Carla Steinkopf (born 21 July 1973, Maracaibo) is a Venezuelan pageant titleholder. She is the Miss Venezuela International titleholder for 1995, and was the official representative of Venezuela to the Miss International 1996 pageant held in Kanazawa, Japan, on October 26, 1996, when she classified in the Top 15 semifinalists.

Steinkopf competed in the national beauty pageant Miss Venezuela 1995 and obtained the title of Miss Venezuela International. She represented the Costa Oriental.

References

External links
Miss Venezuela Official Website
Miss International Official Website

1973 births
Living people
People from Maracaibo
Miss Venezuela International winners
Miss International 1996 delegates


The 1975 Australian Grand Prix was a motor race for Australian Formula 1 and Australian Formula 2 racing cars, held on a very wet track at the Surfers Paradise International Raceway in Queensland, Australia on 31 August 1975. It was the fortieth Australian Grand Prix and was also Round 1 of the 1975 Australian Drivers' Championship.

1974 Australian Grand Prix winner Max Stewart won his second AGP ahead of John Leffler and Ray Winter.

Qualifying classification

Race classification

Notes
Pole position: Bruce Allison - 1'05.8
 Winner's average speed: 144.36 km/h, 89.70 mph
Fastest lap: Max Stewart - 1'17.8 (148.94 km/h, 95.54 mph)

References

External links
 Image of cover of Official Programme, www.progcovers.com

Grand Prix
Australian Grand Prix
Formula 5000 race reports
Motorsport at Surfers Paradise International Raceway
Sport on the Gold Coast, Queensland
Australian Grand Prix


Ozuluama (formally: Ozuluama de Mascareñas)
is a city in the Mexican state of Veracruz. It is located in the state's Huasteca Alta region. It serves as the municipal seat for the surrounding municipality of Ozuluama de Mascareñas.  It was given city status on 6 September 1910.

In the 2005 INEGI Census, the city of Ozuluama  reported a total population of 3,439

The name "Ozuluama" is Nahuatl in origin. The epithet "de Mascareñas" (awarded 20 August 1980) honours Colonel Francisco Esteban Mascareñas, who was born here and fought on the Liberal side in the Reform War.

References

Populated places in Veracruz


Jorge Marcos Andia Pizarro (born February 8, 1988 in Santa Cruz de la Sierra) is a Bolivian football midfielder who currently plays for first division team Universitario de Sucre.

Andia won the 2009 Clausura title with Blooming.

Club titles

References

External links

1988 births
Living people
Footballers from Santa Cruz de la Sierra
Bolivian men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Club Blooming players
Universitario de Sucre footballers


The 2009 Australian Grand Prix (formally the 2009 Formula 1 ING Australian Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race held on 29 March 2009 at the Melbourne Grand Prix Circuit, Melbourne, Australia. It was the first race of the 2009 Formula One World Championship. The 58-lap race was won by Jenson Button for the Brawn GP team after starting from pole position. Rubens Barrichello finished second in the other Brawn GP car, with Jarno Trulli third for Toyota.

Brawn GP became the first constructor since Mercedes-Benz at the 1954 French Grand Prix to qualify on pole position, and then go on to win the race on their Grand Prix debut. The race also became the second race in Formula One history to finish under stabilised safety car conditions—after the 1999 Canadian Grand Prix—following a collision between Robert Kubica and Sebastian Vettel, who were running second and third, on lap 56. This was Jenson Button's second Grand Prix victory, and his first since the 2006 Hungarian Grand Prix.

This also marked the first race since the 1997 European Grand Prix that cars competed using slick tyres.

Report

Background
The Grand Prix was contested by 20 drivers, in 10 teams of two. The teams, also known as constructors, were Ferrari, McLaren-Mercedes, Renault, Brawn-Mercedes, Force India-Mercedes, BMW Sauber, Toyota, Red Bull Racing-Renault, Williams-Toyota and Toro Rosso-Ferrari.

The race saw the debut of Brawn GP, whose owner Ross Brawn had bought out Honda Racing F1. The Brawn cars were driven by Honda's former drivers Rubens Barrichello and Jenson Button. The race also saw the debut of Sébastien Buemi, driving for Toro Rosso. Buemi became the first Swiss driver in Formula One since Jean-Denis Délétraz in 1995. Buemi replaced Sebastian Vettel who had moved to Red Bull Racing replacing the retired David Coulthard.

Prior to the opening race of the season, McLaren and Renault planned to boycott the season opener due to money not being paid to the teams. However, the boycott was avoided and both teams arrived in Melbourne for the opening round. In a second dispute, several teams protested to the stewards about the legality of the Brawn, Toyota and Williams cars, with arguments that the diffuser on the cars were illegal. The protest was thrown out by stewards. However, the teams that initially protested, had appealed against the decision, with a FIA International Court of Appeal hearing set for after the Malaysian Grand Prix. At the hearing, the diffusers were deemed legal.

The race itself saw a later start time, Having started at 15:30 AEDT (04:30 UTC) in 2008, the race was moved to 17:00 AEDT (06:00 UTC) for 2009. However, the executives of the Australian Grand Prix rejected calls from Bernie Ecclestone to move it to a night race, just like the one held in Singapore, as they want to honour their current contract to 2015 of a twilight race.

Practice and qualifying

Three practice sessions were held before the race; the first was held on Friday morning and the second on Friday afternoon. Both sessions lasted 1 hour and 30 minutes with weather conditions dry throughout. The third session was held on Saturday morning and lasted an hour, and was also dry throughout. The Williams cars of Nico Rosberg and Kazuki Nakajima set the pace, ending up first and second with only five-hundredths of a second splitting the two. The only other driver that was within half a second of them was Kimi Räikkönen's Ferrari, who was marginally behind Nakajima. Rubens Barrichello set the fourth fastest time in the first official session for the Brawn team, outpacing teammate Jenson Button, who could only muster up the sixth fastest lap. Heikki Kovalainen was the faster of the two McLaren drivers in fifth, with teammate and reigning world champion Lewis Hamilton languishing all the way down in 16th, some 2.3 seconds off the pace of the Williams cars. Rounding out the top ten were Felipe Massa's Ferrari, the Toyota of Timo Glock, Adrian Sutil's Force India (thus meaning that four of the six Mercedes–engined cars were in the top ten) and the first of the Renaults driven by Fernando Alonso.

Rosberg was again the pace-setter in the second practice session, with a time some six-tenths of a second faster than what he achieved during the first 90-minute session. This time, Barrichello was second in his Brawn with the Toyota of Jarno Trulli in third. This marked an improvement for Trulli as he was only 12th in the first session. The only Australian in the field, Mark Webber ended up fourth for Red Bull Racing, ahead of Button, Glock and Nakajima. Webber's teammate Sebastian Vettel was eighth, after a morning session that was interrupted by a hydraulic failure which led him to pull his car off the road between turns six and seven. This ruled him out of the rest of the session, and restricted him to bottom of the timesheets and only four laps completed. Rounding out the top ten were Sutil's Force India, which ended up ninth again, and Massa in tenth. The three teams running the controversial rear diffusers (Brawn, Williams, and Toyota) were consistently the best teams on the track.

Rosberg completed a clean sweep of top spots in practice, by coming fastest in Saturday's practice session. His time edged out Trulli's Toyota by just three thousandths of a second. Button was third, and the only other driver to break into the 1:25 lap times, just under two-tenths of a second behind Rosberg. Massa improved again to end up fourth, and be the only driver from McLaren or Ferrari to finish in the top ten. Nakajima again impressed in the Williams, finishing fifth, in front of Barrichello, Webber, and Glock, who took the next three fastest times and were split by around six hundredths of a second. The two BMW Sauber drivers—Robert Kubica and Nick Heidfeld—rounded out the top ten, as they appeared in the top ten on the timesheets for the first time, after a fraught pair of practice sessions on Friday.

The qualifying session was split into three parts. The first part of qualifying runs for 20 minutes and eliminates the cars that finished the session 16th or lower. The second part of qualifying lasts for 15 minutes and eliminates cars that finished in positions 11 to 15. The final part of qualifying lasts for 10 minutes and determines the positions from first to tenth, and effectively decides who starts the Grand Prix in pole position. After dominating all three practice sessions on Friday, and again on Saturday morning, Rosberg did not fare so well in qualifying, managing a time only good enough for fifth position. The Brawn cars of Button and Barrichello dominated qualifying with the Brazilian finishing first in the first two parts of the session. In the third session, Button managed to beat his teammate's time by three-tenths of a second, and secured the fourth pole position of his career and his first pole since the 2006 Australian Grand Prix, that ended with Button's car blowing its engine on the final straight. Vettel's Red Bull was third with teammate Webber in tenth at his home race, which would later become eighth after the disqualification of the Toyotas. Kubica improved even further to line up fourth, easily outpacing teammate Heidfeld, who did not make the third session and was running the KERS system, which Kubica was not. After Glock was demoted, Massa was promoted to sixth and was the best KERS runner, ahead of teammate Räikkönen, with Heidfeld and Alonso completing the top ten, after the Toyotas' disqualification. After the session, Hamilton was demoted five places as his gearbox had to be changed, which originally dropped him from 15th on the grid, to 20th. Some hours after Hamilton's penalty, the Toyota cars had their times declared void as the rear wing on their cars was deemed to be illegal. This pushed Hamilton up to 18th, with Glock in 19th and Trulli 20th.

Race

The conditions on raceday were similar to what had been seen on both Friday and Saturday, the air temperature at ; clear skies throughout, with the race beginning at 17:00 AEDT. Button led away and retained his pole position lead into turn one. He was closely followed by Vettel, Rosberg, Massa, Kubica and Räikkönen. Those six led away and were unaffected by the chaos that occurred behind, in turn one. After near-stalling, Barrichello had dropped from second to ninth, and challenged up the inside of Webber's Red Bull as they entered turn one. After being hit from behind, Barrichello's left front tyre impacted with the right-hand sidepod of Webber's car which half-spun the Australian into the BMW Sauber of Heidfeld. Once Barrichello had emerged relatively unscathed, Webber impacted on the front left of Kovalainen's McLaren causing irreparable damage to the left front suspension of the Finn's car. At turn three, Massa attempted a move down the inside of Rosberg, forcing the German off course and as a result, falling behind the Brazilian. At the end of the lap, Webber, Sutil and Heidfeld all pitted to repair damage caused in the first corner incident.

Further down the field, reigning champion Hamilton was progressing through the field having started eighteenth. After the first corner incident, he moved up to 13th at the end of the first lap. He passed Bourdais for 12th on lap two, Fisichella for 11th on lap three, and broke into the top ten, after passing Buemi on lap four. Out front, Button was beginning to establish a lead of over four seconds by the time he set the fastest lap on lap six, with a lap of 1:28.787. Vettel was still running second ahead of Massa, Kubica, Räikkönen with Rosberg completing the top six. Hamilton attempted to pass Nelson Piquet Jr. for ninth, doing so at Turn 13.

On lap ten, Rosberg attempted a move on Räikkönen into turn one, and succeeded to move up into fifth place on track. In the process, Räikkönen was slowed up by the German's move, allowing Barrichello to close up on the straight that leads into Turn 3. The Brawn car closed up thanks to picking up the slipstream, but even this left him several car lengths behind the Ferrari as they entered the braking zone for the corner. Barrichello's car snaked under brakes, and clipped the back of Räikkönen's car, causing more damage to his car. Räikkönen was forced wide by the hit, and Barrichello's momentum initiated a passing move into Turn 4, succeeding and moving into sixth place. The Finn pitted at the end of the lap, changing from the option tyre, onto the prime compound and did not change compounds again for the remaining distance.

Massa and Hamilton both pitted on lap eleven, with both drivers changing from the option tyres, moving onto the harder rubber. This allowed for a scrap for third to begin between Kubica, Rosberg and Barrichello to occur, as the latter two had caught up on the Pole. It would only last one lap however, as Kubica pitted on lap twelve, the final driver to change his first stint super-softs. Out front, Button continued to lead by 4.3 seconds from Vettel with Rosberg third, Barrichello fourth and Nakajima fifth. Lap 16 saw both Vettel and Rosberg pit, with Vettel remaining in second and Rosberg fell to 12th. Rosberg was delayed by a slow left front tyre change, which was a major contribution to his nine-place fall in the race.

On lap 18, whilst running in fourth place, Nakajima ran slightly wide on the exit of Turn 4 and proceeding to put too much power down spinning the car sideways and head on into the wall between Turns 4 and 5. After hitting the wall, his front wing ended up in the middle of the track and directly on the racing line. Button made his pit stop a lap later, and exited pit lane as the safety car was deployed. After the field cycled through, the safety car eventually picked up Button and would remain on the track until the end of lap 24.

At the restart, Button held position out front, ahead of Vettel, Massa, Kubica – who was still weaving his car to get temperature into his tyres after he had crossed the start/finish line – and Räikkönen. In a battle for sixth, Piquet had lined up a move on sixth-placed Rosberg, causing the German to defend on the inside. However, Piquet lost control of his car under braking – and possibly due to the tyres not being up to the required temperature – and spun off into the turn one gravel and out of the race. Further down the field, Glock lost two places to Hamilton and Alonso, as both drivers attacked hard on the restart.

Positions remained the same until lap 31, when Massa made his second and final pit stop of the race and emerged back into the fray in 14th place. After returning to the race, Massa was told by race engineer Rob Smedley to step up his pace, as according to him Kubica and Räikkönen were a threat due to longer middle stints. Trulli pitted on lap 33, having made his first pit stop on lap 10. A lap later, Kubica set the fastest lap, with a 1:27.989, and two laps later, the Pole bettered that by a thousandth of a second – his fastest lap of the race. At this point, Button was still extending his lead over Vettel, leading by over five seconds from the German.

Kubica pitted from third place on lap 39, and rejoined the circuit in seventh, just behind Hamilton, who was still making his way up the field. At the same time, Räikkönen made his second stop and rejoined in ninth. Buemi had quietly made his way up into fourth place, just in front of the Brit, before he made his second and final pit stop on lap 41. Two laps later, Räikkönen made an error whilst exiting Turn 13, and spun off, glancing the wall on the right hand side. He eventually returned to the pits, to make an unscheduled pit stop. Also pitting this lap was Hamilton, then running in third place. It was a close-run thing at pit exit, but Hamilton did enough to hold off Massa and rejoined in tenth position.

Rosberg and Vettel pitted on consecutive laps, trying to limit the amount of time that they would have to spend on the super-soft tyre. Both drivers held station in seventh and second positions respectively. At this time, Massa was slowly exiting the race with suspension damage, limping round before retiring the Ferrari in pit lane. Button pitted for the final time on lap 47, and suffered a very slow stop, with a sticking left rear wheel change, with the pit stop lasting 13.2 seconds. A lap later, Rosberg set the fastest lap of the race – 1:27.706 – and was still closing on Glock. Glock and Barrichello both pitted late on, and the race order on lap 55 was Button, Vettel, Kubica, Barrichello, Trulli, Hamilton, Glock, Alonso, Rosberg and Buemi.

Lap 56 saw Vettel make a slight mistake in Turn 1, and allowed Kubica to make a run down the outside, towards Turn 3. Vettel braked early and Kubica was ahead turning in. However, Vettel turned in and his front wing locked onto the sidepod of Kubica's BMW. Due to this collision, both cars lost their front wings, but they carried on towards Turns 4 and 5. Kubica was ahead, but without downforce he understeered off the circuit into the wall and out of the race. Meanwhile, Vettel also made an error on the way into the corner, sliding and hitting the wall, causing his left front tyre to bend back on itself. He carried on, as he was still in the points at this time. He could only continue on for just over a lap, as he ground to a halt between Turns 10 and 11. As the debris was not cleared up in time, this led to only the second safety car finish in Formula One.

As stated by Article 40.14 of the sporting regulations for Formula One, the safety car pulled in and the drivers proceeded over the line without overtaking. Button secured a debut victory for Brawn after leading the race from start to finish. He led home teammate Barrichello as they completed a Brawn one-two. Trulli finished third although there were accusations that he passed Hamilton under the safety car. This would later turn out to be true, and he was penalised twenty-five seconds pushing him down to 12th in the results, thus promoting Hamilton to third. This decision was later reversed: Trulli was eventually re-instated to his third finishing position and Hamilton was disqualified for misleading stewards during their investigation. Glock finished fourth, having started from the pit lane, and was followed home by Alonso, Rosberg, Buemi and Bourdais. Buemi's two points made him Switzerland's first points scorer since Marc Surer at the 1985 Italian Grand Prix.

Post-race

The top three finishers on the road appeared on the podium and in the subsequent press conference, where Button reflected on a somewhat easy race, in which he led all 58 laps, although it was not without its problems: "The first few laps of the race were great for me and I could settle into a pace, but then when the safety car came out I struggled massively to get heat into the tyres. The car was hitting the ground and just before the safety car pulled in I flat-spotted the tyre pretty severely. I was struggling quite a bit with vibration and with the poor light as well. Being in the front it should be easy, but it was not easy at all." He also reflected on his and his team's achievements, as they became the first driver/team combination since Juan Manuel Fangio and Mercedes at the 1954 French Grand Prix to win the team's debut race, having started from pole position:

Barrichello picked up his first podium since the 2008 British Grand Prix, and his highest finish since the now-infamous 2005 United States Grand Prix, in which only the six Bridgestone-shod cars started due to safety concerns with Michelin's tyres. He praised the strength of his Brawn car, as he was involved in several incidents during the race. He also reflected upon his fluffed start, which ultimately led to the first of his incidents, at Turn 1. "I hit anti-stall, so the car went into neutral. I recovered quite quickly but then I lost a lot of pace compared to people and I was hit from behind from a McLaren and that put me sideways and I hit someone really hard. I thought the car was done from that crash but I survived quite well, but on my first stint my nose was falling apart and I lost the braking stability when I hit Kimi as well. He closed the door and I couldn't avoid him. I had a lot of mixed emotions during the race, but it was fantastic. I started second but could only hope for one better but after the start I am delighted to be here with the second place."

Trulli was pleased with his third place on the road, but was however, unaware of the penalty that he was due to receive for his late race pass of Hamilton under the safety car. "Well, after yesterday's disappointment this was a great day, especially for my team. I started from the pit and I was lucky enough to get away from the first corner accident. From that time on I was just pushing, pushing, pushing really hard because the car was good."

After an investigation, stewards deemed that Sebastian Vettel was in the wrong after his collision with Robert Kubica, which resulted in both of them not finishing the race. Vettel received a fine and a 10-place grid penalty to be applied in the following round in Malaysia. Red Bull Racing, Vettel's team, also received a $50,000 fine for letting him continue with a damaged car, for over a lap.

Also after the race, Trulli's third place was put under investigation. The stewards decided that the Italian regained his position overtaking Hamilton during a safety car period, having run off the track when the safety car was out. Trulli was penalised 25 seconds, moving him down to 12th. Trulli's explanation of the incident was: "When the safety car came out towards the end of the race Lewis Hamilton passed me but soon after he suddenly slowed down and pulled over to the side of the road. I thought he had a problem so I overtook him as there was nothing else I could do." In public Hamilton corroborated this, stating that the McLaren team had told him to let Trulli repass. Behind closed doors, however, Hamilton told the stewards that he had received no instruction to allow Trulli past, and had not consciously done so. Toyota had appealed the penalty firstly to the stewards, but that appeal was rejected, as a team cannot appeal a time penalty—in lieu of the fact that the offence occurred within the last five laps of the race—in accordance with Article 16.3 of the Sporting Regulations for Formula One. Toyota then appealed to the clerk of the course, Tim Schenken, but later retracted this appeal stating that: "Having considered recent judgements of the International Court of Appeal, it is believed any appeal will be rejected."

The Trulli/Hamilton case was reopened to examine new evidence, and both drivers were summoned to a stewards' inquiry on 2 April 2009, prior to the Malaysian Grand Prix. McLaren continued to insist it had not given orders to allow Trulli past, even after being played an audio recording of such an instruction over team radio. Hamilton, as well, continued to assert his false statement. The stewards decided that Hamilton and McLaren had misled them, having contradicted the available evidence. Hamilton was disqualified and McLaren stripped of their constructors' points. Trulli was re-instated into third place. McLaren's Sporting Director, Dave Ryan, was subsequently suspended by the team the day after Hamilton's disqualification was announced. McLaren were summoned to appear before the FIA on 29 April 2009 to answer charges of breaching the International Sporting Code. At this meeting, McLaren were given a suspended three-race ban, which would only be applied if a similar offence occurred within the next twelve months. It was revealed that Dave Ryan had been sacked by McLaren. The controversy was subsequently dubbed "liegate".

As this was the first race of the season, Button led the Drivers' Championship with 10 points, followed by Barrichello on 8 and Trulli on 6. Meanwhile, in the Constructors' Championship, Brawn picked up a maximum 18 points thanks to the 1–2 for Button and Barrichello. This gave them a seven-point lead over Toyota, with Renault on four points, thanks to Alonso's fifth place.

Classification
Cars that used the KERS system are marked with "‡"

Qualifying

  Both Toyotas were demoted to the back of the grid for running illegal rear wings and opted to start from the pit lane.
  Lewis Hamilton was given a five-place grid penalty for gearbox change.

Race

  Lewis Hamilton and McLaren were disqualified from the Grand Prix after the stewards found that they had provided deceptive information about the circumstances under which Jarno Trulli passed Hamilton under the safety car.
  Jarno Trulli was issued a 25-second penalty for overtaking Hamilton under the safety car, but was later reinstated back into third, after Hamilton was disqualified for misleading the stewards.

Championship standings after the race

Drivers' Championship standings

Constructors' Championship standings

 Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.

See also
 2009 Sprint Gas V8 Supercars Manufacturers Challenge

References

External links

 Official Australian Grand Prix results from
 FIA (archived)
 Formula1.com (archived)

Australian Grand Prix
Grand Prix
Australian Grand Prix
March 2009 sports events in Australia
Formula One controversies


Ferro molybdenum is an important iron-molybdenum metal alloy, with a molybdenum content of 60-75% It is the main source for molybdenum alloying of HSLA steel.

Production
The alloy is produced by heating a mixture of molybdenum(VI) oxide MoO3, aluminium, and iron.  The oxide and the aluminium combine via an aluminothermic reaction to give molybdenum in situ. The ferromolybdenum  can be purified by electron beam melting or used as it is. For alloying with steel the ferromolybdenum  is added to molten steel before casting. Among the biggest suppliers of ferromolybdenum in Europe are the English trading house Derek Raphael and Co Ltd and the English Trading House MTALX LTD in London. A large ferromolybdenum producer in the US is Langeloth Metallurgical Company in Langeloth, Pennsylvania.

References

External links

Ferroalloys
Molybdenum


Julius von Flotow; full name- Julius Christian Gottlieb Ulrich Gustav Georg Adam Ernst Friedrich von Flotow (9 March 1788 – 15 August 1856) was a German military officer and a botanist specialized in lichenology and bryology.

Von Flotow was born in the village of Pitzerwitz (Pstrowice in Polish) in the region of Neumark. In 1813, he suffered a serious war injury at the Battle of Lützen, from which he never fully recovered and which led to a partial paralysis of his right arm. During a military campaign in France (1819), he took the opportunity to study lichens native to the Ardennes Mountains. In 1850 he wrote of how his acquisition of a high-quality Schiek microscope enhanced his studies. In an 1851 study of the crustose lichen Rimularia gibbosa, he introduced the term . In 1832 he took an early retirement from the military and worked as a private scholar in Hirschberg. Among his written works are the following:

 Reisebericht über eine Excursion nach einem Theile des südöstlichen Riesengebirges (1836)
 Über Haematococcus Pluvialis (1844)
 Lichenes Florae Silesiae (1849–1850)

Von Flotow was a member of several learned societies, notably the Leopoldina and the Senckenberg Nature Research Society. He was a recipient of the Iron Cross and was awarded an honorary degree from the University of Breslau in 1856, a week before his death. The genus Flotovia from the botanical family Asteraceae is named in his honor.

See also
 :Category:Taxa named by Julius von Flotow

References
 University of Gottingen, Search the Index Collectorum
  translated biography @ Brockhaus Encyclopedic Dictionary

German mycologists
1788 births
1856 deaths
German lichenologists
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1813)


Ana María Amorer Guerrero (born January 8, 1974) is a pageant titleholder. She was born in Caracas, Venezuela, and is the Miss Venezuela International titleholder for 1994, and was the official representative of Venezuela to the Miss International 1995 pageant held in Tokyo, Japan, on September 10, 1995, when she won the title of 1st runner up.

Amorer competed in the national beauty pageant Miss Venezuela 1994 and obtained the title of Miss Venezuela International. She represented the Apure state.

References

External links
Miss Venezuela Official Website
Miss International Official Website

1974 births
Living people
Models from Caracas
Miss Venezuela International winners
Miss International 1995 delegates


Faviola Spitale is a pageant titleholder, was born in Valencia, Venezuela in 1975. She is the Miss Venezuela International titleholder for 1993, and was the official representative of Venezuela to the Miss International 1993 pageant held in Tokyo, Japan, on October 9, 1993, when she classified in the Top 15 semifinalists.

Spitale competed in the national beauty pageant Miss Venezuela 1993 and obtained the title of Miss Venezuela International. She represented the Yaracuy state.

References

External links
Miss Venezuela Official Website
Miss International Official Website

1975 births
Living people
People from Valencia, Venezuela
Miss Venezuela International winners
Miss International 1993 delegates


Hilaire du Berrier (November 1, 1906 – October 12, 2002) was an American barnstorming pilot, mercenary adventurer, journalist, and spy.

He wrote for a number of publications, mostly right-wing and far-right, including his own monthly newsletter.

Early life
He was born as Harold Berrier on November 1, 1906, in Flasher, North Dakota. His ancestry was either Huguenot or Polish. His father was a fur businessman; he died when Berrier was nine. As a teenager, Berrier was sent to the Pillsbury Military Academy, but was expelled one month before graduating. His mother sent him to an art school in Chicago.

He found employment as a commercial artist in Chicago, working part time for ad agencies and department stores. He started working at Heath School of Aviation, an early aviation manufacturer. At 20, he quit his job to become a barnstormer.

Aviation
Trained by aviation stuntman Dick Powell, du Berrier started his own circus, Du Berrier's Flying Circus, which travelled around the Midwest. Du Berrier had a few close misses (including, du Berrier said, a rival barnstormer's sabotage of a rope ladder that du Berrier would hang off during stunts). It closed after the start of the Great Depression and the enactment of new federal flight safety rules.

Paris
In 1931, du Berrier traveled to Paris with his uncle, a former congressman, who had been appointed a U.S. representative to the Paris Colonial Exposition. After arriving in France, he was given the registered name of Hilaire, which he went by afterward. He joined the social circle of the Lafayette Escadrille World War I pilots. His barnstorming career caught the attention of Charles Sweeny.

According to du Berrier, he met exiled Spanish king Alfonso XIII by chance while walking down the Rue de Rivoli, and said he had a "lifetime follower" after that. He also joined the far-right Action Française movement. He moved to Monte Carlo where he managed a nightclub, and after it closed, he worked for a perfume business. His mother died in 1935, leaving him an inheritance.

Italian-Ethiopian War
In 1935, du Berrier traveled to Ethiopia to fight for Emperor Haile Selassie as a mercenary pilot. Italy invaded Ethiopia soon afterward. According to his writing, he was captured by Italian forces but escaped to Djibouti.

Spanish Civil War
In the Spanish Civil War, du Berrier tried to join the Nationalists' air force, but was prevented because he was on an Italian blacklist. He instead joined the Spanish Republican Air Force as a spy for King Alfonso XIII. According to du Berrier, he was denounced by American communist volunteers, arrested and sentenced to be executed as a spy. But, he wrote, he was pardoned by Alberto Bayo, because the Republicans felt that executing an American citizen would cost them support, especially from first lady Eleanor Roosevelt.

Living in London afterward, he caught the attention of British intelligence, which assessed that he was a "mercenary adventurer". Afterward, according to du Berrier, he traveled in Central Europe and the Balkans, representing a Dutch aircraft company, and then moved to Shanghai, China. He tried to sell aircraft in Shanghai but, according to his correspondence, the business flopped. After Japan's invasion of China in 1937, du Berrier volunteered for China's small air force, but his service was ended either with a crash or, as he wrote to his sister, with charges that he was spying for Japan.

Second World War
In wartime Shanghai, du Berrier was an Axis agent and a pimp, according to research described by the British historian Bernard Wasserstein. A 1941 Shanghai police report said that before World War II du Berrier had been an agent of the Japanese intelligence service. Initially during World War II, du Berrier attempted to join French and British forces but was rejected. Later, du Berrier wrote monthly articles for Klaus Mehnert's XXth Century, which was published in Shanghai and funded by the propaganda section of the Foreign Ministry of Nazi Germany; du Berrier wrote to his sister in 1941 that he was embarrassed that it was an "Axis propaganda sheet" but he continued to work for it.

Du Berrier was captured in November 1942 by the Japanese and held in the Haiphong Road camp with other foreigners. He wrote that he was tortured in 1943 by the Japanese. He was awarded the French Cross of the Resistance Volunteer Combatant.

He worked for the Office of Strategic Services briefly as an informant in Shanghai after the Japanese surrender in 1945. Also after the war he worked as a correspondent for Newsweek.

Publishing and later life

Vietnam
In 1955 he attended the "Big Four" Geneva Summit as an advisor to the Vietnamese, according to his account. According to the historian Seth Jacobs, du Berrier worked with the Vietnamese emperor Bao Dai and was an advisor to Ngo Dinh Diem "until the premier began his antisect campaign, which du Berrier thought diverted attention from the communist threat". Jacobs credits du Berrier's 1958 "Report from Saigon" in The American Mercury with being the first description in American media of atrocities in Diem's police state, although du Berrier's influence was limited by his extremist politics to readers of far-right publications. Du Berrier also denounced the Diem regime in newsletters of the archconservative National Economic Council, in his own bulletin H. du B. Reports, and in letters to senators including Mike Mansfield of Montana (and after being rebuffed by Mansfield, he wrote a letter to Montana newspapers opposing the senator). An article in Reviews in American History describes du Berrier as "a far-right critic of the AFV", the American Friends of Vietnam.

Birch publications and newsletter
From 1958 until a few years before his death, du Berrier wrote articles for American Opinion magazine published by the John Birch Society and Review of the News published by Robert Welch, and its successor The New American. He was also associate editor of the John Birch newsweekly, Review of the News.

He published his monthly foreign affairs newsletter, H. du B. Reports, from June 1957 to May 2002.

He died on October 12, 2002, in Monaco. His papers covering the period 1935-1991 are stored with the State Historical Society of North Dakota.

Personal life
He was married to Rosa Kadoorie of Shanghai. They had one daughter, Jeanette du Berrier Cholewa.

Works

Books
 Background to Betrayal: The Tragedy of Vietnam. Belmont, Mass.: Western Islands (1965). .

Pamphlets
 Labor's International Network. New Orleans, La.: Conservative Society of America (1962).

Recordings
 A Basket of Eels (1966). Los Angeles: Key Records [KLP 1060]. . Delivered at the New England Rally for God, Family and Country, Boston, 1966. Audio supervised by G. Edward Griffin.

Articles
 "The Ethiopian Woman." New Times and Ethiopia News (Aug. 1, 1936), p. 5.
 "Sad News of Ethiopian Women." New Times and Ethiopia News (Aug. 15, 1936), p. 8.
 "Facts—Not Fiction." New Times and Ethiopia News (Feb. 14, 1937), p. 8.
 "An Adventurer Retires." Esquire, vol. 10, no. 6 (Dec. 1938), pp. 52, 220, 222, 224, 226. Illustrations by William Sharp. "Outside the movies, a soldier of fortune is a military prostitute, without honor, security or friends."
 "Adventurers' Paradise." Esquire, vol. 12, no. 4 (Oct. 1939), pp. 42, 186–190. Illustrations by William Sharp. "Foreigners in Shanghai worked lightly, lived well, read the papers and agreed the Japs would never dare molest them."
 "No Wild Men in Borneo." XXth Century, vol. 1, no. 1 (Oct. 1941), pp. 45–51. Full issue. Shanghai: XXth Century Publishing Co.
 "We Never Noticed Carcassonne." Esquire, vol. 16, no. 6 (Dec. 1941), pp. 84–85, 223–224, 226–228. "The towers were there in the South of France, while we wished for the glory of war and never bothered to see them."
 "Shanghai's Morning After." XXth Century, vol. 2, no. 2 (Feb. 1942), pp. 139–144. Illustrations by Sapajou (aka George Sapojnikov, aka Georgii Avksent’ievich Sapojinikoff). Shanghai: XXth Century Publishing Co.
 "Coyotes Will Grow Up." XXth Century, vol. 2, no. 5 (May 1942), pp. 367–370. Illustrations by Hilaire du Berrier. Shanghai: XXth Century Publishing Co. Full volume.
 "Rev. Ford and Satan." XXth Century, vol. 3, no. 2/3 (Aug./Sep. 1942), pp. 192–197. Shanghai: XXth Century Publishing Co.
 "Tourist's Perfect Handbook." Esquire, vol. 29, no. 3 (Mar. 1948), pp. 98, 148–150. Full issue. "The traveler whose goal happens to be adventure is advised to keep in mind at all times the Golden Rule that manners make the gentleman—as well as the lady."
 "The Case of a Coward." Cosmopolitan (Sep. 1950). Published as Lee Clark. Ghostwritten by Hilaire du Berrier.
 "The Growth of Russian Influence in China." Intelligence Digest (Dec. 1950).
 "Americana: The Conversion of Doc Beade." American Mercury (Jul. 1952), pp. 79–86.
 "How We Helped Ho Chi Minh." Freeman, vol. 4, no. 15 (Apr. 19, 1954) pp. 516–518. Full issue.
 "The South Vietnam Americans Never Hear of." Economic Council Letter, no. 420 (Dec. 1, 1957).
 "About South Vietnam." American Opinion (Feb. 1958).
 "Report from Saigon." American Mercury (Sept. 1958), pp. 43–51.
 "FLN: Communism's Ball-Carrier in North Africa." American Mercury (Oct. 1959), pp. 140–146.
 "The Diem Myth." American Opinion (Oct. 1963), pp. 55–59.
 "Asia: Ablaze with Red Flames." American Opinion, vol. 8, no. 7 (Jul./Aug. 1965), pp. 13–46.
 "The Tragedy of Vietnam." Review of the News.
 "Asia: Consequences of a Failure of Will." American Opinion, vol. 9, no. 7 (Jul./Aug. 1966), pp. 15–46.
 "From Saigon." American Opinion, vol. 10, no. 1 (Jan. 1967), pp. 15–16.
 "Asia: We Must Win in Vietnam." American Opinion, vol. 10, no. 6 (Jul./Aug. 1967), pp. 73–104.
 "From the Continent." American Opinion, vol. 11, no. 1 (Jan. 1968), pp. 53–54.
 "From the Continent." American Opinion, vol. 11, no. 5 (May 1968), pp. 51–52.
 "Asia: A Nation by Nation Analysis." American Opinion, vol. 11, no. 7 (Jul./Aug. 1968), pp. 27–76.
 "Overseas." Review of the News (1973), pp. 49–50.
 "Notes on the 1974 Scoreboard." American Opinion (Jul.-Aug. 1974), pp. 105+.
 "The World." American Opinion, vol. 17 (Sep. 1974), pp. 107+.

Appearances
Du Berrier appeared as himself in a 1982 documentary published by Western Goals Foundation titled No Place to Hide: The Strategy & Tactics of Terrorism, written, produced, and hosted by G. Edward Griffin and directed by Dick Quincer.

References

Further reading
 Wasserstein, Bernard (1998). Secret War in Shanghai: Treachery, Subversion and Collaboration in the Second World War. London: Profile Books (1998). . .
 U.S. ed. (1999): Secret War in Shanghai: The Untold Story of Espionage, Intrigue, and Treason in World War II. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. . .

External links
 Hilaire du Berrier at IMDb
 Hilaire du Berrier at Discogs
 Hilaire du Berrier at Geneanet
 H. du B. Reports digital archive (1957-2002) at Sorenbh.dk
 Du Berrier papers (1935-1991) at State Historical Society of North Dakota
 https://vietnamreview.net/

1906 births
2002 deaths
People from Morton County, North Dakota
American aviators
Aviators from North Dakota
American mercenaries
American spies
American expatriates in Monaco
Sciences Po alumni
Military personnel from North Dakota
American anti-communists
Old Right (United States)


Onychoteuthis compacta is a species of squid in the family Onychoteuthidae, known to occur in Hawaiian waters. as well as in other areas of the Central Pacific and western north-central Atlantic, it probably has a circumglobar distribution. The species is known to have a mantle length of at least 122 mm for females and 127 mm for males. Each tentacle has 22 club hooks, measuring approximately 30 mm in mature specimens.

References

External links
 Tree of Life web project: Onychoteuthis compacta

Squid
Molluscs described in 1913
Taxa named by Samuel Stillman Berry


Carolina Omaña (born 1967) is a Venezuelan actress and beauty pageant titleholder who won Miss Venezuela International at 1989 and was the official representative of Venezuela to the Miss International 1989 pageant held in Kanazawa, Japan, on September 17, 1989, when she won the title of 2nd runner up.

Omaña competed in the national beauty pageant Miss Venezuela 1989 and obtained the title of Miss Venezuela International. She represented Nueva Esparta state.

References

External links
Miss Venezuela Official Website
Miss International Official Website

1967 births
Living people
Models from Caracas
Actors from Caracas
Miss Venezuela International winners
Miss International 1989 delegates


Cathkin is a former railway station in Cathkin, Victoria, Australia. The last passenger service was on 28 May 1977.

References

Railway stations in Australia opened in 1890
Railway stations closed in 1978
Disused railway stations in Victoria (state)
Mansfield railway line
Railway stations in Australia closed in the 20th century


Policeman Bluejay or Babes in Birdland is a children's novel written by L. Frank Baum and illustrated by Maginel Wright Enright. First published in 1907, Jack Snow considered it one of the best of Baum's works.

The Book
In 1906 Baum wrote, and his publisher Reilly & Britton published, a set of six tales for young children, called The Twinkle Tales after their little-girl protagonist. The six were issued in separate chapbooks, but later collected into a volume titled Twinkle and Chubbins: Their Astonishing Adventures in Nature-Fairyland. The series was a hit; Reilly & Britton sold 40,000 copies of the little books in a short time. Such commercial success justified a sequel: Baum took his Policeman Bluejay character from the Twinkle Tale "Bandit Jim Crow" and cast him in a separate novel, to be issued the following year.

Baum published many works – adventure stories, melodramas, and juvenile novels — under pseudonyms; early experience had taught him that he ended up "competing with himself" if he released too much material under his own name. Both The Twinkle Tales and Policeman Bluejay were printed under the pen name "Laura Bancroft" — the only Baum fantasy works published under a pseudonym. Tongue-in-cheek, Katharine Rogers has called Policeman Bluejay "her best work...." Oz author and "Royal Historian" Jack Snow thought Policeman Bluejay Baum's finest fantasy apart from the Oz books.

Policeman Bluejay was another success for Baum and his publishers; a second edition appeared in 1911, under the alternative title Babes in Birdland. The third edition of 1917, also under the new title, dropped the pseudonym and acknowledged Baum's authorship. The book was issued in a facsimile edition in 1981, and was printed again in the second issue of the annual Oz-story Magazine in 1996. A volume that combined all the "Bancroft" material appeared in 2005.

The illustrations
Maginel Wright Enright was in her mid-twenties, and still near the start of her artistic career, when she created the illustrations for The Twinkle Tales and Policeman Bluejay. Her pictures for the "Bancroft" books have been described as having "a child-like grace, a clear clean outline, and a sometimes highly refined decorative sense."

The theme
The "Bancroft" works of 1906 and 1907 are united by a general concept: kindness to animals rather than cruelty. Baum recalled from his own childhood, and observed in his own sons, how harsh children can be to vulnerable animals. Baum wrote a preface to Policeman Bluejay that expressed this goal unambiguously; he noted that along with the "amusement" the story provides, he hoped it would inspire "a little tenderness for the helpless animals and birds" his young readers encountered in their lives.

This goal motivated the most extreme element in Policeman Bluejay — the hunting scene in Chapter IX, "The Destroyers," an extraordinarily violent scene in a story designed for young children.

Synopsis
At the story's start, Twinkle and Chubbins are lost in a "great forest." They encounter a "tuxix" — a creature that looks like a spiny turtle, but is in reality "a magician, a sorcerer, a wizard, and a witch all rolled into one...and you can imagine what a dreadful thing that would be." The evil tuxix casts a spell on the children, transforming them into little bird-like beings, with their own heads but the bodies of skylarks. (They resemble the human-headed, bird-bodied sirins, alkonosts, and gamayuns of Russian folklore.) Policeman Bluejay, the force of order in the avian world of the forest, leads the two child-larks on a flight through the sky; he esconces them in an abandoned thrush's nest in a maple tree, and with the help of a friendly eagle he retrieves their picnic basket (so that they don't have to eat bugs, worms, and grubs).

Twinkle and Chubbins learn of their new maple-tree neighbors, a squirrel, an owl, and an o'possum; and Policeman Bluejay introduces them to the community of birds. The children see that the world of living beings in the forest has structure, relationships, and conflict. They hear stories of human cruelty to animals – and soon they witness it firsthand, when hunters enter the forest. The hunters kill Mrs. 'Possum and Mrs. Hootaway and Wisk the squirrel; Twinkle tries to protest, but she can only make a skylark's chirp. The hunters' dog almost catches Twinkle – but she and Chubbins are rescued by their friend the eagle, who swoops down, kills the dog, and leads them to safety.

Or relative safety, at least: the eagle takes the two lark-children up to his eyrie, where his hungry hatchlings want to eat them for breakfast. (Baum acknowledges that animals, to survive, have to prey upon each other. Yet he maintains that "love" is the Grand Law of the forest.) Policeman Bluejay escorts the children to a safer location. Soon he takes them to the Paradise of Birds, where the contentions and violence of the forest never penetrate. The children are given a tour of its splendors, and meet the King Bird of Paradise. In the "suburbs" of Paradise, the child-larks are introduced to the community of bees, and meet the Queen Bee; and they witness a spectacular flight of butterflies.

Beyond Paradise, in "the coarse, outer world," there is trouble in birdland; Policeman Bluejay must cope with a rebellion among the rooks, who would make the other birds their slaves. By uniting, the smaller birds beat the rooks in a battle. The King Bird of Paradise and his Royal Necromancer have told the children that they can restore themselves to human form by eating a fruit called "tingle-berries." They do so, and return to their normal bodies – though Chubbins almost gets stuck halfway. Their adventure done, the children make their way home in the waning light of evening.

The Paradise of Birds
Baum enriches the text of Policeman Bluejay with realistic details of the natural world. Yet Baum was not a naturalist but a fantasist, and the seven chapters (XII – XVIII) that he devotes to the Paradise of Birds are the heart of the fantasy. The author restricts himself to a simple language for his young audience; yet within this simplicity he paints a lush, lustrous, luxuriant prose poem of imaginative effects.

Policeman Bluejay delivers his young charges to the Guardian of the Entrance to Paradise (the Jay himself is too deeply tainted by the outer world to enter). The Guardian accepts them and turns them over to Ephel, the Royal Messenger, who guides them on their tour. Ephel brings them to the royal court of the King Bird of Paradise; the King's lecture on the virtue of vanity is the comic high point of the book. Ephel shows the children the Lustrous Lake with its singing fish, the curious lake of dry water, and the Gleaming Glade where the birds perform their Beauty Dance.

The Paradise of Birds is in fact Eden: "There is a legend that man once lived there, but for some unknown crime was driven away. But the birds have always been allowed to inhabit the place because they did no harm." Since these are "fairy Birds of Paradise," they occupy their own domain of reality; the reader does not need to picture actual birds-of-paradise in an actual American woodland. (Baum's combination of Eden with fairyland raises interesting complexities.)

Baum exploits concepts and images that are used by fantasists before and after him; readers familiar with the genre will perceive echoes of other works. The Paradise of Birds has trees "not made of wood, but having trunks of polished gold and silver and leaves of exquisite metallic colorings" — reminiscent of the gold and silver foliage in The Twelve Dancing Princesses. The barrier of wind that prevents entrance to the Paradise foreshadows the similar barrier in Lord Dunsany's The King of Elfland's Daughter. And the flowers with human faces in Chapter XV have a range of parallels.

The form
Baum's Policeman Bluejay partakes of a deep tradition in literature and storytelling, folklore and myth, which employs the animal world, especially birds and bees, as metaphor for the human condition. Chaucer's The Parliament of Fowls is probably the best-known work in this vein, though various others can be cited, most commonly involving birds, and in Indian, Persian, and Arabic literature as well as Western. The trope re-appears in twentieth-century poetry, and in the early twenty-first it is still used to reach and teach young children.

In regard to bees, John Day's play The Parliament of Bees is arguably the most famous of a number of related works. (One major distinction applies: writers like Chaucer and Day were primarily interested in commenting on human society, and used their animal metaphors as means to that end. In Baum's book, the animals and their welfare are the central consideration.)

More generally, talking animals and human/animal transformation are virtually universal in world folklore. Baum's animal fable participates in this ancient tradition.

References

External links

1907 American novels
1907 fantasy novels
1907 children's books
American children's novels
Children's fantasy novels
Children's novels about birds
Fictional corvids
Works published under a pseudonym
Books by L. Frank Baum


What would have been the third USS Wave (SP-1706) was a trawler the United States Navy considered for use as a minesweeper in 1917 and 1918 but which was never actually transferred to the Navy.

Wave was a fishing trawler built by the Fore River Shipbuilding Company at Quincy, Massachusetts, in 1912 or 1913. Owned by the Bay State Fishing Company, she was inspected by representatives of the Commandant, 1st Naval District, during the spring of 1917. The Navy ordered her delivered for World War I service in June 1917 and again in June 1918, and went so far as to assign her the classification SP-1706 and make plans for her conversion to a minesweeper and assignment to the 1st Naval District. However, the Navy did not actually take her over, and she remained in the hands of her owner and never saw naval service.

Notes

References

External links

Ships built in Quincy, Massachusetts
1912 ships
World War I merchant ships of the United States


Vanessa Cristina Höller Noel (born 1971) is a pageant titleholder, was born in Caracas, Venezuela in 1971. She is the Miss Venezuela International titleholder for 1990.

She was the official representative of Venezuela to the Miss International 1990 pageant held in Osaka on 16 September  1990, when she classified in the Top 15 semifinalists. She has two children. She also competed in the national beauty pageant Miss Venezuela 1990 and obtained the title of Miss Venezuela International. She represented Portuguesa state.

References

External links
Miss Venezuela Official Website

1971 births
Living people
Models from Caracas
Miss Venezuela International winners
Miss International 1990 delegates


Niurka Auristela Acevedo is a Venezuelan actress and a pageant titleholder.

Acevedo was born in Maturín, Venezuela She is the Miss Venezuela International titleholder for 1991, and was the official representative of Venezuela to the Miss International 1991 pageant held in Tokyo, Japan, on October 13, 1991. Acevedo competed in the national beauty pageant Miss Venezuela 1991 and won the title of Miss Venezuela International. She represented Monagas state.

Television

Telenovela

1992–2000
1992
Cara Sucia (Venevision, Venezuela)
1993
Amor De Papel (Venevision, Venezuela)
1994
Morena Clara (Venevision, Venezuela)
1995
Como Tu, Ninguna (Venevision, Venezuela)
1997
Sol de Tentacion (Venevision, Venezuela)
Destino De Mujer (Venevision and TVE, Venezuela and Spain)
1998
La Chachala (TV Azteca, Mexico)
Tentaciones (TV Azteca, Mexico)
1999
Cuando Hay Pasion (Venevision, Venezuela)

2000–present
2000
Hechizo de Amor (Venevision, Venezuela)
Angelica Pecado (RCTV, Venezuela)
2002
La Mujer de Judas (RCTV and RCTV Intl, Venezuela)
Mi Gorda Bella (RCTV and RCTV Intl, Venezuela)
2005
Amor A Palos

References

External links
Miss Venezuela Official Website
Miss International Official Website

Living people
Miss Venezuela International winners
Venezuelan telenovela actresses
Miss International 1991 delegates
Venezuelan female models
Actresses from Caracas
Year of birth missing (living people)


Traumatic brain injury (TBI, physical trauma to the brain) can cause a variety of complications, health effects that are not TBI themselves but that result from it. The risk of complications increases with the severity of the trauma; however even mild traumatic brain injury can result in disabilities that interfere with social interactions, employment, and everyday living. TBI can cause a variety of problems including physical, cognitive, emotional, and behavioral complications.

Symptoms that may occur after a concussion – a minor form of traumatic brain injury – are referred to as post-concussion syndrome.

Effects on unconsciousness
Generally, there are six abnormal states of consciousness that can result from a TBI:
 Stupor is a state of partial or near complete unconsciousness in which the patient is lethargic, immobile, and has a reduced response to stimuli.
 Coma is a state in which the patient is totally unconscious and cannot be aroused even with strong stimuli.
 Persistent vegetative state is a condition in which awake patients are unconscious and unaware of their surroundings and the cerebral cortex is not functioning. A vegetative state can result from diffuse injury to the cerebral hemispheres of the brain without damage to the lower brain and brainstem. The vegetative state is considered permanent if it persists for 12 months after TBI or 3 months after causes other than trauma.
 A minimally conscious state is a condition in which patients have a reduced level of arousal and may appear, on the surface, to be in a persistent vegetative state but are capable of demonstrating the ability to actively process information.
 Locked-in syndrome is a condition in which a patient is aware and awake, but cannot move or communicate due to complete paralysis of the body. Voluntary control of eye movements or blinking may be spared, permitting the detection of conscious awareness and enabling the establishment of functional communication.
 Brain death is the irreversible loss of measurable brain function, with loss of any integrated activity among distinct areas of the brain. Breathing and heart function must be maintained with assistive devices.

Disorders of consciousness affect a significant number of people with severe TBI; of those with severe TBI discharged from a hospital, 10%-15% are in a vegetative state, and of this number only half regain consciousness within one to three years.

Cognitive deficits

Most patients with severe TBI who recover consciousness experience cognitive disabilities, including the loss of many higher-level mental skills. Cognitive deficits that can follow TBI include impaired attention; disrupted insight, judgement, and thought; reduced processing speed; distractibility; and deficits in executive functions such as abstract reasoning, planning, problem-solving, and multitasking. Memory loss, the most common cognitive impairment among head-injured people, occurs in 20–79% of people with closed head trauma, depending on severity. Post-traumatic amnesia (PTA), a confusional state with impaired memory, is characterized by loss of specific memories or the partial inability to form or store new ones.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative disease characterized by dementia, memory loss, and deteriorating cognitive abilities. Research suggests an association between head injury in early adulthood and the development of AD later in life; the more severe the head injury, the greater the risk of developing AD. Some evidence indicates that a head injury may interact with other factors to trigger the disease and may hasten the onset of the disease in individuals already at risk. For example, head-injured people who have a particular form of the protein apolipoprotein E (apoE4, a naturally occurring protein that helps transport cholesterol through the bloodstream) fall into this increased risk category.

Patients with moderate to severe TBI have more problems with cognitive deficits than do those with mild TBI, but several mild TBIs may have an additive effect. About one in five career boxers is affected by chronic traumatic brain injury (CTBI), which causes cognitive, behavioral, and physical impairments. Dementia pugilistica, also called chronic traumatic encephalopathy, is the severe form of CTBI. Caused by repetitive blows to the head over a long period, the condition primarily affects career boxers and has recently been linked to other contact sports including American football and ice hockey as well as military service(see Ann McKee). It commonly manifests as dementia, or declining mental ability, memory problems, and parkinsonism (tremors and lack of coordination). Symptoms begin anywhere between 6 and 40 years after the start of a boxing career, with an average onset of about 16 years.

Communication problems
Language and communication problems are common disabilities in TBI patients. Some may experience aphasia, difficulty with understanding and producing spoken and written language; or they may have difficulty with the more subtle aspects of communication, such as body language and emotional, non-verbal signals. Some may have problems with intonation or inflection, called prosodic dysfunction. Problems with spoken language may occur if the part of the brain that controls speech muscles is damaged. In this disorder, called dysarthria, the patient can think of the appropriate language, but cannot easily speak the words because they are unable to use the muscles needed to form the words and produce the sounds. Speech is often slow, slurred, and garbled.

Sensory deficits
TBI patients may have sensory problems, especially problems with vision; they may not be able to register what they are seeing or may be slow to recognize objects. Also, TBI patients often have difficulty with hand–eye coordination, causing them to seem clumsy or unsteady. Other sensory deficits include problems with hearing, smell, taste, or touch. Tinnitus, a ringing or roaring in the ears, may occur. A person with damage to the part of the brain that processes taste or smell may perceive a persistent bitter taste or noxious smell. Damage to the part of the brain that controls the sense of touch may cause a TBI patient to develop persistent skin tingling, itching, or pain. These conditions are rare and difficult to treat.

Emotional and behavioral problems
TBI may cause emotional or behavioral problems and changes in personality. Emotional symptoms that can follow TBI include emotional instability, depression, anxiety, hypomania, mania, apathy, irritability, and anger. TBI appears to predispose a person to psychiatric disorders including obsessive compulsive disorder, alcohol or substance abuse or substance dependence, dysthymia, clinical depression, bipolar disorder, phobias, panic disorder, and schizophrenia. About one quarter of people with TBI develop clinical depression, and about 9% experience mania. The prevalence of all psychiatric illnesses is 49% in moderate to severe TBI and 34% in mild TBI within a year of injury, compared with 18% of controls. People with TBI continue to be at greater risk for psychiatric problems than others even years after an injury. Problems that may persist for up to two years after the injury include irritability, suicidal ideation, insomnia, and loss of the ability to experience pleasure from previously enjoyable experiences.

Behavioral symptoms that can follow TBI include disinhibition, inability to control anger, impulsiveness, lack of initiative, inappropriate sexual activity, and changes in personality. Different behavioral problems are characteristic of the location of injury; for instance, frontal lobe injuries often result in disinhibition and inappropriate or childish behavior, and temporal lobe injuries often cause irritability and aggression.

Physical complications

Pain, especially headache, is a common complication following a TBI. Being unconscious and lying still for long periods can cause blood clots to form (deep venous thrombosis), which can cause pulmonary embolism. Other serious complications for patients who are unconscious, in a coma, or in a vegetative state include pressure sores, pneumonia or other infections, and progressive multiple organ failure.

The risk of post-traumatic seizures increases with severity of trauma (image at right) and is particularly elevated with certain types of brain trauma such as cerebral contusions or hematomas. As many as 50% of people with penetrating head injuries will develop seizures. People with early seizures, those occurring within a week of injury, have an increased risk of post-traumatic epilepsy (recurrent seizures occurring more than a week after the initial trauma) though seizures can appear a decade or more after the initial injury and the common seizure type may also change over time. Generally, medical professionals use anticonvulsant medications to treat seizures in TBI patients within the first week of injury only and after that only if the seizures persist.

Neurostorms may occur after a severe TBI. The lower the Glasgow Coma Score (GCS), the higher the chance of Neurostorming. Neurostorms occur when the patient's Autonomic Nervous System (ANS), Central Nervous System (CNS), Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS), and Parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) become severely compromised. This in turn can create the following potential life-threatening symptoms: increased intra-cranial pressure (ICP), tachycardia, tremors, seizures, fevers, increased blood pressure, increased Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF), and diaphoresis. A variety of medication may be used to help decrease or control neurostorm episodes.

Parkinson's disease and other motor problems as a result of TBI are rare but can occur. Parkinson's disease, a chronic and progressive disorder, may develop years after TBI as a result of damage to the basal ganglia. Other movement disorders that may develop after TBI include tremor, ataxia (uncoordinated muscle movements), and myoclonus (shock-like contractions of muscles).

Skull fractures can tear the meninges, the membranes that cover the brain, leading to leaks of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). A tear between the dura and the arachnoid membranes, called a CSF fistula, can cause CSF to leak out of the subarachnoid space into the subdural space; this is called a subdural hygroma. CSF can also leak from the nose and the ear. These tears can also allow bacteria into the cavity, potentially causing infections such as meningitis. Pneumocephalus occurs when air enters the intracranial cavity and becomes trapped in the subarachnoid space. Infections within the intracranial cavity are a dangerous complication of TBI. They may occur outside of the dura mater, below the dura, below the arachnoid (meningitis), or within the brain itself (abscess). Most of these injuries develop within a few weeks of the initial trauma and result from skull fractures or penetrating injuries. Standard treatment involves antibiotics and sometimes surgery to remove the infected tissue.

Injuries to the base of the skull can damage nerves that emerge directly from the brain (cranial nerves). Cranial nerve damage may result in:
 Paralysis of facial muscles
 Damage to the nerves responsible for eye movements, which can cause double vision
 Damage to the nerves that provide sense of smell
 Loss of vision
 Loss of facial sensation
 Swallowing problems
Hydrocephalus, post-traumatic ventricular enlargement, occurs when CSF accumulates in the brain, resulting in dilation of the cerebral ventricles and an increase in ICP. This condition can develop during the acute stage of TBI or may not appear until later. Generally it occurs within the first year of the injury and is characterized by worsening neurological outcome, impaired consciousness, behavioral changes, ataxia (lack of coordination or balance), incontinence, or signs of elevated ICP.

Any damage to the head or brain usually results in some damage to the vascular system, which provides blood to the cells of the brain. The body can repair small blood vessels, but damage to larger ones can result in serious complications. Damage to one of the major arteries leading to the brain can cause a stroke, either through bleeding from the artery or through the formation of a blood clot at the site of injury, blocking blood flow to the brain. Blood clots also can develop in other parts of the head. Other types of vascular complications include vasospasm, in which blood vessels constrict and restrict blood flow, and the formation of aneurysms, in which the side of a blood vessel weakens and balloons out.

Fluid and hormonal imbalances can also complicate treatment. Hormonal problems can result from dysfunction of the pituitary, the thyroid, and other glands throughout the body. Two common hormonal complications of TBI are syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone and hypothyroidism.

Another common problem is spasticity. In this situation, certain muscles of the body are tight or hypertonic because they cannot fully relax.

See also
 Sleeping disorders following traumatic brain injury

References

Neurotrauma


Johnny Hamp's Kentucky Serenaders was a US jazz and dance band, active from the late 1910s through the 1920s.  The group was known simply as The Serenaders until Johnny Hamp became the band leader. Johnny Hamp was born in Lancaster, Pennsylvania and should not be confused with British television producer Johnnie Hamp.  According to some sources, he became the leader by chance when the band was performing at the Hershey Ballroom in Hershey, Pennsylvania. The band leader at the time had an argument with the players and walked out. Hamp, who never played a musical instrument in spite of being a jazz fan and had no experience as a conductor (in addition, he only sang whenever the chorus was performed by a vocal ensemble or the whole band), volunteered to lead them for the rest of the evening and they accepted. After the performance, the band asked him to stay on as leader.  The "Kentucky" in the name appears to be related to the band's use of "My Old Kentucky Home" as a theme song, rather than any connection to the U.S. state of Kentucky.

The group toured in the eastern United States and toured England in 1930.  In 1931, the group was renamed Johnny Hamp and His Orchestra.

The group made most of its recordings in New York City on the Victor label.  Their biggest hit was "Black Bottom" recorded in 1926, which led to a dance fad; see Black Bottom (dance).

Hamp continued to record for Victor until April, 1932.  The next session was in August, 1935 for ARC (Melotone, Perfect, Romeo, Oriole).  In December, 1936, Hamp was back with Victor recording for their Bluebird label for only two sessions (the second in February, 1937), which turned out to be their last session.

Band members at different times included:
 Howard Bartlett on clarinet, soprano saxophone, tenor saxophone, vocals
 William Benedict on trombone
 Lester Brewer on trumpet
 Charles Buckwalter on piano, vocals and as arranger
 Franklyn Baur on vocals
 Joe Cassidy on clarinet, alto saxophone, vocals
 Roy Cropper on vocals
 Charles Dale on clarinet, soprano saxophone, alto saxophone
 Cliff Gamet on alto saxophone, vocals
 Carl Grayson (r.n.: Graub) on violin, vocals
 Elwood Groff on bass brass, vocals
 Irwin Hood on piano
 Lewis James on vocals
 Johnny Marvin on vocals
 Johnny McAfee on saxophone, vocals
 Frank Masterson on banjo, vocals
 Frank Munn on vocals
 Billy Murray on vocals
 Walter Pontius on vocals
 Elliot Shaw on vocals
 Charles Socci on guitar, vocals
 Ray Stillson on clarinet, soprano saxophone, alto saxophone
 John Strouse on drums
 Clayton Tewkesbury on trumpet
 Hal White on violin, vocals
 Jayne Whitney on vocals
 Melvin Watkins playing clarinet and saxophone

Johnny Hamp led other bands in the 1930s and early 1940s ending up as a hotel house band leader in Chicago.

Partial discography
 "Breeze Blow My Baby Back" 1919
 "Angry" 1925
 "Black Bottom" 1926 (see 1926 in music)
 "If I Had a Talking Picture of You" 1929 (see 1929 in music)
 "Venetian Moon" (released on 78 RPM by Columbia records)

The first reference below has a detailed discography.

References

External links
 RedHotJazz.com
 Internet Movie Database
 PastPerfect.com
 Dismuke's Hit of the Week, September 2003
 Solid! - Johnny Hamp
 Johnny Hamp: Information for Answers.com

American jazz ensembles


Princess Maria Amalia of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (Italian: Maria Amalia di Borbone, Principessa di Borbone delle Due Sicilie; 25 February 1818 in Pozzuoli, Two Sicilies – 6 November 1857 in Madrid, Spain) was a Princess of Bourbon-Two Sicilies by birth and an Infanta of Portugal and Spain through her marriage to Infante Sebastian of Portugal and Spain.

Family
Maria Amalia was the tenth child of Francis I of the Two Sicilies and his wife Maria Isabella of Spain.

Marriage
Maria Amalia married Infante Sebastian of Portugal and Spain, only son of Infante Pedro Carlos of Spain and Portugal and his wife Teresa, Princess of Beira, on 25 May 1832 in Madrid, Spain. The marriage remained childless.

Ancestry

References

1818 births
1857 deaths
People from Pozzuoli
Princesses of Bourbon-Two Sicilies
Spanish infantas
Portuguese infantas
House of Bourbon-Braganza
Burials at the Basilica of Santa Chiara
Italian Roman Catholics
Daughters of kings


Magnus Andersson (born 27 April 1981) is a retired Swedish footballer who played as a defender and current assistant manager of Trelleborgs FF.

Career
Andersson started his career in Hillerstorps GoIF alongside Patrik Ingelsten. In 2001, he moved to IFK Värnamo, but only stayed for 1 season before following manager Jonas Thern to Halmstads BK. Andersson was mainly used as a substitute until the 2005 season, however an ACL injury destroyed his season, and he returned only to obtain the same injury during the 2006 season.

In 2007, he left Halmstads BK for Trelleborgs FF where he played until he retired in 2017. He continued at the club as assistant manager, after having already been a part of the club's coaching staff since 2015. He came out of retirement on 22 April 2018, due to injuries in the squad, playing the whole game as Trelleborg lost 0–1 to Kalmar FF on home ground. Andersson played two games further in the 2018 season.

References

External links
  (archive 1, archive 2)

1981 births
Swedish men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Allsvenskan players
Superettan players
IFK Värnamo players
Halmstads BK players
Trelleborgs FF players
Living people


Miriam Leyderman (born 1964 in Maracaibo, Venezuela) is a pageant titleholder. She competed in the national beauty pageant Miss Venezuela 1984 and placed as 2nd runner-up, which earned her the title Miss Venezuela International and the right to represent Venezuela at the Miss International 1984 pageant. At Miss Venezuela she represented Nueva Esparta state.

The Miss International 1984 pageant was held in Yokohama, Japan, on October 30, 1984, Leyderman placed as 1st runner up. The winner was Miss Guatemala Ilma Urrutia.

References

External links
Miss Venezuela Official Website
Miss International Official Website

1964 births
Living people
People from Maracaibo
Miss Venezuela International winners
Miss International 1984 delegates


USS Wave (YFB-10) was a United States Navy steel-hulled ferryboat that was commissioned in 1916 and struck in 1938. She was the third ship to receive this name.

Construction
Wave was laid down on 7 March 1916, by Charleston Navy Yard, in Charleston, South Carolina. She was launched on 31 August 1916, completed on November 1916, and delivered to the Naval Training Station, in Newport, RI in the spring of 1917. She was  long, and  wide. She was propelled by a 230-horsepower engine.

Service history
Soon after being placed in service, Wave was assigned to the Torpedo Station at Newport, Rhode Island. That may have been her only assignment since the few records of her service extant suggest that she served in the 2nd Naval District, which contained Newport until it was disbanded, and then in the 1st Naval District, which inherited Newport, throughout the remainder of her active career. In July 1920, as the Navy instituted its alphanumeric hull classification system, she received the designation YFB-10. Her name was struck from the Navy List on 20 January 1938. No record of her subsequent fate has been uncovered.

References

Ships built in Charleston, South Carolina
Ferries of the United States Navy
World War I auxiliary ships of the United States


Begoña Victoria (Vicky) García Varas is a pageant titleholder, was born in Caracas, Venezuela in 1966. She is the Miss Venezuela International titleholder for 1987, and was the official representative of Venezuela to the Miss International 1987 pageant held in Tokyo, Japan, on September 13, 1987, when she classified in the Top 15 semifinalists.

García competed in the national beauty pageant Miss Venezuela 1987 and obtained the title of Miss Venezuela International. She represented the Municipio Libertador.

References

External links
Miss Venezuela Official Website
Miss International Official Website

1966 births
Living people
Models from Caracas
Miss Venezuela International winners
Miss International 1987 delegates


In New York City, a desk appearance ticket (DAT) is an order to appear in the New York City Criminal Court for an arraignment.

Details
A person who receives a DAT has been arrested. The DAT is simply one of two alternative means by which a person who is arrested appears for arraignment, or first appearance. A person who receives a DAT is permitted to appear in court on their own on the date indicated on the DAT document.

A person who does not receive a DAT is processed through the arrest to arraignment system and is supposed to have their arraignment within 24 hours.  From the point that the case is arraigned, a DAT case is like any other criminal case. DATs may be issued for violation, misdemeanors, and "E" felonies. If a person fails to return to court on the date indicated on the DAT, the Court will issue an arrest warrant.

The authority for a DAT is found in Criminal Procedure Law §150.10, which describes a DAT as "a written notice issued and subscribed by a police officer... directing a designated person to appear in a designated local criminal court at a designated future time in connection with his alleged commission of a designated offense."

Beginning January 1, 2020, new rules imposed by the New York State Legislature have significantly changed Desk Appearance Ticket procedures. Chief among those changes is that the vast majority of misdemeanor and many felony charges now require the use of Desk Appearance Tickets. The decision to proceed by way of desk appearance ticket is no longer discretionary in the vast majority of circumstances. Exceptions to the mandatory desk appearance ticket requirement include sex offenses, offenses against family members, and offenses where license suspension or the issuance of orders of protection is possible.

A universal summons (summons ticket) is another type of appearance ticket (authorized by CPL article 150) that directs a defendant to appear for arraignment at a future date, but it also serves as the accusatory instrument (unlike a complaint filed by a prosecutor, as with a DAT) and the defendant is not arrested.

See also
 Judiciary of New York
 Law of New York

References

New York (state) law
Law enforcement in New York City
New York City law


Nancy Gallardo is a pageant titleholder, was born in Guanare, Venezuela in 1968. She is the Miss Venezuela International titleholder for 1986, and was the official representative of Venezuela to the Miss International 1986 pageant held in Nagasaki, Japan, on September 7, 1986, when she classified in the Top 15 semifinalists.

Gallardo competed in the national beauty pageant Miss Venezuela 1986 and obtained the title of 1st runner up. She represented Portuguesa state.

References

External links
Miss Venezuela Official Website
Miss International Official Website

1968 births
Living people
People from Guanare
Miss Venezuela International winners
Miss International 1986 delegates


According to the New Testament, the Beautiful Gate was one of the gates belonging to the Temple in Jerusalem prior to its destruction by the Romans in AD 70. It was referred to as "beautiful" in chapter 3 of the Acts of the Apostles.

Textual references
Acts of the Apostles chapter 3, verses 2 and 10, respectively state:

 την θυραν του ιερου την λεγομενην ωραιαν (the gate of the temple which is called Beautiful)
 τη ωραια πυλη του ιερου (the Beautiful Gate of the temple)

According to the Acts narrative, there was a habitual beggar there with a congenital disability, who sought alms as people entered and left the temple. Peter says to him, "I have no gold and silver but what I do have I give you: In the name of Jesus Christ of Nazareth, rise up and walk". Then taking the man's right hand, he helped the man up and immediately the man's feet and ankles were strengthened and he was able to walk and move instead of laying there begging.

The Greek adjective used to name the gate (hōraios) can be defined as '1. happening or coming at the right time —2. beautiful, fair, lovely'. Some scholars believe the word may refer more to ripeness than to beauty.

Physical location
Attempts by scholars to agree on the identity of the gate by one of its recognized names have met with little success although both the upper inner gate, the Nicanor, and the lower outer gate, the Shushan, have been suggested as candidates.

See also
 Gates of the Temple Mount

References

External links
Bibleandplaces.com

Second Temple
Acts of the Apostles


María Eugenia Duarte is a pageant titleholder, was born in Maracaibo, Venezuela on 1967. She is the Miss Venezuela International titleholder for 1988, and was the official representative of Venezuela to the Miss International 1988 pageant held in Gifu, Japan, on June 17, 1988.

Duarte competed in the national beauty pageant Miss Venezuela 1988 and obtained the title of Miss Venezuela International. She represented the Guajira Peninsula.

References

External links
Miss Venezuela Official Website
Miss International Official Website

1967 births
Living people
People from Maracaibo
Miss Venezuela International winners
Miss International 1988 delegates


The Hong Kong Morris (, Cantonese pronunciation: Heung Gong Gwoo Doi Ying Gwok Mo Tuen, literally the Hong Kong Ancient English Dance Platoon) is an English morris dancing team or side founded in Hong Kong in 1974.  The side now has two chapters, the Hong Kong Morris and the Hong Kong (UK) Morris, colloquially known as The Brackets, in the United Kingdom.  In its heyday, in the late 1980s and early 1990s, the Hong Kong Morris was one of the largest Cotswold morris sides in the world.  The side maintains that it is committed to the principles of multiculturalism and inclusivity, and has always encouraged a multicultural membership and mixed dancing.  The return of the former British colony of Hong Kong to China in 1997 has had no effect on the side's activities, and it continues to flourish as a notable example of the resilience of Western cultural activity in postcolonial Hong Kong.

Early history

The Hong Kong Morris was founded by Jim Carter in 1974.  Many of its early members were officers of the Royal Hong Kong Police Force.  One founding member, Tony Reynolds, was a Quaker who had driven ambulances along the Burma Road during the Second World War.  The side met to practice at St John's Cathedral in Garden Road, Hong Kong Island. In the 1980s the side attracted British expatriates working in Hong Kong, teachers and engineers being particularly well represented.  The side's numbers reached a peak in the mid-1980s, at around 50 dancers and musicians.

Due to the increase in the team's numbers the practice venue was moved in the early 1980s to South Island School. In 1985 the side was featured in the Morris Ring publication The Morris Tradition, as an example of the spread of morris dancing beyond its traditional home in England.

Notable events

The side has typically danced either at open-air venues in Hong Kong such as fetes and festivals or in air-conditioned shopping malls.  During the mid-1980s the Hong Kong Morris performed on most weekends, though in recent years performances have been less frequent.

In 1987 the side danced on top of a decorated shipping container swung out over Kwai Chung Creek on a crane to mark the opening of a new berth at Kwai Chung Container Terminals.

In 1988, in order to benefit from the waiver of fees granted by the Urban Council to charitable, religious and educational groups for the use of its premises, the Hong Kong Morris successfully argued that it was a religious group on the grounds that morris dancing was a survival of a pre-Christian fertility rite.  This myth was exploded with the publication in 1999 of A History of Morris Dancing, John Forrest's magisterial study of the historical roots of morris dancing (no earlier than the fifteenth century), and is no longer an argument that the side could make with a good conscience.

In 1990 and 1991 three four-person teams from the Hong Kong Morris took part in the annual Trailwalker competition, an event that involves walking the 100 kilometres of the Maclehose Trail within a period of 48 hours.  On both occasions the walkers changed into morris kit near the end of the trail, danced across the finishing line, and took part in a vigorous display of morris dancing afterwards.

In 1991 the side danced at Hei Ling Chau refugee camp.  Its audience consisted of several hundred Vietnamese boat people who had fled from Vietnam and had been interned upon their arrival in Hong Kong.

In 1994 the side celebrated its twentieth anniversary in Hong Kong.  A large number of former members returned to Hong Kong from the UK and Canada to take part in the celebrations.

In 1997, shortly before the handover of Hong Kong to China, the Hong Kong Morris held The Last Ale of the Empire.

In 2004 the side celebrated its thirtieth anniversary.  Again, several former members returned to Hong Kong for the anniversary.  The celebrations included dancing in Hong Kong Park, in Stanley, and outside the Cultural Centre in Tsim Sha Tsui.

In 2008 and 2009 the Hong Kong Morris celebrated May Morning by dancing next to the Wishing Tree in San Uk Tsai, a locally celebrated banyan tree believed to bring good fortune to its devotees.

The Brackets

In 1984 China and the United Kingdom issued a Joint Declaration providing for the return of Hong Kong to China in 1997.  In the late 1980s, largely due to localisation policies implemented in preparation for the 1997 handover, many of the side's members returned to the United Kingdom.  These members met for a weekend of dance at Wimborne, Dorset in 1991, at which the decision was taken to form the Hong Kong (UK) Morris, colloquially known as The Brackets.  Initial Brackets gatherings took place at the annual Sidmouth Folk Festival in Devon, normally held at the end of July.  In January 1993 a recently returned Hong Kong Morris member organised a weekend of dance for The Brackets and the Brackley Morris Men in Northamptonshire.  The idea of a January gathering in addition to the July Sidmouth reunion caught on, and The Brackets now regularly meet and dance together in the first week of January as well as at Sidmouth.

Many of the Brackets became members of local morris sides after their return to the UK, but all retain an allegiance to the Hong Kong Morris.  Throughout the 1990s members of the Hong Kong and UK sides met up annually at the Sidmouth Folk Festival, and links between the two sides remain strong.  Many members of The Brackets returned to Hong Kong in 1994 to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the foundation of the Hong Kong Morris, and several Brackets members also helped to celebrate the side's 30th anniversary in 2004.

A strong side of Brackets visited Hong Kong in October 2008, and the local and UK sides danced together in Stanley, on Lamma Island and in Macau.

Constitution and offices
The Hong Kong Morris is registered under the Societies Ordinance (Cap. 151 of the Laws of Hong Kong), a local ordinance introduced by the Hong Kong Government to counter the threat of subversion.  The ordinance allows the government to monitor the activities of political parties, pressure groups and other potentially-undesirable combinations, and under its provisions the side is required to furnish the government every year with copies of its accounts and the minutes of its annual general meeting.

As with many other morris sides, the officers of the Hong Kong Morris include a squire (president), a bagman (treasurer) and a foreman (dance teacher).  In 1989, in recognition of the wish of the women members to develop their own dance traditions, the office of foreman was replaced with a men's foreman and a women's foreman.

Costume
The men's side of the Hong Kong Morris wear white trousers and shirts.  Their baldricks, red and yellow with green highlights, are decorated with a badge, which was designed in 1976 by Sue King, representing a Chinese dragon behind a rapper sword knot.  All three colours, but particularly red, are considered lucky in Chinese tradition, and drew attention away from the men's white shirts and trousers.  White is the colour worn at funerals in China, and is considered inauspicious.  This costume was lightly modified in 1984.

The Hong Kong Morris colour palette (red, yellow and green) influenced the costume of the Vancouver Morris Men , one of Canada's most illustrious morris sides.  Graham Baldwin, one of the earliest members of the Hong Kong Morris, founded the Vancouver Morris Men in 1982, and chose the same colours for the costume of the Vancouver side.

The costume of the Hong Kong Morris women's side has undergone changes over the years. The first women's costume consisted of a white blouse and a skirt available in light green, russet brown, or pink.  In 1984 this early costume was replaced with a uniform costume designed by Annette Frizell, consisting of a red skirt, a white blouse and a green waistcoat.  At present many of the women dancers continue to wear the costume introduced in 1984, though some dancers prefer a modified open-neck version of the 1984-model white blouse.  Other dancers wear the same costume as the men.

The sticks used by the side in its dances are wrapped in tape in three broad bands of colour: red, white and green.  The green end of the stick is always held uppermost, so that any blood shed in an incautious stick clash is disguised by dripping onto the lower red band.

Many morris sides include one or more members dressed as animals, typically horses.  The Hong Kong Morris has its own hobby horse named Horace, normally represented by Martin Samson.

Dancing traditions
Most of the dances performed by the Hong Kong Morris are from the Cotswold Morris tradition.   Cotswold traditions danced at various periods in the side's history include Adderbury, Ascot-under-Wychwood, Bampton, Bledington, Bucknell, Fieldtown, Headington, Lichfield, Stanton Harcourt and Upton-on-Severn.  At periods in its history the side has also performed longsword dances, garland dances, rapper dances and mumming plays.

While the Hong Kong Morris has always regarded Lionel Bacon's classic work A Handbook of Morris Dances as a most valuable source of information on the form and historical development of particular morris tunes and morris dances, it has never felt the need to adhere slavishly to the particular form in which a dance or tune was collected several decades ago.  The side has therefore contributed to the development of the morris tradition by adapting a number of existing dances to local circumstances.  In the early 1980s the Hong Kong Morris developed a variant of the Lichfield Morris tradition, designed to be viewed from above when being danced on the circular ground-floor stage of the multi-storey shopping mall The Landmark.  Instead of the conventional set of eight dancers, the Hong Kong Morris danced Lichfield with twelve dancers arranged in a cross formation.  This formation enabled spectacular effects to be achieved, particularly in the complex Lichfield Hey.  Other dances similarly adapted include the Upton-on-Yangtze stick dance, a version of the Upton-on-Severn stick dance performed in traditional Chinese costume with chopsticks, and Governor's Gallop, a dance developed in the early 1990s in honour of Chris Patten, Hong Kong's last British governor.

Music
The main musicians for the Hong Kong side are Sue Ellis and Sue Papper (melodeons), and for the Brackets Steve Butler/Hall, John Bacon (both piano accordions), John Rowlands (button accordion) and June Rowlands (fiddle).  The squeezebox and fiddle players normally carry the main burden of the tune, while attractive decorative effects are produced by supporting musicians with less powerful instruments. Bill Crump and Dave Ellis, for example, use the tin whistle to counterpoint and harmonise with the main melody.  While most of the side's musicians play traditional morris instruments (the piano accordion, the button accordion, the melodeon, the concertina, the fiddle, the guitar, the bodhran and the tin whistle), the Hong Kong Morris has never refused less conventional instruments.  The late Mike Cowley's inimitable performance on the trombone (Mike died on 18 November 2010) will be particularly missed, as it gave the side's music a depth and volume that considerably enhanced the performance of the dancers and at times reduced them to tears of laughter.

Mumming play and rapper dancing
The Hong Kong Morris has for many years performed an English mumming play.  Texts of a large number of medieval mumming plays have survived, and the play performed by the side is in the mainstream mumming play tradition.  It contains the characters Father Christmas, Saint George and the Turkish Knight.  In the late 1980s and early 1990s the mumming play actors also included a display of rapper sword dancing in their performance.  The impact of these performances was considerably enhanced by the striking costumes produced for the actors by side member Chris Baldwin, a devotee of amateur dramatics.

Singing

Singing (mostly of English folk songs) has always played a role in the apres-morris conviviality of the Hong Kong Morris.  Jim Carter, Hilary Blythe and Phil Pimentil, three of the side's early members, were noted singers on the local folk scene as part of the group Mulled Ale, and launched a tradition of powerful singing.  Several other regular singers have maintained this tradition, including Mary Read and Amy Hughes (romantic ballads), Mike Greenhalgh (sea shanties), Dave Wilmshurst ('Death to the French' songs), Steve Ford (folksong parodies) and Dave Ellis (drinking songs).  Kyoko Fukuda has recently widened the side's singing repertoire with two songs sung in Japanese: one about an elephant, known as The Elephant Song, and one about something else, known jokingly as The Not-the-Elephant Song.

Phil Pimentil used to sing one of the few English folksongs known to have mentioned Hong Kong, about an Irish navvy who found work in the British colony in the late nineteenth century: 'I'm off to be a Chinaman, to Hong Kong I'm bound.'  Another song with a China connection, The Chinese Bumboatman Song, also known as The Ballad of Wing Chang Loo, has become a side favourite, and is sometimes delivered with 'an horrible oath' (as the song requires) in Cantonese, depending on the company.

Oratory
An important aspect of any morris side's performance is rapport with its audience, and good speakers can make all the difference to a side's reception. The late Jim Carter was one of the side's most effective orators in its early days, and his baton has been passed on to Roger Pope, who brings to his task the humour and gravitas won in his chosen career as a school headmaster.  When dancing for Chinese audiences in Hong Kong, the Hong Kong Morris always tries to make its announcements in Cantonese.  Several of its expatriate members have enough Cantonese to make themselves understood on such occasions.

Inclusivity and multiculturalism
The Hong Kong Morris attracted its first women members in the late 1970s, at a time when there was opposition to women's morris dancing in the United Kingdom.  Women and men have always danced together in the Hong Kong Morris, either in mixed sets or in separate sets.  By the mid-1980s the side's growing numbers enabled strong men's and women's sets to develop, and each set began to specialise in certain Cotswold traditions, while retaining a large common core of dances for mixed dancing.  In 1989 a women's foreman was added to the side's officers.  The Hong Kong Morris was briefly a member side of the Morris Ring, but was asked to leave the Ring because of its inclusive policy on women's dancing (the Morris Ring has since dropped its gender bar).  It is now a member side of the Morris Federation.  Two of its members, John Bacon and Chris Butler/Hall, have played an influential role respectively in the development of the policies of the Morris Federation and Open Morris, two organisations in the United Kingdom committed to the principle of mixed dancing.

The side has also welcomed dancers and musicians of all nationalities.  Although most of its members have been English, it has also had Hong Kong Chinese, Scottish, American, Australian, New Zealand, French, South African, Thai, Ukrainian and Japanese members.

Invention of traditions

A number of traditions were invented by the Hong Kong Morris in the early 1980s, some of which have survived.  These include an adaptation of the Oxford custom May Morning, a ritual that includes dancing on The Peak at dawn followed by a hearty breakfast and still more dancing; Macau trips, including evenings of singing and dancing at the Pousada da Coloane hotel and lunch at Fernando's restaurant on Hac Sa Beach; junk trips to the Lamma Island Wan Kee Seafood Restaurant; Boxing Day dancing; and a send-off 'ale' for departing members of the side.

Overseas tours

The first overseas tour by the Hong Kong Morris was to Manila in 1980. In 1984 a strong Hong Kong Morris side visited Perth (Australia) and danced with the local ladies' side The Fair Maids of Perth.

Subsequent tours have included the 1986 Guangzhou Tour, the 1987 North American Tour to Seattle, Victoria and Vancouver (a tour in which the side danced with the US sides MossyBacks and Misty City and the Canadian Victoria and Vancouver Morris sides); the 1988 Brisbane Tour to Maleny Folk Festival, at which the side's musician was asked to accompany an Australian women's side of practising witches; the 1989 Taiwan Tour, whose participants enjoyed the unfamiliar experience of being cultural ambassadors for British education; the 1990 Bangkok Tour;  the 1995 Kuala Lumpur Tour, which doubled as a honeymoon for recently married Steve and Myra Ford; and the 1997 Canberra Tour, where the Hong Kong Morris provided a visual history of morris dancing as a specially-invited side, performed its mumming play and led a session of chorus singing.

Visits to Hong Kong by overseas sides

The Hong Kong Morris is the only morris side in Hong Kong, and has therefore welcomed visits from other morris sides.  Teams that have danced in Hong Kong as guests of the Hong Kong Morris include the Australian side The Fair Maids of Perth (1985, in return for the 1984 Perth Tour), the American sides MossyBack Morris Men and Misty City (1988, in return for the 1987 North American Tour), and the UK clog dancing side Kettle Bridge Clogs (1989).

Several former members of the Hong Kong Morris now dance with other sides, and occasionally revisit their old haunts.  Peter and Christine Baldwin, now with the Cyprus Morris, danced with the Hong Kong Morris in November 2010 in the village of Tai Hang in the Lam Tsuen valley.

Notes

Further reading
 Bacon, L., A Handbook of Morris Dances (The Morris Ring, 1974)
 Forrest, J., The History of Morris Dancing, 1483-1750 (Cambridge, 1999)

External links
 Hong Kong Morris old website
 Hong Kong Morris new website
 Kettle Bridge Clogs web site

Culture of Hong Kong
Morris dance