Extra credit is a way to gain points, particularly used in schools.

Reasons for extra credit
Teachers employ extra credit for a variety of reasons. For example, it may be felt that students who are highly capable may benefit from an additional challenge that might not be suitable as required work for all students. Extra credit may also be used as a way to allow a student to improve their grade after a weak performance earlier in a course. In both of these cases, extra credit can promote differentiated instruction by factoring in optional work in the assessment of student performance.

Method of computation
Typically, participation in extra credit can only improve one's grade. Points might be added to an existing activity, for example, if the student correctly answers a more difficult portion of a test that would be required to meet the objectives of a unit. Optional activities may also add points or marks used in overall grade computation. This may, for example, increase the numerator of the fraction used in computing an overall percentage, while leaving the denominator unchanged. This can lead to grade percentages that exceed 100% unless the policy used for grade computations caps a grade at a maximum value.

Controversial aspects
Author Julia G. Thompson refers to extra credit as "a controversial topic for teachers." In California, during late 2006, there was controversy when students were offered extra credits simply for buying course books in an effort to overcome a lack of resources.

In popular culture
The concept has been featured in the titles of various works of fiction, including Amber Brown Wants Extra Credit and the Degrassi: Extra Credit series.

References

Student assessment and evaluation
School terminology


Kurt Hasse (7 February 1907 – 9 January 1944 on the Eastern Front of World War II in the Soviet Union) was a German show jumping champion, and 1936 Olympic champion. He was killed in action during World War II.

Olympic Record
Hasse participated at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, where he won a gold medal in Individual Jumping, and also a team gold medal with the horse Tora.

References

External links

1907 births
1944 deaths
Sportspeople from Mainz
Olympic gold medalists for Germany
Equestrians at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Olympic equestrians for Germany
German male equestrians
Olympic medalists in equestrian
Medalists at the 1936 Summer Olympics
German military personnel killed in World War II


Stephen Pierce Hayden Duggan (December 20, 1870, New York City - August 18, 1950, Stamford, Connecticut) was a United States scholar and educator known as the "apostle of internationalism".

Biography
He was educated at the College of the City of New York (CCNY) where, after completing his undergraduate and some graduate work in 1896, he began teaching while pursuing graduate studies at Columbia University, where he received a Ph.D. in 1902. He was a professor of diplomatic history and later the history of education at CCNY, and became head of the education department in 1906.

Duggan founded The Institute of International Education in 1919, together with Nobel Laureates Elihu Root and Nicholas Murray Butler, and was the first director (until 1946). He was director of Council on Foreign Relations (1921–1950).

Family
Duggan was married to Sarah Alice Elsesser, who was a director of the Negro Welfare League of White Plains, New York.

Their son Laurence Duggan was an economist and State Department official who was suspected of being a Soviet agent.

Works

 The Eastern Question: A Study in Diplomacy (1902)
 A Student's Textbook in the History of Education (1916)
 The League of Nations: The Principle and the Practice (1919)

References

External links

 Publications by Stephen Duggan at WorldCat.

International relations scholars
American political scientists
American male journalists
Historians from New York (state)
City College of New York alumni
City College of New York faculty
Columbia University alumni
1870 births
1950 deaths
Journalists from New York City


Destructive fishing practices are fishing practices which easily result in irreversible damage to habitats and the sustainability of the fishery ecosystems. Such damages can be caused by direct physical destruction of the underwater landform and vegetation, overfishing (especially of keystone species) indiscriminate killing/maiming of aquatic life, disruption of vital reproductive cycles, and lingering water pollution.

Many fishing techniques can be destructive if used inappropriately, but some practices (such as blasting, electrocution and poisoning) are particularly likely to result in irreversible damage to the ecosystem. These practices are mostly, though not always, illegal (see also illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing), and even where they are illegal, regulations are often inadequately enforced.

Overview
The narrowest definition of destructive fishing practices refers principally to bottom trawling over vulnerable habitats (shallow corals, deep sea corals, or seagrass, for example), as well as practices such as shark finning, blast fishing, poison fishing, muro-ami, and push netting. These latter practices are not significant within the fishing zones of most developed nations, being generally outlawed.

A wider and more useful definition would include:
 overfishing beyond reasonable recovery limits, including serial overfishing;
 excessive or damaging levels of bycatch ;
 the fishing of spawning aggregations without precautionary justification ;
 intensive fishing over vulnerable habitats, including for example spawning and nursery areas; and
 high grading–the practice of discarding the lower-quality portion of the target catch.

This definition could be extended to cover activities such as:
 ghost fishing by lost or discarded gear,
 shark netting of popular swimming beaches (with high incidental catch),
 amateur use of fish aggregating devices or traps where they increase the likelihood of locally unsustainable catch levels,
 spearfishing at night or with SCUBA, as well as 'industrial' spearfishing,
 use of stainless steel hooks or traps;
 commercial and recreational use of gill nets and traps with high incidental kill, and
 deliberate (and sometimes illegal) destruction of marine life perceived as “getting in the way” of fishing operations.

History
The term "destructive fishing practices" (or DFPs) has been featured in international fisheries literature since about the 1980s. No widely accepted definition of the phrase exists, and this will almost certainly remain the situation, given very different national and industry perspectives.

The Outcomes and Implementation Statements of the World Summit on Sustainable Development, held in Johannesburg in 2002, contain a commitment to phasing out destructive fishing practices in the marine environment by the year 2012. All nations attending the summit supported this statement.

Many nations had made commitments to end destructive fishing practices much earlier. In 1999, 124 nations explicitly gave their support to the FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries 1995 through the Rome Declaration on Responsible Fisheries. The list of these nations includes most of the major fishing nations of the world. However, while the Code of Conduct contains a commitment to end destructive fishing practices, the Code contains no timelines.

Methods

Blast fishing

Dynamite or blast fishing is done easily and cheaply with dynamite or homemade bombs made from locally available materials. Fish are killed by the shock from the blast and are then skimmed from the surface or collected from the bottom. The explosions indiscriminately kill large numbers of fish and other marine organisms in the vicinity and can damage or destroy the physical environment. Explosions are particularly harmful to coral reefs. Blast fishing is also illegal in many waterways around the world.

Bottom trawling

Bottom trawling is trawling (towing a trawl, which is a fishing net) along the sea floor. It is also referred to as "dragging". The scientific community divides bottom trawling into benthic trawling and demersal trawling. Benthic trawling is towing a net at the very bottom of the ocean and demersal trawling is towing a net just above the benthic zone. Bottom trawling targets both bottom-living fish (groundfish) and semi-pelagic species such as cod, squid, shrimp, and rockfish.

Bottom fishing has operated for over a century on heavily fished grounds such as the North Sea and Grand Banks. While overfishing has long been recognised as causing major ecological changes to the fish community on the Grand Banks, concern has been raised more recently about the damage which benthic trawling inflicts upon seabed communities. A species of particular concern is the slow growing, deep-water coral Lophelia pertusa. This species is home to a diverse community of deep-sea organisms, but is easily damaged by fishing gear. On 17 November 2004, the United Nations General Assembly urged nations to consider temporary bans on high-seas bottom trawling.

Bottom trawling over vulnerable habitats, however, will continue within the Exclusive Fishing Zones of most nations until governments have mapped the location of vulnerable habitats, and taken steps to exclude all bottom trawling activities from these areas.

Cyanide fishing

Cyanide fishing is a method of collecting live fish mainly for use in aquariums, which involves spraying a sodium cyanide mixture into the desired fish's habitat in order to stun the fish. The practice hurts not only the target population, but also many other marine organisms, including coral and thus coral reefs.

Recent studies have shown that the combination of cyanide use and stress of post capture handling results in mortality of up to 75% of the organisms within less than 48 hours of capture. With such high mortality numbers, a greater number of fish must be caught in order to offset post catch death.

Muro-ami
Muro-ami is a destructive artisan fishing method employed on coral reefs in Southeast Asia. An encircling net is used with pounding devices, such as large stones fitted on ropes that are pounded onto the coral reefs. They can also consist of large heavy blocks of cement suspended above the sea by a crane fitted to the vessel. The pounding devices are repeatedly lowered into the area encircled by the net, smashing the coral into small fragments in order to scare the fish out of their coral refuges. The "crushing" effect on the coral heads has been described as having long-lasting and practically totally destructive effects.

The Catholic Bishops of the Philippines were critical of muro-ami in their 1988 declaration, "What is Happening to Our Beautiful Land?".

See also
 Environmental impact of fishing
Environmental issues with coral reefs
 Sustainable fishery

References

External links
 Nevill, Jon (2007) Destructive fishing practices: definitions
 Destructive fishing practices: definitions  - Conservation Science Institute
 Fishing problems: Destructive fishing practices - WWF
 Destructive fishing practices - European Commission
 Questions and Answers on Destructive Fishing Practices - European Commission

Environmental impact of fishing
Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing


The Tribal College Journal is a nonprofit media organization operating under the auspices of the American Indian Higher Education Consortium (AIHEC). The quarterly magazine, website, and e-newsletters address American Indian and Alaska Native higher education. It is a forum for tribal college administrators, faculty, staff, and students, providing discussion for their needs, successes, and evolving missions.

The magazine was established in 1989 in Sacramento, California. AIHEC tribal college presidents resolved on November 14, 1989 to support the magazine and gave it editorial independence as opposed to a typical in-house publication. In the summer of 1991, Founding editor Paul Boyer moved operations to Chestertown, Maryland. In 1995, the magazine moved to Mancos, Colorado, and is now located in a building where Paula Gunn Allen used to reside.

Paul Boyer, author and education consultant, was the founding editor. Marjane Ambler, previously editor of High Country News in Lander, Wyoming, held the position for eleven years. Tina Deschenie, the first Native to hold the position, became the editor in June 2006.

Publishing
Layout and design were created by Nakota Designs, a Lakota owned and operated advertising and design company.

Awards
 Gold award, Best column, Society of National Association Publications (SNAP)
 Silver award, Cover photo illustration, SNAP
 2nd place, General Excellence, Magazine category, Native American Journalists Association (NAJA)

References

External links

 Tribal College Journal's official website:
 TCJ Student: tribal college student art, writing, and expression

Cultural magazines published in the United States
Education magazines
Magazines established in 1989
Magazines published in California
Magazines published in Colorado
Native American magazines
Native American studies
Quarterly magazines published in the United States
Mass media in Sacramento, California
Magazines published in North Carolina


Scott Owens (born 1963) is an American poet, teacher, and editor living in Hickory, North Carolina.

History
Owens was born in Greenwood, South Carolina, and raised in mill villages and on his grandparents' small farm.  His father was in the military, and the family later moved to Fort Bragg, NC, and then to Darmstadt, Germany, and Augusta, Georgia, where he graduated from the Academy of Richmond County.  Most of his early childhood was lived below the poverty line, necessitating frequent relocation in and around Greenwood.  His childhood was also marked by periods of domestic abuse by his stepfathers.  His mother was married 6 times during his childhood and his father 5 times.  Three of their marriages were to each other. In Hickory, Owens, with his wife, Julie, became owner of Taste Full Beans Coffeehouse, where he has hosted the monthly reading series, Poetry Hickory, since 2007.

Education

Owens was the first member of his family to attend college.  He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in English with a minor in Education at Ohio University, where he studied with novelist, Daniel Keyes, and poet, Paul Nelson. He continued on to the University of North Carolina, Charlotte for a master's degree in English, studying with Robin Hemley, Robert Waters Grey, and Christopher Davis, and working on the journal, "Southern Poetry Review".  He also earned a Master of Fine Arts degree in Creative Writing from the University of North Carolina, Greensboro, studying under Fred Chappell and Stuart Dischell.

Poetry Community  and Editing Work

He is the founder of the reading series, Poetry Hickory (2007 - ), and the University Community Poetry Series (2016 - 2018), editor of "Wild Goose Poetry Review," and a writer of reviews of poetry collections and articles about writing. He has also been author of the poetry column, "Musings," published in Outlook, founding editor of 234, Associate Editor of Southern Poetry Review, Vice President of the Poetry Council of NC and the NC Poetry Society, and Founder of The Art of Poetry at the Hickory Museum of Art.  He has taught creativity, writing, and poetry workshops at various schools, conferences, and conventions throughout the Southeast, most recently at Lenoir Rhyne University.  He has also served as a judge for numerous poetry contests and been on the board of various reading series. Owens is recognized as a proponent of and community organizer for poetry.

Teaching

Owens has taught at the middle school, high school, and college levels, including a stint as Headmaster of The Patterson School.

Most of his creative and critical work has been completed while living in Hickory, North Carolina, and teaching at Lenoir Rhyne University and Catawba Valley Community College where, in 2013, he was recognized with the "Adjunct Excellence in Teaching Award."

Writing Awards

Owens's books, Prepositional, and Sky Full of Stars and Dreaming were nominated for a National Book Critics' Circle Award. His poems have been nominated for eleven Pushcart Prizes and seven Best of the Net Awards, and received awards from the Academy of American Poets, the North Carolina Poetry Society, the Poetry Society of South Carolina, the Next Generation Indie Awards, and the North Carolina Writer's Network.  His poem, "So Norman Died of Course,"received a Special Mention from the Pushcart Prize Anthology for 2009 and "On the Days I Am Not My Father," "Cleaning House," "The Arrival of the Past," and "Rails" were featured on Garrison Keillor's The Writer's Almanac.  His more than 1400 published poems have appeared in a diverse range of journals, including Georgia Review, North American Review, Poetry East, Hayden’s Ferry Review, Cimarron Review, Greensboro Review, Chattahoochee Review, Cream City Review, Beloit Poetry Journal, and Cottonwood, among others.  More than 100 of his essays and reviews have appeared in Main Street Rag, The Pilot, Pirene's Fountain, and many others. He has spoken about poetry or shared his work on NPR, TedX, several radio shows and podcasts, and at more than 200 public readings at universities, libraries, and conferences. His essays on poetry have appeared multiple times in Poets Market.

Owens' papers are housed in the South Carolina Poetry Archives in the James B Duke Library at Furman University.

Themes
Owens' poems treat a wide range of themes often expressed as dialectics, including faith and agnosticism, abuse and parenting, alienation and existentialism, loneliness and collaboration, entrapment and liberation, personal relationships and self-sufficiency, nightmares and reality, the disappearance of a rural American South characterized as both pastoral and violent, and the possibilities of redemption as his characters attempt to make sense of an often seemingly senseless world.  His settings and imagery are familiar but often quirky, utilizing extended metaphors and juxtaposing the mundane with the transcendent in sometimes disturbing ways. His work is marked by diversity in tone, style and subject matter, at times nearly formal, at other times conversational and performance-based; at times political, at other times focused on nature; at times distraught about the state of humanity, but just as often optimistic and celebratory. He often re-envisions the lives of familiar historical and mythological characters and has created his own everyman figure named Norman.  He cites deep imagism, confessionalism, and surrealism among his strongest influences. and lists Whitman, Frost, Stevens, Williams, Cummings, Plath, Sexton, Yannis Ritsos, Yehuda Amichai, CP Cavafy, George Seferis, Adrienne Rich, Galway Kinnell, and Tim Peeler as the poets who have had the greatest impact on his own work and thought. All of those influences can be seen in his book Counting the Ways where he utilizes Stevens' Objectivism and Eliot's Objective Correlative in a search for meaningful narratives by tracing the recurrence of particular images or motifs across personal, social, religious, historical, and literary contexts. His newest book, Sky Full of Stars and Dreaming consists of poems written mostly during the Covid-19 pandemic and which find hope and meaning in nature, love, family, work, and perspective. Like much of Owens' work the poems vary in form and voice, ranging from haiku to sonnets and prose poems.

Works
All In (Redhawk, 2023)
Prepositional: Selected and New Poems (Redhawk, 2022)
Worlds Enough: Poems for Children (and a few grown ups) (Redhawk, 2022)
Sky Full of Stars and Dreaming (Redhawk, 2021)
Counting the Ways (Main Street Rag, 2020)
Down to Sleep (Main Street Rag, 2016)
Thinking About the Next Big Bang in the Galaxy at the Edge of Town (Main Street Rag, 2015)
To (Main Street Rag, 2014)
Eye of the Beholder (Main Street Rag, 2013)
Shadows Trail Them Home (Clemson University Press, 2012)
For One Who Knows How to Own Land (Future Cycle Press, 2012)
Country Roads: Travels Through Rural North Carolina, Collaboration with Photographer Clayton Joe Young (2012)
Something Knows the Moment (Main Street Rag, 2011)
The Nature of Attraction, collaboration with Pris Campbell (Main Street Rag, 2010)
Paternity (Main Street Rag, 2010)
The Fractured World (Main Street Rag, 2008)
Book of Days (Dead Mule, 2009)
Deceptively Like a Sound (Dead Mule, 2008)
The Persistence of Faith (Sandstone, 1994)

External links
Architecture of loss and loneliness
Wild Goose Poetry Review
The Pedestal Magazine
The Fractured World by Scott Owens (poems)
Joe Milford Hosts Scott Owens!
Scott Owens Collection - Furman University Special Collections
Scott Owens' Website
Scott Owens' Blog "Musings"
Writer's Digest Interview with Poet Scott Owens, October 10, 2011

References

American male poets
Living people
1963 births
People from Greenwood, South Carolina
People from Hickory, North Carolina
Academy of Richmond County alumni
21st-century American poets
21st-century American male writers


The Belgian Infantry Memorial (, ) is a monument in Brussels, Belgium, which stands in memory of the Belgian foot soldiers who fought in World War I and World War II. Designed by Edouard Vereycken, the memorial stands in front of Brussels' Palace of Justice and across the / from the Anglo-Belgian War Memorial. The memorial rests on a raised platform that overlooks Brussels' city centre. Translated into English, the inscription reads: "To the infantrymen who died for their country".

See also

 History of Brussels

References

Notes

Buildings and structures in Brussels
Tourist attractions in Brussels
City of Brussels
Monuments and memorials in Belgium
World War I memorials in Belgium


The THK-16 Mehmetçik (Turkish: "Little Mehmet") was an aircraft designed in Turkey in the early 1950s to provide the Turkish Air Force with a domestically designed and built jet trainer. The project was cancelled without the aircraft having been built.

As designed, the THK-16 was to have been a conventional, mid-wing monoplane with the pilot and instructor seated in tandem under a long canopy. Power would have been provided by two small turbojets mounted in underwing nacelles, and construction was to have been metal throughout. Design work was practically complete in 1952 when Türk Hava Kurumu was bought out by MKEK. Although the THK-16 was selected as one of the THK designs that MKEK felt was worth continuing with and allocated the designation MKEK-3, the Turkish Air Force purchased the Lockheed T-33 Shooting Star as its jet trainer and work on the local design was abandoned.

Specifications (as designed)

Notes

References

1950s Turkish military trainer aircraft
Twinjets
Turkish Aeronautical Association aircraft
Mechanical and Chemical Industry Corporation aircraft
Mid-wing aircraft


The United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement (UNFSA), otherwise known as the Straddling Fish Stocks Agreement (formally, the Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks) is a multilateral treaty created by the United Nations to enhance the cooperative management of fisheries resources that span wide areas, and are of economic and environmental concern to a number of nations. As of December 2016, the treaty had been ratified by 91 parties, which includes 90 states and the European Union.

Straddling stock are fish stocks that migrate through, or occur in, more than one exclusive economic zone. The Agreement was adopted in 1995, and came into force in 2001.

Highly migratory fish is a term which has its origins in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. It refers to fish species which undertake ocean migrations and also have wide geographic distributions, and usually denotes tuna and tuna-like species, shark, marlin and swordfish. Straddling fish stocks are especially vulnerable to overexploitation because of ineffective management regimes and noncompliance by fishing interests.

See also

 Fisheries management
 Admiralty law

Notes

References
 United Nations Conference on Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks
 The Quest for Sustainable International FisheriesRegional Efforts to Implement the 1995 United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement: An Overview for the May 2006 Review Conference

External links
 Procedural history and related documents on the United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement in the Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law

2001 in the environment
Fisheries treaties
United Nations treaties
Treaties concluded in 1996
Treaties entered into force in 2001
Treaties of Bangladesh
Treaties of Chile
Treaties of Ecuador
Treaties of Morocco
Treaties of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Treaties of Nigeria
Treaties of Indonesia
Treaties of Tuvalu
Treaties of Panama
Treaties of Mozambique
Treaties of Slovakia
Treaties of Hungary
Treaties of Oman
Treaties of Palau
Treaties of South Korea
Treaties of Romania
Treaties of the Czech Republic
Treaties of Lithuania
Treaties of Latvia
Treaties of Bulgaria
Treaties of Niue
Treaties of Trinidad and Tobago
Treaties of Japan
Treaties of Estonia
Treaties of Slovenia
Treaties of Poland
Treaties of Liberia
Treaties of Guinea
Treaties of Kiribati
Treaties of Belize
Treaties of Kenya
Treaties of Sweden
Treaties of Spain
Treaties of Portugal
Treaties of the Netherlands
Treaties of Italy
Treaties of Luxembourg
Treaties of Ireland
Treaties of Greece
Treaties of Germany
Treaties of France
Treaties of Finland
Treaties of Denmark
Treaties of Belgium
Treaties of Austria
Treaties entered into by the European Union
Treaties of India
Treaties of South Africa
Treaties of the Marshall Islands
Treaties of Ukraine
Treaties of the United Kingdom
Treaties of Malta
Treaties of Costa Rica
Treaties of New Zealand
Treaties of Barbados
Treaties of Brazil
Treaties of Australia
Treaties of Uruguay
Treaties of Canada
Treaties of Monaco
Treaties of Papua New Guinea
Treaties of the Cook Islands
Treaties of the Maldives
Treaties of Iran
Treaties of Namibia
Treaties of Seychelles
Treaties of Russia
Treaties of the Federated States of Micronesia
Treaties of Mauritius
Treaties of Iceland
Treaties of the Solomon Islands
Treaties of Senegal
Treaties of the Bahamas
Treaties of Nauru
Treaties of Norway
Treaties of Fiji
Treaties of Samoa
Treaties of Sri Lanka
Treaties of the United States
Treaties of Saint Lucia
Treaties of Tonga
Treaties of Cyprus
Treaties of Croatia
Treaties of the Philippines
1996 in New York City
Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands
Treaties extended to Greenland
Treaties extended to Anguilla
Treaties extended to Bermuda
Treaties extended to the British Indian Ocean Territory
Treaties extended to the British Virgin Islands
Treaties extended to the Falkland Islands
Treaties extended to South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Treaties extended to the Pitcairn Islands
Treaties extended to the Turks and Caicos Islands
Fish migrations


Hardenhuish School (formerly The Chippenham School, Chippenham Grammar School and Chippenham Girls' High School) is a large mixed secondary school and sixth form in Chippenham, Wiltshire, England, for students aged 11 to 18. Together with Abbeyfield School and Sheldon School, it is one of three secondary schools in the town with academy status. The school's headteacher is Lisa Percy.

The school is in the Hardenhuish area in the north-west of Chippenham. Its main building is Hardenhuish House, a large Grade II* listed late-18th-century house. Sheldon School lies to the south, in the southern part of the former grounds of the house.

History

Earliest records
In 854AD, documents record the settlement known as Hardenhuish on the north-west side of Chippenham. The name probably derives from the family landholding of one Herejeard.

In 1066, the Domesday survey establishes the owner as Arnulf who held it before this date. The medieval manor house and church were on the flat land which now forms playing fields shared between Hardenhuish and Sheldon schools.

18th century
On 10 April 1759, Joseph Colborne (a member of the tallow chandlers' guild and part of a prominent local medical family) purchased the house and estate from descendants of the Hawkins family, who had taken the manor house on from the Dunch family in 1622. Eventually he selected a new site for a fine Georgian house, Hardenhuish House, on higher ground to the north, built in 1773 to 1774. The previous house was demolished and the grounds were landscaped. Joseph Colborne of Hardenhuish was appointed Sheriff of Wiltshire for the year 1777.

In 1776, Joseph Colborne decided that a new church should be erected on higher ground to the west of his new Georgian house. Dedicated to Saint Nicholas, it was designed by the famous Bath architect John Wood and is supposed to contain recycled material from the earlier church. It was completed in 1779. Joseph Colborne's sister, Anne - who had married London merchant Abraham Craiesteyn - had been buried at the earlier church in 1764, and her remains were moved to the new church.

The ruins of a raised stone summer house in Hardenhuish wood and the cobbled flooring of a stable are still visible, as well as a stone wall, formerly a garden store, on the hill behind the property. These features, alongside the neo-classical architecture of the house, act as an educational resource used by the school's history department.

Joseph Colborne died in 1781. The ownership of Hardenhuish passed to his daughter Anne, who was married to John Hawkins of Kelston, near Bath. Their second son, George Hawkins, was next to inherit Hardenhuish.

19th century
In 1822, Thomas Clutterbuck, who had land and business interests in both Gloucestershire and Bradford on Avon, bought the Hardenhuish estate from George Hawkins.

Henrietta, a daughter of the economist and MP David Ricardo, married Thomas Clutterbuck in 1814 in London, and he subsequently became well acquainted with the family. Many of his original works remained with the family for at least a century. David Ricardo died in 1823, and was buried at Hardenhuish church.

In 1826, Thomas Clutterbuck of Hardenhuish was Sheriff of Wiltshire.

The renowned diarist Francis Kilvert was born opposite the estate in 1840 in the rectory, and he subsequently befriended the Clutterbuck children who are referenced in his diaries alongside the estate.

In 1854, Edmund Lewis Clutterbuck of Hardenhuish was Sheriff of Wiltshire. The Clutterbuck family and their heirs held the Hardenhuish estate until the 1930s.

From 1875 there was a private venture grammar school in Chippenham, conducted in St. Mary Street by a Mr. Wilson and from 1883 by Mr. Cruikshank.

In 1891 the Technical Instruction Acts (1889 & 1891) provided financial assistance for evening classes in various science and arts subjects. Earlier voluntary classes that had existed were now coordinated, and this became the beginning of a national system of technical education. Subjects included Shorthand, Animal Physiology, Chemistry, Physics, Hygiene, Carpentry and Dressmaking.

In 1893, Edward Newall Tuck was appointed by the Education Committee of the Borough of Chippenham to organise technical classes in Chippenham and district. Classes were held in rented premises at No. 21 London Road and at the Jubilee Institute, as well as villages including Grittleton and Yatton Keynell. Teachers from elementary schools attended classes in a School of Art on Saturdays at the Jubilee Institute. Tuck, in addition, gave talks on Wiltshire history and nature study, he also served as town councillor and was Mayor of Chippenham from 1931 to 1932.

In 1894, pupils were not admitted to classes until they reached the age of 11. Pupils from day schools were admitted free from aged 11 to 16. The fees at this time were fixed at 6d per month, the whole expenses of the school being met by fees and grants from the Science and Art Department and the County Council. Higher grade classes for boys, including Woodwork and Chemistry, were held at No. 21 London Road.

John Coles
In 1896, under the provisions of the Technical and Industrial Institutions Act (1892), the Borough of Chippenham established the Chippenham and District County School, subsequently known as the Chippenham County Secondary School for Boys and Girls, with Tuck as the first headmaster (He would remain in this post until 1939). The first Chair of Governors was former mayor Alderman John Coles.The premises were still at No. 21 London Road and the Jubilee Institute. As the tenancy of the private venture school was to end on 25 March 1896, the Town Council paid Cruikshank £10 for the desks, books and goodwill of his school. Boys were drawn from three elementary schools in Chippenham, the British, National and St. Paul's Schools. In addition twelve boys had previously attended the private grammar school. Others were from other private schools in Chippenham, Corsham, Devizes, Calne and surrounding villages. 39 boys aged 11 to 16 were on the admission register from 13 April 1896. The curriculum included Latin, French, Science, History, Geography, Grammar, Book-keeping, Shorthand, Arithmetic, Writing, Geometry and Freehand Drawing.

In September 1898, a girls' school was established, against some opposition, in the Temperance Hall, Foghamshire. 22 girls were admitted at opening, from the schools of Mrs. Parry (Market Place), Miss Alexander (Monkton Hill), Mrs. White (Marshfield Road), from private tuition and from local National and British schools.

20th century
On 24 September 1900, the Chippenham District County School opened in Cocklebury Lane, now part of Wiltshire College, (built on an acre of land purchased in 1896 by the County, Urban and Rural District Councils). The ceremony was attended by the Mayor and Aldermen of Chippenham. In addition to Mr. Edward Newall Tuck the headmaster, the staff included three masters and one mistress, there were 99 pupils. The total cost of the project was £6,000. In addition to the buildings and playground, four acres of adjoining land were rented for playing fields. All day classes were consolidated here and pupil numbers increased rapidly.

On 1 May 1901 the decision was taken by the Governors for the school to become a Science School. 4 scholarships were granted to 3 female and 1 male students. In July it was decided to establish a centre for pupil-teachers at the school.

In 1902, local education authorities were established and Wiltshire County Council became responsible for education in Chippenham.

Latin was omitted from the curriculum.

By 1904 there were 101 pupils, 50 from urban and 51 from rural areas. In addition 49 pupil teachers were attending, 9 from urban and the remainder from rural schools, and the evening classes had 139 pupils.

From 1905 girls from elementary schools attended Cookery classes at the Cocklebury Road site.

In 1906, Sir Gabriel Goldney, 2nd Baronet, CVO, CB of Hardenhuish Park became Sheriff of Wiltshire.

By October 1907 the school had 128 pupils, 64 boys and 64 girls. The age of admission was 9, and the leaving age 17 to 18.

In addition to the yearly fees paid by pupils the school was financed by County and Government grants.

In 1908 the fees were £5 5s. 0d. a year, including books. However, there were a number of scholarships available and figures for the year show that of 115 pupils, 66 girls and 49 boys, 57 held scholarships, one a free place, and only 57 were fee-payers.

The interwar years
In 1922, the school received further County and Government grants.

In the interwar years, numbers of pupils on roll increased steadily, and by 1929 there were 262. The Junior department was reorganised as a Kindergarten and Preparatory Form, catering for 61 children aged 8 to 10. However, the number of pupils over the age of 16 was proportionally small in comparison with the average for Wiltshire Grammar Schools, consequently there was no discrete sixth form, although a small number of pupils did progress to University, some with the aid of County Scholarships.

By the early 1930s the buildings were presenting difficulties of overcrowding. A site in Marshfield Road was considered for a new school building, but ultimately rejected.

By 1935 pupil numbers had reached 288, Hardenhuish Park was purchased from the Clutterbuck family by Wiltshire County Council in order to implement the educational requirements of the growing town.

Grammar School
In 1938, the Secondary Grammar School moved from Cocklebury Road to new buildings (since demolished), erected on the east side of Hardenhuish House. The old Manor House became the headmaster's room, the school library and some classrooms. The last private tenant of the house was Mr Portal. The new school extended over 40 acres of Hardenhuish Park, and the new buildings contained a hall, gymnasium, laboratories, classrooms, and cloakrooms.

In 1939, the Preparatory department closed. By 1940 there were 414 pupils, of whom 25 were evacuees, 10 percent were under the age of 11 and, still, only 2 percent over 16.

With pressure mounting on existing elementary schools in the town during 1940, due to rising age of leaving, overcrowding and more evacuees, Standards VI to VIII from the elementary schools were accommodated at the Cocklebury Road site, with teachers to support them. This became Chippenham Temporary Senior School in November 1940. After the Education Act 1944 this school became Chippenham County Secondary Modern School, a senior mixed school taking children aged 11 and over from the primary schools of Chippenham and district.

In late 1940, early 1941 the school at Hardenhuish took in a large number of evacuees from Wanstead, East London, who had already spent a year in Gloucester. A field next to school housed a camp occupied by soldiers of the 4th Armored Division and 11th Armored Division, whose headquarters were at Lackham House and Manor.  Close relations developed between these troops and the school.

Post WWII
Following the war, there was a steady increase in the numbers of pupils and additional buildings were constructed. Some of the Nissen huts used by the American soldiers were repurposed as classrooms, while others housed relocated families from blitzed areas. The catchment area of the school covered the triangle between Chippenham, Corsham and Melksham.

In 1956, with pupil number at 547, (102 of these in the Sixth Form), constant growth of the area saw the major development of a new secondary modern school for girls to the south of Hardenhuish Church.

On 28 September, the new Girls' High School opened. These buildings now form part of Hardenhuish School.

The Headmistress, Miss (Edith) Cassia Denne, had 486 pupils in her charge.

In 1958, a field was purchased at the Folly to enable an approach road to be made to serve the new secondary schools.

Chippenham Boys' High School
In 1959, a secondary modern, Chippenham Boys' High School, was constructed lower down Hardenhuish Park. These buildings now form part of Sheldon School.

In 1960, more Grammar School buildings were erected behind Hardenhuish House due to the continual growth of Chippenham. The school began to admit 120 instead of 90 each year.

The three schools occupied some 40 acres of Hardenhuish Park and some 2,000 boys and girls attended from the Borough and from the district within a radius of about 8 miles.

In 1966, the Grammar School and the Girls' High School integrated with the Chippenham Secondary Modern Schools in a semi-comprehensive system with all 11- to 13-year-old boys and girls being educated on the Hardenhuish site. Some 13-18-year-olds were educated in the former Grammar school buildings, and this was named The Chippenham School.

Comprehensive
In 1975, the three existing schools were merged into two comprehensive schools, under the names Hardenhuish and Sheldon. Hardenhuish was made up of the old Grammar School and Girls' High School buildings, spanning right across the old Hardenhuish estate and comprising seven blocks.

The 1975 Chippenham development plan stated, "Two mixed 8 form entry comprehensive schools each to accommodate 1,200 pupils aged 11 to 18, with 200 in each school sixth form additionally, to be formed on the campus at Hardenhuish by merging the existing three schools. The Boys’ High School to have additional classrooms and accommodation for girls. The Girls’ High School and the Chippenham School to be merged into one school".

Hardenhuish would serve the northern and western areas of Chippenham and adjacent villages. Sheldon would take pupils from the southern and eastern areas of the town and adjacent villages.

In September 1975 Hardenhuish School opened as a comprehensive school in the Grammar School and Girls’ High School buildings, and renamed to reflect the school having become coeducational.

A £2 million capital building project over the last decade has transformed the learning environment.

Completed in 2003, the new Technology Centre began the first phase, soon followed by the new Sports Hall with climbing wall, the new English and Performing Arts Centre, and the extensively redeveloped Science and Maths Centres. The school was awarded Specialist School Status as a Mathematics and Computing College.

A new two-storey Sixth Form Centre was completed in 2009. In April the school added a second specialism in Science.

Academy
In September 2010, Hardenhuish converted to academy status, becoming one of the first converter academies.

Academic performance
Hardenhuish received the tenth highest A-level average results for comprehensives in Wiltshire at the end of the 2009/2010 school year. As well as expertise in the specialisms of Mathematics & Computing and Science, Hardenhuish has received many awards over recent years, some of which are the ICT Mark in 2010, designated a Lead School for Gifted & Talented learners, and the International School Award every year since 2010. In its 2008 Ofsted report, Hardenhuish was judged to be "outstanding".

Headteachers
Head teacher of Chippenham Grammar School from 1893 until 1929 was Edward Newell Tuck.
Head teacher of Chippenham Grammar School from 1929 until 1932 was Henry S Rosen. Prior to this appointment he had been head of The County School in Bradford on Avon for 3 years.
Head teacher of Chippenham Grammar School from 1932 until 1935 was B A Fletcher.
Head teacher of Chippenham Grammar School from 1935 until 1939 was H Heckstall-Smith.
Head teacher of Chippenham Grammar School from 1939, when it moved to the Hardenhuish site, until 1961 was Sydney Farrar. Prior to this appointment he had been head of Fitzmaurice Grammar School in Bradford on Avon for 10 years.
Head teacher of Chippenham Grammar School from 1961 until 1966, and then The Chippenham School from 1966 until 1970 was Mr R R Stephens.
Head teacher of The Chippenham School from 1970 onwards was Mr J A Hargreaves. He was succeeded by Mr Alderman.

Head teacher of Chippenham Girls' Secondary Modern School from 1956 until 1966 was (Edith) Cassia Denne.
Head teacher of Chippenham Girls' Secondary Modern School from 1966 onwards was Miss Wilkins.

Head teacher of Hardenhuish School from 1975 until at least 1987 was Mr R J Alderman.
Head teacher of Hardenhuish School from at least 1989 until at least 2010 was Colin Smith.

At the end of the 2015/16 academic year, Hardenhuish head teacher Jan Hatherell retired after six years in the job. She had originally joined the school as head of science in 1989. She was replaced by Lisa Percy, who was promoted from deputy headteacher.

Notable alumni
 David Bishop — international track and field athlete

The Chippenham School
 Victoria Wicks - actor

Chippenham Grammar School
 Jeremy Broun – furniture designer
 Prof John Eggleston – Professor of Education 1985–96 at the University of Warwick, and 1967–84 at Keele University
 Roland Freeman – first Conservative President of the NUS 1956–58, and Leader in 1961 of Wandsworth London Borough Council; he co-founded Radio Barbican which became LBC, later joining the SDP then the Labour Party
 Prof Paul L. Harris, child psychologist and Victor S. Thomas Professor of Education since 2001 at Harvard University, and Professor of Development Psychology 1998–2001 at the University of Oxford
 Christopher Hinton OM – nuclear engineer responsible for the design of the Calder Hall power station, first Chairman of the CEGB 1957–64, President 1966–67 of the IMechE, Chancellor 1966–80 of Bath University, President 1976–83 of the Council of Engineering Institutions (CEI)
 Geoff Jenkins (climatologist) – former Head of Climate Change Prediction at the Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research
 Gary Leitzell – former mayor of Dayton, Ohio
 Prof Trevor Saunders, Professor of Greek 1978–99 at Newcastle University
 Heather Tanner (née Heather Muriel Spackman) – writer and campaigner, wife of Robin Tanner
 Robin Tanner – artist, etcher and printmaker, husband of Heather Tanner
 Val Haller – musician

References

External links

 History of the school at Wiltshire Community History

Secondary schools in Wiltshire
Academies in Wiltshire
Educational institutions established in 1975
1975 establishments in England

Chippenham
Grade II* listed houses
Grade II* listed buildings in Wiltshire


Waverley School is a mixed all-through school located in Small Heath, Birmingham, England.

History
The co-educational Waverley Grammar School was situated between Byron Road and Waverley Road, now next to the A45–Muntz St (B4145) roundabout, and next to Small Heath Park. This school is now Small Heath Leadership Academy.

In 2006, Waverley was recognized as one of the most improved schools at GCSE level in England. The 2010 Ofsted inspection rated the school Outstanding.

The school has expanded in recent years to become an all-through school for primary, secondary and sixth form education.

Admissions
Waverley is a boys and girls school for pupils age 4 - 19.

It is situated just south of Bordesley Green's Heartlands Hospital, between Hob Moor Road and Kingscliff Road.

References

Secondary schools in Birmingham, West Midlands
Primary schools in Birmingham, West Midlands
Academies in Birmingham, West Midlands


Ciné de Chef is a combined luxury movie theatre and gourmet restaurant, located in Apgujeong, southern Seoul. It is operated by CJ CGV, South Korea's largest multiplex movie theatre chain, and opened on 3 May 2007, drawing over 2000 viewers in its first few months.

The theatre seats just thirty people in deluxe chairs costing  each, and is equipped with 11.1 channel speakers which surround the entire theatre, including the floor and ceiling. In the restaurant, Le Cordon Bleu-certified chefs serve modern Asian cuisine. Other services provided by Ciné de Chef include valet parking, a private elevator, an escort service and English-speaking staff. Tickets cost in the region of .

References

External links

Event venues established in 2007
CJ CGV
Buildings and structures in Gangnam District
Buildings and structures in Yongsan District
Cinemas and movie theaters in Seoul
Restaurants in South Korea
2007 establishments in South Korea


Ansar (; also spelled Insar) is a village in the Nabatieh Governorate region of southern Lebanon located between Nabatieh and Tyre, Lebanon, next to the village of Doueir. It has a population of 31,970.

History

After the 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon, the IDF built a prison camp outside Ansar. The prisoners lived in tents with the camp divided into sections, each containing fifty 3x3 metre tents and surrounded by 4 metre high barbed wire fences. At its peak the camp held 9,000 prisoners. Six months after the camp was opened the commanding officer was replaced following reports of routine beatings, food and water being withheld, prisoners blindfolded for long periods and insufficient sanitation. In February 1983, during a mass hunger strike, several prisoners were shot dead. On the first anniversary of the invasion there were demonstrations during which guards were afraid to enter the compounds. On 8 August 1983, several prisoners escaped in a tunnel that had taken 45 days to dig. In October three prisoners were buried alive after the guards discovered their tunnel. The following month 4,500 prisoners from Ansar were released in exchange for six Israeli soldiers held by the PLO. Previously 200 prisoners had been transferred to Israel. They were not included in the exchange. 1,100 of those released were bussed into Israel and then flown to Algeria. The Israeli prisoners were taken in a small boat to a French warship off Tripoli. A new camp was subsequently built close by with huts instead of tents. By January 1984 it held 200 prisoners. In 1985 one source estimated that the camp held 15,000 prisoners, mainly Lebanese Shiites. An Israel Army reservist who had served at Ansar was quoted in the newspaper Maariv as saying that the old camp had been sitting on top of a tunnel system. In 1988 when the Israeli army opened a prison camp in the Negev close to the Egyptian border, Ktzi'ot Prison, to hold prisoners detained during the First Intifada, it became known as Ansar III. It is still being used.

During the 2006 Lebanon War, the village was bombed by Israeli forces and five civilians were killed.

Ansar is the hometown of the poet and journalist Said Fayad (1921 - 2003).

References

Bibliography

External links
Insar, Localiban

Populated places in Nabatieh District


Artisteer is a WYSIWYG website theme creation tool developed by Extensoft. The software automatically creates Web templates including a "Suggest Design" button, which will randomly generate Web design and display the design preview. The user can adjust the design and export it as a Web template in  XHTML, CSS format, or as a WordPress theme according to their needs.

The first version of the software was released in September 2008. Artisteer version 3.0 was released in June 2011. The current version available is Artisteer 4.3 which was released in August the 27th, 2014 for Windows. In June 2021 more than 80,000 sites used Artisteer.

Overview
Since its main feature is being an automated WYSIWYG editor, Artisteer separates the HTML code from the visual design, a design choice intended to make it easier for users to create web templates and blog themes. The application can also create tableless layouts. The new created code complies with W3C standards, and generated themes are compatible with most browsers.

Artisteer does not create fully functional Web sites but instead provides Web templates which can be either manually integrated with Web applications or applied to a CMS system. Artisteer also provides an option to export WordPress themes.

The software can also assemble a usable Web template from random elements without user intervention. The user selects the automation feature by the "Suggest Design" option, and they can review the suggested random design.

Due to Artisteers unsolvable constraints such as outdated non-scalable designs, the product was officially replaced by Nicepage in 2018.

Version history

See also
 Web design
 iWeb

References

External links
Artisteer Official site
Dutch Artisteer site

Automated WYSIWYG editors
Web development software
Graphics software
Proprietary software
Computer-related introductions in 2008
Template generators


are a type of Japanese textile used for gift-wrapping or for purifying equipment during a Japanese tea ceremony.  are square or almost square pieces of lined fabric ranging in size from about  along one side. They are typically made of fine silk, and may be decorated with embroidery in auspicious designs.

The use of  as a way of presenting gifts has mostly died out, lingering instead mainly in certain ritual exchanges of gifts during weddings in a few regions of Japan.

Use
Traditionally in Japan, gifts were placed in boxes or on a wooden or lacquered tray, over which a  would be draped. The choice of a  appropriate to the occasion was considered an important part of the gift itself, and part of its formality. The practice of covering a gift became widespread during the Edo period (1603-1867).

The scene or motifs depicted on  are chosen to indicate either the occasion for which the gift is being given, or because they are appropriate for one of the annual festivals when gifts are exchanged. The richness of the decoration of the  attests to the giver's wealth and aesthetics.

Once a gift was exchanged, after being admired, the  and box or tray presented with the gift are typically returned to the gift's original giver. However, before the Meiji Restoration, when gifts were presented to a high official, the  was not always returned. This was one of many subtle devices used to control the wealth of the aristocratic () and samurai classes.

History
The practice of covering a gift became widespread during the Edo period (1603-1867). In the Edo period, textiles, which had long been an integral part of Japanese art, were developed further through the rising wealth of the merchant classes, whose disposable income allowed them to imitate the upper classes through the patronage of textile artists, dyers and embroiderers. Unlike Western art, Japanese art did not arbitrarily divide between fine arts and decorative arts, and a number of eminent artists were commissioned to design textiles, including ; however, artists seldom signed their work.

In the first part of the 18th century, the typical decoration of a  reflected the tastes of the aristocracy. The subtle cultural references inherent in their designs would be recognizable only to the educated members of the upper classes, who lived and exchanged gifts in the cities of Kyoto and Edo (modern-day Tokyo) and their surrounding areas.

By the 19th century, the merchant classes of Japan had begun to move up the social ladder in terms of wealth and artistic influence, and adopted many customs of the aristocracy with their new-found wealth, including the custom of gift-giving with .

Today,  are rarely used, and when they are it is almost exclusively around Tokyo and Kyoto for gifts given at the time of marriage.

Decoration

Satin silk was the preferred fabric for embroidered , which often made extensive couched gold- and silver-wrapped thread. As paste-resist dyeing () became popular, crepe silk ( or ) was favored. Tapestry-weave fabrics such as  were also popular, as was the use of weft brocade ().

By the 19th century, family crests, or , were added on the lining side of the  beginning in the late 18th century, and tassels were placed at each corner so that the  could be picked up without touching the fabric.

Themes and motifs
 Nature: Nature motifs were common, particularly auspicious combinations such as the "Three Friends of Winter", a combination of pine, plum blossom and bamboo, considered to symbolise constancy and integrity.
 Auspicious birds and animals: Mandarin cranes () and turtles with a trailing tail of algae () were used, representing longevity and good fortune. Since the Japanese word for red sea bream, , is part of the word  ("good luck"), and is also red - considered also to be auspicious - in colour, red seam breams were also used as a motif on , held to be good luck fish. Since the introduction of Chinese culture to Japan in the Asuka and Nara periods (7th-8th century), dragon and phoenix motifs, remaining close to the original Chinese style, were also considered to be auspicious, and were thus used on .
 Aristocratic culture: Legends such as The Tale of Genji and Noh plays were featured on . Bamboo curtains, screens, books, imperial carts, fans and other items reminiscent of the Heian period were used as auspicious designs from the Edo period. Games such as shell- and card-matching games () were also featured.
 Folktales and mythology: scenes or motifs from traditional Japanese folktales, such as Urashima Tarō and the Tale of Takasago, were used to decorate  as a form of cultural reference.
 Local deities: for example, the Shichifukujin, an eclectic group of seven deities from Japan, India, and China, were sometimes used on .
 Chinese themes: both Confucian and Taoist motifs could be present on , such as the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove, a group of Chinese Taoist philosophers, who gathered in a bamboo grove to talk and drink.

in tea ceremony

Several variants of  are also used in Japanese tea ceremony. Tea ceremony  are always made of silk.

  are usually undecorated squares of silk used to ritually purify tea utensils during a  (tea-making procedure). Those used by men are usually deep purple, while those used by women are usually red or orange. Other colours are sometimes used, as are  decorated with images.
  are larger squares of silk with various patterns used by hosts and guests to handle  (tea bowls) during certain , usually those involving the making of thick tea, in some tea traditions.
  are small squares of brocaded silk used by hosts and guests to handle  during certain , usually those involving the making of thick tea, in some schools of Japanese tea ceremony instead of .

See also

References
 Fukusa, The Shojiro Nomura Fukusa Collection, by Mary Hays and Ralph Hays, 1983 (Mills College), published in connection with its exhibition of the same title
 Fukusa, the Gift Cover – the Beauty of Exchanging Gifts, catalogue for show organized by the Tokyo Metropolitan Foundation for History and Culture for the  exhibit at the Kyoto National Museum, August 24–September 8, 1991.
 Fukusa, Japanese Gift Covers, by Takemura, Akihiko, 1991 (Iwasaki Bijutsu-sha, Tokyo).
 "Fukusa: Textile Gift Covers", by Peter Sinton Spring 2007 Daruma Magazine (issue 54).
 Fukusa: Silk, Gold and the World's Most Elegant Return Receipt, catalogue for exhibit at Orientations Gallery in New York, 1990.

External links

Victoria and Albert Museum, Story on a fukusa: obtained from the emperor by a misunderstanding

Chadō
Japanese culture
Textile arts of Japan
Japanese words and phrases
Shinto religious objects


Sabrina Starke (born August 9, 1979, Paramaribo, Suriname) is a Surinamese-Dutch singer/songwriter from Rotterdam, Netherlands. Her style is a mix of soul, folk, R&B and jazz.

Career

Her debut album Yellow Brick Road was released on October 1, 2008. It was produced and recorded in Los Angeles, California by Dutch producers Beat Royalty (Chris Kooreman and Edo Plasschaert) and mixed in Burbank, California by Brad Gilderman.

The first single from the album, "Do for Love" was not only a hit song in the Netherlands but also became very popular in France as the theme tune of the TV show Fortune.

On October 27, 2008, Starke signed with Blue Note, which re-released Yellow Brick Road. On March 9, the album went gold in the Netherlands.

She has won the 2008 Edison Award Best Newcomer.

Discography

Albums
 2008: Yellow Brick Road
 2010: Bags & Suitcases
 2012: Outside the Box
 2013: Lean on Me (8ball Music)
 2015: Sabrina Starke (Zip)
 2018: Underneath the Surface

Singles

Awards

References

External links
 Sabrina Starke's official website
 Sabrina Starke's official page at Myspace
 Sabrina Starke's breakthrough performance on Dutch national television

1979 births
Living people
Dutch soul singers
Surinamese emigrants to the Netherlands
People from Paramaribo
Musicians from Rotterdam
21st-century Dutch singers
21st-century Dutch women singers


The following is a list of county roads in Putnam County, Florida.  All county roads are maintained by the county in which they reside; however, not all of them are marked with standard MUTCD approved county road shields.

List of County Roads in Putnam County, Florida

References

FDOT Map of Putnam County
FDOT GIS data, accessed January 2014

County


Brendan Jones (born 3 April 1968) is an Australian radio presenter, actor, media personality and motorcycling enthusiast.

Career
Brendan Jones began working in radio on the community radio station 2BCR Bankstown for six months. In 1990 he obtained a night job at 6KA Karratha, Western Australia, followed by mornings and afternoons at 2NM Muswellbrook and then afternoons at i98FM Wollongong, both in New South Wales.

His biggest hosting gigs have been late nights on B105 Brisbane, afternoons with Triple M Brisbane and Triple M Sydney afternoons where he achieved the highest daytime figure for the station at 17.9%, then on mornings and then drive.  He also hosted a national countdown show called Planet Rock.

Jones is currently presenting breakfast radio on WSFM 101.7, with Amanda Keller. The show became the number 1 FM station in 2005 with 8.9% audience share defeating Merrick & Rosso. It has been reported that Jones has a centre-right political viewpoint.

Jones and Keller host "My Generation" which is aired on ninety-seven stations nationally each week and won best on-air team at the 2012 ACRA's, a first in this category for ARN.

Jones makes a regular appearance on the daytime television chat show Mornings with Sonia and David and has hosted Off the Record on the World Movies channel, Australia's Greatest Footy Fan and Do it Green. He has also appeared on The Trophy Room, Campaign, Today Australia and The Morning Show on 7, as well as
Joker Poker, The Footy Show, The Project and the popular culture show 20 to 1. Jones had a supporting role in the comedy series Swift & Shift Couriers and featured in the TV Series Housos as a journalist, a role he also played in Fat Pizza.

Jones is currently a co-host of Temporary Australians, a motorcycling show on TVS (Series 1) and ONE (Series 2), and writes a monthly column for Live to Ride magazine.

During October 2013, he participated as a contestant during the thirteenth season of Dancing with the Stars. His professional partner was Alana Patience. He was eliminated on the fifth week with a score of 24.

In 2014, Jones was featured on 7mate's successful television series Bogan Hunters as one of eight celebrity judges. Later that year, Jones scored a role in the motion picture Fat Pizza vs. Housos. The film will be shown in Australian cinemas from 27 November 2014 onwards.

He made a cameo appearance in episode 7547 of The Bold and the Beautiful alongside Amanda Keller and Ita Buttrose as a news reporter.

Jones is the narrator in both season 1 and 2 of Australian show Motorbike Cops.

Personal life
Jones and wife Helen have three children, and are currently living in Sydney.
A Proud supporter of the Cronulla Sharks NRL Team.

Filmography

References

External links

1968 births
Living people
Australian radio personalities
Mass media people from New South Wales


Rencontres (English title: Meetings) is a 1962 French language motion picture drama directed by Philippe Agostini who co-wrote screenplay with Odette Joyeux and Bertram L. Lonsdale.

Synopsis
The film depicts the holiday love affair in which a woman has a disabled brother.

Cast
 Michèle Morgan	as	Bella Krasner
 Gabriele Ferzetti	as	Ralph Scaffari
 Pierre Brasseur	as	Carl Krasner
 Diana Gregor	as	Laurence Krasner
 Jacques Morel	as 	David
 Nico Pepe	as 	José
 Véronique Vendell	as 	Micky

References

External links
Rencontres at the British Film Institute

French drama films
Films directed by Philippe Agostini
1960s French films
1962 films


The following is a list of county roads in Hamilton County, Florida.  All county roads are maintained by the county in which they reside, however not all of them are marked with standard MUTCD approved county road shields.

County Roads in Hamilton County, Florida

References

FDOT Map of Hamilton County
FDOT GIS data, accessed January 2014

County


David Wagner (born March 4, 1974) is an American wheelchair tennis player. Paralyzed from the mid-chest down and with thirty percent function in his hands, he competes in the quad division. He plays by taping the tennis racket to his hand. He is currently ranked number three in the world in singles and number two in doubles.

Early life
Wagner was born in Fullerton, California, and grew up in Walla Walla, Washington. He played basketball in high school and tennis in college. He became a quadriplegic at age 21 while visiting a friend in Redondo Beach, California, during summer break. He and his friends were playing frisbee on the beach and Wagner began chasing after the frisbee through shallow water. He attempted to jump over a wave, but the wave caught his feet, spun him around, and he landed head-first in the sand, leaving him paralyzed. He took a year off of college and began practicing table tennis as part of his rehabilitation. He won a national competition in that sport three years in a row, from 1997 to 1999.

Tennis career

In 1999, at age 25, he attended a wheelchair tennis training camp set up by Rick Draney, then the top-ranked quadriplegic tennis player in the world. Wagner immediately loved the sport and by 2002 was the number one ranked U.S. quadriplegic player.

In 2002, Wagner reached number one in the ITF world rankings in quad doubles, and in 2003, he reached number one in the quad singles world rankings as well. The 2004 Summer Paralympics were the first Paralympic Games to include the quad division. Wagner won the gold medal in Quad Doubles with partner Nick Taylor and the silver medal in singles.

In 2007, he participated in the first Quad competition held at the U.S. Open, winning doubles with Taylor and taking second place in singles behind Peter Norfolk. Wagner had urged the United States Tennis Association to include a quadriplegic division at the event; the U.S. Open was the first of the Grand Slam tournaments to do so. The Australian Open followed suit the next year, with Wagner finishing runner-up in singles, and winning doubles with Taylor. The US Open and the Australian Open were the only Grand Slams to offer a Quad wheelchair tennis draw, until 2019. The first Quad Wheelchair Doubles exhibition event was held at Wimbledon in 2018. Wagner won the event, partnering Andy Lapthorne. Later that year, Wimbledon announced that they would offer a singles and doubles quad draw . Roland Garros followed with a similar announcement a few months later. Wagner, partnering Alcott, won the inaugural Roland Garros Quad Doubles draw.

At the 2008 Beijing Paralympics, Wagner and Taylor won gold in doubles and competed against each other in the bronze medal match of the singles event, with Wagner taking the match and the medal. At the 2012 London Paralympics, Wagner and Taylor won one more gold medal in doubles, defeating the British team of Andy Lapthorne and Peter Norfolk in the final. Wagner also won a silver medal in singles. At the final, he played against Israel's Noam Gershony. At the 2016 Summer Paralympics, Wagner clinched two more medals, a Silver in Quad Doubles and a Bronze in Quad Singles.

According to ITF world rankings, Wagner had been consistently ranked in the top three of the quad division, in both singles and doubles, from 2002 until 2020. He has finished as Year-End Number 1 a total of eight times in singles, as well as fourteen times in doubles, . Wagner had been crowned doubles champion at every U.S. Open Quad Doubles draw, since the Grand Slam started offering a Quad Draw, in 2007, until 2019, when Wagner with partner Bryan Barten lost to Alcott and Lapthorne. He has also been crowned doubles champion in all editions of the French Open Quad Doubles draw so far, playing with three different partners.

Besides competing, Wagner is often invited to teach in wheelchair camps and clinics in the United States, where he encourages both kids and adults to become involved with the sport.

Personal
Wagner graduated with an elementary education degree in 2000. In 2001, when he had to choose between teaching and playing tennis, he decided to become a full time wheelchair tennis player. From 2006 until 2014 he lived in Hillsboro, Oregon, and then moved to Chula Vista, California. He trains at the Chula Vista Elite Athlete Training Center, (formerly Chula Vista Olympic Training Center) where he is the only tennis player in residence.

Tennis career statistics

Grand Slam performance timelines

Current through the 2023 Australian Open.

Quad singles

Quad doubles

References

External links
 David Wagner at the US Open

1974 births
Living people
American male tennis players
Wheelchair tennis players
Australian Open (tennis) champions
Wimbledon champions
US Open (tennis) champions
Paralympic wheelchair tennis players for the United States
Paralympic gold medalists for the United States
Paralympic silver medalists for the United States
Paralympic bronze medalists for the United States
Paralympic medalists in wheelchair tennis
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Paralympics
Wheelchair tennis players at the 2004 Summer Paralympics
Wheelchair tennis players at the 2008 Summer Paralympics
Wheelchair tennis players at the 2012 Summer Paralympics
Wheelchair tennis players at the 2016 Summer Paralympics
People with tetraplegia
Sportspeople from Walla Walla, Washington
Sportspeople from Hillsboro, Oregon
Tennis people from Washington (state)
Walla Walla University alumni
DeVry University alumni
ITF number 1 ranked wheelchair tennis players
ITF World Champions


Baikunthapur is a Terai forest region in the western part of the Dooars in West Bengal, India, south of the Himalayan foothills, between the Mahananda River to the west and Teesta River to the east. The main towns in the area are Siliguri and Jalpaiguri. The forests are partly in the Darjeeling district and partly in the Jalpaiguri district.

Baikunthapur is an important ecological zone, home to many wild elephants, but is threatened by growth of the local population. The least disturbed areas are in the Mahananda Wildlife Sanctuary.

Historically, the Baikunthapur forests were the secure base of the Raikat princes in the time when Koch Bihar was an independent kingdom.

Geology and climate
The northern part of West Bengal is covered by fans of sediment washed down from the Himalayas. The Baikanthapur formation is the youngest fan in the area. It consists of very fine white sand inter-layered with ochre yellow sticky silty clay and overlain by dark grey to thick silty loam. The Shangaon formation represents the deposits of the flood plain faces of the Baikunthapur formation. Measurements have shown a maximum arsenic content well beyond the permissible limit (0.05 mg/L, Indian standard) within a depth range of 10–30m, in the Shaugaon surface. This raises concerns about the possibility of arsenic poisoning in the region and in downstream locations.

There are three main seasons: summer, monsoons and winter. The summer season extends from the first week of March to the second week of June, with April being the hottest month. Summer temperatures range in the mid-30s C. The monsoons (June and September) bring severe rain. 125 mm or more may fall in 24 hours, bringing all activity to halt and often causing local floods and landslides. Annual rainfall may exceed 250 cm. Winters (September–February) can be chilly, with cold winds from the Himalayas. Temperatures may fall as low as 5 °C during this period.

The land use pattern has changed dramatically since discovery of the potential for growing tea and reduction of the incidence of malaria. At one time, the area was one of dense forests, lakes and marshes laced with constantly shifting rivers. In the last fifty years, a huge influx of people have drastically changed the environment. Today, the area is just 25% forest, 15% tea garden, 43% cultivated and non-cultivated land and 17% water bodies, residential, hill etc.

Click on the coordinates at the top of this page. Select a satellite view with no labels. Pan back for broader and broader views until the channels of the Brahmaputra are visible at the foot of the image. Along the line between the mountains and the plain there are patches of dark green - the remaining Terai forests. One hundred years ago, there would have been a continuous and much wider band of dark green. Forests like the Baikanthapur with all their diversity of life and value in moderating water flow continue to be eroded by the growing human population.

History
It is believed that Lord Krishna went into hiding in the jungles of Baikunthapur with his principal wife and queen Rukmini at one time. For this reason, ISKCON chose nearby Siliguri as the site for the biggest Krishna Centre in the Northeast.

The Raikat family were local rulers in the Baikunthapur area between 1523 and 1771, semi-independent rulers related to the Koch dynasty of the Kamata kingdom. The Raikat capital was at Siliguri, then deep within impenetrable forests between the rivers Mahananda to the west and Teesta to the west. During the 1680s, when the Bhutias were trying to take control of Koch Bihar, the Raikats intervened and tried to establish their own candidate for the throne. After a confused struggle, the Raikats withdrew and accepted the authority of the Fauzdar of Ghoraghat, perhaps only nominally.

The Raikats moved their capital south to Jalpaiguri around 1720. The Faujdar of Rangpur pressured the Raikats to accept the suzerainty of the Nawab of Bengal sometime between 1736 and 1739, but the Faujdar had to invade the territory in 1756 to enforce the claim. The Raikats still paid only partial tribute. In 1771 the British annexed Baikanthapur and the Raikats became Zamindars (tenants) of Baikunthapur, but remained largely independent. As late as 1839, the British government in India complained that the Raikat had taken possession of the western Duars of Bhutan.

In the 1850s commercial exploitation of Darjeeling tea began in the area. The British Raj assumed increasing control under their system of district commissioners, succeeded by the state of India in 1947.

The last Raikat of Baikunthapur, died intestate in 1946. The family home is still occupied, but is suffering from disrepair. However, the crumbling Rajbari (palace) in Jalpaiguri is a popular sightseeing spot for tourists and locals. The palace grounds hold the large palace building, its portico, a bushy garden, and two temples. The gate is a huge unreinforced concrete arch structure. There are several lakes in the Palace ground, one maintained by the government.

Environmental degradation
The Baikunthapur forests have shrunk considerably. They have always been vulnerable to shifts in river courses, but the swampy wet land helps the natural forest to regrow. However, recent deforestation of a huge area is causing ecological imbalances, and also changing weather conditions. Land clearing, terracing, mining and construction are all contributing to soil erosion and degraded water quality.

Joint Forest Management activities started in the Baikunthapur area in 1994-95. The efforts have not been fully effective, perhaps because the Forest Department has not sufficiently involved the local population or explained the purpose of the program. Natural forests in the Baikunthapur and Jalpaiguri Forest Divisions, where more than 30% of forest area is under the Joint Forest Management, are being ruined by illegal and destructive felling and uncontrolled grazing. Production of agricultural residue for use as household fuel is negligible. Forests serve as the main source of fuelwood for local people in Jalpaiguri, Baikunthapur, Cooch Bihar (Wildlife) and Darjeeling Forest Divisions. According to a study carried out by the Indian Institute of Forest Management, 93% of households collect wood for fuel from forests in the Baikunthapur area. The quantity of wood extracted does not appear to be sustainable.

Each year, teams from the Baikunthapur forest division seize illegal consignments of lumber worth lakhs of rupees from the Mahananda Wildlife Sanctuary and the adjacent Baikunthapur Forest Reserve in West Bengal. However, far more wood is sold than seized. Again, some argue that this is because the land tenure system does not encourage proper stewardship by the local inhabitants. In the past, there have been abuses by the army and officials. But the overwhelming factor has been explosive population growth.

Elephant issues

The elephant population in West Bengal is healthy and expanding. This is causing problems. Elephant depredation or the destruction of human settlements and raiding of agricultural crops has been occurring since ancient times, but the increase in both human and elephant populations in recent years is causing a growing number of incidents. Human-elephant clashes have become a regular feature in the tea gardens of Jalpaiguri district. There is a growing number of reports of poisoning and electrocution of the elephants by farmers trying to protect their fields. In July 2008, an elephant that had strayed out of the Baikunthapur forest range near Jalpaiguri trampled to death one man and injured another who came in its way. The Siliguri-Alipurduar broad gauge line cuts across the corridor that connects the Apalchand Reserve Forest of Baikunthapur Forest Division and the Mal Block of Kalimpong Forest Division. In seven years up to 2008, 26 elephants have been killed by trains on this line.

Gajoldoba Reservoir
Gajoldoba is a reservoir formed by the first Teesta Barrage, which was built for irrigational purposes. It is surrounded by the Baikunthapur forests, and is an hour's drive from Siliguri. The reservoir is used by many water birds from Ladakh and Central Asia including brahminy duck, bar-headed goose, pochard, pintail, shoveller, mallard, black ibis, and many species of stork, cormorant and duck.

References

Forests of West Bengal
Tourist attractions in Jalpaiguri district
Darjeeling district


The following is a list of county roads in Clay County, Florida.  All county roads are maintained by the county in which they reside, however not all of them are marked with standard MUTCD approved county road shields.

List of County Roads in Clay County, Florida

References

FDOT Map of Clay County
FDOT GIS data, accessed January 2014

County


Kasi or KASI may refer to:

People
 Kasi (Pashtun tribe).
 Kasi Fine (born 1964), a Tongan rugby player.
 Kasi Lemmons (born 1961), American film director and actress.
 Kasi Nayinar Pararacacekaran (died 1570), a ruler of the Jaffna kingdom.
 Kasi Palaniappan, Malaysian businessman.
 Kasi Viswanathan (born 1968), an Indian film editor.
 Mir Aimal Kansi (also spelled Kasi or Qasi), Pakistani national convicted of the 1993 shootings at CIA Headquarters.

Other uses
 Kasi (film), an Indian Tamil-language film
 Kasi Kingdom, a kingdom of ancient India, centred on Kasi (Varanasi)
 KASI, a radio station licensed to serve Ames, Iowa.
 Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, South Korea.
 Muang Kasi, a town in Laos

See also

 Kaasi (disambiguation)
 Kashi (disambiguation)
 Kazi (disambiguation)
 Khasi (disambiguation)
 Ghazi (disambiguation)
 Casimir, and variants, a form of the Polish name Kazimierz
 Township (South Africa), which for non-whites were called lokasie or kasie


This is the timeline of the Mongol Empire from the birth of Temüjin, later Genghis Khan, to the ascension of Kublai Khan as emperor of the Yuan dynasty in 1271, though the title of Khagan continued to be used by the Yuan rulers into the Northern Yuan dynasty, a far less powerful successor entity, until 1634.

12th century

1160s

1170s

1180s

1190s

13th century

1200s

1210s

1220s

1230s

1240s

1250s

1260s

1270s

Gallery

See also
Timeline of the Golden Horde
Timeline of the Chagatai Khanate
Timeline of the Ilkhanate
Timeline of the Yuan dynasty
Timeline of Mongolian history

References

Citations

Sources

 .

 (alk. paper)

  (paperback).

 .

History of the Mongol Empire


Min Gu (; born 1960) is a Chinese-Australian physicist who currently serves as the Executive Chancellor and Professor at the University of Shanghai for Science and Technology. Previously he was Distinguished Professor and Associate Deputy Vice-Chancellor for Research Innovation & Entrepreneurship at RMIT University.

Gu is an elected fellow of the Australian Academy of Science (FAA) (2007), the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering (FTSE) (2006), the Australian Institute of Physics (FAIP) (1998), the Optical Society of America (FOSA) (2004), the International Society for Optical Engineering (FSPIE) (2003), the Institute of Physics (FInstP) (2008), the International Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (FIEEE) (2015), and the Chinese Academy of Engineering (foreign member, 2017).

Early life and education
Gu was born in 1960 in the outskirts of Shanghai, China, to parents who were both primary school teachers. He entered school in 1966, the year that the Cultural Revolution began. His education was severely disrupted in the chaotic period, and he "graduated" from high school after only nine and half years, with just two and half years of uninterrupted schooling. He was working as a farmer in rural Shanghai when the National College Entrance Examination was resumed in late 1977, a year after the end of the Cultural Revolution. He took the exam and was admitted to the Department of Applied Physics of Shanghai Jiao Tong University.

After earning his B.S. in 1982, he pursued graduate studies at the Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, obtaining an M.S. in 1984 and a Ph.D. in 1988. He moved to Australia in 1988, initially as a visiting scholar.

Career
Gu was a Laureate Fellow of the Australian Research Council and a University Distinguished Professor in optoelectronics and Foundation Director of the Centre of Micro-Photonics (2000-2015) at Swinburne University of Technology. He was appointed as Pro Vice-Chancellor for International Research Collaboration (2009-2010), Research Innovation (2010), and Research Capacity (2011-2015) at Swinburne.  He was also the Foundation Director of the Victoria-Suntech Advanced Solar Facility from 2010-2015. From 2003-2015 he was a Node Director of the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Ultrahigh-bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems. From 2005 - 2010, he was a node leader of the Australian Cooperative Research Centre for Polymers.  Previously, he was the Special Advisor to Swinburne’s Vice-Chancellor, Acting Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Research and Development) and Vice President, Dean of Science, Acting Dean and Deputy Dean (Research) of Engineering and a member of the University Council, Academic Board, and Board of Research.

Gu is an authority in the fields of nanophotonics, nanofabrication, biophotonics and multi-dimensional optical data storage with internationally renowned expertise in three-dimensional optical imaging theory. He is the sole author of two standard reference books, Principles of Three-Dimensional Imaging in Confocal Microscopes (World Scientific, 1996), and Advanced Optical Imaging Theory (Springer-Verlag, 2000).  He is also the first author of Femtosecond Biophotonics: Core Techniques and Applications,(Cambridge University Press, 2010). and Microscopic Imaging through Tissue-like Media: Monte Carlo Modelling and Applications  (Springer-Verlag, 2015). He has over 490 papers in internationally refereed journals including Nature, Science, Nature Photonics, Nature Communications and PNAS. He is a member of the Editorial Boards of 16 top international journals. Professor Gu's research has led to significant impacts on societal challenges in solar energy, information technology and big data storage.

He served as President (2002–2004) and Vice President (2004–2012) of the International Society of Optics within Life Sciences. He was Vice President of the International Commission for Optics (ICO)  (2005–2011). He was the Chair of the ICO Prize Committee and member of the ICO Galileo Galilei Award Committee and served on the Young Scientist Prize Committee in Optics of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics.  He served on the board of directors of the Optical Society of America (Executive committee, the finance committee, Chair of the International Council, Chair of the Working Group on Asia).

He was awarded the Chang Jiang Chair Professorship (Ministry of Education, China, 2007), the World Class University Professorship (Ministry of Education, South Korea, 2009), Einstein Professorship (Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2010), and Australian Laureate Fellowship (Australian Research Council, 2010). He is a recipient of the W. H. Steel Prize (Australian Optical Society, 2011), the Ian Wark Medal and Lecture (Australian Academy of Science, 2014), the Boas Medal (Australian Institute of Physics, 2015), and the Victoria Prize for Science and Innovation in Physical Sciences (2016). In 2019, he received the Dennis Gabor Award from the International Society for Optics and Photonics (SPIE).

He was a Finalist of the Australian Innovation Competition (2013), and a winner of the People's Choice KCA Research Commercialisation Award (2015).

References

1960 births
Living people
Australian physicists
Chinese emigrants to Australia
Fellows of the Australian Academy of Science
Fellows of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering
Fellows of the Australian Institute of Physics
Fellows of Optica (society)
Fellows of SPIE
Fellows of the Institute of Physics
Fellow Members of the IEEE
Foreign members of the Chinese Academy of Engineering
Optical physicists
Physicists from Shanghai
Academic staff of RMIT University
Shanghai Jiao Tong University alumni
University of Shanghai for Science and Technology


Claude Gabriel, Marquis de Choissey () was a French general who served in Poland in the 1770s, and then in North America during the American Revolutionary War.

De Choissey was at the siege of Yorktown in command of Lauzun's Legion and General George Weedon's Virginia militia, and at Gloucester, Virginia, under the command of Rochambeau, opposite Banastre Tarleton. Awarded the Libertas Americana medal for his service, he returned to France in 1783 and retired from active duty in 1793.

Capture of Cracow
France was allied with Poland against Russia, in the Bar Confederation. On 2 February 1772, he led 270 men, in the capture of Kraków Poland, from 1,500 Russians. A small party entered through a sewer, surprised the guard, and opened the postern gate. Not being reinforced in time, they retreated to the citadel, Wawel Castle. They held it through a siege of several weeks against 18,000 Russians, until it fell to Suvorov on 28 April 1772.

On 24 March 1772, he was appointed Brigadier General of Infantry, and in 1779 appointed to be Mestre of the Camp for the Fourth Regiment Chasseurs a Cheval.

Joining the Expédition Particulière
Competition was fierce among French officers to join the expedition to America, to gain fame and promotion. Marquis de Choisy arrived at Brest with five others officers to join the Army, but was turned away. Then he sailed, with ten officers, on the Sybille for Santo Domingo, changing ships to La Gentille, arriving at Newport on 29 September 1780.

Tensions ran high among officers in camp; he sought to reconcile officers who had fought a duel.

On 29 October, Rochambeau sent Brigadier General Choisy with Lauzun's Legion, as they marched from Rhode Island to Head of Elk, Maryland, traveled by water to Alexandria, Virginia, and marched to Gloucester Courthouse.

Battle of Gloucester, Virginia
Gloucester point was an obvious escape route from Yorktown. Marquis de Choisy was assigned the Virginia militia, Lauzun's Legion, and 800 French Marines. Opposite them was Tarleton's Legion, Simcoe's Rangers, the 80th Foot regiment, and the Erb Prinz (Prince Hereditaire) regiment.

On 4 October 1781, Marquis de Choisy was marching towards Gloucester by the Severn road (Route 17), while John Mercer, with the Virginia militia, "veterans", took the York River road. Tarleton, who had crossed the river the night before, led a covering force for a "grand forage", for supplies.

Lauzun and Tarleton charged and countercharged over the open ground. Tarleton was unhorsed, and Lauzun's Legion skirmished allowing the infantry to fire upon the British. Tarleton withdrew within his lines, and the French pursued, before being ordered to withdraw by the Marquis de Choisy. This clash between Tarleton and Lauzun marks the largest Cavalry engagement in the American Revolution.
The British lost killed or wounded one officer and eleven men; the French lost two officers and fourteen hussars.

Marquis de Choisy wrote Washington:
Sir, I have the hounor to inform you that by our arrival at Saoul's Tavern we have met with the ennemi who was in number about 500 men Cavalry and Infantry, that the Cavalry of the Duc of Lauzun has attaqued them, pierced through and that we have had a great advantage on them We can esteem they have 30 men killed or wounded The 200 men grenadier Americans who were the only Infantry advanced enough to have part in the affair and who have behaved excedingly well have killed one officer who was at the head of the Infantry of the ennemi. T'is a general report that Tarleton has been wounded. The ennemi have retired to Gloucester and we are quickly in our Camp where I expect you will join to morrow as we have already agreed.
I have the hounor to be your
Most humble servant,
Choisy

After the battle
Washington corresponded with him about captured horses after the battle.

There was some controversy, about horses and lodging, and returning runaway slaves.

He returned to France with the Comte de Rochambeau, from Annapolis, sailing in January, 1783.

He was presented the medal, Libertas Americana, by Benjamin Franklin. He was promoted to Maréchal de Camp (major general) on 5 December 1781, and commander of the Armee du Nord in 1791. He was awarded the Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Louis. He was promoted to be Lieutenant General, 20 May 1791, and honorably retired on 4 February 1793.

General of the French Revolution
The revolutionary government, which had just published, on 26 October 1791 the decree cementing Avignon and Comtat Venaissin with France, dispatched "civil police chiefs" who were escorted by troops placed under the command of the  general Choisy (with the 9th regiment of dragoons). Arriving on the spot, they ordered, after the Massacres of La Glacière, arrests, but on 19 March 1792, a general amnesty was voted by the National Assembly putting a rest to the inquiry.

See also
 Yorktown order of battle

References

External links

 Dynastie de L'Hôpital, Genealogie Free Fr
French Units at Yorktown, National Park Service

Military personnel from Moulins, Allier
1723 births
1800 deaths
French generals
French military personnel of the American Revolutionary War
Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Louis
French military personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
French military personnel of the War of the Polish Succession


Gaeta is the city and comune on the western coast of Italy.

Gaeta may also refer to:

Gulf of Gaeta, a body of water in the Tyrrhenian Sea named after the city.
Siege of Gaeta (disambiguation), any of five sieges of the city of Gaeta between 1707 and 1860.
Duke of Gaeta, a title of nobility associated with the city of Gaeta.
Gaeta, Queensland, a locality in the Bundaberg Region, Queensland, Australia

People
 Antonio Gaeta (b. 1984), Italian footballer
 John Gaeta, American visual effects artist

Other
Gaeta class minehunter, a class of eight minehunters operated by the Marina Militare (Italian Navy).
Felix Gaeta, a character from the 2004 science-fiction television series Battlestar Galactica.
Beansie Gaeta, a fictional character from the television series The Sopranos

Italian-language surnames


UCAT may refer to:

Ulster County Area Transit, a transit operator in New York
Utah College of Applied Technology, a college in Utah
University of Chester Academies Trust, England
University Clinical Aptitude Test, an admissions test used in the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand