Robert de Ferrers, 5th Baron Ferrers of Chartley ( 1358 – 1413) was the son of John de Ferrers, 4th Baron Ferrers of Chartley and Elizabeth de Stafford, a daughter of Ralph de Stafford, 1st Earl of Stafford and Margaret de Audley.

He inherited the title of Baron Ferrers of Chartley upon his father's death at the Battle of Nájera on 3 April 1367 but was never summoned to parliament.

Robert married Margaret Le Despenser (born around 1360) a daughter of Edward le Despencer, 1st Baron le Despencer, KG, and Lady Elizabeth Burghersh.

The couple had one son Edmund, who became Edmund de Ferrers, 6th Baron Ferrers of Chartley upon the death of his father around 1412, and one daughter Philippe, who married Sir Thomas Greene, Sheriff of Northamptonshire (10 February 1399 – 18 January 1462), by whom she was the grandmother of Sir Thomas Green. Philippe and Sir Thomas are ancestors to Queen consort Catherine Parr, the last wife of King Henry VIII.

Robert de Ferrers, 5th Baron Ferrers of Chartley died sometime around 1413 and is buried at Merevale Abbey in Warwickshire.

See also
Earl of Stafford
Earl of Derby

Notes

References
Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990,

1350s births
1413 deaths
05
14th-century English people
15th-century English people
Year of birth uncertain


Glen Downey (born October 15, 1969) is a Canadian children's author, teacher, and academic from Oakville, Ontario. His publications include more than ninety books for young people across a variety of genres that focus specifically on the development of child and adolescent literacy and numeracy. Downey is best known as the series editor of Graphic Poetry, winner of both the 2010 "Texty" Award from the Text and Academic Authors Association, and the 2011 Teachers' Choice Award for Children's Books from Learning magazine. Downey came up with the concept for Graphic Poetry as a way of making poetry engaging for 21st century readers. Several of Downey's books are for award-winning educational series developed by Rubicon Publishing. These include Boldprint, The 10, Boldprint Graphic Readers, and Boldprint Graphic Novels.

Biography
Downey was born in Hamilton, Ontario, and from an early age took an interest in reading. Although he was routinely encouraged by teachers to read books that would challenge him, Downey's formative reading consisted almost exclusively of comic books, Choose Your Own Adventure novels, Fighting Fantasy gamebooks, and the manuals and rulebooks of fantasy and science-fiction role-playing games, specifically Dungeons & Dragons and BattleTech.

Downey's interest in games eventually served to direct the course of his education. He received his B.A. from McMaster University in 1991, and his M.A. a year later, writing his Masters’ Thesis on the chess problem in Lewis Carroll's Through the Looking-Glass. He earned a Ph.D. in English from the University of Victoria in 1998, expanding on his previous graduate work in examining the development of the chess motif in the Victorian novel.

After teaching at both the University of Victoria and the University of British Columbia, where he won the Ian Fairclough Prize for Teaching in 2000, Downey left to pursue a B.Ed. in English and Mathematics Education at the University of Western Ontario’s Althouse College. While in the program, he submitted the manuscript for his first book, The Fifty Fatal Flaws of Essay Writing, which Althouse published in 2002. Since then, he has held a variety of teaching and administrative positions at public and private institutions, and has taught courses in Children’s Literature and Twenty-First Century Literacies in the graduate education program at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education.

Children’s writing

Downey’s interest in writing for children and young adults was motivated by his own formative reading experiences. He was introduced to Rubicon by David Boyd while the two were colleagues at Appleby College. Downey’s first book for Rubicon was Games for the award-winning Boldprint series. His most prolific year to date was 2009, with 47 books published across three different series. Recent work includes the Rubicon/Oxford series, Interface, a combination of texts and online platforms designed to "help students build the skills of critical inquiry."

Works

Boldprint

Games (2004)
Images of war (2004)
Famous Trials (2004)
Medieval Warfare (2006), with Jayn Arnold
Motorbikes (2006), with Mark Treleaven
Suspense (2007)

Timeline

Fire Mountain (2006), illustrated by Liam Thurston
Rebel Prince (2006), illustrated by David Okum
Gladiator (2006), illustrated by Andrew Barr
Escape from East Berlin (2007), illustrated by Leo Lingas
Ice Journey (2006), illustrated by Glenn Brucker
Freedom Train (2007), illustrated by Leigh Dragoon
The Great Siege (2007), illustrated by Mike Rooth
Master Leonardo (2007), with Jayn Arnold, illustrated by Mike Rooth
Miracle Men (2007), illustrated by Anthony Brennan

The 10

Most Remarkable Writers (2007), with Jayn Arnold
Deadliest Military Inventions (2007)
Greatest Sports Showdowns (2007)
Worst Sports Scandals (2007)
Greatest Hockey Teams (2007), with Kirsten Tenebaum
Coolest Ways to Fly (2007), with Sandie Cond
Hottest Hollywood Cars (2007), with Maria Malara
Most Extreme Jobs (2007)
Most Significant Documents (2007)
Most Unforgettable Moments in NASCAR (2007)
Most Memorable TV Moments (2007)
Smartest Animals (2007)
Most Decisive Battles (2007)

Graphic Poetry

Paul Revere's Ride (2009), illustrated by Mike Rooth
The Eagle / The Kraken (2009), illustrated by Jeremy Bennison
The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald (2009), illustrated by Jeremy Bennison
Mother to Son / Harlem Night Song (2009), illustrated by Martin Wittfooth
Same Song / Maestro (2009), illustrated by Louise Ferguson
Colonel Fazackerley Butterworth Toast (2009), illustrated by Mike Rooth
This is a Photograph of Me / Girl and Horse, 1928 (2009), Alan Cook
The March of the Dead (2009), illustrated by Mike Rooth
The Woman I Am in My Dreams / Now I See You (2009), illustrated by Daisy Chan
Southbound on the Freeway / Water Picture (2009), illustrated by Robin Joseph
The Cremation of Sam McGee (2009), illustrated by Francesco Francavilla
Life Doesn't Frighten Me / Alone (2009), illustrated by Darcy Muenchrath
The Shark / Sea-Gulls (2009), illustrated by Jeremy Bennison
The Choice / Song for an April Dusk (2009), illustrated by Jenn Manley Lee
Flight of the Roller Coaster / Lake of Bays (2009), illustrated by Gavin McCarthy
The Circle Game (2009), illustrated by Nataly Kim
What Do I Remember of the Evacuation? (2009), illustrated by Tyler Jenkins
Oranges / Ode to Family Photographs (2009), illustrated by Hilary Jenkins
I am a Canadian (2009)
Hurricane / Childhood Tracks (2009), illustrated by Bruce Roberts
I Shall Wait and Wait (2009), illustrated by Anne Marie Bourgeois

Boldprint Graphic Novels

A Goblin's Tale (2009), illustrated by Andrew Barr
Nemesis (2009), illustrated by Robert Deas
Spirits of the Mountain (2009), illustrated by Zsolt Mato
Ghost House (2009), with Jayn Arnold, illustrated by Scott Lincoln
Snake Girl (2009), illustrated by Andrew Barr
Final Voyage (2009), illustrated by John Lucas

Boldprint Graphic Readers

Party Time (2009), illustrated by Franfou
Pets Welcome (2009), illustrated by Zsolt Mato
Hanging Ten (2009), illustrated by Pascal Campion
Sir Henry and the Dragon (2009), illustrated by Jason MacKay
The Sun (2009), illustrated by Daisy Chan
Penguins on Parade (2009), illustrated by Zsolt Mato
What's the Problem? (2009), illustrated by Stephen Daymond
Shaping Up (2009), illustrated by Mike Rooth
Hoop Shot (2009), illustrated by Michelle Draycott
Fish Food (2009), illustrated by Bernard Joaquin
The Legend of Wountie (2009), illustrated by Katie Cusak
Whiz Kid (2009), illustrated by Miklos Weigert and Zsolt Mato
Now You See Me (2009), illustrated by John Lucas
Nature's Story (2009), illustrated by Ken Turner
Gobble! Gobble! (2009), illustrated by Ron Sutton
Westward Ho! (2009), illustrated by Hilary Jenkins
The Gamers (2009), illustrated by Anthony Tan and Katrina Hao
Built to Last (2009), illustrated by Bernard Joaquin
Then and Now (2009), illustrated by Francesco Francavilla
The Junkyard (2009), illustrated by Karen Roy

The 10 Discovery

Most Outstanding Canadian Immigrants (2012), with Anita Griffith
Most Important Decisions in Canadian History (2012)
Greatest Early Civilizations (2012), with Nigel Samuel
Best Superfoods (2012)
Coolest Everyday Inventions (2012)
Most Incredible High-Tech Vehicles (2012)
Most Unforgettable Olympic Medalists (2012)
Unluckiest Teams in Sports (2012)

Remix

Passport to Adventure (2012)
World of Wonders (2012)
Fuelling the Future (2012)

Issues 21

Digital World (2014)
Violence in the Media (2014)
Censorship (2014)

Boldprint Inquiry

After the Fire (2020), illustrated by Christian Amiel Miranda
Gulliver in Lilliput (2020), illustrated by Bailie Rosenlund
Orion (2020), illustrated by Chris Henderson
Community Heroes (2020)
Inspiring Kids (2020)
Animal Heroes (2020)

Other works

The Fifty Fatal Flaws of Essay Writing (2002)
The 10 Essential Ways to Teach Students with Inquiring Minds (2008)
Legendary Tales (2010)
Interface Vol 1.2 with Carolyn Craven, Lori Lisi, et al. (2010)
Interface Vol 2.2 with Carolyn Craven, Lori Lisi, et al. (2010)
The Booksmart Detective Agency, Vol. 1 -- Into the Fire (2012)

Awards

Downey's books have been part of series that have won the following awards:

External links
Scholastic's The 10
Boldprint, the series

Review of Mother to Son/Harlem Night Song by "The Graphic Classroom"
Review of The Eagle/The Kraken at shelfabuse.com

References

1969 births
Living people
Canadian children's writers
Writers from Hamilton, Ontario


Aatadista is a 2008 Indian Telugu-language romantic action comedy film, starring Nithiin, Kajal Aggarwal, Raghuvaran, Jayasudha, Nagababu and others. Directed by A. S. Ravi Kumar Chowdary, it was produced by C. Kalyan and S. Vijayanand, and scored by Chakri.

The film was released on 20 March 2008 to mixed reviews. The film was later dubbed and released in Hindi as Daring Gundaraaj in 2013, in Bengali as Tumi Amar Mon Bojhona in 2010 and in Bengali Bangladesh as Amar Praner Priya in (2009).

Plot
Jagan, alias Chinna is industrialist Lion Rajendra's jobless son. He falls in love with Sunanda. Meanwhile, he suggests that his father and his rival Raghunath get into a partnership to double up their efficiency. Without his knowledge, his marriage is fixed to Raghunath's daughter, who obviously turns out to be Sunanda, but the families are not on great terms even after they fix the match. Raghunath is dealing in tobacco businesses that is actually owned by Bonala Shankar, a brusque and notorious MLA. Rajendra doesn't want to deal in that area, but Bonala threatens the board of directors too. Now Jagan has to deal with this corrupt politico and plays a game with him that shakes him from his very roots - spreads a rumor that he hit Shankar.

Cast

Nithin as Jagan "Chinna"
Kajal Aggarwal as Sunanda
Raghuvaran as Raghunath
Nagababu as Lion Rajendra
Jayasudha as Jagan's mother
Jayalalita as Raghunath's wife
Narsing Yadav as Narsing, Bonala Shankar's henchman
Ravi Prakash as Jagan's elder brother
Chalapathi Rao
Narra Venkateswara Rao
Sivaprasad as Bonala Shankar
Amit Tiwari as Bonala Shankar's son
Venu Madhav as Mama
Babu Mohan as Bonala Shankar's brother-in-law
Raghunatha Reddy as Party Leader
Chinna as C. I.
Allari Subhashini as Bonala Shankar's wife
Ananth Babu as Lion Rajendra's PA
Mumaith Khan as item number

Soundtrack

 Reception The Hindu'' opined that "The script meanders and strangely it's a villain's show all the way!".

References

External links

2000s Telugu-language films
2008 films
Films scored by Chakri


Kumantje Jagamara  (1946 – November 2020), also known as Kumantje Nelson Jagamara, Michael Minjina Nelson Tjakamarra, Michael Nelson Tjakamarra and variations (Kumantye, Jagamarra, Jakamara), was an Aboriginal Australian painter. He was one of the most significant proponents of the Western Desert art movement, an early style of contemporary Indigenous Australian art.

Early life and education
Kumantje Jagamara (the name preferred by his family) was born at Pikilyi, aka Vaughan Springs, Northern Territory (about  west of Yuendumu), around 1946. His parents were both Walpiri and his father was an important "Medicine Man" in the Yuendumu community.

He lived a traditional lifestyle, and his grandfather taught him sand-, body-, and shield-painting.

He first saw white men at Mount Doreen Station, and remembers hiding in the bush in fear. Jagamara lived at Haasts Bluff for a time with the same family group as Long Jack Phillipus Tjakamarra. Later his parents took him to Yuendumu for European education at the mission school.

Career
He left school after initiation and spent some time working jobs such as pig shooting, driving trucks and droving cattle. He spent time in the Australian Army before coming back to Yuendumu and then moving to Papunya in 1976 (after the death of his father) to settle and marry Marjorie Napaltjarri. He worked in the government store and observed the work of many of the older artists at Papunya Tula for many years (including working under the instruction of his uncle Jack Tjurpurrula) before he began to paint regularly in 1983. He was invited to join Papynya Artists in that year, and became one if its most well-known members.

Jagamara painted Possum, Snake, Two Kangaroos, Flying Ant and Yam Dreamings for the area around Pikilyi.

In 1983, Jagamara was commissioned to create the forecourt mosaic at the new Parliament House in Canberra. The mosaic, Possum and Wallaby Dreaming, is based on his painting of the same name. The mosaic shows "a gathering of a large group of people from the kangaroo, wallaby and goanna ancestors [who] are meeting to talk and to enact ceremonial obligations. The work derives from the sand-painting tradition of the Warlpiri people, and has complex layers of meaning known only to Warlpiri elders". Three stonemasons took 18 months to two years to hand-cut the 90,000 granite setts which were used in the  artwork.

In 1985 he painted "Five Stories 1984". In the mid-1980s, he engaged in cross-cultural collaboration, notably with artist Tim Johnson, and moved away from the usual Papunya style and colours.

In 1996, Jagamara established a long-term relationship with Brisbane art dealer Michael Eather, around the same time starting to work with Brisbane’s Campfire Group. He worked alongside Paddy Carroll Tjungurrayi in the second Asia Pacific Triennial of Contemporary Art at QAGOMA.

In 2012, he was appointed by the NT Aboriginal Areas Protection Authority as one of a group of five people to determine which of the early Papunya boards held by the Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory (MAGNT) should be selected for public display.

Work with Imants Tillers
In 1985, non-Indigenous artist Imants Tillers incorporated "Five Stories" in one of his own paintings, called "The Nine Shots", which ignited a debate about cultural appropriation and ethical issues surrounding the use of traditional Indigenous imagery by non-Indigenous artists. However, in 2001, the two men became friends, and collaborated over many years on a number of paintings (24 between 2001 and 2018).

One of these collaborations, "Metafisica Australe" (2017) is held by QAGOMA in Brisbane, in its Australian Art Collection. This work incorporates elements of "Five Stories", the story of the two artists' entanglement and journeys, and ethical issues relating to non-Indigenous artists using references to Indigenous art. The work consists of 36 canvas boards created Jagamara as the centre of another 36 surrounding boards.

Style
His painting style was initially meticulous dot-painting in the Papunya style, but he later simplified this, and by 2000 his work was described as "expressionistic and more "calligraphic" and flowing.

His work and his life, Jagamara "held true to his jukurrpa", which involved the Warlpiri interconnected cultural knowledge system and its law, with especial connection to place. Pikilyi is an important sacred site for ceremonies, at the junction of a number of different Dreamings, which are represented in his art work, including Possum, Snake, Two Kangaroos, Flying Ant and Yam.

Recognition, awards, honours
He won the inaugural National Aboriginal Art Award (now known as the Telstra Award) in September 1984 with his painting "Three Ceremonies".

In 1987 an  long painting by Jagamara was installed in the foyer of the Sydney Opera House.

He was introduced to Queen Elizabeth II in 1988 at the opening of the New Parliament House, as the designer of the  mosaic in the forecourt of the building.

His 1985 painting "Five Stories 1984" was one of the most reproduced works of Australian art in the 1980s. It was exhibited at the 1986 Biennale of Sydney, and was included in the South Australian Museum's Dreamings: The Art of Aboriginal Australia, which toured to the New York’s Asia Society Galleries in New York in 1988, and elsewhere in the US. It appeared on the cover of the exhibition catalogue. Jagamara travelled to New York City with Billy Stockman Japaltjarri for the opening of the show, which was the start of his gaining an international audience. (In 2016, the painting sold for the highest price ever paid for a painting by a living Aboriginal artist, with £401,000 (AUD$687,877 at the time) paid for it at Sotheby's in London.)

In 1989 he had his first solo exhibition in Melbourne at the Gallery Gabrielle Pizzi, and participated in the BMW Art Car Project by hand painting an M3 race car.

Jagamara was made a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) in the 1993 Australia Day Honours for service to art.

In 1994 he was granted a Fellowship from the Australia Council's Visual Arts Board.

He was elected president of the Papunya Community Council in the 1990s, and also 2002–2004.

In 2006 his "Big Rain", a painting in Expressionist style, won the Tattersall’s Club Landscape Art Prize.

From September 2016, a new Australian five-dollar note was introduced, featuring the Jagamara's mosaic at Parliament House.

Later life and legacy
Jagamara died in November 2020, with his funeral in Alice Springs on 14 March 2021 attended by hundreds, including his longtime friend Vivien Johnson. A letter from the Prime Minister, Scott Morrison, was read at the funeral.

Jagamara was one of the most significant proponents of the Western Desert style of painting, which remains an important style of contemporary Indigenous Australian art.

His work lives on at the Sydney Opera House, at Parliament House (which was also digitally preserved after being photographed in 2019) and on the five-dollar banknote (updated with new signatures in 2019).

Exhibitions
Jagamara has exhibited his work in many exhibitions (including several solo exhibitions) and these include: Redrock gallery and Gallery Gabrielle Pizzi in Melbourne; Utopia Art Sydney; Australian National Gallery, Canberra; Institute of Contemporary Arts, London; and John Weber Gallery, New York.

Collections
Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney
Art Gallery of South Australia, Adelaide
Art Gallery of Western Australia, Perth
Australian Museum, Sydney
Broken Hill Art Gallery, Broken Hill, NSW
The Kelton Foundation, Santa Monica, California, US
 Kluge-Ruhe Aboriginal Art Collection, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory, Darwin
National Gallery of Australia, Canberra
 Parliament House, Canberra
 Powerhouse Museum, Sydney
Queensland Art Gallery (QAGOMA), Brisbane

References

Further reading
Brody, A., 1985, The face of the centre: Papunya Tula paintings 1971–1984, NGV, Melbourne.

Johnson, Vivien, 1994, Aboriginal Artists of the Western Desert – A biographical dictionary, Craftsman House, East Roseville, New South Wales.

Papunya Tula, exhibition catalogue (1990). Gallery Gabrielle Pizzi, Melbourne.
Sutton, P. (ed.), 1988, Dreamings: the Art of Aboriginal Australia, Viking, Ringwood, Victoria.
Papunya Tula, exhibition catalogue (1990). Gallery Gabrielle Pizzi, Melbourne.
Tjukurrpa Desert Dreamings, Aboriginal Art from Central Australia (1971–1993), exhibition catalogue (1993). Art Gallery of Western Australia, Perth.

1946 births
2020 deaths
Australian painters
Australian Aboriginal art
Artists from the Northern Territory
Members of the Order of Australia


Ullasamga Utsahamga () is a 2008 Indian Telugu-language romantic comedy film written and directed by A. Karunakaran. The film stars Yasho Sagar and Sneha Ullal in their debut. With music composed by G. V. Prakash Kumar, the film was released on 25 July 2008. The movie was declared a blockbuster at the box office. The film was dubbed in Malayalam as Ayyo Pavam. It was remade into Kannada as Ullasa Utsaha (2009) and also remade into Bengali Bangladesh as Er Beshi Bhalobasha Jay Na (2013).

Yasho Sagar died in a car crash on 19 December 2012. He had starred in another unreleased film titled Mr Premikudu.

Plot
Dhanalakshmi alias Dhana is the only daughter of a landlord who has over 50 crore property. As she lost her mother in her childhood, her father marries another woman. However, Dhana faces neglect from her stepmother. After Dhana's father passes away, there is no one to console her, and the only friend who showed affection was Balaji. He too leaves her after she completes her schooling. After Dhana grew up, she bequeaths her father's property, and her mother eyes it and wanted to marry Dhana against her wishes. Then, Dhana escapes from her house and takes shelter in her friend's house in Hyderabad.

Aravind, the son of a garage owner, is a vagabond. He comes across Dhana and loses his heart to her. However, after a few encounters, Dhana gets caught by her stepmother, and when she is about take her away, Aravind helps her from the abduction with the help of police. This makes Dhana befriend Aravind, and she reveals her childhood friendship and tells him that she is in love with Balaji and cannot imagine any other in his place. After refusal, Aravind decides to seek employment in Kolkata. At the same time, Dhana also learns that Balaji is in Kolkata.

They both again meet in a train, and accidentally, Dhana misses the train during the journey. Aravind helps her reach Kolkata to meet Balaji. In the process, Aravind gets severely hurt in the hands of a criminal, who tries to implicate Dhana in a narcotics case. Later, Aravind takes Dhana to Balaji's house in Kolkata. Dhana's stepmother also reaches Kolkata and agrees for Dhana's marriage with Balaji. When the marriage is about to take place, Dhana realises that her stepmother enacted a drama and created a fake Balaji to impress Dhana. Again, Aravind comes to her rescue, and at that time, Dhana realizes that she is in love with Aravind. The film ends on a happy note.

Cast

 Yasho Sagar as Aravind
 Sneha Ullal as Dhanalakshmi
 Brahmanandam as Colony Secretary
 Sunil as Malli Babu
 Chandra Mohan as Arvind's father
 Sudha as Aravind's mother
 Prasad Babu as Dhanalakshmi's father
 Kavitha as Dhanalakshmi's stepmother
 Surekha Vani as Aravind's elder sister
 Satya Krishnan as Aravind's sister-in-law
 Sattanna as Surekha Vani's husband (S/W Engineer)
 Suman Setty as Ganesh, Aravind's friend
 Ping Pong Surya as Aravind's friend
 Sri Latha as Dhanalakshmi's friend
 Kallu Krishna Rao as Dhanalakshmi's family member
 L. B. Sriram as Subbayya, Dhanalakshmi's servant
 Karthikeya as Fake Balaji
 Ashok Kumar as Police Officer
 Venu Madhav as Fraud Billionaire
 Dharmavarapu Subramanyam as Car Lift
 Allari Subhashini as Ganesh's mother
 Gautam Raju as Babu Rao Properties
 Ananth Babu

Production
Bharath, the son of Kannada film producer B. P. Somu and a relative of Prajwal Devraj, made his debut under the stage name of Yasho Sagar.

Soundtrack

The soundtrack consisted of seven songs composed by G. V. Prakash. Lyrics were written by Anantha Sriram. The audio of the film was released on 7 May 2008. The song "Priyatama" was later reused for the Tamil film Saguni.

Reception
Jeevi of Idlebrain.com wrote that "On a whole, Ullasanga Utsahanga is a decent love story with some cute and cherishing moments". A critic from Rediff.com wrote that "On the whole, Ullasanga Utsahanga is watchable for its feel-good appeal".

Award(s)
 A. Karunakaran won the Nandi Award for Best Screenplay Writer.

References

External links

2008 films
Films directed by A. Karunakaran
Telugu films remade in other languages
Films scored by G. V. Prakash Kumar
Indian romantic comedy films
Films shot in Kolkata
Films set in Kolkata
Films shot in Hyderabad, India
2000s Telugu-language films
2008 romantic comedy films


In numerical analysis, catastrophic cancellation is the phenomenon that subtracting good approximations to two nearby numbers may yield a very bad approximation to the difference of the original numbers.

For example, if there are two studs, one  long and the other  long, and they are measured with a ruler that is good only to the centimeter, then the approximations could come out to be  and .
These may be good approximations, in relative error, to the true lengths: the approximations are in error by less than 2% of the true lengths, .

However, if the approximate lengths are subtracted, the difference will be , even though the true difference between the lengths is .
The difference of the approximations, , is in error by 100% of the magnitude of the difference of the
true values, .

Catastrophic cancellation isn't affected by how large the inputs are—it applies just as much to large and small inputs.
It depends only on how large the difference is, and on the error of the inputs.
Exactly the same error would arise by subtracting  from  as approximations to  and , or by subtracting  from  as approximations to  and .

Catastrophic cancellation may happen even if the difference is computed exactly, as in the example above—it is not a property of any particular kind of arithmetic like floating-point arithmetic; rather, it is inherent to subtraction, when the inputs are approximations themselves.  Indeed, in floating-point arithmetic, when the inputs are close enough, the floating-point difference is computed exactly, by the Sterbenz lemma—there is no rounding error introduced by the floating-point subtraction operation.

Formal analysis
Formally, catastrophic cancellation happens because subtraction is ill-conditioned at nearby inputs: even if approximations  and  have small relative errors  and  from true values  and , respectively, the relative error of the difference  of the approximations from the difference  of the true values is inversely proportional to the difference of the true values:

Thus, the relative error of the exact difference  of the approximations from the difference  of the true values is

which can be arbitrarily large if the true values  and  are close.

In numerical algorithms
Subtracting nearby numbers in floating-point arithmetic does not always cause catastrophic cancellation, or even any error—by the Sterbenz lemma, if the numbers are close enough the floating-point difference is exact.
But cancellation may amplify errors in the inputs that arose from rounding in other floating-point arithmetic.

Example: Difference of squares
Given numbers  and , the naive attempt to compute the mathematical function

by the floating-point arithmetic

is subject to catastrophic cancellation when  and  are close in magnitude, because the subtraction can expose the rounding errors in the squaring.
The alternative factoring
,
evaluated by the floating-point arithmetic
,
avoids catastrophic cancellation because it avoids introducing rounding error leading into the subtraction.

For example, if

and
,
then the true value of the difference

is
.
In IEEE 754 binary64 arithmetic, evaluating the alternative factoring

gives the correct result exactly (with no rounding), but evaluating the naive expression

gives the floating-point number
,
of which less than half the digits are correct and the other (underlined) digits reflect the missing terms , lost due to rounding when calculating the intermediate squared values.

Example: Complex arcsine
When computing the complex arcsine function, one may be tempted to use the logarithmic formula directly:

However, suppose  for .
Then  and ; call the difference between them —a very small difference, nearly zero.
If  is evaluated in floating-point arithmetic giving

with any error , where  denotes floating-point rounding, then computing the difference

of two nearby numbers, both very close to , may amplify the error  in one input by a factor of —a very large factor because  was nearly zero.
For instance, if , the true value of  is approximately , but using the naive logarithmic formula in IEEE 754 binary64 arithmetic may give , with only five out of sixteen digits correct and the remainder (underlined) all garbage.

In the case of  for , using the identity  avoids cancellation because  but , so the subtraction is effectively addition with the same sign which does not cancel.

Example: Radix conversion

Numerical constants in software programs are often written in decimal, such as in the C fragment double x = 1.000000000000001; to declare and initialize an IEEE 754 binary64 variable named x.
However,  is not a binary64 floating-point number; the nearest one, which x will be initialized to in this fragment, is .
Although the radix conversion from decimal floating-point to binary floating-point only incurs a small relative error, catastrophic cancellation may amplify it into a much larger one:

double x = 1.000000000000001;  // rounded to 1 + 5*2^{-52}
double y = 1.000000000000002;  // rounded to 1 + 9*2^{-52}
double z = y - x;              // difference is exactly 4*2^{-52}

The difference  is .
The relative errors of x from  and of y from  are both below , and the floating-point subtraction y - x is computed exactly by the Sterbenz lemma.

But even though the inputs are good approximations, and even though the subtraction is computed exactly, the difference of the approximations  has a relative error of over  from the difference  of the original values as written in decimal: catastrophic cancellation amplified a tiny error in radix conversion into a large error in the output.

Benign cancellation

Cancellation is sometimes useful and desirable in numerical algorithms.
For example, the 2Sum and Fast2Sum algorithms both rely on such cancellation after a rounding error in order to exactly compute what the error was in a floating-point addition operation as a floating-point number itself.

The function
,
if evaluated naively at points
,
will lose most of the digits of  in rounding
.
However, the function

itself is well-conditioned at inputs near .
Rewriting it as

exploits cancellation in

to avoid the error from

evaluated directly.
This works because the cancellation in the numerator

and the cancellation in the denominator

counteract each other; the function

is well-enough conditioned near zero that

gives a good approximation to
,
and thus

gives a good approximation to
.

References

Numerical analysis


Roy S. Winston (born March 5) is an American physician, entrepreneur and professional poker player, founder and CEO of LaserAway, LLC and a C-Suite Executive for Pacira Biosciences from Brooklyn, New York. He won the World Poker Tour Borgata Main Event championship in 2007 for over $1.5 million.

Biography

Winston, who was raised in New York City and attended Stuyvesant High School, received a degree from the University of Pennsylvania and a Doctor of Medicine from the Mount Sinai School of Medicine. He completed an anesthesiology residency at the University of Florida College of Medicine. Dr. Winston was a professor of anesthesiology at Emory University and The University of California and was appointed to the Georgia Board of Medical Examiners by Governor Zell Miller. Dr. Winston founded LaserAway, LLC in Los Angeles, California; the company specializes in the removal of tattoos, sun damage and unwanted hair. He began playing tournament poker in 2006 and now plays full-time professionally and hosts high-stakes games at the Bicycle Casino in Los Angeles, California. Winston also writes a pro blog for Card Player and is a Full Tilt Pro on Full Tilt Poker.

World Poker Tour

Winston has seven cashes in the World Poker Tour (WPT), most notably his victory at the WPT Borgata Poker Open that earned him $1,575,280 and the WPT title in a final table that included professional poker players Mike Matusow (6th), Gene Todd (5th), Mark Weitzman (4th), Haralabos Voulgaris (3rd) and amateur player Heung Yoon (runner-up). Other cashes at the WPT include the 2006 L.A. Poker Classic (23rd for $39,859), the Festa Al Lago V (46th for $16,700), the 2007 Doyle Brunson Five Diamond World Poker Classic (44th for $38,545), the 2008 Borgata Winter Open (39th for $17,213), and the Bellagio Cup IV in 2008 ($32,320).

World Series of Poker
Winston has five cashes to date at the World Series of Poker (WSOP), most notably finishing in 26th place out of a field of 6358 entries at the 2007 World Series of Poker Main Event and earning $333,490.

Other poker events
Winston won the $2,000 buy-in No Limit Hold'em event at the Doyle Brunson Five Diamond World Poker Classic, earning $230,365. He has also cashed twice at the 2008 Aussie Millions Poker Championship finishing in fourth place in the A$2,000 Pot Limit Hold'em/Omaha/Omaha Hi-Lo mixed event for A$22,800 (US$20,042) and finishing in the semi-finals at the A$5,000 Australian Heads-Up Championship for A$40,000 ($35,161).

As of 2011, his total live tournament winnings are just short of $2,700,000. His five cashes at the WSOP account for just over $358,000 of those winnings.

Notes

External links
Official home page
FullTilt poker profile
CardPlayer.com - Roy "The Oracle" Winston Pro-Blog
MySpace profile
BluffMagazine.com - November Nine’s Dennis Phillips Hires Roy Winston for Coaching

American poker players
World Poker Tour winners
American anesthesiologists
Physicians from New York (state)
American chief executives
Living people
Businesspeople from New York City
Year of birth missing (living people)


The Hargeisa–Bosaso bombings occurred on October 29, 2008, when six suicide bombers attacked in coordinated car bombings targets in Hargeisa, the capital of Somaliland, and the Puntland port of Bosaso in northeastern Somalia. The bombings killed at least 30 people.

Attack details

Targets in Hargeisa include the presidential palace, the Ethiopian consulate, and UNDP offices, while in Bosaso the offices of the Puntland Intelligence Service were hit.

Twenty people were killed at Ethiopia's consulate in Hargeisa, while at least five were killed in the synchronized blasts at the local president's office and a UN building there. Two of the dead in the latter location were UN staff members, a driver and a security adviser. Six UN staff members were also injured in the blast that blew off the roofs of the UN compound. The UN humanitarian coordinator for Somalia, Mark Bowden, said: "While Somalia is one of the most dangerous places in the world for aid workers, Hargeisa has been relatively stable and consequently many United Nations staff were stationed there.""

Medical staff in Bosaso said October 30 that two more soldiers wounded in the intelligence headquarters blasts died overnight, bringing to at least five the victims of that strike."

Investigation

Arrests
Authorities in the Puntland said they had arrested a prominent local sheik, Mohamud Ismail, for this attack and several others in a recent wave of attacks. A relative of the sheik, Abdishakur Mire, said: "Soldiers attacked our house and opened fire on us. They injured my uncle in the arm and then took him away." Authorities declined to give further details. However, the Interior Minister, Abdillahi Ismail, said the blasts were planned from Mogadishu.

Ismail was eventually released on November 10.

Possible U.S. link
Authorities in Minneapolis, Minnesota, were investigating whether Shirwa Ahmed, a Somali immigrant and Minneapolis resident, was one of the suicide bombers in the attack.

Reactions
The presidents of Somaliland and the Puntland state of Somalia condemned the bombings. Dahir Rayale Kahin, president of Somaliland, claimed that the attacks were an attack on Somaliland's "nationhood", and rare in the relatively peaceful breakaway state. He also stated that everything would be done to find out who was responsible for the attacks.

Responsible faction
While no groups have taken responsibility for the attacks, an Islamist insurgency group, Al-Shabaab, is believed to be responsible. Suspicion fell, by at large, on Islamist insurgents in general who were fighting the Somali government and its Ethiopian military allies. Al-Shabaab posted a video of a suicide bomber on the Internet but did not explicitly link this to the attacks. The United States, however, blamed al-Qaeda, which it says works through Shabaab, for the attacks which overshadowed a summit in Kenya to discuss the 17-year-long conflict in Somalia.

See also
 List of terrorist incidents in 2008
 February 2008 Bosaso bombings
 Somalia War (2006–2009)

References

2008 in Somaliland
2008 in international relations
2008 murders in Somalia
21st-century mass murder in Somalia
Al-Shabaab (militant group) attacks
Attacks on diplomatic missions of Ethiopia
Attacks on diplomatic missions in Somalia
Bosaso
Suicide bombings in 2008
Islamic terrorism in Somalia
Islamic terrorist incidents in 2008
Mass murder in 2008
October 2008 crimes
Somalia War (2006–2009)
Suicide car and truck bombings in Somalia
Terrorist incidents in Somalia in 2008
Building bombings in Africa
Ethiopia–Somalia relations
Ethiopia–Somaliland relations
October 2008 events in Africa


Adult album alternative (also triple-A, AAA, or adult alternative) is a radio format. Its roots trace to both the "classic album stations of the ’70s as well as the alternative rock format that developed in the ’80s."

Format
The format has a broader, more diverse playlist than most other formats. Musical selection tends to be on the fringe of mainstream pop and rock. It also includes many other music genres such as indie rock, Americana, pop rock, classic rock, alternative rock, new wave, alternative country, jazz, folk, world music, jam band and blues. The musical selections tend to avoid hard rock and rap music. Music selection also includes tracks from albums that are not singles, which leads to the enhanced and larger playlist. Some AAA outlets focus more on classic rock artists, folk and blues while others focus on more contemporary artists and modern/indie rock.

Popularity
Some of the songs that first air on the Triple-A format have later found additional popularity on the Adult Top 40, modern rock, or adult contemporary charts months after their initial Triple-A chart runs.  The format is often seen as a "test market" for emerging artists.

The format has gone off and on in the Los Angeles radio market.  Currently KCSN and simulcast partner KSBR broadcast a Triple A format in the Los Angeles and Orange Country areas respectively. The format still exists in New York City (WFUV); Chicago (WXRT); Philadelphia (WXPN);  Seattle (KPNW);  Minneapolis (KCMP); Boston (WXRV, WERS, and Americana leaning WUMB-FM); Baltimore (WTMD); Aspen, Colorado (KSPN-FM); Denver (KBCO and KVOQ); Fort Collins (KJAC); Portland, Oregon (KINK); Portland, Maine (WCLZ); Indianapolis (WTTS); Nashville (WRLT, WNXP, and Americana leaning WMOT); Conway, New Hampshire (WMWV); Burlington, Vermont (WNCS); Turners Falls-Northampton, Massachusetts (WRSI); Bozeman, Montana (KMMS-FM); Woodstock, New York (WDST); Austin (KGSR-HD2, KUTX, and KTSN); and Dallas (KKXT).  The now-defunct KFOG was a legendary Triple A station in the San Francisco Bay Area.

On July 10, 2008 Billboard began a Triple-A chart (using information from sister-publication Radio and Records, a news magazine devoted to the radio and the music industries that has since ceased publication). Rival Mediabase 24/7 also compiles a Triple A chart. As of mid-2009, Radio and Records publications and accompanying charts were discontinued. As of 2010, Billboard publishes Triple A charts in the magazine and for its premium members on its website. Mediabase also publishes Triple A charts on a daily basis.

Additional Triple-A charts are published by CMJ and FMQB. FMQB also produces the annual Triple A Conference in Boulder, Colorado, USA, an event that grew out of the Gavin Report's Triple A Summit, first held in 1993. FMQB took over production of the event, rebranding it as the Triple A Conference, after the closing of Radio & Records in 2009.

At the end of 2019, FMQB closed and all Triple A services were absorbed by Jack Barton Entertainment, LLC (JBE), helmed by Jack Barton, former VP/Triple A at FMQB. JBE has rebranded the Boulder convention as the Triple A SummitFest and continues to publish weekly Triple A charts, including a Non-Commercial album chart, as well as a weekly newsletter (JBE Triple A Report) covering Triple A radio and the music it plays.

See also
 Active rock, a format that, similar to adult album alternative, features classic rock and contemporary rock, but with an emphasis on hard rock
 Adult Alternative Songs, also known as Triple A, a record chart published by Billboard
 Adult contemporary music (radio format), a format with a much more pop-oriented playlist, that is much softer and not too adventurous
 Album-oriented rock (FM radio format)
 List of adult alternative artists
 List of soft rock artists and songs

References

External links
Radio-Locator's Format Definition: Adult Album Alternative
 AllMusic

Radio formats


The men's K-1 1000 metres event was an individual kayaking event conducted as part of the Canoeing at the 2000 Summer Olympics program.

Medalists

Results

Heats
The top six finishers from each of the heats and the three fastest finisher advanced directly to the semifinals.

Overall Results Heats

Semifinals
The top three finishers from each of the semi-finals advanced to the final.

Overall Results Semi-Finals

Liwowski's disqualification was not disclosed in the official report.

Final

Holmann took the lead at 350 meters, then held off a late challenge from Merkov. The Bulgarian refused to attend the post-race press conference over media allegations he had failed a doping test in his home country.

References
2000 Summer Olympics Canoe sprint results.
Sports-reference.com 2000 K-1 1000 m results.
Wallechinsky, David and Jaime Loucky (2008). "Canoeing: Men's Kayak Singles 1000 Meters". In The Complete Book of the Olympics: 2008 Edition. London: Aurum Press Limited. p. 473.

Men's K-1 1000
Men's events at the 2000 Summer Olympics


Andrei Aleksandrovich Akimov () (12 October 1890 – 1916) was a Russian football player who died during World War I. He was serving as a lieutenant when he died.

International career
Akimov made his debut for the Russian Empire on June 30, 1912, in a 1912 Olympics match against Finland, and scored a goal in that game.

See also
 List of Olympians killed in World War I

References

External links
  Profile

1890 births
1916 deaths
People from Vladimir Governorate
Men's footballers from the Russian Empire
Russian Empire men's international footballers
Footballers at the 1912 Summer Olympics
Olympic footballers for the Russian Empire
Imperial Russian Army personnel
Russian military personnel killed in World War I
Men's association football midfielders


HM Prison Coldingley is a Category C men's prison, located in the village of Bisley, in Surrey, England. The prison is operated by His Majesty's Prison Service.

History
Coldingley was opened in 1969 as a Category B training prison. The opening was attended by Lord Stonham, Minister of State at the Home Office.

In 1991 Coldingley was hailed as a flagship prison in England. In 1993 Coldingley was re-designated as Category C training prison.

A report published in 2004, by His Majesty's Chief Inspector of Prisons, criticised the prison for its lack of work and training for inmates, and poor prisoner resettlement programmes.

In 2005, the Howard League for Penal Reform set up a graphic design studio in Coldingley which offers prisoners fully remunerated employment at market rates (now closed).

In July 2011, it was announced that along with several other prisons, Coldingley would be put up for market testing, allowing private companies as well as HM Prison service, to bid for a contract to run the prison.

The prison today
Coldingley consists of 7 wings: Alpha, Bravo, Charlie, Delta, Echo Wing (built October 2008), Foxtrot and Golf. Wings A-D consist of 87 single cells and 3 doubles. Echo Wing also has single cells with a small number of doubles. E Wing houses kitchen Workers, Orderlies & inmates enrolled in the Rehabilitation of Addicted Prisoners Trust (RAPt) course.
E Wing cells have in-cell sanitation and a shower. The other wings all operate on an automated night sanitation system, which can cause problems as inmates get held in queues to use sanitation. Showers facilities are communal.

High wages are not on offer at Coldingley anymore, but inmates can still earn up to £33 a week in the various industries located within the Prison. These industries are: Laundry, Sign Shop, Engineering and Print Shop.

Coldingley also operates a Crime Diversion Scheme (CDS), in which inmates are employed. This scheme involves young first time offenders visiting the prison to hear real inmates tell them the harsh realities of the loss of liberty in the hope that this may prevent them from embarking further towards the possibility of reoffending.

There is a brand new Education block which is slowly reaching its potential, but teaching recruiting is proving a problem, so it may be some time until it reaches its full capacity. The facilities in the education block are of a high standard. The Education department offers numerous courses, such as: Numeracy, literacy, Bookkeeping, Business Enterprise, Art, IT courses (CLAIT), preparation for work and several others.

A brand new gym was completed and opened to inmates in January 2009. The new equipment has already begun to inspire inmates and Prison officers to improve their fitness & health. The gym contains a variety of cardiovascular and weight training machines. 5 treadmills, 4 ergometers, 4 cross trainers, 2 bikes & 2 recumbent bikes (Life Fitness). Inmates are offered 7 gym sessions every fortnight.

Coldingley has a small library, which has a reasonable selection of books.

References

External links
 Ministry of Justice pages on Coldingley
 HMP Coldingley - HM Inspectorate of Prisons Reports

Coldingley
Prisons in Surrey
1969 establishments in England
Coldingley


Skeet was one of the thirteen shooting events at the 1988 Summer Olympics. Open to both men and women, it was won by Axel Wegner.

Qualification round

DNF Did not finish – Q Qualified for semifinal

Semifinal

EOR Equalled Olympic record – Q Qualified for final

Final

OR Olympic record

References

Sources

Shooting at the 1988 Summer Olympics
1988 Skeet


The Apperson Six Sport Sedan was a car manufactured by the Apperson Company of Kokomo, Indiana.

Apperson Six Sport Sedan specifications (1926 data)
 Color – Imperial blue, maroon, and gray-green
 Seating Capacity – Five
 Wheelbase – 120 inches
 Wheels - Disc
 Tires - 32” x 5.77” balloon
 Service Brakes – Mechanical four wheel brakes
 Engine  - Six cylinder, vertical, cast en bloc, 3-3/16 x 4-1/4 inches; head removable; valves in head; H.P. 24.4 N.A.C.C. rating
 Lubrication – Force feed
 Crankshaft - Four bearing
 Radiator – Tubular
 Cooling – Thermo-syphon
 Ignition system – Storage Battery
 Starting System – Two Unit
 Voltage – Six to eight
 Wiring System – Single
 Gasoline System – Vacuum
 Clutch – Disc
 Transmission – Selective sliding
 Gear Changes – 3 forward, 1 reverse, mechanically operated
 Drive – Spiral bevel
 Rear Springs – Three-quarter elliptic
 Rear Axle – Semi-floating
 Steering Gear – Worm and gear

Standard equipment
New car price included the following items:
 tools
 jack
 front bumper
 windshield cleaner
 rearview mirror
 speedometer
 ammeter
 dash fuel gauge
 rim
 foot rest
 armrests
 heater
 snubbers
 ventilators on all doors
 screened cowl ventilator
 sun visor
 Sport Phaetons have permanent top and windshield wings
 All sizes equipped with preselecting mechanical gear shift

Optional equipment
The following was available at an extra cost:
 none

Prices
New car prices were F.O.B. factory, plus Tax:
 Five passenger Phaeton - $1650
 Five passenger Sport Phaeton - $1750
 Five passenger Sport Sedan - $2250
 Five passenger Brougham - $2150
 Four passenger Coupé - $2250

References
Source:

Cars of the United States
Vintage vehicles


Finsbury Square is a  square in Finsbury in central London which includes a six-rink grass bowling green. It was developed in 1777 on the site of a previous area of green space to the north of the City of London known as Finsbury Fields, in the parish of St Luke's and near Moorfields. It is sited on the east side of City Road, opposite the east side of Bunhill Fields. It is approximately 200m north of Moorgate station, 300m north-west of Liverpool Street station and 400m south of Old Street station. Nearby locations are Finsbury Circus and Finsbury Pavement. Named after it, but several miles away, are Finsbury Park and its eponymous neighbourhood.

Finsbury Square is served by bus routes 21, 43, 141 and 214.

History

In 1777 Finsbury Square was laid out as a planned quadrangle of terraced town houses surrounding a central garden. Beginning in the late 19th century, the houses began to be demolished to make way for large-scale commercial properties.

Past residents of the square include Pascoe Grenfell Hill, Thomas Southwood Smith and Philip Henry Pye-Smith. It has also been the site of the bookshop of James Lackington and the first home of the rabbinical seminary that became the London School of Jewish Studies (1855–81), of the Greek Orthodox Church of Saint Sophia and of the Roman Catholic Church of St Mary Moorfields (1820–1900).

From 1907 to 1914, 39 Finsbury Square was the home of the City of London Yeomanry. The site is now occupied by City Gate House which was designed by Frederick Gould and Giles Gilbert Scott and completed in 1930.

In 1784, Vincenzo Lunardi achieved the first successful attempt at hot air balloon flight from Finsbury Square.

The south side of the square was known as Sodomites Walk in the 18th century and was notorious as a gay cruising area.

On 22 October 2011, Occupy London protesters began to camp on the square. They were subsequently removed in an eviction described by the council as 'peaceful and low key'.

In January 2013, the University of Liverpool announced that its London Campus would be at 33 Finsbury Square.

Also in 2013 a memorial was installed at the SW of the square commemorating those who died in the 1975 Moorgate tube crash.

Today

On the west side of the square, 10 Finsbury Square is a 150,000 sq ft office building built in 2014. It is occupied by the London Metal Exchange.

The north side of the square is largely occupied by Triton Court at 14–18 Finsbury Square, a steel-frame constructed office building originally built during the first three decades of the twentieth century, along with Royal London House (22–25 Finsbury Square) which dates from the 1950s.

The east of the square is occupied by Grant Thornton accountants and auditors at 30 Finsbury Square, and the University of Liverpool in London at 33 Finsbury Square.  In November 2019, City, University of London announced that it had acquired 33 Finsbury Square on a lease. The university's Bayes Business School (formerly Cass Business School) will occupy the building, as well as significantly remodelling its Bunhill Row campus.

The south of the square is City Gate House, 39–45 Finsbury Square.

Finsbury Square is also the venue for an occasional farmers' market.

Royal London House and Triton Court

The buildings on the north side of the square were built over the first half of the twentieth century to serve as headquarters for what is now the Royal London Group; collectively they were known as Royal London House. The oldest (westernmost) section (with its cupola and clock on the corner with City Road) dates from 1904 to 1905 and was built by John Belcher as headquarters for the Royal London Friendly Society; over the next ten years this building was extended eastwards by four bays. The adjacent, taller section, with its prominent tower-cum-spire, dates from 1929 to 1930; it was built by Belcher's former partner, J. J. Joass, to form an expanded headquarters for the Royal London Mutual Assurance Society. (A contemporary extension to the north of the Edwardian block was also built by Joass.) Finally, the whole complex was extended eastwards again in the 1950s with the addition of a block by the architect H. Bramhill.

In the 1980s, the older (pre-1940s) buildings were all comprehensively redeveloped, by Sheppard Robson & Partners, to form a new office complex: Triton Court. The interiors were gutted and rebuilt, but the façades were retained, albeit with the addition of a double-height mansard roof and the insertion of a new entrance arch through the four-bay extension to the original Edwardian block. These are now the only remaining pre-World War II buildings in the square. After the completion of Triton Court, the 1950s block alone was left with the designation Royal London House.

In 2013–15, Triton Court was developed by Resolution Property into Alphabeta, a 220,000 sq ft office block. This was sold to Indonesian real estate conglomerate Sinar Mas Land in 2015.

At around the same time the 1950s block, Royal London House, was converted into The Montcalm Hotel (completed in 2016).

References

External links

Squares in the London Borough of Islington


The United States Small Business Administration (SBA) is an independent agency of the United States government that provides support to entrepreneurs and small businesses. The mission of the Small Business Administration is "to maintain and strengthen the nation's economy by enabling the establishment and viability of small businesses and by assisting in the economic recovery of communities after disasters." The agency's activities have been summarized as the "3 Cs" of capital, contracts and counseling.

SBA loans are made through banks, credit unions and other lenders who partner with the SBA. The SBA provides a government-backed guarantee on part of the loan. Under the Recovery Act and the Small Business Jobs Act, SBA loans were enhanced to provide up to a 90 percent guarantee in order to strengthen access to capital for small businesses after credit froze in 2008. The agency had record lending volumes in late 2010.

SBA helps lead the federal government's efforts to deliver 23 percent of prime federal contracts to small businesses. Small business contracting programs include efforts to ensure that certain federal contracts reach woman-owned and service-disabled veteran-owned small businesses as well as businesses participating in programs such as the 8(a) Business Development Program and HUBZone. In March 2018 the SBA launched the SBA Franchise Directory, aiming to connect entrepreneurs to lines of credit and capital in order to grow their businesses.

SBA has at least one office in each U.S. state. In addition, the agency provides grants to support counseling partners, including approximately 900 Small Business Development Centers (often located at colleges and universities), 110 Women's Business Centers, and SCORE, a volunteer mentor corps of retired and experienced business leaders with approximately 350 chapters. These counseling services provide services to over 1 million entrepreneurs and small business owners annually. President Obama announced in January 2012 that he would elevate the SBA into the Cabinet, a position it last held during the Clinton administration, thus making the Administrator of the Small Business Administration a cabinet-level position.

History

The SBA was created on July 30, 1953, by Republican President Eisenhower with the signing of the Small Business Act, currently codified at . The Small Business Act was originally enacted as the "Small Business Act of 1953" in Title II () of  (ch. 282, , July 30, 1953); The "Reconstruction Finance Corporation Liquidation Act" was Title I, which abolished the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC). The Small Business Act Amendments of 1958 () withdrew Title II as part of that act and made it a separate act to be known as the "Small Business Act". Its function was and is to "aid, counsel, assist and protect, insofar as is possible, the interests of small business concerns".

The SBA has survived a number of threats to its existence. In 1996, the Republican-controlled House of Representatives planned to eliminate the agency. It survived and went on to receive a record high budget in 2000. Renewed efforts by the Bush Administration to end the SBA loan program met congressional resistance, although the SBA's budget was repeatedly cut, and in 2004 certain expenditures  were frozen. The Obama administration supported SBA budgets and strengthened it through The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. SBA budgets were further strengthened by the Small Business Jobs Act of 2010, and in 2011, President Obama announced that the SBA would double its support of rural small businesses to $350 million in the next 5 years.

Organizational structure
The SBA has an Administrator and a Deputy Administrator. It has an associate administrator or director for the following offices:

 Business Development
 Capital Access
 Communications and Public Liaison
 Congressional and Legislative Affairs
 Credit Risk Management
 Disaster Assistance
 Entrepreneurial Development
 Entrepreneurship Education
 Equal Employment Opportunity and Civil Rights Compliance
 Faith Based and Neighborhood Partnerships
 Field Operations
 Government Contracting and Business Development
 Hearings and Appeals
 HUBZone Program
 International Trade
 Investment and Innovation
 Management and Administration
 Native American Affairs
 Performance Management
 Small Business Development Centers
 Veterans Business Development
 Women's Business Ownership

Senate-confirmed appointees include: Administrator, Deputy Administrator, Chief Counsel for Advocacy, and Inspector General.

Lending programs

Loan Guarantee Program
The 7(a) Loan Guarantee Program is designed to help entrepreneurs start or expand their small businesses. It is the most common loan program offered by the SBA. The program makes capital available to small businesses through bank and non-bank lending institutions. The Small Business Jobs Act of 2010 increased the maximum size of these loans, indefinitely, from $2 million to $5 million. According to the SBA website, it can be used for working capital (both short and long term), refinancing debt, and purchasing furniture, fixtures, and supplies. There are some businesses that are ineligible for this program, such as real estate investment firms (where property is held for investment purposes), dealers of rare coins and stamps, and lending institutions like banks. The SBA's guarantee on these loans encourages lenders to provide financing to small businesses that may not meet traditional loan criteria, making it a valuable lifeline for many entrepreneurs. Additionally, the program offers longer repayment terms and lower down payment requirements, making it an appealing choice for those seeking affordable and manageable loan options. Whether it's launching a startup or bolstering an existing business, the SBA 7(a) Loans program stands as a reliable and empowering resource for small business owners across the United States.

Disaster Loan Program

Homeowners and renters are eligible for long-term, low-interest loans to rebuild or repair a damaged property to pre-disaster condition.

Businesses are also eligible for long-term, low-interest loans to recover from declared disasters. Disaster Relief Loans are often approved within 21 days. This is an improved approval time than after Hurricane Katrina, over 15 years ago, when the SBA processed applications in about 74 days on average.

If a business with a Disaster Relief Loan defaults on the loan and the business is then closed, the SBA will pursue the business owner to liquidate all personal assets to satisfy an outstanding balance. The IRS will withhold any tax refund expected by the former business owner and apply the amount toward the loan balance.

Microloan Program
The Microloan program provides direct loans to qualified nonprofit intermediary lenders who, in turn, provide "microloans" of up to $50,000 to small businesses and nonprofit child-care centers. It also provides marketing, management, and technical assistance to microloan borrowers and potential borrowers.

Entrepreneurial development programs

Small Business Development Centers
Approximately 900 Small Business Development Center sites are funded through a combination of state and SBA support in the form of matching grants. Typically, SBDCs are co-located at community colleges, state universities, and/or other entrepreneurial hubs. Cole Browne leads the SBA in purchasing of new Development Center sites.

The Office of Women's Business Ownership
The Office of Women-Owned Businesses (OWBO) was established in 1979 by Executive Order 12138. The mission of the program is "to enable and empower women entrepreneurs through advocacy, outreach, education and support."

Programs managed by the OWBO provide services to disadvantaged woman entrepreneurs to assist in increasing their competitiveness in the modern business world. These programs assist women through training and counseling, providing opportunities to obtain credit, capital and marketing assistance, and establishing a Federal set-aside for women-owned businesses.

The Women's Business Center Program was established under Title II of the Women's Business Ownership Act of 1988. It was first named the Demonstration Training Program when it was created by Congress to provide a long-term solution for training and counseling potential and current women business owners, including those who are Socially and Economically Disadvantaged as defined in 13 CFR 124.103. The intent of the program was, and still is, to stimulate the economy through assisting and encouraging growth of women-owned businesses.

The current rule on the Women's Business Center Program is outlined under Title 15 of the US Code, 2019 Edition, Chapter 14A. New rules were applied to the code by the US Small Business Administration, effective January 1, 2020, as outlined in the Federal Register document, Volume 84, No. 227, Monday, November 25, 2019, Rules and Regulations. This rule document was put in place in order to make the Women's Business Center Program more transparent in reporting on progress and financial allotments, as well as providing improved standardization overall.

Women's Business Centers
Women's Business Centers (WBCs) represent a national network of over 100 non-profit educational centers throughout the United States and its territories, funded in part through SBA support. The maximum SBA grant for a WBC is $150,000 per year, although most centers receive less.

WBCs are designed to assist women in starting and growing small businesses, though their services are available to all. WBCs help women succeed in business by providing training, mentoring, business development, and financing opportunities to over 100,000 women entrepreneurs annually across the nation. Women's Business Centers are mandated to serve a significant number of socially and economically disadvantaged individuals.

Research conducted by the Association of Women's Business Centers indicates that 64% of WBC clients in 2012 were low-income, 39% were persons of color, and 70% were nascent businesses. WBC services are provided in more than 35 languages, with 64% of WBCs providing services in two or more languages. In addition to business training services, 68% of WBCs provide mentoring services, and 45% provide microloans.

SCORE
SCORE, the nation's largest network of volunteer, expert business mentors, was founded in 1964 as a resource partner of the U.S. Small Business Administration. SCORE has since educated more than 10 million current and aspiring U.S. small business owners through its free mentoring and free and low-cost workshops. In 2016, SCORE's more than 10,000 volunteer mentors helped their 125,000 clients create 54,072 small businesses, adding 78,691 non-owner jobs to the U.S. economy.

SCORE's core service offering is its mentoring program, through which volunteer mentors (all experienced in entrepreneurship and related areas of expertise) provide free counsel to small business clients. Mentors, operating out of 300 chapters nationwide, work with their clients to address issues related to starting and growing a business, including writing business plans, developing products, conceiving marketing strategies, hiring staff, and more. Clients access their mentors via free, ongoing face-to-face mentoring sessions or through email or video mentoring services.

In addition to mentoring, SCORE also offers free and low-cost educational workshops each year, both online and in-person. In 2016, clients attended 119,957 online workshop sessions, while 237,712 local workshop attendees benefited from SCORE's in-person educational programming.

Veteran Business Outreach Centers (VBOC)
SBA's Office of Veteran Business Development operates twenty-two Veteran Business Outreach Centers through grants and cooperative agreements with organizations which provide technical assistance to businesses owned by veterans and family members. VBOCs also provide instructors for the SBA's program Boots to Business.

Innovation and Strategic Initiatives
The SBA also supports regional innovation clusters across the country.

Federal contracting and business development programs

8(a) Business Development Program
The 8(a) Business Development Program assists in the development of small businesses owned and operated by individuals who are socially and economically disadvantaged, such as women and minorities. Applicants must provide evidence of economic disadvantage (net worth under $250,000K), and must write a statement of personal experiences in combination with evidence to sufficiently demonstrate social disadvantage. The following groups are presumed socially disadvantaged through SBA policy and do not have to submit a social disadvantage narrative when applying for the program: Black Americans; Hispanic Americans; Native Americans (American Indians, Eskimos, Aleuts, or Native Hawaiians); Asian Pacific Americans (persons with origins from Burma, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, Brunei, Japan, China (including Hong Kong), Taiwan, Laos, Cambodia (Kampuchea), Vietnam, Korea, The Philippines, U.S. Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (Republic of Palau), Republic of the Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, Samoa, Macao, Fiji, Tonga, Kiribati, Tuvalu, or Nauru); Subcontinent Asian Americans (persons with origins from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, the Maldives Islands or Nepal). However, on July 19, 2023, a US district court ruled that this presumption is unconstitutional because its use of racial discrimination doesn't pass the strict scrutiny standard.

The 8(a) Program opens the doors for disadvantaged firms to grow and develop for a period of 9-years. It has increased jobs for thousands of people across the Nation, and many of the successful firms had impacted their communities with internships, college funding, and more. Annually, of the government's $99B in small business contracts, 8(a) firms are awarded 5% of contracts.

In 2011, the SBA, along with the FBI and the IRS, uncovered a massive scheme to defraud this program. Civilian employees of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, working in concert with an employee of Alaska Native Corporation Eyak Technology LLC allegedly submitted fraudulent bills to the program, totaling over 20 million dollars, and kept the money for their own use.

Office of Hearings and Appeals
The Office of Hearings and Appeals (OHA) is an independent office within the SBA established in 1983 to provide an independent, quasi-judicial appeal against certain SBA program decisions.

OHA is able to hear appeals regarding:

Size determinations,
Contracting officer designations of North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) codes on federal contracts,
Eligibility determinations for Service-Disabled Veteran-Owned Small Business Concerns (SDVO SBC),
Eligibility of Women-Owned Small Businesses (WOSB),
Eligibility of Economically Disadvantaged WOSB (EDWOSB), and
8(a)BD eligibility determinations, suspensions and terminations.

The OHA publishes unredacted final decisions within a few days of each decision being issued.

Criticism
The Cato Institute has challenged the justification of the federal government in intervening in credit markets. Among other criticisms, Cato argues that "the SBA benefits a relatively tiny number of small businesses at the expense of the vast majority of small business that do not receive government assistance. SBA subsidies also represent a form of corporate welfare for the banking industry."  Cato notes that the failure rate of all SBA loans from 2001 to 2010 is 19.4%, contributing to a cost to taxpayers of $6.2 billion in 2011.

In 2005, SBA Inspector General Report 5-15 stated, "One of the most important challenges facing the Small Business Administration and the entire Federal government today is that large businesses are receiving small business procurement awards and agencies are receiving credit for these awards."

In October 2009, the Government Accountability Office released Report 10-108 which stated, "By failing to hold firms accountable, SBA and contracting agencies have sent a message to the contracting community that there is no punishment or consequences for committing fraud."

Between 2009 and 2011, 7a Program guaranteed loans to Black-owned businesses declined by 47%. Black loans are 3% of 7a loans for fiscal years 2014-2019. The SBA report to Congress has minority loans at 23%.

On April 17, 2020, the SBA approved $20 million in forgivable loans to Ruth's Hospitality Group, a publicly traded company, as part of the Paycheck Protection Program. While accommodation and franchise businesses were allowed by legislation to participate in the Paycheck Protection Program per its qualification requirements, the loan made to Ruth's Hospitality Group represents a departure from the SBA's mission to serve small businesses.

On May 21, 2020, it was reported that Planned Parenthood improperly received Paycheck Protection Program fundings. In response, the SBA sent a demand letter to Planned Parenthood requesting that they return the improperly received funding.

In December 2020, according to data released after a federal lawsuit filed by several news organizations under the Freedom of Information Act challenging the SBA's refusal to release records on borrowers and loan amounts relating to the government's Paycheck Protection Program, it was revealed that more than half of the money from the Treasury Department's coronavirus emergency fund for small businesses actually went to bigger small businesses representing just 5 percent of the recipients. The CARES Act of 2020 generally classified a small business as a business with 500 employees or fewer.

See also
 Administrator of the Small Business Administration
 Title 13 of the Code of Federal Regulations
 Business Development Bank of Canada

References

Further reading
 Bean, Jonathan. Big government and affirmative action: The scandalous history of the Small Business Administration (University Press of Kentucky, 2014) online
 Lowrey, Ying. "Minority entrepreneurship in the USA." International Journal of Business and Globalisation 1.2 (2007): 176-221.
 Nopper, Tamara K. "Minority, black and non-black people of color:'New'color-blind racism and the us small business administration's approach to minority business lending in the post-civil rights era." Critical Sociology 37.5 (2011): 651-671.
 Weems, Robert E. Business in black and white: American presidents and black entrepreneurs in the twentieth century (NYU Press, 2009).

External links

 SBA in the Federal Register
 Public Law 85-699, 85th Congress, S. 3651: Small Business Investment Act of 1958

Financial regulatory authorities of the United States
Government agencies established in 1953
Organizations based in Washington, D.C.


Ifraim Alija (Serbo-Croat: Ifrajim Alija) (born 30 August 1985 in SFR Yugoslavia) is a Swiss footballer who plays for FC Uzwil.

He played his only match in Super League 2003–04 season.

References

External links

1985 births
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Men's association football central defenders
Kosovan men's footballers
Swiss men's footballers
FC Wil players
FC Gossau players
FC St. Gallen players
FC Kreuzlingen players
Swiss Super League players
Kosovan expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Switzerland
Kosovan expatriate sportspeople in Switzerland


Grigori Grigoryevich Bogemsky () (born 1895 in Odessa; died 1957 in Prague) was a Russian football player.

Honors
 Russian League winner: 1913

International career
Bogemsky played his only game for Russia on 14 September 1913 in a friendly against Norway.

Sources

External links
 Profile

1895 births
1957 deaths
Men's footballers from the Russian Empire
Russian Empire men's international footballers
FK Viktoria Žižkov players
Footballers from Odesa
White Russian emigrants to Czechoslovakia
Men's association football forwards


Vishvakarma Puja (), also rendered Vishvakarma Jayanti, is a Hindu observance dedicated to Vishvakarma, the architect of the gods.

It falls on the date of Kanya Sankranti of the Hindu calendar. It is generally celebrated every year between 16 and 18 September, according to the Gregorian calendar, the last few days of the Hindu Bhadra month. The festival is also celebrated in Nepal. Vishvakarma Puja is also celebrated a day after Diwali, along with Govardhan Puja in October–November.

Significance
Vishvakarma is considered to be the divine architect of the universe and the personification of divine creativity in the Rigveda. He is credited with the construction of the city of Dvaraka for Krishna, the palace of Indraprastha for the Pandavas, and many fabulous weapons for the gods, such as the Sudarshana Chakra of Vishnu, the trishula of Shiva, and the lance of Kartikeya. He is also regarded to have authored the Sthapatya Veda, the science of mechanics and architecture. He is regarded to be the patron deity of all craftsmen, with implements of trade often venerated in his honour on the occasion of Vishvakarma Puja.

Practices
The festival is observed primarily in factories and industrial areas, often on the shop floor. The day is marked by artisans, craftsmen, mechanics, smiths, welders, industrial workers, factory workers, engineers, architects, and other workers. Adherents pray for a better future, safe working conditions and, above all, success in their respective fields. Workers also pray for the smooth functioning of various machines. The workers associate their workmanship with the concept of shakti (power), and sometimes see themselves as the children of Vishvakarma. Shrines for the deity are constructed in parts of the workspace for the veneration of tools and machines associated with the line of work. Prasada is often distributed among the workers after offering veneration to the deity for his grace.

In many parts of India, there is a government holiday on 17 September for the occasion, but it is not considered as a national holiday but as a "restricted holiday", whereas in Nepal, there is a full government holiday on this day.

References

Further reading

Hindu holy days
Hindu festivals
September observances
October observances
November observances

Religious festivals in India


First round selections

The following are the first round picks in the 1974 Major League Baseball draft.

* Did not sign

Other notable Selections

* Did not sign

Background
With the number one pick of the June regular phase, San Diego tabbed infielder Bill Almon from Brown University, one of six shortstops selected in round one. Twelve of the first 13 and a total of 16 first round selections went on to become major leaguers, including Lonnie Smith (Philadelphia), Dale Murphy (Atlanta), Garry Templeton (St. Louis), Lance Parrish (Detroit), Willie Wilson (Kansas City) and Rick Sutcliffe (Los Angeles).

Three players from the June regular phase were among the ones who got away. Pitcher Bob Welch (Chicago Cubs, 14th round), infielder Paul Molitor (St. Louis, 28th round) and pitcher Eric Show (Minnesota, 36th round) turned down pro offers for college scholarships.

Notes

External links
Complete draft list from The Baseball Cube database

References

Major League Baseball draft
Draft
Major League Baseball draft


The governing body of swimming in the UK, British Swimming (organisation), organises annual British Championships in swimming. The event is usually held in March or April each year in a long course (50 m) swimming pool, with the results usually acting as selection trials for upcoming international level competitions due to be held in the following summer season.

This is a list of the British champions in the events held at these annual championships. The event remains 'Open' which has resulted in many swimmers of various nationalities claiming the title over the years.

Venues and dates
For venues and dates see British Swimming Championships.

Champions by event

50 m freestyle

100 m freestyle

200 m freestyle

400 m freestyle

800 m freestyle

1500 m freestyle

5000 m freestyle

50 m backstroke

100 m backstroke

200 m backstroke

50 m breaststroke

100 m breaststroke

200 m breaststroke

50 m butterfly

100 m butterfly

200 m butterfly

200 m individual medley

400 m individual medley

See also
British Swimming

References

Swimming in the United Kingdom
Lists of swimming medalists


The Essex Coach was manufactured by the Essex Motor Company in Detroit, Michigan.

Essex Coach specifications (1926 data)
 Color – Body and wheels, blue; running gear, black
 Seating Capacity – Four or five
 Wheelbase – 110½ inches
 Wheels - Wood
 Tires - 30” × 4.95” balloon
 Service Brakes - contracting on rear
 Emergency Brakes - expanding on rear
 Engine  - Six cylinder, vertical, cast en bloc, 2-11/16 × 4¼ inches; head removable; valves in side; H.P. 17.32 N.A.C.C. rating
 Lubrication – Splash, with circulating pump
 Crankshaft - Three bearing
 Radiator – Cellular
 Cooling – Thermo-syphon
 Ignition – Storage Battery
 Starting System – Two Unit
 Voltage – Six
 Wiring System – Single
 Gasoline System – Vacuum
 Clutch – Multiple disc in oil
 Transmission – Selective sliding
 Gear Changes – 3 forward, 1 reverse
 Drive – Spiral bevel
 Rear Springs – Semi-elliptic
 Rear Axle – Semi-floating
 Steering Gear – Worm and full worm wheel

Standard equipment
New car price included the following items:
 tools
 jack
 speedometer
 ammeter
 electric horn
 transmission theft lock
 demountable rims
 spare tire carrier
 sun visor
 cowl ventilator
 headlight dimmer

Optional equipment
The following was available at an extra cost:
 none

Prices
New car prices were F.O.B. factory, plus Tax:
 Touring - $850
 Coach - $850

See also
 Essex (automobile)

References
Source:

Cars of the United States


Aimee Mullins is an American athlete, actress, and public speaker. She was born with a medical condition that resulted in the amputation of both of her legs beneath the knee. She is the first amputee to compete against able-bodied athletes in National Collegiate Athletic Association events, and competed in the Paralympics in 1996 in Atlanta. In 1999, she began modeling, and, in 2002, she began an acting career. She has periodically spoken at conferences, including TED Talks.

Early life and education

Mullins was born in Allentown, Pennsylvania to an Irish father Bernard Mullins from Crusheen, County Clare, Ireland and mother Bernadette Mullins. She was born with fibular hemimelia (missing fibula bones). As a result, both her legs were amputated below the knee when she was one year old. Her parents were told she would likely use a wheelchair for the rest of her life and never walk, but by the age of two she had learned to walk with prosthetic legs. She took up sports and acting at an early age.

Mullins

Career
Mullins competed in the 1996 Summer Paralympics in Atlanta, where she ran the T42-46 class 100-meter sprint in 17.01 seconds and jumped 3.14 meters in the F42-46 class long jump. She retired from competitive track and field in 1998.

Philanthropy
She was elected to represent American female athletes from 2007 to 2009 as Women's Sports Foundation president; the organization was founded by sports pioneer Billie Jean King. She remains a member of both its board of trustees and its athlete advisory panel for the Women Sports Foundation. Sports Illustrated magazine named her one of the "Coolest Girls in Sports". Mullins was included as one of the "Greatest Women of the 20th Century" in the Women's Museum in Dallas prior to the museum's closure.

Along with Teresa Edwards, Mullins was appointed Chef de Mission for the United States at the 2012 Summer Olympics and 2012 Summer Paralympics in London.

In 2012, she was appointed by then-Secretary of State Hillary Clinton to the State Department's Council to Empower Women and Girls Through Sports.

Modeling
In 1999, she modelled for British fashion designer Alexander McQueen, opening his London show on a pair of hand-carved wooden prosthetic legs made from solid ash, with integral boots. She is able to change her height between 5 ft 8in and 6 ft 1in by changing her legs. She was on billboards in the U.S. as part of the "25 Years of Non-Uniform Thinking" campaign by Kenneth Cole in 2009. She was a face of L'Oréal Paris and was appointed a global L'Oréal ambassador in 2011.

Film and television
In 2002, she starred in Matthew Barney's art film Cremaster 3 as six different characters, including a cheetah woman. Her other film and television credits include roles in World Trade Center, Poirot (S9:E1 Five Little Pigs), Naked in a Fishbowl, Quid Pro Quo, and Marvelous. In the River of Fundament, she continued collaboration with Matthew Barney, starring as Isis in performances both live and filmed since 2007 and released in early 2014.  She has performed roles in Young Ones, The Being Experience, Rob the Mob, and the debut feature Appropriate Behavior.  She acted in Crossbones, an NBC television show, and in the Netflix series Stranger Things.

She appeared on The Colbert Report on April 15, 2010, and declared having 12 pairs of prosthetic legs, including some "in museums".

Speaking
Mullins  appears periodically as a speaker on topics related to body, identity, design, and innovation. Her TED conference talks have been translated into 42 languages. She is credited as being one of the speakers that inspired Chris Anderson to purchase the TED conference from Richard Saul Wurman. She was named a TED "All-Star" in 2014.

Personal life
Mullins began dating English actor Rupert Friend in 2013. The couple married in 2016.

Filmography

Films

Television

Awards
In 2017, she was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.

On May 4, 2018, she received an honorary degree and gave the commencement address at Northeastern University in Boston, MA.

References

External links

Aimee Mullins interview with SELF

Living people
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from Allentown, Pennsylvania
American amputees
American female long jumpers
American female sprinters
American film actresses
American people of Irish descent
Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Paralympics
Child amputees
Female models from Allentown, Pennsylvania
Models with disabilities
Parkland High School (Pennsylvania) alumni
Paralympic track and field athletes for the United States
Sportspeople from Allentown, Pennsylvania
Sportspeople with limb difference
Sprinters with limb difference
Walsh School of Foreign Service alumni
Women's Sports Foundation executives
Year of birth missing (living people)


The Men's Freestyle 100 kg at the 1972 Summer Olympics as part of the wrestling program at the Fairgrounds, Judo and Wrestling Hall.

Medalists

Tournament results
The competition used a form of negative points tournament, with negative points given for any result short of a fall. Accumulation of 6 negative points eliminated the wrestler. When only two or three wrestlers remain, a special final round is used to determine the order of the medals.

Legend
DNA — Did not appear
TPP — Total penalty points
MPP — Match penalty points

Penalties
0 — Won by Fall, Passivity, Injury and Forfeit
0.5 — Won by Technical Superiority
1 — Won by Points
2 — Draw
2.5 — Draw, Passivity
3 — Lost by Points
3.5 — Lost by Technical Superiority
4 — Lost by Fall, Passivity, Injury and Forfeit

Round 1

Round 2

Round 3

Round 4

Round 5

Final

Results from the preliminary round are carried forward into the final (shown in yellow).

Final standings

References

External links
Official Report

Freestyle 98kg


Community Impact is a news organization founded and privately owned by John & Jennifer Garrett, serving as the current Chief Executive Officer and Chief Facility Management Officer, respectively. Products include monthly newspapers delivered through USPS mail and daily email newsletters to opt-in inboxes. As of 2023, Community Impact delivers to over 35 markets, covering 2.5 million mailboxes in the Austin, Dallas-Fort Worth, Houston and San Antonio metros.

History

In September 2005, Community Impact Newspaper launched its first edition in Round Rock and Pflugerville, Texas. Six employees created the first newspaper in the game room of John and Jennifer Garrett’s house. Garrett was a former Advertising Director of the Austin Business Journal.

In its first five years, Community Impact Newspaper added about 60 employees and launched 10 community newspapers, including an expansion to the Houston metro in September 2009. In 2010, in a period of heavy layoffs at newspapers and throughout the legacy media industry, Community Impact Newspaper experienced growth, branding the idea that "Print Ain't Dead." After expanding into the Dallas–Fort Worth metro area in March 2011, the media company was featured by Editor & Publisher, CISION and CultureMap Austin.

From 2011-2016, Community Impact Newspaper was named to Inc. Magazine's top 5000 fastest-growing companies for seven consecutive years.

In late 2012, Community Impact Newspaper announced plans to build a new $2.5 million headquarters in Pflugerville, TX, and the 16,000-square-foot office was completed in December 2013. John Garrett was featured in Forbes shortly after the announcement.

In June 2015, Community Impact Newspaper announced it would build a $10 million printing facility next to its headquarters to begin printing all newspaper editions starting in 2016. Since then Community Impact Printing has added on outside printing customers throughout the U.S.

In 2018, Community Impact Newspaper announced its first launch outside of Texas into Phoenix, Arizona, debuting in Gilbert and from there growing into Chandler. In 2019, Community Impact Newspaper launched in the Franklin & Brentwood communities outside of Nashville, Tennessee.

Early March 2020, Community Impact Newspaper launched in the Alpharetta & Milton communities outside of Atlanta, Georgia. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the market closed soon after.

In 2022, Community Impact Newspaper decided to focus solely on Texas as the 9th largest economy in the world, rebranding as Community Impact. They removed “newspaper” from their name, changed their logo and updated their mission statement as a symbol of their “flywheel” strategy, which aims to develop digital products on par with print and recognize the significance of both for readers. That same year, Community Impact started building a Houston Headquarters office in the Jersey Village community, with all staff celebrating the move in at an open house the next April.

As of 2023, the company employs 200 “Impacters” and has won many industry awards, with leadership often serving as event presenters and moderators. In April 2023, Texas Monthly did a feature profile on John Garrett and Community Impact, giving details on the thriving business given the struggling print and news industries.

Markets

As of 2022 the following markets are being served with various individual editions:

 Austin metro area including Travis County, Williamson County, Hays County and Comal County
 Houston metro area including Brazoria County, Harris County, Fort Bend County, Montgomery County and Galveston County
 Dallas | Fort Worth Metroplex including Tarrant County, Collin County, Denton County and Dallas County
San Antonio metro area

The newspaper is mailed to all households and businesses in the given area assuring widespread circulation. It is a non-subscription based newspaper and comes free in the mail each month. However, subscriptions are available for those outside of the circulation area.

References

Newspapers published in Austin, Texas
Monthly newspapers
Hyperlocal media
Local mass media in the United States
Newspaper companies of the United States


Chrysiptera hemicyanea, known commonly as the azure damselfish, azure demoiselle, half-blue demoiselle, and yellow-dipped damsel, is a species of damselfish.

Etymology
The generic name, Chrysiptera, is a compound of the Greek words chrysos, meaning "golden" and pteron meaning "fin" or "wing", while the specific name, hemicyanea, means "half blue" referring to the blue head and upper body.

Distribution
It is native to the eastern Indian Ocean and western Pacific. It has also recently been filmed in the Mediterranean Sea off Malta.

Being a reef species, these fish are found in greatest population in whats known as the Coral triangle, which is one of the largest concentrations of coral reefs in the world, located form the Solomon Islands to Indonesia, Bali and the Philippines.

Typically found in waters 1 to 38m deep and are non migratory.

Appearance
This tropical marine fish reaches  in length. It is mostly bright blue in color, with a bright yellow bottom. Different species in this genus have varied amounts of gold coloring.

Habitat
As a tropical species, these species are found in coral reefs habitats near the equator. They inhabit lagoons or near shore reefs and are typically found in rock structures or around branching corals like Acropora corals.  This species is a reef dependent species that needs corals or other structures for protection from predators. Primary eat plankton and small invertebrates.

Reproduction
The reproduction of Chrysiptera hemicyanea is not well studied. Reproduction in the genus Chrysiptera involves mating pairs, followed by a benthic egg-laying life cycle, where eggs are adhered to a substrate and a male stays around to guard and aerate the eggs. In addition this genus has a shorter larval stage when compared to other damselfish and because of these two things have issues distributing. Population has the ability to double in 15 months.

Conservation
The primary way to protect this species is to maintain their primary habitat which is coral reefs. In current times coral reefs are beginning to disappear in most areas due to coral bleaching. Coral bleaching occurs when warmer average temperatures cause corals to begin to overheat and die, turning them white. Global warming is thought of as the primary cause reef destruction, and will only worsen in the coming decades. It is projected that by the middle of the century there will be severe damage to global coral reefs. As coral reefs die out it may become necessary to supplement structure like artificial reefs or any type of structure that fish has hide in.

In the aquarium
This fish is a popular species in the home aquarium along with some closely related species like Chrysiptera talbotiand C. rollandi. In captivity they are quite hardy and easy to take care of. They can tolerate some minor changes in water chemistry and are recommended for beginners in the saltwater aquarium trade.  This species will eat just about anything including fish flakes and frozen brine shrimp.

Even though they are considered a schooling fish(especially stay around the SPS corals), they are quite aggressive and territorial. Fish that invade the area are harassed, sometimes to death. The best way to avoid this is to place fish in a large enough tank with plenty of structure like coral or live rock.

Recently this species has been successfully bred in captivity to try and increase the supply to the aquarium trade and decrease the environmental impact.

References

hemicyanea
Fish described in 1913


Ripperda is the name of an old and prominent family that belonged to the German, Austrian, Spanish and Dutch nobility. Members of this family have played a major role in European history as soldiers, politicians and diplomats.

Origins
The origins of the name are not completely clear but the family seems to originate from East Frisia, settling in the north-eastern part of the Netherlands (de Ommelanden), the current province of Groningen, in the 13th century. The name Ripperda is probably derived from the man's name Ripperd (Rupert) which was not uncommon among Frisian families. In fact, it is generally believed that the family is descended from Ripertus de Nothemsum, chieftain in Holwierde around 1267.

Barons
In 1474, Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor conferred upon Unico II Ripperda and all his descendants the title of baron with Imperial immediacy (“Reichsunmittelbarer Häuptling und Freiherr”) and the right to issue coins ("muntrecht"). On 3 September 1676, Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor recognised this nobility diploma and confirmed the title of baron ("Reichsfreiherr") for all members of the house of Ripperda.

From the 11th century, members of this family had ruled as local chiefs in the provinces of Groningen and East Frisia. Later, they also belonged to the local nobility of Drenthe, Overijssel, Zutphen, Münster and Minden, among others. Their influence and wealth continued to increase throughout The Netherlands and Westphalia with the help of advantageous marriages and alliances. At their zenith, in the 17th and 18th centuries, the Ripperdas were among the most powerful and wealthiest nobles in the region. As such, they are closely related to a number of other prominent noble families.

Ripperdas today
The Dutch branches of Ripperda-Farmsum, -Oosterwijtwerd, -Winsum, -Vorden and -Weldam had all died out by the late 18th century. The German branch of Ripperda-Petkum died out in 1739; the Spanish branch De Ripperdá in 1873, the Austrian branch of Ripperda-Boxbergen in 1920; and the German branch of Ripperda-Ellerburg shortly after World War II. Today, two Danish members of the branch of Ripperda-Ellerburg (a.k.a. "de Ripperda") survives in Copenhagen, and five of the Dutch-German branch, von Ripperda-Cosyn, in London and Paris.

In addition, numerous descendants of an illegitimate son of John Willem Ripperda listed below) exist in Lingen (Germany) and the United States. However, the latter have never belonged to the nobility and are not formally recognised by the family.

Famous scions
John William, Baron Ripperda.
Wigbolt Ripperda.
Juan María Vicencio de Ripperdá.
Willem Ripperda.

Sources
"Genealogie van het Geslacht Ripperda" by mr. C.P.L. Rutgers (1902).
"Genealogie van het Geslacht Ripperda" by Pieter van Agteren (2014).
"Het Geslacht Ripperda" by R.S. Roorda (1954).
"Genealogie über 16 Generationen des Reichsfreiherrlichen Geschlechtes von Ripperda" by Udo Reichsfreiherr von Ripperda (Königsberg, 1934).
"Huisarchief van Farmsum" in the archives of the Hoge Raad van Adel (High Council for Nobility), The Hague.
"Johan Willem Ripperda – De man die geen koning werd van Corsica" by Sytze van der Veen (2007).
Von Ripperda family-archive.
"Gothäisches Genealogisches Taschenbuch der Freiherrlichen Hauser" (1894, 1904, 1942)
"Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels - Band 122, Adelslexikon XI Pre-Rok" (2000)
"Portraits of the House of Ripperda - A Catalogue" by Charles F. Ponsonby (2016)

External links
 Rob Hubert: House of Ripperda

Surnames
German noble families
Noble families of the Holy Roman Empire
Barons of the Holy Roman Empire
Dutch noble families


Tadeusz Socha (born 15 February 1988 in Wrocław) is a Polish former professional footballer who played as a right-back.

Honours

Club
Śląsk Wrocław
 Ekstraklasa: 2011–12
 Ekstraklasa Cup: 2008–09
 Polish Super Cup: 2012

Arka Gdynia
 I liga: 2015–16
 Polish Cup: 2016–17
 Polish Super Cup: 2017, 2018

References

External links

1988 births
Living people
Polish men's footballers
Poland men's under-21 international footballers
Śląsk Wrocław players
Bytovia Bytów players
Arka Gdynia players
Sandecja Nowy Sącz players
Ekstraklasa players
I liga players
Footballers from Wrocław
Men's association football defenders