The men's middleweight event was part of the weightlifting programme at the 1932 Summer Olympics. The weight class was the third-lightest contested, and allowed weightlifters of up to 75 kilograms (165 pounds). The competition was held on Sunday, 31 July 1932. Seven weightlifters from six nations competed.

Medalists

Records
These were the standing world and Olympic records (in kilograms) prior to the 1932 Summer Olympics.

Karl Hipfinger set a new Olympic record in snatch with 107.5 kilograms and in clean and jerk with 140 kilograms. Rudolf Ismayr set a new Olympic record in total with 345 kilograms.

Results

All figures in kilograms.

References

Sources
 Olympic Report

Middleweight


Lapilang  is a village development committee in Dolakha District in the Janakpur Zone of north-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3,959 people living in 901 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Dolakha District

Populated places in Dolakha District


Sunkhani is a ward committee located in Kalinchowk Rural Municipality of Dolakha District in the Bagmati Province of north-eastern Nepal. Formally it was a Village Development Committee of Dolakha District. Sunkhani consists of two ward (7 and 8) committees. The office of Kalinchowk Rural Municipality also lies in Sunkhani ward number 08.

Shree Kalinag Temple, Chaughara Darbaar and Ganesh Pati are the much famous holy places in Sunkhani which are the popular destination of internal and external tourists.

At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 5,349. The village is connected to the district headquarter, Charikot by a roadway.

Main Casts : Shiwakoti, Aacharya, Poudel, Pathak, Budhathoki

Schools/Colleges in Sunkhani : Shree Kalinag Secondary School, Kalinag Multiple College, Shree Devisthan Basic School, Shree Sitka Secondary School.

Health Posts : Sunkhani Health Post

Banks : Laxmi Bank Ex. Co. , Kalinchowk 08 ,Sunkhani

Co-Operatives : Kalinag Co-Operative, Anandadayik Bahu-Uddeshiya Co-Operative, Shringeshwor Co-Operative

Markets : Soti, Kalinag, Milldada, Bhadaure

Streets : Charikot-Lambagar Sadakkhanda, Thumka-Makaibari Road, Padekhala-Kalipokhari Road,

Villages : Makaibari, Bhatteli, Mane-Bhatteli, Chisaapani, Nibare, Dhunge, Bhadaure, Chaparku, Sakhalbu, Malepu

Neighbouring Wards : Lapilang, Lamidada, Sundrawati

Neighbouring Municipalities : Bhimeshwor, Baiteshwor, Gaurishankar

Hills : Sringeswor Hill

Governmental Offices: Kalinchowk Rural Municipality Office, Ward Offices of Sunkhani

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Dolakha District

In Sunkhani specially Shiwakoti ( A caste of Brahmin) are living in majority.Kalinag temples,Chughara are the popular destination in this village.

Populated places in Dolakha District


Magapauwa  is a village development committee in Dolakha District in the Janakpur Zone of north-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3,099 people living in 638 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Dolakha District

Populated places in Dolakha District


Makaibari  is a village development committee in Dolakha District in the Janakpur Zone of north-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3,744 people living in 788 individual households.

Noted residents
Pushkar Shah

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Dolakha District

Populated places in Dolakha District


The Committee for Truth in Politics first began running ads during the 2008 United States presidential election. and most recently, in 2010, has been running ads opposing financial reforms and targeting Democrats.

History
The conservative group has received substantial media coverage for its advertising campaigns. The organization was founded in North Carolina, and has filed a suit to protect it from an FEC investigation and enforcement action for running a political ad. The organization has sponsored advertisements against Barack Obama.

See also
 RightChange.com
 American Issues Project

References

Political advocacy groups in the United States


Associação Desportiva da Camacha, known as A.D. Camacha, is a Portuguese football club from Santa Cruz, Madeira. Founded in 1978, they play in the Campeonato de Portugal. They play their home games in Campo Municipal da Nogueira, which has a capacity of 3,300. Their chairman is Celso Almeida e Silva and their manager is José Barros.

History
AD Camacha were founded on 1 August 1978 and started off in the Madeira regional Premier league. Over the past 30 years they have managed to reach the Portuguese Second Division, the third-tier of Portuguese football. Campo Municipal da Nogueira has been their home stadium since their founding, and is normally sold out of tickets for their home games.

Honours
 Terceira Divisão – Serie E: 1
2008–09
 AF Madeira Championship: 2
1989–90
2019/2020
 AF Madeira Cup: 5
1989–90, 1991–92, 2000–01, 2003–04, 2010–11

Current squad

References

External links
AD Camacha official site (Portuguese)

Football clubs in Portugal
Association football clubs established in 1978
1978 establishments in Portugal


Shailungeshwar  is a village development committee in Dolakha District in the Janakpur Zone of north-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3,632 people living in 736 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Dolakha District

Populated places in Dolakha District


Glenn Bedingfield (born 15 November 1974, Pietà, Malta) is a Member of the Parliament of Malta and Government Whip.

Career
Bedingfield was one of the first journalists to join the newly set up Labour Party owned Super One Radio and Super One Television, One Productions in 1991. As an investigative political journalist Bedingfield won the 2002 Journalist of the Year award for broadcast TV.

Bedingfield is currently serving as the Chairman of the Kottonera Foundation.

Politics
Bedingfield came to the Labour Party fold at the start of the 90s after a journalistic stint with Bay Radio, when he joined One Productions Ltd, Labour's media venture. Since then, he has been involved in politics at district level and he was as a member of the youth section of the Labour Party, the Labour Youth Forum (Forum Żgħażagħ Laburisti) where he served as General Secretary (1996–97). Between 1997 and 2001, he was elected member in the Labour Party national executive. Bedingfield was one of four candidates chosen by Labour Party delegates during an extraordinary general conference held on 18 November 2003. Back then, MEP candidates had to win 70 per cent of valid votes from delegates during the conference. The other chosen MEP candidates were John Attard Montalto and Louis Grech (today MEPs), as well as Joseph Muscat.

Bedingfield contested successfully the local general elections in 2017 and was elected in the Maltese Parliament. Since January 2020, Bedingfield has been serving as a Government Whip.

European Parliament
Bedingfield was elected as a Member of the European Parliament and successor of Joseph Muscat, who relinquished his seat to become Opposition Leader in the House of Representatives. Elected on the first count with 62% of the votes, adding to nearly 20,000 votes, Bedingfield surpassed of the votes. Another 1% of votes were non-transferable. After spending couple of months as a Member of the European Parliament, he lost his position in the MEP elections by 4,982 votes, amounting to 3.67% of Labour votes, or 1.96% of the total votes.

External links

1974 births
Living people
Maltese Roman Catholics
Maltese journalists
Maltese people of British descent
Labour Party (Malta) MEPs
MEPs for Malta 2004–2009
People from Pietà, Malta
20th-century Maltese politicians
21st-century Maltese politicians


Mali  is a village development committee in Dolakha District in the Janakpur Zone of north-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a 3,189 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Dolakha District

Populated places in Dolakha District


Malu, Nepal  is a 4th ward of Tamakoshi Rural Municipalities  in Dolakha District in the 3 no. Province of north-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2,439 people living in 497 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Dolakha District

Populated places in Dolakha District


Marbu  is a village development committee in Dolakha District in the Janakpur Zone of north-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 1,634 people living in 307 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Dolakha District

Populated places in Dolakha District


Mati, Nepal  is a village in Bhimeshwor municipality,  Dolakha District in the Janakpur Zone of north-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 4,264 people living in 886 individual households. Currently Basu Shrestha is the ward chief of this village.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Dolakha District

Populated places in Dolakha District


Melung is a Rural municipality located within the Dolakha District of the Bagmati Province of Nepal. The municipality spans  of area, with a total population of 20,210 according to a 2011 Nepal census.

On March 10, 2017, the Government of Nepal restructured the local level bodies into 753 new local level structures. The previous Pawati, Ghang Sukathokar, Bhedapu, Dandakharka, and Melung VDCs were merged to form Melung Rural Municipality. Melung is divided into 7 wards, with Bhedapu declared the administrative center of the rural municipality.

Demographics
At the time of the 2011 Nepal census, Melung Rural Municipality had a population of 20,287. Of these, 78.7% spoke Nepali, 18.8% Tamang, 1.1% Thangmi, 0.8% Magar, 0.3% Newar and 0.2% other languages as their first language.

In terms of ethnicity/caste, 42.9% were Chhetri, 19.0% Tamang, 8.7% Newar, 7.8% Hill Brahmin, 5.3% Magar, 5.0% Kami, 2.5% Sarki, 2.4% Damai/Dholi, 2.3% Gharti/Bhujel, 2.0% Sanyasi/Dasnami, 1.5% Thami and 0.4% others.

In terms of religion, 73.7% were Hindu, 23.6% Buddhist, 1.5% Prakriti, 0.8% Christian and 0.3% others.

In terms of literacy, 59.8% could read and write, 4.9% could only read and 35.3% could neither read nor write.

Melung VDC
Melung (the previous VDC) is now a part of Melung Rural Municipality. It was a separate village development committee (VDC) from 1990 to 2017. Melung village had more than  of area and population according to 2011 had 3,566 with 836 individual households. This whole village is now a ward (ward no. 7) of Melung RM. Some area from Melung VDC were carved out and merged with Dandakharka to form ward no. 6 of Melung RM.

Ward division
Melung RM is divided into 7 wards as below:

References

External links
official website of the rural municipality
UN map of the municipalities of Dolakha District

Populated places in Dolakha District
Rural municipalities in Dolakha District
Rural municipalities of Nepal established in 2017


Jan Pahor  (born 10 June 1986) is a Slovenian footballer who plays as a defender.

He began his professional career at the age of 18 with the Slovenian side Koper. With Koper, he won the Slovenian Football Cup in 2006. In January 2009, he joined the Romanian Liga I team Farul Constanţa.

References

External links
 PrvaLiga profile

1986 births
Living people
Footballers from Koper
Slovenian men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Slovenian Second League players
Slovenian PrvaLiga players
FC Koper players
ND Gorica players
FCV Farul Constanța players
NK Ivančna Gorica players
NK Ankaran players
Nea Salamis Famagusta FC players
Slovenian expatriate men's footballers
Liga I players
Cypriot Second Division players
Expatriate men's footballers in Romania
Slovenian expatriate sportspeople in Romania
Expatriate men's footballers in Cyprus
Slovenian expatriate sportspeople in Cyprus
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Slovenian expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Slovenia men's youth international footballers
Slovenia men's under-21 international footballers


Mirge  is a village development committee in Dolakha District in the Janakpur Zone of north-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3,216 people living in 693 individual households. Now it is ward no 3 of Baiteshwar rural municipality.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Dolakha District

Populated places in Dolakha District


Namdu  is a village development committee in Dolakha District in the Janakpur Zone of north-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 4,938 people living in 1,062 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Dolakha District

Populated places in Dolakha District


Wihdat al-Qa'idah was a fraction that emerged within the Iraqi Communist Party – Central Command, named after a publication founded in the mid-1970s by a Central Committee member of the party, Adil Abdul-Mahdi. The general secretary of the Iraqi Communist Party – Central Command, Najim Mahmud, accused the Wihdat al-Qa'idah group of breaching party discipline. Mahdi and is associates were expelled from the party. The Wihdat al-Qa'idah group responded by claiming that they were the legitimate leadership of the Iraqi Communist Party – Central Command, and declared Mahmud expelled from the party. Effectively there were now two separate parties called Iraqi Communist Party – Central Command, the party led by the general secretary Mahmud and the party led by Widha al-Qa'idah group.

When the Wihdat al-Qa'idah group had been expelled, they began to openly criticize the leadership of Mahmud. A sizeable section of the party cadres sided with them. Moreover, they were able to recruit new followers in the Iraqi diaspora in France and UK. The publication of Wihdat al-Qa'idah, but the group also began publishing their own version of Tariq ash-Sha'ab ('People's Path', the name of the main organ of the pre-split party).

In September 1976 the Wihdat al-Qa'idah group held a party conference, comparable to a party congress. At the conference most of the more important members of pre-split the Iraqi Communist Party – Central Command participated, as well as some independent Iraqi Marxists. Participants consisted both of party activists living inside Iraq and those in exile. Instead of a general secretary's report, the editorial board of Wihdat al-Qa'idah presented their report to the conference. The conference elected a Central Organising Board, i.e. a provisional party leadership. The conference decided to continue the publication of Wihdat al-Qa'idah, and initiate a Kurdish publication as well. After the congress the party also began publishing an internal party organ, al-Kadir ash-Shiu'i.

The party reaffirmed its Marxist-Leninist foundations. It stated that the political order in Iraq was a form of comprador state capitalism. It blamed the 'reformist' leadership of the Iraqi Communist Party for enabling the Baathists to seize and remain in power in Iraq. Moreover, the party condemned the Soviet Union. On the issue of Arab nationalism, the analysis of the party stated that the Iraqi communists traditionally had failed to grasp the anti-imperialist characteristics of Arab nationalism. The party also issued support for the Kurdish right of self-determination, and called for communists to lead popular armed struggle in Kurdistan.

After the September 1976 conference the party continued to expand its membership, primarily in Britain and France.

In 1978 and early 1979, sectors of the party began to adopt the Three Worlds Theory of Mao Zedong.

In 1979, the Baathist regime contacted the party and offered them an alliance. At the time the Baathists were in the process of breaking their alliance with the Iraqi Communist Party. The invitation sparked a split in the party, and effectively the party was divided into two separate parties. Both claimed to the legitimate heirs of the legacy of the party and both of them publishing their own version of Wihdat al-Qa'idah. One of the groups now adhered to the Three Worlds Theory.

Both groups disappeared in the early 1980s. Adil Mahdi and his followers turned into Shi'a Islamists, initially supporting the Iranian president Abolhassan Banisadr and later supporting the line of Ayatollah Khomeini. Mahdi later became Vice President of Iraq.

References

Wihdat al-Qa'idah


Orang, Nepal  is a village development committee in Dolakha District in the Janakpur Zone of north-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 1,771 people living in 378 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Dolakha District

Populated places in Dolakha District


The New Ulster Movement (NUM) was a political pressure group in Northern Ireland which aimed to promote moderate and non-sectarian policies and to help candidates who supported Terence O'Neill, the Northern Ireland Prime Minister, in the election on 24 February 1969 which saw a split between candidates of the ruling Ulster Unionist Party.

The organisation was established in early 1969 under the Chairmanship of Brian Walker, and soon had a membership of around 8,000 people.  Later in the year, Oliver Napier of the Ulster Liberal Party and Bob Cooper, formerly of the Ulster Unionist Party, were appointed as joint chairmen of its political committee.

Napier and Cooper wished to establish a new political party, a position which was strongly opposed by Walker.  A meeting of the NUM was held on 30 December 1969 to decide on the way forward, and a committee was elected to investigate the feasibility of launching a new party at Easter in 1970.

David Corkey, a member of the NUM, stood as an independent candidate in a by-election in South Antrim.  He received 25.7% of the votes cast, and this helped build enthusiasm for the party.

Napier and Cooper launched the Alliance Party of Northern Ireland (APNI) on 21 April 1970, and used their access to the membership lists of the NUM to canvass for party members.  Napier later estimated that 95–99% of NUM members left to join APNI, including eleven executive members.

In October, the NUM rewrote its constitution to prevent it from intervening in elections, and redefined itself as a think tank.  It dissolved in 1978.

References

Alliance Party of Northern Ireland
Defunct political parties in Northern Ireland
Political parties established in 1969
Political parties disestablished in 1978
1969 establishments in Northern Ireland
1978 disestablishments in Northern Ireland


The International Bioethics Committee (IBC) of UNESCO is a body composed of 36 independent experts from all regions and different disciplines (mainly medicine, genetics, law, and philosophy) that follows progress in the life sciences and its applications in order to ensure respect for human dignity and human rights. It was created in 1993 by Dr Federico Mayor Zaragoza, General Director of UNESCO at that time. It has been prominent in developing Declarations with regard to norms of bioethics that are regarded as soft law but are nonetheless influential in shaping the deliberations, for example, of research ethics committees (or Institutional review board) and health policy.

The functions of the International Bioethics Committee (IBC)

The functions of the International Bioethics Committee (IBC) are as follows:

-Promoting reflection on ethical and legal issues related to life sciences research and its applications, and encouraging the exchange of ideas and information, especially through education.

-Raising awareness among the public, experts, and policymakers in the public and private sectors involved in the field of bioethics.

-Collaborating with international governmental and non-governmental organizations concerned with bioethical issues, as well as with national and regional bioethics committees and similar entities.

Universal Declaration on Human Genome and Human Rights

In 1993, the IBC was entrusted with the task of preparing an international instrument on the human genome, the Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights, which was adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO in 1997 and endorsed by the General Assembly of the United Nations in 1998. The main purpose of this instrument is to protect the human genome from improper manipulations that may endanger the identity and physical integrity of future generations. To this end, it recognizes the human genome as "the heritage of humanity" (Article 1), and declares "contrary to human dignity" practices such as human cloning (Article 11) and germ-line interventions (Article 24). In addition, the Declaration intends to prevent genetic reductionism, genetic discrimination, and any use of genetic information that would be contrary to human dignity and human rights.

International Declaration on Human Genetic Data

In 2003, the IBC issued a second global instrument, the International Declaration on Human Genetic Data, which may be regarded as an extension of the 1997 Declaration. This document sets out a number of rules for the collection, use and storage of human genetic data. It covers, among other issues, informed consent in genetics; confidentiality of genetic data; genetic discrimination; anonymization of personal genetic information; population-based genetic studies; the right not to know one’s genetic make up; genetic counselling; international solidarity in genetic research, and benefit sharing.

Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights

The last global instrument drafted by the IBC is the Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights, which has a much broader scope than the two previous documents. It aims to provide a comprehensive framework of principles that should guide biomedical activities, in order to ensure that they are in conformity with international human rights law. The academic Thomas Alured Faunce has analysed this Declaration's non-binding social responsibility, technology transfer and transnational benefit principles which expressly apply to private and public corporations as well as states. He has argued that it has promoted a normative intersection between international human rights law and bioethics as academic disciplines.
The Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights aims to establish the fundamental ethical principles that should guide scientific and medical practices worldwide. These principles, such as respect for human dignity, human rights, and fundamental freedoms, must be respected globally. The declaration also seeks to promote dialogue and the sharing of scientific and technological knowledge among different societies. It integrates bioethics into international human rights law to ensure the application of these rights to bioethical issues.

References

UNESCO
Ethics organizations
Bioethics


Pawati  is a village development committee in Dolakha District in the Janakpur Zone of north-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 4,346 people living in 857 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Dolakha District

Populated places in Dolakha District


Sahare is a village development committee in Dolakha District in the Janakpur Zone of north-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2,347 people living in 485 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Dolakha District

Populated places in Dolakha District


Reality Binge is a weekly Fox Reality Channel original series which features reality TV clips & reality commentary every week. The show is hosted by Eric Toms.

History
Reality Binge premiered on July 10, 2008 on Fox Reality Channel.

It aired its last episode on December 18, 2008.

Format
Reality Binge features the host, Eric Toms, on a green screen set. The show incorporates various segments that focus on reality television shows on all television networks, both broadcast and cable.

References

External links
Official Page

Fox Broadcasting Company original programming
2008 American television series debuts
2008 American television series endings


The London and North Western Railway (LNWR) Prince of Wales Tank Class was a pacific tank engine version of the Prince of Wales Class 4-6-0 steam locomotive.

History
Bowen-Cooke's predecessor George Whale had built 50 related Precursor Tank Class 4-4-2 engines.  In terms of familial relationships, Prince of Wales Tank was both a superheated and extended version of the Precursor Tank, and a version of the Prince of Wales Class 4-6-0 steam locomotive with side tanks and a bunker which necessitated an extension to the frames and trailing pony truck.  They were used on suburban services out of Euston station and from an early date also used on passenger services between Shrewsbury and Swansea (Victoria) over the steeply-graded Central Wales line, a journey of some 120 miles.

The LNWR built 47 of the superheated tanks between 1910 and 1916 under Charles Bowen-Cooke.

LMS service
All passed onto LMS ownership on the 1923 grouping.  The LMS renumbered them 6950–6996 and gave them the power classification 4P.  Withdrawals started in 1935, their replacements being Class 4 2-6-4T designs by Fowler and Stanier.  All were gone by 1941, and no examples were preserved.

Fleet list

References

Prince of Wales, tank
4-6-2T locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1910
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
Scrapped locomotives

Passenger locomotives


John R. Alm (born 1946) was a former president and chief executive officer for Coca-Cola Enterprises.

Career

Alm obtained a bachelor's degree in accounting at the University at Buffalo.

He worked for worked for both Price Waterhouse and 20th Century Fox before being hired by the Johnston Coca-Cola Bottling Group as senior vice president and chief financial officer in 1980.

11 years later, in 1991, the Johnston Coca-Cola Bottling Group merged with Coca-Cola Enterprises where Alm became vice president and kept his job as chief financial officer. After the two merged it was in 1996 when he was elected as senior vice president. Then in 1997 he was promoted to executive vice president and in April 1999 promoted to principal operating officer. In 2004 he was promoted to chief executive officer. One year later in 2005 Alm became the president of Coca-Cola Enterprises. Since 2001, Alm was part of the board of directors for Coca-Cola Enterprises until he retired from the company on January 1, 2006.

Alm then joined the board of Kimberly-Clark in February 22, 2006.

References

University at Buffalo alumni
Living people
1945 births
American chief financial officers
American chief executives of food industry companies


Mónica Pont Chafer (born 3 June 1969 in Bufali, Valencia) is a former long-distance runner from Spain, who won the Rotterdam Marathon on 13 April 1995, clocking 2:30:34. She represented her native country at the 1996 Summer Olympics in the women's marathon race, where she finished in 14th place.

Pont set her personal best (2:27:53) in the classic distance in the 1996 Osaka International Ladies Marathon. Her time from that event was then the second-best Spanish women's marathon time recorded, and it remains the Valencian record. Pont also set the Valencian record for the half-marathon in an event in Barcelona 1996, at 1:12:27, and held it for 22 years until Marta Esteban broke it in 2017.

Achievements

References

External links
sports-reference

1969 births
Living people
Spanish female long-distance runners
Olympic athletes for Spain
Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Spanish female marathon runners


The Women is a 1939 American comedy-drama film directed by George Cukor. The film is based on Clare Boothe Luce's 1936 play of the same name, and was adapted for the screen by Anita Loos and Jane Murfin, who had to make the film acceptable for the Production Code for it to be released.

The film stars Norma Shearer, Joan Crawford, Rosalind Russell, Paulette Goddard, Joan Fontaine, Lucile Watson, Mary Boland, Florence Nash, and Virginia Grey. Marjorie Main and Phyllis Povah also appear, reprising their stage roles from the play. Ruth Hussey, Virginia Weidler, Butterfly McQueen, Theresa Harris, and Hedda Hopper also appear in smaller roles. Fontaine was the last surviving actress with a credited role in the film; she died in 2013.

The film continued the play's all-female tradition—the entire cast of more than 130 speaking roles was female. Set in the glamorous Manhattan apartments of high society evoked by Cedric Gibbons, and in Reno, Nevada, where they obtain their divorces, it presents an acidic commentary on the pampered lives and power struggles of various rich, bored wives and other women they come into contact with.

Filmed in black and white, it includes a six-minute fashion parade filmed in Technicolor, featuring Adrian's most outré designs; often cut in modern screenings, it has been restored by Turner Classic Movies. On DVD, the original black-and-white fashion show, which is a different take, is available for the first time.

Throughout The Women, not a single male character is seen or heard. The attention to detail was such that even in props such as portraits, only female figures are represented, and several animals which appeared as pets were also female. The only exceptions are a poster-drawing of a bull in the fashion show segment, a framed portrait of Stephen Haines as a boy, a figurine on Mary's night stand, and an advertisement on the back of the magazine Peggy reads at Mary's house before lunch that contains a photograph of Douglas Fairbanks, Jr.

In 2007, The Women was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

Plot
The film is a scathing look at a group of Manhattan women and the scores of women who work for them. It centers on Mary Haines, the cheerful, contented wife of Stephen and mother of Little Mary, and her circle of "friends". Mary's cousin Sylvia Fowler goes to Sydney's elite salon to get the latest nail color: Jungle Red. Olga, the manicurist, reveals that Mary's husband has been "stepping out"  with a predatory perfume counter girl named Crystal Allen. Sylvia eagerly shares the news with Mary's friends and sets Mary up with Olga.

Mary is shattered to learn about Stephen's infidelity. Her wise mother urges patience and takes Mary to Bermuda with her, so she can take time to think. When they return, Mary goes to a couturier for a fitting. Crystal appears, ordering expensive clothes. Stephen is now keeping her.  At Sylvia's insistence, Mary confronts Crystal, who slyly suggests that Mary keep the status quo unless she wants to lose Stephen in a divorce. Heartbroken and humiliated, Mary leaves. The gossip continues, exacerbated by Sylvia and their friend Edith, who turns the affair into a public scandal by recounting Sylvia's version of the story to a gossip columnist. Mary decides to divorce her husband despite his efforts to make her stay. As she packs to leave for Reno, Mary explains the divorce to Little Mary, who weeps alone in the bathroom.

On the train to Reno, Mary meets three women with the same destination and purpose: the dramatic, extravagant Countess de Lave; Miriam Aarons, a tough-cookie chorus girl; and, to her surprise, her shy young friend Peggy Day, who has been pushed into divorce by Sylvia. They all settle in at a Reno ranch, where they get plenty of commonsense advice from Lucy, the gruff, warm-hearted woman who runs the ranch. The Countess tells tales of her multiple husbands and seems to have found another prospect in a cowboy named Buck Winston. Miriam has been having an affair with Sylvia Fowler's husband and plans to marry him. Peggy discovers that she is pregnant, calls her husband, and happily plans to hurry home. Sylvia arrives at the ranch; Howard is suing her, thanks to recorded evidence of mental cruelty. When she discovers that Miriam is the next Mrs. Fowler, she attacks her, and a fight ensues.

Mary's divorce comes through, but Miriam tries to convince her that she should forget her pride and call Stephen. Before Mary can decide, Stephen calls to inform Mary that he and Crystal have just been married.

Two years later, Crystal, now Mrs. Haines, is taking a bubble bath and talking on the phone to her lover, Buck Winston, now a radio star and married to the Countess. Little Mary overhears the conversation before being shooed away by Crystal. Sylvia picks up the phone and hears the voice of Crystal's lover.

Mary hosts a dinner for her Reno buddies and her Manhattan friends—excepting Sylvia—celebrating Buck and the Countess's second anniversary. The Countess, Miriam, and Peggy urge Mary to come along to a nightclub, but she stays home. Little Mary inadvertently reveals how unhappy Stephen is and mentions Crystal's "lovey dovey" talk with Buck on the telephone. Mary is transformed, crying "I've had two years to grow claws, Mother—Jungle Red!"

In the nightclub's ladies' lounge, Mary worms the details out of Sylvia and gets the news to a gossip columnist (played by Hedda Hopper). Mary tells the Countess that her husband Buck has been having an affair with Crystal, then informs Crystal that everyone knows what she has been doing. Crystal does not care. Mary can have Stephen back, since she will now have Buck to support her. The weeping Countess reveals that she has been funding Buck's radio career and that without her, he will be penniless and jobless. Crystal resigns herself to the fact that she will be heading back to the perfume counter, adding: "And by the way, there's a name for you ladies, but it isn't used in high society—outside of a kennel." Mary, triumphant, heads out the door, arms wide open to receive Stephen.

Cast

Production

In January 1937, producers Harry M. Goetz and Max Gordon bought the film rights to the play for $125,000 and planned on turning it into a Claudette Colbert vehicle, with Gregory LaCava as the director. In March 1938, Norma Shearer and Carole Lombard were in negotiations to star. It was rumored that MGM sought to bring back Marion Davies for the role of Sylvia Fowler, but she declined. In November 1938, it was announced Jane Murfin was busy writing the film's screenplay at MGM. Virginia Weidler was cast on April 24, 1939. F. Scott Fitzgerald worked on the script early on in the process, but was uncredited. Cast member Florence Nash's sister Mary Nash had starred in a 1911 play called The Woman.

After the opening credits the film offers a preview of—and insight into—the principal characters with shots of animals that dissolve to shots of the women, with appropriate music. Mary is a doe, Crystal a panting leopard, Sylvia a snarling black cat, Flora a monkey, Miriam a vixen (female fox), Peggy a lamb, Mary's mother an owl, Edith a cow chewing its cud, Lucy a neighing horse. TCM.com incorrectly identifies the leopard as a lion and the fox as a wolf. All of the animals in the picture are female.

The New York Times reported on Cukor's strategies for managing a cast of 135 women led by three famously demanding stars. He described one technique for dealing with precedence: He made sure that all three stars were called to set simultaneously, either by sending separate staff to knock on their dressing room doors at the identical moment, or by calling "Ready ladies!" so all could hear. This system lapsed only once, and the offended star (not named) remained in her dressing room for a very long time.

When it comes to bloopers, the film contains a fine example of misused stock footage. The film transitions from Little Mary weeping in the bathroom over the news of the divorce through an establishing shot—a night scene of a train speeding through a desert in the far West—to the compartment where Mary consoles a weeping Peggy. Peggy barely managed to catch the train for Reno. It is the first night out, and the train is nowhere near the West. The journey from New York to Reno took three full days at the time (and was no faster in 2013).  The same desert shot had been used appropriately three years before, in After the Thin Man, as Nick and Nora Charles near the end of their two-day trip to California.

Technicolor fashion show
The Women has one sequence in Technicolor, a fashion show. When interviewed by TCM host Robert Osborne, director George Cukor stated that he did not like the sequence and that he wanted to remove it from the film. New York Times critic Frank Nugent agreed with this assessment. In his September 22, 1939, review of the film, he reported that "a style show in Technicolor...may be lovely—at least that's what most of the women around us seemed to think—but has no place in the picture. Why not a diving exhibition or a number by the Rockettes? It is the only mark against George Cukor's otherwise shrewd and sentient direction."

In 2018, British critic Peter Bradshaw describes the “remarkable” technicolor fashion show as  “a mesmeric, wordless interlude that appears to allude to the nature of these women’s lives. It starts with jolly outdoor scenes, almost pastoral, but then descends into moody nightclub darkness, a world of metropolitan chic and brooding sensuality. I can only compare it to the nightmare in Alfred Hitchcock's Spellbound.”

Reception
The film was commercially successful and was cited as one of the best of the year. Although it received no Academy Award nominations, many critics now describe it as one of the major films of what was a stellar year in Hollywood film production.

The New York Times critic Frank Nugent praised the film with characteristic wit:"...(G)oing and coming to syrupy movies, we lose our sense of balance...Miss Boothe...has dipped her pen in venom. Metro, without alkalizing it too much, has fed it to a company of actresses who normally are so sweet that butter (as the man says) would not melt in their mouths. And, instead of gasping and clutching at their throats, the women—bless 'em—have downed it without blinking, have gone on a glorious cat-clawing rampage and have turned in one of the merriest pictures of the season...(Boothe's) sociological investigation of the scalpel-tongued Park Avenue set...is a ghoulish and disillusioning business, and the drama critics, when first they saw the play, turned away in chivalrous horror...Possibly some of that venom has been lost in the screen translation...The omissions are not terribly important, and some of the new sequences are so good Miss Boothe might have thought of them herself. ...The most heartening part of it all, though, aside from the pleasure we derive from hearing witty lines crackle on the screen, is the way Norma Shearer, Joan Crawford, Rosalind Russell, Paulette Goddard and the others have leaped at the chance to be vixens. ... even Miss Shearer's Mary sharpens her talons finally and joins the birds of prey...(in) one of the best performances she has given. Rosalind Russell, who usually is sympathetic as all-get-out, is flawless...as the archprowler in the Park Avenue jungle. (all the actors are) all so knowing, so keen on their jobs and so successful in bringing them off that we don't know when we've ever seen such a terrible collection of women. They're really appallingly good, and so is their picture."

Leonard Maltin gave the film 3 1/2 out of 4 stars: "All-star (and all-female) cast shines in this hilarious adaptation of Clare Boothe play about divorce, cattiness, and competition in circle of "friends.'' Crawford has one of her best roles..."

In 2018, The Guardian Peter Bradshaw gave five out of five stars to "this extraordinary, almost Daliesque comedy...the absence of men has its own kind of ethical implication. It is a sort of abandonment, and the drama's no-men structure is a satirical comment on their emotional distance. Around this drama of duplicity and infidelity, Cukor creates a brilliant spectacle, halted by Shearer's moments of stunningly serious emotional devastation.

On Rotten Tomatoes, The Women holds a 94% "Fresh" rating based on 64 reviews. The site's critics consensus reads, "A feast of sharp dialogue delivered by an expertly assembled cast, The Women makes the transition from stage to screen without losing a step."

Box office
According to MGM records the film earned $1,610,000 in the US and Canada and $660,000 elsewhere but because of its high production cost ultimately incurred a loss of $262,000.  However, the film was re-released in 1947 and earned a small profit of $52,000.

Cultural impact
Actress Anna Kendrick considers the film to be her favorite film to watch, calling it "a wildly funny all female cast and a female writer. I revisit it almost every year and my appreciation for the performances and the writing grows." She reiterated her love for the film several years later.

Parody
On his November 5, 1939, radio broadcast, Jack Benny presented a sketch parody of The Women with all the male cast members in female roles and Mary Livingstone as the announcer.

Remakes
The Women was remade as a 1956 musical comedy titled The Opposite Sex, starring June Allyson, Joan Collins, and Ann Miller.

In 1960, MGM toyed with the idea of doing an all-male remake of The Women which would have been entitled, Gentlemen's Club. Like the female version, this would have involved an all masculine cast and the plot would have involved a man (Jeffrey Hunter) who recently discovers among his friends that his wife is having an affair with another man (Earl Holliman) and after going to Reno to file for divorce and begin a new life, he later finds himself doing what he can to rectify matters later on when he discovers that the other man is only interested in money and position and he decides to win his true love back again. Although nothing ever came of this, it would have consisted of the following ensemble: Jeffrey Hunter (Martin Heal), Earl Holliman (Christopher Allen), Tab Hunter (Simon Fowler), Lew Ayres (Count Vancott), Robert Wagner (Mitchell Aarons), James Garner (Peter Day), Jerry Mathers (Little Martin), James Stewart (Mr. Heal), Ronald Reagan (Larry), Troy Donahue (Norman Blake), and Stuart Whitman (Oliver, the bartender who spills the beans about the illicit affair).

In 1977, it was remade by Rainer Werner Fassbinder for German television as Women in New York.

In 2008, Diane English wrote and directed a remake of the same title, her feature film directorial debut. The comedy starred Meg Ryan, Eva Mendes, Annette Bening, Jada Pinkett Smith, Bette Midler, and Debra Messing, and was released in 2008 by Picturehouse Entertainment, a sister company to Warner Bros. (the current owners of the 1939 version through Turner Entertainment). It holds a 13% "Rotten" rating on Rotten Tomatoes.

References

External links

 The Women – Past and Present  at LaFemmeReel.com

1939 films
1939 comedy-drama films
1930s American films
1930s buddy comedy films
1930s English-language films
American black-and-white films
American buddy comedy-drama films
American female buddy films
American films based on plays
Films about adultery in the United States
Films directed by George Cukor
Films featuring an all-female cast
Films partially in color
Films scored by Edward Ward (composer)
Films set in New York City
Films set in Reno, Nevada
Films with screenplays by Anita Loos
Films with screenplays by Jane Murfin
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
United States National Film Registry films


The 1998–99 Ukrainian Second League is the eighth season of 3rd level professional football in Ukraine. The competitions are divided into three groups – A, B, and C.

Group A

Promoted teams
 Enerhetyk Burshtyn - Winner of the Amateur League (debut)

Relegated teams
 Verkhovyna Uzhhorod - Placed 20th in the First League (returning, last time as Zakarpattia Uzhhorod in 1990 (Soviet Union))

Withdrawn teams
Before the season
 Berkut Bedevlya, Tysmenytsia, Karpaty Mukacheve refused to participate

During and after the season
 Krystal and Haray left the competition after the first half.

Renamed teams
 On November 7, 1998 Verkhovyna Uzhhorod had their name changed to Zakarpattia.

Location map

Standings

Results

Group B

Team changes
Kryvbas-2 Kryvyi Rih obtained the professional status and entered the Second League.

Slavutych-ChAES Slavutych, Fakel Varva refused to participate.

SKA-Lotto Odesa was replaced with Dynamo Odesa and renamed into Dynamo-SKA Odesa.

Location map

Standings

The game Fortuna - Dynamo-SKA 3:3 was annulled and awarded a technical loss (-:+) to the home team for cheating.

Results

Group C

Team changes
Avanhard Rovenky, Zorya Luhansk, Khimik Severodonetsk participated previously in the First League.

VPS Kramatorsk, Metalurh-2 Zaporizhzhia, Shakhtar Horlivka, Dalis Komyshuvakha obtained the professional status and entered the Second League.

Khimik Severodonetsk, Dalis Komyshuvakha, Metalurh-2 Donetsk, Slovianets Konotop, Pivdenstal Yenakieve refused to participate.

Location map

Standings

Results

See also
 1998–99 Ukrainian Premier League
 1998–99 Ukrainian First League
 1998–99 Ukrainian Football Amateur League
 1999 Ukrainian Football Amateur League

References

External links
 1998–99 season. RSSSF
 1998–99 Ukrainian Second League . Footballfacts.ru
 1998–99 Ukrainian Second League (Group A). Ukr-football.org.ua.
 1998–99 Ukrainian Second League (Group A). Ukrainian football from Dmitriy Troschiy.

Ukrainian Second League seasons
3
Ukra


Mexico–Spain relations are the bilateral relations between Mexico and Spain. Both nations are members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Organization of Ibero-American States and the United Nations.

History

Spanish conquest

The Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés led an expedition to what is now Mexico in 1518, establishing the city of Veracruz on his arrival. Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec Empire, was conquered by the Spanish and the Tlaxcaltecs in 1521. Rebuilt to present-day Mexico City, the new capital was founded as the center of power for the subsequent Viceroyalty of New Spain in 1535. The viceroyalty had a stratified social hierarchy based on race with the criollos on top, who had the most rights, until the Laws of the Indies were established throughout the Spanish Empire in the Americas. Likewise, the rights of the Aztec nobility were recognized, which lived and co-governed with the Spanish during the viceroyalty.

Independence

The late 18th and early 19th century saw much revolutionary feeling in the countries of Western Europe and their colonies. The feeling built up in Mexico after the occupation of Spain by the French Revolutionary Emperor Napoleon in 1808, and the 1810 Grito de Dolores speech by Mexican Catholic priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla against Spanish rule is widely recognized as the beginning of the Mexican War of Independence. In 1811, Hidalgo was executed by the Spanish militia, but his movement fought on until the establishment of the independent constitutional Mexican Empire in 1821, after the Treaty of Córdoba. The Empire was ousted and the first Mexican Republic created in 1823.

Post-independence

Spain established diplomatic relations with Mexico on 26 December 1836 (15 years after Mexico had declared its independence). In the beginning, the diplomatic relationship between the two nations was strained due to Mexico having been a former colony of Spain and the latter's unsuccessful endeavors to reconquer its former colony in the ensuing years under General Isidro Barradas.

General Juan Prim commanded the Spanish expeditionary army in Mexico in 1862, when France, Spain, and the United Kingdom sought forced payment from the liberal government of Benito Juárez for loans. Prim was a sympathizer with the Mexican liberal cause, thus he refused to consent to the ambitious schemes of French emperor Napoleon III, and withdrew Spanish forces following a meeting with Manuel Doblado.

During the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939), Mexico had provided arms to the Republican faction and refuge to political refugees. Throughout the war, Mexican volunteers joined the Republican side to fight Francisco Franco. In 1939 when Francisco Franco took power in Spain, Mexico severed diplomatic relations between the two nations. After the war, thousands of Spanish refugees sought asylum in Mexico and former Mexican consul in Marseille, France, Gilberto Bosques Saldívar, issued thousands of visas to Spanish refugees and other asylees to seek refuge in Mexico. Though the Republicans had lost the war, this helped improve the relationship between the two countries after the death of Franco. Mexico and Spain re-established diplomatic relations on 28 March 1977.

Since re-establishing diplomatic relations, both nations share close and warm diplomatic relations. On several occasions, both countries had supported each other diplomatically and there have been several high level visits and meetings between both governments including with the Spanish royal family. Soon after re-establishing diplomatic relations 1977; Spanish Prime Minister Adolfo Suárez paid an official visit to Mexico, the first ever by a Spanish head of government. That same year, in October 1977, Mexican President José López Portillo paid an official visit to Spain.

Relations in the 21st century
Several Latin American countries, including Mexico, have been accused of harboring members of the armed organization ETA.

From June 29 to July 1, 2015, the king and queen of Spain, Felipe VI and Letizia Ortiz, paid a state visit to Mexico. They were received by the head of Government of the Federal District, Miguel Ángel Mancera, at the City Hall Palace, where they received the appointment of Distinguished Guests. King Felipe VI attended the Mexico Spain Business Forum, in which businessmen and representatives of the governments of the two nations also participated. Meanwhile, Queen Letizia participated in a meeting with the Ibero-American Alliance for Rare Diseases. They were also received in a solemn session in the Republic's Senate, where the anthems of the two nations were sung and the guest book was signed. Don Felipe and Doña Letizia attended a lunch organized by the Spanish Embassy in Mexico, during which they had the opportunity to meet and talk with members of the Spanish community in Mexico. Their Royal Highnesses traveled to Zacatecas, where they held the closing ceremony of the "past, present and future" colloquium on relations between Mexico and Spain, at the Guadalupe Viceroyalty Museum. Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto and his wife, Angélica Rivera, accompanied the royal couple to most of their engagements, including this last one.

On September 19, 2017, Mexico suffered an earthquake with a magnitude of 7.1 that seriously affected different areas of the country, including its capital, Mexico City, where several buildings collapsed. The following day, the Military Emergencies Unit (UME) began the progressive deployment of an Urban Search and Rescue (USAR) team with health support, communications and logistics capabilities. A total of 54 soldiers, two of them from the Army, who flew to Mexico in an Air Force Airbus in response to a bilateral request from the Government of that country. Coordinated by the Centralized Command for the Management of International Teams, the UME USAR team collaborated with the country's emergency services to rescue the greatest number of people alive and recover the dead bodies that could be trapped in the rubble.

In 2019, Mexican President Andrés Manuel López Obrador classified foreign investment in Mexico as "neocolonialist" and linked Spanish and U.S. companies without evidence, the same political situation that occurred in other Latin American countries such as Argentina or Bolivia. In January, the President of the Spanish Government, Pedro Sánchez, made an official visit to Mexico and met with the Mexican president. Both leaders commemorated eighty years since the end of the Spanish civil war and recognized Mexico's openness to receive thousands of Spanish refugees who fled their homes and found asylum in Mexico and their contribution to their adopted country. However, in March, the Mexican Government demanded a public apology from Spain for the conquest of Mexico, which was firmly rejected, both by the Spanish Crown and Government as well as by the National Indigenous Congress (CNI) of Mexico through its spokeswoman, María de Jesús Patricio Martínez, who described the petition as "a simulation" and stated that what the Mexican president should do is stop dispossessing indigenous communities of the land. In addition, 62% of the Mexican population believes that López Obrador used the conquest to do politics, while more than half of Mexicans (55%) do not consider an apology necessary for colonization. In fact, the descendants of the Aztec emperor Moctezuma II, such as Juan José Marcilla de Teruel-Moctezuma y Valcárcel (current holder of the Dukedom of Moctezuma de Tultengo), criticized the Mexican president, considering that there is no point in apologizing for something that happened five centuries ago, and that they do not want their ancestors to be used for political purposes to cause social division.

In November 2020, Spanish Foreign Minister Arancha González Laya paid a visit to Mexico. In April 2021, the visit was reciprocated by Mexican Foreign Minister Marcelo Ebrard when he paid a visit to Spain. During his visit, Ebrard announced that Mexico will participate in Phase 3 of the Spanish project for a vaccine against COVID-19. In addition, Ebrard announced that Spain made the decision to share vaccines with other countries in Latin America and the Caribbean.

In February 2022, Mexican president López Obrador proposed a "pause" in the bilateral relations between both countries, in light of alleged mispractices of Spanish companies in Mexico during previous administrations. The Spanish Government issued a notice categorically rejecting the offences against Spain and Spanish companies, arguing that both countries are "strategic partners" while noting that the Spanish government wishes for "relations based on mutual respect".

In March 2022, the Spanish Foreign Minister José Manuel Albares traveled to Mexico and together with the Mexican Foreign Minister, Marcelo Ebrard, both countries have agreed to “accelerate the relationship” between the two countries instead of taking a pause as requested in February 2022 by President López Obrador. During the meeting, the two foreign ministers signed four agreements on political, cultural, scientific and cooperation in the rights of women.

High-level visits

Presidential visits from Mexico to Spain

 President José López Portillo (1977)
 President Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado (1985)
 President Carlos Salinas de Gortari (1992)
 President Ernesto Zedillo (1996, 2000)
 President Vicente Fox (2001, 2002, 2005, 2006)
 President Felipe Calderón (2007, 2008, 2010, 2012)
 President Enrique Peña Nieto (2014, 2018)

Royal and Prime Ministerial visits from Spain to Mexico

 Prime Minister Adolfo Suárez (1977)
 King Juan Carlos I of Spain (1978, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1997, 2002)
 Queen Sofía of Spain (1983, 1985, 2000)
 Prime Minister Felipe González (1985, 1987, 1991)
 King (and as Prince) Felipe VI of Spain (1991, 2000, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2018)
 Prime Minister José María Aznar (1996, 2001, 2002, 2003)
 Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero (2004, 2007)
 Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy Brey (April and June 2012, 2014)
 Queen Letizia of Spain (2017)
 Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez (2019)

Bilateral agreements
Over the years, both nations have signed numerous bilateral agreements and treaties such as an Agreement on Scientific and Technical Cooperation (1977); Agreement on the elimination of visas (1977); Agreement on Cultural and Educational Cooperation (1978); Agreement on Nuclear Energy Cooperation for peaceful purposes (1979); Air Transportation Agreement (1979); Agreement on Economic and Commercial Cooperation (1980); Extradition Treaty (1984); Agreement on the Avoidance of Double-Taxation (1984); Tourism Agreement (1996); Agreement on the Promotion and Protection of Investments (1997); Agreement on Cooperation between the Bank of Mexico and Bank of Spain (2014) and an Agreement on Cooperation against Organized Crime (2014).

Transport
There are direct flights between Mexico and Spain through the following airlines: Aeroméxico, Air Europa, Evelop Airlines, Iberia and Wamos Air.

Cultural cooperation
Both countries have established cultural centers in their respective capitals in order to promote the development of both Mexico and Spain, through greater knowledge of both nations in cultural, business, entrepreneurship, tourism, gastronomic, and community development issues.

Spain is the European country with which Mexico has traditionally held the largest academic exchange. Both countries actively promote the Spanish language as a symbol of common identity and heritage. In 2015, the kings of Spain witnessed the signing of an agreement between the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), the Instituto Cervantes and the University of Salamanca, to implement the National Service for the Evaluation of the Spanish Language (SIELE) in Mexico, which allows accrediting the command and level of Spanish of any user electronically.

Mariachi and flamenco are two genres of Latin music, recognized as intangible cultural heritage, being emblems of Mexican and Spanish culture respectively. Likewise, they have become popular among the societies of both countries with the exchange of music and dance artists.

In May 2022, the Mexican Congress installed a friendship group with Spain. The president of the group, deputy Anuar Roberto Azuar of the PAN, described as "necessary and timely" the meeting with the Spanish ambassador, Juan López-Doriga Pérez, who went to the Lower House of Congress to sign the agreement. In the same month, within the framework of the celebration of the 45th anniversary of the reestablishment of relations between the two countries, Mexico reinforced cultural promotion and academic cooperation with Spain. In addition, in October, the Undersecretary of Foreign Affairs of Mexico, Carmen Moreno Toscano, made a working visit to Spain with the aim of expanding the "key" political dialogue between the two countries and stressed that the bilateral relationship is "broad, solid and dynamic, for the bonds of friendship and the desire for cooperation between the two countries”, and "which is extremely rich, not only because of our common history and culture, but also because of our commercial and human exchanges".

Descendants of Aztec royalty live in Spain and retain titles of nobility. In May 2022, the Mexican archaeologist responsible for the excavation of Tenochtitlan, Eduardo Matos Moctezuma, was distinguished with the Princess of Asturias Award for Social Sciences and argued that both countries should further strengthen their relations. Likewise, in October, he stated that "Spain and Mexico are linked by indissoluble ties" and that "they must move towards a promising future".

Since June 2022, the Group of World Heritage Cities of Spain and the National Association of Mexican World Heritage Cities have agreed to strengthen their relations with the aim of promoting mutual cooperation and the exchange of information, experiences and good practices in matters related to the defense of heritage, culture, and tourism promotion. This agreement has been reflected in the signing of a letter of intent signed by the president of the Group of World Heritage Cities of Spain, Carlos García Carbayo, and the president of the Mexican association, Loredana Montes, after holding a meeting that they have kept in the headquarters of the Historic Center Trust of Mexico City.

In 2022, it was the 40th anniversary of the signing of the twinning between the city of Guadalajara in Castilla-La Mancha (Spain) and the corresponding Guadalajara in Jalisco (Mexico). Likewise, the twinning of the city of Valladolid in Castile and León (Spain) with its counterpart Valladolid in Yucatán (Mexico) was established, so that both cities have been linked institutionally, promoting human contact and the cultural ties of each culture.

In February 2023, the twinning of the Sanctuaries dedicated to the Virgin of Guadalupe in Mexico and Spain was signed.

Drug trafficking
In 2012, four suspected members of Mexican drug cartel Sinaloa were arrested in Spain, while allegedly trying to set up a European operation.

In 2013, the head of the Spanish Drugs and Organized Crime Unit (known as Udyco) believed that the Mexican drug cartels had set out to “conquer” Spain and not forge an alliance with Colombian drug organizations.

In 2017, Spanish police extradited Juan Manuel Muñoz Luévano, suspected of carrying out operations for Mexican drugs cartel los Zetas in Spain, to the United States.

Trade relations
In 1997, Mexico signed a Free Trade Agreement with the European Union, of which Spain is a member. In 2018, two-way trade between both nations amounted to US$10.8 billion. Mexico's exports to Spain include: crude oil, medicine, alcohol, fish and mobile phones; while Spanish exports to Mexico include: vehicles, vehicle parts and wine. Mexico is Spain's biggest trading partner in Latin America and 15th biggest globally

Several prominent Spanish multinational companies operate in Mexico, such as:  Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria, Mapfre, Santander Group, Telefónica and Zara; while several multinational Mexican companies operate in Spain, such as: ALFA, Cemex and Grupo Bimbo.

Resident diplomatic missions
 Mexico has an embassy in Madrid and a consulate in Barcelona.
 Spain has an embassy in Mexico City and consulates-general in Guadalajara and Monterrey.

See also
 Centro Cultural de España en México
 Embassy of Mexico, Madrid
 Mexican immigration to Spain
 Spanish immigration to Mexico

References

External links
 Mexican Ministry of foreign Affairs on diplomatic relations between Mexico and Spain (in Spanish)
 Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs on bilateral relations with Mexico (in Spanish)

Spain
Bilateral relations of Spain
Relations of colonizer and former colony


The Way We Live Now is a novel by Anthony Trollope.

The Way We Live Now may also refer to:

 The Way We Live Now (1969 TV serial), a British adaptation of Trollope's novel
 The Way We Live Now (2001 TV serial), a British adaptation of Trollope's novel
 The Way We Live Now (film), a 1970 American drama
 "The Way We Live Now" (short story), a story by Susan Sontag
 “(Don't Like) The Way We Live Now,” a song by Flare Acoustic Arts League from the album Hung, (Le Grand Magistery, 2003)


The Calcutta Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology (CMIG) is a non-profit, voluntary organisation involved in research, publication, training, and service programs in gerontology. It is located in Kolkata, India. It was established in 1988.

The aims and objectives of CMIG are provide a meaningful life to the elderly and to integrate them with the mainstream of the society.

The Calcutta Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology is a non-profit, secular organisation has designed and carefully evaluated number of programs for the elderly belonging to different Socio Economic Statuses.

The institute offers a one-year postgraduate diploma course in Gerontology and Age Management, in collaboration with the University of Calcutta.

External links
 Official website
 Article on its association with CU
 By Indrani Chakravarty, Director, Calcutta Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology

Research institutes in Kolkata
Educational institutions established in 1988
University of Calcutta affiliates
Research institutes in West Bengal
Old age in India
Gerontology organizations
1988 establishments in West Bengal


American singer Harry Connick Jr. has released 26 albums, including 21 albums on Sony, three albums on the Marsalis Music label, and one each on Adco Productions and on Papa's-June Music.

His best-selling album to date (August 2009) in the United States is his 1993 multi-platinum Christmas album When My Heart Finds Christmas, which is also one of the best-selling Christmas albums of the Nielsen SoundScan era in the United States. His highest-charting album to date is Only You, which reached #5 in the US and #6 in the UK.

Connick has had the most No. 1 albums (11) on the Billboard Top Jazz Albums chart. He has sold over 15 million albums in the US (16 million certified).

Albums
U.S. certification information is from RIAA, Canadian certification information from CRIA, Australian certification information from ARIA, French certification information from SNEP, U.S. chart positions are from Allmusic and Billboard.

Vocal albums

Instrumental albums

Live albums

Soundtracks and cast albums

Soundtrack appearances
 1991 The Godfather Part III / Carmine Coppola#12 "Promise Me You'll Remember"
 1993 Sleepless in Seattle / Various Artists#8 "A Wink and a Smile"
 1994 The Mask / Various Artists#5 "(I Could Only) Whisper Your Name"
 1996 One Fine Day / Various Artists#11 "This Guy's in Love with You"
 1998 Kissing a Fool / Various Artists"Learn to Love" and "We Are in Love" (appears in the movie, not on the soundtrack)
 2001 South Pacific / Various Artists#9 "Younger than Springtime", #14 "You've Got to Be Carefully Taught" and #17 "My Girl Back Home"

Compilations

Various appearances
These tracks are not found on any of Connick's own albums.
 1989 Jubilation / Various Artists#7 "You Go to My Head"
 1990 A Jazzy Wonderland / Various Artists#1 "This Christmas"
 1990 Making Every Moment Count / Peter Allen#3 "When I Get My Name in Lights"
 1991 Simply Mad About the Mouse / Various Artists#6 "The Bare Necessities"
 1998 New Orleans... My Home Town / Harry Connick Sr.#2 "Rocky Mountain Moon"
 1999 And So This Is Christmas / Various Artists"Silver Bells"
 1999 My Jelly Lord:  Standard Time Vol. Six / Wynton Marsalis#12 "Billy Goat Stomp"
 2002 The Season for Romance / Lee Ann Womack & Harry Connick Jr. (duet)"Baby, It's Cold Outside"
 2002 A Jazz Celebration / The Marsalis Family#10 "Saint James Infirmary"
 2003 Romare Bearden Revealed / Branford Marsalis Quartet#9 "Carolina Shout"
 2007 Marsalis Music Honors Series: Bob French / Bob FrenchSitting in on piano
 2008 Wonder in the World / Kelli O'Hara - arranged and orchestrated by Connick, three tracks written by Connick, plays piano on 12 of the 14 tracks, and sings a duet with O'Hara.
 2010 Music Redeems / The Marsalis Family#7 "Sweet Georgia Brown"

DVDs

See also
Songs recorded by Harry Connick Jr.

References

Discography
Vocal jazz discographies
Pop music discographies
Discographies of American artists


Percy Jack Clayson  (born 7 June 1896) was a British flying ace in the First World War credited with 29 victories.

Biography

Early life and education
Clayson was born in Deptford, London on 7 June 1896. In the 1910 Census of Watford, he is listed as a 14-year-old pupil at the Royal Masonic School for Boys at Bushey.

First World War
Clayson joined the Royal Naval Air Service at the outbreak of war and served in France from December 1914. He then transferred to the Royal Flying Corps, being appointed a probationary temporary second lieutenant on the General List on 19 July 1917, and was confirmed in the rank on 28 September. On 30 September 1917 he was awarded his Royal Aero Club Aviators License (No. 5617) after flying a Curtiss Biplane at the Military School at Beverley. He joined No. 1 Squadron on 31 October 1917.

Clayson gained his first victory on 16 February 1918. He was awarded the Military Cross on 9 April, and on 8 May was appointed a flight commander with the rank of acting captain. On 12 June 1918, he was cited for the Distinguished Flying Cross and by 14 July had achieved a total of 29 credited victories; 1 shared destroyed balloon, 1 (and 1 shared) aircraft captured, 9 (and 9 shared) aircraft destroyed, and 5 (and 3 shared) aircraft 'out of control'.

He was invested with his DFC on 24 July 1919 by The King at Buckingham Palace. Clayson was posted to Home Establishment on 3 August 1918, ending his involvement in direct engagement with the enemy.

Later military service
On 24 October 1919 he was granted a short service commission in the Royal Air Force with the rank of flying officer. He served during the 1920s with Nos. 6 and 70 Squadrons. On 1 July 1925 he was promoted to flight lieutenant, and on 9 July was posted to No. 23 Squadron at RAF Henlow. On 21 September 1926 he was posted to the Aircraft Depot, Iraq, finally returning to the UK to serve at the RAF Depot at RAF Uxbridge from 14 November 1928. He was placed on the retired list due to ill health on 16 April 1929.

On 7 September 1929, at Our Lady of Victories Church, Kensington, he married Kathleen Thornton of Kelvingrove, Glasgow. In 1936 Clayson was the Chief Ground Instructor at the Civil Training Flying School operated by the Bristol Aeroplane Company at Yatesbury.

During World War II Clayson returned to active service in the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve being appointed a flying officer in the Administrative and Special Duties Branch on 20 December 1941. He was promoted to flight lieutenant on 1 January 1944. Clayson remained in the Air Force Reserve of Officers until finally relinquishing his commission on 10 February 1954.

Honours and awards
 Temporary 2nd Lieutenant Percy Jack Clayson, General List and RFC, is awarded the Military Cross:

 Lieutenant (Temporary Captain) Percy Jack Clayson, MC, is awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross:

References
Notes

Bibliography

1896 births
Year of death missing
People from Deptford
Military personnel from London
People educated at the Royal Masonic School for Boys
English aviators
Royal Naval Air Service aviators
Royal Flying Corps officers
Royal Air Force officers
British World War I flying aces
Recipients of the Military Cross
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)
Royal Naval Air Service personnel of World War I
Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve personnel of World War II
British Army personnel of World War I


The Middle Atlantic Council of Latin American Studies (MACLAS) is a learned society of Mid-Atlantic region scholars, researchers, teachers students and interested professionals in all disciplines and pursuits. This region comprises Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia. MACLAS has as its objectives promoting and developing interest in Latin American studies and affairs. The organization was founded in Pittsburgh in 1979.

Activities of MACLAS
The annual MACLAS conference features research-based panels and a business meeting.

The association publishes news throughout the year and a refereed journal, Latin American Essays, once each year. The journal is a selection of papers presented at the annual meeting and includes papers from a variety of disciplines, including: Political Science; Anthropology; Economics; History; Languages and Literature; and Pedagogy.

MACLAS also annually awards its Whitaker Prize for the best book, the Davis Prize for best journal article, and Street Prize for the best article in the journal. In addition, two student prizes are awarded for outstanding papers presented at the annual meeting: the Martz Prize for best paper by a graduate student and the Espadas Prize for best paper by an undergraduate student.

Purpose of MACLAS
The purposes of MACLAS are to foster and develop interest in Latin American Studies by scholars, researchers, teachers, students and interested professionals primarily located in the Middle Atlantic region, to encourage more effective training, teaching and research, and to facilitate greater exchange of information and ideas.

MACLAS shares the broad purposes of the Latin American Studies Association and other regional groups but shall not necessarily be bound by their policies.

Officers and Governance
The officers of MACLAS are elected by its members. The 2014-2015 president is Diane E. Johnson, associate professor of politics at Lebanon Valley College.

MACLAS is governed by an Executive Council, elected periodically by its members.

See also
Latin American Studies
Latin America
List of Learned Societies

External links
MACLAS web site
The Midwest Association of Latin American Studies (MALAS)
New England Council of Latin American Studies (NECLAS)
Pacific Coast Council on Latin American Studies (PCCLAS)
Rocky Mountain Council for Latin American Studies (RMCLAS)
Southwest Conference on Latin American Studies (SCOLAS)
South Eastern Council on Latin American Studies (SECOLAS)
Directory of Open Access & Hybrid Journals

Latin American studies
Learned societies of the United States
Open access journals


Karl Hipfinger (October 28, 1905 – April 20, 1984) was an Austrian weightlifter who competed in the 1928 and 1932 Summer Olympics.

He was born in Vienna.

In 1928 he failed to set a mark in the clean and jerk competition of the middleweight class.

Four years later, at the 1932 games, he won a bronze medal in the middleweight class.

References

1905 births
1984 deaths
Austrian male weightlifters
Olympic weightlifters for Austria
Weightlifters at the 1928 Summer Olympics
Weightlifters at the 1932 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for Austria
World record setters in weightlifting
Olympic medalists in weightlifting
Medalists at the 1932 Summer Olympics
20th-century Austrian people


The Overrun Countries series was a series of thirteen commemorative postage stamps, each of five-cent denomination, issued by the United States over a fifteen-month period in 1943 and 1944 as a tribute to thirteen nations overrun, occupied, and/or annexed by the Axis Powers during or shortly before World War II.

The stamps depict, in full color, the national flags of Poland, Czechoslovakia, Norway, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Greece, Yugoslavia, Albania, Austria, Denmark, and Korea, with the names of the respective countries underneath. To the left of each flag appears the symbol of a phoenix, symbolizing the renewal of life, and to its right appears a kneeling female figure with arms raised, breaking the shackles of servitude.

The stamps with flags of European countries were released at intervals from June to December 1943, while the Korea flag stamp was released in November 1944. The dates on which these stamps were issued are: Poland, 22 June 1943; Czechoslovakia, 12 July 1943; Norway, 27 July 1943; Luxembourg, 10 August 1943; the Netherlands, 23 August 1943; Belgium, 14 September 1943; France, 28 September 1943; Greece, 12 October 1943; Yugoslavia, 26 October 1943; Albania, 9 November 1943; Austria, 23 November 1943; Denmark, 7 December 1943; and Korea,
2 November 1944.

Because of the elaborate process necessary for the full-color printing, the United States government's Bureau of Engraving and Printing in Washington, D.C., contracted with a private firm, the American Bank Note Company in New York City, to produce the stamps.

The Scott number for this series of stamps is from 909 to 921.

See also
Postage stamps and postal history of the United States
Captive Nations

References

Postage stamps of the United States
1943 works
1944 works


Piotr Gładki (8 February 1972 in Gdańsk – 27 May 2005 in Wyczechowo) was a long-distance runner from Poland, who won the 2000 edition of the Hamburg Marathon. He represented his native country at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia, where he didn't finish in the men's marathon race. Gładki died in a car crash at age 33.

References

1972 births
2005 deaths
Polish male long-distance runners
Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Poland
Road incident deaths in Poland
Sportspeople from Gdańsk
Athletes from Pomeranian Voivodeship
Lechia Gdańsk athletes


The 1996 Alabama Crimson Tide football team represented the University of Alabama for the 1996–97 college football season, competing in the Western Division in the Southeastern Conference. Gene Stallings led the Crimson Tide to a 10–3 record in his final year with the program. The team played their home games at Bryant–Denny Stadium in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, and Legion Field in Birmingham, Alabama.

Alabama's loss to Mississippi State broke a 15-game winning streak Alabama had in the series and was their first loss to the Bulldogs since a dramatic upset MSU posted over the #1 ranked Tide in 1980.

Following a victory in the annual Iron Bowl on November 23, head coach Gene Stallings announced his retirement, which would go into effect at the end of the season.

Schedule

Coaching staff

Game summaries

Bowling Green

Alabama wins its sixth straight season opener over newly Division 1 opponent Bowling Green.

Southern Miss

Alabama would hold Southern Miss to 104 yards of offense to win for the sixth straight year over the Golden Eagles.

Vanderbilt

In the first home game at Bryant-Denny Stadium for 1996, a shootout would unfold as the Crimson Tide would use a 21 point 3rd quarter to beat the Commodores.

Arkansas

A defensive struggle goes the Crimson Tide way as they avenge their loss of a year ago to Arkansas.

Kentucky

Former Alabama coach Bill Curry returned to Tuscaloosa for the first time since leaving Alabama for Kentucky in 1989. Despite being heavy underdogs, Curry's Wildcats forced a 7-7 tie at halftime which brought a chorus of boos from the homecoming crowd. The Crimson Tide then would use a 28 point third quarter to beat Kentucky.

North Carolina State

Despite giving up a season high 418 yards of offense, The Crimson Tide survived on the road to stay undefeated.

Ole Miss

The Crimson Tide put its most complete game together to date in 1996 to roll to a shutout win of Ole Miss.

Tennessee

Tennessee used 14 unanswered points in the 4th quarter to beat Alabama for the second year in a row and for the first time in Knoxville since 1984.

LSU

For the second time in three games, Alabama defense would shut out its opponent. The Crimson tide offense went through one man Redshirt Freshman Shaun Alexander rushed for a School record 291 yards and all four Alabama touchdowns.

Mississippi State

For the first time since 1980, Alabama would lose to Mississippi State in one of the biggest upset of the Gene Stallings era.

Auburn

Alabama would pounce on Auburn early with 17 straight points to begin the game. Auburn would respond with 23 unanswered to lead by 6 late in the fourth quarter. Alabama would drive 74 yards to score on a 6-yard swing pass from Freddie Kitchens to Dennis Riddle to tie the game. Jon Brock extra point would give Alabama the one-point lead and eventual win to clinch the SEC West. After the game, Gene Stallings officially announced his retirement as Alabama head coach at the end of the season.

Florida

Alabama would be in its fourth SEC Championship game in five seasons and once again would face Florida, as they had the previous three meetings. The Gators would use nearly 500 yards of offense to win its fourth straight SEC title, a record that still holds to this day.

Michigan

Two 4th quarter touchdowns proved to be enough as Alabama would win its 10th game of the season and the 70th and final for Gene Stallings as head coach.

References

Alabama
Alabama Crimson Tide football seasons
ReliaQuest Bowl champion seasons
Alabama Crimson Tide football


Current motor vehicle registrations in Bolivia, commonly known as plate, are license plates with a unique combination of letters and numbers to individually identify each vehicle registered in the country.

Formats

Old format (before 1987)
The previous Bolivian license plate system, used until January 1987, had an American format like the current one, with the name of the country; "BOLIVIA" at the bottom left of the license plate with a configuration of three numbers and three letters. The first letter indicated the department and the second letter indicated the type of vehicle (A-Car, C-Truck, T-Public car, etc.). The color of the license plate indicated the type of vehicle it was. Black characters on a white background for private vehicles, black on yellow for government vehicles, and white on red for public service vehicles.

Current format 1000AAA (1999-present)

Contains blue characters and boxes on a white background. It consists of the inscription "BOLIVIA" at the top, and a small box to its right indicates the vehicle's registration department. In the box there is a letter, which represents each department of the country as follows:

In general, in the upper left box it bears the flag of Bolivia, although this is not evidenced in many current plates.

The type of service is described with the background of the box.

(Red: Public Service, White: Private Service, Yellow: Government Vehicle.)

The numbering consists of the PTA (Vehicle Titled Policy) that is issued for each vehicle only once. It consists of 3 or 4 numbers and 3 letters, starting the numbering in older vehicles 0XX AAA and ending in newer vehicles 56XX AAA (June 2021).

Standard format for Mercosur

In October 2014, in the Libertador Hall of the Palacio San Martín in Buenos Aires, the new Unique Mercosur Patent was presented. It was expected that from January 1, 2016 this new license plate would be used in the member countries.

In Bolivia, the AB 12345 format will be used for the new patent.

Special Formats
The vehicles of the Diplomatic Corps, Consular Corps, Non-Governmental Organizations, International Mission, Departmental Government and some vehicles of the Police, Armed Forces and Emergency Services are exempt from the previous format.

All these vehicles bear the inscription BOLIVIA on the top.

Some police and fire vehicles have the following format: PNX 123 and the inscription POLICÍA NACIONAL at the bottom (X referring to the department, example: PNL 456 which corresponds to a patrol car).

The armed forces carry two formats:

 The first corresponds to campaign vehicles, tanks and armored vehicles. It has the following format: EB 1234-56, FAB 1234-56 and ARB 1234-56 painted white on the body.
 The second format corresponds to utility and service vehicles with the following format: EBJ 123 (Army) and FAX 123 (X according to department) corresponding to the Air Force, both with the inscription BOLIVIA on the lower left side. Bolivian Navy vehicles use the PTA format.

References

External links
 Datos y fotos de matrículas de Bolivia (in spanish)

Bolivia
Bolivia transport-related lists
Transport in Bolivia


Roger François (7 October 1900 – 15 February 1949) was a French weightlifter. He competed at the 1924, 1928 and 1932 Summer Olympics in the middleweight category (under 75 kg) and finished in sixth, first and fourth place, respectively. François won the world title in 1922 and set seven world records between 1922 and 1928: two in the press, four in the snatch, and one in the total. Four of those records were unofficial.

References

1900 births
1949 deaths
People from Romans-sur-Isère
French male weightlifters
Olympic weightlifters for France
Weightlifters at the 1924 Summer Olympics
Weightlifters at the 1928 Summer Olympics
Weightlifters at the 1932 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for France
World record setters in weightlifting
Olympic medalists in weightlifting
Medalists at the 1928 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Drôme
20th-century French people


Henry Hereford is an English actor. Most recently Hereford starred as Brian Lee in Luther: The Fallen Sun on Netflix. Prior to this Hereford starred in multiple sketches in the up coming Australian TV show Wham Bam Thank You Ma'am  on ABC2.  Prior to this he worked on NBC series  Crossbones (2014) starring John Malkovich, where significantly he played two roles in the first season. He played Frederick Nightingale in episode 1 and then the recurring role of The Wild Man from episode 4 onwards.

Filmography

Film

Television

Video Game

References

External links

Living people
People from Rinteln
Alumni of the Drama Studio London
21st-century English male actors
People educated at Radley College
Year of birth missing (living people)


The Wartime Broadcasting Service is a service of the BBC that is intended to broadcast in the  United Kingdom either after a nuclear attack or if conventional bombing destroyed regular BBC facilities in a conventional war. It is unclear if the Wartime Broadcasting Service is still operational as plans are kept mainly secretly with the BBC and government officials. According to an article by the BBC, recordings of a nuclear attack warning are still re-recorded and kept up to date periodically.

Origins and history

The origins of the service lie in pre-World War II plans to disperse BBC staff to facilities such as Wood Norton to guarantee due functioning of the corporation if cities such as London, Belfast, Cardiff, Glasgow and Edinburgh were attacked by the Luftwaffe.

In the post-war era, plans were revised so that the Wartime Broadcasting Service would have coped with a nuclear strike by installing 54 low-powered transmitters and keeping (what remained of) the main transmitter network in reserve, in case Soviet bombers used them to home in on targets. Although vague, plans from the mid-1950s were to provide both a national and regional radio service 24 hours a day (mirroring peacetime BBC operations at the time) with the objective of providing "instruction, information and encouragement as far as practical by means of guidance, news and diversion to relieve stress and strain". "Diversion" was to be in the form of music and selected pre-recorded programmes. BBC executives drafted a schedule made up of music, drama, comedy, and religious programmes to be broadcast over a period of 100 days after a nuclear attack on the United Kingdom.

The BBC had studios and production equipment at many government nuclear bunkers such as the Central Government War Headquarters at Corsham and the regional seats of government.

By the end of the decade, existing transmitters had been fitted with emergency diesel generators and fallout protection.

From the 1980s, the BBC planned to broadcast for only a few hours a day and for a few minutes each hour, the intention being to conserve the batteries in domestic radios. There was to be no entertainment content for this reason and so that official messages could get through. With the end of the Cold War, the BBC deactivated the studios and emergency transmitter networks in 1993 as surplus to requirements. Many of these studios have become exhibits in bunkers, like the Kelvedon Hatch Secret Nuclear Bunker, which have now been converted into museums.

Post-Cold War

With the Cold War having ended, the BBC and British Telecom developed the National Attack Warning System in 2003. This system was able to warn by television, radio and telephone (the latter only in some areas) of an impending attack using existing infrastructure. The BBC was capable of doing so within ten minutes using their existing broadcasting procedures. By the time of the 2011 digital switchover, this was becoming obsolete because television and radio have limited warning capability.

According to a report in the Daily Telegraph, there were suggestions that the warning message would be recorded by Jill Dando, actress Joanna Lumley or Carol Vorderman.

Under the Broadcasting Act 1980, the government still has the legal right to take over editorial control of radio and television in the event of a national emergency. Also, the BBC agreement allows the government to ask the BBC to broadcast messages in an emergency:

Operation
The decision to activate the service would have been taken at Cabinet level late in the crisis phase. On being given the order, the BBC and ITV were to suspend normal programming, broadcast the frequencies for the Wartime Broadcasting Service and go off-air an hour later (with television used only to broadcast Protect and Survive public information films and unavailable after an attack due to its susceptibility to electromagnetic pulse). At this point, one single national programme would have been broadcast on BBC Radio 4 from Wood Norton. This would have consisted of official government announcements and information interspersed with filler material, such as music, news and warnings. The four-minute warning itself was to have been injected from a special studio at Broadcasting House and been broadcast nationally on all television and radio stations when a coded signal from RAF High Wycombe was given. This studio would also have been used by government ministers to broadcast messages and announcements until the government left London late in the crisis phase (or during the precautionary period).

After an attack, there would also have been a regional service tailored to local needs located in regional seats of government. Regional controllers were to use these smaller BBC studios to give out local messages to communities and would have been manned by BBC staff. If conventional air attacks destroyed peacetime broadcasting facilities, the Wartime Broadcasting Service would also have been activated.

Regular drills and training exercises were held to give an air of realism, but many BBC staff saw them as pointless or declined to serve during a national emergency because they would not be allowed to take their families with them. One anonymous insider said, "I can't blame them for deciding there were better ways to go than to sit in a bunker with a group of local radio engineers."

Programmes for broadcast
Initially, a post-attack statement was to be broadcast confirming a nuclear strike had hit the United Kingdom and warning of the dangers of fallout. It would have been broadcast every two hours on all radio frequencies set aside for the BBC for the first twelve hours after the attack.  The script was released by the BBC under the Freedom of Information Act on 3 October 2008. It was recorded by Peter Donaldson, chief continuity announcer for BBC Radio 4.

Jim Black, a BBC executive, compiled a schedule consisting of classic BBC drama, comedy and religious programmes to maintain morale. These included Round The Horne, I'm Sorry, I Haven't A Clue, Hancock's Half Hour and the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical The Sound of Music. Drama programmes included The Afternoon Play and Thirty-Minute Theatre. From the 1980s until 1993, the entertainment content was dropped and only official announcements would have been broadcast in order to conserve energy.

See also
 UK Emergency Alert System
 Four-minute warning
 Protect and Survive
 Duck and cover
 Transition to war
 BBC Radio 4 (the designated national broadcaster in a national emergency)
 Central Government War Headquarters
 Civil Contingencies Secretariat
 RAF Rudloe Manor
 Corsham Computer Centre
 Continuity of government
 Hack Green Secret Nuclear Bunker
 WGU-20
 Emergency Alert System
 Emergency Broadcast System
 CONELRAD
 Mobile phone alerts in the United Kingdom

References

 File 16  Civil Defence Communications and Warning, from Subterranea Britannia accessdate=2009-10-04
 Script of the BBC's post-attack statement accessdate=2009-10-04

Notes

External links
 BBC Radio 4 programme from 28 January 2008 about BBCs preparations for war during the 1960s–1980s .ram audio file
 BBC Radio 4 newsreader Peter Donaldson about his pre-recorded radio warning messages. YouTube video file from The Culture Show, broadcast 2 February 2008

Defunct BBC national radio stations
Cold War broadcasting
Cold War history of the United Kingdom
Emergency management in the United Kingdom
Emergency population warning systems
Continuity of government


The Ministry of Finance (Spanish: Ministerio de Hacienda), also Ministry of Internal Revenue, of the Dominican Republic is the government institution in charge of preparing, executing and evaluating the coutry's fiscal policies, including national income, expenses and finance and securing its sustainability in relation to the economical policies. Other functions are to propose fiscal and customs legislation, regulate loans' authorization and negotiation, approve public contracting, and periodically prepare the state of the budget, finance and economy.

It was established on the first Dominican Constitution of 1844 as the Secretary of State of Finance and Trade (Secretaría de Estado de Hacienda y Comercio). Its headquarters are located at Santo Domingo. Since August 16, 2020, its Minister is José Manuel Vicente.

History
The origin of this Ministry can be found on the first Dominican Constitution, signed on November 6, 1844. This document specified that:

A few days later, on November 14, 1844 the office was officially created as the Secretary of State of Finance and Trade (Secretaría de Estado de Hacienda y Comercio), being its first ministre-secretary Ricardo Miura. The office was also held in its early days by national hero Ramón Matías Mella, as well as José Manuel Caminero, Jacinto de la Concha and José Joaquín Puello.

During the Second Republic (1865-1916), this institution saw several financial crisis that damaged the politics of the Dominican Republic. President Ulises Heureaux's government was characterized by the unsupported issue of banknotes and the unmeasured debt to foreign companies. This situation led to the Dominico-American Convention of 1907 during the presidency of Ramón Cáceres, which ceded Dominican customs to the United States. This eventually led to the American occupation of the Dominican Republic (1916-1924). During this period, the institution is renamed Secretary of Treasury and Finance (Secretaría de Estado del Tesoro y Hacienda).

During the Third Republic (1924-1965), this office was renamed several times, being known for a time as Secretary of State of Finance, Labour and Communications (Secretaría de Estado de Hacienda, Trabajo y Comunicaciones). At the start of the Fourth Republic in 1965, it was known as Secretary of State of Finance (Secretaría de Estado de Finanzas).

On 2006, Law no. 494-06 reorganized the institution, which was renamed from Finanzas to Hacienda, which in English can be translated as both finance or internal revenue. At the same, the government created a new departement, the Secretary of State of Economy, Planning and Development (Secretaría de Estado de Economía, Planificación y Desarrollo).

It adopted its current name, Ministry of Finance or Internal Revenue (Ministerio de Hacienda), after the 2010 Constitutional reform and the subsequent Decree no. 56-10 which changed the names of all government agencies.

Internal structure
As all other Ministries of the Dominican Republic, the Ministry of Finance is subdivided into vice-ministries. These are:

 Technical-Administrative Vice-ministry
 Vice-ministry of Budget, Accounting and Assets
 Vice-ministry of State Assets
 Vice-ministry of the Treasury
 Vice-ministry of Public Credit
 Vice-ministry of Fiscal Policy

Affiliated agencies

As fiscal regulator, the Ministry of Finance has a great number of decentralized institutions. Some of these are:

 Superintendency of Insurance
 General Office of Customs (DGA)
 General Office of Internal Revenue (DGII)
 General Office of National Cadastre
 General Office of Budget
 General Office of Public Credit
 Bank of Reserves of the Dominican Republic (BanReservas)
 National Treasury
 National Lottery
 Savings Fund for Workers and Monte de Piedad

List of renowned secretaries and ministers
Ramón Matías Mella, 1849–1850
Manuel María Gautier, 1876
Francisco Gregorio Billini, 1878
Arturo Grullón, 1912
Francisco J. Peynado, 1916
 Eladio Sánchez, 1922–1923
Tulio Manuel Cestero, 1933
Rafael Brache, 1933–1934
Manuel de Jesús Troncoso, 1944–1945
Victor Garrido, 1947–1949
José Manuel Machado, 1961–1962
Jacobo Majluta, 1963
José Rafael Abinader, 1965
José Rafael Abinader, 1982–1984
Licelot Marte de Barrios, 1990–1993
Daniel Toribio, 1996–2000; 2011-2012
Simón Lizardo Mézquita, 2012–2016
Donald Guerrero, 2016–2020
José Manuel Vicente, 2020–

See also
 Cabinet of the Dominican Republic

References

External links

 Secretariat of State for Finance

Finance, Secretary of State for
Dominican Republic
1844 establishments in the Dominican Republic
Economy of the Dominican Republic