Julius Genachowski (born August 19, 1962) is an American lawyer and businessman. He became the Federal Communications Commission Chairman on June 29, 2009. On March 22, 2013, he announced he would be leaving the FCC in the coming weeks. On January 6, 2014, it was announced that Genachowski had joined The Carlyle Group.

Early life and education
Genachowski was born in Brookline, Massachusetts, and grew up in Great Neck, New York, the son of Adele and Azriel Genachowski. He attended yeshiva and studied in Israel. He entered Columbia College of Columbia University as a pre-med student, but earned a Bachelor of Arts in History in 1985, magna cum laude. He was an Editor of the Columbia Daily Spectator. After working in Washington, D.C., for former New York Congressman Chuck Schumer, he entered Harvard Law School and earned a Juris Doctor (1991), also magna cum laude.  He was a Notes Editor at the Harvard Law Review when his classmate Barack Obama was its president. Genachowski clerked for The Honorable Abner J. Mikva on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit and then for Justices William J. Brennan and David Souter at the U.S. Supreme Court.

Government and business experience
Genachowski was on the staffs of the Select Committee investigating the Iran-Contra Affair and then U.S. Representative Chuck Schumer. In 1994 FCC Chairman Reed Hundt hired him as a senior legal advisor; he was chief counsel 1996-1997.

He was Chief of Business Operations and a member of Barry Diller's Office of the Chairperson at IAC/InterActiveCorp and executive responsible for the creation of Fox Broadcasting Company and USA Broadcasting. He earned at least $2.5 million when Vivendi acquired Universal assets in 2003.  He had previously served on the Boards of Directors of Expedia, Hotels.com, and Ticketmaster.

Genachowski was a co-founder of LaunchBox Digital and Rock Creek Ventures; a Special Advisor at General Atlantic; and a member of the Boards of Directors at The Motley Fool, Web.com, Mark Ecko Enterprises,  and Beliefnet.  In April 2006, he was appointed to the Board of JackBe.

He served on the board of Common Sense Media, a leading organization seeking to improve the media lives of children and families and the Advisory Board of Environmental Entrepreneurs (E2). He also helped found the New Resource Bank, the country's first commercial green bank.

On January 6, 2014, it was announced that Genachowski returned to the corporate world to take a post at The Carlyle Group. There he will reportedly concentrate on global technology, media, and telecommunications investments.

Obama campaign and transition
For Senator Barack Obama's 2008 Presidential Campaign, Genachowski was Chairperson of the Technology, Media and Telecommunications Policy Working Group, which created the Obama Technology and Innovation Plan. He also advised and guided the Campaign's innovative use of technology and the Internet for grassroots engagement and participation.

After the November election, he co-led the Technology, Innovation, and Government Reform Group for President-Elect Obama's Transition Team. On January 12, 2009, several news outlets reported that Genachowski would be President-Elect Obama's choice to head the FCC. This was confirmed by a press release on March 3, 2009.

Tenure as FCC Chairman
On June 25, 2009, the U.S. Senate unanimously confirmed Julius Genachowski as FCC Chairman. Wired named "A New FCC" one of the "Top 7 Disruptions of the Year" after Genachowski announced plans to create the country's first national broadband plan, reallocate spectrum from over-the-air TV broadcasters to meet demand for wireless usage, and pursue rules to preserve Internet freedom and openness.

According to an opinion piece by Genachowski, wireless providers increased wireless infrastructure investment more than 60% between 2009 and 2013 and the United States led the world in the deployment and adoption of 4G/LTE mobile broadband. A study by the ITIF made similar assertions. However, numerous press outlets subsequently questioned the findings. Businessweek called the U.S. a "wireless backwater" prior to 2008, while Genachowski praised the mobile industry for "America's leadership in mobile" in 2009.

In terms of wired broadband, the Genachowski FCC reported that networks capable of 100 megabits per second passed less than 20% of U.S. homes in 2009 and over 80% in 2012, putting the U.S. near the top of the world in deployment of broadband infrastructure. This followed announcements of upgrade plans by cable operators in 2008. According to an opinion piece by Genachowski, American firms installed more fiber optic cable for high-speed broadband in 2011 and 2012 than those of any nation other than China, and more than all European nations combined.

Genachowski announced his resignation on March 22, 2013. He will join the Aspen Institute as a senior fellow. In addition, he announced in January 2014 that, upon leaving the FCC, he would begin work for the Carlyle Group.

National Broadband Plan
On March 16, 2010, Genachowski released a National Broadband Plan, titled "Connecting America: The National Broadband Plan".  The plan lays out a vision for a U.S. strategic advantage in broadband. It includes more than 200 recommendations, including proposals to reallocate airwaves for mobile broadband and to modernize the FCC's $9 billion per year Universal Service Fund from a program that supports phone service to a program that efficiently supports broadband.  Proponents had argued that lack of a national plan put the United States at a competitive disadvantage compared to nations with developed broadband plans.

The plan was released to generally positive reviews from public interest and business leaders.  Some public interest advocates expressed concern that the plan did not propose to foster more competition in a broadband market. For example, the broadband plan found there to be "reasons to be concerned about wireline broadband competition in the United States."

President Obama commended the plan, and the Obama administration endorsed the spectrum goal in a speech by National Economic Council Director Lawrence Summers. At the end of Genachowski's tenure, 87 percent of the action agenda had been acted upon. Additional agenda items were never provided.

Connect America Fund
Under Genachowski, the FCC overhauled the $9 billion per year Universal Service Fund (USF) into a program that supports universal broadband service rather than phone service. The new Connect America Fund was approved unanimously by the FCC in October 2011 and launched in April 2012, and maintains the same annual budget as USF.

The FCC projects the Connect America Fund will help connect over 19 million Americans to broadband, mostly in rural areas. In July 2012, the FCC announced the first phase of the program which, over three years, pairs $115 million in public funds with private investment to bring high-speed Internet to 400,000 residents and businesses that lack access.

As part of the reforms, the FCC identified mobile broadband as a Universal Service goal for the first time. The Connect America Fund includes a Mobility Fund specifically to bring 3G and 4G wireless broadband to unserved areas.

Spectrum crunch
Genachowski has warned of a "spectrum crunch" of public airwaves, in which demand for mobile broadband service outstrips the availability of spectrum. Numerous experts have disputed claims that a "spectrum crunch" exists.

Genachowski and his team have pushed for incentive auctions of broadcast television spectrum—a proposal in the National Broadband Plan to allow spectrum license-holders to supply spectrum for auction and receive a share of the proceeds. The plan received criticism from some television broadcasters, who said it favored mobile broadband deployment goals over their industry.
The auctions gained bipartisan support from U.S. lawmakers and praise from wireless and tech companies as a way to promote investment in wireless networks and drive further innovation.

Incentive auctions were passed by U.S. Congress and adopted into law as part of the deal to extend the payroll tax cut. Genachowski announced the process would be advised by a team of auction economics experts, led by economist Paul Milgrom.

Genachowski has pushed for spectrum sharing between current government and commercial wireless users in order to improve network capacity. He has also advocated for the preservation and use of unlicensed spectrum bands as platforms for innovation, citing the success of Wi‑Fi, which uses unlicensed spectrum. The FCC has set aside spectrum for unlicensed use.

In February 2013, the FCC voted unanimously on a Genachowski proposal to free up wireless spectrum that will increase Wi-Fi speeds and ease network congestion in homes and at major hubs, like conferences, airports, hotels etc.  It is the largest block of unlicensed spectrum made available for Wi-Fi in over a decade, and adds an additional 195 MHz of spectrum in the 5 GHz band. NPR's Marketplace called the vote a "rare moment of unanimity in Washington."

Mergers and acquisitions
Under Genachowski, the FCC approved the Comcast NBC merger in January 2011. The FCC and Department of Justice applied a number of public interest conditions to promote online competition in the video marketplace. Unfortunately, according to the FCC, the price of multichannel video has continued to rise. In June 2012, Comcast agreed to pay an $800,000 settlement for allegedly violating their agreement with the FCC to market an affordable, standalone broadband deal that was not tied to cable television plans.

In November 2011, following an August 2011 announcement by the Department of Justice that the merger would be opposed, the FCC moved to block AT&T's proposed $39 billion bid for rival T-Mobile. The merger would have combined the second and fourth-largest cellphone carriers in the country, resulting in the largest concentration in U.S. wireless market in history.[47] AT&T withdrew their application days later. AT&T competitors have sought to improve their market position with a proposed merger between T-Mobile/MetroPCS and a major investment in Sprint Nextel by Japan's Softbank.

Consumer empowerment and protection

Connect2Compete
Genachowski announced the launch of Connect2Compete in 2011, an initiative to help close the digital divide by expanding broadband and computer access to low-income households. Connect2Compete offers under $10 per month broadband access and under $150 laptops to households with a child enrolled in the national school lunch program. It is a partnership with Internet service providers, technology companies, and nonprofits, run outside government and funded by in-kind commitments. In May 2012, Connect2Compete launched a pilot program to expand access in San Diego. It reports billions of dollars in commitments and plans to launch in all 50 states.

Gigabit City Challenge
In January 2013, Genachowski launched a "Gigabit City Challenge" to engage with broadband providers and state and local leaders to ensure ultrafast gigabit Internet is available in at least one community in all fifty states by 2015. As part of the initiative, Genachowski announced plans to hold workshops and create best practices resources to help reach the goal.

Combating bill shock
In 2011 the FCC and wireless carriers reached an agreement to combat bill shock when consumers receive unexpected overage charges. Smartphone and tablet wireless data users now receive alerts when they near an overage charge.

Leading Education by Advancing Digital (LEAD)
Genachowski launched an effort with U.S. Secretary of Education Arne Duncan to encourage the spread of digital textbooks and create a blueprint on how to harness technology for education reform. In 2012 the FCC and Department of Education joined with technology and education leaders to form the Leading Education by Advancing Digital (LEAD) Commission to analyze trends and present policy and funding recommendations. LEAD is co-chaired by Columbia University President Lee Bollinger, TPG Capital co‑founder James Coulter, former Secretary of Education Margaret Spellings and Common Sense Media founder and CEO Jim Steyer.

Data roaming
Genachowski led a successful effort to pass data roaming rules so consumers have access to wireless Internet even in areas their provider does not cover. The rules passed on a 3‑2 vote in April 2011. The rules require Verizon and AT&T to enter into roaming agreements with smaller carriers in order to preserve industry competition.

Health Care
Genachowski launched a Healthcare Connect Fund in 2012 to expand access to broadband for health care. The fund is capped at $400 million and will help bring modern, cost-saving telehealth technology to rural hospitals and clinics. Genachowski also led an effort to provide spectrum for wireless medical technology—called Medical Area Body Networks (mBANs)—that monitor patients' vital signs to improve outcomes and lower costs.

Public files of TV stations
The FCC also passed a rule to require local television stations to put their public files online. The rule modernized the existing agency rule that requires public files available at television stations in physical filing cabinets. The rule was proposed in an FCC report "The Information Needs of Communities", commissioned by Genachowski and authored by Steve Waldman in 2011. Since 1938, broadcasters have been required to make a file available to the public containing information on station advertising and other topics. The new rule was passed in April 2012, and initially ABC, NBC, Fox, and CBS stations in the top 50 markets will have to put their file online—in 2014, all TV stations will be required to comply. Broadcasters resisted the requirement and claimed that administrative costs would be high. Public interest groups and editorial boards such as Bloomberg News endorsed the rule.

Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act (CVAA)
In January 2012, the FCC released a report and order on implementation of the Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act (CVAA), which updates federal law to increase the access of persons with disabilities to modern communications. Among the reforms was a rule moving Internet video previously shown on television to closed captioning.

Net neutrality
While chief technology advisor to President-Elect Obama, Genachowski was a strong advocate of a net neutrality principle. Net neutrality principles were first articulated at the FCC by Republican Chairmen Michael Powell and Kevin Martin, and were endorsed in a unanimous FCC policy statement in 2005. Support for codifying net neutrality came from public interest groups, venture capitalists, wireless carriers such as Sprint and Clearwire, and a coalition including Google, Amazon, Twitter and others. Support for the net neutrality principle was also a campaign promise of Barack Obama. Opposition largely came from dominant Internet service providers.

In May 2010, the FCC proposed an Open Internet Order with net neutrality rules that required wireline Internet service providers to not block websites or impose certain limits on users; wireless providers were given greater freedom to interfere with consumer's Internet access.  In December 2010, the FCC passed a final version on a 3-2 vote.

President Obama issued a statement of support, and later threatened to veto any House legislation to repeal the rules. Support also came from a number of business and technology leaders and public interest groups. AT&T CEO Randall Stephenson backed the rules as a way to eliminate regulatory uncertainty. The rules received criticism from Verizon, which argued they exceed the FCC's authority, and from some public interest groups such as Free Press, which argued the rules were too narrow and should be expanded. Verizon Wireless and Free Press sued the FCC, although Free Press dropped its lawsuit.

In 2012, Genachowski appointed Harvard law professor Jonathan Zittrain to chair an FCC Open Internet Advisory Committee created to evaluate the effectiveness of the neutrality rules. The group is made up of representatives from Mozilla, Netflix, the Center for Democracy and Technology, AT&T, Internet Society, Comcast, Disney, and others. As of April 2013, no evaluation has been provided to the public.

In July 2012, during the FCC review of Verizon Wireless' purchase of spectrum held by cable operators, the FCC settled an investigation into Verizon Wireless over violation of open Internet rules on its 700 MHz spectrum.  The FCC found the Verizon had asked Google to remove applications from the Android marketplace that allow "tethering" to turn smartphones into Wi-Fi hotspots. Verizon had typically charged a "tethering fee" of $20 for their service. As part of the settlement, Verizon agreed to pay $1.25 million to the U.S. Treasury.

International
Genachowski has promoted an international Multistakeholder Model of Internet governance to protect Internet freedom and warned against proposed new regulations by the International Telecommunication Union, an arm of the UN, that could result in a more government-oriented, top-down model of internet governance.

In November 2012, Genachowski and Hector Olavarria Tapia, Mexico's Secretariat of Communications and Transport, signed an initiative to combat theft of mobile devices and their sale across the border. Under the program, wireless carriers will build and maintain an international database to prevent stolen devices from being reactivated in Mexico or the United States. Earlier in the year, major U.S. carriers signed an agreement with the FCC to begin disabling stolen devices within the United States.

Public Safety Initiatives
Genachowski and New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg unveiled the nation's first comprehensive emergency notification system for cellphones at Ground Zero in May 2011. The Personal Localized Alerting Network (PLAN) is a free service to send emergency text alerts to citizens in an area with "imminent threats to safety." It is a partnership between the FCC, FEMA, New York City, and wireless carriers. Genachowski has also announced a plan to create a "Next Generation 911" emergency response system that will enable text, video, and photo messages and automatic location information to be sent to 911.

In response to a nationwide rise in smartphone theft and related assaults, Genachowski, major city police chiefs, and wireless providers launched a national database to track stolen smartphones. The initiative will allow users to disable use of their device once reported stolen, lowering the black market value. From mid-2011 to mid-2012, roughly one in three robberies nationwide involved theft of a cellphone, according to the FCC. The four largest wireless carriers are expected to put databases in place by 2013, and complete a merged database in 2014.

Genachowski has campaigned against "distracted driving", or the use of mobile devices or texting applications while driving. In 2009, Genachowski and Transportation Secretary Ray LaHood launched a campaign to reform laws and change social norms. He has advocated in the media and testified before the Senate, and spurred awareness campaigns such as AT&T's "It Can't Wait" initiative. Over 100,000 car crashes each year involve texting, according to the National Safety Council.

Personal life
His parents are Eastern European Jews who survived the Holocaust. His cousin, Menachem Genack, is an Orthodox rabbi and the CEO of the Orthodox Union Kosher Division. He was previously married to Rachel Goslins and to journalist Martha Raddatz.

Genachowski was named by President Barack Obama to lead the United States delegation for the commemoration of the 65th anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz.

See also
 List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 3)

References

External links

1962 births
21st-century American businesspeople
American people of Polish-Jewish descent
Chairmen of the Federal Communications Commission
Columbia College (New York) alumni
Harvard Law School alumni
Law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States
Living people
Obama administration personnel
People from Great Neck, New York


Lost Souls is a UPN Original Movie released in 1998 as part of the Thursday Night at the Movies block that ran from 1998–2000. It is one of six movies created by the same production team, and the six films were given the brand Nightworld. The movie then aired frequently on the Fox Family Channel, and was included in their 13 Days Of Halloween special each October.

Synopsis
Victor Robinson has just moved into a country home with his family. When his son, Jesse, finds an old Edison invention and begins to play it, he hears the sounds of children laughing and playing. This is followed by Victor's autistic 12-year-old daughter, Meaghan, painting and singing; this is surrounded by strange occurrences around the house. When Victor discovers that two children were murdered in the area years before, he believes they are trying to contact him; he also believes that their neighbor is responsible for the murders.

Cast
 John Savage as Victor Robinson
 Barbara Sukowa as Sheila Robinson
 Nicolas Diegman as Jesse Robinson
 Laura Harling as Meghan Robinson
 Richard Lintern as Graham Scofield
 Robert Sherman as George Giffard
 Jean-François Wolff as Elson Garrett
 Ted Rusoff as Humphrey Garrett
 Christian Erickson as Jack Mennias
 Claudette Roche as Dr. Hollings
 Gary Beadle as Stuart Markle
 Mark O'Hagan as Young Elson
 Jody Scott as Helen Norris (deleted scene-uncredited)

Filming locations
Although the movie takes place in Ulster County, New York, in the fictional city Chesapequa, it was filmed in various cities in Luxembourg such as scenes in the forested area of Berdorf called the Mullerthal Trail. It is a popular tourist attraction that leads to many caves such as the famous Hohllay Cave.

Select American Cable Broadcast History
 November 12, 1998 - UPN
 April 1, 1999 - UPN
 October 21, 2000 - FOX Family
 January 18, 2001 - FOX Family
 February 25, 2001 - FOX Family
 March 3, 2001 - FOX Family
 June 3, 2001 - FOX Family
 August 19, 2001 - FOX Family
 October 20, 2001 - FOX Family
 October 26, 2001 - FOX Family
 October 31, 2001 - FOX Family
 November 17, 2001 - ABC Family
 December 30, 2001 - ABC Family
 January 31, 2002 - ABC Family
 March 3, 2002 - ABC Family
 October 19, 2002 - ABC Family
 October 23, 2002 - ABC Family
 October 24, 2002 - ABC Family
 May 19, 2007 - TNT

Home media
United States:
On June 15, 2010, Lost Souls was released on DVD by Echo Bridge Home Entertainment in several double feature DVD packs.

Filmrise acquired distribution rights in 2019, and it is available to watch On Demand through Amazon Prime Video.

Germany: On May 16, 2014, Lost Souls was released on DVD by Pidax film media Ltd., with the title Haus der verlorenen Seelen.

Japan: In 2000, Lost Souls was released on VHS.

Certifications
The film originally aired on Television under the rating of TV-PG, but was not submitted for rating for home media in the United States, and a "Not Rated" certification with "Brief Profanity" is listed on the DVD releases by Echo Bridge Home Entertainment.

References

External links

1998 films
1998 television films
1990s mystery thriller films
1990s science fiction horror films
1990s supernatural thriller films
1990s science fiction drama films
1990s mystery drama films
American mystery thriller films
American science fiction television films
American science fiction thriller films
American supernatural thriller films
Films about autism
Films about child death
Films about families
Films about murder
Films set in New York (state)
Films shot in Luxembourg
American science fiction drama films
UPN original films
1998 drama films
American drama television films
1990s English-language films
1990s American films
American mystery television films


Italy–Serbia relations are diplomatic relations between Italy and Serbia. Kingdom of Italy established formal bilateral relations with the Principality of Serbia on 18 January 1879. The strategic partnership between the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Italy was established in Rome on 13 November 2009. Italy is one of the member states of the European Union which strongly support Accession of Serbia to the European Union. Both countries are members of the Central European Initiative, OSCE, Council of Europe and the World Trade Organization.

History

Before the establishment of the formal bilateral relations

Economic, social and political interactions between Italian Peninsula and Balkan Peninsula are of historical longue durée and were intensive ever since the Roman Empire conquered of the region. Grand Prince of Serbia Stefan the First-Crowned (1165–1228) coronation was performed by a legate of Pope Urban II which led some Serbian historians to conclude that Stefan underwent both Catholic and Orthodox coronations, but modern scholars tend to agree that only the papal one took place. Stefan's third wife, Venetian noblewoman Anna Dandolo, became Queen of Serbia and was mother to Stefan Uroš I. Popular legend claims that the Žiča Monastery, seat of the Serbian Orthodox Church between 1219 and 1253, was intentionally constructed on the halfway between Rome and Constantinople.

Principality of Serbia held friendly relations with Kingdom of Sardinia and drew the inspiration and lessons for the Serbian unification from the Italian unification, in which Kingdom of Sardinia played an important part. Italian movement became the main example for United Serb Youth, which took inspiration from Mazzini’s movement. Until the 1860s Serbia and Italy both pursued anti-Austrian politics, which made the two countries closer. Following the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 Italy supported Serbian leadership as the Piedmont of the South Slavs with Prince Mihailo Obrenović as its leader. During the Congress of Berlin Italy supported Serbia's request for independence but did not support other request made by Serbian leadership.

Relations up until the creation of Kingdom of Yugoslavia
Kingdom of Italy established formal bilateral relations with the Principality of Serbia on 18 January 1879.

When WWI started Italian FM Antonino Paternò Castello, Marchese di San Giuliano pursued a generally cautious policy and Italian greater presence in the region via various investments and construction of railways. The next Minister of Foreign Affairs Sidney Sonnino did not follow up on his policies but rather wanted to expand Italy's territories on the Adriatic (mainly Montenegro, Dalmatia and Albania), which was opposed to the Serbian policy of unification.

Yugoslav period

Breakup of Yugoslavia

In the initial phase of the Breakup of Yugoslavia Members of the European Economic Community were divided over the importance they should give to the potentially contradictory principles of self-determination and territorial integrity. German Chancellor Helmut Kohl strongly stressing the right to self-determination, French President François Mitterrand arguing against immediate cutoff of aid to Yugoslavia, while Spain, Italy and United Kingdom insisted on the territorial integrity of Yugoslavia. In the period following the breakup of Yugoslavia Italy perceived Belgrade as an ally for diplomatic leverage on newly independent Croatia and Slovenia in advocating rights of Istrian Italians and recognition of Istrian-Dalmatian exodus while in addition Italian left showed sympathy towards the country under international sanctions. Staff size at the Italian Embassy in Belgrade barely changed between years 1990 and 2010.

Relations between Italy and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia-Montenegro) under Slobodan Milosevic's rule were cold but nevertheless continued. The Italian government bought shares in Telekom Serbia, but also took part in the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia when the NATO-member states used the Aviano Air Base in Italy from where military aeroplanes dropped bombs onto Yugoslavia. Italian participation was perceived as a major rapture in relations, yet Rome decided to participate in NATO bombing as it enabled Italy to get a primary role in the aftermath of the war. 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia was the first NATO intervention led by Italian officials and the country was the second largest contributing state of the NATO Kosovo Force. This offered an opportunity for Italy to regain a more central role in Mediterranean diplomacy which particularly materialized in UNIFIL Lebanon. Italy and Serbia quickly normalized relations after the overthrow of Slobodan Milošević and Rome becoming one of the first supporters of Serbia's European integrations.

Serbian university professor and academic Nikša Stipčević made various contributions to the study of Serbian-Italian relations in the 19th century and history of the relations in general.

Relations since 2006
On 21 February 2008 Italy recognized unilateral declaration of independence of Kosovo which in previous days was recognized by France, United Kingdom, United States and Germany as well. This was perceived as a second major blow to the relations after 1999 intervention and Serbia recalled its ambassador for a couple of months but subsequently normalized relations. Former Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs and at the time High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Federica Mogherini facilitated Belgrade–Pristina negotiations. In an effort to reach final comprehensive agreement between two sides Mogherini was open to the idea of Partition of Kosovo but the agreement was not reached due to Kosovo's announcement of a 10% and subsequently 100% tariffs on goods imported from Serbia and Bosnia-Herzegovina. In 2016 Italy was represented in Belgrade with 25 diplomats, just behind Russia (54), United States (40), China (37), Germany (33) and Libya (27) but more than Austria, France, Turkey, Hungary, United Kingdom or Serbian diplomatic allies in Europe such as Greece and Spain.  Comparatively high Italian presence was explained with growing economic ties, unusually high Libyan diplomatic presence, Serbia's role in Western Balkans and Italian leading role in developing the best possible NATO–Serbia relations short of membership.

Italy and Serbia co-hosted the 2005 Men's European Volleyball Championship and 2011 Women's European Volleyball Championship.

Italy is one of Serbia's main trading partners. In 2019, Italy was the fourth largest source of imports and the second largest export destination for Serbia.

On April 25 2020, Serbia sent eight planes with medical aid to Italy, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Serbia sent two million epidemiological masks, two million surgical masks, four million gloves and 100,000 suits.

Gallery

Diplomatic missions

Republic of Italy
Belgrade (Embassy)

Republic of Serbia
Rome (Embassy)
Milan (Consulate-General)
Trieste (Consulate-General)

See also
 Italy–Yugoslavia relations
 Foreign relations of Italy
 Foreign relations of Serbia
 Balkan Romance languages
 Accession of Serbia to the European Union

Sources

External links
  Italian embassy in Belgrade (in Italian and Serbian only)
  Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Italy

References

Serbia
Bilateral relations of Serbia


Portuguese-Serbian relations date back to 1882. Portugal has an embassy in Belgrade, and Serbia has an embassy in Lisbon.  Despite support by Portugal for the independence of Kosovo, Serbian Prime Minister Mirko Cvetković was keen to improve bilateral cooperation. Also, Portugal is backing Serbia's accession to the European Union (EU).

History

Portugal established diplomatic relations with the Kingdom of Serbia on 19 October 1917. Relations continued with the successor Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The Portuguese recognized the government in exile of this state after the German occupation of 1941. Relations with the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, which took power in 1945 after World War II, were only established in 1974 after the Portuguese Carnation Revolution. Following the dissolution of the SFR of Yugoslavia during the Yugoslav wars, Portugal maintained relations with the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, later reconstituted as Serbia and Montenegro and finally as the Republic of Serbia after Montenegro declared its independence in July 2006.

In April 1999, Portugal participated in the NATO bombing of Serbia from the Aviano Air Base  in Italy. Portugal also provided troops as part of NATO peacekeeping efforts in the breakaway Serbian province of Kosovo in 1999. In April 1999 Serbia filed a complaint with the International Court of Justice regarding Portugal's use of force in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. As of 2007, Portugal still had about 300 troops in Kosovo.

Official meetings and statements

 In December 1997, President of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Slobodan Milosevic received Portuguese Foreign Minister Jaime Gama, to discuss strengthening bilateral relations.
 In January 2002 The Foreign Minister of Portugal, Jaime Gama, returned to the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in his capacity as Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) Chairman-in-Office. The OSCE was engaged in stabilizing the situation in southern Serbia following the Kosovo War.
In November 2003, Serbia and Montenegro President Svetozar Marović visited Portugal. During this visit he signed an agreement on the  succession of Bilateral Agreements between the SFR of Yugoslavia and Portugal, extending prior agreements on tourism,  business, scientific and technological cooperation, and cooperation in information.
In July 2005 Portuguese Minister of Defense Luís Amado visited Serbia and Montenegro, where he discussed military cooperation with his Serbian counterpart.
 In May 2007 Portuguese Foreign Minister Luís Amado gave strong support for Serbian ambitions to join the European Union.
 In July 2007, Serbian Prime Minister Vojislav Kostunica visited Lisbon.
 In October 2008, Portugal recognized Kosovo's independence from Serbia. (See also Kosovan–Portuguese relations.)
In November 2008, Portuguese Foreign Minister Luís Amado met with his Serbian counterpart Vuk Jeremić in Belgrade and voiced his support for removing the suspension of a trade agreement between Serbia and the European Union. Also that month, the Serbian Minister of Science and Technological Development met a Portuguese  delegation and discussed cooperation in energy efficiency, nanotechnology and the food industry, with plans to sign a Cooperation Agreement on Science and Technology by the end of 2008.
In February 2009, Serbian Defence Minister Dragan Sutanovac met with his Portuguese counterpart Nuno Severiano Teixeira. They signed an agreement on defense cooperation and discussed Serbia's NATO bid.
In June 2009, Serbian Prime Minister Mirko Cvetkovic met with Portuguese parliamentary speaker Jaime Gama, and discussed improvements to bilateral cooperation.

Economic relations
In the January–October 2006 period bilateral trade between Serbia and Portugal were estimated at US$12.7 million.

See also
 Foreign relations of Portugal
 Foreign relations of Serbia
 Accession of Serbia to the European Union
 Kosovo–Portugal relations
 Serbs in Portugal
 Portugueses in Serbia
 Portugal–Yugoslavia relations

References

Serbia
Bilateral relations of Serbia


Serbian-Spanish relations are foreign relations between Serbia and Spain.  Both countries established diplomatic relations on October 14, 1916. Serbia has an embassy in Madrid.  Spain has an embassy in Belgrade. Both countries are member states of the United Nations, Interpol, Council of Europe and Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. Spain is member state of the European Union since 1986 and Serbia is a candidate country since 2012 negotiating its future membership which Spain is strongly supporting. Spain is member state of NATO alliance while Serbia is a militarily neutral country with strong historical relations with the Non-Aligned Movement. In relation to third parties, both countries supported position of Argentina in its Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute with the United Kingdom in the past.

Spain is one of five member states of the European Union that does not recognize unilateral declaration of independence of Kosovo and is actively opposing its membership in international organisations such as UNESCO and Interpol. In addition, Spain is supporting Serbia's insistence on establishment of Community of Serb Municipalities in Kosovo as provided by the 2013 Brussels Agreement signed under the auspices of the European Union. Serbia strongly supported Spanish territorial integrity during the 2017–2018 Spanish constitutional crisis, with Serbian Foreign Minister stating that Spain is one of the best international friends of Serbia.

History
After Expulsion of Jews from Spain in 1492 by the Catholic Monarchs ruling Castile and Aragon many Sephardi Jews settled in Balkan provinces of what was then Ottoman Empire. With the rise of nationalism among Orthodox Christians of Ottoman Empire they have organised rebellions against Muslim ruling elite starting with the 1804 Serbian Revolution against Ottoman rule. Revolution was running in parallel with the Napoleonic Wars. Process of Decline of the Ottoman Empire will continue until the end of First Balkan War in 1913 with the gradual reconquest of the Balkan peninsula by newly independent states and southward retreat of Ottoman Empire. In 1882 philosopher and senator Ángel Pulido is writing how one Sephardic merchant at the market in Belgrade told him "I am not Spanish from there [Spain], but Spanish from the East." In the same year Milan I of Serbia was awarded with the Order of Charles III on the occasion of his proclamation as the King of Serbia. In 1895 Đorđe Popović-Daničar have published the first translation of Don Quixote into Serbian which according to him was "the best novel in the world". In his translation undertaking he was helped by Sephardi Jew Hajim Davičo. In 1903 Vicente Blasco Ibáñez arrived at Belgrade on the Orient Express service where he stated that city is "relatively cosmopolitan, with trams, cafes, and theaters, but full of nervous military men, women wanting to imitate French fashion and drunk orthodox priests". Since 1910 Spain had one diplomatic representative in the Kingdom of Serbia, Mr Francisco Serrat i Bonastre, who will stay at that function throughout the Balkan Wars all until the 1914 and the beginning of First World War which began after the Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, July Crisis and Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia.

First World War and interwar years
Serbian Campaign of World War I resulted in Serbia losing a third of its entire population. After the Serbian army's retreat through Albania, which resulted in more than 200,000 deaths, the country's government together with some of its population settled at the Greek island of Corfu. Spain was a neutral power in the war but one which was actively involved in mediation among the conflicting parties. At one point Spain was involved in the provision and protection of 1,500 Serbian children and the release of 100 prisoners of war in Banja Luka in 1917. The Serbian Government on Corfu and Spain established diplomatic relations in 1916 and in the same year the first Serbian ambassador arrived at Madrid.

During the interwar years, famous Serbian poet Jovan Dučić (1919-1921) and Ivo Andrić (1928-1929, 1961 recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature) were serving as ambassadors of the newly founded Kingdom of Yugoslavia to Spain. At the same time Kalmi Baruh was in Spain on scholarship received from the Spanish Government studying for the post-doctoral historical studies in the Spanish center of Historical Studies, Madrid.

Spanish Civil War

Francoist Spain Period

Post-Franco Spanish-Yugoslav relations
The relations between Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and Kingdom of Spain were relatively cordial since the end of Francoist period in Spain. They were mostly kept at the diplomatic level as Spain was focusing on its integrations into European Community and NATO. Some among the Spanish politicians were considering the option to follow the Yugoslav Non-Aligned Movement way like Malta and Cyprus did at the time. Future Spanish foreign minister Miguel Ángel Moratinos served in Belgrade as a young diplomat in the 1980s. Spanish presence in Yugoslavia would later be transferred to Serbia and would not be completely cut of even during the years of Sanctions against Yugoslavia.

Yugoslav Wars
In 1991, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Spain Francisco Fernández Ordóñez proposed to the Foreign Affairs Council of the European Community to initiate a quick recognition and enlargement procedure with Yugoslavia as the only way to prevent the breakup of the country. Spain preferred to be perceived as the neutral player in the region during the conflict but its foreign policy was generally sympathetic towards Serbia which was perceived as the core state of former multinational and diverse Yugoslav state. It was against Spanish political instincts to recognize independence of Croatia and Slovenia at the time of Breakup of Yugoslavia, yet as a new member state of the European Community country was reluctant to break the European unity. At the time, newly united Germany was the strongest advocate of independence for Croatia and Slovenia with all 12 members of the European Community, as well as Austria and Switzerland following German push for recognition.

1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia
Under the leadership of José María Aznar, the Spanish Government had decided that the Spanish Armed Forces would be a part of the coalition enacting the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia. Out of 16 NATO member states at the time, 13 took part in the intervention. The member states that did not partake in the bombings were Iceland, which maintained no standing army; Luxembourg with a very small standing army; and Greece as the only major member state which expressed strong opposition to the intervention. 38% of Spanish citizens supported the participation of Spain and 42% of them opposed it. At the same time all of the Spanish political parties in parliament, with the exception of the radical left which held 23 out of 350 seats, voted in favor of Spanish participation in NATO intervention. Javier Solana was the NATO Secretary-General at the time of intervention. Spanish F-18s were among the first planes to strike targets in Serbia; Aznar's Government supported subsequent interventions in Afghanistan and Iraq as well.

21st Century
On 17 February 2008 Assembly of Kosovo adopted its second unilateral declaration of independence. Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija was not under de facto control of Government of Serbia at the time of unilateral declaration of independence and was under the control of the United Nations UNMIK and NATO-led KFOR peacekeeping force missions. Spain, together with Greece, Cyprus, Romania and Slovakia among the European Union member states refused to recognize independence of Kosovo on the basis of unilateral declaration without agreement reached through the negotiations with the central government in Belgrade fearing the potential consequences of the Kosovo independence precedent for the world order. By mid-September 2009 Spain finished its complete withdrawal from the KFOR mission as it was no longer ‘status-neutral’. The press and experts criticized the withdrawal but 70% of Spanish citizens viewed the
withdrawal from Kosovo as a positive move. Two weeks after announcing the withdrawal from KFOR, the Spanish government announced its decision to withdraw the nine Spanish policemen that where part of EULEX mission.

Relations since the beginning of European integrations of Serbia

On 11 January 2009 Minister of Foreign Affairs of Spain Miguel Angel Moratinos urged the Government of Netherlands to unblock Serbia's Stabilization and Association Agreement with the European Union which at the time was already signed but its implementation had been blocked by the Netherlands. After the Council's recommendation of 28 February 2012, Serbia received full candidate status on 1 March. On 28 June 2013 the European Council endorsed the Council of Ministers conclusions and recommendations to open accession negotiations with Serbia. Spain is strongly supporting Serbia's accession negotiations. During the 2017–2018 Spanish constitutional crisis, Serbia expressed strong support for the territorial integrity of Spain and for the actions of Spanish Government. On the meeting of European External Action Service in 2018 Spanish representatives together with some of those from Visegrád Group required to get actively involved in the EU facilitated Belgrade–Pristina negotiations.

Serbian president Aleksandar Vučić visited Spain on 23 February 2022, with scheduled meetings with king Felipe VI and prime minister Pedro Sánchez, seeking to seal the purchase of two military aircraft C-295. On 29 July 2022, in the wake of a visit to the Western Balkans (including Belgrade) of Spanish prime minister Pedro Sánchez and a meeting with Serbian president Aleksandar Vučić, the former stressed the Spanish support to the advance in Serbia's EU membership negotiations, also declaring that "international law and the territorial integrity of nations must be respected" in relation to Kosovo.

Cultural relations

Literature
In his novel "Danube: A Sentimental Journey from the Source to the Black Sea", Italian novelist Claudio Magris is describing 1734 settlement of Spaniards in the town of Bečkerek in modern-day Vojvodina where they have established a so-called New Barcelona. Northern Serbian city of Zrenjanin is mentioned in the novel "Waiting for Robert Capa" (under its old name of Petrovgrad) of Spanish author Susana Fortes. Jewish protagonist's brothers who are running from persecution, are settling in Petrovgrad, just on the border with Romanian, because as protagonist claim, there was never tradition of antisemitism in Zrenjanin.

Economic relations
Joint Spanish-Serbian Chamber of Commerce (, ) was established in Madrid on July 6, 2017. As its first president Oscar de la Heras was elected, and Serbian Ambassador in Spain Danko Prokić as its first honorary president.

Bilateral meetings in 2007–2017 period

Spanish officials in Serbia
 26 February 2007; Miguel Ángel Moratinos (Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation) visit to Belgrade and Priština.
 17 and 18 September 2007; Bernat Soria (Minister of Health) attends 57th Session of the Committee Regional Office of WHO in Belgrade.
 10 January 2009; Miguel Ángel Moratinos (Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation) visit to Belgrade.
 11 December 2009; Miguel Ángel Moratinos (Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation) visit to Belgrade.
 20 April 2010; Miguel Ángel Moratinos (Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation) visit to Belgrade.
 28 and 29 March 2011; Diego López Garrido (Secretary of State for the European Union) visit to Belgrade.
 14 June 2011; Trinidad Jiménez (Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation) visit to Belgrade.
 4-6 September 2011; Juan Antonio Yañez-Barnuevo (Secretary of State for Foreign Relations) attends 50th Anniversary Non-Aligned Movement Meeting in Belgrade.
 14 October 2011; María Luisa Cava de Llano (Acting Ombudsman) visit to Serbia.
 16 March 2012; Miguel Cardena (Secretary of State for Sport) attends XII Conference of the Council of European Ministers of Sport.
 21 and 22 March 2012; Jorge Fernández Díaz (Minister of the Interior) visit to Serbia.
 21 and 22 November 2012; Fernando García Sánchez (Chief of the Defence Staff) visit to Serbia.
 2-4 December 2015; Ignacio Ybáñez (Secretary of State for Foreign Relations) visit to Serbia.
 23 and 24 May 2016; José Manuel García-Margallo (Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation) together with Fernando Eguidazu (Secretary of State for the European Union) visit to Serbia.
 22 June 2017; Juan López Herrera (Director General for Bilateral Relations with European Union Countries) and José Martín y Pérez de Nanclares (Head of the International Law Division) visit to Serbia.
 20 July 2017; Enrique Mora (Director General for Foreign Policy) visit to Serbia.
 30 November 2017; Jorge Toledo (Secretary of State for the European Affairs) and Juan López Herrera (Director General for Bilateral Relations with European Union Countries) visit to Serbia.
 18-20 July 2017; José Manuel Maza (Attorney General of the State) "Twinning" project closure.

Serbian officials in Spain
 18 July 2007; Vuk Jeremić (Minister of Foreign Affairs) visit to Madrid where he meets with Miguel Ángel Moratinos and José Antonio Alonso.
 9 and 10 October 2007; Vuk Jeremić (Minister of Foreign Affairs) attends OSCE Conference of Ministers of Foreign Relations on the topic of discrimination of Muslims.
 29 and 30 November 2007;  Vuk Jeremić (Minister of Foreign Affairs) attends OSCE Conference of Ministers of Foreign Relations and meets Miguel Ángel Moratinos.
 14 December 2007; Dušan Spasojević (Minister of Defense) visit to Madrid where he meets with the State Secretary for Defense.
 December 2007; Snežana Malović (Minister of Justice) visit to Madrid.
 15 January 2008; Vuk Jeremić (Minister of Foreign Affairs) attends I Forum of the Alliance of Civilizations and meete with the Spanish Minister of Foreign Affairs.
 22 April 2008; Vuk Jeremić (Minister of Foreign Affairs) visit to Madrid where he meets with Miguel Ángel Moratinos.
 4 July 2008; Vuk Jeremić (Minister of Foreign Affairs) visit to Madrid.
 1 December 2008; Vuk Jeremić (Minister of Foreign Affairs) and Ivica Dačić (Minister of the Interior) visit to Madrid.
 9 March 2009; Boris Tadić (President of Serbia) and Vuk Jeremić (Minister of Foreign Affairs) visit to Madrid.
 23 February 2010; Vuk Jeremić (Minister of Foreign Affairs) visit to Madrid.
 31 January 2011; Ivica Dačić (Vice Prime Minister and Minister of the Interior) signing of bilateral agreement on fight against crime and organized crime.
 6 October 2011; Mirko Cvetković (Prime Minister of Serbia) Hispanic-Serbian Business Forum.
 10 April 2012;  Snežana Malović (Minister of Justice) visit to Madrid.
 3 May 2012; Vuk Jeremić (Minister of Foreign Affairs) visit to Madrid.
 28 May 2013; Suzana Grubješić (Vice Prime Minister for European Integrations of Serbia) visit to Madrid.
 6 June 2017; Katarina Lalić (Vice Prime Minister) attends OSCE Conference in Málaga.
 2017; Katarina Lalić (Vice Prime Minister) meets with the State Secretary López Herrera and Spanish director for international legal advice for Kosovo.
 8 June 2017; Ivica Dačić (Minister of Foreign Affairs) visit to Madrid.
 19-21 July 2017; Jana Ljubičić (Delegate from the Ministry of the Interior) and Vladimir Rebić (Director of the Serbian Police) visit to Spain.
 26 and 27 September 2017; Ivica Dačić (Minister of Foreign Affairs) attends opening of the Honorary Consulate of Serbia in Zaragoza.

See also
 Foreign relations of Serbia
 Foreign relations of Spain
 Accession of Serbia to the European Union
 Serbs in Spain
 Spaniards in Serbia
 Yugoslav volunteers in the Spanish Civil War
 Spain–Yugoslavia relations

References

External links
 Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Spain
  Embassy of the Republic of Serbia in Madrid, Kingdom of Spain
  Spanish Ministry of Foreign Relations about relations with Serbia (in Spanish only)
  Embassy of the Kingdom of Spain in Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
 Spanish-Serbian Chamber of Commerce
 Instituto Cervantes de Belgrado

Spain
Bilateral relations of Spain


Black Session: Yann Tiersen is the first live album of French avant-garde musician and composer Yann Tiersen.  The live album was recorded by France International on 2 December 1998 as the opening act of the Rencontres Trans Musicales in the Salle Serreau at the Théâtre National de Bretagne in Rennes, for the C'est Lenoir show broadcast on the French public radio station France Inter.  It was subsequently mastered by Radio France, and released in CD format one year later on 2 November 1999.  The album features Tiersen with Claire Pichet, Dominique A, Northern Irish singer, songwriter, and frontman of the chamber pop group The Divine Comedy Neil Hannon, singer and songwriter Bertrand Cantat of Noir Désir, singer and illustrator Françoiz Breut, anglophone French rock band The Married Monk (Christian Quermalet, Philippe Lebruman, Etienne Jaumet, Nicolas Courret), French folk rock group Têtes Raides (Christian Olivier, Grègoire Simon, Pascal Olivier, Anne-Gaëlle Bisquay, Serge Bégout, Jean-Luc Millot, and Edith Bégou), the string quartet Quatuor à cordes, guitarist and composer Olivier Mellano, and author Mathieu Boogaerts.

Track listing
All songs are written and composed by Yann Tiersen except where noted.

 "Sur le fil" – 3:07
 "Geronimo" (Neil Hannon) – 1:56 (Sung by Neil Hannon)
 "Life on Mars" (David Bowie) – 3:09 (Sung by Neil Hannon)
 "La Rupture" – 2:44 (Sung by Claire Pichet)
 "Monochrome" – 3:29 (Sung by Dominique A)
 "Les Bras de mer" (Dominique A) – 3:07 (Sung by Dominique A)
 "Roma amor" (The Married Monk) – 4:00 (Sung by Christian Quermalet)
 "Tout est calme" – 3:27 (Sung by Yann Tiersen)
 "À ton étoile" (Bertrand Cantat/Noir Désir) – 3:46 (Sung by Bertrand Cantat)
 "La Crise" – 2:35 (Sung by Claire Pichet)
 "Les Forges" (Dominique A) – 4:01 (Sung by Françoiz Breut)
 "La Noyée" – 2:26
 "Ginette" (Christian Olivier/Les Têtes Raides) – 4:49 (Sung by Christian Olivier)
 "La Terrasse" – 3:40 (sung by Yann Tiersen)
 "Bon voyage" (Mathieu Boogaerts) – 2:25 (Sung by Mathieu Boogaerts)
 "Le Quartier" – 2:17

Personnel
Yann Tiersen
Christian Quermalet is featured on tracks 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, and 16
Quatuor à cordes are featured on tracks 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 11
The Married Monk are featured on tracks 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 14
Olivier Mellano is featured on "La Crise"
Les Têtes Raides are featured on "La Noyée" and "Ginette"

References

External links
 Yann Tiersen's official homepage

1999 live albums
Yann Tiersen albums


Two ships of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Ostrich, after the bird:

 was a 14-gun sloop purchased in 1777 and sold in 1782.
 was a  launched in 1900 and sold in 1920.

Royal Navy ship names


Jalan FELDA Kampung Awah, Federal Route 1527, is a main federal road in Bandar Pusat Jengka, Pahang, Malaysia.

At most sections, the Federal Route 1527 was built under the JKR R5 road standard, with a speed limit of 90 km/h.

List of junctions

Malaysian Federal Roads


The 2007 Grand National (officially known as the John Smith's Grand National for sponsorship reasons) was the 160th official annual running of the world-famous Grand National steeplechase which took place at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool, England, on 14 April 2007 and attracted the maximum permitted field of forty competitors for a total prize money of £700,000 including £399,140 to the winner.

33–1 shot Silver Birch, ridden by Robbie Power, edged out McKelvey to win the race by three-quarters of a length. Joint-favourite Point Barrow, at odds of 8–1, fell at the first fence. The meeting was attended by around 70,000 spectators at Aintree, and an estimated 16 million adults placed bets on the race.

Runners and betting
2005 Scottish Grand National winner Joe's Edge was the long-time ante-post favourite but public money on race day came for 2006 Irish Grand National winner Point Barrow after being tipped by several morning newspaper tipsters but the big plunge bets went on the heavyweight Monkerhostin who had recently run well in the Cheltenham Gold Cup. Not surprisingly the two former winners in the race, Hedgehunter, under the 11 stone 12 lb top weight and Numbersixvalverde were both heavily supported, along with Longshanks who had twice been placed in the Topham Trophy over one circuit of the course, and the 2006 Summer National winner McKelvey.

The race
Cloudy Bays broke the tape when the runners were sent off for the first time, resulting in a false start. The long delay in getting the runners set again had many on their toes and they set off at a very fast pace second time. By then Cloudy Bays had little interest in taking part and was left by thirty lengths at the start.

Joint-favourite Point Barrow caused a huge groan from the stands and for millions watching on television by falling at the first fence, ending debutant rider Philip Carberry's National within a minute of it starting. Another debut rider, Wayne Hutchinson was left hanging on to his mount Tikram until finally being unseated as the horse went to jump the second fence.

The Outlier was the first to emerge as the leader and was tracked by Bewley's Berry, Naunton Brook and Ballycassidy as the field successfully negotiated the fences down to the sixth, Becher's Brook.

At the famous brook, Dominic Elsworth found himself falling off his mount Le Duc when he shouted to nearby rival Mick Fitzgerald on board Kelami for help. Fitzgerald pushed Elsworth only for the rider to remain unbalanced and fall off the other side instead. At the same fence Jack High crumpled on landing and fell, while Davy Russell was also thrown from Livingstone Bramble, requiring a trip to hospital for precautionary X-rays on his back.

As the field continued towards the seventh fence (Foinavon) Zabenz was pulled up, a stirrup leather having broken. Monkerhostin's rider Richard Johnson was also having to contend with a broken stirrup leather but his horse was not enjoying the experience and dug his heels in at Foinavon and refused.

Naunton Brook was now in the lead as the field took the 90-degree Canal Turn with Bewley's Berry, Ballycassidy and The Outlier next. Only Tom Doyle was caught out by the sharp turn and was ejected from Knowhere out the side, while right behind them Kandjar D'allier was baulked by two loose horses and crashed into the fence, almost bringing down Homer Wells in the process.

Of the thirty-one remaining only Royal Auclair failed to negotiate the four fences along the canal side that took the field back onto the race course for the first time, falling at the first of those, Valentine's brook, badly hampering Eurotrek.

Naunton Brook and Ballycassidy continued to set the pace as the runners came in front of the stands and made their way towards The Chair. Gallant Approach survived a bad mistake here which put him out of contention, while Cloudy Bays refused when tailed off. Dun Doire was also tailed off at this stage as the field of twenty-nine runners took the water jump and began the second circuit.

The front running Naunton Brook began to show signs of fatigue as Ballcycassidy and Bewley's Berry now took the field over the fences down to Becher's. The Outlier unshipped his rider at the 19th fence (open ditch) as well as Idle Talk, who was already beaten when he dropped a foreleg into the ditch and failed to take off. Billyvoddan was the first of the tailenders to pull up before taking the fence, and the last of the disappointing joint-favourites, Joe's Edge, did the same before the 20th when he was found to have gone lame. Both Homer Wells and Eurotrek had been struggling since they were hampered earlier in the race by fallers. Now with their chances gone they were both pulled up before Becher's Brook along with another tail ender, Celtic Son to leave twenty-two runners still racing.

Bewley's Berry was out in front and cantering when he was caught out by the steep drop at Becher's and fell, leaving Simon and Libertine in front while Graphic Approach was losing touch when he fell, while Naunton Brook was pulled up after jumping the brook.

By the second jump of the Canal Turn, Bothar Na, Sonevafushi and Kelami were losing touch. Puntal, Clan Royal, Gallant Approach and Dun Doire were beaten and tailed off.

Ballycassidy was beginning to slow when he turned too sharply and threw his rider, while at the next fence (Valentine's) Simon came down when in second place. Slim Pickings moved into the lead at the next and by the third-last was at the head of a group of ten runners that still carried chances of winning.

The long run to the second-last flight spread the pack out with Slim Pickings taking the fence just ahead of Silver Birch. At the last, Silver Birch landed just in front and began to get away from Slim Pickings on the long run-in. At the elbow, Silver Birch began to labour and Slim Pickings fought back, with McKelvey finishing best. The finishing post came just in time for Silver Birch to win by three-quarters of a length, with McKelvey second by  lengths. Slim Pickings finished third, fifteen lengths in front of fourth placed Philson Run.

Libertine was fifth, Numbersixvalverde sixth, Longshanks seventh, Puntal eighth and Hedgehunter ninth, a distance ahead of L'ami in tenth, Clan Royal in eleventh, and Gallant Approach the last of twelve to complete. Dun Doire pulled up three fences from home, Sonevafushi and Bothar Na bypassed the second-last, and Kelami and Thisthatandtother missed out the final flight.

Finishing order

Non-finishers

Aftermath
The winning rider-trainer-owner combination were among the youngest and least experienced in the history of the race with just one National between them, being a previous ride for 25-year-old jockey Robbie Power. Trainer Gordon Elliott was the youngest in the race and won with his first National entrant while owner Brian Walsh had bought the horse for 20,000 guineas the previous year as the first horse to carry his colours in the race. With a 33/1 winner and only one horse placed at a shorter price it was also a good day for the bookmakers who retained much of the £250 million gambled in the United Kingdom alone on the race, as none of the three joint-favourites completed the course.

Starter Peter Haines came in for criticism for his handling of the start after the runners had charged the tape at the first attempt. Many race commentators felt that Haines was then too picky in trying to get a good line for the restart as he ordered the runners to turn back from the start five times before finally letting them go at the sixth attempt.

McKelvey was also found to have suffered an injury late in the race which would rule him out for almost the entire next season. The injury almost certainly cost him victory.

Winning jockey Robbie Power received a four-day ban from the stewards who found that during the run-in he had used his whip too often and also struck Silver Birch too near the stifle. Third-placed Barry Garaghty was also given a three-day ban for overuse of the whip on Slim Pickings.

Davy Russell required hospital treatment after being thrown from Livingstone Bramble at Becher's Brook on the first circuit for precautionary X-rays on his shoulder and back.
2007 was one of the warmest Nationals on record with temperatures at race time hitting 22 degrees Celsius.

Media coverage
The race was broadcast live on the BBC for the 48th consecutive year, but the first to not be run under the Grandstand banner as the final episodes would air earlier in the year on Saturday 27 January and Sunday Grandstand airing the next day on 28 January 2007. The televising of the race included cameras inside the first fence and two cameras inside jockey's caps (Jamie Moore on Thisthatandtother and Tom Doyle on Knowhere). The programme was presented by Sue Barker and Clare Balding with summary from John Parrott, Richard Pitman and Norman Williamson. The race commentary team was Ian Bartlett, Tony O'Hehir, Darren Owen and lead commentator Jim McGrath who called the runners home for the tenth year.

Jockeys
With the retirement of Carl Llewellyn, Tony McCoy, Mick Fitzgerald and Paul Carberry took over as the most experienced riders in the weighing room, each taking their twelfth ride in the National. Fitzgerald had previously won in 1996 and Carberry in 1999 but McCoy became the eighth rider to have taken twelve rides without being winner or runner-up.

Eight riders made their Grand National debut, with Tom O'Brien finishing second, Daryl Jacob fourth and Sam Waley-Cohen fifth. Wayne Hutchinson and Philip Carberry's debuts both ended at the first fence, while Denis O'Regan, David Condon and Paul O'Neill also failed to complete the course.

References
Notes

Sources
Official BBC coverage of the 2007 Grand National

Grand National
 2007
Grand National
21st century in Merseyside
Grand
April 2007 sports events in the United Kingdom


The 1990 Stockholm Open was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts. It was the 22nd edition of the Stockholm Open and was part of the ATP Super 9 of the 1990 ATP Tour. It took place at the Stockholm Globe Arena in Stockholm, Sweden, from 22 October through 29 October 1990.

The singles draw was headlined by world No. 1, Wimbledon champion, Los Angeles, New Haven, Indian Wells, Cincinnati titlist Stefan Edberg, Brussels, Indianapolis, Stuttgart indoor winner, Wimbledon runner-up Boris Becker and Key Biscayne, San Francisco, Washington champion, French Open, US Open finalist Andre Agassi. Other top seeds were US Open, Manchester winner Pete Sampras, French Open, Barcelona champion Andrés Gómez, Emilio Sánchez, Brad Gilbert and John McEnroe.

Finals

Singles

 Boris Becker defeated  Stefan Edberg, 6–4, 6–0, 6–3
 It was Becker's 5th singles title of the year, and the 29th of his career. It was his 1st Masters title.

Doubles

 Guy Forget /  Jakob Hlasek defeated  John Fitzgerald /  Anders Järryd, 6–4, 6–2

References

External links

 ATP tournament profile
 ITF tournament edition details

Stock


Blue Ridge Road is a  long roadway in Essex County, New York, in the United States. The road is designated as County Route 84 (CR 84) from NY 28N in Newcomb to Interstate 87 (I-87) in North Hudson, and as New York State Route 910K (NY 910K) between I-87 and U.S. Route 9 (US 9) in North Hudson. The CR 84 portion is an , two-lane stretch of rural highway maintained by the Essex County Department of Public Works' Highway Division while NY 910K is a  highway maintained by the New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT). All of Blue Ridge Road has been designated as the "Blue Ridge Road Scenic Byway" by NYSDOT.

Blue Ridge Road was designated as part of NY 73 in the 1930 renumbering of state routes in New York. NY 73 was truncated to Schroon in the mid-1930s.

Route description
Blue Ridge Road consists of Essex County's CR 84, which composes the bulk of the route, and NY 910K, which is a short, state-maintained roadway connecting I-87 to US 9. The entirety of Blue Ridge Road is designated as the "Blue Ridge Road Scenic Byway", a New York State Scenic Byway, by NYSDOT.

County Route 84
Blue Ridge Road begins at an intersection with NY 28N and CR 75 (Eaton Lane) in the area south of Tahawus (pronounced "ta-hawz"). The road heads to the northeast, initially paralleling the Hudson River, then intersects with CR 25 (Tahawus Road), which heads north to the hamlet of Tahawus. After that, the route diverges from the Hudson River, turning to the southeast and climbing slightly to the side of Pine Hill, before progressing downhill. At the base of the mountain, CR 84 crosses over Vanderwhacker Brook, which flows into nearby Vanderwhacker Pond. The road winds its way around several different mountain peaks, passing to the north of Cheney Pond.

After passing through the hamlet of Boreas River, CR 84 briefly follows Wolf Pond Brook, which eventually turns north for nearby Wolf Pond. The road continues eastward past Sand Pond and begins to descend, roughly following Sand Pond Brook. It passes along the base of Ragged Mountain, a peak in the Adirondacks, after which the road runs along the edge of the valley of the stream known as "The Branch." At the base of Three Brothers Mountain, CR 84 curves northeast before making a turn to the southeast, soon entering the hamlet of Blue Ridge.

With The Branch still paralleling to the south, CR 84 continues its eastward descent and eventually intersects with its first road in several miles, Lazy Street, which provides access to the creek. At the base of Nippletop Mountain, Blue Ridge Road passes along the north shore of Palmer Pond, a small pond visible from the Adirondack Northway (I-87). Soon after, Blue Ridge Road intersects with the ramps leading to and from the Northway and the county-maintained portion of Blue Ridge Road ends.

NY 910K
The eastern end of Blue Ridge Road, beginning at the ramps to and from the Adirondack Northway, is maintained by NYSDOT as NY 910K. The route heads eastward from the Northway ramps to nearby US 9. On this  stretch, there is one intermediate intersection, this being with an unnamed roadway. The route ends at US 9 in the hamlet of North Hudson.

History
The entirety of Blue Ridge Road was designated as the westernmost portion of NY 73 in the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York. NY 73 initially ran from NY 28N east to an intersection with US 9 in North Hudson, where NY 73 turned south to follow US 9 toward Schroon. The route was truncated  to begin at US 9 in Schroon. NY 73's former alignment along Blue Ridge Road was redesignated as CR 2B by 1969. The section between the Northway and US 9 was later transferred to the state and assigned the NY 910K designation. On May 21, 2009, New York Governor David Paterson announced that stimulus money from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act would be used to reconstruct the CR 84 segment of the Blue Ridge Road, seeing it as a major connector from NY 28N to I-87.

Major intersections

See also

 State Route 74 (New York–Vermont), part of which was also formerly NY 73

References

External links

Roads in New York (state)
Transportation in Essex County, New York


Donald Henry Gips (born February 1, 1960) is the CEO of the Skoll Foundation. He is a former U.S. Ambassador to the Republic of South Africa from 2009 to 2013. Ambassador Gips was appointed by President Barack Obama on June 4 and confirmed by the Senate on July 7, 2009. He presented his credentials to South African President Jacob Zuma on October 1, 2009. He served until January 2, 2013.

In February 2019, Gips was announced as the incoming CEO of the Skoll Foundation, taking over for the retired Sally Osberg. He began as CEO on April 9, 2019, at the annual Skoll World Forum on Social Entrepreneurship.

Previously he was a principal at Albright Stonebridge Group, a global strategic advisory firm. He also leads the firm's Africa practice.

Previously he was the Divisional Vice President of Corporate Strategy and Development for Level 3 Communications and Director of Mindspeed Technologies. He was also on the advisory board for President Barack Obama's presidential transition team.

In the late 1990s Gips served as Vice President Al Gore's Chief Domestic Policy Advisor. Previously, he was the chief of the Federal Communications Commission's international bureau.

He is married to Elizabeth Berry and has three children: Sam, Peter and Ben.

Gips is a graduate of Princeton Day School, Harvard College, and the Yale School of Management.

References

External links

 U.S. Department of State Biography
Donald Henry Gips - People - Department History - Office of the Historian Donald Henry Gips (1960–)]

1960 births
Living people
Harvard College alumni
Yale School of Management alumni
American political consultants
Ambassadors of the United States to South Africa
Princeton Day School alumni


Percy Herbert, 2nd Baron Powis (1598 – 19 January 1667), known as Sir Percy Herbert, Bt, between 1622 and 1655, was an English writer and politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1621 to 1622 and later inherited a peerage.

Herbert was the son of William Herbert, 1st Baron Powis, and his wife Eleanor Percy (d. 1650). He was named after the surname of his maternal grandfather Henry Percy, 8th Earl of Northumberland and belonged to a recusant (i. e. Roman Catholic) branch of the Herbert family living in Powis Castle.

In 1621 Herbert was elected member of parliament for Shaftesbury at a by-election after the previously elected member was expelled. He was knighted on 7 November 1622, and was created a baronet on 16 November 1622. Herbert inherited the title Baron Powis on the death of his father in 1655.

Marriage and issue
On 19 November 1622 Herbert married Elizabeth Craven (bap. 1600, d. 1662), first surviving daughter of Sir William Craven (c.1545–1618), converting her to Catholicism. Their only son William Herbert, 1st Marquess of Powis became the 1st Earl of Powis and then 1st Marquess of Powis.

External links

1598 births
1667 deaths
2
Herbert, Percy
17th-century English writers
17th-century English male writers


Polymixis polymita is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in most of Europe, but not in the Benelux, Britain, Ireland and the Iberian Peninsula.

The wingspan is 39–46 mm. Adults are on wing from August to October. There is one generation per year.

The larvae feed on Primula, Lamium, Chaerophyllum and other low growing plants.

External links

Fauna Europaea
Lepiforum.de

Cuculliinae
Moths of Europe
Moths of Asia
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus


Superwombling was the fourth and final studio album released by the Wombles. The songs were recorded by Mike Batt (vocals/keyboards) with session musicians Chris Spedding (guitars), Les Hurdle (bass), Clem Cattini (drums), Ray Cooper (percussion), Rex Morris (sax), Eddie Mordue (sax) and Jack Rothstein (violin).

The various musical styles of the songs include rock, pop, blues, reggae, barbershop harmony and James Bond themes.

"The Myths and Legends of King Merton Womble and His Journey to the Centre of the Earth" is a parody of two contemporary concept albums – The Myths and Legends of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table and Journey to the Centre of the Earth – both by Rick Wakeman.

Despite having several successful singles, the album did not chart but did eventually go Gold.

Track listing
All songs written by Mike Batt.

Side one
 The Womble Shuffle – 2:49
 The Myths and Legends of King Merton Womble and His Journey to the Centre of the Earth – 5:27
 Down at the Barber Shop – 1:59
 The Empty Tidy-Bag Blues – 4:11
 Wombling White Tie and Tails – 3:32

Side two
 Superwomble – 3:23
 Miss Adelaide (She's Got a Lot of Knowledge) – 3:57
 Wombles on Parade – 3:41
 To Wimbledon with Love – 3:50
 Nashville Wombles – 4:55

Singles
"Wombling White Tie And Tails", "Superwomble" and "The Womble Shuffle" were released as singles. "Down At The Barber Shop" was later released on the B-side of "Let's Womble To The Party Tonight".

"Wombling White Tie And Tails" was used in the soundtrack of the 1977 film "Wombling Free".

References

The Wombles albums
1975 albums
Albums produced by Mike Batt


Carbrooke is a village and civil parish in the Breckland district of Norfolk, England. It is  from the centre of Watton and  from Thetford. In the 2011 Census, Carbrooke had a population of 2,073 people in 835 households.

History
Carbrooke's name is of Anglo-Saxon and Viking origin and derives from an amalgamation of the Old Norse word for an abundance of brambles and the Old English for a brook or stream.

In the Domesday Book, Carbrooke is listed as a settlement of 62 households in the hundred of Wayland. The village was divided in ownership between Ralph de Tosny and John fitzRichard.

Amenities
Millenium Green is a playing ground of over 10 acres and is run in the interest of the village by a board of Trustees. The annual, Carbrooke Village Fete is held on the green.

The majority of local children attend St. Peter & St. Paul Church of England Primary School which was rated 'Good' by Ofsted in 2019.

St. Peter & St. Paul's Church
Carbrooke's Parish Church is of Norman origin and is dedicated in honour of Saint Peter and Saint Paul. The church was significantly remodelled in the Fourteenth and Nineteenth Century, with stained glass being installed by James Powell and Sons. The radical socialist minister, George B. Chambers was incumbent in the church from 1927 to 1955 who procured many pieces of art from John Moray-Smith for the church.

Notable Residents
George B. Chambers- English priest, social activist and author
Edward Dewing- English cricketer and antiquarian

War Memorial
Carbrooke's War Memorial takes the form of a stone cross in St. Peter & St. Paul's Churchyard. It lists the following names of the fallen for the First World War:
 Sergeant William R. Williamson (1886-1918), 1st Battalion, Royal Norfolk Regiment
 Lance-Sergeant Herbert Wyer (1883-1914), 3rd Battalion, Coldstream Guards
 Lance-Sergeant Walter Leveridge (d.1915), 2nd Battalion, Royal Norfolk Regiment
 Lance-Corporal Bertie Leveridge (d.1917), 1st Battalion, Royal Norfolk Regiment
 Driver Walter H. Smith (d.1917), 209th (Field) Company, Royal Engineers
 Private Sidney Green (d.1918), 4th Battalion, Bedfordshire Regiment
 Private Frederick W. Watson (1896-1916), 12th Battalion, East Yorkshire Regiment
 Private William Ainger (1888-1919), 6th Battalion, Leicestershire Regiment
 Private Frederick J. Williamson (1898-1918), 35th Company, Machine Gun Corps
 Private Arthur D. Greaves (d.1917), 23rd Battalion, Middlesex Regiment
 Private Gilbert W. Murrell (d.1916), 1st Battalion, Royal Norfolk Regiment
 Private Robert D. Murrell (d.1916), 1st Battalion, Royal Norfolk Regiment
 Private Ernest F. M. Back (d.1916), 1st Battalion, Royal Norfolk Regiment
 Private William G. Harrod (1898-1917), 3rd Battalion, Royal Norfolk Regiment
 Private Herbert Abbey (d.1918), 7th Battalion, Royal Norfolk Regiment
 Private Frederick J. Beets (1895-1916), 7th Battalion, Royal Norfolk Regiment
 Private Victor E. Johnson (1898-1915), 10th Battalion, Royal Norfolk Regiment
 Private Wilfred J. Bullen (1896-1918), Norfolk Yeomanry
 Private Arthur C. Murrell (d.1918), 1st Battalion, Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey)
 Private Robert J. Tolman (d.1918), 2/6th Battalion, North Staffordshire Regiment
 Private Sidney Sutton (d.1916), 2nd Battalion, Royal Sussex Regiment

And, the following for the Second World War:
 Sergeant William K. Ambrose (1912-1943), No. 47 Squadron RAF
 Sergeant Alan D. Johnstone (d.1943), No. 78 Squadron RAF
 Flight-Sergeant Hedley A. Goldsmith (1917-1942), No. 217 Squadron RAF
 Sergeant Arthur W. Fincham (1924-1943), No. 218 (Gold Coast) Squadron RAF
 Private Roland L. Marler (1916-1942), 6th Battalion, Royal Norfolk Regiment
 Private Harry J. Ruffles (1913-1944), 7th Battalion, Royal Norfolk Regiment

References

External links

Villages in Norfolk
Breckland District
Civil parishes in Norfolk


Chess at the 2007 Asian Indoor Games was held in Macau International Shooting Range, Macau, China from 26 October to 3 November 2007.

Medalists

Blitz

Rapid

Standard

Medal table

Results

Blitz

Men's individual
2 November

Preliminary round

Knockout round

Women's individual
2 November

Preliminary round

Knockout round

Mixed team
3 November

 Two match points were awarded to a team to score at least 2½ points in a match and one match point was awarded to a team to score 2 points in a match.

Rapid

Men's individual

Team competition
26–27 October

Knockout round
27 October

Women's individual

Team competition
26–27 October

 Shadi Paridar of Iran tied with Gulmira Dauletova in score on board 1 but defeated the latter in the play-off.

Knockout round
27 October

Mixed team
26–27 October

 Two match points were awarded to a team to score at least 2½ points in a match and one match point was awarded to a team to score 2 points in a match.

Standard

Men's individual

Team competition
28–30 October

Knockout round

Women's individual

Team competition

Knockout round

Mixed team
28–30 October

 Two match points were awarded to a team to score at least 2½ points in a match and one match point was awarded to a team to score 2 points in a match.

References
 Asian Chess Federation
 Official Website

2007 Asian Indoor Games events
Asian indoor games
2007
Asian indoor games 2007


Jalan Jengka 4, Federal Route 1543' is a main federal road in Bandar Pusat Jengka, Pahang, Malaysia.

At most sections, the Federal Route 1543 was built under the JKR R5 road standard, allowing maximum speed limit of up to 90 km/h.

List of junctions

Malaysian Federal Roads


William Herbert, 1st Baron Powis KB ( – 7 March 1655) was a Welsh politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1597 and 1629.

Early life
Herbert was born in Powis Castle, the son of Sir Edward Herbert (–1595) and the former Mary Stanley. In 1587, his father purchased the lands of the abeyant barony of Powis from their distant relative, Edward, an illegitimate son of the 3rd Baron Grey of Powis.

His maternal grandfather was Sir Thomas Stanley, who served as Under-Treasurer of the Royal Mint at the Tower of London during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. His father was the second son of William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke and the former Anne Parr, sister of Queen Catherine Parr (the last of the six wives of King Henry VIII). His paternal uncle was Henry Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke.

Career
Herbert was High Steward to Elizabeth I of England. In 1597, he was elected Member of Parliament for Montgomeryshire. He served as Custos Rotulorum of Montgomeryshire from 1602 to 1641. Upon the coronation of James I in 1603, Herbert was made a Knight of the Bath.

In 1604, he was elected MP for Montgomeryshire again. He was appointed High Sheriff of Montgomeryshire in 1613. In 1614, he was re-elected MP for Montgomeryshire and was re-elected in 1624, 1625, 1626 and 1628. He was created Baron Powis (a new creation) of Powis Castle on 2 April 1629.

Personal life

Before 1600, Lord Powis married Lady Eleanor Percy (1583–1650), third daughter of Henry Percy, 8th Earl of Northumberland and his wife, Katherine Neville (eldest daughter and co-heiress of John Nevill, 4th Baron Latymer). They had several children including:

 Percy Herbert, 2nd Baron Powis (1598–1667), who was created a baronet in 1622 before succeeding to his father's titles; he married Elizabeth Craven, eldest surviving daughter of Sir William Craven, Lord Mayor of London.
 Katherine Herbert (–1666), who married Sir Robert Vaughan of Llwydiarth. After his death, she married Sir James Palmer.
 Lucy Herbert, who married William Habington (or Abington) of Hindlip in early 1633.
 Marie Herbert (1604–1660), who married Humphrey Jones, son of Gruffyd Jones.

Lord Powis died on 7 March 1655. He was succeeded by his son Percy Herbert, 2nd Baron Powis. Herbert was buried at St. Mary's Church in Hendon, Middlesex, London.

Descendants
Through his eldest son, he was a grandfather of William Herbert (1626–1696), who became the 1st Earl of Powis in 1674 and then 1st Marquess of Powis in 1687.

Through his daughter Katherine's second marriage, she was the mother of Roger Palmer, 1st Earl of Castlemaine, best known for his marriage to Barbara Villiers, one of Charles II's mistresses whom the King ennobled as the Duchess of Cleveland.

In popular culture
Herbert is a candidate for "Mr WH", the dedicatee of Shakespeare's sonnets.

References

1572 births
1655 deaths
1
High Sheriffs of Montgomeryshire
16th-century Welsh politicians
17th-century Welsh politicians
William
William Herbert
Members of the Parliament of England (pre-1707) for constituencies in Wales
English MPs 1597–1598
English MPs 1604–1611
English MPs 1614
English MPs 1624–1625
English MPs 1625
English MPs 1626
English MPs 1628–1629


Andreas Gerhard Hyperius (1511–1564), real name Andreas Gheeraerdts, was a Protestant theologian and Protestant reformer. He was Flemish, born at Ypres, which is signified by the name 'Hyperius'.

Life

He had a humanist education, and studied at Tournai and Paris. He was resident in England from 1536 to 1540, and in 1542 was appointed professor of theology at Marburg.

Work
Hyperius's theology lies between Lutheran and Reformed beliefs. Influenced by Martin Bucer, he was not a strict Lutheran. Jean Calvin endorsed his erudition.  His work De formandis concionibus sacris (On the Making of Sacred Discourses) was the first Protestant text solely devoted to systematic homiletics, that is, to preaching considered as a branch of rhetoric.  The Methodus theologiae is a selection from, and method for reading, the Church Fathers.

In his overall approach, Hyperius sought a firm basis in the Bible, rigidly, and held that before practical theology can be put in force, it must be made a part of systematic theological study, and must not be taught fragmentarily. Demanding an immense amount of preliminary reading on the part of the student, covering all practical theology except missions, he held that such reading would involve preparation for the practical work of the ministry. All must be squared with the Bible, or, where the Bible did not contain specific data, with the commandments of love for God and one's neighbor.

In addition, he urged the preparation of a work on church government, including the data of the New Testament, relevant portions of church history, excerpts from the councils, papal decrees, Church Fathers, and works on dogmatics, liturgics, and related materials.

His English translator, John Ludham (vicar of Wethersfield, Essex, 1570-1613), published the De formandis as The Practise of Preaching, otherwise called the Pathway to the Pulpet (London 1577).  Ludham went on to translate Hyperius's posthumously published De Sacrae Scripturae lectione ac meditatione quotidiana (Basle, 1569) as The Course of Christianity: or, as touching the dayly reading and meditation of the holy Scriptures (London 1579): he then turned to the homilies of Rudolf Gwalther on the prophet Joel (London 1582) before returning to Hyperius for A Speciall Treatise of Gods Providence (c. 1588), which included an exposition upon Psalm 107. To this was added an appendix of the Cambridge sermons and disquisitions of Peter Baro.

Dietrich Bonhoeffer emphasised the role Hyperius had played in early Protestantism.

Works

De formandis concionibus sacris (1553, enlarged 1562)
De theologo, seu de ratione studii theologici, libri IIII (1556)
Elementa christianae religionis (1563)
Methodi theologiae, sive praecipuorum christianae religionis locorum conmunium, libri tres (1568).
De Sacrae Scripturae lectione ac meditatione quotidiana (1569).

Notes

External links
 .

1511 births
1564 deaths
People from the Habsburg Netherlands
16th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians
People from Ypres


Below is listed the winners and the runners-up in the 1999 and 1994 parliamentary elections in Nepal.

Bagmati Zone

Bhaktapur District

Dhading District

Kathmandu District

Kavrepalanchowk District

Lalitpur District

Nuwakot District

Rasuwa District

Sindhupalchowk District

Bheri Zone

Banke District

Bardia District

Dailekh District

Jajarkot District

Surkhet District

Dhawalagiri Zone

Baglung District

Mustang District

Myagdi District

Parbut District

Gandaki Zone

Gorkha District

Kaski District

Lamjung District

Manang District

Shyanja District

Tanahu District

Janakpur Zone

Dhanusha District

Dolakha District

Mahottari District

Ramechap District

Sarlahi District

Sindhuli District

Karnali Zone

Dolpa District

Humla District

Jumla District

Kalikot District

Mugu District

Koshi Zone

Bhojpur District

Dhankuta District

Morang District

 Source:

Sankhuwasabha District

Sunsari District

Terhathum District

Lumbini Zone

Argakhanchi District

Gulmi District

Kapilbastu District

Nawalparasi District

Palpa District

Rupandehi District

Mahakali Zone

Baitadi District

Dadeldhura District

Darchula

Kanchanpur District

Mechi Zone

Ilam District

Jhapa District

Panchthar District

Taplejung District

Narayani Zone

Bara District

Chitwan District

Makwanpur District

Parsa District

Rautahat District

Rapti Zone

Dang District

Pyuthan District

Rolpa District

Rukum District

Salyan District

Sagarmatha Zone

Khotang District

Saptari District

Siraha District

Okhaldhunga

Udaypur District

Seti Zone

Accham

Bahjang

Barjura District

Doti

Kailali

Sources
Election Commission of Nepal

Elections in Nepal
1994 in Nepal
1999 in Nepal


At least four ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Port Royal, after the British naval base Port Royal in Jamaica:

 was an 18-gun sloop that was purchased locally, i.e., in Jamaica, in 1757. She was paid off and sold in 1763.
 was an 18-gun sloop, formerly the French armed merchant vessel , which the British captured in 1778. They purchased her, armed her with eighteen 6-pounder guns, and gave her the name Port Royal; she was under the command of Commander Timothy Kelly when the Spanish captured her at Pensacola in 1781.
 was the 14-gun French privateer ship-sloop Comte dEstaing, which  captured on 29 March 1782. She was commissioned under Lieutenant George Hart but paid off on 31 March 1783 and sold thereafter.
 was a 10-gun schooner purchased in 1796. The French captured her on 30 March 1797 and renamed her Perle.  recaptured her on 18 October. The Royal Navy renamed her HMS Recovery. She was sold in 1801.

Notes

Citations

References
Demerliac, Alain (1996) La Marine De Louis XVI: Nomenclature Des Navires Français De 1774 À 1792. (Nice: Éditions OMEGA).

Royal Navy ship names


A goal model is an element of requirements engineering that may also be used more widely in business analysis. Related elements include stakeholder analysis, context analysis, and scenarios, among other business and technical areas.

Principles
Goals are objectives which a system should achieve through cooperation of actors in the intended software and in the environment. Goal modeling is especially useful in the early phases of a project. Projects may consider how the intended system meets organizational goals (see also ), why the system is needed and how the stakeholders’ interests may be addressed.

A goal model:
 Expresses the relationships between a system and its environment (i.e. not only on what the system is supposed to do, but why). The understanding this gives, of the reasons why a system is needed, in its context, is useful because "systems are increasingly used to fundamentally change business processes rather than to automate long-established practices".
 Clarifies requirements : Specifying goals leads to asking "why", "how" and "how else". Stakeholders' requirements are often revealed in this process, with less risk of either missing requirements, or of over-specifying (asking for things that are not needed).
 Allows large goals to be analyzed into small, realizable goals:
 Deals with conflicts : goal modeling can identify and help to resolve tradeoffs between cost, performance, flexibility, security and other goals. It can reveal divergent interests between stakeholders. It can identify conflicts because meeting one goal can interfere with meeting other goals.
 Enables requirement completeness to be measured: requirements can be considered complete if they fulfil all the goals in the goal model.
 Connects requirements to design: for example, the i* "Non-Functional Requirements (NFR) framework" uses goals to guide the design process.

Notations

There are several notations in use for goal models in software development, including:
 i* (pronounced "eye-star") and a variant, GRL
 KAOS
 UML Use Case diagram

Other notations have been proposed by researchers, while the Goal Structuring Notation (GSN) and GRL are sometimes used to make safety cases to satisfy the regulator in safety-related industries.

Goal modeling in i*

The i* goal modeling notation provides two kinds of diagram:
 "Strategic Dependency" (SD), defining relationships between roles in terms of specific goals that one role depends on the other role to provide.
 "Strategic Rationale" (SR), analyzing the goals identified on the SD model into subsidiary goals and tasks.

i* shows each role (an actor, agent or position) as a large circle containing the goals, tasks, and resources which that role owns. Ownership in i* means that the role desires the satisfaction of its goals, either for its own benefit or for the benefit of some other role.  Goals may be accompanied by "obstacles" (negative goals) to be surmounted. Non-functional goals can be modeled as "soft goals" in i*: they are diagrammed as clouds or indented ovals.

Goal modeling in KAOS

The KAOS goal modeling notation provides a way of defining goals and obstacles, underpinned by a formal (mathematical) method of analysis.

Goal modeling in UML

UML's use case diagram provides a simple goal modeling notation. The bubbles name functional goals, so a Use case diagram forms a simple functions-only goal model: as Cockburn writes, use cases cover only the behavioral requirements. Roles are shown as actors (stickmen on the diagram), linked to the use cases in which they take part. The use cases are drawn as elliptical bubbles, representing desired behavioral goals.

With the addition of misuse cases, the notation can model both desired goals and active threats. The misuse case notation shows negative (possibly hostile) stakeholders as the primary actors for the misuse cases; these may be grouped on the right-hand side of the diagram. The notation may assist in discovering suitable mitigating or preventative goals, shown as subsidiary use cases. These often have the aim of improving security, safety, or reliability, which are non-functional goals. Non-functional requirements can to some extent be described in use case style using misuse cases to define negative goals; but the (positive) goals thus discovered are often functional. For example, if theft is a threat to security, then fitting locks is a mitigation; but that a door can be locked is a functional requirement.

The counterpoint is that Use Cases are not from Cognitive Science roots, whereas i* and KAOS are.  Indeed, the literature behind Use Cases does not include discussion Goal Intention, Goal Refinement, Ends-Means, does not call out Rasmussen et cetera.  There may be a predilection to relate Use Cases to Goals because of the visual metaphor of Goals rather than the semantics of Goal Refinement per Cognitive Science.

Bibliography
 Alexander, Ian and Beus-Dukic, Ljerka. Discovering Requirements: How to Specify Products and Services. Wiley, 2009.
 Alexander, Ian F. and Maiden, Neil. Scenarios, Stories, Use Cases. Wiley, 2004.
 Cockburn, Alistair. Writing Effective Use Cases. Addison-Wesley, 2001.
 Fowler, Martin. UML Distilled. 3rd Edition.  Addison-Wesley, 2004.
 van Lamsweerde, Axel. Requirements Engineering: from system goals to UML models to software specifications. Wiley, 2009.
 Yu, Eric, Paolo Giorgini, Neil Maiden and John Mylopoulos. (editors) Social Modeling for Requirements Engineering. MIT Press, 2011.

See also
Benefit dependency network

References

External links
 i* Official Website, with tutorial and bibliography - "an agent- and  goal-oriented modelling framework"
 i* wiki with guidelines and examples
 KAOS tutorial
 Using EEML for Combined Goal and Process Oriented Modeling: A Case Study - John Krogstie

Enterprise modelling
Software requirements
Goal


Jalan Jengka 5, Federal Route 1544, is a main federal road in Bandar Pusat Jengka, Pahang, Malaysia.

At most sections, the Federal Route 1544 was built under the JKR R5 road standard, with a speed limit of 90 km/h.

List of junctions

Malaysian Federal Roads


Robin Shepherd (born 6 January 1968) is a British-born political commentator and analyst.
Formerly a senior fellow, running the Europe programme, at Chatham House (The Royal Institute of International Affairs) in London, he has also held fellowships with a number of leading think tanks in the United States and Europe including the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, the Center for Strategic and International Studies, and the German Marshall Fund of the United States. Shepherd is Executive Director, North America for GLOBSEC, Central and eastern Europe's pre-eminent think tank dedicated to democracy and international security. He previously served as vice president of the Halifax International Security Forum.

Shepherd began his working life as a journalist, in which capacity he worked for Reuters and The Times.

Early life and education
Born in Ilkley, West Yorkshire, Shepherd attended Ilkley Grammar School, a state school in the north of England. He studied Russian at the School of Slavonic and East European Studies - which today forms part of University College London - and gained a master's degree in political theory from the London School of Economics.

Career
In November 2020, Shepherd authored China Vs. Democracy: The Greatest Game, a "handbook for democracies" designed to set out the challenge posed to the world's democracies by a newly assertive China. In the course of the research, he, and the team he led, spoke to more than 250 dignitaries across the world, including several former US secretaries of state, secretaries of defense and heads of the CIA. The handbook has been translated into Chinese and French.

The early focus of his work was post-Communist transition in Eastern Europe and Russia, such as in his first book, Czechoslovakia: The Velvet Revolution and Beyond (Palgrave Macmillan/St. Martins Press, 2000), which dealt with the post-communist reform process.  His research and commentary have since branched out into international security, transatlantic relations, European politics, the global democracy agenda, the impact of the digital revolution on politics and society, and the relationship between the Western world and the State of Israel. His second book, A State Beyond the Pale: Europe's Problem with Israel (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2009), was described by one reviewer as "the best book on the Middle East conflict to appear in years". Shepherd has also contributed to, and edited many other books and publications including Belarusian opposition leader Andrei Sannikov's biographical account of his time as a political prisoner in KGB jails and labour camps, My Story, which contains a foreword by Nobel Laureate Svetlana Alexievich.

Before entering the world of think tanks, he was the Moscow Bureau Chief for The Times. Prior to that he worked for eight years for Reuters in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and London.

Shepherd believes he lost his job at Chatham House, which has had an awkward relationship over the years with Israel and the Jewish people, due to his expressing a non-hostile position on Israel.

Books

Shepherd, Robin (2020). China Vs Democracy: The Greatest Game. Washington DC. Amazon.

References

1968 births
Living people
British columnists
Alumni of University College London
Alumni of the UCL School of Slavonic and East European Studies
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Chatham House people