Sherif Langu (also known as Sherif Lëngu, 1877, Debar - 9 March 1956) was an Albanian Muslim cleric who served as chairman of the Muslim Community of Albania from 1942 until 1945.

Biography
Born in Debar, present-day North Macedonia, he received his religious schooling from the local town madrasa and was later appointed imam. Langu took part in the great Assembly of Dibra on February 27, 1899. After graduating from the madrasa, he continued his high school education in Bitola and in 1904 went to study theology in Istanbul. In December 1908, he formed the "Bashkimi" club of Debar. As leader of the club's administrative council, along with other activists such as Kadri Fishta, Riza Rusi, Eqerem Cami, Ibrahim Xhidri, Abdullah Tërshana and Ibrahim Jegeni, he carried out vigorous activities for the benefit of the national cause.

His grandfather Selim Rusi, supported him in continuing his studies in Bitola and later in Istanbul, where he met other figures of the Albanian National Awakening, including Ibrahim Temo and Dervish Hima. He moved from Bitola to Debar in 1907, and formed a chapter of the Society for the Unity of the Albanian Language there in December 1908. The chapter also included Fishta, Riza Rusi, Eqerem Cami, Ibrahim Xhidri, Ramadan Camin, Abdullah Tërshana, and Ibrahim Jegeni. Langu also helped organize the Congress of Dibra on July 23, 1909. At the end of June 1910, Shevket Turgut Pasha, who derided Langu as a “Latin priest,” crushed the rebellion, but it continued underground.

Langu continued to lobby for Albanian-language schooling in the area, and the people of Debar elected him unanimously as their first official teacher of same. Carefully watching the fall of the Ottoman Empire, he joined Cami, Ismail Strazimiri, Tajar Tetova, Ramadan Cami, and Sulejman Shehu from Zerqan in taking up arms to liberate Debar. By now the leading local independence ideologue, he was elected along with Vehbi Dibra to the Assembly of Vlorë. He left Vlorë to organize resistance to the Serbian occupation of the Debar and Elbasan regions. He was arrested but freed by public agitation.

He was ushered into Elbasan by his longtime friend Aqif Pasha Elbasani and helped connect the tribes near Debar with the Provisional Government of Albania out of Vlorë. A commission consisting of Langu, Elbasani, Tetova, Ismail Haki Peqini, and Ahmet Dakli, set out to professionalize local government in Debar. They were helped by Ramadan Cami, Hoxhë Muglica, Hoxhë Kurt Ballë, and others in this effort. From 1913 to 1917, Langu acted as qadi (sharia judge) in the parts of the Dibër valley under Albanian rule. He then resettled in Debar, serving as an imam and occasional qadi there from 1920 to 1938. Reconnecting with local associates, he was surveilled by the Yugoslav government. From April 1938 to 1941, he served as chairman of the Skopje Council of Ulema, but seeing growing danger, he left for Tirana to serve as leader of the Muslim Community of Albania, promoting interreligious tolerance as the key to national unity.

In 1947, at the age of 70, he was sentenced to ten years in prison for agitation and propaganda. He was released in 1950 and died in 1956.

References

19th-century Albanian people
All-Albanian Congress delegates
1877 births
1956 deaths
People from Debar
People from Manastir vilayet


Riza Zogolli was a 19th-century Albanian politician. He was the brother of Xhemal Pasha Zogolli, father of King Zog I of Albania and one of the promoters and delegates of the Albanian Declaration of Independence.

References

Bibliography
 Patrice Najbor, Histoire de l'Albanie et de sa maison royale (5 volumes), JePublie, Paris, 2008, ().
 Patrice Najbor, la dynastye des Zogu, Textes & Prétextes, Paris, 2002

External links
Maison royale d'Albanie, site officiel en langue française
Famille royale d'Albanie, site officiel en langue anglaise

19th-century Albanian people
Albanian Sunni Muslims
Year of death missing
Year of birth missing
All-Albanian Congress delegates
House of Zogu


Kurt Agë Kadiu(Lis, Vilayet of Scutari, Ottoman Empire 1868 - Mat, Albania 1923) was a 19th-century Albanian politician. He was one of the delegates of the Albanian Declaration of Independence.

References

19th-century Albanian people
Albanian politicians
1923 deaths
People from Mat (municipality)
1868 births
All-Albanian Congress delegates
Albanian people from the Ottoman Empire


Zyhdi Ohri (1870 – 1931), also known as Zuhdi bey Ohri was a 19th-century Albanian patriot, politician, and lawyer. He was a representative of Ohrid and Struga in the Assembly of Vlora held on November 28, 1912, and one of the 40 signatories of the Albanian Declaration of Independence.

Biography

Early life
Zyhdi Ohri was born in Ohrid, Manastir Vilayet of Ottoman Empire, today's North Macedonia. He completed the elementary school in one of the Ottoman schools in his home town. He studied jurisprudence at the University of Istanbul, where he then graduated as a lawyer. In the summer of 1897, Zyhdi Ohri returns to his homeland.

Patriotic and political activity
After returning from Istanbul, his nationalist ideologies began to emerge when, together with other prominent Albanian nationalists, such as Hamdi Ohri and Murad Sojliu, began organizing the peoples of the Ohrid, Strugë, and Velešta regions by forming cheta also preventing conscription by the Ottoman army.

As an Albanian nationalist, he participated in the League of Peja (1899-1900). He was member of the Secret Committee for the Liberation of Albania based in Monastir, and had his own cheta (guerrilla group) active during 1911-1912. In November 1912 he represented Ohrid () in Vlore during the Albanian Declaration of Independence. He was one of the signatories, signing as "Zuhdi Ohri". He was appointed as counselor of the Head of Senate, position held by Vehbi Dibra.
 In 1920, he participated in the Congress of Lushnje.

References

External links

19th-century Albanian politicians
20th-century Albanian politicians
Signatories of the Albanian Declaration of Independence
Albanian people from the Ottoman Empire
People from Ohrid
People from Manastir vilayet
All-Albanian Congress delegates
1870 births
1931 deaths


Myrteza Ali Struga (1878–1937) was an Albanian politician and medical doctor. He was one of the signatories of the Albanian Declaration of Independence.

For his contribution he was awarded Honor of Nation Order (Nder I kombit) by the Albanian president.

References

External links

Albanian people from the Ottoman Empire
Signatories of the Albanian Declaration of Independence
All-Albanian Congress delegates
People from Struga
People from Manastir vilayet
1878 births
1937 deaths


Nuri Sojliu (1870–1940) was an Albanian politician. He was one of the signatories of the Albanian Declaration of Independence.

References

19th-century Albanian politicians
Signatories of the Albanian Declaration of Independence
20th-century Albanian politicians
People from Struga
1870 births
1940 deaths
Albanian people from the Ottoman Empire
People from Manastir vilayet
All-Albanian Congress delegates


Hamdi Ohri (also Hamdi Bey Qoku Ohri; February 4, 1872 in Ohrid, Ottoman Empire - November 24, 1938 in Tirana, Albanian Kingdom ) was a 19th-century Albanian rilindas and politician. He was one of the delegates of the Albanian Declaration of Independence.
He was as well a delegate at the Albanian Congress of Trieste in 1913.

References

19th-century Albanian people
1872 births
1938 deaths
All-Albanian Congress delegates
People from Ohrid
People from Manastir vilayet
Activists of the Albanian National Awakening
Albanian people from the Ottoman Empire


Eugene Webb (born 1938) is Professor Emeritus in the University of Washington Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies. Webb holds a Ph.D., in Comparative Literature from Columbia University (1965), an M.A. in English Literature from Columbia University (1962) and also a B.A., in Philosophy from the University of California, Los Angeles (1960). Webb was a member of the faculties of both the Comparative Literature Department and the Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies, where he served as Associate Director and chaired programs in both Comparative Religion and European Studies (1994). Webb was also the founder of those two programs: Comparative Religion in 1974, and European Studies in 1994.  He retired from the University of Washington in 2000, where he now has the title Professor Emeritus of International Studies.
Webb has two books on the novels and plays of Samuel Beckett, and has authored the books The Dark Dove: The Sacred and Secular in Modern Literature (1975), Eric Voegelin, Philosopher of History (1981), Philosophers of Consciousness (1988) and The Self Between: From Freud to the New Social Psychology of France (1993), all published by the University of Washington Press.
His book World View and Mind: Religious Thought and Psychological Development was published by the University of Missouri Press in 2009, and his In Search of the Triune God: The Christian Paths of East and West was published by the same press in 2014.
Webb translated and wrote the introduction to Jean-Michel Oughourlian's, The Puppet of Desire:  The Psychology of Hysteria, Possession, and Hypnosis, (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1991).
He also translated a second book by Oughourlian, The Genesis of Desire, published by Michigan State University Press in 2010.

Academic positions
Professor Emeritus of International Studies, University of Washington, 2000
Professor of Comparative Literature and Comparative Religion, UW, 1975
Associate Professor of English and Comparative Literature, UW, 1974
Associate Professor of English, UW, 1973
Assistant Professor of English, UW, 1966
Assistant Professor of English, Simon Fraser University, 1965

Principal administrative functions
Associate Director, Jackson School of International Studies, 1997–2000
Chairman, European Studies Program, 1994–98
Executive Committee, Comparative Literature Department, 1990–93
Executive Committee, Ph.D. Program in Literary Theory, 1990–93
Steering Committee, Comparative History of Ideas, 1978–2000.
Acting Chairman, Department of Romance Languages and Literature, 1985–86
Faculty Senate, 1984
College Council, College of Arts and Sciences, 1976–79, Spring 1987
Chairman, Comparative Religion Program, 1973–85

Works
 In Search of The Triune God: The Christian Paths of East and West (Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 2014)
 Worldview and Mind:  Religious Thought and Psychological Development (Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 2009)
 The Self Between:  From Freud to the New Social Psychology of France  (Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 1993)
 Philosophers of Consciousness:  Polanyi, Lonergan, Voegelin, Ricoeur, Girard, Kierkegaard  (Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 1988).
Eric Voegelin:  Philosopher of History (Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 1981).
The Dark Dove:  The Sacred and Secular in Modern Literature (Seattle and London:  University of Washington Press, 1975).
The Plays of Samuel Beckett (Seattle:  University of Washington Press; London:  Peter Owen, 1972).
Samuel Beckett:  A Study of His Novels (Seattle:  University of Washington Press; London:  Peter Owen, 1970).

Articles
"Eros and The Psychology of World Views", Anthropoetics XII, 1 (Spring / Summer 2006)
"Voegelin’s Gnosticism Reconsidered."  Political Science Reviewer, 34 (2005): 48–76.
"René Girard and the Symbolism of Religious Sacrifice", Anthropoetics 11, no. 1 (Spring / Summer 2005)
"Girard, Sacrifice, and Religious Symbolism."  Journal of European Psychoanalysis, 14 (Winter–Spring, 2002): 59–79.
"Eros und die Psychologie der Weltanschauungen" in Kulturen des Eros (Eranos Jahrbuch, neue folge., vol. 8: 179–229).  Munich: Wilhelm Fink Verlag, 2001.  Also in Russian translation in Arba (online periodical)
"Eric Voegelin and Literary Theory", in Politics, Order and History: Essays on the Work of Eric Voegelin, ed. Glenn Hughes, Stephen A. McKnight, and Geoffrey L. Price.  Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 2001.
"Spiritual Disorientation and Voegelinian Postmodernism", review of Glenn Hughes, ed., The Politics of the Soul: Eric Voegelin on Religious Experience, and David Walsh, Guarded By Mystery: Meaning in a Postmodern Age.  The Review of Politics, 62, no. 4 (Fall, 2000): 823–827
"Le Désir philosophique", in Le Désir:  Énergie et finalité, ed. Jean-Michel Oughourlian.  Paris: L’Harmattan, 1999.
"Persuasion and the Problem of Polarizing Rhetoric." Voegelin Research News, 4, no. 4 (August 1998).
"Ernest Becker and the Psychology of Worldviews."  Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science, 33, no. 1 (March 1998): 71–86.
"Le Differenziazioni della coscienza."  In La Scienza dell’ ordine: Saggi su Eric Voegelin, ed. Gian Franco Lami and Giovanni Franchi.  Rome: Antonio Pellicani Editore, 1997.
"Mimesis, Evolution, and Differentiation of Consciousness."  Paragrana: Internationale Zeitschrift für Historische Anthropologie, 4, no. 2 (1995): 151–165.
"Objective and Existential Truth in Politics." Public Affairs Quarterly, 9 (no. 2, April, 1995), pp. 93–99.
"Epilogue: The Symbolism of Political Community."  In Render Unto Caesar:  The Religious Sphere in world Politics, edited by Sabrina Petra Ramet and Donald W. Treadgold (Washington, DC: American University Press, 1995), pp. 433–446.
"The Ambiguity of Political Community."  Hellas, 5, 2 (Winter 1994): 52–61.
"Socrates, Modernism, and the Problem of a Genuine Postmodernism."  In Plato and Postmodernism (Glenside, PA: The Aldine Press, 1994), pp. 29–39.
"The New Social Psychology of France: The Heritage of Jacques Lacan." Religion (1993) 23: 61–69.
"The New Social Psychology of France: The Girardian School." Religion (1993) 23: 255–63.
"The Epochal Particularism of Modernity." Gallatin Review 12 (no. 1, Winter 1992–93): 87–95.
"Socrates, Modernity, Postmodernism."  Hellas, 3, 1 (Spring 1992): 27–41.
"Augustine's New Trinity: The Anxious Circle of Metaphor."  In Innovation in Religious Traditions: Essays in the Interpretation of Religious Change, ed. Michael A. Williams, Collett Cox, and Martin S. Jaffee.  Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1992.  Pp. 191–214.
"Religion, Modernity, and the Humanities", Religious Studies and Theology, 11, nos. 2 & 3 (1991): 18–35.
"Recent French Psychoanalytic Thought and the Psychology of Religion." Religious Studies and Theology, 8, nos. 1 & 2 (January, May, 1988): 31–44.
"The Ecumenical Significance of Lonergan's Theological Method."  Ecumenical Trends, 17, no. 4 (April 1988): 49–52.
"Metaphysics or Existenzerhellung:  A Comparison of Lonergan and Voegelin."  Religious Studies and Theology, 7, nos. 2+3 (1987): 36–47.
"The Hermeneutic of Greek Trinitarianism: An Approach Through Intentionality Analysis."  In Religion in Context, ed. Timothy P. Fallon and Philip Boo Riley.  Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 1988.
"Politics and the Problem of a Philosophical Rhetoric in the Thought of Eric Voegelin", Journal of Politics, 48, 1 (1986): 260–273.
"The Alchemy of Man and the Alchemy of God:  The Alchemist as Cultural Symbol in Modern Thought", Religion and Literature 17, 1 (Spring 1985): 47–60.
"Eric Voegelin (1901–1985) : Eulogy at Stanford Memorial Chapel." Sequoia, 29, no. 2 (1985): 96–98.
"The Pneumatology of Bernard Lonergan:  A Byzantine Comparison", Religious Studies and Theology 5, 2 (1985): 13–23.
"Mesopotamian Religion", in Denise L.Carmody and John T. Carmody, Ways to the Center: An Introduction to World Religions, Second edition (Belmont, Calif.:  Wadsworth Publishing, 1984), pp. 199–205.
"Faith, Truth and Persuasion in the Thought of Eric Voegelin", in Voegelin and the Theologian: Ten Studies in Interpretation, Toronto Studies in Theology, Vol. 10, ed. John Kirby and William M. Thompson.  (New York and Toronto: Edwin Mellen Press, 1983), pp. 356–69.
"Luther and Zen:  Cultural Implications of Doctrines of Sudden Deliverance", in Michael A. Williams, ed., Charisma and Sacred Biography, Journal of the American Academy of Religion Thematic Studies, 48, 3 and 4 (1982): 69–86.
"The Spiritual Crisis of Modernity: Keynes, Beckett, Baudelaire." Soundings:  An Interdisciplinary Journal 62, 2 (Summer 1979): 131–143.
"Eric Voegelin's Theory of Revelation."  The Thomist, 42, 1 (January 1978): 95–122.  Reprinted in Eric Voegelin's Thought: A Critical Appraisal, ed. Ellis Sandoz.  Durham: Duke University Press, 1982, pp. 157–78.
"Self and Cosmos:  Religion as Strategy and Exploration in the Novels of E. M. Forster."  Soundings:  An Interdisciplinary Journal, 59, 2 (Summer 1976): 186–203.
"George Herbert and the Language of Disclosure."  West Coast Review  10, 3 (February 1976):  44–46.
"Pozzo in Bloomsbury: A Possible Allusion in Beckett's Waiting for Godot."  Journal of Modern Literature 5, 2 (April 1976): 326–331.
"Yukio Mishima's Cosmology."  West Coast Review 10, l (June 1975): 48–53.
"The Religious Thought of W. H. Auden: The Ambiguity of the Sacred."  Soundings:  An Interdisciplinary Journal 58,  4 (Winter 1974): 439–57.
"Hermine and the Problem of Harry's Failure in Hesse's Steppenwolf."  Modern Fiction Studies 18, 7 (1971): 115–24.
"Criticism and the Creative Process."  West Coast Review  2, 2 (Fall 1967): 13–20.

See also
Comparative religion
Henotheism

References

External links
Lectures and Essays
The Jackson School of International Studies website
Worldview and Mind: Religious Thought and Psychological Development

University of Washington faculty
University of Washington alumni
Living people
1938 births


Mustafa Baruti was a 19th-century Albanian politician. He was one of the delegates of the Albanian Declaration of Independence.

References

19th-century Albanian people
People from Struga
Year of death missing
Year of birth missing
All-Albanian Congress delegates
People from Manastir vilayet


Dervish Hima (1872–1928), born Ibrahim Mehmet Naxhi, was a 19th-century Albanian politician and one of the delegates who participated at the Albanian Declaration of Independence. A publisher, he travelled from country to country, promoting Albania with articles and pamphlets.

Biography

Early life
Dervish Hima was born in Struga to an Albanian  landowning family, which spoke the Albanian language in the Tosk dialect. He attended school in Monastir (Bitola) and Salonika (Thessaloniki), and studied medicine for two years in Istanbul, where he initially supported the Young Turk movement and began to reflect on the Albanian question. In August 1908 Hima left his studies unfinished and devoted himself to the Albanian national movement.

Late Ottoman period and Albanian independence
Dervish Hima was an extreme opponent of Ottoman rule in Albania and author of a number of radical manifestos calling for an all-out struggle against the Ottoman Porte. His movements were carefully observed by the Ottoman authorities, and he was imprisoned on several occasions. As a known Albanian literary man, he returned from Shkodër after a long absence in Europe and was arrested for speaking of the hopes of Albania and thrown into prison. Hima also gave speeches to enthusiastic audiences against pan-Islamic influences coming from the Young Turks and called for Albanian national unity, which resulted in an attempted assassination in Korçë by the Ottoman government.

During June 1900 an Albanian newspaper was published in Turkish and Romanian at Bucharest with no connections to any Albanian societies. At the time Hima and Jashar Erebara, both students from Istanbul University were its editors and the paper advocated for an independent Albania ruled by a foreign prince and protected by the Great Powers. The newspaper later ceased publication due to a lack of money and complaints from the Ottoman embassy in Romania. In Bucharest, Hima edited the short-lived periodical Pavarësia e Shqipërisë (The Independence of Albania), which appeared in 1898 in Albanian, French, and Romanian. In October of the following year, he was obliged to leave Romania for Rome, where he collaborated with Mehmed bey Frashëri on the fortnightly Zën’i Shqipënisë or Arnavudluk Sadası (Voice of Albania), which was issued in French and Albanian. Hima writing in the fortnightly called for the unification of the Albanian vilayets and autonomy for Albania within the Ottoman Empire. The Italians shut down his journal Albania-Arnavudluk which promoted Albanian nationalism and Hima planned to restart publishing activities at Geneva. For Ottoman authorities Hima's journal was seen as being only a revolutionary appeal.

In Paris, Hima was a delegate at the Congress of Ottoman Opposition (1902) organised by Prince Sabahaddin. A committee was founded in Paris by Hima and Dimitri Papazoglou, an Aromanian captain that sought to make Albert Ghica the prince of Albania. Hima's committee was active in Romania and symbolised a Romanian-Albanian rapprochement while the group held anti-Slav and anti-Greek positions. The Ottoman authorities viewed Hima as a pawn of Damad Mahmud Pasha and Ismail Qemali. Hima and Jashar Erebara, another delegate of the 1902 Congress both published a Turkish-Albanian journal for Shpresa, an Albanian nationalist society.

In Geneva the remaining members of the old CUP organisation faced a diplomatic assault by Ottoman authorities. In a final act CUP members of Albanian descent Hima, Ahmed Rifat and Halil Muvaffak founded a bilingual journal İttihad-ı-Osmanî-La Federation Ottomane. To give the appearance that the periodical was established by Ottoman citizens of other ethnicities, an editorial board was created composed of figureheads selected from expatriates of various Ottoman ethnic communities. Information was gathered on the periodical by the Swiss political police. Under the editorship of Hima, the inaugural issue of İttihad appeared on 23 February 1903 with the first article recommending an Ottoman federal system of government with stress placed on Albania as being most suitable for that type of administration. Additional articles discussed reforms of the state, linguistic self determination within the empire and Ottoman unity. The periodical was initiated as a Young Turk publication and in short time became an organ of the Albanian national movement and was written in prose style to attract Albanians. İttihad was unable to last as Swiss authorities of the time undertook strict measures against Albanian opponents of the Ottoman sultan. In 1903, Dervish Hima published the fortnightly periodical L’Albanie in Geneva, which he continued as a monthly from 1905 to 1906 in Brussels. Hima was a follower of Ibrahim Temo and was instructed by him to write in Young Turk journals with the aim of achieving reconciliation between the Young Turks and Albanian opponents of the sultan.

The restoration in 1908 of the Ottoman constitution allowed for political exiles like Hima to return home. In 1909, he was in Istanbul, where he ran the weekly Shqipëtari-Arnavud (The Albanian) with Hilë Mosi and Eqrem Vlora, a periodical in Turkish and Albanian subsidized by Austria-Hungary. In his newspaper Hima stressed the importance of Albanian identity and language by viewing them as being two sides of the same coin. He outlined that the publication was aimed at enlightening Albanians, raising their levels of intellect and culture along with encouraging cooperation and an understanding of Ottomanism, the Ottoman system, empire and its peoples in relation to them toward improving their situation. Arnavud was used by Hima to address the Ottoman government and keep Albanian issues within the public sphere while his newspaper printed petitions and letters by Albanians and Albanian deputies of the Ottoman parliament on matters such as the Albanian alphabet question. Hima also highlighted Albanian sacrifices and contributions to the empire, claimed that Albania was "the cradle of freedom" and defended use of the tribal law of Dukagjin among Albanian highlanders. He advocated for a unitary province of Albania, Albanian-Turkish language schools, and locals undertaking military service within five provinces in the Ottoman Balkans. On 13 December 1910 Hima raised concerns in Arnavud about Ottoman "militarization" of placing army officers into civil administration positions in Albania instead of qualified bureaucrats and protesting the use of force to resolve local problems. The newspaper was shut down at the end of 1910, part of the wider campaign by the Ottoman government against the Albanian Latin character alphabet and schools. Hima stated at the time that he received assistance for his publishing activities from Albanians within the empire.

In 1911 he published a book Musaver Arnavud (The Illustrated Albanian) in Ottoman Turkish and it was an edited work containing chapters by Hima and other Albanians on history and other topics like the geopolitical situation of Albanians. Hima's book highlighted the narrative of Albanian loyalty and sacrifice to the empire and he stressed the development of an "Albanian national literature" as important for Albanians. During the Albanian revolt of 1912, the vali of Yanina, Mehmed Ali singled him out as being a bad influence on people in the region and Hima wired the Porte with complaints about the behavior of the governor. In the late Ottoman period, Hima supported Austro-Hungarian assistance toward Albanian geopolitical interests in the Balkans. Hima was one of the signatories of the Albanian Declaration of Independence.

Later life
Dervish Hima took an active interest in public life even after Albanian independence in November 1912. In the autumn of 1917, he was appointed school inspector for the Tirana district by the Austro–Hungarian authorities, and in 1920, he became the first director of the Albanian press office. Hima died in 1928.

Literature
 "Борбата и нуждите на Албания", публикувано във в. "Вести", брой 106, Цариград, 1910 година - A Dervish Hima interview for the Bulgarian Exarchist newspaper "Вести", published in 1910 in Istanbul.

References

1872 births
1928 deaths
Activists of the Albanian National Awakening
19th-century Albanian politicians
20th-century Albanian politicians
People from Struga
Albanian Muslims
People from Manastir vilayet
All-Albanian Congress delegates
Second Congress of Manastir delegates


Abaz Dilaver Çelkupa or Abaz Efendi Çelkupa (Durrës 1850–1926 Durrës) was an Albanian politician and one of the delegates and signatories of the Albanian Declaration of Independence in 1912. He was among the key activists of the Albanian National Awakening.

Career

Early life and Ottoman service
Born in the city of Durrës in the Sanjak of Scutari, and educated as a youth in the city's kuttab, Çelkupa spent a number of years working within the Ottoman administration of the city and also served as the treasurer at the port's customs.

Albanian independence activist
Alongside other Albanian patriots from and working in Durrës, including Dom Nikollë Kaçorri, Neki Libohova, Sotir Veveçka, and Jahja Ballhysa, Çelkupa participated in and even helped in founding political societies concerned with pushing the usage of the Albanian language across schools in Ottoman Albania, as well as other efforts opposing the oppressive Young Turk administration and seeking to further Albanian interests. Examples of those societies being Vllaznia (founded in 1907) and Bashkimi (founded in 1909), in which Abaz held a senior key position. While he clearly advocated for the teaching of Albanian in schools, it seems as if he believed that the Albanian language should be written in the Arabic script, as writing in the Latin script would go against the iman and practices of Islam. Abaz Çelkupa also maintained relations and communications with the Albanian diaspora, particularly with the politicized diaspora in Bucharest, Romania, which had been publishing the Drita magazine series, one of the first magazines in Albanian. Çelkupa aided in organizing and supporting the various anti-Ottoman uprisings (e.g. the revolts of 1910 and 1912) that took place across central and northern Albania, such as those in Kurbin, Kruja and Mati. In August 1912, Abaz and a few other patriots met with Zef Harapi, accompanied by a few Albanian beys and 100 highlanders from Malësia, near Shënavlash to discuss the liberation of Durrës. In the same year he accompanied Ismail Qemali and the other activists to Vlora as a representative for Durrës at the All-Albanian Congress, where the Albanian state was finally declared independent, signing his name on the declaration as Abas Dilaver. With the withdrawal of Serb forces from Durrës in the following year he, alongside Kristaq Rama, Dom Nikollë Kaçorri, Seid Kërtusha, and Ismail Myderrizi, were sent as delegates from Durrës to Kruja in order to negotiate with Essad Pasha Toptani. However, the delegates left following their discovery that Toptani had plans to secede from Independent Albania and form his own state, the Republic of Central Albania, which would maintain close relations with the Ottoman government in Istanbul and the powers of the Balkan League (particularly the Kingdom of Serbia).

Exile
As a result of his opposition to Toptani and the defeat of Prince Wilhelm of Wied by the pro-Ottoman Albanian rebels under Haxhi Qamili, Çelkupa and his family were forced to flee Durrës where their house and riches were plundered. They temporarily settled in Ulcinj, Montenegro, and eventually relocated to Shkodër where Abaz was able to reach out to other patriots such as Luigj Gurakuqi. From Shkodër he settled in Kruja. Çelkupa would eventually return and die in his birthplace.

Multilingualism
On top of his native Albanian, Çelkupa was fluent in Italian and French, and was also most likely proficient in both Ottoman Turkish and Arabic as a result of his history working in the Ottoman administration and education in the Islamic schooling system.

References

Signatories of the Albanian Declaration of Independence
1855 births
1926 deaths
People from Durrës
All-Albanian Congress delegates
Activists of the Albanian National Awakening
Albanian people from the Ottoman Empire


Mustafa Hanxhiu (Tiranë 1840 - Istanbul 1915) or Mustafa Ali Ibrahimi was a 19th-century Albanian politician. He was one of the delegates of the Albanian Declaration of Independence, where he represented Durrës.

References

19th-century Albanian people
1915 deaths
1840 births
All-Albanian Congress delegates
People from Tirana


Hermitage Country Club is a country club located in eastern Goochland County, in the Richmond, Virginia area. The club was organized on October 24, 1900, as "Hermitage Golf Club" by Berkeley Williams and a number of other Richmond businessmen, making it the 4th oldest country club in Virginia. In July 1916, the group was incorporated as "Hermitage Country Club" after its application was approved by the State Corporation Commission. The club hosted the PGA Championship in 1949, at the course that later became Henrico County's Belmont Golf Course.  Sam Snead won his second PGA Championship that year with a 3&2 victory over Johnny Palmer in the final match. The club remains the only club from Virginia to have hosted a major championship. Hermitage has a large pool, 4 indoor & 8 outdoor tennis courts, 36 holes of golf - 2 courses (Manakin 18 & Sabot 18) full gym and weight room, and two dining rooms.

References

External links

1900 establishments in Virginia
Athletics clubs in the United States
Buildings and structures in Goochland County, Virginia
Golf clubs and courses in Virginia
Organizations based in Richmond, Virginia
Sports venues completed in 1973
Sports venues in Richmond, Virginia


Jahja Ballhysa (4 February 1857 - 1930) was a 19th-century Albanian politician. He was one of the delegates of the Albanian Declaration of Independence in 1912 and the mayor of Durrës in 1926.

Jahja Ballhysa was an activist of the Albanian National Renaissance (). After completing his studies at the Collegio di Sant'Adriano (the college of Saint Adrian) in the Arbëreshë town of San Demetrio Corone, Calabria, he returned to Durrës where he joined the patriotic circles of the city. He participated in the Educational Congress in Elbasan in  1909. After overcoming resistance by the Young Turks, he opened in Durrës in 1909 a club called "Bashkimi" ("The Union"), of which he elected president. In Jahja Ballhysa's house and with his financial support it was opened the first Albanian language school in Durrës. He participated in the Albanian Revolts of 1910, 1911 and 1912. He gave valuable support to revolt in the field of journalism in particular, calling on the people to support the Albanian Revolt of 1911. He represented the province of Durrës at the Assembly of Vlorë on November 28, 1912, in which Albania declared the Independence. Jahja Ballhysa signed on behalf of the elite of the city Durrës the petition, which all the Albania's cities elites addressed to the President of the US, Woodrow Wilson, on July 12, 1918, to request his intervention in the Paris Peace Conference, 1919 to rectify the injustice of the Treaty of London (1915) on the Albanian territories. During 1922-1923 Jahja Ballhysa led the progressive forces of the city of Durrës and he was elected Mayor by the opposition. He was part of the Uprising of March 1922. For that reason he was arrested and sentenced with hard imprisonment by the government of Ahmet Zogu. He supported Fan Noli in the June Revolution of 1924. Jahja Ballhysa died in Durrës.

References

19th-century Albanian people
1930 deaths
People from Durrës
1857 births
Mayors of Durrës
All-Albanian Congress delegates
Albanian people from the Ottoman Empire


Octyldodecanol is a branched-chain primary alcohol used as the isomer 2-octyl-1-dodecanol in cosmetics such as lipstick, or as an anti-blooming agent in facepowder. It is a medium spreading emollient, with equilibrium spreading pressure of 17.0 dyne/cm. Octyldodecanol is in the class of Guerbet alcohols, because it has the branch at the β position. Compared to arachidyl alcohol, the linear alcohol of the same molecular weight, it has a lower melting point, yet retains low volatility.

Production
2-Octyldodecanol is produced by the Guerbet condensation of decyl alcohol.

Reactions
When octyldodecanol is melted with an alkali it yields octyldodecanoic acid by a dehydrogenation reaction.

References

Fatty alcohols
Primary alcohols
Cosmetics chemicals


Dom Nikoll Kaçorri (21 February 1862 – 29 May 1917), was a prominent figure of the National Renaissance of Albania. A signatory of the Albanian Declaration of Independence, Dom Kaçorri served as Deputy Prime Minister of the Provisional Government of Albania, after the independence.

Life
He was born in 1862 in the village of Krejë, Lurë (now in Dibër municipality). He trained for the priesthood in Troshan near Lezhë and studied theology in Italy, being ordained as a Catholic priest. On his return to Albania in 1895, he began work as a parish priest in Durrës. In the early years of the twentieth century, Kaçorri was increasingly involved in the nationalist movement, and was one of the organisers of an armed uprising in Kurbin, Krujë and Mirditë in 1905–07. In 1906, as a man of the cloth, he was made protonotary apostolic, and later in life bore the ecclesiastical title of vice general. In 1907, Kaçorri was a member of the nationalist Vllaznia (Brotherhood) society in Durrës and co-founded the Bashkimi (Unity) society in 1909. In November 1908, he took part in the Congress of Manastir, which was held to decide on an Albanian alphabet. In 1910, during an uprising in Kurbin in which he was involved, he was arrested by the Ottoman authorities for sedition and was sentenced four years in prison, though the sentence was soon reduced to 13 months.

In November 1912 Kaçorri voluntarily accompanied Ismail Qemali on his way to Albania and was present at the declaration of Albanian independence in Vlorë, as a representative of Durrës. There, he was made deputy prime minister in the first provisional government, but resigned in March 1913 after marked difference with Qemali. Kaçorri left Albania at the end of the 1913, and met Prince Wied in Berlin in January 1914. On 28 February 1914, he was in Vienna with an Albanian deputation that was received by the Austrian emperor at Schönbrunn Palace. He was to spend the rest of his life in Vienna. In April 1917, though increasingly ravaged by cancer, he took part in another Albanian deputation to pay homage to the emperor in Vienna, but died a month later at the Fürth sanatorium. He was buried on 2 June 1917 at the Vienna Central Cemetery. Nikollë Kaçorri's remains were repatriated from Vienna to Tirana almost a century later, on 9 February 2011.

See also
 Signatories of Albanian Declaration of Independence
 Provisional Government of Albania

References

Sources

External links

1862 births
1917 deaths
Deaths from cancer in Austria
Signatories of the Albanian Declaration of Independence
People from Dibër (municipality)
People from Scutari vilayet
20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in Albania
19th-century Albanian politicians
20th-century Albanian politicians
Government ministers of Albania
Deputy Prime Ministers of Albania
Albanian emigrants to Austria
All-Albanian Congress delegates
Congress of Elbasan delegates


Abdi Toptani (28 August 1864 – 1 August 1942) was a 19th-century Albanian politician. He was one of the signatories of the Albanian Declaration of Independence along with his relative Murat. He served as Minister of Finances in the Provisional Government of Albania, and in Prince Wied's cabinet. In the Congress of Lushnjë he became one of the regents of Albania.

References

1864 births
1942 deaths
Date of death missing
Place of death missing
19th-century Albanian politicians
20th-century Albanian politicians
Signatories of the Albanian Declaration of Independence
Abdi
Politicians from Tirana
All-Albanian Congress delegates
Congress of Durrës delegates
Government ministers of Albania
Finance ministers of Albania
Albanian people from the Ottoman Empire


Murad bej Toptani (13 July 1867 – 11 February 1918) was an Albanian poet, artist and activist of the Albanian National Awakening.

Along with his relative Abdi Toptani he became one of the signatories of the Albanian Declaration of Independence in 1912.

As a sculptor, Toptani created the first bust of George Kastrioti Skanderbeg, the national hero of Albania.

Life

Family
He was born in 1867 in the Caucasus Mountains, where his father Seit was interned as a political prisoner.

From 1875 to 1881, their family lived in Istanbul, capital of the Ottoman Empire, but they settled again in the Caucasus Mountains, where Seit was again interned because of his membership in the League of Prizren.

In the early 1890, he studied in Istanbul, where he lived in Naim Frashëri's house. There he met his future wife Asije Frashëri, daughter of Sherif Frashëri, younger brother of Naim.

In 1895, he married Asije Frashëri and moved to Tirana, where he later died, age 50–51, in 1918. His three sons were: Enver, Sherif and Ibrahim.

Toptani's younger brother Refik was the head of the local branch of Bashkimi in Tirana. His sister Vesime was married to Mehmet Frashëri, another brother of Naim Frashëri.

Exile
During 1897, Toptani along with Faik Konitza visited the Albanian diaspora in Bucharest and he proposed that Albanian guerilla bands be formed to combat Ottoman, Bulgarian and Greek forces. In Tirana, Toptani was active in the promotion of education in Albanian. In 1897, Toptani successfully requested the instruction of all lessons in Albanian in the newly founded Austrian school of the city.  His activities and influence led to his arrest on 28 October 1897 by the Ottoman authorities.

Toptani was exiled and initially interned in Manastir and later in Galipoli, from where he was sent to Tripoli. In 1898, he escaped and migrated to Italy, where he settled in Naples and Brindisi. On 14 July 1898, he protested against his sentence and requested amnesty from the wali of Manastir, but did not receive any reply.

While in Italy, he created the first bust of Skanderbeg, the Albanian national hero. In 1899, he spent a few months in Bucharest and finally returned to Istanbul, where he received amnesty. However, in 1900 he was again interned and held in indefinite detention in Çanakkale and Konya until 1908, when many prisoners were given amnesty.

Legacy

A pedestrian road in the center of Tirana is named after Murat Toptani.

See also
 List of Albanian writers
 List of sculptors

References

Date of death missing
1867 births
1918 deaths
19th-century Albanian poets
19th-century Albanian politicians
19th-century sculptors
20th-century Albanian poets
20th-century Albanian politicians
20th-century Albanian sculptors
Activists of the Albanian National Awakening
Signatories of the Albanian Declaration of Independence
Murat
Politicians from Tirana
All-Albanian Congress delegates
Poets from the Ottoman Empire


Xhemal Deliallisi (1880 - 1941) was a prominent figure of the 19th century in the Shijak area of Albania. He was one of 40 signatories of the Albanian Declaration of Independence alongside his cousin Ymer Deliallisi. His tribe was one of the most influential in the area of central Albania where is his father, Sali bey Deliallisi, is thought to have been the founder of the modern city of Shijak.

Life
Xhemal Deliallisi was born in 1880 in Shijak. His father Sali bey Deliallisi is thought to have been the founder of the modern city located along the Erzen River, near Durrës. He received his first lessons in the school of his hometown. He knew several foreign languages, such as Persian, Ottoman and Italian. In 1903 he started working in the administration of Shijak sub-prefecture, where he worked for several years. Under the influence of Dom Nikollë Kaçorri, Murat of Said Toptani, but also of the patriots in Thessaloniki, Bucharest and Istanbul with whom he had correspondences, he joined the national movement for independence. In the years 1908–1910 he openly positioned himself against the new policies of the Young Turks for the centralization of power. In autumn of 1912 he was one of the organizers of the volunteer fighters from Shijak for the protection of Shkodra from the Montenegrin and Serbian occupation.
In November 1912 he was elected Shijak delegate to the historic Assembly of Declaration of Independence along with his cousin Ymer Deliallisi. They accompanied Ismail Qemali who arrived from Trieste in Durrës to the city of Vlora. Jamal Deliathisi signed the Declaration of Independence with the Ottoman script "Xhemmalyyddin bej". The Provisional Government of Vlora for some time charged him with the task of assisting Lef Nosi in the Ministry of Posts and Telegraphs. He welcomed the arrival of Prince Wied and served in his administration in Durrës. In 1924 he supported the Fan Noli uprising and became a strong supporter of his government. After the fall of Noli's government he emigrated to Italy, where he stayed until 1927, when he returned to his homeland and then settled in Tirana. Although old, he followed with interest the political and social developments of the country. He died in 1941.

References

19th-century Albanian people
20th-century Albanian people
Signatories of the Albanian Declaration of Independence
Members of the Parliament of Albania
People from Shijak
All-Albanian Congress delegates
1880 births
1941 deaths


NASA Astronaut Group 15 ("The Flying Escargot") was a group of 23 NASA astronauts announced on December 8, 1994. Group members adopted The Flying Escargot as their moniker, in reference to two members of the group being from France. The group featured ten pilots, nine mission specialists, and four international mission specialist trainees from France, Canada and Japan.

Three members of this group, Rick Husband, Michael P. Anderson, and Kalpana Chawla,  died in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster. These three received the Congressional Space Medal of Honor.

Another member of the group Pamela Melroy, currently serves as Deputy Administrator of NASA, taking office on June 21, 2021, having been appointed by US President Joe Biden.

Pilots
Scott Altman
Pilot, STS-90  (Neurolab)
Pilot, STS-106
Commander, STS-109
Commander, STS-125
Jeffrey Ashby
Pilot, STS-93
Pilot, STS-100
Commander, STS-112
Michael Bloomfield
Pilot, STS-86
Pilot, STS-97
Commander, STS-110
Joe F. Edwards, Jr.
Pilot, STS-89
Dominic L. Pudwill Gorie
Pilot, STS-91
Pilot, STS-99
Commander, STS-108
Commander, STS-123
Rick Husband
Pilot, STS-96
Commander, STS-107 *
Steven Lindsey
Pilot, STS-87
Pilot, STS-95
Commander, STS-104
Commander, STS-121
Commander, STS-133
Pamela Melroy
Pilot, STS-92
Pilot, STS-112
Commander, STS-120
Susan L. Still-Kilrain
Pilot, STS-83
Pilot, STS-94
Frederick Sturckow
Pilot, STS-88
Pilot, STS-105
Commander, STS-117
Commander, STS-128

Mission Specialists
Michael P. Anderson
Mission Specialist, STS-89
Mission Specialist, STS-107 *
Kalpana Chawla
Mission Specialist, STS-87
Mission Specialist, STS-107 *
Robert Curbeam
Mission Specialist, STS-85
Mission Specialist, STS-98
Mission Specialist, STS-116
Kathryn Hire
Mission Specialist, STS-90
Mission Specialist, STS-130
Janet Kavandi
STS-91
STS-99
STS-104
Edward Tsang Lu
Mission Specialist, STS-84
Mission Specialist, STS-104
Flight Engineer, Soyuz TMA-2
Flight Engineer, Expedition 7
Carlos I. Noriega
Mission Specialist, STS-84
Mission Specialist, STS-97
James F. Reilly
STS-89
STS-104
STS-117
Stephen Robinson
STS-85
STS-95
STS-114
STS-130

International mission specialists
Jean-Loup Chrétien (France)
Research Cosmonaut, Soyuz T-6
Research Cosmonaut, Soyuz TM-6/TM-7 (Mir Aragatz)
Mission Specialist, STS-86
Takao Doi (Japan)
Mission Specialist, STS-87
Mission Specialist, STS-123
Michel Tognini (France)
Research Cosmonaut, Soyuz TM-15/TM-14
Mission Specialist, STS-93
Dafydd Williams (Canada)
Mission Specialist, STS-90
Mission Specialist, STS-118

References

External links

NASA Astronaut Corps
Lists of astronauts
Kalpana Chawla
1994 in spaceflight
1994 establishments in the United States


Ymer Radhima (1872–1944) was a 19th-century Albanian politician. He was one of the signatories of the Albanian Declaration of Independence.

References

19th-century Albanian people
Signatories of the Albanian Declaration of Independence
Members of the Parliament of Albania
People from Shijak
All-Albanian Congress delegates
Congress of Durrës delegates
1944 deaths
1872 births


Ibrahim Efendiu (1850, Shijak, Sanjak of Scutari, Ottoman Empire - 1930, Shijak, Albania), also known as Ali Shahin, was a 19th-century Albanian politician. He was one of the delegates of the Albanian Declaration of Independence.

References

Albanian people from the Ottoman Empire
Politicians from the Ottoman Empire
20th-century Albanian people
1930 deaths
1850 births
People from Shijak
All-Albanian Congress delegates


Jay Leach may refer to:

 Jay Leach (hockey coach) (born 1951), assistant coach for several NHL hockey teams and uncle to the other Jay Leach
 Jay Leach (ice hockey) (born 1979), AHL and NHL hockey player and coach and nephew of the other Jay Leach


Lef Nosi (born Elefter Nosi; 9 April 187720 February 1946) was an Albanian publisher, archivist, philologist, folklorist, ethnographer, numismatist, archaeologist and politician. On 28 November 1912, he was as one of the signatories of the Declaration of Independence, representing Elbasan. During the Second World War, Nosi was a leading member of Balli Kombëtar and was chosen as a member of the Albanian High Council.

Biography

Early life
Lef Nosi was born on 9 April 1877 of a wealthy family in Elbasan. He supported the Congress of Elbasan in August 1909 and was director of the respected Normal School (Shkolla Normale) in his native town. On 25 March 1910, he began editing the weekly newspaper Tomorri (Tomorr). Nosi was also a committee member of the Albanian club in Elbasan. During the Albanian revolt of 1912 Nosi was one of two delegates representing Elbasan sent to Kosovo that partook in negotiations between Albanian rebels and the Ottoman state regarding Albanian sociopolitical and cultural interests.

Early political period
Lef Nosi was present at the declaration of independence in Vlora in 1912 and was one of the signatories.  After the establishment of an independent Albania, Nosi was made postmaster general.  Nosi took part in the Congress of Durrës in 1918, was briefly minister of national economy, and attended the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 as part of the Albanian delegation led by Msgr. Luigj Bumci.

Retirement from politics
Lef Nosi retired from politics and lived in Elbasan between 1929 and 1938, where he divided his time between business and historical research. Lef Nosi was a scholar and collector of manuscripts and early 20th-century documents. He had a passionate interest in archeology and ethnography. Edith Durham called him the only Albanian who understood the value of folklore. He is remembered in particular as editor, from 1924 on, of a collection of historical documents under the title Dokumenta historike per t'i sherbye histories tone kombetare(Historical Documents to Serve Our National History). Nosi was a close friend of Scottish anthropologist Margaret Hasluck, who lived in Albania for 13 years, principally in Elbasan.

Despite being born as an orthodox Christian of the Patriarchate of Constantinople, Nosi had longed to form an autocephalous orthodox church of Albania. Lef Nosi was Noli's old friend who had helped Noli when he became a priest. Lef Nosi helped Noli form the Albanian Orthodox Church within Albania and had wished that Fan Noli was bishop and head of the church.

World War II
In June 1943, Lef Nosi joined the Balli Kombëtar and became a leading figure of the collaboration with Fascist and Nazis. In October 1943, during the German occupation, he was chosen as president of the national assembly and was elected to the High Regency Council(Keshilli i Larte i Regjences). The assembly under Nosi passed a series of decrees that fundamentally altered Albanian's Italian-established constitution. The union with Italy was officially dissolved; many of the laws passed after the Italian invasion were revoked; and Albania was declared free, neutral and independent.

He resigned from the position in October 1944 when German troops were evacuating Albania and it became evident that the communist partisans would soon take control.

Arrest and death
Lef Nosi was arrested while endeavouring to flee from Tirana where he had been hiding for some time. He had previously been pursued for three days in Elbasan, but he escaped, assisted by his wealthy nephew Vasil Nosi. Vasil then fell into the hands of Koci Xoxe, who tortured him by boiling his feet until he betrayed his uncle's hiding-place.

Lef Nosi was brought to trial in February 1946, led by general judge Irakli Bozo and prosecuted by Misto Treska. Along with Anton Harapi and former prime minister Maliq bey Bushati Nosi was condemned to death by communist Albania. According to the British Military Mission, which covered the trial: The trial took place, in eight sessions, in a squalid cinema in Tirana before a house packed by Party members who constantly interrupted and jeered, while three military judges on the stage kept hurling accusations and abuse at the defendants, jointly and severally. All three were held responsible for, among other things, Albania's entire war losses.... Defendant's counsel was howled down as a 'fascist' and never succeeded in making himself heard... The three accused were shot two days afterwards, on 15 February.

References
"History of Albanian People" Albanian Academy of Science.

Signatories of the Albanian Declaration of Independence
Balli Kombëtar
1877 births
1946 deaths
Executed politicians
Albanian people executed by the communist regime
Mayors of Elbasan
People from Elbasan
Members of the Albanian Orthodox Church
Albanian philanthropists
Albanian anti-communists
Albanian collaborators with Fascist Italy
Executed Albanian collaborators with Nazi Germany
Government ministers of Albania
Economy ministers of Albania
All-Albanian Congress delegates
Congress of Elbasan delegates
Government of Durrës
Congress of Durrës delegates
Speakers of the Parliament of Albania
Members of the Parliament of Albania
Activists of the Albanian National Awakening
Educators from the Ottoman Empire


Shefqet bej Dajiu was one of the signatories of the Albanian Declaration of Independence in 1912. He was the second secretary of the Congress of Vlora, when independence was declared. He was later named as prefect of Fieri, a post he held until the First World War. During the next years he did not take part in politics, and was shown again during World War II, this time as a collaborator of the Axis. He was killed in 1946, by the communist regime, for his collaborative activity.

References
"History of Albanian People" Albanian Academy of Science.

1882 births
1946 deaths
Executed Albanian collaborators with Nazi Germany
People from Elbasan
Signatories of the Albanian Declaration of Independence
All-Albanian Congress delegates
People from Manastir vilayet


Qemal bej Karaosmani (17 July 1875 – 5 August 1949) was one of the signatories of the Albanian Declaration of Independence, and an activist of Albanian education. He served as General Secretary and briefly as Minister of Agriculture in the Provisional Government of Albania.

Life
Karaosmani was born in Elbasan, back then part of Manastir Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire, today's central Albania. He got his first studies in the Ottoman school of his home town. Later he finished the high school and the graduate studies in Istanbul where he got a degree for Political Sciences and Civic Administration.

During his studies in Istanbul, he got in contact with some Albanian patriots and activists, especially Murat Toptani, who would become a close friend. After the graduation, he was appointed to work in the Prefecture in Yannina where he did not stay long. He got transferred in Berat where he was in charge of the Cadastral Office. There he was in close contact and cooperation with other activists of the Albanian education as Babë Dudë Karbunara, Aziz Vrioni, and Iliaz Vrioni.
Based on his contribution to the Albanian education, he was invited in 1908 as a delegate in the Congress of Monastir. Karaosmani was relative to Aqif Pasha Elbasani. Both cousins would contribute to the Congress of Elbasan of 1909 where the Albanian Normal School (Alb:Shkolla Normale e Elbasanit) was established.

In November 1912, Karaosmani was elected by the Berat leadership as a delegate in the Assembly of Vlora. He signed the act of the Independence Declaration as "Qemal Elbasani". He would be appointed later by Ismail Qemali as first secretary, and by late November 1913 Minister of Agriculture of Albania.

Karaosmani supported the Congress of Lushnje of 1920, and the government of Sulejman Delvina which came out of it.
He was elected in the National Assembly twice: first representing Berat out of elections of December 27, 1923, and those of May 17, 1925 which marked the First Albanian Republic (1925-1928).

After the Italian invasion of Albania, Karaosmani moved to Kavaje with his family where he lived for the rest of his life. He died in 1948, never appreciated by the communists, and without any official ceremony. His family donated in 1962 the original pen with which he had signed the act of Independence Declaration to the Albanian National Archives. Due to their wealth, the family were considered bejlere (beys) and were persecuted. His home in the "Spaikorre" neighborhood of Elbasan got confiscated.

Family
Qemal Karaosmani got married in 1900 to Aishe Resuli, a woman from one of the richest and most powerful families of Berat. The couple has six children: Masar, Hadije, Qamuran, Sheriar, Behije, and Ali.

References

Signatories of the Albanian Declaration of Independence
19th-century Albanian politicians
20th-century Albanian politicians
Albanian people from the Ottoman Empire
1875 births
1948 deaths
People from Elbasan
People from Manastir vilayet
Government ministers of Albania
Agriculture ministers of Albania
All-Albanian Congress delegates


Raj Hamsa Ultralights is an Indian private limited company and  ultralight aircraft manufacturer, founded in 1980 at Pondicherry, India by Joel Koechlin (of the Koechlin family) of France. The company is one of India's largest aircraft manufacturers and is the only producer of commercial microlight aircraft. It started in 1980 producing hang gliders, introduced powered hang gliders in 1983 and the X-Air line of microlights in 1993. By 2007, the company had produced over 1,000 aircraft.

The company's headquarters and sole manufacturing facility is located at Bangalore, India. The company employs 30-35 people and produces about 100 aircraft kits annually.

The company's X-Air 'S' and 'F' models have been successful in the market and are exported widely. The new Hawk model, known as Hanuman in India, is currently awaiting Indian and UK certification. The ultralights manufactured by Raj Hamsa are some of the least expensive available in India and many parts of the world.

The company is a factory agent for Jabiru Aircraft engines.

Aircraft

X-Air
The X-Air was the first aircraft produced by the company. A total of 1300 X-Air F and S have been exported by the company. Standard equipment is a Rotax 582 and basic instruments. The XAir is certified to UK BCAR Section "S".

X-Air Hanuman
This model is based upon the X-Air "F" Gumnam, with a more conventional nose-mounted engine configuration. Designed for leisure flying and flight training the Jabiru 2200 and Rotax 582 engines are optional. This aircraft is . The aircraft is known in North America as the X-AIR "H"

Voyager
A two-seat cross-country capable ultralight trike powered by a Rotax 503 or Jabiru 2200.

Clipper
A two-seat  ultralight trike powered by a Rotax 503 engine designed for training and recreational flying.

Certification
The X-Air and Hanuman are both accepted by Transport Canada as Advanced Ultra-light Aeroplanes in Canada.

The Hanuman is an approved US Federal Aviation Administration Light sport aircraft as the model X-Air XA85.

References

External links

Raj Hamsa's Indian website
Raj Hamsa's US website

Aircraft manufacturers of India
Manufacturing companies based in Bangalore
1980 establishments in Pondicherry
Indian companies established in 1980
Manufacturing companies established in 1980


Dervish Biçaku (1874-1952) was an Albanian landowner, and one of the delegates of Albanian Declaration of Independence.

He was born in Elbasan, today's Albania in a landowners family, with around 2100 hectares of land in Elbasan and Lushnje areas. His father was Jusuf Bey Biçaku, and his mother was Hedije Zogolli, aunt of Ahmet Zogolli, known as the future Albanian King Zog I. He finished high school in Istanbul. He was one of the organizers of the Congress of Elbasan in 1909, one of the sponsors, and was elected its chairman. Dervish Bey Biçaku was one of the financiers of the Normal School of Elbasan. In 1912, he was a delegate of Peqin in the Assembly of Vlorë, which declared the independence of the four Albanian vilayets from the Ottoman Empire. He was appointed by the future prime-minister Ismail Qemali as future Minister of Finance, but unexpectedly he expressed disagreement with Qemali's line of government and jumped to Esat Pashë Toptani's side.

At the end of WWII, right before the LANC forces took control in Albania, he settled in Lebanon, where he died in 1952.

References

20th-century Albanian politicians
All-Albanian Congress delegates
1874 births
1952 deaths
People from Elbasan
People from Manastir vilayet
Activists of the Albanian National Awakening
Albanian philanthropists
Dervish
Albanian people from the Ottoman Empire

Albanian emigrants
Immigrants to Lebanon


Mahmud Efendi Kaziu was one of the delegates of the Albanian Declaration of Independence, where he represented Peqin, his hometown.

References

20th-century Albanian politicians
19th-century Albanian politicians
All-Albanian Congress delegates
People from Peqin
People from Manastir vilayet


Leap was established in 2007 by University of Suffolk, Suffolk Learning and Skills Council and Suffolk County Council with funding from East of England Development Agency.

Leap is unique to Suffolk and delivers free and impartial, high quality information and signposting to everyone seeking education or training opportunities through a website. Leap also works with the Suffolk Chamber of Commerce to assist businesses hoping to improve the skills of their workforce.

Overview
Leap is partnership between the University of Suffolk and Suffolk Chamber of Commerce  to provide web based information on learning, training and skills provision in Suffolk.  In April 2009, University of Suffolk took over as the lead partner for the project.

The Leap Website is the central portal for information about adult learning and skills courses in Suffolk and enables individuals to browse the course database and choose from approximately 6,000 local courses including, Further and Higher Education, Leisure and Community Learning Courses as well as business to business training.

Aims
The aim of Leap is to  provide free and impartial, high quality information to everyone seeking education or training opportunities in Suffolk through a single web portal.

Students
Individuals aged 18+ from all backgrounds take advantage of Leap for information and resources to education and training.

References

External links
Official Website
University of Suffolk
Suffolk Chamber of Commerce

Education in Suffolk


The 2006–07 Liga II was the 67th season of the second tier of the Romanian football league system. The name of the leagues in Romania was changed started with this season. (Divizia A was renamed as Liga I, Divizia B as Liga II, Divizia C as Liga III, Divizia D as Liga IV).

The format has been changed from three series of 16 teams to two series, each of them consisting of 18 teams. The top two teams from each series were promoted at the end of the season to the Liga I, while the bottom four were relegated to the Liga III.

Team changes

To Liga II
Promoted from Divizia C
 Delta Tulcea
 FC Snagov
 Chimia Brazi
 Building Vânju Mare
 Oltchim Râmnicu Vâlcea**
 Auxerre Lugoj
 Baia Mare
 Politehnica II Timișoara**
 Prefab Modelu**

Relegated from Divizia A
 Sportul Studențesc București**
 FCM Bacău

From Liga II
Relegated to Liga III
 Gloria II Bistrița**
 Altay Medgidia**
 Astra Ploiești
 Callatis Mangalia
 Minerul Motru
 Olimpia Satu Mare
 Inter Gaz București
 Petrolul Moinești
 Rapid II București
 Laminorul Roman
 Juventus București
 UTA Arad**
 Portul Constanța
 Dinamo II București
 Unirea Sânnicolau Mare
 Midia Năvodari
 FC Sibiu
 Armătura Zalău

Promoted to Liga I
 Ceahlăul Piatra Neamț
 FC U Craiova
 Liberty Salonta**
 Unirea Urziceni

Note (**)
Oltchim Râmnicu Vâlcea refused to promote in the Liga II, due to financial reasons, instead of them Apulum Alba Iulia was spared from relegation.

Tractorul Brașov promoted to Liga II, but sold its place to Politehnica II Timișoara.

Politehnica II Iași promoted to Liga II, but sold its place to Prefab Modelu.

Sportul Studențesc București was relegated from Divizia A due to financial reasons, Pandurii Târgu Jiu was spared from relegation.

Gloria II Bistrița withdrew from Liga II before the start of the season, instead of them Unirea Dej was spared from relegation.

Altay Medgidia withdrew from Liga II before the start of the season, instead of them FCM Târgoviște was spared from relegation.

Liberty Salonta sold its Liga I place to UTA Arad, club that initially relegated to Liga III. As a result, UTA Arad played in the 2006–07 Liga I and Liberty Salonta in the 2006–07 Liga III. The two clubs basically changed their places.

Renamed teams
Precizia Săcele was renamed as FC Săcele.

Poiana Câmpina was renamed as FCM Câmpina.

Dacia Unirea Brăila was renamed as CF Brăila.

League tables

Seria I

Seria II

Top scorers

14 goals
  Costin Curelea (Sportul Studențesc)

13 goals
  Raul Rusescu (Dunărea Giurgiu)
  Claudiu Boaru (Gaz Metan Mediaș)

10 goals
  Radu Sabo (Universitatea Cluj)

9 goals
  Viorel Ferfelea (Sportul Studențesc)

8 goals
  Claudiu Ionescu (Dacia Mioveni)

7 goals
  Lucian Itu (Minerul Lupeni)
  Kallé Soné (Câmpina)

5 goals
  Viorel Ion (Gloria Buzău)

3 goals
  Salih Jaber (Gloria Buzău)
  Ionuț Cazan (Apulum Alba Iulia)
  János Székely (Universitatea Cluj)

See also
2006–07 Liga I
2006–07 Liga III
2006–07 Liga IV

References

Liga II seasons
Rom
2006–07 in Romanian football


Ismail Qemali Gramshi was one of the delegates of the Albanian Declaration of Independence in 1912, representing Gramsh and Tomorrica regions.

References

People from Gramsh, Elbasan
All-Albanian Congress delegates
People from Manastir vilayet


The Box or BBC Box (BIC code: NYKU8210506) was a single ISO intermodal container that was tracked by BBC News between September 2008 and April 2009, as part of a project to study international trade and globalisation. The Box was fitted with tracking equipment and painted in a special one-off livery.

The tracking project was launched on 8 September 2008. The project tracked a standard  shipping container as it was transported by its owner, Nippon Yusen Kaisha (NYK) shipping line using intermodal freight transport with various cargoes. An on-board GPS unit tracked the Box's location and this was used to update a map showing the current location and previous route. If the container's GPS or communications signal was obstructed (such as having been stacked too far inside the ship's hold), the ship's own GPS location was used to manually update a map. The tracking unit suffered technical problems during December 2008.

The Box was painted in a special BBC paint scheme and was named after the book The Box: How the Shipping Container Made the World Smaller and the World Economy Bigger, which covers the effects of containerisation. The project was assisted by the Container Shipping Information Service.

Following the end of the project in 2009, the shipping container was donated by its owner, Nippon Yusen Kaisha (NYK) to a charity to be turned into a soup kitchen.

Cargoes

The box started off empty, travelling to its first destination under the BBC branding. The first cargo was a consignment of whisky from a Glasgow-based bottling plant to Shanghai, China. On arrival in Shanghai, the Box was met and reported on by British school pupils on a trip to China.

 (Empty) from Southampton Maritime, England to a dry port at Coatbridge, Scotland (by rail, behind Freightliner 66594 NYK Spirit of Kyoto)
 to Paisley, Scotland (by road)
 Chivas Regal Scotch Whisky from Paisley via Greenock, Scotland (by road)
 via Port of Belfast, Northern Ireland, to Port of Southampton (on board )
 via Suez Canal and Gulf of Aden; reloaded at Port of Singapore, to Port of Shanghai, China (on board )
 Tape measures, cosmetics, and gardening products for Big Lots from Port of Shanghai via Japan and Pacific Ocean to Port of Los Angeles, United States (on board );
 via New Jersey (by rail)
 to Pennsylvania (by road)
 Ink, spearmint flavouring, additives, and polyester fibre from New York, (on board , IMO9106807, formerly Eagle I)

 to Santos, Brazil (by sea)
 Monosodium glutamate and auto parts from Santos via Cape of Good Hope and Singapore (on board , IMO9178288, Callsign A8HJ6)
 reloaded at Port of Hong Kong to Port of Yokohama, Japan (on board , IMO9355408, Callsign 9VFW9)
 Various (consolidated cargo) from Yokohama 15 August 2009 (on board , IMO9117129, Callsign HSAG2)
 to Laem Chabang, Thailand (expected: 23 August 2009)
 Tinned catfood  from Lat Krabang, Bangkok, Thailand on 25 September 2009, due to arrive at Southampton, United Kingdom on 21 October 2009

Later arrived in Southampton on 22 October at around 3am, unloaded with crane L, being driven by Lee Harfield, the same driver who had loaded it when it left Southampton.

GPS tracking stopped on 4 April 2009, shortly after passing Mauritius.

Similar projects
 A 2007 book, Around the World in 40 Feet; Two Hundred Days in the Life of a 40FT NYK Shipping Container, written by Richard Cook and Marcus Oleniuk, detailed the journey of another NYK container.
 Logistics, a 2012 experimental film, follows the production and shipping associated with a pedometer over the course of 35 days. Logistics is considered to be the longest film ever produced.

References

External links
 BBC News home page for The Box project
 Live updating map of the Box's position
 Image of The Box

BBC
Intermodal containers
2008 in transport
2009 in transport


Azis Efendi Gjirokastra was one of the delegates of the Albanian Declaration of Independence.

References

Year of death missing
Year of birth missing
All-Albanian Congress delegates


There are three species of bird in two genera known as bushbirds :
Clytoctantes
 Recurve-billed bushbird, 	Clytoctantes alixii
 Rondônia bushbird, 	Clytoctantes atrogularis
Neoctantes
 Black bushbird, 	Neoctantes niger

Birds by common name


Elmas Boçe (1852 – 10 October 1925) was an Albanian educator and a signatory of the Albanian Declaration of Independence.

Life
Born in Gjirokastër in 1852 he studied in Zosimea and later in Istanbul, capital of the Ottoman Empire. A member of the Gjirokastër branch of the League of Prizren, he also funded one of the Albanian-language schools of the city Lirija. In 1911 he took part in the Assembly of Cepo and in 1912 was signatory of the Albanian Declaration of Independence.

He died on October 10, 1925, and rests in the village of Metan in Lushnjë.

References

History of Albanian People. Albanian Academy of Science.

Educators from the Ottoman Empire
Albanian people from the Ottoman Empire
20th-century Albanian educators

1852 births
1925 deaths
Signatories of the Albanian Declaration of Independence
People from Gjirokastër
People from Janina vilayet
Zosimaia School alumni
All-Albanian Congress delegates


Veli Harçi (Gjirokastër 1850 - 1914), also known as Veli Harxhi, was one of the signatories of the Albanian Declaration of Independence.

References

Politicians from the Ottoman Empire
Albanian people from the Ottoman Empire
20th-century Albanian politicians
People from Gjirokastër
People from Janina vilayet
Signatories of the Albanian Declaration of Independence
All-Albanian Congress delegates
1850 births
1914 deaths
Ottoman military officers


Crowley High School may refer to:

Crowley High School (Louisiana) in Crowley, Louisiana
Crowley High School (Texas) in Crowley, Texas

Schools with similar names include:

North Crowley High School in Fort Worth, Texas

In fiction:
 Crowley High School is the name of the fictional high school in the television series Todd and the Book of Pure Evil.
 Crowley High School is the name of a fictional high school in the episode "Die Hand Die Verletzt" of the television series The X-Files.


Mufid Bey Libohova (1876 in Libohovë – 1927 in Sarandë) was an Albanian economist, diplomat and politician and one of the delegates at the Assembly of Vlorë (28 November 1912) where the Albanian Declaration of Independence took place. He served as the first Minister of Interior of Albania, during the Provisional Government of Albania and since then has held different government positions on nine occasions between 1913–1927, holding the positions of Justice Minister, Minister of the Interior, Minister of Finances, and Minister of Culture.

Life
Mufid Libohova, son of Maliq Pashë Libohova, was scion of a wealthy landowning family with the same name. In 1898, he was appointed in the Ottoman Embassy in Brussels, where he became Chargé d'affaires. He served initially in the Ottoman administration and represented Kaza of Gjirokastër, Sanjak of Delvina as a deputy in the 1908 parliament of the Young Turks. As an Ottoman parliamentarian Libohova was outspoken on Albanian issues and an example of this was a verbal exchange triggered when he mentioned the word Arnavutlar (Albanians). The Ottoman speaker Ahmed Riza responded "There are no Albanians; there are only Ottomans" to which Libohova replied that "Yes sir, there are Albanians". During his time in Ottoman politics, Libohova was a close ally of fellow Albanian parliamentarian Ismail Qemali. Like some educated Albanians with nationalist sentiments of the time, Libohova supported the unity of Albanians from different religions under the banner of Skanderbeg and was in favour of government reforms that benefited Albanians.

At the eve of the First World War, he was member of the International Control Commission that governed Albania from 22 January – 7 March 1914. Mufid Bey (also written Myfit Bey) was among the chief promoters of the Congress of Durrës that led, on 25 December 1918, to the creation of a new provisional government headed by former Prime Minister Turhan Pasha. Mufid Bey took over the ministry of the interior and justice, and later became minister of foreign affairs. In April 1919 he left Albania to take part the Paris Peace Conference and to attend to Albanian interests there. In August 1919, on his return from Paris, he stopped over in Rome. During negotiations with the Italian government, he secured Italian recognition for Albanian independence and a promise that the Italian occupation of Vlora would be temporary. It is this turbulent period of Albanian history that Mufid Bey Libohova describes in his memoirs, Politika ime ndë Shqiperi, 1916-1920 ("My Policies in Albania, 1916–1920").

Libohova would be an opponent of the Congress of Lushnje event of 1920, as part of the old-case government of Durrës together with Mustafa Merlika-Kruja, Fejzi Alizoti, and Sami Vrioni. According to Sejfi Vllamasi's (1883–1975) memories they would try to prohibit the delegates from reaching Lushnje, sometimes convincing them not to and sometimes forcefully preventing them. The opposition would culminate with the assassination of the Prefect of Durrës (and delegate to Lushnjë) Abdyl Ypi (1876-1920) by Sul Mërlika, himself cousin of Mustafa Mërlika-Kruja.

In addition, he was an Albanian government member on nine occasions from 1912 until his death in 1927, holding the positions of Justice Minister, Minister of the Interior, Minister of Finance, and Minister of Foreign Affairs.

A strong pro-Zog supporter, he returned to Albania from exile in Greece with his followers and financial support by the Greek government, and helped overthrow the government of Fan Noli a few months after the June Revolution.

Libohova is considered the father of the Albanian Lek, since he proposed the name and was the minister of Finance when the Lek was put into force. Libohova has been also member of International Control Commission, which was a provisional institution since the resignation of Ismail Qemali until the coronation of William, Prince of Albania, and the first ambassador of Albania to Italy. Mufid Libohova was born in July 1876, Libohova, Ottoman Empire and died on 10 February 1927 in Sarandë, Albania. His first wife (married in 1898) was Sheref Hanëm Giritli Zade, a Turkish woman. His second wife Olga, of Danish origin, remained in Albania after his death. Libohova had two sons, Malik bey from the first marriage and Elmaz bey from the second one.

See also
 Delegates of the Albanian Declaration of Independence
 Provisional Government of Albania
 List of Foreign Ministers of Albania

References

Literature
 "History of Albanian People" Albanian Academy of Science.
 O.S. Pearson, Albania and King Zog, I.B. Tauris. 2005 ().

Foreign ministers of Albania
Ambassadors of Albania to Italy
1876 births
People from Libohovë
People from Janina vilayet
1927 deaths
Albanian people from the Ottoman Empire
Politicians from the Ottoman Empire
19th-century Albanian politicians
20th-century Albanian politicians
Government ministers of Albania
Finance ministers of Albania
Justice ministers of Albania
Albanian economists
All-Albanian Congress delegates
Government of Durrës
Congress of Durrës delegates
Expatriates from the Ottoman Empire
Expatriates in Belgium


Coláiste Lorcáin is a post-primary school located in the town of Castledermot, County Kildare, in Republic of Ireland. The school was established in July 1982 as a result of an amalgamation between the Vocational School, Castledermot and St. Mary's Secondary School. The school is dedicated to St. Laurence O'Toole, the patron saint of the Arch Diocese of Dublin, who was born in the parish of Castledermot around the year 1123. The school is under the direction of a Board of Management which includes representatives of the Sisters - The Poor Servants of the Mother of God, Kildare Vocational Education Committee, the parents and teachers of the school. Castledermot is situated on the main Dublin - Waterford road approximately ten km north of Carlow town.

Achievements
The Coláiste Lorcain Junior Rugby team won the Leinster Junior Development Cup in 2009.

Coláiste Lorcáin has a history of competition in the BT Young Scientist winning two first prizes and a third prize.

References

External links
 Coláiste Lorcáin Website

Secondary schools in County Kildare
Irish-language schools and college
1982 establishments in Ireland
Educational institutions established in 1982


Petro Poga (1860–1944) was an Albanian politician who served as a delegate at the Albanian Declaration of Independence event in Vlorë, 1912, and an important Rilindas.

Biography

Early life
He could've been born in Erind, Gjirokastër, Albania (then Ottoman Empire), son of Vito Poga, a local who had previously worked in his region and in Istanbul as a tailor.
Poga might have gone to the Zosimea Greek language School of Ioannina, Greece (then Ottoman Empire) and then graduated in Jurisprudence from the Istanbul University. In Istanbul he may have been an active part of the Central Committee for Defending Albanian Rights, and the Society for the Publication of Albanian Writings. These two associations, both founded by  Sami Frashëri, included Naim Frashëri, Abdyl Frashëri, Jani Vreto, Koto Hoxhi, Shahin Kolonja, Hasan Tahsini, and Ismail Qemali and aimed to create an independent Albania.

Albanian national awakening
There is a chance that an Albanian magazine Drita appeared in 1884 under the editorship of Petro Poga with Naim Frashëri being a behind the scenes editor as Muslim Albanians were not allowed by Ottoman authorities to write in Albanian at that time. Albanian writers such as Naim Frashëri and Sami Frashëri would write using pseudonyms in Poga's publication. Poga could have been made to resign his position at Drita due to pressure from the Constantinople Patriarchate and Shahin Kolonja would take over after him. The magazine was maybe later published by Pandeli Sotiri, under the name of Dituria ("Knowledge" in English).

Maybe in his memories Petro Poga wrote: The magazine Drita awakened the sacred national ideal and influenced to establish in the Albanians' hearts the thought that religions can not change a nation, because they cannot change the language and customs that create a nation.

In 1906-1908, Petro Poga was contemplated to be in Gjirokastër where he contributed with the propagation of the Albanian language and the Albanian identity. One of his most important roles might have been the foundation of the patriotic club "Drita" of Gjirokastër, which was further led by Albanian patriots Hasan Xhiku, Idriz Guri, Hysen Hoxha, and Elmaz Boçe.

Petro Poga strongly advocated for the Albanian move towards independence in 1912. He was elected as one of the representatives of Gjirokastër to the National Assembly of Vlora which declared Albania's independence from the Ottoman Empire.

After independence
After Albania's independence in 1912 he was a Minister of Justice in the first Albanian government and acted twice as a Prime Minister of Albania (1 February 1925 - 23 September 1925 and 12 February 1927 - 20 October 1927).

Poga became the President of the Supreme Court of Albania in 1913-1915. Along with Dhimitër Tutulani and Feim Mezhgorani he drafted the Statute that separated the Albanian Justice system from the jurisdiction of the Ottoman Empire. On December 25, 1918 he was the representative of Gjirokastër in the Congress of Durrës, where he was elected vicepresident and member of the Turhan Përmeti cabinet. Along with Luigj Gurakuqi in his discussions in this Congress he asked to adopt a law to respect religious freedoms according to European standards of that time. He also gave his contribution to draft the Albanian legislation and the Constitution of the Albanian Kingdom in 1928.

Poga spent his last years in his childhood village in Erind.

References
"History of Albanian People" Albanian Academy of Science.

People from Gjirokastër
19th-century Albanian lawyers
Zosimaia School alumni
Istanbul University Faculty of Law alumni
1860 births
1944 deaths
20th-century Albanian politicians
19th-century Albanian politicians
Government ministers of Albania
Justice ministers of Albania
All-Albanian Congress delegates
Government of Durrës
Congress of Durrës delegates
Speakers of the Parliament of Albania
Members of the Parliament of Albania
20th-century Albanian judges
Albanian people from the Ottoman Empire


Jani Papadhopulli (1874 - 1939), also known as Jan Papadopulli, was one of the delegates of the Albanian Declaration of Independence, who was later elected as deputy of the Albanian parliament in 1923-1924, representing Gjirokastër District.
A merchant by profession, Papadhopuli was a delegate of Gjirokaster in the Albanian Orthodox Congress of 1922, where the autocephaly of the Albanian church was declared.

References

Sources
 "History of Albanian People" Albanian Academy of Science.

19th-century Albanian politicians
20th-century Albanian politicians
People from Dropull
People from Janina vilayet
All-Albanian Congress delegates
Members of the Albanian Orthodox Church
1874 births
1939 deaths


Hysen Efendi Hoxha (1861–1934) was an Albanian politician, mayor of Gjirokastër, and the uncle of Enver Hoxha.

Life
Hysen Hoxha was born in Gjirokastër, where his father Beqir was a supporter of the local branch of the League of Prizren. He studied theology in Istanbul. Hoxha was responsible for opening the first Albanian-language school in his region (named "Liria") and at the time of his nephew Enver Hoxha's birth in 1908 chaired a committee of national renaissance in the province. He also founded a folk ensemble. In November 1912 he served as a delegate from Gjirokastër to the Vlorë meeting on the occasion of the Albanian Declaration of Independence.

His impact on the early life of his nephew Enver Hoxha was felt due to Enver's father having been overseas in the United States of America as an economic emigrant.

References
 Enver Hoxha: 1908-1985. Tirana: Institute of Marxist–Leninist Studies at the Central Committee of the Party of Labour of Albania. 1986. p. 17.
 Studime historike Vol. 40, No. 23. Akademia e Shkencave, Instituti i Historisë. 1986. p. 163.
 Biberaj, Elez. Albania: A Socialist Maverick. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. 1990. p. 16.
 Hoxha, Enver. Vitë të vegjëlisë. Tirana: 8 Nëntori. 1983.
 Schmidt-Neke, Michael. Enstehung und Ausbau der Königsdiktatur in Albanien, 1912-1939. München: R. Oldenbourg Verlag. 1987. p. 320.
 Zlatar, Pero. Albanija u eri Envera Hoxhe Vol. II. Zagreb: Grafički zavod Hrvatske. 1984. pp. 23–26.

Specific

20th-century Albanian politicians
19th-century Albanian politicians
Activists of the Albanian National Awakening
People from Gjirokastër
People from Janina vilayet
Albanian former Muslims
Albanian atheists
1861 births
1934 deaths
Mayors of Gjirokastër
All-Albanian Congress delegates


Pabellón de Arteaga is municipality in the Mexican state of Aguascalientes. It stands at  in the central part of the state. The city of Pabellón de Arteaga (2010 population: 28,633) serves as its municipal seat. The municipality had a population of 41,862 and an area of 199.33 km² (76.97 sq mi). Its largest other town is named Emiliano Zapata.

Demographics

As of 2010, the municipality had a total population of 41,862.

As of 2010, the city of Pabellón de Arteaga had a population of 28,633. Other than the city of Pabellón de Arteaga, the municipality had 300 localities, the largest of which (with 2010 populations in parentheses) were: Emiliano Zapata (2,995), classified as urban, and Las Ánimas (1,794), Santa Isabel (1,065), Santiago (1,020), and San Luis de Letras (1,018), classified as rural.

References

Link to tables of population data from Census of 2005 Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática (INEGI)
Aguascalientes Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México

External links
Ayuntamiento de Pabellón de Arteaga Official website
Aguascalientes state government (in Spanish)

Municipalities of Aguascalientes


Veli Këlcyra (1862-1924), usually referred as Veli Bey Këlcyra, was an Albanian influential bey and one of the delegates during the Albanian Declaration of Independence.

Veli Këlcyra came from the well known bey family of Këlcyrë, the same family of Ali Këlcyra, future leader of Balli Kombëtar. Këlcyra family was deported and interned near Arta during the reign of Ali Pashe Tepelena, and returned only after his death. They were known as local bey and a powerful family of the area after that.

His name appears within the Albanian Colony of Bucharest, as one of the founders of the "Committee of Albanians for the Freedom of Albania" () on 5 May 1907 together with Kristo Meksi, Pandeli Evangjeli, Bajo Topulli, and Vasil Zografi as a branch of the Secret Committee for the Liberation of Albania of Bajo Topulli (1905) which headquarters were in Monastir.

Veli Këlcyra was a delegate of the Përmet region at the Declaration of Independence in Vlora, 28 November 1912. After the Independence he was not very active in the Albanian politics. The residence of the family located up in the hills near the Këlcyrë Gorge was bombarded  by the Greek armies led by Zografos in 1914, because of the strong opposition to the annexation of south Albania by Greece, and later the Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus.

His family left for Switzerland in 1914, and after that returned to the home town in 1918, including a short stay in Italy. Meanwhile, Veli Këlcyra remained in Switzerland because of serious health issues. He died from an incurable disease in 1924, and was buried in Lausanne.

His name and figure remains mostly unknown among Albanians, even due to the persecution the family during the Communist regime in Albania after World War II. In 2012, the municipality sent an official request to the Albanian Presidency to decorate Veli Këlcyra for his contribute to the national cause.

See also
Ali Këlcyra

References

Albanian people from the Ottoman Empire
19th-century Albanian politicians
20th-century Albanian politicians
People from Këlcyrë
1924 deaths
All-Albanian Congress delegates
1862 births
Expatriates in Romania


Syreja Vlora (1860–1940), usually referred to as Syrja Bey Vlora (), was an Ottoman Albanian politician, an active figure of the Albanian Declaration of Independence in 1912 and one of the delegates of the Assembly of Vlorë.

Biography
Syrja Bey was born in Vlorë, back then Ottoman Empire, in 1860. He was a member of the distinguished wealthy landowning Vlora family, historically successful through the ranks of Ottoman administration and military for almost 4 centuries. He was the brother of the Grand Vizier Avlonyalı Ferid Paşa (1851-1914) and both were sons of Mustafa Pashë Vlora. Vlora was also related to Ismail Qemali, both being political rivals at the same time. He was married to the cousin of Essad Toptani. During the late Ottoman period, Vlora served as economic advisor to sultan Abdul Hamid II.

Before the creation of the new Albanian state, he also held the positions of General Director of the Customs of the Ottoman Empire, and was a representative in the Ottoman Parliament from 1908. Vlora thought that Albanians were not ready for independence and favored a future autonomous Albania becoming a protectorate under Austria-Hungary in the advent of collapse of the Ottoman Empire. In 1911 Vlora wrote a chapter on Albanian history focusing on the Ottoman era and subjects like Skanderbeg and Ali Pasha of Yanina in an edited book titled Musaver Arnavud (The Illustrated Albanian) in Ottoman Turkish by Dervish Hima.

In 1912 during the Albanian revolt and aftermath of the Ottoman parliamentary elections, Syrja Vlora parliamentarian for Berat and Essad Toptani for Durrës represented the Albanian side in a parliamentary discussion with the Young Turks. Both called for the cessation of government force and implementation of good governance to alleviate the situation in Albanian lands. After the Declaration of Independence of Albania during November 1912 in his home town, where he was a delegate for the Përmet region, he held minor political positions, known mainly as the Albanian Ambassador in Vienna in 1914.

He was the father of the Albanian politician and scholar Ekrem Bey Vlora. Together they had negotiated for Albanian independence in Austria during the pre-independence European tour of Ismail Qemali.

He died in 1940.

References

Albanian politicians
Albanian diplomats
1860 births
1940 deaths
People from Vlorë
Politicians from the Ottoman Empire
19th-century Albanian politicians
20th-century Albanian politicians
All-Albanian Congress delegates
Vlora family
Albanian people from the Ottoman Empire


Fehim Mezhgorani (12 August 1874 – 4 February 1930) was one of the delegates of the Albanian Declaration of Independence.

Along with Dhimitër Tutulani he worked under Petro Poga to draft the Statute that separated the Albanian Justice system from the jurisdiction of the Ottoman Empire.

References

19th-century Albanian politicians
20th-century Albanian politicians
All-Albanian Congress delegates
People from Tepelenë


Kristo Meksi (c. 1849–1931) was an Albanian politician of the early 20th century. He was one of the delegates of Albanian Declaration of Independence and also one of the first Albanian diplomats.

Early life
Born in Labovë in 1849, he finished the Zosimaia School in Ioannina and afterwards he migrated to Romania. His patriotic activity started there. In 1906 he financed books and abecedaries in Albanian and collaborated with Thoma Çami to publish 2000 abecedaries in Gheg Albanian. In 1908, Meksi sent books to Musa Demi as a contribution for the start of the Filiates school in Albanian. Meksi was also between the contributors to the first Albanian teachers' school, the Shkolla Normale e Elbasanit, a teacher training institution that was founded on 1 December 1909 in Elbasan.

Albanian Declaration of Independence
On 27 October 1912, along with Luigj Gurakuqi and other 25 Albanians, Meksi received in Bucharest Ismail Qemali, who was coming from Trieste to organize the Albanian community of Bucharest for the proclamation of the Albanian Declaration of Independence. Afterwards, Meksi travelled to Albania to participate in the Declaration and become one of its signatories, as the representative of the region of Ioannina. On 4 December 1912, Meksi was elected as one of the members of the Albanian Senate along with other founding fathers such as Mustafa Kruja, Myfti Vehbi Dibra, Eqrem Vlora, and Babë Dud Karbunara.

Meksi was the emissary of the Provisional Government of Albania to the Albanian Congress of Trieste on 16 February 1913, which secured international recognition for that government. One year later, in 1914, Meksi was an advisor of Prince Wilhelm Wied.

He worked in the Zogu government as an advisor. He died in Tirana in 1931 after he had become completely blind in his later years.

References

1840s births
1931 deaths
People from Gjirokastër
Albanian philanthropists
20th-century Albanian politicians
19th-century Albanian politicians
Albanian Roman Catholics
All-Albanian Congress delegates
Albanian Congress of Trieste delegates
Albanian diplomats
Philanthropists from the Ottoman Empire
Albanian people from the Ottoman Empire


Aristidh Ruçi (11 March 1875 – 11 April 1950) was one of the signatories of Albanian Declaration of Independence in 1912. He campaigned for the spread of education in Southern Albania and was a founder of the nationalist Labëria Club.

He was born in Sheper, Zagori region near Gjirokastër, . Ruci was an active participant in the Battle of Vlora.

Late in life, Ruci served as the President of the Chamber of Commerce of Vlorë and member of the newly created Board of the Bank of Albania.

On December 28, 2009, Ruci and several other notable people from Vlorë were honoured at a ceremony at the Petro Marko theatre by the district of Vlorë.

Aristidh Ruci died in 1950 in Vlorë in a communist prison. There was neither an obituary nor a funeral service in his honor.

References

Sources
"History of Albanian People" Albanian Academy of Science.

19th-century Albanian politicians
20th-century Albanian politicians
1950 deaths
1875 births
People from Libohovë
Signatories of the Albanian Declaration of Independence
Albanian people from the Ottoman Empire
Eastern Orthodox Christians from Albania
People from Janina vilayet
People from Vlorë
Albanian people who died in prison custody
Prisoners who died in Albanian detention
All-Albanian Congress delegates