The Hunger Games is a 2008 dystopian novel by the American writer Suzanne Collins. It is written in the perspective of 16-year-old Katniss Everdeen, who lives in the future, post-apocalyptic nation of Panem in North America. The Capitol, a highly advanced metropolis, exercises political control over the rest of the nation. The Hunger Games is an annual event in which one boy and one girl aged 12–18 from each of the twelve districts surrounding the Capitol are selected by lottery to compete in a televised battle royale to the death.

The book received critical acclaim from major reviewers and authors. It was praised for its plot and character development. In writing The Hunger Games, Collins drew upon Greek mythology, Roman gladiatorial games, and contemporary reality television for thematic content. The novel won many awards, including the California Young Reader Medal, and was named one of Publishers Weeklys "Best Books of the Year" in 2008.

The Hunger Games was first published in hardcover on September 14, 2008, by Scholastic, featuring a cover designed by Tim O'Brien. It has since been released in paperback and also as an audiobook and ebook. After an initial print of 200,000, the book had sold 800,000 copies by February 2010. Since its release, The Hunger Games has been translated into 26 languages, and publishing rights have been sold in 38 territories. The novel is the first in The Hunger Games trilogy, followed by Catching Fire (2009) and Mockingjay (2010). A film adaptation, directed by Gary Ross and co-written and co-produced by Collins herself, was released in 2012.

Background
Collins has said that the inspiration for The Hunger Games came from channel surfing on television. On one channel she observed people competing on a reality show and on another she saw footage of the invasion of Iraq. The two "began to blur in this very unsettling way" and the idea for the book was formed. The Greek myth of Theseus served as a major basis for the story, with Collins describing Katniss as a futuristic Theseus, and Roman gladiatorial games provided the framework. The sense of loss that Collins developed through her father's service in the Vietnam War was also an influence on the story, with Katniss having lost her father at age 11, five years before the story begins. Collins stated that the deaths of young characters and other "dark passages" were the most difficult parts of the book to write, but that she had accepted that passages such as these were necessary to the story. She considered the moments where Katniss reflects on happier moments in her past to be more enjoyable.

Plot

In the nation of Panem, established in the remains of North America after an apocalyptic event, the wealthy Capitol, which is west of the Rocky Mountains, exploits the twelve surrounding districts for their natural resources and labor. As punishment for a past failed rebellion against the Capitol, which resulted in the obliteration of District 13, one boy and one girl between the ages of 12 and 18 from each of the remaining districts are selected by an annual lottery to participate in the Hunger Games, a contest in which the "tributes" must fight to the death in an outdoor arena until only one remains.

16-year-old Katniss Everdeen from District 12, in the coal-rich region that was once Appalachia, volunteers for the 74th Hunger Games in place of her 12-year-old sister, Primrose. The male tribute is Peeta Mellark, a former schoolmate of Katniss who once gave her bread from his family's bakery when her family was starving. In the days leading up to the Games in the Capitol, they are advised by their drunken mentor, Haymitch Abernathy, the sole living District 12 victor of the Hunger Games; chaperone Effie Trinket; and various stylists to enhance their public perception to get potential sponsors, who will send potentially life-saving gifts during the Games. Katniss's stylist, Cinna, designs costumes for Katniss and Peeta that set them apart from the tributes when introduced to the public. Due to Katniss's fire-themed dress, she becomes known as the “Girl on Fire”. During their evaluation by the Gamemakers, Katniss gets the highest score among the tributes. Meanwhile, Rue, the petite 12-year-old girl tribute from District 11, follows Katniss and Peeta around during the training sessions. On the day before the games, in the televised interview with Caesar Flickerman, Peeta reveals his long-unrequited love for Katniss; she is initially shocked by this and believes this is a ploy to gain sponsors, but later accepts this as sincere. Haymitch promotes their image as "star-crossed lovers".

The Games begin, and nearly half the tributes are killed at the start whilst fighting over the weapons and supplies throughout the arena. Katniss disregards Haymitch's earlier advice to flee immediately and nearly dies but uses her well-practiced hunting and survival skills to hide in the woods. After a few days, an artificial fire drives Katniss toward the others. She is spotted and chased up a tree by the "Career tributes" from Districts 1, 2, and 4, and Peeta, who seems to have allied with them. Rue, hiding in a nearby tree, silently alerts Katniss to a “tracker jacker” nest. Katniss cuts it down, releasing the flying insects, which are genetically modified to track whoever disturbs their nest and have venom that targets the section of their victims’ minds that houses fear. Their venom kills two of the Careers and drives the others away, but Katniss is stung and begins hallucinating. Peeta returns, but instead of killing her, tells her to run away. Katniss later allies with Rue, who is fatally wounded by a tribute from District 1 while Katniss destroys the careers' supplies. Katniss kills Rue's killer with an arrow and accompanies Rue as she dies. She spreads flowers over Rue's body to show her defiance against the Capitol. In gratitude, Rue's district sends Katniss a loaf of bread.

A rule change is announced, allowing the tributes from the same district to win as a pair. Katniss finds Peeta (who only allied with the Careers to protect Katniss) camouflaged into a river bank, having been injured by Cato, one of the Careers. She nurses Peeta back to health as best she can, but he is still gravely injured. Katniss pretends to be madly in love with Peeta in an attempt to gain gifts from sponsors. When the Gamemakers send a delivery of what each contestant needs most, Katniss risks her life to obtain medicine for Peeta. She is intercepted by Career Tribute Clove, who gloats over Rue's death and tries to kill Katniss, but is killed by Thresh, the male District 11 tribute, who spares Katniss for Rue's sake. The medicine saves Peeta's life.

Once Katniss and Peeta become the last two survivors, the Gamemakers revoke the rule change to force one to kill the other for a dramatic finale. In defiance, Katniss prepares to consume poisonous "nightlock" berries with Peeta. Realizing they intend to commit suicide so that there will not be a victor for the games, the Gamemakers declare Katniss and Peeta the victors. Although both of them receive a hero's welcome as a couple, Katniss is warned by Haymitch that the Capitol may take action against her for her defiance. Along the way back to District 12, Peeta is heartbroken to learn that Katniss's actions were part of a calculated ploy to gain sympathy. Katniss, however, is unsure of her own feelings and her future.

Themes

In an interview with Collins, it was noted that the novel "tackles issues like severe poverty, starvation, oppression, and the effects of war among others." The novel deals with the struggle for self-preservation that the people of Panem face in their districts and the Hunger Games in which they must participate. The citizens' starvation and their need for resources, both in and outside of the arena, create an atmosphere of helplessness that the main characters try to overcome in their fight for survival. Katniss needs to hunt to provide food for her family, resulting in the development of skills that are useful to her in the Games (such as her proficiency with the bow and arrow), and represents her rejection of the Capitol's rules in the face of life-threatening situations. On the subject of the Games' parallels with popular culture, Darren Franich of Entertainment Weekly writes that the book "is an incisive satire of reality television shows", and that the character of Cinna "almost seems like a contestant on a fascist version of Project Runway, using Katniss' outfits as a vehicle to express potentially dangerous ideas."

The choices the characters make and the strategies they use are often morally complex. The tributes build a personality they want the audience to see throughout the Games. Library journal Voice of Youth Advocates names the major themes of The Hunger Games as "government control, 'big brother', and personal independence." The trilogy's theme of power and downfall, similar to that of Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, was pointed out by its publisher Scholastic. Laura Miller of The New Yorker finds the author's stated premise of the Games –an exercise in propaganda and a "humiliating as well as torturous [...] punishment" for a failed uprising against the Capitol many years earlier– to be unconvincing. "You don't demoralize and dehumanize a subject people by turning them into celebrities and coaching them on how to craft an appealing persona for a mass audience." But the story works much better if the theme is vicissitudes of high school and "the adolescent social experience". Miller writes:
"The rules are arbitrary, unfathomable, and subject to sudden change. A brutal social hierarchy prevails, with the rich, the good-looking, and the athletic lording their advantages over everyone else. To survive you have to be totally fake. Adults don't seem to understand how high the stakes are; your whole life could be over, and they act like it's just some "phase"! Everyone's always watching you, scrutinizing your clothes or your friends and obsessing over whether you're having sex or taking drugs or getting good enough grades, but no one cares who you really are or how you really feel about anything."

Donald Brake from The Washington Times and pastor Andy Langford state that the story has Christian themes, such as that of self-sacrifice, which is found in Katniss' substitution for her younger sister, analogous to the sacrifice of Jesus as a substitute for the atonement of sins. Brake, as well as another reviewer, Amy Simpson, both find that the story also revolves around the theme of hope, which is exemplified in the "incorruptible goodness of Katniss' sister, Primrose." Simpson also points to events similar to the Passion of Jesus; in the Games, "Christ figure" Peeta Mellark is stabbed after warning Katniss to flee for her life, and is then buried in the ground and placed in a cave for three days before emerging with a new lease on life. Further, she finds that the Christian image of the Bread of Life is used throughout The Hunger Games; in the story, Peeta gives Katniss a loaf of bread, saving the girl and her family from starvation.

Publication history
After writing the novel, Collins signed a six-figure deal for three books with Scholastic. First published as a hardcover in the United States on September 14, 2008, The Hunger Games had a first printing of 50,000 copies, which was bumped up twice to 200,000 copies. By February 2010, the book had sold 800,000 copies, and rights to the novel had been sold in 38 territories worldwide. A few months later, in July, the book was released in paperback. The Hunger Games entered the New York Times Best Seller list in November 2008, where it would feature for over 100 consecutive weeks. By the time the film adaptation of The Hunger Games was released in March 2012, the book had been on USA Todays best-sellers list for 135 consecutive weeks and has sold over 17.5 million copies.

The novel is the first in The Hunger Games trilogy; it is followed by sequels Catching Fire (2009) and Mockingjay (2010). In March 2012, during the time of The Hunger Games film's release, Scholastic reported 26 million Hunger Games trilogy books in print, including movie tie-in books. The Hunger Games (and its sequels) have sold exceptionally well in ebook format. Suzanne Collins is the first children's or young adult author to sell over one million Amazon Kindle ebooks, making her the sixth author to join the "Kindle Million Club". In March 2012, Amazon announced that Collins had become the best-selling Kindle ebook author of all time.

An audiobook version of The Hunger Games was released in December 2008. Read by the actress Carolyn McCormick, it has a total running time of eleven hours and fourteen minutes. The magazine AudioFile said: "Carolyn McCormick gives a detailed and attentive narration. However, she may rely too much on the strength of the prose without providing the drama young adult listeners often enjoy." School Library Journal also praised the audiobook, stating that "McCormick ably voices the action-packed sequences and Katniss's every fear and strength shines through, along with her doomed growing attraction to one of her fellow Tributes."

The Tim O'Brien-designed cover features a gold "mockingjay" – a fictional bird in The Hunger Games born by crossbreeding female mockingbirds and genetically engineered male "jabberjays" – with an arrow engraved in a circle. This is a depiction of the pin worn by Katniss into the arena, given to her by the District 12 mayor's daughter, Madge Undersee. The image matches the description of the pin that is given in the novel, except for the arrow: "It's as if someone fashioned a small golden bird and then attached a ring around it. The bird is connected to the ring only by its wing tips."

Critical reception
The Hunger Games has received critical acclaim. In a review for The New York Times, John Green wrote that the novel was "brilliantly plotted and perfectly paced", and that "the considerable strength of the novel comes in Collins's convincingly detailed world-building and her memorably complex and fascinating heroine." However, he also noted that, while allegorically rich, the book sometimes does not realize the allegorical potential that the plot has to offer and that the writing "described the action and little else." Time magazine's review was also positive, stating that it "is a chilling, bloody and thoroughly horrifying book" and praising what it called the "hypnotic" quality of the violence. In Stephen King's review for Entertainment Weekly, he compared it to "shoot-it-if-it-moves videogames in the lobby of the local eightplex; you know it's not real, but you keep plugging in quarters anyway." However, he stated that there were "displays of authorial laziness that kids will accept more readily than adults" and that the love triangle was standard for the genre. He gave the book a B grade. Elizabeth Bird of School Library Journal praised the novel, saying it is "exciting, poignant, thoughtful, and breathtaking by turns", and called it one of the best books of 2008. Booklist also gave a positive review, praising the character violence and romance involved in the book. Kirkus Reviews gave a positive review, praising the action and world-building, but pointed out that "poor copyediting in the first printing will distract careful readers–a crying shame". Rick Riordan, author of the Percy Jackson & the Olympians series, claims it is the "closest thing to a perfect adventure novel" he has ever read. Stephenie Meyer (author of the Twilight series) endorsed the book on her website, saying, "I was so obsessed with this book ...
The Hunger Games is amazing."

The Hunger Games received many awards and honors. It was named one of Publishers Weekly "Best Books of the Year" in 2008 and a New York Times "Notable Children's Book of 2008". It was the 2009 winner of the Golden Duck Award in the Young Adult Fiction Category. The Hunger Games was also a "2008 Cybil Winner" for fantasy and science-fiction books along with The Graveyard Book, one of School Library Journals "Best Books 2008", and a "Booklist Editors' Choice" in 2008. In 2011, the book won the California Young Reader Medal. In the 2012 edition of Scholastic's Parent and Child magazine, The Hunger Games was listed as the 33rd-best book for children, with the award for "Most Exciting Ending". The novel is one of the top 5 best selling Kindle books of all time. However, the novel has also been controversial with parents; it ranked in fifth place on the American Library Association's list of frequently challenged books for 2010, with "unsuited to age group" and "violence" being among the reasons cited.

Similarities of The Hunger Games to Koushun Takami's 1999 novel Battle Royale have been noted. Collins stated that she "had never heard of that book or that author until my book was turned in. At that point, it was mentioned to me, and I asked my editor if I should read it. He said: 'No, I don't want that world in your head. Just continue with what you're doing'."   Susan Dominus of The New York Times reports that "the parallels are striking enough that Collins's work has been savaged on the blogosphere as a baldfaced ripoff" of Battle Royale but argued that "there are enough possible sources for the plot line that the two authors might well have hit on the same basic setup independently." Stephen King noted that the reality TV "badlands" were similar to Battle Royale, as well as his own novels The Running Man and The Long Walk. The story has also been compared to the 1965 Italian cult film The 10th Victim by Elio Petri, based on Robert Sheckley's 1953 short story "Seventh Victim".

Film adaptation

In March 2009, Lions Gate Entertainment entered into a co-production agreement for The Hunger Games with Nina Jacobson's production company Color Force, which had acquired worldwide distribution rights to the novel a few weeks earlier. The studio, which had not made a profit for five years, raided the budgets of other productions and sold assets to secure a budget of $88,000,000 – one of its largest ever – for the film. Collins' agent Jason Dravis remarked that "they [Lionsgate] had everyone but the valet call us" to help secure the franchise. Intending the film to have a PG-13 rating, Collins adapted the novel for film herself, in collaboration with screenwriter Billy Ray and director Gary Ross. The screenplay remains extremely faithful to the original novel, with Ross saying he "felt the only way to make the film really successful was to be totally subjective" in its presentation of events, echoing Collins' use of first person present in the novel.

Twenty-year-old actress Jennifer Lawrence was chosen to play Katniss Everdeen. Though Lawrence was four years older than the character when filming began, Collins felt the role demanded "a certain maturity and power" and said she would rather the actress be older than younger. She added that Lawrence was the "only one who truly captured the character I wrote in the book" and that she had "every essential quality necessary to play Katniss." Lawrence, a fan of the books, took three days to accept the role, initially intimidated by the size of the production. Josh Hutcherson and Liam Hemsworth were later added to the cast, in the roles of Peeta and Gale, respectively.  Production began in late spring 2011 and the film was released on March 23, 2012. The film's opening weekend brought in a non-sequel record $152.5 million (USD) in North America. The Hunger Games: Catching Fire, based on the second novel in the series, was released the following year on November 22, 2013. The third novel of the series, Mockingjay, would later be adapted to film as two parts, with Part 1 being released on November 21, 2014, and Part 2 being released on November 20, 2015.

See also

 The Condemned
 Crypteia
 The Most Dangerous Game
 Series 7: The Contenders
 "The Lottery"

References

External links
 Suzanne Collins's official website
 Scholastic Official Site

Dystopian novels
2008 science fiction novels
2008 American novels
American adventure novels
American novels adapted into films
American post-apocalyptic novels
American young adult novels
Children's science fiction novels
Scholastic Corporation books
1
Sports fiction
Novels set in North America
Books by Suzanne Collins
Science fiction novels adapted into films


The Commonwealth Railways NC class consisted of two diesel-hydraulic locomotives built by Clyde Engineering, Granville, New South Wales in 1956. The Lakewood Firewood Company, Kalgoorlie was the first owner; the Commonwealth Railways purchased them in 1965. They ceased revenue service in the early 1980s.

Description
Clyde Engineering advertised the DH series as a general purpose locomotive, mainly for light railways and sugar cane service. The design allowed for multiple unit operation, the installation of dynamic brakes and a combination of air and vacuum braking systems.

A single General Motors 6/110 two stroke diesel engine provided power through an Allison CRT5630 hydraulic transmission to mechanically coupled wheels. Cabs contained two control consoles, both facing the same direction. Maximum design speed was 60 km/h (37 mph).

History
The Lakewood Firewood Company (LFC) provided timber to the various mines in the "Golden Mile" region of Kalgoorlie, Western Australia. Its operations extended to the south and east of Kalgoorlie. This area covered from Kalgoorlie to Lake Lefroy and the Eyre Highway.

At the time of ordering, the LFC were using an ageing fleet of small steam locomotives. By the time the locomotives were delivered, the company was experiencing a rapid decline in demand for wood as mines closed or switched power sources and traffic had fallen from two trains a day to two trains a week. The locomotives' introduction led to the end of steam operations on the railway. They were unpopular with crews, although a commentator has observed, "only because they were diehard steam men". By 1962, the company employed fewer than 50 people, a far cry from the 550 at its peak. The last train ran in December 1964 to clean up infrastructure. All rolling stock, except the two diesels, were scrapped.

Commonwealth Railways purchased the two locomotives in 1965. LFC1, renumbered NC1, spent time in Port Augusta workshops, where the braking systems were modified for a Westinghouse system. In November 1966 the locomotive was shipped north to Darwin, where it was employed as yard shunter on the North Australia Railway. It returned south in 1972.

NC2 was used as yard shunter in Port Augusta until 1970, when NB30 returned from removing infrastructure from the Hawker–Brachina section of the Central Australia Railway.  In 1972, NC1 replaced NB30 as Port Augusta yard shunter; NC2 became a source of spare parts.

In July 1975, both were included in the transfer of the Commonwealth Railways to Australian National.

By 1982, NC1 had become more or less obsolete. The need to maintain a narrow gauge yard shunter at Port Augusta had diminished with the closure of the Central Australia Railway in 1980. In July 1982, NC2 was sold to the Pichi Richi Railway, and in 1985, NC1 was transferred to the Steamtown Peterborough Railway Preservation Society.

Preservation

NC1
NC1 remained in Port Augusta until 1985. Australian National  was having to handle increasing quantities of Mereenie crude oil and approached Steamtown Peterborough Railway Preservation Society to gauge the availability of tank cars that the society had collected at Peterborough. Following the exchange of the tank cars for NC1, the locomotive arrived in Peterborough in April 1985.

NC1 went on to be the society's indispensable locomotive. It hauled passenger trains when steam was not available, ran work trains on the line, and provided back up power and braking capacity to passenger trains.

While assisting with the recovery of the society's steam locomotive W901, which had derailed in Eurelia yard in early 1988, the NC1's rear drive assembly seized up. The major repair was completed by mid-1991.

Steamtown initially painted the locomotive in the "invisible green" scheme (predominantly black with a hint of hawthorn green) associated with the South Australian Railways Peterborough Division, but in 1998 it was repainted in Commonwealth Railways maroon-and-silver livery.  the locomotive was displayed at Steamtown Heritage Rail Centre in Peterborough.

NC2

In July 1982, NC2 was railed to Stirling North and transferred to the Pichi Richi Railway, Quorn. There it was stripped of its motor and other mechanical devices and made safer for children to play on. It was repainted in LFC colours and in November 1982 was trucked to Port Lincoln to replace steam locomotive  Yx141 as a playground fixture in Hermitage Park. During 2008, the Port Lincoln Council undertook work to enclose the cab and tidy the body shell for safety purposes. , NC2 remained in the park.

Livery
 LFC - green cab, cream sides, red headstocks; "LFC" in cream on red roundel on cab sides
 CR - maroon and silver; "Commonwealth Railways" on side of cab
 Steamtown – "invisible green" (black with green paint added) then CR maroon and silver

Locomotives

References

Notes

Bibliography

Clyde Engineering locomotives
Commonwealth Railways diesel locomotives
Diesel-hydraulic locomotives of Australia
Railway locomotives introduced in 1956
3 ft 6 in gauge locomotives of Australia


Indian Heaven Wilderness is a protected area located inside the Gifford Pinchot National Forest of southwestern Washington state. The wilderness consists of  of broad, forested plateau, with meadows straddling numerous volcanic peaks and at least 150 small lakes, ponds, and marshes. The wilderness also contains the Indian Heaven volcanic field. Originally known to the Indians as "Sahalee Tyee," the area has been and remains culturally important to Native Americans. During the past 9,000 years, the Yakama, Klickitat, Cascades, Wasco, Wishram, and Umatilla tribes gathered in this area for berry picking, fishing, and hunting.

Landforms
Lava once flowed from the numerous volcanic cones that rise above the plateau, consisting mainly of overlapping shield volcanoes, spatter cones, and cinder cones,  which averages  in elevation. The wilderness' highest point is Lemei Rock (5,927 ft), whose crater now contains Lake Wapiki. Other prominent volcanic peaks include Bird Mountain, Sawtooth Mountain, Gifford Peak, East Crater, and Red Mountain. Big Lava Bed is the result of the most recent volcanic activity about 8,200 years ago.

Geology
Lemei Rock is one of the many shield volcanoes topped by cinder cones and spatter cones that make up the Indian Heaven volcanic field. About 60 eruptive centers lie on the  long, N10°E-trending, Indian Heaven fissure zone. The  field has a volume of about  and forms the western part of a  Quaternary basalt field in the southern Washington Cascades, including the King Mountain fissure zone along which Mount Adams was built.

Wildlife

Fauna
Deer and elk reside in the wilderness area until winter snows drive them lower, along with black bears attracted to the abundant ripening of fall huckleberries. Numerous bird species reside in the wilderness along with various small forest animals, such as chipmunks.

Flora
The forest conifers consist mainly of subalpine fir and Douglas fir. The area (including the Sawtooth Berry Fields) is known for its abundant huckleberries in mid-August to early September. They grow abundantly in the old, fire-scarred forest meadows burned in the past by Natives to stimulate more huckleberry production.

Recreation
The Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail passes north/south through the wilderness, which is known for its many lakes and views of four nearby volcanoes: Mount Adams, Mount Hood, Mount St. Helens, and Mount Rainier. It is also known to hikers for an intense population of mosquitoes throughout the summer. Other major trails in the area are Indian Heaven Trail and the Cultus Creek Trail, which climbs up the east side of Bird Mountain, and Lemei Trail which traverses up the east side of Lemei Rock and passes by Lake Wapiki. In late fall, the huckleberry bushes provide berries as well as intense orange color in some years.

In 2015, nearly 8,000 people visited the wilderness area for recreational purposes, exceeding the Forest Service's standards for solitude.

References

External links

Indian Heaven Wilderness U.S. Forest Service
Indian Heaven Wilderness Wilderness.net (The University of Montana)

Wilderness areas of Washington (state)
Cascade Range
Protected areas of Skamania County, Washington
Gifford Pinchot National Forest


Halesowen railway station was a railway station in Halesowen, West Midlands, England on the Great Western Railway & Midland Railway's Joint Halesowen Railway line from Old Hill to Longbridge.

History
The station opened in 1878, it had a very short life in terms of passenger services. All of the station, lines and passenger services ceased in 1927 except a few factory worker trains which served the Austin Rover Works in Longbridge until 1958.

The station had yard facilities and a small branch to the Hawne Basin on the Dudley Canal, with freight services continuing until the closure of the line in 1964.

Preservation
The track bed remains undeveloped but Halesowen railway station has been demolished. The station site is an industrial site on the bottom of Mucklow Hill (which used to pass over the railway line on a bridge) next to Halesowen College.

References

Further reading

Disused railway stations in Dudley
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1878
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1958
Halesowen
Former Midland Railway stations
Former Great Western Railway stations


Nelsan Ellis (March 31, 1978 – July 8, 2017) was an American actor and playwright. He achieved critical acclaim for his portrayal of Lafayette Reynolds in the HBO television series True Blood (2008–2014), for which he won a Satellite Award from the International Press Academy, among other accolades. He also starred as Shinwell Johnson in Elementary from 2016 to 2017, and played a variety of guest roles in other television series, including Veronica Mars and Without a Trace.

In addition to his television work, Ellis appeared in several feature films throughout his career. He portrayed Eddie Sweat in the Disney sports drama Secretariat (2010), was Martin Luther King Jr. in Lee Daniels' The Butler (2013), and was Bobby Byrd in the 2014 James Brown biopic Get on Up. His final acting role was in True to the Game, which was released posthumously.

Early life
Ellis was born in Harvey, Illinois, near Chicago, the son of Jackie Ellis and Tommie Lee Thompson. When Ellis and his siblings were young, their mother, a single parent after her divorce, broke down after the death of her brother. Ellis and his siblings became wards of the state, and later were raised in Bessemer, Alabama, by their maternal grandmother. He was diagnosed with dyslexia in second grade.

In Alabama, Ellis attended Jess Lanier High School for a year and transferred to McAdory High School. He moved back to Illinois at age 15, where he lived with his maternal aunt. In 1997 he graduated from Thornridge High School in Dolton, Illinois.

He joined the United States Marine Corps at the age of 17, but quit not long afterward. Following this, Ellis attended Illinois State University.

In 2000, at the age of 22, he was accepted for enrollment at the Juilliard School, where he befriended Rutina Wesley, later a colleague in the series True Blood. Ellis earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree from Juilliard in 2004.

Career
Ellis began his acting career in the early 2000s, with a role in the short film Lost. In 2005, he starred in the television film Warm Springs. From 2005 to 2006, he played the recurring role of Carter Howard in the television series The Inside. He followed this up with guest roles in Veronica Mars and Without a Trace, both in 2007.

In mid-2007, Ellis was cast as Lafayette Reynolds in the pilot for True Blood, as a short-order cook at Merlotte's Bar & Grill, a drug dealer, a member of Jason Stackhouse's road crew, and Tara Thornton's cousin. The pilot was shot in the early summer of 2007 and was officially ordered to series in August. Production on the series began later that fall.

In casting Lafayette Reynolds, Alan Ball had concerns because the character's homosexuality would be a dominating trait. He said "you don't want to bring in someone who's going to play that in a phony way". Nelsan Ellis said that it took him a few episodes to find the character. Ellis has said that he based many of Lafayette's mannerisms on his mother and his sister, and that the costuming also helped him to get into character. He told The Philadelphia Inquirer:

True Blood premiered on September 7, 2008, and concluded on August 24, 2014, comprising seven seasons and 80 episodes. In 2008, Ellis received a Satellite Award from the International Press Academy for best supporting actor in a television series for his role as Lafayette Reynolds. In 2009, he was nominated for a Scream Award for Best Supporting Actor. In 2011, he won the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series for his performance in True Blood.

Ellis also performed in several feature films; his early roles include The Express: The Ernie Davis Story (2008) and The Soloist (2009). In 2010, he portrayed Eddie Sweat in the Disney sports drama Secretariat.

In 2012, Ellis was cast as Martin Luther King Jr. in a supporting performance in Lee Daniels' The Butler. The Butler received mostly positive reviews from critics, with a 71% rating on the film critic aggregate site Rotten Tomatoes, based on 171 reviews.

The following year, Ellis joined the cast of Get on Up, a biographical drama film about the life of singer James Brown. He portrayed Bobby Byrd, Brown's longtime friend. Get on Up was met with positive reviews from critics.

From 2016 to 2017, Ellis starred as Shinwell Johnson in the TV series Elementary. His character dies near the end of Season 5. The first episode to air after Ellis' death, the season 6 premiere, ended with the screen "In Memory of Our Friend Nelsan Ellis". His final acting role was in True to the Game, which was released posthumously.

Death
Ellis died at the age of 39 on July 8, 2017, in Woodhull Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York. His family released a statement on July 10, 2017, saying that he had an ongoing struggle with drug and alcohol abuse. He had been reluctant to talk to anyone about his addiction because of his sense of shame. In the days prior to his death, Ellis was attempting to withdraw from alcohol on his own; he was hospitalized due to serious complications from alcohol withdrawal syndrome, which resulted in his death. Ellis was survived by his son, Breon Ellis.

Awards and nominations
 While at Juilliard, Ellis wrote a semi-autobiographical play entitled Ugly, which was performed at the school and later won the Lincoln Center's Martin E. Segal Award. The play was influenced by his pregnant sister's murder at the hands of her husband.
 2008 – Satellite Award from the International Press Academy for best supporting actor in a television series for his role as Lafayette Reynolds in HBO's True Blood.
 2009 – NewNowNext Awards Brink of Fame: Actor award.
 2009 – Ewwy Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series for True Blood.
 2009 – Scream Award for Best Supporting Actor for True Blood.
 2011 – NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series for True Blood.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

1977 births
2017 deaths
21st-century American male actors
African-American male actors
American male film actors
American male television actors
Juilliard School alumni
Male actors from Alabama
Male actors from Illinois
Military personnel from Illinois
People from Bessemer, Alabama
People from Harvey, Illinois
United States Marines
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American people
Alcohol-related deaths in New York City
Drug-related deaths in New York City


Joseph Mozier (August 22, 1812 – October 3, 1870) was an American sculptor active in Italy.

He was born in Burlington, Vermont, in 1812. In 1831 he moved to New York City, where he worked as a merchant. He retired from business around 1845, and shortly afterward went to Europe, studying sculpture for several years in Florence, after which he moved to Rome.

His best-known work is Undine, the title character in the novella by  Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué, a water nymph who falls in love with a man. He won a grand prize for it in Rome in 1867.

He made a short visit to the United States in 1870, and was hospitalized upon his return in London, England. He died in Faido, Switzerland, while en route to his home in Italy.

Selected works
 Bust of Pocahontas (1848), Peabody Institute, Baltimore, Maryland. A replica at University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.
 Bust of Diana (c. 1850), Locust Lawn Estate, New Paltz, New York.
 Pocahontas (1854), Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. A replica at Lockwood–Mathews Mansion, Norwalk, Connecticut.
 Truth (1855), Chrysler Museum of Art, Norfolk, Virginia.
 Silence (1855), Chrysler Museum of Art, Norfolk, Virginia.
 Rebecca at the Well (1855), Chrysler Museum of Art, Norfolk, Virginia. Replicas at New York Historical Society, New York City; Indiana State Museum, Indianapolis, Indiana; Patterson Public Library, Paterson, New Jersey; and Crocker Art Museum, Sacramento, California.
 The American Schoolboy (Young America) (1857), Redwood Library and Athenaeum, Newport, Rhode Island. A replica at Chrysler Museum of Art, Norfolk, Virginia.
 The Prodigal Son (c. 1857), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
 Indian Girl's Lament (1858), Cammie G. Henry Research Center, Northwestern State University, Natchitoches, Louisiana. A replica at Hearst Castle, San Simeon, California.
 Queen Esther (c. 1858).
 The Wept of the Wish-ton-Wish (1862), Lockwood–Mathews Mansion, Norwalk, Connecticut. Replicas at Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut; Chrysler Museum of Art, Norfolk, Virginia; and Arnot Art Museum, Elmira, New York.
 Jephthah's Daughter (1865),
 Il Penseroso (1866), Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, D.C.
 Undine (1867), Colby College Museum of Art, Waterville, Maine. Replicas at Chrysler Museum of Art, Norfolk, Virginia; and Boll Theatre, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio.
 The Peri (c. 1867), Acklen Mausoleum, Mount Olivet Cemetery, Nashville, Tennessee.
 Flower Girl (Springtime) (1867), Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, D.C. A replica at Hudson River Museum, Yonkers, New York.
 The Vigil of Rizpah (1869), Spanierman Gallery, New York City.
 The White Lady of Avenel (1869), Chrysler Museum of Art, Norfolk, Virginia. Replicas at Newark Museum, Newark, New Jersey; and University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.
 Thomas Moore as a Boy (1870), Arnot Art Museum, Elmira, New York.

References

 Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography, edited by James Grant Wilson and John Fiske, New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1887-1889.
 Madeleine B. Stern, "New England Artists in Italy 1835-1855", The New England Quarterly, Vol. 14, No. 2 (Jun., 1941), pp. 243–271.
 "Joseph Mozier" from AskArt.

External links
 Art and the empire city: New York, 1825-1861, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Mozier (see index)
 Joseph Mozier from SIRIS.

19th-century American sculptors
19th-century American male artists
American male sculptors
1812 births
1870 deaths
Artists from Burlington, Vermont
American expatriates in Italy


Cedar Hill Village is a rural community in Trinidad and Tobago which covers an area of approximately four square kilometres. It is about two kilometres from Princes Town. It can be found along the Manahambre Road.

Climate

The city has a Tropical Wet and dry climate characterised by high Year round temperature and the last six months of the year being the wettest. The rainiest months are from June to November. In the rainy season flooding is quite common in Downtown and other city districts surrounding Cedar Hill Village.

Sources
Trinidad and Tobago Gazette

References

Villages in Trinidad and Tobago


Frederick Ronald Birrell (7 December 1913 – 23 July 1985) was an Australian politician.

History
Born in Adelaide, South Australia, grandson of Robert Birrell (died 1880) and son of Frederick (c. 1877 – 31 July 1952) and May Birrell (née Moran), he was educated at state schools before becoming an auto worker. He served in the military from 1940 to 1946. From 1959 to 1963 he was the South Australian Secretary of the Vehicle Builders' Union, becoming its federal president 1961–1962. In 1958 he was president of the South Australian Trades and Labor Council. In 1963, he was elected to the Australian House of Representatives as the Labor member for Port Adelaide. He held the seat until his retirement in 1974. Birrell died in 1985.

Personal
Fred Birrell married Patricia Lundie, a daughter of Francis Walter Lundie, long time leader of the Amalgamated Shearers' Union, then the Australian Workers' Union, Councillor for the Corporation of the City of Adelaide and the Port Adelaide Council, Board member of the Royal Adelaide Hospital and the Royal Zoological Society of South Australia. He was a member of the 1934 Glenelg Tiger (SANFL) football premiership team.

Family relationship to Frederick William Birrell (1869–1939), South Australian typographer and MLA
Son of Andrew Birrell, if any, has not been found.

References

Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Port Adelaide
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
1913 births
1985 deaths
20th-century Australian politicians


Ryad Boudebouz (; born 19 February 1990) is a professional footballer who plays for Saudi First Division League club Ohod. Mainly an attacking midfielder, he can also play as a right winger.

A former France youth international, Boudebouz switched his allegiance to Algeria in 2010. He played for the Algeria national team at the 2010 FIFA World Cup and the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations. In total, Boudebouz scored two goals in twenty-five matches for Algeria from 2010 to 2017.

Club career
Born in Colmar to Algerian parents, Boudebouz grew up in the 'Europe' district of the city. At age 10, he joined the junior ranks of local side Colmar where he stayed until age 14 when he joined Sochaux's youth academy. Boudebouz made his debut for the club's reserve side at the age of 16. On 15 May 2008, Boudebouz signed his first professional contract with the club agreeing to a three-year deal tying him to the club until 2011.

On 4 October 2008, Boudebouz made his first team debut for Sochaux, starting in a league match against Nice. On 8 November 2008, he scored his first career goal, the winner in a 2–1 victory against Le Mans.

On 2 September 2013 – the last day of the 2013–14 summer transfer window – Boudebouz signed a three-year contract with Corsica-based club SC Bastia, for a reported fee of €1 million.

After two seasons in Corsica, Boudebouz joined Montpellier with a four-year contract, as part of a deal that saw Yassine Jebbour join the Corsican team.

In January 2019, Boudebouz was loaned to Celta from Real Betis.

On 27 July 2019, Boudebouz signed a three-year deal to join Ligue 1 side Saint-Étienne which was reportedly worth €4 million. On 6 March 2020, he scored a stoppage time winner for Saint-Etienne in the Coupe de France semi-final to send the club into their first final in nearly 40 years.

On 8 September 2022, Boudebouz joined Saudi Arabian club Al-Ahli on a free transfer.

On 12 September 2023, Boudebouz joined Saudi First Division side Ohod on a two-year contract.

International career
Boudebouz received a surprise call-up to the France under-21 squad, who were looking to start fresh after their elimination from the 2009 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship, for a friendly against Denmark. However, Ryad decided to pass on the offer instead opting to play with the under-19 team who were in the process of qualifying for the 2009 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship, in which they later progressed.

On 4 May 2010, Boudebouz was named to the Algeria national team 2010 World Cup preliminary squad. Boudebouz had been in the process of acquiring a passport to represent the nation of his parents since 2009. On 28 May 2010, Boudebouz made his debut for Algeria in a friendly against the Republic of Ireland. Starting the game on the bench, he was substituted in at the 65th minute. He was included in the final 23-man squad for the World Cup.

Career statistics

Club

International

International goals
Scores and results list Algeria's goal tally first.

Honours
Saint-Étienne

 Coupe de France runner-up: 2019–20

Al Ahli

 Champion: 2022–23

References

External links

1990 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Colmar
Footballers from Haut-Rhin
French men's footballers
Algerian men's footballers
Chaoui people
French sportspeople of Algerian descent
Men's association football midfielders
Ligue 1 players
FC Sochaux-Montbéliard players
SC Bastia players
Montpellier HSC players
AS Saint-Étienne players
La Liga players
Real Betis players
RC Celta de Vigo players
Saudi First Division League players
Saudi Pro League players
Al-Ahli Saudi FC players
Ohod Club players
2010 FIFA World Cup players
2013 Africa Cup of Nations players
Algeria men's international footballers
France men's youth international footballers
Algerian expatriate men's footballers
Algerian expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Algerian expatriate sportspeople in Saudi Arabia
Expatriate men's footballers in Spain
Expatriate men's footballers in Saudi Arabia
French expatriate men's footballers
French expatriate sportspeople in Spain


West Point is a township of the Liberian capital city of Monrovia, located on a 0.53 km2 peninsula which juts out into the Atlantic Ocean between the Mesurado and Saint Paul rivers. West Point is one of Monrovia's most densely populated slums.

Environmental degradation has gradually caused part of the peninsula to erode into the ocean. Endemic problems include overpopulation and diseases such as tuberculosis.

History
The informal settlement was squatted in the 1940s or 1950s by fishermen. An experiment in the 1970s to move people from West Point failed. Residents returned despite squalid living conditions. People moved back to fish and make a living as informal shopkeepers and service providers close to the city centre.

During the 2014 Ebola outbreak, it was placed under Cordon sanitaire for 18 days. This drew criticism from health experts and human rights advocates, and Liberia's president, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, acknowledged it was a mistake.

Government
In 2018 President George Weah appointed William C. Wea as Commissioner for West Point.

West Point is part of the Montserrado-7 electoral district.

Demographics
West Point (or Zone Z400) is divided into six communities:

Social issues

Sanitation

The area lacks proper sanitation and public toilets. and a 2009 report by United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs estimated that there were four public toilets in the area. Pay toilets exist, but residents cannot afford them, and thus public defecation is common. The beach surrounding West Point is often used as a lavatory which creates health hazards as the water is used for drinking and fish from the water are consumed.

Child sexual abuse

Child prostitution and sex tourism is said to be rampant in the place with minor-aged girls reported to have engaged in these activities. During the Liberian Civil Wars, rape and sexual abuses were uncontrolled and widespread which were committed by several militant groups. This gave rise to the number of infected children with AIDS/HIV.

In 2018, Katie Meyler's More Than Me Foundation school located in West Point received multiple reports and controversies about rape and sexual abuses in her own institution which were then committed by Macintosh Johnson, the co-founder and staff of the school. These were published by several news agencies internationally leading to widespread investigations by the police. The serial rapist was reported to have abused "dozens" of young girls, aged 9-16, enrolled in the school. After more search, the police determined that Johnson had AIDS. Meyler then stepped down as the leading figure of the foundation.

See also
 Clara Town
Ebola virus epidemic in Liberia
 Freeport of Monrovia

General:
 Slums in Africa

References

City corporations, townships and borough of the Greater Monrovia District
1940s establishments in Liberia
Slums in Liberia
Squatting in Liberia


Cassandra Quin Butts (August 10, 1965 – May 25, 2016) was an American lawyer, policy expert, and Deputy White House counsel. On December 23, 2008, Butts was selected by President-elect Barack Obama to serve as Deputy White House Counsel, focusing on domestic policy and ethics. She was on the advisory board for then-president-elect Barack Obama's presidential transition team.

She stepped down as Deputy White House Counsel in November 2009 and served as Senior Advisor in the Office of the Chief Executive Officer at the Millennium Challenge Corporation. In February 2014, Obama nominated her to be the ambassador to the Bahamas, but by February 1, 2015, the Senate had not confirmed her to the post. She was re-nominated to the position on February 5, 2015 but died as her nomination faced GOP opposition.

Biography
Butts was born on August 10, 1965, in Brooklyn, New York, and at age nine moved to Durham, North Carolina. She graduated from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and in 1991 from Harvard Law School where she was a classmate of Barack Obama and the two became close friends.

Butts' first job was as a counselor at the YMCA in Durham. From 1991-92, she worked as a fellow with the National Health Law Program (NHeLP), a nonprofit organization advocating for access to quality healthcare for low-income people. After college she worked for a year as a researcher with the African News Service in Durham.

She was an election observer in the 2000 Zimbabwean parliamentary election and counsel to Senator Harris Wofford (D-PA). She also did litigation and policy work for the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund Inc, and spent seven years working as a senior adviser to US Representative Dick Gephardt of Missouri. She became the Senior Vice President for Domestic Policy at the Center for American Progress.

Deputy White House Counsel
During her time as Deputy White House Counsel, Butts focused most on judicial nominations. Records later showed that in the days after Associate Justice David Souter announced his retirement from the U.S. Supreme Court, Butts was in frequent contact with President Obama's eventual nominee to replace Souter, Sonia Sotomayor.

Butts also had been rumored in February 2009 to be a candidate to lead the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC).

Millennium Challenge Corporation
On November 6, 2009, Obama named Butts to serve as a senior advisor in the Office of the Chief Executive Officer of the Millennium Challenge Corporation. Butts' departure was considered to be one of the highest-level departures up to that point from the office of the White House Counsel, and it was followed one week later by the announcement of the departure of Butts' then-boss, White House Counsel Gregory Craig.

Nomination to be Ambassador to the Bahamas
On February 7, 2014, Butts was nominated by President Obama to be United States Ambassador to the Bahamas. The Senate held a committee hearing on her nomination in May 2014, but took no action the rest of the year, and her nomination lapsed with the end of the 113th United States Congress.

With the new Congress, Obama renominated her to the post on February 5, 2015. The United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations reported her nomination to the full U.S. Senate on May 21, 2015. However, Butts' nomination was blocked by several Republican senators. First, Sen. Ted Cruz placed a blanket hold on all U.S. State Department nominees after he was upset with Obama for the Iran nuclear deal. However, after Cruz lifted those holds, Sen. Tom Cotton then stepped in and once again, to protest an issue unrelated to the specific nominees, blocked Butts' nomination and the nominations of ambassador nominees to Sweden and Norway after the Secret Service had leaked private information about a fellow member of Congress. Cotton later lifted his holds on the nominees to Sweden and Norway, but kept his hold on Butts' nomination.

Butts told New York Times columnist Frank Bruni that she had visited Cotton about his objections to her nomination, and Cotton told her that because he knew that Obama and Butts were friends, blocking Butts was a way to "inflict special pain on the president," Bruni wrote.  According to Bruni's article, a spokeswoman for Cotton did not dispute Butts' account but did emphasize Cotton's respect for Butts and for her career.

Butts died on May 25, 2016, still awaiting a Senate vote. For several weeks after Butts' death, her nomination had remained pending before the U.S. Senate on its executive calendar.  Obama formally withdrew her nomination on June 9, 2016.

Death
Butts was found dead in her Washington, D.C. home by her sister on May 25, 2016. According to a statement from her family she had suffered from a brief illness. Bruni wrote that she had suffered from acute leukemia and had not felt ill until just beforehand.

References

External links
https://cassandrabuttsartscholarship.org/
Photo
Frontline interview
NPR Interview with Cassandra Butts

1965 births
2016 deaths
20th-century American lawyers
21st-century American lawyers
African-American women lawyers
Harvard Law School alumni
Obama administration personnel
Lawyers from Brooklyn
People from Durham, North Carolina
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni
20th-century American women lawyers
21st-century American women lawyers
20th-century African-American lawyers
21st-century African-American lawyers


Maurice Collins (1878 – 9 August 1945) was an Australian politician. He was a Country Party member of the Australian House of Representatives from 1928 to 1929, representing the electorate of Wakefield. He was reported to be "one of the best known personalities in the pastoral industry" in South Australia.

Collins was born at Mount Bryan, the seventh son of pastoralist Henry Collins. He was a partner in his father's firm, Henry Collins and Co., then took over one of the company's properties, Mallett, near Terowie, for himself. He was a District Council of Terowie councillor for eleven years. In 1919, he moved to Burra, and subsequently served as mayor of the Corporate Town of Burra from 1922 to 1928. He was also involved in Burra community organisations, serving as president of the Burra Bowling Club and as a member of the Burra Hospital Board.

In 1928, he was elected to the Australian House of Representatives as the Country Party member for Wakefield, defeating long-serving Nationalist MP Richard Foster. However, he was defeated in the election of the following year by the Nationalist candidate Charles Hawker.

In 1932 he relocated to Adelaide and became a writer on agricultural topics, living "more or less in retirement". Collins died in 1945 after a "considerable time" of ill health.

References

National Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Australia
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Wakefield
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
1878 births
1945 deaths
20th-century Australian politicians
Mayors of places in South Australia


Papyrus 78 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), designated by 𝔓78, is an early copy of the New Testament in Greek. It is a papyrus manuscript of the Epistle of Jude. The surviving texts of Jude are verses 4-5 & 7-8. 𝔓78 is written in an elegant hand. The manuscript has been paleographically assigned to the 3rd century (or 4th century).

Description
 Text
The Greek text of this codex is a representative of the Alexandrian text-type. 𝔓78 displays a free text. Aland placed it in Category I (because of its date).

 Present location
It is currently housed at the Sackler Library (P. Oxy. 2684) in Oxford.

Textual variants

 v5: Addition of αδελφοι (brothers) after βουλομαι (I plan).
 v7: υπεχουσαι (undergoing) becomes επεχουσαι (holding fast to).
 v8: ουτοι (these) becomes αυτοι (themselves).
 v8: δοξας (plural: glories) becomes δοξαν (singular: glory).

See also

 List of New Testament papyri
 Oxyrhynchus Papyri

References

Further reading

 L. Ingrams, P. Kingston, Peter Parsons, and John Rea, Oxyrhynchus Papyri, XXXIV (London: 1968), pp. 4–6.
 M. Mees, P78: ein neuer Textzeuge für den Judasbrief, Orient Press I (Rome: 1970), pp. 5–10.

Images
 P. Oxy. 2684 from Papyrology at Oxford's "POxy: Oxyrhynchus Online"
 Papyrus 78 recto
 Papyrus 78 verso

External links

 Robert B. Waltz. NT Manuscripts: Papyri, Papyri 𝔓78.

New Testament papyri
3rd-century biblical manuscripts
Early Greek manuscripts of the New Testament
Epistle of Jude papyri


Aylesbury High Street railway station was the London and North Western Railway station which served the  town of Aylesbury in the English county of Buckinghamshire. It was the terminus of a branch from Cheddington on what is now known as the West Coast Main Line running to London Euston and to Birmingham New Street and further north.

Two stations were built, the first being used as a goods terminus after its closure to passengers.

History
The first station at Aylesbury was opened by the Aylesbury Railway on 10 June 1839; this was closed on 16 June 1889 when it was replaced by the second station, also named Aylesbury. The line was operated by the London and Birmingham Railway, and when that company amalgamated with others to form the London and North Western Railway (LNWR), the Aylesbury Railway was absorbed by the LNWR. The LNWR became part of the London Midland and Scottish Railway during the Grouping of 1923, passing on to the London Midland Region of British Railways during the nationalisation of 1948. British Railways (BR) renamed the station Aylesbury High Street on 25 September 1950; it was then closed to passengers on 2 February 1953 and then freight on 2 December 1963.

Routes
The only intermediate station between Aylesbury and Cheddington was at Marston Gate.

The site today
The site is now occupied by an office block and a retail park. The route into Aylesbury has been taken over by a road named 'Stocklake' and 'Vale Park Drive' (part of the A418 road), although the formation remains mostly intact along the route of the road.
During the summer of 2015 trees and vegetation were cleared from the formation in preparation for the construction of a new Stocklake (urban) road. On Monday 18 January 2016, contractors began work on the new road, which will use the trackbed of the old railway to link Park Street with Douglas Road, Aylesbury, parallel to the existing road. This will be converted into a new service road for homes and businesses, providing more parking and easier access.

References

Sources

 Station on navigable O.S. map

Former London and North Western Railway stations
Disused railway stations in Buckinghamshire
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1839
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1963


Darren Dowling (born 22 February 1968 in Watford) is a British racing driver.

Career

British Touring Car Championship

Dowling drove the final six rounds of the British Touring Car Championship in 2006. He raced in a Lexus IS200 for the newly formed BTC Racing team alongside team-mate Chris Stockton. His best ever finish was a fourteenth position at Silverstone, ending the season with no points. The team continued in 2007, but he was replaced by Nick Leason.

Racing record

Complete British Touring Car Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position - 1 point awarded in first race) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap - 1 point awarded all races) (* signifies that driver lead race for at least one lap - 1 point awarded all races)

24 Hours of Silverstone results

Post-BTCC
Recently Dowling has driven in the BRSCC Sports and Saloon Car Trophy in a TVR Sagaris.

External links
 BTCC Pages profile.

Living people
British Touring Car Championship drivers
Britcar 24-hour drivers
Britcar drivers
Sportspeople from Watford
1968 births


Ecopath with Ecosim (EwE) is a free and open source ecosystem modelling software suite, initially started at NOAA by Jeffrey Polovina, but has since primarily been developed at the formerly UBC Fisheries Centre of the University of British Columbia. In 2007, it was named as one of the ten biggest scientific breakthroughs in NOAA's 200-year history. The NOAA citation states that Ecopath "revolutionized scientists' ability worldwide to understand complex marine ecosystems". Behind this lie more than three decades of development work in association with a thriving network of fisheries scientists such as Villy Christensen, Carl Walters and Daniel Pauly, and software engineers around the world. EwE is funded through projects, user contributions, user support, training courses and co-development collaborations. Per November 2021 there are an estimated 8000+ users across academia, non-government organizations, industry and governments in 150+ countries.

Components
EwE has three main components:

 Ecopath – a static, mass-balanced snapshot of the system
 Ecosim – a time dynamic simulation module for policy exploration
 Ecospace – a spatial and temporal dynamic module designed for exploring the combined impacts of fishing, the placement of protected areas, and changing environmental conditions.

Capabilities
The Ecopath software package can be used to:

 address ecological questions
 evaluate ecosystem effects of fishing
 explore management policy options
 analyze impact and placement of marine protected areas
 predict movement and accumulation of contaminants and tracers (Ecotracer)
 model effect of environmental changes,
 facilitate end-to-end ecosystem model construction

Development Ecopath version 6.0 received support from the Lenfest Ocean Program and the Pew Charitable trusts. In 2011 the Ecopath Research and Development Consortium was founded to share the responsibility of maintaining and further developing the approach with institutions around the world. EwE exclusively relies on user involvement for continued software development and releases of new versions.

The desktop version of Ecopath with Ecosim runs only on Windows and requires Microsoft Access database drivers version 2007 or newer. The computational core of Ecopath with Ecosim can be executed on other operating systems such as Unix or Linux using the Mono common language runtime. Spin-off versions in R, Matlab and Fortran are developed independently of the main desktop version of EwE, and are not supported by the Ecopath Research and Development Consortium.

Funding
In 2013, development efforts were centralized under Ecopath International Initiative, Spain, which coincided with a switch to a community-driven development model overseen by the Ecopath Research and Development Consortium. As the approach does not receive any core funding, the Ecopath with Ecosim approach now relies entirely on user-contributed project funding for continued development and releases.

References

External links
Official site
Social network site
Repository of published EwE models

Environmental science software
Conceptual modelling
Fisheries science
Computing by computer model


Fred Schell is a Canadian politician, who was elected as the Member of the Legislative Assembly for the electoral district of South Baffin in the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut at a by-election following the 2008 territorial election. The by-election was called as no candidate came forward during the general election. Prior to election as an MLA, Schell served as mayor of Cape Dorset.

Schell was the minister responsible for the Nunavut Housing Corp. and the Workers' Safety and Compensation Commission, and the minister responsible for homelessness.  Nunavut Premier Eva Aariak removed all his ministerial portfolios effective March 11, 2012.  Aariak did not give any specific reasons for removing Schell's portfolios, which were reassigned to other cabinet ministers.

References

External links
. Biography at the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut

1952 births
Living people
Members of the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut
21st-century Canadian politicians
Mayors of places in Nunavut
People from Kinngait
Politicians from Winnipeg


During the American Civil War, Army reorganization created the Department of the Pacific on January 15, 1861.  On December 12, 1861, the District of Humboldt was created, consisting of the counties of Sonoma, Napa, Mendocino, Trinity, Humboldt, Klamath, and Del Norte in Northern California. The district was headquartered at Fort Humboldt, located on a bluff above the central portion of Humboldt Bay south of Eureka, California, which is now a California State Historic Park located within the City of Eureka.  The District's efforts were directed at prosecuting the ongoing Bald Hills War against the Indians in the northern, coastal area of the large district.  A peace was achieved in August 1864.

On July 27, 1865, the Military Division of the Pacific was created, consisting of the Department of California and Department of the Columbia. Humboldt District was absorbed by the Department of California.

Commanders
 Colonel Francis J. Lippitt, January 9, 1862 - July 13, 1863.
 Lieutenant Colonel Stephen G. Whipple, July 13, 1863 - February, 1864
 Colonel Henry M. Black February 8, 1864 - June 1864
 Lieutenant Colonel Stephen G. Whipple, June 1864 - July 27, 1865.

Posts of the Humboldt Military District

References

External links
 Historic Military Posts from the California State Military Museum.

California in the American Civil War
Eureka, California
History of Humboldt County, California
Departments and districts of the United States Army
Union Army departments
Pacific Coast Theater of the American Civil War
Bald Hills War
1861 establishments in California


France–Finland relations are foreign relations between France and Finland. France was one of the first countries which recognised Finland's independence on 4 January 1918. Diplomatic relations between them were established on 24 January 1918.
Both countries are full members of the European Union.
According to a 2005 BBC World Service Poll, 48% of Finns view French influence positively, with 26% expressing a negative view. There are an estimated 7,000 Finns living in France.
Both countries are members of the Council of Europe, European Union, NATO, and Eurozone.

History

In August 2022, France fully ratified Finland's NATO membership application.

Resident diplomatic missions
 Finland has an embassy in Paris.
 France has an embassy in Helsinki.

See also
 Foreign relations of France
 Foreign relations of Finland
 Finland–NATO relations

References

External links
 Ministry for Foreign Affairs of France about relations with Finland
 Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland about relations with France
History of the relations of Finland and France on Finnish Embassy in Paris websites
French Embassy in Helsinki
Finnish Embassy in Paris

Bilateral relations of France
France


Sydney McHugh (21 March 1892 – 20 September 1952) was an Australian politician. Born in Quorn, South Australia, he was educated at state schools before becoming a farmer and grazier. He served in the military from 1914 to 1918, during World War I. In 1924, he was elected to the South Australian House of Assembly as the Labor member for Burra Burra. He was defeated in 1927, but held the seat again from 1930 to 1933.

He transferred to the federal House of Representatives in 1938, winning a by-election for the seat of Wakefield caused by the death of the sitting United Australia Party member, Charles Hawker.  McHugh faced long odds on paper.  He needed a seemingly daunting 13 percent swing to win the seat, and his UAP opponent was former South Australian Premier Richard Layton Butler.  However, on the third count, independent Percy Quirke's preferences flowed overwhelmingly to McHugh, allowing McHugh to take the seat on a shocking 20 percent swing.  The seat's conservative nature reasserted itself in the 1940 election, when McHugh was defeated by UAP challenger Jack Duncan-Hughes, the former member for Boothby.

McHugh returned to state politics, winning the seat of Light in 1941 and holding it until 1944.

He died in 1952 (aged 60).

References

Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Wakefield
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
Members of the South Australian House of Assembly
1892 births
1952 deaths
20th-century Australian politicians
People from Quorn, South Australia
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of South Australia


Jean Brenner (23 April 1937 – February 2009) was a painter from Mulhouse, France.

Life and work
Brenner came from an artist family from Alsace; his father Joseph was the professor of textile drawings. In 1956, Jean Brenner began his studies at the Ecole municipale des Beaux Arts. From 1960 to 1962, he traveled in North Africa. In 1964, he studied at the Ecole des Arts Décoratifs in Strasbourg. Brenner became an art teacher at that school, before he dedicated himself to intensive studio work to prepare his first international exhibition. His work was shown in 1971 in New York City (twice) and Berlin. He received the Palme d'Or des Beaux Arts in Monte-Carlo in 1972 and exhibited in Rome.

Since then, many further exhibitions and honours have followed. He had his first exhibition and retrospective in his hometown of Mulhouse in the Musée des Beaux Arts in the Villa Steinbach in autumn of 2008.

Brenner's media is very diverse, including techniques such as engraving, lithography, collage and photography. His paintings range from still-lifes with flowers and full landscapes to abstract portraits in black and white. Some of his works reference Cézanne and Monet. He spoke fluent French, German, English and his native Alsatian.

Jean Brenner died in February 2009.

Awards
 1972 Palme d'Or des Beaux Arts, Monte-Carlo

Notes

External links

Info-Culture.net | Retrospektive Jean Brenner, 2008-11-10

1937 births
2009 deaths
Modern painters
Artists from Mulhouse
Painters from Alsace


The Order of Jehova () was a Swedish dynastic order of knighthood instituted in 1606 by King Charles IX of Sweden. The collar of the order was worn by the king alone, as head, although a report indicates that three Swedish princes wore a collar at the coronation of King Charles IX on 15 March 1606.

The kings motto was Jehovah "Iehovah solatium meum" ().

References

Literature
 Karl Löfström: Sverges riddarordnar (Stockholm 1948)
 Arvid Berghman: Nordiska riddareordnar och dekorationer (Malmö 1949)
 Rudolf Cederström: Katalog (Stockholm 1948)
 Rudolf Cederström: Svenskt Silversmide 1520 - 1850 (Stockholm 1941)
 Michael Conforti en Guy Walton: Royal treasures of Sweden 1500 - 1700 (Washington 1988)

External links

The Swedish Royal armoury

Orders of chivalry of Sweden
1606 establishments in Sweden


The Hollings Center for International Dialogue is a non-profit, non-governmental organization dedicated to fostering dialogue between the United States and countries with predominantly Muslim populations in the Middle East, North Africa, South Asia, Eurasia and Europe. In pursuit of this mission, the Hollings Center convenes dialogue conferences that generate new thinking on important international issues and deepen channels of communication across opinion leaders and experts.

History
The conception of the Hollings Center emerged from two primary objectives. First was the need for an organization focused on opening and reinforcing networks and connections between the US and the predominantly Muslim world, particularly in the post-9/11 environment. Second was a strong desire to preserve the Palazzo Corpi, the historic former U.S. Consulate in Istanbul, Turkey.
The Hollings Center was established as a non-governmental organization by the U.S. Congress in 2004, primarily through the efforts of Senators Ernest F. Hollings (D-SC) and Judd Gregg (R-NH). Specifically, Congress called on the center to "develop programs of cooperative study, training and research for students and scholars to exchange views and ideas" between the United States and the Muslim world. Congress also specifically designated that this center would occupy the Palazzo Corpi. Located in Istanbul's historic Beyoğlu neighborhood (formerly Pera), the Palazzo Corpi housed the official U.S. presence in Istanbul until 2003. It is one of the US' oldest diplomatic holdings and the Hollings Center was created in part to ensure that the historic Palazzo would remain part of the United States' international heritage.

A steering committee, led by the Council of American Overseas Research Centers, developed a series of dialogue conferences to serve as the Hollings Center's signature program. Three categories of dialogue conferences emerged: Next Generation Dialogues, Regional Policy Dialogues and Higher Education Dialogues. In addition, a small grants program was created in conjunction with dialogue conferences, awarding conference participants modest sums to fund projects building on dialogue topics. More recently, the center has begun a Speaker Series to expand upon dialogue outcomes to a broader public audience.

The center began operations in 2005, holding its first dialogue conference in May of that year. Since then, the Hollings Center has held roughly 30 Dialogue Conferences, hosting over 600 participants from about 40 countries. The Hollings Center has awarded over  to previous participants to fund more than 25 small grants, establishing networks with hundreds of additional stakeholders.
Officially named the International Center for Middle Eastern-Western Dialogue, the center is more commonly known as the Hollings Center, in recognition of Senator Hollings whose efforts were crucial to its foundation.  Senator Hollings retired in 2005 having achieved a notable 39-year career in the U.S. Senate.

The Hollings Center is registered as a non-profit, tax-exempt 501(c)(3) organization in the United States and as a foreign non-profit organization in Turkey. The Board of Directors is currently led by Ambassador Nicholas A. Veliotes, former Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern Affairs.

Palazzo Corpi
The Palazzo Corpi is one of the oldest U.S. government-owned diplomatic premises in the world. First built in 1830 by Genoese merchant Ignazio Corpi, American ambassador John G. A. Leishman rented the building for use as the U.S. legation and residence in 1882. Centrally located in the Beyoğlu neighborhood (formerly Pera), the Palazzo Corpi's classical façade features an American eagle and crest. The interior is decorated with frescoes of mythological scenes, marble flooring, and etched glasswork.

In 1907, Ambassador Leishman used his personal funds to purchase the property for  Ottoman liras, having decided that the US should own rather than lease the building. Leishman anticipated reimbursement from the U.S. government upon a return trip to Washington and was surprised to find that Congress had no plans for this repayment. Rather than accepting the personal expenditure, Leishman hosted several members of Congress to a party, inviting them to drink and play poker late into the night. Ambassador Leishman challenged the Congress members to a poker game over the status of the Palazzo and won, resulting in Congress repaying Leishman for the Palazzo and granting it two unique titles: the first diplomatic building purchased by the U.S. government and the only such building acquired through a card game.

The Palazzo served as the U.S. embassy and residence from 1906 and then as the consulate general from 1937 until 2003, after the designation of Ankara as Turkey's capital in 1923 resulted in the transfer of embassy activities away from Istanbul. Throughout this history, the Palazzo Corpi served as a symbol of U.S. public diplomacy in the region. In 2003, the U.S. State Department moved the Consul General to a more modern facility on the European shore of the Bosphorous. Many of the diplomats and officials who had worked at the Palazzo Corpi were determined to preserve the building's history and significance to American foreign policy. Congress created the Hollings Center in 2004 to fill this role, designating the center to host programs that will reinforce communication and understanding between the US and the Muslim world.

To best preserve the history and structure of the Palazzo Corpi, the U.S. State Department negotiated on the Hollings Center's behalf for a Turkish holding company to spearhead renovations and restoration. This process was completed in early 2015 when the Palazzo Corpi reopened as a hotel and conference center. Featured in this new space is the Hollings Center's Istanbul presence, allowing for the continuation of the Palazzo Corpi's historic tradition of promoting dialogue and fostering cross-cultural cooperation.

Members of the Board of Directors

Emeritus Members
 Ernest F. Hollings (Hon., Founding Chair)
 Stephen J. Solarz (Hon.)

Active Members
 Deborah K. Jones (Ambassador, retired, Chair)
 Kate Eltrich (Treasurer)
 Richard A. Detweiler
 John A. Gastright
 Nader Habibi
 Steve Hartell

References

External links
 Official website

Non-profit organizations based in Washington, D.C.
International relations
United States–Middle Eastern relations
Turkey–United States relations


Albert Edward Smith (2 January 1881 – 5 February 1965) was an Australian politician. Born in Kent, England, he migrated to Australia as a child and was educated at Clare in South Australia. He became a service station proprietor and served on Clare Council. In 1943, he was elected to the Australian House of Representatives as the Labor member for Division of Wakefield, defeating the sitting United Australia Party member, Jack Duncan-Hughes. He held the seat until his defeat in 1946 by Philip McBride, the candidate for the UAP's successor, the Liberal Party. Smith died in 1965.

References

Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Wakefield
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
1881 births
1965 deaths
20th-century Australian politicians
British emigrants to Australia


Melody C. Barnes (born April 29, 1964) is an American lawyer and political advisor. Formerly an aide and chief counsel to Senator Edward M. Kennedy on the Senate Judiciary Committee, Barnes later worked at the Center for American Progress, a think tank, before joining Senator Barack Obama's 2008 presidential campaign. After Obama took office as president, Barnes was appointed director of the Domestic Policy Council, serving in that post from January 2009 to January 2012. After leaving the White House, Barnes assumed roles at the Aspen Institute and New York University. Since 2016, she has been at the University of Virginia, where she teaches law and is the co-director of the UVA Democracy Initiative.

Early life and education
Barnes was born on April 29, 1964, and grew up in Richmond, Virginia. Barnes's father Charles H. Barnes Jr. was a civilian employee of the U.S. Army, and her mother Mary Frances Rogers Barnes (1934-2014) was a teacher.

Barnes earned her BA with honors in history from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1986 and her JD from the University of Michigan Law School in 1989. Barnes is a member of the Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority.

Career

Pre-White House
In 1989, Barnes began her career as an attorney with the law firm of Shearman & Sterling in New York City as an associate in corporate finance and financial institutions.

Barnes then worked at the Raben Group, where she lobbied for the American Civil Liberties Union, Leadership Conference on Civil Rights, American Constitution Society, and Center for Reproductive Rights. Barnes served as director of legislative affairs at the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and as assistant counsel of the Subcommittee on Civil and Constitutional Rights of the House Judiciary Committee. In the latter role, Barnes worked on the Voting Rights Improvement Act of 1992.

Barnes was general counsel to Senator Edward M. Kennedy on the Senate Judiciary Committee from 1995 to 1998, and chief counsel from 1998 to 2003.

From 2003 to July 2008, Barnes was at the Center for American Progress, a think tank. She was executive vice president for policy at the center from 2005 to 2008. Barnes was involved in the launch of the center's Initiative on Faith and Public Policy. She worked under CEO John D. Podesta, who later served as co-chairman of the Obama-Biden transition team.

Barnes was senior domestic policy advisor to Senator Barack Obama during his 2008 presidential campaign. After the election, Barnes helped to lead Obama's transition team. Barnes served as co-director of the Agency Review Working Group for the transition.

Prior to joining the White House, Barnes served on the board of a Washington, D.C. charter school, as well as the boards of EMILY's List and the Planned Parenthood Action Fund.

White House
After Obama took office in January 2009, Barnes became assistant to the president and director of the White House Domestic Policy Council.

In October 2009, Barnes played golf with Obama at Fort Belvoir, becoming the first woman to play golf with the president during Obama's presidency. (Obama had previously been criticized for playing golf and basketball only with male staffers).

Barnes was one of several African-American women in important Obama administration positions, along with Valerie Jarrett, Mona Sutphen, Susan Rice and Cassandra Butts.

As a former staffer for Ted Kennedy, Barnes was also one of a number of former congressional staffers in the Obama White House, alongside Jim Messina (formerly aide to Senator Max Baucus), Pete Rouse and Jeanne Lambrew (Senator Tom Daschle), Phil Schiliro (formerly aide to Representative Henry Waxman), and Lisa Konwinski (former aide to Senator Kent Conrad). Paul Starr writes that Obama's choice to surround himself with these former senior aides to key congressional leaders on health care was instrumental in passing the health-care reform legislation through Congress.

Barnes chaired the White House Task Force on Childhood Obesity, which in May 2010 released a 124-page report with 70 recommendations to combat the childhood obesity epidemic in the United States.

In November 2011, the White House announced that Barnes would be leaving. She departed in January 2012.

Post-White House
After leaving the White House, Barnes became chief executive officer of Melody Barnes Solutions LLC, a strategy firm advising major financial institutions and other clients. She joined the boards of directors of Ventas, Inc. in 2014, and Booz Allen Hamilton in 2015.

Barnes is chair of the Aspen Institute's Forum for Community Solutions.

In 2013, Barnes has also been vice provost for global student leadership initiatives at New York University, and senior fellow at NYU's Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service.

Barnes is now co-director of University of Virginia's Democracy Initiative, a broad research, teaching and public affairs initiative tackling the most pressing issues facing democracies around the world. She is a professor of practice at UVA's Miller Center, after having served since 2016 as a visiting professor and senior fellow there and a distinguished fellow at the School of Law.

Awards and honors
In 2016, Barnes received the "Strong Men & Women in Virginia History" award from the Library of Virginia and Dominion Power.

Personal life
On June 13, 2009, Barnes married Marland Buckner Jr., a former chief of staff to U.S. Representative Harold Ford Jr., in Washington.

In 2007, Barnes was featured in a Washingtonian magazine list of ten well-dressed Washington women.

References

External links

C-SPAN Q&A interview with Barnes, January 14, 2007

1964 births
21st-century African-American lawyers
African-American women lawyers
American women lawyers
American lawyers
Center for American Progress people
Lawyers from Richmond, Virginia
Lawyers from Washington, D.C.
Living people
New York (state) lawyers
Obama administration personnel
United States congressional aides
University of Michigan Law School alumni
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni
21st-century American women lawyers
21st-century American lawyers


Mike Tompkins is a U.S. politician who was the Natural Law Party vice presidential candidate during the 1992 and 1996 presidential elections.

Education and career
Born in Boston, Massachusetts, he graduated from Harvard University in 1970 and completed his post-graduate studies at Maharishi European Research University (MERU) in Seelisberg, Switzerland in 1984, where he received a doctorate in the Science of Creative Intelligence. He became an associate director of the Institute of Science, Technology and Public Policy, a nonprofit organization affiliated with the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi that defines itself as a "progressive policy think tank."

Political campaigns
In 1992, Tompkins joined John Hagelin as the first national candidates for the Natural Law Party. Hagelin, a quantum physicist, was the director of the Institute of Science, Technology and Public Policy and director of the physics department at the Maharishi University of Management in Fairfield, Iowa. Hagelin and Tompkins received ballot placement in 32 states and their campaign qualified for federal matching funds.

In 1996, Hagelin and Tompkins ran again as the presidential and vice presidential candidates on the Natural Law Party. During a campaign stop at the University of Houston, Tompkins defended the party’s place in the U.S. political landscape by stating, "The Natural Law Party was founded as an alternative to the Republicans and Democrats, and an answer to the great many issues and great many solutions that were not being brought to the public. We are building this party as a permanent part of the American political landscape. We want to win and influence debate…(America has) the least democratic society. We have made a political system that excludes new voices, new people and new ideas."

Hagelin and Tomkins received 39,000 votes, or 0.04% of the total voter input, in 1992. In 1996, they were on the ballot in 44 states and received 110,000 votes, or 0.1% of the total voter input. In 2000, Hagelin ran for president again on the Natural Law Party, but Tompkins was replaced as the vice presidential candidate by Internet entrepreneur Nat Goldhaber.

References

American expatriates in Switzerland
Harvard University alumni
Politicians from Boston
1992 United States vice-presidential candidates
1996 United States vice-presidential candidates
20th-century American politicians
1948 births
Living people
Natural Law Party (United States) politicians


Jan Nederveen Pieterse is a Dutch-born scholar whose work centers on global political economy, development studies and cultural studies. He currently serves as the Duncan and Suzanne Mellichamp Distinguished Professor of Global Studies and Sociology at the University of California, Santa Barbara.

Background
Jan received B.A. and M.A. degrees from the University of Amsterdam in cultural anthropology, and completed his Ph.D. in social science at the University of Nijmegen in 1988. He has previously held professorships at Maastricht University, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, the International Institute of Social Studies, The Hague; University of Cape Coast, Ghana,  the University of Amsterdam and Malaysia National University. In addition, he has served as visiting professor at universities in Argentina, Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Pakistan, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sweden, and Thailand.

Jan is on the editorial boards of Clarity Press and Global-e, and is associate/advisory editor of Development and Change, Third World Quarterly, European Journal of Social Theory, Ethnicities, Third Text, Journal of Social Affairs, Journal of Global Studies in Education, Sociological Analysis, Global Applied Sociology, and Encounters (Zayed University Press). He also edits book series with both Routledge (Emerging Societies) and Palgrave MacMillan (Frontiers of Globalization).

Scholarship
Nederveen Pieterse has authored 10 books and co-edited 14 others. Several of Pieterse's published works have been translated into more than five languages. Jan works on a variety of themes, ranging from development and globalization to cultural studies. His work concerns multiple regions of the world including Northeast Asia, Southeast Asia, China, the Middle East, Europe and North and Latin America. Jan's current work focuses on new trends in 21st century globalization and the rise of emerging economies. His most recent books are Multipolar Globalization and Coming Home to the Global.

Selected books
 2017. Multipolar Globalization: Emerging Economies and Development. London, Routledge
 2017. Changing Constellations of Southeast Asia: From Northeast Asia to China, co-edited with Abdul Rahman Embong, and Siew Yean Tham, eds. 2017 London, Routledge.
 2017. China’s Contingencies and Globalization, co-edited with Changgang Guo and Liu Debin. London, Routledge
 2015. Globalization and Culture: Global Mélange. Rowman and Littlefield, third revised edition
 2014. Globalization and Development in East Asia, co-edited with Jongtae Kim. New York, Routledge.
 2013. Brazil Emerging: Inequality and Emancipation, co-edited with Adalberto Cardoso. London, Routledge.
 2011. 21st Century Globalization: Perspectives from the Gulf, co-edited with Habibul Haque Khondker. Abu Dhabi, Zayed University Press.
 2010. Development Theory, 2nd edition. London, Sage.
 2009. Globalization and Emerging Societies: Development and Inequality, Boike Rehbein. Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan.
 2009. Is There Hope for Uncle Sam? Beyond the American Bubble. London, Zed Books.
 2007. Ethnicities and Global Multiculture: Pants for an Octopus. Rowman & Littlefield
 2004. Globalization or Empire? New York, Routledge.
 2000. Global Futures: Shaping Globalization. London, Zed Books.
 1998. World Orders in the Making: Humanitarian Intervention and Beyond. London, Palgrave.
 1995. White on Black: Images of Africa and Blacks in Western Popular Culture. Yale UP
 1995. The Decolonization of Imagination,  co-edited with Bhikhu Parekh. London, Zed Books.
 1992. Christianity and Hegemony. Oxford, Berg
 1992. Emancipations, Modern and Postmodern. London, Sage
 1989. Empire and Emancipation: Power and Liberation on a World Scale. New York, Praeger.

Selected articles and book chapters
 2016 Multipolarity means Thinking Plural: Modernities, in G. Preyer and M. Sussmann, eds. Varieties of Multiple Modernities. Leiden, Brill, 109-121.
 2015 China’s contingencies and globalization, Third World Quarterly 36, 11: 1985-2001.
 2015 What happened to the Miracle Eight? Looking East in the twenty-first century, Canadian Journal of Development Studies 63, 3: 263-282.
 2014 Rethinking Modernity and Capitalism: Add Context and Stir, Sociopedia Colloquium (e-journal)
 2013 What is global studies? Globalizations 10, 4: 499-514 (with Comments & Response)
 2012 Leaking Superpower: WikiLeaks and the contradictions of democracy, Third World Quarterly 33, 10: 1909-1924
 2012 Periodizing globalization: Histories of globalization, New Global Studies 6, 2: 1-25
 2012 Twenty-first century globalization: A new development era, Forum for Development Studies 39, 1: 1-19
 2011 Global rebalancing: Crisis and the East-South turn, Development and Change 42, 1: 22-48
 2009 Representing the rise of the rest as threat: Media and global divides, Global Media and Communication, 5, 2: 1-17
 2007 Global Multiculture, Flexible Acculturation, Globalizations, 4, 1: 65-79
 1998 My Paradigm or Yours? Alternative Development, Post Development, Reflexive Development          Development and Change, 29, 2: 343-73
 1994 Globalization as Hybridization, International Sociology, 9, 2, 1994: 161-84

Awards
The JC Ruigrok Award of the Netherlands Society of Sciences, 1990 (for Empire and Emancipation: Power and Liberation on a World Scale. New York, Praeger, 1989)

He co-organized 7 international Global studies conferences across the world (Chicago, Dubai, Busan, Rio, Moscow, New Delhi, Shanghai), which led to publications co-edited with local scholars.

References

Notes

Living people
Dutch sociologists
Writers from Amsterdam
Radboud University Nijmegen alumni
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign faculty
Writers about globalization
Year of birth missing (living people)


The second season of xxxHolic, , is an anime adaptation of a manga series written by Clamp. It was developed by Production I.G with the main staff and cast remaining the same as in the first season. The season aired on TBS on April 3, 2008 in Japan and ended on June 26, 2008, with 13 episodes in total.

The opening theme is "NOBODY KNOWS" by Shikao Suga and the ending theme is "Honey Honey" by Seamo.

Episode list

References

2008 Japanese television seasons
XxxHolic