There have been various formulations of special relativity over the years which differ from Einstein's theory. While some are mathematically equivalent to Einstein's theory, others aim to revise or extend it.

As formulated by Albert Einstein in 1905, the theory of special relativity was based on two main postulates:
 The principle of relativity: The form of a physical law is the same in any inertial frame.
 The speed of light is constant: In all inertial frames, the speed of light c is the same whether the light is emitted from a source at rest or in motion. (Note this does not apply in non-inertial frames, indeed between accelerating frames the speed of light cannot be constant. Although it can be applied in non-inertial frames if an observer is confined to making local measurements.)

Some formulations modify these postulates or attempt to derive the second postulate by deduction. Others differ in their approach to the geometry of spacetime and the linear transformations between frames of reference.

Single-postulate approaches

According to some references, the theory of special relativity can be derived from only the principle of relativity. This claim is misleading because these formulations rely on various unsaid assumptions such as the cosmological principle, that is, the isotropy and homogeneity of space. However, the term "single postulate approaches" does not refer to the exact number of postulates, but is rather used in comparison with the original "two postulate" formulation. Single postulate approaches are approaches to special relativity that show that universal light-speed can be deduced rather than assumed.

Without first assuming the universal light-speed, the Lorentz transformations can be obtained up to a nonnegative free parameter. Experiment rules out the validity of the Galilean transformations, implying that the parameter in the Lorentz transformations is nonzero, implying that there is a finite maximum speed before anything about light is said. When this is combined with Maxwell's equations, it is demonstrated that light travels at this maximum speed. In these transformations, the numerical value of the parameter is decided by experiment, just as the numerical values of the parameter pair c and the permittivity of free space are determined by experiment even when Einstein's original postulates are used. When the numerical values in both Einstein's and these other ways are found, the two approaches result in the same theory. As a result, the end outcome of the interlocking triad of "theory + Maxwell's equations + experimental data" is the same. In this sense, rather than postulating, universal light speed can be deduced.

For some historical information, see  and the section "Lorentz transformation without second postulate" for the approaches of Ignatowski and Frank/Rothe. According to Pauli (1921), Resnick (1967), and Miller (1981), those models were insufficient. However, the constancy of the speed of light is contained in Maxwell's equations. That section includes the phrase "Ignatowski was forced to recourse to electrodynamics to include the speed of light". So, the trio of "principle of relativity + Maxwell's equations + experimental data" gives special relativity and this should be compared with "principle of relativity + second postulate + Maxwell's equations + experimental data". Since Einstein's 1905 paper is all about electrodynamics he is assuming Maxwell's equations, and the theory is not practically applicable without numerical values. When compared like with like, from the point of view of asking what is knowable, the second postulate can be deduced. If you restrict your attention to just the standalone theory of relativity then yes you need the postulate. But given all the available knowledge we don't need to postulate it. In other words, different domains of knowledge are overlapping and thus taken together have more information than necessary.

This can be summarised as follows:
Experimental results rule out the validity of the Galilean transformations.
That just leaves the Lorentz transformations with a finite maximal speed V.
Given a maximal speed V, the only consistent way of combining the principle of relativity with Maxwell's equations is to identify Maxwell's parameter:  with the aforementioned maximal speed V.
We are now at the same starting point as if we had postulated the constancy of light, so we proceed to develop all the usual results of special relativity.

There are references which discuss in more detail the principle of relativity.

Test theories of special relativity

Test theories of special relativity are flat spacetime theories which differ from special relativity by having a different postulate about light concerning one-way speed of light vs two-way speed of light. Different postulates on light result in different notions of time simultaneity. There is Robertson's test theory (1949) which predicts different experimental results from Einstein's special relativity, and then there is Edward's theory (1963) which cannot be called a test theory because it is physically equivalent to special relativity, and then there is the Mansouri-Sexl theory (1977) which is equivalent to Robertson's theory.

Lorentz ether theory

Hendrik Lorentz and Henri Poincaré developed their version of special relativity in a series of papers from about 1900 to 1905. They used Maxwell's equations and the principle of relativity to deduce a theory that is mathematically equivalent to the theory later developed by Einstein.

Minkowski spacetime

Minkowski space (or Minkowski spacetime) is a mathematical setting in which special relativity is conveniently formulated. Minkowski space is named for the German mathematician Hermann Minkowski, who around 1907 realized that the theory of special relativity (previously developed by Poincaré and Einstein) could be elegantly described using a four-dimensional spacetime, which combines the dimension of time with the three dimensions of space.

Mathematically there are a number of ways in which the four-dimensions of Minkowski spacetime are commonly represented: as a four-vector with 4 real coordinates, as a four-vector with 3 real and one complex coordinate, or using tensors.

Spacetime algebra

Spacetime algebra is a type of geometric algebra, closely related to Minkowski space, and is equivalent to other formalisms of special relativity. It uses mathematical objects such as bivectors to replace tensors in traditional formalisms of Minkowski spacetime, leading to much simpler equations than in matrix mechanics or vector calculus.

de Sitter relativity

According to the works of Cacciatori, Gorini and Kamenshchik,  and Bacry and Lévi-Leblond and the references therein, if you take Minkowski's ideas to their logical conclusion then not only are boosts non-commutative but translations are also non-commutative. This means that the symmetry group of space time is a de Sitter group rather than the Poincaré group. This results in spacetime being slightly curved even in the absence of matter or energy. This residual curvature is caused by a cosmological constant to be determined by observation. Due to the small magnitude of the constant, then special relativity with the Poincaré group is more than accurate enough for all practical purposes, although near the Big Bang and inflation de Sitter relativity may be more useful due to the cosmological constant being larger back then. Note this is not the same thing as solving Einstein's field equations for general relativity to get a de Sitter Universe, rather the de Sitter relativity is about getting a de Sitter Group for special relativity which neglects gravity.

Euclidean relativity
Euclidean relativity

 uses a Euclidean (++++) metric in four-dimensional Euclidean space as opposed to the traditional Minkowski (+---) or (-+++) metric in four-dimensional space-time. The Euclidean metric is derived from the Minkowski metric by rewriting  into the equivalent . The roles of time t and proper time  have switched so that proper time  takes the role of the coordinate for the 4th spatial dimension. A universal velocity  for all objects moving through four-dimensional space appears from the regular time derivative . The approach differs from the so-called Wick rotation or complex Euclidean relativity. In Wick rotation, time  is replaced by , which also leads to a positive definite metric but it maintains proper time  as the Lorentz invariant value whereas in Euclidean relativity  becomes a coordinate. Because  implies that photons travel at the speed of light in the subspace {x, y, z} and baryonic matter that is at rest in  {x, y, z} travels normal to photons along , a paradox arises on how photons can be propagated in a space-time. The possible existence of parallel space-times or parallel worlds shifted and co-moving along  is the approach of Giorgio Fontana. Euclidean geometry is consistent with Minkowski's classical theory of relativity. When the geometric projection of 4D properties to 3D space is made, the hyperbolic Minkowski geometry transforms into a rotation in 4D circular geometry.

Very special relativity

Ignoring gravity, experimental bounds seem to suggest that special relativity with its Lorentz symmetry and Poincaré symmetry describes spacetime. Surprisingly, Cohen and Glashow
have demonstrated that a small subgroup of the Lorentz group is sufficient to explain all the current bounds.

The minimal subgroup in question can be described as follows: The stabilizer of a null vector is the special Euclidean group SE(2), which contains T(2) as the subgroup of parabolic transformations. This T(2), when extended to include either parity or time reversal (i.e. subgroups of the orthochronous and time-reversal respectively), is sufficient to give us all the standard predictions. Their new symmetry is called Very Special Relativity (VSR).

Doubly special relativity

Doubly special relativity (DSR) is a modified theory of special relativity in which there is not only an observer-independent maximum velocity (the speed of light), but an observer-independent minimum length (the Planck length).

The motivation to these proposals is mainly theoretical, based on the following observation: the Planck length is expected to play a fundamental role in a theory of quantum gravity, setting the scale at which quantum gravity effects cannot be neglected and new phenomena are observed. If special relativity is to hold up exactly to this scale, different observers would observe quantum gravity effects at different scales, due to the Lorentz–FitzGerald contraction, in contradiction to the principle that all inertial observers should be able to describe phenomena by the same physical laws.

A drawback of the usual doubly special relativity models is that they are valid only at the energy scales where ordinary special relativity is supposed to break down, giving rise to a patchwork relativity. On the other hand, de Sitter relativity is found to be invariant under a simultaneous re-scaling of mass, energy and momentum, and is consequently valid at all energy scales.

Curvilinear coordinates and non-inertial frames

Equivalent to the original? Curvilinear is a generalization, but the original SR can be applied locally.

There can be misunderstandings over the sense in which SR can be applied to accelerating frames.

The confusion here results from trying to describe three different things with just two labels. The three things are:
 A description of physics without gravity using just "inertial frames", i.e. non-accelerating Cartesian coordinate systems. These coordinate systems are all related to each other by the linear Lorentz transformations. The physical laws may be described more simply in these frames than in the others. This is "special relativity" as usually understood.
 A description of physics without gravity using arbitrary curvilinear coordinates. This is non-gravitational physics plus general covariance. Here one sets the Riemann-Christoffel tensor to zero instead of using the Einstein field equations. This is the sense in which "special relativity" can handle accelerated frames.
 A description of physics including gravity governed by the Einstein field equations, i.e. full general relativity.

Special relativity cannot be used to describe a global frame for non-inertial i.e. accelerating frames. However general relativity implies that special relativity can be applied locally where the observer is confined to making local measurements. For example, an analysis of Bremsstrahlung does not require general relativity, SR is sufficient.

The key point is that you can use special relativity to describe all kinds of accelerated phenomena, and also to predict the measurements made by an accelerated observer who is confined to making measurements at one specific location only. If you try to build a complete frame for such an observer, one that is meant to cover all of spacetime, you'll run into difficulties (there'll be a horizon, for one).

The issue is that it is impossible to infer from the special relativity postulates that an acceleration will not have a non-trivial effect. For instance, in the situation of the twin paradox, we are aware that the proper solution for the age difference between the twins can be computed by simply integrating the time dilation formula along the path taken by the traveling twin. This implies that one thinks that an inertial observer moving at the same speed as the twin might, at any time, replace the twin on its trajectory. As long as we are computing effects that are local to the traveling twin, this provides the correct response. General relativity predicts that the acceleration that separates the twin's local inertial rest frame from its true frame has no further effects; this has, of course, been experimentally validated.

In 1943, Christian Møller obtained a transform between an inertial frame and a frame moving with constant acceleration, based on Einstein's vacuum field equations and a certain postulated time-independent metric tensor, although this transform is of limited applicability as it does not reduce to the Lorentz transform when a=0.

Throughout the 20th century efforts were made in order to generalize the Lorentz transformations to a set of transformations linking inertial frames to non-inertial frames with uniform acceleration. So far, these efforts failed to produce satisfactory results that are both consistent with 4-dimensional symmetry and to reduce in the limit a=0 to the Lorentz transformations.

Hsu and Hsu, who theorised Taiji relativity, argue that they have finally come up with suitable transformations for constant linear acceleration (uniform acceleration). They call these transformations: Generalized Møller-Wu-Lee Transformations. They also say: "But such a generalization turns out not to be unique from a theoretical viewpoint and there are infinitely many generalizations. So far, no established theoretical principle leads to a simple and unique generalization."

Taiji relativity
This section is based on the work of Jong-Ping Hsu and Leonardo Hsu.  They decided to use the word  which is a Chinese word meaning the ultimate principles that existed before the creation of the world. In SI units, time is measured in seconds, but taiji time is measured in units of meters—the same units used to measure space. Their arguments about choosing what units to measure time in, lead them to say that they can develop a theory of relativity which is experimentally indistinguishable from special relativity, but without using the second postulate in their derivation. Their claims have been disputed.
The transformations that they derive involve the factor  where β is the velocity measured in meters per meter (a dimensionless quantity). This looks the same as (but should NOT be conceptually confused with) the velocity as a fraction of light v/c that appears in some expressions for the Lorentz transformations. Expressing time in metres has previously been done by other authors: Taylor and Wheeler in Spacetime Physics and Moore in Six Ideas that Shaped Physics.

The transformations are derived using just the principle of relativity and have a maximal speed of 1, which is quite unlike "single postulate" derivations of the Lorentz transformations in which you end up with a parameter that may be zero. So this is not the same as other "single postulate" derivations. However the relationship of taiji time "w" to standard time "t" must still be found,;otherwise ,it would not be clear how an observer would measure taiji time. The taiji transformations are then combined with Maxwell's equations to show that the speed of light is independent of the observer and has the value 1 in taiji speed (i.e. ,it has the maximal speed). This can be thought of as saying: a time of 1 metre is the time it takes for light to travel 1 metre. Since we can measure the speed of light by experiment in m/s to get the value c, we can use this as a conversion factor. i.e. we have now found an operational definition of tTiji time: w=ct.

So we have: w metres = (c m/s) * t seconds
Let r = distance. Then taiji speed = r metres / w metres = r/w dimensionless.

But it is not just due to the choice of units that there is a maximum speed. It is the principle of relativity, that Hsu & Hsu say, when applied to 4d spacetime, implies the invariance of the 4d-spacetime interval  and this leads to the coordinate transformations involving the factor  where beta is the magnitude of the velocity between two inertial frames. The difference between this and the spacetime interval  in Minkowski space is that  is invariant purely by the principle of relativity whereas  requires both postulates.
The "principle of relativity" in spacetime is taken to mean invariance of laws under 4-dimensional transformations.

Hsu & Hsu then explore other relationships between w and t such as w=bt where b is a function. They show that there are versions of relativity which are consistent with experiment but have a definition of time where the "speed" of light is not constant. They develop one such version called common relativity which is more convenient for performing calculations for "relativistic many body problems" than using special relativity.

See also
 Alternative derivations of special relativity
 Derivations of the Lorentz transformations
 History of special relativity

Notes

References

Special relativity


Christopher Rush (born 23 November 1944) is a Scottish writer, born in St Monans and for thirty years a teacher of literature in Edinburgh. His books include A Twelvemonth and a Day (chosen by The List magazine in 2005 as one of the 100 best Scottish books of all time) and the highly acclaimed To Travel Hopefully.

In 1983 Rush initiated a literary debate in The Scottish Review: Arts and Environment by suggesting that the up-and-coming generation of Scottish poets drew less on their native places than their elders.

A Twelvemonth and a Day served as inspiration for the film Venus Peter, released in 1989.  The story was also reworked by Rush in a simplified version in 1992 as a children's picture book, Venus Peter Saves the Whale, illustrated by Mairi Hedderwick, which won the Friends of the Earth 1993 Earthworm Award for the book published that year that would most help children to enjoy and care for the Earth.

His 2007 book Will recounts the life of William Shakespeare in the first person, and has been optioned for a movie by Ben Kingsley. It was published by Beautiful Books Limited (UK). Rush also wrote a memoir of Shakespeare called Sex, Lies and Shakespeare, published by Beautiful Books Limited in 2009 (UK).

Rush now lives near his childhood home.

Bibliography

Books
 Resurrection of a Kind (1984)
 A Twelvemonth and a Day, Aberdeen University Press (1985).
 Peace Comes Dropping Slow, Ramsay Head Press, Edinburgh (1989),
 Into the Ebb (1989)
 Venus Peter Saves the Whale (1992)
 Last Lesson of the Afternoon (1994)
 To Travel Hopefully (2006)
 Hellfire and Herring (Hardback & Paperback) (2006)
 Will (Beautiful Books Limited) (2007)
 Sex, Lies and Shakespeare (Beautiful Books Limited) (2009)
 Aunt Epp's Guide for Life - from chastity to copper kettles, musings of a Victorian Lady (Michael O'Mara Books Limited) (2009)

Articles
 Elephants in Anstruther: In Search of the Scottish Identity, in Lindsay, Maurice (ed.), The Scottish Review: Arts and Environment 31, August 1983, pp. 43 – 48,
 Review of Noise and Smoky Breath: An Illustrated Anthology of Glasgow Poems 1900 - 1983 edited by Hamish Whyte, in Lindsay, Maurice (ed.), The Scottish Review: Arts and Environment 31, August 1983, pp. 51 – 53,

Reviews
 Urquhart, Fred (1983), review of Peace Comes Dropping Slow, in Lindsay, Maurice (ed.), 'The Scottish Review: Arts and Environment 31, August 1983, pp. 50 & 51,
 Wallace, Gavin ( 1984), A Scottish Triptych, which includes a review of Peace Comes Dropping Slow, in Hearn, Sheila G. (ed.), Cencrastus No. 15, New Year 1984, pp.53 & 54,

References

External links
Books by Christopher Rush on Goodreads
review of Will on The Independent (2007)
The Times Online review of Will (2008)
Review of Will (2008)
Stage adaptations of Christopher Rush books and a short story on brian freeland (2013)

Further reading
 Greig, Andrew (1983), White Elephants in Anstruther, in Lindsay, Maurice (ed.), The Scottish Review: Arts and Environment 32, November 1983,
 Scott, Alexander (1984), Pink Elephants in Anstruther: Scottish Identity, in Lindsay, Maurice (ed.), The Scottish Review: Arts and Environment'' 33, February 1984, pp. 3 – 8,

British writers
Scottish writers
1944 births
Living people
People from St Monans


The Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd (, ), initially the Kingdom of Hejaz and Sultanate of Nejd (Arabic: , ), was a dual monarchy ruled by Abdulaziz following the victory of the Saudi Sultanate of Nejd over the Hashemite Kingdom of the Hejaz in 1925. It was the fourth iteration of the Third Saudi State.

In 1932, the two kingdoms were unified as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

History
On 8 January 1926, Abdulaziz, the Sultan of Nejd, was crowned King of the Hejaz in the Masjid al-Haram in Makkah, and he elevated Nejd to the status of a kingdom on 29 January 1927. At the Treaty of Jeddah on 20 May 1927, Abdulaziz's realm was recognised by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and was addressed as the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd.

For the next five years, Abdulaziz administered the two parts of his dual kingdom as separate units. On 23 September 1932, Abdulaziz proclaimed the union of the main Saudi dominions of al-Hasa, Qatif, Nejd and the Hejaz as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Foreign policy
The Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd could pursue its expansionist policy with British arms supplies because of its close relations with the United Kingdom. Under King Abdulaziz, the Hejaz withdrew from the League of Nations.

In 1926, the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd was recognised by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, followed by the United States of America in 1931. By 1932, the United Kingdom, the French Third Republic, the USSR, Turkey, the Imperial State of Iran, Kingdom of Italy and The Netherlands maintained legations in Jeddah; the Kingdom of Egypt maintained unofficial consular representatives.

Rulers of Hejaz and Nejd

King of Hejaz and Nejd (1926–1932)

Viceroy of Hejaz (1926–1932)

Viceroy of Nejd (1926–1932)

Notes

Sources
 Statoids - Regions of Saudi Arabia
 World Statesmen - Saudi Arabia

External links

Former Arab states
History of Hejaz
History of Nejd
History of Saudi Arabia
Hejaz and Nejd
Najd
1920s in Saudi Arabia
1930s in Saudi Arabia
States and territories established in 1926
States and territories disestablished in 1932
1926 establishments in Asia
1932 disestablishments in Asia
Former countries of the interwar period
Former kingdoms


The Dickinson Electronic Archives (DEA) is a website devoted to the study of Emily Dickinson, her writing practices, writings directly influencing her work, and critical and creative writings generated by her work. The DEA is produced by the Dickinson Editing Collective, with an executive editor, a general editor, two associate editors, a project manager, and a technical editor working collaboratively with one another and with numerous coeditors, staff, and users.

History

The Dickinson Electronic Archives was begun in 1994 by Emily Dickinson scholar and University of Maryland, College Park professor Martha Nell Smith.  It was the first online digital repository of its kind and featured a limited number of Dickinson manuscripts and correspondences.

In 2000, the DEA received its first major overhaul.  This overhaul included the additions of more manuscripts and correspondences, as well as Titanic Operas – a section highlighting the responses of contemporary poets to Emily Dickinson – and a section of the DEA dedicated to helping teachers utilize digital resources in classroom instruction.

Current
Although originally created to showcase the writings of and scholarship concerning American poet Emily Dickinson, the Dickinson Electronic Archives projects have since expanded to include as well the writings of Emily Dickinson's correspondents, many of whom were family members such as Susan Dickinson and nephew Edward (Ned) Dickinson.  The DEA has also grown to feature numerous images of Dickinson’s manuscripts – both poetic manuscripts and letters – as well as detailed scholastic analysis by executive editor Martha Nell Smith and other leading Dickinson scholars.

One of the primary missions of the Dickinson Electronic Archives is to enhance knowledge surrounding Emily Dickinson, one of the United States' most admired and popular poets and beloved nineteenth-century figures, through the contextual clues of her creative process as discovered in her manuscripts.  While casual biographies of Dickinson are likely to describe the poet as isolated, morbid, crazy, humorless, and a writer of "little poems," her written records suggest otherwise.  Dickinson’s manuscripts and correspondences, as showcased in the Dickinson Electronic Archives, show that Emily Dickinson sometimes collaborated with another writer, that she sometimes reveled in a bawdy sense of humor, and that letter writing became an artistic form for her, one she exploited for poetic experimentation.

Citations and References
As a leader in Digital humanities and one of the first digital literature projects, the Dickinson Electronic Archives have been at the center of critical discussion for over ten years, appearing at the center of critical discussion in hundreds of scholarly articles, journals, and books.

Emily Dickinson
Internet properties established in 1994
1994 establishments in Maryland


Whiskey Before Breakfast is an album of American guitarist Norman Blake, released in 1976.

Reception

Writing for AllMusic, critic Jim Smith gave the release five of five stars, writing "All told, there have been many albums in the folk idiom featuring many a guitar virtuoso, but very few achieve such a mix of relaxed subtlety and eye-popping virtuosity, and Whiskey Before Breakfast will perhaps stand as the greatest achievement by this master picker."

Track listing
"Hand Me Down My Walking Cane" (James A. Bland) – 3:28
"Under the Double Eagle" (Josef Wagner) – 2:44
"Six White Horses" (Traditional) – 5:00
"Salt River" – 1:39
"Old Grey Mare" (Traditional) – 3:31
"Down at Milow's House" (Blake) – 1:20
"Sleepy Eyed Joe/Indian Creek	" (Traditional) – 3:38
"Arkansas Traveler" (Traditional) – 3:04
"The Girl I Left in Sunny Tennessee" (Traditional) – 2:54
"The Minstrel Boy to the War Has Gone/The Ash Grove" – 3:02
"Church Street Blues" (Blake) – 2:55
"Macon Rag" (Blake) – 2:44
"Fiddler's Dram/Whiskey Before Breakfast" (Traditional) – 3:34
"Slow Train Through Georgia" (Blake) – 4:07

Personnel
 Norman Blake – guitar, vocals
 Charlie Collins – guitar

Production notes
 Douglas Parker – cover design
 J.D. Sloan – photography
 Sundance – engineer

References

1976 albums
Norman Blake (American musician) albums
Rounder Records albums


John Levett (also spelt Levit or Leavett) was a 17th-century English naturalist who was the author of a ground-breaking early study of the habits of bees, with close observation of their behaviour and suggestions on how to manage their hives, published in London in 1634. The Ordering of Bees: Or, The True History of Managing Them was one of the first agricultural textbooks, with a preface in rhyme by the author Samuel Purchas. It is among the earliest examples of what later became a flood of literature treating the English love of gardening and horticulture.

Johns Levett's biography is unclear, but he is identified as a gentleman and had advanced education. He is thought to have been a clergyman, and possibly the nephew of English explorer Capt. Christopher Levett, one of the earliest explorers of New England. His book is dedicated to a member of the Suffolk gentry, and perhaps Levett was serving there.

His book was considered groundbreaking because it combined close observation of bees with field experience in managing beehives. Levett explored the debate over bee gender, and over their means of reproducing. Levett's work quickly became the favoured book on the subject. Robert Child, the foremost agriculture writer of his day, said of Levett: "Hee is the best that ever write of this subject."

At least part of Levett's appeal, aside from his careful study of his subjects, was his somewhat sly sense of humour. The drones, Levett warned, were "necessary and helpfull [sic] to the Bees, so long as they exceed not a due proportion (much like to Our lawyers), but let their number grow to(o) great (as it often doth) and they will indeed devoure the substance of the Bees (as the Lawyers of the Commonwealth) and bring it to destruction."

In his discourse on bees, Levett drew many parallels to human society. The Master Bee, Levett wrote, had regal authority, "correcting the lazie, sloathfull, and disobedient, and giving honour and incouragement to those which are painfull, laborious and diligent." The Master Bees, Levett wrote, "are absolute in their authorities and commands," and were essential, Levett believed, in the organising the hierarchy of and ensuring the ultimate success of the hive.

The preface to Levett's book was written by "S. Purcas" in rhyme, who was undoubtedly English author and travel writer Samuel Purchas. "Thy selfe, thy self enough, enough thy Booke, Thy book commands, and I, my Levett, leave it, Here in small Bees, God's greatnesse first I looke, And thee thy selfe though dead to live yet."

Nor were the results of apian labours limited to simple honey. Bee products, Levett told his readers, could be used in domestic hygiene, physick and surgery. Levett was not troubled by the thought that the bee was placed on earth to serve man. In the sort of thinking that stamped the age of exploration and colonisation, Levett consigned the bee to his role as supporting player. "Hath not God given all creatures unto us for our benefit, and to be used accordingly as may seem good unto us for our good?," Levett wrote. "We see that many creatures of greater account are daily killed in infinite numbers for our sustenance and often for our pleasure, and is it not lawful for us, to use these silly creatures in such sort as they may be most for our benefit, which I take to be the right use of them and the very end of their creation?"

In Levett's worldview, nature was there to serve her master. It fell to man the task of "orderinge" the bees. Rather than simply observing, the beekeeper's job was to take the honey and kill the bees afterwards so the colony didn't raid honey from other unharvested colonies nearby. Levett dismissed the concerns of those who said it was "a pity to kill the bees that have so laboured for us," calling such talk "a foolish and fond conceit."

Eventually, advances in the study of bees and in agricultural theory would change the conception of the role of the beekeeper, who would eventually come to be seen as a manager of resources, rather than one set out to tame wild nature and bend it to man's purposes. The beekeeper would be turned into part of 'husbandry,' and a mainstay of the rural economy. But in Levett's worldview, what one scholar calls his "aggressively patriarchal" style, the bees should be driven and made to perform.  "Bees might be superior to all other insects," writes Bee Wilson, "but they were still of a different estate from men."

English beekeeping remained largely unchanged for centuries, until the late nineteenth century when moveable-frame hives were invented. By that time, the new hives and improved artificial wax foundations, new smokers, even new breeds of bees meant that the beekeepers of John Levett's day became the more dignified 'apiarists'. In today's world of collapsing bee populations, the Levett model of 'bee domination,' a mirror of its epoch of exploration and colonisation, seems particularly dated.

References

Further reading
  The ordering of bees: or, The true history of managing them from time to time, with their hony and waxe, shewing their nature and breed. As also what trees, plants, and hearbs are good for them, and namely what are hurtfull: together with the extraordinary profit arising from them. Set forth in a dialogue, resolving all doubts whatsoever.  By the late unparalell'd experience of John Levett, Gent., London: printed by Thomas Harper, for John Harrison, 1634
  Reissued in a facsimile edition, Da Capo Press, Amsterdam, New York, 1971

17th-century English writers
17th-century English male writers
English naturalists
Year of death unknown
Year of birth unknown
English male writers


Eduardus Halim (born 1961) is an Indonesian-American classical pianist.

Born in Bandung, Indonesia of Chinese Indonesian parents, Halim made his public debut at the age of 11 playing Beethoven's Piano Concerto No. 3. A student of Sascha Gorodnitzki and Rudolf Firkušný at the Juilliard School where he attended on full scholarship, Halim later studied with Vladimir Horowitz, to whom he was recommended by Harold C. Schonberg and David Dubal. His experience working with the late maestro is documented in Schonberg's book, Horowitz: His Life and Music. He won 4th prize at the 1985 Sydney International Piano Competition, and 3rd prize at the 1988 competition. Halim began his international concert career in 1989 after winning the Young Concert Artists International Auditions.

He is the inaugural holder of the Sascha Gorodnitzki Chair in Piano Studies and a member of the Artist Faculty at New York University's Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development.

Awards
 Winner, Piano, 1988 Young Concert Artists International Auditions, New York, USA
 Third prize, 1988 Sydney International Piano Competition, Sydney, Australia
 Forth prize, 1985 Sydney International Piano Competition, Sydney, Australia
 Third prize, 1984 William Kapell International Piano Competition, College Park, Maryland, USA

Recordings

Halim’s first recording, “Presenting Eduardus Halim: A Program of Piano Transcriptions,” was released on the Arabesque label to wide critical acclaim. Fanfare Magazine wrote: “Winged by an effortless technique, Halim is relaxed, spontaneous, almost casual in this superhumanly demanding fare…Enthusiastically recommended!”

His second CD release, a Chopin disc for Reservoir Studio Productions, was also well received. Stephen Wigler writes, “[a]nyone who misses Vladimir Horowitz would be wise to investigate this all-Chopin recital by Eduardus Halim, the last of the master’s students; he is a born Chopinist…Rather than call him his master’s disciple, it would be better to call him his successor.” This disc was named one of the top classical instrumental CDs of 2000 by Amazon.com. Halim’s latest recording for Reservoir Studio Productions features music of Enrique Granados—the piano suite Goyescas, and the seven Valses Poéticos. The American Record Guide notes, “[h]ow good is Eduardus Halim? In the Goyescas and Valses Poeticos, absolutely magnificent!…Halim continues to amaze by the rightness of his inflections and the subtlety of his rich sound palette…. This deserves a standing ovation.”

References

  Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development
 [^ Harold C. Schonberg, Horowitz-His Life and Music, Simon & Schuster, 1992

Living people
1961 births
Indonesian classical pianists
20th-century classical pianists
21st-century classical pianists
Juilliard School alumni
American musicians of Indonesian descent
American academics of Chinese descent
Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development faculty
Sydney International Piano Competition prize-winners
American people of Chinese-Indonesian descent
Indonesian people of Chinese descent
Indonesian expatriates in the United States
Musicians from Bandung


Zandvoort aan Zee is a terminal train station in the town of Zandvoort, Netherlands. The station opened on 3 June 1881, and is within walking distance of the beach. The station is on the Haarlem–Zandvoort railway. The station has two platforms and services are operated by Nederlandse Spoorwegen. Until 1995 trains from Maastricht and Heerlen terminated at this station.

Train services
As of 9 December 2018, the following services call at Zandvoort aan Zee:

National rail

Bus services

Railway stations in North Holland
Railway stations opened in 1881
Zandvoort
1881 establishments in the Netherlands
Railway stations in the Netherlands opened in the 1880s


Marcia Young (née Williams) is a Canadian broadcast journalist, who is the current weekday anchor of World Report, the national morning newscast on CBC Radio.

Early life
Young was born in Toronto, but spent her early childhood in Jamaica where she was raised by her grandparents. She returned to Toronto at the age of 6 to attend school. She is a graduate of the journalism program at Ryerson University (now Toronto Metropolitan University).

Journalism career
Young began her broadcasting career in sports radio at The Fan 590 in Toronto. She then worked behind the microphone as a researcher and production coordinator for Life Network, on one of the first magazine lifestyle shows in Canada.

In 1998, Young moved to CBC Television as a researcher for The National, CBC Television's flagship nightly newscast. She subsequently landed gigs as a local television news reporter in Toronto, Saskatoon and Regina.

Young returned to Toronto as a television anchor and reporter at Citytv, where she reported on the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster, the SARS crisis, and the Iraq War. In 2004, she became the anchor of Canada at Five on CBC Radio. She has hosted Main Street (PEI), The World at Six, CBC's flagship radio newscast World Report, and has been a guest host on As It Happens.

She was the first host of The World This Hour, has hosted The World This Weekend and The World at Six, and is currently a host of  World Report. She was the weekend anchor of World Report for several years, until taking over as weekday anchor in November 2022.

Charitable activities
Young is a supporter of child literacy in Canada and abroad.

She has also been a frequent host for community and charity-based organizations in the Greater Toronto Area including  Design Hope Toronto's charity auction for Dixon Hall, the Osu Children's Library Fund, the Jamaican Canadian Association Scholarship Awards, the Applause Institute's Black Cotillion Ball, Jamaica College Old Boys' Association of Canada, CareerEdge Organization and the African Canadian Achievement Awards.

She is a former board member of Give Girls A Chance, a fundraising initiative created to provide educational opportunities for girls and young women in Canada and around the world.

References

Living people
Canadian radio news anchors
Black Canadian broadcasters
Canadian television reporters and correspondents
Journalists from Toronto
Year of birth missing (living people)
Canadian women radio journalists
CBC Radio hosts
Black Canadian women
20th-century Canadian journalists
21st-century Canadian journalists
Canadian women television journalists
20th-century Canadian women
21st-century Canadian women
Black Canadian journalists


The Brazilian Journal of Probability and Statistics () is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that publishes papers related to statistics. It is published four times a year by the Brazilian Statistical Association with the support of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics. The journal was established in 1987.

Abstracting and indexing
The Brazilian Journal of Probability and Statistics is indexed in the Current Index to Statistics and Zentralblatt MATH.

Probability journals
Statistics journals
Academic journals established in 1987
English-language journals
Quarterly journals
Academic journals published by learned and professional societies


The action of 11 September 1779 was a minor naval engagement that took place off Charles Town in the War of the American Independence between the French Navy and the Royal Navy. The battle ended with the capture of the British post ship Ariel  by Amazone.

On 11 September 1779, whilst the Ariel was cruising off Charles Town under Captain Thomas Mackenzie, she sighted a strange sail and approached to investigate, unaware that a French fleet under the Admiral comte d'Estaing had entered the theatre from the West Indies. As Mackenzie got closer he realized that the stranger was actually a frigate, accompanied by two brigs and a schooner, and that she was not responding to his signals, he had to retreat for the Georgia shore. The frigate gradually overhauled Ariel and Mackenzie was forced to stand and fight. The enemy vessel was the 36-gun French Amazone. After a ninety-minute flight in which lost her mizzen-mast and all her rigging and sustained casualties of four men dead and another 20 wounded, Mackenzie surrendered Ariel. d'Estaing immediately exchanged the crew of Ariel and , which he had captured the year before, for French prisoners. The crews of these two vessels then went to man a variety of British vessels on the North America Station. The French took the captured ship into service  as Ariel.

Ariel underwent repair and refitting at Lorient between March and October 1780. The French lent her to the American Continental Navy in October, where she served briefly as USS Ariel under John Paul Jones.

References

Citations

Bibliography
Demerliac, Alain (1996) La Marine De Louis XVI: Nomenclature Des Navires Français De 1774 À 1792. (Nice: Éditions OMEGA).

Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War involving France
Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War
Conflicts in 1779
1779 in South Carolina
Battles in the Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War 1775–1779
Battles of the American Revolutionary War in South Carolina


The 1985 FA Charity Shield (also known as the General Motors FA Charity Shield for sponsorship reasons) was the 63rd FA Charity Shield, an annual football match played between the winners of the previous season's First Division and FA Cup competitions. The match was played on 10 August 1985 at Wembley Stadium and contested by Everton, who had won the 1984–85 First Division, and Manchester United, who had won the 1984–85 FA Cup. Everton won 2–0 with goals from Trevor Steven and Adrian Heath. Trevor Steven put Everton into the lead when he swept home from six yards after a cross from the left in the first half. The second goal came in the second half when Manchester United goalkeeper Gary Bailey dropped a cross from the left to allow Adrian Heath to tip the ball past him into the left corner of the net.

The Charity Shield was the first competitive game that new striker Gary Lineker played for Everton, and although he failed to get on the scoresheet in the game, he made up for it by scoring 40 goals in all competitions that season. He took the place in the team previously occupied by Andy Gray. Kevin Moran of Manchester United had been sent off in the final and he was suspended for this game, with his place in the side being taken by understudy Graeme Hogg, and Gordon Strachan was replaced by Mike Duxbury. These were the only differences between the first XI of this game and the FA Cup final earlier in May 1985.

Match details

See also
1984–85 Football League
1984–85 FA Cup

1985
Charity Shield
Charity Shield 1985
Charity Shield 1985
Comm


Tierra de León or Tierras de León (Tierras de Llión in the Leonese language) is a shire (comarca) in the province of León. The city of León, capital of the province, is the biggest city in the comarca.

Municipal terms

See also
 León Airport
 Kingdom of León

External links
 Leonese City Council

Comarcas of the Province of León


The Hi-Pa Drive (pronounced hyper) system is an electric in-wheel motor power delivery system.

Demonstration vehicles
In 2006, PML Flightlink demonstrated the Hi-Pa Drive in a series-hybrid car at the British Motor Show in London, using a Mini dubbed the "Mini QED" with its in-wheel motor at all four wheels. Two other car manufacturers have also presented concept cars using this technology: Ford with a Ford F150 pick-up prototype presented at the 2008 SEMA Show in Las Vegas and Volvo in its Volvo ReCharge.  However, Volvo has stated that it will not be using the Hi-Pa Drive in the production all-electric version of the C30 ReCharge nor in its new diesel-electric plug-in hybrids due in 2012.

Technology and claimed benefits
In-wheel motor: The propulsion system and development platform acts as an electric motor, generator or brake and is several times lighter, smaller and powerful than the conventional electronic propulsion systems and generators it replaces.
Power electronics: The embedded (in the motor) control electronics reliably, efficiently and precisely manages the control of the motors to provide smooth operation when driving at any speed.
Energy management: The integrated power management system distributes drive power to the motor and then recaptures and feeds most of that energy back into the battery using a regenerative system.
Drive software: The control software helps engineers optimize energy efficiency and vehicle performance while giving drivers more control over the driving experience.

See also
 Wheel hub motor

References

External links
Official Hi-Pa Drive website
Facebook campaign to support Hi-Pa Drive technology
Hi-Pa Drive Product PDF

Plug-in hybrid vehicle industry
Wheel hub motors


No Exit, also known as Sinners Go to Hell, is a 1962 American-Argentine dramatic film adaptation of Jean-Paul Sartre's play No Exit directed by Tad Danielewski. The film stars Morgan Sterne, Viveca Lindfors and Rita Gam.

Plot
The Valet (Manuel Rosón) enters a hotel room with Joseph Garcin (Morgan Sterne) in tow. The windowless room has a single entrance and no mirrors. Two women, Inès Serrano (Viveca Lindfors) and Estelle Rigault (Rita Gam), are then led in; afterwards, the Valet leaves and locks the door. Realizing that they are in hell, the trio expects to be tortured; however, no torturer is forthcoming. While waiting, they strike up a conversation and discuss each other's sins, desires, and unpleasant memories; they slowly realize that such probing is the form of torture they are meant to receive.

It later becomes apparent that Joseph, once a journalist, was executed for cowardice and the betrayal of the French Resistance. Estelle, who has a voracious sexual appetite, was a gold digger and seductress who killed a man. Meanwhile, the lesbian Inès abused her partner's love for her and eventually killed them both in a murder-suicide. As the story progresses, Garcin becomes increasingly annoyed by Inès' considering him a coward, while Estelle makes unreciprocated advances on him; Inès is tempted by Estelle, but crazed by Estelle's heterosexuality.

The three at first continue to see events happening on Earth, but eventually, as the living move on, they are left with only their own thoughts and the company of the other two. Towards the end of the film, Garcin demands he be let out; in response, the door opens. However, none leave. They resign themselves to their fate.

Production
Sartre did not know about the film while it was in production. Viveca Lindfors, at the time married to screenwriter George Tabori, was chosen to play Inès.

Style
The film uses dialogue-free flashbacks when the main characters talk about their lives. Alison Darren in the Lesbian Film Guide notes that Inès is a "typical screen lesbian" of the early 1960s, both physically attractive and inherently evil.

Release and reception
After being screened at the 12th Berlin International Film Festival in June 1962, where Rita Gam and Viveca Lindfors shared the Silver Bear for Best Actress award, No Exit received its American release on December 5.

Bosley Crowther, writing for The New York Times, found the film "antiseptic", with emotionless acting and stagy directing; he summarized that the film "prove[d] that "No Exit" is inappropriate material for a full-length [film]". Allison Darren calls the film an "excellent psychological drama" with a "surprisingly overt" depiction of lesbianism.

See also
Huis clos (1954)

References

Bibliography

External links

1962 films
1962 drama films
English-language Argentine films
Films directed by Tad Danielewski
American black-and-white films
Argentine black-and-white films
American films based on plays
Argentine films based on plays
Remakes of French films
American remakes of French films
1960s English-language films


Taryn Nicole Dryden (née Terrell; born December 28, 1985) is an American model, actress, stuntwoman, ring announcer and retired professional wrestler. She is best known for her tenures in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), under her real name, and in WWE, where she performed under the ring name Tiffany.

She is a former TNA Knockouts Champion, where her 279-day reign stood as the longest reign in the title's history until 2019. During her time in WWE, she trained at WWE's then-developmental territory, Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW), and served as the final general manager of the now-defunct ECW brand. She worked in National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) from 2021 up until her retirement on November 10, 2022.

Professional wrestling career

World Wrestling Entertainment

Florida Championship Wrestling (2007–2010)

Terrell tried out for the 2007 WWE Diva Search. She made it to the final eight, but was eliminated fourth. In February 2008, WWE signed her to a developmental contract.

Terrell debuted in Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW), WWE's developmental territory, alongside Beverly Mullins, and they competed in various matches together, including lingerie matches. Soon afterwards, Terrell and Mullins drifted apart, leading to Terrell receiving a larger singles wrestling role as she competed against various other FCW Divas, including Mullins (now renamed to Wesley Holiday), Miss Angela, The Bella Twins, Alicia Fox, and Roucka. Terrell made her FCW television debut when she competed in a twist competition, which ended in a no contest. She and Angela were then used as ring announcers. On the March 11, 2008, episode of FCW TV, Terrell teamed up with Nic Nemeth and Brad Allen to defeat The Puerto Rican Nightmares (Eric Pérez, Eddie Colón and Angela Fong). On the August 2, 2008, episode of FCW TV, Terrell teamed up with The Bella Twins to defeat Alicia Fox, Roucka and Daisy and again on August 9, 2008.

Later on, Terrell, now renamed Tiffany, lost her first FCW televised match in a fatal four-way match including Roucka, Holiday, and Fox. She then teamed with Nikki Bella and Eve Torres on the December 14 episode of FCW TV to defeat Roucka, Holiday, and Fox. Tiffany participated in the tournament to determine the inaugural Queen of FCW, and defeated Holiday in the first round before losing to Fox in the semi-finals. She teamed up with Angela Fong on several occasions, and also competed against Serena Mancini, AJ Lee, and Fox in a four-pack challenge to determine the new number one contender to the Queen of FCW crown, but was unsuccessful.

On July 30, 2009, episode of FCW TV, Tiffany tamed up with Angela Fong and April Lee to defeat Alicia Fox, Roucka and Serena Deeb in a 6-Diva tag team match. On the August 6 episode of FCW TV, Tiffany and Yoshi Tatsu defeated Fox and Ricky Ortiz in a mixed tag team match. Tiffany unsuccessfully challenged the newly crowned Serena Mancini for the Queen of FCW crown and injured her humerus bone, on the September 24 taping of FCW TV. She returned on the February 19, 2010, episode of FCW TV, teaming with Aksana to defeat Courtney Taylor and Liviana in a tag team match.

Brand switches (2008–2010)
On the June 10, 2008, episode of ECW, Terrell made her main roster debut as Tiffany, the on-screen assistant general manager under Theodore Long. Tiffany participated in the Halloween costume contest on October 26 at the Cyber Sunday pay-per-view, and was dressed as a nun. Tiffany made her in-ring debut in a 16-Diva tag team match on the 800th episode of Raw teaming up with Mickie James, Candice Michelle, Michelle McCool, Brie Bella, Kelly Kelly, Eve Torres and WWE Hall of Famer Mae Young against Beth Phoenix, Layla, Lena Yada, Jillian Hall, Natalya, Maryse, Victoria and Katie Lea Burchill, which her team lost, despite Tiffany never being tagged into the match.

On the March 30, 2009, episode of Raw, Tiffany competed in an 18-Diva tag team match, which she won for her team by pinning Katie Lea Burchill. On April 5, Tiffany made her WrestleMania debut as she competed in a 25 Diva battle royal at WrestleMania XXV to crown the first-ever "Miss WrestleMania", which was won by Santina Marella. On the April 7 episode of ECW, Tiffany was announced by Theodore Long as the new general manager of ECW due to Long returning to SmackDown to again become its general manager. As the new general manager, her first order was to announce an elimination chase to determine who would face Jack Swagger for the ECW Championship at Backlash, with the participants being Mark Henry, Tommy Dreamer, Christian and Finlay, which Christian would ultimately win. In late June 2009, Tiffany was promoted to full-time general manager of ECW. However, Tiffany was absent from television due to a storyline car accident with William Regal. In reality, Tiffany had injured her arm in an FCW match. She returned on the October 6 episode of ECW. On the final episode of ECW on February 16, 2010, Tiffany speared Rosa Mendes after she and Zack Ryder interfered in the ECW Championship match.

On the March 5, 2010, episode of SmackDown, Tiffany made her debut for the brand in a backstage segment, being welcomed by Rey Mysterio. On the March 12 episode of SmackDown, Tiffany made her in-ring debut, winning a match against Michelle McCool via disqualification after Vickie Guerrero interfered. Following the match, McCool, Guerrero, and Layla attacked Tiffany, until she was saved by Beth Phoenix. The following week, Tiffany and Phoenix defeated McCool and Layla (collectively known as LayCool) in a tag team match, and again in a rematch on the April 2 episode of SmackDown.

Tiffany then formed an alliance with Kelly Kelly, with the pair being dubbed "The Blondetourage", and they continued to feud with LayCool. On the June 12 of SmackDown!, Tiffany lost her first singles match to Layla after an interference from McCool. On May 21 episode of SmackDown!, Tiffany and Kelly lost to LayCool in a tag team match. On the July 2 episode of SmackDown!, Tiffany managed Kelly where she defeated McCool, and during the match Tiffany stopped Layla from interfering. On the July 10 episode of Superstars, Tiffany and Kelly again lost to LayCool. On the July 16 episode of SmackDown!, Tiffany managed Kelly and Chris Masters where they defeated Layla and Trent Barreta after interference from Rosa Mendes. She also managed Kelly in her WWE Women's Championship match against Layla at Money in the Bank. On July 23 episode of SmackDown!, Theodore Long announced that Tiffany would receive a match for the Women's Championship, which occurred on the July 30 episode of Smackdown, however she failed to capture the championship. She was originally scheduled to fight Layla, however, she instead fought McCool, as the two defended the title under the Freebird rule.

On August 13, 2010, it was reported that WWE had suspended Terrell because of an incident involving her real-life husband, Drew McIntyre. Before she could return to WWE programming, Terrell was released from her contract on November 19, 2010.

Independent circuit (2010–2013)
On December 4, 2010, it was announced that Terrell would make her independent circuit debut in a match against Alissa Flash at the Pro Wrestling Revolution's ChickFight event in San Francisco, California, on February 5, 2011. On January 4, 2011, it was announced that Terrell had pulled out of the show, citing personal reasons. ChickFight later claimed that the promotion could not cater to Terrell's requests that she had made despite already having an agreement with the promotion.

On April 5, 2012, Terrell made her debut for Powerslam Brewsky Brawl, where she teamed up with Jack Jameson to defeat Barbi Hayden and Houston Carson. On April 8, Terrell made appearance at Coastal Wrestling Federation, where she teamed with Sho Funaki in a winning effort, again defeating Hayden and Carson. Earlier in that event, Terrell defeated Jen Alise in singles match. Terrell also appeared at Maryland Championship Wrestling's Bodyslam Autism event on April 27, 2013.

Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA)

Ohio Valley Wrestling (2012–2013)

On November 4, 2012, Terrell made her debut for Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW), Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA)'s then-developmental branch, at OVW's Saturday Night Special event, being introduced as the special guest referee for the OVW Women's Championship match between Josette Bynum, Taeler Hendrix, and Heidi Lovelace. During the match, Terrell ignited a feud with Hendrix after Terrell cost Hendrix the match, after she put her hands on Terrell. On the November 10 episode of OVW, Terrell was interrupted by Hendrix during an interview, who then provoked Terrell, only to get attacked in return. Later that event, Terrell refereed a tag team match between Lovelace, Jessie Belle against Hendrix and Epiphany.

Terrell made her in-ring debut on the November 17 episode of OVW, where she defeated Heidi Lovelace with Hendrix as special guest referee to win the OVW Women's Championship. On the November 24 episode of OVW, Terrell defeated Scarlett Bordeaux in a non-title match, but was attacked by Hendrix post-match. On the November 28 episode OVW, Terrell attacked Hendrix during an in-ring segment, but was stopped by Bostic. OVW announced that Terrell challenged Hendrix at OVW's Saturday Night Special to a match with the OVW Women's Championship on the line, with the stipulation that the loser will swim in a pool of "animal feces". At the event on December 1, Terrell lost the Women's Championship to Hendrix. After the match, Hendrix tried to attack Terrell, but she gained a measure of revenge when she moved out the way and Hendrix fell in the pool.

Knockouts referee and feud with Gail Kim (2012–2013)
On August 16, 2012, Terrell made her debut for TNA, being introduced by the Vice President of the Knockouts Division, Brooke Hogan, as the special guest referee for the Impact Women's Knockout Championship match between Madison Rayne and Miss Tessmacher. Terrell later became the official referee for the Knockouts division.

On January 13, 2013, at Genesis, Terrell began a storyline with Gail Kim after making a bad call during a gauntlet match, thus costing Kim's chance to become the number one contender to the Knockouts Championship. On the following episode of Impact Wrestling, Terrell appeared backstage with Kim, who told Terrell not to make another mistake. Later that night, during Kim's match with Velvet Sky, Kim would argue with Terrell, costing herself the match in the process. On the February 21 episode of Impact Wrestling, Terrell helped Sky defeat Tara, Miss Tessmacher and Kim in a fatal four–way elimination match, with Sky lastly eliminating Kim to win the Knockouts Championship after Kim provoked Terrell into getting involved in the match. On March 10 at Lockdown, towards the end of the Knockouts Championship match, Terrell would attack Kim, again costing her the title. After the match, Terrell was attacked by Kim backstage during an interview. On the following episode of Impact Wrestling, Kim revealed that Brooke Hogan put Terrell on probation for attacking Kim. In a tag team match between Mickie James and Velvet Sky against Gail Kim and Tara, Terrell would again cost Kim the match by attacking her.

On the March 21 episode of Impact Wrestling, Terrell was terminated as Knockouts referee by Hogan, and was subsequently signed as an impact Knockout. On the March 28 episode of Impact Wrestling, Terrell challenged Kim to a match, however the match never started when Kim and Tara attacked Terrell, only to be saved by the Knockouts Champion, Velvet Sky. On the April 4 episode of Impact Wrestling, Terrell and Sky were defeated by Kim and Tara after the special guest referee Joey Ryan made a fast count on Terrell. Terrell finally faced Kim in a match on the April 11 episode of Impact Wrestling, which Terrell won. On the May 2 episode of Impact Wrestling, Terrell and Mickie James defeated Kim and Tara. After the match, Kim attacked Terrell. The rivalry between Terrell and Kim culminated in a Last Knockout Standing match on June 2 at Slammiversary XI, which Terrell would win. On the July 11 episode of Impact Wrestling, Terrell was defeated by Kim in a ladder match to determine the number one contender to the Knockouts Championship. The following month, Terrell was granted time off from Impact Wrestling due to her real life pregnancy.

Knockouts Champion and departure (2014–2016)
Terrell made her televised return on the June 19, 2014, episode of Impact Wrestling, being welcomed by her former rival Gail Kim and later interrupted by The Beautiful People (Angelina Love and Velvet Sky). This led to Terrell's in–ring return, the following week on Impact Wrestling, where Kim and Terrell defeated Love and Sky in a tag team match. Terrell went on to unsuccessfully challenge Kim for the TNA Knockouts Championship on July 24 and on August 14 in a fatal four–way match also involving Love and Sky. After defeating the evil Madison Rayne on August 27 to become the number one contender, Terrell received her title match on the September 3 episode of Impact Wrestling, where she was again unsuccessful. After the match, both Terrell and Kim were attacked by the debuting Havok.

On the November 19 episode of Impact Wrestling, Terrell defeated newly crowned champion Havok and Gail Kim in a three–way match to win the TNA Knockouts Championship for the first time. On January 7, 2015, during Impact Wrestlings debut on Destination America, Terrell successfully defended the championship in a battle royal against the other TNA Knockouts, lastly eliminating Havok. Terrell went on to successfully retain her championship in various matches: on January 30 against Kim and Madison Rayne in a three–way match and against Angelina Love on February 20. After that Terrell started a feud with the recently returned Awesome Kong, after Kong attacked her. This led to a match between the two, on March 6, which Taryn won via disqualification and Kong would continue her attack after the match, with Kim making the save. This led to a three–way match, where Terrell again prevailed. On April 18, Terrell became the new longest reigning TNA Knockouts Champion in history, surpassing Kim's previous record of 210 days.

On the special episode of Impact Wrestling, titled TKO: Night of Knockouts on April 24, Terrell retained her championship against Kong in a no disqualification match after The Dollhouse (Jade and Marti Bell) interfered and attacked Kong, ultimately assisting Terrell in putting Kong through a table as a "receipt" for an earlier attack in which Kong put Terrell through a table. After the match, Terrell transitioned into a villainess for the first time in her wrestling career and joined The Dollhouse as their leader. Terrell retained her championship on the Hardcore Justice episode of Impact Wrestling on May 1, against Brooke, with help from Jade and Marti. In their first match as a team, the following week, The Dollhouse were defeated by Kong and Kim in a three–on–two handicap match. On the May 29 episode of Impact Wrestling, in a steel cage match, Terrell again retained her championship against Kim. At Slammiversary XIII, The Dollhouse were defeated by Kong and Brooke in another three–on–two handicap match. After successfully retaining her championship against Brooke and Kong in a three–way match, Terrell lost the championship to Brooke, on the July 15 episode of Impact Wrestling, after interference from Gail Kim, ending her reign at 279 days. After her loss, Terrell went on a hiatus citing a hand injury, courtesy of Kim but continued to appear in segments on the jumbotron, orchestrating attacks on various Knockouts. During her absence, Rebel joined The Dollhouse. On January 4, 2016, Terrell announced that she had parted ways with the company, describing her departure as a personal decision.

On October 2, 2016, Terrell made an appearance at Bound for Glory alongside Awesome Kong, Christy Hemme, and Chairman Dixie Carter to induct Gail Kim into the TNA Hall of Fame.

Return to Impact Wrestling (2017)
On August 17, 2017, at Destination X, Terrell made her return to the newly rebranded Impact Wrestling, attacking Gail Kim during her GFW Knockouts Championship match against Sienna. On the September 7 episode of Impact!, in her first match back after her one and a half year hiatus, Terrell teamed with Sienna and defeated Kim and Allie in a tag team match. On October 20, 2017, it was announced that Terrell had departed Impact Wrestling.

National Wrestling Alliance (2021–2022)
On March 21, 2021, Terrell made her NWA debut on commentary during the women's match between Thunder Rosa and Kamille. On the June 6, at When Our Shadows Fall, Terrell teamed with Kylie Rae and won their debut match against Thunder Rosa and Melina Perez. With her arrival to NWA, Terrell started managing Jennacide and Paola Blaze. The trio teamed together on August 29 at the pre-show of NWA 73rd Anniversary Show to challenge the NWA World Women's Tag Team Champions The Hex (Allysin Kay and Marti Belle), alongside Lady Frost in a six-woman tag team match, but were unsuccessful.

On February 12, 2022, at NWA PowerrrTrip, Terrell received a title match for the NWA World Women's Championship when she challenged the champion Kamille, but was unsuccessful. On the March 21 episode of Powerrr, as Blaze and Jennacide lost to Women's World Tag Team Champions The Hex in a title match, they were forced to dissolved as a team, due to a stipulation that was made before the match, thus ending Terrell managing the two. Terrell would quickly find an ally in Natalia Markova. On November 10, Terrell confirmed her retirement from professional wrestling and leaving NWA.

Acting career
Terrell made a special appearance on The Showbiz Show with David Spade in 2007. Terrell was featured in a segment on Lopez Tonight on August 4, 2010. She received her start in acting after appearing alongside Will Ferrell in the 2012 comedy film The Campaign. She was later hired as a stunt double for Kayla Ewell in the film The Demented.

Filmography

Personal life

Terrell attended the University of New Orleans, majoring in marketing. Terrell is a co-leader for a volunteer mission group called Hope Children's Home that provides love and time to children that have been neglected, abused, and discarded. Terrell is a founder for a volunteer mission foundation called Cystic Fibrosis Foundation.

In 2008, Terrell became a vegan due to animal rights. However, she revealed she was no longer a vegan in 2010.
She is also a convert to Christianity.

Terrell first appeared in Playboy in the special College Girls edition of January 2007. She next appeared in the February/March 2010 issue of the Playboy Lingerie Special Edition. The photos were an accumulation of previous photoshoots that she had done for the magazine prior to signing with WWE, and show her fully naked. She appeared again in Playboy in November 2010, in the special issue Big Boobs, Hot Buns, with the photos having been taken prior to her signing with WWE. Terrell has appeared in an issue of Maxim and on Sky Sports.com.

Terrell previously dated Alfonso Ribeiro in 2008. Terrell became engaged to Drew Galloway, who appears on-screen as wrestler Drew McIntyre, in July 2009. The couple married in Las Vegas in May 2010. On May 24, 2011, Terrell announced that she and Galloway were divorcing.

Terrell gave birth to a girl named Emerson on March 2, 2014. Terrell married professional motorcyclist and stunt man Joseph Dryden in 2015.

Championships and accomplishments
 Ohio Valley Wrestling OVW Women's Championship (1 time)
 Pro Wrestling Illustrated'' Ranked No. 10 of the top 50 female wrestlers in the PWI Female 50 in 2015
 Total Nonstop Action Wrestling'''
 TNA Knockouts Championship (1 time)
TNA Year End Award (1 time)
Knockout of The Year (2014)

References

External links

 Taryn Terrell Impact Wrestling Profile

1985 births
Female models from Florida
Actresses from Tampa, Florida
American female professional wrestlers
American film actresses
American stunt performers
American television actresses
Converts to Christianity
Female models from Louisiana
Glamour models
Living people
Sportspeople from New Orleans
Professional wrestlers from Louisiana
Professional wrestling authority figures
Professional wrestling managers and valets
Professional wrestling referees
University of New Orleans alumni
WWE Diva Search contestants
21st-century American women
21st-century female professional wrestlers
TNA/Impact Knockouts World Champions
OVW Women's Champions


Bhiyi  is a village development committee in Mugu District in the Karnali Zone of north-western Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 1148.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mugu District

Populated places in Mugu District


Lovegety was a proximity matchmaking device introduced in Feb. 1998 in Japan by Erfolg Co.,ltd., which allowed users to find potential dates that match their personal preferences in the vicinity. Over 1,300,000 of these units were sold in Japan at an approximate price of $21.

It was the first such device, and "the first commercial attempt to move introduction systems away from the desktop and into reality". As such, it was an important precursor for other location-based social networking applications such as Nokia's Bluetooth-based Nokia Sensor, and more recent geolocation-based social applications such as StreetSpark.

There were three modes users could pre-select on the Lovegety device which reflected the mood they were currently in and hence what kind of partner they were looking for. These included “let’s just chat”, “let’s go sing some karaoke” and “get2” or "looking for love" modes. The devices could be set to interact with each other when a potential mate was within close proximity (15 feet) or to simply notify a user of others who are currently set to the same mood.

Howard Rheingold reflects on technologies such as the Lovegety in his work and urges that as consumers we think carefully about the social implications of these technologies. Rheingold states that ‘loss of privacy is perhaps the most obvious shadow side of technological cooperation systems’.

See also

 Toothing

References

External links
 Article on Wired "Love: Japanese Style"
CNN: "Japans lonely hearts find each other with Lovegety" published June 07, 1998, retrieved 4/18/2012
 The Mirror (London, England): "Is that a Lovegety in your pocket or are you just pleased to see me?" published Jul 10, 1998, retrieved 4/18/2012

Sexuality and computing
Dating
Mobile software


The U-10 class was a class of five submarines or U-boats of the Austro-Hungarian Navy ( or ) during World War I. The class was similar to the German Type UB I submarine of the German Imperial Navy (); the first two boats delivered to Austria-Hungary had previously been commissioned in the German Navy.

The U-10 class as a whole did not have much wartime success, two of the boats sinking no ships. Only one boat,  sank more than 1,000 combined tonnage of enemy ships. Of the five submarines of the class, only  was sunk during the war; the remaining four were delivered as war reparations and broken up by 1920.

Background
The Austro-Hungarian Navy's U-boat fleet at the beginning of World War I consisted of six largely experimental submarines, two of which were not operational. The Navy did have five s under construction in Germany, but a perceived inability to sail the completed submarines past Gibraltar to the naval base at Pola led to a hasty decision to sell them to Germany, a severe setback for Austria-Hungary's U-boat fleet.

In order to bolster their fleet, which had already been boosted by the recovery and commissioning of the French submarine  as U-14 in 1915, the Austro-Hungarian Navy purchased five German UB-type coastal submarines, which had the advantages of short construction time and the ability to be shipped by rail—which avoided the perceived pitfalls of sea delivery. The first contract in February 1915 secured the purchase of  and , initially commissioned as the German Type UB I U-boats  and , respectively. A further contract on 1 April 1915, purchased three more boats, , , and .

Design and construction
The U-10-class boats were small coastal submarines that displaced  surfaced and  submerged. For propulsion, they featured a single shaft, a single  diesel engine for surface running, and a single  electric motor for submerged travel. The boats were capable of  while surfaced and  while submerged at a diving depth of up to . All five had slightly different conning tower configurations, but were all designed for a crew of 17 officers and men.

The lead boat of the class, U-10, was built by Germaniawerft of Kiel, while the other four were constructed by AG Weser of Bremen. All five were transported by rail in sections to the navy yard at Pola, where they only needed riveting together to be complete, a process that typically took about two weeks.

U-10 was the first ship of the class launched, as the German UB-1 on 22 January 1915. The other four boats were launched by April. UB-1 and UB-15 were initially commissioned into the Kaiserliche Marine in January and April, respectively, each with German commanders and crew, but with an Austro-Hungarian Navy officer for piloting and training purposes, but both were commissioned into the K.u.K. Kriegsmarine with Austro-Hungarian crews by July. The other three ships were never manned by German crews and had all been commissioned by early October when each is listed in sources with a commanding officer.

Armament
The U-10-class boats were equipped with two  torpedo tubes located in the front and carried a complement of two torpedoes. The German Type UB I submarines were additionally equipped with a  machine gun, but it is not clear from sources if U-10 and U-11, the former German boats, were either equipped with them or, if so, retained them in Austro-Hungarian service. In October 1916, all the boats except U-11 received 37 mm/23 (1.5 in) quick-firing (QF) guns. U-11 received a /18 gun originally planned for U-14 (which received a larger gun instead). In November 1917, the 37 mm guns were replaced by /33 QF guns.

War activities
All five boats of the U-10 class took part in the war, but, as a class, had limited success. Although UB-1 and UB-15 had each had sunk a single ship while commissioned in the German Imperial Navy during 1915, neither boat sank any ships in Austro-Hungarian service. U-17 sunk two ships, the unidentified sailing vessel , which sank on 1 January 1916 and the , which sank on 10 July 1916. U-16 sank or captured two small sailing ships in late 1915 and torpedoed and sank the  on 16 October 1916. U-15 was the most successful of the class, sinking six ships for a total of  and 745 tons. On a single day, 25 June 1916, U-15 sank the Italian auxiliary cruiser  and the  in the Strait of Otranto, accounting for almost half of her wartime successes.

Of the five boats, only U-16 was sunk during the war, shortly after sinking Nembo. The only other casualty among the class involved U-10, which hit a mine near Caorle and was beached with heavy damage. Although she was looted by Austro-Hungarian Army troops, she was later towed to Trieste for repairs which remained incomplete at the war's end. After the end of fighting in November 1918, the four surviving class members—U-10, U-11, U-15, and U-17—were all turned over to Italy as war reparations and scrapped at Pola by 1920.

Class members

SM U-10

SM U-10 was the lead boat of the U-10 class of submarines for the Austro-Hungarian Navy, but was originally named UB-1 as a part of the German Imperial Navy. She was laid down on 1 November 1914 in Germany and shipped by rail to Pola where she was assembled and launched on 22 January 1915. Commissioned one week later as SM UB-1, she sank one Italian torpedo boat in her German service. In July, she was handed over to the Austro-Hungarian Navy and commissioned as SM U-10. She was the target of an unsuccessful torpedo attack by a British submarine in May 1917. In July 1918, U-10 hit a mine and was beached with heavy damage. She was towed to Trieste for repairs which remained unfinished at the war's end. She was handed over to Italy as a war reparation and scrapped in 1920.

SM U-11

SM U-11 was also originally a part of the German Imperial Navy, under the name UB-15. She was laid down on 9 November 1914 in Germany and shipped by rail to Pola where she was assembled, launched, and commissioned as SM UB-15 on 11 April 1915. In her only wartime success, she sank an Italian submarine in German service in early June. Shortly thereafter, she was delivered to the Austro-Hungarian Navy and commissioned as SM U-11 on 14 June. In early 1916, U-11 made a torpedo attack on a British submarine but missed. She was delivered to Italy as a war reparation and scrapped in 1920.

SM U-15

SM U-15 was constructed in Germany and shipped by rail to Pola where she was assembled and launched in September 1915 and commissioned on 6 October. U-15 was the most successful boat of the U-10 class, sinking six ships totaling  and 745 tons. She survived the war and was ceded to Italy as a war reparation and scrapped in 1920.

SM U-16

SM U-16 was constructed in Germany and shipped by rail to Pola where she was assembled and launched on 26 April 1915 and commissioned on 6 October. U-16 sank one ship in November 1915 and seized another in December. While operating in the Adriatic off the coast of Albania in mid-October 1916, U-16 sank an Italian destroyer acting as a convoy escort. U-16 was sunk in the ensuing action, but sources are not clear on the exact cause of her sinking.

SM U-17

SM U-17 was constructed in Germany and shipped by rail to Pola where she was assembled and launched on 21 April 1915 and commissioned on 6 October. U-17 sank an unidentified sailing vessel in January 1916 and sank an Italian destroyer in July 1916 as part of an effort to disrupt the Otranto Barrage. The boat survived the war and was delivered to Italy as a war reparation and scrapped in 1920.

Notes

References

Bibliography

Submarine classes


Dhainakot  is a village development committee in Mugu District in the Karnali Zone of north-western Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 1978.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mugu District

Populated places in Mugu District


Louis des Balbes de Berton de Crillon, 1st Duke of Mahón, 2nd Duke of Crillon (22 February 1717 – June 1796) was a Franco-Spanish military officer who reached the rank of Captain general of the Army. He became a soldier at the age of 16 and served with distinction in the French army before transferring to the army of Spain, which was allied with France for much of the 18th century. A member of a distinguished military family, he was widely admired for his personal courage, courtesy and chivalry. By the end of his life he had risen to the highest military rank in Spain and it was said that he had served in 68 engagements.

He participated in many of the major conflicts of the 18th century, including the War of the Polish Succession, the War of the Austrian Succession, the Seven Years' War and the Anglo-Spanish War. His most famous achievement was the successful invasion of Minorca in 1781, in which he defeated a British garrison and returned the island to Spain, although his efforts the following year to recapture Gibraltar from the British were a notable failure. He ended his career in the service of the Spanish Bourbon monarchy, which had been allied with France prior to the French Revolution, and died in Madrid.

Early life and career

Born in Avignon on 22 February 1717, Crillon was a member of a distinguished family that had originated in Chieri, Piedmont. His branch of the family had a long history of military service to the French crown. A descendant of the famous 16th-century general Louis des Balbes de Berton de Crillon ("the brave Crillon"), he was the son of the 1st Duke of Crillon, François Félix de Berton des Balbes, and Marie-Thérèse de Fabry de Moncault. Louis was the first-born of the couple's six children (four boys and two girls).

Crillon joined the Régiment du Roi (King's Regiment) in 1734, aged 16, as a lieutenant en second and participated in France's Italian campaign during the War of the Polish Succession. He was soon promoted to lieutenant en premier and took part in a number of notable actions, including the Battle of San Pietro, under the command of the Marshal de Villars. He remained with the regiment until 1738 when he was promoted to the rank of colonel in the Régiment de Bretagne (Regiment of Brittany).

Service in the War of the Austrian Succession

In 1742, he served with distinction in Bavaria under the command of François d'Harcourt, duc d'Harcourt during the War of the Austrian Succession. Crillon won particular renown for his tenacious defence of Landau an der Isar against a 10,000–strong attacking force led by the Grand Duke of Tuscany. When he was asked to surrender, Crillon told the enemy general that he could not as he had a name and a personal reputation to defend. The general is said to have replied, "Sir, we know and believe [this] since the beginning of the campaign; but give up, brave Crillon, you will be taken." He was captured after a thirteen-hour battle but was released eight days later in a prisoner exchange.

Crillon served again under d'Harcourt in 1744 when the latter commanded the Army of the Moselle during its campaigns along the Rhine. He participated in the siege of Fribourg and spent the winter in Swabia under the command of Marshal Coigny as colonel of an infantry regiment. In May 1745, he fought in the major Battle of Fontenoy near Tournai in modern-day Belgium and captured nearly 50 pieces of artillery from the Dutch, British, and Hanoverian alliance opposing the French. The following month he was appointed brigadier. On 10 July, he fought in what the French termed the battle of the Mésle at Dendermonde near Ghent, leading 8,000 men to victory against a British, Austrian and Dutch force. He then took part in the captures of Ghent, Ostend and Nieuwpoort.

In 1746 Crillon transferred to the command of the duc de Boufflers to serve in the headquarters of the Army of Flanders during the siege of Mons and rejoined the royal army following the city's capture. He brought the king news of the capture of the town and castle of Namur in October of that year, and was appointed to the rank of maréchal de camp, the junior of the two officer general ranks of the French Army. He took part in the 1747 campaign against the Republic of Genoa, serving in the Army of Italy under the Marshal de Belle-Isle, and was present during the captures of Nice, Villefranche, Montalbán and Ventimiglia.

Service in the Seven Years' War

Almost a decade of peace ended with the outbreak of the Seven Years' War in Europe. Crillon resumed active service with the Army of Germany (Reichsarmee) in 1757, when he first served in a separate corps commanded by the Prince of Soubise on the frontiers of Saxony and then joined the French Grand Army. He defended the city of Weißenfels in October 1757, commanding four imperial battalions and 17 companies of French grenadiers. He executed a retreat, but on 5 November he was injured when he had his horse shot out from under him at the Battle of Rossbach.

Transferred to the command of the Marshal de Richelieu, he served for a while in the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel. He fought at Lutzenburg in October 1758, where he took 400 prisoners, and moved on to take the strategic castle of Spangenberg. Although it was heavily fortified, he took the garrison by surprise on 9 November. Finding that the drawbridge was down, his troops took the garrison prisoner and seized their armoury, including 18 cannon, 307 guns and 44 barrels of powder. He returned to Flanders in May 1759 and was appointed to command French forces in Picardy in 1760.

Service with Spain

In 1762 Crillon moved to Spain, where he served as a lieutenant-general – the highest rank in the Bourbon armies – and was made a Knight of the Order of Charles III in 1780. During the Anglo-Spanish War, when Spain and France allied with the Americans to fight Britain, he was given command of a Spanish army tasked with capturing Minorca from the British. The army landed on the island on 19 August 1781 and laid siege to the British garrison in Fort St. Philip at Mahon. The siege was concluded successfully on 5 February 1782 when the British surrendered, for which Crillon was made a grandee of Spain and took the title of Duke of Crillon-Mahon. He was subsequently put in charge of the joint French and Spanish force that had been besieging Gibraltar since 1779. Despite his efforts, Gibraltar proved impregnable and peace was restored in 1783.

Crillon's service with Spain was further rewarded in 1783 with the title of Knight of the Golden Fleece. He was appointed captain-general of the kingdoms of Valencia and Murcia. He remained in Spain during the years of the French Revolutionary Wars, writing his memoirs (Memoires militaires de Louis de Berton des Balbes de Quiers), published in 1791. He took no part in the War of the Pyrenees (1793–95) between Spain and revolutionary France, but played a significant role in agreeing the peace that terminated the conflict. He died in Madrid in June 1796.

Reputation and family life

The courtesy and chivalry of Crillon attracted much admiration during his lifetime and afterwards. As the English anecdotist William Seward put it in 1798, "Courtesy, no less than courage, was always the appenage of the family of Crillon". During the siege of Gibraltar, he sent his English opponent General George Eliott a gift of fruits, vegetables and game, along with some ice, which he presumed "will not be disagreeable in the excessive heat of this climate at this season of the year." He expressed his "pleasure to which I look forward of becoming your friend, after I shall have learned to render myself worthy of the honour, by facing you as an enemy." Five years later, when his old adversary Eliott was promoted to the peerage and became Lord Heathfield, Crillon wrote to his "dear and respectable enemy", whom he now considered a friend, to offer his congratulations.

Crillon married three times and had four children. His first wife, whom he married on 1 February 1742, was Françoise-Marie-Elizabeth Couvay, with whom he had two children: Louis-Alexandre-Nolasque-Félix de Balbe Berton, who became the 3rd Duke of Crillon on his father's death and had a distinguished military career in his own right; and François-Félix Dorothée. His second wife, whom he married on 2 August 1764, was Florence-Radagonde-Louise-Eléonore-Julie Bruneau de la Rabatelière, who died without issue. His third wife, Josephe-Anathase-Roman-Garmon Espinosa de los Monteros, bore him two more children: Louis-Antoine-François de Paule, who became the 2nd Duke of Mahon, and Marie-Thérèse-Virginie-Françoise de Paul.

References

Bibliography

1717 births
1796 deaths
French military personnel of the Seven Years' War
Military personnel from Avignon
Spanish captain generals
French military personnel of the War of the Austrian Succession
Spanish military personnel of the American Revolutionary War
Dukes of Crillon
French military personnel of the War of the Polish Succession
Dukes of Mahon
Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain


Dolphu  is a village development committee in Mugu District in the Karnali Zone of north-western Nepal. It is the largest VDC in the district located in the east and borders Tibet, China. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 573 people living in 125 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mugu District

Populated places in Mugu District


Dick Hafer (July 20, 1937 – July 5, 2003) was an American comics artist. He is best known for his Christian and conservative comics with strong political and anti-extramarital sexuality views.

Hafer wrote about 70 comics. Although he is known most for his controversial political comics, Hafer covered a wide variety of topics: from church life (Church Chuckles), to model railroads (Sometimes You Gotta Compromise: A Light-Hearted Look at Model Railroading--And Model Railroaders), to dog ownership (So You Want a Dog: Questionable Answers to Your Questions About Doggie Ownership).

Hafer is best known for his conservative social and religious views.  One of his most controversial comics was the 1986 anti-homosexual comic Homosexuality: Legitimate, Alternative Deathstyle.  One of his best selling works was I Know That We're a Throw-Away Society, but This is Ridiculous!, an anti-abortion pamphlet published 1988. He also specifically targeted politicians of the Democratic Party: he parodied Ted Kennedy in Every Family Has One: Little Black Sheep (1982), and Michael Dukakis in Magical Mike (1988).

References

External links
"The Comics Commando: Cartoonist Dick Hafer likes underdogs, including small companies he thinks are being pushed around. Bullies beware!"—Magazine profile from June 1, 1982
Part 1 and Part 2 of Homosexuality: Legitimate, Alternative, Deathstyle—presented by Comics With Problems

1937 births
2003 deaths
American Christians
American comics writers
Christian comics creators


Panzerabwehrkanone, usually referred to with the acronym Pak, is the German language term for anti-tank gun. Before and during World War II, the German Army produced a series of 13 anti-tank guns which they designated Panzerabwehrkanone, i.e. Pak. In addition they produced one weapon they designated an anti-tank rifle, which is generally considered to actually be an anti-tank gun; and one gun they designated Panzerabwehrwerfer, PAW, the anti-tank launcher.

Description
In military terminology, a gun is a weapon too heavy to be hand held when fired. These weapons ranged from a weight of  to a weight of . The smallest caliber was  and the largest was .

Over the six-year course of World War II the armor of the tanks steadily improved, so in order to be effective the size of the projectile had to increase. A larger projectile required a heavier weapon.

All of these guns were meant to be towed. The earlier ones were light weight enough to be moved by hand, over short distances, into, and out of, their firing positions. Some variants were only used on tank destroyers, which are self-propelled,  like the cannons on tanks.

List
After each gun, the year of introduction is given.
2.8 cm sPzB 41 (1941)
3.7 cm Pak 36 (1928)
4.2 cm Pak 41 (1941)
4.7 cm Pak 38(t) (1939) Exclusively mounted on a tank destroyer.
4.7 cm Pak 181(f) (1937)
5 cm Pak 38 (1937)
7.5 cm Pak 97/38 (1941)
7.5 cm Pak 39 (1943) At  this was too heavy to move by hand. As were all later guns.
7.5 cm Pak 40 (1942)
7.5 cm Pak 41 (1942)
7.5 cm Pak 42 Exclusively mounted on the Jagdpanzer IV.
7.62 cm Pak 36(r) (1942) Captured Soviet anti-tank gun, modified to suit the needs of the German Army.
8 cm PAW 600 (1945) High pressure combustion chamber, delivered propellant gas to a light weight barrel.
8.8 cm Pak 43 (1943)
12.8 cm Pak 44 (1944)

See also
 Pak 57, a Swiss anti-tank gun

World War II anti-tank guns of Germany


The Pittsburgh Bankers were one of the earliest professional ice hockey clubs. The club was based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and was a member of the Western Pennsylvania Hockey League, the first league to openly hire hockey players, from 1899–1904 and 1907–1909. The team played all of its games at Duquesne Garden, and was involved in the first known trade of professional hockey players.

History

Origins

In October of 1899, the Western Pennsylvania Hockey League, which had comprised only three teams in its previous season of 1898–99, took applications for a fourth member for the upcoming 1899–1900 season. Applicants included Carnegie Athletic Club of Braddock, Homestead Library & Athletic Club, Keystone Bicycle Club, and the Bankers' Association of Pittsburgh. The team representing the Bankers' Association won admission and on November 28, 1899 played its first league game.

First title: 1902
In 1902, the Bankers signed Hod Stuart to a professional contract; this was disputed between the Bankers and the Pittsburgh Victorias, who also claimed him. Eventually the Bankers won the dispute and kept Stuart, who was considered, in certain hockey circles, to be the “greatest hockey player in the world." Hod was offered a salary of US$15–20 per week, plus steady income from a day job in Pittsburgh. Stuart scored seven goals and had eight assists and was named the best cover-point in the league in 1903. The Bankers claimed their first WPHL title that season and faced off against the Portage Lakes Hockey Club, located in Houghton, Michigan, for the title of top professional team in the United States. The winner of that series is unclear since Portage Lakes would win two of the four games and tie a third and the Bankers claimed the edge in total goals, 11–6. Another of the era's stars, Charlie Liffiton, joined the Bankers in 1902 to help the club win its first title. Over his two seasons with the club, Liffiton reportedly scored three goals in four playoff matches.

Consolidated into the IPHL
The following season, the Bankers saw their star player, Hod Stuart, leave the team to join the Portage Lakes Hockey Club. In fact as Portage Lakes continued to play professional exhibition games, the team raided all of the WPHL teams for their key players. The Bankers' Charlie Liffiton was offered $1350 to play for the Portage Lakes club for the remainder of the season, making him the era's highest paid player. The WPHL and the Bankers disappeared for the following season so that the WPHL could consolidate into the Pittsburgh Professionals and begin playing in the International Professional Hockey League. The idea for the new league was the idea of James R. Dee, a Houghton businessman, who came up with the idea after watching the Bankers and Portage Lakes play in 1904. Several Bankers' players, such as Lorne Campbell and Hod Stuart, played for the Pittsburgh Professionals. Meanwhile, other Bankers players, like Charlie Liffiton, played for Portage Lakes.

Revival and quick demise

The WPHL, along with the Pittsburgh Bankers was revived for the 1907–08 season, once the IPHL folded. During that season, the Bankers were involved in what might have been the first trades of professional hockey players. The Bankers traded Dutch Koch to Lyceum for Harry Burgoyne in December 1907, and in early January, reacquired Koch from Lyceum in exchange for Fred Young. A bigger deal took place on January 27, 1908, when the Bankers sent Joseph Donnelly and Bert Bennett to the Pittsburgh Pirates for Jim MacKay, Edgar Dey and Dunc Taylor. On January 31 the Pirates would also acquire Gordon McGuire from the Bankers through a separate purchase. The Bankers would go on to win their second league title in 1907–08. The Bankers then played a "World's Series" with the Montreal Wanderers. The Wanderers won the series two games to one.

The following season saw future Stanley Cup winner Skene Ronan made his professional hockey debut with the Bankers, however Ronan would later break his contract to leave the team and play with the Toronto Professionals. Meanwhile, future Hall of Famer Alf Smith returned to the Western Pennsylvania Hockey League and played for the Bankers and the Duquesne Athletic Club before he was suspended from the two teams for rough play.

However the defection of star Bankers players such as Ronan, Tommy Smith, Harry Smith and Edgar Dey were now common in the WPHL. The newly revived league could no longer rely on salaries as novelty to attract Canadian talent, since professionalism had spread into Canada. Many players signed up, particularly since the WPHL played on Duquesne Garden's artificial ice and was not dependent on cold weather to provide a naturally frozen surface; however as winter began and Canadian rinks became available, the players would just flock north to teams closer to home. This jumping affected all of the league's teams. Once the Pittsburgh Lyceum team folded on December 23, it was decided to discontinue the WPHL after the season. The championship of the final season came down to the last game between the Bankers and the Duquesne Athletic Club on February 6, 1909. The D.A.C. won the game 4–2, making them champions and preventing the Bankers from claiming a third WPHL title.

Prominent players
The following members of the Bankers became enshrined in the Hockey Hall of Fame:

Alf Smith (1962)
Tommy Smith (1973)
Hod Stuart (1945)

Logo and uniforms
Starting with their first season of 1899–1900, the Bankers wore sweaters marked with a yellow dollar sign. The Pittsburgh Post referred to the team at points during the next two seasons as the "blue and old gold" and "wearers of the gold and blue". On the day of the 1903–04 season opener, it was reported that the team's new uniforms would be "all blue with the letter B in white". When the WPHL was revived in late 1907 after three seasons of inactivity, the Bankers came back wearing olive green jerseys with a gold dollar sign on the chest. A game report in late 1908, during the team's and the league's last season, referred to the Bankers as red and white.

References

Bankers
Defunct ice hockey teams in Pennsylvania
Bankers
Bankers


Ghaina  is a village development committee in Mugu District in the Karnali Zone of north-western Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 1659 people living in 338 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Mugu District

Populated places in Mugu District