A reference is a relationship between objects in which one object designates, or acts as a means by which to connect to or link to, another object. The first object in this relation is said to refer to the second object. It is called a name for the second object. The next object, the one to which the first object refers, is called the referent of the first object. A name is usually a phrase or expression, or some other symbolic representation. Its referent may be anything – a material object, a person, an event, an activity, or an abstract concept.

References can take on many forms, including: a thought, a sensory perception that is audible (onomatopoeia), visual (text), olfactory, or tactile, emotional state, relationship with other, spacetime coordinates, symbolic or alpha-numeric, a physical object, or an energy projection. In some cases, methods are used that intentionally hide the reference from some observers, as in cryptography.

Reference feature in many spheres of human activity and knowledge, and the term adopts shades of meaning particular to the contexts in which it is used. Some of them are described in the sections below.

Etymology and meanings
The word reference is derived from Middle English , from Middle French référer, from Latin referre, "to carry back", formed from the prefix re- and ferre, "to bear". A number of words derive from the same root, including refer, referee, referential, referent, referendum.

The verb refer (to) and its derivatives may carry the sense of "connect to" or "link to", as in the meanings of reference described in this article. Another sense is "consult"; this is reflected in such expressions as reference work, reference desk, job reference, etc.

Semantics

In semantics, reference is generally construed as the relationships between nouns or pronouns and objects that are named by them. Hence, the word "John" refers to the person John. The word "it" refers to some previously specified object. The object referred to is called the referent of the word. Sometimes the word-object relation is called "denotation"; the word denotes the object. The converse relation, the relation from object to word, is called "exemplification"; the object exemplifies what the word denotes. In syntactic analysis, if a word refers to a previous word, the previous word is called the "antecedent".

Meaning
Gottlob Frege argued that reference cannot be treated as identical with meaning: "Hesperus" (an ancient Greek name for the evening star) and "Phosphorus" (an ancient Greek name for the morning star) both refer to Venus, but the astronomical fact that '"Hesperus" is "Phosphorus"' can still be informative, even if the "meanings" of "Hesperus" and "Phosphorus" are already known. This problem led Frege to distinguish between the sense and reference of a word. Some cases seem to be too complicated to be classified within this framework; the acceptance of the notion of secondary reference may be necessary to fill the gap. See also Opaque context.

Linguistic sign
The very concept of the linguistic sign is the combination of content and expression, the former of which may refer entities in the world or refer more abstract concepts, e.g. thought.
Certain parts of speech exist only to express reference, namely anaphora such as pronouns. The subset of reflexives expresses co-reference of two participants in a sentence.  These could be the agent (actor) and patient (acted on), as in "The man washed himself", the theme and recipient, as in "I showed Mary to herself", or various other possible combinations.

Computer science

In computer science, references are data types that refer to an object elsewhere in memory and are used to construct a wide variety of data structures, such as linked lists. Generally, a reference is a value that enables a program to directly access the particular data item. Most programming languages support some form of reference. For the specific type of reference used in the C++ language, see reference (C++).

The notion of reference is also important in relational database theory; see referential integrity.

Library and information sciences

References to many types of printed matter may come in an electronic or machine-readable form. For books, there exists the ISBN and for journal articles, the Digital object identifier (DOI) is gaining relevance. Information on the Internet may be referred to by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI).

Psychology
In terms of mental processing, a self-reference is used in psychology to establish identification with a mental state during self-analysis. This seeks to allow the individual to develop own frames of reference in a greater state of immediate awareness. However, it can also lead to circular reasoning, preventing evolution of thought.

According to Perceptual Control Theory (PCT), a reference condition is the state toward which a control system's output tends to alter a controlled quantity. The main proposition is that "All behavior is oriented all of the time around the control of certain quantities with respect to specific reference conditions."

Scholarship
In academics and scholarship, a reference or bibliographical reference is a piece of information provided in a footnote or bibliography of a written work such as a book, article, essay, report, oration or any other text type, specifying the written work of another person used in the creation of that text. A bibliographical reference mostly includes the full name of the author, the title of their work and the year of publication. The primary purpose of references is to allow readers to examine the sources of a text, either for validity or to learn more about the subject. Such items are often listed at the end of a work in a section marked References or Bibliography.

References are particularly important as for the use of citations, since copying of material by another author without proper reference and / or without required permissions is considered plagiarism, and may be tantamount to copyright infringement, which can be subject to legal proceedings. A reference section contains only those works indeed cited in the main text of a work. In contrast, a bibliographical section often contains works not cited by the author, but used as background reading or listed as potentially useful to the reader.

Keeping a diary allows an individual to use references for personal organization, whether or not anyone else understands the systems of reference used. However, scholars have studied methods of reference because of their key role in communication and co-operation between different people, and also because of misunderstandings that can arise. Modern academic study of bibliographical references has been developing since the 19th century.

Law
In patent law, a reference is a document that can be used to show the state of knowledge at a given time and that therefore may make a claimed invention obvious or anticipated. Examples of references are patents of any country, magazine articles, Ph.D. theses that are indexed and thus accessible to those interested in finding information about the subject matter, and to some extent Internet material that is similarly accessible.

Arts
In art, a reference is an item from which a work is based. This may include:
 an existing artwork
 a reproduction (i.e., a photo)
 a directly observed object (e.g., a person)
 the artist's memory
Another example of reference is samples of various musical works being incorporated into a new one.

See also
Antecedent (grammar)
Exemplification
Generic antecedent
Hyperlink
Indexicality
ISO 690
Recommendation letter
Signified and signifier

References

External links

Reference.com – a multi-source encyclopedia search service, and language reference products provider

References.net – a directory of multidisciplinary reference resources on the web
Refmuseum.com – The online museum of references

Semantics
Philosophical logic
Concepts in logic
Syntactic relationships
Meaning (philosophy of language)
Formal semantics (natural language)


Ziggy Rozalski (born 1958) is a Polish American boxing manager and promoter. He represents Polish boxers Andrzej Gołota and Tomasz Adamek.

Life
In 1973 he moved to the United States from Poland.
He lives with his wife Diane and three children.
He owns multiple businesses and has become Poland's most successful boxing promoter.

References

Boxing managers
1954 births
Living people
American male boxers


The destructive or dark flour beetle (Tribolium destructor), one of the species of darkling beetle known generally as flour beetles, is a common pest insect known for attacking and infesting stored flour and grain.

It is a very dark brown beetle (darker than other Tribolium species) 5–6 mm long. T. destructor is found in North America, Europe and Africa. In addition to damaging flour and grain, it attacks animal food pellets, rolled oats, and poultry feed.

See also
Home stored product entomology

References

External links

Tribolium species are hard to identify. Here are four species side by side. Note that several species of Tribolium may occur in the same infestation.Colpolon

Tenebrioninae
Household pest insects
Storage pests
Beetles of North America
Beetles described in 1934


The name Bavi has been used to name four tropical cyclones in the Western Pacific Ocean. The name was contributed by Vietnam and refers to a mountain chain in northern Vietnam.

 Severe Tropical Storm Bavi (2002) (T0222, 26W) - never affected land.
 Tropical Storm Bavi (2008) (T0818, 23W) - stayed at the ocean.
 Tropical Storm Bavi (2015) (T1503, 03W, Betty) - a tropical storm that affected Northern Mariana Islands and the Philippines and was partially responsible for the strongest trade wind reversals ever recorded.
 Typhoon Bavi (2020) (T2008, 09W, Igme) – Category 3 typhoon that made landfall in North Korea.

Pacific typhoon set index articles


Francis and the Lights is an American pop project of Francis Farewell Starlite. The term "and the Lights" refers both to the lights on a stage and pixels on a computer screen. Francis Farewell Starlite (born Abe Morre Katz-Milder; 14 June 1981) is an American musician, record producer, singer, songwriter, and dancer. He is primarily a vocalist and pianist, and is often credited by the Francis and the Lights name for his solo work. He is a frequent collaborator of multiple artists and producers, including Kanye West, Justin Vernon of Bon Iver, Benny Blanco, Cashmere Cat, Chance the Rapper, Nico Segal, Frank Ocean and Banks.

Starlite often uses the Francis and the Lights name when crediting his solo work and contributions. He has said, "There are no 'members' of Francis and the Lights. It is me and whomever else is involved. Including you."

Their music is characterized by a heavy use of electronically produced beats. During live performances, the vocals are backed by his pre-produced tracks with the assistance of a DJ, while Francis uses a synthesizer at times. Past performances have included a live band, as depicted in several of their earlier music videos. Francis and the Lights released their debut studio album, Farewell, Starlite!, on September 24, 2016.

Biography

Early life and education
Starlite was born Abe Morre Katz-Milder on 14 June 1981 in Oakland, California. He was raised in Berkeley, California, and attended Berkeley High School, where he befriended future collaborators and Francis and the Lights members Rene Solomon and Jake Schreier. In 1999, Starlite enrolled at Wesleyan University in Middletown, Connecticut. Starlite befriended future Francis and the Lights collaborator Jake Rabinbach while a student at Wesleyan. Starlite attended Wesleyan from 1999 before ultimately dropping out in 2002. While there, Starlite and Rabinach were schoolmates of MGMT's members Andrew VanWyngarden and Benjamin Goldwasser, whom they have since toured with.

Personal life
Starlite legally changed his name to Francis Farewell Starlite in 2004. When asked in an interview with Entertainment Weekly why he had changed his name, he answered: Let me think about how I want to answer that question. Let me think for a moment. [One minute passes] It’s very difficult because I’m very proud of the fact that I changed my name. It has meaning to me. I believe that people change, and that you are what you make of yourself. And that that is true. That’s true … I don’t want to, I don’t want to … The problem is that I feel like when I start talking about these things, I start to say things that I wouldn’t necessarily want to read myself saying. They might be too easily misinterpreted. So I think I’ll just leave it at that. I’m proud of the fact that I changed my name. I am what I make of myself.

History
Starlite began traveling across the United States by train in an effort to find what direction he was going to take his life. While on a train traveling from Elkhart, Indiana to New Orleans, Starlite came to the decision that he was going to pursue his passion for music as a career path. In an interview with Entertainment Weekly in 2010, he said, "I had played music and loved it my entire life, but hadn’t fully committed to it. And there was a moment when I wrote down the different things I could do. And then I wrote down, 'I think I’ll give the band a go.'" Shortly afterwards, Starlite returned to his birthplace of Oakland, California, where he lived and worked in a rehearsal space at Soundwave Studios and wrote songs for close to a year. He subsequently drove across the U.S. in a decommissioned postal truck to New York City, where he then formed Francis and the Lights. The band rehearsed for an entire year before starting to perform through a series of invitation-only shows at a white fabric-draped warehouse space.

In 2007, Francis and the Lights self-released their debut EP, Striking. Their second EP, A Modern Promise, came out in August 2008.

On 3 November 2008, Starlite incorporated Francis and the Lights, LLC, as a limited liability company, as an alternative to signing a record deal. This was followed by an investment of $100,000 from the Normative Music Company, giving Francis and the Lights, LLC a valuation of $1 million. Normative's president, Jake Lodwick, a friend of Starlite and a co-founder of Vimeo, said, "Francis Starlite is an uncompromising musician and a strong leader. I believe he will bring Francis and the Lights to international stardom. The spectacular live shows, beautiful recordings, and his relentless character back me up." In late 2009, Normative Music Company shut down. The duo have since collaborated on the music app Keezy.

Francis and the Lights was credited as producing the song "Karaoke" for Canadian rapper Drake from his 2010 debut album Thank Me Later. In 2010, they toured with Drake, MGMT, Ke$ha, La Roux, and Mark Ronson. On July 20, 2010, Francis and the Lights released their third EP, It'll Be Better, through Cantora Records. It was produced by Francis Farewell Starlite and Jake Schreier. Schreier, once a supporting musician for Francis and the Lights, has directed most of their music videos, and they provided the score for his feature film debut, Robot & Frank (2012). A fourth EP, Like a Dream, came out in 2013. Drake quoted the 2010 Francis and the Lights song "Get in the Car" on the track "Madonna" from his 2015 mixtape If You're Reading This It's Too Late. The phrase "Big as Madonna" was later used on a shirt that was worn by Madonna during her infamous appearance in Drake's 2015 Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival headlining set.

Starlite works closely with Muxtape founder Justin Ouellette, who has designed several websites and HTML5 music players for Francis and the Lights releases. Ouellette previously worked as engineer for Vimeo alongside Lodwick. He also met Schreier through Starlite and served as a designer for Robot & Frank.

In 2016, Francis and the Lights were featured on Chance the Rapper's "Summer Friends"  from his third mixtape, Coloring Book. They served as the opening act on the North American tour dates of Chance the Rapper's Magnificent Coloring World Tour, which ran between September 2016 and October 2016. On May 15, 2016, Starlite released a solo piano song entitled "Thank You", which was recorded on a phone in Justin Vernon's living room. On July 7, 2016, Francis and the Lights released a music video for the new song "Friends" featuring Bon Iver and Kanye West. On August 13, 2016, the band premiered their debut studio album Farewell, Starlite! during their performance at the Eaux Claires music festival. It was released on September 24, 2016 after a performance of the album at Chance the Rapper's Magnificent Coloring Day festival. In 2016, Francis and the Lights performed a cover of "Dear Theodosia" as a duet with Chance the Rapper on The Hamilton Mixtape. A remix of "May I Have This Dance" featuring Chance the Rapper was released alongside a music video on May 18, 2017. Just for Us, their sophomore album, was released in December 2017.

Francis and the Lights are credited as a producer on the 2018 Kanye West album ye for the tracks "I Thought About Killing You," "All Mine," and "Ghost Town." They appear uncredited on the song "I Thought About Killing You," co-written by Starlite, on a loop heard throughout the track. On Kids See Ghosts, a collaboration by West and Kid Cudi under the name Kids See Ghosts, they are also credited as a producer on "Feel the Love," which features rapper Pusha T.

Their third album, Same Night Different Dream, was originally announced for release as Take Me to the Light via a Tumblr post in August 2019. It was subsequently renamed and scheduled for a November 1 release that was eventually delayed. "Take Me to the Light" featuring Bon Iver and Kanye West, was released as its first single on August 30, 2019.

He is the inventor of a layered vocal effect he refers to as the 'Prismizer.' It features prominently on many of his productions, including "Close to You" by Frank Ocean and throughout Coloring Book by Chance the Rapper. Justin Vernon sought to create a real-time solution capable of implementing the effect without latency for use in live performance and on his Bon Iver album 22, A Million. The result was a combination of hardware and software nicknamed 'The Messina' after audio engineer Chris Messina.

His recent production work is primarily through credits with other producers such as Benny Blanco, Cashmere Cat, Rostam Batmanglij, Ariel Rechtshaid, and Ryan Tedder.

Discography

Studio albums
Farewell, Starlite! (2016)
Just for Us (2017)

EPs
Striking (2007)
A Modern Promise (2008)
It'll Be Better (2010)
Like a Dream (2013)

Soundtracks
Robot & Frank (2012)
 Always Be My Maybe (2019)

Singles
"LIME/WYN" (2008)
"Eiffel Tower" / "The Things That I Would Do" (with inc.) (2011)
"Friends" (featuring Bon Iver and Kanye West) (2016)
"See Her Out (That's Just Life)" (2016)
"May I Have This Dance" (remix featuring Chance the Rapper) (2017) [US Billboard Alternative Songs Chart No. 36]
"Scream so Loud (Lammer Dance Mix)" (2018)
"Try Tho We Might To" (2018)
"The Video in the Pool" (2018)
"Do u Need Love?" (2019)
"Take Me to the Light" (featuring Bon Iver and Kanye West) (2019)
"For Days (Sike)" (with Spencer Sike) (2021)

Compilation appearances
"Can't Tell Me Nothing" (cover of Kanye West's "Can't Tell Me Nothing"), Guilt by Association Vol. 2 (2008)
"Dear Theodosia" (with Chance the Rapper, The Hamilton Mixtape) (2016)

Featured appearances
"Karaoke" (Drake, Thank Me Later) (2010)
"Something Better" (Lyrics Born, As U Were) (2010)
"Celebration" (Das Racist, Relax) (2011)
 "Chameleon/Comedian" (Kathleen Edwards, Voyageur) (2012)
"Wonderful Everyday: Arthur" (Chance the Rapper with The Social Experiment) (2014)
Surf (Nico Segal & The Social Experiment) (2015)
"Summer Friends" (Chance the Rapper featuring Jeremih) (2016)
"Wild Love" (Cashmere Cat featuring The Weeknd, 9) (2016)
"IT'S ALRITE 2 CRY" (Kool A.D. featuring Francis Farewell Starlite, HAVE A NICE DREAM) (2016)
Merry Christmas Lil' Mama (Jeremih and Chance the Rapper) (2016)
ye (Kanye West) (2018)
"Feel the Love" (Kids See Ghosts featuring Pusha T, Kids See Ghosts) (2018)
"Just for Us, Pt. 2" (Benny Blanco, Friends Keep Secrets) (2018)
"Forgiven" (2 Chainz featuring Marsha Ambrosius, Rap or Go to the League) (2019)
Intellexual (Intellexual) (2019)
"Look What You're Doing to Me" (Banks, III) (2019)
"To Someone Else" (Kacy Hill) (2019)
The Big Day (Chance the Rapper) (2019)
"I CRY 3" (93PUNX, 93PUNX) (2019)
"For Your Eyes Only" (Cashmere Cat, Princess Catgirl) (2019)
"Selah" (Kanye West, Jesus Is King) (2019)
"I Believe in You" (Kacy Hill, Is It Selfish If We Talk About Me Again) (2020)
"Song of Trouble" (CARM featuring Sufjan Stevens, CARM) (2021)

References

External links
 Francis and the Lights official website

Musical groups from Oakland, California
Musical groups established in 2007


Thomas Wilkins (1625 or 1626 – 20 August 1699) was a Welsh cleric and antiquarian, who collected Welsh manuscripts.

Life
His father and his grandfather were both called Thomas Wilkins; all three in turn were rectors of St Mary's Church in Glamorgan.  Wilkins (the grandson) was educated at Jesus College, Oxford, matriculating in 1641 and obtaining a law degree in 1661. He was rector of Gelligaer and Llan-maes, and a prebendary of Llandaff.  In addition to his clerical duties, Wilkins was also an antiquarian and collected manuscripts, including the Red Book of Hergest and the Book of the Anchorite.  After his death, on 20 August 1699, his eldest son (also called Thomas) donated these two manuscripts to Jesus College.

References

1620s births
1699 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
17th-century Welsh Anglican priests
17th-century Welsh historians

Welsh antiquarians
Alumni of Jesus College, Oxford


The Panzer 61 was a Swiss Cold War era medium tank later reclassified as a second-generation main battle tank. The tank had a weight of 36.5 tons and was powered by a 630 hp diesel engine, which gave it a top road speed of . The primary armament of the Panzer 61 was a 105 mm main gun.

History and Development
During the early 1950s the Swiss Army tried to buy modern tanks to reinforce the armoured forces which, due to the war in Korea, proved to be impossible. As a stop-gap solution, the Swiss army purchased AMX-13 light tanks from France and decided to develop a domestic medium tank.

The first prototype and production vehicles were designated Panzer 58. The first Panzer 58 prototype was armed with a domestic 90mm rifled gun, the second Panzer 58 was fitted with a British 84 mm calibre Ordnance QF 20 pounder. and the third prototype as well as the production model was fitted with a Royal Ordnance L7 105mm rifled gun. The Panzer 58 served similarly to a preproduction model of the improved Panzer 61, and in 1961 the Swiss parliament approved production of 150 Panzer 61s. The vehicles were delivered between 1965 and 1967, produced at the Eidgenoessische Konstruktionswerkstaette (today RUAG Land Systems) facility at Thun.

Service Life

The vehicle would serve for nearly thirty years with the Swiss Armed Forces.  A replacement effort would be the pursued in 1967, with the purchase of 150 Panzer 68s although the effort was not wholly successful due to several glaring issues with the new vehicle. From 1967 onwards, Panzer 61 vehicles were upgraded and retrofitted with technology found on the more advanced Panzer 68 (its successor). The Panzer 61's original coaxial 20 mm autocannon was found to have no use in practice and was replaced by a coaxial 7.5 mm machine gun in the Panzer 61 AA9 variant. Panzer 61 would never serve in combat but examples remained in service well up until the production and commission of Panzer 87 and, although relegated to secondary duties, would serve up until the final units were reequipped with Panzer 87 in 1994.

Legacy
The chassis formed the basis of the Panzerkanone 68 self-propelled gun, the prototype of the Entpannungspanzer 65 armoured recovery vehicle, and for the initial prototype of the Brückenlegepanzer 68. Wheels and tracks from the Panzer 61 were also used on the Zielfahrzeug 68.

A number of Panzer 61s have survived in museums and private collections including The Tank Museum.

References

External links

 https://web.archive.org/web/20130719085845/http://www.armeemuseum.ch/uploads/media/Dok_Panzer_68.pdf.pdf (document not available in English)
 Action shots from privately owned Panzer 68 and 61

Tanks of Switzerland
Main battle tanks of Switzerland
Main battle tanks of the Cold War
Medium tanks of the Cold War
Military vehicles introduced in the 1960s


The New English Weekly was a leading British review of "Public Affairs, Literature and the Arts."

It was founded in April 1932 by Alfred Richard Orage shortly after his return from Paris. One of Britain's most prestigious editors, Orage had edited the magazine The New Age from 1907 to 1922.

The May 16, 1932, issue of TIME announced the launch of the publication, mentioning that it was represented in the U.S. by Gorham Munson. Other contributors included Hilaire Belloc; Grand Duchess Marie of Russia; Will Dyson, former cartoonist of the Labour Party's Daily Herald. Paul Banks reviewed drama, David Gascoyne art, Storm Jameson novels, and Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji music.

On Orage's sudden death in 1934, the publication's literary editor, Philip Mairet, took over the editor's chair.

George Orwell had contributed a review to the 9 June 1932 issue, and between August 1935 and April 1940, wrote regular book reviews and articles for the publication.

In the "Easter Number" for 1940, the review published for the first time the long poem "East Coker" by T. S. Eliot. His '"The Dry Salvages" was first published in the review in 1941, and Little Gidding appeared in the publication in 1942, also a first publication.

The paper was a leading supporter of the Social Credit Party, as well as advocating organic farming, among other issues.

References

Magazines established in 1932
Defunct magazines published in the United Kingdom
1932 establishments in England
Weekly magazines published in the United Kingdom


Badri Spanderashvili (; ; 10 November 1969 – 7 September 2021) was a Georgian-Russian professional football coach and a former player.

Club career
He played for FC Dynamo Moscow, FC Rostov, FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk and FC Lokomotiv Nizhny Novgorod in the Russian Premier League.

References

External links

1969 births
2021 deaths
Footballers from Tbilisi
Soviet men's footballers
Russian men's footballers
Men's footballers from Georgia (country)
Men's association football midfielders
FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk players
FC Rostov players
FC Dynamo Moscow players
PFC Dynamo Stavropol players
FC Spartak Vladikavkaz players
FC SKA Rostov-on-Don players
Russian football managers
Football managers from Georgia (country)
FC Lokomotiv Nizhny Novgorod players
FC SKA Rostov-on-Don managers
Russian Premier League players
FC Volgodonsk players


The name Maysak has been used to name four tropical cyclones in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. The name was contributed by Cambodia and is a kind of tree.

Severe Tropical Storm Maysak (2002) (T0223, 29W) – formed far away from landmass.
Tropical Storm Maysak (2008) (T0819, 24W, Quinta-Siony) – a moderate tropical storm which formed in the South China Sea.
Typhoon Maysak (2015) (T1504, 04W, Chedeng) – an unusually intense typhoon during the early part of 2015.
Typhoon Maysak (2020) (T2009, 10W, Julian) – a powerful category 4 typhoon that passed through the Ryukyu Islands and caused heavy damage on the Korean Peninsula.

Pacific typhoon set index articles


Midget (from midge, a tiny biting insect) is a term for a person of unusually short stature that is considered by some to be pejorative due to its etymology. While not a medical term like dwarf (for a person with dwarfism, a medical condition with a number of causes, most often achondroplasia), midget long described anyone, or indeed any animal, exhibiting proportionate dwarfism. The word has a history of association with the performance arts, as little people were often employed by acts in the circus,
professional wrestling and vaudeville.

The term may also refer to anything of much smaller than normal size, as a synonym for "miniature" or "mini", such as midget cell, midget crabapple, midget flowerpecker, midget submarine, MG Midget, Daihatsu Midget, and the Midget Mustang airplane; or to anything that regularly uses anything that is smaller than normal (other than a person), such as midget car racing and quarter midget racing.

"Midget" may also reference a smaller version of play or participation, such as midget golf; or to anything designed for very young (i.e., small) participants—in many cases children—such as Disneyland's Midget Autopia, midget hockey, and midget football. Some sports organizations, like Hockey Canada, have committed to removing the word, recognizing that it might be considered offensive.

History

Merriam-Webster states that the first use of the term "midget" was in 1816. Midgets have always been popular entertainers but were often regarded with disgust and revulsion in society. In the early 19th century, midgets were romanticized by the middle class and regarded with the same affectionate condescension extended to children, as creatures of innocence. The term "midget" came into prominence in the mid-19th century after Harriet Beecher Stowe used it in her novels Sunny Memories of Foreign Lands and Old Town Folks where she described children and an extremely short man, respectively. P. T. Barnum indirectly helped popularize the term "midget" when he began featuring General Tom Thumb, Lavinia Warren and Commodore Nutt in his circus. "Midget" became linked to referencing short people put on public display for curiosity and sport. Barnum's midgets reached position of high society, given fantasy military titles, introduced to dignitaries and royalty, and showered with gifts.

Such performances continued to be widespread through the middle part of the twentieth century, with Hermines Midgets brought from their performances in Paris to appear at the 1939 New York World's Fair, the same year that MGM released The Wizard of Oz, which featured 124 little people in its cast, most of whom were from the Singer's Midgets troupe.

When interviewed for a 1999 piece, performers engaged in midget wrestling stated that they did not view the term as derogatory but merely descriptive of their small size. Others disagreed, with one stating that the performances themselves perpetuated an outdated and demeaning image.

Towards the end of the 20th century, the word became considered by some as a pejorative term when referencing people with dwarfism. Some, such as actor Hervé Villechaize continued to self-identify as "midgets".

There have been movements to remove the use of the word "midget" from age classification categories in youth sports, with Hockey Canada announcing that it would refer to the division as "U18" in 2020 as part of a wider renaming scheme.

See also

List of dwarfism organisations
Dwarf-tossing
Midgetville
Singer's Midgets
Midgets vs. Mascots
Pygmy peoples
Munchkin
Oompa Loompa
Leprechaun
Dwarf
Elf
Santa's elves

Notes

References

Growth disorders
Human height
Pejorative terms for people with disabilities


In the 1974 Intertoto Cup no knock-out rounds were contested, and therefore no winner was declared. This year marked the first edition a club from Turkey took part.

Group stage
The teams were divided into ten groups of four teams each.

Group 1

Group 2

Group 3

Group 4

Group 5

Group 6

Group 7

Group 8

Group 9

Group 10

See also
 1974–75 European Cup
 1974–75 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup
 1974–75 UEFA Cup

External links
  by Pawel Mogielnicki

1974
4


The name Quinta has been used for four tropical cyclones in the Philippines by the PAGASA in the Western Pacific Ocean.

 Typhoon Meari (2004) (T0421, 25W, Quinta) – made landfall on Kyūshū, Japan.
 Tropical Storm Maysak (2008) (T0819, 24W, Quinta-Siony) – affected the Philippines; Quinta was renamed as Siony.
 Tropical Storm Wukong (2012) (T1225, 27W, Quinta) – traversed the Philippines, causing flash flooding.
 Typhoon Molave (2020) (T2018, 21W, Quinta) - a powerful typhoon which devastated the Southern Luzon area of the Philippines and Vietnam.

The name Quinta was retired from use in the Philippine area of responsibility following the 2020 typhoon season, and will be replaced with Querubin in the 2024 season.

References

Pacific typhoon set index articles


Edos is a discontinued operating system based upon IBM's original mainframe DOS (not to be confused with the unrelated and better known MS-DOS for the IBM PC). The name stood for extended (or enhanced) disk operating system. It was later purchased by the West German computer company Nixdorf, who renamed it to NIDOS (Nixdorf Disk Operating System).

In 1970, IBM announced the IBM/370 product line along with new peripherals, software products, and operating systems, including DOS/VS that supplanted DOS. Although IBM was rightly focused on their new products, the computing world was dominated by the IBM/360 line, which left a lot of users nervous about their investment.

Although there were a couple of projects emulating the IBM/370 on the IBM/360 (e.g., CFS, Inc.), other companies took a different approach, extending the then-current (and limited) DOS.

The Computer Software Company (TCSC) took the latter approach. Starting in 1972, they developed Edos, Extended Disk Operating System. They extended the number of fixed program space partitions from 3 to 6, added support for new hardware, and included features that IBM had offered separately. The first version of Edos was released in 1972, in response to the announcement by IBM that DOS Release 26 was the last DOS release to be supported on the System 360, and future DOS Releases would support System 370 machines only.

They also made available other third party enhancements such as a spooler and DOCS, from CFS, Inc.

Edos/VS and Edos/VSE
TCSC enhanced EDOS to become EDOS/VS, which was announced in 1977 and delivered it to beta test sites in 1978. In May 1977, TCSC announced it would release Edos/VS in response to IBM's release of DOS/VS Release 34 and Advanced Functions-DOS/VS. Edos/VS was based on IBM's DOS/VS Release 34, and provided equivalent functionality to IBM's Advanced Functions-DOS/VS product. Unlike IBM's offerings, Edos/VS would run on System 360 machines and System 370 machines lacking virtual storage hardware (non-VS machines), whereas IBM's offerings only supported the latest System 370 models with VS hardware included. TCSC identified the parts of IBM's DOS/VS Release 34 operating system which relied upon System/370-only machine instructions and rewrote them to use instructions supported by the System/360. TCSC was legally able to reuse IBM's DOS/VS Release 34 code, since IBM had (intentionally) published the code without a copyright notice, which made it public domain under US copyright law at the time.

In 1981, NCSC announced plans to release an Edos/VSE 2.0, based on IBM DOS/VSE Release 35, suitable for IBM 4300 machines.

TCSC corporate history
TCSC was founded by Jerry Enfield and Tom Steel, responsible for development and marketing, respectively. Company headquarters were in Richmond, Virginia. TCSC expanded into Canada, Australia, and Europe. Other products of TCSC included the Extended Console (Econ) system, which enabled display of the system console using a CRT terminal such as an IBM 3270. Econ was available for IBM's DOS and DOS/VS and TCSC's Edos and Edos/VS operating systems.

In 1980, the company was acquired by Nixdorf and became NCSC. By 1982, Nixdorf had renamed Edos to NIDOS/VSE, and was selling to run on their new Nixdorf 8890 series of IBM-compatible mainframes.

TCSC licensed DATACOM/DB from Applied Data Research (ADR) to run under its EDos and EDos/VS operating systems. When in 1980 Nixdorf bought TCSC, Nixdorf sought to continue the licensing arrangement; ADR and NCSC went to court in a dispute over whether the licensing arrangement was terminated by the acquisition. ADR and Nixdorf settled out of court in 1981, with an agreement that Nixdorf could continue to resell ADR's products.

In July 1985, Nixdorf announced the release of Nidos/VSE Release 2.

Add-on products for Edos
In 1973, TCSC released a remote job entry (RJE) option for Edos.

In 1975, TCSC released a tape management system for Edos known as TMS.

In 1983, NCSC announced a Unix compatibility subsystem for IBM mainframes running IBM's DOS/VS(E) and Nixdorf's Edos/VS and Edos/VSE operating systems, known as Programmer Work Station/VSE-Advanced Functions, or PWS/VSE-AF for short. PWS/VSE-AF was based on the Coherent Unix clone developed by Mark Williams Company.

Discontinuation
In 1989, Nixdorf decided to pull out of the IBM-compatible mainframe market, in order to focus on Unix. It transferred its Nixdorf 8890 line of clone IBM mainframes to Comparex Informationssysteme GmbH. However, while Comparex was willing to take over the hardware business, it did not want the responsibility of maintaining the Edos operating system, preferring instead that its customers purchase DOS/VSE or MVS from IBM. Nixdorf decided to cancel all work on the next release of Edos, since they did not want to commit to maintain any new version in the years to come.

References

Disk operating systems
IBM mainframe operating systems
1972 software


The Fazl-e-Omar Mosque in Hamburg is the second purpose-built mosque in Germany. The mosque is named after the Second Caliph Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad and is located at the street of Wieckstraße in Eimsbüttel, Hamburg. It is run by the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community (AMJ) and was inaugurated on July 22, 1957, by Sir Muhammad Zafarullah Khan. The foundation stone was laid on February 22, 1957.

See also
Islam in Germany
Ahmadiyya
List of mosques in Europe

References

Ahmadiyya mosques in Germany
Mosques completed in 1957
Mosques in Hamburg
Buildings and structures in Eimsbüttel


Malipiero is a Venetian surname of Bohemian origin, also documented as Mastropiero or Maripiero.

Malipiero can refer to:

People

 Domenico Malipiero (1428–1515), Venetian naval captain
 Felicia Malipiero, Dogaressa of Venice by marriage to the Doge Pietro I Orseolo and mother of doge Pietro II Orseolo
 Francesco Malipiero (1824–1887), Italian opera composer, grandfather of Gian Francesco Malipiero
 Gian Francesco Malipiero (1882–1973), Italian composer
 Giovanni Malipiero (1906–1970), Italian tenor
 Pasquale Malipiero, called the dux pacificus (1392–1462), Venetian statesman and 66th Doge of Venice
 Riccardo Malipiero (cellist) (1886–1975), brother of Gian Francesco Malipiero
 Riccardo Malipiero (1914–2003), Italian composer and pianist, son of cellist Riccardo Malipiero, nephew of Gian Francesco Malipiero

Locations
 Palazzo Malipiero, a palace in Venice, Italy.
 Palazzo Malipiero-Trevisan

References

Italian-language surnames


The word asshole (in North American English) or arsehole (in all other major varieties of the English language), is a vulgarism used to describe the anus, and often used pejoratively (as a type of synecdoche) to refer to people.

History
The word arse in English derives from the Proto-Germanic (reconstructed) word *arsaz, from the Proto-Indo-European word *ors-, meaning "buttocks" or "backside". The combined form arsehole is first attested from 1500 in its literal use to refer to the anus. The word evolved from "arce-hoole" (circa 1400), as in Old English, the Latin word "anus" was glossed with earsðerl, literally "arse-thrill" (thrill being a noun with the original meaning of "hole" such as in nostril, meaning "nose hole").

The metaphorical use of the word to refer to the worst place in a region (e.g., "the arsehole of the world"), is first attested in print in 1865; the use to refer to a contemptible person is first attested in 1933.

In the ninth chapter of his 1945 autobiography, Black Boy, Richard Wright quotes a snippet of verse that uses the term: "All these white folks dressed so fine / Their ass-holes smell just like mine ...".

Its earliest known usage in newspaper as an insult was 1965. As with other vulgarities, these uses of the word may have been common in oral speech for some time before their first appearances in print. By the 1970s, Hustler magazine featured people they did not like as "Asshole of the Month."

In 1972, Jonathan Richman of Modern Lovers recorded his song "Pablo Picasso", which includes the line "Pablo Picasso was never called an asshole."

Until the early 1990s, the word was considered one of a number of words that could not be uttered on commercial television in the United States. Comedian Andrew Dice Clay caused a major shock when he uttered the word during a televised MTV awards show in 1989. However, there were PG-13 and R rated films in the 1980s that featured use of the word, such as the R-rated The Terminator (1984), the PG-13-rated National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation (1989), and the PG-rated Back to the Future (1985). By 1994, however, vulgarity had become more acceptable, and the word was featured in dialog on the long-running television series NYPD Blue, though it has yet to become anything close to commonplace on network TV. In some broadcast edits (such as the syndication airings of South Park), the word is partially bleeped out, as "assh—". A variant of the term, "ass clown", was coined and popularized by the 1999 comedy film Office Space.

Semantics
The word is mainly used as a vulgarity, generally to describe people who are viewed as stupid, incompetent, unpleasant, or detestable. Moral philosopher Aaron James, in his 2012 book, Assholes: A Theory, gives a more precise meaning of the word, particularly to its connotation in the United States: A person, who is almost always male, who considers himself of much greater moral or social importance than everyone else; who allows himself to enjoy special advantages and does so systematically; who does this out of an entrenched sense of entitlement; and who is immunized by his sense of entitlement against the complaints of other people. He feels he is not to be questioned, and he is the one who is chiefly wronged.

This word or its literal translation is found in colloquial speech in a number of cultures besides English because it describes both an intimate part as well as an organ for defecation, both of which are considered to be taboo parts of the body in many societies.

The English word ass (meaning donkey, a cognate of its zoological name Equus asinus) may also be used as a term of contempt, referring to a silly or stupid person. In the United States (and, to a lesser extent, Canada), the words arse and ass have become synonymous.

Political usage
In 2000, during a Labor Day event, then-candidate George W. Bush made an offhand remark to his running mate, Dick Cheney, that The New York Times reporter Adam Clymer was a "major league asshole." The gaffe was caught on microphone and led to a political advertisement chiding Bush for "using expletives... in front of a crowd of families," produced for Democratic opponent Al Gore.

In February 2004, American media reported that during a rally of supporters, Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez was reported to have called Bush "an asshole" for believing his aides in supporting a coup against Chávez in 2002. In September of the following year, Nightline host Ted Koppel said to Chavez on national television: "I'm going to perhaps shock you a little, but these are your words. You called President Bush an asshole,"—to which Chavez replied, "I've said various things about him. I don't know if I actually used that word."

In 2008, the Liberal Democrat MP for Leeds North West, Greg Mulholland was recorded describing health minister Ivan Lewis as an arsehole after Lewis refused to let him intervene in a Westminster Hall debate on hospice funding. He later publicly defended his comment.

See also
 Ascent of the A-Word
 The No Asshole Rule

References

Further reading
 Sharpe, B. M., Hyatt, C. S., Lynam, D. R., & Miller, J. D. (2022). “They Are Such an Asshole”: Describing the Targets of a Common Insult Among English-Speakers in the United States. Collabra: Psychology, 8(1).

Anus
Pejorative terms for people
English profanity
1930s neologisms
English words


The Kenton County Public Library is a library system serving the residents of Kenton County, Kentucky. The library ranked first in Kentucky in Hennen's American Public Library Ratings 2008.

The Covington Public Library was established in 1898. A donation from Andrew Carnegie gave the city a two-story Carnegie library, completed in 1904.

References

External links

 Kenton County Public Library

Buildings and structures in Kenton County, Kentucky
Public libraries in Kentucky
Education in Kenton County, Kentucky


George Stanley, 9th Baron Strange, of Knockin, KG, KB (1460–1503) was an English nobleman and heir apparent of Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby. He was also a notable soldier in his own right and held a number of senior offices of state.

Life

He was born about 1460 at Knowsley, Lancashire, England, the eldest son of Thomas Stanley and his first wife Eleanor, sister of Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick.  On his father's second marriage to Lady Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond, he became stepbrother to her son, Henry Tudor, later King Henry VII.

He was invested as a knight of the Order of the Bath in 1475 by King Edward IV.  He held the offices of Constable of Pontefract Castle and Constable of Knaresborough Castle in 1485. He was present at the Battle of Bosworth Field, but as a hostage of Richard III who was trying to ensure the support of George’s father and uncle and their substantial armies.  He held the office of Constable of Wicklow Castle in 1486 and became Chief Justice of the Duchy of Lancaster in 1486. In 1487 he took part in the Battle of Stoke Field. In the same year he was invested with the Order of the Garter and was made a privy counsellor.

Family
He was married in 1482 to Joan le Strange, 9th Baroness Strange (c. 1460 - 1514), daughter of John le Strange, 8th Baron Strange (c. 1440 - 1477) and Jacquetta Woodville (daughter of Richard Woodville, 1st Earl Rivers and Jacquetta of Luxembourg), thereby becoming 9th Baron Strange de jure uxoris (in the right of his wife) and was summoned to Parliament in this role. Their children were:

John Stanley (d. 1503).
Thomas Stanley, 2nd Earl of Derby (1485–1521).
James Stanley, knight (1486–1562), who founded the branch of the family known as the 'Stanleys of Bickerstaffe', from which the 11th Earl of Derby and all subsequent earls descend.
George Stanley.
Jane Stanley, who married Sir Robert Sheffield (died 15 November 1531), son of Sir Robert Sheffield, Speaker of the House of Commons, by his first wife, Helen Delves, by whom she was the mother of Edmund Sheffield, 1st Baron Sheffield.
Elizabeth Stanley.
Margaret Stanley.

Death
Stanley died in Derby House, St Paul's Wharf, London over 4–5 December 1503, allegedly of poison following a banquet.  He was buried in the London church of St James Garlickhythe nearby.

Notes

References

External links

1460 births
1503 deaths
George
15th-century English people
16th-century English nobility
People from Knowsley, Merseyside
Barons Strange
Le Strange family


The Konstal 105Na are a class of Polish trams manufactured from 1979 to 1992 in workshops Konstal Chorzow, Poland. The meter-gauge version is designated as 805Na. As of 2016 they are still the most common trams in Poland.

Construction
105Na is unidirectional motor tramcar, equipped with four doors.

It is a development of the earlier Konstal 105N. The main changes being a shift in the location of the electrical equipment from under the steps to the back wall of the driver's cabin, the introduction of a separate cabin for the driver, as well as the removal of the small windows under the front and side windscreens. The most important change was the introduction of motor grouping, which reduced the energy consumption by 12%. During initial acceleration, the four motors are connected in series, whilst at higher speeds, two groups of motors are connected in parallel.

While in service, the 105Na vehicles were the subject of various modifications and upgrades (including changes in the electrical system, new front plastic, change of the door opening mechanism, and even re-design, for Poznań, to the bidirectional Konstal 105NaDK). Almost all 105N cars in Poland have over time been modernised to the 105Na standard.

Other variants

The Konstal 105Na and 805Na trams provided the basis for the production of a large number of prototypes and variants:

105Nb - new doors and bogies, 15 units built in 1988-1993
105Nb/e - slightly modified electrical system, 6 units built in 1994
105Ne - slightly thicker walls, 18 units built in 1993
105Nf - modernized brakes and drivers console, 44 units built in 1994-1996
105Ng - three doors, static converter and modified breaks, 2 units built in 1993 additional units obtained by modernizing 105Na
105Nm - similar to 105Nf but with a static converter, 14 units built in 1996-1997
105Np - static converter, single unit built in 1994
105NT - thyristor based, 13 units built in 1985–1989, later converted to standard 105Na
105Nz - thyristor based and asynchronous motor, 2 units built in 1997
105N1k - similar to 105Ng but thyristor based, 3 units built in 1995
105N1k2 - similar to 105N1k but with electrical systems from a different supplier, 60 units built in 1995-2000
105N2k2000 - similar to 105N1k2 with a plastic front and rear, 36 units built in 2001
106N - thyristor based, 7 units built in 1977–1987,  later converted to standard 105Na
106Na - thyristor based, 8 units built in 1991-1993
805Nb - meter-gauge version of the 105Nb
805NS - meter-gauge with new accelerator, 12 units built in 1984-1990
111N - with doors on both sides - two 111N cars connected back-to-back could work as a bidirectional tram, 6 units built in 1993

Production numbers

The number of standard-gauge version 105Na vehicles produced is 1443 while the number narrow-gauge version, the 805Na, is 691.

Operators

These trams were used in all Polish cities which operate a tram system and they are the largest group in the stock.

Gallery

References

Tram vehicles of Poland


The China–Britain Business Council (CBBC) is the leading British organisation promoting trade and investment between the UK and China.

The objective of CBBC is to assist UK organisations to do business in China, to work with Chinese companies in the UK and to support UK-China partnerships in third markets. It works in close collaboration with the Department for International Trade (DIT), for whom it delivers China business development services.

CBBC also cooperates closely with the private sector and trade associations, the British Embassy and Consulates in China; the British Chambers of Commerce in China, and the Local Enterprise Partnerships (LEPs) in the UK and the Devolved Administrations, as well as local chambers and other relevant organisations across the UK.

In addition, CBBC organises missions to the Chinese market; identifies business opportunities; and provides research as well as a range of other practical services for UK companies in the market.

CBBC also hosts inward delegations from China, arranges events in the UK and China, and hosts business events for all senior Chinese leaders visiting the UK.

CBBC has a staff based in 11 regions in the UK and 9 cities in China. The main China office is in Beijing, while the other offices are located in Shanghai, Shenzhen, Wuhan, Chengdu, Qingdao, Nanjing, Hangzhou, and Guangzhou.

CBBC also provides an in-house research service that is specifically tailored to the needs of each company. All research is carried out by CBBC's project managers across the China offices. CBBC has conducted such research projects in a wide range of sectors, including both product and service industries.

History

The organisation's history dates back to the early 1950s when British companies were among the first to trade with Communist China. That was the 48 Group of Companies (established in April 1954). At the same time, the British government had a semi-official trade body known as the Sino-British Trade Council which promoted British participation in trade fairs and exhibitions in China.  Although the UK was the first Western country to recognize the People's Republic of China, the PRC did not fully recognize the UK until 1972 (see Sino-British relations).

The China–Britain Trade Group was established in 1991 when the 48 Group merged with Sino-British Trade Council, at the instigation of the (then) UK Department of Trade and Industry.

After the first six months, CBTG had a membership of 100 British companies, large and small, paying an annual subscription. Members were able to attend exclusive meetings with Chinese visitors, attend specialist workshops, and had priority access to special events.

A big incentive of membership for many was the provision of services by the CBTG's two China offices. As the number of offices grew, CBTG continued to offer this service to members, and it is still a benefit of membership today.

The early 1990s saw a renewal of high-level visits from China to the UK  In November 1992 vice-premier Zhu Rongji was the first Chinese leader to take part in a seminar with British business in the UK, when the Stock Exchange was the venue for presentations from privatised industries, organised by CBTG and the Stock Exchange.

The biggest events of the mid-1990s were the huge business groups taken to China by Michael Heseltine, as trade minister in 1995, then as deputy prime minister in 1996. CBTG was involved in putting together the business groups which accompanied the deputy prime minister. In 1996 a decision was made to allow member companies to appoint representatives in China and rent space in CBTG offices, which would provide services to them. Visiting CBTG Beijing that year, Michael Heseltine coined a name for this service: the China Launchpad. This has since become a popular service which the China–Britain Business Council still offer UK companies.

The return of Hong Kong to Chinese sovereignty in 1997 led to warmer relations with the UK. Less than a month after his appointment as premier in 1998, Zhu Rongji was back in the UK, where a CBTG dinner in London's Guildhall attracted 900 guests.

That year, the organisation changed its name to the China–Britain Business Council (CBBC), to reflect the growth of all round business between the UK and China encompassing investment, trade, licensing and other forms of business activity.

In November 1999, the UK received the first head of state from the People's Republic of China, Jiang Zemin, who was greeted by a CBBC organised business lunch at the Banqueting House.

In the UK, CBBC's promotion of opportunities in China has never stopped. In its first year, there began a long tradition of organising a nationwide programme of seminars and conferences. Since then there has been a continuous programme of conferences and seminars with VIP speakers, briefings around the country for groups of exporters, and meetings with Chinese industrial and provincial leaders.

Lord Powell, a former foreign affairs adviser to Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, took over the presidency of CBBC in 1998. His first task was to accompany Prime Minister Tony Blair to China with a business delegation. The following year saw visits to the UK by then Vice-Premier Wen Jiabao, and President Jiang Zemin. CCPIT chairman Wan Jifei followed in 2001, and in October that year, the then Vice-President Hu Jintao also came to the UK.

Sir David Brewer, Former Lord Mayor of the City or London, became CBBC Chairman in 2007, and continued to push forward CBBC's contribution to UK-China trade and business exchange, and he has now, through his career, made well over 100 trips to China.

In 2013, Lord James Sassoon was announced as the new CBBC Chairman. This was also the year that CBBC celebrated the 60th anniversary of its founding. China-Britain business relations have become strong in recent years with the support of CBBC. In 2014, Chinese premier Li Keqiang visited the UK with Lord Sassoon jointly hosting a state dinner on honour of Mr Li, attended by 650 British and Chinese political and business dignitaries. In 2015, Lord Sassoon as Chairman of CBBC hosted the UK-China Business Summit during President XI Jinping's visit to the UK.

Objectives
The objectives of CBBC are:
 Overall to maximise Britain's trade with China;
 To encourage British firms and organisations with appropriate capabilities to enter the China market;
 To help British companies identify profitable business opportunities in China;
 To support the activities of British companies in China;
 To provide particular assistance and encouragement to SMEs.

Services
Market insight
 Take advantage of up to date information on a given market, together with broader, sector specific information provided by British business groups in countries that interest you
 Identify challenges and opportunities and understand the nuances of doing business in a particular country or region

Getting started overseas
 British business centres – a physical base to help get you started, with access to wi-fi and other office facilities, and fellow companies  on hand from the local business network
 Matchmaking services – introductions to agents, suppliers and distributors and potential customers
 Professional business services – introductions to trusted lawyers, accountants, translators, tax advisors, other professional support services

Building market share
 Advice on the best routes to market, whether that's through a joint venture or establishing a representative office
 Support for launches and marketing new products and services
 Access satellite offices in larger markets such as China, India or Brazil

Growing a regional presence
 Introducing you to approved business-to-business support groups in the markets that interest you
 Connecting you with regional distributors and other reputable contacts to get you started
 Help you gain access to government and other relevant support

Additional services
 Visa, business visa and work permit support
 Market overview, research, competitor and sector analysis
 Advice on cultural awareness
 Tariff and customs research
 Finance reporting and book-keeping
 Relocation support
 Language/translation support
 Risk and budget management support
 Policy advice

Events
China–Britain Business Council holds regular business events including Chinese delegations to the UK, seminars, webinars, Chinese inward missions, networking events and business clinics. CBBC has 4 pillar events each year:
 China Business Conference
 SME China Forum
 China Outbound Conference
 Great British Brands Festival

See also
China Council for the Promotion of International Trade (CCPIT)
China Investment Promotion Agency (CIPA)

References

External links
 China-Britain Business Council website

Trade in China
1954 establishments in the United Kingdom
Organizations established in 1954
Business organisations based in the United Kingdom
China–United Kingdom relations
Trade in the United Kingdom
Investment in China
Investment in the United Kingdom


Preeti Shenoy is an Indian author and blogger.

Early life and education
During her school years, Shenoy studied at Kendriya Vidyalaya. Shenoy is also a self-taught artist.

Writing career

After writing as a blogger, Shenoy published her first book, 34 Bubblegums and Candies, a collection of short stories based on real-life incidents.

The second book by Shenoy, Life Is What You Make It, was published on 1 January 2011 and became a national bestseller, along with its sequel, Wake Up, Life Is Calling.

Tea for Two and a Piece of Cake was published by RHI on 1 February 2012.

Her fourth book, The Secret Wish List was released in October 2012.

Her fifth book, The One You Cannot Have was released in November 2013. In December 2014, she released yet another fiction novel, It Happens for a Reason, the story of a single mother Vipasha. Her book Why We Love The Way We Do is a collection of essays on relationships. It's All in the Planet's was published in September 2016. A Hundred Little Flames was released in November 2017. Love A Little Stronger was released on 27 April 2018. The Rule Breakers was released on 17 September 2018.

Reception
Mishra from Times of India says about her book a 100 little flames, 'Shenoy develops these two characters beautifully, making both of men completely credible. Gopal Shankar, in particular, is the elderly relative all of us have in our families - grouchy and opinionated but, in this case, we are treated to a wonderful back story that explains exactly why this is the case.'''

Freepress Journal remarks about Wake Up Life is Calling 'You can actually feel the protagonist Ankita’s pain as the story proceeds. There were instances when the reader wanted to close the book because it was too daunting — a life so depressing. But as I kept ‘moving on’, I knew something would definitely change. Bipolar disorder — as scary as it may sound — is something which the author has broken down to simple bits for people to understand.'Cosmopolitan'' has described her as "one of India's most popular authors".

Honors and awards
She was awarded an Indian of the Year award by Brands Academy and also received a business excellence award from the New Delhi Management Institute.

She was a keynote speaker at the Birmingham Literature Festival.

Bibliography

See also
 List of Indian writers

References

External links

21st-century Indian women writers
Indian women novelists
1971 births
Living people
Writers from Pune
Kendriya Vidyalaya alumni
21st-century Indian novelists
Women writers from Maharashtra
Novelists from Maharashtra
Indian bloggers
Indian women bloggers


Poly-World (in French: Poly-Monde, , ) - is a student committee based in a French-Canadian engineering school, Polytechnique Montréal, in Montreal (Quebec, Canada).

This committee was founded in 1990 by a group of young students from different engineering fields that wanted to develop their knowledge of business processes, competitiveness and innovation on an international level. These students, François Nadeau, Claude Benoît and Normand Gadoury, therefore organized Poly-Japan, the first mission of what became an independent engineering program orientation at undergraduate level at École Polytechnique.

The primary objective of this student committee is to enable its members to discover competitiveness, innovation and business processes in Quebec companies and then compare their findings on foreign soil through industrial visits to counterpart companies. Each year, the Poly-World council, which includes all coordinators of previous missions and a few teachers, is responsible for the selection of the different industrial sectors that will be studied. These sectors are judged competitive for Quebec and Canada and include aviation, aerospace and pharmaceuticals.

List of past missions

For more details or to consult official documents relative to the missions, visit the Poly-World website.
 2020 Poly-World: Iceland and Norway
 2019 Poly-World: Japan
 2018 Poly-World: India
 2017 Poly-World: Baltic States and Finland
 2016 Poly-World: United Kingdom and Ireland
 2015 Poly-World: South Korea
 2014 Poly-World: Germany
 2013 Poly-World: Australia
 2012 Poly-World: South Africa
2011 Poly-World: France (visit to Japan canceled due to the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami)
2010 Poly-World: Denmark, Netherlands
2009 Poly-Russia
2008 Poly-World: Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore
2007 Poly-India
2006 Poly-World: Poland, Czech Republic
2005 Poly-China
2004 Poly-Switzerland
2003 Poly-Scandinavia: Norway, Sweden, Finland
2002 Poly-Brazil
2001 Poly-Spain
2000 Poly-Korea: South Korea
1999 Poly-Benelux: Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg
1998 Poly-America: American west coast
1997 Poly-France
1996 Poly-Germany
1995 Poly-Japan
1994 Poly-Great Britain
1993 Poly-Italy
1992 Poly-Scandinavia: Norway, Sweden, Finland
1991 Poly-Germany
1990 Poly-Japan

References

External links
  Poly-World official website
  Polytechnique Montréal official website

Université de Montréal


Pumpkin pie is a dessert pie with a spiced, pumpkin-based custard filling. The pumpkin and pumpkin pie are both a symbol of harvest time, and pumpkin pie is generally eaten during the fall and early winter. In the United States and Canada it is usually prepared for Thanksgiving, Christmas, and other occasions when pumpkin is in season.

The pie's filling ranges in color from orange to brown and is baked in a single pie shell, usually without a top crust. The pie is generally flavored with a spice mixture known as  pumpkin pie spice, which is made using spices such as ginger, nutmeg, cinnamon, and allspice. The pie is usually prepared with canned pumpkin, but fresh-cooked pumpkin can be used.

Overview

Pies made from pumpkins typically use pie pumpkins, also known as sugar pumpkins, which measure about  in diameter, approximately the size of a large grapefruit. They are considerably smaller than the typically larger varieties used to carve jack o'lanterns, contain significantly less pulp, and have a less stringy texture. The flesh is cooked until soft and puréed before being blended with the other ingredients.

The pulp is mixed with eggs, evaporated or sweetened condensed milk, sugar, and a spice mixture called pumpkin pie spice. This typically includes cinnamon, powdered ginger, nutmeg, and cloves. Allspice is also commonly used and can replace the clove and nutmeg, as its flavor is similar to both combined. Cardamom and vanilla are also sometimes used as batter spices. The pie is then baked in a pie shell and sometimes topped with whipped cream. Similar pies are made with butternut squash or sweet potato fillings.

The pie is often made from canned pumpkin, which is prepared mainly from varieties of Cucurbita pepo and Cucurbita maxima. Packaged pumpkin pie filling with spices included is also used. A December 1988 report by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration found that canned pumpkin products sometimes have sweet squash mixed in with the pumpkin "to obtain the same texture that is well-liked by consumers."

Many modern companies produce seasonal pumpkin-pie-flavored products such as candy, cheesecake, coffee, ice cream, french toast, waffles and pancakes, and many breweries produce a seasonal pumpkin ale or beer; these are generally not flavored with pumpkins, but rather pumpkin pie spices. Commercially made pumpkin pie mix is made from Cucurbita pepo, Cucurbita maxima and Cucurbita moschata. (Libby's pumpkin pie mix uses the Select Dickinson Pumpkin variety of C. moschata for its canned pumpkins.)

History

The pumpkin is native to North America. The pumpkin was an early export to France; from there it was introduced to Tudor England, and the flesh of the "pompion" was quickly accepted as pie filling. During the seventeenth century, pumpkin pie recipes could be found in English cookbooks, such as Hannah Woolley's The Gentlewoman's Companion (1675). Pumpkin "pies" made by early American colonists were more likely to be a savory soup made and served in a pumpkin than a sweet custard in a crust. Pumpkins were also stewed and made into ale by colonists. An early appearance of a more modern, custard-like pumpkin pie was in American Cookery, a cookbook published in 1796. It used a sweet custard filling in a pie crust, with spices similar to the ones used today.

It was not until the early nineteenth century that the recipes appeared in Canadian and American cookbooks or that pumpkin pie became a common addition to the Thanksgiving dinner. The Pilgrims brought the pumpkin pie back to New England, while the English method of cooking the pumpkin took a different course. In the 19th century, the English pumpkin pie was prepared by stuffing the pumpkin with apples, spices, and sugar and then baking it whole. In the United States after the Civil War, the pumpkin pie was resisted in Southern states as a symbol of Yankee culture imposed on the South, where there was no tradition of eating pumpkin pie. Many Southern cooks instead made sweet potato pie, or added bourbon and pecans to give the pumpkin pie a Southern touch.

Today, throughout much of Canada and the United States, it is traditional to serve pumpkin pie after Thanksgiving dinner.

Pumpkin pies were discouraged from Thanksgiving dinners in the United States in 1947 as part of a voluntary egg rationing campaign promoted by the Truman Administration, mainly because of the eggs used in the recipe. This was a part of President Truman's Citizen's Food Committee task force, designed to ration food consumption in the United States in hopes to provide more foreign food assistance to Europe post World War II. Part of the campaign included an "Egg-less & Poultry-less Thursday", which began in October 1947, and with Thanksgiving Day always occurring on a Thursday, there was a considerable backlash among American consumers against this. Truman was true to his word, and no pumpkin pie was served at the White House for Thanksgiving in 1947.

In popular culture

Poetry
Lydia Maria Child's Thanksgiving poem "Over the River and Through the Wood" (1844) references pumpkin pie in one of its verses: "Hurrah for the fun! Is the pudding done? / Hurrah for the pumpkin pie!"
Mathew Franklin Whittier, signing as "A Yankee," wrote in his poem "Song of the Pumpkin" (1846):

Songs
Oscar Ferdinand Telgmann and George Frederick Cameron wrote the song "Farewell O Fragrant Pumpkin Pie" in the opera Leo, the Royal Cadet (1889):

The Christmas-themed song "There's No Place Like Home for the Holidays" makes a reference to homemade pumpkin pie being looked forward to by a man returning to his family's home in Pennsylvania.
 The popular Christmas song "Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree" contains the lyric, "Later we'll have some pumpkin pie/And we'll do some caroling".
"Sleigh Ride", another popular Christmas song, also mentions sitting around a fire after being out in the snow and eating pumpkin pie.

Records
The world's largest pumpkin pie was made in New Bremen, Ohio, at the New Bremen Pumpkinfest on September 25, 2010. The pie consisted of  of canned pumpkin,  of evaporated milk, 2,796 eggs,  of salt,  of cinnamon, and  of sugar. The final pie weighed  and measured  in diameter.

Image gallery

See also

 Bundevara
 Custard tart
 Key lime pie
 List of pies
 List of squash and pumpkin dishes
 Pastel de nata
 Sweet potato pie

Notes

References

External links

American pies
Custard desserts
Halloween food
Squash and pumpkin dishes
Sweet pies
Thanksgiving food
Christmas food
Symbols of Illinois
Canadian desserts
New England cuisine
Cuisine of the Midwestern United States


Grave Descend is a novel written by Michael Crichton, his tenth published novel, and the seventh featuring the pseudonym John Lange. It was originally published in 1970, and later re-released in 2006 as part of the Hard Case Crime series. For this release, Michael Crichton did an overall revision of the text. The novel was nominated for the Edgar Award in 1971. Hard Case Crime republished the novel under Crichton's name on October 29, 2013.

The Chicago Tribune called it "fairly thrilling at times".

Hard Case Crime
Diver James McGregor is used to exploring sunken ships. But there's something strange about the wreck of the Grave Descend. No one aboard tells quite the same story about what happened. Then there's the mysterious cargo they were carrying...

In one of the most beautiful places on Earth, a sinister plot is about to unfold. And if McGregor's not careful, he may find himself in over his head.

Notes

Novels by Michael Crichton
1970 American novels
Works published under a pseudonym
Signet Books books


John Salusbury or Salesbury may refer to:
 John Salusbury (died 1540s), courtier and knight of the shire for Denbighshire
 John Salusbury (died 1578), knight of the shire for Denbighshire
 John Salesbury (1533–1580), member of parliament for Merioneth, Denbigh Boroughs, and Denbighshire
 Sir John Salusbury (poet) (1567–1612), Welsh poet and politician
 Sir John Salusbury, 4th Baronet (died 1684), English politician
 John Salusbury (MP) (died 1685), Welsh politician
 Sir John Salusbury (diarist) (1707–1762), Welsh diarist and explorer

See also
 John Salisbury (disambiguation)
 Salusbury family


Toledo Botanical Garden (formerly the Crosby Gardens and George P. Crosby Park) is a botanical garden in Toledo, Ohio, owned and managed by Metroparks Toledo.

Originally comprising  donated by George P. Crosby to the City of Toledo, the garden now encompasses . Notable events include the Crosby Festival of the Arts, held in late June; and Heralding the Holidays, a seasonal celebration showcasing the numerous resident artistic guilds.

History
Metroparks Toledo began assisting operations in 2006 after the city ceased its funding of the garden. Transfer of the park to Metroparks Toledo was formally transferred in 2019.

Notable gardens
 Susan H. LeCron Shade Garden (Including a noteworthy Hosta collection)
 Pioneer garden
 Herb garden
 Rose garden
 Perennial garden
 Green garden

Blair Lithophane Museum
In 2002 a collection of 2,300 Lithophanes that had been donated to the city of Toledo were used to establish a museum at the Toledo Botanical Gardens. The museum closed at the end of October 2019. The city agreed to relocate the museum by September 2020. As of January 2020, the museum had not confirmed future plans, beyond attempting to keep the collection in the city of Toledo.

Gallery

See also
 List of botanical gardens in the United States
 North American Plant Collections Consortium

References

External links
Official page
Park Map

Botanical gardens in Ohio
Tourist attractions in Toledo, Ohio
Parks in Toledo, Ohio
Metroparks Toledo
Protected areas of Lucas County, Ohio


The FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2015 took place between 18 February and 1 March 2015 in Falun, Sweden. This was the fourth time the event is held there, having previously been held there in 1954, 1974 and 1993. In 1980, one World Ski Championship race was held there as well, to make up for its exclusion from the Olympic Games the same year.

Host selection
At the International Ski Federation (FIS) Council meeting in November 2007, a Candidates project concept was highlighted for use. Candidacy submission was 1 May 2009 along with the registration fee and training days in article 5 of the FIS World Championships Organization Rules. Each candidate and its National Ski Association will have instructions and a detailed questionnaire provided by the FIS that will be due on 1 September 2009. Candidates respond in a simple text format that will serve as the working document where an FIS Inspection Group will use for discussion purposes. Group members will meet with the candidate at mutually convenient opportunity to review the project area that falls under their responsibility. This should take place in conjunction with another event or World Cup inspection where possible to reduce costs and multiple trips. FIS Technical Committee members will have a working meeting in the fall of 2009 with each candidate and inspection group to review the project. A final report will be submitted in spring 2009 by the Inspection Group and the National Ski Association and FIS Council.

Finalists
The four finalists who submitted were those who lost out on the previous championships in 2008.

Voting results
The winner was selected at the FIS Congress in Antalya, Turkey, on 3 June 2010.

Schedule
All times are local (UTC+1).

Cross-country

Nordic combined

Ski jumping

Medal summary

Medal table

Cross-country skiing

Men

Women

Nordic combined

Ski jumping

Men

Women

Mixed

References

External links

Official website
FIS Cross-Country Site
FIS Ski Jumping Site
FIS Nordic Combined Site

FIS Nordic World Ski Championships
2015 in cross-country skiing
2015 in ski jumping
2015 in Nordic combined
2015 in Swedish sport
International sports competitions hosted by Sweden
February 2015 sports events in Europe
March 2015 sports events in Europe
Nordic skiing competitions in Sweden
Sports competitions in Falun


Sir William Lambert Dobson  (24 April 1833 – 17 March 1898) was an English-born Australian  politician, a Leader of the Opposition and Chief Justice of Tasmania, (Australia).

Early life
Dobson was born at Carr Hill,
Gateshead, Durham, England, the elder son of John Dobson, a solicitor at Gateshead, and his first wife Mary Ann, née Atkinson (1811–1837).
William was full brother to Frank and half-brother to Alfred and Henry Dobson.

William arrived in Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania) with his parents on 16 July 1834. He was educated at Christ College and The Hutchins School at Hobart. After leaving school Dobson spent 18 months in the public service, returned to England, and entered at the Middle Temple. At the Inns of Court examination held in June 1856 Dobson took first place and was admitted to the bar on 6 June 1856.

Career
Dobson returned to Tasmania at the end of 1856 and was admitted to practise as a barrister on 22 January 1857. In 1859 Dobson was appointed crown solicitor. Dobson was elected a member of the house of assembly for Hobart, was Solicitor-General in 1860 and on 6 February 1861 became Attorney-General in the second William Weston ministry. Dobson continued in this position when the ministry was reconstituted under Thomas Chapman, and remained in office until January 1863. Dobson represented Campbell Town 1864-70. When James Whyte became premier, Dobson was elected leader of the opposition, on 24 November 1866 became attorney-general again under Sir Richard Dry, holding the same position in the succeeding James Wilson ministry (after Dry's death) from 4 August 1869 to 5 February 1870. Dobson was then appointed a puisne judge in the Supreme Court of Tasmania, at just 36 years of age. In 1884 he was acting chief justice, and on 2 February 1885 became chief justice. He held this position until his death on 17 March 1898. Dobson acted as deputy-governor in 1884, 1886–87 and 1892-93.

Legacy
Dobson was chancellor of the University of Tasmania, president of the leading sporting bodies, vice-president of the Royal Society of Tasmania and the Art Society of Tasmania, and trustee of the Tasmanian museum, art gallery and botanical gardens. On 17 March 1859 Dobson married Fanny Louisa Browne (died 1935), daughter of Rev. William Henry Browne the archdeacon of Launceston, who survived him with a son and three daughters. Dobson was knighted in 1886 by Queen Victoria on a visit to London and appointed K.C.M.G. in 1897.

Dobson was a member of the Linnean Society, and much interested in botany and higher education generally. As a member of parliament he brought in the act which made education compulsory, and he was also responsible for the act abolishing imprisonment for debt. Although not giving the impression of being a brilliant lawyer, he was an exceedingly sound one; it has been stated that during his judicial career he never had a decision reversed by a higher court.

Brothers
One of Dobson's brothers Henry (1841 – 1918) was a premier of Tasmania. Another brother, Frank (1835–95) was a Solicitor-General of Victoria from 1881 to 1883, while a third brother, Alfred (1848–1908), was Attorney-General in the first Philip Fysh ministry from 1877 to 1878, leader of the opposition 1883 to 1884, and speaker of the house from July 1885 to 1887.

References

1833 births
1898 deaths
Chief Justices of Tasmania
Judges of the Supreme Court of Tasmania
19th-century Australian judges
Members of the Tasmanian House of Assembly
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Solicitors-General of Tasmania
Attorneys-General of Tasmania
Leaders of the Opposition in Tasmania
Fellows of the Linnean Society of London
Colony of Tasmania judges
People educated at The Hutchins School


Arn Chorn-Pond (born 1966) is a Cambodian musician, human rights activist, and a survivor of the Khmer Rouge regime. He is an advocate for the healing and transformative power of the arts, and especially music.

Biography

Early life
Chorn-Pond was born in Cambodia in 1966 into a Battambang family of performers and musicians. According to Chorn-Pond in a 2006 article:
 "My family owned an opera company. The National Charity Company, as we were called, performed in temples, opera houses and mayors’ compounds throughout the country. Many people knew my father, grandfather, and uncle through their performances, which had become legendary. Since the family ran the company, all of us performed. When I was six or seven, I often played the role of a baby. Somebody would say “Cry!” and I’d cry...My father and uncle trained my older cousin, in his teens at the time, to perform the main roles in traditional Cambodian operas."

Survival during the Pol Pot Regime
When the Khmer Rouge came to power in 1975, Chorn-Pond and hundreds of other children were sent to Wat Ek Phnom, a Buddhist temple near Battambang converted into a prison camp, where he survived by playing the flute and keeping the soldiers entertained.

In five days a master trained Chorn-Pond and four other children to play the flute and the khim, a Cambodian hammered dulcimer. The children learned to play a traditional lullaby known as Bombay. At the end of that time, Chorn-Pond and another boy were chosen to play propaganda songs for the camp guards. The other three children and the master were led away and killed. "When they brought in another old master for more lessons," Chorn-Pond recalled, "I begged them not to kill him. I told them I didn’t have enough skills yet, and I offered them my own life instead." On a visit to Cambodia in 1996, he was reunited with his teacher.

In a 2002 interview Chorn-Pond described how his survival depended on repressing his emotions and distancing himself from the horror of his situation:

 "I was in a temple where they killed three or four times a day. They told us to watch and not to show any emotion at all. They would kill us if we reacted...if we cried, or showed that we cared about the victims. They would kill you right away. So I had to shut it all off...I can shut off everything in my body, practically, physically. I saw them killing people right in front of me, the blood was there, but I didn't smell it. I made myself numb...The killing was unbearable. You go crazy if you smell the blood."

When the Vietnamese invaded Cambodia in 1978, Chorn-Pond was handed a gun and forced to fight:

 "The Khmer Rouge gave us guns and pushed us into the front line. Children who refused were shot in the head. Many of us ranged from eight [and] up, so long as we could carry guns. I was then about twelve. The Khmer Rouge would shoot us from behind if, against orders, we tried to leave the battleground. Thousands of children got shot to the left and right of me, many of them good friends."

 "Many kids got killed because the Vietnamese are very good. Most of the Vietnamese soldiers had experience with Americans, and we didn't know that...And I became good friends with some of the kids, and on the battlefields sometimes they got shot in the left and the right from me, in the stomach and the head. Many times I held them, blood all over me. The worst feeling I had was that you can’t help them at all...I saw kids and adults got hit in the head, by the bullets, crawling. So I don't believe in crawling anymore. I just stood up and shoot like hell...I fought about two or three months. The thing that I couldn't take is to watch my friends dying every day. That's the worst feeling."

Eventually, he escaped into the jungle where he survived for months by himself. "I followed monkeys and ate whatever they ate. I fished with my hands and ate fruits, and killed monkeys, too." In late 1980 he crossed the border into Thailand and a Thai soldier took him to the Sa Kaeo Refugee Camp. There he met the Reverend Peter L. Pond. "He weighed about 60 pounds and he was very sick," Reverend Pond later recalled, "He had cerebral malaria and he was really close to death...This sick little child reached up and touched me, and said in English, 'Hello.' That...was Arn Chorn from the very first, reaching out and touching."

Reverend Pond took Arn to Jefferson, New Hampshire and formally adopted him in 1984. In all, Pond adopted 16 Cambodian children, mostly orphans, including one who eventually became Rhode Island's first Cambodian physician, Dr. Soneath Pond.

Education and humanitarian work
During his initial months in the US, Arn Chorn-Pond experienced difficulties as one of the first non-white students to attend White Mountains Regional High School. He graduated from Gould Academy in Maine in 1985, attended Northfield Mount Hermon School and attended Brown University for two years before withdrawing to co-found Children of War, an organization dedicated to help young people to overcome suffering from war and other traumas such as child abuse, poverty, racism and divorce. From its inception in 1984 through 1988, Children of War trained a core leadership group of 150 young people representing twenty-one countries. More than 100,000 U.S. students from 480 schools participated in the program.  In 1992 Chorn-Pond received a bachelor's degree in political science from Providence College and in 2007 the school awarded him an honorary Doctorate of Humanitarian Service .

Chorn-Pond was also one of the few surviving Cambodians to return to the refugee camps on the Thai–Cambodian border. While attending college in Rhode Island, Arn devoted his summers from 1986 through 1988 to teaching and assisting those still displaced by war. He was also the youngest Cambodian involved in diplomatic efforts for reconciliation.
While a student at Providence College, Chorn-Pond co-founded the Southeast Asian Big Brother/Big Sister Association in Providence and founded Peace Makers, a US-based gang intervention program for Southeast Asian youths in Providence. In 1993 he returned to Cambodia and founded the Cambodian Volunteers for Community Development.

In 1998 he founded the Cambodian Master Performers Program, which grew into Cambodian Living Arts. The organization's original mission was to revive the endangered traditional performing arts in Cambodia by locating former masters or trained professional musicians and helping them to pass on their skills and knowledge to the next generation. Cambodian Living Arts has since expanded its scope of programming to include scholarships, fellowships, workshops, training, commissions, arts education, and a cultural enterprise that provides enriching job opportunities to Cambodian performing artists. Chorn-Pond remains engaged with the organization's work, both as spokesperson and in particular with the work of  The Khmer Magic Music Bus, a program of Cambodian Living Arts that takes music performances and demonstrations to villages and communities around Cambodia which would otherwise lack access to performing arts, and also works closely with certain communities to keep some especially rare forms of Cambodian music alive.

Arn Chorn-Pond has also served as Director of Youth Programs for the Cambodian Mutual Assistance Association in Lowell, Massachusetts, and since 2001 has been a special adviser on Cambodian affairs for Clear Path International.

Awards and honors
Among other honors, Arn Chorn-Pond was one of the first recipients of the Reebok Human Rights Award in 1988. He has received the 1991 Amnesty International Human Rights Award, the 1993 Kohl Foundation International Peace Prize, and the 1996 Spirit of Anne Frank Outstanding Citizen Award.

Arn Chorn-Pond regularly gives talks about his experiences.  In October 2008, he was invited by the Spurlock Museum and the Asian Educational Media Service  to the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.

He was nominated Music Rights Champion by the International Music Council in 2018.

In film, opera and literature
Arn Chorn-Pond is the subject of Jocelyn Glatzer's 2003 documentary "The Flute Player."

The 2007 opera "Where Elephants Weep", composed by Khmer musician Him Sophy with a libretto by Catherine Filloux, is loosely inspired by the life of Arn Chorn-Pond.

The 2008 children's book A Song for Cambodia by Michelle Lord is based on events in the life of Arn Chorn-Pond.

In May 2012, the novel Never Fall Down by Patricia McCormick was published with HarperCollins. It retells Arn Chorn-Pond's childhood story of surviving during the Khmer Rouge regime.

As a musician

An accomplished flautist, Arn Chorn-Pond is credited with teaching Ron Korb to play the Khloy (the Cambodian bamboo flute) in traditional Khmer style. In 2001 Chorn-Pond performed on stage in Peter Gabriel's Tribute and Homage for Harbourfront Centre's "World Leaders" hosted by Laurie Brown, sharing the stage with Peter Gabriel, Jane Siberry, Tia Carrere, Ron Korb, Donald Quan, Jeff Martin, Andy Stochansky, Loreena McKennitt, Daniel Lanois and Lorraine Segato.

References

External links
Arn Chorn-Pond, Master Mek, & The Waterek Ensemble at the David Rubenstein Atrium at Lincoln Center
YouTube: Arn Chorn Pond: "Everyone has a Story."
Arn Chorn-Pond interviewed on NPR's Fresh Air.
2010 Holocaust and Genocide Lecture Series - April 20, 2010: Child of War, Man of Peace - Presented by Arn Chorn-Pond, Cambodian Survivor and Human Rights Activist.
J. M. Bedell, Finding Courage: History's Young Heroes and Their Amazing Deeds, Beyond Words Publishing, September 2004 .
Richard Stone, "We Heal by Telling Our Story," Personal Transformation, June 1997, p. 36.
Arn Chorn-Pond on bridge at Wat Ek 1999
Takemany Showfew's photostream: Photos of Arn Chorn-Pond
"Notes From a Survivor: Playing for Life; Learning the flute spared former Cambodian refugee from death." Courier, The Stanley Foundation: Number 44, Summer 2004, p. 9.
  Oral history video clips featuring Arn Chorn-Pond, originally produced by Media Entertainment, Inc., for the 2000 documentary The Genocide Factor. Part 1 , Part 2 .

1966 births
Adoptees
American people of Cambodian descent
Cambodian activists
Cambodian genocide survivors
Cambodian human rights activists
Cambodian music
Cambodian musicians
Cambodian refugees
Child soldiers
Living people
Providence College alumni
Northfield Mount Hermon School alumni
Cambodian military personnel


Diana Popova (born December 10, 1976 in Sofia, Bulgaria) is an Individual Rhythmic Gymnast.

Career
She started rhythmic gymnastics in 1982 and started training at an early age.

Popova competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics, Despite two drops of the clubs, she finished 7th in the all-around.
In 1993, Popova made a brief retirement, citing exhaustion but returned to competition shortly after in 1994. She had a good comeback finishing 8th in 1994 and 7th in 1995 at the World Championships, she also took home 5 medals (including the all-around bronze) at that year's World University Games.  She also won three bronze medals at the 1996 European Championships in Team, Rope and Ribbon.
She competed in her second Olympics in 1996, but a couple of small mistakes in the semifinal round dropped Popova to 11th place and denied her the chance to compete in her second Olympic final.

After her retirement in 1996, Popova married the son of famed Bulgarian coach Julieta Shishmanova. Popova has since relocated to Italy, where she accepted a coaching position with the national team.

External links

1976 births
Living people
Bulgarian rhythmic gymnasts
Gymnasts at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Gymnasts at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Bulgarian expatriates in Italy
Medalists at the Rhythmic Gymnastics World Championships
Medalists at the Rhythmic Gymnastics European Championships


This is a complete list of members of the United States Senate during the 111th United States Congress listed by seniority, from January 3, 2009, to January 3, 2011. It is a historical listing and contains people who had not served the entire two-year Congress, such as Joe Biden and Hillary Clinton.

Order of service is based on the commencement of the senator's first term. Following this is former service as a U.S. senator (only giving the senator seniority within his or her new incoming class), service as Vice President of the United States, a U.S. Representative, a cabinet secretary, a state governor. Others are separated by his or her state's population.

Senators who were sworn in during the middle of the two-year Congress (up until the last senator who was not sworn in early after winning the November 2010 election) are listed at the end of the list with no number. However, Roland Burris and Al Franken are listed as numbers 99 and 100. Burris was appointed at the end of the previous Congress, but was blocked from taking his seat until January 12, 2009, and Franken won the United States Senate election in Minnesota, 2008, but was unable to take his seat until July 7, 2009 due to an election contest.

John Kerry was the most senior junior senator from the opening of the 111th Congress until the death of Ted Kennedy in August 2009, whereupon Tom Harkin took on the distinction. Amy Klobuchar was the most junior senior senator in the first eighteen days of the Congress until Mark Udall, a freshman, became Colorado's senior senator upon Ken Salazar's resignation in late January 2009 to become Interior Secretary.

Terms of service

U.S. Senate seniority list

See also
111th United States Congress
List of members of the United States House of Representatives in the 111th Congress by seniority

Notes

External links

111
Senate Seniority