Billy Holland (born 3 August 1985) is an Irish former rugby union player, who spent his entire career playing for his native province of Munster, whilst also earning a single international cap for Ireland. He played primarily as a lock, though also played flanker occasionally, and represented Cork Constitution in the All-Ireland League.

Professional career

Munster
Holland made his full debut for Munster against Scarlets on  22 September 2007, having made his non-competitive debut against Saracens in a friendly on 7 September. He was part of the Munster team that narrowly lost to New Zealand on 18 November 2008, in the opening game of the new Thomond Park. He made his Heineken Cup debut in Munster 2009–10 Heineken Cup quarter-final against Northampton Saints on 10 April 2010. Holland started for Munster in their historic 15–6 victory over Australia on 16 November 2010.

He signed a new two-year contract with Munster in March 2012. Holland led Munster A to victory in the 2011–12 British and Irish Cup Final, putting in a captains performance in the 31–12 win. Holland captained Munster against Dragons on 29 November 2013. He signed a new two-year contract with Munster in February 2014, which will see him remain with the province until at least June 2016. Holland was nominated for the 2015 Munster Rugby Senior Player of the Year Award in April 2015. In January 2016, Holland signed a new two-year contract with Munster. He was nominated for the 2016 Munster Senior Player of the Year Award, the second successive season he was nominated. On 5 May 2017, Holland was named in the 2016–17 Pro12 Dream Team. Holland started Munster's first 16 games of the 2017–18 season and signed a two-year contract extension with the province in January 2018.

He won his 200th cap for Munster during their 2018–19 Pro14 round 13 win against Connacht on 5 January 2019, becoming just the tenth player to achieve the feat with the province. He signed a one-year contract extension with the province in February 2020. Holland became Munster's joint-second most capped player with Ronan O'Gara on 240 caps when he captained the province to a 22–10 away win against Edinburgh in round 12 of the 2020–21 Pro14 on 20 February 2021, also winning the Man-of-the-Match award. He retired at the end of the 2020–21 season after 14 years with the province, and was named in the 2020–21 Pro14 Dream Team in his final season. Holland's final game for Munster was their 54–11 away win against Italian side Zebre in round 6 of the Pro14 Rainbow Cup on 11 June 2021.

Ireland
Holland had represented Ireland Schools, Ireland under 19s and Ireland under 21s. He won the IRUPA Award for Unsung Hero on 8 May 2013. He started for Emerging Ireland their second 2014 IRB Nations Cup game against Uruguay on 18 June 2014, scoring a try. He also started in the 31–10 victory over Romania on 22 June 2014, a win that secured the 2014 IRB Nations Cup for Emerging Ireland.

Holland was added to the senior Ireland squad for the 2015 Six Nations Championship game against England on 24 February 2015. He was named in the Emerging Ireland squad for the 2015 World Rugby Tbilisi Cup on 19 May 2015. Holland started in the opening 25–0 win against Emerging Italy on 13 June 2015. Holland started in the 33–7 win against Uruguay on 17 June 2015. He captained the side in the 45–12 win against Georgia on 21 June 2015, a win which secured the tournament for Emerging Ireland.

On 26 October 2016, Holland was named in Ireland's squad for the 2016 end-of-year rugby union internationals. On 12 November 2016, Holland made his senior Ireland debut when he started in the 52–21 win against Canada. On 23 January 2017, Holland was named in the Ireland squad for the opening two rounds of the 2017 Six Nations Championship. Holland was awarded the Contribution to Irish Society accolade at the Irish Rugby Players Awards in October 2020.

Holland was the recipient of the 2021 Guinness Rugby Writers of Ireland's Tom Rooney Award in recognition of his contribution to Irish rugby.

Honours

Emerging Ireland
World Rugby Nations Cup
Winner (1): 2014
World Rugby Tbilisi Cup
Winner (1): 2015

Individual
United Rugby Championship Dream Team
Member (2): 2016–17, 2020–21

References

External links
Munster Profile
Ireland Profile
Pro14 Profile

Living people
1985 births
People educated at Christian Brothers College, Cork
Rugby union players from Cork (city)
Irish rugby union players
University College Cork RFC players
Cork Constitution players
Munster Rugby players
Munster Rugby captains
Ireland international rugby union players
Rugby union locks
Rugby union flankers


Klwatka Szlachecka  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jedlińsk, within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Jedlińsk,  north-west of Radom, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Klwatka Szlachecka


Klwaty  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jedlińsk, within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Jedlińsk,  north-west of Radom, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Klwaty


Kruszyna  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jedlińsk within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Kruszyna


Lisów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jedlińsk, within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Jedlińsk,  north of Radom, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Radom County


Ludwików  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jedlińsk, within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Radom County


Marcelów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jedlińsk, within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Radom County


Moczydło  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jedlińsk, within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Jedlińsk,  north of Radom, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Radom County


Mokrosęk (; ) is a village and sołectwo in the administrative district of Gmina Jedlińsk, within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in the east-central Poland. Sołectwo Mokrosęk contains two villages: Mokrosęk and Gryzów.

Geography

Mokrosęk is located in the Radom Plain. Village covers a total area of . A 5.2 km long Stara Błotnica - Jedlanka powiat road no. 1133W runs through the village, linking the village with the European route E77. Also a 59.8 km long Radomka Community Corporation's Bartodzieje - Uroczysko Grabina cycling trail runs through the village.

History

For the first time Mokrosęk was mentioned in court records of 1411. The village was named then Mocrosank. Another reference is in 1508 tax records. The village is also mentioned in Jan Łaski's liber beneficiorum of 1511–1523.

Demographics

Notes

References

Villages in Radom County


Narty  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jedlińsk, within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Narty


Nowa Wola  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jedlińsk, within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Jedlińsk,  north of Radom, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Nowa Wola


Nowe Zawady  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jedlińsk, within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Nowe Zawady


Obózek  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jedlińsk, within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Radom County


Piaseczno  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jedlińsk, within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Jedlińsk,  north of Radom, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Piaseczno


Piaski () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jedlińsk, within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Jedlińsk,  north of Radom, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Radom County


Piastów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jedlińsk, within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Jedlińsk,  north-west of Radom, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Radom County


Płasków  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jedlińsk, within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Jedlińsk,  north of Radom, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Radom County


Romanów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jedlińsk, within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Radom County


Stare Zawady  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jedlińsk, within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Stare Zawady


Urbanów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jedlińsk, within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Radom County


Wielogóra  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jedlińsk, within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Jedlińsk,  north of Radom, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Radom County


Santa Rosita may refer to:
 Santa Rosita State Park, a place in the fictional city of Santa Rosita, California in the comedy film It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World. Although it’s noted that in the movie, the city featured to be “Santa Rosita” was all shot and represented as Los Angeles.
 Santa Rosita Formation, a geological formation (upper Furongian–Tremadocian) in the Tilcara Range, Cordillera Oriental of Jujuy, Argentina
 Santa Rosita, Guatemala, a place nearby the Polochic River in Guatemala
 a neighborhood of Guatemala City, Guatemala
 Santa Rosita (cantón), a subdivision of the Vallegrande Municipality in Bolivia
 a neighborhood in the UPZ (Unidades de Planeamiento Zonal) of Boyacá Real of the locality of Engativá in Bogotá, Colombia
 Santa Rosita y el péndulo proliferante, a 1972 book by Peruvian writer Mirko Lauer


Wierzchowiny  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jedlińsk, within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Jedlińsk,  north of Radom, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Wierzchowiny


Wsola  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jedlińsk, within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Jedlińsk,  north of Radom, and  south of Warsaw.

References

Wsola


The Federal Junior Duck Stamp is an American art competition sponsored by the United States government for students to draw, or paint a duck realistically. The national winner's design is used to create a (non-postal) stamp which is sold to raise funds for environmental education.

Background
The program began in 1989 with a grant from the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation (NFWF) and was first recognized by the United States Congress in 1994 when the Junior Duck Stamp Conservation and Design Program Act was enacted.

Entries in the contest may be paintings or drawings. The program is designed to be "a dynamic arts curriculum that teaches wetlands and waterfowl conservation to students from kindergarten through high school". The best of show winner from each state participates in a national tour of entries and is forwarded to the national competition.

There is also a Conservation Message contest, where contestants write their own conservation messages about wildlife.

Each year, Junior Duck Stamp State Coordinators in all 50 U.S. states, American Samoa and the U.S. Virgin Islands help to bring the Junior Duck Stamp Conservation and Design Program to more than 28,000 students.  To honor the most dedicated coordinators, the Junior Duck Stamp Program developed the Green Ribbon Award for State Coordinator of the Year.  We are pleased to recognize the 2011 State Coordinator of the Year, Marilyn Gamette of California.  Gamette has been committed to the JDS program since its inception in 1989, working to expand the program in California and helping to break state and national records with 3,126 pieces of art submitted in 2011.  Throughout her career and into her retirement from the Sacramento National Wildlife Refuge Complex, Gamette has inspired children and adults with her dedication and educational efforts.

There was controversy in 2013 when the competition's youngest ever national winner, six-year-old Madison Grimm, was stripped of her win because of accusations of plagiarism. A few days later she was reinstated as the winner, after the US Fish & Wildlife Service decided the competition had been fair, despite Madison using a tracing technique. Her design was used for the $5 stamp and she received a $5,000 scholarship.

References

External links
 Official website

American visual arts awards
Wildlife artists
Visual arts competitions


Kamka Kura (KK), a Youth and Livelihood-based Radio Program produced by Equal Access Nepal, is a radio program that is means for the youth who are seeking better opportunities and for a good and secure future. With a tagline of Exploring Livelihoods, Kamka Kura is a distant learning job skills training radio series designed to help the youth of Nepal, especially those young people who are most disadvantaged regarding education and opportunities.

Kamka Kura disseminates information regarding livelihood issues (i.e., Agriculture, technical vocational education and skills, Livestock, Education) through the means of drama, chat, interviews, features, reports, letters etc. It also creates linkages with local services.

KK began broadcasting on May 16, 2007, and broadcast its final episode on September 1, 2010, through Radio Nepal and in the first week of September through other FM stations. It was broadcast over 36 local radio stations nationwide, both in urban and rural areas including State radio, and Radio Nepal.

From October 2009 to March 2010, with support from Internews Europe, KK produced and broadcast programs on themes of Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) and Micro-finance. The program aimed to encourage information seeking behavior among micro finance/small and medium enterprises and build awareness and capacity among micro finance institutions to simply critical business information.

From June - August 2010, Kamka Kura incorporated issues related to Skills for Employability with support from British Council. Issues like importance of vocational skills, information on some vocational and technical areas, importance of skill testing and other skills like entrepreneurship, communication skills, presentation skills, etc. were included along with the "Learning English" section which aimed to teach English for work to its listeners.

History

Saathi Sanga Manka Kura (SSMK) is popular youth radio show on life skills and HIV & AIDS. Based on Knowledge, Attitude, Practice and Skills (KAPS) study and other frequent qualitative studies, UNICEF developed an innovative radio program in Nepali: “Saathi Sanga Man Ka Kura (SSMK)” or “Chatting with my best friend” or in short SSMK in 2001. It is the centerpiece of UNICEF's communication initiative for young people which is the first radio program produced by the young people and for the young people in Nepal. It is designed to be interactive with listeners as a peer who speaks their mind without moral judgment. The program's popularity has often been assessed by its listeners through feedback and letters in terms of its non-judgmental, confidential and open platform nature, where anyone can open their heart out on issues deeply related to them. SSMK has won many national and international prestigious awards on Information communication technology or ICTs including Global Junior Challenge Award, International Children Broadcasting Day Award and many more.

SSMK receives around 1400 letters and 200 e-mails every month on various issues that matters to young people of Nepal. Among most of the letters, concerns on livelihood and employment opportunities are always received in high number. Nepal has an unemployment rate of over 12.2% and its per capita income is $1362. So most of youths either migrate to foreign countries or nearby towns in search of opportunities and jobs. According to many studies and assessments, lack of opportunities and unemployment are the major problem being faced by Nepalese youth. Because of lack of opportunities, young people are compelled to migrate to urban areas or foreign countries. Government estimates that around 600 young people leave for abroad every day in search of work and opportunities. This data excludes the number of young people who leave without any documentation to India. Because of lack of opportunities, young people not only migrate for opportunities but also are facing other problems like frustration resulting various social problems.
In the view of high rates of youth migrating to urban areas or to foreign countries because of lack of opportunities and unemployment in Nepal, SSMK started its spin off radio program on livelihood called Kamka Kura in May 2007.

Facts sheet

 Production frequency: 1/week
 Duration: 30 min
 Radio Broadcasting: 36 radio stations and Radio Nepal.
 Audience reached: 10 million people
 Audience estimated:  2 million listeners
 Listeners club:  20+

Target groups:
 Youths who are not being able to get any opportunities, employments or training facilities.
 Mostly semi-urban and rural youths who don't have access to information on livelihood.

Content Advisory Meeting:
 Average of 5 stakeholders invited.
 1/month

Contact Address:
 P.O.B. 118, Lalitpur, Kathmandu

Stations broadcasting

References

External links
 SSMK Homepage
 Equal Access
 SSMK wins Global Junior Challenge
 Someone I can Talk to

Nepalese radio programs
2007 establishments in Nepal


Miss World 1970, the 20th Anniversary of the Miss World pageant, was held on 20 November 1970 at the Royal Albert Hall in London, UK. 58 contestants competed for the Miss World title. Jennifer Hosten from Grenada won the crown of Miss World 1970. Although Miss World 1969, Eva Rueber-Staier of Austria, was present and took part in a dance routine before the announcement of the winner, the new Miss World was crowned by Bob Hope. The event was marked by controversy in the days beforehand, during the contest itself and afterwards.

Results

Placement

Contestants

   – Pearl Gladys Jansen
  – Patricia María Charré Salazar
  – Valli Kemp
  – Rosemarie Resch
  – June Justina Brown
  – Francine Martin
  – Sonia Yara Guerra
  – Norma Joyce Hickey
  – Yolanda Shahzali Ahlip
  – Carmelina Bayona Vera
  – Louiza Anastadiades
  – Winnie Hollman
  – Fátima Shecker
  – Sofía Virginia Monteverde Nimbriotis
  – Hannele Hamara
  – Micheline Beaurain
  – Margaret Davies
  – Dagmar Eva Ruthenberg
  – Carmen Gomez
  – Julie Vardi
  – Jennifer Hosten
  – Jennifer Diana Evan Wong
  – Patricia Hollman
  – Ann Lay
  – Anna Hansdóttir
  – Heather Corinne Faville
  – Mary Elizabeth McKinley
  – Irith Lavi
  – Marika de Poi
  – Elizabeth Ann Lindo
  – Hisayo Nakamura
  – Lee Jung-hee
  – Georgina Rizk
  – Mainusa Wiles
  – Rita Massard
  – Mary Ann Wong
  – Tessa Marthese Galea
  – Florence Muller
  – Libia Zulema López Montemayor
  – Glenys Elizabeth Treweek
  – Evangelina Lacayo
  – Stella Owivri †
  – Aud Fosse
  – Minerva Manalo Cagatao
  – Ana Maria Diozo Lucas
  – Alma Doris Pérez
  – Nicole Barallon
  – Jillian Elizabeth Jessup
  – Josefina Román Gutiérrez
  – Marjorie Christel Johansson
  – Sylvia Christina Weisser
  – Tuanjai Amnakamart
  – Kaltoum Khouildi
  – Afet Tugbay
  – Yvonne Anne Ormes
  – Sandra Anne Wolsfeld
  – Tomasa Nina de las Casas Mata
  – Tereza Đelmiš

Judges
A panel of nine judges evaluated the performance of the contestants in Miss World 1970. Judges included Joan Collins, Roesmin Nurjadin (the Indonesian Ambassador), Eric Gairy (the first Prime Minister of Grenada), Glen Campbell and Nina.

Notes

Debuts

Returns

Last competed in 1959:

Last competed in 1964:

Last competed in 1966:

Last competed in 1968:

Other Notes
  - Georgina Rizk went on to compete in Miss Universe in 1971, which was held in Miami Beach, and win the crown.

Protests and controversy
There was controversy before the contest began because the organisers had allowed two entries from South Africa, one black, one white. On the evening of the contest, a bomb exploded under a BBC outside broadcast van in an unsuccessful attempt by the Angry Brigade to prevent the contest being televised. There were no injuries. The audience then had to enter the hall past noisy demonstrators who were penned behind barricades.

During the evening there were protests by Women's Liberation activists. They threw flour bombs during the event, momentarily alarming the host, Bob Hope. He was also heckled during the proceedings. The protests are the subject of the film Misbehaviour which was released in 2020.

Even greater controversy then followed after the result was announced. Jennifer Hosten, Miss Grenada, won, becoming the first Black woman to win Miss World, and the Black contestant from South Africa placed second. The BBC and newspapers received numerous protests about the result. Four of the nine judges had given first-place votes to Miss Sweden, while Miss Grenada received only two firsts, yet the Swedish entrant finished fourth. Furthermore, the Prime Minister of Grenada, Sir Eric Gairy, was on the judging panel. One of Gairy's obituaries described his corruption and use of a gang of thugs when in government. There were many accusations that the contest had been rigged, with counter-accusations that scrutiny of the results was motivated by racism and pointed that favouritism of white contestants had been typical in the contest's history. Some of the audience gathered in the street outside Royal Albert Hall after the contest and chanted "Swe-den, Swe-den". Four days later the organising director, Julia Morley, resigned because of the intense pressure from the newspapers. Years later Miss Sweden, Maj Christel Johansson, was reported as saying that she felt she had been cheated out of the title.

Morley's husband, Eric Morley, was the chairman of the company (Mecca) that owned the Miss World franchise. To disprove the accusations, Eric Morley put the judging panel's ballot cards on view and described the complex "majority vote system". These cards showed that Jennifer Hosten had more place markings in the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th positions over Miss Sweden and the other five finalists. Julia Morley then resumed her job. However, many observers still felt Sir Eric Gairy on the judging panel had influenced the other judges to give Ms Hosten token placings.

In popular culture
In 2014, BBC Radio produced an audio documentary as an episode of its The Reunion series, bringing together Jennifer Hosten, host of the competition Michael Aspel and several of the women who had disrupted and protested against the show. This documentary inspired Philippa Lowthorpe to produce and direct the 2020 movie Misbehaviour which dramatized the events surrounding the contest. Shortly after its release, BBC television produced a further documentary Beauty Queens and Bedlam which interviewed the protestors, organizers, hosts and Misses Grenada, Africa South and Sweden.

References

External links
 Pageantopolis – Miss World 1970
 1970 Miss World Part 1
 1970 Miss World Part 2
 Sally Alexander, one of the feminists who disrupted the 1970 Miss World contest, talking about the protest

Miss World
1970 in London
1970 beauty pageants
Beauty pageants in England
Events at the Royal Albert Hall
November 1970 events in the United Kingdom
Feminist protests
Feminism in the United Kingdom
Boycotts of apartheid South Africa


The 49th Annual Japan Record Awards took place at the New National Theatre in Shibuya, Tokyo, on December 30, 2007, starting at 6:30PM JST. The primary ceremonies were televised in Japan on TBS.

Awards winners
Japan Record Award: Tsubomi
Artist and Arranger: Kobukuro
Songwriter and Composer: Kentaro Kobuchi
Record companies: Warner Music Japan
Best Vocal Performance: Exile
Best New Artist: Cute
Gold Awards:
ayaka
w-inds.
Exile
Ai Otsuka
Miyuki Kawanaka
Kumi Koda
Kobukuro
Kiyoshi Hikawa
BoA
Kaori Mizumori
New Artist Awards:
Cute
Jyongri
Stephanie
Satomi Takasugi

See also
58th NHK Kōhaku Uta Gassen

References

External links
Official Website.
Complete list of all winners .

Japan Record Awards
Japan Record Awards
Japan Record Awards
Japan Record Awards
2007


Surviving Sid is a 2008 computer-animated short film from Blue Sky Studios, starring Sid the Sloth of Ice Age and a cameo appearance by Scrat. It is the third in the series of Ice Age short films, the other two being Gone Nutty and No Time for Nuts. Unlike the first two Ice Age short films, Surviving Sid focuses on Sid and a small animal group of camping children. Directed by Galen Tan Chu and Karen Disher, the short premiered on December 9, 2008, on the Horton Hears a Who! DVD and Blu-ray.

Plot
Two weeks after the events of the second film and twenty-two months before the third film with dinosaurs, Sid, who was hired as a camp counselor by his friends Manny and Diego, takes a school of children out on a camping trip from home, only to find that he is not a very good guide and the children are bored. In a cameo appearance, Scrat has swallowed his acorn and is struggling to keep it down. He coughs it up and it is stolen from him by the S'more. The camping trip leaves some of the children somewhat traumatized. Sid tries to pick a flower, but somehow this has led to a tree falling, which then hits a rock, which causes a chain reaction and hits a series of larger rocks, until eventually hitting a large iceberg. The iceberg then carves out a u-shaped valley, which Sid later names the Grand Canyon. Afterwards the kids get so annoyed with Sid that it ends with them tying him up. 20,000 years later on present day, it shows a father and son beaver looking over the Grand Canyon with the son asking who made it. The father replies "Nature or a being with infinite wisdom."

Cast

 John Leguizamo as Sid the Sloth
 Chris Wedge as Scrat
 Shane Baumel as Whiny Beaver Boy
 Paul Butcher as Smarty Pants Molehog Boy
 Karen Disher as S'more
 Sean Micheal Cunningham as Glyptodon Boy
 Khamani Griffin as Beaver Son
 John Hawkinson as Beaver Dad
 Feodor Lark as Aardvark Girl Cindy
 Emily Osment as Start Girl Claire

Release
The short film was released with the Horton Hears a Who! Blu-ray and DVD, which was released on December 9, 2008.

As of July 2009, it is also available as a free "Video Podcast" in the USA iTunes Store, and on the PlayStation Network.

References

External links

2008 films
2008 short films
Ice Age (franchise) films
Computer-animated short films
20th Century Fox short films
2008 computer-animated films
Blue Sky Studios short films
2000s American animated films
Films directed by Karen Disher
2000s English-language films


Climazolam (Ro21-3982) was introduced under licence as a veterinary medicine by the Swiss Pharmaceutical company Gräub under the tradename Climasol. Climazolam is a benzodiazepine, specifically an imidazobenzodiazepine derivative developed by Hoffman-LaRoche. It is similar in structure to midazolam and diclazepam and is used in veterinary medicine for anesthetizing animals.

References

Chloroarenes
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
Imidazobenzodiazepines
Veterinary drugs


The University of Auckland Faculty of Arts Te Kura Tangata is a faculty within the University of Auckland that teaches humanities, social sciences, languages and Indigenous studies, located on Symonds Street, in Auckland, New Zealand.

In 2007, it was ranked 32nd in the world. As of 2023, the University of Auckland's arts and humanities ranking was 101-125.

Schools and Disciplinary Areas
After 2014 organisational reform of the Faculty of Arts:

School of Humanities
Art History
Classical Studies and Ancient History
Drama
English
History
Logic and Computation
Media and Screen Studies
Museums and Cultural Heritage
Philosophy
Theological and Religious Studies

School of Social Sciences
Anthropology
Development Studies
Politics and International Relations
Sociology

School of Cultures, Languages and Linguistics
Applied Language Studies and Linguistics
Cultures and languages
Intercultural programmes
Translation and Interpreting

Te Wānanga o Waipapa – School of Māori Studies and Pacific Studies
(Focus on indigenous studies related to Aotearoa-New Zealand and the Pacific)
Māori Studies
Pacific Studies

Before the 2014 organisational reform and Subjects:

 Department of Anthropology
 Ethnomusicology
 Archaeological Field Schools
 Archive of Maori and Pacific Musics
 Centre for Archaeological Research
 National Conservation Laboratory for Wet Organic Archaeological Materials
 Auckland Archaeological Society
 RAL – Research in Anthropology and Linguistics
 Polynesian Society
Subjects: Anthropology, Biological Anthropology, Cultural Anthropology, Social Anthropology, Archaeology, Archaeological Science, Conservation, Ethnomusicology, Women Studies
 Department of Applied Language Studies and Linguistics
Subjects: Applied Language Studies, English Writing, Academic English Studies (formerly as ESOL programme), Language Teaching and Learning, Language Teaching, Linguistics, Language and Literature
 Department of Art History
 Museum and Cultural Heritage Programme
Subjects: Art History, Museum and Cultural Heritage
 School of Asian Studies
 Department of Chinese
 Department of Japanese
 Department of Korean
 Indonesian programme
Subjects: Asian Studies, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Indonesian
 New Zealand Asian Institute
 China Studies Centre
 Japan Studies Centre
 Korea Studies Centre
 Department of Classics and Ancient History
 Lacey Library
Subjects: Ancient History, Classics, Greek, Latin
 Centre for Development Studies
 Subjects: Development Studies
 Department of English
 Centre for Medieval and Early Modern European Studies (MEDEMS)
Subjects: English, Creative Writing, Writing Studies, Medieval and Early Modern European Studies
 School of European Languages and Literature
 European Institute
 Department of Comparative Literature
 Department of French
 Pacific French Research Unit
 Department of Italian
 Department of German and Slavonic Studies
 Research Centre for Germanic Connections with New Zealand and the Pacific
 German Research Library
 Polish Programme
 Russian Language and Literature
 Croatian Language
 Department of Latin American Studies
 New Zealand Centre for Latin American Studies
 Department of Spanish
 Centre for Translation and Interpreting
Subjects: Comparative Literature, Croatian, European Studies, French, German, Italian, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Translation Studies, Interpreting
 Department of Film, Television and Media Studies
Subjects: Film, Television and Media Studies, Screen Production
 Department of History
Subjects: History
 Department of Maori Studies
 International Research Institute for Maori and Indigenous Education
 National Institute of Research Excellence for Maori Development and Advancements (CoRE)
 Centre for Pacific Studies
Subjects: Cook Island Maori, Pacific Studies, Tongan, Samoan
 Department of Philosophy
 Professional Ethics Programme
Subjects: Ethics, Philosophy, Logic and Computation
 Department of Political Studies
 Peace Studies Programme
Subjects: Political Studies, Public Policy,
 Department of Sociology
 Criminology Programme
 Centre of Methods and Policy Application in the Social Sciences
Subjects: Criminology, Sociology, Social Science for Public Health, Social Science Research Methods,
 School of Theology
 Auckland Theological Education Group
Subjects: Biblical Studies, Christian Thought and History, Practical Theology, Theology

Arts Programs
Undergraduate programs
Bachelor of Arts, BA
Bachelor of Global Studies (co-ordinate with other various faculties)
Certificate in Languages, CertLang
Certificate of Proficiency, COP
Diploma in Languages, DipLang

Conjoint degrees
Bachelor of Arts / Bachelor of Commerce (BA/B.Com)
Bachelor of Arts / Bachelor of Engineering (Honours) (BA/BE(Hons))
Bachelor of Arts / Bachelor of Fine Arts or Bachelor of Fine Arts (Honours) (BA/BFA or BA/BFA(Hons))
Bachelor of Arts / Bachelor of Health Sciences (BA/BHSc)
Bachelor of Arts / Bachelor of Laws or Bachelor of Laws (Honours) (BA/LLB or BA/LLB(Hons))
Bachelor of Arts / Bachelor of Music (BA/BMus)
Bachelor of Arts / Bachelor of Science (BA/BSc)

Postgraduate programs
Graduate Diplomas (bridging programme for postgraduate studies)
Graduate Diploma in Arts, GDipArts
Honours
Bachelor of Arts (Honours), BA
Postgraduate Certificate/Diploma
Postgraduate Diploma in Arts, PGDipArts
Postgraduate Certificate in Advanced Interpreting, PCertAdvInt
Postgraduate Diploma in Language Teaching, PGDipLangTchg
Postgraduate Diploma in Translation Studies, PGDipTranslatStd
Masters
Master of Arts, MA
Master of Creative Writing, MCW
Master of Indigenous Studies, MIndgSt
Master of Literature, MLitt
Master of Professional Studies, MProfSt,
Master of Public Policy, MPP
Master of Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages, MTESOL
Master of Theology, MTheol

Doctoral program
Doctor of Philosophy, PhD

Bridging Programs
Transitional Certificate (TransCert)
Graduate Diploma in Arts (GradDipArts)
Certificate of Proficiency (COP)

External links
 Official website of the Faculty of Arts, University of Auckland

References

Arts, Faculty of


A layer is the deposition of molecules on a substrate or base (glass, ceramic,  semiconductor, or plastic/bioplastic).

High temperature substrates includes stainless steel and polyimide film (expensive)   and PET (cheap).

A depth of less than one micrometre is generally called a thin film while a depth greater than one micrometre is called a coating.

A web is a flexible substrate.

See also

Coating
Heterojunction
Nanoparticle
Organic electronics
Passivation
Printed electronics
Sputtering
Thermal annealing
Transparent conducting oxide

References

Electronics concepts
Semiconductor device fabrication


Elisabeth Bas (1571, in Kampen – 2 August 1649, in Amsterdam) was a business person in the Dutch Republic.  She was the spouse of Jochem Hendrickszoon Swartenhont.

Biography
Swartenhont was an admiral in the navy of the Dutch Republic and a military hero.  Jochem Swartenhont was painted, wearing his military decorations by Nicolaes Eliasz. Pickenoy (1588-1655) - Pickenoy also painted Joachem's daughter Maria. During his frequent absence, Elisabeth, as was the custom for the wives of sailors, supported herself with small time business such as selling bread. During the Twelve Years' Truce (1609-1621) Jochem was out of work and set up a tavern in Amsterdam named after the Prince of Orange.  It was on the corner of the Nes and the Pieter Jacobszstraat and was patronised by politicians, artists and writers.  After Jochem's death Elisabeth, continued to manage it until at least 1631. She later sold it, becoming rich (she left 28,000 guilders on her death).

Jochem died in 1627, leaving his wife and four children.  Three of these children died before their mother.  The eldest daughter, Maria, had had three children and so these were adopted by Elisabeth on Maria's death - one of them, Maria Rey, later commissioned a portrait of Elisabeth from Dutch painter Ferdinand Bol.

References

Institute of Netherlands History biography.

External links

1571 births
1649 deaths
17th-century Dutch women
People from Kampen, Overijssel
17th-century Dutch businesspeople


Nes (; sometimes called de Nes, "the Nes") is a narrow, old, street in central Amsterdam, Netherlands. It runs parallel to and to the east of Rokin, between Dam Square to the north and Grimburgwal to the south.

The Dutch word nes means headland or spit (compare the English word "ness", often found as a suffix in placenames). Until the seventeenth century, the northern part of Nes (roughly near where Dam Square now is) was called Gansoord ("Goose-oord"). (An oord (nl) is a piece of land between where two rivers meet.) The name most likely described the nature of the street's original situation among the waterways of Amsterdam.

In the year 1500, there were around 20 monasteries in Amsterdam; of which five were in Nes. The street was nicknamed Gebed zonder End ("Prayer without end"). A side alley bears that name to this day (nl). Open practice of Catholicism was banned after the Alteratie of 1578, and the monasteries were given over to other uses. For example, the  was founded as a hospital on the sites of the Old and New Nunneries.

From early in the nineteenth century, Nes became a centre for entertainment. Its attractions included brothels, café-chantants, the , the Theatre Tivoli, and artists' cafés. Later, it became important in the tobacco trade.

From 1911 (or earlier) until the mid 1930s, No. 17 was home to one of the earliest gay bars: .

Since the 1960s, Nes has become known as a theatrical quarter; with sites including Frascati, ,  (a Flemish cultural centre),  (a rijksmonument), and the Comedy Theatre in de Nes.

Further reading

Streets in Amsterdam


The Forsa Institute for Social Research and Statistical Analysis (), stylized as forsa for short, is one of the leading market research and opinion polling companies in Germany. It was founded in 1984 by Manfred Güllner in Cologne and is now headquartered in Berlin with a branch in Dortmund; it formerly also had an office in Riga, Latvia.

In addition to opinion research, forsa conducts surveys regarding community and other public services, basic industry, manufacturing, investments broadly construed, traffic and transport, financial services and print, television and other media. Forsa has approximately 60 permanent employees, and hires further interviewers as part-time independent contractors from Monitel GmbH. In contrast GfK, Germany's largest market research firm, has approximately 1,600 permanent employees in Germany alone.

Methods

Telephone polling
Forsa currently uses computer-assisted telephone interviewing, telephoning a representative sample of at least 1,000 persons per day between 4.30 and 9.00 pm., enabling them to reach most employed people. Those 14 and older are permitted to voluntarily answer questions, which primarily concern social research, political and election research, and media, marketing and online consumer research. The phone numbers are randomly selected and all data anonymised and evaluated only for statistical purposes. For statistical reasons, only the household member who last had a birthday is interviewed. The intention is to form a picture of the "typical German" which includes all ages and both sexes in equal proportions.

To maintain objectivity, the sponsors of a questionnaire are not named until interviews are completed. However, sponsoring firms and institutions and fields of interest can be gleaned from forsa's publications and those of industry groups such as the Berufsverband Deutscher Markt- und Sozialforscher and the European Society for Opinion and Marketing Research. It is clear that opinion research alone no longer suffices to fund larger institutions.

Further survey methods
Forsa also uses other interviewing and surveying methods, in particular computer-assisted personal interviewing for business-to-business surveys.

Online surveys
For online research, forsa uses its own intranet of approximately 10,000 households throughout Germany, forsa.omninet, who are recruited offline and respond to surveys either online or via a television set-top box.

Controversies

Accusations of political bias
Both forsa and its head, Manfred Güllner, have been accused of bias towards the SPD in connection with pre-election polls, most recently before the 2005 election in North Rhine-Westphalia. Forsa was successful in obtaining an injunction against accusations from the CDU on this issue, but their surveys did show in part a greater agreement with SPD positions than those of other polling firms. Forsa have themselves stated that they received 40,000 € in fees in connection with the national election in 2002 and in connection with the state election in 2005. In an interview on 6 September 2002, Hans Mathias Kepplinger, a professor of public relations at the University of Mainz, named three other firms as relatively likely to be free of party bias, but not forsa, although one of the three he named, the Institut für Demoskopie Allensbach, which has collaborated with the University of Mainz, cannot be said to be altogether free of ties to the CDU.

After the national elections in 2005, forsa's closeness to the SPD lessened appreciably and indeed reversed: in 2007 and still more in the first quarter of 2008, forsa reported poll results for the SPD an average of approximately 5% lower than those of other polling firms. Accusations have therefore been levelled at forsa of slanting results against the SPD and its "reformist course" after former Chancellor Gerhard Schröder, a longtime friend of Manfred Güllner, stood down in favour of the CDU's Angela Merkel.

One example was a study in summer 2008 on the basis of which forsa reported that 36% of SPD members had considered leaving the party. Then-party chief Kurt Beck criticised Güllner severely and stated that he would not comment on forsa surveys.

Accusations of data manipulation
In 2003 forsa was accused of data manipulation in a poll on tuition fees for higher education commissioned by the Centre for College Development (Centrum für Hochschulentwicklung) co-founded by the Bertelsmann Foundation. According to the statement of findings, the majority of students (59%) and of the population (67%) stated in November 2003 that they would accept tuition fees if they directly benefitted the educational institutions and could be financed through loans. The Centre for College Development announced these results in a press release in December 2003 and they were reported in the press. But later that month, a spokesperson for the Centre indirectly admitted that respondents were only given the option of deciding between three models of tuition fees, and not of rejecting them entirely.

In 2007 forsa was accused on the political website NachDenkSeiten of becoming involved through manipulation of a survey in a campaign by the organization Initiative Neue Soziale Marktwirtschaft (Initiative for a New Social Market Economy) for the introduction of private health insurance.

Forsa was the market research firm involved in the 2009 public relations scandal concerning Deutsche Bahn. Surveys with leading questions which produced results showing disapproval of the 2007 train drivers' strike and approval of privatisation of the railway were secretly funded by Deutsche Bahn.

References

External links
 about forsa, official English-language homepage

Public opinion research companies
Opinion polling in Germany
Market research companies of Germany


Daniel McDonald (December 22, 1828– July 13, 1911) was a lawyer and political figure in Nova Scotia, Canada. He represented Antigonish County in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1867 to 1878 as a Liberal member.

He was born in Arisaig, Nova Scotia, the son of Dr. Alexander McDonald, of Scottish descent, and Charlotte Harrington. McDonald was called to the Nova Scotia bar in 1852. In 1874, he married Annie McDonald. He served in the province's Executive Council as Chief Commissioner of Public Works and Mines from 1872 to 1875 and then as Attorney General in 1875. McDonald served as a member of the province's Legislative Council from 1894 to 1896. He died in Antigonish at the age of 82.

References

1817 births
1911 deaths
Nova Scotia Liberal Party MLAs
Nova Scotia Liberal Party MLCs
Members of the Executive Council of Nova Scotia


Bury Ditches is a British Iron Age hill fort between Clun  and Bishop's Castle in the Shropshire Hills of central England.

Site
The site is managed by Forestry England. Storms in the 1970s and 1980s led to the removal of woodland from the hill fort site on the crown of the hill, from which today the views are open in all directions.

There is a car park within an easy uphill walk of the summit.

Description
Bury Ditches is often rated as a spectacular example of a surviving hill fort as it forms a neat oval or elliptical shape and is situated on the crown of a hill called Sunnyhill and comprises up to four multi-vallate ditches and rampart banks as part of its defensive earthworks and two well preserved entrance ways.

From the summit views are clear to the Long Mynd, Corndon Hill and other Shropshire Hills.

Waymarked walks cross the site and pass through the woodlands below. The Shropshire Way and Jack Mytton Way pass below the site and Wild Edric's Way crosses adjacent to it also.

References

External links
Walking guide to Bury Ditches with photo from Shropshire County Council
Bury Ditches Forestry England webpage
Bury Ditches on the Roman-Britain website
Photos of Bury Ditches and surrounding area on geograph

Hill forts in Shropshire
Hills of Shropshire


Jochem Hendrickszoon Swartenhont (1566 – 5 June 1627) was a Dutch naval officer in the navy of the Dutch Republic from the 17th century.

Swartenhondt was born in Amsterdam, and started his career with the merchant fleet, becoming a cabin boy at age eleven. He attained the rank of first mate. Later he joined the army to fight against the Dunkirkers but in 1587 he was captured and forced to serve on the Habsburg galleys in Flanders; he managed to escape however and brought with him important intelligence about the Spanish Armada of 1588.

In 1596 he became a lieutenant with the Amsterdam admiralty; in 1597 a captain.
In 1599 he distinguished  himself while serving as captain of a ship in a fleet under Vice-Admiral Pieter van der Does during an expedition to Gran Canaria. In 1602 he became a Vice-Admiral with the Amsterdam Admiralty and served under Admiral Jacob van Wassenaer-Duivenvoorde on an expedition to the Spanish coast. From 1603 to 1605 he served as a temporary Vice-Admiral under Paulus van Caerden during an expedition to the West Indies and Brazil. In 1605 he ended his service, becoming an inn-keeper, but in 1608 again was readmitted as a temporary Vice-Admiral.

He was painted, wearing his military decorations, by Nicolaes Pickenoy (1588–1655), who also painted Jochem's daughter Maria.
At the start of the Twelve Years' Truce in 1609 he again retired from service. From 1609 to 1620 he and his wife, Elisabeth Jacobs Bas (1571-1649), would keep the Prins van Oranje ("Prince of Orange") tavern in Amsterdam, a popular watering hole of many politicians, artists, and writers. After Jochem's death his widow Elisabeth Bas sold it, becoming rich (she left 28,000 guilders on her death). Ferdinand Bol made a well-known painting of Elisabeth in 1640, many years after Joachim's death.

In 1620, when the truce was about to end, at his own request Jochem returned to the fleet as a Vice-Admiral; in 1621 he became Lieutenant-Admiral of Holland and West-Friesland and he commanded a large convoy to the Mediterranean and successfully defended it against an attack by a Spanish squadron. In 1622 he acted as temporary Lieutenant-Admiral; after that year he left the naval service for good.

References

External links
ING

17th-century Dutch military personnel
1566 births
1627 deaths
Admirals of the navy of the Dutch Republic
Burials at the Oude Kerk, Amsterdam
Dutch people of the Eighty Years' War (United Provinces)
Military personnel from Amsterdam


'Beyond the Blazing Horizon' is the first full EP by the Polish blackened death metal band Crionics.

Track listing

 "Thus The Stars Were Falling (Intro)" - 1:07
 "Episode of the Falling Star" - 4:40
 "Fireland"  - 3:36
 "Waterfalls of Darkness" - 3:48
 "There Was Neither Ground Nor Firmament (Precipice Gaped)" - 4:15
 "Beyond the Blazing Horizon (Outro)" - 1:56

Total playing time 19:26

Bonus tracks
 Mystic Past
 Pagan Strength
 Black Warriors
 I am the Black Wizards (Emperor cover)

Personnel
 Michał "War-A.N" Skotniczny - guitar, vocals
 acław "Vac-V" Borowiec - keyboards, synthesizers
 Maciej "Carol" Zięba - drums
 Bartosz "Bielmo" Bielewicz - guitar
 Marcotic - bass
 B. Bielewicz & G. Sznyterman - engineering, mixing, mastering

External links
 Official Page
 Encyclopaedia Metallum

2007 EPs
Crionics albums

pl:Neuthrone


Eugene Goostman is a chatbot that some regard as having passed the Turing test, a test of a computer's ability to communicate indistinguishably from a human. Developed in Saint Petersburg in 2001 by a group of three programmers, the Russian-born Vladimir Veselov, Ukrainian-born Eugene Demchenko, and Russian-born Sergey Ulasen, Goostman is portrayed as a 13-year-old Ukrainian boy—characteristics that are intended to induce forgiveness in those with whom it interacts for its grammatical errors and lack of general knowledge.

The Goostman bot has competed in a number of Turing test contests since its creation, and finished second in the 2005 and 2008 Loebner Prize contest. In June 2012, at an event marking what would have been the 100th birthday of the test's author, Alan Turing, Goostman won a competition promoted as the largest-ever Turing test contest, in which it successfully convinced 29% of its judges that it was human.

On 7 June 2014, at a contest marking the 60th anniversary of Turing's death, 33% of the event's judges thought that Goostman was human; the event's organiser Kevin Warwick considered it to have passed Turing's test as a result, per Turing's prediction in his 1950 paper Computing Machinery and Intelligence, that by the year 2000, machines would be capable of fooling 30% of human judges after five minutes of questioning. The validity and relevance of the announcement of Goostman's pass was questioned by critics, who noted the exaggeration of the achievement by Warwick, the bot's use of personality quirks and humour in an attempt to misdirect users from its non-human tendencies and lack of real intelligence, along with "passes" achieved by other chatbots at similar events.

Personality

Eugene Goostman is portrayed as being a 13-year-old boy from Odesa, Ukraine, who has a pet guinea pig and a father who is a gynaecologist. Veselov stated that Goostman was designed to be a "character with a believable personality". The choice of age was intentional, as, in Veselov's opinion, a thirteen-year-old is "not too old to know everything and not too young to know nothing". Goostman's young age also induces people who "converse" with him to forgive minor grammatical errors in his responses. In 2014, work was made on improving the bot's "dialog controller", allowing Goostman to output more human-like dialogue.

A conversation between Scott Aaronson and Eugene Goostman ran as follows:

Competitions
Eugene Goostman has competed in a number of Turing test competitions, including the Loebner Prize contest; it finished joint second in the Loebner test in 2001, and came second to Jabberwacky in 2005 and to Elbot in 2008. On 23 June 2012, Goostman won a Turing test competition at Bletchley Park in Milton Keynes, held to mark the centenary of its namesake, Alan Turing. The competition, which featured five bots, twenty-five hidden humans, and thirty judges, was considered to be the largest-ever Turing test contest by its organizers. After a series of five-minute-long text conversations, 29% of the judges were convinced that the bot was an actual human.

2014 "pass"
On 7 June 2014, in a Turing test competition at the Royal Society, organised by Kevin Warwick of the University of Reading to mark the 60th anniversary of Turing's death, Goostman won after 33% of the judges were convinced that the bot was human. 30 judges took part in the event, which included Lord Sharkey, a sponsor of Turing's posthumous pardon, artificial intelligence Professor Aaron Sloman, Fellow of the Royal Society Mark Pagel and Red Dwarf actor Robert Llewellyn. Each judge partook in a textual conversation with each of the five bots; at the same time, they also conversed with a human. In all, a total of 300 conversations were conducted. In Warwick's view, this made Goostman the first machine to pass a Turing test. In a press release, he added that:

In his 1950 paper "Computing Machinery and Intelligence", Turing predicted that by the year 2000, computer programs would be sufficiently advanced that the average interrogator would, after five minutes of questioning, "not have more than 70 per cent chance" of correctly guessing whether they were speaking to a human or a machine. Although Turing phrased this as a prediction rather than a "threshold for intelligence", commentators believe that Warwick had chosen to interpret it as meaning that if 30% of interrogators were fooled, the software had "passed the Turing test".

Reactions

Warwick's claim that Eugene Goostman was the first ever chatbot to pass a Turing test was met with scepticism; critics acknowledged similar "passes" made in the past by other chatbots under the 30% criteria, including PC Therapist in 1991 (which tricked 5 of 10 judges, 50%), and at the Techniche festival in 2011, where a modified version of Cleverbot tricked 59.3% of 1334 votes (which included the 30 judges, along with an audience). Cleverbot's developer, Rollo Carpenter, argued that Turing tests can only prove that a machine can "imitate" intelligence rather than show actual intelligence.

Gary Marcus was critical of Warwick's claims, arguing that Goostman's "success" was only the result of a "cleverly-coded piece of software", going on to say that "it's easy to see how an untrained judge might mistake wit for reality, but once you have an understanding of how this sort of system works, the constant misdirection and deflection becomes obvious, even irritating. The illusion, in other words, is fleeting." While acknowledging IBM's Deep Blue and Watson projects—single-purpose computer systems meant for playing chess and the quiz show Jeopardy! respectively—as examples of computer systems that show a degree of intelligence in their specialised field, he further argued that they were not an equivalent to a computer system that shows "broad" intelligence, and could—for example, watch a television programme and answer questions on its content. Marcus stated that "no existing combination of hardware and software can learn completely new things at will the way a clever child can." However, he still believed that there were potential uses for technology such as that of Goostman, specifically suggesting the creation of "believable", interactive video game characters.

Imperial College London professor Murray Shanahan questioned the validity and scientific basis of the test, stating that it was "completely misplaced, and it devalues real AI research. It makes it seem like science fiction AI is nearly here, when in fact it's not and it's incredibly difficult."

Mike Masnick, editor of the blog Techdirt, was also skeptical, questioning publicity blunders such as the five chatbots being referred to in press releases as "supercomputers", and saying that "creating a chatbot that can fool humans is not really the same thing as creating artificial intelligence."

See also
 Natural language processing

References

External links
 Eugene Goostman webpage

Chatbots
Human–computer interaction


The Begum Rokeya University, Rangpur (abbreviated as BRUR), formerly Rangpur University, is a public research university in Rangpur, Bangladesh. Founded in 2008, it is the only general categorised university in Rangpur Division and the second public university in the region. It was named after the feminist writer and social worker Begum Rokeya. It is the 30th public university of Bangladesh.

Campus

The university is between Rangpur Cadet College and Carmichael College in Rangpur. It covers an area of . The university has constructed four academic building and started class from August 2011 in the main campus. Currently, the university has 22 departments and almost 7,000 students. It contains three student halls (two male and one female). There is a library and a cafeteria on the campus.

History
Since 1947, a university in this region has been a long cherished dream. A popular demand for a kind of university that can reach out to a large number of students desiring higher education in this vast region has always been intensely felt but has never been fulfilled. In 2001, the then Prime Minister, Sheikh Hasina, laid the foundations of Rangpur University of Science and Technology. However, later on the establishment was cancelled.

It was not until August 2007 when Fakhruddin Ahmed, chief advisor of the Caretaker Government, agreed in principle to establish a full-fledged university in Rangpur. Fakhruddin Ahmad, in a historic cabinet meeting held in Rangpur on 2 February 2008, took the decision to establish a university in Rangpur. The Rangpur University Ordinance was approved by the cabinet on 15 June 2008. M. Lutfar Rahman was appointed the first vice-chancellor on 20 October 2008. Two days later Hossain Zillur Rahman, the then education and commerce advisor to the Caretaker Government formally inaugurated the university.

Administration
 Chancellor: Md. Abdul Hamid, President, The People's Republic of Bangladesh
 Vice-Chancellor (VC): Professor Dr. Md. Hasibur Rashid
 Pro Vice-Chancellor: Sarifa Salowa Dina

Administrative officers
 Registrar: Engr. Md. Alamgir Chowdhury
 Assistant Registrar: Md. Khairul Islam
 Treasurer: Md. Hasibur Rashid
 Proctor: Md. Golam Rabbani
 Provosts:
 Komolesh Chandra Sarkar, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Hall
 Shafiqur Rahman, Sohid Mukhtar Elahi Hall

Academics

Undergraduate programs
 BSc (Engineering)
 BSc (Hons.)
 B.A. (Hons.)
 B.B.A. (Hons.)
 B.S.S. (Hons.)

Graduate programs
 MSc (Engineering)
 MSc
 M.A.
 M.B.A.
 M.S.S.

Post Graduate programs
 MPhil (MPhil leading to PhD)
 PhD

Other programs
 M.B.A. (Evening)

Faculties and departments
BRUR has 22 departments under six faculties.

Admission
BRUR enrolls undergraduate students. Students who want to get admitted need to pass and compete on the merit list in the admission test which is highly competitive. Admission tests are arranged by the university under authority of admission council for all faculties.

Statistics based on academic year 2014–15 admission:
 Total applicants: 90,402
 Total seats available: 1,258
 Average applicant to seat ratio: 72:1.
 Acceptance rate: 1.39%

Central Library and Information Center
The Central Library and Information Center (CLIC) of Begum Rokeya University was established on 12 October 2008 with an aim to support the instructional and research programs of the university. The vice-chancellor opened all activities of CLIC on 19 November 2009.

Initially, CLIC started functioning at the temporary campus of the university (Teachers' Training College, Rangpur). It was shifted to the permanent campus on 19 March 2011. This library and information centre has large reading rooms with huge resources such as books, journals, periodicals etc.
The director is Porimol Chandra Barman.

Institute
Dr. Wazed Research and Training Institute. MPhil & PhD degrees are offered under this institute. The institute is one of the few institutes exclusively designed for MPhil and PhD programs in the country. It also offers MPhil leading to PhD.

Political organisations
 Bangladesh Chatra League
 Jatiyo Chatra Somaj
 Bangladesh Jatiotabadi Chatra Dal
 Student Union
 Somajtantrik Chatro Front

Residential halls

For male students
 Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Hall
 Sohid Mukhtar Elahi Hall

For female students
 Sheikh Fazilatunnesa Mujib Hall
 Sheikh Hasina Hall (under construction)

Infrastructure

Monuments
 Liberation Monument
 Sohid Minar

Academic
 Four academic buildings
 Central Library
 Dr. Wazed Research and Training Institute (DWRTI)

Administration
 Administrative Building

Facilities
 In-campus medical facilities
 Own bus transportation service
 Central library with Computer lab & seminar libraries in departments
 Cafeteria
 Central Mosque
 Cyber Center

List of vice-chancellors

References

External links

Memorials to Begum Rokeya

Public universities of Bangladesh
Education in Rangpur, Bangladesh
2008 establishments in Bangladesh
Universities and colleges established in 2008


Uncial 0132 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 82 (Soden), is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament, dated palaeographically to the 9th century. Formerly it was labelled by Wf.

Description

The codex contains a small part of the Mark 5:16-40, on only one parchment leaf (25 cm by 17 cm). The text is written in two columns per page, 33 lines per page, in 14-18 letters per line. The uncial letters are large. It contains breathing and accents.
The leaf has survived in a fragmentary condition.

It is a palimpsest, the upper text was written in the 11th century, it belongs to the Minuscule 639.

It has doxology in the Lord's Prayer.

Text

It contains text: Mark 5:16 το δε αυτοις οι—θαλασσ[αν] 5:21. 22 ονοματι—αψωμαι [ς]ωθη 28.29 και εγνω—λαλουντος 35.35 σου απεθανεν—το παιδιον 40. According to Gregory its text is not good.

The Greek text of this codex is mixed, with a strong element of the Byzantine text-type. Aland placed it in Category III.

History

It is dated by the INTF to the 9th century.

The manuscript was discovered by A. A. Vansittart.
It was described by Kitchin, Tischendorf, and C. R. Gregory.

The codex is located now at the Christ Church College (Wake 37, f. 237) in Oxford.

See also

 List of New Testament uncials
 Textual criticism

References

Further reading

 J. H. Greenlee, Nine Uncial Palimpsests of the New Testament, S & D XXXIX (Salt Lake City, 1968).
 Hermann von Soden, Die Schriften des Neuen Testaments, in ihrer ältesten erreichbaren Textgestalt hergestellt auf Grund ihrer Textgeschichte, Verlag von Arthur Glaue, Berlin 1902, p. 79.

Greek New Testament uncials
Palimpsests
9th-century biblical manuscripts


Carlos Romeo Monteagudo Alfaro (born April 29, 1985) is a Salvadoran professional footballer.

Club career

Independiente Nacional 1906
Monteagudo started his professional career at hometown club Independiente Nacional 1906 in 2004. However, for the bad luck of Monteagudo, Independiente Nacional 1906 descended in the Clausura 2007 tournament to Segunda División.

In December 2008, Monteagudo along with his club and national team teammate Manuel Salazar, both were invited to have trials with Mexican Primera División A team Monterrey 1a. A (effectively CF Monterreys reserve team), with the hopes of signing with the club's Second Division side.

After the two-week trial, Monteagudo was close to signing with the Mexican side, but ultimately he was not offered a contract, and he returned to El Salvador.

Luis Ángel Firpo
In 2007, Monteagudo signed with Luis Ángel Firpo. With the team of Usulután Monteagudo won the Apertura 2007, Clausura 2008 and Clausura 2013. Also he lost the Clausura 2009 final against Isidro Metapán.

In the second leg of the semi-finals of the Clausura 2013, Monteagudo scored a crucial goal against Alianza in a 1–0 victory at the Sergio Torres Stadium. This goal allowed Luis Ángel Firpo to reach the final against FAS in the Estadio Cuscatlán.

Audaz
Monteagudo signed with Audaz in 2015.

Atlético Marte
Monteagudo signed with Atlético Marte in the Apertura 2015 tournament. In the Clausura 2016, Atlético Marte suffered a severe administrative, economic and sports crisis. Atlético Marte ended up descending with two games remaining for the end of the tournament.

Dragón
He signed with Dragón in the Apertura 2016 tournament.

Return to Audaz
Monteagudo signed again with Audaz for the Clausura 2018 tournament. Audaz was the newly promoted team in the previous tournament, the Apertura 2017. With Audaz, Monteagudo reached the quarter-finals of the Apertura 2018, but the team of San Vicente was eliminated by Águila 3–4 on aggregate.

Match-fixing ban
On September 20, 2013, Monteagudo was banned for 18 months due to his involvement with match-fixing.

International career
Monteagudo officially received his first cap on November 15, 2006 when he came on as a substitute in a friendly match against Bolivia.

He scored his first goal for El Salvador on March 26, 2008 in a 2010 World Cup qualifying match against Anguilla. He has earned a total of 9 caps, scoring 1 goal and has represented his country in 2 FIFA World Cup qualification matches.

His most recent international game was an August 2009 friendly match against Colombia.

International goals
Scores and results list El Salvador's goal tally first.

References

External links

1985 births
Living people
People from San Vicente, El Salvador
Men's association football midfielders
Salvadoran men's footballers
El Salvador men's international footballers
C.D. Luis Ángel Firpo footballers
Sportspeople involved in betting scandals
C.D. Atlético Marte footballers
C.D. Dragón footballers


Sea of Poppies (2008) is a novel by Indian novelist Amitav Ghosh which was shortlisted for the Man Booker Prize in 2008. It is the first volume of the Ibis trilogy. In the words of Rajnish Mishra, "the Ibis trilogy is Ghosh's most vehement indictment of the source of imperialism and colonialism". The second volume is River of Smoke.

The main characters include Deeti, an ordinary village woman, an "octoroon" American sailor named Zachary Reid, an Indian rajah / zamindar called Neel Rattan Halder, and Benjamin Burnham, an evangelist opium trader.

The story is set prior to the First Opium War, on the banks of the holy river Ganges and in Calcutta.  The author compares the Ganges to the Nile, the lifeline of the Egyptian civilization, attributing the provenance and growth of these civilizations to these selfless, ever-flowing bodies. He portrays the characters as poppy seeds emanating in large numbers from the field to form a sea, where every single seed is uncertain about its future.

Synopsis
The novel interweaves the stories of a number of characters, who all, in the latter half of the novel, find themselves taking passage from Calcutta to Mauritius on a schooner named the Ibis.

The story  begins with Deeti, a simple, pious lady, caring mother and an efficient housewife. Married to Hukam Singh, a crippled worker in the Ghazipur Opium Factory, the unfortunate Deeti figures out that on her wedding night, she was drugged with opium by her mother-in-law, so that her brother-in-law could rape her and consummate the marriage in place of her impotent husband. This brother-in-law is the real father of Deeti's daughter Kabutri. When her husband dies, Deeti sends Kabutri to stay with relatives. Deeti looks almost certain to meet her doom when she is forced to consider sati ritual (immolation on her husband's funeral pyre) as the only option in the face of threats of more rapes by the brother-in-law, but then Kalua, the untouchable caste ox man from the neighbouring village, comes to her rescue.  The couple flee and unite. This is not acceptable to the high caste villagers. In order to escape Deeti's in-laws, she and Kalua become indentured servants, travelling on the Ibis.

The next key figure is Zachary Reid, an American sailor born to a quadroon mother and a white father. Escaping racism, he joins the Ibis on its first voyage for its new owner, Mr. Burnham, from Baltimore to Calcutta. A series of misfortunes soon befall the ship, leading to the loss of more senior crew. With the support of the head of the lascars, Serang Ali, Zachary becomes the second in command of the ship. In Calcutta, Zachary is mistaken for a gentleman and enjoys society life. He becomes second mate for the Ibis's next voyage, carrying indentured labour to the island of Mauritius.

Neel Rattan Halder, a wealthy and unworldly rajah whose dynasty has been ruling the zemindary of Raskhali for centuries, is confronted by Mr. Burnham with the need to sell off his estates in order to pay for the debt he had incurred when investing in the opium trade with China. Now that the trade has come to a standstill, as a result of the resistance shown by the Chinese authorities, he is unable to clear his debt. When Mr. Burnham proposes to settle the loan for Halder's zamindary, Halder refuses the deal as the zamindary is his family's ancestral property and selling it would mean turning his back on his many dependents. In a trial orchestrated by Burnham and his cronies, Halder is tried for forgery. The court sentences him to be to penal transportation for seven years in Mauritius and leading him to lose caste. In prison he meets Ah Fatt, a half-Chinese, half-Parsi opium addict from Canton, and the two are put aboard the Ibis.

Paulette is a French orphan who has grown up in India with Jodu, the son of her Ayah, as her best friend. Her father was a politically radical botanist, her mother died in childbirth, and her grandparents are the historically inspired Jeanne and Philippe Commerson. Mr. and Mrs. Burnham take Paulette in after her father's death. Paulette feels more at ease with Indian manners, food, and clothing than with Western ones, but the Burnham household fiercely disapproves. Paulette meets Zachary Reid, the American sailor, at a dinner at the Burnhams'; they are mutually attracted. Paulette becomes determined to run away because of sexual harassment by Mr. Burnham and pressure to marry his friend, the stern, elderly Justice Kendalbushe. She resolves to travel to Mauritius, as her great-aunt did, in the hope of finding a better future. Jodu and Paulette separately gain passage on the Ibis, Jodu as a Laskar and Paulette in disguise as the Indian niece of one of the Mr. Burnham's employees.

Numerous plot developments are facilitated by Nob Kissin Baboo, a Vaishnavite would-be priest who is working as an overseer for Mr Burnham and comes to believe that Zachary is an avatar of Krishna.

As the stories converge, the Ibis becomes a shelter to these various misfits and exiles. A crisis on board is precipitated when Jodu is violently punished for talking to one of the women being transported. He is imprisoned with Halder and Ah Fatt and, along with Serang Ali, whose secret piratical past has become known, hatches a plan to escape. Meanwhile, Deeti intercedes on behalf of the woman, but is recognised by a relative, who tries to rape her and flog Kalua. Kalua manages to kill him. The novel closes with Neel, Ah Fatt, Jodu, Serang Ali and Kalua escaping in a longboat towards Singapore, while Deeti, Paulette, and Zachary proceed towards Mauritius.

Awards
Sea of Poppies won the 2008 Vodafone Crossword Book Award for Fiction. It was shortlisted for the 2008 Man Booker Prize. It won the 2008 British Book Design and Production Award. Sea of Poppies also won the Indiaplaza Golden Quill Award for best novel and Indiaplaza Golden Quill Popular Vote Award in 2009. It also received the prestigious Tagore Literature Award, awarded by Sahitya Akademi in 2012.

References

External links
Sea of Poppies, Official Website
Amitav Ghosh website
Opium financed British Rule in India BBC News interview 23 June 2008.
Adventures in the Opium Trade Cathleen Schine review from The New York Review of Books

2008 Indian novels
Novels set in Kolkata
Novels by Amitav Ghosh
Works about opium
Indian historical novels in English
Novels set in the 1830s
Novels set in British India
Novels set in Mauritius
Opium Wars
Ghazipur
Novels set on ships
Postcolonial novels
Viking Press books
Novels about colonialism


Bango is a music style created and made popular on the East African coast by Joseph Ngala. It fuses traditional Portuguese music genres, Arabic influenced taarab music, jazz and music genres of local coastal Bantu languages. It resembles easy listening music styles of Latin America such as bossa nova and music styles of many Indian Ocean islands such as Seychelles and Mauritius. Ngala (also known by stage name "Mzee Ngala") is a renowned Kenyan bango musician who comes from Freretown, Mombasa, and also the founder of the genre. He performed in the past with famous groups such as the Hodi Boys and was also the founder and band leader of the 1960s and 1970s group Bahari Boys. In the band, he was the main composer and inspiration. Mzee Ngala's song "Bango" is the originator of the name bango. The resilience of the name, bango, is testament to the genre created by Ngala.

Other notable bango artists who have copied his style include Uyoga Band (formerly Them Mushrooms), Teusi 5 and Bango Sounds. Ngala still  performs his music during events like the bi-annual Coast Night held in Nairobi and also in events all over the Coast province like Jamboree Club. Many, though not all, bango songs are written and performed for and during weddings. Such songs include "Jimmy na Anne" (written for Jimmy Ngala, Mzee Ngala's son's wedding to Anna), "Billy na Susan", "Kombe na Dogo" and the "David na Vera".

References

East African music


Crescent Hockey Club is a feld hockey club based in Sialkot, Pakistan. It which hosted several Pakistani Olympians. It has played in the Surjit Silver Jubilee Hockey Tournament at Jalandhar, India in 2008.

Current players
 Farhan Asif
 Amair Saleem
 Ateeq
 M. Tofeeq Shabir
 Akhtar Ali
 Imran Butt
 Waheed Islam
 Abu Bakar
 Mohammad Atif
 Adeel Akram

References

1960 establishments in Pakistan
Field hockey clubs established in 1960
Field hockey clubs in Pakistan


Ernest Stevenson (28 December 1923 — 15 October 1970) was an English professional footballer.

Football career
After playing for one of the club's nursery sides, Stevenson began his career at Wolverhampton Wanderers but did not play league football for them for several years due to World War II. He made his wartime debut for the club under Frank Buckley at the age of 17 but, when league football resumed, Stevenson struggled to make an impact on the first team playing just 8 times before being allowed to join Cardiff City in October 1948.

Put straight into the starting line-up, he finished his first season as the club's top scorer with 14 goals in all competitions and continued his scoring during the early stages of the following season but as the year progressed his goals dried up and he moved to Southampton, with Wilf Grant moving the other way.

He never managed to fully regain his form and after one year at Southampton, he joined Leeds United in 1951 in exchange for Frank Dudley moving the other way, reuniting Stevenson with his former Wolves manager Frank Buckley, before dropping out of league football.

He played afterwards for Wisbech Town In April 1954 he played for Bath City. In September 1954 he was with Rhyl. In September 1955 Stevenson signed for South Liverpool and played for the club in the Lancashire Combination. In March 1957 he signed for Central Alliance club Cresswell Colliery F.C..

References

1923 births
1970 deaths
Footballers from Rotherham
English men's footballers
Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. players
Cardiff City F.C. players
Southampton F.C. players
Leeds United F.C. players
English Football League players
Men's association football inside forwards


Manfred Robert Schroeder (12 July 1926 – 28 December 2009) was a German physicist, most known for his contributions to acoustics and computer graphics. He wrote three books and published over 150 articles in his field.

Born in Ahlen, he studied at the University of Göttingen (1947–52), earning a vordiplom in mathematics (1951) and Dr. rer. nat. (1954) in physics. His thesis showed how small regular cavities in concert halls cause unfortunate resonances.

He joined the technical staff at Bell Labs in New Jersey (1954–) researching speech and graphics, securing forty-five patents.  With Bishnu Atal, he advanced and promoted linear predictive coding (LPC) during the late 1960s to 1970s and then developed code-excited linear prediction (CELP) in 1985. Still affiliated with Bell, he rejoined University of Göttingen as Universitätsprofessor Physik (1969) becoming professor emeritus (1991).
 He was a visiting professor at University of Tokyo (1979).

With Ning Xiang he was a promoter of a synchronous dual channel measurement method using reciprocal maximum-length sequences (2003). He led a famed study of 22 concert halls worldwide, leading to a comparison method requiring no travel.

Books

Hundert Jahre Friedrich Hund: Ein Rückblick auf das Wirken eines bedeutenden Physikers (1996)

Awards and honors
1969 First Prize at the International Computer Art Competition for his application of concepts from mathematics and physics to the creation of artistic works.
fellow of the Acoustical Society of America
IEEE Fellow (1971).
Audio Engineering Society fellow and Gold medalist (1972)
Member of the United States National Academy of Engineering (1979), for "founding the statistical theory of wave propagation in multi-mode media and contributions to speech coding and acoustics".
Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1986).
Helmholtz Medal of the German Acoustical Society
1975 Max Planck Society appointed foreign scientific member
New York Academy of Sciences member 1978
Rayleigh Medal 1984 and 1987
Gold Medal from the Acoustical Society of America (1991), for "theoretical and practical contributions to human communication through innovative application of mathematics to speech, hearing, and concert hall acoustics".
 ISCA Medal for Scientific Achievement from the International Speech Communication Association (2004).
 Technology Award from the German Eduard Rhein Foundation (2004).

References

1926 births
2009 deaths
People from Warendorf (district)
German acoustical engineers
20th-century German physicists
Scientists at Bell Labs
University of Göttingen alumni
Academic staff of the University of Göttingen
Fellow Members of the IEEE
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Fellows of the Acoustical Society of America
ASA Gold Medal recipients
Engineers from North Rhine-Westphalia


Daunian Mountains (in Italian Monti della Daunia or Monti Dauni, or also improperly Subappennino Dauno) are a mountain range in southern Italy, constituting the eastern appendix of the Campanian Apennines. They occupy the western fringe of Capitanata and the border of Apulia with Molise and Campania; the range takes its name from an ancient tribe, the Dauni, although it was strongly held by Hirpini instead.

The mountains and hills are bounded northwards by the Fortore valley, eastwards by the Tavoliere delle Puglie, southwards by the upper Ofanto valley. The chain is formed by sandstone terrains, and is the source of a series of small streams which flow through the Tavoliere into the Adriatic Sea. The highest peak is Monte Cornacchia, at .

Historically, the Daunian Mountains have suffered a substantial depopulation in the last decades, due to their relative isolation. They include 21 comuni, all in the province of Foggia, which form two mountain communities (Comunità Montana dei Monti Dauni Settentrionali , with seat at Casalnuovo Monterotaro, and the Comunità Montana dei Monti Dauni Meridionali, at Bovino).

Highest peaks

References

External links

Mountains of Apulia
Mountain ranges of the Apennines


Charles Henry Davison (July 25, 1840 – August 26, 1896) was a merchant and political figure in Nova Scotia, Canada. He represented Lunenburg County in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1876 to 1878 as a Liberal member.

Early life and education
He was born in Mill Village, Queens County, Nova Scotia, the son of Edward Doran Davison and Desiah Mack, and was educated in Sackville, New Brunswick.

Career
Following his schooling, he entered his father's lumber business. Davison was elected to the provincial assembly in an 1876 by-election held after Mather Byles DesBrisay was named a county judge. He became the senior member of the lumber company upon his father's death in 1894; he died less than three years later.

Personal life
In 1873, he married Annie Foster.

References

1840 births
1896 deaths
Nova Scotia Liberal Party MLAs
People from Queens County, Nova Scotia
Lyell Medal winners


James Weston may refer to:

James A. Weston (1827–1895), American civil engineer, banker, and politician
Jimmy Weston (born 1955), English footballer
James Weston (MP) for Lichfield
Jimmy Weston (singer)


Obvodny Canal (, lit. Bypass Canal) is the longest canal in Saint Petersburg, Russia, which in the 19th century served as the southern limit of the city. It is  long and flows from the Neva River near Alexander Nevsky Lavra to the Yekaterinhofka not far from the sea port. The canal was dug in 1769–1780 and 1805–1833. By the late 19th century, after to the Industrial Revolution, it had effectively become a sewer collecting wastewater of adjacent industrial enterprises. Eventually the canal became shallow and no longer navigable. The banks of the canal are lined with granite.

History

Construction
The channel was dug in 1769–1780s by an engineer L. K. Carbonnier, its course went from the Yekaterinhofka River to the Ligovsky Canal. Initially the Obvodny Canal had a bulwark on the city side.

On December 23, 1804, the construction of the eastern part was started by Ivan Gerard. The city annually allotted 1 mln 230 thousand roubles for the project. The works continued in 1816–1833, managed by Paul Clapeyron and Pierre-Dominique Bazaine. By 1834 the Obvodny Canal turned into the south city borderline, more than 10 km long and 20 m wide.

The French Basin
In the 1840s the L-shaped channel was constructed to allow vessel unloading and moorage. The new French Basin started from the Obvodny Canal near the Alexander Nevsky Lavra and turned West from Glinyanaya street. To allow moorage the Obvodny Canal significantly widened here. The resulted basin is sometimes marked as the "Obvodny Canal basin". The peninsula between the channel and the French Basin used to have railroads from the end of the 19th up to mid 20th century.

19th century
From the second part of the century the areas around the Obvodny Canal became an industrial district, as a result the channel became an open wastewater sewer. Still it continued to serve as a cheap and convenient throughway for cargo transportation. In the mid 19th century two railroad stations (Varshavsky and Baltiysky) were opened nearby.

Current state
Nowadays the channel is very shallow; navigation is allowed only for small crafts. It is no longer an important waterway, but its embankments turned into major city routes. The channel is crossed by 15 automobile, 6 pedestrian and 1 railroad bridges. Several redevelopment projects are initiated to bring new life into the former industrial buildings.

External links
Obvodny Canal @ Encyclopaedia of Saint Petersburg

Pierre-Domonique Bazaine
Canals of Saint Petersburg
Canals opened in 1780
Canals opened in 1833


The University of San Pedro Sula USAP (Universidad de San Pedro Sula, or better known as "La U Privada" [The Private College])  was founded in 1977 by the initiative of the Sociedad Promotora Educativa, S.A. de C.V and authorized by a governmental executive order on August 21, 1978.
Its campus is located in the city of San Pedro Sula, Honduras.

Promoters of this first initiative in private higher education in Honduras was a group of persons representing the business, professional, and cultural sectors of San Pedro Sula, led by Mr. Jorge Emilio Jaar, father of  Ricardo Jaar, current Executive President of the university.

Majors

Initially, they offered two majors:
 Business Administration (Administración de Empresas)
 Law (Derecho)
In the following years, they introduced
 Arquitectura
 Ingeniería en Operaciones y Logística
 Ingeniería Industrial
 Ingeniería Agronómica Administrativa
 Ingeniería en Tecnologías Computacionales
 Licenciatura en Diseño Gráfico, Técnico en Diseño Gráfico
 Facultad de Ciencias Económico Administrativas
 Licenciatura en Negocios Electrónicos
 Licenciatura en Administración Financiera y Bancaria
 Técnico en Administración de la Producción
 Licenciatura en Mercadotecnia
 Técnico en Administración de Ventas
 Licenciatura en Ciencias de la Comunicación y Publicidad
 Licenciatura en Administración Turística
 Técnico en Administración Turística
 Licenciatura en Informática Administrativa
 Maestría en Administración de Empresas
 Maestría en Administración Industrial and Maestría en Derecho Procesal Civil.
In total, the university offers twenty-one majors.
In the university's first year there were only a dozen professors throughout the disciplines. Today, there are more than 200.

In 2007 Universidad de San Pedro Sula together with Fundacion Educar, commenced the development of an educational media project to benefit the entire community  in Central America, as well as the television and broadcasting industry in the region. Campus TV was inaugurated in November 2008.

Campus

The Campus is located on the north-west part of the city of San Pedro Sula, Cortés. Its extension covers twelve blocks.

References

University of San Pedro Sula
Educational institutions established in 1977
1977 establishments in Honduras


The Lucky One is a 2008 romance novel by American writer Nicholas Sparks. U.S. Marine Logan Thibault finds a photograph of a smiling young woman half-buried in the dirt during his first deployment in the Iraq War. He carries the photo in his pocket and soon wins a streak of poker games, then survives a battle that kills two of his closest buddies. His best friend, Victor, seems to have an explanation for his good fortune: the photograph, his lucky charm.

Back home in Colorado, Thibault begins to believe that the woman in the photo somehow holds the key to his destiny. He sets out on a journey across the country with his German shepherd, Zeus, to find her and eventually encounters Elizabeth "Beth" Green, a divorced mother with a young son, Ben, in North Carolina.

Caught off guard by the attraction he feels, Thibault keeps the story of the photo and his luck a secret. He and Beth begin a passionate love affair, but the secret of the photo soon threatens to tear them apart,  and by continued interference in their lives by Beth's ex-husband, the town's Sheriff and son of town's most eminent person and businessman—destroying not only their deep and true passionate, romantic love but also their very lives.

The novel follows from three different character perspectives: Keith Clayton, Elizabeth Green, and Logan Thibault.

The novel was adapted into a 2012 film starring Zac Efron and Taylor Schilling.

Themes
The book deals with the themes of starcrossed fate and destiny. Despite the allusions to such themes made in the novel, Sparks admitted that he does not necessarily believe in either. He adds, however, that he is "a big believer in the fact that people have the ability to influence the future in a way that seems coincidental and when that happens, the feeling of fate or destiny is amplified. [...] In the end, when writing The Lucky One, I wanted to explore the subject of fate or destiny, but in a way that reflected the reality of the world."

Plot summary
The book starts from Keith Clayton's perspective. Keith is a local police officer. He is at a location where local college students go for nude swimming. He is carrying a camera he borrowed from the Police Department and is taking pictures of three female college students. One of them leaves the beach and comes upon Keith who is supposed to be on duty. He hides the camera and talks with the girls about their breaking the law by nude bathing. He lets them go. He comes across a man whom Keith describes as looking like a hippie walking down a logging road by the beach with a dog. It is Logan Thibault and his dog, Zeus. Keith is concerned Logan saw everything that had happened and tries to find a way to take Logan in. However, after running a background check on Logan and Logan refusing to let him search his bags he lets Logan go. He asks Logan where he is going and states he is heading to Arden. Keith goes back to find the camera he hid, but it is gone and the tires on his squad car are slashed. Keith becomes concerned as his father is the local Sheriff and his grandfather is a local judge.

When the story changes to Logan's perspective, he is in the car with the three college girls who picked him up when he indicated he wanted to hitch a ride. He gives the camera (from which he removed the memory disk) to the college girls. The story also back tracks to Logan witnessing Keith taking the pictures and Logan taking the camera, destroying the disk, and slashing the tires of Keith's cruiser. The story then goes back further into Logan's life as he reflects on his walking all the way from Colorado and even further back as to why he decided to join the Marines. It is explained how Logan began to play Poker while tensions were building in the Middle East and this was his outlet. He lost all of his money while doing this and eventually gave up joining in on the games. It is then mentioned that Logan liked to go for early morning runs while in the Middle East and one day he came upon a picture half buried in the sand. It turns out to be a picture of Beth who is wearing a shirt that says Lucky Lady. His luck then begins to change. It is first noticed when his friend in his squad, Victor, encourages him to join in a poker game that night. Victor also believes in omens and superstitions and is the one who slowly convinces Logan the picture and the girl in the picture are powerful to Logan and the picture may have a deeper meaning in Logan's life.

Elizabeth (Beth) is next introduced in the story. It starts at a birthday party her son, Ben, is attending. It comes up that Beth's grandmother, Nana, recently had a stroke and Beth has been helping her run the dog kennel/obedience school Nana owns. It is also mentioned that Nana raised Beth, because Beth's parents died in a car accident when Beth was 3 years old. Beth is also a teacher at a local school. It slowly becomes known that Keith Clayton is the ex-husband of Beth, and the father of Ben. Beth expresses her frustration about Keith's disappointment in Ben as Ben is not as athletically inclined as other boys of his age. It becomes apparent that Ben does not care for his father much and does not like spending every other weekend with Keith.

The story goes back to Logan and the beginning of his experience in the Middle East is mentioned. A story is told about how the two comrades in his fire team are killed by a RPG and Logan survives. Logan is staying at a local motel and first decides to find the fairgrounds where the picture he had of Beth was taken. He finds the exact location where the picture was taken and knows he is in the right place. He determines he is going to go to a pool hall/bar to ask the locals if anyone knows the girl in the picture.

Next, Keith reminisces about his day and having to explain the slashed tires to his father. It comes to light that his dad and grandfather are well known in the town and Keith is stuck between keeping out of trouble and his family being able to get him out of trouble due to their status in town. Keith also explains his dislike for his son's (in Keith's eyes) weaknesses. Instead of wanting to be with Ben, Keith wants to be out looking for Logan to make him pay for what he did. Keith receives a phone call from a co-worker, Tony, who says a stranger has a picture of Beth at a local pool hall and was asking about her. Keith asks if the guy looks like what Logan had looked like earlier, but the co-worker says that is not the description of the man at the pool hall. Keith is disappointed and decides to do nothing about man with the picture.

Logan's version of the bar/pool hall encounter is described and he learns Beth's full name. The next day Logan goes to the dog kennel and meets Beth for the first time. He applies for a position at the kennel and Beth becomes suspicious due to the half told story Logan tells her. (He leaves the part out about the picture as the reason why he came to Hampton). Beth is skeptical and decides to have Nana talk with Logan. Nana decides to hire Logan, but admits she feels he isn't telling the whole truth about being in Hampton. Once hired, Logan finds a place to rent in town and begins working at the kennel. Over the next few weeks Logan (and Zeus) becomes closer with Nana, Beth and Ben.

Nana decides to go on a trip to visit her sister in Greensboro, leaving Beth and Logan to tend to the kennel. Beth and Logan get to know each other better, and this is one of the weekends when Ben spends time with his father. Logan and Beth make ice cream on the Saturday night Ben is gone when Keith brings him back to Beth. Ben has a bruise on his face and his glasses are broken. Keith tells Ben to tell Beth it wasn't his fault, but it's apparent Keith threw a baseball too hard and it hit Ben in the face. Keith does not notice Logan initially, but when he does he demands to know what Logan is doing there. Zeus becomes defensive and Logan tells Keith to leave. Keith does, but is upset about the incident, because he does not like being challenged and forced to back down. He also upset to have found out that Logan had never left town and is concerned Logan may still have the camera's memory disk.

Beth and Logan go on a date and Logan opens up about Victor and Logan's boating trip in Minnesota. Logan informs Beth that Victor died when another boat hit their boat. Logan and Beth continue to date, and eventually Keith breaks into Logan's home to see if he could find the photo disk. Logan suggests to Beth that Keith has been the reason why none of her relationships have lasted and tells her about the break-in he had had in his home. Nana implies she agrees with Logan. Beth goes to a former boyfriend's home and he weakly admits Keith may have been involved in his breaking up with her. Beth (politely) confronts Keith about this. Keith during this conversation tries to convince Beth that she knows nothing about Logan and this could dangerous. Keith thinks he has begun to convince Beth and is in high spirits. However, Logan did research on Keith's family and meets Keith at his Keith's home. Logan tells Keith he knows it was Keith who broke into his home and bluffs that he has a video recording of the break in. Logan said he would take the information to Keith's family if Keith did not stay out of Beth's business. Keith realizes he no longer has the upper hand and begins to drink heavily.

Later, there is a storm that comes through Hampton and it rains for days/weeks and the area begins to flood. Ben convinces Logan to go to his tree house and Logan realizes it is no longer safe because of the flooding. They still enter the tree house and Logan gives Ben the picture because he feels it will keep Ben safe. Logan mentions his friend Victor's belief in the luck of the photo. Logan also plays the piano in church for Nana and the town begins to admire Logan, and even Keith's grandfather praises Ben, deepening Keith's hatred of Logan.

Tony, the co-worker who called Keith from the pool hall when Logan first arrived in town, goes to Keith's house and informs Keith that Logan was the guy who had had the picture of Beth which Keith had ignored. Keith goes to the school where Beth works and convinces Beth that Logan is a stalker. Beth doesn't necessarily believe Keith at the time and confronts Logan who admits to having the photo. Beth becomes extremely upset and demands the picture. Logan informs Beth that he had given it to Ben.

Later, Beth asks Ben for the photo and asks him to tell her everything Logan had said when Logan had given it to Ben. Beth realizes Logan had been honest about how he felt the photo was a good luck charm. Beth goes to Logan's home and he tells her everything. He also mentions the tree house being very unsafe to Beth. Keith spies on Beth and Logan and is enraged. When Beth leaves Logan's house Keith follows her to her home. Keith tells her he was going to take her to court to obtain full custody of Ben if she doesn't follow his rules. He wants her to stop seeing Logan and date him (Keith) again. Ben overhears Keith threatening to take full custody, and tells Keith he doesn't want to live with him. Ben runs away to his tree house. Logan had seen the extra set of tire tracks and realizes Keith had been around when Beth was at his house. Logan runs to Beth's house.

Beth finally realizes Ben had run to the tree house and both Keith and Beth struggle to get to the tree house through the flooding and rain. When they arrive at the tree house it has partially collapsed and Ben was in the creek running under the tree house clinging to the rope bridge. Keith tries to go to the tree house but falls through the rotten wood and breaks his ribs and clings to rope bridge as well. Beth broke her foot on the way to the tree house and only able to watch everything unfold. Logan and Zeus arrive and try to help, as well. Logan ends up closer to Keith and Keith clings to Logan dragging him under when the whole tree house collapses and Logan and Keith disappear into the abyss. Zeus saves Ben.

In the epilogue it becomes apparent that Keith died and Logan survives. Ben continues to carry the photo around for good luck.

References

External links
Official Nicholas Sparks website

2008 American novels
American novels adapted into films
American romance novels
Novels by Nicholas Sparks