Jack Patrick Dorsey (born November 19, 1976) is an American Internet entrepreneur, philanthropist, and programmer who is a co-founder and former CEO of Twitter, Inc., as well as co-founder, principal executive officer and chairperson of Block, Inc., which is the developer of the Square financial services platform. He is also on the board of directors of Bluesky Social. As of October 2023, Forbes estimated his net worth to be $3.1 billion.

Early life
Dorsey was born and raised in St. Louis, Missouri. His father is Tim Dorsey and his mother is Marcia (née Smith) Dorsey. Jack Dorsey is partly of Italian descent on his mother's side. His father worked for a company that developed mass spectrometers and his mother was a homemaker. He was raised Catholic, and his uncle is a Catholic priest in Cincinnati.

Dorsey attended Bishop DuBourg High School. In his younger days, he worked occasionally as a fashion model. By age 14, he had become interested in dispatch routing. Dorsey enrolled at the University of Missouri–Rolla in 1995 and attended for two-plus years before transferring to New York University in 1997, but he dropped out two years later, one semester short of graduating. He came up with the idea that eventually became Twitter while studying at New York University.

While working on dispatching as a programmer, Dorsey moved to California. In 2000, Dorsey started his company in Oakland to dispatch couriers, taxis, and emergency services from the Web. His other projects and ideas at this time included networks of medical devices and a "frictionless service market". In July 2000, building on dispatching and inspired in part by LiveJournal and by AOL Instant Messenger, he had the idea for a Web-based realtime status/short message communication service.

When he first saw implementations of instant messaging, Dorsey wondered whether the software's user status output could be shared easily among friends. He approached Odeo, which at the time happened to be interested in text messaging. Dorsey and Biz Stone decided that SMS text suited the status-message idea, and built a prototype of Twitter in about two weeks. The idea attracted many users at Odeo and investment from Evan Williams, a co-founder of that firm in 2005 who had left Google after selling Pyra Labs and Blogger.

Career

Twitter

Noah Glass, Evan Williams, and Biz Stone  co-founded Odeo, later renamed Obvious Corporation, which then spun off Twitter, Inc. Dorsey became Twitter's Chief Executive Officer (CEO). As CEO, Dorsey saw the startup through two rounds of funding by venture capitalists. He reportedly lost his position for leaving work early to enjoy other pursuits, such as yoga and fashion design.

As the service began to grow in popularity, Dorsey chose the improvement of uptime as top priority, even over creating revenue—which, as of 2008, Twitter was not designed to earn. Dorsey described the commercial use of Twitter and its API as two things that could lead to paid features. His three guiding principles, which he says the company shares, are simplicity, constraint, and craftsmanship.

On October 16, 2008, Williams took over as CEO, while Dorsey became chairman of the board. During his time as chairman, Dorsey joined several State Department delegations, including a trip to Iraq in April 2009, led by Jared Cohen. In November, when Iranians took to the streets in the Green Revolution, Twitter was scheduled to conduct maintenance of its site, which would entail temporarily shutting down Twitter's servers. Dorsey responded to a request from Cohen to delay the maintenance so that it would not affect the revolution in Iran, because Iranians were using Twitter to communicate and coordinate. Since President Obama had announced that there would be no meddling in Iran, the move sparked controversy. In February 2010, Dorsey was part of another State Department delegation, this time to Russia. On March 28, 2011, he returned to Twitter as executive chairman after Dick Costolo replaced Williams as CEO. On June 10, 2015, Costolo announced his resignation as CEO, effective July 1, 2015. Dorsey assumed the post of interim CEO upon Costolo's departure. He was named permanent CEO on October 5, 2015.

In May 2016, Dorsey announced that Twitter would not count photos and links in the 140-character limit to free up more space for text. This was an attempt to entice new users, since the number of tweets per day had dropped from about 500 million in September 2013 and its peak of 661 million in August 2014 to about 300 million in January 2016.

On November 22, 2016, Dorsey was briefly suspended from his own Twitter account with 3.9 million followers. After restoring the account, Dorsey tweeted that the suspension was due to an "internal mistake".

In February 2017, Dorsey and Executive Chairman Omid Kordestani matched a $530,000 donation to the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) raised by Twitter staffers. Their match brought the total donation to $1.59 million.

In March 2018, Dorsey announced that an improved version of the verification system would be coming to Twitter. The purpose of redesigning verification was to let people verify more facts about themselves, emphasizing proof of identity. The overhaul was not in place before the U.S midterm election of 2018 to help in verifying the identities of the candidates.

In September 2018, Dorsey testified before the Senate Intelligence Committee alongside Facebook COO Sheryl Sandberg about meddling in the 2016 presidential election. Following this testimony, Twitter shares fell six percent.

Dorsey met privately with U.S. President Donald Trump at the White House and discussed Trump's concerns that Twitter had limited or removed some of his Twitter followers, and those of conservatives. After the meeting, Dorsey tweeted that their discussion included making Twitter "healthier and more civil". A week earlier, Dorsey took part in a TED talk about the social media platform's spread of abuse and misinformation, which has brought him criticism.

On August 30, 2019, Dorsey's personal Twitter account was allegedly breached for nearly an hour by a group calling itself the Chuckling Squad, posting and retweeting numerous racist tweets.

On October 23, 2019, Twitter's stock price fell by nearly 24 percent, from $38.83 to $30.75. The reason was an earnings miss off a third quarter report, which Twitter blamed on ad targeting problems. Dorsey had been making a concerted effort to dampen the effect that Twitter had on political elections, which entailed banning all political ads. This was also seen as a large contributor to the drop. Dorsey announced that, as of November 22, 2019, Twitter would ban all political advertising. The policy applies globally to all marketing campaigns about political issues.

On February 29, 2020, it was announced that activist hedge fund Elliott Management led by billionaire Paul Singer was looking to oust Dorsey and nominate four directors to Twitter's board, including Elliott's senior portfolio manager Jesse Cohn. The two parties reached an agreement days later, with Dorsey remaining CEO.

In October 2020, Dorsey was one of several tech firm CEOs subpoenaed by the US Senate Commerce Committee. Republican Roger Wicker, who chairs the committee, led the charge to force the CEOs of Twitter, Facebook and Google to testify about the legal immunity the tech platforms receive under Section 230 of the Communications Act of 1996.

He announced his departure from the role of Twitter's CEO on November 29, 2021. His resignation was effective immediately. Dorsey was replaced by the company's former CTO Parag Agrawal, who took over as CEO effective immediately. Dorsey will continue to lead as the CEO of Block, Inc. In May 2022, Dorsey left the board of directors of the social network.

In October 2022, Dorsey retained his 2.4% ownership of Twitter when the company was sold to Elon Musk.

Block

Dorsey, along with co-founder Jim McKelvey, developed a small business platform to accept debit and credit card payments on a mobile device called Square, released in May 2010. The small, square-shaped device attaches to iPhone, iPad, iPod Touch, or Android devices via the headphone jack, and as a mini card reader, allows a person to swipe their card, choose an amount to transfer to the recipient and then sign their name for confirmation. Square is also a system for sending paperless receipts via text message or email, and is available as a free app for iOS and Android OS. The company grew from 10 employees in December 2009 to over 100 by June 2011. Square's office is on Market Street in San Francisco. In September 2012, Business Insider magazine valued Square Inc. at US$3.2 billion. Dorsey is CEO of Square, Inc. On October 14, 2015, Square filed for an IPO to be listed on the New York Stock Exchange. As of that date, Dorsey owned 24.4 percent of the company. In March 2020 the FDIC permitted Square to open a bank. It announced plans to launch Square Financial Services in 2021.

In May 2020, Dorsey announced that employees of Square would permanently become remote workers.

In 2020, Square began withholding for months up to 30 percent of the funds that merchants collected from customers using its Cash App.

On December 1, 2021, CEO Jack Dorsey officially changed the name of the platform to Block, Inc. This was due in part to his interest in the blockchain as well as the new name encompassing the various businesses better than the current name, which is mostly associated with its merchant-payment services. The stock ticker for Block, Inc. would remain "SQ".

Bluesky
Dorsey is on the board of directors of Bluesky Social, a Twitter spin-off developing a decentralized social networking protocol and app.

Other projects
In 2013, Dorsey expressed to CNN an admiration for Michael Bloomberg, and said that he aspires to become mayor of New York City. He served as a judge for Bloomberg's NYC BigApps competition in 2011.

On December 24, 2013, Dorsey was announced as a new member of the board of directors of The Walt Disney Company. In January 2018, it was reported that Dorsey would not seek reelection at Disney's March annual meeting, due to increased difficulty with conflicts of interest.

Dorsey is a board member of the Berggruen Institute's Governance Center. Dorsey gives advice in a chapter of Tim Ferriss' book Tools of Titans.

Dorsey is a vocal Bitcoin advocate, and has spoken at Bitcoin conferences such as "The B Word". He has said that if he were not working on Twitter and Square, he would be working on Bitcoin.

He also endorses and financially supported the development of the Nostr social networking protocol.

Personal life
In 2012, Dorsey moved to the Sea Cliff neighborhood of San Francisco.

Meditation
In 2015, Dorsey said he began his mornings with meditation. In late 2017, Dorsey completed ten days of meditation known as Vipassanā taught by followers of S. N. Goenka. In November 2018, Dorsey went on a birthday Vipassanā meditation trip to Myanmar.

Politics
In 2019, Dorsey contributed financially to the campaigns of Democratic 2020 presidential candidates Tulsi Gabbard and Andrew Yang. In 2020, he donated $15 million to 29 mayors pursuing the piloting of guaranteed basic income programs in the United States.

Until 2021, Dorsey applied "world leader" exceptions that enabled President Donald Trump to post content on Twitter that would normally be removed or generate sanctions per the platform's rules. In May 2020, some of Trump's tweets received warning labels, and from Election Day in November 2020, more flaggings were applied to his tweets. On January 6, 2021, after pro-Trump supporters stormed the U.S. Capitol, Twitter applied a 12-hour timeout to Trump's account for violating its Civic Integrity policy. Trump's account was suspended permanently on January 8. On January 14, Dorsey defended banning Trump but also said it "sets a precedent I feel is dangerous". On November 19, 2022, Twitter reinstated Trump's account following Elon Musk's purchase of the platform.

On June 4, 2023, Dorsey endorsed Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. in his campaign to become the Democratic party nominee in the 2024 United States presidential election.

Philanthropic and other donations
In March 2016, Dorsey fully funded about 600 Missouri public school projects registered at DonorsChoose.

In October 2019, Dorsey donated $350,000 to #TeamTrees, a nonprofit started by YouTubers MrBeast and Mark Rober, that pledged to plant 20 million trees by the end of 2019.

On April 7, 2020, Dorsey announced that he would move about $1 billion of his equity in Square, Inc., just under a third of his total wealth, to Start Small, LLC, and to relief programs related to the coronavirus. He committed to funding COVID-19 relief, girls' education and health, and universal basic income. Dorsey has donated $24 million to over 40 different grantees for relief efforts.

In August 2020, Dorsey donated $10 million to Boston University's Center for Antiracist Research, founded by Ibram X. Kendi.

In May 2021, he donated $15 million to support relief efforts in India's COVID-19 second wave. The three NGOs were Care ($10 million), Aid India ($2.5 million), and Sewa International ($2.5 million).

Awards and recognition
 In 2008, he was named to the MIT Technology Review TR35 as one of the top 35 innovators in the world under the age of 35.
 In 2012, The Wall Street Journal gave him the "Innovator of the Year Award" for technology.
 At the 5th Annual Crunchies Awards in 2012, hosted by TechCrunch, Dorsey was named Founder of the Year.
 In 2013, he was considered by Forbes the world's most eligible bachelor.
 Dorsey was ranked by Fox Business as the #4 Worst CEO of 2016, citing stagnant growth, falling stock prices, and his part-time commitment to Twitter.
 In 2017, 24/7 Wall St. listed Dorsey among the 20 Worst CEOs in America.

References

Further reading

External links

1976 births
Living people
Businesspeople from St. Louis
Businesspeople from San Francisco
Catholics from California
Catholics from Missouri
Directors of Twitter, Inc.
Twitter, Inc. people
Block, Inc. employees
American billionaires
American male bloggers
American bloggers
American investors
American computer businesspeople
American computer programmers
American corporate directors
American people of Italian descent
American technology company founders
American technology chief executives
Directors of The Walt Disney Company
People associated with cryptocurrency
Students of S. N. Goenka
Missouri University of Science and Technology alumni
New York University alumni
New York University people
20th-century American businesspeople
21st-century American businesspeople


Raíces ("Roots") is a cover album released by Regional Mexican band Los Tigres del Norte on May 4, 2008. This album became their sixth number-one set on the Billboard Top Latin Albums. It won the Grammy Award for Best Norteño Album at the Grammy Awards of 2009.

Track listing
The information from Billboard.

Personnel
The information from Allmusic.
Hernán Hernández – Production assistant, Voz, Bajo Eléctrico
Jorge Hernández – Voz, Acordeón
Eduardo Hernández – Voz, Acordeón, Bajo Sexto, Saxophone
Luis Hernández – Voz, Bajo Sexto
Oscar Lara – Batería
Don C. Tyler – Mastering engineer
Alfonso Ródenas – Engineer, mixing
Joseph Pope – Engineer, mixing
Adriana Rebold – Graphic design, art direction
Pablo Castro – Art direction

Chart performance

References

2008 albums
Los Tigres del Norte albums
Spanish-language albums
Covers albums
Fonovisa Records albums


State Highway Spur 260 (Spur 260), also known as Jaime Zapata Memorial Highway, is a state highway in southeastern Laredo, Texas, connecting U.S. Highway 83 (US 83) and State Highway 359 (SH 359). The route was designated in 2008 but continued to be signed as part of State Highway Loop 20 (Loop 20) until the opening of Cuatro Vientos Road in July 2011, when the Loop 20 designation was shifted to the new route.  The contemporary Spur 260 constitutes the original extent of Loop 20, as originally designated in 1939.

Route description
Spur 260 begins at an intersection with US 83 and Ross Street. The route continues east-northeast to Ejido Avenue with commercial development on both sides. Past Ejido Avenue, commercial businesses continue to flank the south side of the road, while the north side is undeveloped until the intersection with Los Presidentes Avenue. From there, the north side of the highway becomes more industrial, while the south side continues to serve commercial buildings. Spur 260 turns north before reaching its eastern terminus at SH 359 and the Loop 20 frontage road, with the main lanes of Loop 20 passing overhead.

History
The number originally belonged to Loop 260, designated on August 20, 1952, from US 80 via Fort Worth Avenue and Commerce Street to US 80. On June 25, 1991, Loop 260 was cancelled and removed from the state highway system. On August 28, 1991, the section of US 80 along Davis Street and Zang Boulevard was removed from the state highway system.

Junction list

References

260
Highways in Laredo, Texas
Transportation in Webb County, Texas


This is a list of the extreme points of North Macedonia: the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location, as well as the highest and lowest points.

Latitude and longitude

Altitude
 Maximum: Golem Korab (2764 m)
 Minimum: Vardar River (50 m)

Other features

 Southernmost settlement: Dragoš, Bitola Municipality / Dolno Dupeni, Resen Municipality
 Northernmost settlement: Luke,  Kriva Palanka Municipality
 Easternmost settlement: Spikovo, Pehčevo Municipality
 Westernmost settlement: Konjari, Debar Municipality

See also
 Extreme points of Europe
 Extreme points of Earth

References

Lists of coordinates
North Macedonia
Extreme


Ladd Tower is a 23-story residential building in downtown Portland, Oregon, completed in early 2009. The construction of Ladd Tower necessitated that the Ladd Carriage House, directly adjacent the construction site, temporarily be moved from its foundation; it  returned in October 2008.  The building is managed by Holland Residential, which also has commercial space on the ground floor.  The main residential tower also shares space on the first through third floors with an adjacent church.

The tower is Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design-certified. The $80 million building stands  tall.

The tower was originally slated to sell as condominiums. Only 60 of 200 units were presold. In 2007, Opus Northwest converted the project to rental apartments, returning deposits to approximately 60 buyers. The building was redesigned, with shorter ceilings, leaving the overall building height unchanged, but going from 21 to 23 floors. The apartments were smaller, at 332 apartments, versus 189 condos in the original plan.

The original design of the tower put the building flush against the South Park Blocks. A 27-foot setback beginning at the fourth story garnered "unanimous approval from the Portland Design Commission, a dramatic turnaround from icy receptions to two
earlier proposals", according to The Oregonian. A local developer called it a "low-ego building".

The building is named after early local politician and developer William S. Ladd.

See also
Architecture in Portland, Oregon

References

External links

Opus Construction: Ladd Tower
Ladd Tower Construction Camera

Residential skyscrapers in Portland, Oregon
Residential buildings completed in 2009
2009 establishments in Oregon
Southwest Portland, Oregon


30 Greatest Hits is a 2007 compilation released by the Red Elvises.

Track listing

Disc One

I Wanna See You Bellydance
Closet Disco Dancer
Gypsy Heart
Love Rocket
Rocketman
Sex In Paradise
Boogie On The Beach
Million Miles
Venice USA
All I Wanna Do
200 lb Of Pure Love
Winter Reggae
Everybody Disco
Kegga Beer
Memoirs of a Phuket Geisha

Disc Two

Hanky Panky Kind Of Love
Don't Stop The Dance
200 Flying Girls
Siberia
Jerry's Got A Squeezebox
Harriett
Sad Cowboy Song
My Love Is Killing Me
My Darling Lorraine
Strip Joint Is Closed
Ticket To Japan
I'm Not That Kind Of Guy
Juliet
Tango
Good Guys

References

All pages needing factual verification
Red Elvises albums
2006 greatest hits albums


The Awakening of Helena Richie is a novel by the American writer Margaret Deland (1857 - 1945) set in the 19th century fictional locale of Old Chester, a Western Pennsylvania rural village just a few miles outside the city of Pittsburgh, then an industrial boomtown.

Overview
Helena Richie leaves a drunken husband, who had killed their child, and goes to Old Chester with her friend Lloyd Pryor. Helena adopts a homeless boy, David, who had been a ward of the town's minister, Dr. Lavendar. Helena's true husband dies, but Lloyd Pryor, now tired of Helena, refuses to marry her. Helena confesses to the minister about her actual relationship with Pryor, and Dr. Lavendar forces her to give up her son. Helena agrees, certain that she is an unfit mother. Helena pleads her case and fights for her maternal rights.

It was first published in installments in Harper's Monthly from January through July 1906.

A 1909 Broadway play starred Margaret Anglin and a 1916 silent film starred Ethel Barrymore.

External links
The Awakening of Helena Richie (1906) (Project Gutenberg Entry:) (Google Books e-text)
post 1909 printing of the book with Margaret Anglin and Raymond Hackett from the Broadway play on the cover

References

1906 American novels
American historical novels
Novels set in Pennsylvania
Novels first published in serial form
Works originally published in Harper's Magazine
Harper & Brothers books
American novels adapted into films


This is a list of lists of places considered the most extreme by virtue of meeting some superlative geographical or physical criterion – e.g. farthest, highest, lowest, greatest, or least.

Earth
 Extremes on Earth
 List of countries by northernmost point
 List of countries by southernmost point
 List of countries by easternmost point
 List of countries by westernmost point
 Northernmost settlements
 Southernmost settlements
 List of northernmost items
 List of southernmost items
 List of countries by highest point
 List of countries by lowest point
 List of elevation extremes by country
 List of elevation extremes by region
 List of highest towns by country

Continents
 Extreme points of Afro-Eurasia
 Extreme points of Africa
 Extreme points of Eurasia
 Extreme points of Europe
 Extreme points of Asia
 Extreme points of the Americas
 Extreme points of North America
 Extreme points of the Caribbean
 Extreme points of Central America
 Extreme points of South America
 Extreme points of Antarctica
 Extreme points of Oceania
 Extreme points of Australia
 Extreme points of the Antarctic
 Extreme points of the Arctic

Sovereign states

Dependencies, autonomies, and other territories
 Extreme points of the Faroe Islands
 Extreme points of Greenland
 Extreme points of Guam
 Extreme points of Niue
 Extreme points of Northern Cyprus
 Extreme points of the Northern Mariana Islands
 Extreme points of Taiwan
 Extreme points of Western Sahara

Miscellaneous political subdivisions
 Extreme points of the Commonwealth of Nations
 Extreme points of the African Union
 Extreme points of the British Isles
 Extreme points of Canadian provinces
 Extreme communities of Canada
 Extreme points of the European Union
 Extreme points of New England
 Extreme points of U.S. states

Space
 List of Solar System extremes
 List of extrasolar planet extremes
 List of hottest stars
 List of largest cosmic structures
 List of largest known stars
 List of most massive black holes
 List of most massive stars
 List of most luminous stars

See also
 World record


Quex-Ul is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. He is depicted as an enemy of Superman.

Quex-Ul appeared in the television series Krypton, portrayed by Gordon Alexander.

Publication history
Quex-Ul first appeared in Superman #157 (1962) and was created by Curt Swan and Edmond Hamilton.

Fictional character biography

Pre-Crisis
First appearing in Superman #157 (Nov. 1962), Quex-Ul was a Kryptonian exiled to the Phantom Zone when he was convicted of killing Rondors, an endangered species, to use their healing horns for the purpose of profit. He confessed and spent his time in the Zone, but was released by Superman when his time was up. Not a grateful sort, he attempted to lure Superman into a gold kryptonite trap, until Superman discovered that Quex-Ul had actually been controlled by another Kryptonian, Rog-Ar, the true rondor killer. Learning this, Quex-Ul threw himself into the trap to save the hero, losing his powers and memory.

In the 1982 The Phantom Zone mini-series, he later works at the Daily Planet, believing himself to be an Earthman named "Charlie Kweskill". Susceptible to unconscious influence by Phantom Zoners, he unwittingly frees them and is himself trapped in the Zone along with Superman. Together they seek a way out of the Zone, ultimately facing a malevolent entity called Aethyr, whose mind creates the Phantom Zone. On arrival, Superman and Quex-Ul find themselves wearing each other's clothes, and "Charlie" wonders if he now has super powers. It is unclear whether his powers or memory have actually been restored, the costume swap having been effected as some sort of amusement by Aethyr. To save the Man of Steel, Quex-Ul flies towards Aethyr and dies in a shower of fiery breath, sacrificing his life in a final act of redemption.

Post-Crisis

In the Pocket Universe (an alternate version of the pre-Crisis Earth-One), Quex-Ul was freed with General Zod and Zaora from the Phantom Zone by a naive Lex Luthor, whereupon they turned Pocket Earth into a dead world. Quex-Ul and the others were executed by Superman using Kryptonite, a controversial move that haunted him for some time.

Adventure Comics
In Adventure Comics #512 (late May 2010), Quex-Ul makes an appearance under the cover name of Edward Robertson. He was later killed by Squad K of Project 7734. He is also shown in the Phantom Zone with General Zod and the rest of the Phantom Zone criminals, including Jax-Ur, Non, Ursa, Car-Vex, Az-Rel and Nadira. His was a plan developed by Car-Vex aka Officer Romundi and General Sam Lane.

Powers and abilities
As a Kryptonian, Quex-Ul has superpowers derived from under the light of Earth's yellow Sun in the Solar System. His basic abilities are sufficient for him to bend steel, overpower a locomotive, leap over a tall building in one bound, and outrun a speeding bullet, as well as virtual invulnerability, accelerated recovery, laser eyebeams, vortex breath, and flight. He possesses extraordinary senses of hearing and sight, including x-ray, telescopic, and microscopic vision. Like all Kryptonians, he is vulnerable to Kryptonite, red sunlight, and magic.

In other media

Television
 Quex-Ul appears in Justice League Action, voiced by Jason J. Lewis. This version was imprisoned in the Phantom Zone alongside General Zod and Faora.
 Quex-Ul appears in the Krypton episode "House of El", portrayed by Gordon Alexander. This version is a member of the eponymous planet's military guild and commander of the Sagitari squadron before he is killed by one of his soldiers, Lyta-Zod, for his position.

Miscellaneous
Quex-Ul appears in several Choose Your Own Adventure-type novels, as a prominent prisoner of the Phantom Zone who was reputed to be powerful without a yellow sun's rays, but not exceptionally intelligent, relying on General Zod for orders.

References

DC Comics characters who can move at superhuman speeds
DC Comics characters with accelerated healing
DC Comics characters with superhuman durability or invulnerability
DC Comics characters with superhuman senses
DC Comics characters with superhuman strength
DC Comics extraterrestrial supervillains
DC Comics supervillains
Fictional characters with absorption or parasitic abilities
Fictional characters with air or wind abilities
Fictional characters with energy-manipulation abilities
Fictional characters with fire or heat abilities
Fictional characters with ice or cold abilities
Fictional characters with nuclear or radiation abilities
Fictional characters with slowed ageing
Fictional characters with X-ray vision
Fictional serial killers
Kryptonians
Comics characters introduced in 1962
Superman characters
Characters created by Curt Swan


Yamil Antonio Benítez (born October 5, 1972) is a Puerto Rican former right-handed outfielder, who last played for the Arizona Diamondbacks. He also played for the Montreal Expos and the Kansas City Royals in his career.

He was an outfielder who played in 169 games for 3 teams.  95 of those games with the Arizona Diamondbacks in their inaugural season.  His career batting average was .243 with 19 home runs and 60 RBIs.  He was chosen as the 19th player in the Arizona Diamondbacks Expansion Draft.

See also

 List of Major League Baseball players from Puerto Rico

External links

1972 births
Living people
Arizona Diamondbacks players
Burlington Bees players
Charlotte Knights players
Harrisburg Senators players
Jamestown Expos players
Kansas City Royals players
Louisville Bats players
Major League Baseball players from Puerto Rico
Major League Baseball outfielders
Montreal Expos players
Ottawa Lynx players
Puerto Rican expatriate baseball players in Canada
Baseball players from San Juan, Puerto Rico


Harold Raymond Wayne Benjamin (1893–1969) was an American educator and writer; known for his publications The Saber-Tooth Curriculum (1939) and Higher Education in the American Republics (1965) (Guthrie 168).

Biography

Early life and education
Harold Raymond Wayne Benjamin was born March 27, 1893, in Gilmanton, Wisconsin, to Harold and Harriet Benjamin.  He moved to Oregon with his family in 1904, and graduated from Tualatin Academy in 1910.  Benjamin earned degrees from both the Oregon Normal School and the University of Oregon. He later received a Ph.D. from the Stanford Graduate School of Education in 1927 (Ohles 112).

Career
Benjamin’s professional career was extremely long and illustrious.  He began his teaching career at Salem Heights Elementary School in 1915.  Benjamin then became the superintendent of schools in Umatilla, Oregon, until 1922.  He moved on to become an assistant professor of education at the University of Oregon until 1925.  Benjamin decided to take a job at Stanford University as a teaching fellow before deciding to enroll in their student teaching program in 1927.  After completion of the program in 1931, he moved on to the University of Minnesota where he was a professor of education and the assistant dean of the college of education until 1936.  Benjamin decided to take a job at the University of Colorado as the director of the college of education for two years.  After two years in Colorado, he took a position as the dean of the college of education at the University of Maryland, College Park where he served for twelve years.  In 1951, Benjamin became the chairman of social foundations of education at Peabody College in Tennessee where he ended his career in education in 1958 (Ohles 112).

In his career, Benjamin was also a noted figure in comparative international education.  He traveled to many Latin countries comparing the way the U.S. and other countries ran their higher education systems, which led him to writing a well-known book Higher Education in the American Republic (Guthrie 169).

Harold R.W. Benjamin’s main purpose in his work was to preserve the democratic processes in American schooling and for an awakening of instructional consciousness toward individual differences.  This belief led him to writing another well known book, The Saber-Tooth Curriculum.   The Saber-Tooth Curriculum was written by Benjamin under the pseudonym J. Abner Peddiwell.  Published in 1939, The Saber-Tooth Curriculum is a satirical commentary explaining how unexamined traditions of schooling can result in resisting needed changes (Guthrie 169).  He believed education needs to be responsive to the emerging needs of the life experience and he felt education in his time was sticking to teachings of old rather than of present times.

Personal life
Benjamin married Dr. Georgia Kessi, a researcher and leading voice of global educational systems, in 1920. Together they had three children.

References

Guthrie, James W., ed. Encyclopedia of Education. 2nd ed. Vol. 1. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2003. 168-69.
Ohles, John F., ed. Biographical Dictionary of American Educators. Vol. 1. 112-13.
Benjamin, Harold. The Saber-Tooth Curriculum. 141-41

1893 births
1969 deaths
University of Oregon alumni
Western Oregon University alumni
Educators from Oregon
University of Oregon faculty
Stanford Graduate School of Education alumni
People from Gilmanton, Wisconsin
People from Umatilla, Oregon


Westi (Westinghouse Teleprocessing Interface System) was one of two early local teleprocessing packages for IBM's DOS/VSE environment. Westi stood for Westinghouse Terminal Interactive. Westi provided an interface and access method for programmers to 'talk' to monitors and handle data entry. Such access methods later became known as APIs and the handlers a form of transaction processing.

In 1981, WESTI was considered the main competitor to CICS, holding second place in market share for IBM mainframe transaction processing monitors.

Initially written for the IBM 2260 running under DOS on IBM mainframes, the original product was offered free for IBM users. With the advent of DOS/VS and the IBM 3270 series terminals, Westinghouse realized they could recover part of their development costs and commercialized the product, circa 1970. The company added transparent remote access about 1980.

Westi consumed less memory than CICS, which was attractive in the highly memory-constrained computing environments of the 1970s, in which 256KB was considered a large amount of memory.

Westi operated as an application's mainline program and, like IBM's soon to follow CICS, programmers wrote subroutines to read and write data to and from terminals and discs. This  real time paradigm became known as transaction processing.

This differed from Westi's primary competitor, DUCS, which reversed that model in that it was a subroutine package that read from and wrote to monitors. While Westi was not as easy to program and use as DUCS, Westi (like CICS) handled task management.

In terms of speed, Westi fell between DUCS and the considerably more process-bound CICS.

Development

Pittsburgh
Steve Robert O'Donnell wrote the original DOS 2260 package, which was distributed free of charge. Its popularity made Westinghouse realize Westi had potential as a commercial product.

Columbus
In 1972, IBM released DOS/VS with the IBM/370 and the first IBM 3270 terminals, and the Westinghouse Software group began a rewrite for new products. Several new team members were assigned, including John Gaston, who took over lead development following the departure of Steve O'Donnell in the latter 1970s. (Steve O'Donnell went on to found GOAL Systems, Inc.)

Paris
Westinghouse Marketing suffered a schism about the same time, and the result was that Europe established an independent subsidiary, Westinghouse Electric Management Systems, SA, or WEMSSA, headquartered in Paris. At that point, the Westinghouse product line, WDU and WESTI, bifurcated, taking independent development paths.

Orlando
The original development team moved to Orlando, Florida, where it eventually came under the management of Dr. Ray Ferguson and focused on integration with VSE and matching features with CICS.

Avignon
WEMSSA, under the direction of Eric Lutaud, contracted with GOAL Systems and eventually developer Leigh Lundin (author of DUCS Remote) for development, which focused on adding remote teleprocessing in Avignon, France. The result was WestiTAM, a 4k bi-sync module, which the Florida group expressed an interest in.

In 1978, WEMSSA resumed relations with the Florida group and eventually the two merged, coming under the new director of WEMSSA in London, David Hazlewood. Westinghouse committed to remerging the product line, re-engineering new products under the direction of Dr. Ferguson and Leigh Lundin. However, part way into development, Westinghouse began to break up the division during the outsourcing thrust of the Reaganomics era. Through badly managed negotiations, Westinghouse ended up with neither developers or outsourcing partners, which spelled the end for one of the industries foremost software groups.

Marketing
Westinghouse Electric Management Systems, SA (WEMSSA), had sales offices in Pittsburgh, San Jose, Paris, Lyon, London, Geneva, Zürich, Munich, and Amsterdam. Development offices were in Orlando, with further development in Columbus, Ohio and Avignon, France.

References

Transaction processing
IBM mainframe software


Frontier House is considered the "crown jewel" of Lewiston's historic district and one of the most historic landmarks in Western New York. In the early 1800s it was known as the finest hotel in America, west of Albany.  It has been home to several Niagara County businessmen and honored guests. The building has been on the National Register of Historic Places listings in Niagara County, New York since 1974. It has served as a hotel, private home, a fine dining restaurant, museum, and a fast food establishment (McDonald's). It is found in Western New York, about ten minutes from Niagara Falls.

Early history

The Frontier House, built in 1824, is situated at 460 Center Street, Lewiston, New York, of Niagara County and was hailed as the best hotel west of Albany. Prominent business men of Lewiston, Benjamin and Samuel Barton along with Joshua Fairbanks headed the building of the tavern.

The Frontier House was constructed of stone from the Bay of Quinte at the Northeastern end of Lake Ontario. 18 men worked 18 months in laying up the solid stone 30-inch walls. Fifteen fireplaces would keep visitors warm. Everyone in town could see the smoke bellowing from the chimneys on the east and west side of the building. It was an imposing structure that fulfilled Benjamin Barton's expectations and was ready to house Gov. Dewitt Clinton and other state officials who came to Lewiston after the official opening of the Erie Canal in Lockport. When completed, the structure stood four stories tall. Its rectangular shape, double parallel chimneys, oval windows, full-width porch and hipped roof is characterized as the Federal style of architecture. Benjamin Barton's office was on the first floor with a large ballroom on the second floor. The third floor included fourteen bedrooms with fireplaces and the fourth floor was used for meetings, famously for free masons.

The structure was added to the National Register of Historic places on July 8, 1974.

Guests

Dewitt Clinton, President William McKinley, Samuel Clemens, Charles Dickens, Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, John L. Sullivan and Jenny Lind were all honored guests of the Frontier House. In the 1800s ten coach trains arrived and departed from the Frontier House hotel daily carrying these among other influential people.

Ownership

The hotel was maintained by its descendants and later turned into a private home. George Rector purchased the inn and added the Frontier House Restaurant. Daughters of Rector inherited the hotel in the 1930s. In the economic boom of the 1960s area factories in Niagara Falls were welcoming newcomers at a rate of 11,000. The Frontier House rented its rooms to sleep three for each eight-hour shift because of the growing demand for housing. In June 1964, Mr. and Mrs. James Russell of Buffalo renovated the hotel into a museum and restaurant. Dining rooms, the Lafayette Ballroom was named on the second floor, a Victorian parlor and Early American bedroom styles were presented on the third floor and the fourth was private quarters. In September 1973, the manager and chef of Frontier House were rescued in a fire. One dining room was destroyed along with widespread water damage. Two years later the historic hotel of Lewiston's future was handed to William McDonald, who restored the interior and leased it to the McDonald's food chain. McDonald's closed in 2004, and the structure has been vacant ever since. It was acquired by the village of Lewiston in July 2013.

 1819:  Robert Troup owns property today known as 460 Center Street.
 1824:  Benjamin Barton, his son, Samuel and Joshua Fairbanks reach an agreement with Troup to begin constructing the Frontier House.
 1825:  The Frontier House opens the same year the Erie Canal begins service that switched commerce from Lewiston to Buffalo.
 1826:  William Morgan, the Masonic traitor, was kidnapped by Masons and brought the Frontier House.  He was later transferred to Fort Niagara and disappeared.
 1828:  Benjamin Barton becomes owner of the Frontier House.
 1843:  Amos Tryon becomes owner.
 1844 to 1963:  Generations of the Raymond family own and operate the Frontier House.
 1963:  James Russell Smith buys the Frontier House and later renovates it.
 1969:  Louis Bolis, from Canada, buys the Frontier House.  Local attorney, William McDonald, represents him.
 1977:  McDonald’s Corp. leases the property to operate the fast food franchise. Jorge Garzon is the first franchise owner. Frank Wasko is the manager.
 2000:  Richard Hastings buys the property for $270,000
 2004:  After 27 years, McDonald's closes operations at the site.
 2018:  Mayor Collesano and the Village Board sign an agreement to purchase the Frontier House for $800,000. A provision allows the Village to transfer the agreement to another buyer.
 2019:  Newly elected Mayor Anne Welch finds a private buyer and the agreement is transferred to a partnership of Jeff and Jerry Williams of Lewiston, and William Paladino of Buffalo. The bulk of the mortgage is financed by Lewiston resident, Bill Game.
 2023:  Developers announce $6 million project to fully restore the Frontier House with project completion scheduled for late 2023.

Haunting accounts
The Frontier House of Lewiston is believed to be haunted by a bricklayer who opposed the Free Masons.  William Morgan was kidnapped and held behind the house until he allegedly was imprisoned at Fort Niagara. Hotel employees claimed doors opened and closed voluntarily. Workers during the remodeling of the house for the McDonald's restaurant found tools and other equipment disappear before their eyes. Contractors heard strange sounds and windows opened. The ghost of an elderly man was purportedly seen in the pantry and an employee showering in the residence alleges to have seen the silhouette of a woman. There is a theory that while the structure was being built, one worker fell from the third floor into the basement and died. The legend says that two of his fellow workers stuffed him in a stone used to build the wall of the basement to cover up the evidence.

Gallery

References

External links

A Picture History of Lewiston Landmarks
Frontier House

Hotel buildings completed in 1824
Hotel buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Historic American Buildings Survey in New York (state)
Buildings and structures in Niagara County, New York
McDonald's buildings and structures
National Register of Historic Places in Niagara County, New York
1824 establishments in New York (state)


The Lima culture was an indigenous civilization which existed in modern-day Lima, Peru during the Early Intermediate Period, extending from roughly 100 to 650. This pre-Incan culture, which overlaps with surrounding Paracas, Moche, and Nasca civilizations, was located in the desert coastal strip of Peru in the Chillon, Rimac and Lurin River valleys. It can be difficult to differentiate the Lima culture from surrounding cultures due to both its physical proximity to other, and better documented cultures, in Coastal Peru, and because it is chronologically very close, if not over lapped, by these other cultures as well. These factors all help contribute to the obscurity of the Lima culture, of which much information is still left to be learned.

The Lima civilization was known in part for its ceramic artwork, consisting of styles such as Maranga and Interlocking patterns, which show the influence of the nearby Moche culture. Changes in this pottery style during the Middle Horizon Period also indicate influence from the Wari Empire. Being surrounded by desert, Lima needed to channel water from surrounding rivers in order to cultivate their soil for agricultural purposes. This resulted in the construction and maintenance of an extensive irrigational system, redirecting canals, and method of terracing. The Lima civilization constructed many temples known as wak'as, which are still preserved throughout the city of Lima to this day. Since these archeological sites are buried within modern-day Lima, it is difficult to access the archeological remnants that still exist without disrupting the city, which is another factor that plays a part in the modern-day enigma of ancient Lima culture. Major population centers of ancient Lima were located at Pukllana, Wallamarka, Cajamarquilla, and Pacha Kamaq.

Early development and expansion
The history of early Andean culture is essentially the story of a long process in which man learned to dominate nature, turning a desert into a green oasis. Within the Central Coast there is a strong pattern of architectural evidence that suggests organized communal and cultural activity during the Preceramic and Early Horizon Periods. This set the foundations for development of the Lima culture in the Early Intermediate. Despite the desert conditions prevailing in the coastal region, two factors enabled to areas earliest inhabitants to live off the land. First, the proximity to the sea which provided these groups with a diet of fish and shellfish. The second was the varied climate: from May to October moisture trapped by the hills fed vegetation in the slopes, which early populations could use to supplement their seafood diet.

Later populations were able to develop a limited and primitive agriculture in low-lying areas, irrigated by nearby rivers and freshwater springs. During the Early Horizon Period, groups began to have the advantage of regular rainfall, and they learned how to domesticate plants and animals. A population surplus also led movement towards the coast. This brings us to the Early Intermediate period, where the Lima culture (among many others within a close time period) began to flourish. These cultures learned how to control nature, creating expansive irrigation systems and artificial canals. These systems provide further evidence of the sophistication of the social organization of the Lima culture, which would have been needed to construct, run, and maintain these irrigation systems.

In Coastal Peru, the middle group of rivers of Rimac, Chillon, and Lurin (which flow through what is now metropolitan Lima) serve as the backdrop for the culturally complex and inter-related Lima culture. Small, village scale pyramidal structures in the beginning of the Early Intermediate would slowly transform into the well-organized focus of the successive Lima culture. Evidence of the expansion of Lima culture in ceramics and textiles can be found in surrounding valleys, allowing archaeologists to track the progression of the culture over time.

At the start of the Early Intermediate, population was focused in the upper portion of the Lurin valley, characterized by isolated free standing-houses and short irrigation canals. The population gradually expanded, moving down the valley, and utilizing longer irrigation canals to inter-connected dwellings, and eventually major cities and cultural centers. Elite structures on hilltops also began to occur, which would ultimately become the important Huacas of Lima culture. Near the end of the Early Intermediate Period the Lima culture became entirely dominant. Perhaps the most important center of the culture was the wak'a of Pacha Kamaq, which would continue to be important to many cultures for the next 1000 years.

Major centers

Pucllana

Wak'a Pukllana was a central archeological complex in ancient Lima culture. Also known as Wak'a Juliana, this important administrative and ceremonial center was built around 500. The Wak'a Pukllana was clearly separated by a large wall (north - south direction) into two different parts: The administrative sector and the urban zone were located towards the east of this wall with places presumably used for public meetings, to discuss control and improvement of production. A number of small buildings, squares, ramps, patios and storage rooms completed this part. The ceremonial sector towards the western part of the wall, contained the pyramid (made of adobe bricks, 500 metres long, more than 100 metres wide, 22 metres high) and adjacent places. In this area priests conducted religious ceremonies honoring the Gods and ancestors. The structure of this wak'a serves to strongly reinforce our concepts of the authoritative composition of the Lima culture, clearly indicating a separation between the common population, the administration of the culture, and the religious leaders.

Wak'a Wallamarka
The archaeological compound of Wak'a Wallamarka is only a little smaller than Wak'a Pukllana, and is similarly an adobe scaled pyramid, but this wak'a possesses the unique addition of an impressive access ramp. It is believed that this site was a ceremonial center whose access was possibly restricted to only a religious elite, evinced by the fact that the uncovered floors show little wear from use. Since Wak'a Wallamarka endured over a very long period (one that goes from the 3rd century to the coming of the Incas during the 15th century) the patterns of utilization and abandonment are extremely helpful in indicating the shift in funerary practices over time. This site continues to be a significant source of information for ancient burial practices of the Lima and surrounding cultures. The on-site museum today has examples of funeral bundles and the mummy of a local princess.

Cajamarquilla
The Wak'a Cajamarquilla, located in the Rimac valley, was not a major commercial, not administrative, and not a military site during the Early Intermediate Period, being built around  400-600. Also referred to as "the dead city," Cajamarquilla is entirely built in adobe and is unique in the aspect that it is also comprised by a peculiar set of walled palaces. Cajamarquilla does ' stand out as the second biggest urban complex constructed with mud in the ancient Perú, with its 167 hectares of extension, surpassed only by the citadel of Chan Chan to the North of Lima. This site is contested to have been founded by the Huari civilization, but nonetheless was developed while the valley was under the influence of the Lima culture. This centre of regional influence was assembled by pyramids, squares, streets, rooms and mazes clearly distinguishable in the midst of an arid landscape, harshly beaten by floods during the El Niño phenomenon appearances. Nevertheless, this place sustained a very complete and dynamic civilization, as asserted by: the many human burials located in several sectors; the different decorations on objects, some typical of the valley itself, others from the rest of the Coast and others from the southern Sierra; the many underground cellars to keep food; and by the patios devoted to the production of chicha (an alcoholic beverage obtained from the maceration of corn) for celebrations.

Pachacamac
Wak'a Pacha Kamaq, noted for its great pyramidal temples and frescoed adobe walls, is one of the most important and remarkable sites constructed in the Early Intermediate Period. The shrine of this site was dedicated to the god pacha Kamaq, "architect of the world and creator of all its creatures". Wak'a Pacha Kamaq was the most distinguished pilgrimage destination along the coastal region, drawing worshippers from all over Peru to render tribute and to consult the oracle. The adobe style temple, built entirely on raw mudbricks, has a raised rectangular space in front of it where pilgrims could leave their offerings. This vast religious complex is credited to the Lima culture, being initially constructed and occupied between 200 BC–AD 600. Pacha Kamaq continued to be utilized for well over the next thousand years. The Wari culture arrived in the region around 650 and began to use the city as an administrative center for the coastal Andes. Wari influences appear in the construction of the site and on the ceramics and textiles of this period. Pacha Kamaq was so recognizably crucial to the surrounding cultures, that even after the Inka conquest of the area it was left intact and untampered. The Inka civilization instead allowed it to exist along their own practices, adding their own style to the development. In fact the Inka sector, which was added between 1440 - 1533, remains as the best preserved section today.

Material culture

Textiles
Textiles were considered a symbol of status and wealth, many mummies have been found wrapped in many layers of the finest embroidered tapestries symbolizing a person of power in society. They were constructed of a variation of fibers from plants, usually cotton, and various animal furs (usually alpaca or llama). The particular styles of textile in Lima culture have transformed and evolved over time, yielding a variety of textile patterns throughout the culture's history. Segments of Lima culture weaved fine-looking multicolored tapestries and blankets and dyed their creations with natural dyes of which they created more than 190 different shades. At certain periods the textiles used geometric, anthropomorphous and animal designs such as birds and felines. Depicting inanimate objects as animals is a common practice in Andean art, which conveys an association between the object and the qualities that the animal embodies. Textiles would be woven for everything from everyday clothing, to ceremonial robes for religious and political elites, burial mantels and wall-hangings for temples and palaces. It is also clear that the ancient Lima culture appreciated pattern and design for its own sake, as seen in their extensive use of the interlocking pattern in their designs. In this pattern, a series of geometrically stylized animal or human figures interlock so skillfully that the same pattern appears when the fabric is looked at from upside down, and sometimes it is difficult or impossible to determine where one image ends and another starts.

Written communication
Since the Ancient Peruvians never developed a system of writing, the images and signs woven into cloths or embroidered and painted on fabrics served as a pictorial language to communicate their beliefs about their world. That language has a naturalistic base but it privileges stylization, reducing natural forms to their essential characteristics so that what is represented is a general archetype.

Ceramics

The ceramics of the Lima culture was developed from the local red and white ceramics of the middle coast. Black, strong colouring and random negative ornament painting are typical of it. Geometric designs which represented crested snakes with triangle-heads are the common ornamental motifs. Ceramics were constructed in various ways, but the use of mold technology is evident. This would have enabled the mass production of certain forms. Ceramics of the Lima culture vary widely in shape and theme, with important social activities documented in pottery, including war, sex, metalwork, and weaving. (SeeMoche Material Culture)

Cosmology
The world view for central Andean cultures was essentially magical-religious. They saw the world as being animated by spirits, and the fertility of the land and health of the people depended on the good will of these spirits. This explains the pattern of human sacrifices found during times of drought or flooding; sacrifices were performed to appease and show respect for the gods. This is also supported by the imagery found on ceramics and textiles depicting sacrifices for a god or deity, and tributes that were presented at temples, such as Pachacamac.

Drug use
Small mortars (grinding bowls), snuff spoons, and wooden tray artifacts indicate that drug usage was particularly prevalent in the Lima culture. Coca leaves were especially common, chewed as a substance to alleviate hypoxia and altitude sickness (useful in highland cultures) and to help ease hunger, useful in times of food scarcity. Hallucinogenic drugs, found in certain cactuses in the area, were also most likely used in religious ceremonies to induce visions, and as a method to increase closeness with the gods.

Iconography
Male and female figures, and even some that might be additional genders, as well as environmental information, plants, animals, architectural portrayals, subsistence activities, and so on are repeatedly portrayed in Lima culture. One scene that is particularly repetitive is the sacrifice scene, collecting the victim's blood and presenting it to a deity-like figure. From the study of iconography we can tell male and female from body shape, and thus see associated clothes, hairstyles, etc., and correlate these with activities and specific personalities. The goldwork in Colombia portrays animals, usually birds, jaguars, caimans, sharks, probably tied in with shamanism and drug use. Birds and simulations of flight are often related to the supernatural and to hallucinations generated by snuff, coca, other drugs. Specific images that are repeated are a frontal staff bearing figure which represents either human or supernatural power. Trophy heads of slain enemies are also common, and these indicate the belief that "blood fertilized the earth" and human sacrifice was required to please the gods. A two-headed snake symbolizes "the supernatural force that maintains the harmony of the cosmos by uniting the opposed but complementary parts making it up." Special attention is also allotted to fish and sea-birds, since they were a source of food and fertilizer for the fields, and thus were the basis of life in the coastal region.

Sacrifice
Sacrifice was very common in early Andean cultures, and the Lima culture is no exception. Sacrifices would be made to pacify gods, or as part as religious and ceremonial rituals. Human burials, particularly of children, found underneath dwellings related to the belief that this class of offering would contribute to the long life of the building. This custom is still rooted in the cultural tradition of Andean communities, although human beings have been replaced by animals or special objects.

Authoritative forces
During the Early Intermediate Period, society in Lima culture began to transition. Cultures that were once thought to be group or "bottom-up" oriented in authoritative structure, and perhaps were, began to develop a social, political, and religious elite. Wealth and power differences became especially notable in architectural structures and layouts (shown in the complexes of Pukllana, Cajamarquilla, Wallamarka, and Pacha Kamaq) as well as in contrasts in the abundance of material wealth possessed by different families. Once in power, these elite individuals must have been involved in underwriting and directing the creation of art and architecture, which further perpetuated their control over the remaining members of the group, and thus sufficiently established an elite authoritative force.

Claims of an elite class are substantially supported by ceremonial burials and funerary practices uncovered by archaeologists. There are obvious differences in burials between members of the Lima culture. Certain sites, such as the Burial at Sipán, have been uncovered that clearly indicate an elite person. The amount and wealth of objects included in certain burials contrasted with the emptiness and simplicity of others make it obvious that there was an elite and privileged ruling class. It is also apparent that there was a religious ruling class, which is demonstrated by the enclosed construction of religious spaces and temples at important Huacas, meant to restrict access to the religious and political elite, which further reinforced elite power and made the rest of the population even more dependent on the instruction of the ruling class.

Decline
Starting around 600, climatic and environmental changes in the Andean region were brought about by cycles of droughts and El Niño phenomenon. The Lima and surrounding cultures underwent radical reorganizations and shifting populations in order to compensate for the change in rainfall and water availability, which negatively impacted crops and damaged huacas and dwellings. This marked the beginning of the decline of the Lima culture. As its people were slowly dispersed across Peru in search of better and more reliable living situations, the conglomerate of Lima culture was steadily disbanded, and new culture groups developed and dominated Coastal Peru.

References

Andean civilizations
Archaeological cultures of South America
Archaeology of Peru
History of Lima


Holding Trevor is a 2007 American gay romantic-drama written by and starring Brent Gorski as Trevor and produced and directed by Rosser Goodman.

Plot
Young, friendly, and intelligent, Trevor Holden (Brent Gorski) is in a stalemate. Entangled in an unhealthy relationship with Darrell (Christopher Wyllie), a seductive but self-destructive heroin addict, and trapped at a low-paying job, Trevor finds scant comfort in Los Angeles' vapid party scene, where conversation rarely rises above inquiries like "So, are you an actor?" Worse still, he and his two best friends - roommate Andie (Melissa Searing) and singer Jake (Jay Brannan) - are being pulled apart by boredom and discontent. At the hospital for his boyfriend's latest overdose, Trevor finds a potential new beginning in Ephram (Eli Kranski), a medical intern with ambition, a warm demeanor and strikingly good looks. After they spend a romantic evening together, Trevor seems poised to make some changes. He begins by ending his relationship with Darrell and then strives to reconnect with Andie and Jake. But what should be a joyous event - a party celebrating a negative HIV test - results in Andie secretly discovering she is HIV positive because of a drunken hookup. Later on, Trevor gets into a fight with Darrell at the party, which is overheard by the guests and causes a rift between Trevor and Ephram. Trevor is devastated by the tragic death of Darrell after an overdose. Ephram informs Trevor of Darrell's death and seeks to comfort him in the aftermath. After being offered a job in New York City, Ephram confesses his love for Trevor and suggests he abandon his life in Los Angeles and come live with him. Andie, reeling from her frightening revelation, seeks comfort in Trevor and pleads with him to not leave. Trevor is torn between pursuing the love of his life or staying to assist a dear friend in need. Trevor remains committed to bettering his life, but realizes that some people are too precious to abandon.

Cast
 Brent Gorski as Trevor Holden
 Christopher Wyllie as Darrell
 Jay Brannan as Jake
 Melissa Searing as Andie
 Eli Kranski as Ephram

Soundtrack
"Suburbia Floating" (Composed by Scott Starrett)
"Dark Delay" (Composed by Robert Heskin)
"Dirty Numbers" (Written by Aaron Tashjian, Performed by Swig Tooth)
"Envelope Marked X" (Composed by Gravity Terminal)
"Bypassed" (Composed by Gravity Terminal)
"Stop" (Written and performed by Alex Davis)
"Athletico" (Composed by Jeremy Sherman)
"Spanish Rumba" (Composed by Daniel Cox)
"Bolero del Sol" (Composed by Chuck Henry)
"Red Queen" (Written and performed by Gabe Lopez
"Beautiful Lies" (Written by Stuart Mathis, Holly Mathis and Deanna Dozier, performed by Deanna Dozier, recorded by Stuart Mathis)
"Running from the Sum" (Written by Michael Frieman and performed by Check in the Dark)
"Lower My Gun" (Written and performed by Jay Brannan)
"Far Too Deep" (Written and performed by Gabe Lopez)
"Rewind" (Written and performed by Aaron Tashjian)

Critical reception
The film received mostly poor reviews from critics, but was internationally acclaimed. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 13% of professional critics gave the film a positive review, with a rating average of 3.8 out of 10. Most critics panned the film's plot. Dennis Harvey of Variety magazine called it a "vanity project" and said that the film "comes off as Joan Crawford-esque, star-flattering melodrama on an Amerindie scale", while Julia Wallace of Village Voice stated: "There's nothing to fill up the 88 minutes of the film except for the idle bitchery spewed by nearly every character."

References

External links

2007 films
2007 romantic drama films
American LGBT-related films
American romantic drama films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films


Love Lifted Me is the first solo studio album by Kenny Rogers for United Artists Records, released in 1976. This is Rogers' first solo effort following the break-up of The First Edition earlier that year.

The album was a minor success, reaching #28 on the Country charts.  Two singles were released from the album including the title track, a 1912 gospel hymn (released as a single in 1975), which hit #19 on the U.S. Country charts and crossed to the U.S. Hot 100 by ranking #97.  The second single, "While The Feeling's Good" hit #46 on the U.S. Country charts.

Track listing

Personnel
 Kenny Rogers – lead vocals
 George Richey, Hargus "Pig" Robbins – piano
 Billy Sanford, Dale Sellers, Fred Carter Jr., Jack Eubanks, Jerry Shook, Jimmy Capps, Jimmy Colvard, Kelso Herston, Pete Wade – guitars
 Pete Drake – steel guitar
 Tommy Allsup – six-string bass guitar
 Bob Moore – upright bass
 Buddy Harman, Jerry Carrigan, Kenny Malone – drums
 Bill Justis – string arrangements
 Carol Montgomery, The Jordanaires – backing vocals

Production
 Producer – Larry Butler
 Engineers – Billy Sherrill (tracks 1, 2 & 5-10); Rick Horton (track 4).
 Album Design – Leonard Spencer
 Front Cover Photograph – Reid Miles
 Back Cover Photograph – John Brandon

References

Kenny Rogers albums
1976 debut albums
United Artists Records albums
Albums arranged by Bill Justis
Albums produced by Larry Butler (producer)


Lunatics and Poets is a 2004 album by the Red Elvises.

Track listing
Ocean
Venice, USA
Night Butterfly
Love Rocket
Wind
Winter Reggae
Ticket To Japan
Memoirs Of A Phuket Geisha
Juliet
Tchaikovski
Party Like A Rock Star
This Music Is Wasted If We Don't Dance

All songs written by Igor Yuzov

Personnel

 Igor Yuzov - Banjo, Bass, Composer, Guitar, Vocals
 Oleg Bernov - Bass, Engineer, Guitar, Percussion, Programming, Vocals
 George Earth - Theremin
 Chris Golden - Bass
 Ted Kamp - Bass (Acoustic)
 Nickolai Kurganov - Violin
 Dmitri Mamokhin - Trumpet
 Oleg Schramm - Accordion, Organ (Hammond), Piano
 Jay Work - Flute, Saxophone
 Toshi Yanagi - Guitar
 Adam Gust - Drums
 Evan Biegel - Engineer
 Barry Conley - Mixing
 Erik Hockman - Mastering, Mixing
 Christie Moeller - Package Design

References

Red Elvises albums
2004 albums


BD-17°63 b, formally named Finlay, is an extrasolar planet located approximately 112.5 light-years away in the constellation of Cetus, orbiting the 10th magnitude K-type main sequence star BD-17°63. This planet has a minimum mass of 5.1 MJ and orbits at a distance of 1.34 astronomical units from the star. The distance ranges from 0.62 AU to 2.06 AU, corresponding to the eccentricity of 0.54. One revolution takes about 656 days.

This planet was discovered on October 26, 2008 by Moutou et al. using the HARPS spectrograph on ESO’s 3.6 meter telescope installed at La Silla Observatory in Atacama desert, Chile.

The planet BD-17 63 b is named Finlay. The name was selected in the NameExoWorlds campaign by Cuba, during the 100th anniversary of the IAU. Carlos Juan Finlay (1833–1915) was an epidemiologist recognized as a pioneer in the research of yellow fever.

An astrometric measurement of the planet's inclination and true mass was published in 2022 as part of Gaia DR3.

See also
 HD 143361 b
 HD 145377 b
 HD 153950 b
 HD 20868 b
 HD 43848 b
 HD 48265 b
 HD 73267 b

References

External links

Exoplanets discovered in 2008
Giant planets
Cetus
Exoplanets detected by radial velocity
Exoplanets detected by astrometry
Exoplanets with proper names


La Luz del Ritmo ("The Light of Rhythm") is the fifteenth album by Argentine ska band Los Fabulosos Cadillacs. After a 7-year-long hiatus of the group in which some of the members of the band spent some time in their own projects, Los Fabulosos Cadillacs regrouped to launch a very anticipated disc which includes 5 new songs, 6 remakes and 2 covers, all new versions.

The most important single was the new version of Padre Nuestro, with a very different Cumbia tone, and a video that set the theme for the new style and the new album.

The title track is featured in football video game by EA Sports, FIFA 10.

Reception
The AllMusic review by Mariano Prunes awarded the album 3 stars stating "Their vastly improved musicianship is very much on display here, particularly in the new versions of very early songs such as "Basta de Llamarme Así" or "El Genio del Dub," but it's not enough to make up for the lack of inspiration in the new material and the covers. The new songs are all correct LFC tunes but, with the possible exception of Rotman's jaunty "El Fin del Amor," hardly memorable, and a bit too much on the auto celebratory side for a band usually concerned with more pressing matters. All in all, La Luz del Ritmo is a decent comeback card, but still remains the least essential of all the Los Fabulosos Cadillacs' releases.".

Track listing

 "La luz del ritmo" ("The Light of Rhythm") (Flavio Cianciarulo) – 4:05
 "Mal bicho"("Bad Bug") (Flavio Cianciarulo) – 3:51
 "Flores" ("Flowers") (Flavio Cianciarulo)  – 3:54
 "Padre nuestro" ("Our Father")  (Vicentico)  – 4:34
 "Nosotros egoístas" ("We the Selfish Ones")  (Flavio Cianciarulo) – 3:42
 "Hoy" ("Today") (Vicentico)  – 4:23
 "Should I Stay or Should I Go" (Joe Strummer / Mick Jones)   – 2:58
 "El genio del dub" ("The Geine of Dub") (Sergio Rotman - Fernando Ricciardi – Flavio Cianciarulo – Vicentico) – 4:37
 "Basta de llamarme así" ("Stop Calling Me That") (Vicentico)  – 4:16
 "El fin del amor" ("The End of Love") (Sergio Rotman) – 2:11
 "Muy, muy temprano" ("Too, Too Soon") (Vicentico - Flavio Cianciarulo) – 5:07
 "Wake Up and Make Love with Me" (Ian Dury - Chas Jankel) – 5:34
 "Condenaditos" ("Damned Little Ones") (Vicentico – Gerardo Rotblat) – 5:11

Personnel

 Vicentico – vocals
 Flavio Cianciarulo – bass
 Sergio Rotman – sax
 Mario Siperman – keyboard
 Fernando Ricciardi – drums
 Daniel Lozano – trumpet

Sales and certifications

External links
Los Fabulosos Cadillacs Official Web Site
La Luz del Ritmo at MusicBrainz
[ La Luz del Ritmo] at Allmusic

References

2008 albums
Los Fabulosos Cadillacs albums


The Rising Tide is a novel about issues confronting women in the years just before suffrage by the American writer Margaret Deland (1857–1945) set in the 19th century fictional locale of Mercer, an Ohio River community that represents Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

The novel tells the story of Frederica Payton, a "new woman" who illustrates the extremes of the feminist question.

It was first published in installments in Harper's Monthly from December 1915 through October 1916.

External links
The Rising Tide (1916) ( Internet Archive e-text)

References

1916 American novels
Novels set in Pittsburgh
Novels set in the 19th century
Novels first published in serial form
Works originally published in Harper's Magazine
Harper & Brothers books


Rokenrol is a 2002 album by the Red Elvises.

Track listing
Odessa
Sunshine (in English)
Natasha Loves Reggae
Guitarist
Pilorama
Superment
Juliet (in English)
I Want You
On Wings of Love
Besbashenni Muson
Moscow
Let Them Talk
Paravos

All songs in Russian except where noted.

Red Elvises albums
2002 albums


HD 145377 b is an extrasolar planet located approximately 180 light-years away This planet was discovered on October 26, 2008 by Moutou et al. using the HARPS spectrograph on ESO's 3.6 meter telescope installed at La Silla Observatory in Atacama desert, Chile.

See also

 BD-17°63 b
 HD 131664
 HD 143361 b
 HD 147513 b
 HD 153950 b
 HD 20868 b
 HD 43848
 HD 48265 b
 HD 73267 b

References

External links

Exoplanets discovered in 2008
Giant planets
Scorpius
Exoplanets detected by radial velocity


HD 153950 b, also known as Trimobe, is an extrasolar planet located approximately 162 light-years away. This planet was discovered on October 26, 2008 by Moutou et al. using the HARPS spectrograph on ESO's 3.6 meter telescope installed at La Silla Observatory in Atacama desert, Chile.

The planet HD 153950 b is named Trimobe. The name was selected in the NameExoWorlds campaign by Madagascar, during the 100th anniversary of the IAU. Trimobe is a rich ogre from Malagasy tales.

Characteristics

Mass and orbit
HD 153950 b is a Jupiter-size exoplanet. The estimated minimum mass is 2.73 times the mass of Jupiter. The planet has been found to orbit its host star every 500 days at a distance of 1.28 AU, which is approximately 28% more of the mean distance between the Sun and the Earth. HD 153950 b has a mildly elliptical orbit, given its orbital eccentricity of 0.34.

Temperature
The temperature of the exoplanet is likely to vary during its orbit, temperatures would likely range from  as it approaches its periastron/apastron of its orbit. This would also likely apply to a potentially habitable hypothetical moon orbiting the gas giant exoplanet (see below).

Host star

HD 153950 is an F-type star with a mass that is 1.13 times the mass of the Sun and a size that is 1.34 times the radius of the Sun. In other words, it is slightly more massive and slightly larger than the Sun is. With an effective temperature of 6076 K, HD 205739 is also hotter than the Sun, although it is younger, at an estimated age of 4.3 billion years, 250–300 million years younger than the Sun. The star is almost the same as the Sun in terms of metal; its measured metallicity is [Fe/H] = -0.01. HD 153950 cannot be seen from Earth with the naked eye because the star has an apparent magnitude (V) of 7.39.

Habitability
HD 153950 b is located within the habitable zone of its star. The exoplanet, with a mass of 2.73 , is too massive to be rocky, and because of this the planet itself is not expected to habitable. However, based on a probable 10−4 fraction of the planet mass as a satellite, it may have a large enough moon with a sufficient atmosphere and pressure, and liquid water at its surface, potentially making it habitable. On the other hand, this mass can be distributed into many small satellites as well.

Discovery

HD 153950's designation is from the Henry Draper catalogue. The star was also observed by Hipparcos, which released its catalogue in 1997. The observations that led to the discovery of the planet HD 153950 b started when the N2K Consortium started an extended search for planets around 300 stars not usually targeted by Doppler spectroscopy surveys. In the case of HD 153950, the star was observed using telescopes at the La Silla Observatory in Chile.

See also
 BD-17°63 b
 HD 131664
 HD 143361 b
 HD 145377 b
 HD 20868 b
 HD 43848
 HD 48265 b
 HD 73267 b

References

External links

Exoplanets discovered in 2008
Giant planets
Scorpius
Exoplanets detected by radial velocity
Exoplanets with proper names
Giant planets in the habitable zone


HD 73267 b is an extrasolar planet located approximately 164 light-years away. This planet was discovered on October 26, 2008 by Moutou et al. using the HARPS spectrograph on ESO's 3.6 meter telescope installed at La Silla Observatory in Atacama desert, Chile. In 2022, the inclination and true mass of HD 73267 b were measured via astrometry.

See also

 BD-17°63 b
 HD 131664
 HD 143361 b
 HD 145377 b
 HD 153950 b
 HD 20868 b
 HD 43848
 HD 48265 b
 HD 73256 b

References

External links

Exoplanets discovered in 2008
Giant planets
Pyxis
Exoplanets detected by radial velocity
Exoplanets detected by astrometry


HD 20868 b is an extrasolar planet located approximately 156 light-years away in the constellation of Fornax, orbiting the 10th magnitude K-type subgiant star HD 20868. This planet has a minimum mass of 1.99 times more than Jupiter and orbits at a distance of 0.947 AU. This planet takes 380.85 days or 12.5 months to revolve around the star with an eccentricity of 0.75, one of the most eccentric of any known extrasolar planets. At periastron, the distance is 0.237 AU and at apastron, the distance is 1.66 AU.

The planet HD 20868 b is named Baiduri. The name was selected in the NameExoWorlds campaign by Malaysia, during the 100th anniversary of the IAU. Baiduri means opal in Malay language.

This planet was discovered on October 26, 2008 by Moutou et al. using the HARPS spectrograph on ESO’s 3.6 meter telescope installed at La Silla Observatory in Atacama desert, Chile.

See also
 BD-17°63 b
 HD 131664
 HD 143361 b
 HD 145377 b
 HD 153950 b
 HD 20782 b
 HD 43848
 HD 48265 b
 HD 73267 b

References

External links

Exoplanets discovered in 2008
Giant planets
Fornax
Exoplanets detected by radial velocity
Exoplanets with proper names


HD 143361 b is an exoplanet located approximately 224 light-years away in the constellation of Norma, orbiting the 9th magnitude G-type main sequence star HD 143361. This planet has a minimum mass of 3.0 times that of Jupiter. Because the inclination was initially unknown, the true mass was not known. This planet orbits at a distance of 2.0 AU with an orbital eccentricity of 0.18.

This object was detected using the radial velocity method during an astronomical survey conducted by the Magellan Planet Search Program using the MIKE echelle spectrograph on the 6.5-m Magellan II (Clay) telescope. In 2023, the inclination and true mass of HD 143361 b were determined via astrometry.

References

External links

Exoplanets discovered in 2008
Giant planets
Norma (constellation)
Exoplanets detected by radial velocity
Exoplanets detected by astrometry


HD 48265 b is an extrasolar planet located approximately 293 light-years away in the constellation of Puppis, orbiting the 8th magnitude G-type main sequence star HD 48265. This planet has a minimum mass of 1.47 times that of Jupiter. Because the inclination is not known, the true mass is not known. This planet orbits at a distance of 1.81 AU with an orbital eccentricity of 0.08.

As part of the NameExoWorlds project of the IAU, HD 48265 b has been named "Naqaỹa" ("brother") and HD 48265 "Nosaxa" ("springtime") in the Moqoit language, as voted by Argentine voters in an online poll.

References

External links

Exoplanets discovered in 2008
Giant planets
Puppis
Exoplanets detected by radial velocity
Exoplanets with proper names


The Yorba Hacienda was a domestic dwelling constructed by Bernardo Yorba on the Rancho Cañón de Santa Ana Mexican land grant, and located in the present city of Yorba Linda, California. It was notable as the seat of the wealthiest member of the Yorba family and as the largest adobe hacienda in Alta California.

Construction

On August 1, 1834, Mexican Governor José Figueroa granted to Bernardo Yorba  on the north side of the Santa Ana River, about four miles upstream from the José Antonio Yorba hacienda "El Refugio" on Rancho Santiago de Santa Ana.

Bernardo Yorba Hacienda
In 1835, Bernardo Yorba began construction on a two-story adobe house that was to be one of the finest and largest in all of Alta California. Construction was completed in stages over several years. The main buildings were arranged to form three sides of a square and boasted 200 rooms, although older, more conservative accounts list at least fifty rooms. The southern face of the main structure was measured to be 106 feet in length and surviving photographs show it to be over 20 feet at the peak of the roof. Pine beams were cut and brought by oxen from the San Bernardino Mountains to add support to the structures. Indian servants who made the adobe bricks used in construction lived in their own camp closer to the river, past the chapel just east of the northern end of the old Yorba Bridge (now Imperial Highway bridge).

Iglesia de San Antonio
Around the time of Bernardo's death in 1858, a small adobe chapel, Iglesia de San Antonio, was built about 1,000 yards southwest of the residence. It was dedicated on April 29, 1860 to San Antonio, patron saint of the Yorba household. In the 1890s the adobe chapel was so weathered that a wooden church was built a few yards away on the west side. The wooden church was abandoned about 1948 and was gone by 1956.

Yorba Cemetery

About the time the adobe chapel was built, a plot of land on the hill overlooking the hacienda to its southeast was set aside as the Yorba Cemetery. Over 400 people were buried there through the 1930s. Bernardo's remains, those of his second wife, and eight other Yorbas were re-interred there in 1923 when the Old Calvary Cemetery in Los Angeles was closed due to construction. The last burials were in 1939.

Life at the Hacienda
The rancho headquarters, Hacienda de San Antonio, was also known as Rancho San Antonio. Other names include San Antonio de Santa Ana or San Antonio de los Yorbas. This was the center of all activity in the area in that time. In 1842, Governor Manuel Micheltorena stayed at the Yorba homestead and supplied his soldiers with provisions from the ranch. On January 6, 1847 General Stephen W. Kearny and Commodore Robert F. Stockton camped just down stream from the hacienda, in a Yorba irrigation ditch which ran from the Santa Ana River to Santa Ana Vieja. Just days later they won the Battle of Rio San Gabriel near Los Angeles, securing southern California for the Americans and leading to the end of Mexican rule in California.

Being far from the nearest town, Los Angeles, Bernado Yorba thought it wise to have all the trades represented on site. There were four woolcombers, two tanners, one soapmaker, and one butter and cheese man who supervised the milking of 50 to 60 cows. There was also a harness maker, two shoe makers, a jeweler, and one plasterer as well as a carpenter and a blacksmith. Yorba also had two errand boys, one sheepherder, a cook and a baker. Also employed were two washer women, one woman to iron, four sewing women, a dressmaker, two gardeners, a schoolmaster and winemakers. Among the wines made, Angelica and Port are mentioned, as well as the distilling of whiskey and brandy. Provisions were brought all the way from San Francisco for the hacienda; dates, dried fruits, fancy crackers and candy were also supplied to surrounding ranches. About 100 Gabrieleño Indians worked for Bernardo Yorba on the rancho, living in a nearby village.

As the auxiliary alcalde, Bernardo needed a place to keep lawbreakers. A jail was located between the main residence and the schoolrooms. The dark cellar below ground was called the 'dungeon' where criminals were locked up.

After the death of Bernardo Yorba in 1858, the Indian servants left and the hacienda went into a slow decline as property and land was divided among the Yorba heirs.

Destruction
In 1917 and again in late 1919, Don Meadows and Roch Bradshaw, two local students, visited the ruins to measure, photograph and study the site. Don Meadows would later write a short account of their explorations, published as "The House of Bernardo Yorba" by the Orange County Historical Society. The Yorba family and the County Supervisors could not agree on the amount of land to be set aside for the preservation of the Yorba home. In 1926 the property's owner, Samuel Kraemer, demolished the building to prevent further vandalism, and plowed in a new barley field on the site. All the adobe ruins and the remaining trees were torn down and deposited into a barranca nearby. The Yorba cemetery closed in 1939 and thereafter vandals destroyed or stole many of the grave markers.

Present day

The site of the hacienda is registered by the state as California Historical Landmark #226. A stone marker, placed by the California Centennials Commission and dedicated 3 May 1950, has a bronze plaque titled "Site of Don Bernardo Yorba Hacienda" which gives a brief summary of the historical background of the site. The marker faces south and is located on the northeast corner of Esperanza Road and Echo Hill Lane in Yorba Linda, at the entrance to the Fairmont Hill community. According to the plaque, the base was furnished by the Placentia Round Table Club and supposedly contains some of the original adobe bricks from the hacienda structure salvaged from the barranca where it was dumped. There are a few red bricks found on the backside, but most of the base seems to be made of large stones cemented together. The site marker is actually 55 yards northeast from the east wall of the original main structure. Based on survey reports registered with the county, the true site of this structure is parallel with the road in what is now the westbound fast lane of Esperanza road on the north side of the center divider, midway along the left turn lane opposite Echo Hill Lane.

The Yorba Cemetery, now surrounded by Woodgate Park and Woodgate Condominium Association, is the only surviving part of the Yorba Hacienda. The cemetery was deeded to the county of Orange in 1967 and is presently (2010) administered by the county parks department. Restoration efforts are underway and tours are available.

See also
 Ranchos of Orange County
 Ranchos of California
 List of Ranchos of California
California Historical Landmarks in Orange County, California

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links
 Microsoft Live Search Maps: Aerial view – Yorba Hacienda
 Orange County Historical Society | Yorba Hacienda
 State Historical Landmarks in Orange County: Yorba Hacienda
 Yorba Linda History website

Adobe buildings and structures in California
History of Orange County, California
Houses completed in 1837
Houses in Orange County, California
Santa Ana River
Yorba Linda, California
California Historical Landmarks
1837 establishments in Alta California
Mexican California
Haciendas
Demolished buildings and structures in California
Buildings and structures demolished in 1926


The Real Audiencia and Chancery of Lima () was a superior court in the New World empire of Spain, located in the city of Lima, capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru. It was created on November 20, 1542 as was the viceroyalty itself, by the Emperor Charles V. The Audiencia began functioning in 1543 and initially had jurisdiction over the entire viceroyalty—virtually all of Spanish-controlled South America and Panama. Later other audiencias were established in the Viceroyalty. The Audiencia functioned until 1821 when the forces of José de San Martín entered Lima.

Subsequent divisions

In 1559 part of the territory of the Lima Audiencia was separated and given over to a new Audiencia of Charcas, and in 1563 an Audiencia of Quito was established with jurisdiction over the northern territories of the viceroyalty. By the time the Recopilación de Leyes de Indias was published in 1680, the territory of the Lima Audiencia was defined in Law V of Title 15 as:

In the City of the Kings Lima, head of the provinces of Peru, shall reside another of our Royal Audiencias and Chancellery, with a viceroy, governor and captain general and lieutenant ours, who shall be president; eight judges of civil cases [oidores]; four judges of criminal cases [alcaldes del crimen]; and two crown attorneys [fiscales], one for civil cases and one for criminal ones; a bailiff [alguacil mayor]; a lieutenant of the Gran Chancellor; and the other necessary ministers and officials; and which shall have for district the coast from said city until the Kingdom of Chile exclusive, and until the Port of Paita inclusive; and inland to San Miguel de Piura, Cajamarca, Chachapoyas, Moyobamba and Los Motilones, inclusive and until El Collao, exclusive, along the borders determined for the Royal Audiencia of la Plata, and the City of Cusco and its [dependencies], inclusive, sharing borders in the north with the Royal Audiencia of Quito; in the south with the one of La Plata and in the west with the South Sea and in the east with undiscovered provinces, according to what is contained in, and pointed out, in Law 14 of this title.

References

Colonial Peru
Lima
Viceroyalty of Peru
Legal history of Peru
1542 establishments in the Viceroyalty of Peru
1542 establishments in the Spanish Empire
1542 establishments in South America
1821 disestablishments in the Spanish Empire
1820s disestablishments in South America


HD 131664 is an 8th magnitude star in the southern constellation of Apus with an orbiting brown dwarf or stellar companion. Parallax measurements by the Gaia space observatory provide an estimated distance of 172.5 light years from the Earth. The system is moving further away with a baseline heliocentric radial velocity of +35 km/s.

The primary component is an ordinary G-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of G3 V. The star is particularly metal-rich ([Fe/H] = 0.28) in comparison with the mean metallicity of the solar neighborhood. It is about 2.3 billion years old with a projected rotational velocity of 3 km/s. The star has 110% of the mass of the Sun and 116% times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 160% of the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,901 K.

The discovery of a brown dwarf in orbit around HD 131664 was announced on October 26, 2008 and designated HD 131664 b. The object was detected from Doppler measurements of the host star between 2004 and 2008. This object has a minimum mass of 18.15 times that of Jupiter and orbits in a long-period, eccentric orbit that completely overlaps the star's habitable zone. As of 2009, this period (1,951 days or 5.34 years) was among the dozen longest exoplanet periods known. Follow-up studies with data from the Hipparcos and Gaia satellites further constrained the predicted mass of the companion, providing a best estimate of , or about 0.12 times the mass of the Sun.

References

G-type main-sequence stars
Brown dwarfs
Apus
Durchmusterung objects
131664
073408


Under arms describes a state of military readiness (actual or ceremonial). Typically,  troops  are considered "under arms"  when they are in uniform, on duty, and carrying a weapon (rifle, side-arm, or sword), as opposed to being in uniform, on duty, but not carrying a weapon.

Soldiers not actually carrying a weapon but wearing a service belt or web gear associated with carrying weapons may be considered to be symbolically "under arms".

Soldiers normally remove headgear while indoors; however, soldiers who are under arms normally wear their headgear indoors, with a few exceptions.

References

Military organization


HD 43848 is a 9th magnitude K-type subgiant star located approximately 123 light-years away in the constellation of Columba. The star is less massive than the Sun.

On October 29, 2008, radial velocity measurements made with the MIKE echelle spectrograph on the 6.5-m Magellan II (Clay) telescope revealed the presence of a companion of at least 25 Jupiter masses orbiting the star. Initially thought to be a brown dwarf, astrometric measurements reveal that the true mass of the object is 120 Jupiter masses, implying that it is likely to be a red dwarf star.

See also

 BD-17°63 b
 HD 131664
 HD 145377 b
 HD 153950 b
 HD 20868 b
 HD 73267 b

References

K-type subgiants
043848
029804
Columba (constellation)
M-type main-sequence stars
Durchmusterung objects


Sir James Stephen (3 January 1789 – 14 September 1859) was the British Undersecretary of State for the Colonies from 1836 to 1847. He made an important contribution to the Slavery Abolition Act 1833.

Early life
Stephen was born at Lambeth, the third son of James Stephen and brother to George Stephen (1794–1879). An attack of smallpox during James' infancy caused a permanent weakness of eyesight. He was under various schoolmasters, including John Prior Estlin and the Rev. Henry Jowett of Little Dunham, Norfolk. In 1806 he entered Trinity Hall, Cambridge, where he learnt as little as if he had passed the time "at the Clarendon Hotel in Bond Street." He took the LL.B. degree in 1812, having been called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn on 11 November 1811. His father, who was just leaving the bar, transferred some practice to his son, who also began to make a digest of colonial laws. Henry Bathurst, 3rd Earl Bathurst, who was in sympathy with the "Clapham Sect," allowed him to inspect official records for the digest, and in 1813 appointed him counsel to the Colonial Office. His duty was to report upon all acts of the colonial legislatures. The work increased, but he was also allowed to practice privately, and in a few years was making £3,000 a year, and in a fair way to the honours of the profession.

Colonial Office career
On 22 December 1814 Stephen married Jane Catherine, who was the daughter of John Venn, rector of Clapham, one of the founders of the Church Missionary Society. In 1822 Stephen had a severe illness caused by exhaustion. He decided in 1825 to accept the offer of the post of permanent counsel to the Colonial Office and to the Board of Trade, abandoning his private practice.

In 1834 Stephen was appointed assistant undersecretary of state for the colonies, and in 1836 under-secretary, giving up his position in the board of trade. The duties became onerous. He had a high reputation for his knowledge of constitutional law, and as an administrator. He gained influence with his superiors, and his colleague, Sir Henry Taylor, said that for many years he "literally ruled the colonial empire." The impression of his influence gained him the nicknames of "King Stephen" and "Mr. Oversecretary Stephen".

Stephen had accepted his position partly with a hope of influencing policy on the slavery question. When abolition became inevitable, he was called on to draw up the Slavery Abolition Act passed in 1833. Between the noons of Saturday and Monday he dictated an elaborate bill of sixty-six sections. He also was writing for the Edinburgh Review, and suffered a breakdown.

In April 1837 one of the principal thoroughfares of Melbourne, Australia was named Stephen Street in his honour.

In later years Stephen was involved in the establishment of government in Canada; and his views are said to have been more liberal than those of the government. Esteemed by his official superiors, he used formality to keep others at a distance. The health of his youngest son induced him in 1840 to take a house at Brighton for his family, to which he could make only weekly visits. From 1842 to 1846 he lived at Windsor, in order to send his sons to Eton College. In 1846 he was summoned to Dresden by the illness of his eldest son, who died before his parents could reach him. In 1847 he resigned his post. He was made a K.C.B. and a Privy Councillor.

Teaching and writing

Stephen had meanwhile become known as a writer by a series of articles in the Edinburgh Review, the first of which (on William Wilberforce) appeared in April 1838. They were written in the intervals of his official work, generally in the early morning. He carefully disavowed any pretence to profound research. The articles had, however, shown considerable historical knowledge as well as literary power. He had partly recovered strength, and was anxious for employment.

In June 1849 Stephen was appointed Regius Professor of Modern History at the University of Cambridge, a chair vacant by the death of William Smyth. He delivered a course of lectures on the history of France during the summers of 1850 and 1851, which were published in 1852, and praised by De Tocqueville. Another severe illness in the summer of 1850 had forced him to spend a winter abroad. From 1855 to 1857 he held a professorship at the East India Company College, Haileybury, which had been sentenced to extinction. He continued to lecture at Cambridge, but the history school then had little prestige. Keynes asserts in his biography of Malthus that Sir James Stephen was "the last holder" of Malthus's chair at Haileybury, which Malthus had held for thirty years until his death in 1834. Leslie Stephen "used to think nothing" of walking from  Cambridge to visit his father at Haileybury.

Retirement and death

Stephen passed the last years of his life mainly in London. In 1859 his health showed serious symptoms, and he was ordered to Bad Homburg, Prussia. Becoming worse, he started homewards, but died at Koblenz, Prussia on 14 September 1859. He was buried at Kensal Green Cemetery, London. His widow died in 1875. They had five children:

Herbert Venn Stephen (1822–1846)
Frances Wilberforce Stephen (1824–1825)
Sir James Fitzjames Stephen (1829–1894)
Sir Leslie Stephen (1832–1904)
Caroline Emelia Stephen (1834–1909)

There is a bust of him, by Marochetti, in the National Portrait Gallery, London.

Works
Essays in Ecclesiastical Biography, 1849; 5th edit. 1867 (with life, by his son, J. F. Stephen).
Lectures on the History of France, 1852

References

Attribution

Further reading
 McCulloch, Samuel Clyde. "James Stephen and the Problems of New South Wales, 1838-1846" Pacific Historical Review 26#4  (1957), pp. 353–364 online
 Shaw, Alan GL. "James Stephen and colonial policy: The Australian experience." Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 20.1 (1992): 11-34.
 McBride, Keally. Mr. Mothercountry: The Man Who Made the Rule of Law. Oxford University Press, 2016.

External links

1789 births
1859 deaths
Alumni of Trinity Hall, Cambridge
Permanent Under-Secretaries of State for the Colonies
Stephen-Bell family
Civil servants in the Board of Trade
Civil servants in the Colonial Office
Members of HM Government Legal Service
Regius Professors of History (Cambridge)
Burials at Kensal Green Cemetery
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom


Sceloporus occidentalis biseriatus is a subspecies of the western fence lizard. The common name of S.o. biseriatus is the San Joaquin fence lizard. There are several subspecies of the western fence lizard, all of which are found in the far western part of North America.

See also
 Coast Range fence lizard
 Island fence lizard
 Northwestern fence lizard

Notes

References
 Hobart M. Smith (1995) Handbook of Lizards: Lizards of the United States and of Canada, Cornell University Press, 557 pages
 C. Michael Hogan (2008) "Western fence lizard (Sceloporus occidentalis)", Globaltwitcher, ed. Nicklas Stromberg

Sceloporus