"Roxette" is the debut single by the band Dr. Feelgood released in 1974, from their 1975 debut album Down by the Jetty.

Release
"Roxette" was issued as a single in the UK in November 1974. It failed to reach the UK Singles Chart.  It was written by Wilko Johnson and produced by Vic Maile. The B-side of the record is a cover of "(Get Your Kicks On) Route 66".

Later, in September 1976, a live recording of the song was issued by the band as a single, with a live recording of "Keep It Out of Sight" on the B-side.  The live recording of the track also appeared on Dr. Feelgood's 1976 live album, Stupidity.

"Roxette" was also later included on Dr. Feelgood's 1997's compilation album, Twenty Five Years of Dr. Feelgood.

Johnson re-recorded the song with Norman Watt-Roy for his 2013 album, Faith and Grace, performing it live on a few occasions on Watt-Roy's tour in October 2013.

The Swedish duo Roxette took their name from this song.

References

1974 songs
1974 debut singles
Music in Southend-on-Sea
Dr. Feelgood (band) songs
United Artists Records singles
Songs written by Wilko Johnson
Song recordings produced by Vic Maile


Bogovë is a village and a former municipality in Berat County, central Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Skrapar. The population at the 2011 census was 1,098. The name originates from the Serbian and Slavic word for Gods (Bogove).

References

Former municipalities in Berat County
Administrative units of Skrapar
Villages in Berat County
Populated places disestablished in 2015


The Welfreighter was a Second World War British midget submarine developed by the Special Operations Executive (SOE) for the purpose of landing and supplying agents behind enemy lines. It only saw action once and was not particularly successful.

Design
After the success of the X class midget submarines, an attempt was made by SOE's technical division, Inter Services Research Bureau (ISRB) under the command of Lt. Colonel John Dolphin to design a submersible craft for covert  missions. These would include the landing and supplying agents behind enemy lines, intelligence gathering work off hostile coastlines, and delivering explosive depth charges to enemy shipping routes. This design became the Welfreighter. It was intended that the  Welfreighter could travel surfaced by night towards an enemy-held coastline, submerging as and when necessary to avoid detection. The special agents would then be disembarked and go ashore along with their equipment, stored in the special containers. The Welfreighter would then sail out to sea and submerge itself to  wait until the next night. At a pre-arranged time, or upon receiving a sound signal from the landing party (made by a mechanical device) it would surface again and pick up the agents, before heading out to sea either to rendezvous with a larger surface vessel or return to base under its own power.

The initial concept was a true miniature submarine which could from a distance be mistaken for a conventional motor boat and which could hold two agents along with its crew of two men, and which could also carry up to one ton of supplies in sealed containers. The designed range was to be up to  on the surface, with a range of  at speeds of up to . While submerged it was to be capable of diving to a depth of  and travelling up to  underwater.

Design work began towards the end of 1942 with the building of a 1/4 scale model which was used for tests in an experimental tank at Vickers' plant at St. Albans. By February 1943 the tests had produced several alterations to the original design including modifications to the hull form to make it stable under tow at speeds of  - .

Prototypes
Following the model tests, permission was granted for the construction of a full size prototype at the SOE establishment known as The Frythe near Welwyn Garden City.

The first prototype had little resemblance to the later versions. When launched at Staines in May 1943 it permitted further tests but showed flaws in that it was not stable under tow at speeds over  and lacked freeboard. A second prototype was begun in June and was tested throughout the autumn and winter.

A third prototype was begun in September 1943. Its surface range -  - exceeded the specification, but at the expense of reducing the storage capacity by . Its speed was less than the specification, at  maximum while surfaced, with a mere  submerged. It did however perform satisfactorily when pressure tested to a depth of .

Production

In early 1944 a specification for a final Mk III version was proposed by SOE, which eventually entered series  production. The range was now specified as , with an additional  using disposable tanks (which however meant a loss of the diving capability). A further  could be added if part of the storage capacity was used. The accommodation had also been enlarged; as well as the two crewmen, 4 passengers could be carried on short voyages, or 3 for longer trips. The cargo capacity had also been enhanced to enable between 1.5 and 2 tons to be carried.

Underwater endurance had also been augmented, the craft now being capable of supporting 6 persons for up to 40 hours submerged. Finally, surface speed had been increased to  cruising speed, or  maximum. Even the electric propulsion was upgraded: it could deliver 2-3 knots. By now it was apparent that it was unlikely that the Welfreighter would be needed in Europe, therefore consideration was given to its use in the Far East.

Due to the urgency of production it was not possible to create a dedicated factory. As had happened with the Welman submarine the year before, production was contracted out to specialised engineering firms already engaged in production of war material. In mid-1944, the Letchworth company of Shelvoke and Drewry Ltd. was awarded a contract to produce Welfreighters. By early September an order for up to 34 Welfreighters was placed for delivery as soon as possible after 1 October. The company had no experience of ship construction, and was  from the sea. Security surrounding the  production of the Welfreighter was tight, and few non-vetted employees knew the truth until after the end of the war.

Completed craft were transported at night under canvas covers to Station IX at Welwyn, where they were fitted out, the compass and periscope and secret equipment fitted. The craft were then balanced, trimmed, and pressure tested in the establishment's water tank. They were then transported onwards to Fishguard in Wales, for sea trials.

Appearance
The Welfreighter outwardly resembled a conventional  motor boat. While surfaced it was propelled by a  Gardner 4LW   diesel omnibus engine driving a 4-bladed propeller, while underwater propulsion was provided by two  electric motors, driving a pair of small propellers. Two "masts" on the craft's foredeck housed a Barr and Stroude periscope and a magnetic compass. A dummy mast and sail could be attached to these masts to help disguise the craft as a fishing smack. The foredeck was raised up to give some headroom inside the craft, and was fitted with small square viewports.

To the rear of the main structure was a raised deck, beneath which were housed 6 high pressure air cylinders. To the rear of this area was a cargo well, fitted at the stern with a drop-down tailgate. This could house seven cylindrical drums of cargo. Carefully loaded so as to give a slight positive buoyancy, these drums could hold equipment for use by agents or saboteurs and could be floated out through the tailgate and towed ashore by agents, either swimming or using an inflatable boat.

Each Welfreighter was manned by a Sub Lieutenant RNVR as Commander, and a Naval Engine Room Artificer (ERA) or Army mechanic (REME). Up to four special agents could travel as passengers, although two would be more usual. These would commonly be Army personnel, who would be expected to assist with handling the craft while on the surface.

Service

Europe
Before the Welfreighter became properly operational the secret war in Europe was nearly over. In late 1944 plans were discussed to deploy the craft to the Adriatic, to assist operations in the Balkans, where SOE was involved in supporting partisans in northern Greece, Albania, and Yugoslavia.

It was also suggested that Welfreighters could be used to plant mines in the entrances to German ports, but this was dropped when it was demonstrated that a suitable charge would have to weigh over , which would be too much for the craft's buoyancy and trim.

Trained Welfreighter crews were ready for operations through the autumn of 1944, but neither Combined Operations HQ or SOE ever required anything of them.

Far East
Two Welfreighters were shipped to Fremantle, Australia, in late 1944, to become part of the clandestine Services Reconnaissance Department (commonly known as Z Special Unit). Extensive trials were conducted, including towing trials and exercises using high-powered motor launches and Motor Torpedo Boats. One source suggests that 12 were sent to Australia in 1945.

Citations

References

Midget submarines
Submarines of the United Kingdom
Special Operations Executive


Hustler Video is an American pornographic film studio. It is owned by Larry Flynt's Larry Flynt Publications, and is part of its Hustler-branded range of enterprises, which includes Hustler magazine, the Hustler Casino and the Hustler Hollywood retail outlets. In 2003 Hustler Video bought VCA Pictures, which maintains a separate brand identity within the LFP conglomerate.

Hustler Video is known for their parodies of mainstream movies, and of celebrities, like Paris Hilton, David Hasselhoff or Lindsay Lohan, and TV shows, like "Happy Days", "Star Trek" and "Glee". In response to 2008 Republican presidential nominee John McCain selecting Alaska governor Sarah Palin as his running mate, Hustler placed a classified ad on Craigslist, seeking a Sarah Palin doppelgänger willing to star in a pornographic film while portraying the governor. The film, Who's Nailin' Paylin, was released November 4, 2008 eventually starring Lisa Ann.

Awards
The following is a selection of some of the major pornography awards the studio has won.
2002 AVN Award - 'Best All-Sex DVD' for Porno Vision
2002 AVN Award - 'Best All-Sex Film' for Porno Vision
2002 AVN Award - 'Top Selling Release of the Year' for Snoop Dogg's Doggystyle
2003 AVN Award - 'Best Ethnic-Themed Release' for Liquid City
2003 AVN Award - 'Best Art Direction - Film' - Kris Kramski for America XXX
2003 AVN Award - 'Best Vignette Series for Barely Legal
2004 AVN Award - 'Best Vignette Series for Barely Legal
2004 AVN Award - 'Top Selling Release of the Year' for Snoop Dogg's Hustlaz: Diary of a Pimp
2004 AVN Award - 'Best Ethnic-Themed Release - Black' for Snoop Dogg's Hustlaz: Diary of a Pimp
2005 AVN Award - 'Best Amateur Release' for Adventure Sex
2005 AVN Award - 'Best All-Sex Release' for Stuntgirl
2006 AVN Award - 'Best All-Sex Release' for Squealer
2007 AVN Award - 'Best Pro-Am or Amateur Series' for Beaver Hunt
2008 AVN Award - 'Best Interactive DVD' for InTERActive
2008 AVN Award - 'Best Vignette Series for Barely Legal School Girls
2009 AVN Award - 'Best Specialty Series - Other Genre' for Taboo
2009 AVN Award - 'Clever Title of the Year' for Strollin in the Colon
2010 XBIZ Award - 'Parody Release of the Year' for Not the Bradys XXX: Marcia
2011 XBIZ Award - 'Best Art Direction' for This Ain't Avatar XXX 3D
2011 XBIZ Award - 'Marketing Campaign of the Year' for This Ain't Avatar XXX
2012 XBIZ Award - 'Parody Studio of the Year'
2013 XBIZ Award Nominee - 'Studio of the Year',  'Parody Release of the Year-Comedy' for This Ain't Nurse Jackie XXX; Additional nominations include: 'Vignette Release of the Year' for Barely Legal 124 and 'Vignette Series of the Year' for Barely Legal and 'All-Girl Series of the Year' for My First Lesbian Experience
2014 AVN Award — Best Retail Chain – Large
2014 XBIZ Award - 'Vignette Release of the Year' for Busty Beauties Car Wash

Legal issues
In 2011, Hustler Video was fined $14,175 in workplace safety charges for three separate complaints: a failure to provide protective devices to workers, failure to maintain proper health policies, and failure to provide vaccinations to workers.

References

External links

American pornographic film studios
Film production companies of the United States
Larry Flynt Publications
Companies based in Los Angeles County, California
Pornography in Los Angeles
Privately held companies based in California
American companies established in 1998


In mathematical physics, the Berezin integral, named after Felix Berezin, (also known as Grassmann integral, after Hermann Grassmann), is a way to define integration for functions of Grassmann variables (elements of the exterior algebra). It is not an integral in the Lebesgue sense; the word "integral" is used because the Berezin integral has properties analogous to the Lebesgue integral and because it extends the path integral in physics, where it is used as a sum over histories for fermions.

Definition

Let  be the exterior algebra of polynomials in anticommuting elements  over the field of complex numbers. (The ordering of the generators  is fixed and defines the orientation of the exterior algebra.)

One variable
The Berezin integral over the sole Grassmann variable  is defined to be a linear functional

where we define

so that :

These properties define the integral uniquely and imply

Take note that  is the most general function of  because Grassmann variables square to zero, so  cannot have non-zero terms beyond linear order.

Multiple variables
The Berezin integral on  is defined to be the unique linear functional  with the following properties:

for any  where  means the left or the right partial derivative. These properties define the integral uniquely.

Notice that different conventions exist in the literature: Some authors define instead

The formula

expresses the Fubini law. On the right-hand side, the interior integral of a monomial  is set to be  where ; the integral of  vanishes. The integral with respect to  is calculated in the similar way and so on.

Change of Grassmann variables

Let  be odd polynomials in some antisymmetric variables . The Jacobian is the matrix

where  refers to the right derivative (). The formula for the coordinate change reads

Integrating even and odd variables

Definition

Consider now the algebra  of functions of real commuting variables  and of anticommuting variables  (which is called the free superalgebra of dimension ). Intuitively, a function  is a function of m even (bosonic, commuting) variables and of n odd (fermionic, anti-commuting) variables. More formally, an element  is a function of the argument  that varies in an open set  with values in the algebra  Suppose that this function is continuous and vanishes in the complement of a compact set  The Berezin integral is the number

Change of even and odd variables

Let a coordinate transformation be given by  where  are even and  are odd polynomials of  depending on even variables  The Jacobian matrix of this transformation has the block form:

where each even derivative  commutes with all elements of the algebra ; the odd derivatives commute with even elements and anticommute with odd elements. The entries of the diagonal blocks  and  are even and the entries of the off-diagonal blocks  are odd functions, where  again mean right derivatives.

We now need the Berezinian (or superdeterminant) of the matrix , which is the even function

defined when the function  is invertible in  Suppose that the real functions  define a smooth invertible map  of open sets  in  and the linear part of the map  is invertible for each  The general transformation law for the Berezin integral reads

where ) is the sign of the orientation of the map  The superposition  is defined in the obvious way, if the functions  do not depend on  In the general case, we write  where  are even nilpotent elements of  and set

where the Taylor series is finite.

Useful formulas

The following formulas for Gaussian integrals are used often in the path integral formulation of quantum field theory:

with  being a complex  matrix.

with  being a complex skew-symmetric  matrix, and  being the Pfaffian of , which fulfills .

In the above formulas the notation  is used. From these formulas, other useful formulas follow (See Appendix A in) :

with  being an invertible  matrix. Note that these integrals are all in the form of a partition function.

History

The mathematical theory of the integral with commuting and anticommuting variables was invented and developed by Felix Berezin. Some important earlier insights were made by David John Candlin in 1956. Other authors contributed to these developments, including the physicists Khalatnikov (although his paper contains mistakes), Matthews and Salam, and Martin.

See also
 Supermanifold
 Berezinian

References

Further reading
 Theodore Voronov: Geometric integration theory on Supermanifolds, Harwood Academic Publisher,
 Berezin, Felix Alexandrovich: Introduction to Superanalysis, Springer Netherlands,

Multilinear algebra
Differential forms
Integral calculus
Mathematical physics
Quantum field theory
Supersymmetry


Destiny is the seventh studio album by Filipina singer-actress Jolina Magdangal under GMA Records. "Will of the Wind" is the lead single and used as the main theme song of the movie I.T.A.L.Y.(I trust and love you). Other songs from this album was also used as a theme song to some of GMA Network TV series like Filipino adaptation of koreanovela All about Eve and koreanovela The Legend. A cover of Fra Lippo Lippi (band)'s Stitches & Burns is also included in this album.

Track listing

Personnel
Adapted from the Jolina liner notes.

 Felipe S. Yalong – executive producer
 Rene A. Salta – executive producer
 Alwyn B. Cruz – producer
 Marc Tupaz – producer
 Shamrock – arrangement and performance for the songs "Umibig Ka" and "Isang Taon"
 Christopher San Diego – recording and mixing engineer, gma network recording studios
 Arnold Jallores – recording and mixing engineer, mixsonic recording studios
 Jun Magdangal – album cover concept
 Joseph De Vera – album cover concept, album cover design
 Eileen Ramos – make-up
 Reggie Cruz – stylist
 Dominique James – photographer, great image (front cover)
 Dail Deri – photographer, gallery d (inside & back cover)

References

2006 albums
Jolina Magdangal albums
GMA Music albums


John Slagg (junior) (24 Oct 1837 – 7 May 1889) was a British businessman and Liberal politician.

He was the eldest son of John Slagg, a justice of the peace at Manchester, and his wife Jane née Crighton. John Slagg senior was a commission agent and merchant in the city. His friend, Anti Corn Law campaigner Richard Cobden was his son's godfather.

Slagg followed his father into business, and became president of the Manchester Chamber of Commerce. In 1885 he was appointed as a director of the Suez Canal Company. He made his home at Hopefield, Pendleton.

In 1880 he was elected as one of Manchester's three members of parliament. The Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 divided the Manchester constituency into six divisions, and Slagg stood as the Liberal candidate at Manchester North West, but was defeated. He returned to the Commons at a bi-election in 1887 at Burnley.

In 1866 he married Katherine German of Sevenoaks, Kent.

John Slagg died at his Mayfair, London home in May 1889, aged 51.

References

External links

1837 births
1889 deaths
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1880–1885
Politics of Burnley
UK MPs 1886–1892
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Manchester


Chandelor v Lopus (1603) 79 ER 3 is a famous case in the common law of England.  It stands for the distinction between warranties and mere affirmations and announced the rule of caveat emptor (buyer beware).

Facts
A man paid £100 for what he thought was a bezoar stone. This is a stone that forms in animals' intestinal systems, and was believed to have magical healing properties. The seller said it was a bezoar stone, which turned out to be false. The buyer sued for the return of the £100 purchase price.

How the claimant discovered that the bezoar did not work is not discussed in the report.

The issue for the court was whether the sales pitch had been the usual big talk of the market merchants in the plying of their wares, or if there had been indeed an actual deceit in the transaction.

Judgment
The Exchequer Court held the buyer had no right to his money back, saying "the bare affirmation that it was a bezoar stone, without warranting it to be so, is no cause of action." The majority of the judges held that the buyer was required to show either that the seller knew the stone was not a bezoar, in which case the seller was liable for deceit, or that the seller had warranted (contractually guaranteed) that the stone was a bezoar, in which case the seller would be liable for breach of warranty. Since the seller in this case was not alleged to have done either of these things, the buyer's claim failed.

Significance
Chandelor long stood as an impediment to any common law development of consumer protection systems.

Only in the nineteenth century did the law begin to evolve a doctrine of implied warranty.

This judgment predated a common law recognition of fraudulent misrepresentation by 180 years.

See also
Cross v Gardner (1689) Cart. 90, Lord Holt CJ held that "An affirmation at the time of a sale is a warranty, provided it appears on evidence to be so intended."
Heilbut, Symons & Co v Buckleton [1913] AC 30
Oscar Chess Ltd v Williams [1957] 1 WLR 370

References

English incorporation case law
Exchequer of Pleas cases
1603 in case law
1603 in English law


The 1971 Australian Grand Prix was a motor race held at Warwick Farm Raceway in New South Wales, Australia on 21 November 1971. It was open to Racing Cars complying with either Australian Formula 1 or Australian Formula 2 regulations.

The race was the thirty sixth running of the Australian Grand Prix. Frank Matich won his second straight AGP and, as in 1970, he started the race on pole and also set the fastest race lap. The race marked the debut of Matich's self designed and built Matich A50 which was powered by a Repco Holden V8 engine. Matich won the race by 58.7 seconds from Kevin Bartlett driving a McLaren M10B-Chevrolet, with Alan Hamilton, also driving McLaren M10B-Chevrolet, 1.1 seconds behind Bartlett in third place.

Other than two New Zealanders, the only international driver in the event was  Formula One World Drivers' Champion John Surtees. The Englishman started ninth in his Surtees TS8-Chevrolet, and battled with Bartlett, Hamilton, and, until his retirement, Colin Bond in the McLaren M10B in which Matich had won the 1970 Australian Grand Prix. Surtees ultimately placed 14th after suffering two punctures late in the race. 1971 Rothmans F5000 European Championship winner Frank Gardner was unable to start the race after damaging his Lola T300 in the first practice session on the Saturday.

Classification

Results as follows:

Official practice

Grid positions for the race were determined during "official practice".

Race

 (AF2) indicates Australian Formula 2 car

Notes
Pole position: Frank Matich – 1'24.3
 Starters: 23
 Finishers: 15
 Winner's average speed: 93.32 m.p.h.
 Australian Formula 2 Class winner: Gary Campbell
 Fastest lap: Frank Matich – 1'24.6 (94.75 mph / 154.08 km/h) (New outright lap record)

References

External links
 Australian Grand Prix, Warwick Farm, 21 Nov 1971, www.oldracingcars.com
 Formula 5000 1971, autopics.com.au

Grand Prix
Australian Grand Prix
Formula 5000 race reports
Motorsport at Warwick Farm
Australian Grand Prix


Vendreshë is a former municipality in Berat County, central Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Skrapar. The population at the 2011 census was 984.

References

Former municipalities in Berat County
Administrative units of Skrapar
Populated places disestablished in 2015


The Milwaukee Chiefs were a professional American football team based in Wisconsin that competed in the third American Football League in 1940 and in 1941.

The team played its home games in the Dairy Bowl at State Fair Park in West Allis, a suburb just west of Milwaukee.  Originally formed as an expansion team for the minor league formerly known as the American Professional Football Association for the 1940 season, the new team joined fellow AFL members Cincinnati Bengals and Columbus Bullies in becoming charter members of a new major-league AFL (the triple defection triggered the demise of the minor league, allowing the new major league to adopt the AFL name). The team president was George M. Harris, and the head coach was Tiny Cahoon.

The team's first training camp in 1940 was held at Weyauwega in Waupaca County. The second camp in 1941 was closer to home, with lights, at West Bend in Washington County.

In the two seasons of the league's existence, the Chiefs fielded a competitive team. In 1940, the team scored the most points and gave up the fewest over the course of the season, but lost to Columbus in the final game to give the league championship to the Bullies. The following year, the Chiefs and the Bullies were joined by the New York Americans in a three-way race for the championship, with the Chiefs' continuing inability to defeat the Bullies (losing in Columbus and tying in Milwaukee) led to Columbus repeating as AFL champions and Milwaukee finishing third.

For the two years of the league's existence, the Chiefs were a popular draw as they played in Wisconsin's largest stadium. The AFL had accepted the 1941 entrance of a new Detroit team and deferred it until 1942, but the Pearl Harbor attack and the subsequent U.S. entry into World War II put all plans for football to a halt. In September 1942, league president William B. Cox announced the suspension of league activities until after the war, but the league – and the Chiefs – never returned.

References

Defunct American football teams
American football teams established in 1940
1940 establishments in Wisconsin
Sports in Milwaukee
Sports clubs and teams disestablished in 1942
American Football League (1940) teams


Jaroslav Křička (; 27 August 1882 in Kelč, Moravia – 23 January 1969 in Prague) was a Czech composer, conductor, and music teacher. He was the brother of poet Petr Křička[de].

Life
Jaroslav Křička was born into the family of the Kelč village cantor and headmaster František Křička (1848–1891) as the oldest of three siblings. His mother was Františka Křičková (1861-1936). His brother Petr Křička (1884–1949) later became a well-known poet, and his sister Pavla Křičková (1886–1972) became a writer. Their father enthusiastically supported the musical education of his children; Jaroslav received violin, piano, and voice lessons as a child.

He attended high school in Havlíčkův Brod and graduated in 1900. As a high school student, he founded his own vocal quartet, string quartet, and student orchestra and began to compose. After graduating from high school, he moved to Prague and studied at the Prague Conservatory from 1902 to 1905. Under the tutelage of Josef Klicka, he studied organ, orchestration, and harmony. He studied conducting with Karel Knittl[cs] and composition with Karel Stecker[cs]. His musical role models were the famous Czech composers Antonín Dvořák, Bedřich Smetana, and Zdeněk Fibich, and later also the Czech modernists Vítězslav Novák and Josef Suk.

After studying for a year in Berlin (1905–1906), he moved to Russia  for three years (1906–1909) and taught music theory, harmony, and chamber music at the Imperial Music School in Ekaterinoslav. There he founded an orchestra with which he performed works by Antonín Dvořák and Bedřich Smetana. In Russia, he developed friendships with the composers Alexander Glazunov and Sergei Tanejev. Křička was inspired by Russian poetry and music, and the work of composers Mikhail Glinka and Modest Mussorgsky particularly influenced his compositions. It was in Ekaterinoslav that he penned one of his most famous songs, "Albatross," from the cycle Severní noci (Northern Nights). Mussorgsky's song cycles for children also inspired him to compose his own children's songs.

Křička moved to Prague in 1909, and from 1911 to 1920 he directed the Prague choir Hlahol[cs]. His tenure as director afforded him the opportunity to study numerous works by contemporary Czech composers such as Leoš Janáček, Vítězslav Novák, and Otakar Jeremiáš, in addition to premiering Novák's cantata Svatební košile (The Wedding Shirt), Op.48. During this period, he also began his first major work: the opera Hipolyta. From 1911 he championed his former teacher Karel Stecker at the Prague Conservatory, and after Stecker's death in 1919 he was appointed as a full professor of composition.

On October 14, 1918, he married Marie Krbová, a pianist and singer in the Hlahol choir who studied under Josef Bohuslav Foerster. Together with his student Jaroslav Řídký, Křička conducted the choir of the Czech Philharmonic from 1922 to 1930. During the critical years of World War II and the German occupation (1942–1945), he also served as rector of the Conservatory.

During his many years of teaching at the Prague Conservatory, Jaroslav Křička trained numerous composers, including Jaroslav Řídký, Karel Hába, Emil Hlobil, Karel Janeček, Václav Trojan, Ján Cikker, Jan Kapr and Jarmil Burghauser. He spent the last years of his life in the peaceful foothills of the Bohemian forest, where he dedicated himself to his composing in the village of Červené Dvorce near Sušice. He is buried in the Vyšehrad cemetery in Prague.

Honors
In 1936, Jaroslav Křička won a bronze medal in the art competitions of the Olympic Games for his Horácká suita (Horácko Suite a.k.a. Mountain Suite), Op. 63.

He was elected a member of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Arts in 1921, and in 1957 he received the esteemed title of Honored Artist (Zasloužilý umělec). The Křička Brothers Museum is located in his hometown of Kelč.

Works
Jaroslav Křička's work encompasses almost all musical genres, in his words, “from passions to operetta,” with a distinct emphasis on vocal compositions. In addition to song cycles and cantatas, he also composed operas, operettas, incidental music, symphonies, string quartets, and chamber music works. His compositions for children were significant and unique for his time; he wrote numerous children's song cycles and the first Czech children's opera, Ogaři (1918). At the end of the silent film era, Křička began composing film scores; in 1929, he wrote the music for the historical film Svatý Václav, which commemorated one thousand years since the death of the Bohemian ruler Wenceslaus I. He began composing operettas after 1945.

In addition to his musical compositions, Křička wrote many treatises on music and published regularly in the music periodicals Hudební revue and Hudební rozhledy.

Song Cycles

 Severní noci (Northern Nights), Op. 14 (1909/1910), four songs based on poetry by Konstantin Balmont
 1. Albatros (Albatross)
 2. Labuť (Swan)
 3. Ukolébavka (Lullaby)
 4. U skandinávských skal (By the cliffs of Scandinavia)
 O lásce a smrti (On Love and Death), Op. 15 (1910), four songs on texts by Konstantin Balmont
 Písně rozchodu (Farewell Songs), Op. 19 (1916), four songs based on texts by Otakar Theer[cs]
 Tři bajky pro soprán a klavír (Three Fables for soprano and piano), (1917), based on fairytales by Božena Němcová and Alexander Afanasyev's fables
 Jaro pacholátko (Spring Child), Op. 29 (1919), three recitatives for high voice and piano
 Jiříčkovy písničky (Little Jiří's Songs), Op. 36 (1917, 1922-1923), collection of children's songs
 Daniny písničky a říkadla (Dana's Songs and Rhymes), Op. 49 (1928), children's songs and rhymes for toddlers
 Míšovy písničky (Míša's Songs) (1932), collection of children's songs
 Naše paní Božena Němcová (Our Lady Božena Němcová), Op. 112 (1954), five songs for mezzo-soprano and orchestra based on texts by František Halas.

Cantatas

 Pokušení na poušti (Temptation in the Desert), Op. 34 (1922), cantata for soli, choir, orchestra, and organ based on the Gospel of Matthew (text from the Kralice Bible)
 Studentské vzpomínky (Student Memories), cantata for soli, choir, and orchestra
 Tyrolské elegie (Tyrolean Elegies), Op. 52 (1930), cantata for soli, male choir, and orchestra based on a poem by Karel Havlíček Borovský
 Moravská kantáta (Moravian Cantata), Op. 65 (1935) for mixed choir, soli, and orchestra
 Valašská jitřní mše (Wallachian Morning Mass) (1941) for soli, mixed choir, and orchestra on a text by František Táborský
 Requiem in memoriam fratris dilectissimi, op. 96 (1949) in memory of his brother Petr Křička

Orchestral works

 1. Symphony in D minor ("Jarní") (1905), "Spring Symphony"
 2nd symphony in a minor ("Letní") (1907), "Summer Symphony"
 Modrý pták (Blue Bird), Op. 16 (1911), overture to the fairytale play by Maurice Maeterlinck.
 Adventus, Op. 33 (1921)
 Horácká suita (Horácko Suite a.k.a. Mountain Suite), Op. 63 (1936) won 3rd prize in the composition competition in the 1936 Summer Olympics

Chamber music

 1st String Quartet in D major ("Ruský") (1907), "Russian String Quartet"
 Divertimento Novodvorico (1921), serenade for string quartet
 Sonata in E minor for violin and piano ("Památce Jana Štursy"), Op. 40 (1925), "In Memory of Jan Štursa"
 Piano Trio ("Malé domácí trio"), Op. 38 (1934), "Little domestic trio"
 2nd String Quartet in E minor (1938)
 3rd String Quartet ("Valašský") (1949), "Wallachian String Quartet"

Stage works

 Zmoudření Dona Quijota (Don Quixote Gains His Wisdom), Op. 18 (1914), music for the stage play by Viktor Dyk
 Hipolyta (Hippolyta), Op. 20 (1916), opera (premiered at the Prague National Theater on October 10, 1917)
 Ogaři (The Boys), Op. 27 (1918), children's opera based on texts by Ozef Kalda
 Bílý pán aneb Těžko se dnes duchům straší (The Gentleman in White, or It's Tough Scaring Ghosts Today), Op. 50 (1929), musical comedy based on Oscar Wilde's short story "The Canterville Ghost"
 Tlustý pradědeček, lupiči a detektývové aneb Dobře to dopadlo (The Fat Great-Grandpa, the Robbers, and the Detectives, or It Turned Out Well), Op. 56 (1932), children's Singspiel
 České jesličky (Czech Nativity), Op. 69 (1937), Christmas Singspiel
 Hra na květinky. A-o-i-e-u, jaro již je tu! (A Flower Play. A-E-I-O-U, Spring is upon us!), Op. 71 (1937), Singspiel for children's choirs
 Král Lávra (King Lávra), Op. 73 (1939), sung ballet based on a poem by Karel Havlíček Borovský
 Psaníčko na cestách aneb Pošťácká pohádka (A Letter on A Journey, or The Postman's Fairy Tale) , Op. 79 (1941), children's Singspiel based on a fairy tale by Karel Čapek
 Jáchym a Juliana (Joachim and Julianna), Op. 90 (1948), opera
 Zahořanský hon (The Hunt of Zahořany), Op. 98a (1949), musical comedy based on a story by Alois Jirásek
 Český Paganini aneb Slavík a Chopin (Czech Paganini, or Slavík and Chopin) (1951), operetta
 Kolébka (The Cradle), Op. 101 (1950), musical comedy with songs and dances based on a story by Alois Jirásek
 Tichý dům (The Silent House), Op. 105 (1952), operetta based on a story by Jan Neruda
 Polka vítězí (The Polka Wins), Op. 111 (1954), operetta
 Cirkus Humberto (Circus Humberto), Op. 118 (1955), operetta
 Kalhoty (The Pants) (1962), Singspiel
 Pohádka o 12 měsíčkách (Fairy Tale of the 12 Months) (1962), Singspiel for school children based on a fairy tale by Božena Němcová
 Dvě komedie televizní: 1. Měsíc divů; 2. Šlechetný kasař aneb s poctivostí nejdál dojdeš (Two TV Comedies: 1. The Month of Marvels; 2. The Noble Safecracker, or Honesty is the Best Policy) (1963), two opera miniatures

Film Music

 Svatý Václav (1929)
 Naši furianti (1937)
 Cech panen kutnohorských (1938)
 Gabriela (1942)
Jarní píseň (1944)
 Nikola Šuhaj (1947)
 Štika v rybníce (1951)

Literature
 Ondřej Maňour: Křička, Jaroslav. In: Ludwig Finscher (Hrsg.): Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart. Zweite Ausgabe, Personenteil, Band 10 (Kemp – Lert). Bärenreiter/Metzler, Kassel u. a. 2003, , Sp. 712–715 (online entry, subscription required for full access)
 Jaromíra Trojanová: Jaroslav Křička: personánlí bibliografie. Státní vědecká knihovna, Brno 1984 (Czech, 81 pages).

References

External links

Profile

1882 births
1969 deaths
19th-century classical composers
19th-century Czech musicians
19th-century Czech people
19th-century Czech male musicians
20th-century classical composers
20th-century Czech people
20th-century Czech male musicians
Academic staff of the Prague Conservatory
Czech classical musicians
Czech classical organists
Czech male classical composers
Czech opera composers
Czech Romantic composers
Male opera composers
Male classical organists
People from Kelč
Musicians from the Margraviate of Moravia
Olympic bronze medalists in art competitions
Medalists at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Olympic competitors in art competitions


Joods Actueel (Jewish Current) is a Belgian monthly newspaper, owned and operated by the Freilich family and published in Dutch. It informs readers of news related to Jewish life in Flanders, Belgium, and elsewhere in the world. Joods Actueel was founded in January 2007 as successor to the Belgisch-Israëlitisch Weekblad (Belgian-Israeli Weekly). The newspaper is run by Michael Freilich and his mother Terry Davids.

The journal has a clear opinion on the Arab-Israeli conflict and does not hesitate to go in the offensive. In 2008 it confronted several Belgian stand-up comics and television producers for "trivialising" Adolf Hitler in a cooking show featuring his favorite dish.  Its editor Guido Joris has been accused by some of using hate speech against public figures and media with an opposing view on the conflict.

References

External links

Dutch-language newspapers published in Belgium
Dutch-language newspapers
Jews and Judaism in Belgium
Zionism in Belgium


Pandit Motiram Pandit Maniram Sangeet Samaroh is an annual Indian classical music festival held at Chowmahalla Palace in Hyderabad, India. The festival is organised by noted classical singer Pt. Jasraj in memory of his father and brother, both classical musicians. Jasraj always performs on 30 November every year, his father's death anniversary and a tribute to Jasraj's guru, his mentor and elder brother, Maniram, who died in 1986, and Jasraj renamed the festival to include his brother's name.

History

The festival was started in 1972 by Jasraj because of his bond with Hyderabad as he spent his childhood here and his father, Motiram's Samadhi is in the city. Maharaja Kishan Prasad Bahadur took his father to Chowmahalla Palace.
 His father died in 1934, five hours before his concert at Chowmahalla Palace, where he was to be announced as the Royal musician in the court of Osman Ali Khan. Motiram and Maniram were not only vocalists but composers of repute. Amjad Ali Khan and Zakir Hussain were introduced to the city audience for the first time in 1972 during the same festival.

The festival was held at various venues like Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, CIEFL, Nizam College, and since 2009 it is held at Chowmahalla Palace. The entry to the event is free. The music festival is organised from 29 November to 1 December at the same venue, with the last day having the ‘Idea Jalsa’ music concert, clubbed with the festival this time, said Durga Jasraj.

2017 festival

Swar Sharma - Hindustani Classical
Takahiro Arai - Santoor
Jasraj - Hindustani Classical

2013 festival
The festival enters its 41st year, commencing on 29 November 2013 at Chowmahala Place Hyedrabad.

Day 1
Rattan Mohan Sharma and Swar Sharma (Prarthana)
Pushpita Mishra (Odissi dance)
L. Subramaniam (violin); Sanjeev Abhyankar (Hindustani classical vocal)

Day 2
Rimpa Siva and Yashwant (tabla duet)
Sangeet Martand Pandit Jasraj (vocal)

Day 3
Omkar Dadarkar (vocal) and Wadali Wadali Brothers

The 2012 festival

 Vocal Recital by Srinivas Joshi (Son and Disciple of Pt. Bhimsen Joshi) Sarod Recital by Ustad Amjad Ali Khan
 Jasrangi Jugalbandi by Ankita Joshi (Disciple of Pt. Jasraj) and Krishna Bongane (Disciple of Ustad Rashid Khan)
 Vocal Recital by Pt. Jasraj
 Ghazal by Ranjit Rajwada, Bhajan Recital by Anup Jalota

The 2011 festival
 Sanjeev Abhyankar (Hindustani vocal); Jugalbandi Shashank Subramanyam (flute) & Vishwa Mohan Bhatt (Mohan Veena)
 Rattan Mohan Sharma (Hindustani Vocal); Ramkumar Mishra (Tabla Solo); Pandit Jasraj (Hindustani vocal)
 Bhaskarnath (Shehanai); Gargi Datta and Tripti Mukherjee (Hindustani Vocal Jugalbandi); Dr.Jaspinder Narula  (Sufi Qawwali)

The 2010 festival
The 38th annual festival was held at Chowmahalla Palace from 29 November to 1 December

 Bharatanatyam by Sirisha Shashank, Sitar recital by Manju Mehta and vocal of Sanjeev Abhyankar
 Flute Recital by S. Akash, Tabla By Pt. Anindo Chatterjee, vocal concert of Pt. Jasraj
 Vocal by Ankita Joshi, vocal by Madhup Mudgal and Kadri Gopalnath (Saxophone)

Past events

2009
It was held between 27 and 30 November that included Pritam Bhattacharjee (Hindustani vocal), Pt. Shiv Kumar Sharma (santoor), Tripti Mukherjee (Hindustani vocal), Pt. Ulhas Kashalkar (Hindustani vocal), Kalari Academy of Performing Arts (Kalaripayattu), Suman Ghosh (Hindustani vocal), Munnawar Masoom (qawwali), Shashank Subramanyam (flute), Yogesh Samsi (Tabla solo), Jasraj.

2008
It was held on 29 and 30 November. Performers include Sabir Khan (sarangi) and Sudha Ragunathan (Carnatic vocal), Niladri Kumar (sitar), Sanjeev Abhyankar (vocal), Rattan Mohan Sharma (vocal) and Kumar Bose (tabla solo), Hemang Mehta (vocal) and N. Rajam (violin), Vishwa Mohan Bhatt (Mohan Veena). Pandit Jasraj performed on the last day of the festival.

2007
Jasraj, Shahid Parvez, Shashank, Vocalist Pritam Bhattacharjee, Vijay Ghate, Ajay Pohankar, Manjari Chaturvedi (Sufi Kathak) and Sanjeev Abhyankar. The festival was hosted by Durga Jasraj.

2006
Jasraj performed on the first day, 30 November.

2005
Niladri Kumar (sitar), Taufiq Qureshi (percussion), Dinesh (Congo), Anand Sharma (key boards and vocals, Agnelo Fernandes (key board) and Vijay Ghate (tabla), Bhajan singer Anup Jalota performed at the festival.

2004
Hariprasad Chaurasia, Vikku Vinayakram and Selva Ganesh, U. Srinivas and Jasraj performed.

2003
Amjad Ali Khan (sarod), Raja Kale (vocal), Padma Subramanyam (Bharatanatyam) and L. Subramaniam.

See also

List of Indian classical music festivals

References

External links

Music festivals established in 1972
Hindustani classical music festivals
Festivals in Hyderabad, India


Torin Jamal Francis  (born June 26, 1983) is an American professional basketball player for La Union de Formosa of the Argentine Basketball League. He is 6'10" (2.10 m) tall and he plays at the center position. He has played professionally in Greece, Israel, Germany, Turkey, Belgium, and Italy.

College career
Francis played college basketball in the United States at the University of Notre Dame with the Notre Dame Fighting Irish.

Pro career
During his professional career, Francis has played with the Italian League clubs Orlandina Basket and Cantù. He has also played with the Greek League clubs AEL 1964, AEK Athens, and Panellinios Basket. He has also played with the Israeli League club Hapoel Jerusalem and the Turkish League club Bornova Belediye.

He was signed by Panellinios in January 2011.

In July 2011 he signed a two-year contract with Alba Berlin in Germany.

In the summer of 2012, he signed a contract with Aliağa Petkim.

On November 26, 2014, he signed with Belgian team Spirou Charleroi.

In November 2015, he signed with Argentinian team La Union de Formosa.

The Basketball Tournament (TBT)
In the summer of 2017, Francis, for the fourth year in a row, competed in The Basketball Tournament on ESPN for D.C. on Point. Competing for the $2 million grand prize, Ramón scored 15 points and grabbed nine rebounds in 30 minutes of play as D.C. on Point fell 80–75 to Team FOE, a Philadelphia based team coached by NBA forwards Markieff and Marcus Morris.  Prior to 2017, Francis competed for Southern Hospitality in 2016 and for the Notre Dame Fighting Alumni in 2014 and 2015.

References

External links
NBA.com Draft Profile
Eurocup Profile
Eurobasket.com Profile
Turkish League Profile
Italian League Profile
Greek League Profile
Draftexpress.com Profile
AEK.com Profile
Notre Dame College Bio

1983 births
Living people
A.E.L. 1964 B.C. players
AEK B.C. players
Alba Berlin players
Aliağa Petkim basketball players
American expatriate basketball people in Argentina
American expatriate basketball people in Belgium
American expatriate basketball people in Germany
American expatriate basketball people in Greece
American expatriate basketball people in Israel
American expatriate basketball people in Italy
American expatriate basketball people in Turkey
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from Boston
Bornova Belediye players
Boston Latin School alumni
Centers (basketball)
Eskişehir Basket players
Greek Basket League players
Hapoel Jerusalem B.C. players
Israeli Basketball Premier League players
La Unión basketball players
McDonald's High School All-Americans
Notre Dame Fighting Irish men's basketball players
Orlandina Basket players
Pallacanestro Cantù players
Panellinios B.C. players
Parade High School All-Americans (boys' basketball)
People from Roslindale
Power forwards (basketball)
Spirou Charleroi players
Tabor Academy (Massachusetts) alumni


Big Rig is a 2007 documentary film by Doug Pray about long-haul truck drivers. The film consists of a series of interviews with different drivers, focusing on both their personal life stories and also the life and culture of truck drivers in the United States.

Production
The film was shot with a crew of three people: director and cameraman Doug Pray, producer Brad Blondheim, and lighting, sound, and general production assistant Jim Dziura.

Filming took place over four different two-week roadtrips. The crew of three did not schedule interviews with truckers: they would drive into a truck stop in their RV and approach the truckers for interviews. If the driver agreed, Pray would ride as the passenger and interview the driver for the day, while Blondheim followed in the RV. Most of the interviewees were very skeptical of the crew at first, and the crew was repeatedly thrown out of truck stops for soliciting interviews, which is typically not allowed.

Director Pray and producer Blondheim became interested in a trucker documentary after a series of road trips to various concerts during the filming of Pray's Scratch. In 2001, Pray and Blondheim shot and edited a 10-minute film as a proof of concept for the film's production process.

For the film's music, producer Blondheim was inspired by the roots music featured in the film O Brother, Where Art Thou?. One of the music producers from Scratch interested them in the music of Buck 65. The final cut of the film uses several contributions from Buck 65; about one third of this was composed specifically for the film.

The film was shot on a Panasonic Varicam and edited by the director using Final Cut Pro.

In July 2012 it was announced by several in the truck driving community and by a source inside Ocule Films that there will be a sequel to the film, No time frame for when filming or production will begin on the sequel.

Reception
The film was an official selection of the Seattle International Film Festival and AFI Fest, and was featured at a handful of other small film festivals.  It was released on DVD in late 2008.
The film was and remains a big hit with the trucking community and truck drivers.

References

External links

Collection of press reactions at the Big Rig official site

2007 films
American documentary films
2007 documentary films
Trucker films
Films directed by Doug Pray
Documentary films about road transport
2000s English-language films
2000s American films


Joseph Paul Lonnett (February 7, 1927 – December 5, 2011) was an American professional baseball catcher, and coach, who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Philadelphia Phillies. During his playing days, Lonnett stood  tall, weighing . He threw and batted right-handed.

Playing career
Lonnett graduated from Beaver Falls High School and signed with the Phillies in 1948, and spent much of his career with the Phillies as a Minor League Baseball (MiLB) catcher and manager, and MLB catcher and scout. He missed two seasons while serving in the United States Navy in World War II and the Korean War. Lonnett spent four MLB seasons a second-string receiver, appearing in 143 games, while batting .166, with six home runs (HR) and 27 runs batted in (RBI) — never once cracking the .200 level for a season.

Coaching career
Fellow Western Pennsylvania native Chuck Tanner had promised Lonnett that he would be one of his coaches if he ever became an MLB manager. Tanner honored his word when he named Lonnett and Al Monchak third- and first-base coaches respectively with the Chicago White Sox on October 2, 1970. All three would serve in similar capacities together with the White Sox (1971–75), Oakland Athletics (1976) and Pittsburgh Pirates (1977–84).

When Tanner was traded to the Pirates for Manny Sanguillén — only the second trade in MLB history to involve a manager — Lonnett followed him to Pittsburgh. He wore Sanguillén's No. 35 jersey until the Pirates re-acquired Sanguillén a year later; after which, he wore No. 32. Eventually, Lonnett served as third-base coach on the Pirates' 1979 world championship team.

In , he was named the manager of the St. Catharines Blue Jays of the Short-Season 'A' affiliate of the Toronto Blue Jays in the New York–Penn League, which finished at 41–36, 4th in the NY–P Western Division.

Later life and death
In the final years of his life, Lonnett battled Alzheimer's disease and was cared for by his wife of 56 years, Alvida. In 2004, he attended the 25th anniversary celebration of the  World's Champs, at PNC Park.

Lonnett succumbed to his long-standing illness, in his home town of Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania, on December 5, 2011. He was 84.

References

References
 Marcin, Joe, and Byers, Dick, eds., The Official 1977 Baseball Register. St. Louis: The Sporting News, 1977.
 Thorn, John, and Palmer, Peter, eds., Total Baseball. New York: Warner Books, 1989.

External links

Joe Lonnett at SABR (Baseball BioProject)
Joe Lonnett at Baseball Almanac
Joe Lonnett at Baseball Library

 Pirates' Lonnett was a man who valued family Pittsburgh Tribune-Review, December 8, 2011
 Pittsburgh Post-Gazette Obit

1927 births
2011 deaths
Arkansas Travelers players
Baltimore Orioles (International League) players
Baseball players from Pennsylvania
Bradford Blue Wings players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Chicago White Sox coaches
Lockport Reds players
Louisville Colonels (minor league) players
Major League Baseball catchers
Major League Baseball third base coaches
Oakland Athletics coaches
People from Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania
Sportspeople from Beaver County, Pennsylvania
Philadelphia Phillies players
Philadelphia Phillies scouts
Pittsburgh Pirates coaches
Rochester Red Wings players
Syracuse Chiefs players
Terre Haute Phillies players
Utica Blue Sox players
Vandergrift Pioneers players
Wichita Braves players
United States Navy personnel of World War II
United States Navy personnel of the Korean War


Gjerbës is a village and a former municipality in Berat County, central Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Skrapar. The population at the 2011 census was 813.

Notable People
Demir Zyko , Albanian Polyphonic singer.

References

Former municipalities in Berat County
Administrative units of Skrapar
Villages in Berat County
Populated places disestablished in 2015


Bastipur  is a village development committee in Sindhuli District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2,485 people living in 425 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Sindhuli District

Populated places in Sindhuli District


Belghari  is a village development committee in Sindhuli District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2,843 people living in 510 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Sindhuli District

Populated places in Sindhuli District


Hughes River Wildlife Management Area is located in Wirt County and Ritchie County near Parkersburg, West Virginia.  Located on  that border both the Little Kanawha River and the Hughes River.  The WMA terrain varies from river bottom to steep hillsides covered with second growth oak-hickory hardwood stands and younger pine-hardwood woodlots.

To reach the Hughes River WMA from Parkersburg follow West Virginia Route 47 east about  to the Wirt County and Ritchie County line.  The Hughes River WMA is located on both sides of the road at the Wirt/Ritchie county line.

Hunting and Fishing

Hunting opportunities include deer, grouse, squirrel, and turkey.

Fishing opportunities abound in both the Little Kanawha and Hughes Rivers, and can include smallmouth bass, channel catfish, muskellunge, and panfish (including bluegill.)

Camping is not permitted in the WMA.  Camping is available at nearby North Bend State Park.

See also

Animal conservation
Fishing
Hunting
List of West Virginia wildlife management areas

References

External links
West Virginia DNR District 6 Wildlife Management Areas
West Virginia Hunting Regulations
West Virginia Fishing Regulations
WVDNR map of Hughes River Wildlife Management Area

Wildlife management areas of West Virginia
Protected areas of Wirt County, West Virginia
Protected areas of Ritchie County, West Virginia
IUCN Category V


Bhadrakali is a village development committee in Sindhuli District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3,621 people living in 619 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Sindhuli District

Populated places in Sindhuli District


Leshnjë is a village and a former municipality in Berat County, central Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Skrapar. The population at the 2011 census was 496.

References

Former municipalities in Berat County
Administrative units of Skrapar
Villages in Berat County
Populated places disestablished in 2015


Landssamanslutninga av Vasskraftkommunar (LVK) is a Norwegian interest group. It groups municipalities that are involved in hydropower production.

Established in 1978, in 2004 it had a membership of 150 municipalities, accounting for 60% of the area of Norway, but only 16% of the population. Among the member municipalities, all counties are represented except for Oslo, Akershus and Vestfold. While Oslo is not a member of LVK, its headquarters are nonetheless located there.

The national leader is Børre Rønningen, mayor of Vinje. Ingvald Godal, a former mayor of Vinje, chaired LVK from 1977 to 1985.

It maintains good ties with the Norwegian Association of Local and Regional Authorities (KS). It has faced the employers' organisation Norwegian Electricity Industry Association (EBL) as an opponent on many occasions, despite the fact that many of the companies that comprise the Electricity Industry Association are owned by LVK member municipalities.

It publishes the magazine LVK-nytt.

See also
List of micro-regional organizations

References

Organisations based in Oslo
Hydropower organizations
Organizations established in 1978
Local government organizations
1978 establishments in Norway


Albert Edward Stitfall (7 July 1924 – 1998) was a Welsh professional footballer.

Career

Stitfall was born in Cardiff, and joined his hometown side Cardiff City during the Second World War, later serving in the Royal Navy. On his return to Britain he continued to play for Cardiff, although never managing to establish himself in the first team. While at the club he also played alongside both of his brothers, Ron Stitfall would go on to become one of the club's all-time greats, making over 400 appearances, while Bob Stitfall would only ever go as far as the reserve side.

He left the club in 1952 to sign for Torquay United and, despite playing in nearly half of the club's games that season, he left the club at the end of the season never returning to league football.

References

1924 births
1998 deaths
Welsh men's footballers
Footballers from Cardiff
Cardiff City F.C. players
Torquay United F.C. players
English Football League players
Men's association football defenders
Royal Navy personnel of World War II


Lisa M. Schenck (née Thibault) is an American attorney, academic, and Judge of the United States Court of Military Commission Review. She has served as the associate dean for academic affairs at the George Washington University Law School since 2009. In March 2010, Schenck was appointed as a professorial lecturer in law, and teaches military justice. Prior to her career in academia, Schenck served in the United States Army Judge Advocate General's Corps for more than 25 years.

Education

Schenck attended Providence College, graduating in 1983 with a Bachelor of Arts, and was commissioned in the U.S. Army Signal Corps.

Schenck received her Juris Doctor from Notre Dame Law School in 1989. She holds a Master of Public Administration from Fairleigh Dickinson University, from which she graduated in 1986. In 1995, she received her Master of Laws in Military Criminal Law from the U.S. Army Judge Advocate General's Legal Center and School. In 1998, Schenck received a second Master of Laws, this time in environmental law, from Yale Law School. In 2007, Schenck earned a Doctor of the Science of Law degree from Yale Law School, focusing on environmental law. Her military education includes the U.S. Army Signal Corps Officer Basic Course, The Judge Advocate General's Corps, United States Army Officer Basic and Graduate Courses, and graduate-level courses at the U.S. Army Combined Arms and Services Staff School, and the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College.

Career

After retiring as a colonel with over two and a half decades of service in the United States Army Judge Advocate General's Corps, Schenck held the position of senior advisor to the Defense Task Force on Sexual Assault in the military services. During her more than 25-year career as a judge advocate, Schenck served an associate appellate judge and, later, senior appellate judge, on panel 3 of the U.S. Army Court of Criminal Appeals in Arlington, Virginia (2002–2008). From 2007 to 2008, Schenck was also an appellate judge on the United States Court of Military Commission Review. During her time on the bench, Schenck reviewed hundreds of cases for appellate error, and authored over 80 judicial opinions. Prior to her time as a sitting judge on these intermediate-level appellate courts, Schenck held numerous attorney positions.

While in the Washington, D.C., area, Schenck was an environmental law attorney at the U.S. Army Legal Services Agency in Arlington, Virginia (2000–2002), and the Executive Officer at the Criminal Law Division of the Office of the Judge Advocate General in Rosslyn, Virginia (1999–2000). In the mid to late 1990s, while at the United States Military Academy, Schenck served as the chief administrative and civil law attorney in the Office of the Staff Judge Advocate (1998–1999), and as an assistant professor of constitutional and military law.

Schenck spent over three years in the OSJA at the United States Army Aviation Center of Excellence at Fort Rucker, Alabama. There she served as the chief of both the Claims and Legal Assistance Divisions, the supervising special assistant U.S. attorney, the chief of the Criminal Law Division, and finally, the deputy staff judge advocate for the Aviation Center (1991–1994).

In the early 1990s, Schenck served for several years in South Korea. At Camp Humphreys, she served as the acting command judge advocate, and as a claims and legal assistance attorney for the 23rd Area Support Group (1991). Prior to those assignments, Schenck served as trial counsel and infantry brigade legal advisor at Camp Hovey, and as trial counsel and a legal assistance attorney at Camp Stanley for the 2md Infantry Division (1990–1991).

While an officer in the U.S. Army Signal Corps, Schenck held the positions of assistant fielding team chief and assistant secretary of the general staff for the U.S. Army Communications Electronics Command at Fort Monmouth, New Jersey (1983–1986).
2

Federal judicial service

On August 27, 2018, President Donald Trump nominated Schenck to a seat on the United States Court of Military Commission Review. On August 1, 2019, her nomination was confirmed by the Senate by voice vote. She was sworn in on August 16, 2019.

References

External links
 Biography at George Washington University
 Biography at Ballotpedia

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
20th-century American lawyers
20th-century American judges
21st-century American lawyers
21st-century American judges
Fairleigh Dickinson University alumni
George Washington University faculty
United States Army Judge Advocate General's Corps
Notre Dame Law School alumni
Providence College alumni
United States Army officers
United States Article I federal judges appointed by Donald Trump
Judges of the United States Court of Military Commission Review
University of Virginia School of Law alumni
Women in the United States Army
Yale Law School alumni
The Judge Advocate General's Legal Center and School alumni
20th-century American women lawyers
21st-century American women lawyers
20th-century American women judges
21st-century American women judges


Overpopulation or overabundance is a phenomenon in which a species' population becomes larger than the carrying capacity of its environment. This may be caused by increased birth rates, lowered mortality rates, reduced predation or large scale migration, leading to an overabundant species and other animals in the ecosystem competing for food, space, and resources. The animals in an overpopulated area may then be forced to migrate to areas not typically inhabited, or die off without access to necessary resources.

Judgements regarding overpopulation always involve both facts and values. Animals often are judged overpopulated when their numbers cause impacts that people find dangerous, damaging, expensive, or otherwise harmful. Societies may be judged overpopulated when their human numbers cause impacts that degrade ecosystem services, decrease human health and well-being, or crowd other species out of existence.

Background
In ecology, overpopulation is a concept used primarily in wildlife management. Typically, an overpopulation causes the entire population of the species in question to become weaker, as no single individual is able to find enough food or shelter. As such, overpopulation is thus characterized by an increase in the diseases and parasite-load which live upon the species in question, as the entire population is weaker. Other characteristics of overpopulation are lower fecundity, adverse effects on the environment (soil, vegetation or fauna) and lower average body weights. Especially the worldwide increase of deer populations, which usually show irruptive growth, is proving to be of ecological concern. Ironically, where ecologists were preoccupied with conserving or augmenting deer populations only a century ago, the focus has now shifted in the direct opposite, and ecologists are now more concerned with limiting the populations of such animals.

Supplemental feeding of charismatic species or interesting game species is a major problem in causing overpopulation, as is too little hunting or trapping of such species. Management solutions are increasing hunting by making it easier or cheaper for (foreign) hunters to hunt, banning supplemental feeding, awarding bounties, forcing landowners to hunt or contract professional hunters, using immunocontraception, promoting the harvest of venison or other wild meats, introducing large predators (rewilding), poisonings or introducing diseases.

A useful tool in wildlife culling is the use of mobile freezer trailers in which to store carcasses. The harvest of meat from wild animals is a sustainable method of creating a circular economy.

Immunocontraception is a non-lethal method of regulating wild-animal population growth. Immunocontraception has been successfully used or tested in a variety of wild-animal populations including those of bison, deer, elephants, gray squirrels, pigeons, rats and wild horses. Among the limitations of injectable immunocontraceptives are a relatively long time between vaccine administration and a reduction in population size (although stabilization of population size occurs faster) and the need to be in close proximity with animals for injection. Oral vaccines do not have the latter limitation, but they are still not as well developed as injectable vaccines.

Judgements about overpopulation of wildlife or domestic animals typically are made in terms of human purposes and interests; since these vary, such judgements may vary, too. Judgements about human overpopulation are even more contentious, since the purposes and interests involved may be very important, even rising to the level of existence itself. Nevertheless, all people and every society have an interest in preserving a habitable biosphere, which may be compromised or degraded by too may people. In the context of rapid climate change, mass species extinction and other global environmental problems, discussions regarding human overpopulation are inevitable.

Recent scientific evidence from many sources suggests Earth may be overpopulated currently. Evidence of rapidly declining ecosystem services was presented in detail in the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment of 2005, a collaborative effort involving more than 1,360 experts worldwide. More recent scientific accounts are provided by ecological footprint accounting and interdisciplinary research on planetary boundaries for safe human use of biosphere. The Sixth Assessment Report on Climate Change from the IPCC and the First Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services by the IPBES, large international summaries of the state of scientific knowledge regarding climate disruption and biodiversity loss, also support the view that unprecedented human numbers are contributing to global ecological decline. Recent estimates of a sustainable global human population run between two and four billion people.

Judgements about human or animal overpopulation hinge partly on whether people feel a moral obligation to leave sufficient habitat and resources to preserve viable populations of other species. Recent biodiversity losses show that humanity's success in supporting larger human populations over the past century has depended on reducing the populations of many of Earth's other species. This is a special example of the competitive exclusion principle in ecology, which states that two species which compete for the same limited resource cannot coexist at constant population values. Today humanity essentially competes with other species everywhere on Earth. We thus face choices regarding whether to preserve populations of other species and limit our own, or not. These essentially ethical choices  will make a difference in future judgements about overpopulation.

Well studied species

Deer
In Scotland the program of having landowners privately cull the overpopulation of red deer in the highlands has proved an abject failure. Scotland's deer are stunted, emaciated, and frequently starve in the Spring. As of 2016 the population is now so high, that 100,000 deer would need to be culled each year only to maintain the current population. A number of landowners have proven unwilling to accede to the law, requiring government intervention anyway. It has been necessary to contract professional hunters in order to satisfy landowner legislation regarding the annual cull. Millions of pounds of taxpayers' cash is spent on the annual cull. As of 2020, 100,000 deer are shot each year. Compounding the problem, some landowners have used supplemental feeding at certain shooting blinds in order to ease sport hunting.

Overpopulation can have effects on forage plants, eventually causing a species to alter the greater environment. Natural ecosystems are extremely complex. The overpopulation of deer in Britain has been caused by legislation making hunting more difficult, but another reason may be the proliferation of forests, used by different deer species to breed and shelter. Forests and parks have caused Britain to be much more forested than it was in recent history, and may thus perversely be causing biodiversity loss, conversion of heath habitat to grassland, extirpation of grassland and woodland plants due to overgrazing and the changing of the habitat structure. Examples are bluebells and primroses. Deer open up the forest and reduce the amount of brambles, which then has knock-on effects on dormice and certain birds which nest near the ground, such as the capercaillie, dunnock, nightingale, song thrush, willow warbler, marsh tit, willow tit and bullfinch. Populations of the nightingale and the European turtle dove are believed to be primarily impacted by muntjac. Grouse populations suffer due to smashing into the fencing needed to protect against deer.

A significant amount of the environmental destruction in Britain is caused by an overabundance of deer. Besides ecological effects, overpopulation of deer causes economic effects due to browsing on crops, expensive fencing needed to combat this and protect new afforestation planting and coppice growth, and increasing numbers of road traffic incidents. High populations cause stripping of the bark of trees, eventually destroying forests. Protecting forests from deer costs on average three times as much as planting the forest in the first place. The NGO Trees for Life spent weeks planting native trees in Scotland, aiming to rebuild the ancient Caledonian Forest. After winter snowdrifts in 2014/2015 flattened the deer fences, more than a decade's growth was lost in a matter of weeks. In 2009 – 2010 the cost of forest protection in Scotland ran to £10.5m.

Some animals, such as muntjac, are too small and boring for most hunters to shoot, which poses additional management problems.

In the United States the exact same problem is seen with white-tailed deer, where populations have exploded and become invasive species in some areas. The state of Wisconsin has an estimated population of 1.9 million White tail deer, measured in 2020. In continental Europe roe deer pose a similar problem, although the populations were formerly much less, they have swelled in the 20th century so that although two and a half million are shot each year by hunters in Western Europe alone, as of 1998, the population still appears to be increasing, causing problems for forestry and traffic. In an experiment where roe deer on a Norwegian island were freed from human harvest and predators, the deer showed a doubling of the population each year or two. In the Netherlands and southern England roe deer were extirpated from the entirety of the country except for a few small areas around 1875. In the 1970s the species was still completely absent from Wales, but as of 2013, it has colonized the entire country. As new forests were planted in the Netherlands in the 20th century, the population began to expand rapidly. As of 2016 there are some 110,000 deer in the country.

Birds
Aquaculture operations, recreation angling and populations of endangered fish such as the schelly are impacted by cormorant populations. Open aquaculture ponds provide winter or year-round homes and food for cormorants. Cormorants' effect on the aquaculture industry is significant, with a dense flock capable of consuming an entire harvest. Cormorants are estimated to cost the catfish industry in Mississippi alone between $10 million and $25 million annually. Cormorant culling is commonly achieved by sharp-shooting, nest destruction, roost dispersal and oiling the eggs.

Geese numbers have also been called overpopulated. In the Canadian Arctic region, snow geese, Ross's geese, greater white-fronted geese and some populations of Canada geese have been increasing significantly over the past decades. Lesser snow geese populations have increased to over three million, and continue to increase by some 5% per year. Giant Canada geese have grown from near extinction to nuisance levels, in some areas. Average body sizes have decreased and parasite loads are higher. Before the 1980s, Arctic geese populations had boom and bust cycles (see above) thought to be based on food availability, although there are still some bust years, this no longer seems the case.

It is difficult to know what the numbers of geese were before the 20th century, before human impact presumably altered them. There are a few anecdotal claims from that time of two or three million, but these are likely exaggerations, as that would imply a massive die-off or vast amounts harvested, for which there is no evidence. More likely estimates from the period of 1500 to 1900 are a few hundred thousand animals, which implies that with the exception of Ross's geese, modern populations of geese are many millions more than in pre-industrial levels.

Humans are blamed as the ultimate cause for the increase, directly and indirectly, due to management legislation limiting hunting introduced specifically in order to protect bird populations, but most importantly due to the increase in agriculture and large parks, which has had the effect of creating vast amounts of unintentional sanctuaries filled with food. Urban geese flocks have increased enormously. City ordinances generally prohibit discharging firearms, keeping such flocks safe, and there is abundant food. Geese profit from agricultural grain crops, and seem to be shifting their habitat preferences to such farmlands. Reduction of goose hunting in the US since the 1970s seems to have further had the effect of protecting populations. In Canada hunting has also decreased dramatically, from 43.384% harvest rates in the 1960s to 8% in the 1990s. Nonetheless, when kill rates were compared to populations, hunting alone does not seems to be solely responsible for the increase -weather or a not yet completed shift in habitat preference to agricultural land may also be factors. Although hunting may have formerly been the main factor in maintaining stable populations, ecologists no longer consider it a practical management solution, as public interest in the practice has continued to wane, and the population is now so large that the massive culls needed are unrealistic to ask from the public. Climate change in the Arctic would appear to be an obvious cause for the increase, but when subpopulations are correlated with local climatic increases, this does not seem to hold true, and furthermore, breeding regions seem to be shifting southwards anyway, irrespective of climate change.

The nutrient subsidy provided by foraging in agricultural land may have made the overall landscape use by geese unsustainable. Where such geese congregate local plant communities have been substantially altered; these chronic effects are cumulative, and have been considered a threat to the Arctic ecosystems, due to knock-on effects on native ducks, shorebirds and passerines. Grubbing and overgrazing by geese completely denudes the tundra and marshland, in combination with abiotic processes, this creates large desert expanses of hypersaline, anoxic mud which continue to increase each year. Biodiversity drops to only one or two species which are inedible for geese, such as Senecio congestus, Salicornia borealis and Atriplex hastata. Because grazing occurs in serial stages, with biodiversity decreasing at each stage, floral composition may be used as an indicator of the degree of goose foraging at a site. Other effects are destruction of the vegetation holding dunes in place, the shift from sedge meadows and grassy swards with herbaceous plants to moss fields, which can eventually give way to bare ground called 'peat barrens', and the erosion of this bare peat until glacial gravel and till is bared. In the High Arctic research is less developed: Eriophorum scheuchzeri and E. angustifolium fens appear to be affected, and are being replaced by carpets of moss, whereas meadows covered in Dupontia fisheri appear to be escaping destruction. There does not appear to be the damage found at lower latitudes in the Arctic. There is little proper research in effects on other birds. The yellow rail (Coturnicops noveboracensis) appears to be extirpated from areas of Manitoba due habitat loss caused by the geese, whereas on the other hand the semipalmated plover (Charadrius semipalmatus) appears to be taking advantage of the large areas of dead willows as a breeding ground.

In the wintering grounds in continental USA, effects are much less pronounced. Experimentally excluding geese by means of fencing in North Carolina has found heavily affected areas can regenerate after only two years. Bulrush stands (Schoenoplectus americanus) are still an important component of the diet, but there are indications the bulrush is being impacted, with soft mudflats gradually replacing areas where it grows.

Damage to agriculture is primarily to seedlings, winter wheat and hay production. Changing the species composition to species less palatable to geese, such as Lotus may alleviate losses in hay operations. Geese also feed on agricultural land without causing economic loss, gleaning seeds from corn, soya or other grains and feeding on wheat, potato and corn stubble. In Québec crop damage insurance for the hay industry began in 1992 and claims increased yearly; actual compensation paid by the government, including administrative costs, amount to some half a million dollars a year.

The fact that Arctic regions are remote, there is little public understanding for combatting the problem, and ecologists as yet do not have any effective solutions for combatting the problem anyway. In Canada, the most important hunters of geese are the Cree people around Hudson Bay, members of the Mushkegowuk Harvesters Association, with an average kill rate of up to 60.75 birds per species per hunter in the 1970s. Kill rates have dropped, with hunters taking only half as much in the 1990s. However, total numbers of kills have increased, i.e. there are more hunters, but they are killing less per person. Nonetheless, per household the kills are approximately the same, at 100 birds. This indicates that stimulating an increase in native hunting might be difficult to achieve. The Cree population has increased. Elders say the taste of the birds has gotten worse, and they are thinner, both possibly effects due to the overpopulation. Elders also say that hunting has gotten more difficult, because there are less young and goslings, which are more likely to fall for decoys. Inuit and other people in the north do much less hunting of geese, with kill rates of 1 to 24 per species per hunter. Per kilogram, hunters save some $8.14 to $11.40 from buying poultry at stores. Total kill numbers from hunters elsewhere in the US and southern Canada has been falling steadily. This is blamed on a decline in people interested in hunting, more feeding areas for the birds, and larger flocks with more experienced adult birds which makes decoying difficult. Individual hunters are bagging higher numbers, compensating lower hunter numbers.

Management strategies in the USA include increasing the bag limit and the number of open hunting days, goose egg addling, trapping and relocation, and egg and nest destruction, managing habitat to make it less attractive to geese, harassment and direct culling. In Denver, Colorado, during moulting season biologists rounded up 300Canada geese (of 5,000 in the city), ironically on Canada Day, killing them and distributing the meat to needy families (as opposed to sending it to a landfill), to try to curb the number of geese, following such programs in New York, Pennsylvania, Oregon and Maryland. Complaints about the birds were that they had taken over the golf courses, pooped all over the place, devoured native plants and scared citizens. Such culls have proven socially controversial, with intense backlash by some citizens. Park officials had tried dipping eggs in oil, using noise-makers and planting tall plants, but this was not sufficient.

In Russia, the problem does not seem to exist, likely due to human harvest and local long-term cooling climate trends in the Russian Far East and Wrangel Island.

It is also possible that the population growth is completely natural, and that when the carrying capacity of the environment is reached the population will stop growing. For organisations such as Ducks Unlimited, the resurgence of goose populations in North America can be called one of the greatest success story in wildlife management. By 2003 the US goose harvest was approaching 4 million, three times the numbers 30 years previously.

Pets
In the United States, over half of the households own a dog or a cat. Even with so much pet ownership there is still an issue with pet overpopulation, especially seen in shelters. Because of this problem it is estimated that between 10 and 25 percent of dogs and cats are killed yearly. The animals are killed humanely, but the goal is to greatly lower and eventually completely avoid this. Estimating the overpopulation of pets, especially cats and dogs, is a difficult task, but it has been a continuous problem. It has been hard to determine the number of shelters and animals in each shelter around even just the US. Animals are constantly being moved around or euthanized, so it is difficult to keep track of those numbers across the country. It is becoming universally agreed upon that sterilization is a tool that can help reduce population size so that less offspring are produced in the future With less offspring, pet populations can start to decrease which reduces the amount that get killed each year.

Population cycles

In the wild, rampant population growth of prey species often causes growth in the populations of predators. Such predator-prey relationships can form cycles, which are usually mathematically modelled as Lotka–Volterra equations.

In natural ecosystems, predator population growth lags just behind the prey populations. After the prey population crashes, the overpopulation of predators causes the entire population to be subjected to mass starvation. The population of the predator drops, as less young are able to survive into adulthood. This could be considered a perfect time for wildlife managers to allow hunters or trappers to harvest as much of these animals as necessary, for example lynx in Canada, although on the other hand this may impact the ability of the predator to rebound when the prey population begins to exponentially increase again. Such mathematical models are also crucial in determining the amount of fish which may be sustainably harvested in fisheries, this is known as the maximum sustainable yield.

Predator population growth has the effect of controlling the prey population, and can result in the evolution of prey species in favour of genetic characteristics that render it less vulnerable to predation (and the predator may co-evolve, in response).

In the absence of predators, species are bound by the resources they can find in their environment, but this does not necessarily control overpopulation, at least in the short term. An abundant supply of resources can produce a population boom followed by a population crash. Rodents such as lemmings and voles have such population cycles of rapid growth and subsequent decrease. Snowshoe hares populations similarly cycle dramatically, as did those of one of their predators, the lynx. Another example is the cycles among populations of grey wolves and moose in Isle Royale National Park. For some still unexplained reason, such patterns in mammal population dynamics are more prevalent in ecosystems found at more arctic latitudes.

Some species such as locusts experience large natural cyclic variations, experienced by farmers as plagues.

Determining population size/density
When determining whether a population is overpopulated a variety of factors must be looked at. Given the complexity of the issue, scientists and wildlife managers often differ in judging such claims. In many cases scientists will look to food sources and living space to gauge the abundance of a species in a particular area. National parks collect extensive data on the activities and quality of the environment they are established in. This data can be used to track whether a specific species is consuming larger amounts of their desired food source over time.

This is done typically in four ways, the first being "total counting". Researchers will use aerial photography to count large populations in a specific area such as deer, waterfowl, and other "flocking" or "herd" animals. Incomplete counts involve counting a small subsection of a population and extrapolating the data across the whole area. This method will take into account the behavior of the animals such as how much territory a herd may cover, the density of the population, and other potential factors that may come into question.

The third method is "indirect counts"; this is done by looking at the environment for signs of animal presence. Typically done by counting fecal matter or dens/nesting of a particular animal. This method is not as accurate as direct counting, but gives general counts of a population in a specific locale.

Lastly the method of mark-recapture is used extensively to determine general population sizes. This method involves the trapping of animals after which some form of tag is placed on the animal and it is released back into the wild. After which, other trappings will determine population size based on the number of marked versus unmarked animals.

Fish populations
Similar methods can be used to determine the population of fish however some key differences arise in the extrapolation of data. Unlike many land animals  in-land fish populations are divided into smaller population sizes. Factors such as migration may not be relevant when determining population in a specific locales while more important for others such as the many species of salmon or trout. Monitoring of waterways and isolated bodies of water provide more frequently updated information on the populations in specific areas. This is done using similar methods to the mark-recapture methods of many land animals.

Introduced species

The introduction of a foreign species has often caused ecological disturbance, such as when  deer and trout were introduced into Argentina, or when rabbits were introduced to Australia and predators were introduced in turn to attempt to control the rabbits.

When an introduced species is so successful that its population begins to increase exponentially and causes deleterious effects to farmers, fisheries, or the natural environment, these introduced species are called invasive species.

In the case of the Mute swan, Cygnus olor, their population has rapidly spread across much of North America as well as parts of Canada and western Europe. This species of swan has caused much concern for wildlife management as they damage aquatic vegetation, and harass other waterfowl, displacing them. The population of the Mute swan has seen an average increase of around 10-18% per year which further threatens to impact the areas they inhabit. Management of the species comes in a variety of ways. Similar to overpopulated or invasive species, hunting is one of the most effective methods of population control. Other methods may involve trapping, relocation, or euthanasia.

Criticism
In natural ecosystems, populations naturally expand until they reach the carrying capacity of the environment; if the resources on which they depend are exhausted, they naturally collapse. According to the animal rights movement, calling this an 'overpopulation' is more an ethics question than a scientific fact. Animal rights organisations are commonly critics of ecological systems and wildlife management. Animal rights activists and locals earning income from commercial hunts counter that scientists are outsiders who do not know wildlife issues, and that any slaughter of animals is evil.

Various case studies indicate that use of cattle as 'natural grazers' in many European nature parks due to absence of hunting, culling or natural predators (such as wolves), may cause an overpopulation because the cattle do not migrate. This has the effect of reducing plant biodiversity, as the cattle consume native plants. Because such cattle populations begin to starve and die in the winter as available forage drops, this has caused animal rights activists to advocate supplemental feeding, which has the effect of exacerbating the ecological effects, causing nitrification and eutrophication due to excess faeces, deforestation as trees are destroyed, and biodiversity loss.

Despite the ecological effects of overpopulation, wildlife managers may want such high populations in order to satisfy public enjoyment of seeing wild animals. Others contend that introducing large predators such as lynx and wolves may have similar economic benefits, even if tourists rarely actually catch glimpses of such creatures.

In regards to population size, most of the methods used give estimates that vary in accuracy to the actual size and density of the population. Criticisms of theses methods generally fall onto the efficacy of methods used.

Human overpopulation

Overpopulation can result from an increase in births, a decline in mortality rates against the background of high fertility rates. It is possible for very sparsely populated areas to be overpopulated if the area has a meagre or non-existent capability to sustain life (e.g. a desert). Advocates of population moderation cite issues like quality of life and risk of starvation and disease and human pressures on the environment as a basis to argue against continuing high human population growth and for population decline.

See also
Overshoot (population)

References

Population density
Population ecology
Zoology


The Anguilla national cricket team is the representative cricket team of Anguilla.

The team takes part in inter-regional cricket competitions in the Caribbean, but has only appeared in senior cricket twice, in the two Stanford 20/20 tournaments. For domestic first-class and List A purposes, Anguilla is subsumed into the Leeward Islands cricket team. The first Anguillan to play Test cricket for West Indies was Omari Banks in 2003.

History
Representative cricket has been played by Anguilla since the late 1970s. Early games were played as part of the three-day (but not first-class) Heineken Challenge Trophy (the sponsored Leeward Islands Tournament), although at first the team was not a full participant and played only two games each year in the 1977, 1978 and 1979 tournaments.
The team suffered a run of heavy defeats in their early years; Anguilla's first win in the competition came against Montserrat in the 1980 tournament.

Notable players
Current Leeward Islands players
Montcin Hodge
Jahmar Hamilton
Kelbert Walters
Lyndel Richardson
Chesney Hughes
Yannick Leonard
Former Leeward Islands players
Omari Banks (2001 - 2013)
Chaka Hodge (2002 - 2008)
Alex Adams (1997 - 2005)
Lanville Harrigan (1988 - 2003)
Eustace Proctor (1986)

Other
Cardigan Connor (played English county cricket)

Stanford 20/20

Anguilla's only games of senior cricket have come in Twenty20, as part of the Stanford 20/20 competitions in 2006 and 2007-08. Their debut at this level was against Barbados at the Stanford Cricket Ground in Coolidge, Antigua on 18 July 2006; Barbados won the match by 38 runs.
On 3 February 2008, they played Grenada, who won by 16 runs despite a 39-ball unbeaten 75 from Anguilla's Montcin Hodge.

2006 Stanford 20/20 Squad
Omari Banks
Alex Adams
Terrence Adams
Chaka Hodge
Montcin Hodge
Chesney Hughes
Leon Lake
Delano Mussington
Daniel Proctor
Lyndel Richardson
Irving Rogers
Delon Skellekie
Kelbert Walters

2007/2008 Stanford 20/20 Squad
Chaka Hodge
Omari Banks
Terrence Adams
Masimba Bowen
Marlon Bryson
Jahmar Hamilton
Montcin Hodge
Chesney Hughes
Junior Johnson
Leon Lake
Rondal Lake
Yannick Leonard
Daniel Proctor
Shridath Rey
Lyndel Richardson
Kelbert Walters

Source:2006 Squad 2007/08 Squad

Notes

C
National team
National cricket teams


Milwaukee Chiefs may refer to:

Milwaukee Chiefs (AFL), team that competed in the third American Football League
Milwaukee Chiefs (ice hockey), team that competed in the International Hockey League


Artibus et Historiae is a semi-annual publication of art historical research published by IRSA (Institute for Art Historical Research) since 1980. It is a scholarly peer review journal embracing a broad range of topics within the field of art history; however, it aims to address interdisciplinary connections at the peripheries of art and other humanistic fields, such as psychology, sociology, philosophy, or literature.

It appears twice a year, in hardback. The articles are in one of four languages: English, Italian, German, or French

Artibus et Historiae is indexed in the Bibliography of the History of Art (BHA) and its articles are deposited in electronic form accessible through JSTOR.

Title and Logo

Artibus et Historiae takes its title from the private experiences of its founder and editor-in-chief, Polish art historian Dr. hab. Józef Grabski. "Artibus" is an inscription on the fronton of an old and very prestigious art exhibition hall, "Zachęta" (Society for Encouragement of Fine Arts, founded in 1860), in his native Warsaw. The second part of the title, "Historiae", is a tribute paid to the Countess Karolina Lanckorońska, professor of art history and editor of Polish historical sources in her own "Institutum Historicum Polonicum" in Rome, Italy.

The logo of IRSA and Artibus et Historiae - a symbolic representation of a winged putto standing firmly on a balance, held in his own hands - comes from a Renaissance painting by Lorenzo Lotto (Portrait of a Man Aged Thirty-Seven. c. 1542 Collection Doria Pamphili, Rome) and symbolizes the Platonic idea of internal equilibrium between the spiritual and the physical aspects of the activities and existence of man.

History
Artibus et Historiae is the primary publication issued by IRSA. The idea of publishing a new art journal was conceived by Dr. Grabski in the late 1970s and realized after the International Congress of Art History (CIHA) in Bologna (1979). Thus IRSA Publishing House was brought into being and the first number of Artibus et Historiae appeared in 1980. It has since continued to feature groundbreaking articles at the forefront of art historical research. In 2019 the periodical will celebrate forty years of international readership.

Journal Profile

Artibus et Historiae presents scholarly contributions to the field of art history addressing a wide-ranging spectrum of topics. Although art history remains the main focus of the journal, many articles address interdisciplinary aspects at the frontiers of art and other humanistic fields, such as psychology, sociology, philosophy, and literature. Likewise, articles are not limited to particular media or form and many address topics in photography or film as well as the theory and reception of art.

Certain works, which due to their length, could not have been published in periodical form, have appeared as volumes in the series from Bibliotheca Artibus et Historiae.

References

External links
 Official website

Polish-language journals
Art history journals
Academic journals published in Poland


Çepan is a village and a former municipality in Berat County, central Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Skrapar. The population at the 2011 census was 740.

References

Former municipalities in Berat County
Administrative units of Skrapar
Villages in Berat County
Populated places disestablished in 2015