The Siamese revolution of 1932 or Siamese coup d'état of 1932 ( or ) was a coup d'état by Khana Ratsadon (the People's Party) which occurred in Siam on 24 June 1932. It ended Siam's centuries-long absolute monarchy rule under the Chakri dynasty and resulted in a bloodless transition of Siam into a constitutional monarchy, the introduction of democracy and the first constitution, and the creation of the National Assembly. Dissatisfaction caused by the economic crisis, the lack of a competent government, and the rise of Western-educated commoners fueled the revolution.

King Prajadhipok remained on the throne and compromised with Khana Ratsadon. Two coups occurred a year later, in April and June amid infighting within the government over Pridi Banomyong's socialist economic plan and a rebellion of the royalists.

Background

Absolute monarchy
Since 1782, the Kingdom of Siam had been ruled by the Chakri dynasty. After 1868, King Chulalongkorn (Rama V) reformed a medieval kingdom into a centralizing state of absolute monarchy. The monarchy started to make royal and nobility hierarchy, the Sakdina, to be the most critical aspect of Siam political system. Towards 1880, Chulalongkorn asked of Europe an initiation into modern culture and showed a decided preference for England's Anglo-Saxons culture. In 1910s, King Vajiravudh (Rama VI) sought to legitimise absolutism through Thai nationalism, using Western approach, by appointing more able commoners to the government. A commoner involvement disappointed the aristocracy and nobility. Rama VI carried out unpopular policies that lowered the influence of the royal family.

Mismanagement of Rama VI
During the reign of King Rama VI, the government’s fiscal health was eroded. Lavish spending on the court, inability to control the corruption of the King's inner circle, and his creation of the Wild Tiger Corps to promote modern-style nationalism were widely deemed as wasteful. By 1920, fiscal mismanagement and the global economic downturn took the state budget into deficit. In 1925, the most senior princes decided to demand large cuts in expenditures, especially the royal household. This represented a bold challenge to the authority of the absolute monarch and reflected the severity of the fiscal malaise in Siam. The critique was thus that Rama VI was not a competent absolute monarch, and that he squandered the massive political capital.

In 1912, a palace revolt, plotted by young military officers, tried unsuccessfully to overthrow and replace Rama VI. Their goal was to overthrow the ancien régime and replace it with a Westernised constitutional system and to replace Rama VI with a prince more sympathetic to their beliefs. The revolt failed and the participants were imprisoned. In reaction, Vajiravudh abandoned his attempts at constitutional reform and continued with his absolutist rule, with the minor exception of appointing some able commoners to his privy council and government.

Rise of the Western-educated "commoner" elites
Western education became popular in the reign of Rama V. Although this was still largely limited to the Siamese nobility and the wealthy, new avenues of social mobility were now available to commoners and members of the lower nobility. The best example of these commoner beneficiaries is Phibun Songkram who was from a peasant background. Many of the brightest Siamese students, both commoners and the nobility, were sent abroad to study in Europe. These include Pridi Banomyong, who was of Sino-Thai descent, and Prayoon Pamornmontri, the half-German son of a junior Thai official at the Siamese legation in Berlin and later a page to the crown prince who would become Rama VI. They were to become prominent members of the "promoters". These Western-educated commoner elites were exposed not just to the latest scientific and technical knowledge in Europe, but also to the ideals of Western democracy, nationalism, and communism.

Prelude

The "Promoters"

In February 1927, in a hotel on the Rue du Sommerard in Paris, France, a small group of seven military and civilian students assembled to debate the founding of a party to try to bring change to Siam. Intent on not wanting to repeat the failure of the 1912 plot, they laid out a clear and coherent plan to change Siam. This group included two young students: one a soldier and an artilleryman Plaek Khittasangkha, the other a law student and radical Pridi Banomyong. The group called themselves the "Promoters" (ผู้ก่อการ), hoping to return home to try to promote change. The Promoters realised, ironically, as the king's advisors had done, that the Siamese people were not yet ready for democracy, and most were illiterate peasants with little concern for affairs in Bangkok. In Bangkok itself, the new and emerging middle class was dependent on the patronage of the aristocracy for jobs and positions. As a result, they realised that a "mass revolution" was not possible and only a military-led coup d'état was possible. For this purpose a vanguard party was formed and it was named the Khana Ratsadon (คณะราษฎร) (or the People's Party).

When the Promoters eventually returned to Siam by the end of the 1920s, they quietly expanded their lists of contacts and party membership, mostly using a personal relationship. Pridi became a teacher at Chulalongkorn University, where he gathered the support of about fifty like-minded men, mostly civilians and civil servants, who also wanted to see the end of absolute monarchy. It was the job of the others, such as Plaek, who had by then received the Luang title and became Luang Phibunsongkhram, to try to gather supporters within the army. A young naval captain, Luang Sinthusongkhramchai, was doing the same for the navy. The number of party members increased, and, by the end of 1931, it reached 102 members, separated into two branches consisting of civilians and the military.

Four Musketeers

Prayoon Pamornmontri, one of the seven Promoters, himself an army officer, and former Royal Page of King Vajiravudh, took it upon himself to try to recruit for the party influential and powerful members who also wanted to see the end of absolute monarchy and power of the princes. One officer he had a connection with was the Deputy Inspector of Artillery, Colonel Phraya Phahol Pholpayuhasena. An affable man and popular within the army, he immediately joined the party and gave it his support. The second senior officer was Colonel Phraya Songsuradet, considered one of the best minds of his generation and the Director of Education at the Military Academy. Both had studied abroad and were eager for change. Songsuradet instantly became the party's tactician, advising it should first secure Bangkok militarily and eventually the country would follow. He also advised the Promoters to be more secretive to avoid official and police detection. Eventually, he approached his friend Colonel Phraya Ritthiakhaney, commander of the Bangkok Artillery, who shared his concerns about the princes' domination over the army and eventually joined the party. Finally, they were joined by Phra Phrasasphithayayut, another discontented officer. Forming what was known within the party as the "Four Musketeers" (4 ทหารเสือ, Four Tiger Soldiers), the most senior members of the party they eventually became its leaders.

Modernized attempt of Rama VII

Prince Prajadhipok Sakdidej inherited a country in crisis. His brother King Vajiravudh had left the state on the verge of bankruptcy, and the fact that the state and the people were forced to subsidise the many princes and their lavish lifestyles. Prajadhipok created the Supreme Council of State to solve the problems. The council was composed of experienced senior princes, that quickly replaced the commoners appointed by Vajiravudh. The council was dominated by the Minister of the Interior, German-educated Prince Paribatra Sukhumbandhu, high-ranking Chakri princes had regained dominance of the government, and only four of the twelve ministries were administered by commoners or members of the lower nobility. Prajadhipok turned out to be a sympathetic monarch, immediately ordered a cut in palace expenditure and travelled extensively around the country. He made himself more accessible and visible to the ever-growing Bangkok elite and middle class by carrying out many civic duties. By this time, students sent to study abroad had started to return. Faced with a lack of opportunity, the entrenchment of the princes, and the comparative backwardness of the country.

Discontent from the economic crisis
In 1930, as the Wall Street Crash and the economic meltdown reached Siam. Prajadhipok proposed the levying of general income taxes and property taxes to help alleviate the sufferings of the poor. These were rejected by the Supreme Council, who feared their fortunes would be reduced. Instead, they cut civil service payrolls and reduced the military budget, angering most of the country's educated elite. The officer corps was especially disgruntled, and in 1931 Prince Boworadej, a minor member of the royal family and Minister of Defence, resigned. Boworadet was not a member of the supreme council, and it was suspected that disagreement with the council over budget cuts led to his resignation. The King, who openly confessed his own lack of financial knowledge, stating he was just a simple soldier, tried with little success to battle the senior princes over the issue.

Constitution denied by Rama VII
Meanwhile, the King put his efforts into the drafting of a constitution, with the help of two princes and an American foreign policy advisor, Raymond Bartlett Stevens. Despite being advised that his people were not yet ready for democracy, the King was undeterred and was determined to implement a constitution before his dynasty's 150th anniversary in 1932. The document was rejected by the princes in the supreme council.

On 6 April 1932, the King opened a bridge across the Chao Phraya River. The celebration was somewhat muted due to fears stemming from an alleged prophecy dating back to the days of King Rama I, which predicted the end of the dynasty on its 150th anniversary. At the end of April, Prajadhipok left Bangkok for his summer holidays, leaving Prince Paribatra in charge as regent. The King went to Klai Kangwon Palace (วังไกลกังวล: translated as 'far from worries') of Hua Hin in Prachuap Khiri Khan Province.

Plan leak
Despite their precautions, word of the plan's existence eventually leaked to the police. On the evening of 23 June 1932, the director general of the police made a call to Prince Paribatra, asking for his authorisation to arrest and imprison all involved in the plot. The prince, recognising names on the list that included many influential and powerful individuals, decided to delay the order for the next day. That same evening, one of Luang Sinthu's supporters in the navy commandeered a gunboat from its dock on the Chao Phraya River, and by morning was aiming its guns directly at Prince Paribatra's palace in Bangkok. Luang Sinthu himself mobilised 500 armed sailors ready to take the Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall, at the centre of the capital and part of Dusit Palace. Following them was Prayoon, who later that night took command of a cadre of young officers to seize the post and telegraph offices around the capital. One of the officers was Khuang Abhaiwongse. All communications between the princes and senior members of the administration were thus disabled. Their houses were also under surveillance and guarded by both civilian and military party members.

Coup

Bangkok seizure

While King Prajadhipok was residing out of Bangkok, at about 04:00 on the morning of 24 June 1932, Phraya Phahon, Phraya Songsuradet, and Phra Phrasasphithayayut were already carrying out their part of the plan. Phraya Phahon and some supporters gathered near the Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall waiting for the signal, while Phraya Songsuradet went with a couple of the conspirators to the barracks of the First Cavalry Regiment of the Royal Guards, where most of the armoured vehicles in Bangkok were kept. On arrival, Phraya Songsuradet reprimanded the officer in charge of the barracks for sleeping while there was a Chinese uprising taking place elsewhere in the city—all the while opening the gates of the barracks and mobilising the troops. The ruse worked, and through all the confusion and panic, Phraya Prasan was able to arrest the commander of the regiment and place him in custody. Plaek Phibunsongkhram was ordered to guard him. Armoured vehicles, including some tanks, were commandeered and ordered to head toward the Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall, including Phraya Ritthi. Having been told weeks before that a military exercise was happening, other troops in the vicinity of Bangkok joined the plotters, thus unknowingly participating in a revolution. Units loyal to the monarch shut themselves in their barracks.

By the time the infantry and cavalry arrived in the Royal Plaza in front of the Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall at about 06:00, there was already a crowd watching the assembled military. A crowd mistook the act for a Chinese uprising or a military exercise. Phraya Phahon climbed onto a tank and read the Khana Ratsadon Manifesto, a declaration proclaiming the end of the absolute monarchy and the establishment of a new constitutional state in Siam. The Promoters cheered, followed by the military, probably more out of deference than full comprehension of what has actually happened.

In truth, Phraya Phahon was bluffing. The success of the revolution still depended on events elsewhere in Bangkok. Phraya Prasan was sent to the house of Prince Paribatra, and to other high-ranking members of the government and princes. Prince Paribatra was apparently in his pajamas when he was arrested. Thirteen Thai Royal Family members and twelve nobilities were arrested, in which Thai elites were traumatically distressed. None, except the commander of the First Army Corps, offered any resistance. He put up a fight and was slightly wounded, but was eventually taken into custody, becoming the revolution's only casualty. About 40 officials were arrested and detained in the Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall. One exception was the Minister of Commerce and Communications, Prince Purachatra Jayakara, Prince of Kamphaeng Phet, who escaped in a detached railway engine to warn the King in Hua Hin. By 08:00 the operation was over and the Promoters had won the day.

The Khana Ratsadon forced the princes to sign a document proclaiming their commitment to peace and to avoidance of any bloodshed. The coup elicited almost no response from the populace, and the day-to-day life of the people returned to normal even before the end of the day. The rest of the country was also similarly disaffected, prompting The Times in London to report that the revolution merely was "a simple re-adjustment".

By the evening of 24 June, the Khana Ratsadon were confident enough to call a senior ministerial meeting. In the meeting Pridi tried to persuade senior civil servants to support the Khana Ratsadon, asking them for support and telling them to remain united, lest the semblance of confusion lead to foreign intervention. Pridi asked the foreign ministry to dispatch to all foreign missions a document stating that the party was committed to protecting foreign lives and business and to fulfilling Siam's treaty obligations.

Khana Ratsadon manifesto
Most of the military and civil administrations offered little resistance. Accustomed to taking orders and with all lines of communication shut down, they were unable to act. The next stage of the revolution was left to the civilian side of the party. Pridi Banomyong, its leader, with the help of his supporters, blanketed the capital in the Khana Ratsadon's propaganda leaflets, pamphlets, and radio broadcasts, all supporting the revolution. The text of the manifesto of the Khana Ratsadon, written by Pridi, criticised the monarch in harsh terms:

The tone of the manifesto differed greatly from that of the telegram sent to the King signed by the three full colonels and musketeers: Phraya Phahon, Phraya Songsuradet, and Phraya Ritthi. The telegram stated, using royal language (Rachasap: ราชาศัพท์), that if the King did not wish to remain as a monarch under a constitution, the party was willing to replace him with another royal prince. Despite the language, the telegram warned the monarch in strong terms that if any member of the Khana Ratsadon was hurt, the princes in custody would suffer.

Royalty reaction

Before the arrival of the Musketeers' telegram, the King was aware of ongoing events in Bangkok. He was playing golf at the summer villa's course with the queen, two princely ministers, and some courtiers. When an urgent message arrived, reportedly at the eighth hole, Prince Purachatra arrived to report to the King. The King and the princes discussed many options, which included fleeing the country, staging a counter-coup or full surrender. However, the King had already decided before the telegram arrived. He quickly replied he was willing to remain on the throne as a constitutional monarch and that he had always favoured granting the people a constitution. The King wrote of his decision of refusing to fight, "I could not sit on a throne besmirched by blood." One point which the King did not concede was when the party sent a gunboat to carry him to Bangkok. He refused and travelled back to Bangkok by royal train, stating that he was not a captive of the Khana Ratsadon.

King Prajadhipok returned to Bangkok on 26 June. His first action was to grant a royal audience to the Khana Ratsadon. As the members entered the room, the King rose and greeted them by saying: "I rise in honour of the Khana Ratsadon". It was a significant gesture, as in Siamese culture the king always remains seated when their subjects offer homage, not the reverse. This led to Pridi apologising for defaming him in the manifesto. Subsequently, all known copies were pulled from circulation. The King responded to this act by affixing his royal seal on a document exonerating all members of the Khana Ratsadon for the coup. The Khana Ratsadon then released all their hostages with the exception of Prince Paribatra, whom they considered too powerful. They asked him to leave the country instead. He later left for Java, never to return and died in Bandung in 1944. Other princes went into voluntary exile in other Southeast Asian countries, and some others in Europe.

The coup took place in an era when most of the population was kept out of politics and the political sphere was the domain of military and bureaucratic elites. Handley suggests that there was the refusal of both Rama VI and VII, and aristocracy to share power with the new "commoner" elites, forced the "commoner" elites and some high-ranking nobility to support the Promoters' bid to seize power through military force. The resulting unhappiness at the status quo due to the awareness of the ideals of Western democracy, nationalism, and communism, coupled with the mismanagement by the absolute monarchy and the deteriorating economic conditions caused by the Great Depression, triggered the 1932 revolution. The onus of the outbreak of the 1932 revolution from this perspective thus lies with the disgruntled commoner elites. who wanted radical change and were generally unwilling to compromise with the monarchy and the aristocracy, in particular with Rama VII, who was supposedly in favour of a constitutional monarchy.

First constitution of Thailand

In the immediate aftermath of the revolution, Prajadhipok and the Khana Ratsadon immediately set about granting the Siamese people their first constitution. The temporary charter was signed on 27 June 1932 at 17:00. It was a draft document written by Pridi in advance. The constitution began by announcing that: "the highest power in the land belongs to all people." The constitution basically stripped the king of all of his ancient powers such as his power of veto, power of pardon, and the right to even confirm his own successor and heir. The constitution removed the monarchy's powers, without abolishing the office itself. The constitution created a People's Committee (, the executive) and an Assembly of People's Representatives () made up of 70 appointed members.

"Democracy" for Siam was to be given to the people in three installments. First, assembly members were to be appointed by the Four Musketeers. They would exercise power on behalf of the people, and their first session was to last six months. Second, a period when the mostly ignorant populace would learn about democracy and elections; the assembly would then be changed to be composed of half-appointed members by the Musketeers, and the other half through indirect representation. These candidates must, of course, have been examined by the Khana Ratsadon before any election. Third, the charter stated that full democratic representation in the assembly could only be achieved at the end of ten years or when more than half of the populace had gone through primary education, whichever was achieved first.

The first session of the People's Assembly convened in the Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall on 28 June 1932. The charter however did not last long. By the end of the year a new more moderate permanent constitution would be signed, on 10 December. This constitution eventually gave back to the monarchy many powers it had lost in the previous charter, and the monarchy was once again held "sacred and inviolable". The Assembly of People's Representatives was expanded to include 156 members, 78 elected and 78 appointed. The democratic restrictions were removed and the government scheduled Siam's first election in October 1933.

Aftermath

Despite his lofty ideals and Western education, Pridi's version of democracy faced the same dilemma that Prajadhipok's version did: the notion simply that the country, especially the rural populace was not yet ready for it. Within days, the Khana Ratsadon had turned Siam into a one-party state with communistic sounding institutions such as the "People's Assembly" and the position of "President of the People's Committee". However, Khana Ratsadon showed their bipartisanship when they recommended the appointment of lawyer and Privy Councillor Phraya Manopakorn Nititada as the first President of the People's Committee and in effect the first Prime Minister of Siam, more probably out of pragmatism and shrewdness rather than any honourable intention. However, infighting within the government over Pridi's "Draft National Economic Plan", the so-called "Yellow Cover Dossier", and the actions of the conservative prime minister would eventually lead to the first coup d'état by Phraya Manopakorn Nititada on 1 April 1933.

In late 1932, the King wrote to his nephew Prince Chula Chakrabongse about his decision to return to Bangkok: "...we were all quite aware that we were probably going to our death." The many unsettled constitutional roles of the crown and the dissatisfaction with Phraya Phahon's seizure of power culminated in October 1933 in a counter-coup, the Boworadet Rebellion staged by royalist factions. The royalists were led by Prince Boworadet and the many others who had permanently lost their influence and positions because of the seizure of power by the Khana Ratsadon. The rebellion was a failure, and although there is no evidence whatsoever that Prajadhipok was involved, his neutrality and indecisiveness during the brief conflict led to the loss of his credibility and prestige. Three years after the revolution, King Prajadhipok abdicated the throne and left Siam never to return. He died in England in 1941, during World War II. He was replaced as king by his nine-year-old nephew Prince Ananda Mahidol (King Rama VIII), who at that time was attending school in Lausanne, Switzerland.

Legacy

Public perception and discourse over the 1932 revolution has fluctuated over time. With the revival of the role of the monarchy initiated by the government of Sarit Thanarat in the 1960s, the state began downplaying the significance of 1932. Public observation of 24 June as National Day was abandoned in favour of King Bhumibol's birthday on 5 December. The events were glossed over by school textbooks, while views describing the actions of the People's Party as premature, and the idea that Vajiravudh and Prajadhipok had been making their own preparations for giving democracy to the people when ready were popularized.

References

Bibliography

External links
 Thai Revolution of 1932
 Undermining the 1932 Revolution

1930s coups d'état and coup attempts
1930s in Thailand
1932 in Siam
20th-century revolutions
Conflicts in 1932
Military coups in Thailand
Political history of Thailand
Rattanakosin Kingdom
Battles and conflicts without fatalities
June 1932 events


Robert Hooker (born 6 March 1967) is an Australian former soccer player and coach.  He played for and later became assistant coach of the Australian national team and is the current head coach of the Western Sydney Wanderers Women.

Playing career
Hooker started his playing career with Mount Colah Soccer Club and was a graduate of the Australian Institute of Sport Football Program, granted a scholarship in 1984 and 1985.  This led to selection in the Australia U20 side for the 1985 FIFA World Youth Championship finals.

Through his playing career, Hooker played in the NSL for Sydney City, Sydney Olympic, West Adelaide, Sydney United, Marconi, Canberra Cosmos and Auckland Kingz.  He later finished his career in the NSW Premier League with APIA Leichhardt and Belconnen Blue Devils.

He was first selected for the Socceroos in 1990, coming on as a substitute against touring club side Hajduk Split.  He would make his first appearance in an 'A' international later that year away to South Korea. From 1995 to 1998 he was a regular selection in the national team, including inclusion in the 1997 FIFA Confederations Cup squad.

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Coaching
After his playing career, he took up coaching in women's football, first in the United States before returning to Australia. In 2008/2009, Hooker joined W-League club, Canberra United as its inaugural coach. He only stayed on as manager of United for one season. In 2010, following the appointment of Holger Osieck as Socceroos head coach, Hooker and Aurelio Vidmar were employed as assistants. After over a decade out of top level coaching he returned to join the Western Sydney Wanderers when Kat Smith left the club 2 weeks prior to the start of the 2023/24 A-League Women's season.

References

External links
Canberra United – Coach profile
OzFootball Player Database – Hooker, Robert
1986 season matrix with Sydney City at ozfootball.net
1987 season matrix with Sydney Olympic at ozfootball.net
1992/93 season matrix with West Adelaide at ozfootball.net

1967 births
Living people
Australian men's soccer players
Australia men's international soccer players
National Soccer League (Australia) players
APIA Leichhardt FC players
Canberra Cosmos FC players
Football Kingz FC players
Marconi Stallions FC players
Sydney Olympic FC players
Sydney United 58 FC players
West Adelaide SC players
1996 OFC Nations Cup players
1997 FIFA Confederations Cup players
Australian Institute of Sport soccer players
Men's association football defenders
Place of birth missing (living people)
A-League Women managers


The Allegheny Railroad  was an American railroad company operating in northwestern Pennsylvania.

The Allegheny Railroad began operations on September 3, 1985. It operated  of line between milepost 2.8 located at Erie, Pennsylvania and milepost 149.9 located at Emporium, Pennsylvania.

To create the new railroad, five individual segments were assembled: The first, from
Erie to Irvine was purchased from Conrail.  The second, from Irvine to Warren from the
Irvine, Warren, Kane & Johnsonburg Railroad. The third, from Warren to
Kane from the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation. The fourth, from Kane to Johnsonburg, from the Irvine, Warren, Kane & Johnsonburg Railroad. The fifth and final segment, from Johnsonburg to Emporium, was purchased from Conrail.

Hammermill Paper was the sole owner. Hammermill used the line to ship product between its plants in Erie and Lock Haven. Hammermill was purchased
by International Paper in 1986.

The Allegheny and Eastern Railroad, a subsidiary of Genesee & Wyoming Inc., purchased the railroad on October 31, 1992. The Allegheny and Eastern Railroad was merged into the Buffalo and Pittsburgh Railroad another subsidiary of Genesee & Wyoming Inc. on January 1, 2004.

Locomotive roster

Mileage

Main line

North Warren Branch

Refinery Branch

Grandview Branch

References

 Allegheny Railroad, Timetable Number 1; April 27, 1986

Transportation in Cameron County, Pennsylvania
Defunct Pennsylvania railroads
Transportation in Erie County, Pennsylvania
Transportation in Warren County, Pennsylvania
Railway companies established in 1985
Railway companies disestablished in 1992
1985 establishments in Pennsylvania
1992 disestablishments in Pennsylvania


The National Guard Militia Museum of New Jersey is headquartered in Sea Girt, with a second museum located in Lawrenceville, New Jersey, and operates under the auspices of the New Jersey Department of Military and Veterans Affairs.

The not-for-profit museum's purpose is to preserve and explain New Jersey's military heritage, by collecting, preserving and displaying artifacts with specific relevance and historical significance to the New Jersey Army National Guard, the New Jersey Air National Guard and the New Jersey Naval Militia. It is a member of the Army Museum System.

Sea Girt Museum
The museum is headquartered at the National Guard Training Center in Sea Girt, and focuses on the role of the New Jersey Militia and National Guard from colonial times through the present day, with original and reproduction artifacts. The museum focuses on the role and experiences of the "citizen soldier". Established in 1980, the materials in the museum's collection have been documented and cataloged with the goal of becoming a certified Army museum. By 1999, the museum had more than 4,000 artifacts, including an example of the McClellan saddle designed by General George B. McClellan (later Governor of New Jersey), a collection of World War II photographs and static displays of vehicles and aircraft.

The Intelligent Whale, an experimental hand-cranked submarine based on an 1863 design is on display. Lawsuits and cost overruns meant the submarine wasn't available for combat in the Civil War. Originally planned to cost $15,000, the total cost ran up to quadruple the original estimate by the time it was completed in the late 1860s in Newark by the American Submarine Company. The submarine could carry four crew members who operated a hand-cranked propeller and could travel underwater at four knots. Compressed air allowed it to operate underwater for a total of up to ten hours and was also used to empty the ballast tanks to allow the submarine to surface. Test dives in the Passaic River in the late 1860s were successful, but the Navy decided to abandon the purchase after its operator was murdered. The submarine was transported to the museum in Sea Girt by truck in April 1999 from the Washington Naval Yard, where it had been located since 1968.

The museum is the home of the Center for U.S. War Veterans’ Oral History Project, which records interviews of veterans about their military experiences. These interviews are available on videotape and DVD for review by researchers and scholars. , the center has recorded over 600 interviews with veterans serving in World War II and other conflicts through Operation Iraqi Freedom.

Lawrenceville Field Artillery Annex
The Lawrenceville site is located on the Lawrenceville DMAVA campus in a new purpose-built building. Previously located in the historic Lawrenceville Armory, the museum reopened to the public in October, 2021. The collection of the museum focuses in on the history of New Jersey militia and National Guard, while there are additional displays that explain New Jersey military history in broader context. In addition to the museum annex building, fifteen tanks, armored vehicles and cannon are on display outdoors.

References

External links

National Guard Militia Museum of New Jersey - Official website

Armories in New Jersey
Museums established in 1980
Museums in Monmouth County, New Jersey
Museums in Mercer County, New Jersey
Military and war museums in New Jersey
Sea Girt, New Jersey
United States Army museums
1980 establishments in New Jersey
New Jersey


Plancia Magna () was a prominent woman of Perga in the Roman province of Lycia et Pamphylia who lived in the 1st and 2nd centuries. During her life she was not only a high priestess, but a member of the decurio and a benefactress to the city, funding the restoration of the main city gates between the years AD 119 and 120.

Ancestry, family, and early life

Plancia Magna was the daughter of the Roman Senator Marcus Plancius Varus and the Herodian Princess Julia, daughter of king Tigranes VI of Armenia. Her mother became a priestess and served in the temple of the Ancient Greek Goddess Artemis in Perga.

Magna married the Roman Senator Gaius Julius Cornutus Tertullus, suffect consul in 100 with his friend Pliny the Younger. Magna bore Tertullus a son, Gaius Julius Plancius Varus Cornutus.

Activity in Perga
Plancia Magna is an example of a successful and influential woman from Anatolia. From surviving inscriptions mentioning her and her family, it is understood that they were wealthy and influential citizens in Perga. Due to the generosity of Magna, her father and her brother, they were accepted as the second founders of Perga. They each were given the honorific title of Ktistes or "Founder".

In the reign of Roman Emperor Hadrian, Plancia Magna funded major civic improvements in Perga. These improvements included restoration of the Hellenistic Gates at Perga, a magnificent structure that was the entrance to the city; a horseshoe-shaped courtyard adorned with a number of statues depicting various members of the imperial family and various Greek and Roman deities. These statues were annotated by a series of inscriptions indicating these were her donations; because Plotina is not referred to as diva these inscriptions should be dated before her death in 122 and after that of Salonia Matidia in 119.

Translated from Latin [first two lines]:
to the genius of the city
Plancia Magna daughter of Marcus

Translated from Greek [last two lines]:
to the fortune of the city
Plancia Magna

Magna held the title of high-priestess of the temple of the ancient Greek Goddess Artemis in Perga, as well as the high-priestess of the imperial cult and the high-priestess for life of the mother of the gods.

Magna was honored by the Boule, Demos and Gerousia of Perga with the honorific title of Demiourgos. The name of person who held this annual title was used to identify the year. Demiourgos was the highest civil servant position in the government of Perga. This title was usually reserved for men and through this title she had sponsored the local games held in Perga.

A surviving inscription on a base from a statue erected by the community of Perga, reveals her position in the city:

Plancia Magna
Daughter of Marcus Plancius Varus
and daughter of the city.
Priestess of Artemis
and both first and sole public priestess
of the mother of the gods
for the duration of her life
pious and patriotic.

When Magna died she was buried in a tomb which is located to the right of the Hellenistic Gates.

References

Further reading

 Sheila Dillon (2010). The Female Portrait Statue in the Greek World. Cambridge University Press, pp. 155–161.
 Elaine Fantham, Helene Peet Foley, Natalie Boymel Kampen, Sarah B. Pomeroy & H. Alan Shapiro (1995). Women in the Classical World: Image and Text, Oxford University Press, pp. 363, 364f.
 Charles Gates (2003). Ancient Cities: the Archaeology of Urban Life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece and Rome, Routledge.

External links
 Plancia Magna, Aurelia Paulina, and Regilla: Civic Donors (last visited 24 March 2017)
Ataman Hotel: Plancia Magna
Plancia Magna Inscription (AE 1965, 210 = IK-54 90)
Statue of Plancia Magna (photo)
Statue of Plancia Magna (photo)
acsearch.info ancient coin search engine: Kings of Armenia

1st-century Romans
2nd-century Romans
1st-century Roman women
2nd-century Roman women
Priestesses from the Roman Empire
1st-century clergy
2nd-century clergy
Herodian dynasty
People from Roman Anatolia
Plancii


Houston Baptist Huskies basketball may refer to either of the basketball teams that represent Houston Baptist University:
Houston Baptist Huskies men's basketball
Houston Baptist Huskies women's basketball


The Tau Herculids (TAH #0061) are a meteor shower that when discovered in 1930 appeared to originate from the star Tau Herculis. The parent comet of the Tau Herculids is periodic comet Schwassmann-Wachmann 3 with a 5.4 year orbital period. This meteor shower occurs from May 19 - June 19. The meteor shower was first observed by the Kwasan Observatory in Kyoto, Japan in May 1930. The Tau Herculids' average radiant was α=236°, δ=+41°. Due to orbital perturbations of the meteor streams by Jupiter, 2022 activity will have a radiant of R.A. = 13:56 (209), Decl. = +28 (North-West of the star Arcturus in the constellation Boötes). The meteors are relatively slow moving making atmospheric entry at around .

On 31 May 1930 the comet passed about  from Earth, on 9 June 1930 a meteor outburst with a zenithal hourly rate of around 100 was observed, and then the comet passed perihelion (closest approach to the Sun) on 14 June 1930.

On 30–31 May 2022 (31 May 4:00-5:00 UT) there was a modest meteor shower generated by fragments from the 1995 break-up of the parent comet 73P. This required that fragments had been migrating ahead of the comet for the last 27 years. The parent comet has 69 known fragments and does not come to perihelion (0.97 AU from the Sun) until 25 August 2022. On 30 May 2022 comet 73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann was 1.5 AU from the Sun and  from Earth. The next notable appearances of the Tau Herculids are expected in 2033 and 2049.

References

 http://aquarid.physics.uwo.ca/~pbrown/taus.pdf

External links
 tau Herculids as seen by the Global Meteor Network cameras (30 May 2022 Denis Vida)
 Radio Meteor Observations (peaking around 4:00 UT 31 May)
 Tau Herculids Meteors over Kitt Peak Telescopes (Astronomy Picture of the Day accumulated over 2.5 hours very late on May 30)

Meteor showers
Boötes
Hercules (constellation)
May observances
June observances


Many place names in Palestine were Arabized forms of ancient Hebrew and Canaanite place-names used in biblical times or later Aramaic formations. Most of these names have been handed down for thousands of years though their meaning was understood by only a few. The cultural interchange fostered by the various successive empires to have ruled the region is apparent in its place names. Any particular place can be known by the different names used in the past, with each of these corresponding to a historical period. For example, the city of Beit Shean, today in Israel, was known during the Israelite period as Beth-shean, under Hellenistic rule and Roman rule as Scythopolis, and under Arab and Islamic rule as Beisan.

The importance of toponymy, or geographical naming, was first recognized by the Palestine Exploration Fund (PEF), a British organization who mounted geographical map-making expeditions in the region in the late 19th century. Shortly thereafter, the British Mandatory authorities set out to gather toponymic information from local fellahin, who had been proven to have preserved knowledge of the ancient place names which could help identify archaeological sites.

Since the establishment of the State of Israel, many place names have since been Hebraicized, and are referred to by their revived biblical names. In some cases, even sites with only Arabic names and no pre-existing ancient Hebrew names or associations have been given new Hebrew names. Place names in the region have been the subject of much scholarship and contention, particularly in the context of the Arab–Israeli conflict. Their significance lies in their potential to legitimize the historical claims asserted by the involved parties, all of whom claim priority in chronology, and who use archaeology, cartography, and place names as their proofs.

History
The local population of Palestine used Semitic languages, such as Hebrew, Jewish Palestinian Aramaic, Christian Palestinian Aramaic, Samaritan Aramaic and Arabic for thousands of years. Almost all place names in the region have Semitic roots, with only a few place names being of Latin origin, and hardly any of Greek or Turkish origins. The Semitic roots of the oldest names continued to be used by the indigenous population, though during classical antiquity, many names underwent modifications due to the influence of local ruling elites well versed in Greek and Latin.

In his 4th-century work, the Onomasticon, Eusebius of Caesarea provides a listing of the place-names of Palestine with geographical and historical commentary, and his text was later translated into Latin and edited and corrected by Jerome.

Following the Arab conquest of the Levant, many of the pre-classical Semitic names were revived, though often the spelling and pronunciation differed. Of course, for places where the old name had been lost or for new settlements established during this period, new Arabic names were coined. Similar to this, two thousand years before, the Indo-European-speaking Philistine inhabitants of the southern Levant in the Late Bronze Age kept the West-Semitic names of the Canaanite towns they had inherited.

Though often visited by European travelers in the centuries to follow, many of whom composed travel accounts describing its topography and demography, towards the end of Ottoman imperial rule, there was still much confusion over the place names in Palestine. Existing Turkish transliterations of the Arabic and Arabicized names made identification and study into the etymology of the place names even more challenging.

Edward Robinson identified more than 100 biblical place names in Palestine, by pursuing his belief that linguistic analysis of the place names used by the Arab fellahin would reveal preserved traces of their ancient roots. The PEF's Names and Places in the Old and New Testaments and the Apocrypha, with their Modern Identifications (1895) lists more than 1,150 place names related to the Old Testament and 162 related to the New, most of which are located in Palestine. These surveys by Robinson the PEF, and other Western biblical geographers in late 19th and early 20th centuries, also eventually contributed to the shape of the borders delineated for the British Mandate in Palestine, as proposed by the League of Nations.

With the establishment of Israel, in parts of Palestine, many place names have since been Hebraized or are referred to by their revived Biblical names. In some cases, even sites with only Arabic names and no pre-existing ancient Hebrew names or associations have been given new Hebrew names.

Preservation
The preservation of place names "with amazing consistency" is noted by Yohanan Aharoni in The Land of the Bible (1979). He attributes this continuity to the common Semitic background of Palestine's local inhabitants throughout the ages, and the fact that place names tended to reflect extant agricultural features at the site in question.

According to Aharoni, 190 out of the 475 placenames in the southern Levant may be identified based on name preservation. Ahituv wrote that out of the 358 placenames referenced in the Book of Joshua, he was able to identify 149 (41%) of them using this method. On the same time, out of the 450 names mentioned, names from Second Temple, Mishnaic, and Talmudic sources, roughly 75% have been preserved.

According to Uzi Leibner, this preservation of names is "a function of continuity of settlement at the site itself, or at least in the immediate region", and most of the sites in question were inhabited during the Byzantine and Middle Islamic periods.

Linguistic roots

Water sources
Agricultural features are common to roots of place names in Palestine. For example, some place names incorporate the Semitic root for "spring" or "cistern", such as Beersheba or Bir as 'Saba, ("be'er" and "bir" meaning "well" in Hebrew and Arabic respectively) and En Gedi or 'Ayn Jeddi ("en" and "'ayn" meaning "spring" in Hebrew and Arabic respectively).

Hebrew terms that are used in the Hebrew Bible survived into later usage by the fellahin. Examples include the Hebrew words Nahar () - occurs unchanged as Nahr; Nahal () survives. in villages located near large torrents, such as Nahalin; Bitzah () that appears as Bussah, Geb () that occurs several times as Jub, and Bor () that appears as Bur, and in dual, Burin.

Features
Some place names are derived from Hebrew or Aramaic names for local features, as in for 'fort' (, as in At-Tira, Al-Tira and others) or 'castle' (). Some of these place names were later confounded with the Arabic for tair (bird) or bir (well).

The biblical term for hamlet, Caphar () appears unchanged as Kefr. Haim ben-david notes that the word "caphar" appears just once in the Hebrew Bible (for Cephar-ammoni) but much more frequently in later sources, which implies it is of Aramaic origin and was introduced to the area only during the Second Temple period.

Deities
Other place names preserve the names of Semitic gods and goddesses from ancient times. For example, the name of the goddess Anat survives in the name of the village of 'Anata, believed to be site of the ancient city of Anathoth. The name Beit Shemesh means ‘House [of] Šamaš’, indicating that it was a site of worship of the Canaanite sun-deity Šapaš/Šamaš.

Direct translations
In some cases the original name was simply translated, such as the ancient city of Dan (, "judge") which turned into the Arabic Tell el-Qadi, "mound of the judge". However, the original name of the city was preserved in the nearby source of the Jordan river, which had the name "Dhan" ().

Other examples are the names of Capitolias, which was referred to in the 6th century Talmud in Aramaic as Bet Reisha, and was later translated to Arabic as Beit Ras, and the Ladder of Tyre, also known in Rabbinic literature as Lavanan or Lavlavan (from the , "white"), was later translated into Arabic as Ras el-Bayda (White head), and into Latin by the Crusaders, as Album Promontorium.

Exceptions
Yehuda Elitzor observes that in the majority of cases, Arabic-speakers did not give new names to places where their original names were known and existing; an exception is the city of Hebron, for which its historic name was replaced by the Arabic name "Khalil al-Rahman"; he suggests that the new name was lifted from a tradition prevalent among the Jews of Hebron.

Linguistic conversion

The Hebrew letter Ḥet (ח) is correctly Ḥāʾ (ح) in Arabic, though frequently also Ḫāʾ(خ), and sometimes [[Ayin#Arabic ʿAyn|Ayn]] (ع) takes its place (as happened in Beth Horon > Beit 'Ur). Guerin noted that in his time, Beit Hanina was sometimes referred to as Bayt 'Anina. The Talmud refers to this mistake of [ħ] and [ʕ] as Galilean vulgarism. The Samaritans confused ח and ק.

Another similar case is the shift from '''Ayin ([ʕ], Hebrew: ע, Arabic: ع) into Aleph ([ʔ], Hebrew: א, Arabic: ا), even though both sounds exist in Arabic. For instance, the Biblical name Endor (עין דור, using [ʕ]) was changed to Indur (إندور, using [ʔ]). The Jews of Galilee (specifically in Haifa, Beth-shean and Tiv'on) were already "producing Ayins as Alephs," according to rabbinic literature, which already makes notice of this shift.

The Hebrew suffix -el tends to change to -in in Arabic, as in Bethel > Beitin, Yizre'el (Jezreel) > Zir'in.

The Hebrew suffix t (ת) tends to drop from Hebrew to Arabic, as in Ḥammat > al-Ḥamme (for Hamma), ‛Aqrabat > ‛Aqraba (for Aqraba), and Nāṣrat > en-Nāṣre (for Nazareth).

 Identification methods

 Conversations with fellahin
The vast majority of place-name identifications are made upon their similarity to existing Palestinian Arabic place names, or else upon the assessment of other geographical information provided by the Biblical texts.

Many of the local names were learned by the explorers by asking the local fellahin.

Clermont-Ganneau noted that the fellahin women were more ancient in their habits, attire, and language and frequently had greater knowledge of names than the fellahin men, which occasionally prompted the men to respond violently.

Occasionally, the same geographic feature could go by several names among the locals. The valley next to Khirbet 'Adaseh, north of Jerusalem, was referred to as Wady ed-Dumm, "Valley of Blood" by the people of Beit Hanina (which some have claimed got its name from being the location of the battle of Adasa), and Wady 'Adaseh by the people of Bir Nabala.

 Archaeological findings
James B. Pritchard wrote in 1959 that of the thousands of ancient places throughout Palestine known by name from the Hebrew Bible and historical sources, only four had then been identified based on inscriptions found during archaeological excavations at the respective locations: Gezer (boundary stones near Tell el-Jazari), Beit She'an (an Egyptian stela of Seti I found at Beisan), Lachish (the Lachish lettersfound at Tell ed-Duweir) and Gibeon (the Al Jib jar handles). Hershel Shanks wrote in 1983 that Gezer was the first of these, and that Tel Arad and Tel Hazor have also been identified in this manner. In 1996, the location of Ekron was supported with the discovery of the Ekron Royal Dedicatory Inscription.

Evolution of names, a selection

 Galilee

 Indur: Depopulated during the 1948 Arab–Israeli war, this village preserves the name of the ancient Canaanite city of Endor. Though the precise location of the ancient site remains a source of debate, the preferred candidate lies 1 kilometer northeast of Indur, a site known as Khirbet Safsafa.
 Yodfat: A Jewish town in the Galilee destroyed in the First Jewish-Roman War, when it was known as Jotapata (Yodfat). Before the establishment of Israel, its site was known as Shifat, Kh.

 Judaean Mountains

 Battir: During the Bar Kokhba revolt, this site was known as Betar. Its Arabic name Battir is evidently related to the ancient name. The village was also identified by an ancient mound in the vicinity called Khirbet el-Yahud ("ruin of the Jews").
 Beit Ur al-Fauqa (, "Upper house of straw") and Beit Ur al-Tahta (, "Lower house of straw") preserve parts of the original Canaanite names for these sites: Bethoron Elyon ("Upper Bethoron"), and Bethoron Tahton ("Lower Bethoron"). Bethoron means the "House of Horon", named for the Egypto-Canaanite deity Horon mentioned in Ugaritic literature and other texts.
 El-Azariyeh: The town of Bethany, so-called because of its most notable citizen, Lazarus.
 Jib: Al-Jib preserves the name of its ancient predecessor, Gibeon.
 Hebron: Hebron is known in Arabic as "al-Khalil", so-called after Abraham the Patriarch who was called the "friend" (Ar. "khalil") of God.
 Lifta: Commonly identified as the biblical site of Nephtoah, mentioned in the Book of Joshua (15:9; 18:15).
 Ramallah: Founded in the mid-16th century, its original name was Arabic, as it is today.
 Tuqu: The Arabicized form of the name Teqoa, mentioned several times in the Bible.

 Shephelah

 'Aīd el Mâ: Commonly identified as the biblical site of Adullam, mentioned in 1 Samuel 22:2.
 Beit Guvrin: a modern kibbutz in the Lakhish region, which was built near the site of Bayt Jibrin, an Arab village depopulated during the 1948 Arab–Israeli war. This village was originally known by the Aramaic name Beth Gabra ("house of the strong men"). The Romans gave it the Greek name of Eleutheropolis ("city of the free") but it is nonetheless listed in the Tabula Peutingeriana of 393 CE as Beitogabri.". In the Talmud, its name is transcribed as Beit Gubrin (or Guvrin). The Crusaders referred to it as Bethgibelin or simply Gibelin. Its Arabic name Beit Jibrin ("house of the powerful") is derived from the original Aramaic name.
 Beit Shemesh: Today a majority Haredi Jewish city, established near the ruins of an ancient city of the same name. Its name translates as "House [of] Šamaš’", which indicates it was a site of worship of the Canaanite sun-deity Šapaš/Šamaš. The Israelites controlled the town for a while during the Iron Age, turning it into a Levitical city (Josh 21:16), but never changing its pagan name. Even though it was destroyed during the Assyrian/Babylonian conquest approx. 2500 years ago, the biblical name was preserved in the nearby spring, ˁēn šams, ‘Spring [of] Šamaš’.Isserlin, B. S. J., (1957). ‘Israelite and Pre-Israelite Place-Names in Palestine: A Historical and Geographical Sketch’, PEQ, 89, 133–44.
 Dayr Aban: Literally, "Monastery of Aban," thought by historical geographers to be the biblical Abenezer, mentioned in 1 Samuel 4:1, and located 2 miles east of `Ain Shems (Beit Shemesh).
 Yalo: Destroyed during the 1967 war, this village was originally known by the Canaanite name Aijalon. The Arabic name Yalu, by which it was known for centuries, is derived from the Canaanite original.

 Samarian Hills

 Jenin: Jenin is identified with the biblical towns of Ein Ganim and Beth-Haggan. In Hellenistic and Roman times, it was known as Ginat or Ginae. The Arabicized name Jenin derived from the original.
 Nablus: Originally named Flavia Neapolis since it was founded in 72 CE by the Romans; in 636 CE, it was conquered by the Arabs, who Arabicized its name to Nablus.
 Seilun, Kh.: A Middle and Late Bronze Age Canaanite city and a central Israelite cultic site, recorded as Shiloh in the canonical books of the Hebrew Bible (Joshua, Judges, 1 Samuel, and Psalms). The tell comprising the ruins of the ancient town is known is Modern Hebrew as Tel Shiloh.

 Jordan Valley
 Deir Hajla: The site of the ancient Beth-ḥagla mentioned in Joshua 15:6.<ref>{{cite book |last=Aharoni|first=Y. |author-link=Yohanan Aharoni |title=The Land of the Bible: A Historical Geography|edition=2 |publisher=Westminster Press |location=Philadelphia|year=1979|page=432 |language=en|isbn=0664242669 |oclc=6250553}} (original Hebrew edition: 'Land of Israel in Biblical Times - Historical Geography', Bialik Institute, Jerusalem (1962))</ref>
 Jericho: Known among the local inhabitants as Ariha (Ar-riha, meaning "fragrance"), it is described in the 10th century Book of Josippon, as "Jericho: City of Fragrance" (ir hareah). It is thought that the current name is derived from the Canaanite name Yareah, meaning "moon".
 Jebel Quruntul: Originally a Semitic name (possibly Dagon) preserved in the Hellenistic fortress name Dok, renamed Quarantana & related names in Latin to reflect the belief that StHelena had identified a cave there as the place Jesus fasted for 40 days, preserved as Arabic Quruntul and Hebrew Qarantal.

 Coastal plain
 Kafr 'Ana: The Arabicized form of the name Ono, a Canaanite town mentioned in 1 Chronicles 8:12.
 Qal'at Ras el-'Ain: Literally, "the Castle of the Fountain-head," or what was formerly called Antipatris (a site near Rosh HaAyin), at the source of the Yarkon River, also known as Nahr Abū Fuṭrus (a corruption of Antipatris).
 Qamun: A tell near Mount Carmel. Qamun's original name was the Israelite Yokneam, from which the Arabic Qamun (meaning "cumin") was derived. Before Israelite times the Canaanite city was probably called En-qn'mu as it appears in Egyptian sources. The Romans called it Cammona and Cimona, while the Crusaders called it Caymont and also Cains Mon ("Cain's Mountain") reflecting a popular local tradition that Cain was slain nearby.
 Tulkarm: Founded in the 3rd century CE as Berat Soreqa, its name in Aramaic was Tur Karma, meaning "mount of the vineyards". This name was then Arabicized to Tul Karem.
 Yahudiya (known as Al-'Abbasiyya since 1932) means "the Jewish (city)" and is thought to be related to the biblical town of Yahud, mentioned in the Book of Joshua.
 Yazur: Depopulated prior to the 1948 war, the village's name in the 8th and 7th centuries BCE is recorded in Assyrian texts as Azuru.

Use of place names as personal names
Since the exodus of 1948, Arab Palestinians have begun a tradition of naming their daughters after destroyed Arab villages.

See also
 Names of Jerusalem
 Hebraization of Palestinian place names
 List of modern names for biblical place names
 Language shift
 Timeline of the name Palestine
 Glossary of Arabic toponyms

References

Sources

Further reading

History of Palestine (region)
Palestine, Place names of
Arabization
Historical geography


The Transition Training Academy (TTA) was established as a joint effort of the United States Department of Labor (DoL), Veterans’ Employment and Training Service, Cisco, the Office of Disability Employment Policy (ODEP) and the Wounded Warrior Project (WWP). WWP administers the program as a part of their commitment to the service men and women that have been wounded or injured on active duty.

The purpose of TTA is to help US military returning wounded warriors to develop skills they will need to return to life, to the working world, to the competitive spirit, and to the American workforce in general.

Specifically, TTA helps participants explore Information Technology (IT) as a career field and to develop or recover career skills with real world potential for future employment, self-activation, and socialization.

By the end of 2008, it is expected over two hundred active duty military personnel will have completed the TTA program. Current TTA sites are located in San Diego, CA; San Antonio, TX; Fort Gordon, GA; and the next will open soon in Tacoma, WA.

What They Do
Today's recovering veterans have unique challenges. Due to varying circumstances at different VA facilities, the special rehab needs and abilities of each wounded service person present special challenges. “Traditional” classroom training formats for many are not feasible. The Transition Training Academy was first created to address these issues with state-of-the-art, instructor-led eLearning specifically in the IT field developed through an initial grant from Cisco Systems.

References

External links
Vet's Employment and Training Service DoL site
Cisco public outreach
Office of Disability Employment Policy
Wounded Warriors Project

American veterans' organizations


Albion "Bert" Hendrickson (18 December 1897 – 28 April 1977) was an Australian politician.

He was educated at state schools in Maryborough, Victoria, before serving in the military from 1915 to 1918 in the 22nd Infantry Battalion before transferring to the 2nd Pioneer Battalion. He returned to become a public servant, and was an official with the Australian Postal Workers' Union. He was also employed as private secretary to Victorian Labor Senator Richard Keane. In 1946, he was elected to the Australian Senate as a Labor Senator for Victoria, taking his seat in 1947. He held the seat until his retirement in 1970, taking effect in 1971. From 1968 to 1971 he was a joint Father of the Senate.

Hendrickson died in 1977 (aged 79).

References

1897 births
1977 deaths
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Members of the Australian Senate for Victoria
Members of the Australian Senate
20th-century Australian politicians


James Almond Yeargin (October 16, 1901 – May 8, 1937) was a professional baseball pitcher. He played for two seasons in Major League Baseball with the Boston Braves during the 1922 and 1924 seasons.

External links

Major League Baseball pitchers
Boston Braves players
Greenville Spinners players
Seattle Indians players
Augusta Wolves players
Raleigh Capitals players
Baseball players from South Carolina
1901 births
1937 deaths
People from Mauldin, South Carolina

Cooperstown Chronicles


Coliseum da Coruña is an indoor arena for concerts and shows used in A Coruña, Galicia, Spain. The venue holds 11,000 people for concerts. It was designed by Japanese architect Arata Isozaki, built in 1990 and open on August 12, 1991. It is also occasionally used for ice skating and bull fighting.

It hosted twice the Copa del Rey de Baloncesto: in 1993 and 2016.

The arena hosted superstar, Whitney Houston on her international trek I'm Your Baby Tonight World Tour on September 29, 1991. The stop was recorded and aired on TV in several markets of Spain, and select countries in Europe.

See also
 List of indoor arenas in Spain

References

External links

 Coliseum at A Coruña website
Instituto Municipal Coruña Espectáculos information
INSTITUTO MUNICIPAL CORUÑA ESPECTÁCULOS
Configuration for the 2016 Copa del Rey de Baloncesto

Buildings and structures in A Coruña
Galician culture
Sports venues in Galicia (Spain)
Indoor arenas in Spain
Bullrings in Spain


The Village Bottoms is a historic cultural district in the predominantly Black neighborhood of West Oakland, California.  Its current revitalization and cultural arts renaissance is being catalyzed by artist/cultural worker Marcel Diallo and a neighborhood of young, black artists including Githinji wa Mbire, Eesuu Orundide, letitia ntofon, and rappers Boots Riley of The Coup, Zumbi of Zion I and Adimu Madyun of rap group Hairdooo.

The Village Bottoms Cultural District contains The Black Dot Cafe, The Continental Club, Ester's Orbit Room, Pacific Cannery Lofts, 16th Street Train Station, Velocity Circus, Lower Bottom Playaz Community Theater and Environmental Indicators Project and more.

The "Village Bottoms" is a name that many in Oakland's black cultural community, including the late Oakland poet laureate Reginald Lockett prefer to call a small section of the old West Oakland neighborhood that their parents, grandparents and/or great-grandparents lived in. Although the city of Oakland officially calls the larger district Prescott, the 1980s generation called it the boondocks and then The Lower Bottoms, and many of the new gentrifying residents prefer the even older Oakland Point, what ever one believes the name to be, its many names point to the overwhelming fact that the neighborhood is indeed gentrifying and is undergoing an intense transition and struggle for its very identity similar to what occurred in New York's Lower East Side neighborhood two decades earlier.

References

Neighborhoods in Oakland, California


O-2172 is a drug developed by Organix Inc, which acts as a stimulant and potent dopamine reuptake inhibitor. It is an analogue of methylphenidate where the phenyl ring has had a 3,4-dichloro substitution added, and the piperidine ring has been replaced by cyclopentane. It is around 1/3 the potency of methylphenidate, demonstrating that even with the important binding group of the nitrogen lone pair removed entirely, selective DAT binding and reuptake inhibition is still possible.

See also
 Tropoxane
 O-4210
 3,4-Dichloromethylphenidate

References

Dopamine reuptake inhibitors
Stimulants
Chlorobenzenes
Methyl esters
Cyclopentanes


Charles Walter Sandford (11 September 1895 – 22 October 1966) was an Australian politician.

Born in Creswick, Victoria, he received a primary education before becoming a railway worker. He served in the military from 1914 to 1918, and returned as an official with the Australian Railways Union. During World War II he was a public servant.

In 1946 he was elected to the Australian Senate as a Labor Senator for Victoria, taking his seat in 1947. He was defeated in 1955 (taking effect in 1956), but on 6 June 1957 he returned to the Senate, appointed to the casual vacancy caused by the death of Labor Senator Jack Devlin.

In 1966, Sandford fell ill on board a flight from Hong Kong to Sydney, returning from the Inter-Parliamentary Union conference in Tehran; he died on 22 October at the Royal Brisbane Hospital. George Poyser was appointed to replace him.

References

1895 births
1966 deaths
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Members of the Australian Senate for Victoria
Members of the Australian Senate
20th-century Australian politicians


Yvonne L. Andrews (born April 23, 1951), known professionally as Tina Andrews,  is an American actress, television producer, screenwriter, author and playwright. She played Valerie Grant in the series Days of Our Lives from 1975 until 1977.

Andrews also wrote the TV miniseries Sally Hemings: An American Scandal, which was the first time that the relationship between Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings had been explored on TV. In 2001, Andrews was the first African American to win the Writers Guild of America award for Original Long Form, for her script for this miniseries.

Biography

Early life and education
Andrews was born Yvonne L. Andrews, the older of two children to Eloise Andrews in Chicago, Illinois. Andrews attended Harlan Community Academy High School, where she participated in Modern Dance, Student Council and Drama Club. After graduating high school in 1969, Andrews studied at New York University; majoring in Drama.

Career

Acting
Andrews spent many years acting in such series as Days of Our Lives, where she originated the role of Valerie Grant from 1975 to 1977. Her character was part of the first interracial romance shown on daytime television. Thereafter, Andrews played Angie Wheeler in The Sanford Arms. She also acted in the TV miniseries Roots (1977) as Aurelia, the girlfriend of the character Kunta Kinte. From this role, she met and became professional partners with Alex Haley, the author of the book on which it was based and the screenplay for the series. Haley hired Andrews to work with him on the miniseries Alex Haley's Great Men of African Descent. Andrews portrayed Valerie on Falcon Crest in 1983 and Josie in the television movie Born Innocent. Andrews' had guest appearances as characters on many shows, including The Odd Couple, Love Story, Sanford and Son, Good Times and The Brady Bunch. She also performed in films such as Conrack  and Carny.

Writing
Andrews had been long interested in the story of Sally Hemings and Thomas Jefferson. She wrote the play The Mistress of Monticello, which was produced in Chicago in 1985 to good notices. About 10 years later, Craig Anderson started working with Andrews on developing it as a script for TV. Her play was produced in staged readings at the Southampton Cultural Center in February 2013.

Andrews worked on the Hemings project for nearly 16 years. Craig Anderson had optioned the rights to historian Fawn McKay Brodie's 1974 biography of Jefferson, which had explored the possibility of the long-rumored relationship with Hemings. She concluded that they did have a liaison and children. While Andrews was working on her script, a DNA study in 1998 demonstrated a match between the male lines of descendants of Hemings and Jefferson, which shifted the consensus of major historians of Jefferson, such as Joseph Ellis. He announced that he believed that Jefferson had a long-term relationship with Hemings and fathered all her children. Andrews completed her script, and the team took it to production. In 2000, CBS aired Sally Hemings: An American Scandal. It was directed by Charles Haid and starred Carmen Ejogo as Hemings and Sam Neill as Jefferson.

Andrews has written screenplays, including the movie Why Do Fools Fall in Love (1998). In 2019, Andrews joined other WGA writers in firing their agents as part of the WGA's stand against the ATA and the practice of packaging.

Literary works
Following the production of the miniseries in 2000, Andrews published the non-fiction book Sally Hemings: An American Scandal: The Struggle to Tell the Controversial Truth (2001). It recounts her work over 16 years to bring Hemings' story to a larger audience. The book was published by Malibu Press. She wrote an essay for The First Time I Got Paid for It: Writers Tales from the Hollywood Trenches (2002). Andrews novel The Hollywood Dolls (2009) was published by Malibu Press. Her Charlotte Sophia: Myth, Madness, and the Moor (2010) is a historical novel about Charlotte of Mecklenburg, the wife of King George III of Great Britain. A paperback edition was published in 2013. She explores the life of the queen, building on a 21st theory that she had a black ancestor in the 13th century. Andrews has adapted the Charlotte novel as a play titled Buckingham, which premiered at the Southampton Cultural Center in May 2013.

Awards and nominations
In 1999, Andrews received a nomination at the Acapulco Black Film Festival for Best Screenplay for the 1998 movie Why Do Fools Fall in Love. In 2001, Andrews was the first African American to win the Writers Guild of America award for Original Long Form for her script for the 2000 miniseries Sally Hemings: An American Scandal. She shared the award with Phil Alden Robinson and Stanley Weiser, who won for the 2000 movie Freedom Song. That year, Andrews also won the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding TV Movie, Miniseries or Special. In 2002, Andrews won two awards for her book about developing the Hemings story as a TV miniseries: the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Achievement in Literary Nonfiction and the Literary Award of Excellence from the Memphis Black Writers Conference. In 2003, Andrews won the MIB/Prism Filmmaker Image Award, and she received a proclamation from the City Council of New York that year.

Personal
Andrews is currently married to theatre and documentary filmmaker Stephen Gaines.

References

Further reading
 Sally Hemings An American Scandal: The Struggle to Tell the Controversial Truth (autobiography), Malibu Press, 2001. /
 Her essay in First Time I Got Paid for It: Writers Tales from the Hollywood Trenches, pp. 4–8 (autobiography), Di Capo Press, 2002. /

External links

1951 births
20th-century African-American women
20th-century African-American writers
20th-century American actresses
21st-century African-American women
Actresses from Chicago
American soap opera actresses
American television actresses
African-American television writers
American women dramatists and playwrights
American women television writers
Living people
Screenwriters from Illinois
Tisch School of the Arts alumni
Writers from Chicago
Writers Guild of America Award winners


Frederick Carl Katz (21 May 1877 – 13 December 1960) was an Australian trade unionist and politician. He had a long association with the Australian labour movement, holding senior leadership positions with the Federated Clerks' Union, Federal Miscellaneous Workers' Union, and the Melbourne Trades Hall. He served as a Senator for Victoria from 1947 to 1951, representing the Australian Labor Party (ALP).

Early life
Katz was born on 21 May 1877 in Adelaide, South Australia. He was the son of Jane (née Wiltshire) and Carl August Katz. His father was a goldsmith and jeweller of German ethnicity, although he was born in France; he had arrived in Australia in 1876. Katz and his family moved to Melbourne when he was a boy. By 1899 he was living in Fitzroy and working as a packer. He married Alicia Watkins in April 1900, with whom he had one daughter.

Labour movement
Katz was a member of the Social Democratic Party of Victoria before joining the Victorian Socialist Party (VSP), a Marxist organisation, upon its formation in 1906. He spoke regularly at party meetings, and was a vocal opponent of electoral cooperation with the Australian Labor Party (ALP). In 1909, Katz was elected assistant secretary of the Federated Carters' and Drivers' Industrial Union. He moved to Tasmania in 1911, in order to re-organise the local branch of the union, and succeeded in increasing its membership from 30 to more than 400 within a few months. While in Tasmania, he was responsible for introducing John Curtin – a fellow VSP member – to his future wife Elsie. Katz led successful strikes in Hobart and Launceston, but enthusiasm later declined and he resigned his positions in January 1914 in order to return to Melbourne.

During World War I, Katz was assistant state secretary of the Federated Clerks' Union. He was an opponent of conscription, and in 1915 he successful moved that the Melbourne Trades Hall ignore correspondence sent by the Federal Parliamentary War Committee. As a result of that, and likely also due to his German background, he was publicly tarred and feathered in December 1915 by several men in military uniform, outside his office in Little Collins Street. A military inquiry was established but was unable to determine the identity of those involved.

Katz was federal secretary of the Federated Clerks' Union of Australia from 1920 to 1940, and was also state president. He also served as state secretary and general secretary of the Federated Miscellaneous Workers' Union of Australia (1922–1927), and president of the Melbourne Trades Hall Council (1937–1938). During World War II, he represented the unions on the Cargo Control Committee, and was a deputy member of the Victorian Industrial Court of Appeals.

Politics
Katz rescinded his earlier opposition to the ALP after World War I and served on the state executive for a number of years. He stood for Warrnambool at the 1921 Victorian state election, for the Division of Henty at the 1931 federal election, and at the 1934 Nunawading state by-election, on each occasion unsuccessfully. He was also an unsuccessful candidate for the South Melbourne City Council in 1935. The Age jokingly labeled him "de facto president of the Defeated Candidates' Association".

Senate
Katz was elected to the Senate at the 1946 federal election, in what was seen as a reward for years of service. His term began on 1 July 1947, just over a month after his 70th birthday. He was a member of the Senate Standing Committee on Regulations and Ordinances and in 1951 served as chairman of the Select Committee on the Commonwealth Bank Bill. In 1949, Katz was one of only four ALP members to oppose the Chifley government's National Emergency (Coal Strike) Bill, which made it an offence for unions to use their funds to support the New South Wales coal strike. By the time he reached the Senate he had become an anti-communist, although he opposed the Menzies Government's attempts to ban the Communist Party of Australia as he believed they were counter-productive.

Later life
Katz lost his seat at the 1951 federal election, following a double dissolution. He died at his home in Albert Park on 13 December 1960, aged 83.

References

1870s births
1960 deaths
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Members of the Australian Senate for Victoria
Members of the Australian Senate
Australian people of German descent
20th-century Australian politicians
Australian trade unionists


Ron Cottrell (born October 11, 1960) is an American basketball coach. He is the head men's basketball coach at Houston Christian University in Houston, Texas. After beginning his career as a student assistant on Nolan Richardson's staff at Arkansas, Cottrell took over as Athletic Director and head men's basketball coach at Houston Christian, then known as Houston Baptist. From 1998-07, the Huskies made the NAIA men's basketball tournament each season. On December 7, 2021, Cottrell earned his 500th win as a head coach.

Career head coaching record

References

External links
 Ron Cottrell’s Husky Basketball Camps - Houston Baptist University - Houston, Texas

1960 births
Living people
Basketball coaches from Texas
Arkansas Razorbacks men's basketball coaches
College men's basketball head coaches in the United States
Houston Christian Huskies men's basketball coaches
Junior college men's basketball coaches in the United States
Place of birth missing (living people)
University of Arkansas alumni
Westbury High School (Houston) alumni


The McNally Robinson Aboriginal Book of the Year Award is a Canadian literary award, presented annually since 2005 to a First Nations, Inuit or Métis writer for a work published in English in any literary genre. The author receives a cash award of $5,000, donated by the Canadian bookstore chain McNally Robinson.

Winners
2005 - Joseph Boyden, Three Day Road
2006 - Thomas King, A Short History of Indians in Canada
2007 - Marilyn Dumont, That Tongued Belonging

External links
 McNally Robinson Aboriginal Book of the Year Award

Awards established in 2005
2005 establishments in Canada
First Nations literary awards


Eduard August von Regel (sometimes Edward von Regel or Edward de Regel or Édouard von Regel), Russian: Эдуард Август Фон Регель; (born 13 August 1815 in Gotha; died 15 April 1892 in St. Petersburg) was a German horticulturalist and botanist. He ended his career serving as the Director of the Russian Imperial Botanical Garden of St. Petersburg. As a result of naturalists and explorers sending back biological collections, Regel was able to describe and name many previously unknown species from frontiers around the world.

History
Regel was the son of the teacher and garrison-preacher Ludwig A. Regel. Already as a child he liked growing fruits and learnt to prune apple trees from a gardener of his grandfather Döring and cultivated the garden of his parents. He visited the Gymnasium at Gotha but left without Abitur
Regel earned a degree  from the University of Bonn.

At 15, Regel began his career as an apprentice at the Royal Garden Limonaia in Gotha in 1830-1833 and in spring 1833 went as an adjunct to the botanical garden in Göttingen. He then worked in the botanical gardens in Bonn (1837-1839) and Berlin (1839-1842). In 1842 he moved to Switzerland to become the head of the Old Botanical Garden, Zürich. During this time he also worked as a lecturer of science. In 1852 he founded the magazine Gartenflora (Garden Flora), in which he described many new species.

In 1855 Regel moved to St. Petersburg, Russia, where he initially worked as a research director and later as senior botanist at the Imperial Botanical Garden. From 1875 until his death he served as the director of the Imperial Botanical Garden. While there, he oversaw the creation of some of the gardens (e.g. the Admiralty garden) and the facility laboratory. He was a founder and vice-president of the Russian Gardening Society and a number of academic journals. In 1875, he became an associate member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Volume 111 of Curtis's Botanical Magazine is dedicated to him.

Regel died in St. Petersburg in 1892 and was buried at the Smolenskoe Lutheran Cemetery.

Plants named by him
Regel described and named over 3000 plant species. Many of the plants he named were from the Russian Far East and Asia as Russian Geographical Society expeditions where active in this area during his tenure at the Imperial Botanical Gardens in St. Petersburg.

Plants named for him
In 1843, J. C. Schauer named the genus Regelia in honor of Regel. It is a group of flowering plants in the family Myrtaceae which are endemic to the southwest Australia. In 1854, Planchon named the cestrum species Cestrum regelii after him,  Robert Lynch in 1904 a subsection of Iris and
Iljinia regelii (Bunge) Korovin ex Iljin is also named in his honour.

Publications
Regel was an extremely prolific scientist and author. In addition to writing a number of major reference works in botany, he published  3101 articles in academic journals.

Selected publications

 Cultur der Pflanzen unserer höheren Gebirge sowie des hohen Nordens, Erlangen 1856
 Allgemeines Gartenbuch (General garden book) 2 Vols., Zurich 1855, 1868
 Monographia Betulacearum (in: Nouveaux Mémoires de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 13: 59-187, 1861)
 Tentamen florae ussuriensis (Tentamen flora of the Ussuri River Region), 1861

 Tentamen rosarum monographiae (Monograph of Roses), 1877

Associates
Richard Maack Russian botanist, co-author, naturalist, and Siberian explorer.
Johann Albert von Regel (1845–1908; oldest son) Swiss born Russian Physician, botanist, traveler.
Constantin Andreas von Regel (1890–1970; grandson) Russian and Lithuanian horticulturalist and botanist.

References

External links
Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie

1815 births
1892 deaths
People from Gotha (town)
People from Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
19th-century German botanists
Corresponding members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
Privy Councillor (Russian Empire)


Lambert Ferri (fl. c. 1250–1300) was a trouvère and cleric at the Benedictine monastery at Saint-Léonard, Pas-de-Calais. By 1268 he was a canon and a deacon of the monastery; he is last associated with the monastery in 1282.

He was a popular partner for jeux partis, of which some twenty-seven survive between him and other composers, including Jehan Bretel, Jehan le Cuvelier d'Arras, Jehan de Grieviler, Jehan de Marli, Phelipot Verdiere, Robert Casnois, and Robert de La Pierre. Eleven of his songs have surviving melodies, including seven of the jeux partis, three chansons, and one Marian serventois.

Table of extant songs

References
Parker, Ian R. "Ferri, Lambert." Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. Accessed 20 September 2008.

Notes

Trouvères
French Benedictines
Male classical composers


Sir Magnus Cameron Cormack KBE (12 February 1906 – 26 November 1994) was an Australian politician. He was a member of the Liberal Party and served multiple terms as a Senator for Victoria (1951–1953, 1962–1978), including as President of the Senate from 1971 to 1974.

Cormack was born in the Scottish Highlands and came to Australia as a child. He grew up in Adelaide and worked as a production manager with Holden for several years, later farming near Apsley, Victoria. During World War II he served in the New Guinea campaign and attained the rank of major. Cormack's first term in the Senate lasted only two years, during which he notably opposed the Menzies Government's attempt to ban the Communist Party. After several unsuccessful candidacies, he was re-elected at the 1961 federal election, becoming known for his committee work and support of John Gorton. Cormack was elected to the Senate presidency in 1971 and retained the position for the first term of the Whitlam government. After leaving politics he served as chairman of radio station 3XY. The proceeds from the sale of the radio licence were subsequently used to establish the Cormack Foundation, an investment vehicle for the Liberal Party.

Early life
Cormack was born on 12 February 1906 in Wick, Caithness, Scotland. He was the oldest of five children born to Violet () and William Petrie Cormack. His maternal grandfather John Macdonald Cameron was a Liberal Party member of the British House of Commons. Cormack's father, a medical doctor, decided to relocate to Australia for health reasons. A distant cousin was Sir Josiah Symon, a Senator for South Australia, who was also born in Wick. The family arrived in Adelaide in about 1912, and settled on the Eyre Peninsula south of Whyalla. Having begun his formal education in Scotland, Cormack attended a state school in Tumby Bay and then boarded at St Peter's College, Adelaide. From 1926 to 1931, he worked as a production manager with Holden.

During the Great Depression, Cormack went into dairy farming. In later life he observed "I had three dairy farms, and I lost money on every one of them, so I claim to know something about dairying". By 1934, he and his brothers John and William had acquired Koijak, a grazing property near Apsley, Victoria, close to the South Australian border. On 22 November 1935, Cormack married Mary Isabel Macmeikan (known as Mavis) at the registrar's office in Melbourne; she was a divorcee. The couple had four children together.

Military service
Cormack enlisted in the Militia in July 1940, and was posted to anti-aircraft regiments at Puckapunyal and Werribee. He was discharged in October 1940, but re-enlisted in June 1941 and was commissioned as a lieutenant. He received postings to the Royal Military College, Duntroon, the headquarters of the Australian Imperial Force, and the Staff College. He transferred to the regular army in August 1942. In July 1943, Cormack arrived in Port Moresby as part of the headquarters staff of the II Corps. He moved to the New Guinea Force in January 1944, where he spent four months before leaving for Townsville and receiving his discharge. He finished the war with the rank of major and was mentioned in dispatches for "gallant and distinguished service in Papua".

Early political involvement
Cormack was a member of the Young Nationalists before the war, and joined the Liberal Party in 1946. At the 1947 Victorian state election, he managed William McDonald's campaign in the seat of Dundas, helping defeat the long-serving Labor incumbent Bill Slater. Cormack was subsequently recruited to the federal policy committee, at the urging of Robert Menzies and Richard Casey. He was state president of the Victorian Liberals from 1948 to 1949. Cormack stood for the House of Representatives at the 1949 federal election, losing to Bill Bourke in the Division of Fawkner by just 27 votes. In a speech to the Melbourne University Liberal Club in April 1950, he urged Australia to take possession of Dutch New Guinea and populate it with white settlers, in order to pre-empt an Indonesian takeover.

Senator
At the 1951 election, Cormack was elected to the Senate in fifth place on the Coalition ticket in Victoria. He was one of the few Liberals to oppose the Menzies Government's attempts to ban the Communist Party, telling Menzies that it was "draconian". His first span in the Senate lasted only two years, as he was defeated at the 1953 half-Senate election. Shortly before his term ended, he was one of the senators chosen to represent Australia at the coronation of Elizabeth II. Prior to the 1954 election, Cormack unsuccessfully contested Liberal preselection for the Division of Wannon. His opponent was future prime minister Malcolm Fraser, who was 23 years old at the time. Fraser had not expected to win, but mounted a strong grassroots campaign and impressed with his public speaking ability. Cormack's loss led journalist Don Whitington to describe him as "the unluckiest man in post-war Australian politics". He stood for the Senate at the 1955 election without success, and then the following year was defeated by George Hannan in a ballot to fill the casual vacancy caused by John Spicer's resignation.

Cormack won first place on the Coalition ticket at the 1961 election, and was elected to a six-year Senate term commencing on 1 July 1962. He would be re-elected to further six-year terms at the 1967 and 1974 elections. The latter was cut short by a double dissolution, and at the 1975 election he won a three-year term ending on 30 June 1978. Cormack was chairman of the Joint Committee on Foreign Affairs from 1967 to 1969, and from 1970 to 1971 chaired the Select Committee on Securities and Exchange. The latter committee's report into financial malpractices received praise from the media, with The Age describing it as "probably the most incisive, impressive and influential document the Senate has ever produced". In the 1970 New Year Honours, Cormack was made a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE), "for long political and public service".

After the disappearance of Prime Minister Harold Holt in 1967, Cormack played a role in John Gorton's ascension to the prime ministership. Their association dated back to the 1940s, when Cormack had helped recruit Gorton into the Liberal Party. According to Alan Reid, Liberal MPs "filed in and out of Cormack's room, some from other states, as votes for Gorton were lined up during the leadership struggle". The Liberal Party senators formed Gorton's power base, and Cormack helped keep them on-side during William McMahon's leadership challenges. Reid described him as "a manoeuvrer who preferred to work in the shadows than in strong sunlight".

President of the Senate
Following the retirement of Alister McMullin, Cormack was elected President of the Senate on 17 August 1971, defeating Labor's Justin O'Byrne by 31 votes to 26. He had earlier defeated Reg Withers to become the Coalition's nominee for the position, despite Withers having the support of Prime Minister William McMahon. As president, Cormack was known as a defender of parliamentary sovereignty over the executive. He strongly supported the expansion of the committee system, which was a relatively recent innovation, and believed the Senate should function "largely as a committee chamber" rather than simply mirroring the House of Representatives. Fearing it was "degenerating into a propaganda forum", Cormack introduced new conventions for question time, allowing government ministers to terminate questions without notice and refusing to allow questions to be directed to assistant ministers. He also allowed ministers to cut short debate on a bill by simply moving that it be considered "urgent".

The Labor Party did not secure a majority in the Senate at the 1972 federal election, despite winning government. Cormack was re-elected to the presidency with the support of the Democratic Labor Party's five senators. While presiding over the chamber he was generally regarded as fair and impartial – Labor's John Wheeldon regarded him as "completely non-partisan". In January 1973, he refused a request from the Liberal Party to unilaterally recall the Senate, stating he would only do so on the advice of the government. Cormack played a role in the "Gair Affair" of 1974, which had implications for the Whitlam government's ability to pass legislation through the Senate. He refused to accept Vince Gair's purported resignation letter, instead judging it to be ambiguous and allowing the Senate to debate whether it should be accepted.

After the 1974 election, the balance of power in the Senate was shared by Steele Hall of the Liberal Movement and Michael Townley. Cormack defeated Ian Wood to become the Coalition's nominee for the presidency. It was expected that the vote for the presidency would be tied at 30 votes each for Cormack and the Labor nominee Justin O'Byrne, with the result determined by drawing lots. However, at least one Coalition senator voted for O'Byrne, who defeated Cormack by 31 votes to 29.

Later years
In August 1974, Cormack and James Webster unsuccessfully challenged the legality of the first joint sitting of parliament. The High Court unanimously ruled that their challenge was invalid. Cormack remained an active player in the Senate after losing the presidency. He crossed the floor a total of twelve times during his career, and was a leading opponent of the Fraser government's 1977 referendum proposals; he chaired a campaign urging voters to vote "No" on all four questions. He was particularly critical of the proposal for simultaneous elections for the House and Senate, which was the only question where the "No" vote prevailed; he described it as "a fraud and a deceit" which would eventually lead to the Senate's abolition.

In March 1975, Cormack held a dinner party at his flat in Toorak, where he and other leading Liberals discussed how to remove Billy Snedden from the leadership. The leading contenders to replace Snedden were Andrew Peacock and Malcolm Fraser. Cormack was known to support Peacock, who was a close friend and something of a protégé. However, he only invited Fraser to the dinner party. Fraser was suspicious of Cormack's motives, particularly when he was asked to leave by jumping over the back fence – supposedly to avoid photographers who were waiting outside the front door. Fraser suspected Cormack had actually arranged someone to wait by the back fence and photograph him climbing over, hoping to embarrass him and thus further Peacock's chances. He chose to leave by the front door, where there were in fact no photographers.

After leaving parliament, Cormack served as the chairman of 3XY, one of Melbourne's most popular music radio stations. The station had strong ties to the Liberal Party, and its articles of association provided that any proceeds from its sale would be transferred to organisations with shared goals. When the station licence was sold for $15 million in 1986, Cormack initially wished to divide the money between the Institute of Public Affairs, the Centre for Independent Studies, and other similar think tanks. However, Liberal Party official John Calvert-Jones convinced him that the money should be used to establish a new entity, which was named the Cormack Foundation. According to The Australian, the foundation's capital had grown to almost $70 million by 2017, and it had disbursed $60 million in dividends to the Liberal Party since its creation.

Cormack died in Melbourne on 26 November 1994, aged 88, after years of ill health. A memorial service was held at Old Parliament House.

References

1906 births
1994 deaths
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Australia
Members of the Australian Senate for Victoria
Members of the Australian Senate
Presidents of the Australian Senate
Australian Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Scottish emigrants to Australia
People educated at St Peter's College, Adelaide
20th-century Australian politicians
People from Wick, Caithness
Australian Army personnel of World War II
Australian Army officers