The Simla Convention (Traditional Chinese: 西姆拉條約; Simplified Chinese: 西姆拉条约), officially the Convention Between Great Britain, China, and Tibet, was an ambiguous treaty concerning the status of Tibet negotiated by representatives of the Republic of China, Tibet and Great Britain in Simla in 1913 and 1914.

The Simla Convention provided that Tibet would be divided into "Outer Tibet" and "Inner Tibet". Outer Tibet, which roughly corresponded to Ü-Tsang and western Kham, would "remain in the hands of the Tibetan Government at Lhasa under Chinese suzerainty", but China would not interfere in its administration. "Inner Tibet", roughly, equivalent to Amdo and eastern Kham, would be under the jurisdiction of the Chinese government. The convention with its annexes also defines the boundary between Tibet and China proper and that between Tibet and British India (with the latter coming to be known as the McMahon Line).

A draft convention was initialled by all three countries on 27 April 1914, but China immediately repudiated it.
A slightly revised convention was signed again on 3 July 1914, but only by Britain and Tibet.  The Chinese plenipotentiary, Ivan Chen, declined to sign it. The British and Tibetan plenipotentiaries then signed a bilateral declaration that stated that the convention would be binding on themselves and that China would be denied any privileges under the convention until it signed it.

Background
Tibet was a semi-independent protectorate or vassal under indirect rule by the Qing Dynasty. The later crises of the Qing Dynasty, saw reduced Chinese influence, and increased British and some Russian influence as a result of the "Great Game", and other foreign influence. Britain feared increased Russian influence in Tibet, due to contacts between the Russia-born Buryat Agvan Dorzhiev and the 13th Dalai Lama. Agvan Dorzhiev claimed that Russia was a powerful Buddhist country that would ally with Tibet against China or Britain. In response, Britain sought to increase its own influence in Tibet as a buffer for British India. British forces, led by Sir Francis Younghusband, militarily intervened in Tibet in 1904 and made a treaty with the Tibetans, the 1904 Lhasa Convention. The British expedition showed the weakness of the Qing rule in Tibet, which caused the Qing to assert their influence once again. This and anti-foreign sentiment led to the Khampas to revolt in the Batang uprising, also called the 1905 Tibetan Rebellion. The Batang uprising was quelled by Qing general Feng Quan, who died in the uprising, and Zhao Erfeng, who became the Qing Dynasty's governing amban for Tibet.

In 1906, the British government sought Chinese acceptance of suzerainty over Tibet as part of the Anglo-Chinese Convention on Tibet, but was rebuffed by the Chinese envoy, who insisted on China's control over Tibetan sovereignty.  As the "Great Game" was waning with the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907, Britain and Russia who were forming an entente, acknowledged Chinese "suzerainty" over Tibet to avoid conflict over the region.

In 1910, Qing China sent a military expedition to Tibet and came very close to taking it over, along with neighboring Himalayan kingdoms; however the Qing dynasty fell to the Xinhai Revolution the next year.

After the fall of the Qing dynasty in China, the Tibet government at Lhasa expelled all Chinese forces and declared itself independent (1913), however, this was not accepted by the newly founded Republic of China.

Conference

In 1913, the British convoked a conference at the Viceregal Lodge in Simla, India to discuss the issue of Tibet's status. The conference was attended by representatives of Britain, the newly founded Republic of China, and the Tibetan government at Lhasa.

Britain was represented Sir Henry McMahon, the Foreign Secretary of British India in Delhi. China was represented by Ivan Chen (I-fan Chen), who was the Commissioner for Trade and Foreign Affairs at Shanghai. He had previously been on the staff of the Chinese Mission in London, and served as the Taotai in the Burma–Yunan frontier. Tibet was represented by Paljor Dorje Shatra, commonly referred to as "Lonchen Shatra", who was a leading prime minister of Tibet. He was an observer during the talks for the 1893 trade regulations associated with the Convention of Calcutta, had accompanied the Dalai Lama during his exile in British India, and had considerable experience in dealing with British India.

The British and Chinese representatives had telegraphic communications with their Home governments, while the Tibetan representative only had land communications. McMahon was assisted by two political officers: Charles Alfred Bell, who negotiated with Shatra on the sidelines, and Archibald Rose, who did the same with Ivan Chen.

Conference overview
The Simla Conference, despite its name, was held in both Simla and Delhi. (Simla was a hill station, which served as the headquarters for the Indian government during the summer months. At other times, the headquarters moved back to Delhi.) The conference held eight formal sessions.
 The first two sessions on 13 October and 18 November 1913 were held in Simla.
 The next three sessions on 12 January, 17 February and 11 March 1914 were held in Delhi.
 The last three sessions on 7 April, 27 April and 3 July 1914 were held in Simla again.
In between the formal sessions, Charles Bell and Archibald Rose negotiated with the participants bilaterally. There were also a few 'informal' tripartite sessions in addition to the formal ones.

A draft Convention, along with a map showing the boundaries, was agreed and initialled by all three participants on 27 April. But the Chinese government  repudiated it immediately. A slightly revised Convention, which took into account some Russian concerns, was signed on 3 July by Britain and Tibet, but not China. The conference left open the possibility of China joining the Convention in due course.

Initial sessions

In the first session on 13 October, after the formalities of exchanging credentials, Lonchen Shatra presented an opening statement outlining the Tibetan position. The statement started by declaring, "Tibet and China have never been under each other and will never associate with each other in future. It is decided that Tibet is an independent state." Tibet repudiated all the previous conventions signed regarding itself without its own participation. It declared the boundaries of Tibet, ranging from the Kuenlun Range in the north, passing through the Altyn Tagh and Ho Shili ranges etc. and ending with the boundaries with Sichuan and Yunnan. (See the brown line in Map 1.) It enumerated all the districts contained within these boundaries, demanded that the revenue collected from them by China should be returned to the Tibetans, and also claimed damages for the forcible exactions carried out on them.

On 30 October, Ivan Chen made Chinese 'counter-proposals'. Beginning with a tendentious account of the relationship between the two countries, his statement claimed that the 'misunderstandings' that existed were solely due to the "conduct of His Holiness", who was said to be intractable and ignorant of the international situation. The statement declared that Tibet was  'an integral part' of China and that no attempt by Britain or Tibet to interrupt this 'territorial integrity' would be tolerated. China however engaged not to convert Tibet into a Chinese province and Britain should likewise undertake not to annex any part of it. A Chinese Resident was to be stationed in Lhasa, and Tibet should be guided by China in its foreign and military affairs. Tibet should grant amnesty to all the officials and non-officials who had been previously punished. Chen also presented a map marking the boundary between China and Tibet which conformed to the then prevalent Chinese notions. (See the light blue line in Map 1.)

At the second meeting, McMahon laid down that the first and most important question was the 'definition of the limits' of Tibet. Then there would be other minor issues such as the Tibetan claims of compensation for losses and the Chinese demands for amnesty. While Lonchen Shatra agreed to the procedure, Ivan Chen countered that deciding the political status of Tibet should be the first order of business. Chen also revealed that he had 'definite orders' from his government to give priority to the political questions. In response, McMahon ruled that he would discuss the frontier issue with Lonchen Shatra alone until Chen obtained authorisation from his government to join it. After five days, the Chinese government authorised Chen to join the discussion.

Frontier discussions

Informal discussions took place throughout December 1913, assisted by Charles Bell and Archibald Rose. Chen admitted to Rose that the frontier question was 'exploded' upon him rather unexpectedly. But Rose replied that Chen had himself pushed it to the forefront.

In the second informal meeting, Chen read out a statement, which started by arguing the Chinese position on the political status of Tibet. He maintained that China had been in effective occupation as far west as Giamda. The claim included the districts of Pomed, Zayul, Markham, Derge, Draya and Gyade, in addition to the 'generally' recognised claims to Kokonor, Batang and Litang.

The Lonchen replied that Tibet had always been 'an independent country'. At one stage a Chinese princess had been given in marriage to a Tibetan ruler and that, at another, a boundary pillar had been erected at Marugong (Kokonor–Kansu border). Even though China had given some titles to the officials in the eastern regions, the taxation and administration of the region had always been in Tibetan hands.

Chen claimed that there was a boundary pillar erected 300 li west of Batang in 1727, marking Chinese occupation. Lonchen demanded documentary proof that such a pillar had been erected. Chen was unable to produce any documentary proof other than second-hand reports.

When his turn came, the Lonchen mentioned that three identical monoliths were erected a thousand years earlier in Lhasa, the Chinese capital and the frontier, recording a Chinese–Tibetan treaty. He produced copies of the inscription on the pillars and references to it in the 'History of Tibet' compiled by the 5th Dalai Lama. The Lonchen had a mountain of evidence containing taxation and administration records for all the regions up to Tachienlu (Kangding). The Chinese had nothing comparable to offer.

In the face of the conflicting claims, both the sides agreed to prepare written statements embodying the complete evidence available on the frontier. These were presented on 12 January 1914, during the third session of the conference after it had moved to Delhi. China's extended claims were based on Zhao Erfeng's advances, which were quite recent (1906–1911). Chen justified them as 'effective occupation' recognised in international law. Lonchen ridiculed the claim, by listing the atrocities committed by Zhao and querying how the raids of such a person could be deemed lawful.

In the course of these discussions, McMahon formed the idea of distinguishing between so-called 'Inner Tibet' and 'Outer Tibet'. The main motivation, according to scholar Parshotam Mehra, was the recognition that, while the Chinese had far-flung garrisons in the frontier territories, they had been unable to affect any material change in the Tibetan administration of the tribal states within them. So, some kind of shared presence in these territories would be necessary. These were to form the 'Inner Tibet'. The 'Outer Tibet' was to be Lhasa's dominion, with only Chinese suzerainty over it.

McMahon's proposals
On 17 February 1914, in the fourth session of the conference, McMahon laid on the table his proposal for the identification of 'Inner Tibet' and 'Outer Tibet' regions, along with a map showing the boundaries of these regions. (See the dashed red line and dashed blue line in Map 1.) He explained that the authentic records of both China and Tibet dating back to 822 CE had established Tibet's historical frontiers (the "red line" on the map). In the 18h century, under the Kangxi and Qianlong emperors, Chinese control was established on parts of Tibet, and a boundary pillar was erected near Batang. These developments developed a "well-defined line" (the "blue line") between the sphere of "periodic Chinese intervention" and the autonomous region of Tibet where Chinese dictation was "purely nominal". These two lines now defined two zones in Tibet, for which he used the terms 'Inner Tibet' and 'Outer Tibet'.

The enunciation of the two zones marked on a map generated a strong reaction from both the Tibetan and Chinese plenipotentiaries. Lonchen argued strongly that Batang and Litang should be included in 'Outer Tibet' and adduced considerable official evidence. Ivan Chen claimed that China, under the Guangxu and Xuantong emperors, took the 'Inner Tibet' areas "back" and restored them to the Sichuan province. In the remaining areas of Tibet, he claimed that the Lhasa Amban had conducted direct administration. He claimed that his government could not recede from the claims he had made on 12 January. Frantic negotiations followed in Delhi and Beijing, and even in London. McMahon had a 'verbal statement' delivered to Chen via Archibald Rose, pointing out that, in 1904 China had no administration in either zone of Tibet, and citing Fu Sung-mu's authority as evidence. He also warned the Chinese plenipotentiary that China's "uncompromising position" and renewed fighting along the China–Tibet frontier was fast eroding his own ability to persuade the Tibetans to make any concessions at all.

At the fifth session on 11 March, McMahon tabled a draft of the convention, and introduced it with a variation of his "verbal statement". He appealed to both the Tibetan and Chinese representatives for "a broad and statesmanlike spirit of compromise" so that their labours could be brought to a speedy conclusion. China was not receptive. Chen maintained that it was premature to discuss a draft since the general principles (of 'Inner' and 'Outer' Tibet) had not been accepted by his government. Meanwhile, China's amban-designate for Lhasa, sitting in Calcutta, was advising the Chinese government to keep up the military pressure on the frontier and that the British were in no position to intervene militarily.

The sixth session on 7 April went by with no apparent progress. On 27 March, Chen had been warned that, if he was unable to work towards a settlement based on the map, then McMahon would have to withdraw the map and make alternative proposals. At the 7 April meeting, Chen proposed a certain 'five-point proposal' communicated by Beijing, which made promises about how China would administer the territory it claimed, but without any change to the claim itself. The proposal found no favour with the other participants. At the end of the meeting, McMahon told Chen that he intended to call the next session on 14 April in order to withdraw the current draft. Chen begged for more time.

Eventually the seventh session was called on 22 April. In the interim, Chen had won some concessions. The border zone including the towns of Atuntse and Tachienlu had been conceded to China as was the lake of Kokonor. (See Map 1.) Nevertheless, on 22 April, Chen had again presented five new 'demands', which found no favour with the other participants. Lonchen also withheld consent as Derge and Nyarong were placed in Inner Tibet. At this point, McMahon made a show of withdrawing the entire draft convention, which made the other participants rethink their position. Chen begged for time to consult his governrment.

After an adjournment of five days, the conference reconvened on 27 April 1914 when the draft convention, along with the map, was initialled by all three participants. Evidently, Chen initialled the draft convention reluctantly, after having been assured that initialling it did not amount to final acceptance.

April–July 1914
During the period of April–July, prior to the final signature, Britain held discussions with Russia on the draft convention. It was obliged to do so by the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907, as the two Great Powers had agreed to leave Tibet as a neutral zone, free of their interference.

China repudiated its plenipotentiary's act of initialling the draft convention calling it unauthorised. It also implied that Chen had been coerced to initial the convention, a charge rejected by Britain. China also charged that Henry McMahon, the British plenipotentiary, was 'unfriendly' to China and had an 'uncompromising attitude'. It requested that negotiations be continued, with the venue shifted to London or Beijing. However, London backed its plenipotentiary, declaring that "every point" in China's favour had been conceded by him as long as it caused no injustice to Tibet. For the remainder of the period, China continued to lobby for further adjustments in the boundary through the British  envoy in Beijing as well as the Chinese envoy in London. The demands were turned down by Britain. The final communication of China seemed to indicate that it would refuse to sign the convention.

The Convention
The boundary between Tibet and British India, later called the McMahon Line, was also included in the map referred to in the treaty.
This boundary was negotiated between the British and Tibetan representatives separately, in the absence of the Chinese representative.
The border decided by them was incorporated in the Simla conference map, which showed the boundary of Tibet as a "red line" and the border between Outer and Inner Tibet as a "blue line". This map was provided as an annexe to the proposed agreement and was initialled by all three representatives on 27 April 1914.

The Schedule appended to the Convention contained further notes. For example, it was to be understood that "Tibet forms part of Chinese territory" and after the Tibetans selected a Dalai Lama, the Chinese government was to be notified and the Chinese commissioner in Lhasa would "formally communicate to His Holiness the titles consistent with his dignity, which have been conferred by the Chinese Government"; that the Tibetan government appointed all officers for "Outer Tibet", and that "Outer Tibet" was not to be represented in the Chinese Parliament or any such assembly.

Negotiations failed when China and Tibet could not agree over the Sino-Tibetan boundary. The Chinese plenipotentiary, Ivan Chen, initialed the treaty, pending confirmation by his government. He was then ordered by the Chinese government to repudiate his agreement. On 3 July 1914, the British and Tibetan plenipotentiaries signed the Convention without a Chinese signature. They also signed an additional bilateral declaration with the claim that the convention would be binding on them and that China would be denied any privileges under the agreement until it signed it.
Ivan Chen left the room briefly while the British and Tibetan representatives signed the documents, and he did not have knowledge of the proceedings. He believed that the Convention itself was signed (whereas it was only initialled) and McMahon left him to retain that impression.
The British and Lonchen Shatra also signed a fresh set of trade Regulations to replace those of 1908.

Evidence indicates that the Chinese plenipotentiary viewed the Convention in favourable terms, thought it best obtainable under the circumstances, and believed that his government would accept it in due course. It is also known that he made a brave effort to convince President Yuan Shikai to accept it after his return to China.

Aftermath
The official treaty record, C.U. Aitchison's A Collection of Treaties, was published with a note stating that no binding agreement had been reached at Simla. Legal scholar M. C. van Praag states that the only mechanism for a 1914 treaty to become invalid is one of the parties repudiated it, and neither Tibet nor Britain did so.

2008 British policy change
Until 2008, the British Government's position remained the same that China held suzerainty over Tibet but not full sovereignty. It was the only state still to hold this view. David Miliband, the British Foreign Secretary, described the old position as an anachronism originating in the geopolitics of the early 20th century. Britain revised this view on 29 October 2008, when it recognised Chinese sovereignty over Tibet by issuing a statement on its website. The Economist stated that although the British Foreign Office's website does not use the word sovereignty, officials at the Foreign Office said "it means that, as far as Britain is concerned, 'Tibet is part of China. Full stop.'"

The British Government sees their new stances as an updating of their position, while some others have viewed it as a major shift in the British position. Tibetologist Robert Barnett thinks that the decision has wider implications. India's claim to a part of its north-east territories, for example, is largely based on the same agreements – notes exchanged during the Simla convention of 1914, which set the boundary between India and Tibet – that the British appear to have simply discarded. It has been speculated that Britain's shift was made in exchange for China making greater contributions to the International Monetary Fund.

Maps

See also
 Treaty of Kyakhta (1915)
 Imperialism in Asia

Notes

References

Citations

Sources

 Aitchison, C.U. "Convention Between Great Britain, China, and Tibet, Simla", A Collection of Treaties, Engagements And Sanads, Vol XIV, Calcutta 1929, pp. 21 & 38. (Official British colonial treaty record), on the website of the Tibet Justice Center. Retrieved 2009-03-20

 Calvin, James Barnard (Lieutenant Commander,U. S. Navy). The China – India Border War (1962), Marine Corps Command and Staff College, April 1984, republished as The China-India Border War, globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 2009-04-11.

 Maxwell, Neville.  India's China War (1970) Jonathan Cape. .

 Staff, "Convention Between Great Britain, China, and Tibet, Simla (1914)", Tibet Justice Center. Retrieved 2009-03-20

External links

 "Convention Between Great Britain, China, and Tibet, Simla (1914)", Tibet Justice Center . Retrieved 20 March 2009

1913 in China
1913 in India
1913 in international relations
1913 in the British Empire
1913 in Tibet
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1914 in India
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1914 in Tibet
Boundary treaties
British Empire
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China–Tibet relations
China–United Kingdom relations
Geography of Tibet
History of the foreign relations of India
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Treaties concluded in 1914
Treaties extended to British India
Treaties of Sikkim
Treaties of the Republic of China (1912–1949)
Treaties of the United Kingdom (1801–1922)
Treaties of Tibet


The 1998 British motorcycle Grand Prix was the eighth round of the 1998 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on 5 July 1998 at Donington Park.
In the 125cc class this race was Kazuto Sakata's last victory in his career

500 cc classification

250 cc classification

125 cc classification

Championship standings after the race (500cc)

Below are the standings for the top five riders and constructors after round eight has concluded.

Riders' Championship standings

Constructors' Championship standings

 Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.

References

British motorcycle Grand Prix
British
Motorcycle Grand Prix


Alexander (Sandro) Antadze (born 5 May 1972 in Tbilisi, Georgia) is an artist and an architect. In 1996 he graduated from Tbilisi State Academy of Arts.

Group exhibitions
 1996 "Georgian Artists Show" El-Kuwait, Kuwait
 2000 "Peace and Colour Gallery" Gallery N 27, Cork Street, London, UK
 2001 "N Gallery" Exhibition, Georgia, Tbilisi
 2001 "Peace and Colour Gallery" Gallery N 27, Cork Street, London, UK
 2002 "Peace and Colour Gallery" Gallery N 27, Cork Street, London, UK
 2003 "Islington Arts Factory", Main Gallery, London, UK
 2004 "Soviet Artists Show" Town Hall, Manchester, UK
 2006 "Art-Manege Grafica" Tishnika 1, Moscow, Russia
 2006 "Opt-Art" Gov.Center of Contemporary Art. Zoologicheskaya 13. Moscow, Russia
 2006 "Caucasus Biennale Declaration" Baratashvili Street, Tbilisi, Georgia
 2008 "New Generation" Gallery Sharden, Tbilisi, Georgia
 2008 London Festival of Architecture, London, UK

Personal exhibitions
 2003 "Peace and Colour Gallery" Gallery 54, May Fair, London, UK
 2005 "Gudauri" Gallery, Gudauri, Georgia
 2005 "TMS" Gallery, Rustaveli Ave. 16, Tbilisi, Georgia
 2006 "Positivism" Contemporary Art Museum of Russia, Petrovka 25, Moscow, Russia
 2006 "Arbat" Georgian Cultural Center Mziuri, Arbat 42, Moscow, Russia
 2006 "L'Arcade Chausse-Cops" Vieille-ville 16, Geneva, Switzerland
 2006 Galerie "Ruines" Rue Des Vollandes 5, Geneva, Switzerland
 2007 "Arci" Gallery, Abuladze Street 5, Tbilisi, Georgia
 2007 Embassy of Georgia in The Hague, Netherlands,
 2007 Gallery "Artstable", Amsterdam, Netherlands
 2008 Merie de Lunel, Lunel, France,
 2008 "L'Arcade Chausse-Coqs" Vieille-ville 16. Geneva, Switzerland
 2008 "N Gallery & Sandro Antadze" 15 Perovskaia street. Tbilisi, Georgia
 2008 "Embassy of Georgia in Israel" Tel Aviv, Israel,
 2008 "N Gallery & Sandro Antadze""Christmas Exhibition" 15 Perovskaia Str. Tbilisi, Georgia
 2009 "N Gallery & Sandro Antadze""24 Hour" Exhibition, 15 Perovskaia Str. Tbilisi, Georgia

Alexander Antadze's works are in private collections in: Georgia, Great Britain, United States, France, Switzerland and other countries.

References

Painters from Georgia (country)
1972 births
Living people
Artists from Tbilisi
Tbilisi State Academy of Arts alumni


The 1998 German motorcycle Grand Prix was the ninth round of the 1998 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on 19 July 1998 at the Sachsenring.

500 cc classification

250 cc classification

125 cc classification

Championship standings after the race (500cc)

Below are the standings for the top five riders and constructors after round nine has concluded.

Riders' Championship standings

Constructors' Championship standings

 Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.

References

German motorcycle Grand Prix
German
Motorcycle Grand Prix
German motorcycle Grand Prix


The Magic Towne House was a magic show spot on three floors at 1026 Third Avenue, north of 60th Street, New York City,  in the 1970s and 1980s. It was a venue for adults in the cabaret as well as having a children's theater for patrons of all ages to see and enjoy magic.

Importance

The Magic Towne House became a popular magic show spot in New York City, with the longest continuously running magic shows in New York City's history.  For fifteen years it showcased both new and established magicians to the general public.  It was in the posh area of the Upper East Side of Manhattan on Third Avenue and 61st Street next to Bloomingdale's Department Store.

Operation

It was headed up by magicians Dorothy Dietrich and Dick Brooks.

According to William Dorfliinger's book The Magic Catalogue:
Dick Brooks and Dorothy Dietrich were "involved in the management and direction of all its activities.

Incubator for young magicians

One of the goals of the establishment was to develop future generations of magicians. Originally opened by Eddie Davis, it was taken over by two professional performers, Dick Brooks (entertainer) and Dorothy Dietrich.  They encouraged new and unknown performers by allowing them to perform after the main acts had gone on. Some of the magicians who got their early start at The Magic Towne House include Robert Baxt, Jeff McBride, Otto and George, Johnny Ace Palmer and Rocco Silano.

Venue for established magicians

Established performers of the era also performed there such as Harry Blackstone, Jr., Milbourne Christopher, Daryl, Fantasio , Frank Garcia, Walter B. Gibson, Lou Lancaster, Max Maven, James Randi, David Roth, Darwin Ortiz, George Schindler and Slydini.

Legacy

Opening a magic show venue in New York City had been a dream of many famous magicians, such as Houdini, Thurston and Doug Henning. This was finally accomplished with the efforts of Eddie Davis, Dorothy Dietrich and Dick Brooks (entertainer) and the help of many who worked this venue.  Dick Brooks also searched out Brother Theodore, whose career had waned, to do several seasons of midnight shows, and helped to bring him back to prominence. After that Theodore appeared on The Tom Snyder Tomorrow Show and a long series of TV and movie appearances.  Magic Towne House advertisements appeared in local New York newspapers such as the Village Voice and The New York Post.

After the closing of the Magic Towne House, Michael Chaut and Peter Samelson went on to develop "Monday Night Magic" along with Frank Brents, Todd Robbins, and Jamy Ian Swiss, which still runs successfully in New York City.

References

See also
List of magic museums

1970s establishments in New York City
1980s disestablishments in New York (state)
1980s in Manhattan
Former theatres in Manhattan
Magic clubs


The Prize of the Ecumenical Jury () is an independent film award for feature-length films shown at major international film festivals since 1973. The award was created by Christian film makers, film critics and other film professionals. The objective of the award is to "honour works of artistic quality which witnesses to the power of film to reveal the mysterious depths of human beings through what concerns them, their hurts and failings as well as their hopes." The ecumenical jury can be composed out of 8, 6, 5, 4 or 3 members, who are nominated by SIGNIS for the Catholics and Interfilm for the Protestants. SIGNIS and Interfilm appoint ecumenical juries at various international film festivals, including Cannes Film Festival (where The Ecumenical Jury () is one of three juries at the film festival, along with the official jury and the FIPRESCI jury), Berlin International Film Festival, Locarno International Film Festival, Montreal World Film Festival and the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival.

First Awarded
1973 (Locarno), 1974 (Cannes), 1978 (Nyon), 1979 (Montréal), 1992 (Berlin), 1994 (Karlovy Vary), 1994 (Leipzig), 1995 (Mannheim-Heidelberg), 1998 (Fribourg), 1999 (Cottbus), 2000 (Oberhausen Kurzfilmtage), 2001 (Bratislava), 2001 (Zlín Children & Youth), 2007 (Yerevan), 2008 (Kyiv Molodist), 2010 (Warsaw), 2011 (Miskolc), 2015 (Saarbrücken), 2016 (Chemnitz Schlingel), 2019 (Faludi).

Winners

Cannes Film Festival (1974 - present)
Films from diverse countries have won the Prize of the Ecumenical Jury at the Cannes Film Festival. Most films having won the award are from European countries, with Italy, Germany and Poland dominating. Andrei Tarkovsky is the only director to have won three times. Samira Makhmalbaf was the first woman to win the award (followed by Naomi Kawase and Nadine Labaki). Samira's father Mohsen Makhmalbaf was the first director from a predominantly Muslim country. Countries that are not predominantly Christian that have won the award are Japan and the People's Republic of China. In 1998 a special award was given to Ingmar Bergman at Cannes film festival for his whole body of work.

Berlin International Film Festival (1992 - present)

Montréal Film Festival (1979-2019)

Locarno Film Festival (1973 - present)

Karlovy Vary International Film Festival (1994 - present)

References

General

Specific

External links
 Official webpage of the jury
 Official webpage of the Cannes Film Festival
 SIGNIS
 Interfilm

Ecumenical Jury
Ecumenical Jury
Ecumenical Jury
Ecumenical Jury
Awards established in 1973


The 1998 Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix was the tenth round of the 1998 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on 23 August 1998 at the Masaryk Circuit located in Brno, Czech Republic.

500 cc classification

250 cc classification

125 cc classification

Championship standings after the race (500cc)

Below are the standings for the top five riders and constructors after round ten has concluded.

Riders' Championship standings

Constructors' Championship standings

 Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.

References

Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix
Czech Republic
Motorcycle Grand Prix


This is a list of German companies by employees in 1907. The largest 127 companies of the German Empire in 1907 accounted for 7.8 percent of all employees in the German Empire; excluding railways and state-owned enterprises the share was only 3.6 percent. This compares to corresponding percentage shares of 8.2 respectively 4.6 for the United Kingdom at the same time. The largest German companies were predominantly in the heavy industries (mining, coal, iron, iron ore, steel and  metals), accounting for 38.7 percent of all employees and the transport and communication sector (railways, postal service, shipping), accounting for 45.4 percent of all employees. State-owned enterprises such as the state railways companies, the postal administration, the Prussian state mines, military workshops and the Imperial shipyards are dominant among the very largest companies.

Companies by employees
The list is based on Wardley (1999), who compiled data from three different sources: the work of Kocka and Siegrist (1979) and Fiedler (1999) on German companies in 1907, and the work of Kunz (1990) on Prussian state-owned enterprises in 1913. Given the shortage of historical employment data some employment numbers are only estimates and some companies might be missing from this list. Employment numbers are including all subsidiaries as long as the parent company is the majority shareholder, that is, holds more than 50 percent of the stock. Employee numbers are not including those employed in foreign subsidiaries. The only two companies in 1907 with large foreign subsidiaries were Siemens with 19.9 percent of the workforce employed abroad (8,542 employees) and Mannesmann with 34 percent of the workforce employed abroad (2,680 employees). With the de Wendel'sche Berg-und Hüttenwerke the list also includes the German subsidiary of the French de Wendel group. Originally this establishment was located in France, but became part of the German empire with the annexation of Alsace-Lorraine in 1871.

See also
Economic history of Germany
List of companies by employees
List of German companies by employees in 1938
German company law
UK company law

Notes

References
General

External links
 Big Business webpage by Peter Wardley

!
Companies, Employees 1907
Companies, Employees 1907
Companies, Employees 1907
Employees 1907
Companies, Employees
1907 German Companies, Employees


Chemische Fabrik Kalk (CFK) (lit. Chemical Factory Kalk) was a German chemicals company based in Kalk, a city district of Cologne. The company was founded in 1858 as Chemische Fabrik Vorster & Grüneberg, Cöln by Julius Vorster and Hermann Julius Grüneberg and was renamed to Chemische Fabrik Kalk GmbH in 1892. At times the company was the second-largest German producer of soda ash and was, with almost 2400 employees, one of the largest employers in Cologne. For decades the chimneys and the water tower of the factory dominated the skyline of Cologne-Kalk.

In 1960, the company was acquired by the Salzdetfurth AG, which was later renamed into Kali und Salz (nowadays K+S) and became a subsidiary of BASF. All production facilities of the former Chemische Fabrik Kalk were closed in 1993, and the name Chemische Fabrik Kalk since then exists only as the name of a wholesale subsidiary of K+S. The factory was demolished and after the decontamination of the premises the new Cologne police departments headquarters and the Köln Arcaden shopping mall were built on the former factory premises.

History

Chemiewerk Vorster & Grüneberg (1858–1891)
On 1 November 1858, the merchant Julius Vorster and the chemist and pharmacist Hermann Julius Grüneberg, who was a doctoral student at that time, founded the Chemische Fabrik Vorster & Grüneberg, Cöln. Vorster, who had owned a chemical factory before, contributed 15,000 Thaler and Grüneberg contributed 5,000 Thaler. As a location for the new factory they chose what was then the small village of Kalk (incorporated into Cologne in 1910) on the right bank of the Rhine. After purchasing the premises of the former iron foundry Biber & Berger construction began and three months later, in February 1859, production started. The factory produced potassium nitrate and as a byproduct sodium carbonate (also known as soda ash). Potassium nitrate was used in food preservation and in the production of black powder. The potassium nitrate was produced from Russian potash and nitratine. From 1859 to 1864, production of potassium nitrate increased from  to . In the first year the factory employed ten workers.

As the new company flourished several adjacent lots were purchased in 1860 to expand the production facilities and to maintain the regional market leadership in potassium nitrate. With prices for Russian potash increasing, the factory began to use a by-product of the sugar production from sugar beet. In 1860 the factory also began to produce sodium chloride, which was crystallized from rock salt.

To secure a supply of rock salt the factory founders Vorster and Grüneberg acquired a salt mine in Staßfurt near Magdeburg. The area was known for its deposits of a double salt, a compound of potassium chloride and magnesium chloride named carnallite after its discoverer, the Prussian mining engineer Rudolf von Carnall. The new salt mine Vorster & Grüneberg was rich in deposits of carnallite. Grüneberg developed a new chemical process to produce potassium chloride from carnallite. Initially the carnallite was transported from Staßfurt to Kalk where it was dissolved in a current of stream and after cooling down the carnallite crystallized to obtain potassium chloride. To reduce transport costs the two founders decided to build two potassium chloride factories in Staßfurt and Leopoldshall where they had acquired a second salt mine.

In 1860, Grüneberg finished his doctoral studies and received a Ph.D. from the University of Leipzig. His research was in the field of agricultural chemistry, in particular mineral fertilizers. In 1864, the factory began the production of the fertilizer superphosphate, produced from phosphorite from a newly acquired mine in Nassau an der Lahn. One year later the production of the fertilizer ammonium sulfate begins. In 1866, the factory begins to use the Leblanc process to produce potassium carbonate from sodium chloride. During the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876, the company was awarded a gold medal for having first manufactured Potash and Potash salts, according to Leblanc's process, on a manufacturing scale , and for the purity of the products exhibited.

The company continued to expand, with a factory producing ammonium sulfate opening in 1865, in Raderberg near Cologne (incorporated into Cologne in 1888). This factory produced the ammonium sulfate from ammonia and sulfuric acid, the former a waste product of the production of town gas. As the new factory was highly profitable, Vorster & Grüneberg opened new ammonium sulfate factories in Nippes, Cologne (incorporated into Cologne in 1888), Düsseldorf, Essen, Dortmund, Hamburg, Leipzig and Saint Petersburg and an ammonium chloride factory in Moscow.

In 1867, the company incurred financial losses from a bad investment in the United Kingdom and declining demand for its products. In the same year Julius Vorster Jr., the son of the founder Julius Vorster, became involved in the management of the company. On his recommendation the company began to produce magnesium sulfate in order to reduce the losses. Magnesium sulfate was primarily intended for the export to the United Kingdom, where it was used as a drying agent in the textile industry. The new product and an improving market for potassium nitrate helped the company to overcome the financial crisis in 1870. In 1871, the potassium chloride factory in Staßfurt was closed. On 1 October 1875, the second son of Vorster, the chemist Fritz Vorster joined the company as technical director. After the death of the founder Julius Vorster on 10 October 1876, the new owners converted the company into a limited partnership (Kommanditgesellschaft).

In 1878, Carl Scheibler became the head of the fertilizer department. Scheibler introduced an inexpensive fertilizer known as Thomas phosphate. This fertilizer was based on Thomas slag, named after Sidney Gilchrist Thomas. This new, inexpensive fertilizer allowed even poor farmers to fertilize their fields. At the same time municipalities began to use the waste products of the production of town gas for themselves or were selling them for profits, forcing Vorster & Grüneberg to gradually close their ammonium sulfate factories at other locations over the next fifteen years. In contrast, the factory in Kalk continued its expansion with new production facilities for sulfuric acid and nitric acid opening in 1881. In 1885, Carl Scheibler founded his own company, Düngerfabrik C. Scheibler & Co,  with the participation of the owners of Vorster & Grüneberg. This company produced Thomas phosphate and other fertilizers in domestic and international production facilities.

Chemische Fabrik Kalk GmbH (1892–1945)
On 24 May 1892, the Vorster & Grüneberg Kommanditgesellschaft was renamed into Chemische Fabrik Kalk GmbH (CFK) and converted into a company with limited liability (GmbH). It was one of the first limited liabilities companies in the German Empire as the law on companies with limited liabilities was adopted only one month earlier. On 7 June 1894, the last surviving founder Hermann Julius Grüneberg dies. His son Richard Grüneberg succeeds him and joins the management board of the company. After 1900, the production of potassium carbonate ceased due to competitive pressure. Instead, the company began to produce sodium carbonate using the Solvay process. In 1902, the Düngerfabrik C. Scheibler & Co. was incorporated, and a year later the last remaining factory in the Staßburg region, the potassium chloride factory in Leopolshall was sold. To guarantee the water supply in the main factory in Kalk a water tower with an integrated chimney and a height of  was built. This water tower should dominate the skyline of Kalk for the next one hundred years.

At the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the company on 1 November 1908, the Chemische Fabrik Kalk produced the following chemicals: ammonium hydroxide, ammonium chloride, ammonia, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulfate, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, sodium carbonate and various fertilizers. Apart from the main factory in Kalk the company operated an ammonia factory in Cologne-Nippes and fertilizer factories in Cologne-Ehrenfeld and Euskirchen. The company was also one of the owners of the coal distillation plant Ammonium GmbH in Weitmar near Bochum and held interests in domestic and international Thomas steel mills producing slag. Total production of all chemicals combined was . In 1908, the company employed more than 1200 workers.

With the outbreak of World War I employment fell to 70 workers and parts of production were shut down, as the company was not producing essential chemicals for the war economy. Management then concentrated on the production of saltpeter, a raw material for explosives. Due to the importance of the chemical the workforce increased to 504 employees in December 1914. In 1916, an explosives research laboratory was created, and a short time afterwards the first explosive agent was developed. Despite the lack of workers the company also expanded into the new market for animal food by treating straw with sodium hydroxide.

After the end of the war the treaty of Versailles forced Chemische Werke Kalk to end the production of explosives and close the research laboratory. In the 1920s, demand for fertilizers slowly increased, but was accompanied by an increase in prices for raw materials. To mitigate the effect of the price increases the company began to produce a fertilizer based on ammonium nitrate and calcium carbonate, two by-products of the production of other fertilizers. In 1930, Scheibler’s Kampdünger (Kamp standing for Kalk-Ammon-Phospor, i.e. lime-ammonium-phosphorus and Dünger being the German word for fertilizer) was introduced, a two-component fertilizer that was readily accepted by the market. The company management at this time considered moving the factory from Kalk to Godorf in Rodenkirchen as the high population density made expansion of the factory difficult. Ultimately this plan was not implemented.

After the Hitler's rise to power in 1933, the company gradually began to concentrate on raw materials for the production of explosives. Since 1937, women were employed as workers. After the outbreak of World War II, with the male workforce in military service, women were conscripted for work at the company. Since 1940, Chemische Fabrik Kalk used approximately 460 forced laborers from Poland and later the Soviet Union. The factory was heavily damaged during the bombing raids which started in 1942. In 1943, the sulfuric acid plant was completely destroyed, a year later almost all of the production came to a standstill. On 6 March 1945, the grandson of the founder, Fritz Vorster Jr. closed the factory after 80 percent of the production facilities had been destroyed. At this time the company had only 100 employees.

Acquisition by Salzdetfurth AG and factory closing (1945–1993)
In August 1945, only three months after the end of the war the Chemische Fabrik Kalk began to produce burnt lime for the purpose of bartering. Workers returning from war captivity cannibalized some sections of the plant to repair other sections. Some equipment and tools that were removed from the factory before the bombing raids were returned. In March 1946, the production of ammonium sulfate resumed. In 1947, large parts of the factory were rebuilt and in the summer of 1948 production of superphosphate in September 1948, production of Kampdünger resumed. As potash was added to the Kampdünger it was sold as KAMPKA-Dünger (the ending KA standing for Kalisalz, the German word for potash). In 1950, the production of the company had reached the old pre-war production level and the company had a market share of 20 percent of the German market for sodium carbonate, although it decreased to 13 percent one year later. During this time the management again considered a move of the factory from Kalk to Godorf, but after a study concluded that a moving the factory would be more costly than staying in Kalk the already purchased land in Godorf was sold. In 1952, the Salzdetfurth AG acquired a 25 percent share of Chemische Fabrik Kalk and increased the share to 75 percent in 1957.

At the centennial anniversary of the founding of the company on 1 November 1958, the company employed 1820 workers and 549 salaried professionals. A new production facility for phosphates was opened in 1960. In the same year, the factory produced  of KAMPKA fertilizer and  of sodium carbonate. In 1960, the Salzdetfurth AG acquired the remaining 25 percent of Chemische Fabrik Kalk. After the takeover the Salzdetfurth AG began to modernize the production facilities and build for example a new,  tall chimney that helped alleviate the odor pollution from sulfurous exhaust fumes. In the mid 1960s, the fillings and loading plants were converted to fully automated operation. Despite these modernizations the factory equipment, in particular the sodium carbonate production facilities were outdated. The company also lacked new products that would have allowed the company to enter new markets.

In 1971, the Salzdetfurth AG merged with the BASF subsidiary Wintershall and the Burbach-Kaliwerke AG. One year later the Salzdetfurth AG and Burbach-Kaliwerke AG and the sodium carbonate production facilities of Wintershall were merged into the new Kali und Salz AG. Under the new ownership Chemische Fabrik Kalk expanded into the production of flower and garden fertilizers. In 1974, the factory had 1800 employees, had a revenue of 400 million DM and was active in the production of sodium carbonate, calcium chloride, fine chemicals, phosphate for animal feed and fertilizers.

In the early 1980s, the factory tried to enter new markets with the production of bromine, but closed production after a fire destroyed the production facility only two weeks after completion in 1985. Due to increasing competition in the market for fertilizers and the lack of new products, company revenue fell from 570 million DM in 1985, to 370 million DM. The company posted increasing financial losses, partly due to its locational disadvantage as all raw materials and all final goods had to be transported by truck from the factory to Cologne's Rhine harbor. Another disadvantage was the location of the factory in a densely populated residential area and a decreasing acceptance of the pollution caused by the factory. Without operating profits a relocation of the factory was not feasible, and thus, without any prospects, the fertilizer production was shut down in 1989. Employment fell from 1400 employees in 1985 to 830 in 1990, with the factory only producing sodium carbonate, calcium chloride and phosphate for animal feed. Although losses were reduced to almost zero in 1990, the financial situation deteriorated in 1992 when the prices for sodium carbonate fell. The fall in prices was partly due to the lifting of anti-dumping on sodium carbonate imports from the American Natural Soda Ash Corporation (ANSAC) by the European Commission. Another factor in the worsening financial situation was an antitrust fine of US$1.38 million imposed by the European commission for participating in a sodium carbonate cartel together with Solvay and Imperial Chemical Industries. Company revenue fell to 225 million DM and losses increased to 9.6 million DM. On 23 December 1993 all remaining production was shut down and all remaining 700 workers were laid off. Since then Chemische Fabrik Kalk GmbH is the name of a wholesale distributor of chemicals and subsidiary of K+S AG (named Kali und Salz AG until 1999). Company revenue in 2007 was 7.86 million Euro, down from 10.07 million Euro in 2004.

Demolition and redevelopment of the factory site (1993–today)

After the factory was closed all production facilities and factory buildings on the almost  large premises were demolished. A small laboratory building and the water tower which had been listed as a historic landmark were preserved. The former office buildings on the southern side of the factory premises were sold. Equipment was sold to other factories, in for example Poland and Brazil. In October 1994, the tall chimney was blasted. The last building demolished was the fertilizer factory building dating from 1894 which is torn down in March 2001. As the premises were heavily contaminated with sulfur and heavy metals they had to be decontaminated from 1996 to 2001. New streets and an access road to the Zoobrücke, a Rhine bridge were built. In 2003, the new Cologne police department headquarters were opened. In 2005, the Köln Arcaden shopping mall opened, with the parking garage build around the historic water tower. Plans to open a Chemische Fabrik Kalk museum in the water tower have not been realized. In April 2009, the science center Odysseum will open, which will be the largest science center in Germany. Other planned projects include residential and office buildings, retail space and an urban park. The former factory site is today known under the official name Cityforum Kalk, or abbreviated CFK.

References

Bibliography

External links

  Official webpage of the successor company
  Webpage on the founder Herman Julius Grüneberg

Companies established in 1858
BASF
Chemical companies of Germany
Manufacturing companies based in Cologne
Kalk, Cologne
Defunct companies of Germany
1858 establishments in Prussia


Arthur Dodd may refer to:

A. H. Dodd (Arthur Herbert Dodd, 1891–1975), academic historian
Arthur Dodd (British Army soldier) (1919–2011), British soldier during World War II and Auschwitz survivor


The 1998 City of Imola motorcycle Grand Prix was the eleventh round of the 1998 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on 6 September 1998 at Imola.

500 cc classification

250 cc classification

125 cc classification

Championship standings after the race (500cc)

Below are the standings for the top five riders and constructors after round eleven has concluded.

Riders' Championship standings

Constructors' Championship standings

 Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.

References

City of Imola motorcycle Grand Prix
City of Imola
City of Imola Motorcycle Grand Prix


Alexander Alexeyevich Voznesensky () (March 5, 1898 – October 28, 1950) was a Soviet statesman, economist and brother of Nikolai Voznesensky.

Biography
Born in the village of Golovkino in Novosilsky Uyezd of Tula Governorate (now in Oryol Oblast), he spent his childhood in Chern. His father, Alexey Dmitrievich Voznesensky, worked in a timber yard. His mother, Lyubov Georgievna, was a housewife. He had three younger siblings Maria, Nikolai and Valentine).

In 1917, he enrolled at the Petrograd Institute of History and Philology; in 1921, he joined the Social Sciences Faculty of Petrograd University, graduating in 1923, and soon began to teach.  He joined the All-Union Communist Party (b) in 1927.

His younger brother Nikolai Voznesensky, also an economist, was appointed to the Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in February 1941, becoming responsible for much of the planning of the Soviet economy and twice holding the directorship of Gosplan.

Alexander served as the rector of Leningrad State University from 1941 to 1948 and in the spring of 1942 he organized the evacuation of the university to Saratov. In 1947, Voznesensky was elected to the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union and in 1948 was appointed Minister of Education of the Russian SFSR.

As his brother fell from favour with Joseph Stalin, in the wake of the Leningrad affair, Alexander was also arrested and tortured in August 1949.
Although Nikolai Bulganin (Minister for Defense) was friends with Alexander, he could not risk helping him, in case he would also be implicated.

On August 19, 1949, he was arrested on charges of treason, participation in a counterrevolutionary organization, and anti-Soviet agitation (the Leningrad Affair).
He was convicted and executed in 1950. He was rehabilitated on May 14, 1954.

References

Footnotes

Bibliography

External links
Handbook on the history of the Communist Party and the Soviet Union 1898 - 1991
List of all Education Ministers of the USSR

1898 births
1950 deaths
People from Oryol Oblast
Communist Party of the Soviet Union members
Russian people executed by the Soviet Union
Soviet economists
Rectors of Saint Petersburg State University
People's commissars and ministers of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
Members of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union executed by the Soviet Union


The Corduroy Creek Bridge was a steel arch highway bridge on US 60, located near Show Low in Navajo County, Arizona.

History
The  span ribbed girder arch bridge was built in 1937–38 with a total length of .

In 1994 the nearby Cedar Canyon Bridge was substantially widened and upgraded, using the identical arch from the Corduroy Creek bridge to double the width of the Cedar Canyon bridge while rehabilitating the deck structure.

The Corduroy Creek bridge was replaced with an I-beam girder bridge.

See also

List of bridges documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in Arizona
List of bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Arizona
National Register of Historic Places listings in Navajo County, Arizona

References

External links

Arizona DOT page on Cedar Canyon Bridge widening
Cedar Canyon Bridge widening project

Buildings and structures in Navajo County, Arizona
Open-spandrel deck arch bridges in the United States
Former road bridges in the United States
Steel bridges in the United States
Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Arizona
National Register of Historic Places in Navajo County, Arizona
Transportation in Navajo County, Arizona
Historic American Engineering Record in Arizona
U.S. Route 60
Relocated buildings and structures in Arizona
Bridges of the United States Numbered Highway System
Girder bridges in the United States


Minucia lunaris, the lunar double-stripe or brown underwing, is a species of moth in the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Michael Denis and Ignaz Schiffermüller in 1775 and is found in Asia, Europe and North Africa.

Technical description and variation

Minucia lunaris Schiff (= augur Esp.) Forewing pale ash grey, faintly dusted with dark, with a slight ochreous tinge, always darker in the female, tinged with pale red brown; inner and outer lines yellowish, the inner nearly straight, slightly bent inwards on subcostal vein and vein 1; the outer sinuous, approaching inner line on inner margin; orbicular a brown dot; reniform a brownish lunule; both lines followed by a brownish shade, the inner below middle only, the outer throughout; subterminal line twice indented, with a large rounded projection above each indentation; terminal area darker; a row of black terminal dots; hindwing pale brownish, with a faint curved pale median line before a fuscous brown submarginal border; this species varies in coloration; the ab. rufa Oberth. is red brown with thee markings more or less obsolete; ab murina Oberth. is mouse colour throughout, and maura Oberth. is blackish fuscous; — in ab. olivescens ab. nov., from Cintra, Portugal, the whole wing is tinged with greenish, and the abdomen is glossy; subsp. inconspicua nov. from Lambessa, N.Africa, is a smaller form, generally with slight and inconspicuous markings, dull grey in the male and somewhat pink-tinged in the female. Larva brown; dorsal line line, moniliform; subdorsal broad, dark, enclosing pale spots, with three line dark lines beneath it; spiracular pale, sometimes yellowish; two lateral projections on segment 5; pairs of dorsal points on last two segments; head brown. The wingspan is 53–61 mm.

Biology
The adults fly from May to June depending on the location. The larvae feed nocturnally on the tender shoots of oak (Quercus species) in July and August. It overwinters as a pupa in a tough cocoon of coarsely spun silk, dead leaves and soil.

Distribution
The lunar double-stripe is found in Central and Southern Europe, North Africa, Asia Minor and Kazakhstan. In Great Britain it is a scarce migrant. Frequent records from Sussex in the 1870s suggest it was once resident there and from 1947 moths, ova and larvae were regularly found in Orlestone Wood, Kent amongst oak coppice. Numbers declined from 1953 and the last record was in 1958; temporary residence is attributed to wartime coppicing and the consequent abundance of oak stools and fresh foliage.

References

External links
Moths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa

Lepiforum e.V.

Ophiusini
Moths of Africa
Moths of Asia
Moths of Europe
Moths described in 1775
Taxa named by Michael Denis
Taxa named by Ignaz Schiffermüller


The 1998 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix was the twelfth round of the 1998 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on 20 September 1998 at the Circuit de Catalunya. It was the last time that the Catalan Motorcycle Grand Prix was held in September  2020.

500 cc classification

250 cc classification

125 cc classification

Championship standings after the race (500cc)

Below are the standings for the top five riders and constructors after round twelve has concluded.

Riders' Championship standings

Constructors' Championship standings

 Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.

References

Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix
Catalan
Catalan Motorcycle Grand Prix
motorcycle


Wilton Castle is an early 19th-century mansion, built on the  site of a medieval castle, now converted into residential apartments, situated at Wilton, in Redcar and Cleveland, North Yorkshire, England.
It is a Grade II listed building.

History

At the time of the Doomsday Book the estate is recorded as held by Nigel on behalf of Robert Earl of Morton.
John de Bulmer and the Bulmer family became lords of the manor of Wilton
but it isn't until towards the end of the 11th century when the Bulmer family are recorded as building a wooden manor house on the land.
In 1170 Sir Ralph de Bulmer received a royal charter confirming his ownership of the estate.

King John granted William de Bulmer a licence to fortify their manor house in the year 1210.
This would mean building in stone and marks the beginnings of the original castle as a fortified residence.
In 1330 a Sir Ralph de Bulmer obtained a charter of his desmesne from King Edward III acknowledging his ownership of the estate.
Sir Ralph carried out further alterations to the building and obtained a licence to crenellate from King Edward III allowing him to make the manor house into a castle.

All estates including Wilton estate were forfeit to the crown following the attainder and execution of Sir John and Lady Bulmer on 25 May 1537, for high treason under the 1534 Act of Supremacy, arising out of their part in the Pilgrimage of Grace, in protest against King Henry VIII's break with the Roman Catholic Church.
The manor was later restored to their nephew, Sir Ralph de Bulmer (d. 1558) by King Edward VI in 1547.

In 1558 Queen Mary I granted the estate to Sir Thomas Cornwallis and the estate passed via his son and grandson to his great-grandson Lord Charles Cornwallis in 1698.
Lord Cornwallis sold the estate in the early 1700s to Sir Stephen Fox.
Sir Stephen's son by his second marriage was created Earl of Ilchester in 1747 and sold the estate the next year.

The estate was purchased by the trustees of the will of a Robert Lowther for the benefit of (Sir) James Lowther (1736–1802), member of Parliament (1757–1784).
Sir James Lowther became the first Earl of Lonsdale in 1784 and with his death in 1802 the Earldom of Lonsdale became extinct.

Demolition and rebuilding
The castle had been allowed to decay and by 1805 was largely a ruin.
The estate was purchased in about 1806 by a cousin Sir John Lowther (1759–1844).
Sir John Lowther demolished the remains of the medieval castle in about 1807, and in 1810 built an imposing mansion house on the site, to a design by architect Sir Robert Smirke.
The first stage of the rebuilding of the castle was the building of the centre block, the west wing and a short low east wing and later in a second phase of building, an octagonal tower was added to the end of the east wing.
The Gothic design includes a fifteen-bay frontage with a four-storey castellated tower at the centre, flanked by castellated and gabled bays and turrets and five-bayed two-storey wings.
Lowther was created a Baronet in 1824 (see Lowther Baronets).

The iron industry was founded in Middlesbrough by Bolckow and Vaughan followed by the chance discovery in 1850 of iron ore in the Eston hills
on land that the Lowthers owned.
One area of farmland was rented to Bolckow and Vaughan for £17,700 pa and this change of fortunes funded later redevelopment work.

Sir Charles Hugh Lowther, 3rd Baronet (1803–1894) inherited the family baronetcy from his brother in 1868.
The whole of the east wing including the octagonal tower was later demolished and replaced by 1887 with amongst other rooms a pavilion ballroom to create essentially the building that exists today.
Farmhouses and outbuildings on the estate were also demolished and rebuilt for tenants followed by the building of a new village of Wilton out of sight of the castle, and the main road was moved further away from the front of the castle.
On the death of the third Baronet in 1894 the Baronetcy passed to his grandson but the Wilton Castle estate passed to his younger son James Lowther (1840–1904).

James Lowther died at Wilton in 1904 and left the castle to his nephew Colonel John George Lowther.

Post War

Colonel Lowther sold the estate including Wilton Castle, his private residence in 1945 to Imperial Chemical Industries.
In 1946 staff moved into Wilton Castle to plan the development of the estate as a chemical works.
The estate was laid out as ICI Wilton and the whole of the castle was converted and used as offices due to restrictions at the time on building new offices.
The offices were occupied at various times by major industrialists such as Dr Richard Beeching and Sir John Harvey Jones.
Staff were transferred to new offices on the works site as restrictions were lifted, such that by 1969 the building had many empty offices, but still had dining facilities and bedrooms for visitors, and a staff club.
In 1970 ICI carried out internal modifications and invited Trust House to manage the facilities.

The park had been developed as a golf course for ICI staff and was sold in 1999.
The golf club was acquired by its members, and over the period 2001–2002 Wilton Castle was converted by George Wimpey Ltd into 45 apartments and houses.

Current status

There is no remaining evidence of the building of 1210, but internal walls to the east of the entrance are particularly thick and it is thought they constituted part of the original tower.
Wilton Castle was given grade II listed building status in 1952.
As well as the castle the associated stable block,
garden wall,
and retaining wall
are grade II listed buildings.

Cultural references

The castle was used as a location in the BBC television drama series Spender (1991).

References

 The History and Antiquities of Cleveland John Walker Ord (1846) p. 384 History of Parish of Wilton.

Further reading

 Wilton Village on Communigate.

Grade II listed buildings in North Yorkshire
Country houses in North Yorkshire
Buildings and structures in Redcar and Cleveland
Mock castles in England
Castles in North  Yorkshire


The 1998 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix was the thirteenth round of the 1998 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on 4 October 1998 at the Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit.

500 cc classification

250 cc classification

125 cc classification

Championship standings after the race (500cc)

Below are the standings for the top five riders and constructors after round thirteen has concluded.

Riders' Championship standings

Constructors' Championship standings

 Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.

References

Australian motorcycle Grand Prix
Australian
Motorcycle
Motorsport at Phillip Island


A flexion teardrop fracture is a fracture of the anteroinferior aspect of a cervical vertebral body due to flexion of the spine along with vertical axial compression. The fracture continues sagittally through the vertebral body, and is associated with deformity of the body and subluxation or dislocation of the facet joints at the injured level. A flexion teardrop fracture is usually associated with a spinal cord injury, often a result of displacement of the posterior portion of the vertebral body into the spinal canal.

The flexion teardrop fracture should not be confused with a similar-looking vertebral fracture called "extension teardrop fracture". Both usually occur in the cervical spine, but as their names suggest, they result from different mechanisms (flexion-compression vs. hyperextension). Both are associated with a small fragment being broken apart from the anteroinferior corner of the affected vertebra. Flexion teardrop fractures usually involve instability in all elements of the spine at the injured level, commonly occur at the C4-C7 vertebra, and have a high association with spinal cord injury (in particular anterior cord syndrome). In comparison, the extension-type fracture occurs more commonly at C2 or C3, causes less if any disruption to the middle and posterior elements, and does not usually result in spinal cord injury (however it may co-occur with more dangerous spine injuries).

References

Bone fractures
Orthopedic problems


The 1998 Argentine motorcycle Grand Prix was the last round of the 1998 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on 25 October 1998 at the Autódromo Oscar Alfredo Gálvez in Buenos Aires.

This race was known as being the final 500 cc victory for Australian Mick Doohan.

500 cc classification

250 cc classification

125 cc classification

Championship standings after the race (500cc)

Below are the standings for the top five riders and constructors after round fourteen has concluded.

Riders' Championship standings

Constructors' Championship standings

 Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.

References

Argentine Republic motorcycle Grand Prix
Argentine
Motorcycle Grand Prix


20 Dates is a 1998 American mockumentary film. Myles Berkowitz directs and stars as himself, a man who decides to combine "the two biggest failures in my life--professional and personal" by setting out on a filmed quest to have 20 dates and come out with both a movie career and a love interest. While most of his dates are disasters of varying stripes, Myles ultimately meets the lovely Elisabeth on his 17th date and they completely hit it off, leaving him with a new dilemma when he wants to finish the movie anyway and puts his new romance at risk.

Cast
 Myles Berkowitz as Myles
 Elisabeth Wagner as Elisabeth
 Richard Arlook as The Agent
 Tia Carrere as herself
 Robert McKee as himself
 Elie Samaha as The producer (voice)

Reception
The film received mixed reviews from critics. The aggregate review websites Rotten Tomatoes and Metacritic recorded scores of 35% and 36 out of 100, respectively.

Film critic Christopher Null of Filmcritic.com awarded the film four and a half stars out of five and called the film "hysterical" while Leonard Clady of Variety called it "a mockumentary of inordinate skill", concluding that it's "a satisfying and entertaining movie." James Berardinelli of ReelViews.net called the film "inconsequential" but, at the same time, admitted that some parts of the film are "often hilarious."

On the other hand, film critic Roger Ebert of Chicago Sun-Times awarded the film a half star out of a possible four stars, opining that "the film has the obnoxious tone of a boring home movie narrated by a guy shouting in your ear" and concluding by calling the film "incompetent and annoying." Jeff Millar of the Houston Chronicle said the film is "a joke" and that "Berkowitz is a rather annoying person".

See also
 Cinema of the United States
 List of American films of 1998

References

External links

1998 films
American mockumentary films
1990s mockumentary films
Fox Searchlight Pictures films
1998 comedy films
1999 comedy films
1999 films
1990s English-language films
1990s American films


The 2008–09 UCI Asia Tour was the 5th season of the UCI Asia Tour. The season began on 4 October 2008 with the Tour of Milad du Nour and ended on 13 September 2009 with the Tour de Hokkaido.

The points leader, based on the cumulative results of previous races, wears the UCI Asia Tour cycling jersey. Hossein Askari from Iran was the defending champion of the 2007–08 UCI Asia Tour. Ghader Mizbani of Iran was crowned as the 2008–09 UCI Asia Tour champion.

Throughout the season, points are awarded to the top finishers of stages within stage races and the final general classification standings of each of the stages races and one-day events. The quality and complexity of a race also determines how many points are awarded to the top finishers, the higher the UCI rating of a race, the more points are awarded.

The UCI ratings from highest to lowest are as follows:
 Multi-day events: 2.HC, 2.1 and 2.2
 One-day events: 1.HC, 1.1 and 1.2

Events

2008

2009

Final standings

Individual classification

Team classification

Nation classification

Nation under-23 classification

External links

UCI Asia Tour
2009 in road cycling
2008 in road cycling
UCI
UCI


Catocala electa, the rosy underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Karl Friedrich Vieweg in 1790. It can be found in Europe and Asia (ranging to Korea).

Technical description and variation

C. electa Bkh. (= pacta Esp. nec L.)  Forewing pale grey dusted with darker; a dark grey, often brownish tinted band beyond outer line and along termen; inner and outer lines double, conversely black and dark grey, less distinctly marked below middle; the inner dentate inwards, the outer outwards with a pair of more prominent teeth on each fold; the outer running inwards above vein 2 and forming an oblong pale blotch below reniform; this is inwardly black and curved, outwardly dentate, containing a brownish lunule, outlined, especially externally, with pale grey; submarginal line dentate, light and dark grey, joined by an oblique dark shade from below apex; median shade distinct at costa, diffuse beyond reniform; hindwing crimson, with a sinuous median band ending on vein 1 and the broad marginal border black; fringe white; — the ab.meridionalis Spul. ( = suffusa Gillm.) from more southern localities, is larger, more shaded with dark grey brown, especially along inner margin; — ab. nigra Spul. is a rare form with blackish brown forewing, the lines whitish or yellowish, the fringe of forewing, the base, and the thorax either pale or blackish ; —the ab. lugdunensis Mill. (= flava Spul.) has the red of hindwing changed to yellow; — ab. excellens Schultz shows the hindwings wholly black, the two usual black bands merely appearing deeper black; Chinese and Japanese examples, subsp. zalmunna Btlr. are larger than European, with the markings in lower half of forewing less distinct, and the lunule in the reniform stigma more conspicuously brown; the ground colour ranging from the ordinary pale silvery grey through ochreous grey to the dark grey Gensan and Amur examples, for which latter Schultz proposes the name subsp. subtristis Schultz, similar dark aberrations to which occur occasionally even among European specimens. Larva pale or dark yellowish grey to yellowish brown, finely black-dotted; tubercles yellow ; the hump on segment 9 bright yellow with black outline : that on segment 12 bifid, brownish yellow; spiracles white with dark rings; the lateral fringes of filaments whitish. The wingspan is 65–80 mm.

Subspecies
Catocala electa electa
Catocala electa tschiliensis Bang-Haas, 1927
Catocala electa zalmunna Butler, 1877

Biology
The moths flies from July to September depending on the location.

Larvae feed on sallow (Salix species) and poplar (Populus species).

References

External links

Moths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa

Lepiforum e.V.
Portal für Schmetterlinge und Raupen

editarevayae
Moths described in 1790
Moths of Asia
Moths of Europe
Taxa named by Karl Friedrich Vieweg


1. FC Herzogenaurach is a German association football club from Herzogenaurach, a suburb of the city of Nuremberg, Bavaria.

The history of the club is strongly intertwined with the local sports equipment manufacturer Puma, then just a local company and sponsor of the FC and its rivalry to ASV Herzogenaurach, which was sponsored by another local company, Adidas.

History

Early years
Formed in 1916, the club did not begin to play competitive football till 1919 due to the difficult circumstances of the First World War. Between the two world wars, the club played on local Middle Franconian level, at times as high as the Bezirksliga, the local third division.

With the rise of the Nazis, the club profited from the disbanding of the local workers club Freie Union, a predecessor to the ASV Herzogenaurach. FC gained a considerable number of players from this in 1933.

After the Second World War, the club played in the local A-Klasse, later the Bezirksliga Mittelfranken-Nord. With a championship in the later in 1965–66, the FC's rise to the higher Bavarian amateur leagues begun.

Rise
In the Landesliga Bayern-Mitte for the first time for the 1966–67 season, the club finished in a respectable eleventh spot and repeated this result the season after. In November 1967, it was offered a sponsorship by the Puma AG, which it accepted, a fact which earned it its later nickname The Pumas. Puma offered a similar sponsorship to the other club in town, ASV Herzogenaurach, but was beaten to this by Adidas, its long-term rival. The rivalry between Puma and Adidas, which is in truth the rivalry of the two brothers who owned the companies then, Rudolf Dassler and Adolf Dassler, actually predates the rivalry of the two football clubs, stretching back to 1948.

In the Landesliga in 1968–69, the club met its local rival once more, the ASV having earned promotion to the league in 1968. The first season there together, ASV finished fourth while the FC came third, the clubs being separated by one point. The season after, the FC won the league and earned promotion to the Amateurliga Bayern (III) while the ASV came third. The ASV had to wait another two seasons to do the same and win the league and promotion in 1972.

Bayernliga years
While the FC enjoyed two good first seasons in the highest league in the state, it did not so well when the ASV joined it there and with a third place in 1972–73, the Adidas-club finished above the Puma-team for the first time in years while FC went into decline for a time.

The 1973–74 season became even more upsetting for the club as the ASV won the Amateurliga Bayern title while FC Herzogenaurach found itself relegated from the league, finishing 17th.

Spending the next three seasons in the Landesliga, FC worked hard on a return to the Amateurliga, finishing in the top-three each year. FC earned its return to the Amateurliga Bayern through another league championship in 1977, the year ASV found itself relegated from the Bayernliga.

The club managed to survive in the league for only one season before being handed down once more. Back in the Landesliga for 1978–79, it finished top of the league once more, beating ASV by a point to it.

Upon return to what was now the Amateur Oberliga Bayern, the FC earned a respectabel seventh place before suffering relegation from the league the season after in 1981.

The late 1970s also saw the rise of two promising young footballers in Herzogenaurach who went to school together. Günter Güttler, who played for the ASV and later joined FC Bayern Munich and Lothar Matthäus, who played for the FC and became Germany's most capped footballer. Matthäus could not play for the ASV even though it had at that time the better under-19's side, because his father worked for Puma.

Decline
Back in the Landesliga Bayern-Mitte, the FC's started to fluctuate between Landesliga and Bezirksliga. FC suffered three relegations from the Landesliga in the 1980s, in 1983, 1985 and finally in 1989, on which instance both Herzogenaurach clubs left the Landesliga for good. In the Bezirksoberliga Mittelfranken in 1989–90, a last-place finish meant a further drop, now to the Bezirksliga Mittelfranken-Nord. There, the club managed to halt its decline for the time, spending four seasons in the league. In 1994, it dropped further, now to the Kreisliga. In 1998, another relegation took the team down to the Kreisklasse level. Since then, it has fluctuated between the two.

Current
The club played in the Kreisliga Erlangen/Pegnitzgrund (IX) in 2008–09, the second-lowest league in the region. Its old rival, the ASV Herzogenaurach had fallen down even deeper in the league system, playing two levels below in the A-Klasse Erlangen/Pegnitzgrund (X)

In 2010, the club suffered another relegation, down to the Kreisklasse, where it met ASV in 2010–11. While the FC successfully played for the league championship and promotion that season, ASV came a distant last.

The old rivalry between the two clubs may have lost some of its punch, as has the local rivalry between the two sports brands. The town of Herzogenaurach is certainly not as divided any more as it once was. In March 2007, a merger of the three local clubs was even discussed, the ASV and FC together with the SC Nord should form one club which would then be capable to reach Regionalliga level.

The rivalry of the two companies, and with it to some extent the local football club issue, gained some international attention during the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany, when a number of international news organizations picked up on it.

In 2014 the club won the local Kreisklasse championship and earned promotion to the tier seven Bezirksliga but lasted for only one season before being relegated again. FCH won another Kreisliga championship in 2015–16 and returned to the Bezirksliga.

Honours

League
 Landesliga Bayern-Mitte (IV)
 Champions: (3) 1970, 1977, 1979
 Runners-up: 1975
 Bezirksliga Mittelfranken-Nord (V)
 Champions: 1966, 1987
 Runners-up: 1986
 Kreisliga Erlangen/Pegnitzgrund (VIII)
 Champions: 2014, 2016
 Kreisklasse Erlangen/Pegnitzgrund (X)
 Champions: 2011

Cup
 Bavarian Cup
 Winners: 1954
 Mittelfranken Cup
 Winners: 1975

Recent seasons
The recent season-by-season performance of the club:

With the introduction of the Bezirksoberligas in 1988 as the new fifth tier, below the Landesligas, all leagues below dropped one tier. With the introduction of the Regionalligas in 1994 and the 3. Liga in 2008 as the new third tier, below the 2. Bundesliga, all leagues below dropped one tier. With the establishment of the Regionalliga Bayern as the new fourth tier in Bavaria in 2012 the Bayernliga was split into a northern and a southern division, the number of Landesligas expanded from three to five and the Bezirksoberligas abolished. All leagues from the Bezirksligas onwards were elevated one tier.

ASV versus FC
The Herzogenaurach derby in the Bayernliga and Landesliga:

 Source: Manfreds Fussball Archiv Tables and results of the Bavarian amateur leagues

Former players
 Lothar Matthäus, Germany's most-capped player started and ended his career with the club.

DFB Cup appearances
The club has qualified for the first round of the German Cup just once:

References

External links
Official team site
FC Herzogenaurach profile on Weltfussball.de
Das deutsche Fußball-Archiv historical German domestic league tables
ASV Herzogenaurach website

Football clubs in Germany
Football clubs in Bavaria
Association football clubs established in 1916
FC
Football in Middle Franconia
1916 establishments in Germany
Works association football clubs in Germany
Puma (brand)


American Sandwich: Great Eats from All 50 States is an illustrated cookbook written by Becky Mercuri. The book provides information on the history of the sandwich and includes sandwich recipes from across the United States such as Colorado's Denver sandwich, Florida's Cuban sandwich and Louisiana's Muffuletta.

References

External links

2004 non-fiction books
American cookbooks


The Christmas Adventure is a seasonal event held at the  Stockeld Park estate in North Yorkshire, England.

Initially a supplement to the estate’s extensive Christmas tree business, The Christmas Adventure now boasts a number of unique activities, including a giant, snowflake-shaped maze based on the 12 Days of Christmas, an Enchanted Wood, Europe’s longest synthetic Nordic ski trail, a skating rink and Santa’s Grotto.

The Enchanted Wood is perhaps The Christmas Adventure’s most distinctive attraction. Described as “a mixture of theatre and fantasy”, the wood is illuminated by several thousand lights and filled with fairytale characters and animals. Running for over 1,200 metres through the wood is a pathway and the Nordic ski trail.

The Christmas Adventure also contains a Christmas shop and a café.

Since opening in 2006, The Christmas Adventure has been the subject of considerable
media attention and has featured in papers such as The Times, The Daily Telegraph, the Guardian  and the Yorkshire Post.

Beginning at the start of the October half term and ending after the second weekend of January, it is estimated that over 100,000 people visit The Christmas Adventure, which has been the recipient of a number of awards.

References

External links
 Official site

Amusement parks in England


Sveningen is a mountain in Vestland county, Norway.  The  tall summit of the mountain is a tripoint, marking the border of three municipalities: Bergen, Samnanger, and Bjørnafjorden.  It is the second highest mountain in Bergen municipality, after Gullfjellet.

See also
List of mountains of Norway

References

Mountains of Vestland
Bjørnafjorden
Mountains of Bergen
Samnanger


Federico "Fritz" Dennerlein (14 March 1936 – 3 October 1992) was an Italian freestyle and butterfly swimmer and water polo player who competed in the 1956, 1960 and 1964 Summer Olympics. He finished fourth in the water polo tournaments in 1956 and 1964, and in the 200 m butterfly event in 1960. He also reached the finals of the 4 × 200 m freestyle (1956) and 4 × 100 m medley (1960) relays.

Dennerlein was born to a German father and Romanian mother; he had an elder brother Costantino, also a competitive swimmer. Between 1959 and 1962 he set five European records in the 100 and 200 m butterfly events. He aimed for a butterfly medal at the 1960 Olympics, and therefore gave up his place in the Olympic water polo team. After retiring from competitions he worked as a coach in his native Naples. Since 1984 he trained the national water polo team, bringing it to a silver medal at the 1986 World Championships. He died in a traffic accident, and was buried in the English Cemetery, Naples.

References

External links

1936 births
1992 deaths
Italian male butterfly swimmers
Italian male water polo players
Italian people of Romanian descent
Italian people of German descent
Olympic swimmers for Italy
Olympic water polo players for Italy
Swimmers at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Water polo players at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Water polo players at the 1964 Summer Olympics
People from Portici
European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Road incident deaths in Italy
Mediterranean Games gold medalists for Italy
Mediterranean Games silver medalists for Italy
Water polo players at the 1955 Mediterranean Games
Swimmers at the 1959 Mediterranean Games
Swimmers at the 1963 Mediterranean Games
Universiade medalists in swimming
Universiade medalists in water polo
Mediterranean Games medalists in water polo
Mediterranean Games medalists in swimming
FISU World University Games gold medalists for Italy
Medalists at the 1959 Summer Universiade
Medalists at the 1963 Summer Universiade
Italian male freestyle swimmers
Italian water polo coaches
Italy men's national water polo team coaches
Sportspeople from the Province of Naples


York Theatre is an off-Broadway theatre company based on the Upper East Side of Manhattan in New York City. Established in 1969, York Theatre is dedicated to the production of new musicals and concert productions of forgotten musicals from the past. Each season consists of three or four mainstage productions, six or more concert presentations and dozens of developmental readings. It has had several transfers of its work to larger off-Broadway theatres and to Broadway. The company was awarded a special Drama Desk Award in 1996 to its artistic director Janet Hayes Walker and in 2006 for its "vital contributions to theater by developing and presenting new musicals". The York also received a Special Achievement Outer Critics Circle Award for 50 years of producing new and classic musicals. After Walker's death in 1997, the company has been run by James Morgan.

From 1993 to 2020, the company performed at St. Peter's Church in the Citigroup Center at 619 Lexington Avenue at the corner of East 54th Street in Midtown Manhattan.

The York Theatre moved to The Theatre at St. Jeans (150 East 76th Street & Lexington Avenue) after a January 2021 water main break flooded their home at Saint Peter's Church.

Oscar Hammerstein Award
The Oscar Hammerstein Award named in honor of American lyricist and librettist Oscar Hammerstein was created in 1988 by Janet Hayes Walker, the founding artistic director of the York Theatre Company, and is presented with the endorsement of the Rodgers & Hammerstein Organization and the Hammerstein family. The Oscar Hammerstein Award Gala is the major annual fundraising event of the York Theatre.

York Theatre Company presentations
(Selective)
(* indicates The York productions that have had commercial transfers)
The Golden Apple
The Grass Harp
On the 20th Century
A Doll's Life
Lost in the Stars
Carnival!
Merrily We Roll Along

Recent Mainstage productions include:
Enter Laughing: The Musical
Midnight at The Never Get
Unexpected Joy
Desperate Measures*
Marry Harry (by Biello & Martin)
A Taste of Things to Come
You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown
Rothschild & Sons
Cagney*
Texas in Paris
Inventing Mary Martin
Love, Linda: The Life of Mrs. Cole Porter
Storyville
I'm a Stranger Here Myself
Closer Than Ever (won Best Musical Revival, Off-Broadway Alliance Award)
Ionescapade
The Road to Qatar!
Falling for Eve
Yank!
Blind Lemon Blues
Enter Laughing
Asylum
Thrill Me
Souvenir*
The Musical of Musicals (The Musical!)*
Jolson & Company*
Sweeney Todd*
Pacific Overtures*
Anything Can Happen in the Theatre - The Musical World of Maury Yeston
Forbidden Broadway: The Next Generation
Cheek to Cheek: Irving Berlin in Hollywood (2021)
Penelope, or How The Odyssey Was Really Written
Cheek to Cheek: Irving Berlin in Hollywood (2022)
Hoagy Carmichael's Stardust Road (Coming November 2022)

References

External links

Off-Broadway theaters
Theatres in Manhattan
Theatres completed in 1993
1993 establishments in New York City
Midtown Manhattan


Luigi Mannelli (21 February 1939 – 14 March 2017) was an Italian water polo player who competed in the 1956 Summer Olympics and in the 1960 Summer Olympics.

He was born in Naples.

In 1956 he was a member of the Italian water polo team which finished fourth in the Olympic tournament. He played one match.

Four years later he won the gold medal with the Italian team in the Olympic tournament. He played two matches and scored four goals.

See also
 Italy men's Olympic water polo team records and statistics
 List of Olympic champions in men's water polo
 List of Olympic medalists in water polo (men)

References

External links

1939 births
2017 deaths
Italian male water polo players
Water polo players at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Water polo players at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for Italy in water polo
Medalists at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Water polo players from Naples


Catocala promissa, the light crimson underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Michael Denis and Ignaz Schiffermüller in 1775. It can be found in Europe and Anatolia up to Armenia.

Technical description and variation

C. promissa Esp. (= mneste Hbn.). Smaller than sponsa; forewing with the ground colour white dusted with pale and dark grey; the costal edge between the lines white; the basal line and streak from base below cell black; the inner line double, black, forming a bluntly rounded projection in submedian interval, generally accompanied by a diffuse black shade forming a band; space between outer and subterminal lines filled in with dark; subterminal line pale grey, zigzag, externally black-edged; median space generally paler grey, especially on costa before reniform and before outer line; reniform with blackish centre and pale grey ring, placed in a diffuse dark median shade, the spot below it generally pale grey distinctly outlined with black; hindwing crimson with broad black terminal border and narrow sinuous median band, not reaching inner margin; the sinuosity of the band varies much, appearing to be greatest in British and Hungarian examples; instances where the band actually reaches inner margin are very rare and confined to dark-suffused females; — ab. ochracea Oberth., from Valais and Silesia, has the hindwing pale yellow ochreous in place of red; — ab. rosea Tutt has the dorsum red like the hindwings, as recorded by Guenee; in the ab. obsoleta Schultz the black bands of the hindwing, instead of being concisely marked, as usual, are diffusely edged and run into the red ground colour, giving the whole wing a dark appearance. Larva bluish grey or greenish grey, with irregularly shaped black marks on the dorsum and sides, varying in intensity; tubercles fine, white; hump on segment 9 surrounded by black, white in middle; that on segment 12 bearing two strong points; head yellow with black marks; venter with a row of black spots; the lateral filamentary processes very strongly developed. The wingspan is 60–65 mm.

Biology
The moths flies from July to August depending on the location.
The larvae feed on oaks.

References

External links

"Catocala promissa (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)". Fauna Europaea. Retrieved 20 October 2019.

"Catocala promissa ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)". Moths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa. Retrieved 20 October 2019.
"08882 Catocala promissa ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775) - Kleines Eichenkarmin". Lepiforum e.V. Retrieved 20 October 2019.
"Catocala promissa ([Dennis&Schiffermüller], 1775) Kleines Eichenkarmin Light Crimson Underwing". Portal für Schmetterlinge und Raupen. Retrieved 20 October 2019.

promissa
Moths of Europe
Moths of Asia
Moths described in 1775
Taxa named by Michael Denis
Taxa named by Ignaz Schiffermüller


Ethyl gallate is a food additive with E number E313.  It is the ethyl ester of gallic acid. Ethyl gallate is added to food as an antioxidant.

Though found naturally in a variety of plant sources including walnuts Terminalia myriocarpa or chebulic myrobolan (Terminalia chebula), ethyl gallate is produced from gallic acid and ethanol. It can be found in wine.

See also
 Phenolic content in wine

References

Food antioxidants
Phenols


Angelo Marciani (19 April 1928 – 3 December 2022) was an Italian water polo player who competed in the 1956 Summer Olympics. In 1956 he was a member of the Italian team which finished fourth in the Olympic tournament.

Marciani was born in Camogli on 19 April 1928.
He died in Camogli on 3 December 2022, at the age of 94.

References

1928 births
2022 deaths
Italian male water polo players
Olympic water polo players for Italy
Water polo players at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from the Province of Genoa


E313 may refer to:
 European route E313
 NEC e313, a handheld 3G phone from NEC Corporation
 Ethyl gallate food additive E number


Eucarta virgo, the silvery gem, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species first described by Georg Friedrich Treitschke in 1835. It can be found in south, southeast and central Europe.

The wingspan is 25–36 mm.

The larvae feed on Artemisia vulgaris, Artemisia campestris and Tanacetum vulgare.

References

External links
Moths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa
Fauna Europaea
Lepiforum e. V.
Bernd Schacht's Noctuidae.de

Amphipyrinae
Moths of Japan
Moths of Europe
Taxa named by Georg Friedrich Treitschke
Moths described in 1835


Rosario Parmegiani (March 12, 1937 – June 13, 2019) was an Italian water polo player who competed in the 1960 Summer Olympics and in the 1964 Summer Olympics.

Parmegiani was a squad member of the Italian Olympic team in the 1956 tournament but did not play in a match.

Four years later he won the gold medal with the Italian team in the Olympic tournament. He played six matches and scored seven goals.

In 1964, he was a member of the Italian water polo team which finished fourth in the Olympic tournament. He played all six matches.

See also
 Italy men's Olympic water polo team records and statistics
 List of Olympic champions in men's water polo
 List of Olympic medalists in water polo (men)

References

External links

1937 births
2019 deaths
Water polo players from Naples
Italian male water polo players
Water polo players at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Water polo players at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Water polo players at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for Italy in water polo
Medalists at the 1960 Summer Olympics


Sir Edward Morgan, 1st Baronet of Llantarnam (died 24 June 1653) was a Roman Catholic supporter of Charles I during the Bishops' War and the English Civil War. Charles created him a baronet in recognition of his services, but his capture during the English Civil War led to his estate being sequestered.

Life
Morgan was one of the Morgan family of Llantarnam in Monmouthshire, Wales, an established Roman Catholic family: his great-grandfather William Morgan was a Member of Parliament in the reigns not only of the Catholic Queen Mary but also of the Protestant Queen Elizabeth, and allowed his house to be used for the celebration of mass.  Morgan's parents were Thomas* Morgan and Frances, daughter of Edward Somerset, 4th Earl of Worcester, and both supported Catholic activities in Wales.  He was educated at Jesus College, Oxford, matriculating in 1616 and obtaining his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1619.  He was involved in the Welsh Jesuit headquarters being set up in 1635 in Cwm, Llanrothal, Herefordshire.  He was commissioned in the second Bishops' War in 1640 and given permission to obtain contributions from fellow Catholics.  This caused controversy in the Long Parliament, and Charles I's reaction was to make Morgan a baronet in 1642; he later renewed Morgan's commission during the English Civil War.  Morgan was captured at Hereford on 18 December 1645.  The Rump Parliament removed his baronetcy and his estate was sequestered.  He died on 24 June 1653; it was not until 9 November 1654 that his estate was discharged.  His heir, Sir Edward Morgan, 2nd Baronet, became a Protestant. The Baronet title fell to his son Sir Edward Morgan, 3rd Baronet until his death, he was without male heirs and the Baronet title then went to his uncle: Sir James Morgan, 4th Baronet of Llantarnam, James was the younger son of Morgan and was the last Baronet of Llantarnam.

Note: At Edward Somerset, 4th Earl of Worcester one finds that the husband of Frances Somerset is listed as William Morgan, esq. of Llantarnam, not Thomas Morgan.  It is cited to John Burke and John Bernard Burke., Extinct and Dormant Baronetcies, pp. 369–370.

References

1653 deaths
Alumni of Jesus College, Oxford
Baronets in the Baronetage of England
Cavaliers
Welsh Roman Catholics
Year of birth missing