Robert Brady  (1627–1700) was an English academic and historical writer supporting the royalist position in the reigns of Charles II of England and James II of England. He was also a physician.

Biography
Brady was son of Thomas Brady, an attorney of Denver, Norfolk. He was educated in Downham Market and at Caius College, Cambridge. He was made Master of Caius College in 1660, on the English Restoration. In the 1670s, he hoped to write for the prominent politicians Joseph Williamson and Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury, but they declined the offer. It was only when William Sancroft became Archbishop of Canterbury that Brady found a patron.

Beginning in 1677, Brady held the position of Regius Professor of Physic at Cambridge. He sat as Member of Parliament for the University in 1681 and 1685.

In historical controversy, he was opposed to William Petyt and James Tyrrell, along what would become Tory versus Whig lines, then forming in the Exclusion crisis of the 1680s. Brady is regarded as holding to an uncompromising royalist position. Others on the Whig side were William Atwood, Edward Cooke, and Sir John Somers.

J. P. Kenyon takes him as a pioneer among the royalist scholars of English medieval history, who were working towards a formulation akin to Kenyon's viewpoint. John Pocock regards as "unforgettably damaging" the effect the (proto-)Tory Brady and others made, in attacking the doctrine of the "Ancient Constitution" as a failed description of the real circumstances of political arrangements in the England of the Middle Ages. On the narrow point of the actual legal effects of the Norman Conquest, Brady had been anticipated by Samuel Daniel, in views that are quite close to some modern scholars. He moved from there to argue for absolutism, and that Magna Carta was not a major charter for popular freedom.  Brady's ideas drew on Henry Spelman and Robert Filmer.

David C. Douglas remarks that although his motivations as a scholar were at least as political as those of his opponents, his techniques were so far superior that his work remained of importance. Brady was aided in his later work by a position from 1686 in the archives of the Tower of London.

Offices held

Bibliography
A Full and Clear Answer to a Book Written by William Petit, Esq. (1681)
An Introduction to the Old English History (1684)
A Complete History of England (1685)
An Historical Treatise of Cities and Burghs (1690)

References

1627 births
1700 deaths
17th-century English historians
17th-century English medical doctors
Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
Regius Professors of Physic (Cambridge)
Masters of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
Members of the pre-1707 Parliament of England for the University of Cambridge
People from Denver, Norfolk


The Zemra Lake () is a lake in the western edge of the Republic of Kosovo. Roughly in shape of a heart, the lake stretches inside the Accursed Mountains, some  away from Albania. It is situated between 2,200 and 2,500 metres of elevation above sea level on the northern slopes of Maja e Gusanit, near Maja e Gjeravicës.

See also
 Geography of Kosovo
 List of lakes in Kosovo

References

External links

Lakes of Kosovo
Accursed Mountains


Retnje () is a settlement in the Municipality of Tržič in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia.

References

External links

Retnje on Geopedia

Populated places in the Municipality of Tržič


"Hear My Name" was the first single from Armand Van Helden's mix album, New York: A Mix Odessey, and his fifth album, Nympho. The track features vocals by duo Spalding Rockwell. It was also made into a music video featuring the female duo Spalding Rockwell spanking various men and women.

Track listing
Australian CD Single
 Hear My Name (Radio Edit)
 Hear My Name (Original 12' Mix)
 Hear My Name (Solid Groove Hear My Rub Mix)
 Hear My Name (Solid Groove Hear My Dub Mix)

Chart performance
The single was a worldwide Dance and Club hit, and a minor success in Single charts.

Release history

References

2004 singles
Armand Van Helden songs
Songs written by Armand Van Helden
2004 songs


The Reformist Popular Centre (, CPR) was a centrist coalition active in Friuli-Venezia Giulia from 1998 to 2003.

The coalition was launched for the 1998 regional election and comprised five parties:
Italian People's Party (PPI)
Democratic Union for the Republic (UDR)
Italian Renewal (RI)
Italian Republican Party (PRI)
Slovene Union (SS)

At the time of the foundation of CPR, it was seen as a political laboratory for the country, in order to put together centrist parties of The Olive Tree, the then-governing centre-left coalition. Leading national politicians, including Franco Marini, Clemente Mastella, Rocco Buttiglione, Lamberto Dini and Giorgio La Malfa.

In the regional election CPR won 11.0% and 7 regional deputies, but it failed to form an alliance with Forza Italia and Lega Nord Friuli-Venezia Giulia, due to difficulties in forming a new regional government and to internal divisions. Isidoro Gottardo was elected leader of the group.

By the 2003 regional election the coalition was over, with most members who had joined Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy (DL) and Isidoro Gottardo Forza Italia. DL was in fact a sort of continuation of CPR at the national level.

References

Defunct political party alliances in Italy
Political parties in Friuli-Venezia Giulia


3-D Docking Mission is a simulation game for the Apple II written by Chris Oberth. The game was published by Programma International and The Elektrik Keyboard of Chicago, Illinois in 1978.

Gameplay

The object of 3-D Docking Mission is to maneuver a spacecraft through an asteroid field and safely dock with its mothership.  The ship begins each round with a limited supply of fuel (40 points) which is consumed as the player uses thrusters to pilot the craft.  The game ends as a loss if the player's ship runs out of fuel, collides with an asteroid or runs too quickly into the mothership.  If the ship reaches the mothership and successfully enters the docking port, the player wins the round and a new one begins with more densely grouped asteroids.

The game presents the player with two views of the playing area — one from above and one from the side.  Using these views, the player selects among six thrusters to fire, controlled by keys on the keyboard: T and B to move up and down, < and > to move left and right, and H and F to move forward or backward. The bottom of the screen shows mission time, amount of fuel remaining, as well as the current score and the high score.

References

External links

1978 video games
Apple II games
Apple II-only games
Elektrik Keyboard games
Programma International games
Simulation video games
Video games developed in the United States


Lutgardis of Luxembourg, also known as Liutgardis, Liutgarde and Lutgard, (955 – ca. 1005 or possibly later) was a countess consort of Holland by marriage to Arnulf, Count of Holland. She was the regent of Holland from 993 until 1005 during the minority of her son Dirk III of Holland.

Life
She was a daughter of Siegfried of Luxembourg and Hedwig of Nordgau. Her sister was Cunigunde of Luxembourg.  She married Arnulf, Count of Holland.

On the death of her spouse in 993, she became regent of Holland during the minority of her son, Dirk III. She maintained control of the county with the support of her former brother-in-law, Emperor Henry II. On 20 September 993, Liutgard donated her properties at Rugge to Saint Peter's abbey of Ghent for the soul of her husband. According to Thietmar's Chronicle, possibly in June 1005, she made peace with the West-Frisians through mediation by Emperor Henry. Her son was declared mature in 1005, thus ending her mandate as regent.

The date of Lutgardis' death is not clear in view of conflicting sources including Annales Egmundani. It may well have been in 1005 or even later. She was buried in Egmont.

Issue
 Dirk III of Holland, for whom she acted as regent from 993 to 1005
 Siegfried of Holland (985–1030), married Thetburga (985–)
 Adelina of Holland

References

House of Luxembourg
955 births
1000s deaths
Year of death uncertain
Countesses of Holland
Burials at Egmond Abbey
10th-century women regents
11th-century women rulers
10th-century countesses consort


Ročevnica () is a settlement in the Municipality of Tržič in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia.

References

External links
Ročevnica on Geopedia

Populated places in the Municipality of Tržič


RK Swamy (1922 –2003) was an Indian advertising industry executive. He was involved in the setting up the Southern Operations of J. Walter Thompson's Indian associate [Hindustan Thompson Associates]. In April 1973 he founded R. K. Swamy Advertising Associates in Chennai and within the first few years set up operations in New Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, Kolkata and Hyderabad. The company was within the top ten agencies within the first five years of operations. The company then partnered with BBDO initially as a non equity partner in 1985 and then as a equity partner in 1990.  RK Swamy BBDO. Swamy was involved in making Madras an important location for the advertising industry. Swamy was also at the helm of various industry bodies, the Audit Bureau of Circulations and Advertising Agencies Association of India among them. He also started Hansa Vision, a television programming company.

Outside of his advertising career, Swamy spent time on Hindu religious and cultural activities, especially on restoration of temples and other historical structures.

In 2009, the All India Management Association established the AIMA-R K Swamy High Performance Brand Award in his honour.

His son Srinivasan Swamy became Chairman & Managing Director after his demise while the other son Shekar Swamy assumed the role of CEO of RK Swamy BBDO.

References

Bibliography and further reading

1923 births
2003 deaths
Indian advertising people
Businesspeople from Chennai


The National Library of the Czech Republic () is the central library of the Czech Republic. It is directed by the Ministry of Culture. The library's main building is located in the historical Clementinum building in the centre of Prague, where approximately half of its books are kept. The other half of the collection is stored in the district of Hostivař. The National Library is the biggest library in the Czech Republic, housing around 6 million documents. The library currently has around 20,000 registered readers. Although comprising mostly Czech texts, the library also stores older material from Turkey, Iran and India. The library also houses books for Charles University in Prague.

History
In the 13th century, the Studium generale school was founded in the Dominican monastery in Prague's Old Town. This school, including its library, merged with the university in the 14th century.

In 1556, monks of the Jesuit Order erected a boarding school, named Clementinum, on the remains of the Dominican monastery. From 1622 on, the Jesuits also administered the Charles University, and all their libraries were accommodated in the Clementinum.

After the suppression of the Jesuits, the university became a state institution in 1773, and in 1777 its library was declared "Imperial-Royal Public and University Library" by Maria Theresa. Even after the splitting of the university into a Czech and a German university in 1882, the library remained as a joint institution.

In 1918, the Public and University Library was taken over by the government of the newly founded Czechoslovakia. In 1924, the Slavonic Library (Slovanská knihovna) was founded, and moved to the Clementinum in 1929; it is still an autonomous part of the National Library. In 1935, the library was renamed "National and University Library" (Národní a univerzitní knihovna). In the same year, a law on the legal deposit copy duty was introduced – a practice dating back to 1781, when Prague printers had to hand in legal deposit copies of their prints to the library.

Although Czech universities and colleges were closed after the German occupation of Czechoslovakia in 1939, the library remained open under the name of "Municipal and University Library" (Zemská a univerzitní knihovna).

In 1958, all large Prague libraries were merged into the single centralized State Library of the Czechoslovak Republic (Státní knihovna CSR).

In 1990, the hitherto last renaming of the library resulted in its current name: National Library of the Czech Republic. A new storage building, the Central Depository in Hostivař, was inaugurated in 1996.

Collections
The most precious medieval manuscripts preserved in the National Library are the Codex Vyssegradensis and the Passional of Abbes Kunigunde.

Digitisation
The National Library of the Czech Republic began with their digitisation efforts in 1992 in collaboration with the Czech company AiP Beroun. In these efforts, the National Library conducted pioneer work on a global scale in the creation of digitization standards. Later, it got involved in a number of European projects, in which it came to additional developments particularly standards regarding manuscripts and old prints. It also supported several pilot projects at the time of their creation and the first years of the UNESCO Memory of the World Programme (with the programme's first pilot project being from the National Library of the Czech Republic in 1993).

The library won international recognition in 2005 as it received the inaugural Jikji Prize from UNESCO's Memory of the World Programme for its efforts in digitising old texts. In its first 13 years since 1992, the project accomplished the digitisation of 1,700 documents and made them publicly available.

The National Library makes its digital content available in the digital libraries Manuscriptorium (http://www.manuscriptorium.com/en) and Kramerius (http://kramerius5.nkp.cz). Manuscriptorium comprises more than 111,000 manuscripts and old prints, with almost 84,000 of them contributed by the National Library and the remainder from 138 partners from 24 countries. Since 2008, when Europeana, the European Union's digital platform for cultural heritage, came into existence, Manuscriptorium contributes manuscripts and old prints digitised by libraries all over the Czech Republic and by other partners to the Europeana platform and several other specialised portals, including professional academic Resource Discovery services, e.g. of EBSCO, ProQuest and ExLibris.

In a collaborative project with Google, additional old prints and early 19th century books from the Slavonic Library have been digitised, with altogether more than 177,000 books digitised by Google (as of October 2018). These books are accessible through the Google Books digital library as well as through the National Library's Catalogue of Old Prints and the Catalogue of the Slavonic Library, and the old prints gradually also through Manuscriptorium.

The Kramerius digital library contains digitised documents published after the year 1800. So far, more than 2,000 periodical series have been digitised. The number of digitized books continues to grow, especially after mass digitization of modern prints in context of the National Digital Library project.

Proposed new building

In 2006, the Czech parliament approved funding for the construction of a new library building on Letna plain, between Hradčanská metro station and Sparta Prague's football ground, Letná stadium. In March 2007, following a request for tender, Czech architect Jan Kaplický was selected by a jury to undertake the project, with a projected completion date of 2011. Later in 2007 the project was delayed following objections regarding its proposed location from government officials including Prague Mayor Pavel Bém and President Václav Klaus. Plans for the building had still not been decided in February 2008, with the matter being referred to the Office for the Protection of Competition in order to determine if the tender had been won fairly. Later in 2008, Minister of Culture Václav Jehlička announced the end of the project, following a ruling from the European Commission that the tender process had not been carried out legally.

Incidents
The library was affected by the 2002 European floods, with some documents moved to upper levels to avoid the excess water. Over 4,000 books were removed from the library in July 2011 following flooding in parts of the main building. There was a fire at the library in December 2012, but nobody was injured in the event.

See also
 List of national and state libraries

References

External links

1777 establishments in Europe
Organizations established in 1777
Czech Republic
Libraries in the Czech Republic
Buildings and structures in Prague
Culture in Prague
History of Prague
Libraries established in 1777


Hedwig of Nordgau (c. 922 – after 993) was the wife of Siegfried of Luxembourg, first count of Luxembourg and founder of the country. They were married c. 950. She was of Saxon origin but her parentage is not known for certain. Some sources claim that she was connected to the family of Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor. Described as "saintly" herself, Hedwig of Nordgau was the mother of Saint Cunigunde of Luxembourg, the seventh of eleven children from her marriage to Siegfried.

Children
Hedwig of Nordgau's children included:
Henry, count of Luxemburg
Adalbert, archbishop of Trier
Luitgard, married Arnulf, Count of Holland
Eva, married count Gerard of Elzass
Cunigunde, married Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor
Dietrich, bishop of Metz
Frederik, father of the later counts Henry II and Giselbert

Notes and references

Sources
Butler, Alban; Thurston, Herbert; and Attwater, Donald (1956). Butler's Lives of the Saints, Volume 1, 2nd Edition. P. J. Kenedy and Sons.
Fuchs, Rüdiger (2006). Die Inschriften der Stadt Trier I (bis 1500). Reichert.
Holböck, Ferdinand (2002). Married Saints and Blesseds: Through the Centuries. Ignatius Press, p. 134.

920s births
Year of death uncertain
Countesses of Luxembourg
Conradines
People from the Duchy of Saxony
10th-century Saxon people
10th-century French people
10th-century French women


Nils Trondsen Thune (1835 – ??) was a Norwegian politician.

He was elected to the first session of the Norwegian Parliament in 1871, 1874, 1877 and 1880, representing the constituency of Christians Amt. He worked as a farmer there.

He was the father of later politician Helge Nilsen Thune.

References

1835 births
Year of death missing
Members of the Storting
Oppland politicians


Bibar ( pronounced ) is a 2006 Indian Bengali drama film directed by Subrata Sen starring Subrat Dutta, Tannishtha Chatterjee, Payel Sarkar, Sabyasachi Chakrabarty, Kunal Mitra, Shiladitya Patranabis, Pradip Mukherjee, Anuradha Ray, Kanchan Mullick, Rajesh Sharma, Dulal Lahiri and Biswajit Chakraborty. Based on Samaresh Basu's 1965 controversial novel Calcutta, Unabashed, Bibar deals with the angst of city youth in Calcutta, who are caught between the lures of a new, liberalized society and fast-fading traditional values.

Plot
Biresh Bose works in a finance company IIDB as an investigating officer who prepares the investigation reports on which the loans are sanctioned. The company has provided him a pick up and drop car and he gets a handsome salary. At heart, he is a bohemian with no rigid values in life. He is a regular drinker. He visits the bar every evening. One such evening at the bar he meets Nita, a high-society call girl Nita, with whom he is caught in a psycho-sexual relationship. After that Biresh starts visiting Nita's apartment regularly and gradually he started feeling peculiar attraction for Nita. Biresh has a friend name Hiren, who is a painter. He lives in with his model Iti. One evening Hiren takes Biresh to Sonagachi brothel, the infamous red-light area of Calcutta. There Biresh learns that Hiren was a regular visitor of that area. He is attracted towards Iti.

In his office, his position becomes bleak as he refuses a loan to an influential person, Haralal Bhattacharya, an NRI who applied for loan in Biresh's company. Biresh while investigating found that Haralal's claim was false. So in his report, he stated that Haralal is not eligible for any loan. That ultimately creates problems in Biresh's life. Being an NRI, Haralal had an enormous connection in the upper level. So Biresh was asked by his superiors to change his investigation report, so that Haralal could get the loan. One day Iti visits Biresh's office and tells him that Hiren has left her. She needs Biresh's help. Biresh learns that Haralal was a regular visitor to Nita's place those days. Biresh finds Haralal in disturbing not only his office life but also his personal life. Biresh, in a bout of self-destruction, vents his anger and frustration by strangling Nita and stages his alibi through Iti. The police investigate but are unable to establish any motive behind the killing. Police investigator suspects him but cannot not prove him guilty. Iti tells the police that when Nita was killed Biresh was in her apartment the whole night. Everybody starts believing that Haralal might killed Nita. Biresh's company decided that not to give loan to Haralal. Life become smooth for Biresh again, but Nita still haunts him. So one day he calls the police and confesses to the murder of Nita.

Cast
 Subrat Dutta as Biresh Bose
 Tannishtha Chatterjee as Nita Roy
 Payel Sarkar as Iti, Hiren's girl-friend
 Sabyasachi Chakraborty as police investigation officer
 Kunal Mitra as Haralal Bhattacharya, NRI businessman
 Shiladitya Patronobish as Hiren, artist and Biren's friend
 Pradip Mukherjee as Biresh's father
 Anuradha Ray as Biresh's mother
 Kanchan Mullick in a special appearance
 Rajesh Sharma in a special appearance
 Dulal Lahiri as Mr Bagchi, Biresh's boss
 Biswajit Chakraborty as Mr Chattopadhyay, Biresh's senior colleague
 Oindrila Khan as Bidisha, Biresh's sister

Promotion
After looking around for the main cast (Raima Sen and Nandana Deb Sen were considered for the leads), Subrata Sen formed a star cast with Payel Sarkar, Subrat Dutta (Rising) and Tannistha Chatterjee. Subrata Sen said, "I saw Payel's photo and interview in Calcutta Times and decided to cast her. Tannistha has worked German director Florian Gallenberger and I have worked with Subrat Dutta before in 'Swapner Ferriwallah' and know his potential well. Bibar might be a difficult novel to translate onto screen but Sen has worked hard on the script."

Tannistha Chatterjee was recommended for Bibar by Nandana Deb Sen. "I am playing an upper class call girl who is straight forward and knows how she can get what she wants," says the actress, shooting in a Ballygunge house.

Awards
 BFJA Awards  (2007)
 Most Promising Actress Tannistha Chatterjee
Best Actor:
 Best Actress: Tannistha Chatterjee
 Best Actor: Subrat Dutt

References

External links

2006 films
Bengali-language Indian films
Films set in Kolkata
Films directed by Subrata Sen
2000s Bengali-language films
Films based on works by Samaresh Basu
Indian drama films


James Herbert Lloyd Morrell (called Lloyd; 12 August 190728 March 1996) was the seventh Bishop of Lewes.

Biography
Morrell was educated at Dulwich College and King's College London. He was deaconed on Trinity Sunday 1931 (31 May) and priested the following Trinity Sunday (22 May 1932) — both times by Arthur Winnington-Ingram, Bishop of London, at St Paul's Cathedral. He began his career with curacies at St Alphage, Hendon and St Michael & All Angels, Brighton after which he was chaplain to George Bell, Bishop of Chichester and then a Lecturer for The Church of England Moral Welfare Council. From here he went to be Vicar of Roffey and then Archdeacon of Lewes before appointment to the Episcopate in 1959, serving eventually for eighteen years. He was consecrated a bishop on 30 November 1959, by Geoffrey Fisher, Archbishop of Canterbury, at Westminster Abbey.

References

1907 births
People educated at Dulwich College
Alumni of King's College London
Fellows of King's College London
Bishops of Lewes
Archdeacons of Lewes
1996 deaths
20th-century Church of England bishops


Sebenje (; ) is a settlement in the Municipality of Tržič in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia.

Geography
Sebenje is a scattered village in a level area along the road from Žiganja Vas to Križe nestled against the western Miocene foothills of the Udin Woods (). Next to the Udin Woods, the soil is loamy and swampy. The land east and southeast of the village is forested. There are several springs and creeks northeast of the village. The Križe Basin () lies to the west, toward the Tržič Bistrica River.

History
Before the Second World War, making shoes was the major economic activity in the village. Other residents made a living farming or working at factories in Tržič. Until a water main was installed in the village in 1942, supplied by a catchwater at Zgornje Vetrno, cisterns were used for water.

References

External links

Sebenje on Geopedia

Populated places in the Municipality of Tržič


Nils Thune (2 March 1898 - 1 April 1988) was a Norwegian politician for the Centre Party.

He served as a deputy representative to the Norwegian Parliament from Oppland during the term 1950–1953.

References

1898 births
1988 deaths
Centre Party (Norway) politicians
Deputy members of the Storting
Oppland politicians


The A14 motorway, an Autobahn in central Switzerland, is a divided highway connecting the A2 with the A4, within the Canton of Lucerne.

The A14 is congruent with the National Road N14 and part of the main traffic artery between the Innerschweitz and the metropolitan area Zurich. It runs mostly along the Reuss (river), which it twice crosses. The second bridge on the Reuss is the second highest bridge in the Canton of Zug.

Notes

References

 "Die Schweitzer Autobahnen", Autobahnen.ch, 2009, web: Autobahnen.ch (with sub-webpage for A14).
 More sources in "Motorways of Switzerland".

External links
 Photo-series: A14 on Autobahnen.ch
  Port expansion project Buchrain-Rontal
 Buchrain Connection/Shuttle Rontal (Canton Lucerne)

A14


Aesop (  or  ; , ; c. 620–564 BCE; formerly rendered as Æsop) was a Greek fabulist and storyteller credited with a number of fables now collectively known as Aesop's Fables. Although his existence remains unclear and no writings by him survive, numerous tales credited to him were gathered across the centuries and in many languages in a storytelling tradition that continues to this day. Many of the tales associated with him are characterized by anthropomorphic animal characters.

Scattered details of Aesop's life can be found in ancient sources, including Aristotle, Herodotus, and Plutarch. An ancient literary work called The Aesop Romance tells an episodic, probably highly fictional version of his life, including the traditional description of him as a strikingly ugly slave () who by his cleverness acquires freedom and becomes an adviser to kings and city-states. Older spellings of his name have included Esop(e) and Isope. Depictions of Aesop in popular culture over the last 2,500 years have included many works of art and his appearance as a character in numerous books, films, plays, and television programs.

Life

The earliest Greek sources, including Aristotle, indicate that Aesop was born around 620 BCE in the Greek colony of Mesembria. A number of later writers from the Roman imperial period (including Phaedrus, who adapted the fables into Latin) say that he was born in Phrygia. The 3rd-century poet Callimachus called him "Aesop of Sardis," and the later writer Maximus of Tyre called him "the sage of Lydia."

By Aristotle and Herodotus we are told that Aesop was a slave in Samos; that his slave masters were first a man named Xanthus, and then a man named Iadmon; that he must eventually have been freed, since he argued as an advocate for a wealthy Samian; and that he met his end in the city of Delphi. Plutarch tells us that Aesop came to Delphi on a diplomatic mission from King Croesus of Lydia, that he insulted the Delphians, that he was sentenced to death on a trumped-up charge of temple theft, and that he was thrown from a cliff (after which the Delphians suffered pestilence and famine). Before this fatal episode, Aesop met with Periander of Corinth, where Plutarch has him dining with the Seven Sages of Greece and sitting beside his friend Solon, whom he had met in Sardis. (Leslie Kurke suggests that Aesop was himself “a popular contender for inclusion" in the list of Seven Sages.)

In 1965, Ben Edwin Perry, an Aesop scholar and compiler of the Perry Index, concluded that, due to problems of chronological reconciliation dating the death of Aesop and the reign of Croesus, "everything in the ancient testimony about Aesop that pertains to his associations with either Croesus or with any of the so-called Seven Wise Men of Greece must be reckoned as literary fiction." Perry likewise dismissed accounts of Aesop's death in Delphi as mere fictional legends. However, later research has established that a possible diplomatic mission for Croesus and a visit to Periander "are consistent with the year of Aesop's death." Still problematic is the story by Phaedrus, which has Aesop, in Athens, relating the fable of the frogs who asked for a king, because Phaedrus has this happening during the reign of Peisistratos, which occurred decades after the presumed date of Aesop's death.

The Aesop Romance
Along with the scattered references in the ancient sources regarding the life and death of Aesop, there is a highly fictional biography now commonly called The Aesop Romance (also known as the Vita or The Life of Aesop or The Book of Xanthus the Philosopher and Aesop His Slave), "an anonymous work of Greek popular literature composed around the second century of our era ... Like The Alexander Romance, The Aesop Romance became a folkbook, a work that belonged to no one, and the occasional writer felt free to modify as it might suit him." Multiple, sometimes contradictory, versions of this work exist. The earliest known version was probably composed in the 1st century CE, but the story may have circulated in different versions for centuries before it was committed to writing, and certain elements can be shown to originate in the 4th century BCE. Scholars long dismissed any historical or biographical validity in The Aesop Romance; widespread study of the work began only toward the end of the 20th century.

In The Aesop Romance, Aesop is a slave of Phrygian origin on the island of Samos, and extremely ugly. At first he lacks the power of speech, but after showing kindness to a priestess of Isis, is granted by the goddess not only speech but a gift for clever storytelling, which he uses alternately to assist and confound his master, Xanthus, embarrassing the philosopher in front of his students and even sleeping with his wife. After interpreting a portent for the people of Samos, Aesop is given his freedom and acts as an emissary between the Samians and King Croesus. Later he travels to the courts of Lycurgus of Babylon and Nectanabo of Egypt – both imaginary rulers – in a section that appears to borrow heavily from the romance of Ahiqar. The story ends with Aesop's journey to Delphi, where he angers the citizens by telling insulting fables, is sentenced to death and, after cursing the people of Delphi, is forced to jump to his death.

Fabulist

Aesop may not have written his fables. The Aesop Romance claims that he wrote them down and deposited them in the library of Croesus; Herodotus calls Aesop a "writer of fables" and Aristophanes speaks of "reading" Aesop, but that might simply have been a compilation of fables ascribed to him. Various Classical authors name Aesop as the originator  of fables. Sophocles, in a poem addressed to Euripides, made reference to the North Wind and the Sun. Socrates while in prison turned some of the fables into verse, of which Diogenes Laërtius records a small fragment. The early Roman playwright and poet Ennius also rendered at least one of Aesop's fables in Latin verse, of which the last two lines still exist.

Collections of what are claimed to be Aesop's Fables were transmitted by a series of authors writing in both Greek and Latin. Demetrius of Phalerum made what may have been the earliest, probably in prose (), contained in ten books for the use of orators, although that has since been lost. Next appeared an edition in elegiac verse, cited by the Suda, but the author's name is unknown. Phaedrus, a freedman of Augustus, rendered the fables into Latin in the 1st century CE. At about the same time Babrius turned the fables into Greek choliambics. A 3rd-century author, Titianus, is said to have rendered the fables into prose in a work now lost. Avianus (of uncertain date, perhaps the 4th century) translated 42 of the fables into Latin elegiacs. The 4th-century grammarian Dositheus Magister also made a collection of Aesop's Fables, now lost.

Aesop's Fables continued to be revised and translated through the ensuing centuries, with the addition of material from other cultures, so that the body of fables known today bears little relation to those Aesop originally told. With a surge in scholarly interest beginning toward the end of the 20th century, some attempt has been made to determine the nature and content of the very earliest fables which may be most closely linked to the historic Aesop.

Physical appearance and the question of African origin
The anonymously authored Aesop Romance begins with a vivid description of Aesop's appearance, saying he was "of loathsome aspect ... potbellied, misshapen of head, snub-nosed, swarthy, dwarfish, bandy-legged, short-armed, squint-eyed, liver-lipped—a portentous monstrosity," or as another translation has it, "a faulty creation of Prometheus when half-asleep." The earliest text by a known author that refers to Aesop's appearance is Himerius in the 4th century, who says that Aesop "was laughed at and made fun of, not because of some of his tales but on account of his looks and the sound of his voice." The evidence from both of these sources is dubious, since Himerius lived some 800 years after Aesop and his image of Aesop may have come from The Aesop Romance, which is essentially fiction; but whether based on fact or not, at some point the idea of an ugly, even deformed Aesop took hold in popular imagination. Scholars have begun to examine why and how this "physiognomic tradition" developed.

A much later tradition depicts Aesop as a black African from Aethiopia. The first known promulgator of the idea was Planudes, a Byzantine scholar of the 13th century who made a recension of The Aesop Romance in which it is conjectured that Aesop might have been Ethiopian, given his name. But according to Gert-Jan van Dijk, "Planudes' derivation of 'Aesop' from 'Aethiopian' is ... etymologically incorrect," and Frank Snowden says that Planudes' account is "worthless as to the reliability of Aesop as 'Ethiopian.'"

The tradition of Aesop's African origin was continued in Britain, as attested by the lively figurine of a negro from the Chelsea porcelain factory which appeared in its Aesop series in the mid-18th century. It then carried forward into the 19th century. The frontispiece of William Godwin's Fables Ancient and Modern (1805) has a copperplate illustration of Aesop relating his stories to little children that gives his features a distinctly African appearance.

The collection includes the fable of "Washing the Blackamoor White", although updating it and making the Ethiopian 'a black footman'. In 1856 William Martin Leake repeated the false etymological linkage of "Aesop" with "Aethiop" when he suggested that the "head of a negro" found on several coins from ancient Delphi (with specimens dated as early as 520 BCE) might depict Aesop, presumably to commemorate (and atone for) his execution at Delphi, but Theodor Panofka supposed the head to be a portrait of Delphos, founder of Delphi, a view which was repeated later by Frank Snowden, who nevertheless notes that the arguments which have been advanced are not sufficient to establish such an identification.

In 1876 the Italian painter Roberto Fontana portrayed the fabulist as black in Aesop Narrates His Fables to the Handmaids of Xanthus. When the painting was shown at the Exposition Universelle in Paris in 1878, a French critic was dubious: "Why is M. Fontana's Aesop ... black as an Ethiopian? Perhaps M. Fontana knows more about Aesop than we do, which would not be difficult."

The idea that Aesop was Ethiopian seems supported by the presence of camels, elephants and apes in the fables, even though these African elements are more likely to have come from Egypt and Libya than from Ethiopia, and the fables featuring African animals may have entered the body of Aesopic fables long after Aesop actually lived. Nevertheless, in 1932 the anthropologist J. H. Driberg, repeating the Aesop/Aethiop linkage, asserted that, while "some say he [Aesop] was a Phrygian ... the more general view ... is that he was an African", and "if Aesop was not an African, he ought to have been;" and in 2002 Richard A. Lobban cited the number of African animals and "artifacts" in the Aesopic fables as "circumstantial evidence" that Aesop was a Nubian folkteller.

Popular perception of Aesop as black was to be encouraged by comparison between his fables and the stories of the trickster Br'er Rabbit told by African slaves in North America. In Ian Colvin's introduction to Aesop in Politics (1914), for example, the fabulist is bracketed with Uncle Remus, "For both were slaves, and both were black." The traditional role of the slave Aesop as "a kind of culture hero of the oppressed" is further promoted by the fictional Life, emerging "as a how-to handbook for the successful manipulation of superiors." Such a perception was reinforced at the popular level by the 1971 TV production Aesop's Fables in which Bill Cosby played Aesop. In that mixture of live action and animation, Aesop tells fables that differentiate between realistic and unrealistic ambition and his version there of "The Tortoise and the Hare" illustrates how to take advantage of an opponent's over-confidence.

On other continents Aesop has occasionally undergone a degree of acculturation. This is evident in Isango Portobello's 2010 production of the play Aesop's Fables at the Fugard Theatre in Cape Town, South Africa. Based on a script by British playwright Peter Terson (1983), it was radically adapted by the director Mark Dornford-May as a musical using native African instrumentation, dance and stage conventions. Although Aesop is portrayed as Greek, and dressed in the short Greek tunic, the all-black production contextualises the story in the recent history of South Africa. The former slave, we are told "learns that liberty comes with responsibility as he journeys to his own freedom, joined by the animal characters of his parable-like fables." One might compare with this Brian Seward's Aesop's Fabulous Fables (2009), which first played in Singapore with a cast of mixed ethnicities. In it Chinese theatrical routines are merged with those of a standard musical.

There had already been an example of Asian acculturation in 17th-century Japan. There Portuguese missionaries had introduced a translation of the fables (Esopo no Fabulas, 1593) that included the biography of Aesop. This was then taken up by Japanese printers and taken through several editions under the title Isopo Monogatari. Even when Europeans were expelled from Japan and Christianity proscribed, this text survived, in part because the figure of Aesop had been assimilated into the culture and depicted in woodcuts as dressed in Japanese costume.

Depictions

Art and literature
Ancient sources mention two statues of Aesop, one by Aristodemus and another by Lysippus, and Philostratus describes a painting of Aesop surrounded by the animals of his fables. None of these images have survived. According to Philostratus,

With the advent of printing in Europe, various illustrators tried to recreate this scene. One of the earliest was in Spain's La vida del Ysopet con sus fabulas historiadas (1489, see above). In France there was I. Baudoin's Fables d'Ésope Phrygien (1631) and Matthieu Guillemot's Les images ou tableaux de platte peinture des deux Philostrates (1637). In England there was Francis Cleyn's frontispiece to John Ogilby's The Fables of Aesop and the much later frontispiece to Godwin's Fables Ancient and Modern mentioned above in which the swarthy fabulist points out three of his characters to the children seated about him.

Early on, the representation of Aesop as an ugly slave emerged. The later tradition which makes Aesop a black African resulted in depictions ranging from 17th-century engravings to a television portrayal by a black comedian. In general, beginning in the 20th century, plays have shown Aesop as a slave, but not ugly, while movies and television shows (such as The Bullwinkle Show) have depicted him as neither ugly nor a slave.

Perhaps the most elaborate celebration of Aesop and his fables was the Labyrinth of Versailles, a hedge maze constructed for Louis XIV with 39 fountains with lead sculptures depicting Aesop's fables. A statue of Aesop by Pierre Le Gros the Elder, depicted as a hunchback, stood on a pedestal at the entrance. Finished in 1677, the labyrinth was demolished in 1778, but the statue of Aesop survives and can be seen in the vestibule of the Queen's Staircase at Versailles.

In 1843, the archaeologist Otto Jahn suggested that Aesop was the person depicted on a Greek red-figure cup, c. 450 BCE, in the Vatican Museums. Paul Zanker describes the figure as a man with "emaciated body and oversized head ... furrowed brow and open mouth", who "listens carefully to the teachings of the fox sitting before him. He has pulled his mantle tightly around his meager body, as if he were shivering ... he is ugly, with long hair, bald head, and unkempt, scraggly beard, and is clearly uncaring of his appearance." Some archaeologists have suggested that the Hellenistic statue of a bearded hunchback with an intellectual appearance, discovered in the 18th century and pictured at the head of this article, also depicts Aesop, although alternative identifications have since been put forward.

Aesop began to appear equally early in literary works. The 4th century BCE Athenian playwright Alexis put Aesop on the stage in his comedy "Aesop", of which a few lines survive (Athenaeus 10.432); conversing with Solon, Aesop praises the Athenian practice of adding water to wine. Leslie Kurke suggests that Aesop may have been "a staple of the comic stage" of this era.

The 3rd-century-BCE poet Poseidippus of Pella wrote a narrative poem entitled "Aesopia" (now lost), in which Aesop's fellow slave Rhodopis (under her original name Doricha) was frequently mentioned, according to Athenaeus 13.596. Pliny would later identify Rhodopis as Aesop's lover, a romantic motif that would be repeated in subsequent popular depictions of Aesop.

Aesop plays a fairly prominent part in Plutarch's conversation piece "The Banquet of the Seven Sages" in the 1st century CE. The fabulist then makes a cameo appearance in the novel A True Story by the 2nd-century satirist Lucian; when the narrator arrives at the Island of the Blessed, he finds that "Aesop the Phrygian was there, too; he acts as their jester."

Beginning with the Heinrich Steinhowel edition of 1476, many translations of the fables into European languages, which also incorporated Planudes' Life of Aesop, featured illustrations depicting him as a hunchback. The 1687 edition of Aesop's Fables with His Life: in English, French and Latin included 31 engravings by Francis Barlow that show him as a dwarfish hunchback, and his facial features appear to accord with his statement in the text (p. 7), "I am a Negro."

The Spaniard Diego Velázquez painted a portrait of Aesop, dated 1639–40 and now in the collection of the Museo del Prado. The presentation is anachronistic and Aesop, while arguably not handsome, displays no physical deformities. It was partnered by another portrait of Menippus, a satirical philosopher equally of slave-origin. A similar philosophers series was painted by fellow Spaniard Jusepe de Ribera, who is credited with two portraits of Aesop. "Aesop, poet of the fables" is in the El Escorial gallery and pictures him as an author leaning on a staff by a table which holds copies of his work, one of them a book with the name Hissopo on the cover. The other is in the Museo de Prado, dated 1640–50 and titled "Aesop in beggar's rags." There he is also shown at a table, holding a sheet of paper in his left hand and writing with the other. While the former hints at his lameness and deformed back, the latter only emphasises his poverty.

In 1690, French playwright Edmé Boursault's Les fables d'Esope (later known as Esope à la ville) premiered in Paris. A sequel, Esope à la cour (Aesop at Court), was first performed in 1701; drawing on a mention in Herodotus 2.134-5 that Aesop had once been owned by the same master as Rhodopis, and the statement in Pliny 36.17 that she was Aesop's concubine as well, the play introduced Rodope as Aesop's mistress, a romantic motif that would be repeated in later popular depictions of Aesop.

Sir John Vanbrugh's comedy "Aesop" was premièred at the Theatre Royal in Drury Lane, London, in 1697 and was frequently performed there for the next twenty years. A translation and adaptation of Boursault's Les fables d'Esope, Vanbrugh's play depicted a physically ugly Aesop acting as adviser to Learchus, governor of Cyzicus under King Croesus, and using his fables to solve romantic problems and quiet political unrest.

In 1780, the anonymously authored novelette The History and Amours of Rhodope was published in London. The story casts the two slaves Rhodope and Aesop as unlikely lovers, one ugly and the other beautiful; ultimately Rhodope is parted from Aesop and marries the Pharaoh of Egypt. Some editions of the volume were illustrated with an engraving of a work by the painter Angelica Kauffman. The Beautiful Rhodope in Love with Aesop pictures Rhodope leaning on an urn; she holds out her hand to Aesop, who is seated under a tree and turns his head to look at her. His right arm rests on a cage of doves, as he points to the captive state of both of them. Otherwise, the picture illustrates how different the couple are. Rhodope and Aesop lean on opposite elbows, gesture with opposite hands, and while Rhodope's hand is held palm upwards, Aesop's is held palm downwards. She stands while he sits; he is dressed in dark clothes, she in lighter shades. When the theme of their relationship was taken up again by Walter Savage Landor, in the two dialogues between the pair in his series of Imaginary Conversations, it is the difference in their ages that is most emphasised. Théodore de Banville's 1893 comedy Ésope later dealt with Aesop and Rhodopis at the court of King Croesus in Sardis.

Along with Fontana's Aesop Narrates His Fables to the Handmaids of Xanthus, two other 19th-century paintings show Aesop surrounded by listeners. Johann Michael Wittmer's Aesop Tells His Fables (1879) depicts the diminutive fabulist seated on a high pedestal, surrounded by an enraptured crowd. When Julian Russell Story's Aesop's Fables was exhibited in 1884, Henry James wrote to a correspondent: "Julian Story has a very clever & big Subject—Aesop telling fables ... He has a real talent but ... carries even further (with less ability) Sargent's danger—that of seeing the ugliness of things." Conversely, Aesop Composing His Fables by Charles Landseer (1799–1879) depicts a writer in a household setting, handsome and wearing an earring.

20th century genres
The 20th century saw the publication of three novels about Aesop. A. D. Wintle's Aesop (London: Gollancz, 1943) was a plodding fictional biography described in a review of the time as so boring that it makes the fables embedded in it seem "complacent and exasperating." The two others, preferring the fictional Life to any approach to veracity, are genre works. In John Vornholt's The Fabulist (New York: Avon, 1993), "an ugly, mute slave is delivered from wretchedness by the gods and blessed with a wondrous voice. [It is] the tale of a most unlikely adventurer, dispatched to far and perilous realms to battle impossible beasts and terrible magicks."

The other novel was George S. Hellman's Peacock's Feather (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1931). Its unlikely plot made it the perfect vehicle for the 1946 Hollywood spectacular, Night in Paradise. A dashing (not ugly) Turhan Bey was cast as Aesop. In a plot containing "some of the most nonsensical screen doings of the year," he becomes entangled  with the intended bride of King Croesus, a Persian princess played by Merle Oberon, and makes such a hash of it that he has to be rescued by the gods. The 1953 teleplay Aesop and Rhodope takes up another theme of his fictional history. Written by Helene Hanff, it was broadcast on Hallmark Hall of Fame with Lamont Johnson playing Aesop.

The three-act A raposa e as uvas ("The Fox and the Grapes" 1953), marked Aesop's entry into Brazilian theatre. The three-act play was by Guilherme Figueiredo and has been performed in many countries, including a videotaped production in China in 2000 under the title  or . The play is described as an allegory about freedom with Aesop as the main character.

Occasions on which Aesop was played as black include Richard Durham's Destination Freedom radio show broadcast (1949), where the drama "The Death of Aesop" portrayed him as an Ethiopian. In 1971, Bill Cosby starred as Aesop in the TV production Aesop's Fables – The Tortoise and the Hare. He was also played by Mhlekahi Mosiea in the 2010 South Africa adaptation of British playwright Peter Terson's musical Aesop's Fables.

See also
 List of Aesop's Fables

Notes

References

 Adrado, Francisco Rodriguez, 1999–2003. History of the Graeco-Latin Fable (three volumes). Leiden/Boston: Brill Academic Publishers.
 Anthony, Mayvis, 2006. The Legendary Life and Fables of Aesop.
 Cancik, Hubert, et al., 2002. Brill's New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World. Leiden/Boston: Brill Academic Publishers.
 Cohen, Beth (editor), 2000. Not the Classical Ideal: Athens and the Construction of the Other in Greek Art. Leiden/Boston: Brill Academic Publishers. Includes "Aesop, Between Man and Beast: Ancient Portraits and Illustrations" by François Lissarrague.
 Dougherty, Carol and Leslie Kurke (editors), 2003. The Cultures Within Ancient Greek Culture: Contact, Conflict, Collaboration. Cambridge University Press. Includes "Aesop and the Contestation of Delphic Authority" by Leslie Kurke.
 Driberg, J. H., 1932. "Aesop", The Spectator, vol. 148 #5425, June 18, 1932, pp. 857–8.
 Hansen, William (editor), 1998. Anthology of Ancient Greek Popular Literature. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Includes The Aesop Romance (The Book of Xanthus the Philosopher and Aesop His Slave or The Career of Aesop), translated by Lloyd W. Daly.
 Hägg, Tomas, 2004. Parthenope: Selected Studies in Ancient Greek Fiction (1969–2004). Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. Includes Hägg's "A Professor and his Slave: Conventions and Values in The Life of Aesop", first published in 1997.
 Hansen, William, 2004. Review of Vita Aesopi:  Ueberlieferung, Sprach und Edition einer fruehbyzantinischen Fassung des Aesopromans by Grammatiki A. Karla. Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2004.09.39.
 Holzberg, Niklas, 2002. The Ancient Fable: An Introduction, translated by Christine Jackson-Holzberg. Bloomington & Indianapolis: Indiana University press.
 Keller, John E., and Keating, L. Clark, 1993. Aesop's Fables, with a Life of Aesop. Lexington: University of Kentucky Press. English translation of the first Spanish edition of Aesop from 1489, La vida del Ysopet con sus fabulas historiadas including original woodcut illustrations; the Life of Aesop is a version from Planudes.
 Kurke, Leslie, 2010. Aesopic Conversations: Popular Tradition, Cultural Dialogue, and the Invention of Greek Prose. Princeton University Press.
 Leake, William Martin, 1856. Numismata Hellenica: A Catalogue of Greek Coins. London: John Murray.
 Loveridge, Mark, 1998. A History of Augustan Fable. Cambridge University Press.
 Lobban, Richard A., Jr., 2002. "Was Aesop a Nubian Kummaji (Folkteller)?", Northeast African Studies, 9:1 (2002), pp. 11–31.
 Lobban, Richard A., Jr., 2004. Historical Dictionary of Ancient and Medieval Nubia. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press.
 Panofka, Theodor, 1849. Antikenkranz zum fünften Berliner Winckelmannsfest: Delphi und Melaine. Berlin: J. Guttentag.
 Papademetriou, J. Th., 1997. Aesop as an Archetypal Hero. Studies and Research 39. Athens: Hellenic Society for Humanistic Studies.
 Penella, Robert J., 2007. Man and the Word: The Orations of Himerius." Berkeley: University of California Press.
 Perry, Ben Edwin (translator), 1965. Babrius and Phaedrus. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
 Philipott, Tho. (translator), 1687. Aesop's Fables with His Life: in English, French and Latin . London: printed for H. Hills jun. for Francis Barlow. Includes Philipott's English translation of Planudes' Life of Aesop with illustrations by Francis Barlow.
 Reardon, B. P. (editor), 1989. Collected Ancient Greek Novels. Berkeley: University of California Press. Includes An Ethiopian Story by Heliodorus, translated by J.R. Morgan, and A True Story by Lucian, translated by B.P. Reardon.
 Snowden, Jr., Frank M., 1970. Blacks in Antiquity: Ethiopians in the Greco-Roman Experience. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
 Temple, Robert and Olivia (translators), 1998. Aesop: The Complete Fables. New York: Penguin Books.
 van Dijk, Gert-Jan, 1997. Ainoi, Logoi, Mythoi: Fables in Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic Greek. Leiden/Boston: Brill Academic Publishers.
 West, M. L., 1984. "The Ascription of Fables to Aesop in Archaic and Classical Greece", La Fable (Vandœuvres–Genève: Fondation Hardt, Entretiens XXX), pp. 105–36.
 Wilson, Nigel, 2006. Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece. New York: Routledge.
 Zanker, Paul, 1995. The Mask of Socrates: The Image of the Intellectual in Antiquity. Berkeley: University of California Press.

 Further reading
 Anonymous, 1780. The History and Amours of Rhodope. London: Printed for E.M Diemer.
 Caxton, William, 1484. The history and fables of Aesop, Westminster. Modern reprint edited by Robert T. Lenaghan (Harvard University Press: Cambridge, 1967). Includes Caxton's Epilogue to the Fables, dated March 26, 1484.
 Compton, Todd, 1990. "The Trial of the Satirist: Poetic Vitae (Aesop, Archilochus, Homer) as Background for Plato's Apology", The American Journal of Philology, Vol. 111, No. 3 (Autumn 1990), pp. 330–347. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
 Daly, Lloyd W., 1961. Aesop without Morals: The Famous Fables, and a Life of Aesop, Newly Translated and Edited. New York and London: Thomas Yoseloff. Includes Daly's translation of The Aesop Romance.
 Gibbs, Laura. "Life of Aesop: The Wise Fool and the Philosopher", Journey to the Sea (online journal), issue 9, March 1, 2009.
 Sluiter, Ineke and Rosen, Ralph M. (editors), 2008. Kakos: Badness and Anti-value in Classical Antiquity. Mnemosyne: Supplements. History and Archaeology of Classical Antiquity; 307. Leiden/Boston: Brill Academic Publishers. Includes "Ugliness and Value in the Life of Aesop" by Jeremy B. Lefkowitz.
 Perry, Ben Edwin, 1936. Studies in the text history of the life and fables of Aesop. Haverford (PA), American Philological Association

 External links

 Vita Aesopi Online resources for the Life of Aesop''
 Aesopica.net Over 600 fables in English, with Latin and Greek texts also; searchable

 Reprint of a German Fables edition of 1479 in letter press, with woodcuts on a reconstructed Gutenberg press and limp binding in leather or parchment
 Carlson Fable Collection at Creighton University includes 10,000 books and thousands of fable-related images and objects under the heading "Aesop's Artifacts"
 Esopus leben und Fabeln, German edition with many woodcuts from 1531.

620s BC births
564 BC deaths
6th-century BC executions
6th-century BC Greek writers
7th-century BC Greek people
Ancient Greek slaves and freedmen
Ancient Greek writers
Ancient Samians
Fabulists
People whose existence is disputed
Storytellers


The Krichim Hydro Power Plant is an active hydro power project in Krichim, Bulgaria. It has 4 individual turbines with a nominal output of around 20 MW which will deliver up to 80 MW of power.

References

Hydroelectric power stations in Bulgaria
Buildings and structures in Plovdiv Province


The Momina Klisura Hydro Power Plant is an active hydro power project in the eastern Rila mountains, located at the Maritsa river near Momina Klisura village, Bulgaria. It has 4 individual turbines with a nominal output of around 30 MW which will deliver up to 120 MW of power. It is the final stage of the Belmeken-Chaira-Sestrimo Hydropower Cascade.

References

Hydroelectric power stations in Bulgaria
Buildings and structures in Pazardzhik Province


The Orphey Hydro Power Plant is an active hydro power project near Krichim, Bulgaria. It has 4 individual Francis turbines which will deliver up to 160 MW of power. One of the turbines can be used as a pump as well (38 MW), making this power plant a pumped storage type. The plant uses water from the Vacha Reservoir, and is part of the Dospat-Vacha Hydro Power Cascade. The plant is named after Orpheus, who is said to have lived in these lands.

References

Hydroelectric power stations in Bulgaria
Buildings and structures in Plovdiv Province
Pumped-storage hydroelectric power stations in Bulgaria


Keelavaippar (also known as Keela Vaippar or Kilavaippar) is a small village on the coast of south India, in the Vilathikulam Taluk area of Tuticorin District, Tamil Nadu. It is inhabited predominantly by Paravars.

Fishing is the primary occupation, as it has been throughout Paravar history.

The village hosts St Louis Primary School and the St Louis High School.

Religion
On the eastern bank of the Vaippar river is the church of Our Lady of Assumption, one of the first churches built by the Portuguese in the sub-continent. The Jesuit record shows that a church dedicated to Our Lady of Assumption existed as early as 1571. The feast of Our Lady of Assumption is celebrated annually on 15 August, being preceded by a flag hoisting ceremony on 6 August and with novena prayers on all subsequent days until the feast itself.

Keelavaippar is one of the ancient five Padroado parishes of the Pearl Fishery Coast. After Tuticorin was made a diocese, it continued to be a part of the Mylapore Padroado diocese. In accordance with an agreement between the Vatican and the Portuguese government, the parish was joined with Tuticorin diocese on 4 April 1930.

This parish was made into seven Basic Christian Communities on 11 December 1994. In 1995 a parish council was constituted with the representatives of the Basic Christian Communities. St. Antony's grotto in the beach was enlarged in 1995 and a grotto of the Child Jesus was constructed inside the campus in 1996.

External links
Times Of India website, article dated June 8, 2021

References

Villages in Thoothukudi district


Gro Hillestad Thune (born 19 January 1943) is a Norwegian jurist and politician for the Labour Party.

Born in Oslo, she served as a deputy representative to the Norwegian Parliament from Akershus during the term 1977–1981.

She chaired the Norwegian Consumer Council from 1977 to 1984. She was a member of the board of NAVF from 1980 to 1982 and the National Institute for Consumer Research from 1980 to 1984, and chaired the board of Radiumhospitalet from 1980 to 1985.

A lawyer by profession, she was a member of the European Commission of Human Rights from 1982 to 1998.

References

1943 births
Living people
Labour Party (Norway) politicians
Deputy members of the Storting
Akershus politicians
Directors of government agencies of Norway
Members of the European Commission of Human Rights
Norwegian women lawyers
20th-century Norwegian lawyers
20th-century women lawyers


Vegard Thune (born 26 August 1951) is a Norwegian politician for the Conservative Party.

He served as a deputy representative to the Norwegian Parliament from Oppland during the term 1989–1993. In total he met during 24 days of parliamentary session.

References

1951 births
Living people
Conservative Party (Norway) politicians
Deputy members of the Storting
Oppland politicians
Place of birth missing (living people)
20th-century Norwegian politicians


David Bruce MacDonald is a professor in Political Science  at the University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada and served as the Research Leadership Chair for the College of Social and Applied Human Sciences (2017 to 2020). From 2002 to 2008, he worked as a senior lecturer at the Political Studies Department, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. From 1999 to 2002 he was Assistant Visiting Professor in the Social Sciences at the ECSP Europe (Paris).

He was deputy editor/book reviews editor of Millennium: Journal of International Studies. He holds a PhD in international relations from the London School of Economics LSE, which he attended as a Rotary Ambassadorial Scholar. His PhD thesis was entitled Balkan holocausts? Comparing genocide myths and historical revisionism in Serbian and Croatian nationalist writing: 1986-1999 where he denied the Holocaust. He earned his BA from Carleton University, and his MA in political science from the University of Ottawa. MacDonald has contributed as a writer to multiple Canadian journalistic publications, such as The Globe and Mail, The National Post, and the Toronto Star.

Career

Work on the former Yugoslavia
His first book Balkan Holocausts?: Serbian and Croatian Victim Centered Propaganda and the War in Yugoslavia, compares and contrasts Serbian and Croatian propaganda from 1986 to 1999, analyzing each group's contemporary interpretations of history and current events.

Identity politics and genocideIdentity Politics in the Age of Genocide examined how Holocaust "Americanization" impacted other ethnic and social groups. The book featured theoretical chapters about the use/misuse of the term (Holocaust) by ethnic and social groups, and dissected claims of Holocaust uniqueness (with analysis of fourteen arguments).

U.S. politicsThinking History, Fighting Evil applies his theoretical work to the study of American domestic and foreign policy. The presents the most thorough exploration to date of how World War II analogies, particularly those focused on the Holocaust, have colored American foreign policy-making after 9/11.

Publications
BooksBalkan holocausts?: Serbian and Croatian victim-centred propaganda and the war in Yugoslavia. Oxford: Manchester University Press (2002). The Ethics of Foreign Policy, co-edited with R.G. Patman and B. Mason-Parker. Ashgate Publishing Ltd. (2007). Identity Politics in the Age of Genocide: The Holocaust and Historical Representation. Routledge (2007). Thinking History, Fighting Evil: Neoconservatives and the Perils of Historical Analogy in American Politics. Lexington/Rowman & Littlefield (2009). Introduction to Politics, co-authored with Robert Garner, Peter Ferdinand and Stephanie Lawson. Toronto: Oxford University Press (2011). The Bush Leadership and the Power of Ideas, co-edited with Dirk Nabers. Routledge (2012). Europe in Its Own Eyes, Europe in the Eyes of the Other. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press (2014).

Selected Book Chapters
"Regionalism: New Zealand, Asia, the Pacific, and Australia" in Robert G. Patman and Chris Rudd (eds.) Sovereignty Under Siege? The Case of New Zealand (London: Ashgate Press, 2005) pp. 171–92.
"Subaltern Discourse and Genocide: Serbian Victimization and Historical Justifications for War: 1980-2000", in Nicholas Robins and Adam Jones (eds), Genocides By The Oppressed: Subaltern Movements and Retributive Genocide (Indiana University Press, 2008).
"Living Together or Hating Each Other?," in Charles Ingrao and Thomas Emmert (eds) Confronting the Yugoslav Controversies: A Scholar’s Initiative (Lafayette, ID: Purdue University Press, 2009).
"The Power of Ideas in International Relations" in D. Nabers and N. Godehardt (eds), Regional Powers and Regional Orders (London: Routledge, 2011).
"America’s Memory Problems: Diaspora Groups, Civil Society and the Perils of ‘Chosen Amnesia’" in Jing-Bao Nie, Nanyan Guo, Arthur Kleinman (eds), Japanese Wartime Medical Atrocities: Comparative Perspectives on Science, History and Ethics (Routledge: 2011).
"Australia and New Zealand: Special Relationships in the Anglo-American World", with Brendon O’Connor in Peter J Katzenstein (ed.) Anglo-America and its Discontents: Civilizational Identities beyond West and East, (New York: Routledge, 2012).
Co-editor with R.G. Patman and D. Nabers, several chapters in The Bush Leadership, the Power of Ideas and the War on Terror (Routledge, 2012).

Selected Articles
"Daring to compare: The debate about a Maori ‘holocaust’ in New Zealand", Journal of Genocide Research (September 2003) pp. 383–404.
"Forgetting and Denying: Iris Chang, the Holocaust and the Challenge of Nanking", International Politics (2005) pp. 403–28. Lead Article.
"Globalizing the Holocaust: A Jewish "useable past" in Serbian and Croatian nationalism", PORTAL, Vol. 2, No. 2 (2005) pp. 1–31.
"Pushing the Limits of Humanity?: Reinterpreting Animal Rights and ‘Personhood’ through the Prism of the Holocaust", Journal of Human Rights Vol. 5, No. 4 (2006) pp. 417–39.
"First Nations, Residential Schools, and the Americanization of the Holocaust: Rewriting Indigenous History in America, Australia, and Canada", Canadian Journal of Political Science (December 2007) pp. 1–21. Lead Article.
"Bush’s America and the New Exceptionalism: The Holocaust, Victimhood and the Trans-Atlantic Rift" Third World Quarterly Vol. 29 No. 6 (September 2008)
"The Genocide Question and Indian Residential Schools in Canada" co-authored with Graham Hudson Canadian Journal of Political Science'' (June 2012)

Sources

External links
The Humanities Soc., MacDonald

Academic staff of the University of Guelph
New Zealand political scientists
Canadian political scientists
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people


Senično (; in older sources also Stenično, ) is a village in the Municipality of Tržič in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia.

The local church is dedicated to Saint Bartholomew and dates from the 14th century with well-preserved late 15th-century frescos on the walls and ceiling of the sanctuary. The church lies inside a walled enclosure with a portal dated 1738.

References

External links
Senično on Geopedia

Populated places in the Municipality of Tržič


Alness Academy () is a secondary school in Alness, Highland in the north on the Cromarty Firth of Scotland, serving the town of Alness and the villages of Evanton and Ardross. Along with five associated primary schools, it was one of the pilot New Community Schools in the Highlands.
Originally built in the 1970s, it is one of the main schools in Ross-shire, with a school roll of 481.

Alness GeoScience STEM club came 2nd In the Junior Saltire Awards in Glasgow, June 2015. The Schools Rock Challenge group came a superb 4th place in the Rock Challenge National Final, Dundee, also in June 2015.
In June 2016 Alness Geoscience triumphed yet again winning club of the year 2016 as well as winning the WEIR 3D printed pump challenge, at the celebration of engineering and science, Glasgow science centre.

As part of the Highland Council's Sustainable School Estate Review, Alness Academy along with Invergordon Academy and several feeder primaries argued for replacement of the Alness Academy building and possible consolidation of the two secondary schools. In January 2016 funds for a new Alness building were confirmed. The government support came from £230m it had allocated to replacing or upgrading 19 schools across Scotland. The new building opened to students on 28 October 2020.

Her Royal Highness The Princess Royal officially opened Alness Academy on Tuesday 8 June 2021. As part of her visit toured the first-class facilities being enjoyed by pupils, staff and the local community. HRH met with long-serving teacher, Janet MacDonald where she  was introduced to her border collie dog and the school’s therapy pet, Bru.

The school, provides a modern 21st century learning environment that reflects the quality of the teaching staff and aspirations of the young people, has been delivered by the Highland Council working in partnership with Hub North Scotland and Kier Construction.

The school has been designed for complete flexibility with a sports block housing a 4 court games hall, gymnasium and 6 lane 25m pool for shared community use, and a linked two-storey main teaching block.

The L-shaped teaching block has 14 general teaching classrooms, 6 science labs and other associated science facilities, 3 arts and ceramic classrooms, technologies and business classrooms and workshops, music and drama classrooms / practice rooms, hair and beauty salon, a traditional teaching kitchen (Home Economics) and a number of SEBN (Social, Emotional & Behavioural Needs) and ASN (Additional Support Needs) classrooms and associated facilities.

References

External links
Alness Academy Website
Alness Academy Twitter
Alness Academy Facebook
Alness Academy on Education Scotland's ParentZone

Educational institutions established in the 1970s
Ross and Cromarty
Secondary schools in Highland (council area)


Wade Everett was the pseudonym used by the author Will Cook for some of his western novels. After Cook died in 1964, his Everett byline had become valuable enough that Ballantine Books turned it into a house name for novels written by other authors, including Giles A. Lutz.

Bibliography
First Command  (1959)
Fort Starke  (1959)
Last Scout (1960)
Big Man, Big Mountain (1961)
Killer (1962)
The Big Drive (1962)
Shotgun Marshal (1964)
Texas Ranger (1964)
Top Hand 1964)
Bullets for the Doctor (1965)
Cavalry Recruit (1965)
Texas Yankee (1966)
The Warrior  (1967)
Vengeance (1967)
The Whiskey Traders (1968)
Temporary Duty (1969)
Wind River Kid (1974)
Lone Hand from Texas (1992)
Bullet Range (1993)
The Fighting Texan (1993)

References

Western (genre) writers


Slap () is a settlement in the Municipality of Tržič in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia.

References

External links

Slap on Geopedia

Populated places in the Municipality of Tržič


The National Institute for Consumer Research (, SIFO) is a consumer affairs research institute based in Oslo, Norway. It has researchers in both social and natural sciences.

Albeit non-biased, it is not organizationally independent, as it is subordinate to the Norwegian Ministry of Children and Family Affairs, who appoints its board of directors and provides the funding.

The institute has 55 employees. It is divided into three departments; Consumption and Economy, Technology and Environment, and Market and Politics. The current director general is Arne Dulsrud; the director of research is Eivind Stø.

Directors
Tormod K. Lunde 1990-1997
Reidar Skaug
Anne Moxnes Jervell
Sigrun Vågeng 2013-2015
Arne Dulsrud 2015-

References

External links
 Official website

Research institutes in Norway
Education in Oslo
Government agencies of Norway
Multidisciplinary research institutes

Consumer organisations in Norway


Kudiattam is a 1986 documentary film on 2000-year-old Sanskrit drama tradition of Kerala state of India, Kutiyattam. The film is directed by Prakash Jha. The film features greatest Kutiyattam maestro of modern times Guru Natyacharya Māni Mādhava Chākyār. The film has won Indian government's National Film Award for Best Arts/Cultural Film in 1987.

See also
Māni Mādhava Chākyār
Kutiyattam
Prakash Jha

References

External links

Films directed by Prakash Jha
1986 films
Documentary films about theatre
Theatre in India


Leonard Hedley Burrows (7 December 18576 February 1940) was an Anglican bishop.

Biography
Born at Rugby, Warwickshire on 7 December 1857, he was  educated at Charterhouse and New College, Oxford. Made a deacon in Advent 1881 (18 December) at St Andrew's Church, Farnham and ordained priest the next St Thomas's Day (21 December 1882) at St Nicholas', Guildford — both times by Harold Browne, Bishop of Winchester — he was a Curate at Dorking after which he was Vicar of Wrecclesham and then Rural Dean of Godalming before his appointment as Bishop of Lewes.

He was consecrated a bishop on 11 July 1909, by Randall Davidson, Archbishop of Canterbury, at Croydon Parish Church. Translated to Sheffield on 21 March 1914 (in a service of investiture at York Minster), he served 25 years as its first diocesan bishop.

The key figure in the appointment of bishops at that time was the Prime Minister, H. H. Asquith. He regarded Burrows and his wife “as rather of the ‘pushing’ order”, but still had Burrows appointed to Sheffield although Burrows's whole career had been in the south of England.

Burrows was a strong supporter of British involvement in the First World War, even though his younger son, Leonard Righton Burrows, was killed in action. He had already written of ‘ ....personal devotion and self-sacrifice even unto death in the cause of righteousness, freedom and truth.’

Three months after his son's death, Burrows praised Church people who ‘have thrown their whole strength into the War’. Clergy were serving as chaplains and in the Royal Army Medical Corps, and 51 sons of clergymen had volunteered for the military. In 1917, Burrows opposed peace proposals  and, in 1918, looked forward to total victory over Germany ‘For the first time in History there is a real chance of obtaining a lasting peace for the world. If the system of military and scientific barbarism for which Germany stands can be finally and completely destroyed, a League of Nations will be possible which shall exchange the law of force for the force of law. Is any sacrifice too great to achieve so priceless a blessing?’

Like so many of his generation, Burrows would be disappointed that a Second World War lay just two decades ahead.

Burrows retired from Sheffield in August, 1939, on the eve of the Second World War. He was described as a fine Christian gentleman and a splendid Diocesan.

He died on 6 February 1940 aged 82.

Burrows was the father of Hedley Burrows (Dean of Hereford) and grandfather of Simon Burrows (Bishop of Buckingham).

References

1857 births
People educated at Charterhouse School
Alumni of New College, Oxford
20th-century Church of England bishops
Bishops of Lewes
Bishops of Sheffield
1940 deaths


Mastodonsauridae is a family of capitosauroid temnospondyls. Fossils belonging to this family have been found in North America, Greenland, Europe, Asia, and Australia. The family Capitosauridae is synonymous with Mastodonsauridae.

Description

Size

Mastodonsaurids were generally large amphibians, with some length estimates ranging from 3 to 6 meters. Some genera, like Mastodonsaurus and Cyclotosaurus were specially large, reaching at least 4 meters or more. Other genera like Parotosuchus and Paracyclotosaurus only reached 2 meters or more in length, but it's still pretty large compared to modern-day amphibians.

Distinguishing features
Some mastodonsaurids including Parotosuchus were covered in a scaly skin, unlike the smooth skin of modern-day amphibians, and probably moved with an eel-like motion in the water.
Another peculiar mastodonsaurid is Sclerothorax, with unusual features including its elongated neural spines. The neural spines are tallest at the front of the spine. Sclerothorax also has a very large pectoral girdle; the interclavicle bone is longer than the skull, meaning that Sclerothorax has the proportionally largest interclavicle of any temnospondyl. The body of Sclerothorax is covered by small scale-like bony ossicles that would have been embedded in the dermis in life. The skull of Sclerothorax is short, wide, and roughly rectangular in shape. The snout is wider than the cheek region. The bones along the midline of the skull roof are also very wide relative to those of other temnospondyls.

Skull structures

There is a lot of known information about the skulls of mastodonsaurids, for example, Stanocephalosaurus, one of the most well-known mastodonsaurids, has a lot of data about its skull.
The skull of Stanocephalosaurus has key features characteristic to other temnospondyls, with the most apparent being the flattened shape of its skull roof. The dorsal as well as ventral surfaces of the skull of Stanocephalosaurus have well ornamented honeycombed patterns throughout. Palatal views of skulls in this genus show narrow interpalatal vacuities, as well as paired palatal tusks alternately functioning on the vomer and palatine, with the vomerine tusks directed backwards. This animal shows an increased expansion of the pterygoids and palatines, as well as narrow posterior nostrils. The vomer also bears two vomerine rows: a transversal denticle row and a longitudinal denticle row that runs along the inner margin of the choana. The palatines and ectopterygoids are broader than in other temnospondyls, which is somewhat common within mastodonsaurids. Stanocephalosaurus also has a long, triangular skull which is much longer than broad, and has an elongated preorbital region continuously narrowing anteriorly to an obtuse rounded snout. This type of skull is very similar to that of Mastodonsaurus, which is also triangular in shape. The Stanocephalosaurus has at least 100 straight and conical teeth on the premaxilla and maxilla combined, gradually increasing in size towards the front.

While there is a lot of known information about Stanocephalosaurus, some of the skull regions which were previously inaccessible or too poorly preserved on Stanocephalosaurus have been observed with X-ray micro-CT scans, including the otic capsule, delta groove of the exoccipital, as well as parts of the arterial and nervous system. Air pockets around the stapes of Stanocephalosaurus have been hypothesized to act as resonance chambers, meaning that the spoon-shaped inner ear bone could be related to underwater hearing. This trait is possibly associated with early tetrapod evolution, which probably also appears on other members of this family and can act as a link to anuran tympanum evolution.

The narrow head and elongated snout of Stanocephalosaurus suggests that stress levels during biting are slightly higher than temnospondyls with a wider and shorter skull.
Its skull also has an elongated preorbital region compared to other mastodonsaurids.

The vertebrae of Stanocephalosaurus are rhachitomous, with a neural arch and a bipartite centrum that is divided into a large, unpaired wedge-shaped intercentrum and smaller paired pleurocentra. In anterior and posterior views, the intercentrum is a dorsally half-ring, surrounding the persistent notochord from ventral and lateral sides. Lateral and ventral surfaces of the intercentrum are smooth, suggesting a continuation of cartilage due to the unfinished medial surface. The posterodorsal margin of the intercentrum also shows a parapophysis for articulation with the capitulum of the ribs.

Another well-known mastodonsaurid in terms of fossil knowledge is Mastodonsaurus, notably from numerous skull specimens found in Germany. The large, oval eye sockets are midway along the skull. The jaws are lined with conical teeth, two large tusks project up from the end of the lower jaw, fitting through openings on the palate and emerging out from the top of the skull when the jaw is closed. Based on recent research, the body of Mastodonsaurus was more crocodile-like in shape than in earlier reconstructions, with a longer trunk section and a longer tail. The greatly reduced limb bones have joints that are poorly developed.

Paracyclotosaurus is yet again, another well-known mastodonsaurid, and just like most genera of the family, it had various species. This mastodonsaurid has at least three species, including its type species, which is P. davidi, along with two other: P. crookshanki and P. morganorum. The completeness of the skeleton of this animal led to an accurate description. The small distortion of the head can be overlooked, and the complete preservation of the skull and jaws makes its shape certain at a length of 60 cm. The right corner of the head is essentially undistorted and shows that the skull at its point of greatest depth is almost exactly as high as the lower jaw. The lower jaw also has its symphysis the same height as the skull above it. Therefore, at its point of greatest height, the head was essentially of oval section, 22 cm high and 44 cm wide. The nostril, orbit and tympanic membrane are all directed upward, but whether the eye could be projected upward above the head to give a horizontal view similar to a frog, is difficult to determine.

With very similar features to Cyclotosaurus, Subcyclotosaurus is another good example of mastodonsaurid. Its skull is characterized by the small tabular without any trace of a "horn", but with a round lappet that approaches the squamosal flange lateral to the tympanic membrane, failing to meet it by about its own width. The occiput between the otic notches is proportionately wide, a reflection of the small size of the skull. The skull is otherwise of normal mastodonsaurid structure, being specifically more similar to Parotosuchus than to any other genera of this family. The skull also has a small internasal vacuity between the dorsal processes of the premaxillae and lateral lines are often shown as continuous grooves with well-defined borders. A deep groove on the maxilla begins immediately behind and lateral to the nostril and passes straight back to the lachrymal, on which bone it turns outward and forward and ends abruptly. Another groove appears to begin on the maxilla, immediately lateral to that described above. It passes back just above the insertion of the teeth for the full length of the bone. The supraorbital groove begins abruptly on the dorsal surface of the premaxilla, immediately passes on to the nasal, and extends back on that bone close to its suture with the lachrymal. It then comes on to the prefrontal, passing on to the frontal where that bone enters the orbital border. Then as a well-defined groove it surrounds the hinder part of the orbit, turns vertically on to the jugal, and then backward to cross the point where jugal, quadratojugal and squamosal meet, continuing over the squamosal to pass back on to the body.

Xenotosuchus is a member of this which is not very well known, and only a few fragments have been discovered from this animal. This genus was originally a species of Parotosuchus. Like many mastodontosaurids, it was a large animal with a large head. Its amphibian life history meant that the distinct shape of the skull roof would change from a generalized tadpole-like skull to the distinct adult shape. The head bones are covered in large pits and grooves, indicating extensive dermal armour on the head. Both the upper and lower jaw had tusks, those of the upper jaw being situated on a second row of teeth on the vomer and palatine bone. Contrary to related forms like Mastodonsaurus and Stanocephalosaurus, the tusks of the lower jaw were of moderate size and did not penetrate the premaxilla.

Like the mentioned Xenotosuchus, the genus Wetlugasaurus is also one of the smaller and less known mastodonsaurids. It had a skull that measured around , and reached a total length of at least , and although it is pretty large compared to modern-day amphibians, Wetlugasaurus is still very small compared to most of the other mastodonsaurids.

Paleobiology
Mastodonsaurids were piscivorous, mainly preying on small and mid-sized fish, although they also ate land-living animals, such as small archosaurs. Some evidences, including the fossils of some smaller temnospondyls bear tooth marks made by mastodonsaurid-like animals.

It is very likely that mastodonsaurids caught their food like the living Giant Salamander, waiting until the prey came near, then quickly opening their enormous mouths and swallowing them prey whole. The most probable food would be small fishes, up to some 15 cm. long, which swam in shoals.

Paleoecology
Mastodonsaurids were aquatic animals that rarely left water and may have been completely unable to leave the water, as large quantities of bones have been found that suggests that many species have died en masse when pools dried up during times of drought. They mostly inhabited swampy pools and fed mainly on fish, whose remains have been found in fossilized coprolites.

See also
List of prehistoric amphibians

References

Sources

Capitosaurs
Triassic temnospondyls
Triassic first appearances
Triassic extinctions


Sebuzín is a village, one of the districts of the city of Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic. It is located on the right bank of the Labe River, in the Czech Central protected landscape area České Středohoří, on Tlučeň creek  above sea level. The hills Krkavčí skála, Varhošť, Trabice and Deblík are in the surrounding area.

History
The first mention of Sebuzín was in 1251. The name is derived from Slavonic name Chcebud. Sebuzín was a liege village, which was despoiled during the 30 Years War. The first mention of the school in the village was in 1774. Most of houses where destroyed by a big fire in 1827. In 1855, a cholera epidemic spread. The main livelihood of the inhabitants is in growing fruit trees (cherries, apricots, apples, peaches, pears) and exporting it to Germany down the River Labe. Sebuzín was part of the town of Litoměřice until 1960.

Historic sites

The Baroque chapel of St. Vincent Ferrer is situated upon the village square in the centre of the village. It is a registered national landmark protected by the state. It was built in 1745. There is a sculpture in the niche and an iron bell in the pinnacle.

References

External links
Sebuzin Map at Maplandia.com

Populated places in Ústí nad Labem District
Neighbourhoods in the Czech Republic
Ústí nad Labem


Eric Kwame Adjei (born September 12, 1984, in Tema, Ghana) is a Ghanaian footballer who plays as a midfielder for SK Roudnice nad Labem.

He played domestically for F.C. Ever Green, F.C. Okyeman, F.C. Arsalah, F.C. Supreme, F.C. Tema and Great Olympics, in Italy for San Gennaro Calcio, in Austria for TSV Hartberg, and in the Czech Republic for Bohemians Prague (Střížkov), SK Roudnice nad Labem and FC Chomutov.

References

External links
 Profile & Stats

1984 births
Living people
Ghanaian men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Men's association football defenders
Expatriate men's footballers in Austria
Footballers from Tema
Czech First League players
FK Bohemians Prague (Střížkov) players
Expatriate men's footballers in the Czech Republic
Accra Great Olympics F.C. players
Ghanaian expatriate sportspeople in Austria
Ghanaian expatriate sportspeople in the Czech Republic
Ghanaian expatriate sportspeople in Italy


Alfred Nieman (1914 – 7 March 1997) was a British pianist and composer.

Born in the East End of London in 1914 to Polish immigrant parents, Alfred Nieman was playing piano for the silent cinema by the age of fourteen.  His talent as a pianist was spotted and the result was that he won a piano scholarship to the Royal Academy of Music.  In the 1930s he edited a six penny magazine "The Student".

Before World War II, he had a very successful piano duo with his contemporary Cimbro Martin called "Merlin and Martyn".  During the war the duo replaced Rawicz and Landauer at their engagements when this much admired duo was interned.  While their success was interrupted by the war, and, as conscientious objectors the duo became firemen throughout the London Blitz, Merlin and Martyn was a regular act at The Dorchester Hotel in London.

After the war he picked up the threads of his career by becoming a BBC "house" pianist and was assigned tasks which required him on one occasion to accompany Noël Coward and on another to stand in for the soloist and broadcast a piano concerto at very short notice.

Alfred composed extensively and across the whole spectrum of musical idioms, protecting the then perceived respectability of his reputation as a serious composer by writing under at least six pseudonyms.  He ghost wrote music on occasions including some film music which was credited to Benjamin Britten.

He married in 1938 and with new family responsibilities (sons Julian, born 1946, and Paul, born 1950) he took up a professorship (1947) for piano and composition at the Guildhall School of Music where he introduced and pioneered the use of improvisation, largely atonal, as a means of teaching composition.  This was revolutionary for its time and the GSM was the only place where such a teaching idea could be found.  He remained loyal to the Guildhall School of Music until his retirement.

He also gave evening classes in improvisation notably at Chiswick and Hampstead. Those who attended his classes included Sam Richards, Barry Guy, Paul Rutherford, Fred Turner, Frank Denyer, Louis Foreman, Fiachre Trench and many others.

His interests involved him with music therapy, The Society for Gifted Children, Research Into Lost Knowledge Organisation and The Society for Psychic & Psychological Research.

Alfred Nieman died in Hampstead, London on 7 March 1997.

Works

Sources
 www.alfrednieman.co.uk further information
 http://britishmusiccollection.org.uk/composer/alfred-nieman

Notes

1914 births
1997 deaths
British classical pianists
Male classical pianists
Classical piano duos
20th-century classical pianists
20th-century British composers
20th-century British male musicians