The 911th Air Refueling Squadron is part of the 305th Operations Group, and is stationed at Seymour Johnson Air Force Base, North Carolina.  The squadron was the Air Force's very first active duty squadron under the command of a reserve wing. In October 2016, the 911th, formerly geographically separated from the 6th Air Mobility Wing at MacDill Air Force Base, Florida and operated as the active duty associate to the 916th Air Refueling Wing, became the first "I-Wing" or Integrated Wing.  In July 2020, it was reassigned to the 305th Operations Group at the McGuire AFB entity of Joint Base McGuire–Dix–Lakehurst, New Jersey.

The squadron is one of the oldest in the United States Air Force.  Its origins date to 15 May 1917, when it was organized at Kelly Field, Texas.   The 21st Aero Squadron served in France as part of the 3d Aviation Instruction Center, American Expeditionary Forces, as a pilot training squadron during World War I.

The squadron was activated as the 21st Observation Squadron in 1923, but received few, if any, personnel before being disbanded in 1933.  In 1935 a new 21st Observation Squadron was organized at Langley Field, Virginia. In 1939, it moved to Florida and began to fly Neutrality Patrol missions over the adjacent waters.

After the attack on Pearl Harbor it flew antisubmarine patrols in the Gulf of Mexico and off the Atlantic Coast.  It then became a heavy bomber training unit until 1944.  In 1944 it converted to Boeing B-29 Superfortresses and saw combat in the Pacific during World War II, where it was awarded a Distinguished Unit Citation for its actions during the strategic bombing campaign against Japan.

It became part of Strategic Air Command (SAC) during the Cold War, maintaining a portion of its strength on alert.  It frequently deployed a portion of the unit to support SAC operations, including combat operations in Southeast Asia.  Members of the squadron participated Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom.  In 1991 it transferred to Air Combat Command as the United States Air Force reassigned and combined units to maintain a single wing on each base.  It continued to support contingency operations after transferring to Air Mobility Command until it was inactivated in 2007.

Today, the squadron operates the Boeing KC-46 "Pegasus" aircraft conducting air refueling missions worldwide as an active component of the Air Force's first Integrated Wing, flying the aircraft of the reserve 916th Air Refueling Wing.

History

World War I
The 911th Air Refueling Squadron traces its origins to early May 1917 when newly arrived recruits arrived at Kelly Field, Texas and were formed into 1st Company "B", 1st Regiment, Kelly Field.   On 15 May these recruits became the 16th Aero Squadron.  However, on 13 June it was redesignated as the 21st Aero Squadron.

When the first soldiers arrived at Kelly, there were no tents or cots for them so they slept on the ground. When the PPfirst tents arrived, the men were assigned locations for them and pitched them. The men received their indoctrination into the Army as soldiers, standing guard duty and other rudimentary duties. The lack of sanitary facilities and of uniforms meant most men worked in the civilian clothing they arrived in.  They slept in them without bathing until latrines and washing facilities were constructed. The men dug ditches for water mains and erected wooden buildings for barracks. On 4 August, the squadron was ordered to proceed to Scott Field, near Belleville, Illinois, arriving on the 11th.  There the squadron worked with the 11th Aero Squadron, preparing the field for training.  Training was received in various aircraft engines, and the men were classified as mechanics.

In November the squadron received orders for overseas duty.  However, an epidemic of sickness put the 21st into quarantine status.  It remained quarantined until 21 December when it was cleared by the medical department to move to the Aviation Concentration Center, Garden City, Long Island, arriving on the 23d.   It was not long before the squadron was ordered to proceed to the New York Port of Embarkation at Hoboken, New Jersey, where the squadron sailed for France on 4 January 1918, arriving at Saint-Nazaire on the 17th.  After a few days at a rest camp, it traveled by train to the Air Service Replacement Concentration Center, located at the St. Maixent Replacement Barracks, arriving on 23 January.   The 21st was classified as a school squadron, and was ordered to proceed to the 3d Aviation Instructional Center (3d AIC) at Issoudun Aerodrome.   It arrived at Issoudun on 21 February.

3d Aviation Instruction Center

The 3d Aviation Instruction Center was established by the Training Section, American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) to train pursuit (fighter) pilots prior to their assignment to combat on the front.  The 21st Aero Squadron (School), was assigned to Issoudun Field #7, where Nieuport 28 aircraft were used for formation flying training.  On 18 March, it moved to the main camp, where Fields #1, #2 and #3 were used for initial training in Nieuport 15s and 18s and 21s.   When additional squadrons of mechanics arrived, the 21st concentrated at Field #3 and on maintaining the school's Nieuport 21s.  The field strength grew until nearly 100 airplanes were in use, with solo flying, cross-country flying, and basic aerobatics being taught.   The squadron handled all of these.   The 21st's efficiency was commented on by the post commander when a record was established with 69 launches on one day, with several hundred hours of flying recorded.  Training was given to many members of the pursuit squadrons of the First Army Air Service as they arrived in France; and beginning in August 1918, to new pilots for the planned Second Army Air Service as they began to arrive for training.

At the time of the Armistice on 11 November, the men of the 21st Aero Squadron remained on duty completing the training of the pilots assigned to Field #3.   Although it did not enter combat, the unit trained the men who went to the front and gave them the best of training so they might accomplish their work.

Demobilization
The AEF was notoriously slow in returning men to the United States after the end of hostilities, and men who served on the front had priority over those who served in the rear areas.   The 21st, therefore, remained at Issoudun until January 1919 when orders were received to proceed to the 1st Air Depot, Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome, France, for demobilization.   From Colombey, the squadron moved to a staging camp under the Services of Supply at Bordeaux, waiting for a date to board a troop ship for transportation home.    On 18 March, the squadron boarded a troop ship, arriving in New York on 5 April. From there, the 21st moved to Hazelhurst Field, New York where the men were demobilized and returned to civilian life. The 21st Aero Squadron itself was demobilized on 14 April.

Inter-war years

On 24 March 1923, the 21st Aero Squadron was reconstituted as the 21st Observation Squadron of the United States Army Air Service. The Army activated the unit as a "Regular Army Inactive" squadron, meaning that although it was a Regular Army unit, it was manned with reserve personnel. It was assigned to the 9th Observation Group in the Sixth Corps Area. The 21st's designated Active Associate unit was the 15th Observation Squadron, at Chanute Field, Illinois, which was also its designated mobilization station. In 1927 it was withdrawn from the Sixth Corps Area and reassigned to the Fourth Corps Area. Its designated mobilization station during this period was Carlstrom Field, Florida, a training field. In 1928, it was moved to the Eighth Corps Area at Dodd Field, Texas, which was also designated as its mobilization station. It was not organized at Dodd and it was disbanded on 1 October 1933.

The 21st Observation Squadron (Long Range Amphibian) was activated on 1 March 1935 at Bolling Field, District of Columbia and was assigned to the 2d Wing.  In 1936 it was consolidated with the earlier 21st Observation Squadron. The 21st Observation Squadron flew light reconnaissance aircraft in support of Army maneuvers primarily in northern Virginia.  The squadron operated land-based aircraft as well as amphibian seaplanes using the Potomac River for landings and takeoffs.   In 1936 it moved to Langley Field, Virginia and was equipped with heavier attack aircraft as well as medium bombers.

The squadron was redesignated a long range reconnaissance squadron and received early model Boeing B-17C/D Flying Fortresses and Douglas B-18 Bolos in 1939.  It moved to the 36th Street Airport, Miami, Florida, where it was attached to the Navy and began to fly Neutrality Patrol, sea search, and weather reconnaissance missions.  It operated from several locations along the Atlantic Coast, flying coastal patrol missions.  On 3 September 1941 it was attached to the 29th Bombardment Group at MacDill Field, Florida, flying antisubmarine patrols from various locations in south Florida over the Gulf of Mexico and the Florida Straits along the Atlantic Coast.

World War II

Heavy Bomber training
After the attack on Pearl Harbor the squadron remained in south Florida flying antisubmarine patrols against any German U-boats approaching the United States coast.

On 1 February 1942, the 21st was finally assigned to the 29th Bombardment Group. In June 1942, I Bomber Command took over the antisubmarine mission and the 21st became part of II Bomber Command.  It was redesignated as the 411th Bombardment Squadron and moved to Gowen Field, Idaho. At Gowen, the squadron was an Operational Training Unit (OTU), first with Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses and, after 1943, with Consolidated B-24 Liberators.

The OTU program involved the use of an oversized parent unit to provide cadres to "satellite groups" prior to their deployment overseas. In 1943, the squadron became a Replacement Training Unit (RTU). The RTU was also an oversized unit. but if focused on training individual pilots or aircrews. However, the Army Air Forces found that standard military units, based on relatively inflexible tables of organization, were proving less well adapted to the training mission.  Accordingly, it adopted a more functional system in which each base was organized into a separate numbered unit, while the groups and squadrons acting as RTUs were disbanded or inactivated. This resulted in the 411th, along with other units at Gowen, being inactivated in April 1944 and being replaced by the 212th Army Air Forces Base Unit (Combat Crew Training School, Heavy).

B-29 Superfortress operations against Japan
The 411th Bombardment Squadron was activated the same day as a Boeing B-29 Superfortress squadron at Pratt Army Air Field, Kansas.  However, a little over a month later, it was inactivated again as the Army Air Forces began to reorganize its very heavy bomber groups from four squadron units to three squadron units.

The squadron was activated again on 1 June 1944 as part of the new 502d Bombardment Group (Very Heavy), which was being organized at Davis-Monthan Field, Arizona.  It began training with B-29s at Dalhart Army Air Field, Texas. In September, the air echelon deployed to Orlando Army Air Base in Florida for a concentrated course on very heavy bombardment tactics, while the ground echelon preceded it to its new training base at Grand Island Army Air Field, Nebraska where the squadron prepared for overseas deployment.

After completing training the squadron deployed to the central Pacific and became part of XXI Bomber Command at Northwest Field (Guam) for operational missions.  The mission of the squadron was the strategic bombardment of the Japanese Home Islands.  It entered combat on 30 June 1945 with a bombing raid against enemy installations on Rota.   It bombed Truk in early July. It flew its first mission against the Japanese home islands on 15 July 1945 against the oil refinery at Kudamatsu and afterwards operated principally against the enemy's petroleum industry.  The squadron earned a Distinguished Unit Citation for August 1945 attacks on the coal liquefaction plant at Ube, a tank farm at Amagasaki  and the Nippon Oil refinery at Tsuchizaki.

After the surrender of Japan the squadron dropped food and supplies to Allied prisoners of war in Japan and later flew in show of force missions. It was inactivated on Guam 15 April 1946.

Strategic Air Command

The 911th Air Refueling Squadron, Heavy was organized on 1 December 1958 at Seymour Johnson Air Force Base, North Carolina.  The squadron was equipped with first generation Boeing KC-135A Stratotankers as part of the 4241st Strategic Wing, a dispersed Strategic Air Command (SAC) Cold War wing formed to spread SAC's Boeing B-52 Stratofortress heavy bombers over a larger number of bases, thus making it more difficult for the Soviet Union to knock out the entire fleet with a surprise first strike. The wing was equipped with the B-52G. Starting in 1960, one third of the squadron's aircraft were maintained on fifteen-minute alert, fully fueled and ready for combat to reduce vulnerability to a Soviet missile strike.  This was increased to half the squadron's aircraft in 1962. The squadron flew worldwide training missions with the KC-135s. During 1959 it participated in tests to determine the compatibility of the KC-135 with the refueling systems of the North American F-100 Super Sabre, McDonnell F-101 Voodoo, Lockheed F-104 Starfighter, Republic F-105 Thunderchief and Douglas B-66 Destroyer aircraft.

In early 1960, the 4241st wing deployed its operational squadrons during the reconstruction of the Seymour Johnson runway and main taxiway.  During this time the 911th operated from Goose Air Base in Labrador, Canada. That summer, the squadron supported the deployment of Nineteenth Air Force from Seymour Johnson to Clark Air Base, Philippines in Exercise Mobile Yoke. In 1961 a crew from the squadron was named the top refueling crew in SAC during the annual combat competition.

The squadron transferred to the 68th Bombardment Wing in April 1963 when SAC replaced its Major Command controlled MAJCON strategic wings with wings carrying the honors of World War II organizations. The squadron periodically deployed to support the Eielson and Spanish Tanker Task Forces.

Beginning on 1 May 1972, the 911th deployed to Andersen Air Force Base, Guam and was attached to the Strategic Wing, Provisional, 72.  Its mission was to support B-52 long-range air strikes over Southeast Asia with air refueling.  It remained at Andersen supporting that mission until withdrawn in July 1973, returning to Seymour Johnson.

On 19 September 1985 the 911th was consolidated with the 411th Bombardment Squadron, giving the squadron a lineage and history dating to May 1917.  The same year, the squadron traded in its KC-135As and received McDonnell Douglas KC-10 Extenders. Peacetime training missions continued until October 1989 when it supported tactical air operations as part of Operation Just Cause, the United States invasion of Panama.    During the 1991 Gulf War, aircraft and crews from the squadron deployed to Lajes The Azores; Rota and Zaragoza and were attached to the 1709th Air Refueling Wing (Provisional). It operated from 31 December 1990 until March 1991 from its forward deployed base, then returned to Seymour Johnson.

Command changes

On 22 April 1991, the squadron was transferred to the 4th Operations Group of Tactical Air Command (TAC) at Seymour Johnson, becoming part of the composite 4th Wing when the Air Force began to organize composite wings, which called for one wing on a base, was implemented there. With the inactivation of SAC and TAC in June 1992, Air Combat Command began to transfer its air refueling assets to Air Mobility Command and the 911th was reassigned to the 319th Operations Group at Grand Forks Air Force Base, North Dakota as the fourth tanker squadron of the 319th Air Refueling Wing, which became a "super tanker wing." The squadron's KC-10s were left behind and transferred to the newly activated 711th Air Refueling Squadron and the 911th converted to the KC-135R Stratotanker.

With the 319th, the squadron deployed KC-135Rs and crews to support tanker activities in Operation Deny Flight, the United Nations no-fly zone over Bosnia and Herzegovina; Operation Uphold Democracy, the United Nations action to remove the military junta and restore the elected president of Haiti; and Operation Constant Vigil from Howard Air Force Base in Panama.  In 1996, the squadron was awarded the Spaatz Trophy for being the best air refueling squadron in Air Mobility Command during 1995. In 1997 members of the squadron deployed to Incirlik Air Base, Turkey to support Operation Northern Watch the Southwest Asia Task Force operation to monitor and control airspace in northern Iraq.  From June through August 2000 the squadron moved its operations to MacDill Air Force Base, Florida while the runways at Grand Forks were being repaired.

After 11 September 2001 attacks, the 911th contributed personnel and aircraft to the 319th Air Expeditionary Group. It was deployed to a makeshift tent city somewhere in the arid desert of Southwest Asia. From the start of air operations over Afghanistan 7 October to 2 November 2001 the 319th had flown over 150 sorties and more than 1050 hours; pumping over 1.4 million US gallons (5,300 m3) of gas into more than 450 planes.  The squadron remained in a partially deployed state, supporting Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom throughout the 2000s.  Implementing the recommendations of the 2005 Base Realignment and Closure Commission, the 911th was inactivated on 30 June 2007.

Associate unit
The 911th Air Refueling Squadron was reactivated on 12 April 2008 at Seymour Johnson Air Force Base as a geographically separated unit, the second KC-135 squadron of the 6th Air Mobility Wing at MacDill Air Force Base, Florida.   With its return to its long-time base at Seymour Johnson, the squadron became an "Active Associate" unit, partnering with the Air Force Reserve Command's 77th Air Refueling Squadron of the 916th Air Refueling Wing.  The 911th was the first tanker active associate unit to be formed and this reversed the roles of the units during the 1980s when the 916th wing (then a group) was an affiliate of the 911th. The 77th received an additional eight airplanes for it to operate with the 911th.  Today, the 77th shares its KC-135R/T aircraft with the 911th Air Refueling Squadron and personnel operating between the two squadrons. The squadron won its second Spaatz Trophy as an associate unit.  In July 2020, the squadron was withdrawn from its associate status and assigned to the 305th Operations Group, stationed at Joint Base McGuire–Dix–Lakehurst, New Jersey.

Lineage
 21st Observation Squadron
 Organized as 1st Company "B", 1st Regiment, Kelly Field in early May 1917
 Redesignated 16th Aero Squadron c. 15 May 1917
 Redesignated 21st Aero Squadron on 13 June 1917
 Demobilized on 14 April 1919
 Reconstituted and redesignated 21st Observation Squadron on 24 March 1923
 Activated in the reserve as associate to: 15th Observation Squadron
 Disbanded on 1 October 1933
 Consolidated with the 21st Reconnaissance Squadron on 2 December 1936

 411th Bombardment Squadron
 Constituted as the 21st Observation Squadron (Long Range Amphibian) on 1 March 1935
 Redesignated as 21st Reconnaissance Squadron on 1 September 1936
 Consolidated with the 21st Observation Squadron on 2 December 1936
 Redesignated 21st Reconnaissance Squadron (Long Range) on 6 December 1939
 Redesignated 21st Reconnaissance Squadron (Heavy) on 20 November 1940
 Redesignated 411th Bombardment Squadron (Heavy) on 22 April 1942
 Redesignated 411th Bombardment Squadron, Very Heavy on 28 March 1944
 Inactivated on 1 April 1944
 Activated on 1 April 1944
 Inactivated on 10 May 1944
 Activated on 1 June 1944
 Inactivated on 15 April 1946
 Consolidated with the 911th Air Refueling Squadron as the 911th Air Refueling Squadron on 19 September 1985

 911th Air Refueling Squadron
 Constituted as the 911th Air Refueling Squadron, Heavy on 28 May 1958
 Activated on 1 December 1958
 Consolidated with the 411th Bombardment Squadron on 19 September 1985
 Redesignated 911th Air Refueling Squadron on 1 July 1992
 Inactivated on 30 June 2007
 Activated on 12 April 2008

Assignments

 Post Headquarters, Kelly Field, March 1917
 Post Headquarters, Scott Field, 11 August 1917
 Aviation Concentration Center, 23 December 1917
 Air Service Replacement Concentration Center, 23 January 1918
 3d Air Instructional Center, 21 February 1918
 1st Air Depot, January 1919
 Commanding General, Services of Supply, January–March 1919
 Eastern Department, 5–14 April 1919
 9th Observation Group, 24 March 1923
 8th Division, 15 August 1927
 VIII Corps Area, 15 February 1929 – 1 October 1933
 2d Wing (later 2d Bombardment Wing), 1 March 1935 (attached to 2d Bombardment Group after 1 September 1936, further attached to the 7th Naval District for operations, September 1939 – August 1940)
 3d Bombardment Wing, 15 November 1940 (attached to Newfoundland Base Command for operations, May – August 1941)
 29th Bombardment Group, attached 5 September 1941, assigned 25 February 1942 – 1 April 1944
 29th Bombardment Group, 1 April 1944 – 10 May 1944
 502d Bombardment Group, 1 June 1944 – 15 April 1946 (attached to 6th Bombardment Group), September 1944 – January 1945
 4241st Strategic Wing, 1 December 1958
 68th Bombardment Wing, 15 April 1963
 68th Air Refueling Group (later, 68 Air Refueling Wing), 30 September 1982
 4th Operations Group, 22 April 1991
 319th Operations Group, 29 April 1994 – 30 June 2007
 6th Operations Group, 12 April 2008
 916th Operations Group, 1 November 2016
 305th Operations Group, 31 July 2020 – present

Stations

 Kelly Field, Texas, May 1917
 Scott Field, Illinois, 11 August 1917
 Aviation Concentration Center, Garden City, New York, 23 December 1917 – c. 4 January 1918
 St. Maixent Replacement Barracks, France, 23 January 1918
 Issoudun Aerodrome, France, 21 February 1918
 Bordeaux, France, c. January 1918 – c. 18 March 1919
 Hazelhurst Field, New York, c. 5–14 April 1919
 Bolling Field, District of Columbia, 1 March 1935
 Langley Field, Virginia, 1 September 1936
 36th Street Airport, Miami, Florida, 9 September 1939 – 22 April 1941
 Newfoundland Airport, Dominion of Newfoundland, 1 May 1941 – 30 August 1941
 MacDill Field, Florida, c. 3 September 1941
 Gowen Field, Idaho, 25 June 1942 – 1 April 1944
 Pratt Army Air Field, Kansas, 1 April 1944 – 10 May 1944
 Davis-Monthan Field, Arizona, 1 June 1944
 Dalhart Army Air Field, Texas, 5 June 1944
 Grand Island Army Air Field, Nebraska, 26 September 1944 – 7 April 1945
 Northwest Field, Guam, 12 May 1945 – 15 April 1946
 Seymour Johnson Air Force Base, North Carolina, 1 December 1958
 Grand Forks Air Force Base, North Dakota, 29 April 1994 – 30 June 2007
 Seymour Johnson Air Force Base, North Carolina, 12 April 2008 – present

Aircraft

 Nieuport 27 (1918)
 Nieuport 80 (1918)
 Avro 504K (1918)
 Douglas O-38 (1935–1936)
 Douglas OA-4 Dolphin (1936–1937)
 Douglas YOA-5 (1936–1937)
 Martin B-10 (1936–1937)
 Douglas B-18 Bolo (1937–1941)
 Northrop A-17 Nomad (1939–1941)
 Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress (1939–1943)
 Sikorsky Y1OA-8 (1939–1941)
 Grumman OA-9 Goose (1939–1941)
 Consolidated OA-10 Catalina (1939–1941)
 Lockheed A-29 Hudson (1941–1942)
 Consolidated B-24 Liberator (1943–1944)
 Boeing B-29 Superfortress (1944–1946)
 Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker (1958–1985, 1994–2007, 2008 – 2020)
 McDonnell Douglas KC-10 Extender (1985–1994)
 Boeing KC-46 Pegasus (2020–present)

Awards and campaigns

See also

 List of American Aero Squadrons
 List of MAJCOM wings of the United States Air Force
 List of United States Air Force air refueling squadrons
 B-17 Flying Fortress units of the United States Army Air Forces
 B-24 Liberator units of the United States Army Air Forces
 List of B-29 Superfortress operators

References

Notes
 Explanatory notes

 Citations

Bibliography

Further reading

Military units and formations in North Carolina
911
Military units and formations established in 1958
Units and formations of Strategic Air Command
1917 establishments in Texas


Volos Municipal Radio (, 104.6 FM) was a municipality-owned radio station in Volos, Greece, operating since 1993 until its closure in 2012.

References

Defunct radio stations in Greece
Radio stations established in 1993
1993 establishments in Greece
Municipal radio in Greece
Mass media in Thessaly
Volos


The 18th Annual Gotham Independent Film Awards, presented by the Independent Filmmaker Project, were held on December 2, 2008. The nominees were announced on October 20, 2008. The ceremony was hosted by Aasif Mandvi.

Winners and nominees

Gotham Tributes
 Penélope Cruz
 Sheila Nevins
 Melvin Van Peebles
 Gus Van Sant

References

External links

2008 film awards
2008


Kharameh (, also Romanized as Kherāmeh) is a city in the Central District of Kharameh County, Fars province, Iran, serving as both capital of the district and of the county. The city is  east of Shiraz, and is surrounded by three lakes: Bakhtegan, Tashk and Maharlu.

At the 2006 National Census, its population was 21,683 in 5,189 households, when it was in the former Korbal District of Shiraz County. The following census in 2011 counted 20,920 people in 5,682 households, by which time the district had been separated from the county in the establishment of Kharameh County. The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 18,477 people in 5,635 households.

There are several tourist places of interest in Kharameh including Bagh-haye Mehrabad (the Mehrabad Gardens), Tangab, 40 Cheshmeh, Doman nim and Ojagh Seyed.

The main occupation of the inhabitants is agriculture with wheat being the largest produced output.

References

Kharameh County

Cities in Fars Province

Populated places in Fars Province

Populated places in Kharameh County


The Praça do Império (Empire Square) is a city square and park situated adjacent to principal monuments and tourist attractions in the civil parish of Belém, municipality and Portuguese capital of Lisbon.

History

Between 23 June and 2 December 1940, Lisbon realized the Exposição do Mundo Português (Portuguese World Exposition), that included an urbanization plan that encompassed the area of Belém, that included the Praça do Império. The sculptures of the seahorses, that dominate the site, were completed by sculptor António Duarte were installed in 1940.

A project to construct the Palácio do Ultramar (Overseas Palace) was initiated in 1952, situated on the eastern edge of the park, authored by architects Cristino da Silva and Jacques Carlu.

In 1973, a commemorative monument to the poet Augusto Gil (1873-1929) was installed on the site, that included a bronze medallion and inscription by the municipal council of Lisbon.

The roads around the square were used as a special stage in the 2011 to 2014 Rally de Portugal.

Architecture
The park is situated to the south of the Monastery of Santa Maria de Belém and west of the Centro Cultural de Belém.

The rectangular  square consists of successive quadrangles, that structure the space into passages and greenspaces. These converge in the central illuminated fountain on a square platform, covering an area of . On the extreme edges of the southern part of the square, along the Avenida da Índia are hippocamp statues (seahorses), over reflecting pools.

References

Notes

Sources

Squares in Lisbon
Belém (Lisbon)
National squares
World's fair sites in Portugal


Weightlifting at the 1964 Summer Paralympics consisted of four events for men held 09 - 12 November 1964.

Participating nations
There were 18 male competitors representing 10 nations.

Medal summary

Medal table
There were 12 medal winners representing six nations.

Men's events

References

1964 Summer Paralympics events
1964
Paralympics


Sir William Thomas Charley, KC (5 March 1833 – 8 July 1904) was a British judge and Conservative Party politician.

Life
Charley was born in Woodbourne, County Antrim, Ulster in 1833, the youngest son of Matthew Charley and Anne Roberts.

He was educated at Elstree House School, Lee, Kent and St John's College, Oxford from where he matriculated in 1856. He enrolled as a law student at the Inner Temple, was called to the bar in 1865, and received a Doctorate in Civil Law in 1868.

He became involved in Conservative politics in the 1860s, and was elected as Member of Parliament for Salford at the 1868 general election. In parliament he advanced his protestant views on social matters and worked for the protection of children. He was defeated at the 1880 general election, and was an unsuccessful candidate at Ipswich at a by-election in 1883 and the 1885 general election, as well as unsuccessfully contesting the East Belfast by-election in 1892 as an Independent Conservative.

In 1878 he was elected as the senior legal office of Common Serjeant by the Corporation of London. The appointment caused controversy, as it was felt to be purely political, and that there was a large number of better-qualified lawyers who should have been considered. As a result, the Local Government Act 1888 removed the right of the city corporation to choose the serjeant, which was vested in the Crown.

In spite of criticism of Charley's performance of his duties, he remained as Common Serjeant until 1892, and was knighted and made a Queen's Counsel in 1880. He became a judge of the Central Criminal Court, and of the Mayor's Court.

He held a commission in the Volunteer Force, eventually reaching the rank of lieutenant-colonel, commanding the 3rd Volunteer Battalion, Royal Fusiliers.

Charley was the author of a number of books on law, religion and the constitution in which he defended the status quo. These included The Real Property Acts (1874), The Judicature Acts (1875), The Crusade Against the Constitution: An Historical Vindication of the House of Lords (1895), Mending and Ending the House of Lords (1900) and The Holy City, Athens and Egypt (1902).

Charley was an enthusiastic cyclist, and collapsed and died following a cycling trip in East Grinstead, Sussex, aged 71.

Family

He married Clara Harbord in 1890. They had two daughters:  Clara Noel Charley (1891–1973) and Estelle Dumergue Charley (1894–1939).

References

External links

1833 births
1904 deaths
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1868–1874
UK MPs 1874–1880
Alumni of St John's College, Oxford
Members of the Inner Temple
Common Serjeants of London
Lawyers from County Antrim
Volunteer Force officers
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Salford
Politicians from County Antrim
19th-century Irish lawyers


Akí (c. 1500s - 1572; Old Spanish orthography: Rája Aché or Raxa Ache, pronounced Aki), also known as Rája Matandâ ("the Old King"), was King of Luzon who ruled from the kingdom's capital Manila, now the capital of the Republic of the Philippines.

While still the Crown Prince of Luzon and the grand admiral for the King of Brunei, Aki married a princess of Brunei in 1521. He was the King of Luzon in 1570 when his nephew, the heir apparent (raja muda) Sulayman together with Banaw, Lakan Dula, the lord of Tondo, engaged in a battle with the Martin de Goiti naval detachment to Luzon augmented by Cebuano military volunteers and part of the Legaspi expedition of Spain commissioned from New Spain to find the Maluku Islands. This battle resulted in the fall of Manila and the capture of 13 pieces of Luzonian artillery.

Biography

Early life
Among the Spanish accounts of Ache's capture, that of Rodrigo de Aganduru Moriz is considered among those which extensively record Ache's statements. Details of Ache's early life are thus usually based on the Aganduru Moriz account.

According to this document, Ache's unnamed father died when he was still very young, and his mother acceded as ruler of Maynila. In the meantime, Ache was raised alongside his cousin, the ruler of Tondo, and this person is identified by some to be Bunao Lakandula.

During this time, the "young prince" Ache realized that his mother was being "slyly" taken advantage of by his cousin, the ruler of Tondo, who was encroaching on territory belonging to Maynila. When Ache asked his mother for permission to address this matter, she refused and told him to keep his peace.

Ache could not accept this, and thus left Maynila with some of his late father's trusted men to see his "grandfather", the Sultan of Brunei, and request assistance. The Sultan responded by giving Ache a position as commander of his naval forces. Pigafetta noted that Ache was "much feared in these parts", but especially by the non-Muslims, who considered the Sultan an enemy potentate. He was a strict enforcer of Islamic rule in Brunei and the Philippines as he waged war against Tondo. The Sultan commended him for successfully sacking the Buddhist city of Loue in southwest Borneo, which adhered to the old religion and resisted the authority of the Sultanate.

Encounter as Crown Prince of Luzon with Sebastian Elcano, an expeditionary captain for Spain (1521)
Aganduru Moriz recounts that in 1521, Ache was in command of the Bruneian fleet when they chanced upon what remained of the Magellan expedition, under the command of Sebastian Elcano, somewhere off the southeastern tip of Borneo. Rizal notes that Ache had just won a naval victory at the time, and Rizal and Dery both say Ache was on his way to marry a cousin – a ritual which Scott describes as the usual way that nobles at that time gained influence and power. (Luciano PR Santiago notes that this practice helps explain the close interrelationships among the ruling houses in Manila, Brunei and Sulu.)

Dery notes that Ache's decision to attack must have been influenced by a desire to bring Elcano's ship back to Manila bay, for use as leverage against his cousin, the ruler of Tondo.

Elcano, however, was able to defeat Ache. As a result, Ache was captured and brought onboard Elcano's ship. According to Scott, Ache was eventually released after a ransom was paid.

Reign (until 1572)
Sometime between 1521 and 1570, Ache succeeded his mother and became Paramount Datu of Maynila, assuming the title of Rajah.

By the time of the next historical accounts on Ache in 1570, his co-ruler was his nephew, Sulayman, who also held the title of Rajah. This situation, with Maynila seeming to be a diarchy, has been interpreted by scholars in different ways. Luis Cámara Dery says that by the time De Goiti arrived in 1570, Rajah Matanda had already ceded authority to his nephew and heir apparent, Rajah Sulayman, while still retaining considerable influence. According to William Henry Scott, however, Rajah Sulayman was not proclaimed paramount ruler until Rajah Matanda's death in 1572.

Meeting Martin de Goiti, a field marshal for the Legaspi expedition of Spain, and witnessing the fall of Manila (1570)

By the late 1560s, Miguel López de Legazpi was already searching for a more suitable place to establish the Spanish colonial capital, having found first Cebu and then Iloilo undesirable because insufficient food supplies and attacks by Portuguese pirates. He was in Cebu when he first heard about a well-supplied, fortified settlement to the north, and sent messages of friendship to its ruler, Rajah Matanda, whom he addressed as "King of Luzon." In 1570, Legazpi put Martín de Goiti in command of an expedition north to Manila and tasked him with negotiating the establishment of a Spanish fort there.

When the forces of de Goiti arrived in 1570, they were initially welcomed by Rajah Matanda. But just as Matanda was receiving de Goiti on the shore, Rajah Sulayman and his party arrived, taking on a much more aggressive stance towards the foreigners. De Goiti began negotiating with Matanda and Sulayman so that the Spanish could set up their base of operations in Manila, but negotiations dragged on for several days.

As negotiations broke down, a misunderstanding between the two parties resulted in Sulayman's forces believing they were under attack, and retaliating against de Goiti's shore party. In the ensuing battle, the fortified city of Manila was burned down, and de Goiti's party temporarily overtook Maynila.

Outnumbered and fearing that a shift in seasonal winds would trap him in Manila, de Goiti decided to sail back to Legazpi instead of pressing his advantage.

Meeting Miguel Lopez de Legaspi, an admiral for Spain (1571)

The following year, Legazpi himself arrived in Manila. He was welcomed first by Lakandula of Tondo and then by Rajah Matanda. Fearing his presence would exacerbate the conflict between Maynila and the Spanish, Sulayman did not meet with Legazpi face to face until later. The rulers of Maynila and Tondo eventually cut a deal with Legazpi, which allowed him to claim Maynila for the crown of Spain, and the Spanish city of Manila was born in June 1571.

Death (1572) and succession
In August 1572, Rajah Matanda fell ill and requested to be baptised into the Catholic Church. In the same year, he succumbed to his illness.

Before he died, Legazpi granted Rajah Matanda's wish that Rajah Sulayman be declared Paramount ruler of Maynila. The unnamed author of the "Anonymous 1572 Relacion" (translated in Volume 3 of Blair and Robertson) explains that this was in keeping with indigenous laws, which allowed inheritances to be passed on to "legitimate" children. While Rajah Matanda did in fact have children, they were not born of his "legitimate wife". The unnamed author of the relacion, explaining the custom as he understood it, says:

Descendants
According to archival research of historian Luis Camara Dery, Rajah Matanda had at least two sons and one daughter: Don Ambrocio Mag-isa Ladyangbata, Don Luis Ylao, and Doña Maria Bolactala.

Dery theorizes that unlike their father who had befriended the Spanish, these siblings "appeared to be lukewarm to the Spaniards", so that the privileges and exemptions granted to Matanda's descendants by Legazpi were only claimed by their children and grandchildren – the third (as of 1612) and fourth (as of 1679) generation from Rajah Matanda.

As of 1696, Rajah Matanda's descendants had fallen on hard times, as Dery notes:

Name origin
Aki is nicknamed "raja matandâ" which means "the old king" in Malayanised Tagalog of the time. In accordance with this, Spanish records also refer to him as Raja Ache el Viejo (King Ache the Old).

He is also sometimes referred to as Raja Laya, a name that some historians propose to have been derived from an intermediate appellation Ladyang Matanda – a Tagalog approximation of his title.

Sources
Events in Rajah Matanda's life are documented by two different sets of firsthand Spanish accounts.

The better known set of accounts takes place in 1571–72, when the forces of Martin De Goiti, and later Miguel De Legazpi himself, arrived in Manila Bay. These are described in the numerous accounts of the Legazpi expedition, including those by the expedition's designated notary Hernando de Riquel, and by Legazpi himself.

Less known are the accounts of the Magellan Expedition in 1521, by which time Magellan had already been killed and Sebastian Elcano had taken over command of the expedition. These accounts describe how Ache, then serving as commander of naval forces for the Sultan of Brunei, was captured by the men Sebastian Elcano.  These events, and the details Ache's interrogation were recorded in accounts of Magellan and Elcano's men, including expedition members Rodrigo de Aganduru Moriz, Gines de Mafra, and the expedition's scribe Antonio Pigafetta.

Additional details about Raja Matanda are sometimes derived from genealogical accounts which mention him, but these focus on Ache's genealogy, and so do not provide details about specific events.

See also

Rajahnate of Maynila
Rajah
Datu
Lakan
Philippine revolts against Spain
Hinduism in the Philippines

References

Filipino paramount rulers
Hinduism in the Philippines
16th-century conflicts
16th-century monarchs in Asia
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Islam
Filipino datus, rajas and sultans
Filipino former Muslims
Filipino Roman Catholics
Paramilitary Filipinos
People from Manila
People from the Spanish colonial Philippines
History of the Philippines (900–1565)
1572 deaths


Wheelchair basketball at the 1964 Summer Paralympics consisted of two events for men.

Medal summary

Source: Paralympic.org

See also
Basketball at the 1964 Summer Olympics

References

1964 Summer Paralympics events
1964
1964 in basketball
International basketball competitions hosted by Japan


Prof. M. J. Rabi Singh is a scholar in Tamil and comparative literature. Born in 1939 in Nagercoil in Tamil Nadu, India, he currently resides in Chennai, India.

Career and accomplishments
He initially started his academic career as a tutor in Voorhees college, Vellore. He then served as assistant professor at Government Arts College and then at Presidency college, Chennai. He went on to become a professor in Tamil. As a professor and head of department of Tamil, he has worked at Sri Pushpam College in Poondi, M.R. Government Arts college in Mannargudi and at Benares Hindu University at Varnasi. After retirement he served as visiting Professor, guest faculty at the University of Madras. Between 2000 and 2007, he worked as a Senior consultant at the newly created Tamil Virtual University. In this position, he was hugely responsible for the start up and creation of online content for Tamil. He brought in lesson writers besides himself from far and wide to ensure the quality of the academic content available for the online courses offered by the university. He has also filled in as Director in charge for short period and ensured successful running of the university. He has also served as project director for Indian Council for Social Sciences Research [ICSSR].

Research
His primary research interests lie in Comparative Literature, Literature and Reflections of Society, Classical Heroic Poetry, the Narrative Method in Historical Enquiry and Computer-Assisted Education.

Publications
He has published 13 books, including two books edited. One of them, Sengol Vènthar, was prescribed as a textbook for undergraduate courses in the Universities of Madras, Madurai-Kāmarāj, Annāmalai and Mysore. He has also published 32 research articles in English and Tamil.

Education
He did his B.Sc. in mathematics at the university of Madras(1961). His love for Tamil made him switch to doing a M.A. in Tamil language and literature. He followed this up with a diploma in higher education and an M.Phil. in stylistics study. He completed his Ph.D. in comparative literature at the University of Madras in 1980. His doctoral thesis was a comparative study on social novels in Tamil and Malayalam.

References

People from Kanyakumari district
University of Madras alumni
1939 births
Living people


Freeze Frame is a 1992 television film directed by William Bindley.

Plot
Lindsay Scott is an intelligent student who works as a reporter for her high school in suburban Indianapolis. She uncovers a huge economic-espionage conspiracy. She reports to the authorities, but they refuse to believe her. Lindsay and her friends decide to uncover the bad guys themselves and come up with a dangerous plan.

Cast
Shannen Doherty – Lindsay Scott
Robyn Douglass – Victoria Case
Charles Haid – Dr. Michael Scott
Ryan Lambert – Tripp
Adam Carl – Brandon

References

External links

1993 television films
1993 films
American teen films
1992 thriller films
1992 films
American thriller television films
Films set in Indianapolis
1990s English-language films
Films directed by William Bindley
1990s American films


Wheelchair fencing at the 1964 Summer Paralympics consisted of seven events.

Medal summary

References

1964 Summer Paralympics events
1964
Paralympics
International fencing competitions hosted by Japan