The history of Winnipeg comprises its initial population of Aboriginal peoples through its settlement by Europeans to the present day. The first forts were built on the future site of Winnipeg in the 1700s, followed by the Selkirk Settlement in 1812. Winnipeg was incorporated as a city in 1873 and experienced dramatic growth in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Following the end of World War I, the city's importance as a commercial centre in Western Canada began to wane. Winnipeg and its suburbs experienced significant population growth after 1945, and the current City of Winnipeg was created by the unicity amalgamation in 1972.

Pre-European history
Winnipeg lies at the confluence of the Assiniboine River and the Red River, known as The Forks, an historic focal point on canoe river routes travelled by Aboriginal peoples for thousands of years. The general area was populated for thousands of years by First Nations. In prehistory, through oral stories, archaeology, petroglyphs, rock art, and ancient artifacts, it is known that natives would use the area for camps, hunting, fishing, trading, and further north, agriculture. The rivers provided transportation far and wide and linked many peoples-such as the Assiniboine, Ojibway, Anishinaabe, Mandan, Sioux, Cree, Lakota, and others—for trade and knowledge sharing. Ancient mounds were once made near the waterways, similar to that of the mound builders of the south. Lake Winnipeg was considered to be an inland sea, with important river links to the mountains out west, the Great Lakes to the east, and the Arctic Ocean in the north. The Red River linked ancient northern and southern peoples along the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers. The first maps of some areas were made on birch bark by the Ojibway, which helped fur traders find their way along the rivers and lakes.

The name Winnipeg is named after Lake Winnipeg to the north, and the name is related to a native word referring to the cloudy, silt-filled water flowing off the prairies. The first farming in Manitoba appeared to be along the Red River, near Lockport, Manitoba, where maize (corn) and other seed crops were planted before contact with Europeans.

European contact (1700–1869)

Fur trade
The first aboriginal fur traders in the area would have been trading with the Hudson's Bay Company forts to the northeast or with the North West Company forts to the south and east. The Hudson's Bay Company and British colonialists laid claim to the entire area of Rupert's Land in the late 17th century. This entire Hudson Bay drainage basin included the area now known as Winnipeg. Fur traders working with and trading with the Hudson's Bay Company would have travelled and lived along the major rivers, including the Red River.

In 1738, Sieur Louis Damours de Louvières built Fort Rouge on the Assiniboine River for Sieur de La Vérendrye. This early trading post was later abandoned, and its exact location is unknown. The French traded in the area for several decades before Hudson Bay traders arrived. The first English traders visited the area about the year 1767. Fort Gibraltar was built at The Forks by the North West Company in 1809.

Early settlement

In 1811, the Scottish aristocrat and humanitarian Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk, received from the Hudson's Bay Company a grant of 116,000 square miles in the basins of the Red and Assiniboine Rivers, which he named Assiniboia. His goal was to establish the first permanent agricultural settlement along the Red River near the junction of the two rivers, to be inhabited by displaced Scottish Highland families and retired Rupert's Land employees of the Hudson's Bay Company. The Red River Settlement was founded in 1812 and the construction of Fort Douglas was overseen by Miles Macdonell, Lord Selkirk's first Governor of Assiniboia, in 1813–14. This would be the first European agricultural colony on the northern great plains.

The presence of the Selkirk Settlement, which saw much of the open land along the Red and Assiniboine Rivers converted to agricultural uses, added to the growing hostilities between the two main fur trading companies, the Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company. In the 1810s, the two companies fought fiercely for control of the fur trade in the area, and each destroyed some of the other's forts over the course of several violent skirmishes, like the Battle of Seven Oaks. In 1821, rivalry between the two companies ended with a forced merger, under the Hudson's Bay name.

With a virtual monopoly on the northwestern fur trade, the Hudson's Bay Company relocated their operations at Red River to Fort Gibraltar in 1822, renaming it Fort Garry. This fort, which was demolished in 1852, was located on the present-day site of The Forks National Historic Site in Winnipeg. In 1835, the Hudson's Bay Company began constructing a substantial new Fort Garry, a short distance to the west. This new fort, constructed of stone, would remain the company's leading post until the collapse of the fur trade in the Red River region in the 1870s.

Beginning in the early to mid-19th (the 1820s to 1840s) century the Métis, an ethnic group descended from the mixing of indigenous Canadians and European traders, began settling in the Red River Valley. They were heavily involved in the fur trade as hunters and traders. Important British trading posts included Fort Alexander, operated by the Hudson's Bay Company, and Fort Bas-de-la-Rivière, operated by the North West Company. Additionally as settlers from the U.S. established posts in what is now Minnesota, illegal trade routes known as the Red River Trails developed between the Red River Colony and Saint Paul.

Beginning in 1862, an unincorporated village began to form a short distance north of Fort Garry, near the present-day intersection of Portage Avenue and Main Street. This village became home to a cluster of business enterprises of the longtime landowners of this part of the settlement such as Andrew McDermot and Andrew Bannatyne, as well as a small but growing number of entrepreneurs and small landholders who had recently arrived from the United States and Ontario. Notable among this latter group was the Ontario-born John Christian Schultz. While open commercial trade that was independent of the Hudson's Bay Company had been occurring in the Red River settlement since the Sayer trial of 1849, this concentration of businesses near the intersection of Portage and Main would form the basis of a new urban centre. As the city grew, this area would remain its commercial heart well into the 20th century.

Early post-Confederation Winnipeg (1870–1913)

In 1869, the Hudson's Bay Company formally surrendered its charter rights over Rupert's Land, a territory that includes Winnipeg, back to the Crown. In 1870, the British ceded the territory to the Canadian government, under s. 146 of the Constitution Act, 1867. However, as a result of premature actions by the designated Lieutenant Governor of the area, William McDougall, the people of Red River formed a provisional government and seized Fort Garry in late 1869 until arrangements could be negotiated between its leaders and the Canadian government.

The following dispute resulted in the Red River Rebellion, a conflict between the local provisional government, led by Louis Riel, and the federal Canadian government. The rebellion eventually saw negotiations between the Metis and the government, which led to the passage of the Manitoba Act, and the admittance of Manitoba as a province into Canadian Confederation on 15 July 1870. Shortly before the passage of the Manitoba Act, the Wolseley expedition was dispatched from Toronto to Fort Garry in May 1870. Led by General Garnet Wolseley, and manned by British Army and Canadian militia units, the expedition was sent to quell the rebellion, and counter American settlers encroaching the Canada–United States border. The expedition arrived at Winnipeg on 24 August 1870, capturing the fort that was abandoned by Riel and his supporters. The capture of the fort marked the effective end of the rebellion.

Development and incorporation

This small cluster of houses and commercial buildings near Portage and Main soon began to be referred to as "Winnipeg" by the locals, in order to differentiate themselves from the Hudson's Bay Company operations at Fort Garry. The placename Winnipeg began to appear on the masthead of Red River's weekly newspaper, The Nor'Wester. By the early 1873, this settlement grew to be the main population and commercial centre in the Red River area, with business activity lining Main Street. On November 8, 1873, Winnipeg was incorporated as a city, and elected its first mayor, Francis Evans Cornish, and Council two months later. In 1876, three years after the city's incorporation, the post office officially adopted the name "Winnipeg."

In the vicinity of Fort Garry at The Forks, the Hudson's Bay Company had for decades held a land reserve to be used for company purposes. This reserve measured 465 acres (1.9 square kilometres), which fell within the boundaries of the newly incorporated City of Winnipeg. With the decline of the fur trade at Red River and the growth of its urban centre, the Hudson's Bay Company created a plan of subdivision so it could sell off much of its vast reserve. The Company subdivided the reserve into rectangular blocks on regular grid streets measuring one chain (66' feet), except for Main Street (sometimes called the Garry Road), Portage Avenue and Broadway, which each measured two chains (132 feet) in width. Despite the plan of subdivision, demand for properties remained low in the 1870s, and so building activity in the reserve was limited mainly to along Main Street.

Railways and economic growth

The first locomotive in Winnipeg, the Countess of Dufferin, arrived in Winnipeg via steamboat in 1877, and a railway connection to St. Paul began the following year, via the Pembina Branch. The Pembina Branch ran on the east side of the Red River and terminated in St. Boniface. From there, passengers and goods were transported across the river to Winnipeg by ferry. The Canadian Pacific Railway completed the first direct rail link from eastern Canada in 1881, when the railway crossed the newly constructed bridge across the Red River at Point Douglas, the Louise Bridge. The arrival of the Canadian Pacific Railway opened the door to mass immigration and settlement of Winnipeg and the Canadian Prairies. Today, the history of Winnipeg's rail heritage and the Countess of Dufferin may be seen at the Winnipeg Railway Museum.

With the arrival of the railways, Winnipeg experienced a period of significant population growth, beginning in 1881 and lasting well until the 1910s. The city's population grew from 7,900 in 1881 to more than 179,000 in 1921. The only large city on the Canadian prairies in 1891, and a centre of railway transportation between eastern and western Canada, Winnipeg became the leading commercial centre of the prairie territories and provinces. In succeeding decades as other prairie centres such as Calgary, Edmonton, and Regina become regional centres of trade, Winnipeg's importance as the chief economic centre of Western Canada was reduced, though it retained strong regional importance, particularly as a Western Canadian centre of finance and the grain trade.

Owing to its place as a transportation hub between eastern and western Canada, Winnipeg became a major wholesaling centre in the late 19th century, and many substantial wholesaling warehouses and light manufacturing buildings were constructed on the northern end of the central business district, to the east and west of Main Street. Many of these buildings have remained, and today this warehouse area is known as the Exchange District.

The Manitoba Legislative Building reflects the optimism of the boom years. Built mainly of Tyndall Stone and opened in 1920, its dome supports a bronze statue finished in gold leaf titled, "Eternal Youth and the Spirit of Enterprise" (commonly known as the "Golden Boy"). The Manitoba Legislature was built in the neoclassical style that is common to many other North American state and provincial legislative buildings of the 19th century and early 20th century. The Legislature was built to accommodate representatives for three million people, which was the expected population of Manitoba at the time.

Urban structure

With a rapidly growing population, enlarged urban area, and growing economic importance, a neighbourhood class structure began to form in the 1880s. This structure's most notable character was a general divide based on class and ethnicity between the north and south parts of the city. This began with a real estate boom in 1881 and early 1882, which resulted in the expansion of commercial uses in the centre of the city near Main Street, and significant outward expansion of residential districts.

The North End became home to many of the growing city's working classes and recent immigrants, while many of Winnipeg's wealthy and Canadian-born and British-born citizens settled in the south end of the city. This north-south division would generally continue well into the 20th century, as the working class North End and the wealthier south end expanded further out from Winnipeg's downtown core.

Winnipeg took on its distinctive multicultural character during this period. Many new Canadians that settled in Winnipeg lived in the city's North End. For much of the 20th century, the North End was home to many religious, cultural, and economic institutions of the immigrant communities arriving from Eastern Europe.

In the early 20th century, the residential neighbourhood of Crescentwood was developed and became home to many of Winnipeg's prominent and wealthy citizens.

In 1904, the T. Eaton Company opened a new department store on Portage Avenue, several blocks west of the heart of Winnipeg's central business district. The presence of Eaton's on Portage Avenue led to retail and entertainment operations shifting west from Main Street to Portage Avenue, in order to be near the popular department store. Main Street, however, retained its importance as the city's "Bankers’ Row."

World Wars and the Interwar period (1914–1945)

World War I
With the opening of the Panama Canal in 1914, Winnipeg's central location in Canada's east-west rail system was less important for international trade, and the increase in ship traffic on Canada's west coast helped Vancouver surpass Winnipeg as Canada's third-largest city in the 1960s. Winnipeg's rapid economic growth in the early 20th century was interrupted by the outbreak of World War I in 1914, which sharply curtailed British financial investment and European immigration.

Interwar years

Following World War I, owing to a postwar recession, appalling labour conditions, and the presence of radical union organizers and a large influx of returning soldiers, 35,000 Winnipeggers walked off the job in May 1919 in what came to be known as the Winnipeg General Strike of 1919. After many arrests, deportations, and incidents of violence, the strike ended on June 21, 1919, when the Riot Act was read and a group of Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) officers charged a group of strikers. Two strikers were killed and at least thirty others were injured, resulting in the day's being known as Bloody Saturday; the lasting effect was a polarized population. One of the leaders of the strike, J. S. Woodsworth, went on to found Canada's first major socialist party, the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF), which would later become the New Democratic Party.

After years of war and recession, Canada's national economy recovered in the early 1920s, and Winnipeg began to see a return to growth and prosperity as a centre for the grain trade, manufacturing, processing, and wholesaling in Western Canada. However, Winnipeg would not see the same level of rapid growth it experienced prior to 1914, and Winnipeg's important economic status among Western Canadian cities would decline as other cities grew.

Winnipeg's population continued to grow in the 1920s, but this was modest compared to the explosive population growth in the early 20th century. While Winnipeg remained the largest of Canada's prairie cities by a wide margin, its population would be surpassed by Vancouver in the 1920s. Much of the population growth 1920s would be in Winnipeg's suburban areas. This growth was owing to the availability of streetcar service from the downtown to suburban areas, and to the rising rates of automobile ownership and improved roads for automobile transportation. Despite population growth in Winnipeg's suburbs, the general urban structure established by 1914 remained largely in place; the downtown was the region's unchallenged centre for trade and finance, shopping, and entertainment.

In the downtown area, Portage Avenue would further establish itself as the primary retail in the street in the 1920s, particularly with the opening of the massive Hudson's Bay Company department store at the corner of Portage Avenue and Memorial Boulevard in 1926.

The stock market crash of 1929 only hastened an already steep decline in Winnipeg; the Great Depression resulted in massive unemployment, which was worsened by drought and depressed agricultural prices.

World War II

The Depression ended when World War II started in 1939. The first Canadian to see the battle was Winnipegger Selby Roger Henderson who enlisted in the RAF just before the start of the war. He participated in the attack on enemy ships at Wilhelmshaven, Germany on September 4, 1939.

The Winnipeg Grenadiers were among the first Canadians to engage in combat against Japan in the Battle of Hong Kong during World War II. Those in the battalion that didn't die in the conflict were captured and brutalized in prisoner-of-war camps.

In Winnipeg, the established armouries of Minto, Tuxedo (Fort Osborne), and McGregor were so crowded that the military had to take over other buildings to increase capacity. In 1942, the Government of Canada's Victory Loan Campaign staged a mock Nazi invasion of Winnipeg to increase awareness of the stakes of the war in Europe. The very realistic invasion included Nazi aircraft and troops overwhelming Canadian forces within the city. Air raid sirens sounded and the city was blacked out. The event was covered by North American media and featured in the film "If Day".

Winnipeg played a large part in the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan (BCATP). The mandate of the BCATP was to train flight crews away from the battle zones in Europe. Pilots, navigators, bombardiers, wireless operators, air gunners, and flight engineers all passed through Winnipeg on their way to the various air schools across western Canada; Winnipeg served as a headquarters for Command No. 2.

Recent history (1946 to present)

1946–1971

The end of World War II brought a new sense of optimism to Winnipeg. Pent-up demand brought a boom in housing development, but building activity came to a halt due to the 1950 Red River flood, the largest flood to hit Winnipeg since 1861; the flood held waters above the flood stage for 51 days. On May 8, 1950, eight dikes collapsed, four of the city's eleven bridges were destroyed, and nearly 100,000 people had to be evacuated, making it Canada's largest evacuation in history. Premier Douglas Campbell called for federal assistance, and Canadian Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent declared a state of emergency. Soldiers from the Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry regiment staffed the relief effort for the duration of the flood. The federal government estimated damages at over $26 million, although the province insisted it was at least double that.

To protect the city from future flood damage, the Red River Basin Investigation recommended a system of flood control measures, including multiple diking systems and a floodway to divert the Red River around Winnipeg; this prompted the construction of the Red River Floodway under Premier Dufferin Roblin. Construction of the Red River Floodway began in 1962 and was completed in 1968.

In the 1960s, Winnipeg was home to an active rock n' roll scene, which would launch the notable careers of Neil Young and The Guess Who. During this era, few night clubs would book rock groups, so local bands would play at dances held in community halls.

Consolidated Winnipeg

Amalgamation
Despite substantial growth in adjacent suburbs after 1945, the City of Winnipeg was the largest of thirteen cities and towns in the metropolitan area. These municipalities amalgamated under the name Unicity, which was created on July 27, 1971, and legislation took effect on January 1, 1972. Unicity did away with the Metropolitan Corporation of Greater Winnipeg and the 13 municipal governments, creating one city of Winnipeg. The general intentions of Unicity were to streamline urban planning and the provision of municipal services for the metro region and to level major property tax rate inequalities that existed between different municipalities. To address fears that the local interests of various municipalities would not be respected, Unicity created 13 resident advisory groups, which were given some decision-making authority and to inform the new Unicity Council on major decisions.

The City of Winnipeg Act incorporated the current city of Winnipeg; the municipalities of Transcona, St. Boniface, St. Vital, West Kildonan, East Kildonan, Tuxedo, Old Kildonan, North Kildonan, Fort Garry, Charleswood, and the City of St. James, were amalgamated with the Old City of Winnipeg.

Downtown revitalization efforts
In 1979, the Eaton's catalogue building was converted into the first downtown mall in the city. It was called Eaton Place but would change its name to Cityplace following the controversial demolition of the empty Eaton's store in 2002.

Immediately following the 1979 energy crisis, Winnipeg experienced an economic downturn in advance of the early 1980s recession. Throughout the recession, the city incurred closures of prominent businesses such as the Winnipeg Tribune and the Swift's and Canada Packers meat packing plants. In 1981, Winnipeg was one of the first cities in Canada to sign a tripartite agreement to revitalize its downtown area. The three levels of government—federal, provincial and municipal—have contributed over $271-million to the development needs of downtown Winnipeg over the past 20 years. The funding was instrumental in attracting Portage Place mall, which comprises the headquarters of Investors Group, the offices of Air Canada, and several apartment complexes.

In 1989, the reclamation and redevelopment of the CNR rail yards at the junction of the Red and Assiniboine rivers turned The Forks into Winnipeg's most popular tourist attraction.

In 1993, feeling that their community needs were not being fulfilled, the residents of Headingley seceded from Winnipeg and officially became incorporated as a municipality.

In 1996 Winnipeg's National Hockey League team (the Winnipeg Jets) left for Phoenix, Arizona. Fifteen years later, the Atlanta Thrashers of the NHL relocated to Winnipeg for the 2011–12 season.

During the 1997 Red River flood, the floodway was pushed to its limits. The Red River Floodway Expansion is set to be completed in late 2010 at a final cost of more than $665,000,000 CAD.

Political history

The first elections for city government in Winnipeg were held shortly after incorporation in 1873. On January 5, 1874, Francis Evans Cornish, former mayor of London, Ontario, defeated Winnipeg Free Press editor and owner William F. Luxton by a margin of 383 votes to 179. There were only 382 eligible voters in the city at the time, but property owners were allowed to vote in every civic poll in which they owned property. Until 1955, mayors could only serve one term. City government consisted of 13 aldermen and one mayor; this number of elected officials remained constant until 1920.

Construction of a new City Hall commenced in 1875. The building proved to be a structural nightmare and eventually had to be held up by props and beams. The building was eventually demolished so that a new City Hall could be built in 1883. A new City Hall building was constructed in 1886. It was a "gingerbread" building, built in Victorian grandeur, and symbolized Winnipeg's coming of age at the end of the 19th century. The building stood for nearly 80 years. There was a plan to replace it around the World War I era (during the construction of the Manitoba Legislative Building), but the war delayed that process. In 1958, falling plaster almost hit visitors to the City Hall building. The tower eventually had to be removed, and in 1962, the whole building was torn down.

The Winnipeg City Council embraced the idea of a "Civic Centre" as a replacement for the old city hall. The concept originally called for an administrative building and a council building, with a courtyard in between. Eventually, a police headquarters and remand centre (the Public Safety Building) and parkade were added to the plans. The four buildings were completed in 1964 in the brutalist style, at a cost of $8.2 million. The Civic Centre and the Manitoba Centennial Centre were connected by tunnels in 1967. The Public Safety Building and parkade were demolished in 2019-2020 for a new mixed use development called The Market Lands.

See also
 History of Manitoba
 Timeline of Winnipeg history

Notes

References

Further reading
 Artibise, Alan FJ. Winnipeg: a social history of urban growth, 1874-1914 (McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP, 1975)
 Bellan, Ruben C. Winnipeg, first century: An economic history (Queenston House Publishing Company, 1978)
 Cavett, Mary Ellen, H. John Selwood, and John C. Lehr. "Social Philosophy and the Early Development of Winnipeg's Public Parks." Urban History Review/Revue d'histoire urbaine (1982) 11#1 pp: 27–39.
 Dafoe, John W. "Early Winnipeg Newspapers: The Last 70 Years of Journalism at Fort Garry and Winnipeg," Manitoba Historical Society Transactions, Series 3, 1946-47 online
 Hiebert, Daniel. "Class, ethnicity and residential structure: the social geography of Winnipeg, 1901–1921." Journal of Historical Geography (1991) 17#1 pp: 56–86.
 Jones, Esyllt Wynne. Influenza 1918: Disease, Death, and Struggle in Winnipeg (University of Toronto Press, 2007)
 Keshavjee, Serena, and Herbert Enns. Winnipeg modern: architecture, 1945-1975 (Univ of Manitoba Press, 2006)
 Korneski, Kurt. "Britishness, Canadianness, class, and race: Winnipeg and the British world, 1880s–1910s." Journal of Canadian Studies/Revue d'études canadiennes (2007) 41#2 pp: 161–184.
 Lightbody, James. "Electoral Reform in Local Government: The Case of Winnipeg." Canadian Journal of Political Science (1978) 11#2 pp: 307–332.
 Matwijiw, Peter. "Ethnicity and urban residence: Winnipeg, 1941-1971." Canadian Geographer 23 (1979): 45–61.

 Perrun, Jody. The Patriotic Consensus: Unity, Morale, and the Second World War in Winnipeg (2014)

External links
 1905 Magazine Article with photos

Populated places established in 1738
1738 establishments in the French colonial empire


Vanier Park is a municipal park located in the Kitsilano neighbourhood of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, created in 1967. It is home to the Museum of Vancouver, the Vancouver Maritime Museum, the City of Vancouver Archives, and the H.R. MacMillan Space Centre. It is also the site of the ancestral Squamish settlement of Sen̓áḵw

History

The Squamish had an ancestral fishing ground on the site.  In the mid-1800s, they established a more permanent village site there named Sen̓áḵw. During the Royal Engineer’s Survey of 1869, it was designated as "Indian Reserve No. 6". Sen̓áḵw encompassed 80 acres, and included Vanier Park. In 1877, chief August Jack Khatsahlano, after whom the Kitsilano neighbourhood was named, was born at Sen̓áḵw.

The Canadian Pacific Railway, the Province and the City of Vancouver worked together to displace the Squamish inhabitants, with the City calling the settlement "a source of menace to the morals and health of the City". In 1913, the BC Government under Richard McBride expropriated the site, paying the inhabitants a fraction of the land's value, and giving them two days to leave before burning their homes to the ground.

The transaction was soon cancelled by the Dominion Government as contravening the Indian Act on several grounds, that only it had the right to negotiate surrenders of land with Indians interested, and that the Reserve belonged in common to the entire Squamish Band.  The land subsequently was expropriated by the Vancouver Harbour Commission, an agent of the Dominion government, in 1916.  The Squamish were never allowed to reoccupy of the reserve and most of it remained undeveloped.  Around the time of the second world war, the site was home to Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) station, Number 2 Equipment Depot. On October 28, 1966, it was turned over to the Vancouver Park Board by the Federal Government. Named for former Governor General of Canada Georges Vanier, the park officially opened on May 30, 1967. The H.R. MacMillan Space Centre and the Vancouver Museum complex opened in 1968, thanks to lumber baron MacMillan’s $1.5 million donation.

Deputy Park Board Superintendent William Livingstone, famous for his landscape design for Queen Elizabeth Park and VanDusen Botanical Garden, increased the size of the original park site using tons of free fill from the excavation for the MacMillan Bloedel Building on Georgia Street. The fill added additional acres onto the park which was then landscaped by Livingstone and his crew.

Attractions
Vanier Park plays host to one of Vancouver’s biggest summer festivals, the Shakespearean Bard on the Beach and formerly the Vancouver International Children's Festival. It is the biggest and most famous of the fifteen parks in Kitsilano.

References

External links

Kitsilano
Parks in Vancouver


Rodrigo Martín Mannara (born December 24, 1979, in Buenos Aires) is an Argentine football forward who plays for Deportivo Roca.

Mannara's former clubs include Club Atlético Lanús, Arsenal de Sarandí and Racing Club in Argentina. He also played professionally for the Chilean senior clubs Cobreloa and Puerto Montt.

Honours

Club
Universidad Católica
 Primera División de Chile (1): 2010

External links

1979 births
Living people
Footballers from Buenos Aires
Argentine men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Club Atlético Lanús footballers
Arsenal de Sarandí footballers
Racing Club de Avellaneda footballers
C.D. Cobreloa footballers
Deportes Puerto Montt footballers
Club Deportivo Universidad Católica footballers
Unión de Santa Fe footballers
Argentine Primera División players
Expatriate men's footballers in Chile
Argentine expatriate men's footballers


Nancy Drew and the Hidden Staircase is a 1939 American mystery film directed by William Clemens and written by Kenneth Garnet. It is the fourth and final film in the original Nancy Drew film series and a sequel to Nancy Drew... Trouble Shooter (1939). The film stars Bonita Granville as teenage amateur detective Nancy Drew, Frankie Thomas as her boyfriend, and John Litel as her father. It was loosely based on the novel of the same name by Mildred Wirt Benson. The film was released by Warner Bros. on September 9, 1939.

Plot
Elderly sisters Rosemary and Floretta Turnbull want to donate their mansion for a children's hospital. However, their father's will states that at least one of them has to stay in the house every night for twenty years before they can inherit the estate; there are two weeks left to go.

Then some strange things start occurring. A stranger forces his way past Nancy Drew and brazenly searches the Drew house for related affidavits her lawyer father Carson has obtained. Then, the Turnbulls' chauffeur Phillips dies, though it is uncertain if it was a murder or a suicide. The frightened old ladies consider leaving their home. When Nancy recognizes the dead man as the trespasser, she begins investigating, dragging her boyfriend Ted Nickerson into one predicament after another, eventually getting him fired and jailed.

When police Captain Tweedy arrests the two sisters for Phillips' murder, their ownership is endangered. Just in time, Nancy and Ted discover a secret passageway in the basement linking it to the neighboring house, owned by Daniel Talbert. Talbert would make a lot of money if a racetrack were to be built on the two properties, but the Turnbulls had turned down an offer to buy their place.

Cast
 Bonita Granville as Nancy Drew
 Frankie Thomas as Ted Nickerson
 John Litel as Carson Drew
 Frank Orth as Captain Tweedy
 Renie Riano as Effie Schneider
 Vera Lewis as Rosemary Turnbull
 Louise Carter as Floretta Turnbull
 William Gould as Daniel Talbert
 George Guhl as Smitty
 John Ridgely as Reporter
 William Hopper as Reporter
 Creighton Hale as Reporter
 Frank Mayo as Tribune Photographer
 Frederic Tozere as District Attorney's Investigator
 Don Rowan as Phillips the Chauffeur
 Dick Elliott as McKeever
 Jack Mower as Ice Company Dispatcher (uncredited)
 Cliff Saum as Burt the Iceman (uncredited)

Production
It was the only film to borrow its title from a book in the series, although the plot was altered substantially. One critic wrote that "the only similarity between the book and the film was the word staircase." Nancy's boyfriend Ned Nickerson became Ted Nickerson, as "Ned" was considered too old-fashioned, and housekeeper Hannah Gruen was replaced by Effie Schneider, a minor character who had appeared in only a few books as the Drews' part-time maid; in the films, Effie's traits are combined with Hannah's. Nancy's friends George and Bess were eliminated completely, "mystery elements were downplayed, plots simplified, and the romance spiced up." To promote the film, Warner Bros. created a Nancy Drew fan club that included a set of rules, such as: "Must have steady boy friend, in the sense of a 'pal'" and must "Take part in choosing own clothes." These rules were based on some research Warner Bros. had done on the habits and attitudes of "typical" teenage girls.

Bonita Granville starred four films — Nancy Drew... Detective (1938), Nancy Drew... Reporter (1939), Nancy Drew... Trouble Shooter (1939), and Nancy Drew and the Hidden Staircase (1939).

References

External links

1939 films
1930s mystery films
American mystery films
1930s teen films
American black-and-white films
American sequel films
Films directed by William Clemens
Films scored by Heinz Roemheld
Teen mystery films
Films based on Nancy Drew
Warner Bros. films
1930s English-language films
1930s American films


Lancer Spy is a 1937 American thriller film directed by Gregory Ratoff and starring Dolores Del Rio and George Sanders. Its plot concerns an Englishman who impersonates a German officer and a female German spy who falls in love with him.

Plot

Cast

Production
Lancer Spy was based on a story written by Marthe McKenna, a Belgian woman who was a spy for England during World War I. She had previously written the 1932 memoir I Was a Spy, the basis of a 1933 film of the same title.

Gregory Ratoff signed a contract with 20th Century Fox to write, produce and direct. The film was originally to star Michael Whalen in the part that was eventually played by George Sanders.

French actor Germaine Aussey was to have made her American debut in the film but was replaced by Dolores del Río soon after filming began in May 1937.

Peter Lorre was cast after his success in Think Fast, Mr Moto. Fox bought his contract from the Gaumont-British Picture Corporation.

Colin Clive, who had been cast in the film, collapsed during filming and died.

References

External links

1937 films
1930s spy thriller films
American spy thriller films
Films directed by Gregory Ratoff
Films produced by Samuel G. Engel
Films with screenplays by Philip Dunne
American black-and-white films
20th Century Fox films
World War I spy films
Films set in London
Films set in Norfolk
Films set in Berlin
1930s English-language films
1930s American films
Films set in 1917


Neil Teggart (born 16 September 1984 in Downpatrick) is a Northern Irish footballer. He was a Northern Ireland under-21 international, picking up two caps.

Career
He had been a very promising prospect, coming through the youth system at Sunderland, but after loan spells at Darlington and Scunthorpe United, he was released without breaking into the first team squad. After an unsuccessful spell at Perth Glory FC in Australia, he went to Scotland, where he played for Livingston and Hamilton Academical.

Teggart was to sign for Portadown in 2008, but after an administrative error cost them their Premiership status he opted to join Ballymena United, where he scored nine goals. He eventually signed a three-year deal with Portadown on 10 May 2009, following the club's promotion back to the Premiership.

On 11 July, Teggart scored his first goal for Portadown on his debut, in a friendly against Warrenpoint Town. He made his competitive league debut on 15 August, in the 2–1 home defeat against Glentoran.

Personal life

Teggart was arrested for assault in 2010.

References

External links
 Portadown F.C.official site

1984 births
Living people
Association footballers from County Down
Men's association footballers from Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland men's under-21 international footballers
Darlington F.C. players
Sunderland A.F.C. players
Scunthorpe United F.C. players
Perth Glory FC players
Livingston F.C. players
Hamilton Academical F.C. players
Ballymena United F.C. players
Portadown F.C. players
English Football League players
Scottish Football League players
NIFL Premiership players
Men's association football forwards
Sportspeople from Downpatrick


The Martin S was a two-seat observation seaplane produced by the Glenn L. Martin Company in the United States in 1915. Designed along the same general lines as the preceding Model T, it was a largely conventional two-bay biplane with unstaggered wings of equal span. The fuselage was not directly attached to the lower wings, but was carried on struts in the interplane gap. The undercarriage consisted of a single large pontoon below the fuselage and outrigger floats near the wingtips. The Model S was 23-year-old Donald Douglas' first and only design for the Martin company, and it set three world altitude records and a flight duration record that stood for three years.

Six, possibly fourteen, of these aircraft were operated by the Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps, and another two by the United States Navy. All of the Army aircraft, S.C. 56-59 and 94-95, were assigned to the first U.S. aviation unit based overseas, the 1st Company, 2d Aero Squadron at Fort Mills, Corregidor, in March and April 1916, where they used a radio transmitter with a range of 29 miles to adjust battery fire for the Coast Artillery.

Operators

United States Army
United States Navy

Specifications

References
Notes

Bibliography

1910s United States military reconnaissance aircraft
Floatplanes
S
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1915


Mustafa F. Özbilgin (born 1970) is a Turkish-born British social scientist. He is Professor of Human Resource Management at Brunel Business School, Brunel University and was the editor-in-chief of the British Journal of Management between 2010 and 2013. He is also co-chair of Management and Diversity at University Paris-Dauphine in France. Between 2006 and 2010, he served as the editor-in-chief of Equal Opportunities International.

He holds visiting professorships at Panthéon-Assas University, St Gallen University, Cornell University, Japan Institute of Labour Policy, CEPS-INSTEAD, and Istanbul Bilgi University among others. His papers are published in journals including the Academy of Management Review, Academy of Management Learning and Education, Journal of Vocational Behavior, British Journal of Management, Human Relations, Social Science and Medicine, and Human Resource Management.

Özbilgin obtained a BA in Business Administration from Boğaziçi University in Turkey in 1993, an MA in Human Resource Management and Development at Marmara University (also Turkey) in 1995 and a PhD in social sciences at the University of Bristol in 1998.

His research focuses on equality, diversity, and fairness at work from relational, comparative and international perspectives. He founded the annual Equality, Diversity and Inclusion (EDI) Conferences in 2008 in Norwich (UK). Since then the conference was held in Istanbul (Turkey) in 2009, Vienna (Australia) in 2010, and Auckland (New Zealand) in 2011. Next EDI conference will be held in Toulouse (France) in 2012. He is the editor of the book series, International Perspectives on Equality, Diversity and Inclusion (Emerald Press), and associate editor of the journal Gender, Work and Organization.

He is a member of the Reform Club.

Books
Özbilgin has authored and co-edited a number of books including:
Banking and Gender (2003, IB Tauris-Palgrave)
International Human Resource Management (2004, Palgrave)
Arts Marketing (2005, Elsevier)
Relational Perspectives in Organizational Studies (2006, Edward Elgar)
Career Choice in Management and Entrepreneurship: a research companion (2007, Edward Elgar)
Global Diversity Management (2008, Palgrave)
Equality, Diversity and Inclusion at Work (2009, Edward Elgar)
Handbook of Research in High-Technology Entrepreneurs (2009, Edward Elgar)
Managing Gender Diversity in Asia (2010, Edward Elgar)
Managing Ethnic Diversity in Asia (2010, Edward Elgar)

References

External links

1970 births
Alumni of the University of Bristol
Academics of the University of East Anglia
Academics of Brunel University London
British social scientists
Academic staff of Istanbul Bilgi University
Turkish emigrants to the United Kingdom
Turkish sociologists
Turkish non-fiction writers
Living people


The Goliath Bone is the 14th entry in the Mike Hammer series by Mickey Spillane.  It was completed by Max Allan Collins, and was first published on October 13, 2008.  The Goliath Bone is one of three almost finished Mike Hammer novels that Spillane entrusted Collins to finish before his death in 2006.

Plot
Hammer is forced to put off retirement and his marriage to his longtime love and secretary, Velda, after he falls into the middle of an international crisis. Hammer saves a couple of archaeologists from unknown muggers in New York, who turn out to be Al Qaeda agents who believe they possess a thigh bone of the Biblical character Goliath. Hammer now finds himself going against Islamic terrorists, including a 7-foot agent code named "Goliath".

Note
Several pages into Chapter 11 of 12, Mike Hammer marries Velda Sterling at City Hall.

References

2008 American novels
American crime novels
Novels published posthumously
Houghton Mifflin books
Mike Hammer (character) novels


Tales of ghosts from the American Civil War have been popularly shared since its end.  Among the locales that have become known for Civil War ghost stories are the Sharpsburg battlefield near Sharpsburg, Maryland; the Chickamauga battlefield in Georgia; Harper's Ferry, West Virginia; Buras, Louisiana; and Warren, Arkansas.

Gettysburg

The Battle of Gettysburg was the largest battle in North America. It has many ghost stories. The Soldiers' Orphanage cellar is said to make psychics too afraid to enter the house, due to its legend.  The Herr Tavern was built in 1815, but during the battle it was used as the first Confederate hospital at Gettysburg, where amputations often resulted in limbs being thrown out through the window to be collected later, only for many of the soldiers to die afterward. As a result, four of the guest rooms are said to be haunted, and the rooms are numbered so that there is no room 13.

The interest of ghosts and Gettysburg remains to the present day. In recent times, people have claimed to have seen ghost soldiers, and sometimes even ghost battles, in many places around Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Eight separate companies offer ghost tours in Gettysburg—some seasonally, and some all year.

A book, Ghosts of Gettysburg: Spirits, Apparitions and Haunted Places of the Battlefield, by Mark Nesbitt, detailed the reports of ghostly apparitions in the area where the Battle of Gettysburg took place in July 1863.

Other battlefields
A battle did not need to be major for ghosts stories to be made about it. A farmhouse in northern Georgia is claimed to be haunted by a ghost associated with The Battle of Kolb Farm.

One of the bloodiest battles was the Battle of Sharpsburg. Tales of Union and Confederate ghost sightings exist, that are reportedly seen placing and firing at each other with artillery on the battlefield.

Lincoln's ghost

Abraham Lincoln has long been said to haunt the White House. First Lady Grace Coolidge, wife of President Calvin Coolidge, was the first to claim to spot Lincoln's ghost. She claimed to see Lincoln looking at the Potomac River sadly from the Oval Office. Carl Sandburg claimed to have "sensed" Lincoln do the same as well. Both Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands and Eleanor Roosevelt allegedly saw Lincoln's ghost during World War II in the Lincoln Bedroom (Lincoln's office during the war); the Queen admitted to fainting after seeing Lincoln in his top hat. Margaret Truman heard a tapping sound attributed to the ghost so often that Harry Truman ordered the White House renovated. Gerald Ford's daughter Susan Ford made a point of never sleeping in the Lincoln Bedroom, out of fear of Lincoln's ghost. Maureen Reagan claimed to see Lincoln's ghost in the Lincoln Bedroom as well during the administration of her father, Ronald Reagan. Others who have sensed or reportedly seen Lincoln's ghost were Harry Truman and Fala. Lincoln's ghost was reportedly seen outside of the White House as well. In Loundonville, New York, Lincoln's ghost was said to haunt a house that was owned by a woman who was present at Ford's Theatre when Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth. Other Lincoln hauntings included his grave in Springfield, Illinois, a portrait of Mary Todd Lincoln and a phantom train on nights in April along the same path his funeral train followed from Washington, D.C. to Springfield.

The last sighting of Lincoln's ghost was in the early 1980s, when Tony Savoy, White House operations foreman, came into the White House and saw Lincoln sitting in a chair at the top of some stairs.

Lincoln's son Willie died during Lincoln's presidency. A White House maid during Ulysses S. Grant's administration reported seeing the ghost of the dead boy.

Elsewhere
The Beauregard-Keyes House in New Orleans is said to be haunted by the ghost of Confederate general P.G.T. Beauregard and an entire regiment of ghost soldiers reenacting the Battle of Shiloh, perhaps Beauregard's worst defeat and a battle that took place 415 miles away in southwest Tennessee.

Fort Davidson Battlefield in Pilot Knob, Missouri is said to have some activity such as hearing cannons going off in the middle of the night, and spirits and shadows of soldiers walking or running by. This has been confirmed by multiple Civil War reenactors.

The Rossborough Inn on the University of Maryland campus is said to be haunted by a Confederate soldier who camped on the college grounds, a man who lost a duel in front of the Inn, and most famously, Miss Bettie, who managed the Inn during the Civil War. The Inn served as the headquarters of Confederate Army General Bradley Tyler Johnson and his cavalry brigade in 1864, while the nearby campus was occupied by both Union and Confederate soldiers.

See also
List of ghosts

Notes

Literature
Coleman, Christopher K. Ghosts and Haunts of the Civil War (Nashville: Routledge Hill Press, 1998).
Coleman, Christopher K. The Paranormal Presidency of Abraham Lincoln  (Atglen, PA: Schiffer, 2012).
Nesbitt, Mark Ghosts of Gettysburg Vols. I-VIII (Gettysburg: self published).
Roberts, Nancy Civil War Ghosts and Legends  (Columbia, SC: Univ. SC Press, 1992).

References

Cultural history of the American Civil War
American Civil War


Mobjack may refer to:

SS Mobjack, a coastal steamship owned by the Old Dominion Steamship Company.
USS Mobjack (AVP-27), laid down as a United States Navy seaplane tender in 1942 but converted while under construction into motor torpedo boat tender USS Mobjack (AGP-7)
USS Mobjack  (AGP-7), a United States Navy motor torpedo boat tender in commission from 1943 to 1946
Mobjack Bay, a bay on the western shore of Chesapeake Bay.
Mobjack (dinghy), an American 1956 sailing dinghy design


Czesław Kiszczak was appointed Prime Minister of the People's Republic of Poland by President Wojciech Jaruzelski on 2 August 1989, replacing Mieczysław Rakowski.

Kiszczak, however, failed to win support in parliament and thus was unable to form a cabinet. During his brief premiership, he headed a cabinet previously headed but then vacated by Rakowski.

On 17 August Kiszczak resigned and Jaruzelski named Tadeusz Mazowiecki on 20 August. Kiszczak served in his successor cabinet as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Internal Affairs.

Kiszczak, Czeslaw
1989 establishments in Poland
1989 disestablishments in Poland
Cabinets established in 1989
Cabinets disestablished in 1989


The New York Giants were a Major League Baseball team that played in Manhattan, New York until moving to San Francisco in 1958.  From 1883 until their move to San Francisco, they played their home games at the Polo Grounds.  They played in the National League. The first game of the new baseball season for a team is played on Opening Day, and being named the Opening Day starter is an honor, which is often given to the player who is expected to lead the pitching staff that season, though there are various strategic reasons why a team's best pitcher might not start on Opening Day. The Giants used 33 different Opening Day starting pitchers in their 75 seasons they played in New York. The Giants won 39 of those games against 35 losses in those Opening Day starts.  They also played one tie game.

Carl Hubbell had the most Opening Day starts for the New York Giants with six between 1929 and 1942.  Mickey Welch, Amos Rusie and Larry Jansen each had five Opening Day starts for the team.  Christy Mathewson, Red Ames, Jeff Tesreau and Bill Voiselle all had four Opening Day starts apiece for the Giants.  Ed Doheny and Johnny Antonelli each had three Opening Day starts for the New York Giants and Antonelli also had an Opening Day start for the San Francisco Giants in 1959, giving him a total of four Opening Day starts for the franchise.  Antonelli is the only player to have an Opening Day start for both the New York and San Francisco Giants.

Other pitchers who had multiple Opening Day starts for the New York Giants were Hal Schumacher with three such starts, and Joe McGinnity, Rube Marquard, Jesse Barnes, Art Nehf, Virgil Barnes, Bill Walker and Sal Maglie with two apiece.  Seven Hall of Fame pitchers made Opening Day starts for the New York Giants — Welch, Tim Keefe, Rusie, Mathewson, McGinnity, Marquard and Hubbell.

The New York Giants won the modern World Series five times, in , , ,  and .  Their Opening Day starting pitchers in those years were Joe McGinnity in 1905, Phil Douglas in 1921, Art Nehf in 1922, Carl Hubbell in 1933 and Sal Maglie in 1954.  In , the Giants won the National League championship but no World Series was played.  Christy Mathewson was the Giants' Opening Day starting pitcher that season.  The Giants also won the 19th century World Series twice, in 1888 and 1889.  Ledell Titcomb and Mickey Welch were the Giants Opening Day starting pitchers in 1888 and 1889, respectively.

Jesse and Virgil Barnes, who each made two Opening Day starts for the New York Giants, were brothers.

Key

Pitchers

References

Opening day starters
Lists of Major League Baseball Opening Day starting pitchers
New York Giants


Victor Amadeus of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym (21 May 1744 in Schaumburg – 2 May 1790), was a German prince of the House of Ascania from the Anhalt-Bernburg branch through the sub-branch of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym and a Russian General under the service of Empress Catherine II the Great.

He was the sixth (but fifth surviving) son of Victor I Amadeus Adolph, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym, and the third-born by his second wife, Countess Hedwig Sophie Henckel of Donnersmarck.

Life
As the youngest of the sons of Prince Victor I, Victor Amadeus had little chances to inherit any of the family lands. He thus chose to follow a military career and entered in the Russian army in 1772.

On 10 July 1775 Victor Amadeus was appointed Major General and four months later, on 26 November, he was awarded with the Order of Saint George IV Class for his remarkable services. On 28 June 1782 he was appointed Lieutenant General.

Since the beginning of the Turkish campaign of Prince Potemkin, in 1788, Victor Amadeus entered in his army and distinguished himself in the Battle of Ochakov, where he was commander of the first two columns during the assault and put them on the walls of the fortress; for this, he was awarded on 16 December 1788 with the Order of Saint George II Class.

The following year, Victor Amadeus took an active part in the capture of the towns of Căuşeni, Akkerman and Bender, and was rewarded for his distinction with the Orders of St. Alexander Nevsky and St. Andrew

In 1790 the Prince joined to the army of Count Ivan Saltykov in Finland, the theater of the Russo-Swedish War. This was his last military action: at the beginning of hostilities, Victor Amadeus sent a detachment to drive the enemy from Pardakoski and Kernikoski and, on 18 April, while the troops were attacking the Swedish, he was fatally wounded in his right leg, and was forced to leave the field battle, dying several days later.

The name of the Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym was closely linked with the famous Russian general Barclay de Tolly, who began active service under his direct command. Victor Amadeus was the first one who drew attention to the military talents of Barclay; when the Prince was dying, he gave to Barclay his sword, with which he never parted.

Marriage and issue
In Schaumburg on 21 April 1778 Victor Amadeus married Magdalena Sophie (b. Braunfels, 4 June 1742 - d. Homburg vor der Höhe, 21 January 1819), daughter of Frederick William, Prince of Solms-Braunfels. They had one son:
Victor Amadeus (b. Homburg vor der Höhe, 19 June 1779 - d. Homburg vor der Höhe, 4 March 1783).

Bibliography
Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary: In 86 volumes (82 vols. and 4 additional) - St. Petersburg: 1890–1907.
 Ганкевич В.Ю. Генерал-поручик Віктор Амадей Ангальт-Бернбург-Шаумбург-Хойм: (призабута біографія генерала катерининської доби) // Ученые записки Таврического национального университета им. В.И. Вернадского. Серия "Исторические науки". - 2011. - Том 24 (63). No. 1, спецвыпуск "История Украины". – С. 3 – 22.  (PDF)
 Ганкевич В. Ю. Принц Виктор Амадей Ангальт-Бернбург-Шаймбург-Хоймский соратник и учитель российских полководцев – героев Отечественной войны 1812 года // Российская империя в исторической ретроспективе: Вып. VIII. – Белгород: ГиК, 2013. – С. 33–37. ()

House of Ascania
1744 births
1790 deaths
Recipients of the Order of St. George of the Second Degree
Sons of monarchs


Anton Pius Riegel or Rigel (; 1789 - ?) was an Austrian architect of the 19th century.

He is mainly known for the design of the Károlyi palais in Budapest Hungary (now housing the Petőfi Museum of Literature - Petőfi Irodalmi Múzeum) and of the mansion of Dolná Krupá in Slovakia.

References

Sources
 Museum of Literature
 Jana Šulcová - Tri kapitoly zo stavebných dejín kaštieľa v Dolnej Krupej – Ars No.1-3, 1996
 Szabadidõ
 A Károlyi-palota,

1789 births
Year of death unknown
19th-century Austrian people
People from Austria-Hungary
19th-century Austrian architects
Austrian expatriates in Hungary
Architecture in Slovakia


Vorys, Sater, Seymour and Pease LLP is an international law firm based in Columbus, Ohio.  With approximately 375 attorneys working out of offices in California, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Texas, Washington, D.C., London, and Berlin, the firm is among the largest 150 law firms in the United States, according to American Lawyer.

History
Vorys, Sater, Seymour and Pease was founded in 1909 by Arthur I. Vorys, Lowry F. Sater, Augustus T. Seymour, and Edward L. Pease.  The firm has been home to several generations of the Vorys family, many of whom have had ties to the government of Ohio as well as the federal government.

Practice areas
The firm is involved in lobbying at both the federal and state levels, and also has a broad range of practices, including intellectual property, entertainment law, labor & employment law, bankruptcy and creditors' rights, health law, insurance law, tax law, corporate law, international trade law, media & telecom law, real estate, environmental law, and trusts & estates.

The firm also has one subsidiary. Vorys Advisors LLC provides business and strategic counsel to Ohio businesses in manufacturing, health care, energy, real estate, venture capital, technology, and other industries. Former Ohio Senate President Tom Niehaus serves as one of the principals for Vorys Advisors. Vorys Advisors was previously led by retired Congressman David Hobson (R-OH).

Notable lawyers and alumni
 John Martin Vorys, former Congressman for Ohio's 12th congressional district
 R. Guy Cole, Jr., judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit
 M. Peter McPherson, former deputy secretary of the United States Treasury and a former director of USAID
 Algenon L. Marbley, judge on United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio, trustee for Ohio State University

Tom McDonald, U.S. Ambassador to Zimbabwe from 1997 to 2001
Shammas Malik, presumptive mayor-elect of Akron, Ohio
 Matthew Barrett, casebook editor and law professor at Notre Dame Law School
 Evelyn Lundberg Stratton, former Ohio Supreme Court Justice
 Paul Manafort, American lobbyist, political consultant and convicted criminal
Vorys Advisors
David Hobson, retired Congressman for Ohio's 7th congressional district (no longer an advisor)
Zack Space, former Congressman for Ohio's 18th congressional district (no longer an advisor)
Tom Niehaus, former Ohio Senate President
Lou Gentile, former Ohio Senate member

References

External links
 Vorys, Sater, Seymour and Pease home page
 Chambers USA profile
 See this firm's profile on Martindale.com
 Martindale.com augmented information with third-party sourced data to present a more comprehensive overview of the firm's expertise
 Article about the Vorys family from Moritz College of Law

Law firms established in 1909
Law firms based in Columbus, Ohio
Lobbying firms
Companies based in the Columbus, Ohio metropolitan area


Joel Lee Adamson (born July 2, 1971) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played for the Florida Marlins,  Milwaukee Brewers and Arizona Diamondbacks of Major League Baseball (MLB).

Career
Left handed pitcher Joel Adamson, hailing from Lakewood, California, was first drafted in the seventh round in 1990 by the Philadelphia Phillies. After the 1992 season, they traded him to the pre-debut Marlins with Matt Whisenant for Danny Jackson.
Adamson got called up to the major leagues for the Marlins in 1996, and pitched in nine games. The Marlins traded Adamson to the Brewers for a PTBNL after the season, and Milwaukee eventually sent Ed Collins in his place.  Adamson played a total of  innings for Milwaukee in 1997, and played  five games for the Diamondbacks in 1998.

Adamson was drafted in a Rule 5 Draft by the Boston Red Sox in 1998 from the Oakland Athletics.
He appeared in 44 games for three teams with 11 starts over a short 3-year career from 1996 to 1998. He played nine seasons in the minor leagues with seven different teams with five different MLB affiliations.

References

External links

1971 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
Arizona Diamondbacks players
Baseball players from Lakewood, California
Cerritos Falcons baseball players
Charlotte Knights players
Clearwater Phillies players
Edmonton Trappers players
Florida Marlins players
High Desert Mavericks players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Milwaukee Brewers players
Pawtucket Red Sox players
Portland Sea Dogs players
Reading Phillies players
Tacoma Rainiers players
Tucson Toros players
Spartanburg Phillies players
Artesia High School (California) alumni


Torturing Democracy is a 2008 documentary film produced by Washington Media Associates. The film details the use of torture by the Bush administration in the "War on Terror."

Overview
Produced by journalist Sherry Jones and narrated by Peter Coyote, Torturing Democracy examines the origin of the Bush administration's use of torture as part of US interrogation and detention policy.

Weaving together interviews with primary source documents, the film describes the initial response to 9/11 and the drawing up of legal memoranda, collectively called the "torture memos," that approved and expanded detention and interrogation policies, including the use of what the Bush administration and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) referred to as "enhanced interrogation techniques".

Many of the enhanced techniques, including waterboarding, were derived from a military training program called Survival, Evasion, Resistance, and Escape (SERE) and were modeled after tactics used to torture American soldiers during the Korean War. SERE training was designed to prepare American soldiers to resist torture if captured.

The documentary includes interviews with US State Department and military personnel, such as former Deputy Secretary of State Richard Armitage and former detainees held at Guantanamo Bay detention camp, including Shafiq Rasul.

Primary source documents, including the torture memos, interrogation logs, and reports, were released through Freedom of Information Act requests and lawsuits by the ACLU, Associated Press, and the Center for Constitutional Rights.

Release
PBS did not initially air the film, although it was aired on PBS-affiliated networks. It was suggested that the airdate they proposed, January 21, 2009, one day after President Bush left office, was a factor in their decision but PBS claimed that the date was coincidental.

PBS's airdate offer was declined by the producer, Sherry Jones, as too late, not because of the election but because she felt that it needed to be released when “the news was still breaking.”

Awards

 2009 Robert F. Kennedy Journalism Award - Domestic TV

See also
Taxi to the Dark Side
Torture Memos
The Dark Side (book)
Rasul v. Bush

External links
Transcript - National Security Archive at GWU
ACLU v. DOD

References

American documentary films
Documentary films about American politics
Documentary films about war
2008 films
Extrajudicial prisoners of the United States
Torture in the United States
War on terror
Presidency of George W. Bush
Documentary films about human rights
2000s English-language films
2000s American films


The Schiappa Library is a public library located in Steubenville, Ohio.  It is a branch of the Public Library of Steubenville and Jefferson County (PLSJ), which services a large area in southeast Ohio – otherwise known as the Ohio Valley.  Besides the Schiappa Library, PLSJ has branches all over Jefferson County, Ohio located in Toronto, Brilliant, Tiltonsville, Dillonvale and Adena with the Main Library located in Steubenville.  The Schiappa branch is located at the west end of Steubenville on the Fort Steuben Mall property.  It not only serves as an additional library for the city of Steubenville, but also as a library for the neighboring village of Wintersville, Ohio.

History

The Schiappa Branch Library opened its doors on February 2, 1987 in the west end of Steubenville, at 4141 Mall Drive, where it still sits on property donated by the Siciliano family.  This plot of land was one of many looked at in the time leading up to a final decision, but it was this area's location, being adjacent to a large shopping center attracting people from all over the Ohio Valley, that made it so desirable.  Huberta Siciliano made it clear that if she were to donate the land to the library, she would like the facility to be named after her parents: Albert and Mary A. Schiappa.

One concern with the property that the Schiappa Library now sits upon was that the land was a former strip-mining area.  This caused many to note that the foundation would be in danger of cracking and heaving once the pyrites swelled with moisture.  To resolve this, the library was built upon 110 concrete pylons, drilled into solid rock, which is between 4 and 14 feet deep at the site.

When the library first opened, most shelves had very few books on them and it often seemed like everything was checked out.  To remedy this, returned books were shelved quickly and the State Regional Library sent over boxes of books to make the shelves more full temporarily.   Over the years, the collection of books has grown exponentially to include videotapes, DVDs, CDs, audiobooks, periodicals, and graphic novels.

Renovations

By 1990, the collection at Schiappa Branch Library had grown so large that talk of expanding the building had begun.  A larger children's area was needed, more reference shelving would be required, and the collection in Schiappa's Ohio History and Genealogy room was beginning to take up more space than the shelves could fit.  There was also talk of adding a conference room, a children's activity room, and offices for the branch manager.  The project went forward in 1992 and the library was renovated with all of the above changes while the building itself stayed open to the public.  An extra wing was added for the children's area and activity room, a conference room and three study rooms were built, offices for the branch manager and extra workspaces were added behind the Circulation desk, and the Reference and Genealogy departments were given their own closed in space for quiet studying and for keeping reference materials from leaving the room.

Beginning in 2007, plans were drawn up for another renovation project.  This time, it was the front lobby and adult fiction/nonfiction areas that would be getting a makeover.  New flooring was put into the front lobby and periodical section.  New furniture was brought in, including new desks, workspaces, chairs and a counter for the Circulation department.  Vending machines were added beside new study areas for a more modern and customer friendly look.  The project was essentially complete in spring of 2008.

Departments

General circulation

The circulation department is located in the front lobby of the library.  Items may be returned or taken out at the circulation desk.  Borrowers may also pick up items that have been placed on hold (brought in from other libraries).  The library assistants at Circulation will help patrons locate items throughout the building or assist in ordering items that are not currently stocked.  A borrower may also take care of any pending overdue fines in this department.

Children/teens

Located in the rear of the Schiappa Library, this area includes a listening center for audio books, toys for young ones, couches for parents, a youthful reading area for teens and several desks for studying and activities.  There is also an activity room used for hosting children's programming and large group activities.

References

The reference department is mostly for quiet study and Internet usage.  The room is equipped with eight computers wired to the Internet.  The computers use timed software to allow each borrower up to an hour and twenty minutes of Internet time each day.  The reference staff will assist in technical support, troubleshooting, and will answer questions both in person and online through the Meebo chat service.  The reference librarian will also assist in ordering material not currently in the libraries database.

Ohio Room/genealogy

The Ohio History/Genealogy department is unique to the Schiappa Branch Library.  Nowhere else in the Jefferson County library system will one find this information.  The room is filled with books not only helping with basic genealogy techniques, but also books specific to the Steubenville and Jefferson County region that the library serves.  The collection consists of birth, death and marriage records, newspaper clippings, photo albums, high school yearbooks, and United States census materials, among other things.  There is also a large collection the Steubenville area's local newspaper, The Herald-Star, dating back to the early 19th century on microfilm.  The genealogist on duty can assist in using these materials as well as the wide variety of online materials.

Services and programs

The Schiappa Branch offers many free services, such as public notaries on duty during working hours, Internet access, Wi-Fi availability, and beginner computer instruction.  The library also houses public copy machines and printers for a fee.

The library offers many programs for people of all ages.  Children can visit the Tot Time, Babygarten, and Story Hour programs.  Teen programs include bi-monthly videogame nights and an all-ages movie is shown once a month.  Adult programs vary from month to month, but have – in the past – included wine tasting, cooking demonstrations, and author visits.  For a complete list of upcoming programs, the library's website can be visited or customers can take a schedule from the circulation department.

References

Library buildings completed in 1987
Public libraries in Ohio
Libraries established in 1987
Steubenville, Ohio
1987 establishments in Ohio


N-isopropylbenzylamine is a compound that has appeared in chemical literature often playing an intermediary role in applications of experimental synthesis and novel organic transformations. Despite having limited documented uses, it is most well known for having previously come to the attention of the DEA due to being used by illicit methamphetamine manufacturers as a diluent of or substitute for methamphetamine, with many recorded sightings occurring in the years 2007-2008. As of 2018, researchers from the DEA associated with the Methamphetamine Profiling Program, which categorizes route-specific and other impurities in seized drug samples, has stated that isopropylbenzylamine appears only "occasionally". This compound is a chain isomer of methamphetamine that exhibits the same chemical formula and molar mass giving their hydrochloride salts similar physical properties, such as relatively close melting points and comparable appearance. Consequently, it can be used as a substitute or diluent of methamphetamine without this being obvious to users, though the differing melting points and various attributes of its presentation such as softer or more easily broken crystals have been noted as a possible indication of its presence. In Australia it is known to be a border controlled substance. It currently is unknown to be a controlled substance in any other jurisdiction. Isopropylbenzylamine is not thought to have any stimulant effects in its own right, though anecdotal reports suggest that it may be associated with side effects such as headaches and confusion which are not typically associated with methamphetamine itself. The toxicity of N-isopropylbenzylamine has been studied as of 2022 and it has been found to produces toxicity via increasing nitric oxide in vitro. In this study, in vitro toxicity of N-isopropylbenzylamine and its toxicity-related targets were investigated in SN4741, SH-SY5Y or PC12 cell lines that model neurons. The study sounds an alarm for methamphetamine abusers and warns of the dangerousness of N-isopropylbenzylamine for public health. Other "cutting agents" found to have been used for methamphetamine include the related compounds methylbenzylamine and ethylbenzylamine, as well as dimethylsulfone.

Legality
In the United States, Isopropylbenzylamine may be considered a Schedule II substance as a positional isomer of Methamphetamine (C10H15N), due to the Schedule II definition of Methamphetamine  defined as "any quantity of methamphetamine, including its salts, isomers, and salts of isomers"

References

Drug culture
Illegal drug trade
Methamphetamine
Secondary amines
Isopropylamino compounds
Benzyl compounds


Franz Adolph of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym (Schaumburg Castle, 7 July 1724 – Halle an der Saale, 22 April 1784), was a German prince of the House of Ascania from the Anhalt-Bernburg branch through the sub-branch of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym.

He was the fourth (but third surviving) son of Victor I Amadeus Adolph, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym, by his first wife Charlotte Louise, daughter of William Maurice, Count of Isenburg-Büdingen-Birstein.

Life
The death of his elder surviving brother the Hereditary Prince Christian in 1758 made Franz Adolph the heir presumptive of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym, preceded only by his other older brother and new heir, Karl Louis. He retained his position as heir presumptive until the birth of Karl Louis's first son, Victor Karl Frederick, in 1767.

Marriage and issue
In Nieder-Kaufung on 19 October 1762 Franz Adolph married Maria Josepha (b. 13 September 1741 – d. Halle, 2 December 1785), daughter of Count John Wolfgang of Hasslingen, from a Silesian noble family. She was raised to the rank of countess by the Emperor, which prompted Franz Adolph's brothers to ask the Reichshofrat for a declaration that this elevation would not be to their disadvantage in any way (4 September 1766); they were rebuffed (9 January 1767). The union produced seven children, who were considered dynasts:
Victor Frederick (b. Halle, 28 February 1764 – d. Halle, 17 October 1767).
Charlotte Louise (b. Halle, 20 April 1766 – d. Halle, 6 January 1776).
Frederick Franz Christoph (b. Halle, 1 May 1769 – d. Genslack, East Prussia, 19 November 1807); married in Waldau, Kr. Lauban on 22 June 1790 to Johanna Amalia Karoline Westarp (b. Brieg, 24 August 1773 – d. Brieg, 28 July 1818), a commoner, who was ennobled and created Countess of Westarp in 1798. The union was morganatic. The couple had four children who were created with their mother Counts and Countesses of Westarp:
Count Louis Frederick Victor of Westarp (b. Leipzig, 18 May 1791 – d. Freiwaldau, 7 April 1850), married in Potsdam on 10 February 1822 to Franziska von Lavergne-Peguilhen (b. Plock, 2 February 1797 – d. Wiesbaden, 25 November 1867). Their descendants in the male line continue to the present day.
[Count] Frederick Albert [of Westarp] (b. Brieg, 17 October 1792 – d. Brieg, 25 October 1792).
Countess Marie Karoline Adelheid of Westarp (b. Wiesbaden, 16 January 1795 – d. Gandau, 1 August 1811).
Count Karl Victor Adolph of Westarp (b. Grebenstein, 6 April 1796 – d. Hamburg, 4 May 1850); married in Berlin on 23 June 1822 to Baroness Pauline of Müffling (b. Erfurt, 17 November 1803 – d. Potsdam, 15 May 1886). Their descendants in the male line continue to the present day.
Victoria Amalie Ernestine (b. Halle, 11 February 1772 – d. Vienna, 17 October 1817), married firstly on 24 June 1791 to Karl of Hesse-Philippsthal (son of William, Landgrave of Hesse-Philippsthal) and secondly on 16 October 1796 to Count Franz of Wimpffen.
Adolf Karl Albrecht (b. Halle, 14 July 1773 – d. Halle, 7 February 1776).
Leopold Ludwig (b. Halle, 8 January 1775 – d. Halle, 28 January 1776).
Marie Henriette (b. Halle, 10 February 1779 – d. Halle, 12 June 1780).

References

Franz Adolph
1724 births
1784 deaths
Sons of monarchs


Luck's Incorporated was a food production company founded in Seagrove, North Carolina, in 1947, which produced a line of canned bean and other canned food products. For a period of time, it was one of the largest employers in the area and its canned food products were a staple in many Southern homes. It is a brand of Faribault Foods, after a divestment by ConAgra in 2010.

History

The company was founded as the Mountain View Cannery in 1947 by Ivey B. Luck, Alfred Spencer & H. Clay Presnell. Spencer & Presnell later sold out to Luck and the establishment became known as Luck's. Luck's specialized in pinto beans and other canned vegetables and food products, employed many Seagrove and surrounding area families, and was a major buyer of vegetable, fruit, and poultry farms in the Randolph County Area and from around the region. Luck's canned food products were sold across much of the Southeast during the 1950s and is still a popular brand today.

Merged and Acquired

In 1967, Luck's merged with American Home Products. In 2000, the food interests of American Home Products, known as International Home Foods, were acquired by ConAgra Foods.

In 2010, the brand was sold to Arizona Canning Company, a subsidiary of La Costeña, for US$14 million. In 2014, La Costeña acquired Faribault Foods and merged Arizona Canning into Faribault.

Luck's Headquarters and Cannery

The original company headquarters and cannery is located at 798 State Highway 705 in Seagrove, North Carolina. For a period of time Luck's also operated a cannery in Aberdeen, North Carolina.

The Luck's cannery in Seagrove was closed by ConAgra in 2002. The location was reopened eight months later and operated by Seagrove Foods, Inc., a fully independent company.

Currently, some of the warehouse space is used for local community events.

See also
 Seagrove, North Carolina

References

Food product brands
Randolph County, North Carolina
Food manufacturers of the United States
Food and drink companies established in 1947
Companies based in North Carolina
1947 establishments in North Carolina
1967 mergers and acquisitions


DRIZABONE is an international dance music / remixing musical group, led by record producer, musician and songwriter Vincent Garcia. Garcia used various female vocalists to provide the vocal element to his output. Driza Bone (sometimes billed as Drizabone) was primarily popular in the early 1990s. Garcia named his production company after the Driza-Bone brand of waterproof riding coats.

Career
The most successful remix single was of American R&B singer Shanice's 1991 single, "I Love Your Smile". It surpassed the success of the original track, reaching No. 2 on both the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and the UK Singles Chart.

Production / remixes by Driza Bone include songs by Lisa Stansfield, Jody Watley, Mary J. Blige, Shanice, Duran Duran, Tom Browne, Barry White, Diana Ross, Kylie Minogue, LuLu, Dasha Logan, Lindy Layton.

Driza Bone's most popular track, as an artist, was the song "Real Love", which reached No. 16 on the UK Singles Chart in June 1991. When this record came out, Drizabone included April, Garcia, and singer Sophie Jones. Jones was soon replaced by Dee Heron, who appeared on the single "Catch the Fire" (UK #54).

Heron was replaced by Kymberley Peer for "Pressure" (UK #33), "Brightest Star" (UK #45), and a re-release of "Real Love" in 1995 (UK No. 24, their biggest hit since the original version of the track). Driza Bone also had a charting album in 1994, titled Conspiracy, which debuted and peaked at No. 72 on the UK Albums Chart in November of that year. All of their chart successes were released on the Fourth & Broadway record label.

Discography

Albums
Conspiracy (1994) UK No.72
All The Way (2010) UK

Singles
"Real Love" (1991) - UK No. 16
"Catch the Fire" (1991) - UK No. 54
"Pressure" (1994) - UK No. 33
"Brightest Star" (1994) - UK No. 45
"Real Love" (re-release) (1995) - UK No. 24

References

Dance music groups
Remixers


Sweet Rosie Jones is an album by Buck Owens and his Buckaroos, released in 1968.

Track listing
All songs by Buck Owens unless otherwise noted.

Side one
 "Hello Happiness Goodbye Loneliness"
 "Sweet Rosie Jones"
 "If I Had Three Wishes" (Owens, Don Rich)
 "Swinging Doors" (Merle Haggard)
 "You'll Never Miss the Water" (Owens, Rich)
 "Sally Mary and Jerry" (Owens, Rolly Weber)

Side two
 "How Long Will My Baby Be Gone"
 "Leave Me Something to Remember You By" (Owens, Rich)
 "Heartaches Have Just Started" (Owens, Rich)
 "Everybody Needs Somebody"
 "Girl on Sugar Pie Lane" (Tommy Collins)
 "Happy Times Are Here Again"

1968 albums
Buck Owens albums
Capitol Records albums
Albums produced by Ken Nelson (United States record producer)
Albums recorded at Capitol Studios


A differential pulley —also called "Weston differential pulley", sometimes "differential hoist", "chain hoist", or colloquially "chain fall"— is used to manually lift very heavy objects like car engines.  It is operated by pulling upon the slack section of a continuous chain that wraps around two pulleys on a common shaft. (The two pulleys are joined together such that they rotate as a unit on the single shaft that they share.)  The relative sizing of the two connected pulleys determines the maximum weight that can be lifted by hand.  If the pulley radii are close enough, then the load will remain in place (and not lower under the force of gravity) until the chain is pulled.

History
The differential pulley was invented in 1854 by Thomas Aldridge Weston from King's Norton, England.

The pulleys were manufactured in collaboration with Richard and George Tangye. According to Richard Tangye's autobiography, the Weston differential pulley evolved from the Chinese windlass, with an endless chain replacing the finite length of rope. He claimed that many engineering firms conceded on the difficulty of efficiently disengaging the chain from the teeth as the pulleys turned, but his firm developed a "pitch" chain which solved the issue. Marketed as "Weston Differential Pulley Blocks with Patent Chain Guides", the pulley had good sales, namely, 3000 sets in 9 months. It was displayed in 5 sizes — from  to  — at the 1862 International Exhibition in London and received a medal for "original application, practical utility and success".

An ironmonger challenged the Tangyes that the pulley had been in use for 30 years before Weston's patent but the judge, William Page Wood ruled in favour of the Tangyes because the engaging mechanism was substantially different from the one presented as evidence.

The Yale Lock Company acquired the patent rights in 1876.

A dumb pulley can lift very large masses a short distance. It consists of two fixed pulleys of unequal radii that are attached to each other and rotate together, a single pulley bearing the load, and an endless rope looped around the pulleys. To avoid slippage, the rope is usually replaced by a chain, and the connected pulleys by sprockets.

The two sections of chain carrying the single pulley exert opposing and unequal torques on the connected pulleys, such that only the difference of these torques has to be compensated manually by pulling the loose part of the chain.
This leads to a mechanical advantage: the force needed to lift a load is only a fraction of the load's weight. At the same time, the distance the load is lifted is smaller than the length of chain pulled by the same factor. This factor (the mechanical advantage MA) depends on the relative difference of the radii r and R of the connected pulleys:

The effect on the forces and distances (see figure) is quantitatively:

The difference in radii can be made very small, making the mechanical advantage of this pulley system very large.
In the extreme case of zero difference in radii, MA becomes infinite, thus no force (besides friction) is needed to move the chain, but moving the chain will no longer lift the load.

At the other extreme, when r is zero, the system becomes a simple gun tackle with a mechanical advantage of 2.

The same principle is used in a differential windlass, where the connected pulleys are replaced by winches.

Calculation of mechanical advantage
In the above graphic, the four segments of the chain are labelled W, X, Y and Z. The magnitudes of their corresponding forces are FW, FX, FY and FZ, respectively.

Assuming that the chain is massless, FX = 0 because segment X is not supporting any weight.

Taking the system at equilibrium, FW and FY are equal — if they were not, the lower pulley would freely turn until they were.

Next, the downward force acting on the lower pulley equals the upward forces acting on it, so

FL = FW + FY, or 2 FW because FW = FY.

Additionally, there is no net torque or moment around the compound pulley, so the clockwise torque is equal to the anticlockwise torque:

FW R + FX r = FY r + FZ R .

Substituting FX and FY from the above equations,

FW R + 0 = FW r + FZ R .

Rearranging gives

FW = FZ ·  .

As FW = ,

 = FZ ·  .

Finally, the mechanical advantage,  =   or   .

A much simpler method of calculating mechanical advantage can be accomplished by simply counting and comparing the chain link pockets in the two differentially-sized sprockets. Let's call the number of pockets in the two respective sprockets P1 (larger) and P2 (smaller).

In lifting a load, for each full revolution of the double sprocket assembly, P1 chain link pairs (alternate perpendicular links fit between pockets) will be taken up by the larger sprocket while P2 chain link pairs are released by the smaller sprocket, for a net gain of P1-P2 chain link pairs.

The mechanical advantage would equal the ratio of chain link pairs required for each revolution to the net gain of chain link pairs. Put another way, the mechanical advantage would be the distance of pull required for each unit distance of gain. The mechanical advantage at the differential sprocket pair equals P1/(P1-P2).

Because there is a traveling pulley at the load, this doubles the mechanical advantage of the fixed (anchored) sprocket assembly, leading to a total mechanical advantage of 2 x P1/(P1-P2).

For instance, a 1-ton differential chain fall might have a 15-pocket and a 14-pocket sprocket set. This would provide a total of 2 X 15/(15-14), or 30:1 mechanical advantage.

See also
Block and tackle
Hoist

References

Mechanics
Simple machines
Mechanisms (engineering)


Manuel Lino Rodrigues Vilarinho (born 23 June 1948) is a Portuguese businessman who was the 32nd president of sports club S.L. Benfica.

Benfica

Born in Lisbon, Vilarinho was elected president of Benfica on 27 October 2000 with 62% of the votes, ousting the incumbent chairman João Vale e Azevedo in the second most contested election in the history of Benfica. In the club's football department, Vilarinho caused head coach José Mourinho to demand a contract extension and ultimately leave Benfica when he stated that he saw the team's former player and coach Toni as their manager for the future. Vilarinho later admitted that he would have probably renewed Mourinho's contract, but his refusal to negotiate an extension mid-season led to the manager's departure.

Vilarinho green-lighted the construction of the new Estádio da Luz, with the team moving to the stadium in 2004. Additionally, he gave his full support to the presidential candidacy of Luís Filipe Vieira, the club's director of football at the time, who became president of Benfica on 31 October 2003. Three years later, Vilarinho was elected as the fifth president of the club's General Assembly on 27 October.

Honours

Futsal (3 titles)
1 Portuguese League
1 Portuguese Cup
1 Portuguese SuperCup

Roller hockey (4 titles)
2 Portuguese Cup
2 Portuguese SuperCup

Rugby (1 title)
1 Campeonato Nacional Honra/Super Bock

Personal life
Vilarinho is married to Mariana Correia da Costa Pereira Caldas, daughter of João Jorge Dargent Pereira Caldas (of maternal French Belgian descent) and Ana Maria Bicker Correia da Costa (of remote Dutch descent).

References

External links
 S.L. Benfica profile

S.L. Benfica presidents
1948 births
Living people
Businesspeople from Lisbon
Portuguese football chairmen and investors


Masjid Malcolm Shabazz, formerly known as Mosque No. 7, is a Sunni Muslim mosque in Harlem, New York City. It was formerly a Nation of Islam mosque at which Malcolm X preached, until he left it for Sunni Islam in 1964.

History
Opened as Temple No. 7 of the Nation of Islam (NOI) at the Harlem YMCA in 1946 (all Nation of Islam sites were initially called Temples; the NOI switched to the term mosque as a move to add to the Nation's legitimacy by adding elements from mainstream Islam), it was moved to Lenox Casino at 102 West 116th Street on the southwest corner of Lenox Avenue and it "was just a storefront in 1954 when Malcolm was named minister by Elijah Muhammad." When Malcolm X split from Elijah Muhammad in 1964, he started a Sunni Muslim mosque named The Muslim Mosque Inc.  The successor to that mosque is The Mosque of Islamic Brotherhood Inc. at 130 West 113th Street, in Harlem.

In January 1964, Elijah Muhammad stripped Malcolm of his offices. Muhammad promoted James 3X as the new minister of Mosque No. 7.

Temple No. 7 was destroyed in a bombing in 1965, after Malcolm X's assassination, which forced the Nation of Islam to move the mosque to 106 West 127th Street. The building was redesigned by Sabbath Brown, and in 1976 the mosque was renamed Malcolm Shabazz Mosque, (by Wallace D. Muhammad, the new leader of the Nation of Islam), or Masjid Malcolm Shabazz, to honor the memory and contributions of Malcolm X.

In 1972, the mosque was the location of a controversial police shooting.

At 19 years of age in 1984, Conrad Tillard converted to Islam, joined the Nation of Islam, and became known as Conrad X, and later as Conrad Muhammad. At 25 years of age he was appointed the Minister of Mosque No. 7, and The Boston Globe described him as the heir-apparent of NOI head Louis Farrakhan.

See also

  List of mosques in the Americas
  Lists of mosques
  List of mosques in the United States

References

External links

Harlem
Former Nation of Islam mosques
Malcolm X
Mosques in New York City
20th-century mosques
Mosques completed in 1946
Mosque buildings with domes
1946 establishments in New York City
Sunni mosques in the United States


Peter P. Straub (1850–1913) is the founder of the Straub Brewery in St. Mary's, Pennsylvania.

Life and career
Straub was born 28 June 1850 in Felldorf, Starzach, Kingdom of Württemberg (now in Germany), to Anton Straub and his wife, Anna Maria Eger. The Straub family had been brewing a local beer for generations. As expected Peter learned a trade important to the brewing art. He became a Cooper, a craftsman who makes wooden barrels. Peter aspired to be a brewer and at the age of 19 in 1869 immigrated to the United States for a better and more prosperous life. Upon his arrival in the United States he found employment at the Eberhardt and Ober Brewing Company in Pennsylvania. Peter admired his employers' pledge to forfeit $1,000 if any adulteration was found in their beer, and as he honed his brewing skills to a sharp edge, he adhered faithfully to this promise. Eventually he tired of city life and moved north to Brookville, where he perfected his brewing process while working in the Christ and Algeir Brewery.

Peter later moved to Benzinger (St. Marys), where he met and married Sabina Sorg of Benzinger. The couple settled in Benzinger and had ten children: Francis X., Joseph A., Anthony A., Anna M., Jacob M., Peter M. (who died at two years of age), Peter P., Gerald B., Mary C., and Alphons J.

Peter's employment in Benzinger was with the Joseph Windfelder Brewery and he worked there until he purchased the Benzinger Spring Brewery (founded by Captain Charles C. Volk in 1855) from his father-in-law, Francis Xavier Sorg. It was then that Straub Beer and the Straub Brewery was born.

References

External links
 Straub Beer Official Website
 Genealogy of Peter P. Straub

1850 births
1913 deaths
American brewers
Württemberger emigrants to the United States
19th-century American businesspeople


MakeMsi is a tool for creating .msi software installation packages for Windows. To create an installation package, the user needs to create short text file and process it through MakeMsi. The licensing allows it to be used for both open source and commercial projects. MakeMsi is written by Dennis Bareis.

Microsoft awarded Dennis Bareis an MVP (Most Valuable Professional) for his work on Windows Installers.

References

Windows administration


Diisopinocampheylborane is an organoborane that is useful for asymmetric synthesis. This colourless solid is the precursor to a range of related reagents. The compound was reported in 1961 by Zweifel and Brown in a pioneering demonstration of asymmetric synthesis using boranes. The reagent is mainly used for the synthesis of chiral secondary alcohols.

Preparation
Diisopinocampheylborane was originally prepared by hydroboration of excess α-pinene with borane,
but it is now more commonly generated from borane-methyl sulfide (BMS).

The compound can be isolated as a solid.   However, because it is quite sensitive to water and air, this reagent is often generated in situ and used as a solution.

Diisopinocampheylborane is monomeric, in contrast to diborane and many of its less bulky analogues.

Reactions
Oxidation of diisopinocampheylborane with basic hydrogen peroxide gives isopincampheol.  Methanolysis gives methoxydiisopinocampheylborane

Hydroboration
Because of the large size of the α-pinenyl substituents, diisopinocampheylborane only hydroborates unhindered alkenes.  These reactions proceed with high enantioselectivity. 2-Butene, 2-pentene, 3-hexene are converted to the respective chiral alcohols in high ee's.  Norbornene under the same conditions gave an 83% ee.  Heterocycles (dihydrofuran, dihydrothiophene, dihydropyrrole, tetrahydropyran) give the alcohols in ≥99% ee; the high ee's reflect their constrained conformations.

It adds to alkynes to form the corresponding vinyldiisopinocampheylboranes

In a highly stereoselective reaction, allyldiisopinocampheylboranes converts aldehydes to the homologated alcohols, rapidly even at -100 °C. The alkyldiisopinocampheylboranes, which result from the addition to alkenes, usefully react with a range of different reagents.  Hydroxylamine-O-sulfonic acid  provides 3-pinanamine.

Also useful is the reaction of diisopinocampheylborane with an aldehyde (RCHO) to give the chiral boronic ester, (isopinocampheyl)2BOCH2(R), which can be further used is a number of reactions e.g. Suzuki reaction.

Related campheylboranes

Treatment of diisopinocampheylborane with TMEDA give the crystalline adduct of monoisopinocampheylborane.  This adduct reacts with boron trifluoride to liberate the monoisopinocampheylborane (IpcBH2) in 100% ee. Monoisopinocampheylborane reacts with a variety of alkenes.  Two other reagents have been developed for the hydroboration of ketones:

In the above mechanism where G=O and R is Ipc and Cl or 9-Borabicyclononane.  Diisopinocampheylchloroborane (Ipc2BCl) is produced by treating diisopinocampheylborane with hydrogen chloride. The chloride is reported to be more stable that the trialkyl boranes, it works well with aryl alkyl ketones and tert-butyl alkyl ketones. Diisopinocampheylchloroborane is often complementary with diisopinocampheylborane, where one provides the R enantiomer and the other the S, the enantioselectivity is typically very high.

Alpine-borane is produced by hydroborating α-pinene with 9-borabicyclononane. Both of these reagents can be improved upon by using 2-ethylapopinene in place of α-pinene, 2-ethylapopinene has an ethyl group in place of the methyl in α-pinene. The additional steric bulk improves the stereoselectivity of the reduction.

Diisopinocampheylborane reacts with methanol to give diisopinocampheylmethoxyborane, which in turn reacts with an allyl or crotyl Grignard reagent to give B-allyldiisopinocampheylborane. This can then undergo an asymmetric allylboration to give a chiral homologated alcohol, which is a useful building block in a chiral synthesis.

References

Organoboranes
Reagents for organic chemistry