The 38th Bombardment Group is an inactive unit of the United States Air Force. It was most recently assigned as the operational (flying) component of the 38th Bombardment Wing, stationed at Laon-Couvron Air Base, France, where it was inactivated on 8 December 1957.

During World War II the 38th Bomb Group was a medium bombardment group operating in the Southwest Pacific Area (SWPA) as a B-25 Mitchell unit assigned to Fifth Air Force. It was one of the first combat organizations of the United States Army Air Forces to be deployed to the Pacific Theater when elements took part in the June 1942, Battle of Midway using the Martin B-26 Marauder medium bomber. Operating in separated echelons until February 1943, the group was re-organized in April 1943 into a standardized B-25 unit. At the conclusion of World War II, the group converted to the A-26 (later B-26) Invader medium bomber.

The 38th Bomb Group was awarded four Distinguished Unit Citations for its combat service in Papua (Buna and Gona, 23 July 1942 to 23 January 1943); New Britain (Cape Gloucester, 24–26 December 43); New Guinea (Jefman-Samate-Sorong, 16–17 June 1944); and Leyte (Ormoc Bay, 10 November 1944). It also received recognition from the government of the Philippines with an award of the Philippine Presidential Unit Citation.

During the early years of the Cold War, the unit operated in France as a NATO tactical bombardment group flying Martin B-57B Canberras. The group formed the "Black Knights" aerial demonstration team that performed at several air shows in Western Europe, including the 1957 Paris Air Show. The Black Knights were the only tactical bomber show team in the world.

History
 For additional history and lineage, see 38th Combat Support Wing

Lineage
 Constituted as 38th Bombardment Group (Medium) on 20 November 1940
 Activated on 15 January 1941
 Redesignated 38th Bombardment Group, Light on 6 May 1946
 Inactivated in the Far East on 1 April 1949.
 Activated in France on 1 January 1953
 Redesignated 38th Bombardment Group, Tactical on 1 October 1955
 Inactivated on 8 December 1957
 Redesignated 38th Tactical Missile Group on 31 July 1985 (remained inactive)

Assignments
 3 Bomber (later, III Bomber) Command, 15 January 1941 – 18 January 1942
 V Bomber Command
 Air Echelon remained attached to III Bomber Command, 18 January-1 May 1942
 Ground Echelon assigned to United States Army Forces in Australia, 18 January-25 February 1942
 Ground Echelon assigned to Allied Air Forces, Southwest Pacific Area, 1 April 1942
 Two squadrons attached to VII Fighter Command, 1 May-1 August 1942
 V Fighter Command (Combined unit), 1 August 1942
 Fifth Air Force 22 November 1945
 38th Bombardment Wing 18 August 1948 – 1 April 1949; 1 January 1953 – 8 December 1957

Components
 69th Bombardment Squadron: 15 January 1941 – 26 February 1943
 70th Bombardment Squadron: 15 January 1941 – 26 February 1943
 71st Bombardment Squadron: 15 January 1941 – 1 April 1949; 1 January 1953 – 8 December 1957
 89th Bombardment Squadron: 6 May 1946 – 1 April 1949
 15th Reconnaissance (later 405th Bombardment) Squadron: 25 February 1942 – 1 April 1949; 1 January 1953 – 8 December 1957
 822d Bombardment Squadron: 20 April 1943 – 12 April 1946; 1 January 1953 – 8 December 1957
 823d Bombardment Squadron: 20 April 1943 – 12 April 1946

Stations

 Langley Field, Virginia, 15 January 1941*
 Jackson AAB, Mississippi, c. 5 June 1941 – 18 January 1942
 Two squadrons operated from Hickam Field, Hawaii Territory until mid June 1942, then from Plaine Des Gaiacs Airfield, New Caledonia, and Nandi Airfield, Fiji
 Doomben Field (Eagle Farm Airport), Australia, 25 February 1942*
 Ballarat Airport, Australia, 8 March 1942*
 RAAF Base Amberley, Australia, 30 April 1942*
 Doomben Field (Eagle Farm Airport), Australia, c. 10 June 1942*
 Breddan Airfield, Australia, 7 August 1942
 RAAF Base Townsville, Australia, 30 September 1942
*Group ground echelons only, no aircraft or crews

 Durand Airfield, Port Moresby, New Guinea, 26 November 1942
 Nadzab Airfield Complex, New Guinea, 4 March 1944
 Borokoe Airfield, Biak, Netherlands East Indies, 1 October 1944
 Pitoe Airfield, Morotai, Netherlands East Indies, 15 October 1944
 Lingayen Airfield, Luzon, Philippines Commonwealth, 30 January 1945
 Yontan Airfield, Okinawa, 25 July 1945
 Itazuke Airfield, Japan, 27 November 1945
 Itami Airfield, Japan, 26 October 1946 – 1 April 1949
 Laon-Couvron Air Base, France 1 January 1953 – 8 December 1957

Aircraft
 B-18 Bolo (1941)
 B-26 Marauder (1941–1942)
 B-25 Mitchell (1942–1945, 1947–1949)
 B-26 Invader (1945–1949, 1953–1955)
 B-57 Canberra (1955–1957)

Operations

World War II

Creation, training, and overseas movement
The 38th Bombardment Group (Medium) was constituted on 20 November 1940 by War Department General Order AG 320.2, and activated on 15 January 1941 at Langley Army Air Base, Virginia, by the 2nd Wing, GHQ Air Force. Its original cadre consisted of seven officers and 112 enlisted men transferred from the 22d Bombardment Group to administratively organize the group. Its original assigned flying squadrons were the 69th, 70th and 71st Bomb Squadrons, with the 15th Reconnaissance Squadron activated at the same time and attached.

In the first week of June 1941, the group transferred to Jackson Army Air Base, Mississippi to receive an influx of personnel just graduated from technical schools and to train a large levy of drafted enlisted men, mostly from Pennsylvania, fresh out of basic training. The first combat crews joined the group on 2 September, consisting of 30 newly commissioned pilots of Randolph Field Pilot Training Class 41-F, who began group training in seven B-18s and two PT-13 Kaydets. The next month the group began receiving new B-26 Marauders, and by 1 December 1941 each bomb squadron had 13 assigned. The first loss of an aircraft was 69th BS B-26 40-1472 in a landing accident at Jackson AAB, with all six crewmen killed, on 21 December 1941.

The German U-boat threat to Allied shipping earmarked the group for assignment to anti-submarine warfare patrols from a base in South America. Orders to transfer the group to Savannah AAB, Georgia, as the first step in the process, were rescinded when the United States was drawn into the war on 7 December 1941. Instead the group remained at Jackson until 18 January when its ground echelon entrained for movement to a port of embarkation at San Francisco, California, where it was quartered in the Cow Palace.

On 29 January the ground echelon boarded the Army transport USAT Tasker H. Bliss, formerly the Dollar Liner SS President Cleveland. The Bliss left in convoy from San Francisco on the 31st and arrived at Brisbane, Australia on 25 February 1942. On that date the 15th Reconnaissance Squadron was assigned as the group's fourth squadron, and re-designated the 405th Bomb Squadron on 22 April 1942.

The ground personnel of the group were employed as service and construction troops, working at various bases until assignment to Charters Towers on 2 August. The advance party, however, found that the 3rd Bomb Group and its A-20 Havocs occupied all the desirable space and established a camp at Breddan on 7 August. The ground element of the 71st BS moved to Batchelor Field, Darwin, on 1 May to act as a service squadron for the 19th Bomb Group, which had been compelled to evacuate its B-17s from the Philippines by Japanese advances. On 12 August it rejoined the group at Breddan.

The air echelon did not accompany the sea movement and was quartered at Fort McDowell, California, until 6 April, when it moved by train to Patterson Field, Ohio, to continue B-26 training. On 8–7 May, the 69th and 70th BS flew new B-26Bs to California for movement to Hawaii, while the 71st and 405th began receiving B-25 Mitchell bombers for training. The 71st moved to MacDill AAB where it exchanged its experienced B-26 crews for those of the 21st Bomb Group (a unit converting to B-26s), which were entirely newly graduated pilots from Shafter Field Pilot Training Class 42-E. The 405th flew to Barksdale Field, Louisiana, to exchange crews with the 17th Bomb Group, which was converting to B-26s because a large portion of its B-25s had been lost on the Doolittle Raid. These novice pilots and crews became the core of the group's combat crews for the next 15 months.

69th and 70th Bomb Squadrons

On 19 May the first flight of three B-26 Marauders left Hamilton Field, for Hawaii. From 22 May to 10 June the 69th and 70th Bomb Squadrons ferried 26 Marauders to Hickam Field without a single mishap.

Two aircraft of the 69th BS in Hawaii took part in the Battle of Midway as part of Seventh Air Force. Together with two Marauders from the 18th Reconnaissance Squadron of the 22nd Bomb Group, they were modified to each carry a Mark 13 torpedo and practised torpedo runs for ten days before being deployed to Midway Island. All four took off on the morning of 4 June 1942, in an attempt to attack Japanese aircraft carriers. The bombers began their long torpedo runs at 800 feet altitude, and two were lost before they could release. The remaining B-26s then dropped down to only ten feet above the water under heavy attack from Japanese fighters and antiaircraft fire. Neither hit the carriers. The two Marauders shot down included one with a 69th BS crew, while the two survivors were heavily damaged.

On 13 June the 69th received orders to proceed to New Caledonia. Equipped with only ten B-26s and based at Plaine Des Gaiacs Airfield, New Caledonia, it became the first medium bombardment squadron in the South Pacific Area. The 70th Bombardment Squadron arrived at Nandi Airfield on Fiji one week later.

Both squadrons conducted search and bombing missions in the Solomon Islands from McDonald Field on Efate during the Guadalcanal campaign, and the 69th staged twice with torpedoes for strikes against the Japanese fleet that never materialized. The 70th was briefly based on Guadalcanal in mid-November. The 69th arrived at Guadalcanal on 31 December and immediately bombed the Japanese airfield under construction at Munda. It remained at Henderson Field until 12 January, flying eleven missions against Munda and the Japanese seaplane base at Rekata Bay, where it lost two Marauders to antiaircraft fire on 7 January 1943.

The 69th was advised at the end of September that it would be converting to B-25s, but it was November before the first five were received. It turned over its surviving B-26s to the 70th BS in March 1943 when it received 10 new Mitchells and began three months of conversion training. On 26 February 1943, the 69th and 70th squadrons were reassigned from the 38th Bomb Group. In March they were assigned to the 42nd Bombardment Group based on Fiji and the 70th also began conversion to B-25s.

71st and 405th Bomb Squadrons

The two B-25 squadrons of the 38th BG picked up 37 new B-25C and B-25D aircraft at McClellan Field, California, on 28 July 1942, flew them to Hamilton Field, and began movement to Hawaii in early August. These were the first B-25s to be flown to their overseas bases. Stripped of all armament (shipped separately by sea) to reduce weight and navigated without radio beacon aids, they continued on from Hickam Field to Breddan via Christmas Island, Canton Island, Fiji, and New Caledonia. During the ferry operation, a navigation error over New South Wales while trying to find Amberley, Queensland caused five bombers of the 405th BS to become lost on 14 August and run out of fuel. One was abandoned near Lismore, one crash-landed at Casino, and two others crash-landed at Grafton. The fifth managed to land safely at Evans Head. One crewman was killed bailing out of his aircraft.

All aircraft of 71st BS arrived in Australia by 14 August and those of the 405th by 21 August. The now 33 bombers of the group were in place at Breddan by 25 August, and the two squadrons began flying training missions from Charters Towers on 29 August. The group was assigned to the newly activated V Bomber Command, Fifth Air Force and operated in that command to October 1944, attacking Japanese airfields, shipping, and ground forces in New Guinea and the Bismarck Archipelago.

On 9–10 September, in preparation for starting operations, the 38th BG was assigned to the Fifth Air Force's Advanced Echelon (ADVON) and a forward echelon moved to Horn Island Aerodrome. 12 Mitchells flew the first combat mission on 15 September 1942, staging through Port Moresby, to bomb and strafe Japanese Army positions and an airfield near Buna, New Guinea. On 28 September the forward echelon displaced to Laloki airfield, New Guinea, where it continued reconnaissance and occasional bombing missions, while the remainder of the group moved up to Townsville. The 38th BG experienced its first combat loss when fighters shot down a B-25 attacking a convoy off Buna on 5 October.

The group had been without a commanding officer for nearly six months, and on 6 November Lt. Col. Brian O'Neill, commander of the 22nd BG's 408th Bomb Squadron at Reid River Airfield in Australia, transferred to the 38th BG and took command of the group. O'Neill remained in command for the next year, until a freak ground accident caused him to be transferred for medical treatment in October 1943.

During the month of November 1942, the group staged through Rorona airstrip, flying a limited number of missions while the ground echelon completed its move to New Guinea by sea. On 26 November it moved into another of Moresby's airfield complex, Durand Airfield ("17 Mile Drome"), from which it would operate for fifteen months. At Durand, as at the five bases which followed, the group lived in dispersed tent cities, was subject to nightly raids on its facilities by Japanese aircraft, and often staged through crude forward strips to extend the range of its combat operations.

The group participated in the Battle of the Bismarck Sea on 3 March 1943, with the 405th BS engaging in an early example of "mast head" (skip) bombing. Following the Bismarck Sea mission, the 38th returned all of its aircraft over a period of months to the 4th Air Depot in Townsville for field modification to the B-25C-1 (405th BS) and B-25D-1 (71st BS) strafer configuration in which the nose compartment was enclosed with sheet metal with eight forward-firing machine guns mounted in the nose and in blister packs on the fuselage side below the cockpit. The lower turret was also removed and replaced by a 150-gallon fuel tank mounted on bomb racks that allowed it to be jettisoned once fuel was transferred. The 405th made low level strafing attacks its standard operating procedure in March 1943, while the 71st BS commenced such missions in May. The modification process and training needs released the group from most combat operations between April and July.

Major Ralph Cheli (pronounced "Kelly" ) was awarded the Medal of Honor for a mission on the second day of the bombing of Wewak on 18 August 1943. Assigned to lead both the group and the 405th BS in an attack on heavily defended Dagua Airdrome, his C-1 strafer was severely hit by enemy fire while at 150 feet. Cheli remained in formation and led the attack before crash-landing his bomber into the sea. Initially he was believed killed in the crash, but post war evidence indicates that he survived the crash but was executed in March 1944 by the Japanese while a POW on Rabaul. What were believed to be the remains of Cheli and other similarly executed POWs are now interred at Jefferson Barracks National Cemetery in St. Louis, Missouri.

Two weeks later, on 2 September, sixteen strafers attacked shipping reported in Wewak harbor. Attacking in eight two-plane elements with two 1000-pound bombs each, the Mitchells came in just over the crests of low ridges to the south, into a barrage of intense antiaircraft fire at their altitude. 10 to 15 Japanese fighters eluded the P-38 top cover by circling under a 5000-foot ceiling, then attacked the bomber formation vertically and from the rear for 25 minutes. One bomber of the 405th BS was shot up as it released its bombs, then ditched in the bay. A second was pursued after bombing and cartwheeled into the Bismarck Sea when hit by fighter attacks. A third was shot down during the attacks of the 71st BS when it "snap rolled" at wavetop height and crashed inverted into the bay. The crews of all three aircraft were killed. Despite the losses, small barrage balloons anchored to each ship, and a number of overshoots of the bombs, the attack succeeded in hitting several of the vessels.

822d and 823d Bomb Squadrons
The 822d and 823d Bomb Squadrons were constituted and assigned to the 38th BG on 20 April 1943 to bring the group to a full strength of four squadrons. Both squadrons were raised in New Guinea using a cadre from the 38th BG to provide group training to a pool of incoming ground personnel, and later to new pilots. The ground personnel landed at Port Moresby on 23 June 1943 after a month at sea, while the air crews trained at Charters Towers until October. 38 new B-25G aircraft began field modifications at Townsville on 24 September and were flown by their crews to Durand on 9 and 10 October. The new squadrons flew their first combat mission on 15 October 1943.

 The 822d and 823d BS field-tested the cannon-mounted B-25G bombers, and from 19 November to 25 December they were employed over the northwest coastal areas of New Britain against barge traffic between New Guinea and New Britain. The B-25G underwent a thorough combat testing during the period, firing 1,253 rounds of 75 mm ammunition. Five were lost in the first month of combat and a dozen by May 1944. The losses were initially replaced by five B-25Hs, but Fifth Air Force did not prefer this model, and soon after losses were replaced by strafer configured B-25Ds. In early February 1944 the G models began depot conversion to the "B-25G-1" configuration, replacing the cannon with two .50 caliber machine guns. The surviving G-1 models were transferred in September 1944 to the 41st Bomb Group after new B-25Js were received.

The two veteran squadrons engaged in a series of large strikes mounted by Fifth Air Force against Rabaul in the latter half of October, attempting to neutralize the Japanese base before Allied landings on Bougainville, scheduled for 1 November. On 2 November, the 71st and 405th BS were part of a force of nine understrength squadrons of B-25s and six squadrons of P-38 Lightning fighters that attacked Simpson Harbor to cover the landings. In its strafing attack on shipping, the 38th lost three B-25s to antiaircraft fire from numerous Japanese naval vessels in the harbor.

After the neutralization of Rabaul, the group attacked airfields on New Britain in preparation for the landing of the U.S. Marines on Cape Gloucester, then shifted on 19 December to bombing of defense positions. On D-Day, 26 December, all four squadrons of the group laid smoke screens and strafed the beaches at low altitude, for which the group was awarded its second Distinguished Unit Citation. In January 1944 the group began staging its missions through Dobodura. On 15 February 1944 the group attacked Japanese shipping in Kavieng harbor, where a 71st BS B-25 was forced to ditch after being set aflame by antiaircraft fire during its bomb run. The three survivors of the crew were among fifteen rescued by U.S. Navy PBY Catalina pilot Lt. J.G. Nathan G. Gordon, who received the Medal of Honor for the exploit. On 4  BG moved to a new permanent station at Nadzab Field.

Operations in 1944
The group experienced significant non-combat losses of aircraft to New Guinea's volatile climate and rugged terrain. On 16 April 1944, 24 bombers took off to bomb Hollandia, with two returning to base with engine problems. The remaining 22 bombed their targets without opposition by the Japanese, but on the return flight encountered a massive storm front. Unable to penetrate the front, the squadron formations dispersed at the coast, with eight planes landing safely at Cape Gloucester and three others at Finschhafen. The other 11 attempted to land at Saidor, but two were severely damaged and four wrecked in crashes or runway collisions with other aircraft. Four airmen were killed. In all the weather front on "Black Sunday" claimed 37 USAAF aircraft lost or destroyed, the biggest weather loss in the history of the United States Air Force.

While based at Nadzab, the group increasingly used forward strips from which to stage missions, including Hollandia, Wakde, and Borokoe Airfield on Biak. In May and  conducted a month of attacks against Japanese airpower in the Vogelkop to protect Allied amphibious movements along the north coast of New Guinea. The campaign culminated in a two-group attack on Jefman and Samate Dromes at the extreme western tip of New Guinea, led by the 38th BG. The 670-mile mission, the longest to date by medium bombers in the SWPA, required staging through Hollandia and Wakde airfields and the use of 215-gallon fuel tanks mounted in the bomb bays. Attacking in two waves of 11 aircraft abreast, the group strafed and used parachute bombs against more than forty Japanese aircraft on the fields. The leading wave of bombers claimed five Japanese aircraft shot down attempting to take off, and four others that evaded the P-38 escort and attempted to bomb the group using white phosphorus aerial-bursting bombs. The smoke from fires caused by its attack grew so thick that the last crews through were forced to fly on instruments. One mission report stated: "Col. (Donald P.) Hall led the formation so low over the drome that plane number 233, piloted by Lieutenant Breneman, was forced to pull up to strafe the operations tower." The next day the group returned to attack shipping it had observed in Sorong harbor during the mission against the airdromes. The missions earned the group its third DUC.

By the end of June, attrition and extensive operations reduced the group to 67 crews, of which only 23 were medically available for combat. As a result, nearly 300 air crewmen diagnosed with combat fatigue were sent back to the United States for rest and recuperation. During July and August 1944 the group was taken off operations while it received replacements, trained 63 fresh crews in formation flying, practiced bombing, and exchanged its B-25G and C-1/D-1 models for B-25J aircraft. The 823rd BS was the first to become operational with the J, followed soon after by the 405th, which had not received a replacement aircraft in over a year. The group's first combat mission using the B-25J occurred on 5 September 1944.

The 38th BG supported the Allied landings on Morotai on the mornings of 15 and 16 September 1944 by conducting low level missions to spray DDT as an anti-malarial measure on the vegetation-overgrown Pitoe Airfield, located just behind Red Beach. 19 of 21 planned sorties were completed, spraying 3,000 gallons of the pesticide-oil mixture, followed by 2,400 more gallons on 29 September. On 15 October the group moved into Pitoe's new dual-strip airfield to support the Allied invasion of Leyte by bombing airfields, ground installations, harbors, and shipping in the southern Philippines.  When the Japanese fleet threatened the beachhead on 24 October during the Battle of Leyte Gulf, the 38th BG was alerted for possible missions, but the fleet did not come within range of the B-25's on Morotai.

On 10  BG was ordered to attack a large Japanese ship convoy in Ormoc Bay attempting to land reinforcements. The convoy consisted of three large transports and several smaller merchant vessels, escorted by ten destroyers and patrol craft. 32 bombers of the group took off from Morotai at 0800, two of them returning for mechanical problems, and picked up an escort of 37 P-47 Thunderbolts of the 348th Fighter Group en route to a new fighter base at Tacloban Airfield, Leyte. At 1135 the convoy was sighted, and the group circled to make its approach from the land side. It attacked individual ships in two-plane elements at 150 feet under intense and effective antiaircraft fire from the Japanese naval vessels. In just seven minutes of combat, five of the lead 822nd Squadron's eight bombers were shot down, including the group leader, as were two of the 823rd BS, last over the convoy. The group, which was awarded its fourth Distinguished Unit Citation for the mission, suffered its greatest loss: seven bombers, three complete crews, and 21 dead or missing. While its claims were exaggerated in both tonnage and numbers of vessels sunk, the two largest transports and a frigate were sunk and serious damage inflicted on the rest of the convoy.

Operations in 1945
The group moved forward to Lingayan Field on Luzon on 30 January 1945. The next day the 822nd BS redressed its losses at Ormoc by attacking a three-destroyer convoy near Formosa, sinking the 1500-ton Ume and damaging the other two.

In the first week of February the group provided on-call close air support to US ground forces, directed by P-40 Warhawks of the 71st Reconnaissance Group acting as forward air controllers. On 2 February, it coordinated with SBD dive bombers of Marine Aircraft Group 24 in bombing Japanese positions defending Umingan against attacks by the U.S. 25th Division, then supported the 1st Cavalry Division as it moved into Manila. The mediums then began a campaign against industries and airfields on Formosa, and attacked shipping along the southeast China coast. Tactics evolved in which formations of 36 aircraft bombed from medium altitudes, while low altitude strafing attacks featured four waves of B-25Js flying nine abreast, such as the attack on the Imperial Japanese Navy airfield at Taichū (台中), Formosa, on 2 March. The raid of 2 March illustrates the scope of medium bomber operations in the Western Pacific in 1945: attacks in bombardment wing strength using two groups, each group with its own target, employing a mission force of 72 B-25 bombers, 24 P-51 Mustang fighter escorts, and two OA-10 Catalinas on station for rescue operations. On 20 March, the group attacked a small convoy of warships escorting a large freighter near Amoy, China. Flying abreast in four attack waves totaling 22 Mitchells, each squadron lost a bomber in the brief but vicious combat, with two going down in the target area and two others crash-landing at Fourteenth Air Force fields on the Chinese mainland.

On 13 May, after evaluating two months of strikes against Formosan targets, group commander Lt. Col. Edwin H. Hawes conceived a sustained campaign to eradicate all Japanese sugar mill/ethanol refineries on Formosa. He formed specially-designated two-crew teams from each squadron, each team selecting and bombing a target every fourth day, to provide daily pressure on the industry. The group became known as the "Alcohol Busters".

On 21 June 1945 half of the air echelon of 38th BG (30 B-25s) was sent on short notice to Puerta Princesa Airfield, Palawan, where it was attached to the 42nd Bomb Group of the Thirteenth Air Force to form a nine-squadron wing. For the remainder of June it conducted preinvasion low altitude bombing of Japanese installations at Balikpapan, Borneo. Its first mission on 22 June consisted of 54 Mitchells flying 18 abreast in three waves, strafing and dropping air-fused napalm bombs. On the mission of 29 June, the group was forced to attack through the exploding bursts of bombs dropped by B-24 Liberators flying at much higher altitude, losing one B-25.

After its return to Lingayen, it conducted training missions until an advanced party flew to Okinawa on 14 July to prepare for the transfer of the group to Yontan Airfield. The ground echelon boarded LSTs on 26 July and moved to Subic Bay, where it remained until the end of the month. It reached Yontan by sea on 8 August. The air echelon flew to Yontan on 25 July and began attacks on industries, railways, and shipping in southern Japan and both coasts of Korea. Japanese home defenses proved effective and seven B-25s were lost in combat between 26 July and 10 August, with only one crew surviving.

On the morning of 9 August 1945, ten B-25Js led by Col. Hawes attacked the Japanese aircraft carrier Kaiyo (海鷹), beached in Beppu Bay on Kyushu. Flying three abreast at low level through a thick haze, six of the ten aircraft struck the carrier with five 1000-pound delayed-action demolition bombs. Hawes and his crew were killed when a wingtip of their bomber struck a tree, then the carrier itself, and crashed beside the ship after releasing its bombs. Hawes' Mitchell was the last lost by the group during World War II.

The 38th Bomb Group flew its final combat mission on 13 August 1945, searching for shipping off the east coast of Korea, and the next morning moved its 54 operational bombers back to Morotai to make room for units involved in the imminent occupation.

Post-war duties
The 38th BG returned to Yontan from Morotai on 26 September, having lost three additional B-25s to accidents. On 1 October the group transferred out all aircraft with more than 600 hours of flight time, which reduced it to nine B-25s. Okinawa was struck by typhoons on 16 September and 9 October, the latter destroying all tents and structures in the 38th's camp at Yontan, but the bombers were saved by weighting down their wings with sandbags and using full engine power to keep them turned into the wind.

On 1 November the group was designated for movement to Kyushu, to be based at Itazuke Air base near Fukuoka as part of the Far East Air Forces occupation force. On 7 November the group divided into advance and rear echelons and began loading five LSTs for the movement. The convoy sailed on 13 November, offloading at Sasebo by 22 November (it was unable to unload at Fukuoka because the harbor had not been swept of naval mines). On 25 November the aircraft flew from Okinawa to Ashiya Air Base because Itazuke was not yet serviceable. Their crews were trucked 40 miles to Itazuke, followed two days later by the rear air echelon, which arrived in 18 C-47s. The 38th BG began rehabilitation of the base using groups of Japanese laborers.

The 38th BG returned more than 500 men to the United States for demobilization before the end of 1945. In January 1946, it received 16 A-26 Invader bombers at Ashiya for orientation and training, assigned to the 405th BS. A lack of engineering personnel in the group resulted in most of the aircraft being grounded until acceptance inspections could be performed. The group was reduced to three squadrons on 12 April 1946 as both the 822nd and 823rd BS were inactivated and the 89th Bomb Squadron at Itazuke was assigned to the group.

The group was redesignated as the 38th Bombardment Group (Light) in May 1946 and reassigned to the 315th Air Division. Operational surveillance missions began in April, with two A-26s lost in weather-related crashes in April and May. In September 1946 the group moved to Itami, Japan. The 405th BS was reduced to a paper squadron without aircraft or personnel, then relocated at Itazuke between 1 January and 1 May 1947 to be a basic military training unit, after which it returned to Itami as a non-flying labor unit until the establishment of the USAF. The 71st BS discontinued flight operations on 1 November 1946 and went into an unmanned status until 1 May 1947, when it received new personnel at Itami in preparation for resuming operations. The 89th BS became the sole operational squadron of the group between November 1946 and September 1947.

United States Air Force

On 18 September 1947 the 38th Bomb Group became part of the independent United States Air Force. Both the 71st and 405th Squadrons were subsequently re-equipped with B-26C Invader and TB-25 Mitchell aircraft, resuming surveillance and training missions. Under the reorganization of the Air Force wing plan, it was made the combat component of the newly activated 38th Bombardment Wing (Light) on 18 August 1948. It assisted in the air defense of Japan and participated in tactical exercises from August 1948 – March 1949. The 38th Bombardment Group was inactivated in the Far East on 1 April 1949.

The group was reactivated on 1 January 1953 as the 38th Bombardment Group (Tactical), again a subordinate component of the 38th Bomb Wing, now part of United States Air Forces in Europe, and based at Laon-Couvron Air Base, France. The 71st, 405th and 822d Bomb Squadrons were reactivated as the group's flying components. The group absorbed the assets and personnel of the 126th Bomb Group, an Illinois Air National Guard unit that was inactivated and returned to state control.

The group flew the B-26 Invader until April 1955, when it converted to the B-57B Canberra tactical bomber. A total of forty-nine B-57B and eight 2-seat B-57C models for training were deployed to Laon.  The 38th Bomb Group was the only tactical bombardment unit assigned to USAFE.  The mission of the B-57B was all-weather interdiction using conventional weapons, but it was also nuclear weapons-capable and provided a nuclear deterrence.  The Canberras at Laon were painted a gloss black. Using five B-57's, the 38th BG formed its own aerial demonstration team called the Black Knights. They performed at air shows around Western Europe, including the 1957 Paris Air Show. The Black Knights were the only tactical bomber show team in the world.

In 1958, French President Charles de Gaulle announced that all NATO nuclear weapons and delivery aircraft had to be removed from French soil by July 1958. Since the parent wing was nuclear capable by NATO policy, it was ordered to depart France. The 38th BG was inactivated at Laon on 8 December 1957 and its three squadrons assigned directly to the wing while aircraft and personnel were transferred to other units. The wing then moved on 18 June 1958 to Hahn Air Base, Germany, where it was redesignated a tactical missile wing using the TM-61 Matador.

Honors
The honors earned by the group prior to 18 August 1948 were bestowed for display on the 38th Combat Support Wing.

Decorations

Distinguished Unit Citation, World War II
Papua, September 1942 – 23 January 1943
New Britain, 24–26 December 1943
New Guinea, 16–17 June 1944
Leyte, 10 November 1944

Philippine Presidential Unit Citation
Liberation of the Philippine Islands

Service streamers

Air Combat, Asiatic-Pacific Theater
Air Offensive, Japan
China Defensive
Papua
New Guinea
Bismarck Archipelago
Western Pacific
Leyte
Luzon
Southern Philippines
China Offensive

See also

 Battle of Ormoc Bay
 Battle of the Bismarck Sea
 Bombing of Rabaul (November 1943)
 Bombing of Wewak
 List of Martin B-26 Marauder operators
 United States Army Air Forces in Australia

Notes
Footnotes

Citations

References

Websites
 History of the 69th Bomb Squadron

External links
 38th Bomb Group Association (WWII)
 "United States Army Air Forces Crew 5 December 1942" interment of 405th BS crew on 17 November 2009, at Arlington National Cemetery
 38th Bomb Wing Black Knights

038
038


William Henry Beierwaltes ( – August 14, 2005) was an American physician who was a pioneer in the use of nuclear medicine. Beierwaltes building on the established work of Dr.Saul Hertz, developed  innovations in the use of iodine-131 and in surgery in treating thyroid cancer, in establishing a university training program in nuclear medicine and in the use of radiolabeled antibodies to detect cancer.

Early years and education
Beierwaltes grew up in Saginaw, Michigan. He spent the vast majority of his career at the University of Michigan, earning a bachelor's degree there in 1938, his medical degree in 1941 and completed his residency as an endocrinologist in 1945. He developed a lifelong focus on thyroid cancer after performing an autopsy in his third year of medical school on a patient who had died from the disease. One of his few times away from the University of Michigan was for an internship and residency at Cleveland City Hospital, where one of his assignments was a study of the use of an antithyroid drug in treatment of hyperthyroidism. After joining the faculty of the University of Michigan Medical School in 1945, he started to become involved in the growing field of nuclear medicine.

Career and research
Beierwaltes was one of five doctors present at the first course teaching doctors how to use radioactive iodine for medical purposes, which was offered by the Atomic Energy Commission at its facility in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. He spent his career seeking methods to identify and treat cancer using radioisotopes. Early in his career, he established a clinic in which radioactive iodine was used to help diagnose and detect tumors in patients with hyperthyroidism and thyroid cancer. He became an advocate for a therapy that combined radioiodine and surgery, which has been accepted by the medical profession as the standard regimen for diagnosis and treatment of thyroid conditions.

He was named in 1952 as head of the Clinical Radioisotope Service at the University of Michigan. Beierwaltes wrote Clinical Use of Radioisotopes, published in 1957, which was one of the first books published in the field. When it was established in the early 1960s, Beierwaltes was promoted to chief of the Nuclear Medicine Division and helped form the nuclear medicine fellowship at the University of Michigan, one of the first such programs in the United States.

Results of a study Beierwaltes reported in 1950 showed that he was able to use x-rays to prevent blindness in eight of eleven patients with a form of the disease exophthalmos. The pituitary glands of these patients were believed to have been producing excessive amounts of thyroid-stimulating hormone which caused swelling in the eyesocket that could compress the optic nerve or ophthalmic artery leading to blindness. By x-raying the pituitary gland, the swelling was reduced. Three years after treatment patients had gained an average of 13 pounds and their eyes had receded an average of one-fifth of an inch.

Beierwaltes retired from the University of Michigan at age 70 and moved to Grosse Pointe, Michigan, where he continued work at the local St. John Hospital and at William Beaumont Hospital in Royal Oak, Michigan. He "finally and unequivocally" retired from clinical work on August 31, 1994.

Legacy
Beierwaltes developed the concept of combining radioactive iodine with the hormone-like Iobenguane, so that the radioactivity could be detected when the substance traveled to cells in the adrenal gland and related tissues. Beierwaltes is co-holder of the patent on Iobenguane, which he developed in the 1970s to allow for imaging of the adrenal gland.

He was awarded the Scientific Achievement Award, the highest honor given by the American Medical Association, for his contributions to the medical profession as a clinician, teacher, and investigator.

Personal life
Beierwaltes died at age 88 on August 14, 2005, in his home in Petoskey, Michigan, of natural causes.

References

1910s births
2005 deaths
American nuclear medicine physicians
People from Petoskey, Michigan
People from Saginaw, Michigan
University of Michigan Medical School alumni
University of Michigan faculty


"The Loving Kind" is a song by English-Irish girl group Girls Aloud, taken from their fifth studio album Out of Control (2008). The song was written by Pet Shop Boys, Miranda Cooper, Brian Higgins and his production team Xenomania, and produced by Higgins and Xenomania. Described as a "synth-pop ballad", "The Loving Kind" was originally written for inclusion on Pet Shop Boys' Yes (2009) before being given to Girls Aloud. Upon its release in January 2009, "The Loving Kind" peaked at number ten on the UK Singles Chart, thereby continuing their six-year streak of top-ten hits.

In the music video, the group portrays the "good" and "bad" Girls Aloud as they perform in mirrored boxes. "The Loving Kind" was promoted through numerous live appearances and was performed on 2009's Out of Control Tour. The song was largely praised by most contemporary music critics, although maligned by others for its similarities with "Call the Shots".

Background and composition
Xenomania and Pet Shop Boys wrote the song in sessions for the latter's album Yes. Both parties had previously agreed there would be just three co-written songs on the album, and having noticed Chris Lowe's "slight reticence" towards the song, Higgins suggested that Girls Aloud record "The Loving Kind". Pet Shop Boys member Neil Tennant said that they co-wrote the song while working with Xenomania, and described it as "beautiful but still dancey". It was the second song Girls Aloud recorded for Out of Control. PopJustice wrote that "the lyrics have the sadness and melancholy of a massive proper ballad but the production drags the song straight to the dancefloor and lends it an undeniable sense of optimism." Lowe said he was "absolutely over the moon" with the result.

"The Loving Kind" is in the same vein as much of the Pet Shop Boys' output. The Observer described it as an "elegantly sad account of a waning relationship." The song is written in D♭ major with a time signature in common time and a tempo of 128 beats per minute. The basic chord progression of the song is G♭, D♭, B♭m, Fm, and A♭. The song begins instantly with a synthesised introduction, followed by the first verse and refrain. There is an emotive bridge and a middle 8. The verse repeats, followed by the chorus, an instrumental section, and the chorus again. The radio mix differs slightly; the introduction is less abrupt and the song lasts six seconds longer.

Release
The single was confirmed on 21 November 2008 via Girls Aloud's official website. The CD single includes a Girls Aloud megamix, released to celebrate Girls Aloud's twentieth single release. The megamix was created by Jewels & Stone, and features the intro and outro from the famous Stars on 45 medleys. There was also 7" picture disc made available, which included a previously unreleased B-side entitled "Memory of You", originally called "Japan". Remixes by Wideboys and Utah Saints were also commissioned.

B-side

There was a mild controversy surrounding the fact that the single's B-side "Memory of You" was only available on the vinyl format and not in CD or digital quality. The song was originally called "Japan". Popjustice featured a 30-second clip of "Memory of You" as their Song of the Day prior to release. It was later included in high quality on the official Girls Aloud singles box set later in 2009 and went on to be included on the deluxe edition of their second greatest hits compilation Ten. Roberts recorded a solo version of the song and made it available via pre-order only with her third single, "Yo-Yo", from her debut album.

Critical reception
The song received mostly positive reviews from contemporary music critics. Digital Spy gave the song five stars, saying it "weds hauntingly melancholy vocals [...] to a sense of dancefloor euphoria totally at odds with the teary-eyed lyrics" and was "nothing short of dazzling, meaning 'The Loving Kind' deserves a place [...] on the list of Girls Aloud's finest ever singles." They called it "the standout track" from Out of Control and "one of the most emotionally resonant songs of the group's career." Dorian Lynskey of The Observer agreed, calling it "best of all [...] It's bracing to hear Girls Aloud traffic in grown-up emotions". "The Loving Kind" has also been called "the best thing they've ever done." Nicola Roberts was praised for her vocals, which Slant Magazine felt "provide some of the album's most affecting moments."

However, "The Loving Kind" was criticised due to its similarities with 2007's "Call the Shots", with NME even calling the song as "a letdown sequel". BBC Music felt the song was "hugely disappointing." Popjustice said that although it isn't "amazing by Girls Aloud PLUS Xenomania PLUS Pet Shop Boys standards", it was still "really properly amazing." In a blog for BBC, Fraser McAlpine agreed that "it's easy to get caught up on the idea of this being some immense pop event," but it was still an "extremely well done piece of heartbroken pop."

At the 2009 Popjustice £20 Music Prize, Nicola Roberts expressed dislike for the song and even nominated it for the Twenty Quid Invoice Prize, presented to what judges deem to be the worst single of any given year.

Chart performance
On 14 December 2008, "The Loving Kind" entered the UK Singles Chart at number 87 on downloads alone. The following week, it entered the top forty at number 38. In the run-up to the single's release, chart commentators began to speculate that the song could possibly become the first single by the group to miss the top 10. James Masterton wrote on his Yahoo! chart blog, "Their problem is the continuing chart performance of former number 1 hit 'The Promise'. [...] Good reviews do not chart placings make and "this song is too good to be a flop" is as much a myth as "team X are far too good to get relegated"." After its physical release, "The Loving Kind" still managed to peak at number ten, becoming Girls Aloud's twentieth consecutive top ten single. It fell to number 14 the following week, but spent eighteen weeks in the top 100. "The Loving Kind" was highly successful in the Scottish Singles Chart, outpeaking "The Promise" by entering at number two and remaining in the top 10 for 4 weeks. The song entered the Irish Singles Chart at number 49, rising to number 24 the following week and eventually peaking at number sixteen.

Music video

The music video, directed by Trudy Bellinger, was premièred on 4Music at 7pm and was shown on Channel 4 at 11:05pm on 3 December 2008. The making of the video was aired on MTV Hits on 13 December 2008, with reruns on both MTV Hits and TMF.

In the video, the girls portray the "good" Girls Aloud, who are the lovable kind, and their "bad" alter egos, who are not. The bad Girls Aloud throw wine and smash the glass that covers their boxes. Cheryl Cole cut herself when she smashed her hand through the glass and similarly Nadine Coyle injured herself when she kicked her foot through the glass; causing her shoe to fall off. Pop music blog PopJustice noted that "twenty singles in, Girls Aloud have made their best video yet."

Live performances
Girls Aloud's first performance of the song occurred on their ITV1 variety show The Girls Aloud Party. The group performed in matching black tutus, described by MarieClaire as "mini prom dresses." They perform with slow, ballet-like motions and make their way to a catwalk. As Sarah Harding adlibs into the final chorus, pyrotechnics explode on both sides of the stage. On The Paul O'Grady Show, they performed in pink and purple dresses. On GMTV, they performed in the outfits from the music video. The performance received attention for Harding's "bum note".

On the group's 2009 Out of Control Tour, each girl is positioned in front of boxes with flashing lightbulbs, similar to those in the music video. Neon designs and scenes from the music video appear on the screens above the boxes. The ramps in front of them, used throughout the tour, also flash with neon lights. As the performance comes to a close, the lights all turn off.

Formats and track listings
These are the formats and track listings of major single releases of "The Loving Kind".

UK CD (Fascination / 1794885)
 "The Loving Kind" (Radio Mix) – 3:59
 "Girls on 45, Volume 2" – 7:25

UK 7" picture disc (Fascination / 1794887)
 "The Loving Kind" (Radio Mix) – 3:59
 "Memory of You" (Girls Aloud, Cooper, Higgins, Powell, Giselle Sommerville) – 3:48

iTunes exclusive digital download
 "The Loving Kind" (Utah Saints Club Mix) – 6:14

Digital download
 "The Loving Kind" (Wideboys Club Mix) – 6:37

Mobile download
 "The Loving Kind" (Wideboys Radio Edit) – 2:49

The Singles Boxset (CD20)
 "The Loving Kind" (Radio Mix) – 3:59
 "Girls on 45, Volume 2" – 7:25
 "Memory of You" – 3:48
 "The Loving Kind" (Utah Saints Club Mix) – 6:14
 "The Loving Kind" (Wideboys Club Mix) – 6:37
 "The Loving Kind" (Wideboys Radio Edit) – 2:49
 "The Loving Kind" (Wideboys Dub) – 6:38
 "The Loving Kind" (Utah Saints Radio Mix) – 3:15
 "The Loving Kind" (Utah Saints Dub) – 5:57

Credits and personnel
Engineering: Toby Scott, Dan Aslet
Guitars: Nick Coler, Jason Resch, Owen Parker
Keyboards and programming: Brian Higgins, Tim Powell, Neil Tennant, Chris Lowe, Matt Gray, Miranda Cooper, Sacha Collisson
Mixing: Jeremy Wheatley, Tim Powell, Yoad Nevo
Songwriting: Miranda Cooper, Brian Higgins, Tim Powell, Neil Tennant, Chris Lowe

Charts

Certifications

Pet Shop Boys version
A version of the song by the Pet Shop Boys (named "monitor mix") was released on the reissue of the group's album Yes/Further Listening 2008-2010 in 2017.

References

External links
 Girls Aloud's official website

2000s ballads
2008 songs
2009 singles
Girls Aloud songs
Synth-pop ballads
Music videos directed by Trudy Bellinger
Song recordings produced by Xenomania
Songs written by Miranda Cooper
Songs written by Brian Higgins (producer)
Songs written by Chris Lowe
Songs written by Neil Tennant
Songs written by Tim Powell (producer)
Fascination Records singles
Songs about heartache


Cleveland, Painesville and Ashtabula Railroad may refer to:
Cleveland, Painesville and Ashtabula Railroad (1848–1869), predecessor of the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway (New York Central system)
Cleveland, Painesville and Ashtabula Railroad (1879–1886), predecessor of the New York, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad (Nickel Plate)


Krtina (; ) is a village in the Municipality of Domžale in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia.

The settlement used to be part of the Krumperk lordship. The local church is dedicated to Saint Leonard.

References

External links

Krtina on Geopedia

Populated places in the Municipality of Domžale


Enrique Míguez (born 4 March 1966) is a Spanish sprint canoer who competed from the mid-1980s to the early 1990s. Competing in three Summer Olympics, he won a bronze medal in the C-2 500 m event at Los Angeles in 1984.

References

External links

1966 births
Canoeists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Canoeists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Canoeists at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Living people
Olympic canoeists for Spain
Olympic bronze medalists for Spain
Spanish male canoeists
Olympic medalists in canoeing
Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
20th-century Spanish people


Orlando Sánchez Márquez (born September 7, 1956, in Canóvanas, Puerto Rico) is a former catcher in Major League Baseball. He played all or part of four seasons in the majors, from  through , for the St. Louis Cardinals (1981–83), Kansas City Royals (1984) and Baltimore Orioles (1984). Listed at 6' 1", 195 lb., he batted left-handed and threw right-handed.

In a four-season career, Sánchez posted a .218 batting average (24-for-110) with 11 runs and 12 RBI in 73 games, including three doubles, two triples and one stolen base without home runs.

Following his playing career, Sánchez coached in the minor leagues.

On August 29, 2009, he coached the Mexican League champion Saraperos, when the team defeated the Quintana Roo Tigres 14–1 in the sixth game of the championship series.

Pro career
Orlando Sanchez was signed as an amateur undrafted free agent by the New York Mets. He made his professional debut as a 17 year old for the Marion Mets of the Appalachian League. In the year, Sanchez batted .206 over the course of 23 games. At the end of the 1975 season, Sanchez was released by the Mets, and signed with the Philadelphia Phillies in spring training the following year. Sanchez would spend the next few season playing in the minor league system for the Phillies. It wasn't until 1979 that Sanchez made it as far as Triple A, playing for the Phillies affiliate the Oklahoma City 89ers. Sanchez appeared in a handful of games, and had his best season in 1980, batting .306.  However, the power hitting he enjoyed on the lower levels of minor league baseball did not follow him to triple-A. While playing in the Phillies system, he was pressed into service as a pitcher for the Pulaski Phillies. Sanchez surrendered a home run and ended up with a 27.00 E.R.A.

With Philadelphia, Sanchez was stuck without much hope of getting promoted to the big league club, especially since they had multi-time All-star Bob Boone as their starting catcher. When the Rule 5 draft came around the following winter, the Phillies left Sanchez exposed and he was selected by the St. Louis Cardinals. Sanchez made his MLB debut on May 6, 1981, against the Atlanta Braves. He was a late inning defensive replacement for Darrell Porter. He made only one plate appearance, that against Gaylord Perry, and grounded out to second.

Over the course of the next couple of seasons, Sanchez would split his time from being Porter's back-up, to playing in the minors. At the end of the 1983 season, the Cardinals left Sanchez exposed and he was selected by the Kansas City Royals in the Rule 5 draft. He only appeared in 10 games before his contract was purchased by the Baltimore Orioles. Sanchez split the rest of the season between Baltimore and their Triple-A team, the Rochester Red Wings. he appeared in 74 games for Rochester, batting .305 Despite this, Sanchez was released by Baltimore at the end of the season and later signed with the Cleveland Indians and played for their Triple A team in Maine. After appearing in just 12 games for Maine, Sanchez was released. After being cut by Cleveland, Sanchez signed with Puebla Angeles of the Mexican League. Sanchez would play eight more seasons of pro ball in Mexico, before retiring in 1993 after spending the season with the Monterrey Industriales.

Managerial career
In 2006, Sanchez was named as the manager for the Vaqueros Laguna. The team finished 50–59. The next season Sanchez was the manager of the Olmecas de Tabasco, whom he led to a record of 56–54. In 2009, he was named the manager of Saraperos de Saltillo, with whom he'd manage the next few seasons. He led the team to a 59–48 record in his first year at the helm. However, in 2011, he had the worst season of his career, and was fired mid-way through the season with a record of 36–50. He was replaced by Noe Munoz. Over the course of the next two seasons he managed the Acereros de Monclova and Vaqueros Laguna before returning to Saltillo in 2017. He currently has a record of 660 wins and 675 losses in his managerial career.

See also
List of Major League Baseball players from Puerto Rico

References

External links

1956 births
Living people
Baltimore Orioles players
Erie Cardinals players
Kansas City Royals players
Major League Baseball catchers
Oklahoma City 89ers players
Louisville Redbirds players
Maine Guides players
Major League Baseball players from Puerto Rico
Marion Mets players
Mexican League baseball managers
Minor league baseball managers
Peninsula Phillies players
People from Canóvanas, Puerto Rico
Pulaski Phillies players
Reading Phillies players
Rochester Red Wings players
Spartanburg Phillies players
St. Louis Cardinals players
Puerto Rican expatriate baseball players in Mexico
Angeles de Puebla players
Charros de Jalisco players
Sultanes de Monterrey players
Industriales de Monterrey players
Saraperos de Saltillo players
Rieleros de Aguascalientes players


Although the Váci Mihály Gimnázium is not the biggest school in the North Eastern region, it has always preserved its own traditions, teaching methods suitable for any of the students and remained a strong institution. The prior aim was to prepare the upgrowing generations for higher education. Statistics shows that the Váci Mihály Gimnázium belongs to the better schools when considering students leaving for universities and colleges. Those who had studied here make the intellectual part of the town. Pupils can be found not only in Hungary, but also abroad. For those who do not carry on studies, the school provides the essential knowledge to choose the most suitable profession.

History

The forerunner of the Váci Mihály Gimnázium was founded between 1963 and 1970 in Tiszavasvári as „Kabay János” Általános iskola és Gimnázium.  It contained a ground school and a high school to provide a persistent development of classes.
With the help of the former chemical factory, Alkaloida and the agrarian Mezőgép vállalat, a program of 5+1 years long faculties in Chemical and electric reeling vocational training began in 1965–69.
In 1970 the independent high school having its own administration moved to a new building as Gimnázium Tiszavasvári which means High School of Tiszavasvári.
Between 1972 and 1978, chemistry classes began in every grades for students from the shire. The school provided accommodation in the building for students living further. The dorm was built in 1973 at the end of the corridor leading to the gym.
In 1974, the high school adopted the famous writer's name, Váci Mihály.
A facultative training  was introduced in 1978, which meant that students could choose either any of the theoretical subjects or a chemical test with a final examination added to the main education every year. This facultative system was dissolved in 1996 because of the inaugural of the modification educational act in 1993.
With the modernization of the heating in 1986, gas furnaces were established. A year later, instead of the coal storage, volunteers built up the health club after introducing this gas heating. Within another year, in 1987 a tennis court.
In 1992 an intensive English teaching commenced in an augmented number of lessons based on American connections and on the Teach Hungary program provided by the cooperation of the British Council and the Department of Community and Public Education.
Since 1993, supporters enabled students take part in boating as a free time activity. Two rooms were transmitted, one as a language teaching classroom for 16 people and another with modern computers.
The new education in 6 years began in 1994 based on the syllabus of the Krúdy Gyula Gimnázium. The first grade in this system began in the following year.
Some years later, in 1997, enterprise studies was provided for the inquirers with the help of Applied economics.
1998 was a significant year in this history, which was the appearance of German teaching besides the English department. The Sulinet program contributed to the developments in the computer equipment when the school had the first opportunity to connect to the internet.
The high school has been concerned with teaching adults since the beginnings. In the very first years, the Technical College for Skilled Workers provided part-time education for graduation in 3 years. The nowadays' present high school education has been existing since 1996. Full-time education for 2 years for those who have a profession and are less than the age of 22, began in 1998.

Directors

Gál József
Vig József
Litkei Lászlóné
Szűcs József

Free time activities
These include: an evening for the first year students; a school leavers' ball; carnivals; a students' day; amateur theatre and choir performances; handball, basketball, and football championships; skiing and boating tours; class trips for up to 3 days; trips abroad; a scientific week full of competitions and interesting lectures or chemical evenings

References
 Váci Mihály Gimnázium; skola törtenet (in Hungarian)

Schools in Hungary
Educational institutions established in 1970


Thuluva Vellalar (Thondamandala Tuluva Vellalar),  also known as Agamudaya Mudaliars   and Arcot Mudaliars,  is a caste found in northern Tamil Nadu, southern Andhra Pradesh and southern Karnataka. They were originally significant landowners.

Etymology

The term Vellalar may be derived from the word Vellam meaning water (flood), denoting their ability to control and store water for irrigation purposes. Since they migrated from the Tulu country, they are called Thuluva Vellalar.

History

An early Tamil tradition states that a king known as Ādonda Chakravarthi brought a large number of agriculturists (now known as the Tuluva Vellalas) from the Tulu areas in order to reclaim forest lands for cultivation in Thondaimandalam. Scholar M. Arokiaswami identifies Tondaiman Ilandiraiyan with king Adondai Chakravarthi, the legendary figure who is referred to in the Mackenzie Manuscripts.

Sometimes this migration of Tuluva Vellalas is also assigned to later Chola times when Hoysala Ballalas of Karnataka had occupied portions of Kanchipuram and Trichy.

Demographics

Their original stronghold in present-day Tamil Nadu was Thiruvannamalai in North Arcot district, the town that served as the capital of the Hoysala king Veera Ballala III in the 14th century.

Tuluva Vellalars are progressive and prosperous in the society. They are considerably advanced in the matter of education and the community was eagerly involved in business, Government and Non- governmental institutions.

The community commonly use Mudaliar and Udayar titles. However Naicker, Gounder, Reddy and Pillai titles are also present in some pockets.

Notable people
Vallal Pachayappa Mudaliar- a famous Dubashe of Madras and the founder of Pachayappa Educational Trust.
V. L. Ethiraj, Barrister and philanthropist who founded Ethiraj College for Women.
 Sir Dr. C. Natesa Mudaliar, one of the founders of the Justice Party, politician, activist and philanthropist.
 Diwan Bahadur Sir Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar, KCSI - Founder Chairman of UNESCO and the Diwan of Mysore.
P U Shanmugam - Former Tamil Nadu minister of Public Works Department.
V. M. Muralidharan, Chairman, Ethiraj College for Women

See also
Sangama dynasty
Arunachalesvara Temple

References
Notes

Citations

Bibliography

Social groups of Tamil Nadu
Indian castes
Vellalar clans
South Indian communities


Peter Guinness is a British television writer.  His credits include The Relief of Belsen (2007).

See also
Television in the United Kingdom

References

External links

British male television writers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
21st-century British people


Narcisco Suárez Amador (born July 18, 1960, in Valladolid) is a Spanish sprint canoer who competed from the early 1980s to the early 1990s. Competing in four Summer Olympics, he won a bronze medal in the C-2 500 m event at Los Angeles in 1984.

References
Sports-reference.com profile
Spanish Olympic Committee

1960 births
Canoeists at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Canoeists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Canoeists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Canoeists at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Living people
Olympic canoeists for Spain
Olympic bronze medalists for Spain
Spanish male canoeists
Sportspeople from Valladolid
Olympic medalists in canoeing
Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
20th-century Spanish people
21st-century Spanish people


Hagelsdorf is a small village in the commune of Biwer, in the canton of Grevenmacher, in Luxembourg.  it has a population of 21 inhabitants.

References

Villages in Luxembourg


Ihan (; ) is a settlement in the Municipality of Domžale in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia. The settlement used to be part of the Krumperk lordship. Today it is known for its pig farm, which is the largest in Slovenia.

Name
Ihan was attested in written records in 1228 as Uichan (and as Iouchan in 1296, Jowchan in 1330, Jawchan in 1347, and Yawch in 1458). The Slovene name was originally *Juhan, as indicated by the German transcriptions. The toponym is likely derived from a Slavic personal name such as *Vojuxanъ and unrelated to the German name Johann. In the past the German name was Jauchen.

Church

The parish church in Ihan stands in the northeast part of the village. It is dedicated to Saint George. There is a cemetery next to the church.

Notable people
Notable people that were born or lived in Ihan include:
 (1881–1944), linguist and grammarian
Mihael Kavka (1809–1873), painter
Bogdan Jordan (1917–1942), geographer
Ivan Pengov (1879–1932), sculptor

References

External links

Ihan on Geopedia

Populated places in the Municipality of Domžale


Benjamin Fain (, ) (February 17, 1930 – April 15, 2013) was an Israeli physicist, professor-emeritus, and former refusenik.

Biography

Fain was born to a Jewish family in Kyiv. His father was a mathematician. He instilled in the child a love for science as well as a strong national sentiment.

Benjamin Fain was named after his grandfather, who was murdered in the Proskurov pogrom. During the Second World War the family was evacuated and changed location several times. After the end of the war the family stayed in Dushanbe, where Fain graduated from school. He became a student in the Moscow Institute of Energetics. During his first year in Moscow he visited synagogue and attempted to learn the Hebrew and Yiddish languages. Fain was strongly impressed by the historical visit of the first Israeli ambassador to USSR, Golda Meir. Fain managed to transfer in 1950 to the Faculty of physics in Gorky University. He graduated there summa cum laude. His instructor was future Nobel prize winner Vitaly Ginzburg.

Academic career
Fain successfully started his scientific career, and already in 1965 became a professor in his alma mater. He wrote several scientific books translated into English and German. In 1966 he moved to Moscow and started successful work in the Institute of Solid State Physics in Chernogolovka.

Starting from 1972 Fain gradually started to participate in a Zionist movement. He took part in refusenik scientific seminar, and also in Samizdat. He applied for exit visa to Israel in 1974 and became a refusenik. He also became unemployed after dismissal from his work on political grounds.

Sociological research of Soviet Jewry
In 1976 Fain initiated a sociological research on Soviet Jewry. An attempt to organize an international symposium on the subject was foiled by the KGB, which closely watched all his steps from then on. At the same period Fain gradually started practicing Judaism. After several arrests, searches, interrogations and a hunger strike Fain finally arrived in Israel in 1977.

Fain published his study on Jewish identity of Soviet Jews with the American sociologist Mervin Verbit. Fain and Verbit published their findings in 1984 through the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs.

In Israel
He continued to struggle to improve the life of Soviet Jews and also continued his scientific work in Tel Aviv University in the fields of quantum electronics, lasers and condensed matter.

Starting from 1998 his field of interest moved to the philosophy of science and Judaism and the interrelation between them. After retirement Fain wrote his first philosophic book in Hebrew: "Creation Ex Nihilo", where he analyzes the relationship between religion and science. It was published in Hebrew as well as in English and Russian translations. The Russian version of the book also has an autobiographic part to it.

In 2008 Fain completed another book in Hebrew: "Law and Providence". It was published in 2011 in English by Urim Publications. In January 2011 Fain's third book  was published by .

Children
Fain is the father of two sons and one daughter.

References

Bibliography
 "Creation Ex Nihilo : Thoughts on Science, Divine Providence, Free Will, and Faith in the Perspective of My Own Experiences", Benjamin Fain
 "Laws of Nature and the Providence", Benjamin Fain (in print)
  "Quantum Electronics" by Benjamin Fain and Ya. I. Khanin, The MIT Press (15 September 1969), in English, ,

1930 births
2013 deaths
Israeli Ashkenazi Jews
Israeli physicists
Scientists from Kyiv
Refuseniks
Russian physicists
Soviet emigrants to Israel
Ukrainian Jews
Jewish physicists
Modern Hebrew writers


Magazines.com LLC is a privately held American e-commerce company based in Franklin, TN, a suburb of Nashville, Tennessee. Magazines.com retains authorizations to sell magazine subscriptions by publishers. Time Inc. is a major investor. Magazines.com has more than 7,000 magazine titles including free business-to-business magazines.

History

Magazines.com was started by Jay Clarke, working alongside Time Inc., in 1999. A sports enthusiast and former banker, Clarke had previously co-founded an entrepreneurial venture called Monorail Computer Corporation, which manufactured personal computers for consumers.

Ranked #3966 in the Inc. 5000 in 2012, Magazines.com specifically looks to provide its customers with the best prices on their publications.

References

Online retailers of the United States
Companies based in Franklin, Tennessee
Retail companies established in 1990
Internet properties established in 1990


The Survival of the Shawangunks is a triathlon held in the town of New Paltz, New York.  It is unusual in that it has seven transitions among the three racing modalities, compared to the two that are typical for the sport (switching from swimming to cycling, and then from cycling to running).  Self-sufficiency in this race that culminates with a thousand-foot climb to the finish line is celebrated; participants must carry their running shoes as they swim and may only have a single person assist them during the competition.

History
The SOS was founded in 1983 by Don Davis as a way to train for the Ironman Triathlon.  The best overall time for the event was 4:10:43 by Erik Grimm in 1993; Jan Wanklyn holds the record for best female finish with her time of 4:44:49 in 2000.

94 participants completed the course in 1998, the earliest year for which results are available.  The race was capped at 150 participants until 2007, at which point the field was expanded to 170.  In 2007 and 2008, 149 competitors crossed the finish line; among them were triathletes from throughout North America, including Quebec, California, and Florida.

The race was originally run unofficially by Davis and two others in secrecy, as they had not obtained permission from private landowners for the competition, but the following year's competition was open to other triathletes, all of whom must have completed a half-ironman triathlon in the previous 18 months, or in the prior year's SOS, within certain time restrictions in order to be eligible.

Course
The race is  long, beginning at the Ulster County Fairgrounds.  Participants begin by bicycling thirty miles.  This is followed by a total of seven transitions, more than is found in other competitions of this sort:  a  run to Lake Awosting, 1.1 mile swim across the lake, a 5.5 mile run to Lake Minnewaska, a  swim along that lake's eastern shore, an  run to Lake Mohonk, a  swim along the east shore of Mohonk Lake, and a  uphill run to the Skytop Tower on Shawangunk Ridge.  The course gains and loses several thousands of feet of altitude and provides a number of stunning views for participants, and the finish line is visible from a number of points along the course.

In 2002, weather conditions necessitated a modified course of  bicycling, a  run, a  swim in Lake Mohonk, and a final  run up Skytop, a total of .

The number of transitions between swimming and running necessitate competitors bringing their running gear with them as they swim and their goggles as they run.  Athletes tuck them into their swimming gear, carry them in a plastic bag, or pull them on small rafts.  Self-sufficiency is a theme for the competition, and to that end, participants are only permitted one assistant.

References

External links

Triathlon competitions
New Paltz, New York
Tourist attractions in Ulster County, New York
Recurring sporting events established in 1983
1983 establishments in New York (state)


Brezovica pri Dobu (; ) is a settlement in the Municipality of Domžale in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia. It includes the hamlets of Spodnja Brezovica () and Zgornja Brezovica ().

History
The settlement is a former part of the Krumperk lordship.

Name
The name of the settlement was changed from Brezovica to Brezovica pri Dobu in 1953. In the past the German name was Bresowitz.

References

External links

Brezovica pri Dobu on Geopedia

Populated places in the Municipality of Domžale


Indé is the municipal seat of the  municipality of Indé in the Mexican state of Durango. As of 2010, the town had a population of 659.

The village of Indé was founded in 1547.

References

Populated places in Durango
Populated places established in 1547


Kampung Sungai Haji Dorani is a small village in Sabak Bernam District, Selangor, Malaysia. It is located at Sungai Besar.

References

Sabak Bernam District
Villages in Selangor


Hannfried Lucke (born 1964) is a German organist and improviser. He is a member of the organ faculty at Mozarteum University, Salzburg.

Biography

Hannfried Lucke grew up in Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany, and received his musical training at Hochschule für Musik Freiburg, the Salzburg Mozarteum, and Geneva Conservatory.
He earned the highest degree in church music (the "A examination") and also took a performance degree on the organ.
From 1989 to 1991 he was a scholarship student of the German Academic Exchange Service. His awards include the Prize from the Austrian Ministry of Culture (1991) and the premier prix from Geneva Conservatory (1993).

His concert tours and broadcast recordings have taken him to the United States, Canada, Japan, Hong Kong, Australia, and most countries of Europe.

Many of his numerous recordings have been awarded prizes.

In 1997 he became a professor at the University of Music and the Performing Arts in Graz, and in 2000 he was appointed professor of organ at the Mozarteum University in Salzburg.
Hannfried Lucke teaches master classes in Europe and the USA and is a jury member in organ competitions.

External links
 Homepage

1964 births
Living people
German classical organists
German male organists
Organ improvisers
Hochschule für Musik Freiburg alumni
21st-century organists
21st-century German male musicians
Male classical organists


Philomycus virginicus, common name the Virginia mantleslug, is a species of air-breathing land slug, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Philomycidae.

Anatomy
These slugs create and use love darts as part of their mating behavior.

References

Philomycidae
Gastropods described in 1953


Andrew John Nicholls (born 14 July 1957) and Darrell Vickers (born 17 July 1957) are an English-born Canadian writing team. They were head writers of The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson from 1988 to 1992. Both their families moved independently from England to the same town in Canada, and they met in junior high in 1969, where they began collaborating almost immediately. The duo moved to Los Angeles in 1983 to continue their careers, and are members of WGA, WGC, SACD, SOCAN, ACCT, and ATAS.

Career
Nicholls and Vickers began writing music and comedy together while at Ridgeway Junior High School (now École élémentaire Antonine Maillet or Antonine-Maillet Elementary School) in Oshawa, Ontario, Canada. After high school they wrote for stage, radio, TV, syndicated cartoonists, and stand-up comedians.

From 1979 to 1982 they performed in Southern Ontario as Nobby Clegg and the Civilians, after having received airplay at Brampton alternative station CFNY-FM with home-recorded songs. The band found some success with the singles "Essay - Me Dad" and "I Wanna Be in Commercials", which were also included in the 1981 compilation Toronto Calling. Nicholls and Vickers later used the band's name for a character on the Showtime show Rude Awakening. In that series, the Nobby Clegg character was played by Roger Daltrey, best known as the lead singer of The Who.

From 1986 to 1992 they helped write 770 hours of produced material for The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, earning four Emmy nominations, and were the show's head writers from December 1988 until Carson's retirement on 22 May 1992.

In 1997, the pair received a Genie nomination, Best Animated Series, for Ned's Newt (Nelvana). They also received a WGC nomination for the series in 1999. The title character was voiced by Harland Williams and was cited in several interviews as one of the favorite TV shows of legendary cartoonist Ed Gorey.

In 2001, the two received a Gemini nomination for "Best Comedy Series" for their work developing, writing the pilot, and serving as story editors on John Callahan's Quads!.

The duo were nominated for a Pulcinella Award, Best Animated Episode, at the 2003 Cartoons on the Bay Festival in Positano, Italy, for both The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius and The World of Tosh.  They were again nominated for the Pulcinella for Best Kids Series at the 2015 festival, for Pumpkin Reports.

In 2008, Will & Dewitt was awarded a Gemini Award for Best Pre-School Series.  Nicholls & Vickers wrote the series bible and 28 episodes, and served as story editors.

Vickers co-founded a music band in 2008 called Death of the Author Brigade — which was formed through the internet (none of the band members have met in person). The band broke up in 2013. See Solo Projects (Vickers) for additional details.

In 2010, Nicholls wrote a revealingly honest exposé about the entertainment industry and the life of a Television writer and Showrunner, Valuable Lessons: How I Made (And Lost) Seven Million Dollars Writing For Over A Hundred Shows You Never Heard Of. See Solo Projects (Nicholls) for additional details.

Since 2012, Nicholls has published short fiction in Black Clock, The Santa Monica Review, Cosmonauts Avenue, The Boiler Journal, New World Writing, Literature For Life, Kugelmass, The Sherman Oaks Review of Books, Shark Reef, and elsewhere.

Between 2015 and 2017, Vickers commenced on several solo television projects: executive producing the first season and writing two episodes of Hitting The Breaks (2015–16); writing the sitcom pilot for Chasing Tail (2017); creating and writing the pilot for the reality cooking show, Feast of a Lifetime, starring Lynn Crawford (2017); creating the reality show, You're the Boss (2017); and writing for the hour-long comedy drama, Marley Roberts (2017).

In 2016, MOJAVE! The Musical — featuring the tagline: "Go Ahead And Run...It Loves Fast Food," with book, music, and lyrics by Nicholls and Vickers — was directed by Mindy Cooper at its first reading on May 25, 2016, in the Della Davidson Studio, UC Davis, California.

In 2019, Nicholls' full-length stage play {LOVE/Logic}, directed by Josy Miller, had its world premiere at the Wyatt Theater Pavilion, UC Davis, California.

Nicholls published a how-to book in 2020 about the work and art of creating comedy for print, TV and stage: Comedy Writer: Craft advice from a veteran of sitcoms, sketch, animation, late night, print and stage comedy.  That same year, Nicholls began publishing poetry in the online journal Light: a journal of light verse since 1992.

In 2021, Nicholls mounted his play, A Bee in a Jar, with the UC Davis Department of Theatre and Dance and Catalyst: A Theatre Think Tank, virtually using OBS Studio and Zoom to cast in three time zones.

In 2022, Vickers wrote the pilot script for the television series, Mama Zen.

In 2022, Nicholls' play, Yes, And... won First Place in the Frostburg, Maryland 13th Annual One-Act Play Festival.

As a writing team, Vickers and Nicholls have over 1200 hours of produced television credits, including creating twenty TV series, writing and producing 38 television and radio pilots, and writing and producing over 400 episodes of children's TV (as of 2022).

Partial writing credits

Stand-up comedians
 George Carlin
 Garry Shandling
 Rodney Dangerfield
 Alan Thicke
 Joan Rivers
 The Unknown Comic
 Mickey Rooney (1984–1994)

Film

Television

Radio

Comic Strip

Band

Website

Musical

Solo Projects (Nicholls)

Solo Projects (Vickers)

References

External links

 Nicholls and Vickers' official site
 Andrew Nicholls' official site
  – video for the punk-folk college radio hit song by Nobby Clegg and the Civilians
 Nobby Clegg and the Civilians on Apple Music
 Nobby Clegg and the Civilians on Amazon Music
 Nobby Clegg and the Civilians – information on Vickers and Nicholls' defunct punk-folk college band
 CFNY-FM Testimonial on Nobby Clegg
 Death of the Author Brigade – official page for Darrell Vickers' defunct internet music band
 Valuable Lessons: How I Made (And Lost) Seven Million Dollars Writing For Over A Hundred Shows You Never Heard Of – Andrew Nicholls' industry insider tell-all 2010 ebook (Kindle Edition)
  Comedy Writer: Craft advice from a veteran of sitcoms, sketch, animation, late night, print and stage comedy – Andrew Nicholls' 2020 guide to creating comedy for print, TV and stage

Interviews
 "And What a Reign It Was" – Time magazine interview (March 16, 1992)
 Thinking 'Toon interview with Andrew Nicholls

1957 births
Living people
Canadian male screenwriters
Canadian comedy writers
English emigrants to Canada
Writing duos
Canadian male television writers
People from Oshawa
20th-century Canadian screenwriters
20th-century Canadian male writers
21st-century Canadian screenwriters
21st-century Canadian male writers


Studenec pri Krtini (; ) is a settlement in the Municipality of Domžale in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia.

Name
The name of the settlement was changed from Studenec to Studenec pri Krtini in 1953, literally 'Studenec near Krtina'. The first part of the name, Studenec, comes from the Slovene common noun studenec 'spring'. In the past the German name was Studenz.

History
The settlement used to be part of the Dominion of Krumperk.

References

External links

Studenec pri Krtini on Geopedia

Populated places in the Municipality of Domžale


DMC Huron Valley-Sinai Hospital, in Commerce Township, Michigan, is one of the eight hospitals/institutes composing the Detroit Medical Center. Huron-Valley-Sinai contains the Harris Birthing Center, a regional specialty center, the Charach Cancer Treatment Center, (affiliated with the Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Center), the Krieger Center for Senior Adults, surgical suites, cardiac services, and comprehensive inpatient and outpatient diagnostic care.

Clinical Services
Huron Valley-Sinai Hospital offers the following clinical services:

Cardiac Services
Emergency Medicine
Endoscopy
Imaging
Obstetrics/Gynecology (Harris Birthing Center)
Oncology (Charach Cancer Treatment Center)
Orthopedics
Pediatrics
Rehabilitation Services
Senior Services
Surgical Services
Women's Health (The Sinai Center for Women)

Ranking and accreditation
Huron Valley-Sinai Hospital received the Distinguished Hospital for Clinical Excellence Award (2008) from HealthGrades.

Huron Valley is fully accredited by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO). The Joint Commission assesses the quality of care and safety for more than 15,000 health care organizations. The Joint Commission conducts an extensive on-site review at least once every three years whose purpose is to evaluate the organization's performance in areas that affect patient care.

References

External links

 Detroit Medical Center
 DMC Huron Valley Sinai-Hospital

Hospitals in Michigan
Buildings and structures in Oakland County, Michigan
Detroit Medical Center
Commerce Township, Michigan
Tenet Healthcare


Brian Ellis  (born 1929) is an Australian philosopher. He is an Emeritus Professor in the philosophy department at La Trobe University in Victoria, Australia, and Professional Fellow in philosophy at the University of Melbourne. He was the Editor of the Australasian Journal of Philosophy for twelve years. He is one of the major proponents of the New Essentialist school of philosophy of science.  In later years he has brought his understanding of scientific realism to the Social Sciences, developing the philosophy of Social Humanism.

Philosophical work

New essentialism
The new essentialism is a comprehensive philosophy of nature. Philosophers around the world, including Sydney Shoemaker, Charles Martin, George Molnar, George Bealer, John Bigelow, Caroline Lierse, Evan Fales, Crawford Elder, Nicholas Maxwell, Nancy Cartwright and John Heil, have contributed to in various ways to its development. The new essentialism is an emerging metaphysical perspective that is the culmination of many different attempts to arrive at a satisfactory post-Humean philosophy of nature.

However, this list of claimed allies has been disputed by Stephen Mumford, at least with regard to Shoemaker, Martin, Molnar, Heil and Cartwright.

"Causal Powers and Categorical Properties"

In the chapter "Causal Powers and Categorical Properties" of The Metaphysics of Powers: Their Grounding and Their Manifestations, Ellis argues that categorical properties and causal powers are distinct from one another, and that categorical properties are not dispositional, but quiddities. Quidditism accounts for identity of a property based only on what it is rather than what it disposes its bearer to do. Although categorical properties do not necessarily dispose their bearers to do anything, they do determine where active properties of things may exist, or be distributed, and thus where the effects of such activities can be observed. He gives a detailed logical account of how a causal power can be defined. Ellis defines a causal power as a quantitative property that positions its bearer in specific circumstances to take part in a physical causal process with a certain outcome.  Such powers are to either act or resist change within the bearer (e.g. temperature, elasticity).

All causal powers must meet two criteria.  First, they must all have contingent locations, since they have to act from somewhere.  Second, they all must have laws of action outlining their nature. Such laws reference both the location of the object that possesses the power, as well as the location of things it interacts with. Locations, however, are impotent. Ellis argues that neither locations nor categorical properties such as shape and size are causal powers, yet they can make a difference in outcomes.

Publications

Articles

"Basic concepts of measurement". Physics Today. American Institute of Physics, 1966.
"Causal Laws and Singular Causation". Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. 61:329–351. Wiley-Blackwell, 2000.
"Critical Notice of Scientific Realism: How Science Tracks the Truth by Stathis Psillos". Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. 68:495–497. Wiley-Blackwell, 2004.
"Has the Universe a Beginning in Time?". Australasian Journal of Philosophy 32–37. Routledge, 1955.
"History and Philosophy of Science". Idealist Origins: 1920s and Before. 707–772. Springer Netherlands, 2014.
"Humanism and Morality". Sophia: an International Journal for Philosophical Theology and Cross-Cultural Philosophy of Religion. 50:135–139. Springer Verlag, 2011.
“I can if I choose” Analysis 12(6) :128-129 June 1952
"Internal Realism". Synthese. 76: 409–434. Springer Verlag, 1988.
"Katzav on the Limitations of Dispositionalism". Analysis. 65(285). Oxford University Press, 2005.
"Marc Lange on Essentialism". Australasian Journal of Philosophy. 83:75–79. Routledge, 2005.
"Physical Realism". Ratio: an International Journal of Analytic Philosophy. 18:371–384. Wiley, 2005.
"Retrospective and Prospective Utilitarianism". Nous. 15: 325–328. Wiley, 1981.
"Scientific Platonism". Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A. 23:665–679. Elsevier, 1992.
"Two Theories of Indicative Conditionals". Australian Journal of Philosophy. 62: 50–66. Routledge, 1984.
"Truth and Objectivity". Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. Wiley, 1993.
"Universals, the Essential Problem and Categorical Properties". Ratio: an International Journal of Analytic Philosophy. 18:462–472. Wiley, 2005.
"What Science Aims to Do". Images of Science: Essays on Realism and Empiricism. 48–74. University of Chicago Press, 1985.

Books

Basic Concepts of Measurement, Cambridge University Press, 1966
Labor's Historic Mission, Vol.1. Vic Australian Scholarly Publishing, 2015.
The Metaphysics of Scientific Realism. McGill-Queen's University Press, 2009.
The New Enlightenment; Steven Pinker and Beyond, with contributed essays by A. Lynch, G. Bailey, and G. Polya.  Melbourne; Australian Scholarly Publishing, 2019
The Philosophy of Nature: A Guide to the New Essentialism. McGill-Queen's University Press, 2002.
Rational Belief Systems, Blackwell, Oxford, 1979
Rationalism: A Critique of Pure Theory. Melbourne; Australian Scholarly Publishing, 2017
Scientific Essentialism. Cambridge University Press, 2001.
Social Demand: and How to Provide for It, Vol.2. Vic Australian Scholarly Publishing, 2016.
Social Humanism: A New Metaphysics. Routledge, 2012.
"Truth and Objectivity". Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. Wiley, 1993
On Civilizing Capitalism Springer, 2023

Chapters

 "The Categorical Dimensions of the Causal Powers". Properties, Powers and Structures: Issues in the Metaphysics of Realism. 11–26. Routledge, 2012.
 "Causal Powers and Categorical Properties". The Metaphysics of Powers: Their Grounding and Their Manifestations. 133–142. Routledge, 2010.
 “Causal Powers and Structures”  in Hill, B; Lagerlund, H and Psillos, S (eds) Reconsidering Causal Powers: Historical and Conceptual Perspectives, Ch 11. Oxford University Press 2021.
 "Constructing an Ontology". Topics on General and Formal Ontology. 15–26. Polimetrica, 2006.
 "From Conventionalism to Scientific Metaphysics". History of Philosophy in Australia and New Zealand. 329–359. Springer Netherlands, 2014.
 "A Review Essay on God, Chance and Necessity". Sophia, 38. 311–316. Springer Verlag, 2007.
 "History and Philosophy of Science". Idealist Origins: 1920s and Before. 707–772. Springer Netherlands, 2014.
 "Human Agency, Realism and the New Essentialism". Australian Studies in History and Philosophy of Science. 193–208. Springer Dordrecht, 2002.
 La Trobe University. 238–242. 2010.
 La Trobe University. 248–252. 2014.
 "Universals, the Essential Problem and Categorical Properties". Ratio. 88–97. Wiley, 2006.

References

Further reading
 Bird, Alexander. Nature's Metaphysics: Laws and Properties. Oxford University Press, 2010.
 Lange, Marc. Laws and Lawmakers: Science, Metaphysics, and the Laws of Nature. Oxford University Press, 2009.

External links
 His University of Melbourne Faculty Page
 His La Trobe University Faculty Page

20th-century Australian philosophers
21st-century Australian philosophers
Philosophers of science
Living people
1929 births


Laghidze water () is a popular Georgian soft drink based on soda and a variety of natural syrups. It has been traditionally mixed in a glass from a soda fountain, but it is also available as a bottled soft drink in a range of flavors. Some American food writers liken it to egg cream, but the authentic Georgian drink includes neither milk nor chocolate syrup.

Laghidze water is named after Mitrofan Laghidze, a pharmacist's apprentice in Kutaisi, Georgia, who in 1887 explored the idea of using natural syrups instead of imported flavored essences in making lemonades. In 1900, the Lagidze Brothers plant in Kutaisi began blending unique proprietary flavors from herbs and fruits. Today, Lagidze waters are produced in a wide range of natural flavors, including quince (aiva), pear, citrus fruit, cherry, tarragon, and others. Lagidze waters are distributed in Russia, Ukraine, the three Baltic states, Poland, and Armenia. The technology and culture of the Lagidze Waters were inscribed on the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Georgia list in 2014.

See also
Tarhun (drink)

References

Georgian cuisine
Fruit sodas


Colm Gilcreest is an Irish former professional snooker player from Kilmainhamwood.

Career history
He is a former Irish champion. In the 2000 World Snooker Championship Gilcreest won six games against Philip Seaton, Simon Bedford, Robin Hull, Karl Burrows, Jimmy Michie and Stefan Mazrocis to reach the final qualifying round, losing 10–6 to Billy Snaddon.

He reached the final of the 2008 World Amateur Snooker Championship in Wels, Austria where he lost to Thepchaiya Un-Nooh.

Other Sport
Colm Gilcreest also plays gaelic football with Kilmainhamwood GFC. He plays in the right corner forward position and is number 13.

References

Living people
Irish snooker players
People from Navan
1974 births


Nissim Behar (February 15, 1848 – January 1, 1931) was a Sephardi Jewish educator, born in Jerusalem, and long associated with the Alliance Israélite Universelle, both there and in the Diaspora. After receiving his pension, he became a propagandist, in 1899. for the Alliance, and later for early Zionism.

Nissim Behar can be seen as the founder of modern Hebrew language education, largely because Eliezer Ben Yehuda taught Hebrew using the new "direct method". Behar himself learned Hebrew from Ben Yehuda, the 'Father of Spoken Renovated Hebrew' and later became a teacher of modern Hebrew at the Alliance Israélite Universelle in Jerusalem, which he directed from 1882 to 1887. Behar was a strong advocate of the direct method, which prevailed in the further development of Hebrew language education in the framework of the "ulpan" system, that led to the success of Hebrew revival.

In 1901, Behar moved to New York City, where he directed the National Liberal Immigration League (1906 to 1924), to lobby against anti-immigration legislation in the United States. The League was a constant irritation for Louis Marshall of the American Jewish Committee, because it made no effort to hide its Jewish identity in its high-profile activities against restricting immigration. Marshall and the AJC, while similarly opposed to restrictions, felt any public Jewish role would undermine their lobbying campaign and provoke anti-Semitism; the AJC refrained from such public activities on the issue, and Marshall's work was usually confined to behind-the-scenes contacts with individual members of Congress. Behar was an enthusiastic propagandist for the Zionist idea; he called for the return of the Kotel Hamaaravi, the Wailing Wall, to Jewish hands.

References

External links
Nissim Behar, Contemporary biography at the Jewish Encyclopedia (c.1902)

1848 births
1931 deaths
Zionists
Sephardi Jews from Ottoman Palestine
Educators from Jerusalem
Burials at the Jewish cemetery on the Mount of Olives
Emigrants from the Ottoman Empire to the United States
Jewish educators
Modern Hebrew


José Luis Cilley (born 28 December 1972) is an Argentine former Rugby union footballer. He played as a fly-half with the San Isidro Club. He is the grandson of Jorge Cilley, a former captain of the Pumas.

He had 15 caps for Argentina, from 1994 to 2002, scoring 2 tries, 31 conversions and 22 penalties, in an aggregate of 138 points. He was a member of Argentina squad at the 1995 Rugby World Cup finals, playing in two games and scoring a try, three conversions and five penalties, 26 points in aggregate, and at the 1999 Rugby World Cup finals, but this last time, he didn't play.

External links

1972 births
Living people
Argentine rugby union players
Rugby union fly-halves
Argentine people of British descent
Argentina international rugby union players
San Isidro Club rugby union players
Rugby union players from Buenos Aires
1995 Rugby World Cup players
1999 Rugby World Cup players