The Medical Council () is the regulator of the medical profession in Ireland. It maintains the register of medical practitioners licensed to practice, and has the power to place restrictions on or revoke such licences, in cases of questions about a doctor's fitness to practise.  the president of the council is Dr Suzanne Crowe, and its chief executive officer was Leo Kearns.

The objective of the Medical Council is to protect the public by promoting and better ensuring high standards of professional conduct and professional education, training and competence among registered medical practitioners.

History
The council was established by the Medical Practitioners Act 1978 and commenced operation in April 1979. It replaced an earlier body, the Medical Registration Council, which had been established under the provisions of the Medical Practitioners Act 1927, and which took over certain functions from the General Medical Council (the medical regulator for the United Kingdom).  Its powers are now dependent on the Medical Practitioners Act 2007.

Purpose
The principal functions of the Medical Council include:
 Establishing and maintaining the register of all medical practitioners in the Republic of Ireland.
 Setting and monitoring standards for undergraduate, intern and postgraduate medical programmes and the bodies that deliver them ensuring that curricula are in line with Medical Council rules, criteria, standards and guidelines.
 Oversight of lifelong learning and skills development by ensuring that doctors maintain their professional competence by completing professional development and clinical audit activities.
 Specifying standards of practice for registered medical practitioners, including providing guidance on all matters related to professional conduct and ethics.
 Investigating allegations of breach of established professional standards of competence, conduct and ethics, and instigating appropriate measures in respect of doctors against whom complaints have been upheld.

Services of public interest
Managing the register of doctors

The council maintains a publicly accessible searchable database of registered doctors with their qualifications.

Lifelong learning and skills development

In May 2011 the Medical Council introduced requirements for all registered doctors to maintain their professional competence, making it a legal duty to engage in formal arrangements for lifelong learning and skills development. The Council oversees doctors to ensure that they fulfil this duty.

Handling complaints

Anyone can make a complaint against a doctor to the Medical Council.  The Council then begins the formal complaint procedure by forwarding it to the Preliminary Proceedings Committee of the Medical Council, which considers all complaints made to the council.
After the committee receives enough information about the complaint it then decides whether to take further action. If so, the complaint is referred to the Fitness to Practise Committee for a Fitness to Practise inquiry. Alternatively, the council could decide to take no further action, refer the complaint to another body or authority, or for mediation, or could refer the doctor for a performance assessment.

Setting ethical standards

The Medical Council gives guidance on all matters related to professional conduct and ethics for registered doctors.

About the Medical Council

The Council consists of 25 members and includes both elected and appointed members. Under the provisions of the Medical Practitioners Act, 2007, the new Council is composed of 13 non-medical members and 12 medical members representing a range of medical specialities, teaching bodies, and members of the public and stakeholders. All appointments must be approved by the Minister for Health. The Council that took office in 2013 will remain in office until 2018.

The Medical Council is required by law to establish an Education and Training Committee (known as the Professional Development Committee), a Preliminary Proceedings Committee, a Fitness to Practise Committee and a Health Sub-committee. Only members of the Medical Council may be eligible to Chair the Fitness to Practise Committee and the Preliminary Proceedings Committee. The Council may establish as many committees as it considers necessary to carry out specific functions.

Administration

On 15 June 2009 the Medical Council moved to premises in Kingram House, Kingram Place, Dublin 2. Kingram House, located just off Fitzwilliam Square, is a singularly distinctive building characterised by its odd blend of Georgian and contemporary architecture. Front-of-house, a two-story listed building, was once home to an infant school and links directly on to a modern office suite.

The Medical Council has a staff of over 50 who work in three directorates (Professional Development and Practice, Regulation and Finance and Administration) reporting to the chief executive officer.  The council's communications function sits within the CEO's office. The Medical Practitioners Act 2007 sets out the functions of the CEO and Committees of the council. It also specifies functions reserved for the Minister for Health and Children, such as agreement to the creation of new specialities. The Act gives the CEO an independent responsibility to present disciplinary inquiries to the Fitness to Practise Committee, once a decision has been made that a prima facie case exists for an enquiry. To carry out this function, the CEO is empowered to collect evidence and employ legal representatives to present the case.

The council is funded exclusively by the annual payments of registered medical practitioners. The annual retention fee for a fully registered medical practitioner was set at €490 in 2012.
According to the Medical Council's 2011 Annual Report, there were 18,812 medical practitioners, including various registration categories, registered with the Medical Council.

380 new complaints against doctors were received in 2011, a five percent increase. Of these new complaints, 15 doctors received sanctions and six doctors had conditions imposed on them. Eight doctors were struck off the register.

In 2011 the Medical Council inspected 6 medical schools and 38 clinical sites. The Medical Council is responsible for setting and monitoring standards for undergraduate education and training in Ireland. This is done by establishing standards and producing guidelines on medical curriculum, content, student conduct and behaviour. The Council may fully approve, conditionally approve or refuse to approve medical schools or programmes.

References

External links
  of Irish Medical Council

Medical regulation
Medical and health regulators
Medical and health organisations based in the Republic of Ireland
1978 establishments in Ireland
Regulation in Ireland


Livadochori () is a village and a community in the Greek island of Lemnos, part of the municipal unit Nea Koutali. In 2011 its population was 237 for the village, and 373 for the community, which includes the village Poliochni. It is situated in the central part of the island, 1 km northwest of Kallithea, 2 km north of Nea Koutali, 7 km northwest of Moudros and 12 km northeast of Myrina. The Lemnos International Airport is 3 km east.

Population

History

Under the name Livadochorion or Livatochorion it was first mentioned in 1355 in a document of the Philotheou monastery, Mount Athos. Since then it has repeatedly been mentioned under the same name in maps (including Buondelmonti's map in 1418) and books, suggesting continuous existence of the village. During the years under Ottoman rule, it was one of the main villages on the island. It was populated by Greeks and agas who supervised their agricultural estates. In 1548, when Belon visited the island, the village was fortified and the seat of the voivode of the island. The revolutionary leaders Pantelis Marinakis and Apostolis Limnios came from the village, and took part in the battles in Arcadia and Niokastro in 1824 and 1825 under Vasos Mavrovouniotis.

When the German archaeologist Conze visited the village in 1858, it was still a large village that was partly ruined.  At that time Greek shipowners and immigrants began to buy the Ottoman estates and the Ottoman landowners began to settle in the capital Kastro. According to the communal archives from 1854, the village had 62 enlisted men that paid 989 piastres to avoid conscription.  It had 45 Christian families in 1863 and 55 in 1874, it had 59 houses in the same year.  The  village was part of the municipality (koli) of Kontias and its inhabitantas sent a representative to the Lemnos provincial assembly.

A school was founded by Doukas Palaiologos in nearby Sarpi in 1868. In 1894 a school was established in Livadochori. In 1910 a dedicated school building was built by Egyptian-Greeks Sarantis and Palaiologos from Kornos and the school was community-run. It ran up to the 1980s and closed due to a student population decline.

After Livadochori and the island joined the rest of Greece as a result of the Balkan Wars, it became an independent community in 1918, in which it was united for some years with the settlements of Strati (repealed in 1928) and Kourouni (since 1940 a part of the community of Lera).

In the years between the two World Wars, the village saw a small growth.  It built an aqueduct and a fountain in 1922, donated for 200,000 drachmas by the brothers Nikolaos and Komninos Halamandaris. It had 516 inhabitantas in 1928, among whom were many refugees from Minor Asia, employed mainly in the agriculture and animal husbandry.  In its fields, it produced 480,000 tons of wheat and 30,000 tons of cotton. It had a flour mill and a cotton factory.

After the Second World War, the village declined dramatically due to emigration. It had 604 inhabitants in 1951, it fell to 266 in 1981 (of which 63 were inhabitants of neighboring Poliochni). Together with Poliochni, Livadochori had 373 inhabitants in 2011.
In 1989, the Livadochori High school was opened which serves students from central Lemnos.

Poliochni

Poliochni is a village on a low hill northeast of Livadochori. It takes its name from this hill, and is not related to the archaeological site Poliochne in eastern Lemnos. In the Middle Ages, a village called Agiopavlitiko was situated on the site of present Poliochni. In a document dated 1796, this village was mentioned under the name Ligkouli or Likoli. By then, it was already abandoned and ruined. In 1881 the place was mentioned as Polichni, which was changed into Poliochni after the discovery of ancient Poliochne near Kaminia. It was settled again in the early 20th century, and since in 1981 it is an official settlement of the community Livadochori.

See also

List of settlements in the Lemnos regional unit

Sources
Tourptsoglou-Stefanidou Vasiliki, Voyages and Geographical Sources From Lemnos Island (15th-20th Centuries) (Ταξιδιωτικά και γεωγραφικά κείμενα για τη νήσο Λήμνο (15ος-20ος αιώνας))
Belitsos, Theodoros, Lemnos and its villages, 1994.Lemnos Province CD ROM (Cdrom Επαρχείου Λήμνου): Lovable LemnosBelitsos, Theodoros: Historic route in Lemnos: Livadochori'', Lemnos Newspapers, p 531 (June 10, 2008).

External links
Livadochori at the GTP Travel Pages

References

Populated places in Lemnos
Nea Koutali


Mickey is an American sitcom that aired on ABC from September 1964 to January 1965. Created and produced by Bob Fisher and Arthur Marx, the series starred Mickey Rooney, and was filmed at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios.

Synopsis
Mickey Grady (Mickey Rooney), a retired businessman from Omaha, Nebraska, inherits the luxury Newport Arms Hotel in Newport Beach, California, and decides to run it.

Cast
Mickey Rooney as Mickey Grady
Emmaline Henry as Nora Grady
Sammee Tong as Sammy Ling

Recurring
Tim Rooney as Tim Grady
Brian Nash as Buddy Grady
Bobby Van as Bobby
Alan Reed as Mr. Swindler

Awards
Rooney won a Golden Globe Award for "Best Actor in a Television Series" at the 21st Annual Golden Globe Awards ceremonies in 1964.

Reception and cancellation
The series failed to sustain ratings to survive the full season in its 9 p.m. Eastern time slot on Wednesdays. Its principal competition was another sitcom, the top-ten series The Dick Van Dyke Show on CBS. NBC ran television movies at the time.

Due to low ratings, ABC was considering canceling Mickey. The network was hesitant to cancel the series due to the popularity of Sammee Tong's character, who had a solid fanbase thanks to Tong's role in Bachelor Father. Rooney wrote in his 1991 autobiography, Life Is Too Short that Tong was upset by the rumor; a heavy gambler who owed money to the mafia, Tong needed the money from the series to pay off his debts. On October 27, 1964, Tong took an overdose of barbiturates and died at his home. Tong's death effectively ended any chance for the series' survival, and ABC canceled Mickey. The series' last episode aired on January 13, 1965.

Episode list

References

External links

1964 American television series debuts
1965 American television series endings
1960s American sitcoms
1960s American workplace comedy television series
American Broadcasting Company original programming
Black-and-white American television shows
English-language television shows
Television series by MGM Television
Television series by Selmur Productions
Television series set in hotels
Television shows set in Newport Beach, California
Inheritances in fiction


Borsigwerke may refer to

 Borsigwerke, a former German company founded by August Borsig
 Borsigwerke (Berlin U-Bahn), a subway station of the Berlin U-Bahn
 Borsig Werke, a pseudonym of Alexander Hacke, musician
 Borsig Lokomotiv Werke (AEG), a locomotive works in Hennigsdorf owned by AEG after the takeover of Borsig AG


The Urdu Bazaar (literally, 'Urdu market') is a major market in the walled city of Delhi, India that connected the canal in the middle of Chandni Chowk to Jama Masjid. The original market was destroyed in the aftermath of Indian Rebellion of 1857, but its name survives as a location near the Jama Masjid.

The Urdu language obtained its name from this market.
Ghalib lamented on the destruction of Delhi in the aftermath of the failure of the 1857 rebellion: "My dear man, when Urdu Bazaar is no more, where is Urdu? By God, Delhi is no more a city, but a camp, a cantonment. No Fort, no city, no bazaars, ..."
Delhi's first Chief Executive Councillor and noted freedom fighter, Mir Mushtaq Ahmad, was a resident here prior to and during his term in office and founded the Janata Cooperative Bank in Urdu Bazaar in 1956 for the benefit of local businesses and residents. His premises also hosted periodic meetings of nationally reputed poets and intellectuals.

Today, the main book publishing, printing and selling markets of the Pakistani cities such as Lahore, Karachi, Rawalpindi are also known as Urdu Bazaar.

See also

References

External links
Chandni Chowk's website
For travellers
Small Description
Urdu Bazaar Books

Bazaars
Bazaars in India
Central Delhi district
Neighbourhoods in Delhi
Retail markets in Delhi
Tourist attractions in Delhi
Urdu-language culture


Orthodox Christian Fellowship or OCF is the official campus ministry of the Orthodox Episcopal Assembly of North America, and was formerly under the Standing Conference of the Canonical Orthodox Bishops in the Americas (SCOBA). OCF is a Pan-Orthodox campus ministry that supports local OCF chapters. Local chapters are made up of students and young adults within a college or university, or from different colleges and universities in an area.  The mission of OCF is to support fellowships on college campuses, whose members experience and witness to the Orthodox Christian Church through community life, prayer, service to others and study of the Faith.  OCF was previously headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts but in 2008 it moved to Indianapolis, IN.  OCF provides a variety of thoughtful and innovative programming, including regional training, annual conferences, and domestic and international service learning projects to chapters on over 300 university campuses across the U.S. and Canada.

History

Campus Commission
OCF has a rich history in North America that spans over fifty years. Following World War II, an Orthodox college student movement began to emerge. Individual campus groups were formed at various universities, including Columbia, McGill, and Penn State.  Despite the momentum of this growing movement, there was virtually no interaction between the groups. Then, in the spring of 1965, SCOBA created its first national ministry, the Campus Commission. The purpose of this ministry was to oversee and coordinate these developing local fellowships.

James Couchell (now Bishop DIMITRIOS of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese) was appointed as the first Executive Director of the Campus Commission. He visited hundreds of campuses, helping to establish and grow local campus chapters. Over 100 chapters developed coast-to-coast during this time. The national programs included a quarterly magazine entitled Concern as well as annual retreats, which gathered at St. Vladimir's Orthodox Seminary and Holy Cross Seminary. These nationwide retreats were the predecessors of what have become the OCF College Conferences.

In 1971, the exciting growth of campus ministry came to a halt with the reassignment of James Couchell. Shortly after, a new director was appointed, funding from the archdioceses discontinued, and in 1973, the Campus Commission was forced to close its ministry. It's estimated that campus groups dwindled to less than fifty nationwide. Without any coordinated effort, successful campus ministry was inconsistent and sporadic at best.  Although, the national organization of the Campus Commission ceased to exist, the spirit and mission of the organization was kept alive by individual chapters across the country.

OCF Today
In 1997, three former seminarian classmates responsible for their respective jurisdictional campus ministry programs, pledged to work together towards the resurgence of a pan-Orthodox campus ministry. In 2000, Fr. Michael Nasser of the Antiochian Orthodox Archdiocese, Fr. Mark Leondis of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese and Fr. Michael Andersen of the Orthodox Church in America went before SCOBA and asked for the formal reestablishment of a North American campus ministry. Each jurisdiction was petitioned for appointments. The three initiating members were joined by Natalie Kapeluck, appointed by the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the USA.

The first official meeting of the new campus ministry of SCOBA was held in South Bound Brook, NJ, at the Archdiocesan Center of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the USA.  The new ministry began a partnership with The Patriarch Athenagoras Orthodox Institute (PAOI) based at the University of Berkeley.  The PAOI provided OCF with space for its first office and aided in providing a part-time employee.

Over the next two years, the members of the board worked to establish the framework of what is now called Orthodox Christian Fellowship, shedding its name of Campus Commission. They created a website, an online directory, the Real Break program, a short-term missions program, a student newsletter, and the College Conference program.

Looking to take the ministry to the next step, the Board hired a full-time administrator during the summer of 2002 and moved the North American office to the campus of Hellenic College/Holy Cross in Brookline, MA. At the same time, OCF received a portion of a Lilly Endowment grant awarded to Hellenic College for the Theological Exploration of Vocation. This five-year scaling grant enabled OCF to build an infrastructure, hire staff, and expand its programs. In 2008, OCF moved its headquarters to Indianapolis, IN, and hired additional staff to oversee the three-year sustainability grant awarded by Lilly to explore Christian vocation in the context of service to the poor.

In 2010, OCF celebrates its tenth anniversary of being reinstated.  In ten years, the number of OCF chapters has exploded from fifty to over 300, eight of the ten SCOBA jurisdictions are represented on the Board of Directors, Real Break travels to ten locations—domestic and international, College Conference has expanded to include four sites, a National Chaplain position was developed and a network of regional chaplains has been instituted.

External links
 Orthodox Christian Fellowship
 Standing Conference of the Canonical Orthodox Bishops in the Americas

Eastern Orthodox organizations


Larisa Leonidovna Petrik (; born 28 August 1949) is a former Russian gymnast and Olympic champion. Petrik competed at the 1966 World Championships where she shared the team silver medal (gold went to the Czechoslovaks) and earned an individual bronze medal on the beam. She also competed at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, where she received a gold medal in floor exercise (shared with Věra Čáslavská), a gold medal in team combined exercises, and a bronze medal in balance beam. Her gold medal on floor was very controversial because originally, Čáslavská won outright. After the competition was concluded, Petrik's prelims scores were changed to let her tie with Čáslavská, an action which caused Čáslavská to publicly defy the Soviets who had recently invaded her home country.

After marrying the Olympic gymnast Viktor Klimenko she changed her last name to Klimenko (). She has two sons: Vladimir and Viktor; Vladimir is a gymnast and Viktor is a ballet dancer.

References

External links

1949 births
Living people
Gymnasts at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Russian female artistic gymnasts
Soviet female artistic gymnasts
Olympic gymnasts for the Soviet Union
Olympic gold medalists for the Soviet Union
Olympic medalists in gymnastics
Medalists at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the World Artistic Gymnastics Championships
Olympic bronze medalists for the Soviet Union
Universiade medalists in gymnastics
FISU World University Games gold medalists for the Soviet Union
Medalists at the 1970 Summer Universiade


Laurence Leamer (born October 30, 1941) is an American author and journalist.  Leamer is a former Ford Fellow in International Development at the University of Oregon and a former International Fellow at Columbia University.  He is regarded as an expert on the Kennedy family and has appeared in numerous media outlets discussing American politics.  Leamer has also written best-selling biographies of other Americans, including Johnny Carson, the Reagan family, and Arnold Schwarzenegger. He has also written a book about Donald Trump's historical  resort, Mar-a-Lago. His book, Capote's Women, was a national bestseller, and is being adapted as the second season of Feud starring Naomi Watts and directed by Gus Van Sant.

Biography
Leamer was born in Chicago and later moved to upstate New York with his family where he attended Vestal Central High School.  He attended Antioch College where he spent a year in France, studied at the Université de Besançon, and worked in a factory.  He received his B.A. in History from Antioch in 1964.  After his graduation, Leamer joined the Peace Corps and was stationed in the mountains of Nepal.  When he returned home, Leamer studied both at the University of Oregon and the Columbia University School of Journalism, where he graduated second in his class in 1969 while being named a Pulitzer International Fellow.

After finishing at Columbia, Leamer worked as an associate editor at Newsweek before turning to writing magazine articles for a range of publications, including Harper's, The New York Times Magazine, and Playboy.  During this period, Leamer worked in a coal mine in West Virginia, while researching an article.  During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, he was the only journalist to live in a Bengali hotel in Dacca and travel to remote areas of the newborn Bangladesh.  His article in Harper's won a citation from the Overseas Press Club for "Best Magazine Reporting".

Work
Leamer's writings on the Kennedy family have achieved considerable popularity: for instance, The Kennedy Women was the main selection of the Book of the Month Club and reached number two on the New York Times Best Seller list.  His other two Kennedy biographies The Kennedy Men and The Kennedy Women were also New York Times bestsellers.

He has been interviewed by NBC Nightly News, The New York Times, CNN and NPR to lend his expertise to matters concerning the Kennedys, Ronald Reagan, and American politics.  In the period following the death of John F. Kennedy, Jr., Leamer served as the on-air consultant for MSNBC's coverage of the plane crash and subsequent funeral.  He again served as a consultant during the coverage of former President Ronald Reagan's funeral.

Leamer has also written a biography of Johnny Carson titled King of the Night, which spent over six weeks on the New York Times Best Seller list.  In writing his novel Assignment, Leamer lived in Peru for two years to research the cocaine trade.  He again immersed himself in his topic when he moved to Nashville to research the business and lifestyle of country music and its many stars for Three Chords and the Truth.  Each of the books were lauded for the depth of their research.  Leamer's work on the life of famed mountaineer Willi Unsoeld was purchased by Robert Redford's production company to be turned into a film  that remains in the development stages. His 2013 book The Price of Justice is the story of two Pittsburgh lawyers and their decade and a half struggle against the most powerful coal baron in American history. It involves allegations concerning the deaths of 31 miners, the poisoning of the water of hundreds of people, and of judicial corruption in the West Virginia Supreme Court and a landmark decision in the United States Supreme Court. The book won the Peace Corps Writers award for the best nonfiction book of 2013.  So did Leamer's 2016 book The Lynching, about the Klan murder of Michael Donald.  Leamer's 112019 book Mar-a-Lago: Inside the Gates of Power at Donald Trump's Presidential Palace was controversial and got Leamer thrown out of Mar-a-Lago for life. His 2021 book, Capote's Women: A True Story of Love, Betrayal, and a Swan Song for an Era, was a national bestseller.

Personal life
Leamer is married to Vesna Obradovic, who assists him with the research for his books.  The author has one daughter, Daniela, and two grandchildren.  The couple maintain residences in Palm Beach, Florida and Washington, D.C.  Leamer's brother, Edward, is an economics professor at UCLA, the Chauncey J. Medberry Chair in Management, and director of the UCLA Anderson Forecast.  His other brother, Robert, is an attorney and executive vice president of a Brooklyn-based long-term care health system.

BooksThe Paper Revolutionaries: The Rise of the Underground Press -  1972Playing for Keeps in Washington - 1977Assignment - 1979Ascent: The Spiritual and Physical Quest of Willi Unsoeld - 1982Make-Believe: The Story of Nancy and Ronald Reagan - 1983As Time Goes By: The Life of Ingrid Bergman - 1986King of the Night: The Life of Johnny Carson - 1989The Kennedy Women: The Saga of an American Family - 1994Three Chords and the Truth: Hope, Heartbreak, and Changing Fortunes in Nashville - 1997The Kennedy Men 1901-1963: The Laws of the Father - 2001Sons of Camelot: The Fate of an American Dynasty- 2004Fantastic: The Life of Arnold Schwarzenegger - 2005Madness Under the Royal Palms: Love and Death Behind the Gates of Palm Beach - 2009The Price of Justice: A True Story of Corruption and Greed in Coal Country - 2013The Lynching: The Epic Courtroom Battle That Brought Down the Klan - 2016The President's Butler - 2016Mar-A-Lago: Inside the Gates of Power at Donald Trump's Presidential Palace - 2019Capote's Women: A True Story of Love, Betrayal, and a Swan Song for an Era - 2021Hitchcock's Blondes: The Unforgettable Women Behind the Legendary Director's Dark Obsession'' - 2023

References

External links
Homepage of Laurence Leamer

American biographers
American male journalists
American political consultants
American political writers
Antioch College alumni
Columbia University fellows
University of Oregon fellows
Writers from New York (state)
Journalists from Washington, D.C.
1941 births
Living people
People from Vestal, New York
American male biographers


Starchild is a Sydney production company making drama and comedy for television, plus commercials, online content and music videos. Started in 2005, the company specialises in capturing Australian personalities and humour in their work. Starchild's achievements include AFI awards for their ABC comedy Review with Myles Barlow, winning the Optus MTV ONE80PROJECT with Dungoona, and ARIA and Grammy Award nominations for their music videos.

List of notable works

2011
 This Week at Woolworths (commercials)
 Fresh Market Update (long-running series of Woolworths commercials)
 Free (Music video for Pete Murray)
 Always a Winner (Music video for Pete Murray)
 Our Ad (TV Commercial for The Starlight Foundation)

2010
 Review with Myles Barlow Series II (ABC TV comedy)
 MTV Snow Jam (Live concert produced in Thredbo, NSW)

2009
 Dungoona (1hr Drama) (Winner Optus MTV ONE80PROJECT)
 Last Day on Earth (ARIA-nominated Music Video for Kate Miller-Heidke)

200
 Review With Myles Barlow (ABC TV comedy)
 All Alone (Music video for Jackson Jackson)
 Goodnight, Bull Creek! (Music video for Bob Evans)

2007
 Chillout Classics (TVC) (Ministry of Sound)
 17 Deaths (Music video) (for Lost Valentinos)
 Change Coming (Short film) (with Pie Full of Blackbirds)
 Tipped Hat (Music video for The Paper Scissors)

2006
 Liberacion (Music DVD for Petrol Records - Grammy Award nominated in 2008)
 Wok (Short film with Pie Full of Blackbirds)

External links
Official Website
Review with Myles Barlow

Video production companies


The Winds of Darkover is a science fantasy novel by American writer Marion Zimmer Bradley, part of her Darkover series. It was first published by Ace Books in 1970, as an Ace Double bound tête-bêche with The Anything Tree by John Rackham.

This is the first Darkover novel to include references to the Sharra Matrix. In terms of the Darkover timeline, Bradley states in "Author's Notes on Chronology" that The Winds of Darkover occurs about four years after the events in Star of Danger.

One of the underlying themes of The Winds of Darkover is rape. Bradley provides her readers with parallel experiences – the rape of Allira Storn by the bandit Brynat, and the psychic rape of Dan Barron by Loran Storn. Both Allira and Dan are overcome by force and their bodies made to do things they would not have done by choice. In both cases, the perpetrators justify their actions on the basis of need – Brynat needs to marry Allira to legitimize his sack of Storn, and Loran Storn needs to protect Storn Castle. The reader is left to consider the consequences.

Plot summary
Dan Barron, a Terran spaceport technician, has begun having visions that interfere with his work. After he causes a major accident, Barron is reassigned to a minor diplomatic mission to teach lens grinding to the locals. His guide is Lerrys Montray, who unbeknownst to Barron, is half Terran.

In the Hellers Mountains, the isolated Storn family estate of High Windward has come under attack from a bandit colorfully named Brynat Scarface. He has forced one of the Storn daughters to marry him, but is unable to take full control of the castle because the Lord of Storn lies in a trance behind a telepathic force field.

Storn has made telepathic contact with both Barron, causing his visions, and his sister Melitta, and instructs them both to rendezvous at the ancient city of Carthon. While escaping the castle, Melitta calls on the assistance of Sharra, the mythical chained goddess of forges and fires.

Barron, Lerrys, and their party make their way to one of the mountain fire stations. On the trail, Barron also has a vision of Sharra. Now merged with Storn, he recognizes the beginnings of a Ghost Wind, which disorients all who come in contact. The party takes shelter, but Barron uses the opportunity to escape to Carthon.

Barron and Melitta meet, and Melitta realizes that her brother has taken over Barron's mind. They make their way to Aldaran to request assistance. They are welcomed by Desideria Leynier, and later meet with Kermiac Aldaran. Aldaran refuses to support their cause, but Desideria suggests she can use the Sharra Matrix on their behalf. Barron is accidentally exposed to a telepathic damper, separating him from Storn.

Desideria, Barron and Melitta return to the Storn lands. With the assistance of the mysterious Forge Folk, Desideria uses Sharra to destroy the bandits. Barron decides to remain with Melitta.

Major characters
 Daniel Firth Barron, Terran spaceport technician
 Brynat Scarface, a Dry Town bandit
 Loran Rakhal Storn, Storn of Storn, a blind teenaged boy
 Melitta and Allira Storn, his sisters
 Larry/Lerrys Montray, son of Wade Montray, foster son of Valdir Alton
 Desideria Leynier, a keeper. She will eventually marry Loran Storn, though after the end of this book, in the next book The World Wreckers.
 Kermiac Aldaran

References

Sources

 Timeline for Darkover history, http://www.darkover.com/new/darkover/encyclopedia/history/timeline.en.html

Darkover books
1970 American novels
American science fiction novels
American fantasy novels
Novels by Marion Zimmer Bradley
Books with cover art by Frank Kelly Freas
Ace Books books


"Sous l'oeil de l'ange / Qu'est ce que ça te fout"  is third single from K.Maro's album La Good Life. The lyrics of the double A-side single are in French.

The music video clips for "Sous l'oeil de l'ange" and "Qu'est ce que ça te fout" were both shot in 2005.

Track listings
 CD single
 "Sous l'oeil de l'ange" — 3:31
 "Qu'est ce que ça te fout" — 3:31

Charts

References

External links
K'Maro's official website

2004 songs
2005 singles
K.Maro songs


The Joseph Fielding Smith Institute for Church History (later renamed to Joseph Fielding Smith Institute for Latter-day Saint History) was an academic research organization at Brigham Young University (BYU) from 1980 to 2005 that sought to promote the study of the history of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

History
In 1982, the History Division of the church's Historical Department was dissolved and its staff transferred to BYU, to become part of the Smith Institute. Leonard J. Arrington, who headed the History Division from 1972–1982, also led the Smith Institute from 1980–1986.  Arrington was succeeded as head of the institute by Ron Esplin.  Esplin was succeeded by Jill Mulvay Derr.

The Smith Institute operated as part of BYU's College of Family, Home and Social Sciences.

In 2005, with the growth of the Joseph Smith Papers Project, and with its relocation to the Family and Church History Department in Salt Lake City, it was decided to dissolve the institute and have various academic departments at BYU continue research in church history topics.  Some of the former faculty members of the institute, such as Grant Underwood were transferred to BYU's history department.

Controversies
In 2003 in response to Grant Palmer's book in which he gave the impression that at least some of the scholars at the Joseph Fielding Smith Institute supported his views on church history, the Smith Institute issued a statement directly rejecting the views advanced by Palmer.

Notes

References

Organizations disestablished in 2005
Brigham Young University
Joseph Fielding Smith Institute
History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
History institutes
Organizations based in Utah
Organizations established in 1980
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Lars Amund Vaage was born in 1952 at Sunde, Kvinnherad on the west coast of Norway, and studied classical piano at the Bergen Music Conservatory. He made his literary debut in 1979 with the novel Exercise Cold Winter, and has since published award-winning novels, short stories and collections of poetry, and a long essay on the art of storytelling, Sorrow and Song, 2016. In 1995 he had a definitive breakthrough in Norway with the Critics’ Prize-winning novel Rubato. In 2012, his acclaimed novel Sing, based on his experience of being the parent of a severely autistic child, was a national bestseller, winning the national Brage Prize and nominated for the Critics’ Prize. It has since become a classic.

“The one to whom I write this cannot read.” That is the opening sentence of Sing. It is also the key to the way this established novelist needs to find in order to tell his life-changing story, which for many years and many different reasons he did not think would be possible. In Sorrow and Song he expands on this decisive moment and sheds light on other insights into the art of writing, such as the relevance of music and rhythm in prose, and how fiction offers a certain freedom of speech which confessional literature does not.

His latest book The Little Pianist (2017) is a collection of short stories about love, longing and the lack of love. The children and adults here are looking for a language of their own, something that will connect them to others and provide some kind of redemption. They face great challenges. Art seems to offer the hope of insight and understanding, but its gatekeepers can be implacable; and how do you find love, and live with it, if you have never known it at home? If you venture to leave home, you may discover on your return that you have become a stranger to yourself and those who first knew you.

His work has been translated into English, German, Swedish, Russian, Polish and Hindi.

He was the festival writer with Bergen International Festival in 2001, and Dei nynorske festspela (The New Norwegian Festival) in 2008.

Vaage is the grandson of the Norwegian author Ragnvald Vaage (1889–1963).

Bibliography

Øvelse Kald vinter (Exercise Cold Winter) - novel (1979)
Fager kveldsol smiler (The Fair Evening Sun Smiles) - novel (1982)
Kyr (Cows) - short stories - (1983)
Dra meg opp (Pull Me Up)- novel (1985)
Baronen (The Baron) – play (1987)
Begynnelsen (The Beginning) - novel (1989)
Guten med den mjuke magen (The Boy with the Soft Tummy) - children’s book (1990)
Oklahoma - novel (1992)
Rubato - novel (1995)
Den framande byen (The Strange City) – a novel about Wilhelm Reich (1999)
Guten og den vesle mannen (The Boy and the Little Man) - children’s book (2000)
Det andre rommet (The Other Room) - poetry (2001)
Kunsten å gå (The Art of Walking) - novel (2002)
Tangentane (The Piano Keys) - novel (2005)
Utanfor institusjonen (Outside the Institution) - poetry (2006)
Skuggen og dronninga (The Shadow and the Queen) – novel (2010)
Den stumme (The Mute) – poetry (2011)
Syngja (Sing) – novel (2012)
Den raude staden (The Red Place) – poetry (2014)
Sorg og song (Sorrow and Song) – essay (2016)
Den vesle pianisten (The Little Pianist) – short stories (2017)

Awards
Sokneprest Alfred Andersson-Ryssts fond 1990
Norsk Forfattersentrums pris 1993
Samlagsprisen 1993
Aschehoug Prize 1995
Norwegian Critics Prize for Literature 1995, for Rubato
Nynorsk litteraturpris 1995, for Rubato
Dobloug Prize 1997
Oktoberprisen 1999
Gyldendalprisen 2002
P2-lytternes romanpris 2002, for Kunsten å gå
Emmausprisen 2005, for Tangentane
Melsomprisen 2011, for Skuggen og dronninga (The Shadow and the Queen)
Nynorsk litteraturpris 2012, for Syngja (Sing)
Brageprisen 2012, for Syngja (Sing)

References

External links
Vaage’s Norwegian publisher’s page: http://oktober.no/Forfattere/Norske/Vaage-Lars-Amund

Vaage’s agency: Oslo Literary Agency: http://osloliteraryagency.no

In English, see https://www.shearsman.com/poetry-book-translations-perez-to-yang

http://www.longhousepoetry.com/translations.html

1952 births
Living people
People from Kvinnherad
Nynorsk-language writers
20th-century Norwegian novelists
21st-century Norwegian novelists
Norwegian Critics Prize for Literature winners
Dobloug Prize winners


In biology, evolution is the process of change in all forms of life over generations, and evolutionary biology is the study of how evolution occurs. Biological populations evolve through genetic changes that correspond to changes in the organisms' observable traits. Genetic changes include mutations, which are caused by damage or replication errors in organisms' DNA. As the genetic variation of a population drifts randomly over generations, natural selection gradually leads traits to become more or less common based on the relative reproductive success of organisms with those traits.

The age of the Earth is about 4.5 billion years. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates from at least 3.5 billion years ago. Evolution does not attempt to explain the origin of life (covered instead by abiogenesis), but it does explain how early lifeforms evolved into the complex ecosystem that we see today. Based on the similarities between all present-day organisms, all life on Earth is assumed to have originated through common descent from a last universal ancestor from which all known species have diverged through the process of evolution.

All individuals have hereditary material in the form of genes received from their parents, which they pass on to any offspring. Among offspring there are variations of genes due to the introduction of new genes via random changes called mutations or via reshuffling of existing genes during sexual reproduction. The offspring differs from the parent in minor random ways. If those differences are helpful, the offspring is more likely to survive and reproduce. This means that more offspring in the next generation will have that helpful difference and individuals will not have equal chances of reproductive success. In this way, traits that result in organisms being better adapted to their living conditions become more common in descendant populations. These differences accumulate resulting in changes within the population. This process is responsible for the many diverse life forms in the world.

The modern understanding of evolution began with the 1859 publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species. In addition, Gregor Mendel's work with plants helped to explain the hereditary patterns of genetics. Fossil discoveries in palaeontology, advances in population genetics and a global network of scientific research have provided further details into the mechanisms of evolution. Scientists now have a good understanding of the origin of new species (speciation) and have observed the speciation process in the laboratory and in the wild. Evolution is the principal scientific theory that biologists use to understand life and is used in many disciplines, including medicine, psychology, conservation biology, anthropology, forensics, agriculture and other social-cultural applications.

Simple overview
The main ideas of evolution may be summarised as follows:
 Life forms reproduce and therefore have a tendency to become more numerous.
 Factors such as predation and competition work against the survival of individuals.
 Each offspring differs from their parent(s) in minor, random ways.
 If these differences are beneficial, the offspring is more likely to survive and reproduce.
 This makes it likely that more offspring in the next generation will have beneficial differences and fewer will have detrimental differences.
 These differences accumulate over generations, resulting in changes within the population.
 Over time, populations can split or branch off into new species.
 These processes, collectively known as evolution, are responsible for the many diverse life forms seen in the world.

Natural selection

In the 19th century, natural history collections and museums were popular. The European expansion and naval expeditions employed naturalists, while curators of grand museums showcased preserved and live specimens of the varieties of life. Charles Darwin was an English graduate educated and trained in the disciplines of natural history. Such natural historians would collect, catalogue, describe and study the vast collections of specimens stored and managed by curators at these museums. Darwin served as a ship's naturalist on board HMS Beagle, assigned to a five-year research expedition around the world. During his voyage, he observed and collected an abundance of organisms, being very interested in the diverse forms of life along the coasts of South America and the neighbouring Galápagos Islands.

Darwin gained extensive experience as he collected and studied the natural history of life forms from distant places. Through his studies, he formulated the idea that each species had developed from ancestors with similar features. In 1838, he described how a process he called natural selection would make this happen.

The size of a population depends on how much and how many resources are able to support it. For the population to remain the same size year after year, there must be an equilibrium or balance between the population size and available resources. Since organisms produce more offspring than their environment can support, not all individuals can survive out of each generation. There must be a competitive struggle for resources that aid in survival. As a result, Darwin realised that it was not chance alone that determined survival. Instead, survival of an organism depends on the differences of each individual organism, or "traits," that aid or hinder survival and reproduction. Well-adapted individuals are likely to leave more offspring than their less well-adapted competitors. Traits that hinder survival and reproduction would disappear over generations. Traits that help an organism survive and reproduce would accumulate over generations. Darwin realised that the unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce could cause gradual changes in the population and used the term natural selection to describe this process.

Observations of variations in animals and plants formed the basis of the theory of natural selection. For example, Darwin observed that orchids and insects have a close relationship that allows the pollination of the plants. He noted that orchids have a variety of structures that attract insects, so that pollen from the flowers gets stuck to the insects' bodies. In this way, insects transport the pollen from a male to a female orchid. In spite of the elaborate appearance of orchids, these specialised parts are made from the same basic structures that make up other flowers. In his book, Fertilisation of Orchids (1862), Darwin proposed that the orchid flowers were adapted from pre-existing parts, through natural selection.

Darwin was still researching and experimenting with his ideas on natural selection when he received a letter from Alfred Russel Wallace describing a theory very similar to his own. This led to an immediate joint publication of both theories. Both Wallace and Darwin saw the history of life like a family tree, with each fork in the tree's limbs being a common ancestor. The tips of the limbs represented modern species and the branches represented the common ancestors that are shared amongst many different species. To explain these relationships, Darwin said that all living things were related, and this meant that all life must be descended from a few forms, or even from a single common ancestor. He called this process descent with modification.

Darwin published his theory of evolution by natural selection in On the Origin of Species in 1859. His theory means that all life, including humanity, is a product of continuing natural processes. The implication that all life on Earth has a common ancestor has met with objections from some religious groups. Their objections are in contrast to the level of support for the theory by more than 99 percent of those within the scientific community today.

Natural selection is commonly equated with survival of the fittest, but this expression originated in Herbert Spencer's Principles of Biology in 1864, five years after Charles Darwin published his original works. Survival of the fittest describes the process of natural selection incorrectly, because natural selection is not only about survival and it is not always the fittest that survives.

Source of variation

Darwin's theory of natural selection laid the groundwork for modern evolutionary theory, and his experiments and observations showed that the organisms in populations varied from each other, that some of these variations were inherited, and that these differences could be acted on by natural selection. However, he could not explain the source of these variations. Like many of his predecessors, Darwin mistakenly thought that heritable traits were a product of use and disuse, and that features acquired during an organism's lifetime could be passed on to its offspring. He looked for examples, such as large ground feeding birds getting stronger legs through exercise, and weaker wings from not flying until, like the ostrich, they could not fly at all. This misunderstanding was called the inheritance of acquired characters and was part of the theory of transmutation of species put forward in 1809 by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. In the late 19th century this theory became known as Lamarckism. Darwin produced an unsuccessful theory he called pangenesis to try to explain how acquired characteristics could be inherited. In the 1880s August Weismann's experiments indicated that changes from use and disuse could not be inherited, and Lamarckism gradually fell from favour.

The missing information needed to help explain how new features could pass from a parent to its offspring was provided by the pioneering genetics work of Gregor Mendel. Mendel's experiments with several generations of pea plants demonstrated that inheritance works by separating and reshuffling hereditary information during the formation of sex cells and recombining that information during fertilisation. This is like mixing different hands of playing cards, with an organism getting a random mix of half of the cards from one parent, and half of the cards from the other. Mendel called the information factors; however, they later became known as genes. Genes are the basic units of heredity in living organisms. They contain the information that directs the physical development and behaviour of organisms.

Genes are made of DNA. DNA is a long molecule made up of individual molecules called nucleotides. Genetic information is encoded in the sequence of nucleotides, that make up the DNA, just as the sequence of the letters in words carries information on a page. The genes are like short instructions built up of the "letters" of the DNA alphabet. Put together, the entire set of these genes gives enough information to serve as an "instruction manual" of how to build and run an organism. The instructions spelled out by this DNA alphabet can be changed, however, by mutations, and this may alter the instructions carried within the genes. Within the cell, the genes are carried in chromosomes, which are packages for carrying the DNA. It is the reshuffling of the chromosomes that results in unique combinations of genes in offspring. Since genes interact with one another during the development of an organism, novel combinations of genes produced by sexual reproduction can increase the genetic variability of the population even without new mutations. The genetic variability of a population can also increase when members of that population interbreed with individuals from a different population causing gene flow between the populations. This can introduce genes into a population that were not present before.

Evolution is not a random process. Although mutations in DNA are random, natural selection is not a process of chance: the environment determines the probability of reproductive success. Evolution is an inevitable result of imperfectly copying, self-replicating organisms reproducing over billions of years under the selective pressure of the environment. The outcome of evolution is not a perfectly designed organism. The end products of natural selection are organisms that are adapted to their present environments. Natural selection does not involve progress towards an ultimate goal. Evolution does not strive for more advanced, more intelligent, or more sophisticated life forms. For example, fleas (wingless parasites) are descended from a winged, ancestral scorpionfly, and snakes are lizards that no longer require limbs—although pythons still grow tiny structures that are the remains of their ancestor's hind legs. Organisms are merely the outcome of variations that succeed or fail, dependent upon the environmental conditions at the time.

Rapid environmental changes typically cause extinctions. Of all species that have existed on Earth, 99.9 percent are now extinct. Since life began on Earth, five major mass extinctions have led to large and sudden drops in the variety of species. The most recent, the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, occurred 66 million years ago.

Genetic drift

Genetic drift is a cause of allelic frequency change within populations of a species. Alleles are different variations of specific genes. They determine things like hair colour, skin tone, eye colour and blood type; in other words, all the genetic traits that vary between individuals. Genetic drift does not introduce new alleles to a population, but it can reduce variation within a population by removing an allele from the gene pool. Genetic drift is caused by random sampling of alleles. A truly random sample is a sample in which no outside forces affect what is selected. It is like pulling marbles of the same size and weight but of different colours from a brown paper bag. In any offspring, the alleles present are samples of the previous generations alleles, and chance plays a role in whether an individual survives to reproduce and to pass a sample of their generation onward to the next. The allelic frequency of a population is the ratio of the copies of one specific allele that share the same form compared to the number of all forms of the allele present in the population.

Genetic drift affects smaller populations more than it affects larger populations.

Hardy–Weinberg principle
The Hardy–Weinberg principle states that under certain idealised conditions, including the absence of selection pressures, a large population will have no change in the frequency of alleles as generations pass. A population that satisfies these conditions is said to be in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. In particular, Hardy and Weinberg showed that dominant and recessive alleles do not automatically tend to become more and less frequent respectively, as had been thought previously.

The conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium include that there must be no mutations, immigration, or emigration, all of which can directly change allelic frequencies. Additionally, mating must be totally random, with all males (or females in some cases) being equally desirable mates. This ensures a true random mixing of alleles. A population that is in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium is analogous to a deck of cards; no matter how many times the deck is shuffled, no new cards are added and no old ones are taken away. Cards in the deck represent alleles in a population's gene pool.

In practice, no population can be in perfect Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.  The population's finite size, combined with natural selection and many other effects, cause the allelic frequencies to change over time.

Population bottleneck

A population bottleneck occurs when the population of a species is reduced drastically over a short period of time due to external forces. In a true population bottleneck, the reduction does not favour any combination of alleles; it is totally random chance which individuals survive. A bottleneck can reduce or eliminate genetic variation from a population. Further drift events after the bottleneck event can also reduce the population's genetic diversity. The lack of diversity created can make the population at risk to other selective pressures.

A common example of a population bottleneck is the Northern elephant seal. Due to excessive hunting throughout the 19th century, the population of the northern elephant seal was reduced to 30 individuals or less. They have made a full recovery, with the total number of individuals at around 100,000 and growing. The effects of the bottleneck are visible, however. The seals are more likely to have serious problems with disease or genetic disorders, because there is almost no diversity in the population.

Founder effect

The founder effect occurs when a small group from one population splits off and forms a new population, often through geographic isolation. This new population's allelic frequency is probably different from the original population's, and will change how common certain alleles are in the populations. The founders of the population will determine the genetic makeup, and potentially the survival, of the new population for generations.

One example of the founder effect is found in the Amish migration to Pennsylvania in 1744. Two of the founders of the colony in Pennsylvania carried the recessive allele for Ellis–van Creveld syndrome. Because the Amish tend to be religious isolates, they interbreed, and through generations of this practice the frequency of Ellis–van Creveld syndrome in the Amish people is much higher than the frequency in the general population.

Modern synthesis

The modern evolutionary synthesis is based on the concept that populations of organisms have significant genetic variation caused by mutation and by the recombination of genes during sexual reproduction. It defines evolution as the change in allelic frequencies within a population caused by genetic drift, gene flow between sub populations, and natural selection. Natural selection is emphasised as the most important mechanism of evolution; large changes are the result of the gradual accumulation of small changes over long periods of time.

The modern evolutionary synthesis is the outcome of a merger of several different scientific fields to produce a more cohesive understanding of evolutionary theory. In the 1920s, Ronald Fisher, J.B.S. Haldane and Sewall Wright combined Darwin's theory of natural selection with statistical models of Mendelian genetics, founding the discipline of population genetics. In the 1930s and 1940s, efforts were made to merge population genetics, the observations of field naturalists on the distribution of species and sub species, and analysis of the fossil record into a unified explanatory model. The application of the principles of genetics to naturally occurring populations, by scientists such as Theodosius Dobzhansky and Ernst Mayr, advanced the understanding of the processes of evolution. Dobzhansky's 1937 work Genetics and the Origin of Species helped bridge the gap between genetics and field biology by presenting the mathematical work of the population geneticists in a form more useful to field biologists, and by showing that wild populations had much more genetic variability with geographically isolated subspecies and reservoirs of genetic diversity in recessive genes than the models of the early population geneticists had allowed for. Mayr, on the basis of an understanding of genes and direct observations of evolutionary processes from field research, introduced the biological species concept, which defined a species as a group of interbreeding or potentially interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from all other populations. Both Dobzhansky and Mayr emphasised the importance of subspecies reproductively isolated by geographical barriers in the emergence of new species. The palaeontologist George Gaylord Simpson helped to incorporate palaeontology with a statistical analysis of the fossil record that showed a pattern consistent with the branching and non-directional pathway of evolution of organisms predicted by the modern synthesis.

Evidence for evolution

Scientific evidence for evolution comes from many aspects of biology and includes fossils, homologous structures, and molecular similarities between species' DNA.

Fossil record
Research in the field of palaeontology, the study of fossils, supports the idea that all living organisms are related. Fossils provide evidence that accumulated changes in organisms over long periods of time have led to the diverse forms of life we see today. A fossil itself reveals the organism's structure and the relationships between present and extinct species, allowing palaeontologists to construct a family tree for all of the life forms on Earth.

Modern palaeontology began with the work of Georges Cuvier. Cuvier noted that, in sedimentary rock, each layer contained a specific group of fossils. The deeper layers, which he proposed to be older, contained simpler life forms. He noted that many forms of life from the past are no longer present today. One of Cuvier's successful contributions to the understanding of the fossil record was establishing extinction as a fact. In an attempt to explain extinction, Cuvier proposed the idea of "revolutions" or catastrophism in which he speculated that geological catastrophes had occurred throughout the Earth's history, wiping out large numbers of species. Cuvier's theory of revolutions was later replaced by uniformitarian theories, notably those of James Hutton and Charles Lyell who proposed that the Earth's geological changes were gradual and consistent. However, current evidence in the fossil record supports the concept of mass extinctions. As a result, the general idea of catastrophism has re-emerged as a valid hypothesis for at least some of the rapid changes in life forms that appear in the fossil records.

A very large number of fossils have now been discovered and identified. These fossils serve as a chronological record of evolution. The fossil record provides examples of transitional species that demonstrate ancestral links between past and present life forms. One such transitional fossil is Archaeopteryx, an ancient organism that had the distinct characteristics of a reptile (such as a long, bony tail and conical teeth) yet also had characteristics of birds (such as feathers and a wishbone). The implication from such a find is that modern reptiles and birds arose from a common ancestor.

Comparative anatomy

The comparison of similarities between organisms of their form or appearance of parts, called their morphology, has long been a way to classify life into closely related groups. This can be done by comparing the structure of adult organisms in different species or by comparing the patterns of how cells grow, divide and even migrate during an organism's development.

Taxonomy
Taxonomy is the branch of biology that names and classifies all living things. Scientists use morphological and genetic similarities to assist them in categorising life forms based on ancestral relationships. For example, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees and humans all belong to the same taxonomic grouping referred to as a family—in this case the family called Hominidae. These animals are grouped together because of similarities in morphology that come from common ancestry (called homology).

Strong evidence for evolution comes from the analysis of homologous structures: structures in different species that no longer perform the same task but which share a similar structure. Such is the case of the forelimbs of mammals. The forelimbs of a human, cat, whale, and bat all have strikingly similar bone structures. However, each of these four species' forelimbs performs a different task. The same bones that construct a bat's wings, which are used for flight, also construct a whale's flippers, which are used for swimming. Such a "design" makes little sense if they are unrelated and uniquely constructed for their particular tasks. The theory of evolution explains these homologous structures: all four animals shared a common ancestor, and each has undergone change over many generations. These changes in structure have produced forelimbs adapted for different tasks.

However, anatomical comparisons can be misleading, as not all anatomical similarities indicate a close relationship. Organisms that share similar environments will often develop similar physical features, a process known as convergent evolution. Both sharks and dolphins have similar body forms, yet are only distantly related—sharks are fish and dolphins are mammals. Such similarities are a result of both populations being exposed to the same selective pressures. Within both groups, changes that aid swimming have been favoured. Thus, over time, they developed similar appearances (morphology), even though they are not closely related.

Embryology
In some cases, anatomical comparison of structures in the embryos of two or more species provides evidence for a shared ancestor that may not be obvious in the adult forms. As the embryo develops, these homologies can be lost to view, and the structures can take on different functions. Part of the basis of classifying the vertebrate group (which includes humans), is the presence of a tail (extending beyond the anus) and pharyngeal slits. Both structures appear during some stage of embryonic development but are not always obvious in the adult form.

Because of the morphological similarities present in embryos of different species during development, it was once assumed that organisms re-enact their evolutionary history as an embryo. It was thought that human embryos passed through an amphibian then a reptilian stage before completing their development as mammals. Such a re-enactment, often called recapitulation theory, is not supported by scientific evidence. What does occur, however, is that the first stages of development are similar in broad groups of organisms. At very early stages, for instance, all vertebrates appear extremely similar, but do not exactly resemble any ancestral species. As development continues, specific features emerge from this basic pattern.

Vestigial structures
Homology includes a unique group of shared structures referred to as vestigial structures. Vestigial refers to anatomical parts that are of minimal, if any, value to the organism that possesses them. These apparently illogical structures are remnants of organs that played an important role in ancestral forms. Such is the case in whales, which have small vestigial bones that appear to be remnants of the leg bones of their ancestors which walked on land. Humans also have vestigial structures, including the ear muscles, the wisdom teeth, the appendix, the tail bone, body hair (including goose bumps), and the semilunar fold in the corner of the eye.

Biogeography

Biogeography is the study of the geographical distribution of species. Evidence from biogeography, especially from the biogeography of oceanic islands, played a key role in convincing both Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace that species evolved with a branching pattern of common descent. Islands often contain endemic species, species not found anywhere else, but those species are often related to species found on the nearest continent. Furthermore, islands often contain clusters of closely related species that have very different ecological niches, that is have different ways of making a living in the environment. Such clusters form through a process of adaptive radiation where a single ancestral species colonises an island that has a variety of open ecological niches and then diversifies by evolving into different species adapted to fill those empty niches. Well-studied examples include Darwin's finches, a group of 13 finch species endemic to the Galápagos Islands, and the Hawaiian honeycreepers, a group of birds that once, before extinctions caused by humans, numbered 60 species filling diverse ecological roles, all descended from a single finch like ancestor that arrived on the Hawaiian Islands some 4 million years ago. Another example is the Silversword alliance, a group of perennial plant species, also endemic to the Hawaiian Islands, that inhabit a variety of habitats and come in a variety of shapes and sizes that include trees, shrubs, and ground hugging mats, but which can be hybridised with one another and with certain tarweed species found on the west coast of North America; it appears that one of those tarweeds colonised Hawaii in the past, and gave rise to the entire Silversword alliance.

Molecular biology

Every living organism (with the possible exception of RNA viruses) contains molecules of DNA, which carries genetic information. Genes are the pieces of DNA that carry this information, and they influence the properties of an organism. Genes determine an individual's general appearance and to some extent their behaviour. If two organisms are closely related, their DNA will be very similar. On the other hand, the more distantly related two organisms are, the more differences they will have. For example, brothers are closely related and have very similar DNA, while cousins share a more distant relationship and have far more differences in their DNA. Similarities in DNA are used to determine the relationships between species in much the same manner as they are used to show relationships between individuals. For example, comparing chimpanzees with gorillas and humans shows that there is as much as a 96 percent similarity between the DNA of humans and chimps. Comparisons of DNA indicate that humans and chimpanzees are more closely related to each other than either species is to gorillas.

The field of molecular systematics focuses on measuring the similarities in these molecules and using this information to work out how different types of organisms are related through evolution. These comparisons have allowed biologists to build a relationship tree of the evolution of life on Earth. They have even allowed scientists to unravel the relationships between organisms whose common ancestors lived such a long time ago that no real similarities remain in the appearance of the organisms.

Artificial selection

Artificial selection is the controlled breeding of domestic plants and animals. Humans determine which animal or plant will reproduce and which of the offspring will survive; thus, they determine which genes will be passed on to future generations. The process of artificial selection has had a significant impact on the evolution of domestic animals. For example, people have produced different types of dogs by controlled breeding. The differences in size between the Chihuahua and the Great Dane are the result of artificial selection. Despite their dramatically different physical appearance, they and all other dogs evolved from a few wolves domesticated by humans in what is now China less than 15,000 years ago.

Artificial selection has produced a wide variety of plants. In the case of maize (corn), recent genetic evidence suggests that domestication occurred 10,000 years ago in central Mexico. Prior to domestication, the edible portion of the wild form was small and difficult to collect. Today The Maize Genetics Cooperation • Stock Center maintains a collection of more than 10,000 genetic variations of maize that have arisen by random mutations and chromosomal variations from the original wild type.

In artificial selection the new breed or variety that emerges is the one with random mutations attractive to humans, while in natural selection the surviving species is the one with random mutations useful to it in its non-human environment. In both natural and artificial selection the variations are a result of random mutations, and the underlying genetic processes are essentially the same. Darwin carefully observed the outcomes of artificial selection in animals and plants to form many of his arguments in support of natural selection. Much of his book On the Origin of Species was based on these observations of the many varieties of domestic pigeons arising from artificial selection. Darwin proposed that if humans could achieve dramatic changes in domestic animals in short periods, then natural selection, given millions of years, could produce the differences seen in living things today.

Coevolution

Coevolution is a process in which two or more species influence the evolution of each other. All organisms are influenced by life around them; however, in coevolution there is evidence that genetically determined traits in each species directly resulted from the interaction between the two organisms.

An extensively documented case of coevolution is the relationship between Pseudomyrmex, a type of ant, and the acacia, a plant that the ant uses for food and shelter. The relationship between the two is so intimate that it has led to the evolution of special structures and behaviours in both organisms. The ant defends the acacia against herbivores and clears the forest floor of the seeds from competing plants. In response, the plant has evolved swollen thorns that the ants use as shelter and special flower parts that the ants eat.
Such coevolution does not imply that the ants and the tree choose to behave in an altruistic manner. Rather, across a population small genetic changes in both ant and tree benefited each. The benefit gave a slightly higher chance of the characteristic being passed on to the next generation. Over time, successive mutations created the relationship we observe today.

Speciation

Given the right circumstances, and enough time, evolution leads to the emergence of new species. Scientists have struggled to find a precise and all-inclusive definition of species. Ernst Mayr defined a species as a population or group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed naturally with one another to produce viable, fertile offspring. (The members of a species cannot produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other species). Mayr's definition has gained wide acceptance among biologists, but does not apply to organisms such as bacteria, which reproduce asexually.

Speciation is the lineage-splitting event that results in two separate species forming from a single common ancestral population. A widely accepted method of speciation is called allopatric speciation. Allopatric speciation begins when a population becomes geographically separated. Geological processes, such as the emergence of mountain ranges, the formation of canyons, or the flooding of land bridges by changes in sea level may result in separate populations. For speciation to occur, separation must be substantial, so that genetic exchange between the two populations is completely disrupted. In their separate environments, the genetically isolated groups follow their own unique evolutionary pathways. Each group will accumulate different mutations as well as be subjected to different selective pressures. The accumulated genetic changes may result in separated populations that can no longer interbreed if they are reunited. Barriers that prevent interbreeding are either prezygotic (prevent mating or fertilisation) or postzygotic (barriers that occur after fertilisation). If interbreeding is no longer possible, then they will be considered different species. The result of four billion years of evolution is the diversity of life around us, with an estimated 1.75 million different species in existence today.

Usually the process of speciation is slow, occurring over very long time spans; thus direct observations within human life-spans are rare. However speciation has been observed in present-day organisms, and past speciation events are recorded in fossils. Scientists have documented the formation of five new species of cichlid fishes from a single common ancestor that was isolated fewer than 5,000 years ago from the parent stock in Lake Nagubago. The evidence for speciation in this case was morphology (physical appearance) and lack of natural interbreeding. These fish have complex mating rituals and a variety of colorations; the slight modifications introduced in the new species have changed the mate selection process and the five forms that arose could not be convinced to interbreed.

Mechanism
The theory of evolution is widely accepted among the scientific community, serving to link the diverse speciality areas of biology. Evolution provides the field of biology with a solid scientific base. The significance of evolutionary theory is summarised by Theodosius Dobzhansky as "nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution." Nevertheless, the theory of evolution is not static. There is much discussion within the scientific community concerning the mechanisms behind the evolutionary process. For example, the rate at which evolution occurs is still under discussion. In addition, there are conflicting opinions as to which is the primary unit of evolutionary change—the organism or the gene.

Rate of change
Darwin and his contemporaries viewed evolution as a slow and gradual process. Evolutionary trees are based on the idea that profound differences in species are the result of many small changes that accumulate over long periods.

Gradualism had its basis in the works of the geologists James Hutton and Charles Lyell. Hutton's view suggests that profound geological change was the cumulative product of a relatively slow continuing operation of processes which can still be seen in operation today, as opposed to catastrophism which promoted the idea that sudden changes had causes which can no longer be seen at work. A uniformitarian perspective was adopted for biological changes. Such a view can seem to contradict the fossil record, which often shows evidence of new species appearing suddenly, then persisting in that form for long periods. In the 1970s palaeontologists Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould developed a theoretical model that suggests that evolution, although a slow process in human terms, undergoes periods of relatively rapid change (ranging between 50,000 and 100,000 years) alternating with long periods of relative stability. Their theory is called punctuated equilibrium and explains the fossil record without contradicting Darwin's ideas.

Unit of change

A common unit of selection in evolution is the organism. Natural selection occurs when the reproductive success of an individual is improved or reduced by an inherited characteristic, and reproductive success is measured by the number of an individual's surviving offspring. The organism view has been challenged by a variety of biologists as well as philosophers. Richard Dawkins proposes that much insight can be gained if we look at evolution from the gene's point of view; that is, that natural selection operates as an evolutionary mechanism on genes as well as organisms. In his 1976 book, The Selfish Gene, he explains:

Others view selection working on many levels, not just at a single level of organism or gene; for example, Stephen Jay Gould called for a hierarchical perspective on selection.

See also

 Abiogenesis
 Creation–evolution controversy
 Evidence of common descent
 Evolution as fact and theory
 Level of support for evolution
 Misconceptions about evolution

References

Bibliography

  "Revised Proceedings of the BSCS, AIBS Symposium November 2004, Chicago, IL"

Further reading

External links

Biology theories


In robotics, the manipulability ellipsoid is the geometric interpretation of the scaled eigenvectors resulting from the singular value decomposition of the jacobian that describes a robot's motion.

References

Robot control
Geometry


Giovanni Demisiani (; died 1614), a Greek from Zakynthos, was a theologian, chemist, mathematician to Cardinal Gonzaga, and member of the Accademia dei Lincei. Demisiani is noted for  coining the name telescope (from the Greek τῆλε, tele "far" and σκοπεῖν, skopein "to look or see") for a version of the instrument presented by Galileo Galilei to the Accademia dei Lincei at a banquet honoring Galileo’s induction into the Accademia in 1611.

See also
 List of Greek mathematicians

Notes

External links
 Short biography

1614 deaths
Greek mathematicians
16th-century Greek people
Year of birth unknown
17th-century Greek scientists
17th-century Greek educators
16th-century Greek scientists
16th-century Greek educators
16th-century Greek mathematicians
17th-century Greek mathematicians
17th-century Greek astronomers
16th-century Greek astronomers
People from Zakynthos


Uncial 0122 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), α 1030 (Soden), is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 9th-century. Hort designated it by Od.

Description
The codex contains a small parts of the Galatians 5:12-6:4 and Hebrews 5:8-6:10 on two parchment leaves (25 cm by 20 cm). The text is written in two columns per page, 28 lines per page, in small uncial letters. It has breathings and accents. There are liturgical markings at the margin in red.

Text

The Greek text of this codex is a representative of the Byzantine text-type, but with considerable deviations from the Byzantine text (Galatians 5:12.14.17.22.23.24; 6:1.3). Aland placed it in Category III. It means the text of the manuscript has a historical importance.

In Galatians 6:2 its read αναπληρωσατε along with א, A, C, Dgr, K, P, Ψ, 33, 81, 88, 104, 181, Byz.

It was heavily corrected.

History

Currently it is dated by the INTF to the 9th-century.

The manuscript was examined and described by Constantin von Tischendorf, Eduard de Muralt and Kurt Treu.

The codex now is located in the Russian National Library (Gr. 32), in Saint Petersburg.

See also

 List of New Testament uncials
 Textual criticism

References

Further reading

 Eduard de Muralt, Catalogue des manuscrits grecs de la Bibliothèque Impériale publique (Petersburg 1864)
 Kurt Treu, Die Griechischen Handschriften des Neuen Testaments in der USSR; eine systematische Auswertung des Texthandschriften in Leningrad, Moskau, Kiev, Odessa, Tbilisi und Erevan, T & U 91 (Berlin: 1966), pp. 40–41.

External links
 Uncial 0122 at the Encyclopedia of Textual Criticism

Greek New Testament uncials
9th-century biblical manuscripts
National Library of Russia collection


The San Francisco Giants are a Major League Baseball franchise based in San Francisco, California. They moved to San Francisco from New York City in 1958.  They play in the National League West division. The first game of the new baseball season for a team is played on Opening Day, and being named the Opening Day starter is an honor, which is often given to the player who is expected to lead the pitching staff that season, though there are various strategic reasons why a team's best pitcher might not start on Opening Day. Through 2016, the Giants have used 30 different Opening Day starting pitchers in their 58 seasons since moving to San Francisco. The 30 starters have a combined Opening Day record of 27 wins, 16 losses and 16 no decisions. No decisions are only awarded to the starting pitcher if the game is won or lost after the starting pitcher has left the game.

The first Opening Day game for the San Francisco Giants was played against the Los Angeles Dodgers on April 15, 1958 at Seals Stadium, the Giants' first home ball park in San Francisco.  Rubén Gómez was the Giants' Opening Day starting pitcher that day, in a game the Giants lost 8–0.  That was the Giants' only Opening Day game at Seals Stadium.  They also played in two other home parks in San Francisco: Candlestick Park from 1960 to 1999, and Oracle Park, previously called PacBell Park, SBC Park and AT&T Park, since 2000.  The Giants' Opening Day starting pitchers had a record of seven wins, three losses and seven no decisions at Candlestick Park and have a record of two wins, one loss and one no decision at AT&T Park.  That gives the San Francisco Giants' Opening Day starting pitchers a total home record of 10 wins, 4 losses and 8 no decisions.  Their record in Opening Day road games is 17 wins, 12 losses, and 8 no decisions.

Juan Marichal holds the San Francisco Giants' record for most Opening Day starts, with 10.  Marichal had a record in Opening Day starts of six wins, two losses and two no decisions.  Tim Lincecum and Madison Bumgarner each made four Opening Day starts for the Giants, and John Montefusco, Mike Krukow, John Burkett and Liván Hernández each made three Opening Day starts.  Sam Jones, Vida Blue, Rick Reuschel, Mark Gardner, Kirk Rueter, Jason Schmidt and Barry Zito have each made two Opening Day starts for the Giants.  Marichal has the most wins in Opening Day starts for San Francisco, with six.  Reuschel and Burkett are the only pitchers to have won more than one Opening Day start for San Francisco without a loss.  Both have records in Opening Day starts of two wins and no losses.  Burkett also has a no decision.  Zito has the worst record for San Francisco in Opening Day starts, with no wins and two losses.  Zito and Marichal have the most losses in Opening Day starts, with two apiece.  The Giants have played in the World Series six times since moving to San Francisco, in , , , ,  and , winning in 2010, 2012 and 2014.  Their Opening Day starting pitchers in those years were Juan Marichal in 1962, Rick Reuschel in 1989, Liván Hernández in 2002, Tim Lincecum in 2010 and 2012, and Madison Bumgarner in 2014.  The Giants' Opening Day starting pitchers won four of their six Opening Day starts in those seasons, with their only loss coming in 2012 and a no decision in 2014.

Key

Pitchers

Footnotes
  Johnny Antonelli had one Opening Day start for the San Francisco Giants in 1959.  He also had three Opening Day starts for the New York Giants, in 1955, 1956 and 1957, giving him a total of four Opening Day starts for the Giants' franchise.

References
General

Specific

Opening day starters
San Francisco Giants Opening Day starting pitchers


Villem Grünthal-Ridala, born Wilhelm Grünthal (30 May 1885 in Kuivastu, Muhu, Kreis Ösel, Governorate of Livonia - 16 January 1942 in Helsinki, Finland) was an Estonian poet, translator, linguist and folklorist.

Life

Villem Grünthal-Ridala was the son of an inn keeper on the island of Muhu. He first attended Hellamaa (Pühalepa)  parish school, then Eisenschmidt private school, as well as the national high school of Kuressaare. Beginning in 1905, he studied Finnish Literature at the University of Helsinki. In 1911 he completed his doctorate.

From 1910 to 1919 Grünthal-Ridala was a professor at the University of Tartu in Estonia. From 1910 until 1914 he edited Estonian Literature magazine (Eesti Kirjandus), as well as Üliõpilaste leht from 1914 to 1916.

From 1923 until his death, Grünthal-Ridala was professor of Estonian Language and Literature at the University of Helsinki. In 1941 he received a doctorate in Baltic-Finnic languages.

Lyrical poet

Villem Grünthal-Ridala had become renowned for his poems in the Estonian language. His epic Toomas ja Mai (1924), as well as a collection of ballads, Sinine kari (1930), served as a model for the Estonian poetry of the time. The poems are influenced by Impressionism, with the landscapes of his island homeland and life by the sea being the primary motifs. He belonged to the Estonian literary movement Young Estonia (Noor-Eesti), founded in 1905.

Selected Poems
 "Villem Grünthali laulud" (1908)
 "Kauged rannad" (1914)
 "Ungru krahv ehk Näckmansgrund"  (1915)
 "Merineitsit" (1918)
 "Saarnak" (1918)
 "Toomas ja Mai" (1924)
 "Tuules ja tormis" (1927)
 "Sinine kari" (1930)
 "Meretäht" (1935)
 "Laulud ja kauged rannad" (1938)
 "Väike luuleraamat" (1969)
 "Valitud värsid" (1986)
 "Püha Rist" (2005; )

References

1885 births
1942 deaths
People from Muhu Parish
People from Kreis Ösel
Estonian male poets
Estonian translators
20th-century Estonian poets
20th-century translators
20th-century male writers
Estonian magazine editors
University of Helsinki alumni
Academic staff of the University of Tartu
Academic staff of the University of Helsinki
Burials at Hietaniemi Cemetery
Estonian emigrants to Finland


Leonidas D. Veliaroutis () (23 November 1916 – 17 March 2020) was a Greek writer. He was born in Grammeno, Zitsa. He turned 100 in November 2016 and died in March 2020 at the age of 103.

Works
Encyclopedias
Public School Encyclopedia (Εγκυκλοπαίδεια του Δημοτικού Σχολείου = Egkyklopedia tou Dimotikou Sholeiou)O Symvoulos ton neon (Ο Σύμβουλος των νέων = The Youth Council)Sholiki Ydria (Σχολική Υδρία)Ydria (Υδρία = Jug)

Syntactic team and anthologies:Literary Foundations (Λογοτεχνικό Θεμέλιο = Logotechniko themelio)

Works on his studies:Lambros Malamas (Λάμπρος Μάλαμας) (1965)The environmental studies (Η μελέτη του περιβάλλοντος = I meleti tou perivallontos) (1967)To neoelliniko ekpaidevtiko systima) (Το νεοελληνικό εκπαιδευτικό σύστημα = Modern Greek Children's Systrem) (1984)Ta pedia ke to logotehniko vivlio (Τα παιδιά και το λογοτεχνικό βιβλίο = The Children and the Literary Book) (1985)I techni n' afigoumaste ena paramythi (Η τέχνη ν' αφηγούμαστε ένα παραμύθι = Works That Narrate A Tale) (1991)

BooksMaria Lamparidou-Pothou - Her Life And Her Works (Μαρία Λαμπαδαρίδου-Πόθου - Η ζωή και το έργο της = Maria Lamparidou-Pothou - I zoi kai to ergo tis) (1995)Ipeirotes logotechnes apo to Grammeno (Ηπειρώτες λογοτέχνες από το Γραμμένο = Epirot Writers From Grammeno) (2002)I Kalithea (Sarpi) tis Limnou ke i Palelogiki Sholi tis - Limnioi logotehnes (Η Καλλιθέα (Σαρπί) της Λήμνου και η Παλαιολογική Σχολή της – Λήμνιοι λογοτέχνες = Kallithea (Sarpi) on Lemnos and their Paleologiki School - Lemnian Writers'') (R. Segkopoulou - N. Viglas - M. Lampadaridou), 2007

References

1916 births
2020 deaths
People from Zitsa
Greek centenarians
Men centenarians


Afoafouvale Leulumoegafou Suesue Lutu (born February 24, 1947) is an American Samoan politician and attorney. Lutu has served as the former attorney general of American Samoa in two different administrations. He is also a former senator from the district of Maopūtasi, serving the villages of Fagatogo, Utulei and Fagaalu.  He is the current holder of the high chief title, Afoafouvale.

Biography

Early life
Afoa Moega Lutu was born on February 24, 1947, to Rev. Suesue Solofa Lutu and Vaituutuu Pātu Leota Leuluaialii Lutu. He is the fourth of twelve children in his family. Lutu's parents taught at the theological school of the Congregational Christian Church in Samoa in Leulumoegafou, Western Samoa, now the independent nation of Samoa. Lutu's family moved back to American Samoa when he was less than a year old and settled in the village of Amanave, where his parents worked as Christian ministers.

Education
Lutu originally attended St. Theresa Elementary School in Leone, American Samoa. However, his parents moved again to the towns of Fagatogo and Utulei by the time he was six years old to live with extended family. He was selected to attend the Feleti Memorial Barstow Foundation Demonstration School for first to eighth grade.

He became salutatorian of his eighth grade class upon graduating from the school.  Lutu next entered the High School of American Samoa. While in high school, his parents relocated to the village of Laulii, east of Pago Pago Harbor, to work as ministers in the village. He resided with his grandparents, Rev. Suesue and Sola, in Utulei during the school week, and traveled to see his parents on the weekend. Lutu graduated as student body president from high school in 1965. This was the last class of the original sole high school for the Territory before other high schools were formed elsewhere such as in the villages of Tau, Manua, Leone and Fagaitua.  Following his graduation, Lutu was one of four American Samoa students chosen for a cultural exchange program in the United States. Lutu moved to Spirit Lake, Iowa, to attend an extra year of high school as part of the cultural exchange.  While in Iowa, he stayed at the home of Berkley and Elinor Bedell and their family. Berkley Bedell, Iowan businessman, was later elected as a United States Congressman (1975–1987).

Lutu attended Northeast Missouri State University, now known as Truman State University, on a full American Samoa Government scholarship. Lutu met his future wife while at Northeast Missouri, Etenauga Alvina Lam Yuen. Etenauga, whose parents were Pastor Tini Inu Lam Yuen and Tululautu Fueainaula Tagaloa Lam Yuen, was also from a large Samoan family of 10 siblings.

He transferred to University of Hawaii at Mānoa after two years in Missouri to be closer to his parents, who were working as ministers for the First Samoan Congregational Church in Nānākuli, Hawaii, at the time. He graduated from the University of Hawaii at Mānoa in 1971 with a bachelor's degree in political science and a minor in prelaw. His wife, Etenauga, received her bachelor's degree in nursing from Walla Walla College, now Walla Walla University. Lutu enrolled in the Valparaiso University School of Law with another American Samoa Government scholarship.

Lutu and Etenauga married in Lynwood, California, in 1972. The couple relocated to Valparaiso, Indiana, where Lutu completed his Juris Doctor degree from Valporaiso University School of Law. Their first child, Christinna Sola, was born in Indianapolis, IN. The couple moved to Hawaii following Lutu's completion of law school in 1974.

The couple had several more children, including Alvina Lore, Faauuga Hannacho, Elinor Matuaifaleese, Justin Fouvale, Kimberly Malaeimi, Florence-Emma Leala, Joshua Simanualii, Berkley LeAloalii and Bedell-Macready Tamaalemalo.

In 1989, the four Afoafouvale clans of American Samoa, namely Loi, Puaa, Taeletoto, and Tualima, bestowed the title of Afoafouvale to him.  He was formally granted in a traditional ceremony in 1990 at the Afoa family land, Asila. This marked the first time the title of Afoafouvale was held by anyone since the mid 1970s.

Career
The family returned to American Samoa in 1975 where Lutu worked as an attorney-at-law, until he retired from private practice in 2012. They eventually settled in Taputimu and Utulei, American Samoa.

Lutu was appointed Attorney General of American Samoa by the late Governor A. P. Lutali after he was elected governor in 1985. He represented American Samoa and the Lutali administration at the early South Pacific Tuna Treaty negotiations. As attorney general, Lutu also successfully defended challenges to the traditional Samoan communal land system before United States federal courts and the United States Supreme Court.

He next became the special legal counsel for the President of the American Samoa Senate from 1998 until 1992. Lutu was elected to the American Samoa House of Representatives for Maopūtasi District No. 7 in 1992. He spent two terms, a total of four years, in the House before leaving his seat to become legal counsel to the American Samoa House of Representatives from 1996 until 1997.

Lutu next served as the head of the Legislative Reference Bureau from 1997 until 2004.

On June 18, 2010, a Constitutional Convention for the Territory was called for by then Governor Togiola Tulafono, to consider proposals to amend the constitution document, which was last formally reviewed in 1987 (American Samoa Government Executive Order No. 005-2010). Lutu was appointed the Director of proceedings for the 2010 convention, which took place from June 21 through July 2, 2010.  He was also a panel member for the 1987 Constitutional Convention.

In 2012, Lutu was again appointed attorney general during the Lolo Matalasi Moliga administration. He was the first appointed cabinet member for the new administration.

In 2014, he stepped down as attorney general to serve his district of Maopūtasi No. 7 as senator at the request of the District, representing the villages of Fagatogo, Utulei and Fagaalu.

Political ambitions
In 1990 Lutu ran for the American Samoa Delegates in the United States House of Representatives, but was defeated by Eni Faleomavaega.

Lutu campaigned as the running mate for Lieutenant Governor of American Samoa with Senator Lealaifuaneva Peter Reid for Governor during the 1996 and 2000 American Samoan gubernatorial elections. However, Reid and Lutu lost both elections. They were defeated by former governor Tauese Sunia and then Lt. Governor Tulafono in both 1996 and 2000.

In 2004 Lutu ran for Governor of American Samoa in 2004 with Taeaoafua Dr. Meki Solomona as his running mate. The two faced incumbent Governor Togiola Tulafono and Lt. Governor Ipulasi Aitofele Sunia in the 2004 general election. However, Tulafono defeated Lutu in the second round runoff election. Tulafono earned 56 percent of the vote while Lutu garnered 44 percent.

In 2008 Lutu ran again for the gubernatorial seat for American Samoa with then Senator Velega Savali.  They did not make the run-off election and endorsed the Togiola Tulafono/Aitofele Sunia team during the final election, which they won beating the Utu Abe Malae/Sao Nua team.

In 2012 Lutu made a final bid for the gubernatorial seat with teammate Lei Sonny Thompson. They were unable to meet the needed votes for the run-off election.

2008 gubernatorial election

Afoa Moega Lutu once again decided to challenge Gov. Togiola Tulafono for his office in the 2008 gubernatorial election. Lutu's running mate for Lieutenant Governor was Velega Savali, a former American Samoan Treasurer.

Lutu and Savali launched their campaign for Governor at a kick-off campaign rally at the Tradewinds Hotel on May 17, 2008. Approximately 700 people attended the rally. Lutu promised to run on issues such as transparency and improving the territory's public education system.

The gubernatorial election took place on November 4, 2008, and Tulafono was re-elected.

Alzheimer's disease
In November 2019, the Lutu family publicly made known Afoa's battle with Alzheimer's disease.  An "Unforgettable Walk" was held in participation of the National Alzheimer's Disease Awareness Month and hosted by the non-profit Lutu co-founded, the Agency for Better Living Endeavors (A.B.L.E.).  A.B.L.E. has partnered with other agencies, government and non-government, to promote awareness of the brain disease and impacts to Samoan families and communities.

References

External links
https://www.facebook.com/afoa.lutu.9

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1947 births
American Samoan Attorneys General
Living people
Members of the American Samoa House of Representatives
Truman State University alumni
University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa alumni
Valparaiso University School of Law alumni