Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson, 1st  Duke of Bronté,  (29 September 1758 – 21 October 1805) was one of the leading British flag officers in the Royal Navy of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, responsible for several important victories over the French and Spanish navies during a time of crisis for the country. He was widely lauded for his success, and praised for his skill and daring. After his death during the Battle of Trafalgar, he became revered as a British hero, and his fame reached new heights. Large numbers of monuments and memorials have been created in his honour, and he has continued to influence British culture and society.

Background
The French Revolution and the subsequent conflicts transformed the old systems of protocols of warfare. Whereas wars had previously been fought to inflict losses that would compel the enemy to seek peace, and concede some losses in the subsequent negotiations, it now became about destroying rival states and thoroughly subjugating them. The new Jacobin system terrified the property owning members of the British establishment, and resulted in a wave of patriotism, which manifested itself in the creation of a militarised society based on local militias and volunteer forces.  With early French victories in the Low Countries, and large forces stationed at the Channel ports, there was the very real risk on invasion. For the first time since the Spanish Armada, Britain felt that it was in a war of national survival. Together the French and Spanish fleets considerably outnumbered the British. The Royal Navy was the main instrument of defence for the country, but it was a highly professionalised and modern service. In contrast, the French Navy was poorly led, early purges having cost a number of experienced officers and admirals, whilst the Spanish had a large force and skilled leaders, but few sailors. The Russian and Danish forces, while numerically significant, were vastly inferior in quality.  But while the French Army was able to achieve a number of victories on land, the Royal Navy was able to harass French possessions, intercept French trade and capture French colonies.  The expansion of the navy brought a number of officers and commanders to prominence, but none achieved the level of fame and adulation that Nelson secured.

After Trafalgar

Nelson's death in the cockpit of his flagship  has been described by Andrew Lambert as 'the ideal romantic death'. He was mortally wounded by an enemy sniper, dying slowly and remaining conscious throughout, surrounded by his chaplain and staff officers. His last thoughts covered matters such as final directions for his fleet, his hopes and fears for his family, and his personal desire for absolution and reassurance. The events were recorded by several of those present, including the surgeon, William Beatty, and later interpreted in dramatic paintings, both of the death scene, such as those by Benjamin West, and Arthur William Devis, and of allegorical depictions of Nelson's ascent into immortality as a result of his glorious death, including works by West, and Scott Legrand. When news arrived in Britain the initial joy at the news of the victory was stifled by the report of his death, and a state funeral was immediately planned. Nelson was to be buried in St Paul's Cathedral, in a grand ceremony that was not just a mere funeral but was intended to 'capture the essence, the spirit, and the name of Nelson for the nation.' A special coffin was devised, heavily decorated with emblems and symbols of Nelson's many victories. It enclosed the simpler coffin, given to Nelson by Benjamin Hallowell, and was itself enclosed in a grand sarcophagus made for Cardinal Wolsey. When Nelson was laid in state at Greenwich Hospital, a crowd of 30,000 arrived to pay their respects. The subsequent funeral was one of the grandest ever staged, costing some £14,000 and attended by large numbers of admirals, captains and members of royalty.

Victorian era
By 1865, Nelson had been humanised by the British public, and his heroic status began to be reduced in comparison to newer military commanders, some of whom explicitly incorporated elements of Nelsonian tradition. The Franco-Prussian War reduced any potential threat that France might have offered, while the liberalising Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone's policies saw the reduction of the navy as part of defence cuts. Gladstone's opponent, the Poet Laureate Alfred Tennyson, appealed to the image and tradition of Nelson, and stressed the importance of the Navy to the defence of the country. The 1890s saw another revival in interest, with several new biographies. Nelson featured in school text books as an idealised British hero, but the more controversial aspects of his life were ignored. In 1891 a grand exhibition of Nelson's life opened, and was visited by nearly two and half million people in the six months it was open for. The formation of the Navy League in 1894 gave added impetus to the movement to recognise Nelson's legacy, and grand celebrations were held in Trafalgar Square on Trafalgar Day, 1896.

20th century

The signing of the Triple Entente in 1904 led to a call for muted celebrations of the centenary of Trafalgar the following year to avoid offending the French. Some navy officers continued to emphasise the importance of Nelson, Jackie Fisher chose 21 October 1904 as the day to take up the office of First Sea Lord, and was fond of citing Nelson when implementing changes to the Navy. He also oversaw the naming of many navy ships after ships that had been at Trafalgar, or other Nelsonian battles, such as ,  and ; or after events or people in some way connected with him, such as  and . In many ways Fisher was preparing for a second Trafalgar. He had even selected a new Nelson to lead the new Nelsonian style navy, John Jellicoe, of whom he wrote Sir John Jellicoe. Phenomenally young and junior. He will be Nelson at Cape St Vincent until he becomes "Boss" at Trafalgar when Armageddon comes along in 1915 or thereabouts - not sooner!

Nelson's legacy was also influential in the Second World War, inspiring Winston Churchill, who had written about him in his History of the English Speaking Peoples. Churchill kept a bust of Nelson in his study at Chartwell, and named his cat Nelson. He also declared That Hamilton Woman his favourite film, and often showed it to visiting naval officers. The example of Nelson inspired the population as a whole, and a number of Nelsonian biographies were reprinted during the war.  The post war era saw the decline of British power, which had been pre-eminent since Nelson's time. Despite a large new biography by Carola Oman in 1946, the figure of Nelson seemed out of touch with post war austerity.

However, Nelson's legacy has endured. In the BBC's 100 Greatest Britons programme in 2002, Nelson was voted the 9th greatest Briton of all time. The bicentenary of the Battle of Trafalgar in 2005 led to a round of celebrations under the banner of 'Trafalgar 200'. An International Fleet Review was held, and several new biographies and histories of the battle were published.  Phrases such as "England expects" and "nelson" (meaning "111") continue to remain closely associated with English sporting teams, especially cricket.

Depictions

Art
After the arrival of Victory at Portsmouth, large numbers of artists arrived to prepare sketches for their interpretations of the battle, and Nelson's death. Arthur William Devis and Benjamin West competed to create the grandest scene of the death, with West also painting his Apotheosis of Nelson. J. M. W. Turner also visited the Victory to gather material for his paintings of the battle. The caricaturist James Gilray produced some of the earliest works in the aftermath of the battle, but his works were considerably more respectful than many of his satirical attacks on public figures. A large number of prints were also quickly produced to capitalised on public interest. In the 1840s Prince Albert became interested in naval history, and commissioned several works, including ones depicting Nelson's victories, for the Royal palaces. Daniel Maclise duly designed and painted an enormous fresco for the Royal Gallery at Westminster.

Literature
Hastily written tributes appeared across the country immediately after the news arrived, in papers, pamphlets and books.  Samuel Taylor Coleridge, then at Naples, produced an obituary essay on the death of Alexander Ball, one of Nelson's captains whom he had known, and commented on Nelson's qualities. An official biography was written by John McArthur and James Stanier Clarke and published in 1809. This was followed by a work by Robert Southey in 1813, and Lord Byron wrote in his 1819 poem Don Juan that 'Nelson was Britannia's god of war'. In the 1840s Nicholas Harris Nicolas drew up and published Nelson's collected correspondence. Thomas Carlyle's earliest works included a brief biographical sketch of Nelson, and he returned to consider Nelson in his 1839 work Heroes and Hero Worship. Thomas Pettigrew, capitalising on a resurgence of interest in Nelson, produced a new biography in the 1840s. Herman Melville references Nelson many times throughout his works, including Omoo (Chs. 15,29), Mardi (Chs. 24,30), Redburn (Chs. 29, 31, 32, 36, 41), White-Jacket (Chs. 6, 16, 27, 36, 38, 50, 52, 68, 74, 75), Moby-Dick (Chs. 8,35), and Billy Budd (Ch. 4). J. K. Laughton produced several works on Nelson in the late 19th century, and in 1897 Alfred Thayer Mahan published his Life of Nelson, which rapidly became a best seller.

Monuments

Dublin was the first city to create its own monument to Nelson, with work beginning on Nelson's Pillar in 1808. Liverpool followed suit in 1813, and soon monuments had been erected in cities across the empire, including the Norfolk town on Great Yarmouth in 1819. The possibility of a memorial in London had been discussed in 1816, but it was not until the 1830s that a programme of slum clearance created a suitable location, which was renamed Trafalgar Square in 1835. The column itself was designed by William Railton and modelled on a column in the Temple of Mars Ultor, in Rome. The Temple had been built to celebrate the transformation of the late military leader Julius Caesar into a god. The treatment accorded to Nelson established clear parallels, and compared the triumph of the Roman Empire with the triumph of the British over the French. The square and column were completed by 1843, with the final addition of Sir Edwin Landseer's lions coming several years later.

Music
John Braham's song, The Death of Nelson, written immediately after Trafalgar, became extremely popular. Lennox Berkeley's opera Nelson premièred in 1954. Joseph Haydn's Missa in Angustiis is popularly known as the Nelson Mass. Nelson "on board of the Victory" is also mentioned at the beginning the song "If you Want a Receipt for that Popular Mystery" sung by Colonel Calverley in the operetta Patience by Gilbert and Sullivan.

Nelson in contemporary fiction
Nelson appears in Susan Sontag's novel The Volcano Lover: A Romance, and as a ghost in Amber Benson's and Christopher Golden's Ghosts of Albion. He appears several times in Dudley Pope's Ramage series, and features in Sharpe's Trafalgar by Bernard Cornwell. Nelson is the object of the ardent admiration of Captain Jack Aubrey in Patrick O'Brian's Aubrey–Maturin series. In James Joyce's Ulysses, Nelson is referred to by the character Stephen Dedalus as the 'one-handled adulterer', when speaking of his namesake monument, Nelson's Pillar. Nelson features in James A Michener's Caribbean, and is referred to in Barry Unsworth's novel Losing Nelson. Naomi Novik's alternate history/fantasy Temeraire series suggests an alternate future in which Nelson survives Trafalgar.  A recently discovered Alexandre Dumas novel, The Knight of Sainte-Hermine, portrays the title character as the shooter of Nelson.  The character of Horatio Hornblower in C. S. Forester's series of books was partially inspired by Nelson. Lennox Berkeley's opera Nelson premièred in 1954. Nelson also has cameos in the historical fiction of William C. Hammond.

Nelson was portrayed on film by Laurence Olivier in That Hamilton Woman (1941), and also in the film The Young Mr. Pitt. Peter Finch portrayed him in a 1973 film adaptation of Terence Rattigan's 1970 stage play A Bequest to the Nation. Nelson also appears as a minor character in Abel Gance's Austerlitz (1960). In the 1961 television series, Triton, Nelson was played by Robert James, and in a 1968 version of the same series, he was played by Terry Scully.

Lord Nelson's cultus was repeatedly lampooned in the 1980s sitcom Blackadder the Third. In the episode Ink and Incapability, the show's antihero, Mr. E. Blackadder, mocks Nelson's famous signal at the Battle of Trafalgar. He announces that Nelson used a similar signal at the Battle of the Nile: "England knows Lady Hamilton is a virgin. Poke my eye out and cut off my arm if I'm wrong."

Lord Nelson also appears in the Georgian segment of Blackadder's Christmas Carol at a party hosted by the Prince Regent. Passed out from too much alcohol, Nelson suddenly awakens and screams that he has gone blind. Then, however, Blackadder reveals to Nelson that his eyepatch is simply on backwards. Relieved, Nelson returns to a drunken stupor.

Nelson and the Royal Navy
The Royal Navy have named a number of ships after Nelson or his victories. These have included , ,  and . The Royal Navy celebrates Nelson every 21 October by holding Trafalgar Night dinners and toasting "The Immortal Memory" of Nelson. His flagship Victory is still kept on active commission in honour of Nelson — it is the flagship of the First Sea Lord, and is the oldest commissioned Naval ship in the world. She can be found in Number 2 Dry Dock of the Royal Naval Museum at the Portsmouth Naval Base, in Portsmouth, which is named HMS Nelson. The Victory was drydocked for restoration in 1922, and opened to the public as a shrine to Nelson and his navy in 1928.

Nelsonia

The bullet that killed Nelson is on display in the Queen's Guard Chamber of Windsor Castle; the surgeon William Beatty on Victory had performed an autopsy, removing the musket ball. The uniform that he wore during the battle, with the fatal bullet hole still visible, can be seen at the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich. A lock of Nelson's hair was given to the Imperial Japanese Navy from the Royal Navy after the Russo-Japanese War to commemorate the victory at the Battle of Tsushima. It is still on display at the Edashima Naval Academy, a public museum maintained by the Japan Self-Defense Forces.  Another may be seen in the dining room of the museum ship HMY Britannia, the former royal yacht, now permanently moored near Edinburgh, Scotland.

See also
List of places named after Horatio Nelson

Notes

References

Horatio Nelson
Nelson, Horatio


KSWI (95.7 FM, "KS 95.7") is a radio station licensed to serve Atlantic, Iowa. The station is owned by Meredith Communications, LLC. It airs a classic hits music format.

The station was assigned the KSWI callsign by the Federal Communications Commission on April 17, 2000.

References

External links
Official website

SWI
Classic hits radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 2000
Cass County, Iowa
2000 establishments in Iowa


Kokota (also known as Ooe Kokota) is spoken on Santa Isabel Island, which is located in the Solomon Island chain in the Pacific Ocean. Santa Isabel is one of the larger islands in the chain, but it has a very low population density. Kokota is the main language of three villages: Goveo and Sisigā on the North coast, and Hurepelo on the South coast, though there are a few speakers who reside in the capital, Honiara, and elsewhere. The language is classified as a 6b (threatened) on the Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (GIDS). To contextualize '6b', the language is not in immediate danger of extinction since children in the villages are still taught Kokota and speak it at home despite English being the language of the school system. However, Kokota is threatened by another language, Cheke Holo, as speakers of this language move from the west of the island closer to the Kokota-speaking villages. Kokota is one of 37 languages in the Northwestern Solomon Group, and as with other Oceanic languages, it has limited morphological complexity.

Kokota uses little affixation and instead relies heavily on cliticization, full and partial reduplication, and compounding. Phonologically, Kokota has a diverse array of vowels and consonants and makes interesting use of stress assignment. Regarding its basic syntax, Kokota is consistently head-initial. The sections below expand on each of these topics to give an overview of the Kokota language.

Phonology
The phonemic inventory of Kokota consists of 22 consonants and 5 vowels.

Vowels
Kokota has five vowel phonemes as shown in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) chart below and uses no phonemic diphthongs. There are two front vowels,  and , one central vowel, , and two back vowels: a maximally rounded  and a slightly rounded .

Kokota does not contain any phonemic diphthongs; however, they do occur in normal speech. Only certain vowel sequences are eligible for diphthongisation. Sequences may only diphthongise if the second vowel present is higher than the first. Front-back and back-front movements are not eligible to become diphthongs. This leaves six diphthongs able to occur : , , , ,  and . Diphthongisation is also not restricted by morpheme boundaries. Thus, any sequence of eligible vowels may diphthongise.

Consonants
Kokota orthography is heavily influenced by that of Cheke Holo. For instance, glottal stops are not phonemic in Kokota but are often written with an apostrophe (as in Cheke Holo) when they occur in certain nondistinctive environments, such as to mark morpheme boundaries between neighboring vowels. Similarly, Cheke Holo distinguishes j and z but Kokota does not. Nevertheless, Kokota speakers tend to use either letter to write phonemic . The macron is used to write the voiced velar plosive  and the velar nasal .

Most consonants distinguish voiceless and voiced versions (left and right respectively in each cell in the table). Kokota presents a rather uncommon set of consonant phonemes in that each and every phoneme exists in a pair with its voiced or voiceless opposite. There are 22 consonant phonemes in total – 11 place and manner pairs of voiced and voiceless  and five contrastive manners. Two are obstruent classes which are fricative and plosive and three are sonorant classes which are lateral, nasal, and rhotic. Its six fricative phonemes make Kokota a relative outlier in Oceanic, where 2–3 fricatives are usual.
The amount of voiced and voiceless consonants and vowels is nearly equal with the percentage being 52% voiced and 48% voiceless.

Syllable structure

Kokota uses three types of syllable structure for the most part: V, CV, and CCV. Most (88% of 746 syllables examined) are CV (V and CCV each represent 6%). However, there are also rare cases where a CCVV or CVV syllable may occur. Thus, Kokota structure is: (C)(C)V(V). Final consonant codas usually occur only in words borrowed from another language. The CCVV structure is extremely rare as Kokota does not use phonemic 'diphthongs' and the term simply refers to two vowels occurring in sequence in a single syllable. In CC initial syllables, the first consonant (C1) must be an obstruent or fricative, specifically: the labial plosives , , velar plosives , , labial fricatives , , or coronal fricatives , . The second consonant (C2) must be a voiced coronal sonorant (, , or ). The table below illustrates the possible CC onset cluster pairings.

The table below contains representations of the basic, productive syllable structures in Kokota.

Stress
Kokota uses trochaic stress patterns (stressed-unstressed in sequence, counting from the left edge of a word). Stress in the language varies widely among speakers, but there are patterns to the variation. Three main factors contribute to this variability: the limited morphology of Kokota, the fact some words are irregular by nature, and finally because of the present transition in stress assignment. The language is currently in a period of transition as it moves from relying on stress assignment based on moras and moves to stress assignment by syllable. The age of the speaker is a defining factor in stress use as members of older generations assign stress based on weight while younger generations assign stress based on syllables, placing main stress on the leftmost syllable of the word.

Example 1
Words can be divided into syllables (σ) and feet (φ) and syllables may be divided further into moras (μ). Two moras grouped together comprise a foot. An important restriction on foot formation in Kokota is that their construction cannot split moras of the same syllable. For example, a word that has three syllables CV.CV.CVV has four moras, CV, CV, CV, V. These moras are split into two feet: [CV.CV] and [CVV].

Assigning stress based on mora uses bimoraic feet to determine where a word receives stress. In CVV.CV words like  ('shark') the syllables are split as  and . The word subdivides into three moras: , , . The first two moras,  and , become Foot 1 and  is a 'left-over' mora. The first mora is stressed (), though in speech the whole syllable receives stress so  is stressed in this word (see below where the stressed syllable is bolded).

                                      φ: ,         -
                                      σ: ,
                                      μ: , ,

In contrast, a younger speaker of Kokota would assign stress based on bisyllabic feet. Following the syllable structure above,  is again the stressed syllable but this is simply coincidental as stress is assigned to the first syllable (of the two: ). This coincidence will not always be the case as demonstrated in the next example, below.

Example 2
CV.CVV words like  ('reef') show more complex stress assignment.  has three moras: , ,  and two syllables: , . For older speakers, the feet are assigned differently than in  because ordinary foot assignment would take the first two moras and thus would split the  syllable. Since this is impossible, foot assignment begins with the second mora and thus the first foot is  and stress falls on the first mora of that foot (and the rest of the syllable).

                                      φ: - ,
                                      σ: ,
                                      μ: ,     ,

A younger speaker uses the simpler, syllable-based foot parsing: stress thus falls on the first syllable  while the second syllable  is unstressed.

Verb complex
In the Kokota language there are two layers to the verb complex: an inner layer and an outer layer. The inner layer is the verb core which is transparent to any sentence modifiers. The outer layer can alter the verb core altogether. Constituent modifiers can modify the verb complex in a sentence in addition to the inner and outer layers of verb complexes.

Verb compounding
Compound verbs stem from multiple verbs. The left-hand root is the verb and the right-hand can be a noun, verb, or adjective. The phrase all together acts as a verb phrase.

Table retrieved from Kokota Grammar by Bill Palmer, Honolulu, US: University of Hawaii Press, 2008.

Reduplication
Kokota shows full and partial reduplication of disyllabic roots.

Partial reduplication
In some cases partial reduplication shows the change of a noun to a verb; nouns from verbs; slight noun from noun differentiation; slight verb from verb differentiation; derived form of a habitual, ongoing, or diminutive event.

Tables retrieved from Kokota Grammar by Bill Palmer, Honolulu, US: University of Hawaii Press, 2008.

Full reduplication
There is only a small number of full reduplication of disyllabic roots in the Kokota language. Below are examples of full reduplication where the relationship is idiosyncratic:

Tables retrieved from Kokota Grammar by Bill Palmer, Honolulu, US: University of Hawaii Press, 2008.

One example shows full reduplication deriving verbs from transitive roots, and nouns from verbs:

Tables retrieved from Kokota Grammar by Bill Palmer, Honolulu, US: University of Hawaii Press, 2008.

Clause structure (syntax)
Syntax in Kokota follows the basic sequential order: subject -> verb -> object.

An example is shown below.

Subject:
Verb:
Object:

Equative clauses
Equative clauses represent a characteristic of the subject in the sentence. In the Kokota language moods are unmarked. In equatives, the subject agreement component in verb clauses are excluded.

Telling time
When telling the time; time is the subject. Telling time in units less than an hour is expressed by a NP that expresses the minutes numerically attached to a possessor that expresses the hour. Terms like 'half past' or 'quarter to' cannot be expressed in Kokota.

Table retrieved from Kokota Grammar by Bill Palmer, Honolulu, US: University of Hawaii Press, 2008.

Topicalization
Topicalized subjects in Kokota are in the preverbal position. Any subject can be topicalized but rarely in natural conversation.

Table retrieved from Kokota Grammar by Bill Palmer, Honolulu, US: University of Hawaii Press, 2008.

Below is a table of the breakdown position occurrence of the first 100 verbal clauses in a normal text:

Table retrieved from Kokota Grammar by Bill Palmer, Honolulu, US: University of Hawaii Press, 2008.

Morphology

Nouns

Cliticization
By adding two clitics on to the root noun , Kokota specifies who possesses it as well as its proximity, as shown in the gloss below.

The gloss of  is:

 is the root meaning 'blood';  indicates first-person singular possessive ('my').

A more complex form of cliticization occurs in the example sentence below:

(Notes: the standing stones () have spiritual significance; NT is the indicator of neutral modality; CNT is continuous; NV refers to something that is not visible.)

Partial reduplication
Partial reduplication in Kokota generally derives nouns from verbs. Below are two examples:

Compounding (nouns)
Both endocentric and exocentric compounding occur.

Endocentric compounding
Endocentric compounding in Kokota results in words that serve the grammatical purpose that one of its constituent words does. There are three examples below.

Exocentric compounding
Exocentric compounding in Kokota results in words that do not serve the grammatical purpose that any of the constituent words do. There are two examples below.

Pronouns
There exist four sets of pronominal forms: preverbal subject indexed auxiliaries, post verbal object indexing, possessor indexing and independent pronouns . Complying with typical Oceanic features, Kokota distinguishes between four person categories: first-person inclusive, first-person exclusive, second person, and third person. The preverbal subject indexing auxiliaries do not differentiate between singular and plural, whereas possessor and postverbal object indexing do – except in first-person inclusive, where no singular is possible .

Non-independent: subject pronouns
The preverbal subject-indexing pronouns do not distinguish number .

Non-independent: object pronouns
The object-indexing pronouns are postverbal clitics .

Non-independent: possessor pronouns
The possessor-indexing pronouns are suffixed to nouns .

Independent: focal pronouns
The independent pronouns, however, go one step further and differentiate between singular, dual, trial and plural numbers .

Possessive constructions
Similarly to many Oceanic languages, Kokota makes the distinction between alienable possession and inalienable possession.

Inalienable
Inalienable possession consists of possessor indexing enclitics attaching to the nominal core of the possessed noun phrase as follows :

Alienable
Alienable possession is formed with a possessive base that is indexed to the possessor. This entire unit precedes the possessed noun phrase. Alienable possession is further broken down into two categories, consumable, whose base is ,  and non-consumable, whose base is  .

Negation
In Kokota negative construction is expressed in two ways. One way is through the use of the negative particle  and the other way is by the means of the subordinating construction that involves the negative existential verb  meaning 'not exist'/ 'be.not'.

Negative particle
Negation is constructed when an auxiliary verb is suffixed with the negative participle . When the negative particle  is suffixed onto the auxiliary, it creates a single complex auxiliary as the particle  also combines with other tense and aspect particles. Depending on the clause type the negative particle  can occur with or without the subordinating construction to instigate negation in a clause.

The negative particle  can be used to express negation in many types of clauses including the 'be thus' clause, nominal clauses and with equative predicates.

Negation in 'be thus' clause
When the negative particle  is situated in a 'be thus' clause the particle  suffixes itself onto the auxiliary in the verb complex of the 'be thus' clause. The verb complex within the 'be thus' clause consist of the single worded verb  'be thus', the auxiliary, tense and aspect particles. Below is an example.

This example shows how the negative particle  is suffixed onto the irrealis auxiliary  and also attached to the 'be thus' verb  to negate the verb complex.

Negation in nominalised clause
When the negative particle  expresses negation is it usually suffixed onto the auxiliary verb in the nominalised clause. Below is an example of  in a nominalised clause.

In this example, the particle  is not suffixed onto an auxiliary. This is because the auxiliary is an irrealis as this is discussing the past. Irrealis auxiliaries are omittable parts of Kokota speech when there is no ambiguity.  As this example is not ambiguous, the irrealis auxiliary is omitted.

Negation in equative predicate
The formation of a negative equatives predicates is similar to the 'be thus' clause and nominalised clause where the negative particle is suffixed onto the auxiliary of the verb complex. This is demonstrated below.

Negation in imperative clause
Negation in imperative clauses can be expressed by the negative particle  or the subordinating construction. However, it is more common to use the negative particle  to construct negation in an imperative clause as is the most frequently used and preferred strategy. Below is an example of how it is done.

Subordinating construction
Negation is expressed through the subordinating construction involves the negative existential verb .  This subordinating construction is commonly used to negate declarative clauses.

Negative existential verb
The negative existential verb  expresses 'not exist'/ 'be.not' and it is the antonym of the positive existential verb , meaning 'exist'. Unlike the positive existential verb , which has both locative and existential functions,  can only function in an existential sense. Below are examples of negation using the negative existential verb :

In the example above, there is a locative adjunct present. However, it does not modify  as it is a part of a relative clause. The more literal translation of the example would be 'Someone who looks after the Government's law in our village does not exist'. So, the main clause expresses the absence of the subject as an entity, rather than the subject not being in the location of the village.

The negative existential verb  is unlike  as it does not have a locative function. To express that an entity has no presence in a location involves the subordinating construction. Below are two examples. Example 7 exhibits how  functions when in a locative sense; whereas, Example 8 exhibits the subordinating construction involving  to show non-presence in a location.

Negation in declarative clause
Negation is expressed in a declarative clause through subordinating construction. Through this process the declarative clause becomes a subordinated positive declarative clause which complements the negative existential verb . Below is an example of a negatived declarative clause.

In this example the subordinated positive declarative clause has been bracketed to show its placement in the main clause in relation to the negative existential verb .

Phrases
Below are phrases spoken in Kokota by a native speaker named Nathaniel Boiliana as he reminisced about World War II:

Numerals
The numeral system of Kokota has many typologically odd features and shows significant lexical replacement. In the numbers up to ten, only 'seven'  (< ) is a clear Proto-Oceanic reflex. The higher numerals also alternate between multiples of ten (e.g.  'thirty' from POc  'three times ten') and 'twenty' ( 'sixty' or 'three times '), including two distinct morphemes with the meanings, 'ten' ( from Proto-Oceanic and , used only on numbers above sixty and likely from a substrate) and 'twenty' ( 'twenty' and , also likely from a substrate). Ross describes it as one of the most bizarre numeral systems attested for an Oceanic language.

Abbreviations

3SGO:third person 'object'
3SGP:third person possessor
CS:causative particle
EXC:exclusive
IMM:immediacy marker
LOC:locative preposition
NEG:negative particle
NSP:non-specific referent
NT:neutral modality
PRG:progressive aspect
PNLOC:location name
PRF:perfective aspect
PRS:present tense
RL:realis modality
RL-3S:realis 3rd person subject
SB:subordinator
SBJ:subject indexing
SPC:specific referent suffix

Notes

References

Palmer, B. (1999). Kokota Grammar, Santa Isabel, Solomon Islands. (PhD dissertation, University of Sydney, Australia). Retrieved from http://www.smg.surrey.ac.uk/languages/northwest-solomonic/kokota/kokota-grammar/

 Palmer, B. (2008). Kokota Grammar. Honolulu, US: University of Hawaii Press. Retrieved from http://www.ebrary.com

Ysabel languages
Languages of the Solomon Islands
Vulnerable languages


Stanisław Krusiński (1 May 1857, Posiołkach, Saratov Governorate – 24 January 1886, Kazan) was a Polish economist, sociologist and political activist. One of the first Polish Marxists. With his colleagues (such as Ludwik Krzywicki), he translated Karl Marx's Capital into Polish.

References

1857 births
1886 deaths
Marxian economists
Polish economists
Polish Marxists
Polish sociologists
Economists from the Russian Empire
Sociologists from the Russian Empire


The Women's 200m T12 had its first round held on September 15, beginning at 10:00. The Semifinals were held on September 16, at 9:41 and the A and B Finals were held on September 16 at 17:05.

Medalists

Results

References
Round 1 - Heat 1
Round 1 - Heat 2
Round 1 - Heat 3
Round 1 - Heat 4
Semifinals - Heat 1
Semifinals - Heat 2
Final A

Athletics at the 2008 Summer Paralympics
2008 in women's athletics


Frances Hamilton Arnold (born July 25, 1956) is an American chemical engineer and Nobel Laureate. She is the Linus Pauling Professor of Chemical Engineering, Bioengineering and Biochemistry at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech). In 2018, she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for pioneering the use of directed evolution to engineer enzymes.

Since January 2021, she serves as an external co-chair of President Joe Biden's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST).

Early life and education
Arnold is the daughter of Josephine Inman (née Routheau) and nuclear physicist William Howard Arnold, and the granddaughter of Lieutenant General William Howard Arnold. She has an older brother, Bill and younger brothers, Edward, David and Thomas. She grew up in the Pittsburgh suburb of Edgewood, and the Pittsburgh neighborhoods of Shadyside and Squirrel Hill, graduating from the city's Taylor Allderdice High School in 1974. As a high schooler, she hitchhiked to Washington, D.C., to protest the Vietnam War and lived on her own, working as a cocktail waitress at a local jazz club and a cab driver.

The same independence that drove Arnold to move out of her childhood home as a teenager also led to a large volume of absences from school and low grades. In spite of this, she made near perfect scores on standardized tests and was determined to attend Princeton University, the alma mater of her father. She applied as a mechanical engineering major and was accepted. Arnold's motivation behind studying engineering, as stated in her Nobel Prize interview, was that "[mechanical engineering] was the easiest option and the easiest way to get into Princeton University at the time and I never left".

Arnold graduated in 1979 with a Bachelor of Science (BS) degree in mechanical and aerospace engineering from Princeton University, where she focused on solar energy research. In addition to the courses required for her major, she took classes in economics, Russian, and Italian, and envisioned herself as becoming a diplomat or CEO, even considering getting an advanced degree in international affairs. She took a year off from Princeton after her second year to travel to Italy and work in a factory that made nuclear reactor parts, then returned to complete her studies. Back at Princeton, she began studying at its Center for Energy and Environmental Studies – a group of scientists and engineers, at the time led by Robert Socolow, working to develop sustainable energy sources, a topic that would become a focus of her later work.

After graduating from Princeton in 1979, Arnold worked as an engineer in South Korea and Brazil and at Colorado's Solar Energy Research Institute. At the Solar Energy Research Institute (now the National Renewable Energy Laboratory), she worked on designing solar energy facilities for remote locations and helped write United Nations (UN) position papers.

She then enrolled at the University of California, Berkeley, where she earned a PhD degree in chemical engineering in 1985 and became deeply interested in biochemistry. Her thesis work, carried out in the lab of Harvey Warren Blanch, investigated affinity chromatography techniques. Arnold had no chemistry background before pursuing a doctorate in chemical engineering. For the first year of her Ph.D. coursework, the graduate committee at UC Berkeley required that she take undergraduate chemistry courses.

Career
After earning her Ph.D., Arnold completed postdoctoral research in biophysical chemistry at Berkeley. In 1986, she joined the California Institute of Technology as a visiting associate. She was promoted to assistant professor in 1986, associate professor in 1992, and full professor in 1996. She was named the Dick and Barbara Dickinson Professor of Chemical Engineering, Bioengineering and Biochemistry in 2000 and, her current position, the Linus Pauling Professor of Chemical Engineering, Bioengineering and Biochemistry in 2017. In 2013, she was appointed director of Caltech's Donna and Benjamin M. Rosen Bioengineering Center.

Arnold served on the Science Board for the Santa Fe Institute from 1995 to 2000. She was a member of the Advisory Board of the Joint BioEnergy Institute. Arnold chairs the Advisory Panel of the Packard Fellowships in Science and Engineering. She served on the President's Advisory Council of the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST).  She served as a judge for The Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering and worked with the National Academy of Science's Science & Entertainment Exchange to help Hollywood screenwriters accurately portray science topics.

In 2000 Arnold was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering for integration of fundamentals in molecular biology, genetics, and bioengineering to the benefit of life science and industry.

She is co-inventor on over 40 US patents. She co-founded Gevo, Inc., a company to make fuels and chemicals from renewable resources in 2005. In 2013, she and two of her former students, Peter Meinhold and Pedro Coelho, cofounded a company called Provivi to research alternatives to pesticides for crop protection. She has been on the corporate board of the genomics company Illumina Inc. since 2016.

In 2019 she was named to the board of Alphabet Inc., making Arnold the third female director of the Google parent company.

In January 2021 she was named an external co-chair of President Joe Biden's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST). She is working with Biden's transition team to help identify scientists for roles in the administration. She says her main job now is to help choose PCAST's additional members and to get to work setting a scientific agenda for the group. She has stated: "We have to reestablish the importance of science in policymaking, in decision making across the government. We need to reestablish the trust of the American people in science ... I think that PCAST can play a beneficial role in that."

Research
Arnold is credited with pioneering the use of directed evolution to create enzymes (biochemical molecules—often proteins—that catalyze, or speed up, chemical reactions) with improved and/or novel functions. The directed evolution strategy involves iterative rounds of mutagenesis and screening for proteins with improved functions and it has been used to create useful biological systems, including enzymes, metabolic pathways, genetic regulatory circuits, and organisms. In nature, evolution by natural selection can lead to proteins (including enzymes) well-suited to carry out biological tasks, but natural selection can only act on existing sequence variations (mutations) and typically occurs over long time periods. Arnold speeds up the process by introducing mutations in the underlying sequences of proteins; she then tests these mutations' effects. If a mutation improves the proteins' function she can keep iterating the process to optimize it further. This strategy has broad implications because it can be used to design proteins for a wide variety of applications. For example, she has used directed evolution to design enzymes that can be used to produce renewable fuels and pharmaceutical compounds with less harm to the environment.

One advantage of directed evolution is that the mutations do not have to be completely random; instead, they can be random enough to discover unexplored potential, but not so random as to be inefficient. The number of possible mutation combinations is astronomical, but instead of just randomly trying to test as many as possible, she integrates her knowledge of biochemistry to narrow down the options, focusing on introducing mutations in areas of the protein that are likely to have the most positive effect on activity and avoiding areas in which mutations would likely be, at best, neutral and at worst, detrimental (such as disrupting proper protein folding).

Arnold applied directed evolution to the optimization of enzymes (although not the first person to do so, see e.g. Barry Hall). In her seminal work, published in 1993, she used the method to engineer a version of subtilisin E that was active in the organic solvent DMF, a highly unnatural environment. She carried out the work using four sequential rounds of mutagenesis of the enzyme's gene, expressed by bacteria, through error-prone PCR. After each round she screened the enzymes for their ability to hydrolyze the milk protein casein in the presence of DMF by growing the bacteria on agar plates containing casein and DMF. The bacteria secreted the enzyme and, if it were functional, it would hydrolyze the casein and produce a visible halo. She selected the bacteria that had the biggest halos and isolated their DNA for further rounds of mutagenesis. Using this method, she designed an enzyme that had 256 times more activity in DMF than the original.

She has further developed her methods and applied them under different selection criteria in order to optimize enzymes for different functions. She showed that, whereas naturally evolved enzymes tend to function well at a narrow temperature range, enzymes could be produced using directed evolution that could function at both high and low temperatures. In addition to improving the existing functions of natural enzymes, Arnold has designed enzymes that perform functions for which no previous specific enzyme existed, such as when she evolved cytochrome P450 to carry out cyclopropanation and carbene and nitrene transfer reactions.

In addition to evolving individual molecules, she has used directed evolution to co-evolve enzymes in biosynthetic pathways, such as those involved in the production of carotenoids and L-methionine in Escherichia coli (which has the potential to be used as a whole-cell biocatalyst). She has applied these methods to biofuel production. For example, she evolved bacteria to produce the biofuel isobutanol; it can be produced in E. coli bacteria, but the production pathway requires the cofactor NADPH, whereas E. coli makes the cofactor NADH. To circumvent this problem, she evolved the enzymes in the pathway to use NADH instead of NADPH, allowing for the production of isobutanol.

Arnold has also used directed evolution to design highly specific and efficient enzymes that can be used as environmentally-friendly alternatives to some industrial chemical synthesis procedures. She, and others using her methods, have engineered enzymes that can carry out synthesis reactions more quickly, with fewer by-products, and in some cases eliminating the need for hazardous heavy metals.

She uses structure-guided protein recombination to combine parts of different proteins to form protein chimeras with unique functions. She developed computational methods, such as SCHEMA, to predict how the parts can be combined without disrupting their parental structure, so that the chimeras will fold properly, and then applies directed evolution to further mutate the chimeras to optimize their functions.

At Caltech, Arnold runs a laboratory that continues to study directed evolution and its applications in environmentally-friendly chemical synthesis and green/alternative energy, including the development of highly active enzymes (cellulolytic and biosynthetic enzymes) and microorganisms to convert renewable biomass to fuels and chemicals.  A paper published in Science in 2019, with Inha Cho and Zhi-Jun Jia, has been retracted on January 2, 2020, as the results were found to be not reproducible.

, Arnold has an h-index of 135 according to Google Scholar.

Personal life
Arnold lives in La Cañada Flintridge, California. She was married to James E. Bailey from 1987 to 1991, who died of cancer in 2001. The couple had James Howard Bailey (born in 1990). Her stepson Sean Bailey is an American film and television producer. He has been the president of Walt Disney Studios Motion Picture Production since his appointment in 2010. . Arnold was herself diagnosed with breast cancer in 2005 and underwent treatment for 18 months.

Arnold was in a common-law marriage with Caltech astrophysicist Andrew E. Lange, beginning in 1994, and they had two sons, William Andrew Lange (1995) and Joseph Inman Lange (1997). Lange committed suicide in 2010 and one of their sons, William Lange-Arnold, died in an accident in 2016. Her father, William Howard Arnold died in 2015.

Her hobbies include traveling, scuba diving, skiing, dirt-bike riding, and hiking.

Honors and awards
Arnold's work has been recognized by many awards, including the 2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, the 2011 National Academy of Engineering (NAE) Draper Prize (the first woman to receive it), and a 2011 National Medal of Technology and Innovation. She was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2011 and inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2014. She was the first woman to be elected to all three National Academies in the United States – the National Academy of Engineering (2000), the National Academy of Medicine, formerly called the Institute of Medicine (2004), and the National Academy of Sciences (2008).

Arnold is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Academy of Microbiology, the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering and an International Fellow of the UK's Royal Academy of Engineering in 2018.

In 2016 she became the first woman to win the Millennium Technology Prize, which she won for pioneering directed evolution. In 2017, Arnold was awarded the Raymond and Beverly Sackler Prize in Convergence Research by the National Academy of Sciences, which recognizes extraordinary contributions to convergence research.

In 2018 she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for her work in directed evolution, making her the fifth woman to receive the award in its 117 years of existence, and the first American woman. She received a one-half share of the award, with the other half jointly awarded to George Smith and Gregory Winter "for the phage display of peptides and antibodies." She is the first female graduate of Princeton to be awarded a Nobel Prize and the first person who got their undergraduate degree from Princeton (male or female) to receive a Nobel Prize in one of the natural sciences categories (chemistry, physics, and physiology or medicine). In November 2018, she was listed as one of BBC's 100 Women. On October 24, 2019, Pope Francis named her a member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences. In 2022 she was the guest in an episode of The Life Scientific on BBC Radio 4.

Perkin Medal (2023)
Foreign Member of the Royal Society (2020)
 Honorary doctorate, Technical University of Denmark (2019)
Nobel Prize in Chemistry (2018)
Elected to the American Philosophical Society (2018)
 Elected an International Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering (2018)
Raymond and Beverly Sackler Prize in Convergence Research (2017)
 Spiegelman Lecture, University of Illinois (2017)
 Society of Women Engineers' 2017 Achievement Award
 Honorary Degree of Doctor of Science from Dartmouth College (2017)
Honorary doctorate, University of Chicago (2016)
Millennium Technology Prize (2016)
 Honorary degree of Doctor of Science from the ETH Zurich (2015)
Elmer Gaden Award, Biotechnology and Bioengineering (2015)
Inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame (2014)
Golden Plate Award, American Academy of Achievement (2014)
Emanuel Merck Lectureship (2013)
ENI Prize in Renewable and Nonconventional Energy (2013)
 Honorary Degree of Doctor of Science from the Stockholm University (2013)
Charles Stark Draper Prize (2011)
National Medal of Technology and Innovation (2011)
American Academy of Arts and Sciences (2011)
Honorary Degree of Doctor of Science from Stockholm University (2013)
Elected fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (2010)
Elected fellow of the American Academy of Microbiology (2009)
Elected to the National Academy of Sciences (2008)
FASEB Excellence in Science Award (2007)
Enzyme Engineering Award from Engineering Conferences International and Genencor (2007)
Francis P. Garvan–John M. Olin Medal, American Chemical Society (2005)
Elected fellow of American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering (2001)
National Academy of Engineering (2000)

Appearances in popular media
She portrayed herself in the 18th episode "The Laureate Accumulation" of the 12th season of the TV series The Big Bang Theory. In September 2021 in the 10th anniversary of PME UChicago she jokingly claimed that this appearance was the greatest accolade of her life. She also appeared in a brief interview in the NOVA episode Beyond the Elements: Life. She was interviewed by Jim Al-Khalili on the BBC's The Life Scientific on September 6, 2022.

See also
 Timeline of women in science
 List of International Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering

References

External links

 Chemical Eng, Caltech Faculty Page
 Arnold Research Group
 Video of Arnold talking about her work, from the National Science & Technology Medals Foundation
  including the Nobel Lecture December 8, 2018 Innovation by Evolution: Bringing New Chemistry to Life

1956 births
21st-century American inventors
American academicians
American chemical engineers
American Nobel laureates
American women engineers
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Fellows of the American Academy of Microbiology
Fellows of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Female Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
California Institute of Technology faculty
Draper Prize winners
Living people
Members of the American Philosophical Society
Members of the National Academy of Medicine
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
National Medal of Technology recipients
Nobel laureates in Chemistry
People from La Cañada Flintridge, California
Princeton University School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
Scientists from Pittsburgh
Taylor Allderdice High School alumni
UC Berkeley College of Chemistry alumni
Women Nobel laureates
Directors of Alphabet Inc.
Women chemical engineers
20th-century American engineers
20th-century American chemists
20th-century women engineers
20th-century American women scientists
20th-century American academics
21st-century American engineers
21st-century American chemists
21st-century women engineers
21st-century American women scientists
21st-century American academics
Benjamin Franklin Medal (Franklin Institute) laureates


Cass High School is a four-year public high school located in Cartersville, Georgia, United States, one of five high schools in Bartow County. It serves grades 9-12. The current principal is Stephen Revard.

Athletics

Cass High School offers a variety of sports, including football, men's basketball, women's basketball, baseball, men's soccer, women's soccer, volleyball, softball, swimming, cross country, wrestling, track, tennis, and golf.

Football
The Cass Colonels football team went to the state playoffs in 2004 for the first time in 21 years, and the second time in school history. They also made it to the playoffs in 2006.

Wrestling
2006 – GHSAA Class AAA Dual Wrestling Champions
2008 – GHSAA Class AAA Traditional Wrestling Champions
2022 – GHSA 5A Dual State Champions

Men’s soccer

In 2008 the Cass High School soccer team were ranked 5th in state.

Notable alumni

 Eddie Lee Wilkins - former professional basketball player

References

Schools in Bartow County, Georgia
Public high schools in Georgia (U.S. state)


Amruthadhare is a 2005 Kannada-language film directed and co-produced by Nagathihalli Chandrashekhar and written by actor Ramesh Aravind and Chandrashekhar. The film was released on 7 October 2005 starring Dhyan and Ramya in the lead roles. The music was composed by Mano Murthy. Bollywood actor Amitabh Bachchan has made a guest appearance as himself in this movie. The film ran for twenty-five weeks, thereby becoming a silver jubilee film. The movie was dubbed in Telugu as Amrutha Varsham and included additional scenes with Jayasudha, Nassar, Dharmavarapu Subramanyam and Sunil.

Plot

Puru (Dhyan) and Amrutha (Ramya) are a married couple. However, they behave like lovers. Even though they like each other, they quarrel sometimes. Amrutha is a spendthrift and Puru is a miser. She wants a child to build a family, while he wants to build a house. The film follows their trials and tribulations as they navigate the difficult world of marriage in the modern age. The film also has a strong social message and speaks to the emptiness of a large home without a large family inside it.

Cast

Music

The official soundtrack contains six songs. The music was composed by Mano Murthy and lyrics were by Nagathihalli Chandrashekhar.

Kannada version

Telugu version
 Adigga Adigga- Avi
 Priyatama Priyatama- Sam P. Keerthan, Srivardhini
 Illu Katti Choodu- Illu Katti Choodu
 Naatho Matladu- Amulya
 Ee Amrutha Varsham- VV.Prasanna, Abhi

Reception
A critic from Rediff.com wrote that "Outwardly, the language of Amrithdhare is regional. But it communicates ideas on love, loyalty, marriage and companionship with such passion". A critic from Sify wrote that "On the whole, this neatly made family entertainer is good in parts and is a welcome change from action films".

Awards and nominations
2005–06 Karnataka State Film Awards
 Third Best Film
 Best Female Playback Singer — Chaitra H. G. ("Huduga Huduga")
 For Best Sound Recording — Johnson

53rd Filmfare Awards South
 nominated, Best Film – Kannada
 nominated, Best Director – Kannada — Nagathihalli Chandrashekhar
 nominated, Best Actress – Kannada — Ramya

References

External links

2000s Kannada-language films
2005 films
Films scored by Mano Murthy
Films directed by Nagathihalli Chandrashekhar


Jean Charles Marie Grenier (1808–1875) was a French botanist and naturalist who was a professor to the Faculty of Sciences at Besançon.

In 1836 he received his doctorate in medicine, followed by his degree in sciences in 1844. At Besançon, he taught classes in natural history, zoology and botany, being appointed doyen of the school in 1869.

Grenier is credited with the description of hundreds of botanical species, many of them in collaboration with Dominique Alexandre Godron (1807–1880), a professor of natural history at Nancy. With Prof. Godron he published a three-volume work on French flora called Flore de France (1848–1856). Grenier was also author of Flore de la châine jurassique (Flora of the Jura Mountain chain) (1865–69).

References
 This article is based on a translation of an article from the Spanish Wikipedia.

19th-century French botanists
1808 births
1875 deaths


Torah Aura Productions is a Jewish educational publishing company based in Los Angeles, California. It was founded in 1981. The company's main focus is on publishing educational materials (mostly classroom books) for Reform, Conservative, Reconstructionist and unaffiliated Jewish synagogue schools in North America.

Corporate history
“Torah Aura Productions has been founded by a group of Jewish educators, artists, and technicians as a vehicle to enhance the creation of unique and experimental Jewish products and to provide support for those involved in the creative process. We, therefore seek to operate with Jewish values committing ourselves to both the prophets and to profit.”

Torah Aura Productions is a cooperative Jewish communications group that specializes in the creation of high-quality educational materials for Jewish classrooms. It is owned and operated by Jane Golub, Joel Grishaver, and Alan Rowe.

Jane, Joel, and Alan were brought together when they were on the staff of a Jewish educational camp. All of them are successful products of individually diverse Jewish educations, yet all of them felt ambivalent about their Jewish educational experiences. That ambivalence motivated them to further their Jewish learning, to work in Jewish education, and to ultimately come to produce Jewish educational materials.

The actual “creation myth” of Torah Aura Productions goes like this:

In 1981 Alan was running the family business during the week and the P.A. system at the Brandeis-Bardin Institute on weekends. Jane was thinking about a new graduate school, and Joel was free-lancing and tending bar to pay the rent. All of them had worked together at Camp Alonim. Then, everything changed.

Joel had a contract to design a slide show for the Los Angeles Hebrew High School. His car was broken into, the artwork stolen, and the deadline was rushing up. Meanwhile, Jane was house-sitting. Joel, Alan, and some other camp friends moved into Jane's borrowed house and turned it into an animation factory. The end product (finished less than an hour before show time) was The True Story of Hanukkah. Within a few weeks, they were sitting around Alan's dining room table, creating a new kind of Jewish educational company.

Owners and senior staff members of Torah Aura Productions
Jane Golub, co-owner and executive somebody in charge of everything else
Alan Rowe, co-owner, director of technology, and chief financial officer
Joel Lurie Grashaver, co-owner, and creative chair
Marcia Fogel, bookkeeper, and director of the order desk and shipping department

Torah Aura's vision and corporate philosophy
Torah Aura was founded with a basic vision. According to the owners:
We knew what we wanted to do. We had an idea of what constituted “a good Jewish education,” and we knew the role we believed a publisher should play. Over the next several months we will be sharing those conceptions with you, not to so much for the purpose of selling books, but to facilitate a national dialogue on core issues. We want to hear from you. We want you to demand that other purveyors of educational Judaica make their assumptions and design philosophies equally clear. And, as we work week by week, topic by topic, we want you to think about the way you articulate your school curriculum.

When speaking about their curricular vision, owners and employees of the company usually start by explaining that the purpose of their curricular materials is to save the Jewish people.

The statement may sound like a truism or cliche, but Torah Aura takes it very seriously. They say that it means they believe that students need enough Judaica – and the right Judaica – to build a Jewish future. Torah Aura's observation is that many to most Jews are not taught enough Judaism and to survive as Jews.
For a supplemental school to succeed, it needs to offer a real Jewish foundation. Facts are not a foundation. Concepts are. Feelings are important. They are necessary but not sufficient. Being able to name the objects used on Sukkot doesn’t lead to the building of a personal Sukkah. The ability to perform prayers from the Siddur is an enabling skill, but not one that alone will lead students as they grow to use services as moments of personal connection with the divine.
According to Torah Aura, Jewish schools spend a lot of time on Bible stories, but nowhere near enough on developing the skills of extracting meaning from the biblical text. To survive as a Jew, to care to survive as a Jew, one needs a web of understandings and conceptual tools. Torah Aura was created to produce tools that make the “meanings” of Judaism accessible.

According to Torah Aura (especially co-owner Joel Grishaver), the second thing that leads to Jewish survival is a connection to the community. The simple truth is that Jews who need other Jews are more likely to seek out Jewish connections than those who have just enjoyed some Jewish activities. This is why anyone in the Jewish schooling business pushes camps and youth groups as companion experiences. And, it is why anyone who understands the simplest secret looks to make their classrooms into communities with interdependent learning as a major modality. Equally true, the relationship between teacher and student is critical. It has redemptive possibilities. Because of Torah Aura's belief in community, most of their material (and all of their teacher's guides) recommend work in hevrutot (learning dyads or small groups) and set up situations where students and teachers share in significant conversations.

Most of all, Torah Aura believes that no matter what kind of instruction its owners and employees envision, its reality will be in the hands of teacher and class as they interact. Real curriculum isn't planned, it is actualized. No good lesson should ever happen exactly the same way twice. It is an amalgam of teacher, students, and the moment. For that reason, Torah Aura Productions sees themselves as creating educational tools, resources out of which good teaching moments and good teaching sequences can be built. They explain that they "strive to empower the teacher with challenging resources that lead them towards creating good Jewish educational experiences."

How Torah Aura Productions creates Jewish educational materials
This is the way we work. First, we map out “the structure of the discipline.” This is a list or chart of the things that we believe an adult Jew needs in order to “choose Jewish life.” For example, when we teach values, we look at the resources needed to encourage adults to turn to Jewish resources when then face a real-life ethical dilemma. We then take this map of the discipline and look at the scope and range of instructional opportunities in the course of Jewish education. Will this fit into pre-school? Can we expect it to be included in high school or as part of adult education? Does it fit into a family context? Etc. We then match up the instructional opportunities with the developmental realities. We look to see which part of our map of the discipline can be introduced at each age opportunity. We consider our work experimental and always define it as “work-in-progress.” We have been known to redo a work two or three times, using the laboratory of the market place as a source of feedback. We have always believed that we create tools for Jewish education, that teachers are the ones who turn them into educational experiences. Our work has always been a dialogue between experimental designs and practical applications. We are constantly envisioning new techniques and models and then testing them by the reaction of classroom masters.

Materials published by Torah Aura Productions

Books

Books for students
Torah Aura Productions has published hundreds of curricular books for school-aged children, including:
Being Torah by Joel Grishaver, a Bible textbook for 3rd-4th graders.
The Circle of Jewish Life by Joel Grishaver, a book about the Jewish lifecycle for 5th and 6th graders
Artzeinu: An Israel Encounter by Joel Grishaver and Joshua Mason-Barkin with Ethan Bair, a book about Israel for 5th-7th graders
The Torah Aura Hebrew Prayer Program, an exhaustive set of materials that teach Hebrew and prayer to 3rd-8th-grade students as well as adults. The program includes three distinct series (S'fatai Tiftah, Journeys Through the Siddur, and Pirkei T'fillah) to meet the different needs of schools that meet three days a week, two days a week, or in other configurations. The Program includes textbooks, workbooks, teacher's guides, flashcards, vocabulary posters, and wall posters.
Apples & Oranges by Rabbi David Lieb, a book about comparative religion for middle- and high-school students.
I Have Some Questions About God by Rabbi Bradley Shavit Artson, Rabbi Ed Feinstein, Rabbi Elyse Frishman, Rabbi Joshua Hammerman, Rabbi Jeffrey K. Salkin, and Rabbi Sybil Sheridan. It introduces Jewish theological issues to 3rd-4th graders using stories.

Books for teachers and educators
Torah Aura has also published many books for supplementary school teachers, Jewish educators, and other Jewish educational leaders. This list includes:
What We Know About Jewish Education (1992), a collection of articles by scholars in the field of Jewish education and geared towards informing the practice of Jewish educators in the field.
What We Now Know About Jewish Education, edited by Paul Flexner, Roberta Louis Goodman, and Linda Dale Bloomberg. This is a new (and far more exhaustive) update to the What We Know About Jewish Education, published in 2008.
Teaching Jewishly by Joel Grishaver, "an exploration of how Jewish values influence pedagogy. By using Jewish sources as a foundation, Joel looks at how one creates a classroom based on respect and dignity, that facilitates growth, esteem, and community, and that makes the process of Jewish education an expression of the Jewish message."
Teaching the Holocaust by Debbie Findling and Simone Schweber.

Instant lessons
Torah Aura has become well known for publishing sets of educational materials called "Instant Lessons." These are packs of student materials on a single topic meant to provide the teacher with what he or she needs for a single class session.

Newsletters and 'Zines
Over the years, Torah Aura has published a variety of weekly, bi-weekly, and monthly newsletters for students and teachers.

References

External links
Torah Aura Productions
The Torah Aura Productions Bulletin Board Blog, the home for the Torah Aura Productions Bulletin Board (TAPBB)
The Torah Aura Wiki, which features articles, resources, and teachers' guides
Joel Grishaver's home page
Joel Grishaver's blog

Jewish printing and publishing
Jewish organizations based in the United States
Jewish educational organizations
Publishing companies established in 1981


Athletics at the 1976 Summer Paralympics consisted of 207 events. Argentina, Burma, Hong Kong, Indonesia and Peru won their first ever medals in the 1976 Summer Paralympics.

Participating nations

Medal table

Medal summary

Men's events

Women's events

References

1976 Summer Paralympics events
1976
Paralympics


The Luscombe 4, also known as Luscombe Sprite or Luscombe 90, was a civil utility aircraft produced in small numbers in the United States in the late 1930s.

In 1936, Luscombe designed and began flying a simplified version of the Phantom known as the Luscombe 90, or Model 4.  Much of the Phantom's complex compound-curved sheet metal was eliminated in favor of simplified single-curved sheets, and the hand-formed fairings were eliminated. Performance was not impressive.

Specifications: Model 4 (Luscombe 90)

References

External links
1937 photo

1930s United States civil utility aircraft
04
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1937


Frank Booth (1887–1950) was an American soccer right full back who spent one season in the American Soccer League and six in the Southern New England Soccer League. He was born in Fall River, Massachusetts.

Booth played for the Fall River Rovers of the Southern New England Soccer League beginning at least during the 1915–1916 season, if not earlier.  In 1916, 1917 and 1918, the Rovers met Bethlehem Steel in the finals of the National Challenge Cup. The team lost in 1916 and 1918, but won in 1917. Booth played all three finals. He remained with the Rovers until the establishment of the American Soccer League in 1921. That year, he signed with Fall River United of the new league. He spent only one season, playing twenty league and two National Challenge Cup games before leaving the league at the end of the season.

References

1887 births
Sportspeople from Fall River, Massachusetts
Soccer players from Massachusetts
American men's soccer players
American Soccer League (1921–1933) players
Fall River F.C. (1922–1931) players
Fall River Rovers players
Southern New England Soccer League players
1950 deaths
Men's association football defenders


Darwin's Children is a science fiction novel by Greg Bear published in 2003.  It is a sequel to his 1999 novel Darwin's Radio.

Plot
A human endogenous retrovirus, SHEVA, begins to spread, attaching to people's chromosomes. As it becomes active, it causes the birth of millions of genetically-altered children. To the government, that represents a deadly threat to public health and safety and so it takes the mutated children from their parents and place them in concentration camps.

The children communicate by using complex verbal tricks, enhanced facial expressions, and psychoactive chemical scents made from their own bodies. They also form stable groups that minimize conflict and maximize cooperation. Mitch Rafelson and his wife, Kaye Lang, have a SHEVA daughter named Stella Nova that they try to shield from the government's Emergency Action forces, but the child is captured and sent to a camp. A government virus researcher, Christopher Dicken, makes significant discoveries, as does Kaye.

Reception
A Kirkus Reviews review says, "Scary and technically plausible though demanding work, even if the good guys' resurgence depends more on coincidence than logic." Peter Cannon, of Publishers Weekly, reviewed the book saying, "Bear's sure sense of character, his fluid prose style and the fascinating culture his 'Shevite' children begin to develop all make for serious SF of the highest order." A Library Journal review says, "Believable characters and riveting storytelling make this a priority purchase for sf collections."

Darwin's Children received nominations for the Arthur C. Clarke, Locus, and John W. Campbell Memorial Awards in 2004.

References

2003 American novels
2003 science fiction novels
Novels by Greg Bear


Resipiscent is an independent record label based in San Francisco California. The label was founded in 2005 by James Decker and Thomas Day.

The label publishes a wide range of experimental music and film. Most of its releases are extremely limited editions involving handcrafted package art. Liz Allbee's "Quarry Tones" release is packaged in heavy hand-sewn felt with flowers and shredded circuits scattered inside. Smegma's Live 91-93 relies on dumpster-dived mainstream CDs that the band then defaces to serve as packaging. The Anti-Ear Tre Picoli release appears to be a 7-inch record but contains two mini-CDs and one mini-DVD. Aaartfystte's 22 Short Noise Videos comes in a four-color silkscreen package embellished with hand-carved relief prints by Maw Zuffler. The double CD compilation String of Artifacts requires listeners to solve a word jumble and then a crossword puzzle in order to decode the track listing, with some bands adding to the puzzle by imitating the style of other bands. The Bran(...)Pos "Quaak Muttar" package is a crude but functional pinball machine for which track indexes serve as scoreboard.

The label name revives a word that had fallen into disuse. "Resipiscent" means "a return to one's senses following a brutal experience". Its tagline is "Unburying the meanest in criminally obscure sound."

Roster
 0th
 Aaartfystte
 Anti-Ear
 At Jennie Richie
 Audrey Chen
 Ava Mendoza
 Black Mayonnaise
 Bran(...)Pos
 Cactus
 Core of the Coalman (Jorge Boehringer)
 Critical Monkey
 Earwicker
 Fat Worm of Error
 Hans Grusel's Krankenkabinet
 Kenta Nagai
 Liz Allbee
 Loachfillet
 Masonic Youth
 Midmight
 Miya Masaoka
 Nerfbau
 Noel Von Harmonson
 Occasional Detroit
 Peter B
 Porest
 The Ritualistic School of Errors
 Scott Arford
 SIXES
  fetish
 Smegma
 Tarantism
 Xome, Tralphaz, Eco Morti

See also
 List of record labels

References

External links
 Official site
 SFWeekly review of Resipiscent release party

American independent record labels
Record labels established in 2005


Joli Jászai (21 May 1907 – 26 September 2008) was a Hungarian actress and entertainer. She began her film career relatively late in life.

Jászai was born in Rábatamási, Austria-Hungary, in what is now the Republic of Hungary, on 21 May 1907. She died in Piliscsaba, Hungary, on 26 September 2008, at the age of 101.

Filmography
 Szerelem utolsó vérig (2002) – Gizike néni
 „A Szórád-ház” (1997) TV – Öregasszony
 Sztracsatella (1996) – Borzsa
 Édes Emma, drága Böbe – vázlatok, aktok (1992)
 Szerelmes szívek (1991) – Timi nagymamája
 Napló apámnak, anyámnak (1990)
 Ismeretlen ismerős (1989) – Találttárgyak őrzője
 Szerelem második vérig (1988) – Mamó
 Hol volt, hol nem volt (1987) – idős nő
 Szerelem első vérig (1986) – Gizike néni, Ágota nagyanyja
 Csók, Anyu! (1986)
 Mamiblu (1986)

External links

 FN: Joli Jászai

1907 births
2008 deaths
People from Győr-Moson-Sopron County
Hungarian television actresses
Hungarian film actresses
Hungarian centenarians
Women centenarians


The Luscombe 11 Sedan is a civil utility aircraft produced in the United States in the late 1940s.

Design and development
In 1946 Luscombe introduced the four-place model 11, designed to specifications produced by the Flying Farmers of America. This was designed as a combined family/business aircraft, capable of carrying four people.  With the back seat removed, up to six milk cans could be carried. Eventually, the Flying Farmer market proved to be a myth, so the Model 11 Sedan was finished with a more upmarket interior to appeal to the businessman. Certification was accomplished in May 1948. 38 examples remained on the U.S. civil aircraft register in August 2010.

The model 11A was reworked into the model 11E by engineers at the Luscombe Aircraft Corporation (later renamed to Quartz Mountain Aerospace after learning that the Don Luscombe Aviation History Foundation had trademarked the Luscombe name). The 11E model features tricycle landing gear and an  Continental IO-360.  Quartz Mountain Aerospace produced the 11E in Altus, Oklahoma until they declared bankruptcy in November 2009. There are 15 examples registered in the U.S. civil aircraft register as of March 2011. The remaining assets of Quartz Mountain Aerospace were auctioned in 2011 to RA Lalli, based in Stratford, Conn., including the type and production certificates, 7 completed aircraft, and a large amount of spares. The Connecticut group which fabricates and supplies aircraft parts to several major North American companies was the successful bidder for the airplane's Federal Aviation Administration type certificate. Geza Scap, president of JGS Properties, said he purchased the Luscombe type certificate because he is interested in manufacturing the plane, a single-engine four-seater. Scap said his company fabricates parts for Boeing and for several helicopter companies and owns five vehicle dealerships in Connecticut. In 2017, WZD Enterprises Inc. acquired the Luscombe 11A and 11E Type Certificates with remaining assets from JGS Properties. WZD Enterprises intent to start the 11E productions in China.

Specifications: Model 11 (Sedan)

References

Citations

Bibliography

1940s United States civil utility aircraft
11
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1946


The Women's 400 m T12 had its first round held on September 11, beginning at 18:05 and the A and B Finals were held on September 13 at 12:10.

Medalists

Results

References
Round 1 - Heat 1
Round 1 - Heat 2
Round 1 - Heat 3
Final A
Final B

Athletics at the 2008 Summer Paralympics
2008 in women's athletics


Stanley Weiser is an American screenwriter. He was born in New York City and is a graduate of the NYU Film School. His screen credits include Wall Street and W., both directed by Oliver Stone. He also wrote the 20th Century Fox film, Project X. He is credited for creating characters in the sequel to Wall Street: Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps. In addition, he served as script consultant on Oliver Stone's Nixon and Any Given Sunday.

Weiser's other projects include two civil rights dramas, developed as feature films, but made for television. Murder in Mississippi, a chronicle of the 1964 Freedom Summer movement and the lives and deaths of Cheney, Schwerner, and Goodman, the three young civil rights workers who were killed by the Ku Klux Klan, which aired on NBC in 1990. It was nominated for four Emmys and won the Directors Guild of America Award for best TV movie.  Freedom Song, a semi-fictional account of the early SNCC movement in Mississippi, was co-written with Phil Alden Robinson, who also directed. They shared a Writers Guild of America Award and Humanitas nomination for the 2000 TNT film.

Weiser also adapted the novel, Fatherland, by Robert Harris, for HBO. It was nominated for three Golden Globe awards and Miranda Richardson won for best supporting actress in a TV or cable movie. He wrote the NBC four-hour mini-series Witness to the Mob in 1998, which was produced by Robert De Niro. He also wrote Rudy: The Rudy Giuliani Story, for which he received a Writers Guild of America nomination for best TV movie.

As of 2012, he wrote a biopic on the life of Rod Serling, the writer and The Twilight Zone creator.

Weiser began his career as a production assistant for Brian De Palma on Phantom of the Paradise, and as an assistant cameraman on the Martin Scorsese documentary, Street Scenes.

He is married and lives in Santa Monica, California. He is a founding member of the West Los Angeles Shambhala Buddhist Meditation Center.

Filmography
Coast to Coast (1980)
Project X (1987)
Wall Street (1987)
Murder in Mississippi (1990)
Fatherland (1994)
Witness to the Mob (1998)
Freedom Song (2000)
Rudy: The Rudy Giuliani Story (2003)
W. (2008)

References

External links

Interview on W.

American male screenwriters
Tisch School of the Arts alumni
Writers from New York City
Living people
Screenwriters from New York (state)
Year of birth missing (living people)
Writers Guild of America Award winners


Dartchery at the 1976 Summer Paralympics consisted of three events.

Medal summary

References

1976 Summer Paralympics events
1976


German company Sulfurcell was founded in 2001 in Berlin for developing and producing thin film solar cells based on copper indium sulfide (CIS) technology.  The venture capital backed company was voted sixth on the 2008 inaugural Guardian/Library House "CleanTech 100" list, which showcased the best in European clean technology companies. The company was renamed into Soltecture in 2009. On 09 May 2012, Soltecture went into administration.

See also
 List of CIGS companies
 List of solar cell manufacturers

References

Thin-film cell manufacturers


Goalball at the 1976 Summer Paralympics consisted of a men's team event.

Medal summary

Competition

Results

References

1976 Summer Paralympics events
1976
1976 in sports
Goalball in Canada


Lawn bowls at the 1976 Summer Paralympics consisted of sixteen events, twelve for men and four for women.

Medal summary

Men's events

Women's events

References

1976 Summer Paralympics events
1976
Paralympics


Pelamis Wave Power designed and manufactured the Pelamis Wave Energy Converter – a technology that uses the motion of ocean surface waves to create electricity. The company was established in 1998 and had offices and fabrication facilities in Leith Docks, Edinburgh, Scotland. It went into administration in November 2014.

History
The company was founded in 1998 by Richard Yemm, Chris Retzler and David Pizer with the aim of commercialising the Pelamis Wave Energy Converter. Originally named 'Ocean Power Delivery', the company changed its name in September 2007.

In 20 the company installed and tested their first full-scale prototype at the European Marine Energy Centre in Orkney, Scotland, becoming the first commercial scale, offshore, wave power machine to successfully generate electricity into the national grid. A commercial order for three 750 kW machines followed this successful demonstration of the Pelamis technology, resulting in the installation of three Pelamis Wave Energy Converters in 2008, the Aguçadoura Wave Farm. Located off the northwest coast of Portugal near Póvoa de Varzim the project was funded by Portuguese utility Enersis, at the time were owned by Australian global investment company Babcock & Brown. The farm first generated electricity in July 2008 but was taken offline in November 2008 at the same time as Babcock & Brown encountered financial difficulties.

In February 2009, Pelamis Wave Power secured an order from German utility company E.ON for a new generation Pelamis Wave Energy Converter, termed the P2. The machine was installed and grid connected for the first time at EMEC in October 2010, where it was tested. An additional order for a P2 machine has been placed by Scottish Power Renewables in March 2010.

The company were involved with a joint project with Swedish utility Vattenfall to develop the Aegir wave farm off the coast of Shetland, and three 50 MW sites in the Pentland Firth area, resulting from The Crown Estate seabed leasing round in March 2010.

In May 2011, the company announced that it was to make a number of redundancies. This followed the completion of the manufacture of its second P2 machine and a move into a testing and operations phase.

On 21 November 2014 the company went into administration after being unable to secure the level of additional funding required for the further development of their technology. The company had employed more than 50 staff.

In October 2016, after a Chinese company unveiled a similar wave power product, some former employees suggested that a March 2011 break-in at pelamis , in which four to five laptops were stolen after a visit from a Chinese delegation two months prior, may have been industrial espionage.

Awards
Pelamis Wave Power has won a number of awards including:

2011
Scottish Renewables Green Energy Awards, Outstanding Contribution, Richard Yemm
Scottish Renewables Green Energy Awards, Best Project, E.ON for the Pelamis P2 test programme

2008
Guardian/Library House "CleanTech 100" list. Voted seventh in the inaugural Guardian/Library House, which showcased the best in European clean technology companies.

2007
Ocean Energy Pioneer Technology Award, Energy Ocean, Hawaii
Ocean Energy Pioneer Company Award, Energy Ocean, Hawaii
Best Renewable Energy Company, British Renewable Energy Awards
Trophée de l’économie positive, HEC, Paris

2004
Tornado Insider Top 100 Europe

2003
Emerging Technology of the Year, Euromoney and Ernst & Young
Innovation Award, The Carbon Trust
Best Renewable Technology, Scottish Green Energy Awards

See also
Pelamis wave energy converter
Renewable energy in Scotland

References

1998 in Scotland
Companies based in Edinburgh
Wave power
Renewable energy in Scotland
Companies established in 1998
Engineering companies of Scotland


Shooting at the 1976 Summer Paralympics consisted of three rifle events.

Medal summary

References

1976 Summer Paralympics events
1976
Paralympics
Shooting competitions in Canada


The Women's 800m T12-13 had its first round held on September 8, beginning at 18:40 and Final was held on September 9 at 18:35.

Medalists

Results

References
Round 1 - Heat 1
Round 1 - Heat 2
Final A

Athletics at the 2008 Summer Paralympics
2008 in women's athletics


Snooker at the 1976 Summer Paralympics consisted of two men's events. The competitions were held at the Seneca School in August 1972.

There were eighteen competitors, from six countries: five each from Canada and the United States, four from Great Britain, two from Brazil, and one each from Australia and the Republic of Ireland.

Dean Mellway won the gold medal in the Men 2–5 event, and Tommy Taylor won gold in the Men's A-C competition.

Medal summary

References

1976 Summer Paralympics events
1976
Paralympics


Plikati (, , ) is a village in the municipal unit of Mastorochoria, Ioannina regional unit, Greece. It is one of the northernmost villages in Epirus. In 2011 its population was 70. The village is situated at the foot of the Grammos mountains, at 1,240 m elevation, close to the Albanian border. Plikati is 3 km north of Gorgopotamos, 8 km west of Aetomilitsa, 9 km southeast of Ersekë (Albania) and 28 km north of Konitsa. Plikati has traditionally been populated by an Arvanite population and it is the only village today in Konitsa municipality where Albanian is still spoken. An Aromanian minority is also present in the village.

Population

History

Plikati is an old village, with a church dating from the 16th century. It is one of the villages of the Epirus region in Greece which are inhabited by Arvanites (Christian Albanians). Its people are sometimes called Arvanites, although the Albanian dialect they speak is different from that of Arvanitika-speakers of southern Greece and much closer to Tosk Albanian.  Due to overpopulation, poverty and raids by Muslim Albanians from the nearby Kolonjë region (located today in Albania) in the 19th century, many of its inhabitants moved away and founded new villages in the area around Florina (Belkameni and Negovani) and Larissa (Kazaklar).

See also

List of settlements in the Ioannina regional unit

References

External links
Plikati at the GTP Travel Pages
Official website of the village
Municipality of Mastorohori

Populated places in Ioannina (regional unit)
Konitsa
Albanian communities in Greece


Circle Theatre or Circle Theater may refer to:

Concept
 Theatre-in-the-round, arena theatre, or central staging is any theatre space in which the audience surrounds the stage area, often in the shape of a circle theatre and sometimes named as such

Theatres
Circle in the Square Theatre, a Broadway theater in New York City
Circle in the Square Theatre School, school associated with the Broadway theater
Circle X Theatre, Hollywood, California
Circle Theater (Indianapolis, Indiana), listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Indiana
El Centro Theatre, founded as the Circle Theatre in Hollywood, California
Hilbert Circle Theatre, formerly known as Circle Theatre, a historic theatre in Oklahoma
Circle Theatre Chicago, founded in 1985, is a theatre company in Chicago, Illinois

Media
Armstrong Circle Theatre, an American drama television series that ran during 1950 to 1957

See also
Dress circle, balcony seating in a theatre


Make Cars Green (MCG) is a campaign by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) aimed at reducing the impact of cars on the environment. The campaign consists of advising motorists of methods of reducing carbon dioxide emissions, as well as purchasing environmentally friendlier vehicles.

Campaign

The Make Cars Green campaign was launched at the 2008 World Environment Day, which was held in New Zealand. The event was attended by the FIA Foundation director General David Ward and the World Bank's road safety specialist Tony Bliss, as well as New Zealand Prime Minister Helen Clark. Ward outlined the importance of the campaign, noting:

The basis of the campaign is a ten-point guide for reducing the environmental impact of cars, including checking tyre pressure for optimum efficiency, planning journeys in advance and offsetting carbon emissions. The FIA aims to reach these objectives by working with its member clubs.

In Formula One

As the FIA is the governing body of Formula One, the sport is involved in the campaign. At the 2008 Japanese Grand Prix, tyre supplier Bridgestone provided the teams with green-grooved tyres in order to draw attention to Make Cars Green.

FIA president Max Mosley outlined the sport's commitment to the campaign:

The president of the Japan Automobile Federation, Tetsuo Tanaka, agreed with Mosley, adding:

The FIA and Bridgestone held a press conference before the grand prix where F1 drivers Felipe Massa, Kimi Räikkönen, Lewis Hamilton and Heikki Kovalainen outlined the ways in which they reduce their carbon footprints.

See also

 Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile
 World Environment Day
 2008 Japanese Grand Prix

References

External links
 Make Cars Green official website

Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile
Formula One
Transport and the environment


The Artist Life was a Canadian pop punk band from Burlington, Ontario, signed to Underground Operations.

History
The Artist Life was started in 2005 by Ian Blackwood (formerly of Jersey, on vocals and guitar, and Dean Richards (formerly of Fallen Year and Dreams Among Stars) on guitar and vocals. They added Andy Crawford (formerly of Beaumont) on bass and Chris Danner (formerly of Grade and To The Lions) on drums and played their first show April 17, 2006, at Toronto's Bovine Sex Club with The Video Dead. Within a year, the band had recorded a 5-song demo of which they gave away over 1,000 copies. They also played several one-off concerts, though they never played outside of Ontario.

By the fall of 2006, Danner and Crawford had left the band. Blackwood and Richards decided to enter the studio and record an EP with their friend David Palmer (formerly of The Stickup). They released the Living EP in early 2007 as a free download on the band's website. Following its release, Jake Parsonson (formerly of Madrid is Burning) joined as the full-time drummer and Chuck Leach (formerly of Jude the Obscure and At the Mercy of Inspiration) joined as the permanent bassist.

The band began touring around the country and venturing into the United States in support of Living. They also began to receive some radio and video play of “Waiting Room” on MuchMusic. The band's song "Piss Test" was used in a West49 television commercial. The success of Living led the radio station 102.1 The Edge (CFNY-FM) to present the band with the Young Jedi Up and Coming Band award at its inaugural Punk-o-Rama FU Awards.

The band hit the studio again to record 2 demo songs to pitch to labels. Following an article in Alternative Press, the band was approached by Canadian record label Underground Operations, which signed them in September 2008. Their second EP, Let's Start A Riot, was released October 28, 2008. A video was released for the title song; the video for "Sleep So Sound" gained the band even more street credit, and the song was nominated for an FU Award for Song of the Year.

In 2009, Leach left the band and was replaced by bassist Justin Zoltek. The Artist Life toured Canada with Stereos and The Midway State, played the Cutting Edge Music Festival and a stretch of dates with The Snips and Brights to coincide with the digital release of Let’s Start A Campfire, the acoustic counterpart to Let's Start A Riot.

In 2011, the band released the LP "Impossible". They performed "Steel City" on ExploreMusic and released a video for the song "Find You". They played shows in southern Ontario.

On its website (now gone), the band announced its breakup on February 1, 2012.

Discography

References

External links
 Recipe of the week: The Artist Life - Interview from TorontoMusicScene.ca
 SceneFest Interview : Fazer Magazine Interview with Ian Blackwood

Musical groups established in 2005
Musical groups disestablished in 2012
Musical groups from Toronto
Canadian pop punk groups
2005 establishments in Ontario
2012 disestablishments in Ontario


Peter Pezzelli (born January 28, 1959) is an author from Narragansett, Rhode Island, who has written five novels.

Biography
Peter Pezzelli was born and raised in Rhode Island, Peter Pezzelli grew up in the town of North Providence. A graduate of La Salle Academy, he completed a year of prep school at Phillips Academy Andover before attending Wesleyan University where he earned a bachelor's degree in English.

After college, Pezzelli traveled for several weeks in Italy before coming home to begin training to be an administrator in his family's nursing home business. He did not begin dabbling on the side with a writing career until later in his twenties when his girlfriend (and future wife) bought him an electric typewriter for his birthday. Not long after, while laid up recovering from knee surgery necessitated by a series of unfortunate rugby injuries, he decided to pass the time by writing short stories. He later enrolled in some creative writing workshops at Brown University and eventually began in his spare time to submit freelance articles to Rhode Island Monthly and other local magazines and newspapers.

In time Pezzelli decided to put aside short stories and freelance writing, and try his hand at writing a novel. He wrote several before finally penning Home To Italy. Published by Kensington Books in 2004, the story earned acclaim as a Book Sense "Pick" in September of that year and later as a "First Novel of Distinction".

Pezzelli's novels, all set primarily in Rhode Island or Italy, have been translated worldwide into over a dozen languages. His stories of life, love, friendship, and family have been featured in Reader's Digest Select Editions, Doubleday Book Club, and are favorites of library book clubs around the U.S.

Books
Home to Italy (2004)
Every Sunday (2005)
Francesca's Kitchen (2006)
Italian Lessons (2007)
Villa Mirabella (2010)
The Glassblower's Apprentice (2013)

See also
Famous people from Rhode Island

References

Wesleyan University alumni
Living people
1959 births
Novelists from Rhode Island
People from Providence County, Rhode Island
Writers from Providence, Rhode Island
21st-century American novelists
21st-century American male writers
American male novelists
People from Narragansett, Rhode Island