Dušan Žanko (10 November 1904 – 23 January 1980) was a Croatian writer, professor, diplomat and the intendant of the Croatian National Theatre in Zagreb from 1941 to 1943. Professor at Andrés Bello Catholic University, Central University of Venezuela and Faculty of Agronomy in Maracay.

Žanko was born in Trilj, at the time Kingdom of Dalmatia, and graduated from the Franciscan Classical Gymnasium in Široki Brijeg in 1924. During this time he was a member of the Croatian Eagles Association. He graduated in history from the University of Zagreb in 1928. He subsequently worked as a gymnasium professor in Zagreb. In the 1930s he was one of the leaders of the Crusader Brotherhood in Croatia, and was also active in Catholic Action.

During World War II, when the Independent State of Croatia was formed, Žanko was named the intendant of the Croatian National Theatre in Zagreb on 22 April 1941. During his time as intendant, he led Zagreb's opera company on performances in Venice, Florence and Rome in April 1942 and to Vienne in 1943. In January 1943, Bucharest's opera singers guested at the theatre, performing Aida and Carmen. After his stint at the theatre ended on 8 November 1943, he was employed in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as a cultural-economic representative to France.

On 6 May 1945 Žanko left Zagreb as the Independent State of Croatia evacuation to Austria was starting. He spent the next few years at the displaced persons camp near Fermo, Italy whose inhabitants were more of 2000 Croats displaced from Yugoslavia. On 4 October 1946 the Yugoslav communist government requested his return to face trial, but the request was never carried out. In 1948 he moved to Argentina, before settling in Venezuela in 1954.

In emigration he was active in the magazine Hrvatska revija and was president of the printing house Zajednica izdanja Ranjeni labud.  At the Catholic University Andrés Bello, Caracas, he taught the "History of the Ideas" (from 1954 to 1956) and worked as a librarian. Since 1961 he was a professor of humanities at the Central University of Venezuela and at the Agronomy Faculty in Maracay, where he has taught bibliographic documentation and technical communication.

He attended the canonization of Nikola Tavelić in Rome on 21 June 1970. Žanko attended the founding of the Croatian National Council in Toronto in 1974 and remained a member of the organization until his death. He died in Caracas.

In the bibliography of prof. Žanko's works there are about 80 theatrical reviews, reviews and presentations, 76 literary reviews and reviews, 36 articles of religious content, 36 essays, 87 other articles, three songs and three books.
For his work and contribution to the development of the country, Venezuelan President Carlos Andrés Pérez was honored in 1978 by the star of the Order of Francisco de Miranda 2nd Class.

Zanko is memorialized with a plaque and a bust in Park Sinj, in the town of Sinj, Croatia, along with 5 other famous citizens of Sinj.

References

Sources
Svjedoci : domovinsko izdanje. Knjižnica Hrvatske revije. Zagreb, 1998.
Zbornik radova o skupu Povratak Dušana Žanka u zavičaj. Sinj, 1995.

1904 births
1980 deaths
People from Trilj
People from the Kingdom of Dalmatia
Croatian writers
Yugoslav emigrants to Venezuela


Swante M. Swenson (February 24, 1816 – June 13, 1896) was the founder of the SMS ranches in West Texas. It was through his efforts that Swedish immigration to Texas was begun in 1848. In 1972, he was inducted into the Hall of Great Westerners of the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum.

Biography
Svante Magnus Svenson was born at Alarp, Barkeryd Parish, Jönköping County, Sweden. He migrated to America in 1836, where he worked in New York City before traveling to Baltimore, Maryland, and then to Galveston. In 1850 Swenson moved to Austin and established a mercantile business with his uncle Swante Palm. While running the business, Swenson continued to buy Texas Railroad Certificates and to acquire land.

Swenson arranged passage for Swedish families principally from Småland, who in turn worked for Swenson to pay off the price of the ticket. Most of the early immigrants also bought land from Swenson.

Swenson began shipments of the Texas pecan to the North and East; and in 1850 established himself in the general merchandise and banking business at Austin. In Austin, Swenson also served two terms (in 1852 and 1856) as a Travis County commissioner and in 1853 became the first treasurer of the State Agricultural Society.

In 1854 he invested in the Buffalo Bayou, Brazos and Colorado Railway, which gained him acres of land in northwestern and western Texas. Swenson's greatest interest lay in the accumulation of land. He traded many of the manifold supplies carried by his large frontier trading post for Texas railroad land certificates. Under the privilege then accorded to holders and owners of such certificates to file on any untaken state land, Swenson in 1854 began acquiring acreage of unclaimed properties in Northwest Texas. By 1860 he owned over 128,000 acres around Austin, in addition to his West Texas holdings, which had increased to nearly 500,000 acres.

SMS Ranches eventually became one of the largest landowners in Texas. Swenson leased his ranch holdings to his sons, who operated the ranches under the name of Swenson Brothers Cattle Company from headquarters in Stamford, Texas.

Swenson established the banking house of S. M. Swenson and Sons in New York City. Though he lived in New York, he maintained his ties to Texas, operating a clearinghouse for Texas products, continuing his work as a cotton agent, and regularly visiting his extensive land holdings. Swenson died in Brooklyn, New York, and was buried in Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York).

Swenson married twice. With his second wife, Susan McRady (March 13, 1830 – October 25, 1906), he had five children:
 Sarah Margareta "Greta" Swenson (October 23, 1852 – November 19, 1879)
 Eric Pierson Swenson (April 24, 1855 – August 14, 1945) – founded Freeport Sulphur
 Ebba McRady Swenson (1858–1859)
 Swen Albin Swenson (July 30, 1860 – November 16, 1927)
 Mary Eleonora "Nora" Swenson (August 24, 1862 – February 23, 1958).

His two sons leased SMS ranches and carried on the family business.

See also
 Stamford, Texas
 Morab
 Swenson, Texas

References

Sources
Clarke, Mary Whatley  The Swenson Saga and the SMS Ranches (Austin: Jenkins, 1976)
Swenson, Gail  S. M. Swenson and the Development of the SMS Ranches (University of Texas, 1960)
Anderson, August  Hyphenated, or The Life Story of S. M. Swenson (Austin: Steck, 1916)
Hastings, Frank S. The Story of the S.M.S. Ranch (Swenson Bros. Stamford, Texas. 1917)

    “Negroes for Sale.” The Texas Almanac. December 27, 1862, 1 edition, sec. 34.
    “Texas General Land Office Land Grant Database”, Digital Images, Texas General Land Office, Entry for Swenson, S M, Austin City Lots, Travis Co., TX, Patent no 429, vol.1
    “Austin 1885 Sheet 5,” Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps, Map Collection, Perry-Castañeda Library, Austin, Texas.
    Olmsted, Frederick Law. A Journey through Texas: or, A Saddle-Trip on the Southwestern Frontier. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1989: 50;
    Austin City Sanborn Map, 1885;
    Bullock Hotel. Photograph, University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, accessed December 3, 2019

External links
Lutherans and Swedes in Texas. Hutto Lutheran Church Heritage Foundation
Swenson Land and Cattle Company: Inventory of Records, 1846–1927
Swenson Land & Cattle Company Gallery
Slavery in Early Austin: The Stringer’s Hotel and Urban Slavery

People from Fort Bend County, Texas
Swedish emigrants to the United States
1816 births
1896 deaths
American Lutherans
Swedish migration to North America
Ranchers from Texas
19th-century Lutherans


The SMS Ranches are a famous group of cattle ranches located in West Texas.

Background
Swante M. Swenson migrated to America from Sweden during 1836. In 1850 Swenson moved to Austin, Texas and established a mercantile business with his uncle Swante Palm. While running the business, Swenson continued to buy railroad land and then bought school scripts to acquire additional property. In 1854 Svenson invested in the Buffalo Bayou, Brazos and Colorado Railway, which gained him acres of land in northwestern and western Texas.

SMS Ranches eventually became one of the largest landowners in Texas. At their peak, the SMS Ranches occupy considerable portions of twelve counties in the lower plains area of West Texas and comprise more than .  The ranches were named for the initials of the founder, Swante M. Swenson. The SMS brand, consisting of an extended M sandwiched between two reversed S's, was registered by the Swensons in the spring of 1882. At one time most, if not all, foremen of the SMS Ranches were immigrant Swedes. Swenson leased his holdings to his sons, who operated them under the name of Swenson Brothers Cattle Company from headquarters in Stamford, Texas.

Ranching Units
Throckmorton Ranch - located in Throckmorton County
Flat Top Ranch -   located in Jones County, Stonewall County, and Haskell County
Ericsdahl Ranch - located in Jones County and Haskell County
Tongue River Ranch  - located in Cottle County, King County, Motley County, and Dickens County
Ellerslie Ranch - located in Jones County and Haskell County

References

Primary sources
Clark,  Mary Whatley The Swenson Saga and the SMS Ranches (Austin, Texas: Jenkins Book Publishing Co. 1976)
Swenson, Gail  S. M. Swenson and the Development of the SMS Ranches (University of Texas, 1960)
Hastings, Frank S  The Story of the SMS Ranch (S. M. Swenson & Sons. 1922)
 Anderson, August Hyphenated, or The Life Story of S. M. Swenson (Austin: Steck, 1916)

External links
Swenson Land and Cattle Company: Inventory of Records, 1846-1927
Swenson Land & Cattle Company Gallery
SMS Ranches, Texas

Ranches in Texas
Companies based in Texas
1854 establishments in Texas
Companies established in 1854


The 1998 killing of Iranian diplomats in Afghanistan refers to the siege of the Iranian consulate in Mazar-i-Sharif, in the Taliban-controlled Afghanistan during the Taliban and Northern Alliance battles of Mazar-i-Sharif. Initially, the death of 8 Iranian diplomats was reported, but later two other diplomats and a journalist were also confirmed dead, bringing the total deaths to 11. The killings of the diplomats is speculated to have been carried out by Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan.

Background

Before this incident, Iran was supportive of the Afghan Northern Alliance, and the city of Mazari Sharif was one of the headquarters of the alliance. It is reported that between May and July 1997 Abdul Malik Pahlawan executed thousands of Taliban prisoners as revenge for the 1995 death of Abdul Ali Mazari. "He is widely believed to have been responsible for the brutal massacre of up to 3,000 Taliban prisoners after inviting them into Mazar-i-Sharif." As revenge, Taliban forces captured Mazar-i-Sharif and killed hundreds of Northern Alliance members, particularly members of the Hazara and Uzbek ethnic groups as they were accused of being the ones who carried out the killings of Taliban prisoners.

Events
On 8 August 1998, Taliban forces captured Mazar-i-Sharif. After this incident, 11 Iranian diplomats and Mahmoud Saremi, a correspondent from Iran's state news agency (IRNA), were attacked at the Iranian consulate and subsequently disappeared. Unofficial reports from the city indicated that all these men were killed. Later it was confirmed that 8 of the Iranian diplomats and Saremi were killed by the Taliban militia attacking the consulate. The Taliban spokesmen said the Iranians had been killed by renegade forces who had acted without orders. The final death toll was confirmed later to be 11 according to Tehran Times.

Aftermath

This incident caused a public furor in Iran and many observers were concerned that Iran would be involved in a military response to the attack. At the time, over 70,000 Iranian troops were deployed along the Afghan border. Mediation by the United Nations defused the situation and all the hostages were eventually released. Later in February 1999, the Taliban and Iran held talks, but relations between them did not improve. Subsequently, Iran decided to support the Northern Alliance, an anti-Taliban front.

August 8 is named National Journalists' Day in Iran, in memory of Mahmoud Saremi, the IRNA correspondent killed in this attack.

Film
An Iranian film  Mazar Sharif  was made on this story in 2015. Abdolhassan Barzideh was the director.

See also
 Attack on the Iranian Embassy in London (2018)

References

Iranian Diplomats Assassination In Afghanistan, 1998
Iranian Diplomats Assassination In Afghanistan, 1998
Afghanistan–Iran relations
Conflicts in 1998
Diplomatic incidents
Hostage taking in Afghanistan
Iranian people murdered abroad
Iranian terrorism victims
Assassinated Iranian journalists
People murdered in Afghanistan
Terrorism deaths in Afghanistan
Attacks on diplomatic missions of Iran
Attacks on diplomatic missions in Afghanistan
Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)
August 1998 events in Asia
Massacres committed by the Taliban


The Mask of Horror () is a 1912 short silent French horror film directed by Abel Gance and starring Édouard de Max.

Cast
 Édouard de Max
 Charles de Rochefort
 Florelle (as Mlle Rousseau)
 Mathilde Thizeau
 Jean Toulout as Ermont

References

External links

1912 films
1912 horror films
1912 short films
1910s French-language films
French horror films
French silent short films
French black-and-white films
Films directed by Abel Gance
Lost horror films
Lost French films
1912 lost films
Silent horror films
1910s French films


The Antenna Measurement Techniques Association (AMTA) is a non-profit professional organization for members involved in research and development of antenna and radar-scattering measurements in the United States.

The principal objective of AMTA is to provide a forum for the exchange of information on electromagnetic measurement techniques and problems.  AMTA's annual symposium record includes topics in measurement methods, instrumentation techniques, facility development, and accuracy assessments.

From the initial AMTA meeting, held in 1979, to the current year, marking the 41st annual symposium, the size of the meetings has grown steadily.  The membership has grown from 30 to 500 and the number of papers presented at the yearly symposium has grown from 20 to over 100.

Threads common throughout AMTA's history include understanding and quantifying accuracy limitations, improved diagnostic methods, cost-effective implementations, and novel solutions to challenging measurement problems.  These continuing needs are expected to spur new developments in future years.

AMTA also collaborates with other technical professional organizations such as the IEEE Antenna Propagation Society (AP-S) and EuCAP to host symposiums on antenna measurements in the United States and Europe.

AMTA offers its members an on-line archive of technical papers presented at its annual symposiums.

Sources
EuCAP 2009
IEEE
IEEE Xplore

External links
Official website

Professional associations based in the United States
1979 establishments in the United States


Go Hard or Go Home is the sixth album released by rapper, Fiend. It was released on August 31, 2004 for his label Fiend Entertainment and was produced by him and his former No Limit labelmates, Beats By the Pound. Go Hard or Go Home peaked at No. 81 on the Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart.

Track listing
"Intro" – 0:19
"Baller 4 Real" – 4:13
"Two Mad M.F.'s" – 0:14
"U Can Get It" – 3:51 (feat. C-Loc & Ms. Peaches)
"Rollin w/Fe" – 3:36
"Get Bucked" – 4:00
"Smoking Intro" – 0:38
"Roll That, Light That" – 4:42 (feat. Jdawg)
"I'm Ya Problem" – 5:07 (feat. Jdawg)
"Around My Way" – 4:08
"Bout That Action" – 4:03 (feat. Hound)
"Let's Go" – 2:35 (feat. Jdawg)
"Already" – 2:51 (feat. Pee Wee)
"Cream Skit" – 0:50
"I'm Doing It" – 4:02
"Grab That" – 4:10 (feat. Young Hoggs)
"Never Been" – 3:49 (feat. Skull Duggery & Jdawg)
"Guns Up Fiend" – 3:08

References

2004 albums
Fiend (rapper) albums


KFXZ-FM (105.9 FM, "Z 105.9") is a radio station licensed to serve Opelousas, Louisiana.  The station is owned by Charles Chatelain, through licensee Delta Media Corporation. It airs an urban adult contemporary format.  KFXZ's studios are located on Evangeline Thruway in Carencro, and its transmitter is located south of Opelousas.

The station was assigned the KFXZ-FM call letters by the Federal Communications Commission on March 4, 2007.

History
The station started out as an Alternative Rock station, but was later replaced as an easy listening jazz station.
The station had been broadcasting a classic country format until November 4, 2008, when the format was changed to Urban AC. The new format featured the syndicated Tom Joyner Morning Show.

On October 28, 2012, KFXZ-FM changed their format from urban AC to country, branded as "Cat Country 105.9".

On May 1, 2013, KFXZ-FM changed their format back to urban AC, branded as "Z 105.9".  The station also broadcast over the air on KLWB DT4.

References

External links

Radio stations in Louisiana
Opelousas, Louisiana
Mass media in Lafayette, Louisiana
Urban adult contemporary radio stations in the United States


Christ Fellowship is a multi-site, multi-ethnic, megachurch based in Palm Beach Gardens, Florida with more than 28,000 in attendance each week on eleven locations throughout South Florida.

History
Christ Fellowship started in 1984 as a small Bible study with 40 people in Dr. Tom and Donna Mullins' living room and has grown to be one of the largest churches in America. Tom resigned from his job as athletic director at the Palm Beach State College in March 1985 to pursue ministry full-time.

The first church building, which seated 800 people, was converted from a riding stable. Initial plans for a larger campus, located at the intersection of Northlake Boulevard and Gibson Road, were strongly opposed by local residents. However, the Palm Beach Gardens city council allowed the church to be built, based on revised plans including more parking, lower lights, and a wall on its north side.

Led by Pastor Todd and Julie Mullins, Christ Fellowship is based in Palm Beach Gardens, Florida.

Christ Fellowship's Teaching Pastor is Dr. John C. Maxwell,  an internationally respected leadership expert, speaker, and author.The church operates eight campuses in Palm Beach County; additionally, campuses in Port St. Lucie, FL, Vero Beach, FL, and Okeechobee, FL, totalling to twelve (plus their Online Campus).  The church plans on opening a campus in the new municipality of Westlake, Florida.

References

Davisson, Jan. "Palm Beach Gardens Fountain of Youth." PBG Lifestyle Magazine'' Dec. 2008: 38-39. RWW Enterprises, LLC.

External links
 https://christfellowship.church/
 Gardens Campus
 Royal Palm Campus
 Stuart Campus
 CityPlace Campus

Churches in Palm Beach County, Florida
Evangelical megachurches in the United States
Megachurches in Florida
1984 establishments in Florida


Codetermination in Germany is a concept that involves the right of workers to participate in management of the companies they work for. Known as Mitbestimmung, the modern law on codetermination is found principally in the Mitbestimmungsgesetz of 1976. The law allows workers to elect representatives (usually trade union representatives) for almost half of  the supervisory board of directors. The legislation is separate from the main German company law Act for public companies, the Aktiengesetz. It applies to public and private companies, so long as there are over 2,000 employees. For companies with 500–2,000 employees, one third of the supervisory board must be elected.

There is also legislation in Germany, known as the Betriebsverfassungsgesetz whereby workers are entitled to form Works Councils at the local shop floor level.

Goals of codetermination
Views differ on the goals of codetermination in general. Some social reformers maintain that workers are not merely factory parts, but citizens with equal rights. The Prussian state aimed for a conciliatory policy between capital and labour, and worker committees were one way to involve and bind workers into a system, and avoid conflict. In return unions conceded objectives on the establishment of a socialist state.

Codetermination aims principally to give workers a voice in the company decisions. This means matters on organisation of the business, the conditions of work and the management of personal and economic decisions affecting the future of the company and jobs. Workers therefore choose Works council representatives and members of the board to represent them.

Interests of workers
On the assumption that the primary goal of employers is to maximize profits in the interests of shareholders, codetermination can reorient the company's goals in the interests of workers. A better balance may be struck so that the company interests are not so one sided. For unions, codetermination is part of democratizing the economy. It is also a way for workers to better the terms and conditions of their contracts in an orderly and regulated way.

Interests of employers
Much economic discussion mentions the thesis that employers also have an interest in codetermination. Some economists find that it can be an instrument for long term increase in productivity of the company, while others dispute this on the basis that the losses in efficiency in production outweigh any gains in productivity.

Types of codetermination

Three forms of codetermination are distinguished,

Codetermination in job places
According to the Betriebsverfassungsgesetz (BetrVG, Industrial Relations Law) the worker has a claim to codetermination about his own work position. He has to be informed about his position and responsibilities, and the job procedures (see also, the Arbeitsschutzgesetz). He has a right of making suggestions and to inspect certain company documents.

Operational codetermination
Operational codetermination (Betriebliche Mitbestimmung) concerns the organisation of the business, job arrangements, personal planning, guidelines for hiring, social services, time registration and performance assessments. This is found in the Betriebsverfassungsgesetz (BetrVG, Industrial Relations Law).

The Betriebsrat or Works Council is the organ of operational codetermination. In the public sector it is known as the Personalrat or Staff Council.

Corporate codetermination
Corporate codetermination (Unternehmensmitbestimmung) concerns private (GmbH) and public limited companies (AktG). The Drittelbeteiligungsgesetz provides for one third of the supervisory board to be elected by workers in companies with more than 500 employees. For companies with more than 2000 employees the Mitbestimmungsgesetz requires half of the Supervisory Board (Aufsichtsrat) to be representative of the workers (subject to the chairman of the board being a shareholder appointee). In the coal, mining and steel industry the Montan-Mitbestimmungsgesetz allows complete parity between workers and shareholders for companies with over 1000 workers.

In December 2005 there were 729 companies with supervisory boards regulated by the Mitbestimmungsgesetz and around 30 under the Montan-Mitbestimmungsgesetz.

Historical development
 1848 The Frankfurt Parliament processed a minority proposal for industry organisation that included boundaries for corporate power by setting up works councils.
 1850 The first workers' committees were established in four printing houses in Eilenburg, Saxony.
 1891 After the repeal of the Sozialistengesetz workers' committees could be founded freely. However, this happened only where there were active unions.
 1905 In reaction to a strike in the Ruhr coalmines, the Prussian Berggesetz introduced workers' committees in mining companies with more than 100 workers.
 1916 The Auxiliary Services Act (1916) (Gesetz des Vaterländischen Hilfsdiensts) created workers' committees for all companies producing for the war effort with more than 50 workers. These committees had the right to be consulted in social affairs.
 1920 The Betriebsrätegesetz (Works Council Act) mandated consultative bodies for workers in businesses with more than 20 employees. The social and economic interests of workers were to be represented and considered to the management.
 1934 After the Nazis seized power, works councils were abolished and unions were broken up.
 1946/47 The Allied Control Council, through the Kontrollratsgesetz No. 22, allowed works councils as in the Weimar Republic.
 1951 The Montan-Mitbestimmungsgesetz (Coal, Steel and Mining Codetermination Law) required  codetermination in businesses with more than 1,000 employees through workers' representatives making up one half of the supervisory boards.
 1952 The Betriebsverfassungsgesetz mandated participation of workers at shop floor level through works councils.
 1955 The Bundespersonalvertretungsgesetz allowed codetermination among members of the civil services in the Federation and the German states.
 1972 The Betriebsverfassungsgesetz was updated and reissued.
 1976 The Mitbestimmungsgesetz required codetermination in all companies with more than 2,000 employees.

Codetermination laws

Coal and Steel Codetermination Act of 1951
After threats of massive strikes by Metalworker unions, the  was passed in 1951 in West Germany. It applied to workplaces with over 1,000 employees, which impacted 105 companies at the time. It provided for equal representation on the supervisory board of directors for workers and employers.

On the worker side, representatives are to name an "additional member" who acts explicitly in the interests of the community. The purpose was that in the lead up to World War II, these companies were openly supporting the Nazis financially. To prevent a stalemate on the board, a neutral member is to be appointed, which the parties must agree on. On the management board, one member must be a Staff-director (Arbeitsdirecktor) who cannot be appointed against the votes of the worker directors on the supervisory board.

Companies attempted to avoid the effects of the law after it was passed. The steel company Mannesmann registered another holding company outside the steel industry, intended to evade the law. In response, the Mitbestimmungsergänzungsgesetz (The Codetermination Supplement Act, known as "Lex Mannesmann") was passed to prevent the practice by allowing subsidiary companies to vote for the supervisory board of the parent companies.

Works Constitution Act

Passed on the 11 October 1952, this law introduce one third selection of Supervisory Board directors by workers (§§ 76 ff. BetrVG). An exception is made for family companies. For every two shareholder members, the Works Council can send a third worker representative. They may also participate in committees of the Supervisory Board.

On 15 January 1972, the Act of 1952 was updated giving more powers for participation in personal and social affairs of company employees. Individual worker rights were strengthened in relation to trade unions.

Codetermination Act of 1976

Third Participation Act 2004
On 18 May 2004 the Drittelbeteiligungsgesetz replaced provisions of the 1952 Works Constitution Act. It applied to workplaces between 500 and 1,000 employees who are not already covered under the (Montan-)Mitbestimmungsgesetz.

European law

See also

 Co-determination
 Worker representation on corporate boards of directors
 Employee stock ownership
 Cooperative
 Worker cooperative
 Market socialism
 Social ownership
 German company law
  German labour law
 US corporate law
 UK company law

Further reading

References

External links
Works Constitution Act (BetrVG; English)
Sichtweise der Arbeitgeberverbände
Sichtweise der Gewerkschaften, Forschungsergebnisse
Basics of the Betriebsverfassungsgesetz and its implications for the Betriebsrat (german)

German labour law
Works council (Germany)

de:Mitbestimmung
nl:Medezeggenschap
zh:共同决定


Commonwealth is the fifth studio album by progressive bluegrass band New Grass Revival, released in 1981 on the Flying Fish label. This album was the last one for two band members, Courtney Johnson and Curtis Burch, who cited fatigue with the band's touring schedule.

Track listing
 "Reach" (Johanna Hall) – 4:48
 "Steam Powered Aereo Plane" (John Hartford) – 4:29
 "One Day I'll Walk" (Bruce Cockburn) – 2:52
 "Nothing Wasted, Nothing Gained" (Steve Brines, Sam Bush) – 2:42
 "Pack of Fools" (Andy Kulberg, Jim Roberts) – 4:45
 "Nothing Without You" (Bryan Hayworth) – 3:51
 "Deeper and Deeper" (Bob Lucas) – 6:12
 "Wicked Path of Sin" (Monroe) – 2:35
 "Sapporo" (Bush) – 8:10

Personnel
 Sam Bush – mandolin, electric guitar, guitar, fiddle, lead vocals
 John Cowan – electric bass, lead vocals
 Courtney Johnson – banjo, vocals
 Curtis Burch – guitar, Dobro, vocals
 Kenny Malone – drums
 Leon Russell – piano
 Sharon White – vocals
Production notes
 Produced by Sam Bush
 Richard Adler – engineer, mastering supervisor
 Keith Case – executive producer
 Jim Lloyd – mastering
 Willy Matthews – design

See also
 New Grass Revival discography

References

New Grass Revival albums
1981 albums


British Rail Telecommunications was created in 1992 by British Rail (BR). It was the largest private telecoms network in Britain, consisting of 17,000 route kilometres of fibre optic and copper cable which connected every major city and town in the country and provided links to continental Europe through the Channel Tunnel.

BR also operated its own national trunked radio network, providing dedicated train-to-shore mobile communications, and in the early 1980s BR helped establish Mercury Communications’ (now Vodafone) core infrastructure by laying a resilient figure-of-eight fibre optic network alongside Britain's railway lines, spanning London, Bristol, Birmingham, Leeds and Manchester.

Realising the enormous commercial potential, BR Telecommunications Limited (BRT) was created in 1992 to exploit its wayleave rights and to take responsibility for the management and maintenance of the industry's voice, data and radio networks associated with the operational running of the railway and its business needs.

BRT was bought by Racal Electronics in 1995 and became Racal-BRT. This merged with Racal Network Services (RNS) in 1997 to become Racal Telecom. Two companies, Thales Translink and Thales Fieldforce, evolved from Racal Telecom in 1999 and were merged into Thales Telecommunications Services (TTS) in April 2002. TTS provides specialist telecoms services to the UK transport market.

On 1 April 2009, under TUPE employment regulations, around 480 telecoms experts moved from Thales to Network Rail to maintain the telecoms network.

Early history
In May 1837 William Fothergill Cooke (1806–1879) and Professor Charles Wheatstone (1802–1875) entered into a partnership, and on 10 June patented a five-needle telegraph for which five wires were necessary. The telegraph worked by deflecting any two of the needles at the same time to point to any one of 20 letters on the grid behind the needle. Sending and receiving messages was a slow process, as each word had to be spelt out. With only 20 letters on the grid, the spelling sometimes contained inaccuracies. On 25 July, Wheatstone's and Cooke's telegraph was demonstrated to the directors of the London and Birmingham Railway between Euston and Camden Town, a distance of just under a mile.

In 1839 the world's first commercial telegraph line using the Cooke and Wheatstone five-needle system was commissioned by the Great Western Railway and built between Paddington and West Drayton, a distance of 13 miles. It was working to Hanwell by 6 April and was completed to West Drayton on 9 April. The public could pay one shilling (5p) to view the telegraph and could send their own telegrams. The undertaking marked the first commercial use of electricity. The line was later extended to Slough, but when it was proposed to carry it to Bristol, the Directors of the railway company objected and the agreement with Cooke and Wheatstone was rejected. Eventually, it was agreed that Cooke was allowed to retain the wires in position on condition that he worked the system at his own expense and sent the railway signals free of charge.

Assets
This section briefly describes the assets that constitute British Rail's telecom systems and networks.

The fixed bearer network is at the core of railway communications and thus is vital to the operation of the railway. It provides essential circuits for signalling and electrification control systems, train radio systems, lineside communications, level crossing CCTV, and customer information systems as well as more general IT and business telephony needs.

The fixed bearer network infrastructure comprises transmission systems and telephone exchanges, linked by a fibre optic and copper cable network that is located mainly within trackside troughing routes.

British Rail had several analogue radio networks that supported mobile communication applications for drivers and lineside workers. These radio networks consist of base stations, antenna systems and control equipment. The National Radio Network (NRN) was developed specifically for the operational railway; it provides radio coverage for 98% of the rail network through 500 base stations and 21 radio exchanges.

The NRN offers full access to the BRT telephone network; public service telephone network (PSTN) dialling, including international, is also available. It can provide dedicated open channels on talk-through mode for incident management and an override priority facility to ensure that emergency calls are immediately connected to the railway's Train Control Offices (TCO) and Electrical Control Rooms (ECR). The NRN and ORN are based on analogue radio technology and provide a high level of coverage throughout the railway network for mobile communication at the trackside. The ORN offers facilities for driver emergency communication with the local train control office. The RETB system is based on similar technology as the NRN and ORN but provides data communication for signalling token block exchange as well as voice communication.

Secure communication between drivers and signallers is provided by the Cab Secure Radio (CSR) systems located in various parts of the country. This application of analogue radio technology is designed to offer complete radio coverage at the trackside within the limits of its deployment. Fixed communication at the trackside is provided by lineside communication systems. These systems are primarily provided for signallers' communication with drivers and the public, through telephones located on signal posts and at level crossings.

Signal Post Telephones (SPTs) and other lineside phones are linked to telephone concentrators at the signal box.

Special self-monitoring systems (PETS) are also provided for high-risk level crossings.

CCTV systems are provided on platforms where driver-only operation train services call and at some stations with sub-surface platforms. These self-contained systems comprise cameras, monitors, cabling and control equipment.

Voice recorders are also classed as telecoms assets.

Management and maintenance
In the late 1960s the National Telecoms Plan (NTP) was launched which brought about a centrally managed (BRHQ) project to install a nationwide co-axial cable based 4 MHz system of transmission bearer services for voice and on-line real time data networks. This was completed in 1972.

The fixed network as we know it today was installed piecemeal as part of BR's electrification and signalling projects between 1972 and 1993.

Fault reporting is localised and system failure is generally only uncovered as a consequence of customer complaint. The fixed telecommunications network consists of a wide variety of mostly old technologies, some of which are obsolete.

As a result of the privatisation process, a significant proportion of the fixed telecommunications network is now provided through lease agreements with Global Crossing and it is maintained by the former BRT.

GSM-R

GSM-R radio systems are being introduced across Europe under EU legislation for interoperability. In the UK, Network Rail has established a stakeholder's board with cross industry representation to drive the UK implementation of GSM-R to replace the National Radio Network (NRN) and Cab Secure Radio (CSR) systems currently in use.

The Rail Safety and Standards Board are revising the current train-to-shore radio standard GO/RT3410, renumbering it as GE/RT8080, and developing a new standard GE/RT8081 that contains requirements that are specific to GSM-R. The Railway Group Standards are being developed to support the European Functional Requirements Specification and should be read in conjunction with this document.

The Network Rail National Project for the introduction of GSM-R plans for the radio service to be live nationwide by 2007, with the current radio systems switched off at the end of 2009. Britain's GSM-R network should be fully operational by 2013 at a cost of £1.2 billion. This cost though does not include the West Coast Main Line, where transmission equipment supplied by Marconi is maintained by Telent.

GSM-R addresses the relevant recommendations from several accident inquiries:

Clapham (1988)
Abbeyhill (1994)
Cowden (1994)
Ais Gill (1995)
Doncaster (1995)
Winsford (1999)
Ladbroke Grove (1999)
Llanbrynmair (2000)
Tregoss Moor (2000)
Hatfield (2001)

GSM-R is the bearer for the ERTMS signalling being introduced from 2010.

Locomotives
British Rail Telecommunications operated four British Rail Class 20 locomotives: 20075, 20128, 20131 and 20187.

References

Telecommunications companies of the United Kingdom
British Rail subsidiaries and divisions
British Rail infrastructure


Waddinxveen is a railway station in Waddinxveen, Netherlands. The station opened on 7 October 1934 and is on the Gouda–Alphen aan den Rijn railway. The train services are operated by Nederlandse Spoorwegen.

Train services
The following train services call at Waddinxveen:
4x per hour local service (sprinter) Alphen aan den Rijn - Gouda (2x per hour in evenings & weekends)

Bus services
 175 (Rotterdam Alexander - Rotterdam Nesselande - Waddinxveen - Waddinxveen Noord)

External links
NS website
Dutch Public Transport journey planner

Railway stations in South Holland
Railway stations opened in 1934
1934 establishments in the Netherlands
Waddinxveen
Railway stations in the Netherlands opened in the 1930s


SM U-10 or U-X was the lead boat of the U-10 class of submarines for the Austro-Hungarian Navy ( or ) during World War I. She was originally a German Type UB I submarine commissioned into the German Imperial Navy () as SM UB-1.

SM UB-1 was constructed in Germany and shipped by rail to Pola where she was assembled and launched in January 1915. She was commissioned into the German Imperial Navy later that same month and sank an Italian torpedo boat in June. The boat was handed over to Austria-Hungary and commissioned as SM U-10 in July. In May 1917, U-10 was fired upon by a British submarine, but both of the torpedoes that were launched missed. In July 1918, U-10 hit a mine and was beached with heavy damage. She was towed to Trieste for repairs which remained unfinished at the war's end. U-10 was handed over to Italy as a war reparation and scrapped in 1920.

Design and construction
U-10 was a small, coastal submarine that displaced  surfaced and  submerged. She featured a single shaft, a single  Daimler diesel engine for surface running, and a single  electric motor for submerged travel. U-10 was capable of up to  while surfaced and  while submerged at a diving depth of up to . She was designed for a crew of 17 officers and men.

U-10 was equipped with two  torpedo tubes located in the front and carried a complement of two torpedoes. German Type UB I submarines were additionally equipped with a  machine gun, but it is not clear from sources if U-10, as a former German boat, was either equipped with one or, if so, retained it in Austro-Hungarian service. In October 1916, U-10s armament was supplemented with a 37-mm/23 (1.5 in) quick-firing (QF) gun. This gun was replaced by a /33 QF gun in November 1917.

Construction of UB-1 was started on 1 November 1914 at Germaniawerft in Kiel. After her assembly was complete UB-1 was launched on 22 January 1915.

After extended negotiations between Austria-Hungary and Germany, in March 1915 it was decided for Germany to supply five submarines of the UB I type. This model was familiar to the Austro-Hungarian Navy since the Imperial German Navy had reassembled UB3, UB 8, and UB 9 at the Pola Navy Yard. The first boat was bought on April 4, 1915, a "sample" UB 1 boat. This submarine was shipped by rail in sections to Pola, where the sections were riveted together. Though there is no record of how long it took for UB-1s parts to be assembled, a sister boat, , shipped from Germany in mid-April 1915, was assembled in about two weeks.

Operational history

SM UB-1 was commissioned into the German Imperial Navy under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Franz Wäger on 29 January. An Austro-Hungarian Navy officer was assigned to the boat for piloting and training purposes. On 26 June 1915, UB-1 sank an Italian torpedo boat 5 PN in the Gulf of Venice.

On 4 June 1915, after being disassembled into three sections and transported by rail to Pola for reassembling, UB-1 was handed over to the Austro-Hungarian Navy and commissioned as U-10 under the command of Linienschiffsleutnant Karl Edler von Unczowski.

British submarine  had an encounter with U-10 on 11 May 1917. While cruising off Pola, H4 came across U-10 and fired a spread of two torpedoes at the submarine. The torpedoes were aimed to be 5° apart at a distance of  which was apparently too wide, because the captain of H4 observed the torpedoes miss just ahead and just astern of U-10.

On 9 July 1918, U-10 hit an Italian mine near Caorle in the northern Adriatic Sea at position , and was beached with heavy damage. Although she was looted by Austro-Hungarian Army troops, she was later towed to Trieste for repairs, which remained unfinished at war's end; all of the 13 crew personnel were saved. U-10 was handed over to Italy as a war reparation and scrapped at Pola by 1920. U-10 sank no ships in her Austro-Hungarian service.

Summary of raiding history

References

Bibliography

Ships built in Kiel
Ships built in Pola
U-boats commissioned in 1915
World War I submarines of Germany
U-10-class submarines
World War I submarines of Austria-Hungary


Anthony F. Upton (13 October 1929 – 4 July 2015) was a British professor of Nordic history.

Biography
Born in Stockton Heath, Cheshire, he graduated B.A. in Modern History from Queen's College, Oxford, with First-Class honours in 1951, subsequently M.A. (Oxon).  After leaving Oxford he travelled to the United States as a Fulbright Scholar and graduated A.M. in history from Duke University, NC, in 1953.  On his return from the United States, he was appointed as an Assistant Lecturer in History at the University of Leeds. He moved to the University of St. Andrews in 1956 as a lecturer in history, and was promoted to Reader before being appointed Professor of Nordic History in 1983, becoming Professor Emeritus on his retirement in 1996. He was a fellow of the Royal Historical Society.

Upton published three books about the first decades (1918–1941) of Finnish independence.  He received an honorary doctorate from the University of Helsinki on 2 June 2000.

He is best known for disputing the so-called "driftwood theory" () of Finnish passivity in Operation Barbarossa.

Works
 Finland in Crisis, 1940–1941, 1964, 318 pp.
 Communism in Scandinavia and Finland: Politics of Opportunity, 1973, 422 pp.
 Finland, 1939–1940, 1974, 174 pp.
 The Finnish Revolution 1917–1918, 1980, 608 pp.
 A Short History of Finland, 1998, 209 pp.
 Charles XI and Swedish Absolutism, 1998, 281 pp.
 Europe 1600–1789, 2001. 437 pp.

References
 (in Finnish) Hon. D's University of Helsinki
 Works in English

Academics of the University of St Andrews
1929 births
2015 deaths
People from Stockton Heath
Fellows of the Royal Historical Society


Un drame au château d'Acre is a 1915 short silent French drama film directed by Abel Gance.

Cast
 Yvonne Briey
 Henri Maillard
 Aurelio Sidney (as Aurele Sydney)
 Jacques Volnys
 Jean Toulout as Ermont

References

External links

1915 films
1910s French-language films
French drama short films
French silent short films
1915 drama films
1915 short films
French black-and-white films
Films directed by Abel Gance
Silent French drama films
1910s French films


The red-pea gall or red currant gall develops as a chemically induced distortion arising from the underside of the mid-rib of a vein on Quercus species and it is attached by a short stalk or peduncle. The red-wart gall is the sexual phase of the same species.

Cause
The gall is caused by the parthenogenetic generation of Cynips divisa, which has been known by the synonyms Diplolepis divisa, Dryophanta divisa and Spathegaster verrucosus.

Appearance
In appearance it is glossy and somewhat flattened sphere and from ten to fifteen or so may occur on a single leaf. The average size is  and the colouring starts as green, passing to yellow, orange and then red-brown; the season is midsummer onwards. Circular emergence holes appear in the galls.

Life cycle
Many of the agamic imagines emerge in October. After overwintering, Cynips develops eggs parthenogenetically and their eggs develop in live buds as 'red-wart galls'. The infested buds become yellow, orange or a russet colour and are about  long. These red-wart galls appear in May and the males and females of the bisexual generation emerge in June and produce the fertilized eggs which undergo development in the red-pea galls.

Gall-forming insects
Some herbivorous insects therefore create their own microhabitats by forming, in this case, a highly distinctive plant structure called a gall, made up of plant tissue, but controlled by the insect. Galls act as both the habitat, and food sources for the maker of the gall. The interior of a bedeguar gall is formed from the bud, and is composed of edible nutritious and structural tissues. Some galls act as "physiologic sinks", concentrating resources in the gall from the surrounding plant parts. Galls may also provide the insect with some physical protection from predators.

Inquilines and parasites
These occur commonly in this native species.

See also
Cola-nut gall
Knopper gall
Oak apple
Oak artichoke gall
Oak marble gall

References

External links
 The Virtual Field-Guide (UK)

Oak galls
Cynipidae
Insects described in 1840


Leon James "Duke" Carmel (April 23, 1937 – August 3, 2021) was an American professional baseball player. Carmel played in 124 games over all or parts of four seasons in Major League Baseball between 1959 and 1965 for the St. Louis Cardinals, New York Mets and New York Yankees, primarily as an outfielder.

Career
Carmel threw and batted left-handed; he was listed as  tall and . A native of New York City, he graduated from Ben Franklin High School in East Harlem. Carmel signed with the Cardinals in 1955, and in his third minor league season, in the Class C Pioneer League, he was selected to the All-Star team after leading the circuit in runs scored (118) and runs batted in (121). He also batted a career-high .324.

He had his MLB debut in September , starting six games as the Cardinals' center fielder, but he collected only three hits and one base on balls in 24 plate appearances. After an additional trial, in September , Carmel spent all of 1961 and 1962 in the minor leagues (including service in the Los Angeles Dodgers and Cleveland Indians organizations) before returning to the major leagues in  for his only full season. Beginning the year with the Cardinals, he appeared in 57 games, mostly as a pinch hitter. His first game of 1963, on April 16 against the Pittsburgh Pirates, was a memorable one: as a pinch hitter, he struck a ninth-inning, game-tying home run off Elroy Face, setting the table as the Cardinals scored the winning run two batters later.  But by July 18, Carmel was batting only .227 with ten hits in 53 at bats. On July 29, he was traded to the Mets for another outfielder, Jacke Davis.

Carmel then became the Mets' starting first baseman. With regular play, his offensive performance perked up, and on August 8 at the Polo Grounds he had perhaps his best day as a major leaguer. Playing against his old team, the Cardinals, Carmel went three for four, hitting his second career home run in the eighth inning, facing left-handed relief pitcher Bobby Shantz, to win the game, 3–2. Although Carmel had two more three-hit games, on September 2 and 26, he hit only .175 during that month, dropping his season average to .233, with four home runs and 20 runs batted in.

He was then assigned outright to the Buffalo Bisons, the Mets' Triple-A affiliate, for the entire 1964 season. Carmel responded by blasting a career-high 35 homers, four behind league leader Mack Jones' 39. His power display earned Carmel one final MLB trial. Selected by the Yankees in the Rule 5 draft, he began  on the Bombers' roster, playing under his old St. Louis manager, Johnny Keane. But he went hitless in eight at bats, and after May 2 he was sent back to Buffalo. He retired after the 1967 minor league season.  All told, he collected 48 hits in the majors, with seven doubles, three triples and four home runs, batting .211 lifetime with 23 runs batted in.

References

External links

1937 births
2021 deaths
Albany Cardinals players
Billings Mustangs players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Decatur Commodores players
Houston Buffaloes players
Jacksonville Suns players
Major League Baseball outfielders
New York Mets players
New York Yankees players
Omaha Cardinals players
People from East Harlem
Portland Beavers players
Rochester Red Wings players
St. Louis Cardinals players
St. Paul Saints (AA) players
Spokane Indians players
Baseball players from New York City
Tacoma Giants players
Tulsa Oilers (baseball) players


Waddinxveen Noord is a railway station in northern Waddinxveen, Netherlands. The station opened on 3 June 1973 and is on the Gouda–Alphen aan den Rijn railway. The train services are operated by Nederlandse Spoorwegen.

Train services
The following train services call at Waddinxveen Noord:
4x per hour local service (sprinter) Alphen aan den Rijn - Gouda (2x per hour in evenings & weekends)

Bus Services
 175 (Rotterdam Alexander - Rotterdam Nesselande - Waddinxveen - Waddinxveen Noord)
 187 (Oegstgeest - Leiden - Zoeterwoude-Rijndijk - Hazerswoude - Waddinxveen - Gouda)

External links
NS website
Dutch Public Transport journey planner

Railway stations in South Holland
Railway stations opened in 1973
Waddinxveen
Railway stations in the Netherlands opened in the 1970s


Alexander Arsenievich Romanovsky (12 June 1880 – 1943) was a Lithuanian-Russian chess master.
He was born in Kaunas, Lithuania (then Russian Empire). He was the elder brother of Peter Romanovsky.

At the beginning of the 20th century, he played in several local tournaments in Sankt Petersburg. He tied for 6–7th in 1905/06 (the 4th All-Russian Masters' Tournament, Gersz Salwe won), took 4th in 1907 (Sergey von Freymann won), took 3rd in 1908 (Quadrangular, S. Lebedev won), took 3rd in 1909 (Grigory Levenfish won), and took 11th in 1911 (All-Russian Amateur Tournament, Stepan Levitsky won).

References

1880 births
1943 deaths
Lithuanian chess players
Russian chess players
Sportspeople from Kaunas


The Pittsburgh Victorias were one of the earliest professional ice hockey teams. The club was based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and were members of the Western Pennsylvania Hockey League, the first league to openly hire hockey players, from 1902–1904. The team folded in 1904, when the WPHL disbanded its teams to form the Pittsburgh Professionals and compete in the International Professional Hockey League.

History

For the 1902–03 season, the Victorias were added to the WPHL making it a four team league. The team was made up of players from Ottawa, Ontario, enticed to come to Pittsburgh. The Victorias were able to add Stanley Cup winner Bruce Stuart to their team, giving the future Hall of Famer his start in professional hockey. That season, Stuart led the WPHL with 16 goals in his first pro season and was named to the First All-Star team. William Duval, the 1902 captain of the Ottawa Silver Seven, also made the trip to Pittsburgh and began his professional career with the Victorias. Ottawa's Harold "Chic" Henry, Charles Spittal and the Sixsmith brothers, Garnet and Arthur, also played for the Victorias. Arthur, the previous season, played on the Keystones' championship team. While Garnet would one day score 11 goals in a game in Pittsburgh, considered to be a record for the Duquesne Garden.

In 1904 the Victorias won the WPHL title and played Houghton, Michigan's Portage Lakes Hockey Club for the "American Championship" that year. The Victorias lost the three game series two games to one. The team disbanded later that year when the WPHL consolidated its players into the Pittsburgh Professionals and competed in the International Professional Hockey League. Several of the Victorias' players went on to play with the Professionals, such as William Duval, Ed Roberts, Arthur and Garnet Sixsmith and Charles Spittal.

Prominent players
Victorias members of Hockey Hall of Fame:
 Bruce Stuart (1961)

Notes

References

Victorias
Defunct ice hockey teams in Pennsylvania
Victorias
Victorias


Le périscope is a 1916 silent French film directed by Abel Gance.

Cast
 Albert Dieudonné as William Bell
 Henri Maillard as Damores
 Yvonne Sergyl as Manoela Damores
 Georges Raulin as Geoffrey Bell
 Mlle Savigny as Clelia Damores

References

External links

1916 films
1910s French-language films
French silent films
French black-and-white films
Films directed by Abel Gance
1910s French films


The discography of the American jazz artist Herbie Hancock consists of forty-one studio albums, twelve live albums, sixty-two compilation albums, five soundtrack albums, thirty-eight physical singles, nine promo singles and four songs not released as singles, but that charted due to downloads. This article does not include re-issues, unless they are counted separately from the original works in the charts, furthermore because of the enormous amount of material published, this discography omits less notable appearances in compilations and live albums. The discography shows the peak weekly main chart positions of eight selected countries: United States, France,[a] Germany, Japan,[b] Netherlands, Sweden,[c] Switzerland and United Kingdom. Positions also listed on United States are R&B / hip hop, dance / club, jazz[d] and bubbling under charts.[e] The peaks do not refer necessarily to the position that a record reached when it was first released. Also included are certifications from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)[f] and the Bundesverband Musikindustrie (BVMI).[g]

Hancock made his debut as professional musician in the early 1960s as a sideman, quickly earning a good reputation. Blue Note Records noticed his talent and added him to its roster. For the label, he released seven albums, including Takin' Off (1962), his first solo album, supported by the single "Watermelon Man", which is one of the most performed jazz standards; Empyrean Isles (1964) and Maiden Voyage (1965), two influential jazz albums. During these years, Hancock also began a career as composer for film and television soundtracks, beginning with Blow-Up (1966) for MGM Records. In this role, he reached the top in 1986 with the Round Midnight soundtrack (for Columbia Records), that had its best result on the AFYVE Spanish Albums Chart at No. 18 and won an Academy Award for Best Original Score. After his departure from Blue Note, Hancock signed with Warner Bros. Records, publishing three albums in which he experimented with new jazz music directions: the R&B-oriented Fat Albert Rotunda (1969) and the electronic-oriented Mwandishi (1971) and Crossings (1972). These three releases became influential in the jazz rock movement.

Hancock continued to experiment after leaving Warner Bros. for Columbia Records, where he remained until the late 1980s, releasing sixteen studio albums. At Columbia, Hancock had his best commercial results, gaining immediate success with Head Hunters (1973), an R&B-oriented jazz album with strong funk influences. It peaked at No. 13 on the Billboard 200 and became the best-selling jazz album for a period of time. In 1986, it became the first jazz album ever to win a RIAA Platinum Award and is considered very influential in jazz, funk, soul and hip-hop music. Head Hunters also contains Hancock's first mainstream hit, "Chameleon" (1974), which peaked at No. 35 on the RPM Canadian Singles Chart and is a jazz standard. Other albums that followed in the style of Head Hunters with good popular success, especially in the US, were Thrust (1974) and Man-Child (1975), which ranked respectively No. 13 and No. 21 on the Billboard 200. In 1978, Hancock added disco influences to his jazz and established himself as a mainstream hitmaker across Europe with "I Thought It Was You" (1978) and "You Bet Your Love" (1979), which peaked, respectively, at No. 15 and No. 18 on the UK Singles Chart, and "Tell Everybody" (1979), which peaked at No. 22 on the Belgian Flemish Singles Chart. Thanks to these singles, his albums Sunlight (1978) and Feets, Don't Fail Me Now (1979) earned good popular success, especially in Europe. The first album had its best performance peaking on UK Albums Chart at No. 26, and the second peaked on the VG Norwegian Albums Chart at No. 18.

In 1983, Hancock radically refreshed his sound with strong electronic influences and released Future Shock (1983), an influential album in jazz fusion, dance, electronic, techno and hip-hop music. The album had its best results in Europe, where it peaked at No. 7 on the Ö3 Austria Top 75 Longplays chart. Furthermore, it spawned his biggest hit single, "Rockit" (1983), the first jazz hip-hop song, and became a worldwide anthem for breakdancers and the hip-hop culture of the 1980s. It reached the top 10 in several countries (especially in Europe), having its best performance on Swiss Singles Chart and Belgian Flemish Singles Chart, in each case at No. 4. It also won a RIAA Gold Award in 1990. Thanks to this song, Hancock won the Grammy Award for Best R&B Instrumental Performance, the first Grammy of his career of a total of fourteen.  Future Shock was a bigger success than even Head Hunters, winning a RIAA Platinum Award in 1994 faster than the earlier album had. It spawned an additional mainstream hit with "Autodrive" (1983), which had its best performance on UK Singles Chart, peaking at No. 33. Sound-System (1984) followed the musical direction of Future Shock and won the Grammy Award in the same category of "Rockit", making Hancock the first solo artist to win in this category for two consecutive years and also the artist with most wins in the category (a record shared with Earth, Wind & Fire and George Benson). After six years of silence in his solo career, Hancock signed with Mercury Records and released Dis Is da Drum (1994) that showed another innovation in his career with an acid jazz-oriented sound and reached No. 40 on the Swedish Albums Chart. After this release, there were several albums of duets, covers and tributes, such as Gershwin's World (1998), Possibilities (2005) and River: The Joni Letters (2007). The last peaked at No. 5 on the Billboard 200 and became the second jazz album in history to win a Grammy Award for Album of the Year (the first was Getz/Gilberto (1964) by Stan Getz and João Gilberto). As of 2016, Hancock's last original solo project was the electronic-influenced Future 2 Future (2001), released for Transparent Music.

Albums

Studio albums

Live albums

Releases that charted

Releases that did not chart

Compilations

Releases that charted

Releases that did not chart

 Some of these compilations were re-issued many times with different titles. Sometimes the re-issues included the same track list in a different order and/or with small variations with some bonus tracks.

Soundtrack albums

Singles

Physical singles

Physical releases that charted

Physical releases that did not chart

Promo singles
Note: Promo releases do not chart, because they are not sold, they are promotional items

Promo releases that charted

Promo releases that did not chart

Other charted songs

Other appearances

See also
 Herbie Hancock other appearances
 The Headhunters
 V.S.O.P.

Notes

a ^ From 1989, SNEP lists greatest hits and compilation albums of the artists in a compilation chart (already active from 1987 only for the various artists compilations).Prior the launch of the SNEP Singles Chart on November 3, 1984, there wasn't a reliable weekly chart for the singles in France. So, in 2000, Fabrice Ferment in collaboration with SNEP compiled monthly charts for the pre-SNEP chart period based on retail sales of the time.
b ^ Before Oricon launched the albums chart (started in 1987), it published only albums charts classified as follows: LPs (1970-1989), Cassettes (1974-1995) and CDs (1985-1997). For pre-1987 peak positions, the LP chart is used, as that was the main medium.
c ^ Prior September 8, 1993, the IFPI Swedish charts were bi-weekly.
d ^ Between October 20, 1984, and December 4, 1993, the Billboard jazz albums charts were bi-weekly. Note that Top Contemporary Jazz Albums was established on February 28, 1987, and before this date, Contemporary jazz albums were charted on the Top Traditional Jazz Albums (at the time known simply as Top Jazz Albums).
e ^ Between June 1, 1959, and August 24, 1985 Billboard published the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles, which ranked the songs that failed to chart on the Billboard Hot 100. In December 1970, a bubbling under chart was created for the albums that failed to enter into the Billboard 200 and was called Bubbling Under Top LPs. This list closed on August 24, 1985. The bubbling under charts came back on December 5, 1992, with Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles and Bubbling Under R&B / Hip-Hop Singles. The latter lists the singles that failed to enter into the Hot R&B / Hip-Hop Songs.
f ^ RIAA certifications are based on shipment sales in the United States and, on request by the label, RIAA certifies albums and singles as Gold (500,000 units), Platinum (every 1 million units) and Diamond (every 10 million units).
g ^ BVMI certifications are based on retail sales in Germany calculated by GEMA and other societies. For the low sales of the jazz records, BVMI established a jazz division in 1992 only for albums and singles of the genre released from this date; on request by the label, BVMI certifies them as Gold (every 10,000 copies) and Platinum (every 20,000 copies).

References

External links
 Herbie Hancock Official website
 Herbie Hancock on AllMusic
 Herbie Hancock on Discogs

Discographies of American artists
Jazz discographies
Electronic music discographies
Discography


Mitbestimmungsgesetz 1976 or the Codetermination Act 1976 is a German law that requires companies of over 2000 employees to have half the supervisory board of directors as representatives of workers, and just under half the votes.

Background
From 1922 to 1933, and again from 1951 Germany had had board level codetermination laws, inspired by collective agreements between worker unions and management. The Weimar Constitution 1919 itself said that, “Works and staff are appointed to participate with equal rights together with the company in the regulation of wages and working conditions, as well as in the complete economic development of the producing powers.” The coal and steel industry had required half worker and half shareholder seats on the company supervisory board, but outside these sectors, the Work Constitution Act 1952 merely required one third representation. By 1976, and given the success of worker participation it was decided that this should be raised. The 1976 Act was passed on May 4 after long consultations and debates in Parliament (the Bundestag). This law was a political compromise between the Social Democrats and Liberal coalition members; it reconciled views of individual employee participation in decision-making with the less conservative view of collective codetermination of labor. The 1976 law applies to all corporations with more than 2,000 employees; a similar law was passed in 1951 but only applied to coal and steel companies. (It remains in force and applies from 1,000 employees on in these branches' companies.)

Content
It applies to all German capital companies, including public companies (Aktiengesellschaft), cooperatives (eingetragene Genossenschaft), private limited companies (Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung) and partnerships (Kommanditgesellschaft auf Aktien) if they have over 2000 employees. Employees and national unions have equal representation on the supervisory board with the stockholders, but the board’s chairman must be a stockholder who has a tie-breaking vote.

The principle is to have almost equal representation between employee representatives and shareholder representatives on the supervisory board (Aufsichtsrat). Germany company law has two levels of boards of directors. The supervisory board then elects a management board which leads the company. The head of the supervisory board is always a shareholder representative who has two votes in case of a deadlock. (Coal and steel industry companies' co-determination goes even further with full parity and a neutral tie-breaking member,  instead)

Under the Codetermination Act, the supervisory board must have 12, 16 or 20 members depending on the company's size. Two or three seats will usually be reserved for union representatives. the other seats will be workers, officials and appointees of other interest groups.

Companies with equal representation on their boards must have a dedicated management board position for labor affairs. Codetermination allows employees and not only unions to influence the operations of firms and their surplus.

Effects
While this law was in some ways an extension of the codetermination law of 1951, it differed in key ways. Unlike the 1951 law, however, employees choose their representatives rather than being chosen by the national union; this had the effect of weakening union power. However, employees can use codetermination to protect themselves against wage cuts, layoffs and restructuring, and for this reason, it is believed that wage structure in Germany is remarkably stable.

Developments
Former Chancellor Gerhard Schröder established a Commission on Codetermination (Mitbestimmungskommission), which in 2005, came to no conclusion about possible reforms of the law. Different members disagreed with one side wanting to reduce worker influence and the other side increase it.

See also
Codetermination
Labour law
Works council

Notes

References
E McGaughey, 'The Codetermination Bargains: The History of German Corporate and Labour Law' (2016) 23(1) Columbia Journal of European Law 135

External links
Text of the law (in German)
Mitbestimmungsgesetz Urteil BVerGE 50, 290

German labour law
1976 in law
1976 in Germany
1976 in labor relations


Abeiku Quansah (born 2 November 1990) is a Ghanaian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder or winger for Berekum Chelsea.

Club career
Quansah was born in Kumasi.

On 4 November 2008, he moved from Windy Professionals F.C. to OGC Nice and signed a contract between 30 June 2011. He came along with national teammate Enoch Kofi Adu. Quansah played his debut match in the Coupe de la Ligue against US Creteil on 11 November 2008 and his second game in the Coupe de France on 3 January 2009 against Arras Football.

In 2011, he went on to Arsenal Kyiv. He stayed throughout 2013, then joined El Gouna in Egypt.

International career
He was member of the Ghana national under-17 football team in the 2007 FIFA U-17 World Cup and played 6 games in the tournament in Korea Republic. On 1 January 2009, he was named for the Black Satellites for the 2009 African Youth Championship in Rwanda.

Honours

International
Ghana U-20
 African Youth Championship: 2009
 FIFA U-20 World Cup: 2009

References

External links

1990 births
Living people
Footballers from Kumasi
Ghanaian men's footballers
Ghanaian expatriate men's footballers
Ghana men's under-20 international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Ligue 1 players
Ukrainian Premier League players
OGC Nice players
FC Arsenal Kyiv players
El Gouna FC players
Daring Club Motema Pembe players
Berekum Chelsea F.C. players
Expatriate men's footballers in France
Expatriate men's footballers in Ukraine
Expatriate men's footballers in Egypt
Expatriate men's footballers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Ghanaian expatriate sportspeople in France
Ghanaian expatriate sportspeople in Ukraine
Ghanaian expatriate sportspeople in Egypt
Ghanaian expatriate sportspeople in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Windy Professionals FC players


Denis William Bryant DFC (31 January 1918 – 9 August 2005) was a Royal Air Force Officer and then an Anglican bishop in Australia in the third quarter of the 20th century.

Early life
He was born on 31 January 1918, and educated at Cardiff University. His father Tom was a well-known harpist and kept the Carpenters' Arms public house in Efail Isaf.

Air Force
Bryant served in the RAF both during the War and afterwards. In 1942 he was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross. He was appointed Pilot Officer in 1943, Flying Officer in 1946 and Flight Lieutenant in 1948. He had a conversion experience whilst flying a plane, and proceeded to ordination.

Church
After training for ordination at Queen’s College, Birmingham, Bryant was ordained in the Diocese of Guildford, as deacon in 1958 and priest in 1959. He served curacies at St Thomas-on-the-Bourne, Farnham, (1958-1960) and St Mary the Virgin, Cuddington, Worcester Park (1960-1961).

Having seen an advertisement in the church press for priests to serve in the remote and sparsely-populated Australian Diocese of Kalgoorlie he became Rector of St Andrew's, Esperance (1961-1967). His new parish extended 200 miles north to south, and 65 east to west. During his incumbency, he replaced the galvanised iron church with a new building, which was opened in 1964. In 1966 he was additionally appointed as Archdeacon of the Goldfields.

He was consecrated a bishop on 30 November 1967 at St George's Cathedral, Perth, to become the 4th Bishop of Kalgoorlie. With closure of the goldfields, however, he realised that his diocese was no longer viable as a separate entity, and asked the Archbishop of Perth to reabsorb it, which occurred in 1973.

After merger, he then served in parish ministry in Perth as Rector of St John the Evangelist, Northam (1973–1975) and St Lawrence's, Dalkeith (1975–1985), as well as being an Assistant Bishop of Perth.

Personal life
He was married to Linda, and had a daughter. They both predeceased him. He died in 2005, aged 87.

References

1918 births
Alumni of Cardiff University
Royal Air Force officers
Anglican archdeacons in Australia
20th-century Anglican bishops in Australia
Anglican bishops of Kalgoorlie
Assistant bishops in the Anglican Diocese of Perth
2005 deaths
People from Esperance, Western Australia


The Atle class comprises five icebreakers built for the Swedish and Finnish Transport Agency. The two Finnish ships, Urho and Sisu, are sometimes considered a separate class, but all are operationally identical.

The ships were built by Wärtsilä Helsinki Shipyard in Finland and entered service in the mid to late 1970s. The maneuvering system, incorporating dual rudders and dual bow propellers, represented significant technical innovation. They are also notable for their high level of crew comfort (for their time), to a point where Urho has served the Finnish government as a VIP transport.

Ships
 Atle, Sweden, commissioned 1974
 Urho, Finland, commissioned 1975
 Frej, Sweden, commissioned 1975
 Sisu, Finland, commissioned 1976
 Ymer, Sweden, commissioned 1977

External links

Icebreakers of Finland
Icebreakers of Sweden
Auxiliary icebreaker classes


Les Gaz mortels is a 1916 silent French film directed by Abel Gance.

Cast
 Doriani
 Émile Keppens
 Henri Maillard
 Léon Mathot
 Germaine Pelisse
 Maud Richard
 Jean Fleury

References

External links

1916 films
1910s French-language films
French silent feature films
French black-and-white films
Films directed by Abel Gance
1910s French films