Steve Williams (born 29 July 1958) is an Australian former state and national representative rugby union player who captained the Wallabies in five Test matches in 1985.

Early life and sporting promise
A grazier's son, born in Narromine in far-western New South Wales, Williams was sent to boarding school at St Joseph's College in Sydney where his large frame and athletic promise was nurtured at the Joey's rugby nursery. He excelled as a schoolboy sportsman. He rowed in the First VIII for three years, won the GPS Schools Shot Put Championship in the Open division two years, played in the school's First XV for two years and was selected in the Australian Schoolboy's XV (1975 and 1976).

Club rugby
He joined the Drummoyne Rugby Club from school but later moved to the Manly club and was there in 1983 when Alan Jones took over as coach. He captained this Manly team in 1983 to win the final. Jones was the new Australian coach from 1984 and he saw the value that Williams brought to the national pack in his line-out jumping, his surprising pace and fearless scrummaging. Jones also saw Williams' leadership potential.

Representative rugby career and leadership style
Williams debuted for Australia against Fiji in the 1980 three match tour. He played in all matches including Australia's 22–9 Test victory. That year he also appeared for New South Wales Waratahs against the touring All Blacks and then was selected for the Wallabies in the first and second Tests of that year's Bledisloe Cup series. He suffered a broken jaw in the 2nd Test after starting a fracas with New Zealand's Mark Shaw and was out for the 3rd Test.

He made four appearances in 1981 against the touring French side – for Sydney, New South Wales and in both Tests. He was then selected for the 1981–82 tour of the British Isles but the first choice second-rowers were skipper Tony Shaw, and Peter McLean and Williams generally played in the minor matches other than the Test against England.

In 1982 Williams toured to New Zealand in the squad led by Mark Ella and played in eight matches including all three Tests against the All Blacks. In 1983 he represented against the United States, Argentina and New Zealand and made the European tour squad, playing late that year in Tests against France and Italy.

1984 was a golden year for Australian rugby and Williams played a prominent role. Three Tests were played at home against New Zealand where he formed a new second-row partnership with another giant name Steven – Steve Cutler. The team gained toughness and finessed its combinations in August before heading to the British Isles under captain Andrew Slack for the 1984 Grand Slam tour. Jones valued Williams' quiet lead-by-example ethic, his work ethic and the hard edge he brought to the pack especially in his ability to protect the young line-out star Cutler. Jones made Williams the forward leader and squad vice-captain.

Steve Williams proudly debuted as captain of the Wallabies in the first tour match against London Division and in another later mid-week game. He led the pack in all four Tests and was instrumental in the famous push-over try against Wales at Cardiff Arms which marked the coming of age of Australian forward play, an indication that the Wallabies could finally field a world-class pack. Howell quotes Mark Ella "When Alan Jones made Steve the senior forward, it was the best thing that could have happened. He took the responsibility and really drove the forwards. I must say Steve's lineout ability surprised me. Some of his jumping was sensational, particularly in the Irish test. It enabled us to take pressure off Steve Cutler by being able to throw to 2,4 or 6. To Williams up front, Cutler in the middle or Steve Tuynman at the back. Our lineout was complete."

The Grand Slam victory by the 1984 squad was the first ever for an Australian team. A number of the senior players retired at tour's end and some of the stars took a year off. Williams however played on enabling him a distinguished 1985. He captained the Wallabies in five Tests that year – victories in two match series against both Canada and Fiji before a 9–10 loss against New Zealand. He retired at the top, as his country's captain having played 56 matches for Australia, having made five Wallaby tours, with a then record for a second-rower of 28 Test appearances.

Footnotes

Sources
 The Spirit of Rugby (1995) (Collection of Essays) Harper Collins, Australia
 Howell, Max (2005) Born to Lead – Wallaby Test Captains, Celebrity Books, Auckland NZ

1958 births
Australian rugby union players
Australia international rugby union players
Australian rugby union captains
People educated at St Joseph's College, Hunters Hill
Living people
Rugby union players from New South Wales
Rugby union locks
People from the Orana (New South Wales)
Drummoyne RFC players
Manly RUFC players


Papyrus 82 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), designated by 𝔓82, is an early copy of the New Testament in Greek. It is a papyrus manuscript of the Gospel of Luke. The surviving texts of Luke are verses 7:32-34,37-38. The manuscript paleographically had been assigned to the 4th century (or 5th century).

 Text
The Greek text of this codex probably is a representative of the Alexandrian text-type. Aland placed it in Category II.

 Location
It is currently housed at the Bibliothèque nationale et universitaire (P. Gr. 2677) in Strasbourg.

See also

 List of New Testament papyri
 Papyrus 85

References

Further reading

 J. Schwartz, Fragment d’evangile sur papyrus, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 3 (Bonn: 1967), pp. 157–158.

New Testament papyri
4th-century biblical manuscripts
Bibliothèque nationale de France collections
Gospel of Luke papyri


Ocampo is a city and seat of the municipality of Ocampo, in the north-eastern Mexican state of Coahuila. It had a population of 3,679 inhabitants in the 2010 census, representing over one-third of the municipality's population.

References

Populated places in Coahuila


Ernesto Badini (born San Colombano al Lambro, 14 September 1876; died Milan, 6 July 1937) was an Italian opera singer that sang in the baritone range. He was trained at Milan Conservatory and made his debut as Matteo (in Frà Diavolo) at Lodi's Teatro Gaffurio in 1896.  Badini was a regular performer at Milan's La Scala and achieved his greatest success in the comic role of Puccini's Gianni Schicchi.

Biography
In Il Signor Bruschino (Rossini), he was said with a generally "excellent cast" to have "co-operated with a will". At Covent Garden:
he portrayed Marcello in Boheme (Puccini): "[not] particularly well-suited for [this part]" He also worked in South America and Salzburg.

His voice was described as "serviceable rather than rich": whilst his acting ability demonstrated "an assured style and economy of gesture"

First Performances
He participated in several first performances, as follows:

Puccini: Gianni Schicchi (premieres at Milan and Covent Garden).  "... a delightful picture of Schicchi, entering fully into the spirit of the piece"

Mascagni: Il piccolo Marat (world)

Mascagni: Pinotta (world)

Giordano's La cena delle beffe (world)

Wolf-Ferrari's Sly (world).

Recordings
I Pagliacci Complete recording 1907, conductor Carlo Sabajno. Silvio. Il barbiere di Siviglia  Complete recording 1919, conductor Carlo Sabajno. Figaro. See: Carlo Sabajno, Wikipedia, Discography: •	1919 Rossini: Il barbiere di Siviglia – Ernesto Badini, Malvina Pereira, Edoardo Taliani; Orchestra and Chorus of La Scala, Milan. Gramophone Company.
Don Pasquale: Badini participated in the first complete recording.  This performance showed him as "A one-time lyric baritone graduated into a superb buffo".  "Badini speaks as much as he sings-- but what a difference when he does sing, and in the tonal solidity of the speaking too".  ()

Several excerpts discs were also created on the following labels:

Columbia Graphophone Company

1925: excerpts: Gianni Schicchi, Magic Flute

Victor Talking Machine Company

cat 45035 Otello, Barbiere excerpts

References

1876 births
1937 deaths
Italian operatic baritones
Fonotipia Records artists
Milan Conservatory alumni


Klaas Evertszoon, also called Nicolaus Everardi (1461/62–1532) was a Dutch jurist and the father of Johannes Secundus, an acclaimed poet. He is not to be confused with Nicolaus Everardi (1495–1570) and his son Nicolaus Everardi (1537–86), both professors in Ingolstadt.

Biography
Born in Grijpskerke, he studied in Leuven, where he became rector of the university in 1504. He also held various ecclesiastical offices, and in the service to the Bishop of Cambrai befriended Erasmus of Rotterdam. In 1508 he was appointed to the Supreme Court of the Netherlands, the Great Council of Mechelen, in 1510 as president of the Court of Holland and in 1528 as president of the Grote Raad, wielding great influence in these offices.

His only work published during his lifetime, Topicorum seu de locis legalibus liber (1516) as well as the posthumously published Responsa sive consilium (1554) came to be of great practical importance to the jurists of the time.

References

1462 births
1532 deaths
16th-century Dutch judges
People from Veere
Presidents of the Great Council
Old University of Leuven alumni
Academic staff of the Old University of Leuven


Fire & Fleet & Candlelight is the fourth album by singer and songwriter Buffy Sainte-Marie.

More than its predecessor Little Wheel Spin and Spin, it marked a significant departure from the simple folk songs of her first two albums. Following the same path that Joan Baez and Judy Collins were taking at the time, Sainte-Marie relies on the orchestration of Peter Schickele on "Summer Boy", "The Carousel" and "Hey Little Bird". In contrast, "The Circle Game" and "97 Men in This Town Would Give a Half a Grand in Silver Just to Follow Me Down" feature for the first time a full rock band consisting of Bruce Langhorne on electric guitar, Alexis Rogers on drums and Russ Savakus on bass. "Song to a Seagull", the other Joni Mitchell song, is a much simpler voice-and-guitar rendition.

Her version of the traditional hymn "Lyke Wake Dirge" predates the version by Pentangle by over two years and the album's title is taken from one of the lines in that song's chorus. "T'es pas un autre" is a French language reworking of her well-known composition "Until It's Time for You to Go" that she originally recorded on her second album Many a Mile.

Sainte-Marie's version of "The Circle Game" is featured in the film Once Upon a Time in Hollywood, in the scene where Sharon Tate is driving on an L.A. freeway.

Track listing
All tracks composed by Buffy Sainte-Marie; except where noted.

Side 1
 "The Seeds of Brotherhood" – 1:24
 "Summer Boy" – 2:39
 "The Circle Game" (Joni Mitchell) – 2:51
 "Lyke Wake Dirge" (music: Benjamin Britten; words: Traditional) – 3:42
 "Song to a Seagull" (Joni Mitchell) – 3:15
 "Doggett's Gap" (Bascom Lamar Lunsford) – 1:36
 "The Wedding Song" – 2:12

Side 2
 "97 Men in This Here Town Would Give a Half a Grand in Silver Just to Follow Me Down" – 3:02
 "Lord Randall" (Traditional) – 3:27
 "The Carousel" – 2:30
 "T'es pas un autre" (Translated into French by Claude Gauthier) – 2:53
 "Little Boy Dark Eyes" – 1:35
 "Reynardine" [A Vampire Legend] (Traditional) – 2:55
 "Hey Little Bird" – 2:10

Personnel
Buffy Sainte-Marie - vocals, guitar, Jew's harp
Bruce Langhorne - guitar on "Doggett's Gap" and "97 Men in This Here Town Would Give a Half a Grand in Silver Just to Follow Me Down"
Russ Savakus - bass on "97 Men in This Here Town Would Give a Half a Grand in Silver Just to Follow Me Down"
Bob Siggins - banjo on "97 Men in This Here Town Would Give a Half a Grand in Silver Just to Follow Me Down"
Monte Dunn - mandolin on "97 Men in This Here Town Would Give a Half a Grand in Silver Just to Follow Me Down"
Alexis Rogers - drums on "97 Men in This Here Town Would Give a Half a Grand in Silver Just to Follow Me Down"
Peter Schickele - orchestral arrangement, conductor on side 1 tracks 2-4, side 2 tracks 3-5

Charts
Billboard (North America)

References

1967 albums
Buffy Sainte-Marie albums
Albums produced by Maynard Solomon
Vanguard Records albums


Finland maintains an embassy in India in New Delhi, and honorary consulates in Bangalore, Chennai, Kolkata and Mumbai. India has an embassy in Helsinki, that is also jointly accredited to Estonia.

History

Diplomatic relations between Finland and India were established on 10 September 1949. Shortly thereafter, Hugo Valvanne, Finland's first envoy to India arrived in New Delhi and presented his credentials to Governor-General C. Rajagopalachari. After India became a republic on 26 January 1950, Valvanne presented his credentials again to the first Indian President Rajendra Prasad in February 1950.

Finland's diplomatic presence in India operated from the Hotel Cecil from 1949 to 1951. Valvanne and his wife resided at the Hotel Cecil, while a double room in the nearby Hotel Maiden's housed Valvanne's secretary and the chancery. The Government of India sold the Government of Finland a plot of land  in Chanakyapuri (the diplomatic enclave of New Delhi) between the Swiss and the Swedish Embassies in 1954. Due to a shortage of funds, construction of the Finnish Embassy did not begin immediately. The Finland Embassy was located in a barrack at Humayun Road between 1951 and 1958. The barrack had been built in 1942 for temporary use during World War II. The Embassy moved to a location at Prithviraj Road between 1958 and 1967.

Finnish embassy in India
The Government of Finland organized a competition to design the new embassy building in the 1960s. Reima Pietilä and Raili Paatelainen won the competition. However, due to shortage of funds, and higher priority assigned to construct embassies in other countries, construction of a new embassy in Chanakyapuri was further delayed. The Government of India sent a note to the Finland Government in 1963 informing them that construction of the embassy was long overdue, and that the plot sold to the Finland Government had begun to attract anti-social elements to the diplomatic enclave. Further, the Swiss and Swedish embassies had complained that cobras were residing on the plot allotted to Finland. The Finnish embassy would move again from Prithviraj Road to Golf Links. It was located at 42 Golf Links from 1967 to 1979 and 25 Golf Links from 1979 to 1986. Finally, in the early 1980s, construction began on the embassy in Chanakypuri based on the design by Pietilä and Paatelainen. The Embassy in Chanakyapuri was opened on 5 December 1986.

Visits by heads of state
There have been several visits by heads of state and government, and other high-level officials between the countries. Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru visited Finland in 1957, Indira Gandhi in 1983, and Manmohan Singh in October 2006. Indian President V.V. Giri visited in 1971, and R. Venkataraman in 1988.

From Finland, Prime Minister Sukselainen visited India in 1960, Kalevi Sorsa in 1984 and Matti Vanhanen in March 2006. President Kekkonen visited in 1965, Koivisto in 1987, and Martti Ahtisaari in 1996. Finnish heads of state and government have also visited India on private trips. These include Prime Minister Matti Vanhanen's visits to India in February 2008 and February 2010, and President Tarja Halonen's visits in January 2007, February 2009 and February 2012.

Trade
Bilateral trade between Finland and India totaled US$1.247 billion in 2014-15 and US$1.284 billion in 2016–17.

India's trade with Finland crossed $1 billion (USD) and is heavily in Finland's favour(approx 3:1). In 2016, Finland was India's 60th largest trade partner globally, and the 10th largest within the EU (Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Government of India 2017). Similarly in 2016, India was Finland's 23rd largest trade partner globally, and the fifth largest within Asia (Finnish Customs 2017).

Main export items from India to Finland: Electronic goods, mineral fuels and mineral oils, readymade garments, cotton including accessories, pharmaceuticals & fine chemicals, articles of iron and steel, machinery and instrument, coffee, rubber, iron and steel, organic chemicals and nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and mechanical appliances and parts thereof.

Major exports from Finland to India: Electrical machinery and equipment, nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and mechanical appliances, paper and paper board, iron and steel, pulp of wood or of other fibrous cellulosic material, pulp and waste paper, vehicles and transport equipment etc.

See also
 Foreign relations of Finland
 Foreign relations of India
 Indians in Finland
 India–European Union relations

References

India
Bilateral relations of India


Lullington Heath is a  biological Site of Special Scientific Interest west of Eastbourne in East Sussex. It is a national nature reserve and a Nature Conservation Review site, Grade I.

This site has two nationally uncommon habitats, chalk heath and chalk grassland. Chalk heath formerly covered most of the site but scrub took over much of it after myxomatosis almost wiped out the rabbit population in the 1950s. The grassland is rich in flowering plants and the scrub and rough grassland provide valuable habitats for invertebrates and birds.

References

Sites of Special Scientific Interest in East Sussex
National nature reserves in England
Nature Conservation Review sites


A boilover (or boil-over) is an extremely hazardous situation in which a water layer under a pool fire (usually an open-top tank fire) starts boiling, which results in a significant increase in fire intensity accompanied by violent expulsion of burning fluid to the surrounding areas.

Features
The extreme violence of boilovers is due to the expansion of water from liquid to steam, which is by a factor of about 1700. The presence of water under the burning fluid is sometimes due to spurious accumulation during plant operation (e.g., rainwater entering a seam in the tank roof, off-specification products from the source, residual water from an oil reservoir) or as a consequence of attempts to extinguish the fire with water.

Several mathematical models for boilover have been developed. The models try to make sense, among other things, of the time necessary for boilover to initiate, which is determined by the burning rate of the liquid and the downwards velocity of a hot zone front moving from the fire surface to the fuel-water interface. Tank fires that appear to be relatively stable may burst into massive boilovers several hours after the fire starts, as it occurred in the Tacoa disaster. Like in the latter case, failure to appreciate the hazards posed by a water layer underneath the fuel has historically been the primary contributing cause to the aftermath of boilover accidents, in terms of human and/or material losses. Uncertainty surrounding the time to boilover onset adds unpredictability that further complicates the efforts of the firefighting services.

Pure chemical species are not liable to cause boilover. In order for one to occur, the material must be a mixture of species with different boiling points. Commercial hydrocarbon mixtures, such as gasoline, diesel oil, kerosene, etc., and crude oil are examples of such materials. The fact that these are stored in large atmospheric tanks in refineries, tank farms, power stations, etc. makes boilover a hazard of interest in terms of process safety.

Historical accidents that involved boilover occurred for example in Tacoa, Venezuela, in 1982 (the worst tank fire ever occurred worldwide) and Milford Haven, in 1983.

Related phenomena
Slopover and frothover are phenomena similar to boilover, although distinct from it.

A slopover occurs when water is poured onto the fuel while a pool fire is occurring. If the fire is small enough, the water that instantly boils in contact with the fire or with the lower layers of blazing liquid (which are themselves not on fire but may be hotter than the water boiling point) can extend the flames, especially in the upwards direction. Such slopovers are common at the domestic scale, for example in cooking fires. If the size of the fire is more important, such as in industrial-scale tank fires, there is no noticeable effect when water is doused on the fire. (However, water sinking to the bottom of the tank may contribute to a later boilover).

A frothover occurs when water is found under a layer of a viscous oil that is not on fire and whose temperature is higher than the water boiling point. An example is hot asphalt loaded into a tank car containing some water.

See also
Phreatic eruption, a similar concept in volcanic eruption.

References

Further reading

External links

Fire
Petroleum production
Process safety
Articles containing video clips


The Oaks II is a historic home located at Laytonsville, Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. It was built between 1797 and 1814, and is a -story gambrel-roofed log house with an adjoining one-story gable-roofed log addition. A number of outbuildings which stood on the original Riggs Farm with this house were moved to the current location on the west side of the road. The house is significant for its 133-year association with the Riggs family, a prominent Montgomery County family active in civic and agricultural affairs of both the county and the state.

Oaks II was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

References

External links
, including photo in 2004, at Maryland Historical Trust website

Houses completed in 1814
Houses in Montgomery County, Maryland
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Maryland
National Register of Historic Places in Montgomery County, Maryland


Sierra Mojada is a city and seat of the municipality of Sierra Mojada, in the north-eastern Mexican state of Coahuila. Local oral tradition, documented by the priest James Lienert, states that Ambrose Bierce, who disappeared without a trace in 1913, was executed by firing squad in the town cemetery. Silver Bull Resources (SVBL) has a silver exploration project near the town.

References

Populated places in Coahuila


Aynho Park was a railway station serving the village of Aynho in Northamptonshire, England. It was on what is now known as the Chiltern Main Line.

History
Aynho Park was the northernmost of six new stations that the Great Western Railway provided when it opened the high-speed Bicester cut-off line between Ashendon Junction and Aynho Junction for passengers on 1 July 1910.

The line became part of the Western Region of British Railways on nationalisation in 1948. British Railways closed Aynho Park station in 1963.

The site today
Trains on the Chiltern Main Line pass the site.

Notes

References

External links
 Aynho station on navigable O. S. map

Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1910
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1963
Disused railway stations in Northamptonshire
Former Great Western Railway stations
West Northamptonshire District


Villa Unión is a city and seat of the municipality of Villa Unión, in the north-eastern Mexican state of Coahuila.

References

Populated places in Coahuila


Otto Friedrich August Meinardus was a German Coptologist and pastor (September 25, 1925 – September 18, 2005) who wrote numerous books and articles about Coptic Christianity in Egypt.

Early life
Meinardus was born in Hamburg in 1925, where he received his secondary schooling. He studied theology and sociology in Hamburg, London, St Louis, Chicago, and at Harvard University, Boston, where he obtained his PhD. Dr. Meinardus was a professor at the American University in Cairo (AUC) from 1956 till 1968,  and pastor of the Maadi Community Church (MCC) in Cairo, Egypt.

Meinardus befriended the Coptic monk Father Antonius, who later on became Pope Shenouda III (1971-2012)], the head of the Coptic Orthodox Church. Dr. Meinardus became an active member of several research institutions for Coptic studies in Cairo.

Meinardus, together with other non-Egyptian faculty at the American University in Cairo, was expelled from Egypt shortly before the Six-Day War of 1967. He served as pastor in several other countries and returned to Germany in 1975 where he became pastor and later professor in Middle Eastern Religions at the University of Hamburg.

Professional career
Dr. Meinardus was a prolific writer; his books and articles became a main source of reference on the Coptic Orthodox Church. He is generally recognized in the West as the most important contemporary Western authority on the Church in Egypt. From 2000 to 2005, Dr. Meinardus served on the board of advisers of Arab-West Report, an Egyptian electronic magazine. One year prior to the death of Dr. Meinardus, the Otto Meinardus Stiftung (foundation) was established with the purpose of preserving the intellectual heritage of Dr. Meinardus.

Dr. Meinardus was the author of the first book published by the AUC Press, "Monks and Monasteries of the Egyptian Deserts,” in 1961. A revised edition of the book was still in print 45 years later. Meinardus was also the author of the following AUC Press books, "Christian Egypt Ancient and Modern,” (1965) "Christian Egypt Faith and Life,” (1970) "The Holy Family in Egypt,” (1986, a reprint of a book he wrote around 1960) "Die Heilige Familie in Agypten,” (1988) "Monks and Monasteries of the Egyptian deserts,” Revised Edition (1988) "Two Thousand Years of Coptic Christianity,” (2000) "Coptic Saints and Pilgrimages,' (2002) He also wrote a chapter in “Christian Egypt: Coptic Art through Two Millennia,” edited by Massimo Capuani (2002). His last book “Christians in Egypt: Orthodox, Catholic, and Protestant Communities Past and Present,” was published posthumously  in 2006.

Many articles appeared in Kemet (Germany), Coptologica (Canada), Coptic Church Review (USA) and other mainly theological academic publications.

Otto Meinardus had his own style of studying the church. He not only looked into relevant manuscripts in Western libraries, but also met with desert fathers, grasped their spirituality, and documented mostly oral traditions in an academic style.

In his books for the American University in Cairo Press, Meinardus was careful not to offend his Coptic readers. However, in Kemet, he was more open and questioned certain Coptic traditions and beliefs. A list of articles published in Kemet can be found on the Web site of the Otto Meinardus Stiftung.

Death
Meinardus died in September 2005 in Ellerau, Germany.

References

20th-century German theologians
German Christian clergy
Harvard Divinity School alumni
Academic staff of The American University in Cairo
Coptologists
1925 births
2005 deaths
German male non-fiction writers


Driekloof Dam is a small section of the Sterkfontein Dam, Free State, South Africa. A section of the Sterkfontein Dam reservoir is isolated after the construction of Driekloof Dam, this small reservoir has a capacity of ., together with the Kilburn Dam almost  lower, Driekloof forms part of Eskom's Drakensberg Pumped Storage Scheme and Tugela-Vaal Water Project, and provides for up to  of electricity storage in the form of  of water. The water is pumped to Driekloof during times of low national power consumption (generally over weekends) and released back into Kilburn through four  turbine generators in times of high electricity demand.

The scheme is operated in such a way that there is a net pumping of up to /annum depending upon the water availability in the Tugela catchment (Woodstock Dam) as well as the need for augmentation in the Vaal Dam catchment.

The Driekloof Dam was commissioned in 1979, has a capacity of , and a surface area of , the Dam wall is  high.

References

Dams completed in 1979
Energy infrastructure completed in 1979
Dams in South Africa
Hydroelectric power stations in South Africa
20th-century architecture in South Africa


is a railway station on the Kagoshima Main Line, operated by JR Kyushu in Ōmuta, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan.

Lines
The station is served by the Kagoshima Main Line and is located 141.9 km from the starting point of the line at . Only local services on the line stop at the station.

Layout
The station consists of two side platforms serving two tracks. The station building is a small shed which houses a ticket window, an automatic ticket vending machine, a Sugoca charge machine and card reader. There is no waiting room but seats are provided at the shelters on the platforms. Access to the opposite side platform is by means of a footbridge.

Since 2010, the staffing of the ticket window has been entrusted to the Ōmuta Tourist Association. The ticket window is equipped with a POS machine but does not have a Midori no Madoguchi facility.

Adjacent stations

History
JR Kyushu opened the station on 16 March 1991 as an additional station on the existing track of the Kagoshima Main Line.

Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2016, the station was used by an average of 491 passengers daily (boarding passengers only), and it ranked 247th among the busiest stations of JR Kyushu.

References

External links
Yoshino Station (JR Kyushu)

Railway stations in Fukuoka Prefecture
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1991


Cristian Jafeth Noriega Santizo (born 20 March 1987) is a Guatemalan professional football defender.

Club career
Noriega came through the youth ranks at Municipal to make his debut in 2007.

International career
Noriega made his debut for the senior Guatemala national football team in a February 2008 friendly match against Argentina, but the game was not official by FIFA, so, his first official one came against Panama in a June 2008 friendly. He has made 14 appearances at the start of January 2010, including 3 qualifying matches for the 2010 FIFA World Cup.

External links
 Player profile - CSD Municipal

References

1987 births
Living people
Guatemalan men's footballers
Guatemala men's international footballers
C.S.D. Municipal players
2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
Men's association football defenders


Kurt Gerrard Luby (born 6 March 1963 in Bolton, Lancashire) is a British former racing driver who now works as a motorcycle dealer in his hometown of Bolton. He first entered racing through karting in 1978, winning seven championships up to 1987. In 1987 he won the British Formula Ford 1600 series, winning the championship that year and then defending his title in 1988. He switched to the Formula Vauxhall Lotus Championship in 1989, finishing second on points. A year later he was third in the championship. After moving to saloon car racing, he was second in the 1991  National Saloon Championship Group N, driving a BMW M3. Also that year he won the Willhire 24 Hours with Will Hoy and Ray Bellm. His final championship title was in the 1998 British GT in a GT2 class Chrysler Viper GTS-R alongside Richard Dean.

Luby is best known for his brief time in the British Touring Car Championship. His first year was in 1990, racing for the BMW Junior Team. He drove in seven races with five wins and two-second places in his class, finishing thirteenth in the final standings. His second year in the BTCC didn't come until 2001. He only raced in the first part of the season in a Lexus IS200 for ABG Motorsport, finishing ninth in the championship in what was a small field of drivers.

Racing record

Complete British Touring Car Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position - 1 point awarded all races in 2001 only) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap - 1 point awarded - 1 point awarded all races) (* signifies that driver lead feature race for at least one lap - 1 point awarded in 2001 only)

‡ Endurance driver - not eligible for points

Complete British GT Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

External links
 Official BTCC 2001 Standings.
 BTCCPages Profile.

British Touring Car Championship drivers
1963 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Bolton
]
British GT Championship drivers
BMW M drivers


Papyrus 83 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), designated by 𝔓83, is a copy of the New Testament in Greek. It is a papyrus manuscript of the Gospel of Matthew. The surviving texts of Matthew are verses 20:23-25,30-31; 23:39-24:1,6. The manuscript paleographically has been assigned to the 6th century. It is among only very few New Testament texts on papyrus recovered outside Egypt (in this case from Khirbet Mird in the Judean desert).

 Text
The Greek text of this codex probably is mixed. Aland placed it in Category III.

 Location
It is currently housed at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Library (P. A. M. Khirbet Mird 16, 29). Transcriptions and photographs have been published by Lakmann.

See also

 List of New Testament papyri
 Papyrus 84

References

New Testament papyri
6th-century biblical manuscripts
Gospel of Matthew papyri


Northiam SSSI is a  geological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Northiam in East Sussex. It is a Geological Conservation Review site.

This partly flooded former quarry is the type locality for the Northiam Sandstone Member of the Wadhurst Clay Formation, part of the Wealden Group which dates to the Early Cretaceous. It is important for the study of the paleogeography and paleoenvironments of the Wadhurst Clay Formation.

The site is private land with no public access.

References

Sites of Special Scientific Interest in East Sussex
Geological Conservation Review sites
SSSI


is a railway station on the Kagoshima Main Line, operated by JR Kyushu in Ōmuta, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan.

Lines
The station is served by the Kagoshima Main Line and is located 144.3 km from the starting point of the line at . Only local services on the line stop at the station.

Layout
The station consists of a side and an island platforms serving three tracks. The station building is a wooden structure in traditional Japanese style with a tiled roof. It houses a waiting area, a ticket window and an automatic ticket vending machine. Access to the island platform is by means of a footbridge.

Since 2010, the staffing of the ticket window has been entrusted to the Ōmuta Tourist Association. The ticket window is equipped with a POS machine but does not have a Midori no Madoguchi facility.

Adjacent stations

History
Japanese Government Railways (JGR) opened the station on 15 April 1926 as an additional station on the existing track of the Kagoshima Main Line. With the privatization of Japanese National Railways (JNR), the successor of JGR, on 1 April 1987, JR Kyushu took over control of the station.

Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2016, the station was used by an average of 669 passengers daily (boarding passengers only), and it ranked 210th among the busiest stations of JR Kyushu.

References

External links
Ginsui Station (JR Kyushu)

Railway stations in Fukuoka Prefecture
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1926


The Louis Joubert Lock (), also known as the Normandie Dock, is a lock and major dry dock located in the port of Saint-Nazaire in Loire-Atlantique, northwestern France.

Owned by the Port authority of Nantes-Saint-Nazaire, its strategic importance as a major naval construction and maintenance asset since its completion in 1934 resulted in it becoming the main target of the British Army Commando raid of 1942, the St. Nazaire Raid, to stop German battleships such as  Tirpitz from accessing maintenance facilities while operating in the Atlantic Ocean.

Functions
The lock has two major functions:
To give access to the river Loire and hence the Atlantic Ocean for ships of the biggest size from the port of Saint-Nazaire. The port maintains a constant water level and the lock allows this to be maintained while also allowing access to for the largest ships;
For the maintenance and the construction of large ships the lock can be drained and hence made into a dry dock, making it possible to work on normally submerged or immersed parts of ships.

History
As a historic major seaport on the western edge of the Atlantic, the closest for ships coming from the western Atlantic to France, Saint-Nazaire had played a major part in World War I as a disembarkation point for United States Army troops. The US Army had undertaken various development projects around Saint-Nazaire, including the construction of a refrigeration plant in the docks for storage of imported meat and dairy products.

At the end of the First World War, the Port Authority of Saint-Nazaire envisaged the construction of a third basin to mitigate the port's then lack of large-scale ship facilities. However, due to the post-war recession and resultant downturn in shipping traffic, the idea was abandoned. However, scale problems encountered during the construction of the Île de France and the opportunity to build the proposed super passenger liner which would become the Normandie resulted in a reassessment of the project.

Designed and engineered by Albert Caquot, work started in February 1929, and final acceptance took place in 1933. The facility, then the largest dry dock in the world, connected the Penhoet basin with the Loire River. It was named after the former president of the Saint-Nazaire Chamber of Commerce, Louis Joubert, who had died in 1930.

With the fall of France in 1940, the dock took on new strategic importance for the Germans, as it was the only dry dock on the West Coast of France capable of servicing the battleships Bismarck and Tirpitz. The location gave access to the Atlantic Ocean, by-passing the Royal Navy's defensive lines organised along the GIUK gap.  Bismarck broke into the Atlantic in 1941 but was damaged in the Battle of the Denmark Strait. She was heading for Saint-Nazaire for repair when she was brought to battle by the Royal Navy and sunk, leaving Tirpitz as the largest surface threat from the Kriegsmarine.

St Nazaire Raid

On 27 March 1942, the Joubert Lock was the main target of Operation Chariot. The original strategic purpose of the combined Royal Navy and British Commandos raid was to make the lock – the only location on the Atlantic seaboard capable of servicing the German battleships Bismarck (already sunk in May 1941) and Tirpitz – inoperative.  This gave the port a strong strategic importance to the Axis Powers, and it was decided that if this drydock could be put out of action, any offensive sortie by the Tirpitz into the Atlantic could be much more dangerous for her and probably not worth the risk.

After Operation Rheinübung on 18–27 May 1941 – in which the Bismarck and the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen were to have ended their operational raid at Saint-Nazaire, but which resulted in the sinking of  and the sinking of the Bismarck – the need for the Allies to take the Joubert lock out of operation was increased.

A force of 611 British Commandos launched the St Nazaire Raid against the shipyards of Saint-Nazaire, codenamed "Operation Chariot".  The old British destroyer HMS Campbeltown was used as a ram-ship loaded with explosives against the Loire River estuary gate of the Joubert Lock; its later explosion, combined with commando destruction of the lock's pumping facility and machinery, made it inoperative.

Although the German forces tried to repair the facility, the Joubert Lock remained out of commission for the rest of the war, and it did not function again until 1948; it was not recommissioned until 1950. The first ship to be accommodated after the repairs was the former German ocean liner Europa, which on refit became the SS Liberté, given to France by the United States in compensation for the loss of the Normandie in New York.

Major dimensions
Length:
Width:
Height:
Lock gates: caisson-and-camber, each  long and  thick, constructed of hollow steel sections
Volume of water: approximately

References

Saint-Nazaire
Locks of France
Drydocks


Simon Henry Leeder (1865 – 14 May 1930) was a British author. He is best known for work, Modern Sons of the Pharaohs, discussing the Muslim-Christian relations in Egypt.

Biography
Leeder was born in Deptford, London, in 1865, to Simon and Elizabeth Leeder.

Modern Sons of the Pharaohs
Modern Sons of the Pharaohs is a study of Egypt's Coptic Christians, their religious rites and their relationship with Muslims. The author analyses Muslim-Christian relations in Egypt prior to the 1919 Revolution for independence from the British and believes the British occupation has ruined the relationship between Muslims and Copts in Egypt.  The book was written after the author lived in Egypt and visited several Coptic families in the Delta and Upper Egypt. The work was published in English in 1918, translated into Arabic by Ahmad Mahmūd and published in 2008 by Dar al-Shuruq in Egypt.

Other works
The Desert Gateway, Biskra and Thereabouts (1910)
Veiled Mysteries of Egypt and the Religion of Islam (1912)

References

External links

1865 births
1930 deaths
Date of birth missing
British writers
People from Deptford


is a railway station on the Kagoshima Main Line, operated by JR Kyushu in Dazaifu, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan.

Lines
The station is served by the Kagoshima Main Line and is located 91.0 km from the starting point of the line at .

Layout
The station consists of two opposed side platforms serving two tracks.Although it is an unmanned station, there is an automatic ticket vending machine.

History
The station was opened by JR Kyushu on 11 March 1989 as an added station on the existing Kagoshima Main Line track.

See also
List of railway stations in Japan

References

External links
Tofurōminami (JR Kyushu)

Railway stations in Fukuoka Prefecture
Buildings and structures in Dazaifu, Fukuoka
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1989


is a railway station on the Kagoshima Main Line operated by JR Kyushu in Chikushino, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan. It is named after the local Mount Tenpai, on the route of a long distance Kyūshū hiking trail.

Lines
The station is served by the Kagoshima Main Line and is located 94.3 km from the starting point of the line at .

Layout
The station consists of two opposed side platforms serving two tracks.

Adjacent stations

History
The station was opened by JR Kyushu on 11 March 1989 as an added station on the existing Kagoshima Main Line track.

See also
List of railway stations in Japan

References

External links
Tenpaizan (JR Kyushu)

Railway stations in Fukuoka Prefecture
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1989


Offham Marshes, also known as The Pells and Offham Marsh, is a  biological Site of Special Scientific Interest on the northern outskirts of Lewes in East Sussex in parish of Hamsey. It includes the Pellbrook Cut, an area to the north of it called The Pells and the marshland to the south of the Cut and east of the railway track.

History
It was designated SSSI status in 1989 because of its huge Common Toad population. The toads migrated in huge numbers every spring from the overhanging woods. Eels could also be seen there, even occasionally moving on land. Unfortunately these grand passages are less easy to witness now as toad and eel populations struggle to maintain numbers.

In 1997 the marshes were threatened when a farmer, with permission from English Nature, began to plough up the marshes for Flax. Activists, who cared enough for the wildlife that would be destroyed by such actions, occupied the site. They won the struggle to save both the marshes and Offham Down's archaic flowery turf, which the farmer also threatened to plough.

The Pellbrook Cut and other brooks
The clear chalky spring water of the Pellbrook Cut and the other alluvial brooks still have large breeding populations of amphibian species such as common toads, smooth newts, palmate newts, marsh frogs and common frogs. They support many beetles, including Britain's largest species, the rare great silver diving beetle, and whirligig beetles, many water snails, water spiders and water crickets. The marshes can host fan-leaved water-crowfoot, arrowhead, frogbit and water dropworts, English Nature manages the ditches and clears them carefully. If the channel clearances are too heavy, important and rare species can be lost with the species they support. Water violet  is still present (as of 2021) on the west side of the Cut.

The Pells
The Pells has an old willow holt with wild hop and black currant. The marsh to its east is an equal mix of sedge fen, horsetail fen and meadow-sweet fen. The fens support bur-reed, with purple loosestrife and yellow flag iris. The pools support dragonflies, including the hairy dragonfly, Damselflies, amphibious bistort, reed and other warblers.

East side
The east side of the railway line up to the Drove is tilled Grey Chalk and Gault ground, which bring many fossils and iron pyrites nodules.

References

Sites of Special Scientific Interest in East Sussex
Hamsey


Coptic Church Review is a Coptic Orthodox publication; published in the United States and founded in 1980 by Doctor Rodolph Yanney, president of the Society of Coptic Church Studies, in the US. It was originally based in East Brunswick, New Jersey. The magazine is published quarterly and is based in Lebanon, Pennsylvania.

References

External links
 Official website

Magazines established in 1980
Religious magazines published in the United States
Quarterly magazines published in the United States
Magazines published in Pennsylvania
Magazines published in New Jersey


is a railway station on the Kagoshima Main Line, operated by JR Kyushu in Chikushino, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan.

Lines
The station is served by the Kagoshima Main Line and is located 92.4 km from the starting point of the line at .

Layout
The station consists of two island platforms serving four tracks. Two sidings branch off the main tracks.

History
The station was opened on 11 December 1889 by the privately run Kyushu Railway after the construction of a track between  and the (now closed) Chitosegawa temporary stop with Tosu as one of several intermediate stations on the line. When the Kyushu Railway was nationalized on 1 July 1907, Japanese Government Railways (JGR) took over control of the station. On 12 October 1909, the station became part of the Hitoyoshi Main Line and then on 21 November 1909, part of the Kagoshima Main Line. With the privatization of Japanese National Railways (JNR), the successor of JGR, on 1 April 1987, JR Kyushu took over control of the station.

Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2016, the station was used by 7,457 passengers daily, and it ranked 23rd among the busiest stations of JR Kyushu.

References

Railway stations in Fukuoka Prefecture
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1889


Some authors have argued that use of costume in Athenian tragedy was standardized for the genre. This is said to have consisted of a full-length or short tunic, a cloak and soft leather boots, and may have been derived from the robes of Dionysian priests or invented by Aeschylus. Brockett, however, disputes this, arguing that the evidence we have is based on archaeological remains, some few references in the texts, and the writings of later authors. As far as the vase paintings are concerned, most of these are dated later than the 5th century BCE and their relationship with theatrical practice is unclear. One of the earliest examples is a red-figure vase painting c. 500-490 BCE that shows a tragic chorus invoking a ghost, on a crater (bowl) in the Antikenmuseum in Basle.

The tragic actors were certainly heavily disguised. This had a religious purpose, for the actor was supposed to give up his identity in order to let another speak and act through him. Indeed, the dramas were performed in honour of Dionysus, the God of Ecstasy, which means “standing outside oneself”. Actors therefore had to renounce their individuality. The actors thought that the mask itself contained the character and are said to have prayed before putting on their masks. The costume was probably an elaborately-decorated version of everyday clothing worn in the 5th century BCE. The garments included:

 chiton (robe or tunic)
 chlaina (overgarment)
 chlamys (short cloak)
 kothurnus (short lace-up boots)
 himation (overgarment)
 peplos (cloak).

The chiton worn by the actors differed from that worn in everyday life because it incorporated sleeves, which were coloured and patterned. The sleeves may in fact have been part of an undergarment. Long white sleeves were worn by the (male) actors for female roles, and indeed, in vase paintings females are usually painted with lighter skin.

The costumes worn for the performances of Alcestis, for example, were iconographic, and symbolised the opposition of light and dark. In the play, life is evoked as the act of seeing the sun. Death – the son of Night in Greek mythology - wears a black peplos and black wings. Apollo wears white, representing the sun. Admetus contrasts the black of the funeral procession with the white of the funeral procession. The corpse of Alcestis is dressed as a bride, in accordance with Greek tradition and Herakles wears a bearskin and carries a club.

The costumes worn gave the audience an immediate sense of character-type, gender, age, social status and class.

Around the time of Aeschylus, the boots or buskins worn by the actors were flat. The actors had the same “status” as the chorus. In the 3rd century BCE, the actors were raised to the status of heroes and “platform” soles began to be used, together with a head-dress called an onkos. The raised soles may have induced a stylised way of walking, suited to the rhythm of tragic verse, and the onkos made the actors taller, enhancing visibility. Their bodies were padded so that they did not look too slim. However, some authors believe that this happened later than the 3rd century BCE. It is also thought that the “teetering gait” is a misapprehension.

The masks were the most striking feature of the costume worn by the Athenian actors. Facial expression was lost anyway due to the huge size of the Greek theatres, but the masks were also a means of blotting out expression, so visual meaning was expressed by the entire body. The actors were seen as silhouettes, or integral bodies, rather than faces. The masks themselves were made of stiffened linen, thin clay, cork or wood, and covered the whole head and had hair.

Attempts have been made in modern times to investigate the use of masks in Athenian tragedy through practice research. These explorations conclude that masks may lead to a more demonstrative style of acting, with declamatory delivery of the lines substituted for intimacy. They also found that the mask could impede the projection of sound. The Greeks are said to have overcome this in various ways. Initially, the mouth apertures were small, but later this became a “wide-open” mouth. Some authors believe that the mouth was shaped like a “mouth-trumpet” and had an amplifying effect. Certainly, the use of a mask covering the whole produces an enhanced resonating effect, which serves dramatic delivery.

Performances therefore had to be more physical. Peter Arnott states that the Greeks thought good acting and a good voice were synonymous. This was achieved through athletic training, voice exercises and diet.

Experiments have shown that unaccustomed actors suffer disorientation and restriction when masked. The Greeks countered this through a vocabulary of gesture known as  (gesticulation). Aristotle says that in his day excessive gestures were used – leading to overacting – compared with the older tradition.

Masks can also be used as a dramatic tool, e.g. lowering the masks shows reflection, raising the mask shows a challenge or superiority. The Greeks called these physical stances schemata (forms).

Silent masks were used to great effect, particularly on child actors, expressing powerlessness, bewilderment, vulnerability, etc.

The use of masks enabled the three speaking actors to portray up to eight or nine characters, through multiple role-playing. The same character could therefore be played by different actors, and transitions within a character would be portrayed by the use of different masks.

The wide variety of masks used is attested by Pollux, a rhetorician writing in 2nd century CE, in his Onomastikon. He lists 30 different male masks (old age with white or grey hair, the tyrant with thick black hair, a fair, pale masks indicating sorrow or sickness, a boastful soldier, a rustic, servants, a cook, etc.) and 17 female masks (fat and thin old women, two matrons, one virgin, a bawd, a mistress, three courtesans, a lady's maid, etc.).

References

Sources
 Taylor, David. The Greek and Roman Stage (Bristol Classical Press, 1999).
 Simon, Erika . The Ancient Theatre (Taylor & Francis, 1982).
 Webster, T.B.L. Greek Theatre Production (Methuen young books; 2nd ed., 1970)
 Brockett, Oscar. History of the Theatre (Pearson, 2008)
 Arnott, P. Introduction to the Greek Theatre (Papermac, 1971).
 McDonald, Marianne &  Walton, J. Michael. The Cambridge Companion to Greek and Roman Theatre (Cambridge University Press, 2007).
 Rehm, Rush. Greek Tragic Theatre (Routledge, 1994).
 McLeish, Kenneth & Griffiths, Trevor R. A Guide to Greek Theatre and Drama (Methuen, 2003).
 Wiles, David. Tragedy in Athens(Cambridge University Press, 1999)
 Laver, James. Costume in the Theatre(Harrap, 1964)

Costume
Athenian tragedy
Greek clothing
Ancient Greek plays
Ancient Greek tragedies


The Kloosterkerk (or Cloister Church) is a church on the Lange Voorhout in The Hague, Netherlands. The church and its accompanying monastery were first built in 1397. The church is known today as the church where Beatrix of the Netherlands occasionally attended services.

History
Origins of the original monastery and church that occupied this site may be found in the Dominican Order. Reforms undertaken by Raymond of Capua, brought a renewed growth to the order, and it is around this time in 1397 that a monastery and church was first built for the Dominicans in The Hague.

Court of Albrecht of Bavaria
A thriving new center of arts was established in The Hague by the Court of Albrecht of Bavaria (1336–1404) and his second wife Margaret of Cleves (ca. 1375-1412). Some known artistic items to have been produced in this period are an important illuminated manuscript, the Hours of Margaret of Cleves commissioned between 1395-1400, and the visually similar Biblia pauperum.
From December 1399 Dirc van Delf (ca. 1365-ca. 1404) was among the court of the Duke Albrecht of Bavaria in The Hague. There he had the function of court chaplain, but he also lectured at German universities, such as Cologne and Erfurt.

Early Architecture
In 1420 a fire raged through the monastery, but serious renovations are not recorded until the church's southern transept was added in the beginning of the 16th century. The church was expanded around 1540 with an enlarged aisle and side chapels. The center barrel vaulted aisle is 20 meters high and 11.5 meters wide. The worship space became a pilgrimage church, where people could visit and pass through, while services were being held in the central aisle or nave. At this time the church was also dedicated to St. Vincent, a Valencian Dominican missionary who was canonized June 3, 1455 by Pope Calixtus III.

Protestant Reformation
It was stripped of Catholic decorations during the beeldenstorm (iconoclasm of 1566). A number of friars lived on for a few more years, but in 1574 the last few left. In 1583 most of the monastery was demolished. The church remained, but having been abandoned for 12 years, the building had deteriorated and some suggested demolition.  In 1588 a cavalry company seeking shelter settled in the former church. The following year the nave and choir were made into a cannon foundry for the States of Holland and West Friesland. The choir was used as a foundry and the nave served as a munition store with the two walled off from each other. On November 3, 1690, the ammunition stored in the nave exploded leaving only one wall of the monastery remaining.

Early Protestant Church
A part of the building became a church again in 1617 after Counter-Remonstrants had successfully "squatted" in it. The Protestant Church in the Netherlands had split between the Remonstrants and Counter-Remonstrants over Arminianism. The Grote Kerk in The Hague was in the hands of the Remonstrant party, led by minister Johannes Wtenbogaert and supported by statesman Johan van Oldenbarneveldt. The Counter-Remonstrants, led by suspended minister Henricus Roseaus, took possession of the Kloosterkerk and commenced their own preaching services there in July 1617. Later that same month, Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange demonstrated his support for the Counter-Remonstrants (and opposition to Van Oldenbarneveldt) by attending one of their services. Van Oldenbarneveldt was arrested in 1618 and executed a year later. The Remonstrants were expelled from their churches but the Kloosterkerk continued in use as a second city church alongside the Grote Kerk. For the centuries to follow the church was used for Dutch Reformed worship with the pulpit standing against the north wall.

In 1620 a mechanical clock was added to the tower, made by Huyck Hopcoper.  Throughout the 17th century, the burial of people in the church brought money and numerous hatchments (Dutch:"rouwbord"). Most walls and columns were covered with hatchments, with the graves predominantly in the choir. A lead coffin was found in the choir with the embalmed remains of the foundress of the monastery, Margaret of Cleves.

The 20th Century: Restoration and Renewal
Towards the end of the 19th century, the consistory (church council) of the Dutch Reformed Church in The Hague divided the city into several wards or neighbourhoods. Each ward was allocated to one of the city ministers who was responsible for the pastoral care of the members of the Church living within the ward boundaries. The Kloosterkerk was in Ward XI which ran from the Lange Voorhout to the eastern boundary of the city. For 34 years (1894-1928) the ward minister was Willem Leonard Welter (1849-1940) who was also Court Chaplain from 1919 to 1928.

The city ministers continued to preach in all the churches in turn. In 1911 the first liturgical service of the Dutch Reformed Church was held in the Kloosterkerk under the direction of Welter’s colleague Jan Hendrik Gerretsen (1867-1923), but services were suspended in 1912 due to the dilapidated and dangerous condition of the building. Proposals were made to demolish the church and sell the plot to release funds for building a new church in the Duinoord area of the city. After strong objections were received the consistory agreed to fund the restoration of the building and services resumed in 1914.

The minister for Ward XI from 1929 to 1939 was Simon van Dorp (1880-1963) who belonged to the conservative Reformed Association within the Dutch Reformed Church. He founded the “Kloosterkerk-Benoordenhout” society to support church activities in his ward and opened the “Elim” church hall as a base for the society. The activities held in Elim included a Sunday School, Catechism classes and Bible lectures. Van Dorp took early retirement at the end of 1939. The consistory decided to split Ward XI between two adjacent wards and redeploy the vacant ministerial place to another part of the city. The Kloosterkerk ceased to be a neighbourhood church and the ward society became a city-wide society for Reformed Association members, still based at Elim but unconnected to the Kloosterkerk.
There was further disruption when the Netherlands was occupied by German forces in May 1940 and no services were held in the Kloosterkerk during the winter months of 1940/41 and 1941/42.

A fresh start was made in 1942 when the congregation of the Duinoordkerk was forced to look for another building; their church had been demolished by order of the occupying Germans. The Kloosterkerk was made available, initially on a temporary basis but when it appeared that building a new church would be impossible, the congregation was allowed to settle there permanently. In 1952, the minister of the Duinoordkerk, Johannes Arnoldus Kwint (1900-63), was transferred to the list of city ministers and given special responsibility for the Kloosterkerk.  Between 1952 and 1957 the church was thoroughly renovated and the wall between the nave and choir was removed.
Furniture and works of art which had been saved from the demolition of the Duinoordkerk and stored in the Peace Palace were placed in the Kloosterkerk, including
 the pulpit of oak (c. 1700) with Flemish carvings showing the Four Evangelists
 a stained glass window depicting the twelve apostles by  (1893–1949)
 the mosaic 'The Last Supper' from 1925 by Johan Thorn Prikker (1868-1932).
Rosettes in the ceiling are attributed to Gerhard Jansen (1868–1956).
In 1966 an organ by Danish organ builder Marcussen was installed.

Notable events
 The wedding of Prince Frederick Henry and Amalia of Solms-Braunfels occurred at the Kloosterkerk in 1625.
 In 1646 Countess Louise Henriette of Nassau, the eldest daughter of Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange, married Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg.
 In 1647 George Frederick of Nassau-Siegen married Mauritia Eleonora of Portugal.
 In 1657 Henry Casimir II, Prince of Nassau-Dietz was baptised in this church
 William III of England came to the Kloosterkerk in 1691 after he had been crowned king.
 In 1795, when French armies entered The Hague, a committee was established and met within the church walls where they planned to replace the Stadholder's family that had left for England.
 In 1813 a regiment of Cossack Army troops was temporarily housed in the church.
 The 16-year-old Queen Wilhelmina attended Communion for the first time in 1896. The day before she had been confirmed as a member of the Dutch Reformed Church at the Noordeinde Palace.
 In 1997 King Willem-Alexander had his Confession at this church.
 Princess Ariane of the Netherlands was baptised in this church in 2007.

Notable Burials
Margaret of Cleves wife of Albrecht of Bavaria.
John III “the Pitiless”, duke of Bavaria and count of Holland and Hainaut.
Several children of Frederick V of the Palatinate and Elizabeth Stuart, who lived in exile in The Hague, were buried in this church.
Poet and statesman Jacob Cats was buried in the Kloosterkerk in 1660 and has a memorial against a pillar inside the church still today.
Pieter Post, a Dutch Golden Age architect, painter and printmaker.
Joris van der Haagen, a Dutch Golden Age painter.
Adriaen Hanneman, another Dutch Golden Age painter.
Frederick Nassau de Zuylestein (buried 1673), general of the infantry, illegitimate son of Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange.
Rijcklof van Goens, Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies.
Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit, for whom in 2002 a bronze commemorative plaque was unveiled by the Polish ambassador.

Church Today
Today the Kloosterkerk is home of an energetic Protestant congregation. Every last Sunday of the month a cantata service is held in collaboration with the Residential Bach Orchestra and the Residential Chamber Orchestra or the Residential Bach Choir. Soloists, choir and orchestra are conducted by Jos Vermunt. Every first, third and any fifth Wednesday of the month a lunch-time concert is given by the Stichting Kunstcentrum Kloosterkerk.

References

 De Kloosterkerk als Monument, http://www.kloosterkerk.nl/?page=monument, accessed November 9, 2008 and translated using Google translation services.

External links
 Kloosterkerk Den Haag
 Stichting Kunstcentrum Kloosterkerk

Rijksmonuments in The Hague
Churches in The Hague
Protestant churches in the Netherlands


The syllabus against racism is a Vatican document written in 1938, designed to promote the condemnation of racism and Nazi ideology in Catholic educational institutions.

In April 1938, the Sacred Congregation for seminaries and universities developed at the request of Pius XI a syllabus condemning racist theories to be sent to Catholic schools worldwide.

Notes

Catholic anti-racism
Catholic opposition to antisemitism
Pope Pius XI
Documents of the Congregation for Catholic Education
1938 documents
1938 in Christianity


Susanna Farm is a historic home located at Dawsonville, Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. It is an L-shaped, -story frame dwelling house. The last major change occurred when the house was doubled in size and value by Benjamin F. Dyson in 1877–78, who renovated it in the Italianate style. Five outbuildings stand on the property, including a stone kitchen/slave quarters and meat house which are believed to be contemporary with the house, an 1870s frame bank barn, and 20th century farm buildings.

The Susanna Farm was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

References

External links
, including photo in 2003, at Maryland Historical Trust website

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Maryland
Houses in Montgomery County, Maryland
Italianate architecture in Maryland
National Register of Historic Places in Montgomery County, Maryland
Slave cabins and quarters in the United States


Papyrus 84 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), designated by 𝔓84, is a copy of the New Testament in Greek. It is a papyrus manuscript of the four Gospels. The surviving texts of Gospels are verses Mark 2:2-5,8-9; 6:30-31,33-34,36-37,39-41; John 5:5; 17:3,7-8.
The manuscript paleographically has been assigned to the 6th century.

 Text
The Greek text of this codex probably is mixed with strong element of the Byzantine text-type. Aland placed it in Category III.

 Location
It is currently housed at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Library (P. A. M. Khirbet Mird, Greek 1–3; formerly P. A. M. Khirbet Mird 4, 11, 26, 27).

See also

 List of New Testament papyri
 Papyrus 83

References

New Testament papyri
6th-century biblical manuscripts
Gospel of John papyri
Gospel of Mark papyri


is a railway station on the Kagoshima Main Line, operated by JR Kyushu in Tosu, Saga Prefecture, Japan.

Lines
The station is served by the Kagoshima Main Line and is located 110.4 km from the starting point of the line at . Only local trains on the line stop at the station.

Layout
The station consists of two opposed side platforms serving two tracks at grade. A siding branches off each of the two tracks near the station. The station building is a small concrete structure which is unstaffed and serves only to house a waiting area, an automatic ticket vending machine, a Sugoca charge machine and a Sugoca card reader. Access to the opposite side platform is by means of a footbridge.

Adjacent stations

History
On 23 December 1928, Japanese Government Railways (JGR) opened the Asahi Signal Box at the present location of the station. On 7 June 1934, the facility was upgraded to a full station and renamed Hizen-Asahi. With the privatization of Japanese National Railways (JNR), the successor of JGR, on 1 April 1987, JR Kyushu took over control of the station.

Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2016, the station was used by an average of 650 passengers daily (boarding passengers only), and it ranked 215th among the busiest stations of JR Kyushu.

References

External links
Hizen-Asahi (JR Kyushu)

Railway stations in Fukuoka Prefecture
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1934


Arto Vilho Tolsa (9 August 1945 – 30 March 1989) was a Finnish footballer.

Career
Tolsa started his career in his hometown of Kotka, playing for Kotkan Työväen Palloilijat. He was promoted to first team as a 16 year old for 1962 second division season after successful match in a local competition in previous fall. Playing as a striker he scored an impressive 43 goals in 22 matches in his first season. He scored in 21 out 22 to matches in that season and still holds the most goals in a single season record for second level of football in Finland. As an amateur he also worked at the local port. In 1964 he was a top goalscorer in Mestaruussarja. In 1969 he moved to Beerschot and turned professional. In Belgium He first played as a winger but was later transferred to central defender and became one of the key players for his team. He also played as a captain for Beerschot. In his last season for Beerschot he scored a winner in Belgian Cup final. After 1979 he returned to Kotkan Työväen Palloilijat where he ended his career in 1982. During his last years he suffered from alcoholism. Football stadium in Kotka is named after him.

Honours

Club
KTP
Finnish Cup: 1967, 1980

Beerschot
Belgian Cup: 1971, 1979

Individual
Mestaruussarja Top Goalscorer: 1964
Finnish Footballer of the Year: 1971, 1974, 1977

External links and references

 Finland - International Player Records

Specific

1945 births
1989 deaths
Finnish expatriate men's footballers
Finnish men's footballers
Finland men's international footballers
K. Beerschot V.A.C. players
Mestaruussarja players
Kotkan Työväen Palloilijat players
Men's association football defenders
Sportspeople from Kotka
Finnish expatriate sportspeople in Belgium
Expatriate men's footballers in Belgium
Belgian Pro League players


is a railway station on the Kagoshima Main Line, operated by JR Kyushu in Chikugo, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan.

Lines
The station is served by the Kagoshima Main Line and is located 126.1 km from the starting point of the line at .

Layout
The station consists of a side and an island platform serving three tracks at grade. The station building is built under the elevated structure of the Kyushu Shinkansen which does not stop at the station. It houses a waiting room, a staffed ticket window and a mini-convenience store. Access to the island platform is by means of a footbridge which is equipped with elevators.

Management of the station has been outsourced to the JR Kyushu Tetsudou Eigyou Co., a wholly owned subsidiary of JR Kyushu specialising in station services. It staffs the ticket counter which is equipped with a Midori no Madoguchi facility.

Adjacent stations

History
The privately run Kyushu Railway had opened a stretch of track between  and the (now closed) Chitosegawa temporary stop on 11 December 1889. After several phases of expansion northwards and southwards, by February 1891, the line stretched from  south to . In the next phase of expansion, the track was extended south to Takase (now ) opening as the new southern terminus on 1 April 1891. Hainuzuka was opened on the same day as one of several intermediate stations on the new stretch of track. When the Kyushu Railway was nationalized on 1 July 1907, Japanese Government Railways (JGR) took over control of the station. On 12 October 1909, the station became part of the Hitoyoshi Main Line and then on 21 November 1909, part of the Kagoshima Main Line. With the privatization of Japanese National Railways (JNR), the successor of JGR, on 1 April 1987, JR Kyushu took over control of the station.

Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2016, the station was used by an average of 3,102 passengers daily (boarding passengers only), and it ranked 60th among the busiest stations of JR Kyushu.

References

External links
Hainuzuka Station (JR Kyushu)

Railway stations in Fukuoka Prefecture
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1891


The Salmon-Stohlman House, also known as Clover Crest, is a historic home located at Somerset, Montgomery County, Maryland.  It is a -story, frame structure built about 1893, and designed in a transitional manner with late Victorian detailing.  It was one of the first houses built in the present day Town of Somerset by Dr. Daniel Salmon, a leading veterinarian at the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and one of the original developers of the suburban property.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.

Victoria Clarke is a former resident of the Salmon-Stohlman House.

References

External links
, including photo in 2001, at Maryland Historical Trust website

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Maryland
Houses completed in 1893
Houses in Montgomery County, Maryland
Victorian architecture in Maryland
National Register of Historic Places in Montgomery County, Maryland


is a railway station on the Kagoshima Main Line, operated by JR Kyushu in Miyama, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan.

Lines
The station is served by the Kagoshima Main Line and is located 139.1 km from the starting point of the line at . Only local services on the line stop at the station.

Layout
The station consists of two side platforms serving two tracks. The platforms are not opposed. Platform 2 was formerly an island platform but the centre track between it and platform 1 has been removed. The station building is a modern concrete building but has been built in traditional Japanese style with a double tiled roof. It houses a waiting room, a ticket window,  an automatic ticket vending machine, a Sugoca charge machine and card reader. There is an accessibility ramp to the station building, but a footbridge is needed to access platform 2.

The ticket window is staffed by a kan'i itaku agent and  is equipped with a POS machine but does not have a Midori no Madoguchi facility.

Adjacent stations

History
The privately run Kyushu Railway had opened a stretch of track between  and the (now closed) Chitosegawa temporary stop on 11 December 1889. After several phases of expansion northwards and southwards, by February 1891, the line stretched from  south to . In the next phase of expansion, the track was extended south with Takase (now  opening as the new southern terminus on 1 April 1891. Wataze was opened a few months later, on 7 June 1891, as an additional station between Kurume and Takase. When the Kyushu Railway was nationalized on 1 July 1907, Japanese Government Railways (JGR) took over control of the station. On 12 October 1909, the station became part of the Hitoyoshi Main Line and then on 21 November 1909, part of the Kagoshima Main Line. With the privatization of Japanese National Railways (JNR), the successor of JGR, on 1 April 1987, JR Kyushu took over control of the station.

References

External links
Wataze Station (JR Kyushu)

Railway stations in Fukuoka Prefecture
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1891


Manzanillo is a municipality in the Mexican state of Colima.
The municipal seat lies at Manzanillo. The municipality covers an area of , which also includes the remote Revillagigedo Islands.

As of 2010, the municipality had a total population of 161,420.

Government

Municipal presidents

References

Municipalities of Colima
Revillagigedo Islands


Hin Keng () is a station on the , part of the MTR rapid transit network in Hong Kong. It opened on 14 February 2020 as part of the Tuen Ma line's first phase. It was built as part of the Sha Tin to Central Link project. The station is located near Hin Keng Estate in Tai Wai, Sha Tin, New Territories. It is an elevated station with one entrance facing Che Kung Miu Road.

History

The station was built on the site of the New Territories South Animal Management Centre and Shatin Plant Quarantine Station, facilities of the Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, which were relocated to a new facility on To Shek Street (多石街) in November 2013.

The station and approach structures were built under MTR contract number 1102. Worth HK$1.039 billion, the contract was awarded to Japanese construction firm Penta-Ocean on 5 July 2013. Major sub-contractors employed on the project include Hong Kong company Ngai Shun Construction & Drilling Company as well as the Chinese state-owned China Geo-Engineering Corporation. The architect was Hong Kong-based Leigh and Orange. Construction of Hin Keng station began with a ceremony on 13 November that year.

A topping-out ceremony for the station was held on 30 April 2015, making Hin Keng the first station on the Sha Tin to Central Link to be topped out. The station opened on 14 February 2020 as part of the  south extension to Kai Tak.
It became part of the Tuen Ma line when the Ma On Shan line was merged with the .

Design
Hin Keng station is an elevated station with an open design that allows for natural lighting and ventilation, reducing energy consumption. Both the concourse and platform levels are designed to promote cross ventilation, intended to achieve comfortable thermal conditions without the use of air conditioning. Computerised fluid dynamics analyses were carried out to inform this design. In addition, architectural fins on the station's exterior are provided to reduce solar thermal gain.

The station has a green roof of approximately , which is designed to sustain vegetation growth with less irrigation and maintenance requirements than traditional green roof systems. The green roof, as well as the use of wood and other brown-coloured materials in the station design, was intended to visually blend the station into the surrounding environment (it is adjacent to a wooded hillside).

The glass canopies on the station exterior, which provide protection from the elements, double as artworks. They incorporate a colourful design resembling a patchwork quilt, which was designed by Hong Kong artist Ng Ka-chun and Hin Keng Estate residents.

Station layout

Entrances/exits

A: Hin Keng Estate

Gallery

References

External links

 Shatin to Central Link - Shatin Section Newsletter, December 2010, p. 2
 Environmental Impact Assessment: Tai Wai to Hung Hom

MTR stations in the New Territories
Sha Tin to Central Link
Tuen Ma line
Tai Wai
Railway stations in Hong Kong opened in 2020


Edward Marsden (25 July 1870 – 2 July 1946) was an English cricketer. He was a left-handed batsman and a left-arm fast bowler who played for Middlesex. He was born in Belsize Park and died in Hampstead.

Marsden made a single first-class appearance for the team, in 1897, against the Gentlemen of Philadelphia. Batting in the tail-end, he scored 3 runs in the only innings in which he batted. He bowled 21 overs in the match, taking 1–45 in the first innings and 0–23 in the second.

References

External links
Edward Marsden at CricketArchive

1870 births
1946 deaths
People from Belsize Park
Cricketers from the London Borough of Camden
English cricketers
Middlesex cricketers


Papyrus 85 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), designated by 𝔓85, is an early copy of the New Testament in Greek. It is a papyrus manuscript of the Book of Revelation. The manuscript paleographically has been assigned to the 4th century (or the 5th century).

The surviving texts of Revelation are verses 9:19-10:2,5-9.

 Text
The Greek text of this codex is a representative of the Alexandrian text-type. Aland placed it in Category II.

 Location
It is currently housed at the Bibliothèque nationale et universitaire (P. Gr. 1028) in Strasbourg.

See also

 List of New Testament papyri
 Papyrus 82

References

Further reading

 J. Schwartz, Papyrus et tradition manuscrite, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 7 (Bonn: 1969), pp. 178–182.

New Testament papyri
4th-century biblical manuscripts
Book of Revelation papyri


The Battle of the Bulge... The Brave Rifles is a 1965 documentary film produced by Laurence E. Mascott. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. It was later aired on television as an episode of ABC Stage 67.

Plot summary

See also
 List of American films of 1965

References

External links

1965 films
1965 documentary films
American black-and-white films
American documentary films
1960s English-language films
Black-and-white documentary films
Documentary films about World War II
Works about the Battle of the Bulge
1960s American films


John Edward Szeles (September 9, 1958 – February 22, 2022), better known by the stage name The Amazing Johnathan, was an American comedian and magician. His act was mostly composed of hijinks, interaction with one specific audience member, and a few legitimate magic tricks. From 2001 to 2014, he was a year-round headliner in Las Vegas. Self-described as the "Freddy Krueger of Comedy", Szeles performed wearing his ever-present headband, and his shows frequently used gore; for example, pretending to suck on his own hanging eyeball, cutting his wrists, and skewering his own tongue. He was also good friends with fellow performer Criss Angel and helped him perform a variety of illusions, most notably during three guest appearances on Angel's Mindfreak.

Career

Early career
Szeles was born in Detroit, Michigan, the son of Doreen and Edward Szeles. In the 1970s, he relocated to California, where he began his career performing on the streets of San Francisco. He first appeared on television in The 8th Annual Young Comedians Show in 1983 and later went on to become the host of the short-lived 1991 syndicated variety/game show Ruckus. He appeared on various talk and variety shows from the mid 1980s to mid 2000s. His only credited performance as an actor was "The Obligatory Holiday Episode" of The Weird Al Show (playing the part of Uncle Johnathan). He made several appearances on Late Night with David Letterman, a record 24 appearances on Fox's Comic Strip Live, and had several specials on Comedy Central including Comedy Central Presents, Lounge Lizards, and more recently his own one-hour special entitled Wrong on Every Level. He dedicated the special to his Uncle Eugene, who showed him his first card trick which "started this whole mess". He appeared in the 2005 documentary The Aristocrats.

Johnathan had success in Australia following appearances on Channel 9's Hey Hey It's Saturday.

Szeles also authored a how-to book on practical jokes titled Every Trick in the Book, a compilation of both classic practical jokes and plain magic tricks, along with his own original material in both categories. From 2014 onwards, he was working on his memoirs with the working title of Drive It Like You Stole It, although his declining health prevented him from finishing it.

Later years
In 2008, Szeles combined two of his passions, classic-car collecting and drive-in movie theaters, to open the "Amazing Underground", a members-only indoor drive-in located within his warehouse facilities in Las Vegas.

In 2011, Szeles was performing regular shows in Las Vegas at the Harmon Theater while also taking select dates at venues across the United States and in Australia. 2011 marked Szeles' third year of performing at the Harmon Theatre and Szeles' 11th consecutive year as a full-time Las Vegas headliner. He won the "Best Comedian" award from the Las Vegas Review-Journal, Comedian of the Year from Nevada Magazine, Top Ten Acts in Vegas (LVRJ), and was the longest-running, most successful solo comic magician in U.S. history.

In 2013, Szeles hosted an online talk show called Burn Unit.

Personal life
In March 2007, it was reported that Szeles was diagnosed with "a serious heart condition". The performer's website identified the condition as cardiomyopathy and went on to assert that, due to a combination of weight loss and blood thinners, he was doing well.

In December 2012, Szeles ended his one-year contract with Bally's and ceased performing in Las Vegas. He had been performing in the city for 13 years. Szeles toured throughout 2013, playing The Improv comedy clubs. On June 7, 2014, he married his partner and manager Anastasia Synn. He has a stepdaughter, Haley Kenyon, from Synn's previous relationship.

However, his heart condition worsened, and Szeles announced that he would effectively retire, performing a final show in Toledo, Ohio, for the general public, and then for members of The Magic Castle on June 30 and July 1, 2014. On November 5, 2014, in front of a live audience on ENT Speaks, he stated that he had a year to live. However, Szeles defied his initial terminal prognosis. In 2017, he played several shows across the United States, with Synn assisting him and taking over when he became fatigued.

A documentary titled The Amazing Johnathan Documentary about his illness and return to the stage was released on Hulu in 2019.

A second documentary, Always Amazing: The True Story of the Life, Death, and Return of Amazing Johnathan, was also released in 2019, on YouTube.

Szeles died in his sleep of heart failure at his home in Las Vegas on February 22, 2022, at the age of 63.

A memorial service was held for Szeles in Las Vegas. He was humorously eulogized by Penny Wiggins (AKA Psychic Tanya), Mac King, Butthole the Clown, Billy the Mime, Criss Angel, Tape Face, and Harrison Greenbaum.

References

External links

1958 births
2022 deaths
20th-century American comedians
21st-century American comedians
American magicians
American male comedians
Las Vegas shows
Male actors from Detroit
Prop comics
Academy of Magical Arts Special Fellowship winners


Gandhi Nagar is a neighbourhood in Adyar, in the south eastern part of the Indian city of Chennai. It is among the most upscale neighborhoods in Chennai. Property prices in Gandhi Nagar have been increasing significantly. It is bordered by the Adyar River, Kasturba Nagar, Kotturpuram, Indira Nagar and the Buckingham canal. Today Gandhi Nagar is a commercial hot spot having relatively good transport and other facilities.

History

Gandhi Nagar has more than 150 years of history. The oldest landmarks in Gandhi Nagar are the Pillaiyar Kovil and the St. Patrick's School. It was established as 'Gandhi Gram' in January 1948, just a week before Mahatma Gandhi was assassinated. Gandhi Nagar is one of the earliest planned layouts in the erstwhile Madras with more than 322 housing plots, underground drainage systems and broad roads. The neighborhood began its transformation towards becoming a residential locality around 1949 when the first residents are believed to have moved in.

Gandhi Nagar Society

First transport
The first residential (non academic) inhabitants are people from a tiny town called Sadhuranga pattinam (சதுரங்கப்பட்டினம்) or Sadras as it is called. They came from Chengulpet to Gandhi Nagar via Buckingham canal via boats that was propelled by wind under favorable conditions or the boats were pulled by humans with rope from boat tied to their waist. At that time in 1942, Gandhi Nagar had lush paddy fields and was used for agriculture and was bordered by Guindy forest (which has almost disappeared now).

First families

The Alwaris family is said to be the first family who resided in Gandhi Nagar.

The next was the family of Mudaliar Brothers. The Mudaliar Brothers consisted of Mr. S.K. Ramachandra Mudaliar and Mr. S.K.Puniyakoti Mudaliar. They worked in Triplicane, but bought vast lands in Gandhi Nagar as their building construction flourished. In one of their lands stands the old cancer institute, which was donated by Mr. S.K. Puniyakoti Mudaliar. Mr. Puniyakoti Mudaliar built first independent flats in Gandhi Nagar. The Mudaliar brothers construction industry recruited people from Sathurangapattinam (Sadras), the first workers settled on banks of Adyar River, this settlement was later called Malligai Poo Nagar.

Dr.A.Ramachandran was another personality who was one among the few who chose to purchase a house in 1954 and reside in Gandhi Nagar. He was a famous Veterinary Doctor and Surgeon who was often visited by people from all walks of life including Politicians, Film Personalities of yesteryear's and normal people alike. He was serving the Government & was assigned specific tasks to enhance care of the wild and mammals.

Malligai Poo Nagar (மல்லிகை பூ நகர்)

The Mudaliar Brothers (S.K.Ramachandra Mudaliar and S.K.Puniyakoti Mudaliar) were building contractors. They needed manpower to execute their projects. Hence people (primarily from Sathurangapattinam) were bought in. They settled on the banks of Adyar river. The laborer settlement attracted more people, thus a community was formed and was named Malligai Poo Nagar which means jasmine flower settlement.

Gandhi Nagar Library

Modern Gandhi Nagar
Gandhi Nagar today is a hot spot in the city, having many businesses and hotels.

Business
 Kolam Serviced Apartments, 51, 2nd Main Road, Gandhi Nagar
 MAVY Physiotherapy Centre, 64/1, 4th Main Road, Gandhi Nagar, Adyar
 The Grand Sweets and Snacks - Located on 2nd Main Road is 'the' star attraction of Gandhi Nagar. Although these days, the traffic congestion caused by this and other business are adding to the nuisance value.
 Sri Krishna Sweets
 Sri Lakshmi Systems - Computerised Astrological Services - 49, 2nd Main Road, Gandhi Nagar
 Spencer's Daily
 Sangeetha's Desi Destination - Vegetarian Restaurant
 Odyssey - Books and gifts
 Nuts and Spices
 Cup and Saucer
 Kaya Skin Clinic
 Basics - Men's wear showroom
 Naihaa
 Kumarakom - Kerala cuisine restaurant
 Munveedu - Restaurant
 Ravi's Executive Parlour - Men's stylist & hairdresser
 Adyar Ananda Bhavan
 McDonald's -Located near naihaa first main road
 Bata - Footwear sales
 Universal - Gadget sales
 JFA -Furniture store
 Ramonds - Apparel
 @home - Home products . Located near Spencers daily at first main road.
 Code interesteR - Coding school

Temples & Religious Institutions
 Sri Anantha Padmanabhaswami Temple
 St. Louis Church
 Sundara Vinayagar Temple
 Mookambikai Amman temple
 Durgai amman temple
 Shirdi Sai Baba temple

Famous people
 Alwaris family
 S.K.Ramachandra Mudaliar
 S.K.Puniyakoti Mudaliar
 MK Thiagaraja Bagavathar
 Adv R Thiagarajan
 Adv Vasudha Thiagarajan
 MG Ramachandran
 Kalki Krishnamurthy
 Dr. Padma Subrahmanyam
 Anandha Vikatan S.Balasubramaniyan
 Dr.A.Ramachandran
 Komal Anbarasan
Adv Arcot Vishnuvardhana Mudaliar
 Justice AR. Lakshmanan
 Justice Jagadhesan
 Justice Veerasamy
 Justice Ramaswamy
 Adithanar family
 Advocate R. Gandhi
 Musician T Mukta
 The Chandoks
 DIG Srikanth

Schools
 St Patrick's
 St Michael's Academy
 Kumararrajah Muthiah Higher Secondary School
 Kumari Rani Meena Muthiah College of Arts and Science
 Kumari Rani Meena Muthiah Matriculation Higher Secondary School
 Rani Meiyammai
 Bala Vidya Mandir Senior Secondary School
 St. Mark's School
Sri sankara

References

Neighbourhoods in Chennai


Érica García (born 6 April 1968) is an Argentine composer and singer. She was nominated only once in the Latin Grammy Awards of 2000 for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance for her popular tune "Vete Destino" but did not win. While best known as a rock singer, she also sings tango music and jazz. She has worked as a writer, painter, fashion designer and television personality among other creative endeavours. Part of her ancestry can be traced to the Guaraní people.

Musical career
García began her solo career in 1996 after 3 years of playing in Mata Violeta, the punk rock band she created in 1991. She made three records for Universal Music Group, the first one was produced by Ricardo Mollo (her partner in the years 1989-1999), the second one (nominated for the Latin Grammy) was produced by Garcia herself and Ricardo Mollo and the third record Amorama, was produced by Gustavo Santaolalla. Rolling Stone Argentina would describe Amorama as "the most important 2001 Argentine launch of the multinational Universal [Music Group]" that following year. García would tour with Enrique Bunbury who would declare that her voice is "born for rock." In 2003, she would perform in the Latin Alternative Music Conference. Of her participation there The New York Times would state, "that night's most impressive showing came in the PJ Harvey-like confidence of the Argentine singer Erica García, one of the few women who plays guitar and writes her own songs to reach international fame in this male-dominated genre."

García played and recorded in the Los Angeles musical collective Fool's Gold. She recorded and produced her fourth album ¨Afternoon in Bamboos¨ in Silver Lake, Los Angeles, 2006. She created the band Mountain Party to play the Hypnorituals and Mesmemusical miracles Hanging in the sky, an iconic folk festival curated by Devendra Banhart. García would also study acting at the Stella Adler Studio of Acting under Norman Brisky. She returned to her country Argentina in 2010. She organized the Santo Bombo parties, with bombo legüero performances, dancers, tattoo artists, and electronic music.
She played the Hot Festival in October 2010, with Massive Attack, Scissors Sisters, Yeasayer and Mika among other artists.
García currently lives in Buenos Aires, and she plays shows all over the country. She directs Escuela de Experimentacion Vocal. In 2014 she released an album of tangos titled Tangos Vampiros.

Collaborations
Garcia collaborated with the band Divididos, on ukulele and accordion in "El Burrito" and "Sisters", she served as the guest musician (1992 to 1998) with Brazzaville in two albums. She performed with Café Tacuba, Ely Guerra, Los Tres and Javiera Parra at the MTV Latin awards in Los Angeles, 2002.
Her other collaboration include Brazzaville, Cienfuegos Hecuba Montecarlo Jazz Ensemble Pampa del Indio Andrea Alvarez Fool's Gold

Discography

Solo
El cerebro (1997) Producer : Ricardo Mollo
Musicians:
Erica Garcia
Martin Aloe
Alejo Vintrob
Max Araujo
Ervin Stutz
Fabian Von Quntiero
La bestia (1998) Producer: Erica Garcia and Ricardo Mollo
Musicians:
Erica Garcia
Martin Aloe
Fernando Samalea
Ricardo Mollo
Ervin Stutz
Matias Zapata
Amorama (2001) Producer: Gustavo Santaolalla

Musicians:
Justin Meldhal Johnsen
Jon Brion
Victor Indrizzo
Roger Manning Jr.
Joe Gore
David Campbell
Sebastian Escofet
Javier Casalla
Gustavo Santaolalla

Tangos Vampiros (2014)

As Mountain Party
Afternoon in Bamboos (2006)

As Lady Grave
Lady Grave (2006)

Compilations
"New Weird American "2007
"Surco Artists "2000

Tributes
"Through the Wilderness" Madonna Tribute  (Manimal Vinyl) 2006
"Tributo a Sandro", "Quiero llenarme de ti" 2000

Awards
Latin Grammy Nomination, 2000
Premio Gardel 1999 Nominacion, Mejor Artista de rock
Premio Gardel 2002 Nominacion
MTV Latin awards nominee
Best female singer, Rolling Stone Latin America 2000, 2001, 2002
Best New Artist, 2000, awarded by Diario Clarin
One of the 20 women of the year, 2000, awarded by Diario Clarin

Film and TV career
"The Treasure of the Black Jaguar" (2010) directed by Mike Bruce: as "Carmelita"."Franco Buenaventura" (2002) as "Gisela".

References

External links
Official Website
Official Twitter
MSN Music
IMDb Credits
Allbusiness.com
Diario Clarin
Nominated Premio Gardel

1968 births
Alternative rock guitarists
Alternative rock singers
Argentine women singer-songwriters
Argentine singer-songwriters
20th-century Argentine women singers
Argentine rock singers
Argentine people of Guaraní descent
Women rock singers
Indie rock musicians
Living people
Musicians from Buenos Aires
Rock en Español musicians
Singers from Buenos Aires
Tango musicians
21st-century guitarists
21st-century Argentine women singers
Women in Latin music
21st-century women guitarists


Badra () is a town in eastern Iraq in Wasit Governorate, near the Iranian border. It is populated by Arabs and Turkmen, and more recently Kurds after migration from western Iran.

History

It was previously inhabited by majority Arabs and minority Turkmen who lived also near Jassan and Zurbatiyah The Ottoman treaty of 1639 identifies three settlements as part of the ottoman empire, being Jassan, Badra and Zurbatiyah. This arrangement left Zurbatiyah on the Ottoman side and rejected the Banu Lam's tenuous assertions to Bayat and Dehloran which split the Arab tribes living there. Feyli Kurds migrated during the 19th century under Safavid Iran HursidPpasha explained the heightened presence of Feyli Kurds was relatively recent as before the rule of Davud mamluk pasha, Baghdad's governors had oppressed the regions original Arab inhabitants, forcing them to sell land to the Feyli Kurds. Most of Zurbatiya and Bardah were Sunni Shafi'i, with minority Shia Muslims. Their language is unique, noted as being Turkish mixed with Arabic, Kurdish and Persian. In 1847, the ottomans acquired Badra as part of a treaty with Persia, which re-instated the Arab and Turkmen population up until the early 21st century.

Economy
In 2014, Iraq started its first crude petroleum delivery from the newly developed Badra oilfield in Wasit Governorate, which is located in the eastern part of the country. The Badra oilfield which had an initial crude petroleum capacity of 15,000 bbl/d, was managed through a profit-sharing agreement among Gazprom OAO of Russia (30%), Oil Exploration Co. of Iraq (25%), Korean Gas Corp. (Kogas) of the Republic of Korea (22.5%), Petronas Carigali International Sdn Bhd of Malaysia (15%), and Türkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortaklığı (TPAO) of Turkey (7.5%). The Badra oilfield was expected to supply cru petroleum to export terminals in Al Basrah Governorate throu a 165-km inland pipeline network, which was commissioned earlier in the year. The Badra oilfield was expected to reach a capacity of 170.000 bbl/d by 2017, and it was expected to maintain this level for 7 years (Harris, 2014; Watts, 2014).

Etymology
The name Badrah is ultimately derived from the ancient Sumerian city of Der, which is located at nearby Tell 'Aqar. Der is referred to as Bīt-Derāya at the time of Tiglath-pileser III, and as Bīt-Derāyā in later Syriac sources. This eventually became Badarāya, the medieval Arabic name of the city, and finally Badrah in modern times. Note that the name Badurāya should not be confused with Bādūrayā, the name of a medieval district southwest of Baghdad.

Geography

The Mandali-Badra-Tib alluvial fans occur along the foot of mountains along the Iraqi-Iran frontier in S Iraq. These coalescing alluvial fans comprise gravelly and sandy sediments deposited by braided rivers. They overlie the Injana, Mukdadiya and Bai Hassan formations which outcrop in the mountainous area along the state frontier Fig. 19-14). Based on drilling results the maximum thickness of the sand-gravel fan deposits reaches 100 m near Mandali and 65 m near Badra. In other areas data on the fan thicknesses are unavailable. Fan deposits consist of lenticular bodies of poorly sorted fine- to coarse-grained sand and gravel mostly composed of limestone pebbles) with varying amounts of clay. Correlation of layers is difficult because of rapid lateral variations in lithology. However two regionally extensive clay layers were identified near Badra (Hassan et al., 1977). One separates the Quaternary deposits from the Bai Hassan Formation; the other acts as an aquitard separating the upper and lower parts of the fan, giving rise to two aquifers: an unconfined upper aquifer and a confined lower aquifer. Hydrogeologically, the fans are complicated aquifers due to their stratification, variable lithology and uneven recharge. Aquifers occur close to the mountain range where the fan deposits are coarsest. The highest transmissivity of 10002000 m-/day occurs where the aquifer thickness is high. Y indices of >6.5 were found in some wells near Bagsaya. The Transmissivity coefficient is about 400-500 mo/d in the Mandali area and in the Badra-Zurbatiya area it is typically 300-500 m-/d, and averages 336 mo/d (Hassan et al., 1977). Elsewhere the Y index is 5.5-6.5, corresponding to a transmissivity of 50-300 m2/d. Lower transmissivities with Y indices <5.5 probably prevail locally for example between Vassan and Karmashiya and in the E of the region where the transmissivity is <40 m2/d.

See also
Jassan, Iraq
Beth Daraye

References

Sources

External links

Populated places in Wasit Governorate
District capitals of Iraq

Turkmen communities in Iraq