F+A Architects is an architectural firm based in Pasadena, California. The firm was founded in 1973, and primarily works in the planning and design development of retail stores and shopping malls. Many of the firm's projects are designed and built in North America, but F+A has also worked on large international projects, most notably in Dubai UAE, Qatar, and Jordan.

North American projects
Several of the firm's projects are noted for a simulated Italian village architectural style, a practice that began with the firm's 1998 design of "The Commons" complex in Calabasas, California. The firm would continue using a neo-Italianate motif in its 2005 design of the Simi Valley Town Center regional mall in Simi Valley, California, which is designed to look like an Italian hillside village. To give the Simi Valley Town Center a more European appearance, the mall was designed with architectural elements such as trellised and covered walkways, gardens, courtyards, arches, and copper domes.

The incorporation of such traditional elements typifies F+A's overall historicist design style. For example, in the 2003 design of the Pike at Rainbow Harbor in Long Beach, California, the firm used numerous shapes, angles, colors, and textures to create a venue that looked like it had always been part of an historical waterfront area. Each building in the complex has a unique footprint, to avoid the uniform "big box store" appearance that is commonplace to many modern shopping malls.

The firm has also designed several malls around the upscale "lifestyle center" design concept, which combines retail shopping with other leisure amenities. For example, The Village at Park Royal Shopping Centre in West Vancouver is considered to be Canada's first lifestyle center.

Middle Eastern projects
The firm's most famous design project to date is the Mall of the Emirates in Dubai, which is considered the world's first "shopping resort". F+A Architects' design of that mall incorporates both European and Arabic design elements.  The firm is currently doing more design work in Dubai, including a motorcycle racetrack, a watersports facility, and a large go-kart racing facility at the Dubailand complex.

Selected work
Ontario Mills (1996), Ontario, California
 The Commons (1998), Calabasas, California
Fashion Fair Mall (renovation and additions, 2003) Fresno, California
Pike at Rainbow Harbor (2003), Long Beach, California
The Village at Park Royal Shopping Centre (2004), West Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Mall of the Emirates (2005), Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Simi Valley Town Center (2005), Simi Valley, California
Landmark Theatres building at Westside Pavilion (2007), Los Angeles, California (with PleskowRael)

Awards and recognition
International Design & Development Awards, International Council of Shopping Centers (ICSC) in 2000, 2006, 2007.

Award of Excellence: Commercial/Retail Development, Urban Development Institute-Pacific Region, in 2005.

References

External links
 F+A Architects website

Architecture firms based in California


Francesco Paolo Bontade (1914 – February 25, 1974), also known as Don Paolino Bonta, was a legendary and powerful member of the Sicilian Mafia. Some sources spell his surname Bontate. He hailed from Villagrazia, a rural village before it was absorbed into the city of Palermo in the 1960s. His father Stefano had been a powerful Mafia boss in the area that included Santa Maria di Gesù and Guadagna.

Traditional capomafia
According to the Palermo criminal court, Don Paolino embodied “the traditional capomafia who intervenes directly in all matters in his area, arbitrating private disputes, assuming the role of great protector of his citizens, infiltrating public offices and private companies, exercising his influence through sly and hidden intimidation systems covered up by formally correct and respectful behaviour.”

He was a pallbearer at the funeral of Mafia boss Calogero Vizzini – one of the most influential Mafia bosses of Sicily after World War II until his death in 1954. He stood next to Giuseppe Genco Russo – considered to be the heir of Vizzini – an indication of the Mafia stature of Bontade.

Political connections
Like Vizzini, Bontade first backed the Sicilian separatist movement after the Allied invasion of the island in 1943. When it became clear that an independent Sicily was not feasible, he switched to support the Monarchist Party. In 1958, he backed the regional Sicilian government of Silvio Milazzo, an atypical coalition government that was supported by Communists, Monarchists, Neo-Fascists and dissident Christian Democrats. The government was formed in protest against infringement on Sicilian autonomy and threat to Sicilian patronage by the Christian Democrat party headquarters in Rome. He did not hesitate to publicly slap in the face a deputy that had not voted in favour of Milazzo.

After this interlude, he became a staunch supporter of the Christian Democrats, through his connection with the Salvo cousins – other supporters of Milazzo who, as a result, gained control over the private concession for collecting taxes in Sicily. The Salvos and Bontade withdrew their support for Milazzo when the mainstream Christian Democrats tried to regain control of the region. The relation with the Salvos allowed Don Paolino, and later his son Stefano Bontade, access to influential regional politicians.

According to the pentito, Francesco Marino Mannoia, he was close with Bernardo Mattarella, an important Christian Democrat politician and Minister in various governments in the 1950s and 1960s.

Exercising his power
He used his excellent connections to secure the location Eletronica Siciliana (ELSI), a subsidiary of the huge US defence contractor Raytheon, in his district in 1962. The Italian manager of the factory later testified to the parliament’s Antimafia Commission about why he had to deal with the Mafia boss: “Paolo Bonta is useful to me, he provides me with the water I need, he gives me the land to expand the factory and I depend on him for workers to run the factory.” He had first noted the muscle of Bontade when during a meeting in the factory where all the highest regional and local authorities were present, the door opened and a short, fat man walked in. Everyone immediately turned to the new arrival to embrace him. “At that moment, I understood what the word ‘mafia’ meant,” he later recalled.

Banishment and resignation
In the aftermath of the First Mafia War in 1962-63 and the Ciaculli Massacre that prompted the first concerted Antimafia efforts by the state in post-war Italy, Bontade was among the many that received an internal banishment in Italy to dislodge Mafiosi from their home towns. Around 1964, Don Paolino Bontade, stepped down as head of the Mafia family because of ill health; he suffered from diabetes. His son Stefano Bontade succeeded him as the boss of the Mafia family.

In December 1968, he was absolved in the Trial of the 114. He died on February 25, 1974, after he spent six months as a bedridden patient in a hospital in Messina.

References

 Caruso, Alfio (2000). Da cosa nasce cosa. Storia della mafia del 1943 a oggi, Milan: Longanesi
Dickie, John (2004). Cosa Nostra. A history of the Sicilian Mafia, London: Coronet,
Lupo, Salvatore (2009). History of the Mafia, New York: Columbia University Press,
Paoli, Letizia (2003). Mafia Brotherhoods: Organized Crime, Italian Style, New York: Oxford University Press
 Seindal, René (1998). Mafia: Money and Politics in Sicily, 1950-1997, Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press
Stille, Alexander (1995). Excellent Cadavers. The Mafia and the Death of the First Italian Republic, New York: Vintage

1939 births
1964 deaths
Sicilian mafiosi


Puerto Rican duo Wisin & Yandel has released ten studio albums, three live albums, four collaboration albums, four compilation albums, 35 singles and 48 music videos.

Albums

Studio albums

Live albums

Compilations

Remix albums

Singles

As lead artists

Notes

As featured artists

Other charted, certified and promotional songs

Album appearances
The following songs are not singles and have not appeared on an album by Wisin & Yandel.

Notes
Although the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart comprise up to a hundred songs, the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles act as an extension to each chart. Thus, songs that have peaked up to these extension charts are listed in this discography under the Hot 100 with values over a hundred.

Collaborations/Remixes

Filmography
 2003: Mi Vida
 2011: Revolución

Music videos

Notes

References

Discographies of Puerto Rican artists
Reggaeton discographies


Maja e Vjelakut ( , Volujak) is a peak of the Prokletije range in Kosovo, reaching a top height of . Volujak creates part of the Rugova Canyon. This mountain can be seen from the city of Peja because it is only a few kilometers west of it.

References

Geography of Peja District
Mountains of Kosovo
Accursed Mountains
Two-thousanders of Kosovo


Kilminster may refer to:

People
 Dave Kilminster, a British guitarist who toured with Keith Emerson and Roger Waters
 For Ian Fraser Kilmister, known as "Lemmy", an English musician and founder of heavy metal band Motorhead, see Lemmy Kilmister.


Hendrick may refer to:

People
 Hendrick (given name), alternative spelling of the Dutch given name Hendrik
 Hendrick (surname)
 King Hendrick (disambiguation), one of two Mohawk leaders who have often been conflated:
 Hendrick Tejonihokarawa (1660–c.1735), one of the "Four Mohawk Kings"
 Hendrick Theyanoguin (1692–1755), Mohawk leader associated with Sir William Johnson

Other uses
 Hendrick Cottage, a building in Simsbury, Connecticut, United States
 Hendrick's Gin, Scottish gin brand
 Hendrick Health System, American healthcare provider
 Hendrick Island, large erosional feature in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, United States
 Hendrick Manufacturing Company, American perforated metal manufacturer
 Hendrick Motorsports, American stock car racing team

See also
 Hendricks (disambiguation)
 Hendrich (disambiguation)
 Hendrik (disambiguation)
 Henrick


Re Sarflax Ltd [1979] Ch 592; [1979] 1 All E.R. 529 is a UK insolvency law case concerning voidable preferences and fraudulent trading, now in the Insolvency Act 1986. It concerns the definition of "intention to defraud", which is found in a number of legal provisions.

Facts

Sarflax Ltd was in liquidation. It incurred another debt after a judgment that it had delivered unsatisfactory goods. The liquidator moved for a declaration that the delivery of these unsatisfactory goods was evidence of fraudulent trading. It also argued Sarflax had preferred other creditors over the , knowing it was unable to pay its debts in full.

Judgment
Oliver J held that "intention to defraud" in the voidable preference section (now Insolvency Act 1986, section 239) did not cover a case where a debtor merely knew or had grounds to think he had no sufficient funds to pay creditors in full.

See also
R v. Grantham [1984] QB 675
Re Augustus Barnett & Son Ltd [1986] BCLC 170
Re a Company (No 001418 of 1988) [1990] BCC 526

References
Gary Scanlan (2003) Company Lawyer 234

United Kingdom insolvency case law
High Court of Justice cases
1979 in United Kingdom case law


Frays River is a semi-canalised short river in England that branches off the River Colne at Uxbridge Moor and rejoins it at West Drayton. It is believed to be a mainly man-made anabranch north of the confluence with the River Pinn to feed watermills in the Parish of Hillingdon. The river is believed to be named after John Fray who owned Cowley Hall in the fifteenth century. Other names for the river are the Uxbridge and Cowley Mill Stream, the Cowley Stream or the Colham Mill Stream. Two of the three mills in Hillingdon Parish recorded in the Domesday book are believed to have been located on the southern section of the river.

Course
The Frays River leaves the River Colne east of Denham, Buckinghamshire at Denham Weir. It passes through Frays Farm Meadows, Uxbridge, Cowley, Yiewsley and West Drayton. At Cowley the Grand Union Canal mainline is carried over the river in an aqueduct at Cowley lock. The Frays continues south, flowing past Little Britain Lake on its western side before crossing under the Slough Arm of the Grand Union Canal which is also carried above it in an aqueduct. In Yiewsley it is joined on its east bank by the River Pinn. It then re-joins the River Colne at Drayton Point in West Drayton.

Ecology
The river flows through two Sites of Special Scientific Interest managed by the London Wildlife Trust: Frays Farm Meadows and Denham Lock Wood. Frays Island between the Frays and the River Colne in West Drayton is a Site of Metropolitan Importance for Nature Conservation and is also managed by the trust.

Literary connections
George Orwell once taught at Frays College, Uxbridge, which was on the banks of the river.

See also
List of rivers of England

References

External links

Grand Union Canal aqueduct over Frays River

1Frays
Rivers of London
Rivers of Buckinghamshire


Anatilde Jane "Tilde" de Paula Eby (née Anatilde Jane de Paula Díaz; 14 November 1972) is a Chilean-born Swedish journalist, author, television presenter and host of many of TV4s flagship programs. She has hosted many popular television shows such as the Nobel Prize, Polar Music Prize and live televised cancer fundraising events, and from 1997 until 2018 was one of the hosts of the popular Swedish breakfast programme Nyhetsmorgon.

Early life
Anatilde Jane de Paula Díaz was born in 1972 in Chile. Her father was a Brazilian politician who had to flee Brazil after receiving death threats. In Cuba he met Tilde's mother and the two moved to Chile. However, after the military coup in 1973 they had to flee the country again, and with the help of the diplomat Harald Edelstam and the Swedish embassy, the family moved to Sweden. De Paula has an older brother, Andes.

Before she became a television presenter, de Paula studied journalism at Södra Vätterbygdens folkhögskola.

Television
Since 2005, de Paula has been the host of the Polar Music Prize. She presented the election special Nyhetsmorgon – valflyget in September 2006 along with Lasse Bengtsson. In 2008 de Paula presented "Spårlöst" where she helped people to find their lost relatives and families. In 2009, she hosted Kändisdjungeln along with David Hellenius. In 2012, de Paula started hosting Nyhetsmorgon, Sweden's premier morning show on TV4.
Since 2012, she has also been presenting the shows Swedish Bake Off, Swedish Bake Off Junior and Celebrity Swedish Bake Off. Since 2014, she has also presented the gala Tillsammans mot cancer. During Christmas Eve 2013, de Paula was the Christmas host for TV4's Christmas broadcasts. She also presented the celebrity dance show Let's Dance 2017.
She continued to present Let's Dance 2018 and Let's Dance 2019

Author
In 2006, Tilde de Paula co-authored the book Plastmammor, gummipappor och bonusbarn with Birgitta Klang published by Bokförlaget DN. Plastmammor, gummipappor och bonusbarn is a book for stepmothers and fathers who need advice on how to tackle the situation they are facing.

In 2015, de Paula wrote the Swedish best selling book Tiden läker inga sår, which tells the story of her past and how her ancestors have influenced her life. The story begins five generations back in Tenerife in 1867, and continues to Cuba, the United States and Chile before ending up in Sweden today.

Other Media
In the late 90s and early 2000s, de Paula hosted the radio show Äntligen Fredag on the radio channel Mix Megapol.

In 2016, de Paula started hosting "Läkarpodden" where she, together with Dr Mikael Sandström, discuss the latest advances in medicine and healthcare, share their own experiences, kill myths and answer questions about anything related to medicine.

Awards
In 2007, she won Aftonbladet's television award for Best Female Television Presenter of the Year.

She has also been announced as Sweden's best female television presenter by the paper Se & Hör. In 2015 she won the Kristallen award for Reality Show of the Year with the show Swedish Bake Off.

In 2016, de Paula won the Kristallen award for Best Swedish Female Host of the Year.

Celebrity interviews
De Paula has interviewed a number of the Swedish royal family: King Carl XVI Gustaf, Queen Silvia, Crown Princess Victoria, Prince Carl Philip, Princess Sofia, Princess Christina and Prins Bertil.

De Paula has also interviewed a number of international stars including: Emmylou Harris, Paul Simon, Patti Smith, Justin Bieber, Regina Spektor, Noomi Rapace, Eleanor Coppola, Anastacia, Ennio Morricone, Björk, Peter Gabriel, Ronan Keating, Stellan Skarsgård and Alexander Skarsgård.

Personal life
In November 2012, de Paula married musician Thomas Eby, lead vocalist of Calle Real and percussionist of Hoffmaestro. Together the couple has one son and she also has three children from previous relationships.

References

External links

1972 births
Living people
Swedish television hosts
Swedish women television presenters
Chilean television personalities
Chilean emigrants to Sweden
Swedish people of Brazilian descent
Swedish people of American descent


Hendriks is a Dutch patronymic surname. Notable people with the surname include:

A. L. Hendriks (1922–1992), Jamaican poet, writer, and broadcasting director
Arnoud Hendriks (born 1949), Dutch figure skater
Berend Hendriks (1918–1997), Dutch artist
Eileen Hendriks (1887–1978), British geologist
Geoff Hendriks (born 1959), Australian rules footballer
Irene Hendriks (born 1958), Dutch field hockey player
Jackie Hendriks (born 1933), Jamaican cricketer
Jake Hendriks (born 1981), English television actor
Jan Hendriks (1928–1991), German actor
Jean Hendriks (1925–2015), Dutch politician
Jerry Hendriks (born 1988), Dutch darts player
Jimmy Hendriks (born 1994), Dutch darts player
Joan Hendriks (born 1936), Australian indigenous rights activist
Johannes Willibrordus Maria Hendriks (born 1954), Dutch auxiliary bishop
Kaj Hendriks (born 1987), Dutch rower
Leo Hendriks (born 1983), Dutch darts player
Liam Hendriks (born 1989), Australian baseball player
Maurits Hendriks (born 1961), Dutch field hockey coach
Pieter Hendriks (born 1970), South African rugby union player
Sam Hendriks (born 1995), Dutch football player
Theo Hendriks (1928–2015), Dutch politician
Thijs Hendriks (born 1985), Dutch football player

See also

 Jimi Hendrix
 Hendric
 Hendrick (disambiguation)
 Hendricks (disambiguation)
 Hendrickx
 Hendrik (disambiguation)
 Hendrikse
 Hendriksen
 Hendrikx
 Hendrix (disambiguation)
 Hendryx
 Henrik
 Henry (disambiguation)
 Henryk (given name)

Dutch-language surnames
Patronymic surnames
Surnames from given names


Franco Squillari was the defending champion but lost in the quarterfinals to Bohdan Ulihrach.

Jiří Novák won in the final 6–4, 7–5 against Antony Dupuis.

Seeds

  Yevgeny Kafelnikov (first round)
  Thomas Enqvist (second round)
  Franco Squillari (quarterfinals)
  Wayne Ferreira (first round)
  Thomas Johansson (second round)
  Marcelo Ríos (second round)
  Hicham Arazi (withdrew)
  Sjeng Schalken (second round)

Draw

Finals

Top half

Bottom half

External links
 2001 BMW Open Singles draw

2001 ATP Tour
2001 BMW Open


Demaine is a hamlet in the southwest Coteau Hills region of Saskatchewan, Canada.

History
Demaine was named after Frank Demaine who settled in the region in the early 1900s with several other families.

Geography
Demaine is in the Rural Municipality of Victory No. 226.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Demaine had a population of 20 living in 13 of its 17 total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of 25. With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

References

Designated places in Saskatchewan
Organized hamlets in Saskatchewan
Victory No. 226, Saskatchewan


Brigadier General Trần Văn Hai (1927-1975) was an officer in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam. He was born in Cần Thơ.

Military service
In 1951, Hai graduated from the Dalat Military Academy, Class 7.

In May 1968, he was commanding the Ranger Branch Command, directly supervising the Ranger operations to clear Vietcong (VC) forces that infiltrated into the Chợ Lớn area in the May Offensive. On 2 June Hai was onboard a United States Army UH-1 gunship that was firing rockets at VC positions. One of the rockets misfired and hit a South Vietnamese command group at the Thuong Phuoc High School, killing Saigon police chief Lieutenant colonel Nguyễn Van Luân, port director of Saigon Lieutenant colonel Pho Quoc Chu, 5th Ranger Group commander Nguyễn Van Phuoc and 4 other officers, all allies of Prime minister Nguyễn Cao Kỳ. Kỳ was supposed to be present but cancelled; the attack gave rise to rumours that this was an attempt by President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu to assassinate his political rival Kỳ.

On 8 June 1968 Thiệu appointed him as director general of the Republic of Vietnam National Police, replacing Nguyễn Ngọc Loan. During the next week he replaced seven of Saigon's nine district police chiefs.

He was the commander of the 7th Infantry Division at Dong Tam, near Mỹ Tho.

In 1970, he was commander, Special Tactical Area 44, before commanding the 7th Division. He was renowned for being incorruptible, outspoken and brave.

On April 30, 1975, at midnight he committed suicide at the Division Headquarters, Đồng Tâm Base Camp. His motives are unknown, but according to NY Times, General Hai feared persecution due to the humiliation of surrendering to VC divisions outside at the NH4 (now National Route 1A). General Hai is one of the five ARVN generals who committed suicide to avoid a humiliating surrender to VC/NVA soldiers.

References

External links

1927 births
1975 deaths
Army of the Republic of Vietnam generals
South Vietnamese military personnel of the Vietnam War
Deaths by firearm in Vietnam
People from Cần Thơ
Vietnamese military personnel who committed suicide


Bontade is a surname. People with this surname include:

 Francesco Paolo Bontade (1914–1974), member of the Sicilian Mafia
 Giovanni Bontade (1946–1988), member of the Sicilian Mafia
 Margherita Bontade (1900–1992), Italian politician
 Stefano Bontade (1939–1981), member of the Sicilian Mafia

Surnames of Italian origin


The UK Space Conference is an biennial conference devoted to space, held in the United Kingdom. The conference hosts the annual Sir Arthur Clarke Award prizegiving dinner in its conference years.

History
The UK Space Conference evolved out of the British Rocket Oral History Programme (BROHP) annual conference which had been running since 1998.  The rebranding of the conference in 2007 signalled a broadening of its remit.  The 2008 event included parallel sessions on Education, Research, Engineering and Astronomy as well as History.

Until 2010, the conference was held at Charterhouse School in Surrey in March each year. Beginning in 2011, the conference has been held every two years.

The 2011 event was held at the University of Warwick in Coventry on 4 and 5 July.

The 2013 conference was held at the Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre in Glasgow on 16 and 17 July.

The 2015 event was held in Liverpool.

The 2017 conference was held at the Manchester Central Convention Complex between 30 May and 1 June. Sponsors included the UK Space Agency, ESA and DSTL.

The 2019 event took place at the Newport International Convention Centre Wales from 23-26 September 2019. Tim Peake was among the speakers.

References

External links
UK Space Conference
BROHP
The SARTHE Report which recommended the creation of the UK Space Conference

Annual events in the United Kingdom
Conferences in the United Kingdom
Space programme of the United Kingdom
Space science


The Estonia national under-17 football team represents Estonia in association football at the under-17 youth level, and is controlled by the Estonian Football Association.

Current squad
 The following players were called up for the 2023 UEFA European Under-17 Championship qualification matches.
 Match dates: 26 October – 1 November 2022
 Opposition: ,  and Caps and goals correct as of: 26 September 2022, after the match against

Honours and achievements
Under-17 Baltic CupWinners (3):''' 2009, 2014, 2017

See also
 Estonia men's national football team
 Estonia men's national under-21 football team
 Estonia men's national under-19 football team
 Estonia men's national youth football team
 Estonia women's national football team
 Estonia women's national under-17 football team

References

External links
 Home page
 Estonian U-17 team at UEFA Official page

European national under-17 association football teams
under-17


The men's K-4 1000 metres event was a fours kayaking event conducted as part of the Canoeing at the 1996 Summer Olympics program.

Medalists

Results

Heats
16 crews entered in two heats. The top two finishers in each heat advanced to the final while the remaining teams competed in the repechages.

Semifinals
The top two finishers in the each semifinal and the fastest third-place finisher advanced to the final.

Final
The final was held on August 3.

Germany stayed close to Hungary for the first 750 meters of the race before pulling away to win decisively.

References
1996 Summer Olympics official report Volume 3. p. 171.
Sports-reference.com 1996 K-4 1000 m results.
Wallechinsky, David and Jaime Loucky (2008). "Canoeing: Men's Kayak Fours 1000 Meters". In The Complete Book of the Olympics: 2008 Edition. London: Aurum Press Limited. p. 478.

Men's K-4 1000
Men's events at the 1996 Summer Olympics


Jo Russell is an English radio presenter currently working for Greatest Hits Radio.

Biography
Russell worked for an insurance company and Coca-Cola among other roles before beginning her broadcasting career at York Hospital Radio. She later moved on to hosting weekend shows at Stray FM in Harrogate and a full-time presenting role at York's Minster FM.

From 1998 onwards, Russell spent over ten years co-presenting Trent FM's award-winning breakfast show with Andy "Twiggy" Twigge, who had previously worked alongside her at sister station Ram FM in Derby. During this time, Russell won various awards for her work including four Sony Awards, the 2008 Arqiva Commercial Radio Presenter of the Year and Best Breakfast Show at the 2007 European Radio Awards. In September 2008, she joined Absolute Radio as the host of a weekend mid-morning show, which ran for around thirteen months.

A month after her departure from Absolute, Russell joined BRMB to host its flagship weekday breakfast show, The Jo Show. In November 2010, following a break from work due to illness, she began co-presenting the station's weekday drivetime show Jo and Sparky, alongside Mark "Sparky" Colerangle.

During 2011, Russell also presented Back to the 80s, a weekly Saturday night show for the East Midlands regional radio station Gem 106.

In 2014, Russell was awarded the Local and Regional Lifetime Achievement award by the Radio Academy.

In July 2015, Russell and Colerangle moved to Free Radio's Shropshire and Black Country station to co-present Jo and Sparky in the weekday breakfast timeslot, beginning on Monday 20 July 2015 at 6am. The pair joined sister station Gem 106 in 2016 to present a Saturday morning show.

In September 2017, it was announced Russell and Colerangle would leave Free Radio and join Gem full-time as presenters of the station's weekday breakfast show on Monday 16 October 2017, replacing Sam Pinkham and Amy Voce.

References

External links
6th Vision Management – Jo Russell
Gem - Jo and Sparky at Breakfast

British radio DJs
British radio personalities
1970 births
Living people
Radio presenters from London


Gry Charlotta Forssell (born February 16, 1973) is a Swedish television host on TV4 and TV3 and radio talk-show host. She is the daughter of singer Tomas Forssell and niece to actor Johannes Brost.

Early life and career
Forssell grew up in Luleå and studied at the Child and youth education in high school. After graduating in 1992 she became television presenter for SVT's youth section in Växjö, along with Pernilla Månsson Colt and Per Dahlberg and they presented the shows PM and Pickup. She also acted in Ronny och Ragge as the character Bettan, a girl working the hot dog stand in Byhåla. Forssell is an honorary member of Luleå Hockey and has a Luleå Hockey shirt hanging at her workplace studio at her radiostation Mix Megapol.

After the work on SVT she presented the film show Filmguiden at TV1000, the horse show Vinnare med V75 and På Plats both on TV4. She also presented Sommartoppen on Sveriges Radio between 1994 and 1999, and the lifestyle show Silikon along with Ulrika Eriksson between 1998 and 2001 on TV3.

In 2004, Forssell became a radio talkshow presenter for Mix Megapol. She presented the morning radio show Äntligen Morgon along with Anders Timell. The morningshow won Radioakademins award for "Morningshow of the year" in 2005 and again in 2008. Forsell and Adam Alsing presented the quiz show Pokerfejs broadcast on TV4 in 2007, and since 2008 Forsell is presenting the choir song show Körslaget also broadcast on TV4. Forsell presented Big Brother in 2011 and 2012 when it was broadcast on TV11.

Radio and TV shows
Byhåla 2 (SVT, 1992)
PM (SVT, 1992–93)
Pickup (SVT, 1993)
Filmguiden (TV1000, 1995)
På plats (TV4, 1995)
Äventyr (SVT, 1997)
Silikon (TV3, 1998–2001)
Jakten på ökenguldet (tävlande) (TV3, 1999)
Fångarna på fortet (TV3, 1999–2000)
Vilda djur (TV3, 2001)
Harem (TV3, 2002)
Prestanda (TV3, 2003)
Izabellas bröllop (TV3, 2004)
Morgonradioshowen "Äntligen morgon med Adam & Gry" (Mix Megapol, 2004–present)
Rampfeber (TV4, 2006)
Sommarkrysset (TV4, 2006–08)
Högsta domstolen (SVT, 2006) (guest)
Vinterkrysset (TV4, 2006)
Pokerfejs (TV4, 2007)
Grammisgalan (TV4, 2008)
Körslaget (TV4, 2008)
Gladiatorerna (TV4, 2012–present)
Big Brother (TV11, 2011–12)

References

External links

Swedish television hosts
1973 births
Living people
People from Luleå


Actionable Offenses: Indecent Phonograph Recordings from the 1890s is a compilation of jokes and stories recorded to wax cylinders during the 1890s. At the time the recordings were made, they were considered indecent, and nearly all similar recordings from this era have been destroyed, often by law. The compilation was assembled by Patrick Feaster and David Giovannoni, and released on Archeophone Records, an archival reissue label, in 2007. It received two Grammy Award nominations.

Historical background
By the 1890s, phonograph machines became common in public places, and were found in American cities at county fairs, public halls, saloons, and department stores. In many places, such as bars and taverns, patrons could place money into a coin slot and choose a recording to listen to, like a jukebox. Some establishments began placing cylinders of a sexually explicit nature into their machines during this decade, and local authorities often took steps to remove the cylinders from use and charge those responsible under indecency statutes. In New York City, Anthony Comstock and his Society for the Suppression of Vice spent several years investigating cases of indecent material in phonograph booths throughout the city. In 1899, Comstock succeeded in pushing through a statute specifically criminalizing the distribution and airing, public or private, of recorded material which used profanity or sexually explicit language; as a result, most of those in the business of making such records ceased to do so after 1900.

In addition to commercial recordings, the advent of home recording also allowed for the creation of obscene or sexually explicit recordings. Such machines were available by the 1890s, and the ability to use the machine to record such material was actually used as a selling point by some purveyors of home recording machines.

Assembly of the compilation
The recordings on the album comprise two collections of cylinders: the Walter Miller Collection and the Bruce R. Young Collection. The Walter Miller Collection was compiled by the manager of Thomas Edison's commercial apparatus until 1937, and his collection of commercial recordings was preserved by the Edison National Historic Site from the 1950s. The latter collection was purchased by a collector in 1997, and consisted of what are probably home recordings. Both of the collections are presented in their entirety on the compilation; tracks 1–14 are the Miller Collection and tracks 15–43 are the Young collection. The Miller Collection was digitized in November 2006.

Performers

Cal Stewart

Cal Stewart (c. 1856 – 1919) began his career in vaudeville after injuring his hand and foot working on a railroad. by 1895 he was performing in New York City at the Union Square Theatre, and in 1897 he made his first phonograph recordings. Stewart was best known for his monologues depicting stereotypical "rubes" and "Yankees". Working extensively as a performer and recorder up to the time of his death in 1919, he became a nationally celebrated humorist. The curators of the collection identified Stewart as the most likely performer of the first two tracks of the disc.

Russell Hunting

Russell Hunting (1864–1943) worked as a stage manager for a Boston theater, and recorded comedy routines centering on stereotypical Irish Americans from the early 1890s. His recurring character "Michael Casey" became a centerpiece of his comedy and was widely imitated. Hunting was actually arrested by Anthony Comstock in June 1896, and served three months in prison as a result; he returned to the recording business upon his release, but emigrated to England in 1898. There he continued using the Casey routines to great success and worked as a recording executive. The curators of the collection identified Hunting as the most likely performer of tracks 3–11.

James H. White
James H. White (1872–1944) was the manager of the motion picture wing of Thomas Edison's business from 1896 to 1903. Concomitantly, he took over the recording of the "Michael Casey" sketches after Hunting was arrested. After 1903 White moved to England and managed portions of Edison's businesses there. The curators of the collection identified White as the most likely performer of tracks 12–14.

Critical reception
Archeophone Records issued the compilation to CD in 2007 with extensively researched liner notes. The New York Times noted the compilation's historical importance and noted that the jokes "still kill" more than 100 years after being recorded. NPR noted that the compilation was "as lewd and often obscene as anything Howard Stern has to offer." Metro noted in jest, "Some of this material would get you arrested, even today". The compilation was nominated for two Grammy awards, for Best Album Notes and Best Historical Album.

Track listing
Believed to be by Cal Stewart
1. "Learning a City Gal How to Milk"
2. "The Tapeworm Story"

By an Unknown Performer, Possibly Russell Hunting
3–4. "Gimlet's Soliloquy/The Rascal Detector" (by "Manly Tempest")
5. "The Whore's Union"
6–7. "Boarding the Folsom/A Few Conundrums"

Believed to Be By Russell Hunting
8. "Out of Order" (by "Charley Smith of Kankakee")
9. "Did He Charge Too Much"
10. "Reilly as a Policeman" (by "Charley Smith of New York City")
11. "Slim Hadley on a Racket" (by "Willy Fathand of New York City")

Believed to Be By James White
12. "Slim Hadley on a Racket" (by "Willy Brown")
13. "Michael Casey Exhibiting His Panorama" (by "Willy Smith")
14. "Dennis Reilly at Maggie Murphy's Home After Nine O'Clock" (by "Willy Brown")

By an Unknown Performer, Probably Home Recordings
15–16. Young Cylinder A: "Stroll on Capitol Hill/A Hard Head"
17. Young Cylinder B: "The Virtues of Raw Oysters"
18–25. Young Cylinder C: "Jokes, Riddles, Verses, a Limerick, and a Toast"
26–34. Young Cylinder D: "More Verses and Jokes"
35–38. Young Cylinder E: "The Lady's Friend/A Song/The Irishman's Prayer/A Joke"
39–42. Young Cylinder F: "Verses and Songs"
43. Young Cylinder G: Poem: "I Sit Here, Thinking, Will, of You"

References

2007 compilation albums
2000s spoken word albums
Off-color humor
Archeophone Records compilation albums
Reissue albums


Henig may refer to:

People
Martin Henig, British archaeologist
Michael Henig (born 1985), American football quarterback
Robin Marantz Henig, American science writer
Ruth Henig, Baroness Henig (born 1943), British historian and politician
Sheila Henig (1934–1979), Canadian pianist and soprano
Stanley Henig (born 1939), British academic and politician

Places
Henig, a village in Berghin Commune, Alba County, Romania
Henig, tributary of the river Secaș in Romania


The Kites Flying in the Sky (, or as 하늘을 나는 연들) is a 2008 North Korean film. Directed by Phyo Kwang and Kim Hyon-chol, the film is based on the true story of a former marathon champion who devotes her life to caring for orphans.

The film was unusual in that no reshoots were required prior to approval for release.

The film's basis
The film modelled the protagonist after North Korean woman Sŏ hyesuk, who, according to the North Korean periodical "Tongil sinbo," is widely known as the 'maternal hero' for the Songun era. Sŏ, a resident of Sŏn'guja-dong, Mangyongdae-guyok, Pyongyang, is known to have raised 33 orphans as if they were her own and sent 15 of them to the military.

Plot
A woman born in a foreign land,who also experienced the death of her father, achieves her dream to be a marathon champion in North Korea. North Korea goes through an 'Arduous March', and she raises the orphans during that time.

Premiere and screening
The film officially premiered on 16 February 2008, and was the first film to be shown on television prior to a general release in June.

The Kites Flying in the Sky was the only North Korean feature film to be screened at the 11th Pyongyang International Film Festival, where it won an award for special screening.

The film was also screened at the 2013 Sydney International Film Festival(SIFF).

Reception

Domestic reaction
The March 1st edition of the North Korean periodical "Tongil sinbo" said that the film "touchingly showcases the profound philosophical idea that the true value of human life and happiness in the Songun era lies in the dedication to the society and the group and those who follow those very ways will eternally shine into a vivid artistic drawing."

Foreign evaluations
Despite local success, the film was poorly received by American critics, who dismissed it as "syrupy and propagandistic".

Notes

References

External links

2008 films
2000s Korean-language films
North Korean drama films
Films about orphans


John Potter is an English tenor and academic.

Early life and education
John Potter's musical education began as a chorister in the Choir of King's College, Cambridge, after which he became a scholar at The King's School, Canterbury and exhibitioner at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge.  His coaches included lieder specialist Walter Gruner, accompanist Paul Hamburger, and the tenor Peter Pears.

Performance
Potter specialises in early and contemporary classical music vocal music. In addition to his solo work, he has performed with many vocal ensembles including the Hilliard Ensemble, The Swingle Singers, The Dowland Project, the Gavin Bryars Ensemble, and Red Byrd, of which he is a co-founder. His discography includes over 100 recordings encompassing his eclectic musical interests including Léonin and Led Zeppelin. He has received a fifth gold disc for the Hilliard Ensemble's Officium album.

He is also an ensemble coach, mentoring groups such as Trio Mediæval from Norway, The Kassiopeia Ensemble from the Netherlands, and Juice from the United Kingdom. His later collaborations have included Being Dufay with electronic music composer Ambrose Field and the lutenist and vihuela player Ariel Abramovich.

Academic work
Potter is a reader emeritus for the Music Department at the University of York; before retirement he was the director of the Vocal Studies postgraduate program. His research interests include the sociology of vocal music and vocal repertory, especially Renaissance and contemporary music.

Potter is the editor of the  Cambridge Companion to Singing (1998) and is the author of numerous articles in academic publications. His books include:
Vocal authority: Singing Style and Ideology, Cambridge University Press, 1998
Tenor: History of a Voice, Yale University Press, 2009
A History of Singing (with Neil Sorrell), Cambridge University Press, 2012

References

External links
 John Potter's Homepage
 John Potter's Profile at the University of York
 Biography at Bach-Cantatas.com
 John Potter at Hyperion Records
 The Cambridge Companion to Singing at Google Books
  Tenor: History of a voice at Google Books

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Academics of the University of York
English classical musicians
English tenors
Contemporary classical music performers
ECM Records artists
Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
British performers of early music
Choristers of the Choir of King's College, Cambridge


Oregon Ballot Measure 64 (IRR 25)   was an initiated state statute ballot measure on the November 4, 2008 general election ballot in Oregon.

This measure would have prohibited money collected with the use of public resources from being used for political purposes, except elections, official voter pamphlets and most lobbying. "Political purpose" is defined as: candidates, political committee or party, initiative or referendum committee, and supporting/opposing candidates or ballot measures (including signature gathering for petitions).

Background

The measure was initially filed as a potential initiative by chief petitioner Bill Sizemore in 2006.  In December 2007, Sizemore turned in 139,000 signatures to qualify the measure for the November 2008 ballot.

Sizemore put similar measures on the Oregon ballot in 1998 and 2000; all of them were defeated by a coalition of unions, charities, and non-profit organizations. Measure 59 was defeated 51–49; two years later, Measure 92 was defeated by a wider margin: 55–45. Also in 2000, another similar measure, Measure 98, was defeated 53–47.

Sizemore has filed nearly identical initiatives every two years since, although none qualified for the ballot until 2008. For 2010, he's filed Initiative Petition 25, which would make political contributions from unions "bribery."

Newspaper endorsements
Here is how Oregon's major newspapers endorsed on Measure 64:

No Oregon newspapers endorsed a yes vote on Measure 64.

Supporters
The official name of the initiative petition committee to put Measure 64 on the ballot was "Ban Public Money for Politics".

The Oregonian reported in September 2007 that Nevada-based millionaire Loren Parks was the leading contributor to put Measure 64 on the ballot. According to the newspaper, Parks gave money directly to the signature gathering firm, rather than to Sizemore directly.

Opponents
Measure 64 was opposed by the Don't Silence Our Voice committee.  It was also opposed by the Defend Oregon Coalition, which opposed all of Bill Sizemore's 2008 ballot initiatives.

Don't Silence Our Voice describes itself as "a broad coalition of community advocates, charities, and labor organizations committed to protecting the voices of all Oregonians."

The official Oregon voter's pamphlet had arguments in opposition from the United Way, the Muscular Dystrophy Association, the Oregon PTA, the Oregon Education Association, the League of Women Voters, and the Oregon State Council of Fire Fighters, among others.

Arguments against Measure 64
 Measure 64 would limit the ability of working people to participate in politics, but would still allow out-of-state corporations and millionaires to spend money freely, giving them even more political influence in Oregon. (Steve Novick, Blue Oregon, October 24)
 From the Oregonian's No on 64 endorsement: "Of course, this would have the effect of giving Oregon firefighters and nurses less voice in Oregon politics than Loren Parks, which is not most Oregonians' view of how things should work. But the measure also runs the risk of badly hurting Oregon charitable organizations, which is why so many of them have raised their voices loudly in the campaign. Oregon public employees contribute to many state charities through payroll deductions, and the charities are concerned, after reading the measure's language and consulting attorneys, that they will be banned from speaking on behalf of their clients."
 The measure would have damaging effects, including restricting public employee unions' ability to collect dues from members.
 The Yamhill News Register says, "Though seemingly sensible on its surface, in practice, both these measures prohibit political free speech by public employees.\
 It was authored by Bill Sizemore

Donors opposing Measure 64
The Oregon Nurses Association donated $500,000 to the campaign against the proposal.

Defend Oregon, as a committee, is fighting seven different ballot measures, and supporting two others.  As a result, it is not possible to discern how much of its campaign warchest is going specifically to defeat Measure 59. Altogether, the group has raised over $6 million in 2008.

Major donations to the Defend Oregon group as of October 8 include:

 $4.1 million from the Oregon Education Association.,
 $100,000 from School Employees Exercising Democracy (SEED)
 $100,000 from the AFL-CIO.
 $50,000 from Oregon AFSCME Council 75.

Petition drive history
On May 13, 2008, the Oregon Secretary of State announced that according to an unofficial verification conducted by their office, supporters of the measure had turned in 87,348 valid signatures, slightly more than the 82,769 required. This represented a validity rate of 66% of the 132,347 signatures turned in. Democracy Direct was hired to collect signatures for the measure,

A union-funded watchdog group asked the Oregon Secretary of State to conduct an investigation into how some of the signatures on the measure were collected.  Secretary of State Bill Bradbury said, "…most all of the initiatives Oregon voters will decide this fall got there through practices that are now illegal. But those practices were legal at the time most of the signatures were submitted."  A lawsuit has been filed in federal court challenging the constitutionality of the new laws governing the initiative process in Oregon.

Notes

External links

Basic information

Note:: ''This article was taken from Ballotpedia's article about Oregon Ballot Measure 64
 Oregon Voters' Pamphlet for Measures
2008 General Election: Voter Guide
Statement of organization for the pro-initiative committee
Full text of the initiative
Certified ballot title letter from the Oregon Attorney General
Letters received from Oregon residents during the ballot title designation period

Supporters
Bill Sizemore's official website

Opponents
 Don't Silence Our Voice Committee
Defend Oregon, the coalition against Measures 58 to 64

2008 Oregon ballot measures
Initiatives in the United States


A streetcorner or street corner is the location which lies adjacent to an intersection of two roads. Such locations are important in terms of local planning and commerce, usually being the locations of street signs and lamp posts, as well as being a prime spot to locate a business due to visibility and accessibility from traffic going along either of the adjacent streets. One source suggests that this is so for a facility combining two purposes, like an automotive showroom that provides repair services as well: "For all these types of buildings, property on a street corner is most desirable as separate entrances are most easily provided for."

Due to this visibility, street-corners are the choice location for activities ranging from panhandling to prostitution to protests to petition signature drives, hence the term "street-corner politics". This makes street-corners a good location to observe human activity, for purposes of learning what environmental structures best fit that activity. Sidewalks at street corners tend to be rounded, rather than coming to a point, for ease of traffic making turns at the intersection.

References

Urban planning
Streets and roads


Eva Olga Sofia Wistam, during a time Eriksson, née Eklöf (born 15 May 1966, Lidingö, Stockholm County, Sweden) is a Swedish television host on TV4 and TV3 and radio talk-show host. She has also worked as a stylist for stars such as Carola, Jerry Williams and Tommy Nilsson. In 2008, she was also a judge on the talent show Sweden's Got Talent, during this year she also hosted her own radio show on Rix FM.

During 2009, Wistam hosted the competition show Wipeout on Swedish television. She would return for the 2010 series however she was replaced  by Christine Meltzer for Winter Wipeout.

Wistam was an celebrity dancer in Let's Dance 2013. As of June 2022 she hosts the Swedish version of Naked Attraction.

References

External links

Living people
1966 births
Swedish television hosts
Swedish women television presenters
People from Lidingö Municipality
Beauty pageant hosts
Swedish podcasters


TV2000 is an Italy-based broadcasting network that carries Roman Catholic-themed programming, available on digital terrestrial television in Italy and owned by the Italian Episcopal Conference, the conference of the Catholic bishops of Italy.

Launched as Sat 2000 in 1998 and so renamed in 2009, it is broadcast in Italy on DTT channel 28 on mux TIMB 2, via satellite Hot Bird 13B at 13°Est (12092 MHz, pol.H, Sr 29900,3/4  and Eutelsat 9B at 9°Est (12466 MHz, pol.V, Sr 41950, 3/4).

Programming

Religious programs
 Holy Mass broadcast by the Centro Televisivo Vaticano
 The Holy Rosary from Lourdes.

Other programs
 Actuality programs like Nel cuore dei giorni
 Information like TG2000
 Educational and inspirational programming such as documentaries from National Geographic Society
 Television series such as Don Matteo from RAI
 Talk shows such as  Romanzo familiare
 Classical music concerts
 Current affairs programming

See also
 Catholic television
 Catholic television channels
 Catholic television networks
 Padre Pio TV
 Telepace
 Vatican Media

References

External links
Official Website

Mass media in Rome
Free-to-air
Catholic television networks
Italian-language television stations
Television channels and stations established in 1998
Television channels in Italy


Reicher may refer to:

People
 Emanuel Reicher (1849–1924), German actor
 Emanoil-George Reicher (1930–2019), Romanian chess player
 Frank Reicher (1875–1965), German actor, director and producer
 Hedwiga Reicher (1884–1971), German actress
 Louis Joseph Reicher (1890–1984), bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Austin
 Steve Reicher, professor of social Psychology and head of the School of Psychology at the University of St Andrews

Education
 Reicher Catholic High School, Waco, Texas

Religion
 Reicher Synagogue, Łódź, Poland


Henriksen is a Scandinavian patronymic surname, meaning son of Henrik.

Notable people
Arve Henriksen (born 1968), Norwegian trumpet player
Bjarne Henriksen (born 1959), Danish actor
Bjarne Henry Henriksen (1904–1995), Norwegian politician
Bruce Henricksen (born 1941) American author and academic
Bo Henriksen (born 1975), Danish footballer
Clifford A. Henricksen, (born 1943), American inventor
Gustav Henriksen (1872–1939), Norwegian businessperson
Hans Christian Henriksen (1909–1983), Norwegian businessperson
Hans Herman Henriksen (born 1958), Norwegian footballer
Henriette Henriksen (born 1970), Norwegian team handball player and Olympic medalist
Johan R. Henriksen (1886–1975), Norwegian Nordic skier
Kai G. Henriksen (1956–2016), Norwegian businessperson, politician, Vinmonopolet CEO
Kari Henriksen (born 1955), Norwegian politician
Kim J. Henriksen (born 1960), Danish Esperantist
Kjell Henriksen (1938–1996), Norwegian physicist
Kristian Henriksen (1911–2004), Norwegian footballer and coach
Lance Henriksen (born 1940), American actor
Leonardo Henrichsen (1940–1973), Argentine and Swedish photojournalist
Markus Henriksen (born 1992), Norwegian footballer
Olaf Henriksen (1888–1962), Danish baseball player
Ole Henriksen (born 1951), Danish skin specialist
Per Rune Henriksen (born 1960), Norwegian politician
Peter Henriksen (born 1972), Danish team handball player
Rein Henriksen (1915–1994), Norwegian lawyer and industrialist
René Henriksen (born 1969), Danish footballer
Soren Henriksen (born 1964), Danish cricketer
Sophus Henrichsen (1845–1928), Norwegian physicist
Tony Henriksen (born 1973), Danish football goalkeeper
Tor Arne Lau Henriksen, Norwegian military officer
Trond Henriksen (born 1964), Norwegian footballer
Vera Henriksen (1927–2016), Norwegian author

See also
Henriksson
Hinrichsen

Danish-language surnames
Norwegian-language surnames
Patronymic surnames
Surnames from given names


Mark David Wallace (born December 31, 1967) is an American businessman, former diplomat and lawyer who has served in a variety of government, political and private sector posts. He served in several positions during the administration of President George W. Bush, including as the United States Ambassador to the United Nations for UN Management and Reform. As of 2019, Wallace was the CEO of United Against Nuclear Iran (UANI) and the Counter Extremism Project (CEP).

As of 2019, Wallace is the CEO of United Against Nuclear Iran (UANI), the Counter Extremism Project (CEP), Turkish Democracy Project.

Biography
Wallace attended the University of Miami, where he received both his bachelor's degree and J.D. He was married to Nicolle Wallace, a political commentator who served as President George W. Bush's communications director and as senior advisor to Senator John McCain's 2008 presidential bid.

Career
Prior to government service, Wallace was a practicing commercial litigation attorney in Miami, Florida as well as General Counsel of the State of Florida's City of Miami Emergency Financial Oversight Board. He began his political career under Florida Governor Jeb Bush and was active in his election campaigns in 1994, 1998 and 2002.

In 2000 Wallace played a key role working for then Governor George W. Bush's legal team in the decisive Florida recount in 2000 where he served as counsel to the campaign in Florida and was a spokesman for the legal team in various national media outlets. Wallace was portrayed in the HBO movie Recount for his role in the disputed presidential contest.

During President Bush's administration from 1999 to 2003 Wallace served in a variety of federal government general counsel positions. At the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), he oversaw and managed all aspects of the FEMA Office of General Counsel, and acted as counsel to the FEMA-led New York and World Trade Center recovery effort in the wake of the 2001 September 11 attacks. He also served as the general counsel of the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ), Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), during the INS' transition from the DOJ into the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) as part of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 reorganization. After the reorganization, Wallace served as the first principal legal advisor to the Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement and the Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services for the Department of Homeland Security.

In 2003, Wallace joined President George W. Bush's reelection campaign as the deputy campaign manager. In addition to his day-to-day responsibilities of assisting in the management of the national campaign, Wallace was the campaign's lead liaison to the Republican National Convention, the campaign's representative in debate negotiations, and led the campaign's debate team at each of the Presidential and Vice-Presidential debates.

In February 2013, Wallace and his wife publicly supported legal recognition for same-sex marriage in an amicus brief submitted to the U.S. Supreme Court.

UN ambassadorship
In 2005 President Bush nominated Wallace to serve in the United States Department of State, United States Mission to the United Nations as Ambassador, U.S. Representative for UN Management and Reform and Alternative Representative of the United States to Sessions of the General Assembly of the United Nations. The Senate confirmed his appointment in 2006.

During his tenure as Ambassador to the United Nations, Wallace most notably sought to uncover corruption in UN programs in such places as North Korea and Burma. He exposed the "Cash for Kim" corruption scandal in North Korea. He revealed, among other issues, that the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) had funneled millions of dollars in hard currency to North Korea without assurance that North Korea's dictatorship would use the money to help the North Korean people instead of diverting it to illicit activities, including the country's illegal nuclear program. Wallace accused the program of being "systematically perverted for the benefit of the Kim Jong Il regime," and the media drew parallels between UNDP's corruption in North Korea and the Oil-for-Food scandal in Iraq several years earlier. The Wall Street Journal wrote that the finding of the Cash for Kim investigation "vindicates" Wallace, "who led the charge for transparency at UNDP."

In addition he led the U.S. delegation's "no" vote against using UN money to pay for the 2009 "Durban II" conference, describing it as "noxious to my country and a disgrace in the International Community." He further opposed the 2008–2009 UN Biennium Budget for its "ad hoc" and "piecemeal" approach that ensured spending increases in the UN general budget that far outpaced the general budget increases of member states.

While at the UN, Wallace also launched the UN Transparency and Accountability Initiative that focused on eight areas of reform related to member states' access to UN financial documents, ethics, financial disclosure, oversight mechanisms, IPSAS accounting standards and administrative overhead.

Upon his departure from the U.S. State Department, The Wall Street Journal editorial board compared Wallace to a list of "distinguished" Americans who tried to make the United Nations live up to its original ideals including Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Jeane Kirkpatrick and John Bolton. The opinion piece noted that although Wallace was unpopular with some officials who didn't want to risk their engagement with North Korea over corruption, "he's the one who had it right."

2008 presidential campaign
During the 2008 presidential campaign Wallace was a senior advisor to Senator John McCain. In that role, he led the debate preparation team for Senator McCain's running mate, Alaska Governor Sarah Palin. After the debate, The New York Times commented that Governor Palin's debate performance against Democrat Joe Biden "exceeded expectations in this highly anticipated face-off, though those expectations were low after she had stumbled in recent television interviews." Wallace was portrayed in the HBO movie Game Change by actor Ron Livingston for his work on the McCain campaign.

Policy work, writing, and media appearances
Wallace is the chief executive officer of both United Against Nuclear Iran (UANI) and the Counter Extremism Project (CEP). He is a frequent media contributor and op-ed author and has been featured in news outlets around the world including The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, Financial Times, The Washington Post, CNN, Fox News, USA Today, TIME, The Huffington Post, New York Post, CNBC, Asharq Al-Awsat, Okaz, Le Parisien, and Die Welt.

United Against Nuclear Iran
Wallace serves as chief executive officer of United Against Nuclear Iran (UANI), a bipartisan non-profit dedicated to prevent Iran from producing nuclear weapons. Wallace founded UANI in 2008 alongside the late Richard Holbrooke and Dennis Ross. In August 2015, former Connecticut Senator Joe Lieberman became chairman of the group. Under Wallace, UANI and its advisory board has grown to include prominent former government officials and lawmakers including former U.S. Homeland Security Advisor Fran Townsend, former Mossad Chiefs Meir Dagan and Tamir Pardo, former head of the German Intelligence Service Dr. August Hanning, former head of the British MI6 Chief Sir Richard Dearlove, and former governors Jeb Bush and Bill Richardson, among others. In August 2013, Iranian Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif described UANI as "the biggest active lobby against Iran." The following month, in his debut speech before the UN General Assembly, Iranian President Hassan Rouhani was further critical of UANI, labeling it "extremist," and proposed a new group called "World Against Violence and Extremism" – in reference to United Against Nuclear Iran.

Since its founding, Wallace has led UANI in launching campaigns warning more than 1,000 companies of their Iran business ties, following which, dozens of multinational firms such as General Electric, Huntsman, Caterpillar, Ingersoll Rand, Porsche, Hyundai, Fiat, Royal Dutch Shell, Terex and Siemens ended their business dealings in Iran. Wallace and UANI led the first successful campaign to convince a Chinese company to end its work in Iran. After various discussions between Wallace, UANI and Huawei, the company announced that it was scaling back its business in Iran. The decision by Huawei and the role of UANI was prominently featured in the news media including The Wall Street Journal, Financial Times and Reuters. In The Wall Street Journal piece, Wallace was quoted saying of the decision: "This is a significant milestone. For the first time a major Chinese business is pulling back from Iran in the face of mounting international scorn for Iran's brutal regime."

Wallace and UANI launched a campaign calling on SWIFT to terminate its relationships with Iran's banks and financial institutions, arguing that SWIFT was in violation of U.S. and EU sanctions by affording Iranian banks BICs and access to SWIFT and, therefore, access to the international financial system. Subsequently, SWIFT announced that it would comply with new EU sanctions and cease providing messaging services to sanction designated Iranian banks. "It's a good positive step forward and it will cause real difficulties for the regime," said Wallace. SWIFT's decision and UANI's campaign were extensively covered in media outlets around the world.

UANI and Wallace pursued a successful "Auto Campaign" that has focused on the lucrative Iranian automobile industry. UANI has called on international automobile manufactures to leave Iran including, among others, Nissan, Fiat, Peugeot, GM and Hyundai.

Wallace and UANI have authored and supported a variety of federal and state legislative and regulatory initiatives designed to enhance Iran's economic isolation. Their model legislation has been incorporated into both federal bills and state bills, including the Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010 (CISADA), the Iran Transparency and Accountability Act (ITAA), the Iran Financial Sanctions Improvement Act of 2012 (H.R. 4179 as introduced by Chairwoman Ileana Ros-Lehtinen and Congressman Brad Sherman), California's Iran Contracting Act of 2010 (AB1650) and New York's Iran Divestment Act of 2011 (A08668) among others. In May 2012, Wallace along with Meir Dagan, August Hanning, R. James Woolsey, Lord Charles Guthrie and Kristen Silverberg co-authored an op-ed in The Wall Street Journal calling for "the most robust sanctions against Iran in history" as a means "for the international community to truly isolate the regime." Wallace described a proposed strategy to implement such sanctions during testimony before the U.S. House Committee on Foreign Affairs on May 17, 2012, by proposing legislation focused on four areas, namely Banking, Insurance and Reinsurance, Disclosure and Debarment and Shipping (UANI BIDS) in order to achieve an "economic blockade" of Iran.

In an October 2012 profile on UANI in NBC News by chief foreign correspondent Richard Engel and Robert Windrem, Wallace stated, "Our message is clear: You have to choose between doing business with our checkbook or their checkbook—with the reality being we're the biggest checkbook in the world. Notwithstanding the purported demise of the United States, we're still the biggest checkbook in the world."

Wallace and UANI advocated against the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) nuclear agreement between the P5+1 and Iran. In the New York Times, Wallace said, "Americans have been presented with a false choice: diplomacy or war," in a cynical effort to frame opponents of the deal as warmongers.

Following the implementation of the JCPOA, UANI launched an educational and advocacy campaign calling on international companies to not do business in Iran. In the Financial Times Wallace said, "As they get on a plane to Tehran, companies need to have a hard look at the business risk… The risk profile has not fundamentally changed." In November 2015, UANI published an open letter in the Financial Times signed by dozens of prominent defense and foreign policy experts calling on the global business community to consider the substantial risks of business ties in Iran. By July 2016, Politico reported that within the past six months, UANI had sent more than 200 letters to companies exploring or engaged in business in Iran. Wallace commented, "We wanted to professionally and thoroughly spread the word ... of the enormous risk still associated with Iran."

In June 2016, UANI released an open letter signed by high-ranking former government officials and policy experts calling on the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) to keep Iran on its blacklist and "maintain and strengthen counter-measures against Iran" as a threat to the integrity of the international financial system for its rampant money laundering and terrorism financing activities.

On September 19, 2016, UANI hosted an "Iran Risk Summit," examining the political and economic environment since the signing of the JCPOA. The event featured prominent Middle Eastern officials including UAE Ambassador to the U.S. Yousef Al Otaiba, Israeli lawmaker and former Foreign Minister Tzipi Livni, and Bahraini diplomat and former President of the United Nations General Assembly Haya Rashed Al-Khalifa.

In February 2019, Russian Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Maria Zakharova accused UANI of trying to "intimidate Russian business" interests in Iran. National Security Advisor of the United States John Bolton consequently came to the defense of UANI, calling attempts by the Russian government to intimidate Wallace and UANI "unacceptable." He added, "If President Putin is serious about stabilizing the Middle East, confronting terrorism & preventing a nuclear arms race in the region, he should stand with UANI & against Iran."

In 2019, Iran added UANI to its list of terrorist organizations. The decision was announced by Iran's Foreign Ministry. The listing took effect on the day before the International Convention for the Future of Iran, which the UANI helped facilitate. Numerous Iranian opposition groups participated. It was attended by Secretary of State Mike Pompeo.

Wallace also serves on the board of advisors of the Nonproliferation Policy Education Center.

Litigation
In May 2013, UANI publicly called on a Greek shipping concern and its owner to end their purported business relationships with the Iranian regime. In response, Wallace and UANI were sued for defamation and other related torts in Manhattan Federal court. Wallace and UANI maintained that the suit was baseless and designed to muzzle UANI's campaign against companies that assisted or financed Iran's efforts to evade international sanctions and to obtain nuclear weapons. In what UANI deemed an effort to buy its silence, the Greek shipper reportedly "offered to pay UANI $400,000 and to appoint Wallace to the board" of an affiliated tanker management company. Wallace and UANI's legal representatives rejected the offer. In July 2014, the United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York intervened in the lawsuit to block the Greek plaintiffs from seeking discovery from Wallace and UANI. In September 2014, the U.S. Justice Department intervened in the suit and invoked the "state secrets privilege" to seek dismissal of the Greek shipper's claims because "an unnamed U.S. agency had determined the case risked revealing government secrets." In March 2015, the U.S. Federal District dismissed the lawsuit, ruling that "the Justice Department made a compelling argument that the lawsuit cannot go forward without potentially exposing U.S. national security secrets." According to Greek press reports, various Greek criminal charges were filed against the Greek ship owner before and after the dismissal of the Federal court lawsuit. Despite multiple speculative press reports neither Wallace nor UANI have commented on the dismissal of the suit on the basis of the state secrets privilege beyond their counsel's statement welcoming the dismissal of the "meritless" lawsuit in its entirety.

Counter Extremism Project
Wallace is the chief executive officer of the Counter Extremism Project (CEP), launched in September 2014. CEP is a not-for-profit, non-partisan, international policy organization formed to combat the growing threat from extremist ideology. The organization is led by Wallace and a team of former world leaders and former diplomats, including Frances Townsend and Senator Joseph Lieberman. CEP aims to combat extremism by pressuring financial support networks, countering the narrative of extremists and their online recruitment, and advocating for strong laws, policies and regulation. The group produces research, having conducted a comprehensive survey on the public's attitudes and knowledge of extremism in order to ensure measurable results of its projects and campaigns. CEP also is building a clearinghouse and database of extremists groups and their supporters, mapping the social and financial networks, tools and methodologies.

Wallace, Townsend and the group have engaged in a "Digital Disruption" campaign. In an attempt to curb extremist online-activity, ranging from incitement of violence to recruitment of youth, the group has petitioned Twitter to take down jihadist accounts.

In June 2016, CEP unveiled its "eGlyph" software tool for use by Internet and social media companies to "quickly find and eliminate extremist content used to spread and incite violence and attacks." CEP Senior Advisor Hany Farid, a Dartmouth college computer scientist, developed the software. eGLYPH functions similarly to PhotoDNA, a system that uses robust hashing technology Farid worked on developing with Microsoft, which is "now widely used by Internet companies to stop the spread of content showing sexual exploitation or pornography involving children." This development was covered widely in the international press, including by The Washington Post, The Atlantic, Foreign Policy, Bloomberg, Reuters, and AFP.

To operationalize this new technology to combat extremism, CEP proposed the creation of a National Office for Reporting Extremism (NORex), which would house a comprehensive database of extremist content and function similar to the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children (NCMEC). The White House has signaled its support for this initiative. Lisa Monaco, President Obama's top counterterrorism adviser, said, "We welcome the launch of initiatives such as the Counter Extremism Project's National Office for Reporting Extremism (NORex) that enables companies to address terrorist activity on their platforms and better respond to the threat posed by terrorists' activities online." Wallace stated that if this system were to be adopted by social media companies and the private sector, it "would go a long way to making sure that online extremism is no longer pervasive."

CEP has called on "called on YouTube and other platforms to permanently ban" the material of the al-Qaeda affiliated preacher Anwar al-Awlaki, "including his early, mainstream lectures." According to CEP, 88 "extremists," 54 in the U.S. and 34 in Europe, have been influenced by Awlaki, including those who carried out the 2013 Boston Marathon bombing, the 2015 San Bernardino attack, and the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting.

In 2017, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS) released a "kill list" video which threatened Wallace and CEP with the message, "You messed with the Islamic State, SO EXPECT US SOON." In March 2019, the FBI arrested Kim Anh Vo in Georgia for her role in making the video.

Private sector work
Wallace served as the chief executive officer of the Tigris Financial Group, a New York City-based investment, advisory and asset management firm that focuses on natural resources and the natural resources sector through its Electrum Group of Companies. He went on to serve as Chief Operating Officer of an affiliate of the Tigris Group Inc., The Electrum Group, LLC, a private investment firm founded in 2012. Electrum invests primarily in the natural resources sector with an emphasis on precious metals. In his capacity of CEO of Tigris, he headed the transaction team for Silver Opportunity Partners in its acquisition of Idaho's historic Sunshine Mine. Regarding that acquisition, Wallace told Bloomberg Businessweek, "It was no doubt a complicated and risky transaction. Through our expertise, we were able to minimize the risk involved, resolve litigation, and reunite the patchwork and fractured ownership interests that inhibited the mine and limited its value over the last decade." In 2011, Sunshine Silver Mines filed its S1 with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission describing its intention to go public on the NYSE and TSX.

Wallace's work with Electrum has included leading its investment and operational entry into the Polish mineral sector through Śląsko Krakowska Kompania Górnictwa Metali Sp. z o.o. (SKKGM) and Amarante Investments S.p. z.o.o. (Amarante). In 2011, SKKGM commenced a drilling program at its Bolesławiec-Iłowa and Osiecznica-Nowiny concessions in Lower Silesia and at its concession near Myskow. Also in 2011, Amarante announced its application to the Polish government for nine concessions for mineral exploration in and near Wroclaw and Kobierzyce. In relation to their work in Poland, Wallace was quoted as saying that the Group's team hopes "to make discoveries of copper, tungsten and silver in Poland." In the same article, Wallace stated that gold, due to the uncertain business environment, has "practically become a currency again," and that the Group's belief that supply and demand fundamentals would continue to be the key economic driver for copper, silver and other metals.

Wallace has also attempted to secure the necessary regulatory approvals and community support for Electrum's efforts to explore its Paramount mine claims in eastern California's Bodie Wilderness Study Area. Wallace spoke for Electrum's Cougar Gold subsidiary at a February 2011 meeting in California. There, he explained that additional exploratory drilling in the area cannot occur until the Wilderness Study Area designation is removed. In an August 2011 Wall Street Journal article, Wallace described the Bodie dispute as "'the tip of the spear' in a growing national debate over balancing conservation and resource extraction." In the Los Angeles Times he described the great potential of Paramount. "A lot of us are quite fond of the people there. This could be a real success story."

Also as part of his work with Electrum, Wallace serves on the board of directors of Niocan Inc., a Canadian company whose Quebec mining assets focus on niobium and iron ore.

PaykanArtCar

Wallace is the chief executive officer and Founder of PaykanArtCar. PaykanArtCar, founded in 2021, is a non-profit, non-partisan organization, uniting the talents of contemporary Iranian artists with a Paykan automobile. PaykanArtCar commissions an Iranian artist to illustrate, using a Paykan as a canvas, the struggle for human dignity and human rights in Iran.

The artist on the project, Alireza Shojaian, used traditional images from ancient Persian literature to challenge the contemporary mistreatment of the LGBTQ+ community in Iran. The inspiration was the Shahnameh, the Book of Kings written by Ferdowsi in circa 977 CE, which is a historical collection of poems.

Wallace was an early supporter of same-sex marriage in the U.S. The car was unveiled to the public on October 4 at the Human Rights Foundation's Oslo Freedom Forum in Miami. The car was due to be exhibited at Asia Now in October 2021, however the car was censored and not shown. The car is now currently on tour, when this tour ends the wrap will be removed and the non-profit will ask other Iranian artists to use the canvas.

Turkish Democracy Project
Wallace serves as chief executive officer of the Turkish Democracy Project, a non-profit, non-partisan, international policy organization formed in response to Turkey's recent turn away from democracy and toward authoritarianism. The Turkish Democracy Project was founded in 2021.

Sitting on the advisory council includes many high-ranking politicians and advisors including John Bolton, 27th National Security Advisor of the United States, Frances Townsend, former assistant to President George W. Bush for Homeland Security and counterterrorism and Chair of the Homeland Security Council, and Giulio Terzi di Sant'Agata, former Minister of Foreign Affairs, Italy.

The Turkish Democracy Project is committed to encouraging Turkey to adopt more democratic policies and responding to the erosion of Turkey's democratic institutions, human rights protections, and economic well-being.

The work of The Turkish Democracy Project focuses on encouraging Turkey to adopt more democratic policies. TDP focuses on human rights, foreign policy, financial corruption and extremism. The organization undertakes risk assessments in engaging with corrupt businesses in Turkey and  disseminates regular and reliable information through articles, TV appearances, and news briefs.

On June 23, 2021, TDP was targeted in a cyberattack. Calls for Action against the organization were posted on message boards by individuals aligned with the Grey Wolves, a far-right group associated with President Erdoğan. Following an outside investigation, TDP referred the case to the FBI and the US Attorney General, calling for a full investigation into the cyberattack. In addition to the attack, American and Turkish citizens associated with TDP were targeted with unlawful methods of intimidation through threatening communications online, including death threats.

Following the cyberattacks and physical threats, TDP's Turkish board members resigned from their public roles with TDP. Certain sources, including state-owned Turkish media, have subsequently criticised TDP for not having any Turkish people publicly associated with the organisation, with one source claiming that TDP associates with "hawkish former U.S. public officials and diplomats with close ties to Israel and the Gulf Arab states"

Since its foundation, the Turkish Democracy Project has focused on highlighting systematic abuses by the Turkish regime, including corruption, persecution of ethnic and religious minorities and forms of transnational oppression.

International Convention for the Future of Iran (ICFI)
Wallace is Chief Convenor & Facilitator of the International Convention for the Future of Iran (ICFI). ICFI is a bipartisan, non-governmental organization, supporting the Iranian diaspora and ethnic groups who aim to bring change to the country and end the repression of the Iranian regime.

The ICFI facilitates and supports collaborations among all Iranian diaspora communities worldwide, with the ultimate objective of a unified front against the Iranian regime. To do this, ICFI offers program grants, provides a platform for constructive dialogue, and connects the Iranian opposition in exile with policymakers in the United States and internationally.

Personal life
Wallace married American political advisor and TV news show host Nicolle Wallace in 2005. The couple had a son in 2012. He and Nicolle quietly divorced in 2019.

References

External links

Ambassador Mark Wallace - United States Mission to the United Nations (Archived Bio)

1967 births
Living people
American political consultants
University of Miami alumni
American civil servants
George W. Bush administration personnel
Florida Republicans
Businesspeople from Florida
Florida lawyers
University of Miami School of Law alumni


Re a Company (No 001418 of 1988) [1990] BCC 526 is a UK insolvency law case, on the offence of fraudulent trading under s.213 of the Insolvency Act 1986.

Facts

The company had exceeded its overdraft limit and fallen behind in payments for PAYE, National Insurance contributions, VAT and debts to creditors (totalling around £212,618). Nevertheless Mr Barford, the company's director and majority shareholder, paid himself an increasingly high salary in the very years that debts were mounting to creditors.

Judgment
Judge Bromley Q.C. held that Mr Barford was guilty of fraudulent trading. He ordered £156,420 be contributed for the debts and liabilities, containing a compensatory element for the debts that were part of the fraudulent trading and a punitive element of £25,000 (following R v. Grantham [1984] QB 675). He held there was "real moral blame" in continuing the company's trading when there was no reason to think that the company could pay its debts as they fell due.

See also
R v. Grantham [1984] QB 675
Re Augustus Barnett & Son Ltd [1986] BCLC 170
Re Sarflax Ltd [1979] Ch 592

Notes

United Kingdom insolvency case law
1990 in United Kingdom case law


Tony Currie (born 1951) is a Scottish broadcaster who worked as a continuity announcer for BBC Scotland.

Career
He began working at KPFK Radio in Los Angeles in 1972 before joining Scotland's first independent local radio station, Radio Clyde as its first voice on the air. In April 1976, he joined Scottish Television as a continuity announcer, after freelancing at the station as a trail voiceover. He became chief announcer reading the daily lunchtime and late-evening Scottish News bulletins and bulletins within the nightly regional news programme, Scotland Today.

After leaving STV in January 1987, he became Controller of Programmes for the Cable Authority and, latterly, cable programming controller for the Independent Television Commission. After a spell as chief executive of AsiaVision, he set up Irish satellite television station Tara Television as director of programmes before becoming chairman and chief executive of Cambridge Cafe Radio.

He then became a television announcer-director for BBC Scotland's television channels, BBC ONE Scotland and BBC TWO Scotland, taking a year out to schedule, produce, and present BBC Radio Scotland's overnight strand, Nightshift. As host of that programme, he was the first to broadcast from the Corporation's headquarters at Pacific Quay, Glasgow.

He chaired both the Royal Television Society of Scotland and the Radio Academy in Scotland.

As a writer, he contributed to Radio Times, TV Times, The Guardian, The Herald, Scotland on Sunday, and the Glasgow Evening Times, and was a regular columnist for Broadcast magazine, Broadcast Systems International, The Times Educational Supplement, and Communications Monthly.

He wrote three published books: A Concise History of British Television, The Radio Times Story, and Not Quite Altogether Now!, 2009  ) (the story of the launch and early days of radio Clyde).

He is the director of internet radio station Radio Six International, which syndicates programming to 56 radio stations around the world. He presents various weekly shows, including Nothing But The Best and The Lively Lounge.

In 1993, Currie led a failed bid for Radio Six to win the new regional FM license for Central Scotland as a 24-hour news and speech station. The consortium lost out to Scot FM (now Heart Scotland).

External links
Radio Six International official site

References

Radio and television announcers
Scottish radio presenters
1951 births
Living people


Oregon Ballot Measure 58  was an initiated state statute ballot measure sponsored by Bill Sizemore that appeared on the November 4, 2008 general election ballot in Oregon. It was rejected by voters.

The initiative would have required "English immersion" in Oregon's public schools. "English immersion" wasn't defined in the measure, and there is no academic consensus as to what it means.

Newspaper Endorsements
Here is how Oregon's major newspapers endorsed on the measure:

No Oregon newspapers have endorsed a yes vote on Measure 58.

Specific provisions
The measure would limit the use of foreign language instruction in public schools to:

 1 year for students in kindergarten to 4th grade.
 1.5 years for 5th grade through 8th grade.
 2 years for high school students.
 It would also prohibit ESL (English as a Second Language) teaching programs for longer than the mandated time.

Estimated fiscal impact
The state's Financial Estimate Committee prepares estimated fiscal impact statements for any ballot measures that will appear on the ballot.  The estimate prepared by this committee for Measure 58 says:

  The measure will require additional local school spending of between $203 and $253 million in each of the first two years, based on considerations of what it would cost to bring students who currently speak a foreign language up to federal standards.
 The more conservative estimate offered by the Financial Estimate Committee is based on the experience in Arizona with a similar measure.

Chief petitioner Bill Sizemore disputed the state's financial estimate, and said the measure would save education money, contending that "these kids will learn English more quickly when they are required to do so.",

Supporters
Measure 58's chief petitioners are Bill Sizemore, Alan Grosso, and Russ Walker.

The Oregon Voters' Pamphlet has arguments in favor from Oregonians For Immigration Reform, the Marion County Republican Party, FreedomWorks, and Sizemore's Oregon Taxpayers United.

Arguments for Measure 58
Notable arguments that have been made in favor of Measure 58 include:

 If the measure passes, it will improve the education of Oregon's immigrant children because it will bring about "specialized, intensive English instruction".
 Current programs in Oregon to teach English to students who do not speak English as a first language are failing; as evidence, supporters of Measure 58 cite a 2007 Oregon Department of Education study that indicated that only 22 of the state's 129 school districts are meeting minimum standards in this area.
 Limited English proficiency (LEP) students in the state are funded at 150% the rate for regular students but this extra funding, supporters say, is not working.  It isn't the money that is being spent that is the issue, they argue, but how the money is being spent.
 School districts don't have the incentive to move students out of the LEP category because the school districts get more money from the state education department for LEP students than for non-LEP students.

Opponents
Measure 58 is opposed by the Parents and Teachers Know Better Coalition, which describes itself as "a broad coalition of parents, teachers, and school advocates who care about Oregon's students & schools." The Parents and Teachers Know Better campaign is part of the Defend Oregon Coalition, which opposes all five of the ballot initiatives on the November 4 ballot that are sponsored by Sizemore.

Members of the coalition include Stand for Children, Oregon PTA, United Way of the Mid-Willamette Valley, Oregon Education Association, American Federation of Teachers-Oregon, Oregon School Employees Association, and the Human Services Coalition of Oregon, among others.

Arguments against Measure 58
Notable arguments that have been made against Ballot Measure 58 include:

 It offers a "one-size-fits-all" mandate that doesn't take into account the differences in students' ability to learn academic English.
 English acquisition researcher Jim Cummins at the University of Toronto  it typically takes students five to seven years to acquire full mastery of a second language.
 It is too expensive.
 It doesn't define what it means by "English immersion".
 It doesn't make any exceptions for students with learning disabilities.
 It isn't based on any research on how students learn. Most language acquisition experts say it takes five to seven years for children to become proficient enough in a new language to meet academic requirements.
 It will ban popular dual-immersion programs.

Donors opposed to Measure 58
Two campaign committees opposed to Measure 58 have registered.  They are Defend Oregon and the Committee to Protect Local Control of Schools (CPLCS), led by Kevin Neely, who is also the treasurer of Defend Oregon.

CPLCS reports no significant financial activity as of September 29.

Defend Oregon, as a committee, fought seven different ballot measures in 2008, and supported two others.  As a result, it is not possible to discern how much of its campaign warchest went specifically to defeat Measure 58. Altogether, the group has raised $9 million in 2008.

Major donations to the Defend Oregon group as of October 23 include:

 $5.2 million from the Oregon Education Association.
 $1.2 million from SEIU.
 $450,000, American Federation of Teachers
 $600,000, AFSCME.
 $100,000 from School Employees Exercising Democracy (SEED)
 $100,000 from the AFL-CIO.
 $50,000 from Oregon AFSCME Council 75.

Citizens' Initiative Review - 9 for, 14 against
 A 23-member Oregon Citizens Initiative Review panel examined this ballot measure in-depth in September 2008. They spent five days listening to advocates for and against the measure, and independent experts on language education. In the end, 14 were opposed to the measure, and nine were in support, and both groups wrote up their recommendation. Final analysis and statement

Path to the ballot
What became Oregon Ballot Measure 50 started out as Oregon Initiative Petition 19; it was originally approved for petition circulation on August 30, 2006.

The office of the Oregon Secretary of State announced on June 16, 2008 that its unofficial signature verification process showed that the initiative's supporters had turned in 83,248 valid signatures, versus a requirement of 82,769 signatures.  This represented a validity rate of 66.88% calculated over the 124,476 signatures turned in.

A union-funded watchdog group asked the Oregon Secretary of State to conduct an investigation into how some signatures on the measure were collected.  Bill Bradbury, the Secretary of State has said, ""...most all of the initiatives Oregon voters will decide this fall got there through practices that are now illegal. But those practices were legal at the time most of the signatures were submitted." The state Elections Division is currently investigating the claims.

Basic information
 Oregon Voters' Pamphlet for Measures includes Official Explanatory Statement and Financial Estimate Summary
Full text of the initiative
Certified ballot title letter from the Oregon Attorney General
Letters received from Oregon residents during the ballot title designation period
Citizens' Initiative Review Analysis and Statement

Supporters
Bill Sizemore's official website

Opponents
Campaign website for Parents And Teachers Know Better, the No on Measure 58 campaign
Website for Defend Oregon
"Vote No on 58" from the Oregon Education Association

Notes

External links
Note:: This article was taken from Ballotpedia's article about Oregon Ballot Measure 58

Further reading
"Oregon’s Anti-ESL Measure Debated", CAUSA Oregon, July 15, 2008
"Measure Limiting English Learning to Cost Oregonians a Quarter of a Billion Dollars", CAUSA
Oregon has voted against him, but Sizemore fights on, The Oregonian, September 6, 2008
Committee majority finds fault with English language proposal
Measure 58 would re-write English teaching in Oregon

2008 Oregon ballot measures
Public education in Oregon
Initiatives in the United States


Gentleman of the Horse was a position in the stables department of the British Royal Court, subordinate only to the Master of the Horse.  It existed from 1693 until abolished in 1782, and carried a salary of £256.

The post was revived in 1828, with a salary of £500.  The title of the post was subsequently changed to Crown Equerry.

List of Gentlemen of the Horse

Before 1782
1691–1702: Henry Ireton
1702–1708: William Walsh
1708–1710: Thomas Meredyth
1710–1717: Conyers Darcy
1717–1736: Hon. Henry Berkeley
1737–1746: Hon. James Brudenell
1747–1760: Hon. William Keppel
1760–1782: Richard Berenger
Post abolished in 1782

After 1828
Post revived in 1828
1828–1830: Emilius Henry Delmé-Radcliffe
1830–1837: Lord Frederick FitzClarence

References
R.O. Bucholz, 'The stables: Gentleman of the Horse ', Office-Holders in Modern Britain: Volume 11 (revised): Court Officers, 1660–1837 (2006), pp. 605. . Date accessed: 26 October 2008

Positions within the British Royal Household
Lists of office-holders in the United Kingdom