Rosa Collazo a.k.a. Rosa Cortez-Collazo (1904 – May 1988) was a political activist and treasurer of the New York City branch of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party. She was the wife of Oscar Collazo one of two Nationalists who attacked Blair House in 1950 in an attempt to kill President Harry Truman. She was accused by the FBI of assisting Nationalists Lolita Lebrón, Rafael Cancel Miranda, Irvin Flores and Andres Figueroa Cordero in their  assault on the United States House of Representatives in 1954. She was charged on both occasions with seditious conspiracy for her complicity in a conspiracy to overthrow the United States Government and imprisoned because of her political beliefs.

Early years
Cortez-Collazo (birth name: Rosa Cortez Fernández ) was born in the City of Mayagüez in Puerto Rico to Ramon Cortez, a merchant marine and Juana E. Fernandez, a seamstress. At a young age she moved to the City of Ponce where she was raised by her father's family after her parents were divorced.  There she received her primary and secondary education. She graduated from Ponce High School in 1923 and completed a 6-week nurses' aide course. Cortez-Collazo decided that being a nurses' aide was not her calling after she had to deal with the corpse of a suicide victim.

In 1925, when she was 21 years old, she moved to New York City and lived with her father who had moved there two years earlier. There she worked for a hat company but, barely survived with the income that she received. She rented a room from her godmother who lived in an apartment building in Manhattan. Cortez-Collazo was subject to the racism which was rampant at the time in the United States.

Cortez-Collazo became politically active and joined the Caborrojeño Club and later joined the Club Obrero Español, radical labor oriented organization. She survived, during the great depression of the 1930s, with the help of the Salvation Army. During this period in her life she met and married Justo Mercado with whom she had two daughters, Iris and Lydia. She eventually divorced her husband.

Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
The Puerto Rican Nationalist Party was founded by José Coll y Cuchí as a direct response to the American colonial government in 1919, By the 1920s, there were two other pro-independence organizations in the Island, they were the "Nationalist Youth" and the "Independence Association of Puerto Rico".  On September 17, 1922, the two political organizations merged into the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party. In 1924, Dr. Pedro Albizu Campos joined the party and on May 11, 1930, Dr. Pedro Albizu Campos was elected president of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party.

On March 21, 1937, there  was a peaceful civilian march that took place on Palm Sunday in Ponce, Puerto Rico. The police began shooting their firearms at those present and 19 civilians and two policemen were killed, The shootings by the police became known as the Ponce massacre. This event influenced her nationalistic views even further and she joined the New York cell of the Nationalist Party in 1937.

Oscar Collazo
In 1941, Oscar Collazo moved to New York City, which at the time had a large Puerto Rican community. There he met and married Rosa Cortez. The couple lived in an apartment building in the Bronx. They had a total of three daughters from previous marriages: Rosa had two and Oscar had one.

Oscar, who worked in a metal polishing factory, joined the New York branch of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party. He met and became friends with Albizu Campos when the latter was hospitalized for a time at the Columbus Hospital. Oscar was named Secretary of the New York branch of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party and later served as its president. He met Griselio Torresola, a fellow nationalist, in New York and the two men soon became friends.

Plot to assassinate President Truman
On October 30, 1950, Torresola and Oscar learned that the Jayuya Uprising in Puerto Rico, led by the nationalist leader Blanca Canales, had failed. Torresola's sister had been wounded and his brother Elio was arrested. Believing they had to do something for their cause, Oscar and Torresola decided to assassinate President Harry S. Truman, in order to bring world attention to the need for independence in Puerto Rico.

On October 31, 1950, Oscar and Torresola arrived at Union Station in Washington, D.C., and registered in the Harris Hotel. On November 1, 1950, with guns in hand, they attempted to enter the Blair House, where the President was living during renovation of the White House. During the attack, Torresola mortally wounded White House Police officer, Private Leslie Coffelt. Oscar wounded another man. After wounding others, Torresola was killed by the mortally wounded Coffelt. Oscar was shot in the chest and arrested. In 1952, Oscar was convicted and sentenced to death and was sent to the federal prison at Leavenworth, Kansas.

According to Cortez-Collazo the FBI knocked on her door and more than twenty agents entered. They showed her a photo of Oscar on the ground and told her that they had just killed him, she then replied:

Cortez-Collazo was accused of collaboration to overthrow the government and was sent to the Women's House of Detention on Greenwich Street in Lower Manhattan where she spent 8 months imprisoned. Upon her release, she successfully campaigned on her husband's behalf and gathered thousands of signatures demanding that his sentence be commuted to life. President Truman commuted his sentence to life imprisonment to be carried out at Leavenworth. She also worked (unsuccessfully) for the release of her cellmate Ethel Rosenberg.

Planning the assault on the House of Representatives
In 1954, Lebrón received a letter from Albizu Campos, in which he declared his intention to order attacks on "three locations, the most strategic to the enemy". Albizu Campos wanted Lebrón to pick a group of nationalists for this task without her personal participation. Lebrón presented the plan to the Nationalist Party in New York where Cortez-Collazo served as treasurer. Lebrón choose Rafael Cancel Miranda, Irvin Flores and Andrés Figueroa Cordero for the task. The pistols used in the attack were purchased by the Chicago Nationalist branch and sent to the New York branch. The New York branch provided the group with weapons and the funds for their railroad tickets.

Disregarding Albizu Campo's wishes, she decided to lead the group. The date for the attack on the House of Representatives was to be March 1, 1954. This date was chosen because it coincided with the inauguration of the Conferencia Interamericana (Interamerican Conference) in Caracas. Lebrón intended to call attention to Puerto Rico's independence cause, particularly among the Latin American countries participating in the conference.

Assault on the House of Representatives

The Nationalists arrived with the group in Washington, D.C., and sat in the visitor's gallery in the House of Representatives. The representatives of the House were discussing Mexico's economy when suddenly Lebrón gave the order to the group to quickly recited the Lord's Prayer. She then stood up and shouted "¡Viva Puerto Rico Libre!" ("Long live a Free Puerto Rico!") and unfurled the flag of Puerto Rico. The group opened fire with semi-automatic pistols.
Even though some 30 shots were fired (mostly by Cancel, according to his account), wounding five lawmakers; one representative, Alvin Morell Bentley from Michigan, was seriously wounded in the chest, Figueroa Cordero was unable to fire his gun because it was jammed. Upon being arrested, Lebrón yelled:

Arrest and trial
Lebrón, Cancel Miranda and Figueroa Cordero were immediately arrested. However, Flores walked away from the building in the confusion that followed. He took a taxi to a bus stop. There he was stopped and questioned together with various Mexicans who happened to be there, by the local police who had just heard about the shooting. They found a loose bullet in his pocket and arrested him.

The members of the New York City branch of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party, including Cortez-Collazo, were also arrested. On July 13, 1954, the Nationalists were taken to New York, where they declared themselves not guilty on the charges of "trying to overthrow the government of the United States".  She was accused of being the Liaison between party leaders in Puerto Rio and the New York junta; treasurer of the New York junta and participant in its discussions in regard to the House of Representative shootings. On October 26, 1954, judge Lawrence E. Walsh found all of the accused guilty of conspiracy and they were sentenced to various years in prison. She was committed for seven years at Alderson Prison, West Virginia. There she continued her friendship with fellow inmates Lolita Lebrón and Blanca Canales. She vowed:

Post imprisonment
Cortez-Collazo was released from prison in 1961 and visited her mother in Puerto Rico. She later returned to her apartment in the Bronx. In 1968, she moved to Puerto Rico with her daughter Lydia and grandson. They purchased a house in Levittown, an area which is a suburb of the municipality of Toa Baja. In 1977, she joined the campaign to free the Nationalists held in the U.S. federal prisons.

On September 6, 1979, President Jimmy Carter commuted her husband's sentence to time served, after Oscar had spent 29 years in jail. President Carter also commuted the sentences of Oscar's fellow Nationalist comrades: Irvin Flores, Rafael Cancel Miranda, and Lolita Lebrón. Andrés Figueroa Cordero had been released from prison earlier because of health issues related to his terminal cancer. Oscar had been eligible for parole since April 1966, however, he had not applied for a parole because of his political beliefs. Cortez-Collazo flew to Kansas City to greet her husband. Upon their return to Puerto Rico, the Nationalist activists were received as heroes by the different independence groups.

The Governor of Puerto Rico Carlos Romero Barceló publicly opposed the pardons granted by Carter, stating that it would encourage terrorism and undermine public safety. The twenty-nine years of separation eroded the marriage of the Collazo's and they ended up divorced.

Later years and legacy
She continued to actively participate in Puerto Rico's independence movement. In 1984 a commemoration for her independence activities was held in the Bar Association Building. She was also given recognition for her efforts towards the commutation of her ex-husband's death sentence.

She wrote her life story which is titled Memorias de Rosa Collazo, ASIN: B0000D6RNT.  The book was published posthumously on  January 1, 1993, by her daughter Lydia Collazo Cortez.  In May 1988, Cortez-Collazo died in Puerto Rico by the side of her daughter Lydia, with whom she had been living the last years of her life.

A plaque at the monument to the Jayuya Uprising participants in Mayagüez, Puerto Rico, honors the women of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party. Rosa Cortez-Collazo's name is on the ninth line of the third plate.

Oscar Collazo continued to participate in activities related to the independence movement. On February 21, 1994, he died of a stroke.

See also

 List of Puerto Ricans
 Boricua Popular Army
 Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional (Puerto Rico)
 History of women in Puerto Rico

19th-century female leaders of the Puerto Rican Independence Movement

 María de las Mercedes Barbudo
 Lola Rodríguez de Tió
 Mariana Bracetti

Female members of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party

 Julia de Burgos
 Lolita Lebrón
 Ruth Mary Reynolds
 Isabel Rosado
 Isabel Freire de Matos
 Isolina Rondón
 Olga Viscal Garriga

Notes

References

Further reading
 "Puerto Rico: Independence Is a Necessity"; by: Rafael Cancel Miranda (Author); Publisher: Pathfinder Press (NY); Booklet edition (February 1, 2001);
 "Sembrando Patria...Y Verdades"; by: Rafael Cancel Miranda (Author); Publisher: Cuarto Idearo (January 1, 1998); ASIN: B001CK17D6
 "War Against All Puerto Ricans: Revolution and Terror in America's Colony"; Author: Nelson Antonio Denis; Publisher: Nation Books (April 7, 2015); .
 "Latinas in the United States, ste: A Historical Encyclopedia "; by: Vicki L. Ruiz and Virginia Sanchez Korral; Indiana University Press; .

1904 births
1988 deaths
Puerto Rican people convicted of seditious conspiracy
People from Mayagüez, Puerto Rico
Nationalists from Ponce
Activists from New York City
Puerto Rican Nationalist Party politicians
Members of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
Politicians from New York City
Puerto Rican rebels
Female revolutionaries
Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government


Edward McKenna (10 March 1950 – 19 January 2019) was a Scottish drummer who played with The Sensational Alex Harvey Band, Rory Gallagher, The Greg Lake Band, and The Michael Schenker Group. He also toured with Ian Gillan for a short period of time in 1990, alongside fellow former SAHB member, bassist Chris Glen. He lectured in Applied Arts at North Glasgow College from 1996 to 2011.

Biography
McKenna was born in Lennoxtown, Stirlingshire. He was educated at St Patrick's High School, Coatbridge. His studies included double bass lessons at school, several piano lessons, and a year under Glasgow big band veteran, Lester Penman. He was the drummer of The Sensational Alex Harvey Band from 1972 to 1978, and then worked with artists including Rory Gallagher, 1978–1981; Greg Lake & Gary Moore in The Greg Lake Band, 1981–82; the Michael Schenker Group (MSG), 1982–84; Bugatti & Musker, 1982; Ian Gillan Band; during the Naked Thunder World Tour and worked on a solo album for Nazareth singer Dan McCafferty in 1975.

Early years

Before SAHB formed, McKenna started his career in a band called Rare Breed and also had a brief spell with Dream Police before joining up with Chris Glen, Zal Cleminson in Tear Gas where his cousin Hugh McKenna also joined.  Tear Gas had got to a point where they had got as big as they could get in Scotland and if they didn't make changes then the band would fold.  So they were introduced to Alex Harvey through their manager Eddie Tobin who at that time, Alex was looking for a band.  They got together at Thor Studios in Glasgow and the first song they played together was Midnight Moses and within a matter of minutes, they knew the band was going to work and The Sensational Alex Harvey Band was born.

SAHB as they were better known achieved more success as a live band as they were at one point the highest grossing live band in the UK and were touring with reputable acts such as Jethro Tull, The Who, Slade to name a few.  They released 8 albums in 5 years..the last being Rock Drill as the band had split just before the release of the album.

Rory Gallagher Band (1978–1981)

After SAHB, McKenna joined up with Irish Blues guitarist Rory Gallagher and performed on 3 albums.  The albums were Photo-Finish, Top Priority, and a live album Stagestruck.  McKenna was with Gallagher for 3 years before leaving the band to participate in what he called at the time a supergroup.

Greg Lake and Gary Moore (1981–1982)

In 1981 after departing Rory Gallagher's band, McKenna joined forces with another Irish guitarist Gary Moore and bassist Greg Lake.  This band recorded two studio albums Greg Lake and Maneouvres.  They also released a live album which was recorded at the Hammersmith Odeon called Greg Lake In Concert.

Michael Schenker Group (1982–1984)

This band was short lived and disbanded and from here McKenna met up with his old SAHB bassist Chris Glen at the 'Funny Farm' in London where all the touring musicians would hang out and was introduced to a German guitarist Michael Schenker who was looking for a drummer after the departure of Cozy Powell to Whitesnake. It was here he joined the Michael Schenker Group

McKenna was now at the peak of his career, performing shows all over the world, and recorded 2 studio albums with MSG which were Assault Attack, and Built To Destroy.  The band also released a live album Rock Will Never Die in 1984 and shortly after the release of the live album, McKenna decided to leave MSG as Chris Glen had also departed due to Michael Schenker's behaviour due to drink & drugs.

Session work / McKenna's Gold / Womack & Womack (Mid 80s)

After MSG, McKenna began doing session work for many bands and artists, as well as TV work.  Some of his work included Billy Rankin on his solo album Growing Up Too Fast which was a big hit in the US.  McKenna also worked with Bugatti & Musker, performed several tracks on the album Phenomena which featured some of the top rock musicians at the time, and even formed his first ever solo project McKenna's Gold which featured a young and very talented guitarist Julian Hutson-Saxby who would later replace Zal Cleminson in SAHB in 2008.  McKenna's Gold band also had bassist Alex Bowler, keyboardist Richard Franklin, and vocalist Charles Bowyer.  This project soon disbanded when McKenna was approached by Womack & Womack in which he performed live shows as well as perform on the music video for their hit single Teardrops where he also appeared live on Top Of The Pops to promote the single.

Ian Gillan Band (1990)

After the tour with Womack & Womack finished, McKenna began working with the legendary Deep Purple vocalist Ian Gillan alongside his old pal and SAHB/MSG bassist Chris Glen for a World Tour of Ian's solo album Naked Thunder.  This tour lasted around a year.

Back home to Scotland / The Party Boys (1991–1992)

In 1991, McKenna moved back to Scotland and it was here he put together a plan to form a new project which featured guest vocalists and were called The Party Boys.
This band originally had bassist Alan Thomson most known for his work with John Martyn & David Gilmour, and keyboardist Ronnie Leahy who had worked with numerous acts over the years such as Jack Bruce, Jon Anderson, and Steve Howe.  McKenna also brought in SAHB guitarist Zal Cleminson to complete the musical line-up and had vocalists such as Stevie Doherty from Zero Zero, ex Marillion vocalist Fish, and Nazareth lead vocalist Dan McCafferty who would all come in a various times to stand in and be a special guest.  It wasn't before long until the audience would call out for more and more SAHB songs in the set.  Alan Thomson & Ronnie Leahy stepped down which opened the door for Chris Glen & Hugh McKenna to come on board and it was at this point they decided to give SAHB another go.

SAHB MkII (1992–1995)

The new SAHB were riding high, performing shows throughout the UK & Europe, recorded a live album called Live In Glasgow 93 but around the end of 1994 Stevie Doherty quit the band and was replaced for their final show with Stone The Crows vocalist Maggie Bell.

North Glasgow College (1998–2011)

After SAHB split, McKenna was back doing session work with various band, and in 1998 he got himself a real job as he would call it.  He became a lecturer at North Glasgow College to teach young aspiring musicians about the music industry and the dangers of the music world if you don't know what you are doing.  Even though McKenna was now working full time in education, he still found time to go out and perform live and record for bands which he did.

SAHB MkIII (2002–2003)

In 2002, SAHB reformed for one night only which was for a benefit concert held at The Barrowlands, Glasgow for the legendary Frankie Miller.  The band recruited ex Nazareth guitarist Billy Rankin to perform 3 songs on the night which was a success so they decided to do their own show at King Tuts, Glasgow where they recorded an Unofficial live album known as a Bootleg to the fans.  The band decided to take a year or so out to consider their options and it was during this time they were introduced to their Final Frontman.

SAHB: The Final Chapter (2004–2008)

In 2004, SAHB with remaining members Zal Cleminson, Hugh McKenna, and Chris Glen introduced vocalist Max Maxwell, formerly of The Shamen to be their final frontman and go out as SAHB one more time but this time perform with full props and make up the way they had done in the 70's. Their 2004 farewell tour as it was billed was so successful they decided to carry it on and toured every year consistently between 2004 and 2008, performing at various festivals including The Wickerman Festival and The Sweden Rock Festival. In this time they released the live album Zalvation, which was the band's first official release since Rock Drill in 1977 with Alex Harvey.  They performed tours in the UK, Europe and Australia, as well as two sell-out Christmas shows in 2006 and 2007 at the ABC in their hometown of Glasgow.

The tours were: 2004 - Brick By Brick, 2005 - Zalvation, 2006 - Dogs of War, 2007 - Hail Vibrania.

In 2008, Cleminson left the band and retired from performing, and was replaced by guitarist Julian Hutson Saxby for the last remaining shows before calling it a day.

Other ventures

After SAHB, McKenna performed with various acts such as the Frank O'Hagan band, the Rhumboogie Orchestra, Gwyn Ashton, American/Canadian blues guitarist Amos Garrett before working with guitarist Paul Rose where he became an official member and worked on & off for a few years.  The Paul Rose Band performed shows throughout the UK & Europe and recorded a studio album called White Mountain Road which was produced by Paul Rose.  It was through this venture that he rekindled his relationship with his former bandmate and bassist Gerry McAvoy and they formed Band Of Friends which was a Celebration of the music of Rory Gallagher which featured Dutch Guitar Virtuoso Marcel Scherpenzeel

Band Of Friends (2011–2019)

Band Of Friends formed around 2011 into 2012 and began building up the grass roots of fans and followers playing shows all over Europe and the UK.  The vibe was great and the shows got bigger and it was soon after they decided to write and perform their own material. During Ted's time with the band they recorded two studio albums Too Much Is Not Enough, and Repeat After Me and the live album was called Live & Kickin.  McKenna also won the 'Best Musician (performance)' award at the European Blues Awards 2015.
Band of Friends soon departed with Marcel and they brought in Davy Knowles for an American Tour.

Michael Schenker Fest (2016–2019)

In 2017, McKenna was approached by Michael Schenker's son Tyro as Michael was putting together a new project with all 4 of the singers from MSG who were Gary Barden, Graham Bonnet, Robin McAuley, and Doogie White.  The band also included bassist Chris Glen, Guitarist/Keyboardist Steve Mann who has worked with MSG during the MacAulay era.  The band were now known as the Michael Schenker Fest where they performed a 2-hour show of Michael's back catalogue of songs.  They also recorded an album or brand new material with this line up called Resurrection, a live in Japan DVD which both were widely received.

McKenna was now as busy as he'd ever been as he was now an official member of two bands at the same time which was something he hadn't really done before so he was touring extensively with both Michael Schenker Fest, and Band Of Friends.  He was back on top form.

Death

On 19 January 2019, at the age of 68, McKenna died of a haemorrhage during a routine operation for a hernia.  He was due to start a tour of Japan with Michael Schenker Fest when he went in for surgery but died on the operating table due to losing too much blood during the procedure.  McKenna had two children, Casey & Laura as well as a young grandson.

Band Of Friends / Michael Schenker Fest Continue to carry his legacy on

Band Of Friends are continuing to tour extensively throughout the UK & Europe with ex Rory Gallagher drummer Brendan O'Neill, guitarist Paul Rose, and guitarist Jim Kirkpatrick who also plays with the band FM.  For recording they occasionally bring in keyboardist David Cowan who was a good friend of Ted's and is also part of a Sensational Alex Harvey tribute called The SAHB Experience.  David recorded on the 2-part lockdown albums Spotlight On The G-Man 1&2.

Ted's last ever stage performance was at the Cozy Powell Memorial Concert held at the Robin 2, Wolverhampton alongside fellow SAHB bassist Chris Glen.

References

External links
Band of Friends website

1950 births
2019 deaths
Scottish rock drummers
British male drummers
People from Coatbridge
Michael Schenker Group members
Scottish educators


Johan Bülow Wamberg (15 May 1786 – 8 June 1852) was a Norwegian politician.

He was born in Hvideseid as the son of Nils Wamberg and his wife Sussanne Sophie Saxe. His father had migrated from Denmark to work as a district stipendiary magistrate. Johan B. Wamberg was to a large degree raised by politician and businessperson Niels Aall. He went on to found his own company in Skien. He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament in 1827, representing the constituency of Skien og Porsgrund. He served only one term.

Around 1830 he was appointed chief customs surveyor in Farsund. He moved to Flekkefjord in 1841 and Kristianssand in 1842, where he stayed until his death.

Wamberg married Hedvig Jørgine Flood, and the couple had eight children. After her death in 1840, Wamberg married Mathilde Petromine Cappelen. They had three children.

References

1786 births
1852 deaths
Members of the Storting
Norwegian businesspeople
Politicians from Skien
Norwegian people of Danish descent


is a video game compilation developed and published by Namco Bandai Games for the Xbox 360. It was released in North America in 2008 and in Europe and Japan in 2009. Part of its Namco Museum series, Virtual Arcade includes 34 titles; nine of these are Namco Bandai-published Xbox Live Arcade games, and the rest are arcade games that are only accessible through the disc. Players can access the Xbox Live Arcade games through their dashboard if the disc is in the console.

Games
Namco Museum Virtual Arcade is a compilation of video games published by Namco and its successor, Namco Bandai Games. The collection contains 34 games that encompass a variety of genres, including maze chasers, shoot 'em ups, and platformers. It is divided into two sets of games that can be selected in the in-game menu. The first set contains nine Namco Bandai-published games for Xbox Live Arcade, which in addition to being selectable through the main menu can also be accessed through the Xbox 360's dashboard, as long as the disc is in the console. Some of these are ports of arcade games like Pac-Man (1980) and Xevious (1983), while others such as Pac-Man Championship Edition (2007) are brand-new sequels with different gameplay structures and mechanics. These Xbox Live Arcade games also contain achievements and online leaderboards. The second set of games are only available on the disc, and include 22 Namco arcade games from the 1970s and 1980s as well as three "Arrangement" remakes of Pac-Man, Galaga (1981), and Dig Dug (1982). Players can modify in-game settings such as controller inputs, difficulty, and the starting number of lives. This would also be the last time Ms. Pac-Man (1982) would be included in a Namco Museum video game compilation, as future reissues were strictly standalone or on dedicated minicades.

Development and release
Namco Museum Virtual Arcade was developed and published by Namco Bandai Games for the Xbox 360. Its development was handled by the company's North American division, with its marketing director Todd Thorson serving as the project director. Virtual Arcade was designed to be the largest and most comprehensive in Namco Museum line of compilations, in addition to serving as a convenient and affordable way for consumers to play its back catalog. The collection is the first Namco Museum to include Sky Kid Deluxe (1986), which had previously been rereleased in Japan through Namco Collection Vol. 1 (1999) for Windows. The three Arrangement games were taken from the PlayStation Portable game Namco Museum Battle Collection (2005), and were upscaled and modified to support high definition video and improved sound. Pac-Man Championship Edition, Galaga Legions, and Mr. Driller Online were added to the lineup to represent the company's ability to produce well-designed followups to its older arcade games.

Namco Bandai Games announced Virtual Arcade at the 2008 Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3), and released it in North America on November 4, 2008. The game was later released in Europe on May 15, 2009, in Australia on May 21, 2009, and in Japan on November 5, 2009. In the European version, Metro-Cross is renamed Retro-Cross.

Reception

According to the review aggregator website Metacritic, Namco Museum Virtual Arcade received "mixed or average reviews", holding a 63/100 on the site. It sold 5,912 copies in Japan by the end of 2009, making it one of the worst-selling Namco Museum games in the country.

Critics were generally pleased with the selection of games. Steve Hannley, a reviewer for GamesRadar+, wrote: "For the right buyer, this is a gleaming golden treasure even with bits of tarnish here and there." Out of the included titles, Pac-Man Championship Edition and Galaga Legions were considered the highlights of the package. Jeuxvideo.com author Pixelpirate recommended Virtual Arcade for those games alone. The inclusion of Namco Bandai's Xbox Live Arcade library was also met with praise, and critics said this helped make the collection worth the purchase. Among the Museum games, critics found Dragon Spirit, Pole Position, and Metro-Cross to be some of the standouts. GameSpots Don Francis felt the library relied too heavily on Pac-Man games, but possessed a good selection of titles regardless. Writing for IGN, Ryan Geddes pointed out that most of the games were included in past Namco Museum collections, and said those are likely worth seeking out instead of Virtual Arcade.

The collection drew largely negative responses towards its presentation. The menu layout was criticized for being needlessly complicated and making it difficult to navigate through the different libraries. Francis and a reviewer for Retro Gamer showed frustration towards this menu as hindering what is otherwise a well-made compilation. Pixelpirate similarly found the menu difficult to use, but praised its minimalist art style and background music. The lack of included extras was criticized by Geddes, who unfavorably compared it to collections like Activision Anthology that contained additional content like developer interviews and artwork scans. Some also disliked the controls for certain games, though they attributed this to the poor quality of the Xbox 360's directional pad and not the pack itself.

Notes

References

External links

2008 video games
Bandai Namco games
Bandai Namco video game compilations
Xbox 360 games
Xbox 360 Live Arcade compilations


Arnt Arntsen Wang (1791 – 14 November 1845) was a Norwegian politician.

Wang was elected to the Norwegian Parliament in 1839, representing the constituency of Nordre Throndhjems Amt. He worked as a farmer there. He served only one term.

References

1791 births
1845 deaths
Members of the Storting
Politicians from Nord-Trøndelag


Cassella AG, formerly Leopold Cassella & Co. and Cassella Farbwerke Mainkur AG, commonly known as Cassella, was a German chemical and pharmaceutical company with headquarters in Frankfurt am Main. Founded in 1798, in the Frankfurt Jewish Alley by Leopold Cassella, Cassella operated as an independent company until 1995, and was one of many predecessor companies of today's Sanofi. Its main products were dyes, drugs, cosmetics and various other chemical products. From 1949, Cassella focused increasingly on pharmaceuticals and cosmetics rather than its former primary focus, dyes. Much of its history is closely associated with the Gans family, a prominent family of industrialists and philanthropists and former owners of Cassella.

History

The company was founded as a spice store inside the Frankfurt Jewish Alley in 1798 by the Jewish businessman Leopold Cassella and his brother-in-law Isaac Elias Reiss, and was originally named Cassel & Reiss. In its early years, the company focused on importing luxury goods from India, China and South America, and Cassel and  Reiss also founded a sugar refinery in 1812.

Himself childless, Cassella accepted Ludwig Aaron Gans as a partner in 1828, and the company became known as Leopold Cassella & Co. Gans was married to Cassella's niece, and the Gans family rose to great prominence as industrialists and philanthropists in Frankfurt in the following century. The family converted from Judaism to Protestantism in the late 19th century, and several family members were ennobled. In the 19th century, Cassella primarily traded with dye. In 1870, Friedrich and Leo Gans founded a dye factory at Mainkur in Fechenheim with their brother-in-law Bernhard Weinberg and the chemist August Leonhardt, called Frankfurter Anilinfarbenfabrik von Gans und Leonhardt. In 1894, the dye factory was merged with the Leopold Cassella & Co. dye wholesale company.

The Cassella dye factory was the largest employer of Fechenheim, employing around 3,000 people by 1914, and was the world's largest producer of synthetic dyes by the turn of the century. In 1900, Arthur Weinberg established a pharmaceutical division of the company, and collaborated closely with his friend Paul Ehrlich, the founder of chemotherapy. In 1925, Cassella merged into the new IG Farben trust, with Cassella co-owners Leo Gans and Arthur von Weinberg joining its supervisory board. After World War II the company was reestablished as Cassella Farbwerke Mainkur AG and the rebuilding under Richard von Szilvinyi and Werner Zerweck's leadership proved very successful, making the company the "darling of the stock exchange" in the 1950s. In 1951, Cassella had already surpassed its prewar production. Pharmaceutical research was reestablished in 1949 , and a new laboratory was built. From 1949 the company focused increasingly on pharmaceuticals rather than its traditional primary focus, dyes. The company had around 2,000 employees by the early 1950s, and initially had the same shareholders as BASF, Bayer and Hoechst. In the mid 1950s BASF, Bayer and Hoechst bought the controlling majority with 25.1% each, while the remaining shares were owned by smaller shareholders. In 1970, Hoechst acquired the shares of BASF and Bayer. The company name was changed to Cassella AG in 1978.

Cassella operated as a separate company until 1995, when it was integrated in Hoechst and the smaller Cassella shareholders bought out. The Cassella cosmetics department was discontinued and the Cassella cosmetics subsidiary Jade in Fechenheim was sold to L'Oréal. In 1999, Hoechst merged with Rhône-Poulenc to form the French-German company Aventis with headquarters in Strasbourg and the main research and production facilities in Frankfurt. In 2004, this company merged with Sanofi-Synthélabo to form Sanofi-Aventis, which was renamed Sanofi in 2011. Sanofi, headquartered in Paris, employs around 7,000 people in its Frankfurt office, which also includes Sanofi's largest research and development centre.

Cassella and its subsidiaries had around 2,800 employees as of 1993.

In 2012, AllessaChemie secured the trademark rights to Cassella and has been using the traditional brand logo again since December of that year as a neon sign on the roof of the Cassella building in Frankfurt-Fechenheim. The logo has a diameter of five meters and is equipped with 208 fluorescent tubes with a total length of 178 meters. Since October 1, 2012, the former AllessaChemie GmbH has been trading as Allessa GmbH. It has been part of the WeylChem group of companies since 2013.

Bibliography

References

Pharmaceutical companies disestablished in 1995
Chemical companies of Germany
Defunct companies of Germany
Jewish German history
IG Farben
Sanofi
German companies disestablished in 1995
German companies established in 1798
Manufacturing companies established in 1798


Georg Reinholdt Wankel (12 January 1843 – 1 February 1907) was a Norwegian politician for the Conservative Party.

He was born in Moss as the son of German-born engineer Ignatz Wankel (1806–1881) and his wife Karen Bolette Sandberg (1815–1898). In June 1869 he married Charlotte Sophie Rosenkilde from Stavanger. She died already in March 1870. In 1882 Wankel married Sigrid Ring, daughter of Jens Ring and granddaughter of Paul Vinsnes. They had several children. Among them were the acclaimed cubist painter Charlotte Wankel.

He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament in 1889, representing the constituency of Smaalenenes Amt. He worked as a farmer there. He served only one term.

References

1843 births
1907 deaths
Members of the Storting
Østfold politicians
Conservative Party (Norway) politicians
People from Moss, Norway
Norwegian people of German descent


Smoking in Japan is practiced by around  20,000,000 people,  and the nation is one of the world's largest tobacco markets, though tobacco use has been declining in recent years.

As of 2019, the Japanese adult smoking rate was 16.7%. By gender, 27.1% of men and 7.6% of women consumed a tobacco product at least once a month. This is the lowest recorded figure since the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare or Japan Tobacco began surveying in 1965.

Per capita consumption in 2016 was 1,583 cigarettes, roughly 45% of the peak consumption of 3,497 in 1977.

History

Until 1985, the tobacco industry was a government-run monopoly; the government of Japan is still involved in the industry through the Ministry of Finance, which after a sell-off in March 2013, owns one-third of Japan Tobacco's outstanding stock, and the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, which is active in public health and other tobacco control policymaking.

The Ministry of Finance as well as many MPs of the Diet of Japan have interests in the tobacco industry and thus tobacco control legislation is lenient, according to the anti-smoking lobby.

Smoking age
The smoking age in Japan has been 20 since 1876.

Pricing
The price of a particular brand of cigarettes in Japan is set by manufacturers and approved by the Ministry of Finance. A particular brand of cigarettes costs the same across all vendors. As of August 2020, the price of a typical pack of cigarettes ranges from ¥400 to ¥530. A proposed tobacco tax hike in October 2020 will increase the price range to ¥450 to ¥570 for typical brands.

Smoking bans

Unlike many other countries, Japan traditionally had outdoor smoking regulations with more lenient indoor smoking regulations. Outdoor smoking is frowned upon on public streets and local governments typically have bylaws banning smoking on busy public streets.

Except for fire codes, indoor smoking for private businesses was unregulated until 2019. The general consensus was that local governments had jurisdiction over smoking in public outdoor spaces, but not within private properties including commercial spaces where businesses are conducted.

In June 2018, the Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly approved indoor smoking regulations targeting commercial spaces in Tokyo and to reduce passive smoking prior to hosting the 2019 Rugby World Cup, 2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics Games.

In July 2018, the National Diet passed an amendment that bans smoking in public facilities for the first time in the nation's history. The ban was rolled out in stages and fully enforced since April 2020. It makes smoking illegal in public institutions (schools, hospitals, municipal offices etc.) except in special smoking spaces. Restaurants and bars have a ban on indoor smoking except well-ventilated rooms, where drinking or eating is not allowed. However, small pubs like Izakaya are exempted. Establishments with a ¥50 million capitalization or lower and up to 100 m2 floor space can allow smoking if they put up a warning sign.

Indoor smoking ban
Mandatory indoor smoking bans apply to schools, childcare, hospitals, clinics and government administrative buildings throughout Japan. More lenient smoking restrictions apply to other buildings such as workplaces, food establishments and judicial buildings, where indoor smoking is not allowed but a designated smoking room may be constructed, provided access by minors is restricted and no food or drink is served inside. The indoor smoking ban does not apply to smoking clubs or grandfathered food establishments smaller than 100m2, provided no minors are allowed to enter the premises.

Local governments in Japan have the power to enact stricter smoking bylaws. Some prefectures such as Tokyo, Kanagawa and Hyogo have stricter indoor smoking bylaws, although designated indoor smoking areas are typically allowed.

Outdoor smoking ban
Many of the wealthier wards of Tokyo, such as Shinjuku and Shibuya, are applying various kinds of outdoor anti-smoking bylaws. They have designated special outdoor smoking sections in areas and it is punishable by fine if caught smoking outside these areas. Chiyoda-ku banned smoking while walking on busy streets from November 2002, the first local government in Japan to do so.

Starting in 2007, Kyoto began designating certain city streets as non-smoking areas, and have since then been increasing the number of streets designated as such. In a 2010 report, Kyoto Prefecture stated that the major goal of their anti-smoking policies is "to ensure that there is zero chance for people to suffer from second-hand smoke in Kyoto prefecture."

Japanese women and smoking

While a high percentage of men in Japan have smoked throughout in the postwar years, the rate for women for many years hovered between 10 and 15%, followed there too by a decline in recent years to be floating currently a little below 10%.

In the mid-1990s, the number of younger female smokers in particular had risen substantially.  Smoking has since declined among this group as well, but that cohort of women still smokes at a higher rate than their elders.  "The manufacturers were very successful in providing cool images to the consumers," says Ministry of Health and Welfare technical officer Yumiko Mochizuki, when asked to explain the steady rise in female smokers. "Until recently, the Ministry of Health and Welfare had an understanding that smoking was entirely up to the individual."

The government's advertising ban based on the "motherhood" argument was watertight until the tobacco industry was privatized in 1985. Advertising that encourages women to smoke is forbidden in Japan under a voluntary industry agreement. The industry group pledged to voluntarily honor the advertising ban and is charged with enforcing it. United States maker Brown & Williamson sells Capri cigarettes in Japan in slim white boxes with a flower-like design on the cover. R.J. Reynolds' Tokyo billboards for Salem's Pianissimo cigarettes are green-and-pink. Philip Morris advertised its Virginia Slims brand with the slogan "Be You" in an ad campaign.

Other factors contribute to the rise in female smokers. Some observers cite stress, saying that more Japanese women are smoking to relax as more enter the workforce. Media influence is also cited, as many women on popular Japanese television dramas smoke.

Cigarette vending machines

Cigarettes can be bought in tobacco stores and at vending machines, and public ashtrays dot sidewalks and train platforms. The number of cigarette vending machines in Japan was estimated at 500,000 in 2002.

The law prohibits the smoking of cigarettes by persons under the age of twenty.

Taspo is a smart card developed by the Tobacco Institute of Japan, the nationwide association of tobacco retailers, and the Japan Vending Machine Manufacturers Association. Introduced in 2008, the card is necessary to purchase cigarettes from vending machines.

In 2008 Japan Tobacco commissioned  a series of over 70 public service announcement style "smoking manner" posters about smoking etiquette. The ads were displayed in a wide variety of formats ranging from placards in the subway to postcards to beverage coasters.

See also
Onshino Tabako

References

Further reading
 Reid, Roddey. Globalizing tobacco control: Anti-smoking campaigns in California, France, and Japan (Indiana University Press, 2005) online

External links
 「マナーの気づき1」篇　グラフィック広告（イラスト一覧） Japan Tobacco

Health law in Japan
Politics of Japan
Japanese culture


Samuel Georg Simeon Wennberg (3 October 1836, Trondheim – 19 October 1908, Balsfjord) was a Norwegian politician for the Liberal Party.

He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament in 1877, representing the constituency of Tromsø Amt. He worked as a merchant there, later police sergeant. He was re-elected in 1880 and 1883.

References

1836 births
1908 deaths
Members of the Storting
Troms politicians
Liberal Party (Norway) politicians
Politicians from Trondheim


Hans Gottfried Wang (1795–??) was a Norwegian politician.

He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament in 1851, representing the constituency of Tønsberg. He worked as a newspaper published there. He served only one term.

References

1795 births
Date of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
Members of the Storting
Vestfold politicians
Politicians from Tønsberg


Amédée (Aimé) Gibaud (5 March 1885, in Rochefort-sur-Mer – 18 August 1957, in Rochefort-sur-Mer) was a French chess master.

He won the French Chess Championship four times (1928, 1930, 1935, 1940) and won the French correspondence championship three times (1929, 1931, 1932). He tied for fourth/fifth at Ramsgate 1929 (Premier A, William Gibson won).

Gibaud played for France in 1st unofficial Chess Olympiad at Paris 1924, and 3rd unofficial Chess Olympiad at Munich 1936.

Apocryphal game

A very short  attributed to Gibaud and Frédéric Lazard is frequently reproduced in chess literature, sometimes with the claim that it was the shortest game ever played between masters in a formal setting.  In its shortest and most commonly reproduced version, the game consists of four moves by each player.  Black (Lazard) rapidly develops his king's knight to e3 after White (Gibaud) weakens the defense of the square.

In the final position White is unable to prevent the capture of his queen, because doing so would allow Black to force checkmate: 5. fxe3 Qh4+ 6. g3 Qxg3#.

The four-move, "formal" version of the game is not accepted as a real historical event.  Gibaud denied having ever lost a serious game in four moves, instead suggesting that he may have lost a casual  game against Lazard involving similar positional themes, albeit with more than four moves played.  Gibaud also suggested that his game with Lazard might have been confused with a previously published "theoretical" miniature.  Although the four-move version of the game is not accepted as historically accurate, it illustrates several principles of gameplay: the possibility for rapid development to cause serious problems for an opponent, the importance of not weakening the defense of critical squares, and the importance of defending a structural weakness on the kingside in the initial phase of the game (especially involving the f- and g- pawns), which if left unguarded may lead to a quick checkmate, akin to Fool's mate.

References

1885 births
French chess players
1957 deaths


Justin Potter Wilson (born January 4, 1945) is an American lawyer and Republican politician who was the 34th Comptroller of the Treasury of Tennessee. He has been Tennessee deputy governor, a federal judicial nominee to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, and an adjunct professor at Vanderbilt University Law School.

Early life and education
Born in Oakland, California, in 1945, Wilson earned a bachelor's degree from Stanford University in 1967, a J.D. degree from Vanderbilt University Law School in 1970, an L.L.M. in taxation from New York University in 1974, and a master's degree in criminal justice from the unaccredited Kennedy-Western University in 1995.

Career

Private practice of law
Wilson is a member of the bar in the states of Tennessee and New York. He practiced law with the Nashville law firm of Waller Lansden Dortch & Davis, LLP from 1976 until 1996.  He rejoined the firm in 2003 and resigned in 2009 when he became state comptroller.

Government service
From 1996 until 2003, Wilson was deputy governor to Tennessee Governor Don Sundquist, in which position he was the governor's chief policy advisor.  He also served as a commissioner of the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation.

As a top policy advisor to Governor Sundquist, Wilson focused on environmental issues. He was honored as the state's Conservationist of the
Year in 1997. The Justin P. Wilson Cumberland Trail State Park was renamed in his honor in 2002 in recognition of his environmental work, which included cleanup of pollution in the Pigeon River and negotiating land donations from the Tennessee Valley Authority.   He was named the Tennessee Conservation League's "Conservationist of the Year" in 1997.  He battled United States Environmental Protection Agency smog rules  and toxic waste incineration at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and negotiated water allocation of the Tennessee River with the TVA.

On January 15, 2009, Wilson was elected Tennessee state comptroller by the Tennessee General Assembly. He was awarded the honorific title of Comptroller Emeritus after retiring on January 13, 2021.

Judicial nomination
On March 20, 1992, President George H. W. Bush nominated Wilson to a seat on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit that became vacant after Judge Robert B. Krupansky assumed senior status. Wilson received a rating of "qualified" from the American Bar Association.  Wilson's nomination languished in the Democrat-controlled U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee, which never held a hearing.  Wilson's nomination expired with the end of Bush's presidency.  Several years later, Judge Karen Nelson Moore was confirmed to the seat to which Wilson had been nominated.

Professional activities
Wilson is or was a member of the Financial Advisory Board of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and chairman of the Nashville Electric Board, Davidson County Metropolitan Health Board, Community Health Agency of Nashville and Davidson County, and the Committee of Visitors of the Blair School of Music of Vanderbilt University. He also has served as foreman of the Davidson County Grand Jury and as a member of the executive committee of Meharry Medical College.

Personal life
Wilson is married to Barbara Engelhardt. They have two sons, Walter and Wesley. Wilson also has two sons, Justin Potter Wilson, Jr and Whitney Danner Wilson, from a previous first marriage to Donna Danner Wilson.

See also
 George H.W. Bush judicial appointment controversies

References

External links
 Tennessee Comptroller of the Treasury official website

1945 births
21st-century American politicians
American lawyers
Living people
Stanford University alumni
State cabinet secretaries of Tennessee
Tennessee Republicans
Vanderbilt University Law School alumni
Comptrollers of the Treasury of Tennessee


Garlasco is a comune in the Province of Pavia in the Italian region Lombardy.

Garlasco may also refer to:

 Marc Garlasco, a senior military expert for Human Rights Watch
 Garlasco pig, an Italian pig breed


Svyato-Dukhov Monastery (Monastery of the Holy Spirit) may refer to Eastern Orthodox monasteries:

 Monastery of the Holy Spirit (Vilnus)
 Monastery of the Holy Spirit (Vitebsk)


Monastery of the Holy Spirit (Sviato-Dukhov Monastery) is a female Eastern Orthodox monastery in Vitebsk, Belarus.

The monastery was founded in the 1380s by Duchess Uliana of Tver, wife of Algirdas, Grand Duke of Lithuania. Algirdas ordered to construction of the Cathedral of the Holy Spirit in this monastery. About 1392–1393, after Algirdas' death, Uliania took the vows of schema in her monastery.

From mid-17th century till 1839, the monastery was Greek-Catholic. In 1839, after cancellation of the Union of Brest, it was converted back to Orthodoxy and was soon shut down because of poverty. After the October Revolution the majority of the old monastery's buildings were destroyed.

The monastery was revived in 2001. At present, it owns one building.

See also
Troitsky Markov Monastery

Buildings and structures in Vitebsk
Christian monasteries in Belarus


Saldarriaga is a village in the Mexican state of Querétaro. It is located in the municipality of El Marqués. It has 2451 inhabitants, and is located at 1895 meters above sea level.

References

Populated places in Querétaro


Joseph Thieman is a retired American soccer midfielder who played three games for D.C. United in 1997.

Youth
Thieman attended Bishop Denis J. O'Connell High School where he was a three year varsity soccer player.  His senior season, he was the 1989-1990 Gatorade Virginia High School Player of the Year.  He was inducted into the school’s hall of Fame in 2006.  He then attended Princeton University, playing on the men’s soccer team from 1990 to 1994.  His freshman season, he was the Ivy League Rookie of the Year.  He finished his career with 14 goals and 25 assists  He was also a 1992 first team and a 1993 second team All American.  He graduated in 1994 with a bachelor's degree in history.

Professional
After graduation, Thieman moved to Belgium to pursue a professional career with Charleroi. On February 2, 1997, D.C. United selected Thieman in the third round (thirtieth overall) in the 1997 MLS Supplemental Draft. He played three games for United before being waived on June 27, 1997.  In 2001, he played for the San Francisco Scots in the San Francisco Football League Premier Division.

In 2000, he earned his law degree from the Santa Clara University School of Law and passed the California State Bar.  He is currently partner at Doty, Barlow, Britt & Thieman LLP.  He continues to play in adult soccer leagues.

References

External links

1972 births
Living people
All-American college men's soccer players
American men's soccer players
American expatriate men's soccer players
California lawyers
D.C. United players
Major League Soccer players
Princeton Tigers men's soccer players
Santa Clara University alumni
R. Charleroi S.C. players
D.C. United draft picks
Men's association football midfielders


Chichimequillas is a village in the Mexican state of Querétaro. It is located in the municipality of El Marqués. It has 3717 inhabitants, and is located at 1970 meters above sea level.

References

[] Guide from Mexico Desconocido magazine

Populated places in Querétaro


The Indian Institute of Technology Mandi (IIT Mandi) is one of  eight new Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) established by the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD).

IIT Mandi is a research university located in Kamand Valley, Mandi city in Mandi district of Himachal Pradesh and has 132 faculties with 1,655 students enrolled at undergraduate, postgraduate and research level.  Currently, the university has 1,141 alumni.

Since its inception the institute has been involved with more than 275 Research and Development (R&D) projects worth more than Rs. 120 crore. In the past 10 years, the institute has signed Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with as many as 11 international and 12 national universities.

History
IIT Mandi's permanent campus (about 14 km from Mandi) is on the left bank of the Uhl River at Kamand and Salgi villages.

The Foundation Stone was laid on 24 February 2009 and the institution was registered as a society in Uttarakhand on 20 June 2009.  The first batch of 97 students were admitted in July 2009 with classes starting in IIT Roorkee, the mentoring IIT, on 27 July 2009.

A transit campus at Government Post graduate College, Mandi was handed over by the Himachal Pradesh Government on 16 November 2009.

Timothy A. Gonsalves was the founding Director (15/1/2010-30/6/2020), with R. C. Sawhney,  serving as the first Registrar.

The institute became an IIT under The Institutes of Technology (Amendment) Act, 2011, with the intention to expand the reach and to enhance the quality of technical education in the country.  The Act was passed in the Lok Sabha on 24 March 2011 and by the Rajya Sabha on 30 April 2012.

The Kamand campus ground-breaking ceremony, to mark the start of construction, was held on 12 April 2012.

On 25 April 2015, IIT Mandi became the first of all the new IITs to completely shift B.Tech. students to its permanent campus in Kamand.

Campus

Having started its journey in 2009 with  of grassland on the banks of the river Uhl,  away from New Delhi, IIT Mandi has a unique campus in the challenging yet serene Himalayan mountains. The campus is split into two halves: the North and South Campus. Proper communication has been facilitated by the college for students, staffs and faculty for communication between north and south campus.

Sports, co-curricular and extra-curricular activities are also of high importance for the institute. In addition to the existing indoor badminton courts, swimming pool, table tennis hall, football and cricket fields and gymnasium, the institute has a pavilion, a hockey ground with kiosk, and tennis, volleyball and basketball courts. The institute has a medical unit in the South campus and a Health Care Center with 3 Medical officers, an ENT specialist, and a Pediatrician, in the North campus. It also includes a Procedure Room, a Minor Operation Theatre and Physiotherapy Center.

The institute has also set up within its campus important support services, such as creches, a botanical garden with a rich diversity of local plants, children's parks, stationery shops, a campus school, canteens, cafes, banks and ATMs, for the convenience of campus residents. Library and book-nooks are also present in both North and South Campus. The auditorium is used for various occasions and programs organised at IIT Mandi.

Green activities
Efficient waste-management practices are held in high priority for the campus. The waste generated at each source is segregated through the active participation of residents. A Bio-gas generator of  feed capacity has been installed for the digestion of biodegradable wastes. Sewage Treatment Plants have been set up to ensure that all waste-water generated in the campus gets suitably treated before discharge and reuse. Special efforts have also been put towards the identification of local flora and fauna, and in ensuring that the campus growth continues to be in harmony with them. Future plans include reuse of treated waste-water, development of plant nursery, better segregation and in-house composting.

South Campus

The South Campus is bordered by the Uhl River on the west, Kamand village on the north and Kahra village on the east.  IIT Mandi was the first among all the new IITs to shift residential and academic facilities on the main (South) campus.
A Faculty and Staff Recreation Club in the South Campus was also inaugurated on 29 October 2016. The master plan for the complete development of the campus is ready and intends to cater for 5000 students, 600 faculty and associated staff.

North Campus

The North Campus is to host all the students in the long run (with the South Campus catering to the residential and research requirements of the research scholars). At present, all the undergraduate students reside in the North Campus, with some of the postgraduates students also living here.

The North Campus has the following sites :

Residential Complexes

 Dashir : Boys Hostel
 Beaskund : Boys Hostel
 Chandra Taal : Boys Hostel
 Suraj Taal : Boys Hostel
 Gaurikund : Girls Hostel
 Faculty Housing and Staff Quarters

Academic Buildings

 A9 Innovation Hub:  This five-storey hub-shaped building has a design & innovation lab and exhibition area on the ground and first floors.  Above this is the registrar's and other administrative offices.  Next is a satellite library and research labs.  The top floor houses the director's office, board room, and research labs.  Radiating up the valley from the hub are the A10-A13 and A11-A14 academic spines.
 A10 : School of Management(SOM) office and the four story building which houses some of the faculty offices apart from many medium to large sized classrooms.
 A11 : In this building mostly the labs are there .
 A13 : The building hosts the 300 seater classroom in addition to other small to medium-sized classrooms.
 A16 : The Central Library of the institute
 A18 : Newly build building and mostly first year B.Tech. students' classes are held here. And most of the IC courses classes are held here .
 A17 : This building is also for classes of core courses.

Student dining halls
 Pine Mess : Located near the A10 block
 Oak Mess : Oak Mess is situated on the eastern side of the North Campus
 S11(Alder) Mess : Catering mostly to the residents of the Dashir Hostel blocks and Situated in 3rd floor of A19 building.

Eateries
 Drongo Canteen
 Tregopan Canteen
 Jassi Canteen
 Amul Parlour

Village Square area

Holds four major complexes arranged in a circular way overlooking the park type structure :

 The Auditorium Complex: In addition to the 800 seater auditorium, the complex has 3 small lecture halls (with a capacity of around 40–50 students) each.
 The Sports Complex: Hosts badminton, table tennis and Squash courts along with a swimming pool and gym.
 Guest House
 Health Centre
 The Academic Office
 Gymkhana: For all technical and cultural clubs, having different rooms for different clubs.

Other amenities
 Hockey ground
 Swimming pool
 Megastar Mini Mart
 Squash Court
 Basketball
 Table Tennis
 Badminton Court

Organisation and administration

Schools
The institute primarily consists of faculty, project associates and students divided across several schools. Currently there are five schools operational in IIT Mandi.

School of Management(SoM)
School of Computing and Electrical Engineering
School of Basic Sciences
School of Engineering
School of Humanities and Social Sciences

Business incubators and entrepreneurship
In keeping with its vision of serving society, IIT Mandi has started two business incubators and has a student-run E-Cell.

IIT Mandi Catalyst
IIT Mandi Catalyst is the first technology business incubator (TBI) in Himachal Pradesh.  It was inaugurated by Prof Ashok Jhunjhunwala on 15 May 2016.
IIT Mandi Catalyst offers a low-cost, high-tech, yet peaceful and picturesque destination to early-stage startups.
 IIT Mandi Catalyst have 350+ startups including BonV, Manali Swings, UdyamWell , WithStand Fitness  etc.

Enabling Women of Kamand (EWOK)

Enabling Women of Kamand (EWOK) is an innovative programme started by IIT Mandi in May 2016.

It focuses on imparting skills training to rural women to enable them to start village-scale businesses.  EWOK has partnered with women from the four panchayats of Kamand, Kataula, Katindhi and Navlaya in Mandi district.

E-Cell (Entrepreneurship Cell)
The E-Cell is a student-run club that provides exposure to entrepreneurship to IIT Mandi students.

Academics
IIT Mandi like all other Indian Institutes of Technology, conducts various programs including bachelor's degree in technology (B.Tech.) and is also in the list of the few IITs which has its own postgraduate management program MBA offered by School of Management. It also offers postgraduate level programs such as Master of Science and Master of Science (Research). Further, it also offers a Ph.D. program for cutting-edge research  in basics sciences such as chemical sciences, physical sciences as well as in disciplines of engineering.
The academic year is organized between two semester a year. IIT Mandi follows a 10-point CGPA scale, with a rigorous examination procedure consisting of two mid-semester examinations called Quizzes and an end-semester exam. Apart from that, the courses may involve short projects, term-papers, self-study assignments, tutorials, and regular surprise quizzes.

Undergraduate programs
Currently(2022–2023), IIT Mandi offers Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech.) programs in six disciplines namely:
 Civil engineering
 Computer science and engineering
 Data science and engineering
 Electrical engineering
 Engineering physics
 Mechanical engineering
 Mathematics and Computing
 Bachelor of Technology in Microelectronics & VLSI
 Bachelor of Technology in General Engineering
 Materials Science and Engineering
 BS in Chemical Sciences

The institute also offers a dual-degree program (B.Tech. – M.Tech.) in the following discipline :

 Bio-engineering

Like all the other IITs, admissions to these programs are done on the basis of merit list of JEE-Advanced, the second phase examination of Joint Entrance Examination (JEE), which is an all India engineering entrance examination.

Female enrollment in B.Tech
The Indian Institute of Technology, Mandi, has successfully achieved the target of female enrollment in undergraduate courses by admitting 20.22 percent female students to B.Tech. program for the Academic Year 2019–20. This stands favorably with the target of 17 percent set by the Joint Entrance Examination (JEE) Apex Board Committee for 2019–20.
A total  of 262 students were admitted to IIT Mandi this year in B.Tech. courses, out of which 53 are girls and 209 are boys as compared to 38 girls and 158 boys last year. A total of 103 students have been admitted this year in the M.Sc. courses, of which 36 are girls and 67 are boys. For the Academic Year 2020-2021 a total of 330 students have been admitted in B.Tech. Courses out of which 68 are girls and 262 are boys which gives a 20.61 percent female ratio in B.Tech. this year.

Data regarding the number of women taking admission:

Postgraduate programs
IIT Mandi also offers postgraduate programs like M.Tech., M.Tech. (by Research), M.Sc., and M.A under various departments. Currently, IIT Mandi offers M.S. program in the field of basic sciences, M.Tech. (by Research) program in the field of engineering, M.A program in Development Studies, M.Sc. program in Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, and M.Tech. program in CSE, CSP, VLSI, Energy Systems, Materials, Fluid and Thermal, Structural Engineering, and Biotechnology. For any candidate to be eligible for admission, he/she must have a bachelor's degree in Engineering / Technology or master's degree in appropriate Sciences with a valid score in GATE or equivalent national level examination or GRE in appropriate discipline. Shortlisted candidates are called for a personal interview and based on which admission is offered.

School of Management, IIT Mandi offers Master of Business Administration MBA in Data science and Artificial Intelligence. This course was started in the year 2022.To be eligible for the admission process, the candidate either have a valid CAT score or have studied with good academic grades from top 100 NIRF colleges or Centrally Funded Technical Institutes (CFTIs). All applicants must have studied mathematics at +2 level (or equivalent)

IIT Mandi also offers Ph.D. programs in the field of engineering and basic sciences. To be eligible for admission process, the candidate must have a master's degree in sciences with a good academic record and a valid GATE score or UGC/CSIR NET/ Master's degree in Engineering/Technology with a good academic record/ B.Tech. degree of any IIT with a minimum of CGPA of 8.0 on a 10.0 point scale or with a valid GATE Score or B.Tech. / B.E degree of any recognized University in India with a minimum CGPA of 8.0 on a 10.0 point scale or equivalent with valid GATE score.

Strategic partnerships
IIT Mandi has strategic partnerships with prominent universities worldwide, including members of the TU9 consortium in Germany, institutions in Norway, Japan, the United States of America, and France. These collaborations facilitate long-term research engagements between IIT Mandi's faculty and their counterparts at institutions such as TU9 in Germany, NTNU in Norway, Kyushu University in Japan, and Missouri S&T in the USA. In addition to research collaborations, these partnerships also foster academic cooperation, including student exchange programs and joint degree initiatives.

WPI, United States
IIT Mandi has a collaboration program with many foreign universities. Students from WPI, United States come at IIT Mandi to work with IIT Mandi students on 'Interdisciplinary Socio-technical Practicum (ISTP)'. Through the ISTP, students explore the various issues/problems of society, and they propose technology-based solutions for these, and evaluate the proposed solutions from social, technical, economical, environmental and other aspects.

Ranking

It was ranked 20th among engineering colleges in India by the National Institutional Ranking Framework in 2022.
It was ranked 12th among 23 IITs according to NIRF 2022.

Research
IIT Mandi nurtures an interdisciplinary research environment that develops innovative technologies for widespread use. Driven by the need of the region and the nation, the thrust areas have been identified and organised.

Recently the Indian Institute of Technology Mandi has made a significant breakthrough in the development of metal oxide layers for use in advanced architecture silicon solar cells.

Researchers from the institute also developed a new algorithm using Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning (AI&ML) that could improve the accuracy of prediction for natural hazards.

Research centers
The Advanced Materials Research Centre (AMRC) has a focus on the environment and on agriculture particularly for traditional farmers who are engaged in the cultivation of fruits, vegetables, saffron and medicinal plants in this region. The Centre for Design & Fabrication of Electronic Devices (C4DFED) is an institute facility for multidisciplinary research of electronic device design and fabrication. The centre has Class 100, Class 1000 & Class 10000 laboratories where high-end sophisticated electronic device design, fabrication and characterisation tools worth Rs. 50 crore are installed.

Student life

Student Gymkhana and Societies

The Student Gymkhana is the student self-governance body.  It invites student participation and acts as a bridge between the students and the faculty.  It helps in the overall smooth functioning of all student-related activities.  It also assists the students in participating in various student exchange programs and internships.  Student activities at IIT Mandi are grouped into six different societies namely, Academic, Cultural, Literary, Research, Sports and Technical.  Additional activities are grouped in General Affairs under the General Secretary.

The Technical Society includes KamandPrompt (The Programming Club), STAC (The Astronomy Club), Robotronics (The Robotics and Electronics Club), Nirman Club, Yantrik club and E-Cell. Cultural Society includes Art Geeks (Art club), Music club, UDC (Dance club), Dramatics club, Designauts (Design Club), ShutterBugs (The Photography Club), and Perception (The Videography Club).

The Literary Society includes debate, quizzing and writing club of the college. Literary Society also publishes a yearly student's magazine by the name of Vivaan.

The Sports Society has a sports council which coordinates all the sports activities for Football, Cricket, Badminton, Lawn Tennis, Badminton, Table Tennis, Volleyball, Basketball, Hockey, Athletics, and Chess at Kamand Campus.

The Research Society includes IIT Mandi Research Club (IITMRC).

General Affairs includes the Hiking and Trekking Club (HTC).

During their first year, all under-graduate students are required to take part in one of three extra-curricular activities.  These are the Sports Society, the National Service Scheme and the Hiking and Trekking Club.

Student festivals

Xpecto

Xpecto is the science and technology festival of Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, which has been ramped up to include the most electrifying events, prompting great discoveries, as well as enthralling brainstorming and grand prizes. Each Technical Club will host some exciting events that will highlight and award participants' greatest ideas and breakthroughs.

Exodia

Exodia is the annual technical cum cultural fest of IIT Mandi. It is a three-day long event held towards the start of March. Started in 2012 by a bunch of enthusiast IITians, it is a student-run non-profit organization that caters primarily to the youth. Exodia '12 and Exodia '13 were set in the transit campus of IIT Mandi. Exodia'14 and Exodia'15 were set on the permanent campus.

Rann-Neeti
Rann-Neeti is the Annual Inter College Sports Fest of IIT Mandi organised by Student Gymkhana of IIT Mandi. It is a three-day long event held every year in the month of September in which college from states all over the nation participate.

AstraX
AstraX is the annual inter-college Astronomy meet of IIT Mandi organized by its Space Technology and Astronomy Cell. AstraX observes keynote talks by eminent international and national astrophysicists and astronomers, engaging workshops on space technology and a plethora of interesting events. Students from IITs, IISERs, NITs and many other colleges across India participate in this Astro technical Fiesta.

Ruvaan
Ruvaan is the annual inter-college Literary Fest of IIT Mandi. It is jointly organized by Writing Club, Drama Club, Debating Club, and Quizzing Club (Literary Society). The first edition of Ruvaan Fest was conducted as a 3-day event from 28 February 2020 to 1 March 2020. This 3-day event is full of a plethora of interesting events including but not limited to Debates, Poetry-Slams, M.U.N., Drama, Quizzes, Movie Screenings, and Poet Conference. Students from colleges across the nation participate in this Literary Fest.

FrostHack
FrostHack is an open hackathon organized by the student community of IIT Mandi with the goal of solving societal problems by collective collaboration among students using tech.

References

External links

Mandi
Educational institutions established in 2009
Engineering colleges in Himachal Pradesh
Universities and colleges in Himachal Pradesh
Education in Mandi district
2009 establishments in Himachal Pradesh


Patrick Ball (born June 26, 1965) is a scientist who has spent more than twenty years conducting quantitative analysis for truth commissions, non-governmental organizations, international criminal tribunals, and United Nations missions in El Salvador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Haiti, South Africa, Chad, Sri Lanka, East Timor, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Kosovo, Liberia, Peru, Colombia, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Syria. As executive director of Human Rights Data Analysis Group, he assists human rights defenders by conducting rigorous scientific and statistical analysis of large-scale human rights abuses. He received his bachelor of arts degree from Columbia University, and his doctorate from the University of Michigan.

Human rights and cryptography export controls
During the 1990s-era controversies over the export of strong cryptography by United States software developers, Ball's technical background and expertise in human rights conflicts led him to advocate for the widespread availability of cryptographic technology.

In 1993, he began working with the Science and Human Rights Program of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, initially as a consultant and eventually as deputy director. His work with the AAAS included traveling to countries such as El Salvador and Ethiopia to train local human rights organizations on the use of cryptography and the Internet to protect their communications. The Science and Human Rights Program also organized or co-organized numerous symposiums, including a congressional briefing at which Ball presented alongside Matt Blaze, Ian Goldberg, and Dinah PoKempner.

In 1997, Ball provided expert testimony in ACLU v. Miller, a case from the civil liberties group challenging a Georgia law barring online pseudonymity as unconstitutionally vague and overbroad.

Expert testimony in war crimes trials
Ball served as an expert witness in testimony at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia against Slobodan Milosevic, the former President of Serbia. He was also an expert witness for the Prosecution at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in Milutinović et al. (IT-05-87).

In 2013, Ball provided expert testimony in Guatemala's Supreme Court in the trial of General José Efraín Ríos Montt, the de facto president of Guatemala in 1982-1983. Ríos was found guilty of genocide and crimes against humanity; it was the first time ever that a former head of state was found guilty of genocide in his own country. Ball also testified in 2013 in the trial of Guatemala's former national police chief, Héctor Rafael Bol de la Cruz, who was sentenced to 40 years in prison for the disappearance of a student union leader.

In September 2015, Ball provided expert testimony in the trial of former President of Chad, Hissène Habré. HRDAG's analysis showed that the death rate for political prisoners was much higher than for adult men in Chad: 90 to 540 times higher. On its worst day in the time period for which data were analyzed, the mortality rate was 2.37 deaths per 100 prisoners. During a nine-month period in 1986-1987, the mortality rate in Habré's prisons was higher than that of US POWs in Japanese custody during World War II.

Awards

Ball was conferred a Doctor of Science honoris causa by Claremont Graduate University in 2015. In 2014, he was named a Fellow by the American Statistical Association. Other awards include the Karl E. Peace Award for Outstanding Statistical Contributions for the Betterment of Society from the American Statistical Association in 2018, the Pioneer Award from the Electronic Frontier Foundation in 2005, the Eugene L. Lawler Award for Humanitarian Contributions within Computer Science from the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) in June 2004, and a Special Achievement Award from the Social Statistics Section of the American Statistical Association in 2002. He is a Research Fellow at the Carnegie Mellon University Center for Human Rights Science, and a Fellow at the Human Rights Center at Berkeley Law of the University of California, Berkeley.

Selected publications
 Amelia Hoover Green and Patrick Ball (2019). Civilian killings and disappearances during civil war in El Salvador (1980–1992). Demographic Research, 1 October 2019.
 Patrick Ball and Megan Price (2019). Using Statistics to Assess Lethal Violence in Civil and Inter-State War. Annual Review of Statistics and Its Application. 7 March 2019.
 Patrick Ball and Megan Price (2018). The Statistics of Genocide. Chance (special issue). February 2018.
 Patrick Ball (2016). The case against a golden key. Foreign Affairs. September 14, 2016. Foreign Affairs.
 Patrick Ball (2016). Violence in blue. Granta 134: 4 March 2016.
 Patrick Ball (2016). Why Just Counting the Dead in Syria Won’t Bring Them Justice. Foreign Policy. October 19, 2016.
 Megan Price and Patrick Ball (2014). Big Data, Selection Bias, and the Statistical Patterns of Mortality in Conflict. SAIS Review of International Affairs.
 Price, Megan, Jeff Klingner, and Patrick Ball (2013). Preliminary Statistical Analysis of Documentation of Killings in the Syrian Arab Republic, The Benetech Human Rights Program, commissioned by the United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR).
 Patrick Ball. When It Comes to Human Rights, There Are No Online Security Shortcuts, Wired op-ed, August 10, 2012.
 Patrick Ball (2008). “¿Quién le hizo qué a quién? Planear e implementar un proyecto a gran escala de información en derechos humanos.” (originally in English at AAAS) Translated by Beatriz Verjerano. Palo Alto, California: Benetech.
 Patrick Ball, Tamy Guberek, Daniel Guzmán, Amelia Hoover, and Meghan Lynch (2007). “Assessing Claims of Declining Lethal Violence in Colombia.” Benetech. Also available in Spanish – “Para Evaluar Afirmaciones Sobre la Reducción de la Violencia Letal en Colombia.”
 Patrick Ball, Ewa Tabeau, and Philip Verwimp (2007). “The Bosnian Book of the Dead: Assessment of the Database (Full Report).” Households in Conflict Network Research Design Note 5.
 Silva, Romesh and Patrick Ball, "The Profile of Human Rights Violations in Timor-Leste, 1974-1999", a Report by the Benetech Human Rights Data Analysis Group to the Commission on Reception, Truth and Reconciliation. 9 February 2006.
 Silva, Romesh, and Patrick Ball. "The Demography of Large-Scale Human Rights Atrocities: Integrating demographic and statistical analysis into post-conflict historical clarification in Timor-Leste." Paper presented at the 2006 meetings of the Population Association of America.
 Silva, Romesh and Patrick Ball. "The Demography of Conflict-Related Mortality in Timor-Leste (1974-1999): Empirical Quantitative Measurement of Civilian Killings, Disappearances & Famine-Related Deaths" In Papers on Human Rights and Statistics, D. Banks, J. Asher and F. Scheuren, eds., ASA/SIAM Monograph Series, Philadelphia, PA (USA), pp. 42–57.
 Ball, Patrick. "On the Quantification of Horror: Field Notes on Statistical Analysis of Human Rights Violations." in Repression and Mobilization, ed. by Christian Davenport, Hank Johnston, and Carol Mueller. Minneapolis: U Minnesota P. 2005.
 Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Perú, Final Report - General Conclusions
 Davenport, Christian, and Patrick Ball. "Views to a Kill: Exploring the Implications of Source Selection in the Case of Guatemalan State Terror, 1977-1996." Journal of Conflict Resolution 46(3): 427-450. 2002.
 Killings and Refugee Flow in Kosovo, March - June, 1999

 Chapman, Audrey R. and Patrick Ball. "The Truth of Truth Commissions: Comparative Lessons from Haiti, South Africa, and Guatemala." Human Rights Quarterly. 23(4):1-42. 2001
 Policy or Panic? The Flight of Ethnic Albanians from Kosovo, March–May 1999
 Political Killings in Kosovo
 Making the Case: Investigating Large Scale Human Rights Violations Using Information Systems and Data Analysis. (ed. with Herbert F. Spirer and Louise Spirer). Washington, DC: AAAS, 2000.
 State Violence in Guatemala, 1960-1996: a Quantitative Reflection. (with Paul Kobrak and Herbert F. Spirer) Washington, DC: AAAS, 1999.
 Who Did What to Whom? Planning and Implementing a Large Scale Human Rights Data Project. Washington, DC: AAAS, 1996.

Notes

References

A Data Double-Take: Police Shootings, The National Review, July 6, 2020.
All the Dead We Cannot See, Pacific Standard, December 28, 2018.
Mapping Mexico's Hidden Graves, Science, June 26, 2017.
A New Estimate of Killings of Police Is Way Higher - And Still Too Low, FiveThirtyEight, March 6, 2015.
Data Mining on the Side of the Angels, Wired, December 29, 2013
Doing the Right Stuff for Human Rights, HuffPost, November 19, 2013.
Calculating Body Counts, NPR's On the Media, March 19, 2012
The Body Counter, Foreign Policy Magazine, March 2, 2012
Five Questions with Patrick Ball, Engineering For Change, October 17, 2011
Patrick Ball on the Perils of Misusing Human Rights Data, Forbes, February 17, 2011
The Forensic Humanitarian, The New York Times, February 17, 2008
A Human Rights Statistician Finds Truth In Numbers, The Christian Science Monitor, February 7, 2008
Guatemala: The Secret Files, PBS Frontline/World, May 27, 2008

External links
Human Rights Data Analysis Group - bio
HRDAG Testifies in Guatemala (news story about Ball's April 2013 testimony in the Guatemalan Supreme Court)

Ball, Patrick
Ball, Patrick
Ball, Patrick
Columbia College (New York) alumni
University of Michigan alumni
Fellows of the American Statistical Association


Svend Borchmann Hersleb (7 March 1784 – 12 September 1836) was a Norwegian professor of theology who also served one term in the Norwegian Parliament.

Personal life
He was born in Alstahaug as the youngest son of Jørgen Sverdrup Hersleb and his wife Anna Svendsdatter Borchmann. He had several brothers and sisters. His sister Else married local businessman Jonas Greger Walnum.

Career
Hersleb graduated from the University of Copenhagen as cand.theol. in 1807. He had befriended N. F. S. Grundtvig there, and stayed in Denmark after graduation to work as a teacher at the Metropolitanskolen. Following the foundation of the Royal Frederick University in Christiania was founded in 1811, Hersleb was hired as a lector in 1813. He became the first teacher in theology at the university, and together with Stener Johannes Stenersen, he is credited with founding the Faculty of Theology. Hersleb, who became professor in 1814, and Stenersen were the only academic staff at the faculty until 1832. Hersleb remained professor until his death.

Hersleb, noted as strongly orthodox, was among the founders of the Norwegian Bible Society in 1816. He was also elected to the Norwegian Parliament in 1827, representing the constituency of Christiania. He served only one term.

His friend N. F. S. Grundtvig named his son Svend Hersleb Grundtvig.

References

1784 births
1836 deaths
People from Alstahaug
Members of the Storting
Politicians from Oslo
Norwegian theologians
University of Copenhagen alumni
Norwegian expatriates in Denmark
Academic staff of the University of Oslo
19th-century Protestant theologians
19th-century Lutherans


Narva Oil Plant () is a commercial scale shale oil retorting facility located in Auvere near Narva, Estonia. The plant produces shale oil from oil shale by using Galoter/Eneffit technology. The facility belongs to Enefit Energiatootmine, a subsidiary of Eesti Energia.

History
The original oil shale retorting plant (UTT-3000 refinery) was built in the late 1970s next to the Eesti Power Plant to provide shale oil as a start-up fuel for the power plants. The plant which is using Galoter technology was commissioned in 1980. In 2009, Eesti Energia started construction of a new Enefit 280 shale oil plant adjacent to the existing plant. The new plant was commissioned in 2012 and first oil was produced in the new plant on 20 December 2012.

The oil plant has been operated as a part of the Narva Power Plants. In 2007, the oil plant was separated from the power plants and a separate subsidiary of Eesti Energia, Eesti Energia Narva Õlitehas AS (later: Eesti Energia Õlitööstus AS) was established.  In 2016, the oil plant was re-merged with the power plants to create a consolidated generation company Enefit Energiatootmine AS.

Description
The old retorting plant consists of two modified UTT-3000 type solid heat carrier retorts, known as Enefit 140 retorts. Both retorts processing 125 tonnes of oil shale per hour resulting combined up to 240,000 tonnes of shale oil a year.  The new retorting plant (Enefit 280) has processing capacity of 2.26 million tonnes of oil shale per year producing 256,000 tonnes of shale oil and 75 million cubic meters of oil shale gas per year. It has an integrated 35 MW steam-driven turbine to convert residual heat to electricity used for the plant own needs.  Main products are fuel grade shale oil, raw material for bitumen and antiseptics. The designed annual capacity of the plant is 220,000 tons of shale oil and 60 million cubic meters of retort gas.

See also

 Energy in Estonia

References

Oil shale in Estonia
Narva
Synthetic fuel facilities
Petroleum production
1980 establishments in Estonia
Energy infrastructure completed in 1980
Oil shale infrastructure


Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IIT Indore) is an Institute of national importance located in Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India. IIT Indore was founded in the year 2009. It was one of the eight new Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) started by the government of India in the year 2009. IIT Indore is officially recognized as an Institute of National Importance by the Government of India.

History
Founded in 2009, it is one of the eight new Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) established by the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India under The Institutes of Technology (Amendment) Act, 2011 which declares eight new IITs as well as the conversion of Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University as IIT. The Act was passed in the Lok Sabha on 24 March 2011 and by the Rajya Sabha on 30 April 2012.
Arjun Singh, the then HRD minister of India laid the foundation stone of IIT Indore on 17 February 2009 in its permanent campus located in Simrol, Indore, Madhya Pradesh. The institute worked from 2009 to 2010 in a temporary campus at Institute of Engineering and Technology of Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya under mentorship of IIT Bombay with Dr. Pradeep Mathur as the founding director. The first batch of IIT Indore graduated in 2013, and the institute celebrated its first Convocation Day on 8 June 2013. Dr. Suhas Joshi, Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Dean of Alumni & Corporate relations at IIT Bombay has been appointed as the new director at IIT Indore who succeeds the officiating director, Dr. Neelesh Kumar Jain.

Campus

IIT Indore is located at Simrol, Khandwa Road. The campus sprawls across 501.42 acres. IIT Indore moved from the two rented campuses to its permanent campus in Simrol in October 2015.

Learning Resource Centre (LRC)
IIT Indore's central library, the Learning Resource Centre is equipped with Online Information Resources. The library provides its users access to nearly 3800 electronic journals as well as access to databases such as ACM Digital Library, IEEE Xplore digital library, Science Direct, MathSciNet, JSTOR, SciFinder, Taylor and Francis, Wiley, and Springer. The library also provides air-conditioned and Wi-Fi enabled Reading Halls.

Halls of Residence

Most students at IIT Indore reside in the halls of residence. The campus has five halls of residence named A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, Homi Jehangir Bhabha, Vikram Sarabhai, C.V. Raman, and Devi Ahilya. The Devi Ahilya Hall of Residence is exclusively for the accommodation of women. Students are provided 5 BHK units to accommodate 5 students with one student per bedroom.

Organisation and administration

Governance

IITs are administered centrally by the IITs' Council, an apex body established by the Government of India. The Minister of Human Resource & Development, Government of India, is the Chairman of the council. Each Institute has a Board of Governors responsible for its overall administration and control. Ex-ISRO chief, Dr K Sivan was appointed as chairman of IIT Indore’s board of governors in September 2023.

The senate, which consists of the heads, deans, and full professors of the institute, is the Apex Academic Body that decides the academic policies of the institute. It controls and approves the overall curriculum, courses, examinations, and results. It appoints committees to look into specific academic matters arising from time to time. The teaching, training, and research activities of various departments of the Institute are periodically reviewed to improve facilities and maintain standards. The Director of the institute is the ex-officio chairman of senate.

Departments

IIT Indore has the following departments:

Astronomy, Astrophysics and Space Engineering (AASE)
Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE)
Chemistry
Civil Engineering
Computer Science and Engineering
Electrical Engineering
Humanities and Social Sciences
Mathematics
Mechanical Engineering
Metallurgy Engineering and Materials Science
Physics

Centers
IIT Indore has the following centers:

Centre for Advanced Electronics (CAE)
Computer and Information Technology Center (CITC)
Center of Futuristic Defense and Space Technology (CFDST)
 Center for Indian Scientific Knowledge Systems (CISKS)
 Center for Electric Vehicle and Intelligent Transport Systems (CEVITS)
 Sophisticated Instrumentation Center (SIC)
 Center of Innovation, Incubation, Entrepreneurship and Industry Relations (CIIEIR)
Centre for Rural Development and Technology (CRDT)
DST-FIST Center of Excellence in Gear Engineering
Sophisticated Instrument Centre (SIC)
Counselling Services
Training and Placement
Central Workshop

Technology Innovation Hubs

IITI DRISHTI CPS Foundation
DRISTI CPS (DRiving Innovation through Simulation Hub for Technologies in Interdisciplinary Cyber-Physical Systems) is a Technology Innovation Hub (TIH) at IIT Indore established under the National Mission on Interdisciplinary Cyber-Physical Systems (NM-ICPS). The goal of DRISHTI CPS is to develop an eco-system of research and development in the system simulation, modeling, and visualization of Cyber-Physical Systems  through joint efforts of the industry and academia.

Academics
IIT Indore offers a four-year B.Tech programs in several engineering fields.
The postgraduate and graduate programs at IIT Indore includes Ph.D, M.Tech,M.S.(research) programs in engineering and M.S.(Data Science and Management); Ph.D and M.Sc. programs in basic sciences and humanities. IIT Indore offers numerous scholarships for students under different qualification criteria.

Admissions
Students are admitted into the various B.Tech. programs through the Joint Entrance Examination – Advanced (JEE(Adv)), which is typically taken by engineering aspirants after completion of their 10+2 schooling. Admission to the M.Tech/MS/Ph.D programs is done through Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE), and the Joint Admission Test (JAM) is conducted for taking MSc students.

Rankings

Internationally, the IIT Indore was ranked 396 in the QS World University Rankings of 2023 and 185 in Asia. It was ranked 601–800 in the world by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings of 2023, 87 in Asia in 2022 and 84 among emerging economies.

In India, it was ranked 14 among engineering colleges by the National Institutional Ranking Framework in 2023.

Research
The primary engineering research areas of IIT Indore are as follows:
Department of Computer Science and Engineering - Algorithms and Theoretical Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence, Software Engineering, Cyber Security, Soft Computing, CAD-VLSI, Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), Computer Vision, Embedded Systems, Internet of Things (IoT)
Department of Electrical Engineering - Semiconductor Devices Physics and Technology, Bio-medical Signal Processing, Organic electronic/photonic devices, VLSI, ULSI Circuit, and System Design, Power Electronics and Power Systems
Department of Mechanical Engineering - Additive Manufacturing, Mechatronics, Internal Combustion Engines, Thermal and Fluid Engineering, Computational Mechanics, Energy Storage, Surface Engineering, Vibration,Noise Control and Applied Optics and Laser Technology.
Department of Civil Engineering - Structural Engineering, Geotechnical Engineering, Water Resource Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Glaciohydrology
Department of Metallurgy and Material Science - Smart Materials, Nano Materials, MEMS/NEMS, Computational Materials, and Condensed Matter Physics

IIT Indore leads all the new IITs in terms of total citations as well as h-index as of 2015. Abstracting and indexing database Scopus has rated IIT Indore as the top among the new IITs, followed by seven IITs of Ropar, Patna, Bhubaneswar, Hyderabad, Gandhinagar and Jodhpur.

IIT Indore's formal undergraduate research scheme is entitled, "Promotion of Research and Innovation for Undergraduate Students (PRIUS)". IIT Indore actively participates in international projects and joint collaborations with research organizations in Japan, South Korea, the Russian Federation, Portugal, France, Germany, and USA. It started the Innovation and Entrepreneurship Development Centre (IEDC) to encourage entrepreneurship.

Research facilities
The institute provides instruments/facilities such as Nuclear Magnetic resonance spectrometer, CAD Tools for Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Design, Single crystal X-ray diffractometer, Time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC), Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy, Dual ion beam sputtering deposition (DIBSD) system, Spin Coater, Optical Surface Metrology System Profiler,

The Sophisticated Instrumentation Center (SIC) is a national facility hosted at IIT Indore's School of Basic Science. SIC at IIT Indore is equipped with Single Crystal X-ray Diffraction, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Mass Spectrometry, Elemental Analysis and Single Molecule Imaging and Spectroscopy.

Student life

Students' Gymkhana
The Students’ Gymkhana is a body of elected student representatives responsible for the efficient execution of all the club activities, festivals & activities within IIT Indore, and the organization of the annual techno-cultural event Fluxus, among any other duties assigned by the institute.

Cultural and Non-Academic Activities

Fluxus

Fluxus is the signature annual social and cultural festival of IIT Indore, held in February. It consists of several competitions, informal events, workshops and showcases professional performances. It was started in 2011.

Fluxus 2019 included ‘Kavyanjali’ dedicated to Hindi and Urdu poetry and shayris with poet Rahat Indori. Other guests including Kavi Sandeep Dwivedi, Surya Prakash Upadhyay, Rishi Dixit, Nitesh Kushwaha shared the stage with Dr. Rahat Indori. It also included the concerts of the rock band The Local Train, the singer Amit Trivedi and the Canadian EDM performer, Miss Tara. The decade anniversary hosted an alumni meet Magnum Opus for all the IITI graduates.

Fluxus 2020 included musical performances of the singer duo Salim–Sulaiman, DJ Shaan, The Yellow Diary and the stand-up comedy performance of Zakir Khan.

See also
Indian Institutes of Technology
Institutes of National Importance
Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)
List of autonomous higher education institutes in India
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay

References

External links

Indore
Educational institutions established in 2008
Education in Indore
Science and technology in Indore
Universities and colleges in Indore district
2008 establishments in Madhya Pradesh