Aleza Lake is immediately south of the eastern end of its namesake lake, and west of Upper Fraser, in central British Columbia. The community, which clusters the railway line and highway, comprises 15–20 full-time residents.

Transportation
A trackside signpost marks the flag stop for Via Rail's Jasper – Prince Rupert train. The immediate Via Rail stops are Willow River to the west and Upper Fraser to the east.

History

Lakes
A prior channel of the Fraser River carved out the oxbow lakes, which comprise Little Lake (west), Aleza Lake (centre) and Hansard Lake (east). Little Lake was also called Hotchkiss Lake, after Thomas & Louise L. Hotchkiss, the first homesteaders on its shores. Long after the family departed, their abandoned log cabin remained standing at the western end of the lake. Memorable features of the medium-sized Aleza Lake were the white water lilies on the south shore and cranberry bogs on the north side. In July 1913, G.U. Ryley, the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway (GTP) Land Commissioner, named the lake after a First Nations woman who lived in the area. She was either elderly, or the daughter of a chief, or a Carrier maiden, or some combination of these attributes. A fast-flowing creek connected to the larger Hansard Lake, which in turn flowed into the Fraser. Like the former train station to the southeast, it was named after Hugh H. Hansard. During the late spring flooding of 1938, the river flowed up the creek system temporarily creating a streak of brown sediment across the surface of Aleza Lake.

Railway
Aleza Lake, like Newlands to its west and Hansard to its east, was an original train station (1914) on the GTP (the Canadian National Railway after nationalization). It had no station agent. Aleza Lake lies at Mile 108.8, Fraser Subdivision (about Mile 198 during the line's construction). The railhead reached Mile 197 in December 1913. During the following years, some speculated the Edmonton, Dunvegan and British Columbia Railway would continue southwest through the Wapiti Pass, until joining the GTP near Aleza Lake, with the goal of securing running rights westward over that line.

Herman G. Griese (1892–1940) of Shelley (misreported as Edward), section hand (track maintenance), died from a heart attack in the section-house while preparing to go to work.

After passing trains had destroyed 100 head of cattle on the Willow River-Aleza Lake stretch during 1958–63, the CNR erected protective fencing.

A 160-foot washout  west of Aleza Lake terminated a westbound passenger train at Upper Fraser in spring 1966. Towed through heavy mud and deep holes by bulldozers near Giscome, three buses brought eastbound passengers from Prince George, and returned with the westbound ones. To provisionally bridge the track bed, which had subsided 10 feet, CN crews worked around the clock for four days before reopening the line. Restoration work occurred in 1980, 1984 and 1990.

Built in 1914, the standard-design Plan 100-152 (Bohi's Type E) station building was sold in 1968. An unspecified freight and passenger shelter remained into the 2000s.

The remaining passenger shelter went in 1996.

Pioneers

From 1912 until his death, Jabez W. Smith (c.1863–1941) farmed on the northwestern shore of the lake. His son and daughter-in-law, Sidney (Sid) J. (1886–1975) & Mary (1888–1979) Smith, joined him in 1924. Their strawberry crop was famous. Their homesteads were a  walk around the east end of the lake from the village, but a shorter distance by boat in summer or across the ice in winter. Sid was primarily a trapper, and in 1932, they moved into the town site. Relocating to Vancouver in 1942, they returned in the late 1940s. Sid was a long time employee at S.B. Trick Lumber. Daughter Grace E. married Tom Dilworth in 1935.  Son Wilfrid married Alice McNeill, and they initially stayed. Daughter Margaret R. joined the RCAF, and married Frederick William Blake of Florida. Son L. Archie married Kathleen (Kathy) M. Neil (1930–2014) of Giscome in 1950, where the couple settled.

Alexander (Alex) (1880–1965) & Sarah (1890–1974) McDowell, who arrived in 1914, raised their 15 children in the homestead southwest of the west switch (Mile 108.9). The couple retired to Prince George in 1957. Daughter Violet married Arnold John Brandner (1908–68) (Melvin's brother) , but the couple remained only a few years at Aleza Lake. Son Ernest (Ernie) A. (1929–2017) married Coreen Gervais.  The couple stayed at least until the end of the 1990s, and likely beyond. Daughter Ida May married Haydn Wilson and the couple resided in Prince George.

J.A. Davidson was the inaugural postmaster 1915–20. His small store, located adjacent to the west switch, closed when the family left the area.  When Rev. W.J. Patton visited in the summer of 1918, he calculated the population as 50. Around 1917, Andrew (Andy) (c.1884–1943) & Mary (c.1884–1942) Young, Roy Billings, and Mac McGibbons, settled on plots  south in the hills, but they abandoned these holdings by 1920. Only the Youngs  resettled in the village, living south of the tracks at Mile 108.6. A section hand for the railway, Andy maintained a small farm, and was the school janitor. On one occasion, a train collided with their handcar putting Andy in a coma for weeks and in hospital for months. He served as the local commissioner under the Provincial Elections Act. Mary was the Sunday school teacher, the unofficial nurse, and boarded teachers. When the railway transferred Andy to Fraser Lake, the family relocated.

Lorne A.S. (1884–1955) & Nita M. (1896–1947) Lyle arrived in 1917. Their four daughters raised there were Ethelwynne, Lorita, Nelda and Lois. Buying a central lot south of the tracks at Mile 108.7, Lorne erected a two-storey store, which he ran (1918–21; 1923–50), and became postmaster (1920–21; 1923–50). Commonly, the postmaster in such towns was also a storeowner. Selling the store to Joseph Thomas Norquay (1874–1962), postmaster 1922–23, the Lyles travelled. Following customer dissatisfaction and unpaid purchase instalments, Lyle repossessed the business in 1923. The living quarters occupied the upper level and the rear of the lower level. He constructed a wooden sidewalk out to the tracks. The later enlargement of the store complex included additional buildings for a butchery, flour and feed storage, a warehouse, woodshed, and workshop. The record selection for the store's gramophone entertained customers throughout the 1920s, 1930s and 1940s. Lyle acted as the unofficial mayor.

Ethelwynne (Ethel) (1917–2011) married Neil M. MacArthur (1913–2011), a logging truck driver for S.B. Trick Lumber. After relocating to Prince George in 1949, they owned and operated several successful construction companies, and Ethel later wrote a slender volume outlining a history of Aleza Lake. Lorita married Gordon Earl Larson, but they left in the early 1950s. After Nelda M. married William (Bill) Earl Hein, they settled in Prince George, as did Lois L. on marrying William Charles Thompson.

The 1920 population estimate was 150. South of the west switch, the former small cemetery occupies the hillside. Lorne Lyle provided this land in 1919, when the influenza epidemic took several residents' lives. Over the years, carpenters used the store workshop to manufacture coffins. The only identifiable grave is for Winnifred Byrne, who died in childbirth, the date unknown. Frederick "Eugene" Schmolke (c.1896–1935) was a drowning victim. Containing about 20 graves, records no longer exist for the other burials. Some restoration work took place at the site in the late 1980s.

A number of homesteaders came after World War I. Arthur (Art) G. (1887–1953) & Glory A. Williams  operated a small dairy farm on the north shore of the lake, which supplied the community until they left in the late 1930s. Art was the section foreman for the railway.  Their children were Betty (1920–89), Dorothy, and A. Bentley (1924–87). Betty would later recount their frugal childhoods. Harry Jackson, who farmed on the south shore, was known for his oat crop and nine-foot high timothy-grass with 10-inch heads. In 1930, he drowned near the Monkman Pass.

Erected on the hillside south of the east switch (Mile 108.3), the school opened before the final term of 1921. With an enrolment of 10 students, Miss Annie Johnson, the first teacher, left at the end of that term. The one-room building, at the east end of the boardwalk through the town, was also the venue for Christmas concerts, card evenings, bridal showers, and occasional Saturday night dances during the early years. A gramophone provided music for the dances and student Phys Ed. Residents were always welcome at the dances held in neighbouring communities.

Fred M. & Agnes M. (c.1879–1941) Phillips, who arrived in 1920, homesteaded on the north shore of Little Lake. Fred was a section hand for the railway, and stayed until the mid-1940s. Their twin daughters, Maude and Mabel (1915–42), commenced school at age five in order to boost the enrolment number to the required minimum of 10 for government funding. Mabel married Ego Bjorklund (1901–83).   Maude married Otto E. Leboe (1908–78), but a few years later, in 1942, they relocated to Prince George.

The fertile land favoured ranching in the area, but one settler left farming for mining, when his chickens unearthed a gold nugget. Trapper Matt Hilton (c.1876–1921), who had a cabin about  to the south, succumbed to his poor health and perished outdoors in the extreme winter cold. Resident trapper F. Martin (Deafy) Dayton (1886–1940), formerly at Kidd, promoted his big game hunting guide, before returning to Kidd. Prior to Ole Hansen's (1892–1974) move to Hansard, he spent the 1920s at Aleza Lake. Local trapper William Youst (1898–1951) lived alone in north-central BC from the early 1920s. The area was known for its moonshiners, but during the 1930s, Youst's illegal still netted him a $100 fine or three months in jail. Another permanent resident was farmer and trapper John Miller, who operated a laundry during the early 1920s. Trapper Johan (John) (Old Caribou) Bergstrom (1890–1969) lived alone in a shack just west of the store, which children would frequent after school. At their urging, he would take them swimming or fishing. Parents were appreciative that he not only kept the youngsters safe, but also taught them to swim. When he returned from a winter of trapping, the children would rush to greet him.

In 1921, Louis Braaten (1896–1983), a farmer/trapper, opened a poolroom, immediately southwest of the store, which he sold to Charles (Charlie) O. Robson (1899–1967), who left a few years later. Living north of the tracks at Mile 108.6, William E. (Bill) (1884–1955) & Eva Mary (1884–1956) Range, and their six children, were residents 1923–40. Bill spent 16 years employed at Lyle's store. He opened the premises at 8:00 a.m. and closed at 8:00 p.m. Their tiny premature baby girl survived with home care alone. Son Kenneth (1916–88) married Sandra Viola Thorne (1920–91), and they remained until about 1947.

Herbert (1873–1945) & Laura (?–1935) Boomhower and their younger children arrived in 1924. Their log cabin, one of the earliest buildings in the village itself, was on the hill south of the tracks at Mile 108.5. During the later 1930s, son Arnold I. and daughter Hazel provided music for the community dances.  Son Carl E. (1896–1970) was a carpenter, and his wife Nellie (1896–1977) boarded the teachers after the Youngs left.    Daughter Eva May (1893–1960), who married Edward (Ed) D. Bolen (1878–1962) in 1911, followed her parents to the village. After the latter's daughter Violet (1920–71) married Eric (Erik alternate spelling) Hedman (1898–1950), the couple remained. Their son Edward John (1937–40) drowned in a telephone posthole at almost three-years-old. After Eric died, Violet married Raymond Blangy (1926–83) from Kidd the following month. Six months later, the couple and their three children briefly moved to Summit Lake, before settling in Prince George.

Ed Boomhower's horse team and wagon provided transportation services. They relocated to Prince George in 1959. Arnold (1913–79) married Genevieve Churchman (1916–98), the schoolteacher, and they settled in Prince George. After marriage, two of Herbert's other daughters initially stayed in Aleza Lake. Letia I. (1908–98) married T. Howard Blackburn (1903–92) (son of Hugh & Jane Ann) , but they moved to Prince George in the early 1940s. Hazel (1915–76) married James (Jim) D. Smith (1908–80) and they appear to have left in the early 1950s. Son Ray (?–1945) lived near Hansard during World War II. Herbert moved to that locality around this time, though he spent a period with daughter Eva.

Ernest Lloyd (1873–1949) & Esther (1883–1956) Gardiner lived east of the school.  In 1925, the couple lost an infant child. When daughter Barbara Esther (c.1919–?) married William (Bill) E. (c.1902–?) Smith, the couple initially remained, as did daughter H. Joyce (c.1923–?) on marrying Melvin B. Brandner (1912–83) (Arnold's brother).

Charles Stewart (1853–1932) was a pioneer farmer in the locality. A resident 1925–50, John Zufelt (1878–1950) was a labourer and millworker.

New sports facilities included a baseball diamond and grandstand north of the railway tracks at Mile 108.7, and a covered hockey/skating rink, south of the tracks at Mile 108.4. In 1925, a passenger car attached to local freight train brought visitors from Prince George, and intermediate points, to the Aleza Lake Ice Carnival & Dance. Owing to warmer weather the following year, a masquerade ball replaced the carnival. The hockey team, drawn from several speedy players along the line, proved a real match for the formidable Prince George side. Equally, the local baseball team ranked respectably in the league. When strong winds destroyed the covered rink, the lumber was recycled. Apparently rebuilt, the weight of snow collapsed the roof during the Great Depression.

J. King Gordon, missionary in charge of Giscome United Church, travelled by train to hold monthly church services during 1926. Possibly, these are one in the same as those reported as Lutheran. During the 1920s, Anglican and Pentecostal ministers also held services, with the Anglican ones continuing throughout the 1930s and 1940s. The community supported both an athletic association and dramatic society. The population, which included logging camps, then numbered between 200 and 275.

Lyle built the small Aleza Lake Hotel, which opened just east of the store in 1926. Part of the upper floor was a dance hall. Charles (Charlie) O. Robson, the initial manager, applied for the liquor licence. Joe Nosick (Nosik alternate spelling), a trapper based in the settlement, was among a series of managers of the establishment that burned to the ground in 1929. Nita Lyle and other temperance women delayed the rebuilding project for two years.

Later Community
Siblings Felix (1896–1968), Ego (1901–83), and A. Edwin (1910–77) Bjorklund arrived in the early 1930s. Felix had married Josephine Maria Norbia (1887–1967). Although soon separated and divorced, they remained residents until death. Josephine operated a small restaurant during the 1930s. Ego married Mabel Phillips (1915–42),  but they had relocated to  southeast of Newlands by the time of her death. Their children were C. Albin (1934–91), Egan (c.1935–c.2005), Hilda, Everett (c.1938–?), and Harold (c.1940–1943). Ego married Irma Olsen (1900–69) his housekeeper. The family returned to Aleza Lake, where Ego and Ray Olsen were in the lumber business and ran a small mill. Irma remained a resident until death. A. Edwin married local Ester Maria Norrbin (1911–2000). Edwin was a resident until death. Like his father, only child Leonard E. (1932–72) died of a heart attack.

A dance hall, constructed immediately southwest of the store, hosted shows and community events. On the same site, Joe Nosick operated a store/poolroom/bar during the mid-1930s. At various times, all these buildings burned to the ground. A Chinese laundry existed in the late 1930s.

Thomas (Tom) H. Dilworth (1909–93) worked 1933–50 at S.B. Trick Lumber. His later career included being general superintendent at Prince George Planing Mills, president of the Northern Interior Lumbermen's Association (1956–57), and general manager for Lakeland Mills. In 1935, Tom married Grace E. Smith (1917–2014).  That year, M. Herbert (1907–63) & Leona E. (1908–87) Cook settled in the area. Trapper Herbert, Leona, and son Ben, spent the early 1940s in Hansard and then Shelley. Herbert, who was an Aleza Lake patrol officer with the forest service in 1948, became a licensed hunting guide. Ben later moved to Prince George and was also a guide.

By the mid-to-late-1930s, a Girl Guide company, with brownies, existed. Lorne Lyle cleared the underbrush beside the lake, west of the village to create a park. He built a community hall, a wharf, changing rooms, diving tower and children's pool. Offering bathing facilities, cabins and a dance hall, the popular resort attracted outside visitors. The Saturday night dances were the highlight of the week. By the 1970s, merely overgrown vegetation covered
the same area. Lyle was also a strong advocate for the Monkman Pass Highway Association, and organized a fundraising dance in the hall.

Taking over as section foreman in the late 1930s, Nicholas (Nick) (1888–1969) & Olena (Helen or Elaine) (1901–86) Wozney and children stayed until 1953.  They also operated the small dairy farm, which supplied milk and cheese to the community after the Williams left.  Daughter Elsie married Arthur (Art) C. Purdue.   Son Walter, born and brought up at Aleza Lake, who left for further education and work, later emigrated to New Zealand.

Peter (Pete) Podrapovich (1900–89), who worked 1937–65 at S.B. Trick Lumber, was a 52-year resident on his death.

Around 1940, E. Harold (Harry) (1892–1984) & Leona May Jane (c.1905–92) Purdue arrived. Harry worked at S.B. Trick Lumber until they left in 1952. On marriage, son Allan H. (1923–2004) and Dorothy D. Gervais (1933–92)  remained residents. Son Arthur (Art) C. (1928–90) married Elsie Wozney (1933–2002).

Rose (né Domonkos [1921–2017], formerly at Shelley), & Andrew (Andy) (1906–91) Gaal (brother to Steve Gaal of Willow River) resided 1940–59. When Andy skidded on ice and collided with another vehicle in a 1942 auto accident, Rose suffered bruises and shock, and Nellie Boomhower  broke her collarbone. During World War II, the community hall hosted Red Cross benefit dances. Including temporary workers, the population was almost 200 in the mid-1940s. About this time, Lyle opened a Home Oil two-pump gas station to the east side of the store.

Prior to John (Jack) E. (1899–1980) & Sarah (1900–86) Ovington relocating to Prince George, then Penticton, three of their children enlisted. J. Kenneth, the eldest son, married in England. Roy E. (1925–44) was killed on active service In France. Sarah Bernice served in the RCAF. In 1946, she married a civil servant posted to Trinidad. Returning to Aleza Lake, her father and cousin, Thomas Thompson, started a small sawmill.  This venture appears short-lived, because Ovington relocated to Prince George in late 1947. That year, the athletic club built an ice rink and planned a hockey team. R. Eley (1912–88) & Pearl V. (1906–98) Gervais remained residents from that time until their deaths. Daughter Coreen married Ernie A. McDowell.  Daughter Dorothy D. married Allan H. Purdue.  Son, Ronald Martin (1944–56) died in a bicycle accident. Son, Robert C. married Shirley Darlene Brantnall of Newlands and remained long-term at Aleza Lake.

A small Catholic Church, built east of the Gardiner house on the hillside outside of the village, was active from 1949 to 1999. In 2004, the current owners partially dismantled, moved, and reconstructed, the dilapidated building on their Hutton property.

In late 1949, Oscar (1889–1950) & Siri (1893–1978) Benson from Bend, and their son Carl A. Benson in Penny, bought the store, and Lorne Lyle built a new house for his retirement. Carl was postmaster 1950–52. In poor health, Oscar died within the year and Siri retired to Prince George. The next year, Carl fractured his ribs when he collided with an Imperial Oil truck on the Giscome-Newlands road. His two passengers escaped serious injury. That spring, Carl (1928–2015) married Lorri Tanis (Lida) Deszcz (1931–2012) of Penny, and they left 8 months later for Prince George.

The school installed a new coal heater in 1950, following a winter when the teacher, M. Dupris, had closed the school for several days while he stayed in Prince George to escape the extreme cold. Dupris left for Tabor Creek School during summer recess. In 1954, the rural construction program added a further classroom.

Around 1950, John (1912–87) & Lillian I. (1918–94) Dyck arrived, where they remained until death. Their four daughters and two sons were born during the 1940s and 1950s. In 1962, daughter Leona Pearl married Joffre (Jeff) B. Poulin, an employee at S.B. Trick Lumber.

During 1952, Clifford (Cliff) W. Tuckey (1900–82) bought the store and was postmaster 1952–56. Rolf A. (1907–92) & Kathleen (Kit) L.E. (1916–2014) Hellenius arrived with their four boys about this time. Son Peter and daughter Annemarie were born during the following years. Rolf worked at the Experiment Station, and Kit taught at the school for a time. Rolf began a Scout troop in 1956. As well as scouts and cubs, guide and brownie groups existed for the girls. Rolf continued as scoutmaster into the 1960s, and was also a volunteer weather observer. The family left in the late 1960s when Rolf became superintendent at the Red Rock nursery.

Samuel J. Boyd (possibly 1908–78) was storeowner and postmaster 1957–61. Patrick M. Scully (alternate spellings Skully or Skulley) owned the store until its closure and demolition in the mid-1970s, and was the final postmaster 1961–70. In 1968, he was fined for not keeping adequate Unemployment Insurance Commission records. He remains a resident.

Student enrolments ranged 24–36 in the late 1940s, 28–43 in the 1950s, and 29–40 in the early 1960s. The school closed in 1964, with students bussed to Upper Fraser. The school board adhered strictly to its policy of not extending a bus run for less than 10 children.
School District 57 disposed of the surplus school site in 1985. During the 1985/86 year, 28 students bussed from Aleza Lake and Sinclair Mills to Upper Fraser, but the service ceased the next year owing to insufficient numbers. During the 1989/90 winter, the school bus service was reinstated temporarily. The closure of the Upper Fraser school meant bussing to Giscome Elementary from the 1998/99 year.

Crime, Calamity & Safety Measures
In 1918, an accidental rifle discharge killed the 13-year-old son of pre-emptors Mr. and Mrs. Hunt.

In 1926, sisters Berri Roberta (c.1921–26) and Vida June (c.1924–26) Mohr died suddenly, but Freda recovered. Autopsies were unable to determine the cause of the likely poisoning.

When a train was not expected imminently, the Forestry Service speeder, housed in front of the ranger station, transported patients with urgent medical needs to facilities offering the requisite level of treatment.

Arthur Bunyan (c.1913–35) drowned at nearby Loop Lake, while with two companions from the research station. The leaking boat, carrying two of them, inexplicably sank.

Cherie Sally Martinson (c.1939–43), daughter of Mikel & Grace Martinson, died from unspecified causes. Two years later, Grace was found negligent when her unattended children, Elsie Laura (1937–45) and Charles Ernest (c.1941–45), burned to death in their locked house. Committed for trial on a charge of manslaughter, Grace was acquitted.

The Red Cross, the Salvation Army, and the district at large, helped victims of house fires by providing clothes and household goods. In 1952, when six residents developed polio and one died, the school closed for two weeks.

A 1959 break-in at the general store netted thieves $2,798. At trial, David Johnson received an eight-month sentence, and Donald A. Kenneally a 10-month one, an interlude in a lifetime of crime.

During the 1960s, Brian Hern (1951–60), formerly at Upper Fraser, received a fatal head injury, when his toboggan collided with a passing car. An iced-up windshield on a single engine Stinson Voyager prompted an emergency landing shortly after takeoff from the lake. Crashing nearby, the pilot suffered facial lacerations and a sprained ankle. Chrysanthe Joseph Barsalou (1929–97) received a $250 fine and three-month licence suspension for a hit and run at Aleza Lake.

John Paul Schweizer (1968–70), an 18 month old, burned to death, and three of his four siblings suffered frostbite after rushing from their burning house and standing in  temperatures. The family were swamped with offers of help to replace lost possessions and provide accommodation.

House fires occurred in following decades. In 2015, a dog died when Elva Noakes' trailer and its addition burned to the ground. Her community library, located in a small cabin on the property, was unaffected.

Forestry Companies
The narrow strip of accessible spruce forest bordering the railway that stretched some  east of Prince George was known as the East Line. J. Ruttan (probably c.1863–1935), who moved his small mill from Vanderhoof to the western end of Hansard Lake, operated 1917–c.1919, before relocating.

In the fall of 1917, Arnold K. Shives (1883–1962) opened the 30,000-foot shift capacity Aleza Lake Sawmills, on the lake, northwest of the west switch. Although company president, he and wife Claire (1889–1957) remained Prince George residents until the mid-1920s, where he was a violinist with the orchestra, and vice-president of the Upper Fraser Spruce Manufacturers Association. He also pursued lumber interests in Shelley.

In 1919, the liquidator of the Hansard Lake Lumber Co.,  east of the community, sought to sell or lease the mill. Before the corrugated iron exterior and interior of the company buildings at Willow River could be sold, thieves stole the sheets. Sawmill machinery and equipment remained in storage in Prince George as late as 1921. By then, the Anthony Lumber Co. had acquired the Hansard Lake facilities. Its capacity of 15,000–20,000 feet, compared to the Aleza Lake mill's 35,000–40,000 feet. With a mill crew of 25, the latter joined Giscome and Hutton as the dominant mills on the East Line.

In the 1920s, with logging limited to the winter and fall seasons to facilitate the hauling of logs over snow and ice, loggers were transient. However, year-round work existed in sawmill towns such as Giscome, Aleza Lake, Hutton, Penny and Longworth. Injuries and death were common in sawmills and logging camps. In 1922 at the Anthony mill, a piece of wood ejected by the edger, which embedded in the muscles of a worker's thigh, required surgical removal. A 1922 fire totally destroyed the Aleza Lake mill, but the lumber in the yards was saved.
The following year, Mr. Klingaman from Edmonton acquired the Anthony mill, and settled property tax arrears after the government seized company assets. Hugh Blackburn and Percy Hasselfield, of Bannock, Saskatchewan, purchased the Aleza Lake mill site and timber. Their private residences were south of the track near Miles 108.4 and 108.5 respectively. Operating as the Northland Spruce Lumber Co., the company logged in the vicinity that winter and relocated their 40,000-foot capacity Bannock mill to the site in spring 1924. The upgraded 50,000-foot capacity mill commenced cutting that summer. A 1926 fire on the mill property destroyed the blacksmith shop. Months later, Harvey Small Jr. slipped and drowned while manoeuvering logs on the lake. Three years later, his parents faced further tragedy when their married daughter died from an illness. Eight horse teams hauled logs along pole roads to the mill.

In late 1927, the insolvent company ceased operating, and the sheriff seized its assets and those of its logging contractor, Liersch Logging Co., because of outstanding wages, creditors' accounts, stumpages and royalties. Unsecured creditors expected to receive little to nothing. The advertised assets attracted some sales, Northland Spruce declared bankruptcy, and Liersch Logging faced further seizures. The Lyle Lumber Co. constructed and began operating a 25,000-foot capacity mill. The millpond was an intact dam that Northland Spruce had installed previously on the creek. Clydesdale horses hauled the logs across the frozen lake from a logging point to the west.

In 1929, Gale & Trick opened a 60,000-foot capacity sawmill at the former Anthony site on Hansard Lake. Built with new machinery, the output helped satisfy the Oshawa company's exclusive contract to supply General Motors Canada with wooden packing crates for shipping vehicles. The facility included a cookhouse, two bunkhouses, a warehouse and office building. Initially logging at the east end of Hansard Lake, the company employed a mill crew of 60–80 and about 100 loggers. The enterprise joined Giscome and Sinclair Mills as the dominant mills on the East Line. With lumber demand declining prior to the Great Depression, Lyle closed his mill, and put up for sale the machinery. That November, falling tree limbs fatally fractured the skull of John Swanson, a Gale & Trick logger.

Reduced demand in the auto industry dramatically shortened the 1930 sawmill season. The next year, fire totally destroyed the mill. The Forestry Service's firefighting equipment could only save the dressing plant. After a period of uncertainty, and a dissolution of the partnership, Samuel Bailey Trick (c.1871–1941) announced plans to rebuild. In the mid-1930s, the four major sawmills were Giscome Mills, Sinclair Mills, Thrasher Lumber at Snowshoe, and S.B. Trick Lumber of Aleza Lake. When owner, S.B. Trick, died of pneumonia, his son, Ambrose J.E. Trick (1905–92), and son-in-law, Harry Morison (1902–59), president and secretary respectively, became partners in the venture. Their families joined them for the summer months.

Unsold Northland Spruce machinery at Aleza Lake attracted thieves in 1934 and 1937. In 1936, Lyle re-established his sawmilling enterprise as the L. Lyle Lumber Co. He welcomed and entertained the Prince George Board of Trade delegation on their 1937 tour, and conducted a tour of his 30,000-foot capacity mill. The group also visited the 45,000-foot capacity S.B. Trick mill. In 1941, when Lyle sold his mill to A. A. Monroe for dismantling and shipment to  west of McBride, the freight car transporting the machinery derailed. Aleza Lake Mills was incorporated in 1944. Similar to Willow River, Hutton, and other mills, S.B. Trick Lumber worked year round to meet the World War II demands. In 1946, a logger suffered four fractured ribs when struck by a falling tree.  The next year, when Adolf Bruestle (previously of Upper Fraser) mangled his hand at Aleza Lake Mills, resultant surgery amputated the thumb and forefinger. Assumedly, this is the same Adolphe Bruestle (1906–80), who received a two-year suspended sentence in 1966 for an indecent assault.

In 1958, United Forest Products purchased the 75,000-foot capacity S.B. Trick Lumber Co. mill. The following year, Harry Morison, former secretary, died of a heart attack. Ambrose Trick spent his remaining years involved in community activities in Prince George. Son John (1929–2016) & Bernice Trick followed in 1962.

In 1962, a logger suffered a crushed chest. During 1963, United Forest Products received a $100 fine for contravening the Hours of Work Act, a sawdust pile at an abandoned mill caught fire, and the carrier of a log conveyor at the S.B. Trick mill fatally crushed sawyer Thomas Thompson (1912–63). Two significant mill fires occurred during the following months. National Forest Products, then Northwood acquired the bankrupt mill, but instead of the announced doubling of production, the mill closed in 1965. The new owners removed all but one camp house. In 1966, Richard and Black advertised for sale their small sawmill. The IWA laid charges against United Forest Products for failing to cover employee medical coverage obligations. Joseph Korodi, 60, an officer of that company, received a two-year suspended sentence for filing false insurance claims with respect to the 1963 fire.

Forestry Service & Aleza Lake Experiment Station
Both south of the tracks, the forest ranger base was at Mile 108.6, and the Experiment Station was  west of the village. The station initially comprised 6,100 acres of mature forest and 200 acres of cutover land. In 1923, Bob St. Clair, Assistant Chief Forester for the BC Forest Service, proposed the establishment of two research stations, one to be located on the southern coast, and the other in the northern interior along the GTP route. The latter opening in 1924, Percy M. Barr planned and supervised the fieldwork in establishing sample plots for a demonstration forest, familiarizing himself with all nearby sawmills, and in jointly setting the boundaries for the station. The 1925 construction program comprised a road, several miles of fire protection trails, and a cabin for field crews. By the fall, tent facilities could accommodate and feed over 40 people. Progress during 1926 included an improved road, further trails, and a second building to house field staff. Logging commenced in the 1926/27 winter, followed by the erection of a fire lookout tower in the summer. The ground prepared that summer, the first sowings in the small nursery took place in 1928. In the fall, the site hosted a workshop for forestry rangers from the Northern Interior. The 1929 additions comprised the foreman's house, a cookhouse, and a barn.

Although Roy Sansom, the station foreman, resided year-round, the 15–20 other staff left before winter. Roy was also the resident forest ranger. C.D. Orchard, who became Chief Forester in the 1940s, held this position earlier in the 1920s. During the 1930s and 1940s, the ranger was based at Aleza Lake and the assistant in Giscome or vice versa, before gravitating permanently to Aleza Lake.

The complete collapse of the local forest industry during the Great Depression, which had diminished the 1929/30 winter logging cut, precipitated cancellation thereafter, but research plots continued to be established and regularly remeasured. Barr, the driving force behind the station, left in 1932 to teach at Berkeley. In 1934, the building windows were boarded and the station closed. Roy Sansom became the ranger at McBride. By the summer of 1936, there were only two people in the head office Research Division, which ceased as a separate entity in 1939.

In 1935, the province initiated the Young Men's Forestry Training Program (YMFTP), a relief program through which the BC Forest Service received $90,000. After gearing up in 1935, the Aleza Lake Experiment Station was allotted $11,000 in 1936, when about 50 men aged 18–25 arrived. The work crews strung a telephone line and built a dam to provide a reliable water supply. They installed a power plant and electrical wiring to service all the camp buildings. New buildings were constructed and older ones repaired or upgraded. The team improved the main road, installed cribbing and culverts, and developed a network of forest trails. However, the research activities were not reactivated and the research residence remained shuttered. The onset of World War II ended relief programs and the forestry buildings were again boarded up. Beyond some plot measurements in 1943, little happened at the station during the War.

Reactivated for year round research purposes, a residence, office and stores building, and four-car garage were constructed at Aleza Lake in 1949. Determining sustainable yield logging was the goal. During the summer months, Lawrence (Larry) A. deGrace (1914–72) managed a 25-person crew, plus about a dozen local high school boys. While on their forest training course, a group of these boys was instrumental in rescuing a forestry engineer, who gashed his leg with an axe. In 1952, deGrace left government for the private sector. Industrial Forestry Service Ltd., the consultancy he established, grew to be one of the largest in North America.

Closed in 1963, the buildings that could not be relocated were burned to the ground. After development began on the Red Rock nursery in 1966, the small Aleza Lake nursery gradually phased out. The ranger station closed permanently in 1980, and the four-car garage, fuel shed, old powerhouse and two trailers porches, sold. The two-storey house was removed in 1990.

Aleza Lake Research Forest
Officially reopened in 1992, plot remeasurements began the previous year with the expectation graduate students would do masters and doctoral theses on the research conducted. The development of better road access, more trails, and trail signs, equally benefitted hikers and various educational programs. Experiments identified optimum species mix, planting techniques, fertilizer use, and protection from disease, insects and animals. It is the longest-studied forest in the north and includes a 300-hectare ecological reserve that preserves a cross section of old-growth forest.

A ten-year detailed strategic planning framework was produced. In 1999, UNBC and UBC assumed control of the research forest, which became the Aleza Lake Research Forest Society.

Opened in 2016, the Aleza Field Education Centre is a 1,200 square-foot interpretive centre of log and timber construction, which offers some overnight accommodation facilities. Designed to host field courses, meetings, retreats, training, and community events, the building is available for educational and training events held by elementary and high school classes, community groups, the forest sector and local industry.

The Aleza Lake Research Forest is a 9,000-hectare outdoor facility, which provides field research opportunities in ecosystem and resource management studies. The research and education programs emphasize harvest systems, biological diversity, climate change, and environmental monitoring.

Road Transport
A wagon road west to Newlands emerged by the early 1920s. In 1928, the opening of the highway between Giscome and Newlands, along the northern shore of Eaglet lake, connected Aleza Lake with Prince George, with completion the following year when  of new work bypassed the railway tote road. Regarding the highway east of the village, the respective Hansard section covers the subsequent roadbuilding.

Depression-era relief projects included two highway construction camps, which operated during 1931 near Aleza Lake, with two additional ones planned. When the big camp at Penny split into three, some of the men came to Mile 111. When worker discontent escalated, the men at the Hansard and Mile 111 camps refused to work. These camps closed, but the Hudson Bay Spur (Upper Fraser) one appears to have remained open. The Prince George-Hansard weekend bus service, whose intermediate stops included Aleza Lake and the S.B. Trick mill, appears short lived.

In 1947, the road west to Giscome was impassable even in summer. Two years later, reconstruction through muskeg in the vicinity, and a shortage of gravel, created road conditions that bogged down even Caterpillar tractors and required the winching of trucks. One summer weekend in 1950, having previously endured near impassable muddy conditions, volunteers from the district used public works equipment to rehabilitate the road significantly. Gravelling on the Newlands-Aleza Lake section occurred in the fall, and progress continued as far east as the S. B. Trick mill. However, in springtime, the road remained a challenge for even four-wheel-drive vehicles, because the swampy, low-lying area became thick with mud when temperatures rose above freezing. Even in summer, the frequent potholes east of the Newlands slowed car speeds to . Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, Prince George Transit ran special buses three times a week between Prince George and McGregor, which assumedly also stopped at Aleza Lake.

Paving promised for 1979 was delayed until 1980 and limited to a  section east from Giscome. In 1980, tight curves were eliminated and sharp shale gravel added around Newlands. During 1981, rebuilding and gravelling reached Upper Fraser, with paving promised the next year. In 1983 came fulfillment with the hardtop extended  east through Aleza Lake to Upper Fraser, providing a paved surface from Prince George. The Prince George-Upper Fraser Northwood bus served employees and possibly others. With the privatization of highway maintenance in 1988, Yellowhead Road and Bridge took over the Highways depot (Mile 109.1). In 1991, asphalt grinding, removing, recycling, and top lift paving, occurred on significant stretches of deteriorated paving. A decade later, the paving westward was again crumbling.

Electricity, Broadcast Transmissions & Communications Devices
The early telegraph office likely relied upon automatic printing apparatus, because there was no dispatcher at this station. By 1921, the railway was stringing telephone wires east of Prince George as far as Hutton, connecting mills and farms along the route with the outside world. Initially, only the railway station and store had telephones. A gap in the line east of Aleza Lake, which remained into the following years, prompted demands for lines separate from the railway's ones. In 1924, Lorne Lyle entertained the whole settlement when he introduced the first radio, which was a crystal set audible with earphones. Within years, most everyone had high antennas and battery-operated radios.

The respective Upper Fraser section outlines the 1974 installation of an automatic telephone exchange, and the 1964 project that provided electricity to the village from the transmission line to Newlands. Engaged at the right-of-way for the high voltage extension, a helicopter brought an injured BC Hydro surveyor to hospital in Prince George.

Footnotes

References

Robson Valley
Populated places in the Regional District of Fraser-Fort George
Grand Trunk Pacific Railway stations


Officer Negative was a Christian punk band from Ventura. Formed in 1995 and initially disbanded in 2000, the band released two albums and an EP on Screaming Giant Records. They played old-school punk, and though their music never appeared in a polished form, it was said to "never hold back the passion." Following a period of reformation they reappeared as The Death Campaign and toured until 2004.

Background
Their first album, Dead to the World (1997) was described as "angry punk" and the band was likened to Rancid or Black Flag.

Their 1999 release Zombie Nation was mired in difficulties with their label. Its sound deviated from the band's hoped sound by introducing pop sensibilities – to the point where its members would call it "not a true representation of the band." Also, several tracks were cut from the release; two were released the next year as a split EP with Lugnut. The third, called "Failure to Submit", was described by Chad Wiggins "by far, one of the best songs we have ever written." It was this release which garnered the most attention for the band. The release included the album Live at the Roxy. Together, with the future of the band uncertain at best, HM Magazine referred to this release as the band's "swan song."

In late 1999 the departure of bassist Casey Wisenbaker, along with the band's issues with Zombie lead to the dissolution of the band. With the return of Wisenbacker in 2000, the band reformed with new members taking guitar and drums. Vocalist Chad Wiggins saw the reformation of the band as an opportunity to refocus the band on ministry. With this lineup they toured until about 2002, releasing an EP and an album. Their 2002 release Control is an Illusion had a sound based more on metal than punk.

The band rebranded themselves as The Death Campaign, eventually signing to Solid State Records. In the summer of 2003, the band asked lead vocalist Chad Wiggins to leave, intending for Casey Wisenbaker to take vocals, and hiring a bass player from a band called Akeldama. Within three months of Wiggins departure the band broke up. However, during this short period they had created an album, which was eventually released as Officer Negative Presents The Death Campaign in 2004.

After the breakup guitarist Josh Handley formed Zippy Josh and the Rag Tag Band, and released one album, Stupidville in 1999. The album was basically praise and worship music, and described as "the Sex Pistols meet Bob Dylan." Allender and Wisenbaker joined a hardcore band called Hit the Deck, while Osborne and Buli continued to work with Akeldama. Michael Dragon briefly pursued a career in professional skateboarding.

Discography

1997: Dead to the World (Screaming Giant)
1999: Zombie Nation
1999: Live
1999: Live at the Roxy
2000: Split EP (with The Combat Junkies)
2000: Split EP (with Lugnut)
2002: Control is an Illusion (Something Sacred)
2004: Officer Negative Presents the Death Campaign (Solid State)

MembersFinal line-up Casey Wisenbaker – bass guitar (1998–2003), vocals (2003–2004)
 Taylor Allender – guitar (2000–2004)
 Todd Wisenbaker – guitar (2000–2004)
 Joey Buli – guitar (2000–2004)
 Roger Bell – keyboard (2000–2004)
 Mark Popovich – bass guitar (2003–2004)
 Chris Zimmerman – drums (2003–2004)Former members'
 Josh Handley – guitar (1995–1999)
 Chad Wiggins – vocals (1995–2003)
 Michael Dragon – drums (1997–2000)
 Daniel Osborne – drums (2000–2003)

Timeline

References

External links

Christian rock groups from California
Christian punk groups
Musical groups established in 1995
Solid State Records artists
Musical groups from Ventura County, California


Aki Kurose Middle School is a public secondary school in Seattle, Washington, part of the Seattle Public Schools. Located in the Rainier Valley in southeast Seattle, it serves students in grades 6-8.  The school is one of the most racially diverse schools in Seattle, with 97% of its student body being of color. A high proportion of its students are also recent immigrants, and 42% of the students are non-English speakers. The school emphasizes development of relationships between the community and the school, and establishing respect between students and teachers.

Aki Kurose
Aki Kurose was a teacher who inspired many by advocating for peace. She taught in the Seattle Public Schools for 25 years, and helped bring Head Start programs to Seattle schools. Mrs. Kurose would often care for students who needed food or shelter or other kinds of help. She died in 1998. Aki Kurose Middle School was the first Seattle public school to be named after a teacher.

History
Aki Kurose is a relatively new middle school in an old building. It first opened as Casper W. Sharples Junior High School in 1952. The nearby South Shore Middle School opened in 1973, but afterward enrollment at both schools declined. In 1981 the district closed Sharples and re-opened it as Sharples Alternative Secondary School, to accommodate students who had dropped out or had been expelled and could not re-enter a regular high school. The middle school students moved to South Shore.

In 1999, the alternative program moved to the South Shore building and became South Lake Alternative High School. South Shore's middle school students moved back into the Sharples building, which was renamed Aki Kurose Middle School.

Demographics
Of all Seattle's middle schools, Aki Kurose has the highest percentage of non-white students at 97.2%. African American students are 42.2% of the total, Asian Americans 41.1%, and Hispanics 11.8%. Whites and Native Americans account for less than 3% each. 42.4% of students are non-English speakers and 18.3% are bilingual. Aki Kurose houses the school district's Bilingual Family Center, an office that helps students and their families whose home language is not English. On June 22, 2010 the Bilingual Family Center will move to the SPS headquarters building.

Academic programs
English as a second language is taught at the school. Spanish is taught as a foreign language.

Spectrum students study at about one year above their grade level. The school also offers a rigorous honors program in all grade levels. Honors classes are offered in Language Arts, Reading and Math.

Many students from Aki Kurose attend Rainier Beach High School and Franklin High School, which is nearby.

Special Needs
Aki Kurose Middle School offers special education services to about 100 of its students. They have 6 classes that offer modified curriculum, services for autistic students and/of self-containment for students with emotional/behavior disabilities. In the self-contained special education program, special needs students stay together in one class most of the day and receive individual help.

Academic Performance
Aki Kurose lags behind the Seattle Public Schools and Washington State averages in WASL testing. In 2008, 50.3% of 8th graders passed Reading, 51.5% passed Math and 47.9% passed Science. 22.7% of students who were tested passed all three subjects. From 2005 to 2008, pass rates rose by an average of 2% to 5%. The school has failed to make Adequate Yearly Progress as defined by the federal No Child Left Behind Act for every student category in Math, and every category in Reading except Asian/Pacific Islanders and Hispanics.

Creative Arts
The school offers classes in drawing and painting, journalism/yearbook. There are drama and band/orchestra, guitar, and choir music classes. Manufacturing technology students work with wood, metal, plastics and robotics. The City of Seattle Parks and Recreation department oversees the after school activities for the school offering extracurricular activities like hip-hop dance, drumline, cooking, gardening and art.

Sports
Aki Kurose offers boys basketball and soccer, and girls volleyball, soccer and basketball. Students also can compete in co-ed activities like track and Ultimate Frisbee.

Safety
In June 2008, a class aide was charged with third degree child molestation. In June 2007, a girl reported being sexually assaulted in a school bathroom.

According to Aki Kurose's 2009 annual report, student suspensions were more than four times the district average in 2006-07, when approximately 25% of students were suspended. In 2008-09, suspensions were more than three times the district average and approximately 20% of students were suspended.

Partnerships
Aki Kurose Middle School has partnerships with Diplomas Now, Communities In Schools, City Year, TreeHouse and the City of Seattle. Through their partnerships with Diplomas Now they were participants of the "Be Here, Get There" attendance challenge during the 2012-13. The attendance at the school rose to 95%, which allowed R&B singer/songwriter Ne-Yo to be principal for a day during the 2012-13 school year. Aki Kurose Middle School won the Communities In School-School of Excellence award in 2013. They also won the Diplomas Now Road Map Project school award in 2014. They have also had visits from Seattle Seahawks players, including Marshawn Lynch during the 2014-15 school year. They were also awarded the School of Excellence award

References

Seattle Public Schools
Middle schools in Seattle
Public middle schools in Washington (state)
1952 establishments in Washington (state)
Educational institutions established in 1952


In computer science, online machine learning is a method of machine learning in which data becomes available in a sequential order and is used to update the best predictor for future data at each step, as opposed to batch learning techniques which generate the best predictor by learning on the entire training data set at once. Online learning is a common technique used in areas of machine learning where it is computationally infeasible to train over the entire dataset, requiring the need of out-of-core algorithms. It is also used in situations where it is necessary for the algorithm to dynamically adapt to new patterns in the data, or when the data itself is generated as a function of time, e.g., stock price prediction. Online learning algorithms may be prone to catastrophic interference, a problem that can be addressed by incremental learning approaches.

Introduction
In the setting of supervised learning, a function of  is to be learned, where  is thought of as a space of inputs and  as a space of outputs, that predicts well on instances that are drawn from a joint probability distribution  on . In reality, the learner never knows the true distribution  over instances. Instead, the learner usually has access to a training set of examples . In this setting, the loss function is given as , such that  measures the difference between the predicted value  and the true value . The ideal goal is to select a function , where  is a space of functions called a hypothesis space, so that some notion of total loss is minimised. Depending on the type of model (statistical or adversarial), one can devise different notions of loss, which lead to different learning algorithms.

Statistical view of online learning
In statistical learning models, the training sample  are assumed to have been drawn from the true distribution  and the objective is to minimize the expected "risk"

A common paradigm in this situation is to estimate a function  through empirical risk minimization or regularized empirical risk minimization (usually Tikhonov regularization). The choice of loss function here gives rise to several well-known learning algorithms such as regularized least squares and support vector machines.
A purely online model in this category would learn based on just the new input , the current best predictor  and some extra stored information (which is usually expected to have storage requirements independent of training data size). For many formulations, for example nonlinear kernel methods, true online learning is not possible, though a form of hybrid online learning with recursive algorithms can be used where  is permitted to depend on  and all previous data points . In this case, the space requirements are no longer guaranteed to be constant since it requires storing all previous data points, but the solution may take less time to compute with the addition of a new data point, as compared to batch learning techniques.

A common strategy to overcome the above issues is to learn using mini-batches, which process a small batch of  data points at a time, this can be considered as pseudo-online learning for  much smaller than the total number of training points. Mini-batch techniques are used with repeated passing over the training data to obtain optimized out-of-core versions of machine learning algorithms, for example, stochastic gradient descent. When combined with backpropagation, this is currently the de facto training method for training artificial neural networks.

Example: linear least squares

The simple example of linear least squares is used to explain a variety of ideas in online learning. The ideas are general enough to be applied to other settings, for example, with other convex loss functions.

Batch learning
Consider the setting of supervised learning with  being a linear function to be learned:

where  is a vector of inputs (data points) and  is a linear filter vector.
The goal is to compute the filter vector .
To this end, a square loss function

is used to compute the vector  that minimizes the empirical loss

where
 .

Let   be the  data matrix and  is the column vector of target values after the arrival of the first  data points.
Assuming that the covariance matrix  is invertible (otherwise it is preferential to proceed in a similar fashion with Tikhonov regularization), the best solution  to the linear least squares problem is given by
 .

Now, calculating the covariance matrix  takes time , inverting the  matrix takes time , while the rest of the multiplication takes time , giving a total time of . When there are  total points in the dataset, to recompute the solution after the arrival of every datapoint , the naive approach will have a total complexity . Note that when storing the matrix , then updating it at each step needs only adding , which takes  time, reducing the total time to , but with an additional storage space of  to store .

Online learning: recursive least squares
The recursive least squares (RLS) algorithm considers an online approach to the least squares problem. It can be shown that by initialising  and , the solution of the linear least squares problem given in the previous section can be computed by the following iteration:

The above iteration algorithm can be proved using induction on . The proof also shows that . One can look at RLS also in the context of adaptive filters (see RLS).

The complexity for  steps of this algorithm is , which is an order of magnitude faster than the corresponding batch learning complexity. The storage requirements at every step  here are to store the matrix , which is constant at . For the case when  is not invertible, consider the regularised version of the problem loss function . Then, it's easy to show that the same algorithm works with , and the iterations proceed to give .

Stochastic gradient descent

When this

is replaced by

or  by , this becomes the stochastic gradient descent algorithm. In this case, the complexity for  steps of this algorithm reduces to . The storage requirements at every step  are constant at .

However, the stepsize  needs to be chosen carefully to solve the expected risk minimization problem, as detailed above. By choosing a decaying step size  one can prove the convergence of the average iterate . This setting is a special case of stochastic optimization, a well known problem in optimization.

Incremental stochastic gradient descent
In practice, one can perform multiple stochastic gradient passes (also called cycles or epochs) over the data. The algorithm thus obtained is called incremental gradient method and corresponds to an iteration

The main difference with the stochastic gradient method is that here a sequence  is chosen to decide which training point is visited in the -th step. Such a sequence can be stochastic or deterministic. The number of iterations is then decoupled to the number of points (each point can be considered more than once). The incremental gradient method can be shown to provide a minimizer to the empirical risk. Incremental techniques can be advantageous when considering objective functions made up of a sum of many terms e.g. an empirical error corresponding to a very large dataset.

Kernel methods

Kernels can be used to extend the above algorithms to non-parametric models (or models where the parameters form an infinite dimensional space). The corresponding procedure will no longer be truly online and instead involve storing all the data points, but is still faster than the brute force method. This discussion is restricted to the case of the square loss, though it can be extended to any convex loss. It can be shown by an easy induction  that if  is the data matrix and  is the output after  steps of the SGD algorithm, then,

where  and the sequence  satisfies the recursion:

  and

Notice that here  is just the standard Kernel on , and the predictor is of the form
 .
Now, if  a general kernel  is introduced instead and let the predictor be

then the same proof will also show that predictor minimising the least squares loss is obtained by changing the above recursion to

The above expression requires storing all the data for updating . The total time complexity for the recursion when evaluating for the -th datapoint is , where  is the cost of evaluating the kernel on a single pair of points. Thus, the use of the kernel has allowed the movement from a finite dimensional parameter space  to a possibly infinite dimensional feature represented by a kernel  by instead performing the recursion on the space of parameters , whose dimension is the same as the size of the training dataset. In general, this is a consequence of the representer theorem.

Online convex optimization
Online convex optimization (OCO)  is a general framework for decision making which leverages convex optimization to allow for efficient algorithms. The framework is that of repeated game playing as follows:

For
 Learner receives input
 Learner outputs  from a fixed convex set
 Nature sends back a convex loss function .
 Learner suffers loss  and updates its model

The goal is to minimize regret, or the difference between cumulative loss and the loss of the best fixed point   in hindsight. As an example, consider the case of online least squares linear regression. Here, the weight vectors come from the convex set , and nature sends back the convex loss function . Note here that  is implicitly sent with .

Some online prediction problems however cannot fit in the framework of OCO. For example, in online classification, the prediction domain and the loss functions are not convex. In such scenarios, two simple techniques for convexification are used: randomisation and surrogate loss functions.

Some simple online convex optimisation algorithms are:

Follow the leader (FTL)
The simplest learning rule to try is to select (at the current step) the hypothesis that has the least loss over all past rounds. This algorithm is called Follow the leader, and round  is simply given by:

This method can thus be looked as a greedy algorithm. For the case of online quadratic optimization (where the loss function is ), one can show a regret bound that grows as . However, similar bounds cannot be obtained for the FTL algorithm for other important families of models like online linear optimization. To do so, one modifies FTL by adding regularisation.

Follow the regularised leader (FTRL)
This is a natural modification of FTL that is used to stabilise the FTL solutions and obtain better regret bounds. A regularisation function   is chosen and learning performed in round  as follows:

As a special example, consider the case of online linear optimisation i.e. where nature sends back loss functions of the form . Also, let . Suppose the regularisation function  is chosen for some positive number . Then, one can show that the regret minimising iteration becomes

Note that this can be rewritten as , which looks exactly like online gradient descent.

If  is instead some convex subspace of ,  would need to be projected onto, leading to the modified update rule

This algorithm is known as lazy projection, as the vector  accumulates the gradients. It is also known as Nesterov's dual averaging algorithm. In this scenario of linear loss functions and quadratic regularisation, the regret is bounded by , and thus the average regret goes to  as desired.

Online subgradient descent (OSD)

The above proved a regret bound for linear loss functions . To generalise the algorithm to any convex loss function, the subgradient  of  is used as a linear approximation to  near , leading to the online subgradient descent algorithm:

Initialise parameter

For
 Predict using , receive  from nature.
 Choose
 If , update as
 If , project cumulative gradients onto  i.e.
One can use the OSD algorithm to derive  regret bounds for the online version of SVM's for classification, which use the hinge loss

Other algorithms
Quadratically regularised FTRL algorithms lead to lazily projected gradient algorithms as described above. To use the above for arbitrary convex functions and regularisers, one uses online mirror descent.  The optimal regularization in hindsight can be derived for linear loss functions, this leads to the AdaGrad algorithm. For the Euclidean regularisation, one can show a regret bound of , which can be improved further to a  for strongly convex and exp-concave loss functions.

Continual learning

Continual learning means constantly improving the learned model by  processing continuous streams of information. Continual learning capabilities are essential for software systems and autonomous agents interacting in an ever changing real world. However, continual learning is a challenge for machine learning and neural network models since the continual acquisition of incrementally available information from non-stationary data distributions generally leads to catastrophic forgetting.

Interpretations of online learning
The paradigm of online learning has different interpretations depending on the choice of the learning model, each of which has distinct implications about the predictive quality of the sequence of functions . The prototypical stochastic gradient descent algorithm is used for this discussion. As noted above, its recursion is given by

The first interpretation consider the stochastic gradient descent method as applied to the problem of minimizing the expected risk  defined above. Indeed, in the case of an infinite stream of data, since the examples  are assumed to be drawn i.i.d. from the distribution , the sequence of gradients of  in the above iteration are an i.i.d. sample of stochastic estimates of the gradient of the expected risk  and therefore one can apply complexity results for the stochastic gradient descent method to bound the deviation , where  is the minimizer of . This interpretation is also valid in the case of a finite training set; although with multiple passes through the data the gradients are no longer independent, still complexity results can be obtained in special cases.

The second interpretation applies to the case of a finite training set and considers the SGD algorithm as an instance of incremental gradient descent method. In this case, one instead looks at the empirical risk:

Since the gradients of  in the incremental gradient descent iterations are also stochastic estimates of the gradient of , this interpretation is also related to the stochastic gradient descent method, but applied to minimize the empirical risk as opposed to the expected risk. Since this interpretation concerns the empirical risk and not the expected risk, multiple passes through the data are readily allowed and actually lead to tighter bounds on the deviations , where  is the minimizer of .

Implementations
 Vowpal Wabbit: Open-source fast out-of-core online learning system which is notable for supporting a number of machine learning reductions, importance weighting and a selection of different loss functions and optimisation algorithms. It uses the hashing trick for bounding the size of the set of features independent of the amount of training data.
 scikit-learn: Provides out-of-core implementations of algorithms for
 Classification: Perceptron, SGD classifier, Naive bayes classifier.
 Regression: SGD Regressor, Passive Aggressive regressor.
 Clustering: Mini-batch k-means.
 Feature extraction: Mini-batch dictionary learning, Incremental PCA.

See also

Learning paradigms
 Incremental learning
 Lazy learning
 Offline learning, the opposite model
 Reinforcement learning
 Multi-armed bandit
 Supervised learning

General algorithms
 Online algorithm
 Online optimization
 Streaming algorithm
 Stochastic gradient descent

Learning models
 Adaptive Resonance Theory
 Hierarchical temporal memory
 k-nearest neighbor algorithm
 Learning vector quantization
 Perceptron

References

External links
6.883: Online Methods in Machine Learning: Theory and Applications. Alexander Rakhlin. MIT

Online algorithms
Machine learning algorithms


The Beechfields Record Label was an American independent not-for-profit musician's cooperative record label, from Baltimore, Maryland, noted for an artist-centered approach to releasing records.

History
The philosophy that defined the Beechfields was developed by Michael Nestor, at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County in 2000, and the label was officially started in Baltimore in 2003, while Nestor was at the University of Maryland School of Medicine. The Beechfields was designed as a reaction to the suppression of underground music by both major and independent labels. The musical and artistic outlook of the label was based on Virginia label Simple Machines, founded by Jenny Toomey. In 2004, Michael Nestor was joined by local Baltimore musician Austin Stahl, and both Nestor and Stahl produced, or played on the majority of the label's early releases. Originally centering on music traditionally categorized as "lo-fi indie pop," the Beechfields began releasing well produced indie records in 2005, which gained the label local and national notoriety. The Beechfields used that new platform to extend from releasing quality music to teaching musicians how to produce and assemble quality records on their own. In a 2011 interview with Splice Today, Nestor notes "I look back and I'm proud, knowing that many of the things people love about our local scene, and many of the bands they like, are there because of the hard work of myself, my friends, and other like-minded people." Nestor has given a number of lectures and symposia on starting an artist-centered approach to releasing records.

The  City Paper notes the Beechfields Record Label "seemed to grow from just another Baltimore indie imprint with a couple bands producing the bulk of its discography to a fully formed label." The label was largely active from 2003 to 2011, and had a substantial impact on the Baltimore indie music scene in the early to mid 2000s through a large catalog of releases from bands like Among Wolves, the Jennifers, Small Sur, Private Eleanor and the Seldon Plan. During its tenure, the Beechfields worked with bands outside of Maryland. However, most of the releases by the label kept a strong Baltimore-centered identity, supporting that music scene.

Bands

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links

Companies based in Baltimore
Indie rock record labels
Record labels based in Maryland
Record labels established in 2003


I Enjoy the World with You () is a 1982 Czechoslovak family comedy directed by Marie Poledňáková. The movie was elected as the best Czech comedy ever made.

Plot
Every year, three middle-aged friends, sound engineer Pepa, doctor Albert, and music director Michal, plan to spend their vacation at Albert's cottage in the Beskids. They always go there without their wives but this year, the wives decide to make them change their minds. They promise to let their husbands go without them under one condition - they will take all their children instead. The wives are sure their husbands will never accept, but the men decide to take the kids and do their best to exhaust them during the day so that they have some time for themselves in the evening. Nothing goes according to plan, however.

The cottage, set in a picturesque mountain environment without electricity, with outdoor latrines for toilets and the need to chop wood for cooking, presents unique challenges to the children as well as many opportunities for humorous situations. The fathers come up with various dangerous games and contests in order to keep their kids occupied.
The three wives surprise their husbands by visiting unexpectedly, and they are not pleased with the scene which greets them. They then proceed to get back at their husbands for their irresponsible behaviour.

Cast and characters
 Július Satinský as Albert Horák
 Jana Šulcová as Kateřina Horáková
 Václav Postránecký as Michal Adámek
 Eliška Balzerová as Dáša Adámková
 Pavel Nový as Pepa Bednář
 Zdena Studenková as Gábina Bednářová
 Květa Fialová as grandmother
 Jan Faltýnek as taxi driver
 Zuzana Gutheisová a Dášenka
 Marta Buchtíková as Kačenka
 Václav Korda as Míša
 Cyril Křupala as Pepíno
 Lukáš Pelánek as Matýsek
 Marek Dvořák as Bertík

References

External links

1982 comedy films
1982 films
1980s Czech-language films
Czechoslovak comedy films
Films directed by Marie Poledňáková
Czech comedy films
1980s Czech films


Chandrabose (11 July 1950 – 30 September 2010) was an Indian composer and singer. He composed music for more than 300 films between 1977 and 1995. In 2007 he made his debut on the silver screen as an actor.

Personal life
Chandrabose's son, Bose Santhosh, has also worked in films as a composer, working in the Malayalam film Sandwich (2011) and the Tamil films, Meenkothi and Deva Kumaran. He is married twice,  since 2007 he started acting in Kalaignar TV serials.

Career
Chandrabose began his career as child artist in the film Thaayum Magalum, he then started to concentrate on music by composing for stage plays of R. S. Manohar and Prameela drama group. His debut film as composer was Madhura Geetham (1977).

He was during the 80s the official composer of the AVM Productions, in particular the Tamil movies, among which some of them starring Rajini Kanth.

Filmography

Composer
Films

 Madhurageetham (1977)
 Mangudi Minor (1978)
 Machanai Paatheengala (1978)
 Tharayil Vaazhum Meengal (1979)
 Saranam Ayyappa (1980)
 Vadivangal (1981)
 Parvaiyin Marupakkam (1982)
 Ithu Engal Rajyam (1984)
 Oru Malarin Payanam (1985)
 Rajathi Rojakili (1985)
 Yemaatrathe Yemaaraathe (1985)
 Thandanai (1985)
 Karaiyai Thodatha Alaigal (1985)
 Marumagal (1986)
 Viduthalai (1986)
 Shankar Guru (1987)
 Makkal En Pakkam (1987)
 Manithan (1987)
 Michael Raj (1987)
 Adhu Antha Kaalam (1988)
 Annanagar Mudhal Theru (1988)
 Kadarkarai Thaagam (1988)
 Kai Naattu (1988)
 Kaliyugam (1988)
 Kadhanayagan (1988)
 Thaimel Aanai (1988)
 Paatti Sollai Thattathe (1988)
 Kalicharan (1988)
 En Vazhi Thani Vazhi (1988)
 Nallavan (1988)
 Kazhugumalai Kallan (1988)
 Vasanthi (1988)
 Chinna Chinna Aasaigal (1989)
 Kuttravali (1989)
 Annakili Sonna Kathai (1989)
 Idhaya Deepam (1989)
 Oru Thottil Sabatham (1989)
 Pudhiya Paadhai(1989)
 Sonthakkaran (1989)
 Raja Chinna Roja (1989)
 Vaai Kozhuppu (1989)
 Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu (1989)
 Periya Idathu Pillai (1990)
 Muthalaali Amma (1990)
 Nangal Puthiyavargal (1990)
 Maanagara Kaaval (1991)
 Aboorva Nanbargal (1991)
Mudhal Kural (1991)
Pondatti Sonna Kettukanum (1991)
 Naan Pudicha Maappillai (1991)
 Sugamana Sumaigal (1992)
Ungal Anbu Thangachi (1993)
 Varavu Ettana Selavu Pathana (1994)
 Aval Potta Kolam (1995)
 Naan Petha Magane (1995)
 Sigamani Ramamani (2001)
 Aadhikkam (2005)

Private Albums
1998 "Vegam" – All Songs Penned by Gangai Amaran
Television
 1997 Aachi International
 1998 Nimmathi Ungal Choice I
 1998 Nimmathi Ungal Choice II – Kannammavin Kadhai
 1998 Oru Pennin Kadhai
 1999 Galatta Kudumbam I
 1999 Sontham
 1999 Nimmathi Ungal Choice III – Thriveni Sangamam
 1999 Galatta Kudumbam II – Galatta Sirippu
 1999 Nimmathi Ungal Choice IV – Mavilai Thoranam
 1999 Mangai
 2001 Take It Easy Vaazhkai
 2007 Porantha Veeda Puguntha Veeda

Singer

Actor
Films
Kathi Kappal (2008)
Television 2006–2007 Malargal (Sun TV) as Lingam
 2008Namma Kudumbam (Kalaignar TV)
 2008 Jananam (Mega TV)
 2008–2009Vairanenjam (Kalaignar TV) as jagannadhan
 2009–2010Thiruppavai'' (Sun TV)
 2009–2010 Thangamana Purushan (Kalaignar TV)

References

External links

Indian male songwriters
Indian songwriters
Indian film score composers
Tamil musicians
2010 deaths
20th-century Indian composers
Indian Tamil people
20th-century Indian singers
Singers from Chennai
1947 births
21st-century Indian singers
Indian male film score composers
21st-century Indian male singers
20th-century Indian male singers


David Siegel is an American film director, screenwriter, and producer, and part of a long-standing writing-directing-producing team with the filmmaker Scott McGehee.

Filmography

Feature films

Executive producer
 The Business of Strangers (2001)
 Life of the Party (2018)

Interviews
 Filmmaker Magazine interview: "David Siegel and Scott McGehee, 'Uncertainty'"
 Time Out New York interview: "TONY Q&A: What Maisie Knew’s Scott McGehee and David Siegel"

External links

American male screenwriters
Living people
Writers from Orange County, California
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Film directors from California
Film producers from California
Screenwriters from California
Year of birth missing (living people)


The Alf is a small river in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, a left tributary of the Moselle. It rises in the Eifel, near Darscheid, east of Daun. The Alf flows south through Mehren, Gillenfeld and Bausendorf, where it turns east to flow into the Moselle at the village of Alf.

Geography

Course
The Alf rises about  northeast of Hörscheid in the Volcanic Eifel. From its source at a height of , the Alf initially flows in a southerly direction to the village of Darscheid, from which it flows to the east through the villages of Gillenfeld and Strohn. The next section of the Alf, to Bausendorf, is very winding; it then turns towards the east and cuts through the south of the forest of Kondelwald, passing the villages of Kinderbeuern and Bengel. Around  beyond Bengel it changes course abruptly and swings north. A ridge prevents it from flowing further east unto the Moselle, here just  away. After breaking through the Moselle Hills the Alf finally reaches the Moselle at Alf (Cochem-Zell) at a height of . Along its  course from source to mouth, the Alf descends through , giving it an average river bed gradient of 8.6‰.

Tributaries

References

Rivers of Rhineland-Palatinate
Rivers of the Eifel
Rivers of Germany


Association of the Polish Culture of the Lviv Land (, ) is a Polish minority association, active in Lviv Oblast (province) of western Ukraine. It was founded on December 3, 1989, in Lviv and its first director was Professor Leszek Mazepa. It engages in educational, cultural and economic activities of the Polish minority of the surrounding Lviv area.

The association has its main office in Lviv, in the house number 17 on Lviv's Main Square. It also has regional branches, in such towns as Boryslav, Dobromyl, Yavoriv, Drohobych, Lanivtsi, Mostyska, Rava-Ruska, Pnikut, Sambir, Sudova Vyshnia, Stryi, , Susidovychi, Zolochiv, Zhovkva, Zhydachiv, Khodoriv, Chervonohrad and Skole. Its current president is Emil Legowicz, and the association publishes a Gazeta Lwowska biweekly. It also supports Association of Polish Doctors in Lviv (founded in March 1991), two choirs - Lutnia and Echo, as well as a college for senior citizens.

Sources
 Webpage of Polish consulate in Lviv
 Polish organizations in Ukraine

Organizations established in 1989
Polish diaspora organizations
Cultural organizations based in Ukraine
Polish diaspora in Ukraine
Organizations based in Lviv
Culture in Lviv


The Matchless Model 7 is a British 'touring' motorcycle designed and made by Harry and Charlie Collier. Based on the proven 85mm x 85mm JAP V-twin engine, the Model 7 had a two-speed transmission with a hub gear and an epicyclic gear for the low ratio, with a friction band clutch operated by a hand lever at the side of the fuel tank. Problems with unreliable belt drive were addressed by having two belts side by side, so when the first broke, the second would still work. The 770cc engine was started like a moped with pedals, and a small lever on the end of the silencer could be used to eject smoke and sparks.  The paintwork was all done by hand in page grey with a forest-green panelled tank lined in gold pinstriping.

Matchless also produced a three-speed model that had a variable pulley and a moveable rear wheel, similar to the Zenith Gradua.  Production was limited however, and after 1912 they concentrated on making their own engines until the First World War stopped production.

References

Matchless motorcycles


Los Dos Bros is a British television comedy about two half-brothers (Darren Boyd and Cavan Clerkin)  who find themselves in a series of strange situations. They discuss their experiences back to a psychiatrist (Vicki Pepperdine).

The series started life as a Comedy Lab episode in 1999, this formed the basis of a pilot. Two years later a series consisting of six episodes were broadcast. The series was produced by Talkback Productions company for Channel 4.

Episodes
Comedy Lab: Los Dos Bros - This was the pilot episode broadcast as part of the Comedy Lab series.
Test Drive - The half-brothers test drive a red monster truck. Things take a turn for the worse as they find themselves on the M25.
Love and Teeth - The brothers take a trip to the dentist. One of the brothers finds himself falling in love with a female dentist whilst the other brother suffers from a phobia of dentists.
Date - The half-brothers try to have sex. One brother dates a girl whilst the other ends up babysitting her son.
Money - The duo go shopping. One brother has money due to having a job, the other does not and ends up envying his wealth.
Camp - The brothers take some time away from each other to gain independence. The boys hitchhike. One brother ends up camping in a field were a car boot sale takes place, the other gets a job working in a burger van. The two are reunited at the end and meet some European ladies who give them magic mushrooms to try.
Music - One brother joins a rock band as a bass guitarist, unfortunately the band do not like him. The other brother becomes jealous and lonely.

External links

Channel 4 sitcoms
1999 British television series debuts
2001 British television series endings
Television series about brothers
1990s British sitcoms
2000s British sitcoms
Psychotherapy in fiction
E4 sitcoms
Television shows set in London


Legend of the Bat, also known as Bat Island Adventure or Clans of Intrigue 2, is a 1978 Hong Kong wuxia film adapted from Bianfu Chuanqi of Gu Long's Chu Liuxiang novel series. The film was directed and written by Chor Yuen, produced by the Shaw Brothers Studio, and starred Ti Lung as the lead character. It was preceded by Clans of Intrigue (1977) and followed by Perils of the Sentimental Swordsman (1982).

Plot
Chu Liuxiang and Zhongyuan Yidianhong pass by a shipwreck and meet Master Kumei. They also discover that a group of highly skilled pugilists have been murdered at a gathering in Siming Mountain Manor. The only survivor is a man called Yuan Suifeng, who has become insane after being severely injured. They hear of Bat Island, a mysterious place where anyone can buy anything he desires, as long as he has money. Chu and his friends travel to the island to seek answers. However, they are not the only ones going there: Li Yuhan and his wife, Liu Wuming, are there in search of an extraordinary drug; Jin Lingzhi is there to find her father; a group of imperial guards are there to arrest the Bat Prince.

Cast
Ti Lung as Chu Liuxiang
Ling Yun as Zhongyuan Yidianhong
Derek Yee as Bat Prince Yuan Suiyun
Yueh Hua as Li Yuhan
Ching Li as Liu Wuming
Wong Chung as Gou Zichang
Candice Yu as Jin Lingzhi
Tony Liu as Yuan Suifeng
Chan Si-gai as Li Hongxiu
Chong Lee as Song Tian'er
Norman Chui as Xiang Feitian
Wang Lai as Master Kumei
Lau Wai-ling as Gao Yanan
Ku Kuan-chung as Ding Feng
Cheng Miu as Priest Tieshan
Ngai Fei as Long Wu
 as Gongsun Jieming
Tang Tak-cheung as Monk Wugen
Yuen Wah
Lam Ching-ying
Yuen Bun
Shum Lo
Alan Chui Chung-San
Wong Pau-gei
Chan Shen
Keung Hon
Wang Han-chen
Lo Wai
Chung Fat
Tam Bo
Lee Hang
Yuen Yat-choh
Chui Fat
Yuen Shun-yee
Wong Chi-keung
Wan Fat
Ng Yuen-fan
Fong Yue

External links

1978 films
1978 martial arts films
Hong Kong martial arts films
Hong Kong action thriller films
Wuxia films
1970s action thriller films
1970s martial arts films
1970s mystery films
Shaw Brothers Studio films
Works based on Chu Liuxiang (novel series)
Films directed by Chor Yuen
Films based on works by Gu Long
1970s Hong Kong films


"Experience" is an essay by Ralph Waldo Emerson. It was published in the collection Essays: Second Series in 1844. The essay is preceded by a poem of the same title.

In one passage, Emerson speaks out against the effort to over-intellectualize life - and particularly against experiments to create utopias, or ideal communities. A wise and happy life, Emerson believes, requires a different attitude. The mention of "Education Farm" is a reference to Brook Farm, a short-lived utopian community founded by former Unitarian minister George Ripley and his wife Sophia Ripley.

Essays by Ralph Waldo Emerson
1844 essays


In the biological sciences, a multiplex assay is a type of immunoassay that uses magnetic beads to simultaneously measure multiple analytes in a single experiment. A multiplex assay is a derivative of an ELISA using beads for binding the capture antibody. Multiplex assays are still more common in research than in clinical settings.

In a multiplex assay, microspheres of designated colors are coated with antibodies of defined binding specificities. The results can be read by flow cytometry because the beads are distinguishable by fluorescent signature. The number of analytes measured is determined by the number of different bead colors.

Multiplex assays within a given application area or class of technology can be further stratified based on how many analytes can be measured per assay, where "multiplex" refers to those with the highest number of analyte measurements per assay (up to millions) and "low-plex" or "mid-plex" refers to procedures that process fewer (10s to 1000s), though there are no formal guidelines for calling a procedure multi-, mid-, or low-plex based on number of analytes measured. Single-analyte assays or low-to-mid-plex procedures typically predate the rise of their multiplex versions, which often require specialized technologies or miniaturization to achieve a higher degree of parallelization.

References

Laboratory techniques
Research methods


The Macau national security law (, ; , ) is a law in Macau which prohibits and punishes acts of "treason, secession, and subversion" against the Central government, as well as "preparatory acts" leading to any of the three acts.  Taken into effect on 3 March 2009, the purpose of the law is to fulfil Article 23 of the Macau Basic Law, the de facto constitution of the Macau Special Administration Region.
Macau National Security Law has been in force for eleven years. Pro-Beijing state-owned Hong Kong Newspaper Wen Wei Po claimed that Macau's National Security Law "has not been used".

History
According to the Secretary for Administration and Justice Florinda da Rosa Silva Chan, drafting began in 2004, taking into account examples from Portugal and Italy.  Until 1999, Macau was a colony of Portugal.  The draft was released on 22 October 2008. It proposed to ban treason, attempts to overthrow the Chinese government and theft of national secrets.  Some of the proposed offenses carry a maximum penalty of 25 years in jail.

Response to drafting of the law
Edmund Ho, Chief Executive of Macau, said in a press conference that the bill targets "serious criminal behavior" and will not limit protests or criticism of Beijing.  He further said "Chanting a few slogans, writing a few articles criticizing the central government or the Macau government, these activities won't be regulated by this proposed law."  Macau Legislator Au Kam-san said "We don't want to see any mainland style national security law.  It would be acceptable to enact a law based on the Johannesburg Principles.

Political commentator Larry So Man-yum said the legislation would do well in Macau given residents' patriotism and their lack of awareness about civil rights. "There will be absolutely no problem. Compared to Hongkongers, Macau people have high levels of acceptance for the central government.  No "Broomhead" will emerge in Macau." In 2003, Secretary for Security Regina Ip was nicknamed "Broomhead" for attempting to sell Article 23 in Hong Kong.  The Hong Kong government on 22 October responded with having no plan to embark on the legislation, adding its most pressing commitments are economic and livelihood issues.

See also
 One country, two systems
 Human rights in the People's Republic of China
 Human rights in Macau
 Human rights in Hong Kong
 Hong Kong Macau cultural exchange
 Hong Kong national security law

References

Bibliography

 . Includes English translation of most of the draft law.

External links
 Macau Special Administrative Region National Security Law (Chinese and English Text) – Chinese version and unofficial English translation by Amnesty International hosted on the website of the Congressional-Executive Commission on China of the United States.
 第 2/2009 號法律《維護國家安全法》/Lei n.º 2/2009 – Lei relativa à defesa da segurança do Estado –  Official Chinese and Portuguese texts of the law published on pages 519–525 of Official Gazette No. 9/2009 of 2 March 2009
 HTML of the Chinese version hosted on the website of the Government Printing Bureau
 HTML of the Portuguese version hosted on the website of the Government Printing Bureau

Basic Law of Macau
Politics of Macau
2008 in Macau


The 2006 Davidoff Swiss Indoors was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts. It was the 37th edition of the event known that year as the Davidoff Swiss Indoors, and was part of the International Series of the 2006 ATP Tour. It took place at the St. Jakobshalle in Basel, Switzerland, from 23 October through 29 October 2006.

The announced singles field featured World No. 1, Australian Open, Wimbledon and US Open champion, recent Tokyo titlist, Basel boy Roger Federer, Australian Open and French Open semifinalist, Estoril winner David Nalbandian, and Madrid Masters and Vienna runner-up Fernando González. Also lined up were Halle and Mumbai finalist Tomáš Berdych, Stuttgart winner David Ferrer, Andy Murray, José Acasuso and Agustín Calleri.

Finals

Singles

 Roger Federer defeated  Fernando González, 6–3, 6–2, 7–6(7–3)
It was Roger Federer's 11th title of the year, and his 44th overall.

Doubles

 Mark Knowles /  Daniel Nestor defeated  Mariusz Fyrstenberg /  Marcin Matkowski, 4–6, 6–4, [10–8]

References

External links

Official website
Singles draw
Doubles draw
Qualifying Singles draw

Davidoff Swiss Indoors
2006


Cotalpa consobrina is a beetle of the family Scarabaeidae.

Gallery

References

Rutelinae
Beetles described in 1871
Taxa named by George Henry Horn


HMS Amphitrite was a 24-gun  sixth-rate post ship of the Royal Navy. She served during the American Revolution primarily in the economic war. On the one hand she protected the trade by capturing or assisting at the capture of a number of privateers, some of which the Royal Navy then took into service. On the other hand, she also captured many American merchant vessels, most of them small. Amphitrite was wrecked early in 1794.

Construction and commissioning
Amphitrite was ordered on 8 January 1777 from Deptford Dockyard, and laid down there on 2 July 1777. She was built under the supervision of Master Shipwright Adam Hayes, and was launched on 28 May 1778. She was commissioned into navy service on 22 July 1778, having cost a total of £12,737.6.6d to build, including the cost of fitting out and coppering.

Career
She was commissioned in May 1778 under the command of Captain Thomas Gaborian. She initially operated as part of the squadron off the Downs. There she captured the French privateer Agneau on 15 August. Amphitrite shared with the sloop , and the cutters , , , and , in the capture on 24 May of the French privateers Dunkerque and Prince de Robcq, which had "eight ransomers" aboard. Then on 6 July Amphitrite and the cutter  captured the shallop Samuel and Elizabeth.

In 1780 Amphitrite passed under the command of Captain Robert Biggs.  She was among the vessels sharing in the proceeds of the capture in January 1780 of the brig Kitty and the ship Jolly Tar. Biggs sailed Amphitrite to North America in May that year. On her arrival she joined Graves's squadron.

In June 1781 Admiral Mariot Arbuthnot sent Amphitrite and several other vessels to attempt to intercept some French reinforcements from entering Boston.

On 30 June Amphitrite captured the brig Adventure. One month later, on 30 July, , Amphitrite, and the armed ship General Monk shared in the capture of the schooner Neptune. The squadron that Arbuthnot sent to Boston recaptured  on 7 July.

On 7 September 1781 Medea captured Belisarius, "a fast sailing frigate of 26 guns and 147 men, belonging to Salem". Medea captured her off the Delaware River. Amphitrite and  shared in the capture. The Royal Navy took her into service as the sixth rate , but then sold her in 1783, after the end of the war.

On 10 September Admiral Graves received two letters from Biggs dated 10 September, at Boston. Biggs mentioned that together with the armed ship General Monk, Amphitrite had captured four prizes. Then on 4 September she had encountered a French ship of the line and a frigate off Cape Ann, but had escaped them. Lastly, Biggs reported that on 2 September  had captured the  on 2 September off Cape Ann. Biggs reported that the French lost 60 men killed and 40 wounded; the British lost one man killed and one man wounded.

Between 20 August and 31 October Amphitrite made a number of captures:

 Experiment, privateer of 300 tons, 20 men and 22 guns;
 Endeavour, of 70 tons, eight men, carrying beef, port, etc.;
 Union, of 100 tons, nine men, carrying beef, port, etc.;
 St. John, of 90 90 tons, 10 men, carrying plank;
 Minerva, of 95 tons, 10 men, carrying tobacco;
 Dolphin of 100 tons, 11 men, carrying plank;
 Nero, carrying tobacco; and lastly,
 Revenge privateer, of 40  tons, 30 men, and eight guns.

Amphitrite may have come under the command of Captain Robert George temporarily in November 1781.

Between 11 November and 23 March 1782, Amphitrite took three vessels: the schooner Betsey (12 January), and the brigs Sally (13 February) and Peggy (20 February). Amphitrite and  then took the privateer Franklin on 3 April off the Chesapeake. She was in ballast. Five days later the same two captured the brig Gale, off Cape Henry. She was taking coffee to Amsterdam. Then on the 14th, they took the brig Patty, also off Cape Henry. She was carrying flour to Havana. That same day they took the brig Nymphe, also off Cape Henry, and also carrying flour to Havana.

On 2 May Amphitrite and Amphion were off Match Springs when they captured three vessels on their way to Philadelphia. Fair American and the brig Adriana were carrying rum and dry goods. The sloop Alpin was carrying sugar and coffee.   and the privateer Digby shared in the capture of the Adriana and the Alpin.

, a sloop of 10 guns, was the Massachusetts privateer Amsterdam, which Amphitrite captured on 19 October. The British took Observer into the Royal Navy and sold her on 21 October 1784.

On 12 November, Amphitrite captured the brig Adventure, the schooner Salisbury, the ship Rattlesnake, and the sloop Phoenix. On 5 December she captured the ship Bellisarius, brig Marianne, and schooner Neptune.

Amphitrite continued to take prizes in 1782:
 Betsey (4 March);
 Peggy 22 April;
 Nymphe (5 October);
 Franklin (25 June);
 ship Enterprise recaptured (3 September); and lastly,
 Vigilante (20 December).

Amphitrite, , , and  captured the sloop Lark. Amphitrite alone captured the ship Salem Packet, the brigs Amsterdam, Dolphin, and Minerva, and the sloops Dove and Fox.

American records show that in late January 1783, Amphitrite, Captain Robert George, captured the former Massachusetts privateer and now letter of marque Apollo. She sent Apollo into New York where she was condemned and sold in March.

Between the wars
After the end of the American War of Independence Amphitrite returned to Britain and was paid off in January 1784. She underwent a small repair between 1783 and 1784, followed by a larger one between 1790 and 1793, after which she was fitted out at Woolwich.

French Revolutionary Wars
Amphitritie was recommissioned in April 1793 with the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars, under Captain John Child Purvis. On 23 July 1793 she arrived at Portsmouth from Lymington under the command of Captain Bowyer.New Forest Military Archive She came under the command of Captain James Dickinson in April 1794, and then Captain Anthony Hunt the following month. Hunt sailed her to the Mediterranean where she was on the Toulon station with Vice Admiral Hood.

Fate
On 30 January 1794 Amphitrite was wrecked after striking an uncharted submerged shoal whilst entering Leghorn harbour. Efforts were made to save her, but they were futile and she was abandoned as a wreck. A court martial on 3 February acquitted Hunt of blame.

Notes

Citations

References

Porcupine-class post ships
Ships built in Deptford
1778 ships
Maritime incidents in 1794


Juan Velasco (1910–1977) was a left-leaning Peruvian general who ruled Peru from 1968 to 1975 under the title of "President of the Revolutionary Government."

Juan Velasco may also refer to:

 Juan Fernández de Velasco, 5th Duke of Frías (c. 1550–1613), Spanish diplomat
 Juan Fernando Velasco (born 1972), Ecuadorian musician
 Juan Velasco Damas (born 1977), Spanish footballer
 Juan Zambudio Velasco (1921–2004), Spanish footballer
 Juan de Velasco (1727–1792), Jesuit priest, historian, and professor of philosophy and theology