Artjoms Rudņevs (born 13 January 1988) is a Latvian former professional footballer who played as a striker for Daugava Daugavpils in his home country, for Zalaegerszegi TE in Hungary, for Lech Poznań in Poland, and for Bundesliga clubs Hamburger SV, Hannover 96, and 1. FC Köln. At international level, he represented the Latvia national team.

Club career

Early career and ZTE

Rudņevs started his career with his local club FC Daugava in Daugavpils, where he played until February 2009, when he signed a contract with the Hungarian club Zalaegerszegi TE. However, the previous contract with Daugava was still active, so FIFA was involved in resolving the conflict. In May 2009, he made his debut in Hungary, where he played for three seasons, scoring 20 goals in 30 league matches.

Lech Poznań

In July 2010, rumors circulated that the Ekstraklasa club Lech Poznań were interested in signing him. These rumors were subsequently confirmed and Rudņevs joined the club on trial. After a successful trial at the club and after passing the medical tests, Lech started talks with ZTE regarding a permanent transfer. The clubs initially could not agree on the transfer fee and, when it was finally decided, the Polish team was unable to negotiate personal terms with Rudnevs. It seemed that the talks were over but in August, after Rudņevs had scored two goals in the season opener, Lech reopened discussions. This time talks were successful and Rudņevs signed a four-year contract with the Polish side.

2010–11 season
He scored in his debut for Lech Poznań against Widzew Łódź. He added three more goals in five consecutive matches, the last of these the winning goal on 11 September 2010. Just five days later he scored a hat-trick against Juventus in the Europa League, the first goal a coolly slotted penalty, the second a scissors kick from three yards out, and the third a long-range equalizer deep into injury time. Rudņevs stated that it was "the best match of his career so far".

By the end of the Polish Ekstraklasa season, Rudņevs managed to score 11 goals in 27 matches to finish fourth in the league. On 1 December 2010, he scored yet again against Juventus, saying afterwards that Juventus' goalkeeper Alexander Manninger was his "favourite goalkeeper to play against". The match ended 1–1, a result that allowed Lech to progress to the next round, and eliminated Juventus. In the first match against SC Braga in the last 16 of the UEFA Europa League, Rudņevs scored a goal as Lech won 1–0. However, in the second match Lech lost 2–0 and were knocked out of the Europa League. With five goals in the Europa League, Rudņevs became the fourth top scorer, sharing this achievement with four other players.

2011–12 season
By December 2011, Rudnevs was the Polish league's leading marksman, having scored 18 goals in 17 league matches. Rudņevs was named the best player of 2011 in the Ekstraklasa by the Polish Footballers' Association. Rudņevs finished the season with a league-leading 22 goals in 29 matches. On 8 May 2012, the German Bundesliga team Hamburger SV agreed on a transfer at the end of the 2011–12 season. On 11 May, the transfer was officially confirmed by both clubs.

Hamburger SV
In the 2012–13 season, Rudņevs became the first Latvian football player in the Bundesliga. Hamburger SV started the season with three consecutive losses with Rudņevs gaining only one assist. Rudņevs scored his first goal in the Bundesliga on 26 September 2012 in a 2–2 draw against Borussia Mönchengladbach. In his first season with Hamburg Rudņevs appeared in 34 league matches, scored 12 goals with four assists, finishing as Hamburg's joint top scorer alongside Son Heung-Min, who also netted 12 times. However, his form dropped, and Rudņevs lost his place in the starting eleven early in the 2013–14 Bundesliga season.

1. FC Köln
On 15 June 2016, it was announced that Rudņevs had joined 1. FC Köln on a free transfer. On 29 September 2017, the club announced it had agreed to terminate Rudnev's contract and that he would end his career.

International career
Rudņevs was first called up to the national side on 12 November 2008 for the friendly match against Estonia. He started this match in the first eleven. Rudņevs also played for the U-21 side. He was called up to the national side again in January 2010 for the friendly match against South Korea. Rudņevs started the UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying matches in the first eleven alongside Māris Verpakovskis, putting Ģirts Karlsons on the bench. On 7 October 2011, he scored his first international goal in the 2–0 victory over Malta in a Euro 2012 qualifying match.

Personal life and controversy
Rudņevs is married and has a daughter born in 2011.

Rudņevs provoked controversy in his native Latvia after switching to using "Rudnev" on the back of his jersey for his second season at Lech, indicating his Russian ethnicity. He also drew the ire of his national team captain, Kaspars Gorkšs, when he stated that he would not learn the Latvian language in addition to Russian. Gorkšs wrote an open letter criticizing Rudņevs for the statement.

Career statistics

Club

International goals
Scores and results list Latvia's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Rudņevs goal.

Honours

Daugavpils Daugava
 Latvian Football Cup: 2008

Zalaegerszegi TE
 Magyar Kupa runner-up: 2009–10

Lech Poznań
 Polish Cup runner-up: 2010–11

Latvia
Baltic Cup: 2016

Individual
 Best player of the Ekstraklasa by Polish Footballers' Association: 2011
 Ekstraklasa top scorer: 2011–12
 Latvian Rising Star of the Year: 2010

References

External links

 Hlsz.hu profile
 zte.hu profile

Living people
1988 births
Latvian people of Russian descent
Sportspeople from Daugavpils
Men's association football forwards
Latvian men's footballers
Latvia men's international footballers
FC Daugava players
Zalaegerszegi TE players
Lech Poznań players
Hamburger SV players
Hannover 96 players
1. FC Köln players
Ekstraklasa players
Bundesliga players
Latvian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Hungary
Latvian expatriate sportspeople in Hungary
Expatriate men's footballers in Poland
Latvian expatriate sportspeople in Poland
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
Latvian expatriate sportspeople in Germany


József Szakovics, Slovene Jožef Sakovič, German orthography Joseph Sakowitsch (February 2, 1874, Vadarci (then known as Tivadarc, in what is now Slovenia) – September 22, 1930, Alsószölnök, Hungary), was a Slovene Roman Catholic priest and author in the Prekmurje region (then known in Hungarian as Vendvidék). Szakovics was a defender of the linguistic rights of the Hungarian Slovenes and their Slovene identity, promoting the use of the Prekmurje dialect of Slovene.

He was born in Vadarci (Tiborfa before 1919), then in the Hungarian half of Austria-Hungary, as the son of Hungarian Slovenes Mátyás Szakovics and Ilona Mácsek. He studied theology in Szombathely, and was ordained as a priest on July 2, 1899. He served as a parish vicar in Pápóc and a curate in Zalaegerszeg. In 1900, he became a curate in Rechnitz in the region known today as Burgenland, and later in Črenšovci (1901), Tótszentmárton (1902), Tišina (1905), and Weiden bei Rechnitz (1906). In 1906, he became a parish vicar in Beltinci, and in 1909 in Cankova. From 1909 to 1913 he served as a vicar in Alsószölnök, near Szentgotthárd, in an ethnically mixed area inhabited by Germans, Slovenes, and Magyars. From 1913 to 1917, he was a vicar in Turnišče, and later the parish priest there until 1928. He died 1930 in Alsószölnök, Hungary.

In 1904, he revised the prayer-book by Miklós Küzmics (originally published in 1780). This prayer-book had five reprints in the following years and it has been used since by Slovene Catholic families in Prekmurje.

In 1918 Szakovics and other Slovene politicians (József Klekl, Jószef Csárics, Iván Bassa, and István Kühár) worked out a program for an independent Slovene March. This was to have been an autonomous entity within Hungary, or independent country, or constituent of Yugoslavia.

Works
 Molitvena kniga (1904)
 Szvéti evangeliomi (1906, Bad Radkersburg)
 Katolicsanszki katekizmus z galvnimi zgodbami biblije za solare, I.-II. razreda (1907, Budapest)
 Kniga molitvena bogábojecsim düsam dána (1909)

See also
 List of Slovene writers and poets in Hungary
 Culture of Slovenia
 Roman Catholicism in Slovenia
 Roman Catholicism in Hungary

References
 Franc Kuzmič: Kulturno, duhovno in narodnostno poslanstvo Jožefa Sakoviča, Slovenski koledar 2006. Letopis Slovencev na Madžarskem,
 Vasi digitális könyvtár – Vasi egyházmegye

1874 births
1930 deaths
People from the Municipality of Puconci
20th-century Slovenian Roman Catholic priests
Slovenian politicians
Slovenian writers and poets in Hungary


Lorentz Lange (23 December 1783 – 8 March 1860) was a Norwegian judge and politician.

He was born in Vang, Hedmark.

He was appointed by the government as the first Professor of Law at the University of Oslo in 1816, where he served until 1825. From 1825 to 1858 he served as Supreme Court Assessor.

He was elected to the first session of the Parliament of Norway in 1814, representing the constituency Christiansand. He was re-elected in 1815. In 1833 he was re-elected for a third term, representing the constituency of Akershus Amt.

References

1783 births
1860 deaths
Politicians from Hamar
Supreme Court of Norway justices
Academic staff of the Faculty of Law, University of Oslo
Members of the Storting
Politicians from Kristiansand
Akershus politicians


Davča (; ) is a scattered settlement in the Municipality of Železniki in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia. Davščica Creek flows past the settlement. The Cerkno Ski Resort is partially located in the settlement.

Name
The settlement may have been attested in written sources in 1345 as de Dauonça, but reliably in 1500 and 1515 as in der Allss. The initial d- in the name is derived either from the Romance preposition ad 'at' or the German article d(ie), making the name related to place names such as Avče and probably related to the Friulian hydronym Auzza or Aussa, which is of pre-Romance origin. It may ultimately be derived from Celtic *alika 'wild service tree' or *alisa 'alder'. See Dragonja for a similar name with a fused initial d-.

References

External links

Davča on Geopedia

Populated places in the Municipality of Železniki


Wauba Debar (1792–1832) was a female Aboriginal Tasmanian. Her grave is a historic site located in the east coast Tasmanian town of Bicheno, which memorialises her rescue of two sealers, one of them her husband, when their ship was wrecked about 1 km from shore during a storm. She assisting first her husband, then the other sealer safely to shore.

The grave site overlooks Waubs Bay and Warbs Harbour both of which were named after her, and is listed on the Tasmanian Heritage list.

Wauba Debar, as a teenager, was one of many Aboriginal women kidnapped and enslaved by sealers and whalers for sexual partners during the European colonisation of Tasmania.  She was a strong swimmer.

She died in a boat off the coast whilst travelling towards the Furneaux Group and her body was brought ashore and buried. Local settlers, including John Allen, raised funds in 1855 to erect the headstone on her grave, immortalising her act of heroism.

Although, there are conflicting stories about the death and burial of Wauba Debar. In 1893, elderly Bicheno residents said Wauba was buried 10 years before the date on the headstone, placing her death around 1822.

In 1893, her body was exhumed by the Tasmanian Museum in Hobart, since aboriginal remains were becoming increasingly scarce. The local Municipal Council was aggrieved, but found that the law of the time gave no legal recourse, except perhaps for any clothes found with the body. The remains were reportedly forwarded to different places, with the skull in the museum in Hobart.

Her remains were returned to the Aboriginal community in 1985.

References

1792 births
1832 deaths
Indigenous Tasmanian people
History of Indigenous Australians
History of Tasmania


Dolenja Vas (; , ) is a settlement in the Municipality of Železniki in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia.

References

External links

Dolenja Vas on Geopedia

Populated places in the Municipality of Železniki


Panoramic View of King George's Sound, Part of the Colony of Swan River is a panoramic hand-coloured print  published in 1834 by Robert Havell, based on sketches by Robert Dale.

Background
Robert Dale was an ensign in the 63rd Regiment of Foot, which was posted to Western Australia in 1829. He was assigned to the Surveyor-General's department, and thus spent his four years in the colony exploring and surveying. He was the first European to cross the Darling Range, and was thus the discoverer of the fertile Avon Valley.

The Panoramic View of King George's Sound originated with sketches made by Dale from the summit of Mount Clarence. As an experienced topographic surveyor and cartographer with military training in field sketching, Dale's sketches were a highly accurate and effective representation of the scene.

In 1833, Dale returned to London. Shortly afterwards he completed his sketches, and engaged publisher Robert Havell to have them made into a panorama. A prospectus was advertised, in which the project was dedicated to the Royal Geographical Society.
As it was Havell who arranged for the sketches to be etched, printed and hand-coloured, he is sometimes erroneously credited as the author.

The print
The panorama is 19 centimetres high and 274.2 centimetres long. It was printed in eight distinct panels, then hand-coloured, and the panels joined. The print presents a view from the summit of Mount Clarence. In the foreground is illustrated the granite outcrops characteristic of the geology of the region, and the distinctive plant genera, including Banksia, Zamia, Xanthorrhoea, Kingia and Nuytsia. The middle ground shows Indigenous Australians engaged in various cultural pursuits including hunting, fishing and possum hunting; also shown is Indigenous Australians in friendly conversation with white soldiers. Beyond this is a neatly laid out town site, being the present-day town of Albany. The background shows the major geographical and physical features, including Oyster Bay, King George Sound, Princess Royal Harbour, the Porongurup Range and the Stirling Range.

George Fletcher Moore saw a print of the panorama in 1835, remarking in his diary:

Janda Gooding has analysed the subtext of the panorama. She argues that it "present[s] a complex construct of race, place and local politics" and "maps out a series of relationships, including representations of racial superiority that support and enable British military, political, social and economic aims." Or particular importance is the way in which it depicts "two cultures in harmony with each other and their environment"; this would be reassuring to prospective British emigrants to the colony.

The accompanying pamphlet
Dale intended the panorama to be sold in a roll accompanied by an explanatory pamphlet entitled Descriptive account of the panoramic view, &c. of King George's Sound, and the adjacent country. In addition to providing detailed information on the panorama, this pamphlet gave an account of the events leading up to the killing and beheading of the Indigenous warrior Yagan. Dale had brought Yagan's head to London, and had entered into an arrangement with Thomas Pettigrew whereby Pettigrew was given the exclusive right to exhibit the head at his parties. Pettigrew in turn displayed the head in front of a copy of Dale's panorama, and encouraged his guests to buy a panorama as a souvenir of their evening.

Thus, if Dale's panorama is intended to depict racial harmony, its purpose was contradicted by the accompanying pamphlet. It has been suggested that Dale included the information on Yagan in order to support his friend, Lieutenant-Governor Frederick Chidley Irwin, who had returned to London along with Dale in order to justify the killing of Yagan to his superiors.

References

History of Albany, Western Australia
Australian art
King George Sound


Sustainopreneurship (entrepreneurship and innovation for sustainability) is an idea that emerged from the earlier concepts of social entrepreneurship and ecopreneurship, via sustainability entrepreneurship. The concept aims to use creative business organization in order to solve problems related to sustainability. With social and environmental sustainability as a strategic objective and purpose, sustainopreneurship aims to respect the boundaries set in order to maintain the life support systems in the process. In other words, it is a "business with a cause" – where ideally world problems are turned into business opportunities by deploying sustainability innovations.

Definition

The definition first introduced in 2006 is:

 Deployment of sustainability innovations: Entrepreneurship and innovation for sustainability.
 Short for sustainability intra-/entrepreneurship.
 To focus on one or more (world/social/sustainability-related) problem(s), find/identify and/or invent a solution to the problem(s) and bring the innovation to the market by creating an efficient organization. With the (new alternative deep transformation of an old) mission/cause-oriented sustainability business adding ecological/economical/social values, with a bias towards the intangible – through dematerialization/resocialization. The value added at the same time preserving, restoring and/or ultimately enhancing the underlying utilized capital stock, in order to maintain the capacity to fulfill the needs of present and coming generations of stakeholders.

Conceptual development

The business has been nominated as a premier force for creating a sustainable world, especially when acting as a source of innovation and creativity – e. g. as Robinson (2004:378) puts it:

"In addition to integrating across fields, sustainability must also be integrated across sectors or interests. It is clear that governments alone have neither the will nor the capability to accomplish sustainability on their own. The private sector, as the chief engine of economic activity on the planet, and a major source for creativity, innovation and entrepreneurship, must be involved in trying to achieve sustainability."

Sustainopreneurship is a candidate to be the accentuating factor to give even more leverage to forces emerging from world of business activities to contribute to sustainability. The concept of sustainopreneurship was first introduced as a term in 2000 where it was predominantly related to the proactive change management approaches associated with process adjustment with increased respect to the environment. The phenomenon developed with publications in 2003, and further evolved and was tentatively defined in 2006 by Anders Abrahamsson. This tentative definition was empirically tested in his Master thesis, where the enactive research process confirmed that the definition stood the test contrasting it towards the auto-ethnographical empirical material. A paper to identify future research challenges was made beyond this in 2007, and developed further with a book chapter published in September 2008.

In general, the entrepreneurial discourse has opened up to move beyond a strictly economic phenomenon, rather than being perceived primarily as a social process at large. Preceding the conceptual formation were two traces of social entrepreneurship and eco-preneurship, dealing primarily with the social and ecological dimensions of sustainability. Primary associations with social entrepreneurship have also been establishing not-for-profit venturing and charities to innovatively address and solve social problems, whereas ecopreneurship has been primarily focused on solving environmental problems. See Principles of ecopreneurship.

Both these traces of conceptual development are taken beyond, merge and integrate into the suggested conceptual construct at hand, where distinctions are made from both of these concepts – sustainopreneurial processes taking place institutionally through for-profit organizing, but not with profit as its main driving force. Sustainopreneurial venturing is done in a holistic manner that meets both ecological and social challenges simultaneously with regard to both purpose and process.

Three main dimensions

The definition of sustainopreneurship needs to be highlighted by three distinguishing dimensions with all three being simultaneously present in the applied (inter)action it reflects. The first is oriented towards "why" – its purpose and motive. The second and third are reflecting two "how"-related dimensions – its process.

1. Sustainopreneurship consciously sets out to find and/or create innovations to solve sustainability-related problems

The mission guiding action in the early stages of entrepreneurship, before formalizing into a business entity, involves seeking practical solutions for sustainability challenges. This defines sustainopreneurship, setting it apart from general entrepreneurship, with its focus on cause-oriented intentions that drive business activities. Sustainability problems are identified through key sources in the global sustainable development discourse, such as Agenda 21, the Millennium Declaration, and the WSSD Plan of Implementation. These sources define the practical aspects of sustainability in action. The resulting list of "sustainability-related problems" aligns areas with challenges to address, goals to achieve, and values to create.

 Poverty
 Water and sanitation
 Health
 Education/illiteracy
 Sustainable production and consumption patterns
  Climate change and energy systems
 Chemicals
 Urbanization
 Ecosystems, biological diversity and land use
 Utilization of sea resources
 Food and agriculture
 Trade justice
 Social stability, democracy and good governance
 Peace and security

2. Sustainopreneurship means to get solutions to the market through creative organizing

The line-up above could make one easily depressed. But, a fundamental attitude to acquire and maintain when this list of sustainability-related problems is compiled and then considered is to avoid falling into disempowerment and despair. It is of core importance to take the agenda as entrepreneurial challenges – to view problems as possibilities, obstacles as opportunities, and resistance as a resource, whatever the nature of the resistance. If the solution is generated by creativity, it is equally important to take it to the market in a creative and innovative way. In this dimension there is nothing that really differs from the generic entrepreneurial description I subscribe to, but this comes natural since sustainopreneurship is a conceptual extension and development from the social phenomenon named entrepreneurship, and thus inherits one of its perceived key dimensions, 'entrepreneurship as creative organizing'. The market is used as well, not society primarily, since it implies business establishment – a sustainability business that still knows its place and role in the holarchy mentioned earlier. Bringing something to the market at the same time brings it to society and our shared physical environment.

3. Sustainopreneurship in process adds sustainability value with respect for life support systems

The awareness that the (economic) market is an embedded sub-system in the "socio-sphere" that is in turn a part of the 'bio-sphere' is made explicit. This awareness naturally and self-evidently makes the sustainopreneurial team maximize harmony with life support systems in the process. With joy and pride the epitome of the generic definition of "sustainable development" lives in business venturing. In short – living the generic definition of sustainable development as defined by WCED, with respect to the needs of present and future stakeholders, keeping the holistic world-view and making it guide everyday (inter)action.

Sustainable vs. sustainability entrepreneurship
With these dimensions clarified and distinctions made a common conceptual vagueness or lack of clarity needs to be addressed, where a strong need to distinguish clearly between sustainable, vs. sustainability entrepreneurship is identified. From this point of view, a very important distinction with the concept formed is claimed – sustainability entrepreneurship as in the concept sustainopreneurship; the use of entrepreneurial activity in a determined action orientation towards solving a sustainability-related problem with (creative) business organizing as a means to solve the problem(s) – business with a cause: to turn business activity from a part of the problem to a part of the solution. Sustainable entrepreneurship is just a generic entrepreneurial process that takes into consideration the boundaries set by sustainability, and does not address where to and why, the destination, the purpose or the aim of the venture. The strategic intent and the business idea in itself are not related to sustainability per se, sustainability just being an "attachment" to the entrepreneurial process. The second and third dimensions are represented, but not the first. Sustainability entrepreneurship, in contrast, takes as its root of existence and strategic aim to solve a sustainability-related problem. This means that all three dimensions are simultaneously present: to take a sustainability innovation to the market through creative organizing with respect for life-supporting systems in the process.

Future development

Given its recent date, there is a need for future research, as mentioned above. Main findings here are that conceptually, a deeper analysis is needed to be conducted with a nuanced and detailed taxonomy and framework created of sustainability innovations, the core of sustainopreneurship, primarily by cataloging and categorizing case stories. It is also needed to make a more detailed description to relate sustainopreneurship to other concepts in the wider, general idea-sphere of the "business case of sustainability", in the contemporary plethora of "buzz-words", approaches, methods and acronyms that already exists – and in this context also to motivate why this concept adds value.

It has been recommended, though, to keep the research applied, to identify obstacles and institutional barriers, and how to overcome them; i. e. facilitating factors for sustainopreneurship, researching prospective tools, enablers and approaches. Appropriate areas and domains for sustainopreneurship applied are recommended to be digested. Research methods recommended are Enactive Research and Open Space Technology, since they add instant value among stakeholders, and in themselves naturally builds arenas where sustainopreneurship evolves and proliferates. For progress, beyond these "how"-related pointers, the key is to single out "the big questions", getting answers through collaborative, collective dialogue and conversation, with an explicit interaction and results orientation. Issues and topics have been formulated and outlined, where it is of striking importance with an intention to attract authentic forces potentially hearing this call of exploring the phenomenon further, with the purpose to collapse the degrees of separation in between the stakeholders of the sustainopreneurial concept – in idea, reflective practice and applied interaction to generate collective and collaborative wisdom for a deeper understanding of the concept. A key means to also get deeper understanding could be to digest further the conceptual spheres associated with 'institutional entrepreneurship', as in (consciously) challenging established order, by (co-)creating new institutions that both lies in the way of creating sustainability, as well as being there to support overall development(s) towards a Sustainable World.

See also

 Bottom of the pyramid
 Eco-innovation
 Entrepreneurship
 Environmental technology
 Innovation
 Principles of ecopreneurship
 Social business
 Social enterprise
 Social entrepreneurship
 Social innovation
 Sustainability
 Sustainable development

References

External links
 Google Scholar Search on Sustainopreneurship (academically approved research on the subject)
 Sustainopreneurship Research – Publications on Scribd

Social economy
Social entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship
Business ethics


Deuterostomes (from Greek: ) are bilaterian animals of the superphylum Deuterostomia (), typically characterized by their anus forming before the mouth during embryonic development. The three major clades of extant deuterostomes include chordates (vertebrates, lancelets, sea squirts, salps and larvaceans), echinoderms (sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers and sea lilies) and hemichordates (acorn worms).

In deuterostomy, the developing embryo's first opening (the blastopore) becomes the anus and cloaca, while the mouth is formed at a different site later on. This was initially the group's distinguishing characteristic, but deuterostomy has since been discovered among protostomes as well. This group is also known as enterocoelomates, because their coelom develops through enterocoely.

Deuterostomia's sister clade is Protostomia, animals that develop mouth first and whose digestive tract development is more varied, which include ecdysozoans (panarthropods, nematoids, penis worms, mud dragons etc.) and spiralians (mollusks, annelids, flatworms, rotifers, arrow worms, etc.) as well as the extinct Kimberella. Together with Protostomia and their outgroup Xenacoelomorpha, they constitute the large infrakingdom Bilateria, i.e. animals with bilateral symmetry and three germ layers.

Systematics

History
Initially, Deuterostomia included the phyla Brachiopoda, Bryozoa, Chaetognatha, and Phoronida based on morphological and embryological characteristics. However, Superphylum Deuterostomia was redefined in 1995 based on DNA molecular sequence analyses when the lophophorates were removed from it and combined with other protostome animals to form superphylum Lophotrochozoa. The phylum Chaetognatha (arrow worms) may belong here, but molecular studies have placed them in the protostomes more often. Genetic studies have also revealed that deuterostomes have more than 30 genes not found in any other animal groups, but are present in some marine algae and prokaryotes. Which could mean they are very ancient genes that were lost in other organsisms, or that a common ancestor acquired them through horizontal gene transfer.

While protostomes as a monophyletic group has strong support, research have shown that deuterostomes may be paraphyletic, and what was once considered traits of deuterostomes could instead be traits of the last common bilaterian ancestor. This suggests the deuterostome branch is very short or non-existent. The Xenambulacraria's sister group could be both the chordates or the protostomes, or be equally distantly related to them both.

Classification

These are the following phyla/subgroups of the deuterostomes:
Superphylum Deuterostomia
Phylum Chordata (vertebrates, tunicates, and lancelets)
Subphylum Cephalochordata – 1 class (lancelets)
Subphylum Tunicata (Urochordata) – 4 classes (tunicates)
Subphylum Vertebrata (Craniata) – 9 classes (vertebrates – mammals, reptiles, amphibians, birds, and fish)
Superclass Agnatha (Cyclostomata or incertae sedis) – 2 classes (jawless fish – hagfish and lampreys)
Infraphylum Gnathostomata – 7 classes (jawed vertebrates – mammals, reptiles, amphibians, birds, bony fish, and cartilaginous fish)
Superclass Chondrichthyes – 1 class (cartilaginous fish – sharks, skates, rays, and chimaeras)
Superclass Osteichthyes – 2 classes (bony fish, 98.8 percent of all fish – ray-finned fish and lobe-finned fish)
Superclass Tetrapoda – 4 classes (four-limbed vertebrates – mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and birds)
Phylum Hemichordata – 3 classes (hemichordates, known as acorn worms)
Phylum Echinodermata (echinoderms – sea stars, brittle stars, sea lilies, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers)
Subphylum Asterozoa – 2 classes (sea stars and brittle stars)
Subphylum Crinozoa – 1 class (sea lilies)
Subphylum Echinozoa – 2 classes (sea urchins and sea cucumbers)

Echinodermata and Hemichordata form the clade Ambulacraria. Moreover, there is a possibility that Ambulacraria can be the sister clade to Xenacoelomorpha, and form the Xenambulacraria group.

Notable characteristics

In both deuterostomes and protostomes, a zygote first develops into a hollow ball of cells, called a blastula. In deuterostomes, the early divisions occur parallel or perpendicular to the polar axis. This is called radial cleavage, and also occurs in certain protostomes, such as the lophophorates.

Most deuterostomes display indeterminate cleavage, in which the developmental fate of the cells in the developing embryo is not determined by the identity of the parent cell. Thus, if the first four cells are separated, each can develop into a complete small larva; and if a cell is removed from the blastula, the other cells will compensate.

In deuterostomes the mesoderm forms as evaginations of the developed gut that pinch off to form the coelom. This process is called enterocoely.

Another feature present in both the Hemichordata and Chordata is pharyngotremy; the presence of spiracles or gill slits into the pharynx, which is also found in some primitive fossil echinoderms (mitrates). A hollow nerve cord is found in all chordates, including tunicates (in the larval stage). Some hemichordates also have a tubular nerve cord. In the early embryonic stage, it looks like the hollow nerve cord of chordates.

Except for the echinoderms, both the hemichordates and the chordates have a thickening of the aorta, homologous to the chordate heart, which contracts to pump blood. This suggests a presence in the deuterostome ancestor of the three groups, with the echinoderms having secondarily lost it.

The highly modified nervous system of echinoderms obscures much about their ancestry, but several facts suggest that all present deuterostomes evolved from a common ancestor that had pharyngeal gill slits, a hollow nerve cord, circular and longitudinal muscles and a segmented body.

Formation of mouth and anus

The defining characteristic of the deuterostome is the fact that the blastopore (the opening at the bottom of the forming gastrula) becomes the anus, whereas in protostomes the blastopore becomes the mouth. The deuterostome mouth develops at the opposite end of the embryo, from the blastopore, and a digestive tract develops in the middle, connecting the two.

In many animals these early development stages later evolved in ways that no longer reflect these original patterns. For instance, humans have already formed a gut tube at the time of formation of the mouth and anus. Then the mouth forms first, during the fourth week of development, and the anus forms four weeks later, temporarily forming a cloaca.

Origins and evolution

The majority of animals more complex than jellyfish and other Cnidarians are split into two groups, the protostomes and deuterostomes. Chordates (which include all the vertebrates) are deuterostomes. It seems likely that the  Kimberella was a member of the protostomes. That implies that the protostome and deuterostome lineages split some time before Kimberella appeared — at least , and hence well before the start of the Cambrian , i.e. during the later part of the Ediacaran Period (circa 635-539 Mya, around the end of global Marinoan glaciation in the late Neoproterozoic).  It has been proposed that the ancestral deuterostome, before the chordate/ambulacrarian split, could have been a chordate-like animal with a terminal anus and pharyngeal openings but no gill slits, with active suspension feeding strategy.

Fossils of one major deuterostome group, the echinoderms (whose modern members include sea stars, sea urchins and crinoids), are quite common from the start of Series 2 of the Cambrian, . The Mid Cambrian fossil Rhabdotubus johanssoni has been interpreted as a pterobranch hemichordate. Opinions differ about whether the Chengjiang fauna fossil Yunnanozoon, from the earlier Cambrian, was a hemichordate or chordate. Another Chengjiang fossil, Haikouella lanceolata, is interpreted as a chordate and possibly a craniate, as it shows signs of a heart, arteries, gill filaments, a tail, a neural chord with a brain at the front end, and possibly eyes — although it also had short tentacles round its mouth. Haikouichthys and Myllokunmingia, also from the Chengjiang fauna, are regarded as fish. Pikaia, discovered much earlier but from the Mid Cambrian Burgess Shale, is also regarded as a primitive chordate.

On the other hand, fossils of early chordates are very rare, as non-vertebrate chordates have no bone tissue or teeth, and fossils of no Post-Cambrian non-vertebrate chordates are known aside from the Permian-aged Paleobranchiostoma, trace fossils of the Ordovician colonial tunicate Catellocaula, and various Jurassic-aged and Tertiary-aged spicules tentatively attributed to ascidians.

Phylogeny
Below is a phylogenetic tree showing consensus relationships among deuterostome taxa. Phylogenomic evidence suggests the enteropneust family, Torquaratoridae, fall within the Ptychoderidae. The tree is based on 16S +18S rRNA sequence data and phylogenomic studies from multiple sources. The approximate dates for each radiation into a new clade are given in millions of years ago (Mya). Not all dates are consistent, as of date ranges only the center is given.

Support for the clade Deuterostomia is not unequivocal. In particular, the Ambulacraria appear to be related to the Xenacoelomorpha. If upheld, this raises two possibilities: either the Ambulacraria are taken out of the deuterostome-protostome dichotomy (in which case the grouping Deuterostomia dissolves, with Chordata and Protostomia grouped together as Centroneuralia), or the Xenacoelomorpha are re-positioned next to Ambulacraria within the Deuterostomia as in the above diagram.

See also

 Urbilaterian, a hypothethical common ancestor to Protostomes and Deuterostomes

References

Further reading

External links

Introduction to the Deuterostomia UCMP
Deuterostomia at Encyclopædia Britannica

Ediacaran first appearances
Superphyla
Taxa named by Karl Grobben


English singer and songwriter Corinne Bailey Rae has released four studio albums, one live album, four extended plays, 13 singles (including five as a featured artist), one promotional single and 13 music videos.

Rae released her eponymous debut album in February 2006. It debuted atop the UK Albums Chart, while reaching the top five in Ireland and the United States, and the top 10 in Canada, New Zealand and Switzerland. Corinne Bailey Rae was certified triple platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) and platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), selling over four million copies worldwide. The album spawned four singles, including "Put Your Records On", which peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart.

Rae's second studio album, The Sea, was released in January 2010, reaching number five on the UK Albums Chart, number seven on the US Billboard 200 and number 13 on the Canadian Albums Chart. It was later certified gold by the BPI. The album was promoted by three singles: "I'd Do It All Again", "Paris Nights/New York Mornings" and "Closer". In May 2016, Rae released her third studio album, The Heart Speaks in Whispers, which peaked at number 14 on the UK Albums Chart.

Albums

Studio albums

Live albums

Extended plays

Singles

As lead artist

As featured artist

Promotional singles

Other charted songs

Guest appearances

Music videos

Notes

References

External links

Discography
Discographies of British artists
Rhythm and blues discographies
Soul music discographies


Sagatun Folk High School () was a folk high school in Hamar, Norway.

The first of its kind in Norway, it was founded by Herman Anker and Olaus Arvesen in 1864. The school building was erected around 1865, and drawn by architect Emil Victor Langlet. The school was disestablished in 1892, having been headed by Arvesen from 1873 to 1878 and 1880 to 1892.

References

Defunct schools in Norway
Folk high schools in Norway
Education in Hamar
Educational institutions established in 1864
Educational institutions disestablished in 1892
1864 establishments in Norway


Hopkins & Sutter was a Chicago-based law firm that practiced from 1921 to 2000, before it merged with Milwaukee-based Foley & Lardner.

The firm was established by Albert Hopkins and Harry Sutter. Hopkins had worked for two years at the Interstate Commerce Commission and for one year with the predecessor to the Internal Revenue Service, while Sutter was tax counsel to the Guaranty Trust Company of New York.

In 1923, the firm opened an office in Washington, D.C. Hopkins also operated an office in Detroit, Michigan. The firm was known for its expertise in tax, insurance.public policy and transportation finance work.

Merger
Hopkins & Sutter acquired the lobbying and public policy law firm of Leonard, Ralston, Sutter & Remington in 1997. The firm merged with Foley & Lardner in 2000 and all of its 130 attorneys joined that national firm, though many partners have since departed in the years following the merger.

Notable attorneys
Samuel K. Skinner, former U.S. Secretary of Transportation and White House Chief of Staff
Barack Obama, summer associate in the 1990 class
Jerris Leonard, former Wisconsin politician and lobbyist

References

External links
Official Website
Legal Information

Defunct law firms of the United States
Law firms established in 1921
Law firms based in Chicago
Defunct companies based in Illinois
1921 establishments in Illinois
Law firms disestablished in 2000
2000 disestablishments in Illinois
American companies disestablished in 2000
American companies established in 1921


Marcus Nonius Macrinus was a Roman senator and general during the reigns of the Emperors Antoninus Pius, Lucius Verus, and Marcus Aurelius. Macrinus was suffect consul in the nundinium of April-June 154 as the colleague of [Prifernius ?] Paetus.

According to his tomb's inscriptions, he was originally from Brescia (Brixia). He was an advisor to Marcus Aurelius. Nonius Macrinus served as legate of Pannonia Inferior (c. 152-c. 154), Pannonia Superior (c. 159-c. 162) and proconsul of the Roman province of Asia (170/171).

Family
His wife may have been named Arria (as well as having a second woman which may have been Flavia or Manlia) based on inscriptions.

Tomb
In October 2008, Nonius Macrinus' tomb was discovered by archaeologists on the banks of the river Tiber, near the Via Flaminia north of Rome.
In December 2012, in light of a lack of reconstruction funding, his tomb was reburied in order to preserve its fragile marble.

In popular culture
Macrinus' life inspired Russell Crowe's character Maximus Decimus Meridius in the 2000 feature film Gladiator.
Marcus Nonius Macrinus and the fictitious Maximus Decimus Meridius are placed within the same time period. Further, both Marcus and the fictitious Maximus are liked and well known by Marcus Aurelius. However, Marcus Nonius Macrinus went on to enjoy a successful career and died a wealthy man. In contrast, the character Maximus Decimus Meridius loses his family and is sold into slavery.

References

External links

2nd-century Romans
People from the Metropolitan City of Rome Capital
People from the Province of Brescia
Macrinus, Marcus
Ancient Roman generals
Suffect consuls of Imperial Rome
Roman governors of Pannonia Inferior
Roman governors of Pannonia Superior
Roman governors of Asia


Nemanja Vučićević (, ; born 11 August 1979) is a Serbian former professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder.

During his journeyman career, Vučićević represented numerous clubs in his country and abroad, spending the most time at TSV 1860 Munich and 1. FC Köln. He also played for OFK Beograd, Lokomotiv Moscow and Hapoel Tel Aviv.

Club statistics

References

External links

 Superleague Greece profile

1. FC Köln players
2. Bundesliga players
Anorthosis Famagusta FC players
Men's association football midfielders
Bundesliga players
Cypriot First Division players
FC Lokomotiv Moscow players
FC Tokyo players
Hapoel Tel Aviv F.C. players
Liga 1 (Indonesia) players
J1 League players
Kavala F.C. players
Manisaspor footballers
OFK Beograd players
PSM Makassar players
Russian Premier League players
Serbia and Montenegro men's under-21 international footballers
Serbia and Montenegro men's footballers
Serbian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Russia
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
Expatriate men's footballers in Israel
Expatriate men's footballers in Greece
Expatriate men's footballers in Cyprus
Expatriate men's footballers in Turkey
Expatriate men's footballers in Japan
Expatriate men's footballers in Indonesia
Serbian expatriate sportspeople in Russia
Serbian expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Serbian expatriate sportspeople in Israel
Serbian expatriate sportspeople in Greece
Serbian expatriate sportspeople in Cyprus
Serbian expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
Serbian expatriate sportspeople in Japan
Serbian expatriate sportspeople in Indonesia
Serbian men's footballers
Footballers from Belgrade
Super League Greece players
Süper Lig players
TSV 1860 Munich players
1979 births
Living people


Anti-tank obstacles include, but are not limited to:
The Czech hedgehog and Dragon's teeth are the most famous types of World War II anti-tank obstacles.
Anti-tank trenches were used on the western front during World War I, and in the Pacific, Europe, and Russia in World War II.
Anti-tank mines are the most common anti-tank obstacles.

For implementation of various anti-tank obstacles:
For British anti-tank obstacles, see: British anti-invasion preparations of World War II#Lines and islands.
The Korean Demilitarized Zone is known to have very large minefields.
The Berlin Wall used many different obstacles, including several types of anti-tank obstacles.
The Atlantic Wall used many different obstacles, including several types of anti-tank obstacles.
The Czechoslovak border fortifications used many different obstacles, including several types of anti-tank obstacles.
The Mannerheim Line used many different obstacles, including several types of anti-tank obstacles.
The Maginot Line used many different obstacles, including several types of anti-tank obstacles.

See also
Anti-tank warfare
:Category:Anti-tank obstacles

External links


Olaus Arvesen (26 September 1830 – 1 July 1917) was a Norwegian educator and politician for the Liberal Party.

He was born in Onsøy. He graduated as cand.theol. in 1862, and was influenced by the pastor and educator N. F. S. Grundtvig. While Grundtvig is often called "the father of the folk high school", Arvesen established Norway's first folk high school at Sagatun in 1864, together with Herman Anker.

Arvesen was also editor-in-chief of the newspapers Hamar Stiftstidende (from 1866) and Oplandenes Avis (from 1872). He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament in 1892, representing the constituency Hedemarkens Amt. He was a deputy representative during the term 1985–1897. In 1900, he was elected for a second term, representing the constituency of Sarpsborg where he lived while working as a Supreme Court barrister. In 1884 he was a co-founder of the Norwegian Association for Women's Rights.

He died in 1917. He was the father of violinist Arve Arvesen.

References

1830 births
1917 deaths
Members of the Storting
Hedmark politicians
Østfold politicians
Liberal Party (Norway) politicians
Heads of schools in Norway
Norwegian newspaper editors
19th-century Norwegian lawyers
Norwegian Association for Women's Rights people
People from Fredrikstad


Charles Fraser-Smith (26 January 1904 – 9 November 1992) was an author and one-time missionary who is widely credited as being the inspiration for Ian Fleming's James Bond quartermaster Q.  During World War II, Fraser-Smith worked for the Ministry of Supply, fabricating equipment nicknamed "Q-devices" (after Q-ships) for SOE agents operating in occupied Europe.  Prior to the war, Fraser-Smith had worked as a missionary in North Africa.  After the war he purchased a dairy farm in Burrington, Devon, where he died in 1992.

Early life

Charles Fraser-Smith was the son of a solicitor who owned a wholesale grocery business; he was orphaned at age seven.  He was then brought up by a Christian missionary family in Croxley Green in Hertfordshire. He went to school at Brighton College, where he was described as "scholastically useless except for woodwork and science and making things."

On leaving school he veered from one occupation after another, working as a prep school teacher in Portsmouth, a motorcycle messenger rider, and an aircraft factory worker.  Eventually, inspired by his foster family, he went to Morocco as a Christian missionary.  Returning to England in 1939, he gave a Sunday sermon at the Open Brethren Evangelical Church in Leeds.  In the sermon, Fraser-Smith described his practice of bricolage, and the necessity of procuring supplies from just about any source. In the congregation were two officials of Britain's Ministry of Supply, who were impressed by his adventures. As a result, the Director of the Ministry of Supply offered him what he later described as "a funny job in London".

Wartime experiences

Officially, Fraser-Smith was a temporary civil servant for the Ministry of Supply's Clothing and Textile Department (Dept. CT6).  In reality, he developed and supplied gadgets and other equipment for section XV of Britain's World War II intelligence organisation, the Special Operations Executive.  Travelling by train from his home in Hertfordshire to a small office in the clothing department of the Ministry of Supply, near St. James's Park in London, Fraser-Smith was actually working at the direction of MI6 in the nearby Minimax House.  Performing a job so secret that neither his secretary nor his boss knew what he was doing, Fraser-Smith invented numerous ingenious gadgets intended to help prisoners of war to escape and to aid SOE agents gathering information on Nazi activities in occupied Europe.

His first order was to counterfeit Spanish Army uniforms for a proposed SOE plan to infiltrate agents into neutral Spain to prevent it from entering the war on the side of Germany.  He dealt directly with the textile suppliers;ultimately using more than 300 firms in and around London: many of them had no idea what they were making or why, to make equipment for secret operations.

Initially Fraser-Smith supplied clothing and standard props (from second-hand sources) for SOE agents working behind enemy lines, but SOE directives and his taste for gadgetry led him to develop a wide range of spy and escape devices, including miniature cameras inside cigarette lighters, shaving brushes containing film, hairbrushes containing a map and saw, pencils containing maps, pens containing hidden compasses, steel shoelaces that doubled as garrottes or gigli saws, an asbestos-lined pipe for carrying secret documents, and much more.

Directed to make copies of a new type of Luftwaffe life jacket, he made discoveries that were subsequently incorporated as standard in RAF "Mae Wests", including the use of a compressed air cylinder for inflating the jacket and a pouch filled with a powerful fluorescent dye for spotting of a downed airman at sea.

In an example of lateral thinking, Fraser-Smith used a special left-hand thread for the disguised screw-off top of a hidden-document container; he suggested this would prevent discovery by the "unswerving logic of the German mind", as no German would ever think of trying to unscrew something the wrong way.

At one point his expenses were challenged by a senior Treasury official over the extravagant costs of an order for packets of 12 razor blades.  Fraser-Smith asked for a treasury costing clerk to accompany him on a visit to the company to determine whether or not they were profiteering.  After checking that the clerk had signed the Official Secrets Act, the clerk reviewed the costs, which were in fact for a top-secret kit designed to aid SOE agents with escape and evasion. The clerk discovered that the company was in fact undercharging as they had not claimed the regulation profit. As a result, the supplier was directed to submit a new invoice with every item fully justified that, including the proper profit, was therefore greater than the original. Fraser-Smith never had a bill queried after that.

Fraser-Smith later estimated that 50% of the orders he received were exact specifications, 40% were approximate specifications and 10% were his own idea. He called his inventions "Q gadgets", after the Q ships, warships disguised as freighters, which were deployed in the First World War. This may have been the basis of Ian Fleming's use of "Q" to refer to the suppliers of James Bond's gadgetry.

Fraser-Smith was not the only gadget-master working for British intelligence during World War II.  The SOE had various secret research and development laboratories including Station IX at the Natural History Museum and Station XII at the Frythe Hotel.  Christopher Clayton Hutton of MI9, a clandestine unit within A-Force which specialised in escape and evasion, was also an inventor and deception-theorist. Major Jasper Maskelyne, a stage magician, also developed secret sabotage and subterfuge devices for MI-9.

Operation Mincemeat
Fraser was also involved in the intelligence operation codenamed Operation Mincemeat, which was designed to drop a body, carrying false papers to mislead the Nazis, off the Spanish coast. He was tasked with designing a trunk, 6' 2" long and 3' wide, to carry a "deadweight" of 200 lb that would be preserved in dry ice. When the dry ice evaporated, it filled the canister with carbon dioxide and drove out any oxygen, thus preserving the body without refrigeration. The plot was the basis of the book (and later film) The Man Who Never Was and the 2021 film Operation Mincemeat.

Later life

After the war, Fraser-Smith bought a rundown dairy farm in Bratton Fleming, in southwest England.  It became a profitable business.  In the late 1970s, his family persuaded him to seek permission to write a book about his wartime exploits.  With clearance under the Official Secrets Act he wrote several, donating the royalties to charity.

He had kept examples of most of his gadgets, and an exhibit of his wartime works was presented at the Exmoor Steam Railway, a tourist attraction in Bratton Fleming. Once a year, Fraser-Smith would spend a week explaining their workings to visitors.

Charles Fraser-Smith died at his home of undisclosed causes in 1992, survived by his wife, Selina, and two children, Brian and Christine, by a previous marriage to Blanche Ellis. Live and Let's Spy: An exhibition of spy, escape and survival gadgetry, an exhibition of his work, created at Dover Castle by English Heritage, ran for two years in the late 1990s.

References

Sources
The Secret War of Charles Fraser-Smith, by Charles Fraser-Smith (Paternoster Press, )
Secret Warriors – MI6, OSS, MI9, SOE & SAS, by Charles Fraser-Smith (Paternoster Press, )
The Man Who Was 'Q''', by David Porter (Paternoster Press, 1970, ASIN: B000PDLSX0)Official secret: The remarkable story of escape aids, their invention, production, and the sequel'', by Clayton Hutton  (Crown Publishers, 1961, ASIN: B0007DU032).

External links
 Charles Fraser-Smith – The man who was 'Q'
 Careful Carruthers That Paper Clip Is Loaded
 New York Times obituary

People from Croxley Green
People from North Devon (district)
People educated at Brighton College
British people of World War II
1904 births
1992 deaths
English Protestant missionaries
Protestant missionaries in Morocco
British expatriates in Morocco
20th-century British inventors


JL Audio is an American manufacturer of consumer audio products. Known as one of the pioneers of the car audio industry, it manufactures marine, home, and mobile audio products, but are best known for their subwoofers.

On September 20, 2023, Garmin completed the acquisition of the company and announced that JL Audio will join its marine segment.

History

Formation
JL Audio was founded in 1975 by James Birch and Lucio Proni. They used the first letter of each of their names, to form a company name, hence "JL." Their first products were home speaker systems as well as home speaker kits.

Speaker Warehouse
In 1977, when business did not turn out as well as expected, Stephen Seidl, Birch and Proni invested in a retail store in Hollywood, Florida, called Speaker Warehouse which focused mainly on speaker repair and the sale of speakers, individually or as whole speaker sets. The original company, JL Audio, was still in operation during this time. As the businesses grew, Speaker Warehouse essentially became a dealer of JL Audio products under the direction of Stephen Seidl.

In the late 1970s and early 1980s, as the car audio revolution was starting to take place, Speaker Warehouse was a big seller of the early pioneering car audio products. Stephen Seidl,  Birch and Proni used their knowledge of speakers and audio to experiment with these systems, especially with component systems with subwoofers. By the early 1980s, Speaker Warehouse had become known as a place to go for high-end audio in South Florida.

Notable events
In 1975, JL Audio is formed.
In 1979, Speaker Warehouse is purchased by JL Audio.
From 1987–1988, Speaker Warehouse began to design competition cars with their audio systems.
In 1988, Speaker Warehouse/JL Audio dominates the car audio scene in South Florida.
In 1989, seven Speaker Warehouse vehicles qualified for the first annual International Auto Sound Challenge Association (IASCA) Finals in Tempe, Arizona.
In the early 1990s, JL Audio becomes known across the United States and Canada after winning several awards in car audio competitions.
In 1991, JL Audio exhibits at the Consumer Electronics Show for the first time.  Iso-Plate mounting baffles, designed to facilitate isobaric mounting, were introduced.  Additionally, the W2 and W5 subwoofer driver lines were introduced to an international audience for the first time.
In 1992, W1 series subwoofer drivers were introduced.  These speakers introduced the concept of a small box/long excursion woofer designs for car audio.  The CS-1 series was also introduced, JL Audio's first component speaker introduction.
In 1993, the W6-series subwoofer drivers are introduced in 8, 10, 12 and 15-inch sizes.  This product was considered unique for its dual 6-ohm voice coil system design.  These subwoofers were in production for ten years.
In 1994,  JL Audio introduces the W4 and IB4 series subwoofers and infinite baffle woofers.  Also introduced were the CS-3 component systems.  JL Audio  introduced a 1961 Austin Mini demo vehicle, featuring three 10W6 subwoofer drivers, which was named "Best Sounding Demo Vehicle" by Autosound and Security Magazine
In 1995, JL Audio introduces the first group of Stealthbox vehicle-specific subwoofers.  Three brand new enclosed systems were introduced this year: PowerWedge (now a name of the past), ProWedge, and MicroSub.
In 1996, Andy Oxenhorn, former president of MB Quart USA, becomes president of JL Audio.  Under his leadership, the company experiences a great deal of growth in the forthcoming years.  JL Audio's Stealthbox, PowerWedge, and MicroSub lines are expanded.  The WØ subwoofer line is also introduced for consumers seeking a moderately priced subwoofer alternative.  The WØ subwoofer line utilizes JL Audio's first patented technology, the VRC (Vented Reinforcement Collar).
In 1997, JL Audio begins work on a new line of component speakers and coaxials. Several new Stealthbox and PowerWedge models and the 8.3 MicroSub are introduced. The 18W6 is added to the W6 product line. Chrome versions of the W6 subwoofers are also launched.
In 1998, JL Audio launches the Evolution line of Evolution component speakers and coaxials.  The WØ line is expanded to include 8-inch and 15-inch drivers.  JL Audio moves its headquarters to a 92,000 square-foot facility in Miramar, FL.
In 1999, W3 subwoofers are introduced.  The Stealthbox, PowerWedge and Evolution lineups are further expanded with new models and replacements for old models.  In this same year, Jeff Scoon, Bruce Macmillan and David Krich establish a new engineering department for JL Audio electronics in Phoenix, Arizona.
In 2000, JL Audio launches its first electronics products: the Slash series amplifiers.  These amplifiers went on to become the best-selling mobile audio amplifiers of all time. The Slash series amplifiers introduced JL Audio's R.I.P.S. technology and Advanced Rollback Protection Features, Controls & Connections. Slash series amps remain in production today.  Additionally, the 6WØ, 15W3 an d18W3 are added to JL Audio's subwoofer lineup.  The 3-way XR Component System and a more economical line of vehicle-specific enclosures called "Vantage" are also introduced.
In 2001, after over six years of engineering, W7 subwoofers are unveiled, featuring several patented technologies.  These subwoofers eventually paved the way for JL Audio's entrance into the realm of home audio.  New Evolution, Stealthbox, enclosed subwoofer systems, and amplifier models are introduced, as well has the High Output H.O. Wedge enclosed subwoofer systems and the 500/5 Slash amplifier.
In 2002, W6v2 subwoofers are added to the line.  These subs include most of the technology introduced by the W7 drivers but are lighter weight and more economical.  The W6v2 remain in production today.  W3v2 subwoofers are also launched, featuring patented Elevated Frame Cooling to the W3 platform.  The 1000/1 Slash amplifier is also introduced, along with more Stealthbox models.
In 2003, e-series amplifiers are introduced.  JL Audio also begins production of connection products, with the introduction of the ECS (Engineered Connection Systems) line.  The 8W7 is added to the W7 line and the 13W6v2 is added to the W6v2 line.  The final edition of the W6 line of subwoofers is launched, named W6AE (Anniversary Edition).  The original W1 subwoofers are discontinued after 11 years of production.  JL Audio acquires Total Mobile Audio as an entry-level line to its dealers.
In 2004, JL Audio enters the home audio market with the Fathom and Gotham powered subwoofer systems.  These feature variants of the W7 subwoofers, which are powered by JL Audio's amplifier designs combined with A.R.O. (Automatic Room Optimization) circuitry.  The Evolution line is expanded to include ZR component systems.  Two new e-series amplifiers are also added to the line, the e1400D and e1800D.  The W6 product line reaches the end of its eleven-year production run.
In 2005, JL Audio ventures into two new categories: Marine Audio and OEM Integration.  JL Audio introduces a 7.7-inch component system to the marine world  In the realm of OEM integration, JL Audio introduces the CleanSweep CL441dsp  This DSP-based device allows users to eliminate frequency related errors associated with standard factory systems.  This same year, W1v2 products are introduced, marking the second version of the discontinued W1 subwoofers.
In 2006, JL Audio launches the W3v3 line of subwoofer drivers.  A-series amplifiers are also introduced, replacing the e-series.  The CL-SSI and CL-SES are also introduced to the CleanSweep OEM integration category.  The Fathom home subwoofer models are named "Subwoofer of the Year" and "Product of the Year" by several major home audio industry publications.
In 2007, the 13TW5 subwoofer is introduced.  The 13.5-inch woofer has a mounting depth of 2.5 inches and is designed to work in very small enclosures.  The Evolution line launches the C5 line of coaxial and component systems.  Slash amplifiers are updated with heat sink designs and cosmetics, becoming the Slash v2 amplifiers.  The Stealthbox line surpasses 90 different models.
In 2008, JL Audio introduces the HD series mobile amplifiers, featuring a new technology called Single Cycle Control.  Other new product launches include G-series amplifiers, new mobile and marine loudspeakers models, an updated TMA (Total Mobile Audio) amplifier lineup and a patent-pending power wire called MetaWire.  JL Audio begins shipping the Fathom f110 and f212-powered subwoofers.  At the CEDIA-Expo in September, JL Audio also introduces the Fathom In-Wall Subwoofer System, which is based on the 13TW5 driver.
In 2009, C3 Convertible Component Systems are introduced, along with MX Marine Component Speakers and the second version of the WØ subwoofers, appropriately named WØv2 drivers.
In 2010, XD amplifiers apply JL Audio's switching amplifier technology to mainstream price points.  Entry-level WX subwoofers and JX amplifiers are introduced as the Total Mobile Audio brand is phased out.  In the home audio realm, the Fathom IWS In-Wall home subwoofer systems are released, featuring the 13TW5 thin-line subwoofer driver.
In 2011, W7AE (Anniversary Edition) subwoofers are released, marking the 10th anniversary of the launch of the W7.  The HD1200/1 is added the HD amplifier lineup as the most powerful amplifier in the JL Audio line.  New XD models are introduced, as well as M-Series amplifiers for the marine line.  The third version of the WØ line of subwoofers, named WØv3, are also launched.

Notable products

PowerWedges: Compact, enclosed full-range speaker systems made by JL Audio in the early 1980s. One of the first enclosed speaker systems ever in the car audio market.
8W2: Eight-inch woofer for use in the new line of JL Audio PowerWedges.  Following that design, subsequent 10- and 12-inch speaker systems were also released which were as well received as the 8-inch.
The W3 Series: These subwoofers come in five different sizes ranging from the 6-inch to the 18-inch. Each component subwoofer has the option of being 2-ohm, 4-ohm, or 8-ohm. The W3 series showcases the DMA optimized motor system and an elevated frame cooling.
The W5 Series: Higher-powered speakers that were received incredibly well when released in 1987.
The W6 Series: Made for higher sound quality.
W7: JL's top-of-the-line subwoofer featuring six patented technologies.  Available in 8-inch, 10-inch, 12-inch, and 13.5-inch woofer sizes.
TW5: JL's only shallow mount subwoofer and only available in 13.5-inch. The mounting depth is a mere 2.54 inches. This subwoofer features 3-ohm nominal impedance and has an RMS of 600 W. Easily mounts in tight places.
CleanSweep: JL Audio's high-quality DSP-based solution that permits almost any factory-installed audio system to serve as the source for a high-performance aftermarket sound system.

References

External links
 Official website

2023 mergers and acquisitions
Audio equipment manufacturers of the United States
Electronics companies established in 1975
Manufacturing companies based in Florida
Companies based in Broward County, Florida
Miramar, Florida
1975 establishments in Florida


Toril Marie Øie (born 17 July 1960) is Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Norway.

She was born in Oslo, and graduated as cand.jur. in 1986. She worked in the Ministry of Justice and the Police from 1986 to 2006, except for the period 1988 to 1990 when she was an acting district stipendiary magistrate. From 1994 she was also a part-time university lector at University of Oslo. She was a Supreme Court Justice from 2004 to 2016.

References

Living people
1960 births
Supreme Court of Norway justices
Academic staff of the University of Oslo
Judges from Oslo
Norwegian women judges
Women chief justices


David Acomba is a Canadian television and film producer/director whose television programmes have been featured on CBS, ABC, PBS, CBC, CTV, BBC, Channel 4, Showtime, and HBO.

Early life and education
David Acomba was born (1944) and raised in Montreal, Quebec, and attended Bishop Whelan High School in the suburb of Lachine. In the early 1960s, he attended Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, where he majored in Film and Television. In 1967, he attended film school at the University of Southern California at Los Angeles where he received a Master of Performing Arts degree.

Career in film

Creative history
Acomba moved to Toronto in 1969 and began producing and directing specials for Canada's national network. A musically oriented director, Acomba began in 1969 by directing a television special for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, Mariposa: A Folk Festival, with Joan Baez and Joni Mitchell. He then directed the first U.S. television network rock special for PBS (NET), Welcome To The Fillmore East, with Van Morrison, Albert King and The Byrds.

In 1973, he won the Canadian Film Award for Best Direction for his feature film Slipstream, about a popular disk jockey's struggle for personal and professional integrity, with music by Eric Clapton and Van Morrison. In the autumn of 1974, he was asked to film George Harrison's North American Dark Horse Tour.

In 1978, he was chosen by George Lucas to direct the CBS Star Wars Holiday Special. He was a classmate of George Lucas at USC film school. Acomba, used to substantial artistic control as a film director, felt there was a wide creative divide between himself and the shows television producers. He chose to leave the project after finishing a few scenes, including the Mos Eisley cantina musical number and Jefferson Starship. During the subsequent prescheduled pause in shooting he was replaced by Steve Binder.

In 1980, he directed the feature-length drama/performance film Hank Williams: The Show He Never Gave. The movie was screened at TIFF, the London Film Festival, Filmex in Los Angeles, and featured on HBO. It was also screened at a TIFF retrospective in 2017.

In the early 1980s, Acomba pioneered television skating specials with Strawberry Ice for the CBC. The format combined visual story telling utilizing ground breaking visual effects with Olympic level skating choreography. The production won many international awards and was shown in over 45 countries. This success led to his producing and directing the Magic Skates special for Mace Neufeld and ABC.

In 1985, he began to work in comedy with Four on the Floor, a sketch series for the CBC also shown on Showtime and the BBC, as well as in over 20 other countries. His other comedy programmes in the late eighties included a special for Showtime with Andrea Martin and a Second City pilot for CBS late night with, among others, Mike Myers. In the early nineties, Acomba directed three seasons of the Canadian comedy series CODCO starring Andy Jones, Tommy Sexton, Mary Walsh, Cathy Jones and Greg Malone.

Interested in utilizing television to promote awareness of the environment, Acomba directed and co-produced two seasons of the documentary ecology series Down To Earth, which featured remarkable Canadians and the landscapes that inspire them.

In 2003, Acomba directed the performance documentary A Marriage In Music featuring concert pianist Anton Kuerti and cellist Kristine Boygo for CBC's premier arts program, Opening Night. The Globe & Mail reported that the work was "artfully told and a joy to watch".

In 2007, 33 years after initial filming, Acomba revisited his original director's cut of George Harrison's 1974 Dark Horse Tour with Billy Preston, Tom Scott and Ravi Shankar. Because George lost his voice for most of the tour the film was never released. This new cut is a portrait of the first Beatle to tour North America on his own. The film captures Harrison's prescient world music vision as he brought together the eastern music of Ravi Shankar with western rock and jazz. The movie, which has never been screened publicly, includes cameo appearances by John Lennon and Paul McCartney as well as rock promoter Bill Graham. This new director's version has been placed in the Harrison archive.

In 2008, he wrote and directed the short film ANTON & the PIANO for the National Film Board of Canada.

Personal life
Acomba met his wife Sharon Keogh, a Canadian radio and television producer, in 1970. In 1999, they purchased the historic Catharine Parr Traill Mount Ararat property outside Toronto. In 2015 they moved to Cobourg, Ontario where they now live.

Over the years he has designed several country houses for himself and friends. His last design, a modern town house near Lake Ontario, was featured in the Toronto Star and illustrates the similarities between film making and the process of architecture.

Awards and honors
Acomba's dramatic films have been shown at the London, Los Angeles and Toronto film festivals. In Canada he received awards for Best Director at the Canadian Film Awards and the Yorkton Film Festival. In the US, he has received the Golden Gate Award for Best Entertainment Program, an International Emmy and several Ace nominations. Acomba has been invited to lecture at York University, Trent University and Ryerson University (now Toronto Metropolitan University).

Activism
David Acomba is founder and formerly the executive director of the All-Canadian Jazz Festival Port Hope in Port Hope, Ontario. In 2006, he and his wife began working on the establishment of a Catharine Parr Traill Land Trust. Their efforts are concerned with land restoration on the Mount Ararat homestead outside Gore's Landing, Ontario and the promotion of Mrs. Traill's important early Canadian botanical work.

References

External links
 Hank Williams: The Show He Never Gave

Living people
1944 births
Date of birth missing (living people)
Northwestern University School of Communication alumni
USC School of Cinematic Arts alumni
Film producers from Quebec
Film directors from Montreal
Best Director Genie and Canadian Screen Award winners


Phoronids (scientific name Phoronida, sometimes called horseshoe worms) are a small phylum of marine animals that filter-feed with a lophophore (a "crown" of tentacles), and build upright tubes of chitin to support and protect their soft bodies. They live in most of the oceans and seas, including the Arctic Ocean but excluding the Antarctic Ocean, and between the intertidal zone and about 400 meters down. Most adult phoronids are 2 cm long and about 1.5 mm wide, although the largest are 50 cm long.

The name of the group comes from its type genus: Phoronis.

Overview
The bottom end of the body is an ampulla (a flask-like swelling), which anchors the animal in the tube and enables it to retract its body very quickly when threatened. When the lophophore is extended at the top of the body, cilia (little hairs) on the sides of the tentacles draw food particles to the mouth, which is inside and slightly to one side of the base of the lophophore. Unwanted material can be excluded by closing a lid above the mouth or be rejected by the tentacles, whose cilia can switch into reverse. The food then moves down to the stomach, which is in the ampulla. Solid wastes are moved up the intestine and out through the anus, which is outside and slightly below the lophophore.

A blood vessel leads up the middle of the body from the stomach to a circular vessel at the base of the lophophore, and from there a single blind vessel runs up each tentacle. A pair of blood vessels near the body wall lead downward from the lophophore ring to the stomach and also to blind branches throughout the body. There is no heart, but the major vessels can contract in waves to move the blood. Phoronids do not ventilate their trunks with oxygenated water, but rely on respiration through the lophophore. The blood contains hemoglobin, which is unusual in such small animals and seems to be an adaptation to anoxic and hypoxic environments. The blood of Phoronis architecta carries twice as much oxygen as a human of the same weight. Two metanephridia filter the body fluid, returning any useful products and dumping the remaining soluble wastes through a pair of pores beside the anus.

One species builds colonies by budding or by splitting into top and bottom sections, and all phoronids reproduce sexually from spring to autumn. The eggs of most species form free-swimming actinotroch larvae, which feed on plankton. An actinotroch settles to the seabed after about 20 days and then undergoes a radical change in 30 minutes: the larval tentacles are replaced by the adult lophophore; the anus moves from the bottom to just outside the lophophore; and this changes the gut from upright to a U-bend, with the stomach at the bottom of the body. One species forms a "slug-like" larva, and the larvae of a few species are not known. Phoronids live for about one year.

Some species live separately, in vertical tubes embedded in soft sediment, while others form tangled masses buried in or encrusting rocks and shells. Species able to bore into materials like limestone and dead corals do so by chemical secretions. In some habitats populations of phoronids reach tens of thousand of individuals per square meter. The actinotroch larvae are familiar among plankton, and sometimes account for a significant proportion of the zooplankton biomass. Predators include fish, gastropods (snails), and nematodes (tiny roundworms). One phoronid species is unpalatable to many epibenthic predators. Various parasites infest phoronids' body cavities, digestive tract and tentacles. It is unknown whether phoronids have any significance for humans. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has not listed any phoronid species as endangered.

As of 2010 there are no indisputable body fossils of phoronids. There is good evidence that phoronids created trace fossils found in the Silurian, Devonian, Permian, Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, and possibly in the Ordovician and Triassic. Phoronids, brachiopods and bryozoans (ectoprocts) have collectively been called lophophorates, because all use lophophores to feed. From about the 1940s to the 1990s, family trees based on embryological and morphological features placed lophophorates among or as a sister group to the deuterostomes, a super-phylum which includes chordates and echinoderms. While a minority adhere to this view, most researchers now regard phoronids as members of the protostome super-phylum Lophotrochozoa. Although analysts using molecular phylogeny are confident that members of Lophotrochozoa are more closely related to each other than of non-members, the relationships between members are mostly unclear. Some analyses regard phoronids and brachiopods as sister-groups, while others place phoronids as a sub-group within brachiopoda.

Comparison of similar phyla

Description

Body structure

Most adult phoronids are 2 to 20 cm long and about 1.5 mm wide,
 although the largest are 50 cm long. Their skins have no cuticle but secrete rigid tubes of chitin, similar to the material used in arthropods' exoskeletons, and sometimes reinforced with sediment particles and other debris. Most species' tubes are erect, but those of Phoronis vancouverensis are horizontal and tangled.  Phoronids can move within their tubes but never leave them. The bottom end of the body is an ampulla (a flask-like swelling in a tube-like structure), which anchors the animal in the tube and enables it to retract its body when threatened, reducing the body to 20 percent of its maximum length. Longitudinal muscles retract the body very quickly, while circular muscles slowly extend the body by compressing the internal fluid.

For feeding and respiration each phoronid has at the top end a lophophore, a "crown" of tentacles with which the animal filter-feeds. In small species the "crown" is a simple circle, in medium-size species it is bent into the shape of a horseshoe with tentacles on the outer and inner sides, and in the largest species the ends of the horseshoe wind into complex spirals. These more elaborate shapes increase the area available for feeding and respiration. The tentacles are hollow, held upright by fluid pressure, and can be moved individually by muscles.

The mouth is inside the base of the crown of tentacles but to one side. The gut runs from the mouth to one side of the stomach, in the bottom of the ampulla. The intestine runs from the stomach, up the other side of the body, and exits at the anus, outside and a little below the crown of tentacles. The gut and intestine are both supported by two mesenteries (partitions that run the length of the body) connected to the body wall, and another mesentery connects the gut to the intestine.

The body is divided into coeloms, compartments lined with mesothelium. The main body cavity, under the crown of tentacles, is called the metacoelom, and the tentacles and their base share the mesocoelom. Above the mouth is the epistome, a hollow lid which can close the mouth. The cavity in the epistome is sometimes called the protocoelom, although other authors disagree that it is a coelom and Ruppert, Fox and Barnes think it is built by a different process.

The tube comprises a three-layered organic inner cylinder, and an agglutinated external layer.

Feeding, circulation and excretion

When the lophophore is extended, cilia (little hairs) on the sides of the tentacles draw water down between the tentacles and out at the base of the lophophore. Shorter cilia on the inner sides of the tentacles flick food particles into a groove in a circle under and just inside the tentacles, and cilia in the groove push the particles into the mouth. Phoronids direct their lophophores into the water current, and quickly reorient to maximize the food-catching area when currents change. Their diet includes algae, diatoms, flagellates, peridinians, small invertebrate larvae, and detritus. Unwanted material can be excluded by closing the epistome (lid above the mouth) or be rejected by the tentacles, whose cilia can switch into reverse. The gut uses cilia and muscles to move food towards the stomach and secretes enzymes that digest some of the food, but the stomach digests the majority of the food. Phoronids also absorb amino acids (the building blocks of proteins) through their skins, mainly in summer. Solid wastes are moved up the intestine and out through the anus, which is outside and slightly below the lophophore.

A blood vessel starts from the peritoneum (the membrane that loosely encloses the stomach), with blind capillaries supplying the stomach. The blood vessel leads up the middle of the body to a circular vessel at the base of the lophophore, and from there a single blind vessel runs up each tentacle. A pair of blood vessels near the body wall lead downward from the lophophore ring, and in most species these are combined into one a little below the lophophore ring. The downward vessel(s) leads back to the peritoneum, and also to blind branches throughout the body. There is no heart, but muscles in the major vessels contract in waves to move the blood. Unlike many animals that live in tubes, phoronids do not ventilate their trunks with oxygenated water, but rely on respiration by the lophophore, which extends above hypoxic sediments. The blood has hemocytes containing hemoglobin, which unusual in such small animals and seems to be an adaptation to anoxic and hypoxic environments. The blood of Phoronis  architecta carries as much oxygen per cm3 as that of most vertebrates; the blood's volume in cm3 per gm of body weight is twice that of a human.

Podocytes on the walls of the blood vessels perform first-stage filtration of soluble wastes into the main coelom's fluid. Two metanephridia, each with a funnel-like intake, filter the fluid a second time, returning any useful products  to the coelom and dumping the remaining wastes through a pair of nephridiopores beside the anus.

Nervous system and movement
There is a nervous center between the mouth and anus, and a nerve ring at the base of the lophophore. The ring supplies nerves to the tentacles and, just under the skin, to the body-wall muscles. Phoronis ovalis has two nerve trunks under the skin, whereas other species have one. The trunk(s) have giant axons (nerves that transmit signals very fast) which co-ordinate the retraction of the body when danger threatens.

Except for retracting the body into the tube, phoronids have limited and slow movement: partial emerging from the tube; bending the body when extended; and the lophophore's flicking of food into the mouth.

Reproduction and lifecycle

Only Phoronis ovalis naturally builds colonies by budding or by splitting into top and bottom sections which then grow into full bodies. In experiments, other species have split successfully, but only when both parts have enough gonadal (reproductive) tissue. All phoronids breed sexually from spring to autumn. Some species are hermaphroditic (have both male and female reproductive organs) but cross-fertilize (fertilize the eggs of other members), while others are dioecious (have separate sexes). The gametes (sperms and ova) are produced in the swollen gonads, around the stomach. The gametes swim through the metacoelom to the metanephridia. Sperm exit by the nephridiopores and some are captured by the lophophores of individuals of the same species. Species that lay small fertilized eggs release them into the water as plankton, while species with larger eggs brood them either in the body's tube or stuck in the center of the lophophore by adhesive. The brooded eggs are released to feed on plankton when they develop into larvae.

Development of the eggs is a mixture of deuterostome and protostome characteristics. Early divisions of the egg are holoblastic (the cells divide completely) and radial (they gradually form a stack of circles). The process is regulative (the fate of each cell depends on interaction with other cells, not on a rigid program in each cell), and experiments that divided early embryos produced complete larvae. Mesoderm is formed from mesenchyme originating from the archenteron.
The coelom is formed by schizocoely, and the blastopore (a dent in the embryo) becomes the mouth.

The slug-like larva of Phoronis ovalis swims for about 4 days, creeps on the seabed for 3 to 4 days, then bores into a carbonate floor. Nothing is known about three species. The remaining species develop free-swimming actinotroch larvae, which feed on plankton. The actinotroch is an upright cylinder with the anus at the bottom and fringed with cilia. At the top is a lobe or hood, under which are: a ganglion, connected to a patch of cilia outside the apex of the hood; a pair of protonephridia (smaller and simpler than the metanephridia in the adult); the mouth; and feeding tentacles that encircle the mouth. After swimming for about 20 days, the actinotroch settles on the seabed and undergoes a catastrophic metamorphosis (radical change) in 30 minutes: the hood and larval tentacles are absorbed and the adult lophophore is created around the mouth, and both now point upward; the gut develops a U-bend so that the anus is just under and outside the lophophore. Finally the adult phoronid builds a tube.

Phoronids live for about one year.

Ecology

Phoronids live in all the oceans and seas including the Arctic and excepting the Antarctic Ocean, and appear between the intertidal zone and about 400 meters down. Some occur separately, in vertical tubes embedded in soft sediment such as sand, mud, or fine gravel. Others form tangled masses of many individuals buried in or encrusting rocks and shells. In some habitats populations of phoronids reach tens of thousand of individuals per square meter. The actinotroch larvae are familiar among plankton, and sometimes account for a significant proportion of the zooplankton biomass.

Phoronis australis bores into the wall of the tube of a cerianthid anemone, Ceriantheomorphe brasiliensis, and uses this as a foundation for building its own tube. One cerianthid can house up to 100 phoronids. In this unequal relationship, the anemone experiences no significant benefits nor harm, while the phoronid benefits from: a foundation for its tube; food (both animals are filter-feeders); and protection, as the cerianthid  withdraws into its tube when danger threatens, and this alerts the phoronid to retract into its own tube.

Although predators of phoronids are not well known, they include fish, gastropods (snails), and nematodes (tiny roundworms). Phoronopsis viridis, which reaches densities of 26,500 per square meter on tidal flats in California (USA), is unpalatable to many epibenthic predators, including fish and crabs. The unpalatability is strongest in the top section, including the lophophore, which is exposed to predators when phoronids feed. When the lophophores were removed in an experiment, the phoronids were more palatable, but this effect reduced over 12 days as the lophophores regenerated. These broadly effective defenses, which appear unusual among invertebrates inhabiting soft sediment, may be important in allowing Phoronopsis viridis to reach high densities. Some parasites infest phoronids: progenetic metacercariae and cysts of trematodes in phoronids' coelomic cavities; unidentified gregarines in phoronids' digestive tract; and an ancistrocomid ciliate parasite, Heterocineta, in the tentacles.

It is unknown whether phoronids have any significance for humans. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has not listed any phoronid species as endangered.

Evolutionary history

Fossil record

As of 2016 there are no indisputable body fossils of phoronids. Researching the Lower Cambrian Chengjiang fossils, in 1997 Chen and Zhou interpreted Iotuba chengjiangensis as a phoronid since it had tentacles and a U-shaped gut, and in 2004 Chen interpreted Eophoronis as a phoronid. However, in 2006 Conway Morris regarded Iotuba and Eophoronis as synonyms for the same genus, which in his opinion looked like the priapulid Louisella. In 2009 Balthasar and Butterfield found in western Canada two specimens from about 505 million years ago of a new fossil, Lingulosacculus nuda, which had two shells like those of brachiopods but not mineralized. In the authors' opinion, the U-shaped gut extended beyond the hinge line and outside the smaller shell. This would have precluded the attachment of muscles to close and open the shells, and the 50% of the animal's length beyond the hinge line would have needed longitudinal muscles and also a cuticle for protection. Hence they suggest that Lingulosacculus may have been a member of a phoronid stem group within the linguliform brachiopods.  Another alternative is that Eccentrotheca lies somewhere in the phoronid stem lineage.

There is good evidence that species of Phoronis created the trace fossils of the ichnogenus Talpina, which have been found in the Devonian, Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.  The Talpina animal bored into calcareous algae, corals, echinoid tests (shells), mollusc shells and the rostra of belemnites. Hederellids or Hederelloids are fossilized tubes, usually curved and between 0.1 and 1.8 mm wide, found from the Silurian to the Permian, and possibly in the Ordovician and  Triassic. Their branching colonies may have been made by phoronids.

Family tree
Phoronids, brachiopods and bryozoans (ectoprocts) are collectively called lophophorates, because all feed using lophophores. From about the 1940s to the 1990s, family trees based on embryological and morphological features placed lophophorates among or as a sister group to the deuterostomes, a super-phylum that includes chordates and echinoderms. In the early development of their embryos, deuterostomes form the anus before the mouth, while protostomes form the mouth first.

Nielsen (2002) views the phoronids and brachiopods  as affiliated with the deuterostome pterobranchs, which also filter-feed by tentacles, because the current-driving cells of the lophophores of all three have one cilium per cell, while lophophores of bryozoans, which he regards as protostomes, have multiple cilia per cell. Helmkampf, Bruchhaus and Hausdorf (2008) summarise several authors' embryological and morphological analyses which doubt or disagree that phoronids and brachiopods are deuterostomes:
 While deuterostomes have three coelomic cavities, lophophorates such as phoronids and brachiopods have only two.
 Pterobranchs may be a sub-group of enteropneusts ("acorn worms"). This suggests that the ancestral deuterostome looks more like a mobile worm-like enteropneust than a sessile colonial pterobranch. The fact that lophophorates and pterobranchs both use tentacles for feeding is probably not a synapomorphy of lophophorates and deuterostomes, but evolved independently as convergent adaptations to a sessile lifestyle.
 The mesoderm does not form by enterocoely in phoronids and bryozoans, but does in deuterostomes, while there are disagreements about whether brachiopods form the mesoderm by enterocoely.

Relationships of Phoronida to other Bilateria:

From 1988 onwards analyses based on molecular phylogeny, which compares biochemical features such as similarities in DNA, have placed phoronids and brachiopods among the Lophotrochozoa, a protostome super-phylum that includes molluscs, annelids and flatworms but excludes the other main protostome super-phylum Ecdysozoa, whose members include arthropods. Cohen wrote, "This inference, if true, undermines virtually all morphology–based reconstructions of phylogeny made during the past century or more."

While analyses by molecular phylogeny are confident that members of Lophotrochozoa are more closely related to each other than of non-members, the relationships between members are mostly unclear. The Lophotrochozoa are generally divided into: Lophophorata (animals that have lophophores), including Phoronida and Brachiopoda; Trochozoa (animals many of which have trochophore larvae), including molluscs, annelids, echiurans, sipunculans and nemerteans; and some other phyla (such as Platyhelminthes, Gastrotricha, Gnathostomulida, Micrognathozoa, and Rotifera).

Molecular phylogeny indicates that Phoronida are closely related to Brachiopoda, but Bryozoa (Ectoprocta) are not closely related to this group, despite using a similar lophophore for feeding and respiration. This implies that the traditional definition "Lophophorata" is not monophyletic. Recently the term "Lophophorata" has been applied only to the Phoronida and Brachiopoda, and Halanych (2004) thinks this change will cause confusion. Some analyses regard Phoronida and Brachiopoda as sister-groups, while others place Phoronida as a sub-group within Brachiopoda, implying that Brachiopoda is paraphyletic. Cohen and Weydman's analysis (2005) concludes that phoronids are a sub-group of inarticulate brachiopods (those in which the hinge between the two valves have no teeth and sockets) and sister-group of the other inarticulate  sub-groups. The authors also suggest that the ancestors of molluscs and the brachiopod+phoronid clade diverged between 900 Ma and 560 Ma, most probably about 685 Ma.

Taxonomy

The phylum has two genera, with no class or order names. Zoologists have given the larvae, usually called an actinotroch, a separate genus name from the adults.

In 1999 Temereva and Malakhov described Phoronis svetlanae. In 2000 Temereva described a new species, Phoronopsis malakhovi, while Emig regards it as a synonym for Phoronopsis harmeri. Santagata thinks Phoronis architecta is a different species from both Phoronis psammophila and Phoronis muelleri, and that "[the phoronids'] species diversity is currently underestimated". In 2009 Temereva described what may be larvae of Phoronopsis albomaculata and Phoronopsis californica. She wrote that, while there are 12 undisputed adult phoronid species, 25 morphological types of larvae have been identified.

Notes

References

External links

PHORONIDA
Phoronida World database
Phoronidae – Guide to the Marine Zooplankton of south eastern Australia, Tasmanian Aquaculture & Fisheries Institute
Bioerosion website at The College of Wooster

Taxa named by Berthold Hatschek


Ksenia Ivanovna Monko (; born 8 February 1992) is a former competitive ice dancer for Russia. Alongside Kirill Khaliavin, she is the 2011 World Junior champion, a two-time (2009–10, 2010–11) Junior Grand Prix Final champion, and the 2015 Russian national silver medalist.

Personal life
Ksenia Ivanovna Monko was born 8 February 1992 in Kirov, Kirov Oblast. She is the younger sister of Russian ice dancer Maria Monko. Ksenia married Kirill Khaliavin on 10 June 2017 in Kirov, Russia. Their son was born in October of 2020.

In February of 2022, following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Monko and her family relocated indefinitely to Spain.

Career

Early career
Ksenia Monko began skating at age four and switched to ice dance early, at age five. Her first coach was Svetlana Tamrieva.

Monko teamed up with Khaliavin in 2000. They trained in Kirov before problems with ice time led them to move to Rostov in 2005. They relocated with their coach to Moscow in May 2009.

During the 2009–10 season, they won the Junior Grand Prix Final and the Russian Junior title. They took the bronze at the 2010 World Junior Championships.

During the 2010–11 season, Monko/Khaliavin won their second JGP Final title, and followed that up with their second Russian Junior title. They won gold at the 2011 World Junior Championships.

Senior career
Monko/Khaliavin moved up to the senior level for the 2011–12 season. They were assigned to compete at 2011 Skate America and 2011 Cup of China as their Grand Prix events but Khaliavin fell ill with mononucleosis in September. They withdrew from both Grand Prix events but returned to competition at the Russian Championships where they finished 5th.

In February 2012, Monko/Khaliavin switched coaches to Alexander Zhulin and Oleg Volkov. They finished 6th at the 2012 Rostelecom Cup and 4th at the 2013 Russian Championships. They joined the Russian team to the 2013 World Team Trophy, replacing Ekaterina Bobrova / Dmitri Soloviev who withdrew due to injury. Monko/Khaliavin finished 3rd at the event and Team Russia finished 4th overall. The duo withdrew from the exhibitions after Khaliavin developed an infection resulting in a high fever.

In the 2013–14 season, Monko/Khaliavin won silver at the 2013 Nebelhorn Trophy, behind Americans Madison Hubbell / Zachary Donohue, and then bronze at the 2013 International Cup of Nice. Their Grand Prix results were sixth at the 2013 Trophée Eric Bompard and fifth at the 2013 Rostelecom Cup. After placing fifth at the 2014 Russian Championships, they were not selected for the Olympics.

For the 2014–15 Grand Prix season, Monko/Khaliavin placed fourth at 2014 Skate Canada International and second at 2014 NHK Trophy. They went on to place second at the 2015 Russian Championships. They finished 10th at the 2015 European Championships and eighth at the 2015 World Championships.

For the 2015–16 Grand Prix, Monko/Khaliavin started their season by finishing fourth at 2015 Skate Canada International, they withdrew from their second assignment at the 2015 Rostelecom Cup due to Monko's injury. In 2016, she retired from competition due to the injury.

Programs
With Khaliavin

Competitive highlights
GP: Grand Prix; JGP: Junior Grand Prix

With Khaliavin

References

External links

Russian female ice dancers
1992 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Kirov, Kirov Oblast
World Junior Figure Skating Championships medalists
Competitors at the 2013 Winter Universiade