In the mathematical subject of geometric group theory, a Dehn function, named after Max Dehn, is an optimal function associated to a finite group presentation which bounds the area of a relation in that group (that is a freely reduced word in the generators representing the identity element of the group) in terms of the length of that relation (see pp. 79–80 in ). The growth type of the Dehn function is a  quasi-isometry invariant of a finitely presented group. The Dehn function of a finitely presented group is also closely connected with non-deterministic algorithmic complexity of the word problem in groups. In particular, a finitely presented group has solvable word problem if and only if the Dehn function for a finite presentation of this group is recursive (see Theorem 2.1 in ). The notion of a Dehn function is motivated by isoperimetric problems in geometry, such as the classic isoperimetric inequality for the Euclidean plane and, more generally, the notion of a filling area function that estimates the area of a minimal surface in a Riemannian manifold in terms of the length of the boundary curve of that surface.

History

The idea of an isoperimetric function for a finitely presented group goes back to the work of Max Dehn in 1910s. Dehn proved that the word problem for the standard presentation of the fundamental group of a closed oriented surface of genus at least two is solvable by what is now called Dehn's algorithm. A direct consequence of this fact is that for this presentation the Dehn function satisfies Dehn(n) ≤ n. This result was extended in 1960s by Martin Greendlinger to finitely presented groups satisfying the C'(1/6) small cancellation condition. The formal notion of an isoperimetric function and a Dehn function as it is used today appeared in late 1980s – early 1990s together with the introduction and development of the theory of word-hyperbolic groups. In his 1987 monograph "Hyperbolic groups" Gromov proved that a finitely presented group is word-hyperbolic if and only if it satisfies a linear isoperimetric inequality, that is, if and only if the Dehn function of this group is equivalent to the function f(n) = n. Gromov's proof was in large part informed by analogy with filling area functions for compact Riemannian manifolds where the area of a minimal surface bounding a null-homotopic closed curve is bounded in terms of the length of that curve.

The study of isoperimetric and Dehn functions quickly developed into a separate major theme in geometric group theory, especially since the growth types of these functions are natural quasi-isometry invariants of finitely presented groups. One of the major results in the subject was obtained by Sapir, Birget and Rips who showed that most "reasonable" time complexity functions of Turing machines can be realized, up to natural equivalence, as Dehn functions of finitely presented groups.

Formal definition

Let

be a finite group presentation where the X is a finite alphabet and where R ⊆ F(X) is a finite set of cyclically reduced words.

Area of a relation

Let w ∈ F(X) be a relation in G, that is, a freely reduced word such that w = 1 in G. Note that this is equivalent to saying that w belongs to the normal closure of R in F(X), that is, there exists a representation of w as

   (♠)

where m ≥ 0 and where ri ∈ R± 1 for i = 1, ..., m.

For w ∈ F(X) satisfying w = 1 in G, the area of w with respect to (∗), denoted Area(w), is the smallest m ≥ 0 such that there exists a representation (♠) for w as the product in F(X) of m conjugates of elements of R± 1.

A freely reduced word w ∈ F(X) satisfies w = 1 in G if and only if the loop labeled by w in the presentation complex for G corresponding to (∗) is null-homotopic. This fact can be used to show that Area(w) is the smallest number of 2-cells in a van Kampen diagram over (∗) with boundary cycle labelled by w.

Isoperimetric function

An isoperimetric function for a finite presentation (∗) is a monotone non-decreasing function

such that whenever w ∈ F(X) is a freely reduced word satisfying w = 1 in G, then
Area(w) ≤ f(|w|),
where |w| is the length of the word w.

Dehn function
Then the Dehn function of a finite presentation (∗) is defined as

Equivalently, Dehn(n) is the smallest isoperimetric function for (∗), that is, Dehn(n) is an isoperimetric function for (∗) and for any other isoperimetric function f(n) we have
Dehn(n) ≤ f(n)
for every n ≥ 0.

Growth types of functions

Because the exact Dehn function usually depends on the presentation, one usually studies its asymptotic growth type as n tends to infinity, which only depends on the group.

For two monotone-nondecreasing functions

one says that f is dominated by g if there exists C ≥1 such that

for every integer n ≥ 0. Say that f ≈ g if f is dominated by g and g is dominated by f. Then ≈ is an equivalence relation and Dehn functions and isoperimetric functions are usually studied up to this equivalence relation.
Thus for any a,b > 1 we have an ≈ bn. Similarly, if f(n) is a polynomial of degree d (where d ≥ 1 is a real number) with non-negative coefficients, then f(n) ≈ nd. Also, 1 ≈ n.

If a finite group presentation admits an isoperimetric function f(n) that is equivalent to a linear (respectively, quadratic, cubic, polynomial, exponential, etc.) function in n, the presentation is said to satisfy a linear (respectively, quadratic, cubic, polynomial, exponential, etc.) isoperimetric inequality.

Basic properties
If G and H are quasi-isometric finitely presented groups and some finite presentation of G has an isoperimetric function f(n) then for any finite presentation of H there is an isoperimetric function equivalent to f(n). In particular, this fact holds for G = H, where the same group is given by two different finite presentations.
Consequently, for a finitely presented group the growth type of its Dehn function, in the sense of the above definition, does not depend on the choice of a finite presentation for that group. More generally, if two finitely presented groups are quasi-isometric then their Dehn functions are equivalent.
For a finitely presented group G given by a finite presentation (∗) the following conditions are equivalent:
G has a recursive Dehn function with respect to (∗).
There exists a recursive isoperimetric function f(n) for (∗).
The group G has solvable word problem.
In particular, this implies that solvability of the word problem is a quasi-isometry invariant for finitely presented groups.
Knowing the area Area(w) of a relation w allows to bound, in terms of |w|, not only the number of conjugates of the defining relations in (♠) but the lengths of the conjugating elements ui as well. As a consequence, it is known that if a finitely presented group G given by a finite presentation (∗) has computable Dehn function Dehn(n), then the word problem for G is solvable with non-deterministic time complexity Dehn(n) and deterministic time complexity Exp(Dehn(n)). However, in general there is no reasonable bound on the Dehn function of a finitely presented group in terms of the deterministic time complexity of the word problem and the gap between the two functions can be quite large.

Examples

For any finite presentation of a finite group G we have Dehn(n) ≈ n.
For the closed oriented surface of genus 2, the standard presentation of its fundamental group

satisfies Dehn(n) ≤ n and Dehn(n) ≈ n.
For every integer k ≥ 2 the free abelian group  has Dehn(n) ≈ n2.
The Baumslag-Solitar group

has Dehn(n) ≈ 2n (see ).
The 3-dimensional discrete Heisenberg group

satisfies a cubic but no quadratic isoperimetric inequality.
Higher-dimensional Heisenberg groups
,
where k ≥ 2, satisfy quadratic isoperimetric inequalities.
If G is a "Novikov-Boone group", that is, a finitely presented group with unsolvable word problem, then the Dehn function of G growths faster than any recursive function.
For the Thompson group F the Dehn function is quadratic, that is, equivalent to n2 (see ).
The so-called Baumslag-Gersten group

has a Dehn function growing faster than any fixed iterated tower of exponentials. Specifically, for this group
Dehn(n) ≈ exp(exp(exp(...(exp(1))...)))
where the number of exponentials is equal to the integral part of log2(n) (see ).

Known results

A finitely presented group is word-hyperbolic group if and only if its Dehn function is equivalent to n, that is, if and only if every finite presentation of this group satisfies a linear isoperimetric inequality.
Isoperimetric gap: If a finitely presented group satisfies a subquadratic isoperimetric inequality then it is word-hyperbolic. Thus there are no finitely presented groups with Dehn functions equivalent to nd with d ∈ (1,2).
Automatic groups and, more generally, combable groups satisfy quadratic isoperimetric inequalities.
A finitely generated nilpotent group has a Dehn function equivalent to nd where d ≥ 1 and all positive integers d are realized in this way. Moreover, every finitely generated nilpotent group G admits a polynomial isoperimetric inequality of degree c + 1, where c is the nilpotency class of G.
The set of real numbers d ≥ 1, such that there exists a finitely presented group with Dehn function equivalent to nd, is dense in the interval .
If all asymptotic cones of a finitely presented group are simply connected, then the group satisfies a polynomial isoperimetric inequality.
If a finitely presented group satisfies a quadratic isoperimetric inequality, then all asymptotic cones of this group are simply connected.
If (M,g) is a closed Riemannian manifold and G = π1(M) then the Dehn function of G is equivalent to the filling area function of the manifold.
If G is a group acting properly discontinuously and cocompactly by isometries on a CAT(0) space, then G satisfies a quadratic isoperimetric inequality. In particular, this applies to the case where G is the fundamental group of a closed Riemannian manifold of non-positive sectional curvature (not necessarily constant).
The Dehn function of SL(m, Z) is at most exponential for any m ≥ 3. For SL(3,Z) this bound is sharp and it is known in that case that the Dehn function does not admit a subexponential upper bound. The Dehn functions for SL(m,Z), where m > 4 are quadratic.  The Dehn function of SL(4,Z), has been conjectured to be quadratic, by Thurston. This and, more generally, Gromov's conjecture that lattices in higher rank Lie groups have a quadratic Dehn function has been proved by Leuzinger and Young.
Mapping class groups of surfaces of finite type are automatic and satisfy quadratic isoperimetric inequalities.
The Dehn functions for the groups Aut(Fk) and Out(Fk) are exponential for every  k ≥ 3. Exponential isoperimetric inequalities for Aut(Fk) and Out(Fk) when k ≥ 3 were found by Hatcher and Vogtmann. These bounds are sharp, and the groups Aut(Fk) and Out(Fk) do not satisfy subexponential isoperimetric inequalities, as shown for k = 3 by Bridson and Vogtmann, and for k ≥ 4 by Handel and Mosher.
For every automorphism φ of a finitely generated free group Fk the mapping torus group  of φ satisfies a quadratic isoperimetric inequality.
Most "reasonable" computable functions that are ≥n4, can be realized, up to equivalence, as Dehn functions of finitely presented groups. In particular, if f(n) ≥ n4 is a superadditive function whose binary representation is computable in time  by a Turing machine then f(n) is equivalent to the Dehn function of a finitely presented group.
Although one cannot reasonably bound the Dehn function of a group in terms of the complexity of its word problem, Birget, Olʹshanskii, Rips and Sapir obtained the following result, providing a far-reaching generalization of Higman's embedding theorem: The word problem of a finitely generated group is decidable in nondeterministic polynomial time if and only if this group can be embedded into a finitely presented group with a polynomial isoperimetric function. Moreover, every group with the word problem solvable in time T(n) can be embedded into a group with isoperimetric function equivalent to n2T(n2)4.

Generalizations

There are several companion notions closely related to the notion of an isoperimetric function. Thus an isodiametric function bounds the smallest diameter (with respect to the simplicial metric where every edge has length one) of a van Kampen diagram for a particular relation w in terms of the length of w. A filling length function the smallest filling length of a van Kampen diagram for a particular relation w in terms of the length of w. Here the filling length of a diagram is the minimum, over all combinatorial null-homotopies of the diagram, of the maximal length of intermediate loops bounding intermediate diagrams along such null-homotopies. The filling length function is closely related to the non-deterministic space complexity of the word problem for finitely presented groups. There are several general inequalities connecting the Dehn function, the optimal isodiametric function and the optimal filling length function, but the precise relationship between them is not yet understood.
There are also higher-dimensional generalizations of isoperimetric and Dehn functions. For k ≥ 1 the k-dimensional isoperimetric function of a group bounds the minimal combinatorial volume of (k + 1)-dimensional ball-fillings of k-spheres mapped into a k-connected space on which the group acts properly and cocompactly; the bound is given as a function of the combinatorial volume of the k-sphere. The standard notion of an isoperimetric function corresponds to the case k = 1. Compared to the classical case only little is known about these higher dimensional filling functions. One chief result is that lattices in higher rank semisimple Lie groups are undistorted in dimensions below the rank, i.e. they satisfy the same filling functions as their associated symmetric space.

In his monograph Asymptotic invariants of infinite groups Gromov proposed a probabilistic or averaged version of Dehn function and suggested that for many groups averaged Dehn functions should have strictly slower asymptotics than the standard Dehn functions. More precise treatments of the notion of an averaged Dehn function or mean Dehn function were given later by other researchers who also proved that indeed averaged Dehn functions are subasymptotic to standard Dehn functions in a number of cases (such as nilpotent and abelian groups).

A relative version of the notion of an isoperimetric function plays a central role in Osin' approach to relatively hyperbolic groups.
Grigorchuk and Ivanov  explored several natural generalizations of Dehn function for group presentations on finitely many generators but with infinitely many defining relations.

See also
van Kampen diagram
Word-hyperbolic group
Automatic group
Small cancellation theory
Geometric group theory

Notes

Further reading
Noel Brady, Tim Riley and Hamish Short. The Geometry of the Word Problem for Finitely Generated Groups. Advanced Courses in Mathematics CRM Barcelona, Birkhäuser, Basel, 2007. .
Martin R. Bridson. The geometry of the word problem. Invitations to geometry and topology, pp. 29–91, Oxford Graduate Texts in Mathematics, 7, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2002. .

External links
The Isoperimetric Inequality for SL(n,Z). A September 2008 Workshop at the American Institute of Mathematics.
PDF of Bridson's article The geometry of the word problem.

Geometric group theory
Geometric topology
Combinatorics on words


Baljci (), also referred to as Baljke (), is a village in the Dalmatian Hinterland, southeast of Knin in the Šibenik-Knin County. The settlement is administered as a part of the Ružić municipality.

Before the Croatian war, the village was mostly populated by ethnic Serbs, with a tiny Croat minority. The main economic activity was agriculture and animal husbandry. Following the Operation Storm in August 1995, the village became uninhabited and all Serb houses were looted and destroyed. In recent years, some people have started to rebuild their houses and a small number of former villagers have decided to resettle in Baljci.

Geography
Baljci consists of Gornji Baljci (“Upper Baljci”) and Donji Baljci (“Lower Baljci”). Gornji Baljci is located in the Svilaja mountains. Donji Baljci extends to the valley of the river Čikola in Petrovo Polje, which is mainly used for agriculture.

History

Baljci was founded during the 16th century by vlachs coming from Eastern Herzegovina, who essentially belonged to the Mirilovići clan. These people, who were of Serbian Orthodox faith, were settled there by the Turks after the previous population had almost entirely fled to the Republic of Venice and the Kingdom of Hungary. The name of the village itself was probably chosen in reference to Baljci in Herzegovina, from where some of the new settlers came from, as for the neighboring settlement of Mirilović, today known as Mirlović Polje. Over a few decades, Baljci was definitely established on the territory of a former medieval village known in historical sources as Suhovare. Under this former settlement name, Baljci was included in the Ottoman nahiye of Petrovo Polje, itself part of the Sanjak of Klis.

At the end of the 17h century, after the War of Candia, Baljci and the neighboring villages were annexed by the Republic of Venice. New settlers came to the village in the 18th century, which also saw the building of an Orthodox church dedicated to St. John the Baptist in 1730.

In 1815, Dalmatia became a crown land of the Austrian Empire. Emperor Francis II decided to put the Orthodox eparchy from Dalmatia under the Catholic hierarchy, exhorting the local Serbian Orthodox clergy to accept union with the Catholic Church. The attempt was successful when, on January 31, 1832, Marko Busović and Petar Krička, two former Orthodox priests from Baljci and Kričke, became Uniates: they accepted to profess the Catholic faith while remaining faithful to their Eastern Christian rite and tradition. Baljci then saw the rapid building of a Greek Catholic church dedicated to the Transfiguration of the Lord. After that, many Serbs from Baljci became Uniates, with a population of up to 228 people in 1850. However, in 1849, Orthodoxy was recognized as an official cult of the Austrian empire, an event which prevented further mass conversions to Greek Catholicism. Uniates from Baljci started either to convert back to Orthodoxy or to migrate to larger cities of Dalmatia and Slavonia. In 1890, only 28 of them remained in the village. The Greek Catholic church was burnt down in 1942 and after World War II, Greek Catholicism completely disappeared from Baljci.

During World War II, most men from Baljci entered the Resistance, being divided between Chetniks and Partisans. In 1942, Baljci was mostly a Chetnik stronghold of about 300 men, where the headquarters of the Svilaja Brigade were located. In 1943 and particularly after the surrender of Italy, Partisans became the most important of the two groups, even managing to attract Chetniks deserters. A memorial commemorating Baljci's fallen Partisans was erected in 1977 in the central place of the village, near the church.

In the decades following World War II, some people from Baljci migrated to Serbia, were they settled mainly in Šid. Others migrated to Western countries, mostly in Germany, often to work as laborers.

During the Croatian War of Independence, Baljci was part of the Republic of Serbian Krajina. Following the Operation Storm, in August 1995, the village became uninhabited after the Serbian population fled to Serbia and all their houses were looted, burned and destroyed. In 1998, 15 gravestones from the Orthodox cemetery, belonging mostly to the Bibić and Jošić families, were destroyed. Damaged during the war, the Orthodox church was restored in 2006 thanks to a donation from former NBA player Dragan Tarlać, whose ancestors were from Baljci. However, a few years later, the memorial to fallen Partisans was heavily damaged by unknown individuals. While still lacking proper infrastructure, some people from Baljci started to rebuild their houses in the 2010s.

Demographics

Ethnic composition
In 1961, Yugoslavian authorities started detailed censuses, including nationalities and minorities for each settlement. The last one was conducted in 1991, before the war. Results of these censuses are shown in the following table:

Economy
Before the war, the main economic activity was agriculture and animal husbandry. Baljci was locally famous for its production of Drniš ham ().

Culture
The village Slava is that of the Nativity of John the Baptist (Ivanjdan), celebrated on July 7. For over a decade, dozens of former villagers and their relatives have been coming to Baljci on this day.

Surnames
The following surnames are those of families that lived in the village until 1995:

The following surnames were also found in the 19th century and early 20th century:
Borojević, Serbs
Knez, Serbs
Makšić, Serbs
Puđaš, Serbs

The Venetian cadastres of Baljci from 1711 and 1755 give older surnames that have disappeared from the village or were later present in the neighboring settlements of Mirlović Polje and Gradac:
Bodgan, written as Bodganović; found in Mirlović Polje in the 20th century
Grbešić
Grubišić, still present in Gradac
Jajćanin
Kovačević
Munimagarac
Ninčević
Poplašen, sometimes written as Poplašenović; found in Mirlović Polje in the 20th century
Savić
Vukčević

Finally, a few older surnames can be found in the writings of the notaries of Šibenik from the 16th and 17th centuries. They come from people from Baljci, called Morlachs by the Venetians, who went to Šibenik to sell their products and buy merchandises unavailable in the Dalmatian Hinterland.
Cvitković
Gredelj, also written as Gredeljević
Luljić
Milivojević
Pavlović
Rutnić
Slipčević

History of Baljci's families
The oldest attested surname of current Baljci's families is Bibić, coming from Radivoj Bibić, who went to Šibenik in 1620 and 1628. However, an earlier mention, not of a surname but of a first name, is of a person named Poplah, from the Ottoman census of Suhovare (Baljci's previous name), in 1574. This Poplah is most likely the ancestor of the Poplašen family. Similarly, the brothers Vuško and Radivoj Bogdanović, who went to Šibenik in 1601, are probably related to the Bogdan family of Mirlović Polje.

In the Venetian cadastre of 1711, five of the current surnames of Baljci are mentioned: Bešević, Bibić, Jošić, Klisurić and Milanković, as well as Bogdan and Poplašen, who were at that time considered to be located in Baljci. The surnames Gegić and Gugić are first mentioned in the cadastre from 1755, while Radomilović is mentioned in the cadastre of Gradac of the same years. From the cadastre of Baljci from 1711, we learn that two members of the Bešević brotherhood had the same name, Jovan, and received nicknames to be distinguished from each other. One was Jovan Bešević called Obrad (Zuane Besevich ditta Obrad), the other Jovan Bešević called Miloš (Zuane Besevich ditta Milos). The first one became the founder of Baljci's Obradović family, a fact that is proven by the cadastre from 1755, where the surname Obradović is added to the name of the descendants of the aforementioned Jovan: Jovan Bešević called Obradović and Petar Bešević called Obradović. On this matter, the cadastre from 1755 in even more interesting, because two other Jovan Bešević were nicknamed: one was Jovan Bešević called Novak, the other Jovan Bešević called Tarlać. The first one explains why Bešević's family members were often called Novaci in the past, while the second is the direct ancestor of the Tarlać family. In the same cadastre, there is also a mention of the harambaša Stojan Bešević, who is most likely the ancestor of Baljci's Arambašić family. Similarly, the Romac family comes from another nickname, that of Jovan Bogdan called Romac, while the Džaleta family comes from Petar Bibić called Džaleta. Finally, the Venetian cadastre from 1755 also testifies to the arrival of a new family from Plavno, the Munimagarac, one member of which, Gligorije Munimagarac, is probably the founder of Baljci's Gligorić family. These two cadastres explain the origin of most of Baljci's families, with the exceptions of the Bašić, Gutić, Janković, Mudrić, Tetek and Tošić.

References

Sources

Populated places in Šibenik-Knin County
Serb communities in Croatia


Colin Peter Furze (born 14 October 1979) is a British YouTube personality, stuntman, inventor, and filmmaker from Stamford, Lincolnshire, England. Furze left school to become a plumber, a trade which he pursued until joining the Sky1 programme Gadget Geeks. Furze has used his plumbing and engineering experience to build many unconventional contraptions, including a hoverbike, a wall of death, a jet-powered motorcycle made with pulsejet engines, and the world's fastest mobility scooter, pram, and dodgem.

Certain projects he has undertaken have been funded by television and video game franchises for promotion, including a spring-loaded hidden blade and grappling hook from the Assassin's Creed franchise, an artificial-turf-covered BMW E30 containing a hot tub and barbecue grill, and a bunker underneath his back garden to promote Sky1's television series You, Me and the Apocalypse. He celebrates reaching YouTube subscriber milestones by staging extravagant firework stunts.

Biography
Furze has said that he attended Malcolm Sargent Primary School as a child until he entered secondary school. By then he had already begun making underground dens and a few tree houses. He became a plumber after leaving school at 16, which allowed him to focus working on tools, gadgets and engineering. Shortly after the death of his father, he discovered the video-sharing website YouTube on which he shared his inventions beginning with his wall of death ramp in 2007.

He and his girlfriend, Charlotte, have a daughter named Erin and a son (born in 2012) named Jake, who is often featured in his videos.

He is helped by his good friends Tom Lamb and Rick Simpson.

Inventions
Furze's many contraptions are publicised on his YouTube channel. On 13 March 2010, he uploaded a video of his converted scooter, incorporating a flame thrower that could shoot flames up to  in the air. On 25 March 2010, Furze was arrested by Lincolnshire Police, for possessing an object converted into a firearm (in UK law a flame thrower is a type of firearm). He was released on bail without charge the next day. This was Furze's third attempt at producing such a device, as the first did not ignite and the second burst into flames.

On 5 May 2014, Furze posted a video to kick off his 3-week long X-Men characters special by designing a set of realistic Wolverine claws based on a pneumatic system. Within its first week it had received over three million views.

On 23 October 2015, Furze released a video showing off the start of a new multi-part build, in which he would construct a Hidden Blade to promote the new Ubisoft game, Assassin's Creed: Syndicate. Furze went on to make the Hidden Blade, a spring-loaded concealed blade that activates at the flick of the wrist with the help of a ring-triggered wheel mechanism, a rope launcher and a winch device, all built onto a frame that fit his wrist.

In November 2015, Furze constructed an underground bomb shelter beneath his garden, as part of a request by Sky1 to promote the series You, Me and the Apocalypse. The bunker contains a corridor and a large main room, as well as a fully functional air filtration system and has an entrance shaft concealed by a garden shed.

In 2016, Furze created a "hoverbike" using two paramotors.

Furze has completed three Star Wars themed challenges in partnership with eBay. In 2016, he completed a giant AT-AT garden playhouse, followed by a full size Kylo Ren Tie Silencer in 2017. In 2019, he completed a moving Landspeeder from Star Wars A New Hope. The vehicle was auctioned off on eBay, with all of the funds going to BBC Children in Need.

In May of 2018, Furze completed a working life-size Hulk buster in partnership with EBay, which is where he gained the parts to make it from. He also worked with YouTuber James Bruton, who made the control panel to operate the machine.

In December 2020 he created a 14 metre high trebuchet capable of throwing a washing machine.

In March, 2022, he announced the completion of a tunnel that links his house and his workshop. Lined with metal sheets and concrete, it took him three years to construct. Extensions towards the bunker and the driveway are planned next.

In April of 2023, Colin constructed a machine that he said made him “weightless”. It worked by having a pivot 3 metres in the air with a 7.5 metre extendable arm and seat on one side, and a 1 tonne concrete block as a counterweight on the other. This allowed him to jump higher, as the counterweight almost balances his weight. The invention was sponsored by Warframe.

His YouTube channel has 12.4 million subscribers as of 29 April 2023.

Achievements
On 24 October 2008, Furze revealed a  motorbike that he had built to break the world record of the longest motorcycle. This was done by attaching beams in place of the back. He completed the record by riding it a minimum of .

On 14 October 2010, it was announced that Furze had modified a mobility scooter to give it the ability to reach  in an attempt to enter the Guinness Book of Records. It took him nearly three months to build and has a  motocross engine.

On 10 October 2012, Furze posted a video showing a pram fitted with an engine which, if it travelled over , would make it the world's fastest pram. He succeeded in breaking the world record by achieving . The pram was featured in the October 2013 copy of Popular Science Magazine, in which Furze was interviewed about his reasons for having modified the pram.

On 30 March 2017, Furze posted a video showing a restored 1960s dodgem fitted with a  motor cycle engine producing around . The dodgem achieved a top speed of , with an average speed of  from a run in each direction – making it the world's fastest bumper car, as approved by Guinness World Records. BBC Worldwide asked Furze to complete the project for The Stig to drive.

Television
Furze made his television debut by appearing as the 'Mystery Guest' in Episode 1, Series 3 of Russell Howard's Good News, where he showed off his mobility scooter project. The scooter was damaged in transit and was unable to work properly on stage, but Russell got on the scooter regardless and Furze pushed him around on it.

Furze appeared as one of the experts on Gadget Geeks, the short-lived Sky1 series, in which the trio of experts would consult a member of the British public to test an invention idea in the workplace, along with the entertainer Tom Scott and Charles Yarnold. Furze has been 'number one' multiple times on the Science Channel show Outrageous Acts of Science and has appeared on the E4 show Virtually Famous twice, demonstrating his wolverine claws on 28 July 2014 and again, the following year, showcasing the "toaster knife".

He went further afield, appearing on German television with his toaster knife.

He appeared as a guest and "challenge" in the third season of the German tv game show Joko gegen Klaas - Das Duell um die Welt. One of the contestants had to be Furze's assistant for a day and had to test any invention he presented.

Furze's inventions were featured on the 11 February 2020 episode of Great British Inventions hosted by David Jason.

Books
Colin Furze authored "This Book Isn't Safe", a collection of projects intended for children and adults to recreate at home and spur an interest in engineering.

References

External links
 Youtube
 Twitter
 Website

English stunt performers
Living people
21st-century British inventors
1979 births
English YouTubers
People from Stamford, Lincolnshire
English inventors


Ákos Ráthonyi (26 March 1908 – 6 January 1969) was a Hungarian film director and screenwriter. He directed 42 films between 1936 and 1968. He was born in Budapest, Hungary and died in Munich, West Germany.

Selected filmography
 Sarajevo (1940)
 Renee XIV (1946, uncompleted)
 Unknown Sender (1950)
 You Have to be Beautiful (1951)
 Don't Blame the Stork (1954)
 Mrs. Warren's Profession (1960)
 The Devil's Daffodil (1961)
 Beloved Impostor (1961)
 The Phony American (1961)
 Cave of the Living Dead (1964)
 Take Off Your Clothes, Doll (1968)

References

External links

1908 births
1969 deaths
Hungarian film directors
Hungarian male screenwriters
German-language film directors
20th-century Hungarian screenwriters


Leroy is a census-designated place located in Washington County, Alabama, around  north of Mobile. As of the 2010 census, its population was 911.

Demographics

Notable people
Sammie Coates, NFL wide receiver for the Kansas City Chiefs
Phillip Ervin, professional baseball outfielder for the Cincinnati Reds
Emanuel King, former NFL player
Simmie Knox, American painter
Kelvin Moore, former first baseman for the Oakland Athletics
Danny Powell, Alabama baseball coaches Hall of Fame member
Clifton Covington, Draft Pick of San Francisco Giants
Clint Mosely, Auburn Quarterback

References

Census-designated places in Alabama
Census-designated places in Washington County, Alabama


The Kauffman House is a rustic log house in Grand Lake, Colorado that functioned as a hotel from its construction in 1892 to 1973.  It was built by Ezra Kauffman, a local prospector, trapper and builder of log structures who operated it as a hotel until his death in 1920 at age 71.  It was then operated as a summer hotel by his widow and daughters until World War II.

The log structure is built of timber cut, sawn and hauled by Ezra Kauffman.  The logs were sawn on three sides and left rounded on the outside. Inside walls were lined with metal and a muslin facing, with wallpaper pasted to the fabric in most rooms, with colored fabric left exposed in some rooms. Oilcloth was used on the kitchen walls and ceiling. The logs were laid on a stone foundation.  Gables are finished in fish-scale shingles. The house featured an indoor water supply fed from a galvanized tank in the attic, which was filled from a hand pump at the lakeshore. Water was hauled by hand in the winter.

In 1946 the Kauffmans sold the house to Henry Rhone who operated it until 1973, when the Grand Lake Historical Society purchased the house for use as a museum. It is the only pre-20th century log hotel remaining in Grand Lake.

The Kauffman House was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 21, 1974.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Grand County, Colorado

References

External links
Grand Lake Area Historical Society - Kauffman House Museum

Hotel buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Colorado
Houses completed in 1892
Historic house museums in Colorado
Rustic architecture in Colorado
Log houses in the United States
Museums in Grand County, Colorado
National Register of Historic Places in Grand County, Colorado
Log buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Colorado
1892 establishments in Colorado
Grand Lake, Colorado


Renzo Furlan was the defending champion, but did not participate this year.

Gilbert Schaller won the title, defeating Álbert Costa 6–4, 6–2 in the final.

Seeds

  Gilbert Schaller (champion)
  Álbert Costa (final)
  Karol Kučera (first round)
  Tomás Carbonell (quarterfinals)
  Franco Davín (second round)
  Oscar Martinez (first round)
  Jordi Arrese (first round)
  Marc-Kevin Goellner (quarterfinals)

Draw

Finals

Top half

Bottom half

External links
 ATP – 1995 Grand Prix Hassan II Singles draw

Singles


Snowden Hall is a  historic house located on the grounds of the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, outside Laurel in Prince George's County, Maryland, United States. It stands on open rolling ground approximately -mile west of the Patuxent River.

History
Snowden Hall is a two-story Georgian brick house and was the home of three generations of the Snowden family.  The  parcel of land on which it stands was the nucleus of the Snowden family plantation. The family were slave holders and more than a hundred slaves were known to gather at Snowden Hall to listen to Bible readings on Sunday mornings.

The original Snowden Hall was constructed by Richard Snowden in the 18th century. The site is a portion of a  land grant from King Charles II. Sometime between 1812 and 1816 the Hall burned and was rebuilt as "Rose Cottage." Rose Cottage was subsequently raised to a full two stories in the 1850s. Former slave quarters and a large barn were on the east side of the property into the 1930s.

The property was purchased and renovated for government use in 1936, first as apartments and later as an office building.  The low flanking wings were built at that time using bricks from the recently purchased pre-Civil War Duvall plantation house "Gladswood" on the southern section of the research center lands.

See also
Patuxent Research Refuge

References

External links

Houses completed in the 19th century
Plantation houses in Maryland
Houses in Prince George's County, Maryland
Historic American Buildings Survey in Maryland
Buildings and structures in Laurel, Maryland
Georgian architecture in Maryland


Barau may refer to:

 Barau, German name for Bavorov, town in Strakonice District in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic
 Suleimanu Barau, 6th emir of Abuja
 Barau's petrel, medium-sized gadfly petrel from the family Procellariidae
 Barau-Satan, a minor demon in the Élus Coëns tradition of Martinez de Pasqually


is a song by Japanese rock band Asian Kung-Fu Generation. It was released as the second single of their third studio album, Fanclub, on February 15, 2006. The song is unique for a number of reasons. Not only was it the first single AKG released following their tenth anniversary, it also became their first number-one single, debuting at the top of the Oricon charts. The song's b-side, "Uso to Wonderland," was also the first recording in which Kensuke Kita held the position of lead singer.

Music video
The music video for "World Apart" was directed by Nobuyuki Matsukawa, with planning by Atsushi Masachika and Satoshi Iwashita.

Track listing

Personnel
Masafumi Gotō – lead vocals, rhythm guitar
Kensuke Kita – lead guitar, background vocals
Takahiro Yamada –  bass, background vocals
Kiyoshi Ijichi – drums
Asian Kung-Fu Generation – producer
Yusuke Nakamura – single cover art

Charts

External links

References

Asian Kung-Fu Generation songs
2006 singles
Oricon Weekly number-one singles
Songs written by Masafumi Gotoh
2006 songs
Ki/oon Music singles


Hellions of Troy Roller Derby (HoTRD) is a women's flat track roller derby league based in the Capital District in New York State. Founded in 2008, the league is a member of the Women's Flat Track Derby Association (WFTDA).

History and structure

The Hellions was formed in 2008 by skaters who had split from Albany All Stars Roller Derby and spent the winter practicing and bouting at the Fun Spot in Glens Falls. Negotiations for the Hellions 2009 summer season at the Glens Falls Civic Center began in October 2008 and continued through the Hellions' December bout against the Green Mountain Derby Dames and into 2009. In March 2009, the league announced its inaugural six-bout season in Troy. The Hellions currently skate at Rollarama Skating Center in Schenectady, and play under the WFTDA reulset. The league is skater owned and operated, with members running all aspects of league management, including bout production, coaching, public relations, and merchandising.

The Hellions of Troy Roller Derby League consists of both an A team and a B team, the Hellions and the Herculadies respectively. The Herculadies made their debut in the 2012 season.

In October 2011, the Hellions became an apprentice member of the Women's Flat Track Derby Association, and it became a full member in December 2012.

WFTDA rankings

References

External links
Hellions of Troy results on Flat Track Stats
Hellions of Troy Official site
Facebook Facebook

Roller derby leagues in New York (state)
Roller derby leagues established in 2008
Women's Flat Track Derby Association Division 3
Troy, New York
2008 establishments in New York (state)
Sports in Rensselaer County, New York


The Norwegian Army had in 2002 officially 59 bugle calls (unofficially 60 if one includes the Valdres Battalion call, which is the baseline tune for the Valdres March). These are divided into two groups;

A) “Orders” – that is a signal for an action
B) “Unit” – which identifies a unit (usually battalion, regiment, brigade, division)

History of the bugle calls
Bugle calls have in history been used to relay orders over distances or to large formation of troops.

Some of the traditions of the Norwegian Armed Forces have their roots from either the personal union with Denmark or Sweden. This is also true when it comes to bugle calls, E.g. the bugle call for "Troop" is in Norway and Sweden identical. But due to Norwegian history and historical trade routes with the United Kingdom and The Netherlands some bugle calls have been borrowed and incorporated into the Norwegian Armed Forces, e.g. the bugle call "Parade" is identical to the same bugle call in Sweden, and identical "to the colours" in the United States.

With the rise of Norwegian nationalism from 1814 to 1905 composers like Johannes Hanssen wrote new bugle calls based on old Norwegian folk tunes.
One such example is the Unit call for the Valdres Battalion, which is also the baseline tune for the more known Valdres March.

Today, the bugle calls are primarily used for ceremonial functions such as flag hoist/lowering, change of commands, military burials, religious service, etc.

Bugle calls
The Norwegian Army maintains these bugle calls as represented below with their respective meanings, i.e., “orders”:

Revelje - Revellie
This bugle call is used to awaken the troops and prepare for morning inspection or roll call.

Spisesignal - Mess call
This bugle call gives notice that a meal is ready to be served.

Oppstilling - Formation – First call
This bugle call orders the troops to assemble in formations.

Flaggappell – To the colors
This bugle call gives notice to all personnel that the national flag (Flag of Norway) is being hoisted/lowered, and that they are therefore to stand at attention and render honours.

Tropp – Company
This bugle call orders troop formations to take up positions, or that the  battalion/regimental colours / Flag of Norway is to be brought to the fore of the troop formation for parade.

Vaktombytte – Changing of the guard
This bugle call is sounded during a changing-of-the-guard ceremony to signal that the new guard has taken up its post and the old guard has been dismissed.

Tappenstrek – Taps
This bugle call orders all activity to cease for the night. Historically it is linked to the Dutch words tap den doe that is translated as “plug the keg”; meaning that the soldiers were to be served no further alcohol, and were to return to base.

Rosignal – Tattoo
Literally "call for quiet", this bugle call orders all non-essential lights out.

Appell – Flourishes
This bugle call is to announce the entrance of high-ranking officers from the rank of brigadier up to full general. A flourish is repeated according to the rank number of stars:
(1- Brigadier, 2 - Major General, 3 -Lieutenant General, 4 – General).

Parademarsj – Parade march
This bugle call gives notice either to the entrance/attendance of His Majesty the King or to alert soldiers to give their attention and honour the colours as they are presented formally in slow march at the head of a formation.

Bønn – Church call – Remembrance
This bugle call orders the stay of all services for prayer or religious services, or is used to mark an act of remembrance in the same way as “taps” in the USA or “Last post” in the UK and Commonwealth. It can be played bugle(s)-only or in combination with drum(s).

Fremad Marsj – Forward March
This bugle call orders the unit to advance at normal pace.

Holdt – Halt
This bugle call orders the unit to halt.

Innrykkning – Charge
This bugle call orders the unit to charge a position and take it.

Alarm – This bugle call indicates that the unit is to stand-to.

Flyalarm – Air-raid alarm
This bugle call signals that an air raid is imminent.

Panseralarm – Tank/panzer alarm
This bugle call alerts an attack by armored units.

Ild – Commence firing
This bugle call orders units to open fire.

References

Norwegian Army
Bugle calls

de:Hornsignal
el:Σάλπισμα
fr:Sonnerie militaire


Preben Philipsen (18 January 1910 – 21 September 2005) was a Danish film producer. He produced 41 films between 1949 and 1975, and co-founded Constantin Film with  in 1950. He was born in Copenhagen, Denmark to Constantin Philipsen and his wife Marie Helene (née Elster) and died in Klampenborg.

Selected filmography

 Willi Manages The Whole Thing (1972)
 The Body in the Thames (1971)
 Creature with the Blue Hand (1967)
 Don Olsen kommer til byen (1964)
 The Indian Scarf (1963)
 The Black Abbot (1963)
 The Squeaker (1963)
 Harry and the Butler (1961)
 Jetpiloter (1961)
 Our House in Cameroon (1961)
 The Devil's Daffodil (1961)
 Komtessen (1961)
 The Crimson Circle (1960)
 That Won't Keep a Sailor Down (1959)
 Tre må man være (1959)
 The Man Who Couldn't Say No (1958)
 Alt dette og Island med (1951)
 We Want a Child! (1949)
 Panik i familien (1945)

External links

1910 births
2005 deaths
Danish film producers
Film people from Copenhagen


Fernando De Luca (born 1961 in Rome) is an Italian harpsichordist, teacher and composer.
He studied harpsichord with Paola Bernardi.

He is known to some people for his efforts to perform and record, for the first time, the Handel's Complete Harpsichord Compositions and Johann Christoph Graupner. He is also the first to have transcribed and recorded a number of orchestral pieces to the harpsichord, including the Sixty Complete Ouvertures from the Handel's operas and oratorios. A large number of his performances is freely available on an increasing number of specialized Ancient Music web sites.

He approached the study of counterpoint and the art of improvisation with Mons. Domenico Bartolucci, who was Maestro di Cappella for the Sistine Chapel Choir in Vatican City.

De Luca is a member of Vox Saeculorum, a society of composers working in early historical styles, whose founded by Grant Colburn, Roman Turovsky et al. De Luca is also a member of the period instruments orchestra Accademia Barocca di Santa Cecilia as keyboard soloist and basso continuo player.

Discography
 Among his several recordings available online, there are two recent editions released as physical discs: in 2017 (Nicolas Siret, 2CD) and in 2018 the Bergamo Manuscript (CD), with newly discovered music probably composed by George Frideric Handel and William Babell.
 Christophe Moyreau : Complete Harpsichord Music, Brilliant classics, april 2022, 7 CD.

Bibliography
Pieces de clavecin: en deux volumes: monumento armonico in 12 suites / Johann Mattheson; a cura di Fernando De Luca. - Roma: Bardi, 1997 (stampa 1999). - XXI, 50 p; 34 cm. (Associazione clavicembalistica bolognese ; 14). ((Ripr. facs. dell'ed.: London, printed for I. D. Fletcher and Sold at most musik shops, 1714.
 12 Sonate a Cembalo solo, 1997
 L'Arcadia in Gianicolo - "Sonata allegorico pastorale a più parti per Cembalo solo per l'arte la pratica e il diletto nel sonar il cembalo", 1997

See also
Musical historicism
Harpsichord

References

 An Important Rediscovery, Preludes and Toccatas from the 'Bergamo manuscript'
 Bach Cantatas Website, Fernando De Luca (harpsichord)

1961 births
Living people
Italian composers
Italian male composers
Italian harpsichordists
Historicist composers
Composers for harpsichord
Vox Saeculorum


Tsai Duei (; born 1 December 1947) is a Taiwanese politician who served as the Minister of Transportation and Communications.

References

Living people
Taiwanese Ministers of Transportation and Communications
1947 births
Politicians of the Republic of China on Taiwan from Taichung


The Who Collection is a compilation album by The Who, released in 1985. It is notable for containing a unique remix of "Won't Get Fooled Again" and for being one of the few compact disc appearances of the extended version of "Magic Bus".

The original vinyl release was a double LP package. On compact disc it first appeared as a double-CD set, then later as two single individually numbered volumes.

Track listing
All songs written by Pete Townshend, except where noted
Volume One
"I Can't Explain"
"Anyway, Anyhow, Anywhere" (Roger Daltrey, Townshend)
"My Generation"
"Substitute"
"A Legal Matter"
"The Kids Are Alright"
"I'm a Boy"
"Happy Jack"
"Boris the Spider" (John Entwistle)
"Pictures of Lily"
"I Can See for Miles"
"Won't Get Fooled Again"
"The Seeker"
"Let's See Action"
"Join Together"
"Relay"
"Love, Reign o'er Me"
"Squeeze Box"

Volume Two
"Who Are You"
"Long Live Rock"
"5:15"
"You Better You Bet" (omitted from CD release)
"Magic Bus"
"Summertime Blues" (Live) (Eddie Cochran, Jerry Capehart)"
"Shakin' All Over" (Live) (Johnny Kidd, Gus Robinson)"
"Pinball Wizard"
"The Acid Queen"
"I'm Free"
"We're Not Gonna Take It"
"Baba O'Riley"
"Behind Blue Eyes"
"Bargain"

Chart positions
Album

References

1985 greatest hits albums
Compilation album series
The Who compilation albums
albums produced by Jon Astley
albums produced by Kit Lambert
albums produced by Glyn Johns
Polydor Records compilation albums


The Acoustic Album is a 2-disc compilation album released by EMI/Virgin Records in July 2006 to showcase songs heard on Virgin Radio.

Track listing
Disc 1:
Jack Johnson – "Breakdown"
Corinne Bailey Rae – "Put Your Records On"
KT Tunstall – "Other Side of the World"
Keane – "Somewhere Only We Know"
The Feeling – "Sewn"
Snow Patrol – "Run"
Athlete – "Wires"
Coldplay – "Fix You"
Breaks Co-Op – "The Otherside"
Stephen Fretwell – "Emily"
Ryan Adams – "Wonderwall" (originally by Oasis)
Nick Drake – "Time Has Told Me"
Paul Weller – "Wild Wood"
Radiohead – "Fake Plastic Trees"
Richard Ashcroft – "Break the Night With Colour"
The Thrills – "Santa Cruz"
Supergrass – "St. Petersburg"
Air – "All I Need"
Doves – "Willow's Song"
Blur – "To the End"

Disc 2:
José González – "Heartbeats"
Katie Melua – "Nine Million Bicycles"
Eva Cassidy – "Fields of Gold"
Paul McCartney & Wings – "Bluebird"
Cat Stevens – "Moon Shadow"
Suzanne Vega – "Marlene on the Wall"
Crowded House – "Weather With You"
Oasis – "Songbird"
The Kooks – "She Moves in Her Own Way"
Turin Brakes – "Pain Killer"
Ben Harper – "Diamonds on the Inside"
Animal Liberation Orchestra – "Girl I Wanna Lay You Down"
Rufus Wainwright – "California"
Richard Hawley – "Just Like the Rain"
Fred Neil – "Everybody's Talkin'"
Kings of Convenience – "I Don't Know What I Can Save You From"
Norah Jones – "Come Away With Me"
Joss Stone – "Fell in Love With a Boy" (a cover of The White Stripes' "Fell in Love With a Girl")
Donavon Frankenreiter – "It Don't Matter"
Bernard Fanning – "Wish You Well"
Matt Costa – "Cold December"
R.E.M. – "The One I Love" (Live)
Nizlopi – "JCB Song"

References

2006 compilation albums


Saúl González Herrera (14 November 1915 in Vicente Guerrero, Chihuahua – 22 October 2006 in Chihuahua, Chihuahua)
was a Mexican lawyer and politician, affiliated with the Revolutionary Institutional Party (PRI). He served as Governor of Chihuahua from 1985 to 1986.

Saúl González Herrera had extensive experience in Chihuahua state politics. He served as Rector of the Autonomous University of Chihuahua from 1959 to 1962, served in the federal Chamber of Deputies during the 46th Congress (1964 to 1967), and was General Director of the state-controlled corporation Productos Forestales de la Tarahumara (PROFORTARAH)
In 1980 Governor Óscar Ornelas appointed him State Treasurer; following Ornelas's forced resignation from the governorship on 19 September 1985, González Herrera was appointed interim governor to complete his six-year mandate.

During González's period as governor, the 1986 state election was held, which saw  Francisco Barrio Terrazas of the National Action Party (PAN) compete against Fernando Baeza Meléndez of the PRI;
the official result was a victory for the latter, but suspicions of electoral fraud marred the election and Baeza Meléndez's time in office.

Saúl González was elected to the Senate for the period 1988–94, representing Chihuahua for the PRI.
In 1994 he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies for Chihuahua's Fifth District to serve during the  56th Congress.

At the end of his senatorial period, he returned to his private practice as a notary public. He died on 22  October 2006 in the city of Chihuahua.

References

Governors of Chihuahua (state)
Politicians from Chihuahua (state)
1915 births
2006 deaths
Institutional Revolutionary Party politicians
Members of the Senate of the Republic (Mexico)
Presidents of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)
Autonomous University of Chihuahua alumni
20th-century Mexican politicians
Heads of universities and colleges in Mexico
Deputies of the XLVI Legislature of Mexico
Deputies of the LVI Legislature of Mexico


Initiative 872 was a 2004 ballot initiative that replaced the open primary being used in Washington state with a top-two nonpartisan blanket primary. It was challenged in court up to the US Supreme Court, which upheld the top-two primary in Washington State Grange v. Washington State Republican Party.

Background
The blanket primary in Washington State was started by an Initiative to the Legislature filed in 1934 and passed in 1935.  The political parties in Washington tried numerous times to have an open or closed primary system implemented, and it even filed a lawsuit that was decided by the Washington State Supreme Court in 1936. The state was represented in that lawsuit by Warren Magnuson.

The political parties in Washington State filed another lawsuit against it in 2000 when the blanket primary in California was overturned by California Democratic Party v. Jones and won the case.

The Washington State Legislature passed a new primary system in 2004, which would have created a new top-two primary system, with an open primary as a backup, giving the Governor the option to choose. Secretary of State Sam Reed advocated for the top-two, but on April 1, 2004, the Governor used the line-item veto to activate the open primary instead.

2004 campaign
Initiative 872 was filed on January 8, 2004 by Terry Hunt from the Washington Grange. The language of the ballot measure summary was as follows:

This measure proposes a new system for conducting primaries for partisan offices. This proposal continues current practice of permitting voters to vote for any candidate for any office in primary and general elections, without limitation based on party. The two "top" candidates with the most votes in the primary advance to the general election. Candidates continue to designate their party. It becomes effective only if the court decision invalidating the traditional blanket primary becomes final.

The political parties in Washington opposed I-872 because they felt it would create an opportunity for someone not directly associated with the party to claim the party name on the ballot.

The measure passed with 1,632,225 yes votes and 1,095,190 no votes in 2004.

More lawsuits
On July 15, 2005, the initiative 872 was declared unconstitutional by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals.

On March 18, 2008, the US Supreme Court reversed the decision and upheld 872.

Top two primary implementation
The decision to uphold 872 changed the implementation of the 2008 primary election, which was held on August 19.

2008 election
In 2008, two State Senate races and five House of Representatives elections had either two Democrats or two Republicans get through the primary election, appearing together on the general election ballot.

The results of a study from Gonzaga University comparing the results in Washington state between the 2004 (closed) and 2008 (top two) primaries, indicate that the top two primary overall reduced the likelihood of running against a same party candidate and it reduced the likelihood that a strong incumbent would face a challenger from his or her own party.

References

External links
Blanket Primary Website from the Washington Grange.
The NW Progressive Institute opposes the Top-two primary

872
Washington 2004
Electoral reform referendums
Electoral system ballot measures in the United States


The 82nd Pennsylvania House of Representatives District is located in central Pennsylvania and has been represented by Paul Takac since 2023.

District profile
The 82nd District is located in Centre County and includes the following areas:

Benner Township
Boggs Township
Burnside Township
College Township
Curtin Township
Harris Township
Howard
Howard Township
Liberty Township
Marion Township
Milesburg
Snow Shoe
Snow Shoe Township
State College (part)
District East
District East Central (part)
Division 03
District North
District Northeast
District Penn State Univ. (hub)
District South (part)
Division 02
District South Central
District Southeast
Union Township
Unionville

Representatives

Recent election results

References

Government of Franklin County, Pennsylvania
Government of Juniata County, Pennsylvania
Government of Mifflin County, Pennsylvania
82


Fairy Hill is a hamlet located in the Qu'Appelle Valley of Saskatchewan, Canada. It is located in the Rural Municipality of Longlaketon No. 219 on the crossroads of Saskatchewan Highway 6 and Saskatchewan Highway 99. The community is a neighbour to nearby Southey, Glenbrea, Kennell, and the Piapot First Nation. A post office existed in Fairy Hill from 1901 to 1969. Today, the locality is home to multiple farms along with the Fairy Hill Trails.

History
The post office in Fairy Hill opened in 1901, and the first postmaster was Robert Mollard. The name Fairy Hill was chosen by the postmaster's wife. It is named after the Fairy Hill Estate on the Isle of Wight in England, which is the birthplace of Henry Cyril Lawson who founded the nearby Glen Ranche in 1895. Lawson died in 1940, and the town's post office closed in 1969.

Geography
The hamlet is situated at the bottom of the Qu'Appelle Valley at one of the more wide points in the valley. It sits around 502 m (1650 ft) above sea level, and is one of the lowest points in the area.

Climate
Fairy Hill experiences a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb, USDA Plant Hardiness Zone  with warm summers and cold winters, prone to extremes at all times of the year. Average annual precipitation is  and is heaviest from June through August, with June being the wettest month with an average of  of precipitation. The average daily temperature for the year is . The lowest temperature ever recorded in the area was  on 1 January 1885, while the highest recorded temperature was  on 5 July 1937.

Politics
Fairy Hill is a part of the federal riding of Moose Jaw-Lake Centre-Lanigan, which elected Conservative candidate Tom Lukiwski in 2015. In provincial politics, the hamlet is the Last Mountain-Touchwood riding, with Glen Hart, who has also won this riding the past 5 elections in a row, as the elected MLA. The area is situated mostly in the Rural Municipality of Longlaketon No. 219, while the rest is located in Lumsden No. 189. Delbert Schmidt is the current reeve of  Longlaketon No. 219, and Kent Farago is the reeve of Lumsden No. 189.

Fairy Hill Trails
The Fairy Hill Trails are located south of the Qu'Appelle River. The trails are home to many Geocaches and, as of 2017, can be walked virtually on Google Street View. The trails span 1,642 acres of grassland and parkland, and the area is a popular spot for local fishers, hunters, hikers, and bird watchers. Marshlands, known as the Fairy Hill Marsh, are located near the trails. The marshland provides habitat for shorebirds and migrating ducks and geese.

References

External links

 Longlaketon No. 219 Website

Longlaketon No. 219, Saskatchewan
Division No. 6, Saskatchewan


Jan Hendriks (6 December 1928 – 13 December 1991) was a German film actor. He appeared in more than 80 films on screen and TV between 1950 and 1985. In 1952 he won the German Film Award as Best Male Newcomer. Between 1977–1985 he co-starred in the TV-crime-serial The Old Fox. He died in Berlin, Germany, aged 63.

Selected filmography

 Der Engel mit dem Saitenspiel (1944) - Minor Role (uncredited)
 The Green Salon (1944) - Minor Role (uncredited)
 Anna Alt (1945) - Minor Role (uncredited)
 The Big Lift (1950) - Minor Role (uncredited)
 Dark Eyes (1951) - Jan Krapp
 The Sinful Border (1951) - Laszlo
 The Sergeant's Daughter (1952) - Leutnant Christian von Lauffen
 Queen of the Arena (1952) - Tonio, Artist
 Wedding Bells (1954) - Philip Harding
 The Angel with the Flaming Sword (1954) - Freddy
 Heimweh nach Deutschland (1954) - Erik Olsen
 Homesick for Germany (1954) - Dr. Michelsen
 The Barrings (1955) - Graf Wilda
 Alibi (1955) - Berthold
 Magic Fire (1956) - Michael Bakunin
 My Brother Joshua (1956) - Hans Donath, beider Sohn
 Der Bauerndoktor von Bayrischzell (1957) - Stephan Doppelsieder - Sohn
 Spielbank-Affäre (1957) - Gerhard
  (1957) - Toni Moosbacher
 The Green Devils of Monte Cassino (1958) - Fausto
 Das verbotene Paradies (1958) - Dr. Theo Krailing
 Arms and the Man (1958, AAN) - Leutnant Sergius Slivitzna
  (1958) - Paul
 Bobby Dodd greift ein (1959)
 Arzt aus Leidenschaft (1959) - Felix Friedberg
 Love Now, Pay Later (1959) - Heinz Pohlmann, ein Freund
 Paradise for Sailors (1959) - Henry F. Jones
 The Juvenile Judge (1960) - Dr. Holzer (uncredited)
 The High Life (1960) - Le neveu
 Brainwashed (1960) - First Officer
 Flitterwochen in der Hölle (1960) - Mario Bertelli
 Mal drunter – mal drüber (1960) - Manfred
 Island of the Amazons (1960) - Murdok
 The Devil's Daffodil (1961) - Charles
 Murder Party (1961) - Dahlberg (voice, uncredited)
 Immer wenn es Nacht wird (1961) - Bobby Elkins
 The Door with Seven Locks (1962) - Tom Cawler
 The Inn on the River (1962) - Roger Lane
 Stahlnetz:  (1962, TV series episode) - Roger Lane
 The Squeaker (1963) - Thomas Leslie
 Mit besten Empfehlungen (1963) - Muppilein, ihr Verlobter
  (1964, TV series) - Kellner Ian
 Waiting Room to the Beyond (1964) - Carlos
 Buffalo Bill, Hero of the Far West (1965) - Monroe
 Duel at Sundown (1965) - Lord
 The Monk with the Whip (1967) - Brent
 Non sta bene rubare il tesoro (1967) - Da Costa
  (1967, TV miniseries) - Dan Low
 Im Schloß der blutigen Begierde (1968) - Georg v. Kassell
  (1968, TV miniseries) - Bleriot
 Rebus (1969) - Manager of the Playboy Club
 The Man with the Glass Eye (1969) - Rubiro
  (1969, TV film) - Legrand
 Heintje – Einmal wird die Sonne wieder scheinen (1970) - Willi
 Guns of War (Uzicka Republika)  (1974) - Nemacki major
 Derrick (1975-1976, TV series) - Barkeeper / Schlott / Dreyer
 The Old Fox (1977–1986, TV series) - Polizeiinspektor Martin Brenner (final appearance)
 Alcaptar (1978) - Soldat
 Ein gutes Land (1982)

References

External links

1928 births
1991 deaths
German male film actors
German male television actors
Male actors from Berlin
20th-century German male actors


Jesper Just (born 12 June  1974) is a Danish artist, who lives and works in New York. From 1997 to 2003, he studied at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts.

He has work in museums including the Guggenheim Museum in New York, Tate Modern in London and the Museum of Modern Art in New York.

Films

His film trilogy A Voyage in Dwelling (2008) included performances by Benedikte Hansen, and music composed by Dorit Chrysler.

Exhibitions

A Fine Romance, Midway Contemporary Art, St. Paul (2004)
Something to Love, Herning Kunstmuseum, Herning, Denmark (2005) and Moderna Museet, Stockholm, Sweden (2006)
Black Box, Hirshhorn Museum, Washington, DC (2006)
Something To Love, Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (2006)
Jesper Just, Miami Art Museum, Miami, (2007) and touring Kunsthuis Witte de With in Rotterdam, Ursula Blickle Foundation in Kraichtal, Germany, and the Stedelijk Museum voor Actuele Kunst in Ghent, Belgium (2007)
It Will All End in Tears, La Casa Encendida, Madrid, (2008)
Romantic Delusions, Brooklyn Museum, Brooklyn (2008/2009)
Intercourses, Danish Pavilion, 55th International Art Exhibition of la Biennale di Venezia (2013)
INTERFEARS, Musée d'art contemporain de Lyon, Lyon, France (2023)

Reception

In 2006 a New York Times reviewer described It Will All End in Tears as "... a beautiful spectacle that dazzles as it happens and then fades away like a puff of smoke". In 2008 a different New York Times reviewer described him as a "... still young, abundantly talented and wonderfully original artist".

He received second prize in the Carnegie Art Award at Kópavogur Arts Museum in Reykjavik in 2008, and the Eckersberg Medal in 2014.

References

Further reading

 Amsellem, Patrick, ed. Jesper Just: Romantic Delusions, exhibition catalogue essay by Bill Horrigan. Brooklyn: Brooklyn Museum, 2008.
 Just, Jesper, ed. "It Will All End in Tears", exhibition catalogue, Texts by Agustin Perez Rubio, Svala Vangsdatter Andersen and Octavio Zaya. Madrid: La Casa Encendida, 2008.
 Von Olfers, Sophie, ed. Jesper Just Film Works, 2001-2007, exhibition catalogue, Rotterdam: Witte de With, 2007.
 Knudsen, Gry Høngsmark and Holger Reenberg eds. Something to Love, exhibition catalogue, Herning: Herning Kunstmuseum, 2005.
  "Fall Preview: Jesper Just's Schizo Enigma. Four Films at the Brooklyn Museum of Art, September 2, 2008", The Village Voice
 "Jesper Just", The New York Times, August 10, 2007
 "Jesper Just and Dorit Chrysler: This nameless spectacle (live)", video interview by Louisiana Channel.

Danish photographers
1974 births
Living people
Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts alumni
Recipients of the Eckersberg Medal
Danish contemporary artists
20th-century Danish photographers
21st-century Danish photographers
Photographers from Copenhagen


The Island Years is a compilation by Ultravox, released in 1999 by PolyGram and Spectrum labels. It contains songs from their three first albums (Ultravox!, Ha! Ha! Ha! and Systems of Romance), when John Foxx was the group's vocalist and frontman, and another two guitarists, Stevie Shears and Robin Simon were with them (although not at the same time). The album is a compilation of the band's early years, before Midge Ure became a member, and the band scored a number of hits in the 1980s.

This is a more modern version of the Slow Motion compilation, released in 1993 by the same labels.

The band are credited as Ultravox!, although the band decided to drop the exclamation mark (!) before recording their Systems Of Romance album.

Track listing
"Dangerous Rhythm"
"My Sex"
"I Want to Be a Machine"
"The Wild, the Beautiful and the Damned"
"Life at Rainbow's End"
"Young Savage"
"Slip Away"
"ROckWrok"
"Hiroshima Mon Amour"
"Distant Smile"
"Man Who Dies Every Day"
"While I'm Still Alive"
"Slow Motion"
"Quiet Men"
"Cross Fade"
"Just for a Moment"

Personnel
 John Foxx – vocals
 Chris Cross – bass, synthesizer, backing vocals
 Warren Cann – drums, percussion, backing vocals
 Billy Currie – violin, keyboards, synthesizer
 Stevie Shears – guitar 1, 3 – 8, 10 – 12
 Robin Simon – guitar 13 and 14

References

1999 compilation albums
Ultravox compilation albums


Michael Edward Gershman (June 17, 1944 – March 10, 2018) was an American cinematographer and television director.

He was born on June 17, 1944, to Edward Gershman, a TV producer and his wife, Norine. He was raised in St. Louis. Soon after graduation from Ladue Horton Watkins High School, Gershman moved to Los Angeles.

He is best known for his work on the series Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Gershman made his directorial debut in the series with the episode "Passion". He was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award in 2000 for "Outstanding Cinematography for a Single Camera Series" for his work on the episode "Hush". He also served as a director and cinematographer for the series Crossing Jordan.

Gershman spent more than forty years working as a cinematographer and camera operator in motion pictures. Among the films he worked on are Days of Heaven, The Deer Hunter, Heaven's Gate, Midnight Run and We Were Soldiers. He died in Malibu, California at the age of 73, on March 10, 2018.

References

External links

1944 births
2018 deaths
American cinematographers
American television directors
People from St. Louis
Ladue Horton Watkins High School alumni


"I Left Something Turned On at Home" is a song written by Billy Lawson and John Schweers and recorded by American country music singer Trace Adkins. It was released in April 1997 as the fourth and final single from his debut album Dreamin' Out Loud. The song became his third Top 10 hit on the Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) chart by reaching number 2 for two weeks, only behind "Carrying Your Love with Me" by George Strait. It also became his second number 1 single on the Canadian RPM country chart.

Content
The song is up-tempo accompanied largely by electric guitar. It is based on a double entendre. The male narrator is at a bar, telling his companions that he has to leave because he "left something turned on at home". He then explains in the chorus that what he left "turned on" was not an appliance, but rather his sexually aroused female partner.

Critical reception
Rick Cohoon of Allmusic gave the song a favorable review. He stated that "Lawson and Schweers [the songwriters] gave a whole new meaning to an age-old expression, and that's what good songwriting is."
Deborah Evans Price, of Billboard magazine reviewed the song favorably, calling it an "energetic exercise in double-entendres." and that the song features "tasty guitar and fiddle touches, but the main selling point is Adkins' tongue-in-cheek vocal performance."

Chart positions
"I Left Something Turned On at Home" debuted at number 73 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of April 26, 1997.

Year-end charts

References

1997 singles
1996 songs
Trace Adkins songs
Song recordings produced by Scott Hendricks
Capitol Records Nashville singles
Songs written by John Schweers


The Naval Supply Systems Command (NAVSUP) serves as the supply command for the United States Navy for providing supplies, services, and support to both the Navy and the United States Marine Corps.

Located in Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania, the NAVSUP/Navy Supply Corps team oversees a wide range of responsibilities, including supply chain management, material support, supply operations, ordnance, contracting, resale, fuel, transportation, security assistance, and addressing quality of life matters for naval forces. This encompasses various services such as food service, postal services, Navy Exchanges, and the movement of household goods.

As of June 2023, Rear Admiral Kenneth W. Epps assumed the role of Commander for NAVSUP.

Activities
In addition to its headquarters, NAVSUP consists of four major organizations and 11 commands situated across the globe.

NAVSUP Headquarters

Fleet Logistics: Establishes policy and offers guidance for the Navy's quality of life program.
 Corporate Operations: Manages talent, administration, strategy, innovation, data analysis, process improvement, communications, security, safety, facilities, small business programs, and the Department of Navy Card Management Program's execution.
 Enterprise Logistics Engineering: Provides certification and budgeting for information management and information technology, supports enterprise supply chain and customer systems, offers enterprise business systems solutions, and leads Navy information technology policy and guidance.
 Contracting: Establishes the framework for delivering contracting services within the Navy Field Contracting System.
 Financial Management and Comptroller: Handles financial planning, programming, budgeting, accounting, control, and resource and fund execution within NAVSUP.
 Reserve Affairs: Offers guidance on Navy Reserve manpower requirements determination, training, and utilization of Navy Reserve personnel for NAVSUP activities.
 Office of General Counsel: Serves as the Command Counsel, principal attorney, and legal advisor to the Commander and Vice Commander of NAVSUP.
 NAVSUP Office of Corporate Communications: Oversees strategic communication efforts throughout the NAVSUP Enterprise.

Organizations
NAVSUP Weapon Systems Support (NAVSUP WSS) is responsible for providing program and supply support to Naval Weapon Systems for the Navy, Marine Corps, Joint, and Allied Forces. It ensures the timely delivery of necessary parts to the Navy. NAVSUP WSS operates from two locations in Pennsylvania: NAVSUP WSS Philadelphia, which supports Naval Aviation weapons systems, and the Mechanicsburg site, which supports ships, submarines, and nuclear propulsion.

NAVSUP Business Systems Center (NAVSUP BSC) is a technology developer that designs, develops, and maintains information systems supporting logistics, supply chain management, transportation, finance, and accounting activities.

Navy Exchange Service Command facilitates the provision of goods and services to customers, including active-duty military, retirees, reservists, and their families. It supports Navy quality-of-life programs and manages various business programs such as Navy Exchange (NEX) Retail Stores and Services, the Navy Lodge Program, the Uniform Program Management Office (UPMO), the Navy Clothing and Textile Research Facility (NCTRF), the Ships Store Program, and the Telecommunications Program Office.

NAVSUP Fleet Logistics Centers (FLCs) are strategically located worldwide to provide supplies, services, and support to Navy and Marine Corps personnel. The eight FLCs serve specific regions and naval activities:

 NAVSUP Fleet Logistics Center Bahrain, located in Manama, serves United States Naval Forces Central Command (CENTCOM) and the United States Fifth Fleet.
 NAVSUP Fleet Logistics Center Jacksonville serves naval activities throughout the Navy Region Southeast, from Texas to Cuba.
 NAVSUP Fleet Logistics Center Norfolk serves naval activities throughout the Navy Region Mid-Atlantic.
 NAVSUP Fleet Logistics Center Pearl Harbor serves naval activities throughout the Indo-Pacific.
 NAVSUP Fleet Logistics Center Puget Sound, located at Naval Base Kitsap, serves naval activities throughout the Pacific Rim.
 NAVSUP Fleet Logistics Center San Diego serves naval activities throughout the Navy Region Southwest.
 NAVSUP Fleet Logistics Center Sigonella serves naval activities throughout Europe, Africa, and the operations area of the United States Sixth Fleet.
 NAVSUP Fleet Logistics Center Yokosuka serves naval activities throughout the Western Pacific.

See also
U.S. Armed Forces systems commands
 Army Materiel Command
 Marine Corps Systems Command
 United States Navy systems commands
 Naval Sea Systems Command
 Naval Air Systems Command
 Naval Information Warfare Systems Command
 Naval Facilities Engineering Systems Command
 Air Force Materiel Command
 Space Systems Command

References

External links
 Naval Supply Systems Command official website

Shore commands of the United States Navy
Year of establishment missing
Cumberland County, Pennsylvania
Military units and formations in Pennsylvania
Organizations based in Pennsylvania


Heritage Cup may refer to:

Heritage Cup (box lacrosse), an international box lacrosse tournament between the national teams of Canada, the United States, and the Iroquois Confederacy
Heritage Cup (MLS), an annual cup rivalry between the Major League Soccer teams San Jose Earthquakes and Seattle Sounders FC
NXT UK Heritage Cup, a professional wrestling title promoted by WWE.


The 83rd Pennsylvania House of Representatives District is located in central Pennsylvania and has been represented by Jamie Flick since 2023.

District profile
The 83rd District is located in Lycoming County and Union County and includes the following areas:

Lycoming County

Armstrong Township
Brady Township
Clinton Township
Duboistown
Loyalsock Township
Montgomery
South Williamsport
Susquehanna Township
Williamsport
Washington Township

Union County
Gregg Township
White Deer Township

Representatives

References

Government of Lycoming County, Pennsylvania
83


Apagorevmeno (Greek: Απαγορευμένο; English: Forbidden) is Greek singer Anna Vissi's 25th studio album, released in Greece and Cyprus on December 9, 2008, by Sony BMG Greece. It is Vissi's first studio album since 2005 and the first since her 1980 “Nai” album to not include any songs or input by Nikos Karvelas. The album was mostly produced with the Maple Jam Music Group in Los Angeles, United States, and by its head producer Greg Ladanyi.

The album was reissued with three new songs and two remixes as Apagorevmeno + on November 16, 2009.

Background
Vissi had been working on the album for two years. In an interview with Down Town Magazine in July 2008, Vissi said that she felt the same way as she did at the start of her career by having already listened to over 600 songs in the studio in an attempt to find songs she liked. She also stated that this would be the first album of which Nikos Karvelas would not be contributing any songs to, expressing that the two have gotten tired of each other, but clarified that this does not rule out a collaboration in the future.

On October 30, 2008, Vissi gave an interview on MAD TV's OK with Themis Georgandas. She added that ten of the tracks were arranged in Los Angeles, while she had a hand in the production of all tracks. By the end of November, the name Apagorevmeno (Forbidden) had been selected and it was announced that the album would be released on December 9, 2008. The final version contains 15 tracks in total, with the single "To Parelthon Mou" and the cover "Kontra" being included as bonus tracks.

Photographs that Dave Stewart took of Vissi on a beach in Malibu, California were also supposed to be included in the CD booklet but seem to be left out, presumably to be instead included on her never materialised 2010 English language album.

Production
The album was produced with the Maple Jam Music Group in Los Angeles, California, and by its head producer Greg Ladanyi. Vissi is also signed to Maple Jam for artist management since 2008.

Among the original composers were Patrick Leonard and Giannis Kifonidis with three songs each, Giannis Hristoudoulopoulos with two songs and Alex Papakonstantinou, Grigoris Kollias, and Anna Vissi herself with one song each. The songs by Patrick Leonard were originally written with English lyrics for Vissi's possible upcoming, though never released, 2010 English album, but were instead re-recorded using Greek lyrics to appear on this album. The title track "Apagorevmeno" is also co-composed with Kara DioGuardi. Among the lyricists are Mirto Kontova with six songs, Eleana Vrahali with five songs, and Giorgos Mitsigkas, Grigoris Kollias, Valia Kaladzi and Vagellis Papazoulou with one song each.

Three Greek language covers appear on the album: a bonus track, Dan Wilson's song "Breathless" titled "Kontra", Luz Casal's song "Ni Tu Ni Yo" titled "Metallo", and Christina Aguilera's song "That's What Love Can Do" titled "An S'Erotefto". The latter was an Aguilera B-side track composed by Aguilera herself and Glen Ballard which appeared on the limited edition CD Justin & Christina used to promote the Justified and Stripped Tour.

Vissi composed the song "Apo Makria Kai Agapimeni" with lyrics by Mirto Kontova as a reflection of her relationship with Nikos Karvelas. The song "Risko" (Risk) was described by Vissi and its lyricist Eleana Vrahali as a rock zeibekiko, as well as the song "Alitissa Psihi" (Vagrant soul) composed by Vagia Kaladzi with lyrics Giannis Kifonidis received a similar description.

A remake of the Rebetiko song "Pente Hronia Dikasmenos (I Foni Tou Argile)", originally recorded in 1936 by Vangelis Papazoglou, appears on the album as "Pente Hronia Dikasmenos" produced and remixed by Matheos Sprague. Vissi's rendition presents a fusion of vintage Greek urban folk music, or rebetiko, with contemporary urban music by including English language R&B and rapping elements. Argile is Greek for hookah, while the featured rappers also refer to smoking with a hookah pipe.

Composers of the additional songs on re-release of the album titled Apagorevmeno+ include Alex Papaconstantinou, Giannis Kifonidis, and Anna Vissi with one song each. Among the lyricist are Vagia Kalantzi with one song, and Anna Vissi with two songs. In the lyrics for Fabulous, Vissi breaks out of the first-person narrative, referring to herself in the third person by telling the listener that she is going to see her own show to hear "Tsoules" and "Alitissa Psihi".

Release
The release of Apagorevmeno marks Anna Vissi's 25th studio album. It was released on December 9, 2008, in Greece and Cyprus by Sony BMG Greece. It is her first studio album since 2005's Nylon and includes the bonus tracks "To Parelthon Mou" from the soundtrack of the film Bank Bang and a Greek-language cover of Dan Wilson's song "Breathless" titled "Kontra".

Apagorevmeno was repackaged and re-released with three new songs and two remixes as Apagorevmeno + on November 16, 2009. This new 19-track version is in DBS packaging and carries a fixed price of €9.90, roughly half the price of a typical album in the Greek market. The re-release replaces the song "Apo Makria Kai Agapimeni" with the remixed version.

In 2019, the album was selected for inclusion in the Panik Gold box set The Legendary Recordings 1982-2019. The release came after Panik's acquisition rights of Vissi's back catalogue from her previous record company Sony Music Greece. This box set was printed on a limited edition of 500 copies containing CD releases of all of her albums from 1982 to 2019 plus unreleased material.

Reception

Commercial performance

The newspaper, Real News, distributed the album Apagorevmeno on 8 August 2010. The newspaper sold 60,320 units publication that included the album.

Chart performance
Apagorevmeno debuted at number three on the IFPI Greek Albums Chart on week 51, and was certified gold within its first week of release. The album moved up to number one on its second week where it remained for its third week, and fell to number nine for its fourth and fifth week.

Though the album was released on December 9, 2008, just three weeks before the end of the year, it still made it into the top ten on both of IFPI's year-end charts: Top 50 Greek albums of 2008 in the 9th spot and Top 50 Greek and Foreign Albums of 2008 in the 10th spot.

In March 2009 IFPI Greece announced that they would close their charts for a period of time in order to renew their charting system, thus it is no longer possible to track sales of "Apagorevmeno". IFPI Greece is set to resume public release of the Greek albums chart in late 2010.

In Cyprus the album debuted at number one of the charts of Musical Paradise (official IFPI representative of Cyprus via IFPI Greece) where it remained for eight weeks. It gained gold status on the second week of its release, and reached platinum status on its eighth. It remained in the top 10 for 12 weeks. In September 2009 during Vissi's visit in Cyprus, Musical Paradise confirmed that the album is officially certified 2× platinum in Cyprus as well. With its re-release the album re-entered the Cypriot official album charts at no1 for a further 3 weeks (making a total of 11) and remained on the top 10 for a further 3 months (24 weeks in top 10 in total).

Promotion
Cosmote once again sponsored a Vissi album, and as in the past, it released a series of commercials for the album including a TV commercial featuring Anna Vissi with the song "Apagorevmeno".
On November 26, 2008, Cosmote was the first to release the three songs "Apagorevmeno", "Apo Makria Kai Agapimeni" and "Kontra" onto their music store as part of their mobile music campaign.

On October 29, 2008, the song "To Parelthon Mou" was released simultaneously to all radio stations in Greece and Cyprus along with its music video. It was the theme song from the Greek film Bank Bang, released in December 2008.

On February 10, 2009, Vissi appeared on the Women of the Year 2008 awards by magazine Madame Figaro in Cyprus. At the awards, Vissi announced that she has set up a scholarship fund along with the magazine to award to one young female student annually. Vissi also sang "Apagorevmeno", "Kontra", "To Parelthon Mou" and "Stin Pira".

Apagorevmeno Summer Tour

Vissi had originally planned to start performing at Athinon Arena in February 2009 in support of the album, however she opted to stage a big concert in Athens during the summer instead, along with a 2009 summer tour around Greece. The tour was titled Apagorevmeno Summer Tour.

The Fabulous Show
Vissi's concert series for the winter season 2009-2010 was at Athinon Arena and debuted on October 31, 2009, and was concluded on March, 27. Vissi was appearing three times a week and the show was named The Fabulous Show after her single "Fabulous". Supporting acts included the band Ble, Giorgos Sampanis, and Vera Boufi, who is Vissi's niece, special guest star was rebetiko singer Mario.

Track listing

Apagorevmeno

Apagorevmeno +

Singles
"Apagorevmeno"
The lead single and the album's title track is "Apagorevmeno" (Forbidden). It is composed by Patrick Leonard and Kara DioGuardi, with lyrics by Eleana Vrahali. It was released on November 26, 2008 to radio stations, as well as debuting on the online music store of main sponsor Cosmote. The song was used by Cosmote in their advertising campaigns, including a television advertisement with Vissi. The music video premiered on Vissi's official website on December 14, 2008. The single debuted at #4 on the official Billboard Greek Singles Chart. It peaked at #1 on Christmas week and remained atop for 2 weeks in total.
"Stin Pira"
The second single from the album is "Stin Pira". Written by Alex Papakonstantinou with lyrics by Myrto Kontova, the dance song had been a radio hit since the album's release. A video was filmed at Athinon Arena and was released on March 9, 2008, directed by Greek-American film director Christine Crokos. The video is said to have an international feel to it, with many visual effects and strong choreography throughout the whole video. Vissi is accompanied by four female dancers. Good friend Patricia Field was the fashion stylist, as well as appearing in the uncut version of the video, while she and Greg Ladanyi oversaw the production of the video. Vissi changes outfits seven times. The single had a 12-week run on the Billboard Greek Singles Chart Top 10 chart. It debuted at #10 and peaked at #3 for three non-consecutive weeks.

"Alitissa Psihi"
The third single from the album is "Alitissa Psihi". A music video was filmed in Monument Valley, Arizona, directed by Greek-American film director Christine Crokos and with styling by Patricia Field. Vissi performed the song in 2009 Mad Video Music Awards. The single peaked at #4 of the iTunes Greece digital download charts and at #7 on the Billboard Greek Singles Chart.

"Apo Makria Kai Agapimenoi (Alex Papakonstantinou Edit)"
Vissi announced the fourth single on a radio show, stating she was shooting the music video for the track with Christine Krokos directing once again. The single was a remix by Alex Papakonstantinou which debuted on her Apagorevmeno summer tour and is included on Apagorevmeno+ released on November 16, 2009. Vissi had previously mentioned that "Gia Ena Lepto" would be the fourth single. The music video was shot at a concert in Santorini part of her summer tour on August 16, 2009. Fireworks were shot off during the concert for use in the video.  The video was originally supposed to be released on September 27, 2009, but due to the death of her manager Greg Ladanyi, the release date was delayed until October 10, 2009. The video is dedicated to Greg Ladanyi.

"Fabulous"
The song Fabulous premiered exclusively released on Rythmos FM on October 22, 2009. An interview was arranged for November 4, 2009 with Makis Pounentis of Rythmos FM. Upon its release it quickly shot up to the number 1 spot on Rythmos FM's charts. The song was subsequently released as a digital download on November 13, 2009. It is included on the repackaged Apagorevmeno + released on November 16, 2009. The song is composed by Alex Papakonstantinou with lyrics by Vissi and is the theme of Vissi's winter appearances at Athinon Arena titled "The Fabulous Show". The song debuted at number 4 on the Billboard Greek Digital Downloads Chart for the week of December 5, 2009. It peaked at number 11 on the Greek Nielsen Music Control Airplay Chart for the week of November 24–30, taking the highest placing of a Greek language song for the week. A music video was shot and released on March 5, 2010, directed once again by Christine Krokos, presenting Vissi's premiere at Athinon Arena. The video clip of the song was voted as the 10th best video clip of 2010, being the highest placed by any Greek artist that year.

Personnel

Management

Maple Jam Music Group - management
Galaxias Productions - management
ProgressivePR - public relations
Niki Boufi - personal assistant
Sofia Arkele - production assistant
Nick Sena - production assistant
Peter Economides - brand direction

Performance
Anna Vissi - vocals, background vocals
Patrick Leonard - background vocals
Bernadette Barlow - background vocals
Ragidy Supreme - Rap vocal #1
Wayne Jobson - Rap vocal #2

Visuals and imagery

Panos Pitsilidis - art director
Christos Sigkounis - art director
Thanasis Krikis - photographer
Chrisanthi Thomatou - stylist
Chara Papanikolaou - make-up artist
Christos Kalaniotis - hair stylist

Instruments

Patrick Leonard - keyboard, strings, piano, drum programming, percussion
Alex Papaconstantinou - drum programming, bass synthesizer, keyboards, moog synthesizer, electric bass guitar
Grigoris Kollias - drums, bass guitar, acoustic guitars, electric guitars, moog synthesizer
C. J. Vanston - keyboards, guitars, strings, piano, vibes, toy piano, drums, bass guitar
Giannis Kifonidis - strings, drum programming, keyboards, piano, Irish bagpipes, strings arrangement
Giannis Histodoulopoulos - electric piano, organ
Zac Rae - keyboards, piano
Jay Gore - electric guitars, acoustic guitars
Foivos Zaharopoulos - acoustic guitar, electric guitar
John Shanks - guitar
Joel Shearer - guitar
Tim Pierce - guitar
Foivos Zaharopoulos - electric guitar
Leland Sklar - bass guitar
Sean Hurley - bass guitar
Takis Fitos - bass guitar
Sean Hurley - bass guitar
Stevie Black - strings
Panagiotis Stergiou - bouzouki
Jesse String - bouzouki
Blair Sinta - drums
Kostas Laskarakis - drums
Aaron Sterling - drums
Kostas Liolios - drums
Ryan Hoyle - drums
Joe Pusater - percussion
Stewart Cole - trumpet, flugelhorn
Jordan Katz - trumpet
Chris Tedesco - trumpet
Damanios Dudu - violin
Wendy Clark - violin
Rountina Tsanta - violin
Stella Georgiou - violin
Misa Smirnof - viola
Giorgos Giakoumis - viola
Ivi Papathanasiou - cello
Haralambos Arkatinis - contrabass

Technical and production

Greg Ladanyi - production, recording engineer, mixing
Anna Vissi - production
C. J. Vanston - production, recording engineer, mixing
Patrick Leonard - production, loop programming
Alex Papakonstantinou - production, recording engineer, mixing
Giannis Kifonidis - production, recording engineer, sampling, loop programming
Glen Ballard - production
Grigoris Kollias - production, recording engineer
Matheos Sprague - production
Marcus Englof - production
Nick Sena - recording engineer
Michael Perfitt - recording engineer
Scott Campbell  - recording engineer
Brian Worwick - assistant engineer
Jolie Levine - production coordinator
Angela Vicari - production coordinator
Jesse String - recording engineer
Mike Degen - recording engineer, mixing
Tony Cousins - mastering engineer

Release history

Charts

References

External links
 Official website
 Maple Jam Music Group

2008 albums
Anna Vissi albums
Greek-language albums
Albums produced by Greg Ladanyi
Sony Music Greece albums


The Plane is a river in Brandenburg, Germany, left tributary of the Havel. Its total length is . The Plane originates in the High Fläming Nature Park, near Rabenstein. It flows north through Planetal and Golzow. The Plane joins the Havel in the Breitlingsee lake west of Brandenburg an der Havel.

Rivers of Brandenburg
Rivers of Germany


Fountain is an unincorporated community in Mineral County, West Virginia, United States, located at the intersection of West Virginia Route 46 and Knobley Road.

References

Unincorporated communities in Mineral County, West Virginia
Unincorporated communities in West Virginia


Something Rotten is the first novel of the Horatio Wilkes mystery series by Alan Gratz. It loosely follows the plot of Hamlet by William Shakespeare, but it is modernised and set in the United States.

Plot synopsis

Horatio Wilkes visits his friend Hamilton Prince for the summer holidays. Hamilton's father just died and his mother remarried - his uncle. The Princes are very rich. They own a paper plant in Denmark, Tennessee. Unfortunately, the plant seems to pollute the Copenhagen River. At least, that's what Hamilton's beautiful ex-girlfriend Olivia says.
When Hamilton and Horatio are confronted with a video of Hamilton's recently deceased father who tells them that he has been poisoned, Horatio promises Hamilton to solve the riddle. On his journey solving this riddle he stumbles across some problems. For instance one of the problems he ran into was when he needed help getting information, and clue's Hamilton was always intoxicated. And when Hamilton wasn't intoxicated he was rude and antisocial or was sleeping off his hangover.

Other editions
On March 17, 2011 a German language edition of this book was published under the title Eine Lüge ist Nicht Genug. The title was changed in Germany from Something Rotten to One Lie Is Not Enough. This edition was translated by Gerold Anrich and Martina Instinsky-Anrich and was available in both hardcover and eBook formats.

External links
 Author's page about the book

References

2007 American novels
Alan Gratz
American mystery novels
Novels based on Hamlet
Novels set in Tennessee
West Tennessee
Madison County, Tennessee
Modern adaptations of works by William Shakespeare


Thomas M. Engelhardt (born 1944) is an American writer and editor. He is the creator of Type Media Center's tomdispatch.com, an online blog. He is also the co-founder of the American Empire Project and the author of the 1998 book, The End of Victory Culture: Cold War America and the Disillusioning of a Generation.

In 1991, he was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship.

Career
Engelhardt graduated from Yale University and then completed a master's degree in East Asian Studies from Harvard University. As an undergraduate he was attracted to the study of Chinese history by Mary C. Wright, and was a research assistant for Jonathan Spence.

At Harvard he was a founding member of the Committee of Concerned Asian Scholars and became involved in a draft resistance movement in opposition to the American war in Vietnam.  As a result of these activities, he became a printer and moved to Berkeley, California. There he began to write about the resistance to the war, and, as he later put it, "the next thing I knew I was a journalist and an editor."

Engelhardt has worked in book and news publishing. He was a senior editor at Pantheon Books where he edited such books as Maus by Art Spiegelman, and has seen been a consulting editor at Metropolitan Books. He also taught at the Graduate School of Journalism at the University of California, Berkeley as a teaching fellow. He once described the editing process as "more like a craft, that's right, because there isn't as much of a preset pattern for it. There's a word I often think about because it's such a negative in our society, which is 'used.' You say a 'used' car—something previously owned and not particularly good, or 'I've been used, I've been exploited.' But the most beautiful feeling about editing for an editor is that feeling of being used and subsumed."

Engelhardt created TomDispatch in November 2001, and in 2002, it received support from The Nation Institute. He has described the site as the "sideline that ate his life". Contributors have included Rebecca Solnit, Bill McKibben, Jonathan Schell, Fatima Bhutto, Nick Turse, Pepe Escobar, Noam Chomsky, and Andrew Bacevich.  He has written many articles and books including The American Way of War: How Bush's Wars Became Obama's.

Works
 The End of Victory Culture: Cold War America and the Disillusioning of a Generation (Basic Books, 1995)
 The World According to Tomdispatch: America In The New Age of Empire (Verso, 2008)
 The American Way of War: How Bush's Wars Became Obama's (Haymarket, 2010)
 The United States of Fear (Haymarket, 2011)
 Shadow Government: Surveillance, Secret Wars, and a Global Security State in a Single Superpower World. (Haymarket, 2014)
 A Nation Unmade by War. (Haymarket Books, 2018)

References

External links
 Tom Engelhardt on "The American Way of War: How Bush’s Wars Became Obama’s" - video report by Democracy Now!
 Tom Engelhardt is interviewed by Bill Moyers on the 2012 election

1944 births
American male bloggers
American bloggers
American social sciences writers
Living people
Date of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American non-fiction writers
Yale University alumni
Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni


No Frontiers is an album by Irish singer Mary Black. The album was one of Ireland's best selling albums of 1989 and introduced her to audiences elsewhere in Europe and in the United States and Japan. The album spent 56 weeks in the Irish Top 30.

Track listing
"No Frontiers" (Jimmy MacCarthy) – 3:57
"Past the Point of Rescue" (Mick Hanly) – 6:45
"The Shadow" (Donagh Long) – 5:46
"Carolina Rua" (Thom Moore) – 5:04
"Shuffle of the Buckled" (MacCarthy) – 4:17
"Columbus" (Noel Brazil) – 4:10
"Another Day" (MacCarthy) – 4:34
"Fat Valley of Pain" (Brazil) – 6:20
"I Say a Little Prayer" (Burt Bacharach, Hal David) – 5:34
"Vanities" (Brazil) – 4:38
"The Fog in Monterey" (Moore) – 4:02

Personnel
Mary Black - vocals
Declan Sinnott - guitars, harmony vocals, producer
Pat Crowley - accordion, keyboards, harmony vocals
Garvan Gallagher - double bass, harmony vocals
Noel Bridgeman - percussion, harmony vocals
Carl Geraghty - saxophone
Dónal Lunny - synthesizer (tracks 1, 3, 6, 7)
Caroline Lavelle - cello (tracks 3, 6)
Mandy Murphy - backing vocals (tracks 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11)
Tony Davis - backing vocals (tracks 2, 9)
Technical
DanDan FitzGerald - recording and mixing engineer

References

1989 albums
Mary Black albums