Paguyuban Pasundan ( in Sundanese) is a Sundanese cultural organization that was founded on 20 July 1913, and is one of the oldest organizations in Indonesia that still operates. During its existence, the organization has been moving in the field of education, socio-cultural, politics, economy, youth and women empowerment. Paguyuban Pasundan works to preserve the Sundanese culture.

Paguyuban Pasundan indirectly affected the establishment of Budi Utomo on Wednesday 20 May 1908. Considered the beginning of the Indonesian nation movement to independence, many Sundanese people who joined the organization. Branches of Budi Utomo also appeared in many places in West Java, such as in Bandung and Bogor. Sundanese membership in the Budi Utomo decreased drastically when the organisation seemed focused upon the population of Central Java and East Java .

Sundanese students in the STOVIA (School Tot Opleiding Voor Indlandsche Artsen), Dutch East Indies' era medical school in Batavia (Jakarta), attempted to make the Sundanese people's organization. Next, the students aged about 22 years old, visit Daeng Kandoeroean Ardiwinata residence, who regarded as the Sundanese elders. In the visits, they stated purpose of the establishment of the organization at the same time ask D. K. Ardiwinata to become head of the organization.

After D. K. Ardiwinata agreed, in Jakarta, on Sunday 20 July 1913 they held a meeting for the establishment of clubs. In the meeting, the establishment of the organization was agreed and they named the organization "Pagoejoeban Pasoendan." They also set D. K. Ardiwinata as advisors and Dajat Hidajat (STOVIA's student) as chairman.

Between 1931 and 1942, Paguyuban Pasundan had a great reputation under the leadership of Oto Iskandar di Nata, Indonesian national hero.

Today, Paguyuban Pasundan's activities are dominated by activity in the field of education and socio-cultural. One of the milestones in the field of education struggle is the establishment of University of Pasundan in Bandung on Monday 14 November 1960. Paguyuban Pasundan now has 32 branch offices with 492 smaller branches. At least 12,300 people involved in this paguyuban. Sundanese cultural preservation in the era of globalization has become the main priority. Pasundan schools in primary and secondary education scattered in the area of West Java and Banten. In higher education, Paguyuban Pasundan has one university and three "sekolah tinggi" (colleges).

In 2011, Pasundan University has got the solely grant in Art to perform in some universities and cities in China.

References

External links

  Ekajati, E. S. 2004. Kebangkitan Kembali Orang Sunda: Kasus Paguyuban Pasundan, 1913-1918. Bandung: Pusat Studi Sunda in cooperation with Kiblat.
  Suharto. 2002. Pagoejoeban Pasoendan 1927-1942: Profil Pergerakan Etno-Nasionalis. Bandung: Satya Historika.

Cultural organizations based in Indonesia
Indonesian National Awakening
Sundanese culture
Organizations based in West Java


Boris Davidovich Razinsky (; 12 July 1933 – 6 August 2012) was a Soviet Russian Olympic champion football player and manager.

Personal life
Razinsky was born in Lyubertsy, Russia, and died in Moscow. He was Jewish. In 2009, Razinsky attended the 2009 Maccabiah Games to watch his grandson participate in the under-18 football competition. Razinsky's visit was marred by a brawl between the Russian and Argentine sides and both squads were told not to return for the 2013 Maccabiah Games.

Football career
Razinsky played both as a goalkeeper and as a striker (usually keeping one specific position while playing at the same club). He played in goal for the national team as a backup to Lev Yashin. His club from 1954 to 1961 was CSKA Moskva, with whom he earned three bronzes at the Soviet championships in 1955, 1956, and 1958, and the Soviet Cup in 1955.

International career
Razinsky made his debut for USSR on October 23, 1955, in a friendly against France.

He and the national team won the gold medal at the 1956 Olympics.

Honours
 Olympic champion: 1956.
 Soviet Top League winner: 1953.
 Soviet Cup winner: 1955.

See also
List of select Jewish football (association; soccer) players

Footnotes

External links
Profile
Boris Razinsky's obituary

1933 births
People from Lyubertsy
2012 deaths
Soviet men's footballers
Soviet Union men's international footballers
Olympic footballers for the Soviet Union
Olympic gold medalists for the Soviet Union
Footballers at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Soviet football managers
Russian football managers
Soviet Top League players
FC Spartak Moscow players
PFC CSKA Moscow players
FC Dynamo Kyiv players
FC Chornomorets Odesa players
FC Daugava Riga players
FC Ararat Yerevan players
FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk managers
Russian Premier League managers
FC Volgar Astrakhan managers
Olympic medalists in football
Soviet Jews
Jewish men's footballers
Russian Jews
Medalists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Men's association football goalkeepers
Men's association football forwards
FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod players
FC Metallurg Lipetsk players
Footballers from Moscow Oblast


Ljabru is a light rail tram stop on the Oslo Tramway. Located at Ljabru in Nordstrand, it is the current terminus of the Ekeberg Line. Ljabru is served by lines 13 and 19.

History
It was opened on 17 September 1941 as an extension of that line from Sæter. Until 1967, the stretch between Sæter and Ljabru was the only single track rail in Oslo. A bridge that is located between Ljabru and Sæter was still single track until it was expanded in 2014. This was the last part of the tramway network to be upgraded to double track.

References

Oslo Tramway stations in Oslo
Railway stations opened in 1941
1941 establishments in Norway
Railway stations in Norway opened in the 1940s


The Oasis on Lake Travis is a restaurant on the western edge of Austin, Texas. The restaurant promotes itself as the "Sunset Capital of Texas" with its terraced views looking West over Lake Travis. The thirty thousand square foot restaurant sits on a bluff 450 feet above the lake and is the largest outdoor restaurant in Texas.

The restaurant was first built in 1982 by Houston entrepreneur Beau Theriot, who purchased a  ranch overlooking the lake and converted it into the current multi-use venue.

On the morning of June 1, 2005, a lightning strike ignited a fire which consumed much of the property.  Parts of the facility that were not damaged were reopened within weeks, while other parts were rebuilt.

See also
 List of companies based in Austin, Texas

References

Further reading

External links
 Official website

Buildings and structures in Austin, Texas
Restaurants established in 1982
Companies based in Austin, Texas
Restaurants in Austin, Texas
1982 establishments in Texas


The high commissioner of Australia to the United Kingdom is an officer of the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade and the head of the High Commission of the Commonwealth of Australia to United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in London. The position has the rank and status of an ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary. The high commissioner also serves as Australia's permanent representative to the International Maritime Organization (since 1959), a trustee of the Imperial War Museum and Australia's Commonwealth War Graves Commissioner.

On 30 September 2022, the former defence and foreign affairs minister, Stephen Smith, was named as the next high commissioner, and took up office on 26 January 2023.

Posting history
From Federation in 1901, the new Commonwealth government arranged to have all federal matters and communications handled by the various Agents-General of the states in London (acting with shared responsibility). Prior to federation, each of the Australian colonies were represented through the Agents-General, the oldest being South Australia from 1856. From 1905 the Agents-General formed a committee to jointly deal with Australian matters but on 20 February 1906, the Prime Minister, Alfred Deakin, announced the establishment of a dedicated Australian office in London, with the Secretary of the Department of Defence, Muirhead Collins, as the new office head. The States of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria and Western Australia continue to be represented by agents-general. Since the revival of the NSW agent-general in 2021, Tasmania is the only state that does not have an agent-general in London, having abolished its post in 1981 as a cost-saving measure.

The High Commission of Australia in London is Australia's oldest diplomatic posting, and was created through the passage of the High Commissioner Act 1909 on 13 December 1909, which established the role as appointed by the Governor-General and defined that they would "act as representative and resident agent of the Commonwealth in the United Kingdom, and in that capacity exercise such powers and perform such duties as are conferred upon and assigned to him by the Governor-General [and] carry out such instructions as he receives from the Minister respecting the commercial, financial, and general interests of the Commonwealth and the States in the United Kingdom and elsewhere." After the appointment of Reid as High Commissioner, Collins continued to serve as Official Secretary to the High Commissioner until his retirement in 1917. On 24 July 1913, King George V laid the foundation stone of Australia House, the future site of the Australia mission, which he also officially opened five years later on 3 August 1918.

The High Commissioner Act was amended several times (1937, 1940, 1945, 1952, 1957, 1966) and was repealed by the High Commission (United Kingdom) Act Repeal Act 1973, when Foreign Minister Don Willesee placed the High Commission under the terms of the Public Service Act like all other diplomatic posts. The new act altered the status of the High Commission to one of equality with all other bilateral posts, in recognition of the fact that Australia's relationship with the United Kingdom had changed. Four of Australia's early prime ministers served terms as High Commissioner after leaving office: Reid, Fisher, Cook and Bruce. The position has also been filled by five people who have served as the leader of the opposition in the Australian parliament: Reid, Fisher, Cook, H.V. Evatt and Alexander Downer. Until 1973, every high commissioner was a former government minister. Since then, a number of senior career diplomats have held the post, although former politicians are still regularly appointed.

From 1975 to 2001, the work of the High Commission was assisted by the Australian Consulate in Manchester. Established on 1 August 1975, the consulate largely dealt with trade and migration matters.

Residence
Prior to 1950, the high commissioner lived in various rented premises. From 1910, the first high commissioner, Sir George Reid, rented the residence of John Henniker Heaton at 33 Eaton Square, Belgravia. In 1927, the government of Prime Minister Stanley Bruce acquired the lease of 18 Ennismore Gardens in Knightsbridge, from the Earl of Listowel (and succeeding Lord Castlemaine as lessee), a four-storey 1858 terrace house, as the residence for high commissioner Sir Granville Ryrie. This remained the official residence until 1940, when high commissioner Stanley Bruce downsized to a smaller flat during the war years, and it remained empty until 1946, when high commissioner Jack Beasley took up residence. However, the Beasleys did not favour the size, style, and expense of this residence, and in late 1946 they moved to a smaller terraced house in Ilchester Place, Holland Park, which remained the official residence until 1950.

However, a need for a standalone official residence was identified by the Department of External Affairs, and a two-storey, 20-room, circa 1838 Georgian style residence known as "Stoke Lodge" at 45 Hyde Park Gate in Kensington was acquired in December 1950, with Resident Minister Eric Harrison, and his wife, being the first occupants. Since 1950, Stoke Lodge has been the official residence of all subsequent high commissioners, and often serves as an official reception venue. On 29 January 1952, high commissioner Sir Thomas White hosted Princess Elizabeth and the Duke of Edinburgh prior to their departure on a tour of Kenya, where Elizabeth would become Queen on 6 February. Stoke Lodge was originally built in 1838 by Robert Thew, a major of artillery in the East India Company, and in 1851 was the residence of Italian opera singer, Giulia Grisi. Caroline Ashurst Stansfeld was also resident when she died in 1885.

High commissioners

See also
List of high commissioners of the United Kingdom to Australia
Australia–United Kingdom relations
Agent-General for New South Wales

References

Further reading

External links
Australian High Commission, United Kingdom

Permanent Representatives of Australia to the International Maritime Organization
United Kingdom
Australia


William Petyt (or Petit) (1640/1641 – 3 October 1707) was an English barrister and writer, and a political propagandist in the Whig interest.

Life
Petyt was born in 1640 or 1641 in the village of Storiths, near Bolton Abbey, Skipton, Yorkshire, and educated at the Free Grammar School (now Ermysted's Grammar School), Skipton, and Christ's College, Cambridge. He was admitted as a barrister to the Middle Temple in June 1660, and to Barnard's Inn in June 1661. He was specially admitted to the Inner Temple on 25 November 1664, and subsequently called to the Bar there in February 1671 and made a bencher in 1689. He served as Treasurer (that is, the head) of Inner Temple in 1701–1702.

On 25 July 1689, Petyt was appointed Keeper of the records at the Tower of London by William III, replacing in that position Robert Brady who had made a very effective attack for the Tories on Petyt's The Antient Right of the Commons of England Asserted (1680). Petyt was attacked also from his own side, the Whigs, by Thomas Hunt.

Petyt wrote against the separation of powers, and in favour of Parliament's control of the judiciary. Influential in its time, in particular on John Locke, was a version of "ancient constitutionalism" propounded in the writings of John Sadler, James Tyrrell and Petyt.

Petyt died unmarried in Chelsea, London, on 3 October 1707, and was buried in the west part of Temple Church. In his will he left £50 to the Free Grammar School in Skipton which was used to purchase books for needy students. He also left £200 for the maintenance of alumni of the Free Grammar School who had been admitted as scholars at Christ's College, Cambridge. In addition, he entrusted to his trustees his books and manuscripts together with £150 for buying or building a place to preserve them. Inner Temple Library was enlarged for this purpose, and in 1708 Petyt's trustees deposited his collection there, except for about 2,000 items which his brother Sylvester (1640–1719) took to his home in Yorkshire. Sylvester, who also attended the Free Grammar School, eventually bequeathed to the school the generous sum of £30,000 to form the Petyt Trust, and also books belonging to himself, his brother and friends which became the Petyt Library.

Legacy
Modern verdicts on Petyt as a historian have been harsh. David C. Douglas comments that he and William Atwood, though distinguished jurists, "took what was worst" from the earlier works of their century on constitutional history. J. H. Plumb wrote that it was hard not convict Petyt, "not only of error, but also of deceit".

Works
The Antient Right of the Commons of England Asserted (1680)
Miscellanea Parliamentaria (1680)
Britannia languens  (1680)
The Pillars of Parliament (1681)
Jus Parliamentarium (1739)

Notes

External links

.
Petyt House, Old Church Street where the Vestry met, drawing by W W Burgess

1640 births
1641 births
1707 deaths
Alumni of Christ's College, Cambridge
English barristers
17th-century English historians
Members of the Inner Temple
Members of the Middle Temple
People from Skipton


Clémence d'Aquitaine (1048, Poitiers, France – 4 January 1130) was the daughter of William VII, Duke of Aquitaine and Ermensinde de Longwy.

Biography
Around 1075 she married Conrad I, Count of Luxembourg and together they had:

 Matilda; married Godefrey, Count of Bliesgau.
 Henry III, Count of Luxembourg (1096†)
 Rudolph (1099†); abbot of Saint-Vannes at Verdun.
 Conrad
 Adalbero (1098†); Archdeacon of Metz, was traveling to Jerusalem as part of the army of Godfrey of Bouillon, when he was executed by the Turks.
 Ermesinde (1080-1143); married Albert II, count of Egisheim and of Dagsbourg; after his passing she married Godfrey I, Count of Namur.
 William I (1081-1131); Count of Luxembourg.
After Conrad's death in 1086, she later married Gerard I, Count of Guelders and together they had at least two daughters:

 Jutta (1093- 23 Jan 1151); married Waleran II, Count of Limburg.
 Yolande/Jolande; married Baldwin III, Count of Hainaut.

References

1048 births
1130 deaths
11th-century French women
11th-century French people
12th-century French women
12th-century French people
Countesses of Luxembourg


The Opatov Photovoltaics Plant () a photovoltaic power station in the Czech Republic commissioned in 2006. It has an installed capacity of 60 kW. It was shortly the largest photovoltaic plant in the country.

References

Photovoltaic power stations in the Czech Republic


Baya M. Harrison, Jr. (1912 in Tampa, Florida – 1975) was a politician and an attorney in Florida.  He served as Chairman of the Florida Board of Control from 1960–1964. Harrison greatly impacted the State University System of Florida and helped desegregate Florida colleges and universities. He served as President of the Florida Bar in 1957.

Harrison graduated from the University of Florida College of Law in 1935 and was a member of Alpha Tau Omega while there. He served in the United States Army during World War II, and earned the rank of colonel. Harrison led the Japanese-American Squadron (442 Regimental Combat Team). While in the service he received the Bronze Star for Valor in combat.

See also

Florida Board of Regents
State University System of Florida

References

External links
Official Profile
St. Petersburg Times article about Harrison

1912 births
1975 deaths
Politicians from Tampa, Florida
United States Army colonels
United States Army personnel of World War II
Military personnel from Florida
Fredric G. Levin College of Law alumni
Florida lawyers
20th-century American lawyers


Simensbråten was a light rail tram stop on the Oslo Tramway.

Located at Simensbråten in Nordstrand, it was the terminus of the Simensbråten Line which was opened in 1931 as a side branch of the Ekeberg Line. The Simensbråten Line was closed on 29 October 1967. The area is currently served by Ryen Station on the Oslo Metro.

References

Ekeberg
Oslo Tramway stations in Oslo
Railway stations opened in 1931
Railway stations closed in 1967
Disused Oslo Tramway stations
1931 establishments in Norway
1967 disestablishments in Norway
Railway stations in Norway opened in 1967


Pneuma is an ancient Greek word for "breath", and in a religious context for "spirit" or "soul."

Pneuma may also refer to:
 Pneuma (journal), a theological journal of the Society for Pentecostal Studies
 Pneuma: Breath of Life, a 2015 video game by Deco Digital & Bevel Studios
 Pneuma, a character from Xenoblade Chronicles 2

Music
 Pneuma (Moving Mountains album), 2007
 Pneuma (Michael White album), 1972
 Pneuma (record label), a Spanish early music label
 Pneuma Recordings,  a drum and bass record label based out of San Francisco, USA
 Pneuma (band), a thrash metal band from Costa Rica
 Pneuma (song), a song by Tool, from the album Fear Inoculum

See also
 Pneumatology, the study of spiritual beings and phenomena
 Pneumatics, the study and application of use of pressurized gas to effect mechanical motion
 Pneumology, another name for pulmonology, medical specialty dealing with the respiratory tract
 Breath of life (disambiguation)


Henri III, Count of Luxembourg (died 1096) was count of Luxembourg from 1086 until his death. He succeeded his father, Conrad I.  His mother was Clementia of Aquitaine. Henry III was the first count known to have established his permanent residence in Luxembourg castle. In a document from the year 1089, he is referred to as comes Henricus de Lutzeleburg, which also makes him the first documented count of Luxembourg.

He never married and was succeeded by his brother William.

1096 deaths
Counts of Luxembourg
Year of birth unknown
House of Luxembourg
11th-century counts in Europe


Glenn Perry is an Australian writer and opera librettist.

He is notable for his librettos for Julian Yu's operas Fresh Ghosts (1997) and The Possessed (2003). Perry received a grant in 2002 from the Australia Council for the writing of The Obsessed. He wrote the libretto for the operatic version of Helen Garner's novella The Children's Bach. For this work, Perry received the 2007 RE Ross Trust Playwrights' Script Development Award.

He has also adapted Australian children's author Morris Gleitzman's book Second Childhood for the stage.

In 2012, he adapted Dostoevsky’s The Gambler into a radio drama The Roulettenburg.

He currently teaches English as a Second Language at Monash College.

References

External links
 The Playwrights Database (Julian Oddy)

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Australian opera librettists
Australian male dramatists and playwrights
21st-century Australian dramatists and playwrights


I.O.U. is the second studio album by guitarist Allan Holdsworth, released in 1982 through Luna Crack Records/I.O.U. Records originally on vinyl; a CD edition was reissued in 1985 through Enigma Records, and a remaster in 2008 through Belle Antique. Holdsworth’s band consists of drummer and pianist Gary Husband, bassist Paul Carmichael and singer Paul Williams, with whom Holdsworth had worked in Tempest. A previous solo album, Velvet Darkness, was released in 1976 without Holdsworth's consent, therefore making this (in his view) his first official solo release. Many tracks from Velvet Darkness were refined, re-recorded and retitled for I.O.U., whilst "The Things You see" takes its name from an earlier album of the same name, made in collaboration with keyboardist Gordon Beck.

Critical reception

John W. Patterson at AllMusic described I.O.U. as "high-quality jazz fusion interplay" and praised Holdsworth's "well-crafted soloing".

Track listing

Personnel
Allan Holdsworth – guitar, violin, production
Paul Williams – vocals
Gary Husband – drums, piano
Paul Carmichael – bass

Technical
Andy Llewellyn – engineering
Colin Green – mixing

References

External links
Allan Holdsworth, i.o.u. at therealallanholdsworth.com (archived)

Allan Holdsworth albums
1982 albums
Enigma Records albums


Tova Ilan (, 2 June 1929 – 18 March 2019) was an Israeli educator and politician. She briefly served as a member of the Knesset for Meimad between January and April 2006.

Biography
Born in Austria, Ilan made aliyah to Israel, and was involved in the Haganah. She joined kibbutz Ein Tzurim in 1951, and from 1951 until 1960, she worked with Youth Aliyah. From 1961 until 1972, she was the headmistress of Shafir Regional high school. In 1987, she established the Yaakov Herzog Centre for Jewish Studies in Ein Tzurim, and was its director until 2001, and is now its president.

For the 2003 elections, she was placed 27th on the joined Labor Party-Meimad list  (the second placed Meimad candidate after party leader Michael Melchior), but missed out on a seat when the alliance won only 19 seats. However, she entered the Knesset on 21 January 2006 as a replacement for Efi Oshaya (who had entered the Knesset three days previously as a replacement for Haim Ramon, who had left the party to join Kadima). Because the Knesset was already in recess prior to the next elections, she chose not to take her salary, and donated it to young olim.

She was not included on the party's list for the March 2006 elections, and subsequently lost her seat.

References

External links

1929 births
Austrian Jews
Austrian emigrants to Israel
Austrian educators
Austrian women educators
Israeli educators
Israeli women educators
Haganah members
Women members of the Knesset
Meimad politicians
One Israel politicians
Members of the 16th Knesset (2003–2006)
21st-century Israeli women politicians
2019 deaths


The Latvian telephone numbering plan is a telephone number assigning system used in Latvia. All the numbers consist of 8 digits with exceptions for special services. The assigning process is controlled by the Electronic Communications Office () and regulated by the Public Utilities Commission ().

Format
The Latvian SSR had the  area code. The original format was 8 (013) xxx xxxx. In 1993, Latvia switched to the +371 code. The plan remained relatively the same until 2008, when a 6 was prepended to all landlines.

Example number in Riga:

 pre-1993: 8 (013) 678 9012
 1993-2008: 678 9012
 2008–present: 6678 9012

Mobile telephones

 2xх xx xxx—mobile phones.

Geographic numbering

 5 xx xxxxx, 6 xx xxxxx, 7 xx xxxxx—landlines and other location-based numbers.

The 5-series is currently only reserved for future use. The 6-series is generally used for landlines and the 7-series is used with payphones throughout the country.

Services

A variety of service numbers are assigned in the 1-series with lengths shorter than the standard 8 digits. Some of these services also provide 8-digit geographical numbers to be reachable from abroad.

Emergency

 112 — Fire brigade, rescue services, civil protection (also general emergency number);
 110 — Police;
 113 — Ambulance;
 114 — Gas emergency;
 115 — Coast Guard

Calls to 112 are answered on average within 6 seconds and are answered in Latvian, English and Russian. In 98% of cases, the operator can detect the location of the caller within a minute.

Various client services

Toll-free services

 80x0xxxx—toll-free services.

Shared-cost services

 810xxxxx—shared-cost services.

Premium rate services

 88xx, 89xx, 82xxx, 90x0xxxx—premium-rate services.

References

External links

 Public Utilities Commission
 Electronic Communications Office - Numbering database
 Numuri.lv

Latvia
Telephone numbers
Telephone numbers


The Suzuki A80 is a , two-stroke motorcycle manufactured by Suzuki during the 1970s. The A80 which succeeded the A70 was basically an A100 with a smaller capacity engine. The motorcycle came into the market just before the fuel crisis of 1973. It has autolube system which omitted the need for premixing of two-stroke oil with gasoline.

A80
Two-stroke motorcycles
Motorcycles introduced in the 1970s


William I, Count of Luxembourg (1081–1131) was count of Luxembourg (1096–1131), in succession to his elder brother Henry III of Luxembourg. They were both sons of Conrad and Clementia of Aquitaine. William was the first of his family to use the title count of Luxembourg in his documents.

Like his predecessors, he was embroiled in debates with the archbishop of Trier Bruno in 1122 and 1127, leading to William's excommunication.

Around 1105 he married Mathilde or Luitgarde of Northeim, daughter of Kuno, count of Beichlingen, and had three children:
 Conrad II († 1136), count of Luxembourg
 William, count of Gleiberg, documented in 1131 and in 1158
 Liutgarde (* 1120 - † 1170), married Henri II (* 1125 - † 1211), count of Grandpré

References

Sources

1081 births
1131 deaths
Counts of Luxembourg
House of Luxembourg
12th-century counts in Europe


Fyodor Mikhailovich Rimsha () (born in 1891; died in 1942) was an association football player. Fyodor, Olympics participant, died in 1942 in Leningrad during the siege of the city in World War II.

Rimsha made his debut for Russian Empire on July 1, 1912 in a 1912 Olympics game against Germany.

References

External links
  Profile

1891 births
1942 deaths
Men's footballers from the Russian Empire
Men's association football defenders
Russian Empire men's international footballers
Footballers at the 1912 Summer Olympics
Olympic footballers for the Russian Empire
Victims of the Siege of Leningrad


The Sleeping Mountain is an adventure novel by English author John Harris.

Publication history
 1959, UK, Companion Book Club ASIN B001H03S3I, 1 Jan 1959, Hardcover
 1969, UK, Longman  , Dec 1969, Paperback
 1972, UK, Hutchinson  , 29 Aug 1972, Hardcover 288 pages
 1976, Ulverscroft Large Print Books Ltd  , Oct 1976, Hardcover 502 pages
 2001, UK, House of Stratus  , 31 July 2001, Paperback 318 pages

References

External links
 Cover image at fantasticfiction

1958 British novels
English adventure novels
Hutchinson (publisher) books


Slapy Hydro Power Plant () is a large power plant in the Czech Republic that has four turbines with a nominal capacity of 36 MW each having a total capacity of 144 MW.

External links

Hydroelectric power stations in the Czech Republic
1956 establishments in Czechoslovakia


Conrad II of Luxembourg (died 1136) was count of Luxembourg (1131–1136), in succession to his father William, Count of Luxembourg.  His mother was Mathilde or Luitgarde of Northeim.

He married Ermengarde, daughter of count Otto II, Count of Zutphen. Conrad II died without a male heir, and so the county of Luxembourg reverted to the Holy Roman Emperor.  The emperor in turn did not wish the county to be ruled by Conrad's closest relative Henri de Grandpré, who was a French lord and so might align the county with the kingdom of France, and so granted it to Henry of Namur, a cousin of Conrad's.

1136 deaths
Counts of Luxembourg
Year of birth unknown
House of Luxembourg
12th-century counts in Europe


Mikhail Alekseyevich Romanov () (1895–1961) was an association football player.

International career
Romanov made his debut for Russia on July 5, 1914, in a friendly against Sweden.

External links
  Profile

1895 births
1961 deaths
Men's footballers from the Russian Empire
Russian Empire men's international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Place of birth missing


Dlouhé stráně Hydro Power Plant () is a large pumped storage plant in the Czech Republic, located on the Desná river. It has 2 turbines with a nominal power of  each, providing a total capacity of . The elevated reservoir is situated on top of the Dlouhé Stráně mountain,  above sea level and the head of turbines is . It has the largest reversing water turbine in Europe.

References

External links

Dams completed in 1996
Energy infrastructure completed in 1996
Hydroelectric power stations in the Czech Republic
Pumped-storage hydroelectric power stations in the Czech Republic
1996 establishments in the Czech Republic


The Marche regional election of 2000 took place on 16 April 2000.

Vito D'Ambrosio (Democrats of the Left) was re-elected President, defeating Maurizio Bertucci (Forza Italia).

Results

Source: Ministry of the Interior

References

Elections in Marche
2000 elections in Italy


Benjamin Campbell Thornal (October 18, 1908 – November 4, 1970) was a justice of the Florida Supreme Court.

Thornal was a justice of the Florida Supreme Court from 1955 to 1970, and served as the court's chief justice from 1965 to 1967. He died in 1970, while still a serving member of the court.

Born in Charleston, South Carolina, Thornal graduated from the University of Florida College of Law with a bachelor of laws degree in 1930, and became a partner in the Orlando law firm of Baker & Thornal. He was commissioned as a lieutenant in the U.S. Navy during World War II. He served three separate stints as the city attorney for the City of Orlando, and one term as the county attorney for Orange County. He was selected for the Florida Supreme Court in 1955.

He died in Durham, North Carolina, while being treated for cancer at the Duke University Medical Center. He was 62 years old.

References

External links
 B. Campbell Thornal - University of Florida alumni profile

1908 births
1970 deaths
Justices of the Florida Supreme Court
20th-century American judges
Chief Justices of the Florida Supreme Court
Fredric G. Levin College of Law alumni


Vrutok Hydro Power Plant is a large power plant in North Macedonia that has four turbines with a nominal capacity of 49 MVA each having a total capacity of 162 MW.

References

Hydroelectric power stations in North Macedonia
Dams in North Macedonia
Gostivar Municipality


Ermengarde of Zutphen (died 1138) was countess of Zutphen (1122–1138), succeeding her elder brother Henry II, Count of Zutphen (her other two brothers had taken holy orders and died respectively).  Their parents were Otto II, Count of Zutphen and Judith of Arnstein.

She first married around 1116 to Gerard II († 1131), count of Guelders and of Wassenberg, and had :
 Henry I († 1182), count of Guelders and of Zutphen
 Adélaïde, married Ekbert, count of Tecklenburg, and had Henry I, Count of Tecklenburg
 Salomé († 1167), married Henry I, count of Wildeshausen

Widowed, she remarried to Conrad II († 1136), count of Luxembourg, but the marriage remained childless.

Sources
 Ermgard, 1118-1129, Gravin van Zutphen

1138 deaths
Counts of Zutphen
Countesses of Luxembourg
Year of birth unknown
Medieval Dutch women
12th-century women from the Holy Roman Empire
12th-century counts in Europe


Road Games is an EP (or, according to its vinyl sleeve, a "specially-priced 6-cut mini album") by guitarist Allan Holdsworth, released in 1983 through Warner Bros. Records originally on vinyl only; a CD edition was reissued through Gnarly Geezer Records in 2001.

Holdsworth is joined on the album by former Cream vocalist Jack Bruce (who sings “Was There?” and “Material Real”), his former Bruford bandmate, bassist Jeff Berlin, and then current Frank Zappa drummer Chad Wackerman. Former Juicy Lucy and Tempest frontman Paul Williams sings the title track.

Holdsworth claimed to have received no royalties from either release, naming it as one of his least favourite recordings due to numerous creative differences with executive producer Ted Templeman. Road Games nonetheless received a nomination for Best Rock Instrumental Performance at the 1984 Grammy Awards.

Critical reception

John W. Patterson at AllMusic awarded Road Games four stars out of five, describing it as "fusion-rock bliss" and Holdsworth's guitar work as "amazing". He also praised Chad Wackerman's "tastefully poised" drumming and Jeff Berlin's "killer" bass work.

Track listing

Personnel
Allan Holdsworth – guitar, production
Paul Williams – vocals (track 2)
Jack Bruce – vocals (tracks 5, 6)
Chad Wackerman – drums
Jeff Berlin – bass
Joe Turano – backing vocals
Paul Korda – backing vocals

Technical
Jeremy Smith – engineering
Jeff Silver – engineering
Gary Skardina – engineering
Robert Feist – engineering, mixing
Mark Linett – mixing
John Matousek – mastering
Joan Parker – production coordination
Ted Templeman – executive production
Tom Voli – executive production (reissue)
Eddie Jobson – executive production (reissue)

Awards

References

External links
Road Games at therealallanholdsworth.com (archived)
Allan Holdsworth "Road Games" at Guitar Nine

Allan Holdsworth albums
1983 EPs
Warner Records EPs
Albums produced by Ted Templeman
Grammy Award for Best Rock Instrumental Performance


Isaiah Gafni (born 1944) is a historian of Judaism in the Second Temple and Talmudic periods. He is the Sol Rosenbloom Chair of Jewish History at Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and president (since 2016) of Shalem College in Jerusalem.

Biography
Isaiah Gafni was born in New York. He immigrated to Israel in 1958.
He has a Ph.D in Jewish History, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (1978), under the direction of Menahem Stern and Shmuel Safrai; MA, Hebrew University (1969); BA, Hebrew University (1966).

Academic career
Gafni is interested in the attitudes of the Jews of the Second Temple towards the Land of Israel. His research focuses on how Judaism was reshaped during the years the Jews after the Temple's destruction. He has authored numerous academic articles, three books, and he edited over fifteen books regarding a wide range of topics in Jewish History.

Gafni's focus is research on political, social and religious Jewish life during the Second Temple Period (516 BCE – 70 CE). His book The Jews of Talmudic Babylonia: A Social and Cultural History was honored with the 1992 Holon Municipality Prize for Jewish studies. Additionally he has written more than 100 entries in the Encyclopaedia Judaica.
Gafni's most recent book, titled, Land, Center and Diaspora: Jewish Constructs in Late Antiquity was originally delivered in a series of lectures in Oxford called the Third Jacobs Lectures in Rabbinic Thought in January 1994.  In the book he seeks to "shed some light on what the Jews of the period (post destruction of the Second Temple), in Judea, as well as in diaspora, might have thought about their particular situation as a scattered people, and how these thoughts translated into concrete policies and subsequent measures that shaped and defined relationships among the various Jewish communities of Late Antiquity."

The most recent works published by Gafni are The Jewish Family – Metaphor and Memory, explaining the institution of Jewish marriage in Rabbinic times, and Irano-Judaica II which articulates the expressions and types of “local-patriotism” among the Jews of Sasanian Babylonia.

Gafni has been a professor in the Hebrew University of Jerusalem for over 40 years and a visiting professor at  Yale University and Brown University. He has offered courses entitled “The Beginnings of Judaism”, “The Great World Religions”, and has lectured in institutions throughout Israel and North America.

Published works
Books

 Babylonian Jewry and Its Institutions in the Period of the Talmud (Hebrew), Jerusalem 1975, 117pp.
 “The Jewish Community of Babylonia” (English trans. of chapter 1 of the above), Immanuel vol. 8 (1978), pp. 58–68
 “Die judische Gemeinde in Babylonien und ihre Institutionem” (German trans. of chapter 1 of the above), Freiburger Rundbrief, vol. 30 (1978) pp. 204–210
 The Jews of Babylonia in the Talmudic Era – A Social and Cultural History (Hebrew), Jerusalem 1990, 312pp. (Received the Holon Municipality Prize for Jewish Studies, 1992)
 Russian translation of the above, Moscow 2003, 392pp.
 Land, Center and Diaspora – Jewish Constructs in Late Antiquity, Sheffield 1997, 136pp.

Editorships
 The Samaritans, by Itzhak ben Zvi, 2nd revised edition, Jerusalem 1970
 Author and Editor: From Jerusalem to Yavne – Israel's Open University, Tel Aviv 1977 (Hebrew; translations in English and Spanish)
 Priesthood and Monarchy – Studies in the Historical Relationships of Religion and State (Hebrew; ed. with G. Motzkin), Jerusalem 1983, 311pp.
 Studies in Jewish History – The Second Temple Period., by M. Stern (Hebrew; ed. with M. Amit and M.D. Herr), Jerusalem 1991, 670pp.
 The Kingdom of Herod, by M. Stern (Hebrew; edited with Ch. Stern), Tel-Aviv 1992, 112pp.
Sanctity of Life and Martyrdom – Studies in Memory of Amir Yekutiel (Hebrew; edited with A. Ravitzky), Jerusalem 1992, 312pp.
 Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple, Mishna and Talmud Period- 2 Studies in Honor of Shmuel Safrai (Hebrew; edited with A. Oppenheimer and M. Stern), Jerusalem 1993, 408pp.
 The Jews in the Hellenistic-Roman World – Studies in Memory of Menahem Stern, edited with A. Oppenheimer and D. Schwartz, Jerusalem 1996, Hebrew Section 488pp.; English Section 158pp.
 Sexuality and the Family in History: Collected Essays (Hebrew; edited with I. Bartal), Jerusalem 1998, 432pp.
 Kehal Yisrael: Jewish Self-Rule Through the Ages, vol. 1: The Ancient Period, Jerusalem 2001 (Hebrew)
 Center and Diaspora: The Land of Israel and the Diaspora in the Second Temple, Mishna and Talmud Periods, Jerusalem 2004, xiii + 242pp.

References

External links
 Articles by Isaiah Gafni: https://www.myjewishlearning.com/author/professor-isaiah-gafni/
 Land, Center and Diaspora: Jewish Constructs in Late Antiquity (online preview): https://books.google.com/books?id=6voyO7it6IcC

Historians of Jews and Judaism
1944 births
Living people


Sergei Isidorovich Romanov () (January 14, 1897, in Moscow – August 20, 1970, in Moscow) was an association football player.

International career
Romanov made his debut for Russian Empire on September 14, 1913, in a friendly against Norway.

External links
  Profile

1897 births
1970 deaths
Men's footballers from the Russian Empire
Russian Empire men's international footballers
Men's association football forwards


Nimburg may refer to:

 a place relating to Teningen
 Nimburg, the German name of Nymburk, a city in the Czech Republic
 Nimburg, Nebraska, a community in the United States


Morikawa (most commonly ) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Aizō Morikawa (1878–1949), photographer
Collin Morikawa (born 1997), American golfer
, Japanese tea master
, Japanese film director
Miho Morikawa (born 1968), singer and model
, Japanese footballer
Toshiyuki Morikawa (born 1967), voice actor
Yōichirō Morikawa (born 1979), film director, screenwriter and actor
, Japanese racewalker
, Japanese footballer

References

Japanese-language surnames


Boškov Most Hydro Power Plant, referred to as Boškov Most HPP, is a derivation plant planned to be built in Mala Reka valley, in the southernmost part of the Mavrovo National Park, in North Macedonia. It will have a total capacity of 71,5 MW. Construction is expected to last 4 years.

The project raises several environmental concerns, including threats on the survival of the Balkan lynx.

Project details
The project is being developed by Elektrani na Severna Makedonija (ESM), a 100% state owned electric power utility of North Macedonia responsible for mining and power generation. As of 2020, the public company operates 554 MW of hydropower capacity, representing 40% of its total installed power generation capacity.

Boškov Most HPP is intended to utilise the hydro power potential of Mala Reka river and 6 of its tributaries. The facility will include a rock-filled embankment dam and its accumulation reservoir near the village of Tresonče, and a 71.5 MW power station located lower in the valley, near Mogorče. Water will be conveyed from the first to the latter by a 8,750 m long and 3.3 m diameter underground penstock, and from six smaller water intakes on Mala Reka tributaries via supply canals totalling 10.7 km.

It will generate an estimated 117 GWh of power per year, according to the preliminary design studies.

The total cost of the project was estimated €144 million as of 2019, rising from €84 million in 2011, and €107 million in 2014.

History
Plans to build the Boškov Most HPP date back to 1983 (as a substantially smaller 45 MW facility) but it was postponed several times due to financial problems. The project under its current design started in 2010. In November 2011, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) signed on loaning a country €65 million for the construction of the project. The rest is to be provided by the AD Elektrani na Severna Makedonija (ESM). The EBRD cancelled its loan in January 2017, after a seven-year environmental activism campaign again the project, led by biologist Ana Colovic Lesoska.

Importance for the energy sector of North Macedonia
As of 2020, only 26.6% of technically usable hydropower potential in North Macedonia has been developed, which remains far under the European average of ~50%.

Unfavourable energy mix, strong dependence on energy import, obsolete energy system and inefficiency in energy production and use are the main problems of the energy sector of North Macedonia. North Macedonia imports roughly a quarter of its annual electricity needs. Domestic energy production is based mainly on the low-quality domestic lignite, biomass and hydro.

The purpose of the Boškov most HPP is to support North Macedonia's drive to improve the security and quality of its energy supplies, as well as promoting renewable sources of energy generation. Once operating, the plant will enable the nation to reduce electricity imports and in addition decrease the carbon intensity of North Macedonia's generation sector. It will also help North Maceonia meet its widely accepted objective to reach 20% energy production from renewable sources.

Boškov Most HPP is conceived as a peaking power plant, operating near rated capacity around 5 hours daily during peak demand.

Controversial issues

Environmental impact

The Mavrovo National Park is one of the oldest national parks in Europe, famous for its pristine nature. The park hosts more than 1,000 different plant species. Trout species, wolves, bears and otters are an important part of the ecosystem. The park is also a centre of the remaining population of the Balkan Lynx, an endangered subspecies of the Eurasian Lynx. The territory where it moves is thus a critical habitat and represents an area where measures for protection and preservation of this species should be undertaken. Putting any additional stress on this source population may lead to the extinction of the species.

Boškov HPP is designed to produce peak energy which means that the water from Mala Reka river and its tributaries will be diverted into a reservoir and on demand released once a day. Aside from the fact that the entire valley will suffer from the diversion of the majority of its natural water supplies, it will also result in daily flushes, which have enormous negative impacts on biodiversity and species populations in the river sections below the HPP.

Legal issues

The Environmental impact assessment prepared for the project is lacking significant information vital for the precise and objective evaluation of the impact of the project on the environment, specifically data on the mammals in the project area and complete absence of the  Balkan lynx from the study.

The project is also not in accordance with Law on Nature protection specifically with Article 74, which does not envisage the use of natural resources for energy as a part of national park management and Article 75 which lists the prohibited activities in the national park. Furthermore, the project is not in accordance with the following international conventions signed and ratified by the government of North Macedonia: Bern Convention,  Bonn Convention and  Convention on Biodiversity.

Funding plan cancellation

After over five years of campaigns against the Boskov Most project, CEE Bankwatch along with its member groups, Macedonian center for environmental research and information, Eko-svest, and Macedonian environmental lawyer association, Front 21/42, finally welcomed the cancellation of the project. In 2015, just few days after the Berne Convention decision on Mavrovo, the World Bank withdrew its funds from the Lukovo Pole project, thus preventing the project from being realised.
It took the EBRD another year to cancel its EUR 65 million loan for Boškov Most as well, stating that it fully respects Bern Convention’s recommendation and believes that the project should be suspended.

References

External links

Boskov Most Hydro Power Plant
The hydropower plant Boskov Most

Hydroelectric power stations in North Macedonia
Proposed hydroelectric power stations
Dams in North Macedonia
Mavrovo and Rostuša Municipality
Proposed renewable energy power stations in North Macedonia


Kozjak Hydro Power Plant is a large hydroelectric power plant on the river Treska which creates an artificial lake Kozjak, the largest in North Macedonia.  The impounded reservoir is stretched along municipalities of Želino, Brvenica and Makedonski Brod. The constructed Kozjak Dam is the tallest in the country at . It is located in the western part of the country in the village of Lukovica part of Želino municipality. The primary purpose of the dam is flood control but it also serves for power generation.

The power plant has two turbines with a nominal capacity of 41 MW each having a total capacity of 82 MW.

The lake is  long, with maximum depth of . The maximum elevation of the lake is 469.9 m and it has a capacity of about 380 million m³ of water. There is an abundance of fish in the lake.

The construction of the dam started in August 1994 and it was complete in 2000. The reservoir started filling in May 2003, and the two power generators finally operated in July and September 2004.

References

Hydroelectric power stations in North Macedonia
Lakes of North Macedonia
Dams completed in 2000
Energy infrastructure completed in 2004
Rock-filled dams
Dams in North Macedonia
Makedonski Brod Municipality


Sir William Fettiplace Lawrence, 5th Baronet, OBE (23 August 1954 – 10 February 2015) was an English baronet and politician.

Lawrence was born on 23 August 1954, the son of Sir William Lawrence and his wife Pamela, Lady Lawrence. He was educated at King Edward VI School, Stratford-upon-Avon. He succeeded to his father's baronetcy in 1986 (see Lawrence Baronets). His unusual middle name came from the Fettiplace family from which the Lawrences were descended.

Lawrence filled numerous roles in his political career, specialising in the promotion of tourism in the Midlands. He was a member of the Stratford-on-Avon District Council from 1982, on the South Warwickshire General Hospital NHS Trust, a member of the Heart of England Tourist Board from 1989 (and Chairman after 1991), a governor of King Edward VI School and of Stratford-on-Avon Girls Grammar School, and a Governor of the Royal Shakespeare Theatre. He was also president of the British Toilet Association, campaigning for better toilet facilities for the disabled.

He was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 2003 for services to the tourist industry, and an honorary MA of the University of Worcester.

He contracted polio at the age of three, and used a wheelchair for the rest of his life. He married February 2005 Tamara Bubashvili of Tbilisi, Georgia, b. 1977.

See also

Lawrence Baronets

References

Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990.

Burkes Peerage and Baronetage (2003), s.v. Lawrence, Baronets, of Ealing Park

1954 births
2015 deaths
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People educated at King Edward VI School, Stratford-upon-Avon
505
William
Councillors in the West Midlands (region)
English people with disabilities


Spilje Hydro Power Plant is a power plant in North Macedonia with an installed capacity of 84 MW. The Hydro Power Plant has an average annual production of 272 GWh and is equipped with 3 Francis turbines.

References

Hydroelectric power stations in North Macedonia
Dams in North Macedonia


"She's a Windup" is a song by the band Dr. Feelgood. The track was recorded in 1977, and appeared on Be Seeing You, an album by Dr. Feelgood that was released in September that year.

"She's a Windup" was also released as a single in the UK in September 1977. Written by all the band members, and produced by Nick Lowe, the song was Dr. Feelgood's second hit single. The B-side of the record, "Hi-Rise", was penned solely by Gypie Mayo.

It reached number 34 in the UK Singles Chart, and spent five weeks in the listing. A 12" single (12 UP 36304), issued at the same time as the 7" single, had an additional track on the B-side, a live version of "Homework". The cover shown is the original 12", with a "rubber stamp" logo in the corner. The 7" was released in a plain sleeve.

On 20 September 1977 Dr. Feelgood recorded a Peel Session on BBC Radio 1. Their set list included "She's A Wind Up", along with "You Upset Me Baby", "Baby Jane" and "99.5". A version of "She's A Wind Up" was also included in Dr. Feelgood's 1979 live album, As It Happens, and on a number of their compilation albums, such as Singles - The UA Years.

References

External links

1977 singles
Music in Southend-on-Sea
Song recordings produced by Nick Lowe


Cardijn College is a Roman Catholic secondary co-educational school located in the Southern Vales area approximately  south of the Adelaide city centre in South Australia. Established in 1984, it is a diocesan school with a student population of 1,300 in 2020. It is co-owned with Marcellin Technical College, which acts as the technical campus for Cardijn College.

Name
The College derives its name from Belgian Priest and Cardinal Joseph Cardijn, known for his work founding the Young Christian Workers organisation. Cardijn's decision to spend his life bringing Christianity back to working class (through imprisonment for his activities, to the opposition of the movement from the Church itself), was an inspiration to many, and was considered a worthy title for the College.

Feeder schools
 All Saints Catholic Primary School, Seaford, South Australia
 Emmaus Catholic Primary School, Woodcroft, South Australia
 Antonio Catholic Primary School, Morphett Vale, South Australia
 Galilee Catholic Learning Community, Aldinga, South Australia
 St John's Catholic Primary School, Christies Beach, South Australia

Campus
The College is surrounded by residential land and retail facilities, and is central to most transport and recreation facilities.

Houses

Cardijn has eight houses with homegroups consisting of multi-gender same year students. For example, there are Year 7s in one homeroom, Year 9s in another, etc.
There are 6 homerooms per house.

Upon commencement at the college, each student is assigned to one of the eight houses:

Curriculum

South Australian Certificate of education
The South Australian Certificate of Education (SACE) is the diploma given to students who have completed Years 11 and 12 of their secondary schooling in the State of South Australia. It is administered by the SACE Board of South Australia (formerly known as the Senior Secondary Assessment Board of South Australia or SSABSA). The SACE is usually completed over two years.

Vocational education and training
Cardijn College includes a range of vocational education pathways for students interested in this area. In 2011 over 42 students accessed a range of training courses offered through the TAFE SA, Australian Tourism Centre and Quality Automotive Training. Specific training included animal studies, make-up services, hairdressing, kitchen operations, game art, photography, graphic design, aged care nursing, vehicle servicing, construction, police studies and electrotechnology.  26 students were involved in school based new apprenticeships in retail, heavy vehicle servicing and automotive sales.

Marist Centre
The college has a special unit for students with intellectual disabilities. Students ranging from Year 8 to 12 have access to the centre, and have their program integrated with mainstream classes. In addition, the College has a Learning Centre which accommodates students with specific disabilities, learning disabilities and students who have been identified needing assistance academically.

Other endeavours
All Year 10 students are involved in Australian Business Week which is an intense one week enterprise education program giving participants an excellent view of the life of a business.

Year 11 students are involved in a one-week Work Experience Program which is supported by a range of work related study programs to best prepare students for this experience.

College life and community
The school, although segregated into mixed age houses, has two distinct age brackets: the middle school and the senior school.

Middle school
An audit completed by Principal, Paul Rijken, and senior staff, saw the creation and implementation of a middle school strategy aimed at development of curriculum, pastoral care and achievement targets for students within the age bracket of 13–15 years old (Year 8 to 9). The overall intention of the revision was to create a system for students to migrate from the higher grades of primary school into the younger grades of high school with ease, to provide support to the students through this transition with a greater emphasis on curriculum integration.

Senior school
The senior school is composed of students roughly 15–18 years of age. These students participate in the South Australian Certificate of Education, within the Australian Qualifications Framework. The College allows more flexible study timetables and work allotments for these students, allowing them to liaise with teachers on curriculum, study hours and school contact hours (including after hours on-campus) to allow for the higher study load.

College Board
The Cardijn College Board has the responsibility of providing guidance to the Principal in governance and leadership of the school. The Board's responsibilities include strategic policy, direction and planning, financial management, community pastoral care, school resources, school maintenance and futures planning.

Notable alumni

Claire Murphy, Nova 91.9FM breakfast show presenter
Amber North, FreshFM 92.7 no-pants Friday news reader
Cyd Beard, Head Fashion Designer at Finders Keepers The Label

Andrew Osborn, Australian Rules Footballer, Magarey Medallist
Luke Schenscher, Basketballer Adelaide 36ers
Beau McCreery

Tammy Barton, entrepreneur and founder of MyBudget
(citation needed for all alumni)

See also

 Vocational Education and Training
 SSABSA

References

External links
 Catholic Education Office
 SSABSA

Catholic secondary schools in Adelaide
Educational institutions established in 1984
1984 establishments in Australia


Tikveš Hydro Power Plant is a large power plant in Kavadarci Municipality, North Macedonia that has two turbines with a nominal capacity of 46 MW each having a total capacity of 92 MW. The dam for the power station is located on the Crna River and is  high. The purpose of the dam is to store water for irrigation but also to generate power.

References

Hydroelectric power stations in North Macedonia
Dams in North Macedonia
Dams completed in 1968
Rock-filled dams
Kavadarci Municipality


Avtandil Ivanovich Makharadze (; born 16 July 1943) is a Georgian actor.

He was born in Batumi. Active since the 1970s. Avtandil Makharadze started his acting career as a student at Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film University with performances in the acts of his fellow students. His role in the play The Merchant of Venice, where he played Shylock caught the eyes of critics and the public. He worked at Shota Rustaveli Theatre until 1991 where he had played over 50 roles.

He had great success in the theater of МHАТ (Moscow Art Theatre), where in 1984, he played the main role in the play Collapse (Jaqo's Dispossessed). The same role was previously played in a television series under the same title on Georgian Television, which was one of the most controversial TV Plays of Soviet Georgia.

In 1984 Avtandil Makharadze played two main parts in the famous film by Tengiz Abuladze Repentance (those of Varlam and Abel Aravidze). In 1987 at the Cannes Film Festival Repentance won the Grand Prize of the Jury, Prize of the Ecumenical Jury and the FIPRESCI Award. The same year, at the Chicago Film Festival Avtandil Makharadze received Silver Hugo Award for the best male performance. He won the first ever Nika Award at the Moscow International Film Festival in 1987 as well.

In 1989 he starred alongside Isabelle Huppert, Bernard Blier, Erland Josephson, Richard Berry and Miki Manojlovic in Aleksandar Petrović's last film Migrations.

In 1991, Avtandil Makharadze played the main role in the film of Georgian director Mikheil Kalatozishvili The Beloved. The Film was nominated for Golden Bear at the Berlin International Film Festival.

In 1993 he received Golden Eagle at The Tbilisi International Film Festival for the best male performance in Vagif Mustafayev film Out of.

In 2004 Avtandil Makharadze starred in Vagif Mustafayev's film National Bomb which was nominated for Golden St. George at the Moscow International Film Festival. Avtandil Makharadze won the best male performance award at the Smolensk Film Festival for that part.

Makharadze played Joseph Stalin in the 2005 BBC TV series Archangel, starring opposite Daniel Craig.

Selected filmography
 Scary Mother (2017)
 All Gone  (2012)
  Archangel  (2005)
 National Bomb (2004)
 The Beloved (1991)
 Repentance (1984/1987 film)

External links

References

1943 births
Living people
People from Batumi
20th-century male actors from Georgia (country)
21st-century male actors from Georgia (country)
Male film actors from Georgia (country)
Male television actors from Georgia (country)


Mikhail Osipovich Rushchinsky () (born 17 January 1895 in Moscow; died 22 March 1942 in Moscow) was a Soviet football player and manager.

Honours
 RSFSR champion: 1920, 1928.
 USSR champion: 1920, 1928.

International career
Rushchinsky made his debut for USSR on 16 November 1924 in a friendly against Turkey.

External links
  Profile

1895 births
1942 deaths
Russian men's footballers
Soviet men's footballers
Soviet Union men's international footballers
Soviet football managers
PFC CSKA Moscow managers
Men's association football defenders
FC Torpedo Moscow players


Reski is a surname. Notable people with this surname include:

 Heiko Reski (born 1963), German long jumper
 Petra Reski (born 1958), German journalist
 Ralf Reski (born 1958), German biologist

See also


The Samtskhe–Javakheti Hydro Power Plant will be a large power plant in the country of Georgia. It will have two turbines with a nominal capacity of 35 MW each having a total capacity of 70 MW.

See also

 List of power stations in Georgia (country)
 Energy in Georgia (country)

References

Hydroelectric power stations in Georgia (country)
Proposed hydroelectric power stations
Buildings and structures in Samtskhe–Javakheti
Proposed renewable energy power stations in Georgia (country)


Wallace Parke Benn (born 6 August 1947) is a bishop of the Church of England. He was the area Bishop of Lewes in the Diocese of Chichester from May 1997 until his retirement in October 2012.

Early life and education
Benn was born in Bray, County Wicklow, Ireland on 6 August 1947. He was educated at St. Andrew's College, Dublin, then an all-boys school in Dublin. He studied at University College, Dublin, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in 1969. In 1969, he entered Trinity College, Bristol, an Evangelical Anglican theological college, to train for ordained ministry. During this time he also studied for a diploma in theology (DipTheol) which was validated by the University of London.

Career

Ordained ministry
Benn was ordained in the Church of England as a deacon in 1972 and as a priest in 1973. His ordained ministry began with curacies at St Mark's New Ferry, Wirral and St Mary's Cheadle, after which he was Vicar of St James the Great, Audley, Staffordshire and finally (before his consecration to the episcopate) St Peter's Harold Wood.

On 1 May 1997, Benn was consecrated a bishop at Southwark Cathedral, by George Carey, Archbishop of Canterbury. He then served as the Bishop of Lewes, an area and suffragan bishop of the Diocese of Chichester. He retired from full-time ministry on 31 October 2012. Since 2013, he has held Permission to Officiate in the Diocese of Peterborough.

Author
Benn has written two books and numerous pamphlets, including The Last Word: Jesus' Teaching in The Upper Room  and Jesus Our Joy: Learning about True Spirituality.

Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse

The Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse, undertaken between 2014 and 2022, criticised Benn for his handling of allegations of child sexual abuse during his tenure as Bishop of Lewes.

Benn's actions had previously been criticised during several inquiries into sexual abuse scandals in the Diocese of Chichester, relating to child abuse by the Rev Roy Cotton and the Rev Colin Pritchard.

Views
Benn has been described as a complementarian evangelical. He is a council member of Reform, a conservative evangelical grouping in the Church of England opposed to women priests and to the consecration of women as bishops. In 2008, he attended the Global Anglican Future Conference (GAFCON) held in Jerusalem.

Personal life
In 1978, Benn married Lindsay Develing. Together they have two children: one son and one daughter.

In 2002, Benn appeared on the popular BBC television motoring series Top Gear, placing third in the first "Fastest Faith" competition.

Styles
 Wallace Benn Esq (to 1973)
 The Revd Wallace Benn (1973–1997)
 The Rt Revd Wallace Benn (1997—present)

References

1947 births
People educated at St Andrew's College, Dublin
Alumni of University College Dublin
20th-century Church of England bishops
21st-century Church of England bishops
Evangelical Anglican bishops
Bishops of Lewes
Living people
Anglican realignment people
Alumni of Trinity College, Bristol
People from Bray, County Wicklow
Christian clergy from County Wicklow


The Molise regional election of 2000 took place on 16 April 2000.

Giovanni Di Stasi (Democrats of the Left) was narrowly elected President, defeating Michele Iorio (Forza Italia). Due to irregularities in the vote, an early election was held a year later, on 11 November 2001.

Results

Source: Ministry of the Interior

2000 elections in Italy
Elections in Molise
April 2000 events in Europe
Annulled elections


James  or Jim Drake may refer to:

 Jim Drake (director) (1944–2022), American film and television director
 Jim Drake (engineer) (1929–2012), American aeronautics engineer
 Jim Drake (rugby league) (1931–2008), English rugby league footballer of the 1950s and 1960s
 James Drake (engineer) (1907–1989), British chartered civil engineer
 James Drake (photographer) (1932–2022), American photographer
 James Drake (physician) (1667–1707), English doctor and political writer
 James Drake (politician) (1850–1941), Australian politician, member of the first federal ministry
 James Drake (visual artist) (born 1946), American artist
 James Drake (wrestler) (born 1993), English professional wrestler
 James A. Drake (academic administrator) (born 1944), American university president
 James A. Drake (ecologist) (born 1954), ecologist
 James F. Drake (born 1947), American plasma physicist
 James M. Drake (1837–1913), American soldier who fought in the American Civil War
 Nervous Norvus (1912–1968), performing name of Jimmy Drake


Zhoneti Hydro Power Plant is proposed  large power plant in village  , Georgia with two turbines having a nominal capacity of 55 MW each for a total capacity of 110 MW.

See also

 List of power stations in Georgia (country)
 Energy in Georgia (country)

References

Hydroelectric power stations in Georgia (country)
Proposed hydroelectric power stations
Proposed renewable energy power stations in Georgia (country)


Tvishi Hydro Power Plant will be a large power plant in Tsageri Municipality, Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti, Georgia two has two turbines with a nominal capacity of 55 MW each having a total capacity of 110 MW.

See also

 List of power stations in Georgia (country)
 Energy in Georgia (country)

References

Hydroelectric power stations in Georgia (country)
Proposed hydroelectric power stations
Proposed renewable energy power stations in Georgia (country)


Namakhvani Hydro Power Plant () will be a large power plant to be built in the Tskaltubo and Tsageri municipalities north of Kutaisi, Imereti region, Georgia and will have five turbines with a nominal capacity of 50 MW each having a total capacity of 250 MW.

Local population has concerns about safety of this dam.

See also

 List of power stations in Georgia (country)
 Energy in Georgia (country)

References

Hydroelectric power stations in Georgia (country)
Proposed hydroelectric power stations
Proposed renewable energy power stations in Georgia (country)


Ladzhanuri Hydro Power Plant or Lajanuri Hydro Power Plant is a large power plant in Georgia with four turbines, each with a nominal capacity of 29 MW, with a total capacity of 116 MW.

See also

 List of power stations in Georgia (country)
 Energy in Georgia (country)

References

Hydroelectric power stations in Georgia (country)


Vladimir Alekseyevich Ryzhkin (; 29 December 1930 – 19 May 2011) was a Soviet football player.

Honours
 Olympic champion: 1956.
 Soviet Top League winner: 1954, 1955, 1957.
 Soviet Cup winner: 1953.

International career
Ryzhkin made his debut for USSR on 21 October 1956 in a friendly against France.

References

External links
  Profile

1930 births
Footballers from Moscow
2011 deaths
Russian men's footballers
Soviet men's footballers
Soviet Union men's international footballers
Olympic footballers for the Soviet Union
Footballers at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for the Soviet Union
Soviet Top League players
PFC CSKA Moscow players
FC Dynamo Moscow players
FC Daugava Riga players
Olympic medalists in football
Men's association football forwards
Medalists at the 1956 Summer Olympics


Firefighter or fire fighter is a profession.

Firefighter or Fire Fighter(s) may also refer to:

Boats

Fire Fighter (fireboat), a 1938 U.S. National Historic Landmark
Fire Fighter II, a 2010 NYFD fire boat
 Firefighter (Wilmington fireboat), built for Wilmington, Delaware, by MetalCraft Marine, in 2012
 Firefighter I (Singapore), see Fireboats in Singapore
 Firefighter II (Singapore), see Fireboats in Singapore

Arts, entertainment and media

Films

Fire Fighters (film), a 1922 silent short film
The Fire Fighters (1927 film), a 1927 action film serial
The Fire Fighters (1930 film), a 1930 Mickey Mouse cartoon
Firefighter (film), a 1986 American made-for-television drama film

Literature

Firefighter! Daigo of Fire Company M, a 1995 shōnen manga by Masahito Soda

Video games

Fire Fighter (video game), a 1982 action game
Firefighter F.D.18, a 2004 action game

See also
 List of firefighting museums

 Fireman (disambiguation)
 Firefight (disambiguation)


Voice is the sixth studio album (ninth overall) by Japanese singer Mika Nakashima, released via Sony Music Japan on November 26, 2008. It contains all of her singles from "Life" up to "Orion". The album was distributed in two formats: a CD-only version and CD+DVD limited edition.

Following its release, Voice became Nakashima's first number one album on the Oricon Albums Chart since Best (2005). It has been certified platinum by the RIAJ for physical shipments of over 250,000 copies in Japan, and has since amassed sales of over 340,000 copies.

Singles
"Life" was released as the album's first single on August 22, 2007. The song is an adult contemporary pop/rock number and was used as the theme song for the drama of the same name, starring Kii Kitano and Saki Fukuda. The B-side "It's Too Late" was used for an Kanebo Cosmetics CM, which starred Nakashima herself.

"Eien no Uta" is a reggae-inflected ballad with Stephen McGregor serving as the producer. It was used as the theme song of the movie Southbound (2007). The B-side is a cover of Cole Porter's "You'd Be So Nice To Come Home To," and was made with jazz band Katteni-Shiyagare and previously included on her Katteni-Shiyagare tribute album, Let's Get Lost.

"Sakura Hanagasumi" is an adult contemporary ballad with a more poignant mood than "Sakurairo Mau Koro" (2005). The Daishi dance version of the song appears on the Voice album instead of the original version, which is featured in its promotional video. The next release, "I Don't Know", was Mika's first English-language single. It is a collaboration with owarai group Morisanchuu and was her first single to be released in a CD+DVD format in addition to the regular CD-only format. It includes the B-side track "Shut Up".

"Orion" is an lite rock-influenced ballad and was released on November 12, 2008. It was the insert song for the Japanese TBS drama, Ryūsei no Kizuna, in which co-starred Mika. The B-side song "Focus" was used for the television commercial of the Canon IXY Digital 920 IS camera.

Track listing

Charts and sales

Daily and weekly charts

Year-end charts

Sales and certifications

References

2008 albums
Mika Nakashima albums


Facundo Pieres  (born May 19, 1986) Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires Province is a professional Argentine polo player with a 10 goal handicap. In October 2022, he was ranked number one by the World Polo Tour, but fell to number two, behind Adolfo Cambiaso, in early 2023.

Biography
Facundo was born into a family of polo players and is the second son of polo legend Gonzalo Pieres and Cecilia Rodríguez Piola. His siblings are Gonzalo Pieres, Nicolas Pieres, also a professional polo player, Tatiana Pieres, and Cecilia Pieres.

His career started in 1997, when he won the Copa Potrillos with the Ellerstina Jr. team, which was a subsidiary team for the Ellerstina Club founded by his father and Australian media tycoon, Kerry Packer. Since then, he played in Argentina, the United Kingdom, and the United States. He has won the Hurlingham Open, Tortugas Open and Jockey Club Open (all in Argentina among other tournaments. In 2008, he won the Queen’s Cup (England), though he didn’t participate in the final match because of an injury, and in 2013 on the team of Zacara played with Lydon Lea, Hilario Ulloa, and Matias Gonzalez.

Accomplishments
Facundo has won the most important tournaments of the World Polo Tour, the Spanish Grand Slam, Gold Cup, Sotogrande 2018 (American Team 'La Indiana') and 2017 with the Spanish team Ayala, Torneo Internacional de Polo Sotogrande.

He started playing in the Campeonato Argentino Abierto de Polo in 2003 and made it into the finals twice with Ellerstina; first in 2005 and again in 2007, though both ended in overtime losses. After losing these in extra-time only, and winning the Tortugas Open 2008. The new team of Ellerstina to 2014 is conformed by: Facundo Pieres 10, Gonzalo Pieres (h) 10, Mariano Aguerre 9 and Nicolas Pieres 9
He was promoted to handicap 10 at age 18.

In June, 2019, Pieres broke royal protocol as he was presented the winner’s trophy at the Cartier Polo Cup in Windsor Great Park, Berkshire. Pieres placed a hand on the top of the Queen’s back and again on her shoulder as Her Majesty presented him with the 'most valuable player' award.

References

External links
Profile on World Polo Tour
Tournaments
Un gran Crack …
Ellerstina Polo team

Argentine polo players
Sportspeople from Buenos Aires Province
1986 births
Living people


Handsome was an American rock supergroup formed in 1995. The group's lineup was singer Jeremy Chatelain, guitarists Peter Mengede (formerly of Helmet), Tom Capone (formerly of Quicksand), bassist Eddie Nappi, and drummer Pete Hines (formerly of Cro-Mags and Murphy's Law). Capone would leave the group in 1997, replaced by Donni Campion (formerly of Electric Love Hogs). They released two 7" vinyl singles in 1995, two CD singles in 1997 and one album, Handsome (1997), through Epic/Sony before disbanding.

History
Handsome was conceived by Australian guitarist Peter Mengede, who was in the New York band Helmet from 1989 to 1993. Mengede was ousted from Helmet by frontman Page Hamilton, due to his dissatisfaction with their songwriting process. Mengede envisioned Handsome as being a band where all members would have an equal say.

By 1995, Mengede had recruited former Quicksand guitarist Tom Capone and former Cro-Mags and Murphy's Law drummer Pete Hines as well as bassist Eddie Nappi and Salt Lake City native Jeremy Chatelain. Regarding who came up with their name, drummer Pete Hines said, "Peter [Mengede] did. Tar from Chicago had an album called Handsome that he really liked and he thought it was a cool name. I'm psyched about it because all the names from New York are like Sick of It All, Biohazard, all these tough guy kinda names. I mean, New York's known for that, and we wanted to have a little tension [surrounding the name]."

After a short tour of the midwest with Deftones, they  began recording material with producer Terry Date with the album, titled Handsome, released on February 4, 1997 through Epic/Sony. Peter Stepek, of AllMusic gave the album a positive review stating:

In support of the album, Handsome toured with Silverchair, Local H and Less Than Jake in the US, while they supported Wu-Tang Clan and Voodoo Glow Skulls in Europe. Prior to their June 1997 shows in Europe, guitarist Capone left the group and was replaced by former Electric Love Hogs guitarist Donni Campion. In July 1997, the band played select dates at that year's Warped Tour. Following this, Handsome disbanded, with Mengede citing tensions within the band. They originally signed a three record deal with Epic, and had been working on new material, but were let go from the contract through a clause that had been enacted when Capone left.

Post-breakup
Handsome was Peter Mengede's last musical project in the United States, as he returned to Australia during late 2001, after having lived in New York for 15 years. He later formed the Brisbane band El Gordo. Following his departure from the group, Capone worked on numerous projects before forming his own, Adharma, in 2000, while singer Chatelain joined Blake Schwarzenbach's group Jets to Brazil before going on to join Helmet. Bassist Eddie Nappi went on to join the Mark Lanegan Band while he also worked with Queens of the Stone Age and former A Perfect Circle guitarist Troy Van Leeuwen in Enemy and is also a member of Van Leeuwen's latest group Sweethead.

Musical style
Their sound has been compared to Deftones and Far. Pete Hines stated from the outset that the band knew they wanted "a melodic singer over really heavy music".

Legacy
While Handsome failed to attain commercial success, their 1997 self-titled album has since received praise from contemporary critics. Kerrang! listed Handsome as one of the "12 most underrated albums of the '90s", while Louder Sound included them on a list of the "top 50 cult metal bands".

Members
Final lineup
 Jeremy Chatelain – vocals (1995–1998)
 Peter Mengede – guitar (1995–1998)
 Eddie Nappi – bass (1995–1998)
 Pete Hines – drums (1995–1998)
 Donni Campion – guitar (1997–1998)
Former members

 Tom Capone – guitar (1995–1997)

Discography
Studio albums

Singles

References

American post-hardcore musical groups
Musical groups established in 1995
Musical groups disestablished in 1998
Epic Records artists
Alternative metal supergroups


Vardnili Hydro Power Plant Cascade is a cascade of hydropower plants in the Gali Municipality of Georgia. Included in the Cascade of Enguri Hydropower Plants. It consists of four relatively smaller power plants (Vardnil HPP-I, Vardnil HPP-II, Vardnil HPP-III, Vardnil HPP-IV). It is built on the outlet channel of the Enguri Hydro Power Plant, by discharging the main runoff of the Enguri River into the Eristskali riverbed. The total projected installed capacity is 340 MW, and the average annual projected electricity output is 1111 million kWh.
The Vardnil HPP-I has 3 turbines with a nominal capacity of 73 MW each having a total capacity of 220 MW.

See also

 List of power stations in Georgia (country)
 Energy in Georgia (country)

References

Hydroelectric power stations in Georgia (country)


"The State of Massachusetts" is a song by American rock band Dropkick Murphys. It was released on February 4, 2008 as the lead single from their sixth studio album, The Meanest of Times. The song is about the effects of drugs on individuals and their families. "The State of Massachusetts" was one of the 100-most-played songs on U.S. modern rock radio in October 2007. By January 2008, the song had become one of the 60-most-played alternative rock songs in the United States. The song was #83 on Rolling Stones list of the 100 Best Songs of 2007. It is the theme song to the MTV show Nitro Circus. The music video was filmed on location in the unused and abandoned Curley Auditorium on the Long Island Health Campus in Boston Harbor. The auditorium is located right next to one of the City of Boston's largest emergency homeless shelters, the Long Island Shelter.

In 2013, six years after its release, the song made its first chart appearance on a Billboard chart when it peaked at number 14 on the Billboard Rock Songs chart following the Boston Marathon bombing.

Track listing

7" vinyl

Weekly charts

References

Songs about Boston
2007 songs
Dropkick Murphys songs
Sports television theme songs
2007 singles
Folk punk songs
Cooking Vinyl singles
Songs about child abuse


Yaman (also known as kalyaan, Iman, Aiman,'Eman', 'Kalyani' in Carnatic classical music) is a heptatonic (Sampurna) Indian classical raga of Kalyan Thaat.

Its signature phrase (Pakad) is ni-Re-Ga-/Re-Ga/ni-Re-Sa/Pa-Ma#-Ga-Re/ni-Re-Sa' (Ma is teevra).

Tonal movements of the notes mostly reflect zigzag motion with gap of one or several notes usually that prefer reverse order very often like DNS'   mDN GmD RGm N,GR or MDNS'   GmDN RGmD N,RGm D,N,GR etc. Ideally yaman should not use PR combination but can use P~R showing colour of m or G while gliding from P to R, for PR is one of the specific identification of raag kalyaan.

Description
Yaman emerged from the parent musical scale of Kalyan. Considered to be one of the most fundamental and basic ragas in Hindustani tradition, it is thus often one of the first ragas taught to students.

Mechanics
Yaman's Jati is a Sampurna raga (ideally, yaman is audav sampoorna raag because of the structure- N,RGmDNR'S' NDPmGRS) and in some cases Shadav; the ascending Aaroha scale and the descending style of the avroha includes all seven notes in the octave (When it is audav, the Aroha goes like N,RGmDNS', where the fifth note is omitted; Pa but the Avaroha is the same complete octave). All the scale notes (called swaras) in the raga are Shuddha, the exception being Teevra Madhyam or prati madhyamam (sharp fourth). The notes of the raga are considered analogous to the western Lydian mode.

None of the three great treatises of music, accept the existence of  ma,[text missing]

Not to be mistaken, Raag Yaman is slightly different from Raag Yaman Kalyan. Both have almost the same base, but they are sung differently. The Aroha and Avaroha of Yaman Kalyan goes like this:
SRGmPDNS'
S'NDPm GMGRN, RS

Vadi and samavadi
Vadi is ga, Samvadi is ni.

Pakad or chalan
It is wrong to say that Kalyan has no specific phrases or particular features, many musicians avoid Sa and Pa in ascend or treat them very weakly in Yaman. One often applies N0 R G M+ D N S' in ascent and S' N D M+ G R S in descend).
Sa is avoided in beginning the ascend such as N0 R G M+ P D N S'

ni-Re-Ga-/Re-Ga/ni-Re-Sa/Pa-Ma#-Ga-Re/ni-Re-Sa' (Ma is teevra)

Organization and relationships
There is some discussion as to whether Yaman and Kalyan are just different names for the same raga, or that they are actually two distinct ragas. Joep Bor says "Kalyan (today usually referred to as Yaman)". Kaufmann says that Yaman and Kalyan are just different names, but insists that rāga Yaman-Kalyan is different as natural Ma is occasionally inserted between two Ga, like Ga Ma Ga Re Sa, while in all other instances  (Ma+ is used as in Kalyan). S. Bagchee agrees with Kaufmann.
As Bor, Kaufmann and Bagchee are not practising, professional and traditional musicians and artistes with training from qualified musicians, their opinions and observations must be accepted with a pinch of salt. An analysis of the raag leads some musicians to believe that the names of the raags Yaman and Kalyan are different, so their tonal movements shall be different (Kalyan is more akin to shuddha Kalyan, not Yaman). People erratically believe that if natural Ma is occasionally added in a concluding figure leading to Sa, the raga is known as Yaman-Kalyan.
Practically, yaman has a raganga very different from Kalyan raganga, resembling colours of Shuddha Kalyan. The use of shuddha ma must be restricted as a Vivadi swara (limited use) or grace note for Yaman Kalyan otherwise there is a chance of it becoming Yamani, Yamani Bilawal, Jaimini Kalyan. Moreover, neither of Kalyan or Yaman has Shuddha Ma in its main body thus use of shuddha Ma does not create Yaman Kalyan. Ideally there is no raga at all in Indian music that is recognized as any type of Kalyan because of shuddha Ma, thus raga Yaman Kalyan becomes a misnomer because of Shuddha Ma in the tonal structure of raga Yaman.
Kalyan is mixed with several ragas that has either of Kalyan ang or Yaman ang:
 Adbhut Kalyan
 Anandi Kalyan
 Bhog Kalyan
 Bhoop Kalyan
 Bilas khani Kalyan
 Chandra Kalyan
 Chhaya Kalyan
 Deepak Kalyan
 Gaud Kalyan
 Gorakh Kalyan
 Hameer Kalyan
 Hem Kalyan
 Hindol Kalyan
 Husseini Kalyan
 Jaimini Kalyan
 Jait Kalyan
 Kamod Kalyan
 Kedar Kalyan
 Kesari Kalyan
 Khem Kalyan
 Kohri Kalyan
 Laxmi Kalyan
 Maru Kalyan
 Miyaan ki Kalyan
 Nand Kalyan
 Nat Kalyan
 Panch Kalyan
 Poorva Kalyan
 Puriya Kalyan
 Pyaar Kalyan
 Raam Kalyan
 Raini Kalyan
 Ravi Kalyan
 Saraswati Kalyan
 Shankar Kalyan
 Shankaraa Kalyan
 Shiv Kalyan
 Shree Kalyan
 Shuddha Kalyan
 Shyam Kalyan
 Sohni Kalyan
 Yaman Kalyan

Yaman raga mixing in other ragas:
 Kalavati Yaman
 Yaman Bhopali
 Yamani
 Yamani Basant
 Yamani Bilawal
 Yamani Hindol
 Yaman Chhaya

Thaat: Kalyan is type raga of Kalyan thaat. In thaat Kalyan, all notes are shuddha (natural) except  (sharp) Ma.

Behaviour
Yaman is regarded  one of the grandest and most fundamental  ragas in Hindustani music. It is one of the first ragas taught to students but it also has great scope for improvisation. Raag elaboration can focus more on mandra and madhya saptak, thus the key note chosen for yaman is preferred to be a higher tone.

Samay (time)
Ragas in the Kalyan thaat, including Yaman, should be performed during the first quarter of the night.

Rasa
Kalyan is described by Meshakarna(1570) as "lord in white garments and pearl necklace on a splendid lion-throne, under a royal umbrella, fanned with whisk, chewing betel"

This raga promotes romanticism, It sounds romantic, we can see in Bollywood many romantic songs are based on this raga.

A song text is:

Hey friend, without my lover
I don't find peace
At any moment of the day;
Since my lover went away
I spend my nights counting the stars

Historical information

Yaman or Kalyan: An Ancient Indian Raag
Yaman or Kalyan is an ancient Indian raag that underwent a renaming process, attributed to Ameer Khusro (1253–1325), changing it from Kalyan to Yaman. Yaman raag finds its roots in the Kalyaan Thaat, categorizing it as an aasreya raag within the Kalyaan Thaat. This renaming endeavor aimed to connect the Bhartiya musical heritage with Persia, exemplifying how Bhartiya numerals are recognized as Arabic numerals.

Origins of Yaman
Hindustani vocalist, scholar, and researcher Ramkrishna Das Nadrang suggests that some musicians believe Yaman's origin traces back to Yemen, a country in the Middle East situated at the southern end of the Arabian Peninsula. However, there exists no historical evidence or record of Yemeni natives practicing the Yaman melody within the context of Hindustani music in India. Consequently, Yemen seems to lack any substantive connection to the raag Yaman.

Within the traditional confines of the Gwalior gharana and certain olden Hindustani music schools, music masters assert that a learner must imbue faith (IMAAN) in their teacher-mentor's words to progress in music. Consequently, they emphasize the importance of "imaan laao (submitting to the aphorism)," making Yaman the starting point for music instruction. As a result, the term "yaman" became synonymous with "iman," aligning it closely with the term "imaan."

Ramkrishna Das posits an alternative hypothesis suggesting that the word "yaman" may be linked to Sanskrit "Yavan" (Muslim). This theory posits that the raag Yaman evolved from Kalyaan, as puritan Hindu musicians began referring to the melody as "kalyaan of the Muslim artistes" or "yavanon kaa kalyaan." Over time, this term transformed into "yavan kalyaan," then "yaman kalyan," and finally, "yaman."

In South Indian Carnatic music, a similar melody is referred to as "yamuna kalyaani," while the Gwalior Paluskar tradition introduced a raag named "Jaimini Kalyaan," which potentially aligns with the Carnatic name. This transformation into "Yaman" was, in a sense, a derogatory term, as it altered the sanctity of Kalyaan due to its intricate tonal movements, characterized by excessive zigzag patterns and internal skips or gaps between notes.

Yaman accentuates notes ni, ga, and ma, with limited use of saa and pa during the ascent. In contrast, Kalyaan emphasizes saa, pa, re, ga, with minimal reliance on ma and ni. Raag Kalyaan also exhibits frequent downward movements, similar to the model of raag shuddha kalyaan.

Attributions to Ameer Khusro and Variations
Some proponents attribute the creation of Yaman to Ameer Khusro (1253-1325), a Sufi saint, poet, singer, and courtier to several Indian rulers. "Raag Vyaakaran" (1975, page 468-470) by Bimalakaanta Roychoudhury presents four varieties of Yaman, among which Khusro's Yaman lacks ni and tivra ma during the ascent, except for magama. This particular melody is penta-hexatonic (SRGPDS'| S'DPGmGRS), with vaadi ga-samvaadi dha. The tonal movements are detailed on page 469 as follows (, = lower octave, ' = upper octave): SRGRS D,S RG PGmG RGRS GRS PDS' G'R'S' DP GmGRG PGRS. This reveals that the contemporary Yaman differs significantly from the 14th-century version.

Evolution and Connection to Yamani
According to Ramkrishna Das, contemporary Yaman is a derivative of an older raag called "yamani," which developed along the banks of the Yamuna River near Mathura-Vrindavan or in the Chaiti dhun of Varanasi. Precisely, Yaman appears to be a part of Yamani due to the name "Yamuna" being associated with it. Notably, the folk melody of the song 'Sautan ghar na jaa/ na jaa more saiyaan (SR SN,S D,N,R--N,RGR G~S--)' features the unique and spontaneous tonal movement "niresaa," an essential element of Yaman, not commonly found in other folk melodies.

The oldest available chaiti song is "Piyaa se milan ham jaayeb ho raamaa piyaa se milana," composed by saint Kabir (1398-1518) of Varanasi. This song exhibits the following tonal structures: N,P,N,N,N,SS SS SR SN.S D,N,R-- N,R GMG- G~S--. Both of these tonal structures mirror essential movements of contemporary raag Yaman, sans the tivra madhyam (sharp fourth). However, the antaraa of the chaiti incorporates tivra ma as an essential part of the melody. Chaitis are popularly recognized as "maanjh khamaaj" (thanks to Pandit Ravishankar, Ali Akbar Khan, Vilayat Khan, Nikhil Banerjee). Otherwise, musicians in Varanasi referred to them as "yamani."

The Influence of Tivra Madhyam
Spontaneous use of tivra madhyam is evident in the tune of raag "janglaa," prevalent in the rasiya singing of Braj-Vrindavan (mPGMPmP NDNS' DNP- nDP GMPmP). However, in Indian folk melodies, tivra ma is rarely and spontaneously employed. Since tivra ma, komal re, and komal dha were not acknowledged in the Naatya Shaastra, Brihaddeshi, and Sangeet Ratnaakar (1245 AD), raag Kalyaan did not exist in the pre-Muqaam or pre-Melakarta system of raags.

It is conceivable that the frequent use of tivra ma was propagated by followers of Khusro, qawwali singers, and folk musicians, leading to the evolution of Yamani into Yaman while retaining the core tonal movements. Additionally, the advent of the melakarta system in South and North India, attributed to Venkatamakhi (~1630), further popularized the raag Kalyaan. Perhaps the name "kalyaan" drew inspiration from the popular tunes of Sanskrit verses recited during evening prayers.

Yaman, or the commonly referred to term "kalyan," accommodates almost all tonal combinations. Renowned sitar maestro Abdul Halim Jaffer Khan used to affirm, "Ye man jo chaahe wahi yaman hai," emphasizing the vast umbrella of possibilities for tonal combinations within Yaman.

Important recordings
 Amir Khan – Shuddh Kalyan, Yaman, and Yaman Kalyan
 Ghulam Abbas Khan Vilambit and Drut 'Dharohar' by Mystica Music
 Imrat Khan "Nordindische Ragas, Live"
 Rashid Khan – bandish in vilambit ektal (India Archive Music IAM CD 1003)
 Ravi Shankar in matta tal: "The Genius of Pandit Ravi Shankar", Oriental Records Inc, New York AAMS CD108
 Zia Mohiuddin Dagar on Nimbus Records, LS5871 / NI7047/8

Film songs

Hindi

Following is the list of film songs based on Yaman.

References

Literature

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External links

 More details about raag Yaman

 SRA on Ragas and Thaats
 SRA on Samay and Ragas
 Technical Aspects

Hindustani ragas
Ragas in the Guru Granth Sahib


Mahon Bridge (), also spelled Mahonbridge, is a village in the parish of Kilrossanty in mid County Waterford, Ireland, located on the R676 road between Carrick on Suir and Dungarvan. The nearest town is Kilmacthomas.

Amenities
The village has a local shop, a garage and crash repair yard, and a historic creamery which is no longer in use.

Toponymy
Mahon Bridge is named for the bridge which crosses the River Mahon at this point, the river running from the Mahon Falls in the Comeragh Mountains to the sea at Bunmahon. Mahon Bridge is well known to walkers and hill climbers who use the village as a jumping-off point for visits to the Falls.

Buildings
In 2009 a hydroelectric power station was completed just upriver from Mahon Bridge. The station is privately owned and is fed from two weirs, one on the Mahon and the other on the Mahon Og, about 2 km upstream of the village. The scheme generates a maximum of 850 kW of electricity to add to the national grid. The turbine house is of a very inconspicuous and low profile design being mostly located below ground level and not visible from the nearby road.  The turbine house is located very close to a large ruined mill which was built in the famine years 1845–1848 but which saw little use as a corn mill before being sold. At some stage in the mid 20th century part of it was demolished by Waterford Co. Council and the stone used for road building.

Sport
Stage 2 of the 1998 Tour de France passed through Mahon Bridge.

Location
The village is laid out around a triangular field, from which roads lead to Kilrossanty, Fews, Furraleigh, Briska and Lyre.

Archaeology
Archaeological sites 500 meters west of the village:
 A castle owned by Darby O'Brien in 1641 and it was described as a large slate house with a bawn. It is said to have been occupied by a Peter Anthony in 1643 when it was burnt by a party of Royalists under Sir Charles Vavasour. Located in a private garden at the base of Crough Hill. It is not visible at ground level.
 An ogham stone originally from the Knockalafalla-Rathgormuck area is now kept at Comeragh Lodge.
 A Children's Burial Ground marked only on the 1926 ed. of the OS 6-inch map.
 A souterrain South West of the Children's Burial Ground. An area of ground collapse in 2002 led to a stone-lined cavity, which could not be entered but which could be a beehive chamber of a souterrain.

See also
 List of towns and villages in Ireland

References

Towns and villages in County Waterford