The Red Sense () is a 2006 Khmer-Australian supernatural thriller film. It was director Tim Pek's debut film and was produced by Transparent Pictures. The success of The Red Sense led Transparent Pictures to produce films such as Bokator and Annoyed. The Red Sense was first released in Australia in August 2008, and though banned for general release there, screened in Cambodia in December that year. It is rated M (Recommended for mature audiences) by the Office of Film and Literature Classification of Australia.

Plot

The film is a mystery story set in Cambodia in the Khmer Rouge era.

Cast
 Rithy Dourng
 Niki Davis
 Narith Eng
 Sarina Luy
 Kaply Mon
 Vicheth Muy
 Paly Net

Production
In 2004 Khmer graphic designer Tim Pek took a small role for a short film called Chhay. The film was about two brothers and focused on the pre- and post-Khmer Rouge era. Exposed for the first time to how films were produced, Tim started to contemplate various ways to improve the concepts of film making.

A few months later, Tim received a Cambodian Fashion Show video from Adelaide with an extra feature of a five minutes short film, directed by Chhai Thach. This film, entitled "Bugger!", was made in New Zealand and had won the best short film award. Impressed with the simple story, Tim got in contact with Chhai and discussed the making of a new short film as a team. A month later, Chhai came up with another mystery story, also set during the Khmer Rouge era. After some discussion, both Tim and Chhai agreed to make three parts of the story. Tim managed to produce a script within a few weeks for a 15-minute short film intended for entry into film festivals.

The film project was created in early 2005 and became The Red Sense, or Vignean Krohom in Khmer. Pek said of the film: "I had the opportunity to work with various non-actors which I thought would be a terrific opportunity as a director. The casts and crews are very supportive, which continues to keep my spirit high".

Release

Premier
Audiences were given a preview of the film in Adelaide, Australia. Its official release, however, was in Melbourne on 3 August 2008, with special guest Mr Yuhorn Chea, the former mayor of the City of Greater Dandenong. There were also interviews with several media outlets.

The film was banned for release in Cambodia as the Cambodian Government does not allow films pertaining to the Khmer Rouge. This has become an issue among the film's fans: "I really want to watch the Red Sense. I have heard of it for a long time, and I have watched the trailer. It seems interesting. Some people told me that it's not the same as other Khmer Rouge movies, filmed in the past." said a Khmer monk now living abroad, while a foreigner working in the Khmer film industry said, "It’s a shame that Tim can’t get the film screened over here, but then this is the country where the Khmer Rouge period has been erased from school text books."

Despite its being banned, the film was screened in Siem Reap during the second Cambofest.

Reception
In Angkorian Society, Hemara In said, "Tim Pek's film is very promising. He has been through the Pol Pot, Khmer Rouge and understands how this effect him, very proud of Tim Pek and a great Cambodian community here will support him and would like to wish Tim Pek a great future" (sic) while two critics of Anonymous, Chris & Margot, stated that "The emotionals were there and come from the heart. It deserves all the praise that it gets" Says Chris." The Khmer Rouge result was some consequences and I congratulate Tim Pek on The Red Sense." Says Margot. Clayton MP, Mr. Hong Lim also described the film to positive reviews. He said: "The way he approaches the film is very opportunistic, the way that Tim portrays comes straight from the human heart. These story brings out the Khmer Rouge quite well, the way he put in with the past and present. All Cambodian communities should be very proud of this film".

In the Adelaide premier, the film also received A reviews. A film critic, Paul Millson, said: "Many people were very happy that Tim made a film for the thousands of family members that want this story to be told and shown all around the world for all to see".

Awards and nominations
As well as these reviews, the film received awards at CamboFest film and video festival in Siem Reap, Cambodia. It was named the Golden Buffalo winner as the best local film.

References

External links

2008 films
Khmer-language films
2000s English-language films
2000s horror thriller films
2008 horror films
2008 multilingual films
Cambodian horror films
Australian horror thriller films
Cambodian multilingual films
Australian multilingual films


The Duck River is a perennial stream and southern tributary of the Parramatta River, in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

History

The Darug people of the Burramattagal clan were the original inhabitants of the land at the head of the Parramatta River. The southern riverbank was a vital source of their food and living resources. In their seasonal rotation of campsites around their territory, the clan would have found that the abundant fish, shellfish, birds, reptiles and marsupials contributed greatly to their daily quest for food. The agreed boundary between the Burramattagal country and their neighbours, the Wategora clan, is believed to have been the Duck River.

On 22 April 1788 Governor Arthur Phillip and his party of officers and marines journeyed inland by boat from Sydney Cove to find better farmlands for the new settlement. At the head of the navigable river they landed on the shore near Clyde of what he named Duck River due to the abundance of ducks in the area. They left their boats to explore the area but could not penetrate the thick bush.

In the early 1800s John Macarthur extended his land grants and his Elizabeth Farm holdings to gain the complete river frontage between the township of Parramatta and Duck River.

Early surveys and maps suggest the Duck River area downstream from the confluence with A'Becketts Creek was a wetland of saltmarsh, rushes and grasses. Upstream, the Eucalypt forest adjoining Duck River was cleared by the Australian Timber Company to supply railway sleepers and firewood during and after the construction of the Sydney to Parramatta railway in the 1850s.

In 1882, Hudson Brothers, renamed in 1898 Clyde Engineering was built nearby to the river. In 1908 the Fells Oil Refinery, and in 1928 the Clyde Refinery was built on left hand bank where Duck River joins the Parramatta River.

Geography

The Duck River flows in a generally north then east-north-east direction for about  from where it rises from a drain in the suburb of Birrong to where it joins the Parramatta River at Silverwater.  In its lower reaches it is a tidal creek.

The Wetlands are of regional conservation significance, providing home to three Endangered Ecological Communities and several threatened species, and are highly valued by the local community.

The Duck River Catchment commences in the Bankstown local government area, near Bankstown and Condell Park. The area drains north through a system of stormwater pipes and open drains to the Sydney Water Supply Pipeline at Sefton, which is the boundary between Bankstown City and Parramatta City. From here, a more natural watercourse continues through the Parramatta and Auburn local government areas to eventually join the Parramatta River.

Downstream, A'Becketts Creek flows into Duck River at Rosehill, near the M4 Western Motorway overpass of James Ruse Drive and the Rosehill Heliport/Airport.

Wategora Reserve

Wategora Reserve is named after the Wategora tribe, also translated as Wadi(g)ora, who inhabited the local area along Duck River. The Wategora were also known as the Duck River Tribe who lived around and above the tidal limit. This important bushland area is situated on the Duck River,  south of the Parramatta River, opposite Auburn Golf Course. 246 indigenous species of plants are recorded at the Wellington Road Reserve.

A remnant of the Cumberland Plain Woodland, the 11 hectare area canopy consists of eucalyptus woodland, dominated by grey box and broad-leaved ironbark. Three species of tea trees (Melaleuca) are also common. However, other unusual plants known from wetter areas include turpentine, cheese tree, red mahogany and coffee bush. Grey gum grow near an outcrop of Minchinbury Sandstone. Wildflowers are common in late winter, and small orchids may be observed. Being surrounded by suburbia, the reserve is affected by weeds. Bush regeneration programs are in place.

Native wildlife includes possums, many species of birds, and reptiles such as the water skink and red-bellied black snake. Budgerigars and brush turkeys have been recorded in the reserve.

See also

 Duck Creek, a tributary of A'Becketts Creek
 List of rivers in Australia
 List of rivers in New South Wales (A-K)
 Rivers of New South Wales

References

External links

 Guide to Sydney Rivers site

Geography of Sydney
Rivers of Sydney
Parramatta River


The College of Medicine University of Baghdad, formerly known as the Iraqi Royal Medical College, was established in 1927.

In 1927, Harry Sinderson helped to establish a new medical school in Baghdad, which became the Royal Medical College when King Faisal I opened its new building in April 1930.  From 1923, Sinderson was personal physician to Iraq's Kings.  Harry Sinderson served as Dean of the Medical College from 1927 until 1934, and again from 1941 until 1946.

References

External links
Baghdad University College of Medicine
Baghdad University – Al-Kindy Medicine

University of Baghdad
Medical schools in Iraq
1927 establishments in Iraq


Isabella McCormack (sometimes known as Isabel, Isabell or Isabelle) was a sternwheel steamboat that operated in British Columbia on the Columbia River from 1908 to 1910.  This vessel should not be confused with others with similar names.

Design and construction
Isabella McCormack was built at Golden, BC by Alexander Blakely for the Columbia River Lumber Company, and was intended to be a replacement for Ptarmigan.

Operations
Isabelle McCormack was placed on the Columbia River route that began at Golden and ran south, at least during high water, to Columbia Lake, the ultimate source of the Columbia River.  While the vessel was the fastest steamboat on the route, she was not a success.

Conversion to houseboat

In 1910 Isabella McCormack was converted into a floating houseboat and hotel.  Her engines were removed and installed in a new sternwheeler, [[Klahowya (sternwheeler)|'Klahowya]].  The vessel remained in houseboat use until 1914.

Notes

Further reading

 Faber, Jim, Steamer's Wake -- Voyaging down the old marine highways of Puget Sound, British Columbia, and the Columbia River, Enetai Press, Seattle, WA 1985
 Timmen, Fritz, Blow for the Landing'', 75-78, 134, Caxton Printers, Caldwell, ID 1972

Paddle steamers of British Columbia
Steamboats of the Columbia River
Columbia Valley
1908 ships


The Flekkefjord Line () is a  abandoned branch line to the Sørland Line. It ran between Sira and Flekkefjord in Agder, Norway. The only current activity on the line is tourist draisines. The station buildings along the line were designed by the architect Paul Armin Due—these have all been demolished.

The line opened in 1904 as a  extension of the narrow gauge Jæren Line. It was planned as the first step of a main line along the South Coast. At Flekkefjord, there was steam ship connection, onwards to Oslo. In 1941, the line was converted to standard gauge, and in 1944 the Sørland Line was completed. The western part of the Flekkefjord Line was integrated into it, while the remaining section became the branch line that kept the name Flekkefjord Line. During the 1940s, steam locomotive-hauled trains were replaced by railcars. Following the declining traffic, in part due to the slow speeds caused by the line's narrow profile, the line was closed, with the last trains running in 1990.

History

Construction

The first committee that looked into the possibility of a railway to Flekkefjord was created in 1875. After the completion of Jæren Line from Stavanger to Egersund, in 1878, proposals were made to build an extension westwards along the coast, that eventually would reach Oslo. The first part of what was named the Vestland Line was passed by Parliament in 1894, and would run from Egersund, via Sira, to Flekkefjord. The initial proposal proposed that the line would eventually continue onwards via Mandal to Kristiansand. The decision to build the line was taken by the Parliament of Norway in 1894. Construction started in 1896, and was originally planned to be completed by 1902. However, delays prevented the line from being be brought into use before 1 November 1904. The line was built by the Norwegian State Railways (NSB) and was  long.

The coast between Egersund and Flekkefjord would give a very difficult route to build, so it was decided to build a more inland line. Like the Jæren Line, and most railways being built at the time, the Flekkefjord Line was built in  narrow gauge. Both telephone and telegraph cables were laid along the line. Along the section from Sirnes to Flekkefjord, there were many vertical cliffs straight into the fjord, forcing , or 38 percent, of the line to be built in tunnels. Of the whole length from Egersund to Flekkefjord, there are 46 tunnels, totaling . The most prominent was Ravnejuret Tunnel which is  long. Just before Flekkefjord, a  bridge was built that crosses Selurelva; it was a reused bridge from the Voss Line. In total, about 12% of the line consisted of tunnels. Francis Hagerup, when delivering the line's opening speech, remarked that no other railway had until then been more difficult to construct.

All the stations along the line were designed by Paul Armin Due, with all but the terminal station built in wood. Flekkefjord Station was built as a three-story brick building in Art Nouveau. In addition, there was construction a depot and a wharf at Flekkefjord. Passengers could transfer to steam ship services that operated eastwards along the south coast towards Oslo.

Pre-war operations
The first part of the line to open for temporary operation was between Flekkefjord and Moi on 1 October 1904. For the official opening, the town of Flekkefjord was adorned with Norwegian flags. A train departed to Egersund on 31 October 1904 with several notable passengers: Prime Minister Francis Hagerup, State Railways director Elias Sunde and board member Sven Aarrestad, director of traffic Jens Christian Mellbye, Flekkefjord's mayor and city council as well as other mayors of the district. Festivities continued on the next day, when the train returned from Egersund to Flekkefjord.

Initially there were four services in each direction each day, with three services on holy days. The train that connected with the steam ship would wait up to 45 minutes in case of delays, to allow connection. Until 1927, the routes remained the same. That year, the Kragerø Line opened, and it became possible to take a night train from Oslo to Kragerø, continue by bus to Flekkefjord, and be in Stavanger the following afternoon. Travel time was further reduced when the Sørland Line was extended to Arendal in 1935. The initial rolling stock was from the Voss Line, and some of the bridges and track was from that line too. The Voss Line was being upgraded to  rail tracks, and  of  track was used on the Flekkefjord Line.

Until 1927, all trains were operated with steam locomotives. NSB introduced the first diesel multiple unit with the introduction of "lightning trains" that corresponded with coach services that connected with the Kragerø Line. The first were Class 14 railcars. These reduced travel time from Flekkefjord to Stavanger by 50 minutes to 3 hours 15 minutes. In addition to passengers, major cargo were herring and lumber.

Connecting the coast

In 1923, it was decided by parliament that the Sørland Line, that would connect Oslo, Kristiansand and Stavanger, would follow an inner route. The section of the Flekkefjord Line from Egersund to Sira would become part of that line, while the eastern  from Sira to Flekkefjord would become a branch line, retaining the Flekkefjord Line name. Since the Sørland Line needed to be built from the east, construction along the Flekkefjord Line did not start until 1940. After the German occupation of Norway during World War II, the German occupation forces were rebuilding the narrow gauge railways to standard gauge. In 1940–41, the Flekkefjord and Jæren Lines were rebuilt to dual gauge. Not until 1944 was the Flekkefjord Line only standard gauge.

Due to limited funds, and unlike the rest of the Jæren Line, the profile of the Flekkefjord Line was not changed during the conversion of gauge. This gave a speed limit of , and creative solutions such as lowering height of the ballast by . The route from Egersund to Sira received a better upgrade, since it was to become part of the main line through Southern Norway. The route between Sira and Sirnes was completely rebuilt. This gave severe limits to the use of the section between Flekkefjord and Sirnes; most classes of trains could not run on the line, as were freight trains.

Post-war operations
After the line had been relegated to a branch line, traffic fell considerably. Another factor was car traffic, which did not exist in Flekkefjord until 1918, but thereafter became widespread. After the war, Class 20 steam locomotives were used on the line. During the 1940, several railcars of Class 87 were taken into use, and soon all passenger trains were operated using such units. From 1956 to 1966, also Class 86 units were used on the line, but the narrow profile of the tunnels made operations problematic. Class 87 remained in service until 1981, when used Class 89 units were bought from Sweden. At first, two Y7 units were brought to Norway on 23 January and taken into service on 24 February. After they proved to work well, NSB bought them for 95,000 Swedish kronor plus freight. Two more units were bought in 1986.

Closing
The line had major limitations on speed, and also served the "wrong direction", heading westwards into less populated areas instead of the populated parts of Agder in the east. Major investments would be needed to upgrade the line to a suitable speed, and through the 1970s this became an important issue of debate. On the other hand, the line had among the highest ridership of the branch lines, with 120,000 passengers per year, which was for instance 50% higher than the Arendal Line, which was not closed. However, parliament decided to close the line, along with several other branch lines, in 1988, with effect from 1990. The last scheduled train ran on 31 December 1990.

There were plans to establish private operations along the line. Continental Railway Systems was established by Rasmus Surdal. The company would be allowed to use the rolling stock and infrastructure, and two of the trains were painted white. However, it was not possible for the company to get the necessary bank surety demanded by NSB, and nothing came of the plans.

The line has been suggested preserved as a cultural heritage, since it represents one of very few railways with the original narrow gauge profile intact. However, all stations have been demolished; Flekkefjord in 1970, Sirnes in 1977 and Flikkeid in 1988. The organization Friends of the Flekkefjord Line offer rental of draisines for tourists since the closure of the line, and a round trip from Flekkefjord to Bakkekleivi just outside Sira takes about three hours. However, the Norwegian National Rail Administration have since banned the operation of draisines until the line is fully fenced in.

See also
 Narrow gauge railways in Norway

References
Bibliography

Notes

Further reading

External links

Friends of the Flekkefjord Line

Railway lines in Norway
Railway lines in Agder
Railway lines opened in 1904
1904 establishments in Norway
Closed railway lines in Norway
3 ft 6 in gauge railways in Norway
Standard gauge railways in Norway


John N. Dolinsek (born January 3, 1948) is an American former baseball outfielder and first baseman, most notable for winning the College World Series Most Outstanding Player award as a member of the 1969 Arizona State Sun Devils baseball team. Listed at  and , he batted and threw left-handed.

Biography
Dolinsek played college baseball at Arizona State University. In his junior year, the team qualified for the 1969 College World Series. After losing their first game, the team advance through the loser's bracket to the semifinals. They won their remaining games, culminating with a 10–1 victory over the Tulsa Golden Hurricane for the championship. Dolinsek was selected as the College World Series Most Outstanding Player, becoming one of five players from Arizona State to win the award (the others are Sal Bando, Ron Davini, Bob Horner and Stan Holmes).

Selected by the Houston Astros in the eighth round of the 1969 Major League Baseball draft, Dolinsek played five years in Minor League Baseball. He played for the Covington Astros in 1969, batting .301 with seven home runs in 59 games. For the Columbus Astros in 1970, he hit .296 with eight home runs in 137 games. In 1971, he played for the Oklahoma City 89ers at the Triple-A level, hitting .288 with 14 home runs and 70 RBIs in 124 games. He split the 1972 season between the 89ers and Peninsula Whips, hitting a combined .296 with 11 home runs in 442 at bats. He played his final professional season in 1973, for the Denver Bears, hitting .274 with nine home runs in 118 games.

Overall, Dolinsek appeared in 570 minor league games, batting .290 with 49 home runs and 287 RBIs. Defensively, he made 293 appearances in the outfield and 275 appearances at first base, registering .972 and .988 fielding percentages, respectively.

References

External links

1948 births
Living people
Arizona State Sun Devils baseball players
College World Series Most Outstanding Player Award winners
Sportspeople from Santa Rosa, California
Baseball players from Sonoma County, California
Covington Astros players
Columbus Astros players
Oklahoma City 89ers players
Peninsula Whips players
Denver Bears players


Area 38 may refer to:

 Brodmann area 38, an area of the brain
 Electric Area, a music satellite channel


The Canadian Operational Support Command (CANOSCOM) (in French : Commandement du soutien opérationnel du Canada or COMSOCAN) was one of seven commands of the Canadian Forces (CF) from 2006 to 2012. The command was replaced by the Canadian Joint Operations Command in October 2012. As a separate command, CANOSCOM provided the CF with combat support (including logistics, military engineering, land equipment maintenance services, communications and information systems, health services and military police) and service for both domestic and international missions.

Composition
CANOSCOM consisted of approximately 1,100 soldiers from all branches of the Canadian Forces who provided operations support to thousands of Canadian Forces members involved in many missions. CANOSCOM commanded the Canadian Forces Joint Support Group, the Canadian Forces Joint Signal Regiment and Canadian Materiel Support Group. CANOSCOM had oversight over 16 units and formations. These included the:

Canadian Materiel Support Group (CMSG)
 7 Canadian Forces Supply Depot
25 Canadian Forces Supply Depot
CF Ammunition Depot Bedford
CF Ammunition Depot Dundurn
CF Ammunition Depot Rocky Point
CF Ammunition Depot Detachment Angus
Canadian Forces Joint Signal Regiment
OS Engr Gp
1 Engineer Support Unit
Canadian Forces Joint Support Group
CFJSG HQ
3 Canadian Support Unit
4 Canadian Forces Movement Control Unit
CF Postal Unit
OS MP Gp
CFPSU

See also

 Military history of Canada
 History of the Canadian Army

References

External links
 Canadian Operational Support Command website
 Library and Archives Canada - 7 Canadian Forces Supply Depot

Canadian Forces Operational Commands
Military logistics of Canada


Salta is two-player abstract strategy board game invented by Konrad Heinrich Büttgenbach in 1899 in Germany. Büttgenbach (1870–1939) was born in Heerdt, near Düsseldorf, Germany. The game attained its highest popularity in the early 1900s before World War I especially in France and Germany. The World Trade Fair of 1900 in Paris exhibited a Salta board made of mahogany with golden counters adorned with more than 5,000 diamonds. Famous players were the US chess master Frank Marshall, the German World Chess Champion Emanuel Lasker, and the French actress Sarah Bernhardt (the "Divine").

Salta means "jump" in Italian or Latin.  The game is related to Halma, Chinese Checkers, and Conspirateurs.  Players attempt to jump over pieces without capturing them, and be first to advance their pieces to the other player's side.  Salta is played on a Continental Checker board with 10x10 chequered squares.  One player has green markings on white pieces, and the other player has red markings on black pieces.

Salta should not be confused with El Asalto or The Assault or Salto which is a member of the Fox games.

Goal
The player that can first bring each of their pieces seven rows forward is the winner.  The pieces must retain their original order in each row.

Equipment

A 10x10 chequered square board is used as in a Continental Checker board.    Each player has 15 pieces that are initially lined up on the dark squares of the first three ranks of each player's side.  The five pieces on the first rank are called stars, and are marked with one to five stars in ascending order from left to right.  The five pieces on the second rank are called moons, and are marked with one to five moons in ascending order from left to right.  The five pieces on the third rank are called suns, and are marked with one to five suns in ascending order from left to right.  An alternative marking system is to simply number the stars 1 to 5 from left to right, number the moons 6 to 10 from left to right, and number the suns 11 to 15 from left to right.  One player has the white pieces with the green markings, and the other player has the black pieces with the red markings.  Pieces are only played on the black squares.

Rules and gameplay
Players decide who will play green or red, and who will start first. Green moves first.
Pieces are initially placed on the first three ranks as described under the Equipment section.
Pieces are played only on the black squares.
Players alternate turns. Only one piece may be moved per turn. A piece can move diagonally forward or backward.
Alternatively, a piece can diagonally jump over an adjacent enemy piece forward, and land on an unoccupied square on the other side. Only one piece may be jumped. The jumped piece is not captured as in draughts.
Jumps are compulsory.
If a player does not jump when presented with the opportunity, the other player calls "Salta", and the player must take back their last move, and jump before play continues.
A player cannot block the other player's pieces in such a way to prevent the other player from performing a legal move. Each player must always have the ability to perform a legal move.
An optional rule is called the 120-move rule. After 120 moves by each player, the game ends. Then each player calculates the minimum number of moves needed to accomplish their goal. This is accomplished by totaling the number of minimum moves needed for each piece not yet in its destined position.  Friendly and enemy pieces are ignored on the path of a piece when calculating the minimum number of moves needed to reach its destination. The player with the least number is the winner. Since Green moves first, 1 point is added to the total number of Red's moves if Green finishes first.

Variants

Pyramid closely resembles Salta, and it was described next to it by R.C. Bell in Board and Tables Games from Many Civilizations (1969).  It is a game played on an 8 x 8 checkered board (with the double black squares on the lower right corner).  Checker (draught) pieces may be used.  Each player has 10 pieces and are initially positioned on their side of the board in such way to form a triangle or pyramid, hence its name.  The pieces are placed on the black squares.  On the first row there are four pieces thus occupying all available black squares on the first row.  On the second row, three pieces are placed on the black squares which lie above and between the four black squares of the first row.  This pattern continues for the third row with two pieces, and finally the fourth row with one piece.  On a player's turn, a piece may move diagonally forward onto a vacant black square (pieces may never move backwards).  Alternatively, a piece may leap over an adjacent opposing piece using the short leap method as in checkers (and as in Salta), and continue to leap opposing pieces within the same turn if available.  No pieces are ever captured or removed throughout the game as in Salta.  Bell does not specify if leaps are mandatory, or if backward leaps are allowed.  The objective of the game is to be the first to occupy the exact same squares of the initial position of the opposing player's pieces similarly as in Salta.  Bell unfortunately does not provide any historical information on the game.

See also
 Halma
 Chinese Checkers
 Conspirateurs

Notes

References

External links

A virtual Salta club its library contains scans of almost 100 historical sources
Salta: The Humanistic Game by Ralf Gering
Salta at the World Trade Fair in Paris (1900) pages 277–280

Games and sports introduced in 1899
Board games introduced in the 1890s
Abstract strategy games


Hydrogenography is a combinatorial method based on the observation of optical changes on the metal surface by hydrogen absorption. The method allows the examination of thousands of combinations of alloy samples in a single batch.

History
In the 1996 report of the method, thin films were coated with yttrium and lanthanum topped with a layer of palladium for the diffusion of hydrogen. The rate of absorption of hydrogen resulted in typical optical properties. In the 2008 report magnesium, titanium and nickel are eroded and sputtering deposited in different ratios onto a transparent film in a thin layer of 100 nanometres following exposure to hydrogen in different amounts resulting in optical differences.

See also
Hydrogen embrittlement
Hydrogen storage

References

External links
Hydrogenography: An optical combinatorial method to find new light-weight hydrogen-storage materials

Hydrogen technologies
Analytical chemistry
Materials science


The Lod Ganei Aviv railway station is a station in Lod, Israel on the Tel Aviv–Rishon LeZion line.

References

Railway stations in Central District (Israel)
Railway stations opened in 2008
2008 establishments in Israel
Lod


Alain Akouala Atipault (born 1959) is a Congolese politician who served in the government of Congo-Brazzaville as Minister of Communication from 2002 to 2009. Subsequently he was Minister of Special Economic Zones from 2009 to 2015 and again from 2016 to 2017.

Political career
Akouala Atipault was born in Brazzaville. In 1995, he became a communications adviser to the Committee for the Privatization of State Enterprises; he also served for a time as communications adviser to the National Oil Company of Congo (Société nationale des pétroles du Congo, SNPC). At the time of the March 2002 presidential election, he worked as spokesman for President Denis Sassou Nguesso's campaign. In the absence of any serious competitors, Sassou Nguesso's victory was viewed as a foregone conclusion. As campaign spokesman, Akouala Atipault argued that the election was fair, although he acknowledged that there were some "minor problems" in the process. After the election, Akouala Atipault was appointed to the government as Minister of Communication and Relations with Parliament, as well as Government Spokesman, on 18 August 2002. He was derisively dubbed "the minister of denial" by opposition media.

In response to "misconceptions" in The Washington Times, Akouala Atipault wrote a commentary piece for that paper that was published on 11 June 2006. He defended President Sassou Nguesso and the government's policies, arguing that Congo-Brazzaville was heavily burdened by debt and badly needed debt relief.

Akouala Atipault was the National President of Citizen Force, a political association, as of 2007. In the June–August 2007 parliamentary election, he stood as a candidate in the second constituency of Gamboma, but he was defeated by Guy Timothée Ngantsio Gambou. He appealed to the Constitutional Court, but his appeal was rejected.

During the campaign for the 12 July 2009 presidential election, Akouala Atipault worked on Sassou Nguesso's campaign as head of the foreign relations department. In the election, Sassou Nguesso faced an anemic field of competitors, thinned by boycotts and disqualifications. Akouala Atipault dismissed the opposition's claims of fraud as "incorrect" and claimed that the presence of 170 international observers disproved the accusations of fraud. According to Akouala Atipault, the opposition's claim that voter turnout was only 10% was "ludicrous".

Following Sassou Nguesso's victory, Akouala Atipault was moved to the post of Minister at the Presidency for Special Economic Zones as part of a cabinet reshuffle on 15 September 2009.

When scandal erupted in October 2009 over a book foreword supposedly written by Nelson Mandela for a collection of interviews with Sassou Nguesso, with Mandela's foundation claiming he had neither read the book in question nor authorised his name to be associated with it, Akouala Atipault again came to the Congolese president's defense. Arguing that the Congolese people needed nobody's permission to use Mandela's name, he told an interviewer that "Mandela doesn't even belong to himself. He belongs to us." Akouala Atipault went on to urge legal action against the Nelson Mandela Foundation, which he described as "an organization that, in reality, has nothing to do with the personality of Nelson Mandela," and condemned it as a commercial concern linked with "savage capitalism and international finance."

As Minister for Special Economic Zones, Akouala Atipault was responsible for the implementation of four special economic zones at Ouesso, Oyo–Ollombo, Brazzaville, and Pointe-Noire. He visited Mauritius for a week in late 2013, and in a subsequent interview he discussed the importance of developing a partnership between the two countries and learning from the economic experience of Mauritius. He also discussed the need to diversify Congo-Brazzaville's economy beyond its reliance on oil through the development of the special economic zones.

Speaking at a meeting in Brazzaville on 10 June 2015, Akouala Atipault articulated the ruling Congolese Labour Party's reasons for wanting to change the constitution. While the opposition viewed the proposed change as merely a means of facilitating another term for Sassou Nguesso, Akouala Atipault framed the change in terms of improved governance.

On 10 August 2015, Akouala Atipault was dismissed from the government; he was expected to replace the retiring Henri Lopes as Ambassador to France. He was included on Sassou Nguesso's campaign team for the March 2016 presidential election as head of electoral operations. After Sassou Nguesso's victory, he was reappointed as Minister of Special Economic Zones on 30 April 2016.

Akouala Atipault was dismissed from the government on 22 August 2017, and Gilbert Mokoki was appointed to succeed him as Minister of Special Economic Zones.

References

Akouala
Akouala
Akouala
People from Brazzaville


The Walker Iron Foundry was founded in 1837 by John Walker of York (1801–23 June 1853) 'Iron & brass founder, bell-hanger & smith', at Dixon's Yard, Walmgate.

The son of William and Elizabeth Walker, of the Aldwark-Hungate area, John Walker began a 7-year bound apprenticeship to Thomas & Joseph Gibson, Ironmongers of Pavement, York on 25 March 1815. Thomas died, and after completing his indentures, Walker stayed with the firm. In 1824 he became a Freeman of York and by 1829 he had become Gibson's partner. He must have been a very industrious young man, since by November 1837 he had bought out the Gibson foundry at 33 Walmgate and set up his own business.

In 1827 Walker married Jane Thomlinson of Whenby. The foundry site () on the banks of the River Foss, which facilitated water-borne transport, was originally silty land that had been reclaimed by a medieval dam and was a notoriously unsanitary slum. Five of the Walkers' 7 children died, perhaps partly because of the unhealthy conditions, only 1 surviving beyond his 23rd year. Walker stood unsuccessfully as Conservative candidate for his local ward, but became a City Commissioner and a Churchwarden of St Denys Church, Walmgate. He 'for many years paid the expenses of instructing the men in his employment in singing, and by this means raised an efficient church choir'. [Yorks Gazette 2 July 1853]

Beginning locally, supplying the first gas lamps and railings for St Leonards Place, the firm prospered and in 1845–6 supplied the gates to Kew Gardens, London. This commission earned Walker the patronage of Queen Victoria in 1847 and he was granted permission to add "Ironfounders & Purveyors of Smithy Work to the Queen" to his letterheading. In 1850–53 his firm supplied the gates and railings to the British Museum, London. The gates were designed by Sydney Smirke and weighed 10 tons, according to the museum's records. They were originally opened by a windlass. Walker's tender of £6,786 contrasted with 2 London foundries' tenders of £7248 and £9050. Considering the additional substantial costs of transport from Yorkshire, it seems likely that Walker astutely took the opportunity to acquire kudos before profit. He also supplied the cast iron standard lamps in the museum forecourt, which were originally gas. According to a British History report , Walker achieved his success by submitting tenders far below those of his competitors. He supplied many large landowners with gates and railings, including Queen Victoria at Sandringham, Norfolk.

In 1843, following an accidental fire in 1840, Walker's supplied cast iron roof trusses for the South Nave of York Minster, which were erected by the York builder George Coates. Then in 1849 they supplied similar iron trusses for Castle Oliver, Limerick, Ireland to designs by the York architect George Fowler Jones.

By 1851 Walker's employed 52 men and according to the 1871 Census, 57 workmen & 5 boys. Measom's Illustrated Guide to the North Eastern Railway, 1861, says Walker's employed upwards of 100 workmen.

Upon his death in 1853, John was succeeded in what had by then become an extremely healthy business, by his son William (bapt. Whenby July 1828). On 28 April 1855 William married Sarah Thomas of King's Snaith, York and they lived away from the foundry, at Lawrence Street, then Clifton Grove. In the 1870s William adopted his mother's maiden name, becoming William Thomlinson Walker, later hyphenating the names. The firm were then Thomlinson-Walker Ltd, Iron Founders. In 1856 the Dixon's Yard premises were sold for £1,000 and the firm moved to 76 Walmgate, naming the new premises Victoria Foundry (). The Bill of Sale for Dixon's Yard lists a sizeable Master's House; Smiths' Shops with Chambers; 2 large Warehouses, a large yard, Counting Houses, Stables, Cowshed, Piggeries, Hay & Harness Rooms, in all about 1,639 square yards (1,370 square metres). It seems logical that the new premises were substantially larger, or more favourably positioned. Business continued to improve during the 3rd quarter of the 19th century, and in 1886 Walker-Thomlinson Ltd bought adjacent premises at 78 & 80 Walmgate to develop as showrooms.

Walker's developed a healthy business exporting railings and gates to colonial and foreign governments, including the Botanical Gardens in Mauritius and the Maharajah Holkar of India.

Walkers exhibited at Yorkshire Agricultural Society Show in 1857 and at the Yorkshire Fine Art & Industrial Exhibition in 1866. York Castle Museum has a leather-bound edition of 'Design Book No.1 of Ironwork' manufactured by WM. Walker 365/41'.

William became active in local politics, becoming a Justice of the Peace, then in 1874, Sheriff of York. He became in 1854 a member of the Yorkshire Agricultural Society; was a prominent member of the York incorporated Sunday School Committee and also dedicated much time to his church. He apparently had a similar social conscience to his father and famously reduced his employees' working hours by half an hour on weekdays and an hour on Saturday. It isn't known at what hour work started in the mornings, but after the reduction they closed at 5.30 and on Saturday at 4.00. This gesture earned him the thanks of his men, who responded 'testifying to him their gratitude for this unsolicited concession' and allegedly his great astonishment and pleasure when they presented him with an engraved 'handsome silver inkstand, pen and pencil case, gold pen, letter seal and papier mache tray'.

William became a prominent citizen of York and donated an impressive stained glass window to Holy Trinity Church, Goodramgate, York. He is depicted kneeling at the feet of Christ, bearing a scroll.

His only son, John Richard Walker (bapt. 10 April 1856 at St Denys, Walmgate) assisted him in the business and upon William's death in 1911, his recently altered Will named his son as beneficiary of the company.

in 1886 John Richard Walker married Mary Louisa Esh. They had 4 sons, in 1887, 1888 1890 and 1900 and a daughter, Sarah in 1902. The 2nd son died in the First World War and the 4th son, Eddie (Herbert Edmund) moved with his sister Sarah Dorothy to Rhodesia. John Richard Walker does not appear to have been made of the same stuff as his father and grandfather. The firm floundered and John brought in fresh capital in the form of a Mr Birch, with whom he set up a new company at the same premises.

Walker's ceased trading shortly after John's death in 1923 and his widowed 2nd wife, Sarah Margaret Jemima lived thereafter in extreme poverty, in almshouses. The area where Walker's once flourished is now known as Foundry Square Gardens and is currently being redeveloped for residential use, having been an office block in the 1970s.

References

Sources
Much of the information in this article is adapted from The York Historian Vol 1. 1976, kindly provided by York Museum.

History of York
Defunct manufacturing companies of the United Kingdom


Kim Walker or Kimberly Walker may refer to:

 Kim Walker (actress) (1968–2001), American actress
 Kim Walker (bassoonist) (active 2000-present), Scottish-American musician
 Kim Walker (dancer), former dancer, CEO of NAISDA Dance College, Australia, since 2007/8
 Kim Walker (field hockey) (born 1975), Australian field hockey player
 Kim Walker-Smith (born 1981), American singer, songwriter, Christian worship leader
 Kimberly Walker (soldier) (died 2013), American soldier and murder victim
 Paigion, stage name of Kimberly Paigion Walker (born 1986), American television personality and actress


This article itemizes the various lists of statistics topics.

Statistics

 Outline of statistics
 Outline of regression analysis
 Index of statistics articles
 List of scientific method topics
 List of analyses of categorical data
 List of fields of application of statistics
 List of graphical methods
 List of statistical software
 Comparison of statistical packages
 List of graphing software
 Comparison of Gaussian process software
 List of stochastic processes topics
 List of matrices used in statistics
 Timeline of probability and statistics
 List of unsolved problems in statistics

Probability

 Topic outline of probability
 List of probability topics
 Catalog of articles in probability theory
 List of probability distributions
 List of convolutions of probability distributions

Glossaries and notations

 Glossary of experimental design
 Glossary of probability and statistics
 Notation in probability and statistics

People

 List of actuaries
 List of statisticians
 List of mathematical probabilists
 Founders of statistics

Publications

 List of important publications in statistics
 List of scientific journals in probability
 List of scientific journals in statistics
 Comparison of statistics journals

Organizations

 List of academic statistical associations
 List of national and international statistical services

See also

Lists of mathematics topics


The Forbidden Fountain of Oz is a 1980 children's novel written by Eloise Jarvis McGraw and her daughter Lauren Lynn Mcgraw (or McGraw Wagner), and illustrated by Dick Martin. As its title indicates, the book is one entry in the long-running series of Oz books written by L. Frank Baum and his many successors.

The plot
A child named Emeralda Ozgood, a native of the Emerald City, prepares a concoction of limeade to celebrate the annual Clover Fair — but she naively uses water from the Forbidden Fountain. She only has one customer before she drops and breaks her pitcher; but that customer is Princess Ozma, who drinks the drink and loses her memory. Wandering off and losing her crown, Ozma falls in with a series of new acquaintances, including the Monarch of the Butterflies (who names her "Poppy" after the flowers in her hair) and a talking hedgebird who advises her.

Outfitted in boy's clothes and hat, Ozma/Poppy meets a lamb named Lambert, who is ostracized from his Gillikin flock for his unnatural white color. The two stumble into Camouflage Creek, and undergo a bewildering string of transformations into bugs and beasts. Back in their own forms, they are confronted by an inept would-be highwayman named Tobias Bridlecull Jr., who quickly becomes the third member of their rambling trio. He carries a Suggestion Box that volunteers suggestions instead of receiving them — as in "Suggest lunch" and "Suggest oil for Suggestion Box."

Returning home to Pumperdink from the Clover Fair, Kabumpo the Elegant Elephant falls into adventures of his own; he is waylaid by the animated toys of Wyndup Town. The elephant literally dumps into "Poppy" and company among the bubblegum and mucilage geysers (or "gozzers") of Gozzerland National Park. The four travelers combine, for further adventures in Cleanitupia and Pristinia. It is only when Kabumpo sees "Poppy" with her long hair unconfined that he recognizes Ozma; then he needs to win the trust of the suspicious amnesiac and bring her home to the Emerald City. (He fails completely at the winning of trust, and hauls her back bodily.) Eventually, Ozma uses the Magic Belt to restore her memory and return to normal. The Forbidden Fountain is sealed off forever, as a threat.

Development
The McGraws, mother and daughter, wrote an earlier Oz book, Merry Go Round in Oz, published in 1963. In their collaboration, the elder McGraw, a veteran children's book author, did the actual writing; she credited her daughter Lauren with story contributions. In Forbidden Fountain, the text is prefaced with an address to "Dear Fans of Oz, Young, Old, and In-Between," which calls Lauren Lynn McGraw "Assistant Inventor and Head Trouble-Shooter," while Eloise Jarvis McGraw signs herself as "Chief of Bureau of Extraordinary Communications."

The McGraws, like other Oz authors, have to make choices among the vast and sometimes contradictory details of life in Oz. They choose to give Oz a currency (of "ozzos" and "piozters"); but in the third chapter of The Emerald City of Oz, Baum specifically states that there is "no such thing as money..." in Oz. (As the Tin Woodman says in the fifteenth chapter of The Road to Oz, "Money in Oz!...What a queer idea!") Baum, however, was not wholly consistent in this detail (as in others),  and the early books in the series do feature Oz currency.

References

External links
 On The Forbidden Fountain of Oz

Oz (franchise) books
1980 fantasy novels
1980 American novels
1980 children's books
Children's books set in fictional countries
Novels by Eloise Jarvis McGraw


"Make a Toast" is the second and final single by American rapper Dolla's scrapped debut album A Dolla and a Dream. The song was produced by Julian Bunetta and has an upbeat, triumphant feel to it. Bunetta has sung the background vocals on the chorus but was uncredited. This is also the last single Dolla released before his death on May 18, 2009.

It was officially released to radio and iTunes on November 4, 2008. However, the song had been leaked to the internet long before its official release. In the song, Lil Wayne uses the Auto-tune effect for the remix.

The song peaked at number 25 on the Billboard Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart.

Music video
An official music video was released on November 20, 2008. Throughout the video, there are various people celebrating and doing activities such as dancing, drinking, gambling, and swimming. It also premiered on BET's 106 & Park on November 21, 2008.

Charts

References

2008 singles
2008 songs
Song recordings produced by Julian Bunetta


The Libellus de exordio atque procursu istius, hoc est Dunhelmensis, ecclesie (), in short Libellus de exordio, is a historical work of marked literary character composed and compiled in the early 12th-century and traditionally attributed to Symeon of Durham. It relates the history of bishopric and church of Durham and its predecessors at Lindisfarne and Chester-le-Street (Cunecacestre). It is sometimes also known as the Historia Dunelmensis ecclesiae (English: History of the Church of Durham).

Manuscripts
The following is a list of manuscripts containing the text. Each manuscript has its own history, and contains different interpolations and notes. In brackets is the letter or letters used by Rollason, its latest editor, to refer to the manuscript in shorthand:

 Durham, University Library, Cosin V.II.6, (C)
 London, British Library, Cotton Faustina A.V, (F)
 Cambridge University Library, Ff. i.27, (Ca)
 Durham, Durham Cathedral Library, A.IV.36, (D')
 Oxford, Bodleian Library, Holkham misc. 25, (H)
 London, British Library, Cotton Titus A.II, (T)
 London, British Library, Cotton Vespasian A.VI, (V)
 York, Minster Library, XVI.I.12, (Y)
 Oxford, Bodleian Library, Fairfax 6, (Fx)
 Oxford, Bodleian Library, Laud misc. 700, (L)

Authorship and dating
According to the Libellus's preface, the work was carried out on the orders of the monastic leadership of Durham Priory; probably it was Prior Turgot himself who commissioned it. The latest datable contemporary event mentioned in the core of the text (albeit obliquely) is the opening of the tomb of St Cuthbert for his translation into the new cathedral of Durham, on 29 August 1104. Manuscripts "C" and "F" are the earliest witnesses of the text, with "C" and "F" written in the same scriptorium while Turgot was prior of Durham, a position Turgot gave up before 1115 at the latest, but perhaps before 1107. The text can therefore be said to have been completed at some point between 1104 and 1107 x 1115.

The work is traditionally attributed to Symeon of Durham, the precentor of Durham Cathedral. The evidence for this are rubrics in manuscript "Ca" and a rubric in manuscript "H". These date respectively to the late 12th century and to around 1300. Though there is nothing in either "C" or "F", modern scholarship has largely reaffirmed the traditional authorship of the text. David Rollason, the text's most recent editor, sees Symeon's role more as that of a lead author and compiler than sole author.

Published versions
The text has been published four times:

 Roger Twysden (ed.), Historiae Anglicanae Scriptores Decem, (London, 1652), vol. i
 Thomas Belford (ed.), Symeonis monachi Dunhelmensis, Libellus de exordio atque procursu Dunhelmensis ecclesie, (London, 1732)
 Thomas Arnold (ed.), Symeonis monachi Opera omnia, (Rolls Series lxxv; 2 vols., 1882—5), vol. i
 David Rollason (ed.), Libellus de exordio atque procursu istius, hoc est Dunhelmensis, ecclesie = Tract on the origins and progress of this the Church of Durham, (Oxford, 2000)

Twysden's edition was based wholly on "Ca". Bedford uses "C" mainly, though consulted "F" and "Ca" for variant readings and chapter headings. Arnold's edition made use of all the manuscripts except "D", "H" and "V".

An English translation has been published in The Church Historians of England, Vol. 3, Part 2, trans. by Joseph Stevenson (London: Seelays, 1855); reprinted as  Simeon of Durham, A History of the Church of Durham, Felinfach: Llanerch Publications, 1993. Rollason's edition includes a facing English-language translation.

Coverage and sources
The coverage of the Libellus de exordio extends from the beginning of Christianity among the English of Northumbria and the foundation of a bishopric at Lindisfarne, to the death of Bishop William of Saint-Calais in 1096. The Libellus demonstrates the continuity of Durham's history, and in particular it justifies William of Saint-Calais's expulsion of Durham's clerical community in 1083 in order to replace it with a group of Benedictine monks drawn from Wearmouth and Jarrow.  What historical continuity the Libellus finds comes from the constant presence of the community's patron, Saint Cuthbert.  The miracles worked in Cuthbert's name during the late Anglo-Saxon period were particularly flamboyant, and the Libellus contains engaging accounts of some of these, including the miracle of the three waves (when Cuthbert turned a portion of the Irish Sea into blood in order to prevent his followers from taking his relics out of England, see Libellus ii.11), the foundation of Durham (when Cuthbert's body, being moved across England on a cart, refused to be moved, signaling his desire to remain at Durham, see Libellus iii.1), and several picturesque deaths visited upon the enemies of Cuthbert's devotees.

The work consists of four books:

Book I, from reign of Oswald (634—642) to reign of Ceolwulf (729—737)
Book II, from the death of King Ceolwulf (737) to episcopate of Ealdhun (995)
Book III, from episcopate of Ealdhun (995) to the murder of bishop Walcher (1080)
Book IV, episcopate of William of Saint-Calais and the refoundation of the Priory (1081—1096)

Many earlier sources have been incorporated into the work, particularly the works of Bede and some now lost Northumbrian sources, including a set of "Northern Annals", a chronicle of the monastery of Durham, and what appear to be the oral reminiscences of the clerks who had been dislodged during William of Saint-Calais's reign.

Extensions
There are two texts which constitute extensions of the Libellus de exordio. Firstly, six manuscripts contain a "summary" text which ends c. 1083, when a Benedictine priory was established at Durham.  It is unclear if this was written before or after the Libellus de exordio.

Attached to the Libellus de exordio in eight manuscripts (all save "F" and "V") is an extension covering the period from the episcopate from Ranulf Flambard  (1099-1128) to the installation of William de St Barbe (1143-1152). A variant version of this in "Ca" ends with the episcopate of Hugh le Puiset (1153-1195).

Notes

References

12th-century Latin books
Latin historical texts from Norman and Angevin Durham


Christianity is the most adhered to religion in Canada, with 19,373,330 Canadians, or 53.3%, identifying themselves as of the 2021 census. The preamble to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms refers to God. The French colonization beginning in the 17th century established a Roman Catholic francophone population in New France, especially Acadia and Lower Canada (now Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Quebec). British colonization brought waves of Anglicans and other Protestants to Upper Canada, now Ontario. The Russian Empire spread Orthodox Christianity in a small extent to the tribes in the far north and western coasts, particularly hyperborean nomads like the Inuit. Orthodoxy would arrive in mainland Canada with immigrants from the eastern and southern Austro-Hungarian Empire and western Russian Empire starting in the 1890s; then refugees from the Soviet Union, Eastern Bloc, Greece and elsewhere during the last half of the 20th century.

Demographics, concentration, and life
The majority of Canadian Christians attend church services infrequently. Cross-national surveys of religiosity rates such as the Pew Global Attitudes Project indicate that, on average, Canadian Christians are less observant than those of the United States but are still more overtly religious than their counterparts in Western Europe. In 2002, 30% of Canadians reported to Pew researchers that religion was "very important" to them. A 2005 Gallup poll showed that 28% of Canadians consider religion to be "very important" (55% of Americans and 19% of Britons say the same). Regional differences within Canada exist, however, with British Columbia and Quebec reporting especially low metrics of traditional religious observance, as well as a significant urban-rural divide, while Alberta and rural Ontario saw high rates of religious attendance. The rates for weekly church attendance are contested, with estimates running as low as 11% as per the latest Ipsos-Reid poll and as high as 25% as per Christianity Today magazine. This American magazine reported that three polls conducted by Focus on the Family, Time Canada and the Vanier Institute of the Family showed church attendance increasing for the first time in a generation, with weekly attendance at 25 per cent. This number is similar to the statistics reported by premier Canadian sociologist of religion, Prof. Reginald Bibby of the University of Lethbridge, who has been studying Canadian religious patterns since 1975. Although lower than in the US, which has reported weekly church attendance at about 40% since the Second World War, weekly church attendance rates are higher than those in Northern Europe.

As well as the large churches — Roman Catholic, United, and Anglican, which together count more than half of the Canadian population as nominal adherents — Canada also has many smaller Christian groups, including Orthodox Christianity. The Egyptian population in Ontario and Quebec (Greater Toronto in particular) has seen a large influx of the Coptic Orthodox population in just a few decades. The relatively large Ukrainian population of Manitoba and Saskatchewan has produced many followers of the Ukrainian Catholic and Ukrainian Orthodox Churches, while southern Manitoba has been settled largely by Mennonites. The concentration of these smaller groups often varies greatly across the country. Baptists are especially numerous in the Maritimes. The Maritimes, prairie provinces, and southwestern Ontario have significant numbers of Lutherans. Southwest Ontario has seen large numbers of German and Russian immigrants, including many Mennonites and Hutterites, as well as a significant contingent of Dutch Reformed. Alberta has seen considerable immigration from the American plains, creating a significant Mormon minority in that province. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints claimed to have 178,102 members (74,377 of whom in Alberta) at the end of 2007. And according to the Jehovah's Witnesses year report there are 111,963 active members (members who actively preach) in Canada.

Canada as a nation is becoming increasingly religiously diverse, especially in large urban centres such as Toronto, Vancouver, and Montreal, where minority groups and new immigrants who make up the growth in most religious groups congregate. Two significant trends become clear when the current religious landscape is examined closely. One is the loss of 'secularized' Canadians as active and regular participants in the churches and denominations they grew up in, which were overwhelmingly Christian, while these churches remain a part of Canadians' cultural identity. The other is the increasing presence of ethnically diverse immigration within the religious makeup of the country.

As Mainline Protestants and Roman Catholics have experienced drastic losses over the past 30 years, others have been expanding rapidly: overall by 144% in 'Eastern' religions during the 1981-1991 decade. Considering Canada's increasing reliance on immigration to bolster a low birth rate, the situation is only likely to continue to diversify. This increased influx of ethnic immigrants not only affects the types of religions represented in the Canadian context but also the increasingly multicultural and multilingual makeup of individual Christian denominations. From Chinese Anglican or Korean United Church communities, to the Lutheran focus on providing much needed services to immigrants new to the Canadian context and English language, immigration is making changes.

For some Protestant denominations, adapting to a new secular context has meant adjusting to their non-institutional roles in society by increasingly focusing on social justice. However the pull between conservative religious members and the more radical among the church members is complicated by the numbers of immigrant communities who may desire a church that fulfils a more 'institutionally complete' role as a buffer in this new country over the current tension filled debates over same-sex marriage, ordination of women and homosexuals, or the role of women in the church. This of course will depend on the background of the immigrant population, as in the Hong Kong context where ordination of Florence Li Tim Oi happened long before women's ordination was ever raised on the Canadian Anglican church level.

As well a multicultural focus on the churches part may include non-Christian elements (such as the inclusion of a Buddhist priest in one incident) which are unwelcome to the transplanted religious community. Serving the needs and desires of different aspects of the Canadian and newly Canadian populations makes a difficult balancing act for the various mainline churches which are starved for money and active parishioners in a time when 16% of Canadians identify as non-religious and up to two-thirds of those who do identify with a denomination use the church only for its life-cycle rituals governing birth, marriage, and death.

Evangelical portions of the Protestant groups proclaim their growth as well but as Roger O'Tool notes they make up 7% of the Canadian population and seem to gain most of their growth from a higher birthrate. What is significant is the higher participation of their members in contrast to Mainline Protestants and Roman Catholics. This high commitment would seem to translate into the kind of political power evangelicals in the United States enjoy but despite Canada's historically Christian background as Lori Beaman notes neatly "...[forming] the backdrop for social process" explicit religiosity appears to have not effectively moved the government towards legal discrimination against gay marriage. Much as many Roman Catholics in Quebec ignore the Church's stance on birth control, abortion, or premarital sex, the churches do not dictate much of the daily lives of regular Canadians.

There was a major religious revival in Toronto in the 1990s known as the Toronto Blessing at a small Vineyard Church near the Toronto Pearson International Airport. This religious event was the largest tourist attraction to Toronto in the year 1994. This event was characterized by unusual religious ecstasy such as being slain in the Spirit, laughing uncontrollably, and other odd behavior.

A 2015 study estimates some 43,000 believers in Christ from a Muslim background in Canada, most of whom belong to the evangelical tradition.

Major denominational families

Christian denominations in Canada are usually divided into two large groups: Protestantism and the Catholic Church. There are also Christian denominations that do not fall within either of these groups, such as Eastern Orthodoxy and Oriental Orthodoxy, but they are much smaller.

Protestantism

Protestantism in Canada has existed ever since parts of northern Canada were colonized by the English.

Anabaptism

Amish

The Amish population in Canada as of 2018, is 5,375. There are Amish settlements in four provinces: Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Manitoba, and New Brunswick. The majority of Old Order settlements is located in the province of Ontario, namely Oxford (Norwich Township) and Norfolk counties. A small community is also established in Bruce County (Huron-Kinloss Township) near Lucknow.

Hutterites

In mid-1870s Hutterites moved from Europe to the Dakota Territory in the United States to avoid military service and other persecutions. During World War I Hutterites suffered from persecutions in the United States because they are pacifist and refused military service. They then moved almost all of their communities to Canada in the Western provinces of Alberta and Manitoba in 1918. In the 1940s, there were 52 Hutterite colonies in Canada.

Today, more than 75% of the world's Hutterite colonies are located in Canada, mainly in Alberta, Manitoba and Saskatchewan, the rest being almost exclusively in the United States. The Hutterite population in North America is about 45,000 people.

Mennonites

Mennonites first arrived in Canada in 1786 from Pennsylvania, but following Mennonites arrived directly from Europe. The Canadian Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches had 37,000 members across 250 congregations, and the Mennonite Church Canada had about 35,000 members in 212 congregations in 1998.

Roman Catholicism

The Catholic Church in Canada, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope and the Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops, has the largest number of adherents to a religion in Canada, with 38.7% of Canadians (13.07 million) reported as Catholics in the 2011 National Household Survey, in 72 dioceses across the provinces and territories, served by about 8,000 priests. It was the first European faith in what is now Canada, arriving in 1497 when John Cabot landed on Newfoundland and raised the Venetian and Papal banners, claiming the land for his sponsor King Henry VII of England, while recognizing the religious authority of the Roman Catholic Church.

Eastern Orthodoxy

Adherents of Eastern Orthodox Christianity in Canada belong to several ecclesiastical jurisdictions. Historically, Eastern Orthodoxy was introduced to Canada during the course of 19th century, mainly through emigration of Christians from Eastern Europe and the Middle East. Honoring such diverse heritage, Eastern Orthodoxy in Canada is traditionally organized in accordance with patrimonial jurisdictions of autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Churches, each of them having its own hierarchy with dioceses and parishes. According to 2021 census data, Greek Orthodox community constitutes the largest Eastern Orthodox community in Canada, with 204,025 adherents. It is followed by other communities: Russian Orthodox (28,245), Ukrainian Orthodox (25,975), Serbian Orthodox (25,445), Romanian Orthodox (16,120), Macedonian Orthodox (6,050), Bulgarian Orthodox (3,825), Antiochian Orthodox (2,140) and several other minor communities within Eastern Orthodoxy.

Oriental Orthodoxy

Adherents of Oriental Orthodox Christianity in Canada also belong to several ethnic communities and ecclesiastical jurisdictions. According to 2011 census data, Coptic Orthodox community constitutes the largest Oriental Orthodox community in Canada, with 16,255 adherents. It is followed by other communities: Armenian Orthodox (13,730), Ethiopian Orthodox (3,025), Syriac Orthodox (3,060) and several other minor communities within Oriental Orthodoxy.

Latter-day Saints

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) has had a presence in Canada since its organization in New York State in 1830. Canada has been used as a refuge territory by members of the LDS Church to avoid the anti-polygamy prosecutions by the United States government. The first LDS Church in Canada was established in 1895 in what would become Alberta; it was the first stake of the Church to be established outside the United States. The LDS Church has founded several communities in Alberta.

In 2011, the LDS Church of Canada claimed around 200,000 members; the 2011 Canadian National Household Survey calculates around 100,000. It has congregations in all Canadian provinces and territories and possess at least one temple in six of the ten provinces, including the oldest LDS temple outside the United States. Alberta is the province with the most members of the LDS Church in Canada, having approximately 40% of the total of Canadian LDS Church members and representing 2% of the total population of the province (the National Household survey has Alberta with over 50% of the Canadian Mormons and 1.6% of the province's population), followed by Ontario and British Columbia.

Christianity Decline
Canada's Chrisitian Percentage Dropped from 77% in 2001 Canada Census to 53.3% in 2021 Canadian Census.

Ethnic group

History
Christianity first arrived in the territory later known as Canada in 1497, when the Catholic, John Cabot, landed on Newfoundland, raised the Venetian and Papal banners and claimed the land for his sponsor King Henry VII of England, while recognizing the religious authority of the Roman Catholic Church. A letter of John Day states that Cabot landed on 24 June 1497 and "he landed at only one spot of the mainland, near the place where land was first sighted, and they disembarked there with a crucifix and raised banners with the arms of the Holy Father and those of the King of England".
In 1608, Samuel de Champlain founded the first Catholic colony in Quebec City.

See also

Demographics of Canada
History of religion in Canada
Religion in Canada
Yearbook of American and Canadian Churches

References

Further reading

 Peter Bush (Sept 1987). "The Reverend James Caughey and Wesleyan Methodist Revivalism in Canada West, 1851–1856," Ontario History, Vol. 79, Issue 3, pp. 231–250.

  Kevin N. Flatt. After Evangelicalism: The Sixties and the United Church of Canada (2013).
  (overview)


Pyroteuthis is a genus of squid in the family Pyroteuthidae. It is differentiated from the genus Pterygioteuthis by size, head shape and behaviour. Species within the genus are separated by the arrangement of tentacular photophores; the shape of the hectocotylus, and the shape of the hectocotylus hooks. With the exception of the Tropical Eastern Pacific, the genus is circumpolar in tropical and temperate oceans. The species P. addolux is the only member to occur in the North Pacific.

References

External links
Tree of Life web project: Pyroteuthis

Squid
Cephalopod genera
Bioluminescent molluscs
Taxa named by William Evans Hoyle


Motahaldu or Himmatpur Motahaldu is a town in City Haldwani, Nainital district in the Indian States and territories of India of Uttarakhand. It is situated on National Highway-87, viz. Rampur-Nainital National Highway and is just 8 km from Haldwani City centre. The nearest railway junction is 7 km away at Lalkuan (LKU) & nearest Airport is 16 km away at Pantnagar.

Economy
Motahaldu has many stone factories, dairy and agricultural farms.

A Private Industrial Estate (SEZ) has been developed at Village- Padlipur in the name of "Mahaveer Audyogik Aasthan (AOP)". This industrial estate has been notified by Central Govt. of India & State Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakhand (SIDCUL). This estate is one of its kind in the whole Nainital District.

Many industries have been set up in the estate, providing employment & better living standard to the people living in its vicinity, which further leads to the overall development of the area.
The developers of the Industrial Estate have also provided with a temple in the said premises.

There is also a government medical centre.

Villages
It has many villages, including Kishanpur Sakuliya, Sufi Bhagwanpur, Padampur Devalia,  Jaypurbisa and BhawanipurHarsing.

References

Cities and towns in Nainital district
Haldwani


Pterygioteuthis is a genus of squid in the family Pyroteuthidae. Members are differentiated from the genus Pyroteuthis due to size and head shape. The genus is characterised by the presence of a lidded photophore over each eye.

References

External links
Tree of Life web project: Pterygioteuthis

Squid
Bioluminescent molluscs


Project E was a joint project between the United States and the United Kingdom during the Cold War to provide nuclear weapons to the Royal Air Force (RAF) until sufficient British nuclear weapons became available. It was subsequently expanded to provide similar arrangements for the British Army of the Rhine. A maritime version of Project E known as Project N provided nuclear depth bombs used by the RAF Coastal Command.

The British nuclear weapons project, High Explosive Research, successfully tested a nuclear weapon in Operation Hurricane in October 1952, but production was slow and Britain had only ten atomic bombs on hand in 1955 and fourteen in 1956. The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Winston Churchill, approached the President of the United States, Dwight D. Eisenhower, with a request that the US supply nuclear weapons for the strategic bombers of the V bomber fleet until sufficient British weapons became available. This became known as Project E. Under an agreement reached in 1957, US personnel had custody of the weapons, and performed all tasks related to their storage, maintenance and readiness. The bombs were held in secure storage areas (SSAs) on the same bases as the bombers.

The first bombers equipped with Project E weapons were English Electric Canberras based in Germany and the UK that were assigned to NATO. These were replaced by Vickers Valiants in 1960 and 1961 as the long-range Avro Vulcan and Handley Page Victor assumed the strategic nuclear weapon delivery role. Project E weapons equipped V-bombers at three bases in the UK from 1958. Due to operational restrictions imposed by Project E, and the consequential loss of independence of half of the British nuclear deterrent, they were phased out in 1962 when sufficient British megaton weapons became available, but remained in use with the Valiants in the UK and RAF Germany until 1965.

Project E nuclear warheads were used on the sixty Thor Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles operated by the RAF from 1959 to 1963 under Project Emily. The British Army acquired Project E warheads for its Corporal missiles in 1958. The US subsequently offered the Honest John missile as a replacement. They remained in service until 1977 when Honest John was superseded by the Lance missile. Eight-inch and 155 mm nuclear artillery rounds were also acquired under Project E. The last Project E weapons were withdrawn from service in 1992.

Background
During the early part of the Second World War, Britain had a nuclear weapons project codenamed Tube Alloys. At the Quebec Conference in August 1943, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Winston Churchill, and the President of the United States, Franklin Roosevelt, signed the Quebec Agreement, which merged Tube Alloys with the American Manhattan Project to create a combined British, American and Canadian project. The September 1944 Hyde Park Aide-Mémoire extended commercial and military cooperation into the post-war period. Many of Britain's top scientists participated in the Manhattan Project. The Quebec Agreement specified that nuclear weapons would not be used against another country without mutual consent. On 4 July 1945, Field Marshal Sir Henry Maitland Wilson agreed on Britain's behalf to the use of nuclear weapons against Japan.

The British government considered nuclear technology to be a joint discovery, and trusted that America would continue to share it. On 16 November 1945, President Harry S. Truman and Prime Minister Clement Attlee signed a new agreement that replaced the Quebec Agreement's requirement for "mutual consent" before using nuclear weapons with one for "prior consultation", and there was to be "full and effective cooperation in the field of atomic energy", but this was only "in the field of basic scientific research". The United States Atomic Energy Act of 1946 (McMahon Act) ended technical cooperation. Its control of "restricted data" prevented US allies from receiving any information. Fearing a resurgence of American isolationism, and Britain losing its great power status, the UK government restarted its own development effort, now codenamed High Explosive Research.

In 1949, the Americans offered to make atomic bombs in the US available for Britain to use if the British agreed to curtail their atomic bomb programme. This would have given Britain nuclear weapons much sooner than its own target date of late 1952. Only those bomb components required by war plans would be stored in the UK; the rest would be kept in the US and Canada. The offer was rejected by the British Chiefs of Staff on the grounds that it was not "compatible with our status as a first class power to depend on others for weapons of this supreme importance". As a counter-offer, they proposed limiting the British nuclear weapons programme in return for American bombs. The opposition of key American officials, including the United States Atomic Energy Commission's Lewis Strauss, and Senators Bourke B. Hickenlooper and Arthur Vandenberg, coupled with security concerns aroused by the 2 February 1950 arrest of the British physicist Klaus Fuchs as an atomic spy, resulted in the proposal being dropped.

Negotiation
The first British atomic bomb was successfully tested in Operation Hurricane; it was detonated on board the frigate  anchored off the Monte Bello Islands in Australia on 3 October 1952. The first Blue Danube atomic bombs were delivered to the Royal Air Force (RAF) Bomber Command Armaments School at RAF Wittering on 7 and 11 November 1953, but the RAF had no bombers capable of carrying them. The first production order for 25 Vickers Valiants was issued on 9 February 1951, and they were delivered on 8 February 1955.

Once production of V-bombers began in earnest, their numbers soon exceeded that of the available atomic bombs. Production of atomic bombs was slow, and Britain had only ten on hand in 1955, and fourteen in 1956. At this rate, there would not be sufficient bombs to arm all the V-bombers until 1961. At the three-power Bermuda Conference with President Dwight D. Eisenhower in December 1953, Churchill suggested that the US allow Britain access to American nuclear weapons to make up the shortfall. There were several technical and legal issues. For American bombs to be carried in British aircraft, the US would have to disclose weights and dimensions, while their delivery would require data concerning their ballistics. The release of such information was restricted by the McMahon Act. There would also be issues of custody, security and targeting.

In May 1954, the Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force (USAF), General Thomas D. White, approached the head of the British Joint Staff Mission (BJSM) in Washington, DC, General Sir John Whiteley, with an offer to provide the RAF with an interim force of up to 90 new Boeing B-47 Stratojet bombers. This represented about $400 million in equipment that would not be counted against the Mutual Defense Assistance Program. The RAF was wary. The B-47 was judged inferior to the English Electric Canberra although it had greater range and could carry a larger bomb load. It would require  runways, and the RAF had had a bad experience with the last American-built bomber it operated, the Boeing Washington. Above all, there was the potential loss of prestige and independence. The head of RAF Bomber Command, Sir Hugh Lloyd, favoured acceptance, but the Secretary of State for Air, Lord de L'Isle and Dudley, and the Minister of Supply, Duncan Sandys, advised Churchill against it. In June, the Chief of the Air Staff, Sir William Dickson, informed the Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force, General Nathan Twining, that the RAF was declining the offer.

In the lead-up to Churchill's next meeting with Eisenhower in June 1954, the President's assistant for atomic energy, Major General Howard G. Bunker, discussed carriage of American atomic bombs in British aircraft with the BJSM. A detailed list of the equipment and technical data required was drawn up, and the USAF undertook to provide training and technical assistance, and to establish facilities to store, assemble and assist with loading the bombs. The McMahon act was amended in August 1954, and while it did not go nearly as far as the British government wanted—the transfer of information regarding the design and manufacture of nuclear weapons was still prohibited—it did now allow for the interchange of information on their use. This paved the way for the Agreement for Cooperation Regarding Atomic Information for Mutual Defence Purposes with Britain, which was signed on 15 June 1955. A colonel and two majors from the USAF and the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project were given briefings on RAF aircraft to determine which US bombs could be carried. The Americans then wanted to know how many bombs would be required. The Minister of Defence, Harold Macmillan, determined that the V-bomber force would reach a strength of 240 aircraft during 1958. Each would carry one atomic bomb.

Dickson visited the US for talks with Twining in September 1955. A public announcement was made in the form of a news leak published in The Daily Telegraph and The New York Times on 8 June 1956, which was officially denied the following day. Agreement on the provision of American bombs—now called Project E—was reached, resulting in a detailed plan on 12 December 1956. This was then approved by the United States Secretary of Defense, Charles E. Wilson, and the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The UK government notified Wilson of its approval on 30 January 1957. The agreement was confirmed by Eisenhower and Macmillan, now Prime Minister, during their March 1957 meeting in Bermuda to repair the damage done to Anglo-American relations by the Suez Crisis. A formal Memorandum of Understanding was negotiated in Washington by the Deputy Chief of the Air Staff, Air Marshal Sir Geoffrey Tuttle, on 21 May 1957.

In a letter to Macmillan on 25 March 1957, Eisenhower stated:

Implementation

Tactical bombers

It fell to the commander of the UK-based US Third Air Force, Major General Roscoe C. Wilson, to initiate Project E. Wilson had been liaison officer with the Manhattan Project, and Deputy Chief of the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, and was very familiar with nuclear weapons. The first aircraft to be fitted for American atomic bombs were not V-bombers but 28 Canberra bombers earmarked as night interdictors for the Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR) in 1957. These were new B(I)8 models, which came straight from the manufacturer for modification to carry the Mark 7 nuclear bomb. The intention was that they would be able to carry either American or British bombs, but since the latter were not available, they were only fitted for American bombs. Later-model Canberras would be able to carry both. Since the specifications for the bomb bay doors said they opened  wide, and the tail fins of the bombs were between  wide, no problem was anticipated, but it turned out that the doors only opened between , depending on the aircraft, which meant that the bombs would have to be individually matched with aircraft. After some thought,  was cut off each bomb fin.

Four squadrons of Canberras were based in Germany, their Mark 7 bombs being stored at RAF Germany bases at RAF Bruggen, RAF Geilenkirchen, RAF Laarbruch and RAF Wildenrath. The crews practised the Low Altitude Bombing System (LABS) for tactical nuclear attacks. There were also four squadrons of nuclear-armed Canberras based in the UK at RAF Coningsby and RAF Upwood; these were capable of using either the Mark 7 or the British Red Beard nuclear weapons. They too were assigned to the SACEUR in October 1960. The Air Ministry decided to replace these Canberras with Valiants as the Avro Vulcan and Handley Page Victor V-bombers became available and replaced the Valiants in the strategic role. A Valiant squadron at RAF Marham was assigned to SACEUR on 1 January 1961, followed by two more in July. The UK-based Canberra squadrons were then disbanded. Each of the 24 Valiants was equipped with two of the more powerful Project E B28 nuclear bombs. These were replaced by the newer B43 nuclear bombs, which were more suitable for laydown delivery, in early 1963. The availability of US bombs meant that more British bombs were available for use elsewhere. A permanent storage site for 32 Red Beards was opened at RAF Akrotiri on Cyprus in November 1961, and one for 48 Red Beards at RAF Tengah in Singapore. Only the aircraft on Quick Reaction Alert (QRA) were armed with a pair of live bombs. These aircraft were kept armed and fuelled on hardstands surrounded by  high chain-link fences. The Valiants were taken out of service in 1965. The Canberras continued in service, with their Project E B43 bombs until the last was retired in June 1972. They were replaced by Phantom FGR.2s, which carried Project E B43 and B57 nuclear bombs between June 1972 and October 1976, when they in turn were replaced in the tactical nuclear role by the Jaguar GR.1, which carried British WE.177 bombs.

Strategic bombers
Project E modifications to Valiants commenced at RAE Farnborough in February 1956. Crew training was carried out with American instructors at RAF Boscombe Down. The planned V-bomber force had now been reduced to 144 aircraft, and it was intended to equip half of them with Project E weapons. The first 28 Valiants were modified by October 1957; the remaining 20 Valiants, along with 24 Vulcans, were ready by January 1959. The Victors were also modified to carry US weapons.

Under the Project E Memorandum of Understanding, US personnel had custody of the weapons. That meant they performed all the tasks related to their storage, maintenance and readiness. The bombs were kept in secure storage areas (SSAs) on the same bases as the bombers. British staff were not permitted to enter the SSAs; it was therefore impossible to store British and Americans bombs in the same SSA. Bomber Command designated RAF Marham, RAF Waddington and RAF Honington as bases with US SSAs. Another three sites had British SSAs. US custody created operational problems. The procedure for handing over the bombs added an extra ten minutes to the bombers' reaction time, and the requirement that US personnel had guardianship of the weapons at all times meant that neither they nor the bombers could be relocated to dispersal airfields as the RAF desired.

Initially, 72 Mark 5 nuclear bombs were supplied for the V-bombers. They had a yield of up to . The successful British development of the hydrogen bomb, and a favourable international relations climate caused by the Sputnik crisis, led to the United States Atomic Energy Act being amended again in 1958, resulting in the long-sought resumption of the nuclear Special Relationship between Britain and the US in the form of the 1958 US–UK Mutual Defence Agreement. The US now agreed to supply the V-bombers with megaton weapons in place of the Mark 5, in the form of Mark 15 and Mark 39 nuclear bombs.

The Treasury immediately inquired as to whether this meant that the British megaton bomb programme could be terminated. Project E was intended to be a stopgap measure, and while the RAF was impressed with the superior yield of US thermonuclear weapons, its Director of Plans noted that "by retaining Project E at its present strength the US may continue to underestimate the UK independent capability, so that the weight given to HM Government's influence on vital issues would be less than it might otherwise be." Both Sandys and the Chief of the Air Staff, Air Chief Marshal Sir Dermot Boyle, argued that the UK needed the capacity to initiate a nuclear war unilaterally, but this was not possible if US permission was required for half of the force. With sufficient British bombs becoming available, operational issues and the concept of an independent nuclear deterrent came to the fore.

The Air Council decided on 7 July 1960 that Project E weapons would be phased out by December 1962, by which time it was anticipated that there would be sufficient British megaton weapons to equip the entire strategic bomber force. Project E weapons were replaced by British Yellow Sun bombs at RAF Honington on 1 July 1961 and Waddington on 30 March 1962. Problems encountered in the development of Red Beard meant that the replacement of kiloton weapons took longer. The UK-based Valiants at Honington and Wittering were withdrawn in April and October 1962, and the last Valiants were retired from the V-bomber force in July 1965. The final practice loading at RAF Marham—with the Mark 43s—was in January 1965, and the last US personnel left the base in July.

British Army of the Rhine

Project E was expanded to encompass similar arrangements for providing nuclear weapons to the British Army of the Rhine (BAOR). NATO began integrating tactical nuclear weapons into its war plans in 1954, and BAOR adopted a doctrine under which it would be the dominant arm on the battlefield as NATO forces conducted a fighting withdrawal to the Rhine. In 1954, the British Army purchased 113 Corporal missiles from the US. It was intended that they would be equipped with British warheads under a project codenamed Violet Vision, but Project E offered a quicker, simpler and cheaper alternative. Weapons were made available under the same terms as those of the RAF: US custody and dual control. 27 Guided Weapons Regiment, Royal Artillery, based at the Napier Barracks in Dortmund, became the first unit to equip with the Corporal in June 1960. A second Corporal regiment, 47 Guided Weapons Regiment, Royal Artillery, was formed at the Napier Barracks in 1961. Between them they had about 100 Corporal missiles. The Mark 7 warheads had to be drawn from US Army storage sites in southern Germany until arrangements were made for local storage in August 1959.

The Corporal had several limitations. It was liquid-fuelled, and the hydrazine fuel and nitric acid oxidiser were highly toxic and corrosive; it required several hours to fuel, so it could not engage targets of opportunity; there could be delays in the countdown process, which made it hard to warn the troops to close their eyes or aircraft to avoid the area; and it was guided by a radio beam that could be jammed or diverted. During test firings in the Outer Hebrides, eight out of twelve missiles accurately hit their targets; four fell short, a significant concern given the danger nuclear weapons posed to friendly troops. A new British project was begun to develop a better missile, codenamed Blue Water, which was to have used the British Indigo Hammer and later the Tony warhead. 47 Regiment gave up its Corporals in 1965, and returned to the UK, and the 27 Regiment followed in 1967. The British government's September 1965 announcement of the withdrawal of the Corporal missiles raised concerns in West Germany that Britain might "de-denuclearise" BAOR.

As an interim measure, the US offered the Honest John missile. The offer was accepted, and 120 Honest John missiles with W31 warheads were supplied in 1960, enough to equip three artillery regiments: 24 Regiment at Assaye Barracks in Nienburg from 1960 to 1962 and then at Barker Barracks in Paderborn from 1962 to 1972; 39 Regiment at Dempsey Barracks in Sennelager; and 50 Regiment at Menden. Each regiment had two batteries of Honest Johns, and two of nuclear-capable eight-inch M115 howitzers, which were later replaced by M110 howitzers with W33 nuclear warheads. Yellow Anvil, a British nuclear artillery round project, was cancelled in 1958, and Blue Water met the same fate on 10 August 1962. The Honest Johns therefore remained in service until 1977. The 50 Missile Regiment was then re-equipped with the Lance missile, with its W70 nuclear warhead. With four batteries, 50 Missile Regiment had the same number of launchers as the three Honest John regiments. The W48 was acquired for the 155 mm M109 howitzers. Both it and the W33 remained in service until 1992. The British Army also considered acquiring the Davy Crockett, but had decided against it by February 1962.

Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles

In 1953, the US Secretary of Defense, Charles E. Wilson, raised the possibility of a joint ballistic missile programme with the Minister of Supply, Duncan Sandys. This resulted in an agreement on collaboration being signed on 12 August 1954, and a British Medium Range Ballistic Missile (MRBM) development project codenamed Blue Streak. The United States pursued two Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile (IRBM) projects in parallel to Blue Streak: the US Army's Jupiter and the USAF's Thor. When Sandys, now the Minister of Defence, visited the US in January 1957, he found the Americans anxious to deploy IRBMs in Britain. Macmillan and Eisenhower agreed to do so during their summit in Bermuda in March 1957, and a formal agreement was drawn up on 17 December; at the end of the month it was decided that Britain would receive Thor and not Jupiter missiles. The deployment was codenamed Project Emily.

The RAF activated 20 squadrons between September 1958 and December 1959 to operate the 120 Thor missiles. They were located at 20 old wartime airfields so that the government did not have to purchase new land. Each missile was supplied with its own Mark 49 warhead, a variant of the Mark 28 with a thinner and lighter casing. While the Thor missile bases were manned by the RAF, the warheads were supplied under Project E. Each had a USAF authorisation officer. The missiles used a dual key system, one of which was held by the authorisation officer. Occasionally a missile would be chosen for test firing, for which the missile and its RAF crew would be flown to Vandenberg Air Force Base in California. Twelve test firings were conducted between 6 October 1959 and 12 June 1962. Under the original agreement, the USAF paid the cost of maintenance for the missiles for five years. After a debate over costs and benefits, the Air Council decided on 31 May 1962 that Project Emily should be terminated by the end of 1963. The last Thor squadrons were inactivated on 23 August 1963. The missiles were returned to the United States.

Project N
A maritime version of Project E was created, known as Project N. Providing American atomic bombs for Royal Navy ships would have involved similar dual key arrangements and detachments of US Marines on board Royal Navy ships. This was deemed impractical even for ships and weapons dedicated to use in European waters. RAF Coastal Command acquired Mk 101 Lulu nuclear depth bombs (with the W34 nuclear warhead) for its Avro Shackleton and Hawker Siddeley Nimrod maritime patrol aircraft from 1965 to 1971 under Project N. These were replaced by the more capable Mark 57, which was stockpiled at RAF St Mawgan and RAF Machrihanish for US, Dutch and British aircraft.

Impact on British nuclear weapon development
As well as meeting the needs of the UK forces, Project E affected the design and development of British nuclear weapons. Interim designs like Violet Club were no longer required, as Project E weapons could do the job pending the development of a British weapon. The British designers were particularly impressed by the Mark 28, which was not only lighter than the British Green Grass warhead used in Yellow Sun, but considerably more economical in its use of expensive fissile material. An Anglicised version of the Mark 28 was developed, known as Red Snow, and a Yellow Sun Mark 2 using Red Snow cost £500,000 compared with £1,200,000 for the Mark 1 with Green Grass.

End of Project E
When the Cold War ended in 1991, there were more than 500 US nuclear weapons in the UK. Of these, about 400 were bombs, 48 were Ground Launched Cruise Missiles, and approximately 100 were B57 nuclear depth bombs. The BAOR still had about 85 Lance missiles, and more than 70 W33 eight-inch and W48 155 mm nuclear artillery shells. The cruise missiles were withdrawn in 1991 under the terms of the 1987 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty. The United States then decided to withdraw its short-range nuclear weapons. The last US warheads, including the Mark 57 nuclear depth bombs and those used by the BAOR, were withdrawn in July 1992. The only American nuclear weapons then remaining in the UK were 110 or so B61 nuclear bombs stored at RAF Lakenheath for USAF F-15E Strike Eagles, which were withdrawn by 2008. The British WE.177 nuclear bombs used by the RAF and Royal Navy were withdrawn from service in August 1998, at which point the only remaining British nuclear weapons were the warheads on the Trident missiles of the s.

Notes

References

Nuclear history of the United Kingdom
Nuclear weapons program of the United States
United Kingdom–United States military relations
1958 in military history


Colin Leopold Prendergast "Kim" Vereker, 8th Viscount Gort, JP (21 June 1916 – 6 April 1995) was an Irish peer and member of the House of Keys.

Life
Gort was the son of Leopold George Prendergast Vereker and Helen Marjorie Campbell, and the grandson of the Hon. Foley Charles Prendergast Vereker, the second son of the fourth Viscount.

He was educated at Sevenoaks School in Kent. He joined the Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve and fought in World War II, rising to the rank of Lieutenant-Commander and being mentioned in dispatches.

He was a director of Royal Skandia IoM, Invesco Fund Managers IoM, Euronav IoM and Eurofish IoM.

In 1962, Gort was a Justice of the Peace for Castletown in the Isle of Man. Between 1966 and 1971 he was a Member of the House of Keys (MHK), the lower house of the Parliament of the Isle of Man.

He succeeded to the title of Viscount Gort and Baron Kiltarton of Gort on the death of his first cousin once removed, Standish Vereker, 7th Viscount Gort, in 1975.

He married Bettine Mary Mackenzie Green, on 4 July 1946. Gort died in 1995, aged 78. The titles passed to his son,  Foley Robert Standish Prendergast Vereker, 9th Viscount Gort (born 1951), who also lives on the Isle of Man.

References

External links
Chronological list of Tynwald Members from 1417

1916 births
1995 deaths
Royal Navy officers of World War II
Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve personnel of World War II
Viscounts in the Peerage of Ireland
People educated at Sevenoaks School
English people of Dutch descent
English people of Irish descent
Manx politicians
Schuyler family
Justices of the peace
Manx judges


Budhla Sant is a town located to the east of Multan, in southern Punjab, Pakistan. At
30.1538° N, 71.7118° E .

Budhla Sant is located in suburb of Multan, Khanewal, and Jahanian at a distance: 19, 30, and 10 respectively. Postcode of Budhla Sant is 59021.

History
Budhla Sant has inherited such a diverse character from its historical footprints: a sign of which is Talab (Pond) in the center of the city, built by Raja Dahir. Before the partition it had a religious importance for Hindues who celebrate a festival on 15 March every year at Talab( pound).

References
http://budhlasant.com/about/

External links

Populated places in Multan District