on the edge of the Southwest National Park, part of the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area.

There are no shops or other facilities in the settlement, but a campground is located in the National Park with public toilets and a public phone. The National Park Ranger's office is only staffed intermittently. Main activities are camping, fishing, birdwatching and bushwalking.

Arts Tasmania with the Tasmania Parks and Wildlife Service offers an artists residency program at Cockle Creek "for an individual or collaboration of practising artists working in any art form to develop their work in response to the natural environment of Tasmania."

Bushwalking
The area is known for its scenic beauty of deserted white beaches and turquoise waters of Recherche Bay and a variety of short and multi-day bushwalks including the end of the 82 km South Coast Track, recommended for experienced bushwalkers equipped for wilderness walking. Bushwalkers may enjoy a range of vegetation types occurring together in a mosaic including tea tree scrub, dry sclerophyll forest, healthland, tall wet eucalypt forest, and Eucalyptus nitida woodland.

A bronze sculpture of an infant southern right whale and interpretive sign on a small promontory a 5-minute walk from the car park explains the area's history of settlement around bay whaling, timber getting and coal mining. Longer walks include to the Fishers Point Navigation Light and ruins of the Pilot Station and a track to South East Cape for cliff-top views of the Southern Ocean and Maatsuyker Island.

History
Tasmanian Indigenous People valued this region for the seals, shellfish and bush hunting it provided during the warmer months, with evidence of many shell middens in the area.

French explorer, Bruni D'Entrecasteaux sailed his two ships, the Recherche and Esperance, into Recherche Bay in 1792 and again in 1793 on a scientific and botanical expedition. He subsequently named the bay after one of his ships. In 2003 the remains of a garden planted by the French were found and a reserve was created to protect the area, and subsequent archeological sites associated with the expedition have also been located.

The region provided an important port of call for ships transporting convicts to the Sarah Island Penal Colony in Macquarie Harbour on the West coast of Tasmania from 1822 to 1834, when sealers, whalers and loggers visited the area and settled to extract Huon pine, or conduct bay whaling in Recherche Bay. During the 1830s there were four whaling stations at Cockle Creek. In 1836 a pilot station was set up on Fisher's Point, the southern headland to Recherche Bay, but was abandoned by 1851. During the 1840s the Crown granted seven leases for the establishment of bay whaling stations in Recherche Bay. But whales had been hunted with pregnant cows and calves indiscriminately slaughtered. Sperm whales and southern right whales were the main species hunted. By the 1850s bay whaling was in fast decline with the decimation of breeding whale populations using the bay to calve and the advent of deep sea whaling.

The settlement numbered more than 2000 people at its peak with surveying for a town called Ramsgate in an advanced stage. As whaling started to decline, timber-getting became an important activity with wooden tramways transporting logs to sawmills at Cockle Creek, Catamaran and Leprena. But gradually the good timber became less accessible and coal was discovered enabling the tramways to transport coal for export by ship at Evoralls Point, just north of Cockle Creek. Eventually the coal seam dwindled, causing people to drift away.

Ecotourism development controversy
In 2004 Melbourne property developer David Marriner proposed building a $15 million eco-tourist complex at Cockle Creek East at Planter Beach within the National Park but outside the World Heritage Area which provoked some controversy. As a result of protests, the developer decided in December 2006 to pursue approval for construction of the main lodge building and carpark development on private land adjoining the National Park.

A development of a new site plan for Cockle Creek and Recherche Bay, and the still proposed resort at Planter Beach, Cockle Creek East, was announced in March 2008.

References

Rivers of Tasmania
Southern Tasmania
Whaling stations in Australia


Vrontous (,  - Sharliya) is a mountain range in the northeastern Serres and the westernmost Drama regional units in Greece. Its highest peak is the Ali Babas () at 1,849 m elevation.  Other notable peaks are the Kour Lof (1,667 m, southwest of Ali Babas), Mavro vouno (1,653 m, northeast), Siderovouni (1,475 m, east) and Sarligia (1,404 m, southwest). It is a densely forested and sparsely populated mountain range. It stretches between the village Vamvakofyto in the southwest and Perithori in the northeast, over a length of about 35 km. The nearest mountains are the Slavyanka/Orvilos to the north and the Menoikio to the southeast.

The nearest larger towns are Serres to the south and Sidirokastro to the west. Villages in the Vrontous mountains include Ano Vrontou, Kato Vrontou and Katafyto in the east, Achladochori in the north and Oreini in the south. The Greek National Road 63/E79 (Serres - Sidirokastro - Promachonas - Bulgaria) passes west of the mountains. The small ski resort Lailias is situated in the Vrontous mountains.

The mountains were rich in minerals (silver and iron), which took advantage of the people from ancient to modern times. This is attested by the discovery of Roman mines and an iron smelter near the village Oreini, and also the mention of iron works, during the Byzantine and modern times, in the village Ano Vrontou.

See also

 List of mountains in Greece

References

External links
 Orvilos - Menoikio - Vrontou (Lailias) terrain map by Geopsis

Landforms of Drama (regional unit)
Landforms of Serres (regional unit)
Mountain ranges of Greece
Geography of Macedonia (region)
Landforms of Central Macedonia
Landforms of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace
Rhodope mountain range


E79 may refer to:
 European route E79
 King's Indian Defense, Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings code


William John Cunningham Jr. (March 13, 1929June 25, 2016) was an American fashion photographer for The New York Times, known for his candid and street photography.

A Harvard University dropout, he first became known as a designer of women's hats before moving on to writing about fashion for Women's Wear Daily and the Chicago Tribune. He began taking candid photographs on the streets of New York City, and his work came to the attention of The New York Times with a 1978 capture of Greta Garbo in an unguarded moment. Cunningham reported for the paper from 1978 to 2016.

Cunningham was hospitalized for a stroke in New York City in June 2016 and died soon after.

Early life and education
William John Cunningham Jr. was born into an Irish Catholic family and raised in Boston. He never lost his Boston accent. He had two sisters and a younger brother. His parents were religious and used corporal punishment. He had his first exposure to the fashion world as a stockboy in Bonwit Teller's Boston Store. He later said his interest in fashion began in church: "I could never concentrate on Sunday church services because I'd be concentrating on women's hats." After attending Harvard University on scholarship for two months, he dropped out in 1948 and moved to New York City at the age of 19, where he worked again at Bonwit Teller, this time in the advertising department. Not long after, he quit his job and struck out on his own, making hats under the name "William J". He was drafted during the Korean War and was stationed in France, where he had his first exposure to French fashion. After serving a tour in the U.S. Army, he returned to New York in 1953 and his work as a milliner. In 1958, a New York Times critic wrote that he had "cornered the face-framing market with some of the most extraordinarily pretty cocktail hats ever imagined". He also worked for Chez Ninon, a couture salon that made line-for-line duplicates of designs by Chanel, Givenchy, and Dior. His clients in the 1950s included Marilyn Monroe, Katharine Hepburn, Rebekah Harkness, and future First Lady Jacqueline Bouvier. Encouraged by his clients, he started writing, first for Women's Wear Daily and then for the Chicago Tribune. He closed his hat shop in 1962. Following the assassination of President Kennedy in 1963, Jacqueline Kennedy sent Cunningham a red Balenciaga suit she had bought at Chez Ninon. He dyed it black and she wore it to the funeral.

Career

Cunningham contributed significantly to fashion journalism, introducing American audiences to Azzedine Alaïa and Jean Paul Gaultier. While working at Women's Wear Daily and the Chicago Tribune, he began taking candid photographs of fashion on the streets of New York. He was a self-taught photographer. He took one such photograph of Greta Garbo, though he later said he had not recognized her while photographing her nutria coat: "I thought: 'Look at the cut of that shoulder. It's so beautiful.' All I had noticed was the coat, and the shoulder."

He then published a group of impromptu pictures in the New York Times in December 1978, which soon became the regular series On the Street. His editor at the New York Times, Arthur Gelb, called these photographs "a turning point for the Times, because it was the first time the paper had run pictures of well-known people without getting their permission." Cunningham nevertheless joked about his role at the paper: "I'm just the fluff. I fill around the ads, if we have any." Although then-executive editor A. M. Rosenthal was virulently homophobic and consciously neglected coverage of the LGBT community during this period (precipitating editorial conflicts with the likes of fellow Pulitzer Prize winner Sydney Schanberg), Cunningham helped to subvert this stance by photographing a fundraising event in the Fire Island Pines in 1979 and letting the perceptive reader interpret his photos without verbal clues. Following Rosenthal's retirement from the role in 1988, Cunningham was able to integrate AIDS benefits, pride parades and Wigstock into his coverage.

Cunningham's most notable columns in the Times, On the Street and Evening Hours, ran in the paper from February 26, 1989 until shortly before his death in 2016. For his society fashion column Evening Hours, he attended high society events such as the prestigious International Debutante Ball at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel to select a few debutantes with the most fashionable, beautiful and elegant gowns to appear in his column. For On the Street, Cunningham photographed people and the passing scene in the streets of Manhattan, often at the corner Fifth Avenue and 57th Street, which The New York Times called Cunningham's "main perch". As he worked, his focus was on clothing as personal expression. He did not photograph people in the manner of paparazzi, preferring genuine personal style to celebrity. He once explained why he was not joining a group of photographers who swarmed around Catherine Deneuve: "But she isn't wearing anything interesting." Late in life he explained: "I am not fond of photographing women who borrow dresses. I prefer parties where women spend their own money and wear their own dresses.... When you spend your own money, you make a different choice." Instead, wrote Hilton Als in The New Yorker, "He loved 'the kids,' he said, who wore their souls on sleeves he had never seen before, or in quite that way." He was uninterested in those who showcased clothing they had not chosen themselves, which they modeled on the red carpet at celebrity events. Most of his pictures, he said, were never published. His fashion philosophy was populist and democratic:

He wrote fashion criticism and published photo essays in Details, beginning with six pages in its first issue in March 1985 and rising to many more. He was part owner of the magazine for a time as well. His work there included an illustrated essay that showed similarities between the work of Isaac Mizrahi and earlier Geoffrey Beene designs, which Mizrahi called "unbelievably unfair and arbitrary". In an essay in Details in 1989, Cunningham was the first to apply the word "deconstructionism" to fashion. He also contributed two collection-review pieces to the 1991 inaugural year of Visionaire magazine.
Designer Oscar de la Renta said: "More than anyone else in the city, he has the whole visual history of the last 40 or 50 years of New York. It's the total scope of fashion in the life of New York." He made a career taking unexpected photographs of everyday people, socialites and fashion personalities, many of whom valued his company. According to David Rockefeller, Brooke Astor asked that Cunningham attend her 100th birthday party, the only member of the media invited.

For eight years beginning in 1968, Cunningham built a collection of vintage fashions and photographed Editta Sherman in vintage costumes using significant Manhattan buildings of the same period as the backdrop. Years later he explained, "We would collect all these wonderful dresses in thrift shops and at street fairs. There is a picture of two 1860 taffeta dresses, pre–Civil War–we paid $20 apiece. No one wanted this stuff. A Courrèges I think was $2. The kids were into mixing up hippie stuff, and I was just crazed for all the high fashion." The project grew to 1,800 locations and 500 outfits. In 1978, he published Facades, a collection of 128 of these photographs.

Exhibitions
A selection of photos from Cunningham's Facades Project series was shown in 1977 exhibition at the Fashion Institute of Technology. The Facades series received a full exhibition at the New-York Historical Society in 2014. The Society also holds 91 silver gelatin silver prints from the Facades series, donated by Cunningham, in their permanent collection. In 2016, the Savannah College of Art and Design  FASH Museum of Fashion + Film presented "Grand Divertissement à Versailles, Vintage Photographs by Bill Cunningham," an exhibition of Cunningham's images of the 1973 Battle of Versailles fashion show.

Awards and honors
In 1983 the Council of Fashion Designers of America named Cunningham the outstanding photographer of the year. In 2008 he was awarded the Officier de l'ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the French Ministry of Culture. As he accepted the award at a Paris ceremony, he photographed the audience and then told them: "It's as true today as it ever was: he who seeks beauty will find it." In 2009, he was named a "living landmark" by the New York Landmarks Conservancy. In 2012 he received the Carnegie Hall Medal of Excellence. The invitations to the award ceremony at the Waldorf Astoria read "Come Dressed for Bill".

Personal philosophy

His personal philosophy was: "You see, if you don't take money, they can't tell you what to do, kid." He sometimes said it another way: "Money is the cheapest thing. Liberty is the most expensive." He declined all gifts from those he photographed, even offers of food and drink at gala parties. He said: "I just try to play a straight game, and in New York that's very... almost impossible. To be honest and straight in New York, that's like Don Quixote fighting windmills." Though he contributed to the New York Times regularly beginning in the 1970s, he did not become an employee until 1994, when he decided he needed to have health insurance coverage after being hit by a truck while biking. Most of his pictures were never sold or published. He said: "I'm really doing this for myself. I'm stealing people's shadows, so I don't feel as guilty when I don't sell them."

He cultivated his own fashion signature, dressing in a uniform of black sneakers and a blue moleskin workman's jacket, his only accessory a camera. He traveled Manhattan by bicycle, repeatedly replacing those that were stolen or damaged in accidents. He praised the city's bike-sharing program when it launched in 2013: "There are bikes everywhere and it's perfect for the New Yorkers who have always been totally impatient. What I love, is to see them all on wheels, on their way to work in the morning in their business suits, the women in their office clothes ... It has a very humorous and a very practical effect for New Yorkers ... I mean, it's wonderful." After breaking a kneecap in a biking accident in 2015, he wore a cast and used a cane to photograph a Mostly Mozart Festival gala.

Cunningham described his philosophy regarding fashion in the documentary film Bill Cunningham New York: "The wider world that perceives fashion as sometimes a frivolity that should be done away with in the face of social upheavals and problems that are enormous -- the point is in fact that fashion, ah, you know, in point of fact it's the armor to survive the reality of everyday life. I don't think you could do away with it. It would be like doing away with civilization." In the same movie, during his acceptance speech for the French Legion of Honour in Paris, he said: "He who seeks beauty will find it."

In media
In 2010, filmmaker Richard Press and writer Philip Gefter of The New York Times produced Bill Cunningham New York, a documentary about Cunningham. The film was released on March 16, 2011. It shows Cunningham traveling through Manhattan by bicycle and living in a tiny apartment in the Carnegie Hall building. The apartment has no closet, kitchen, or private bathroom, and is filled with filing cabinets and boxes of his photographs. The documentary also details his philosophy on fashion, art, and photography, and observes his interactions with his subjects while taking photos. Hilton Als in The New Yorker called the film "a magisterial documentary about urban life and creativity." The film received nominations for Best Documentary from The Directors' Guild of America; the Producers Guild of America; and the Independent Spirit Awards. In 2013, it was acquired by the Film Department of the Museum of Modern Art for its permanent collection

Cunningham was featured on BBC Two's The Culture Show in March 2012.

In 2018, director Mark Bozek showed his documentary The Times of Bill Cunningham in the Spotlight on Documentary slot of the New York Film Festival. The inception of the film was an interview which Bozek filmed with Cunningham in 1994. Initially intended to be 10 minutes, the interview stretched on "until the tape ran out". In the film Cunningham describes his work as a milliner in the 1940s and his first encounters with the Paris fashion world in the 1950s while stationed in France as a US serviceman. Variety critic Owen Gleiberman wrote that the film demonstrated "a special, intoxicating quality to movies that excavate the fashion demimonde prior to the 1960s." The Times of Bill Cunningham has received favorable reviews on the critical website Metacritic.

Death and legacy
Cunningham died age 87 in New York City on June 25, 2016, after being hospitalized for a stroke. His death was widely reported in both the fashion and the general press. Following his death, the Bergdorf Goodman department store created a display in its window memorializing Cunningham. Thousands signed an online petition requesting that the corner of 5th Avenue and 57th Street in New York City be renamed "Bill Cunningham Corner". Cunningham was a lifelong Catholic and regular worshipper at Manhattan's Church of St Thomas More, where a private Requiem Mass was celebrated by parish priest Father Kevin Madigan. Madigan recalled that "[t]hose closest to him would attest that he was a spiritual person. From Sunday to Sunday Bill could be found in one of the rear pews, as unobtrusive here as he would be at some gala at the Met or the Pierre or at a fashion runway."

Though known for his strong preference for personal privacy (he participated reluctantly as a documentary film subject), Cunningham left an autobiography manuscript, which he titled Fashion Climbing, which his family discovered in his archives after his death in 2016. Penguin Press acquired the book at auction, which was published posthumously in September 2018. Critic Hilton Als contributed the preface. The New York Times Book Review praised the book: "This obscenely enjoyable romp fills in part of the Cunningham back story and provides tantalizing peeks in the psyche of the guarded and mysterious Bill...  [Fashion Climbing] leaves the readers gasping for more."

See also
 List of street photographers
 Scott Schuman

Notes

References

External links

On the Street, Cunningham's weekly slideshow for the New York Times online

1929 births
2016 deaths
American fashion journalists
American photographers
American Roman Catholics
Artists from Boston
Carnegie Hall Medal of Excellence winners
Military personnel from Boston
Military personnel from Massachusetts
Officiers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
Street fashion
Street photographers
The New York Times visual journalists
United States Army personnel of the Korean War


E81 may refer to:
 European route E81
 King's Indian Defence, Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings code
 Nikkō Utsunomiya Road, route E81 in Japan


E87 may refer to:
 BMW 1 Series (E87)
 European route E87
 King's Indian Defense, Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings code
 Chitahantō Road, Chitaōdan Road and Chubu International Airport Connecting Road, route E87 in Japan


Carryover with steam, in steam technology, refers to transport of moisture and impurities with steam.

The moisture carryover with steam is quantified by the mass flow rate of liquid water per mass flow rate of steam.  In boilers producing saturated steam, it is typically about 0.1% but may increase with fouling and boiler impurities.

The carryover of impurities (for example, sodium, chloride, copper, silica) with steam can be divided into two parts:
 mechanical carryover of the impurity with liquid water droplets entrained with the steam, and
 vaporous carryover of the impurity in steam.

The total carryover is a sum of the mechanical and vaporous carryover. The vaporous carryover generally increases with increasing steam pressure. In low pressure boilers, the mechanical carryover of impurities prevails, possibly with the exception of more volatile impurities, like silica.

The impurity carryover can cause corrosion and fouling of steam turbines, reheaters, and superheaters.

See also
 Priming

References

Boilers


"Operation Mojo" is the third and fourth episodes of the third season of the television series The Naked Brothers Band which premiered on November 22, 2008 on Nickelodeon. The episode is in the format of a rockumentary-mockumentary musical episode.

Plot
When Nat sees a tabloid photo of Rosalina kissing a young Frenchman during her "around the world cruise", he becomes convinced that he's losing her for good and goes into a funk that threatens to prevent him from finishing the movie the band is making.

Desperate to snap him out of his gloom, Alex leads Nat into the wilderness, believing that surviving the perils of nature will lead Nat to discover his inner strength and regain his mojo. But with so much at stake Alex knows that failure isn't an option, so he enlists the aid of his bandmates to clandestinely stage events designed to make Nat believe he's a wilderness hero.

When it seemed that the band is not helping, they made a plan with Qaasim's cousin to be saved from a bear and be kissed by Nat. The movie includes the debut of two brand-new songs, "I Feel Alone" and "Curious," both written and performed by Nat Wolff. At the end Rosalina comes back, explains her mistakes, and they kiss and hug.

Songs Performed

References

External links

2008 American television episodes
The Naked Brothers Band (TV series) episodes


Pat O'Daniel and his Hillbilly Boys was a Texan Western swing band with its own radio program during the mid-1930s.  Pat O'Daniel, the son of "Pappy" O'Daniel, was the band's leader.  The Hillbilly Boys, associated with Pappy O'Daniel's flour company which produced Hillbilly Flour, helped catapult Pappy O'Daniel to the governorship of Texas (although this is often credited to Pappy O'Daniel's earlier band, the Light Crust Doughboys).

Background
After leaving the Burrus Mill Flour Company in 1935, Pappy O'Daniel created the W. Lee O'Daniel Flour Co., with its Hillbilly Flour brand.  In conjunction with his new company, O'Daniel also formed a new band, called the Hillbilly Boys, and installed his son Pat as its band leader.  Other members included his other son Mike, Leon Huff, Leon McAuliffe, and at various times, Kermit "The Love Bird" Whalin, Jim Boyd, Wallace Griffin, Curley Perrin, Bundy Bratcher and Kitty "Texas Rose" Williamson.  To keep his singers' individual fame from eclipsing the band's as a whole (as had happened with Bob Wills), Pappy O'Daniel decided to give band members nicknames (Pat was called Patty-boy, Mike was called Mickey Wickey, and Caroll Hubbard was Little Caesar the Fiddle Teaser). Pappy continued his past success at linking music with advertising.  This included marketing ideas like including pictures of his band members on sacks of flour, which moms could sew into dolls for their children.

The band's theme song, an adaptation of "I Like Mountain Music", a popular fiddle song, included the line "Pass the biscuits, Pappy!" which gave the elder O'Daniel his nickname.  He announced his Texas gubernatorial campaign in 1938 on the radio during the Hillbilly Boys' radio show and make "Pass the biscuits, Pappy!" his campaign slogan.  As he had done earlier with the Doughboys, O'Daniel fitted out a bus with placards advertising Hillbilly Flour and took his band on the road, but this time to mount a political campaign.  O'Daniel, his son Pat and the other Hillbilly Boys drove more than 20,000 miles in their bus promoting O'Daniel's political ambitions and his flour. By most accounts, the band drew rapt crowds in even the smallest town.  When the tour bus hit Houston, it drew an estimated 26,000 people, the largest crowd ever for a political rally in Texas at that time.

Radio show
The Hillbilly Boys had a 15-minute daily radio show, which was immensely popular in Great Depression-era Texas.  It featured Western swing music and preaching by Pappy O'Daniel.  The show extolled the values of Hillbilly brand flour, the Ten Commandments and the Bible.  O'Daniel's biographer credited the Hillbilly Boys (and the Doughboys)' radio shows with O'Daniel's gubernatorial win.  The counties where O'Daniel won a plurality of votes were the ones that received the Doughboys' and Hillbilly Boys' broadcasts. O'Daniel would record individual shows for each radio station on Presto 16" acetates and then ship them to the individual stations.  The largest pluralities were recorded around Fort Worth, Texas, where the radio stations that broadcast their shows (KTRH-Houston, KTSA-San Antonio, KRLD-Dallas and WBAP) were headquartered.

There is little documentation on the show in major radio directories.  It is however, covered extensively within Texas.

See also
O Brother, Where Art Thou?
W. Lee O'Daniel
Light Crust Doughboys

References

External links
 W. Lee O'Daniel at Texas Handbook Online
  Recordings of show at archive.org

1930s American radio programs
Western swing musical groups


Herbert Ward Wilson (29 September 1877 – 1 October 1955) was an Australian science lecturer and naturalist.

Education
B. Com 1sth computer eng.

World War 1
Wilson's studies were interrupted by the First World War.  Enlisting in the Australian Imperial Forces in 1915, he served at Gallipoli and in Egypt and France, being steadily promoted and rising to the rank of Major by the time of his demobilization in 1919.  He was awarded the Military Cross, the Belgian Croix de guerre and was appointed to the OBE.

Career
After the war Wilson married Myra Hester Smith in 1920.  Resuming his studies, he gained a BSc in 1920 and a MSc in 1925.  This was followed by a career of lecturing on biological science, and especially botany.  He was a member of the Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union, the Bird Observers Club, the Microscopical Society and the Field Naturalists Club of Victoria, from the latter of which he was awarded the Australian Natural History Medallion in 1943.  He died at his home in Caulfield, being survived by a son.

References

1877 births
1955 deaths
Australian naturalists
Australian educators
Science teachers


Juliet Dove, Queen of Love is a Magic Shop book written by Bruce Coville.

Plot summary
Juliet Dove, a middle school girl, gets lured into a shop and is given a magical and incredibly strong crystal amulet. The amulet cannot come off and she realizes that she is in a story. In order for her to be free, she has to complete it. The amulet makes the person that wears it truly, strongly and deeply romantically attractive to the opposite gender. With the help of two rats that can talk, who are friends of the shop owner, she finds out the amulet was given to her by Eris, the goddess of chaos and discord. She is embarrassed by the group of boys that follow her, as she has unwittingly captivated and charmed them to her romantic love and affections.

Reception
Louise Brueggemann, of Booklist, reviewed the book saying, "Coville's easy style works well in a tale that has its share of both humor and heartache. Fans of the Magic Shop series will enjoy this latest installment". B. Allison Gray, of School Library Journal, reviewed the book saying, "Coville capably interweaves mythological characters with realistic modern ones, keeping readers truly absorbed". Kliatt reviewed the audio book.

References

External links

2003 American novels
American children's novels
Classical mythology in popular culture
Greek and Roman deities in fiction
2003 children's books
Novels by Bruce Coville


Greaves Hall was a country house on the outskirts of Banks in Lancashire, England, built in a Tudorbethan style for Thomas Talbot Leyland Scarisbrick in 1900.

History
Thomas Scarisbrick born in 1874, built Greaves Hall in 1900 on a 124-acre (0.50 km2) site given by his father as a wedding present when he married Josephine Chamberlain of Cleveland, Ohio, USA in 1895. The mansion was surrounded by sculptured lawns, gardens with ornamental trees and flowering shrubs. The hall had approximately 55 rooms, open areas situated on the ground, first, second and attic floors and a vast basement.  A porter's lodge by the main entrance, a gardener's lodge, engineer's workshop, laundry and general workshop in mock Tudor style were built in close proximity.

The Scarisbricks remained at Greaves Hall until after the First World War when they moved to Scarisbrick Hall and sold the estate to a consortium of farmers from Banks. The mansion stood empty while the land was cultivated by the consortium.
On 3 May 1932 the house was leased to Dorothy Glaister Greaves and became Sherbrook Private Girls' School. The ballroom was used as the school hall, with dormitories in the attic rooms, the library was re-stocked. The gardens were used for sports and leisure with tennis courts and hockey pitches. The house and grounds were used by the school until 1938 when it closed.

Greaves Hall Hospital
After the school closed, the house was used as a hospital for patients with tuberculosis.
In 1948, it was used for patients from Liverpool with mental health problems. The mental health unit had wards and ancillary buildings in the leisure grounds of the old house. The hospital closed in the early 1990s when services were moved to Southport.

Dereliction
The hall suffered from acts of vandalism and arson after it closed and its owners claimed it was beyond repair. Applications were made to demolish the building, and other buildings including the landmark water tower. Despite having Listed building status Greaves Hall suffered arson attacks which led to its partial demolition in 2003 and 2005. The building was removed from the heritage at risk register in 2009 and demolished shortly afterwards, having become structurally unsafe. Demolition took two months due to the grand scale of the building.

Development
Redrow homes have developed most of the site where the hospital wards once stood. The old the hospital school was converted into a new school for St Stephen's Primary. The former communal hall at the centre of hospital activities was converted into "Banks Leisure Centre" retaining the gymnasium, stage and function hall. The swimming pool was filled in and replaced by football/tennis/basketball courts.
The nurses' houses are privately owned. The recreational ground and golf driving range are used for football and archery. In 2009 a development of houses was built next to the old nurses' homes. A small business park has been developed in ancillary buildings south of the water tower, which is known as 'Greaves Hall Industrial Estate'. The hospital water tower was demolished in late 2018 and early 2019. The remains of the maintenance buildings were demolished in late 2010.

In late 2013 development began on the wasteland site behind 'The Close' for the construction of an elderly care facility called Sutton Grange.

Future
There have been proposals for the re-generation of the site. Part of the site has been designated for employment. More shops and businesses are needed in the village and Greaves Hall has been identified as a prime location. This will also incorporate the "Greaves Hall Industrial Estate" into the employment plan.
The playing field is designated as green space along with the wood and cannot be developed.

References

External links
 http://www.northmeols.com/history/greaveshall/index.html

Buildings and structures in the Borough of West Lancashire
Buildings and structures demolished in 2009
Demolished buildings and structures in England
Country houses in Lancashire
British country houses destroyed in the 20th century
Former listed buildings in England


The gravity wagon, or slant wagon, is an angled hopper style wagon that utilizes gravity to make the unloading process easier. It is primarily used on farms for agricultural purposes, such as for holding crops or fertilizer. For easy comparison, it is similar to a railroad hopper car, only with one door which is located on the bottom side rather than on the bottom center.

Description

A   gravity wagon has three sides which are angled at about 45 degrees and one side that is vertical. An unloading door is located at the bottom of the vertical side where the three angled sides   come together. This design causes the contents of the wagon to funnel towards the door so that no effort has to be put forth to unload the contents other than opening the door, which opens upwards by the action of a lever or turning of a wheel.

The chassis used for gravity wagons is sometimes the same as the chassis used for hay wagons.

See also
 Forage wagon
 Grain hopper trailer
 Combine harvester

References

https://www.killbrosequip.com/grain-wagons/high-capacity/

Agricultural machinery


Godaesan is a mountain in South Korea. Its area extends across Yeoncheon, Gyeonggi-do and Cheorwon County, Gangwon-do. Godaesan has an elevation of .

See also
 List of mountains in Korea

Notes

References

Mountains of Gyeonggi Province
Yeoncheon County
Mountains of Gangwon Province, South Korea
Cheorwon County
Mountains of South Korea


Harvey Harrison Grubb (September 18, 1890 – January 25, 1970) was a Major League Baseball third baseman for one game on September 27, 1912. He also had a long minor league career which lasted from 1909 to 1924. He batted and threw right-handed, and was 6 feet tall and 165 pounds.

Grubb made his professional debut with the Greensboro Champs of the Carolina Association in 1909, and had a .180 batting average in 14 games with them. In 1910, he played for the Winston-Salem Twins of the Carolina Association, and hit .116 in 12 games. Grubb spent the 1911 and 1912 seasons with the Morristown Jobbers of the Appalachian League and had a .275 average both years, playing in 97 and 101 games, respectively. At the end of the season, Grubb was brought onto the Cleveland Naps major league roster. He played in a game on September 27, 1912 and was hit by pitch in his only plate appearance after coming into the game in relief of Terry Turner in a 16-5 win against the Detroit Tigers.

It ended up being the only major league game of his career, as the following year he was sent back to the minor leagues. After not playing professionally in 1913, he played for the Waco Navigators from 1914 to 1917, appearing in a career-high 158 games in 1917. He did not play in 1918, but returned to Waco in 1919, then joined the Wichita Falls Spudders during the 1920 season. He played for the Galveston Pirates in 1921, and had a career-high batting average of .291. He spent the final three seasons of his career with the Corsicana Oilers, and served as the team's manager in 1923 as well. In his final season, Grubb had a batting average of .288 in 109 games.

References

External links

1890 births
1970 deaths
Major League Baseball third basemen
Baseball players from North Carolina
Cleveland Naps players
Minor league baseball managers
Greensboro Champs players
Winston-Salem Twins players
Morristown Jobbers players
Waco Navigators players
Wichita Falls Spudders players
Galveston Pirates players
Corsicana Oilers players


Battleship/Connect Four/Sorry!/Trouble is a compilation video game developed by British studio Gravity-I and published by DSI Games. It was released for Nintendo DS in North America on August 17, 2006 and is the fifth of six compilation video games of Hasbro board games developed by Gravity-I and released on Nintendo handhelds.  The game contains versions of four board games from Milton Bradley and Parker Brothers, which are both Hasbro brands.  A sequel, titled Clue/Mouse Trap/Perfection/Aggravation, was released the following year, adapting four more Hasbro board games in a single cartridge: Clue, Mouse Trap, Perfection and Aggravation.

Games
 Battleship - a guessing game traditionally played by two people in which the players take turns in predicting where their opponent has hidden their pieces in attempt to "sink" their battleships before their own are "sunken"
 Connect Four - a strategy game traditionally played by two people in which the players take turns in dropping alternating coloured discs into a seven-column, six-row vertically-suspended grid in attempt to make a line of consecutive pieces in their colour
 Sorry! - a board game based on Parcheesi traditionally played by four people
 Trouble - a board game also based on Parcheesi traditionally played by four people

All four board games except Trouble are also included in the first installment of Electronic Arts' Hasbro Family Game Night series in 2008, with the former two also available in its Nintendo DS port and followup released the following year.

References

External links
 GameSpot Summary

2006 video games
North America-exclusive video games
Nintendo DS games
Nintendo DS-only games
Destination Software games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Gravity-i games


Lieutenant General George Price Hays (September 27, 1892 – August 7, 1978) was a United States Army general who served during World War I and World War II. He earned the Medal of Honor as a young artillery officer during the Second Battle of the Marne in World War I. During World War II, he commanded the 10th Mountain Division in the last few months of the Italian Campaign.

Military career
Hays was born on September 27, 1892, in China, where his parents worked as Presbyterian missionaries. He was raised in El Reno, Oklahoma, and attended Oklahoma A&M College (now Oklahoma State University) before leaving school to enlist for World War I.  He was commissioned a second lieutenant in 1917, and by July 14, 1918, was a first lieutenant serving in France with the 10th Field Artillery Regiment, 3rd Division. On that day, during the Second Battle of the Marne near Greves Farm, his unit came under a heavy German artillery barrage and the communication lines were destroyed. Despite the intense fire, Hays rode on horseback between his unit, the command post, and two French batteries for the rest of that day and the next. Although he was severely wounded and had seven horses shot out from under him, his efforts contributed to the halt of the German advance. For these actions, he was awarded the Medal of Honor the next year, in 1919.

World War II
Remaining in the army during the interwar period, Hays, who was promoted to lieutenant colonel on August 18, 1940, commanded the 99th Field Artillery (Pack) from 1940 to 1941; among his subordinates was Captain William Orlando Darby, who went on to found the U.S. Army Rangers.

After the United States' entry into World War II, Hays, promoted to the temporary rank of colonel on December 24, 1941, participated in the Battle of Monte Cassino in early 1944. He commanded the 2nd Infantry Division's artillery on Omaha Beach during the Normandy landings in June of that year.

In late November 1944, after returning to the U.S., Hays, promoted to temporary major general on January 3, 1945, assumed command of the 10th Mountain Division when its CG, Major General Lloyd E. Jones, fell ill. After training, the division arrived in Italy in January and fought throughout the spring offensive. On April 24, 1945, Colonel William Darby was assigned as Hays' Assistant Division Commander, but was killed in action six days later.

After the end of the war in Europe, Hays became High Commissioner for the US Occupation Zone in Germany from 1949, and assumed command of the occupation forces or U.S. Forces Austria (USFA) in April 1952, in Salzburg. He retired from the military in 1953, having reached the rank of lieutenant general.

Medal of Honor citation
Rank and organization: First Lieutenant, United States Army, 10th Field Artillery, 3d Division.
Place and date: Near Greves Farm, France, 14 – July 15, 1918.
Entered service at: Okarche, Oklahoma.
Born: September 27, 1892, China.
General Orders No.34. War Department, 1919.

Citation:

See also

List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War I

References

External links

Generals of World War II

|-

|-

1892 births
1978 deaths
United States Army Field Artillery Branch personnel
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
Foreign-born Medal of Honor recipients
United States Army personnel of World War I
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
World War I recipients of the Medal of Honor
People from Yantai
United States Army generals of World War II
United States Army generals
Oklahoma State University alumni
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Recipients of the Silver Star
Recipients of the Legion of Merit


Eugenia Burzio (20 June 1882 – 16 May 1922) was an Italian operatic dramatic soprano known for her vibrant voice and passionate style of singing. She was particularly prominent in the verismo repertoire, creating the role of Delia Terzaghi in Ruggero Leoncavallo's Goffredo Mameli as well as singing Minnie in the Italian premiere of Giacomo Puccini's La fanciulla del West but was also admired in Verdi and other 19th century repertoire. While many music critics found her interpretations imaginative and exciting, others criticized her for the unevenness of her voice and other technical shortcomings.

Career
Burzio was born in Poirino, Piedmont.  Initially, she pursued a career as a violinist but decided instead to concentrate on opera singing whilst a teenager, stating she was born in 1879 in order to study voice at the Milan Conservatory with Carolina Ferni who herself had studied with Giuditta Pasta. She made her professional début as Santuzza, in Pietro Mascagni's Cavalleria rusticana, at the Teatro Vittorio Emmanuel, Turin in 1899.

She went on to enjoy a highly successful career throughout her homeland as a lyric-dramatic soprano, although her ardent, larger-than-life mode of vocalism was not calculated to appeal to the taste of more conservative British and American audiences and she never sang at  Covent Garden or the Metropolitan Opera. This has limited the scope of her international reputation. However she had huge successes in South America, Egypt and Russia—at St Petersburg's Aquarium Theatre.

Burzio was a magnetic actress and she became particularly associated with the music of the verismo school of composers, exemplified by Mascagni, Catalani, Leoncavallo, Umberto Giordano and, to a certain extent, Puccini. She was a star performer with a fanatical following at Italy's pre-eminent opera house, La Scala, Milan, during the first two decades of the 20th century. There Burzio appeared in a wide repertoire, often under the baton of Toscanini, her roles including Gluck’s Armide, Bellini’s Norma, Alfano's Risurrezione, Franchetti's La Figlio di Jorio, Pacini's Saffo, Catalani's La Wally and Loreley, Aida, La Gioconda, and Cavalleria Rusticana.

In addition, Burzio cut a number of frequently gripping 78-rpm gramophone recordings in Milan between 1905 and 1916. Towards the end of her career, however, she suffered from a nervous disorder and general ill-health. She made her final stage appearance in 1919, in Ponchielli’s Marion Delorme. Burzio died at Milan, three years later, aged 40, of kidney failure. She is buried in the family tomb in Chieri, Piedmont.

In a newspaper interview Burzio stated "A verismo role is bound to produce a melodramatic performance and artificial elation, and it's artificial because it isn't always a musical approach and when you are young, you don't know the correct approach. This can lead to strain on the nervous system. Nervous exhaustion is more damaging to the voice than the difficulty or length of the role". (The Levik memoirs, page 117)

Recordings on CD
Eugenia Burzio: Verismo Soprano Complete Recorded Operatic Repertoire (Fonotipia, Milano, 1905–1910; Columbia, Pathé and Phonodisc Mondial, Milano, 1912–1916) Label: Marston Records 52020.
"Eugenia Burzio:The great dramatic soprano". Renowned producer Keith Hardwick's selection of arias and speeds. Pearl Gemm 9269.
"The Harold Wayne Collection, Volume 37, Eugenia Burzio, Emma Carelli, Ester Mazzoleni", Symposium 1244.
"Eugenia Burzio": Legendary voices Preiser PR89723. 2009
"Eugenia Burzio": 2-CD set Club 99 CL587/88.

References
H.F.V.L Review of 'Me pellegrina' and 'Madre pietosa Vergine' Gramophone Magazine June 1939
Hurst, P.G. "The Golden Age Recorded" Gibbs and Damworth. 1946.
Celletti, Rodolfo Le grandi voci: Istituto per la collaborazione culturale, 1964
Steane, John "The Grand Tradition: Seventy Years of Singing on Record", Scribner (New York, NY), 1974
Gara, Eugene "La Scala" Electa Milano 1975.
Scott, Michael, The Record of Singing, published by Duckworth, London, in two volumes, 1977/79.
Lebow, Ellen A, Liner notes for Club 99 2-LP set 'Eugenia Burzio' CL 87/88.
Various authors, "Eugenia Burzio, tra romaticismo e verismo" Chieri and Poirino 1982.
Rasponi, Lanfranco "The last of the Prima Donnas" Ester Mazzoleni interview.Victor Gollanz, 1984.
Evans, Allan Liner notes for Club 99-CD set.
Celletti, Rodolfo,"Grandi voci alla Scala". Teatro La Scala.1991.
Steane, John Review of Club 99-CD set Gramophone Magazine January 1991: Page 86
Various authors, "Eugenia Burzio Un secolo dopo l'esordio (1899–1999), Comune di Poirino, Citta di Chieri,1999.
Ashbrook, William (1999) Liner Notes, Eugenia Burzio: Verismo Soprano, Marston Records 52020.
Bruder, Harold "Review of Eugenia Burzio, Marston." Opera Quarterly. Summer2000, Vol. 16 Issue 3, p491
Green, London "Waxing Poetic". Opera Quarterly; Autumn2000, Vol. 16 Issue 4, p571.
Rideout, Bob "Eugenia Burzio", 'The Record Collector' Volume 46 no.3 September 2001.
Aspinall, Michael "The Burzio records" 'The Record Collector' As above.
Banuelas, Roberto "Eugenia Burzio" El Buho Num 22 Sept 2001 Mexico.
Williams, John and "Eugenia Burzio" liner notes for Pearl CD.
"Artisti poirinese del passato", chapter "Eugenia Burzio, una voce da scoprire" Comune di Poirino.2005.
Steane, J.B.: "Eugenia Burzio", Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy (Accessed October 18, 2008), (subscription access)
Levik, Sergei "The Levik memoirs" Translated by Edward Morgan, Symposium Records. With quotes from Burzio.
Liff, Vivian "Burzio, Mazzoleni, Carelli" American Record Guide; Mar/Apr2010, Vol. 73 Issue 2, p249
Tosco, Angelo "Vissi d 'arte me pellegrini – Trionfi e amori di Eugenia Burzio" Gaidano & Matta. Chieri,2012. with many rare photographs and documents from the recently revealed 'Burzio archive'.

External links
Biography
Eugenia Burzio Facebook page with many photographs and articles (https://www.facebook.com/#!/pages/Eugenia-Burzio/228959903950)

Audio files
Eugenia Burzio –  from Boito's Mefistofele (recorded 1910)
Eugenia Burzio –  from Mascagni's Cavalleria rusticana (recorded 1908)

1882 births
1922 deaths
People from Poirino
Italian operatic sopranos
Fonotipia Records artists
Deaths from kidney failure
Milan Conservatory alumni
19th-century Italian women opera singers
20th-century Italian women opera singers


The Fajã Mata Sete (literally, "fajã that kills seven") is a debris field (fajã) formed over time by collapsing cliffs on the northern coast of the civil parish of Rosais, in the municipality of Velas, on the island of São Jorge in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores.

History
Unlike many other Azorean fajãs, Fajã Mata Sete has never had a permanent human population. However, the area has several small homes and outbuildings supporting seasonal visitors. The fajã's fertility and favorable microclimate allowed cultivation of wine grapes, potatoes, corn, fruit, and taro in small garden plots. Owners of these plots would descend the cliff-face between the months of March and April to cultivate the land and return in September for the harvest. For efficiency, they pressed the wine grapes in the fajã using rudimentary stone presses: liquid wine in jugs is easier to transport than fragile and perishable grapes.

On the fajã is a cave locally called Furna ("fumarole" or "hot spring") which was historically used as overnight shelter by fishermen and other visitors to the fajã. It is relatively large, accommodating seven or eight people. It is conceivable the cave's capacity gave Fajã Mata Sete ("fajã that kills seven") its curious name.

Several trails within the plateau of Rosais provide access to the fajã and surrounding area near the lighthouse of Ponta dos Rosais. The fajã is visible from the edge of the northern area of the Rosais clifftop, and dotted by a few homes interspersed within thick vegetation.

Geology
The Fajã Mata Sete is a debris field (fajã) formed over time by collapsing cliffs. In the bay that formed from the fajã, alongside the Ponta dos Rosais, is a large volcanic stack called the Torrão de Açúcar (Tower of Sugar). Its name derives from the stack's geological composition, which includes a basalt base surmounted by softer reddish deposits of consolidated pyroclasts.

Following a 1 January 1980 earthquake, the debris field began eroding away. After the earthquake access to the fajã was restricted due to its instability, resulting in the temporary closure of the lighthouse of Ponta dos Rosais. By 2012 the fajã was reduced in size so significantly it may be considered to no longer exist.

Biology
The cliffs around the fajã are home to nesting families of Cory's shearwater, gulls, terns, and other marine birds.

References

See also

 List of fajãs in the Azores

São Jorge Island
Mata Sete


Flat Creek Ranch, formerly a working ranch in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, is a guest ranch. The original ranch was established by Cal Carrington between 1901 and 1918 at the base of Sheep Mountain, also known as the "Sleeping Indian".  In 1923 a new owner, socialite and journalist Cissy Patterson, built the present structures. The transition from working ranch to vacation retreat foreshadowed a movement of the Jackson Hole economy away from traditional ranching to tourism, which is documented by the Flat Creek Ranch.

Carrington had worked at the Bar B C Dude Ranch from 1912 on, and established Flat Creek as a dude ranch. Cissy Patterson appeared in Jackson Hole 1916 as "Countess Gizycka", on the rebound from a failed marriage to a Polish count. Carrington and Patterson toured Europe together in 1922. Through Patterson's influence with US Senator Francis E. Warren, Carrington obtained a homestead patent on the ranch and then sold it to Patterson for $5000. In 1923 she built seven cabins, a barn and a lodge on the property.

Currently, the property is owned by journalists Joseph Albright and Marcia Kunstel.  Albright, the former husband of the late Madeleine Albright, is the son of Cissy Patterson's niece Josephine Patterson Albright (daughter of Joseph Medill Patterson), who inherited the property at Patterson's death in 1948.

References

External links

Flat Creek Ranch at the Wyoming State Historic Preservation Office

Buildings and structures in Teton County, Wyoming
Ranches on the National Register of Historic Places in Wyoming
Dude ranches in Wyoming
National Register of Historic Places in Teton County, Wyoming


Troy Edwards (born January 21, 1964 in Coral Gables, Florida) is a retired U.S. soccer defender who played professionally in several U.S. leagues including one season in Major League Soccer.  He was a member of two college championship teams and one runner up and in 1989 scored the winning goal in the Fort Lauderdale Strikers national championship victory over the San Diego Nomads.

Player

High school and college
Edwards grew up in Miami, Florida.  He played soccer at Miami Killian High School where he was an All-Dade County player.  In 1982, he entered Miami-Dade Community College, playing on the men's soccer team in 1982 and 1983.  In 1983, the Miami-Dade won the National Junior College National Championship, defeating Forest Park Community College.  He then transferred to Florida International University for the 1984 and 1985 seasons.  FIU won the 1984 NCAA Division II Soccer Championship over Seattle Pacific University with Edwards scoring a golden goal in overtime, and were runners-up in 1985.

Professional
It appears he began his professional career in 1988 when he signed with the Miami Sharks of the newly established American Soccer League.  That season, he was a first team All Star.  The next season, he joined the Fort Lauderdale Strikers.  That year, the Strikers won the ASL title, putting them in the first national championship game played since the demise of the North American Soccer League in 1984.  The Strikers met the San Diego Nomads of the Western Soccer League, coming from behind to win 3-1 with Edwards scoring the winning Strikers goal.  He played for the Strikers through the 1993 season.  In addition to playing the summer outdoor season with the Strikers, Edwards played in 2 indoor winter seasons, 1991–1993, with the Rockford Thunder & Canton Invaders in the National Professional Soccer League.

In 1994, he played for the Carolina Vipers in the Continental Indoor Soccer League, then spent the 1995 season with the Myrtle Beach Boyz in the USISL where he was named Defender of the Year for the league.  On February 6, 1996, the Colorado Rapids selected Edwards in the fifth round (forty-second overall) in the 1996 MLS Inaugural Player Draft.  Member of US National team pool 1990-1995. He played only four games for the Rapids, suffering an upper thigh injury and having groin surgery.  He retired from playing professionally at the end of the season.

Coach
In 1996, Edwards became an assistant coach at Barry University, a position he held until 2001. In that time Barry played in 3 NCAA tournaments finishing 2nd (runner up) in 2000.  He also served as a physical education teacher and the athletic director of Holy Family Catholic School in North Miami, Florida. Troy holds a USSF B License and Youth National coaching badges. Director of coaching North Port Fusion FC 2012-2019.

References

1964 births
Living people
American soccer coaches
American men's soccer players
American Professional Soccer League players
American Soccer League (1988–89) players
Canton Invaders players
Carolina Vipers players
Colorado Rapids players
Continental Indoor Soccer League players
FIU Panthers men's soccer players
Fort Lauderdale Strikers (1988–1994) players
Men's association football defenders
Miami Freedom players
Myrtle Beach Boyz players
National Professional Soccer League (1984–2001) players
USISL players


A Place for Lovers (, ) is a 1968 French-Italian romantic drama film directed by Vittorio De Sica and written by Brunello Rondi, Julian Zimet, Peter Baldwin, Ennio De Concini, Tonino Guerra and Cesare Zavattini. The film is based on the play Gli Amanti by Brunello Rondi and Renaldo Cabieri and was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

The film stars Faye Dunaway as a terminally ill American fashion designer in Venice, Italy who has a whirlwind affair with a race-car driver (played by Marcello Mastroianni). It is considered to be one of the worst films ever made.

Plot
Fashion designer Julia is tired of living because she is suffering from malignant cancer. When she leaves for her last holiday in Cortina d'Ampezzo, she meets the vital Valerio. The two fall in love instantly, but Julia does not reveal her secret to Valerio. When Valerio learns that she's dying, he pretends to know nothing, continuing the love affair until the end.

Cast
 Faye Dunaway as Julia
 Marcello Mastroianni as Valerio
 Caroline Mortimer as Maggie
 Enrico Simonetti as party host
 Karin Eugh as Griselda
 Esmeralda Ruspoli as attorney's wife
 Yvonne Gilbert as Marie
 Mirella Pamphili as party guest
 David Archell
 Martha Buckman

Soundtrack
Ella Fitzgerald provides two songs: the title song and "Lonely Is." Both songs may be found on the Verve release Jukebox Ella: The Complete Verve Singles, Vol. 1.

Reception
A Place for Lovers opened to generally negative reviews. Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times called it the "most godawful piece of pseudo-romantic slop I've ever seen!" and Charles Champlin of the Los Angeles Times referred to it as "the worst movie I have seen all year and possibly since 1926." Rex Reed wrote that the film "[l]ooks not so much directed as whittled to death." Time magazine called the film "Woefully inept ... Marcello Mastroianni displays all the zest of a man summoned up for tax evasion. The five scriptwriters who supposedly worked on the film must have spent enough time at the water-cooler to flood a camel." Katherine Caroll's review in the New York Daily News called the film "about as exciting to watch as a game of tiddly-winks." Critic Manny Farber stated that "one of the best laughs is watching Dunaway working on the subject of despair."

The film is widely considered among the worst of all time and was listed in the 1978 book The Fifty Worst Films of All Time, which called the film "a putrid tearjerker." The Italian edition of Vanity Fair included it on its list of the 20 worst films.

See also
 List of films considered the worst
 Cleo from 5 to 7, Agnes Varda's 1962 film that is similar in content
 Italian neorealism
 8 1/2, Federico Fellini's 1963 film featuring Mastroianni

References

External links

 A Place for Lovers at AllMovie

1968 films
1968 romantic drama films
Italian romantic drama films
French romantic drama films
1960s English-language films
English-language French films
English-language Italian films
1960s Italian-language films
Films directed by Vittorio De Sica
Films about cancer
French films based on plays
Films set in Venice
Films shot in Italy
Films shot in Rome
Melodrama films
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
Films with screenplays by Cesare Zavattini
1960s multilingual films
Italian multilingual films
French multilingual films
1960s Italian films
1960s French films


WordGenius is a system for publishing dictionaries and reference books electronically, based on  technology from Eurofield Information Systems. The Unabridged and College versions of the Random House Dictionary known as Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, and the Macquarie Dictionary of Australian English have been published using the technology, along with a thesaurus and spell checker for Microsoft Windows.

WordGenius takes special keywords to be able to return multiple possible matches for words. This also applies to definitions.

References

Electronic publishing


Mark Clifford Molesley (born 11 March 1981) is an English football manager and former professional player who is manager of Hayes & Yeading United. He played in the Football League for Bournemouth, Aldershot Town, Plymouth Argyle and Exeter City, and the Football Conference for Hayes, Cambridge City, Aldershot Town, Stevenage Borough and Grays Athletic.

Playing career
Molesley started his career with Hayes, coming through their youth system. Spells with Cambridge City, Aldershot Town, Stevenage Borough and Grays Athletic followed before a transfer to Bournemouth.

He made his debut for Bournemouth, away to Shrewsbury Town, in a 4–1 defeat in the League Two on 18 October 2008.

Molesley signed for Exeter City on 18 January 2013. On 30 April 2013, he was released by Exeter due to the expiry of his contract.

Managerial career

Molesley Began his coaching career in 2015 by coaching Bournemouth under 15's.

Whilst playing for Weymouth in 2016, Molesley became a player-coach for the team.

Molesley became the manager of League Two club Southend United on 13 August 2020 on a three-year contract. After seven months, on 9 April 2021 Molesley was sacked by Southend United following a period of poor results and the club in 23rd place in the league.

On 20 September 2021, Molesley returned to Aldershot Town as manager on a deal until the end of the 2022–23 season. Tom Prodomo joined as assistant manager after previously working with Molesley at Weymouth and Southend. Molesley was also joined by Terry Brown who had previously managed both the Shots and Molesley himself.

On 15 October 2022, Molesley was sacked by Aldershot Town following a 2-0 defeat to Chelmsford City in the 2022-2023 FA Cup 4th qualifying round.

On 30 November 2022, Molesley was appointed Director of Football of Gosport Borough, taking control of the first-team as well as wider football operations. He departed the club at the end of the season.

In October 2023, Molesley was appointed manager of Southern League Premier Division South club Hayes & Yeading United.

Personal life
Molesley married his partner, Charlene, in 2009. He lives in Bournemouth and Rickmansworth.

Career statistics

Managerial record

References

External links
Mark Molesley player profile at afcb.co.uk

1981 births
Footballers from Bournemouth
Footballers from Hillingdon
Living people
Men's association football midfielders
English men's footballers
English football managers
England men's semi-pro international footballers
Hayes F.C. players
Cambridge City F.C. players
Aldershot Town F.C. players
Stevenage F.C. players
Grays Athletic F.C. players
AFC Bournemouth players
Plymouth Argyle F.C. players
Exeter City F.C. players
Weymouth F.C. players
National League (English football) players
Isthmian League players
English Football League players
AFC Bournemouth non-playing staff
Weymouth F.C. managers
Southend United F.C. managers
Aldershot Town F.C. managers
Gosport Borough F.C. managers
Hayes & Yeading United F.C. managers
National League (English football) managers
English Football League managers
Southern Football League managers
Association football coaches


Bruce D. Roth is an American organic and medicinal chemist who trained at Iowa State University and the University of Rochester, and, at the age of 32, discovered atorvastatin, the statin-class drug sold as Lipitor that would become the largest-selling drug in pharmaceutical history (as of 2003). His honours include being named a 2008 Hero of Chemistry by the American Chemical Society, and being chosen as the Perkin Medal awardee, the highest honour given in the U.S. chemical industry, by the Society of Chemical Industry, American section in 2013.

Early life and education

Roth received his undergraduate degree in chemistry from Saint Joseph's College, Philadelphia, in 1976. He then went to Iowa State University as a doctoral student under George Kraus, receiving his Ph.D. in organic chemistry in 1981. He then spent a year as a Postdoctoral Fellow with A.S. Kende at the University of Rochester.

Career
Roth has held a number of positions in his career, from "Scientist" (medicinal chemist) through to vice president-level positions in drug discovery, and his accomplishments in his career include the discovery of the molecule atorvastatin, which would become the drug Lipitor.

Positions
In 1982, 28-year-old Roth began work as a medicinal chemist for the Parke Davis research area of Warner-Lambert, becoming the chemistry co-chair of the statins effort, with biologist Roger Newton, in 1984. By 1985, he was at Warner-Lambert's Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research facility in Ann Arbor, Michigan. He was promoted to Research Associate in 1986, Senior Research Associate in 1988, Section Director in 1990, Director of Atherosclerosis and Exploratory Chemistry in 1992, and Senior Director of Atherosclerosis, Inflammation and Exploratory Chemistry in 1993.
By the early 1990s he held managerial positions and was no longer doing laboratory work. In 2000 Warner-Lambert acquired Parke-Davis. He was appointed Vice President of Chemistry just prior to the merger between Warner-Lambert and Pfizer in 2000 and remained in that role as a part of Pfizer Global Research and Development in Ann Arbor, Michigan until 2007. He then joined Genentech in San Francisco, California as Vice President of Discovery Chemistry.

Atorvastatin
Before atorvastatin, Roth worked to develop a different drug, but Sandoz AG beat his team to a patent. In 1985, while working at Warner-Lambert's Parke-Davis research facility, Roth "identified a molecule" that inhibited HMG CoA reductase, a "key enzyme in the metabolic pathway the body uses to produce cholesterol."

Roth was listed as the inventor of trans-6-[2-(3- or 4-carboxamido-substituted pyrrol-1-yl)alkyl]-4-hydroxypyran-2-one, patented in 1986, and developed into the on-market drug, atorvastatin, which ultimately would be sold as Lipitor, and which would become the largest-selling drug in pharmaceutical history by 2003. Pfizer acquired Warner-Lambert and Lipitor in 2000.

Other activities
From 1996 until 2007, Roth served as an adjunct professor in the Department of Medicinal Chemistry at the University of Michigan.

Awards and honours
For the discovery of atorvastatin, Roth received the 1997 Warner-Lambert Chairman's Distinguished Scientific Achievement Award, the 1999 Inventor of the Year Award from the New York Intellectual Property Law Association, the 2003 American Chemical Society Award for Creative Invention, the 2003 Gustavus John Esselen Award for Chemistry in the Public Service, the 2005 Iowa State University Distinguished Alumni Award, and the 2006 Pfizer Global Research and Development Achievement Award. Roth was named a 2008 Hero of Chemistry by the American Chemical Society. In 2013, he was chosen as the Perkin Medal awardee, the highest honour given in the U.S. chemical industry, by the Society of Chemical Industry, American section, for his innovation in applied chemistry that resulted in the outstanding commercial success of atorvastatin.

Representative publications

According to the Chemical Heritage Foundation, in "addition to his discovery of atorvastatin, Roth is the inventor or co-inventor of 42 patents and the author or co-author of 48 manuscripts, 35 published abstracts and eight book chapters."

His publications include:

 Roth BD, Bocan TMA, Blankley CJ, Chucholowski AW, Creger PL, Creswell MW, Ferguson E, Newton RS, O'Brien P, Picard JA, Roark WH, Sekerke CS, Sliskovic DR, Wilson MW. The Relationship Between Tissue Selectivity and Lipophilicity for Inhibitors of HMG-CoA Reductase. J. Med. Chem. 1991, 34, 463-6.

Further reading
The following are good sources from which further information on the article's subject may be found, that may be of interest to readers and article editors. It includes sources not yet cited, and sources whose content may yet provide further insights into the subject.

 Roth, Bruce D. (2003) "Discovery and development of Lipitor (atorvastatin calcium)," ACS Award for Creative Invention Symposium: New Therapies for Atherosclerosis, MEDI 158 (March 24), The 225th ACS National Meeting, New Orleans, LA, March 23–27, 2003.

References

External links
 Ann Arbor chemist wins national award for drug discovery - ScienceBlog
 Bruce D. Roth, Pfizer Inc, USA

21st-century American chemists
Iowa State University alumni
Living people
University of Michigan faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)


The Milwaukee Brewers are a Major League Baseball team based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. They play in the National League Central division. Established in Seattle, Washington, as the Seattle Pilots in 1969, the team became the Milwaukee Brewers after relocating to Milwaukee in 1970. The first game of the new baseball season for a team is played on Opening Day, and being named the Opening Day starting pitcher is an honor which is given to the player who is expected to lead the pitching staff that season, though there are various strategic reasons why a team's best pitcher might not start on Opening Day. The Brewers have used 33 different Opening Day starting pitchers in their 55 seasons.

The Pilots, whose home ballpark was Sick's Stadium, played their inaugural Opening Day game on the road against the California Angels at Anaheim Stadium in Anaheim, California, on April 8, 1969. Marty Pattin was their starting pitcher that day; he earned the win in a game the Pilots won, 4–3. In 1970, the team relocated to Wisconsin and began playing their home games at Milwaukee County Stadium. The Brewers opened their first season in Milwaukee at home with Opening Day starter Lew Krausse Jr. taking the loss in a 12–0 defeat by the California Angels on April 9. County Stadium was home to the Brewers for 31 seasons through 2000. Their final Opening Day game at the facility occurred on April 26, 1995. Starter Ricky Bones took a no decision in the Brewers' 12–3 win over the Chicago White Sox. Steve Woodard received an unusual no decision in 2000, when the team's Opening Day game against the Cincinnati Reds was called in the sixth inning due to rain, with the score tied at 3. The team moved into American Family Field, then known as Miller Park, in 2001, but they did not play their first Opening Day game at the new stadium until five years later. In that game, held on April 3, 2006, Milwaukee defeated the Pittsburgh Pirates, 5–2; starter Doug Davis did not figure in the decision.

The Brewers' 33 Opening Day starting pitchers have a combined Opening Day record of 17 wins, 17 losses, and 21 no decisions in 55 Opening Day starts. They earned a win in their only Opening Day start in Seattle. In Milwaukee, they have 16 wins, 17 losses, and 21 no decisions in 54 Opening Day starts. At Milwaukee County Stadium, they had a record of 3 wins, 2 losses, and 5 no decisions in 10 Opening Days. At American Family Field, they have a record of 3 wins, 4 losses, and 5 no decisions in 12 Opening Days. The Brewers have an aggregate record of 6 wins, 6 losses, and 9 no decisions in 21 Opening Day starts played at home. Milwaukee's starters have a record of 11 wins, 11 losses, and 12 no decisions in 34 Opening Day starts on the road.

Ben Sheets has the most Opening Day starts for the Brewers, with six, followed by Yovani Gallardo (5); Teddy Higuera and Jim Slaton (3); and Ricky Bones, Corbin Burnes, Mike Caldwell, Jim Colborn, Cal Eldred, Marty Pattin, Don Sutton, Bill Wegman, and Brandon Woodruff (2). Gallardo (2010–2014) made five consecutive Opening Day starts. Sheets (2002–2005) made four consecutive starts, while Higuera (1986–1988) made three and Bones (1995–1996), Burnes (2022–2023), Colborn (1973–1974), Sheets (2007–2008), Slaton (1975–1976), Sutton (1983–1984), Wegman (1992–1993), and Woodruff (2020–2021) made back-to-back starts.

Opening Day results

Pitchers
Opening Day starting pitchers are listed in descending order by the number of Opening Day starts for the Brewers.

References

Opening Day starting pitchers
Milwaukee Brewerse


Native currant is an Australian name for certain plants, which have smallish currant-like fruit:

 Carissa spinarum of the dogbane family (Apocynaceae)
 Coprosma quadrifida of the coffee family (Rubiaceae)
 Leucopogon parviflorus of the heather family (Ericaceae)


The 1953 LSU Tigers football team represented Louisiana State University (LSU) as a member of the Southeastern Conference during the 1953 college football season. Led by sixth-year head coach Gaynell Tinsley, the Tigers compiling an overall record of 5–3–3 with a mark of 2–3–3 in conference play, placing eighth in the SEC.

Schedule

Personnel

Coaching staff

Roster

References

LSU
LSU Tigers football seasons
LSU Tigers football


The 2008 Monterey Sports Car Championships presented by Patrón was the eleventh and final round of the 2008 American Le Mans Series season.  It took place at Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca, California on 18 October 2008. It was the first time the event had a sponsor in its name since the 2004 season.

Report

Qualifying
The LMP2 category dominated qualifying, led by the four Acura teams who were able to qualify in the top five positions, led by David Brabham in the Highcroft Racing Acura on pole position.  The Acura squads were broken up only by the #7 Penske Porsche which qualified third.  In LMP1, the #1 Audi led that class but was only ninth overall in the standings.  Among the Corvette teams, the #3 car once again earned pole over its teammate, while GT2 was led by Farnbacher-Loles' Porsche.  Tafel Racing meanwhile led among Ferrari squads in third place within the class.

Qualifying result
Pole position winners in each class are marked in bold.

Race
The final round of the ALMS season was slowed by a total of twelve caution periods over the four-hour race distance, including four within the first hour alone.  This allowed for a variety of pit strategies to come into place as teams chose to make their first pit stops during different caution periods.  The Acura teams led early, but Audi was eventually able to take the overall lead, eventually completing the race first and second, led by the #2 car of Marco Werner and Lucas Luhr.  In LMP2, Acura's also finished first and second, but the #7 Penske Porsche's finish of third was able to secure Porsche the Manufacturers Championship within the class by a single point.

In GT1, the #4 Corvette of Olivier Beretta and Oliver Gavin earned their third win of the season over their teammates, while the #71 Tafel Racing Ferrari secured its fourth victory in GT2 in 2008.  The Risi Competizione Ferrari and Farnbacher-Loles Porsche completed the GT2 podium, while the PTG Panoz had a strong fourth-place finish a lap behind.

Race result
Class winners in bold.  Cars failing to complete 70% of winner's distance marked as Not Classified (NC).

References

Monterey
Monterey Sports Car Championships


Winzen Research Inc, Minneapolis, Minnesota, created balloons in the 1950s and 1960s that were used by the United States Navy in its Projects Helios, Skyhook, and Strato-Lab. Balloons were also sold to the United States Air Force for use in Project Manhigh and for a secret reconnaissance mission, called Moby Dick, to overfly the Soviet Union.

Otto C. Winzen developed the use of polyethylene resin for plastic balloons. Polyethylene balloons vastly reduced the weight in comparison with previously used rubber materials. Polyethylene was light, relatively cheap, and unaffected by ultraviolet radiation. Winzen refined the manufacturing techniques to reduce the plastics used in the balloons to less than the thickness of a human hair

The company was created by Otto Winzen and his wife Vera Simons. Vera, eventually an accomplished balloonist herself, borrowed money from her parents to help start Winzen Research. She held over two-thirds ownership of the company and became its vice president. Vera supervised and trained her "balloon girls" to handle polyethylene and build the giant balloons.

Winzen Research also designed and built gondolas. The company supplied both the balloon and gondola that were used for the 1961 Strato-Lab V flight that set current altitude record for manned balloon flights. The balloon was constructed of polyethylene plastic measuring only  thick. At , the balloon envelope was the largest that had ever been successfully launched, expanding to  in diameter when fully inflated. Beneath the balloon hung a large parachute and then the gondola. Winzen Research designed a unique gondola for the flight. To control temperature, the gondola was protected by special venetian blinds, but otherwise open to space. The venetian blinds had light and dark sides. The light side could be turned outwards to cool the cabin while the dark side could be turned outward to warm the cabin. Balloon, parachute, gondola, and a trailing antenna made a craft close to  tall.

References

Balloon manufacturers
Manufacturing companies based in Minnesota
Defunct companies based in Minneapolis
American companies established in 1949
Manufacturing companies established in 1949
1949 establishments in Minnesota


Sport Club Damash Gilan (, Bashgah-e Vârzeshi-ye Damash Gilân), commonly known as Damash Gilan, also spelled Damash Guilan, is an Iranian football club based in Rasht, Gilan, that competes in the Azadegan League. The club was founded in 1960 as Taj Rasht Football Club ().

The football team plays its home games at the Shahid Dr. Azodi Stadium which has a seating capacity of 11,000. The club is also using the Sardar Jangal Stadium which has a seating capacity of 15,000. The club is owned and supported by Peymam Baharvand.

Damash is the oldest existing football club in Rasht and has a large history in Gilan football. It is one of the most supported clubs in Gilan football, having won one Azadegan League trophy, one Rasht League title, and two final participations in the Hazfi Cup. Damash holds a long-standing enmity with provincial rivals Malavan known as the El Gilano, and with local rivals Sepidrood.

History

Establishment
The club was founded as Taj Rasht Football Club in 1960. The club was one of Taj Tehran branches at the time. From the beginning, Taj Rasht was able to attract some of the best players of Gilan.

Before 1970
Before the 1970s, Iran did not have an official national football league. Most clubs participated in championships of their city or province. In addition to that Taj Rasht played in the Gilan Province League until 1970.

1970s
In 1970, the Local League was created. The league included teams from all Iran in different qualifying tournaments. Taj Rasht finished fourth in Group A of their qualifying tournament. The club also participated in the 1971–72 Local League season. Taj Rasht missed again qualification for the final stage after they achieved the last place in their group again.

In 1972, the Takht Jamshid Cup was founded as the national league and included teams from all over the country. However, Taj Rasht could not qualify and therefore played again in the Gilan Province League.

Abouzar Rasht
In 1975 the club changed its name for the first time. Until 1983 the club was called Abouzar Rasht Football Club. Due to the Iranian Revolution and the Iran–Iraq War, the Takht Jamshid Cup was dissolved and also the lower leagues were unorganized. As a result, the club took part in regional championships and cups only irregularly.

Esteghlal Rasht

In 1983 Abouzar changed its name into Esteghlal Rasht Football Club. Esteghlal means independence in Persian. In 1991 the Azadegan League was formed as the top flight of Iranian football. Esteghlal Rasht took part in the league in the 1991–92 season, but was relegated at the end of the season.

Due to sponsorship, the club was known as Esteghlal Gaz Rasht Football Club in 1992–93 Iran Football's 2nd Division. After playing many years in Iran Football's 2nd Division, they were promoted to Azadegan League in 2000. They finished 10th in 2000–01 season.

In the summer of 2001, the Iran Pro League was established as the professional football league of Iran, Azadegan League was declared as the second-highest professional league in the Iranian football league system. All clubs from the 2000–01 Azadegan League season took participate in the 2001–02 Iran Pro League. Esteghlal Rasht was relegated after an embarrassingly lost 9–2 to Aboomoslem on the last matchday of the season. They finished 13th in that season.

Pegah Gilan
Due to financial problems and relegation, the Pegah Dairy Company took over the club in the summer of 2002. The club was renamed as Pegah Gilan Football Club. In 2007, however, a club called Esteghlal Shahrdari Rasht was founded again, which could participate as a separate club in the Gilan Provincial League.

Pegah managed to get promoted to the first division and finished 9th in the 2003–04 season. A year later, relegation took place again. Then the club played two years in the Azadegan League. In 2007 they were able to return to the Iran Pro League, known as the Persian Gulf Cup since 2006. With 15th place in the 2007–08 season, Pegah was able to prevent relegation. Pegah also qualified for the Final of the Hazfi Cup this season. After Pegah won the first leg 1–0, they lost in the second leg against Esteghlal in front of almost 100,000 spectators at the Azadi Stadium with 0–3.

Damash Gilan
In the summer of 2008, Pegah Gilan was struggling with financial problems. In October of the same year, the Aria Investment Development Company, then owned by Mahafarid Amir Khosravi, took over the club. The club was renamed Sport Club Damash Gilan. Damash is a small historical village in Jirandeh near Rasht. The club later adopted the Lilium ledebourii, a typical plant from this region, in its logo. The renaming ensures a positive reaction from the fans.

Pro and Azadegan League

The club shuttled between the first two leagues for the following years. In the 2008–09 season, they finished 17th and had to relegate to the Azadegan League. In the 2009–10 season, Damash failed to Sanat Naft Abadan in the play-offs and missed promotion. A year later, the club won the title for it and managed to rise. Between 2011 and 2013, the club played two decent years in the Persian Gulf Cup and came in 7th in 2011–12 and 11th in 2012–13. During this time, Alireza Jahanbakhsh also made a name for himself with good performances, 10 goals in 44 matches. In the summer of 2013, he moved to the Dutch Eredivisie to NEC Nijmegen. Iranian football legend Mehdi Mahdavikia also played for Damash between 2011 and 2012.

Starting in 2013, the club experienced difficult years and relegated at the end of the 2013–14 season. Then followed two disappointing years in the Azadegan League. In the 2014–15 Azadegan League season, the club only finished 6th and missed promotion. In the 2015–16 season, Damash even had to relegate to the League 2.

Since 2016
Due to very great financial difficulties, the club was close to being dissolved in March 2016. The Gilan Football Organization, therefore, took over the rights to the club and so Damash could end the season. After relegation, the club should be renamed Shahr-e Baran Football Club, which led to major protests from fans. Damash then kept his name.

In 2019 Damash sensationally reached the Hazfi Cup Final against Persepolis in the Foolad Arena in Ahvaz. The game turned into a scandal as the stadium was filled with over 30,000 Perespolis supporters hours before kick-off. As a result, the approximately 1,000 Damash fans could not enter the stadium and the kick-off was delayed by a few hours. In the end, Damash lost to Persepolis 0–1.

After three years in the League 2, Damash returned to the Azadegan League. The club replaced Karoon Arvand Khorramshahr for the 2019–20 season.

Name history
Taj Rasht Football Club (1960–1975)
Abouzar Rasht Football Club (1975–1983)
Esteghlal Rasht Football Club (1983–1992)
Esteghlal Gaz Rasht Football Club (1992–1993)
Esteghlal Rasht Football Club (1993–2002)
Pegah Gilan Football Club (2002–2008)
Sport Club Damash Gilan (2008–present)

Crest
The name Damash goes back to a historical village in Jirandeh near Rasht. In 2016, Damash adopted the Lilium ledebourii, a typical plant from this region, in its logo.

Stadium

Traditionally, Damash Gilan plays its home games at the Shahid Dr. Azodi Stadium which has a seating capacity of 11,000. The stadium was opened in 1990 and is owned by the club. The stadium was renovated from 2009 to 2011. It is also the traditional home venue of the local rival Sepidrood.

Furthermore, Damash plays some of its home games at the Sardar Jangal Stadium which has a seating capacity of 15,000. The stadium was opened in 2007 and is owned by Sepidrood.

Rivalries

El Gilano

Matches between Malavan of Bandar-e Anzali and the two teams from Rasht, Damash Gilan, and Sepidrood Rasht are known as El Gilano. There is a very deep rivalry and derbies are characterized by great intensity. The stadiums at these games are usually sold out or even overcrowded. There are also regular riots between the various fan groups. Since Damash has changed its name a few times in contrast to Sepidrood, the rivalry between Malavan and Sepidrood is a bit stronger and more traditional. Basically, however, football games between clubs in Northern Iran are always characterized by a lot of passion and are very important to the local population.

Further rivalries
Within Rasht, Damash has a minor rivalry with PAS Gilan. PAS Gilan was founded in 1961 and, like Damash and Sepidrood, is a traditional club in Rasht. However, PAS Gilan has never made it to the Persian Gulf Pro League or Azadegan League.

Damash then has a bigger rivalry with Nassaji Mazandaran from Qaem Shahr. Nassaji has the same club colors as Damash, blue and red, and has a very large fan base in the northern provinces of Iran.

Seasons

The table below chronicles the achievements of Damash Gilan in various competitions since 1970.

Notes:The Persian Gulf Pro League was formerly known as Iran Pro League (IPL) and Persian Gulf Cup (PGC)  The Azadegan League was the highest division between 1991 and 2001  The League 2 was formerly known as Iran 2nd Division  The League 3 was formerly known as Iran 3rd Division

Honours

Domestic
Azadegan League
Champions (1): 2010–11
Hazfi Cup
Runners-up (2): 2007–08, 2018–19
Rasht League
Champions (1): 1973

First-team squad

For recent transfers, see List of Iranian football transfers winter 2018–19''.

Club managers

Records

Top goalscorers

Top appearances

Last updated: May 16, 2016.
Bolded players are currently on the Damash squad.

See also
 Damash Tehran
 Gahar Zagros

References

External links

  Official old Website
  Damash Guilan Fan Site
  Damash Guilan Official Website
  Damash Guilan Fan Site
  Players and Results

Football clubs in Iran
Association football clubs established in 2008
Sport in Gilan Province
2008 establishments in Iran
S.C. Damash Gilan


The Fajã de Fernando Afonso is a permanent debris field, built from the collapsing cliffs on the northern coast of the civil parish of Rosais, in the municipality of Velas, island of São Jorge, in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores.

History

The fajã was named for an early settler that occupied a home at the base of the cliff.

Following the 1 January 1980 earthquake the area was temporarily abandoned, owing to its instability and the aftershocks. Because of the danger, farmers returned to the area to only cultivate their small vineyards. A subsequent aftershock was responsible for the destruction of an important fountain bringing fresh water to the area. There are a few houses on this fajã used by some residents during the growing season, when the cultivation of assorted vegetables, potatoes and vineyards.

Situated between Fajã Amaro da Cunha and Fajã Mata Sete, the area is part of the Park of Sete Fontes and can be seen by a scenic overlook  (the Miradouro da Fajã de Fernando Afonso).

References

See also

 List of fajãs in the Azores

São Jorge Island
Velas
Fernando Afonso