Martin Derek Bright (born 5 June 1966) is a British journalist. He worked for the BBC World Service and The Guardian before becoming The Observer's education correspondent and then home affairs editor. From 2005 to 2009, he was the political editor of New Statesman. He had a blog for The Spectator, and was The Jewish Chronicle's political editor from September 2009 to March 2013. In 2014 he took a position at the Tony Blair Faith Foundation, but resigned after five months over a lack of editorial autonomy.

Since the late twentieth century, he has particularly covered the rise of Muslim extremism, terrorist attacks in Britain and abroad, and aspects of British governmental relations with the Muslim community in the United Kingdom.

In 2009 Bright founded New Deal of the Mind, a charitable company to promote employment in creative fields and working with organisations, government and all political parties.

Career
In 2001, Bright wrote "The Great Koran Con Trick", an article in the New Statesman about the work of the Orientationalist scholars John Wansbrough, Michael Cook, Patricia Crone, Andrew Rippin and Gerald Hawting, associated in the 1970s with the University of London's School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS). He reported the work of the scholars as "revisionist history" of Islam. They have developed new techniques of analysis, in some cases adopting methods from earlier biblical studies and using a wider range of sources, including non-Muslim, non-Arabic texts. Their conclusions have included:
little is known about the life of the Muslim prophet Mohammad;
rapid expansion of the religion could be due to its appeal "of conquest and jihad for the tribes of the Arabian peninsula";
the Koran as known was likely compiled, or written long after Mohammad's death in 632 AD.
Arabs and Jews were allied against Christianity in the earliest days of Islam; and
some scholars have suggested that Islam, like Christianity, may be considered a "heretical branch of rabbinical Judaism."

Bright's arguments were ridiculed and debunked by the very scholars—including his own former SOAS tutor, Professor Gerald Hawting—whose work he drew upon to support his cover story. Three of these scholars wrote to the New Statesman raising objections to the article with one commenting that the "spurious air of conspiracy and censorship conjured up in Martin Bright‘s article is nonsense".

New archeological finds, such as scraps of manuscript at the Great Mosque of Sana'a in Yemen, have supported suggestions of the development of the Koran over time. Some of the scholars reportedly disagreed with Bright's characterization of their work. The article was considered controversial among traditionalist Muslims. The Muslim intellectual Ziauddin Sardar argued the SOAS scholars approached the material from a Eurocentric point of view.

In a documentary, Who Speaks for Muslims? (2002), and When Progressives Treat with Reactionaries: The British State's flirtation with radical Islamism (2006), a report for the Policy Exchange, Bright has examined issues of the contemporary Muslim community in the United Kingdom and the government's relationship with its constituencies. This has been a focus of his journalism.

Bright left the New Statesman in January 2009, and began writing a blog, "The Bright Stuff – Dispatches from Enemy Territory," for The Spectator.

In January 2009, Bright formed New Deal of the Mind, a coalition of artists, entrepreneurs, academics and opinion formers working to boost employment in Britain's creative sector during the recession. The organisation was launched formally at Number 11 Downing Street on 24 March 2009. The launch seminar was attended by more than 60 of Britain's leading creative industry figures, as well as several ministers and politicians from across the political spectrum.

In September 2009, Bright joined The Jewish Chronicle as political editor. He left the publication in March 2013, but returned as a columnist, remaining until January, 2014.

In January, 2014, he took a position at the Tony Blair Faith Foundation as editor of a new website on religion and globalisation produced in conjunction with the Harvard Divinity School. He resigned after five months, feeling Blair did not give him the autonomy he needed.

Marriage and family
Bright is married to Vanessa Thorpe, the arts correspondent of The Observer; the couple have two children.

Works
He was presenter of Channel 4's 30 Minutes documentary, Who Speaks For Muslims? (2002), about the Muslim community in the United Kingdom. The Muslim Council of Britain sent a letter to Channel 4 protesting what it described as several errors in the documentary, as well as a generally negative tone suggesting it supported radical Islam.
Bright wrote When Progressives Treat with Reactionaries: The British State's flirtation with radical Islamism (2006), a report exploring British state funding of political Islam and Foreign Office overtures to radical groups. It was published by Policy Exchange, which Bright described as a centre-right thinktank.
 Martin presented the documentary Vanished: the Surrey Schoolgirl about an unsolved missing person case he reported on in the mid-1990s.

Legacy and honours
2009, Bright was on the journalism long list for the Orwell Prize.
Bright's Observer article on whistleblower Katharine Gun features prominently in the film Official Secrets, where Bright is played by Matt Smith.

References

External links
Martin Bright, "The great Koran con trick", The New Statesman, 10 December 2001
Martin Bright, "Vanished: the Surrey schoolgirl", Real Stories, 27 April 2018

Living people
1966 births
British male journalists
British male bloggers
British critics of Islam
Online journalists
People educated at Queen Elizabeth's Hospital, Bristol


Luther Prentice Bradley (December 8, 1822 – March 13, 1910) was an American soldier who served as a Union general officer during the American Civil War.

Early life
Bradley was born in New Haven, Connecticut on December 8, 1822. He held various commands in Connecticut militia, where he acquired basic military education. He served as a lieutenant in the Connecticut militia for a short time, but his mother opposed this because he was her only son. In 1855, he moved to Chicago, Illinois, and entered the book business. Also Bradley was a captain in the 1st Illinois Militia and later a lieutenant colonel of the "Chicago Legion".

Civil War
When the American Civil War began in 1861, Bradley chose to enlist in the Union cause. At first his mother opposed this, but he wrote her a letter in which he told of his need to serve in the military for his country. He was appointed a lieutenant colonel in the 51st Illinois Infantry Regiment on November 6.

Under Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell, he fought with his regiment at the capture of Island Number Ten in New Madrid, Missouri, and at the occupation of Nashville, Tennessee. On October 15, 1862, he was promoted to colonel, and then he participated in the Battle of Stones River that winter. He was severely wounded during the September 1863 Battle of Chickamauga where he commanded a brigade.

Bradley was then appointed a brigadier general in the Union Army, to rank from July 30, 1864. He participated in the Atlanta Campaign, during which he commanded a brigade in Newton's Division of IV Corps in the Army of the Cumberland. Bradley fought in Tennessee at the Battle of Spring Hill on November 28, 1864, and was once again wounded. His injury prevented him from leading his brigade during the Battle of Nashville that followed on December 15–16.

Postbellum

Bradley left the volunteer army at the end of the Civil War in 1865. He was appointed Lieutenant Colonel of the newly formed 27th US Infantry on July 28, 1866. He married Ione Dewey in 1867. He became Colonel in 1879. Dewey accompanied him to various locations in the Indian Country from the beginning of their marriage until 1886. He was involved in the construction of several western forts used during the Indian Wars. He also attended the Centennial Exposition in 1876 as an official attendee for the Army.

Bradley retired on December 8, 1886, after he reached the then-statutory age of 64. He died at Tacoma, Washington in 1910, and is buried in Section 2 of Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia.

See also

List of American Civil War generals (Union)

Notes

References

External links
 Luther P. Bradley Collection US Army Heritage and Education Center, Carlisle, Pennsylvania

1822 births
1910 deaths
Union Army generals
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Military personnel from New Haven, Connecticut


Jekyll + Hyde is the fourth studio album by American country music group Zac Brown Band. It was released on April 28, 2015. The album's lead single, "Homegrown", was released on January 12, 2015. "Heavy Is the Head", featuring Chris Cornell, was released two months later to the rock format. "Loving You Easy" is the album's second release to country, and third single overall.

Promotion
The band played the songs "Homegrown" and "Dress Blues" from the album at the 2015 College Football Playoff National Championship pregame show. On March 7, 2015, the band performed "Homegrown" and "Heavy Is the Head" on Saturday Night Live, the latter performed with Soundgarden frontman Chris Cornell who provides guest vocals on the track. The band embarked on their Jekyll + Hyde Tour in May 2015 in promotion of the album.

Commercial performance
The album debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 album chart on the week ending May 3, 2015, earning 228,000 album-equivalent units (214,000 copies of traditional sales), making it their third number one album on the Billboard 200 chart. The album was certified Gold by the RIAA on September 11, 2015. As of August 2016, the album has sold 672,400 copies in the United States.

Critical reception

Carl Wilson of Billboard rated it 3.5 out of 5 stars. His review stated that "The album is a good-faith effort to match or even outstrip the band's onstage eclecticism, and the musical personality shifts help relieve the group's tendency to blandness, providing cover for Brown's dutifully generic, if personable voice. Some longer-standing fans, though, might judge the changes as diabolical as the two-faced Robert Louis Stevenson character that lends the album its name." He also thought that "Dress Blues" was the strongest track. Also giving it 3.5 out of 5, Thom Jurek of Allmusic expressed general favor in the variety of stylistic choices, highlighting "Dress Blues", "Junkyard", "Remedy", "Loving You Easy", and "One Day" in particular, adding that "The stylistic range of Jekyll + Hyde proves that ZBB's reach is almost limitless, and this set will more than likely delight the group's legions of fans." However, he criticized "Wildfire" and the acoustic rendition of "Tomorrow Never Comes" as "unnecessary" and thought that the production was "too bright". Giving it 3 out of 5 stars, Will Hermes of Rolling Stone praised the variety of musical styles on the album, but felt that some of the songs were "a little predictable". He thought that "Dress Blues", written and originally recorded by Jason Isbell, was the strongest track.

Writing for Entertainment Weekly, Kyle Anderson rated the album "C+", stating that "Brown rarely fails to push the boundaries of the genre. It's an admirable outlook to have in the oft-stuffy world of Nashville formalism, and it has led his band to multiplatinum success. But the group's fourth studio full-length goes miles beyond even their most off-the-beaten-path excursions, and not always for the better...Though Brown's vocals adjust to Jekyll + Hydes multiple personalities, he can't provide enough continuity to keep the album cohesive, and the borderline-goofy gambits are more distracting than interesting. The album certainly proves that ZBB have range. But at some point, experimentation swerves into self-indulgence, and Brown never gets around to solving Jekyll's identity crisis." He thought that "Young and Wild" and "Heavy Is the Head" were the strongest tracks. Jon Caramanica of The New York Times gave a mixed review, stating that the album "suggests a path forward. Rather than follow the hip-hop hybrids of the day, the album offers a huge amalgam of soft rock, country-rock, hard rock, heavyish metal, big band music, bluegrass and, yes, a touch of electronic music." Caramanica was also critical of Brown's singing, saying that his "unimaginative voice can gum up a song, as it does here on 'Dress Blues,' and he rarely moves past lyrical platitudes. When he evokes Kenny Rogers, as on 'One Day,' it's effective, but more often it's a liability." He also thought of the musical arrangements that "Even when Mr. Brown is taking it easy, though, the band is working hard, eager to show it's trapped inside a flimsy box."

Track listing

Personnel
Compiled from liner notes.

Zac Brown Band
 Zac Brown – lead vocals, acoustic guitar, electric guitar, banjo, programming
 Coy Bowles – electric guitar, slide guitar, resonator guitar, Hammond organ, Wurlitzer electric piano
 Clay Cook – background vocals, piano, keyboards, electric guitar, Mellotron, Hammond organ, ukulele, clavinet, pedal steel guitar, Fender Rhodes, Wurlitzer electric piano, glockenspiel, National guitar
 Daniel de los Reyes – percussion
 Jimmy De Martini – background vocals, violin, fiddle, strings, cello, acoustic guitar
 Chris Fryar – drums
 John Driskell Hopkins – background vocals, baritone guitar, acoustic guitar, electric guitar, banjo, ukulele
 Matt Mangano – acoustic bass guitar, bass guitar, upright bass, acoustic guitar, electric guitar

Additional musicians
 Sara Bareilles – duet vocals (track 5)
 Vinnie Ciesleski – trumpet (track 5)
 Chris Cornell – duet vocals (track 6)
 Donald Dunlavey – electric guitar (track 6)
 Béla Fleck – banjo (tracks 9, 13)
 Barry Green – trombone (track 5)
 Steve Herrmann – trumpet (track 5)
 John Hinchey – trumpet (track 5)
 Jim Hoke – tenor saxophone (track 5), flute (track 5)
 Byron House – upright bass (track 16)
 Jewel – background vocals (track 11)
 Jay Joyce – percussion (track 4), programming (track 4)
 Randy Leago – baritone saxophone (track 5)
 Michael McGoldrick – Uileann pipes (track 3), Irish flute (track 3), pennywhistle (track 3)
 Niko Moon – background vocals (track 1), programming (tracks 3, 13)
 Mickey Raphael – harmonica (track 16)
 Darrell Scott – acoustic guitar (tracks 3, 16), electric guitar (tracks 3, 6), banjolin (track 3), pedal steel guitar (tracks 6, 16), background vocals (tracks 6, 14), "acoustic stringed instrument" (track 14), piano (track 16)
 Ben Simonetti – programming (tracks 1, 2, 3, 10, 12), trumpet (track 10)

Choir on "Remedy" and "I'll Be Your Man": Darrell Scott, Maureen Murphy, Sarah Dugas, John Cowan, Odessa Settles, Rick Jones, Jason Eskridge

Technical
 Brandon Bell – engineering (tracks 3, 6, 8, 11, 13, 14, 15), mixing (tracks 11, 14, 15)
 Chris Bellman – mastering (all tracks)
 Mario Borgatta – mix assistant (track 13)
 Zac Brown – production (tracks 4, 7)
 Martin Cooke – engineering (track 13)
 Paul Cossette – engineering (track 7)
 Rich Costey – mixing (track 13)
 Nicholas Fournier – engineering (track 13)
 CeeLo Green – production (track 10)
 Jason Hall – mixing (track 4), engineering (tracks 4, 7)
 Jim Hoke – production (track 5)
 In the Arena Productions – production (all tracks except 4, 7)
 Jay Joyce – production (tracks 4, 7), mixing (track 4)
 Kyle Lehning – engineering (track 5)
 Sean Phelan – engineering (track 10)
 Anthony Ruotolo – engineering (track 5)
 Andrew Scheps – mixing (all tracks except 4, 9, 11, 13, 14)
 Darrell Scott – production (tracks 3, 5, 6, 14)
 Ben Simonetti – engineering (tracks 1, 2, 5, 6, 9, 10, 12, 16), mixing (track 9)
 Kyle Stevens – engineering (track 6)
 Tom Syrowski – engineering (track 6)

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

References

2015 albums
Zac Brown Band albums
Big Machine Records albums
Republic Records albums


Elsie Gertrude Mackay (20 February 1893–February 6, 1963) was an Australian-born actress who appeared on stage in the United States and Britain between 1914 and the early 1930s, and after 1934 performed on radio in Australia.

Stage career

Mackay was born on 20 February 1893 in Roebourne, Western Australia, to wealthy pastoralist Samuel Peter Mackay and Florence Gertrude Mackay of Mundabullangana Station.

Mackay's education was completed at a finishing school in Switzerland. In 1910 her father remarried and her new step-mother was actress Fanny Dango. Dango's relatives Millie Hylton and George Grossmith Jr introduced her to the London stage. On 19 April 1914 she became understudy to Mrs. Patrick Campbell.

She became a player in the Cyril Maude Company, touring the United States in 1915. In 1916, she joined Herbert Beerbohm Tree's company on its tour of the United States, consistently taking the role of leading ladies and acting under the direction of David Belasco.

Mackay's US stage career included:
 A Woman's Name,
 Grumpy at Hollis Street Theatre, Boston. 27 March 1915–16.
 Colonel Newcome 1917

On Broadway she performed in:
 Another Man's Shoes, 1918, where she replaced Alma Tell as Lionel Atwill's leading woman,
 A Well-Remembered Voice, 1919
 As You Like It, as Rosalind 1919,
 Clarence, as Violet Pinney 1919,
 Poldekin, as Maria 1920,

Deburau, as Marie Duplessis, 1921,
 The White-Faces Fool, 1922

 The Comedian, as Jacqueline, 1923,
 The New Gallantry, 1925.

Her only film role was the female lead in the silent comedy Nothing But the Truth opposite Taylor Holmes.
Motion Picture News of Jan-Feb 1920 noted it was her first film but reported that she "does not register... a screen personality. She appeared somewhat camera conscious... and did not photograph well."

In December 1933 she returned to Australia with her English-born second husband, actor Max Montesole. Together the two gave recital tours and were in radio theatre.

Personal life

In 1920  Mackay became the second wife of actor Lionel Atwill.

Mackay and Montesole married in 1933 at St. Germans, Cornwall, England. The couple moved to Australia in late 1933 where they worked together, often on radio. Montesole died in Perth in 1942. Elsie married James Stanley Smith in 1957. She died in Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia in 1963 as Elsie Gertrude Smith. She was buried with her father, brother Peter and her stepmother Fanny Dango.

References

Links

 Nick Murphy, , at the Forgotten Australian Actors website, 7 April 2018

20th-century Australian actresses
1893 births
Actresses from Western Australia
People from the Pilbara
1963 deaths
20th-century Australian women
Australian people of Scottish descent
Burials in Victoria (state)
Australian expatriate actresses in the United States
Australian stage actresses


The VAX 4000 is a discontinued family of low-end minicomputers developed and manufactured by Digital Equipment Corporation (later Compaq) using microprocessors implementing the VAX instruction set architecture (ISA). The VAX 4000 succeeded the MicroVAX family, and shipped with the OpenVMS operating system. It was the last family of low-end VAX systems, as the platform was discontinued by Compaq.

VAX 4000 Model 300

The VAX 4000 Model 300, code-named "Pele", was introduced on 9 July 1990 at DECworld in Boston, Massachusetts, replacing the MicroVAX 3800 and 3900. It used the time-sharing KA670-AA CPU module containing a 35.71 MHz (28 ns cycle time) Rigel chip set with a 128 KB external secondary cache protected by ECC built from 84 ns SRAM. It supported one to four MS670-BA (32 MB) or MS670-CA (64 MB) memory modules for 32 to 256 MB of memory. Q-bus was used for expansion. The Model 300 could be upgraded to a Model 400, Model 500 or Model 600 by replacing the backplane, CPU and memory module(s).

VAX 4000 Model 200

VAX 4000 Model 200, code-named "Spitfire", was introduced in January 1991 as replacement for the MicroVAX 3400. It was positioned beneath the VAX 4000 Model 300. It used the KA660 CPU module containing a 28.57 MHz (35 ns cycle time) SOC microprocessor. It supported 16 to 64 MB of memory.

VAX 4000 Model 500

The VAX 4000 Model 500, code-named "Omega/N", was introduced on 30 October 1991, with availability in December 1991. It succeeded the VAX 4000 Model 300, but the older system remained available as a lower cost alternative. It used the KA680 CPU module containing a 71.43 MHz (14 ns cycle time) NVAX microprocessor with 128 KB of external tertiary cache.

VAX 4000 Model 100

The VAX 4000 Model 100, code-named "Cheetah-Q", is an entry-level VAX 4000 system introduced on 7 July 1992. It used the KA52 CPU module containing a 72 MHz (14 ns cycle time) NVAX microprocessor with 128 KB of external tertiary cache. It supported up to 128 MB of memory.

VAX 4000 Model 400

The VAX 4000 Model 400, code-named "Slow-mega", was a distributed server, positioned as a mid-range VAX 4000 system, introduced on 7 July 1992. It used the KA675 CPU module containing a 63 MHz (16 ns) NVAX microprocessor with uCode patch changes to slow it down beyond the cycle scaling, with 128 KB of external tertiary cache. It supported 16 to 512 MB of memory.

VAX 4000 Model 600

The VAX 4000 Model 600, code-named "Omega/N+", was a distributed server, positioned as a high-end VAX 4000 system, introduced on 7 July 1992. It used the KA690 CPU module containing an 83 MHz (12 ns) NVAX microprocessor with and 512 KB of external tertiary cache.

VAX 4000 Model 100A

The VAX 4000 Model 100A, code-named "Cheetah-Q", was introduced on 12 October 1993. It used the KA52 CPU module containing a 72 MHz (14 ns cycle time) NVAX microprocessor with 128 KB of external tertiary cache. It supported up to 128 MB of memory.

VAX 4000 Model 500A

The VAX 4000 Model 500A, code-named "Omega/N", was introduced on 12 October 1993. It used the KA681 CPU module containing a 71.43 MHz (14 ns cycle time) NVAX microprocessor with 128 KB of external tertiary cache.

VAX 4000 Model 600A

The VAX 4000 Model 600A, code-named "Omega/N+", was introduced on 12 October 1993. It used the KA691 CPU module containing an 83 MHz (12 ns cycle time) NVAX microprocessor with 512 KB of external tertiary cache.

VAX 4000 Model 700A

The VAX 4000 Model 700A, code-named "Legacy", was introduced on 12 October 1993. It used the KA692 CPU module containing a 100 MHz (10 ns cycle time) NVAX microprocessor with 2 MB of external tertiary cache.

VAX 4000 Model 105A

The VAX 4000 Model 105, code named "Cheetah-Q+", was introduced on 12 April 1994. It used the KA53 CPU module containing an 83 MHz (12 ns cycle time) NVAX microprocessor with 128 KB of external tertiary cache. It supported up to 128 MB of memory.

VAX 4000 Model 505A

The VAX 4000 Model 505A, code-named "Omega/N+", was introduced in late August 1994. It used an 83 MHz (12 ns) NVAX microprocessor with 512 KB of external tertiary cache.

VAX 4000 Model 705A

The VAX 4000 Model 705A, code-named "Legacy+", was introduced in late August 1994. It used the KA694 CPU module containing a 111.12 MHz (9 ns cycle time) NVAX microprocessor with 2 MB of external tertiary cache.

VAX 4000 Model 106A

The VAX 4000 Model 106A, code-named "Cheetah-Q++", used the KA54 CPU module containing a 100 MHz (10 ns cycle time) NVAX microprocessor with 512 KB of external tertiary cache. It was replaced by the VAX 4000 Model 108.

VAX 4000 Model 108

The VAX 4000 Model 108, code-named "Cheetah-Q++", was introduced on 8 October 1996 to replace the VAX 4000 Model 106A. It was discontinued on 30 September 2000, with the last systems shipped on 31 December 2000. It used the KA57 CPU module containing a 100 MHz (10 ns cycle time) NVAX microprocessor with 512 KB of external tertiary cache. It supported up to 256 Mb of memory with SIMMs using an industry standard form factor, double that of the previous model. The change from a proprietary SIMM to an industry standard SIMM was to lower costs, which also included reducing the size of the enclosure and more provisions for disks.

VAX 4000 Model 50

The VAX 4000 Model 50, code-named "VAXbrick", was an upgrade for MicroVAX 3x00 or VAX 4000 Model 200. It used the KA600 CPU module containing a NVAX microprocessor.

Notes

External links

DEC minicomputers
Computer-related introductions in 1990


The VAX 6000 is a discontinued family of minicomputers developed and manufactured by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) using processors implementing the VAX instruction set architecture (ISA). Originally, the VAX 6000 was intended to be a mid-range VAX product line complementing the VAX 8000, but with the introduction of the VAX 6000 Model 400 series, the older VAX 8000 was discontinued in favor of the VAX 6000, which offered slightly higher performance for half the cost. The VAX 6000 family supports Digital's VMS and ULTRIX operating systems.

Cabinet

The VAX 6000 was housed in a cabinet which contained three card cages in the upper portion: a 14-slot XMI card cage on the right for CPU and memory modules, and optional VAXBI Bus hardware on the left. The VAXBI hardware distinguished two versions of the VAX 6000 platform, XMI-1 and XMI-2. XMI-1 differed from XMI-2 by requiring a DWMBA adapter and the presence of two 6-slot VAXBI channels, whereas in the XMI-2 platform, VAXBI was an optional feature and, if required, it was provided as a single 12-slot channel. In both versions, VAXBI was provided by two 6-slot VAXBI card cages.

Below the card cages was the cooling system, which took up most of the volume in the cabinet. The bottom of the cabinet contained a provision for an optional battery backup unit and two RA90 or RA92 hard disk drives. The battery backup unit could provide power to the system for one second in the event of a power failure, after which the system ceased to operate, but continued to preserve the data in the cache and memory for ten minutes.

The cabinet was  high,  wide and deep; and weighed .

VAX 6000 Model 2x0
 (Previously known as the VAX 62x0)
 Code named "Calypso"
 Introduced on 19 April 1988
 One to four 12.5 MHz (80 ns cycle time) CVAX chip set(s), each with an external 256 KB of secondary cache built from 160 ns SRAM
 (The number of chip sets present determined the value of "x").
 Maximum of 256 MB of ECC memory

VAX 6000 Model 3x0
 (Previously known as the VAX 63x0)
 Code named "Hyperion"
 Introduced on 24 January 1989
 One to six KA62B CPU modules, each containing a 16.67 MHz (60 ns cycle time) CVAX+ chip set with 256 KB of external secondary cache clocked at 8.33 MHz (120 ns cycle time)
 (The number of CPU modules present determined the value of "x").
 Maximum of 256 MB of ECC memory

VAX 6333

The VAX 6333 was a prepackaged VAXcluster of three VAX 6330 (VAX 6000 Model 330) systems. Bundled with the SA650 Storage Array, the VAX 6333 cost US$2.8 million.

VAX 6000 Model 4x0

The VAX 6000 Model 4x0, code-named "Calypso/XRP", was introduced on 11 July 1989. It used the KA64A CPU module and could be configured with one to six such modules for one to six processors. The KA64A contained a 35.71 MHz (28 ns cycle time) Rigel chip set with an external 128 KB B-cache (L2 cache). The B-cache was direct-mapped and used a 64-byte cache line size with a 16-byte sub-block size. It was constructed from twenty-four 64 KB (4-bit by 16,384-word) 15 ns SRAMs. The module also contained a REXMI chip set, whose purpose was to interface the Rigel chip set's DAL (data and address line) bus to the XCI ASIC, the user side of the XMI corner interface. The REXMI chip set was composed of the XCA controller/address chip and two XCP data path chips. The XCA and XCP were ASICs developed using a standard-cell methodology and fabricated in Digital's CMOS-2 process. The Rigel chip set's DAL (data and address line) bus was interfaced to the XMI corner (a section of a XMI module containing XMI bus logic) and then to the XMI bus by the REXMI interface. A maximum of 256 MB of ECC memory was supported.

VAX 6000 Model 5x0
 Code named "Calypso/XMP"
 Introduced on 25 October 1990
 One to six KA65A CPU modules, each containing a 62.5 MHz (16 ns cycle time) Mariah chip set with 512 KB of external secondary cache
 (The number of CPU modules present determines the value of "x").
 Maximum of 512 MB of ECC memory

VAX 6000 Model 6x0

Code-named "Neptune", it was introduced on 30 November 1991. The Model 600 used the KA66A CPU module, which contained an 83.33 MHz (12 ns cycle time) NVAX microprocessor accompanied by an external 2 MB B-cache (L2 cache) and may have one to six such modules. The NVAX was connected to the NEXMI ASIC via the NDAL bus, a 64-bit address data multiplexed system bus clocked at 27.78 MHz (36 ns cycle time). The NEXMI ASIC interfaced the NVAX to the XMI2 bus, by providing functions such as the translation of NDAL bus commands to XMI bus commands. It also implemented the ROMBUS used by supporting devices on the CPU module such as the console. The NEXMI was a semi-custom ASIC fabricated in Digital's CMOS-3 CMOS process. It contained 0.25 million transistors on a 0.595 by 0.586 inch die packaged in a custom 339-pin ceramic pin grid array (CPGA). The system supported a maximum of 1 GB of memory.

References

DEC minicomputers
Computer-related introductions in 1988


Mahmood Abdulrahman Mohammed Noor Abdulrahman (Arabic: محمود عبد الرحمن; born 1984 in Muharraq), also known as Ringo, is a Bahraini footballer. He currently plays for Manama Club as well as the Bahrain national football team. He was named Player of the tournament when Al-Muharraq won the 2008 AFC Cup.

Abdulrahman has made several appearances for the Bahrain national football team, including 14 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifying matches.

Ringo re-joined Muharraq again at 2010, and won the 2010-11 Bahraini Premier League.

International goals
Scores and results list Bahrain's goal tally first.

References

External links

1984 births
Living people
Bahraini men's footballers
Bahraini expatriate men's footballers
Bahrain men's international footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Kuwait
Bahraini expatriate sportspeople in Kuwait
Al-Shamal SC players
Al-Markhiya SC players
Al-Muharraq SC players
Manama Club players
2007 AFC Asian Cup players
2011 AFC Asian Cup players
Footballers at the 2006 Asian Games
Men's association football midfielders
Asian Games competitors for Bahrain
Qadsia SC players
Kuwait Premier League players


The VAX 7000 and VAX 10000 are a discontinued family of high-end multiprocessor minicomputers developed and manufactured by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), introduced in July 1992. These systems use NVAX microprocessors implementing the VAX instruction set architecture, and run the OpenVMS operating system.

They were designed in parallel with the DEC 7000 AXP and DEC 10000 AXP server computers, and were identical except for the CPU modules used and the supported I/O bus interfaces. Digital intended customers of the VAX 7000/10000 to eventually upgrade to the Alpha-based configuration, the AXPs, by simply swapping the VAX-based CPU module(s) for those based on the Alpha.

Models

VAX 7000
There were three models of the VAX 7000.

Model 6x0

The Model 6x0, code-named "Laser/Neon", was announced on 7 July 1992 in Zurich, Switzerland with the United States announcement on 15 July. It supported one to four 90.91 MHz (11 ns cycle time) NVAX+ microprocessors, with the value of "x" being 1 to 4.

Model 7x0

The Model 7x0, code-named "Laser/Krypton", was introduced in August 1994. It supported one to six 137.5 MHz NV5 (also known as NVAX++) microprocessors, with the value of "x" being 1 to 6.

Model 8x0

The Model 8x0, code-named "Laser/Krypton+", supported one to six 170.9 MHz NV5 microprocessors, with the value of "x" being 1 to 6.

VAX 10000
The VAX 10000 was essentially a larger configuration of the VAX 7000. Both shared the same System Cabinet, but the VAX 10000 was configured as standard with one Expander Cabinet housing storage devices, and one Battery Cabinet housing an uninterruptible power supply. These were optional for a VAX 7000 system.

There was one model of the VAX 10000, the Model 6x0. Code-named "Blazer/Neon", it supported one to four 90.91 MHz (11 ns) NVAX+ microprocessors, with the value of "x" being 1 to 4.

CPU module

The initial Model 600 used the KA7AA CPU module, which contained a 90.91 MHz (11 ns cycle time) NVAX+ microprocessor with 4 MB of B-cache (L2 cache). Later, the clock frequency of microprocessor featured was increased. The Model 700 used the KA7AB CPU module containing a 133.33 MHz (7.5 ns cycle time) NVAX++, and the Model 800 used the KA7AC CPU module featuring a 170.9 MHz NVAX++.

The CPU modules had two LEVI gate arrays which interfaced the microprocessor to the Laser System Bus, the system bus.

Memory

The VAX 7000/10000 supported a maximum of 3.5 GB of memory. This was a limitation of the VAX architecture, which had 36-bit addressing which was common to all VAX hardware.

References
 Rifkin, Glenn (7 July 1992). "Digital Has New Models Of Computer". The New York Times.
  Computer Business Review (23 August 1994).

DEC minicomputers
Computer-related introductions in 1992
32-bit computers


The VAX 8000 is a discontinued family of superminicomputers developed and manufactured by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) using processors implementing the VAX instruction set architecture (ISA).

The 8000 series was introduced in October 1984 with the 8600, taking over the high-end of the VAX lineup. Originally known as the 11/790, it offers performance roughly double that of the earlier 11/780. It was succeeded by the 8650 (formerly the 11/795) in December 1985. January 1986 saw the introduction of the 8200 and 8300 families in the mid-range. The 8800 replaced the 8600s at the high end in 1987, with the 8700 and 8500 being lower-performance versions of these systems. DEC also offered various clusters of these machines with a variety of model numbers. As with other VAX systems, they were sold with either the VMS or Ultrix operating systems.

It was intended that the 8800 was to have been replaced by the VAX 9000 on the high end, but this project failed. Instead, the VAX 6000, originally a mid-range model replacing the 8700/8500, was upgraded to provide almost the same level of performance of the 8800 but at half the cost. All of these were replaced by the VAX 7000/10000 in July 1992. These are single-chip implementations based on the NVAX CPU and are the final dedicated VAX machines.

VAX 8600

The VAX 8600, code-named "Venus", introduced in October 1984, is the successor of the VAX-11/785. It was originally to be named "VAX-11/790", but was renamed before launch. The VAX 8600 was a successful model and at the time was the best selling high-end VAX. It was succeeded by the VAX 8800 family in 1987.

The VAX 8600 has a CPU with an 80 ns cycle time (12.5 MHz) implemented with emitter coupled logic (ECL) macrocell arrays (MCAs). The CPU consists of four major logical sections, the E Box, F Box, I Box and M Box. The E Box executes all instructions, including floating-point instructions through microcode. It has an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and barrel shifter. The F Box, or floating point accelerator (FPA), is an optional feature that accelerates floating-point instructions as well as integer multiplication and division. It is a two-module set consisting of an adder module and multiplier module. The adder module contains 24 macrocell arrays while the multiplier module contains 21. The I Box fetches and decodes instructions. The M Box controls the memory and I/O, translates virtual addresses to physical addresses and contains a 16 KB data cache.

The CPU used 145 MCAs. These are large scale integration devices fabricated by Motorola in their 3 µm MOSAIC bipolar process. They are packaged in 68-pin leadless chip carriers or pin grid arrays and are mounted onto the printed circuit board in sockets or soldered in place. An additional 1,100 small scale integration (SSI) and medium scale integration (MSI) ECL logic devices are used. These ICs are spread out over 17 modules plugged into a backplane.

The VAX 8600 supports 4 to 256 MB of ECC memory and has eight slots on the backplane for memory modules. The system originally used 4 MB memory modules populated by 256 KBit metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) RAMs, which limits capacity to 32 MB. Modules with larger capacities were introduced later. The memory is controlled by the M Box, which also provides the memory array bus used to access the memory. This dedicated bus, which has an 80 ns (12.5 MHz) cycle time, contributes to the improved performance the VAX 8600 has over the VAX-11/780, which access memory via the Synchronous Backplane Interconnect (SBI) shared with I/O devices.

I/O is provided by the SBI. The VAX 8600 features one SBI but could be configured with two. The SBIs are provided by SBI adapters that interface the SBI to an internal adapter bus connected to the M Box. Each SBI has 16 slots for I/O devices, although only 15 are usable as one slot is reserved for the SBI adapter. With one SBI, that SBI has a bandwidth of 13.3 MB/s. With two SBIs, they have a total bandwidth of 17.1 MB/s. The adapter bus that interfaces the SBIs to the M Box has a bandwidth of 33.3 MB/s. Unibus and Massbus are also supported, provided by adapters that plug into the SBI. The VAX 8600 I/O cabinet contains a PDP-11 computer serving as the console, a Unibus card cage and provisions for mounting disk drives.

VAX 8650

The VAX 8650, code-named "Morningstar", is a faster version of the VAX 8600 introduced on 4 December 1985. It was originally to be named "VAX-11/795", but was renamed before launch. The VAX 8600 is the last VAX to be 100% compatible with the VAX-11/780 and VAX-11/785, to have the PDP-11 compatibility mode, and to use the SBI also used by the VAX-11/78x. The CPU has a 55 ns cycle time (18.18 MHz).

VAX 8200 and VAX 8300

The VAX 8200 and VAX 8300, code named "Scorpio", are mid-range minicomputers introduced on 29 January 1986. The VAX 8300 is a dual-processor variant of the VAX 8200 and, with the VAX 8800 introduced on the same date, are among the first multiprocessor VAX computers. They use the KA820 CPU module containing a V-11 microprocessor operating at 5 MHz (200 ns cycle) and support a maximum of 128 MB of ECC memory. It has one VAXBI bus and support for an optional Unibus.

VAX 8250 and VAX 8350

The VAX 8250 and VAX 8350 are faster models of the VAX 8200 and VAX 8300 introduced in early March 1987. They use the KA825 CPU module containing a V-11 microprocessor operating at 6.25 MHz (160 ns cycle).

VAX 8800 Family

VAX 8800

Code-named "Nautilus", this is the high-end model in the VAX 8800 family. It features two CPUs and two VAXBI buses as standard. The VAX 8800 CPU is a heavily pipelined design, slightly predating the first commercial MIPS and SPARC designs. Development of the VAX 8800 began in August–November 1982 and it was introduced on 29 January 1986. When "Polarstar" systems and a new naming convention were introduced, the VAX 8800 was renamed to VAX 8820N to distinguish it from the VAX 8820 "Polarstar". After the name adjustments and upgrading to full SMP capability, the former VAX 8700 and VAX 8800 models became VAX 88x0 machines, where "x" represented the number of CPUs, i.e. VAX 8810, 8820, 8830 and 8840. The upgrade kit includes replacement numbers affixed to the front of the machine to reflect the new designation.

VAX 8700

The VAX 8700, code-named "Nautilus", was introduced in early August 1986. It is similar to the VAX 8800, but with one CPU and VAXBI bus. It is upgradable to a VAX 8800. It became a VAX 8810 after the SMP upgrade and revised naming convention.

VAX 8550

The VAX 8550, code-named "Skipjack", was introduced in early August 1986. It is similar to the VAX 8700, but is not upgradable to the VAX 8800.

VAX 8500

The VAX 8500, code-named "Flounder", is a lower-performance variant of the VAX 8550, with microcode used to insert NOPs during operation to limit performance.

VAX 8530

The VAX 8530, code-named "Skipjack", is an upgraded VAX 8500 with the nops removed for improved performance. It was introduced in early March 1987.

Polarstar

Polarstar is a variant of Nautilus with one to four processors and an updated console processor. Models include the:
 VAX 8810 - A single processor system
 VAX 8820 - A two processor system
 VAX 8842 - A cluster of two VAX 8820 systems
 VAX 8830 - A three processor system
 VAX 8840 - A four processor system
 VAX 8974 - Introduced on 20 January 1987, it is a cluster of four VAX 8700 systems
 VAX 8978 - introduced on 20 January 1987, it is a cluster of eight VAX 8700 systems

Description

The VAX 8800 family is based on the NMI bus, which connects the CPU, memory controller and I/O adapters. The NMI bus is a 32-bit synchronous bus with a usable bandwidth of 64 MB/s.

CPU

The VAX 8800 family central processing unit (CPU) operates at 22.22 MHz (45 ns cycle time) and is implemented with discrete emitter-coupled logic (ECL) devices spread over eight modules. The majority of the ECL devices are macrocell arrays with 1,200 logic gates, while the general-purpose registers and floating-point units are custom logic devices developed by Digital. The CPU has 64 KB of cache implemented with 10 ns and 15 ns ECL random access memory devices.

Memory

The VAX 8800 and 8700 support one to eight memory array modules; the VAX 8550 and 8500, one to five. The memory array modules are installed in a dedicated backplane separate from the NMI backplane. The VAX 8800 and VAX 8700 support 4 to 32 MB of memory, the VAX 8500 and VAX 8550 4 to 20 MB, using the 4 MB memory module. When the 16 MB memory module was introduced, the memory capacity of the VAX 8800 and 8700 increased to 128 MB, and that of the VAX 8550 and 8500 to 80 MB. Additionally when the 64 MB memory module was introduced, the memory capacity of the VAX 8800 and 8700 increased to 512 MB and that of the VAX 8550 and 8500 to 320MB.

The memory system consists of three major parts, a memory controller, a transistor-transistor logic (TTL) bus and one to eight memory array modules. The memory controller is implemented with ECL gate arrays and resides on an NMI bus module. It implements a TTL bus to which memory array modules are connected. Three memory modules were available for the VAX 8800: a 4 MB module, a 16 MB module and a 64 MB module. The 4 MB array module is an eight-layer printed circuit board populated by metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) dynamic random access memory (DRAM) devices and medium-scale integration (MSI) FAST transistor-transistor logic (TTL) devices in roughly equal numbers. The 16 MB array module is similar to the 4 MB module, but contains eight surface-mounted daughter boards, each containing 2 MB of memory built from DRAMs.

I/O

The VAX 8800 uses the VAXBI bus for input/output. The VAX 8800 supports up to four VAXBI buses, with each bus supporting up to 16 I/O devices. The VAXBI bus is interfaced to the NMI bus by a NBI adapter containing a chip implementing the VAXBI bus protocol. The NBI adapter handles all CPU references and direct memory access (DMA) transactions to and from the I/O devices. The adapter operates at 5 MHz and asynchronously to the CPU as it generates its own clock signal. The NBI adapter consists of two modules, the NBIA and NBIB. The NBIA is the NMI side of the adapter, and the NBIB the VAXBI side.

VAX Console

The VAX Console is a DEC Professional Series PC-38N. This is a PRO-380 with a real-time interface (RTI) that is used as the console for the Nautilus family of processors. The RTI has two serial line units: one connects to the VAX environmental monitoring module (EMM) and the other is a spare that can be used for data transfer. The RTI's IEEE-488 interface is unused. The RTI's programmable 24 bit peripheral interface (PPI) is configured as three 8-bit ports for data, address, and control signals between the Nautilus system console interface and the VAX console. The console's primary function is to bootstrap the system. The Nautilus family of processors has no non-volatile memory. The console sets configuration registers, loads CPU microcode into the writeable controls store, performs processor module diagnostic tests, resets the TOY clock (time-of-year clock), logs certain types of errors, performs other supervisory functions, and is the interface for field service diagnosis and testing.

Notes

References

DEC minicomputers
Computer-related introductions in 1984


The VAX 9000 is a discontinued family of mainframes developed and manufactured by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) using custom ECL-based processors implementing the VAX instruction set architecture (ISA). Equipped with optional vector processors, they were marketed into the supercomputer space as well. As with other VAX systems, they were sold with either the VMS or Ultrix operating systems.

The systems trace their history to DEC's 1984 licensing of several technologies from Trilogy Systems, who had introduced a new way to densely pack ECL chips into complex modules. Development of the 9000 design began in 1986, intended as a replacement for the VAX 8800 family, at that time the high-end VAX offering. The initial plans called for two general models, the high-performance Aquarius using water cooling as seen on IBM systems, and the midrange-performance Aridus systems using air cooling. During development, engineers so improved the air cooling system that Aquarius was not offered; the Aridus models were "field-upgradeable" to Aquarius, but they did not offer it.

The 9000 was positioned within DEC as an "IBM killer", a machine with unmatched performance at a much lower price point than IBM systems. DEC intended the 9000 to allow the company to move back into the mainframe market, which it had abandoned starting in 1983, as it watched the low end of the computer market being taken over by ever-improving IBM compatible personal computer systems and the new 32-bit Unix workstation machines. The company invested an estimated $1 billion in the development of the 9000, in spite of considerable in-company concern about the concept in the era of rapidly improving RISC performance. Production problems pushed back its release, by which time these fears had come true and newer microprocessors like DEC's own NVAX offered a significant fraction of the 9000's performance for a tiny fraction of the price.

Roughly four dozen systems were delivered before production was discontinued, a massive failure. One representative example CPU sits in storage at the Computer History Museum, not on public display.

History

DEC in the 1980s
As the 1980s opened, DEC had been moving from strength to strength. The PDP-11 was released in 1970 and continued strong sales that would ultimately reach 600,000 machines, while their newly introduced VAX-11 picked up where the PDP ended and was beginning to make major inroads to IBM's midrange market. DEC also introduced their famous VT series computer terminals and a wide variety of other popular peripherals that all generated significant cashflow.

Through this period, DEC made several attempts to enter the personal computer field, but these all failed. Best known among these was the Rainbow 100, which aimed to offer the ability to run both MS-DOS and CP/M programs, but instead demonstrated itself incapable of doing either very well while costing about as much as buying two separate machines. As the PC market expanded, DEC abandoned their PC offerings and increasingly turned their attention to the midrange market.

As part of this change in focus, a number of longstanding policies were changed, causing friction with their customer base, and especially with their third-party developers. In one example, their new VAXBI Bus could not be used by other developers unless they signed a development agreement. This was a stark contrast to the Unibus standard of the PDP and earlier VAX machines, which had a thriving market of 3rd party products. Ken Olsen was quoted as saying "We spent millions developing this bus. I don't know why we didn't do it before."

As these policies were "closing" DEC, new companies were quick to take advantage of this. Notable among these was Sun Microsystems, whose Motorola 68000-based systems offered performance similar to DEC's VAXstation series while being based on the UNIX operating system. During the second half of the 1980s, Sun increasingly pitched itself as the replacement for DEC in the technical market, branding DEC as a closed, proprietary "bloodsucker". This was aided by DEC's own 1985 decision to abandon the technical market in favor of the higher margins in the data center.

ECL
During the 1960s, DEC computers had been built out of individual transistors and began to move to using small scale integration integrated circuits (SSI ICs). These would be built onto a number of circuit boards, which would then be wire wrapped together on a backplane to produce the central processing unit (CPU). By the early-1970s, small and medium scale integration ICs were being used, and large scale integration (LSI) was allowing simpler CPUs to be implemented in a single IC (or "chip"). By the late 1970s, a number of LSI versions of the PDP-11 were available, first as multi-chip units like DEC's own LSI-11, and later in single-chip versions like the J-11.

The VAX was a more complex system, beyond the capabilities of LSI of 1970s in a single-chip format. Early models resembled the PDP's of the earlier generations, but with multiple LSI chips on printed circuit boards building up the more complex CPU rather than SSI chips on wire-wrapped boards. By the mid-1980s, the relentless effects of Moore's law had pushed LSI into what was now very large scale integration (VLSI). VLSI ICs could hold hundreds of thousands or millions of transistors, enough to implement an entire VAX system on a single chip. This led to 1985's MicroVAX 78032, which implemented a subset of the VAX, but it was clear it would not be long before the "full" VAX would fit on a single chip.

Remaining relevant to data centers required a new architecture ill-suited to single-chip fabrication. At that time, CMOS fabrication typically produced slower ICs than the competing emitter-coupled logic (ECL) system. However, ECL’s density was lower, and its feature sizes about a generation behind CMOS. DEC had to choose between building either a very fast ECL machine with a high chip count, or a somewhat slower CMOS machine using fewer chips. Using ECL was more complex, but consistent with DEC's long history of multi-chip and multi-card CPU designs.

A related ECL issue was inter-chip wiring proliferation proportional to the massive pin count increase required by modern machines’ address space growth. In 1980, Gene Amdahl formed Trilogy Systems to solve problems in high-performance ECL-based mainframe production. Trilogy's developments included a new inter-chip connection system using copper conductors embedded in polyimide insulation to produce a thin-film with extremely dense wiring.

In 1984, DEC licensed parts of Trilogy's technologies and began development of practical versions of these concepts at their Hudson Fab. This was the birth of the 9000 project. In contrast to Trilogy's goal of introducing their own plug-compatible mainframes and competing with IBM directly, DEC would use similar technology to produce a VAX outperforming IBM's offerings at a lower price point. Trilogy's wiring technologies were used to create card-sized "multi-chip units" (MCUs) working together like earlier multi-card CPU designs. In the final design, 13 MCUs formed the CPU.

Initially, the system required water cooling to meet its performance goals, leading to the codename Aquarius, the water-bearer. During development, a newly introduced air cooling system replaced water cooling. The air-cooled version was codenamed Aridus, for "dry".

Market changes
While development was ongoing, in late 1988 IBM introduced its AS/400 systems, a new mid-range line that was much more cost-competitive than previous offerings. DEC's price advantage was seriously eroded, and their formerly rapid market growth ended almost immediately. IBM would ultimately generate roughly $14 billion in annual revenue from the line, which was more than DEC's entire company income. Meanwhile, Sun was introducing their SPARC microprocessor which allowed desktop machines to outperform even the fastest of DEC's existing machines. This eroded DEC's value in its other traditional market of Unix systems. With the company being squeezed in the low and midrange, the 9000 became the company's main focus; they referred to it as the "IBM killer".

DEC had initially been sceptical of RISC, believing it worked on trivial five-line programs but would not be successful in the transaction processing field. This opinion was turned upside down in 1986 when an experimental RISC developed at DEC's Western Research Lab was compared head-to-head with the latest VAX 8800 and outperformed it 2-to-1. This led to a program to develop a production-quality scalable RISC design, which emerged as the DEC PRISM. Dave Cutler, in charge of the PRISM design, then began to develop a high-end machine using it, immediately leading to fighting with the Aridus group who saw them as stepping on "their turf." The company's engineering committee, the Strategy Task Force, repeatedly advised cancelling Aridus. Every year they would attempt to cut the budget for the project, only to have the project lead, Bob Glorioso, go directly to Ken Olsen and the board and have it reinstated, saying "these engineers have no right to tell us business people what to do."

While the battle between the RISC and ECL groups continued, the CMOS team building VAX processors was continuing to improve as well. Bob Supnik claims that it was clear to senior technical people as early as 1987 that the next generation of CMOS chips, the NVAX, would perform as well as the 9000 by 1988, even though the 9000 was not slated to launch until 1989. There are several quotes by prominent engineers on the NVAX project that describe Olsen's unwillingness to kill the 9000 even after being told point-blank that it would not be competitive by the early 1990s, and his outright rejection that such a thing was even possible.

As the company continued to back the 9000 while it became more and more clear it would not be competitive, various groups within the company began developing RISC-based systems. The unlikely outcome of this was that all of the RISC projects were instead killed off with the exception of some ongoing work at the Hudson Fab on a low-end PRISM.

Release
DEC formally announced the 9000's in October 1989, claiming at the time that it would ship "next spring." Comparing it to a low-end IBM 3090, IBM's flagship mainframe, DEC positioned the machine for transaction processing and high-end database systems. Five systems were announced, from $1.2 to $3.9 million, spanning a performance range from 30 to 117 times that of the 11/780.

The development of the 9000 eventually ran to about $3 billion. Slated for release in 1989, delays in the chip manufacturing delayed it by a year, and further delays in building the complete machine meant only tiny numbers were delivered in 1990. The systems were plagued with problems and required constant maintenance in the field. By 1991 the company had an order book of only 350 systems. At $1.5 million per machine, the system had recouped only 25% of the development costs, excluding actual manufacturing. In February 1991, they announced a low-end version, the Model 110 at $920,000, appealing to customers looking for CPU power without the need for extensive storage or other options.

Meanwhile, the engineering team's predictions about the relentless march of CMOS proved true. By 1991, the NVAX was also on the market, offering roughly the same performance for a tiny fraction of the cost and size. At lower performance settings the same design was available in desktop form, outperforming all previous VAX machines. The 9000 managed not only to lose billions of dollars, but also led to the ending of several much more promising designs.

Refocus
By 1991, industry observers were describing the 9000 as "stalled" and "disappointing". In August, Glorisoso left DEC, claiming family issues.

In October 1991, DEC announced that the division would be reorganized as the Production System Business Unit, along with cuts on the prices of the current 9000 models of 30%, and 38% on its server software. They also announced three new models based on CMOS chips, the 9X15, 9600 and 9800, none of which shipped. They also announced that existing users of the 9000 would be offered a discounted upgrade path to new DEC Alpha-based systems.

Adding to the woes, in early 1992 it was reported that installed systems had begun to suffer a series of hardware failures that appeared to start in the second half of 1991. A study suggested 37% of the installed systems suffered "hard failure", mostly on the 9420 models. A follow-up survey gave the system high marks for service and compatibility with other DEC systems, but low marks for reliability and cost.

Description

The VAX 9000 was a multiprocessor and supported one, two, three or four CPUs clocked at 62.5 MHz (16 ns cycle time). The system was based around a crossbar switch in the system control unit (SCU), to which the one to four CPUs, two memory controllers, two input/output (I/O) controllers and a service processor connected. I/O was provided by four Extended Memory Interconnect (XMI) buses.

Scalar processor

Each CPU was implemented with 13 Multi-Chip Units (MCUs), with each MCU containing several emitter-coupled logic (ECL) macrocell arrays which contained the CPU logic. The gate arrays were fabricated in Motorola's "MOSAIC III" process, a bipolar process with a drawn width of 1.75 micrometres and three layers of interconnect. The MCUs were installed into a CPU planar module, which accommodated 16 MCUs and was 24 by  in size.

Vector processor

The VAX 9000's CPU was coupled with a vector processor with a maximum theoretical performance of 125 MFLOPS. The vector processor circuitry was present in all units shipped and disabled via a software switch on units sold 'without' the vector processor. The vector processor was referred to as the V-box, and it was Digital's first ECL implementation of the VAX Vector Architecture. The design of the vector processor began in 1986, two years after development of the VAX 9000 CPU had begun.

The V-box implementation comprised 25 Motorola Macrocell Array III (MCA3) devices spread over three multichip units (MCUs), which resided on the planar module. The V-box was optional and was field-installable. The V-box consisted of six subunits: the vector register unit, the vector add unit, vector multiply unit, vector mask unit, vector address unit and the vector control unit.

The vector register unit, also known as the vector register file, implemented the 16 vector registers defined by the VAX vector architecture. The vector register file was multi-ported and contained three write ports and five read ports. Each register consisted of 64 elements, and each element was 72 bits wide, with 64 bits used to store data and 8 bits used to store parity information.

SID Scalar and Vector Processor Synthesis
SID (Synthesis of Integral Design) was a logic synthesis program used to generate logic gates for the VAX 9000. From high-level behavioral and register-transfer level sources, approximately 93% of the CPU scalar and vector units, over 700,000 gates, were synthesized.

SID was an artificial intelligence rule-based system and expert system with over 1000 hand-written rules. In addition to logic gate creation, SID took the design to the wiring level, allocating loads to nets and providing parameters for place and route CAD tools. As the program ran, it generated and expanded its own rule-base to 384,000 low-level rules. A complete synthesis run for the VAX 9000 took 3 hours.

Initially it was somewhat controversial but was accepted in order to reduce the overall VAX 9000 project budget.  Some engineers refused to use it. Others compared their own gate-level designs to those created by SID, eventually accepting SID for the gate-level design job. Since SID rules were written by expert logic designers and with input from the best designers on the team, excellent results were achieved. As the project progressed and new rules were written, SID-generated results became equal to or better than manual results for both area and timing. For example, SID produced a 64-bit adder that was faster than the manually-designed one. Manually-designed areas averaged 1 bug per 200 gates, whereas SID-generated logic averaged 1 bug per 20,000 gates. After finding a bug, SID rules were corrected, resulting in 0 bugs on subsequent runs. The SID-generated portion of the VAX 9000 was completed  2 years ahead of schedule, whereas other areas of the VAX 9000 development encountered implementation problems, resulting in a much delayed product release. Following the VAX 9000, SID was never used again.

Models

VAX 9000 Model 110
The VAX 9000 Model 110 was an entry-level model with the same performance as the Model 210 but had a smaller memory capacity and was bundled with less software and services. On 22 February 1991, it was priced from US$920,000, and if fitted with a vector processor, from US$997,000.

VAX 9000 Model 210
The VAX 9000 Model 210 was an entry-level model with one CPU that could be upgraded. If a vector processor was present, it was known as the VAX 9000 Model 210VP.

VAX 9000 Model 4x0
The VAX 9000 Model 4x0 was a multiprocessor capable model, the value of "x" (1, 2, 3 or 4) denoting the number of CPUs present. These models supported the vector processor, with one vector processor supported per CPU. A maximal configuration had 512 MB of memory. The number of I/O buses supported varied, with the Model 410 and 420 supporting two XMI, ten CI and eight VAXBI; while the Model 430 and 440 supported four XMI, ten CI and 14 VAXBI.

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

DEC mainframe computers
Computer-related introductions in 1989


The VAXft was a family of fault-tolerant minicomputers developed and manufactured by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) using processors implementing the VAX instruction set architecture (ISA). "VAXft" stood for "Virtual Address Extension, fault tolerant". These systems ran the OpenVMS operating system, and were first supported by VMS 5.4. Two layered software products, VAXft System Services and VMS Volume Shadowing, were required to support the fault-tolerant features of the VAXft and for the redundancy of data stored on hard disk drives.

Architecture

All VAXft systems shared the same basic system architecture. A VAXft system consisted of two "zones" that operated in lock-step: "Zone A" and "Zone B". Each zone was a fully functional computer, capable of running an operating system, and was identical to the other in hardware configuration. Lock-step was achieved by hardware on the CPU module. The CPU module of each zone was connected to the other with a crosslink cable. The crosslink cables carried the results of instructions executed by one CPU module to the other, where they were compared by hardware with the results of the same instructions executed by the latter to ensure that they were identical. The two zones were kept synchronous by a clock signal carried by the crosslink cables. When a hardware failure occurred in one of the zones, the affected zone was brought offline without bringing down the other zone, which continued to operate as normal. When repairs were completed, the offline zone was powered on and automatically resynchronized with the other zone, restoring redundancy.

VAXft Model 310

The VAXft Model 310, introduced as the VAXft 3000 Model 310, code named "Cirrus", was introduced in February 1990 and shipped in June. It was the first VAXft model, and was DEC's first fault-tolerant computer that was generally available. At the 1991 launch of new VAXft models, the VAX 3000 Model 310 was renamed to follow the new naming scheme, becoming the VAXft Model 310. The Model 310 had a theoretical maximum performance of 3.8 VUPs.

When announced, the Model 310 had a starting price of US$200,000. In August 1990, slow sales prompted DEC to reduce the US price of the Model 310 to US$168,000.

It used the KA520 CPU module containing a 16.67 MHz (60 ns cycle time) CVAX+ chip set with 32 KB of external secondary cache. The system contained two such CPU modules, one in each zone, running in lock-step.

VAXft Model 110

The VAXft Model 110, code named "Cirrus", was an entry-level model announced on 18 March 1991 alongside three other models. The Model 110 was essentially a low-cost model of the VAXft Model 310, and had a theoretical maximum performance of 2.4 VUPs.

It contained two zones packed side by side in an enclosure. Compared to the Model 310, it was limited in expandability in regards to memory, storage capacity and available options. It was available in either a pedestal or rackmount configuration. The rackmount configuration was a pedestal without the plastic covers or casters that fitted in a standard 19-inch RETMA cabinet.

Each zone had a five-slot backplane for a KA510 CPU module, one to three 32 MB MS520 memory modules, one or two KFE52 system I/O controller modules and one or two DEC WANcontroller 620 (DSF32) wide area network (WAN) communications adapters. The leftmost slot was the first slot. The primary system controller resided in the first slot, the CPU module in the second, and the memory modules in the third, fourth and fifth slots. The second system I/O controller resided in either the fourth and fifth slots and the WAN communications adapters also in the fourth and fifth slots. The most basic system contained a CPU module, a memory module and a system I/O controller.

The DEC WANcontroller 620 was designed for use in VAXft systems. It provided two synchronous lines, each with a bandwidth of 64 KB. The lines could be operated as two independent lines or paired to provide redundancy.

VAXft Model 410

The VAXft Model 410, code named "Cirrus II", was a mid-range model announced on 18 March 1991 alongside three other models. Originally supposed to ship in June or July 1991, it was delayed until September 1991, with the reason given by DEC being that it wanted to tune a new release of VMS for the system. The Model 410 was identical to the Model 310, but used the KA550 CPU module containing a 28.57 MHz (35 ns cycle time) SOC microprocessor with 128 KB of external secondary cache. It supported up to 256 MB of memory. The Model 410 had a theoretical maximum performance of 6.0 VUPs.

VAXft Model 610

The VAXft Model 610, code named "Cirrus II", was a mid-range model announced on 18 March 1991 alongside three other models. Originally supposed to ship in June or July 1991, it was delayed until September 1991, with the reason given by DEC being that it wanted to tune a new release of VMS for the system.

The Model 610 was architecturally identical to the Model 410, except that the two zones were packaged vertically a 60" high cabinet, with Zone A above Zone B. The cabinet had more storage capacity than the systems packaged in pedestals, and for this reason the Model 610 was intended for data centers. It could have one or two expander cabinets placed on the left and right of the system for additional storage devices. These cabinets were front to rear cooled.

VAXft Model 612

The VAXft Model 612 was a high-end model announced on 18 March 1991 alongside three other models. Originally supposed to ship in June or July 1991, it was delayed until September 1991, with the reason given by DEC being that it wanted to tune a new release of VMS for the system. The Model 612 was a VAXcluster of two VAXft Model 610s with an expansion cabinet positioned between the two systems as standard. It had a theoretical maximum performance of 12.0 VUPs. A second expansion cabinet could be added between the two system cabinets.

VAXft Model 810

The VAXft Model 810, code named "Jetstream", was a high-end model introduced in October 1993 instead of the targeted introduction date in the late summer or early fall of 1992. The system was developed by DEC, but was manufactured by an Italian industrial manufacturer, Alenia SpA. It had a theoretical maximum performance of 30.0 VUPs.

The Model 810 was a third generation VAXft system. It contained two zones vertically packaged in a cabinet. An optional expansion cabinet could be connected to the system, in addition to two uninterruptable power supplies, one for each zone.

It used the KA560-AA CPU module, which contained two 83.33 MHz (12 ns cycle time) NVAX+ microprocessors with 512 KB of B-cache (L2 cache). The module's two microprocessors operated a in lock-step fashion, and like previous VAXft systems, there were two such CPU modules in a system, one in each of the two zones, which operated in a lock-step fashion.

The Model 810 cabinet was 60.0 cm (24 in) wide, 170.0 cm (67 in) high and 86.0 cm (34 in) deep.

References

 Brandel, Mary (21 Nov. 1994). "Sequoia reneges deal with Digital", Computerworld, pg. 28.
 Johnson, Maryfran (25 Mar. 1991). "DEC Pumps Up Fault-Tolerant Challenge", Computerworld, pg. 95.
 Kulkosky, Victor (May 1990). "Digital's New Box Promises No-Fault On-Line Insurance", Wall Street Computer Review, pg. 136.
 Stedman, Craig (21 Jun. 1993). "DEC aims fault tolerance at high end", Computerworld, pg. 75.

Computer-related introductions in 1990
DEC minicomputers
Fault-tolerant computer systems


The VAXserver was a family of minicomputers developed and manufactured by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) using processors implementing the VAX instruction set architecture (ISA). The VAXserver models were variants of various VAX-based computers which were configured to only run operating systems which were licensed for network server use and not interactive time-sharing use. This was accomplished with different CPU modules and firmware.

VAXserver models include:

 VAXserver 3000 – (Based on the MicroVAX)
 VAXserver 3100
 VAXserver 3300
 VAXserver 3400
 VAXserver 3500
 VAXserver 3600
 VAXserver 3602
 VAXserver 3800
 VAXserver 3900
 VAXserver 4000 – (Based on the VAX 4000)
 VAXserver 4000 Model 200 – KA660-BA CPU module
 VAXserver 4000 Model 300 – KA670-BA CPU module
 VAXserver 6000 – (Based on the VAX 6000)
 VAXserver 6000 Model 210
 VAXserver 6000 Model 220
 VAXserver 6000 Model 310
 VAXserver 6000 Model 320
 VAXserver 6000 Model 410
 VAXserver 6000 Model 420
 VAXserver 6000 Model 510
 VAXserver 6000 Model 520
 VAXserver 9000 – (Based on the VAX 9000)
 VAXserver 9000 Model 110
 VAXserver 9000 Model 3x0
 VAXserver 9000 Model 310/Model 310VP
 VAXserver 9000 Model 320/Model 320VP
 VAXserver 9000 Model 330/Model 330VP
 VAXserver 9000 Model 340/Model 340VP

References

DEC minicomputers


The Landkreis Freystadt i. Niederschles. was a district of the German state of Prussia from 1816 to 1945. It was part of the Prussian Province of Lower Silesia, before 1919 the Prussian Province of Silesia, within Regierungsbezirk Liegnitz. After 1945, it became part of Poland and is currently in the Lubusz Voivodeship. On 1 January 1945 it included:
1 city, Freystadt in Niederschlesien
74 municipalities,
1 Gutsbezirk (Forests).

Demographics

The district had a majority German population, with some Polish minorities.

History

Kingdom of Prussia

North-German League, Second and Third Reichs

Municipal constitution

References

External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002556/http://www.geschichte-on-demand.de/freystadt.html

Districts of Prussia
Province of Silesia
Province of Lower Silesia
Lubusz Voivodeship
1816 establishments in Prussia
1945 disestablishments in Germany
1945 disestablishments in Poland
1940s disestablishments in Prussia


A Polar diagram could refer to:

 Polar area diagram, a type of pie chart
 Radiation pattern, in antenna theory
 Spherical coordinate system, the three-dimensional form of a polar response curve
 In sailing, a Polar diagram is a graph that shows a sailing boats potential wind speed over a range of wind and sail angles.

 graph which contrasts the sink rate of an aircraft with its horizontal speed (polar curve).


Svenskt Respitsystem (SRS), formerly known as Leading Yard Stick and  Lidingö Yard Stick (LYS). SRS is a semi-empirically based handicapping system used in yacht racing in the Nordic countries. The first version of the handicap system was developed in 1970 by the Swedish yacht designer Lars-Olof Norlin. He based the system on regatta results from the Round Lidingö Race. His own design, Allegro 27, was used as the benchmark and was by definition assigned a LYS value of 1.00.

Every yacht model has a SRS number that was previously based on results in regattas or, for new models, based on a velocity prediction program (VPP) as in IMS and some other handicapping systems. The SRS number is multiplied by the measured time in order to get the handicap corrected time. Thus, a yacht with SRS 1.30 needs to sail at least 30% faster than a yacht with SRS 1.00 to win over it. Trimarans of the type open OMRA 60, designed for racing only, have SRS values above 3.0.

The system was revised in 2011 and onwards, and is now primarily based on a secret calculation formula that should reflect the performance of each yacht. The formula is secret to prevent development of designs that are optimised for SRS racing.

As the system is semi-empirically based the SRS number for each individual model might be subject for evaluation and eventually change. This particularly applies to new models based on VPP. The system enables yachts of all sizes and types to compete with each other. SRS 1.00 would equal an average boatspeed of 5.5 knots on a circular course at a wind speed of 5.0 m/s.

SRS numbers
The numbers are agreed on by an internordic group. The group is responsible for maintaining a standard list, and agree on SRS values for models that are not yet on the list. If there are sufficient numbers of a specific model, the model will become a standard model.

The standard list is under constant review and change, and an updated list can be found at norlys.org.

References

Handicap (sailing)
Sailing in Sweden
1970 in sailing


Both Sides Live is a 2-CD live album by American rock band the Hooters, released in November 2008.

Background
Both Sides Live contains 25 tracks recorded live in Philadelphia, with 13 songs being electric songs recorded at the Electric Factory on November 21 and 23, 2007 during the band's traditional Thanksgiving holiday concerts, and 12 acoustic songs recorded on February 28 and March 1, 2008 at keyboard player Rob Hyman's Elm Street Studios in front of a small studio audience.

Track listing

Personnel
Adapted from the album liner notes.

The Hooters
Eric Bazilian – lead vocals, guitar, mandolin, recorder, harmonica, banjo
Rob Hyman – lead vocals, keyboards, accordion, melodica
David Uosikkinen – drums, percussion
John Lilley – guitar, mandolin, dobro
Fran Smith Jr. – bass, backing vocals

Additional musician
Ann Marie Calhoun - violin, backing vocals (Secret Sessions)

Technical
Eric Bazilian – producer, mixing, additional engineer
Rob Hyman – producer, mixing
Michael Comstock – engineer (Electric Factory)
Michael Richelle – assistant engineer (Electric Factory)
John O. Senior – engineer (Secret Sessions), mixing
Bill Hayward – assistant engineer (Secret Sessions)
Daniel Chertoff – assistant engineer (Secret Sessions)
Rick Chertoff – "production guru" (Secret Sessions)
Paul Hammond – "technical guru" (Secret Sessions)
George Marino – mastering (at Sterling Sound)
Graham Perry/NCS Studios – art direction, design
Mark Tassoni – photography (Electric Factory)
Brigitte Morgenstern – photography (Electric Factory)
Thomas Collins – photography (Electric Factory)
Jan Klug-Offermann – photography (Electric Factory)
Dani Heim – photography (Secret Sessions)

References

The Hooters albums
Albums produced by Eric Bazilian
Albums produced by Rob Hyman
2008 live albums


Addicted To Love is a Singaporean and Malaysian co-production Chinese drama which was telecast on Malaysia's free-to-air channel, ntv7. It made its debut on 22 October 2008 and ended its run on 10 December 2008. The drama consists of a total of 30 episodes. It was screened on every weekday night, 10:00 pm. This was the second Malaysian series to be screened on Channel U after  The Thin Line.

External links
 Phyllis Quek's perfect role - STAR

Chinese-language drama television series in Malaysia
Singapore Chinese dramas
Singapore–Malaysia television co-productions
2008 Malaysian television series debuts
2008 Singaporean television series debuts
2008 Malaysian television series endings
2008 Singaporean television series endings
NTV7 original programming
Channel U (Singapore) original programming


Thanasis Giannakopoulos (Greek: Θανάσης Γιαννακόπουλος; 1930/31 – 19 March 2019) was a Greek businessman, and a one-time pro sports club owner. The Giannakopoulos family has a combined estimated net worth as per their collective €1 billion business empire.

Vianex
Giannakopoulos and his brother, Pavlos, were the owners of the pharmaceutical corporation Vianex, which was founded in 1924, by their father, Dimitrios Giannakopoulos, as a small local import and distribution firm. Vianex currently manufactures and markets, in Greece and elsewhere, a variety of products, in collaboration with leading international firms. The company reported net sales of €240.2 million euros in 2012.

In 2006, Pavlos' personal fortune was estimated to be €400 million euros, one half of the Giannakopoulos brothers' €800 million euros business empire.

Panathinaikos Athens
From 1987 to 2012, the Giannakopoulos brothers managed Panathinaikos B.C., Panathinaikos V.C., and all of the Panathinaikos club's amateur sports sections, from the athletics department to the water polo department. Thanasis was also the Chairman of the volleyball and amateur sections.

Thanasis was also President of the basketball club, from 2002 to 2012. Through 2012, Panathinaikos had won 13 out of the last 15 Greek Basket League championships (excluding the 2001–02, and 2011–12 seasons) and the EuroLeague championship in the years 1996, 2000, 2002, 2007, 2009, and 2011. The club, during that time, also featured some of the best basketball players from Greece, along with star players from abroad, such as Byron Scott, Dominique Wilkins and Dejan Bodiroga.

The basketball section of the club alone had a reported budget of €35 million in 2009. In 2011, Thanasis and his brother Pavlos, won the EuroLeague Club Executive of the Year Award. In 2012, Thanasis' nephew, Dimitrios Giannakopoulos, the son of his brother, Pavlos, took over control of Panathinaikos B.C.

Personal life
Nicknamed as typhoon (tifonas) for his emotional character, Giannakopolous was also famous for his multi-coloured neckties with floral patterns.

Death
Giannakopoulos died from complications of a stroke on 19 March 2019 in Athens.

References

External links
Vianex Website
Panathinaikos B.C. Website – Board of Directors

1930s births
2019 deaths
Greek basketball chairmen and investors
Greek businesspeople
Greek volleyball chairmen and investors
Panathinaikos A.O.
Panathinaikos B.C.
Panathinaikos B.C. presidents
Panathinaikos V.C.
Greek industrialists
Greek basketball executives and administrators


Kreis Sagan was a Prussian district in Silesia, with its capital at Sagan. It existed until 1932, when it was dissolved and most of its territory was merged into the Sprottau district, with some smaller areas being assigned to other adjacent districts.

Demographics
According to the Prussian census of 1861, the Sagan district had a population of 53,934, of which 53,913 (99.96%) were Germans and 21 (0.04%) were Sorbs.

References

Districts of Prussia
Province of Silesia
1816 establishments in Prussia
1932 disestablishments in Germany


Handbook of the Mammals of the World (HMW) is a book series from the publisher Lynx Edicions. The nine volumes were published from 2009 to 2019. Each mammal family is assessed in a full text introduction with photographs and each species has a text account with a distribution map and illustrations on a plate. This is the second major project by Lynx Edicions since the release of the Handbook of the Birds of the World in 1992. The chief editors are Russell Mittermeier and Don E. Wilson in association with Conservation International, the Texas A&M University and the IUCN. Don E. Wilson is also editor of the reference work Mammal Species of the World.

Published volumes

Volume 1: Carnivores (published in May 2009)
With an introduction to the class Mammalia by Don E. Wilson

The first volume is devoted to Carnivora. It covers 13 families and the details to the taxonomy, range, habitat, reproduction, behavior, and conservation status of 245 species. It has more than 400 colour photographs and 257 distribution maps. The 33 colour plates are created by Catalan artist Toni Llobet. This book mentioned the olinguito or Andean olingo for the first time, a species from Ecuador and Colombia, which was officially described in 2013.

Groups covered in this volume are:
African palm civet (Nandiniidae). One genus and one species.
Cats (Felidae). 14 genera and 37 species.
Linsangs (Prionodontidae). One genus and two species.
Civets, genets and oyans (Viverridae). 14 genera and 34 species.
Hyenas (Hyaenidae). Four genera and four species.
Mongooses (Herpestidae). 15 genera and 34 species.
Euplerids or Madagascar carnivores (Eupleridae). Seven genera and eight species.
Dogs (Canidae). 13 genera and 35 species.
Bears (Ursidae). Five genera and eight species.
Red panda (Ailuridae). One genus and one species.
Racoons (Procyonidae). Six genera and twelve species.
Skunks (Mephitidae). Four genera and twelve species.
Weasels, martens, polecats, badgers and otters (Mustelidae). 22 genera and 57 species.

Other details: Size: 31 × 24 cm. Pages: 728 pp.

Volume 2: Hoofed Mammals (published in August 2011)
The second volume is devoted to the ungulates (hoofed mammals). It covers 107 genera, 17 families in six orders and the details to the taxonomy, range, habitat, reproduction, behaviour, and conservation status of 413 species. It has 664 colour photographs and 433 distribution maps. The 56 colour plates are created by Catalan artist Toni Llobet.

Groups covered in this volume are:

Aardvark (Orycteropodidae). One genus and one species.
Hyrax (Procaviidae). Three genera and five species.
Elephants (Elephantidae). Two genera and three species.
Pangolins (Manidae). One genus and eight species.
Horses, wild ass, and zebras (Equidae). One genus and seven species.
Rhinoceros (Rhinocerotidae).  Four genera and five species.
Tapir (Tapiridae). One genus and four species.
Camelids (Camelidae). Three genera and six species.
Pigs, babirusa, and warthog (Suidae). Six genera and 17 species.
Peccaries (Tayassuidae). Three genera and three species.
Hippopotamus (Hippopotamidae). Two genera and two species.
Chevrotains (Tragulidae). Three genera and ten species.
Musk deers (Moschidae). One genus and seven species.
Deers (Cervidae). 18 genera and 53 species.
Bovids (Bovidae) 54 genera and 279 species.
Pronghorn (Antilocapridae). One genus and one species.
Giraffe and okapi (Giraffidae). Two genera and two species.

Other details: Size: 31 × 24 cm. Pages: 886 pp.

Volume 3: Primates (published in April 2013)
The third volume is devoted to the primates. It covers 17 families and the details to the taxonomy, range, habitat, reproduction, behaviour, and conservation status of 470 species. The 57 colour plates are created by English wildlife artist Stephen D. Nash.   Edited by Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson.

Groups covered in this volume are:

Tarsier (Tarsiidae)
Loris, pottos, and angwantibos (Lorisidae)
Galago (Galagidae)
Mouse, giant mouse, dwarf, and fork marked lemurs (Cheirogaleidae)
True, bamboo, and ruffed lemurs (Lemuridae)
Sportive lemur (Lepilemuridae)
Woolly lemurs, sifakas, and the indri (Indriidae)
Aye-aye (as only surviving member) (Daubentoniidae)
Old World monkey (Cercopithecidae)
Marmosets and tamarins (Callitrichidae)
Capuchins and squirrel monkeys (Cebidae)
Night monkey (Aotidae)
Sakis, uakaris, and titis (Pitheciidae)
Spider monkeys, muriquis, and howler and woolly monkeys (Atelidae)
Gibbon (Hylobatidae)
Great apes (Hominidae)

Other details: Size: 31 × 24 cm. Pages: 951 pp.

Volume 4: Sea Mammals (published in July 2014)
The fourth volume is devoted to marine mammals, which include the largest mammals on earth, the whales, as well as dolphins, ear seals, walrus, earless seals, dugongs, and manatees. It covers 19 families and the details to the taxonomy, range, habitat, reproduction, behavior, and conservation status of 147 species. The 30 colour plates are created by Toni Llobet.

Groups covered in this volume are:

Otariidae (eared seals). Seven genera and 15 species.
Odobenidae (walrus). One genus and one species.
Phocidae (earless seals). 13 genera and 18 species.
Balaenidae (right whales). Two genera and four species.
Neobalaenidae (pygmy right whale). One genus and one species.
Eschrichtiidae (gray whale). One genus and one species.
Balaenopteridae (rorquals). Two genera and eight species.
Physeteridae (sperm whale). One genus and one species.
Kogiidae (pygmy and dwarf sperm whales). One genus and two species.
Ziphiidae (beaked whales). Six genera and 22 species.
Platanistidae (South Asian river dolphin). One genus and one species.
Iniidae (Amazon river dolphins). One genus and three species.
Lipotidae (baiji). One genus and one species.
Pontoporiidae (Franciscana). One genus and one species.
Monodontidae (beluga and narwhal). Two genera and two species.
Delphinidae (ocean dolphins). 17 genera and 36 species.
Phocoenidae (porpoises). Three genera and seven species.
Trichechidae (manatees). One genus and three species.
Dugongidae (dugong). One genus and one species.

Other details: Size: 31 × 24 cm. Pages: 614 pp.

Volume 5: Marsupials (published in  June 2015)
The fifth volume is devoted to the marsupials, echidnas, platypus, and opossums. The 44 colour plates are created by Toni Llobet. It covers the details to the taxonomy, range, habitat, reproduction, behaviour, and conservation status of 375 species from 21 families in eight orders. The introductory chapter by Kristofer Helgen is about recently extinct marsupials like the thylacine.

Groups covered in this volume are:

Tachyglossidae (echidnas). Two genera and four species.
Ornithorhynchidae (platypus). One genus and one species.
Didelphidae (opossums). 18 genera and 103 species.
Caenolestidae (shrew opossums). Three genera and seven species.
Microbiotheriidae (monito del monte). One genus and one species.
Notoryctidae (marsupial moles). One genus and two species.
Myrmecobiidae (numbat). One genus and one species.
Dasyuridae (carnivorous marsupials). 17 genera and 74 species.
Thylacomyidae (bilby). One genus and one species.
Peramelidae (bandicoots). Six genera and 18 species.
Phascolarctidae (koala). One genus and one species.
Vombatidae (wombats). Two genera and three species.
Burramyidae (pygmy possums). Two genera and five species.
Phalangeridae (cuscuses, brushtail possums and relatives). Six genera and 29 species.
Pseudocheiridae (ring-tailed possums and greater gliders). Six genera and 20 species.
Petauridae (striped possums, Leadbeater's possum and lesser gliders). Three genera and twelve species.
Tarsipedidae (honey possum). One genus and one species.
Acrobatidae (feathertail gliders and possums). Two genera and three species.
Hypsiprymnodontidae (rat kangaroos). One genus and one species.
Potoroidae (bettongs and potoroos). Three genera and eight species.
Macropodidae (kangaroos and wallabies). 13 genera and 59 species.

Other details: Size: 31 × 24 cm. Pages: 800 pp.

Volume 6: Lagomorphs and Rodents I (published in July 2016)
Initially it was intended to publish only one volume on lagomorphs and rodents. But due to the large number of described rodents Lynx Edicions organized a survey from summer to autumn 2015 in which a majority of customers decided in favor of two volumes. The sixth volume is devoted to the lagomorphs and 25 families of rodents, including the hares, pikas, chinchillas, the Laotian rock rat (a living fossil), the capybara (the largest extant rodent), and the diverse group of squirrels. The 60 colour plates are created by Toni Llobet. It covers the details to the taxonomy, range, habitat, reproduction, behaviour, and conservation status of 798 species from 27 families in two orders. It includes a special chapter on the overview of rodents, on morphology, taxonomy, and evolutionary history; why rodents are studied; and tools for studying them. Edited by Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher Jr, and Russell A. Mittermeier.

Groups covered in this volume are:

Ochotonidae (pikas). One genus and 29 species.
Leporidae (hares and rabbits). Eleven genera and 63 species.
Castoridae (beavers). One genus and two species.
Heteromyidae (kangaroo rats, kangaroo mice, and pocket mice). Five genera and 66 species.
Geomyidae (pocket gophers). Seven genera and 41 species.
Anomaluridae (anomalures). Three genera and seven species.
Pedetidae (springhares). One genus and two species.
Ctenodactylidae (gundis). Four genera and five species.
Diatomyidae (Laotian rock rat or kha-nyou) One genus and one species.
Hystricidae (Old World porcupines). Three genera and eleven species.
Thryonomyidae (cane rats). One genus and two species.
Petromuridae (dassie rat or noki). One genus and one species.
Heterocephalidae (naked mole-rat). One genus and one species.
Bathyergidae (African mole-rats). Five genera and 17 species.
Erethizontidae (New World porcupines). Three genera and 17 species.
Cuniculidae (pacas). One genus and two species.
Caviidae (cavies, capybaras, and maras). Six genera and 20 species.
Dasyproctidae (agoutis and acouchis). Two genera and 15 species.
Chinchillidae (chinchillas and viscachas). Three genera and six species.
Dinomyidae (pacarana). One genus and one species.
Abrocomidae (chinchilla rats and Inka rats). Two genera and ten species.
Ctenomyidae (tuco-tucos). One genus and 69 species.
Octodontidae (viscacha rats, degus, rock rats and coruro). Eight genera and 14 species.
Echimyidae (hutias, coypu, spiny-rats). 27 genera and 99 species.
Aplodontiidae (mountain beaver). One genus and one species.
Sciuridae (tree squirrels, chipmunks, marmots, flying squirrels, and ground squirrels). 60 genera and 292 species.
Gliridae (dormice). Nine genera and 29 species.

Other details: Size: 31 × 24 cm. Pages: 988 pp.

Volume 7: Rodents II (published in December 2017)
The seventh volume is devoted to the nine families of mouse-like rodents (Myomorpha), including the true mice, rats, birch mice, tree mice, jerboas, hamsters, and voles. In contrast to other systematics (e.g. Wilson/Reeder: Mammal Species of the World, 2005) the family Dipodidae was split into Dipodidae, Zapodidae and Sminthidae, a new name proposed for the former subfamily Sicistinae. The 58 colour plates are created by Toni Llobet. It covers the details to the taxonomy, range, habitat, reproduction, behaviour, and conservation status of 1,744 species from 345 genera and 9 families in one suborder. It includes a special chapter entitled Priorities for Conserving the World’s Rodents. Edited by Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher Jr, and Russell A. Mittermeier.

Groups covered in this volume are:

Sminthidae (or Sicistinae in other systematics) (birch mice). 1 genus and 14 species.
Zapodidae (or Zapodinae in other systematics) (jumping mice). 3 genera and 5 species.
Dipodidae (jerboas). 13 genera and 35 species.
Platacanthomyidae (tree mice). 2 genera and 5 species.
Spalacidae (muroid mole-rats). 7 genera and 28 species.
Calomyscidae (brush-tailed mice). 1 genus and 8 Species.
Nesomyidae (pouched rats, climbing mice and fat mice). 21 genera and 68 species.
Cricetidae (true hamsters, voles, lemmings and New World rats and mice). 142 genera and 765 species.
Muridae (true mice and rats (Old World rats and mice), gerbils and relatives). 155 genera and 816 species.

Other details: Size: 31 × 24 cm. Pages: 1008.

Volume 8: Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos (published in July 2018)
The eighth volume is devoted to the orders Cingulata, Pilosa, Afrosoricida, Macroscelidea, Scandentia, Dermoptera, and Eulipotyphla. The 28 color plates are created by Toni Llobet. There is a special chapter titled Conservation Priorities and Actions for the Orders Cingulata, Pilosa, Afrosoricida, Macroscelidea, Eulipotyphla, Dermoptera, and Scandentia by Rosalind Kennerley, Thomas Lacher, Jr., Victor Mason, Shelby McCay, Nicolette Roach, P. J. Stephenson, Mariella Superina and Richard Young. The most species covered in this volume have various insectivorous diets with the exception of the colugos and sloths that are either frugivorous or folivorous.

Groups covered in this volume are:

 Dasypodidae (long-nosed armadillos). One genus and seven species.
 Chlamyphoridae (chlamyphorid armadillos). Eight genera and 13 species.
 Myrmecophagidae (American anteaters). Two genera and three species.
 Cyclopedidae (silky anteater). One genus and seven species.
 Megalonychidae (two-toed sloths). One genus and two species.
 Bradypodidae (three-toed sloths). One genus and four species.
 Tenrecidae (tenrecs). Eight genera and 31 species.
 Potamogalidae (otter shrews). Two genera and three species.
 Chrysochloridae (golden moles). Ten genera and 21 species.
 Macroscelididae (elephant shrews). Five genera and 20 species.
 Ptilocercidae (pen-tailed tree shrew). One genus and one species.
 Tupaiidae (common tree shrews). Three genera and 22 species.
 Cynocephalidae (colugos). Two genera and two species.
 Erinaceidae (hedgehogs). Ten genera and 26 species.
 Soricidae (shrews). 25 genera and 448 species.
 Talpidae (moles). 18 genera and 54 species.
 Solenodontidae (solenodons). Two genera and two species.

Other details: Size: 31 × 24 cm. Pages: 710.

Volume 9: Bats (published in October 2019)
The ninth volume is devoted to the bats. It covers the details to the taxonomy, range, habitat, reproduction, behaviour, and conservation status of 1402 species from 21 families in the order Chiroptera. Unlike previous volumes, where all the illustrations were created by a single person in each one, the 73 plates of this volume contain illustrations from six artists, namely Ilian Velikov, Blanca Martí de Ahumada, Alex Mascarell Llosa, Faansie Peacock, Jesús Rodríguez-Osorio Martín and Lluís Sogorb.

Groups covered in this volume are:

Old World fruit bats (Pteropodidae).
Mouse-tailed bats (Rhinopomatidae).
Hog-nosed bat (Craseonycteridae).
False-vampire bats (Megadermatidae).
Trident bats (Rhinonycteridae).
Old World leaf-nosed bats (Hipposideridae).
Horseshoe bats (Rhinolophidae).
Sheath-tailed bats (Emballonuridae).
Slit-faced bats (Nycteridae).
Madagascar sucker-footed bats (Myzopodidae).
New Zealand short-tailed bats (Mystacinidae).
Bulldog bats (Noctilionidae).
Smoky bat and thumbless bat (Furipteridae).
Disk-winged bats (Thyropteridae).
Ghost-faced bats, naked-backed bats and mustached bats (Mormoopidae).
New World leaf-nosed bats (Phyllostomidae).
Funnel-eared bats (Natalidae).
Free-tailed bats (Molossidae).
Long-fingered bats (Miniopteridae).
Wing-gland bats (Cistugidae).
Vesper bats (Vespertilionidae).

Other details: Size: 31 × 24 cm. Pages: 1008.

Opinions
The handbook has had a mixed reception. In particular, the taxonomic system that has been used for the prominent family Bovidae (Volume 2) is not generally accepted. Heller et al. have argued that the revised bovid species list, which doubled the amount of recognized bovid species, is based only on one primary source. This increase was mainly due to an expanded species concept (PSC concept), not on newly available data sets. For example, the handbook distinguishes 11 species of klipspringer, but the morphological variations within each of these proposed species are often greater than between them. In addition, the taxonomy is criticised as inconsistent, since many taxa, such as the different giraffe forms, are treated as subspecies of a single species, despite the fact that some are clearly distinguishable. Heller et al. warn that taxonomic inflation of species could impede conservation efforts.

Illustrated Checklist of the Mammals of the World Volume 1 and 2

This illustrated checklist incorporates all the species from Handbook of the Mammals of the World (HMW), along with updates in taxonomy, conservation status and distributions maps when needed. Each species account is shorter, with the accounts including common names in English, French, German, and Spanish, the IUCN Red List Conservation Category, Taxonomic notes, and a list of recognised subspecies, in a very similar format to HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Split into two volumes, these books contain all known mammal species, split into 27 orders, 167 families, 1,343 genera, 6,554 species, with 104 being extinct and 19 domesticated. They also feature more than 7,250 illustrations, including 800 new ones of primates and more than 100 of other groups. It was published in September 2020.

Volume 1
Monotremata (Platypus and echidnas)
Marsupialia (Kangaroos, koalas, opossums, wombats, and Tasmanian devils)
Xenarthra (Anteaters, tree sloths, and armadillos)
Afrotheria (Elephant shrews, tenrecs, aardvarks, elephants and sea cows)
Euarchonta (Treeshrews, colugos, and primates)
Glires (Rabbits, hares and rodents)

Volumes 2
Eulipotyphla (Hedgehogs, moles and shrews)
Chiroptera (Bats)
Cetartiodactyla (Ungulates like goats, deer and giraffes, along with whales, dolphins, and porpoises)
Perissodactyla (Horses, rhinoceroses and tapirs)
Pholidota (Pangolins)
Carnivora (Cats, dogs, bears and seals)

References

External links
Handbook of the Mammals of the World more information about the series
Information in Spanish
Illustrated Checklist of the Mammals of the World (publishers site)

Mammalogical literature
2009 non-fiction books
Lynx Edicions books
Encyclopedias of science


Holding the Void is the self-titled album by Joseph Arthur's side project of the same name. Holding the Void was recorded in late 2002 and released in early 2003 in limited quantities on Joseph's website and at his live shows. The album is described on Joseph's website as "pure rock 'n' roll." Holding the Void features Joseph on vocals and guitar, Pat Sansone (of Wilco and The Autumn Defense) on bass and backing vocals, and Rene Lopez (solo musician; frequent collaborator with Joseph Arthur) on drums and backing vocals.

Track listing

Notes
 Songs by Joseph Arthur, arranged by Holding the Void.
 Recorded by Tom Schick.
 Mixed by Tom Schick and Holding the Void.
 Mastered by Fred Kevorkian.
 Artwork by Joseph Arthur.

External links
 Holding the Void's official MySpace page
 Holding the Void lyrics/details on lonelyastronauts.com

References

Joseph Arthur albums
2003 albums