The Metropolitan Steamship Company was for 75 years one of the chief transportation links between New York City and Boston, Massachusetts. It was closely associated with the Whitney family until its acquisition by Charles W. Morse in 1906. Even after being merged into Eastern Steamship Lines, it was maintained as a distinct service, the Metropolitan Line, until 1941.

Metropolitan Steamship Company

Early history
The Metropolitan Steamship Company was established by Boston business interests soon after the end of the American Civil War in 1866 to operate steamships on the "outside route" between Boston and New York City around Cape Cod. The company was organized in February 1866 by Peter Butler, James B. Taft, Thomas Clyde, Brigadier General James Scollay Whitney, and Whitney's elder son, Henry Melville Whitney. One of the objectives of the investors was to place in remunerative service vessels they owned which were presently idle. James S. Whitney, who had been collector of customs for the Port of Boston in 1860–61, was elected president; Henry M. Whitney was named agent at Boston. Other members of the family eventually became financially interested in the company, including Whitney's younger son, William Collins Whitney, and his sons-in-law, Henry F. Dimock and Charles T. Barney.

Service was inaugurated in 1866 by Captain George L. Norton with the steamer Ashland, a wooden propeller of 843 gross tons, built in 1853 at Philadelphia and owned by Thomas Clyde. The Ashland was soon followed into service by the Jersey Blue, City of Bath, Mary Sanford, Salvor, Relief, Miami, Monticello and Fairbanks. Oldest of these was the Jersey Blue, a 368-ton, 133-foot wooden propeller built in 1850 at Newark, New Jersey. All were propellers except the Miami, a sidewheeler built in 1861–62 by the Philadelphia Navy Yard as the gunboat USS Miami and sold for mercantile use in 1865. The line's New York offices were at first located at the foot of Catherine Street, East River, but soon moved to Pier 10, North River, where they remained for nearly half a century.

In December 1866 the wooden propellers Nereus, Glaucus and Neptune were purchased from the failed Merchants' Steamship Company. Built in 1864, each was a vessel of 1,800 tons and measured 228 feet in length with a beam of 40 feet. Their hulls had to be strengthened, as they had been built for the more protected waters of Long Island Sound, not the open seas beyond Point Judith. Simple expansion steam engines gave a speed of 13 knots.

Iron steamships
The line's first iron-hulled propeller, the General Whitney, was built in 1873 by Harlan & Hollingsworth at Wilmington, Delaware. A vessel of 1,848 tons, she measured 227 feet in length with a beam of 40 feet, and was propelled by two-cylinder compound engines. All of the company's iron steamers were designed by Herman Winter, the line's chief engineer from 1872 to 1891.

Upon the death of James Whitney on October 24, 1878, Henry Whitney was elected his successor as president of the steamship line. In addition, he retained the office of agent at Boston.

In 1884 the 2,625-toon iron propeller H.F. Dimock was built by William Cramp & Sons at Philadelphia and named for the line's New York agent. A similar 2,625-ton, 274-foot iron propeller, the Herman Winter, was built by Cramps in 1887. Both had two-cylinder compound engines. With the construction of the 2,706-ton, 288-foot H.M. Whitney, powered by triple expansion engines at the Cramp shipyard in 1890, the line possessed four modern iron propellers – the General Whitney, H.F. Dimock, Herman Winter and H.M. Whitney, and the older wooden propellers Glaucus and Neptune (the Nereus having been lost while a barge).

Into the 20th century
While on her customary route from New York to Boston the steamer H.F. Dimock collided with William K. Vanderbilt's yacht, the Alva, in the Pollock Rip Slough, a narrow channel of Vineyard Sound, on July 24, 1892, sinking the Alva. Captain Henry Morrison of the Alva filed suit against the H.F. Dimock, but both the United States District Court for Massachusetts and the United States Supreme Court ruled against him.

The H.M. Whitney was involved in a serious accident while still in harbor on September 28, 1892. While bound from Boston to New York, at 7 p.m. the H.M. Whitney was run down and sunk in Boston harbor by the transatlantic steamer Ottoman of the Warren Line, bound from Liverpool to Boston. There were no deaths, and the H.M. Whitney was refloated and reconditioned for further service

In 1893 the firm of Flint & Company purchased the steamer El Cid of the Morgan Line and outfitted her as an auxiliary cruiser named Nichtheroy(sold to United States Navy and renamed as USS Buffalo (1892)) for service in the Brazilian Civil War of 1893–94. At one point it was reported that Flint & Company wished to purchase the H.F. Dimock or Herman Winter from Metropolitan, but nothing came of it.

The Glaucus and Neptune were withdrawn from service in 1893 and laid up at Brooklyn, New York, where they remained until July 1906, when they were finally towed to Boston for breaking up.

In 1898 the General Whitney was chartered by the Morgan Line for service between New Orleans and New York. While carrying copper ingots and barrel molasses she sprang a leak and sank off St. Augustine, Florida, on April 23, 1899. Lifeboats were launched, but as they came ashore in the surf one capsized, drowning Captain Hawthrone and 16 men.

When the Joy Steamship Company established its New York City-Providence, Rhode Island service in 1899, the company also instituted freight-only service between New York and Boston. The Joy Line was acquired by the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad in 1906, ending its freight service to Boston.

On January 23, 1900, the Herman Winter was bound from New York to Boston when she collided with the freighter Ardendhu of the Munson Line off Robinson's Hole, Vineyard Sound. The Ardendhu sank with the loss of two crew members, but the Herman Winter brought 29 survivors into Vineyard Haven.

In 1900 the 2,707-ton, 278-foot steamer James S. Whitney was built to replace the lost General Whitney. Built by Harlan & Hollingsworth at Wilmington, this modern steel propeller was powered by triple expansion engines.

The annual passenger season for the line was from May to November. In 1903 the line's steamers left India Wharf, Boston, for New York daily at 4 p.m. The evening sailing in the opposite direction from New York was from Pier 14, North River.

Charles W. Morse gains control
Originally chartered in Massachusetts, the Metropolitan Steamship Company was reincorporated in May 1905 in Maine. In 1906 Whitney and his associates sold a controlling interest in the company to Charles W. Morse of the Eastern Steamship Company. Whitney later said this was the worst mistake he ever made. Morse organized the Consolidated Steamship Company in January 1907 as a holding company for Metropolitan as well as Eastern Steamship Company, Clyde Steamship Company and Mallory Steamship Company. Despite an initial announcement of such a sale, Morse failed in his attempt to purchase the Long Island Sound fleet of the New York, New Haven and Hartford. He did, however, acquire control of the New York and Cuba Mail Steamship Company and the New York and Porto Rico Steamship Company in 1907.

In 1906–07 the steamers Harvard and  were built by the Delaware River Iron Shipbuilding & Engine Works (the operator of the old John Roach shipyard) at Chester, Pennsylvania, for a Metropolitan subsidiary, the Metropolitan Steamship Company of New Jersey. Each of the 3,731-ton steel propellers measured 407 feet in length with a beam of 61 feet, and had accommodations for 987 overnight passengers. Amongst the first American ships to be fitted with steam turbines, the two ships had a maximum speed of 24 knots and upon entering service were the fastest American-flagged vessels afloat.

Owing to the highly leveraged nature of his financing, the Morse business empire crashed in the Panic of 1907. The Metropolitan Steamship Company went into receivership in February 1908.

The H.M. Whitney was outbound from New York to Boston with passengers and freight when a failure of her steering gear caused her to run aground in the Hell Gate channel of the East River on the afternoon of May 23, 1908. After floating off on a rising tide, she anchored in mid-channel, where her lights were concealed by a heavy fog that lay over the river and Long Island Sound all that evening and night. Fortunately, damage was minor, and she was able to proceed when the fog cleared.

During 1907 three modern steamers, the Massachusetts, Bunker Hill and Old Colony, had been built by Cramps at Philadelphia as package freighters for the Maine Steamship Company, a New Haven subsidiary. Each of the 4,029-ton steel propellers measured 395 feet in length with a beam of 52 feet three inches. The Massachusetts and Bunker Hill were propelled by steam turbines while the Old Colony had reciprocating engines. They were running between New York, Boston and Portland on what was called the Boston Merchants' Line when Charles Sanger Mellen of the New Haven sold a controlling interest in the trio to Morse in 1908.

In the meantime, Morse had been indicted for his role in precipitating the Panic of 1907. He was sentenced to federal prison in November 1908 for violation of federal banking laws but remained free on appeal until January 1910.

Corporate restructuring
On March 10, 1909, the H.F. Dimock, bound from New York to Boston, and the coastwise steamer Horatio Hall of the Maine Steamship Company collided in the eastern Vineyard Sound shortly after 8 a.m. while sailing at half speed in a heavy fog. The accident occurred in Pollock Rip Slue, not far from where the H.F. Dimock had collided with the Alva in 1892. Captain John A. Thompson of the H.F. Dimock brought his vessel alongside the Horatio Hall so that the latter's five passengers could be transferred.

The Horatio Hall sank at the edge of the channel. Most of her crew left in lifeboats and were picked up by the H.F. Dimock, but Captain W. Frank Jewell, the pilot, first mate, and two seamen remained in the pilot house, which remained a few feet above water. (They were picked up later.) The H.F. Dimock left the scene at 11:15 a.m. and sailed slowly toward Orleans Life-Saving Station, where she was beached. The passengers and crew were removed by the lifesavers under Captain James H. Charles. Moderately damaged, the H.F. Dimock was later hauled off the beach and towed to shipyard for repairs.

On October 8, 1909, Metropolitan's assets were sold at foreclosure sale to John W. McKinnon of Chicago. The company was reincorporated in Maine on October 11, 1909, with Morse as president, McKinnon as vice president, Charles L. Andrews as secretary and Campbell Carrington as treasurer.

The James S. Whitney was outbound from New York to Boston when she ran aground in Hell Gate channel at 5:40 p.m. on December 18, 1909. Captain J.W. Crowell found it necessary to give way for a passing Fall River Line package freighter, and while doing so was forced aground by the ebbing tide. It was necessary to lighter part of her cargo before she could be pulled off by tugs. No passengers were on board at the time.

Early on July 15, 1910, the James S. Whitney was again in trouble while bound from New York to Boston with a cargo of wool, cotton and oil. She passed Point Judith at 5:30 a.m. and caught fire about half an hour later. In an attempt to reach Vineyard Haven she ran onto the western end of Middle Ground Shoals in Vineyard Sound at 8 a.m. The steamer backed off the shoal at 11:45 a.m. and, accompanied by the revenue cutter Acushnet, safely reached Vineyard Haven. Contained in one section of the cargo hold, the fire continued to smolder for a couple days but was finally extinguished.

On the afternoon of the next day, July 16, 1910, fire destroyed Piers 14 and 15 on the North River in New York City. The H.F. Dimock of the Metropolitan Steamship Company and the Altemaha of the Brunswick Line were able to leave their berths with some damage, but two sailors from the H.F. Dimock panicked and were drowned. The Harvard suffered only some blistered paint and was able to sail on her evening departure for Boston from Pier 9.

Later in 1910 the Harvard and Yale were leased for $360,000 a year to the Pacific Navigation Company for service between San Francisco and Los Angeles. After a voyage by way of the Strait of Magellan to California, they entered service in December 1910. Sailings were extended to San Diego in 1911. Leased by H.F. Alexander's Admiral Line for service on the same route in 1916, they saw war service in 1918 as military ferries on the English Channel, a locale for which they were well suited. Later, they were operated on their old California coastwise route by the Los Angeles Steamship Company.

Metropolitan Line
For the 1911 season the Massachusetts, Bunker Hill and Old Colony sailed between New York, Boston and Portland, Maine, for the Maine Steamship Company. In 1911 the Metropolitan Steamship Company and Maine Steamship Company were consolidated with the Eastern Steamship Company to form the Eastern Steamship Corporation. The Massachusetts and Bunker Hill were sent to the Cramp yard in 1912 for the addition of passenger accommodations and conversion to oil fuel. Their sister, the Old Colony, remained coal-fired.

The line went into receivership in 1914, but emerged in 1917 as Eastern Steamship Lines. The company's Boston-New York service, the Metropolitan Line, began using the Cape Cod Canal in 1916. During World War I the James S. Whitney  and H.M. Whitney were sold to foreign interests, reportedly for $400,000 each, for ocean service. The H.F. Dimock and Herman Winter were also sold during this period and placed in the banana trade between Mobile, Alabama, and Bocas del Toro, Panama.

After the United States' entry into World War I, the Massachusetts and Bunker Hill were purchased by the United States Navy in 1917 and converted into minelayers as the  (later AK-44) and USS Shawmut (CM-4) (later ).

Eastern assigned the steamers Camden, Belfast and North Land to the Metropolitan Line from 1918 to 1925. In 1924 the steamers Boston and New York were built for the service; they were joined at peak periods by the North Land. Sailings on the Metropolitan Line had always been summer-only, but Eastern assigned the steamers George Washington and Robert E. Lee to the route in the off season from 1927 to 1932. When the steamers Saint John and Acadia were built in 1932, Saint John was assigned to the Boston-Saint John, New Brunswick route in the summer, with the Acadia on a new route between New York and Yarmouth, Nova Scotia. In the off season both were assigned to the Metropolitan Line.

Service on Eastern's various routes was gradually reduced in the 1930s. The steamer New York left Manhattan on the last sailing of the Metropolitan Line on November 29, 1941.

Footnotes

References
John Harrison Morrison, History of American Steam Navigation, p. 403. New York: W.F. Sametz & Co., Inc., 1908.
Francis B.C. Bradlee, "Some Account of Steam Navigation in New England", Essex Institute Historical Collections, Vol. XVI, No. 3 (July 1920), pp. 181–182.
The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography, Vol. X, pp. 154–155. New York: James T. White & Company, 1909. Reprint of 1900 edition.
Robert Gardiner (ed. dir.), Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905, p. 130. London: Conway Maritime Press, 1979.
Hilton, p. 99; Robert Gardiner (ed. dir.), Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921, p. 133. London: Conway Maritime Press, 1985.
Ralph Shanks, Wick York and Lisa Woo Shanks, The U.S. Life-Saving Service. Heroes, Rescues and Architecture of the Early Coast Guard, pp. 48, 59, 243. Petaluma, California: Costano Books, 1996.
George W. Hilton, The Night Boat, p. 89. Berkeley, California: Howell-North Books, 1968.

Defunct shipping companies of the United States
Transport companies established in 1866
Companies based in Boston
1866 establishments in Massachusetts
American companies established in 1866


Hardy Lucas is a former member of the National Assembly of Seychelles.  He is a member of the Seychelles National Party, and was elected to the Assembly in 2002 and held his position until 2009. He was then a board member of the Public Service Appeals Board 2009 - 2014 and is currently a Commissioner of the Anti Corruption Commission Seychelles (ACCS).

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Members of the National Assembly (Seychelles)
Seychelles National Party politicians


Jennifer Vel is a  Seychelles politician and economist. She is a member of the National Assembly of Seychelles.  She is a member of the Seychelles People's Progressive Front, and was first elected to the Assembly in 2007.

References
Member page on Assembly website

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Members of the National Assembly (Seychelles)
People from Pointe La Rue
Seychellois economists
United Seychelles Party politicians
Seychellois women in politics
21st-century women politicians


Joevana Charles (July 1955 – 17 January 2021)  was a member of the National Assembly of Seychelles.  She was a member of the Seychelles People's Progressive Front, and was first elected to the Assembly in 1993.

Early life and career
Charles was born in July 1955 as the fifth of eight children. As both of her parents worked abroad, Charles took the role of caring and teaching his brothers and sisters as well as managing their education. His brother, Flavien Joubert, described her as a "party girl" who partied at various places in Seychelles clubs every Saturday before she was married.

Charles started her career as a teacher. He later attended the National Teachers Training College and went for further study abroad at the Moscow State Institute of International Relations.

Political career
Joevana began her political career following the introduction of the multiparty system in Seychelles in 1993. She joined the Seychelles People's United Party and ran as a candidate from the Plaisance constituency in that year's election. She won the election and ran again in the next election, this time as a candidate from the Roche Caiman constituency. She was reelected and retained the seat in the 2002, 2007, and 2011 election. She ended her term as MP in 2016.

During her tenure in the National Assembly of Seychelles, Joevana served as a member of the Standing Order Committee and the Member of the Women’s Parliamentary Committee. In July 2011, Charles was appointed by President James Michel as a member of the National Committee for Social Renaissance, a committee that was made to steer the national dialogue which the President.

Joevana died at her residence on 17 January 2021. She is survived by two children and grandchildren.

References

Members of the National Assembly (Seychelles)
United Seychelles Party politicians
Seychellois women in politics
21st-century women politicians
20th-century women politicians
2021 deaths
1955 births


The Ghost Town Trail is a rail trail in Western Pennsylvania that runs  between Black Lick, Indiana County, and Ebensburg, Cambria County. Established in 1991 on the right-of-way of the former Ebensburg and Black Lick Railroad, the trail follows the Blacklick Creek and passes through many ghost towns that were abandoned in the early 1900s with the decline of the local coal mining industry. Open year-round to cycling, hiking, and cross-country skiing, the trail is designated a National Recreation Trail by the United States Department of the Interior.

Development
Construction of the trail began in 1991 after the Kovalchick Salvage Company of Indiana, Pennsylvania, donated  of the Ebensburg and Blacklick Railroad to Indiana County,  of which between Dilltown and Nanty Glo were used for the trail. In 1993, the Cambria and Indiana Railroad donated the Rexis Branch,  between Rexis near Vintondale and White Mill Station at U.S. Route 422. Another  were added in 2005, extending the trail  west from Dilltown to Black Lick, and  east from Nanty Glo to Ebensburg. In 2016, it was extended again to include Cardiff.

Historical sites
The trail passes many historical sites, particularly sites of abandoned coal mines and their company towns. The ghost towns include Bracken, Armerford, Lackawanna No. 3, Wehrum, Scott Glenn, Webster, Beulah (or Beula), and Claghorn.

Wehrum

Wehrum, the largest of the former towns, once contained 230 houses, a hotel, company store, jail, bank, post office, school, and two churches. It was founded in 1901 by Warren Delano, uncle of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, for the Lackawanna Iron and Coal Company, which opened mines in the area. When the mines declined and closed in the 1930s, the town was abandoned. Only one of the houses is still standing, across from the site of the hotel and the remains of the bank vault. One of the few other remnants of Wehrum is a Russian Orthodox Church cemetery that sits in the woods above the trail; the last burials took place in 1927.  The trail follows the Pennsylvania Railroad's Ebensburg & Blacklick line past Wehrum, which opened in 1903.

Claghorn
Construction of Claghorn by Lackawanna Coal began in 1903. Due to an economic downturn, work was suspended in 1904. The Vinton Colliery Company purchased the partially built town in 1916 and opened six mines in the area. The company constructed 84 houses, a three-story 22 room hotel, a building that served as a school and theater, and a company store. The Ebensburg-Black Lick line of the Pennsylvania Railroad extended past Claghorn. The mines were closed in 1924, and houses were rented until after World War II when the town was abandoned.

Buena Vista Furnace

Named after the Mexican–American War's Battle of Buena Vista, the hot blast iron furnace was built in 1847. The thirty-foot furnace used iron ore, limestone, and charcoal mined nearby to produce up to 400 tons of pig iron per year. The operation was started by partners Henry McClelland, Elias McClelland, and Stephen Johnson who acquired  along the Blacklick Creek. The property containing the furnace eventually totaled  and included a sawmill and several boarding houses to accommodate the more than 60 workers.

As early as 1850, the furnace was struggling financially and forced to close. Ownership passed to Dr. Alexander Johnson, who sought experienced individuals to run the furnace. When Johnson died in 1874, he stipulated that his estate be divided amongst his three children. The courts ruled that the estate "could not be parted or divided ... without injury to or prejudice to or spoiling the whole thereof." The Court awarded the property to Johnson's son Stephen, one of the original partners in the project. On February 17, 1901, the property was sold to Judge A.V. Barker on behalf of the Lackawanna Iron and Steel Company, who acquired a total of over  of coal land in Indiana and Cambria counties. The deed passed to Warren Delano and his Delano Coal Company, established as a subsidiary of Lackawanna Steel.

Facing financial troubles during the Great Depression, the mines were shut down. A civic group, the Buena Vista Furnace Park Association, was organized shortly after in hopes of acquiring the furnace to create a public historical park. According to the group, an attempt was made by Henry Ford to obtain the furnace for his Greenfield Village project. On November 5, 1957, the Delano Coal Company sold the property to the Historical & Genealogical Society of Indiana County.

Due to difficult access and a flood in 1977, repairs had been minimal until the trail was extended past the site in 2005. The furnace is located along the trail in Brush Valley Township, Indiana County, about one-half mile west of PA 56.

Eliza Furnace

The Eliza Furnace, also known as Ritter's Furnace, operated between 1846 and 1849. It is one of the best-preserved hot blast iron furnaces in Pennsylvania, one of the first in the area, and is on the National Register of Historic Places. At its peak the furnace produced about 1,080 tons of iron annually, employed over 90 men and boys, and used 45 mules.

During the 1830s and 1840s, partners David Ritter and George Rodgers acquired several thousand acres in the Blacklick Valley and began construction of the furnace in 1845. Before completion, Rodgers sold his share to Lot Irvin, a farmer from Centre County. The furnace was one of the region's first to use the hot blast method. After the iron was produced at Eliza, it was carried by wagon to Nineveh (modern day Seward) in Westmoreland County or Johnstown, where it was transported by the Pennsylvania Canal to Pittsburgh. In 1848 the furnace produced over 1000 out of an estimated capacity of 1800 tons of iron. But the operation soon began to decline.

The furnace operation encompassed , though Ritter and Irvin owned much more. The property included many related buildings such as a casting house and a stove house, twenty-one log homes, a wagon shop, smoke house, stable, sawmill, boarding house, and store. The employees were often paid in kind rather than in cash. The furnace was never able to achieve a profit and was forced to close for several reasons: the Pennsylvania Railroad chose the Conemaugh Valley for its new route rather than the Blacklick, the furnace utilized outdated technologies, and the cost of hauling iron to the Canal was high. David Ritter experienced financial problems, losing property in Armagh as payment when sued by former partner George Rodgers for $350. In July 1848, the property was seized and sold at sheriff's sale to Soloman Alter and Joseph Replier of Philadelphia. After being purchased by Alter and Replier, the property passed hands many times before ultimately passing from Manor Realty of the Pennsylvania Railroad to the Cambria County Historical Society.

The furnace is located at Vintondale, near the midpoint of the trail. The site also contains a picnic area, restrooms, and historical signs.

Economic impact and funding

In October 1996, interns from the Southwestern Pennsylvania Heritage Preservation Commission and Penn State's School of Forest Resources completed an economic impact study of the trail. The study concluded that the trail is providing a positive impact on the region. Average daily expenditures of resident visitors was $4.33 per day while non-residents spent $9.28 daily. Attendance during the May to October period was 66,000, of which 23% were from outside of Cambria and Indiana counties. The overall impact of the trail during the period totaled $362,000.

The trail obtained much of the property through donated rights-of-way. Since its establishment, the trail has been supported by the Keystone Grant Funding, a program that will match a donation from a variety of private, local, state, and federal groups.

Trail access points

References

External links

Ghost Town Trail - Indiana County Parks & Trails
Interactive Map of Ghost Town Trail (TrailLink)
Ghost Town Trail Heritage Tour - an online interactive tour of the history behind the trail
Ghost Town Trail Mileage Chart

RailsToTrails.us Ghost Town Trail Page

Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Rail trails in Pennsylvania
National Recreation Trails in Pennsylvania
Protected areas of Indiana County, Pennsylvania
Protected areas of Cambria County, Pennsylvania
National Register of Historic Places in Cambria County, Pennsylvania


Joseph François is a member of the National Assembly of Seychelles. He is a member of the Seychelles People's Progressive Front, and was first elected to the Assembly in 2007.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Members of the National Assembly (Seychelles)
People from Anse-aux-Pins
United Seychelles Party politicians


Firefox Sync, originally branded Mozilla Weave, is a browser synchronization feature for Firefox web browsers. It allows users to partially synchronize bookmarks, browsing history, preferences, passwords, filled forms, add-ons, and the last 25 opened tabs across multiple computers. The feature is now included in Firefox and is being implemented in Thunderbird.

It keeps user data on Mozilla servers, but according to Mozilla the data is encrypted in such a way that no third party, not even Mozilla, can access user information. It is also possible for the user to host their own Firefox Sync servers, or indeed, for any entity to do so.

Firefox Sync was originally an add-on for Mozilla Firefox 3.x and SeaMonkey 2.0, but it has been a built-in feature since Firefox 4.0 and SeaMonkey 2.1.

Firefox Sync is built on top of Firefox Accounts as of Firefox 29, and therefore Firefox 29 and later cannot sync with Firefox 28 and earlier.

Firefox Home

Firefox Home was a companion application for the iPhone and iPod Touch based on the Firefox Sync technology. Firefox Home was not considered a web browser, as it would launch pages in either an embedded viewer or by switching to the Safari app.  In December 2014, Mozilla announced Firefox for iOS, a version of the Firefox browser for iOS, which includes Firefox Sync support for syncing Firefox's browsing history, bookmarks, and recent tabs.

Sync Server
Mozilla also offers a synchronization server application for use with Firefox Sync, for users and businesses that prefer to host their own synchronization data.

See also

References

External links
Firefox Sync
Firefox Mobile
Run your own Sync Server (older)
Github page of iOS client

Cloud applications
Firefox extensions merged to Firefox


Jean-François Gabriel Ferrari (born 1959–60) is a Seychellois politician member of the National Assembly of Seychelles. On 3 November 2020, he was sworn in as Designated Minister and Minister of Fisheries.

Biography
Ferrari studied sociology and political economy at Aix-Marseille University in Aix-en-Provence. He is journalist by profession and was the co-editor of the Regar newspaper for 20 years. In 1977, he was a participant in the coup d'état which he later regretted. In 1991, he joined Roger Mancienne and Wavel Ramkalawan to form the underground Parti Seselwa.

He is a member of the Seychelles National Party, and was first directly elected to the Assembly in 2007 after being proportionally elected in 1998.

In 2006, he was injured during a demonstration against the government's monopoly on radio and television. In 2009, he was again injured during a demonstration.

In 2016, Ferrari was elected to the National Assembly for the Mont Fleuri district, and served until 2020. On 31 October 2020, Ferrari was elected Designated Minister and Minister of Fisheries, succeeding Macsuzy Mondon.

References

1959 births
Living people
Members of the National Assembly (Seychelles)
People from Mont Fleuri
Seychellois journalists
Seychelles National Party politicians
Seychellois people of Italian descent
Seychellois people of French descent
Aix-Marseille University alumni


Marc Naiken is a member of the National Assembly of Seychelles.  He is a member of the Seychelles People's Progressive Front, and was first elected to the Assembly in 2007.

See also
 Index of Seychelles-related articles
 Outline of Seychelles
 Politics of Seychelles

References

External links
Member page on Assembly website

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Members of the National Assembly (Seychelles)
People from Au Cap
United Seychelles Party politicians


The London and North Western Railway (LNWR) Jubilee Class was a class of 4-4-0 4-cylinder compound locomotives by F.W. Webb. A total of forty were built from 1897–1900.

Slightly unusually for the LNWR, the class received a number series, this being 1901–1940.

As with other Webb compounds, they were mechanically unreliable.  As a result, George Whale rebuilt these as two cylinder simple locomotives of the Renown Class, starting with 1918 Renown in 1908.  Rebuilt engines retained their numbers.  Rebuilding continued so that at the grouping of 1923, only 9 Jubilees remained.  These were 1903/4/8/11/12/15/23/27/29.  1908 Royal George was withdrawn in January 1923, but the remaining eight were allocated the LMS numbers 5110–5117, in sequence.  Two, 1904 Rob Roy and 1923 Agamemnon were withdrawn 1923, without receiving new numbers.  The LMS rebuilt the remaining six into Renowns in 1924, making the class extinct.  (Their subsequent history is discussed at LNWR Renown Class).

Locomotive list

References

4-4-0 locomotives
Compound locomotives
Jubilee
Railway locomotives introduced in 1897
Scrapped locomotives
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain


Marc Volcere is a member of the National Assembly of Seychelles. He is a member of the Seychelles People's Progressive Front, and was first elected to the Assembly in 2007.

References
Member page on Assembly website

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Members of the National Assembly (Seychelles)
People from Grand'Anse Praslin
United Seychelles Party politicians
Place of birth missing (living people)


Bogoslovni vestnik, subtitled Theological Quarterly, Ephemerides Theologicae, is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal on theology published by the Faculty of Theology of the University of Ljubljana. It is the oldest Slovenian scholarly journal in the field of humanities. Articles are in English, French, German, Italian, Latin, or Slovenian. The journal is abstracted in Religious and Theological Abstracts.

See also
 List of academic journals published in Slovenia

References

External links

Religious studies journals
Publications established in 1920
Multilingual journals
Quarterly journals
University of Ljubljana publications
1920 establishments in Slovenia
Academic journals of Slovenia


Michel Marie is a Seychelles politician.  He is a member of the National Assembly of Seychelles. He is a member of the Seychelles People's Progressive Front, and was first elected to the Assembly in 2007.

References
Member page on Assembly website

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Members of the National Assembly (Seychelles)
People from Mont Buxton
United Seychelles Party politicians
Place of birth missing (living people)


Mitcy Larue is a member of the National Assembly of Seychelles.  A teacher by profession, she is a member of the Seychelles People's Progressive Front, and was first elected to the Assembly in 1993. She served as the Minister of Family from 2018 until 2020.

References

Member page on Assembly website

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Members of the National Assembly (Seychelles)
People from Baie Sainte Anne
United Seychelles Party politicians
Seychellois women in politics
Seychellois educators
Government ministers of Seychelles
20th-century women politicians
21st-century women politicians
Female interior ministers


Marie-Antoinette Rose is a Seychellois politician and journalist. She is a member of the National Assembly of Seychelles.  She subscribes for  Seychelles People's Progressive Front, and was first elected to the Assembly in 2006 on a proportional basis; she was re-elected in 2007.

References

External links

Member page on Assembly website

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Members of the National Assembly (Seychelles)
Seychellois journalists
United Seychelles Party politicians
Seychellois women in politics
21st-century women politicians


Jean-Baptiste Verchère de Reffye (30 July 1821 – 6 December 1880) was a French artillery general of the 19th century, and superintendent of the works at Meudon. He was a former ordnance officer for Napoleon III. He also established the gun manufacture in Tarbes.

Reffye mitrailleuse

De Reffye developed in 1866 the Reffye mitrailleuse (named "Canon à balles"), one of the best early machine guns, which was used during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870. It was based on the earlier Belgian Montigny mitrailleuse of 1863.

Breech-loading cannons
Jean-Baptiste Verchère de Reffye took a key role in introducing rifled breech loading cannons, a marked improvement over the previous La Hitte system which had been in place since 1858. The La Hitte system used rifled weapons, but they were muzzle-loading, which had the advantage of structural strength, but the disadvantage of slowness in loading.

In 1870, de Reffye developed the Reffye 85mm cannon, an 85 mm (3.35-inch) rifled breech-loading cannon, equipped with a breech screw, initially made of bronze. The cannon used shell cartridges for ammunition.

De Reffye also developed the Reffye 75mm cannon in 1873. His cannons would be soon superseded by the Lahitolle 95mm cannon and especially the De Bange 90mm cannon.

Notes

French generals
1821 births
1880 deaths
Military personnel from Strasbourg
Deaths by horse-riding accident in France


Marie-Louise Potter (born March 15, 1959) is a Seychellois politician and diplomat member of the National Assembly of Seychelles.  She is a member of the Seychelles People's Progressive Front and was first elected to the Assembly in 1993.  In 2007, she became the leader of Government Business.
Potter was appointed in March 2012 as the Permanent Representative of Seychelles to the United Nations, on June 9, 2012, as the Seychelles Ambassador to the United States, as High Commissioner (Commonwealth) to Ottawa, and on 1 November 2016 as Foreign Secretary, and retired from these posts on 1 March 2017.

References

Member page on Assembly website

1959 births
Living people
Members of the National Assembly (Seychelles)
People from Beau Vallon, Seychelles
United Seychelles Party politicians
Seychellois women in politics
21st-century women politicians
20th-century women politicians
Permanent Representatives of Seychelles to the United Nations
Seychellois women diplomats
Women ambassadors


Raw Opium is a 2011 documentary film produced by Robert Lang of Kensington Communications, directed by Peter Findlay and written by Peter Findlay and Robert Lang.  The documentary examines the worldwide opium trade, and the vast criminal and public health issues that have arisen alongside.

Raw Opium is a journey around the world and through time, where conflicting forces do battle over the narcotic sap of the opium poppy. From an opium master in southeast Asia to a UN drug enforcement officer on the border of Afghanistan hunting down the smugglers of Central Asia; from a former Indian government Drug Czar and opium farmer to a crusading Vancouver doctor and Portuguese street worker who daily confront the realities of drug addiction.

Shown is the pivotal role that has been played by the opium poppy, not just in the lives of people who grow, manufacture and use it but also in the increasingly-tense sphere of international relations. In the process, assumptions about addiction and the War on Drugs are challenged.

People in the documentary

Christer Brannerud: Project lead, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Tajikistan

Dr. Gabor Maté: Physician, Author, Public Speaker, Vancouver, Canada

Peter Dale Scott: Author and Commentator, Berkeley, USA

Larry Mendosa: Special Agent, Drug Enforcement Administration, USA

Gwynne Dyer: Author, Historian, Journalist, London, UK

Misha Glenny: Journalist, Author, UK

Darwin Fisher: Intake manager, Insite, Vancouver, Canada

Derek Thomas: Client at Insite, Vancouver, Canada

Eugene Oscapella: Barrister and Solicitor, Ottawa, Canada

Pam Squire, MD.: Doctor, Pain Management Specialist, Vancouver, Canada

Daniel Reid: Author and Historian, Australia

Peresia and Danglesia Kathak: Opium farmers, Arunachal Pradesh, India

Romesh Bhattacharji: Former Narcotics Commissioner, India

Rui Reis: Outreach worker, Institute on Drugs and Drug Addiction, Lisbon, Portugal

Broadcasts
The film was adapted into a 2-part TV documentary, which has been shown in several countries:

 2-part documentary, broadcast, online streamed with a live chat, TVO, Ontario, Canada
 2-part documentary, broadcast on CTV Two, Alberta, Canada
 Feature French version broadcast on Canal D throughout French Canada
 2-part documentary broadcast on SBS TV, Australia
 Feature documentary broadcast in Germany, France, Switzerland on ZDF and Arte

References

External links

Canadian documentary films
Documentary films about the illegal drug trade
2011 films
2011 documentary films
2010s English-language films
2010s Canadian films


Nicholas Prea is a speaker of the National Assembly of the Seychelles.  An engineer by profession, he is a member of the Seychelles National Party.

Prea was first elected to the Assembly in 2002. He was elected Speaker of the National Assembly in March 2018 and served until 29 October 2020.
Prea was secretary general of the Seychelles National Party until his resignation on 17 February 2020.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Speakers of the National Assembly (Seychelles)
People from Bel Ombre, Seychelles
Seychelles National Party politicians


Pilkington is a multinational glass manufacturing company headquartered in St Helens, United Kingdom.

Pilkington may also refer to:

 Pilkington (ancient township), a former township in Lancashire, England
 Pilkington (Animal Farm), a human character in George Orwell's satirical book Animal Farm
 Pilkington (surname), an English surname
 Pilkington's Group, a British manufacturer of ceramic tiles
 Pilkington's Lancastrian Pottery & Tiles, a British manufacturer of ceramics
 Pilkington Library, the academic library at Loughborough University, England
 Pilkington of Lancashire, a historic English family
 Pilkington XXX F.C., a football club based in Birmingham, England


The London and North Western Railway (LNWR) Alfred the Great class, after modification known as the Benbow Class was a class of 4-4-0 4-cylinder compound locomotives by F.W. Webb. A total of forty were built from 1901–1903.  They were a development of the Jubilee Class, with a slightly larger boiler.

Unusually for the LNWR, the locomotives were assigned a number series, this being 1941–1980.

Compounds had proven unreliable, so starting in 1908 Whale started rebuilding the Jubilees into the 2 cylinder simple Renown Class.  Bowen-Cooke started the same process with the Benbows in 1913, and these too were added to the Renown Class.  Rebuilt engines retained their numbers.  Benbow 1974 Howe was superheated in 1921; the only member of the class so treated.

Number 1976 Lady Godiva was withdrawn in December 1922 without rebuilding.  By the grouping of 1 January 1923, when the LNWR passed into London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) ownership, 25 had been rebuilt to Renowns, leaving fourteen Benbows.  Of these, 1956 was withdrawn in early 1923, before it could be allocated an LMS number, but the remaining 13—1944/52–55/64/66/67/69/70/74/77/79 were allocated the LMS numbers 5118–5130, sequentially.  The LMS continued conversions, rebuilding another eight—1952–54/64/67/69/70/74 in 1923/4.  The remainder four Benbows 1944/55/66/79 were withdrawn between 1923–1927, the last being 1974 Howe in 1928 – none of these last five received their allocated LMS numbers.  And thus the class was made extinct.

Stock list

References

4-4-0 locomotives
Alfred the Great
Compound locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1901
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain


Norbert Loizeau is a  Seychelles engineer and politician.  member of the National Assembly of Seychelles.  he is a member of the Seychelles National Party, and was first elected to the Assembly in 2007.

References
Member page on Assembly website

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Members of the National Assembly (Seychelles)
People from Bel Air, Seychelles
Seychellois engineers
Seychelles National Party politicians


Patrick Herminie (born 22 September 1963) is a Seychellois politician who served as a Speaker of the National Assembly of Seychelles from 2007 to 2016. He was first elected to the Assembly in 1993 and served as Leader of Government Business from 1998 to 2003. He was a member of the People's Party and plans to run in the 2025 presidential election as the candidate for the United Seychelles Party (USP).

Following the opposition's victory in the September 2016 parliamentary election, Patrick Pillay was elected to succeed Herminie as Speaker of the National Assembly on 27 September 2016.

In October 2023, Herminie was charged by the Seychellois public prosecutor with witchcraft. He denied the charges and described them as politically motivated.

Early life, education and career
Patrick Herminie was born in the early hours of 22 September 1963, at Baie St. Anne Praslin Hospital, Seychelles’ second biggest island. Born to a local couple, a devoted housewife Christa Herminie (née Christa Jules) and a respected and well liked policeman, Louis Herminie, Patrick was the fourth of five children.

A few years after he was born, Patrick's mother and father, who had been living on Praslin since Mr. Herminie had been posted there for work, moved back to the main land (Mahe) along with their family, where they settled and raised their five children. During this time Patrick's father continued to work as a policeman and his mother, who was once a seamstress, stayed at home to raise their children.

As a young boy Dr. Patrick Herminie attended Seychelles College. Seychelles College, originally an all-boys’ school, opened in 1947 and was then seen as the foundation of modern education in Seychelles, together with Regina Mundi Convent for girls. Both schools closed in the early 1980s after the government decided that education would be free and compulsory to all children, who had to attend schools in their respective districts.

At school, Patrick thrived as a student and got along well with all of his peers. Furthermore, Patrick not only excelled in his studies, he was also a great sportsman, especially in football whereby he led the Seychelles College-based Schalke04 youth Football team as captain in many competitions.

After completing his O Levels and A levels at Seychelles College, Patrick went on to do his Doctorate in General Medicine at Charles University in Prague, Czechoslovakia, which he completed in 1990. Upon returning from his studies in Czech Republic Patrick met his wife, Veronique Herminie (née Veronique Sinon) in 1991, and they went on to marry and had two children, Venessa Herminie and Martin Herminie.  Venessa is presently a medical doctor whereas Martin is a civil engineer.

After completing his Doctorate in General Medicine, he was appointed Medical Officer at Victoria Hospital in 1990. He was promoted to Senior Medical Officer at Victoria Hospital in 1992 and then Director of the Environmental Health Section, Ministry of Health, in 1995. In the same year, he was awarded the Chevening Award by the British government, and he went on to complete his master's degree in Public Health at the Nuffield Institute, University of Leeds in England.

After returning to Seychelles, Dr. Patrick Herminie was appointed Director General of Disease Prevention and Control in the Ministry of Health in 1996. In an effort to continuously improve his knowledge and skills set, Dr. Patrick Herminie has always made it his mission to continuously invest in his studies. In 1997 he attended a Training of Trainers (Epidemic Control) which was held by the World Health Organization [WHO] in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. In 1998 he was appointed Director General of the Division of Primary Health Care in the Ministry of Health.

Between the years 2000 to 2003, Dr. Patrick Herminie was Director General of Primary Health Care at the Ministry of Health.

In 2004, Dr. Herminie decided to pursue a career as a full-time politician (see political career) but had to temporarily stop in 2016 when nhi party lost the Legislative election. Dr. Herminie was, by then, the Speaker of the National Assembly.

So from 2016 to 2020 he served as Secretary of State for the Prevention of Drug Abuse and Rehabilitation. Seychelles was by then faced with an unprecedented epidemics of heroin addiction, Dr. Herminie set-up an Agency to deal with the problem head-on.

Political career
Dr. Patrick Herminie's political career began in 1992 when he was appointed Member of the Commission drafting the Constitution of the third Republic. In 1993 he was elected as Member of the National Assembly for English River Constituency, and was furthermore re-elected as Member for the National Assembly for the English River Constituency in 1998 and 2002.

Political offices
1998- 2007 Leader of Government Business in the National Assembly (Majority Leader)

1998-2010 Member of the Central Committee of the Seychelles People's Progressive Front, the then ruling party.

2003 Re-elected Member of the National Assembly for English River Constituency

2007- 2011 Oct. Speaker of the 4th National Assembly of Seychelles

2011-2016 Sept. Speaker of the 5th National Assembly of Seychelles

2015–2020 National Executive Committee Member for Parti Lepep/ United Seychelles.

On the 31st of January, 2021, Dr. Patrick Herminie was elected the Leader of the United Seychelles Party, the main opposition political party.

Chairmanship
In 2012 Dr. Patrick Herminie was elected Chairperson of the Conference of Speakers and Presiding Officers of the Commonwealth (CSPOC) (Africa Region), a position he held till 2013.

Between the years 2015 to 2016 Dr. Patrick Herminie was elected as Member of the executive committee of the SADC Parliamentary Forum, as well as Chairperson of the Conference of Speakers and Presiding Officers of the Commonwealth (CSPOC) (International).

During his time as speaker of the National Assembly and member of the executive committee of SADC Parliamentary Forum, Dr. Herminie aimed to raise the Assembly's standards to meet international norms, additionally he reinforced the competence of its secretariat for it to better meet the needs of the new parliamentarians.

In 2017 President Danny Faure announced the composition of the Board of the new Agency for Prevention of Drug Abuse and Rehabilitation (APDAR).  The Board was headed by Dr. Patrick Herminie as chairperson, he remained the chairperson until 2020.

References

Living people
Speakers of the National Assembly (Seychelles)
Members of the National Assembly (Seychelles)
People from La Rivière Anglaise
Seychellois physicians
United Seychelles Party politicians
1963 births
Charles University alumni
Alumni of the University of Leeds


Roy Nibourette is a member of the National Assembly of Seychelles.  He is a member of the Seychelles People's Progressive Front, and was first elected to the Assembly in 2007.

External links
Member page on Assembly website

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Members of the National Assembly (Seychelles)
People from La Rivière Anglaise
United Seychelles Party politicians


Regina Alcindor is a member of the National Assembly of Seychelles.  A nurse by profession, she is a member of the Seychelles National Party, and was first elected to the Assembly on a proportional basis in 2001.Rebel with a cause- Regina Alcindor of Seychelles

The cataract in Regina Alcindor’s eyes vanished on the day she failed to get her long overdue promotion. “Not getting my promotion made me conscious that I was ignorant of the critical mass of women who were suffering like me.”

Alcindor believes that she suffered victimisation in her job because she showed sympathy for the opposition party. “Overnight all the valuable work I was doing as a qualified nurse was being questioned.” Alcindor’s source of unhappiness cemented a plan for the happiness of others. “I decided to work for those who needed me most.”

She quit a well-paid job to work for a lower salary as the coordinator of the opposition Seychelles National Party. “My belief has no price. As a full time politician I was in a better position to help others.”

There are nine women ruling party parliamentarians and two women opposition parliamentarians (compared to 19 and 7 men respectively) in the Seychelles parliament.

Alcindor joined the opposition party and in 1991 formed part in a group of politicians who fought for the establishment of a multi-party system in 1992, paving the way for general elections in 1993. She became an ardent member of the “Parti Seychellois”, as her party was known at the time.

Alcindor made her first public speech for the 1998 general elections on mother’s day. “I was raw, afraid and trembling like a leaf and thought I would be booed from all corners.” Instead, the public rushed towards her to congratulate her. “From that day I decided not to deceive all those who believe in me and who trust me.”

She stood for the 1998 elections but did not win. But this spurred her on “to fight for my children and fight for my country.” So she quit her nursing job to go into full time politics for the party now called the Seychelles National Party.

She stood again in the same constituency in December 2002 against two male candidates and won. In an interview before the elections, she said she saw race (the male candidates were white) as being more against her than her sex: a tribute to the extent to which Seychelles is at ease with women in politics- even in opposition.

“The first time, I was a new candidate and did not have that much influence on voters.” The second time around she had done her homework. “After being in politics full time for five years, it was a different campaign.”

Gender equality is an issue on which Alcindor has strong views: “It is not proper that half of the population is not getting fair treatment. Gender equality is important because the world cannot keep on moving with only men ruling. Issues that are not important to men are important to women. Women have the responsibility and the capability to address social issues more than men. Women are fighters. They rebel for a cause and will not stop fighting until they reach their goal. The determination of a woman is stronger than that of a man because she believes in the well being of people in general.”

Alcindor believes that the fact that women express emotions makes them better politicians: “Women have gut feelings. They are the guardian of moral values and their voices must count.”

She says for her gender is not something theoretical. Her everyday life is all about gender equality. A mother of three, Alcindor is divorced but lives with a partner of 13 years who is very supportive of her political career.

She is the breadwinner in her family. This does not bother her partner who is a casual worker. ” When I am very busy with my political work or during electoral campaign my partner takes complete responsibility for the house. Without his support and that of my mother it would have been difficult for me to fulfil my obligations. I sometimes represent my party on conferences outside Seychelles.”

For example, Alcindor attended a meeting of the African Women’s Leadership Forum in Accra, and a meeting on gender and NEPAD in Johannesburg in June 2002 hosted by Deputy Speaker Baleka Kgositsile-Mbete.

While opposition parties in Seychelles do not always have a smooth ride, Alcindor has regular meetings with her caucus group in her constituency. She also represents her constituency at the National Women Organisation Commission of her party where major issues like breast cancer, child pregnancy, and infant mortality are discussed. Together with eleven men and four women she sits on the Executive Committee of the party. “Although women are under-represented we have the same rights and our voices are heard.”

A major constraint voiced by opposition parties in Seychelles is finding venues to meet with constituents. Alcindor is adding a room to her house, which will serve as an office for meetings. At the moment she is counting on friends but some are reluctant as not all belong to the same political party. “We will become easy targets of victimization and our children might lose their jobs,” said one female respondent of the focus group of the opposition party. The other three female respondents on the same panel agreed with her.

The male focus group with opposition party supporters said the same thing. The focus groups were carried out in a modest place far from town under a veranda that could hardly sit six persons.

Alcindor also does door to door calls in her constituency three times a week to make sure that their problems are solved.

“Contrary to what my opponents says I do not mix issues. I am the Chairperson of two committees of the Parents Teachers Association and I have been doing that for the past twelve years. I am proud to say that I have brought lots of reforms in the school. Parents, teachers and the administrative staff have a better relationship. As the Secretary of my church, I have brought up very positive reforms. I have set up a committee with the young to better understand their problems and their dislike for the church. Now they are on the Eucharistic committee. We sometimes celebrate masses, sing for funerals and weddings. We also do lots of community work together.”

One of Alcindor’s main concerns is finding proper accommodation for vulnerable groups. She is confident that her negotiations with the Ministry of Land and Habitat will bear fruit.

Both female and male focus groups of the opposition party agreed- as one member of the group put it- “We admire her courage and her commitment. Women in our party are doing a fantastic job and we must give them all the support possible. They are working long hours for us. Having a gender lens is of utmost important in places like hospitals, schools or even in building a house.”

But Alcindor has had a tough time in other quarters, including bruising brushes with the media:

The media reported what my opponents said without verification. My private life, the loan on my house, my work at the church and my social work not only became public but they poured scorn on me. My opponents used the most powerful tool, the media to downgrade me. Nobody was spared in my family. I was humiliated in political meetings, in the newspapers and in tracks that were distributed all over the place. I was accused of not paying the loan on my house. I was accused of bringing politics to my church and to the school where my children go. One day I was horrified to find the four tyres of my car slashed. My opponents even said that I was uneducated and they called me ‘bal sarbon’ ‘marsoin’ (sack of coal, black dolphin). The lies were so grotesque that I preferred not to reply. I am a very religious person. I believe in God and my prayers are helping me to surmount all my problems.

Asked why she opted for opposition politics, she notes that for 25 years, one party has governed Seychelles: first under one party rule, now under a multiparty democracy. Either way, she says, “its time for a change.”

now married with 2 children under surname Esparon and 1 eldest Dine.

References
Member page on Assembly website

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Members of the National Assembly (Seychelles)
People from Glacis, Seychelles
Seychellois nurses
Seychelles National Party politicians


The 45th Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival () was held from October 10 to 19 2008 in Antalya, Turkey. Awards were presented in the 45th Antalya Golden Orange Festival in 20 categories of three competition divisions and in the 4th Eurasia Film Festival in 4 categories. The award ceremony took place on October 19, 2008 at the Konyaaltı Amphitheatre in the downtown of Antalya. It was run in conjunction with the 4th International Eurasia Film Festival.

Jury
Following cinema professionals formed the juries:

Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival

Feature film competition
 Tuncel Kurtiz, actor (chairman)
 Ali Akdeniz, producer
 Serdar Akar, director
 Ayda Aksel, actress
 Fadik Sevin Atasoy, actress
 Ömer Faruk Sorak, director
 Sevin Okyay, playwright
 Çetin Tunca, camera director
 Güven Kıraç, actor

Documentary film competition
 Güneş Karabuda, director (chairman)
 Demet Evgar, actress
 Oğuz Makal, lecturer
 Hasan Özgen, director
 Tayfun Talipoğlu, journalist/writer

Short subject competition
 Selim Demirdelen, director (chairman)
 Zafer Algöz, actor
 Ulaş İnaç, director
 Leyla Özalp, producer
 Özge Özberk, actress

Nominees

Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival

Following 15 national films (in alphabetical order) were nominated to compete for the Golden Orange Award:
 Başka Semtin Çocukları directed by Aydın Bulut
 Bunu Gerçekten Yapmalı mıyım? by İsmail Necmi
 Dilber'in Sekiz Günü by Cemal Şan
 Gitmek by Hüseyin Karabey
 Gökten Üç Elma Düştü by Raşit Çelikezer
 Gölge by Mehmet Güreli
 Hayat Var by Reha Erdem
 İki Çizgi by Selim Evci
 Nokta by Derviş Zaim
 Pandora'nın Kutusu by Yeşim Ustaoğlu
 Pazar: Bir Ticaret Masalı by Ben Hopkins
 Son Cellat by Şahin Gök
 Süt by Semih Kaplanoğlu
 Ulak by Çağan Irmak
 Üç Maymun by Nuri Bilge Ceylan
 Vicdan by Erden Kıral

Awards

Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival

Feature film competition

Jury special awards

Documentary film competition

Short subject competition

External links
 TURSAK

References

Golden orange
Golden Orange
Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival
A
21st century in Antalya


Tomasz Gapiński (born 8 July 1982 in Piła, Poland) is an international motorcycle speedway rider.

Career
Gapiński rode in the 2007 Speedway Grand Prix of Europe. He won the Team Polish Champion titles in 1999 and 2006.

Results

Speedway Grand Prix results

World Championships
 Individual World Championship (Speedway Grand Prix)
 2006 - notclassify (0 heats in European SGP)
 2007 - 32nd place (1 point in European SGP)
 Individual U-21 World Championship

European Championships
 Individual European Championship
 2005 -  Lonigo - 11th place (5 points)
 2008 - injury in before Semi-Final 3
 European Pairs Championship
 2004 -  Debrecen - Bronze medal (5 points)
 European Club Champions' Cup
 2007 -  Miskolc - Runner-up (10 points)

Polish competitions
 Individual Polish Championship
 2008 - injur before Semi-Final 2
 2009 - 17th place in Quarter-Final 3
 Team Polish Championship
 1999 - Polish Champion
 2000 - Runner-up
 2004 - Runner-up
 2006 - Polish Champion
 2007 - Bronze medal
 Golden Helmet
 2004 -  Bydgoszcz - Runner-up
 2008 -  Rzeszów - injury before meeting
 Silver Helmet U-21
 2003 -  Bydgoszcz - Bronze medal
 Mieczysław Połukard Criterium of Polish Speedway Leagues Aces -  Bydgoszcz
 2006 - 10th place (7 points)

See also
 Poland national speedway team
 List of Speedway Grand Prix riders

References

1982 births
Living people
Polish speedway riders
People from Piła
Sportspeople from Greater Poland Voivodeship


The Georgia Career Information System (GCIS) provides current, accurate occupational and educational information to schools and agencies throughout Georgia in order to help young people and adults make informed career choices. It is the main service of the Georgia Career Information Center (GCIC).

Working with educational and labor market professionals, GCIS contains assessments, explorations, and search strategies, as well as the most comprehensive and accurate state and national occupational and educational information. In addition to career management tools for individuals, tools are available to assist administrators. Each year, about 625,000 Georgians access GCIS from around 1,250 sites.

A further initiative, the Georgia Career Information System Junior (GCIS Junior) provides career development information for elementary and middle school students.

External links
 GCIC Homepage
 Georgia State University Career Services

Organizations based in Georgia (U.S. state)


The Masters France (sponsored by BNP Paribas) was a professional tennis exhibition round-robin singles-only tournament, played on indoor hard courts, specifically Plexicushion. It was held in December at the Palais des Sports de Toulouse in Toulouse, France, in 2008 and 2009. The eight players qualified for the event were the top seven French players, based on their performance in the four Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) tournaments held in France, the Marseille Open 13, the Metz Open de Moselle, the Grand Prix de Tennis de Lyon, and the Paris BNP Paribas Masters, and an eighth French player receiving a wild card.

History

Creation

In February 2008, during the 2008 Open 13 in Marseille, three former professional French tennis players, Jean-François Caujolle, Gilles Moretton and Jean-Louis Haillet announced the creation on their impulse, and with the participation of the French Tennis Federation (Fédération Française de Tennis – FFT) of a special year-end event for French tennis players, intended to reinforce competition in the four existing French ATP events on the tour, recreate an event similar to the defunct French National Singles Championships, and bring back a large tennis event in Toulouse after the discontinuation of the Grand Prix de Tennis de Toulouse in 2000. The Masters France was conceived as a round robin tournament with prize money of 280,000€, with two groups of four players, to determine the finalists, matches played in two sets and a match tie-break, and including the seven players having won the most ATP points in the four French ATP events of Marseille, Metz, Lyon and Paris, and an additional wild card. The event, first planned to be played in November, right after the BNP Paribas Masters, was moved to late December, and the surface of choice was changed from a fast indoor hard court to a slower Plexicushion court, to transform the event into a warm-up tournament for the following year's Australian Open.

First event

The first Masters France was scheduled to be played from December 18 through December 21, with Jo-Wilfried Tsonga, Paul-Henri Mathieu, Gilles Simon, Julien Benneteau, Adrian Mannarino, Nicolas Mahut, Marc Gicquel and Richard Gasquet as the wild card. Tsonga decided to withdraw on December 2, explaining he wanted to delay his return to competition, and set up his own preparation at the end of December for the 2009 Australian Open, and was replaced by Michaël Llodra. Gasquet also withdrew on December 9, due to a lack of preparation after being sidelined for several weeks due to injury, and was replaced by Arnaud Clément. Mahut eventually pulled out on December 16, two days before the event, and was replaced by Lyon quarterfinalist and Rennes Challenger winner Josselin Ouanna.

Gicquel, Ouanna, Clément and Mannarino were eventually eliminated in the round robin stage of the event, with Julien Benneteau and Paul-Henri Mathieu qualifying for the third place match, and Gilles Simon and Michaël Llodra for the final. The third place match was dominated by Mathieu until 7–5, 4–4, when Benneteau managed to break back, and kept his momentum to win the match tie-break, and clinch the tournament's third place, on the score of 5–7, 6–4, 10–4. The final saw Simon took the early advantage, as the Tennis Masters Cup semifinalist broke Llodra twice to lead 5–1, before the Adelaide and Rotterdam titlist lined up 6 straight games to win the set 7–5. Both players broke each other repeatedly in the second set, until the tie-break, where Simon saved two match points for Llodra, and snatched the set 7–6(7). Already diminished by an arm strain, Llodra decided to retire, allowing the World No. 7, winner of Casablanca, Indianapolis and Bucharest during the season, to become the first champion of the Masters France.

Past finals

References

External links

Masters France official website
French Tennis Federation official website

Tennis tournaments in France
Exhibition tennis tournaments
Hard court tennis tournaments
Recurring sporting events established in 2008
Recurring events disestablished in 2009


Sandy Arissol is a member of the National Assembly of Seychelles since 2007,  a laboratory technician by profession and part of the Seychelles National Party.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Members of the National Assembly (Seychelles)
People from Saint Louis, Seychelles
Seychelles National Party politicians


Terence Mondon is a member of the National Assembly of Seychelles.  He is a member of the Seychelles People's Progressive Front, and was first elected to the Assembly in 2002.

See also
Politics of Seychelles

References

External links
Member page on Assembly website

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Members of the National Assembly (Seychelles)
People from Takamaka, Seychelles
United Seychelles Party politicians


Vicky Theresine is a member of the National Assembly of Seychelles.  A teacher by profession, she is a member of the Seychelles People's Progressive Front, and was first elected to the Assembly on a proportional basis in 2007.

References
Member page on Assembly website

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Members of the National Assembly (Seychelles)
United Seychelles Party politicians
Seychellois women in politics
21st-century women politicians
Place of birth missing (living people)


Waven William is a member of the National Assembly of Seychelles. He is a member of the Seychelles People's Progressive Front, and was first elected to the Assembly in 1993.

See also
Politics of Seychelles

References

External links
Member page on Assembly website

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Members of the National Assembly (Seychelles)
People from Grand'Anse Mahé
United Seychelles Party politicians
Place of birth missing (living people)


The Blohm & Voss P 194 was a German design for a mixed-power Stuka or ground-attack aircraft and tactical bomber, during World War II.

History
Along with the P 192, P 193, and P 196, the P 194 was one of four designs Blohm & Voss submitted in response to a requirement issued by the RLM in February 1944 for a stuka or ground-attack aircraft and tactical bomber to replace the Junkers Ju 87.

In the event, the RLM decided not to go ahead with a new aircraft but instead to adapt the existing Messerschmitt Me 262 jet fighter to the tactical bomber role.

Design
Like several other designs by Richard Vogt, the P 194 featured an asymmetric arrangement. The layout was broadly similar to that of the BV 141: the crew and weapons were carried in a large nacelle offset from the main fuselage structure that carried a propeller-driven engine in the nose and the empennage at the rear, joined by a common wing. However, in the P 194, a turbojet was added low down at the rear of the crew nacelle and the thrust from this engine was intended to help balance the thrust from the propeller.

A powerful cluster of guns was to be located in the nose of the nacelle, clear of the propeller, and a bombload of up to 500 kg (1,100 lb) was to be carried in an internal bomb bay in the fuselage.

Using a high proportion of steel in its structure, the design of the P 194 was simplified by using a significant number of parts from other projects, notably the BV 155 prototype and earlier BV 237 asymmetric stuka proposal.

Variants
P 194.00-101version with 16 m (52 ft) wingspan and jet intake under cockpit pod
P 194.01-02version with 15.3 m (50.2 ft) wingspan, bubble canopy and jet intake under cockpit pod
P 194.02-01as above, but with turbojet located beneath cockpit
P 194.03-01as P 194.01-02, but with jet intakes located in the wing roots at the sides of the cockpit pod.

Specifications (P 194-01, as designed)

Notes

References
 Hugh Cowin, "Blohm und Voss Projects of World War II", Part I, Air Pictorial, October 1963, pp. 313–314.

External links

1940s German bomber aircraft
Mixed-power aircraft
Asymmetrical aircraft
P 194


Clark Gayton is an American multi-instrumentalist, musician, composer and musicians' rights advocate.

Biography
Born as Carver Clark Gayton Jr. to Carver Clark Gayton and Mona Marie Lombard, Clark Gayton is a professional musician (trombone, euphonium, tuba, sousaphone, cornet, keyboards, piano), composer and producer.

Clark studied music with Floyd Standifer, JoAnn Christen, Curry Morrison, Julian Priester, Joe Brazil and Buddy Catlet while attending Garfield High School. After graduating from high school in 1981, Clark received a scholarship to attend the Berklee College of Music, where he studied with Phil Wilson, Tom Plsek and Tony Lada.  He graduated in 1984 and moved to Oakland before moving to New York in 1987 where he lives to this day.

Since living in New York, Clark has worked and recorded with some of the finest jazz musicians in the world, such as Charles Tolliver, Lionel Hampton, Wynton Marsalis and JALC, McCoy Tyner, The Duke Ellington Orchestra, the Mingus Big Band, Ted Nash and Odeon, Ben Allison & Medicine Wheel, the Carnegie Hall Jazz Orchestra, the Count Basie Orchestra, Clark Terry, Nancy Wilson, and Ray Charles. Clark toured with Bruce Springsteen as part of the Seeger Sessions band. Clark has recorded or performed with Prince, Rihanna, Brazilian Girls, Steel Pulse, Wyclef Jean, Queen Latifah, Quincy Jones, Sting, Sturgill Simpson, Whitney Houston, Stevie Wonder, Bruno Mars, Bette Midler, Nora Jones, Usher, Steve Van Zandt, Beyoncé, Santana, Maxwell, The Skatalites, and Bad Brains, to name a few. He performs regularly with his band, Explorations in Dub, at Nublu in New York City.  He was also a member of Levon Helm's Midnight Ramble Band. He has appeared in the movies Malcolm X, Sweet and Lowdown, and Kansas City.  He has performed frequently with Conan O'Brien's house band as a substitute for Richie "LaBamba" Rosenberg.  In addition, he is a strong advocate for musicians’ rights and has been a panelist for discussions about the online and independent music industry.

Family influence and early music history
He is the son of Carver Clark Gayton and Mona Marie Lombard and is the great-grand nephew of the legendary New Orleans musician, Manuel "Fess" Manetta.

The first two professionally trained musicians on his maternal side were Jules and Deuce Manetta who founded the Pickwick Brass Band and played cornet and trombone, respectively. Deuce, trained classically in France, was said to be the first slide trombone player in New Orleans. Valve trombone was the instrument of choice at the time. Their nephew was Manuel Manetta. He began on violin and guitar but did his first paid work as a pianist for Countess Willie Piazza. He played with Buddy Bolden in 1903. By 1910 he had mastered cornet, saxophone, and trombone. Manuel played at Tuxedo Hall with the Eagle band. He went to Chicago in 1913, then returned to New Orleans, played locally for five years. He went to Los Angeles in November 1919 to join Kid Ory. He returned home shortly afterwards and toured as pianist for with Martels' Family Band, then played piano in Ed Allen's Band on riverboats. He settled down in New Orleans where his versatility and musicianship enabled him to work with many bands and orchestras, including Papa Celestin's, Arnold Du Pas and Manual Perez's, and solo work at Lulu White's.

In later years he became the most renowned teacher in New Orleans. He gave occasional public appearances well into his seventies, making a specialty of playing two brass instruments simultaneously. Manuel had a sister, Olivia, who had a son, Lawrence (trombone), and three daughters: Lucille (Clark's grandmother, piano), Dolly (Adams, played all instruments, mother of Justin, Placide, and Gerry Adams), and Gladys (piano). All were born in Algiers.

It was reported in March 2023 that Gayton had recently suffered a very serious stroke. A GoFundMe page was set up to help raise money for his rehabilitation.

Discography
 Clark Gayton & Neatherealm – Don't Try To Question 1995 (Ritual, Ltd.)
 Neatherealm – JahMerican Jazz (Ritual, Ltd.)
 Clark Gayton – Walk the Water 1999 (Ritual, Ltd.)
 Clark Gayton – Sankofa! 2003 (Ritual, Ltd.)
 Clark Gayton – Best of Clark Gayton 2008 (Ritual, Ltd.)
 Clark and the SuperSlicks- “New York” 2013 (Ritual, LTD)

As sideman
 Steel Pulse Rastafarian Centennial (trombone, vocals) 1992
 Skadanks “Give Thanks” 1994 (trombone)
 Mingus Big Band “Que Viva Mingus” 1997
 Dr. John “Anotha Zone” 1998 (trombone)
 Cornell Campbell – Big Things (Trombone) 2000
 Peter Salett – Heart of Mine (Trombone) 2000
 Dennis Brown – Let Me Be the One (Trombone) 2000
 George Gruntz Concert Jazz Band – Merryteria (Trombone) 2000
 Monday Michiru – 4 Seasons (Trombone, Tuba) 2001
 Sting – All This Time (Trombone) 2001
 Maxwell – Now (Trombone) 2001
 Barney McAll – Release the Day (Trombone) 2001
 Monday Michiru – Selections 1997–2000 (Trombone, Tuba) 2001
 Jephte Guillaume Bourique Le 2001
 Paul Peress – Awakening (Trombone, Horn Arrangements) 2002
 Jah Works – Bassmentality (Trombone) 2002
 Dave Stryker – Blue to the Bone III (Trombone) 2002
 Tom Jones – Mr. Jones (Trombone) 2002
 Bill Mobley and the Space Time Big Band – New Light (Trombone, Soloist) 2002
 John Fedchock New York Big Band – No Nonsense (Trombone) 2002
 Queen Latifah – She's a Queen: A Collection of Hits (Trombone, Horn Arrangements) 2002
 Tom Browne – Tom Browne Collection (Trombone) 2002
 Gaijin à Go-Go – Happy–55–Lucky (Trombone) 2003
 Dan Zanes and Friends – House Party (Tuba) 2003
 Julia Darling – Julia Darling (Trombone, Trombonium) 2003
 Cannabis Cup Band – Live Joint (Trombone) 2003
 Mýa – Moodring (Trombone) 2003
 Sting – Sacred Love (Trombone) 2003
 Barbershop 2: Back in Business Original Soundtrack (Trombone) 2004
 Ben Allison & Medicine Wheel – Buzz (Trombone, Bass Trombone) 2004
 Mocean Worker – Enter the Mowo! (Trombone) 2004
 David Pilgrim – Island Soul (Trombone) 2004
 Brazilian Girls – Lazy Lover [EP] (Composer, Trombone, Vocals (background)) 2004
 Nasio – Living in the Positive [Bonus Tracks] (Trombone) 2004
 Brazilian Girls – Brazilian Girls (Composer, Trombone, Vocals (background)) 2005
 Ted Nash – Espada de la Noche (Trombone, Tuba, Horn (Baritone)) 2005
 JJ Sansaverino – Sunshine After Midnight (Trombone) 2005
 Elvis Costello – North (trombone) 2005
 Kerry Linder – Sail Away With Me (Trombone) 2005
 Steven Bernstein – MTO Vol. 1 (Trombone) 2006
 Brazilian Girls Talk to La Bomb 2006
 Joss Stone "It's a Man's World", Live (Trombone) 2006
 Rihanna – A Girl Like Me (Trombone) 2006
 Nasio Fontaine Rise Up (Trombone) 2007
 Duo Live The Color of Money (Trombone) 2007
 Bad Brains – Build a Nation (Trumpet) 2007
 Charles Tolliver – With Love (Trombone) 2007
 Bruce Springsteen – Live in Dublin (Trombone, vocals) 2007
 East Village Opera Company – Olde School (Trombone) 2008
 Brazilian Girls – New York City (Tuba) 2008
 Lila Downs – Shake Away (Trombone, valve trombone, tuba) 2008
 Dispatch – Live Zimbabwe (Trombone) 2008
 The Swell Season “Strict Joy” (trombone)
 GPSM Unit 2009
 Bruce Springsteen “Wrecking Ball” 2012
 Glen Hansard “Rhythm and Repose” 2012
 Sturgil Simpson “A Sailor’s Guide to Earth” 2014
 Bruce Springsteen – Live in Leipzig (Trombone, vocals) 2013
 Lucio Kropf – Pela Rua (Trombone) 2015
 Sting and Shaggy Trombone 2018
 Bruce Springsteen “Western Stars” (trombone) 2019
 Steve Slagle “Nascentia” 2021

References

Living people
Musicians from Louisiana
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
Berklee College of Music alumni
American trombonists
The Lounge Lizards members
E Street Band members


Avonbridge railway station was a station on the Slamannan Railway. The line connected mines and villages in the Central Scotland.

History
Opened by the Slamannan Railway, then joining the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway, was absorbed into the North British Railway. It became part of the London and North Eastern Railway during the Grouping of 1923. The station was then closed by that company.

The site today

The station has been demolished but a set of level crossing gates mark the site.

References

Notes

Sources

 Station on navigable O.S. map

External links
 RAILSCOT on the Slamannan Railway

Disused railway stations in Falkirk (council area)
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1840
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1930
Former North British Railway stations
1840 establishments in Scotland
1930 disestablishments in Scotland


Wilby Lucas is a member of the National Assembly of Seychelles, currently serving as that body's deputy speaker.  A lawyer by profession. He is a member of the Seychelles People's Progressive Front, and was first elected to the Assembly in 2007.

References
Member page on Assembly website

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Members of the National Assembly (Seychelles)
Seychellois lawyers
People from Baie Lazare
United Seychelles Party politicians


John Cameron "Robbo" Robertson (born 16 November 1962) is a former Australian politician who served as the leader of the Labor Party in New South Wales from 2011 to 2014. Before entering politics he was prominent in the union movement.

Robertson was born in Sydney, and worked as an electrician before becoming an organiser for the Electrical Trades Union. He became an industrial officer with the Labor Council of New South Wales in 1991, and was elected assistant secretary in 1998 and secretary in 2001. He also served as a vice-president of the Australian Council of Trade Unions. Robertson entered the New South Wales Legislative Council in 2008, and was appointed to cabinet in 2009. He switched to the Legislative Assembly at the 2011 state election, where the Labor Party suffered a heavy defeat. Robertson was elected party leader following Kristina Keneally's resignation, becoming leader of the opposition. He resigned the leadership in the aftermath of the 2014 Sydney hostage crisis, after the disclosure of a minor link with its perpetrator. Robertson left politics in August 2017 to work in the non-profit sector. On 9 September 2017, it was announced that Robertson would chair the board for public insurer, icare.

Early life and personal background
Robertson was born at Ryde Hospital in New South Wales to parents Don and Rowena Robertson, the elder of their two boys. Don Robertson conscripted his son into handing out how to vote cards in the 1972 Australian elections.

Robertson was educated at Denistone East Primary School and Ryde High School. His first job was working for Woolworths packing shopping bags at the age of 15. He left school at 16 and began working as an apprentice electrical fitter. He worked as an electrician from 1979 until 1987 and worked on the New South Wales Parliament building. He claims to be the only person to have worked on the construction of the building and to have been voted into office to serve there.

Robertson is married to Julie McLeod and they have three children.

Union career
During his time as an electrician, Robertson became an organiser for the Electrical Trades Union. In 1991, he became an industrial officer with the Labor Council of New South Wales, and then its executive officer in 1998. Later in life, he took up tertiary studies, and studied at the University of Technology, Sydney, graduating with a Graduate Diploma of Human Resources.

In 1998, Robertson became the assistant secretary of the Labor Council, with responsibility  for the building and construction industry, breweries, local government, public sector policy, the oil industry and Sydney Water. In 2000, he ran the state wage case for the Labor Council before the Industrial Relations Commission of New South Wales. The case was historic in that it was the first one heard in Wollongong, New South Wales rather than Sydney. The Commission granted workers a $15 per week pay rise.

In 2001, Robertson was elected unopposed as the secretary of Unions NSW (formerly the Labor Council of New South Wales), replacing Michael Costa. One of his first acts as secretary was to organise a blockade of the New South Parliament to protest the introduction of workers compensation law reforms. The blockade did not change the government's plans. During his term as secretary, Robertson headed the organisation as it sold its holiday property "Currawong" to finance a campaign to stop the implementation of WorkChoices by the Federal Howard government.  The deal was said to have benefited the developers as the purchase was at "about half the price" of other bids for the property.  Currawong had been established in 1949 to allow the union movement to provide poor children with holidays. Robertson denied the deal was at less than value, as it was an unconditional sale compared to other bids which were conditional on building approval.

Robertson has been on the Administrative Committee of the Australian Labor Party since 2005 and became the vice-president of the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU) in 2006. As member of the group Labor for Refugees, Robertson fought in 2002 to overturn the Labor Party's policy on asylum seekers, which mimicked the policy of the Howard government at the time.
Robertson was a pivotal player in the campaign to replace Federal Opposition Leader Kim Beazley with Kevin Rudd in 2006.

Robertson has held numerous other roles including member of the Building and Construction Industry Long Service Payments Corporation in 1993 and director of WorkCover NSW between 2001 and 2007. In 2002, he was appointed as a director of the Parramatta Stadium Trust. In 2006, he became a member of the New South Wales Heritage Council. He was a director of Energy Australia between 1998 and 2003, as well as a director of 2KY radio between 1998 and 2001.

Robertson co-authored the book Your Rights at Work, which was published in 1993.

Political career
On 18 October 2008, Robertson was endorsed to be the Labor Party candidate to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of former state treasurer Michael Costa. He was subsequently appointed to the New South Wales Legislative Council (the state's upper house) to fill that casual vacancy. Costa was Robertson's predecessor at Unions NSW, and ironically, his role in blocking the privatisation of the NSW power industry was one of the causes that led to Costa's resignation.

Shortly after Robertson's swearing in, former Australian prime minister Paul Keating sent a scathing letter to Robertson stating that Keating was "ashamed to share membership of the same party" as him. Keating's view of Robertson was that his opposition to the privatisation bid would cost Labor dearly at the next State election.

Robertson won the seat of Blacktown in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly at the March 2011 election, despite the Labor government suffering the worst defeat of a sitting government in New South Wales since Federation.  Robertson himself barely squeaked into office in what has historically been a comfortably safe Labor seat; he suffered a swing of 18.7 percent, cutting the Labor majority down to a very marginal three percent.  After Kristina Keneally announced she was standing down as state Labor leader and returning to the backbench, Robertson was heavily tipped to succeed her. On 31 March, Robertson was elected unopposed as leader of the Labor Party and Leader of the Opposition.  His immediate task was rebuilding a party that had seen its caucus more than halved in the election held a week earlier—a result that Robertson said the party deserved, calling it "a devastating result, a message that was sent to us."

In the aftermath of the 2014 Sydney hostage crisis, it was revealed that Robertson had previously sent a letter on behalf of the gunman, Man Haron Monis, a constituent in his Blacktown electorate, to the Department of Family and Community Services. The letter was, according to Robertson, routine procedure on behalf of a constituent and written in support of Monis' request for a supervised visit with his children on Father's Day in 2011 despite an apprehended violence order against him. The Department declined Monis' request. Pressure mounted on Robertson to resign as Leader of the Labor Party, with the 2015 state election three months away. ABC News reported that several members of the Labor caucus were gathering support to have Robertson voted out if he didn't resign. Robertson stood aside on 23 December 2014, saying that "the next election is so important that Labor must be united behind the leader. Robertson was initially replaced by Linda Burney on an interim basis, and then by Luke Foley. He was the first NSW Labor leader since Pat Hills not to go on to become premier, and only the third in almost a century not to take the party into an election.

On 3 August 2017, Robertson announced he would be resigning from parliament, which became effective on 25 August, to take up a position as executive general manager at Foodbank, a not-for-profit organisation which distributes excess food from retailers to the needy.

See also
 Shadow Ministry of John Robertson

References

External links

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1962 births
Living people
Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly
Members of the New South Wales Legislative Council
Leaders of the Opposition in New South Wales
Australian electricians
Australian trade unionists
University of Technology Sydney alumni
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of New South Wales
21st-century Australian politicians


The Chancery Regulation Act 1862 (25 & 26 Vict. c. 42), also known as Rolt's Act was an Act of the United Kingdom Parliament that was an important step in the fusion of law and equity.

Background
From the 13th century in England and Wales, equity developed as a system of justice in parallel with and complementary to the common law. By the 19th century, with the rise of capitalism in Victorian Britain, equity had become very important. The remedies available to the common law were limited to damages and those disputes demanding an injunction or specific performance of a contract needed to be heard in equity which was administered in Courts of Chancery, separate from the common law courts. Moreover, procedure in equity was better able to handle complex disputes involving the relationship between several parties such as partnerships and trusts.

However, the dual jurisdiction of law and equity caused problems for litigants. In equity, all parties had to be represented at all hearings and if one died or married complex procedures were needed to maintain the action. The rate of progress of the action was in the hands of the parties and would tend to be determined by the slowest. Many uncontroversial administrative actions, such as appointing a new trustee, were dealt with as though they were contentious, adding further delay. There were many inefficiencies in procedure with high costs and a certain amount of corruption. Further, cases that involved questions of both law and equity would be hampered, shuttling between the courts of Chancery and common law courts for years, as in Wood v. Scarth.

The Chancery commission (1824–26) made recommendations on streamlining procedure but the commissioners concluded that the Chancery courts themselves had the powers to improve matters.  Over the following decades there was much debate leading to legislation including the Improvement of the Jurisdiction of Equity Act 1852 which allowed Chancery judges to decide questions of fact rather than remitting them to the common law courts. However, by 1862, Chancery judges were still reluctant to make use of these powers so Attorney General Sir John Rolt introduced a bill to make determination of facts by Chancery judges mandatory.

The Act
The purpose of the Act was to require the Court of Chancery to determine every issue of fact or law necessary for the final resolution of the case, and thus to end the practice of sending particular issues in cases pending in Chancery, to be determined in the common law courts.  In the end, the Act was weakened from its initial intentions, allowing matters of fact to referred by a Chancery Judge to be decided by the assizes.

The Act applied to the High Court of Chancery of England and Wales and also to the Court of Chancery of the County Palatine of Lancaster which had an independent jurisdiction in equity. A further Act brought a similar reform to Ireland.

Subsequent developments
The fusion of the administration of law and equity was finally effected in the 1870s by the Judicature Acts.

References

Bibliography
Hansard, HC Deb 26 March 1862 vol 166 cc114-22 114

United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1862
Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom concerning England and Wales
Civil procedure
Equity (law)
Legal history of England


Terrence Françoise is a former member of the National Assembly of Seychelles.  A teacher by profession, he was a member of the National Assembly from 2007 to 2011. In 2016 he was named Chief Executive Officer of the Agency for National Human Resource Development.

Prior to being a member of the National Assembly, Françoise served as a teacher of Mathematics.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Members of the National Assembly (Seychelles)
People from Anse Royale
United Seychelles Party politicians


Dancesport at the 2005 Asian Indoor Games was held in Indoor Stadium Huamark, Bangkok, Thailand from 14 November to 15 November 2005.

Medalists

Standard

Latin

Medal table

Results

Standard

Five dances
15 November

Quickstep
14 November

Semifinals

Final

Slow foxtrot
14 November

Final

Tango
14 November

Preliminaries

Final

Viennese waltz
14 November

Final

Waltz
14 November

Preliminaries

Final

Latin

Five dances
14 November

Cha-cha-cha
15 November

Semifinals

Final

Jive
15 November

Semifinals

Final

Paso doble
15 November

Semifinals

Final

Rumba
15 November

Preliminaries

Final

Samba
15 November

Preliminaries

Final

References
 2005 Asian Indoor Games official website
 Japan DanceSport Federation
 The Asian DanceSport Federation

2005 Asian Indoor Games events
2005
Asian


Ust-Charyshskaya Pristan () is a rural locality (a selo), founded in 1773, and the administrative center of Ust-Pristansky District of Altai Krai, Russia, located along the Ob River in the West Siberian Plain,  south of Barnaul. Population:

References

Rural localities in Ust-Pristansky District
Tomsk Governorate
Populated places established in 1773


Leopold Rosner (26 June 1918 – 10 October 2008) was a Polish-born Australian musician. Rosner, who was Jewish, survived the Holocaust in Nazi concentration camps during World War II by playing his accordion for Nazi officials. This earned the attention of Oskar Schindler, who saved his life by having him placed on his famous list. His story became known after Australian author Thomas Keneally's 1982 novel, Schindler's Ark, was adapted into Steven Spielberg's Oscar-winning film, Schindler's List. He appeared in the epilogue of the film at the Schindler's grave on Mount Zion.

Life

Early life
Rosner was born in Kraków, Poland on 26 June 1918. He was one of nine children in a family that performed in the music business.

The Holocaust
Rosner was a successful cabaret artist and entertainer in Kraków, Poland by the time the country was invaded and occupied by Nazi Germany in 1939. The Rosner family fled to the rural town of Tyniece, where they played in barns for food. They were soon caught and sent to the Kraków Ghetto, where they lived in cramped and dangerous conditions. Leo continued to play music with his brother, Henry Rosner. Leo played the accordion, and Henry played the violin. They played at the ghetto's cafes, where he met his wife, Helen (born 1924). They were married on 17 January 1943, but on his wedding night Leo was deported to Płaszów concentration camp without her. Helen and her sister, Janka, was deported to the Płaszów that March.

While at Płaszów, Rosner, along with his brother Henry, were forced to perform for the notorious camp commandant Amon Göth.

Rosner's talent with his accordion earned him the attention of Oskar Schindler. Schindler had Rosner and his surviving family members moved to his camp in Brněnec, Czech Protectorate, in 1945. However, Rosner's wife, Helen, along with the other female Schindlerjuden, including Henry's wife Manci, were transferred to the notorious Auschwitz concentration camp. After a harrowing few weeks, Schindler was able to bribe camp officials to have them transferred out. The couple was reunited at Schindler's camp, the Brünnlitz labor camp, where they remained in relative safety until the end of World War II, when the camp was liberated by the Red Army.

Post World War II
Leo and Helen Rosner immigrated to Australia in 1949 and settled in Melbourne. The couple had two daughters, Frances Rosner and Anna Rosner Blay. He worked as a musician and eventually fronted a twelve piece band. He continued to perform into his eighties. He was well known in the Melbourne musician business as well as in the Australian Holocaust survivors community.

He traveled to Mount Zion in Jerusalem for the 1993 film Schindler's List to appear in the film's epilogue with other Schindlerjuden paying their respects at the grave of Oskar Schindler.

Rosner suffered from Alzheimer's disease in his later years, but was still able to perform at his and Helen's 65th wedding anniversary celebration in 2008.

Death
Leo Rosner died on 10 October 2008, at the age of 90, of complications from Alzheimer's disease in Melbourne, Australia. He was survived by his wife, Helen Rosner, who was 84 years old at the time of Leo's death. Rosner was also survived by his two daughters, six grandchildren and six great-grandchildren. His funeral was held at Melbourne Chevra Kadisha Cemetery in Springvale, Victoria.

His wife, Helen Rosner, died in 2010 after suffering from heart problems and Parkinson's disease, at age 86.

References

External links
 Australian Jewish News: Musician saved by Schindler dies at 90
 The Age: A hit on Schindler's music list

1918 births
2008 deaths
Polish Jews
Australian people of Polish-Jewish descent
Australian Jews
Naturalised citizens of Australia
Jewish Australian musicians
Polish emigrants to Australia
Musicians from Melbourne
Musicians from Kraków
Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp survivors
Kraków Ghetto inmates
Schindlerjuden
Polish musicians
Neurological disease deaths in Victoria (state)
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Burials in Victoria (state)