Peter Bishop is a fictional character of the Fox television series Fringe. He is portrayed by Joshua Jackson.

Fictional character biography
Peter Bishop was born on September 18, 1978, in the alternate universe, to parents Walter Bishop, also known as "Walternate," and his wife Elizabeth Bishop. In 1985, Peter acquired an extremely rare and savage genetic disease.  His father, a brilliant scientist (in both universes), worked around-the-clock to save him.

Revealed in the episode "Peter," the Walter Bishop of the prime-universe watched his own son, the prime-universe version of Peter, die because of the same disease.  He would frequently watch the other Peter living in the alternate universe via a "trans-dimensional window," which could allow someone to view the Other Side.  Eventually, Walter formulated a compound and opened a doorway into the other universe, with the intentions of saving the other Peter from death.  However, the vial containing the compound shattered on his way over to the Other Side, so he was forced to kidnap Peter, bring him over to the prime-universe, cure him, and then return him.  But, after curing Peter on our side, he and his wife could not find themselves able to return him, so they raised him as their own.

Though at first resistant to this, Peter later grew up oblivious to Walter's deception, apparently forgetting it happened.  He repeatedly told Olivia Dunham that he was never fond of his father, and even recalled times when Walter experimented on him.  It is implied that Walter did this to see how Peter's body reacted to moving between universes.  In 1991, Walter's lab assistant, Dr. Carla Warren, was killed in a fire in his lab, and Walter was locked away inside St. Claire's Mental Institution.  Peter later admits to have never visited Walter, and continued to grow up despising his father.  His hatred towards Walter grew to the point that Peter took books belonging to Robert Bishop, Walter's father, and sold them for money, an action that affected Walter greatly when he discovered this in 2009.

Even with his genius I.Q. level of 190, and fluency in English, Arabic, Persian, Latin, Greek, Cantonese, Russian, and Spanish, Peter became a college drop-out with gambling debts, a jack-of-all-trades, and a master con artist. He falsified a chemistry degree from MIT and managed to publish a few papers before his con was discovered. The only time he spoke to his father during Walter's initial 17-year stay inside St. Claire's was when Walter phoned to tell him that Elizabeth had died in a car crash, though Peter later discovered that she actually committed suicide because of the guilt she carried from keeping him in this universe ("The Man From The Other Side.") Additionally, Peter has trouble with the mafia because he owes an undisclosed amount of money to "Big Eddie," a crime lord who had been hunting him for some time.

Season one
Peter was first seen setting up a business deal in Baghdad, Iraq, when he was blackmailed by Olivia Dunham to gain access to his father. Peter releases Walter from St. Claire's so he can develop a cure for Olivia's lover, John Scott, though John is discovered to be a traitor (it is revealed in episode 1x13, "The Transformation," that John was actually an undercover agent working with the National Security Agency, and his love for Olivia was real).

For the majority of the early episodes, Peter despises working with his father, and in episode 1x04, "The Arrival," he prepares to leave Boston for good. But, he comes in contact with The Observer known as "September," who appears to read Peter's mind. Following this incident, Peter realizes that "The Pattern" does actually exist, and vows to remain in Boston until he discovers the truth, becoming a civilian consultant for  U.S. Department of Homeland Security, in the area of fringe science.

By the culmination of season one, Peter and Walter appear to have completely reconciled. Peter even builds his father a device that could repair his water-damaged records, in episode 1x19, "The Road Not Taken."  By the first season finale, "There's More Than One of Everything," Walter reveals to Peter the existence of the alternate universe, without telling him that is where he was born. Peter plays a key role in stopping  David Robert Jones from opening a door to the Other Side, to kill William Bell, by closing the hole shut while Jones' body is only halfway through, slicing him in half. By this time, Walter begins leaving Peter notes explaining where he has run off to, making Peter remark to Astrid Farnsworth, "our little boy has grown up," solidifying his newfound love for his father.

Season two
In the beginning of season two, "A New Day in the Old Town," Olivia returns to the prime-universe after a visit to William Bell in the other dimension. She is gravely wounded on her way back and not expected to survive. A devastated Peter goes to say goodbye before she is taken off life-support, and after he kisses her forehead, Olivia awakens from her coma and cryptically tells Peter, "na eínai kalýtero ánthropo apó ton patéra sou (tou)," Greek for "be a better man than your father." Olivia does not remember saying this, or her experience on the Other Side, but this phrase deeply  affects Peter, who explains that his mother used to say it to him every night before he went to bed. By episode 2x04, "Momentum Deferred," Olivia remembers meeting Bell in the other dimension, and learning of an impending war between both universes, and that an army of "shape-shifters" from the other side is working undercover in the prime-universe.

Peter and Walter's reconciliation reaches its peak in episode 2x10, "Grey Matters". Thomas Jerome Newton, the leader of the shape-shifters, kidnaps Walter and forces him to reveal how he opened an inter-dimensional doorway in 1985. Peter risks everything to rescue Walter and is horrified at the thought of seeing him die. In the episode "Jacksonville", Walter reactivates Olivia's Cortexiphan abilities, allowing her to identify objects from the Other Side because of a distinctive "glimmer" they display.  When she looks at Peter, he projects a "glimmer", making Olivia realize he came from the Other Side. Olivia promises Walter that she will not tell Peter the truth, feeling that some secrets are far too damaging to be revealed.

In the episode "The Man from the Other Side", Walter decides he has to tell Peter the truth, but, as he is about to explain, they are called in to investigate a case.  They discover that Newton is attempting to bring something—or someone—from the other universe into our world. The sonic vibrations released from Newton's device would inevitably kill anyone from this universe. When Peter shuts down the device and only sustains a concussion, he discovers his true origins. While receiving treatment in the hospital, he confronts Walter and blames him for his adopted mother's suicide. At the end of the episode, Olivia notifies Walter that Peter has checked out of the hospital and is on the run to resume his isolated and nomadic pre-Fringe life. Despite attempts to track him down, Olivia is unable to locate him.

Peter travels to Washington state where he works with local police to solve a series of murders. He believes that Newton is responsible, but is proved wrong. However, Peter later finds Newton in his motel room, and is held at gunpoint. With Peter subdued, Newton calls out to "Mr. Secretary" (the man he pulled over from the Other Side), who is revealed to be his biological father, Walter (Walternate), from the other universe.

Peter agrees to accompany his biological father to his home universe, which is captured on security cameras and sent to Olivia and Walter, who are devastated by the loss. On the other side, Peter lies comatose for three days to acclimate to his old world and reunites with his biological mother. Later, Peter reviews schematics of a machine (called the "Wave Sink" Device), which could heal his home universe, that requires his help for operation, but he later learns from Olivia, who has crossed over with Walter to find him, that his biological father intends to use the machine to destroy his adopted world. The Observers anticipated this outcome and warned Walter years ago that Peter should not return home. After Peter's return to his home world, September gave Olivia a drawing of Peter in the machine with energy emanating from his eyes. In an effort to save his life and the Prime-Universe, Olivia confesses her love for Peter, and they kiss. With this new information, Peter voluntarily returns to his adopted world with his adopted father, unknowingly bringing the parallel-universe version of Olivia, while the Olivia from the Prime-Universe is held captive in the other side by Walternate.

Season three
After returning to his universe, Peter finds it difficult being able to accept Walter's reasons for kidnapping him. In 3x02, "The Box", Peter helps thwart a terrorist attack on a Boston train station; he discovers that the ultrasonic device used for the attack is part of the weapon Walternate showed him, making him realize there are pieces of it in this universe as well.

Peter also becomes romantically interested in "Fauxlivia" (the alternate Olivia), unaware that she is an impostor sent to manipulate him and Walter. Later in Season 3 in the episode "Entrada", Peter discovers the truth as prime-Olivia informs him of being trapped in the alternate Universe. After the prime universe Olivia returns, she tells Peter that her hopes of reuniting with him helped her to survive and come back, leaving Peter in a tricky situation regarding his feelings for Olivia. "Fauxlivia" returns to her home universe and finds herself six weeks pregnant, Walternate welcomes the news and offers his full support, though it seems he has an ulterior plans for the pregnancy and baby. Peter is unaware of the pregnancy or Walternate's plans.

In the episode "Marionette", prime-Olivia struggles with the thought that the man she loved could not realize Fauxlivia was an impostor.  She angrily declares that she does not want to be with Peter anymore, claiming "she's [Fauxlivia] taken everything".

In the episode "6B" Peter and Olivia try to fix their relationship, but when they share a kiss, Olivia begins to see him glimmer and realizes she is afraid (as this ability is present when she is in a state of fear). She talks to him about it outside the bar opposite the apartment block they are investigating when she sees that the glow of the alternate universe can be seen emanating from the window of apartment 6B. Once the case is resolved, Olivia unexpectedly shows up at the Bishop's house with some whiskey to celebrate another catastrophe averted, talks to Peter, and tells him she wants to know how 'beautiful' she and Peter can be. This was in reference to his statement that any lingering thoughts he had of Fauxlivia were because he spent so much time dreaming of what it would be like to be in a relationship with Olivia and that it was, indeed, a beautiful thing. The two kiss and Olivia leads Peter upstairs, presumably to consummate their relationship.

In "The Firefly," September and The Observers resurface, hoping to correct a mistake he made 25 years prior. In the ensuing chase between them, Peter corners September on a rooftop and asks what will happen to him, if the "doomsday machine" will in fact destroy both him and this universe. However, September only cryptically states, "it must be difficult, being a father," before shooting him with his "air gun," knocking him unconscious. At the end of the episode, September and another Observer, December, watch the Bishop house, and reveal the reason why they orchestrated the day's events—to see if Walter is finally able to let Peter die, which he apparently is.  "And, now we know," September remarks, "when the time comes, he will be willing to do it again".

In the episode "Bloodline" Peter's son is born to Fauxlivia, unknown to Peter.

Much of Peter's story arc throughout the third season revolves around the doomsday device.  Peter and the science team discovered that our side had another weapon, with the pieces scattered all over the world, which was originally constructed by "The First People," the first human species on Earth. They realize that Fauxlivia's mission on our side was to locate the pieces of the machine, as Walternate's device on the other side was flawed and missing components. In "Reciprocity," the science team visits a Massive Dynamic bunker, where they have been constructing the machine.  When Peter approaches it, the machine is triggered, and his nose begins to bleed.  Following this, Peter decides to start killing all the remaining shapeshifters whose identities are on Fauxlivia's computer. When Walter finds out, he is worried the machine has begun to change Peter, "weaponizing" him.

In "6:02 AM EST," Walternate activates the weapon on his side, using the DNA of Peter and Fauxlivia's baby, Henry Dunham. Through quantum entanglement, the weapon on this side is also activated, and, according to Sam Weiss, becomes "frustrated," after Peter attempts to enter it in an effort to prevent the destruction of this universe.  Using Olivia's telekinetic powers, the weapon's protective force field is dropped, and Peter manipulates it, in 3x21, "The Last Sam Weiss." Whilst inside the machine, Peter's consciousness is propelled 15 years through time, arriving in 2026, outside the completed One World Trade Center.

In "The Day We Died," the season three finale set in 2026, Peter, 47 years old and a leading member of a more militarized Fringe Division, is married to Olivia, who has taken Broyles' place as commanding officer. In this future, after Peter entered the machine, he destroyed the Other Side. However, both universes were inextricably linked, and by destroying one, it would only be a matter of time before the side remaining would also cease to exist.

After seeing Olivia dead after Walternate (who had escaped to our side before his world's destruction) killed her, he becomes depressed and an alcoholic. Walter creates a plan to bring Peter's mind from 2011 into his 2026 body, where he would witness the end of days, before returning him, with the hopes that the younger Peter would make a different choice, than destroying the Other Side, thus creating the "First People" mythos.

After the Peter from 2011 experiences life in 2026, he returns to 2011, and uses the machine to create a "bridge" between both worlds, where both Walters, and both Olivias, can hopefully forget their differences to save the multiverse. However, before he can fully explain their mission, Peter mysteriously disappears, and both sides forget about him entirely, but remain dedicated to saving their worlds. A conversation between September and December reveals they forgot about Peter because he "never existed," as he "fulfilled his purpose."

Season four
Because of Peter's "erasure" from existence, a new timeline develops, which while very similar to the original one, contains slight differences. Just as happened in the original timeline, Walter was locked away in St. Claire's Mental Hospital for seventeen years, until Olivia Dunham had him released in order to help her partner and lover John Scott. However, without Peter there, they were unable to save John's life. The Fringe Division of the prime-universe is still formed after this, but the characters all have subtle personality differences. Also, other events which Peter only had a slight hand in are erased entirely, such as the prime-universe version of Lincoln Lee's first meeting with the Fringe Division.

Olivia lives with the constant feeling that something is missing from her life, and joined Fringe Division because she believed it would help her find answers. As a result of this, she has a much colder personality, and maintains an openly hostile relationship with double, Fauxlivia. She also managed to kill her stepfather (whereas in the original timeline she only wounded him), and was adopted by Nina Sharp, who continues to be a maternal figure in her life.

Without Peter's presence, Walter has even less of a grip of reality, becoming agoraphobic, afraid to leave the lab, hypersensitive to germs that may or may not be there, and prone to destructive "episodes." In order to cope with this, he has Astrid examine crime scenes while wearing an ear-mounted microphone and video camera, while he watches. He also sets up a bed in the lab, with an FBI agent stationed outside whenever he sleeps. Olivia appears to have a calming effect on him, and their relationship is more gentle and crutch-like than in the original timeline.

In "Neither Here Nor There," September the Observer is instructed by his superior to erase all memories of Peter that still remain despite the timeline's change. While September constructs the necessary device, brief apparitions of Peter begin appearing to his former colleagues. However, they are so brief that most do not notice, with the exception of Walter, who becomes so terrified that he hides in his sensory deprivation tank. His colleagues do not believe him due to his fragile mental state. Once the device is constructed however, September decides not to activate it, and Walter sees a reflection of Peter in the screen of his television, causing him to panic. The "hallucinations" continue, and become auditory, with Peter pleading with Walter to help him. This pushes Walter to the brink, and Olivia finds him about to lobotomize himself as a result. It is at that point revealed that she has dreams of Peter, and the two agree to try to find him, though they don't know who he is or why he is appearing to them.

The situation comes to a head when a strange force appears to Olivia several times. They first think that it's another Cortexiphan child, but at the end of the episode, it is revealed to be Peter. He resurfaces (quite literally) in Reiden Lake, and is taken to the hospital, where, much to the confusion of the Fringe Division, he asks for Olivia and Walter, and reveals knowledge that no citizen should know.

After revealing his knowledge of the technology the new breed of shapeshifters are using, he is brought into the Fringe Division under heavy supervision. His presence is emotionally painful to Walter, who reveals that, in this timeline, Peter died when the ice broke after they crossed over from the other universe. While he seems to believe Peter's claims, he doesn't consider himself worthy of having his son returned. Though he briefly expresses joy and wonder at seeing Peter, he quickly states that he doesn't deserve it, and that Peter was never Walter's son, leaving Peter frustrated and heartbroken. His presence also confuses Olivia, who treats him as a stranger. However, time paradoxes have begun to form, apparently as a consequence of his return. After fixing the time paradoxes, Peter concludes that this timeline is not "his," not the one he knows with the people he knows, and he wants to go to the machine again, certain that it will take him back to "his own" timeline.

Lincoln Lee later asks him if he had a relationship in the original timeline with Olivia, as Lee wishes to pursue Olivia romantically, but does not want to insult Peter if he already has a relationship with her. Peter reassures him that "She's not (his) Olivia" and therefore he has no objection to Lee pursuing her. He even purchases Lee a new pair of glasses more stylish than his current one, in order to help him.

After making numerous requests, he is continually denied access to the machine and becomes increasingly desperate to return home. He confronts Walter and demands his help, but Walter emphatically refuses, as the previous time he tried to save a version of Peter, his wife committed suicide, and he lost his career and sanity. Out of options, Peter concludes that his best hope is Walternate. However, he is denied access to the newly created "bridge," but Olivia and Lincoln offer to help him cross over using Walter's portal, which in the new timeline was recovered by Massive Dynamic after it sank to the bottom of Reiden Lake after Walter originally crossed over. Olivia and Lincoln desire his help to gather intelligence on the alternate universe, especially regarding a new and dangerous form of human-shapeshifters, which they believe are under the direction of Walternate. Peter refuses, as he believes he is neutral in the conflict and helping them would make Walternate less likely to help him.

After crossing over, Lincoln and Peter make a failed attempt to gain access to Walternate and are captured by the alternate Fringe Division. However, en route to being interrogated, their driver receives a mysterious call and kills his fellow officer and attempts to frame them for the crime and execute them. However, they are able to overpower and kill him, with Lee leading the pursuing Fringe Division off on a chase as a diversion so Peter can escape. He visits his mother Elizabeth Bishop, and after convincing her of his identity, gains access to Walternate.

Walternate reveals that he has been aware of Peter's reappearance in the timeline as he has been monitoring the intelligence feeds from the Prime Universe. Peter accuses him of creating the new shapeshifters and asks for his help in returning home. Walternate summons his lead scientist Brandon and asks him for confirmation that Walternate created them. Brandon denies it and Walternate unexpectedly shocks him unconscious with a special device, revealing him as a shapeshifter. He explains to Peter that the shapeshifters have infiltrated his government, and that he has no reliable way of detecting them, as the device he used on Brandon is fatal to humans. He also reveals that he had nothing to do with the Fringe agent who attempted to kill Peter and Lincoln. He asks for Peter's help in assuring the Prime Universe that he is not responsible for the new shapeshifters and asking for their help, as he believes that Peter's neutrality in the conflict makes him trustworthy. He promises Peter that he will help him return home in return for his help dealing with the threat.

After Olivia begins having memories of Peter, he believes that he is psychically controlling her to become his Olivia, as she is susceptible to thoughts due to her Cortexiphan powers. He leaves her, saying it is for the best. However, after a meeting with September in which he learns that he is in his timeline after all, he joins her again and their relationship is rekindled.

Personality
Peter has been described as a "sort of jack of all trades", and also as a "brilliant person" who possesses "a lot of his father's innate intelligence". He is often the first person to note how insane the proposed experiments sound and tries to find logical explanations often where there are none. When he is first introduced, Peter is callous and cold to Olivia, showing little concern for Agent Scott, but he grows to become more sympathetic as details of his unhappy and often traumatic childhood are revealed. He often maintains a sardonic, cynical demeanor, but has proven time and time again to have a heart of gold. In addition, he has become far more enthusiastic about the work Fringe Division does, and his thought process has realigned itself to suit that.

Relationships
Prior to the pilot, Peter did not have a close relationship with his father, Walter. As a result, Peter grew up turning his back on science, the career field of his father. While the relationship has had many ups and downs, Peter has grown to trust and admire Walter, and consider him to be his  father.

In the prime timeline, Peter was in love with Olivia, but was unaware that he fathered a child with Fauxlivia, whom she named Henry, in the alternate universe. Subsequently, at the end of season 3, when Peter is removed from the timeline as though he had never existed beyond childhood, Henry, too, ceases to exist.

In the alternate timeline, Peter married Olivia and had a daughter, Henrietta "Etta" (female version of "Henry"). After being taken by the observers when they invaded and reunited after 21 years, she was killed by Captain Windmark in "The Bullet That Saved the World". However, after Walter created a new timeline erasing The Observers from the future Peter, Olivia and Etta seemingly live happily ever after.

References

External links
 Peter Bishop at the Internet Movie Database

Fringe (TV series) characters
Fictional characters from parallel universes
Fictional consultants
Fictional scientists
Television characters introduced in 2008


Plagiorchiida is a large order of trematodes, synonymous to Echinostomida. They belong to the Digenea, a large subclass of flukes. This order contains relatively few significant parasites of humans.

The following families are placed here, organised by superfamily and suborder:

 Apocreadiata
 Apocreadioidea Skrjabin, 1942
 Apocreadiidae Skrjabin, 1942
 Bivesiculata
 Bivesiculoidea
 Bivesiculidae Yamaguti, 1934
 Bucephalata
 Bucephaloidea Poche, 1907
 Bucephalidae Poche, 1907
 Nuitrematidae Kurochkin, 1975
 Echinostomata
 Echinostomatoidea Looss, 1902
 Caballerotrematidae Tkach, Kudlai & Kostadinova, 2016
 Calycodidae Dollfus, 1929
 Cyclocoelidae Stossich, 1902
 Echinochasmidae Odhner, 1910
 Echinostomatidae Looss, 1899
 Fasciolidae Railliet, 1895
 Himasthlidae Odhner, 1910
 Philophthalmidae Looss, 1899
 Psilostomidae Looss, 1900
 Rhytidodidae Odhner, 1926
 Typhlocoelidae Harrah, 1922
 Gymnophallata
 Gymnophalloidea Odhner, 1905
 Botulisaccidae Yamaguti, 1971
 Fellodistomidae Nicoll, 1909
 Gymnophallidae Odhner, 1905
 Tandanicolidae Johnston, 1927
 Haploporata
 Haploporoidea Nicoll, 1914
 Atractotrematidae Yamaguti, 1939
 Haploporidae Nicoll, 1914
 Haplosplanchnata
 Haplosplanchnoidea Poche, 1925
 Haplosplanchnidae Poche, 1926
 Hemiurata
 Azygioidea Lühe, 1909
 Azygiidae Lühe, 1909
 Hemiuroidea Looss, 1899
 Accacoeliidae Odhner, 1911
 Bathycotylidae Dollfus, 1932
 Derogenidae Nicoll, 1910
 Dictysarcidae Skrjabin & Guschanskaja, 1955
 Didymozoidae Monticelli, 1888
 Gonocercidae Skrjabin & Guschanskaja, 1955
 Hemiuridae Looss, 1899
 Hirudinellidae Dollfus, 1932
 Isoparorchiidae Travassos, 1922
 Lecithasteridae Odhner, 1905
 Ptychogonimidae Dollfus, 1937
 Sclerodistomidae Odhner, 1927
 Sclerodistomoididae Gibson & Bray, 1979
 Syncoeliidae Looss, 1899
 Heronimata
 Heronimoidea Ward, 1918
 Heronimidae Ward, 1918
 Lepocreadiata
 Lepocreadioidea Odhner, 1905
 Aephnidiogenidae Yamaguti, 1934
 Deropristidae Cable & Hunninen, 1942
 Enenteridae Yamaguti, 1958
 Gorgocephalidae Manter, 1966
 Gyliauchenidae Fukui, 1929
 Lepidapedidae Yamaguti, 1958
 Lepocreadiidae Odhner, 1905
 Lepocreadioidea incertae sedis
 Liliatrematidae Gubanov, 1953
 Monorchiata
 Monorchioidea Odhner, 1911
 Lissorchiidae Magath, 1917
 Monorchiidae Odhner, 1911
 Opisthorchiata
 Opisthorchioidea Braun, 1901
Cryptogonimidae Ward, 1917
Heterophyidae Leiper, 1909
Opisthorchiidae Looss, 1899
 Pronocephalata
 Paramphistomoidea Fischoeder, 1901
 Cladorchiidae Fischoeder, 1901
 Mesometridae Poche, 1926
 Microscaphidiidae Looss, 1900
 Paramphistomidae Fischoeder, 1901
 Pronocephaloidea Looss, 1899
 Labicolidae Blair, 1979
 Notocotylidae Lühe, 1909
 Nudacotylidae Barker, 1916
 Opisthotrematidae Poche, 1926
 Pronocephalidae Looss, 1899
 Rhabdiopoeidae Poche, 1926
 Transversotremata
 Transversotrematoidea Witenberg, 1944
 Transversotrematidae Witenberg, 1944
 Xiphidiata
 Brachycladioidea Odhner, 1905
 Acanthocolpidae Lühe, 1906
 Brachycladiidae Odhner, 1905
 Gorgoderoidea Looss, 1901
 Allocreadiidae Looss, 1902
 Anchitrematidae Mehra, 1935
 Braunotrematidae Yamaguti, 1958
 Callodistomidae Odhner, 1910
 Dicrocoeliidae Looss, 1899
 Gorgoderidae Looss, 1899
 Mesocoeliidae Faust, 1924
 Orchipedidae Skrjabin, 1913
 Microphalloidea Ward, 1901
 Diplangidae Yamaguti, 1971
 Exotidendriidae Mehra, 1935
 Faustulidae Poche, 1926
 Microphallidae Ward, 1901
 Pachypsolidae Yamaguti, 1958
 Phaneropsolidae Mehra, 1935
 Pleurogenidae Looss, 1899
 Prosthogonimidae Lühe, 1909
 Renicolidae Dollfus, 1939
 Zoogonidae Odhner, 1902
 Opecoelioidea Ozaki, 1925
 Batrachotrematidae Dollfus & Williams, 1966
 Opecoelidae Ozaki, 1925
 Zdzitowieckitrema Sokolov, Lebedeva, Gordeev & Khasanov, 2019
 Plagiorchioidea Lühe, 1901
 Auridistomidae Lühe, 1901
 Brachycoeliidae Looss, 1899
 Cephalogonimidae Looss, 1899
 Choanocotylidae Jue Sue & Platt, 1998
 Echinoporidae Krasnolobova & Timofeeva, 1965
 Encyclometridae Mehra, 1931
 Leptophallidae Dayal, 1938
 Macroderoididae McMullen, 1937
 Meristocotylidae Fischthal & Kuntz, 1981
 Ocadiatrematidae Fischthal & Kuntz, 1981
 Orientocreadiidae Yamaguti, 1958
 Plagiorchiidae Lühe, 1901
 Styphlotrematidae Baer, 1924
 Telorchiidae Looss, 1899
 Thrinascotrematidae Jue Sue & Platt, 1999
 Urotrematidae Poche, 1926
 Troglotremata
 Troglotrematoidea Odhner, 1914
 Paragonimidae Dollfus, 1939
 Troglotrematidae Odhner, 1914

References

Platyhelminthes orders


Michael Braverman Goodman Froman (born August 20, 1962) is an American lawyer who is the current president of the Council on Foreign Relations. Froman served as the U.S. Trade Representative from 2013 to 2017. He was Assistant to the President of the United States and Deputy National Security Advisor for International Economic Affairs, a position held jointly at the National Security Council and the National Economic Council. In that position he served as the United States sherpa to the G7, G8, and G20 summits of economic powers. On May 2, 2013, President Barack Obama nominated him to succeed Ambassador Ron Kirk as the U.S. Trade Representative.  He was confirmed on June 19, 2013.

Early life and education

Froman grew up in a Jewish family in San Rafael and graduated from the Branson School. As a teen, Froman was active in the B'nai B'rith Youth Organization, serving as the 56th International President in 1980. He later spoke at the BBYO International Convention in Washington, D.C., in February 2013. Froman received an A.B. in Public and International Affairs from the Woodrow Wilson School of Princeton University with a senior thesis entitled Negotiating from Strength: The Principle of Power in US-Soviet Arms Control in 1985, a DPhil in International Relations entitled The development of the idea of detente in American political discourse, 1952-1985, supervised by Sir Michael Howard, from St Antony's College, Oxford, in 1988 and a J.D. from Harvard Law School where he was a classmate of Barack Obama, and also where he was an associate of Obama on the Harvard Law Review.

Career
Froman served as liaison of the American Bar Association's Central and East European Law Initiative (CEELI) legal assistance program in Albania. He was also a member of the Forward Studies Unit of the European Commission in Brussels.

Between January 1993 and December 1995, Froman was Deputy National Security Advisor for International Economic Affairs on the United States National Economic Council, a position held jointly at the National Security Council and the National Economic Council.
He was Deputy Assistant Secretary for Eurasia and the Middle East, where his work was related to economic policy towards the former Soviet Union, Central and Eastern Europe, as well as economic components of the Dayton Accords. He was a Senior Fellow at the Council of Foreign Relations and a Resident Fellow at the German Marshall Fund.

Froman spent much of his career within the United States Department of the Treasury where he rose to Chief of Staff under Robert Rubin in January 1997 and served until July 1999.

After the end of the Clinton administration in 2001, Froman followed Robert Rubin from the Treasury Department to Citigroup. He was President and Chief Executive Officer of CitiInsurance and head of Emerging Markets Strategy at Citigroup, managing infrastructure and sustainable development investments. He received more than $7.4 million from January 2008 to 2009 alone.

Froman and Obama were not in touch after their time at Harvard until Obama's 2004 Senate campaign, when Froman volunteered to advise Obama on policy; he introduced Obama to Robert Rubin.
In 2008 Froman served on a 12-member advisory board of the Obama campaign's transition team, and joined the White House for a second run in 2009. He went back to the position he held during the Clinton years, as deputy assistant to the president and deputy national security adviser for international economic affairs, at the National Security Council and the National Economic Council until 2013.

On May 2, 2013, Froman was nominated to serve as U.S. Trade Representative. Financial documents provided to the Senate Finance Committee showed he had nearly $500,000 in an offshore fund at Ugland House on the Cayman Islands, which Obama had once described as "the biggest tax scam in the world."
In 2013 congressional testimony, Rep. Kevin Brady, Republican from Texas, criticized the EU low carbon fuel standard, where oil from tar-sands is classified by itself due to its higher carbon polluting impact compared to regular oil as a "discriminatory, environmentally unjustified" trade barrier, to which Froman responded, "I share your concerns," followed by a description of his work to "press the Commission to take the views of . . .  U.S. refiners under consideration." Froman's role as in the drafting of classified trade deals (made public by WikiLeaks) is under scrutiny by lawyers and politicians alike.
The U.S. Senate confirmed Froman in a 93-4 vote on June 19, 2013. One of the four dissenting senators was Massachusetts Democrat Elizabeth Warren, who faulted Froman for "refusing to commit to [...] standards of transparency in trade talks set by the George W. Bush administration". Environmental groups have criticized Froman for negotiating the Trans Pacific Partnership trade agreement in secret and that he "took care of his friends on Wall Street and in corporate board rooms at the expense of sound environmental and climate policy."

From 2013-2017, Froman served as the lead negotiator on the U.S. side for a bilateral investment treaty with China. The negotiations had been on-going since 2008. On taking office, the Trump administration stopped negotiations. According to Froman, the effort to reach an agreement was "more than 90 percent complete."

In 2017, Froman joined the Council on Foreign Relations as a distinguished fellow in the Washington, D.C., office.

In April 2018, he was hired by Mastercard Inc as Vice Chairman and President for Strategic Growth.

In September 2018, he became a director of The Walt Disney Company.

Since 2019, he has also been serving on the Transatlantic Task Force of the German Marshall Fund and the Bundeskanzler-Helmut-Schmidt-Stiftung (BKHS), co-chaired by Karen Donfried and Wolfgang Ischinger.

In March 2023, he was chosen as the new president of the Council on Foreign Relations, succeeding Richard N. Haass, who led the organization for two decades.

Personal
Froman lives in Washington, D.C., with his wife, Nancy Goodman. They have one son, Benjamin, and one daughter, Sarah. His older son, Jacob, died in 2009 at age ten from a medulloblastoma, a rare form of pediatric brain cancer.

References

External links

1962 births
Alumni of St Antony's College, Oxford
Citigroup people
Clinton administration personnel
New York (state) Democrats
Harvard Law School alumni
Jewish American members of the Cabinet of the United States
Living people
Obama administration personnel
People from San Rafael, California
Princeton School of Public and International Affairs alumni
United States Department of the Treasury officials
United States National Security Council staffers
United States Trade Representatives
Obama administration cabinet members
Presidents of the Council on Foreign Relations


The Moross House is a house located at 1460 East Jefferson Avenue in Detroit, Michigan. It is one of the oldest surviving brick house in the city; it was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1971 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.

History
The Moross House was built in 1840 by French brickmaker Christopher Moross; it was one of two homes built by him on the site. The Moross House is the oldest brick dwelling remaining in the city of Detroit. Ownership of the property changed hands several times, and included owner Colonel Freeman Norvell, son of US Senator John Norvell of Michigan. The Colonel fought at the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863, was a University of Michigan Regent, State Senator and co-owner of the Detroit Free Press. The Detroit Historical Commission purchased the property in the 1960s and completely restored the home from 1971 - 1973. The home was placed on the National Historic Register in 1972. The city of Detroit operated the home as the Moross House Museum and the Detroit Garden Center used the house and gardens for events, meetings, parties and sensational plantings. According to the University Michigan, the gardens contain the oldest, or second oldest, wisteria in the Midwest. In 2002 the city of Detroit sold the home and property to Mr. and Mr. Roland Scott. In April 2016, the Moross House and property was sold to LTD Limited, LLC, a Michigan Limited Liability Company owned by Linda K. Schinkel Rodney and her two sons Theodore M. Shinkle and N. Douglas Shinkle and Theodore individually. The home and property are currently the studio, showroom and gallery for Schinkel Fine Art, LLC, a fine art business representing the artworks of Mother/Son Artist Duo Linda Schinkel Rodney and Theodore M. Schinkel. The Artist Duo creates luminous dimensional 2D mixed media metal sculpture from their original artist process: etch, engrave, paint, and grind by hand, photography, media, print, and automotive finish, known as Metalagram®. LTD Limited is currently renovating the Moross House and gardens, now Detroit Secret Garden, to restore and bring back the Moross House legacy of inspiring the arts and serving the city of Detroit as an event and garden space. A 2020 launch is planned for Moross House events and accommodations rentals and more.

Description

The Moross House is a three-bay townhouse, built in a vernacular Federal style with Greek Revival details, including heavy stone lintels and sidelights and a transom surrounding the entrance. It stands two stories tall, built on a foundation of river limestone. The roof is parapeted with wood shingles, and a pair of chimneys bracket the roof. A single-story addition sits to the rear, and a second is on the side.

References

Houses in Detroit
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Michigan
Houses completed in 1848
Michigan State Historic Sites
National Register of Historic Places in Detroit
Federal architecture in Michigan


Percy Herbert may refer to:

 Percy Herbert (actor) (1920–1992), British film and television actor
 Percy Herbert (bishop) (1885–1968), English bishop
 Percy Herbert (cricketer) (1878-1958), English cricketer
 Percy Herbert, 2nd Baron Powis (1598–1667), English nobleman
 Percy Egerton Herbert (1822–1876), English politician


The First League of Armed Neutrality was an alliance of European naval powers between 1780 and 1783 which was intended to protect neutral shipping against the British Royal Navy's wartime policy of unlimited search of neutral shipping for French contraband during the American Revolutionary War and Anglo-French War. According to one estimate, 1 in 5 merchant vessels were searched by the Royal Navy under this policy. By September 1778, at least 59 ships had been taken prize – 8 Danish (and Norwegian), 16 Swedish and 35 Dutch, not mentioning others from Prussia. Protests were enormous by every side involved.

Beginnings
Empress Catherine II of Russia began the first League with her declaration of Russian armed neutrality on , during the War of American Independence. She endorsed the right of neutral countries to trade by sea with nationals of belligerent countries without hindrance, except in weapons and military supplies. Russia would not recognize blockades of whole coasts but only of individual ports and only if a belligerent's warship was actually present or nearby. The Russian navy dispatched three squadrons to the Mediterranean, Atlantic, and North Sea to enforce this decree.

Denmark-Norway and Sweden, which also ruled Finland, accepting Russia's proposals for an alliance of neutrals, adopted the same policy towards shipping, and the three countries signed bilateral agreements and then a tripartite convention forming the League in August 1780. The intention was to band their ships together in convoys and declare their cargoes not to be contraband although such a declaration would not be accepted by the British. Spain, at war with Britain, pledged to respect the League's neutrality, while Britain demurred. The Netherlands planned to join the League in January 1781, but Britain found out before the treaty could be signed and declared war after it had captured a ship bearing the American diplomat Henry Laurens on his way to Amsterdam to negotiate a loan for the Continental Congress. The Netherlands could not thus join a league of neutrals.

The league members remained otherwise out of the war but threatened joint retaliation for every ship of theirs searched by a belligerent. In 1781, Prussia, Austria and Portugal joined the League; in 1782 the Ottoman Empire joined; and in 1783 the Two Sicilies.

As the Royal Navy outnumbered all their fleets combined, the alliance as a military measure was what Catherine later called it, an "armed nullity". Diplomatically, however, it carried greater weight; France and the United States were quick to proclaim their adherence to the new principle of free neutral commerce. Britain, which did not, still had no wish to antagonise Russia and avoided interfering with the allies' shipping. While both sides of the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War tacitly understood it as an attempt to keep the Netherlands out of the League, Britain did not officially regard the alliance as hostile. Throughout the war, most of the naval stores of the Royal Navy continued to come from the Baltic Sea.

Endings
The League ceased to have any practical function after the Treaty of Paris (1783) ended the war.

It was followed in the Napoleonic Wars by the Second League of Armed Neutrality, which was far less successful and ended after the British victory at the Battle of Copenhagen.

See also
 Diplomacy in the American Revolutionary War

References

Further reading
 De Madariaga, Isabel. Britain, Russia, and the Armed Neutrality of 1780: Sir James Harris's Mission to St. Petersburg During the American Revolution(Yale UP, 1962).

External links
Russia's declaration of Armed Neutrality—from a Russian naval history

Organizations established in 1780
Organizations disestablished in 1783
18th-century military alliances
1780s in Denmark
1780s in Norway
1780s in France
1780s in the Dutch Republic
1780s in the Kingdom of Naples
1780s in Portugal
1780s in Sweden
American Revolutionary War
Politics of the Russian Empire
Military history of Prussia
Diplomacy during the American Revolutionary War
1780s in the Ottoman Empire
Treaties of the Russian Empire
Treaties of the Holy Roman Empire
Treaties of the Kingdom of Prussia
Treaties of the Dutch Republic
Treaties of the Kingdom of Portugal
Treaties of the Ottoman Empire
Treaties of the Kingdom of Sicily
Treaties of the Kingdom of Naples
Treaties of Denmark–Norway
Russian Empire–United States relations
Catherine the Great


Anti-flash gear, also known simply as flash gear, is basic personal protective equipment consisting of a fire-resistant hood and fire-resistant gloves, often made of Nomex.

The purpose of anti-flash gear is to provide protection to the head, neck, face and hands from short-duration flame exposure and heat.  This equipment is donned by shipboard navy personnel whenever a fire breaks out or during periods of heightened readiness.

History
Anti-flash gear was introduced in the Royal Navy following the Battle of Jutland, when a number of British warships had been destroyed or damaged by flash from burning cordite propellant passing through the shell handling room into the magazine. It was found that the anti-flash hoods and gloves were more effective if flame-proofed with borax or boric acid.

References

External links

Protective gear


The domestic policy of the Evo Morales administration refers to the domestic policy initiatives of the former President of Bolivia, including past pre-presidential advocacies by Morales.

Politics
Morales articulated the driving force behind MAS in the following terms:

He also stated:

Morales has argued for the establishment of a constituent assembly to transform the country. He also proposed the creation of a new hydrocarbon law to guarantee at least 50% of revenue to Bolivia, although MAS has also shown interest in complete nationalization of the gas and oil industries. Morales has taken a middle ground: supporting the nationalization of natural gas companies, but supporting foreign cooperation in the industry.

Morales has referred to the U.S.-driven Free Trade Area of the Americas as "an agreement to legalize the colonization of the Americas" and has supported the stated desire of Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez to form an "Axis of Good" between Bolivia, Cuba, and Venezuela, in contrast to the "Axis of Evil" comprising the United States and its allies.

In March 2006, President Evo Morales announced in Santa Cruz an increase in the minimum wage by 50%. As it is currently set at 440 bolivianos(45 euros) per month, it would then increase to 660 bolivianos (67 euros) per month. Morales had earlier stated that it should be increased by 100%. However, 6 out of 10 workers are part of the informal economy, thus limiting the impact of this increase.

Fulfilling a campaign promise, Morales opened on August 6, 2006, an assembly to begin writing a new constitution aimed at giving more power to the indigenous majority.

Education reform

Indigenous languages in schools
Morales supports a movement to teach indigenous languages such as Aymara, Quechua, and Guaraní which are spoken mainly in the rural areas of Bolivia. His government estimates that only 37% of the population speaks a native language that predates the introduction of Spanish in the 16th century. Morales's Education Ministry has declared the drive to increase this percentage as part of a broad effort "to decolonize the mindset and the Bolivian state." The program is seen as "emblematic of his government's indigenous-based social agenda". In 2006 Morales's Minister of Education and Culture, Felix Patzi, announced that he would be requiring all government employees to take indigenous language training. The Morales government's proposal to require all state schools to teach the languages has angered many urban Bolivians who see it as a move to replace Spanish. This is denied by the Morales government who point out that over half of Bolivians claim indigenous heritage and that it should not be shameful to speak an indigenous language outside of the home or local community. Patzi brought further controversy to the movement by calling Bolivians who can't speak an indigenous language "an embarrassment" and by issuing a letter stating that no school would be recognized unless they guaranteed indigenous language instruction in the 2007 academic year.

Reform of religious classes in state schools
In June 2005, Minister Felix Patzi brought organizational opposition against the Morales governments' ideas when he declared that "Catholicism would no longer be 'the official' religion taught at schools." After mass protests led by the Catholic hierarchy this proposal was shelved by Morales.

Aftermath

Morales, initially supportive of Patzi and his policies, faced with the opposition of the Catholic hierarchy dropped the proposal to change the religion classes in state schools. Morales also relaxed the language requirement, no longer requiring it to be obligatory in 2007. In late January 2007, Morales replaced several members of his cabinet, including Patzi whose suggestions had "got Morales in hot water with the Roman Catholic Church". The Bolivian media reported that this cabinet shuffle "reduced the number of ministers of indigenous descent, and incorporated more middle-class politicians from the radical left to his cabinet."

Economy

Nationalization of natural gas industry

In 2005, following popular protests and president Gonzalo Sánchez "Goni" de Lozada's resignation, Congress passed an energy law that added a 32% tax on production to an already-existing 18% royalty. It also required that companies renegotiate their contracts with the state.

As of May 1, 2006, President Morales signed a decree stating that all natural gas reserves were to be nationalized: "the state recovers ownership, possession and total and absolute control" of hydrocarbons (Bolivia has the second largest resources of natural gas in South America — 1.38 trillion cubic meters — after Venezuela). He thus put to some effect his electoral promises made during the various Gas Wars, declaring that "We are not a government of mere promises: We follow through on what we propose and what the people demand."

The announcement was timed to coincide with Worker's Day on May 1. Ordering the military and engineers of YPFB, the state firm, to occupy and secure energy installations, he gave foreign companies a six-month "transition period" to re-negotiate contracts, or face expulsion. Nevertheless, Morales stated that the nationalization would not take the form of expropriations or confiscations. Vice President Álvaro García said in La Paz's main plaza that the government's energy-related revenue will jump to $780 million in 2007, expanding nearly sixfold from 2002.

Among the 53 installations affected by the measure are those of Brazil's Petrobras, one of the largest foreign investors in Bolivia, which controls 14% of the country's gas reserves. Brazil's Energy Minister, Silas Rondeau, reacted by condemning the move as "unfriendly" and contrary to previous understandings between his country and Bolivia.

US Exxon Mobil Corporation, Petrobras, Spain's Repsol YPF, UK gas and oil producer BG Group Plc, and France's Total are the main gas companies present in the country. According to Reuters, "Bolivia's actions echo what Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez, possibly Morales' biggest ally, did in the world's fifth-largest oil exporter with forced contract migrations and retroactive tax hikes — conditions that major oil companies largely agreed to accept." YPFB will pay foreign companies for their services, offering about 50% of the value of production, although the decree indicated that companies exploiting the country's two largest gas fields would get just 18%.

Nationalization of smelter
On February 8, 2007, Morales announced that a metal processing plant outside of the city of Oruro owned by the Swiss mining company Glencore International AG would be nationalized. The plant processes tin, lead, and silver. Morales said that there had been "a lack of transparency in its financial dealings" and that corporations that abide by Bolivian law had nothing to fear. He said "Companies that respect Bolivian laws, that do not steal money from the Bolivian people, will be respected. But if the companies do not respect the laws, I have no other alternative than to recover those companies." Vinto was privatized by the Banzer government in 2000, when it was sold to London-based Allied Deals.  However, Allied Deals promptly went bankrupt and was unable to meet its commitments, forcing the government to liquidate the asset.  The liquidating entity Grant Thornton sold Vinto to Compañía Minera Colquiri, owned by Compañía Minera del Sur (51%) and Great Britain's Commonwealth Development Corporation (49%), in June 2002. Glencore purchased the plant from Comsur-CDC in 2004.

Coca

Background

Licit and illicit uses
Coca is the raw material for cocaine but is prized by many Bolivians (especially among those of Amero-Indian descent) for its traditional uses in medicines and herbal teas. Long before coca was used to make cocaine, the indigenous people of the Andean region, the Aymara and Quechua, chewed coca leaves as a dietary supplement, a means to ease pangs of hunger and thirst and an antidote for altitude sickness. Many Amero-Indians continue to view the plant as sacred. In modern Bolivia, coca leaves may be legally consumed and are most often prepared in teas like mate de coca. The legal sale and consumption of coca leaves are part of daily life for some groups of Bolivian peasants, especially those in mining and other fields of heavy labor. Noted celebrities who have consumed coca tea include Pope John Paul II and The Princess Royal. While a limited market exists for coca leaves, since the early 1990s the United States has put pressure on the Bolivian government to reduce the amount of coca leaves produced for refinement by the international drug trade.

Plan Dignidad
In 1995 at the height of coca production, one out of every eight Bolivians made a living from coca. The country was the world's third largest grower of coca after Peru and Colombia. In 1997, 458 square kilometres of land were being used to produce coca leaves, with only 120 km2 of that being grown for the licit market. In August 1997, with strong support of the US government, Bolivian President Hugo Banzer developed "Plan Dignidad" ("The Dignity Plan") to counter the "scourge" of drugs. The plan focused on eradication, interdiction (through lab destruction), efforts to counter money laundering, and implementation of social programs that countered and prevented drug addiction. The plan's heavy emphasis on plant eradication and noticeable lack of focus on trafficking organizations was noted by its critics at the time. The US Embassy in Bolivia defended the aggressive focus on crops, maintaining that Bolivia was devoid of significant trafficking organizations and claiming that the bulk of illegally exported coca went through small 'mom-and-pop' operations. This claim continues to be rejected by scholars of Bolivian society who say "Bolivia is very vulnerable to the influence of international trafficking organizations and that it is very likely that the participation of Bolivian entrepreneurs in the illegal business has increased." During the initial years of the operation area of coca production dropped. While in 1997 it had been 458 km2, by 1998 it was down to 380 km2; in 1999 it fell to 218 km2, and in 2000 it reached its lowest point at 146 km2. Since the 1990s, the US has been funding the Bolivian government's eradication program by an average of $150 million a year.

Opposition to eradication, rise of Morales
Critics of the aggressive focus on farmers and the program's lack of effort against traffickers argued against the claims that Bolivia's traffickers were only "mom-and-pop organizations". They pointed out the increase in prices offered to Peruvian coca farmers during 1998 as proof that international trafficking organizations were going to Peru to make up for the Bolivian shortfall caused by the program. They also pointed to the 1999 indictment for drug trafficking of Marino Diodato who was married to the niece of President Banzer, and was an Italian believed to have Mafia and Camorra ties. By 2001 coca planting in Bolivia moved outside of the traditional growing areas of Chapare and Yungas and the area in production began to climb ever since.

Along with an increase in worldwide coca production, the program contributed to a decline in the real standard of living of Chapare peasants leading to protests and violent social unrest (where both demonstrators and police were slain). The Bolivian government's use of the military in coca-growing regions during the unrest brought criticism from NGOs such as Human Rights Watch. Promises of alternative development for farmers stagnated because of worsening external economic conditions. These conditions caused social mobilization among coca farmers like Evo Morales who called for an end to forced eradication and other measures enacted with the intent of countering narcotics. From 2000 forward, the Bolivian government made several agreements with coca grower federations to end confrontations, but they failed to follow through on their promises causing further opposition to these governments. Morales rose to national attention by leading the political opposition to eradication and this position is a central reason for his election to the Bolivian Congress. His association with anti-eradication forces caused his expulsion from Congress in 2002 which led to his presidential campaign with its surprising showing that same year.

Morales coalition prevails
Pressures from the Morales-led coalition caused president Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada to stop forced eradication. To address some of his opponents concerns in 2003 he initially proposed allowing families to cultivate small plots of coca but in the face of strong pressure from the US Embassy he withdrew the idea. Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada resigned the presidency due to the Bolivian Gas War. When his successor Carlos Mesa was unable to stem the increasing conflict over distribution of wealth from fossil fuel production he also resigned. Morales's support from coca farmers was seen as a large reason for his victory to the open presidential office in the 2005 election.

On his way to vote during the 2005 election Morales carried a coca plant. After it was declared that he was the front runner in the election he called for a referendum on how the plant should be controlled. Countering US fears that he would ignore coca cultivation expressly done for narcotic purposes Morales said, "There won't be the free cultivation of the coca leaf." He also called on America to enter into an agreement with Bolivia to truly fight drug trafficking. He repeated his position calling for "zero cocaine production and zero drug trafficking, but not zero coca growing or zero cocaleros [coca growers]." He announced his government would study whether the amount of coca allowed for legal traditional consumption should be increased. At the time coca growing was legal on 29,000 acres (120 km2) of the Yungas valley with lesser area in the Chapare region.

Morales Presidency
In early 2006, soon after taking office, Morales traveled to the tropical region of Chapare and met with a crowd of 20,000 consisting mainly cocaleros. A garland of coca leaves was placed around his neck and more leaves placed upon a straw hat he donned to shield him from the sun. He told the crowd, "The fight for coca symbolizes our fight for freedom. Coca growers will continue to grow coca. There will never be zero coca."

There is much disagreement between Morales's administration and the United States regarding anti-drug laws and cooperation between the countries, but officials from both countries have expressed a common desire to work against drug trafficking, with Sean McCormack from the U.S. State Department reinforcing the support of Bolivian anti-drug policy, and Morales repeatingly calling for zero cocaine production and zero drug trafficking.

Processing plant
In February 2007, Venezuela loaned Bolivia $250,000 to build two coca processing plants in Chapare and Las Yungas to turn coca into tea and trimate (a mixture of aniseed, chamomile and coca). The plants are set to be up and running in September or October 2007 and the products will likely be sold in Venezuela.

Constitutional Assembly

One of Morales's electoral promises was to establish a Constitutional Assembly to re-write the Bolivian constitution. This was also one of the central demands of the Bolivian social and indigenous movements who supported Morales's candidature for the presidency. A Constitutional Assembly was established and elections for assembly members were held in July 2006. The Assembly then sat in Sucre, in the Teatro Gran Mariscal and was given 12 months to write a new Bolivian constitution. The process of drafting the constitution was initially stalled by debates over voting procedures (whether a simple majority or two-thirds majority should be required to make decisions) and then by the introduction of an arcane debate about which should be Bolivia's capital city, Sucre or La Paz. The draft Constitution was finally approved in December 2007, in a session which took place in Oruro. Although most of the members of the opposition party, PODEMOS, absented themselves from the session, the assembly was able to pass the draft constitution with the two-thirds majority required.

Constitutional referendum

In mid-October 2008, a deal was reached to press ahead with a referendum on a new constitution after Morales acceded to demands not to run for more than one more term. The agreement was reached after Morales led a march of more than 100,000 of his supporters on the congress. He told the cheering crowd in La Paz: "Four political parties agreed to make the ratification of the constitution possible, the referendum to approve the constitutional draft will take place on January 25." It was decided that the referendum would take place on 25 January 2009.

References

External links
The Bolivian Revolution and Cuba's Conduct by Fidel Castro, April 12, 2009

Evo Morales
Morales


The Second League of Armed Neutrality or the League of the North was an alliance of the north European naval powers Denmark–Norway, Prussia, Sweden, and Russia. It existed between 1800 and 1801 during the War of the Second Coalition and was initiated by Tsar Paul I of Russia. It was a revival of the First League of Armed Neutrality (1780), which had been quite successful during the American War of Independence in isolating Britain and resisting attempts to interfere with their shipping. However, unlike the First League, the Second League was considered to be much less successful.

Intention
The Second League was intended to protect neutral shipping against the Royal Navy's wartime policy of unlimited search of neutral shipping for French contraband, in an attempt to cut off military supplies and other trade to the First French Republic. The British government, not yet anxious to preserve Russian goodwill, openly considered it a form of alliance with France and attacked Denmark, destroying parts of its fleet in the First Battle of Copenhagen and forcing it to withdraw from the League. Britain also occupied the Danish West Indies between March 1801 and April 1802.

Collapse
After the attack on Denmark, Prussia invaded Hanover in April 1801 as a way to retaliate against the British. Paul's assassination in March 1801 and the accession of Alexander I as Tsar of Russia led to a change of policy in Russia, and the alliance collapsed.  Russia would later join the British in a coalition against Napoleonic France.

Legacy
The prospect of a third league of armed neutrality potentially including Britain and France was briefly proposed in the 1860s,  during the American Civil War, following the Trent Incident in which the US Navy stopped a British vessel and removed two Confederate diplomats. Ultimately, the two countries did not form a league but maintained the principle of the freedom of the seas, and both remained neutral.

References

External links

Organizations established in 1800
Organizations disestablished in 1801
Diplomacy
Foreign relations of the Russian Empire
1800 in Denmark
1800 in Norway
1800 in Sweden
1800s in Prussia
1800 in the Russian Empire
Napoleonic Wars
Paul I of Russia


Thanksgiving is a 2004 American short film directed by Tom Donahue and starring Yolonda Ross, William Mahoney and James Urbaniak.

Premise
Yolonda (Yolonda Ross) is a young woman fleeing an unwanted commitment. She finds refuge in an isolated motel out of town, which is due for demolition in the morning, and there confronts a mysterious man named Peck (Mahoney), who is the caretaker of the old motel with a strange past.

Cast
Yolonda Ross - Yolonda
William Mahoney - Peck
James Urbaniak - Willy
Seymour Cassel - Del
Kat Foster (as Kathy Foster) - Nadine
Jake Robards - Young Peck

External links

2004 films
2004 drama films
American independent films
2004 short films
Thanksgiving in films
American drama short films
2004 independent films
Films directed by Tom Donahue (filmmaker)
2000s English-language films
2000s American films
English-language drama films


The Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics) (SAF/AQ) is a civilian position in the Department of the Air Force that is appointed by the president of the United States and confirmed by the United States Senate. This position is established under Title 10 US Code Section 9016 and is one of five Assistant Secretary positions under the Secretary of the Air Force. The Assistant Secretary reports to the Secretary of the Air Force.

Under the law a Principal Military Deputy serves with the Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Acquisition. The Principal Military Deputy is required to be an active duty officer with a background in acquisition and program management. If the Assistant Secretary position is vacant the law permits the Principal Military Deputy to serve up to a year as the Acting Assistant Secretary. Of the five Assistant Secretary positions established by law, only the Assistant Secretary for Acquisition is required to have a Principal Military Deputy.

Darlene Costello is presently serving as acting Assistant Secretary for the second time. During the Obama and Trump administrations, Costello served as acting Assistant Secretary, from February 2016 to February 2018. In 2018, Will Roper was confirmed to the role, serving from February 2018 to January 2021. Despite Roper's requests to the Biden transition to be retained in the position in the new administration, his efforts went unheeded, and he resigned on January 20 as is custom. Upon his departure, Darlene Costello again became acting Assistant Secretary until a new Secretary is appointed. With 3 years in the role as of January 2022, Costello's service as SAF/AQ, spanning three presidencies and four Secretaries of the Air Force, ranks among the longest in the history of the position, despite never being confirmed by the Senate.

On July 16, 2021, President Joe Biden nominated Andrew Hunter, a defense industry/acquisition researcher and former Pentagon official, for the position, and Hunter was confirmed by the Senate on February 2, 2022. Hunter was formerly a senior fellow at the Center for Strategic and International Studies' International Security Program and director of CSIS' Defense-Industrial Initiatives Group.

Responsibilities

The Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Acquisition serves as the single service acquisition executive (SAE) and the Senior Procurement Executive for the Department of the Air Force. They are responsible for acquisition and product support for all Air Force acquisition programs and manages the Air Force science and technology program.

They provides direction, guidance and supervision of all matters pertaining to the formulation, review, approval and execution of acquisition plans, policies and programs. The Assistant Secretary oversees $40 billion annual investments that include major programs like the KC-46A Pegasus, F-35 Lighting II, B-21 Raider, as well as capability areas such as information technology and command and control, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (C4ISR) systems.

History

The Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Acquisition position was created in 1987 by National Security Decision Directive 219, following recommendations from President Reagan's Blue Ribbon Commission on Defense Management. The Commission recommended the Department of Defense have clear lines of authority for acquisition management and outlined roles and responsibilities between the Office of the Secretary of Defense and the military departments. This move established the Defense Acquisition Executive, the Service Acquisition Executives for each military department, Program Executive Officers who manage execution for a portfolio of programs.

Prior to 1987, similar duties and responsibilities now carried out by the Assistant Secretary for Acquisition were performed by offices in the Headquarters Secretariat with the following names and dates:

Assistant Secretary for Material - May 1951 to February 1964

Special Assistant for Research and Development - September 1950-February 1955

Assistant Secretary for Research and Development - March 1955 to May 1977

Assistant Secretary for Research, Development and Logistics - May 1977-April 1987

Assistant Secretaries of the Air Force (Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics)

References

 John J. Martin, Robert J. Hermann, Alton G. Keel, Martin F. Chen and Thomas E. Cooper all held the title "Assistant Secretary (Research, Development, and Logistics)." Daniel Rak was the first Acting Assistant Secretary (Acquisition).

External links
 Air Force Acquisition website

United States Air Force


Kiss the Lie is the sixth album by Candiria. The band began writing material for the album in 2005 and recorded it at Jupiter 4 Studios, a studio owned and operated by Ken and Steve Schalk, as well as Purple Light Studios, where the band had recorded in the past.  The album has been completed since 2006, but the label choose not to release Kiss the Lie due to the band's inability to tour in support of the new release.  The album finally was made available through online music stores eMusic and Napster on October 27, 2008, and shortly thereafter saw a release on iTunes.

The current digital version of the album is not mastered, as well as song titles being incorrect and Reflection Eleven appears twice on the album (incorrectly titled "That Which Consumes in its second appearance).  The band is currently working on resolving the issue and hope to have the digital copies fixed by mid January 2009.  It was also announced that there will be a vinyl release of 'Kiss the Lie', which will feature new artwork by Seldon Hunt, mastered tracks, corrected song titles, alternate endings to select songs and a bonus track.  The vinyl release will also contain a CD-R copy of the album in its final form.

Track listing
 "Icarus Syndrome" - 6:42
 "Sirens" - 4:15
 "Reflection Eleven" - 6:25
 "The Sleeper" - 5:52
 "Legion" - 5:59
 "Alicia" - 1:33
 "A Rose Dies in Eden" - 4:08
 "Genuine" - 5:45
 "Splinter" - 4:57
 "Ascend" - 3:36
 "Colby" - 2:23
 "That Which Consumes" - 6:31
Total length: 58:06

References

2008 albums
Candiria albums


The 1905–06 IPHL season was played by teams of the International Professional Hockey League.

Final standings

References
Is Pittsburgh the Birthplace of Professional Hockey? The early years of hockey 1900-1910 Compiled by Ernie Fitzsimmons

International Professional Hockey League seasons
IPHL
IPHL


The History of Liao, or Liao Shi (Liáo Shǐ), is a Chinese historical book compiled officially by the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty (1271–1368), under the direction of the historian Toqto'a (Tuotuo), and finalized in 1344. Based on Khitan's primary sources and other previous official Chinese records, it details the Khitan people, Khitan's tribal life and traditions, as well as the official histories of the Liao dynasty and its successor, the Western Liao dynasty.

Main sources

History of Liao of 1344 was compiled using older sources, mainly:
 the Shilu 實錄 (Veritable Records), completed in the Liao dynasty (916-1125) under the direction of Yelü Yan (耶律儼), no longer extant;
 a draft Liao Shi, compiled in the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty under the direction of an official named Chen Daren (陳大任), never published and no longer extant;
 and several other sources such as the Zizhi Tongjian (1080's), Qidan Guo Zhi and other descriptions of the Khitans in the previous dynastic histories (Wei Shu, Sui Shu, ...).
The Liao Shi contains 116 volumes, including 30 volumes of Imperial Annals, 32 volumes of Records of Institutions, 8 volumes of Tables, 48 volumes of Biographies and Descriptions, and 1 volume of Glossary of National Language 國語解 Guoyijie (the Khitan language), which is a list of Khitan language words transcribed in Chinese characters. It is found in Chapter 116 (遼史/卷116).

Creation and reliability
Many Chinese scholars of the time argued that the non-Han, "barbarian" Liao dynasty did not merit its own official history, but rather posited that the Liao histories should be an addendum to the history of the Song, which was ethnically Han Chinese. This was part of the larger dispute between the Yuan court and the Chinese literati scholars, in which the Chinese political theory whereby only one dynasty could be deemed legitimate at a time clashed with the Mongol's beliefs to the contrary. Due to this dispute between two different political cultures, the Liao Shi, as well as the histories of the concurrent Jin and Song dynasties, was not officially compiled until 1343–1344, when the pro-Chinese Chief Councillor Toqto'a took up the pre-Yuan histories project again. In its final form, this project conceded to the Yuan court's desire to treat the Liao, Jin, and Song as equally legitimate dynasties. The compilation of the Liao Shi was finished in one year by imperial historians, although without undergoing any but the most minimal of proofreadings. Because of this, the Liao Shi and the other two pre-Yuan histories are known for their technical errors, lack of precision, inconsistencies in transcribing non-Chinese terms and names, and over-lapping subject matter.  Qing scholars Qian Daxin and Zhao Yi noted inconsistencies in the History of Liao in their works Study of the Discrepancies in the Twenty-two Standard Histories (廿二史劄記) and Critical Notes on the Twenty-two Histories (二十二史劄記).

Nonetheless, the Liao Shi provides a large amount of knowledge on Khitan's imperium's tribal politics and traditions. Since Yelü Yan's Shilu and Chen Daren's Liao Shi have been lost, Toqto'a's Liao Shi is the only extant Chinese-style historical record of the Liao dynasty.

Editions
The work of collation and punctuation have been done several times, by example in the Qianlong edition, the Nanjian edition, the Beijian edition, Baina edition and the Daoguang edition.The nowadays commonly use edition is the Zhonghua Shuju Press edited Liao Shi, under direction of the Khitan studies' specialists Feng Jiasheng and Chen Shu, and based on the Baina edition. This Zhonghua Shuju Press version and its annotations also refer to other historical sources such as the Cefu Yuangui, Zizhi Tongjian, Xu Zizhi Tongjian Changbian, Jiu & Xin Tangshu, Jiu & Xin Wudai Shi, Song Shi, Jin Shi, Qidan Guo Zhi and Liao Wenhui.

The History of Liao was translated into Manchu as  (Wylie: Dailiyoo gurun i suduri, Möllendorff: Dailiyoo gurun i suduri).

The Qing dynasty Qianlong Emperor erroneously identified the Khitan people and their language with the Solons, leading him to use the Solon language to "correct" Chinese character transcriptions of Khitan names in the History of Liao in his "Imperial Liao Jin Yuan Three Histories National Language Explanation" (欽定遼金元三史國語解 Qinding Liao Jin Yuan sanshi guoyujie) project.

Qianlong's "corrections" ended up compounding the errors and making the transcription of some foreign words even worse. Marshall Broomhall wrote that So unscientific was this work that the K'ien-lung editions of the Liao, Kin, and Yüan histories are practically useless. Emil Bretschneider demonstrated how the etymologies in the Qianlong edition were incorrect.

Content
The annals are covered in Volumes 1-30 beginning with founder Abaoji (Taizu) in volumes 1–2. Volume 30 covers Yelü Dashi, who fled and founded of the state of Qara Khitai also known as the Western Liao at the dissolution of the Liao dynasty. Biran describes volume 30 of the text as one of the most important sources for the history of the Qara Khitai.

Treatises are covered in volumes 31–62. The administrative divisions of the Liao are described in volumes 37 through 41 under the title Geography (地理), organized by the five primary level circuits (道). Official posts (百官) are described in volumes 45–48. Standen gives English translations for some of the official posts in a glossary.

Volumes 63-70 are tables including the lineage of the ruling Yelü clan as well as other clans in volume 63, tribes (部族) in volume 69, and vassal states (屬國) in volume 70.

Notable figures included in the Biographies section include Han Yanhui, Liao chancellor of Han origin in volume 74; Zhao Yanshou general from the Later Tang who also served the Liao in volume 76; and Wang Jizhong 王繼忠, who helped broker the Chanyuan Treaty of 1004–1005 in volume 81.

Legacy
The debate about the legacy of the Liao as a legitimate dynasty continued after the completion of the text. Around the time of publication Yang Weizhen stated that only the Song was a legitimate dynasty and the Liao and Jin were usurpers.  He continued to argue this point and composed an essay titled 'On legitimate Succession' 正統辯. Ming scholar Wang Zhu 王洙 wrote an alternative history of the Song titled Verified History of the Song 宋史質 in which the Liao and Jin states were relegated to treatises on foreign states. However, Wang Chu's text received criticism itself from Qing scholars who viewed it as an intentional distortion of history.  In addition, the text Great Outline of Historical Records by Ming scholar Shao Jingbang 邵經邦 (1491-1561) gave the Liao and Jin the status of alien usurpers.

References

Citations

Sources

 Marsone, Pierre. La Steppe et l’Empire : la formation de la dynastie Khitan (Liao), Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 2011.
 Hok-lam Chan. China & the Mongols: History and Legend under the Yuan and Ming. Brookfield, VT: Ashgate Publishing, 1999.
 Liao Shi (LS) 遼史 (History of Liao). Tuotuo 脱脱 et al. eds. Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju 中华书局, 1974.

External links
 History of Liao 《遼史》 Chinese text with matching English vocabulary

Twenty-Four Histories
14th-century history books
Khitan history
Yuan dynasty literature
History books about the Liao dynasty


is a Japanese voice actor. His most famous role is perhaps Hayato Kobayashi in Mobile Suit Gundam, Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam, Mobile Suit Gundam ZZ, and the MSG Movie Trilogy.

Filmography

Television animation
1970s
Robokko Beeton (1976) – Gakiranger
Hit and Run (1979) – Take
Mobile Suit Gundam (1979) – Hayato Kobayashi; Job John; Lang (ep22); March (ep23); Marker Clan (ep2); Oscar Dublin
1980s
Space Warrior Baldios (1980) – Jack Oliver
Ashita no Joe 2 (1980) – Tarō
Belle and Sebastian (1981) – Partner
Dogtanian and the Three Muskehounds (1981)
Fang of the Sun Dougram (1981) – Fester
Kaibutsu-kun (1981) – Banno
The Kabocha Wine (1982) – Kotaro Hayakawa
Armored Trooper Votoms (1983) – Rador
Bemubemu Hunter Kotengumaru (1983) – Shisumashi
Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam (1985) – Hayato Kobayashi
Mobile Suit Gundam ZZ (1986) – Hayato Kobayashi
Uchuusen Sagittarius (1986)
1990s
Cooking Papa (1992) – Megane
Pokémon (1997) – Gangar
Master Keaton (1998) – Shreider (ep 14)
Outlaw Star (1998) – Hitoriga
Angel Links (1999) – Gordon
2000s
Sugar: A Little Snow Fairy (2001) – Luchino
Ground Defense Force! Mao-chan (2002) – Sorajirou Tsukishima
Mirmo! (2002) – Tain (Fairy School)
Paranoia Agent (2004) – Shinsuke Hatomura (eps 1,10-12)
Beet the Vandel Buster Excellion (2005) – Padro
Canvas 2: Niji Iro no Sketch (2005) – Principal (eps 15,16)
Glass Mask (2005) – Board chairman (ep 42-44,46,48)
Kamichu! (2005) – Gen-san (DVD ep 9)
Black Lagoon: The Second Barrage (2006) – Lobos (eps 16-18)
Gintama (2006) – Murata Jintetsu (Ep. 61); Nezumiya; Space Dad (Ep. 93)
Spider Riders (2006) – Chairman (ep 20)
Oh! Edo Rocket (2007) – Santa
Allison & Lillia (2008) – Terreur (ep 9-10)
Ayakashi: Samurai Horror Tales (2008) – Yahei (Bakeneko)
GeGeGe no Kitarō (5th Series) (2008) – Osore
2010s
Croisée in a Foreign Labyrinth (2011) – Yannick
Crayon Shin-chan (2013) – Shogun Fumin
2020s
Drifting Dragons (2020) – Ura

OVA
Dragon Century (1988) – Gelda
Vampire Princess Miyu (1988) – Miyu's Father
A.D. Police Files (1990) – Hyde Kashew
Hakkenden: Legend of the Dog Warriors (1990) – Yoshirou Ubayaki
Sengoku Busho Retsuden Bakufu Doji Hissatsuman (1990) – Tokugawa Ieyasu
Bubblegum Crash (1991) – D.J. Tommy (Ep 3); Manager (Ep 1)
Moldiver (1993)
Legend of the Galactic Heroes (1996) – Elsheimer
Steel Angel Kurumi Encore (2000) – Narrator (Ep. 26); President (Ep. 25)
New Fist of the North Star (2003) – Ches

Theatrical animation
Mobile Suit Gundam (1981) – Hayato Kobayashi
Mobile Suit Gundam: Soldiers of Sorrow (1981) – Hayato Kobayashi
Mobile Suit Gundam: Encounters in Space (1982) – Hayato Kobayashi
Slayers The Motion Picture (1995) – Sorcerer A
Gintama: The Movie (2010) – Murata Jintetsu
Detective Conan: Private Eye in the Distant Sea (2013) – Hayato Watanabe

Tokusatsu
Juukou B-Fighter (1995) - Synthetic Beast Namakeruge (ep. 12)
Ninpu Sentai Hurricaneger (2002) - Mirage Ninja Jin-Giron (ep. 21-22)

Dubbing

Live-action
Cast Away – Yuri (Peter von Berg)
The Hundred-Foot Journey – Mayor (Michel Blanc)
Loving Vincent – Père Tanguy (John Sessions)
Moonrise Kingdom – Narrator
The Monuments Men – Viktor Stahl (Justus von Dohnányi)
Paris 36 – Pigoil (Gérard Jugnot)

Animation
The Batman – Francis Grey
Police Academy – Zed McGlunk
Thomas and Friends - Duck (Season 12 onwards(succeeding Kōzō Shioya) and Sir Robert Norramby (Season 17 onwards(replacing Shingo Fufimori)

References

External links

Japanese male voice actors
1950 births
Living people


Lieutenant-General Sir Percy Egerton Herbert  (15 April 1822 – 7 October 1876) was a British Army officer and Conservative politician.

Background and education
Herbert was born at Powis Castle, near Welshpool, the second son of Edward Herbert, 2nd Earl of Powis, grandson of Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive. His mother was Edward's wife Lady Lucy Graham, third daughter of James Graham, 3rd Duke of Montrose. He was educated at Eton and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst.

Military and political careers
Herbert was made an ensign in the 43rd (Monmouthshire) Light Infantry in January 1840, serving with them in the war on the Xhosa (1851–53), the Orange River Boers expedition, and the battle of Berea. He rose to lieutenant on 7 September 1841, captain on 19 June 1846, major on 27 May and lieutenant-colonel on 28 May 1853.

Herbert entered politics when he was returned for Ludlow, uncontested, in February 1854, holding the seat until he resigned in September 1860. He continued to serve in the army, being appointed assistant quartermaster-general of Sir De Lacy Evans's division of the army of the East.  He landed in the Crimea in this staff position, receiving major wounds at the Battle of the Alma and the siege of Sevastopol and also serving at the Battle of Inkerman. He took over from Sir Richard Airey as quartermaster-general of the whole British army force from when Airey returned to England until the evacuation of the Crimea. For his services in the Crimean War he was made an aide-de-camp to Queen Victoria, a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) and a colonel (as a brevet rank, on 28 November 1854), and also received knighthoods from the Turkish, Sardinian and French governments.

On 19 February 1858 Herbert was made lieutenant-colonel of the 82nd (Prince of Wales's) Foot, joining that regiment at Cawnpore on 21 April 1858. He commanded the regiment's left wing in the Rohilkhand campaign (being present at the capture of Bareilly and Shahjahanpur) and then the Cawnpore and Fatehpur districts until spring 1859, as well as being sent to pursue Firuz Shah and a body of rebels on the banks of the river Jumna in December 1858. In September 1860 he left Parliament to become deputy quartermaster-general at the Horse Guards. He re-entered Parliament in April 1865 as Conservative MP for South Shropshire, holding the seat until February 1874. From 1865 to 1867 assistant quartermaster-general at Aldershot. In March 1867 he was sworn of the Privy Council and appointed Treasurer of the Household in Lord Derby Conservative administration, in which post he remained until December 1868, the last year under the premiership of Benjamin Disraeli. He was promoted to major-general in January 1868, was made a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) in 1869, and ultimately promoted lieutenant-general in September 1875.

Marriage and issue
Herbert married Lady Mary Caroline Louisa Petty-Fitzmaurice, daughter of William Petty-FitzMaurice, Earl of Kerry, on 4 October 1860. They had four children:

Henry Herbert (28 June 1861 – 8 August 1865).
George Charles Herbert, 4th Earl of Powis (1862–1952), married the Honourable Violet Lane-Fox.
Magdalen Herbert (28 July 1864 – 27 October 1957).
Margaret Augusta Herbert (d. 7 July 1952), married Thomas Richard Cholmondeley (b. 1856, d. 7 Feb 1922).

Herbert died at The Styche, Market Drayton, Shropshire, in October 1876, aged 54, and was buried at Moreton Say. Lady Mary Herbert survived her husband by over 50 years and died in September 1927.

References

External links

1822 births
1876 deaths
British Army personnel of the Crimean War
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
People educated at Eton College
43rd Regiment of Foot officers
Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst
South Lancashire Regiment officers
British military personnel of the Indian Rebellion of 1857
British Army lieutenant generals
Younger sons of earls
People from Welshpool
Treasurers of the Household
UK MPs 1852–1857
UK MPs 1857–1859
UK MPs 1859–1865
UK MPs 1865–1868
UK MPs 1868–1874
UK MPs 1874–1880
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for constituencies in Shropshire
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Percy Egerton


Wales & Edwards was a British manufacturer of milk floats based in Harlescott, Shrewsbury. They were particularly well known for their three wheelers. It was one of the oldest milk float manufacturers lasting from the early 1940s to the early 1990s. In 1989, the company was acquired by Smith Electric Vehicles. Major customers included United Dairies (later known as Unigate) and in the early years, Express Dairies. The basic design evolved throughout W&E's existence before finally ending its days as the Rangemaster.

History

The company began life as a garage which acted as an agency for Morris and Wolseley cars. In the early 1940s, they serviced cars and sold petrol, as well as having the car salesroom. As part of the war effort during World War II, the garage was divided into two, with one half servicing cars for essential users, such as doctors, vets and farmers, and the other half servicing Morris 15 cwt Quads and Mobile workshops for the army. They also worked on parts for Spitfire aircraft, and the workforce was swelled by a number of Italian prisoners of war during this period.

The company diversified once hostilities had ceased, and Mervyn Morris produced designs for a battery electric vehicle. Staples such as bread and milk were delivered in many parts of the country by horse and cart, and the electric vehicle developed into a cheaper solution for milk deliveries. Rodington Dairy was the first to order a vehicle, which was delivered to them in early 1951. A base for manufacturing the vehicles was set up at Harlescott, a suburb to the north of Shrewsbury, and they obtained wiring harnesses from Hartley Electromotive, an electrical engineering company which had moved to Monkmoor, to the east of Shrewsbury, in 1949.

In 1951, United Dairies circulated a specification for a milk delivery vehicle to a number of potential manufacturers, who were asked to produce prototypes. W&E were assisted in this by Mickleover Transport, a subsidiary of United Dairies, who were responsible for managing the transport needs of the company. The prototype was tested, and two significant changes were made before production started. The transmission was replaced with a modified design, for which Mickleover obtained a patent, and the electrical control gear was made more robust. By 1953, some 700 were in service, and W&E were able to make them available to other customers. United Dairies placed an order for a further 1,250 vehicles in mid-1953. The vehicle was a 3-wheeled design, with a single wheel at the front, steered by a tiller, and two powered wheels at the back. The turning circle was just , and the motor had a chain drive to a bevel shaft, which included a rubber-bonded coupling, to reduce starting and braking torque. This gave good starting performance, even when there was snow or ice on the road surface. Batteries were located beneath the driver's seat, and the 29-volt motor was controlled by a Sharp contactor and four-stage controller.

According to The Transport Museum, Wythall, which has amassed a large collection of milk floats, the first W&E vehicle was supplied to United Dairies in 1951. Despite its limited protection for the driver, it was an immediate success, and United Dairies placed an order for a further 1,500 vehicles. The 3-wheeled design was the mainstay of W&E's production, with United Dairies eventually ordering over 3,000 more. When the first vehicle, which carries the registration number XMT 422, reached the end of its working life, it was returned to W&E, who subsequently donated it to the Transport Museum, where it can be seen, restored to its 1952 condition.

On the early vehicles, the control panel and tiller gear were covered by two metal panels, and some protection was offered to the driver by a canvas screen. In 1955, Mickleover Transport designed and made a front cowl to replace the panels, which was made of glasspol, a polyester resin reinforced with glass-fibre matting. The cowls were initially fitted to 100 vehicles, and improved access to the control panel and tiller gear. They contained orange pigment, of the same colour as the United Dairies livery, which meant that they did not have to be painted once manufactured. Mickleover Transport intended to fit them to a large number of vehicles.

In 1956, W&E introduced a 25 cwt vehicle where the complete cab was made of glasspol. The cab included draught deflectors at the sides, to improve the protection of the driver. They also displayed a standard 25-30 cwt chassis fitted with an Enfield 1.13 litre two-cylinder oil engine at the 1956 Dairy Show, for use in areas which were particularly hilly. The engine was air-cooled, and coupled to a 3-speed gearbox, but the concept was short lived.

In 1961, the company added a 5-wheeled articulated milk float to their range, designed for a payload of 2 long tons, and known as the Loadmaster 2 tonner. Only 18 were ever built, before production ceased in 1966. One of them remained in service with United Dairies until 1992, by which time it was based in Eastbourne. The trailer was rebuilt from an open-sided dairy vehicle to an enclosed box van in 1985, and on withdrawal, it was donated to the Wythall Transport Museum, who have since rebuilt the trailer in its original form.

W&E felt that the maximum payload for their three-wheeled float was 30 cwt, and such a model was known as the Major. Bigger payloads required a four-wheeled float, and the Freightliner was showcased at the 1966 Royal Dairy Show. It came as a 50 cwt model and twin tyres were fitted on the rear axle. In order to retain the manoeuvrability of the three-wheeled vehicles, the front springs and steering drag link were placed inside the frames, which allowed a kerb-to-kerb turning circle of  to be achieved. The wheelbase was , with the cab located in front of the front wheels, to give easy access to the driving position. Three models were available, with top speeds of ,  and . The working range was from , and a series resistance controller was fitted as standard, although the model at the Dairy Show had a thyristor control unit.

Acquisition
Following changes in legislation which allowed milk to be sold by supermarkets and garages at lower prices than the home delivery dairies could charge, sales of milk floats plummeted. Wales & Edwards saw a drop in orders of 70 per cent in a single year. Attempts to find other markets for the vehicles failed, and in 1989 the company was sold to Smith Electric Vehicles, who were based in Gateshead.

Customers
W&E supplied large numbers of floats to United Dairies, who had provided the original specification. They also supplied Express Dairies, who supplied milk over an area of some  in the London area. In 1963 they had a total fleet of around 2,200 battery electric road vehicles, of which 200 were Standard 3-wheelers, 190 were the 25-cwt Rangemaster model, and three were the Loadmaster articulated model.

The Transport Museum, Wythall, located to the south of Birmingham, have five W&E vehicles on display. There are two Standard models, the original model with an open cab dating from 1950 which belonged to United Dairies, and another dating from 1958, with a protected cab, which belonged to Handsworth Dairies, located in the West Midlands. A Birmingham Dairies Intermediate model dates from 1965, and there is a 1968 Rangemaster which was operated by the same company. The fifth vehicle is a 1963 Loadmaster articulated float.

Bibliography

References

External links

Milk Float Corner

Battery electric vehicle manufacturers
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of England
Companies based in Shropshire
Electric vehicle manufacturers of the United Kingdom


The 1906–07 IPHL season was played by teams of the International Professional Hockey League.

Final standings

References
Is Pittsburgh the Birthplace of Professional Hockey? The early years of hockey 1900-1910 Compiled by Ernie Fitzsimmons

International Professional Hockey League seasons
IPHL
IPHL


The City of Prague Philharmonic Orchestra (Czech: Filharmonici města Prahy) is a classical orchestra, predominantly composed of Czech classical, jazz and guest musicians.

The history of the orchestra goes back to the Film Symphony Orchestra (FISYO), which was founded shortly after World War II, in 1947 as the in-house orchestra for the huge Barrandov Film Studios. After separating and fully privatized it initially performed under the name Czech Symphony Orchestra, but had problems with unauthorized use of the name by other Czech ensembles for themselves. Finally in 1992, after the Velvet Revolution, music producer James Fitzpatrick came up with its current name.

The orchestra is drawn from musicians of the State Opera and the Czech National Theatre, and most of its concerts take place at the opera house.

Recording
The orchestra plays and records music for every type of orchestral project including popular music, films, television series or video games — both for the domestic and international clients. The orchestra plays more than 250 recording sessions every year and that makes it one of the most recorded orchestras in the world. Recordings have been made for film production companies such as Paramount, Sony, Lucasfilm and many others at Smečky Music Studios. David Lynch returned again in 1997 to record his Lost Highway, and yet again in 2001 to record Mulholland Drive. The orchestra recorded film scores of composer Alexandre Desplat, Angelo Badalamenti, Philip Glass, Howard Shore, Roque Baños, Rachel Portman, Wojciech Kilar, Mychael Danna, Jeff Danna, Alberto Iglesias, Mark Isham, Jóhann Jóhannsson, Ludovic Bource, Gabriel Yared, Brian Tyler, Graeme Revell, Jon Brion, Patrick Doyle or Bear McCreary.

The orchestra is well known for recording critically acclaimed recontructions of the original scores for classical Hollywood movies like Ben Hur, Lawrence of Arabia, King of Kings, Quo Vadis, El Cid, The Thief of Bagdad, The Vikings, The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes, Duel in the Sun, Taras Bulba, Exodus and others.

Among the videogames soundtracks the City of Prague Philharmonic Orchestra recorded are The Movies, Killzone, Viva Piñata, Civilization V, Heavenly Sword, Call of Duty: World at War, Age of Conan, Enslaved: Odyssey to the West, Anno 2070, Kingdoms of Amalur: Reckoning, Elder Scrolls Online, Halo 5: Guardians, Syberia 3, Ghost Recon: Wildlands, The Evil Within 2 or God of War.

The orchestra recorded original music for the television shows Black Mirror, Fargo, Star Wars Rebels, The Last Tycoon, Tyrant, Shaun the Sheep, Britannia and others.

Concerts
In recent years the orchestra has performed many concerts of classical and film music repertoire throughout Europe but especially Germany, where it is the “in house” orchestra for Klassik Radio. Now, with the international acclaim for their prize winning recordings, the orchestra is receiving requests for more and more live concerts around the world. These requests peaked with the orchestra performing in front of an audience of 20,000 in Santiago, Chile with conductor Nic Raine and guest soloist Itzhak Perlman.

External links

Official studio website

References

The City of Prague Philharmonic Orchestra on allmusic.com

Czech orchestras
Musical groups established in 1947
1947 establishments in Czechoslovakia


Robert Stuart Still (15 March 1822 – 5 July 1907) was an Australian cricketer, who played two first-class cricket games for Tasmania, and had the honour of captaining the team on one of those occasions.

Still was born in Bathurst, New South Wales. A tall round arm bowler who could generate movement off the pitch, he proved an effective opening bowler. In his first match against Victoria, he opened the bowling, taking 4/23 off 11 overs, and in the second innings, he combined with opening partner, Robert McDowall to skittle out the Victorians for a paltry 50 off 18 overs. Still claimed 3/24 off 9 overs, and McDowall took 5/23 off 9. Between the two, they claimed 15 wickets to set up an 8 wickets victory for the Tasmanians.

He did not play another game for Tasmania until the 1857–58 season, when he was recalled to face the Victorians again. Tasmania were demolished for 33 on a damp green pitch, with Gideon Elliott taking an astonishing 9/2 off 19 overs. The Victorians replied with 115, Still claiming 3/21 off his 18 overs. Tasmania was again bundled out, this time for a slightly better 62, but it handed Victoria victory by an innings and 20 runs, with Still not required to bowl in a second innings, his first class career had ended.

Robert Still died in Launceston, Tasmania at the age of 85 years.

See also
 List of Tasmanian representative cricketers

External links
Cricinfo Profile

1822 births
1907 deaths
Tasmania cricketers
Sportspeople from Bathurst, New South Wales
Australian cricket captains
Cricketers from New South Wales


Howsham railway station can refer to:
Howsham railway station (Lincolnshire)
Howsham railway station (North Yorkshire)