The Mozart family grand tour was a journey through western Europe, undertaken by Leopold Mozart, his wife Anna Maria, and their musically gifted children Maria Anna (Nannerl) and Wolfgang Theophilus (Wolferl) from 1763 to 1766. At the start of the tour the children were aged eleven and seven respectively. Their extraordinary skills had been demonstrated during a visit to Vienna in 1762, when they had played before the Empress Maria Theresa at the Imperial Court. Sensing the social and pecuniary opportunities that might accrue from a prolonged trip embracing the capitals and main cultural centres of Europe, Leopold obtained an extended leave of absence from his post as deputy Kapellmeister to the Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg. Throughout the subsequent tour, the children's Wunderkind status was confirmed as their precocious performances consistently amazed and gratified their audiences.

The first stage of the tour's itinerary took the family, via Munich and Frankfurt, to Brussels and then on to Paris where they stayed for five months. They then departed for London, where during a stay of more than a year Wolfgang made the acquaintance of some of the leading musicians of the day, heard much music, and composed his first symphonies. The family then moved on to the Netherlands, where the schedule of performances was interrupted by the illnesses of both children, although Wolfgang continued to compose prolifically. The homeward phase incorporated a second stop in Paris and a trip through Switzerland, before the family's return to Salzburg in November 1766.

The material rewards of the tour, though reportedly substantial, did not transform the family's lifestyle, and Leopold continued in the Prince-Archbishop's service. However, the journey enabled the children to experience to the full the cosmopolitan musical world, and gave them an outstanding education. In Wolfgang's case this would continue through further journeys in the following six years, prior to his appointment by the Prince-Archbishop as a court musician.

Child prodigies

The Mozart children were not alone as 18th-century music prodigies. Education writer Gary Spruce refers to hundreds of similar cases, and cites that of William Crotch of Norwich who in 1778, at the age of three, was giving organ recitals. British scholar Jane O'Connor explains the 18th century fascination with prodigies as "the realisation of the potential entertainment and fiscal value of an individual child who was in some way extraordinary". Other childhood contemporaries of Mozart included the violinist and composer Thomas Linley, born the same year as Wolfgang, and the organist prodigy Joseph Siegmund Bachmann. Mozart eventually became recognised among prodigies as the future standard for early success and promise.

Of seven children born to Leopold and Anna Maria Mozart, only the fourth, Maria Anna (Nannerl), born 31 July 1751, and the youngest, Wolfgang, born 27 January 1756, survived infancy. The children were educated at home, under Leopold's guidance, learning basic skills in reading, writing, drawing and arithmetic, together with some history and geography. Their musical education was aided by exposure to the constant rehearsing and playing of Leopold and his fellow musicians. When Nannerl was seven her father began to teach her to play the harpsichord, with Wolfgang looking on; according to Nannerl's own account "the boy immediately showed his extraordinary, God-given talent. He often spent long periods at the clavier, picking out thirds, and his pleasure showed that they sounded good to him... When he was five years old he was composing little pieces which he would play to his father who would write them down". A family friend, the poet Johann Andreas Schachtner, recounted that at the age of four Wolfgang began to compose a recognisable piano concerto, and was able to demonstrate a phenomenal sense of pitch.

Nannerl herself was an apt pupil, no less quick to learn than her brother, and was playing the keyboard with striking virtuosity by the time she was eleven. In that year, 1762, Leopold brought the children to Munich to play before Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria. Leopold then took the entire family to Vienna, on a trip that lasted for three months. He had secured invitations from several noble patrons, and within three days of arriving the children were playing at the palace of Count Collalto. Among those present was the Viennese Treasury councillor and future prime minister Karl von Zinzendorf, who noted in his diary that "a little boy, said to be only five-and-a-half years old [Wolfgang was actually nearly seven], played the harpsichord". After an appearance before the Imperial Vice-Chancellor, the Mozarts were invited to the royal court, where the Empress Maria Theresa tested Wolfgang's abilities by requiring him to play with the keyboard covered. During this court visit Wolfgang met the Archduchess Maria Antonia, the future Queen Marie Antoinette of France, who was two months his senior. Mozart's biographer Eric Blom recounts an anecdote of how the Archduchess helped Wolfgang when he slipped on the polished floor; she is supposed to have received a proposal of marriage in return.

As the Mozarts began to be noticed by the Viennese aristocracy, they were often required to give several performances during a single day. They were well rewarded for this activity—at the end of their first hectic week in Vienna, Leopold was able to send home the equivalent of more than two years' salary. Their schedule was interrupted when Wolfgang fell ill with scarlet fever, and their former momentum was not regained. Nevertheless, the visit left Leopold eager to pursue further opportunities for social and financial success. On their return to Salzburg, Wolfgang played the harpsichord and violin at a birthday concert for the archbishop, to the evident astonishment of those present.

Grand tour

Preparations

In a letter to his friend and landlord Johann Lorenz Hagenauer (1712–1792), a prominent Salzburg merchant, written after the tour, Leopold quotes the German diplomat Friedrich Melchior, Baron von Grimm, who after hearing the children play had said: "Now for once in my life I have seen a miracle: this is the first". Leopold believed that it was his duty to proclaim this miracle to the world, otherwise he would be "the most ungrateful creature". He was said to have described Wolfgang as "The miracle which God let be born in Salzburg." Mozart biographer Wolfgang Hildesheimer has suggested that, at least in the case of Wolfgang, this venture was premature: "Too soon, [the] father dragged [the] son all over Western Europe for years. This continual change of scene would have worn out even a robust child..." However, there is little evidence to suggest that Wolfgang was physically harmed or musically hindered by these childhood exertions; it seems that he felt equal to the challenge from the start.

Leopold wanted to begin the tour as soon as possible—the younger the children were, the more spectacular would be the demonstration of their gifts. The route he intended to take included southern Germany, the Austrian Netherlands, Paris, Switzerland and possibly northern Italy. The London leg was only added after urgings during the Paris visit, and the eventual Dutch trip was an unplanned detour. The plan was to take in as many princely European courts as possible, as well as the great cultural capitals—Leopold was relying on his professional musical network and on his more recent social contacts to obtain invitations from the royal courts. Practical assistance came from Hagenauer, whose trading connections in the major cities would supply the Mozarts with what were effectively banking facilities. These would enable them to obtain money en route, while waiting for the proceeds from their performances to accumulate.

Wolfgang prepared for the tour by perfecting himself on the violin, which he had learned to play apparently without any tutelage whatsoever. As for more general preparation, the children delighted in making music together, something they never lost. On tour, even during the busiest travelling days they would fit in their daily practice, appearing to thrive on the hectic schedule. Before the journey could begin, Leopold needed the consent of his employer, the prince-archbishop. Leopold had only been appointed deputy Kapellmeister in January 1763; nevertheless the archbishop's consent to an extended leave of absence was granted, on the grounds that the Mozarts' successes would bring glory to Salzburg, its ruler, and to God.

Early stages (July–November 1763)

The journey's beginning, on 9 July 1763, was inauspicious; on the first day a carriage wheel broke, requiring a 24-hour pause while repairs were carried out. Leopold turned this delay to advantage by taking Wolfgang to the nearby church at Wasserburg, where according to Leopold the boy played on the organ pedalboard as if he had been studying it for months. In Munich, on successive evenings, the children played before Elector Maximilian III, earning from these engagements the equivalent of half of Leopold's annual salary of 354 florins. The next stop was Augsburg, where Leopold's estranged mother refused to attend any of the three concerts given there. The family then moved on to Schwetzingen and the Mannheim court, where the children's performance apparently amazed Elector Palatine Karl Theodor and his Electress.

The next extended stop was at Mainz. The Elector was ill, but the Mozarts gave three concerts in the town, which brought in 200 florins. From Mainz the family took the market boat up the River Main to Frankfurt, where several public concerts were given. Among those present at the first of these was the fourteen-year-old Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, who would many years later recall "the little fellow with his wig and his sword". An advertisement for these concerts announced that "the girl" would play "the most difficult pieces by the greatest masters", while "the boy" would play a concerto on the violin and also repeat his Vienna trick of playing with the keyboard completely covered by a cloth. Finally, "he will improvise out of his head, not only on the fortepiano but also on the organ...in all the keys, even the most difficult, that he may be asked".

The family proceeded by riverboat to Koblenz, Bonn and Cologne. Turning west they reached Aachen, where a performance was given before Princess Anna Amalia of Prussia, the sister of Frederick the Great. The princess tried to persuade Leopold to abandon his itinerary and go to Berlin, but Leopold resisted. "She has no money", he wrote to Hagenauer, recounting that she had repaid the performance with kisses. "Howbeit, neither mine host nor the postmaster are to be contented with kisses." They proceeded into the Austrian Netherlands, an area corresponding roughly to present-day Belgium and Luxembourg, where they arrived in the regional capital, Brussels, on 5 October. After several weeks' waiting for the governor-general, Prince Charles of Lorraine, to summon them ("His highness the prince does nothing but hunt, gobble and swill", wrote Leopold to Hagenauer), the Mozarts gave a grand concert in the prince's presence on 7 November. On the 15th the family departed for Paris.

During the hiatus in Brussels, Wolfgang turned his attention briefly from performing to composing. On 14 October he finished an Allegro for harpsichord, which would later be incorporated into the C major sonata, K. 6, which he completed in Paris.

Paris (November 1763 – April 1764)

On 18 November 1763 the Mozart family arrived in Paris, one of the most important musical centres of Europe, and also a city of great power, wealth, and intellectual activity. Leopold hoped to be received by the court of Louis XV at nearby Versailles. However, a recent death in the royal family prevented any immediate invitation, so Leopold arranged other engagements. One person who took particular note of the children was the German diplomat Friedrich Melchior von Grimm, whose journal records Wolfgang's feats in glowing terms: "the most consummate Kapellmeister could not be more profound in the science of harmony and modulation". Leopold's own assessment, written a few months later, was similarly effusive: "My little girl, although only 12 years old, is one of the most skilful players in Europe and, in a word, my boy knows more in his eighth year than one would expect for a man of forty".

On 24 December the family moved to Versailles for two weeks during which, through a court connection, they were able to attend a royal dinner, where Wolfgang was reportedly allowed to kiss the hand of the Queen. At Versailles they also visited the famous courtesan Madame de Pompadour, then in the last months of her life—"an extremely haughty woman who still ruled over everything", according to Leopold. In Nannerl's later recollections, Wolfgang was made to stand on a chair to be examined by the Madame, who would not allow him to kiss her.

Mozart did play some instruments at Versailles for the royal family, although there is no record of him or the children giving a formal concert at Versailles. In February 1764 they were given 50 louis d'or (about 550 florins) and a gold snuff-box by the royal entertainments office, presumably for entertaining the royal family privately, but no more details are available. Further concerts were given in Paris on 10 March and on 9 April, at a private theatre in the rue et Porte St Honoré. At the same time Wolfgang's first published works were printed: two pairs of sonatas for harpsichord and violin, K. 6 and 7, and K. 8 and 9. These pairs became Opus 1 and Opus 2 in Leopold's private catalogue of his son's work. The first pair was dedicated to the king's daughter, Madame Victoire de France, the second to the Countess of Tessé. Mozart biographer Stanley Sadie comments that some aspects of these pieces are rather childish and naïve, but that nevertheless their technique is "astonishingly sure, their line of thinking is clear and smooth, and their formal balance is beyond reproach".

A decision was taken in Paris to go to London, perhaps on the advice of Leopold's musical and court acquaintances, who would probably have advised him that England was, in the words of the Mozart scholar Neal Zaslaw, "known for the enthusiasm with which it received continental musicians and the extravagance with which it rewarded them". On 10 April the family left for Calais and after an unpleasant crossing to Dover on a hired boat, and some delays, arrived in London on 23 April.

London (April 1764 – July 1765)

The Mozarts' first London lodgings were above a barber's shop in Cecil Court, near St Martin-in-the-Fields. Letters of introduction from Paris proved effective; on 27 April 1764, four days after their arrival, the children were playing before King George III and his 19-year-old German queen, Charlotte Sophia. A second royal engagement was fixed for 19 May, at which Wolfgang was asked by the king to play pieces by Handel, Johann Christian Bach and Carl Friedrich Abel. He was allowed to accompany the queen as she sang an aria, and he later improvised on the bass part of a Handel aria from which, according to Leopold, he produced "the most beautiful melody in such a manner that everyone was astonished".

Many of the nobility and gentry were leaving town for the summer, but Leopold reckoned that most would return for the king's birthday celebrations on 4 June, and accordingly organised a concert for the 5th. This was deemed a success, and Leopold hastened to arrange for Wolfgang to appear at a benefit concert for a maternity hospital on 29 June, at Ranelagh Pleasure Gardens. Leopold apparently saw this effort to support charitable works as "a way to earn the love of this very special nation". Wolfgang was advertised as "the celebrated and astonishing Master Mozart, a Child of Seven Years of Age..." (he was in fact eight), "justly esteemed the most extraordinary Prodigy, and most amazing Genius, that has appeared in any Age". On 8 July there was a private performance at the Grosvenor Square home of the Earl of Thanet, from which Leopold returned with an inflammation of the throat and other worrying symptoms. "Prepare your heart to hear one of the saddest events", he wrote to Hagenauer in anticipation of his own imminent demise. He was ill for several weeks, and for the sake of his health the family moved from their Cecil Court lodgings to a house in the countryside, at 180 Ebury Street, then considered part of the village of Chelsea.

During Leopold's illness performances were impossible, so Wolfgang turned to composition. According to the writer and musician Jane Glover, Wolfgang was inspired to write symphonies after meeting Johann Christian Bach. It is not clear when this meeting occurred, or when Wolfgang first heard J. C. Bach's symphonies, although he had played the older composer's harpsichord works in his May 1764 royal recital. Wolfgang soon completed his Symphony No. 1 in E flat, K. 16, and started his No. 4 in D major, K. 19 (which Zaslaw concludes was more likely composed, or at least completed, in The Hague). The D major symphony has, in Hildesheimer's words, "an originality of melody and modulation which goes beyond the routine methods of his [grown-up] contemporaries". These are Wolfgang's first orchestral writings, although Zaslaw hypothesises a theoretical "Symphony No. 0" from sketches in Wolfgang's musical notebook. Three lost symphonies, identified in the Köchel catalogue of Mozart's works only by their incipits (first few bars of music), may also have originated from the London period. Other works composed by Wolfgang in London include several instrumental sonatas, the jewel of which, according to Hildesheimer, is the C major sonata for piano, four hands, K. 19d. A set of violin sonatas, with extra flute and cello parts, was dedicated to Queen Charlotte at her request, and presented to her with an appropriate inscription in January 1765. Wolfgang also wrote his first vocal works, the motet "God is our Refuge", K. 20, and the tenor aria Va, dal furor portata, K. 21.
At the end of September, with Leopold's recovery, the family moved back to central London, to lodgings in Thrift Street (later 20 Frith Street), Soho. These lodgings were located conveniently close to several concert rooms, and to the residences of both J. C. Bach and Carl Friedrich Abel. Bach, a son of Johann Sebastian Bach, soon became a family friend; Nannerl later recalled Bach and the eight-year-old Wolfgang playing a sonata together, taking turns to play a few bars individually, and that "anyone not watching would have thought it was played by one person alone". There is no record that the Mozarts met Abel, but Wolfgang knew his symphonies, perhaps through the medium of the annual Bach-Abel concert series, and was much influenced by them.

On 25 October, at King George's invitation, the children played at the celebrations marking the fourth anniversary of the king's accession. Their next public appearance was a concert on 21 February 1765, before a moderate audience—the date clashed with a Bach-Abel concert. Only one more London concert was given, on 13 May at Hickford's Long Room, but between April and June members of the public could go to the Mozarts' lodgings where, for a five shilling fee, Wolfgang would perform his musical party pieces. During June both the "young Prodigies" performed daily at the Swan and Harp Tavern in Cornhill, the charge this time being a mere two shillings and sixpence. These were, as Sadie puts it, "Leopold's last, desperate effort to extract guineas from the English public". Hildesheimer likens this part of the tour to a travelling circus, comparing the Mozarts to a family of acrobats.

The Mozarts left London for the continent on 24 July 1765. Before this, Leopold allowed Wolfgang to be subjected to a scientific examination, conducted by The Hon. Daines Barrington. A report, issued in Philosophical Transactions for the year 1770, confirms the truth of Wolfgang's exceptional capabilities. Practically the last act of the family in London was the gift to the British Museum of the manuscript copy of "God is our refuge".

The Netherlands (September 1765 – April 1766)

Leopold had been specific in letters to Hagenauer that the family would not visit the Dutch Republic, but would go to Paris and then return home to Salzburg. However, he was persuaded by an envoy of the Princess Carolina of Orange-Nassau, sister of the Prince of Orange, to go instead to The Hague and to present the children to her, as official guests of the court. After the party's landing at Calais there was a month's delay at Lille, as first Wolfgang fell sick with tonsillitis, then Leopold suffered prolonged dizziness attacks. Early in September the family moved on to Ghent, where Wolfgang played on the new organ at the Bernardines chapel; a few days later he played on the cathedral organ at Antwerp. On 11 September the family finally reached The Hague.

After arriving in The Hague, Nannerl developed a severe cold and was unable to participate in the initial concerts before the Princess during their first week, nor in a performance before the Prince a few days later. Leopold was sufficiently confident of Nannerl's recovery to announce the appearances of both prodigies at a concert to be given at the hall of the Oude Doelen on 30 September. The notice for this concert gives Wolfgang's age as eight (he was nine), but correctly gives Nannerl's as fourteen. The advertisement concentrates on Wolfgang: "All the overtures will be from the hands of this young composer [...] Music-lovers may confront him with any music at will, and he will play it at sight". It is not certain whether this concert in fact took place—Sadie believes it may have been postponed. If it did happen, Wolfgang appeared alone, for by this time Nannerl's cold had turned into typhoid fever. Her condition grew steadily worse, and on 21 October she was given the last sacrament. A visit from the royal physician turned the tide; he changed the treatment, and by the end of the month she was recovering. Then Wolfgang fell ill, and it was mid-December before he was on his feet again.

Both children were able to appear at the Oude Doelen on 22 January 1766, in a concert which may have included the first public performance of one of Wolfgang's London symphonies, K. 19, and possibly of a new symphony in B flat major K. 22, composed in the Netherlands. Following this concert they spent time in Amsterdam before returning to The Hague early in March. The main reason for their return was the forthcoming public celebrations of the Prince of Orange's coming of age. Wolfgang had composed a quodlibet (song medley) for small orchestra and harpsichord, entitled Gallimathias musicum, K. 32, which was played at a special concert to honour the Prince on 11 March. This was one of several pieces composed for the occasion; Wolfgang also wrote arias for the Princess using words from Metastasio's libretto Artaserse (including Conservati fedele, K. 23), and keyboard variations on a Dutch song Laat ons juichen, Batavieren! K. 24. He wrote a set of keyboard and violin sonatas for the Princess, as he had earlier for the French princess and for the Queen of Great Britain. Another symphony, K. 45a, commonly known as "Old Lambach" and once thought to have been written several years later, was also written in The Hague, possibly for the Prince's coming-of-age concert.

The family left The Hague at the end of March, moving first to Haarlem, where the organist of St Bavo's Church invited Wolfgang to play on the church's organ, one of the largest in the country. From there they traveled east and south, giving concerts along the way at Amsterdam and Utrecht at 21 April, before leaving the Netherlands and traveling through Brussels and Valenciennes, to arrive in Paris on 10 May.

Homeward journey (April–November 1766)
The family remained in Paris for two months. No concerts were given by them in this period although, according to Grimm, there were performances of Wolfgang's symphonies. Grimm was effusive about the development of both children; Nannerl, he wrote, "had the finest and most brilliant execution on the harpsichord", and: "no-one but her brother can rob her of supremacy". Of Wolfgang he quoted a Prince of Brunswick as saying that many Kapellmeisters at the peak of their art would die without knowing what the boy knew at the age of nine. "If these children live," wrote Grimm, "they will not remain in Salzburg. Monarchs will soon be disputing about who should have them."

The only surviving music composed by Wolfgang during this Paris visit is his Kyrie in F major, K. 33, his first attempt to write formal church music. On 9 July, the family left Paris for Dijon, following an invitation from the Prince of Conti. The children played in a concert there on 19 July, accompanied by a local orchestra, about whose players Leopold made disparaging comments: Très médiocre – Un misérable italien détestable – Asini tutti – Un racleur (a scratcher) – Rotten. They moved on to Lyon where Wolfgang "preluded for an hour and a quarter with the most capable master here, yielding nothing to him".

A letter to Hagenauer dated 16 August indicated that Leopold wished to proceed to Turin, then across northern Italy to Venice, and home via the Tyrol. "Our own interest and love of travel should have induced us to follow our noses", he wrote, but added: "...I have said I shall go [directly] home and I shall keep my word." The family took a shorter route through Switzerland, arriving in Geneva on 20 August, where the children gave two concerts, and were received by the distinguished composer André Grétry. Many years later Grétry wrote of this encounter: "I wrote for him [Wolfgang] an Allegro in E flat, difficult but without pretension; he played it, and everyone, except myself, thought it was a miracle. The child had never broken off, but following the modulations, he had substituted a number of passages for those I had written." This claim, that Wolfgang improvised when faced with passages he could not play, appears to be the only adverse comment from all those called upon to test him.

The journey through Switzerland continued, with concerts at Lausanne and Zürich. Since leaving the Netherlands, Wolfgang had composed little; a minor harpsichord piece, K. 33B, written for the Zürich concerts, and later some cello pieces (since lost) written for the Prince of Fürstenberg. The prince received the party on 20 October, on its arrival in Donaueschingen on the German border, for a stay of some 12 days. Resuming their journey, they reached Munich on 8 November. They were delayed here for nearly two weeks after Wolfgang fell ill, but he was well enough to perform before the Elector, with Nannerl, on 22 November. A few days later they set out for Salzburg, arriving at their home on the Getreidegasse on 29 November 1766.

Evaluation

Financial
The party had survived major setbacks, including several prolonged illnesses which had curtailed their earning powers. Although Leopold did not reveal the full extent of the tour's earnings, or its expenses, the material benefits from the tour had evidently been considerable—but so had the costs. The librarian of St Peter's Abbey, Salzburg, thought that the gifts ("gewgaws") alone which they brought back were worth about 12,000 florins, but estimated the total costs of the enterprise at 20,000 florins. The expenses were certainly high; in a letter to Hagenauer sent in September 1763, after ten weeks on the road, Leopold reported expenses to date as 1,068 florins, an amount covered by their concert earnings without, however, any significant surplus. Leopold stated that "there was nothing to be saved, because we have to travel in noble or courtly style for the preservation of our health and the reputation of my court." He later recorded that on arrival in Paris in November 1763 that they had "very little money".

At times, the coffers were full; in April 1764, near the end of the Paris sojourn and after two successful concerts, Leopold announced he would shortly be depositing 2,200 florins with his bankers. Two months later, after the initial London successes, Leopold banked a further 1,100 florins. However, in November of that year, after his illness and with uncertain earning prospects, he was worrying about the high costs of living in London—he informed Hagenauer that he had spent 1,870 florins in the four-month period since July. The following summer, after little concert activity, Leopold resorted to increasingly desperate measures to raise funds, including the children's daily circus performances at the Swan and Harp Inn at prices described by Jane Glover as humiliating. The insecurity of travelling life led Leopold to believe, later, that Wolfgang was not worldly-wise enough to attempt such journeys alone, and needed to be anchored to an assured salary.

Musical
In terms of musical development, while both children had advanced, Wolfgang's progress had been extraordinary, beyond all expectation. The Mozarts were now known throughout the musical establishments and royal courts of Northern Europe. As well as the encounters in palaces with kings, queens and nobility, the children could converse in several languages; the tour represented, for them, an outstanding education. However, these advantages had been gained at a price; Grimm, in Paris, noting the stress and strain on Wolfgang in particular, had feared that "so premature a fruit might fall before maturing". However, Hildesheimer, while also expressing concerns, concludes that if Mozart's death at the age of 35 was caused by the exertions of his childhood, the intervening decades would not have been so productive, and obvious symptoms of decline would have manifested themselves.

Of Wolfgang's music composed during the tour, around thirty pieces survive. A number of works are lost, including the Zürich cello pieces and several symphonies. The surviving works include the keyboard sonatas written in Paris, London and The Hague, four symphonies, various arias, the assorted music written for the Prince of Orange, a Kyrie, and other minor pieces. Mozart's career as a symphonist began in London where, in addition to the direct influences of Abel and J.C. Bach, he would have heard symphonies from leading London composers including Thomas Arne, William Boyce and Giuseppe Sammartini—"a nearly ideal introduction to the genre", according to Zaslaw. The earliest symphonies, Zaslaw points out, while not in the same class as the later Mozart masterpieces, are comparable in length, complexity and originality to those written at the same time by the acknowledged symphonic masters of the day. Indeed, Abel's Symphony No. 6 in E Flat was similar enough in style and technique to be mistaken as Mozart's, and is listed as such (Symphony No. 3, K. 18) in the original Köchel catalogue. Sadie observes that the K. 22 symphony composed in The Hague is a good deal more sophisticated than the earlier ones which were written in London.

Mozart's creative progress is likewise reflected in the sonatas composed for the Princess of Orange, which, according to Sadie, mark a considerable advance in technique and ideas over the earlier Paris and London sets. The arias composed in the Netherlands include Mozart's first attempts at "aria d'affetto", Per pièta, bell'idol mio, K. 73b, once thought to have been composed much later, as its higher K number indicates. The tour thus saw Wolfgang's transformation from a composer of simple keyboard pieces to one with increasing mastery over a range of genres. This was evidenced in his home city, on 8 December, when one of his symphonies (it is uncertain which) was performed at High Mass at Salzburg Cathedral. Leopold's employer, the Prince-Archbishop, was frankly sceptical about Wolfgang's compositions, believing them to be Leopold's because they were "not nearly bad enough to be the work of a child".

Aftermath
Whatever the true extent of their financial rewards from the tour, the Mozart family continued to live in their cramped apartment on the Getreidegasse, while Leopold resumed his duties as a court musician. However, travel and public display dominated the next six years of Wolfgang's life. In September 1767 the family was on the move again, this time to Vienna, remaining there (apart from an enforced evacuation during a smallpox epidemic) until January 1769. In December of the same year Leopold and Wolfgang left for Italy—without Nannerl who, now 18, was no longer exhibitable as a child wonder. They were away for sixteen months, and returned to Milan in August 1771 for five months, to attend rehearsals and the performance of Wolfgang's opera Ascanio in Alba. A third and final visit to Italy, from October 1772 until March 1773, was the last of the extended trips; the new Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg, Hieronymous Colloredo, had distinct views about the roles of his court musicians, which precluded the freedoms that Leopold—and now Wolfgang, himself employed by the court—had formerly enjoyed.

See also
 Mozart in Italy

Notes and references

Sources

 Chrissochoidis, Ilias. "London Mozartiana: Wolfgang's disputed age & early performances of Allegri's Miserere", The Musical Times, vol. 151, no. 1911 (Summer 2010), 83–89.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Grand tour


The Greek Orthodox Cathedral of Sts. Constantine and Helen, more simply Sts. Constantine and Helen Cathedral (though known by Greek Orthodox parishioners from other churches as NAK) is a Greek Orthodox cathedral church at 64 Schermerhorn Street in Downtown Brooklyn, New York. It is best known for taking in parishioners from St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church in Manhattan, destroyed during the September 11 attacks.

Founded in 1913, it was the first Greek Orthodox parish on Long Island, and is one of the oldest Greek Orthodox churches in the City of New York. After meeting for several years in a small building at Johnson and Lawrence streets, the community raised funds to build a new structure, whose cornerstone was laid April 16, 1916.

Fire damaged the building in 1991, but repairs have been made and the building restored.  The Church also is affiliated with A. Fantis Parochial School, which was established in 1963, 50 years after the church, and which is located right behind the church.  The Church is half a block west of the New York Transit Museum.

The church was expanded in 1946 and again in 1960. It was designated Brooklyn's cathedral in June 1966.

References

Cathedrals in New York City
Greek Orthodox churches in New York City
Greek Orthodox cathedrals in the United States
Christian organizations established in 1913
20th-century Eastern Orthodox church buildings
Churches in Brooklyn
Churches completed in 1916
1913 establishments in New York City


Rob Miles (born 23 July 1957) is a Microsoft Most Valuable Professional, and a former lecturer in programming C Sharp and other elements of software engineering at the University of Hull.

Miles has given speeches worldwide on topics including C Sharp, Microsoft XNA, Windows Mobile development and embedded development using the .NET Micro Framework. He has written an XNA book, and he co-authored a book about the .NET Micro Framework with Donald Thompson.

Miles has also repeatedly been a member of the judging team of the yearly Microsoft Imagine Cup. In 2009, he was selected as a Captain of the software design competition.

Miles currently hosts a monthly Arduino Hardware Group as part of the Hull Digital Group at The Centre for Digital Innovation Beta.

Bibliography
 Microsoft XNA Game Studio 2.0: Learn Programming Now!, Rob Miles. Microsoft Press, 2008
 Microsoft XNA Game Studio 3.0: Learn Programming Now!, Rob Miles. Microsoft Press, 2009
 Embedded Programming with the Microsoft .NET Micro Framework, Donald Thompson, Rob Miles. Microsoft Press, 2007
 More Microsoft XNA Game Studio 3.0: Create Great Games: Learn Programming Now!, Rob Miles. Microsoft Press, 2009
 Learn C# Now Toolkit, John Sharp, Rob Miles (Author). Microsoft Press, 2008
 Introduction to Programming Through Game Development Using Microsoft XNA Game Studio, Rob Miles. Microsoft Press, 2009
 Uml & Java for Software Development, Rob Miles. John Wiley & Sons, 2001

References

External links
 robmiles.com - Personal blog

Living people
Academics of the University of Hull
British computer programmers
British computer scientists
British science writers
1957 births


Madeline is the debut album by Fort Collins band Tickle Me Pink, released on September 4, 2007, under the Wind-up Records label. It has been said that this album focuses on many major issues in today's world, including mortality, drug use, suicide, loss, brutal breakups to name but a few.
Tickle Me Pink singer Sean Kennedy had said: "It is somewhat ironic that many of our songs deal with death and a higher purpose. We want to let the world know how short life is; embrace the ones you love and treasure each moment without regret."

Madeline was recorded in "The Blasting Room" in Fort Collins, which is the band's home town, and was produced by Lee Miles.

On the day Madeline was released, bassist/guitarist Johnny Schou died aged 22.denverpost

The song "The Time Is Wrong" is available as free downloadable content in Rock Band 2.

Reception

AllMusic described the album as generic, stating the band's "dramatic performance doesn't have much substance to back it up."

Track listing

Credits
Tickle Me Pink
Sean Kennedy – Lead vocals, guitar
Johnny Schou – Bass guitar, backing vocals
Stefan Runstrom – Drums, percussion

Artwork
Scott Kennedy – Design, Layout Design

Production
Lee Miles – Producer
Andrew Berlin – Producer, engineer, mixing
Jason Livermore – Mastering

Charts

References

2007 debut albums
Tickle Me Pink albums
Wind-up Records albums


Bramer is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Benjamin Bramer (1588–1652), German mathematician, architect, inventor, and adviser
Leonaert Bramer, Dutch artist
Shannon Bramer (b. 1973), Canadian poet

See also
Jimmy Van Bramer (b. 1969), American politician


Brimer may refer to:-

Brimer Township, Barnes County, North Dakota, a civil township
Kim Brimer, a Republican member of the Texas Senate
Michael Brimer, South African-Australian composer, pianist and organist


Brumer may refer to:

People
 Alon Brumer (born 1973), a former Israeli professional footballer (twin brother of Gadi Brumer)
 Gadi Brumer (born 1973), a former Israeli professional footballer (twin brother of Alon Brumer)

Other
 Brumer bound, a bound for the rank of an elliptic curve, proved by Armand Brumer
 Brumer–Stark conjecture, a conjecture in algebraic number theory, named after Armand Brumer and Harold Stark
 Brumer Islands, an island group of Papua New Guinea

See also
Brummer (disambiguation)


Gabrielle Ritter-Ciampi (November 2, 1886 – July 18, 1974) was a French operatic soprano.

Ritter was born in Paris.  The niece of Théodore Ritter, she originally trained as a pianist, and at age 16 she started to receive singing lessons from her parents: her Italian father, tenor Enzo Ciampi-Cellai, and French mother, Cécile Ritter-Ciampi. She debuted in 1917 as Violetta in La Traviata, and two years later she was engaged at Opéra-Comique, where she became famous in Mozart operatic roles. Her activity was centered predominantly in France, but she took part also in the Salzburg Festival in 1932, again in Mozart roles.

She was considered a fine, light lyric soprano with good technique and capable of reaching high notes easily; she was frequently compared with Adelina Patti, who had a similar voice.

She did most of her recordings between 1923 and 1929, and recorded many selected arias from various works, but never complete operas. She also sang the title role in Esclarmonde at Opéra Garnier during a short-lived revival of that opera between 1931 and 1934.

Her career practically ended with World War II, with her last engagement being a role in an operetta by Reynaldo Hahn, Le oui des jeunes filles, in 1949.

References

External links

Gabrielle Ritter-Ciampi on MusicWeb

French operatic sopranos
Singers from Paris
1886 births
1974 deaths
20th-century French women  opera singers


Ed Donatell (born February 4, 1957) is an American football coach who last served as the defensive coordinator for the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League (NFL). Donatell has 42 years of coaching experience, including 31 seasons in the NFL. In addition to coaching defensive backs for Vic Fangio for eight seasons with the Chicago Bears (2015–18) and San Francisco 49ers (2011–14), he has been a defensive coordinator for the Green Bay Packers (2000–03), Atlanta Falcons (2004–06), University of Washington (2008) and the Denver Broncos (2019–21).

Career
Donatell served as the defensive coordinator for the University of Washington Huskies football team from January to December 2008 under Tyrone Willingham. He and the entire staff were let go after the winless 2008 season.  Previously he served as a special assistant to the New York Jets. Donatell served as the defensive coordinator for the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League under head coach Jim Mora for three seasons, prior to which he occupied this position for the Green Bay Packers.

He eventually started working as the San Francisco 49ers defensive backs coach under defensive coordinator Vic Fangio. When Fangio joined the Chicago Bears in 2015, Donatell followed.

On January 15, 2019, the Denver Broncos hired Donatell as their defensive coordinator. He tested positive for COVID-19 on November 1, 2020, and missed six games before returning in Week 14.

On February 4, 2022, it was announced that the Seattle Seahawks had hired Donatell in a senior defensive role. However, on February 10, it was announced that Donatell would not be joining the Seahawks and would instead join the Minnesota Vikings as their defensive coordinator for the 2022 season.

On January 19, 2023, Vikings head coach Kevin O'Connell announced Donatell had been fired.

Personal life
He graduated from Stow High School in Stow, Ohio, and later earned a master's degree in administration from Kent State University.  He is married and has three children.  His son Tom is Defensive passing game coordinator for the Los Angeles Chargers.

References

1957 births
Living people
Atlanta Falcons coaches
Denver Broncos coaches
Green Bay Packers coaches
New York Jets coaches
San Francisco 49ers coaches
Chicago Bears coaches
Washington Huskies football coaches
National Football League defensive coordinators
Kent State University alumni
Sportspeople from Akron, Ohio
Minnesota Vikings coaches


Hybodontiformes, commonly called hybodonts, are an extinct group of shark-like chondrichthyans, which existed from the late Devonian to the Late Cretaceous. They form the group of Elasmobranchii closest to neoselachians, the clade of modern sharks and rays. Hybodonts were named and are distinguished based on their conical tooth shape. They are also noted for the presence of a spine on each of their two dorsal fins. They were abundant in marine and freshwater environments during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic, but were rare in open marine environments by the end of the Jurassic, having been largely replaced by modern sharks, though they were still common in freshwater and marginal marine habitats. They survived until the end of the Cretaceous, before going extinct.

Etymology
The term hybodont comes from the Greek word ὕβος or ὑβός meaning hump or hump-backed and ὀδούς, ὀδοντ meaning tooth. This name was given based on their conical compressed teeth.

Taxonomic history
Hybodonts were first described in the nineteenth century based on isolated fossil teeth (Agassiz, 1837). Hybodonts were first separated from living sharks by Zittel (1911). Hybodontiformes are a type of elasmobranch, and the sister group to Neoselachii. Hybodontiformes are classified in the Elasmobranchii with Xenacanthiformes, Ctenacanthiformes and Neoselachii. Hybodonts are divided into a number of families, including Hybodontidae, but the higher level taxonomy of hybodonts, especially Mesozoic taxa, is poorly resolved.

Morphology and teeth
Hybodonts reached a maximum size of  in length, and had a relatively robust bodyform. Due to their cartilaginous skeletons usually disintegrating upon death like other chondrichthyans, hybodonts are generally described and identified based on size and shape of teeth and fin spine fossils, which are more likely to be preserved. Rare complete skeletons are known from areas of exceptional preservation.

Hybodonts are recognized as having teeth with a prominent cusp which is higher than lateral cusplets. Hybodont teeth are often preserved as incomplete fossils because the base of the tooth is not well attached to the crown. Hybodonts were initially divided into two groups based on their tooth shape. One group had teeth with acuminate cusps that lacked a pulp cavity; these are called osteodont teeth. The other group had a different cusp arrangement and had a pulp cavity, these are called orthodont teeth. For example, the hybodont species Heterophychodus steinmanni have osteodont teeth with vascular canals of dentine which are arranged vertically parallel to each other, also called ‘tubular dentine’. The crowns of these osteodont teeth are covered with a single layer of enameloid. Hybodont teeth served a variety of functions depending on the species, including grinding, crushing (durophagy), tearing, clutching, and even cutting.

Hybodonts are characterized by having two dorsal fins each preceded by a fin spine with a specific shape. The fin spines shape is used to distinguish hybodonts from other shark groups and different hybodont species. The fin spines are elongate and gently curved toward the back of the animal. Male hybodonts had either one or two pairs of cephalic spines on their heads. Hybodonts had a fully heterocercal tail fin, where the upper lobe of the fin was much larger than the lower one due to the spine extending into it.

Habitat

Hybodont fossils are found in depositional environments ranging from marine to fluvial (river deposits). Many hybodonts are thought to have been euryhaline, able to tolerate a wide range of salinities. Hybodonts inhabited freshwater environments at least since the Permian. Based on isotopic analysis, some species of hybodonts are likely to have permanently lived in freshwater environments, while others may have migrated between marine and freshwater environments.

Evolutionary history
The earliest hybodont remains are from the latest Devonian (Famennian) of Iran, belonging to the genus Roongodus, as well as remains assigned to Lissodus of the same age from Belgium. Although the first fossils of hybodonts are from the latest Devonian, they likely branched off from neoselachians (modern sharks) during the early Devonian. Carboniferous hybodonts include both durophagous and non-durophagous forms, while durophagous forms were dominant during the Permian period. By the Permian period, hybodonts had a global distribution. The Permian-Triassic extinction event only had a limited effect on hybodont diversity. Maximum hybodont diversity is observed during the Triassic. During the Triassic and Early Jurassic, hybodontiforms were the dominant elasmobranchs in both marine and non-marine environments. A shift in hybodonts was seen during the Middle Jurassic, a transition between the distinctly different assemblages seen in the Triassic – Early Jurassic and the Late Jurassic – Cretaceous. As neoselachians (group of modern sharks) diversified further during the Late Jurassic, hybodontiforms became less prevalent in open marine conditions but remained diverse in fluvial and restricted settings during the Cretaceous. By the Cretaceous, hybodontiforms were primarily (though not solely) restricted to freshwater settings. The end-Cretaceous extinction of hybodont sharks may have been caused more by competition with other sharks than by the meteorite impact and volcanic eruptions cited to be the main cause of this extinction event. Most other sharks were not significantly affected by the end-Cretaceous extinction, also suggesting that competition led to the demise of hybodonts.

Ecology
Hybodus is thought to have been an active predator of fast moving prey. Hybodonts have a wide variety of tooth shapes. This variety suggests that they took advantage of multiple food sources. It is thought that some hybodonts which had wider, flatter, teeth specialized in crushing hard-shelled prey (durophagy), evidence for this includes well-developed wear facets on teeth from Lissodus. Species described from Thailand have a range of teeth shapes, suggesting multiple feeding habits. Bulbous teeth were used for crushing hard shelled bottom-dwelling prey. Others were opportunistic feeders and were species that had a diet of large soft-bodied prey. Little is known about the reproductive habits of hybodonts. One study found abundant fossil teeth and eggs sacks in freshwater lake deposits from the Triassic of Kyrgyzstan. The site was interpreted as an ancient shark nursery based on the abundance of eggs and juvenile fossils and the limited number of adult specimens.

One genus of hybodont, Onychoselache of the lower Carboniferous of Scotland, is suggested to have been capable of amphibious locomotion, similar to modern orectolobiform sharks such as bamboo and epaulette sharks, due to its well-developed pectoral fins.

References

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20081106004709/http://palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/070Chondrichthyes/070.600.html#Hybodontiformes
 http://www.helsinki.fi/~mhaaramo/metazoa/deuterostoma/chordata/chondrichthyes/elasmobranchii/hybodontiformes/hybodontiformes.html

Prehistoric cartilaginous fish orders
Carboniferous first appearances
Pennsylvanian taxonomic orders
Cisuralian taxonomic orders
Guadalupian taxonomic orders
Lopingian taxonomic orders
Early Triassic taxonomic orders
Middle Triassic taxonomic orders
Late Triassic taxonomic orders
Early Jurassic taxonomic orders
Middle Jurassic taxonomic orders
Late Jurassic taxonomic orders
Early Cretaceous taxonomic orders
Late Cretaceous taxonomic orders


Stuart Robinson (born 20 June 1979) is a Northern Ireland broadcaster with Cool FM, Downtown Radio and Downtown Country. He previously launched and became the longest running presenter to date on rival station Belfast CityBeat from 1996 before his defection in 2010. Robinson is the Content Director of Downtown Radio, Cool FM and Downtown Country; this gives him control over the largest radio audience in Northern Ireland.

From early 2015 he took over as host of Cool FM's flagship weekend show The Cool Saturday Show, seeing him repaired with David McCammond AKA Deputy Dave. The programme was a ratings success becoming the most listened to weekend radio show in Northern Ireland with over 100,000 listeners every Saturday morning. Deputy Dave left the show in 2019 and was replaced with Miss Northern Ireland Katharine Walker.

The Cool Saturday Show continued to enjoy success with the new dynamic "Stuart and Kat" for the next two years.

In 2021, Kat moved to her own programme and Deputy Dave once again returned as Robinson’s on-air sidekick. The show has consistently remained the most listened to radio show at the weekend in Northern Ireland for over 6 years.

Between 2013 and 2014, Robinson hosted the weekday lunchtime programme on Downtown, stepping down when he took over as Programme Controller.

At Citybeat, he won gold and silver awards at the 2009 New York Festival Radio Awards and was also the only Irish radio presenter to be nominated for an Arqiva Award in both 2009 and 2008. He created the talent format Young Star Search and the introduction of popular sidekick characters "Work Experience Boy" on Citybeat and "Rodney" on Cool FM.

In April 2015 he presided over the launch of Downtown Country, Northern Ireland's first DAB only radio station.  This became the most successful radio launch in Northern Ireland since 1990, debuting with over 80,000 listeners and since growing to over 100,000 weekly listeners. Combined, the three Bauer Media stations in Ireland reach almost 50% of the entire population.

History
Robinson became Northern Ireland's youngest radio presenter when he first broadcast on BCR in the mid-1990s. He went on to present the last programme on BCR and then became a familiar name on Belfast Citybeat during the 90s and 2000s. In 1997 he became the station's Head of Music and in 2004 he took on the role of Deputy Programme Controller. In 2010 he defected to rivals Downtown Radio / Cool FM to take over as Deputy Programme Controller along with presenting programmes on both stations. In June 2014, he was announced as the new Programme Controller for Downtown Radio / Cool FM, with his role extending to include Downtown Country following its launch in April 2015.

Background
Robinson launched his own local RSL stations including Castle FM in Carrickfergus and Bangor FM in County Down. In the late 90s he combined his Belfast CityBeat shows with fronting programmes for Radio 1521 in Craigavon (where he also hosted the last ever programme), Goldbeat in Cookstown, Touch FM and Mid FM (now Q radio).

Personal
Robinson lives in South Belfast and has two children, Holly and Glenn.

External links
Stuart Robinson at Belfast Telegraph
Stuart Robinson Belfast Citybeat Profile
Stuart Robinson Bangor FM profile
Stuart Robinson Rotten Tomatoes Profile
Stuart Robinson Arqiva Awards
Stuart Robinson Down Democrat
Stuart Robinson Young Star Profile
Stuart Robinson Belfast City Council Christmas 07

Living people
People from Carrickfergus
Radio DJs from Northern Ireland
People educated at Downshire School
1979 births
Broadcasters from County Antrim


Voller or Vollers may refer to:
Voller Brothers, violin makers
Vollers Corset Company, a corset manufacturer

People with the surname
Karl Vollers, German orientalist
Kurt Vollers, American former football offensive lineman
Marja-Liisa Völlers, German politician
Maryanne Vollers, author and journalist
Marco Völler, (born 1989), German basketball player
Rudi Völler, (born 1960), German football player and manager


The Australian Science Media Centre (AusSMC) is an independent, not-for-profit service for the news media, giving journalists direct access to evidence-based science and expertise.

The Centre's aim is to better inform public debate on the major issues of the day by improving links between local and international media and the Australian scientific community. The Centre operates a database of scientists who are willing to engage with the media. It is located at The Science Exchange in Adelaide, which it shares with the Royal Institution of Australia (RiAus). The AusSMC collects rapid round-ups of expert opinion and comments from scientists in reaction to breaking news and also runs national media briefings for journalists in cities around Australia. Media briefings are also streamed live over the internet to journalists. Journalists are able to register with the AusSMC to receive media alerts and rapid roundups by email. The Centre also collaborates with media officers and scientists.

The AusSMC operates with five full-time and three part-time staff and is headed by CEO Dr Susannah Eliott. Peter Yates AM is its inaugural Chairman.

South Australian Premier Mike Rann established the centre in 2005 following a recommendation from Adelaide Thinker in Residence, Baroness Susan Greenfield. Rann later reflected on the importance of establishing the centre during his Investigator Lecture at Flinders University in October 2011. At the time, the centre was approaching six full years of operation.

Governance
The AusSMC is governed by a board of management. The centre's "Statement of Independence" includes the following passage:"All board members acknowledge that Centre staff are free to disseminate the best available scientific information, regardless of any commercial, political or personal interests, including those of any sponsors or board members. Full editorial control of all material disseminated by the SMC rests with the staff of the SMC, with guidance sought from the Centre’s Science Advisory Panel (SAP) when required."

Sponsors
The AusSMC receives funding from sponsors. Each sponsor's contribution is capped at 10% of the centre's operating costs. Foundation partners are: ABC, Australia-Pacific LNG, CSIRO, Fairfax media, Government of South Australia, isentia, News Corp Australia, NSW Government, RiAus, University of Melbourne, University of New South Wales, Government of Victoria, Flinders University, Inspiring Australia, CSL, AIA, Orica, Squiz, University of Queensland, University of Technology Sydney (UTS) and Curtin University. The centre acknowledges the Government of South Australia for significant support of the AusSMC's development, including providing financial support for infrastructure set-up costs and in kind assistance.

Other SMCs
Science Media Centres exist in other countries; Canada, UK, New Zealand, and Japan. These centres are independent of each other, but cooperate regularly.

External links
The Australian Science Media Centre (AusSMC)

References

Organisations based in Adelaide
A


Ta Kalitera Mou Tragoudia is the title of a 1980 greatest hits album by Anna Vissi. It was released in Greece and Cyprus by Minos after her departure from the label and having signed with EMI Columbia Greece.

It features songs from her only personal album with the company, As Kanoume Apopse Mian Arhi, which is also her debut album, as well as beloved songs from her participation in other artists' albums, like the legendary Mikis Theodorakis and other influential artists like George Dalaras. At that time in the Greek music industry, the privilege of recording and releasing a personal album was granted to an artist who proved their merit by having collaborated with other established musicians and recording artists.

Track listing
 "Νa' Mouna Sta Heria Sou Karavi" (I was in the hands of your boat)
 "Krivame Tin Agapi Mou" (We hide our love)
 "Giati Gelas" (Why are you laughing?)
 "To Palio T' Aeroplano" (The old plane)
 "To Pallikari" (The stalwart)
 "O Kirios Nobel" (Mr. Nobel)
 "Agapise Me" (Love me)
 "San Ta Pinasmena Peristeria" (Like hungry pigeons)
 "Oute Ena S' Agapo" (Not even one "I love you")
 "Mia Mikri Psihoula" (A little soul)
 "Fexe Hlomo Feggari Mou" (Shine my pale Moon)
 "O, Maria" (Oh! Maria)

Greek-language albums
1980 compilation albums
Anna Vissi compilation albums
Minos EMI compilation albums


The 2002 United States Senate election in Tennessee was held on November 5, 2002. Incumbent Republican U.S. Senator Fred Thompson decided to retire. Former Republican Governor Lamar Alexander won the open seat. Alexander became the first non-incumbent Republican Senator in the state's history.

Republican primary

Candidates
 Lamar Alexander, former U.S. Secretary of Education, former Governor of Tennessee
 Ed Bryant, U.S. Representative
 Mary Taylor-Shelby, perennial candidate
 June Griffin, activist
 Michael Brent Todd
 James E. DuBose
 Christopher G. Fenner

Results

Democratic primary

Candidates
 Bob Clement, U.S. Representative and candidate for Governor in 1978
 Gary G. Davis, perennial candidate
 Cher A. Hopkey
 Michael L. Hampstead
 Alvin M. Strauss

Results

General election

Campaign
Alexander raised $2 million through June 2002. Clement attacked the Governor for his corporate connections and business dealings. By October, Clement had nearly raised $900,000, while Alexander raised almost $3 million. Bush, who had a 60% approval rating in the state, helped campaign and raise money for Alexander. Alexander was also endorsed by the NRA Political Victory Fund.

Debates
 Complete video of debate, September 30, 2002
 Complete video of debate, October 6, 2002
 Complete video of debate, October 13, 2002
 Complete video of debate, October 20, 2002

Predictions

Polling

In a September poll from the Knoxville News Sentinel, Alexander was up 45% to 27%. In a DNSC poll during the same month, Alexander was up 49% to 42%. In a mid October Zogby poll had the governor leading 49% to 36%.
A late October WREG-TV poll had Alexander leading 45% to 36%.

Results

Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic
 Obion (Largest city: Union City)
 Weakley (Largest city: Martin)

 Bedford (Largest city: Shelbyville)
 Campbell (Largest city: LaFollette)
 Cannon (Largest city: Woodbury)
 Crockett (Largest city: Bells)
 Dickson (Largest city: Dickson)
 Franklin (Largest city: Winchester)
 Giles (Largest city: Pulaski)
 Henry (Largest city: Paris)
 Marion (Largest city: Jasper)
 Marshall (Largest city: Lewisburg)
 Warren (Largest city: McMinnville)
 White (Largest city: Sparta)
 Clay (largest municipality: Celina)
 Grundy (largest municipality: Altamont)
 Stewart (largest municipality: Dover)
 Cannon (Largest city: Woodbury)
 Morgan (Largest city: Coalfield)
 Wilson (Largest city: Mt. Juliet)
 Pickett (Largest city: Byrdstown)
 Sumner (Largest city: Hendersonville)

See also
 2002 United States Senate elections
 2002 Tennessee gubernatorial election

Notes

References

2002 Tennessee elections
Tennessee
2002


Epidemic polyarthritis is an outdated term that was formerly used to refer to polyarthritis caused by two mosquito-borne viruses endemic to Australasia:
 Barmah Forest virus, which causes Barmah Forest Fever
 Ross River virus (RRV), which causes Ross River Fever

References

Arthritis
Animal viral diseases


Graz-Karlau Prison () is located in Gries, the 5th district of the city of Graz, capital of the Austrian state of Styria. With a capacity of 552 inmates, Graz-Karlau is the third-largest prison in Austria.

History
Built between 1584 and 1590 in late Renaissance style to designs by Antonio Tade and Antonio Marmoro, it was used as a summer hunting residence for Archduke Karl II of Austria.

Originally, it was called "Dobel Castle". The German word "Dobel" is also written "Tobel", a deep, ravine-like valley or can also be a place and field-name. Because the castle's name was similar to the nearby "Tobel hunting-lodge" situated in Haselsdorf-Tobelbad, it was renamed as "Karlau", after the archduke.

From 1769 it was used as a workhouse and in 1794 started to keep French prisoners of war. In 1803, it became a provincial prison for inmates who had sentences of up to 10 years of imprisonment. In 1847 to 1848 and from 1869 to 1872, it was greatly enlarged. Toward the end of World War II the prison was bombed twice, which killed 14 guards and 107 prisoners. In 1946, the British executioner Albert Pierrepoint travelled to Karlau to train an Austrian executioner and two assistants in the British method of long drop executions. Until then, condemned prisoners were hanged with short drops, effectively strangling them to death. Under the British method, Pierrepoint, the Austrian executioner and the two assistants hanged eight young men on September 24, 1946.
A method which was continued until Austria abolished capital punishment on June 30, 1950.
The prison was renamed Graz-Karlau on November 1, 1993.

Notable inmates
Among the prison's inmates, it houses or housed prisoners such as the serial killer Jack Unterweger; the letter and pipe bomb terrorist Franz Fuchs; the six-time murderer Udo Proksch; the suspected serial killer Wolfgang Ott and terrorist Tawfik Ben Chaovali, who was involved in the Rome and Vienna airport attacks.

References

Prisons in Austria
Buildings and structures in Graz


Kidpower Teenpower Fullpower International, commonly shortened to Kidpower, is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit child safety organization teaching child protection and personal safety skills to adults and children to prevent bullying, abuse, abduction, and other violence. Kidpower was founded in 1989 in Santa Cruz, California, and has ten locations in the U.S. and 20 in other countries.

Kidpower has provided services to millions of people worldwide of all ages, and abilities, including people with special needs. In addition to stranger safety (awareness and abduction prevention), confidence skills, boundary setting skills, positive peer communication (bullying prevention), and de-escalation skills to stop a fight before it gets physical, Kidpower also teaches physical self-defense to adults, teens, and children as young as six years old, using padded instructors.

In September 2014, Kidpower launched an initiative to establish September as International Child Protection Month, with the goal to create a global annual event that supports adult leadership in protecting young people from harm, and empowering them with skills to take charge of their own well-being, a core element of Kidpower's programs. Kidpower's One Million Safer Kids campaign, launched in 2011, aims to broaden its reach to provide safety and confidence building lessons to one million more young people by July 2016.

Kidpower workshops are most frequently taught in schools and for community or service groups, such as Police Department Service Clubs, Girl Scouts, and agencies that provide services to at-risk youth and adults, such as domestic violence shelters, homeless shelters, and migrant education agencies.

Kidpower programs are known for being positive, practical, safe, and age-appropriate. Kidpower has coined a new term to describe the skills taught in its programs, "People Safety", defined as people being emotionally and physically safe, both with themselves and others.

History
Kidpower was founded by Irene van der Zande in 1989, spurred by an incident where she defended herself and a group of young children from a man threatening to kidnap one of the children. She stood between the man and the children, and he ran away after she yelled at him to gain the attention of others at the scene, asking them to join her in protecting the children.

Kidpower has grown from a local California nonprofit to an International organization that trains and supports nonprofit centers, with more than 150 certified instructors across 16 countries, teaching people of all ages practical personal safety skills to prevent most forms of violence, including bullying, abduction, and molestation.

Kidpower of Colorado, based in Colorado Springs, is the largest of the U.S. local nonprofit Kidpower centers outside of California. It has trained more than 38,000 people in its 20 years in Southern Colorado. The Colorado center was founded in 1994 by current executive director Jan Isaacs Henry, a psychotherapist from 1979 to 1995 who, upon taking the Kidpower Instructor Training, decided to found and build a center in Colorado.

Locations
Most US Kidpower centers operate under the umbrella organization's 501(c)(3) tax exempt status, with Tax IDs that are part of a subset of the overall International organization's IRS listing. Kidpower of Colorado is the exception, having grown large enough to qualify for its own Tax ID. Kidpower centers in countries outside of the U.S. all have nonprofit status in their respective countries.

In addition to training instructors and supporting the creation of centers, Kidpower has trained professionals in more than 30 countries altogether to bring Kidpower curriculum and skills training to their local communities. For example, Kidpower has provided training about teaching child safety to parents and teachers in Africa.

Kidpower Locations

U.S. Locations
California (Headquarters; eight offices, serving Northern and Southern California)
Colorado (Kidpower of Colorado; Colorado Springs)
Chicago I
D.C.
Maryland (Chesapeake and Potomac Kidpower)
North Carolina (Kidpower North Carolina; Chapel Hill)
Pennsylvania
Vermont (Kidpower Vermont)
Texas (Kidpower Austin)

Locations outside the U.S.
 Argentina
 Australia
 Bangladesh
 Canada – Montreal
 Canada – Vancouver
 Cuba
 Ecuador
 France
 Germany
 Guatemala
 India
 Lebanon
 Mexico
 Nepal
 Netherlands
 New Zealand
 Persia
 South Africa
 Sweden
 United Kingdom
 Vietnam

Program research

The Kidpower program is based on research that shows people who practice skills are more likely to use them effectively in an uncomfortable or threatening situation. Kidpower programs have been studied independently as well as undergoing frequent review to ensure that they align with evidence-based prevention and positive child/youth development best practices. In addition to regular participant evaluations, Kidpower programs have undergone multiple formal research studies and evaluations by independent evaluation professionals in the US, Canada, and New Zealand.

 2014 "Empowering children with safety-skills: An evaluation of the Kidpower Everyday Safety-Skills Program", published in Children and Youth Services Review, Volume 44, September 2014, Pages 152–162 with full public access as long as the study title, journal, and authors are cited. Assistant Professor Alaina Brenick, Phd, of the University of Connecticut, Julie Shattuck of Shattuck Applied Research and Evaluation, Alice Donlanc, Shinchieh Duhd, Professor Eileen L. Zurbriggen, Phd, of the University of California at Santa Cruz.
The article includes a thorough literature review demonstrating how the Kidpower program "uses best practices in victimization risk-reduction and prevention" and an independent analysis of the findings of "The Effects of the Kidpower Everyday Safety Skills on Third Grade Children" demonstrating the effectiveness of the Kidpower program in teaching safety skills to children.

 2013 "Promoting Safety Skills in Children: A Quasi-experimental Evaluation of the Kidpower Everyday Safety Skills Program". Brenick, A., Shattuck, J., Donlan, A., Duh, S., & Zubriggen, E. (2013, April). Poster presented at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Seattle, Washington, on April 18, 2013.
In 2013, an independent study was presented at the Society for Research in Child Development's Biennial Meeting, which shows that Kidpower's Every Day Skills Program "significantly increases children's safety skills knowledge" and that 31% of Kidpower students showed improved safety skills and knowledge over three months, compared with a comparison group of children who had not taken Kidpower yet.

 2010 Ruddie Memorial Youth Foundation-funded Shattuck Applied Research and Evaluation Study documenting the effectiveness of the Kidpower Everyday Safety Program in Santa Cruz, California.
 2006 Colorado Trust-funded JVA Study documenting positive skill outcomes of the Personal Safety Project for special education students in Colorado Springs, Colorado.
 2006 Quebec study by Sylviane Raymond documenting positive modification of children's behavior over time in the Kidpower Day Care Project.
 2005 Todd Foundation-funded study of New Zealand Kidpower school program, documenting the learning and use of safety skills and increased confidence of children, ages 8–12.
 2004 Lucile Packard Foundation for Children's Health-funded study by LaFrance Associates documenting reports from parents and teachers of 550 Head Start children of the effectiveness of the Kidpower Program.
 2002 doctoral dissertation by Kim Leisey, Ph.D. of early adolescent girls who described how self-protection training of the kind provided by Kidpower helped them feel safe.

Nonprofit partnerships
In 2011, Kidpower began a partnership with U.S. national nonprofit, Positive Coaching Alliance (PCA) to provide trainings to prevent child sex abuse specifically for youth sports organizations, coaches and parents. In 2013, Kidpower founder and executive director, Irene van der Zande was asked to join the PCA's National Advisory Board. PCA has joined Kidpower as a founding partner to promote International Child Protection Month in September 2014.

In 2012, Kidpower began working with Tenderloin Safe Passage in San Francisco to provide personal safety workshops to the organizations' staff and volunteers who patrol a "safe passage" for children walking through the Tenderloin neighborhood. In 2013, TSP sponsored several Kidpower "handling street harassment" community workshops.

Publications
Irene van der Zande is the primary author of Kidpower curriculum, articles and books. Books include:

 The Kidpower Book for Caring Adults: Personal Safety, Self-Protection, Confidence, and Advocacy for Young People, (2012) with foreword by Gavin de Becker.
 "The Kidpower Safety Comics Series", includes editions for parents with young children ages 3–8, older children ages 9–13, and "Fullpower Safety Comics" for teens and adults. English, Spanish and bilingual editions for families and teachers.
 Bullying: What Adults Need To Know And Do To Keep Kids Safe (2010)
 In Chapter 3 of Courageous Parents, Confident Kids, by Amy Tiemann (2010) is an essay: "Kidpower: Skills for Safety, Skills for Independence" by Irene van der Zande.

References

External links
 Kidpower.org

Anti-bullying charities
Child abuse-related organizations
Charities based in California
International charities
Children's charities based in the United States


Nantawarra is a locality in South Australia located about  north of the Adelaide city centre and within the local government area known as the Wakefield Regional Council.  The locality occupies land on both sides of Highway 1 between Port Wakefield in the south and Snowtown in the north.  Nantawarra is recognisable from a distance by the presence of the disused grain silos immediately just east of the Adelaide-Port Augusta railway line.  The name Nantawarra may derive from the word nantuwara (meaning a northern yerta, or family group) in Kaurna, the language of the indigenous people of this part of South Australia.

In June 2023, the grain silos were planned to be demolished, with uproar from the local community.

Traditional occupants
According to the Manning Index of South Australian History the "Nantuwwara [sic] tribe of some 25 to 30 once occupied the country from the River Wakefield, north to Whitwarta and west to Hummock Range", an area which would encompass the modern localities of Bowmans, Whitwarta, Goyder, Beaufort, Nantawarra and Mount Templeton. The term Nantuwara (or Nantuwaru) is considered to be a specific name for the northern hordes of the Kaurna people. Stone implements thought to have been used by the Nantuwara people were discovered at sites adjoining the banks of the lower reaches of the River Wakefield and added to a South Australian Museum collection curated by Harold Cooper in the 1960s.

See also
List of cities and towns in South Australia
Railway accidents in South Australia
Yorke Peninsula Field Days

References

Towns in South Australia


Hermann Kiese (1865–1923)  was a German rosarian known for his breeding of rose cultivars.
Born in Vieselbach, which is now in Thuringia, Germany on May 8, 1865. He worked for 22 years as gardener for the Johann Christoff Schmidt rosarium in Erfurt. In 1904 he started his own nursery in Vieselbach near Erfurt.
Hermann Kiese is one of the founders of the Verein Deutscher Rosenfreunde – VDR (Union of German Friends of Roses).  From 1911 to 1916 he was chief editor of the magazine Rosen-Zeitung. Consequently, he shared this responsibility with Friedrich Ries till 1919.

Hermann Kiese died on September 22, 1923

He specialized in hybrid Polyanthas and Climbing Roses, but introduced some Hybrid Teas.
Among his numerous creations are:

 Leuchtstern (1899),
 Lohengrin (1903),
 Blumenschmidt (1906),
 Tausendschön (1906),
 Kronprinzessin Cecilie (1907),
 Otto von Bismarck (1908),
 Eisenach (1909),
 Veilchenblau (1909),
 Kiese (1910),
 Weisse Tausendschön (1910),
 Deutschland (1910),
 Hermann Lüder (1910)',
 Lilli von Posern (1910),
 Lisbeth von Kamecke (1910),
 Nordlicht (1910),
 Perle von Britz (1910),
 Stadtrat Glaser (1910),
 Wartburg (1910),
 Andreas Hofer (1911),
 Gräfin Chotek (1911),
 Frau Anna Lautz (1912),
 Paula Clegg (1912),
 Andenken an Breslau (1913),
 Grossherzogin Feodora von Sachsen (1913),
 Hackeburg (1913),
 Loreley (1913),
 Ludwig Möller (1915),
 Siegesperle (1915),
 Hindenburg (1916),
 Dannenberg (1916),
 Admiral Tirpitz (1918),
 Gruß an Frankfurt (1918),
 Freudenfeuer (1918),
 Fürst Leopold IV zu Schaumburg-Lippe (1918),
 Gertrud Kiese (1918),
 Fliegerheld Öhring (1919),
 Deutsche Hoffnung (1919),
 Heldengruß (1919),
 Gruß am Weimar (1919),
 Rudelsburg (1919),
 Schön Ingeborg (1921),
 Käthchen von Heilbronn (1922),
 Louis Kahle (1922),
 Vater Rhein (1922),
 Perle von Hohenstein (1923),
 Frau Prof. Gnau (1925),
 Kleine Ech (1925),
 Weiße Echo (1925),

After his death, following cultivars have been attributed to Hermann Kiese:

 Märchen (1927),
 Martin Liebau (1930)

Rosarian Philipp Geduldig named a cultivar "Hermann Kiese" in 1906 to honor the rose-breeder.

References

Notes

Bibliography

German horticulturists
Rose breeders
German gardeners
1865 births
1923 deaths


The White Cloud Mountains are part of the Rocky Mountains of the western United States, located in central Idaho, southeast of Stanley in Custer County. The range is located within the Sawtooth National Recreation Area (SNRA) and partially within the Cecil D. Andrus–White Clouds Wilderness.

The White Cloud Mountains are located on National Forest land, with numerous trails in the area. Camping is permitted anywhere on the national forest land and there are no fees to access the area. Primary access to the area is via State Highway 75, the Salmon River Scenic Byway, which accompanies the main Salmon River as it descends along the range's western and northern perimeter.

The highest peak in the White Cloud Mountains, and the SNRA, is Castle Peak at . The Sawtooth Mountains are about  west of the White Clouds, on the west side of the river and highway, and the Boulder Mountains are directly south of the White Clouds.

Peaks

Lakes
See List of lakes of the White Cloud Mountains

Mine proposal
In 1970, it was proposed that the White Cloud Mountains be the site of an open-pit mine. The proposal became a major issue in Idaho's 1970 gubernatorial election. Incumbent Republican governor Don Samuelson favored the mine, as it would generate an estimated $4 million in revenue to the state. However, his Democratic opponent, Cecil Andrus, opposed the mine on conservation grounds. His stance was backed by many of the state's urban residents, who enjoyed vacationing at the mountains. Andrus won the election by more than four points, and it has been suggested that Andrus's stance on the mine was a contributing factor to his victory, and in particular to his victories in the normally Republican-leaning urban parts of the state.

Photos

See also

References

External links
 Peak Bagger.com - White Cloud Mountains
 Visit Idaho.org - official state tourism site
 Idaho Summits.com - Castle Peak - 11,815 ft.

Ranges of the Rocky Mountains
Mountain ranges of Idaho
Landforms of Custer County, Idaho
Sawtooth National Forest


USS Wanderlust (SP-923) was a patrol vessel that served in the United States Navy from 1917 to 1919.

Wanderlust began life as the wooden-hulled screw launch Faalua, designed by F. D. Lawley and built by George Lawley & Son of Neponset, Massachusetts, for George G. Peters of Boston, Massachusetts. Completed in 1907, Faalua was subsequently owned in turn by Sherburn M. Becker and E. J. Steiner, both of New York City. Apparently Steiner purchased her in 1913 and renamed her Wanderlust.

Wanderlust was delivered to the U.S. Navy on 26 August 1917 for World War I service. Armed and designated SP-923, she was commissioned at the Charleston Navy Yard at Charleston, South Carolina, on 12 September 1917.

Wanderlust operated on section patrol duties in the 6th Naval District well into 1918, although she appears to have spent much time, initially, undergoing repairs for her temperamental engines. Her ports of call included Parris Island, Port Royal, South Carolina, and Charleston, South Carolina, Savannah, Georgia, and Jacksonville, Florida. When on patrol duty, Wanderlust stopped and boarded fishing vessels, ascertaining whether or not they carried proper navigational equipment and licenses that were in order. Wanderlust conducted night harbor patrols at Brunswick, Georgia, from April 1918 into the late autumn of 1918.

Wanderlusts deck logs cease on 30 September 1918 when she was at Brunswick. The 1918 edition of Ship's Data: U.S. Naval Vessels lists her as serving on section patrol duties as of 1 November 1918. In the absence of solid data, it must be assumed that, like many other district patrol craft, if she was in active service in mid-to-late November 1918, she would have ceased defensive patrolling on 24 November 1918, 13 days after the armistice ended World War I. She may have lain in reserve or performed dispatch services between 30 September 1918, when her deck logs end, and 2 February 1919, the date upon which she was struck from the Navy List.

Returning to private ownership, Wanderlust retained her name into the 1920s under a succession of owners, including Irving E. Raymond of Stamford, Connecticut, and Mrs. Marguerite Park of New York City, before she was acquired in 1927 by William Sternfeld of New York City, who renamed her Diana. She disappeared from  the Lloyd's List of American Yachts between 1929 and 1931, presumably leaving service sometime during that period.

References

External links

Patrol vessels of the United States Navy
World War I patrol vessels of the United States
Ships built in Boston
1907 ships


Public services in Canada are delivered by various levels of government, determined through responsibility enacted in the Constitution. Financing for those services is provided through tax receipts, sales revenues, user fees, and other government revenue sources.

Services

Health care

Primary health care in Canada is a provincial responsibility. Funding for service delivery is provided via provincial income tax receipts and federal health transfers.

Education

Primary, secondary and tertiary education in Canada is the responsibility of each provincial government. The federal government department of Indian and Northern Affairs Canada delivers education service to First Nations.

Government in Canada


Esophagogastric dissociation is a surgical procedure that is sometimes used to treat gastroesophageal reflux, mainly in neurologically impaired children. It has been suggested as an alternative to Nissen fundoplication for these cases. Preliminary studies have shown it may have a lower failure rate and a lower incidence of recurrent reflux.

References

Digestive system surgery


Derrick Pierce (born March 1, 1974) is an American pornographic actor, director, radio personality, and personal trainer. Pierce has received several adult industry awards, including the 2009 NightMoves Award for Best Male Performer and the 2016 XRCO Award for Best Actor.

Early life
Pierce was born in Springfield, Massachusetts and raised in Los Angeles, California. He is of French and Italian descent. He was raised by a single mother whom he credits as a strong influence in his life. His mother was also in the entertainment world, as were her girlfriends.

As a child, he moved to Southern California with his mother and grew up in the Sylmar area of the San Fernando Valley.

Pierce began his career in pornographic adult films in approximately 2005. Previously, he was a certified personal trainer and martial arts instructor for sixteen years before working in porn.

Career in adult films
Pierce's first scene was with Vanessa Lane in Gothsend 4. He chose the last name "Pierce" for his stage name because he had nipple and tongue piercings at the time. The first name "Derrick" was suggested by an ex-girlfriend of his.

Work in other media
In May 2008, Derrick Pierce became the co-host, with Kylie Ireland, of Playboy's Sirius Radio show, "The Friday Night Threeway".

Awards and nominations

References

External links

 "Derrick Pierce Interview" August 2008 by Honest West via email for XXXpwnage.com Adult Web Reviews
 "Kylie Ireland, Derrick Pierce Host New Playboy Radio Show" June 13, 2008 by Steve Javors for XBIZ.com
 Online Archive - MP3 Segments of Playboy Radio Friday Night Threeway Shows (Kylie Ireland, Derrick Pierce, and weekly porn actress
   "Derrick Pierce - Young Gun" 2006, MP3 Podcast interview by AdultDVDTalk.com
 "Derrick Pierce Interview" September, 2008, Podcast by Georgia and Diamond for AdultMaven.com
 Review of Chemistry 3: "The Experiment Continues"

1974 births
Actors from Springfield, Massachusetts
American male pornographic film actors
American people of French descent
American people of Italian descent
Living people
Male actors from Los Angeles
Pornographic film actors from California
Pornographic film actors from Massachusetts
Radio personalities from Massachusetts


Yungay is a Chilean town and commune in Diguillín Province, Ñuble Region. The commune spans an area of .

Demographics
According to data from the 2002 Census of Population and Housing, the Yungay commune had 16,814 inhabitants; of these, 11,469 (68.2%) lived in urban areas and 5,345 (31.8%) in rural areas. At that time, there were 8,565 men and 8,249 women residing in the commune. The commune grew 10% in population between the censuses of 1992 and 2002 (1.0% annual growth).

Towns
The following are the towns that made up the commune as with their respective populations (according to the 2002 Census):

 Yungay, commune seat, 9288 inhabitants
 Campanario, 2181 inhabitants
 Cholguán, 718 inhabitants
 Ranchillo, 319 inhabitants
 El Roble, 152 inhabitants
 Los Castaños, 142 inhabitants
 Chillancito, 62 inhabitants

Administration
As a commune, Yungay is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years. For the years 2016-2020, the alcalde is Rafael Cifuentes Rodríguez (PS), and the council members are:
 Juana Sandoval Rojas (PDC)
 Rodrigo Stuardo Hernández (PRSD)
 Ángelica Cabezas González (UDI)
 Juan Quezada Garrido (ILH)
 Ricardo Ramos Martínez (Ind.-PS)
 Patricia Moncada Morales (PRSD)

Within the electoral divisions of Chile, Yungay (together with Chillán, Coihueco, Pinto, San Ignacio, Chile, El Carmen, Pemuco and Chillán Viejo) is represented in the Chamber of Deputies as a part of the 41st electoral district. The commune is represented in the Senate as part of the 13th senatorial constituency (Biobío Coast).

Geography
Even though the total area of the commune is around 823 km squared, only 3.87 km squared (0.47% of the total territory) has been urbanized: the cities of Yungay (with 9,288 inhabitants as of 2002) and Campanario. In the 2017 census there were 17,787 total inhabitants in the commune. The Yungay Commune is located on the eastern borders of the region, thus it contains parts of the Cordillera of the Andes, where the altitude reaches between 150 and 2000 meters above sea level. Several rivers flow out of the Andes sector and cross the body of the region. Generally, the land is devoted to agricultural purposes, principally the growth of California Pine, wheat, oats, or lentils; or for livestock grazing.

Library
The Yungay Public Library is named after the priest Oreste Montero, who was a great aid for the education in Yungay and left an impression on many generations through his positive nature.
In the present day, the library has grown and offers many new services such as a computer lab that serves many students (from one of the several high schools within the area) who don’t have access to the necessary resources

See also
 List of towns in Chile

References

External links
  Municipality of Yungay

Communes of Chile
Populated places in Diguillín Province
1842 establishments in Chile


Adele (Adelheit Johanne Auguste Hermine) aus der Ohe (11 February 18618 December 1937) was a German concert pianist and composer. Her compositions were published by G. Schirmer Inc.

Life
Adele aus der Ohe was born in Hanover. She initially studied with Theodor Kullak, where American pianist and chronicler Amy Fay heard her playing. Calling her "a little fairy of a scholar, ten years old," Fay wrote: "I heard her play a concerto of Beethoven the other day with orchestral accompaniment and a great cadenza by Moscheles, absolutely perfectly. She never missed a note all the way through."

Aus der Ohe was one of the few child prodigies accepted as a pupil by Franz Liszt; she began studying with him at the age of 12 and stayed with him for seven years (1877–1884), making her American debut playing his First Piano Concerto in the Steinway Hall in New York on 23 December 1886. She promoted Liszt's music throughout her career; Richard Watson Gilder wrote a poem about such interpretations.

Aus der Ohe was also a friend of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, whose First Piano Concerto she performed under the composer's baton at the inaugural concert of Carnegie Hall in New York, as well as at his final concert in St. Petersburg, where the Pathétique Symphony was premiered.

She subsequently settled in the United States, touring there for seventeen consecutive seasons. She returned to Germany in 1906 and died in Berlin in 1937.

Compositional style
Adele aus der Ohe was highly endowed and had a distinctive degree of temperament as a pianist. As already mentioned by magazines and music journals of her time, she was successful not only as such, but also as a composer, as appropriately described in a concert review from Hamburg in January 1910, where she was also honoured by the work she had performed.

Between 1895 and 1906, her name appeared regularly in the renowned publishers catalogue of G. Schirmer (New York) and Ries & Erler (Berlin). Among her compositions are numerous songs, some with words by Richard Watson Gilder (1844–1909), several piano works, and duets for violin and piano. And although further prints after 1906 are not available, a note in the Neue Zeitschrift für Musik suggests that after her retreat from the American musical life, she continued her composing work.

Repertoire
Aus der Ohe's repertory was large and included both Brahms concertos, the second of which she played as early as 1899 in Boston. She specialized in large-scale works; a typical program she played in Boston consisted of Beethoven's Waldstein Sonata, Chopin's Funeral March Sonata, Schumann's Fantasie in C and Liszt's Réminiscences de Don Juan.

Works for piano

Notes

References

Further reading
 Schonberg, Harold C., The Great Pianists (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987, 1963). .

External links
 Musik under Gender im Internet
 A Critical Study, Polish Music Journal

German classical pianists
German women pianists
1861 births
1937 deaths
19th-century classical pianists
20th-century classical pianists
19th-century classical composers
20th-century classical composers
Women classical pianists
German women classical composers
Musicians from Hanover
19th-century German composers
20th-century German composers
Women classical composers
20th-century women composers
19th-century women composers
20th-century German women musicians
19th-century women pianists
20th-century women pianists


"That's the Way" is a song written by Annie Roboff and Holly Lamar, and recorded by American country music singer Jo Dee Messina.  It was released in May 2000 as lead-off single for her album Burn. The song spent four weeks at the top of the Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs), and was her highest-peaking single on the Billboard Hot 100 where it reached No. 25.

Critical reception
Deborah Evans Price of Billboard magazine reviewed the song favorably, saying that Messina "injects personality galore" into this song. She goes on to call the production, "sonically ambitious, featuring neat percussive elements, tempo changes, and those heavy, layered vocals that Nashville producers are so fond of, these days."

Music video
The music video was directed by Thom Oliphant and premiered in mid-2000. It features Messina performing the song from various colored rooms, both solo and joined by backup dancers. Messina and others are also shown throughout the video climbing the walls and ceiling of the rooms, appearing to defy gravity.

Track listings
U.S. CD Single
 "That's the Way" - 3:23
 "Even God Must Get the Blues" - 3:52

UK CD Single
 "That's the Way" - 3:21
 "Stand Beside Me" - 3:41

UK Promo CD Single
 "That's the Way" (UK Radio Remix) - 3:21

Chart performance
"That's the Way" debuted at No. 50 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of May 20, 2000.

Peak positions

End of year charts

References

2000 singles
2000 songs
Jo Dee Messina songs
Songs written by Holly Lamar
Song recordings produced by Byron Gallimore
Song recordings produced by Tim McGraw
Curb Records singles
Songs written by Annie Roboff


Boniface of Tuscany may refer to:
Boniface I, Margrave of Tuscany (died 823), governor of Italy under Charlemagne after the death of King Pepin
Boniface II, Margrave of Tuscany (died c. 838), count and duke of Lucca
Boniface, Count of Bologna (died c. 1011), Count of Bologna and Margrave of Tuscany
Boniface III, Margrave of Tuscany (c. 985 – May 6, 1052), father of Matilda of Canossa and the most powerful north Italian prince of his age


The Tecnologia Automotiva Catarinense (TAC) is an automotive corporation established by Adolfo Cesar dos Santos in 2004 in Joinville, Brazil. In the financial support of BNDES, the plant was opened after four years of construction on 13 March 2008. In collaboration with the Portuguese company Datasul, TAC finally developed the SUV TAC Stark. Most vehicle parts for the vehicle are of the Marcopolo S.A. owned subsidiary MVC Soluções em Plástico Ltda.

Currently the company manufactures only the four-wheel drive TAC STARK. As of 2012, the vehicle is to be available for export and also be available in other countries. About 1200 units are produced per year.

In 2015, it was announced that Chinese automotive manufacturer Zotye Auto would buy TAC, however the deal did not go through. After three years off the market, the manufacturer returned to producing the Stark in 2018.

In 2021, a partnership was announced with a Brazilian holding company that intended to distribute Stark in Africa.

Notes

External links
 TAC official site
 TAC Stark page

Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 2004
Car manufacturers of Brazil
Companies based in Joinville
Brazilian brands


Dave Deno (born 1956 or 1957) was named Chief Executive Officer of Bloomin’ Brands and a member of the Board of Directors in March 2019 after serving as the company’s Chief Financial and Administrative Officer.

As CEO, he is responsible for developing and executing the company’s long-term objectives, growth strategies, and initiatives for its portfolio of casual and fine-dining brands, which include Outback Steakhouse, Carrabba's Italian Grill, Bonefish Grill, Fleming's Prime Steakhouse & Wine Bar, and Aussie Grill by Outback. He is the former CEO of Quizno's. Deno has also been the COO of Yum! Brands.
He has also been the CFO of Tricon Global Restaurants, which is now known as Yum! Brands. He received a bachelor's degree in economics and political science at Macalester College and a master's degree in business administration at the University of Michigan. Deno is divorced and has three children.

References

Living people
1950s births
American chief executives of food industry companies
Macalester College alumni
Yum! Brands people
Ross School of Business alumni
American chief financial officers
American chief operating officers


Joseph O. Jewell is a Professor of Black Studies and Department Head at the University of Illinois Chicago (UIC).  Prior to his time at UIC, Jewell was an Associate Professor of African American Studies and Department Chair at Loyola Marymount University. At Loyola Marymount, Jewell came to the African American Studies Department following the lead of John Davis and Ronald Barrett. Jewell also held an appointment at Texas A&M University as an Associate Professor of Sociology.  He also served as interim director of Texas A&M's Race and Ethnic Studies Institute.  His research has included examining race and class in social and reform movements of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. He published Race, Social Reform and the Making of a Middle Class: The American Missionary Association in Atlanta, 1870–1900, (Rowman and Littlefield, 2007).  He is also the co-author of "The Mis-Education of Black America: Black Education Since An American Dillemma" with Walter R. Allen in An American Dilemma Revisited:  Race Relations in A Changing World (Russell Sage, 1996).

Education

In 1991, Jewell received a Bachelor of Arts (BA) from the University of California at Berkeley.  In 1998, he received his Ph.D. from University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA).

Educational career

Associate professor at Texas A&M

Jewell served as a sociology professor in the College of Liberal Arts at Texas A&M.  Jewell also served as the interim director of the Race and Ethnic Studies Institute.  While at Texas A&M Jewell noted:   His extensive research views the relationship between racial identities and class identities "in movements geared toward moral/social reform."

Chair at Loyola Marymount University

Jewell had begun working with the faculty and staff of the African American Studies Department to create a new identity for the department.  Jewell's addition to the LMU community brings expertise and a wealth of new initiatives; however, he also sees it vital to acknowledge the former heads of the department.  Jewell hopes to integrate the mission of LMU, African American Studies as a discipline, and issues of African Americans in the Los Angeles area.  He has many goals in mind for the department; these include adding new faculty, new courses, updating the website, making changes to the core curriculum, strengthening relationships within other departments, presenting resources to students, and research opportunities. Jewell envisions the changes in the department can take place with the support of faculty, students, and alumni.

During the fall of 2008, Jewell teaches a course on the Sociology of the Black Community (AFAM 335).

Return to Texas A&M University

In 2010, Jewell returned from Loyola Marymount University and is once again a Sociology professor in the College of Liberal Arts at Texas A&M.

References

External links

 https://web.archive.org/web/20081208094858/http://sociweb.tamu.edu/faculty/jewell/
 https://web.archive.org/web/20081215170618/http://www.lmu.edu/Page48205.aspx
 https://web.archive.org/web/20081215170954/http://www.lmu.edu/pagefactory.aspx?PageID=26820
 https://www.amazon.com/Social-Reform-Making-Middle-Class/dp/0742535460
 https://web.archive.org/web/20081023084707/http://bellarmine.lmu.edu/Page45590.aspx

21st-century African-American academics
21st-century American academics
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
University of California, Berkeley alumni
University of California, Los Angeles alumni