Perfect Symmetry may refer to:

Perfect Symmetry (Fates Warning album), 1989
Perfect Symmetry (Keane album), 2008
"Perfect Symmetry" (song)
Perfect Symmetry (tour), by Keane

See also
Symmetry, a harmonious proportionality, or "patterned self-similarity"


Connemara RFC is an Irish rugby team based in Clifden, Connacht. They play in Connacht Junior League in Division 1A. The club colour is all black, based on the colours of a popular fishing fly called the Connemara black.
The club formerly played senior rugby for over a decade.

History

The Old Connemara Blacks

Rugby football was played in the Connemara area as early as the 1920s. Those employed in the Marconi Station played the game of rugby and took on Clifden in some friendly games. In the 1940s, Colleges such as Blackrock and Castleknock as well as Clongowes had a fair representation of Connemara youth. St. Josephs College, Garbally Park, Ballinasloe also had a very strong Clifden/Connemara contingent of students. All of those colleges at that time provided a pool of eager but idle rugby players, itching for a game, especially throughout the school holidays. This in turn brought about the formation of a new rugby team called the "Connemara Blacks", named after the famous fishing fly. Those credited with the idea of this team formation are James B. Joyce (known in rugby circles as "Dusty Foot") and the Oughterard Brothers Jim Joyce and Dr. Paddy Joyce. They contacted players and arranged fixtures with Galway Corinthians and Westport. The inaugural fixture was against Corinthians, at Woods’ Field in Clifden on St. Stephen’s Day 1946 which resulted in a 6-6 draw. The Connemara Blacks had their first win when they defeated Westport by 11-8 on 6 January 1947. Various members of the original Connemara Blacks went on to represent their Province, and play for some top clubs in the country and in England, especially London Irish.

Origin of the club name
The club is named after a type of fishing fly called the Connemara Black.

Current squad

Noticeable Ex Players
  Tiernan O'Halloran
  Troy Nathan
  John O'Brien (Galway GAA Football)
  Oisin Heffernan (Nottingham R.F.C)

References
 Connemara RFC
 Connemara RFC FB
 Connacht Junior Rugby Connemara Club Page

Rugby union teams in Ireland
Rugby union clubs in County Galway
Rugby clubs established in 1946


Immortal is the sixth solo Studio Album by Bob Catley, released by Frontiers Records in 2008.

Track listing
All songs by Magnus Karlsson

 "Dreamers Unite" - 6:19
 "We Are Immortal" - 5:44
 "End of the World" - 5:03
 "Open Your Eyes" - 4:25
 "The Searcher" - 5:13
 "One More Night" - 4:43
 "Light Up My Way" - 5:42
 "You Are My Star" - 4:56
 "War in Heaven" - 4:56
 "Win the Throne" - 4:21
 "Haunted" - 4:45
 "Heat of Passion" - 5:34

Personnel
Bob Catley - vocals
Dennis Ward - all guitars (except solos on tracks 3, 4, 5, 6, and 9), bass guitar and additional keyboards
Uwe Reitenauer - additional guitars on tracks 1, 5, 8, 9, guitar solos on tracks 4, 5, 6, 9
Magnus Karlsson - keyboards, guitar solo on track 3
Dirk Bruinenberg - drums

Production
Produced, recorded, mixed and mastered by Dennis Ward
Executive producer Serafino Perugino

References

External links
Official Bob Catley site

Bob Catley albums
2008 albums
Frontiers Records albums
Albums produced by Dennis Ward (musician)
Albums with cover art by Rodney Matthews


Ivoria Hillis Layne (February 23, 1918 – January 12, 2010) was an American third baseman in Major League Baseball who played for the Washington Senators in parts of three seasons spanning 1941–1945. Listed at 6' 0", 170 lb., he batted left-handed and threw right-handed.

Born in Whitwell, Tennessee, Layne was one of many major leaguers who saw his baseball career interrupted by a stint in the army during World War II. Signed by the legendary pitcher Joe Engel to play for the Senators organization, Layne played for the Chattanooga Lookouts before being called up to the big team in September 1941. Overall, he spent 37 years in professional baseball, including 17 in the Minor Leagues, while losing 2¾ years to the Military (1942–1944) . After being discharged from military service, he played in parts of the 1944 and 1945 seasons.

In a three-season career, Layne was a .264 hitter (75-for-284) with one home run and 28 RBI in 107 games, including 37 runs, nine doubles, four triples, three stolen bases, and a .321 on-base percentage.

Following his majors career, Layne led the Pacific Coast League hitters in 1947 with a .367 average. Then, from 1955 through 1958 he served as a player/manager for the Lewiston Broncs of the Northwest League, winning the batting title in 1955 (.391) while ending second in both 1956 (.354) and 1957 (.340).

In four NWL seasons, he collected a .362 average with a .468 OBP and led the league's third basemen in fielding percentage during three consecutive seasons (1955–1957).

In 1,796 minor league games, he hit .335 with 83 home runs and 953 RBI. He later scouted for the Texas Rangers. In 1987, he was inducted into the Tennessee Sports Hall of Fame.

Layne died January 12, 2010, of a heart attack suffered two days earlier.  He is interred at Chattanooga National Cemetery in Chattanooga, Tennessee.

References

External links
Baseball Reference – major league profile
Baseball Reference – minor league career
Baseball in Wartime
Retrosheet
Tennessee Sports Hall of Fame
Obituary

1918 births
2010 deaths
United States Army personnel of World War II
Americus Cardinals players
Anderson Rebels players
Baseball players from Tennessee
Chattanooga Lookouts players
Kansas City Athletics scouts
Lewiston Broncs players
Major League Baseball third basemen
Minor league baseball managers
New York Mets scouts
People from Whitwell, Tennessee
Sportspeople from the Chattanooga metropolitan area
Pine Bluff Judges players
Portland Beavers players
San Angelo Colts players
San Antonio Missions players
Sanford Lookouts players
Seattle Rainiers players
Selma Cloverleafs players
Texas Rangers scouts
Washington Senators (1901–1960) players
Washington Senators (1961–1971) scouts


Atiyah's Accidents, Compensation and the Law (2006) is a legal text, which marked the first of Cambridge University Press's "Law in Context" series. It was originally authored by English legal scholar, Patrick Atiyah in 1970 and has been taken over by Professor Peter Cane since the 4th edition in 1987. The thrust of the book is that the law of tort should be abolished, especially as relates to the law on personal injuries, and should be replaced with a no fault state compensation system. Its arguments are in tune with the establishment in the 1970s of such a system in New Zealand, with the Accident Compensation Commission.

After handing over the book, Atiyah changed his mind, and wrote The Damages Lottery (1997) where instead of a state run system, he advocated abolition of tort and that people should buy personal safety insurance. Professor Cane, however has kept Atiyah's Accidents in line with the title's original thesis.

Criticism of the fault principle
One of the book's main point is its stinging criticism of the fault principle. This is the principle that finds the party that is to blame before compensating the victim in personal injury cases. This then implies that if fault cannot be attributed, there can be no attribution of liability, and thus a victim of an accident may not receive compensation. Atiyah proposed six major criticisms of the system, which suggest that liability in personal injury claims should not focus on the relationship between the claimant and defendant, but between the parties and society. His examples were primarily concerned with road traffic accidents

 The compensation payable bears no relation to the degree of fault. This refers to the fact that, according to research, for every crash on the roads, there are 122 near misses—is it fair that the person unfortunate to have the accident should have to bear full burden, when the other 122 drivers were simply luckier?
The compensation bears no relation to the means of the Defendant. This refers to the fact that there are uniform levels of compensation for personal injury in English law, and that if a defendant is forced to sell their home in order to fund a payout, they will have suffered considerably more than an affluent defendant, who can easily afford the payments.
The Fault Principle is not a moral principle because a Defendant may be negligent without being morally culpable and vice versa. Atiyah pointed out that if the focus of the fault principle was to punish the offending party, why is there vicarious liability, and liability insurance, which allow the actual wrongdoer to escape paying the victim's compensation. He was also highly critical of the decision in Nettleship v. Weston [1971], because it imposed liability onto a learner driver defendant, where moral culpability could not be established.
The Fault principle pays insufficient attention to the conduct or needs of the Claimant. Atiyah was concerned that finding a liable defendant was held in higher esteem than compensating the victim. For example, if no liable defendant was found, and the Claimant was also wholly blameless, they would be entitled to no compensation, whereas if the claimant was mostly to blame for an accident, they would still recover some compensation if someone else was also partly to blame.
Justice may require payment of compensation without fault. Atiyah quoted the case of Bolton v. Stone [1951] as an example of where a policy decision deferred a defendant's liability, and therefore the victim's payout. If there was no fault liability, then the case would not even have gone to court.
Fault is an unsatisfactory criterion for liability because of the difficulties caused in adjudicating on it. The Fault principle means that one of the parties to the case must be found to be at fault, and even that can be difficult to determine because of witness evidence that has been demonstrated to be unreliable. Atiyah was concerned that if the court finds one party to be at fault, then the wider community is effectively absolved of liability. As an example, he suggested that rather than spending money, time and resources in courts to blame a driver for a road accident, society should strive to make the roads and cars safer to avoid a similar accident in the future. If society rejects this, then why should that particular driver be found to be responsible for an accident that may have been able to be avoided?

See also
Tort reform

Notes

Tort law
2006 non-fiction books
Law books


Anbu Khaireni (also Aanbu Khaireni, Aanboo Khaireni or Anbukhaireni) () is a rural municipality in Tanahu District in the Gandaki Province of central Nepal which was established in 2015. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 11,450 people living in 2234 individual households. In the census of 2011 the municipality has 16,382 inhabitants.

In 2017, the Government of Nepal restructured the local level bodies into 753 new local level units, at that time the former Anbu Khaireni Municipality restableshed as a rural municipality with same name. The former Chhimkeshwari and Deurali VDCs also were incorporated with this new rural municipality. The rural municipality rearranged into 6 wards.

The Andhi Khola River flows nearby. On its right bank is Satrasaya Phant, which was once a dense forest. The Anpu copper mines lie within a kilometre from the village.

To promote local culture Anbu khaireni has one FM radio station Mero Sathi FM - 107.2 MHz which is a Community radio station.And newly opened hospital Alisha healthcare polyclinic Pvt ltd.

Demographics
At the time of the 2011 Nepal census, Anbu Khaireni Rural Municipality had a population of 20,840. Of these, 65.7% spoke Nepali, 15.1% Gurung, 13.3% Magar, 1.7% Newar, 1.4% Bhujel, 0.8% Bhojpuri, 0.4% Tamang, 0.3% Maithili, 0.2% Hindi, 0.2% Urdu, 0.1% Bengali, 0.1% Rai, 0.1% Sign language, 0.1% Thakali and 0.1% other languages as their first language.

In terms of ethnicity/caste, 30.8% were Gurung, 22.9% Magar, 9.2% Chhetri, 8.3% Newar, 7.8% Hill Brahmin, 5.8% Gharti/Bhujel, 5.4% Kami, 2.1% Damai/Dholi,  1.1% Badi, 1.0% Thakuri, 0.9% Tamang, 0.7% Chepang/Praja, 0.6% Musalman, 0.6% Sarki, 0.4% Kumal, 0.3% Kathabaniyan, 0.3% Rai, 0.2% Teli, 0.2% Tharu, 0.2% Yadav, 0.1% Bengali, 0.1% Hajam/Thakur, 0.1% Kalwar, 0.1% Mallaha, 0.1% Sanyasi/Dasnami, 0.1% Thakali and 0.6% others.

In terms of religion, 76.8% were Hindu, 18.6% Buddhist, 2.9% Christian, 0.5% Bon, 0.5% Muslim, 0.1% Prakriti and 0.6% others.

In terms of literacy, 75.0% could read and write, 1.7% could only read and 23.1% could neither read nor write.

References

External links
Official site
UN map of the municipalities of Tanahu District

Populated places in Tanahun District
Nepal municipalities established in 2015
Rural municipalities of Nepal established in 2017
Rural municipalities in Tanahun District


Guri i Kuq Lake (; , Jezero Žuti kamen, literally: "Yellow Stone Lake") is a lake in Kosovo, located on the Guri i Kuq mountain, in the Accursed Mountains range. It is the largest lakes in the Kosovan part of the range after Gjeravica Lake and Liqenat Lake. Unlike Liqenat Lake, the Guri i Kuq lake is not surrounded by trees but instead by large meadows. Just north of the lake is the Rugova Canyon.

See also

 List of lakes of Kosovo

Guri i Kuq

References

Lakes of Kosovo
Accursed Mountains


The Royal Bavarian Life Guards () was a household, life guard (bodyguard) regiment of the Bavarian kings from the end of the Napoleonic Wars until the fall of the Wittelsbach monarchy and the subsequent disbanding of the Bavarian army.

Predecessors
Before the regiment of Life Guards was formed, two infantry regiments of the Bavarian Army held the title of 'King's' (König): from 1684 to 1778, the unit that later became the Royal Bavarian Infantry Regiment No. 10 ("König Ludwig") and from 1778 to 1811, the unit that later became the Royal Bavarian Infantry Regiment No. 1 ("König").

History

Creation
The regiment was created by Royal Decree on 16 July 1814 as the Grenadier Guards Regiment from the grenadier companies of Bavarian line infantry regiments. The tallest men were transferred to the Grenadier Guards Regiment, the rest to the "King's Own" (König) Royal Bavarian Infantry Regiment No. 1. The regiment consisted of 3 battalions of 6 companies each. The first Colonel Commandant (after 1872, the term "commander" was used) was Franz Freiherr von Hertling, who was in command until 11 February 1824. On 13 April 1815 the regiment received its colours in Munich.

A field battalion was established from all battalions on 14 April 1815 and deployed for guard duties under the 6th Royal Bavarian Reserve Infantry Brigade in Mannheim and Auxerre. After the armistice, the 2nd and 3rd battalion were transferred to Auxerre. On 22 September 1815 the colours were blessed in the cathedral of Auxerres.

The regiment's garrison city was generally Munich, at times individual battalions of the regiment were stationed elsewhere (1st battalion 1851–1853 in Germersheim, 1862 in Landau; 2nd battalion 1853 in Landau, 1859 in Landsberg, 1871 in Augsburg; 3rd battalion 1873 in Fürstenfeldbruck).

Immediately after the death of Maximilian I Joseph, his son and heir Ludwig I decreed the abolition of the expensive Guard regiments. The regiment from 6 December 1825 held the name "Line Infantry Life Guard Regiment", consisting of 2 battalions of 6 companies each (20 to 30 soldiers to a company). From 28 October 1835 it was named the "Infantry Life Guard Regiment", without a regimental number, it stood at the head of the infantry in the order of precedence. In practice, however, it maintained its "Guard" status. Quickly, "life guards" (Leiber) became a nickname for members of the Regiment.

In 1848 the 3rd battalion was re-established. The regiment was placed on high alert on 4 April 1848 during the confusion of the Revolution, and took up positions in front of the ruler's residence. On 30 June 1848, the first commoner, Jakob Ermarth, was appointed Colonel-Commandant. The 1st and 2nd battalions were transferred on 5 October 1848 to Sigmaringen in Marsch, to protect Charles, Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen and to depose the provisional government there. After similar deployments under an "observation corps" in the area of Ulm and Günzburg, the battalions returned by 31 December 1849 to Munich. For the regiment's 50th anniversary on 16 July 1864, its officers and the Colonel-Commandant Karl Graf von Spreti held a banquet in the Hotel Vier Jahreszeiten in Munich, and its non-commissioned officers and enlisted ranks received an allowance of 500 guilders from King Ludwig II, and 100 guilders from Prince Otto.

War against Prussia

In 1866 in the Austro-Prussian War, with Bavaria fighting on the Austrian side, the regiment was not deployed as a whole; the I battalion was stationed in the fortress of Mainz, whilst the II and III battalions, under Colonel Siegmund von Pranckh, were assigned to the 1st Royal Bavarian Infantry Brigade. After 4 battles, the regiment counted 17 dead and 136 wounded, with the Colonel having been replaced, unusually, by the non-aristocratic Adalbert Högenstaller already after the first of these battles (at Nüdlingen).

Franco-Prussian War

In the Franco-Prussian War the whole regiment was assigned to the 1st Brigade, and thus to the 1st Division. At Lechfeld, it counted 66 officers and 2879 men ready for action. In the battles of Wörth on 6 August 1870 and Sedan on 1 September the regiment was at the centre of the fighting and suffered a few casualties. For the actions at Sedan the commander of the III battalion, Major Joseph Graf von Ioner-Tettenweiß, was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Military Order of Max Joseph. After the battle at Artenay on 10 October 1870 the regiment occupied Orléans on 11 October, but had to give it up again on 9 November 1870 in the face of far superior French forces, the Armée de la Loire. The cautious but brave actions of Captain Karl Hoffmann, head of the 9th Company of the regiment, in the Battle of Villepion on 1 December 1870 prevented a breakthrough by superior French units, and held the endangered position until the end of that day. He was also awarded the Knight's Cross of the Military Order of Max Joseph. On 2 December 1870, the regiment proved itself in the bloody Battle of Loigny-Poupry, for which First Lieutenant Hermann Ehrne von Melchthal (8th Company) received a Knight's Cross for bravery in the face of the enemy. The regiment recaptured Orléans the following day. On 7 December 1870 Second Lieutenant Friedrich Krieger, head of the 11th Company, repelled an attack by superior French forces on an artillery unit at Lemons (near Meung) and engaged in a counter-attack on his own initiative. He pursued and captured numerous French soldiers and an enemy artillery battery; for this he received a Knight's Cross. On the same day Second Lieutenant Alfred Meyer distinguished himself through his brave actions in a battle at Le Bardon (north-west of Meung), resulting in the award of a Knight's Cross on 24 May 1871. In the Battle of Beaugency on 8 December 1870, the regiment held its positions against the French attacks. The regiment was kept on alert during the siege of Paris, but did not have to intervene in the fighting.

The regiment had officially fielded 66 officers and 2879 men at the start of the war; 54 officers and 2,193 men were present at the victory parade in Munich on 16 July 1871.

In 8 transports, 34 officers and 2333 men had been sent as reinforcements, so that the regiment had suffered a total loss in terms of dead, wounded and diseased, of 46 officers and 3019 men, that is, 100 more men than had originally belonged to the regiment at the start of the war.

Notable members

Commanding officers
The commander was always the king himself, but the military and administrative leadership of the regiment lay with the colonel-commandants, or after 1872, with the commanders.

Pour le Mérite awards, 1914-1918

 5 December 1917, Lieutenant of the Reserve Ferdinand Schörner
 29 May 1918, Colonel Franz Ritter von Epp

Military Order of Max Joseph Knight's Cross awards, 1914-1918
 15 November 1915, First Lieutenant Hans Freiherr von Speidel (killed 28 December 1916)
 25 June 1916, Prince Heinrich of Bavaria (killed 8 November 1916)
 23 June 1916, Lieutenant Colonel Franz Ritter von Epp
 11 July 1916, Captain Emmerich Freiherr von Godin
 24 June 1916, Captain of the Reserve Günther Freiherr von Pechmann
 20 July 1916, Lieutenant of the Reserve Wilhelm Meng
 6 January 1917, Major Robert Graf von Bothmer (killed 28 September 1918)
 6 January 1917, First Lieutenant Ludwig Graf von Bothmer
 10 August 1917, Lieutenant of the Reserve Hans von Ruckteschell
 27 October 1917, Lieutenant of the Reserve Karl Ritter von Halt
 28 May 1918, Lieutenant of the Reserve Franz Wimmer
 18 September 1918, Captain Hans von Pranckh

See also
List of Imperial German infantry regiments
 Hartschier

Military units and formations of Bavaria
Infantry regiments of Germany
Regiments of the German Army in World War I
Royal guards
Guards regiments of Germany


Bob Rosa is an American record producer who has worked with artists such as Madonna, Janet Jackson, Mariah Carey and Espen Lind. One of his first recording projects was working on the track "Planet Rock" by Afrika Bambaataa & the Soulsonic Force in 1982.

Overview
Rosa's recording career has encompassed every genre of music, mixing pop, rock, dance, R&B and Latin. He has mixed the successful singles "Gonna Make You Sweat" by C&C Music Factory; Whitney Houston's "I'm Every Woman", Mariah Carey's "Emotions", *NSYNC's "God Must Have Spent A Little More Time On You". He also received two Grammy Award nominations for Best Dance Track for remixes of Gloria Estefan's "Heaven's What I Feel" and "Don't Let This Moment End", a Latin Grammy win in 2002 for his work on Alejandra Guzmán's Soy album, and a Grammy win for the Best Reggae Album by Toots & The Maytals in 2005 (True Love).

Discography

2009 Party Groove: Gaydays, Vol. 6 DJ Randy Bettis   Mixing
2009 Human Ari Gold Mixing
2008 Where the Music Takes You Ari Gold   Mastering
2008 Pacha NY Jonathan Peters   Mixing
2008 Music Box/Butterfly Mariah Carey   Engineer, Mixing
2008 King of Pop Michael Jackson   Producer, Mixing
2008 King of Pop [UK Deluxe Edition] Michael Jackson   Producer
2008 King of Pop [Australia] Michael Jackson   Producer, Mixing
2008 Greatest [CD/2 DVD] Duran Duran   Mixing
2008 All Out of Love Jenna Drey   Mixing
2007 Very Best of Mick Jagger Mick Jagger   Engineer
2007 Very Best of Mick Jagger [Limited Deluxe Edition] [CD Mick Jagger   Engineer
2007 Transport Systems Ari Gold   Executive Producer, Drum Programming, Mastering, Mixing
2007 To Mars from Babylon Big Bang Radio   Producer, Engineer, Mixing
2007 Perfect Playlist Dance, Vol. 3 Various Artists   Mixing
2006 Ultimate Prince   Mixing
2006 Ultimate Prince Mixing
2006 One Step Further Jenna Drey Mixing
2006 Hurt Christina Aguilera Mixing
2006 Dance Party 2007 The Happy Boys   Mixing
2006 By the Way [6 Tracks] Jenna Drey   Mixing
2006 Blood on the Dance Floor/Invincible Michael Jackson   Producer, Mixing
2005 Why Should I Believe You: The Remixes Jenna Drey Mastering, Mixing
2005 Same Dream [Bonus Tracks] Jon Secada   Composer, Producer, Engineer, Mixing
2005 Greatest Hits *NSYNC Mixing
2005 Apasionada Ednita Nazario Mixing
2005 A Mi Manera Inés Gaviria   Mixing
2005 100% Black Novenoe Volumen [DVD] Various Artists   Engineer, Mixing
2004 Wonderful Life Lara Fabian   Engineer
2004 Two Shots Matt Dusk Engineer
2004 True Love Toots & the Maytals   Engineer
2004 True Love [Import Version] Toots & the Maytals   Engineer
2004 Singles 1986–1995 Duran Duran   Mixing
2004 Singles 1986–1995 Duran Duran Mixing
2004 Navidad Con Sabor Reggaeton Various Artists   Mixing
2004 Go All Night Del Producer, Mixing
2004 Bangin 3: Progressive Beats DJ Escape   Producer
2003 Universal Smash Hits, Vol. 2 Various Artists   Mixing
2003 Sunshine After Rain Rita Marley Mixing
2003 Roc Ya Body (Mic Check 1, 2) [CD #1] M.V.P. (Most Valuable Playas)   Mixing
2003 MVP M.V.P. (Most Valuable Playas)   Mixing, Assistant Producer
2003 Justin Guarini Justin Guarini Assistant Vocal Engineer
2003 For You Jonathan Pierce Mixing
2003 Ednita Por Ti Ednita Nazario Engineer, Mixing
2003 Becstasy Becky Baeling Mixing
2003 20th Century Masters - The Millennium Collection: The Vanessa Williams   Producer, Sampling, Beats
2002 Walk to Remember Original Soundtrack Mixing
2002 Volume Flipp   Producer
2002 Unison/Celine Dion/The Colour of My Love Celine Dion   Mixing
2002 Medicine Man Richie Booker   Mixing
2002 Marie Sisters Marie Sisters   Mixing
2002 Emotions/Vanishing Mariah Carey Mixing
2002 Collection: Unison/Celine Dion/The Colour of My Love Celine Dion   Mixing 2002 Collection 98°   Engineer, Mixing
2002 Border Girl by Paulina Rubio Engineer, Mixing, Vocal Engineer, Vocal Producer
2001 Stranger Than Fiction Ultra Naté   Engineer
2001 Soy Alejandra Guzmán Engineer
2001 Settie Settie   Mixing
2001 No Tellin' Lies/3.V Zebra   Programming, Engineer
2001 Music Box/Emotions/Mariah Carey Mariah Carey Mixing Engineer
2001 M.Y.O.B Deborah Gibson Arranger, Recorder, Mixing
2001 Looking for the Perfect Beat: 1980–1985 Afrika Bambaataa   Engineer
2001 Greatest Hits, Vol. II Gloria Estefan Mixing
2001 Greatest Hits, Vol. 2 [Bonus Track] Gloria Estefan   Mixing
2001 FB Entertainment Presents: The Good Life Various Artists   Engineer, Mixing
2001 FB Entertainment Presents: The Good Life [Clean] Various Artists   Engineer, Mixing
2000 Smooth Jams: New R&B Essentials Various Artists   Producer
2000 Revelation 98°   Mixing
2000 Revelation [Import Bonus Track] 98°   Mixing
2000 Phoenix Stone Phoenix Stone Mixing
2000 New R&B Essentials Various Artists   Producer
2000 Blow It Out Your Ass Flipp Producer, Mixing
2000 Average Day Aztek Trip   Mixing
1999 Smoke This Lynch Mob Mixing
1999 Heat It Up 98°   Producer, Engineer, Mixing, Mixing Engineer
1999 Celine Dion/Unison Celine Dion   Mixing
1998 Where We Belong [Universal] Boyzone   Mixing
1998 Welcome to the Epidrome Various Artists   Remixing
1998 I Think Too Much Settie   Mixing
1998 Hello Laila Laila   Mixing
1998 Hard Knock Life [CD5/Cassette Single] Jay-Z   Remixing, Audio Production
1998 Greatest Duran Duran Mixing
1998 Greatest [Deluxe Edition] Duran Duran   Mixing
1998 Greatest [Deluxe Edition] [Clean] Duran Duran   Mixing
1998 Greatest [Bonus DVD] Duran Duran   Mixing
1998 Greatest Hits: The First Ten Years Vanessa Williams   Producer, Sampling, Beats
1998 Greatest Hits [Warlock] The Cover Girls   Mixing
1998 Gloria! Gloria Estefan Mixing
1998 98° and Rising 98°   Engineer, Mixing
1998 98° and Rising [Holland Bonus Tracks] 98°   Engineer, Mixing
1998 *NSYNC [Japan Bonus Tracks] *NSYNC   Mixing
1998 *NSYNC [Australia] *NSYNC   Mixing
1998 *NSYNC [Australian Bonus Tracks] *NSYNC   Mixing
1998 #1's Mariah Carey Engineer, Mixing
1998 #1's [Import Bonus Tracks] Mariah Carey   Engineer, Mixing Engineer
1997 You Don't Know [US #2] Cyndi Lauper   Engineer, Mixing
1997 Secada Jon Secada Engineer, Remixing, Mixing
1997 Secada [Spanish Version] Jon Secada   Engineer, Remixing, Mixing
1997 Samantha Cole Samantha Cole Mixing
1997 Red Espen Lind   Producer, Mixing
1997 Power 106 FM: 10th Anniversary Compilation Various Artists   Producer
1997 One More Time The Real McCoy   Engineer, Mixing
1997 Like a Star Cynthia   Mixing
1997 I'd Really Love to See You Tonight [Single] Barry Manilow   Engineer, Mixing
1997 I'd Really Love to See You Tonight (Dance Mixes) Barry Manilow   Producer, Engineer, Mixing
1997 Free (Yes I'm Free) Nancey Jackson   Mixing
1997 Dame Un Poco Mas Nayobe   Remixing
1997 Blood on the Dance Floor: History in the Mix Michael Jackson Producer, Mixing
1997 Blood on the Dance Floor [4 Track Single] Michael Jackson Mixing
1997 Alan, Elvis & God Something Happens   Mixing
1996 Waiting for Your Love Stevie B   Mixing
1996 Vibrolush Vibrolush   Mixing
1996 Vibrolush Vibrolush   Mixing
1996 For Old Times Sake: The Freddie Jackson Story Freddie Jackson   Engineer
1996 For Old Times Sake: The Freddie Jackson Story Freddie Jackson   Engineer
1996 Cutting's Ultimate Freestyle Medleys, Vol. 1 Various Artists   Mixing
1996 100% Pure Dance Various Artists   Mixing
1995 We've Got It Goin On [Import] Backstreet Boys   Mixing
1995 Ultimate C+C Music Factory   Engineer
1995 Sister Act 2: Back in the Habit Original Soundtrack   Engineer, Mixing
1995 Greetings from the Gutter Dave Stewart Mixing
1995 Greatest Hits Taylor Dayne Mixing
1995 Greatest Hits Laura Branigan   Mixing
1995 Best of Tina B: Honey to a Bee Tina B   Engineer
1995 Best of Branigan Laura Branigan   Mixing
1994 Storyteller Crystal Waters   Mixing
1994 Star Funk, Vol. 12 Various Artists   Engineer, Mixing
1994 Robi-Rob's Boriqua Anthem C+C Music Factory Featuring Trilogy   Producer, Engineer, Mixing
1994 Greatest Hits (1980–1994) Aretha Franklin   Engineer, Mixing
1994 Anything Goes! C+C Music Factory Producer, Engineer, Mixing
1993 Toni Braxton Toni Braxton Mixing
1993 Toni Braxton [Bonus Track] Toni Braxton   Mixing
1993 Send Me a Lover [Arista #1] Taylor Dayne   Mixing
1993 Music Box Mariah Carey Engineer, Mixing
1993 Music Box [Bonus Track] Mariah Carey   Mixing
1993 Love Remembers George Benson Mixing
1993 Hits 1 Prince Mixing
1992 Salutations from the Ghetto Nation Warrior Soul   Engineer, Mixing
1992 Salutations from the Ghetto Nation Warrior Soul Engineer, Mixing
1992 Healing Stevie B   Mixing
1992 Greatest Remixes Vol. 1 Clivillés & Cole   Editing, Mixing
1992 Greatest Hitz: Cash Cash Money Prince Charles & the City Beat Band   Engineer
1992 Don't Stop...Planet Rock (The Remix EP) Afrika Bambaataa & the Soulsonic Force Engineer
1992 Bodyguard Original Soundtrack Mixing
1992 Bodyguard [Japan Bonus Track] Original Soundtrack   Mixing
1991 Straight Outta Hell's Kitchen Lisa Lisa & Cult Jam Editing, Mixing
1991 Mistaken Identity Donna Summer   Engineer
1991 Let the Beat Hit 'Em [Single] Lisa Lisa & Cult Jam   Engineer, Editing, Mixing
1991 Here We Go [CD Single] C+C Music Factory   Mixing
1991 Emotions Mariah Carey Mixing
1991 Comfort Zone Vanessa Williams Sampling, Beats, Production Concept, Sample Programming
1990 Vertigo Boxcar Remixing
1990 Unison Celine Dion Mixing
1990 Smart Pack Debbie Gibson   Engineer
1990 Shut Up and Dance: Dance Mixes Paula Abdul   Remixing
1990 Remixed Prayers Madonna   Remixing
1990 Hack Information Society   Engineer, Mixing
1990 Gonna Make You Sweat C+C Music Factory/Clivilles & Cole Mixing
1990 Fox Akio Dobashi   Engineer, Mixing
1989 Passion in the Heart Shirley Lewis   Mixing
1989 Home Stephanie Mills Mixing
1989 Decade: Greatest Hits Duran Duran Mixing
1988 Will Downing Will Downing   Engineer, Mixing
1988 Tommy Page Tommy Page Mixing
1988 New Age Bach: The Goldberg Variations Joel Spiegelman   Engineer
1987 Walter Beasley Walter Beasley Engineer, Mixing
1987 Walter Beasley [Circuit City Exclusive] Walter Beasley   Engineer, Mixing
1987 Sensational Starpoint   Engineer
1987 Primitive Cool Mick Jagger Engineer
1987 Picture Me Ava Cherry   Engineer
1987 Let It Be Me Audrey Wheeler   Engineer, Mixing
1987 Hunger Michael Bolton Engineer, Mixing
1987 Control: The Remixes Janet Jackson   Remixing
1986 Never Felt So Good James Ingram   Drums
1986 Just Like the First Time Freddie Jackson Engineer
1986 Genobia Genobia Jeter   Mixing
1986 Destiny Chaka Khan Engineer
1986 Book of Love Book of Love Mixing
1985 Standing on the Edge Cheap Trick   Engineer
1985 Standing on the Edge [Bonus Track] Cheap Trick   Engineer
1985 Rock Me Tonight Freddie Jackson Engineer
1985 Restless Starpoint   Engineer
1985 9.9 9.9   Drums, Mixing
1984 Tina B Tina B   Engineer
1984 No Tellin' Lies Zebra Programming, Engineer
1984 Combat Zone Prince Charles & the City Beat Band
1983 Planet Patrol Planet Patrol   Engineer
1982 Stone Killers Prince Charles & the City Beat Band   Engineer, Mixing
1981 Gang War Prince Charles & the City Beat Band   Engineer, Mixing

References

External links
Official webpage of Bob Rosa

American record producers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


A Vicious Cycle is the fourth solo studio album by Philadelphia underground hip hop artist Reef the Lost Cauze released on November 10, 2008, by Well Done Entertainment. The album was re-released on February 10, 2009, with two new remixes of the tracks "Listen to Me" and "Get It? Got It? Good" by J.J. Brown.

Track listing

Reef the Lost Cauze albums
2008 albums


Evandro Carlos Escardalete (born 12 February 1974), known simply as Evandro, is a Brazilian retired footballer who played mainly as a forward.

Club career
After playing with modest teams in his native country (Esporte Clube Taubaté, Londrina Esporte Clube, Criciúma Esporte Clube, Mirassol Futebol Clube, União Bandeirante FC and ABC Futebol Clube), São Paulo-born Evandro moved in 2000 to Portugal, joining Rio Ave F.C. in the second division. He became an instant first choice, going on to amass more than 300 overall appearances for the Vila do Conde club.

In the 2003–04 season, as Rio Ave had just been promoted to the Primeira Liga, Evandro scored 15 goals in 26 games, notably two in a 4–0 home rout of Sporting CP and another in a 1–1 home draw against S.L. Benfica, helping the side finish in seventh place. From 2008 to 2010, he appeared in a combined 33 league matches – only six in the latter top level campaign – and did not manage to find the net.

After a decade with same team, and a brief spell in his homeland with amateurs Clube Atlético Guaçuano, Evandro retired from football at the age of 36.

References

External links

1974 births
Living people
Footballers from São Paulo
Brazilian men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Esporte Clube Taubaté players
Londrina Esporte Clube players
Criciúma Esporte Clube players
Mirassol Futebol Clube players
União Bandeirante Futebol Clube players
ABC Futebol Clube players
Primeira Liga players
Liga Portugal 2 players
Rio Ave F.C. players
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Portugal
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Portugal


The Bavarian Army was the army of the Electorate (1682–1806) and then Kingdom (1806–1918) of Bavaria. It existed from 1682 as the standing army of Bavaria until the merger of the military sovereignty () of Bavaria into that of the German State in 1919. The Bavarian Army was never comparable to the armies of the Great Powers of the 19th century, but it did provide the Wittelsbach dynasty with sufficient scope of action, in the context of effective alliance politics, to transform Bavaria from a territorially-disjointed small state to the second-largest state of the German Empire after Prussia.

History

1682–1790: From the first standing army to the Napoleonic Wars
The  of 1681 obliged Bavaria to provide troops for the Imperial army. Moreover, the establishment of a standing army was increasingly seen as a sign of nation-statehood and an important tool of absolutist power-politics. At a field camp in Schwabing on 12 October 1682, the newly recruited troops were officially taken into Bavarian service. Seven regiments of infantry, two regiments of dragoons and two of cuirassiers were set up, along with an artillery corps. The traditional mid-blue colour was already in wide use among the Bavarian infantry and would be used throughout from 1684. The cuirassiers and artillery wore light grey tunics, while the dragoons wore red or blue tunics. The army distinguished itself under Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria during the Great Turkish War, particularly during the Siege of Belgrade.

During the War of the Spanish Succession, Bavaria fought on the side of France. Following defeat at the Battle of Blenheim, the Bavarian Army ceased to exist as a coherent fighting force, though small remainders continued to fight until the end of the war. Bavaria was occupied by Austrian forces during the war, which led to a rising of the people, bloodily put down at the so-called "Murderous Christmas of Sendling" (). By 1701, the composition of the army was the same as that during the Turkish wars, only now with three regiments each of cuirassiers and dragoons.

The attempt by the Elector Charles Albert to gain the Imperial crown during the War of the Austrian Succession was initially successful, but the campaign ended once again with an Austrian occupation of Bavaria.

At the beginning of the Seven Years' War, the army consisted of eight infantry, two dragoon and three cuirassier regiments, and a brigade of artillery. In 1757, one of the cuirassier regiments was disbanded and its men distributed among the other regiments, while only one company of dragoons in each regiment was mounted. Infantry regiments consisted of two battalions with four Füsilierkompanien (each of 130 men) and one infantry company (100 men) as well as two four-Pounder battalion guns. The nominal strength of approximately 1,800 men for each regiment was never reached in the field. While the Lifeguard regiment had three battalions, only two stood in the field. Ten battalions of infantry were made available to the Habsburgs according to Bavaria's Imperial military obligations. They fought unsuccessfully at Schweidnitz, Breslau and Leuthen in 1757, as well as at Troppau, Olmütz and Neiße in 1758.

The unification between the Wittelsbachs and the Palatinate line added eight regiments to the infantry in 1777, and the Palatine troops brought with them a lighter blue tunic colour. The War of the Bavarian Succession is often known as the "Potato War" due to the amount of time and effort the sides expended in securing food supplies and denying them to the enemy, and the war actually passed relatively uneventfully for the Bavarian army.

In 1785, the infantry's uniform changed to white, and the cuirassiers abandoned their traditional armour.

1790–1871: The Napoleonic Wars until the German Empire

1790 brought a fundamental reform of the Bavarian Army. All field troops received an identically-cut uniform, including a leather helmet with a horsehair plume, known as the "Rumford Casket" after the then Minister for War Count Rumford. However, Maximilian IV found the army in abject condition on his accession to the throne in 1799: hardly any of the units were at full strength, the Rumford uniforms were unpopular and impractical, and the troops were badly-trained. The young Prince-Elector, who had served under the Ancien Régime in France as a colonel in the Royal Deux-Ponts regiment, made the reconstruction of the army a priority.

The line infantry was reduced to ten regiments, which were made up to their full strength. The two Jäger regiments were divided into four light infantry battalions. The cavalry consisted of three regiments of light cavalry and two each of dragoons and cuirassiers. The infantry returned to their traditional light blue and, in 1801, all branches of service introduced the Raupenhelm, a helmet with a fore-and-aft horsehair plume, which became characteristic of the Bavarian army. Capable generals, such as Deroy, Wrede and Triva, reformed the army along French lines, and it soon became the most modern in Germany, and the first in Germany to abolish flogging. The field army was based largely on compulsory military service. A national guard with three classes was also developed (1st class: Reserve battalions of the Line regiments; 2nd class: Territorial army; 3rd class: Citizen levy).

In 1800, Bavaria reluctantly fought on Austria's side against France in the War of the Second Coalition, but in 1805 when Austria attacked Bavaria for the third time in 100 years in the War of the Third Coalition, they found a powerful army. The Bavarians initially retreated, but only in order to link up with Napoleon's advancing army and to prepare the counter-attack, which took place quickly, methodically and thoroughly. 30,000 Bavarian troops took part in the successful Siege of Ulm and the consequent liberation of Bavaria. At the Battle of Austerlitz, the Bavarians secured the flanks and supply lines of Napoleon's army and in 1806-7 they forced several Prussian forts to surrender.

Bavaria was awarded the Austrian province of Tyrol as a reward, but unrest erupted into a full-blown rebellion under Andreas Hofer in 1809, which could only be put down with French assistance. When Austria attacked Bavaria once more that same year in the War of the Fifth Coalition, Napoleon's army was concentrated in Spain, and it was troops of the Confederation of the Rhine, predominantly Bavarian, which led the early campaigning against Austria. At the Battle of Wagram, the contribution of Bavarian forces was decisive to the outcome.

In the Russian Campaign, the Bavarian army suffered terrible losses - of about 33,000 men (including following reinforcements) who marched in 1812, only 4,000 returned. Pressed by the Crown Prince and General Wrede, King Maximilan I Josef turned with a heavy heart away from the French and changed to the Allied camp shortly before the Battle of Leipzig. The attempt by Wrede to stop the victory of the Grande Armée in 1813 at the Battle of Hanau ended in a narrow defeat for his Austro-Bavarian corps. The campaign of 1814 began badly for the Allies, but Wrede made up for his earlier defeat with valuable victories over his former allies at the battles of Arcis-sur-Aube and Bar-sur-Aube.

In 1814, the Bavarian Army consisted of a Grenadier Guard regiment, 16 regiments of Line Infantry, two battalions of Jäger, seven regiments of light cavalry (of which one was territorial), one regiment of Uhlans, two Hussar regiments, one regiment of Garde du Corps (mounted royal bodyguard), two regiments of foot artillery and one of horse-artillery.

In 1815, the 7th (National) Light Cavalry regiment was formed into two Cuirassier regiments. The Hussars and Uhlans were disbanded in 1822. Following the recommendations of the Military Savings Commission in 1826, one infantry regiment was converted into two Jäger battalions, and the Grenadier Guard regiment into an Infantry lifeguard regiment. The Garde du Corps became the 1st Cuirassier Regiment, and the former 1st Cuirassier Regiment was merged into the 2nd Regiment.

The mobilisation of the army for the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 was only concluded on 22 June, by which time the Prussian Army was almost in Bohemia. The war went very badly for the Bavarians. The Bavarian Commander-in-Chief Prince Karl, who also commanded the southern forces of the German Confederation, was hurrying to the aid of the Kingdom of Hanover when he heard of the Hanoverians' surrender after the Battle of Langensalza. The rapid Prussian advance meant that Karl was unable to link up with the western forces of the Confederation under Prince Alexander of Hesse, so the Bavarian troops withdrew to Bad Kissingen. After fierce fighting, the Bavarians withdrew to Schweinfurt and Würzburg (of which only the fortress and part of the city could be held). On 1 August, a Prussian reserve corps occupied Nuremberg.

The difficulties of the Bavarian Army were attributed mainly to the Bavarian  (parliament), and to the military leadership. Thanks to constant cuts in the military budget, the Bavarian war ministry did not see itself in a position to accomplish manoeuvres above the brigade level. Apart from Prince Karl, and General von Thurn und Taxis, no Bavarian general had ever commanded a division before. The newspapers also criticised the role of von der Tann.

Due to this criticism, King Ludwig II appointed the battle-hardened veteran General Siegmund von Pranckh as the new War Minister on 1 August. Von Prankh already had political experience as adjutant to War Minister von Lüder, and contributed crucially to the modernisation of the Bavarian Army with his reforms.

When the candidacy to the Spanish throne of Leopold, Prince of Hohenzollern led to a worsening in relations between Prussia and France in 1870, von Prankh mobilised the two Bavarian army corps on 14 July. The Bavarian Army Corps fought in the Franco-Prussian War as part of the III Army under Crown Prince Friedrich Wilhelm (the I Army Corps under von der Tann, and the II Army Corps under Jakob Freiherr von Hartmann).

The Bavarians under Jakob von Hartmann stormed Wissembourg and took part in the Battles of Wörth, Beaumont, Sedan and the Siege of Paris. Over 5,000 Bavarian soldiers died during the Franco-Prussian War.

1871–1918: The German Empire
In the Constitution of the German Empire, Bavaria was able to secure for itself extensive rights, in particular regarding military sovereignty. Not only did the army retain, like the kingdoms of Saxony and Württemberg, its own troops, War Ministry and military justice system, but it was also excluded from the Empire-wide regimental re-numbering of the army regiments and would only come under Imperial control in times of war. Bavaria also kept its light-blue infantry uniforms, the  (until 1886), the Light Cavalry and some other peculiarities. The officers and men of the Bavarian Army continued to swear their oaths to the King of Bavaria and not the German Emperor. Nevertheless, the uniform cut, equipment and training was standardised to the Prussian model. When field-grey uniforms were introduced, only the cockade and a blue-and-white lozenge edging to the collar distinguished Bavarian units.

At the beginning of World War I, the Bavarian Army had an effective strength of 87,214 men including 4,089 officers, physicians, veterinarians and officials; and 83,125 NCOs and other ranks, plus 16,918 horses. With the beginning of mobilisation on 1 August 1914, the supreme command of the Bavarian field army passed from the 4th Army Inspectorate to the German Emperor. Units in Bavaria remained under the command of the Bavarian War Ministry. The Bavarian Army — consisting of the three Bavarian Army Corps, the Bavarian Cavalry Division  — was bolstered by the addition of the XXI Corps (of two divisions, recruited largely in the Rhineland and Westphalia), and transported to the Western Front as the German 6th Army under the command of Crown Prince Rupprecht.

The Bavarian Army fought at the Battle of the Frontiers, the last time that it fought together as a single unit: the exclusive Bavarian command of Bavarian forces began to be diluted from the Imperial German Army reorganisations in Autumn 1914 onwards. Rupprecht held command for the duration of the war and was promoted to Field Marshal in 1916 largely on account of his outstanding ability; however, after Frontiers, the units under his command came largely from outside Bavaria.

Although the German Empire fell in the German Revolution of 1918–19, and King Ludwig III was forced to abdicate, Bavaria retained its military sovereignty. However, the rise of the Bavarian Soviet Republic and the confusion surrounding its overthrow and the defeat of its "Red Army" persuaded the drafters of the Bamberg Constitution of 1919 to relinquish military sovereignty to the Weimar Republic. At any rate, the regular Bavarian troops had been demobilised after the war to the extent that most of the fighting against the Red Army was done by Freikorps units and other German troops from outside Bavaria.

During World War I, around 200,000 soldiers of the Royal Bavarian Army were killed.

Structure

Pre and early World War One

Bavaria placed at first two and later three army corps in the army of the German Empire:

 I Army Corps in Munich
 1st Division in Munich
 2nd Division in Augsburg
 II Army Corps in Würzburg
 3rd Division in Landau
 4th Division in Würzburg
 III Army Corps in Nuremberg
 5th Division in Nuremberg
 6th Division in Regensburg

Raised during World War I
Corps
I Royal Bavarian Reserve Corps
II Royal Bavarian Reserve Corps
XV Royal Bavarian Reserve Corps

Divisions

Bavarian cavalry:
Bavarian Cavalry Division
Bavarian infantry:
10th Bavarian Infantry Division
11th Bavarian Infantry Division
12th Bavarian Infantry Division
14th Bavarian Infantry Division
15th Bavarian Infantry Division
16th Bavarian Infantry Division
Bavarian reserve:
1st Bavarian Reserve Division
5th Bavarian Reserve Division
6th Bavarian Reserve Division
8th Bavarian Reserve Division
9th Bavarian Reserve Division
30th Bavarian Reserve Division
39th Bavarian Reserve Division
Bavarian Landwehr:
1st Bavarian Landwehr Division
2nd Bavarian Landwehr Division
6th Bavarian Landwehr Division
Bavarian Ersatz:
Bavarian Ersatz Division
Mountain Troops:
Alpenkorps

Officer corps
The Bavarian Army had a smaller proportion of aristocratic officers than the Prussian Army: in 1832 there were 1.86 common officers for every one noble; by 1862 it was 2.34 commoners for every noble and by the outbreak of the First World War 5.66. Since the dissolution in 1826 of the Lifeguard unit, there was no specific Guard regiment. Only in the following units was the proportion of aristocratic officers considerably higher than average:

 1st Royal Bavarian Heavy Cavalry Regiment "Prince Karl of Bavaria" (formerly 1st Cuirassiers).
 1st Royal Bavarian Uhlan Regiment "Emperor Wilhelm II, King of Prussia"
 Royal Bavarian Infantry Lifeguards Regiment

NCO corps
The Bavarian NCO Corps consisted of long-serving and career soldiers, usually recruited from those completing military service. There was a strict career separation between officers and NCOs. This led to substantial social problems during World War I, because qualified NCOs were blocked from promotion to officer ranks.

Recruitment
According to the Constitution of 1808, recruitment was according to a system of conscription. The system offered the possibility for men to buy exemption from conscription by means of paying a substitute, called an  ("Proxy") or  ("Stand-In"), to serve in their place (which had to be for a longer time).

The reforms of 1868 abolished the use of substitutes, introduced compulsory conscription for three years, and instituted the {{lang|de|Einjährig-Freiwilliger}} ("One Year Volunteer") system.

Landwehr
In 1809, after the French model, the territorial forces were converted into a national guard, which from 1814 to 1868 was known as the  of the Kingdom of Bavaria. During the 1868 reforms, the older classes of reserves became known as the . The  also took responsibility for supervising the veterans' associations.

Garrisons
The bulk of the Bavarian Army was housed in fortresses, secularised monasteries and former castles. The first co-ordinated programme of barracks-building took place in 1806 (such as the New Isar Barracks), and after a typhoid outbreak in 1881, modern buildings with married quarters were built (such as the Prince Leopold Barracks). In 1838, Bavaria maintained seven fortresses, with another under construction:

 Forchheim
 Ingolstadt
 Veste Oberhaus
 Rosenberg ob Kronach
 Rothenberg bei Schnaittach
 Wülzburg
 Marienberg Fortress in Würzburg
 Germersheim (under construction)

Bavaria also maintained troops in the German Confederation fortresses of Landau and Ulm. The fortress of Germersheim was de-fortified according to the Treaty of Versailles.

Museum
The museum for the Bavarian Army was moved from the Hofgarten in Munich into the New Castle in Ingolstadt.

See also
 Ministry of War (Kingdom of Bavaria)
 Quartermaster Generals and Chiefs of the General Staff of the Army
 Hartschier

References

Armies by country
Disbanded armies
Military of the German Empire


Restorffs Bryggjarí was a Faroese brewing company established by the Danish-German immigrant Martin Christian Restorff in 1849.

Restorffs Bryggjarí was situated in the capítal Tórshavn, where the majority of its beer production was sold. The brewery was family owned until 2002, when it was sold on to a local businessmen. In 2005 the production of soft drinks (soda drinks) was discontinued letting the other Faroese competitor, Föroya Bjór, take over a few of the brands. In January 2007 the Restorffs Bryggjarí was announced for sale and in August that same year the brewery went out of business. The Föroya Bjór brewery since took over some of the Restorffs beer brands. The brewery only sold its beers in the Faroe Islands though some small quantities were exported to Denmark in the latter years of its existence.

Restorffs was one of the oldest brewing companies in the Danish Kingdom.

References

External links

Breweries of the Faroe Islands
Defunct companies of Denmark
Food and drink companies established in 1849
Companies disestablished in 2007
1849 establishments in the Faroe Islands
2007 disestablishments in Denmark


Butler English, also known as Bearer English or Kitchen English, is a dialect of English that first developed as an occupational dialect in the years of the Madras Presidency in India, but that has developed over time and is now associated mainly with social class rather than occupation. It is still spoken in major metropolitan cities.

The name derives from its origins with butlers, the head servants of British colonial households, and is the English that they used to communicate with their masters.

Butler English persisted into the second half of the 20th century, beyond the independence of India, and was subject to southern influence in its phonology, in particular the substitution of  for  and  for , leading to distinctive pronunciations of words such as "exit" and "only".

Here is an example of Butler English (a butler reporting his being invited to England):

Another example, now famous amongst Indian English linguists, is the one given by Schuchardt (see Further reading), which is a nurse, an ayah, describing the butler's practice of secretly taking small amounts of milk for himself from his master's household:

Features
Structurally, Butler English is akin to a pidgin, with a subject–verb–object word order, deletion of verb inflections, and deletion of prepositions. It has been called a "marginal pidgin" and a "rudimentary pidgin", although Hosali and Aitchinson, listed in Further reading, point out several problems with these classifications. Its major syntactic characteristics are the deletion of auxiliary verbs, the frequent use of "-ing" forms for things other than participles, and the reporting of indirect speech directly. For examples:
the use of the present participle for the future tense: I telling rather than the Standard English "I will tell"
the use of "done" as an auxiliary instead of "have": I done come rather than "I have come", and I done tell rather than "I have told"

The lexical characteristics of Butler English are that its vocabulary is limited and employs specialised jargon. family substitutes for "wife", for example.

Mesthrie notes several "striking similarities" between Butler English and South African Indian English, raising for him the question of whether there was a historical relationship between the two. These include:
 use of "-ing" forms for things other than participles
 the omission of "be"
 the use of "got" as an auxiliary verb instead of "have" (Mesthrie questions the accuracy of the reports by Yule and Burnell that were the original source of the information that "done" was an auxiliary verb, observing that the 20th century reports by Hosali and others state that this is not a characteristic of 20th century Butler English.)
 various lexical similarities including "died" being used instead of "dead"

He notes various dissimilarities, however:
 Butler English uses "been" as an auxiliary verb whereas SAIE does not.
 Because of pronoun deletion, "is" can begin a sentence in Butler English, whereas such pronoun deletion is less common in SAIE.
 Butler English has no clear examples of "-s" as a possessive, whereas in SAIE that have a 15/17 occurrence rate.
 Butler English does not share SAIE's use of "only" as a focus marker
 Butler English does not share SAIE's use of "got" as an existential
 Butler English does not share SAIE's occasional subject–object–verb word order (e.g. four children got for "I have four children.", after pronoun deletion), although he observes that the famous quotation reported by Schuchardt contains one object–verb example: little milk give it
 Butler English does have various lexical forms found in SAIE, such as look-attering, no fadder, hawa, and dawa

Further reading
 , which can be found translated and edited in:

  (reprinted in 1903 by W. Crooke)
 , also published as:

References

English-based pidgins and creoles
Indian English
Languages attested from the 2nd millennium
Languages extinct in the 20th century
Butlers
Culture of Chennai
20th century in Chennai


The New Orleans–Metairie–Hammond combined statistical area is made up of ten parishes in southeastern Louisiana and one county in Mississippi. The statistical area consists of the New Orleans metropolitan statistical area (MSA), Hammond MSA, Picayune micropolitan statistical area (μSA), and the Bogalusa μSA. As of the 2020 census estimates, the CSA had a population of 1,510,672.

The area was severely affected by Hurricane Katrina on August 29, 2005.

Parishes and counties
Louisiana
 Jefferson
 Orleans
 Plaquemines
 St. Bernard
 St. Charles
 St. James
 St. John the Baptist
 St. Tammany
 Tangipahoa
 Washington

Mississippi
 Pearl River

Communities

Places with more than 50,000 inhabitants
 New Orleans (Principal city)
 Kenner
 Metairie (census-designated place)

Places with 10,000 to 50,000 inhabitants

Places with less than 10,000 inhabitants

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,360,436 people, 515,054 households, and 347,173 families residing within the CSA. The racial makeup of the CSA was 57.7% White, 37.2% African American, 0.4% Native American, 2.1% Asian, <0.1% Pacific Islander, 1.2% from other races, and 1.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.3% of the population.

The median income for a household in the CSA was $37,053, and the median income for a family was $42,860. Males had a median income of $35,659 versus $23,150 for females. The per capita income for the CSA was $17,474.

See also
 Louisiana census statistical areas
 List of cities, towns, and villages in Louisiana
 List of census-designated places in Louisiana
Pearl River County, Mississippi

References

Geography of Jefferson Parish, Louisiana
Geography of Orleans Parish, Louisiana
Geography of Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana
Geography of St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana
Geography of St. Charles Parish, Louisiana
Geography of St. James Parish, Louisiana
Geography of St. John the Baptist Parish, Louisiana
Geography of St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana
Geography of Tangipahoa Parish, Louisiana
Geography of Washington Parish, Louisiana
Geography of Pearl River County, Mississippi
Combined statistical areas of the United States


These are the results of the men's C-2 slalom competition in canoeing at the 2000 Summer Olympics. The C-2 (canoe single) event is raced by two-man canoes through a whitewater course.  The venue for the 2000 Olympic competition was at Penrith Whitewater Stadium.

Medalists

Results

Qualifying
The 12 teams each took two runs through the whitewater slalom course on 19 September. The combined score of both runs counted for the event with the top eight advancing to the final the following day.

Final
The eight teams each took two runs through the whitewater slalom course on 20 September. The combined score of both runs counted for the event.

References

2000 Summer Olympics Canoe slalom results.
Sports-reference.com 2000 men's slalom C-2 results
Wallechinsky, David and Jaime Loucky (2008). "Canoeing: Men's Canadian Slalom Pairs". In The Complete Book of the Olympics: 2008 Edition. London: Aurum Press Limited. p. 488.

Men's Slalom C-2
Men's events at the 2000 Summer Olympics


The siege of Toul was the siege of the fortified French town of Toul from 16 August to 23 September 1870 by Prussian, Bavarian and Württemberg forces during the Franco-Prussian War. Toul controlled a railway line leading to Germany and it was vital for the Germans to secure it to resupply and reinforce their armies in northern France.

An attempt to seize the fortress on 16 August failed with heavy losses for the Germans. After a blockade of 37 days, the German siege artillery opened fire with 62 guns and howitzers at 0530 on 23 September and the fortress surrendered at 1530. The Germans captured 2,349 French soldiers and 71 fortress guns along with considerable stores of supplies and pushed the German railway terminus in France closer to the German forces besieging Paris.

Background
During the German campaign in northern France in 1870, and especially after German armies began to advance on Paris to besiege it, it was critical for the German High Command to secure Toul, which controlled a railway line to Germany. Toul, located in a valley between the Marne–Rhine Canal and the Moselle, was protected by nine bastions, some outworks, water-filled ditches, including a -wide main ditch and a system of sluices to inundate the nearby ground. The 125-meter-high Mont St.Michel to the north, the Dommartin-lès-Toul heights to the east, the Choloy plateau to the south-west and the absence of bomb-proof cover rendered the fortification vulnerable to artillery bombardment and the hills and villages nearby made it easy for hostile infantry to advance to its ramparts.

Prelude
On 14 August, Captain von Trotha's squadron from the 2nd Dragoons of the Guard attacked some chasseurs à cheval near Toul. A melee commenced and the French were driven into the suburbs. They received no fire support from the fortress. Trotha took this as evidence of a weak garrison and sent an officer to the fortress, demanding its surrender. The French commandant, Major Huck, simply told the Germans to go back and the French began shooting at the Germans from the houses and gardens nearby. The German cavalry broke their way out and destroyed the sluices controlling the water in the ditches.

Another demand for surrender came on 15 August, this time from Captain von Rosen of the 2nd squadron, 3rd Lancers of the Guard, whose men had advanced on the fortress under fire, though they suffered no losses. The commandant turned down the demand as before, and the Germans returned to Ménil-la-Tour in the afternoon.

Coup de Main
General of the Infantry Gustav von Alvensleben, commander of IV Corps, encouraged by Toul's weak resistance to these advance groups, decided on the early morning of 16 August to reconnoiter the fort and seize it by means of a coup de main. French inhabitants told the Germans that Toul had only 1,000 or 1,200 Garde Mobile as garrison. IV Corps' advance guard, consisting of the reinforced 14th Infantry Brigade, which included the 27th and 93rd Infantry Regiments, the 7th Dragoons, the 1st heavy and 2nd light batteries, two pioneer companies and the light bridge train and which was commanded by General von Zychlinski, received Alvensleben's order and deployed at Francheville at 1100, where the 2nd heavy battery had also been concentrated.

The two heavy batteries advanced on the fort and opened fire at the ramparts at 1,500 meters, the first battery from the east and the second from Mont St. Michel to the north. Two guns from the light battery augmented the St. Michel position, with the remaining four guns of the battery in reserve. Dismounted dragoons and 2nd Battalion, 93rd Regiment escorted the batteries. The bombardment was ineffective and the French replied with six guns well-concealed by trees. Alvensleben arrived in person and ordered the town to bombardment to induce a surrender.

At 1245, Zychlinski led the infantry column on an assault at the fortress. The 3rd pioneer company led the attack to reconnoiter the ditches. Skirmishers would follow and surround the fort, the ditch would be passed and an entrance gained through the north gate of the fortress. The pioneers reached the north side of the fortress under long-range rifle fire. The Germans found the found the northern glacis unfavorable to an assault and began to search for an eastern passage. After a gaining a position on the eastern side, they opened fire on the garrison. At 1300, the 93rd Regiment's fusilier battalion advanced in skirmishing order against the northern face and reached the main ditch, opening fire on the garrison deployed at the north gate ravelin. The 2nd Battalion of the 93rd Regiment advanced against the north-western side and engaged in a firefight in a skirmish line against the garrison. The drawbridge had been raised and no suitable location for an assault was found. The 2nd Battalion, 27th Regiment moved against the western side, crossing open ground and suffering heavy losses in the process, including the injuring of the battalion's commander Major Joffroy. They reached the foot of the glacis and received reinforcements from the 1st Battalion, which also suffered casualties, with the battalion commander Lieutenant-Colonel Werner wounded. The Bavarian lancer brigade reached the scene and opened fire with its horse artillery batteries on the fort.

With the fortress immune to the fire of skirmishers and a few batteries of artillery, the only means to take it was to gain a passage over the main ditch and storm it. At 1400, a German heavy gun fired eight rounds from a range of 80 meters at the gate near the St. Mansuy suburb to destroy it and bring down the drawbridge. The powder-smoke and large number of trees made aiming impossible and the attempt was discontinued. Between 1500 and 1600, Alvensleben ordered the coup de main to be abandoned. The Germans retreated in small groups to minimize casualties, though the French artillery fired on them with effect. The 2nd Battalion in the west did not get the order until 1900, having maintained a fire up until that moment and suffering serious casualties. It then withdrew north with few losses, as the French passively contented themselves with staying in the fort and launched no sorties. On arriving at his headquarters, Alvensleben received an order from Second Army commander to attempt a coup de main on Toul but decided that a second assault would be pointless and would tie down his troops in an extended siege and reported his thoughts to Second Army headquarters. IV Corps continued its march to the west.

Siege

The French commandant, Major Huck, controlled 2,375 men and 71 fortress guns. By early September, the German besiegers had Etappen troops from III Prussian Army, the 4th and 6th fortress artillery companies and captured French guns from Marsal with which to bombard Toul.

The weather and unfavorable ground delayed the German preparations but by the night of 9–10 September they had deployed three artillery batteries on the Côte Barine slope with German infantry providing cover from the nearby railway embankment. After informing Major Huck of their intent, the German batteries opened fire at 0700 but only burned some houses in the town and received heavy French counter-battery fire. The French artillery continued firing on 11 September and the newly-arrived German commander, Frederick Francis II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, discontinued his own bombardment. Frederick Francis had been detached to Toul from the Siege of Metz with the 17th Infantry Division, the 17th Cavalry Brigade, three batteries from the 2nd Landwehr Division. The German formations arrived near Toul on 12 and 13 September. The previously engaged German siege forces were redeployed to cover the German supply lines at St. Dizier. German cavalry at Ochey prevented French forces on the Langres plateau from interfering with the siege.

The 34th Brigade was deployed on the Choloy plateau, the 33rd on both banks of the Marne–Rhine Canal and the Germans set to work closing in on the glacis from the north. French fire could not stop the German outpost groups, which suffered only 13 casualties. A reconnaissance on 12 September convinced Frederick Francis to begin bombarding the fortress to submission from the south-west. He went off on 13 September to meet King Wilhelm I at Château-Thierry to receive more instructions.

On the morning of 15 September, the 2nd Landwehr Division's heavy battery at Mont St. Michel, firing from positions prepared the previous night, harassed for hours the French troops inside Toul and watchposts in the Toul Cathedral tower. The 5th and 6th heavy batteries of the 17th Infantry Division were deployed into pre-prepared positions on Mont St. Michel on 16 September to subdue the French fortress artillery, which had maintained its own fire. Three companies of Prussian heavy artillery with 26 heavy guns and their ammunition arrived by railway from Nancy on 17 and 18 September at St. Robert. Carriages transported the guns to the artillery parks on the Choloy plateau and on the Côte Marine, while their emplacements were being constructed by infantry from Ecrouves. Simultaneously, 42 field guns pounded the fortress on 18 September to distract the French from the transport operation.

Colonel Bartsch, commander of the siege artillery, and Major Schumann, the senior engineer officer, planned the direction of the attack. Twelve siege batteries would be used and trenches dug, if necessary. The siege batteries on Mont St. Michel would fire on bastions no. 3 and 4, while fire from La Justice would make a breach on the masonry to the right of bastion no. 4. German pioneers erected a bridge over the river at Pierre la Treiche on 20 September, while a detachment of Bavarian engineers destroyed a canal lock near the suburb of St. Mansuy. A German attempt to drain the ditch of the fortress by diverting the Vauban canal's water to the Moselle succeeded only partially.

Franc-tireur
French franc-tireur bands harassed the lines of communications of the German siege forces surrounding Paris. The French garrison at Toul was so weak that the Germans could send the 33rd Infantry Brigade, the 11th Lancers and three batteries to Châlons on 19 September to secure the lines of communications alongside other German forces.

Final bombardment and capitulation
The Prussian siege artillery, with the help of five infantry companies, constructed emplacements for its pieces on the evening of 22 September. To cover the preparations, a rifle company occupied St. Evre on the night of 21–22 September and heavy guns and three field batteries bombarded the town throughout the day from Mont St. Michel. At 0530 on 23 September, 11 siege batteries with 62 guns and howitzers opened fire, while Frederick Francis watched the proceeding from the Côte Barine. The German firepower burned down French barracks' and magazines near the fortifications. After an initially lackluster response, the French artillery and infantry set on fire the suburbs of St. Evre and St. Mansuy, but otherwise accomplished little.

At 1530 the French raised the white flag over the cathedral. Major Huck sent a letter to the Germans, declaring his readiness to surrender the fort. The garrison was taken prisoner of war and sent to a bivouac on the Choloy road and the German 3rd Battalion, 90th Regiment and two rifle companies occupied the town in the evening. The Grand Duke entered the next morning at the head of the troops.

Aftermath
The 2nd Battalion, 90th Regiment, remained as garrison while the Prussian siege artillery was sent to bombard Soissons. The French guns captured at Marsal and Toul were now available for operations against Verdun. The German railway terminus was pushed to the west by the fall of Toul and by the German victory at the Siege of Strasbourg on 28 September. The Germans expended 5,034 artillery shells, shrapnel and bombs during the siege on 16 and 23 August and from 10 to 23 September.

Casualties
The French lost 1 officer and 25 men killed, 8 officers and 80 men wounded, 109 officers and 2,240 men captured as well as 8 civilians killed and 20 wounded. Three standards of the 3rd dragoons and the eagle of a Garde Mobile regiment were captured. Three barracks and some private buildings were destroyed by the German bombardment but overall damage to the town was minimal. French material losses were enormous, with 71 fortress guns, 30,000 stands of arms, 2,800 sabres,  of gunpowder, 143,000 rations of food and 50,000 rations of corn captured by the Germans.

German casualties during the expedition to Toul on 16 August amounted to 6 officers and 41 enlisted men killed or died of wounds, 11 officers, 1 assistant surgeon and 129 men wounded and 9 men missing. Five horses were killed and nine wounded. Losses from 27 August to 23 September were minimal, with 7 enlisted men killed or dead of wounds, 1 officer and 27 men wounded and 1 horse wounded.

Citations

References

Battles involving Württemberg
Battles involving Bavaria
Sieges of the Franco-Prussian War
Toul
1870 in France
Conflicts in 1870
August 1870 events
September 1870 events


Vibhuti Narain Rai (born 28 November 1950) is an ex police officer and author from India. He obtained an M.A. in English literature from Allahabad University in 1971 and joined the Indian Police Service in 1975 as a part of the Uttar Pradesh cadre. He served many sensitive districts as a superintendent of police.

Between 1992–2001, Rai was deputed to the Government of India, during which time his postings included anti-insurgency operations in the Kashmir Valley (1993–94). Rai retired as  Director General of Police in Uttar Pradesh. He has been awarded President's Police Medal for Distinguished Services and Police Medal for Meritorious Services.
He was appointed as Vice Chancellor of a central university- Mahatma Gandhi Antarrashtriya Hindi Vishwavidyalaya, Wardha for five years in 2008.

Rai has published six novels- Ghar, Shahar mein Curfew, Kissa Loktantra, Tabadala ,Prem Ki Bhoot  Katha  and Ramgarh Mein Hatya. These novels have been translated in almost all the Indian Languages and English . His other books are Ranbhumi Mein Bhasha, Kise Chahiye Sabhya Police, Fence Ke Us Par, Andhi Surang Mein Kashmir, Pakistan Mein Bhagat Singh, Sampradayik Dange Aur Bhartiya Police, Hashimpura 22 May, Combating Communal Conflicts and also a collection of satire Ek Chhatra Neta Ka Rojnamcha .

Shahar Mein curfew
In 1988, Rai published a Hindi novel entitled Shahar Mein Curfew (Curfew in the City). Its theme was a 1980 Hindu-Muslim riot in the city of Allahabad, and Rai wrote freely about how religious prejudice in the Hindu dominated police force and provincial administration led to Muslim citizens' being viewed as enemies and thus becoming easy targets of brutality and murder. The Vishva Hindu Parishad readily took offense and denounced the novel for being anti-Hindu. It now wants a ban imposed on the novel, and when Ashok Singhal, secretary general of the V.H.P., was told of a producer wanting to turn the story into a film, he threatened to burn down theatres that dared to screen the planned film. All this ire surrounds a project that has still not begun and a work of fiction that at no point directly criticizes any Hindu organization. It is worthwhile to quote here from a recent interview given by the author: "The intolerance of dissent is increasing in our society and the Ayodhya mobilization has largely contributed to this disturbing trend. The attacks on inconvenient writers and dissenting journalists are in fact motivated by a desire to silence all criticism and all reason, thereby making the very existence of rationally-thinking people redundant to the social and political process. This is extremely distressing."

.

Works in Hindi

Novels
 Ghar
 Shahar Mein Curfew
 Kissa Loktantra
 Tabadla
 Prem Ki Bhoot Katha
 Hashimpura 22 May

Satire
 Ek Chhatra Neta Ka Rojnamcha

Criticism
 Katha Sahitya Ke Sau Baras
 "Ranbhumi mein bhasha"

Works in English

 Combating Communal Conflict
 Communal Conflicts: Perception of Police Neutrality During Hindu-Muslim Riots in India, Renaissance Pub. House (1998)

Translations into English
 Curfew in the City, translated by C. M. Naim, New Delhi: Roli Books, 1998.
 Tabadala, translated by Zeba Alvi to Urdu in Karachi (Pakistan) 2009.

References

Indian police officers
Indian satirists
University of Allahabad alumni
Hindi-language writers
People from Azamgarh
1951 births
Living people
20th-century Indian novelists
Novelists from Uttar Pradesh
Indian political writers
21st-century Indian novelists


The Sovereign's Servant () is a 2007 Russian swashbuckler film written and directed by Oleg Ryaskov, and starring Dmitry Miller, Aleksandr Bukharov, Kseniya Knyazeva, Darya Semyonova and Alexei Chadov in the lead roles. It depicts the events of the Great Northern War, with a particular focus on the Battle of Poltava.

Plot
The action takes place at the time of the Swedish-Russian war of 1709. The King of France, Louis XIV, sends two duelists into exile: Antoine De La Bouche (Valery Malikov) is ordered to go to the camp of the King, Charles XII, of the Swedes and Charles de Brézé (Dmitry Miller) is sent to the camp of the Russian Tsar, Peter the First. Both Frenchmen face various dangers along their way. They witness the grand battle of Poltava from opposite sides. Court plots and romantic adventures stay in the past as both our milksops are plunged head first in the boiling pot of war and the horrors it brings into their lives, until they face on the Battle of Poltava.

After a duel, Charles is killed in the duel by De La Bouche. Then, Tsar Peter I asks Bouche about why he was exiled to Russia. He just wonders back to the past, where he and Charles prepared to be exiled. The last scene sets back to the past, when both went to Russia.

Cast
 Dmitry Miller as Sharl de Breze
  as Grigoriy Voronov
  as Sharlotta de Monterras
 Darya Semyonova as Anka
 Alexei Chadov as Angie
 Valeriy Malikov as Antoine de La Bouche
 Nikolai Chindyajkin as Polish Coaching Inn Keep
 Andrey Sukhov as Peter the Great
 Vladislav Demchenko as Prince Philipp
 Dmitry Shilyayev as King Louis XIV
 Andrey Ryklin as Alexander Menshikov
 Rodion Yurin as Count de Guiche
 Yelena Plaksina as Praskoviya
 Ivan Shibanov as Marquise von Shomberg
 Olga Artngoltz as Marquise Gretchen von Shomberg
 Eduard Flerov as King Charles XII
 Mariya Kozhevnikova as maidservant
 Yulia Mayboroda as maidservant
 Evgeny Menshov as usher

Release
The Sovereign's Servant was released in more than 20 countries, including:
Brazil, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Germany, Netherlands, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, France, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine, Poland, United Arab Emirates, Australia, Israel.

A Director Cut was released on August 18, 2022.

Box office
 Fees in Russia    - 6.800.000  $US (theaters, TV and DVD)
 Fees in the World - 5.100.000  $US (theaters, TV and DVD)
 Fees total of     - 11.900.000 $US (theaters, TV and DVD)
 The budget is     - 6.600.000  $US
 Advertising       - 2.700.000  $US (Russia)
 Copies            - 385 (Russia)

References

External links

2007 films
2000s Russian-language films
2000s historical adventure films
Russian swashbuckler films
Russian action adventure films
Russian historical adventure films
2000s action war films
Russian action war films
Cultural depictions of Peter the Great
Films set in the 18th century
Cultural depictions of Charles XII of Sweden
Russian historical action films


Mats Olof Aronsson (born 16 Augusti 1951) is a Swedish former footballer who played as a forward for the Swedish clubs Landskrona BoIS and Djurgårdens IF. He became the top scorer in Allsvenskan 1977 together with Reine Almqvist. Between 2007 and the spring of 2014 he worked as the Director of Sports in the Swedish football club Landskrona BoIS. He is the current chairman of IK Frej Täby.

Honours

Club
Djurgårdens IF
 Division 2 Norra: 1982

Individual
 Allsvenskan top scorer: 1977

References

Living people
1951 births
Men's association football forwards
Swedish men's footballers
Djurgårdens IF Fotboll players
Landskrona BoIS players
Allsvenskan players
Landskrona BoIS directors and chairmen


Naas RFC is an Irish rugby club based in Naas, Leinster. They play in division 1B of the All-Ireland League. The club colours are green and white hoops with black shorts and green socks. The Club is the biggest rugby club in Kildare with one of the biggest underage structures in Leinster and 15 LRR referees (May 2022). The club grounds are located at Forenaghts, 2 km to the East of the town.

History
The club was founded in 1881 and reformed in 1922. It was one of the leading Junior Clubs in Irish rugby before attaining All Ireland League Status in the 1999/2000 season. Back then the Club pitches were located in the town in the area where Ashgrove Estate and the Tennis Club are now.  Subsequent travels took the Club to Doyle's Field at Tipper East (where the Paddocks estate is now) with the changing rooms being the jockeys room in Naas Racecourse!

In 1974 he Club purchased land at (its current location) Fournaghts, 2 km to the East of Naas town, with the first games taking place there two years later in 1976.

In the 2021/22 season, Naas RFC celebrated its 100th continuous season of playing rugby in Naas.

Notable players

 International players associated with the Club
 Mark Deering, Seamus Byrne, Frank Byrne, Philip Lawlor, Geordan Murphy, Jamie Heaslip, Adam Byrne,
 Ireland national rugby sevens team:
 Fionn Carr, Billy Dardis Jimmy O'Brien (rugby union)
 Ireland U20s Internationals
 Fionn Carr; Adam Byrne; Billy Dardis; Adam Coyle; Jamie Osborne (rugby union), Diarmuid Mangan, Andrew Osborne, Oscar Cawley
 Youth Internationals
 Kevin Cleary Jr, Joseph Moran, Eoghan Conran, Kaylin Domican, David Lynch (captain), Michael Moran, Enda Daly, Colin McEntee, Micheal Skeleton (Captain), Adam Byrne. Maebh Obrien (7's), Erin King .
 Leinster Youths Representatives
 Dave Conneran, Enda Daly, Michael Moran, Eoghan Conran, Gavin Dooley, Adam Denvir, Kaylin Domican, Rob Campbell, Daniel O'Byrne,  Jared Owens, Adam Byrne, Richard Cronin, Mark Rushe, Joseph Moran, Niall Gorry, Karl Denver, James Morrin, Eoghan Griffin, Colin McEntee, Micheal Skelton, & Adam Coyle, Kevin Mcloughlin and Niall O'Neill . Naas RFC member Patrick Keena was the Manager (2012-2015 ) of the Leinster U18 club side .
 Leinster Girls
 Emily McKeown, Niamh Hederman, Romy Morin, Chantelle Vitoria, Aoife Hederman, Bev Mahon, Aisling Breslin, Maebh Obrien, Nollaig Maguire, Millie Sheridan, Emma Lackey, Mary Healy, Annie Maguire, Ali Miley, Casey O'Brien, Rachel Murtagh, Katie Maguire, Ellen Murray, Katie Ann O’Neill, Erin King

Success at Naas RFC
 Won the Provincial Towns Cup on 3 occasions – 2005, 1998, 1995 and appeared in the final on 10 occasions (Lost 1926, 1935, 1949, 1952, 1954, 1958, 1982).
 Won the Cup and Leinster League double in 2005, 1998.
 Won 2 Provincial Towns Plates – 1969 and 1981.
 Provincial 2nd XV Cup – 3 wins, 1996, 1999, 2022
 Anderson Cup - Junior 3rds – 4 wins, 1996, 2002, 2003, 2006, 2014 – joint top winners.
 Dunne Cup  - Junior 4ths – 6 wins (record number), 1980, 1993, 1994, 1999, 2004, 2005.
 Leinster League Division 1 Champions – 4 wins, 1997/1998, 1999/2000, 2004/2005, 2006/2007.
 ALL IRELAND PROVINCIAL LEAGUE CHAMPIONS – 2000, 2007.
 Hosie Cup (North Midlands J1) – 10 wins, 1981, 1982, 1988, 1992, 1993, 1995, 1998, 1999, 2005, 2007, 2022
 Lalor Cup (North Midladns J2) – 4 wins, 1978, 1995, 1999, 2000.
 Speirs Cup (North Midlands J3) – 4 wins, 1984, 1992, 1993, 1995.
 Scully Cup (North Midlands J4) – 8 wins, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1997, 1998, 2006, 2008, 2011.

References

External links

Rugby union teams in Ireland
Rugby clubs established in 1922
Naas
Rugby union clubs in County Kildare
 All-Ireland League rugby union clubs
Leinster Senior League (rugby union) teams


Louis-Gaston de Sonis (25 August 1825 – 15 August 1887) was a French Army officer who particularly distinguished himself in the Battle of Loigny during the Franco-Prussian War, where he lost a leg.

Life
Louis Gaston was born on 25 August 1825 in Pointe-à-Pitre (Guadeloupe), and came to France in 1832, where he studied for the military, following in his father's footsteps.  At age 10, he lost his mother, and at age 19, his father. This double wound marked the beginning of his conversion.  In 1848, as a young officer—the only practicing Catholic in his class—he discerned a call to become a monk of Solemes, but realized that it was in the world that he was called to serve God.  At age 23, he married Anaïs, a girl of 17 years, with whom he began a family that would grow to include 12 children.  He was a loving husband and father, showed great love for the Eucharist, and shone especially in the virtue of obedience.  To grow closer to God, he joined the Third (Secular) Order of Discalced Carmelites.

Appointed general of the army corps at the age of 45, he led the heroic charge of Loigny under the protection of the banner of the Sacred Heart, embroidered by Visitation nuns of Paray le Monial.  Seriously injured in this battle, the Blessed Virgin Mary appeared to the General, assuring him that all was not lost; France would survive.  However, the General's left leg had to be amputated.  He died on 15 August 1887 in Paris, after 17 years of suffering.

Some of his thoughts:

"When one begins to love God, one cannot love enough."

"Mary is placed on the threshold of eternity to inspire confidence in those who must bear the cross."

"Fight bravely against the demon of sadness. Oppose it by a fresh submission to the will of God, and serve God in joy, with great simplicity of heart."

He showed that the martial spirits that are so often admired in soldiers of the warrior class do not mutually exclude a strong faith life. Indeed, General de Sonis showed that in all actuality, a proper understanding of manly courage and virility can only be properly understood when grounded in a proper understanding of God, and of one's subordination and responsibility to the Divine Creator. De Sonis shared many similar attributes with a current day exemplar of another great Catholic warrior—Colonel John Ripley.

His cause for canonization in the Roman Catholic Church has been proposed.

References

Bibliography
 Lady Herbert,  The Life of General De Sonis, from his papers and correspondence, London : Art and Book Co. ; New York : Benziger, 1891.
 Jacques de la Faye, Histoire du Général de Sonis, Bloud et Barral, Paris, 1890.
 Mgr Baunard, Le Général de Sonis d'après ses papiers et sa correspondance, Poussielgue, Paris, 1890.
 Jean des Marets, Le Général de Sonis, préface d'Émile Baumann, Fernand Sorlot, Paris, 1934.
 Albert Bessières S.J, Sonis, Beauchesne et ses fils, Paris, 1946.
 Maurice Briollet, Le Général Gaston de Sonis et sa descendance, R. Madiot, Laval, 1969.
 Francine Dessaigne, Sonis, mystique et soldat, Nouvelles éditions latines, Paris, 1988,
 Gérard Bedel, Sous la bannière du Sacré Cœur le Général de Sonis, D.E.L, 1997, .

External links
 Biography on Le Lys et la Croix, Journal scout, catholique et Français.

1825 births
1887 deaths
People from Pointe-à-Pitre
French military personnel of the Franco-Prussian War
French amputees
Grand Officers of the Legion of Honour


The Rise and Fall of Freedom of Contract (1979) is a legal-historical text on the changes in the concept of freedom of contract by English Professor Patrick Atiyah. It was published by the Oxford University Press, and a paperback edition was released in 1985.

Summary
The central theme is that the notion of a contract based on consent (or a "meeting of minds") was almost entirely absent before 1800 in the law. Instead it was based on reliance or the receipt of a benefit. You could revoke a promise, and the concept of an executory contract was unknown. Moreover, courts were more concerned with the fairness of an exchange, and not concerned merely to uphold promises or the parties' will. Damages reflected that, only being for the value of exchange, not the loss of a bargain.

Then, after 1800, the concept of contractual freedom "rose". Promises and the "intentions" of parties "became the paradigm of contract theory". Atiyah argues that it began with the notion of freedom of property, summed up in the phrase of Sir Edward Coke in Semayne's case that every man's home is his castle. Following that was the transition from a property to a contract based society.

After 1900, however, freedom of contract had had its heyday. Atiyah illustrates how the growth of consumer protection, rent and employment legislation has moved contract back into smaller confines, based on general notions of fairness.

Contents
1 Introduction
Part I The Beginnings of Freedom of Contract: The Story to 1770
2 The Condition of England in 1770
3 The Intellectual Background in 1770–I
4 The Intellectual Background in 1770–II
5 The Legal Background in 1770
6 Contract Law and Theory in 1770–I
7 Contract Law and Theory in 1770–II
Part II The Age of Freedom of Contract, 1770–1870
8 The Condition of England, 1770–1870
9 The Role of Government, 1770–1870
10 The Role of the Individual, 1770–1870
11 The Intellectual Background, 1770–1870–I
12 The Intellectual Background, 1770–1870–II
13 The Legal Background, 1770–1870
14 Freedom of Contract in the Courts, 1770–1870–I
15 Freedom of Contract in the Courts, 1770–1870–II
16 Freedom of Contract in Parliament, 1770–1870
Part III The Decline and Fall of Freedom of Contract, 1870–1970
17 The Condition of England, 1870–1970
18 The Intellectual Background, 1870–1970–I
19 The Intellectual Background, 1870–1970–II
20 The Legal Background, 1870–1970
21 The Decline of Freedom of Contract, 1870–1970
22 The Wheel Come Full Circle

See also
Atiyah's Accidents, Compensation and the Law (1970), now (2006) and updated by Peter Cane
Just price

Notes

References
JH Baker, Book Review (1980) 43 Modern Law Review 467, who makes a number of criticisms about the historical robustness of Atiyah's thesis, particularly that important questions of fact used to be left to juries, giving a misleading appearance of earlier contract cases.

Contract law
1979 non-fiction books
Books about legal history


Yigal Yasinov (, born 27 April 1966) is a former Israeli politician who served as a member of the Knesset for Shinui, HaOlim the National Union and Yisrael Beiteinu between 2003 and 2006.

Biography
Born in Kharkiv in the Soviet Union (today in Ukraine), Yasinov immigrated to Israel in 1993.

Yasinov joined Shinui prior to the 1999 elections, and worked as a parliamentary assistant to Victor Brailovsky. Active in the party's Jerusalem branch, he was placed 15th on the Shinui list for the 2003 elections, and entered the Knesset when the party won 15 seats. During his first term, he was a member of the Science and Technology Committee, the Committee on the Rights of the Child, the Public Petitions Committee, the Committee for Immigration, Absorption and Diaspora Affairs, and the Labour, Welfare and Health Committee. In January 2004 he was the victim of an attempted stabbing outside his home in the Jerusalem neighbourhood of Ramat Sharett. In November 2005 he was injured in a brawl with students during a protest in Rabin Square in Tel Aviv.

On 1 February 2006 he left Shinui to form the HaOlim faction, which then merged into the Yisrael Beiteinu faction of the National Union. Towards the end of the Knesset term, Yisrael Beiteinu broke away from the National Union. He was placed 14th on the party's list for the 2006 elections, and lost his seat when they won 11 seats.

After leaving politics he became Deputy Chairman of the Jewish National Fund.

References

External links

1966 births
Living people
People from Kharkiv
Soviet Jews
Ukrainian Jews
Ukrainian emigrants to Israel
Members of the 16th Knesset (2003–2006)
Yisrael Beiteinu politicians
Shinui politicians
National Union (Israel) politicians
HaOlim politicians


Brian Kavanagh was a Gaelic football player for his native Longford and at club level for Kilmacud Crokes of Dublin.

Career
From Ardagh in Longford, Kavanagh transferred to Kilmacud in 2008. He was on the Kilmacud team that won the Dublin Senior Football Championship in October 2008 at Parnell Park. Kavanagh scored two points in the final against St Oliver Plunketts Eoghan Ruadh. He scored a total of 0-16 (6f) in the 2008 Dublin Championship.  Kavanagh went on to win the All-Ireland senior club football championship with Kilmacud.

Kavanagh was named as the 2010 Evening Herald/Dublin Bus Dubs stars footballer of the year and was later named as the Leinster club footballer of the year.

He was part of the Longford team that won the 2003 A & B All-Ireland Vocational Schools Championships. In 2006 he was part of the Longford team that made it to the Leinster Under 21 final but lost out to Laois on the day.  In 2011 he helped Longford to win Div 4 of the National Football League.  He won a Div 3 National League title in 2012 healping his side to a 2 point win over Wexford in the final.

He won a Railway Cup medal with Leinster in 2006.

Honours
 2 Dublin Club Senior Football Championships (2008, 2010)
 2 Leinster Club Senior Football Championships (2008, 2010)
 1 All-Ireland Club Football Championship (2009)
 1 National Football League Division 4 (2011)
 1 National Football League Division 3 (2012)
 1 All-Ireland Vocational School Football Championship (2003)
 2 Leinster Vocational School Football Championship (2003, 2004)
 1 Railway Cup (2006)

References

External links
 Official Kilmacud Crokes Football Website

1985 births
Living people
Longford inter-county Gaelic footballers
Kilmacud Crokes Gaelic footballers
Ardagh Gaelic footballers
Irish schoolteachers


Bilal Çubukçu (born 16 May 1987) is a Turkish professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Bezirksliga Berlin club Anadoluspor Berlin.

Club career

Youth
Çubukçu grew up in Berlin-Kreuzberg. He played his first youth football at local clubs Anadoluspor Berlin and Rot-Weiß Neukölln. He then joined Tennis Borussia Berlin before moving to Hertha BSC's youth academy in 2002. There, he impressed with his performances that helped the team win the Under 17 Bundesliga in his debut season after a 4–1 win over VfB Stuttgart. The following year, Çubukçu won the U19 DFB-Pokal by beating SGV Freiberg 5–0 in the final in May 2004.

Professional
Çubukçu made his debut for Hertha BSC II in the 2005–06 Regionalliga season, making a total of five appearances. In the following season, he made 22 appearances. However, Hertha's second team were relegated at the end of the season. In 2007–08, Çubukçu helped his club to the league title with 12 goals and 11 assists, which earned him a place in the first team. He was initially allowed to practice there, but was not brought to training camp by coach Lucien Favre, after which he left the club for Turkey and signed a contract with Gençlerbirliği. After some strong initial performances, he became a reserve after a new coach was brought in, whereupon he terminated his contract by mutual consent with the club.

In January 2011, Çubukçu returned to Germany, signing a one-and-a-half-year contract with 2. Bundesliga club Alemannia Aachen. After his contract expired, he left the club. In the following season, he agreed a deal with Turkish second division club Adana Demirspor. He left the club again in the 2012 winter transfer window after his contract was terminated. For the second half of the 2012–13 season, he signed with Turkish third division club Tokatspor.

Afterwards, stints followed at lower league clubs in Germany. In the summer of 2016, Çubukçu wanted to leave SV Babelsberg 03 after two years and join Turkish third division club Bucaspor, but due to the politically uncertain situation, he changed his mind and renewed his contract with Babelsberg.

For the 2017–18 season, Çubukçu moved to Regionalliga club BFC Dynamo, where he was also immediately named captain. He stayed here for two seasons before returning to Hertha BSC II in July 2019. In September 2020, Çubukçu moved to İzmit to join local football club Kocaelispor.

Later career
In April 2021, Çubukçu signed with NOFV-Oberliga club CFC Hertha 06. After a year, he returned to childhood club Anadoluspor Berlin in the Bezirksliga.

International career
Çubukçu progressed through the youth teams from Turkey U17 to Turkey U21, playing a total of 28 games.

References

External links

1987 births
Living people
Footballers from Berlin
Turkish men's footballers
Turkey men's youth international footballers
Turkey men's under-21 international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
2. Bundesliga players
Regionalliga players
Süper Lig players
TFF First League players
TFF Second League players
Tennis Borussia Berlin players
Hertha BSC II players
Gençlerbirliği S.K. footballers
Adana Demirspor footballers
Tokatspor footballers
Alemannia Aachen players
Hertha BSC players
Berliner AK 07 players
Berliner FC Dynamo players
SV Babelsberg 03 players
German sportspeople of Turkish descent
Kocaelispor footballers
CFC Hertha 06 players
NOFV-Oberliga players


Alfred Gingold is an American freelance writer and is the author of several humorous books.

Life
Alfred Gingold was born and raised in New York City. He attended Cornell University where he studied English and theater and was a member of the Quill and Dagger society. After working in several fields such as acting, directing, and teaching; Gingold became a full-time freelance writer. As a freelance writer Gingold worked for numerous publications including Esquire magazine, The New York Times, and Harper's Bazaar. Gingold also authored an online column entitled "Don't Ask" through the Prodigy Internet Service. Gingold also covered the 2002 Westminster Dog Show for Slate magazine.

Gingold is probably best known for his humorous works including Fire in the John, a parody of the modern men's movement. His other notable works include Items from Our Catalog, The House Trap, and Dog World and the Humans Who Live There.

Gingold married Helen Rogan with which he co-authored a number of books including The Cool Parents' Guide to All of New York: Excursions and Activities in and around Our City Your Children Will Love and You Won't Think Are Too Bad Either and Brooklyn's Best: Sightseeing, Shopping, Eating, and Happy Wandering in the Borough of Kings.

Selected bibliography

Items from Our Catalog (1982)
More Items from Our Catalog (1983)
The House Trap (1988)
Fire in the John (1991)
Dog World: And the Humans Who Live There (2005)

References

 Alfred Gingold at the Literature Resource Center
 Contemporary Authors Online, Gale, 2009. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale, 2009. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/BioRC

External links
 The Official Alfred Gingold Web Site
 Blog Entries by Alfred Gingold at the Huffington Post
 Feature about Fire in the John at Entertainment Weekly

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Writers from New York City
American humorists
Cornell University alumni