This is a List of caves of Maryland.  Maryland has numerous caves, with the greatest concentration in its western counties: Washington, Allegany, and Garrett.

Research on the topic
There are a number of sources about the topic area, including a reference book titled Caves of Maryland which was first released by the Maryland Geological Survey (MGS) in 1950.  But information about Maryland caves was first gathered into a series of reports by Martin Muma in the mid-1940s, working under the MGS. After the release of these articles in 1946, a more comprehensive study was begun by William Davies, whose years of fieldwork led to the compilation of the premiere edition of Caves of Maryland in 1950.   Following the release of the first edition of Caves of Maryland in 1950, several other attempts by various parties and interested groups have been made at expanding available information concerning Maryland's subterrain. In the late 1960s the MGS sponsored another statewide survey, undertaken by Richard Franz and Dennis Slifer, and a second, expanded edition of Caves of Maryland was released in 1971. It was not until the inception of this second project that areas west of Washington County were even thoroughly canvassed; even after the conclusion of the Franz/Slifer survey, it was speculated that even more, undiscovered caves could still remain in more remote portions of the western counties, prompting the need for an additional version, but since that time there have been no additional state sponsored reports or surveys released to the public.

In Maryland, a cave is defined as any subterranean cavity large enough for a human to enter. This definition has led the authors to include several shelter caves, fissures, and mines that in states with larger, more complex cave systems, might otherwise go unlisted.

Maryland geology and caves

Most of Maryland's caves occur in its three westernmost counties (Washington, Allegany, and Garrett). While Maryland may be smaller than many of its neighboring states containing larger numbers of caves, its geology likewise allows for the formation of caverns, most of which are hollowed out by chemical processes—these caves are known as solutional caves. Non-solutional caves are carved out by weathering and are typically of smaller size and of little interest to spelunkers. Underlying layers of carbonate rocks form much of Maryland's bedrock. Precipitation and groundwater react with such rocks as dolomite, limestone, and marble, dissolving the rock and forming small fissures and chambers allowing more water to enter and the dissolve the carbonic rock. Being able to identify the different types of rock that caves are likely to form in can provide a great deal of background into a cave's likely history, and thus these rock formations will be further discussed moving east to west across the state.

Coastal Plain – this is the area of Maryland extending from just west of the Chesapeake Bay to the Atlantic Ocean: Precambrian rocks are mostly overlain by gravel, silts, marls, and sands, and consequently no solutional caves are known to exist in this region of Maryland.

Piedmont Plateau – an area of gently rolling hills and flatlands, the Piedmont is home to only a few of Maryland's caves, as most of its members are unsuitable for their development or are largely hidden from view beneath surface settlement. Exceptions in the uplands area include the Wakefield and Cockeystown marbles, which are known to include but a few caves. In the lowlands portion of the Piedmont (known as the Frederick Valley) caves are found in the Frederick Formation and Grove Limestone (upper Cambrian and lower Ordovician, respectively). Several other limestone members exist (Tomstown and New Oxford), no caves have been located within these members.

Blue Ridge & the Great Valley – the Blue Ridge rises up from the Piedmont just west of Frederick in the first of its two mountains, Braddock/Catoctin. Here older limestone and dolomites from the Cambrian/Ordovician make an appearance, offering up a few caves in the Frederick/Middletown Valley vicinity. On top of these, older, harder thrust sheets of metamorphic rocks from the Paleozoic give these mountains their well-defined crests and ridges. Wolf Rock, home to Maryland's best-known non-solutional cave, is an example of quartzite that has endured while Catoctin Mountain has weathered around it.

South Mountain, which serves as a natural border between Frederick and Washington counties, is the western edge of Maryland's Blue Ridge, giving way to an area of relatively little relief, known as the Great Valley (or locally as Hagerstown/Cumberland). Here the harder metamorphosed rocks of the Blue Ridge are replaced by carbonates, sandstones, and shale that grow progressively younger moving west, entering the early Ordovician period. The highest concentration of Maryland caves lies within the Hagerstown Valley, where well-established waterways have cut into the underlying carbonate rocks. Recent fieldwork, combined with the observations of Franz and Slifer, indicate that the most cavernous units exposed in the Great Valley are, from oldest to youngest, the Tomstown Dolomite, the Cavetown member of the Waynesboro Formation, the lower beds of the Elbrook Formation, the Rockdale Run Formation, and, especially cavernous, the Chambersburg Formation. The probability of cave development, however, is also very strongly influenced by the presence of structural features such as anticlinal axes, synclinal troughs, and faults. In contrast to the larger caves of neighboring West Virginia, caves in the Great Valley are generally quite shallow with little internal relief. In-cave relief rarely exceeds  in Washington County. High deformation and faulting allows surface waters to penetrate rock vertically and reach the shallow underlying water table quickly without much lateral travel. This serves to limit cavern development considerably, and of the many caves in Washington County, only Crystal Grottoes is known to exceed  in length, and it attains such length from having a maze pattern of passages, rather than a long continuous stream conduit.

Ridge & Valley Region – is the name of the physiological province extending west of the Great Valley to the western portion of Allegany County. This region is traditionally defined as starting at Fairview Mountain and is characterized by repeating southwest- to northeast-trending ridges and valleys. A thrust fault just east of Fairview indicates where younger rocks from the Ordovician through Devonian were overthrust by their Cambrian neighbors to the east. The region is built upon shale and sandstone from the upper Ordovician and lower Silurian periods, with little or no cave-bearing limestone seen until the lower Helderberg Group, Wills Creek Formation and Tonoloway Formation. Thicker formations of the upper Devonian consist of the Keyser Formation and New Creek Limestone, in which some of the largest caves in the state can be found.

Allegany Plateau – the Allegany is a rolling upland punctuated by deep, rounded valleys and ridges of distinct, broad anticlines. Shale and sandstone of the Ordovician and lower Silurian are replaced by limestone formations which continue into the lower Devonian. These younger rocks have settled to a depth equal to that of the much older rocks of the Ordovician. This change in depth occurs along a fault just east of Dans Mountain. Moving west from outcrops of early Devonian limestone, the Helderbergian limestones pinch out and the formation consists of clastic rocks that bear no caves. Synclines within this region have preserved remains from the younger Carboniferous Period—the period containing Maryland's only natural source of carbon fuels—within the Mississippian system lies the Greenbrier Formation, the next oldest limestone member known to contain caves. The Greenbrier is relatively thin but contains eight known large caves, including the largest cave in Maryland, Tanglefoot Cave. The youngest rocks to contain caves are in Garrett County: they are Pennsylvanian in age. All younger sediments have been removed from the landscape with the exception of the Dunkard Group, a small knob in Allegany County that is Permian in age.

List of caves
All caves given in the 1950 publication of Caves of Maryland are listed below by county.

Allegany County

Atheys - Located in the Tonoloway Formation. The cave is described as being located one mile east of the town of Rush on the property of a I. W. Athey, 100 feet inside the woods just east of the Athey barn. The inconspicuous entrance is a sloping pit about 6 feet deep. The cave contains four rooms and several pools of water.
Cumberland Bone Cave - Located near the town of Corriganville, this cave was discovered in 1912 during the construction of the Western Maryland Railway, revealing rich fossil fauna from the Pleistocene and subsequently sent to the U.S. National Museum by James W. Gidley. The cave was scarcely more than a small room filled with clay and breccia. It developed in the Keyser limestone.
Cumberland Quarry - Located in the Wills Creek Formation on the south side of Wills Creek, opposite Valley Street in Cumberland. There are two 20-foot-long crawlways located in a tightly folded section of the Wills Creek Formation, on the east face of the quarry.
Devils Den - Located south of Flintstone on the farm once owned by Harry Jackson. The entrance is in a lightly forested area 1,000 feet northeast of the Jackson house. To reach the cave, you follow the strike of the rocks northeast from a spring opposite the house. The cave was a favorite play area for children in years past. The cave  is tied closely to a branch of Flintstone Creek and reappears as a large spring and tributary to Murley Branch. Devils Den developed in the top part of the Tonoloway limestone.
Devil's Hole - Located in the Keyser Member of the Helderberg limestone, this cave can be found one mile north of Twiggtown. The cave is a vertical shaft reportedly connecting to two small rooms at its base. It is one of the largest and most interesting Allegany County caves.
Goat - Located at the northwest side of Patterson Street, this cave developed in a narrow bed of folded limestone within the Wills Creek Formation. The cave has a very low ceiling, less than .
Greises - Developed in the Tonoloway limestone, the cave entrance is over a pile of rocks to a 20 foot wide chamber. Continuing passage is steep and is  long, curving to a 40 foot long crawlway with three rooms. The cave can have water flowing along some of the upper passages during the wet season and can form a waterfall in the Well Room.
Horse - Also known as Dead Horse Cave, it is located  south of Twiggs Cave, near the Twiggtown-Spring Gap road. Developed in the Favosites zone of the Keyser limestone at  elevation. The cave is relatively shallow, with 8 to 10 feet of overburden at the entrance room.
Murley Branch Spring - Located two miles northeast of Twiggs Cave in Tonoloway limestone. The entrance is a low, water-filled opening in a north-facing cliff. It developed in a massive limestone near the base of the formation, where the rocks are horizontal at the crest of a subordinate anticline. The cave trends to the east for 20 feet but is blocked where a spring emerges from a siphon. In 1925, it was reported that several men penetrated the siphon during an exceptionally dry season. They found a passage extending  to the south with at least three deep pits.
Rocky Gap - Located in Tuscarora Sandstone about  above the Rock Gap Run. This fissure cave extends  to the southeast. The fissure averages five feet wide and five to ten feet high.
Twiggs - The cave was opened in 1898 by the Twigg grandfather. The Twigg home lies approximately  north of the cave on the east slope of a limestone ridge of the Helderberg Formation. Developed in the western side of an anticline, the cave formed as two parallel fissure openings along a master joint. The cave has a high clay content that may accumulate from the underground stream it's connected to. A series of six pits lead to a lower tunnel; the largest pit, the "King's Chair" grants access to the lower tunnel. In 1946, a small tunnel was excavated through clay and gravel that lead to a 40 foot deep pit.

Baltimore County

Beaver Run Shelter - A small shelter cave that extends for about  ending in a 10-foot-diameter room. The entrance is .

Carroll County

Westminster - The entrance, covered with a wooden door, was described as being in an old quarry, facing east. The cave consisted of a single room, though reportedly extending to the west through rockfall. A concrete floor was in the entrance room and was previously used as a milk cooler. It is developed in the Wakefield marble.

Frederick County

Buckeystown - Between Buckeystown and Adamstown, a  vertical shaft at the base of a small quarry has a single room measuring 20 feet long by 18 feet wide.
Centerville - A cave was reported to exist in the Wakefield marble in an old quarry one-half mile east of Centerville, along Coppermine Road. The cave was described as having four small rooms.
Le Gore Quarry-Powells - Powells Cave is located on the west side of Israel Creek. It had a crawlway extending  to the north but is now blocked with stone dumped at the entrance. 100 yards northwest of Powells Cave is a series of openings in the north face of the Le Gore quarry, reportedly circling back and connecting with Powells Cave. Powells Cave and the Le Gore openings are in Grove limestone.
Linganore Shelter - There are reports of several small shelter caves containing Indian pictographs near Linganore. Davies was unable to locate the shelters.
McKinstrys Mill - Located 2 and a half miles south of Union Bridge and on the west side of Sams Creek. McKinstrys Mill is less than 100 feet long and can be found west of the mill of the same name.
Monocacy River - Located  above the east bank of the Monocacy river east of Hansonville. The entrance is 4 feet wide and 2 feet high at the base of a small cliff just above the power line. The cave is developed in thinly-bedded Frederick limestone and extends for over  towards the southeast.

Garrett County

Crabtree - This was the largest cave in Maryland but has now been surpassed by Tanglefoot Cave in Allegany County. It's located 200 yards west of the Savage River Dam at Bond Station on the Baltimore and Ohio railroad. It formed in the Greenbrier limestone and has at least  of mapped passage. The cave can be navigated in a circuit, which can take an average of seven hours. This cave is gated and needs permission to enter. This cave, along with John Friends Cave, is currently protected by The Nature Conservancy.
John Friends - Located east of Sang Run, the entrance is in a "clump of woods"  north of the Ginseng Run Road at an elevation of . This cave has been known since 1751 as noted by historical graffiti left by W. J. Bowman. A stream enters the cave in several areas of its passages. These cave is in the Greenbrier limestone.
Muddy Creek Falls Shelter - Two small shelter caves lie at the base of Muddy Creek Falls in Swallow Falls State Forest. The largest shelter is 25 feet long, 15 feet wide and 4 feet high. The second shelter is slightly smaller. These caves belong to the upper part of the Pottsville Formation.
Sand Cave - Located southwest of Kelso Gap 400 yards west of the country road paralleling Backbone Mountain and at an elevation of 2750 feet. This cave is in the Pottsville Formation and also the largest shelter type cave in Maryland. In its past, the cave was used as a habitat by Native Americans as evident from arrowheads, charcoal, flint chips, and other items found within. The cave had "Elishas Cave" carved above the entrance. The shelter is a broad, low opening about 100 feet wide and nearly hidden by ferns and moss.
Woods Place - This cave was reported  north of Oakland and east of the road leading to Swallow Falls, but was not located in 1950. The cave was described having an entrance leading down step-like terraces for 50 feet to a passage of unknown length.

Howard County

Camels Den - Located  above the Patapsco River, Camels Den is a shallow rock shelter measuring  wide by  high, developed in the Cockeysville marble. Muma reported two archaeological diggings that took place within the cave and removed a large number of artifacts.

Washington County

Antietam - Located 500 yards east of a ravine that is east of the town of Antietam in the Tomstown dolomite formation. It was little more than a 100-foot-long crawlway.
Busheys Cavern - This cave once exited near a quarry north of Cavetown but was partially destroyed by quarrying, and the remainder collapsed. It was estimated at 500 feet long and within the Tomstown formation (black dolomite). It was originally a source of saltpeter. In 1823 the cave was open to the public and partially developed as a show cave by James Camper. Admission was 12 and a half cents. Later in 1925 the nearby quarry excavated into the cave, collapsing the entrance and inner portions due to blasting.
Crystal Grottoes - This is Maryland's only show cave, located one mile southwest of Boonsboro. It developed in the Tomstown dolomite. It was discovered in 1920 as a result of quarry operations for road material.

Dam No. 4 Cave - Located on the north side of the C&O Canal one mile east of Dam Number 4, level with the canal and at the base of a cliff. It is in the Conococheague limestone. The entrance is 15 feet wide and 20 feet high and with continuing passage of the same size. It extends 100 feet to the north with an offset passage continuing 40 feet beyond. A side passage heads east from there, sloping upward for 30 feet to a small room with a chimney. Along the west side of the chimney, a 40 foot long fissure passage continues to yet another chimney.
Dargan Quarry - The Dargan quarry is located one-half mile southwest of Dargan along the C&O Canal. In the northeast corner of the quarry, there is a remnant of a former cave that extends 20 feet before being blocked by fallen rock. It is in Tomstown dolomite.
Dellingers - This cave is located in a cliff along the C&O Canal, west of the Dellingers School site. It formed in the Stones River limestone formation. It is entered through a small hole opening to a corridor that slopes steeply to the south where it connects with a large room. A low passage heads northeast for 50 feet. The main passage continues from the room for about 70 feet. The cave continues with elaborate sub-levels and continuing fissure passage.

Fairview Cave - Located on the west bank of Conococheague Creek and 500 yards south of MD Route 494 near Fairview. The entrance is in a low cliff 40 feet above the creek. The total length of the cave is described as less than 100 feet mostly through crawlway made up of damp clay. The cave developed in the Chambersburg limestone.
Houpt - This cave is on the west side of Beaver Creek and nearly a mile north of the Beaver Creek settlement. It developed in the Elbrook limestone. The entrance is in a low ledge in front of a house, leading to 80 feet of passage. A stream flows out of the entrance.

Howell - Located west of the Charles mill (Cedar Grove mill) along the C&O Canal in a limestone cliff. It consists of a 12 foot long crawlway that connects to a 15 by 18 foot wide room that connects to another room partitioned by a large rock. It was reported to connect to a sinkhole 700 yards to the north. The cave formed in Stones River limestone.
Mt. Aetna - In August 1931 a cave was discovered along the Boonesboro-Cavetown road 6 miles north of Boonesboro. It was on the east side of the road at the intersection of rough private road leading southeast. A small flight of concrete stairs leading from a small wooden entrance building were constructed, and in the spring of 1932 the cave was opened commercially but failed within six months due to lack of revenue. The cave developed in the Tomstown formation in dense dolomite. The main passage is over 350 feet long decorated in stalactites and columns. An upper passage is located 37 feet from the entrance and consists of three rooms connected by low narrow passages.
Pine Hill - This cave is located in a sloping meadow  east of Antietam Creek, east of Breatheds Station. It is a vertical shaft about 50 feet deep. At the base of the shaft a stream passage continues for over 100 feet. The cave developed in the Elbrook limestone.
Pinesburg - Located near the top of a cliff along the C&O Canal about three fourths of a mile west of Pinesburg Station. The entrance is  wide and  high, extending north-northeast for about . The cave developed in Stones River limestone.
Revells - The entrance to this cave is in a low cliff on the south side of Licking Creek about 1,300 feet northeast of Pecktonville. The entrance is 25 feet above the creek, leading to a maze of small interlacing passages averaging 2 feet wide and 4 feet high. The main passage is along the crest of an anticline, with the subordinate passages lying slightly lower on the flanks. It is reported the cave continues through the hill 1,000 feet to the south and connects to another entrance in a small quarry. Revells Cave developed in thinly-bedded black limestone of the Tonoloway Formation.
Rohrersville Caves - These two caves are located on the east side of Little Antietam Creek about 500 yards north of Rohrersville-Trego road. One cave is in an old quarry and the second in a shallow sink 100 yards to the north. The two caves developed in Tomstown dolomite.
Round Top #1 - This cave entrance is located 15 feet north of the road leading to the cottage at the summit of Round Top. The entrance is within 20 feet of the summit and is steeply sloped, with 10- to 15-foot widths and heights, extending 30 feet to the south. At the end of the passage there is a 30-foot drop thorough a shaft that leads to a narrow room extending 25 feet before pinching out. It developed in the thick-bedded, knobby-black limestone of the Keyser Formation.
Round Top #2 - Located 500 feet east of the summit of Round Top in an escarpment 250 feet above the Western Maryland Railway. It is a straight passage extending over 400 feet to the north. This cave developed in the Tonoloway limestone.
Round Top #3 - This is a large shelter cave located on the north side of the C&O Canal, 300 yards east of the old Cement Mill at Round Top. It is 50 feet wide, 20 feet high, and 40 feet long. It is located in the anticline of the Bloomsburg sandstone.
Round Top #4 - Round Top caves nos. 4 through 7 were reported by Duane Featherstonhaugh at Round Top. Cave no. 4 is 35 feet above the Western Maryland Railway about 400 feet west of the old cement mill site. It was a crawlway extending 100 feet to the north and developed in Tonoloway limestone.
Round Top #5 - This cave is located 15 feet above the Western Maryland Railway and 1,100 feet west of the old cement mill. The entrance is a steep crawlway that slopes steeply to the north for 75 feet into a room 100 feet long, 20 feet wide, and 50 feet high. It developed in Tonoloway limestone.
Round Top #6 - Located a half mile southwest of the old cement mill. The cave has a small opening 20 feet above the Western Maryland Railway. The entrance is steeply sloped, heading northwest and opening into a 400 foot long room that is 100 feet wide. The cave developed in the Tonoloway limestone
Round Top #7 - On the south end of Round Top and three quarters of a mile southwest of the old cement mill, an entrance is located 20 feet above the Western Maryland Railway. It is a low passage about 30 feet long that opens into a 150 foot long room. The cave developed in the Tonoloway limestone.
Schetrompf - This cave is located on the north side of a ravine about 200 yards east of Conococheague Creek and 2 miles north of Wilson. The entrance is 40 feet above a spring feeding several watercress ponds. The entrance is in a 2 foot wide by 8 foot tall fissure that extends 25 feet to the north. About 15 feet from the entrance, there is an offset passage extending west to a narrow 15 foot deep pit that reportedly connects to a 30-foot-diameter room. This cave is in the Chambersburg limestone.
Sharpsburg Shelters - Several small shelters are located in the bluffs 100 feet below the C&O Canal, one and a half miles west of Sharpsburg. One shelter is 35 feet wide and 25 feet high, extending 45 feet. Another shelter is a sinuous crawlway about 200 feet long.
Snively Cave no. 1 - Named after George Snively, the former owner of the cave. It is located in the south wall of an old quarry at the north end. It is a low 10 foot long crawlway that drops 8 feet into a 15-foot-diameter room. The cave continues through more passage with a side passage. The cave formed in Tomstown dolomite and a large portion of the cave was excavated during quarry operations.
Snively Cave no. 2 - The second Snively cave is located on top of the bluff northeast of Snively Cave no. 1. The entrance is in a steep-sided, but shallow ravine, and is through a fissure. The drop at the entrance is 15 feet and leads to fissure passage measuring 5 to 10 feet wide and continues for about 100 feet before becoming too narrow to traverse. The cave formed in Tomstown dolomite

Two Locks Caves - Three small caves are located in the bluffs along the C&O Canal towpath. They developed in Beekmantown limestone. The northern opening is 30 feet above the river and is floor with river gravel, extending 30 feet to the south. The second cave is a fissure 30 feet above the river and probably connects to the third cave 150 feet to the south.

References

Maryland
Lists of landforms of Maryland


The Big 12 Conference is a conference of 14 universities which participate in the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Division I Football Bowl Subdivision football.  The conference formed in 1994 and begin conference play in the fall of 1996.  The schools that compose the Big 12 Conference, except for Brigham Young, Central Florida, Cincinnati, and West Virginia, were members of either the Big Eight Conference or the Southwest Conference, and have won 21 national titles including 3 titles since the inception of the Big 12 Conference.

Membership

Current

†Divisions existed from 1996 through 2010.
‡: The Big 12 Conference recognizes TCU and Baylor as co-champions in 2014

Colorado Buffaloes will be returning in 2024

Former

Facilities and coaches

Realignment
In 2010 it was announced that in 2011 both Nebraska and Colorado would leave the Big 12 for the Big Ten and Pac-10 respectively. Then in 2011 it was announced that Texas A&M and Missouri would both be leaving for the SEC. As replacements, TCU and West Virginia would be joining the conference from the Mountain West and Big East respectively. In 2021, Oklahoma and Texas announced they would leave to join the Southeastern Conference. In response, the Big 12 decided to backfill with the University of Cincinnati, the University of Central Florida, the University of Houston, and Brigham Young University. The first 3 schools joining from the American Athletic Conference and BYU has been an Independent in football since 2010 with its basketball team playing in the West Coast Conference.

Scheduling

Divisions

From the time the league was formed until realignment, the conference was split into two, six team, divisions.  Teams played a total of 11 regular season games, three non-conference match-ups and eight conference games per season. The conference games were a combination of five divisional foes and three from the opposing division. Inter-divisional play is a "three-on, three-off" system, where teams will play three teams from the other division on a home-and-home basis for two seasons, and then play the other three foes from the opposite side for a two-year home-and-home.

At the conclusion of the regular season, the top team from the South Division played the top team from the North Division in the Big 12 Championship Game.

Round-robin
After the departure of Nebraska and Colorado, both the divisional format and the Championship Game were dropped. Members continue to play three non-conference opponents in addition to playing all nine other members of the conference on an annual basis.

Starting again in 2017 the Championship Game was reinstated, the two teams with the highest conference winning percentage play in the game.

Champions

Since its inception in 1996, the Big 12 championship has been won by nine different schools, three of which no longer belong to the conference. From 1996 to 2010, the championship was determined in the Big 12 championship game. Following the departures of two schools in 2010, the conference discontinued the championship game in favor of a round-robin format to determine the champion. The University of Oklahoma Sooners have won the most championships with 14.

Championship game

The Big 12 Championship Game was first held by the Big 12 Conference each year from 1996 until 2010 and again starting with the 2017 season. The original championship game pitted the Big 12 North Division champion against the Big 12 South Division champion in a game held after the regular season has been completed. The first championship game was held during the 1996 season in St. Louis. The 2009 and 2010 games were played at Cowboys Stadium in Arlington, Texas. Following the departures of Nebraska and Colorado to the Big Ten and Pac-12 respectively, the Big 12 Championship Game was discontinued. Following an NCAA rule change in 2015 which allows conferences with fewer than 12 members to hold a championship game, the Big 12 elected to return to a postseason championship game to determine the conference champion. Following the completion of the round-robin regular season, the conference's top two teams compete in the championship game. Oklahoma defeated TCU 41–17 on December 2, 2017, in the first Big 12 Championship Game played since 2010.

Championships by school

†: Denotes co-champion
‡: Denotes former member of the conference

Bowl games

†:The Big 12 champion will go to the Sugar Bowl unless selected for the CFP. In the event that the conference champion is selected for the playoff, the conference runner up will go to the Sugar Bowl.
‡:Conference representative will play in the bowls on a rotating basis.

Bowl Game Results

Bowl games played by teams while they were in the Big 12

Final standings

Records

Overall series records
Records are while teams are members of the Big 12 conference only.

Rivalries
Conference rivalries (primarily in football) mostly predate the conference. The Kansas-Missouri rivalry was the longest running, the longest west of the Mississippi and the second-longest in college football. It was played 119 times before Missouri left the Big 12. As of October 2012, the University of Kansas' athletic department had not accepted Missouri's invitations to play inter-conference rivalry games, putting the rivalry on hold. Sports clubs sponsored by the two universities continued to play each other.

Current

Totals through the end of the 2022 season.

Former

See also

References

External links

1996 establishments in the United States


Extreme Smoke 57 are known as the first grindcore band from Slovenia. The band was formed in early 1990 in the city of Nova Gorica.
Their influences include bands such as Napalm Death, Sore Throat, Fear of God, Seven Minutes of Nausea and Agathocles. Band members have played in different grindcore/noisecore/crust/drone/hardcore acts like Patareni, Deeper Than World, Cadlag, PureH, Mozak, Panic Overdose, Absent Minded, Ear Slaughter, Diarrhoea, Strobodeath and Psihoza. Extreme Smoke 57 split in 1992, but reformed in 2008. Since their reunion the band has performed on some well-known European music festivals such as Metaldays, Obscene Extreme, EXIT and Punk Rock holiday. In January 2016 "Corruption deteriorates" (10-inch LP) was released by band itself. In July 2017 their latest studio material was released as a split 7-inch EP with Belgian grindcore veterans Agathocles. In March 2018 a compilation CD that includes studio recordings from 1991 to 2018 was released on Independent Woman records from New Zealand. The compilation comes with bonus mini CD that includes their final show before split in 1992.

Line up
 Miha (guitar)
 Boco (vocals)
 Briljo (bass)
 Gaber (drums)

Discography
1991 – Live in Koper, 8.3.1991 + studio demo #2 (Musical Destruction Tapes)
1991 – Open Your Eyes… & Die! studio demo #3 (Wild Rags Records)
1992 - Extreme Smoke 57 / The Sexorcist split 7-inch EP (Sicktone Records)
1992 - Second 7-inch EP (7-inch, Psychomania Records)
1992 - Live in Leipzig/ Germany, 28.9.1991 live tape
1993 - Extreme Smoke 57 / Agathocles split tape
1996 – Who Sold The Scene?!? 7-inch EP (TVG Records)
1998 – D.I.Y. collection tape
2004 - Extreme Smoke 57 / PATARENI split LP (bootleg)
2012 - Extreme Smoke 57 / H-INCIDENT split 7-inch EP
2013 - Extreme Smoke 57 / DECA DEBILANE split 7-inch EP (Debila Records)
2013 – Official Live Tape (Old Grindered Days Records)
2014 – Life Of No Dreams CD (Necrothrash Records)
2014 - Extreme Smoke 57 / 2 MINUTA DREKA split 7-inch EP
2014 – Who Sold The Scene?!? Live 3 DVD (Pharmafabric Records)
2015 – Live On Radio Student CD (self-released)
2016 – Corruption Deteriorates 10-inch LP (self-released)
2017 - Extreme Smoke  57 / Agathocles – split 7-inch EP (On Parole Productions)

References

Grindcore musical groups
Slovenian rock music groups
Musical groups established in 1990


Mount Mackenzie is a  mountain just southeast of the city of Revelstoke, British Columbia, Canada.  Part of the Selkirk Mountains, it is the site of the Revelstoke Mountain Resort ski area and was named for the Right Honourable Sir Alexander Mackenzie, the second Prime Minister of Canada.

Climate
Based on the Köppen climate classification, Mount Mackenzie is located in a subarctic climate zone with cold, snowy winters, and mild summers. Temperatures can drop below −20 °C with wind chill factors  below −30 °C.

See also
Geography of British Columbia

References

External link

Two-thousanders of British Columbia
Selkirk Mountains
Columbia Country
Kootenay Land District


Joseph Pérez (14 January 1931  8 October 2020) was a French historian specializing in Spanish history. Pérez specialized in the births of the modern Spanish state and the Latin American nations.  Among his books, he examined the independence movements of Hispanic America; Ferdinand and Isabella, the Catholic Monarchs; Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, and Philip II of Spain.

Biography
Joseph Pérez was born in Laroque-d'Olmes in the Ariège department, which is in the south of France near the Spanish border.  His parents were Spaniards who emigrated from Bocairent in Valencia.  In 1955, he was named a lecturer of Spanish by the Superior University of Saint-Cloud.  He completed his doctoral thesis in 1970.  His thesis studied the Revolt of the Comuneros, and remains one of the leading scholarly books on the topics.

Pérez became a professor of Spanish and Hispanic American civilization at the University of Bordeaux 3. Pérez also served as a member of the Directorio del Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS).

Pérez has worked to spread French and Spanish culture in both directions.  He founded the La Maison des Pays Iberiques, a center for Spanish culture in France, and between 1989 and 1996 Pérez directed the Casa de Velázquez in Madrid, a French cultural institution funded by the French government dedicated to supporting interplay between France and Hispanic cultures.

Pérez died on 8 October 2020 in Bordeaux, aged 89.

Awards and honors
Pérez's doctoral thesis won the Saintour prize that year.  He has served as honorary president of the University of Bordeaux 3.

Pérez was a corresponding member of the Real Academia de la Historia.  He was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Valladolid.  Other honors include being Order of Alfonso X the Wise, a Commander of the Order of Isabella the Catholic, and a member of the French Legion of Honor.

On 25 January 2007 the board of the Municipality of Bocairent voted unanimously to grant Pérez the title of "Adopted son of Bocairent."  Bocairent was the birthplace of his parents and his three brothers. The ceremony celebrating the event was held on March 30, 2007 at the town hall.

In 2014, Pérez won the Princess of Asturias Awards in Social Sciences.

Works
Aside from books, Pérez wrote numerous articles, especially in Bulletin Hispanique, such as his well-received notes and introduction to El caballero de Olmedo by Lope de Vega.

La révolution des "Comunidades" de Castille (1520-1521) Bordeaux: Institut d'Etudes Ibériques et Ibero-Américaines de l'Université, 1970, translated as La revolución de las comunidades de Castilla (1520-1521), Madrid: Siglo XXI de España, 1978 (The revolution of the Comunidades of Castile (1520-1521))
Los movimientos precursores de la emancipación en Hispanoamérica, Madrid: Alhambra, Madrid: Alhambra, 1977.  (Precursor movements to the emancipation of Latin America)
Histoire de l'Espagne, Paris: Fayard, 1997, translated as Historia de España, Barcelona: Crítica, 1999.  (History of Spain)
Isabel y Fernando, los Reyes Católicos, Fuenterrabía: Nerea, 2001  (Isabella and Ferdinand, the Catholic Monarchs)
Historia de una tragedia: la expulsión de los judíos de España, Barcelona: Crítica, 1993 (History of a tragedy: The Expulsion of the Jews of Spain)
El humanismo de Fray Luis de León, Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 1994. (The humanism of Luis de León)
Lope de Vega, El caballero de Olmedo; edición, introducción y notas de Joseph Pérez. Madrid: Castalia, 1970 (The gentleman of Olmedo)
Charles Quint: empereur des deux mondes, coll. "Découvertes Gallimard" (nº 197), París: Gallimard, 1994, translated to Spanish as Carlos V, Madrid: Temas de Hoy, 1999. (Charles V: Emperor of Two Worlds / Charles V)
L'Espagne de Philippe II Paris: Le grand livre du mois, 1999; translated to Spanish as La España de Felipe II, Barcelona: Crítica, 2000. (The Spain of Philip II)
L'Espagne des Rois Catholiques Paris: Bordas, 1971 (The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs)
L'Espagne du XVIe siècle Paris: Armand Colin, 1973, later updated as La España del siglo XVI,  Madrid: Anaya, 1998 (The Spain of the 16th century)
Isabelle et Ferdinand, Rois Catholiques d'Espagne Paris: Fayard, 1988, translated to Spanish as Isabel y Fernando, los Reyes Católicos (Madrid: Nerea, 1997.  ) (Isabella and Ferdinand, the Catholic Monarchs)
Crónica de la Inquisición en España, Barcelona: Martínez Roca, 2002 (Chronicle of the Inquisition in Spain)
Isabelle la Catholique: un modèle de chrétienté? Paris: Payot & Rivages, 2004 (Isabel la Católica : ¿un modelo de cristiandad? ALMED 2007 ) (Isabella the Catholic: A model of Christianity?)
Los judíos en España, Madrid: Marcial Pons, 2005  (The Jews of Spain)
La Inquisición española: crónica negra del Santo Oficio, Madrid: Martínez Roca, 2005   (The Spanish Inquisition: The black history of the Holy Office)
De l'humanisme aux Lumières: études sur l'Espagne et l'Amérique, Madrid: Casa de Velázquez, 2000. (Of the Humanism of the Enlightenment: Studies of Spain and America)

References

 General biographical details are confirmed in La révolution des "Comunidades" de Castille, "About the Author."

1931 births
2020 deaths
People from Ariège (department)
ENS Fontenay-Saint-Cloud-Lyon alumni
20th-century French historians
21st-century French historians
Historians of Spain
Historians of Latin America
French Hispanists
French male non-fiction writers
French people of Spanish descent
Commanders of the Order of Isabella the Catholic
Officers of the Legion of Honour
Academics and writers on the Spanish Inquisition


The Bhagidari System (Hindi: जन भागीदारी, people partnership) is an initiative of the government of the state of Delhi in India to promote broad-based civic participation in local governance. The government's stated goal is to create "greater transparency and accountability in administration" in order to improve "the quality, efficiency and delivery of public services."

The initiative was announced by the (then newly elected) Chief Minister of Delhi, Sheila Dikshit, in December 1998. It was launched in 2003 in the area of waste management, with mixed results. As a system to promote citizen-government partnership, Bhagidari trains specific Bhagidars, or partners, to participate in the scheme. Bhagidars include "market and industrial associations, bureaucrats across the municipal, state and central government departments operating in Delhi, and Resident welfare associations (RWAs) based in Delhi Development Authority-approved residential colonies, membership of which is open only to property owners." Bhagidari won the 2005 UN Public Service Award.

References

Local government in India
Government of Delhi


The Saint Mary Visitor Center in Glacier National Park, with the connected Saint Mary Checking Station and Entrance Station was constructed at the east entrance to the Going-to-the-Sun Road during the Mission 66 park facilities improvement program. It was designed by  Burt L. Gewalt of the Kalispell, Montana architectural firm Brinkman and Lenon, and was completed in 1967. The complex uses common Mission 66 themes such as native stone, and glulam timber construction, combined with a dramatic roof structure that echoes the mountain peaks in the background. The stone in the walls came from the Going-to-the-Sun Road. The view of the "St. Mary" webcam on the Glacier National Park official website is broadcast from the center and shows the westward-facing view over St. Mary Lake, which includes a distant view of Logan's Pass. There is also an  osprey nest about one hundred meters to the east of the building, which can be viewed from the visitor parking lot and from the park's osprey webcam.

The complex consists of the main visitor center, with a connected entrance station.  Two checking stations or kiosks are located in the roadway. Recent renovations have restored the original teal, ebony and peach color scheme, which had been obscured by the application of standard National Park Service brown paint.

See also
St. Mary Utility Area Historic District
Lake McDonald Lodge Coffee Shop, also designed by Gewalt, and the Logan Pass Visitor Center, concept by Cecil Doty of the NPS and construction documents carried out by Gewalt

References

Park buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Montana
Government buildings completed in 1967
Mission 66
Tourist attractions in Glacier County, Montana
National Register of Historic Places in Glacier County, Montana
1967 establishments in Montana
National Park Service visitor centers
National Register of Historic Places in Glacier National Park
Going-to-the-Sun Road


Dwayne Moser is a Los Angeles based artist and writer.

Moser grew up in the Appalachian Mountains, in a town of less than 100 near the Maryland / West Virginia border. He studied Government and Politics at the University of Maryland, College Park then worked in the legal field for several years before beginning to make art in the late 1990s.

He earned an MFA in Art from California Institute of the Arts in 2001.

His visual art takes a variety of forms, including painting, photography, drawing, video and installation. He has shown his work internationally, with solo shows at the Stellan Holm Gallery in New York, the Laura Bartlett Gallery in London, and Lemon Sky Projects in Los Angeles and Miami.

In 2005 two of Moser's large-scale Untitled Backdrop paintings were purchased by the collector Charles Saatchi, selected for inclusion in one of his Triumph of Painting exhibitions.

Moser's work has been discussed in publications such as Artforum, Modern Painters (magazine), The New York Times, BBC, Flash Art,    Zing Magazine and Rolling Stone, which named him its "Hot Artist" of 2005 in their annual Hot List.

He is also a writer, primarily of screenplays. Moser taught screenwriting for several years at CalArts, and helped found the literary magazine Black Clock. He was senior editor of this publication for four years, and now serves as editor-at-large.

References

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


General Talking Pictures Corp. v. Western Electric Co., 304 U.S. 175 (1938), was a case that the Supreme Court of the United States decided in 1938. The decision upheld so-called field-of-use limitations in patent licenses: it held that the limitations were enforceable in a patent infringement suit in federal court against the licensee and those acting in concert with it—for example, a customer that knowingly buys a patented product from the licensee that is outside the scope of the license.

A field-of-use limitation is a provision in a patent license that limits the scope of what the patent owner authorizes a manufacturing licensee (that is, a licensee that manufactures a patented product or performs a patented process) to use the patent to make a specified product or do specified things. The license specifies a defined field of permissible operation or specifies fields from which the licensee is excluded. By way of example, such a license might authorize a licensee to manufacture patented engines only for incorporation into trucks, or to manufacture such engines only for sale to farmers, or only engines rated from 100 to 200 horsepower. More generally, this kind of license permits the licensee to use the patented invention in some, but not all, possible ways in which the invention could be exploited. In an exclusive field-of-use license the licensee is the only person authorized to use the invention in the field of the license.

The General Talking Pictures doctrine does not apply to all cases in which a patent owner imposes a restriction on what may subsequently be done with the patented product. When the patent owner sells a patented product to a customer, for example, the exhaustion doctrine applies instead and the patent no longer operates to limit what the customer does with the product or in what field the customer uses it.

Factual background
AT&T owned patents on vacuum tubes (which the majority opinion termed “amplifiers”) and licensed the patents to Transformer Company to manufacture tubes for use in the field of home radios, or small, so-called noncommercial amplifiers. AT&T licensed other companies (its subsidiaries) in the field of so-called commercial use, or large amplifiers for use in theaters. The vacuum tubes used in the different fields were indistinguishable. Transformer Company sold its products to General Talking Pictures (GTP), which knew of the field-of-use limitation but (like Transformer Company) ignored it. AT&T sued GTP and Transformer Company.

Supreme Court decision

Majority opinion

The majority upheld the arrangement as a well-known, legitimate expedient: “Patent owners may grant licenses extending to all uses or limited to use in a defined field.” The Transformer Company was only a nonexclusive licensee in a limited field, as it and General Talking Pictures knew. The Transformer Company had no rights outside its licensed field, and thus “could not convey to petitioner [General Talking Pictures] what both knew it was not authorized to sell.” The majority paid no attention to whether the so-called amplifiers were actually interchangeable shelf-item components of amplifying systems, a point that Justice Black emphasized in his dissent.

Dissenting opinion

Justice Black dissented. As he perceived it, and considered of great importance, the tubes that all licensees made were fungible, interchangeable articles of commerce, which the Transformer Company was authorized to manufacture. Once they left the manufacturing licensee's hands, who sold them to General Talking Pictures, they passed outside the patent monopoly:

The patent statute which permits a patentee to “make, use and vend” confers no power to fix and restrict the uses to which a merchantable commodity can be put after it has been bought in the open market from one who was granted authority to manufacture and sell it. Neither the right to make, nor the right to use, nor the right to sell a chattel, includes the right …to control the use of the same chattel by another who has purchased it. A license to sell a widely used merchantable chattel must be as to prospective purchasers…a transfer of the patentee's entire right to sell; it cannot — as to noncontracting parties — restrict the use of ordinary articles of purchase bought in the open market.

Impact

The General Talking Pictures doctrine remains valid law, subject to possible antitrust exceptions (see below). The exhaustion doctrine does not operate to free from the patent monopoly product sales that a limited licensee makes to one who seeks to use the sold product outside the licensed field — at least when the buyer has notice of the limitation. Nonetheless, tension exists between the two doctrines — particularly when the field-of-use license is not as explicit as it might be. Then, as illustrated by the recent Supreme Court decision in Quanta Computer, Inc. v. LG Electronics, Inc., “default” rules take over. The default rules, which apply when a court interprets a license or other contract as ambiguous or not complete, are that the exhaustion doctrine governs over the General Talking Pictures doctrine in ambiguous cases. A use restriction in a license must be explicit to bind a seller, if it is to do so at all. Furthermore, the default rule for licenses to manufacture a patented product is that the license is unlimited, i.e., it covers all possible fields. Thus, a manufacturing license is unlimited unless its language explicitly provides otherwise. Because the contractual documents in the Quanta case were insufficiently explicit, or so the Supreme Court seemed to believe, the Court applied the exhaustion doctrine rather than the General Talking Pictures doctrine. Therefore, purchasers of the patented product were free to use them without restrictions that the patentee sought to have imposed on them.

Antitrust exception
In some circumstances, field-of-use arrangements (particularly those of patent pools) may violate the antitrust laws. A set of field-of-use licenses may be used to allocate markets among competing manufacturers of a product with attendant price manipulation.

Thus, in Hartford-Empire Co. v. United States, the courts condemned a cartel among bottle manufacturers that operated by parceling out different markets to different members of the cartel. The members were given limited licenses in the respective markets allocated to them. This was held to violate the antitrust laws.

In Ethyl Gasoline Corp. v. United States, the defendant Ethyl had established an elaborate licensing program under its several patents on a fuel additive tetra-ethyl lead, a motor fuel containing tetra-ethyl lead, and a method of operating an automobile engine with fuel containing tetra-ethyl lead. Ethyl sold the fuel additive, and licensed purchasers to use it to practice the other patents. The licensing program fixed prices for the motor fuel and strictly limited the types of customer to which given licensees could sell the motor fuel. Ethyl emphasized to the Supreme Court the fact that while it sold the fuel subject to a post-sale restraint it licensed the other patents, which covered the manufacture of the fuel (by adding tetra-ethyl lead to ordinary gasoline) and the use of the fuel in automobile engines. Ethyl argued that the licensed patents and the manufacturing brought the case within the shelter of the General Talking Pictures doctrine. The Supreme Court refused to make any distinctions among the different patents and struck the whole program down for improperly “regimenting” the industry in violation of the antitrust laws.

References

External links

United States patent case law
United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Hughes Court
1938 in United States case law
Bell System


Victor Kenneth Braden Jr. (August 2, 1929 – October 6, 2014) was an American tennis player, instructor and television broadcaster for the sport. He earned a PhD in psychology and was married twice.  He had 2 children, 1 grandchild and 3 step-children.

Biography

Introduced to tennis at age 12, he became good enough to earn three Michigan state high school championships, a scholarship to Kalamazoo College, invites to play in River Forest, Illinois, and in Milwaukee. He told Sports Illustrated in a 1976 interview that he once hitchhiked to Detroit to watch Don Budge play Bobby Riggs, because he wanted to learn how Budge hit his backhand.

Braden graduated from Kalamazoo College, where he was Captain of the Tennis Team, and won the MIAA Conference Singles Title. He married a model, Joan, upon graduation.  He was awarded an honorary doctorate degree by his alma mater in 2008.

Vic Braden died of a heart attack on October 6, 2014, at the age of 85. He was married for many years to his 2nd wife, Melody.

Career
Braden became a tennis professional after graduating from Kalamazoo College in 1951.
While serving as Assistant Basketball Coach at the University of Toledo.  Harold Tenney hired him to become the Head Tennis Professional at the Toledo Tennis Club. Besides teaching, he joined the pro tour and played against Jimmy Evert (father of Chris Evert) and George Richey (father of Cliff and Nancy Richey).  He moved to California in 1956 and obtained a master's degree from  California State University, Los Angeles and an honorary PhD from Kalamazoo College. Braden joined Jack Kramer's pro tour in 1959.  In 1961, he and Kramer started the Jack Kramer Tennis Club in Palos Verdes, CA where Braden helped direct construction and sell memberships to the club and then served as the Head Tennis Professional. He started Tracy Austin in tennis, and developed his "Tennis College" concept. In 1986, Kramer said, "One Vic Braden is worth a lot of Champions in helping promote the sport. The McEnroes, Borgs, Connors, they've been great. But I don't think any one of them has created the interest in the sport that Vic has." Braden was a patient and good friend of Dr. Toby Freedman, who was prominent in Space and Sports Medicine at North American Aviation and Kerlan-Jobe Orthopedic Clinic,  and was an avid Tennis Player.

Professional accomplishments
Co-founder, Vic Braden Tennis College, Star Island Resort, Kissimmee, Florida
Co-founder, Vic Braden Tennis College, St. George, Utah
Founder-Director, Vic Braden Tennis College, Coto de Caza, California
1989-2002 Board Member: Vic Braden Sports Institute for Neurological Research, Washington, D.C.
1986-1994 Founder, Vic Braden Ski College, Aspen, Colorado
1980-1990 Co-founder, Co-director, Coto Sports Research Center, California
1967-1969 Manager, Pro Tennis Tour/George MacCall/Charlton Heston
1961-1972 Co-founder, Jack Kramer Club, Rolling Hills Estates, California
1957-1958 Instructor, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Psychology Clinic
1952-1955 Head Tennis/Assistant Basketball Coach, University of Toledo, Ohio

Awards
Contributing Most to Tennis in America (USTA)
Orange County Hall of Fame Lifetime Achievement Award (Sportswriter)
Coach of the Year Award (USPTA).
ATP Children's Tennis Award.
 Faculty Emeritus Award
 USTA Midwest Tennis Hall of Fame
 International Tennis Hall of Fame Tennis Educational Merit Award (1974)
 International Tennis Hall of Fame inductee in 2017

Videos

Vic Braden's 70 Minutes with Big Jake Kramer and Pancho Gonzalez Video
Vic Braden's Biomechanics of Tennis Video
Vic Braden's Strategy Video
Vic Braden's The Backhand
Vic Braden's The Forehand
Vic Braden's The Serve
Tennis My Way

Vocational highlights
Licensed psychologist (California), author, sports educator and researcher, cinematographer, videographer, sports, television commentator.

Books authored
He has authored five books with Bill Bruns whom he met in 1973.

  Co-authored with L. Phillips.

Books: other
 Wrote foreword: High Tech Tennis (1992). By Jack L. Groppel.
 Co-editor, and credited as photographer: Championship Tennis by the Experts: How to Play Championship Tennis (1981).

Featured in print media
Time magazine

Vic's Vacant Lot
Braden hosted a short-lived television series, Vic's Vacant Lot, which ran from 1982 to early 1984 for 26 episodes on ESPN and rerun on Nickelodeon until May 1985. The premise was to send Braden out with a group of children to show them how to organize competitive sports on a vacant lot, as specified in the title. Due to the show not receiving much recognition, no recordings were available online, at least until January 3, 2022, when an Internet Archive user uploaded an episode of the show in two parts.

References

External links

Vic Braden at International Tennis Hall of Fame
Vic Braden's Tennis Analysts Page
Braden's Facebook Page
Vic Braden Tennis College Profile
Vic Braden Quotes
TennisServer Profile

1929 births
2014 deaths
People from Monroe, Michigan
American male tennis players
American tennis coaches
Kalamazoo College alumni
International Tennis Hall of Fame inductees
Tennis commentators
Tennis people from Michigan
Professional tennis players before the Open Era


Nicolae Matei (1863–1933) was a Romanian politician who served as Deputy from 1905 to 1914 and as Senator from 1914 to 1933.

He married first Aglaia Popovici in 1893 and second time Smaranda Tașcă in 1920. His first wife died in 1917 during World War I in a shrapnel blast. His second wife was an agriculturist who had been trained in Germany under a special scholarship program sponsored by Queen Elisabeth of Romania.

Matei was also owner of the Bogdănești estate in Bacău County, which besides the mansion, also included farmland, a vineyard, two mills and some  of woodlands. The estate was inherited by his male offspring, Virgiliu, but was expropriated in March 1949 after the rise to power of the communist regime. Eventually his offspring moved to Cork, Ireland where both his granddaughter, Ruxandra Colan Petcu, and his great-granddaughter Ioana Petcu-Colan, have pursued careers as musicians.

References

1863 births
1933 deaths
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Romania)
Members of the Senate of Romania
Romanian landowners
People from Bacău County
People from the United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia


McGrath's Fish House is a chain of seafood restaurants based in Salem, Oregon. The chain operates two locations in Oregon and Washington, but had as many as 21 in Washington, Arizona, Oregon, Idaho, and Utah.

History
The first McGrath's Fish House was opened by John McGrath in Salem, Oregon, in 1980. That location in downtown Salem closed in 2015, with the company converting it into a restaurant called Urban Alley, which in turn closed in 2017. The company expanded to 21 locations at its most recent peak, including eight in Oregon, three in Washington, one in Idaho and four in Utah. The opened a location in Medford, Oregon, in 1996, which closed in 2022. The company opened a restaurant in Vancouver, Washington, in 1999.

In February 2010 the restaurant chain filed for bankruptcy under Chapter 11 reorganization, with both assets and liabilities between $10 million and $50 million.  A month later, in a first step towards reorganization, it closed four restaurants, located in Orem and Salt Lake City, Utah, Phoenix, Arizona, and Lynnwood, Washington. Further closures came in 2018 with the Eugene, Oregon, location, in 2019 with the Corvallis, Oregon, restaurant and in 2020 with both the Boise, Idaho, and Bend, Oregon locations.

As of 2022, the chain operates a total of two restaurants in Salem, Oregon, and Vancouver, Washington.

See also
 List of seafood restaurants

References

Companies based in Salem, Oregon
Privately held companies based in Oregon
Restaurants in Oregon
Oregon culture
Economy of the Northwestern United States
Regional restaurant chains in the United States
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2010
Restaurants established in 1980
Seafood restaurants in the United States
1980 establishments in Oregon


The High Commission of Canada in Australia is the diplomatic mission of Canada to Australia. It is located on Commonwealth Avenue, near State Circle, in the Australian capital city of Canberra. In addition to responsibility for bilateral relations between Canada and Australia, it is also responsible for relations with several Pacific Island nations, including the Marshall Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, Palau, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu.

History

Diplomatic relations between Canada and Australia were formally established in 1939, just as World War II broke out, with the appointment of high commissioners between the two nations. The three-storey chancery was officially opened January 30, 1964 by the Prime Minister of Australia, the Right Honourable Sir Robert Menzies. In 1994, the chancery was expanded to include a two-storey wing at the rear of the building. The new extension was opened by the Honourable Raymond Chan, Secretary of State (Asia-Pacific), on August 4, 1994. The High Commission currently has a complement of about 40-45 personnel, including Canada-based staff and locally engaged employees.

Since 1950 the High Commissioner's Official Residence has been an elegant mansion on Mugga Way in Canberra's historic Red Hill Conservation Area. The current High Commissioner is His Excellency Mr. Mark Glauser who was appointed on August 28, 2019.

The primary services offered at the High Commission in Canberra relate to helping companies do business with Canada, helping Canadian companies do business with Australia, furthering defence relations, and providing assistance to Canadians in the following Australian states: Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia, Western Australia and the Australian Capital Territory. It also provides development cooperation services for the Pacific Islands.

Canada also maintains a Consulate General in Sydney, NSW currently headed by Miss Angela Bogdan, with six Canada-based staff and 34 local employees. It is chiefly concerned with providing visa, immigration, and consular services for Canadians in the following states: New South Wales, Queensland and the Northern Territory. The mission has a much greater focus on cultural events given Sydney's national prominence in that sector.  Canada also has Honorary Consuls in Perth, WA, and Melbourne, VIC.

References

External links
 Official site
 Canada-Pacific Islands bilateral relations

See also
 Canadian-Australian relations
 Canada-New Zealand relations
 High Commission of Australia in Ottawa

1939 establishments in Australia
Australia–Canada relations
Canada
Canberra
Australia and the Commonwealth of Nations
Canada and the Commonwealth of Nations


In the Odyssey, Leodes, Leiodes or Liodes (; Ancient Greek: Λειώδης means 'smooth, even') was an Ithacan diviner and a minor suitor of Penelope. He had darkly predicted that Odysseus would return to avenge the suitors' abuse of hospitality.

Family
Leodes was the son of Oenops.

Mythology
As the sacrificial priest to the suitors, Liodes hated the evil deeds of the suitors and was indignant with the others. He was the first to test Odysseus' bow of which he said would break the heart and be the death of many. Leodes was the last person whom Odysseus killed in his homecoming rampage, decapitated while pleading for his life:

Leodes rushed in and caught the knees of Odysseus,and spoke to him in winged words and supplication:
'I am at your knees, Odysseus. Respect me, have mercy;
for I claim that never in your halls did I say or do anything
wrong to any one of the women, but always was trying
to stop any one of the other suitors who acted in that way.
But they would not listen to me and keep their hands off evil.
So by their own recklessness they have found a shameful
death, but I was their diviner, and I did nothing;
but I must fall, since there is no gratitude for past favors.'
Then looking darkly at him spoke resourceful Odysseus:
'If you claim to be the diviner among these people,
many a time you must have prayed in my palace, asking
that the completion of my sweet homecoming be far off
from me, that my dear wife would go off with you, and bear you
children. So you cannot escape from sorry destruction.'
So he spoke, and in his heavy hand caught up a sword
that was lying there on the ground where Agelaos had dropped it
when he was killed. With this he cut through the neck at the middle,
and the head of Leodes dropped in the dust while he was still speaking.

—(Odyssey, Lattimore translation, XXII. 310–329)

Notes

References
 Apollodorus, The Library with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. ISBN 0-674-99135-4. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.
 Homer, The Odyssey with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, PH.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1919. . Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.

Suitors of Penelope
Characters in the Odyssey
Ithacan characters in Greek mythology


Big White Mountain  is the highest mountain of the Okanagan Highland, Canada, and also of the Beaverdell Range, a subrange of that formation, which lies between the Okanagan Valley to its west and the main spine of the Monashee Mountains to its east.  The mountain lies between the head of the Kettle River and the source of Damfino Creek.

The mountain is commonly called 'Big White', a reference shared by the Big White Ski Resort built around its summit.

See also
 Monashee Pass (prominence col for Big White Mountain)

References

Two-thousanders of British Columbia
Mountains of the Okanagan
Monashee Mountains


BASIC Computer Games is a compilation of type-in computer games in the BASIC programming language collected by David H. Ahl. Some of the games were written or modified by Ahl as well. Among its better-known games are Hamurabi and Super Star Trek.

Originally published by DEC in 1973 as 101 BASIC Computer Games, the book was so popular that it had two more printing runs, the last in March 1975. The programs in these books were mostly written in the BASIC dialect found on Digital's minicomputers, although some could not be converted and appeared in different dialects like Dartmouth BASIC.

In 1974, Ahl left DEC. He purchased the rights to the book and republished it under the new name. With the release of the first microcomputers, and Microsoft BASIC soon after, the games were ported to this dialect. By the early 1980s, with tens of millions of home computers in the market, it had become the first computer book to sell a million copies.

History
Around 1971, Ahl ported two popular early mainframe games from DEC's FOCAL language to BASIC: Hamurabi and Lunar Lander. He published the BASIC versions in DEC's educational newsletter, EDU, which he edited. Their popularity was such that he called for more submissions for future editions of the newsletter, and quickly gathered many, with a considerable group of them coming from high school students. The wide availability of BASIC on various platforms, notably the Data General Nova and HP 2100 series, led to considerable porting effort to and from the DEC platform.

In 1974, Ahl left DEC to start Creative Computing magazine. He re-acquired the rights to the book from DEC and re-published under the name BASIC Computer Games. It was around this time that the first hobbyist microcomputers started appearing in 1975, and it became quite popular with these owners. The release of the "1977 Trinity" machines (Apple II, Commodore PET, and TRS-80) was soon followed by a great many new competing microcomputer platforms featuring BASIC, along with the userbase to go with them, and demand for the book led to a second edition in 1978. Sales remained strong for years, and spawned similar collections in More Basic Computer Games (1979), and Big Computer Games (1984) and Basic Computer Adventures (1984), with translations into six languages.

Games
Chomp
Civil War
Hexapawn
Hammurabi (based on The Sumer Game by Doug Dyment)
Nim
Super Star Trek

Reception
The first version, 101 went into a second printing and eventually sold 10,000 copies. Ahl later noted that “was far more books than there were computers around, so people were buying three, four, five of them for each computer.”

The second version, BASIC, was re-printed many times and was the first computer book to sell a million copies. Harry McCracken called it "The single most influential book of the BASIC era".

Legacy
Using Vintage Basic, the games can be run on any Microsoft Windows (32-bit or 64-bit), macOS (64-bit only), or Linux (64-bit only) system. The source code for the book is provided (with permission of David H Ahl) on Vintage Basic's Basic Computer Games page.

A Microsoft Windows machine with the GW-BASIC interpreter (32-bit only) can also run the games.

The games are also compilable and playable with the Microsoft Small Basic development environment for children. Computer Science for Kids has released a 2010 Small Basic Edition of the classic Basic Computer Games book called Basic Computer Games: Small Basic Edition.

A project started on GitHub in 2021 to port the games in these books to modern languages.

Program listings from the second ("microcomputer") edition, and from More Basic Computer Games, can be run by the open-source Brassica interpreter in R or Python.

A BASIC to Javascript compiler lets you run the original 101 games in your browser.

References

External links

Basic Computer Games: Small Basic 2010 Edition
George Beker's BEKERBOTS Site.  Beker illustrated the Basic Computer Games books
Basic Computer Games archived on AtariArchives.org
GW-BASIC games and other programs, including selections from the Basic Computer Games series

BASIC programming language family
Source code
Books about video games
Open-source video games
Public-domain software with source code
Software using the Unlicense license


John A. Barry (born 10 December 1928 in New Zealand) was a tennis player. He played for New Zealand in the Davis Cup of 1947 and 1954.

References

External links

1928 births
Living people
New Zealand male tennis players


Harry Gale Nye Jr. (February 12, 1908 – September 11, 1987) was a Chicago-born American industrialist, entrepreneur, and world champion sailor. He graduated from the Berkshire School and joined the class of 1933 at Yale University where he was a member of the Society of Book and Snake. Nye, a descendant of the Yale family whose gift founded the university, left Yale prior to his graduation upon his father's death in order to return home to Chicago to become president of the Nye Tool and Machine Works. The Nye Tool had been the plaintiff in a patent infringement case heard by the United States Supreme Court in 1923.

In 1933, Mr. Nye together with Jim Murphy founded Murphy & Nye Sailmakers, a business which is today a prominent Italian fashion apparel company and frequent sponsor of and supplier to Louis Vuitton Cup and America's Cup campaigns such as United Internet Team Germany and Emirates Team New Zealand.

Nye was widely regarded as one of the nation's most respected yachtsmen. Nye's yachts aptly donned the family name, Gale. He twice won the Chicago Yacht Club Race to Mackinac in 1950 and 1951 and twice won the Star World Championship in the Star class in 1942 and 1949.

Nye won many other international sailing competitions including the Bacardi Cup (in 1938, 1940 and 1941), a regatta which was started by the Bacardi (rum) family and held in Havana, Cuba in the pre-Fidel Castro era.

In 1946, Nye served with New York Yacht Club Commodores Harold Stirling Vanderbilt and W.A.W. Stewart on a subcommittee of the North American Yacht Racing Union (now known as US Sailing) to write the revised International Yacht Racing Rules, originally codified by Vanderbilt in 1934.

Nye's commitment to the Star Class continued beyond his own active sailing career. He served as Commodore of the International Star Class Yacht Racing Association from 1955 to 1963.  Following his death, the Harry Nye Trophy was established and is awarded to individuals whose extraordinary efforts contributed significantly to the success of the Star Class. The winner of the fourth race in the Star World Championship is also awarded the Harry G. Nye Trophy, in honor of Nye's dedication and service to the Star Class.

Nye founded and was president of North American Hydrofoils which designed and built the U.S.'s first commuter hydrofoils, named Enterprise and Endeavour, in 1961. These two prototype vessels were commissioned to shuttle commuters from Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey to Wall Street in Manhattan.

The Nye family is one of America's oldest. The Benjamin Nye Homestead stands as a museum in East Sandwich, Massachusetts. Harry Nye was descended from Mayflower passenger Thomas Rogers.

Harry Nye's oldest child, Julia Gale (Judy) Nye, was married to media mogul Ted Turner.

Harry Gale Nye Jr. died at Newport Beach, California on September 11, 1987, at the age of 79.

Nye has been nominated posthumously for induction into the National Sailing Hall of Fame.

References

External links
 List of World Championships medalists in sailing (keelboat classes)
 Commodore Raphael Posso presenting the Cuba Trophy to Harry G. Nye Jr. and Wally Etzbach
 Harry Nye Jr. and Lewis Gilbert under sail in International Star Class "GALE"
 Commodore Rafael Posso presents Cuba Cup to Harry Nye.
 Leeds Mitchell and Harry Nye, Cuba, 1938
 Sport: Star of Stars, Time, September 1, 1941
 "Into the Wind", Lake Magazine, July 2008. Article about Judy Nye.

 History of the Chicago Yacht Club Race to Mackinac, p. 11.
 "Huge Miami-Built Boat Flies". The Miami News. July 13, 1963.
 "Tomorrow's Hulls: On Wings and Wind". Motor Boating. February 1965.

Businesspeople from Chicago
Yale University alumni
Berkshire School alumni
1908 births
1987 deaths
Star class world champions
20th-century American businesspeople
World champions in sailing for the United States


Monashee Pass, , is a mountain pass in the Monashee Mountains of the Southern Interior of British Columbia, Canada.  Located southeast of Cherryville, the pass is used by British Columbia Highway 6 connecting Vernon to Nakusp on Arrow Lake, and beyond to the cities of the West Kootenay.  It is the "prominence col" for Big White Mountain, which is the highest mountain to its southwest.

The word Monashee is from the Gaelic monadh, meaning mountain, and sith, pronounced shee, meaning peace. Monashee therefore means mountain of peace.

Note that Monashee Summit,  is slightly further southeast on Hwy 6 (near the Lost Lake Rest Area), and is the actual high point on the highway between Vernon & Arrow Lake.

References

Canadian Mountain Encyclopedia entry

Mountain passes of British Columbia
Monashee Mountains
Arrow Lakes


Joe Hyams (June 6, 1923 – November 8, 2008) was an American Hollywood columnist and author of bestselling biographies of Hollywood stars.

Career
Hyams was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on June 6, 1923, and grew up in nearby Brookline. While attending Harvard University, he enlisted in the United States Army in 1942. He received a Purple Heart and was awarded the Bronze Star Medal while serving in the South Pacific. He later covered the war for Stars and Stripes, the official newspaper of the United States Armed Forces. He earned bachelor's and master's degrees at New York University, after returning from military service.

In 1951, the New York Herald Tribune sent him to do an article on illegal immigration to the United States. He was flown to Mexico on a small airplane and came back into the United States with a group crossing the border illegally. Once the story was complete, his editor told him that a room was waiting for him at the Beverly Hills Hotel. "Take a break, and if you get a chance to interview any movie stars, go for it." Asked by a man seated at the hotel's pool what he was doing at the hotel, he replied that he was supposed to interview movie stars. "How would you like to interview Humphrey Bogart?" was the reply from what turned out to be Bogart's press agent. When Hyams arrived, Bogart was behind the bar and offered him a drink.  Hyams asked for a Coke and Bogart reacted angrily: "I don't trust any bastard who doesn't drink, especially a pipe-smoking newspaperman… or a man who has more hair than I have." At this, Hyams pocketed his notebook and headed for the door. "I don't drink," he said on his way out, "and I certainly have more hair on my head than you do." Bogart liked the courage of the reply and not only granted Hyams an interview, but as soon as it appeared invited him to lunch.  In addition to the interview with Humphrey Bogart, within the week Hyams had interviewed Lauren Bacall, Katharine Hepburn, Frank Sinatra and Spencer Tracy. The Herald Tribune had him relocated to Los Angeles. He covered Hollywood as a syndicated columnist from 1951 to 1964.

After leaving the Herald Tribune, Hyams covered Hollywood for the Saturday Evening Post, Ladies' Home Journal, Redbook and other publications.

He was the author (or co-author) of more than two-dozen books, most of which were biographies of the celebrities he covered, including Bogie in 1966, Bogart & Bacall: A Love Story in 1975 and James Dean: Little Boy Lost in 1992. He co-authored celebrity autobiographies, with Chuck Norris on The Secret of Inner Strength: My Story and worked on Michael Reagan: On the Outside Looking In, with the adopted son of the former President. His own autobiography, Mislaid in Hollywood, was written in 1973. He also wrote novels set in Hollywood, such as The Pool and Murder at the Academy Awards.

His 1979 book Zen in the Martial Arts was built on his many years of studying martial arts with such figures as Bong Soo Han, Bruce Lee, and Ed Parker. He first became involved in the martial arts during his wartime service in the US Army, when he was regularly beaten up for being Jewish. After the war he became a student of kenpo karate and studied Jeet Kune Do with Bruce Lee, as well as becoming proficient in eight other martial arts disciplines.  Melissa Hyams said the slim book "isn't really about martial arts. It's about life and philosophy, and how to turn a negative into a positive, how to defuse a situation by the way you handle it. That's what he'll most be remembered for."

With penologist Tom Murton, he wrote Accomplices to the Crime: The Arkansas Prison Scandal, a 1969 nonfiction account that was the basis for the 1980 film Brubaker starring Robert Redford with supporting roles played by Yaphet Kotto and Morgan Freeman

In 1991 he wrote the non-fiction work Flight of the Avenger: George Bush at War.

Personal life
His third marriage was to 24-year-old actress Elke Sommer in November 1964 in a civil ceremony in Las Vegas.

Hyams had been a longtime resident of Los Angeles and moved to Penrose, Colorado, three years before his death. He died at age 85 on November 8, 2008, from coronary artery disease at a hospital in Denver, leaving his fourth wife Melissa, two sons, and two daughters.

References

External links
Joe Hyams papers, MSS 1479, L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University

1923 births
2008 deaths
American columnists
Writers from Cambridge, Massachusetts
Writers from Brookline, Massachusetts
United States Army personnel of World War II
Harvard University alumni
New York University alumni
Jewish American writers
American Kenpo practitioners
Deaths from coronary artery disease


The International Forum of Public Universities (IFPU) [French: ] is a consortium of 23 public universities.

History
In 2004, discussions among foreign university chiefs who had been invited to receive honorary degrees at the Université de Montréal's quasquicentennial led to a subsequent conference in Belgium and a decision to establish a formal association. Bringing together a limited number of universities from diverse countries, the forum was founded on October 11, 2007, at the Université de Montréal with the mission of "promoting the expression of values that underlie the mission of public universities in an era of internationalization". In 2008, the consortium included 13 of the world's 200 top universities according to Times Higher Education rankings. Each year, a specialized summer school is hosted by one of its member universities.

Aims
Enhancing mutual understanding, integrating possible resources for supporting teachers, and facilitating the application of joint research projects in accordance with international influential events or organizations.

Meetings
Meetings have been attended by World Bank experts in tertiary education.

 October 11, 2007 at Université de Montréal
 November 8–9, 2008 at Peking University, linked with the Beijing forum
“Technological Innovation, Social Transformation and Competitiveness of Public Universities,” 7th annual meeting at Nankai University, Tianjin, October 28, 2013
10th Summer Doctoral School at Nankai University, Tianjin, June 10–15, 2018

Member universities
 Universidad de Buenos Aires (Argentina)
 Université libre de Bruxelles (Belgium)
 Universidade de São Paulo (Brazil)
 Université de Montréal (Canada)
 Universidad de Chile (Chile)
 Nankai University (China)
 Peking University (China)
 Charles University (Czech Republic)
 University of Paris III: Sorbonne Nouvelle (France)
 University of Freiburg (Germany)
 Jawaharlal Nehru University (India)
 Università di Bologna (Italy)
 Nagoya University (Japan)
 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (Mexico)
 Mohammed V University at Agdal (Morocco)
 Universitatea din București (Romania)
 Lomonosov Moscow State University (Russia)
 Université Cheikh Anta Diop (Senegal)
 Universitat de Barcelona (Spain)
 Université de Genève (Switzerland)
 University of California (United States)

Associated members
 University of Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso)
 Université d'État d'Haïti (Haiti)

References

External links
IFPU Official Site
 IFPU in The Chronicle of Higher Education
 IFPU in Le Devoir

International college and university associations and consortia


Helicopter Sea Combat Squadron 11 (HSC-11), also known as the Dragonslayers, is a United States Navy helicopter squadron based at Naval Air Station Norfolk as part of Carrier Air Wing 1 operating MH-60S helicopters deployed aboard aircraft carriers.  The squadron was established on 27 June 1957 at Naval Air Station Quonset Point as Helicopter Anti-Submarine Squadron 11 (HS-11) with Sikorsky HSS-1 Seabat helicopters. In 2016, HS-11 transitioned to MH-60S and re-designated as HSC-11.

History
Helicopter Anti-Submarine Squadron 11 was established on 27 June 1957 at Naval Air Station (NAS) Quonset Point, Rhode Island. The squadron's nickname was the Sub Seekers and it first flew the Sikorsky HSS-1 Seabat helicopter under the radio call sign “Snowbound”. The primary mission of the Seabat was antisubmarine warfare (ASW) and it carried dipping sonar. In 1959 the squadron transitioned to the HSS-1N Seabat which was upgraded with Doppler radar and automatic stabilization and hover capabilities for all-weather operations.  The HS-11 Sub Seekers were assigned to Carrier Anti-Submarine Air Group 52 (CVSG-52) with tail code AS and deployed on board . In September 1962 the squadron's HSS-1N helicopters were re-designated the SH-34J Seabat in compliance with the 1962 United States Tri-Service aircraft designation system.

At the end of 1962, the squadron transitioned to the Sikorsky twin engine SH-3A Sea King and would later upgrade to the SH-3D and SH-3H in 1969 and 1980, respectively.  In December 1969, HS-11 became the first ASW helicopter squadron to deploy as part of a modern carrier air wing with CVW-17 on board .  From 1970 to 1973, HS-11 was assigned to CVSG-56 deploying on board  with tail code AU.  On 17 October 1973, HS-11 moved to its new home port of Naval Air Station Jacksonville and was reassigned to Carrier Air Wing ONE (CVW-1) where it remains assigned to this day. In 1989, HS-11 changed its squadron nickname from Sub Seekers to Dragonslayers.  HS-11 would make deployments on board , , , , and aboard  before Enterprise decommissioned late in 2012.

The Dragonslayer history has many distinguished highlights.  The squadron played a leading role in astronaut recovery operations during the Gemini missions, plucking from the sea such famed astronauts as White, McDivitt, Lovell, and Aldrin.  In 1976, the squadron was awarded the Navy Unit Commendation for saving countless lives after ship collisions at sea while attached to .  Over the years, HS-11 has answered the domestic call for help numerous times in support of hurricane relief efforts, including Hurricane Andrew in 1993 and in 1999 the squadron rescued nine men whose ship was sunk during Hurricane Floyd in winds over 50 knots and seas measuring 30 feet.  HS-11 was the first Navy squadron on-station just hours after Hurricane Ike swept through Galveston, Texas, in September 2008. More recently, HS-11 was one of the first units to respond to the earthquake as part of Operation unified response in Haiti in January 2010.

Since 1985, HS-11 has participated in Operation Ocean Safari in the northern Atlantic, Operation Prairie Fire in Libya, Operations Desert Shield, Desert Storm and Southern Watch in the Persian Gulf, Operation Provide Promise in the Adriatic Sea, Operation Provide Comfort off Mogadishu, Somalia and Operations Deny Flight and Decisive Edge in the Adriatic Sea.  Most recently, HS-11 participated in Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan and Operation Iraqi Freedom between 2001 and 2003, and again supported Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom in 2006 and 2007.  In 2006, the Dragonslayers deployed two HH-60H aircraft to Basrah, Iraq, in support of Multi-National Division (South-East) and the Joint Helicopter Force.

In 1994, HS-11 transitioned to the Sikorsky SH-60F and HH-60H Seahawk helicopters.  The capabilities of those aircraft allowed the squadron to greatly expand its mission areas.  In addition to ASW and search and rescue, the Dragonslayers added such missions as Vertical Replenishment, Naval Special Warfare Support, and Combat Search and Rescue to its capabilities.  With the addition of the Hellfire missile system and GAU-16 .50 caliber machine gun in 1999, HS-11 became capable of effectively conducting anti-surface warfare. In 2014 HS-11 became the first active duty fleet helicopter squadron to deploy with the GAU-17/A 7.62mm mini-gun system.

On 1 June 2016, HS-11 completed transition to the MH-60S Seahawk, was redesignated HSC-11, and moved from NAS Jacksonville to Naval Station Norfolk, Virginia.

See also
 List of United States Navy aircraft squadrons

External links

References

Helicopter sea combat squadrons of the United States Navy
1957 establishments in Virginia


Old Town is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Staten Island, located on its East Shore. Old Town was established in August 1661 as part of New Netherland, and was the first permanent European settlement on Staten Island. Originally described as "Oude Dorpe" (old village in Dutch), much of its original territory makes up what is present-day South Beach, with parts of Midland Beach and Dongan Hills.  The area was settled by a group of Dutch, Walloon (from what is now southern Belgium and its borders with France) and French Protestants (Huguenots) led by Walloon Pierre Billiou.

Present-day Old Town is typically described as the neighborhood bordered by Grasmere to the north, Dongan Hills to the south, South Beach to the east, and Concord to the west. The neighborhood is served by the Old Town station of the Staten Island Railway. Old Town is also served by the  local buses on Hylan Boulevard and the  local buses on Richmond Road. Express bus service is provided by the  on Hylan Boulevard  and the  on Richmond Road.

Notable places
The neighborhood is home to the campus of Staten Island's largest circulation daily, the Staten Island Advance, a newspaper that likes to refer to Old Town as either Grasmere or Dongan Hills, even though its residents refer to it as Old Town.

The Academy of St. Dorothy, a private Roman Catholic elementary school sits on Hylan Boulevard in Old Town.

Carmel Richmond Healthcare and Rehabilitation Center (formerly Carmel Richmond Nursing Home), a Roman Catholic nursing home sits on Old Town Road. The home was established by the sisters of the Carmelite Order in the 1970s.

A Very Special Place, a school for developmentally disabled children was opened on Quintard Street in the late 1990s.

Notable people
James Oddo, an American politician and member of the New York City Council is a former resident of Old Town.

References

Dickenson, Richard. Holden's Staten Island: The History of Richmond County. Center for Migration Studies, New York. 2002. Pg.17. .

Populated places established in 1661
Neighborhoods in Staten Island
1661 establishments in the Dutch Empire
1661 establishments in North America
Establishments in New Netherland


Johannes Ludwig Emil Robert von Hanstein (15 May 1822 – 27 August 1880) was a German botanist who was a native of Potsdam.

He attended classes at the Gärtnerlehranstalt (Institute of Horticulture) in Potsdam, and later studied sciences in Berlin, obtaining his doctorate in 1848. In 1855 he was a lecturer of botany at the University of Berlin, and six years later became curator of the royal herbarium. In 1865 he was appointed professor of botany at the University of Bonn and director of the botanical garden.

Hanstein is remembered for studies in plant anatomy and morphology. In 1868 he introduced the "histogen theory" to explain shoot apex behaviour in plants. With his close friend, Nathanael Pringsheim (1823–1894), he conducted pioneer research on the fertilization process in ferns.

The plant genus Hansteinia of the family Acanthaceae is named after him.

Gallery

Selected publications
 Untersuchungen über den Bau und die Entwickelung der Baumrinde (Studies on the construction and development of tree bark) (1853).
 Die Milchsaftgefässe und die verwandten Organe der Rinde, (1864).
 Die Scheitelzellgruppe im Vegetationspunkt der Phanerogamen (The cortex cell group in the growth-point of phanerogams), (1869).
 Die Entwicklung des Keimes der Monokotylen und Dikotylen (Development involving germination of monocotyls and dicots), (1870).

He was also an editor of the journal Botanische Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Morphologie und Physiologie (Botanical treatises from the areas of morphology and physiology). Example :

 With Ernst Pfitzer. Untersuchungen über Bau und Entwicklung der Bacillariaceen (Diatomaceen), (1871) : Read online

References
 Parts of this article are based on a translation of an equivalent article at the German Wikipedia, including:
 NDB/ADB Deutsche Biographie (biography)
 Meyers Konversations-Lexikon 4. Auflage. Band 8, Bibliographisches Institut, Leipzig 1885–1892, S. 149–150.

Scientists from Potsdam
1822 births
1880 deaths
Academic staff of the University of Bonn
19th-century German botanists


Papyrus 100 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), designated by siglum 𝔓100, is an early copy of the New Testament in Greek. It is a papyrus manuscript of the Epistle of James. The surviving texts of James are verses 3:13-4:4; 4:9-5:1, they are in a fragmentary condition. The manuscript has been assigned paleographically to the late 3rd century, or early 4th century.

Text
The Greek text of the codex is a representative of the Alexandrian text-type. According to textual scholar Philip Comfort, 𝔓100 "generally concurs" with the Alexandrian witnesses, 𝔓74 א A and B.

, it has not yet been placed in any of Kurt Aland's categories of New Testament manuscripts.

 James 3:13-18
 13 – [δειξατω εκ της] καλης αν[ασ]τροφης τα ερ[γα αυτου εν πραυ]τητι σοφια[ς] 14 ει δ[ε] ζηλον [πικρον εχετε] και̣ ε̣ρειθε̣ι̣αν εν τη καρ[δια υμων μη κα]τακαυχασθε και ψεδε̣υ[σθε κατα της αλ]ηθειας 15 [ο]υκ εστ̣ι̣ν αυτη [η σοφια ανωθεν] κατ̣ερχομε̣ν̣[η] α̣λ̣λ ε̣πι̣γ̣ι[ος ψυχικη δαιμ]ο̣νιωδης 16 οπου γαρ ζη[λος και εριθεια ε]κ̣ει ακαστασια και παν [φαυλον πραγμα] 17 η̣ δ̣ε̣ ανωθεν σοφια πρω[τον μεν αγνη εστι]ν επειτα ειρηνικη επι[εικης ευπειθης] μ̣εστη ελεους κα̣ι καρ[πων αγαθων αδιακρ]ι̣τ̣[ος] κ̣α̣ι α̣νυ̣ποκρι[τος] 18 [καρπος δε δι]κ̣αι[οσυνη]ς̣ εν ειρηνη [σπειρεται τοις ποι]ουσ[ιν ει]ρ̣ηνη̣[ν]

 James 4:1-14
 1 πο̣θεν̣ [πολεμοι και ποθεν μαχαι] εν υμε̣ι̣ν ουκ [εντευθεν εκ των η]δονω̣ν υμων των̣ [στρατευομενων εν τοις] μ̣ελ̣ε̣[σι]ν υμ̣[ω]ν̣ 2 [επιθυμειτε και ουκ εχετε] φονε̣υ̣ετε και [ζηλουτε και ου δ]υ̣να[σθ]ε̣ επιτυ̣[χ]ε̣[ι]ν μα[χεσθε και πολεμ]ε̣ιτε ουκ ε̣χ̣ε̣τ̣ε δι̣α το μη [αιτεισθαι υμας] 3 α̣ιτειτε κ[αι] ο̣υ λαμβανε̣[τε διοτι κακως] αι̣[τ]ε̣ι̣τε [ινα] [εν] ταις ηδο̣[ναις υμων] [δα]π̣ανησητ̣[ε] 4 [μοιχ]α̣λιδε[ς ουκ οιδατε οτι η φιλι]α̣ τ̣ο̣υ κ̣ο̣[σμου εχθρ]α [του θυ̅ εστιν ος εαν ουν βουληθη] φ̣ιλο[ς] – 9 –

 εις π[ε]νθος μ̣ετατραπη[τω και η χαρα] εις κατηφιαν 10 ταπεινω[θητε ενωπι]ο̣ν του κυ̅ και υψωσ̣[ε]ι υμ[ας] 11 [μη καταλα]λε̣ι̣τε αλληλων αδελφο[ι ο καταλαλων] αδελ̣φο̣υ̣ η κ[ρ]εινων τ[ον αδελφον αυ]του καταλαλει ν̣ομου κα̣[ι κρινει νομον] ει δε νον κρινεις̣ ουκ ε[ι ποιητης νομου] αλλα κρ[ι]της 12 εις εστιν ν̣[ομοθετης και] κριτης ο δυναμενος̣ [σωσαι και απολε]σαι συ δε τις ει ο κρινω̣[ν τον πλησιον] 13 αγε νυν οι λεγοντες̣ ση[μερον η αυρι]ον πορευσ[ομεθα εις τηνδε την πολιν και] π̣οιησομ̣εν εκ̣[ει ε]νιαυ̣[τον και εμπο]ρευσο[με]θα κα̣[ι] [κερ]δη[σομεν] 14 [οιτινες] ουκ ε̣πι[σ]τ̣α̣σθε̣ [το της αυριον ποια] γαρ̣ ζω̣η̣ υ̣μ[ων ατμις γαρ εστε η προς] ο̣λιγ̣ον̣ φαιν̣[ομενη επειτα και αφα]ν̣ιζο̣μ̣ε̣ν̣η̣

 James 4:15-17
 15 [αντι] τ̣ο̣[υ λεγειν υμας εαν] ο̣ κς̣̅ [θε]λ̣η̣σ̣η̣ κ̣αι̣ ζησ[ομεν και ποιη]σομ̣ε̣[ν] τ̣ο̣[υτ]ο̣ η̣ εκε[ι]ν̣[ο] 16 [νυν δε καυ]χα̣σ̣θ[ε εν ταις] α̣[λ]α̣ζον[ειαις υμων πα]σα κα[υχησις] τ̣ο̣ι̣αυτ̣η̣ [πονηρα εστιν] 17 ε̣ι̣[δοτι ουν] κ̣αλον πο̣ι̣[ειν και μη ποι]ο̣υ̣[ντι αμαρτια αυτω εστιν]

 James 5:1
 1 [αγε νυν] ο̣[ι πλουσιοι κλαυσατε ολολυζοντες] –

Location
The manuscript is currently housed at the Ashmolean Museum (P. Oxy. 4449) at Oxford.

See also

 List of New Testament papyri
 Oxyrhynchus Papyri

References

Further reading

 R. Hubner, The Oxyrhynchus Papyri LXV (London: 1998), pp. 24–29.

External links

Images

 P.Oxy.LXVI 4449 from Papyrology at Oxford's "POxy: Oxyrhynchus Online"
 𝔓100 recto James 3:13-4:4
 𝔓100 verso James 4:9-5:1

Official registration
 "Continuation of the Manuscript List" Institute for New Testament Textual Research, University of Münster. Retrieved April 9, 2008

New Testament papyri
3rd-century biblical manuscripts
Early Greek manuscripts of the New Testament
Epistle of James papyri