Hunter Boot Limited is a British footwear manufacturer that is known for its rubber Wellington boots. Originally established in 1856 as the North British Rubber Company, the firm is headquartered in Edinburgh, Scotland. It also has offices in London, New York and Düsseldorf. In addition to rubber boots and other footwear, Hunter sells products such as bags, socks and accessories. It previously made tyres, conveyor belts, combs, golf balls, hot water bottles and rubber flooring. Hunter holds several Royal Warrants as suppliers of waterproof footwear. Green Wellington boots, now manufactured in China, are its best known product.

History

Beginnings
In early January 1856, Henry Lee Norris, an American entrepreneur from Jersey City, New Jersey, and his friend and partner Spencer Thomas Parmelee of New Haven, Connecticut, landed in Scotland to work a patent of Charles Goodyear for the manufacture of India-rubber overshoes and boots. They arrived in Glasgow and began by searching for a suitable factory, which they eventually found at the Castle Mill in Edinburgh. A fine pair of condensing steam engines and boilers were included in the lease, which they were able to take up almost immediately due to the mill's partial occupation at the time. The pair were ready to begin operations in the midsummer of 1856. Originally, the company was named Norris & Co., which existed until the first limited liability act was introduced to Great Britain. The North British Rubber Company (which much later became known as Hunter Boot Limited) was registered as a limited liability company in September 1857.

Norris was eventually succeeded at the company by William Erskine Bartlett, who arguably invented what is considered to be the accepted type of car tyre today. Around 1907, the fledgling British Dunlop tyre company bought the 'Bartlett' patent from the North British Rubber Company for US$973,000, in order to acquire the rights to manufacture and distribute tyres under the same name. It is estimated that, today, the patent would be worth more than US$200,000,000.

The company made not only rubber boots but also tyres, conveyors, combs, golf balls, hot water bottles and rubber flooring. In the beginning, there were only four people working for the company; by 1875, the team had grown to 600. The company had offices in Edinburgh, London and New York.

Wartime production
Production of Wellington boots was dramatically boosted with the advent of World War I, when the company was asked by the War Office to construct a sturdy boot suitable for the conditions in flooded trenches. The mills ran day and night to produce immense quantities of these trench boots. In total, 1,185,036 pairs were made to cope with the Army's demands. The Wellington boot was envied by German soldiers during World War I and its dependability was seen to contribute to the British army's success.

For World War II, the company was again called upon to supply vast quantities of Wellington and thigh boots. Eighty per cent of production was for war materials - from ground sheets to life belts and gas masks. In the Netherlands, forces were working in flooded conditions which demanded Wellingtons and tight boots in vast supplies.

By the end of the war, the Wellington had become popular among men, women and children for wear in wet weather. It had become far roomier with a thick sole and rounded toe. Also, with the rationing of that time, labourers began to use them for daily work.

Post-war period
After World War II, boot making had to move to a larger factory in Heathhall, Dumfries, to deal with the rise in demand. The factory was originally built for Arrol-Johnston (later Arrol-Aster), a Scottish automobile manufacturer, in 1913, before the company was liquidated in 1931. This is said to be the first car factory in Britain to use ferro-concrete (concrete reinforced with metal bars), and was designed by Albert Kahn.

The company's most famous Wellington, the "Original Green Wellington", was first made in the winter of 1955. It was the first orthopaedic boot made by Hunter, and was launched alongside the Royal Hunter - another boot that remained in Hunter's range in 2012. Reaction from trade was slow, and an order of 36 pairs considered an achievement. However, the company persisted, taking them to county shows and trade fairs. Thought of as more up-market than the traditional black Wellington of the time, the 'Original' tended at first to be worn by middle- to upper-class rural people, who are still sometimes referred to as the 'Green Welly Brigade'.

1966–2005: ownership changes
In 1966, North British Rubber was bought by Uniroyal Limited of Greenville, South Carolina. Formerly known as the U.S. Rubber Company, Uniroyal is best known for car tyres and still operates today. In 1976, having continued to supply boots to the royal households, Hunter was awarded a Royal Warrant from the Duke of Edinburgh. This was shortly followed by another from the Queen in 1986. By this time, a pair of Hunter boots had become an essential item for those guided in upmarket country fashion. By the end of the 1980s, they were synonymous with the much caricatured figures of the Sloane Ranger Handbook.

In 1986, Uniroyal was bought by the Gates Rubber Company of Denver, Colorado. From the beginning of 1987, the company was known under the name of its new owner. It entered the drysuit market shortly after the takeover by Gates, at its peak becoming the number two producer in the market with a 35% market share. Its fortunes continued to improve over the next ten years until, in 1996, Gates Corporation, formerly known as The Gates Rubber Company, became a wholly owned subsidiary of Tomkins plc, ending 85 years of ownership by the Gates family. Tomkins paid a reported £366m for the stake. At that time, Gates was the largest non-tyre rubber company in the world.

Intent on strengthening its positions in its core engineering markets, Tomkins began to dispose of a number of businesses during the period 1998-2001. In 1999, it sold the Consumer and Industrial Division of The Gates Rubber Company to Interfloor, the country's largest carpet underlay manufacturer. The company became the Hunter Division of Interfloor.

In early 2004, a management-led investor group acquired the Hunter Boots business of Interfloor Group Ltd for £1.98m in a leveraged buyout transaction. For the first time, Hunter became an independent company under its own name, specifically, the Hunter Rubber Company.

At the end of 2004, Hunter announced that they would be releasing a range of seven different coloured Wellingtons to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Green Wellington Boot. Each different coloured boot, along with the kids' range, represented one of eight charities and were used to raise funds for them. The company launched a dedicated website, www.giving-welly.co.uk, to this purpose, and raised over £250,000 for charity.

Hunter launched several extensions to the Wellington range in mid-2005. Along with developing boots under licence for the Royal Horticultural Society, the Lady Northampton riding boot, combining a molded waterproof rubber and canvas upper, was also added to extend from the company's traditional all-rubber Wellington boot range.

2006: administration and buy-out
In 2006, the Hunter Rubber Company was placed into administration due to cash flow problems. In spite of a reported turnover of over £5m, accountants from KPMG said the firm suffered from high manufacturing costs, including fuel costs, and made a loss from the expansion of its business to the United States. According to documents filed with Companies House, Hunter reported a loss of £600,000 from September 2003 to the end of February 2005, when it had a net debt of £2.03m.

A private consortium led by Lord Marland of Odstock and comprising Peter Mullen, ex CEO of Thomas Pink, and Julian Taylor, all of whom were previous shareholders in Hunter Rubber Company, supported by the Pentland Group plc, bought Hunter out of administration and Hunter Boot Ltd was born. After rapid re-structuring of the company, new supply routes and distribution partners were found in the UK and USA and the Hunter portfolio was rationalised to core products exhibiting the key skills and tradition of the company.

Hunter regained a large market share of the traditional country and leisure footwear market in the UK after the buy-out, and positioned itself as a strong contender in the USA - opening showrooms on 7th Avenue in New York and Regent Street in London. A new management team retained many of the staff from Hunter Rubber.

In November 2006, Hunter Diving Ltd - the arm of Hunter Rubber that was responsible for manufacturing drysuits - was sold to Swedish rival company Trelleborg Group for an undisclosed sum.

2007–present
Spring 2007 saw the relationship between Hunter and the Royal Horticultural Society further strengthened by the launch of a new range of RHS boots at the Chelsea Flower Show in London in May.  Hunter also set up the 'Century' Division to handle its global range of safety boots, and to develop new products in this sector. A little over a year later, Century Safety was acquired by the Tigar Corporation for an undisclosed sum.

Hunter Boot Ltd enjoyed a record season in summer 2007 announcing, in August, an 85% sales increase against the same period in 2006 Despite this, Hunter remained faced with major financial challenges regarding production. High manufacturing and fuel costs that contributed to the company's move into administration in 2006 remained prominent and, like many UK manufacturing businesses, Hunter was forced to consider whether it was worth manufacturing in the UK. The company also had to negotiate a volatile relationship with its landlord and an expensive and inefficient 96-year-old factory. Eventually, alternative supply sources were sought and developed in Europe and the Far East and plans were made to leave the Dumfries plant and move the company HQ to Edinburgh. This move was finally made in September 2008. The Chinese made boots look like the original Scottish made boots apart from the addition of an internal seam. Some manufacturing efficiencies have also been made including the removal of the latex dipping process, making the boots virtually identical to those from many other manufacturers.

Hunter formed many relationships and collaborations with other brands in 2008, further extending its reach into the US, festival and fashion markets, while also contributing strongly to charity organisations. It produced versions of the classic Hunter Original boot for Jack Wills, WaterAid, Cowshed and Fortnum & Mason, as well as a trench coat designed by Suzy Radcliffe, owner of denim brand Radcliffe.

In September 2008, following the 2008 Olympics in Beijing, Hunter Boot Ltd sent specially made gold Wellington boots to every member of the Great Britain Olympic team who won a gold medal at the games.

In January 2009, Hunter announced that it would be collaborating with the fashion designer Jimmy Choo for a limited edition black Wellington boot, embossed with Jimmy Choo crocodile print and containing gold rivets and a leopard-print lining. Another boot was then launched in 2011.

The Hunter boot tooling from the Scottish factory, and the manufacturing technique, is now used in Eastern Europe (Serbia) by Tigar Footwear and the products are marketed as Century Boots.

In 2012, Searchlight Capital Partners, with headquarters in Europe and North America, became the new controlling shareholder in Hunter Boot Ltd.

In 2013, Alasdhair Willis was appointed Creative Director and two new brand categories Hunter Original and Hunter Field were introduced. The launch of Hunter Original has seen four pioneering catwalk shows at London Fashion Week showcasing new footwear, outerwear and accessories alongside the Original boot.
Hunter Field is a technical collection. Introduced in SS15, a new Hunter Field logo was developed in Field Green to differentiate the two brands.
 The Balmoral Field boot is a technical style and features a Newflex Vibram outsole for extended use.

In 2014, Hunter opened its first global flagship on London's Regent Street. The award-winning store takes inspiration from the brand's heritage presenting the full Hunter Original, Hunter Field and Hunter Kids collections over three floors. In the same year, magician Steven Frayne, also known as Dynamo, worked with Hunter to become an integral part of their London Fashion Week show. Frayne appeared to levitate and then made models, including Suki Waterhouse, vanish in front of the crowd which included Stella McCartney and Anna Wintour. In 2015, in collaboration with Checkland Kindleysides, Hunter won Best Store Concept at the VM Excellence Awards. A second global flagship was opened in the Ginza district of Tokyo in 2016. In 2016, Hunter launched the Duke of Wellington by Hunter Field collection, a range of all-purpose equestrian outerwear and footwear. Vincent Wauters was appointed CEO.
 Hunter continues to be chosen by festival goers the world over, and is particularly synonymous with the mud-filled Glastonbury Festival. Kate Moss first wore her Original Tall boots to Glastonbury in 2005, while recent years have seen Alexa Chung in the Original Chelsea Boot, Cara Delevingne wearing the Original Backpack and Niall Horan in Hunter Original outerwear.

In 2016, Hunter launched its Core collection, a range of weatherproof Hunter boots in an array of colours. "Rain Starts Play" was coined as a hashtag for the launch.

In June 2023 Hunter Boot went into administration owing creditors £112.8 million. The administrator stated, that the company had been on a decline as a result of reduced demand in combination with the pandemic, supply chain disruption and inflation.

In popular culture
The stage play Sweet F.A. dramatized the real-life women's association football club formed during World War I by the company's workers in its Fountainbridge, Edinburgh factory. The play was performed at the 2021 Edinburgh Festival Fringe festival on a stage built on the main stand of Tynecastle Park.

See also
 Mackintosh
 Gumboot Day
 William's Wish Wellingtons

References

External links

 The Hunter Original Boot

Shoe companies of the United Kingdom
Boots
Companies based in Edinburgh
Clothing companies of Scotland
Manufacturing companies based in Edinburgh
British companies established in 1856
Clothing companies established in 1856
Companies that have entered administration in the United Kingdom
1856 establishments in Scotland
Scottish brands
Shoe brands


Seskar (; ; ) is an island in the Gulf of Finland, part of the Leningrad Oblast of Russia. The island was an independent municipality of Finland populated by Finns at least since 16th century, until World War II, when it was ceded to the Soviet Union following the 1940 Moscow Peace Treaty.

Prior to the transfer of sovereignty to the Soviet Union, Seskar was also known by the name Siskar. The island has been involved in many shipwrecks over the centuries, including some ships sunk, wrecked or otherwise lost.

In 1777, a British ship "Mercey" was wrecked near the island. She was on a voyage from Saint Petersburg to London.

In 1802, a Russian ship "Roman Vasselevitch" was wrecked near the island. She was on a voyage from Saint Petersburg to London.

In 1807, a British ship "Nelly" was driven ashore on Seskar island. She was on a voyage from London to Saint Petersburg. "Nelly" was later refloated.

In 1815, a British ship "Graces" was wrecked by Seskar. The crew was rescued.

The municipality Seiskari had been formed from the Koivisto municipality in 1903, and belonged to the province of Viipuri and to the South Karelia region.

References

References
 Risto Hamari, Martti Korhonen, Timo Miettinen, Ilmar Talve: Suomenlahden ulkosaaret; Lavansaari, Seiskari, Suursaari, Tytärsaari, Jyväskylä 1996;

Russian islands in the Baltic
Islands of Leningrad Oblast
Gulf of Finland


The Journal of Pediatrics is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal that covers all aspects of pediatrics. It was established in 1932 and is published by Elsevier. Although it was originally affiliated with the American Academy of Pediatrics, it is currently associated with the Association of Medical School Pediatric Department Chairs.

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in Scopus, PubMed, and MEDLINE. In 2020, according to the Journal Citation Reports, The Journal of Pediatrics had an impact factor of 4.406, ranking it 11th out of 129 journals in the category "Pediatrics".

History
The Journal of Pediatrics was established in 1932 by the American Academy of Pediatrics and was published through a partnership with C. V. Mosby. This partnership ended in 1947 when the academy launched Pediatrics, citing their desire to have sole responsibility for all aspects of publishing their own society journal. The Journal of Pediatrics remained unaffiliated with any other medical society until 2001, when the Association of Medical School Pediatric Department Chairs began publishing a monthly feature in it. Since July 1947, the journal has been governed by its own editorial board, which has sole responsibility for creating and maintaining editorial policy. Due to the expanding international scope, an international advisory panel was added to the editorial board in 1999.

Editors-in-chief
The following persons have been or currently serve as editor-in-chief:
 Borden S. Veeder and Hugh McCulloch (1932–1947)
 Borden S. Veeder (1947–1959)
 Waldo E. Nelson (1959–1977)
 Joseph M. Garfunkel (1977–1995)
 William F. Balistreri (1996–2022)
 Paul Graham Fisher (2023 - present)

References

External links

 Association of Medical School Pediatric Department Chairs

Mosby academic journals
Academic journals established in 1932
Pediatrics journals
English-language journals
Monthly journals


The Nedbank Affinity Cup was a golf tournament on the Sunshine Tour. It was founded in 2007 as a precursor to the Nedbank Golf Challenge, and is played at the Gary Player designed Lost City Golf Course, in Sun City, North West, South Africa.

Winners

References

External links
Sunshine Tour - official site

Former Sunshine Tour events
Golf tournaments in South Africa
Recurring sporting events established in 2007
Recurring sporting events disestablished in 2015
2007 establishments in South Africa


Albert Maurice Bender (June 18, 1866 – March, 4 1941) was a German-American art collector who was one of the leading patrons of the arts in San Francisco in the 1920s and 1930s. He played a key role in the early career of Ansel Adams and was one of Diego Rivera's first American patrons. By providing financial assistance to artists, writers, and institutions, he had a significant impact on the cultural development of the San Francisco Bay Area and beyond.

Early life
Albert Maurice Bender was born in Dublin, Ireland, in 1866, the son of Rabbi Philip Bender and Augusta Bremer Bender, both of whom were German.  In 1881 he immigrated to the United States in the company of one of his maternal uncles, Joseph Bremer.  Bremer and his brother William had already settled in San Francisco, and William hired the young Bender to work in his insurance office.  Bender eventually became a very successful insurance broker in his own right.

Patron of the arts
A lover of literature from an early age, Bender began collecting rare books and helped create the Book Club of California in 1912.  Inspired by his cousin Anne Bremer, a professional artist, Bender began collecting art, with an emphasis on work by local artists and the arts of China, Japan and Tibet.  He became very interested in getting to know and help the artists and writers of the San Francisco Bay Area.

Bender enjoyed giving things away even more than he liked acquiring them, and he became a prolific donor to Bay Area museums and libraries. He was once called "the most active buyer—and donor—of the work of California artists the state had ever known." He donated significant collections to what are now the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, the Mills College Art Museum, and the University of California Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive.

Beginning in 1932 he donated 260 pieces of Asian art to the National Museum of Ireland in memory of his mother. He gave collections of rare books and fine printing to Mills College, Stanford University, the University of California and the San Francisco Public Library.

His generosity in Europe earned him the titles of Fellow of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, Chevalier of the Legion of Honor of France and Cavaliere of the Crown of Italy.  He received honorary degrees from Mills College and the University of California, Berkeley. Stanford University has a Bender Room in its library, and at Mills College there is a Bender Room in the former library building.

Bender served as a trustee of Mills College, a commissioner of the San Francisco Public Library, and a board member of the California Society of Etchers (today's California Society of Printmakers), California Historical Society, Book Club of California, Japan Society, the Home for Aged Disabled, and the San Francisco Symphony, Art Association, Museum of Art, Opera Association, and Opera Guild.

Bender helped launch the career of many artists and photographers, including Ansel Adams.  He financed the publication of Adams's first portfolio (Parmelian Prints of the High Sierras, 1927) and his first book (Taos Pueblo, with author Mary Hunter Austin, 1930).

Judaism
Bender was described as "the best-known Jew in San Francisco" in the 1930s. He "was a founding board member of the Federation of Jewish Charities and a long-time congregant of Emanu-El, whose cavernous sanctuary could not hold all who came to his funeral."

Albert Bender Exhibition, Dublin
A permanent exhibition at the National Museum of Ireland opened in 2008, entitled "A Dubliner's Collection of Asian Art - The Albert Bender Exhibition."  This exhibition displays the material donated by Bender to the National Museum of Ireland during the 1930s when his gifting, initially refused, was accepted by the museum's director Adolf Mahr, later the leader of the Nazi party in Ireland. The collection is on display at the museum's Decorative Arts and History site at Collins Barracks, Dublin. The modern remounting of this exhibition displays a selection from the 260 objects of Asian art Bender donated, with one of the most important set of objects being the set of rare thangkas (Buddhist tapestries) from 18th-century Tibet. There is also a large display of Japanese woodblock prints, Chinese metalwork and religious figures.

References

Footnotes

Notes

Additional resources
The Bender Papers in the F.W. Olin Library, Mills College, consist of 5,344 items, including letters from many of the prominent authors of the day. Some 675 of these items are available on microfilm at the Smithsonian Archives of American Art.
The Albert Bender Papers in the Special Collections department of the Green Library at Stanford University preserves a smaller collection that includes letters, Bender's handwritten will and funeral instructions leaving everything to "my dearest & best-beloved Anne Bremer," and his collection of autographs of musical composers and performers.
Ann Harlow, "Albert Bender: Artists' Patron 'Saint,'" Argonaut (San Francisco Museum and Historical Society) 19:2 (Winter 2008), pp. 60–75.
San Francisco Biographies, 1931

American art collectors
Irish art collectors
American people of Irish-Jewish descent
Irish emigrants to the United States
Irish Jews
1941 deaths
Businesspeople from San Francisco
1866 births
Art in the San Francisco Bay Area
Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society
20th-century Irish businesspeople
19th-century Irish Jews
20th-century American Jews


Gaoussou Koné (born 28 April 1944) is a former sprinter from Côte d'Ivoire, who represented his native West African country at three consecutive Summer Olympics: 1964, 1968 and 1972. He is best known for winning two gold medals (100 and 200 metres) at the 1965 All-Africa Games.

Personal bests
100 metres – 10.21 (1967)
200 metres – 21.1 (1965)

References

1944 births
Living people
Ivorian male sprinters
Athletes (track and field) at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Ivory Coast
African Games gold medalists for Ivory Coast
African Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)
Athletes (track and field) at the 1965 All-Africa Games
Universiade medalists for Ivory Coast
Medalists at the 1967 Summer Universiade


The Heaven's Peak Fire Lookout in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA, is significant as one of a chain of staffed fire lookout posts within the park. The one-story timber-construction with a flat roof was built in 1945. The flat, overhanging roof is anchored to the stone foundation with cables.

The lookout was to be built in 1940 by local contractor Ole Norden as part of a Public Works Administration project. However, Norden was unable to perform the work and it was completed in 1945 under a different contract.

References

Government buildings completed in 1945
Towers completed in 1945
National Park Service rustic in Montana
Fire lookout towers on the National Register of Historic Places in Montana
National Register of Historic Places in Flathead County, Montana
1945 establishments in Montana
National Register of Historic Places in Glacier National Park


The Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship Sejmik () is the regional legislature of the Voivodeship of Kuyavia-Pomerania in Poland. It is a unicameral parliamentary body consisting of thirty councillors chosen during regional elections for a five-year term. The current chairperson of the assembly is Ryszard Bober.

The assembly elects the executive board that acts as the collective executive for the regional government, headed by the voivodeship marshal. The current Executive Board of Silesia is a coalition government between the Civic Coalition, Polish People's Party and Democratic Left Alliance. The board's current chief executive is Marshal Piotr Całbecki of Civic Coalition.

The assembly convenes within the Marshal's Office in Toruń.

Leadership of the Assembly

The Chairperson of the Assembly (, speaker or president) presides over the Assembly in the chief leadership position, controlling the flow of legislation. The Chairperson and two Vice-Chairpersons are elected by the coalition parties, followed by confirmation of the full Assembly on passage of a floor vote. Other Assembly leaders, such as the Group Chairperson (Przewodniczący Koła Radnych, Chairperson of Councillors' Club) are elected by internal rules.

Officers
 Chairperson of the Assembly - Ryszard Bober, PSL
 Vice-Chairperson of the Assembly - Wojciech Jaranowski
 Vice-Chairperson of the Assembly - Łukasz Krupa
 Vice-Chairperson of the Assembly - Elżbieta Piniewska

Districts

Members of the assembly are elected from six districts and serve five-year terms. Districts does not have the constituencies' formal names. Instead, each constituency has a number and territorial description.

See also
 Polish Regional Assembly
 Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship

Charts

References

External links
 Official website
 Executive board official website

Kuyavian-Pomeranian
Assembly
Unicameral legislatures


The Gaylactic Spectrum Awards are given to works of science fiction, fantasy and horror that explore LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender) topics in  a positive way. They were founded in 1998, first presented by the Gaylactic Network in 1999. In 2002 they were given their own organization, the Gaylactic Spectrum Awards Foundation.

Since their inception, awards have been given in categories for novels, short fiction, and best other work. Other categories have also been added and removed in intervening years. Works produced before the inception of the awards are eligible to be inducted into the "Hall of Fame". The novels category is open to submissions of novels released during the prior calendar year in North America that includes "significant positive GLBT content". The results are decided by a panel of judges from the list of submitted nominees; the long list of nominees is reduced to a short list of finalists, and the results are generally announced and presented at Gaylaxicon, an annual convention devoted to LGBT-themed science fiction. This article lists all the "Best Novel" award nominees and winners and novels inducted into the Hall of Fame.

Each award consists of an etched image on lucite on a stand, using a spiral galaxy in a triangle logo, based on the logo the Gaylactic Network. The award winner's name, work title, award year, and award category are etched on a small plaque on the base or on the plexiglass itself. A small cash stipend is awarded to winners in the Best Novel category. The cost of the awards is met through individual donations and fundraising events.

Laurie J. Marks and Melissa Scott have both won the award twice. Elizabeth Bear holds the record for most nominations, with ten nominations and one win.

Novel winners and nominees
In the following table, the years correspond to the year of the award ceremonies; the books were released is the preceding years. Entries with a lavender background have won the relevant award; those with a white background are the nominees on the short-list. Superscript letters after the result indicate simultaneous nominations in other categories.

 Also won the People's Choice Award.

 The awards for 2014 and 2015 were combined into a single ceremony and presented in 2015

Hall of Fame novels
In the following table, the years correspond to the year of the award ceremonies; the books were all first published before the founding of the awards in 1998. No novels have been inducted into the Hall of Fame since 2003. Entries in bold and with a lavender background were inducted into the Hall of Fame that year; those that are neither highlighted nor in bold were not inducted that year (NI), but may be inducted later (IL). Superscript letters after the result indicate simultaneous nominations in other categories.

 Also won the People's Choice Award.

See also

 Homosexuality in speculative fiction
 Lambda Literary Awards winners and nominees for science fiction, fantasy and horror
 Gaylactic Spectrum Award winners and nominees for best short fiction
 Gaylactic Spectrum Award winners and nominees for best other work

References

External links
The Gaylactic Spectrum Awards official site

Best Novel
Lists of LGBT-related award winners and nominees
Lists of speculative fiction-related award winners and nominees


Krassimir Taskov () (born in Sofia, 1955) is a Bulgarian pianist and composer.

He was a prize winner at the 1978 Paloma O'Shea Piano Competition, and took second place at the 1984 UNESCO International Rostrum of Composers. Taskov is the Chairman of the Composition Department at the Sofia State Academy of Music, where he also holds a piano professorship, and a member of the Union of Bulgarian Composers.

Selected list of works
 Archaic pictures for piano (1980)
 Moments Musicaux for flute, viola, harp, cembalo and strings (1982)
 Introduction and Passacaglia for string orchestra (1984)
 1st Clarinet Concerto (1984–85)
 Concert Overture (1985)
 Night Music for clarinet, piano and percussions (1987)
 Capriccio for orchestra (1988/96)
 Fantasia for 2 pianos (1989–90)
 Transfiguration I, for 4 groups of performers (1990)
 Transfiguration II, for 2 pianos (1990)
 Violin Concerto (1992/94)
 Transfiguration III, for 14 string instruments (1993)
 Triptych for piano four-hands (1994)
 Oboe Concerto (1994/95)
 Mutuality I for flute and harpsichord (1997)
 Transfiguration IV, for symphony orchestra (1997)
 2nd Clarinet Concerto (2002)
 Dythirambs II for 9 performers (2003)

References
  Union of Bulgarian Composers

1955 births
Living people
Bulgarian composers
Bulgarian classical pianists
Prize-winners of the Paloma O'Shea International Piano Competition
Musicians from Sofia
21st-century classical pianists


The 87th Flying Training Squadron is part of the United States Air Force 47th Flying Training Wing based at Laughlin Air Force Base, Texas. It operates T-38 Talon aircraft conducting flight training.

The squadron is one of the oldest in the United States Air Force, its origins dating to 18 August 1917 when it was organized at Selfridge Field, Mount Clemens, Michigan as a pilot training Squadron during World War I.   The squadron saw combat during World War II, and became part of Air Defense Command, later Aerospace Defense Command and finally Tactical Air Command during the Cold War.

History

World War I

It was activated as the 87th Aero Squadron. the 87th saw brief service in the 1910s and again in the 1930s.

World War II
It was reactivated in 1942 when it was transferred to North Africa to fight against Germany's Afrika Korps. Following the German defeat and withdrawal from North Africa the 87th participated in the Allied Invasion of Sicily and Invasion of Italy and subsequent drive up the Italian Peninsula. During the Allied offensive in Italy the squadron was briefly dispatched to support the invasion of Southern France in 1944. Following the war the 87th was stationed in Austria for a short time before its return to the United States and inactivation.

Air Defense Command

The 87th was again activated at Sioux City Municipal Airport, Iowa in 1952 to provide air defense of the central United States. Equipped with the North American F-51D Mustang, it was later equipped with the North American F-86D Sabre in 1953 prior to being reassigned to USAFE, stationed at RAF Bentwaters, England in 1954 assisting in the air defense of the United Kingdom.

It was returned to CONUS in 1956 at Lockbourne Air Force Base, Ohio with an air defense mission over the Ohio Valley. It was uas upgraded to the North American F-86L Sabre in 1957, an improved version of the F-86D which incorporated the Semi Automatic Ground Environment, or SAGE computer-controlled direction system for intercepts; upgraded again in 1960 to the supersonic Convair F-102 Delta Dagger interceptor.

The 87th was re-equipped with new McDonnell F-101B Voodoo supersonic interceptor, and the F-101F operational and conversion trainer in 1960. The two-seat trainer version was equipped with dual controls, but carried the same armament as the F-101B and were fully combat-capable.  On 22 October 1962, before President John F. Kennedy told Americans that missiles were in place in Cuba, the squadron dispersed one-third of its force, equipped with nuclear tipped missiles to Clinton County Air Force Base at the start of the Cuban Missile Crisis. These planes returned to Lockbourne after the crisis.

The F-101Bs were transferred to the Air National Guard in 1968 and the squadron moved to Duluth International Airport, Minnesota.   At Duluth, was upgraded to the Convair F-106 Delta Darts. During this period the squadron became known for its ability to perform cold weather operations.

The squadron was again moved to K. I. Sawyer Air Force Base, Michigan in 1971. Inactivated in 1985 after budget cuts forced the cancellation of its scheduled conversion to the McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle.

Flying training
The squadron was reactivated in 1990 and its mission changed to providing flight training. Today the squadron operates Northrop T-38 Talon aircraft providing training to pilot students on track to operate fighters or bombers.

Lineage
87th Aero Squadron
 Designated as the 87th Aero Squadron and organized, on 18 August 1917
 Redesignated Squadron B, Park Field on 25 July 1918
 Demobilized on 1 December 1918
 Reconstituted and consolidated on 1 December 1936 with 87th Pursuit Squadron as the 87th Pursuit Squadron

87th Pursuit Squadron
 Constituted as the 87th Pursuit Squadron on 19 February 1935
 Organized on 1 March 1935
 Inactivated 1 September 1936
 Disbanded on 1 January 1938
 Reconstituted and consolidated on 21 March 1979 with 87th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron as the 87th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron

87th Flying Training Squadron
 Constituted as the 87th Pursuit Squadron (Interceptor) on 13 January 1942
 Redesignated 87th Pursuit Squadron (Interceptor) (Twin Engine) on 31 January 1942
 Activated on 9 February 1942
 Redesignated 87th Fighter Squadron (Twin Engine) on 15 May 1942
 Redesignated 87th Fighter Squadron, Single Engine on 21 August 1944
 Inactivated on 15 July 1947
 Redesignated 87th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron on 11 September 1952
 Activated on 1 November 1952
 Inactivated on 8 September 1955
 Activated on 8 April 1956
 Inactivated on 1 October 1985
 Redesignated 87th Flying Training Squadron on 9 Feb 1990
 Activated on 2 Apr 1990

Assignments
 III Corps Observation Group, 18 August 1917 – 1 December 1918
 20th Pursuit Group (attached to Air Corps Tactical School, 1 March 1935 – 1 September 1936
 79th Pursuit Group (later 79th Fighter Group), 9 February 1942 – 15 July 1947
 31st Air Division, 1 Nov 1952
 521st Air Defense Group, 16 Feb 1953
 Third Air Force. 21 December 1954 – 8 September 1955
 58th Air Division, 8 April 1956
 30th Air Division, 1 September 1958
 Detroit Air Defense Sector, 8 April 1959
 34th Air Division, 1 April 1966
 343d Fighter Group, 30 September 1968
 23d Air Division, 28 August 1970
 21st Air Division, 1 August 1981
 24th Air Division, 23 September 1983 – 1 October 1985
 47th Flying Training Wing, 2 April 1990
 47th Operations Group, 15 December 1991 – present

Stations

 Kelly Field, Texas, 18 August 1917
 Selfridge Field, Michigan, September 1917
 Park Field, Tennessee, December 1917 - 1 December 1918
 Maxwell Field, Alabama, 1 March 1935 – 1 September 1936
 Dale Mabry Field, Florida, 9 February 1942
 Morris Field, North Carolina, 1 May 1942
 Rentschler Field, Connecticut, 25 June 1942 – 28 September 1942
 LG 174, Egypt, 12 November 1942
 Gazala (LG 150), Libya, 24 January 1943
 Darraugh North Landing Ground, Libya, c. 7 February 1943
 Castel Benito Airport, Libya, c. 27 February 1943
 Causeway Airfield, Tunisia, 13 March 1943
 Malta, 4 July 1943
 Sicily, 17 July 1943
 Southern Italy, 15 September 1943
 Salsola Airfield, Italy, 4 October 1943
 Madna Airfield, Italy, 17 November 1943
 Capodichino Airport, Italy, 17 January 1944
 Pomigliano Airfield, Italy, 1 May 1944
 Serragia Airfield, Corsica, France, 11 June 1944
 Saint Raphael-Frejus Airfield (Y-12), France, 22 August 1944
 Valence Airfield (Y-23), France, 1 September 1944
 Iesi Airfield, Italy, 4 October 1944
 Fano Airfield, Italy, 6 December 1944
 Cesenatico Airfield, Italy, 21 March 1945
 Horsching Airfield, Austria, 27 July 1945
 Langley Field, Virginia, 25 June 1947 – 15 July 1947
 Sioux City Municipal Airport, Iowa, 1 November 1952
 RAF Bentwaters, England, 13 December 1954 – 8 September 1955
 Lockbourne Air Force Base, Ohio, 8 April 1956
 Duluth International Airport, Minnesota, 30 Sep 1968
 K.I. Sawyer Air Force Base, Michigan, 1 May 1971 – 1 Oct 1985
 Laughlin Air Force Base, Texas, 2 Apr 1990 – present

Aircraft

 Curtiss P-40 Warhawk (1942–1944)
 Republic P-47 Thunderbolt (1944–1947)
 North American F-51D Mustang (1952–1953)
 North American F-86D Sabre Interceptor (1953–1955, 1956–1957)
 North American F-86L Sabre Interceptor (SAGE) (1957-1958)
 Convair F-102 Delta Dagger (1958–1960)
 McDonnell F-101B Voodoo (1960–1968)
 Convair F-106 Delta Dart (1968–1985)
 Northrop T-38 Talon (1990–present)

See also

 List of American Aero Squadrons

References

Notes
 Explanatory notes

 Citations

Bibliography

 McMullen, Richard F. (1964) "The Fighter Interceptor Force 1962-1964"  ADC Historical Study No. 27, Air Defense Command, Ent Air Force Base, CO (Confidential, declassified 22 Mar 2000)

 NORAD/CONAD Participation in the Cuban Missile Crisis, Historical Reference Paper No. 8, Directorate of Command History Continental Air Defense Command, Ent AFB, CO, 1 Feb 63 (Top Secret NOFORN declassified 9 March 1996)
 "ADCOM's Fighter Interceptor Squadrons". The Interceptor (January 1979) Aerospace Defense Command, (Volume 21, Number 1)

External links
87th Flying Training Squadron Fact Sheet

Military units and formations in Texas
0087


Thinopyrum intermedium, known commonly as intermediate wheatgrass, is a sod-forming perennial grass in the Triticeae tribe of Pooideae native to Europe and Western Asia. It is part of a group of plants commonly called wheatgrasses because of the similarity of their seed heads or ears to common wheat. However, wheatgrasses generally are perennial, while wheat is an annual. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit as an ornamental.

Trials with intermediate wheatgrass, the product of which is trademarked by the Land Institute as "Kernza", show that it can be grown as a “multi-functional” crop, yielding various commodities as well as ecosystem services.  Whereas annuals such as corn tend to deplete soil organic matter and require inputs, a perennial grain such as intermediate wheatgrass can yield crops while building soil organic matter.

Synonyms

Scientific names
Many scientific binomial names have been given to the species Thinopyrum intermedium. Multiple species or subspecies have been described based on different morphologies, like if parts of the plants are pubescent (that is, covered with "hairs") or not. Here is a partial list of the binomial synonyms for Thinopyrum intermedium:
Agropyron aucheri
Agropyron ciliatiflorum
Agropyron gentryi
Agropyron glaucum
Agropyron intermedium
Agropyron podperae
Agropyron pulcherrimum
Agropyron trichophorum
Elymus hispidus
Elytrigia intermedia

Common names
Intermediate wheatgrass is the most widely used common name for Thinopyrum intermedium in the United States. The name "intermediate" probably refers to the height of the plant, which is generally somewhat shorter than T. ponticum known by the common name of "tall wheatgrass."

Wild triga is the common name that was given to Thinopyrum intermedium by researchers at The Rodale Institute. The name was intended to distinguish varieties of the species developed for use as a perennial grain crop from forage cultivars which are identified by the common name "intermediate wheatgrass".

Kernza is a trademarked name held by the Land Institute for the processed grains of intermediate wheatgrass.

Origin and distribution
The native range of intermediate wheatgrass extends from central and southeastern Europe to Asia Minor. Although it was first brought to the United States in 1907, the first successful introduction was from the Caucasus region in 1932. The plant can now be found growing wild throughout the Western United States and Western Canada.

T. intermedium is best adapted to:
 Regions with annual rainfall between
 Soil with a pH between 5.6 and 8.4
 Locations with full exposure to the sun
 A wide range of soils but with a minimum depth of
 Locations where the minimum temperature exceeds

Uses

Forage
Thinopyrum intermedium is among the most productive forage species for the western United States. Because it heads relatively late, it can be grown effectively in mixture with alfalfa to increase its productivity, longevity, and forage quality. It regrows slowly after grazing or cutting, making it best suited to management with a single harvest per year. If multiple harvests are needed per year, other species will be more productive. If managed well, stands can persist for up to 50 years.

Habitat
Habitat for wildlife - intermediate wheatgrass can be an excellent food source for grazing and browsing animals. Left unharvested, the vegetation is a good nesting habitat for some birds and waterfowl. Generally, it is not an invasive plant and coexists well with native plant species.

Soil management
Soil management by way of erosion control and land rehabilitation are additional uses for this plant. It establishes quickly to form a protective mat of roots and rhizomes, even when planted on soils degraded by earth moving or mining. Within five years, stands have produced up to  of dry root mass in the top  of soil.
Heavy root production holds the soil in place and restores its natural fertility by increasing soil carbon.

Grain
Thinopyrum intermedium is a perennial grain crop. In 1983, the Rodale Research Center evaluated close to 100 species of perennial grasses to identify those with good potential for development into perennial grain crops. Intermediate wheatgrass was selected as the most promising species based on flavor, ease of threshing, large seed size, resistance to shattering, lodging resistance, ease of harvest, and perennial growth. Intermediate wheatgrass is nutritionally similar to wheat, and the grain can be ground into flour and used for food products, including muffins, tortillas, pancakes, cookies, crackers, bread, beer and whisky. Some products have been marketed under the trade name Kernza.

Seed production
Although the primary use of Thinopyrum intermedium is as a forage, seed production is essential because farmers and ranchers continue to establish new stands by planting the seed. In 1988 over  of seed were harvested in Saskatchewan alone, although more recently the harvest has fallen to less than  in that Canadian province. Average seed yields are about , but on-farm yields of up to  have been achieved. Seed is generally produced in rows spaced  apart. The wide row spacing (relative to grain crops like wheat) allows for sustained seed yields for five to ten years. Without spacing and occasional tillage between the rows, yields decline rapidly as the plant population becomes increasingly dense through rhizome spread. Despite this, T. intermedium is still considered lesser than wheat by some, as its seeds are comparatively tiny.

Breeding for grain production

Intermediate wheatgrass, Thinopyrum intermedium, has been widely hybridized with wheat in the effort to transfer traits such as disease resistance or perenniality. Transferring leaf rust- and powdery mildew-resistance to wheat has been a special interest. But, attempts to directly domesticate the species into a grain crop did not commence until workers at the Rodale Research Center began to evaluate collections in 1983. In 1989, after assessing 300 collections, the workers selected the best twenty based on grain yield and seed quality. The selected collections were allowed to intermate, and 380 progeny were evaluated between 1991 and 1994. The best eleven plants, plus three from another evaluation, had intermated, causing a second cycle to begin. Seeds from the best plants in the second cycle were passed to scientists at The Land Institute, where the research has continued.

In 2001 and 2002, seed from the first and second breeding cycles of the Rodale Research Center was planted at The Land Institute. In the fall of 2003, 1000 individual plants were dug up and vegetatively propagated to obtain three clones of each plant. The 3000 resulting plants were randomly transplanted to the field on a three foot by three-foot grid. In this manner, genetic differences between plants were separated from environmental influences. In 2005, heads were harvested from every plant and threshed to remove the seeds. The seeds were both counted and weighed to determine the yield per seed head and weight per seed. The fifty plants with the highest yield and largest seed were selected to intermate in 2004.

In the fall of 2004, 4000 progeny were planted to establish the second cycle of breeding at The Land Institute. In 2008, these plants were harvested separately by using a power scythe and threshed in a combine. Again the best 50 plants were selected, this time based on yield per head, seed size, shortness, and free-threshing ability.

The selection methods described above have increased seed size and yield by about 10 to 18% per cycle. But perhaps of greater importance has been the discovery of two Mendelian traits. The first is dwarfing, which results in stems about  shorter than wild-type plants and short, erect leaves. The second is a more subtle change in head shape which results in thick, non-brittle heads and slightly larger seeds. Both of these traits appear to be controlled by dominant genes.

The whole process mentioned above is called mass selection, which is breeding and selecting the best individuals to spawn the next generation. (Mass breeding, however, is a process by which large quantities of genetically diverse individuals are made.) Due to T. intermediums grass-like structures, some believe that it still needs to be domesticated as much as possible to resemble wheat.

The fact that T. intermedium is a perennial grass is important with regards to its use as a grain. The plant persists and can be harvested year after year, and its domestication would yield an additional three months of agriculture; its leaves are most active in the
months in which common wheat is not active: July through September. Despite the promise, the yield per acre of Thinopyrum intermedium is 26% of the yield of
traditional wheat. Because of this, some are putting effort into hybridizing wheat and T. intermedium instead of attempting to domesticate T. intermedium to a more acceptable yield.

Hybridization with wheat
T. intermedium has been hybridized with wheat since the 1940s. This confers some advantages. First, hybridization of T. intermedium with wheat transfers fungal- and viral-resistances to domestic wheat plants. However, which specific genes protect against which specific fungi is not known. T. elongatum and T. intermedium impart a total of four leaf rust resistance genes, while T. intermedium confers two powdery mildew resistance genes. There's evidence that T. intermedium also has resistance to wheat streak mosaic virus, the Aceria tosichella mite, Barley yellow dwarf, and others.  These conferred genes in wheat help increase yield and hardiness in times of environmental strain. Second, T. intermedium also has genes that improve bread making when hybridized with common wheat. While this may not seem like an important characteristic, better bread may mean more calories, feeding more people. In addition, bread that stays fresh longer may provide more opportunities for people to be adequately fed, and/or the bread can be transported to areas without much food access.

Strategies for domestication
The Land Institute has been working to develop viable wheat and Thinopyrum intermedium hybrids since 2001, and there have been several successful strains that shared 14 T. intermedium chromosomes and 42 wheat chromosomes. These hybrids perform better regarding yield and resistance than either of their parents, but it cannot be widespread due to the changes of climate across the world. Also, perenniality is lost with these hybrids. This loss of perenniality is a common problem with hybridization attempts. All other desired characteristics are present in the hybrids - large seeds, good yields, etc. However, crosses between durum wheat and T. intermedium have resulted in hybrids that do exhibit perenniality in addition to other desired characteristics (increased vigor, hardiness in colder weather, good yield).

There are three general strategies for domestication of T. intermedium with the purpose of creating an alternative grain crop:

 One strategy is to domesticate T. intermedium through mass breeding and selection to create a strain that mimics wheat's seed size and yield but retains T. intermediums natural resistances, hardiness, and perenniality. In other words, this strategy gives T. intermedium more wheat-like characteristics;
 A second strategy is to hybridize wheat with T. intermedium to create a strain of wheat that mimics T. intermediums resistance and perenniality but retains wheat's seed size and yield. In other words, this second strategy gives wheat more T. intermedium-like characteristics. Researchers hope that these two strategies will progress and meet in the middle.
 A third strategy is to benefit from what we know about the molecular events that led to the domestication of evolutionarily related grasses such as wheat and barley. Mutations in so-called domestication genes in wild ancestors led to the domestication phenotypes that characterize these crops today. If related genes can be identified in T. intermedium it may be possible to mutate them by new breeding technologies (targeted mutagenesis, genome editing), and in this way accelerate domestication.

Kernza

Diseases and pests
Black grassland bugs can be a problem for the cultivation of Thinopyrum intermedium, as they can cause severe damage on the wheatgrass plants. Heavy infestation can reduce seed production and coupled with unfavourable conditions lead to plant mortality. By feeding on the plants, the bugs destroy cells and the destruct or remove chlorophyll, leaving whitish spots on the plant leaves.

Disease and pest management
Thinopyrum intermedium is a perennial plant, which means that usual methods of disease management used for annual grain production might not be applicable and efficient. Also, common herbicides used in annual grain cultivation are not approved for use with intermediate wheatgrass. Therefore, different approaches are necessary to disrupt diseases cycles of multiple pathogens in Kernza grain production.

Resistance is an important factor when managing the perennial grain crop, as resistance is a defense which is active continuously and no application of active substances is needed throughout the year. T. intermedium has shown resistance against four major cereal pathogens. These are Barley yellow dwarf and wheat streak mosaic diseases, viral diseases which can cause complete yield loss without control and tan spot caused by the fungus Pyrenophora tritici-repentis and take-all caused by the fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici.

Cultivars of Kernza
Certified seed of the improved seed material are available at Crop Improvement Associations or from commercial sources. The cultivars differ in area of origin, selection traits and in regard to their purpose.

Nutritional values and use of Kernza
Kernza contains higher values of protein, ash content and dietary fiber content when compared with wheat. Further 100 gram uncooked Kernza provides 1540 kilojoule (368 kcal) of food energy and is a good source of calcium (120 mg) as well as iron (5.5 mg). Comparing Kernza to white wheat berries, calcium contents are 4.8 times higher and iron values are more than double. Kernza contains gluten but is deficient in high molecular weight glutenin, which limits its use especially in baking. The higher fat content in Kernza may increase overall rancidity, but a higher antioxidant content than wheat may offer a protective effect. There are existing products with Kernza such as Honey Toasted Kernza by Cascadian Farms and Patagonia Provisions’ Kernza beer.

Management practices
There is little known about management practices regarding specifically Kernza. According to the official Kernza webpage Kernza is already being intercropped with legumes and in an article of the StarTribune, it is said that in the Upper Midwest of the US, Kernza should be sown not later than the 1st of September to ensure root establishment before winter. However, there are still field trials being done to examine nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilisation rates and application timing to maximize grain and forage yields.

Gallery

References

External links

intermedium
Flora of Europe
Flora of Western Asia
Grasses of the United States
Cereals
Forages
Crops
Crops originating from Asia


Ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens is a type of familial, autosomal dominant ichthyosis, a rare skin disorder.  It is also known as bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma of Siemens or ichthyosis exfoliativa.  It is a genetic disorder with no known cure which is estimated to affect about 1 in 500,000 people.

Symptoms and signs
Ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens has symptoms very similar to epidermolytic hyperkeratosis but is generally milder. Ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens affects only the upper layers of the epidermis whilst epidermolytic hyperkeratosis affects the suprabasal layer which is deeper in the skin.

At birth the baby's skin has a red appearance like a sun burn (erythema). Blistering is usually present at birth and may be extensive or localized depending on the severity of the disease.

Over the first few weeks the redness disappears and is replaced by dry, flaking skin on the arms, legs and around the belly button. Other areas of skin appear normal. The skin is fragile and is prone to blistering (caused by mild trauma or sweating). After a few months hyperkeratosis develops with a dark grey or brown, ridged appearance on the ankles, knees and elbows. Palms and soles are generally unaffected. A slightly unpleasant, sweet odour may be present.

A distinctive characteristic of ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens that is not present in other forms of ichthyosis is called the "Mauserung phenomenon" (Mauserung is German for "moulting" and was first described by H.W.Siemens). These are small patches of bare, apparently normal skin in the middle of areas of hyperkeratosis.

As the affected person ages the flaking and blistering should improve. The hyperkeratosis may grow more severe but more localized and is generally only present on flexural folds of the major joints.

Genetics
Ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens is an autosomal dominant genetic condition caused by a mutation in the gene for keratin 2e on chromosome 12.
This means an affected person has a 50% chance of passing the condition on to their child. However, in about half of cases, there is no parent with the condition the genetic fault is due to a spontaneous mutation.

Diagnosis
Mild forms of ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens should be diagnosable from appearance and patient history alone. Severe cases are hard to distinguish from mild epidermolytic hyperkeratosis. A skin biopsy shows a characteristic damaged layer in the upper spinous level of the skin. It may be difficult to distinguish from epidermolytic hyperkeratosis.

The gene causing ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens is known and so a diagnosis can be confirmed by genetic testing.

Treatments

Treatments for ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens generally attempt to improve the appearance of the skin and the comfort of the patient. This is done by exfoliating and increasing the moisture of the skin. Common treatments include:
 Emollients: moisturisers, petroleum jelly or other emollients are used, often several times a day, to increase the moisture of the skin.
 Baths: long baths (possibly including salt) several times a week are used to soften the skin and allow exfoliation.
 Exfoliating creams: creams containing keratolytics such as urea, salicylic acid and lactic acid may be useful.
 Antiseptic washes: antiseptics may be used to kill bacteria in the skin and prevent odour.
 Retinoids: very severe cases may use oral retinoids to control symptoms but these have many serious side effects including, an increase in blistering.

History
Ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens was first described by the German dermatologist Hermann Werner Siemens in 1937 from his study of an affected family.

In 1994 the gene causing ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens was discovered.  In the same year, it was also proved that ichthyosis exfoliativa is the same disease as ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens.

See also
 List of cutaneous conditions
 List of cutaneous conditions caused by mutations in keratins

References

External links

Genodermatoses
Rare diseases
Cytoskeletal defects


Antigonë is a former municipality in the Gjirokastër County, southern Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Gjirokastër. The population at the 2011 census was 998. The municipal unit is known for the ancient city of Antigonia (Chaonia). The municipal unit consists of the villages Asim Zeneli, Arshi Lengo, Krinë, Tranoshisht and Saraqinisht.

References

Former municipalities in Gjirokastër County
Administrative units of Gjirokastër


Hepner Hall, designed by the senior architectural designer of the California Division of the State Architect, Howard Spencer Hazen, and completed in 1931, is the iconic academic building in the center of San Diego State University (SDSU)'s campus, just north of Malcolm A. Love Library at the entrance to the Campanile Walkway and main quad.

Hepner Hall is home to SDSU's School of Social Work, along with the Department of Gerontology and the University Center on Aging. Several faculty offices and research centers also are housed in Hepner Hall, along with an assortment of classrooms and lecture halls.

Symbol of the SDSU campus
Hepner Hall is the symbol of the campus, with its Mission Revival Style architecture, open-faced bell tower and archway. It is the most photographed building on campus. The tower bells are rung only once a year, during the yearly commencement ceremonies.

SDSU logo and seal
Hepner Hall is the centerpiece of SDSU's revised logo and presidential seal, which were unveiled in 2004.

Architecture
Entrance to the building is gained through the building's impressive portales, which are framed by turquoise and white tile. Two massive turrets frame the Catalan-style archway, which is topped by a Mission-style bell tower (campanario). Inside the archway is a ribbed Moorish-style arch vaulted ceiling with a simulated Moorish wrought iron lantern hanging from its center.

History
One of the original buildings on the SDSU campus, originally Hepner Hall was the Arts and Letters Building. It was renamed in 1976 in honor of Walter R. Hepner, President of the university from 1935 to 1952.  The building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

See also
 Aztec Center
 Hardy Memorial Tower
 Malcolm A. Love Library
 San Diego State University

References

External links

 Map of SDSU campus with location of Hepner Hall

San Diego State University
Buildings and structures in San Diego
Culture of San Diego
Landmarks in San Diego
Mission Revival architecture in California
Historic district contributing properties in California
National Register of Historic Places in San Diego
University and college buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in California


Dianic cult may refer to:
the cult of Diana (goddess)
the Cult of Herodias in medieval folklore.
the Witch-cult_hypothesis#Murray in 19th century Romanticism, invented by Margaret Murray.


The Tamaqua station is a disused railway station that is located in Tamaqua, Pennsylvania. It is part of the Tamaqua Historic District.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 26, 1985, as the Reading Railroad Passenger Station-Tamaqua.

History and architectural features
This station was originally built by the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad in 1874, which had earlier acquired the Little Schuylkill Navigation Railroad and Coal Company. It is a one-story brick building that was designed in the Italianate style.

An addition was made to the original 1874 building in 1880, giving it a "T-plan." In 1885, a freight house was added.

The station ceased train operations in 1961 and was formally abandoned in 1981.

In 1984, a local family offered to purchase the railroad station and proposed that the building would be turned into a museum, similar to Steamtown, U.S.A. in Scranton, Pennsylvania.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 26, 1985, as the Reading Railroad Passenger Station--Tamaqua.

Following a $1.5 million restoration, the building was reopened in 2004 as a heritage center.

In 2023, the station was featured on a USPS Forever stamp in a 5-stamp "Railroad Stations" series. The stamp illustrations were made by Down the Street Designs, and Derry Noyes served as the art director.

References

External links
 Tamaqua Railroad Station
Visit Pennsylvania – Tamaqua Railroad Station

Italianate architecture in Pennsylvania
Railway stations on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1874
Former Reading Company stations
Transportation buildings and structures in Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania
National Register of Historic Places in Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania
Former railway stations in Pennsylvania


Lazarat () is a village in Gjirokastër County, in southern Albania. It is located in the Dropull valley. Formerly functioning as a municipality, as part of the 2015 local government reform, it became a subdivision of the municipality of Gjirokastër. The former municipality consisted of the villages Lazarat and Kordhocë.

The population at the 2011 census was 2,801.

In recent years, Lazarat had gained the reputation as the cannabis capital of the country due to its large scale growth of cannabis by the local population. However, in June 2014, the Albanian government cracked down and destroyed the local production and transit of the drug.

Name
Its name contains the Albanian suffix -at, widely used to form toponyms from personal names and surnames.

Geography
Lazarat is a village just outside Gjirokastër, situated on mountain slope of Mali i Gjerë.

History
During the Ottoman period, following the emigration of village inhabitants to Thrace, Labs from the nearby Kurvelesh region were placed in Lazarat by Kaplan Pasha. Amidst the socio-political turbulence of the late eighteenth century in the area, Lazarat had bandits and it became a shelter for outlaws and criminals.

Since the Albanian Government's attempts to stop the illegal cultivation of cannabis, there have been a growing number of activists from around the region demanding a special status for the small commune.  The activists demand the right to legalize production and selling of cannabis inside municipality borders. The Albanian government has rejected the demand.

Crime

In June 2014, Albanian police launched a major operation against the village, involving over 800 officers. Heavily armed locals shot RPGs and fired mortar rounds at the officers, who returned fire. Police took control of most of the village, with Interior Minister Saimir Tahiri saying the operation would continue until "every square centimetre in Lazarat is under state control". Smoke rose from the village as locals reportedly burned cannabis plants.

On 24 June 2015, a member of the Albanian counter-terrorist force RENEA was shot and killed in the town, and two other soldiers wounded. A car containing gunmen had been stopped at a checkpoint, with attackers then opening fire on the soldiers from a nearby house. Ibrahim Basha was a RENEA officer who had previously served with NATO in Afghanistan. The United States Ambassador to Albania, Donald Lu, expressed condolences at the soldier's funeral, calling the incident a "national tragedy". Additional police and RENEA officers were sent to reinforce the town and locate the attackers.

Population
Lazarat is inhabited by Muslim Albanians, many of whom have traditionally been Bektashi.

Economy
The main activity is agriculture, especially animal husbandry. The area is known for its dairy products.

Cannabis
The village produced 900 tonnes of cannabis annually, worth €4.5bn, equivalent to around half of Albania's gross domestic product.

Popular culture
The eponymous film The Brave (2019) (previously Lazarat) is centred on the conflict between locals and the police.

References

External links

Former municipalities in Gjirokastër County
Administrative units of Gjirokastër
Villages in Gjirokastër County


Molecular design software is notable software for molecular modeling, that provides special support for developing molecular models de novo.

In contrast to the usual molecular modeling programs, such as for molecular dynamics and quantum chemistry, such software directly supports the aspects related to constructing molecular models, including:
 Molecular graphics
 interactive molecular drawing and conformational editing
 building polymeric molecules, crystals, and solvated systems
 partial charges development
 geometry optimization
 support for the different aspects of force field development

Comparison of software covering the major aspects of molecular design

Notes and references

See also

External links
molecular design IUPAC term definition.
Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design
Molecular Modeling resources
Materials modelling and computer simulation codes
Click2Drug.org Directory of in silico (computer-aided) drug design tools.
Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling
Journal of Computational Chemistry

Science software
Computational chemistry software
Molecular dynamics software
Molecular modelling software


DIN Standard DIN 47100 regulated the color-coding for the identification of cores in telecommunication cables. The standard was withdrawn without a replacement in November 1998, but remains in widespread use by cable manufacturers.

The isolations of the several wires in a cable are either solidly colored in one color, or striped lengthwise in two colors.  Use of the three-colored wires numbered 45 and up is rare.

References

See also
25-pair color code

47100


Abdul Hakim () is a Muslim male given name, and in modern usage, first name or surname. It is built from the Arabic words Abd, al- and Hakim. The name means "servant of the All-wise", Al-Hakīm being one of the names of God in the Qur'an, which give rise to the Muslim theophoric names.

The letter a of the al- is unstressed, and can be transliterated by almost any vowel, often by e. So the first part can appear as Abdel, Abdul or Abd-al. The second part may appear as Hakim, Hakeem, or in other ways. The whole name is subject to variable spacing and hyphenation.

Notable persons with the name Abdul Hakim or variants include:

Abdul Hakim Sialkoti (1561–1656), Punjabi Muslim scholar
Abdul Hakim (poet) (1620–1690), Bengali poet
Abdul Hakim Sarkar, Bangladeshi professor and academician
Abdul Hakeem (speaker), Speaker of the East Bengal Legislative Assembly.
Abdulhakim Arvasi (1865–1943), Turkish Islamic scholar
Abdel Hakim Amer (1919–1967), Egyptian soldier and politician
Abdel Hakim Qasem (1934–1990), Egyptian novelist
Abdul Hakim Bukhary (born 1955), Saudi held in Guantanamo
 Abdal Hakim Murad, name used by Timothy Winter (born 1960), British Muslim scholar
Abdelhakim Serrar (born 1961), Algerian footballer
Abdul Hakim Murad (militant) (born 1968), Pakistani alleged terrorist
Abdelhakim Bagy (born 1968), Moroccan-French runner
 Maulavi Abdul Hakim Munib (born ca. 1971), Afghan politician
Adel Abdulhehim (born 1974), Uighur-Chinese held in Guantanamo
Abdul Hakim al-Mousa (born 1976), Saudi held in Guantanmo
Abdihakem Abdirahman (born 1977), Somali-American long-distance runner
Abdelhakim Elouaari (born 1980), French footballer
Abdelhakim Laref (born 1985), Algerian-Belgian footballer
Abdelhakim Omrani (born 1991), French footballer
Abdul Hakeem Khan, Pakistani politician
Abdul Hakim Jan (Argandab tribal leader) (died 2008), Afghan
Abdel Hakim Tizegha, Algerian alleged terrorist
Abdel Hakim Shelmani, Libyan football referee
Abdelhakim Belhadj (born 1966), Libyan anti-Gaddafi military leader

References

See also
 Abd al-Hakam

Arabic-language masculine given names
Masculine given names


Naftalie Shigwedha Amukwelele (born 1 January 1974) commonly known as D-Naff, is a Namibian multiple award-winning and top selling rapper /singer, actor and a former street gangster. D-Naff sings inspirational Gospel / religious music in the style of kwaito, hip hop, kizomba, dancehall and afro-pop. D-Naff is also a motivational and inspirational speaker and has visited more than 100 schools, Universities and colleges in Namibia including the Namibia University of Science and Technology formerly The Polytechnic of Namibia, Windhoek College of Education, Ongwediva College of Education and the University of Namibia.

Early life
As a young boy he grew up "takandeke", a traditional popular fight among the Aawambo young men practiced as an initiation into manhood, as well as swimming in the plains and wells during or after rainy seasons with his friends, and hunting in the forests. Time and again he would come back home with his shorts torn from all the climbing and adventure.
He attended Eendombe Combined School and later Namibia English Primary School in Windhoek the Capital City of Namibia. This was after his father returned from exile after fighting for the liberation struggle of Namibia and took the then young man to the city to gain some education for the purpose of becoming better in life. This dream became a reality in D-Naff’s life however, without his father’s presence to witness what the world would refer to as D-Naff. His father died in 1998 while D-Naff was in France at the world cup performing for the world cup with his first musical group The Glamour Boys.He matriculated at Augustineum Secondary School and went on to enroll at the college of the arts under the mentor ship of the talented Ernst Von Biljorn. He is currently serving as a Senior Immigration officer in the Ministry of Home Affairs and Immigration's head office Windhoek, Namibia.

Personal life
D-Naff is married to Dainess Ziba, originally from Chingola Zambia who is also a Gospel artist and his back-up singer and the two travel together on his tours.

Career
He started his music career back in the early 90s while still a student at "Jan Jonker Afrikaner Secondary School" in Windhoek Namibia, under a group called the "Glamour Boys" which was an acappella group whose five members were all part of the National Youth Choir of Namibia, under the leadership of Conductor Mr Erenst Von Biljon. The group toured France in 1998, during the soccer world cup under the sponsorship of the Franco-Namibian Cultural Center FNCC. After giving his life to Jesus, D-Naff went on to establish a Gospel hip-hop group called Eagles in Flight which later became Heaven's Dialect. After the exodus of the Group's producer to U.S.A., the group disbanded and D-Naff went on to establish another group called "Eagle's Mentality" which became the winner of the 2005 "Best Gospel" at the Sanlam-NBC Music Awards. To date he has won more than ten (13) awards including at the NAMAS. He is ranked number 15 most downloaded artist on iTunes in Africa and number two in his home country after the Dogg.

D-Naff has been appointed as the (goodwill) Ambassador for the National Youth Council of Namibia (NYC). He has in 2014 been appointed Kora Awards goodwill Ambassador 2014/2015 to Namibia, in the fight against the Ebola virus, joining 53 other African artists and musicians who are also Kora Awards Ambassadors in their respective nations, and together they raise awareness on the Ebola virus and also to raise funds to be sent to the organizations dealing with the epidemic. They are to approach their Presidents, political leaders, business communities and the entire nation to join the Kora movement.(See Kora website). His duties as National Youth Council of Namibia Ambassador include: addressing the Namibian youth countrywide on matters facing them, being the spokesperson for them, motivating and inspiring them to be the best they can be and to live a life full of meaning. D-Naff was also a member of a Choral group called Cantare Audire, under the leadership of Mr. Ernst von Biljon at the college of the Arts. Through his career as a musician, he has toured the United States, Europe and Africa.

Music
He released his first solo album entitled Oshagwana in 2006 which made him more popular. In 2007 he released his second album entitled Iikele Yuuyuni Mbu which won him an award at the Namibian Music Awards in the gospel category with his song, "Tsipi Tsipi".  His third album Above The Limit was released in early 2008. He is currently the best selling Gospel artist in Namibia, and the country's top and most requested performing Gospel star. He has collaborated with international artist such as: Sabastian Magacha from Zimbabwe, Marvin B3 Kasomo, Mark B3 Kasomo, Prince Keddy, Ephraim Mutalange, Ty2, Damiano, Chola Chola and Tio both from Zambia. His music enjoys airplay in all radio stations across the country as well as Radio Phoenix and ZNBC in Zambia. He has released 11 albums to date. Namgospel United is a gospel movement consisting of various gospel Artists, singers and musician from Namibia which he founded with the aim of uniting gospel artists from within Namibia. The group is open to all gospel artists.

Discography

Solo albums
2006:Oshagwana
2007:Iikele Yuuyuni Mbu
2008:Above The Limit
2009:The Untold Truth
2010:Reloaded
2011:Undisputed
2012:Greatest hits
2013:Eschatology
2014:Reborn
2015:Demon proof
2016:The Light That Shines
2017:D-Naff vs Naftalie
2018:The Illegal Book
2019:Epangulo

Other albums
2005:Otweya By Eagles' Mentality
2015:A Design of Destiny By Dyna
2015:Omagumbo by Christmas
2016:Ombago Y'omkongo By Christmas
2016:Ondaka yange By Steven Side
2017:Set Apart By Lady Dyna
2020:Unbroken By Lady May Africa

Awards
To date twelve (12) awards have been won under D-Naff Entertainment.

1x Best Shambo (Sanlam /NBC Music Awards.
1x Most discipline Artist of the year (NAMAS. 2016
1x Most Socially Responsible Artist of the year (NAMAS.2015
2x Best Gospel Artist (Sanlam NBC Music Awards.
1x Best Gospel Artist (NAMAS.2013
1x Best Gospel Artist (NAMAS).2011
1x Best Gospel Artist (NAMAS)2015
1x Male Artist of the year (NGOMA 2018)
1X Best Reggae (NAMAS).2018

Other Awards

2017 Namas Best Tradition by Christmas
2018 Ngoma Best Album by Lady Dyna

NB: NAMAS - Namibia Annual Music Awards
    NGOMA - Namibia Gospel Awards

References

Living people
1974 births
20th-century Namibian male singers
Gospel musicians
Kwaito musicians
Namibian hip hop musicians
21st-century Namibian male singers
Musicians from Windhoek


The Affe mit Schädel ("Ape with skull") is a famous work by the late-19th-century German sculptor Hugo Rheinhold. The statuette is otherwise known as the Affe, einen Schädel betrachtend ("Monkey viewing or contemplating a skull"). It was first exhibited in 1893 at the Große Berliner Kunstaustellung (Great Berlin Art Exhibition).

Description
A common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) is sitting atop a pile of books and manuscripts. The subject is holding in its right hand a human skull, echoing the scene in Shakespeare's Hamlet where the Prince of Denmark mourns Yorick ("Alas, poor Yorick! I knew him…"). The chimpanzee cradles its chin with a hand in a contemplative posture. Sitting with its left leg supporting the right, the right leg holds the calipers in its foot. A spine of one of the closed books reads "Darwin".

The book open at the feet and facing the viewer has a single inscription on the right hand page: "eritis sicut deus" from Genesis 3.5 when the serpent is enticing Eve to eat of the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil in the Garden of Eden against the Lord's command, promising "And ye shall be as God [knowing good and evil]"), however the second half of this quote is missing, ripped from the lower half of the page.

Motivation
What inspired Rheinhold in making his sculpture is unknown, although it has obvious parallels with Auguste Rodin’s The Thinker. It is perhaps surprising to discover that while Rodin had developed his statue as early as 1880, it was not cast into bronze and displayed until after the Affe mit Schädel had debuted.

Interpretation
The excised Biblical quote possibly suggests good and evil cannot be known, or told apart. With the ape's study, the library of books and the caliper instruments, the suggestion is the statue is warning against the application of rationalism in the absence of morality. Furthermore, when a human is depicted holding a skull, it is usually a comment on mortality (see memento mori) and the inevitability of death; famously, Hamlet bereaves Yorick in one instance, but is soon repulsed by this macabre souvenir as it brings him face-to-face with all life's grim destiny. But, for Hugo Rheinhold's ape, it is something quite different. The ape is engaged in assessment and measurement (confirmed by the calipers). That we should even consider this level of intelligence in another species is a bold examination of ourselves through eyes that bear witness to the disproportionate leverage historically awarded humankind. Hugo Rheinhold's original inscription "eritis sicut deus" (sometimes wrongly "eritus …."), either suggests Darwinian understanding may lead to Frankenstinian abuse of life's essence, or a more inclusive innocence that recognises a place for other advanced life‑forms on our intellectual podium, if only we can just accommodate those guests. The page on which the Book of Genensis quote eritis sicut deus (“You will be like God”) is written is torn with the second part Scientes bonum et malum ("knowing good from evil") lost. Hugo was sympathetic to Darwinian ideas but familiar with Goethe's Faust, where the same quote appears with a warning on the misuse of man's power of reason, the calipers being symbolic of the scientific method.

Reproduction
While debuting at the Große Berliner Kunstaustellung, the Affe mit Schädel became noticed by the Gladenbeck foundry (set up by Carl Gustav Hermann Gladenbeck in 1851). Purchasing the rights to the statue, the foundry featured it as a bronze in their catalogue, and it became popular through its quirky originality. The 30 cm full-size moulds disappeared with the closure of the Gladenbeck foundry, but Bildgießerei Seiler GmbH obtained the 13 cm Gladenbeck casting mould (Nr. 1194).

Distribution
Gladenbeck editions of the statue are displayed at the Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Aberdeen’s Medico-Chirurgical Society, the Boston Medical Library and the Medical Library of Queen’s University in Kingston, Ontario, and also in Calgary, Cottbus, Gloucester, Kerikeri, Munnekeburen, Oakville, Osaka, Oxford, Salem am Bodensee, Stevens Point, Vienna, and famously on Lenin’s desk in the Kremlin. One was even salvaged from a World War II Junkers 88 at the bottom of Lake Attersee (Austria).

Variations
Two foundries (Seiler in Germany, Powderhall in Scotland) still produce faithfully accurate editions of the statue. These editions differ in size (13cm and 30cm, respectively) and patinas (a light traditional bronze, and a much darker penny bronze, respectively).
Other versions less faithful to the original mutate the chimp's pensive contemplation to head‑scratching bewilderment, or sacrifice metallic lustre by substitution of cheaper materials (e.g., clay), and often undermine the sculpture's poise with careless positioning of a plastic skull. Prices currently range from $10 to $4,500. When they do rarely surface in auction or through private sale, Gladenbeck pieces can fetch up to $6,000.

Citations

External links

 The Darwin Monkey Bronze Statue after Hugo Rheinhold
 Hugo Rheinhold ... and his Philosophizing Monkey
 Varieties of Rheinhold's Philosophizing Darwin Monkey
 Hugo's Philosophical Ape
 Rheinhold, Hugo (The Jewish Encyclopedia)
 Hugo Rheinhold's monkey

German sculpture
Figurines
Chimpanzees in art
Skulls in art
Sculptures of books
Apes in popular culture
Sculptures of mammals


Picar is a village and a former municipality in the Gjirokastër County, southern Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Gjirokastër. The population at the 2011 census was 937. The municipal unit consists of the villages Picar, Shtëpëz, Kolonjë, Golem and Kaparjel  which are all inhabited by Bektashi Albanians.

Notable people
Çelo Picari, one of the leaders of the Albanian Revolt of 1847.

References

Former municipalities in Gjirokastër County
Administrative units of Gjirokastër
Villages in Gjirokastër County


Michael Crow may refer to:

 Michael M. Crow (born 1955), 16th and current president of Arizona State University
 Michael Crow (journalist), former Scottish political journalist

See also
 Michael Crowe (disambiguation)


Çepo is a municipal administrative units, formerly known as communes in the Gjirokastër County, southern Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Gjirokastër. The municipal unit administrative center is Palokastër village and it consists on 10 other villages which are: Fushëbardhë, Zhulat, Taroninë, Mashkullorë, Çepun, Kodër, Plesat, Kardhiq, Prongji and Humelicë.

History
In 1185 the seat of the Orthodox bishopric of Dryinopolis was moved to Çepo until 1395 when it was transferred to Argyrokastron (modern Gjirokastër).
In Medieval times, Zhulat was the home of Papa Zhuli, as well as Fushëbardhë, he was a Catholic priest who is credited for the Kanun of Labëria. He  moved there from this region.

Demographics
The population at the 2011 census was 1,727, while in the civil registers of the same year the population had a total of 6,702 inhabitants. In 2018, referring to the same civil registry, the population had a slight decline, counting a total population of 6,224. The ethnic population of Çepo is Albanian, the Albanians of Çepo speak the Tosk dialect of the Albanian language. Historically speaking, Çepo had a mixed Muslim and Christian (Orthodox) population, with greater numbers of Muslims. Humelica was inhabited by a historically Christian population, Fushëbardhë and Zhulat were inhabited by historically Muslim populations, and much of the rest of the commune is of mixed historical confession. In the 2011 census, a plurality (44.72%) the population did not identify with one of Albania's four major denominations, while of the major four, Çepo had 42.79% Muslims, 9.44% Orthodox, 2.2% Bektashi, and 1.85% Catholic.

References

Former municipalities in Gjirokastër County
Administrative units of Gjirokastër


Beibulat Taimin or Beibulat Taimiev (1779–1832) was a North Caucasian military and political leader of Chechen origin from the Bilto teip, who led military campaigns against the Russian expansion in the North Caucasus, but also developed diplomatic relations with the Russians. In Chechen folklore, he is remembered as a figure of outstanding courage.

Historical role
Taimin is an important figure in the history of resistance to colonialism in Chechnya, described as Chechnya's "greatest and most famous war leader" and by the Russian poet Alexandr Pushkin as "The renowned Beibulat, the most feared man in the Caucasus". He may well be considered also as the first Chechen diplomat for his negotiating efforts at the height of armed clashes between mountaineers and regular troops. Taimin was a flexible politician and diplomat. He wanted good neighbourly relations between his people and the people of Russia, so he aimed at reconciling the interests of the two and called for peace talks. To this end, Taimin often met with the tsar's commissioner in the North Caucasus, General Yermolov. He established diplomatic contacts with Iran and Turkey and went to visit the countries personally.

Many historians say the role of Taimin in the political life of the North Caucasus in the first three decades of the 19th century was that of the leader of rebellions by Chechen and Ingush peoples. Among the uprisings that he led against the Russians was that in the name of Islam in 1825. However, he used his position to prevent revolts by mountaineers from turning into bloodshed and robbery. Taking the command of the mutinies, Taimin never stopped his diplomatic activity. The circumstances of his death remain unclear.

The political activity of Taimin lasted for 30 years. Sympathizing with his views, his struggle for independence and fair relations with Russia were Pushkin, Alexandr Griboyedov, the Decembrists, and later Mikhail Lermontov and Leo Tolstoy.

In folklore
Though a real historical figure, Beibulat Taimin is also a leading character of Chechen folklore. In poems and songs he is depicted as a legendary dare-devil. In oral narrative, the name of Beibulat is associated with courage or reckless boldness.

Notes

References

1779 births
1832 deaths
Chechen politicians
North Caucasian independence activists


Playing Mona Lisa is a 2000 comedy film directed by Matthew Huffman and starring Alicia Witt, Harvey Fierstein, Johnny Galecki, Elliott Gould, Marlo Thomas, Molly Hagan and Brooke Langton. It is based on a play by Marni Freedman.

Plot
Everything goes wrong all at once in gifted 23-year-old pianist Claire Goldstein's life. San Francisco has an earthquake, she loses her apartment, her boyfriend Jeremy dumps her and she misses out on an important piano competition.

Claire is forced to move home with her parents (Marlo Thomas, Elliott Gould), where sister Jenine (Molly Hagan) is busy planning a wedding. Claire's mom is into the occult, her teacher (Harvey Fierstein) tries to arrange auditions and friends try to hook her up with a new romantic prospect, Eddie, adding to the complications in her life.

Cast

Production

Development and writing
Based on Marni Freedman's play Two Goldsteins on Acid.

Filming
Shot in San Francisco in the spring of 1999.

Musical score
Composed by Carlos Rodriguez the film's score includes a variety of music.  From contemporary songs to classical piano, salsa, and polka.

Release
Released in San Francisco October 27, 2000.

Marketing
Shown at Gen Art Film Festival in New York City April 26 - May 2, 2000.

Shown at Stony Brook Film Festival July 19–29, 2000.

Shown at U.S. Comedy Arts Festival in Aspen, Colorado February 9–13, 2000.

Reception
Fresh rating of 62% from Rotten Tomatoes.

Awards
Won Audience Choice Award for Best Feature in 2000 at the Stony Brook Film Festival.

Won Film Discovery Jury Award for Best Actor Alicia Witt in 2000 at U.S. Comedy Arts Festival.

Home media
The DVD for the film was released on April 17, 2001.

See also

Notes

External links

2000 films
2000 comedy films
Films set in San Francisco
American comedy films
Touchstone Pictures films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films


This is a list of Disney attractions that have used Audio-Animatronics.

Disneyland Resort

Disneyland
 Main Street, U.S.A.
 Disneyland Railroad
 Primeval World
 Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln
 Adventureland
 Walt Disney's Enchanted Tiki Room
 Indiana Jones Adventure: Temple of the Forbidden Eye
 Jungle Cruise
 New Orleans Square
 The Haunted Mansion
 Pirates of the Caribbean
 Frontierland
 Mark Twain Riverboat
 Sailing Ship Columbia
 Big Thunder Mountain Railroad
 Mine Train Through Nature's Wonderland (since removed)
Entertainment
 Fantasmic!
 Critter Country
 Splash Mountain (since removed)
 The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh
 Tiana's Bayou Adventure (Opening in 2024)
 Country Bear Jamboree (since removed)
Fantasyland
 It's a Small World
 Matterhorn Bobsleds
 Alice in Wonderland
 Pinocchio's Daring Journey
 Snow White's Enchanted Wish
 Peter Pan's Flight
 Mickey's Toontown
 Mickey & Minnie's Runaway Railway
 Roger Rabbit's Car Toon Spin
 Tomorrowland
 Star Tours (since removed)
 Star Tours – The Adventures Continue
 Buzz Lightyear Astro Blasters
 Finding Nemo Submarine Voyage
 Submarine Voyage (since removed)
 Innoventions (since removed)
 America Sings (since removed)
 Flight to the Moon (since removed)
 Mission to Mars (since removed)
 Carousel of Progress (since moved to Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom)
 Muppet Mobile Lab
 Star Wars: Galaxy's Edge
 Millennium Falcon: Smugglers Run
 Star Wars: Rise of the Resistance
Parades
Walt Disney's Parade of Dreams (since removed)

Disney California Adventure
A Bug's Land (since removed)
It's Tough to Be a Bug! (since removed)
Avengers Campus
 Guardians of the Galaxy - Mission: Breakout!
 Web Slingers: A Spider-Man Adventure
Cars Land
Radiator Springs Racers
Hollywood Land
 Disney Junior – Live on Stage! (since removed)
 Muppet*Vision 3D (since removed)
 Mickey's PhilharMagic
 Monsters, Inc. Mike & Sulley to the Rescue!
 Superstar Limo (since removed)
 Lucky the Dinosaur (temporary 'walk-around' animatronic)
 Muppet Mobile Lab (temporary 'walk-around' animatronic)
Pixar Pier
Toy Story Midway Mania!
Paradise Gardens Park
The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Undersea Adventure

Walt Disney World Resort

Magic Kingdom
 Adventureland
 Walt Disney's Enchanted Tiki Room
 The Enchanted Tiki Room (Under New Management) (since removed)
 Jungle Cruise
 Pirates of the Caribbean
 Liberty Square
 The Hall of Presidents
 The Haunted Mansion
 Liberty Belle Riverboat
 Frontierland
 Big Thunder Mountain Railroad
 Tiana's Bayou Adventure (Opening on June 30, 2024)
 Splash Mountain (since removed)
 Country Bear Jamboree
 Country Bear Musical Jamboree (Opening in 2024)
 Fantasyland
It's a Small World
Mr. Toad's Wild Ride (since removed)
Mickey's PhilharMagic
Mickey Mouse Revue (since moved to Tokyo Disneyland)
Peter Pan's Flight
Snow White's Adventures (since removed)
Snow White's Scary Adventures (since removed)
20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: Submarine Voyage (since removed)
Under the Sea: Journey of the Little Mermaid
The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh
The Barnstormer
Enchanted Tales with Belle
Seven Dwarfs Mine Train
 Tomorrowland
The Carousel of Progress
 Stitch's Great Escape! (since removed)
 Buzz Lightyear's Space Rangers Spin
 Sonny Eclipse and the Amazing Astro Organ at Cosmic Ray's Starlight Café
 Flight to the Moon (since removed)
 Mission to Mars (since removed)
 The Timekeeper (since removed)
 ExtraTERRORestrial Alien Encounter (since removed)

Epcot
Future World (since removed)
 Innoventions (animatronics since removed)
 Universe of Energy (since removed)
Ellen's Energy Adventure (since removed)
 Wonders of Life (standing but not operating)
Cranium Command (since removed)
 Horizons (since removed)
World of Motion (since removed)
World Celebration
 Spaceship Earth
 Imagination!
 Journey Into Imagination with Figment
World Nature
 The Land
 Living with the Land
 The Seas
 The Seas with Nemo & Friends
World Showcase
 The American Adventure
 Medieval Diorama at the Sportsman's Shoppe
 Frozen Ever After
 Maelstrom (since removed)
 Chef Remy at Les Chefs de France (temporary 'walk-around' animatronic)
 Gran Fiesta Tour Starring The Three Caballeros
 El Rio del Tiempo (since rethemed to feature The Three Caballeros)
Entertainment
 Muppet Mobile Lab

Disney's Hollywood Studios
Grand Avenue
Muppet*Vision 3D
Hollywood Boulevard
Mickey and Minnie's Runaway Railway
The Great Movie Ride (since removed)
Echo Lake
Star Tours (since removed)
Star Tours - The Adventures Continue
Animation Courtyard
Disney Junior – Live on Stage! (since removed)
Sunset Boulevard
 Lightning McQueen's Racing Academy
Star Wars: Galaxy's Edge
 Millennium Falcon: Smugglers Run
 Star Wars: Rise of the Resistance
Toy Story Land
Toy Story Midway Mania! (Mr. Potato Head removed until Toy Story Land opening in 2018)
Slinky Dog Dash (Wheezy Animatronic)

Disney Springs
 World of Disney (REMOVED in Remodel of Store)

Disney's Animal Kingdom
Discovery Island
It's Tough to Be a Bug!
Zootopia 3D Show
DinoLand U.S.A.
Dinosaur
 Lucky the Dinosaur (since ended)
Tropical America
Indiana Jones Adventure (Opening in TBA)
Africa
Festival of the Lion King
Asia
Expedition Everest
Pandora – The World of Avatar
Avatar Flight of Passage
Na'vi River Journey

Tokyo Disney Resort

Tokyo Disneyland
 Adventureland
 Primeval World diorama (as part of Western River Railroad)
 Jungle Cruise
 The Enchanted Tiki Room: Stitch Presents Aloha e Komo Mai!
 The Enchanted Tiki Room: Now Playing Get the Fever! (since removed)
 Walt Disney's Enchanted Tiki Room (since removed)
 Pirates of the Caribbean
 Critter Country
 Splash Mountain
 Westernland
 Country Bear Theater
Big Thunder Mountain
 Mark Twain Riverboat
 Big Thunder Mountain Railroad
 Fantasyland
 Enchanted Tale of Beauty and the Beast
 It's a Small World
 Mickey's PhilharMagic
 Mickey Mouse Revue (since removed)
 Haunted Mansion
 Pinocchio's Daring Journey
 Pooh's Hunny Hunt
 Peter Pan's Flight
 Snow White's Adventures
 Cinderella's Fairy Tale Hall
ToonTown
Mickey's House and Meet Mickey
Roger Rabbit's Car Toon Spin
 Tomorrowland
 Star Tours (since removed)
 Star Tours – The Adventures Continue
 Buzz Lightyear's Astro Blasters
 Monsters, Inc. Ride & Go Seek

Tokyo DisneySea
 Mediterranean Harbor
 Soaring: Fantastic Flight
 Arabian Coast
Sinbad's Storybook Voyage
Magic Lamp Theater
Port Discovery
Nemo & Friends SeaRider
StormRider (since removed)
Mermaid Lagoon
Mermaid Lagoon Theater
American Waterfront
Tower of Terror
Toy Story Mania!
Fantasy Springs (Opening in Spring 2024)
 Anna and Elsa's Frozen Journey
 Fairy Tinker Bell's Busy Buggies
 Peter Pan's Never Land Adventure
 Rapunzel's Lantern Festival
Lost River Delta
Indiana Jones Adventure: Temple of the Crystal Skull
 Mysterious Island
Journey to the Center of the Earth
20,000 Leagues Under the Sea
 Entertainment
Fantasmic! (nighttime show since removed)

Disneyland Paris

Disneyland Park
 Frontierland
 Phantom Manor
 Big Thunder Mountain Railroad
 Thunder Mesa Riverboats
 Adventureland
 Le Passage Enchanté d'Aladdin
 Pirates of the Caribbean
 Colonel Hathi's Pizza Outpost
 Fantasyland
 Le Château de la Belle au Bois Dormant
 It's a Small World
 Les Voyages de Pinocchio
 Blanche Neige et les Sept Nains
 Discoveryland
 Le Visionarium (since removed)
 Les Mystères du Nautilus
 Star Tours (since removed)
 Star Tours - L'Aventure Continue
 Buzz Lightyear Laser Blast

Walt Disney Studios Park
 Worlds of Pixar
 Crush's Coaster
 Ratatouille: L'Aventure Totalement Toquée de Rémy
 Production Courtyard
 Disney Junior - Live on Stage! (since removed)
 Kingdom of Arendelle
 Frozen Ever After (TBC)
 Avengers Campus
 Avengers Assemble: Flight Force
 Web Slingers: A Spider-Man Adventure
 Star Wars: Galaxy's Edge (TBC)
 Star Wars: Rise of the Resistance (TBC)

Hong Kong Disneyland Resort

Hong Kong Disneyland
 Main Street, U.S.A.
 Hong Kong Disneyland Railroad
 Adventureland
 Jungle River Cruise
 Festival of the Lion King
 Tarzan's Treehouse on Tarzan Island
 Fantasyland
 It's a Small World
 Mickey's PhilharMagic
 The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh
 Tomorrowland
 Buzz Lightyear Astro Blasters (since removed)
 Grizzly Gulch
 Big Grizzly Mountain Runaway Mine Cars
 Mystic Point
 Mystic Manor
 World of Frozen
 Frozen Ever After (2023)
 Wandering Oaken's Sliding Sleighs (2023)
 Stark Expo (2024)
 Ant-Man and The Wasp: Nano Battle!
 Iron Man Experience (2016)
 Parades
 Mickey's WaterWorks (since removed)
 Glow in the Park Halloween Parade (since removed)
 Flights of Fantasy Parade
 Entertainment
 Muppet Mobile Lab (since removed)

Shanghai Disneyland

Shanghai Disneyland
 Tomorrowland
 Buzz Lightyear Planet Rescue
 Fantasyland
 Seven Dwarfs Mine Train
 The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh
 Peter Pan's Flight
 Treasure Cove
 Pirates of the Caribbean - Battle for the Sunken Treasure
 City of Zootopia (Opening in 2023)
 Zootopia: Hot Pursuit
 Adventure Isle
 Roaring Rapids (Disney)
 Soaring Over the Horizon

References

Lists of Disney attractions
Disney technology
Entertainment robots
Audio-Animatronics