During the 2008 United States presidential election, newspapers, magazines, and other publications made general election endorsements. As of November 4, 2008, Barack Obama had received more than twice as many publication endorsements as John McCain; in terms of circulation, the ratio was more than 3 to 1, according to the detailed tables below. In summary:

According to Editor & Publisher magazine, as of November 3, 2008, there was 273 newspapers endorsing Barack Obama compared to 172 for John McCain. By comparison, the magazine reported that before election day in 2004, John Kerry received 213 endorsements compared to 205 for George W. Bush.

UWIRE, in its Presidential Scorecard, reported that Barack Obama led John McCain by 86 to 2 in college newspaper endorsements, as of November 4.

The Association of Alternative Newsmedia reported that Barack Obama led John McCain by 57 to 0 in endorsements among its 123 member newspapers as of October 31, 2008.

For a full list of newspapers that have endorsed Barack Obama, see Newspaper endorsements for Barack Obama in the 2008 United States presidential election.

For a summary of endorsements and a list of newspapers that have chosen not to endorse a candidate, see Newspaper endorsements in the 2008 United States presidential election.

John McCain

Daily general circulation newspapers for McCain

Weekly general circulation newspapers for McCain

College and university newspapers for McCain

Magazines and other publications for McCain

See also
 Newspaper endorsements in the United States presidential primaries

References

2008 in mass media
2004
2008 United States presidential election endorsements
John McCain 2008 presidential campaign


Thierry Pastor (born 4 March 1960) is a French singer and composer known for his 1980s hits "Le Coup de folie" and "Sur des Musiques Noires" (#12 in France). He was also a former musician of Gilbert Montagné and his first single was produced by Roland Magdane.

Discography

Albums
 1982 : Le Grand Show
 1988 : Avec elle
 1992 : Des Histoires
 1993 : Passé composé
 1999 : Coup de folie (best of)

Singles
 1981 : "Le Coup de Folie"
 1982 : "Where Is My Love"
 1983 : "Magic Music"
 1985 : "Sur des Musiques Noires" – #12 in France
 1986 : "Équateur"
 1987 : "Dernier Matin d'Asie" (charity single recorded by Sampan)
 1988 : "T'en vas pas"
 1989 : "Mister T"

References

1960 births
French-language singers
French male singers
French pop singers
Living people


13th Joseph Plateau Awards
1999

Best Film:
 Rosie
The 13th Joseph Plateau Awards honoured the best Belgian filmmaking of 1998 and 1999.

Winners and nominees

Best Belgian Actor
 Benoît Poelvoorde – The Carriers Are Waiting (Les convoyeurs attendent)
Dirk Roofthooft – Rosie
Frank Vercruyssen – Rosie

Best Belgian Actress
 Aranka Coppens – Rosie
Pascale Bal – The Wall (Le mur)
Sara de Roo – Rosie

Best Belgian Director
 Patrice Toye – Rosie
Danny Deprez – The Ball (De bal)
Benoît Mariage – The Carriers Are Waiting (Les convoyeurs attendent)

Best Belgian Screenplay 1984–1999
Toto le héros  – Jaco Van Dormael
La promesse – Jean-Pierre and Luc Dardenne
Man Bites Dog – André Bonzel, Rémy Belvaux, Benoît Poelvoorde

Best Belgian Film
 Rosie
The Ball (De bal)
The Carriers Are Waiting (Les convoyeurs attendent)

Best Belgian Series – Drama
 Heterdaad
Recht op recht
Windkracht 10

Box Office Award
 Kabout Plop: De kabouterschat

Joseph Plateau Award of Honour
 Bonnie Arnold
 Sandra Bullock
 Peter Greenaway

Joseph Plateau Life Achievement Award
 Stanley Donen
 Irwin Winkler

1999 film awards


Nymfasia (, before 1927: Γρανίτσα - Granitsa) is a village in the municipal unit of Vytina, Arcadia, Greece.  In 2011, it had a population of 114. It sits at 1,000 m above sea level, at the foot of the Mainalo mountains. It is 2 km north of Vytina and 10 km west of Levidi.

Population

See also

List of settlements in Arcadia

External links
Nymfasia at the GTP Travel Pages

References

Populated places in Arcadia, Peloponnese
Gortynia
Vytina


Kathleen McDermott (born 21 May 1977) is a Scottish actress, singer, model, and make-up artist. She is best known for her roles in the feature film Morvern Callar (2002), the television film Wedding Belles (2007), and the miniseries Dead Set (2008).

Biography
McDermott is an experienced vocalist, who also enjoys martial arts and snowboarding.  She was working as a hairdresser when spotted by the casting director for Morvern Callar.  She is best known for her appearance as Shaz in Wedding Belles and Pippa in E4's 2008 series Dead Set. In 2009, she played Debbi in the Scottish sitcom Happy Hollidays.

She appeared in the music video "Books from Boxes" by Maxïmo Park.

Filmography
2002: Morvern Callar as Lanna
2002: Taggart (Series 19): "Blood Money" as Caroline Taylor
2003: Out of the Cold as a school teacher
2004: Baldy McBain as Teacher
2004: Squaddie as Michelle
2005: Milk as Jennifer
2006: Nina's Heavenly Delights as Janice Shah
2007: Wedding Belles as Shaz
2007: Casualty: "Seize The Day" as Lowri Dart
2008: Dead Set as Pippa
2008: Rab C. Nesbitt: "Christmas Special" as Lorna Nesbitt
2009: Casualty: "Before A Fall" as Tanya
2009: Happy Hollidays as Debbi
2012: New Tricks as Charley
2015: The Syndicate as Journalist, Three Episodes

References

External links

1977 births
Living people
Scottish film actresses
Scottish television actresses
21st-century Scottish women singers
Scottish pop singers
Scottish rock singers
Scottish female models
Scottish make-up artists
21st-century Scottish actresses
Actresses from Glasgow
BAFTA winners (people)


Old Library or Old Library Building may refer to:

United Kingdom
 Old Library, Bristol, a historic library building dating from 1740
 Old Library, Cardiff, previously the main public library for Cardiff, 1882–1988
 The Old Library, Liverpool, a former Andrew Carnegie library
 Old Library Building, one of the Newcastle University buildings at Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne
 Old Library, Wrexham, Wrexham's former library from 1907

United States
 Old Library Building (Tucson, Arizona), listed on the NRHP in Pima County, Arizona
 Old Library Building (Maysville, Kentucky), listed on the NRHP in Kentucky
 Old Library (Bryn Mawr College), formerly known as the M. Carey Thomas Library
 Old Library, West Chester, Pennsylvania, dating from 1902
 Old Library Building (Chattanooga, Tennessee), listed on the NRHP in Tennessee
 The Old Library, an alternative name for Battle Hall at the University of Texas at Austin


A thoracic limb is a limb attached to the thorax.  It may refer to one of these topics:

 Upper limb, in human anatomy
 Forelimb, in animal anatomy
Arthropod limb, in insect anatomy

See also
 Pelvic limb (disambiguation)


Johan Erik Forsström (1775–1824) was a Swedish pastor and naturalist from the province of Dalarna. The plant genus Forsstroemia from the family Leptodontaceae is named after him.

He studied at the University of Uppsala, where one of his instructors was naturalist Carl Peter Thunberg (1743–1828). In 1800, he accompanied Göran Wahlenberg (1780–1851) on an expedition through Fennoscandia, where he performed entomological and botanical investigations. On the trip he maintained a journal, and in 1917 details of the expedition were published in a book titled I Norrlandsstäder och Lapplandsbygd År 1800. John Erik Forsströms dagbok öfver resan i Norrland och Finnmarken 1800 och i Roslagen 1801.

From 1802 until 1815, Forsström was assigned as pastor in Saint Barthélemy of the Leeward Islands, where he also worked collecting botanical specimens. Afterwards he returned to Sweden, where he died in 1824 at Munktorp, located near the town of Köping.

References
 Johan Erik Forsström i Fjordarnas Land
 University of Gottingen- Search the Index Collectorum (biographical information)

1775 births
1824 deaths
People from Dalarna
Swedish naturalists
Swedish botanists
Uppsala University alumni


Josef Ber is an Australian actor, director and writer, best known for his role as Sergeant Dominic Wales in the television series Rush.

Early life
Ber grew up in Sydney Australia. He went to school at Marayong Heights Public School, Lorien Novalis
and Baulkham Hills High School. He graduated from Australia's National Institute of Dramatic Art (NIDA) with a degree in Performing Arts (Acting) in 1997.

Career
Ber has appeared in many television series including McLeod's Daughters, Love My Way, Home and Away, The Surgeon, All Saints, Young Lions, Murder Call, Wildside and Water Rats. Ber is a NIDA graduate who has also had many roles in movies and theatre. Ber started out as a singer in his teens, performing at Australia's Wonderland. He then landed a role in the musical Grease for the Australian and New Zealand tours. Ber attended NIDA in the years 1995-1997 graduating with a Bachelor of Dramatic Art.

Filmography
 TV Series.:

 Films.:

 Theatre.:

|-
2018 Mamma Mia! The Musical Australia
Played Bill Austin

References

External links

 Josef Ber on TV.com
 Josef Ber - Rush: Cast
 National Institute of Dramatic Art "NIDA"
 Josef Ber

Australian male film actors
Australian male television actors
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


Kamran Pourzanjani is an entrepreneur and an early angel investor based in Los Angeles, California. He co-founded and was formerly the CEO of PriceGrabber, a comparison shopping site started in 1999 with less than $1.5 million in angel funding. In October 2006 a Forrester Research independent survey recognized PriceGrabber as the most popular comparison shopping site among active web shoppers. PriceGrabber was acquired by Experian in December 2005 for an enterprise value of $485 million.

Kamran was formerly President and CEO of Syseca, Inc. (part of Thomson-CSF) an information technology and software development company which he sold in 1999.

He has served on the board of directors of Legalzoom.com and Docstoc, and was named Ernst & Young's Entrepreneur of the Year in Los Angeles in 2005 and a national finalist in 2006. He is also an early investor in ZipRecruiter.com, Honk.com, AppFolio (went public in 2015 (NASDAQ: APPF)), Datapop (acquired by Criteo in 2015), Legalzoom.com (partially acquired by Permira in 2014), Docstoc (acquired by Intuit Inc. in 2013), iVisit and IPPLEX (acquired by NantWorks in 2011) and ShoeDazzle.

In 2008, Kamran founded Bestcovery.com, a website that recommends the best products and services. The sale of Bestcovery.com to NantMobile, LLC was successfully completed in late 2015. He appeared on the web show 'This Week in Startups with Jason Calacanis', in November 2009, to talk about his success with PriceGrabber and Bestcovery, and act as a panel for advising guest CEOs on their startup concepts and marketing strategies. Kamran was included in a Forbes list of 12 Entrepreneurs Who Are Changing LA Forever.

In 2010, he and Omid Rahmat, acquired ELC Technologies

Notes and references

American business executives
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


Pelvic limb may refer to:

 Lower limb, in human anatomy
 Hindlimb, in animal anatomy

See also
 Thoracic limb (disambiguation)


Whale Wars was a weekly American documentary-style reality television series that premiered on November 7, 2008 on the Animal Planet cable channel. The program followed Paul Watson, founder of the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, as he and the crew aboard their various vessels attempted to stop the killing of whales by Japanese vessels (whalers) off the coast of Antarctica.

History

In 2007, Discovery Channel began production of a reality show which would cover the activities of the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society's campaign against Japanese whaling in the Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary off the coast of Antarctica. The Japanese claim that their whaling is legally permitted  research, which Sea Shepherd and others contend is a cover for banned commercial whaling. Sea Shepherd has been both criticized and praised for tactics of direct action sabotage which include throwing stink bombs of butyric acid, as well as ramming, boarding, and otherwise attempting to disable the Japanese vessels.

The program premiered on November 7, 2008, on the Animal Planet cable channel and follows events on the vessel  as the group attempts to deter the hunting of minke, humpback and fin whales in the Southern Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, and North Atlantic. The show came at a time when Animal Planet was being re-branded to attract broader audiences and compete with non-animal-centric programming.

On November 6, 2014 Animal Planet announced a special three-part presentation that aired on December 28, 2014 as part of its "Month-Long Freeview".

Episodes

Synopsis

Season one

The 2007–08 Antarctic campaign was named Operation Migaloo, after the only known albino humpback in the world. This campaign was the focus of the first season of Whale Wars, which premiered on November 7, 2008.

On January 15, 2008, after attempting to entangle the whaling vessel's propeller and throwing containers of butyric acid onto the decks, two Sea Shepherd members, Benjamin Potts and Giles Lane, from the Sea Shepherd vessel  boarded the Japanese whaling vessel Yushin Maru No. 2 from a rigid-hulled inflatable boat. The pair were delivering a letter advising the Japanese that they were "whaling illegally" with the hope of creating an international incident. The Japanese responded by saying that the men would be held until Sea Shepherd stopped what they called "dangerous and illegal activities".

The crew of the Yushin Maru No. 2 detained the men for two days, before turning them over to the Australian customs vessel  on the orders of Japanese authorities; subsequently, the Steve Irwin rendezvoused with the Oceanic Viking and the two crew-members were returned to Sea Shepherd. On April 9, first mate Peter Brown was described in a newspaper article as saying that the incident only became a hostage situation because the Sea Shepherd vessel left the scene, so the Japanese would be forced to hold the two crewmen longer. He was quoted as saying, "It's all giant street theater."

On March 3, Sea Shepherd members threw bottles of butyric acid and packages of slippery methyl cellulose powder onto the Japanese vessel Nisshin Maru. Australian foreign minister Stephen Smith condemned Sea Shepherd's actions for potentially causing injury The Japanese Government called in the Australian and Dutch ambassadors to protest the actions and urge those countries to prevent any violence. Watson said: "They are so full of crap. We filmed and photographed the entire thing. Not a single thing landed anywhere near their crew ... It is their way of trying to get sympathy."

The International Whaling Commission issued a statement on March 8, 2008 that "called upon the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society to refrain from dangerous actions that jeopardise safety at sea, and on vessels and crews concerned to exercise restraint." The statement also reiterated earlier IWC resolutions from May and July 2007 that read in part, "The commission and its contracting governments do not condone and in fact condemn any actions that are a risk to human life and property in relation to the activities of vessels at sea." The Australian Government also called for all parties to "exercise restraint" and "responsible behaviour" in the Southern Ocean.

On March 17, 2008 Paul Watson claimed that he was shot by the Japanese crew or coast guard personnel during the campaign. The incident is heavily documented during the show in the final episode, and the first six episodes are covered as a buildup to what is portrayed as the major incident during the campaign. The footage in Whale Wars shows Watson standing on the deck of the Steve Irwin while Sea Shepherd crew throws glass bottles filled with butyric acid at the Nisshin Maru whaling vessel. The Japanese respond by throwing flashbang devices. Watson is then shown reaching inside his jacket and bullet-proof vest and remarking "I've been hit." Back inside the bridge of the Steve Irwin, a metal fragment is found inside the vest. The Institute of Cetacean Research has dismissed Sea Shepherd's statements as lies. The Institute and Coast Guard said that they used seven flashbang devices designed to flash and make noise in the air without causing harm. Neither of the two conflicting accounts has been independently verified. The Australian Foreign Affairs Department had condemned "actions by crew members of any vessel that cause injury". Two media releases were made on the same day from the office. One said that the Australian Embassy in Tokyo had been informed by the Japanese that the whalers had "fired warning shots" while the updated version used the phrase "'warning balls' – also known as 'flashbangs' – had been fired", and that no gunshots had occurred.

Season two
The 2008/09 Antarctic campaign was named Operation Musashi after the 17th-century Japanese strategist Miyamoto Musashi. On December 4, 2008, actress Daryl Hannah joined Sea Shepherd's crew aboard the Steve Irwin to take part in this season's operation.

On February 6, 2009, Watson reported that the Steve Irwin had collided with the Yūshin Maru No. 2 as the Steve Irwin tried to block its attempt to prevent the transfer of a dead whale up the slipway of the factory ship Nisshin Maru. As Watson explained the incident, "We were in the process of blocking the transfer from the Yūshin Maru No. 2 when the Yushin Maru 1 moved directly in front of the bow to block us. I could not turn to starboard without hitting the Yushin Maru 1. I tried to back down but the movement of the Yūshin Maru No. 2 made the collision unavoidable." The Japanese whalers blamed Sea Shepherd for the crash, characterizing the incident as a "deliberate ramming". The collision was filmed by cameramen for the Whale Wars reality series, and formed part of a multi-day conflict during which Sea Shepherd attempted to prevent the Japanese fleet from harpooning whales, respectively tried to block whales from being transferred to the factory ship for processing by blockading the Japanese' vessel's slipway. The Japanese made extensive use of LRADs to deter Sea Shepherd. They were also accused of aiming the device at the Steve Irwin's helicopter while in flight, something the group especially condemned, seeing that the helicopter was only engaged in filming, and could have crashed if the pilot had lost control.

Season three

At the start of the campaign, Marjorie Kaplan, president and general manager of Animal Planet, said in a news release: "The issues surrounding whaling in the southern ocean are important and complex. The majesty of these beautiful creatures and the lengths to which the Sea Shepherds will go in order to prevent whaling has made Whale Wars intense and vital television." She also said that Japan had denied requests to film on their vessels.

In June 2009, Sea Shepherd announced its 2009/10 Antarctic campaign, called Operation Waltzing Matilda. The campaign would include the record-breaking Earthrace vessel, now renamed  in honor of the benefactor who helped acquire the vessel for Sea Shepherd. The Ady Gil was a futuristic styled ship that held the world record for circumnavigation of the globe by a motorized vessel. The eco-friendly vessel usually ran on a low emission fuel "derived mainly from animal fat, soybeans or other forms of bio-diesel" but was forced by operational reasons to switch to petroleum diesel. Pete Bethune, the operator, said that an agreement was reached with Sea Shepherd for the boat to adopt a support role.

In December Paul Watson and his crew of 40 left with the Steve Irwin from Fremantle, Australia, and Ady Gil left from Hobart, Tasmania. It was well publicized that the Sea Shepherds had added more vessel firepower to keep up with the larger, faster and more numerous whaling vessels. What they kept secret, however, was that Bob Barker, famous for "The Price Is Right" and one of the best-known personalities in the world of animal activism, donated funds to purchase a third vessel to add to the Sea Shepherd's fleet. Ironically, the ship is a former Norwegian whaling vessel but has since been renamed and refitted. With a crew of 26 and led by Chuck Swift and first officer and Whale Wars veteran Peter Hammarstedt, the  was docked off the coast of Africa on the island nation of the Republic of Mauritius, until it was ready to join its Sea Shepherd colleagues and engage in a surprise "engagement" to stop whaling.

On January 6, 2010, the Ady Gil was rammed by the Japanese security vessel, the Shonan Maru No. 2.  The vessel was sliced in half, and later sank.  In response, Bethune boarded the Shonan Maru No. 2 via jet-ski.  The ship sailed back to Japan, where Bethune was detained by the Japanese Coast Guard for boarding a vessel without due, illegal possession of a knife, destruction of property, assault, and obstruction of business.  He was then imprisoned in the Tokyo Detention Center before being sent back to New Zealand.  During his time in the Tokyo Detention Center, Bethune was expelled from Sea Shepherd.

Season four

In season four, Sea Shepherd's "Operation No Compromise" started with the whaling season in early December 2010, and lasted through February 2011 at which point the Japanese ceased whaling operations. The episodes began airing on Animal Planet on June 3, 2011.  The campaign included a new interceptor vessel joining the Sea Shepherd fleet –  (or Godzilla) – replacing the role of the Ady Gil. Sea Shepherd pilot Chris Aultman also received a larger, faster, and longer range MD 500 5-seat helicopter to replace his previous aircraft, a 3-seat Sikorsky S-300.

Season five
On December 27, 2011, Animal Planet renewed the series for a fifth season for the Antarctic / Southern Ocean campaign dubbed "Operation Divine Wind", which ran from December 16, 2011 to March 14, 2012. The campaign (Season 5) was televised in June 2012 on Animal Planet. It debuted on June 1, 2012 and was preceded by a one-hour documentary called Whale Wars: Battle Scars which highlighted the previous seasons and set the stage for the new season.  During this season, the Gojira was renamed the Bridgette Bardot.

Season six
On September 20, 2012 Paul Watson began marshaling resources for another campaign named 'Zero Tolerance', which was launched in November 2012 and lasted into March 2013. Airing of the proceedings of operation 'Zero Tolerance' for the sixth season of Whale Wars began in December 2013. The two-hour special was the only episode for the sixth season. Season 6 was in part produced and shot by Erin Calmes of Keta Films on board the Steve Irwin.

Season seven

Season seven consisted of three one-hour episodes, all airing on January 2, 2015 on Animal Planet. The season chronicled "Operation Relentless" campaign in the Southern Ocean to stop whale hunting. The story follows Peter Hammarstedt as a captain in the Sea Shepherd fleet. The show is based on 3,000 hours of footage that were shot on location near Antarctica. One of the producers of this season said that “this is the most emotional season of Whale Wars...the dynamics of the crew totally change this season because Paul's not on the boat. And that's really interesting to watch.”

Cast

The cast of Whale Wars varies from season to season. This list is limited to captains of the vessels shown in the series and those who boarded Japanese vessels during the series.

Critical receptionWhale Wars became a hit for the channel and has received mostly positive reviews. While discussing the high ratings, the president and general manager of Animal Planet said that the show was a "great example of where we wanted to go into competitive adult TV". Review aggregation site Metacritic has scored Whale Wars 71 out of 100 based on 6 reviews. Neil Genzlinger of the New York Times wrote: "Whale Wars splashes across the increasingly exhausted genre of people-at-work reality series like icy seawater, jolting you awake with a frothy, briny burst of — well, you get the idea. This is one spunky show."

The show has also been criticized for being biased, and the Sea Shepherd crew has been ridiculed. Nancy Dewolf Smith of The Wall Street Journal wrote: "What is shocking at first is how unprepared most of these people are for their self-appointed mission as planet savers. Although the word "deadly" is used often to underscore the risks the crew face, alone out in the wild Antarctic seas – their own incompetence can seem the most frightening." The satirists of South Park spoofed the show and the Japanese whalers in the 11th episode of season 13, as "Whale Whores". When Stan Marsh takes command of the ship, a fictional news headline states: "Whale Wars Gets Better: Things Actually Happen!" David Hinckley of the New York Daily News wrote: "Because the cameras obviously operate from the conservation ship ... we get all the drama on this side and virtually none on the other." Marjorie Kaplan, president and general manager of Animal Planet, says that they have requested access to the Japanese ships for filming but have repeatedly been declined.

Spin-offs

In March 2012, Animal Planet announced a five-part spin-off titled Whale Wars: Viking Shores which followed Sea Shepherd operations to stop traditional whaling in the Faroe Islands in a mission dubbed "Operation Ferocious Isles" by Sea Shepherd. The series premiered on April 27, 2012. It was preceded by a single-episode documentary called Operation Bluefin which followed Sea Shepherd as they attempted to intervene in what they claimed was illegal poaching of Atlantic bluefin tuna in the Mediterranean Sea during the Libyan Civil War in 2011.

A second documentary, Seal Wars, followed members of Sea Shepherd as they attempted to intervene against seal hunting activities on the beaches of Namibia. It aired on the evening of June 8, 2012 prior to the second episode in the fifth season of Whale Wars''.

References

External links
 by Animal Planet
Discovery Channel UK website

Sea Shepherd official website

Animal Planet original programming
2008 American television series debuts
Sea Shepherd Conservation Society
Maritime incidents in 2008
Whaling in Japan
Whaling in Antarctica
2000s American documentary television series
2010s American documentary television series
Whale conservation
Television Academy Honors winners


Beyond the Game is a 2008 Dutch documentary film about the world of professional video gaming, particularly of the game Warcraft III: The Frozen Throne featuring world champion players Chinese Xiaofeng "Sky" Li, Dutch Manuel "Grubby" Schenkhuizen and Swede Fredrik "MaDFroG" Johansson prominently. It is directed by award-winning Dutch documentary filmmaker Jos de Putter. Filming took place in China, France, The Netherlands, United States and Sweden. Languages spoken in the documentary include Dutch, English, French, Spanish, Swedish, Standard Chinese and Korean.

Beyond the Game is the motto of the World Cyber Games, which is central to the documentary as the main characters compete to defend or regain the event's championship title at the global finals of the 2007 World Cyber Games in Seattle, Washington.

It has premiered at the International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam in Pathé de Munt, and had the cinema premiere in Pathé Tuschinski, and has now been released in cinemas throughout The Netherlands.

Historical background
In 2002 the videogame Warcraft III: Reign of Chaos is released which sells millions of copies and quickly becomes a leading title in the world of competitive gaming. It was followed in 2003 by an expansion, Warcraft III: The Frozen Throne.
A 17-year-old Swede by the name of Fredrik Johansson devotes himself to this new sport and rises to become the runner-up of the 2003 Electronic Sports World Cup and becomes widely regarded as the strongest non-Asian player. He is subsequently invited to become a full-time professional gamer in Seoul, South Korea where competitive gaming is an advanced subculture and many players make a living playing games. During his eleven-month stay there he wins the Blizzard Worldwide Invitational and is recognized as the world's most successful gamer. After his return to Sweden he becomes runner-up of the Electronic Sports World Cup 2004 again, but subsequently loses his motivation for the sport and qualifies for one more event in the 2004 World Cyber Games before retiring a few months later. There he is defeated prematurely and a new European star takes over from him as 16-year-old Manuel Schenkhuizen wins the event.

Dutchman Schenkhuizen was staying in Seoul at the time and a few months after the event he returns home and remains a dominating player. During this period his in-game race of choice, Orc, is considered disadvantaged in competition but he nevertheless is successful, winning the Electronic Sports World Cup 2005. He gains the nickname 'King of Orcs' in televised competition, similar to the nickname 'Terran Emperor' for twofold StarCraft world champion Lim Yo-Hwan (Boxer). He is considered a favorite to defend his World Cyber Games title at the 2005 global finals in Suntec City, Singapore and cement his name as the best player ever; but is defeated at the event by Dennis "Shortround-" Chan, a 22-year-old in college semi retired pro gamer.

Throughout the next year both players are frequent participants in the same international competitions. Schenkhuizen is successful enough to be honored as the Player of the Year in all of competitive gaming like Johansson two years before him. The award most important to both players however is that of World Cyber Games champion as the two qualify for the 2006 global finals in Monza, Italy and meet in the quarter-finals. Winning a second title would mean inclusion in the World Cyber Games Hall of Fame for either of them. This clash is observed by documentary filmmaker Jos de Putter who senses the deep emotions involved in the encounter, not only by the players but also by the spectators.

Afterwards the filmmaker decides to follow both players on their way to their next World Cyber Games encounter, where one player will try to defend and the other to regain the World Cyber Games title, and portray this new world. To provide insight in the background of the gaming scene and the mind of competitors he also contacts Fredrik Johansson who is developing a new life in Sweden and is now regarded as a legend in the world of competitive gaming.

References

External links

2008 films
Dutch documentary films
Esports films
2008 documentary films
Documentary films about video games
Dutch sports films


Barbara Nesvadbová, born Barbara Nesvadbová (January 14, 1975, Prague), is a Czech writer and journalist.

Biography
Barbara was born in Prague into a family of doctors, both psychiatrists. Mother Libuše Nesvadbová is involved with assisting immigrants and ethnic minorities. Father Josef Nesvadba († 2005) was known as an author of sci-fi literature.
Barbara’s ex-husband is the politician Karel Březina with whom she has a daughter Bibiana Nesvadbová. Bára has a degree in journalism and mass communication from the Faculty of Social Sciences, Charles University, in Prague.
She started working as editor-in-chief of Xantypa and later Playboy. Currently, she is editor-in-chief of the Czech edition of the prestigious fashion magazine Harper's Bazaar.

Literary career
While at university, Barbara had already started working with publisher Romana Přidalová. Until then, she had written short essays and sketches which were later all linked through one character, and became short stories. This resulted in her first book, Řízkaři (“Schnitzellers”), which deals with sex, relationships and a young journalist named Karla who is trying to find her way.  Bára’s second book, Bestiář (“Bestiary”), officially proclaimed one of the most-borrowed library books, became the basis for the eponymous movie where the main characters were played by Danica Jurčová, Karel Roden and Marek Vašut. The movie was directed by the famous Czech director Irena Pavlásková. Barbara Nesvadbová co-wrote the script. Her next books followed fast: Život nanečisto (“Life as a Draft”); Pohádkář (“Storyteller”) which became a movie in 2014 with Jiří Macháček and Eva Herzigová playing the main characters; a collection of short sketches Brusinky (“Cranberries”); and a short story collection, Borůvky (“Blueberries). In between, Barbara wrote a cheerful children’s book dedicated to her daughter Bibiana called “Garpíškoviny aneb Bibi a čtyři kočky” (“A Very Merry Dog’s Life or Bibi and Four Cats”). In 2013, Barbara Nesvadbová published the book Přítelkyně (“Female Friends”), two novellas about women’s friendship. In 2014, she published another collection of sketches called Pralinky (“Pralines”).

Charity Projects
The writer is regularly involved in many and various charitable projects; she actively supports the non-profit organization Etincelle, where she is a member on the board of directors. She also actively supports Habitat “Zahrada v Kladně” for mentally handicapped clients. Further, Barbara supports Unicef, the organization Dobrý Anděl and Helppes. In addition, Barbara is a founder of the Bazaar Charity endowment which financially supports the rehabilitation of handicapped people.

Books
Řízkaři (2006, Motto, Albatros) .
Bestiář (2007, Motto, Albatros)
Život na nečisto (2008, Motto, Albatros)
Brusinky (2011, Brána; 2015, Motto, Albatros)
Pohádkář (2011, Motto, Albatros)
Garpíškoviny - aneb Bibi a čtyři kočky (2011, Brána; 2015, Motto, Albatros)
Borůvky (2012, Brána)
Tři maminky a tatínek (2012, co-authored with Alena Ježková and Natálie Kocábová; Brio)
Přítelkyně (2013, Motto, Albatros)
Pralinky (2014, Motto, Albatros)

Bibliography - Audiobooks
Bestiář (2008, Popron Music & Publishing; narrated by Jitka Čvančarová )
Pohádkář (2011,2014, Motto, Albatros; narrated by Táňa Vilhelmová)
Brusinky (2011, Motto, Albatros; narrated by Ivana Jirešová and Markéta Hrubešová)
Pralinky (2015, Motto, Albatros; narrated by Barbara Nesvadbová)
Garpíškoviny - aneb Bibi a čtyři kočky (2015, Motto, Albatros; narrated by Martin Dejdar)

Screenplays
Bestiář (2007; directed by Irena Pavlásková)
Pohádkář (2014; directed by Vladimír Michálek)

References

General references
  (English- Student Underground, reviewed 2019-02-02)
  (English- Sociál, reviewed 2019-02-02)

External links

1975 births
Living people
Czech columnists
Writers from Prague
Czech women writers
Czech women columnists
Czech journalists
Czech women journalists
Charles University alumni


Mary, Lady MacCarthy (August 1882 – 29 December 1953) was a British writer; known for her involvement in the "Bloomsbury Group", and commonly called Molly.

Life
She was born Mary Josepha Warre-Cornish in Lynton, Devon; the daughter of schoolmaster and man of letters Francis Warre Warre-Cornish by his wife, Blanche.

In 1906 she married the literary critic Sir Desmond MacCarthy, with whom she had two sons, Michael and Dermod, and a daughter, Rachel (later Lady David Cecil)

Though prevented by progressive hearing-loss from full participation in group conversation, she was active in the Bloomsbury group, as demonstrated by her formation of its Memoir group and Novel group, and by coining the term "Bloomsberries" to describe its members.

Her sister Cecilia married William Wordsworth Fisher later Admiral. Her daughter Rachel married the biographer David Cecil.

She died at Hampton, Middlesex of heart failure, and is buried at the Parish of the Ascension Burial Ground in Cambridge, with her husband.

N
 The Bloomsbury Group: A Collection of Memoirs and Commentary, ed. S. P. Rosenbaum (University of Toronto Press, revised edition, 1995).
 Clever hearts: Desmond and Molly MacCarthy: a biography, by Hugh and Mirabel Cecil (Gollancz, 1990).

Selected bibliography
 A Pier and a Band (1918)
 A Nineteenth Century Childhood (1924)
 Fighting Fitzgerald and Other Papers (1930)
 Handicaps: Six Studies (1936)
 The Festival, Etc. (1937)

References

1882 births
1953 deaths
Bloomsbury Group
English women novelists
20th-century English women writers
20th-century English novelists
Wives of knights


WFYX (96.3 FM, "Kool") is a radio station broadcasting an oldies music format.  Licensed to Walpole, New Hampshire, United States, it serves the Monadnock Region in Southwestern New Hampshire and Southeastern Vermont. It first began broadcasting in 2001 under the call sign WLPL. The station is owned by Great Eastern Radio. Programming is simulcast with the third HD Radio channel of WHDQ (106.1 FM) in Claremont and translator W294AB (106.7 FM) in Hanover, which serve the Lebanon-Rutland-White River Junction area.

History
96.3 FM went on the air in January 2001 as WLPL, owned by Gary Savoie and simulcasting Vox Radio Group-owned oldies station WWOD (104.3 FM). WLPL's sign on was delayed when environmental objections prevented the station from building a tower in Athens, Vermont; it chose to transmit from an existing tower in New Hampshire. The call letters were changed to WCFR-FM on October 19, shortly after they were dropped from WXKK (93.5 FM, now WEEY); soon afterward, Savoie sold the station to Vox. Nassau Broadcasting Partners acquired most of Vox's northern New England radio stations, including WCFR and WWOD, in 2004. WCFR-FM's call letters were changed to WPLY-FM on October 12, 2005, then to WFYX on October 7, 2008.

WFYX, WWOD, and 28 other Nassau stations in northern New England were purchased at bankruptcy auction by Carlisle Capital Corporation, a company controlled by Bill Binnie (owner of WBIN-TV in Derry), on May 22, 2012. The stations, and 11 of the other stations, were then acquired by Vertical Capital Partners, controlled by Great Eastern Radio owner Jeff Shapiro. As this would put Shapiro over the U.S. Federal Communications Commission's (FCC) ownership limits in the Lebanon-Rutland-White River Junction market, WWOD and WEXP were acquired by Electromagnetic Company, a company controlled by William and Gail Goddard; WFYX was not included in that transaction. As a result, on December 1, 2012, WFYX began to simulcast classic hits station WMXR (93.9 FM, now WWOD), while 104.3 FM left the air (that station is now WJKS in Keeseville, New York). The Vertical Capital Partners stations were transferred to Great Eastern Radio on January 1, 2013.

On January 9, 2013, WFYX was granted an FCC construction permit to increase ERP to 600 watts. On July 7, 2016, Dartmouth College announced that WWOD and WFYX would be the new carriers of Big Green men's and women's basketball broadcasts as part of the Big Green Sports Network / Learfield Sports.

On November 1, 2017, Great Eastern Radio transferred the "Kool FM" programming, which by then had shifted to an oldies format provided by Scott Shannon's True Oldies Channel, from WWOD to WHDQ-HD2 and W294AB; the format continues to simulcast on WFYX.

References

External links

 WHDQ-HD3 translator

FYX
Cheshire County, New Hampshire
Radio stations established in 2001
2001 establishments in New Hampshire
Oldies radio stations in the United States


Geovanny Enrique Nazareno Simisterra (born January 17, 1988) is an Ecuadorian footballer currently playing for Club 9 de Octubre.

Club career
Nazareno started with Caribe Junior. He was noticed by Barcelona and was transferred there permanently. In the 2008 season, Nazareno was loaned out to Deportivo Quito. He played in the Copa Sudamericana 2008 and the Copa Pilsener 2008 with them. However, in mid-November, Nazareno had signed two contracts with Dep. Quito and Barcelona. He was then sent to go back to Barcelona and play for them. He scored his first goal with Barcelona in a 5–0 win against LDU de Portoviejo.

International career
Giovanny has been called up to a friendly match against Mexico on November 12, 2008.

External links

 FEF player card

1988 births
Living people
People from Nueva Loja
Men's association football fullbacks
Ecuadorian men's footballers
Ecuador men's international footballers
2011 Copa América players
Barcelona S.C. footballers
S.D. Quito footballers
Mineros de Zacatecas players
9 de Octubre F.C. players
Ecuadorian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Mexico
Ecuadorian expatriate sportspeople in Mexico


Vourvoura () is a village in the municipal unit of Skiritida, Tripoli, Arcadia, Greece. It is situated in the northwestern part of the Parnon mountains, at 1,000 m above sea level. In 2011, it had a population of 252. It is 5 km west of Agios Petros, 5 km north of Karyes (Laconia) and 22 km southeast of Tripoli.

History

Ottoman Vourvoura
Vourvoura was settled sometime between 1750 and 1760. Vourvoura was liberated in early February 1770 by Greek rebels during the Orlov revolt. The Ottomans managed to reclaim Vourvoura and suppress the Orlov revolt on 17 June 1771.

Liberation of Vourvoura
The Greek war of independence began on 25 March 1821, and by the 28th of March Vourvoura was liberated.

Greek Vourvoura
In 1822 three families escaped from Chios and fled to Vourvoura due to the Chios massacre. In 1863 the Αθλητικός Σύλλογος Βουρβούρων was founded in Vourvoura. In 1917 the first car was brought to Vourvoura. In 1940 106 male Greeks from Vouvoura volunteered to fight for the fatherland in the Greco Italian war. In 1941 life was tough as Nazi Germany had defeated Greece in the Battle of Greece and Germany sent Italian soldiers to Vourvorua to keep watch and occupy the village. Food and water were nowhere to be to found as the Germans and Italians confiscated and stole food out of houses and created a famine for Greece. When the Italians surrendered in 1943 the Germans came and killed anyone they saw on the streets including 80-year-old men and 6-year-old children. The Germans also burnt and destroyed houses and crops. The worst to happen was on 26th and 27th of June 1944 where the Germans killed 39 people. The day afterward, the Germans retreated from Vourvoura because the Allies had reached Sparta. From the years 1946-1949 Vourvoura was embroiled in a civil war between royalists and communists, in which members of the communist andartes were hiding in Vourvoura and fighting in the nearby mountains. In 2011 Vouvoura was merged into the Skiritida municipality.

Population

Notable people
Sam Panopoulos (1934 — 2017), inventor of the Hawaiian pizza, in Chatam, ON.
Charalambos Zouras (1885 — 1972), an Olympian during the 1896 Summer Olympics.

References

External links
Vourvoura at the GTP Travel Pages
Vourvoura at the University of Patras's Arcadia and Historic Arcadia section

Populated places in Arcadia, Peloponnese
Tripoli, Greece


12th Joseph Plateau Awards
2005

Best Film:
 Le bal masqué
The 12th Joseph Plateau Awards honoured the best Belgian filmmaking of 1997 and 1998.

Winners and nominees

Best Belgian Actor
 Dirk Roofthooft - Hombres complicados
Josse De Pauw - Hombres complicados
Peter Van den Begin - Le bal masqué

Best Belgian Actress
 Pascale Bal - Le bal masqué
Hilde Van Mieghem - Hombres complicados
Francesca Vanthielen - When the Light Comes

Best Belgian Director
 Julien Vrebos - Le bal masqué
Stijn Coninx - When the Light Comes
Dominique Deruddere - Hombres complicados

Best Belgian Film
 Le bal masqué
Hombres complicados
When the Light Comes (Licht)

Box Office Award
 Oesje!

1998 film awards


Aldo Gustavo Paredes (born 7 February 1972 in Formosa) is a retired Argentine footballer who played as a midfielder.

Paredes came through the youth team at Boca Juniors to make his professional debut in a 3–0 away win over Racing Club in 1994. He only played six league matches for the club.

In 1995, he joined Ferro Carril Oeste where he played 66 matches over the next two seasons before joining San Lorenzo in 1997.

Paredes enjoyed the most successful part of his career with San Lorenzo, he was part of the team that won the Clausura 2001 championship. He also won two international championships with the club, the 2001 Copa Mercosur and the 2002 Copa Sudamericana, He played a total of 264 games in 9 years with San Lorenzo, putting him in 9th place on the list of all-time appearances for the club.

In 2006, he joined Quilmes for the 2006–07 season but the club finished bottom of the Apertura and the Clausura and were relegated. The following season, he played for Almagro of the 2nd division and he then joined Independiente Rivadavia in 2008.

Titles

External links
 San Lorenzo micro-profile
 Argentine Primera statistics

1972 births
Living people
People from Formosa, Argentina
Footballers from Formosa Province
Argentine men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Argentine Primera División players
Boca Juniors footballers
Ferro Carril Oeste footballers
San Lorenzo de Almagro footballers
Copa Sudamericana-winning players
Quilmes Atlético Club footballers
Club Almagro players
Independiente Rivadavia footballers


Expedition 25 was the 25th long-duration mission to the International Space Station (ISS). Expedition 25 began with the Soyuz TMA-18 undocking on 25 September 2010. Three new crewmembers (Scott Kelly, Alexander Kaleri and Oleg Skripochka) arrived aboard the ISS 10 October 2010 on Soyuz TMA-01M to join Douglas Wheelock, Fyodor Yurchikhin and Shannon Walker, and formed the full six member crew of Expedition 25. NASA astronaut Doug Wheelock accepted command of Expedition 25 on 22 September 2010, taking over from Russia's Aleksandr Skvortsov. The departure of Wheelock, Walker and Yurchikhin on 25 November 2010 marked the official end of Expedition 25.

During Expedition 25 Progress M-08M spacecraft visited the ISS, docking with the space station on 30 October 2010 bringing 2.5 tons of cargo supplies. Space shuttle Discovery on STS-133 mission was scheduled to arrive at the ISS on 3 November 2010 but was rescheduled for launch on 3 February 2011. The 10th anniversary of human life, work and research on the ISS fell during Expedition 25. On 2 November 2000, Expedition 1 Commander William Shepherd and Flight Engineers Sergei Krikalev and Yuri Gidzenko became the first residents of the space station. Expedition 25 ended on 26 November.

Crew

Source NASA

Backup crew
 Andrei Borisenko – Commander
 Paolo Nespoli
 Catherine Coleman
 Anatoli Ivanishin
 Sergei Revin
 Ronald J. Garan, Jr.

Preflight preparations

At the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan, Expedition 25 Soyuz Commander Alexander Kaleri, NASA Flight Engineer Scott Kelly and Russian Flight Engineer Oleg Skripochka participated in a variety of activities from 26 September to 4 October 2010 as they prepared for their launch on 8 October 2010 (7 October 2010 U.S. Eastern time) in their Soyuz TMA-01M spacecraft to the International Space Station. The footage includes the crew's arrival in Baikonur, their suited and unsuited fit checks in their Soyuz spacecraft, the raising of flags outside their Cosmonaut Hotel crew quarters and other traditional activities. The Soyuz TMA-01M spacecraft was mated to its booster in a processing facility for its rollout to the launch pad in Baikonur 5 October 2010.

The Soyuz TMA-01M spacecraft and booster rocket were moved to Launch Complex 5 (Complex 17P32-5) at Baikonur Cosmodrome on a rail-car 5 October 2010 for final preparations prior to launch.

Experiments

Russian Federal Space Agency revealed that during Expedition 25 and 26, 504 sessions of 41 experiments (34 experiments from previous Expeditions and seven new experiments) are planned to be implemented. The new experiments include, Molniya-Gamma, Sprut-2, UHF-radiometry, SLS, VIRU, Test and Colon Crystal.

Experiments to be carried out include:

Mission highlights

Progress M-05M undocking
The Russian resupply spacecraft Progress M-05M, which came to the station in May 2010, was undocked on 25 October 2010 to make room for another resupply spacecraft – Progress M-08M.

Progress M-08M
Progress M-08M spacecraft delivered about 2.5 tons of cargo supplies including water, air, fuel and hardware for the Russian Molniya-Gamma and Coulomb Crystal experiments to the station.

The Soyuz-U carrier rocket with Progress M-08M, identified by NASA as Progress 40 or 40P, was launched from the Baikonur's Gagarin's launch pad at 15:11:50 UTC on 27 October 2010. After three days of autonomous flight, at 16:36 UTC on 30 October 2010 Progress M-08M docked with the Pirs module nadir port. A problem during Progress' approach to the space station forced cosmonauts on the station to intervene. During station-keeping as part of the rendezvous operations, flight controllers in Moscow instructed cosmonaut Alexander Kaleri to activate the TORU manual docking equipment and take over the piloting tasks from the Progress' autonomous KURS system. The switch to manual mode was decided at range of 194 m. Kaleri worked inside the space station's Zvezda module to fly Progress M-08M remotely using television views and a pair of joysticks and guided it to the successful docking.

Spacewalks

‡ denotes spacewalks performed from the Pirs docking compartment in Russian Orlan suits.

References

External links

 NASA's Space Station Expeditions page
 Expedition 25 photography

Expeditions to the International Space Station
2010 in spaceflight


11th Joseph Plateau Awards
1997

Best Film:
 La promesse
The 11th Joseph Plateau Awards honoured the best Belgian filmmaking of 1996 and 1997.

Winners and nominees

Best Belgian Actor
 Jan Decleir - Character (Karakter)
Stany Crets - Alles moet weg
Peter Van den Begin - Alles moet weg

Best Belgian Actress
 Sophie Leboutte - La promesse
Inge De Waele - La Sicilia
Sabrina Leurquin - Gaston's War

Best Belgian Director
 Jean-Pierre and Luc Dardenne - La promesse
Alain Berliner - My Life in Pink (Ma vie en rose)
Robbe De Hert - Gaston's War

Best Belgian Film
 La promesse
Character (Karakter)
Alles moet weg

Box Office Award
 My Life in Pink (Ma vie en rose)
 La promesse

Joseph Plateau Life Achievement Award
 Gina Lollobrigida
 Sydney Pollack
 David Puttnam

1997 film awards
Belgian film awards


The Nash-Fortenberry UFO sighting was an unidentified flying object sighting that occurred on July 14, 1952, when two commercial pilots (William B. Nash and William H. Fortenberry) claimed to have seen eight UFOs flying in a tight echelon formation over Chesapeake Bay in the state of Virginia.

UFOlogists say the pilots observation allowed for relatively precise measurements of the objects' motion and size when compared to known landmarks, and that the encounter was corroborated by several groups of independent ground witnesses. The case was listed in the U.S. Air Force's Project Blue Book as an "unknown."

Donald Howard Menzel in his book The World of Flying Saucers (1963) suggested some possible naturalistic explanations. He suggested that the pilots may have seen lights on the ground that were distorted by haze. He later suggested they may have seen fireflies that were trapped between the panes of glass in their cockpit window.

Skeptical researcher Steuart Campbell suggested the pilots UFO sighting was a mirage of Venus.

References

Further reading
Steuart Campbell. (1994). The UFO Mystery Solved. Explicit Books.
James W. Moseley, Karl T. Pflock. (2002). Shockingly Close to the Truth: Confessions of a Grave-Robbing Ufologist. Prometheus Books.

External links
The Pilots' Tale at Saturday Night Uforia
"We Flew Above Flying Saucers", by William B. Nash and William H. Fortenberry, from True magazine, 1967

Accidents and incidents involving the Douglas DC-4
Alleged UFO-related aviation incidents
Government responses to UFOs
1952 in Virginia


Arthur Catterall (25 May 1883 – 28 November 1943) was an English concert violinist, orchestral leader and conductor, one of the best-known English classical violinists of the first half of the twentieth century.

Early training
Arthur Catterall was born in Preston, Lancashire, the son of John Catterall, a painter and his wife Elizabeth, a cotton weaver. He was an extremely gifted musician in childhood. He first played the violin in public at a concert in Preston when he was 6 years old. He played the Mendelssohn violin concerto in Manchester at the age of 9. Catterall received his elementary education under the Jesuits at St Ignatius Roman Catholic School, Preston until 1893 when he was accepted as a Boarder at St Bede's College, Manchester, during this time he also studied at the Royal Manchester College of Music under Willy Hess in 1894 and under Adolph Brodsky in 1895. Catterall graduated from St Bede's at the age of 16 in 1898.

In 1902, at the age of 18, he was invited to Bayreuth by Hans Richter and played at all of Cosima Wagner's musical evenings in that season. He appeared at a Hallé Orchestra concert in 1903 playing Tchaikovsky's concerto.

Orchestral leader
In 1909 Catterall became leader of the promenade concerts at the Queen's Hall. In 1911 he acquired the violin made by Jean Baptiste Vuillaume, c. 1843, which had belonged to Ferdinand David. In 1907 he was appointed Professor of violin at the Royal Manchester College of Music (a post he held for many years) and became leader of the Hallé Orchestra, where he remained until 1925. In 1913 he obtained the 'Baillot-Pommereau' 1694 instrument by Antonio Stradivarius, and in September of that year performed the Violin Concerto BV 243 of Ferruccio Busoni with the Queen's Hall Orchestra under Henry Wood. He later gave the English premiere, also at a prom, of the (1911–1912) Violin concerto of Samuel Coleridge-Taylor, which had been dedicated to Maud Powell.

Chamber music
In addition to his orchestral and teaching work, Catterall was active in chamber music throughout his career. In 1915 Frederick Delius wrote a Sonata for violin and piano for Catterall and the pianist R.J. Forbes. He led the Catterall Players, an ensemble for chamber performance, which performed the Elgar quintet in 1921. He had connections with the London Chamber Music Players (led by Albert Sammons), with the pianist William Murdoch (pianist) and 'cellist W. H. Squire, and in 1910 founded and led a string quartet under his own name, known as the Catterall Quartet. In this John S. Bridge played 2nd violin, Frank S. Park (viola) and Johan C. Hock (cello). Hans Keller described their work as 'imaginative'. From 1926 to 1931 Laurance Turner was second violin in the quartet.

The quartet made recordings for His Master's Voice in the early 1920s, including Beethoven's op 18 nos 1 (1922–1923) and 2 (1923–1924), Arensky 2nd Quartet op 35a, and the Brahms Quartet no 1 (June 1923). They also recorded Beethoven op 130 at full length by the acoustic process, but this remained unissued. Catterall also played in a Trio called The Manchester Trio.

At the same time Catterall was recording for Columbia Records as a soloist in complete versions of Mozart's Concerto no 5 in A minor K219, and Bach's concerto for two violins with John S. Bridge, both under the direction of Hamilton Harty, c. 1924. The quartet also transferred to recording for Columbia. He recorded the Brahms violin sonata in D minor with Murdoch in November 1923. He also recorded by the electrical microphone process after 1925. In the 1933 Columbia catalogue the standard recording of Tchaikovsky's Trio no 2, op 50 (on 12 sides) was by Catterall, Murdoch and Squire.

Move to London
After many years teaching at the Manchester College, Catterall became professor at the Royal Academy of Music in London. Among his pupils were Harry Blech, Margaret Jones Wiles, Walter Appleyard, Eugene Genin, Arthur Leavins, Laurance Turner, Gloria Pashley, and also Olive Zorian (1916–1965) (founder and leader of the Zorian Quartet which pioneered works by Michael Tippett in 1943–44 and those of Britten soon afterwards). After leaving the Hallé orchestra he concentrated on solo work, performing for example the Beethoven concerto under Thomas Beecham with the London Symphony Orchestra in March 1927. He also developed as a conductor, taking the third concert of the 1929 Delius Festival at the Queen's Hall (Eventyr, Cynara, Piano concerto, Arabesk and Appalachia).

In 1929, Catterall became the founding leader of the BBC Symphony Orchestra, though the proms were at first led by his assistant violin Charles Woodhouse. When the orchestra first appeared in full strength (115 players), on 22 October 1930, at the Queen's Hall in its inaugural concert with the Flying Dutchman overture, Brahms' Fourth Symphony, the Saint-Saëns cello concerto (with Guilhermina Suggia) and Ravel's Symphonic Fragments from Daphnis et Chloé, under Adrian Boult, Catterall led the orchestra.

In 1932, Granville Bantock dedicated his second violin sonata to Catterall (the first having been to Albert Sammons). Catterall retired from his position with the BBC Orchestra in 1936, to devote his time to solo work and teaching. He formed another chamber orchestra for young string players, The Catterall String Orchestra, led from 1940 to 1943 by Audrey Catterall (b. 1917).

He remained busy into the first years of the war, still a champion of contemporary composers. He performed the Brahms double concerto (with cellist Thelma Reiss) and gave the English premiere of Felix Weingartner's Sinfonietta (with Reiss and violist Bernard Shore) under Weingartner's baton at a Royal Philharmonic concert in February 1939. He was memorably associated with the cellist Antonia Butler in a prom performance at the Queen's Hall of the Brahms double concerto in August 1940. After an air-raid warning was heard and the audience was obliged to remain indoors, the musicians improvised an all-night concert. The work of the Catterall Quartet (with Audrey Catterall as second violin) continued, for on 5 February 1942 it gave the first performance of the String Quartet in G minor ('Kenilworth'), op 99, by Armstrong Gibbs at Windermere. On 8 July 1942 he gave the world premiere of the Violin concerto dedicated to him by E.J. Moeran, under Henry Wood, and repeated his performance, with Wood, for the Royal Philharmonic concert of 5 December 1942.

He died in London in November 1943: Moeran was present at the death or soon after. An Arthur Catterall Cup for violin or viola concerto performance is competed for in the Feis Ceoil.

Sources and references

English violinists
British male violinists
1883 births
1943 deaths
Musicians from Preston, Lancashire
People educated at St Bede's College, Manchester
Academics of the Royal Academy of Music
20th-century violinists
20th-century British male musicians


Rigor Sardonicous is an American doom metal band from Long Island, New York. Coined as "raw, apocalyptic doom", Rigor Sardonicous is one of the earliest American doom metal bands that are still active today among Novembers Doom and Evoken. The band members came together in 1988.
According to an interview, the band is influenced by slow parts of death metal bands like Obituary, Winter and Autopsy.

The band's name is Latin for "Rigid and sardonic"; the vast majority of their album and song titles are in Latin. However, the lyrics are still in English. On most of their recordings, the band uses a Boss DR-660 Dr. Rhythm drum machine.

History
Rigor Sardonicous was formed in 1988 by bassist Glenn Hampton, before guitarist-vocalist Joseph J. Fogarazzo joined him in 1990. The band's debut album Apocalypsis Damnare was released in 1999, followed by a split album with The Forgotten in 2002 and then their second album Principia Sardonica in 2004.

In 2005, Apocalypsis Damnare was re-recorded and re-released via Paragon Records, while their demo, Risus Ex Mortuus, was re-recorded and re-released as a full-length album in 2006 by the Russian label Endless Desperation Records. In 2008, the band released its third album Vallis Ex Umbra De Mortuus, followed in 2012 by their fourth album Ego Diligio Vos. In 2011, a live album titled Vivescere Exitium was released on cassette format and was limited to 200 copies. The recordings came from a New York concert on August 14, 2009. The concert had also been available as a free download even since.

Members

Current members
Glenn Hampton – bass (1988–present)
Joseph J. Fogarazzo – guitar, vocals (1990–present)

Past members
Ryan Böhlmann – drums (session only)
Gabe Madsen – drums (1988–1991)
Steve Moran – bass (2004–2005)

Discography

Studio albums
 Apocalypsis Damnare (CD, 1999, self-released, re-released by Paragon Records, 2005)
 Principia Sardonica (CD, 2004, Paragon Records)
 Vallis Ex Umbra De Mortuus (CD, LP, 2008, Paragon Records)
 Ego Diligio Vos (CD, 2012)
 Praeparet Bellum (CD, 2023)

Demos
 Risus Ex Mortuus (cassette, 1994, self-released, re-released on CD by Endless Desperation, 2006)

Live albums
 Vivescere Exitium (live recording; free digital download off main website, Distoare Music, 2011)

EPs and splits
 The Forgotten / Rigor Sardonicous (7" split with The Forgotten, Paragon Records, 2002)
 Amores Defunctus Tuus Mater (CD split w/Dimentianon, Largactyl Records, 2007)
 I / Neo-pesaimism (7" split with Persistence in Mourning, Feudal Throne Records, 2010)
 Ridenti Mortis (digital EP, self-released, 2018)

References

American doom metal musical groups
Musical groups established in 1988
Heavy metal musical groups from New York (state)
Funeral doom musical groups


U.S. Route 5 (US 5) is a north–south United States Numbered Highway extending from southern Connecticut to the northernmost part of Vermont. In Massachusetts, the route travels , paralleling the Connecticut River and Interstate 91 (I-91) through Hampden, Hampshire, and Franklin counties.

Route description
US 5 stays very close to the Connecticut River and I-91. It enters the state at the town of Longmeadow on the east bank of the river going up to Springfield. In Springfield, US 5 then overlaps with I-91 for about  and then separates as its own freeway crossing the Connecticut River on the South End Bridge into Agawam. The freeway portion travels for about  up to West Springfield. From the town of Northampton up to Bernardston, US 5 travels concurrent with Route 10 for . US 5 also passes through Holyoke, Hatfield, Whately, Deerfield, and Greenfield. As in Connecticut and Vermont, US 5 has many interchanges with the parallel I-91.

History

Major intersections

See also

References

External links

05
 Massachusetts
Transportation in Hampden County, Massachusetts
Transportation in Hampshire County, Massachusetts
Transportation in Franklin County, Massachusetts


Marquis Dai of Cai (蔡戴侯) (?–750 BC; his name is lost to history) was the tenth ruler of the State of Cai from 760 BC to 750 BC.  He was the only known son of Marquis Gòng of Cai (蔡共侯), his predecessor. His reign lasted for 10 years. He was succeeded by his son.

References
Shiji
Chinese Wikipedia

Zhou dynasty nobility
Cai (state)
8th-century BC Chinese monarchs
750 BC deaths


National standards may refer to:

Standards by government bodies
 Chinese National Standards
 Guobiao standards, the standards issued by the Standardization Administration of China (People's Republic of China)
 Russian National Standards
 Vietnamese National Standards

Standards by national organizations
 American National Standards Institute
 Brazilian National Standards Organization
 British Standards, the standards issued by BSI Group
 National Standards Authority of Ireland

See also
 National reference standard, a measurement standard
 Standard (disambiguation)
 Standards organization


Expedition 26 was the 26th  long-duration mission to the International Space Station. The expedition's first three crew members – one US astronaut and two Russian cosmonauts – arrived at the station on board Soyuz TMA-01M on 10 October 2010. Expedition 26 officially began the following month on 26 November, when half of the crew of the previous mission, Expedition 25, returned to Earth on board Soyuz TMA-19. The rest of the Expedition 26 crew – one US astronaut, one Russian cosmonaut and one ESA astronaut – joined the trio already on board when their spacecraft, Soyuz TMA-20, docked with the station on 17 December 2010.

The commander of Expedition 25, Douglas Wheelock, handed over command of the station to Expedition 26 commander Scott Kelly on 24 November 2010. The 26 crew was joined by the crew of STS-133 on 26 February 2011, and was supplied by the ESA's Johannes Kepler unmanned resupply craft, which arrived on 24 February. Expedition 26 ended on 16 March 2011 with the departure of Soyuz TMA-01M.

Crew

Source NASA

Backup crew
  Ronald Garan, for Kelly
  Sergey Volkov, for Kaleri
  Oleg Kononenko, for Skripochka
  Anatoli Ivanishin, for Kondratyev
  Michael Fossum, for Coleman
  Satoshi Furukawa, for Nespoli

MagISStra
ESA astronaut Paolo Nespoli's mission to the space station was named MagISStra. The name combines the word magistra, meaning "female teacher" in Latin, with the acronym "ISS", as suggested by Antonella Pezzani of Italy.

Spacewalks
Two Russian spacewalks were scheduled for Expedition 26. The first, Russian EVA-27, was conducted Friday, 21 January 2011. The second spacewalk, Russian EVA-28, was conducted on the date of 16 February 2011. Cosmonauts Oleg Skripochka and Dmitri Kondratyev conducted both spacewalks.

Gallery

References

External links

 NASA's Space Station Expeditions page
 Expedition 26 photography

Expeditions to the International Space Station
2010 in spaceflight
2011 in spaceflight


Franklin Orlando Corozo Quiñónez (born February 15, 1981) is an Ecuadorian footballer currently playing for Deportivo Azogues.

Club career

Emelec
He wore the Emelec jersey a few times in his career and this time did not score out of many chances. He only had 9 appearances for Emelec but was an important time for his career. He was transferred to Barcelona in 2006.

Barcelona
During Corozo's stint with Ecuador's most popular club he was not paid attention to and so he had only one appearance. Although that one appearance with the canaries was thought as a good start, he was sold out to arch rivals Emelec yet again.

Azogues
After Franklin joined Azogues, he had an important role for them. For the first time of his career Franklin was a starter and was used quite often. With only 42 appearances and good defending he attracted many and was a key player for Azogues. Due to  this Franklin soon joined Deportivo Quito on January 1, 2008.

Deportivo Quito
He is an important key player for Deportivo Quito. He instantly became a starter and played many important games. He helped his team qualify for the Copa Sudamericana 2008 by coming in first place in Ecuador's Serie A first phase. During the Sudamericana, he helped his team eliminate Universitario of Peru due to solid defending. As they got up their next rival was San Luis of Mexico. Although his team played an excellent game in Mexico, they lost in the aggregate 4-5. He succeeded in winning the Ecuadorian league of 2008.

International career
Corozo played at the 2001 FIFA World Youth Championship in Argentina, along with notable countrymen Franklin Salas, Segundo Castillo, and Felix Borja. He was called up in December 2008 to play in a quadrangular friendly tournament in Oman.

References

External links

1981 births
Living people
Footballers from Esmeraldas, Ecuador
Men's association football defenders
Ecuadorian men's footballers
C.S. Emelec footballers
Barcelona S.C. footballers
Deportivo Azogues footballers
S.D. Quito footballers
C.S.D. Macará footballers
C.S.D. Independiente del Valle footballers
Mushuc Runa S.C. footballers
S.D. Aucas footballers
Ecuador men's international footballers


The IX Sydney International Piano Competition took place at the Seymour Centre in Sydney from 16 July to 2 August 2008.

It was won by Konstantin Shamray.

Jury

  Warren Thomson (chairman)
  Michael Brimer
  Manana Doidjashvili
  Aquiles Delle Vigne
  Norma Fisher
  Choong-Mo Kang
  Ian Munro
  Arie Vardi
  Zhou Guangren

Prizes

Works commissioned for the competition
 Andrew Ford - Thin air
 Roger Smalley - Morceau de Concours

Competition results (by rounds)

First round
16–17 July 2008

  Charlie Albright
  Fernando Altamura
  Manuel Araujo
  Marco Ciampi
  Sean Chen
  Ran Dank
  Christopher Devine
  John Fisher
  Balázs Fülei
  David Fung
  Adam Herd
  Elizaveta Ivanova
  Shizuka Susanna Salvemini
  Miya Kazauka
  Tomoki Kitamura
  Tatyana Kolesova
  Eduard Kunz
  Ka-Ling Colleen Lee
  Miyeon Lee
  Ryan McEvoy McCullough
  José Menor Martín
  Hoang Pham
  Yoonsoo Rhee
  Sergey Saratovsky
  Takashi Sato
  Konstantin Shamray
  Yekwon Sunwoo
  Daniil Tsvetkov
  Mariangela Vacatello
  Xun Wang
  Wojciech Wisniewski
  Alexei Yemtsov
  Chun-Chieh Yen
  Feng Zhang
  Xi-Xi Zhou
  Hao Zhu
  Eric Zuber

Quarterfinals
21–22 July 2008

  Charlie Albright
  Fernando Altamura
  Sean Chen
  Ran Dank
  Christopher Devine
  David Fung
  Tomoki Kitamura
  Tatyana Kolesova
  Miyeon Lee
  José Menor Martín
  Hoang Pham
  Yoonsoo Rhee
  Shizuka Susanna Salvemini
  Sergey Saratovsky
  Takashi Sato
  Konstantin Shamray
  Daniil Tsvetkov
  Mariangela Vacatello
  Alexei Yemtsov
  Hao Zhu
  Eric Zuber

Semifinals
23–25 July 2008

  Charlie Albright
  Ran Dank
  Tomoki Kitamura
  Tatyana Kolesova
  Miyeon Lee
  Hoang Pham
  Shizuka Susanna Salvemini
  Takashi Sato
  Konstantin Shamray
  Daniil Tsvetkov
  Mariangela Vacatello
  Eric Zuber

Final
29 July – 2 August 2008

 Concertos
  Ran Dank — Mozart: 20th, Prokofiev: 3rd
  Tomoki Kitamura — Mozart: 17th, Beethoven: 4th
  Tatyana Kolesova — Mozart: 20th, Saint-Saëns: 2nd
  Takashi Sato — Mozart: 27th, Beethoven: 5th
  Konstantin Shamray — Mozart: 27th; Prokofiev: 2nd
  Eric Zuber — Mozart: 20th, Tchaikovsky: 1st

References
 Sydney International Piano Competition

July 2008 events in Australia
August 2008 events in Australia
2008 in Australian music
2000s in Sydney


The 2002 United States Senate election in Michigan was held on November 5, 2002. Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Carl Levin won re-election to a fifth term.

General election

Candidates
 Eric Borregard (Green)
 Doug Dern (Natural Law)
Carl Levin, incumbent U.S. Senator (Democratic)
John Mangopoulos (Reform)
Rocky Raczkowski, State Representative from Farmington Hills (Republican)

Predictions

Results

|-
|
| colspan=5 |Democratic hold
|-

Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic
Newaygo (Largest city: Fremont)
Sanilac (Largest city: Sandusky)
 Ionia (largest city: Ionia)
 Clinton (largest city: St. Johns)
 Leelanau (largest settlement: Greilickville)

See also
 2002 United States Senate elections

References

Senate
Michigan
2002


A view model or viewpoints framework in systems engineering, software engineering, and enterprise engineering is a framework which defines a coherent set of views to be used in the construction of a system architecture, software architecture, or  enterprise architecture. A view is a representation of the whole system from the perspective of a related set of concerns.

Since the early 1990s there have been a number of efforts to prescribe approaches for describing and analyzing system architectures. These recent efforts define a set of views (or viewpoints). They are sometimes referred to as architecture frameworks or enterprise architecture frameworks, but are usually called "view models".

Usually a view is a work product that presents specific architecture data for a given system. However, the same term is sometimes used to refer to a view definition, including the particular viewpoint and the corresponding guidance that defines each concrete view. The term view model is related to view definitions.

Overview
The purpose of views and viewpoints is to enable humans to comprehend very complex systems, to organize the elements of the problem and the solution around domains of expertise and to separate concerns. In the engineering of physically intensive systems, viewpoints often correspond to capabilities and responsibilities within the engineering organization.

Most complex system specifications are so extensive that no single individual can fully comprehend all aspects of the specifications. Furthermore, we all have different interests in a given system and different reasons for examining the system's specifications. A business executive will ask different questions of a system make-up than would a system implementer. The concept of viewpoints framework, therefore, is to provide separate viewpoints into the specification of a given complex system in order to facilitate communication with the stakeholders. Each viewpoint satisfies an audience with interest in a particular set of aspects of the system. Each viewpoint may use a specific viewpoint language that optimizes the vocabulary and presentation for the audience of that viewpoint. Viewpoint modeling has become an effective approach for dealing with the inherent complexity of large distributed systems.

Architecture description practices, as described in IEEE Std 1471-2000, utilize multiple views to address several areas of concerns, each one focusing on a specific aspect of the system. Examples of architecture frameworks using multiple views include Kruchten's "4+1" view model, the Zachman Framework, TOGAF, DoDAF, and RM-ODP.

History
In the 1970s, methods began to appear in software engineering for modeling with multiple views. Douglas T. Ross and K.E. Schoman in 1977 introduce the constructs context, viewpoint, and vantage point to organize the modeling process in systems requirements definition. According to Ross and Schoman, a viewpoint "makes clear what aspects are considered relevant to achieving ... the overall purpose [of the model]" and determines How do we look at [a subject being modelled]?

As examples of viewpoints, the paper offers: Technical, Operational and Economic viewpoints. In 1992, Anthony Finkelstein and others published a very important paper on viewpoints. In that work: "A viewpoint can be thought of as a combination of the idea of an “actor”, “knowledge source”, “role” or “agent” in the development process and the idea of a “view” or “perspective” which an actor maintains." An important idea in this paper was to distinguish "a representation style, the scheme and notation by which the viewpoint expresses what it can see" and "a specification, the statements expressed in the viewpoint's style describing particular domains". Subsequent work, such as IEEE 1471, preserved this distinction by utilizing two separate terms: viewpoint and view, respectively.

Since the early 1990s there have been a number of efforts to codify approaches for describing and analyzing system architectures. These are often termed architecture frameworks or sometimes viewpoint sets. Many of these have been funded by the United States Department of Defense, but some have sprung from international or national efforts in ISO or the IEEE. Among these, the IEEE Recommended Practice for Architectural Description of Software-Intensive Systems (IEEE Std 1471-2000) established useful definitions of view, viewpoint, stakeholder and concern and guidelines for documenting a system architecture through the use of multiple views by applying viewpoints to address stakeholder concerns. The advantage of multiple views is that hidden requirements and stakeholder disagreements can be discovered more readily. However, studies show that in practice, the added complexity of reconciling multiple views can undermine this advantage.

IEEE 1471 (now ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010:2011, Systems and software engineering — Architecture description) prescribes the contents of architecture descriptions and describes their creation and use under a number of scenarios, including precedented and unprecedented design, evolutionary design, and capture of design of existing systems. In all of these scenarios the overall process is the same: identify stakeholders, elicit concerns, identify a set of viewpoints to be used, and then apply these viewpoint specifications to develop the set of views relevant to the system of interest. Rather than define a particular set of viewpoints, the standard provides uniform mechanisms and requirements for architects and organizations to define their own viewpoints. In 1996 the ISO Reference Model for Open Distributed Processing (RM-ODP) was published to provide a useful framework for describing the architecture and design of large-scale distributed systems.

View model topics

View
A view of a system is a representation of the system from the perspective of a viewpoint. This viewpoint on a system involves a perspective focusing on specific concerns regarding the system, which suppresses details to provide a simplified model having only those elements related to the concerns of the viewpoint. For example, a security viewpoint focuses on security concerns and a security viewpoint model contains those elements that are related to security from a more general model of a system.

A view allows a user to examine a portion of a particular interest area. For example, an Information View may present all functions, organizations, technology, etc. that use a particular piece of information, while the Organizational View may present all functions, technology, and information of concern to a particular organization. In the Zachman Framework views comprise a group of work products whose development requires a particular analytical and technical expertise because they focus on either the “what,” “how,” “who,” “where,” “when,” or “why” of the enterprise.  For example, Functional View work products answer the question “how is the mission carried out?”  They are most easily developed by experts in functional decomposition using process and activity modeling.  They show the enterprise from the point of view of functions.  They also may show organizational and information components, but only as they relate to functions.

Viewpoints
In systems engineering, a viewpoint is a partitioning or restriction of concerns in a system. Adoption of a viewpoint is usable so that issues in those aspects can be addressed separately. A good selection of viewpoints also partitions the design of the system into specific areas of expertise.

Viewpoints provide the conventions, rules, and languages for constructing, presenting and analysing views. In ISO/IEC 42010:2007 (IEEE-Std-1471-2000) a viewpoint is a specification for an individual view. A view is a representation of a whole system from the perspective of a viewpoint. A view may consist of one or more architectural models. Each such architectural model is developed using the methods established by its associated architectural system, as well as for the system as a whole.

Modeling perspectives

Modeling perspectives is a set of different ways to represent pre-selected aspects of a system. Each perspective has a different focus, conceptualization, dedication and visualization of what the model is representing.

In information systems, the traditional way to divide modeling perspectives is to distinguish the structural, functional and behavioral/processual perspectives. This together with rule, object, communication and actor and role perspectives is one way of classifying modeling approaches

Viewpoint model
In any given viewpoint, it is possible to make a model of the system that contains only the objects that are visible from that viewpoint, but also captures all of the objects, relationships and constraints that are present in the system and relevant to that viewpoint. Such a model is said to be a viewpoint model, or a view of the system from that viewpoint.

A given view is a specification for the system at a particular level of abstraction from a given viewpoint. Different levels of abstraction contain different levels of detail. Higher-level views allow the engineer to fashion and comprehend the whole design and identify and resolve problems in the large. Lower-level views allow the engineer to concentrate on a part of the design and develop the detailed specifications.

In the system itself, however, all of the specifications appearing in the various viewpoint models must be addressed in the realized components of the system. And the specifications for any given component may be drawn from many different viewpoints. On the other hand, the specifications induced by the distribution of functions over specific components and component interactions will typically reflect a different partitioning of concerns than that reflected in the original viewpoints. Thus additional viewpoints, addressing the concerns of the individual components and the bottom-up synthesis of the system, may also be useful.

Architecture description
An architecture description is a representation of a system architecture, at any time, in terms of its component parts, how those parts function, the rules and constraints under which those parts function, and how those parts relate to each other and to the environment. In an architecture description the architecture data is shared across several views and products.

At the data layer are the architecture data elements and their defining attributes and relationships. At the presentation layer are the products and views that support a visual means to communicate and understand the purpose of the architecture, what it describes, and the various architectural analyses performed. Products provide a way for visualizing architecture data as graphical, tabular, or textual representations. Views provide the ability to visualize architecture data that stem across products, logically organizing the data for a specific or holistic perspective of the architecture.

Types of system view models

Three-schema approach

The Three-schema approach for data modeling, introduced in 1977, can be considered one of the first view models. It is an approach to building information systems and systems information management, that promotes the conceptual model as the key to achieving data integration. The Three schema approach defines three schemas and views:
 External schema for user views
 Conceptual schema integrates external schemata
 Internal schema that defines physical storage structures
At the center, the conceptual schema defines the ontology of the concepts as the users think of them and talk about them. The physical schema describes the internal formats of the data stored in the database, and the external schema defines the view of the data presented to the application programs. The framework attempted to permit multiple data models to be used for external schemata.

Over the years, the skill and interest in building information systems has grown tremendously. However, for the most part, the traditional approach to building systems has only focused on defining data from two distinct views, the "user view" and the "computer view". From the user view, which will be referred to as the “external schema,” the definition of data is in the context of reports and screens designed to aid individuals in doing their specific jobs. The required structure of data from a usage view changes with the business environment and the individual preferences of the user. From the computer view, which will be referred to as the “internal schema,” data is defined in terms of file structures for storage and retrieval. The required structure of data for computer storage depends upon the specific computer technology employed and the need for efficient processing of data.

4+1 view model of architecture

4+1 is a view model designed by Philippe Kruchten in 1995 for describing the architecture of software-intensive systems, based on the use of multiple, concurrent views. The views are used to describe the system in the viewpoint of different stakeholders, such as end-users, developers and project managers. The four views of the model are logical, development, process and physical view:

The four views of the model are concerned with :
 Logical view: is concerned with the functionality that the system provides to end-users.
 Development view: illustrates a system from a programmers perspective and is concerned with software management.
 Process view: deals with the dynamic aspect of the system, explains the system processes and how they communicate, and focuses on the runtime behavior of the system.
 Physical view: depicts the system from a system engineer's point of view.  It is concerned with the topology of software components on the physical layer, as well as communication between these components.

In addition selected use cases or scenarios are utilized to illustrate the architecture. Hence the model contains 4+1 views.

Types of enterprise architecture views
Enterprise architecture framework defines how to organize the structure and views associated with an enterprise architecture. Because the discipline of Enterprise Architecture and Engineering is so broad, and because enterprises can be large and complex, the models associated with the discipline also tend to be large and complex. To manage this scale and complexity, an Architecture Framework provides tools and methods that can bring the task into focus and allow valuable artifacts to be produced when they are most needed.

Architecture Frameworks are commonly used in Information technology and Information system governance. An organization may wish to mandate that certain models be produced before a system design can be approved. Similarly, they may wish to specify certain views be used in the documentation of procured systems - the U.S. Department of Defense stipulates that specific DoDAF views be provided by equipment suppliers for capital project above a certain value.

Zachman Framework

The Zachman Framework, originally conceived by John Zachman at IBM in 1987, is a framework for enterprise architecture, which provides a formal and highly structured way of viewing and defining an enterprise.

The Framework is used for organizing architectural "artifacts" in a way that takes into account both who the artifact targets (for example, business owner and builder) and what particular issue (for example, data and functionality) is being addressed. These artifacts may include design documents, specifications, and models.

The Zachman Framework is often referenced as a standard approach for expressing the basic elements of enterprise architecture. The Zachman Framework has been recognized by the U.S. Federal Government as having "... received worldwide acceptance as an integrated framework for managing change in enterprises and the systems that support them."

RM-ODP views

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Reference Model for Open Distributed Processing (RM-ODP)  specifies a set of viewpoints for partitioning the design of a distributed software/hardware system. Since most integration problems arise in the design of such systems or in very analogous situations, these viewpoints may prove useful in separating integration concerns. The RMODP viewpoints are:
 the enterprise viewpoint, which is concerned with the purpose and behaviors of the system as it relates to the business objective and the business processes of the organization
 the information viewpoint, which is concerned with the nature of the information handled by the system and constraints on the use and interpretation of that information
 the computational viewpoint, which is concerned with the functional decomposition of the system into a set of components that exhibit specific behaviors and interact at interfaces
 the engineering viewpoint, which is concerned with the mechanisms and functions required to support the interactions of the computational components
 the technology viewpoint, which is concerned with the explicit choice of technologies for the implementation of the system, and particularly for the communications among the components

RMODP further defines a requirement for a design to contain specifications of consistency between viewpoints, including:
 the use of enterprise objects and processes in defining information units
 the use of enterprise objects and behaviors in specifying the behaviors of computational components, and use of the information units in defining computational interfaces
 the association of engineering choices with computational interfaces and behavior requirements
 the satisfaction of information, computational and engineering requirements in the chosen technologies

DoDAF views
The Department of Defense Architecture Framework (DoDAF) defines a standard way to organize an enterprise architecture (EA) or systems architecture into complementary and consistent views. It is especially suited to large systems with complex integration and interoperability challenges, and is apparently unique in its use of "operational views" detailing the external customer's operating domain in which the developing system will operate.

The DoDAF defines a set of products that act as mechanisms for visualizing, understanding,
and assimilating the broad scope and complexities of an architecture description through graphic,
tabular, or textual means. These products are organized under four views:
 Overarching All View (AV),
 Operational View (OV),
 Systems View (SV), and the
 Technical Standards View (TV).
Each view depicts certain perspectives of an architecture as described below. Only a subset of the full DoDAF viewset is usually created for each system development. The figure represents the information that links the operational view, systems and services view, and technical standards view. The three views and their interrelationships driven – by common architecture data elements – provide the basis for deriving measures such as interoperability or performance, and for measuring the impact of the values of these metrics on operational mission and task effectiveness.

Federal Enterprise Architecture views
In the US Federal Enterprise Architecture enterprise, segment, and solution architecture provide different business perspectives by varying the level of detail and addressing related but distinct concerns. Just as enterprises are themselves hierarchically organized, so are the different views provided by each type of architecture. The Federal Enterprise Architecture Practice Guidance (2006) has defined three types of architecture:

 Enterprise architecture,
 Segment architecture, and
 Solution architecture.

By definition, Enterprise Architecture (EA) is fundamentally concerned with identifying common or shared assets – whether they are strategies, business processes, investments, data, systems, or technologies. EA is driven by strategy; it helps an agency identify whether its resources are properly aligned to the agency mission and strategic goals and objectives. From an investment perspective, EA is used to drive decisions about the IT investment portfolio as a whole. Consequently, the primary stakeholders of the EA are the senior managers and executives tasked with ensuring the agency fulfills its mission as effectively and efficiently as possible.

By contrast, segment architecture defines a simple roadmap for a core mission area, business service, or enterprise service. Segment architecture is driven by business management and delivers products that improve the delivery of services to citizens and agency staff. From an investment perspective, segment architecture drives decisions for a business case or group of business cases supporting a core mission area or common or shared service. The primary stakeholders for segment architecture are business owners and managers. Segment architecture is related to EA through three principles: structure, reuse, and alignment. First, segment architecture inherits the framework used by the EA, although it may be extended and specialized to meet the specific needs of a core mission area or common or shared service. Second, segment architecture reuses important assets defined at the enterprise level including: data; common business processes and investments; and applications and technologies. Third, segment architecture aligns with elements defined at the enterprise level, such as business strategies, mandates, standards, and performance measures.

Nominal set of views
In search of "Framework for Modeling Space Systems Architectures" Peter Shames and Joseph Skipper (2006) defined a "nominal set of views", Derived from CCSDS RASDS, RM-ODP, ISO 10746 and compliant with IEEE 1471.

This "set of views", as described below, is a listing of possible modeling viewpoints. Not all of these views may be used for any one project and other views may be defined as necessary. Note that for some analyses elements from multiple viewpoints may be combined into a new view, possibly using a layered representation.

In a latter presentation this nominal set of views was presented as an Extended RASDS Semantic Information Model Derivation. Hereby RASDS stands for Reference Architecture for Space Data Systems. see second image.

Enterprise Viewpoint
 Organization view – Includes organizational elements and their structures and relationships. May include agreements, contracts, policies and organizational interactions.
 Requirements view – Describes the requirements, goals, and objectives that drive the system. Says what the system must be able to do.
 Scenario view – Describes the way that the system is intended to be used, see scenario planning. Includes user views and descriptions of how the system is expected to behave.

Information viewpoint
Metamodel view – An abstract view that defines information model elements and their structures and relationships. Defines the classes of data that are created and managed by the system and the data architecture.
Information view – Describes the actual data and information as it is realized and manipulated within the system. Data elements are defined by the metamodel view and they are referred to by functional objects in other views.

Functional viewpoint
Functional Dataflow view – An abstract view that describes the functional elements in the system, their interactions, behavior, provided services, constraints and data flows among them. Defines which functions the system is capable of performing, regardless of how these functions are actually implemented.
Functional Control view – Describes the control flows and interactions among functional elements within the system. Includes overall system control interactions, interactions between control elements and sensor / effector elements and management interactions.

Physical viewpoint
Data System view – Describes instruments, computers, and data storage components, their data system attributes and the communications connectors (busses, networks, point to point links) that are used in the system.
Telecomm view – Describes the telecomm components (antenna, transceiver), their attributes and their connectors (RF or optical links).
Navigation view – Describes the motion of the major elements within the system (trajectory, path, orbit), including their interaction with external elements and forces that are outside of the control of the system, but that must be modeled with it to understand system behavior (planets, asteroids, solar pressure, gravity)
Structural view – Describes the structural components in the system (s/c bus, struts, panels, articulation), their physical attributes and connectors, along with the relevant structural aspects of other components (mass, stiffness, attachment)
Thermal view – Describes the active and passive thermal components in the system (radiators, coolers, vents) and their connectors (physical and free space radiation) and attributes, along with the thermal properties of other components (i.e. antenna as sun shade)
Power view – Describes the active and passive power components in the system (solar panels, batteries, RTGs) within the system and their connectors, along with the power properties of other components (data system and propulsion elements as power sinks and structural panels as grounding plane)
Propulsion view – Describes the active and passive propulsion components in the system (thrusters, gyros, motors, wheels) within the system and their connectors, along with the propulsive properties of other components

Engineering viewpoint
Allocation view – Describes the allocation of functional objects to engineered physical and computational components within the system, permits analysis of performance and used to verify satisfaction of requirements
Software view - Describes the software engineering aspects of the system, software design and implementation of functionality within software components, select languages and libraries to be used, define APIs, do the engineering of abstract functional objects into tangible software elements. Some functional elements, described using a software language, may actually be implemented as hardware (FPGA, ASIC)
Hardware views – Describes the hardware engineering aspects of the system, hardware design, selection and implementation of all of the physical components to be assembled into the system. There may be many of these views, each specific to a different engineering discipline.
Communications Protocol view – Describes the end to end design of the communications protocols and related data transport and data management services, shows the protocol stacks as they are implemented on each of the physical components of the system.
Risk view – Describes the risks associated with the system design, processes, and technologies, assigns additional risk assessment attributes to other elements described in the architecture
Control Engineering view - Analyzes system from the perspective of its controllability, allocation of elements into system under control and control system
Integration and Test view – Looks at the system from the perspective of what must be done to assemble, integrate and test system and sub-systems, and assemblies. Includes verification of proper functionality, driven by scenarios, in satisfaction of requirements.
IV&V view – independent validation and verification of functionality and proper operation of the system in satisfaction of requirements. Does system as designed and developed meet goals and objectives.

Technology viewpoint
Standards view – Defines the standards to be adopted during design of the system (e.g. communication protocols, radiation tolerance, soldering). These are essentially constraints on the design and implementation processes.
Infrastructure view – Defines the infrastructure elements that are to support the engineering, design, and fabrication process. May include data system elements (design repositories, frameworks, tools, networks) and hardware elements (chip fabrication, thermal vacuum facility, machine shop, RF testing lab)
Technology Development & Assessment view – Includes description of technology development programs designed to produce algorithms or components that may be included in a system development project. Includes evaluation of properties of selected hardware and software components to determine if they are at a sufficient state of maturity to be adopted for the mission being designed.

In contrast to the previous listed view models, this "nominal set of views" lists a whole range of  views, possible to develop powerful and extensible approaches for describing a general class of software intensive system architectures.

See also
 Enterprise architecture framework
 Organizational architecture
 Software development methodology
 Treasury Enterprise Architecture Framework
 TOGAF
 Zachman Framework
 Ontology (information science)
 Knowledge acquisition

References

Attribution

External links

Enterprise architecture
Software engineering
Systems engineering