Podgórzno  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kołbiel, within Otwock County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Kołbiel,  east of Otwock, and  south-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Otwock County


Radachówka  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kołbiel, within Otwock County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Otwock County


The 2001 Stuttgart Masters was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts. It was the 13th edition of the event known that year as the Tennis Masters Series–Stuttgart or Stuttgart Masters, and was part of the Tennis Masters Series events of the 2001 ATP Tour. It took place at the Hanns-Martin-Schleyer-Halle in Stuttgart, Germany, from 15 to 22 October 2001. Tommy Haas won the singles title.

Finals

Singles

 Tommy Haas defeated  Max Mirnyi, 6–2, 6–2, 6–2
It was Haas' fourth singles title of the year, and the fifth of his career.

Doubles

 Max Mirnyi /  Sandon Stolle defeated  Ellis Ferreira /  Jeff Tarango, 7–6(7–0), 7–6(7–4)
It was Mirnyi's second doubles title of the year, and the 10th of his career.
It was Stolle's fifth doubles title of the year, and the 21st of his career.

References
General

Stuttgart Masters


Rudno  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kołbiel, within Otwock County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Kołbiel,  east of Otwock, and  south-east of Warsaw.

References

Rudno


Georges Thurnherr (16 April 1886 – 6 April 1956) was a French gymnast who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics and in the 1920 Summer Olympics. He was born in Eglingen and died in Belfort.

In 1908 he finished 18th in the all-around competition. Twelve years later he was part of the French team, which won the bronze medal in the gymnastics men's team, European system event. In the all-around competition he finished sixth.

References

External links

1886 births
1956 deaths
French male artistic gymnasts
Olympic gymnasts for France
Gymnasts at the 1908 Summer Olympics
Gymnasts at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for France
Olympic medalists in gymnastics
Medalists at the 1920 Summer Olympics
20th-century French people


The Battle of Savenay took place on 23 December 1793, and marks the end of the Virée de Galerne operational phase of the first war in the Vendée after the French Revolution.  A Republican force of approximately 18,000 decisively defeated the Armée Catholique et Royale force of 6,000 at Savenay.

Prelude

After a crushing defeat at the battle of Le Mans on 12 December 1793, a few thousand Vendéens fled to Laval and then to Ancenis, hoping to cross the Loire back into Vendée.  Without boats, crossing the river was impossible.  Hence the Vendéens built small boats and approximately 4,000 people, including Henri de La Rochejaquelein and Jean-Nicolas Stofflet, managed to cross before the arrival of Republican ships. The Vendéen rear guard was stranded to the north of the Loire and tried another way around. They went to Blain, 35 km north of Nantes, but had to go back towards Savenay, 30 km west of Nantes.

The eve of the battle
Savenay was taken by the Vendéens early morning of 22 December, with practically no fighting. The 150 republican soldiers quickly pulled back after a small skirmish with the Vendéen first line and the town's population was evacuated. At 09:00, the royalists prepared the defenses of the town. The republicans under François-Joseph Westermann were the first to arrive, at 11:00.  They attacked but were pushed back after a small skirmish. At noon, Jean-Baptiste Kléber and François-Séverin Marceau arrived with the greater part of the Republican army. Another skirmish was fought for control of the Touchelais woods, to the northeast of Savenay, which the Republicans won.

Those were the last skirmishes of the day because a fog rose during the afternoon; the Republicans kept their positions. At nightfall some représentants en mission, Pierre-Louis Prieur, Louis Marie Turreau, and Pierre Bourbotte, arrived at the Republican camp.  Surprised at the troops' inaction, they ordered military engagement so as to not allow the enemy to rest; Westermann agreed. A war council was held at which Kléber insisted they had to wait for sunrise before attacking; Marceau sided with Kléber and managed to convince Pierre-Louis Prieur. The Republicans took advantage of the night to deploy. At 02:00, Tilly's division, which came from Vannes, arrived and deployed in time. Simon Canuel commanded the left flank, Kléber the middle-left, Marceau the middle-right, and Tilly the right. Apart from a few passages to the south of the town, the Vendéens were surrounded.

Battle
At sunrise, the battle started, but it was the Vendéens and Chouans who unexpectedly launched it, in order to take the Touchelais woods and not be surrounded. The attack was commanded by Lyrot de la Patouillère and saw success:  two cannons were captured along with 40 prisoners. Soon after, Kléber launched a counter-attack with his Gendarmes regiment, charging with bayonets and forcing the Vendéens to pull back to the gates of Savenay. In the center, Marceau, commanding the légion des Francs and Chasseurs de Kastel, encountered difficulties and was for a moment restrained by the Vendéen artillery.

On their respective fronts, Simon Canuel, Jacques Louis François Delaistre Tilly and Westermann also launched attacks, putting pressure on the Royalists on all sides. Soon, the Republicans entered the town despite the resistance of Gaspard de Bernard de Marigny's artillery. Street combat took place amid great confusion, house by house; numerous Vendéen families participated in the fighting. The Vendéen artillery deployed in front of the church and managed to hold their ground for a while. Jacques Nicolas Fleuriot de La Fleuriais tried an ultimate counter-attack, he picked 200 to 300 cavalrymen, commanded by Georges Cadoudal, with Pierre-Mathurin Mercier and a few infantrymen. They attacked and pierced Tilly's lines and tried to attack Republican lines along their flank, but the Republican reserves arrived and forced the cavalrymen to retreat.

During that time, on the church square, the Republicans took control of the cannon and turned it against the Vendéens. They fled, pursued by the Republicans, retreating out of Savenay and regrouping to the west of the town (the battle's commemorative cross marks that place). The Vendéens took their last two remaining cannons, which Marigny had kept in reserve, and tried to cover the retreat of the wounded and non-combatants. During this engagement, Lyrot was killed. Marigny retreated again, west to the Blanche-Couronne woods, with his two cannons and what was left of his men. He held his position for an hour, then cheered with his men in the marsh, for he had managed to escape.  To the northwest, a group of 600 Vendéens managed to hold at the Butte des Vignes and retreated later to the Blanche-Couronnes woods but they were encircled mid-way by a corps of the Armagnac regiment and were massacred.

Inside Savenay, the town was searched and hundreds of elders, women, and children were taken out of their houses and locked in the church before their trials. The wounded of both sides were brought to the Saint-Armel hospital and taken care of.  By 14:00, the battle was over.

The flight and massacres
After the battle, Kléber marched in Nantes to celebrate the victory with most of the troops. Yet the republican cavalry under Marceau and Westermann chased the Vendéens, searching the neighboring villages and the countryside, killing or capturing those left behind.

During the search, the brigadier general Alexis Antoine Charlery attacked a position held by 500 Vendéens but failed to defeat them. He proposed that they surrender in exchange for the right to go home unimpeded, a proposition that they accepted and signed. The prisoners were sent to Nantes for ratification of the arrangement by a Représentant en mission, but he refused and had the prisoners shot and general Charlery arrested. He was later freed and reassigned.

The Bignon Commission which arrived during the day was given the task of judging the prisoners. The commission worked for 3 days and ordered the execution of all the Vendéen combatants caught bearing arms. The executions started that same evening and lasted eight days, but the number executed is unknown. According to official statistics, they numbered 662, but there are doubts as to whether or not this number only reflects those executed during the 3 first days. The représentant en mission Benaban wrote that more than 2,000 were shot. Similarly, General François Carpantier boasted that he had 1,500 people executed.  The 1,679 women and children were sent to prisons in Nantes. Some officers, such as Kléber and Savary, asked Carrier to spare them, but Carrier refused to listen and had them all shot or drowned.

Other massacres took place in the countryside. Westermann and his hussards shot 500 to 700 prisoners, men, women, and children, at the Sem forest near Prinquiau.  Westermann, nicknamed the "butcher of the Vendéens" supposedly wrote to the Committee of Public Safety:
 There is no more Vendée, Republican citizens. It died beneath our free sword, with its women and its children. I have just buried it in the swamps and the woods of Savenay. Following the orders that you gave to me, I crushed the children beneath the horses' hooves, massacred the women who, those at least, will bear no more brigands. I do not have a single prisoner to reproach myself with. I have exterminated them all...

Nonetheless, some Vendéens were lucky enough to manage to escape, helped by the local population. Jean Legland, a ferryman on the Loire, declared in 1834 that he helped 1,258 escapees pass in the days following the battle of Savenay. This was confirmed by written testimonies by the Abbé Bernier. In total, 2,500 people might have survived the battle.

Consequences
The battle marked the end of the Virée de Galerne, and definitively ended the threat of Vendée to the republic. Yet fighting continued in Vendée. General Marceau, outraged by his soldiers' behavior, asked to be transferred. Marceau was soon replaced by Kléber as general of the Army of the West, and thereafter by Louis Marie Turreau. Guerrilla fighting continued for some time between the Vendéens and the Republican infernal columns.

In popular culture
Jules Verne described the battle at the beginning of his historical novel Le Comte de Chanteleine (1862).

References

Sources
 Fernand Guériff, La bataille de Savenay dans la Révolution, éditions Jean-Marie Pierre, Le Pouliguen, 1988,
 Jacques Crétineau-Joly, Histoire de la Vendée Militaire, 1840
 Jean-Baptiste Kléber, Mémoires politiques et militaires 1793–1794, 1794
 Jean-Clément Martin, Blancs et Bleus dans la Vendée déchirée, Gallimard, coll. "Découvertes Gallimard" (n° 8), 1986
 Roger Dupuy, Nouvelle histoire de la France contemporaine, vol. 2 : La République jacobine. Terreur, guerre et gouvernement révolutionnaire, 1792–1794, Seuil, 2005

Conflicts in 1793
Battles of the War in the Vendée
Massacres of the War in the Vendée
Massacres in 1793
Battles in Pays de la Loire
History of Loire-Atlantique
Battles involving France
Massacres in France
Massacres committed by France


Rudzienko  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kołbiel, within Otwock County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Kołbiel,  east of Otwock, and  east of Warsaw.

References

Rudzienko


Sępochów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kołbiel, within Otwock County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Kołbiel,  east of Otwock, and  south-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Otwock County


Siwianka  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kołbiel, within Otwock County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It is approximately  north-west of Kołbiel,  east of Otwock, and  south-east of Warsaw.

References

Siwianka


Stara Wieś Druga  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kołbiel, within Otwock County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Otwock County


Sufczyn  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kołbiel, within Otwock County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Kołbiel,  south-east of Otwock, and  south-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Otwock County


Teresin () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kołbiel, within Otwock County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Kołbiel,  east of Otwock, and  east of Warsaw.

References

Teresin


Władzin  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kołbiel, within Otwock County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Kołbiel,  east of Otwock, and  south-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Otwock County


Wola Sufczyńska  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kołbiel, within Otwock County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Kołbiel,  south-east of Otwock, and  south-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Otwock County


Augustówka  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Osieck, within Otwock County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Otwock County


Czarnowiec  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Osieck, within Otwock County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Osieck,  south-east of Otwock, and  south-east of Warsaw.

References

Czarnowiec


Górki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Osieck, within Otwock County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Otwock County


Grabianka  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Osieck, within Otwock County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  east of Osieck,  south-east of Otwock, and  in south-east of Warsaw.

References

Grabianka


Kolonia Osieck  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Osieck, within Otwock County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Kolonia Osieck


Kolonia Pogorzel  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Osieck, within Otwock County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Kolonia Pogorzel


Lipiny  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Osieck, within Otwock County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Osieck,  south-east of Otwock, and  south-east of Warsaw.

References

Lipiny


Natolin  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Osieck, within Otwock County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Natolin


Nowe Kościeliska  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Osieck, within Otwock County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Otwock County


Osieck  is a village in Otwock County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Osieck. It lies approximately  south-east of Otwock and  south-east of Warsaw.

On 4 June 1981, a collision between two trains occurred near Osieck, killing 25 people.

References

External links
 Jewish Community in Osieck on Virtual Shtetl

Osieck
Masovian Voivodeship (1526–1795)
Siedlce Governorate
Lublin Governorate
Lublin Voivodeship (1919–1939)
Warsaw Voivodeship (1919–1939)


Pogorzel  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Osieck, within Otwock County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Pogorzel


Rudnik () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Osieck, within Otwock County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Rudnik


Sobieńki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Osieck, within Otwock County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Otwock County


Stare Kościeliska  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Osieck, within Otwock County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Otwock County


Wójtowizna  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Osieck, within Otwock County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Otwock County


Kępa Radwankowska  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Góra Kalwaria, within Piaseczno County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Góra Kalwaria,  south-east of Piaseczno, and  south-east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Piaseczno County


Pastewnik  is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Sobienie-Jeziory, in Otwock County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Pastewnik


Potok  is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Sobienie-Jeziory, within Otwock County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Potok


Rzeczyca  is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Sobienie-Jeziory, within Otwock County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Rzeczyca


The A6 road is a federal road in Sabah.

Malaysian Federal Roads
Roads in Sabah


Bolesławów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wiązowna, within Otwock County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Otwock County


Boryszew  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wiązowna, within Otwock County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Wiązowna,  north-east of Otwock, and  east of Warsaw.

References

Boryszew


Czarnówka  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wiązowna, within Otwock County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Otwock County


Duchnów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wiązowna, within Otwock County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Wiązowna,  north-east of Otwock, and  east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Otwock County


The  or Tanjō-Taishaku Mountains are in Kita-ku, Kobe, Hyōgo, Japan. The length of the mountain range is about 17 km. Tanjō and Taishaku are two major mountains in this mountain range.

Mountains
Mount Tanjō
Mount Taishaku
Mount Chigogabaka
Mount Shibire
Mount Kisurashi

History
The Tanjō range is small but rich in history. The history has deep relation with the temple , on Mount Tanjō. The name Tanjō, and its older names, Nibu and Nyu, refer to a mine of amalgam at this mountain. The Tanjō Shrine on the top of Mount Tanjō is a place to worship the goddess of amalgam which was believed to inhabit the mountain. Even today, many religious objects may be seen in this mountain range.

However, the Buddhist temples were burned by Toyotomi Hideyoshi in 1580 during a war between Oda Nobunaga and Bessho Nagaharu.  Hideyoshi was in the service of Nobunaga, and the Myōyō temple was allied with Nagaharu. The temples were rebuilt by Hideyoshi soon afterward, but were heavily damaged in the Haibutsu kishaku movement of the Meiji period, when Buddhism was persecuted in favor of the native Shinto religion.

Gallery

Mountain ranges of Hyōgo Prefecture


Leander Starr Ford (December 25, 1836 – May 19, 1905) was a carriage manufacturer and political figure in Nova Scotia, Canada. He represented Queen's County in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1878 to 1882 as a Liberal-Conservative member.

He was born in Milton, Nova Scotia and educated there. In 1860, he married Mary Ellen Freeman. Ford was major in the Queen's County militia. He later served as fisheries inspector for the province.

References

1836 births
1905 deaths
Progressive Conservative Association of Nova Scotia MLAs
People from Queens County, Nova Scotia


Apartment 255 is a 2001 Ned Kelly Award-winning novel by the Australian author Bunty Avieson.

Plot

'Apartment 255' is the story of two best friends since school - Sarah and Ginny - who are, at the time of the book's telling, adults. Things are depicted as much better for Sarah - who has a boyfriend Tom with whom she shares a stunning inner-city apartment. But things have not worked out so well for Ginny who wanted Tom, and didn't get him. She wants what Sarah has, and moves into an apartment overlooking Sarah and Tom's flat to stalk them.

Publishing history
After the original publication by Macmillan, in 2001 in Australia the novel was reprinted as follows:
 Macmillan 2002, Australia
 Goldmann, 2003, Germany; translated into German
 Sony Magazines, 2005, Japan; translated into Japanese under the title Supūn sanpai shitto
 Momentum Books, 2016 Australia

Awards
 Ned Kelly Awards for Crime Writing, Best First Novel Award, 2002: joint winner

Reviews
 Australian Crime Fiction Database - Apartment 255 by Bunty Avieson

References

Australian crime novels
2001 Australian novels
Ned Kelly Award-winning works
2001 debut novels
Macmillan Publishers books


The One O'Clock Chop is a young adult novel by written by Ralph Fletcher, first published in 2007.

Background
Ralph Fletcher drew up on own experiences in being a clam digger when he was between seventeen and twenty years old.  He considers this his first piece of historical fiction and interviewed many Hawaiian woman as part of the research for this novel.

Plot summary
Matt a fourteen your old boy living on Long Island in 1973 takes a job with Dan a clam digger so that he can earn enough money to buy a used Boston Whaler. Jazzy, Matt's cousin from Hawaii arrives to spend the summer with Matt and his mother.  Jazzy and Matt become kissing cousins until Jazzy becomes interested in another boy.  They eventually become friends again and Matt learns to stand up for himself.

Explanation of the novel's title
The One O'Clock Chop is a daily breeze that suddenly moves across the bay where Matt lives roughening up the smooth surface. Dan says "the old salts say you can set your watch by it."

Reception
Publishers Weekly in their review said "Fletcher turns a coming-of-age story into a rich, affecting read."  Suzanne Gordon reviewing for the School Library Journal said "plenty of universal teen fascinations and concerns exist for those readers willing to enter Matt's world and give themselves over to this smoothly paced and competently written novel.  Kirkus Reviews said "Fletcher's insight into Matt and his boat dreams fly off the page with a solid resonance that will make this a quick, light, summer beach read."  James Blasingame in his review for the Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy said that "the author captures that tumultuous time period in the mid-teen years when young people are exactly in the middle between being adults and children. Love and hope are always bubbling near the surface in these years, and Matt exemplifies this about as well as a character can."

Notes

External links

Ralph Fletcher's website

2007 American novels
American young adult novels
Novels set in New York (state)
Fiction set in 1973
Long Island in fiction
Henry Holt and Company books


Conrad Roland (Konrad Roland Lehmann; 1934 – 25 September 2020) was a German architect and pioneer of the construction of space nets (tensile structures), which primarily are to be found as rope climbing frames on playgrounds. In 1978 he designed and constructed the biggest spacenet of the world until today, the Super Four Mast Spacenet, for the Federal Horticultural Show (BUGA).

Life
Roland was born in München.  After his final secondary-school examinations, he completed an apprenticeship as a carpenter. From 1954 until 1963 he studied architecture at Technical University of Munich, at  the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago and at TU Berlin. During his studies from 1959 till 1961 he was an assistant in Mies van der Rohe's office in Chicago.

In 1963 Roland began to work self-employed in Berlin. He mainly compiled studies, projects and documentations on Hanging-houses and Spacenets. The plans for the construction of a sports stadium in Abu Dhabi, which he developed in co-operation with Jörn-Peter Schmidt-Thomsen in the 1960s, won the tendering competition, but has never been realized.

The subject of spatial net architecture was elaborately covered in his book publication Frei Otto – Spannweiten (1965). A scholarship of the Graham Foundation for Advanced Studies in the Fine Arts, Chicago allowed the work of this monograph. In 1967 Roland worked as guest lecturer in Portsmouth; in 1967 and 1969 he held lectures on “Hanging Houses” in Canada and the United States.

From 1970 onwards the architect devoted himself to the development of the Play-Spacenets. His accomplishments concerning this principle of construction have been honoured with several prizes in and outside the country. In 1974 Roland founded the company “Conrad Roland Spielbau”, which planned and constructed rope play equipment and climbing nets from 1974 until 1985. The succeeding corporation COROCORD Raumnetz GmbH has been carrying the initial letters of his name in the corporate name until today.

Already in 1975 the “Super Two Mast Spacenet” came into being for the Federal Horticultural Show (BUGA) in Mannheim, Germany.
For the BUGA in Düsseldorf in 1987 Roland constructed the biggest Spacenet of the world until today, the “Super Four Mast Spacenet” in  Südpark Düsseldorf, which is still in use after remedial maintenance in 2007.
Predominantly, the architect developed Spacenets for playgrounds. In his publication, such as the patent specification for “Spatial Networks” in 1974, Conrad Roland revealed the multitude of applicability of the Spacenets: e.g. multi-level sun terraces, trellis, summer houses, beach and exhibition pavilions or as frame structure for exhibition spaces and sales areas, seat and reclining furniture and also work scaffoldings.

Since 1987 Roland lived in Hawaii.

Bibliography
 Conrad Roland: Frei Otto – Spannweiten. Ideen und Versuche zum Leichtbau. Ein Werkstattbericht von Conrad Roland. Ullstein, Berlin, Frankfurt/Main und Wien 1965.

References

External links
 Short biography of Conrad Roland on the pages of the company he founded

1937 births
2020 deaths
20th-century German architects
Structural engineers
Tensile architecture
Tensile membrane structures
Technical University of Munich alumni
Illinois Institute of Technology alumni
21st-century German architects


Romano Caneva (December 11, 1904 in Milan – August 8, 1980) was an Italian boxer who competed in the 1928 Summer Olympics.

In 1928 he was eliminated in the quarter-finals of the welterweight class after losing his fight to the upcoming gold medalist Ted Morgan.

1928 Olympic results
Below is the record of Romano Caneva, an Italian welterweight boxer who competed at the 1928 Amsterdam Olympics:

 Round of 32: bye
 Round of 16: defeated Harry Dunn (Great Britain) on points
 Quarterfinal: lost to Ted Morgan (New Zealand) on points

References

External links
profile

1904 births
1980 deaths
Boxers from Milan
Welterweight boxers
Olympic boxers for Italy
Boxers at the 1928 Summer Olympics
Italian male boxers
20th-century Italian people


A pilot line is a pre-commercial production line that produces small volumes of new technology-based products, or employs new production technology, as a step towards the commercialisation of the new technology.

Pilot lines help bridge the gap between research and commercialisation, which is caused by the fact that new technology that has been proved only in a laboratory usually is not ready yet for application. They help bridge this gap in two ways:
 Pilot lines promote learning about a technology at a higher level of sophistication than in laboratories, that is, a level at which the technology is integrated in an early prototype and tested in an environment that is representative of the final operating environment.
 Pilot lines help reduce risk by providing information on the new technology and its application in many respects, including its technical feasibility, manufacturability, costs, and market and social acceptance.

In terms of the Technology readiness level framework, pilot plants validate production technology at levels TRL5-6: validation and demonstration of technology in a relevant environment.

Terminology
A word similar to pilot line is pilot plant. Essentially, pilot plants and pilot lines perform the same functions, but 'pilot plant' is used in the context of (bio)chemical and advanced materials production systems, whereas 'pilot line' is used for new technology in general, e.g. by the European Union.

Example

An industrial pilot line for micro-fabricated medical devices is established as part of the ECSEL JU project InForMed. The pilot line will be hosted by a large industrial end-user, and is specifically targeted and equipped to bridge the gap between concept creation and full-scale production.

References

Production and manufacturing


František "Franta" Nekolný (November 26, 1907 – October 4, 1990) was a Czech boxer who competed for Czechoslovakia in the 1928 Summer Olympics.

In 1928 he was eliminated in the second round of the welterweight class after losing his fight to Robert Galataud.

External links

Rozhlas.cz

1907 births
1990 deaths
Czechoslovak male boxers
Welterweight boxers
Olympic boxers for Czechoslovakia
Boxers at the 1928 Summer Olympics
Czech male boxers


The siege of Granville occurred at Granville, Manche on 14 November 1793. It faced 5,000 Republicans besieged by Vendéen forces during the Virée de Galerne. The battle ended with a Republican victory.

Battle

A rumour ran through the Vendéen ranks that if they reached a port the English would come to their aid. Their first choice was the port at Saint-Malo but they finally fixed on Granville, apparently less well-defended. On 14 November the Vendéens arrived before the city, but they had no siege equipment and the English had not shown up. Even so, the Vendéens launched an assault and took the suburbs, but their advance was hampered when a fire which broke out and burned down the suburbs. The Vendéens thus passed by the grêve and began to climb the rocks at the foot of the ramparts, when cries of "Treason!" began to spread through their ranks, probably shouted by Republican spies. Quickly panic overtook the Vendéens and, as many fled, the assault failed. Having heard no news of the English forces (despite their actually being very nearby, at Jersey), La Rochejaquelein decided to raise the siege.

Results
This victory was decisive for the Republicans, who thus avoided the Vendéens and Chouans joining up with the English forces. Discouraged, the Vendéens made an about-turn in an attempt to cross the river Loire again, and managed to fight several more battles in the campaign.

Battles of the War in the Vendée
Conflicts in 1793
History of Manche
Military history of Normandy


Davilla ( ) is an unincorporated community in Milam County, Texas, United States. According to the Handbook of Texas, the community had a population of 200 in 2000.

History
In honor of Miguel Davila, who had obtained the original concession for the land in 1833, it was established in the 1860s. The property was acquired from the Davila estate by a surveyor by the name of Chamberlin, who then sold town lots with the proviso that no alcoholic beverages should ever be served in the village. A post office was established in 1871. Davilla maintained some level of prosperity even after the Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe Railway bypassed the town by a distance of several miles in 1881, driving some of the inhabitants elsewhere. 350 people lived in the area in the middle of the 1880s, along with three churches, three gristmills, three cotton gins, and a steam sawmill. From 500 in 1896 to 400 in the 1920s to 300 in the mid-1940s, Davilla's population slowly decreased starting in the late 1890s. There were only 72 people living there as of the early 1970s. But this declining tendency changed in the 1980s. Five churches and many businesses could be seen on the county highway map from 1988, and the village had 200 residents at the time. Through 2000, Davilla's population was still listed as 200.

2.8% of Davilla's residents were German Americans.

On November 23, 2004, an F0 tornado struck Davilla, damaging a house and another building.

Geography
Davilla is located on Farm to Market Road 487,  west of Cameron and  northwest of Rockdale in western Milam County.

Education
Davilla had its own school in the mid-1880s. In 1903, the community had two schools; one had three teachers and 161 White students, while the other had one teacher and 38 Black students. They even became a school district. It joined the Bartlett Independent School District in June 1964.

Notable people
 Erbie Bowser, Blues pianist and singer.
 William F. Sharp, who served in the 20th Texas Legislature in 1887.

See also
 U.S. Route 190
 Texas State Highway 36
 Texas State Highway 95
 List of Farm to Market Roads in Texas (1300–1399)

References

Unincorporated communities in Milam County, Texas
Unincorporated communities in Texas


Karl Johan "Jonni" Hellström (13 May 1907 – 1989) was a Finnish boxer who competed in the 1928 Summer Olympics.

"The Fighting Finn" was born in Mariehamn and died in Canada.

In 1928 he was eliminated in the quarter-finals of the welterweight class after losing his fight to Robert Galataud.

1928 Olympic results
Below is the record of Johan Hellström, a Finnish welterweight boxer who competed at the 1928 Amsterdam Olympics:

 Round of 32: bye
 Round of 16: defeated Fred Ellis (South Africa) on points
 Quarterfinal: lost to Robert Galataud (France) on points

External links
profile

1907 births
1989 deaths
People from Mariehamn
People from Turku and Pori Province (Grand Duchy of Finland)
Swedish-speaking Finns
Welterweight boxers
Olympic boxers for Finland
Boxers at the 1928 Summer Olympics
Finnish male boxers
Finnish emigrants to Canada
Sportspeople from Åland


St Brendan's is a Gaelic Athletic Association hurling club in the Ardfert area of north County Kerry, Ireland. St Brendan's play in the Kerry Senior Hurling Championship. The club is primarily concerned with the game of hurling.

Honours

Kerry Senior Hurling Championship (7): 1949, 1952, 1967, 1975, 1986, 1990, 2013
Kerry Under-21 Hurling Championship (8): 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 2005, 2007, 2008
Kerry Minor Hurling Championship (12): 1961, 1962, 1966, 1969, 1981, 1984, 1985, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2011, 2013
 Kerry Intermediate Hurling Championship (2): 1998, 2017

External links
Official St Brendans GAA Club website

Gaelic games clubs in County Kerry
Hurling clubs in County Kerry


The Mauthner cells are a pair of big and easily identifiable neurons (one for each half of the body) located in the rhombomere 4 of the hindbrain in fish and amphibians that are responsible for a very fast escape reflex (in the majority of animals – a so-called C-start response). The cells are also notable for their unusual use of both chemical and electrical synapses.

Evolutionary history
Mauthner cells first appear in lampreys (being absent in hagfish and lancelets), and are present in virtually all teleost fish, as well as in amphibians (including postmetamorphic frogs and toads). Some fish, such as lumpsuckers, seem to have lost the Mauthner cells however.

Role in behavior

The C-start
A C-start is a type of a very quick startle or escape reflex that is employed by fish and amphibians (including larval frogs and toads). There are two sequential stages in the C-start: first, the head rotates about the center of mass towards the direction of future escape, and the body of the animal exhibits a curvature that resembles a letter C; then, at the second stage, the animal is propelled forward. The duration of these stages varies from species to species from about 10 to 20 ms for the first stage, and from 20 to 30 ms for the second. In fish this forward propulsion does not require contraction of the antagonistic muscle, but results from the body stiffness and the hydrodynamic resistance of the tail. When an antagonistic muscular contraction does occur during stage 2, the fish rotates in the opposite direction, producing a counter-turn, and a directional change.

The role of the Mauthner cell in the C-start behavior
In cases when an abrupt acoustic, tactile or visual stimulus elicits a single action potential in one M-cell, it always correlates with a contralateral C-start escape. An extremely quick mutual feedback inhibitory circuit then assures that only one M-cell reaches spiking threshold—as the C-start has to be unilateral by definition—and that only one action potential is fired.

The Mauthner cell-mediated C-start reflex is very quick, with about 5-10 ms latency between the acoustic/tactile stimulus and the Mauthner cell discharge, and only about 2 ms between the discharge and the unilateral muscle contraction. Mauthner cells are thus the quickest motor neuron to respond to the stimulus. It makes the C-start response behaviorally important as a way to initiate the escape reflex in an all or nothing fashion, while the direction and speed of the escape can be corrected later through the activity of smaller motor neurons.

In larval zebrafish about ~60% of the total population of reticulospinal neurons are also activated by a stimulus that elicits the M-spike and C-start escape. A well-studied group of these reticulospinal neurons are the bilaterally paired M-cell homologues denoted MiD2cm and MiD3cm. These neurons exhibit morphological similarities to the M-cell including a lateral and ventral dendrite. They are located in rhombomeres 5 and 6 of hindbrain respectively, and also receive auditory input in parallel with the M-cell from the pVIIIth nerve. In fish, water jet stimuli that activate these neurons elicit non-mauthner initiated C-starts of a longer latency, compared with M-cell associated ones.

Although the M-cell is often considered the prototype of a command neuron in vertebrates, this designation may not be fully warranted. Although electrical stimulation of the M-cell is sufficient for eliciting a C-start, this C-start is normally weaker than the one evoked by a sensory stimulus. Moreover, the C-start can be evoked even with the M-cell ablated, although in this case the latency of the response increases. The most widely accepted model of the M-cell system, or brainstem escape network, is that the M-cell initiates a fixed action pattern to the left or right by activating a spinal motor circuit initially described by J. Diamond and colleagues, but the precise trajectory of the escape is encoded by population activity in the other classes of reticulospinal neurons functioning in parallel to the M-cell. This notion is supported by studies using in vivo calcium imaging in larval zebrafish which show that MiD2cm and MiD3cm are activated along with the M-cell when an offending stimulus is directed towards the head but not the tail, and are correlated with C-starts of a larger initial turn angle.

Another component of the escape response is mediated by cranial relay neurons that are activated by the Mauthner cell spike. These neurons are electrically coupled with motoneurons which innervate extraocular, jaw and opercular muscles and mediate pectoral fin adduction in hatchetfish. This component of the neural circuit was first described by Michael V.L. Bennett and colleagues.

Mauthner cells in other types of behavior
Mauthner cells may be involved into behavioral patterns other than the C-start, if these types of behavior also require extremely quick bending movement of the body. Thus in goldfish Mauthner cells are activated during prey capture near the surface of the water, as this type of hunting is dangerous for the fish, and it would benefit from leaving the surface as soon as possible after the prey is captured.

In adult postmetamorphic anurans (frogs and toads) that do not have a tail, M-cells are nevertheless preserved and their discharges are associated with rapid movement of legs during an escape. In addition, larval lampreys (eel-like jawless fish of superclass Cyclostomata) exhibit rapid withdrawal behavior that is correlated with Mauthner cell activity and involves bilateral, posture-dependent muscular contractions along the length of the body. Larval lampreys (ammocoetes) are filter feeders that occupy crescent-shaped burrows in the silt or mud bottoms of freshwater stream beds, with their mouths positioned at, or just above the surface of the mud.  Sudden vibration activates both Mauthner neurons in the lamprey brainstem, which causes an accordion-like muscular contraction in the trunk and tail and pulls the head down into the burrow.

Morphology and connections

Inputs to the M-cell: excitation and feed forward inhibition
The M-cell has two primary aspiny (lacking dendritic spines) dendrites which receive segregated inputs from various parts of the neural system. One dendrite projects laterally and the other projects either in the ventral or medial direction, depending on the species.

The ventral dendrite receives information from the optic tectum and spinal cord while the lateral dendrite receives inputs from the octovolateralis systems (the lateral line, acoustic inputs from the inner ear, and inertial information from the statoliths brought by the cranial nerve VIII).

The fibers from the ipsilateral cranial nerve VIII terminate in excitatory mixed electrical and glutamatergic synapses on the M-cell. They also electrically activate glycinergic inhibitory interneurons that terminate on the M-cells. Despite the inhibitory input having one more synapse in its pathway, there is no delay between the excitation and inhibition because the intervening synapse is electrical. It was shown that for weak stimuli the inhibition wins over the excitation, preventing the M-cell from a discharge, while for stronger stimuli excitation becomes dominant. The Inner ear afferents also terminate with electrical synapses on a population PHP inhibitory interneurons (see below) to provide an additional level of feed forward inhibition. The Mauthner cell also has GABA-, dopamine-, serotonin- and somatostatinergic inputs, each restricted to certain dendritic region.

Inputs from the optic tectum and the lateral line help control which way the C-startle bends by biasing the mauthner cells when there are obstacles in the vicinity. In cases where movement away from the stimulus is blocked, the fish may bend towards the disturbance.

Axon cap
The Mauthner cell axon hillock is surrounded by a dense formation of neuropil, called the axon cap. The high resistance of this axon cap contributes to the typical shape of the Mauthner cell field potential (see below). In its most advanced form the axon cap consists of a core, immediately adjacent to the Mauthner cell axon, and containing a network of very thin unmyelinated fibers, and a peripheral part. This peripheral part contains the large unmyelinated fibers of the PHP neurons (see below) that mediate the inhibitory feedback to the Mauthner cell; the Mauthner cell itself also sends small dendrites from its axon hill to the peripheral part of the axon cap. Finally, the surface of the axon cap is covered with a cap wall composed of several layers of astrocyte-like glial cells. Both glial cells and the unmyelinated fibers are coupled with each other by means of gap junctions.

Evolutionarily, the axon cap is a more recent development than the Mauthner cell itself, so some animals, such as lampreys and eels, while having functional Mauthner cells, don't have axon cap at all, while some other animals, such as amphibia and lungfish, do have a very simplified version of it.

Feedback network
The main part of the Mauthner cell-associated network is the negative feedback network, which assures that only one of the two Mauthner cells fires in response to the stimulus and that, whichever Mauthner cell fires, it does so only once. Both these requirements are quite natural considering that the consequences of a single Mauthner cell discharge are so strong; a failure to comply with these two rules would not only prevent the animal from escaping, but could even physically damage it. The fastest part of this negative feedback network, which is also the one closest to the Mauthner cell, is that of the so-called passive hyperpolarizing field potential or PHP neurons. The fibers of these neurons are located in the axon cap, and they receive inputs from both ipsilateral and contralateral Mauthner cells. The field potentials of PHP neurons are strongly positive, and form a part of the 'Signature field potential' of the Mauthner cell (see below), with the early (ipsilaterally initiated) component being called the Extracellular Hyperpolarizing Potential (EHP), and the later (contralaterally initiated) component being sometimes addressed in the literature as the Late Collateral Inhibition (LCI). The action of PHP neurons onto the Mauthner cells is mediated by electrical, and not chemical effects: the outward currents generated by the action potentials in axon cap fibers flow inward across the Mauthner cell axon hillock and hyperpolarize it.

Outputs
The only axon of the Mauthner cell reaches from the cell to the midline of the hindbrain, promptly crosses it to the contralateral side, and then descends caudally along the spinal cord. A single discharge of the M-cell achieves a whole set of parallel effects onto the spinal motor networks: 1) it monosynaptically excites large primary motoneurons at one side of the body; 2) disynaptically excites smaller motoneurons at the same side of the body; 3) initiates action potentials in inhibitory interneurons electrically coupled to the M-cell axon, and by their means inhibits a) inhibitory interneurons still at the same side of the body (to prevent them from interfering with the C-start), as well as b) motoneurons at the other side of the body. As a result of this pattern of activation the quick muscles at one side of the body contract simultaneously, while the muscles at the other side of the body relax.

Electrophysiology

Ephaptic properties

The inhibition of the M-cell by the PHP cells occurs by ephaptic interactions. The inhibition is brought about without a chemical synapses or electrical synaptic coupling having low resistance gap junctions joining the cells. When the region of the PHP cell axon outside the axon cap depolarizes, the influx of positive charge into the cell through voltage gated sodium channels is accompanied by a passive outflow of current from the PHP cell axon into the region bound by the axon cap. Due to the high resistance of the surrounding glial cells, the charge does not dissipate and the potential across the M-cell membrane is increased, hyperpolarizing it.

Signature field potential
Because of its size, presence of a quick feedback network, and abundance of electrical and quasi-electrical (ephaptic) synapses, the Mauthner cell has a strong field potential of a very characteristic shape. This field potential starts with a high-amplitude potential sink up to tens of millivolts in amplitude that originates from the Mauthner cell discharge, and which is closely followed by a positive potential, called Extrinsic Hyperpolarizing Potential or EHP, which is associated with the activity of the recurrent feedback network.

Due to its high amplitude, in some animals the negative part of Mauthner cell field potential can be detected up to several hundred micrometres away from the cell itself. The positive components of the field potential are strongest in the axon cap, reaching amplitudes of 45 mV in adult goldfish. With a knowledge of these properties of the field potential, it is possible to use field potential monitoring as a way to find the Mauthner cell body in vivo, or in vitro in a whole brain preparation, moving the recording electrode in the hindbrain, while at the same time stimulating the spinal cord, thus evoking antidromic action potentials in the Mauthner cell axon.

Plasticity
Application of serotonin was shown to increase inhibitory inputs to the M-cell, while application of dopamine – to increase the amplitude of both chemical and electrical components of the VIIIth nerve responses via a G protein-mediated activation of postsynaptic D2 receptor. An activity-dependent LTP can be evoked in M-cells by a high-frequency stimulation of the VIIIth nerve. Surprisingly, this LTP is electrical synapse-mediated, and is presumed to involve modification of the gap junction channels. A possibility of LTP induction by sensory stimuli in vivo, and the evidence for the LTP of inhibitory inputs to M-cells were also demonstrated.

Spontaneous preference in turn direction in young goldfish is correlated with one of the Mauthner cells being bigger than the other one. It is possible to change the preference of fish by raising them in conditions facilitating turns in a specific direction; this shift is accompanied by a correspondent change in M-cell sizes.

History of research
The Mauthner cell was first identified by the Viennese ophthalmologist Ludwig Mauthner in the teleost fish for its associated neural circuit which mediates an escape response called the C-start or C-startle to direct the fish away from a predator.

The M-cell is a model system in the field of Neuroethology. The M-cell system has served for detailed neurophysiological and histological investigations of synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity. Studies by Donald Faber and Henri Korn helped to establish the one vesicle hypothesis of synaptic transmission in the CNS. Other important research topics that have been investigated in the M-cell system include studies by Yoichi Oda and colleagues on inhibitory long-term potentiation and auditory conditioning of the startle response, and studies by Alberto Pereda and colleagues on plasticity of electrical synapses. Other research topics investigated in the M-cell system include studies of spinal neural networks and neural regeneration by Joe Fetcho and colleagues, as well as underwater sound localization, and the biophysics of computation in single neurons.

References

Further reading

Neuroethology
Fish nervous system


The  is a high-speed shinkansen service operated between  and  in Japan since 12 March 2011.

It was formerly a limited express sleeper train service operated by JR Kyushu, which ran from  to  and  in Kyushu, Japan. This former service was discontinued in 2005 due to revised timetables.

Service pattern

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(*) Not served by all trains

Formations

N700 series (8 cars)
Services are formed as shown below with car 1 at the Kagoshima-Chuo end. All cars are no smoking except for smoking compartments in cars 3 and 7. Unusually, reserved ordinary class seats are wider than unreserved seats.

800 series (6 cars)
All cars are no smoking.

History

Limited express service

The Sakura was first introduced on 1 April 1951 as a daytime Limited express service between Tokyo and Osaka. This service was discontinued in October 1958.

The Sakura sleeping car service commenced on 20 July 1959 using 20 series sleeping cars. From March 1972, the train was upgraded with 14 series sleeping cars.

From 4 December 1999, the Sakura ran coupled with the Hayabusa service between Tokyo and . The last services ran on the evening of 28 February 2005.

Shinkansen service
From 12 March 2011, the Sakura name was revived once again for the new shinkansen services operating between  and  using new JR West N700-7000 series and JR Kyushu N700-8000 series 8-car trainsets.

Sakura trains operate once every hour between Shin-Osaka and Kagoshima-Chūō throughout the day. One morning service departs from Kumamoto to Shin-Osaka. There are also additional Sakura services between  and Kagoshima-Chuo during the daytime. Some Sakura runs within the Kyushu Shinkansen are operated by 6-car 800 series trains.

As with the existing Hikari service that operates on the Tokaido & Sanyo Shinkansen lines, the Sakura is the fastest service on the Sanyo & Kyushu Shinkansen lines that can be used with the Japan Rail Pass.

Future plans
In an announcement by JR Central, JR West, and JR Kyushu made on 17 October 2023, the companies stated that all onboard smoking rooms on the Tokaido, San'yo, and Kyushu Shinkansen trains would be abolished by Q2 2024.

Rolling stock
In the 1990s, the train was formed of up to fourteen 14 series sleeping cars, including two cafeteria cars. The train was hauled by a JR West Class EF66 electric locomotive between Tokyo and , a JR Kyushu Class EF81 electric locomotive between Shimonoseki and Moji (through the undersea Kanmon Tunnel), and by JR Kyushu Class ED76 electric locomotives from Moji to Nagasaki and Sasebo.

See also
 List of named passenger trains of Japan
 Blue Train (Japan)
 Mizuho - the limited-stop service operating on the same route

References

External links

 JR Kyushu website

Kyushu Railway Company
West Japan Railway Company
Night trains of Japan
Railway services introduced in 1951
Railway services introduced in 2011
Named Shinkansen trains


Sathuragiri Hills (), also known as "Chathuragiri" or "Sundara Mahalingam", is a pilgrimage site located in Madurai district and 10 km from Watrap, near Srivilliputhur, in the state of Tamil Nadu in South India. The hills are a part of the Western ghats. This hills located in the Border of Madurai District.

There are a few specific  days when the general public is permitted to visit  the Sathuragiri Hills. These days include  new moon and full moon days and on two Pradhosham days . Visiting hours are between 6 a.m. and 4 p.m. There are 3 trecking paths available. Out of 3 paths, first two paths are located along the thaliparai side of Watrap in virudhunagar district end and the last path (i.e. 3rd path) is located in vazhai thoppu side of T. Krishnapuram in Madurai District itself. But 1 & 2 path are the most usual path for trecking. Unlike other mountain trecking places in tamil nadu, here Men and Women both are allowed for trecking. Srivilliputhur Railway Station is the nearest railway station for 1st & 2nd trecking path where as Usilampatti Railway station is the nearest railway station for 3rd trecking path. Bus transportation facilities are frequently available till Watrap as well as to T. Krishnapuram.

Origin of the name
The name Sathuragiri originates from the words "Chathur" means "Four," and "Giri" means "Hill."  An alternative origin for the name is attributed to the fact that the hill is square-shaped and therefore known as "Chathuragiri." Sathuragiri is known as the Abode of God.

References

External links
Chennai to Chathuragiri route map and distance
 http://www.sathuragiritemple.tnhrce.in
https://www.tripadvisor.in/HotelsNear-g2305754-d8321021-Sathuragiri_Shiva_Temple-Srivilliputhur_Virudhunagar_District_Tamil_Nadu.html

Madurai district
Hills of Tamil Nadu


Adrien Anneet (15 November 1908 – ?) was a Belgian boxer who competed in the 1928 Summer Olympics. He was born in Brussels.

In 1928 he was eliminated in the second round of the welterweight class after losing his fight to Cor Blommers.

References

External links

Picture of Adrien Anneet

1908 births
Sportspeople from Brussels
Welterweight boxers
Olympic boxers for Belgium
Boxers at the 1928 Summer Olympics
Year of death missing
Belgian male boxers


Inga Björk-Klevby (born 1944), is the former United Nations Deputy Executive Director of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT). She was appointed to this position by United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan in October 2005.

She obtained her master's degree from the Stockholm School of Economics.

Björk-Klevby has been a diplomat for many years. She has served as the Ambassador of Sweden to Kenya, Rwanda, Seychelles and the Comoros and as Permanent Representative to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and UN-HABITAT.

Later on, she became the Assistant Undersecretary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Sweden who is responsible for international development cooperation policies, programmes and budget.

For over 20 years, she worked in international finance and senior management capacities with the Central Bank of Sweden, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, and the Asian Development Bank.  She became Executive Director for the African Development Bank where she represented Nordic countries, Switzerland and India.

Prior to her appointment as Deputy Executive Director of the UN-HABITAT, she was Ambassador of Sweden to Côte d'Ivoire, Burkina Faso, Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone.

References

1944 births
Living people
Swedish officials of the United Nations
Ambassadors of Sweden to Kenya
Ambassadors of Sweden to Rwanda
Ambassadors of Sweden to Seychelles
Ambassadors of Sweden to the Comoros
Ambassadors of Sweden to Ivory Coast
Ambassadors of Sweden to Burkina Faso
Ambassadors of Sweden to Guinea
Ambassadors of Sweden to Liberia
Ambassadors of Sweden to Sierra Leone
Stockholm School of Economics alumni
Swedish women ambassadors
20th-century Swedish women


The Army of the West (armée de l'Ouest) was one of the French Revolutionary Armies that was sent to fight in the War in the Vendée in western France. The army was created on 2 October 1793 by merging the Army of the Coasts of La Rochelle, the so-called Army of Mayence and part of the Army of the Coasts of Brest. In 1793 the army or its component forces fought at Second Châtillon, First Noirmoutier, La Tremblaye, Cholet, Laval, Entrames, Fougères, Granville, Dol, Angers, Le Mans and Savenay. After the main Vendean army was crushed, the revolt evolved into guerilla warfare and there were few pitched battles. In 1794 Louis Marie Turreau tried to suppress the rebellion with extremely brutal methods using the infamous infernal columns. Calmer heads finally prevailed and Turreau was recalled. On 6 January 1796, the army was absorbed into the newly formed Army of the Coasts of the Ocean. The Army of the West came into existence a second time on 17 January 1800 and was finally suppressed on 21 May 1802.

History

Background
The two chief causes of the War in the Vendée were the attempt by the French National Convention to impose conscription on the population and to force the Civil Constitution of the Clergy on the priests. The great majority of the priests in the Vendée refused to take the oath and most of the population resented sending their young men to war. By April 1793 the region was in full rebellion led by the country gentry. Since much of the area was covered by woods or hedges and traversed by narrow lanes, it proved to be ideal terrain for the local people to launch ambushes and sudden attacks against the Republican French troops. If the Vendeans were driven off, they would quickly disappear to their homes using secret byways. To a casual observer they would appear to be peaceful farmers. Soon the rebels armed themselves with weapons and ammunition captured from the French Republican forces. Two groups that often supported the Republican government were residents of the larger towns and Protestants.

Because Revolutionary France was ringed with enemies, very few regular battalions could be spared to fight in the War in the Vendée. At first, local battalions were used, but these men were frightened of the rebels. The French government scraped up more volunteers to send to the Vendée. The 35th Legion of Gendarmes proved to be an effective unit. The German Legion, made up of German and Swiss deserters, fought capably but many promptly deserted to the Vendeans. From the Army of the North and the Army of the Ardennes the government ordered each infantry company to send six men to the Vendée. The battalions formed from these men had poor cohesion. The worst soldiers were the 12 battalions of the Paris National Guard under Antoine Joseph Santerre. Time and again, these undisciplined men fled at the mere sight of their enemies.

After a period of confusion, three armies were formed on 1 May 1793. The Army of the Coasts of Cherbourg covered the area from Saint-Malo east to the Authie River. The Army of the Coasts of Brest guarded the region from Saint-Malo south to the mouth of the Loire River. The Army of the Coasts of La Rochelle was responsible for the lands from the Loire south to the Gironde estuary. In early June, the Vendeans routed a major French Republican force in the Battle of Saumur and captured 46 guns. This was followed by another disaster on 18 July at the Battle of Vihiers when 12,000 rebels smashed a 14,000-man Republican force, inflicting losses of 5,000 men and taking 25 of its 30 guns.

On 23 July, the Siege of Mainz ended in a French surrender. The Prussians carelessly paroled the garrison on the promise not to fight against the Coalition armies for one year. It was noted that the terms did not prevent the troops from being used to fight the Vendeans, so the parolees were hurried west. These 14,000 well-disciplined soldiers became the unofficially named Army of Mayence under Jean-Baptiste Annibal Aubert du Bayet. They were soon fighting with the Army of the Coasts of Brest under Jean Baptiste Camille Canclaux near Nantes. The Army of the Coasts of La Rochelle was assigned to the incompetent Jean Antoine Rossignol who was protected from criticism because of his Jacobin political views. The strategy adopted by the Republican armies was to attack the Vendée with converging columns.

The month of September 1793 saw Canclaux repulse a Vendean attack on Nantes and then try to advance into the heart of the Vendée. His efforts were foiled by strong Vendean resistance and because Rossignol failed to fully carry out his part of the plan. Suddenly on 7 October, Canclaux and du Bayet were summarily removed from command. Rossignol was transferred to command the Army of the Coasts of Brest. The intriguer Charles-Philippe Ronsin brought about the change by persuading Minister of War Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte that Canclaux and du Bayet caused the recent defeats. The decision to transfer Rossignol also seemed to show that Ronsin and Bouchotte's confidence in that general was waning.

Creation

By a decree of 2 October 1793, the Army of the West was created by combining the former Army of the Coasts of La Rochelle, the Army of Mayence and that part of the Army of the Coasts of Brest operating in the department of Loire-Inferieure. The decree was put into effect on 6 October when Jean Léchelle assumed command. Jean Baptiste Kléber remained in charge of the Army of Mayence until 8 October, while Alexis Chalbos was in temporary control of the eastern part of the army until 17 October. The Committee of Public Safety believed Léchelle to be the perfect candidate to put down the Vendean rebellion, but he proved to be a worse general than Rossignol. Kléber later described Léchelle as, "the most cowardly of soldiers, the worst of officers, and the most ignorant leader ever seen. He did not understand maps, hardly knew how to sign his name, and did not once approach within cannon shot of the rebels; in a word, there was nothing comparable to his poltroonery and his inefficiency, except his arrogance, his brutality, and his obstinacy".

Soon there was a significant success. On 17 October 1793 at the Battle of Cholet, 25,000 Republicans defeated 40,000 rebels, inflicting losses of 8,000 while sustaining 4,000 casualties. Another account stated that there were 41,000 Vendeans against 31,000 Republicans and 30 guns. Louis Antoine Vimeux commanded the Republican right flank, François Séverin Marceau-Desgraviers the center, Michel de Beaupuy the left flank and Kléber the reserve. At this point, the Vendean army crossed to the north bank of the Loire, hoping to capture a port and make contact with the British Royal Navy. When Léchelle's army followed, the Vendeans lashed out at it.

At the Battle of Entrames on 27 October, 31,000 Vendeans defeated 25,000 Republicans, inflicting 4,000 casualties. Against the advice of Kléber and Marceau, Léchelle insisted on keeping the army in a single column and attacking immediately. While Kléber, Marceau and Beaupuy were with the front line units, Léchelle stayed in rear and was unable to send help. The Army of the West was routed and scattered in all directions. As the men fled, the hapless Léchelle called out, "What have I done that I should command such cowards?" A soldier shouted back, "What have we done that we should be commanded by such a shit?" At the next army inspection the soldiers yelled, "Down with Léchelle! Long live du Bayet! Long live Kléber!" In despair, Léchelle resigned his command, retired to Nantes and killed himself.

In the crisis, the Army of the North was ordered to send 10,000 reinforcements to put down the rebellion; these arrived in December. Since the Army of the West was in the territory of the Army of the Coasts of Brest, Rossignol assumed command. However, the generals and the representatives-on-mission did not want the inept Rossignol to lead the troops, so they appointed Marceau the commander-in-chief with Kléber as his deputy. Since Marceau was only 24 years old, Louis Marie Turreau was summoned from the Army of the Eastern Pyrenees to take over. Rossignol was supposed to have overall control of all the armies, but everyone seems to have ignored him. The Vendean army was crushed with terrible losses at the Battle of Le Mans on 12–13 December and at the Battle of Savenay on 23 December. The new commander Turreau did not replace Marceau until 30 December.

Infernal columns

Kléber believed that he could end the rebellion, but Turreau brushed his ideas aside. Instead, Turreau embarked on a bloody program starting on 24 January 1794. With 80,000 soldiers, he ordered 12 "infernal columns" to sweep the Vendée, taking away all crops, burning farms and killing all suspected rebels. Not even women and children were spared from massacre. Turreau was encouraged in his horrible work by politicians such as Jean-Baptiste Carrier who said, "The women of La Vendée, it is from them that the race of enemies is reborn. The children, they are vipers to be crushed", and, "We will make a cemetery of France". Disgusted with Turreau's "diabolical plan", Marceau left for the Army of the Ardennes in January 1794 and Kléber got a transfer to the Army of the North in April.

The Vendean rebellion, which showed signs of quieting down, flared up again thanks to Turreau's harsh measures. The soldiers of the infernal columns interpreted their orders so loosely that many pro-Republicans were slaughtered along with the rebels. On 13 May, the Committee of Public Safety ordered Turreau to be suspended and sent to command an obscure post. Turreau was replaced by Vimeux. The army counted 103,812 soldiers in April 1794, but only 50,000 were capable of taking the field. Of these, 3,000 men were sent to the Army of the Western Pyrenees and 15,000 to the armies on the Rhine. On 16 August, a new order assigned the army command to Thomas-Alexandre Dumas. At that time, its strength was 45,000 men.

Turreau was arrested after the fall of Robespierre, but he convinced a court-martial that he was only following orders and was acquitted. He commanded troops under the First French Empire and, astonishingly, was in favor with the Bourbon Restoration when he died in 1816. Rossignol fell afoul of Napoleon and was exiled to the Seychelles where he died in 1802. Ronsin was guillotined during the Reign of Terror. Marceau was mortally wounded at Altenkirchen during the Battle of Limburg and died on 20 September 1796.

Pacification

In October 1794, Dumas was replaced in command of the Army of the West by Canclaux, who took Emmanuel de Grouchy as his chief of staff. On 17 February 1795 a pacification was signed by the political representatives of the warring sides. The Vendeans were allowed complete freedom of worship and were free from conscription for several years. In return, they recognized the First French Republic. The peace did not last long. Revolt broke out in the Vendée on 24 June under the leadership of François de Charette. At this time Canclaux was ill so Grouchy was the acting commander. Grouchy first moved against a threatened invasion and then sent reinforcements to the Army of the Coasts of Brest which was then under the command of Lazare Hoche. On 21 July 1795 at Quiberon, Hoche smashed an attempted invasion of France by Royalists landed by the British fleet.

In August 1795, the Army of the West numbered 27,000–28,000 men after being reinforced from the Army of the North. Grouchy was opposed by Charette with 8,000–12,000-foot and 900 horsemen. On 22 August, there was a conference at Nantes between two representatives, Hoche, du Bayet, Grouchy and Canclaux, who was still sick. It was decided that the three armies must act together against the insurgents. Canclaux was sent to Paris with the plan while Grouchy temporarily filled his place. The French government appointed Hoche as commander-in-chief of the Army of the West. On 2 October 1795, the Count of Artois landed with a Royalist force on the Île d'Yeu. Because Grouchy held the coast with good troops, the Count gave up and returned to England. On 26 December 1795, the French government combined the Army of the West and the Armies of the Coasts of Brest and Cherbourg into a single Army of the Coasts of the Ocean under Hoche. The new army had a nominal strength of 182,956 but really there were 100,000 men present for duty.

Second creation
On 14 January 1800, the Army of England was renamed the Army of the West and the order went into effect on 17 January. The army's area of operations included the 12th, 13th and 22nd Military Divisions. Guillaume Brune was commander-in-chief until 16 April. Brune was provisionally replaced by Gabriel Marie Joseph d'Hédouville who served until 2 May. Jean Baptiste Bernadotte became the commander from 3 May to 10 October when he was replaced by interim leader Jacques Louis François Delaistre de Tilly. On 5 May 1801, Bernadotte reassumed command and served until mid-November. On 23 September the army's district was reduced to the 13th Military Division. Henri François Delaborde was interim commander from mid-November until 20 May 1802 when the Army of the West was suppressed.

Commanders-in-chief

1793–1796
 6 – 27 October 1793 : Jean Léchelle
 28 October – 13 November 1793 : Alexis Chalbos (provisional)
 14 November – 4 December 1793 : Jean Antoine Rossignol
 5 – 25 December 1793 : François Séverin Marceau-Desgraviers
 26 December 1793 – 17 May 1794 : Louis Marie Turreau
 18 May – 6 September 1794 : Louis Antoine Vimeux (provisional)
 7 September 1794 – 23 October 1794 : Thomas-Alexandre Dumas
 24 October 1794 – 6 September 1795 : Jean Baptiste Camille Canclaux
 7 – 10 September 1795 : Emmanuel de Grouchy (interim)
 11 September – 17 December 1795 : Lazare Hoche
 18 December 1795 – 6 January 1796 : Amédée Willot (interim)

1800–1802
 17 January 1800 – 26 April 1800 : Guillaume Brune
 27 April – 2 May 1800 : Gabriel Marie Joseph d'Hédouville (provisional)
 3 May – 10 October 1800 : Jean Baptiste Bernadotte
 11 October 1800 – 4 May 1801 : Jacques Louis François Delaistre de Tilly (interim)
 5 May – mid-November 1801 : Jean Baptiste Bernadotte
 mid-November – 20 May 1802 : Henri François Delaborde (interim)

Notes

References

West


Charles John MacDonald (April 4, 1841, Halifax, Nova Scotia – October 12, 1903, Halifax, Nova Scotia) was a lawyer and political figure in Nova Scotia, Canada. He represented Halifax County in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1878 to 1879 as a Liberal-Conservative member. He was a member of the North British Society.

Biography
He was born in Halifax, the son of Robert MacDonald, an immigrant from Scotland. MacDonald was educated at Dalhousie College and was called to the Nova Scotia bar in 1872. He married Mary Tamson Evens. He later married Annie McLearn after the death of his first wife. MacDonald was lieutenant-colonel in the militia and served in the Halifax Provisional Battalion during the North-West Rebellion.  He also served on Halifax city council. MacDonald was a prominent member of the Freemasons. He resigned his seat in the provincial assembly in 1879 after he was named post office inspector for Halifax.

References
The Canadian parliamentary companion and annual register, 1879, CH Mackintosh

External links

1831 births
1903 deaths
Progressive Conservative Association of Nova Scotia MLAs
Canadian Militia officers


Thomas Lown (April 5, 1904 – September 22, 1977) was an American boxer who competed in the 1928 Summer Olympics. He was born in New York City.

In 1928, he was eliminated in the first round of the welterweight class after losing his fight to the upcoming silver medalist Raúl Landini. He took part in a total of 14 professional between March 1929 and January 1931, winning 12 (three by knockout).

Lown died in Burnt Hills, New York on September 22, 1977, aged 73.

References

External links
 Thomas Lown's profile at Sports Reference.com

1904 births
1977 deaths
Boxers from New York City
Welterweight boxers
Olympic boxers for the United States
Boxers at the 1928 Summer Olympics
American male boxers


The Snow Leopard is a 1978 book by Peter Matthiessen. It is an account of his two-month search for the snow leopard with naturalist George Schaller in the Dolpo region on the Tibetan Plateau in the Himalaya.

Content
The book recounts the journey of Matthiessen and Schaller in 1973 to Shey Gompa in the inner Dolpo region of Nepal. Schaller's original objective was to compare the mating habits of the Himalayan blue sheep (the bharal) with those of the common sheep of the USA, while for Matthiessen the trip was more of a spiritual exploration. Another aim was to spot the snow leopard, a predator on the bharal and a creature that was seldom seen (it had been glimpsed only twice by Westerners in the previous twenty five years). A third part of the plan was to visit the Crystal Monastery and its Buddhist lama.

The travel aspect of the work is in the tradition of writing by Sir Richard Burton, Sir Henry Morton Stanley, and Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton. The nature writing aspect brings echoes of the work of Alexander von Humboldt or Charles Darwin. It also involves a meditation upon inner peace, however, as well as external exploration, in a way that is reminiscent of Basho, Wordsworth or Thoreau. For example, towards the end of the book Matthiessen sits on some rocks and observes "These hard rocks instruct my bones in what my brain could never grasp in the Heart Sutra, that 'form is emptiness and emptiness is form'—the Void, the emptiness of blue-black space, contained in everything."

Matthiessen frequently digresses to remember his wife Deborah Love who had died of cancer prior to the adventure. The book is, therefore, also a meditation upon death, suffering, loss, memory and healing. The memories of Deborah operate with a number of other recursive stylistic traits that play against the linear, outward progress of the journey logged through maps and dates.

Questions of absence and presence play in tandem with the wider question of gaining peace through an acceptance of how the world is rather than desiring phenomena to arise that do not exist.

Awards and acclaim

The Snow Leopard won the 1979 National Book Award in the category Contemporary Thought
and the 1980 National Book Award for Nonfiction (paperback).
It has garnered more critical acclaim since then.
It has been included in several lists of best travel books including World Hum's ten most celebrated books, Washington Post Book World's Travel Books That Will Take You Far, and National Geographic Traveler's Around the World in 80+ Books.

References

External links
 Review published in the NY Times on November 26, 1978
 Review by Amanda Fox in Salon's Wanderlust
 The Snow Leopard - A Pictorial Companion Book documenting PM's trip to Upper Dolpo in pictures

American travel books
National Book Award for Nonfiction winning works
1978 non-fiction books
Books about the Himalayas
Viking Press books
Non-fiction books about cats
Nepalese non-fiction books


Dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) is a dimensionality reduction algorithm developed by Peter J. Schmid and Joern Sesterhenn in 2008.
Given a time series of data, DMD computes a set of modes each of which is associated with a fixed oscillation frequency and decay/growth rate.  For linear systems in particular, these modes and frequencies are analogous to the normal modes of the system, but more generally, they are approximations of the modes and eigenvalues of the composition operator (also called the Koopman operator).  Due to the intrinsic temporal behaviors associated with each mode, DMD differs from dimensionality reduction methods such as principal component analysis, which computes orthogonal modes that lack predetermined temporal behaviors.  Because its modes are not orthogonal, DMD-based representations can be less parsimonious than those generated by PCA.  However, they can also be more physically meaningful because each mode is associated with a damped (or driven) sinusoidal behavior in time.

Overview
Dynamic mode decomposition was first introduced by Schmid as a numerical procedure for extracting dynamical features from flow data.

The data takes the form of a snapshot sequence

where  is the -th snapshot of the flow field, and  is a data matrix whose columns are the individual snapshots.   These snapshots are assumed to be related via a linear mapping that defines a linear dynamical system

that remains approximately the same over the duration of the sampling period. Written in matrix form, this implies that

where  is the vector of residuals that accounts for behaviors that cannot be described completely by , , , and .  Regardless of the approach, the output of DMD is the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of , which are referred to as the DMD eigenvalues and DMD modes respectively.

Algorithm

There are two methods for obtaining these eigenvalues and modes. The first is Arnoldi-like, which is useful for theoretical analysis due to its connection with Krylov methods.  The second is a singular value decomposition (SVD) based approach that is more robust to noise in the data and to numerical errors.

The Arnoldi approach

In fluids applications, the size of a snapshot, , is assumed to be much larger than the number of snapshots , so there are many equally valid choices of .  The original DMD algorithm picks  so that each of the snapshots in  can be expressed as linear combinations of the snapshots in .
Because most of the snapshots appear in both data sets, this representation is error free for all snapshots except , which is written as

where  is a set of coefficients DMD must identify and  is the residual.
In total,

where  is the companion matrix

The vector  can be computed by solving a least squares problem, which minimizes the overall residual.  In particular if we take the QR decomposition of , then .

In this form, DMD is a type of Arnoldi method, and therefore the eigenvalues of  are approximations of the eigenvalues of .  Furthermore, if  is an eigenvector of , then  is an approximate eigenvector of . The reason an eigendecomposition is performed on  rather than  is because  is much smaller than , so the computational cost of DMD is determined by the number of snapshots rather than the size of a snapshot.

The SVD-based approach

Instead of computing the companion matrix , the SVD-based approach yields the matrix  that is related to  via a similarity transform.  To do this, assume we have the SVD of .  Then

Equivalent to the assumption made by the Arnoldi-based approach, we choose  such that the snapshots in  can be written as the linear superposition of the columns in , which is equivalent to requiring that they can be written as the superposition of POD modes.  With this restriction, minimizing the residual requires that it is orthogonal to the POD basis (i.e., ).  Then multiplying both sides of the equation above by  yields , which can be manipulated to obtain

Because  and  are related via similarity transform, the eigenvalues of  are the eigenvalues of , and if  is an eigenvector of , then  is an eigenvector of .

In summary, the SVD-based approach is as follows:
 Split the time series of data in   into the two matrices  and .
 Compute the SVD of .
 Form the matrix , and compute its eigenvalues  and eigenvectors .
 The -th DMD eigenvalue is  and -th DMD mode is the .

The advantage of the SVD-based approach over the Arnoldi-like approach is that noise in the data and numerical truncation issues can be compensated for by truncating the SVD of .  As noted in   accurately computing more than the first couple modes and eigenvalues can be difficult on experimental data sets without this truncation step.

Theoretical and algorithmic advancements

Since its inception in 2010, a considerable amount of work has focused on understanding and improving DMD.  One of the first analyses of DMD by Rowley et al. established the connection between DMD and the Koopman operator, and helped to explain the output of DMD when applied to nonlinear systems.  Since then, a number of modifications have been developed that either strengthen this connection further or enhance the robustness and applicability of the approach.

Optimized DMD: Optimized DMD is a modification of the original DMD algorithm designed to compensate for two limitations of that approach: (i) the difficulty of DMD mode selection, and (ii) the sensitivity of DMD to noise or other errors in the last snapshot of the time series.  Optimized DMD recasts the DMD procedure as an optimization problem where the identified linear operator has a fixed rank.  Furthermore, unlike DMD which perfectly reproduces all of the snapshots except for the last, Optimized DMD allows the reconstruction errors to be distributed throughout the data set, which appears to make the approach more robust in practice.
Optimal Mode Decomposition: Optimal Mode Decomposition (OMD) recasts the DMD procedure as an optimization problem and allows the user to directly impose the rank of the identified system.  Provided this rank is chosen properly, OMD can produce linear models with smaller residual errors and more accurate eigenvalues on both synthetic and experimental data sets.
Exact DMD: The Exact DMD algorithm generalizes the original DMD algorithm in two ways.  First, in the original DMD algorithm the data must be a time series of snapshots, but Exact DMD accepts a data set of snapshot pairs.  The snapshots in the pair must be separated by a fixed , but do not need to be drawn from a single time series.  In particular, Exact DMD can allow data from multiple experiments to be aggregated into a single data set.  Second, the original DMD algorithm effectively pre-processes the data by projecting onto a set of POD modes.  The Exact DMD algorithm removes this pre-processing step, and can produce DMD modes that cannot be written as the superposition of POD modes.
Sparsity Promoting DMD: Sparsity promoting DMD is a post processing procedure for DMD mode and eigenvalue selection.  Sparsity promoting DMD uses an  penalty to identify a smaller set of important DMD modes, and is an alternative approach to the DMD mode selection problem that can be solved efficiently using convex optimization techniques.
Multi-Resolution DMD: Multi-Resolution DMD (mrDMD) is a combination of the techniques used in multiresolution analysis with Exact DMD designed to robust extracting DMD modes and eigenvalues from data sets containing multiple timescales.  The mrDMD approach was applied to global surface temperature data, and identifies a DMD mode that appears during  El Nino years.
Extended DMD: Extended DMD is a modification of Exact DMD that strengthens the connection between DMD and the Koopman operator.  As the name implies, Extended DMD is an extension of DMD that uses a richer set of observable functions to produce more accurate approximations of the Koopman operator. This extended set could be chosen a priori or learned from data. It also demonstrated the DMD and related methods produce approximations of the Koopman eigenfunctions in addition to the more commonly used eigenvalues and modes.
Residual DMD: Residual DMD provides a means to control the projection errors of DMD and Extended DMD that arise from finite-dimensional approximations of the Koopman operator.  The method utilizes the same snapshot data but introduces an additional finite matrix that captures infinite-dimensional residuals exactly in the large data limit. This enables users to sidestep spectral pollution (spurious modes), verify Koopman mode decompositions and learned dictionaries, and compute continuous spectra. Moreover, the method further bolsters the link between DMD and the Koopman operator by demonstrating how the spectral content of the latter can be computed with verification and error control.
Physics-informed DMD: Physics-informed DMD forms a Procrustes problem that restricts the family of admissible models to a matrix manifold that respects the physical structure of the system. This allows physical structures to be incoorporated into DMD. This approach is less prone to overfitting, requires less training data, and is often less computationally expensive to build than standard DMD models.
Measure-preserving EDMD: Measure-preserving extended DMD (mpEDMD) offers a Galerkin method whose eigendecomposition converges to the spectral quantities of the Koopman operators for general measure-preserving dynamical systems. This method employs an orthogonal Procrustes problem (essentially a polar decomposition) to DMD and extended DMD. Beyond convergence, mpEDMD upholds physical conservation laws, and exhibits enhanced robustness to noise as well as improved long-term behavior.
DMD with Control: Dynamic mode decomposition with control (DMDc)  is a modification of the DMD procedure designed for data obtained from input output systems. One unique feature of DMDc is the ability to disambiguate the effects of system actuation from the open loop dynamics, which is useful when data are obtained in the presence of actuation.
Total Least Squares DMD: Total Least Squares DMD is a recent modification of Exact DMD meant to address issues of robustness to measurement noise in the data.  In, the authors interpret the Exact DMD as a regression problem that is solved using ordinary least squares (OLS), which assumes that the regressors are noise free.  This assumption creates a bias in the DMD eigenvalues when it is applied to experimental data sets where all of the observations are noisy.  Total least squares DMD replaces the OLS problem with a total least squares problem, which eliminates this bias.
Dynamic Distribution Decomposition: DDD focuses on the forward problem in continuous time, i.e., the transfer operator. However the method developed can also be used for fitting DMD problems in continuous time.

In addition to the algorithms listed here, similar application-specific techniques have been developed.  For example, like DMD, Prony's method represents a signal as the superposition of damped sinusoids.  In climate science, linear inverse modeling is also strongly connected with DMD.  For a more comprehensive list, see Tu et al.

Examples

Trailing edge of a profile

The wake of an obstacle in the flow may develop a  Kármán vortex street. The Fig.1 shows the shedding of a vortex behind the trailing edge of a profile. The DMD-analysis was applied to 90 sequential Entropy fields  and yield an approximated eigenvalue-spectrum as depicted below. The analysis was applied to the numerical results, without referring to the governing equations. The profile is seen in white. The white arcs are the processor boundaries since the computation was performed on a parallel computer using different computational blocks.

Roughly a third of the spectrum was highly damped (large, negative ) and is not shown.  The dominant shedding mode is shown in the following pictures. The image to the left is the real part, the image to the right, the imaginary part of the eigenvector.

Again, the entropy-eigenvector is shown in this picture. The acoustic contents of the same mode is seen in the bottom half of the next plot. The top half corresponds to the entropy mode as above.

Synthetic example of a traveling pattern
The DMD analysis assumes a pattern of the form

where  is any of the independent variables of the problem, but has to be selected in advance.
Take for example the pattern

With  the time as the preselected exponential factor.

A sample is given in the following figure with ,  and . The left picture shows the pattern without, the right with noise added. The amplitude of the random noise is the same as that of the pattern.

A DMD analysis is performed with 21 synthetically generated fields using a time interval  , limiting the analysis to .

The spectrum is symmetric and shows three almost undamped modes (small negative real part), whereas the other modes are heavily damped.
Their numerical values are  respectively. The real one corresponds to the mean of the field, whereas  corresponds to the imposed pattern with . Yielding a relative error of −1/1000. Increasing the noise to 10 times the signal value yields about the same error. The real and imaginary part of one of the latter two eigenmodes is depicted in the following figure.

See also
Several other decompositions of experimental data exist. If the governing equations are available, an eigenvalue decomposition might be feasible.
 Eigenvalue decomposition
 Empirical mode decomposition
 Global mode
 Normal mode
 Proper orthogonal decomposition
 Singular-value decomposition

References

 Schmid, P. J. & Sesterhenn, J. L. 2008 Dynamic mode decomposition of numerical and experimental data. In Bull. Amer. Phys. Soc., 61st APS meeting, p. 208. San Antonio.
 Hasselmann, K., 1988. POPs and PIPs. The reduction of complex dynamical systems using principal oscillation and interaction patterns. J. Geophys. Res., 93(D9): 10975–10988.

Experimental physics
Time series
Matrix decompositions


was a Japanese boxer who competed in the 1928 Summer Olympics.

In 1928 he was eliminated in the quarter-finals of the welterweight class after losing his fight to the upcoming bronze medalist Raymond Smillie.

External links
profile

References

1906 births
1980 deaths
Welterweight boxers
Olympic boxers for Japan
Boxers at the 1928 Summer Olympics
Japanese male boxers
20th-century Japanese people
People from Ōta, Tokyo
Boxers from Tokyo


Mike O'Neill is a three-time All-American lacrosse player for Johns Hopkins University.

Career
O'Neill was inducted into the National Lacrosse Hall of Fame in 1993. O'Neill is third all time in Career Points at Hopkins.

He was awarded the NCAA Player of the year in 1978, as well as the most outstanding player in the 1978 NCAA Division I Men's Lacrosse Championship. O'Neill led Hopkins to the NCAA finals in 1977 as well.

O'Neill was an all-American prep player at Massapequa High School in New York.

O'Neill was an assistant coach at the University of Delaware in 1979, the University of North Carolina in 1980 and Brown University from 1981 to 1984.

Johns Hopkins University

See also
 Johns Hopkins Blue Jays men's lacrosse

References

Living people
American lacrosse players
Johns Hopkins Blue Jays men's lacrosse players
Year of birth missing (living people)
1978 in lacrosse
Massapequa High School alumni
Sportspeople from Nassau County, New York
Lacrosse players from New York (state)
North Carolina Tar Heels men's lacrosse coaches
Brown Bears men's lacrosse coaches


, also known as , is a trans-Neptunian object that orbits in the outer Solar System beyond the orbit of Neptune. First observed as  by Spacewatch on 20 September 1995, it was a lost minor planet with an insufficiently defined orbit with only 36 days of observations. On 8 October 2010, it was rediscovered by the Pan-STARRS 1 survey and later announced as  in July 2016. It was not until November 2020 when amateur astronomers S. Deen and K. Ly identified  and  as the same object. This identification was confirmed and announced by the Minor Planet Center in January 2021.

Once thought to be a centaur crossing the orbits of the gas giants,  is now known to be a trans-Neptunian object in a 3:5 orbital resonance with Neptune. With an estimated diameter between , it was formerly considered one of the largest centaurs.

Observations

First observation and loss

 was near perihelion 35.4 AU from the Sun when it was first observed in 1995, by astronomers Nichole Danzl and Arianna Gleason of the Spacewatch survey at Kitt Peak Observatory in Arizona, United States. It was only observed 14 times over 36 days, from 20 September to 26 October 1995. The discovery observations of  were published and announced by the Minor Planet Center on 11 June 1999. By 2020 the 3-sigma uncertainty in the heliocentric distance to the original orbit solution for  was approximately ±.

Recovery

On 30 November 2020, amateur astronomers S. Deen and K. Ly identified  as the 3:5 resonant trans-Neptunian object , which was discovered by Pan-STARRS 1 in 2010. The identification was published by the Minor Planet Center on 27 January 2021.

Classification and orbit
 orbits the Sun at an average distance of 42.33 AU once every 275 years. Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.16 and an inclination of 4° with respect to the ecliptic plane. Over the course of its orbit, its distance from the Sun ranges from 35.4 AU at perihelion to 49.3 AU at aphelion.  is in a 3:5 mean-motion orbital resonance with Neptune; for every three orbits it makes, Neptune orbits five times. Its orbit has a minimum orbit intersection distance approximately  from Neptune's orbital path.

Numbering and naming

 was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 25 September 2018 and received the number  in the minor planet catalog. The alternate provisional designation  was given by the Minor Planet Center on 27 January 2021 after the two objects were linked. , it has not been named.

See also
 Lost minor planet
 1995 GJ – lost trans-Neptunian object
  – misidentified nonexistent minor planet
  – main-belt asteroid originally misidentified as a trans-Neptunian object

References

External links
 A 300-kilometre space rock has vanished since we saw it in 1995, Joshua Sokol, New Scientist, 25 October 2017

523731
523731
523731
19950920
20101008


Jan Margaret Beagle is a diplomat from New Zealand who has been serving as the Director-General of the International Development Law Organization (IDLO) since 2020. From 2017 until 2019, she was the Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations for Management, appointed to this position by United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres on 1 June 2017. She then served as Special Advisor to the Secretary-General on Systemwide Implementation of Chief Executive Board decisions.

Earlier in her career, Beagle held the position of Deputy Executive Director of the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, known as UNAIDS. From 2008 to 2009, she was the Deputy Director-General of the United Nations Office at Geneva, and from 2005 to 2007, Assistant Secretary-General for Human Resources Management.

Education
Beagle holds a master's degree with first class honours in History and International Relations from the University of Auckland, New Zealand. In 2018, Beagle was a recipient of the University of Auckland Distinguished Alumni Award.

Career
Beginning her career in the New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs, including as a delegate to the United Nations in New York, Beagle worked across the peace and security, human rights, development, management and gender sectors.

As Assistant Secretary-General and Deputy Executive Director of UNAIDS, Beagle played a leading role in the development of the UNAIDS Strategy 2016-2021, the first UN system strategy to be fully aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) following their adoption in September 2015, after a broad consultation in all regions and virtually. While working for UNAIDS, Beagle led a programme to increase the number of women working in senior positions across the agency. In 2017, she was investigated over harassment claims; the UNAIDS executive director, Michel Sidibé, eventually recommended the case be closed following an internal investigation that found the allegations were unsubstantiated. Then, on 10 February 2020 the Administrative Tribunal of the International Labour Organization (ILOAT), during its 129st session, in case 4241, ruled that claims of harassment were indeed substantiated and that UNAIDS "...incurred liability towards the complainant on account of this harassment...".

Beagle also served as Deputy Director-General of the United Nations Office at Geneva (UNOG),

Beagle has also held senior positions in the Executive Office of the Secretary-General, the Office of the Administrator of UNDP, and the Department of Political and Security Council Affairs. She has represented the Secretary-General as spokesperson for the system in the General Assembly, International Civil Service Commission (ICSC) and the Pension Board, and as a member of the Boards of the United Nations System Staff College and UNITAR. She also served as the Chair of the Assistant Secretary-General Advisory Group of the United Nations Development Group.

In November 2017, Beagle was appointed to lead the United Nation's High-Level Task-Force on Sexual Harassment, which is charged with improving support for sexual harassment victims and strengthening internal investigations. In May 2018, she launched the organization's screening system to prevent former employees guilty of sexual misconduct from finding new jobs with its agencies or other charities.

In 2019, Guterres appointed Beagle as his Special Adviser on System-wide Implementation of Chief Executive Board (CEB) decisions.

Since 2020, Beagle has been serving as Director-General of the International Development Law Organization (IDLO), succeeding Irene Khan.

Other activities
 International Gender Champions (IGC), Member of the Global Advisory Board
 United Nations System Staff College (UNSSC), Member of the Board of Governors

References

Living people
New Zealand officials of the United Nations
University of Auckland alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
New Zealand women diplomats


Alexis François Chalbos (6 March 1736 – 17 March 1803) was a French general of the French Revolutionary Wars.

In 1751, he joined the régiment de Normandie as a private.  In June 1789 he was promoted to captain, then to general in 1793.  He served especially in the War in the Vendée, for a short time succeeding Jean Léchelle as commander in chief of the Army of the West.  He ended his career in command of the forces in the stronghold at Mainz.

Sources

1736 births
1803 deaths
French generals
Military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars
French Republican military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars
Republican military leaders of the War in the Vendée
People from Lozère