The Getty Vocabulary Program is a department within the Getty Research Institute at the Getty Center in Los Angeles, California. It produces and maintains the Getty controlled vocabulary databases, Art and Architecture Thesaurus, Union List of Artist Names, and Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names. They are compliant with ISO and NISO standards for thesaurus construction. The Getty vocabularies are the premiere references for categorizing works of art, architecture, material culture, and the names of artists, architects, and geographic names. They have been the life work of many people and continue to be critical contributions to cultural heritage information management and documentation. They contain terms, names, and other information about people, places, things, and concepts relating to art, architecture, and material culture. They can be accessed online free of charge on the Getty website.

Usage
The Getty vocabularies can be used in three ways: at the data entry stage, by catalogers or indexers who are describing works of art, architecture, material culture, archival materials, visual surrogates, or bibliographic materials; as knowledge bases, providing information for researchers; and as search assistants to enhance end-user access to online resources. The Getty vocabularies are available in MARC format for easy mapping.

The Getty Vocabulary Program has been active within the library community, offering training on thesaurus construction and training on contributing via Getty online webforms. These opportunities are held during annual conferences of organizations such as Art Libraries Society of North America (ARLIS), Visual Resources Association (VRA), American Library Association (ALA), International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA), NFAIS, Society of American Archivists (SAA), and Museum Computer Network (MCN).

History
Editorial work has been managed by the Getty since 1983. In 1987 the Getty created a department dedicated to compiling and distributing terminology called the Vocabulary Coordination Group, now known as the Getty Vocabulary Program, which was within the Getty Information Institute. The data is compiled and edited in an editorial system that was custom-built by Getty technical staff to meet the unique requirements of compiling data from many contributors, building complex and changing polyhierarchies, merging, moving, and publishing in various formats. Final editorial control of the Vocabularies are maintained by the Getty Vocabulary Program, using well-established editorial rules. They are now published in automated formats only, in both a searchable online Web interface and in data files available for licensing.

Since 1998, Getty Information Technology Services and Web Services have worked closely with the Getty Vocabulary Program to conceive, develop, deploy, and continuously enhance the technologies necessary to support the growth and usage of the vocabulary databases. Three major projects comprise the work completed to date. First, the Vocabulary Coordination System (VCS) project created a single production system that replaced three separate, outdated and disparate data collection and editorial systems that had been used to produce the three vocabularies. The new, more powerful production engine allows Getty staff to efficiently collect, analyze, edit, merge and distribute terminology from Getty departments, as well as from external collaborating institutions. Second, the Vocabularies on the Web project produced unified Web-based access to the three Getty vocabularies and made them available to hundreds of thousands of researchers, scholars, and members of the general public who are interested in the subject areas covered by the vocabularies. This project also enhanced security to protect the Getty's intellectual property, and added measurement metrics to allow the Getty to gauge the usage volume, usage patterns, and the success of these efforts. Finally, the Vocabulary Contributions project created processes and procedures for making use of and contributing to the vocabulary databases an integral part of the work in all relevant Getty and external projects.

In 2000, the Getty Vocabulary Program was moved from its Santa Monica office to its current location within the Getty Research Institute at the Getty Center.

Awards and recognition
The Getty Vocabulary Program won the Computerworld Honors for 2007 in the category of Media Arts and Entertainment for Web-Based Global Art Resources.

Organizations that cite or use the Getty Vocabularies
Canadian Heritage CHIN Standards Organizations
ICOM-CIDOC The International Committee for Documentation of the International Council of Museums (ICOM-CIDOC)
Intute: Arts and Humanities
Library of Congress LC Authority Files
Museum Computer Network (MCN) in Taiwan Taiwan e-Learning and Digital Archives Program (TELDAP)
The Frick Collection Frick Art Reference Library: Electronic Resources
University of Sydney USYD Library: Museum Studies Internet Resources

See also
Art & Architecture Thesaurus (AAT)
Categories for the Description of Works of Art (CDWA)
Cultural Objects Name Authority (CONA)
Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names (TGN)
Union List of Artist Names (ULAN)

Footnotes

External links

Art & Architecture Thesaurus® Online
Cultural Objects Name Authority® Online
Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names® Online
Union List of Artist Names® Online

Training materials and presentations created by the Getty Vocabulary Program — includes presentations and other training materials for the Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names (TGN), the Union List of Artist Names (ULAN), the Art & Architecture Thesaurus (AAT), Cataloging Cultural Objects (CCO), Categories for the Description of Works of Art (CDWA), and standards in general.
Getty Vocabulary Editorial Guidelines — the editorial guidelines for the AAT, ULAN, and TGN contain rules and guidelines intended for use by the editors of the Getty Vocabulary Program using the in-house editorial system, VCS (Vocabulary Coordination System). Contributors to the Getty Vocabularies and implementers of the licensed vocabulary data may consult these guidelines as well.
Getty Vocabularies as Linked Open Data

Controlled vocabularies
Vocabulary
Library-related organizations
1987 establishments in California


Rebecca Watson is an American atheist blogger and YouTuber. She is the founder of the blog Skepchick and former co-host of The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe podcast. She also previously co-hosted the Little Atoms podcast.

Early life and education
Born in 1980, Rebecca Watson grew up in New Jersey.
She graduated from Boston University in 2002, where she majored in communications.
Watson says she had little interest in science until she began working
as a magician while at university and meeting other skeptics including magician James Randi.

Career
Watson blogs about atheism and feminist politics, and has been particularly active in critiquing the modern atheist movement (sometimes called "New Atheism") from within, especially regarding the lack of attention given to the role of women in the movement. Primarily active online, she was described by BuzzFeed as "the first major atheist whose rise has occurred on the web".

Skepchick
Inspired after attending the James Randi's The Amaz!ng Meeting, Watson founded the blog Skepchick in 2005, describing it as "an organization dedicated to promoting skepticism and critical thinking among women around the world". The same year, Watson released The Skepchick Calendar, a pin-up calendar featuring pictures of skeptical  women for every month. Proceeds provided the attendance fee for several female applicants to attend The Amaz!ng Meeting.

Originally the site consisted of a forum and a monthly online magazine, Skepchick Magazine, which was launched in January 2006. In February 2006, Watson created a blog titled Memoirs of a Skepchick, as an addition to the magazine. Eventually the blog, now simply titled Skepchick, became the main site, as Skepchick Magazine was discontinued in July 2006.
Skepchick has a focus on science and skepticism in general rather than atheism in particular. , the site, whose stated goal is "to discuss women's issues from a skeptical standpoint", hosts over 20 bloggers from around the world.

In 2010, Skepchick partnered with the Women Thinking Free Foundation to host a vaccination drive with the help of the "Hug Me!" campaign at the Dragon*Con convention in Atlanta, Georgia. Public health staff allowed members of the public to receive a TDAP vaccination free of charge, as well as educational literature promoting immunization. In 2011, Skepchick, the James Randi Educational Foundation (JREF), and the Women Thinking Free Foundation partnered to offer a similar vaccination clinic at The Amaz!ng Meeting 9 in Las Vegas, Nevada.
The site was the 2012 winner of The Ockham Awards for Best Skeptic Blog.

The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe
Watson co-hosted the Skeptics' Guide to the Universe podcast for nine years. Her first appearance was on episode 33 (March 9, 2006), where she was interviewed about her work on Skepchick. She returned on episode 36 (March 29, 2006) as a regular member of the panel. On December 27, 2014, she announced that she had recorded her final show prior to leaving the organization.

Public Radio Talent Quest
In May 2007, Watson entered the Public Radio Talent Quest, a contest aimed to find new public radio hosts. The contest reported receiving more than 1,400 entries. Watson's entries won the popular vote in every round, and she was declared one of three winners who each would receive $10,000 to produce a public radio pilot.

Watson's pilot, Curiosity, Aroused, was an hour-long program focused on science and skepticism. It featured interviews with Richard Saunders of Australian Skeptics and Mystery Investigators, and Richard Wiseman, author of Quirkology and Professor of the Public Understanding of Psychology at the University of Hertfordshire. She also investigated claims of poisonous amounts of lead in lipstick, went on a ghost tour in Boston and visited a Psychic Fair.

Her show was the only one among the three winners not to receive funding by the Corporation for Public Broadcasting for being turned into a one-year show.

"Elevatorgate"

The controversy that came to be known as "Elevatorgate" originated with a video Watson made following the June 2011 World Atheist Convention in Dublin, Ireland, where she appeared on a panel about sexism within the atheist community. In the video, Watson described speaking at the convention about her experience of being sexualized as a woman within the movement, and said that a man from a group of conference attendees had later followed her from the hotel bar into an elevator and sexually propositioned her as she was returning to her room early in the morning. She advised her viewers, "Just a word to the wise here, guys, don't do that", and went on to say:

Reactions to the video varied, with some supporting Watson's desire for privacy and others criticizing Watson for overreacting. Writer and biologist PZ Myers supported Watson with a post about the incident on his blog Pharyngula. A negative response by the online atheist community to Watson's account of the elevator incident, which was a brief part of a longer video about other topics, soon spread across several websites, including Reddit, and became highly polarized and heated. The debate steadily grew to include the overall status of women within the secular movement, with most of the movements's prominent figures offering their opinion on whether the elevator incident was sexual harassment. The discussion spurred a continued backlash, with commenters online labeling women who spoke up on the subject as "feminazis" and other misogynistic slurs. Watson experienced death threats, with commenters on her blog saying in graphic terms how she should be raped and murdered and one man publishing a website threatening to kill her.

The controversy attracted mainstream media attention when biologist Richard Dawkins joined the debate. Although Watson had not compared the incident to sexism within Islam, Dawkins used the occasion to satirize the supposed indifference of Western feminists to the plight of oppressed Muslim women. In the comments section of Myers's blog, he wrote:

Dawkins' comments led to accusations of misogyny and Islamophobia. He explained that, in his view, Watson had not suffered any injury, comparing Watson's experience with the annoyance one might feel while riding an elevator with someone chewing gum.

Several commentators argued that the incident showed Dawkins' insensitivity to gender-related issues such as sexual violence. Religious scholar Stephen LeDrew writes that "For the first time since the New Atheism had risen to prominence, [Dawkins] found himself under attack by many of those who had viewed him as a respected leader". David Allen Green criticized Dawkins for dismissing lesser wrongs because bigger wrongs exist. Steven Tomlins and Lori G. Beaman argue that the incident highlights a schism within atheism over the role of feminism, some saying it should take a prominent place in the movement and others calling it divisive.

Watson said of Dawkins, "to have my concernsand more so the concerns of other women who have survived rape and sexual assaultdismissed thanks to a rich white man comparing them to the plight of women who have been mutilated, is insulting to all of us". She stated that she would no longer buy or endorse his books and lectures, writing:

The result of this exchange led to an extended internet flame war that several reports dubbed "Elevatorgate" and which has been the subject of Internet memes. In the wake of this and an incident at a Center for Inquiry-sponsored event, where female atheists reported gender bias and inappropriate behavior, organizations including the Richard Dawkins Foundation have reviewed their policies regarding sexual harassment and non-discrimination. Dawkins later apologized, stating, "There should be no rivalry in victimhood, and I'm sorry I once said something similar to American women complaining of harassment, inviting them to contemplate the suffering of Muslim women by comparison". Watson tweeted in response, "Richard Dawkins just did the blog-equivalent of coughing into his hand while mumbling 'sorry' to me. Eh, I'll take it."

Personal life
Watson married Sid Rodrigues in a surprise ceremony during The Amaz!ng Meeting in July 2009. In April 2011, she announced that she and Rodrigues were separated and seeking a divorce. She later remarried.

Honors
An outer main-belt asteroid discovered by David H. Healy on March 22, 2001 was named 153289 Rebeccawatson in her honor.

See also
 Greta Christina, atheist blogger

References

External links

 Skepchick
 Teen Skepchick
 Rebecca Watson's PRTQ page with streaming of all her entries and Curiosity, Aroused pilot

Living people
American bloggers
American feminists
American women podcasters
American podcasters
American skeptics
Feminist bloggers
American atheist writers
Boston University College of Communication alumni
Place of birth missing (living people)
Writers from New Jersey
Victims of cyberbullying
1980 births
21st-century American women


Seckin Getbay (born 27 January 1989) is a Turkish footballer who plays for Menemenspor.

External links
 Gençlerbirliği Site Profile

 Profile at TFF.org

1989 births
People from Altındağ, Ankara
Sportspeople from Ankara Province
Footballers from Ankara
Living people
Turkish men's footballers
Turkey men's under-21 international footballers
Turkey men's youth international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Hacettepe S.K. footballers
Gençlerbirliği S.K. footballers
Fethiyespor footballers
Giresunspor footballers
Ünyespor footballers
Yeni Malatyaspor footballers
Gaziosmanpaşaspor footballers
Aydınspor 1923 footballers
Göztepe S.K. footballers
Sarıyer S.K. footballers
Niğde Anadolu FK footballers
Ankara Keçiörengücü S.K. footballers
Uşakspor footballers
Menemen F.K. footballers
TFF First League players
TFF Second League players
TFF Third League players
Bodrum F.K. footballers


Disproportionate assets is a term used in India to describe a situation where an individual's net economic assets significantly exceed the assets he or she should possess after accounting for the assets that he or she previously held and all legal sources of income.  Disproportionate assets cases are investigated by the CBI Central Bureau of Investigation and the Income Tax Department.

The concept is extensively used to initiate corruption investigations against public servants and elected politicians in India, and has been codified in several pieces of national- and state-level legislation, including the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988.

On 29 September 2014, J Jayalalithaa, Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, was convicted of disproportionate assets and was sentenced to jail for four years.  This made Jayalalithaa the first sitting chief minister in India to be removed from office due to corruption charges.  She was later acquitted on 11 May 2015 by the Karnataka High Court. On 14 February 2017, the Supreme Court of India over-ruled the Karnataka High Court. Sasikala and the other accused were convicted and sentenced to four years' imprisonment, as well as being fined ₹10 crore (equivalent to ₹11 crore or US$1.6 million in 2019) each. The case against Jayalalithaa was abated because she had died but fines were levied on her properties.

References

External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20170227235209/http://nyaaya.in/law/84/the-prevention-of-corruption-act-1988/

Law of India
Corruption in India
Political corruption in India


is an official Japanese recognition and honour which is awarded annually to select people who have made outstanding cultural contributions. This distinction is intended to play a role as a part of a system of support measures for the promotion of creative activities in Japan.  By 1999, 576 people had been selected as Persons of Cultural Merit.

System of recognition
The Order of Culture and Persons of Cultural Merit function in tandem to honor those who have contributed to the advancement and development of Japanese culture in a variety of fields, including academia, arts, science and sports.

Persons of Cultural Merit

The 1951 Law on Pensions for the Persons of Cultural Merit honors persons of cultural merit by providing a special government-sponsored pension. Since 1955, the new honorees have been announced on the same day as the award ceremony for the Order of Culture.

Order of Culture

The award ceremony, which takes place at the Imperial Palace on the Day of Culture (November 3). Candidates for the Order of Culture are selected from the Persons of Cultural Merit by the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, who then recommends the candidates to the Prime Minister. The final decisions are made by the Cabinet.

Selected recipients

 Makoto Asashima, developmental biologist
 Seiji Ozawa, conductor
 Hisao Domoto, abstract painter
 Toru Funamura, composer
 Toshi Ichiyanagi, composer
 Akira Isogai, bio-organic chemistry researcher
 Tota Kaneko, haiku poet
 Asami Maki, choreographer
 Kyoko Matsuoka, author and translator
 Makoto Nagao, information engineering
 Tomijuro Nakamura, Kabuki actor
 Tatsuo Nishida, linguist
 Man Nomura, Kyogen actor
 Sayume Okuda, craftswoman
 Hiroyuki Sakaki, electronic engineer
 Koichi Shimoda, physicist
 Kiichi Sumikawa, sculptor
 Kenichi Tominaga, economic sociologist
 Naoya Shiga (1951), author
 Hideki Yukawa (1951), physicist
 Masuji Ibuse (1966), author (for the work Black Rain).
 Haruko Sugimura (1974), actress
 Motoo Ōtaguro (1977), music critic
 Susumu Tonegawa (1983), medical researcher
 Hisaya Morishige (1984), actor
Fuku Akino (1991), Nihonga painter
 Ryotaro Shiba (1991), writer
 Isuzu Yamada (1993), actress
Migishi Setsuko (1994), painter
 Jakucho Setouchi (1997), Buddhist nun and author
 Mitsuko Mori (1998), actress
 Koji Nakanishi (1999), chemist
 Marius Berthus Jansen (1999), historian
 Ito Masami (2000), judge
 Ishimura Uzaemon XVII (2000), Kabuki actor
 Shotaro Yasuoka (2001), writer
 Donald Keene (2002), educator
 Akira Ifukube (2003), composer
 Shozo Shimada (2004), artist
 Ken Takakura (2006), actor
 Tatsuya Nakadai (2007), actor
 Makoto Asashima (2008), biologist
 Nakamura Tomijyuro V (2008), Kabuki actor
Taiho Koki (2009), sumo wrestler
 Yoshihide Kozai (2009), astronomer
 Sayuri Yoshinaga (2010), actress
 Hideji Ōtaki (2011), actor
 Matsumoto Kōshirō IX (2012), Kabuki actor
 Hayao Miyazaki (2012), film director, animator, manga artist, producer, and screenwriter
 Shun'ichi Amari (2012), mathematician
 Hiroko Takenishi (2012), author
 Mitsumasa Anno (2012), artist, children's author
 Nobutaka Hirokawa (2013), neuroscientist and cell biologist
 Tamio Yamakawa (2014), biochemist
 Tsuneko Okazaki (2015), molecular biologist
Tsumura Setsuko (2016), novelist
 Nakamura Kichiemon II (2017), Kabuki actor
 Mutsuo Takahashi (2017), poet
 Hisashi Yamamoto (2018), chemist
 Moto Hagio (2019), manga artist
 Shigeru Miyamoto (2019), video game developer
 Koichi Sugiyama (2020), composer
Yoshiyuki Tomino (2021), Mecha anime creator, animator, songwriter, director, screenwriter, novelist

See also
 Cross of Honour for Science and Art, First Class (Austria)
 Italian Medal of Merit for Culture and Art
 Living National Treasure (Japan)
 Order of Arts and Letters of Spain
 Order of Honour (Russia)
 Order of the Companions of Honour (UK)
 Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (France)
 Pour le Mérite (Germany; recognised by the state, though not a state order)

Notes

References
 Peterson, James W., Barry C. Weaver and Michael A. Quigley. (2001). Orders and Medals of Japan and Associated States. San Ramon, California: Orders and Medals Society of America.

External links
 Japan, Cabinet Office: Decorations and Medals in Japan
 Decoration Bureau: Order of Culture
 Japan Mint: Production Process

Awards established in 1951
Orders, decorations, and medals of Japan
Japanese awards
1951 establishments in Japan


Ranking of query is one of the fundamental problems in information retrieval (IR), the scientific/engineering discipline behind search engines. Given a query  and a collection  of documents that match the query, the problem is to rank, that is, sort, the documents in  according to some criterion so that the "best" results appear early in the result list displayed to the user. Ranking in terms of information retrieval is an important concept in computer science and is used in many different applications such as search engine queries and recommender systems. A majority of search engines use ranking algorithms to provide users with accurate and relevant results.

History
The notion of page rank dates back to the 1940s and the idea originated in the field of economics. In 1941, Wassily Leontief developed an iterative method of valuing a country's sector based on the importance of other sectors that supplied resources to it. In 1965, Charles H Hubbell at the University of California, Santa Barbara, published a technique for determining the importance of individuals based on the importance of the people who endorse them.

Gabriel Pinski and Francis Narin came up with an approach to rank journals. Their rule was that a journal is important if it is cited by other important journals. Jon Kleinberg, a computer scientist at Cornell University, developed an almost identical approach to PageRank which was called Hypertext Induced Topic Search or HITS and it treated web pages as "hubs" and "authorities".

Google’s PageRank algorithm was developed in 1998 by Google’s founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page and it is a key part of Google’s method of ranking web pages in search results. All the above methods are somewhat similar as all of them exploit the structure of links and require an iterative approach.

Ranking models
Ranking functions are evaluated by a variety of means; one of the simplest is determining the precision of the first k top-ranked results for some fixed k; for example, the proportion of the top 10 results that are relevant, on average over many queries.

IR models can be broadly divided into three types: Boolean models or BIR, Vector Space Models, and Probabilistic Models. Various comparisons between retrieval models can be found in the literature (e.g., ).

Boolean Models
Boolean Model or BIR is a simple baseline query model where each query follows the underlying principles of relational algebra with algebraic expressions and where documents are not fetched unless they completely match with each other. Since the query is either fetch the document (1) or doesn’t fetch the document (0), there is no methodology to rank them.

Vector Space Model
Since the Boolean Model only fetches complete matches, it doesn’t address the problem of the documents being partially matched. The Vector Space Model solves this problem by introducing vectors of index items each assigned with weights. The weights are ranged from positive (if matched completely or to some extent) to negative (if unmatched or completely oppositely matched) if documents are present. Term Frequency - Inverse Document Frequency (tf-idf) is one of the most popular techniques where weights are terms (e.g. words, keywords, phrases etc.) and dimensions is number of words inside corpus.

The similarity score between query and document can be found by calculating cosine value between query weight vector and document weight vector using cosine similarity. Desired documents can be fetched by ranking them according to similarity score and fetched top k documents which has the highest scores or most relevant to query vector.

Probabilistic Model
In probabilistic model, probability theory has been used as a principal means for modeling the retrieval process in mathematical terms. The probability model of information retrieval was introduced by Maron and Kuhns in 1960 and further developed by Roberston and other researchers. According to Spack Jones and Willett (1997): The rationale for introducing probabilistic concepts is obvious: IR systems deal with natural language, and this is too far imprecise to enable a system to state with certainty which document will be relevant to a particular query.

The model applies the theory of probability to information retrieval (An event has a possibility from 0 percent to 100 percent of occurring). i.e, in probability model, relevance is expressed in terms of probability. Here, documents are ranked in order of decreasing probability of relevance. It takes into the consideration of uncertainty element in the IR process. i.e., uncertainty about whether documents retrieved by the system are relevant to a given query.

The probability model intends to estimate and calculate the probability that a document will be relevant to a given query based on some methods. The “event” in this context of information retrieval refers to the probability of relevance between a query and a document. Unlike other IR models, the probability model does not treat relevance as an exact miss-or-match measurement.

The model adopts various methods to determine the probability of relevance between queries and documents. Relevance in the probability model is judged according to the similarity between queries and documents. The similarity judgment is further dependent on term frequency.

Thus, for a query consisting of only one term (B), the probability that a particular document (Dm) will be judged relevant is the ratio of users who submit query term (B) and consider the document (Dm) to be relevant in relation to the number of users who submitted the term (B). As represented in Maron’s and Kuhn’s model, can be represented as the probability that users submitting a particular query term (B) will judge an individual document (Dm) to be relevant.

According to Gerard Salton and Michael J. McGill, the essence of this model is that if estimates for the probability of occurrence of various terms in relevant documents can be calculated, then the probabilities that a document will be retrieved, given that it is relevant, or that it is not, can be estimated.

Several experiments have shown that the probabilistic model can yield good results. However, such results have not been sufficiently better than those obtained using the Boolean or Vector Space model.

Evaluation Measures
The most common measures of evaluation are precision, recall, and f-score. They are computed using unordered sets of documents. These measures must be extended, or new measures must be defined, in order to evaluate the ranked retrieval results that are standard in modern search engines. In a ranked retrieval context, appropriate sets of retrieved documents are naturally given by the top k retrieved documents. For each such set, precision and recall values can be plotted to give a precision-recall curve.

Precision
Precision measures the exactness of the retrieval process. If the actual set of relevant documents is denoted by I and the retrieved set of documents is denoted by O, then the precision is given by:

Recall
Recall is a measure of completeness of the IR process. If the actual set of relevant documents is denoted by I and the retrieved set of documents is denoted by O, then the recall is given by:

F1 Score
F1 Score tries to combine the precision and recall measure. It is the harmonic mean of the two. If P is the precision and R is the recall then the F-Score is given by:

Page Rank Algorithm
The PageRank algorithm outputs a probability distribution used to represent the likelihood that a person randomly clicking on the links will arrive at any particular page. PageRank can be calculated for collections of documents of any size. It is assumed in several research papers that the distribution is evenly divided among all documents in the collection at the beginning of the computational process. The PageRank computations require several passes through the collection to adjust approximate PageRank values to more closely reflect the theoretical true value. The formulae is given below:

i.e. the PageRank value for a page u is dependent on the PageRank values for each page v contained in the set Bu (the set containing all pages linking to page u), divided by the amount L(v) of links from page v.

HITS Algorithm
Similar to PageRank, HITS uses Link Analysis for analyzing the relevance of the pages but only works on small sets of subgraph (rather than entire web graph) and as well as being query dependent. The subgraphs are ranked according to weights in hubs and authorities where pages that rank highest are fetched and displayed.

See also
 Learning to rank: application of machine learning to the ranking problem

References


The Azure Mountain Fire Observation Station is a historic fire observation station located on Azure Mountain at Waverly in Franklin County, New York. The station and contributing resources include a , steel-frame lookout tower erected in 1918, a jeep trail now used as a hiking trail, which extends from the base of the mountain to two former observers' cabins, and a foot trail from the cabins to the summit. The tower is a prefabricated structure built by the Aermotor Corporation to provide a front line of defense in preserving the Adirondack Forest Preserve from the hazards of forest fires.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.

References

External links

The Fire Towers of New York

Government buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Government buildings completed in 1918
Towers completed in 1918
Buildings and structures in Franklin County, New York
Fire lookout towers in Adirondack Park
Fire lookout towers on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
National Register of Historic Places in Franklin County, New York


(; ; both meaning 'peak of the three languages'; ), is a minor summit of the Ortler Alps, located on the border between Switzerland and Italy. The summit is the tripoint between the Italian regions of Lombardy and South Tyrol and the Swiss canton of Graubünden. Before World War I it was the international tripoint of Switzerland, the Kingdom of Italy and Austria-Hungary.
The Romansh and German names refer to the encounter of different linguistic areas in this region. The Italian name refers to Giuseppe Garibaldi, however losing the reference to the meeting of different cultures.

On its southern side the mountain overlooks the Stelvio Pass ().

References

External links

 Piz da las Trais Linguas on Hikr

Mountains of the Alps
Italy–Switzerland border
International mountains of Europe
Mountains of Graubünden
Mountains of Lombardy
Mountains of South Tyrol
Ortler Alps
Mountains of Switzerland
Two-thousanders of Switzerland
Val Müstair


Heptapterus is a genus of three-barbeled catfishes native to South America.

Species
There are currently 12 recognized species in this genus:

 Heptapterus bleekeri Boeseman, 1953
 Heptapterus carmelitanorum Azevedo-Santos, Deprá, Aguilera, Faustino-Fuster & Katz, 2022
 Heptapterus fissipinnis A. Miranda-Ribeiro, 1911
 Heptapterus mbya Azpelicueta, Aguilera & Mirande, 2011
 Heptapterus multiradiatus R. Ihering (pt), 1907
 Heptapterus mustelinus (Valenciennes, 1835)
 Heptapterus ornaticeps C. G. E. Ahl, 1936
 Heptapterus qenqo Aguilera, Mirande & Azpelicueta, 2011
 Heptapterus stewarti Haseman, 1911
 Heptapterus sympterygium Buckup, 1988
 Heptapterus tapanahoniensis Mees, 1967
 Heptapterus tenuis Mees, 1986

References

Heptapteridae
Fish of South America
Taxa named by Pieter Bleeker
Catfish genera
Freshwater fish genera


Carl Eugen Langen (9 October 1833 in Cologne – 2 October 1895 in Elsdorf) was a German entrepreneur, engineer and inventor, involved in the development of the petrol engine and the Wuppertal Suspension Railway. In 1857 he worked in his father's sugar factory, JJ Langen & Söhne, and after extensive technical training at the Polytechnic institute in Karlsruhe, patented a method for producing sugar cubes. In 1870 he co-founded Pfeifer & Langen, still in operation today. He sold this method in 1872 to Sir Henry Tate of England, founder of the Tate Gallery in London.

Otto and Langen
In 1864, Langen met Nicolaus August Otto who was working to improve to the gas engine invented by Belgian Etienne Lenoir. The technically–trained Langen recognized the potential of Otto's development, and one month after the meeting, founded the first engine factory in the world, NA Otto & Cie. At the 1867 Paris World Exhibition, their improved engine received the Grand Prize.

Deutz
After this first factory went bankrupt, Langen founded a new company for the construction of gas engines, Gasmotoren-Fabrik Deutz, which later became the group Kloeckner-Humboldt-Deutz (KHD).  This became the current Deutz AG. Langen invented and applied new methods of production in the KHD factory.

Railway equipment
In the field of rail transport equipment, Langen was co-owner and engineer of the Cologne Waggonfabrik van der Zypen & Charlier. He started the suspension railway system in Wuppertal in 1894.

See also
 German inventors and discoverers

References

1833 births
1895 deaths
19th-century German inventors
German industrialists
19th-century German businesspeople
People associated with the internal combustion engine
Wuppertal Schwebebahn
Businesspeople from Cologne


The Count of Paço de Arcos (), or alternately Count of Paço d'Arcos () was a noble title, instituted by King Carlos I of Portugal on 13 October 1890, in favour of Carlos Eugénio Corrêa da Silva for his naval career and diplomatic service within the Portuguese Empire.

History
Carlos Eugénio was a colonial marine at the age of 18, serving in China, before becoming involved in politics, where he was nominated to post of Governor of Macau and Timor in 1876. His service resulted in his appointment as Viscount of Paço d'Arcos in 1876. Following postings to Mozambique and later India, he returned to Lisbon, where he served as peer-of-the-realm, superintendent of the arsenal, and adjunct to King Luís, before being appointed as Civil Governor of Lisbon. Following his service to the Crown, and being exonerated for his position in Lisbon, Carlos Eugênio was made Count of Paço d'Arcos on 14 October 1890.

List of counts
 Carlos Eugénio Corrêa da Silva, 1st Count of Paço de Arcos  (1834)
 Henrique Paço de Arcos, 2nd Count of Paço de Arcos (1906)
With the fall of the monarchy, Henrique José Maria Roquette Corrêa da Silva, became a pretender to the title.

References

Notes

Sources

Counts of Paço de Arcos
1890 establishments in Portugal


Choice Cuts: The Capricorn Years 1991–1999 is a 14-song compilation by Athens, Georgia's Widespread Panic. Song selections originated from the albums Space Wrangler, Widespread Panic, Everyday, Ain't Life Grand, Bombs & Butterflies, 'Til the Medicine Takes, and the live album Light Fuse, Get Away. Each album was released on Capricorn Records.

Track listing
All tracks by Widespread Panic except where noted.

 "Travelin' Light" (J. J. Cale) – 3:36
 "Chilly Water" – 5:40
 "Love Tractor" – 5:09
 "Weight of the World" – 4:50
 "Papa's Home" – 6:40
 "Ain't Life Grand" – 4:48
 "Blackout Blues" – 5:17
 "Rebirtha" – 7:19
 "Aunt Avis" (Vic Chesnutt) – 3:26
 "Blue Indian" – 4:52
 "Climb to Safety" (Music, Jerry Joseph and Glen Esparza Lyrics, Jerry Joseph) – 4:42
 "Surprise Valley" – 6:15
 "Pickin' Up the Pieces" – 5:30
 "Pigeons" – 8:58

Personnel

Widespread Panic
 John "JB" Bell – vocals, guitar
 Michael Houser – guitar, vocals
 David Schools – bass, vocals
 Todd Nance – drums
 Domingo "Sunny" Ortiz – percussion
 John "JoJo" Hermann – keyboards, vocals
 Tim White – keyboards
 T. Lavitz – keyboards

Technical
 Producer – John Keane & Widespread Panic (Tracks 1, 2, 13, 14)
 Producer – John Keane (Tracks 6–12)
 Producer – Johnny Sandlin for Duck Tape Music (Tracks 3–5)
 Compilation Producer – Widespread Panic and Darren Salmieri
 Mastered by Mark Wilder at Sony Studios, New York (April 2007)
 Art and Package Design – Chris Bilheimer
 Band Photo – Johnny Buzzerio
 Project Direction – Adam Farber

Management
 Sam Lanier, Buck Williams (PGA) and Brown Cat – Gomer, Garrie, Ellie, Crumpy, Chris, Larry, Greta and Matt

2001 compilation albums
Widespread Panic compilation albums
Albums produced by John Keane (record producer)


Blackwood distillery was a Scottish distiller founded in July 2002 with the aim of building Shetland's first Scotch whisky distillery run by Caroline Whitfield. Products included Muckle Flugga whisky, Jago's cream liqueur and Blackwoods gin and vodka.  In May 2008, the company went into administration, but a new company, Catfirth Ltd, was established to continue the whisky business and took over the remaining stocks of whisky. The stocks of the vodka and gin brands were sold to a company called Blavod Extreme Spirits.  In 2013, word of further funding came through, with a promise that a distillery will open soon after but by 2015 that had not happened.

The Shetland Distillery Company, which produces the Shetland Reel Gin range is the most northerly distillery in the United Kingdom.

Products
The company's first products went on sale in October 2003:
 JAGOs vanilla vodka cream (17% abv)
 Blackwood's Vintage Dry Gin (40% abv)
 Blackwoods 60 Gin (60%abv)
 Blackwood's Premium Nordic Vodka (40% abv)

See also
 List of whisky brands
 List of distilleries in Scotland

References

External links
Blackwood Distillery on Shetlopedia
Official Blackwood website

Gins
Scottish malt whisky
2002 establishments in Scotland
Companies established in 2002
Companies based in Shetland


The Dreisam (Celtic: *tragisamā, "the very fast one") is a 29 km long river (48.8 km including its source river Rotbach), and a tributary of the Elz in the German state of Baden-Württemberg. The waters of the Dreisam feed the famous Freiburg Bächle runnels.

Geography
The Dreisam begins in the Dreisam Valley (Dreisamtal) which is located in the Southern Black Forest (Südschwarzwald). The origin of the river can be found close to a bridge on the Landesstraße 127 which leads from Kirchzarten to Stegen. Here, two streams, the Rotbach and Wagensteinbach, meet to form the Dreisam river. This confluence is located in the western part of the Southern Black Forest Nature Park below the so-called Höllental, where the Rotchbach flows through, and the Wagensteig valley. From there on the Dreisam, which was canalized, flows towards the west and reaches Freiburg at the eastern end of Ebnet. Along the way the Dreisam meets the Krummbach and Brugga, two streams originating south of the Dreisam, as well as the Eschbach stream which flows north of the Dreisam. The river leaves the Black Forest at the Freiburg soccer stadium called Schwarzwald-Stadion and continues flowing westwards. In the eastern part of the city, water is withdrawn from the river at Sandfang. It is used to supply the Gewerbekanal, an industrial canal, and the famous Freiburg Bächle with water. A division of the river into a northern and southern branch takes place in the historic city center. The majority of the southern branch flows back into the Dreisam directly west of the Höllentalbahnbrücke bridge which is located in the Stühlinger district. The remaining water runs through the areas Eschholz and Bischofslinde towards the west and ultimately flows back into the Dreisam near Lehen.

The northern branch of the river runs often subterraneously through the northwestern historic center of the districts Beurbarung and Brühl and flows westwards of Gundelfingen into Schobbach. Schobbach then again leads into the Glotter at Nimburg-Bottingen. As a result, the Freiburger Bächlewasser flows into the Dreisam only shortly before Riegel. In the urban area of Freiburg, the Dreisam itself runs in northwestern direction along the B31. After crossing under the A5 the river flows through March, at the eastern edge of the Kaiserstuhl as well as the western edge of Nimberg towards Riegel, where it leads into the Elz. From 1817 to 1842 the Dreisam was canalized in its whole length from Kirchzarten to Riegel under the leadership of Johann Gottfried Tulla. However it should be renaturalized in the east of Freiburg at a length of 800m. It overcomes 199m height, from Kirchzarten (337m NHN) until its mouth into the Elz (178m) at Riegel.  135m above or southwards of the river mouth the Glotter leads into the Dreisam, coming from south-southeastern. Northeastern of St. Michaelsberg (241 m NHN), the Alte Dreisam, from south-southwestern, flows into the direct mouth of Dreisam and Elz.

Floods
The 15 km long Leopoldskanal branches off right below the confluence of the earlier mentioned Elz. This canal is used to drain water to the Rhine if the Dreisam has high-water. The canal ends north-west of Rheinhausen, south-west of Rust and west of the Naturschutzgebiet Taubergießen. The Dreisam's catchment area is especially prone to flooding due to the steep topography and the climatically and orographically high precipitation. From the Feldberg to the Pegel Ebnet the average  slope is at 21° or rather 43% downhill grade. Because of its round shape the area has a high aspect ratio of 0.7 and a high circularity ratio of 0.55 which leads to temporal runoff concentration and thus can quickly lead to flooding. The aquifer, which consists primarily of solid rock, absorbs little water and hence leads to quick drainage, particularly in cases of heavy rainfall. Because of melting snow and heavy rainfalls in spring, the maximum amount of draining water runs off in April. Even though the heaviest rainfalls occur in summer, the high water consumption of the local vegetation only leads to secondary drainage maximums.

In March 1896 a historic flood killed two people and destroyed several bridges. Among the people that were killed was Carl Siegel, a German jurist. Nowadays floods do usually not cause major damages since the Dreisam was secured on both sides through walls and channelized from Freiburg onward. However, on December 23, 1991 there was a flood that caused damage in the eastern part of Freiburg. The riverside paths below the bridges of the Mannheim-Basel-Karlsruhe-railway, called Rheintalbahn in German, are often flooded during high water. Even though warning signs were installed along the path, two cyclists died there in 2010 and 2013 during a flood. In order to prevent accidents like this, the city is planning to install boom gates along the path.

Drainage basin and tributaries
The drainage basin of the Dreisam as far as Riegel covers 568 km². In Germany it is therefore characterized as a drainage basin of medium size. The drainage system of the Dreisam has many branches and can be characterized as a complex first degree river regime which is marked by two major discharges. A maximum discharges can be measured in spring as a result of melting snow. Another major discharge can also be measured in summer or fall depending on when it is raining the most. There are a couple of rivers that coalesce with the Dreisam, which are the headwater streams Rotbach and Wagensteigbach and (ordered towards downstream): Krummbach (which is also called Zastler Bach in the upper section), Brugga, Eschbach and Glotter.

Usage
The waters of the Dreisam used to drive mills, yielding energy for industrial establishments like gem grinderies and tanneries. Today there are still small river power stations like at the Sandfang. In the past, people even caught salmon in the Dreisam, today however, the fishery does no longer have any importance. Nowadays, the Dreisam with its bank paths and meadows serves as a recreational spot for taking walks, swimming or barbecueing. The Dreisam is also of significance in the matter of individual traffic since on the south bank there are bikeways and on both sides motorways that lead to the city center of Freiburg and the “Zubringer Mitte” (highway 31a) to Beratzhausen. Since 2011, the Dreisam has also been used as the venue of an annual duck race fund-raiser that starts in Freiburg's city center. Thousands of numbered rubber ducks are tossed into the river and flow a few hundred meters upstream before being fished out again.

References

Literature
 Lange, Jörg (2007). Die Dreisam – Vergangenheit, Gegenwart und Zukunft. Laori publisher .

External links

 Lauf und Einzugsgebiet der Dreisam at:
 Dreisam – Geschichte eines Flusses, die unserer Region den Namen gab (Interessengemeinschaft zur Renaturierung der Dreisam), vom 25. Februar 1999, auf ig-dreisam.de
 Verzeichnis zum Dreisamtal zwischen Freiburg und Buchenbach, auf freiburg-dreisamtal.de
 Das Ende der Dreisam, bebilderter Bericht über eine Fahrradtour Freiburg–Mündung der Dreisam in den Rhein, auf fudder.de

Rivers of Baden-Württemberg
Rivers of the Black Forest
Rivers of Germany


The Amateurs Radio Algeriens (ARA; English: Association of Algerian Radio Amateurs) is a national non-profit organization for amateur radio enthusiasts in Algeria. The organisation was founded on March 23, 1963.
Key membership benefits of the ARA include a QSL bureau for those amateur radio operators in regular communications with other amateur radio operators in foreign countries, and a network to support amateur radio emergency communications.  The ARA represents the interests of Algerian amateur radio operators before Algerian and international regulatory authorities.  The ARA is the national member society representing Algeria in the International Amateur Radio Union.

In 2013 the organisation celebrated its 50th anniversary.

See also
International Amateur Radio Union

References

Algeria
Clubs and societies in Algeria
1963 establishments in Algeria
Organizations established in 1963
Radio in Algeria


Media Relations involves working with media for the purpose of informing the public of an organization's mission, policies and practices in a positive, consistent and credible manner. It can also entail developing symbiotic relationships with media outlets, journalists, bloggers, and influencers to garner publicity for an organization. Typically, this means coordinating directly with the people responsible for producing the news and features in the mass media. The goal of media relations is to maximize positive coverage in the mass media without paying for it directly through advertising.

Many people use the terms public relations and media relations interchangeably; however, as distinct concepts, "media relations" refers to the relationship that a company or organization develops with journalists, whereas "public relations" extends that relationship beyond the media to the general public.There is also integrated marketing that is related but not the same, integrated marketing attempts to unify all aspects of marketing communication. This can include advertising, sales promotion, public relations, direct marketing, and social media to create consistent, customer-focused messaging.

It is possible for communication between the media and the organization to be initiated by either side. However, dealing with the media presents unique challenges in that the news media cannot be controlled — they have ultimate control over whether stories pitched to them are of interest to their audiences. Because of this fact, ongoing relationships between an organization and the news media are vital. One way to ensure a positive working relationship with media personnel is to become deeply familiar with their "beats" and areas of interests.  Media relations and public relations practitioners read magazines, journals, newspapers, and blogs to improve and relate to one's practice.

Organizations often compile what is known as a media list, or a list of possible media outlets who may be interested in an organization's information. The media can consist of thousands of magazine publications, newspapers, and TV and radio stations. Therefore, when a "newsworthy" event occurs in an organization, a media list can assist in determining which media outlet may be the most interested in a particular story.

Working with the media on behalf of an organization allows for awareness of the entity to be raised as well as the ability to create an impact with a chosen audience. It allows access to both large and small target audiences and helps in building public support and mobilizing public opinion for an organization.  This is all done through a wide range of media and can be used to encourage two-way communication.

Possible reasons an organization may reach out to the media are:
Launch of a new product/service
Initiation of new factories/offices
Financial results
Organization sponsored events or awards
Launch of organization promotional campaigns
Recent disasters, strikes or organizational closures
Awards/accolades for the company
Visits from company dignitaries/celebrities
Involvement in local/community activities
Community engagement
Providing a point of view on a negative news

Media Relations and Information Subsidy

Information subsidy consists of information that is provided to the press as supplemental material to help present their reporting. This includes information such as press releases, advertisements and videos of related news events. An advantage of using information subsidies is that they can decrease or eliminate the need for completing additional research on the part of the media. Subsidies can be a good source of information for the media, however, it is important that the media vet the source for accuracy and bias.

By presenting ready-to-publish data, information subsidies can save journalists time and money. A study completed in 1999 estimated that nearly half of the information reported in newspapers came from information subsidies. Yet another survey suggested that most of the information received by journalists is never published. Trust in the source and content of the data are the criteria journalists use when determining whether or not they will use the material provided.

Media Relations and Public Relations Practitioners (PR)
Media and Public Relations Practitioners are very similar in many ways. Both parties aim to share information with the public. This information is intended to benefit the public by educating them on news and other events. In October 2019, the International Public Relations Association (IPRA) announced its new definition of public relations as, “A decision-making management practice tasked with building relationships and interests between organizations and their public's based on the delivery of information through trusted and ethical communication methods.” Notice that this definition is far more reflective of not only the relationships between organizations and their public's but also of the relevance of social media and shifting technologies and the importance of ethical communication.

Public Relations Practitioners expand their client's media coverage by staying up to date on news and current events that are relevant to their client. Because PR practitioners are usually focused on a client, some would argue that they are biased or attempt to sway public opinion. The media is constantly looking for a new story. PR practitioners are a good, reliable place for the media to go to for newsworthy events. They often provide newsworthy or public service data, which can save the media the time required to complete their own research and sourcing.

The fact that PR specialists have been providing the news mass media with information for years will not change the trust level that the media has for the sources. Trust is a critical component between the media and PR practitioners and it must be present for their to be a successful working relationship. Part of the problem between journalists and PR Practitioners is the perception that PR Specialists have not been good at providing journalists with newsworthy material. Journalists express their thoughts and concerns to these PR Specialists to allow for better communication and improvement of the type and quality of news data. As with any relationship, both parties must be committed to working together to achieve success.

Ethical Pitfalls
The words ‘fake news’ bombard news outlets today. It is now more important than ever for Public Relations Practitioners to provide honest, truthful, and accurate information to the media. It is equally important that journalists themselves authenticate information that they have been given. There is much pressure for a Public Relations Practitioner to embellish the truth for their client to make news appear better than it really is. PR Practitioners could help the communication process by providing more detail about specific news.

One way a PR Practitioner can avoid ethical issues is to be upfront with their clients and the media regarding any potential ethical issues. The pressure for a PR Practitioner can be great because of the need to work with multiple entities in order to produce their information. Having a basis for their personal and professional ethics will go a long way in helping a PR Practitioner. This basis should include considering the interests of themselves, the media, and the entity they are representing. Respect for those involved and social responsibility should also be an inherent part of ethics. Another approach to ethics is based on virtue. This includes learning from others, being prepared to take risks, and practicing complete honesty in their reporting.

See also
 Advertising
 Advertising management
 Consumer behaviour
 Brand management
 Integrated marketing communications
 List of marketing terms
 Marketing
 Marketing communications
 Public relations

References

Public relations
Influence of mass media
Concentration of media ownership
Journalism
Social influence


Mark Harrison Rubin (born October 24, 1985) is a former American football safety. He was signed by the St. Louis Rams as an undrafted free agent in 2009. He played college football at Penn State.

Early years
A four-year starter at wide receiver and safety at Amherst High School in Amherst, New York, Rubin finished his high school career as the holder of three NYSPHSAA Western New York Section records: receptions (167), receiving yardage (2,488), and touchdowns (34). He was a three-time all-state pick, a three-time All-Western New York selection and was a two-time Section VI Class A Offensive Player-of-the-Year. He was a two-year captain of the football team.

While a standout football player, Rubin was also an all-league lacrosse player, and a nationally ranked swimmer. He was a two-time state champion and an eight-time High School All-American. At age 14, he was the #1-ranked swimmer in the country in his age group in the 50 meter freestyle and 100 meter freestyle. He beat future Olympic gold medalist Michael Phelps in swimming events on several occasions. He defeated Olympic champion Ryan Lochte on a regular basis.

College career
Rubin saw his first game action as a wide receiver in Penn State's 2004 Big Ten-opener at Wisconsin, making two receptions for 21 yards. He earned a starting job the next week at Minnesota, making a season-high six catches for 60 yards. He started 6 of the final 7 games, totaling 16 receptions for 187 yards for the season. Rubin dislocated his ankle in an August 2005 practice, and redshirted the 2005 season. He began the 2006 season at safety, but was troubled by a broken collarbone and played sparingly. He was switched back to wide receiver in time for Penn State's game against Temple and saw limited action the rest of the season.

In 2007, Rubin played in every game on both defense and special teams and earned the starting safety job the last five games. He ended the season with 32 tackles (17 solo), with one tackle for loss. Rubin had 8 tackles in the Nittany Lions' 24-17 Alamo Bowl victory over Texas A&M, helping hold the Aggies to 3 points over the final 49 minutes.

Rubin became the Nittany Lions' full-time starter in 2008. He made his first interception September 6, versus Oregon State. Rubin's best game came during Penn State's much-anticipated nationally televised showdown with Ohio State. With Penn State trailing by three points with 10:38 to play, Rubin's tackle of Buckeyes quarterback Terrelle Pryor forced a momentum-changing fumble which was recovered by linebacker NaVorro Bowman. The play was voted the week's Pontiac Game Changing Performance with an overwhelming 53 percent of the total votes, Rubin led the defense with a career-high 11 tackles in the victory, and was named the Walter Camp Football Foundation National Defensive Player of the Week and Big Ten Defensive Player of the Week. He ended the season with 60 tackles (30 solo), with one tackle for loss, two interceptions and one forced fumble.

Overall, Rubin started 24 career games at Penn State.

Academic
Rubin completed dual majors in August 2008, earning a Bachelor of Science in finance and a Bachelor of Arts in public relations, while graduating with a 3.80 GPA. He was accepted by Penn State’s graduate school as a MBA candidate that fall. He was named an Academic All-Big Ten honoree (2006, 2007, 2008) three times and was named First-team Academic All-American in 2008.

Professional career
He was signed as a free agent out of Penn State immediately following the 2009 NFL Draft. He was waived June 30.  Re-signed on August 10.  Waived again on September 5.

Post-football
Rubin has continued his athletic success even while in the business world at Barclays on their fixed income futures sales desk. On July 29, 2012, he competed in the Wall Street Decathlon and captured first place earning the title "Wall Street's Best Athlete".  The event consisted of more than 120 traders, bankers and financial advisers who racked up points for their performance in 10 events — the 40-yard dash, 400- and 800-yard runs, bench press, agility drill, vertical leap, rowing, dips, pull-ups, and football toss.

Rubin would successfully defend his title at The D10 decathlon events in 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2016.

References

1985 births
Living people
Players of American football from Buffalo, New York
American football safeties
Penn State Nittany Lions football players
St. Louis Rams players
Amherst Central High School Alumni


The Paula Cooper Gallery is an art gallery in New York City, founded in 1968 by .

History

Predecessors

Cooper ran her own space, the Paula Johnson Gallery, from 1964 to 1966, where Walter De Maria launched his first solo show in New York. She worked for Park Place Gallery from 1965 to 1967, a co-operative gallery of five painters and five sculptors, including Mark di Suvero, Leo Valledor, Robert Grosvenor and David Novros.

1968–1975
According to The New York Observer: "The history of Paula Cooper Gallery is, in many ways, the history of the New York art world." Cooper opened the first gallery at 96 Prince Street with $4,400 in October 1968.

“I didn’t like uptown,” Ms. Cooper told The Observer. “I thought it was just little shops. I looked downtown. And people told me that I was crazy to open there. That no one would go there.” The gallery opened with an exhibition to benefit the Student Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam, working alongside Veterans Against the War; proceeds of sales were split 50-50 between the artists and the committee. The exhibition featured LeWitt’s first wall drawing, and included works by Carl Andre, Jo Baer, Dan Flavin, Donald Judd and Robert Ryman. That show is now widely recognized as seminal in the development of a new generation of rigorous and challenging work.

By 1975, the neighborhood had been renamed SoHo, and included 83 other art galleries.

1996–today
Cooper bought a building at 534 West 21st Street in 1995, and subsequently relocated the gallery to Manhattan's Chelsea neighborhood in 1996. The initial round of renovations was overseen by the architect Richard Gluckman. Critic Michael Kimmelman, reviewing a Carl Andre exhibition, wrote in The New York Times: "The news here is how good Paula Cooper's new gallery looks: the main room is like a big chapel. Too bad for SoHo, which Ms. Cooper, one of its pioneering dealers, recently abandoned to the hordes of retail stores."

In 2007, Paula Cooper gave the extant records of Park Place, dating from 1966 to 1967, and the early records of the Paula Cooper Gallery, from 1968 to 1973 to the Smithsonian Archives of American Art.

In 2013, Paula Cooper Gallery opened two pop-up spaces, in a former auto parts shop at 197 10th Avenue, near 22nd Street, as well as on the ground floor of 521 West 21st Street. In 2018, the gallery temporarily moved its headquarters to a 9,000-square-foot space located at 524 West 26th Street due to construction in an adjacent building.

In 2021, Paula Cooper Gallery opened a space in Palm Beach, Florida.

The Clock (2011)
In February 2011, Christian Marclay's twenty-four-hour multi-visual exhibit The Clock was exhibited in the gallery space. The Clock had recently received the Golden Lion award at the 54th Venice Biennale.

Art critic Roberta Smith wrote in The New York Times: "It is ensconced in a theaterlike installation at the Paula Cooper Gallery in Chelsea, where it should not be missed...The presentation at the Paula Cooper gallery reiterates the synthetic nature of The Clock. The combination of carpeted floors, walls hung with velvet curtains and a dozen long couches lined up in four rows, with the screen high and large on the wall, evocatively conflates living room, screening room and movie theater, while even hinting at drive-in movies (the couches as parked cars)."

In The New York Observer, Michael H. Miller wrote: "[When] Ms. Cooper exhibited Christian Marclay’s 24-hour paean to cinematic history, The Clock, for several weekends, the gallery stayed open 24/7 and a line stretched around the corner into the early hours of morning...Models mingled with art handlers. Reporters and rival dealers waited patiently amongst the late-night swell of people."

Artists
The gallery is primarily known for the Minimalist and Conceptual artists it has represented and whose careers it helped launch, including:

In addition to living artists, Paula Cooper Gallery also handles the estates of the following:

Paula Cooper Gallery has in the past represented the following:

Recognition
In 2015, Paula Cooper was awarded France’s Order of Arts and Letters, the country’s highest distinction for contributions to French arts and culture.

References

External links
Official website
Paula Johnson Gallery, Park Place, and Paula Cooper Gallery archives at the Archives of American Art
The New York Observer profile of Paula Cooper Gallery
Interview Magazine: Paula Cooper by Matthew Higgs (August 2, 2012)
San Francisco Art Quarterly: Paula Cooper: In Conversation with Constance Lewallen (November 2012–January 2013)

Contemporary art galleries in the United States
1968 establishments in New York City
Art museums and galleries in Manhattan
Art galleries established in 1968


Karl Hellmer (11 March 1896 – 18 May 1974) was an Austrian film actor. He appeared in 92 films between 1932 and 1969. He was born in Vienna, Austria and died in Berlin, Germany.

Selected filmography

 I by Day, You by Night (1932)
 The Young Baron Neuhaus (1934)
 Love, Death and the Devil (1934)
 Ungeküsst soll man nicht schlafen gehn (1936)
 City of Anatol (1936)
 Stronger Than Regulations (1936)
 Such Great Foolishness (1937)
 Madame Bovary (1937)
 Togger (1937)
 The Mystery of Betty Bonn (1938)
 Little County Court (1938)
 The Life and Loves of Tschaikovsky (1939)
 Falstaff in Vienna (1940)
 Friedemann Bach (1941)
 The Swedish Nightingale (1941)
 A Salzburg Comedy (1943)
 Laugh Bajazzo (1943)
 Carnival of Love (1943)
 Heaven, We Inherit a Castle (1943)
 Nora (1944)
 Via Mala (1945)
 Wozzeck (1947)
 Quartet of Five (1949)
 The Great Mandarin (1949)
 Heart of Stone (1950)
 Dark Eyes (1951)
 Such a Charade (1953)
 Elephant Fury (1953)
 Christina (1953)
 The Witch (1954)
 Die Ratten (1955)
 My Brother Joshua (1956)
 Winter in the Woods (1956)
 The Night of the Storm (1957)
 It Happened Only Once (1958)
 The Copper (1958)
 The Castle (1968)

References

External links

1896 births
1974 deaths
Austrian male film actors
Male actors from Vienna
Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
20th-century Austrian male actors


Uppsala Central Station is a railway station in Uppsala, Sweden. It lies on the East Coast Line, which runs south to Stockholm and north to Gävle and Sundsvall. It is also the southeastern terminus for the Dala Line which runs northwest ending in Mora. There are frequent commuter services to Stockholm. Long-distance trains, such as the SJ 3000, connect Uppsala to the northern parts of the country. Many trains, including the Stockholm commuter rail (Pendeltåg), also leave the main line to connect Uppsala with Stockholm-Arlanda Airport. Next to the station is a hub for the regional coach services operated by Upplands Lokaltrafik. Many local bus routes run through or near the station grounds as well, and there is a large area set aside for bicycle parking.

Located just beside Uppsala Central Station is Uppsala East Station, the western terminus of the Upsala-Lenna Jernväg heritage railway, which was relocated closer to Uppsala C in 2012.

History

Old station building (1866–2011)
The old station building was designed by Adolf W. Edelsvärd, who described its architecture as "Dutch Renaissance-style". Along with the accompanying railway, the station was opened in September 1866 by king Charles XV. Originally, the building had an adjoining rail depot with a tower in each corner, however this was demolished in 1918. The building has been expanded twice, once in 1889 and again in 1918. The ground floor was renovated completely 1934–35. In 1986, the building was listed (protected as a cultural heritage) by the Swedish Government. After the station building became defunct in 2011, a brasserie opened in the building.

Renovation (2005–2011)
From 2005 to 2011, the station site was renovated to build the Resecentrum (Travel Centre) which opened in December 2011. This project included: a new station building, just to the south of the existing one — constructed 2009–2010; an underpass under the tracks for pedestrians and bicycles; Stadshusgatan, a busway on the west side of the station, so that passengers no longer need to cross Kungsgatan to reach southbound buses (northbound buses remain on the near side of Kungsgatan); Stationsgatan, a new road extending Storgatan on the east side of the station; a new car park, and more bicycle parking; a new public square, and various beautification projects. The total cost of the project exceeded US$200 million.

According to an opinion poll, published in Uppsalatidningen on 14 January 2011, where 1,247 people had been asked whether they believed that the new centre was important for Uppsala as a cultural centre and university town, and for the commercial activity in the area, 47% of the respondents stated that they believed it to be "very important" and 34% answered "fairly important".

Underpass flooding (2018)
On 29 July 2018, the station's pedestrian underpass was flooded due to heavy rain after a long dry period. Several people decided to use the underpass as a swimming pool, bringing floats, snorkeling gear, and water pistols. This received international media coverage. The underpass was closed due to fears that the water posed a risk of electrocution. Later that night, the water was pumped out.

Future plans
In 2018, it was announced that the number of southbound tracks (towards Stockholm) would be doubled, from 2 to 4. At an estimated cost of 6.7 billion Swedish kronor (€660M as of July 2021), construction is set to begin in 2026. To accommodate the increased traffic, the station complex will be widened and new platforms built.

Services

SJ
SJ operates northbound high-speed rail services to Sundsvall, Umeå, Östersund, and Duved using the SJ 3000. Inter-city rail services run west to Falun and Mora, north to Gävle and Ljusdal, and south to Stockholm and Linköping. Regional services run to Stockholm, with an approximate frequency of 2 trains per hour, and occasionally to Örebro as part of the Mälartåg network. SJ also runs night trains to Umeå and Duved.

Upplands Lokaltrafik
Upplands Lokaltrafik (UL) operates the Upptåget commuter rail service. It runs north on the East Coast Line with trains to Tierp and Gävle using the ER1 double-decker train. It also serves Sala on the Dala Line using the older X52. It primarily uses the northbound terminating platforms. Twice weekly, it also continues south to Stockholm Arlanda Airport. The company also operates the local and regional bus services at the station.

Storstockholms Lokaltrafik
Storstockholms Lokaltrafik (SL) operates frequent commuter rail services to Stockholm and Södertälje using the X60 as part of the Stockholm commuter rail network.

Vy Tåg
As of 13 December 2020, Vy Tåg operates night trains to Narvik and Luleå after taking over from SJ.

Gallery

Notes

References

External links

Railway stations in Uppsala County
Railway stations opened in 1866
Buildings and structures in Uppsala
1866 establishments in Sweden
Transit centers in Sweden
Railway stations in Sweden opened in the 1860s


The Manhattan Beach Pier is a pier located in Manhattan Beach, California on the coast of the Pacific Ocean. The pier is  long and located at the end of Manhattan Beach Boulevard. An octagonal Mediterranean-style building sits at the end of the pier and houses the Roundhouse Aquarium. Surfers usually can be seen below the pier. The pier is popular with locals, tourists, photographers, and artists and for fishing. It offers sunsets and vantage points from the shore and hillside. The pier includes the Volleyball Walk of Fame, featuring plaques dedicated to past winners of the Manhattan Beach Open beach volleyball tournament.

History

Pre-history
In 1897, the Potencia Company was incorporated to develop land in the area and proposed a seaside resort with wharves and piers. The area was named Potencia, but the city of Manhattan was incorporated in 1912 with the word "Beach" being added in 1927. The name was chosen by land developer Stewart Merrill.

A pier is believed to have been one of the first features built when the Manhattan Beach community was developed. Two wooden piers were built in 1901, one at Center Street (later renamed Manhattan Beach Boulevard) and one at Marine Avenue called Peck's Pier and Pavilion.

The Center Street Pier was  long and pylons were made by fastening three railroad rails together and driving them into the ocean floor. It supported a narrow wooden deck and wave motor to generate power for the Strand lighting system, but sources disagree about whether the system worked. Part of the wave motor may still be buried in the sands at the shore end of the present pier. This "old iron pier", as it was called, was destroyed by a major storm in 1913.

Current pier

Lack of money, lawsuits, storms, World War I and debates about when and where to build another pier delayed Manhattan Beach from having a pier completed until 1920. Engineer A.L. Harris developed the concept of the circular end for less exposure and damage to the pilings by the waves. The pier was completed and dedicated on July 5, 1920. The next version built was a cement pier with a rounded end and it was  long. Octagonal house that now holds a lunch restaurant was completed in 1922.

In 1928 the pier was extended out  (at no cost to the city) when a Captain Larsen of Redondo Beach offered to pay for an extension in exchange for the rights to run a shoreboat between the pier and his barge Georgina. On January 9, 1940,  of the extension was ripped away during a winter storm. The extension was never repaired and the remaining section was swept away in February 1941.

In 1946 the pier and adjoining beach were deeded over from the city of Manhattan Beach to the state. During the next four decades the pier would remain a focus of beachfront activity, but Mother Nature and old age took their toll and by the 1980s the pier was in sad shape and in need of renovation.

Restoration took place in the early 1990s with a focus on retention of the old time appearance, much like Pier 7 in San Francisco. The original pier had to be fixed as old age and decay required extensive repair, and in fact made it unsafe by the late 1980s (when a jogger was injured by falling concrete). The pier was restored to its 1920s appearance and a dedication ceremony was held in 1992.

In 1995, the pier was declared a state historic landmark. It is the oldest standing concrete pier on the West Coast. It is managed by the County of Los Angeles, Department of Beaches and Harbors.

Attractions

Roundhouse Marine Studies Lab and Aquarium
The Roundhouse Marine Studies Lab and Aquarium is located at the end of the pier, and is free to the public. The Aquarium includes a shark tank, tide pool touch tank with animals common to Southern California, tanks with lobsters, and baby sharks as well as brightly colored, non-native fish and invertebrates. During the summer, the aquarium is open from 2PM to 5PM on weekdays and 10AM to sunset on weekends. During the rest of the year, it is open from 2 p.m. to 8 p.m. on weekdays and 9 a.m. to 8 p.m. on weekends.

In January 2018, the aquarium was closed and construction began on a major renovation project. The sealife was relocated to a temporary structure near the entrance to the pier during the renovations. The aquarium reopened on November 5, 2018 with an all-new interior.

The octagonal building includes a Spanish tile roof and large gooseneck reflectors to improve lighting.

Fishing
According to Pierfishing.com the sandy beach area yields the normal surf species; barred surfperch, croakers, small rays and guitarfish (shovelnose shark). The pier is known for barred surfperch fishing. At times, anglers catch hundreds of them within an hour of time, using mainly small jigs and sand crabs. The area around the pilings yields pileperch, walleye surfperch, silver surfperch, and other common pier species. Mid-pier, casting away from the pier, yields small tom cod (white croaker) and herring (queenfish), jacksmelt, yellowfin croaker and an occasional halibut. Action at the end of the pier is improved by the surrounding artificial reef which is located about  from the end. Fish at the deepest water end include bonito, Pacific mackerel, jack mackerel, barracuda, an occasional white seabass or even yellowtail, and reef visitors like kelp bass, sand bass and sculpin (scorpionfish). The resident species in Santa Monica Bay may be dangerous to eat, but those that migrate in and out of the bay are considered safe to eat. A variety of baits are utilized.

Surfing
The pier played a significant role in the history of surfing. The pier was a popular spot for Southern California surfers in the 1940s, the early days of modern surfing.  Dale Velzy, the first commercial surfboard shaper, started his business building and repairing boards under the pier before renting a nearby storefront in 1949, starting what is considered the first surf shop.

Paddleboard race
The Catalina Classic Paddleboard Race to Catalina Island begins here. A sculpture of Duke Kahanamoku flanked by a male knee paddler and a female prone paddler commemorating the race was installed in 2023.

In popular culture
Point Break (1991) – Keanu Reeves buys his surfboard from a shop located on the pier.
Starsky & Hutch (2004) – Starsky (Ben Stiller), can be seen stretching under the pier.
Tequila Sunrise (1988) – Mel Gibson's character lives on the beach near the pier.

California Historical Landmark Marker
California Historical Landmark Marker NO. 1018 at the site reads:

See also
 Beach Cities

References

External links

Landmarks in Los Angeles
Parks in Los Angeles County, California
Piers in Los Angeles County, California
Manhattan Beach, California
Infrastructure completed in 1920
1920 establishments in California


The 1948–49 Greek Football Cup was the seventh edition of the Greek Football Cup. The competition culminated with the Greek Cup Final, replayed at Leoforos Alexandras Stadium, on 3 July 1949, because of the previous match (19 June) draw. The match was contested by AEK Athens and Panathinaikos, with AEK Athens winning by 2–1 after extra time.

Calendar

Qualification round

First round

|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Central Greece/Islands Football Clubs Association
||colspan="2" rowspan="12"

||colspan="2" rowspan="10"

|}

Second round

|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Central Greece/Islands Football Clubs Association
||colspan="2" rowspan="4"

||colspan="2" rowspan="5"

||colspan="2" rowspan="3"

|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Crete Football Clubs Association
||colspan="2" rowspan="2"

|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Patras/Western Greece Football Clubs Association
||colspan="2" rowspan="5"

|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Thessaly Football Clubs Association
||colspan="2" rowspan="3"

|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Thessaloniki Football Clubs Association
||colspan="2" rowspan="6"

|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Eastern Macedonia Football Clubs Association
||colspan="2" rowspan="6"

|}

*Ethnikos was zeroed due to late arrival in the match. A friendly match against Ionikos Asteras Thiva took place instead that ended 3–7.

Third round

|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Central Greece/Islands Football Clubs Association
||colspan="2" rowspan="2"

|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Crete Football Clubs Association
||colspan="2"
|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Patras/Western Greece Football Clubs Association
||colspan="2" rowspan="2"

||colspan="2" rowspan="2"

|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Thessaly Football Clubs Association
||colspan="2" rowspan="5"

|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Eastern Macedonia Football Clubs Association
||colspan="2" rowspan="2"

||colspan="2"
|}

* Olympiacos Corinth won the match by, 2–3 but was zeroed due to illegal usage of football players.

**Suspended due to the withdrawal of Ionikos Astaras Thiva.

Additional round

|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Central Greece/Islands Football Clubs Association
||colspan="2"
|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Crete Football Clubs Association
||colspan="2"
|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Patras/Western Greece Football Clubs Association
||colspan="2"
|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Thessaly Football Clubs Association
||colspan="2"

|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Thessaloniki Football Clubs Association
||colspan="2" rowspan="4"

|}

* Aris Thiva resigned.

Fourth round

|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Central Greece/Islands Football Clubs Association
||colspan="2"

|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Crete Football Clubs Association
||colspan="2" rowspan="2"

|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Patras/Western Greece Football Clubs Association
||colspan="2"
|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Thessaly Football Clubs Association
||colspan="2" rowspan="2"

|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Thessaloniki Football Clubs Association
||colspan="2"
|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Eastern Macedonia Football Clubs Association
||colspan="2" rowspan="3"

|}

Fifth round

|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Central Greece/Islands Football Clubs Association
||colspan="2" rowspan="4"

|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Patras/Western Greece Football Clubs Association
||colspan="2" rowspan="2"

||colspan="2"
|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Thessaly Football Clubs Association
||colspan="2"

|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Eastern Macedonia Football Clubs Association
||colspan="2" rowspan="2"

|}

*Panthivaikos left the match at the 85th minute, after they conceided the second goal.

Sixth round

|-
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Central Greece/Islands Football Clubs Association

|-
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Patras/Western Greece Football Clubs Association

|-
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Thessaly Football Clubs Association

|-
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Thessaloniki Football Clubs Association

|}

Seventh round

|-
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Central Greece/Islands Football Clubs Association

|-
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Crete Greece Football Clubs Association

|-
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Thessaly Football Clubs Association

|-
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Thessaloniki Football Clubs Association

|-
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Eastern Macedonia Football Clubs Association

|}

Eighth round

|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Patras Football Clubs Association

||colspan="2"
|-
|colspan="5" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" align=center|Thessaly Football Clubs Association
||colspan="2"
|}

Knockout phase
In the knockout phase, teams play against each other over a single match. If the match ends up as a draw, extra time will be played and if the match remains a draw a replay match is set at the home of the guest team which the extra time rule stands as well. That procedure will be repeated until a winner occurs. The mechanism of the draws for each round is as follows:
In the draw for the round of 16, the eight top teams of each association are seeded and the eight clubs that passed the qualification round are unseeded.The seeded teams are drawn against the unseeded teams with the exception of 2 draws.
In the draws for the quarter-finals onwards, there are no seedings, and teams from the same group can be drawn against each other.

Bracket

Round of 16

||colspan="2" rowspan="7"

|}

Quarter-finals

||colspan="2" rowspan="3"

|}

Semi-finals

|}

Final

The 7th Greek Cup Final was played twice at the Leoforos Alexandras Stadium.

The match was abandoned at the 109 minute.

Replay match

References

External links
Greek Cup 1948-49 at RSSSF

Greek Football Cup seasons
Greek Cup
1948–49 in Greek football


Chief Magazine was a free, monthly online arts and culture magazine based in Brooklyn. The magazine consisted primarily of interviews with underground musicians, artists and writers. Chief hosted parties and events, operating a music venue, Chief Bodega, and a record label, Chief Records.

Chief Magazine, under Andy P. Smith's direction, published content and hosted events from 2006 through 2009.

History
Chief Magazine was founded by Andy P. Smith on September 11, 2006.

For the second issue, Smith partnered with Ed Zipco to run the project. Zipco and Smith originally became friends while attending the Pratt Institute of Art and Design. Smith went on to work for COLORS Magazine while Zipco went to work for Vice, until the two decided to launch their own independent magazine in 2006. Jacqueline Lewis, former writer of Gawker's now defunct "Bloghorrea NYC" column, became managing editor of chief in 2007.

In 2009, Zipco, Lewis and Smith ended Chief Magazine and went on to work on other projects.

Content
Chief interviewed George Saunders, Paper Rad, The Death Set, Brad Neely, Eugene Mirman, MGMT, Matt and Kim, Wham City, Man Man and Japanther.

Chief also has a continuing series called PenPals, which consists of celebrity photographs as well as their post addresses.

Chief Bodega
Chief Bodega, an underground music venue in Brooklyn, New York opened in the spring of 2008 in a two-level former grocery store (also known as "bodegas" in NYC)

Bodega hosted shows and parties with Japanther, The Death Set, Ninjasonik, Danger, DJ Dirty Finger, Smarts, Hidden Power, The Hood Gang, and dozens of other local and touring acts.

In October 2008, The Chief Bodega hosted a secret Street Fighter IV release party for Capcom.

In 2009, Bodega closed down indefinitely.

Chief records
Chief Records (2007-2009) released albums and singles from artists including Ninjasonik, DJ Dirty Finger and Andersonic.

References

External links
 Chief Magazine – Portfolio site
 Andy P. Smith

Lifestyle magazines published in the United States
Music magazines published in the United States
Online magazines published in the United States
Free magazines
Defunct magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 2006
Magazines disestablished in 2009
Magazines published in New York City
Monthly magazines published in the United States


is a Japanese light novel series by, and the debut work of, Hiroshi Sakurazaka, with illustrations by Miki Miyashita. As of March 25, 2009, six volumes have been published by Shueisha under their Super Dash Bunko imprint. A new edition of the first light novel was released on April 25, 2008. A manga adaptation started serialization in the shōnen magazine Jump Square on August 4, 2008. An anime adaptation was announced in October 2008. A 12-episode anime adaptation began airing in Japan on the networks BS11, AT-X, and Bandai Channel between July and September 2009.

Plot summary
The protagonist, Koyomi Morishita, is a short, clumsy, female high school freshman who is mercilessly teased except by her good friend Yumiko. Seeing a flyer about a school for magicians, Koyomi takes the enrollment exam and becomes a student of Misa Anehara, a powerful master magician. Modern magic is accomplished with the aid of computers by writing special programs for them. As magic is not as easy as it seems, initially Koyomi's talent seems to consist of making washbasins randomly fall out of the sky.

Characters

A bumbling 15-year-old first year high school student who has the body of a child. Since she is only 146 cm (4 ft 9½ in) tall, she is often mistaken for an elementary school student when she is wearing her own clothes. She gets lousy grades, is not very athletic and doesn't really have anything about herself to brag about, so she decides to go to a magic school that she saw in a flyer in order to change herself. She has the unusual ability of being able to take any code (spell) and change it into a washbasin summoning code. This ability has gradually been improving.

A natural-born 15-year-old mage, she has purple eyes and silver hair. She is quick-learned at magic, seeing a complex spell and repeating it perfectly, without practicing. She has a staff and a spell book left to her by her great-grandfather, and usually wears white. She was often teased at elementary school and stared at in public because of her doll-like appearance. Upon meeting Koyomi, they become good friends, but Yumiko often displays a somewhat of a tsundere-like personality towards her.

She is one of the most powerful modern-magic users. She is a 25-year-old college student who is majoring in programming. She is able to make practical use of her abilities as a leading modern magic user. She has no qualms about using magic to manipulate the will of normal people and uses it to help people sell products. The flyer which Koyomi read was distributed by the magic school run by Misa's grandfather, and Misa becomes Koyomi's magic teacher because of this. She has a sweet and laid-back personality but lacks common sense. As a hobby, she likes to buy useless things such as banana hangers and curry roux meant for large establishments from the internet. Her mother died when she was young, so she raised her younger brother Soshiro.

The class representative of Koyomi's class, she is quiet and a model student. She is a quick learner, compared to Koyomi, of modern magic. Although she is fairly skilled, she cannot see demons, ghostscripts, or genies because she cannot detect magic.

The younger brother of Misa, he is more sensible and serious, compared to his sister. He is usually seen doing chores around the residence. He mostly scolds Misa because of her illogical actions, but he also deeply cares about her. Due to his sister constantly feeding him enchanted food at a young age, he has built an immunity to magic. As a result, he refuses to believe the existence of magic even after magic is shown to him.

Media

Light novel
The light novel series is by Hiroshi Sakurazaka, with illustrations by Miki Miyashita. As of March 25, 2009, six volumes have been published by Shueisha under their Super Dash Bunko imprint. A new edition of the first light novel was released on April 25, 2008.

Manga
A manga adaptation started serialization in the shōnen magazine Jump Square on August 4, 2008.

Anime

An anime adaptation was announced in October 2008.  On July 11, 2009, the anime began airing in Japan on the networks BS11, AT-X and Bandai Channel, while also simulcast worldwide via Crunchyroll. It ran for 12 episodes, ending on September 26, 2009. North American licensor Sentai Filmworks released the series on DVD in December 2011.

The opening theme of the anime series was "programming for non-fiction" by Natsuko Aso. The ending theme was "Made in WONDER" by Aki Misato.

References

External links

2008 manga
NBCUniversal Entertainment Japan
Nomad (company)
Sentai Filmworks
Shōnen manga
Shueisha franchises
Shueisha manga
Super Dash Bunko


The Graustock is a mountain of the Urner Alps, located south of Engelberg in Central Switzerland. The summit is one of the two tripoints between the cantons of Berne, Nidwalden and Obwalden (the other being the Jochstock).

On the north side of the mountain lies the Trüebsee.

References

External links
 Graustock on Hikr

Mountains of the Alps
Mountains of Switzerland
Mountains of the canton of Bern
Mountains of Obwalden
Mountains of Nidwalden
Bern–Obwalden border
Nidwalden–Obwalden border
Bern–Nidwalden border
Two-thousanders of Switzerland
Kerns, Switzerland


The Hermosa Beach pier is located in the Southern California community of Hermosa Beach.  It extends into the Pacific Ocean.

In 1904 the first pier was built. It was constructed entirely of wood even to the pilings and it extended five hundred feet out into the ocean. The pier was constructed by the Hermosa Beach Land and Water Company. In 1913 this old pier was partly washed away and later torn down and a new one built to replace it. This pier was built of concrete 1,000 feet (300 m) long, and paved with asphalt its entire length. Small tiled pavilions were erected at intervals along the sides to afford shade for fishing and picnic parties. A bait stand was built eventually out on the end. Soon after, about 1914, an auditorium building was constructed; it has housed various enterprises and at present the public rest rooms, the Los Angeles Lifeguard Service, and the local branch of the LA County Library occupy rooms in the building. This pier is municipally owned.

The pier's frontage has changed in appearance over the years and electric train lines used to run along the coastline.

Filming location
Film
Hardbodies (1984)
La La Land (2016)

TV
Scenes of the TV show The O.C. were filmed on the Hermosa Beach Strand, Pier and Plaza
The Amazing Race 31

References

See also

 Hermosa Beach
 Beach Cities
 South Bay

Hermosa Beach, California
Piers in Los Angeles County, California
Parks in Los Angeles County, California