This is a list of initials, acronyms, expressions, euphemisms, jargon, military slang, and sayings in common or formerly common use in the United States Air Force. Many of the words or phrases have varying levels of acceptance among different units or communities, and some also have varying levels of appropriateness (usually dependent on how senior the user is in rank). Many terms also have equivalents among other service branches that are comparable in meaning. Many acronyms and terms have come into common use from voice procedure use over communication channels, translated into the NATO phonetic alphabet, or both.  Acronyms and abbreviations are common in Officer and Enlisted Performance Reports, but can differ between major commands.

0–9

 1st Lt – First Lieutenant; officer pay grade O-2
 2d Lt – Second Lieutenant; officer pay grade O-1
 3C – Cross Cultural Competence

A

 A1C – Airman First Class; enlisted pay grade E-3, known as Airman Second Class (A2C) from 1952 to 1967
 A2C – Airman Second Class; former enlisted pay grade E-3 from 1952 to 1967, now designated as A1C
 A3C – Airman Third Class; former enlisted pay grade E-2 from 1952 to 1967, now designated as Amn
 AADS – Alaskan Air Defense Sector
 AAFES – Army and Air Force Exchange Service (pronounced "A-Fees")
 AB – Airman Basic; enlisted pay grade E-1
 AB – Air Base
 ABDR – Aircraft Battle Damage Repair
 ABM – Air Battle Manager
 ABU – Airman Battle Uniform
 ABW – Air Base Wing
 ACA – Airspace Control Authority
 ACC – Air Combat Command, also Area Control Center
ACFT – Aircraft
 ACO – Aerospace Control Officer
 ACOT – Advanced Communications Officer Training
 ACS – Air Control Squadron
 ACSC – Air Command and Staff College
 ACW – Air Control Wing
 ADC – Area Defense Counsel
 ADC – (Obsolete term) Air Defense Command, later Aerospace Defense Command (disestablished MAJCOM)
 ADCON – Administrative Control
 ADP – Airman Development Plan
 ADPE – Automated Data Processing Equipment
 ADR – Airfield Damage Repair
 ADSC – Active Duty Service Commitment
 AEF – Aerospace Expeditionary Force
 AES – Aeromedical Evacuation Squadron
 AETC – Air Education and Training Command
 AETS – Aeromedical Evacuation Training Squadron
 AEW – Air Expeditionary Wing
 AFA – Air Force Academy
 AFA – Air Force Association
 AFAA – Air Force Audit Agency
 AFAM – Air Force Achievement Medal
 AFAMS – Air Force Agency for Modeling and Simulation
 AFB – Air Force Base
 AFC2IC – Air Force Command and Control Integration Center
 AFCA – Air Force Communications Agency
 AFCAA – Air Force Cost Analysis Agency
 AFCAT – Air Force Catalog
 AFCEC – Air Force Civil Engineering Center
 AFCEE – Air Force Center for Engineering and the Environment
 AFCENT – Air Forces Central
 AFCESA – Air Force Civil Engineer Support Agency
 AFCFM – Air Force Career Field Manager
 AFCLC – Air Force Culture and Learning Center
 AFCM – Air Force Commendation Medal
 AFDC – Air Force Doctrine Center
 AFDW – Air Force District of Washington
 AFE – Aircrew Flight Equipment
 AFETS – Air Force Engineering and Technical Services
 AFFMA – Air Force Frequency Management Agency
 AFFSA – Air Force Flight Standards Agency
 AFFSC – Air Force Financial Services Center
 AFGSC – Air Force Global Strike Command
 AFH – Air Force Handbook
 AFHRA – Air Force Historical Research Agency
 AFI – Air Force Instruction; or as a duty status, awaiting further instructions
 AFIA – Air Force Inspection Agency
 AFIAA – Air Force Intelligence Analysis Agency
 AFIS – Air Force Inspection System
 AFISRA – Air Force Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Agency
 AFIT – Air Force Institute of Technology
 AFLC – Air Force Logistics Command (disestablished MAJCOM; merged with AFSC in 1992 to form AFMC)
 AFLMA – Air Force Logistics Management Agency
 AFLOA – Air Force Legal Operations Agency
 AFMA – Air Force Manpower Agency
 AFMAN – Air Force Manual
 AFMC – Air Force Materiel Command
 AFMOA – Air Force Medical Operations Agency
 AFMPC – Air Force Military Personnel Center (obsolete), replaced with AFPC
 AFMS – Air Force Medical Service or Air Force Manpower Standards
 AFMSA – Air Force Medical Support Agency
 AFNIC – Air Force Network Integration Center
 AFNOC – Air Force Network Operations Center
 AFNORTH – Air Forces Northern
 AFNSEPO – Air Force National Security Emergency Preparedness Office
 AFNWCA – Air Force Nuclear Weapons and Counterproliferation Agency
 AFOG – Air Force Operations Group
 AFOSI – Air Force Office of Special Investigations
 AFOQT – Air Force Officer Qualifying Test
 AFOTEC – Air Force Operational Test and Evaluation Center
 AFPAA – Air Force Public Affairs Agency
 AFPAM – Air Force Pamphlet
 AFPC – Air Force Personnel Center
 AFPCA – Air Force Pentagon Communications Agency
 AFPD – Air Force Policy Directive
 AFPEO – Air Force Program Executive Office
 AFPET – Air Force Petroleum Agency
 AFPOA – Air Force Personnel Operations Agency
 AFRAT - Air Force Radiation Assessment Team
 AFRBA – Air Force Review Boards Agency
 AFRC – Air Force Reserve Command
 AFRCC – Air Force Rescue Coordination Center
 AFRIMS – Air Force Records Information Management System
 AFRL – Air Force Research Lab
 AFROTC – Air Force Reserve Officers Training Corps
 AFRPA – Air Force Real Property Agency
 AFS – Air Force Station
 AFSA – Air Force Sergeants Association
 AFSC – Air Force Sustainment Center The mission of the Air Force Sustainment Center is to Sustain Weapon System Readiness to generate Air power for America. The center provides war-winning expeditionary capabilities to the war fighter through world-class depot maintenance, supply chain management and installation support.
 AFSC – Air Force Safety Center
 AFSC – Air Force Specialty Code
 AFSC – Air Force Systems Command (disestablished MAJCOM; merged with AFLC in 1992 to form AFMC)
 AFSCF – Air Force Satellite Control Facility
 AFSFC – Air Force Security Forces Center
 AFSO 21 – Air Force Smart Operations for the 21st Century
 AFSOC – Air Force Special Operations Command
 AFSOUTH – Air Forces Southern
 AFSPC – Air Force Space Command
 AFSVA – Air Force Services Agency
 AFT – Alert Fire Team
 AFTO – Air Force Technical Order
 AFVA – Air Force Visual Aids
 AFVEC – Air Force Virtual Education Center
 AFWA – Air Force Weather Agency
 AG (TAG) – Adjutant General, (The)
 AGE – Aerospace Ground Equipment; analogous to Ground Support Equipment (GSE) in USN, USMC and USCG (Naval Aviation)
 AGE Ranger – An AGE Technician
 AGR – Active Guard and Reserve
 AGS – Aircraft Generation Squadron
 AGSM – Anti-G Straining Maneuver
 AGOW – Air-Ground Operations Wing
 AIRA – Air Attaché
 AKRAOC – Alaska Region Air Operations Center
 ALCM – Air Launched Cruise Missile
 ALCON – All Concerned (used in message headers for mass emailings)
 ALO – Air Liaison Officer
 ALS – Airman Leadership School
 AMC – Air Mobility Command
 AMJAMS – Automated Military Justice Analysis and Management System
 Amn – Airman; enlisted pay grade E-2
 AMMO Troop – Munitions Systems Technician AMMO (U.S. Air Force)
 AMMS – Airborne Missile Maintenance Squadron Missile Badge
 AMS – Academy of Military Science
 AMT – Aircraft Metals Technology
 AMW – Air Mobility Wing/Anti-morale Warfare
 AMXS – Aircraft Maintenance Squadron
 ANG – Air National Guard
 ANR – Alaskan NORAD Region
 AO – Authorized Outage
 AOC – Air and Space Operations Center
 AOG – Aircraft On Ground
 AP – Air Police (Obsolete term); now called Security Forces (SF)
 APS – Aerial Port Squadron
 ARI – Alcohol Related Incident
 ARS – (Obsolete term) Air Rescue Squadron; formerly ARRS, now known as a Rescue Squadron (RQS)
 ARRS – (Obsolete term) Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Squadron
 ART – AEF (Air Expeditionary Force) Reporting Tool
 ART – Air Reserve Technician
 ART – Armed or Alarm or Area Response Team
 ARW – Air Refueling Wing
 AS – Airlift Squadron
 AS – Air Station
 ASAP – As Soon As Possible
 ASBC – Air and Space Basic Course
 ASI – Authorized Service Interruption
 ASOC – Air Support Operations Center  (formerly DASC – Direct Air Support Center)
 ASR – Airport Surveillance Radar
 ATAG – Assistant to the Adjutant General
 ATC – Air traffic control
 ATC – Air Training Command (disestablished MAJCOM; superseded in 1992 by AETC)
 ATCALS – Air Traffic Control and Landing Systems
 ATO – Air Tasking Order
 ATO – Anti-Terrorism Officer
 ATO – Authority to Operate
 AU – Air University
 AU-ABC – Air University Associate to Baccalaureate Cooperative
 AV – Avionics
 AW – Airlift Wing
 AWACS – Airborne Warning and Control System on the E-3 Sentry aircraft
 AWC – Air War College
 AWOL – Absent Without Leave
 AWP – Awaiting Parts

B

 BAH – Basic Allowance for Housing
 BAS – Basic Allowance for Subsistence
 BASH – Bird/Wildlife Aircraft Strike Hazard
 BAQ – Bachelor Airman Quarters
 BCOT – Basic Communications Officer Training
 BDOC – Base Defense Operations Center
 BDU – Battle Dress Uniform
 BEQ – Bachelor Enlisted Quarters
 BIT – Bystander Intervention Training
 BITC – Base Information Transfer Center
 BITS – Base Information Transfer System
 BFM – Basic Fighter Maneuvers
 BFT – Blue Force Tracking
 BLUF – Bottom Line Up Front
 BMT – Basic Military Training
 BOHICA – Bend Over, Here It Comes Again; used in response to unfavorable orders.
 BONE – Nickname for the B-1 Lancer, as in "B-ONE"
 BOQ – Bachelor Officer Quarters
 BOS – Base Operating Support
 BOT – Basic Officer Training
 Box Nasty – A sandwich & snack meal in a cardboard box handed out for flights
 BPZ – Below Primary Zone; early promotion of an officer ahead of peers to controlled statutory pay grades of O-4, O-5 and/or O-6
 BRAC – Base Realignment and Closure
 Brig Gen – Brigadier General; officer pay grade O-7
 BRM – Base Records Manager
 BS – Bomb Squadron
 BSA – Basic Surface Attack
 BTZ – Below the zone; USAF early promotion program from E-3 to E-4
 BUFF – Big Ugly Fat Fucker (Nickname for Boeing B-52 Stratofortress)
 BW – Bomb Wing
 BX – Base Exchange (see AAFES)

C

 C-Day – The unnamed day on which a deployment operation begins or is to begin
 C2 – Command and Control
 C4ISR – Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance
 CA – Combat Arms
 CAF – Combat Air Force
 CAFSC – Control Air Force Specialty Code
 CAI – Computer Aided Instruction
 CAOC – Combined Air and Space Operations Center
 CAMS – Core Automated Maintenance System (database behind IMDS)
 CANX – Cancelled
 CAP – Civil Air Patrol, the civilian USAF Auxiliary
 CAP – Combat air patrol, a kind of sortie mission
 CAP-USAF – Air Force support, liaison and oversight of Civil Air Patrol
 Capt – Captain; officer pay grade O-3
 CAS – Close Air Support
 CAST – Combat Airman Skills Training
 CAT – Crisis Action Team
 CAT – Camper Alert Team (Security Forces, Missile Field Security)
 CATM – Combat Arms Training and Maintenance
 CBCS – Combat Communications Squadron
 CBMC – Communications Battlespace Management Course
 CBT – Computer Based Training
 CBRNE – Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and High Yield Explosives
 CC – Commander
 CCC – Commanders Chief
 CCG - Computer Control Group
 CCMDR - Crew Commander
 CCS – Commanders Secretary
 CCAF – Community College of the Air Force
 CCE – Executive Officer
 CCF – First Sergeant
 CCT – Combat Control
 CD – Deputy Commander
 CDC – Career Development Course
 CE – Civil Engineering or Civil Engineers
 CEG – Combat Evaluation Group
 CEM – Chief Enlisted Manager
 CES – Civil Engineering Squadron
 CEVG – Combat Evaluation Group
 CFEPT – Career Field Education and Training Plan
 CFP – Communications Focal Point
 CFR – Crash Fire Rescue
 CFT – Cockpit Familiarization Trainer
 CGO – Company Grade Officer (lieutenants and captains)
 CGOC – Company Grade Officers' Council
 Ch – Chaplain
 Charlie Bravo – Cut-back, or being released early from duty
 Charlie Foxtrot – Cluster Fuck
 Chief – Proper term of address for Chief Master Sergeant. Also frequently used by pilots to informally refer to maintenance personnel, specifically "Crew Chiefs."
 CI – Counterintelligence
 CI – Compliance Inspection
 CIF - Crew Information Folder
 CISM – Close In Security Mobile
 Class Six – BX-administered store where beer, wine & liquor is sold at a discounted price with no sales tax
 CJCS – Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
 CMO – Civil-Military Operations
 CMO – Chief Medical Officer (term for senior medical officer at each MEPS – Military Entrance Processing Station)
 CMSAF – Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force; senior active duty enlisted member of the Air Force and a direct advisor to CSAF (holds enlisted pay grade E-9)
 CMSgt – Chief Master Sergeant; enlisted pay grade E-9
 CNA – Computer Network Attack
 CND – Could Not Duplicate
 CND – Computer Network Defense
 CNO – Computer Network Operations
 CNT – Counter Narco-Terror
 COA – Course of Action
 Col – Colonel; officer pay grade O-6
 COLA – Cost of Living Adjustment
 COMINT – Communications Intelligence
 CONOPS – Concept of Operations
 CONS – Contracting Squadron
 CONUS – Continental United States
 COMAFFOR – Commander, Air Force Forces
 Cop – term for Air Force Security Forces personnel
 COT – Commissioned Officer Training
 CPF – Civilian Personnel Flight
 CPTS – Comptroller Squadron
 Crew Chief – Generally used as an informal slang term for Aerospace Maintenance Personnel, AFSC 2A5. More formally used to refer to an individual in charge of an aircraft maintenance related task requiring multiple people.
 CRC – Control & Reporting Center
 CRO – Combat Rescue Officer; commissioned officer equivalent of an enlisted PJ
 CRO – COMSEC Responsible Officer
 CRS – Corneal Refractive Surgery
 CS – Communications Squadron
 CSAF – Chief of Staff of the Air Force; senior ranking active duty General in USAF unless the CJCS or VCJCS post is held by a USAF General (holds officer pay grade O-10)
 CSAR – Combat Search and Rescue
 CSC – Central Security Control
 CSS – Commander's Support Staff (orderly room)
 CSO – Combat Systems Officer; a commissioned officer aeronautical rating known as Navigator until 1992
 CV – Vice Commander
 CUI – Combined Unit Inspection
 CWO – Chief Warrant Officer; commissioned officer pay grades W-2 through W-5, currently discontinued in USAF

D

 D-Day – The unnamed day on which an operation begins or is to begin
 DACBT – Dissimilar Air Combat Training
 DAFSC – Duty Air Force Specialty Code
 DART – Dumbass Radio Troop
 DAS – Date Arrived Station
 DATT – Defense Attaché
 DBA – Dirtbag Airman (An Airman who does not represent the Air Force Core Values)
 DCO – Defensive Cyber Operations
 DEAD – Destruction of Enemy Air Defenses
 DEERS – Defense Eligibility Enrollment Reporting System
 DEROS – Date Estimated Return from OverSeas
 Dependent – Non-Military family member of a service member, typically a non-military spouse and/or children, entitled to a DD 1173 Military Dependent ID Card
 DFAC – Dining Facility
 DFAS – Defense Finance and Accounting Service
 Dickbeaters – term referring to one's hands. Often yelled by MTIs in the form of "pin those Dickbeaters to your side!"
 DINSTAAR – Danger Is No Stranger To An AGE Ranger (See AGE)
 Disgruntled Airman - In basic training, when things aren't up to par during dorm inspections, any and all write-ups can be blamed on this fictional spectre
 DMSP – Defense Meteorological Satellite Program
 DNIF – Duties Not Including Flying
 DOE – Date of Enlistment
 Dollar Ride – A pilot's first flight in an airframe
 Doolie – nickname for a first year Air Force Academy cadet
 DOR – Date of Rank
 Double Dip – Term used for certain full-time Air Force Reserve and Air National Guard personnel when in a dual status and receiving income from two sources (e.g., Air Reserve Technician on civilian military leave as a Department of the Air Force civil servant and on concurrent active duty USAF orders)
 DRSN – Defense Red Switch Network
 DRU – Direct Reporting Unit
 DSCS – Defense Satellite Communications System
 DSD – Developmental Special Duty
 DSN – Defense Switched Network
 DSO - Defensive Systems Officer
 DSP – Defense Support Program
 DSPD – Defense Support to Public Diplomacy
 DT – Development Team
 DTG – Days To Go
 DTS – Defense Travel System
 DV – Distinguished Visitor; visiting enlisted personnel in pay grade E-9, visiting officer personnel in pay grades O-6 through O-10, or visiting civilian equivalents such as GS-15, SES or politically appointed or elected government officials
 DVQ – Distinguished Visitors Quarters
 DVOQ – Distinguished Visiting Officers Quarters
 DWC – Deputy Wing Chaplain
 DZ – Drop Zone

E

 EAD – Extended Active Duty
 EADS – Eastern Air Defense Sector
 ECM – Electronic Counter Measures
 ECP – Entry Control Point
 EELV – Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle
 EET – Exercise Evaluation Team
 EFMP – Exceptional Family Member Program
 EHE - Expected Horizontal Error
 EI – Engineering & Installation
 EIS – Engineering & Installation Squadron
 ELINT – Electronic signals Intelligence
 EGI – Embedded GPS/Inertial Navigation
 Embrace The Suck – Slang used among junior enlisted referencing they have little say in undesirable decisions, effectively advice that one should not worry themselves over things they cannot control
 EMEDS – Expeditionary Medical Support
 EMSEC – Emission Security
 ENJJPT – Euro NATO Joint Jet Pilot Training
 EO – Equal Opportunity
 EOC – Emergency Operations Center
 EOD – Explosive Ordnance Disposal
 EPR – Enlisted Performance Report
 ERCC – Engine Run Crew Change
 E-VAR – Electronic Visitor Access Request
 ERO – Engine Running Onload/Offload
 EW – Electronic Warfare
 EWO – Electronic Warfare Officer

F

 FA – Fitness Assessment
 FAA – Federal Aviation Administration
 FAB – Forward Air Base
 FAC – Forward Air Controller
 FAIP – First Assignment Instructor Pilot
 FAM – Functional Area Manager
 Farts and darts – clouds and darts embroidery found on field grade and general officers' service cap visors
 Fat Albert – Nickname used for the C-5A Galaxy until revoked by USAF as “derogatory”.  Name came from Bill Cosby's recording of “Revenge” in 1968, with the story of “Buck Buck” and Fat Albert shaking the ground as he ran.
 FGO – Field Grade Officer (majors, lieutenant colonels, and colonels)
 FIGMO – Fuck it I Got My Orders
 Fini Flight – A pilot's last flight in the aircraft before he/she leaves a squadron, a wing, or retires from the Air Force
 FLPP – Foreign Language Profeciency Pay
 FM – Financial Management Comptroller
 FMC – Fully Mission Capable
 FMS – Foreign Military Sales
 FMS – Field Maintenance Squadron
 FNG – Fucking New Guy
 FOA – Field Operating Agency
 FOD – Foreign Object Damage or debris that can cause damage
 FOUO – For Official Use Only
 Four Fan Trash Can – Nickname for the C-130 Hercules
 Four Fans of Freedom – Nickname for the C-130 Hercules
 Fox One - Brevity code for a simulated or actual release of a semi-active radar-guided air-to-air missile, such as the AIM-7 Sparrow.
 Fox Two - Brevity code for a simulated or actual release of an infrared-guided air-to-air missile, such as the AIM-9 Sidewinder.
 Fox Three - Brevity code for a simulated or actual launch of an active radar-guided air-to-air missile, such as the AIM-120 AMRAAM.
 FRED – Fucking Ridiculous Economic Disaster (term for the C-5 Galaxy)
 FS – Fighter Squadron
 FSB – Force Shaping Board
 FSS – Force Support Squadron
 FTAC – First Term Airman's Center
 FTS – Flying Training Squadron
 FTU – Formal Training Unit
 FTW – Flying Training Wing
 FUBAR – Fucked Up Beyond All Recognition
 FW – Fighter Wing
 FW&A – Fraud, Waste and Abuse
 FYSA – For Your Situational Awareness

G

 G-LOC – G-induced Loss of Consciousness
 GAB – Ground Abort; Aircraft flight/sortie that canceled before take-off
 GBS – Global Broadcast Service (pronounced: jibz–IPA: dʒɪbz)
 GC / GNC – Guidance and Control
 GCCS – Global Command and Control System (pronounced: geeks–IPA: giks)
 GCIC – Global Cyberspace Integration Center
 GCS – Ground Control Station
 GDT – Ground Data Terminal
 Gen – General; officer pay grade O-10
 GLCM – Ground Launched Cruise Missile
 GO – General Officer – officers in pay grades O-7, O-8, O-9 and O-10 (analogous to a Flag Officer)
 GOCO – Government Owned, Contractor Operated
 GOGO – Government Owned, Government Operated
 GOV – Government Owned Vehicle
 Gp – Group
 GPC – Government Purchase Card
 GPS – Global Positioning System
 GTC – Government Travel Card
 GV – Giant Voice (RF Trans)
 GuDawg – F-4 Phantom Crew Chief made of Iron (from Tae Gu ROK)
 GWOT – Global War On Terrorism

H

 HAF – Headquarters Air Force
 HALO – High Altitude, Low Opening
 HAHO – High Altitude, High Opening
 Hangar "[#]" – A nonexistent hangar (e.g., if there are 4 hangars, then it would be Hangar 5); heard most often over radios as slang code for latrine/bathroom/Porta John. Example: "Get me to Hangar 5!"
 HARM – High Speed Anti-Radiation Missile
 HARM – Host Aviation Resource Management
 HARRT – Humanitarian Assistance Rapid Response Team
 Hawg – Nickname for the A-10 Thunderbolt II
 HAZCON – Hazardous Condition
 HC – Chaplain Headquarters
 HIA – Held in Abeyance
 HO – Historian's Office
 HPC – Historic Properties Custodian
 HTS – HARM Targeting System
 HUA – Heard, Understood, Acknowledged
 HUAW – Hurry Up and Wait
 HUD – Head-Up Display
 HUMINT – Human Intelligence

I

 IA – Information Assurance
 IAW – In Accordance With
 ICBM – Intercontinental Ballistic Missile
 ID 10 T Problem – A problem that is created by an "idiot"
 IFE – In-Flight Emergency
 IFF – Identification Friend or Foe
 IFF – Introduction to Fighter Fundamentals
 IFFCC – Integrated Flight and Fire Control Computer
 IFS – Introductory Flight Screening
 IFT – Introductory Flight Training
 IG – Inspector General
 ILS – Instrument landing system
 IMDS – Integrated Maintenance Database System
 IMINT – Imagery Intelligence
 INOP – Inoperative/Inoperable
 INOSC – Integrated Network Operations and Security Center
 IP – Instructor Pilot
 IPB – Illustrated Parts Breakdown - Used for maintainers
 IPB – Intelligence Preparation of the Battlespace
 IO – Information Operations
 IOC – Initial Operational Capability
 IOIC – Information Operations Integration Course
 IS – Intelligence Squadron
 ISR – Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance
 ISRLO – Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Liaison Officer
 ISSM – Information Systems Security Manager
 ISSO – Information Systems Security Officer
 ITT – Information, Tickets, and Travel
 IYAAYAS – If You Ain't Ammo, You Ain't Shit
 IYAAYWOT – If You Ain't Ammo, You're Waitin' On Them

J

 J-STARS – Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System on the E-8 JSTARS aircraft
 JA – Judge Advocate
 JA/ATT – Joint Airborne/ Air Transportability Training
 JAOC – Joint Air and Space Operations Center
 JATO – Jet-Assisted Take-Off
 JDAM – Joint Direct Attack Munition
 JEEP – Just Enough Education To Pass
 JEEP – Just Entering Electronic Principals
 JEEP – Just Educated Enough to Post (Security Forces)
 JFACC – Joint Forces Air Component Commander
 JEIM – Jet Engine Intermediate Maintenance
 JOAP – Joint Oil Analysis Program
 JOPES – Joint Operation Planning and Execution System
 JPATS – Joint Primary Air Training System
 JPME – Joint Professional Military Education
 JPPT – Joint Primary Pilot Training
 JSF – Joint Strike Fighter
 JSOW – Joint Standoff Weapon
 JSUPT – Joint Specialized Undergraduate Pilot Training
 JWICS – Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System

K

 KIA - Killed In Action

 KISS – Keep It Simple, Stupid

L

 LAPES – Low Altitude Parachute Extraction System
 LATN – Low Altitude Tactical Navigation
 Lawn Dart – Nickname for F-16 Fighting Falcon or any other fast, pointy-nosed, single-engine fighter aircraft
 LCAP – Logistics Compliance Assessment Program
 LEAP – Language Enabled Airman Program
 LFE – Large Formation Exercise
 LG – Logistics Group
 LGB – Laser-Guided Bomb
 LIFT – Lead In Fighter Training
 LIMFAC – Limiting Factor
 Linda Lovelace (Reference to the C-5 Galaxy aircraft, because it kneels and takes it from both ends)
 LMR – Land Mobile Radio
 LOA – Letter of Admonishment
 LOA – Letter of Appreciation
 LOAC – Law of Armed Conflict
 LOC – Letter of Counseling
 LOGI – Logistics NCOIC (Squadron, Group, Wing)
 LOR – Letter of Reprimand
 LOWAT – Low Altitude Training
LRE - Large-Scale Readiness Exercise
 LRS – Logistics Readiness Squadron
 LT – Familiar term for a Lieutenant, Second or First; usually used as a form of address by those under his/her command
 Lt Col – Lieutenant Colonel; officer pay grade O-5
 Lt Gen – Lieutenant General; officer pay grade O-9
 LWOP – Leave Without Pay

M

 MAC – Military Airlift Command (disestablished MAJCOM)
 MAF – Missile Alert Facility
 Maj – Major; officer pay grade O-4
 Maj Gen – Major General; officer pay grade O-8
 MAJCOM – Major Command
 MANPADS – Man-Portable Air Defense System
 MARE – Major Accident Response Exercise
 MASINT – Measurement and Signature Intelligence
 MATS – Military Air Transport Service (disestablished command, superseded by MAC and then AMC
 MDG – Medical Group
 MDS – Mission Design Series of aircraft; analogous to T/M/S for Type/Model/Series in USN & USMC (Naval Aviation)
 MEO – Military Equal Opportunity
 MEPS – Military Entrance Processing Station
 METL – Mission Essential Task Listing
 MFLC – Military and Family Life Counselor
 MFH – Military Family Housing
 MFT – Mobile Fire Team
 MICAP – Mission Incapable
 MICT – Management Internal Control Toolset
 MIF – Maneuver Item File
 MILDEC – Military Deception
 Militime – military time
 MILSTRIP – Military Standard Requisitioning and Issue Procedure
 MLR – Management Level Review
 MOAB – Massive Ordnance Air Blast Bomb/Mother Of All Bombs
 MOOTW – Military Operations Other than War
 MOS – Maintenance Operations Squadron
 Mosquito Wings – Nickname for the Airman rank insignia
 MPF – Military Personnel Flight
 MRE – Meal Ready to Eat
 MS – Missile Squadron
 MSA - Munitions Storage Area
 MSG – Mission Support Group
 MSME – Medical Standard Management Element
 MSgt – Master Sergeant; enlisted pay grade E-7
 MSS – Mission Support Squadron
 MTI – Military Training Instructor
 MTL – Military Training Leader

 Mud Hen – Nickname for the F-15E Strike Eagle
 MUNS - Munitions, or Munitions Squadron/Flight
 MW – Missile Wing
 MWR – Morale, Welfare and Recreation
 MWS – Major Weapons System
 MX – Maintenance
 MXG – Maintenance Group
 MXS – Maintenance Squadron

N

 NAF – Numbered Air Force
 Nav – Navigator, now known since 2009 as a Combat Systems Officer
 NCC – Network Control Center
 NCE – Nuclear Certified Equipment
 NCO – Non-commissioned Officer
 NCOA – Non-commissioned Officer Academy
 NCOIC – Non-Commissioned Officer in Charge
 NCW – Network-Centric Warfare
 NDI – Nondestructive Inspection
 NEADS – Northeast Air Defense Sector
 NGB – National Guard Bureau
 NIPR – Non-secure Internet Protocol (IP) Router Network
 NKAWTG – Nobody Kicks Ass Without Tanker Gas
 NMC – Non Mission Capable
 NMSA – Non-Nuclear Munitions Storage Area
 NMUSAF – National Museum of the United States Air Force
 Nonner – "Non-sortie generating." Derogatory term used by aircraft maintenance personnel when referring to enlisted and officers who are not directly involved in aircraft maintenance or manning aircraft
 Non-rated Officer – USAF commissioned officer not holding an aeronautical rating
 NOSC – Network Operations and Security Center
 NOTAM – Notice To Airmen
 NSI – Nuclear Surety Inspection
 NVG – Night Vision Goggles
 NUB – New Useless Bitch (reference for new person on station; contraction from newbie (which was originally new boy), and then backronymed)

O

 OA – Occupational Analysis
 OA – Outstanding Airman
 OAPT – Officer Awaiting Pilot Training.
 OAPTer – An officer in OAPT status. While other 2nd Lt's begin their flight training, non-flying technical training and/or initial leadership roles, OAPTers complete menial tasks in support of the mission while they wait for their assigned training date (this is known as "casual status"). It is important for all operational bases, as OAPTers are most often supplemental to the assigned commissioned officer workforce.
 OAR – Occupational Analysis Report
 OAY – Outstanding Airman of the Year
 OAYA – Outstanding Airman of the Year Award
 OCO – Offensive Cyber Operations
 OCONUS – Outside the Continental United States
 OCP – Operational Camouflage Pattern
 OCR – Office of Collateral Responsibility
 OFO – Out Fucking Off
 OG – Operations Group
 OIC – Officer in Command
 OL – Operating Location
 OODA – Observe Orient Decide Act
 OPCON – Operational Control
 OPR – Office of Primary Responsibility
 OPR – Officer Performance Report
 OPSEC – Operations Security
 OPTN – Operationalizing and Professionalizing the Network
 ORI – Operational Readiness Inspection
 ORM – Operation Risk Management
 OSI – Office of Special Investigation
 OSO - Offensive Systems Officer
 OSR – Occupational Survey Report
 OSS – Operations Support Squadron
 OT&E – Operational Test and Evaluation
 OTS – Officer Training School

P

 PA – Public Affairs
 PACAF – Pacific Air Forces
 PAFSC – Primary Air Force Specialty Code
 PAR – Post Attack Reconnaissance, Precision Approach Radar
 PAS – Political Affairs Strategist
 Patch - Weapons Instructor Course [Weapons School] Graduate
 PAX – Air passengers
 PCS – Permanent Change of Station
 PDF - Personnel Deployment Function
 PDS – Permanent Duty Station
 PERSCO – Personnel Support for Contingency Operations
 Perpes – Humorous nickname for PRP, takeoff on herpes
 PFE – Promotion Fitness Examination
 PFM – Pure Fucking Magic; Term to refer to a technical problem that somehow resolved itself
 PFT – Physical Fitness Test
 PICNIC – Problem In Chair, Not In Computer; Used by help desk personnel to indicate user ignorance
 PING – Person In Need of Graduation
 PITT – Person In need of Technical Training
 PJ – Pararescueman
 PMC – Partially Mission Capable
 PME – Professional Military Education
 PMEL – Precision Measurement Equipment Laboratory
 Pocket Rocket – Term for the missile badge on the uniforms of current and former ICBM and cruise missile launch operations and missile maintenance personnel
 POL – Petroleum, Oils, & Lubricants, the traditional name for the Fuels Management Flight
 Pop Tart – Airman whose technical career schools are 6 weeks or less
 posn – position
 Prime Beef – Prime Base Engineer Emergency Force
 PRD – Pilot Reported Discrepancy
 PRF – Promotion Recommendation Form
 PRP – Personnel Reliability Program
 PSDM – Personnel Services Delivery Memorandum
 PSYOP – Psychological Operations
 PTL – Physical Training Leader

Q

 QA - Quality Assurance
 QAF – Quality Air Force
 Queep – A task or duty that is completely useless and ultimately unrelated to your primary job. It is often assigned by superiors not of your career field as they assume that you have time to constantly work these tasks. Example: "I have a lot of queep to do before I go home." "I need to finish all of this queep before I can go fly."

R

 RA – Resource Advisor
 RAF – Royal Air Force
 Rainbow Flight – Fresh trainees at BMT who have not yet received uniforms (clothing colors represent the rainbow)
 RAM – Random Antiterrorism Measure
 RAPCON – Radar Approach Control
 RAS – Regional Affairs Strategist
 Rated Officer – USAF commissioned officer holding an aeronautical rating as a Pilot (to include Astronaut), Combat Systems Officer (to include Astronaut), Navigator (to include Astronaut), Air Battle Manager, Observer (Astronaut) or Flight Surgeon
 RED HORSE – Rapid Engineer Deployable Heavy Operational Repair Squadron Engineers
 RET, Ret, (Ret) – Designations for retired military personnel, typically following the service designation in a title, e.g., Col USAF (Ret)
 RF – Radio frequency
 RFF – Request [F]or Forces (initiated by Army)
 RHIP – "Rank Has Its Privileges"
 RIF – Reduction In Force
 RIP – Report on Individual Personnel
 RNLTD – Report No Later Than Date
 ROAD – Retired On Active Duty
 RON – Remain overnight
 ROTC – Reserve Officers' Training Corps
 RPA – Remotely Piloted Aircraft
 RQG – Rescue Group
 RQS – Rescue Squadron (formerly ARS)
 RQW – Rescue Wing
 RTB – Return To Base
 RTIC – Real Time In the Cockpit
 RS – Reconnaissance Squadron
 RW – Reconnaissance Wing

S
 SAASS – School of Advanced Air and Space Studies
 SABC – Self Aid Buddy Care
 SAC – Strategic Air Command (disestablished MAJCOM)
 SAF/SECAF – Secretary of the Air Force
 SAM – Surface to Air Missile
 SAMSO – Space and Missile Systems Organization
 SAPR – Sexual Assault Prevention and Response
 SARC – Sexual Assault Response Coordinator
 SATCOM – Satellite Communications
 SAV – Staff Assistance Visit
 SBIRS – Space-Based Infrared System
 SCOD – Static Close Out Date
 SDF – Standard Deployment Folder
 SEAD – Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses (pronounced "seed")
 SEADS – Southeast Air Defense Sector
 SEI – Special Experience Identifier
 Secret Squirrel stuff – Material classified above secret or special compartmentalized information
 Senior – Informal shortening for Senior Master Sergeant
 SEPCOR – Separate Correspondence
 SERE – Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape
 SF – Security Forces
 SF – Space Force
 SF – Special Forces
 SFS – Security Forces Squadron
 Sgt – Sergeant; former enlisted pay grade E-4 from 1976 to 1991, now designated as SrA
 Shirt – A unit first sergeant
 Short – Close to a PCS date or retirement
 Sierra Hotel (SH) – Shit Hot
 SIGINT – Signals Intelligence
 SIPR – Secret Internet Protocol
 SKT – Specialty Knowledge Test
 Slick Sleeve – Nickname for an Airman Basic (owing to the absence of rank insignia on an individual's sleeve)
 SLUF – Short Little Ugly Fucker (derogatory nickname for the LTV A-7 Corsair II)
 SME – Subject Matter Expert
 SMSgt – Senior Master Sergeant, enlisted pay grade E-8
 SNAFU – Situation Normal All Fucked Up
 SNCO – Senior Non-commissioned Officer; enlisted pay grades E-7, E-8 and E-9
 SNCOA – Senior Non-commissioned Officer Academy
 Snacko – A highly underestimated, mission critical position held most often by newly reported Lieutenants in a flying squadron. Doing well at the Snacko position will prompt one for a laudable career. Failing at such a job will often entail severe ridicule and, if necessary, replacement and retraining by the flying squadron.
 Snuffy – Generic term given to any Airmen of lower rank. "And here came Airman Snuffy late to the party as usual."
 SOP – Standard Operating Procedure
 SOPS – Space Operations Squadron
 SOS – Squadron Officer School
 SOS – Special Operations Squadron
 SOW – Special Operations Wing
 SOWT – Special Operations Weather Technician
 Spark Chaser – Nickname for aircraft maintenance personnel dealing with electronic, non-mechanical systems
 Spirit Mission – A good-natured act, commonly in the form of a prank, banner, or...re-acquisition...of a person/thing, to show pride for a group of individuals. Usually harmless.
 Sq – Squadron
 SrA – Senior Airman; enlisted pay grade E-4
 SRC – Solid Rock Cafe (new as of 2011, located at Sheppard AFB, TX – unofficial, used by officers as well as students)
 SRT – Security Response Team
 SSgt – Staff Sergeant; enlisted pay grade E-5
 SST – Supervisor Safety Training
 Staff – Informal shortening for Staff Sergeant
 STEP – Stripe Through Exceptional Performance
 Stick Actuator – Pilot
 Stink Bug – Nickname for the F-117 Nighthawk
 Strike Eagle – Name of the F-15E Strike Eagle
 STS – Special Tactics Squadron
 sUAS – Small Unmanned Aircraft System
 SURF – Single Uniform Request Format
 SVS – Services Squadron
 SW – Space Wing
 SWA – Southwest Asia
 SWAG – Scientific Wild-Ass Guess
 SWO – Staff Weather Officer | Squadron Weapons Officer

T

 T&A – Test and Acceptance
 TAC – Tactical Air Command (disestablished MAJCOM)
 TAC-P – Tactical Air Control Party
 TACAN – Tactical Air Navigation
 TACON – Tactical Control
 TAFCSD – Total Active Federal Commission Service Date
 TAFMSD – Total Active Federal Military Service Date
 TAG (AG) – The Adjutant General
 Tail-End Charlie – Person bringing up the rear of a formation or a tail gunner
 TAP – Transition Assistance Program
 TBA – Training Business Area
 TCNO – Time Compliance Network Order
 TCTO – Time Compliance Technical Order
 TDY – Temporary Duty; analogous to Temporary Additional Duty (TAD / TEMADD) in USN, USMC and USCG
 Tech – Informal shortening of Technical Sergeant
 TFCSD – Total Federal Commissioned Service to Date
 TFI – Total Force Integration
 TGP – Targeting Pod
 TIG – The Inspector General
 TLAR – That Looks About Right
 TLF – Temporary Living Facility
 TMO – Traffic Management Office
 TO – Technical Order
 TOT – Time Over Target
 TP - Temporary Procedure
 TP - Training Procedure
 Tracking – Reference to offensive avionics on combat aircraft. Following and understanding the subject at hand. (IE: "I need this done yesterday, Airman. Are you tracking?")
 TRF – Tactical Response Force
 TRG – Training Group
 TRS – Training Squadron
 TRW – Training Wing
 TSgt – Technical Sergeant; enlisted pay grade E-6
 TST – Time-Sensitive Target
 TTP – Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures
 TU – Tango Uniform, slang for 'tits up'.

U

 UAS – unmanned aircraft system
 UAV – unmanned aerial vehicle
 UCI – unit compliance inspection
UCR – unsatisfactory condition report
 UCSOT – Undergraduate Combat Systems Officer Training
 UHT – Undergraduate Helicopter Pilot Training
 UIF – unfavorable information file
 ULN – unit line number
 UMD – unit manpower document
 UNT – Undergraduate Navigator Training (superseded by UCSOT)
 UNWT – Undergraduate Network Warfare Training
 UPT – Undergraduate Pilot Training (superseded by ENJJPT, JSUPT and UHT)
 USAF – United States Air Force
 USAFA – United States Air Force Academy
 USAFE – United States Air Forces in Europe
 USAFEC – United States Air Force Expeditionary Center
 USAFR – United States Air Force Reserve
 USAFWC – United States Air Force Warfare Center

V

 VAQ – visiting airman quarters
 VFR – visual flight rules
 Viper – nickname for the F-16 Fighting Falcon
 VML – vulnerable to move list
 vMPF – virtual military personnel flight
 VOQ – visiting officer quarters
 VOR – VHF omnidirectional range
 V/R – virtual regards / very respectfully (closing salutation)
 vRED – virtual record of emergency data
 VSP – voluntary separation pay

W

 WAC — Weapons Academics Course
 Warthog – Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II
 WADS – Western Air Defense Sector
 WAF – Women in the Air Force
 WAG – Wild Ass Guess
 WAPS – Weighted Airman Promotion System
 WASP – Women Airforce Service Pilots
 WC – wing chaplain
 WG – wing
 WIC – weapons instructor course
 WIT – wing inspection team
 Winchester – out of ammo
 WOWWAJAA – with out weapons we are just another airline
 WRM – war reserve material
 WRT – with regard to / with reference to
 WSA – weapons storage area
 WSO – weapon systems officer
 WWM – Wing Weapons Manager
 WWO - Wing Weapons Officer
 WX – weather

X

 X-plane – experimental aircraft
 XB3 – disposable item

Y

 Y-plane – prototype aircraft

Z

 Zero – officer
 Zoo – nickname for the Air Force Academy
 Zoomie – nickname for an Air Force Academy graduate or cadet

See also
List of acronyms
List of U.S. government and military acronyms
List of U.S. Marine Corps acronyms and expressions
List of U.S. Navy acronyms

References

External links

Air Force Acronyms and Abbreviations
Air Force Related Acronyms
Military acronyms

Air Force acronyms and expressions
United States military traditions
Acronyms
United states Air Force


Hothersall is a civil parish in the Ribble Valley district, in Lancashire, England.  The parish, which is on the north bank of the River Ribble, is rural and in the 2001 census had a population of 136, increasing to 145 at the 2011 Census. It is approximately  north-east of Preston, and has boundaries with Longridge to the north and west, and Ribchester to the east.

Hothersall Hall, situated in the south of the parish, was the home of the Hothersall family from as early as the 12th century until it was sold in the 18th century; the hall was demolished in the 1850s and replaced by a house built in the Gothic style that now stands on the site.

The parish was part of Preston Rural District throughout the district's existence from 1894 to 1974. In 1974 the parish became part of Ribble Valley.

See also

Listed buildings in Hothersall

References

External links
 Hothersall Parish Council on Lancashire Parish Portal

Civil parishes in Lancashire
Geography of Ribble Valley


Moss Dagblad is a local newspaper in Moss, Norway that was reestablished in 2014 as a zoned publication of the daily Dagsavisen.

At one time it was second largest in the city behind Moss Avis, it was published three days a week where the chief editor was Morten Øby.

The paper was established in 1912 as Moss Socialdemokrat, being affiliated with the Labour Party. It changed its name to Folkets Blad in 1923. In 1927 it absorbed the Social Democratic Moss Arbeiderblad, and continued under the name Moss og Omegn Arbeiderblad. In 1957 it absorbed the Ski-based Labour newspaper Follo, and from 1960 it continued under the name Moss Dagblad. It later became an independent paper.

It changed to tabloid format in 1980 and launched a Sunday newspaper in 1998, but the Sunday edition lasted only for one year. In 2001 the number of issues per week was cut from six to three.

In addition to Moss, the newspaper covered Våler and Vestby. In 1983 it had a circulation of only 2,917, which increased to 6,937 in 2004. In 2008 it had a circulation of 5,648, of whom 5,551 were subscribers. Moss Avis was published by Moss Dagblad AS, which was owned 100% by A-pressen.

References

Newspapers established in 1912
Newspapers published in Norway
Mass media in Moss, Norway
Labour Party (Norway) newspapers
Amedia
1912 establishments in Norway
Norwegian-language newspapers


Leonard J. Marcus (born 1952) is an American social scientist and administrator. He is director of the Program for Health Care Negotiation and Conflict Resolution at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health at Harvard University, and founding co-director of the National Preparedness Leadership Initiative, a joint program of the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and the Center for Public Leadership at Harvard's Kennedy School of Government.

Biography
Born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Marcus obtained his B.A. in social work and Hebrew in 1973 at the University of Wisconsin, where in 1974 he also obtained his M.S.W. in administration and psychotherapy. In 1983 he obtained his Ph.D. in Policy and Organization at the Florence Heller Graduate School for Advanced Studies in Social Welfare of the Brandeis University.

Since 1995 Marcus is director of the Program for Health Care Negotiation and Conflict Resolution at Harvard University, and also serves as lecturer on Public Health Practice. Since 2003 he is also co-director of the National Preparedness Leadership Initiative, a joint program of the Harvard School of Public Health and the John F. Kennedy School of Government. Since 2003 he also is Co-Director of the National Preparedness Leadership Initiative.

He also served on the faculty of Health Sciences at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel, from 2010 to 2013. He has consulted to, trained, or provided executive coaching to leading health care organizations, including Kaiser-Permanente Health Plan, Beth Israel-Deaconess Medical Center (Boston), and the American Medical Association. In 1992, he co-founded Health Care Negotiation Associates, a national consulting, mediating, and training organization. His has lectured across North America, the Middle East, Eastern Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean.

Work
Marcus' research interests have included implications of conflict in health care services, the uses of mediation for resolving health disputes, and the contributions of conflict resolution to error prevention and patient safety. He collaborated with the Massachusetts Board of Registration in Medicine to develop the Voluntary Mediation Program, the first initiative of its kind to mediate medical practice disputes directly between patients and physicians.

In recent years, Marcus' research, teaching, and consultation have played a key role in national and international terrorism preparedness and emergency response. He is considered a pioneer in the field of health care negotiation and conflict resolution. Marcus has developed a number of practical applications of mediation and conflict resolution.

Marcus has directed numerous projects intended to advance development of the negotiation, collaborative problem solving, and conflict resolution field applied to health related issues. At the Harvard School of Public Health, he has received funding support from, among others, William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, the National Institute for Dispute Resolution, the W.K. Kellogg Foundation, and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation to develop a curriculum, research agenda, and conceptual and applied framework for the field.

Healthcare negotiation and conflict resolution
Prior to being recruited by the federal government following 9/11, Marcus' primary work was in health care negotiation and conflict resolution. Marcus is founding Director of the Program for Health Care Negotiation and Conflict Resolution at the Harvard School of Public Health. He was the lead author of the primary text in the field, Renegotiating Health Care: Resolving Conflict to Build Collaboration. The book was selected as co-recipient of the Center for Public Resources Institute for Dispute Resolution 1995 "Book Prize Award for Excellence in Alternative Dispute Resolution". In 1994, he co-authored "Mediating Bioethical Disputes: A Practical Guide". He has written for Newsweek, The Boston Globe, the AMNews as well as a number of scholarly journals. A second edition of the book, co-authored with Barry Dorn and Eric McNulty, was released in June, 2011.

Preparedness and emergency response leadership
At the National Preparedness Leadership Initiative, an initiative developed in collaboration with leadership of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the White House Homeland Security Council, the United States Department of Homeland Security, and the Department of Defense, Marcus, along with colleagues Joseph Henderson and Barry Dorn,  pioneered development of the conceptual and pragmatic basis for "meta-leadership"- "overarching leadership that strategically links the work of different agencies and levels of government", and "connectivity" – the coordination of "people, organizations, resources, and information to best catch, contain, and control a terrorist or other threat to the public's health and well-being." Their article, "Meta-Leadership and National Emergency Preparedness: A Model to Build Government Connectivity" garnered significant attention. Subsequent development of meta-leadership was undertaken with Isaac Ashkenazi and Eric J. McNulty.

Recent research activities have taken him to the center of leadership dilemmas facing emergency preparedness and response, from direct observation and in-the-moment interviews of central leadership during the 2005 Hurricanes Katrina and Rita on the Gulf Coast to the front lines of the Hezbollah-Israel war in 2006, the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic, 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill, 2013 Boston Marathon bombings, and 2014 Ebola outbreak.  He is leading a five-year CDC project at Harvard and a three-year project with the CDC Foundation to take meta-leadership training to 36 locations throughout the country. At the invitation of the President's Advisor on Homeland Security and Counterterrorism, he has lectured at the White House on meta-leadership to a cross section of senior federal department officials.

Selected publications
 Berkman, Barbara et al. Social Work in Health Care: A Review of the Literature, Chicago:  American Hospital Association, 1988.
 Dubler, Nancy Neveloff and Marcus, Leonard.  Mediating Bioethical Disputes: A Practical Guide.  New York: United Hospital Fund.  1994.
 Marcus, Leonard J., Barry C. Dorn, and Eric J. McNulty. Renegotiating health care: Resolving conflict to build collaboration. John Wiley & Sons, 2011.

Articles, a selection:
 Marcus, Leonard. "On the Bridge between Health Care and Dispute Resolution: Two Common Misconceptions about Change and Managed Care," in: Forum. Conflict Resolution and Managed Care: The Challenge of Achieving Both Equity and Efficiency. Washington, D.C.: National Institute for Dispute Resolution, December 1997, Number 34, 11-15.
 Marcus, Leonard and Dorn, Barry. "Beyond the Malaise of American Medicine," in: The Journal of Medical Practice Management, 16:5, March/April 2001
 Marcus, Leonard.  "A Culture of Conflict: Lessons from Renegotiating Health Care," in: Journal of Health Care Law and Policy, 5(2):447-478, 2003
 Marcus, Leonard, Dorn, Barry and Henderson, Joseph. "Meta-Leadership and National Emergency Preparedness: A Model to Build Government Connectivity," in: Biosecurity & Bioterrorism. 4:2, Summer 2006
 Marcus, L.J., Ashkenazi, I, Dorn, B., & Henderson, J. "Meta-leadership: Expanding the Scope and Scale of Public Health." in: Leadership in Public Health, 8 (1&2), 2008
 Marcus, L., Dorn, B., Ashkenazi, I., Henderson, J., & McNulty, E. Crisis preparedness and crisis response: The meta-leadership model and method. In D. Kamien (Ed), The McGraw-Hill Homeland Security Handbook. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2012.
 Marcus, L.J., Dorn, B.C. & McNulty, E.J. "The Walk in the Woods: A step-by-step method for facilitating interest-based negotiation," in Negotiation Journal, 28(3): 337-349, 2012.

References

External links
 Leonard J. Marcus, Harvard School of Public Health faculty biography
 Leonard J. Marcus, Health Care Negotiation Associates biography

1952 births
Living people
American social scientists
Harvard University staff
Brandeis University alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Letters and Science alumni
Scientists from Milwaukee
People from Brookline, Massachusetts
Negotiation scholars
University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Social Work alumni


The 1986 Miami Dolphins season was the team's 21st as a member of the National Football League (NFL). The Dolphins failed to improve upon their previous season's output of 12–4, winning only eight games. This was the first time in six seasons the team did not qualify for the playoffs and would mark the start of a four-season span of barren postseason chances. This was also the team's final season at the Orange Bowl before moving into their new stadium Joe Robbie Stadium the following season.

Personnel

Staff

Roster

Schedule

Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text.

Final roster

Season summary

Week 1 at Chargers

Week 2

Week 3 at Jets

The Jets-Dolphins rivalry reached an apex in this Week 3 matchup as Ken O'Brien and Dan Marino unleashed ten combined touchdowns, the last a 43-yard score to Wesley Walker and a 51–45 overtime win for the Jets.

Week 6 vs. Bills

Week 11 at Bills

Standings

References

External links
 1986 Miami Dolphins at Pro-Football-Reference.com

Miami Dolphins seasons
Miami Dolphins
Miami Dolphins


Ian Harland (19 December 1932 – 27 December 2008) was a Church of England cleric, serving as Anglican Bishop of Lancaster then Bishop of Carlisle.

Life
From a clerical family (Samuel Harland, general secretary of the Commonwealth and Continental Church Society, was his father), Harland was educated at The Dragon School in Oxford and Haileybury. He then went to university at Peterhouse, Cambridge, taking a law degree. After two years as a schoolmaster at Sunningdale School he studied for the priesthood at Wycliffe Hall, Oxford and began his ministry as a curate in Melton Mowbray in 1960.

He was subsequently Vicar of three parishes in the diocese of Sheffield - Oughtibridge (1963–72), St Cuthbert at Fir Vale and Brightside (1972–75), then Rotherham (1975–79). In the last two posts he also served as Rural Dean of Ecclesfield and Archdeacon of Doncaster, and in 1967 he married Susan Hinman, with whom he had one son and three daughters. From 1979 to 1982 he served as Archdeacon of Doncaster (working closely with the bishop Stewart Cross) and chairman of that diocese's Youth Committee, arranging a youth pilgrimage to Iona.

He was elevated to the episcopate as Bishop Suffragan of Lancaster in 1985, again under Cross (appointed Bishop of Blackburn from 1982). Translated to Carlisle  four years later  and entering the House of Lords in 1996 (where he was part of the pro-fox hunting Middle Way Group), he retired in 2000 to live in Gargrave (near Skipton, North Yorkshire). In retirement he continued working as an honorary assistant bishop within the Diocese of Bradford and in chaplaincy work in the Diocese of Europe, alongside being an active trustee of the Settle and Carlisle Railway Trust, until his death late in December 2008. His memorial service, conducted by the Dean of Carlisle took place on 8 February 2009 in Carlisle Cathedral.

References

1919 births
People educated at The Dragon School
People educated at Haileybury and Imperial Service College
Alumni of Peterhouse, Cambridge
Archdeacons of Doncaster
20th-century Church of England bishops
Anglican bishops of Lancaster
2008 deaths


Associators were members of 17th- and 18th-century volunteer military associations in the British American thirteen colonies and British Colony of Canada. These were more commonly known as Maryland Protestant, Pennsylvania, and American Patriot and British Loyalist colonial militias. But unlike militias, the associator military volunteers were exempt from regular mandatory military service. Other names used to describe associators were "Associations", "Associated", "Refugees", "Volunteers", and "Partisans".

The term Non-Associators was applied to American colonists who refused to support and sign "military association" charters. They were not affiliated with associators, or would choose instead, to pay a fine and suffer possible retaliation. During the American Revolutionary War, some associator units were said to operate more like, or were in fact loose-knit criminal gangs, taking advantage of the disruption of warfare.

The present-day U.S. Army 111th Infantry Regiment Pennsylvania Army National Guard's 56th Stryker Brigade Combat Team, 28th Infantry Division is nicknamed the "Associators", helping to preserve the volunteer associators' ancestral legacy in Pennsylvania.

Maryland Protestant Associators

Philadelphia and Pennsylvania Associators
During King George's War,  Benjamin Franklin, in 1747, wrote and published the pamphlet, "Plain Truth", calling for a voluntary association to defend Philadelphia. This was in line with his earlier formation of volunteer fire-companies. This organization was formed and approved by the council and the officers would be commissioned by the Council President. The U.S. Army 111th Infantry Regiment Pennsylvania Army National Guard's 56th Stryker Brigade Combat Team, 28th Infantry Division, nicknamed the "Associators", traces their lineage to these Pennsylvania Associators.  In 1755 these groups were re-established in response to Braddock's defeat.

Associators in American Revolutionary War

American Patriot Associators

State of Connecticut

State of Maryland

State of New York

State of Pennsylvania
In 1776, Pennsylvania, Patriot, volunteer, military groups, in the tradition of earlier, colonial, associator militias, used the name the Pennsylvania Associators and in 1777, were renamed the Pennsylvania State Militia.
 Hanover Associators (1774)
 Bucks County Associators (1775-1776)
 Lancaster County Associators (1775)
 Northumberland County Associators (1776)
 Artillery Battalion, Pennsylvania Militia (Philadelphia) (1747)
 4th Battalion of Philadelphia County Militia (1776)
 Philadelphia Brigade of Militia (1747)
 2nd Battalion, Philadelphia Associators
 3rd Battalion, Philadelphia Associators

British Loyalist Associators

Many Loyalist irregulars who fought with the British in the American Revolutionary War were "associators". These units were sometimes commissioned by the commander in chief but could also be commissioned by the commander of a garrison or a royal colonial governor. They received no pay, and often no uniforms; they were usually issued provisions, but relied on labor or looting to earn money. Loyalist Associators often served in mixed-race units, composed of whites, escaped slaves, and even American Indians.

Perhaps one of the most famous Loyalist associators was Colonel Tye, a former slave and leader of the infamous "Black Brigade". He was the first known black officer in North American military history.

Province of Georgia
 Augusta Associators (Augusta) (1781)

Province of Massachusetts
 Loyal American Association (Boston) (1775-1776)
 Loyal Associated Refugees (1779)
 Loyal Irish Volunteers (Boston)  (1775-1776)
 Pepperell's Corps (Boston) (1779-?)
 Royal North British Volunteers (Boston) (1775-1776)

Province of Maryland
 Maryland Royal Retaliators (raised in Philadelphia) (1780-1781)

Province of New Jersey
 Associated Loyalists (also known as Governor Franklin's Associated Loyalists) (1780–1782)
 Black Brigade (Black Loyalists) led by Colonel Tye and later, Colonel Stephen Blucke) (Monmouth County) (1779-1783)
 King’s Militia Volunteers (Monmouth County) (1779–1780)
 Pine Robbers (outlaw gangs) (New Jersey Pine Barrens) (1776–1783)
 Refugees (unit of New Jersey Royal Governor William Franklin's Associated Loyalists and Pine Robbers gang) (New Jersey Pine Barrens), (Ocean County) (1780–1782)

Province of New York
 Associated Refugees (also known as the King's American Regiment) (Long Island) (1776-1783)
 Brant's Volunteers (New York) (1777-1779)
 De Lancey's Refugees (also known as "Cowboys" and part of De Lancey's Brigade) (Long Island) (1776-1783)
 Hatfield's Company of Partisans (partisans irregulars led by Captain Cornelius Hatfield, Jr., and part of the New Jersey Volunteers (Skinner's Greens) (Long Island) (1779-1782)
 Hazard's Corps of Refugees (Long Island) (1780–1782)
 Loyal Refugee Volunteers (Albany) (1779–1782)

Province of Pennsylvania
 Doan Gang (outlaws) (Bucks County) (1774–1783)

Province of Rhode Island
 Loyal Newport Associators (also known as the Loyal Newport Volunteers) (Newport) (1777–1779)

Other Loyalist Associators
 Robins Company of Partisans (partisan irregulars) (1780-1782?)
 Sharp's Refugee Marines (marines - naval infantry force) (1779)
 James Stewart's Company of Refugees (1780-1781)
 Uzal Ward's Company of Refugees (1780-1783)

Notable Associators
 Nehemiah Blakiston
 Stephen Blucke
 Peter Etter
 Joseph Brant
 Colonel Tye
 John Coode
 Oliver De Lancey
 Doan Brothers
 Benjamin Franklin
 Harpe Brothers
 Cortlandt Skinner

See also
 Provincial troops in the French and Indian Wars

References

Sources
 Farrelly, Maura Jane. Papist Patriots: The Making of an American Catholic Identity.  Oxford:  Oxford University Press, 2012.
 Newland, Samuel J. The Pennsylvania Militia:  Defending the Commonwealth and the nation, 1669-1870.  Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Dept. of Military and Veterans Affairs, 2002.
 Ryan, William R. The World of Thomas Jeremiah: Charles Town on the Eve of the American Revolution.  Oxford:  Oxford University Press, 2010.
 Seymour, Joseph. The Pennsylvania Associators, 1747-1777.  Yardley, PA:  Westholme Publishing, 2012.
 Verenna, Thomas.  "Explaining Pennsylvania's Militia", Journal of the American Revolution, June 17, 2014.
 List of British Loyalist Associators  - The On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies

External links
 History of (Pennsylvania) Associators and the Military Association 1775-1777 - The Associators of the Revolution
 Pennsylvania Associators, 1747-1777 - (Facebook)
 List of British Loyalist Associators  - The On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies
 "Loyalist Muster Rolls"  Revolutionary War Oaths of Allegiance and Non-Associators

Loyalist military units in the American Revolution
United States military associations


"Ice Cream", released in 1995, is the third solo single by Wu-Tang Clan member Raekwon, from his debut studio album Only Built 4 Cuban Linx... (1995). The song features Wu-Tang Clan members Method Man in the intro, chorus and outro, Ghostface Killah in the first verse, and Cappadonna in the third. The song peaked at #37 on the Billboard Hot 100.

The single's B-side, "Incarcerated Scarfaces", was featured in the soundtrack of the video game Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories (2005). Both songs are included on the compilation album The RZA Hits (1999).

Lauryn Hill sampled "Ice Cream" on her song "I Used to Love Him", from her 1998 album, The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill. The Game remixed "Ice Cream" with his "Can't Understand" freestyle in 2004.

Background
The song uses different flavor variants of ice cream as a metaphor for different races of women. Raekwon later commented "we wanted to reach out and let the women know that we respected them as queens. And queens, much like ice cream, come in all different flavors." He also said: "The writing and recording process of 'Ice Cream' was fun! The song's focus was to highlight and represent beautiful women of all colors by describing them as flavors of ice cream. The sound from the ice cream truck was a perfect way to put us in the pocket, and the hook really made it easy to attack the song."

When producing the beat for the song, Raekwon stated: "RZA produced the record. We needed something soft but heartfelt for the album. I wanted to make sure women were incorporated in this concept, they played such a huge part in hip-hop culture... I had to make it happen!"

Samples
"Ice Cream Man" by Eddie Murphy (the repeated phrase "The Ice Cream Man is coming!!")
"Ice Cream Man (rare demo)" by Method Man
"A Time For Love" by Earl Klugh
"The Breakdown (Part II)" by Rufus Thomas

Music video
The music video was filmed near the Jamaica Colosseum Mall in Jamaica, Queens and it features a cameo by Sam Sneed, Shyheim, Tyson Beckford, Soul For Real, and Irv Gotti. The director of the music video, Ralph McDaniels, said: "The most challenging thing about shooting 'Ice Cream' was controlling the crowd once the public found out the group was in Jamaica, Queens. My favorite moment is Ghostface in the Jamaica Colosseum Mall rapping to a home girl. That was a classic, because we cast her on location." McDaniels also said: "I wanted women to love the video. 'The Ice Cream man is coming' was the first thing that caught my ear. We had to have a kid yelling that part, and the reference to the flavors. Butter Pecan Rican, Chocolate Deluxe, French Vanilla and Caramel Sundae. We had to have women that represented that complexion. The T-Shirts on the women in the video are collector's items."

Raekwon stated: "We really didn't get super fresh because of the fast timing of shooting. We didn't have any stylist at the time; that's what made it so authentic. There were a few celebs there, and they were just chilling with us, having fun."

The music video for "Ice Cream" was one of two Raekwon music videos that were shot in that same weekend. The other music video was for the song "Incarcerated Scarfaces".

Charts

See also
1995 in music

References

External links

1995 singles
Song recordings produced by RZA
Songs written by Method Man
Method Man songs
Ghostface Killah songs
1995 songs
Songs written by Ghostface Killah
Songs written by Raekwon
Raekwon songs
Dirty rap songs
Hardcore hip hop songs


Archibald Lamond Robertson, also known as Lammie Robertson, (born 27 September 1947 in Paisley) is a Scottish retired footballer who played in the Football League for Burnley, Bury, Halifax Town, Brighton & Hove Albion, Exeter City, Leicester City, Peterborough United and Bradford City.

His last Football League appearance was for Bradford City against Torquay United on 13 September 1980.

After his playing career finished he became an independent financial advisor and scout for Sheffield United.

References

1947 births
Living people
Scottish men's footballers
Scottish expatriate men's footballers
Burnley F.C. players
Bury F.C. players
Halifax Town A.F.C. players
Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. players
Exeter City F.C. players
Chicago Sting (NASL) players
Leicester City F.C. players
Peterborough United F.C. players
Bradford City A.F.C. players
English Football League players
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) players
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
Men's association football midfielders
Scottish expatriate sportspeople in the United States


Islamic ornament is the use of decorative forms and patterns in Islamic art and Islamic architecture. Its elements can be broadly divided into the arabesque, using curving plant-based elements, geometric patterns with straight lines or regular curves, and calligraphy, consisting of religious texts with stylized appearance, used both decoratively and to convey meaning. All three often involve elaborate interlacing in various mediums.

Islamic ornament has had a significant influence on European decorative art forms, especially as seen in the Western arabesque.

Overview

Islamic art mostly avoids figurative images to avoid becoming objects of worship. This aniconism in Islamic culture encouraged artists to explore non-figural art, creating a general aesthetic shift toward mathematically-based decoration. Even before the preaching of Islam, the regions associated with the Islamic world today showed a preference for geometric and stylized vegetal decoration. As early as the fourth century, Byzantine architecture showcased influential forms of abstract ornament in stonework. Sasanian artists were influential in part through their experimentation with stucco as a decorative medium.

The Islamic geometric patterns derived from designs used in earlier cultures: Greek, Roman, and Sasanian. They are one of three forms of Islamic decoration, the others being the arabesque based on curving and branching plant forms, and Islamic calligraphy; all three are frequently used together, in mediums such as mosaic, stucco, brickwork, and ceramics, to decorate religious buildings and objects.

Authors such as Keith Critchlow argue that Islamic patterns are created to lead the viewer to an understanding of the underlying reality, rather than being mere decoration, as writers interested only in pattern sometimes imply. In Islamic culture, the patterns are believed to be the bridge to the spiritual realm, the instrument to purify the mind and the soul. David Wade states that "Much of the art of Islam, whether in architecture, ceramics, textiles or books, is the art of decoration – which is to say, of transformation." Wade argues that the aim is to transfigure, turning mosques "into lightness and pattern", while "the decorated pages of a Qur’an can become windows onto the infinite." Against this, Doris Behrens-Abouseif states in her book Beauty in Arabic Culture that a "major difference" between the philosophical thinking of Medieval Europe and the Islamic world is exactly that the concepts of the good and the beautiful are separated in Arabic culture. She argues that beauty, whether in poetry or in the visual arts, was enjoyed "for its own sake, without commitment to religious or moral criteria".

Arabesque

The Islamic arabesque is a form of artistic decoration consisting of "rhythmic linear patterns of scrolling and interlacing foliage, tendrils" or plain lines, often combined with other elements. It usually consists of a single design which can be 'tiled' or seamlessly repeated as many times as desired. This technique, which emerged thanks to artistic interest in older geometric compositions in Late Antique art, made it possible for the viewer to imagine what the pattern would look like if it continued beyond its actual limits. This is a characteristic which made it distinctive to Islamic art.

The fully "geometricized" arabesques appeared in the 10th century. The vegetal forms commonly used within the patterns, such as acanthus leaves, grapes, and more abstract palmettes, were initially derived from Late Antique and Sasanian art. The Sasanians characteristic use of the scrolling vine as a decorative element derived from the Romans through Byzantine art. In the Islamic period, this vine scroll evolved into the arabesque. The vine ornament which is popular in Islamic ornament is believed to come out of Hellenistic and early Christian art. However, the vine scroll has experienced stylistic changes which has transformed the vine pattern into a more abstract ornament with only remnants of the Hellenistic model. Additional motifs, such as flowers, began to be added towards the 14th century.

From the 14th century onward, the geometrically-configured arabesque began to be displaced by freer vegetal motifs inspired by Chinese art and by the Saz style that became popular in Ottoman art during the 16th century.

Geometric patterns

The historic world of Islamic art is widely known to be the most proficient in its use of geometric patterns for artistic expression. Islamic geometric patterns developed in two different regions. Those locations being in the eastern regions of Persia, Transoxiana, and Khurasan, and in the western regions of Morocco and Andalusia. The geometric designs in Islamic art are often built on combinations of repeated squares and circles, which may be overlapped and interlaced, as can arabesques, with which they are often combined, to form intricate and complex patterns, including a wide variety of tessellations. These may constitute the entire decoration, may form a framework for floral or calligraphic embellishments, or may retreat into the background around other motifs. The complexity and variety of patterns used evolved from simple stars and lozenges in the ninth century, through a variety of 6- to 13-point patterns by the 13th century, and finally to include also 14- and 16-point stars in the sixteenth century. Geometric forms such as circles, squares, rhombs, dodecagons, and stars vary in their representation and configuration across the world of Islam.

Geometric patterns occur in a variety of forms in Islamic art and architecture including kilim carpets,
Persian girih and western zellij tilework,
muqarnas decorative vaulting,
jali pierced stone screens,
ceramics,
leather,
stained glass,
woodwork, and metalwork.

Calligraphy

Calligraphy is a central element of Islamic art, combining aesthetic appeal and religious message. Sometimes it is the dominant form of ornament; at other times it is combined with arabesque. The importance of the written word in Islam ensured that epigraphic or calligraphic decoration played a prominent role in architecture. Calligraphy is used to ornament buildings such as mosques, madrasas, and mausoleums; wooden objects such as caskets; and ceramics such as tiles and bowls.

Epigraphic decoration can also indicate further political or religious messages through the selection of a textual program of inscriptions. For example, the calligraphic inscriptions adorning the Dome of the Rock include quotations from the Qur'an that reference the miracle of Jesus and his human nature (e.g. Quran 19:33–35), the oneness of God (e.g. Qur'an 112), and the role of Muhammad as the "Seal of the Prophets", which have been interpreted as an attempt to announce the rejection of the Christian concept of the Holy Trinity and to proclaim the triumph of Islam over Christianity and Judaism. Additionally, foundation inscriptions on buildings commonly indicate its founder or patron, the date of its construction, the name of the reigning sovereign, and other information.

The earliest examples of epigraphic inscriptions in Islamic art demonstrate a more unplanned approach in which calligraphy is not integrated with other decoration. In the 10th century, a new approach to writing emerged. Ibn Muqla is known as the originator of the khatt al-mansub, or proportioned script style. "Khatt," meaning the "marking out," emphasized calligraphic writing's physical demarcation of space. This concept of rationalizing space is inherent in Islamic ornament. By the 9th and 10th centuries inscriptions were fully integrated into the rest of an object or building's decorative program, and by the 14th century they became the dominant decorative feature on many objects. The most common style of script during the early period was Kufic, in which straight angular lines dominated. In monumental inscriptions, certain flourishes were added over time to create variations such as "floriated" Kufic (in which flower or tendril forms spring from the letters) or "knotted" Kufic (in which some letters form interlacing knots). However, the elaboration of Kufic scripts also made them less legible, which led to the adoption of rounder "cursive" scripts in architectural decoration, such as Naskh, Thuluth, and others. These scripts first appeared on monuments in the 11th century, initially for religious inscriptions but then for other inscriptions as well. Cursive scripts underwent further elaborations over the following centuries while Kufic was relegated to a secondary role. Inscriptions became longer and more crowded as more information was included and more titles were added to the names of patrons.

Influence on Western ornament

A Western style of ornament based on Islamic arabesque developed in Europe, starting in late 15th century Venice; it has been called either moresque or western arabesque. It has been used in a great variety of the decorative arts, especially in book design and bookbinding. More recently, William Morris of the Arts and Crafts movement was influenced by all three types of Islamic ornament.

Theories of Islamic ornament

The representation of pattern is one of the earliest forms of artistic expression; however, scientific and theoretical studies on pattern are a relatively recent development. The systematic study of their properties and significance emerged in the late 19th century. Theories on ornament can be located in the writings of Alois Reigl, William Morris, John Ruskin, Carl Semper, and Viollet-le-Duc.

Oleg Grabar is one of the theorists to engage with ornament's capacity to evoke thought and interpretation. He argues that ornament is used not merely as embellishment but an intermediary for making and seeing. Furthermore, its decorative qualities seem to complete an object by providing it with quality. This "quality" is the feeling transmitted through ornament's visual messages.

Owen Jones, in his book The Grammar of Ornament (1856), proposes theories on color, geometry, and abstraction. One of his guiding principles states that all ornament is based on a geometric construction.

Ernst Gombrich emphasizes the practical effects of ornament as framing, filling, and linking. He deems the most meaningful aspects of art to be non-ornamental, which stems from a preference to Western representational art. Geometric pattern in Islamic ornament involves this filling of space, technically described as "'tessellation through isometry.'" The primary objective for geometric patterns "filling" of space is to enhance it. In his book,The Meditation on Ornament, Oleg Grabar departs from Gombrich's European-influenced position to show how ornament can be the subject of a design. He differentiates between filling a space with design, and transforming a space through design.

Grabar calls attention to the "iconophoric quality" of ornament. His use of the word "iconophoric" connotes "indicative" or "expressive." Regarding ornament for its own sake undermines its subjectivity. Geometric forms can be fashioned as subjects through their ability to communicate or enhance iconographic, semiotic, or symbolic meaning. Ornament in the Islamic work is used to convey the essence of an identifiable message or specific messages themselves. The richly textured geometric forms in the Alhambra function as a passageway, an essence, for viewers to meditate on life and afterlife. One example of the use of geometry to indicate a specific message is visible over the entrance of one of the Kharraqan towers, where star-shaped polygons frame the word "Allah" (God).

The development of vegetal ornament from Egypt, the ancient Near East, and the Hellenistic world culminated in the Islamic arabesque. Vegetal ornament is the suggestion of evocation of life as opposed to the representation of it. Its organic, rhythmic lines create an essence of growth and movement.

A common misconception in understanding the arabesque is resigning it to purely religious messages. This implies that the Islamic use of ornament emerged as a stylistic response to a rejection of idol or icon worship. Although ornament is used as a vehicle towards sacred contemplation and union with God, it is not confined to this function.

Notes

References

Sources

Islamic art
Islamic architectural elements
Ornaments


The 2008 Challenge Tour was the 20th season of the Challenge Tour, the official development tour to the European Tour.

Schedule
The following table lists official events during the 2008 season.

Rankings
For full rankings, see 2008 Challenge Tour graduates.

The rankings were based on prize money won during the season, calculated in Euros. The top 20 players on the tour earned status to play on the 2009 European Tour.

Notes

References

External links

Challenge Tour seasons
Challenge Tour
Challenge Tour


Henry Lynn (July 21, 1895 – August 25, 1984) was a film director, screenwriter, and producer, who concentrated on Yiddish life and culture in the United States, early twentieth century, (1932–1939), the era of Yiddish film in America. Lynn was an innovator in sound technology, frequently commissioned original music, and he used popular radio and opera stars  Boris Thomashefsky, Esther Field, and Seymour Rechzeit, as well as New York stage actors like Celia Adler.

Biography
Lynn was born in the region of Białystok, then Russian Empire, now in Poland. Frustrated by difficulties of obtaining an education in Białystok, he emigrated to America, arriving in Boston in 1914. Initially, he taught languages in Boston and suburbs, Dorchester, Lynn, and Revere. Later he moved to New York City where he taught Hebrew and Russian, then became a film producer/director/writer, 1932-1939.  During WWII Lynn created a business to manufacture plastic products for the war effort, and he was a news commentator on radio station, WEVD. Henry Lynn is survived by his daughter, Lila Lynn, who appeared as a child actress in his 1938 film, The Power of Life. Lynn's wife, Kitty Cooperman, also appeared in The Power of Life.

Career
From 1932 to 1939, Lynn was writer and/or producer/director of at least 10 films, emphasizing family life and the challenges to traditional values. He directed 9 films. The first two: The Intolerance of 1933 (1933), and The Youth of Russia (1934), are documentaries and contain rare footage of historical events, e.g., labor union marches in New York City in the early 1930s.

Lynn was an innovator, implementing Joseph Seiden's new sound technology in The Unfortunate Bride, his 1932 remake of silent film, Broken Hearts (1926). Lynn included Hebrew dubbing in Shir Hashirim by Tel Aviv exhibitor Ya'acov Davidon and produced some short films for theatrical shows.  One example is, Papirossen by radio star Herman Yablokoff. This theatrical play was based on a current hit song, Papirosn.  Lynn's short 15-minute film featured Sidney Lumet, as an 11-year-old cigarette vendor. The play and short film were booked into the Bronx McKinley Square Theatre in 1935. This was one of Henry Lynn's most unusual productions.

Lynn and Joseph Green, a contemporary actor and film producer/director, collaborated and distributed Bar Mitzvah (1935) in Europe, notably Poland, where it was playing in 1937 in Warsaw with another film, Green Light with Errol Flynn. Boris Thomashefsky, a popular opera singer and actor at the time, was a co-producer and starred in the film. He sang in Lynn's film, as he had in the earlier 1924 play, Bar Mitzvah, a hit song, Erlekh Zayn (Be Virtuous). Despite the advent of "talkies" Lynn did not recognize the new technology and saw his film style disappear with the rise of Hollywood.

During World War II  Lynn and Joseph Seiden suspended their film careers to assist the war effort. Lynn founded a small plastic products manufacturing company.

Filmography
 Mothers of Today (1939) (aka Hayntige Mames)
 A People Eternal (1939)
 The Power of Life (1938) (aka Die Kraft von Leben)
 Where Is My Child? (1937) (aka Vu iz mayn Kind? (Yiddish title) or Wo ist mein Kind? (German title))
 The Holy Oath (1937) (aka Di Heylige Shvue)
 Shir Hashirim (1935) (aka Farbotene Liebe or Forbidden Love or Song of Songs or Verbotene Liebe (reissue title)
 Bar-Mitzvah (1935)
 The Youth of Russia (1934) (aka The Yiddish Father or Der Yiddisher Vater or Der Yidisher Foter)
 The Intolerance of 1933 (1933)  Semi-documentary, owned by Emgee Films, Reseda, California
 The Unfortunate Bride (1932) (aka Die Ungluckliche Kale)

Casting
Many of Lynn's films used popular theatre actors of the era: opera singer/actor, Boris Thomashefsky, actor and director, Sidney Lumet,  Celia Adler, Morris Strassberg, Dora Weissman, actor/singer, Seymour Rechzeit, Michal Michalesko, and the popular radio star Esther Field. The production companies were Lynn Productions, Menorah, Empire Films, S & L Films, Sov-Am Films,  Judea Films and Apex Films.  Jack Stillman was the musical director of most of Lynn's films, several of which had excellent original compositions by Joseph Rumshinsky, Art Shryer, Ludwig Satz, and William Mercur. Original composition was featured in Shir Hashirim, (Songs of Songs). Lynn made effective use of music to heighten the emotional drama of his films.

Availability
The National Center for Jewish Film at Brandeis University and the Museum of Modern Art in New York City have copies of some of these films. DVD and VHS copies of Mothers of Today, Where is my Child and Bar Mitzvah are available from TCM, Brandeis, Ergo, and Israel-Store. The Intolerance of 1933 is available from Glenn Studio, EmGee Films, Reseda, California.

Critical appraisal
Mothers of Today was reviewed in 1939 by Film Daily.

Shir Hashirim was reviewed in 1935 by The New York Times.

References

 Bridge of Light (Yiddish Film Between Two Worlds), J. Hoberman, Museum of Modern Art, Published by Shocken Books, 1991, YIVO translations.

External links
 TCM

 Brandeis: National Center for Jewish Film

1895 births
1984 deaths
Yiddish theatre
Yiddish-language film directors
American people of Polish-Jewish descent
American male screenwriters
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American screenwriters
Emigrants from Congress Poland to the United States


("The Democrat") is a local newspaper in Fredrikstad, Norway. Second in its city behind , it is published three days a week. The chief editor is Tomm Pentz Pedersen.

It was established in 1906 as , being affiliated with the Labour Party. Its founder and editor until 1909 was Hans Andreas Hanssen. In 1921, when the Social Democratic Labour Party broke away from the Labour Party,  followed the new party. In 1927 the Social Democratic Labour Party reconciled with the Labour Party, and the two parties again became one. The name  was taken in 1945, and the newspaper ultimately became non-partisan. In 2001, facing local competition, the number of issues per week was cut from six to five. It was later cut to three.

It has a circulation of 8,659, of whom 8,528 are subscribers.

It is published by Demokraten AS, which is owned 100% by A-pressen.

References

Newspapers established in 1906
Newspapers published in Norway
Mass media in Fredrikstad
Labour Party (Norway) newspapers
Social Democratic Labour Party of Norway newspapers
1906 establishments in Norway
Amedia


Yonsei may refer to:

 Yonsei (Japanese diaspora), descendants of Japanese emigrants
 Yonsei University, a private university in Seoul
 Severance Hospital, hospital affiliated with Yonsei University
 Yonsei Medical Journal, general medical journal


Sarpsborg Arbeiderblad is a local newspaper in Sarpsborg, Norway. It is published six days a week. The chief editor is Bernt Frode Lyngstad.

It was established in 1929, after the demise of Østfold Arbeiderblad, and was affiliated with the Labour Party. However, the newspaper ultimately became non-partisan. It was stopped between October 1940 and May 1945, during the German occupation of Norway.

It has a circulation of 13,595, of whom 13,345 are subscribers.  It is published by the company Sarpsborg Arbeiderblad AS, which is owned 100% by A-pressen.

References

External links
 Official website

1929 establishments in Norway
Amedia
Labour Party (Norway) newspapers
Norwegian-language newspapers
Mass media in Østfold
Newspapers established in 1929
Sarpsborg


Each branch of the United States Armed Forces has its own uniforms and regulations regarding them.

Uniforms of the U.S. Army
Uniforms of the U.S. Marine Corps
Uniforms of the U.S. Navy
Uniforms of the U.S. Air Force
Uniforms of the U.S. Space Force
Uniforms of the U.S. Coast Guard

Combat uniforms overview

Service dress uniforms overview

Current camouflage patterns

See also

Military badges of the United States
Awards and decorations of the United States Armed Forces
I. Spiewak & Sons, manufacturers of apparel for U.S. Army, U.S. Navy, and U.S. Air Force during World War I, World War II, and Korean War

Physical training uniform

References

Military equipment of the United States


The 70th edition of the KNVB Cup started on October 7, 1987. The final was played on May 12, 1988: PSV beat Roda JC 3–2 and won the cup for the fourth time.

Teams
 All 18 participants of the Eredivisie 1987-88
 All 19 participants of the Eerste Divisie 1987-88
 26 teams from lower (amateur) leagues
 One youth team

First round
The matches of the first round were played between October 7 and 13, 1987.

E Eredivisie; 1 Eerste Divisie; A Amateur teams

Second round
The matches of the second round were played on November 14 and 15, 1987.

Round of 16
The matches of the round of 16 were played on February 10, 12, 14 and March 30, 1988.

Quarter finals
The quarter finals were played on April 13, 1988.

Semi-finals
The semi-finals were played on April 26, 1988.

Final

PSV also won the Dutch Eredivisie championship, thereby taking the double. They would participate in the European Cup, so Roda JC could play in the Cup Winners' Cup.

See also
 1987–88 Eredivisie
 1987–88 Eerste Divisie

External links
 Netherlands Cup Full Results 1970–1994 by the RSSSF

1987-88
1987–88 domestic association football cups
1987–88 in Dutch football


Gentle Giant Moving Company, Inc. is a national moving company which was founded by President Larry O'Toole, originated in Boston, Massachusetts in 1980. It has expanded from a single truck business in Massachusetts to opening offices across the United States. Gentle Giant Moving Company is now located in New Hampshire, Rhode Island, New York, Washington, D.C., North Carolina, Washington state, California, Philadelphia, and its newest office in Fort Lauderdale, Florida.

Award-Winning Moving Company

Gentle Giant has been recognized by many organizations and awards since its inception including:

 Greater Boston Chamber of Commerce 'Small Business of the Year Award' winner 2002.
 Six-time Improper Bostonian 'Boston's Best' award-winner.
 MetroWest Daily News 'Best Moving Company' award-finalist 2020 and 2021.

Gentle Giant has won several workplace awards including:

 The Wall Street Journal 'Top Small Workplaces Winner' 2007.
 The Boston Globe 'Top Places to Work' award-winner 2008 and 2016.
 Boston Business Journal 'Best Places to Work' award-winner 2006 and 2015.
 Worksite Wellness Council of Massachusetts honoree 2018 and 2021.

Community Involvement
The Gentle Giant Charitable Foundation was founded in 2005. It focuses on two issues: youth leadership development through athletics and education, and homelessness prevention.

Gentle Giant’s partnership with Household Goods provides logistical support to housing assistance programs. As part of the alliance, Giants transport and assemble donated furniture and other household goods to the new homes of those who faced homelessness. Additionally, the company’s work with Move for Hunger has become a core element of its charitable endeavors. In 2021 Gentle Giant was named Move for Hunger’s ‘Mover of the Year’ having transported more than 385,000 pounds of food, the equivalent of 320,000 meals, to the Greater Boston Food Bank.

Connection to rowing

Many of Gentle Giant's employees are athletes, specifically in the sport of rowing. In the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing, China, two former giants, Dan Walsh and Wyatt Allen, competed in the Men's Eight event, earning a bronze medal in the process. Another former giant, Matt Muffelman, earned a seat in the Lightweight Men's Eight event in the 2008 World Rowing Championships, earning a gold medal. Many other former giants have earned spots on various national teams, including 30 US National Team members, 10 foreign National Team members, and 14 Olympians. Amongst the Olympian athletes are Gentle Giant's resident crate builder Tom Kiefer who became an Olympic silver medalist in 1984. In the company's history, it has employed over 400 rowers.

References

External links
Gentle Giant Moving Company Website

Moving companies of the United States
Transport companies established in 1980
Companies based in Massachusetts


Dennis Grainger (5 March 1920 – 6 June 1986) was an English professional footballer who played as a left winger.

Early career
Born in Royston, Grainger began his career with South Kirkby before joining Southport on trial in 1937, where his older brother Jack was an established first-team player. After being initially rejected, he re-joined the club on trial in 1938, signing for them as a professional in October 1938. In August 1939 he was given his Football League debut for Southport in a match against Darlington; ironically, his older brother Jack was one of the players who was dropped to accommodate his debut.

Wartime football
During the war he continued to play for Southport when possible, though in 1942 it was evident that his Royal Air Force duties were getting in the way and Southport were forced to look for a replacement. Where possible he combined football with his Royal Air Force commitments and made guest appearances for Millwall, where his form was rewarded with a call up to both the RAF representative football team and the FA XI.

Post-war career
Following the war he transferred to Leeds United in October 1945, for a "substantial" fee, at his own request. When signing for Leeds in October he had already played for the club for most of the season. He signed for Wrexham in November 1947, before moving to Oldham Athletic in June 1951. He finished his career at Bangor City.

Personal life
His brother Jack and cousins Jack and Colin were also professional footballers, while another cousin Edwin Holliday played for England.

References

1920 births
1986 deaths
Footballers from Barnsley
English men's footballers
South Kirkby Colliery F.C. players
Southport F.C. players
Millwall F.C. wartime guest players
Leeds United F.C. players
Wrexham A.F.C. players
Oldham Athletic A.F.C. players
Bangor City F.C. players
English Football League players
Men's association football wingers
Royal Air Force personnel of World War II
People from Royston, South Yorkshire
Military personnel from Yorkshire


Geoffrey Seagrave Pearson (born 18 July 1951) is a British Anglican bishop, a retired Bishop of Lancaster in the Church of England Diocese of Blackburn.

Early life and education
Pearson was educated at St John's College, Durham, gaining his Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in 1972, and then trained for the ministry at Cranmer Hall, Durham (part of St John's).

Ordained ministry
He was made a deacon in 1974 and ordained a priest at Petertide 1975 (29 June), by Eric Treacy, Bishop of Wakefield, at Wakefield Cathedral, serving his title (curacy) at Kirkheaton, West Yorkshire (1974–1977). He then became curate-in-charge (1977–1982) and then incumbent (1982–1985) at the Church of the Redeemer, Blackburn, before taking up an appointment as Assistant Home Secretary for the General Board for Mission and Unity (1985–1989, during which time he was also licensed as an honorary curate at Forty Hill, London) and Executive Secretary for the British Council of Churches' Evangelism Committee (from 1986). Finally (before his appointment to the episcopate) he moved to Merseyside to be Vicar of Roby, during which time he was also Area Dean of Huyton (from 2002) and an honorary canon of Liverpool Cathedral (from 2003).

Episcopal ministry
Pearson was appointed Bishop of Lancaster — the sole suffragan bishop of the Diocese of Blackburn — in 2006, took up his see with his consecration as a bishop on 2 November 2006 and was installed not long after at Blackburn Cathedral. He has dedicated much of his ministry to the prioritisation of gospel work amongst children and young people. A keen hillwalker, Pearson married in 1973 and they now have three adult children.

On 16 January 2017, it was announced that Pearson was to retire at the end of July 2017.

Personal life
In 1973, Pearson married Jean Richardson. He has three children; one son and two daughters.

Styles
The Reverend Geoff Pearson (1974–2003)
The Reverend Canon Geoff Pearson (2003–2006)
The Right Reverend Geoff Pearson (2006–present)

References

1951 births
Alumni of St John's College, Durham
21st-century Church of England bishops
Living people
Anglican bishops of Lancaster
Alumni of Cranmer Hall, Durham


Fred Leonard Perrett (9 May 1891 – 1 December 1918) was a Welsh international rugby union prop who played club rugby for Neath. He won five caps for Wales, and in his first international game faced the touring South Africans.

Rugby career
Perrett originally played rugby for his local club Briton Ferry before eventually playing for Neath. While a member of Neath he earned his first Welsh cap against the touring South Africa team. Wales ran the South Africans close, but lost to a single penalty kick.

Perrett was reselected for Wales in the 1913 Five Nations Championship, one of only two Welsh players to appear in all four matches of the campaign; the other being Neath teammate Glyn Stephens. The two complemented each other well, especially during line outs. The Welsh team lost the first game against England, but won the final three games to finish second. Perrett may have been selected for further Wales matches, but turned professional at the end of the 1912/13 season, joining rugby league team Leeds, making his début on 6 September 1913, he later joined Hull F.C.

Perrett's league career was cut short by the outbreak of World War I. He joined the Welsh Guards, and served in France from 19 February 1916. He was subsequently commissioned as a second lieutenant, and transferred to the 17th Battalion of the Royal Welsh Fusiliers with seniority from 27 June 1917. He was seriously injured and died of his wounds in a casualty clearing station almost a month after the Armistice. He is buried at Terlincthun British Cemetery at Wimille in France. Perrett is often left out of lists of the Welsh international war dead due to his supposed defection to the professional game.

International matches played
Wales
  1913
  1913
  1913
  1913
  1912

Bibliography

References

External links
Neath RFC Remembers - First World War
Neath Rugby Remembers

1891 births
1918 deaths
Aberavon RFC players
British Army personnel of World War I
British military personnel killed in World War I
Hull F.C. players
Leeds Rhinos players
Neath RFC players
Royal Welch Fusiliers officers
Rugby league players from Briton Ferry
Rugby union players from Briton Ferry
Rugby union props
Wales international rugby union players
Welsh Guards soldiers
Welsh rugby league players
Welsh rugby union players


Raghava Nagar is a residential area within Madipakkam, a southern suburb of Chennai (formerly known as Madras), in Tamil Nadu, India. It is very near Moovarsampet Tank and mount. There is a welfare association which conducts elections yearly.

Kalimagal Mat Hr. Sec School is placed in the First Main Road, in the same road you can find Kaliyangudi Hotel.

Bus Stop : Koot Road
MRTS Station : St. Thomas Mount, velachery

External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20071010181736/http://www.madipakkam.com/photogallery/temple.gif
https://web.archive.org/web/20071010181710/http://www.madipakkam.com/photogallery/lake.gif
http://madippakkam.blogspot.com

Raghava Nagar has eight roads and two main roads.

Neighbourhoods in Chennai