The 2009 Swedish Touring Car Championship season was the 14th Swedish Touring Car Championship (STCC) season. It was decided over nine race weekends (comprising eighteen races) at six different circuits.

Tommy Rustad won the drivers' championship for the second time. The ethanol powered Volvo C30 of Polestar Racing proved to be the fastest car over one lap, as evidenced by them setting all fastest qualifying times during the season (although grid penalties ruined the perfect score), but they were plagued by bad reliability. Instead, Thed Björk, driving for Flash Engineering, lead the championship most of the season, only to be overtaken in the last race.

The team championship also went down to the wire, with Polestar Racing besting WestCoast Racing by one point in the last race.

The entry of the Biogas.se team with their Volkswagen Scirocco meant the debut of a biogas powered car in STCC. Unfortunately, they had trouble matching the pace of the other factory teams and ended up last in the team championship.

Changes for 2009
There were several rule changes for the 2009 season.

Race format changes:
 Two races of approximately 20 minutes were held each race weekend.
 There were no mandatory pitstops in either race.
 The starting grid of the first race was determined by qualifying.
 The starting grid of the second race was determined by the results from the first race with the top eight positions reversed.
 The qualifying was divided into two sessions, where the eight fastest from the first (20 minutes) session moved on to the second (10 minutes) session.
 Both races used rolling starts.

Other changes:
 Yokohama replaced Michelin as tyre supplier.
 Each race weekend, the team that scored most points received a price sum of 100.000 SEK. For this purpose, some of the one-car teams combined two and two.
 The winner of the team championship was awarded an additional 100.000 SEK.
 The manufacturers' championship was dropped.

Drivers
These were the STCC entries for the 2009 season. Drivers with numbers 88 and higher also competed in Semcon Cup, open for privateers only. All teams were Swedish-registered.

* Mikko Tiainen, Petter Granlund and Joakim Ahlberg were on the official entry list, but failed to participate in any races during the season.

Race Calendar
The race calendar for this season was as follows:

Results and standings

The points system used for both the main championship and Semcon Cup was the standard FIA system of 10-8-6-5-4-3-2-1, awarded to the top eight finishers of each race. In case of ties in points, the championship positions were determined by the classification in the latest race.

Races

* Robert Dahlgren set the fastest qualifying time, but was moved down 10 places on the grid, due to engine changes.

♯ Robert Dahlgren set the fastest qualifying time, but was moved down 10 places on the grid, due to having received two yellow cards for unfair driving.

Drivers Championship

The drivers' championship was won by Tommy Rustad. In the end he scored the same number of points as Thed Björk, but won thanks to finishing higher in the last race.

* Tommy Rustad was given a 30 seconds time penalty for an incident in the start, dropping him from 7th to 14th place.

♯ Robert Dahlgren was docked 10 points in the drivers' championship, due to being deemed responsible for a crash with Thed Björk. Note that this penalty didn't affect the team score.

Team Championship

The team championship was won by Polestar Racing, a single point ahead of West Coast Racing.

Semcon Cup

The results in the 2009 Semcon Cup were as follows:

References

External links
STCC Official Website (Swedish)
TouringCarTimes – STCC news in English

Swedish Touring Car Championship seasons
Swedish Touring Car Championship
Swedish Touring Car Championship season


The  is an Anti-tank/Landing craft missile used by the JGSDF. It is the first Japanese missile system that uses a complete digitally controlled interface.

History
Development of the Type 96 system began in 1986 by JGSDF Ground Research and Development Command.

Description
The Type 96 missile has a large warhead which can destroy tanks with a direct hit from the top, but it can also be used in an anti-helicopter role. The missile is guided by an operator with an infrared image monitor in the launch vehicle. An optical fiber connects the flying missile's infrared camera and its guidance system. It can also be fired vertically and the fibre-optic cable is paid out from the back of the missile as it flies.

The warhead is unnecessarily large for attacking tanks because it is also designed to destroy landing craft (LCAC). Japanese officers estimate that no tank can survive a direct hit to the weak point of its top armor by the Type 96 Multi-Purpose Missile System. This is a result of the missile striking the tank from the top, which is not so heavily armoured as the front and side sections of the tank.

It is designed to destroy remote targets before a landing, such as armoured fighting vehicles or small landing ships. The gunner carries out target selection and acquisition and the automatic tracker locks onto the image of the target. Tracking commands are relayed to the ground station computer, which sends steering command data up the fibre-optic cable to guide the missile. The gunner can also carry out manual tracking.

Operators
: 37 Sets (2012)

Similar missiles
ALAS
CM-501G
FOG-MPM
MGM-157 EFOGM
XM501 Non-Line-of-Sight Launch System
Polyphem, a similar European project

See also
 ALAS (missile)
Middle range MPM
 Type 64 MAT
 Type 79 Jyu-MAT
 Type 01 LMAT

Notes

References

External links
 Official JGSDF Page (in Japanese)
 EFOGM Project Details on Army Technology
 Guided Missile Specifications Japan Ministry of Defence
 Type-96 Multi-Purpose Missile System GlobalSecurity.org
 Type-96 Multi-Purpose Missile System fas.org

Post–Cold War anti-tank missiles of Japan
Anti-tank guided missiles of Japan
Post–Cold War military equipment of Japan
Post–Cold War weapons of Japan
Japan Ground Self-Defense Force
Military equipment introduced in the 1990s


The A12 motorway, an Autobahn in western Switzerland, is a divided highway connecting the A9 to the A1.

The A12 runs from the A9 in Vevey along the Freiburger Alps via Fribourg to the A1 in Bern and thus represents an important link to Western Switzerland. The A12 acts as the main route of the Canton of Freiburg and crosses the Canton area in the diagonal of Chatel-Saint-Denis (in the southwest) to the Flamatt in the northeast. Since 1981, the entire highway has been open to traffic. A scenic location on the Lac de la Gruyère is the resting place de Gruyère, with its adjacent hotel.

Route
The A12 travels from the junction of the A9 La Veyre on a plateau (500 m above sea level) over Vevey.
During the first , the highway rises along the eastern flank of the Veveyse up to  above sea level and forms a sharp S-curve. This highway section, with an average gradient of 5.8% (and maximum gradients over 6%), is one of the steepest stretches of motorway in the Swiss national road network. After the ascent portion, the canyon of Veveyse de Fégire is crossed by a bridge. Once reaching the plateau of Haute Veveyse, at the foot of the Alps, the road has only small differences in height. The culminating point is located, at an altitude of  above sea level, at Weiler Prayoud northeast of Chatel-Saint-Denis. Here are the main European watershed between the Rhone with the catchment area of the Veveyse, and passes the Rhine (with the catchment areas of Broye and Sarine).

At a length of , the A12 now runs at an altitude of about  above sea level, before it reaches the Gruyère region and the basin of Bulle. It then runs between the reservoir Lac de la Gruyère and the heights of the Gibloux to the north. At Gumefens and Avry-devant-Pont there are two Tagbau-tunnels. North of the latter is the most important building of the A12, the approximately 2-km long Viaduc du Lac de la Gruyère, constructed during the years 1974–1979 in a sweeping curve to the western valley side, spanning two short arms of the Lac de la Gruyère.

Afterwards, the highway enters the Molasse plateau of Freiburg Plateau, tackling in several stages a height difference of just over . After the bridge over the Glâne, the agglomeration of Freiburg in the west and northwest is bypassed through hilly terrain, known before (with another bridge over the Schiffenensee and Pont de la Madeleine, in line to the little hermitage in the sandstone cliffs near the highway bridge), and thus the Sarine gulch crosses the German/French language border.

As a result, the corridor runs through the little reliefs plateau at Düdingen and Wünnewil. With a bridge at Flamatt, which has a gradient of 4%, the road leaves the plateau and reaches the valley of the Sense (river). Thereafter, the A12 runs through the relatively densely populated and industrial and commercial buildings lined Wangental valley, to the western border of the city of Bern. Following is the Southern Bypass of the district Bümpliz, with an almost  bridge crossing the plateau, before the highway ends at the junction Weyermannshaus into the A1.

Engineering structures

The A12 has, due to the hilly, pre-alpine topography, some different engineering structures, especially bridges. The most significant of which are (in sequence from Vevey to Bern):
 Viaduct Fégire:  long,  high
 Tunnel de Gumefens:  long, Tagbautunnel
 Tunnel d'Avry:  long, Tagbautunnel
 Viaduc du Lac de la Gruyère:  long, 33 piers, piers with a height of
 Viaduc de la Glâne: approximately  long,  high
 Pont de la Madeleine (bridge over the Schiffenensee):  long, a medium storage level of the lake  above the water surface
 Bridge Flamatt:  long, 4% incline, leading through residential and commercial neighborhoods of Flamatt
 Tagbautunnel Thörishaus:  long
 Viaduct Weyermannshaus:  long,  high

Historical Aspects
The leadership of a motorway, through the Canton of Freiburg, had already been studied in the 1950s decade. Concrete plans on the lines of the first sections have been around since the beginning of the 1960s. The first walked the line between Corpataux Matran and the end of 1963, for consultation, a year later it was followed by the northeastern continuation of the highway to Düdingen. In 1966 and 1967, the sections were sanctioned by the then Department of the Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications of the Swiss Federal and soon started to build.

On 31 July 1971, with the section of Düdingen Corpataux, the first leg of the A12 was in operation. The city of Fribourg was thus a bypass for transit traffic. It was first created by Matran Corpataux as only one lane, the second lane followed about seven years later. The last section of the A12, between Vaulruz and Vevey, was opened at the end of 1981.

The thruway A12 existed from end to end in 1981, as a motorway link between the German-speaking Switzerland and those in western Switzerland. As a result, developed the line from Bern via the A12 and the A9 for Lausanne on the A1 for approximately 20 years to the main transit route between Zurich and Geneva. However, the A12, during the winter, was always vulnerable to ice and snow-covered roadways because of the steep gradients and long sections at elevations above .

As has been made consistently in 2001, the A1 is also in operation, shifted back some of the traffic on the originally planned as a transit route highway. This is very well documented by the counting stations of Wünnewil and bull (overland routes), which in 2000 were measured in the average daily volume of 29,000 vehicles, 2002 just over 22,000 vehicles (about 20% less than two years before). The highest traffic densities on the A12 were recorded 2004, in the Fribourg area, with an average daily traffic of 29,000 vehicles.

The full opening of the A12 in particular gave the regions of Fribourg and Bones and the structurally Haute Veveyse important economic stimulus and led to the easy accessibility to the tourist region of Gruyère, both from the Lake Geneva region as well as from Berne.

Major engineering works
The following are major construction projects underway along A12:
 (none at present)

Notes

References

 "Die Schweitzer Autobahnen", Autobahnen.ch, 2009, web: Autobahnen.ch (with sub-webpage for A9).
 More sources in "Motorways of Switzerland".

External links
Autobahn A12 (Website of the Service des Autoroutes du canton de Fribourg; in French)
 Photo-series: A12 on Autobahnen.ch

A12


The Patrouille des Glaciers (PDG) is a ski mountaineering race organised every two years by the Swiss Armed Forces, in which military and civilian teams compete. It takes place once every two years at the end of April, in the south part of the canton of Valais below the summits of the Pennine Alps.

The Patrouille des Glaciers is a stage of La Grande Course that includes the most important ski mountaineering competitions of the season.
There are two different races, a normal and a short one:

Zermatt – Arolla – Verbier: 53 kilometres, altitude difference +3994m and – 4090m. This is equivalent to 110 km without altitude difference.
Arolla – Verbier: 27 kilometres, altitude difference +1881m and – 2341m. This is equivalent to 53 km without altitude difference.

Each patrol consists of 3 members who, in order to compete, must
 have alpine experience which ensures their capability to independently master unexpected situations under extreme conditions in an inhospitable high-alpine environment
 train to meet the physical, mental and technical requirements of the competition
 be willing to live the ‘PDG spirit‘ towards their own team, all participants and organising staff by acting fair, with caution and solidarity recognizing their limits as well as respecting nature and the unique alpine world
 have excellent skiing skills, experience in skiing while being roped up to others, experience in alpine touring and mountaineering competitions
 be able to complete the races in the following times, given normal conditions: Zermatt – Schönbiel within 3h; Zermatt – Arolla within 8h 30min; Arolla – Riedmatten within 1h 45 min; Arolla – Verbier within 8h 30 min.

History

The Patrouille des Glaciers has military origins. During the Second World War, the Swiss army organised a race to test the abilities of its soldiers. The first military patrol edition was held in April 1943 thanks to the work of two captains of Mountain Brigade 10 (Rodolphe Tissières and Roger Bonvin). That year, 18 patrols, each consisting of three members, travelled 63 kilometres to reach Verbier. In 1944, 44 teams participated, but for a few years, no races were organized because of war fatigue from the years of military mobilization during World War II. On April 10, 1949, the race was organised once again, but the deaths of three participants from Orsières (Mauritius Crettex, Robert Droz and Louis Thétaz) who died in a crevasse caused a controversy. As a result of that accident the organisation of the race was prohibited by the Federal Military Department until 1984.

The competition was revived by Rene Martin and Camille Bournissen. It remains under the control of the army which ensures its smooth running. The race is now held every two years and is also open to civilians. In 1986, bad weather forced organizers to interrupt the race. In 2002, the same mishap occurred.

In 2004, a foreign team won the race for the first time. The same year, the race was competed by 2934 participants (approximately 60% of civil patrols and 40% military), with 984 for the normal race, and 636 and 1314 for the short races.

In 2006, organisers were forced to refuse a thousand entries. That year a second race was organized from Zermatt for the first time. The media have recently raised the problem of doping: patrols are not subject to any controls which causes rumours about the performance of the participants. The commander of the race, Brigadier Marius Robyr (who retired in 2008), refused to impose controls and instead called for participants to act honestly, and in the spirit of the race in which there is no financial gain for the winners.

On April 18, 2007, memorials donated by the Swiss army were unveiled in Zermatt, Arolla and in Verbier in honour of the communities connected with, benefactors of, and friends of, the PDG. A doping case came to light at the end of the 2008 edition in which ten competitors were checked.

Records
Record times are measured on the longer course only (i.e. from Zermatt to Verbier)

Men
The record time is 5 h 35'27 and is held by an Italian team winning the 2018 race. Team members are:

Michele Boscacci
Robert Antonioli
Matteo Eydallin

Women
The record time is 7 h 15'35 and is held by a French/Swiss team from the 2018 race. Team members are:

Axelle Mollaret
Laetitia Roux
Jennifer Fiechter

Checkpoints

Several supply and control stations are located between Zermatt and Verbier:

The total drop is 3994 meters (ascent) and  4090 meters (descent).

Rules

Participants are divided into two groups: civilians and military. The categories are (Regulation 2006):

Female civilian patrols
Male or mixed civilian patrols
Senior I (total age of three members less than 102 years)
Senior II (total age of three members between 103 and 132 years)
Senior III (patrols remaining)
Female military patrols
International military patrols (only for normal race)
Swiss military patrols
Military I (total age of three members less than 102 years)
Military II (total age of three members between 103 and 132 years)
Military III (patrols remaining)
Female international civilian patrols (only short race)
Male international civilian patrols (only short race)

Material
Each patrol must be equipped with the following equipment (Regulation 2006):

Ice axe
compass, altimeter
three climbing harnesses
pairs of gloves, hats, bags
a Rope of at least 30 meters, snow shovel
skis
three headlamps, first aid kit, glasses
Avalanche transceiver

See also
Haute Route

References

External links

Official website
Swiss Air Force at Patrouille des Glaciers 2012
Swiss Army at Patrouille des Glaciers 2010
Swissinfo.org
Video

Ski mountaineering competitions
Mountaineering in the Alps
Military patrol (sport)
Skiing in Switzerland
Mountaineering in Switzerland
Bagnes
Skiing in the Alps


This is a list of the extreme points of Slovakia: the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location, as well as the highest and lowest points.

Latitude and longitude

 North: near Oravská Polhora
 South: Patince
 West: near Záhorská Ves
 East: Nová Sedlica

The distance between Záhorská Ves (the westernmost point) and Nová Sedlica (the easternmost point) is 428 km.

Altitude
 Maximum: Gerlachovský štít, High Tatras (2655 m)
 Minimum: Streda nad Bodrogom (94 m)

Other features
 Longest river: Vah (402,5 km).
 Deepest mountain lake: Velke Hincove pleso, High Tatras (53 m deep, 20 hectares)
 Uppermost mountain lake: Modre pleso, High Tatras (2157 m above sea level)

See also
 Extreme points of Europe
 Extreme points of Earth

References

Lists of coordinates
Slovakia
Extreme


Isabel de Verdun, Baroness Ferrers of Groby (21 March 1317 – 25 July 1349) was an heiress, who was related to the English royal family as the eldest daughter of Elizabeth de Clare, herself a granddaughter of King Edward I of England. When she was a child, Isabel was imprisoned in Barking Abbey, along with her mother and half-sister, after her stepfather had joined the Earl of Lancaster's ill-fated rebellion against King Edward II. Her husband was Henry Ferrers, 2nd Baron Ferrers of Groby.

Family and lineage
Isabel was born at Amesbury Priory, Wiltshire, on 21 March 1317, the only child of the marriage of Theobald de Verdun, 2nd Baron Verdun, Justiciar of Ireland (born 8 September 1278) and Lady Elizabeth de Clare. She was born eight months after her father died of typhoid on 27 July 1316. He and Elizabeth had been engaged before she was called back to England by Edward II, intent on marrying her to one of his own supporters. So Theobald abducted Elizabeth from Bristol Castle in early 1316, and married her shortly afterwards on 4 February. Elizabeth was his second wife, his first wife having been Maud Mortimer (c.1289- 18 September 1312). Isabel had three half-sisters from her father's prior marriage, Joan de Verdun, Elizabeth de Verdun, and Margery de Verdun.

Isabel, along with her three de Verdon half-sisters, was a co-heiress of her father. She is occasionally referred to as Heiress of Ludlow.

Theobald was Elizabeth's second husband; her first husband, John de Burgh, had died in a minor skirmish in Galway in Ireland on 18 June 1313. She had a son by de Burgh, William Donn de Burgh, 3rd Earl of Ulster (17 September 1312- 6 June 1333), who was Isabel's uterine half-brother. William would later marry Maud of Lancaster, by whom he had a daughter Elizabeth de Burgh, suo jure 4th Countess of Ulster (6 July 1332- 10 December 1363). Following the death of her brother Gilbert at Bannockburn in 1314, Elizabeth, along with her two sisters, Margaret and Eleanor, became one of the greatest heiresses in England. Her uncle, King Edward II of England, ordered her to return to England, where he planned to select a husband for her from among his supporters. She was placed in Bristol Castle where Verdun would afterwards abduct her, to the fury of King Edward.

After her husband's death, Elizabeth, pregnant with Verdun's child, fled to Amesbury Priory and placed herself under the protection of her aunt, Mary de Burgh, who was one of the nuns. It was there that she gave birth to Isabel.

Isabel's birth is recorded in an entry of King Edward II's Wardrobe Accounts, as well as the King's gift of a silver-gilt cup which valued at one pound, ten shillings.

Her paternal grandparents were Theobald de Verdun, 1st Lord Verdun and Margery de Bohun, and her maternal grandparents were Gilbert de Clare, 6th Earl of Hertford, 3rd Earl of Gloucester, and Joan of Acre, the daughter of King Edward I of England and Eleanor of Castile.

Despenser War and imprisonment

On 3 May 1317, when Isabel was just about six weeks old, her mother married Sir Roger D'Amory, Lord D'Amory, Baron of Armoy (c.1290- 14 March 1322),  a favourite of King Edward II, who encouraged the match. Isabel's wardship and marriage rights were awarded to her stepfather. From her mother's marriage to D'Amory, Isabel had a uterine half-sister, Elizabeth D'Amory, (born shortly before 23 May 1318- 5 February 1361), who would later marry Sir John Bardolf, by whom she had issue. Following D'Amory's participation in the Earl of Lancaster's rebellion of 1322, against his former friend and patron, the King and the latter's new favourites, the Despensers, Isabel's wardship and marriage rights were forfeit to the Crown and eventually passed to Queen Isabella. Isabel's aunt Eleanor de Clare was married to Hugh le Despenser the Younger, who had angered her stepfather after seizing the larger portion of the vast de Clare inheritance for himself. On account of Despenser's greed and increasing influence over the king, D'Amory joined forces with Roger Mortimer and the other disgruntled Marcher Lords becoming one of the key figures in the resulting Despenser War. Roger D'Amory died on 14 March 1322, two days before the Battle of Boroughbridge where Lancaster and the rebels were defeated by the Royalist forces. Isabel, not quite five years old, together with her sister Elizabeth and her mother, was imprisoned at Barking Abbey.

Marriage
Isabel married Henry de Ferrers, 2nd Baron Ferrers of Groby (b. before 1303, d. 15 September 1343) in 1328 at Newbold Verdon, Leicestershire. He was the son of William Ferrers, 1st Baron Ferrers of Groby and Ellen de Segrave. She was eleven years old at the time of her marriage. The marriage produced at least five children, four of whom survived infancy. Following the birth of her eldest child in February 1331, when Isabel was not quite 14 years of age, her mother sent her presents for her "churching". This was a special religious ceremony performed for the benefit of a woman shortly after childbirth. The child, whose sex was not recorded, died in early infancy.

Issue
 Infant (b. February 1331), whose name and sex is not known, died shortly after birth.
 William Ferrers, 3rd Baron Ferrers of Groby (28 February 1333 Newbold Verdon - 8 January 1371), married Margaret de Ufford, daughter of Robert d'Ufford, 1st Earl of Suffolk and Margaret de Norwich, by whom he had issue, including Henry de Ferrers, 4th Lord Ferrers of Groby, who married Joan de Hoo, and Margaret de Ferrers, who married Thomas de Beauchamp, 12th Earl of Warwick.
 Elizabeth de Ferrers (died 22 October 1375), married firstly David de Strathbogie, 12th Earl of Atholl, by whom she had issue. She married secondly, John Malewayn.
 Philippa de Ferrers (died 10 August 1384), married Guy de Beauchamp, son of Thomas de Beauchamp, 11th Earl of Warwick and Katherine Mortimer, by whom she had two daughters.

Death
Isabel died on 25 July 1349 of the plague. Her husband had died on 15 September 1343 and was buried in Ulvescroft Priory.

Ancestry

Notes

References
 The Complete Peerage, v.XII,p. II,p. 252
 http://www.Tudorplace.com.ar/Ferrers
 http://www.thepeerage.com/p10917.htm#i109163

1317 births
1349 deaths
14th-century deaths from plague (disease)
14th-century English women
14th-century English people
English baronesses


In IT, a grey problem (or, gray problem) is a problem where the causing technology is unknown or unconfirmed.  Common grey problems are:

 Intermittent errors;
 Intermittent incorrect output, or;
 Transient performance problems.

Because the causing technology is not clear, IT departments often find it difficult to allocate the problem to a Technical Support Team (platform team).

Background

Combining frequency and causing technology information can provide a view of the complexity of a problem and so indicate how difficult it will be to investigate (see Figure 1).

The problems in each quadrant have certain characteristics:

Quadrant 1 In a typical IT department 80 to 90% of problems are solid faults that are easily tracked down to a causing technology.  The appropriate technical or platform support team efficiently deals with these problems every day.

Quadrant 2 Some recurring problems are due to a Known Error, or are obviously being caused by a particular hardware or software component.  These problems are handled by technical support people working with suppliers.

Quadrant 3 Every so often a one-off problem occurs, and the cause of these may never be found.

Quadrant 4 The technical ownership of these issues is unclear and so they are referred to as “grey problems” i.e. not black and white.

Impact

Grey problems have a significant impact on IT service, and:

 Form the bulk of ongoing recurring problems
 Create a disproportionately high IT support workload
 Give a pointer to more serious problems to come
 Cause the business to adjust practices around the problem

ITIL perspective

ITIL Service Operations implies that grey problems should be handled through a Problem Solving Group under the direction of the Problem Management function.  In practice, even those IT organisations that have adopted ITIL rarely have a procedure to handle a grey problem, leaving it to bounce between Technical Support Teams as each denies that their technology is to blame.

See also
 ITIL, framework with best practices for administering IT services and assets
 ITIL v3 Problem Management
 ITIL v3 Incident Management,
 COBIT, a business-focused framework for information technology
 Rapid problem resolution diagnosis (RPR), problem diagnosis method designed to determine the root cause of IT problems

Further reading
 Offord, Paul (2011). RPR: A Problem Diagnosis Method for IT Professionals. Advance Seven Limited. .
 Grey problem case study
 Presentation to the British Computer Society

Information technology management


This is a list of the extreme points of Moldova: the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location, as well as the highest and lowest points in the country.

Extreme coordinates

Elevation extremes
 Highest point: Bălănești Hill (429 or 430m)
 Lowest point: Dniester river, same as East extreme (2m)

See also
 Extreme points of Europe
 Extreme points of Earth
 Geography of Moldova

References

Lists of coordinates
Moldova
Geography of Moldova
Extreme


The 2001 Bavarian Cup was the fourth edition of this competition which was started in 1998. It ended with the Jahn Regensburg winning the competition. Together with the finalist, Würzburger FV, both clubs were qualified for the DFB Cup 2001-02.

The competition is open to all senior men's football teams playing within the Bavarian football league system and the Bavarian clubs in the Regionalliga Süd (III).

Rules & History
The seven Bezirke in Bavaria each play their own cup competition which in turn used to function as a qualifying to the German Cup (DFB-Pokal). Since 1998 these seven cup-winners plus the losing finalist of the region that won the previous event advance to the newly introduced Bavarian Cup, the Toto-Pokal. The two finalists of this competition advance to the German Cup. Bavarian clubs which play in the first or second Bundesliga are not permitted to take part in the event, their reserve teams however can. The seven regional cup winners plus the finalist from last season's winners region are qualified for the first round. It was the first time the competition had been expanded from seven to eight teams.

Participating clubs
The following eight clubs qualified for the 2001 Bavarian Cup:

Bavarian Cup season 2000-01
Teams qualified for the next round in bold.

Regional finals

 The SV Nußdorf am Inn, runners-up of the Oberbayern Cup is the eights team qualified for the Bavarian Cup due to the FC Ismaning from Oberbayern having won the Cup in the previous season.

First round

Semi-finals

Final

DFB Cup 2001-02
The two clubs, Würzburger FV and Jahn Regensburg, who qualified through the Bavarian Cup for the DFB Cup 2001-02 both were knocked out in the first round of the national cup competition:

References

Sources
 Deutschlands Fussball in Zahlen 2000/01  Yearbook of German football, author: DSFS, publisher: Agon Sport Verlag, published: 2002, page: 260

External links
 Bavarian FA website

2001
Bavarian


The Nimmel Range is a small mountain range inside the Gold Coast Hinterland on the Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. Its most prominent feature is the 489 metre peak of Mount Nimmel. It lies at co-ordinates latitude: , longitude:  and is  away from Carrara, an inland suburb of the Gold Coast near Nerang. It was the western border of the Austinville banana plantation before the settlement was all but abandoned in the 1930s.

Historic Significance
The Nimmel Range was the western border of the Austinville banana plantation started in 1934 and abandoned in 1939. Earlier, in the very early 1900s, before Springbrook Road was built, early settlers sought to provide access to Springbrook Mountain from the coast. Jim Hardy and George Trapp, two pioneers of the day, tried following the ridge that separates the east and west branches of Little Nerang Creek, reached the join, turned east and found that the Nimmel Range blocked their path. The road was completed by skirting around the foot of Mount Nimmel and continuing to Springbrook. To this day, Springbrook Road remains the sole link from the mountain to the rest of the Gold Coast.

See also

List of mountains of Australia

References

Mountain ranges of Queensland
Geography of Gold Coast, Queensland


The Man in the Sky (released in the U.S. as Decision Against Time) is a 1957 thriller drama film starring Jack Hawkins and produced by Ealing Films, Michael Balcon's new company, set up after Rank had sold Ealing Studios in Ealing Green, West London, to the BBC in 1955. Balcon, who had run the company on behalf of Rank since 1944, left Rank in 1956 and set up the new company, striking a distribution and production deal with MGM. This was the first Ealing production to be made at MGM-British Studios in Borehamwood, North London.

Plot
Test pilot John Mitchell is married, has two young sons, and lives in a rented semi-detached house in the suburbs of Wolverhampton. He disappoints his wife Mary by refusing to increase their bid to buy a house from £3,500 to the asking price of £4,000, which he says they cannot afford. What she does not know is that the aircraft manufacturing company he works for is in desperate financial straits. Owner Reginald Conway needs to convince potential buyer Ashmore to place an order soon or the firm will go bankrupt. Mitchell takes the only prototype of a new freight aeroplane for a flight, with Ashmore and several of Conway's employees aboard. It has the maximum cargo on board: three heavy vehicles including a Rolls-Royce. Ashmore explains he is close to accepting a deal. During testing, one engine catches fire.

Ashmore and the others parachute to safety over the airfield. Mitchell is able to extinguish the fire by diving the aeroplane, but loses half of his aileron control in the process. It is suggested to fly on for two hours to reduce the fuel. Then, despite Conway's order and the urgings of others, he decides to try to land the aeroplane rather than crashing it into the sea. However, he has to fly back and forth for half an hour to use up fuel, shifting the centre of gravity in the aircraft away from the dead engine to make the landing more feasible. Ashmore is convinced of the aircraft's value by its performance in the dive and expresses confidence in Mitchell's ability to land it.

A freelance journalist comes to the airfield to collect information for a story.  As he waits for the plane to use up enough fuel to try a landing, the journalist tries to sell the story to a newspaper and is told that they will pay him £50 for the story if the plane crashes, but if the pilot lands the plane safely the newspaper does not want the story.

During the tense wait, after all the others have rejected the idea as serving no purpose, office worker Mrs Snowden takes it upon herself to notify Mitchell's wife by phone, anyway. Mary goes to the airfield and watches as her husband undertakes the tricky landing. She gets a friend to drive her home so Mitch is unaware that she saw the whole thing. Later, at home, she demands to know why he risked his life when everyone told him to bail out. He explains that while he felt it was his duty with the company's fate hanging in the balance, he took the risk out of love and concern for the welfare of his family. Then he phones the estate agent and agrees to the seller's price of the house mentioned earlier.

Cast

Jack Hawkins as John "Mitch" Mitchell
Elizabeth Sellars as Mary Mitchell
Jeremy Bodkin as Nicholas Mitchell, John's young son
Gerard Lohan as Philip Mitchell, John's other young son
Walter Fitzgerald as Reginald Conway
John Stratton as Peter Hook
Eddie Byrne as Ashmore
Victor Maddern as Joe Biggs
Lionel Jeffries as Keith
Donald Pleasence as Crabtree
Catherine Lacey as Mary's Mother
Megs Jenkins as Mrs Snowden
Ernest Clark as Maine, the designer
Raymond Francis as Jenkins
Russell Waters as Sim
Howard Marion-Crawford as Ingrams, a freelance journalist

Production
Much of the filming of The Man in the Sky was done at Pendeford airfield near Wolverhampton, now a housing estate.  The aircraft portraying the "Wolverhampton Freighter" was Bristol 170 Wayfarer Mk.IIA G-AIFV of Silver City Airways, a type that had actually been flying since 1946.  During filming, the aircraft overshot the runway, damaging the nose and wing. After filming, the aircraft returned to service with Silver City Airways until May 1962, when it was scrapped.

Reception
The Man in the Sky premiered in London at the Empire, Leicester Square on 24 January 1957, and the reviewer for The Times called it "an Ealing film with a difference". According to MGM records, The Man in the Sky earned $150,000 in the US and Canada and $350,000 elsewhere.

Charles Crichton felt the film "didn't do particuarly well" because "the climax was an emotional climax rather than a physical one."

Aviation film historian Stephen Pendo in Aviation in the Cinema (1985)  considered The Man in the Sky as part of the lineage of the "test pilot-hero" films of the 1950s. Aviation film historian Michael Paris in From the Wright Brothers to Top Gun: Aviation, Nationalism, and Popular Cinema (1995) shared a similar perspective on the film.

See also
 List of British films of 1957

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

 Paris, Michael. From the Wright Brothers to Top Gun: Aviation, Nationalism, and Popular Cinema. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1995. .
 Pendo, Stephen. Aviation in the Cinema. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, 1985. .

External links
 The Man in the Sky at the British Film Institute

1957 films
1957 drama films
1950s thriller films
1950s British films
1950s English-language films
British drama films
British thriller films
British aviation films
British black-and-white films
Ealing Studios films
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
Films about test pilots
Films directed by Charles Crichton
Films produced by Michael Balcon
Films shot at MGM-British Studios


Šaponje is a small farming village in the Sombor municipality of Vojvodina, Serbia.
It's a locality in Montenegro and has an elevation of 1,172 metres. Šaponje is situated nearby to the localities Milovo and Vrčane.

Populated places in Vojvodina
West Bačka District


Klaipėda Free Economic Zone or Klaipėda FEZ () is the first free economic zone in the Baltics. It was established in 1996, officially launched in 2002.

Klaipėda FEZ consists of 412 ha of land dedicated to manufacturing plants, logistics, and business park development. Klaipėda FEZ is located in Klaipėda (Lithuania), at the heart of Europe, and offers easy access to markets in the EU, Scandinavia via an extensive rail, road, AIRPORT and sea network. Klaipėda FEZ plays a key role in the regional and national economy, creating value amounting to around 2% of Lithuania’s annual GDP. It has a strong track record for providing extra care and service to multinational clients such as Indorama Ventures, Albright and others.

History

The first steps for the establishment of the zone were undertaken in 1996. In 1997, a management company was selected after reviewing five proposals. The Klaipėda FEZ is managed by Klaipėda FEZ Management Company (Lithuanian: Klaipėdos LEZ Valdymo Bendrovė), a private limited liability company. The Baltic Fund, an investment fund, financed by the Rockefeller and Company, Lazard, and investors from Saudi Arabia, owned about 60% of the management company. The remaining shares are owned by city enterprises, municipalities and the government of the Lithuanian Republic. Since 2001 the Rockefeller Foundation sold its shares to Pierre J. Everaert Family Trust based in Demarest New Jersey, thereby becoming the largest private shareholder of the KFEZ.

[Pennenox, Philadelphia USA - story eliminated as irrelevant to the development of the |KFEZ]
Another set of obstacles was raised during Lithuania's negotiations for accession to the European Union. Klaipėda FEZ began its activities in December 2001. In 2003, Thailand-based Indorama announced an investment of 80M euros into a plastic production factory. To further attract investors to FEZ, Lithuanian-based companies were allowed to participate since 2004. A year later, the FEZ began plans for expansion and further development of its land, requesting assistance from structural funds of the European Union. By the end of 2007, FEZ attracted some 600M litas (174M euros) of investments. Total attracted investments since 2002 is 783M Eur.

Currently, more than 5000 employees work at FEZ investor and supporting companies.

Location
Klaipėda FEZ is located in the south-eastern part of the city of Klaipėda, near the main transport Klaipėda-Vilnius highway. The distance to the Port of Klaipėda is 8 km, while to Klaipėda-Palanga International Airport it is 35 km, to Kaunas Airport it is 218 km, and to Vilnius Airport it is 304 km.

Operations within FEZ
Klaipėda FEZ community currently connects over 5000 employees working in more than 100 industrial businesses focused in the Plastics & PET, food processing, offshore & large metal structures, electric vehicles & components, value added logistics and other industries.

Klaipėda FEZ has 45 clients which are foreign and Lithuanian companies. In total, 18 countries are represented. Total investments are approx. 726M Euros.

In total, the companies based in Klaipėda FEZ account for 2.7% of national exports in 2017 and nearly 60% of Klaipėda’s foreign direct investment is accumulated at the Klaipėda FEZ.

Klaipėda FEZ is a recognised economic project of national significance.

Companies

Companies operating within Klaipėda FEZ:
 Orion Global PET
 Neo Group
 Retal Baltic
 Glassbel Baltic
 Espersen
 Mestilla
 Be-Ge Baltic
 Pack Klaipėda
 Skuba Lietuva
 Klaipėda Business Park
 Albright Lietuva
 Gren Klaipėda
 Dancer Bus
 Klaipėdos metalo konstrukcijų gamykla
 ANI Plast
 HeidelbergCement Group
 Vingės logistika
 AD REM LEZ
 Gera mėsa
 Lavango Engineering LT
 Lindström
 Focus Fabrication Group
 Philip Morris International (operating outside the official Klaipėda FEZ territory)
 Werner Wirth
and others.

Achievements
 Main Award for Digitization and Red Tape Reduction, Honourable Mention for Industry 4.0 and Positive Impact at Economic Zone Sustainable Recovery Strategies Awards 2021
 Honourable Mention for EU Compliance, 5G connectivity at Global Free Economic Zone of the Year Awards 2021
 Bespoke Award for Sustainability at Global Free Economic Zone of the Year Awards 2020
 Honourable Mention for Investor Expansions, Local transport, Workforce Amenities, FlexStart at Global Free Economic Zone of the Year Awards 2019
 Bespoke Award for Investor Expansions, Investor Incentives, Economic Impact and Flexible Space at Global Free Economic Zone of the Year Awards 2018
 In 2017 Klaipėda FEZ was recognised within the categories of “Quick Launch award” (Editor’s choice), Expansion, Energy Efficiency, Specialism (for Plastics industry) and Contribution to the National economy. Investors wishing to establish operations in Lithuania’s Klaipėda FEZ can use the zone’s Fast Factory Launch scheme. The scheme offers companies ready for use sites that come complete with all the required construction permits, as well as the ability to make minor adjustments to customise the site to fit the investor’s needs. Outside of Klaipėda, construction permits in Lithuania can take up to six months. Additionally, the Flexstart programme aims to allow investors to commence operations in less than one month, with customisable pre-built manufacturing facilities. New offices are currently under construction that will be offered to SMEs as part of the programme.

General Facts & Information
 Address – Pramonės Str. 8, LT-94102, Klaipėda, Lithuania.
 Official website: www.fez.lt
 Klaipėda FEZ is managed and administered by the Klaipėda FEZ Management Company, CEO Eimantas Kiudulas.
 Start of operations: 2002
 Total area: 412 ha
 Number of operating companies: 100+, Klaipėda FEZ clients: 45+.
 No. of countries represented by companies: 18
 Jobs created: 5000+
 Total attracted investments: 783M Eur.
 State investment: 6,4M Eur.
 Revenue generated by investors in 2021: about 1,22bn Eur.
 Export in 2021: 594M Eur.

References

External links

Economy of Klaipėda
Free economic zones of Lithuania


The Surfers Paradise Street Circuit is a temporary street circuit in Surfers Paradise, in Queensland, Australia. The  beach-side track has several fast sections and two chicanes, having been shortened from an original  length in 2010. It is the third of three motor racing circuits that have existed in the Gold Coast region, after the Southport Road Circuit (1954–1955) and Surfers Paradise International Raceway (1966–1987).

From 1991 to 2008, the circuit hosted an American Championship car racing event, the Gold Coast Indy 300. The circuit has also hosted touring car races since 1994, with the Supercars Championship currently contesting the annual Gold Coast 500 at the circuit.

Circuit

Background
Ron Dickson, the president of D3 Motorsport Development held the rights for CART internationally in the 1980s. Following lobbying from prominent Queensland businessmen, and a brief meeting with State Premier Joh Bjelke-Petersen, the event was confirmed for Queensland, and Surfers Paradise was chosen over Brisbane, the state capital. The original circuit layout was designed by Ron Dickson of D3 Motorsport Development, and was the fourth concept put forward for the Surfers Paradise area. Preliminary work was carried out in 1988, and the circuit was opened on 15 March 1991 for the 1991 Gold Coast IndyCar Grand Prix.

Construction

The construction of the circuit has been acclaimed internationally and is used as a benchmark for new temporary street circuits world-wide. Over a full 12-month period plans are laid and then implemented to transform a bustling residential, commercial and holiday destination into a temporary street circuit capable of facilitating high-speed motor races and hundreds of thousands of people. The circuit construction since 2009 has been project managed by local Gold Coast firm iEDM who specialise in motorsport venue engineering and delivery.

In constructing the original circuit, over a two-month construction period, seven bridges were erected, along with 2,515 concrete barriers, 11,500 grandstand seats, more than 140 corporate suites,  of debris fencing and  of security fencing, as well as many more temporary structures being fitted, and large-scale power and telecommunications systems being activated.

The circuit is also an international leader in motor racing safety standards applauded by the Confederation of Australian Motorsport and the FIA (the international governing body of motorsport). One of the major advancements over the later years of the Champ Car era was the installation of double height debris fencing, including an additional 610 panels in high impact areas in 2005.

Shortened layout
Since 2010, the Supercars Championship has run a notably shorter layout of the circuit. At the Turn 2 chicane, the circuit enters a hairpin to the left and rejoins the original track at the Esses. The then-CEO of V8 Supercars, Tony Cochrane, suggested this layout after the A1 Grand Prix cars dropped out of the 2009 event. This was an effort to reduce the cost of running the event without an international drawcard series. This was achieved by reducing the construction time, amount of materials needed and also limits the impact on local residents and tourists. It is no longer possible to use the full circuit with the G:link light rail line having been built over it.

History

American Championship car racing

An annual event had been held here beginning with the opening round of the 1991 IndyCar season. Following the merger of the Indy Racing League and Champ Car World Series in February 2008, the future of race had originally been secured until 2013 as an IRL IndyCar Series event, however the race was dropped from the calendar after the first demonstration race, and the A1 Grand Prix was signed up as a replacement, severing its eighteen-year history with American open wheel racing.

A1 Grand Prix
On 11 November 2008 after extensive negotiations with the IRL broke down, the Queensland Government reached a new five-year deal with A1 Grand Prix to stage a race at Surfers Paradise. The first A1GP race was supposed to take place on 25 October 2009. To accommodate the new link with the A1GP series and subsequent removal of the Indy name (which is a registered trademark of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway), the entire four-day event was called the Nikon SuperGP. However, on 17 October 2009, A1GP Chairman Tony Teixeira announced that the UK operating arm of the series went into liquidation in June. Access to the A1GP cars and the ability to pay its suppliers had been impeded. That caused the cars to be impounded the UK. A1 Grand Prix subsequently failed to arrive and were removed from the program, replaced with additional V8 Supercar races.

Touring cars

Since 2002, the Surfers Paradise race has counted for points in the V8 Supercars championship, now known as Supercars. V8 Supercars and the preceding Group 3A touring car category had previously appeared as a support category in 1994 and from 1996 onwards.

From 2003 to 2007, the touring cars officially shared top billing with the Champcar World Series, and then with the Indy Racing League in 2008. The 2009 race was amended after the demise of A1GP, moving to a  format of four  races, two on Saturday and two on Sunday. From that year on, Supercars are the major category at the event. For 2010 the format was changed to consist of a single  race on each day, with two drivers per car.

In 2011 Sébastien Bourdais became the first and only driver to win at Surfers Paradise in both a Champ Car (in 2005 and 2007) and a V8 Supercar (in 2011, and then again in 2012).

Lap records

As of October 2023, the official race lap records at Surfers Paradise Street Circuit are listed as:

See also

 Sports on the Gold Coast, Queensland

Notes

References

External links
Official V8 Supercar Site
Map and circuit history at RacingCircuits.info

Champ Car circuits
IndyCar Series tracks
Motorsport venues in Queensland
Supercars Championship circuits
Gold Coast Indy 300
Surfers Paradise, Queensland
Sports venues on the Gold Coast, Queensland
Roads on the Gold Coast, Queensland


John Dod (c. 1549 – 1645), known as "Decalogue Dod", was a non-conforming English clergyman, taking his nickname for his emphasis on the Ten Commandments. He is known for his widely circulated writings. Although he lost one means of livelihood because of Puritan beliefs, he had important support from sympathetic members of the Puritan gentry throughout a long career.

Life
He was born in Malpas, Cheshire, the youngest of the 17 children of John Dod, of Shocklach, Cheshire. His parents were possessed of a moderate estate, and after he had received his early education at Westchester sent him when about fourteen to Jesus College, Cambridge, where he was elected scholar and afterwards fellow. He was a learned man, a Hebraist, and, it is said, witty and cheerful.

He was vicar of Hanwell, Oxfordshire, from 1585, in the gift of Anthony Cope, also preaching at Banbury. Robert Cleaver, his co-author, was in a neighbouring parish, Drayton.

Dod was ejected from his parish at Hanwell in 1607. From 1608 he was at Canons Ashby and then rector of Fawsley, where his patron was Richard Knightley.  A false accusation brought against him of having defrauded the college of a sum of money due from one of his pupils was the cause of a fever which almost cost him his life. During his illness he received strong religious impressions, and after his recovery, his character being fully cleared, he preached at a weekly lecture set up by some 'godly' people of Ely. When he was probably past thirty he was instituted to the living of Hanwell, Oxfordshire, where he remained for twenty years. While there he married Anne, sister of Dr. Nicholas Bownde, by whom he had twelve children. The John Dod, proctor of the University of Cambridge in 1615, was probably one of his sons, though it is suggested that he was Dod himself (Memorials). His second wife was a Miss Chilton. At Hanwell he worked diligently, preaching twice each Sunday besides catechising and supplying, in conjunction with four others, a weekly lectureship at Banbury.

In 1624 he was presented to the rectory of Fawsley in the same county, where he remained until his death. In the course of the civil war he is said to have been troubled by the royalist soldiers. He died at Fawsley, and was there buried on 19 August 1645.

When told, "his preaching was so searching, that some supposed he had informers to tell him of men's actions, because he touched them so close," he answered, that the word was searching, and that if he was shut up in the dark where none could come at him, yet allow him but a Bible and a candle, he would preach as he did.

Writings
A Godly Form of Household Government, a leading conduct book for decades, developed from a 1598 pamphlet by his co-author Robert Cleaver. It took material from a sermon published in 1591, A Preparative for Marriage by Henry Smith. Dod knew Henry Smith from Dry Drayton, and he  helped expand the work in its many later editions. It is based on the family as unit.
The 12 page Celebrated Sayings of Old Mr Dodd remained popular for many years. It contains pithy and memorable Christian advice and a witty yet sobering Sermon on Malt delivered to some Cambridge students who had waylaid him.

Works
A Godly Form of Householde Government (editions after 1598) with Robert Cleaver
A Plaine and Familiar Exposition of the Tenne Commandements
Commentaries on Proverbs

Family
He married first Anne Bownde, stepdaughter of Richard Greenham, daughter of the physician Robert Bownde, and sister of Nicholas Bownde the Sabbatarian. They had 12 children; he remarried after her death.

John Wilkins was a grandson, and succeeded him at Fawsley in 1637. Timothy Dod (d. 1665), an ejected minister in 1662, was a son.

Notes

External links

1549 births
1645 deaths
People from Malpas, Cheshire
English Jacobean nonconforming clergy
16th-century English writers
16th-century male writers
17th-century English writers
17th-century English male writers
16th-century English Puritan ministers
English male writers


Below is a list of villages and neighbourhoods in the Cook Islands. There are no cities in the Cook Islands.

 Amuri, Cook Islands
 Arutanga
 Avarua (national capital, with international airport: Rarotonga International Airport)
 Avatiu
 Omoka
 Oneroa, Cook Islands


Marie-Thérèse of Spain may refer to:

 Maria Theresa of Spain (1638-1683), Queen of France
 Infanta Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain (1726-1746), Dauphine of France


Ann Louise Nixon Cooper (January 9, 1902 – December 21, 2009) was a centenarian best known for being invoked in United States President-elect Barack Obama's November 2008 election speech as someone who had witnessed "the struggle and the progress" of the past century, and as a representative of the change in status African-Americans and women have achieved in America. Before that, she was a noted member of the Atlanta African-American community and an activist for civil rights.

Biography
Cooper was born in Shelbyville, Tennessee, on January 9, 1902, and raised in Nashville. She moved to Atlanta, Georgia, in her early-twenties with her husband, Albert Berry Cooper, a dentist, and they had four children together. During that time, she served more than fifty years in public work on the board of Gate City Nursery Association and also helped found the Girls Club for African-American Youth. Because there were no integrated Boy Scout troops in 1930s Atlanta, she wrote to the Boy Scouts in New York for help in starting Troop 95, Atlanta's first Boy Scout troop for African-Americans. When her husband died, Martin Luther King Jr. sent Cooper a telegram; she also met with Coretta Scott King and saved photographs of the occasion. Cooper first registered to vote on September 1, 1941. Although she was friends with elite Black Atlantans like W. E. B. Du Bois, John Hope Franklin and Benjamin Mays, she did not exercise her right to vote for years, because of her status as a black woman in a segregated and sexist society.

During the 1970s, she served as a tutor to non-readers at Ebenezer Baptist Church. She also served on the Friends of the Library Board, serving at one time as vice president of the board. In 1980, she received a Community Service Award from Channel 11 for being one of the organizers of the black Cub Scouts and serving as the first den mother for three and a half years.

She was also awarded the Annie L. McPheeters Medallion for community service from the Auburn Avenue Research Library on African American Culture and History in 2002.

Age issue

When featured in Obama's 2008 speech, Cooper was 106 years old. Some news outlets erroneously reported her as "oldest voter" even though there were several older voters, including then-114-year-old Gertrude Baines, 113-year-old Beatrice Farve, 112-year-olds Maggie Renfro and George Francis, 110-year-olds Virginia Call and Onie Ponder, and 109-year-olds Nettie Whittington and Amanda Jones (all voted for Obama); and 112-year-olds Eunice Sanborn, Besse Cooper, and Walter Breuning (all indicated they likely voted for McCain) and 109-year-old Gertrude Noone (who voted for McCain).

Cooper died on December 21, 2009, three weeks before what would have been her 108th birthday.

Census research suggests she may have been a year younger than claimed; the 1910 U.S. Census lists her as seven years old in April 1910. Given a January birthdate, this suggests that she was born in 1903.

See also
Virginia McLaurin

References

Transcript of Barack Obama acceptance speech, Chicago Tribune. Retrieved on 10 November 2008.
Inventory of the Ann N. Cooper Collection, Digital Library of Georgia.  Retrieved on 10 November 2008.

1902 births
2009 deaths
African-American activists
20th-century African-American women
20th-century African-American people
21st-century American women
Activists for African-American civil rights
African-American centenarians
American centenarians
Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign
People associated with the 2008 United States presidential election
Activists from Atlanta
People from Shelbyville, Tennessee
Women centenarians


The Festiniog Railway served a cluster of quarries around the town of Blaenau Ffestiniog, Wales. Most of these were slate quarries, although granite quarries and zinc mines were also connected by narrow gauge tramways to the railway.

Map

The quarries

Images

References

Bibliography

See also
 Conwy Valley Line
 British narrow gauge railways
 Slate industry in Wales
 Ffestiniog railway

Ffestiniog Railway

Ffestiniog Railway
Ffestiniog Railway
Ffestiniog Railway
Ffestiniog Railway

cy:Rheilffordd Ffestiniog
da:Ffestiniog Railway
de:Ffestiniog Railway


Electronic Evolution Technologies, Inc. (also referred to as EE Technologies, Inc or EET) is a multi-national electronic manufacturing services (EMS) company headquartered in Reno, Nevada. EET provides full electronic and mechanical box build assembly services and also specializes in circuit board assembly for a variety of markets, including the automotive, medical, military and digital audio/video markets. The company operates a global manufacturing network with operations in the Americas and Mexico, providing services to original equipment manufacturers. EET was recognized as one of the top 20 contract manufacturers in the western United States in 2007.

History
EE Technologies, Inc. was incorporated as Meridian Electronics in 1994. By 1999 Meridian Electronics had grown to $28 million a year in revenue. EE Technologies was spun off from Meridian Electronics in March 2000. In October 2000, the company moved into a new facility in South Reno, Nevada. In December 2002, the company expanded their facilities by . Currently the company employs over 180 people with facilities in the US and Mexico. EE Technologies, Inc recently settled a lawsuit with the Environmental Protection Agency for $80,000 over them failing to file required reports on toxic chemicals.

Operations
EE Technologies, Inc's manufacturing network comprises locations in the Americas and Mexico. The company's services include design, engineering, manufacturing and systems assembly, fulfillment and after-market services.

Mexico Facility
In October 2005, EE Technologies, Inc expanded further with the opening of a facility in Empalme, Sonora, Mexico. The equipment, process, and training in the Mexico facility mirror the operations in Reno, Nevada. Both facilities are ISO/TS 16949:2002 certified.

References

Companies based in Reno, Nevada
Electronics companies of the United States


Zhu Houren (born Jack Choo Hoh Yim on 29 January 1955) is a Singaporean actor and filmmaker. In 2003, he made his feature film directorial debut with After School and in 2014 he produced the basketball film, Meeting the Giant.

Life and career
Zhu was educated at Chung Cheng High School.

In 2003, he made his directorial debut in the telefilm After School, while taking on a role in the same film.

During the Star Awards 2010, Zhu won the Best Supporting Actor award for his role as Liang Zhigao 梁志高, an old man who suffers from senile dementia for the drama Reunion Dinner.

He is married to Vera Hanitijo and has 2 sons, Jonathan, an independent director, and Joel, an actor.

Filmography

Television series

Film

Discography

Compilation albums

Awards and nominations

References

Singaporean people of Chinese descent
Living people
Singaporean male film actors
Singaporean male television actors
Singaporean television personalities
1955 births
20th-century Singaporean male actors
21st-century Singaporean male actors
Singaporean film directors
Singaporean film producers


Mailacompu is a village in Kumaramangalam Panchayath of Idukki district in Kerala state of India. It is located 6 km from Thodupuzha.

References

Villages in Idukki district


By law, each new railway is required to mark off the distances along its line from a given point.  The Ffestiniog Railway has changed that point three times in its existence.
Originally the "Zero Point", as it is called was set near to the Dinas station at the north end of the line (at a location called Rhiwbryfdir, now buried under the slate tips).

The second "Zero Point" saw the line turn around and was located at the southern end of the line, on the quayside, at the Welsh Slate Cos. yard, some quarter-mile further on from Porthmadog Harbour railway station.

Following the revival of the line, and at a later date, the "Zero Point" was resited at the water tower at Porthmadog Harbour railway station.

The "accurate" measurement of the line has varied as the line has evolved over the years, not only from the changes above, but with the construction of the Deviation, and other realignments.

See also

 Conwy Valley Line
 British narrow gauge railways
 Slate industry in Wales

References

Bibliography

External links

 Ffestiniog
Ffestiniog
Ffestiniog Railway
Railway stations, Ffestiniog

cy:Rheilffordd Ffestiniog
da:Ffestiniog Railway
de:Ffestiniog Railway


The 2000 Bavarian Cup was the third edition of the competition which started in 1998. It ended with the FC Ismaning winning the competition. Together with finalist TSV Rain am Lech, both clubs qualified for the DFB Cup 2000-01.

The competition is open to all senior men's football teams playing within the Bavarian football league system and the Bavarian clubs in the Regionalliga Süd (III).

Rules & History
The seven Bezirke in Bavaria each play their own cup competition, which in turn used to function as a qualifying to the German Cup (DFB-Pokal). Since 1998, these seven cup-winners plus the losing finalist of the region that won the previous event advance to the newly introduced Bavarian Cup, the Toto-Pokal. The two finalists of this competition advance to the German Cup. Bavarian clubs which play in the first or second Bundesliga are not permitted to take part in the event; their reserve teams however can. The seven regional cup winners were qualified for the first round. It was the last edition with only seven clubs. The following season, the competition was expanded to eight teams.

Participating clubs
The following seven clubs qualified for the 2000 Bavarian Cup:

Bavarian Cup season 1999-2000
Teams qualified for the next round in bold.

Regional finals

First round

Semi-finals

Final

DFB Cup 2000-01
The two clubs, TSV Rain am Lech and FC Ismaning, who qualified through the Bavarian Cup for the DFB Cup 2000-01, both were knocked out in the first round of the national cup competition:

References

Sources
 Deutschlands Fussball in Zahlen 1999/2000  Yearbook of German football, author: DSFS, publisher: Agon Sport Verlag, published: 2002, page: 248

External links
 Bavarian FA website

2000
Bavarian


Sally Hunter (born 13 April 1985), née Sally Foster, is an Australian breaststroke swimmer.  She won the silver medal in the 200-metre breaststroke event at the 2008 FINA Short Course World Championships.  Hunter is an Australian Institute of Sport scholarship holder. She competed in the 200-metre breaststroke at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing and at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, reaching the final in 2012.  She won the silver medal in the 200 m breaststroke at the 2014 Commonwealth Games, and was a member of Australia's gold-medal-winning 4×100-metre medley relay team.

References

External links

1985 births
Living people
Australian female breaststroke swimmers
Australian female freestyle swimmers
Australian Institute of Sport swimmers
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Australia
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for Australia
Medalists at the FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)
Olympic swimmers for Australia
Swimmers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2014 Commonwealth Games
World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming
20th-century Australian women
21st-century Australian women
Medallists at the 2014 Commonwealth Games
Swimmers from Perth, Western Australia
Sportswomen from Western Australia


The Place de Fontenoy () is a square in Paris, France, named after the victory of Maréchal Maurice de Saxe in the Battle of Fontenoy.

At number 7 is the World Heritage Centre, the headquarters of the UNESCO group.

References

Fontenoy
Buildings and structures in the 7th arrondissement of Paris


Supply chain risk management (SCRM) is "the implementation of strategies to manage both everyday and exceptional risks along the supply chain based on continuous risk assessment with the objective of reducing vulnerability and ensuring continuity".

SCRM applies risk management process tools after consultation with risk management services, either in collaboration with supply chain partners or independently, to deal with risks and uncertainties caused by, or affecting, logistics-related activities, product availability (goods and services) or resources in the supply chain.

Supply chain exposures
SCRM attempts to reduce supply chain vulnerability via a coordinated, holistic approach ideally involving all supply chain stakeholders, collectively identifying, analysing and addressing potential failure points or modes within or affecting the supply chain. Risks to the supply chain range from unpredictable natural events (such as tsunamis and pandemics) to counterfeit products, and reach across quality, security, to resiliency and product integrity.

Mitigation of supply chain risks can involve logistics, cybersecurity, finance and risk management disciplines, the ultimate goal being to maintain supply chain continuity in the event of scenarios or incidents which otherwise would have interrupted normal business and hence profitability. The cost-effectiveness of resilience and other measures is an important factor since, as long as things are running smoothly, they add to the costs of production. To reduce interruptions to supply chain management in terms of logistic there are logistics risk management programs which includes Defensive Driver Trainings, Fleet Audits, Cargo Loss Minimization, Road Safety, Warehouse Safety etc.

Some supply chain logistics techniques such as supply-chain optimization and lean manufacturing can prejudice continuity and resilience. It is also becoming more common among businesses especially manufacturers to extend supplier quality management practices throughout supply chains. This approach is shown to increase transparency, reduce overhead costs, and improve operational efficiency.

Extent of supply chain disruption
A survey in 2011 conducted by the Business Continuity Institute (BCI) and Zurich, with responses from over 559 companies across 65 countries, found that over 85% of companies had suffered at least one supply chain disruption during the year. Later BCI surveys have reported some reduction in this percentage (70% in 2016, down from 74% the previous year).

The 2011 survey respondents also noted that 40% of the reported disruptions originated upstream with sub-contractors rather than prime contractors or first-tier suppliers.

The 2016 survey also noted that one in three organizations had experienced cumulative losses of over €1 million per year because of supply chain disruptions, and 22% of businesses had experienced 11 or more disruptions.

Resilience
Supply chain risk management typically involves four processes: identification, assessment, treatment, risk reporting and communication, and monitoring of supply chain risks. However, due to the complexity of many supply chains, these processes might not be sufficient to ensure that all eventualities are prepared for. Therefore, the concept of supply chain risk management, which is cause-oriented, is often combined with the concept of supply chain resilience, which aims to ensure that the supply chain can cope with or bounce back from incidents irrespective of their cause or nature. Supply chain resilience is defined as "the capacity of a supply chain to persist, adapt, or transform in the face of change"  Some theorists believe that technological updating to modernize management methods -to include digitalization, artificial intelligence, big data and robotics- along the entire path of supply chains will considerably contribute to their sustainability and resilience.

Time to recover
"Time to recover" (TTR) is a valuable metric measured in weeks, originally introduced by Cisco and adopted by the Supply Chain Risk Leadership Council. TTR measures the time it takes a company to restore full operational output following a major supply chain disruption. The determination of TTR assumes that a facility is essentially unusable due to a major event, requiring extensive repairs and reconstruction, as well as re-sourcing and re-qualifying of key equipment used in manufacturing and other operations.

Measuring risk
Supply chain risk is a function of likelihood of an event's occurrence and its impact. Although this is the most popular methodology for quantifying risk, a drawback in the context of supply-chain risk is that it requires assessing likelihood or probability of many different event types across a number of supply-chain organisations and locations (potentially hundreds of thousands for, say, a major vehicle manufacturer). Thus, the range of possibilities is huge, frustrating and limiting the analysis possible in practice. The methodology may be appropriate for a smaller subset of locations and/or types or categories of risk.

Most companies rely on 'risk scores' of various types such as financial risk score, operational risk score, resiliency score (R Score). These are readily available, relatively simple to understand and analyze, and hence can be effective, at least for first-pass identification of risks worthy of further analysis. Standards and certified compliance (such as ISO 9001) are also effective ways to raise the baseline to a known level.

Supply chain resilience options
Some options to engineer an acceptable risk level in supply chains include:
Addressing sourcing risks as an integral part of the product design and engineering (e.g. preferring standardized multi-sourced commodities over custom or unique supplies from sole suppliers)
Managing stock levels both statically and dynamically
Considering alternative sourcing and flexible logistical arrangements (e.g. trucks to supplement or replace trains)
General purpose contingency arrangements such as business interruption insurance and proactive business relationship management (building mutual understanding and trust)
Supplier questionnaires, risk assessments, audits and certification, both for initial supplier selection and subsequently (e.g. refreshed prior to major changes such as new products, or in response to issues arising)
Awareness campaigns and training programs
The use of business intelligence from big data analytics and continuous monitoring for predictive security measures vs. clean up
Redundancy optimization (e.g. focusing redundancy efforts on business- or mission-critical products)
Slick incident management where time is of the essence
Postponement, product substitution and other forms of downstream supply chain management (assisting customers)
Comprehensive digitalization and modernization of management methods
Collaboration

See also
 Supply-chain security
 Cybersecurity

References

Books
 Choi, T.M., C.H. Chiu. Risk Analysis in Stochastic Supply Chains: A Mean-Risk Approach, Springer, International Series in Operations Research and Management Science, 2012.
 Brindley, Clare. 2004. Supply Chain Risk. Ashgate Publishing Ltd., England, Ed. 1.

External links
 World Economic Forum Supply Chain and Transport Risk Initiative

Supply chain management
Risk management in business
Operational risk


Balthasar Walther (1558 – c. 1631) was a Silesian physician and Christian Kabbalist of German ethnicity. Born in Liegnitz in modern Poland, Walther was a significant influence on the thought of the German theosopher Jakob Böhme. As an itinerant Paracelsian enthusiast, Walther was active throughout the Holy Roman Empire, in Poland, Transylvania and elsewhere. He died in Paris sometime before December 1631.

Biography
Born in Liegnitz, Silesia, Walther attended the University of Frankfurt/Oder where he studied medicine. A gifted student and an evident enthusiast of Paracelsian medicine, he thereafter received a series of appointments to Ducal courts throughout the Holy Roman Empire as a physician, alchemist and laboratory technician.
Intensely interested in magic and kabbalistic wisdom, early in his life Walther collected several magical tracts, the manuscripts of which survive in European libraries to this day. In order to deepen his acquaintance with kabbalistic and magical teachings, between 1597 and 1599 Walther traveled to Africa and the Holy Land in order to learn at the feet of Jewish and Arab practitioners. Several years after his return to Europe, he made the acquaintance of Jakob Böhme, probably in late 1617. In 1612 he became a close friend of Boehme. In 1619-20 he studied with Boehme. Along with the likes of the Torgau chiliast Paul Nagel, Walther became a fiery propagandist and promoter of Böhme's work, although for several years he was torn between Böhme's doctrines and those of Böhme's arch-rival, the antinomian Esajas Stiefel. After several years of proselytizing on Böhme's behalf, Walther died in Paris, probably before 1631.

Works by Walther
A complete bibliography of Walther's printed works can be found in a recent article. Despite his influence, as well as his enthusiasm for kabbalistic and magical tracts, Walther himself only composed two major works, neither of which reflected these interests to any great extent:
Ode | Dicolos Tetrastrophos, totum re-|demtionis opus, à Christo Seruatore nostro hu-|mano generi praestitum, breuiter com-|plectens ... (Zerbst: Faber, 1585). A devotional poetic work.
BREVIS ET VERA | DESCRIPTIO | RERVM AB | ILLVST. AMPLISS. | ET FORTISS. MILITIAE | CON-|trapatriæ suæ Reiq[ue] Pub. Christianæ hostes | Duce ac Dn. Dn. Jön Michaele, Mol-|dawiæ Transalpinæ sive VValachiæ | Palatino gestarum, | In eiusdem aula Tervvisana fideliter collecta | opera & studio. (Görlitz: Rhambau, 1599). A biography of the Wallachian Prince Michael the Brave.
A third work, although actually written by Jakob Böhme, was inspired by 40 questions proposed to the philosopher by Walther himself concerning the nature of the human soul. It seems clear that Walther's interests influenced the content of Böhme's responses. The first edition of these Forty Questions on the Soul (to use its English title) was provided by Johann Angelius Werdenhagen, a friend of Walther, shortly after the physician's death in Paris:
Ψυχολογια Vera I. B. T. XL Quæstionibus explicata, et rerum publicarum vero regimini: ac earum Maiestatico iuri applicata, a Iohanne Angelio Werdenhagen I.C.C. (Amsterdam: Jansson, 1632).

References

Biographical Studies and Secondary Literature
Despite his significance to and influence upon the theosophy of Jakob Böhme, Walther has attracted little scholarly attention and remained something of a historical cipher. A contemporary biographical account, printed within 20 years following Walther's death is provided in:
Abraham von Franckenberg, ‘Gründlicher und warhafter Bericht von dem Leben und Abschied des in Gott selig-ruhenden Jacob Böhmens...[c.1651]’ in Jakob Böhme, Sämtliche Schriften. Faksimile-Neudruck der Ausgabe von 1730,(Stuttgart: Friedrich Frommanns Verlag, 1961) vol. 10, § 18, p. 15.
Ulmann Weiß: Die Lebenswelten des Esajas Stiefel oder Vom Umgang mit Dissidenten, Stuttgart 2007, 452-462, 551-553
Jacob Böhmes Weg in die Welt. Ed. by Theodor Harmsen (Pimander Texts and Studies published by the Bibliotheca Philosophica Hermetica 16), Amsterdam 2007, 73-83, 461-474 & passim [; ]
Scholarly articles dedicated to Walther's life and works are:
Leigh T.I. Penman, ‘A Second Christian Rosencreuz? Jakob Böhme’s Disciple Balthasar Walther (1558-c.1630) and the Kabbalah. With a Bibliography of Walther’s Printed Works.’ Western Esotericism. Selected Papers Read at the Symposium on Western Esotericism held at Åbo, Finland, on 15-17 August 2007. (Scripta instituti donneriani Aboensis, XX). T. Ahlbäck, ed. Åbo, Finland: Donner Institute, 2008: 154-172. ()
Erich Worbs, ‘Balthasar Walther. Ein Porträt aus dem schlesischen Frühbarock.’ Schlesien 11 (1966), 8-13.
Georg Gustav Fülleborn. ‘Balthasar Walther aus Glogau, ein Schüler Jakob Böhmes.’ Die schlesischen Provinzialblätter. Literarische Beilage 20 (1794), 353-360.

1558 births
1631 deaths
People from Austrian Silesia
16th-century German poets
16th-century German male writers
German Lutherans
16th-century Christian mystics
German alchemists
Christian Kabbalists
Hermeticism
Paracelsians
German male poets
16th-century male writers
16th-century alchemists
17th-century alchemists


Superficies is a Latin legal term referring to anything which is placed upon and attached to the ground, and most commonly refers to a building erected on land owned by another.

Roman law
Under Roman law, ownership of a building was considered inseparable from ownership of the land beneath it. A person with the right to use the land for a superficies, known as a superficarius, enjoyed a right to use the superficies, bequeath it to his heirs and encumber it, despite not "owning" it outright. The right was known as a Jus Superficiarium.

Countries of European Union
Under the headline of Building Leases, a report on Real Property Law within the European Union describes separate statutory rights in rem called rights of superficie, bail à construction, building leases, or Erbbaurecht, which entitle to full ownership of buildings erected on (including above or below) foreign ground for long periods.

The Netherlands

The right of superficies is a real property right which enables its proprietor - the superficiary - to have or obtain for himself buildings, constructions or plants in, on or above an immovable thing owned by someone else (Article 5:101 (1) Dutch Civil Code). .. .. A right of superficies may in addition serve to obtain the ownership of pipes, cables and tubes under or above someone else's land.

Romanian law

A new Civil Code of Romania defines Superficies as follows: the right to have or to erect a building on someone other's land, above or under ground of that land, on which the superficiary acquires a right of use (art. 693).

Japanese law
Japanese law provides for a similar right, known as  in Japanese and officially translated as "superficies".

The right is defined under Article 265 of the Civil Code as the right to use the land of another for the purpose of owning buildings, trees or bamboo. A superficies is not limited to these purposes however. For example, subway companies in Japan obtain a superficies for their right to travel under properties belonging to others.

A superficies may also be created by operation of law when a mortgage is foreclosed. If the foreclosure leads to the land and building(s) thereon falling under separate ownership, but the land and building(s) were owned by the same person when the mortgage was created, then a  is automatically created to facilitate separate ownership of the building(s).

Unlike a land lease, a superficies is considered to be a property right, can be indefinite in duration, imposes no upkeep obligations on the landowner, and is freely transferable without the landowner's consent. The rights and obligations of the parties are primarily determined by the contents of the superficies agreement.

South Korean law
The equivalent right under South Korean law is called jisang-gwon (지상권). It can be found in Article 279 of the Civil Code of the Republic of Korea.

German law
In German law the corresponding right is known as "Erbbaurecht" and governed by the ErbbauRG.

Notes

Law of Japan
Roman law
Real property law


Greif is a brigantine, owned by the town Greifswald in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.

It was built in 1951 at Warnowwerft, Warnemünde/Rostock with a steel hull, launched May 26, 1951 and commissioned August 2, 1951. It was the first steel vessel built after World War II at the port, and was christened Wilhelm Pieck after the first president of the German Democratic Republic. In 1990 it participated in the first German sail event. The ship was later given to the town of Greifswald and overhauled in Rostock, and re-christened Greif.

The ship is used as a training ship for maritime youth education. It has participated in the Hanse Sail, including Hanse Sail Rostock 2011.

See also
Hanne Marie (also based from Greifswald)

References

External links
www.sssgreif.de

 http://www.ship-model-today.de/wilhelm_pieck.htm

Sailing ships
Training ships of Germany
1951 ships
Ships built in Rostock
Ships built in East Germany
Greifswald


Francesco Peparelli (died 6 November 1641, Rome) was an Italian architect during the 17th century. According to a contemporary historian, Giovanni Baglione, between palaces, castles, churches and convents, Peparelli participated in about seventy construction projects but only about thirty can be attributed to him with certainty.

Life
In 1601 he was apprenticed to the architect Ottaviano Nonni and with him, contributed to the design of Santa Maria in Traspontina. He was skilled in engineering, cartography and hydraulics; and he was often commissioned with the construction of buildings designed by other architects.

Peparelli often worked in various capacities with Girolamo Rainaldi, such as the Chiesa di S. Teresa in Caprarola. He also collaborated with Carlo Maderno in remodelling of existing structures, such as Santa Maria Maddalena.

In 1620 he oversaw the renovation of the Palazzetto Mattei in the Villa Celimontana. Around 1630 Pope Urban VIII decided to rebuild the church of San Caio from the ground up and retained Peparelli and Vincenzo della Greca as architects; the works lasted from 1630 to 1631.
In 1632 Cardinal Francesco Barberini, protector of the Archconfraternita della Carità, commissioned Peparelli to renovate the hospice associated with San Girolamo della Carità. In 1634 he undertook the reconstruction and enlargement of the church of S. Maria delle Vergini, where his sister, Anna Maria, was an Augustinian nun.

Peparelli had an extensive library with a range of sixteenth and seventeenth-century architectural treatises. Peparelli designed the Palazzo Valentini. Peparelli taught and later collaborated with Giovan Antonio de' Rossi. In 1634 he became a member of the Accademia di San Luca.

Works
 Palazzo Cerri (1627)
Palazzo Del Ferraioli (1627)
Palazzo Cardelli (1630)
Hospice of San Girolamo della Carità (1632)
Convent and monastery of Santa Maria in Campo Marzio (1635)
Palazzo Del Bufalo Cancellieri
Palazzo del Monte di Pietà (expansion, with Carlo Maderno and Francesco Borromini)
Palazzo Valentini
Palazzo Santacroce, and its Nymphaeum of the birth of Venus, Regola (1630–40)
Santa Brigida a Campo de' Fiori
Santa Maria delle Vergini, later S. Rita da Cascia
Santa Maria in Traspontina
San Salvatore in Campo (1639–40) - commissioned by cardinal Francesco Barberini

References

External links
San Salvatore in Campo
Romeartlover

1641 deaths
17th-century Italian architects
Year of birth unknown


Julius Elian Røring Sundsvik (16 June 1891 - 11 March 1971) was a Norwegian novelist and newspaper editor.

Born in Brønnøy, Helgeland, he published the novels Slitets folk (1940), Sønnen (1941) and Oppover igjen (1945) with motifs from Northern Norway. He was also the editor-in-chief of Moss Avis in Moss from 1934 to 1964.

References

1891 births
1971 deaths
People from Brønnøy
Norwegian newspaper editors
People from Moss, Norway
20th-century Norwegian novelists


The Sphinx of Agost is a Greek-influenced Iberian limestone sculpture, dated from the late sixth century BCE, that was found in the Agost reservoir in Alicante, Spain, in 1893.

The badly damaged statue is 82 cm high and represents a sphinx with the head of a woman, body of a winged lion and tail of a snake. This particular sphinx may have been included in an Iberian tomb to carry the soul of the deceased to the afterlife.

The Sphinx of Agost is on display at the National Archaeological Museum (Madrid).

Notes

References
Agost's town council

6th-century BC sculptures
1893 archaeological discoveries
European sculpture
Archaeological discoveries in Spain
Ancient history of the Iberian Peninsula
Iberian art
Collection of the National Archaeological Museum, Madrid
Limestone sculptures
Sculptures in Madrid
Stone sculptures in Spain
Sphinxes


Zakir Hussain Rose Garden, is a botanical garden in Chandigarh, India and spread over  of land, with 50,000 rose-bushes of 1600 different species. Named after India's former president, Zakir Husain and created in 1967 under the guidance of Mohinder Singh Randhawa, Chandigarh's first chief commissioner, the garden has the distinction of being Asia's largest. The garden has not only roses, but also trees of medicinal value. Some of the medicinal plants that can be spotted here are bel, bahera, harar, camphor and yellow gulmohar. The rose plants have been planted in carved-out lawns and flower beds.

Rose Garden has undergone several renovations and expansions. In 2003, a new section was added to the garden, which included a bonsai garden and a cactus house. In 2013, a rose festival was held at the garden to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the Indian Horticulture Society.

Apart from serving as a host of other events, the Zakir Hussain Rose Garden  serves as the venue for hosting an annual rose festival called Rose Festival, a major cultural event in Chandigarh during February or March. Celebrated mainly as a tribute to the magnificence of the rose itself, the attractions include food, drinks, joyrides, and contests of varying nature, such as photography, gardening, landscaping, bonsai, and Rose Prince and Princess. The contests are open to the residents or institutions from nearby places.

Gallery
March 2016

References

External links

www.chandigarhcity.com Gardens of Chandigarh
https://chandigarhexplore.com/ Rose Garden Chandigarh
https://www.findinchd.in/ Rose Garden Chandigarh Full Tour Guide With Images
Gardens in India
Rose gardens
Tourist attractions in Chandigarh
Geography of Chandigarh


Palazzo Valentini is a palazzo in central Rome, Italy, not far from Piazza Venezia.  Since 1873 it has been the base of the provincial and prefectural administration of Rome.

History
The palazzo was first built by cardinal Michele Bonelli, nephew of pope Pius V, who, in 1585, acquired a pre-existing palazzo from Giacomo Boncompagni at the extremity of what was then piazza dei Santi Apostoli. Today the palazzo is separated from that piazza by via Quattro Novembre, opened later to connect the new via Nazionale with piazza Venezia. The cardinal was also the owner of a large part of the area which extended, behind the palazzo, above the ruins of the imperial fora of Trajan and Augustus, known by the name "Pantano" due to being subject to impaludamenti or flooding. Over the same years the district on the ruins of the imperial fora was subjected to a general development of the land and to a systematic urbanisation, with the creation of the "quartiere Alessandrino" in the cardinal's honour (he was nicknamed "cardinale alessandrino" after his origins in a village in the province of Alessandria). The quarter was destroyed in the 1920s and 1930s to open via dei Fori Imperiali.

The trapezoidal plan of the palazzo was designed by Domenico Paganelli. Thanks to substantial funds ploughed into the project by the cardinal, the palazzo was quickly completed within 3 years after building started.  In the 17th century the building was then subject to a series of major renovations and expansions, carried out on behalf of  cardinals Carlo Bonelli and Michele Ferdinando Bonelli.  The palazzo was partially demolished and rebuilt by Francesco Peparelli for its new owner, cardinal Renato Imperiali, who organised the important family library (the "Imperiali") of around 24,000 volumes.

At the start of the 18th century, the palazzo was leased to several prominent personalities, including marchese Francesco Maria Ruspoli from 1705 to 1713, who made it the site for a private theatre and hosted illustrious musicians of the time such as Handel, Alessandro Scarlatti and Arcangelo Corelli.  The entire building was then acquired in 1752 by cardinal Giuseppe Spinelli, who realised a new decorative scheme for the first floor and systematised the library (meant by him for public use, and frequented by Johann Joachim Winckelmann) on the ground floor.

In 1827 the Prussian banker and consul general Vincenzo Valentini acquired the palazzo, in which he settled and to which he gave his name.  The palazzo was later expanded and rebuilt at great expense, and its new owner used it to house his own collection of paintings as well as increasing the palazzo's own substantial library and archaeological collection. Completion of the works at the back of the palazzo, overlooking the column of Trajan, was entrusted to the architects Filippo Navone and Giovanni Battista Benedetti.  Between 1861 and 1865 Vincenzo's son Gioacchino Valentini commissioned two further expansions on the left side, along via di Sant'Eufemia, designed by the architect Luigi Gabet.  The provincial deputation of Rome acquired the palazzo as their base in 1873, commissioning the architect Gabet to complete the right side on via de’ Fornari, at the top of vicolo di San Bernardo.

Description
The present structure of the palazzo is characterised by its grand portal, pierced by three windows on each sides, with architraves and lintels and bounded by two travertine columns.  Above it is a large balustraded balcony. The great cornice, under which are small windows divided by three mensoloni, is surrounded by a balustrade. The courtyard is a portico in two orders and with 5 arcades on the short sides and 9 along the long sides, divided by Doric pilasters and rich in ancient statues.

The Palazzo's art treasures include the statue of Ulysses by Ugo Attardi, as well as works depicting "Aeneas and Anchises" and "Europa", made by Sandro Chia to commemorate the 135th anniversary of the provincial administration of Rome, now located at the entrance.

After a major restoration the excavations under Palazzo Valentini have now opened to the public on a permanent basis. A small baths complex dating from the 2nd century AD was discovered seven metres below street level under the basement of the building. It is believed to be part of a nearby residential scheme found over 100 years ago prior to the 1907 construction of Palazzo delle Assicurazioni in Piazza Venezia.

Archaeological remains
Recent excavations in the palazzo's basement have found, around 7m below street level, a small baths complex, probably part of an adjacent residential complex already found in 1902 during surveys for the construction of Palazzo delle Assicurazioni di Venezia.

The monumental temple of the deified Trajan was traditionally thought to have been on the same site as this palazzo, but no trace of it has been found here.

References

External links

Valentini
Rome R. II Trevi


The President's Guard was a former unit of the Sri Lanka Army. It was responsible for the security of the President of Sri Lanka along with the President's Security Division which is the close protection agency of the President. It was made up of personnel from other regiments and units assigned for President's protection.

Formation

Since the formation of the Ceylon Army, the Army had allocated personal for the protection of the Governor General and the Prime Minister during peacetime and during emergencies. A permanent detachment of armored cars was present at Temple Trees during the 1960s and 1970s.

Prior to the formation of the President's Guard, army personnel served as a squadron under the President's Security Division since 1996 and focused on key tasks including the perimeter security of Presidential residence, Temple Trees. The 5th Regiment Sri Lanka Armoured Corps was the first army unit chosen to provide the dedicated security for the President of Sri Lanka during the presidency of Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunga. Lieutenant Kushan Perera spearheaded the close protection team of Kumaratunga during her visit to the United States and the United Kingdom. Later the strength of the unit was increased with personnel from the Sri Lanka Light Infantry, Sri Lanka Sinha Regiment and the Gajaba Regiment.

After the unit's formation in 2008, all army personnel came under the command of this unit independent from the President's Security Division which is primarily made up of and commanded by Police personnel. This unit has participated in the Independence Day and victory day parades of 2009.

In April 2015, President Maithripala Sirisena dissolved the President's Guard.

References

External links
 Sri Lanka Army
 The Investiture ceremony of Insignia of the "President's Guard" is held at presidential secretariat

Disbanded regiments of the Sri Lankan Army
Former guards regiments
Military units and formations established in 2008
Military units and formations disestablished in 2015
Protective security units


The  () is the first comprehensive dictionary of Turkic languages, compiled in 1072–74 by the Turkic scholar Mahmud Kashgari who extensively studied the Turkic languages of his time.

Importance
Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk was intended for use by the Caliphs of Baghdad, who were controlled by the Seljuk Turks. It has a map that shows countries and regions from Japan to Egypt. The book also included the first known map of the areas inhabited by Turkic peoples.

The compendium documented evidence of Turkic migration and the expansion of the Turkic tribes and Turkic languages into Central Asia, Eastern Europe and West Asia, mainly between the 6th and 11th centuries. The region of origin of the Turkic people is suggested to be somewhere in Siberia and Mongolia. By the 10th century most of Central Asia was settled by Turkic tribes such as Tatar, Kipchaks, Türkmen, etc. The Seljuq dynasty settled in Anatolia starting in the 11th century, ultimately resulting in permanent Turkic settlement and presence there. Meanwhile, other Turkic tribes either ultimately formed independent nations, such as Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan, and others new enclaves within other nations, such as Chuvashia, Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, the Crimean Tatars, the Uyghurs in China, and the Sakha Republic in Siberia.

Content
Mahmud al-Kashgari's comprehensive dictionary, later edited by the Turkish historian, Ali Amiri, contains specimens of old Turkic poetry in the typical form of quatrains of Persian literature (, Persian  ruba'i; ), representing all the principal genres: epic, pastoral, didactic, lyric, and elegiac.

Location
It has been previously housed at the National Library in Istanbul, but as of February 2020 is in display at the Presidential Library in Ankara.

References

External links

ar.wikisource.org
كتاب ديوان لغات الترك

1070s books
11th-century Arabic books
Turkic grammars
Turkic languages
Turkic literature

11th-century Turkish books
Turkish books
Turkish dictionaries
Geographical works of the medieval Islamic world


Citadel Records is an independent record label from Sydney, Australia. It was established in the early 1980s by John Needham. Bands released through Citadel include Died Pretty, Deniz Tek, Kim Salmon and the Surrealists, The Trilobites, Porcelain Bus, Johnny Thunders & Patti Palladin, Harem Scarem, New Christs, Louis Tillett, The Bamboos, The Moffs, The Screaming Tribesmen, The Stems, The Plunderers, The Bam Balams, Sacred Cowboys, Dubrovniks, Lime Spiders, The Someloves, Lipstick Killers, Hard-Ons, The Barbarellas, Leadfinger and Dom Mariani.

See also
 List of record labels

External links

Divine Rites
Pop on Top reviews
an interview with John Needham

Australian independent record labels