"Your Love Is Strong" is a single from singer/songwriter Jon Foreman's Spring EP, as well as his first full album, the compilation entitled Limbs and Branches. It was confirmed as a radio single by EMI/CMG's promotion blog and was released to Christian radio formats only. Robbie Seay Band recorded a version of this song for their 2010 release Miracle.

It entered the Christian CHR radio chart at No. 29, and has thus far peaked at No. 18.

The song's lyrics consist of a blend of the Lord's Prayer and a loose translation of Psalm 62:11-12, "One thing God has spoken, two things I have heard: “Power belongs to you, God, and with you, Lord, is unfailing love.” Foreman riffs this Psalm into the lyrics "two things you told me/You are strong and you love me." Other references include Matthew 6:9-14 (Lord's Prayer); Matthew 6:25-34 (Do Not Worry); Matthew 13:44 (Hidden Treasure).

Versions
There are two versions of the song. The first is the original version that appears on the Spring EP.  The second appears on the Limbs and Branches compilation and has a slightly different arrangement, most notably including some additional overdubbed strings throughout the entire song, albeit low in the mix.

References

External links
 Jon Foreman Official Website
 Jon Foreman on Myspace

2008 singles
Songs written by Jon Foreman
2008 songs


The Losers is a comic book series written by Andy Diggle and illustrated by Jock, and published by the Vertigo imprint of DC Comics. It ran for 32 issues from August 2003 to March 2006.

The idea was very loosely based on the original The Losers for DC Comics, a group of World War II soldiers, although Diggle maintains he has never read a single issue of the original series.

The series was adapted into a film of the same name that was released in 2010.

Publication history
Andy Diggle has talked about the development of the concept, which developed from conversations with editor Will Dennis about doing an original title at Vertigo:

He originally thought about returning to the original and doing a war comic:

The ongoing monthly comic concluded in 2006 after 32 issues, but it was never cancelled. According to Diggle, "everyone always thinks it got cancelled—it was always intended to be two or three years long".

Plot
The Losers' reimagining was set against events surrounding and including the War on Terror. Originally a Special Forces team integrated with the Central Intelligence Agency. In the 90s, the Losers were betrayed by their handler, Max, and left for dead following the conclusion of their operation. Eager for revenge and the opportunity to remove their names from a secret CIA death list, the Losers regroup and conduct covert operations against the CIA and its interests, uncovering startling operations spearheaded by the enigmatic Max, whose influence within the CIA and U.S. government is unparalleled.

Characters
 Lt. Col. Franklin Clay – the leader, easily identified by a consistent use of black suits without ties. A meticulous planner, initiative-taker and an excellent leader, Clay harbors the largest grudge against Max, at times appearing visibly angry at the mere mention of his name. He is possibly the grandson of Sarge Clay from the original Losers comic book series, as he told his old commanding general: "My grandfather died fighting an Axis that was 'just following orders'".
 Cpt. William Roque – the second-in-command, easily identified by the large, vertical scar down the right side of his face and icy demeanor. His ruthless thirst for money motivates a majority of his actions, including the serial betrayal of the Losers and many of his underlings. He is known for having a collection of daggers and knives, which he fights with when not using a gun.
 Cpt. Jake Jensen – the hacker, characterized by his spiky blonde hair, glasses and a conspicuous goatee on his chin. Known for his motormouth that often gets him into trouble and provides for a variety of conversational tangents. He is able to crack all but the most complex encryption algorithms with ease, and is highly skilled in using most computer and communications systems.
 Sgt. Carlos 'Cougar' Alvarez – the sniper, identified by his cowboy hat and haunted demeanor. He is morose and laconic as a result of a traumatic combat incident in Afghanistan.
 Sgt. Linwood 'Pooch' Porteous – the pilot, identifiable by his shaved head and laid-back appearance, known to operate any ground, air or sea vehicle with ease. Despite his involvement with the CIA and the Special Forces, he is married with children. He is occasionally mocked by the other Losers, especially Jensen, for referring to himself in the third person.
 Aisha al-Fadhil – the loose cannon, identified by her eyebrow piercing and tied-back hair. Partners with the Losers in light of their common goal of killing Max. She is skilled in all combat skills, with particular emphasis on melee and reconnaissance, stemming from a harsh upbringing in Afghanistan and Pakistan, primarily fighting as a child against Soviet soldiers during the Soviet–Afghan War. She is a cold-blooded killer who prefers to leave corpses rather than survivors when she engages the enemy.

Collected editions
The complete run has been collected into a series of trade paperbacks. All stories are written by Andy Diggle, with Jock on the majority of art duties:
 Ante Up (collects #1–6, 158 pages, 2004, )
 Double Down (with Shawn Martinbrough, collects #7–12, 144 pages, 2004, )
 Trifecta (with Nick Dragotta and Alé Garza, collects #13–19, 168 pages, 2005, )
 Close Quarters (with Ben Oliver, collects #20–25, 144 pages, 2006, )
 Endgame (with Colin Wilson, collects #26–32, 168 pages, September 2006, )

In 2010, a "double volume", including both Ante Up and Double Down, was released to tie in with the film adaptation and a second book to collect the rest of the series:
 Book 1 (collects #1–12, 304 pages, )
 Book 2 (collects #13–32, 480 pages, )

Reception
In the week after the film's release, The Losers: Book 1 topped the New York Times paperback graphic books list.

Awards
In 2004, the series won the Eagle Award for "Favourite New Comicbook" and was nominated for the "Best New Series" Eisner Award. In 2006, Jock was nominated for the "Best Cover Artist" Eisner Award, for The Losers.

Film adaptation

A live-action adaptation of The Losers was released on April 23, 2010. The film was developed by Warner Bros. Pictures and Dark Castle Entertainment. The Losers was directed by Sylvain White, with a screenplay by Peter Berg and James Vanderbilt. Tim Story was considered for directing. The actors starring in the film are Jeffrey Dean Morgan, Zoe Saldana, Chris Evans, Idris Elba, Columbus Short and Jason Patric.

References

External links

2003 comics debuts
Comics characters introduced in 2003
DC Comics adapted into films


David Wiley Mullins Jr. (April 28, 1946 - February 26, 2018) was an American economist who served as the 14th vice chairman of the Federal Reserve from 1991 to 1994. Prior to his term as vice chairman, Mullins served as a member of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors, taking office in 1990. Before his appointment to the Federal Reserve, he served as the under secretary of the treasury for domestic finance under President George H. W. Bush. Mullins left the government service to join the hedge fund Long Term Capital Management and remained in private finance following its collapse in 1998.

Early life
David Mullins was born on April 28, 1946, to David Wiley Mullins and his wife Eula in Memphis, Tennessee.  His father worked for Auburn University until 1960, when he became the president of the University of Arkansas.  David Jr. was raised in Fayetteville, Arkansas, along with his brother Gary and sister Carolyn.  Mullins left Arkansas for Yale and went on to study finance at the MIT Sloan School of Management.  In 1974 he earned his Ph.D. from MIT and accepted a position in the faculty of Harvard Business School as an expert in financial crises.

Career
Immediately after the market crash in 1987, President Reagan tapped Nicholas F. Brady, a former United States senator and then chairman of Dillon, Read, to chair the Presidential Task Force on Market Mechanisms, later known as the Brady Commission. Brady recruited Harvard Business School professor Robert R. Glauber as the commission's executive director, and Glauber in turn enlisted Mullins, a Harvard faculty colleague, as associate director. <Report of the Presidential Task Force on Market Mechanisms, p. ii> The commission was to be an inquiry into the stock market crash of October 19, 1987, known as Black Monday.  In two months, Mullins helped assemble nearly 50 people to produce the report, which provided the first official record of what caused the crash and offered recommendations on how to fix the deficiencies in the market.  The Brady Report laid some of the blame on derivatives trading and portfolio insurance mechanisms, with much of that focus being generated by Mullins.

Brady went on to serve as Secretary of the Treasury. As the savings and loan crisis deepened, he turned to Mullins, now an assistant Secretary of the Treasury, to develop a plan to resolve the crisis. The plan was enacted by Congress on August 8, 1989, as FIRREA (The Financial Institutions Reform Recovery and Enforcement Act of 1989) which created the RTC to dispose of failed thrift assets. The RTC ultimately sold $394 billion in assets of 747 failed thrifts. This approach became a model for banking resolution plans in Sweden, Thailand and elsewhere.  Mullins remained popular with Congress and the President.  In 1989, Mullins was appointed by President Bush as assistant Secretary of the Treasury for domestic finance.  While at the Treasury, Mullins co-wrote a paper on high-yield debt defaults which received the inaugural Smith Breeden Prize.

On May 21, 1990, Bush nominated Mullins to a 14-year term on the Federal Reserve Board of Governors to fill a vacancy left by the resignation of H. Robert Heller.  Mullins was seen as the Fed's "resident intellectual" due to his background as a professor in finance and economics.  In 1994, Mullins resigned to join John Meriwether's new hedge fund, Long Term Capital Management (LTCM).  Although his term was to come to a close, the resignation was viewed as unexpected.

At LTCM, Mullins joined what Business Week termed a "dream team" of financial experts and academics, including Nobel laureates Myron Scholes and Robert C. Merton. Roger Lowenstein, author of When Genius Failed: The Rise and Fall of Long-Term Capital Management, argued that some prospective investors in LTCM were swayed by the presence of Mullins.  Just as the celebrity of Scholes and Merton caused investors and trading partners to exercise less diligence, Mullins' addition as a "marquee" name added gravitas to the firm. Following that fund's collapse in 1998 and dissolution in 2000, Mullins left LTCM and worked for financial services companies.  Mullins' career in government was effectively ended by the collapse.  In 2008 he was chief economist of the hedge fund Vega Asset Management.

David Wiley Mullins, Jr. died unexpectedly during an emergency heart surgery in Naples, Florida, on February 26, 2018.

Notes

References

Further reading
 "Brady Report" Presidential Task Force on Market Mechanisms (1988): Report of the Presidential Task Force on Market Mechanisms. Nicholas F. Brady (Chairman), U.S. Government Printing Office.

External links
Statements and Speeches of David W. Mullins

1946 births
2018 deaths
Harvard Business School faculty
MIT Sloan School of Management alumni
People from Memphis, Tennessee
Vice Chairs of the Federal Reserve
Yale University alumni
Clinton administration personnel
George H. W. Bush administration personnel


Astragalus asymmetricus is a species of milkvetch known by the common name San Joaquin milkvetch. It is endemic to California, where it grows in grassy and disturbed areas in the Central Valley and nearby parts of the Central Coast Ranges and San Francisco Bay Area.

Description
Astragalus asymmetricus is a sturdy perennial herb growing a thick, erect stem to heights between . It is coated in long hairs. The leaves are up to  long and are made up of many pairs of leaflike leaflets, each up to  long and varying in shape from linear to oval. The inflorescence contains 15 to 45 cream-colored pealike flowers  long. The flower color is cream.

The fruit is a slightly inflated hairy legume pod up to  long which hangs in bunches from the dried inflorescence.

Its bloom period is from April to July. It has major toxicity, which probably comes from eating it.

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment - Astragalus asymmetricus
USDA Plants Profile
Astragalus asymmetricus - Photo gallery

asymmetricus
Endemic flora of California
Natural history of the Central Valley (California)


Psilocybe meridionalis is a psychedelic mushroom which has psilocybin and psilocin as main active compounds.   This mushroom is closely related to Psilocybe stuntzii but can be distinguished by its smaller spores and the presence of pleurocystidia.  This is the only species of Psilocybe from section Stuntzii which has been found in Mexico.    It is known only from the type location in Neverias, Sierra de Cacoma, Jalisco, Mexico.

Distribution and habitat
Found in Oak and Pine subtropical forests in the western mountains of Jalisco, Mexico.  The holotype was collected at 2,200 meters elevation.

References
Guzmán, Gastón, Laura Guzmán-Dávalos, Florencia Ramírez-Guillén & María del Refugio Sánchez-Jácome 2008: A new bluing species of Psilocybe – the first record of section Stuntzii for Mexico. - Mycotaxon 103: 27–31. 2008.

Entheogens
Psychoactive fungi
meridionalis
Psychedelic tryptamine carriers
Taxa named by Gastón Guzmán


Shanmukhapriya and Haripriya, popularly known as the Priya Sisters, are Carnatic music singers.

Early life
They hail originally from  Amalapuram in East Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh. They attended Little Flower School in Chittoor, Andhra Pradesh. They started learning Carnatic music from their father, Sri V.V.Subbaram, at an early age. In order to nurture their musical talent, their father shifted base to Chennai. Later they became the disciples of the renowned duo Radha and Jayalakshmi who were disciples of the legendary G. N. Balasubramaniam. They learnt many nuances and subtleties of music during the five-year tenure under Radha and Jayalakshmi including the advice that the singing should be so clear that the listener should be able to notate the entire kriti.

Career
Improving their repertoire was a major project and learning, a continuous process. Hence they joined Professor T.R.Subramaniam. They learnt many pallavis and kritis from him.

They are part of the  trend of duo singing in Carnatic music, which started in the 1950s, with performers like Radha Jayalakshmi, Soolamangalam Sisters and later continued by Bombay Sisters

References

External links
 Official site
 Artist Profiles : Shanmukha Priya and Hari Priya

Women Carnatic singers
Carnatic singers
People from East Godavari district
Sibling musical duos
Indian musical duos
Indian women classical singers
Singers from Andhra Pradesh
Women musicians from Andhra Pradesh
20th-century Indian singers
20th-century Indian women singers


The Yangzhou massacre in May, 1645 in Yangzhou, Qing dynasty China, refers to the mass killing of people in Yangzhou by Manchu and defected Han Chinese Ming soldiers (Han made up the majority of the Qing army at Yangzhou), commanded by the Manchu general Dodo.

The massacre is described in a contemporary account, A Record of Ten Days in Yangzhou, by Wang Xiuchu.  Due to the title of the account, the events are often referred to as a ten-day massacre, but the diary shows that the slaughter was over by the sixth day, when burial of bodies commenced.   According to Wang, the number of victims exceeded 800,000, that number is now disproven and considered by modern historians and researchers to be an extreme exaggeration. The major defending commanders of Ming, such as Shi Kefa, were also executed by Qing forces after they refused to submit to Qing authority.

The alleged reasons for the massacre were:
 To punish the residents because of resistance efforts led by the Ming official Shi Kefa.
 To warn the rest of the population in Jiangnan of the consequences of participating in military activities and resisting the Qing invaders.

Wang Xiuchu's account has appeared in a number of English translations, including by Backhouse and Bland, Lucien Mao, and Lynn A. Struve.  Following are excerpts from the account in the translation by Struve.

Books written about the massacres in Yangzhou, Jiading and Jiangyin were later republished by anti-Qing authors to win support in the lead up to the Taiping Rebellion and Xinhai Revolution.

Qing soldiers ransomed women captured from Yangzhou back to their original husbands and fathers in Nanjing after Nanjing peacefully surrendered, corralling the women into the city and whipping them hard, with their hair containing a tag showing the price of the ransom. Han bannermen were responsible for most of the atrocities in Yangzhou but they were nevertheless labelled as Manchus by other Han.

There was a Hui Muslim community in Yangzhou during the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties with historic mosques like Crane Mosque and the tomb of Sayyid Puhaddin.

Accounts of atrocities like the Yangzhou massacre during the transition from the Ming to Qing were used by revolutionaries in the anti-Qing Xinhai revolution to fuel massacres against Manchus.

See also
Anti-Qing sentiment

References

Literature
Struve, Lynn A., Voices from the Ming-Qing Cataclysm: China in Tigers' Jaws,  Publisher:Yale University Press, 1998, See pp. 32–48 for the translation of Wang Xiuchu's account.
Finnane, Antonia, Speaking of Yangzhou: A Chinese City, 1550-1850, Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center, 2004. See especially Chapter 4, "Yangzhou's Ten Days."
Wei, Minghua 伟明铧, 1994. “Shuo Ýangzhou shiri’”说扬州十日, in Wei Minghua, Yangzhou tanpian 扬州谈片 Beijing: Sanlian shudian.
Zarrow, Peter, 2004. “Historical Trauma: Anti-Manchuism and Memories of Atrocity in Late Qing China,”  History and Memory, Vol. 16, No. 2, Special Issue: Traumatic Memory in Chinese History.
The Litigation Master and the Monkey King, Liu, Ken. In The Paper Menagerie and other stories. Publisher:Saga Press, 2016, . pages 363–388.

Qing dynasty
History of Yangzhou
Conflicts in 1645
Massacres in China
17th century in China
1645 in China
War crimes in China
Massacres in 1645


Astragalus austiniae is a species of milkvetch known by the common name Austin's milkvetch. It is native to the Sierra Nevada of California and Nevada in the vicinity of Lake Tahoe. It is a plant of the alpine climate of the high mountains, where it tolerates exposed areas.

Description
Astragalus austiniae is a dwarfed perennial herb forming small clumps in the rock litter no taller than about 11 centimeters. Stems and foliage are coated densely in cottony, silvery hairs. The leaves are up to 5 centimeters long and are made up of several keeled oval-shaped leaflets. The inflorescence is a woolly headlike cluster of 4 to 14 pink or purple-tinted white pealike flowers each around a centimeter long.

The fruit is a woolly  legume pod less than a centimeter long.

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment - Astragalus austiniae
USDA Plants Profile
Astragalus austiniae - Photo gallery

austiniae
Alpine flora
Flora of California
Flora of Nevada
Flora of the Sierra Nevada (United States)


Venus Williams defeated Vera Zvonareva in the final, 6–7(5–7), 6–0, 6–2 to win the singles tennis title at the 2008 WTA Tour Championships. It was her first Tour Finals title.

Venus became the third player in the Open Era after Steffi Graf and her sister Serena Williams to defeat the top-three ranked players at the same event; defeating world No. 2 Dinara Safina and No. 3 Serena in the respective round robin matches and No. 1 Jelena Janković in the semifinals.

Justine Henin was the two-time reigning champion, but retired from the sport in May 2008.

Seeds

Alternates

Draw

Finals

White group
Standings are determined by: 1. number of wins; 2. number of matches; 3. in two-players-ties, head-to-head records; 4. in three-players-ties, percentage of sets won, or of games won; 5. steering-committee decision.

Maroon group
Standings are determined by: 1. number of wins; 2. number of matches; 3. in two-players-ties, head-to-head records; 4. in three-players-ties, percentage of sets won, or of games won; 5. steering-committee decision.

See also
WTA Tour Championships appearances

References

External links
Draw

WTA Tour Championships - Singles
Singles 2008


Zwang Peak is a mountain in the Diablo Range,  southwest of Avenal, and  about  from Interstate 5 in Kings County, California.  Its summit is at an elevation of . The peak was named for cattle rancher Jake Zwang (1880–1968), who came to the area in 1906 to  start a cattle ranch southwest of Avenal.  Garza Creek has its source near this peak.

References

Mountains of Kings County, California
Diablo Range
Mountains of Northern California


Paolo Caccia Dominioni, 14th Baron of Sillavengo (; 14 May 1896 – 12 August 1992) was an Italian soldier, officer in the Alpini mountain Infantry Corps, engineer and writer, most noted for his leadership in the North Africa Campaign in World War II.

Biography
Paolo Caccia Dominioni was born on May 14, 1896, in Nerviano, Milan, Kingdom of Italy. He was the son of Carlo (seventeenth count of Sillavengo; a diplomat) and Bianca (a marquise; maiden name, Cusani-Confalonieni).

In 1913 he entered the Faculty of Engineering at the Royal High Polytechnical School of Milan. In 1915, when Italy joined World War I, he registered as a volunteer. He fought in the Alpini Corps, where he was commissioned a first lieutenant. In February 1920, he re-entered the Polytechnical School. He earned his doctorate in Civil Engineering in 1922.

From 1924 onwards, Caccia Dominioni worked mainly abroad. During his engineer's career in prewar Egypt, he developed a deep friendship with the Belgian expatriate Vladimir Peniakoff, later to be known as Popski (the creator and leader of a World War II Special Forces unit called Popski's Private Army ("No 1 Demolition Squadron, PPA") with whom he had explored the Egyptian desert; a few years later the two friends would be facing each other as enemies, in Libya, in World War II. In 1931, Caccia Dominioni undertook a topographical survey of Tripolitania and in 1935 he led a reconnaissance campaign in Sudan.

In 1935–6 Caccia Dominioni fought in the Second Italo-Ethiopian War. At the outbreak of World War II he was first assigned to Military Intelligence (Servizio Informazioni Militare). In June 1942 he was given command of the 31st Engineer Assault Battalion and participated in the El Alamein battles in November 1942. Field Marshall Erwin Rommel personally awarded him the Iron Cross, 2nd Class for his actions during the First Battle of El Alamein.

After the armistice he joined the Italian resistance movement. In July 1944 he was arrested by the National Republican Guard, but released shortly afterward. His book on the Italian Campaign in North Africa, Alamein 1933–1962, was translated into English and published by Allen & Unwin in 1966 as Alamein 1933–1962: An Italian Story.

On May 7, 1958, Caccia Dominioni married Elena Sciolette (an amateur archaeologist).  They had two daughters: Bianca Ottavia and Anna Francesca.

Caccia Dominioni devoted his postwar career to the retrieving of soldiers' corpses still on the Alamein battlefield and to the design and construction of a cemetery and a memorial building, located on a particular spot on the Alamein battleground named "Hill 33" where – thanks to his twenty years of efforts – thousands of Italian, German and British unknown fallen soldiers, were eventually identified and received a proper burial.

Dominioni also designed the Italian National Ossario in Murchison, Australia. The ossario holds the remains of 130 Italian prisoners of war and interned civilians who died in while interned in Australia during World War II.

Caccia Dominioni was correspondent for the Italian newspaper Il Corriere della Sera (1931-61), and contributor to other Italian and French newspapers. He died on August 12, 1992, in Rome, Lazio, Italy.

Works

 Le trecento ore a Nord di Qattara (anthology on the Battle of El Alamein), Longanesi, 1972.

Works translated into English

Honors

Bibliography

 Migliaccio, Maria Concetta, “Caccia Dominioni, Paolo,” in Ezio Godoli and Milva Giacomelli (eds.), Architetti e ingegneri italiani dal Levante al Maghreb, 1848-1945: repertorio biografico, bibliografico e archivistico, Florence: Maschietto Editore, 2005, p. 109‒113;
 Scaramuzzi, Armando, “The Egypt of Paolo Caccia Dominioni,” in Ezio Godoli and Milva Giacomelli (eds.), Italian Architects and Engineers in Egypt from the Nineteenth to the Twentyfirst Century, Exhibition Catalogue (Alexandria, Biblioteca Alessandrina, 24 october-25 november 2008), Florence: Maschietto Editore, 2008, p. 184‒195;
 Scaramuzzi, Armando, “Le ‘Grand tour’ de Paolo Caccia Dominioni,” in Silvia Finzi, Milva Giacomelli, Ezio Godoli and Ahmed Saadaoui (eds.), Architectures et architectes italiens au Maghreb: actes du colloque international tenu aux Archives nationales de Tunisie, Tunis, 10-12 décembre 2009, Florence: Polistampa, 2011 (Les chemins de l’architecture italienne dans le monde), p. 144‒149;
 Pallini, Cristina, “Architecture of Engineers: Paolo Caccia Dominioni before El Alamein (1924-1938),” in Milva Giacomelli, Ezio Godoli and Ulisse Tramonti (eds.) Italian Architectural and Artistic Heritage in Egypt. Documentation & Safeguard: proceedings of the first international seminar, Cairo, Italian Culture Institute, November 28th, 2015, Alexandria, El Horya Ibedaa Center, November 30th, December 1st, 2015, Arcidosso (Grosseto): Effigi Edizioni, 2017 (Italian architectural and artistic heritage in mediterranean countries. Documentation and preservation), p. 199‒217.

References

External links

1896 births
1992 deaths
People from the Province of Milan
Italian soldiers
20th-century Italian engineers
Italian resistance movement members
Italian male writers
Recipients of the Silver Medal of Military Valor
Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Italian stamp designers


In underground mining a hoist or winder is used to raise and lower conveyances within the mine shaft.  Modern hoists are normally powered using electric motors, historically with direct current drives utilizing Ward Leonard control machines and later solid-state converters (thyristors), however modern large hoists use alternating current drives that are variable frequency controlled. There are three principal types of hoists used in mining applications:

Drum hoist

Drum hoists are the most common type of hoist used in North America, South Africa and South America.  When using a drum hoist the hoisting cable is wound around the drum when the conveyance is lifted.  Single-drum hoists can be used in smaller applications, however double-drum hoists easily allow the hoisting of two conveyances in balance (i.e. one skip being lifted while a second skip is being lowered).  Drum hoists are mounted on concrete slabs within a hoistroom, the hoisting ropes run from the drum, up to the top of the headframe, over a sheave wheel and down where they connect to the conveyance (cage or skip).

Advantages
Drum hoists require less routine maintenance than a friction hoist, because the haulage cable is fixed to the drum, and therefore have less downtime, and the maintenance regime is less sophisticated.  Drum hoists can continue to operate if the shaft bottom gets flooded and less shaft depth is required below the loading pocket, unlike friction hoists where such flooding could cover the tail ropes  and so on.  Because drum hoists do not have tail ropes, the hoisting system is more suited to slinging beneath a conveyance.

Disadvantages
Drum hoists take up more space than a friction hoist for the same service as all of the haulage cable must be accommodated on the drum when the hoist is fully raised.  Drum hoists require rapid fluctuations in power demand, which can pose a problem if power is generated on site rather than provided through the main power grid.

Friction hoist

Friction (or Koepe) hoists are the most common type of hoist used in Europe, Asia and Australia.  The friction hoist was invented in 1877 by Frederick Koepe.  Friction hoists are mounted on the ground above the mine shaft, or at the top of the headframe.  Friction hoists utilize tail ropes and counterweights and do not have the haulage rope fixed to the wheel, but instead passed around it. The tailropes and weights offset the need for the motor to overcome the weight of the conveyance and hoisting rope, thereby reducing the required horsepower of the hoisting motor by up to 30%, with the overall power consumption remaining the same.  Friction hoists, unlike drum hoists, can and normally do use multiple ropes giving them a larger payload capacity, however since they require a larger safety factor, they are impractical for very deep shafts.

Advantages
New friction hoists are less expensive than new drum hoists, and the lead time for delivery may be shorter as there is more competition for manufacturing.  Multi-rope friction hoists have a larger lift capacity than a drum hoist.  A friction hoist is smaller in diameter than a drum hoist for the same service, making it easier to ship and install than a drum hoist.

Disadvantages
Balanced friction hoists are not suitable for hoisting from multiple loading pockets on different horizons within a shaft, and are generally not suitable for deep shafts.  Friction hoists can not operate at normal speeds if the shaft bottom is flooded and water reaches the tail ropes.

Blair multi-rope hoist
The Blair multi-rope hoist is a variation of the double-drum hoist.  It is used in extremely deep shafts as the second drums cable are used to balance the primary load.

Examples of hoists

See also

 Hoist (device)
 Pulley
 Winch
 Hard Rock Miner's Handbook
 Glossary of coal mining terminology

Footnotes

Underground mining
Vertical transport devices
Winches


The Maldives requires its residents to register their motor vehicles and display vehicle registration plates.

Maldivian license plates always had white font on a black base. Until 1984, they showed a number with up to four digits.

In 1984 an additional graphic was placed behind the number and in 1998 letters were added to the numbers.

The current system was introduced in 2003.

System

References

External links

 License plates of the Maldives at Francoplaque
 License plates of the Maldives at Worldlicenseplates

Maldives
Transport in the Maldives
Maldives transport-related lists


Defending champions Cara Black and Liezel Huber defeated Květa Peschke and Rennae Stubbs in the final, 6–1, 7–5 to win the doubles tennis title at the 2008 WTA Tour Championships.

Seeds

Draw

Draw

External links
Draw

WTA Tour Championships - Doubles
Doubles


Spherosomes, also called lipid droplets or oleosomes are small cell organelles bounded by a single membrane which take part in storage and synthesis of lipids.

General structure and function

Structure
Spherosomes were first observed by Hanstein (1880) but discovered by Perner (1953). Term spherosomes was given by Dangeard.  Sphaerosomes are small spherical and refractile vesicles which are 0.5-1.0 µm in diameter. They arise from endoplasmic reticulum and are surrounded by a single but half-unit membrane with phospholipid monolayer having polar heads towards the cytosol and hydrophobic tails towards the inner side.

Usually, phospholipids orient themselves in a bilayer manner, as seen in almost the entirety of the cellular endomembrane system. This results from the very amphipathic nature of the phospholipid itself, as the phosphate head is hydrophilic, while the fatty acid tail is hydrophobic. The general cellular environment and cytosol is considered aqueous, so it causes the phosphate heads to orient towards and interact with the aqueous environment, while the hydrophobic tails orient themselves away from interacting with the aqueous environment. In the case of the spherosome, the membrane is only composed of one layer of phospholipids, meaning the membrane is entirely hydrophobic (lipophilic) due to the high concentration fatty acid tails. For most organelles, having the entire inside functional space be entirely lipophilic would lead to drastic dysfunction but in the context of the spherosome, it makes perfect sense as one of the primary function of the spherosome is to make and store lipids for the cell's use. A study from the University of South Carolina found that the specific phospholipid content of the spherosome single membrane within a castor bean endospore was phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylinositol. All of these phospholipids were found in roughly equal amounts following a sucrose density gradient centrifugation.

In addition, it was found that spherosomes may also differ in density, and the difference in density can be attributed to differences in the fatty acid and phospholipid content. Spherosomes isolated from aleurone layers of wheat by density gradient centrifugation were found to either be light (less dense), or heavy (very dense,) with this density being similar to that of a mitochondria. The lighter spherosomes had more triglyceride content compared to the heavier, more dense spherosomes which had more phospholipid content.

Oleosomes are naturally occurring oil droplets in numerous types of seeds, and are extremely similar to spherosomes in their general structure and function. Olesomes comprise up to 20-50% of the seed mass and their function is to safely store energy in the form of triglycerides and use the energy during germination. While it may seem there is no difference between olesomes and spherosomes, olesomes have not been shown to exhibit lysosomal activity like the spherosome has.

Osmium tetroxide binds to lipids, consequently staining and fixing them, making the lipids then visible during electron scanning. In the staining of plasma membrane like structures, such as spherosomes, osmium tetroxide binds to the phospholipid regions, thus creating a contrast with the surrounding cytoplasm making it easy to identify the lipid monolayer. Specifically, osmium tetroxide is reduced when interacting with double bonds of lipids, leading to a reduction reaction and metallic osmium being formed. This metal reflects the electron beams during electron microscopy, leading to the dark staining structures.

Function
Spherosomes of some tissues (like tobacco endosperm, maize root tip, etc.) contain hydrolytic enzymes. Therefore, they are also considered to have lysosomal activity.

Lysosomal characteristics
It has been found that the spherosomes in some plant cells function very similarly to lysosomes. Lysosomes are also single membrane organelles and can bind and bud off from the wider endomembrane system, just like spherosomes. In both plant and animal cells, lysosomes function very similarly, in that they contain numerous different types of hydrolytic enzymes that can break down basically anything the cells need destroyed or recycled. A study from the Department of General Botany, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, found that in higher plant cells, a variety of cellular acid hydrolases and other enzymes, specifically proteases, phosphatases, esterases and ribonucleases, were associated with spherosomes after density gradient centrifugation. The primary function of the broader group of acid hydrolases is to break down and metabolize proteins, carbohydrates, nucleotides, and phospholipids, recycling or degrading molecules whenever these molecules whenever the cell needs. As previously mentioned, other lipid containing organelles within plant cells do not exhibit this hydrolase activity so this function may be unique to spherosomes, but more research is needed before definitive conclusions can be made.

One way in which the spherosomes' enzymatic and lysosomal characteristics have been shown is in the formation of cytomictic channels. These channels, which directly connect the cytoplasm of two adjacent cells, are absolutely essential for plant growth and development. These channels can become so large and interconnected that even the nucleus of one cell can mirage to another cell. Specifically within tobacco microsporocytes, or diploid cells that undergo meiosis to produce two distinct daughter cells, it has been found that spherosomes are crucial in the development of cytomictic channels. Plant cells possess a hard cell wall made of cellulose, so the enzyme callase is necessary for the degradation of cellulose and the consequent cytomictic channel formation between microsporocytes. An active form of callase was found within spherosomes, but not within the endoplasmic reticulum or golgi apparatus, suggesting it is in fact the spherosomes function to degrade the cell wall. The degradation of the cell wall by the spherosomes can therefore lead to the formation of the cytomictic channels.

Real-world applications

Removal of chloroform from tap water
One promising area of study on spherosomes comes from rice bran spherosomes. Rice bran is the hard, outer layer of rice, and it contains notably more fat than any other part of rice. A 2008 study found that the spherosomes within rice bran were able to effectively remove chloroform from water. The results of the study show that spherosomes removed chloroform from tap water with 90% efficiency after 90 minutes, significantly higher than traditional chloroform removers such as activated carbon. Chloroform is found in all chlorinated tap water, and while low consumption levels of chloroform are considered harmless, high levels of chloroform have been shown to cause cancer damage to the liver and kidneys. Tap water is also a major source of environmental exposure to chloroform, so the benefits of removing chloroform are very widespread. There is much potential for spherosomes from rice bran as a potential remover of chloroform; rice bran is a typical waste product from industrial rice equipment, and it is significantly cheaper to produce isolated spherosomes from rice bran than activated carbon.

Removal of tetrachlorethylene from soil
Another study from the Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry found that spherosomes from rice bran promote faster degradation of tetrachloroethylene in soil compared to the natural biological degradation of tetrachloroethylene in soil. The study found that the average time to complete degradation of tetrachloroethylene with spherosomes present is 25 days, while natural soil takes 38 days to degrade tetrachloroethylene. This colorless, odorless compound comes from many consumer products, such as skin products, wood cleaners, and some paint removers. The EPA considers tetrachloroethylene to be carcinogenic to humans by all routes of exposure  so keeping levels low in soil, and thus levels low in drinking water is a priority for many in bioremediation.

Future research and applications
In recent years, spherosomes, olesomes, and oil droplets have all been grouped under the general term "lipid droplet", or LD for short. Publications on the subject have grown drastically over the last five years, but there are still numerous outstanding research questions regarding spherosomes and lipid droplets. Questions such as the relationship between lipid droplets (spherosomes) and peroxisomes within seedlings, how the membrane associated proteins of the LDs affect the abiotic and biotic stress response in plants, and potential genetic engineering or modification of LD associated enzymes to improve oil production and quality, have all been at the forefront for researchers in recent years.

References

Organelles
Lipids


Sergio Gutiérrez Sánchez (born 1973) is a Spanish film director and screenwriter.
Sánchez has written and directed his own screenplays for short films such as Temporada baja (2003) and 7337 (2000).

Born in Oviedo, Sánchez's first film script was for The Orphanage in 1996. Sánchez originally wanted to direct the script but he was repeatedly turned down by various Spanish production companies. While Sánchez was working on the short film 7337, he met with director Juan Antonio Bayona and offered him the script to direct. The Orphanage was a large hit and Sánchez was nominated for Best Screenplay at the 2008 Goya Awards in Spain.

In May 2009, Variety reported that Sánchez would re-team up with The Orphanage director Juan Antonio Bayona, on a production by Madrid-based Apaches Entertainment, Telecinco Cinema, and Spongeman, Bayona's own Barcelona-based label. Sánchez completed a first-draft screenplay in late April.
The film, called The Impossible, was filmed in 2010.

Selected filmography

References

External links
Sergio G. Sánchez at Allmovie

1973 births
Living people
People from Oviedo
Spanish film directors
Horror film directors
21st-century Spanish screenwriters
Spanish male screenwriters


Ángel Rosario Cabada (1872–1921) was an agrarian leader whose name was given to a town and municipality in the Mexican state of Veracruz.

References

1872 births
1921 deaths
Mexican chemists
Mexican culture


Gregory Doran (born 24 November 1958) is an English director known for his Shakespearean work. The Sunday Times called him 'one of the great Shakespearians of his generation'.

Doran was artistic director of the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC), succeeding Michael Boyd in September 2012. In an interview, announcing his appointment, Doran said that whilst Boyd had concentrated on the 'Company', he would be concentrating on the 'Shakespeare' in the Royal Shakespeare Company logo. Since April 2022 he is director emeritus at the Royal Shakespeare Company.

His notable productions include a production of Macbeth starring Antony Sher, which was filmed for Channel 4 in 2001, as well as Hamlet in 2008, starring David Tennant and Patrick Stewart.

Early life and education
Doran was born in Huddersfield, but his family moved to Lancashire when he was six months old. He was educated at St Pius X Catholic Preparatory School and Preston Catholic College.
He attended Bristol University studying English and Drama, where he set up his own theatre company with fellow student Chris Grady, presenting Shakespeare and related classics. He then trained as an actor at the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School.

He received an honorary doctorate from Bristol University in July 2011 and an Honorary Degree from the University of Warwick in July 2013.

Career

Doran left the Bristol Old Vic School early having been invited to direct A Midsummer Night's Dream at Jamestown Community College in upstate New York. He then went to Nottingham Playhouse as an actor, before becoming Assistant Director then Associate Director, directing his own productions, including Waiting for Godot and Long Day's Journey into Night.

After a very brief acting career in TV, he joined the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1987 initially as an actor (as Solanio in The Merchant of Venice and Octavius Caesar in Julius Caesar) then became Assistant Director the following season.

He directed his first RSC production in 1992, commissioning Derek Walcott to write an adaptation of Homer's Odyssey which was performed at The Other Place.

In 1995 he directed his partner Antony Sher in the lead role of Titus Andronicus at the Market Theatre, Johannesburg, South Africa. This controversial production, which toured to the National Theatre, is the subject of their book, Woza Shakespeare!

He returned to the RSC in 1996, becoming an Associate Director, and directing Jane Lapotaire, Ian Hogg and Paul Jesson in All is True (or Henry VIII), his first Shakespeare for the company. Since then, Doran has directed over half of Shakespeare's plays for the RSC.

Doran took compassionate leave from his role at the RSC in September 2021 to care for his husband, Antony Sher, who was terminally ill. His deputy, Erica Whyman, became acting artistic director. The RSC announced Doran was formally stepping down as artistic director in April 2022, becoming artistic director emeritus until the end of 2023.

TV and books

Doran contributed to Michael Wood's BBC series In Search of Shakespeare, and filmed a documentary for BBC Four, called A Midsummer Night's Dreaming.

In 2009, Doran's Shakespeare Almanac was published.

Personal life
He and frequent collaborator Sir Antony Sher had, when they entered into a civil partnership in 2005, been together since 1987. They married 10 years after their civil partnership, on 30 December 2015. Sher died in December 2021.

Theatre productions

RSC
1999
The Winter's Tale
Timon of Athens with Michael Pennington

2000
Macbeth (which was also made into a Channel 4 film)

2001
King John

2002
Much Ado About Nothing with Harriet Walter and Nicholas le Prevost
Doran supervised a season of seldom-performed Jacobean plays, including the debatedly Shakespearean Edward III and works by Philip Massinger, John Fletcher, Ben Jonson, John Marston and George Chapman which earned Doran a Laurence Olivier Award for Outstanding Achievement of the Year

2003
The Taming of the Shrew
Fletcher's sequel, The Tamer Tamed with Alexandra Gilbreath and Jasper Britton
All's Well That Ends Well took Judi Dench back to the RSC after 25 years

2004
Othello with Antony Sher and Sello Maake Ncube

2005
A Midsummer Night's Dream

2006
Antony and Cleopatra with Harriet Walter, and Patrick Stewart who both returned to the RSC after 24 years
Merry Wives The Musical, with Dame Judi Dench and Simon Callow

2007
Coriolanus with Will Houston, Janet Suzman and Timothy West which toured to Madrid and Washington DC (the final production in the Royal Shakespeare Theatre before it closed for redevelopment, re-opening in winter 2010/11)

2008
Doran directed a company in three plays in the Courtyard Theatre including a revival of his 2005 production of A Midsummer Night's Dream, plus Love's Labour's Lost  and Hamlet which both featured David Tennant

2009
Film adaptation of award-winning production of Hamlet was broadcast on BBC on Boxing Day.

2011
Written on the Heart, a play by David Edgar, to mark the 400th anniversary of the publication of the King James Bible.

2012
Directed Julius Caesar for the World Shakespeare Festival, which played in Stratford-upon-Avon, London, Moscow, New York and Ohio. For Winter 2012 he directed The Orphan of Zhao (Swan Theatre).

2013
Doran directed David Tennant in the title role of Richard II at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre and the Barbican.

2014
Directed Henry IV, Part 1 and Henry IV, Part 2 at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre. The production toured the UK, played at the Barbican, London and was screened live in cinemas.
Directed The Witch of Edmonton in the Swan Theatre with Eileen Atkins in the title role.

2015
Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman with Antony Sher in the role of Willy Loman, Alex Hassell as Biff and Harriet Walter as Linda Loman.
Shakespeare's Henry V

2016
Directed Shakespeare's King Lear with Antony Sher in the title role
The Tempest

2017
Directed a puppet-based performance of Venus & Adonis
Directed Imperium: Conspirator and Imperium: Dictator, based on the Cicero trilogy by Robert Harris

2018
Directed Antony Sher in King Lear at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre
Directed Troilus and Cressida

2019
Directed The Boy in the Dress (musical) at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre

2022
Directed Richard III at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre

Non-RSC
Doran has directed productions outside the RSC including:
 The York Mystery Plays in the Millennium production in York Minster, 2000
 The Real Inspector Hound and Black Comedy, 1998, Comedy Theatre, London
 Mahler's Conversion by Ronald Harwood, Aldwych Theatre, London
 The Giant by Antony Sher, Hampstead Theatre, London
 Anjin: the English Samurai by Mike Poulton
 The Merchant of Venice, Galaxy Theatre, Tokyo

References

External links

An audio biography of Gregory Doran

Living people
1958 births
Alumni of Bristol Old Vic Theatre School
Alumni of the University of Bristol
English male stage actors
English male television actors
English television directors
English theatre directors
English gay actors
Laurence Olivier Award winners
LGBT people from Yorkshire
Male actors from Yorkshire
Male actors from Lancashire
Male actors from Huddersfield
People from Preston, Lancashire
Royal Shakespeare Company members


This is a list of figures who participated in the Revolt of the Brotherhoods, an antiseigneurial uprising in the Kingdom of Valencia in the Crown of Aragon.  The Germanies (Catalan for "brotherhoods") were guilds who came to govern the city of Valencia in 1519, and eventually spread over the Kingdom.  Their spread, however, also became a violent turn against the government which had previously tolerated and supported them, and war lasted until 1522.

Royalists

King Charles I

King Charles I of Castile and Aragon (1500–1558), elected Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1519, was the head of the Aragonese state.  He only succeeded the throne upon King Ferdinand of Aragon's death in 1516, and knew none of the languages of Spain at first.  An eighteen-year-old Charles visited Aragon from May 1518– January 1520 to be formally crowned King and negotiate with the Aragonese Cortes over tax rights.  As a poorer country, Charles demanded less from Aragon than Castile, and taxes were not a major factor in the Revolt of the Germanies (unlike the Revolt of the Comuneros of Castile).  Charles issued the edicts allowing the Germanies to arm themselves against the Barbary pirates, a decision that would later haunt him.

In 1520, Charles left Spain for Germany to take up his position as Holy Roman Emperor, leaving Cardinal Adrian of Utrecht as regent of his Spanish possessions.  As such, he only communicated with the leadership of Aragon and Valencia via letter during the Revolt.  Adrian visited Valencia once to assess the situation in 1519 but left concluding the problems could be solved amicably.

Diego Hurtado de Mendoza

Diego Hurtado de Mendoza, (1468–1536), the second son of Cardinal Mendoza and Mencia de Lemos was born and raised in the castle of Manzanares el Real.  Mendoza was a veteran of the Reconquista and the Italian Wars; he distinguished himself in the taking of Melito, and was appointed Count of Mélito as a reward in 1506.

In 1520, he was appointed viceroy of Valencia, and went to the city of Valencia to rule.  A Castilian, he proved a controversial choice, and he immediately provoked the residents of Valencia by siding with the nobles in refusing to seat the representatives elected by the people.  His palace was attacked, but barely held after two hours of assault.  Mendoza and the other nobles realized that the city was lost, and retreated the countryside.  He raised an army, but was defeated by the army of the Germanies at the battle of Gandia on July 23, 1521.  However, the  rebellion was eventually defeated by other royalist-sympathetic generals, and he returned to the city of Valencia in November 1521.  He acted with moderation toward the defeated, not seeking to cause another revolt.  With the arrival of Germaine of Foix in 1523, however, punishment against the agermanats intensified until a pardon in December 1524.

Germaine of Foix

Germaine of Foix (1488–1538) was a French princess and Ferdinand II of Aragon's second wife.  Her son conceived by Ferdinand, the Infante Juan, died shortly after childbirth in 1509; The Hidden would later claim to be Juan come back to reclaim his kingdom against the foreign usurpers, as if Juan had lived, he would have inherited the Crown of Aragon rather than Charles.

Germaine left for Germany with her step-grandson Charles in 1520, and there she was married to the German margrave Johann of Brandenburg-Ansbach.  She only returned to Spain in 1523, when she was appointed Viceroy of Valencia, replacing Diego Hurtado de Mendoza.  She favored a harsher policy of repression against the rebels, but also was the one to sign the pardon ending the repression in December 1524.

Other royalists
 Cardinal Adrian, Regent of Charles' Spanish dominions.  Adrian was occupied in Castile, however, and spent little time in Valencia.
 Duke of Segorbe, commander of the royalist armies at the battles of Orpesa and Almenara, two royal victories.
 Pedro Fajardo de Zúñiga y Requesens, Marquis of Los Vélez, commander of the royalist armies at  the battle of Oriola, the decisive royalist victory of the war.

Agermanats
The agermanats () were members of the Germanies and later, as the revolt expanded, anyone who sided with the rebels rather than only actual guild members.

Joan Llorenç

Joan Llorenç () (1458–1520) was one of the most important leaders of the Germanies during the first phase of the revolt, when warfare had not yet broken out.  Llorenç sought to expand the role the guilds played in the city and to counterbalance noble power.  The nobility were widely disliked as they had often abused their power and acted above the law, with the government doing little against them.  Llorenç and the Council of Thirteen practically ran the city of Valencia until the new viceroy, Diego Hurtado de Mendoza, arrived.  One of the compromises that Llorenç tried to broker was the addition of two representatives to the governing council of Valencia elected by the people.  The two candidates affiliated with the Germanies won, while all candidates supported by the nobles lost.  Afterward, the nobility refused to admit the Germanies representatives, and the new Viceroy backed them.  This, and the death of the popular Guillén Castleví (known under the nickname "Sorolla") caused riots in the city that ended the royal administration.  Llorenç did not live long enough to see guide the continuing revolt, as he died in 1520.

Vicente Peris

Vicente Peris (1478–1522) was a radical leader of the revolt who came to prominence after the death of Joan Llorenç.  Peris saw the revolution as a wider social revolution against the nobility, and aggressively attacked them.  He also legitimized the anti-Muslim stance of many rebels into the Germanies government, and intensified their repression.

Peris obtained two great initial military successes.  He conquered the castle of Xàtiva on July 14, 1521 and then defeated the forces of Viceroy Diego Hurtado de Mendoza at the battle of Gandia, on July 23 a week later.  Under his command, the agermanats looted the town and farmland of the Gandia region, and undertook a campaign of forced baptisms upon all the Muslims of the Safor.

However, Peris was unable to control dissent and disagreement about the next course of action among the Germanies.  The royal government won a great victory at the battle of Oriola.  Peris remained fortified at Xàtiva's castle for half a year, waiting in vain for the situation to improve.  On the night of February 18, 1522, Peris returned to the city of Valencia hoping to reignite the rebellion, but was captured by the royalist troops after a night battle.  He was executed on March 3, 1522.

The Hidden

The Hidden (, , "The Hidden/Shrouded [One]") (d. 1522) was the mysterious and charismatic leader of the remnants of the agermanats in the third phase of the revolt in 1522.  Also called "The Hidden King" (, ), he claimed to be a prince hidden for his own safety now showing himself to save Spain from ruin.  His true name is unknown.

Several versions, all quite dubious to modern historians, exist for his origin.  According to the claims and rumors circulated by his supporters, he was raised in Gibraltar by a shepherd, hidden by Archbishop Cisneros for the country's own good and unaware of his true nature as a great noble of some kind.  Several versions of his claim existed.  In one version, he was Prince Juan, the son of Ferdinand and his second wife Germaine who died at birth; this would make him the true ruler of Aragon (if not Castile).  For this to be correct, however, The Hidden would have been 12 years old when he joined the revolt, as Prince Juan was born and died in 1509.  Slightly more plausible was the claim that he was the (officially) stillborn child of John of Castile and Margaret of Austria.  John was another child of Ferdinand and Isabella's, and furthermore older than his sister Joanna and male, which would have made The Hidden Charles I's cousin and the true successor to the throne, as Charles descended from Joanna's claim.  According to the government, he was actually a Jewish trickster returning from exile in Oran to stir up trouble.

Under The Hidden, the revolt emphasized Valencian sovereignty rather than the widespread revolution that Peris had.  He attracted support and recruited from local country elites, leaders, and rich farmers.  In this phase, the Germanies area of action limited itself to the Horta of Valencia, Alzira, and Xàtiva.  Farms were looted, castles assaulted, and any Muslims in their domain were forced to convert.

Realizing that the revolt had not yet been solved, the royalist government placed a gigantic bounty on the head of The Hidden.  Sure enough, he was murdered by two of his supporters eager for money in Burjassot on May 19, 1522.  Many others soon sprang up claiming to be The Hidden, but none proved charismatic enough to take over leadership of the Germanies.

Other agermanats
 Guillén Castleví (known under the nickname "Sorolla"), a member of the Council of Thirteen whose reported death in the attack on the Viceroy's palace enraged the city.
 Jaime Ros, the commander of the rebels at the battles of Orpesa and Almenara, two royal victories.

References

Revolt of the Brotherhoods


is a term which originally indicated the head of an institution serving temporarily as the head of another one, but which came to mean also the full-time head of some institution. The Kamakura period samurai Wada Yoshimori, for example, was the first bettō of the shogunate's Samurai-dokoro.

Religious use of the term
A bettō was a monk who performed Buddhist rites at shrines and jingūji (shrines part of a temple) before the shinbutsu bunri, the Meiji period law that forbade the mixing of Shinto and Buddhism. A shrine had various bettō, from the seibettō (head monk) to the shūri bettō (monk in charge of repairs). Those not associated with religious duties were called zoku bettō. Among the shrines that appointed bettō are Iwashimizu Hachiman-gū, Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gū, and Hakone Jinja. They were particularly common at Hachiman and gongen shrines, and their mandate lasted three or six years.

See Also

Notes

References
 Encyclopedia of Shinto, Bettō, retrieved on October 29, 2008
 Iwanami  Japanese dictionary 5th Edition (2000), CD version

Japanese historical terms
Shinto shrines in Japan


Bucolome (Paramidine) is a barbiturate derivative. Unlike most barbiturates it does not have any significant sedative or hypnotic effects, but instead acts as an analgesic and antiinflammatory. It also acts as a CYP2C9 inhibitor and reduces the metabolism of several commonly used drugs, which makes it useful for potentiating or extending the duration of action of those drugs, or reducing the production of unwanted metabolites.

References

Barbiturates