Gorillaz are a British virtual band created in 1998 by Damon Albarn of rock band Blur, and Jamie Hewlett, co-creator of the comic book Tank Girl. While watching MTV, Hewlett came up with the idea to create the band, and later commented, "If you watch MTV for too long, it's a bit like hell – there's nothing of substance there. So we got this idea for a cartoon band, something that would be a comment on that." Gorillaz is a virtual band consisting of four cartoon characters: 2D, Murdoc, Noodle, and Russel. They are used in promotional material such as album covers, posters, and in concerts, during which holographic versions of the characters are used. The band's music is usually a collaboration between various musicians; Albarn is the only permanent musical contributor. Gorillaz have released eight studio albums, all on the Parlophone and Virgin record labels: Gorillaz (2001), Demon Days (2005), Plastic Beach (2010), The Fall (digital in 2010, physical in 2011), Humanz (2017), The Now Now (2018), Song Machine, Season One: Strange Timez (2020), and Cracker Island (2023).

Gorillaz have received eleven BRIT Award nominations: six in 2002, two in 2006, one in 2011, one in 2018 and one in 2019. In 2006, Gorillaz received their only Grammy Award, the Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals award for the song "Feel Good Inc." The band has received fifteen nominations from the MTV Europe Music Awards, winning four of them: Best Dance Act and Best Song for "Clint Eastwood" in 2001, and Best Group in 2005. At the MTV Video Music Awards, Gorillaz received both the Best Special Effects and Breakthrough Video awards for "Feel Good Inc." in 2005. Overall, Gorillaz have received 27 awards from 80 nominations.

Mercury Prize Award
The Mercury Prize are the annual awards by the British Phonographic Industry and British Association of Record Dealers. In 2001, their debut album, Gorillaz, was nominated for an Mercury Prize, but it was later withdrawn at the band's request. Murdoc Niccals, the virtual bassist of the band, described the nomination as, "It's like carrying a dead albatross round your neck for eternity". This is the only time that Gorillaz has ever withdrawn for an award nomination.

Billboard Video Music Awards

|-
|rowspan="4"| 2001 || rowspan="3"| "Clint Eastwood" || Maximum Vision Award ||
|-
|Best Modern Rock New Artist Clip ||
|-
|Best Rap/Hip-Hop New Artist Clip ||
|-
|Jamie Hewlett/Pete Candeland || Director of the Year (for "Clint Eastwood") ||

Brit Awards
The Brit Awards are the British Phonographic Industry's annual pop music awards. Gorillaz have received one award from ten nominations.

|-
|rowspan="6"| 2002 ||rowspan="3"| Gorillaz || British Group ||
|-
| British Dance Act ||
|-
| British Breakthrough Act ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| "Clint Eastwood" || British Single of the Year ||
|-
| British Video of the Year ||
|-
| Gorillaz ||rowspan="2"| British Album of the Year ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2006 || Demon Days ||
|-
|rowspan="4"| Gorillaz ||rowspan="4"| British Group ||
|-
| 2011 ||
|-
| 2018 ||
|-
| 2019 ||

GAFFA Awards

Denmark GAFFA Awards
Delivered since 1991, the GAFFA Awards are a Danish award that rewards popular music by the magazine of the same name.

!
|-
| 2001
| Gorillaz
| Best Foreign New Act
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2010
| "Stylo"
| Best Foreign Video
|
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| 2019
| Gorillaz
| Best Foreign Band
|
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|}

Sweden GAFFA Awards
Delivered since 2010, the GAFFA Awards (Swedish: GAFFA Priset) are a Swedish award that rewards popular music awarded by the magazine of the same name.

!
|-
| 2018
| Gorillaz
| Best Foreign Band
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
|}

Grammy Awards
The Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States. Gorillaz have received one award from nine nominations.

|-
|  || "Clint Eastwood" || Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group ||
|-
|  || Phase One: Celebrity Take Down || Best Music Video, Long Form ||
|-
|rowspan="4"|  ||rowspan="3"| "Feel Good Inc." (with De La Soul) ||  Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals ||
|-
| Record of the Year ||
|-
| Best Music Video, Short Form ||
|-
|rowspan="1"| "Dirty Harry"  || Best Urban/Alternative Performance ||
|-
|  || Demon Days Live || Best Music Video, Long Form ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|  ||rowspan="1"| "Orchestral Intro"  || Best Pop Instrumental Performance ||
|-
|rowspan="1"| "Stylo" (with Mos Def & Bobby Womack) || Best Music Video, Short Form ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|  ||rowspan="1"| Humanz  || Best Alternative Music Album ||
|-
|rowspan="1"| "Andromeda" || Best Dance Recording ||

GQ Awards
The GQ Awards is an annual awards ceremony founded by the men's magazine GQ. Gorillaz have received one award from one nomination.

|-
| rowspan="1"| 2010 || Gorillaz || Band of the Year ||
|-

MTV Europe Music Awards
The MTV Europe Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony established in 1994 by MTV Europe. Gorillaz have received four awards from fifteen nominations.

|-
|rowspan="7"| 2001 ||rowspan="5"| Gorillaz || Best Group ||
|-
|  Best New Act ||
|-
|  Best Dance ||
|-
|  Web Award ||
|-
|  Best UK and Ireland Act ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| "Clint Eastwood" || Best Song ||
|-
|  Best Video ||
|-
|rowspan="5"| 2005 ||rowspan="3"| Gorillaz || Best Group ||
|-
|  Best Pop ||
|-
|  Best UK and Ireland Act ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| "Feel Good Inc." || Best Song ||
|-
|  Best Video ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2010 ||rowspan="3"| Gorillaz || Best Alternative ||
|-
|  Best World Stage Performance ||
|-
| 2022 || Best Alternative ||

MTV Video Music Awards
The MTV Video Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony established in 1984 by MTV. Gorillaz have received two awards from six nominations.

|-
|rowspan="3"|  ||rowspan="3"| "Clint Eastwood" || Breakthrough Video ||
|-
| Best Art Direction ||
|-
| MTV2 Award ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|  ||rowspan="2"| "Feel Good Inc." || Best Special Effects ||
|-
|  Breakthrough Video ||
|-
|rowspan="1"|  ||rowspan="1"| "Stylo"  || Breakthrough Video ||

NME Awards
The NME Awards is an annual awards ceremony founded by the music magazine NME. Gorillaz have received one award from five nominations.

|-
| rowspan="2"| 2006 || Gorillaz || John Peel Award for Innovation ||
|-
| "Dare" || Best Video ||
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2011 ||rowspan="2"| "Stylo" || Best Track ||
|-
| Best Video ||
|-
| "Plastic Beach" || Best Album Artwork ||

Popjustice Twenty Quid Music Prize
The Popjustice £20 Music Prize, also known as the Popjustice Twenty Quid Prize, is an annual prize awarded by music website Popjustice to recognise the best British pop single of the previous year. The prize was conceived by Popjustice founder Peter Robinson in 2003 as a reaction to what he perceived as the pompous and elitist nature of the existing Mercury Prize, which recognises the best album of the previous year, and in particular its exclusion of pop music acts in favour of those from more esoteric genres. The shortlist for the Popjustice prize is announced in September of each year and the winner named the following month, to coincide with the presentation of the Mercury Prize. Popjustice gives a token prize of £20 to the winner of its award, in contrast to the £20,000 given to the winner of the Mercury Prize.

|-
| 2006
| "Dare"
| Best British Pop Single
|

Q Awards
The Q Awards is an annual awards ceremony founded by the music magazine Q. Gorillaz have received four awards from seven nominations.

|-
|rowspan="2"| 2001 ||rowspan="1"| "Clint Eastwood" || Best Video ||
|-
| Gorillaz || Best Producer (Dan Nakamura) ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2005 ||rowspan="1"| "Feel Good Inc." || Best Video ||
|-
| Gorillaz || Best Producer (Gorillaz/Danger Mouse) ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2010 || Plastic Beach || Best Album ||
|-
| |"Stylo" || Best Video ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2017 || Humanz || Best Album ||

BT Music Digital Awards
The BT Digital Music Awards were created in the UK in 2001 and are held annually. Gorillaz have received four awards from seven nominations.

|-
|rowspan="2"| 2005 ||rowspan="2"| Gorillaz || Artist of the Year ||
|-
| Best Dance Artist ||
|-
|rowspan="5"| 2010 || Gorillaz || Artist of the Year ||
|-
| Gorillaz "Plastic Beach App" || Best Music App ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| Gorillaz "Escape to Plastic Beach" Game || Best Music App ||
|-
| Best Artist Promotion ||
|-
| Gorillaz "Plastic Beach" iTunes album || Best Artist Promotion ||

UK Music Video Awards
The UK Music Video Awards is an annual award ceremony founded in 2008 to recognise creativity, technical excellence and innovation in music videos and moving images for music. Gorillaz has received one award from three nominations.

|-
| 2010
| "On Melancholy Hill"
| rowspan="2" | Best Animation
|
|-
| 2012
| "DoYaThing"
|
|-
| 2017
| "Saturnz Barz (Spirit House)" 360
| Best Interactive Video
|

Webby Awards
A Webby Award is an award for excellence on the Internet presented annually by The International Academy of Digital Arts and Sciences.

|-
| 2006
|Gorillaz
|Special Achievement - Artist of the Year
|
|-
| 2018
| GORILLAZ X E.ON: A SOLAR COLLABORATION
| Online Film & Video - Music (Branded)
|
|-
| 2019
| Gorillaz - #FreeMurdoc chatbot
| Games & Entertainment - Apps, Mobile, and Voice
|

Electronic Music Awards

! Ref
|-
| 2017
| Humanz
| Album of the Year
|
|
|}

Jim Henson Honors
The Jim Henson Honors is an awards program founded by The Jim Henson Company in 2005. Gorillaz have received one award from one nomination.

|-
| 2005
|Gorillaz
| The Jim Henson Creativity Honor
|

References

Awards
Lists of awards received by British musician
Lists of awards received by musical group


Juma'at Jantan (born 23 February 1984) is a Singaporean former professional footballer who played as a right back or a right-sided midfielder for National Football League club, South Avenue SC and previously the Singapore national team. Jantan was seen as a no-nonsense workhorse and was known for his terrific stamina.

International career
He made his international debut against Cambodia on 11 October 2005 and has earned 6 more caps since then.

He was part of the Singapore Under-23 team that took part in the 2007 Southeast Asian Games in Korat, Thailand that won a bronze medal.

He was recalled to the senior squad in March 2016 after a two-year hiatus and went on to make two starts in two games.

Club statistics

Honours

Club
Home United
Singapore Cup: 2011, 2013
Singapore Community Shield: 2019

International
Singapore
SEA Games: Bronze Medal – 2007

References

External links
 More info about Jantan

fas.org.sg
fourfourtwo.com

1984 births
Living people
Singaporean men's footballers
Singapore men's international footballers
Singapore Premier League players
Lion City Sailors FC players
LionsXII players
Sembawang Rangers FC players
Men's association football midfielders
Men's association football defenders
Malaysia Super League players
Young Lions FC players
Singaporean people of Malay descent
SEA Games bronze medalists for Singapore
SEA Games medalists in football
Competitors at the 2007 SEA Games


The 1922–23 FA Cup was the 48th season of the world's oldest association football competition, the Football Association Challenge Cup (more usually known as the FA Cup). Bolton Wanderers won the competition, beating West Ham United 2–0 in the first final to be held at Wembley Stadium, London.

Matches were scheduled to be played at the stadium of the team named first on the date specified for each round, which was always a Saturday. If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played, a replay would take place at the stadium of the second-named team later the same week. If the replayed match was drawn further replays would be held at neutral venues until a winner was determined. If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played in a replay, a 30-minute period of extra time would be played.

Calendar
The format of the FA Cup for the season had two preliminary rounds, six qualifying rounds, four proper rounds, and the semi-finals and final.

Qualifying rounds

First round proper
41 of the 44 clubs from the Football League First Division and Football League Second Division joined the 12 lower-league clubs who came through the qualifying rounds. Three Second Division sides, Port Vale, Stockport County and Coventry City, were entered at the fifth qualifying round, with nine of the Third Division North sides (Accrington Stanley, Ashington, Darlington, Grimsby Town, Hartlepools United, Southport, Stalybridge Celtic, Walsall and Wrexham) and Third Division South teams except Exeter City and Southend United, who were entered in the fourth qualifying round along with the rest of Division 3 North. All three sides lost in their first game. Amateur side Corinthian were given a free entry to the first round. To make the number of teams up to 64, nine Third Division South sides and only one Third Division North side were given byes to this round. These were:

Watford
Brighton & Hove Albion
Luton Town
Swindon Town
Queens Park Rangers
Millwall
Plymouth Argyle
Bristol City
Portsmouth
Bradford Park Avenue

32 matches were scheduled to be played on Saturday, 13 January 1923. Twelve matches were drawn and went to replays in the following midweek fixture, of which three went to another replay, and one match went to a third.

Second round proper
The 16 Second Round matches were played on Saturday, 3 February 1923. Five matches were drawn, with replays taking place in the following midweek fixture.

Third round proper
The eight Third Round matches were scheduled for Saturday, 24 February 1923. Two matches were drawn and went to replays in the following midweek fixture.

Fourth round proper
The four Fourth round matches were scheduled for Saturday, 10 March 1923. There was one replay, between Southampton and West Ham United, played in the following midweek fixture. However, this went to a second replay, which West Ham won.

Semi-finals

The semi-final matches were played on Saturday, 24 March 1923. The matches ended in victories for Bolton Wanderers and West Ham United, who went on to meet in the final at Wembley.

Final

The final was held on 28 April 1923 at the original Wembley Stadium in London.  It was the first football match to be played at the newly built stadium. King George V was in attendance to present the trophy to the winning team. Bolton Wanderers won the match 2–0, through goals from David Jack and Jack Smith

Match details

See also
FA Cup Final Results 1872-

References
General
Official site; fixtures and results service at TheFA.com
1922-23 FA Cup at rsssf.com
1922-23 FA Cup at soccerbase.com

Specific

FA Cup seasons
FA
Cup


FC Viktoria 09 Urberach is a German association football club from the city of Rödermark, Hesse.

History
The club was formed on 24 December 1909 but only entered competitive football in 1914.

In the years after the First World War, the club gradually improved, opening its new playing field in 1921 and winning the local cup competition in 1924. In 1926, a first league championship was archived and in 1930, the club won promotion to the Bezirksliga Main-Hessen, then the highest football league in the region, where it competed with clubs like FSV Mainz 05 and Wormatia Worms. Viktoria spent the next three seasons in this league but in 1933, when the new Gauliga system was introduced, it failed to make the cut for the Gauliga Südwest/Mainhessen.

After the Second World War, the club quickly returned to its status as a strong local amateur side, earning promotion to the Bezirksklasse Darmstadt in 1948. The club then proceeded to the 2nd Amateurliga Hessen, from where it gained promotion to the Hessenliga (III) in 1957, the highest league in the state.

In 1958, the club won the Hesse Cup and finished third in the Hessenliga, a strong achievement for the newly promoted side. Viktoria however could not maintain this quality of play and quickly slipped to the bottom half of the table in the coming seasons, resulting in relegation in 1961, when it was even placed behind local rival KSV Urberach.

The club was not part of the new Landesliga Hessen-Süd in 1965, when it was formed as the tier below the Amateurliga Hessen. Instead, a long spell in the lower amateur leagues followed which was only broken in 2002, when the club achieved promotion to the Bezirksoberliga Darmstadt (VI). From there, it moved up to the Landesliga Hessen-Süd in 2005. After two seasons of mid-table finishes in this league, the club earned promotion to the Hessenliga in 2008 on the strength of a second place, returning to the highest amateur league in Hesse for the first time in 47 years.

The club achieved an impressive start to the 2008–09 season and was leading the Hessenliga after 15 rounds despite having played two games less than most of the other teams. Its performance weakened somewhat after that but it nevertheless finished in a very respectable third place.

On 12 October 2008, Viktoria's goalkeeper Jürgen Hoffelner collided with a player from the opposition team, 1. FC Eschborn, and had to be saved by the team doctor from suffocating due to having swallowed his own tongue and was taken to the hospital in Frankfurt, where he was put into an artificial coma. The game was cancelled by the referee after this incident.

At the end of the 2012–13 season the club was relegated in unfortunate circumstances, having had to deregister its reserve team during the season and being consequently deducted six-point for this breach of rules, which pushed the club onto a relegation rank. A Verbandsliga championship in 2015–16 took the club back up to the Hessenliga.

Honours
The club's honours:

League
 Verbandsliga Hessen-Süd
 Champions: 2016
 Landesliga Hessen-Süd
 Runners-up: 2008
 Bezirksoberliga Darmstadt
 Champions: 2005

Cup
 Hesse Cup
 Winners: 1958

Recent managers
Recent managers of the club:

Recent seasons
The recent season-by-season performance of the club:

 With the introduction of the Regionalligas in 1994 and the 3. Liga in 2008 as the new third tier, below the 2. Bundesliga, all leagues below dropped one tier. Also in 2008, a large number of football leagues in Hesse were renamed, with the Oberliga Hessen becoming the Hessenliga, the Landesliga becoming the Verbandsliga, the Bezirksoberliga becoming the Gruppenliga and the Bezirksliga becoming the Kreisoberliga.

References

External links
 Official website
 Viktoria Urberach profile at Weltfussball.de
 Das deutsche Fußball-Archiv historical German domestic league tables

Football clubs in Germany
Football clubs in Hesse
Association football clubs established in 1909
1909 establishments in Germany


In Norse mythology, Barnstokkr (Old Norse, literally "child-trunk") is a tree that stands in the center of King Völsung's hall. Barnstokkr is attested in chapters 2 and 3 of the Völsunga saga, written in the 13th century from earlier tradition, partially based on events from the 5th century and the 6th century, where, during a banquet, a one-eyed, very tall man appears and thrusts a sword into the tree which only Sigmund is able to pull free. Scholarly theories have been put forth about the implications of Barnstokkr and its relation to other trees in Germanic paganism.

Völsunga saga

Barnstokkr is introduced in chapter 2 of Völsunga saga where King Völsung is described as having "had an excellent palace built in this fashion: a huge tree stood with its trunk in the hall and its branches, with fair blossoms, stretched out through the roof. They called the tree Barnstokk[r]".

In chapter 3, King Völsung is holding a marriage feast for his daughter Signy and King Siggeir at King Völsung's hall. At the hall, large fires are kindled in long hearths running the length of the hall, while in the middle of the hall stands the great tree Barnstokkr. That evening, while those attending the feast are sitting by the flaming hearths, they are visited by a one-eyed, very tall man whom they do not recognize. The stranger is wearing a hooded, mottled cape, linen breeches tied around his legs, and is barefooted. Sword in hand, the man walks towards Barnstokkr and his hood hangs low over his head, gray with age. The man brandishes the sword and thrusts it into the trunk of the tree, and the blade sinks to its hilt. Words of welcome fail the crowd.

The tall stranger says that he who draws the sword from the trunk shall receive it as a gift, and he who is able to pull free the sword shall never carry a better sword than it. The old man leaves the hall, and nobody knows who he was, or where he went. Everyone stands, trying their hand at pulling free the sword from the trunk of Barnstokkr. The noblest attempt to pull free the sword first followed by those ranked after them. Sigmund, son of King Völsung, takes his turn, and—as if the sword had lain loose for him—he draws it from the trunk. The saga then continues.

Theories

Hilda Ellis Davidson draws links to the sword placed in Barnstokkr to marriage oaths performed with a sword in pre-Christian Germanic societies, noting a potential connection between the carrying of the sword by a young man before the bride at a wedding as a phallic symbol, indicating an association with fertility. Davidson cites records of wedding ceremonies and games in rural districts in Sweden involving trees or "stocks" as late as the 17th century, and cites a custom in Norway "surviving into recent times" for "the bridegroom to plunge his sword into the roof beam, to test the 'luck' of the marriage by the depth of the scar he made".

Davidson points out a potential connection between the descriptor apaldr (Old Norse "apple tree") and the birth of King Völsung, which is described earlier in the Völsunga saga as having occurred after Völsung's father Rerir sits atop a burial mound and prays for a son, after which the goddess Frigg has an apple sent to Rerir. Rerir shares the apple with his wife, resulting in his wife's long pregnancy. Davidson states that this mound is presumably the family burial mound, and proposes a link between the tree, fruit, mound, and the birth of a child.

Davidson opines that Siggeir's anger at his inability to gain the sword that Odin has plunged into Barnstokkr at first sight appears excessive, and states that there may be an underlying reason for Siggeir's passionate desire for the sword. Davidson notes that the gift of the sword was made at a wedding feast, and states that Barnstokkr likely represents the 'guardian tree', "such as those that used to stand beside many a house in Sweden and Denmark, and which was associated with the 'luck' of the family", and that the 'guardian tree' also had a connection with the birth of children. Davidson cites Jan de Vries in that the name barnstokkr "used in this story was the name given to the trunk of such a tree because it used to be invoked and even clasped by the women of the family at the time of childbirth."

Providing examples of historical structures built around trees, or with 'guardian trees' around or in the structure in Germanic areas, Davidson states that the "'luck' of a family must largely depend on the successful bearing and rearing of sons, and there is a general belief that when a guardian tree is destroyed, the family will die out." In connection with this, Davidson theorizes that at the bridal feast, it should have been Siggeir, the bridegroom, who drew the sword from the tree, "and that its possession would symbolize the 'luck' which would come to him with his bride, and the successful continuation of his own line in the sons to be born of the marriage". The sword having been refused to him, Davidson theorizes that this may well have been intended as a deadly insult, and that this lends a tragic air to the scene in the hall.

Jesse Byock (1990) states that the name Barnstokkr may not conceivably be the original name of the tree, and instead that it is possible that it may have originally been , the first part of the compound potentially having been brandr, (meaning brand or firebrand), a word sometimes synonymous with "hearth", and pointing to a potential connection to the fire burning within the hall. Byock notes that the tree is called an eik (Old Norse "oak"), which has an unclear meaning as the Icelanders often employed the word as a general word for "tree", and the tree is also referred to as apaldr, which is also a general term for trees. Byock theorizes that the latter reference to an apple tree may imply a further symbolic meaning pointing to the apple tree of the goddess Iðunn, and that the Barnstokkr may be further identified with the world tree Yggdrasil.

Andy Orchard (1997) states that the role and placement of Barnstokkr as a "mighty tree, supporting and sprouting through the roof of Völsung's hall" has clear parallels in Norse mythology with the world tree Yggdrasil, particularly in relation to Yggdrasil's position to the hall of Valhalla. Orchard further points out parallels between Sigmund's ability to solely remove the sword from the trunk and King Arthur's drawing of the sword Excalibur.

Modern influence
In Richard Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen opera cycle, the tree appears as Barnstock, when the hero Siegmund, with a great tug, pulls from it a sword that he names Nothung. The tree however is in the house of Hunding, who takes the place of Siggeir as husband of Sieglinde and enemy of Siegmund. Barnstokkr has been theorized as English author and philologist J. R. R. Tolkien's immediate source for a scene in his 1954 work The Lord of the Rings depicting the fictional character of Frodo Baggins and his acceptance of the weapon Sting after it has been thrust "deep into a wooden beam". Some of the structures described in Tolkien's Lord of the Rings have been described as "recalling" the position and placement of Barnstokkr in Völsunga saga, which Tolkien was well familiar with.

See also
 Glasir, the golden tree that stands before Valhalla.
 Læraðr, a tree that sits atop Valhalla, grazed upon by a goat and a hart.
 Sacred tree at Uppsala, an ever green tree before the Temple of Uppsala.
 Rama breaking Shiva's bow Pinaka at his wedding with Sita

Notes

References

 Byock, Jesse L. (Trans.) (1990). The Saga of the Volsungs: The Norse Epic of Sigurd the Dragon Slayer. University of California Press.
 Clark, George. Timmons, Daniel (2000). J.R.R. Tolkien and His Literary Resonances. Greenwood Publishing Group.
 Davidson, H. R. (1960). "The Sword at the Wedding" as collected in Folklore, Vol. 71, No. 1 (March 1960).
 Köhler, Joachim. Spencer, Stewart (2004). Richard Wagner: The Last of the Titans. Yale University Press.
 Flieger, Verlyn (2005). Interrupted Music: The Making of Tolkien's Mythology. Kent State University Press.
 Orchard, Andy (1997). Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend. Cassell.

External links

Trees in Germanic mythology


The Henschel Quartet is a German string quartet comprising the Henschel siblings; Christoph and Markus (violinists), Monika (viola) and Mathias Beyer-Karlshøj (cellist), who joined them in 1994.
Brother Markus left the quartet in 2010, and was succeeded by Daniel Bell in 2012. In 2016–2018 Catalin Desaga took the place of the second violin. Today the Quartet consists of following members: Christoph Henschel and Teresa La Cour (violinists), Monika Henschel (viola) and Mathias Beyer-Karlshøj (cello).

Musical training
Christoph, Markus and Monika Henschel studied with Felix Andrievsky, a graduate of the Moscow Violin School of playing (Yampolsky and Yankelevich) and gained distinction in their diplomas from the Royal College of Music, in London. Mathias Beyer-Karlshøj studied with the Swedish cellist Thorleif Thedeen and gained a distinction in 1996, at the end of his studies at the Royal Danish Academy of Music in Copenhagen.

An intensive musical experience was gained through their contact with Sergiu Celibidache and with Prof. Franz Beyer from the Musikhochschule in Munich. The London Master Classes and classes at the Musikhochschule in Cologne, Germany with the Amadeus Quartet had a determining influence on the musical development and direction of the ensemble. Similarly, regular courses with members of the La Salle Quartet and Alban Berg Quartet had a profound influence on the Henschel Quartet. The Henschel Quartet were quartet in residence at both the Aldeburgh Festival (1994) and at the Tanglewood Music Festival (1995/1996). At the latter, they were coached by musicians Louis Krasner and Eugene Lehner, who had worked with composers such as Béla Bartók and Arnold Schönberg, and who gave the quartet unique insights into the works of the Second Viennese School.

Repertoire and Première performances
The Henschel Quartet's repertoire encompasses more than 200 works from the classical and romantic to 20th century and contemporary music.

The quartet has given many première performances of works of contemporary composers from Günter Bialas to Manfred Trojahn and played premières of recently discovered works of famous past composers:

2006 concert première of Sergiu Celibidache’s Taschengarten at the Herkulessaal in Munich with the Munich Philharmonic Youth Orchestra.
2007  concert première of Carl Orff’s string quartet movement at the Carl Orff Zentrum, Munich.
2008 concert première of Max Bruch’s string quintet in Eb (composed in 1918) at the Wigmore Hall in London.

Awards and achievements
In 1995 the Henschel Quartet were prize-winners of 5 prizes at international string quartet competitions in Evian, Banff and Salzburg for the best interpretation of works ranging from Mozart to contemporary composers.  Also, that same year, the quartet made their first Japanese tour, together with members of the Amadeus Quartet as the Ensemble Amadeus.
In 1996 the quartet gained 1st prize and the gold medal in the international string quartet competition in Osaka.
Their International success in 2001, led to the quartet being a stand-in for the Juilliard String Quartet at London's Wigmore Hall.
In 2002 the Henschel Quartet played their first Beethoven complete cycle of 6 evenings in Copenhagen/Tivoli, followed by many other cycles, i.a. at Suntory Hall Tokyo.
In 2006 the quartet became Germany's cultural ambassadors for the EU during the jubilee celebrations of the Europalia Festival in Brussels.
In April 2007 the Henschel Quartet were on the front cover and an article dedicated to them in the Strad magazine.  Also in the same year, they were successfully recognised as Henle Artists by the music publishers G Henle.
In 2015 the Henschel Quartet was awarded the Orlando prize by the Dubrovnik Festival.

The Henschel Quartet has worked for the German Music Council and the Siemens Arts Programme and regularly takes part in their programmes at the Goethe Institutes abroad.

The quartet belongs to the select group of guest ensembles who regularly play at the Spanish royal palace in Madrid and perform concerts on the 4 Stradivarius instruments that belong to the palace.

CD Recordings
The Henschel Quartet have received noteworthy praise, nominations and awards for their CD recordings of the classical and romantic repertoire with SonyBMG, EMI and Deutsche Grammophon, including:

 Prize for the best German recording
 MIDEM Cannes
 CD of the year nmz
 The Henschels' box-set of the complete string quartets of Felix Mendelssohn was ranked no.1 in the HMV charts in Japan for the longest running time during 1996 and 1997.

Since 2007, the quartet has performed 20th century works and made premières recordings for the newly formed CD label NEOS.

Teaching commitments/engagements
Since 1998 the Henschel Quartet has given regular masterclasses at universities and music departments such as MIT, Boston, Dartington College of Arts and Royal Northern College of Music Manchester, England, the University of Melbourne, Australia, and the Tōkyō Geijutsu Daigaku University, Japan.

Moreover, the Henschel Quartet is engaged in exchanges with other ensembles and strives to reach new levels of artistic excellence in chamber music.  Together with Franz Preuschoff as the official organiser, the quartet has, since 1997, invited a new colleague ensemble to perform each year in their string festival at the Kloster Seligenstadt.

Since its beginning, the quartet has committed itself to supporting children and young people.  The non-profit organisation “Friends of the Henschel Quartet for the promotion of chamber music” has been dedicating itself, since 2001 not only to the support of youth, but also to the expansion of the chamber music scene.

As ambassadors for SOS Children's Villages Association, the Henschel Quartet organises workshops and concerts for children and youth, and have made a CD Recording in aid of the SOS children's villages.

References

External links
Official homepage
The Strad
http://www.timeout.com/london/classical/features/2196.html
http://www.goethe.de/INS/us/bos/acv/mus/2007/en1948492v.htm

German string quartets


John Reid Smith (2 April 1895 – 1 September 1946) was a Scottish footballer, who played as a centre forward and helped Bolton Wanderers win the FA Cup in 1923 and 1926. His son (Jack Denver Smith) and grandson (Barry Smith) also played for Bolton Wanderers.

Football career
Smith was born in Pollokshaws, to the south of Glasgow and played youth football with Battlefield Juniors, before joining Albion Rovers. From there he moved on to Kilmarnock, where he scored seven of their 14 goals on the way to winning the Scottish Cup in 1920, including scoring the third goal for Kilmarnock in the final when they defeated his former team, Albion Rovers, 3–2.

Following a disagreement with Kilmarnock, Smith joined Cowdenbeath, where during 1921–22, he netted 45 goals as they finished runners-up in Division Two. At the season's end he joined Rangers for £3,000, making his debut at Ibrox Park on 15 August 1922, scoring in a 2–0 victory over Alloa Athletic. He only made two further appearances for Rangers, scoring once more, before losing his place to Geordie Henderson. Bolton Wanderers signed him three months later.

Smith arrived at Burnden Park in November 1922 as a replacement centre-forward for Frank Roberts who had joined Manchester City. He scored an 89th-minute winner on his debut, against Manchester City, but quickly became thought of as a "crock", for he always appeared to be limping. Despite this, he managed to get his fair share of goals, scoring 21 goals in 35 games in the 1924–25 season, thus helping Bolton to finish in third place in the First Division table.

He netted Bolton's second goal in the 1923 FA Cup Final against West Ham United. The goal was scored in controversial circumstances when outside-forward Ted Vizard played the ball into a central position and Smith hit the ball past Hufton in the West Ham goal. West Ham's players claimed that the ball had not entered the goal but rebounded into play from the goalpost, but referee D. H. Asson overruled them, stating that in his view the ball had entered the goal but then rebounded off a spectator.

Smith won another winners' medal in 1926 in a 1–0 victory over Manchester City. After the arrival of Harold Blackmore, Smith found it difficult to hold his place in the first team, and in March 1928, Bury paid £1,500 for him. "The Shakers" were still in the First Division and Smith netted a hat-trick on his debut against Sheffield Wednesday. At Bury he scored 107 goals in 157 League games before joining Rochdale in August 1933.

In 1939 he was appointed assistant trainer at Cardiff City, who were managed by another ex-Wanderer, Bill Jennings.

Smith died at Whitchurch, Cardiff in September 1946.

Honours
Kilmarnock
Scottish Cup winners: 1920

Cowdenbeath
Scottish League Division Two runners-up: 1921–22

Bolton Wanderers
FA Cup winners: 1923 and 1926

References

External links
Article on "Spartacus"

1895 births
Footballers from Glasgow
1946 deaths
Scottish men's footballers
Albion Rovers F.C. players
Kilmarnock F.C. players
Cowdenbeath F.C. players
Rangers F.C. players
Bolton Wanderers F.C. players
Bury F.C. players
Rochdale A.F.C. players
Men's association football forwards
Ashton National F.C. players
Wishaw F.C. players


Helping Hands is a 1941 Our Gang short comedy film directed by Edward Cahn. It was the 201st Our Gang short released (202nd episode, 113th talking short, 114th talking episode, and 33rd MGM-produced episode).

Plot
Spanky receives a letter from his recently drafted older brother. Inspired by the letter's patriotic sentiments, Spanky and the gang organize a "home guard," prepared to do battle should the Nazis invade California. This attracts the attention of Army Major Sanford, who informs the kids that they would be of even greater service to Uncle Sam by looking out for fire hazards, collecting scrap metal and paper, and encouraging their parents to buy war stamps and bonds.

Cast

The Gang
 Mickey Gubitosi as Mickey
 Darla Hood as Darla
 Billy Laughlin as Froggy
 George McFarland as Spanky
 Billie Thomas as Buckwheat

Additional cast
 Vincent Graeff as Sentree
 James Gubitosi as Nick
 Edward Soo Hoo as Lee Wong
 Harvard Peck as Boy examined by Froggy
 Leon Tyler as Swedish boy
 Freddie Chapman as Kid complaining in line
 Mickey Laughlin as Kid hit with baseball bat
 Margaret Bert as Mickey's mother
 Sam Flint as Major Sanford
 Byron Foulger as Mr. Morton, head of civilian counsel
 Joe Young as Clerk
 Raphael Dolciame as Kid
 Ralph Hodges as Kid
 Mickey McGuire as Kid
 Michael Miller as Kid
 Tommy Dee Miller as Kid
 Emmet Vogan as Darla's father (scene deleted)

Production notes
The film marked the first of the wartime propaganda-themed shorts in the Our Gang series. Critics and fans both have cited that the wartime films marked a noticeable decline in the series.

See also
 Our Gang filmography

References

External links

1941 films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by Edward L. Cahn
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer short films
1941 comedy films
Our Gang films
1941 short films
1940s American films


Mamuka Japharidze (born 1962) is an artist from the capital of Georgia, Tbilisi. He is especially known for representing Georgia in the 48th Venice Biennale. He currently lives in Tbilisi and produces his art there.

Early life

Japharidze was born in 1962 and raised in Tbilisi with his sister. His career was encouraged by his father, Jemali Japaridze, also an artist. He often collaborates with his artist and writer partner, Anthea Nicholson. He spends much of his time in England.

Collaborations/works

 1998 ´Rubens Performance´, video projection, with Several Dancers Core, Atlanta, USA & Tbilisi
 1995 ´Ramses Looking´, live action with fire, with Anthea Nicholson, Ramsey, Isle of Man & King Street Gallery, Bristol, UK
 1994 ´I Walked Here, Chagall´, live action with handmade paper, with Martyn Grimmer, Vitepsk, Belarus.

Organiser/curator

 2003 ´Revive Time´, Kaki Tree project in Georgia, community and children's action.
 1998 ´By Hand´, UK and Georgian artists exhibition, Caravanserei, Tbilisi
 1998 Mirzaani International Artists Workshop: 21 artists for 3 weeks.
 1998 ´Dejeuner sur l´herbe´, city actions, Tbilisi
 1994 ´Silk Road´, Bristol, UK & Tbilisi artists exchange
 1991/92 ´Black Market´, Georgian artists gallery show

Group exhibitions

 2003 ´Opti-mystic Transportation Taxi´, travelling camera obscura, Appendix International Artists event, Tbilisi
 2002 ´Table for Insects´, live action with insects, Gyumri Biennale, Armenia
 2001 ´table´, public event, collaborative project for Year of the Artist, Bristol, UK
 2001 ´East of Eden´, video project, Spacex Gallery, Exeter, UK; Gyumri Biennale, Armenia
 2000 ´Georgian Nights, Australian Mornings´, live event, Camaflauge, Geneva, Switzerland
 1999 ´From Tartarus Experience´, wall painting, Georgian Pavilion, Venice Biennale
 1998 International Artists Symposium, wallpaper prints, Spike Island, Bristol, UK
 1998 ´Transformation´, UNESCO, Paris
 1996 ´Icon and Perception´, National Art Gallery, Tbilisi
 1992 ´Heat and Conduct´, hand knitted jersey with floor piece, Mappin Gallery, Sheffield & Arnolfini, Bristol, UK

Solo exhibitions

 2002 ´On the Skin´, public action with body prints, punch bag and sound design, Club 22 Tbilisi
 2001 ´dopple eye´, video projection, Foundry, London
 2000 ´In a Mirror´, video project, Rail Road Earth, Atlanta, USA
 1994 ´Rolex´, painting and drawing series, Ethnographic Museum, Caravanserei, Georgia
 1992 ´What is What´, performance, Ethnographic Museum, Caravanserei, Tbilisi

Philosophy and targets

In 2003, he said:
"Since 1987 I have been working in an international arena; working with language; using language frame as the basic construction and conceptual base of a work. Often using bi-lingual sound-play to find new trans-cultural subjective meanings. The poetic language sound-play can be manifested as sound vibration, concrete text and also the actual object/event itself.

I am investigating the way that objects exist in a separate time/world beyond human´s utilitarian interpretation of time/object. The state of potential before objects/things are manifested is for me a real metaphysical state of existence. The idea of the object exists in ancient mythological dialogue and drama, which for me is still present. When the utilitarian conception of an object is cleared away, the deep metaphysical meaning is revealed.

One basic principle is an investigation of the threshold between an art event and ´non art´. And how the four-dimensional (space, time/metaphysical) aspects of the work in the actual moment of the event, are for me the deep points of realisation.

My target is the actual moment of an event and not towards building a product.

The medium is changeable and includes: media production, e.g. posters, cards (as part of an art work/event); happenings/public events; collecting and archiving images over long periods of time; video projection; photography; printmaking; texts; drawing; sound works."

References

External links
 http://www.culturebase.net/artist.php?839

Artists from Georgia (country)
1962 births
Living people


"The Monster Song" is the first single from Psapp's The Camel's Back.  It was released on November 3, 2008 in the UK, a week after the parent album became available.  At this time, a US release of the single has not been announced.

A video of the title track was released in advance of the album and single.

Track listing

Personnel

Carim Clasmann
Galia Durant

External links
Psapp official website
The Monster Song at Domino Records
Psapp at Domino Records
The Monster Song Review

2008 singles
Psapp songs
2008 songs
Domino Recording Company singles


The Federalist Greens (Verdi Federalisti) are a small environmentalist and Catholic political party in Italy. The national president of the party was Laura Scalabrini.

History
The party was created in 1992 as a split from the Federation of the Greens.
The Federalist Greens debuted to the 1992 political elections however it failed to gain any seats. In the 1994 political elections the party presented its lists only in Lazio, in a uninominal college of the Chamber of Deputies and in all the colleges of the Senate. The result for the Senate, on a regional basis, was respectable (3.23% of the vote), but insufficient to elect any senators.

In the 2004 European elections the Federalist Greens presented a joint list with the Greens Greens in all districts.
After the European elections, the Federalist Greens and the Greens Greens created a common program. Maurizio Lupi became solely responsible for northern Italy, while Laura Scalabrini became the responsible for the Center, the South and the Islands.

In 2005 the Federalist Greens participated in the regional elections in conjunction with Christian Democracy for the Autonomies.

In the 2006 political elections the Greens Greens and the Federalist Greens presented the same logo used for the European elections, but this time the logo was rejected by the Court of Cassation. The symbol was replaced with the bear that laughs and that greets of the Greens Greens while the name was replaced with the wording The Environmenta-list - Democratic Ecologists. After this latest electoral experiment, however, the common movement has since become inactive.

1992 establishments in Italy
Catholic political parties
Green conservative parties
Green political parties in Italy
Political parties established in 1992
Political parties with year of disestablishment missing


Purity (Pali: Vissudhi) is an important concept within much of Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism, although the implications of the resultant moral purification may be viewed differently in the varying traditions. The aim is to purify the personality of the Buddhist practitioner so that all moral and character defilements and defects (kleśas such as anger, ignorance and lust) are wiped away and nirvana can be obtained.

Theravada

Theravada Buddhism regards the path of self-purification as absolutely vital for reaching Nibbana. The main task of the Theravada Buddhist monk is to eradicate flaws in morality and character through meditation and moral cultivation, in alliance with the cultivation of insight or wisdom (Paññā), so that the purity of Nibbana can be achieved.

So important is this notion of purity in Theravada Buddhism that the famed Buddhist monk and commentator Buddhaghosa composed a central thesis on dhamma called The Path of Purification (Visuddhimagga).

Mahayana

Tathāgatagarbha
Controversially, according to the Mahayana Tathāgatagarbha sutras, the unsullied essence of a being—the "true self", or Buddha-nature—can become manifest once the temporary and superficial contaminants (kleśas) have been eradicated from its presence.

In the Śrīmālādevī Siṃhanāda Sūtra, there are two primary states of the Tathāgatagarbha. One is when it is covered with defilements and known as the "embryo of the Tathāgata" (Tathāgatagarbha). The other is when it becomes free from defilements, and is no more the "embryo",  but the Tathāgata or Dharmakāya.

The Mahābherīharaka Sūtra elaborates that at the time one becomes a Tathāgata, one dwells in Nirvana and may be referred to as "permanent", "steadfast", "calm", "eternal" and "self" (ātman). These contaminants are seen as extrinsic to, rather than inherent within, the essence of the being.

The attainment of Buddhahood, resulting after eliminating the kleśas, is referred to in the Tathāgatagarbha literature and in the works of the Tibetan Jonangpa Lama Dolpopa as the "pure Self" (śuddha-ātman).

Perfection of wisdom

In contrast to the Tathāgatagarbha theory, the Perfection of Wisdom Sutras state that there is no basis to conceptualizing impurity and purification, as both are ultimately illusory. Neither has an enduring essence, which is not to say that they are false, but merely the result of conventional names and concepts. Nevertheless, these scriptures also endorse and elaborate on the need to detach from all moral defilements if Buddhahood is to be reached for the sake of awakening all sentient beings.

See also

Anattā and Ātman (Buddhism)
Bhavana
Four Noble Truths
Luminous mind
Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra
Noble Eightfold Path
Reality in Buddhism
Threefold Training
Visuddhimagga

Further reading
Purity of Heart: Essays on the Buddhist Path, by Ṭhānissaro Bhikkhu, Amaravati Publications (2012)
Hopkins, Jeffrey (2006). Mountain Doctrine: Tibet's Fundamental Treatise on Other-Emptiness and the Buddha Matrix - by: Dolpopa, Jeffrey Hopkins, Snow Lion Publications, Hardcover, 832 Pages.
The Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra in 12 Volumes tr. by Kosho Yamamoto, ed. by Dr. Tony Page, Nirvana Publications, London, 2000.
The Srimala Sutra tr. by Dr. Shenpen Hookham, Longchen Foundation, Oxford, 1995.

References

Buddhist belief and doctrine


Just Bing Ebbesen (17 April 1847 – 24 May 1929) was a Norwegian priest and politician.

Just Bing Ebbesen was the son of Jørgen Tandberg Ebbesen, and brother of Hanna Magdalene Frisak Ebbesen, who married Johan Christian Tandberg Castberg and was the mother of Johan Castberg.

He enrolled as a student in 1866 and graduated as cand.theol. in 1873. He worked as a chaplain for some years, before being appointed vicar in Stangvik in 1885. While stationed here he was elected to the Norwegian Parliament in 1889, representing the constituency of Romsdals Amt. He only served one term.

He was hired as postmaster in Tønsberg in 1891.

References

1847 births
1929 deaths
Liberal Party (Norway) politicians
Members of the Storting
Møre og Romsdal politicians
Norwegian priest-politicians


Izmir Atatürk organized industrial zone (IAOIZ) () is one of the largest and most modern organized industrial zones in Turkey. It started operating in 1990. The Zone is located to the northwest of İzmir, in Cigli district. It is located in the city metropolis, 25 km from the city government complex, 35 km from Adnan Menderes Airport and 20 km from Alsancak Harbor.

The Zone’s total area is 7,500,000m². There are 485 factories where 30,000 people are employed. Two hundred companies are exporters and there are 15 companies of direct foreign investment. In 2 years' time, the number of companies in the Zone will reach about 600 and the number of employees about 50,000.

Companies
The companies in the Zone are mainly active in machinery, textile, ready-made garments, food, plastics, chemicals, metal, automotive-related industry, electrical and electronics sectors.  The annual turnover of the Zone is approximately 4 billion, the export is 2 billion and the import is around 1 million (figures in U.S. Dollars).

Energy
Companies started using natural gas in November 2004. TAER power plant was founded in 1996 in order to meet the continuous and high quality energy needs of the companies in the Zone. The capacity of the plant is 60 megawatts. The electricity consumption is increasing related to the development in the Zone. Having been operated with naphtha until August 2003, the power plant is now producing electricity with natural gas.

Waste water  treatment
A waste water  treatment plant with a full computerized system has been operating at World standards, with a capacity of 21,000m³ / day.

Information service
SMEs Information, Service, Development Center (KOBIM) was established in 2003 in IAOIZ in order to inform and guide the resident SMEs in the Zone to benefit from the privileges and opportunities in foreign trade, investments, research & development supports, incentives and e-commerce. This application is the first one in Turkey.

Innovation relay center
IRC (Innovation Relay Center) project was commenced in April 2004 for the purpose of determining the technology level of SMEs in the zone, finding new technologies they need and conveying them, finding markets for the new technologies that SMEs produce, and encouraging them to participate in R&D projects. This project will last for 4 years and has a budget of 800,000 Euros, of which 50% is funded by the EU, and the other 50% by EBILTEM (Ege University Science-Technology Application and Research Center), EBSO (Aegean Region Chamber of Industry), IAOIZ (Izmir Atatürk Organized Industrial Zone), and KOSGEB (Small and Medium Industry Development Organization).

Information technology
A service agreement was signed between IAOIZ and a private internet service provider in 2004 to bring an end to the problems experienced in ADSL (asymmetric) internet lines acquired by Türk Telekom and to provide a faster, continuous and lower-priced internet access, cheaper telephone services on internet, more than one e-mail address per company and  constant e-mail service.

Providing and conducting the information about the companies in the Zone and their sectors to the industrialists of the region are the principal missions of IAOIZ Management, besides electricity, water and natural gas distribution, providing of construction and building usage licenses, waste collection, waste water treatment, environmental protection, forestation, road construction and maintenance and security services.

Permanent exhibition center
Increasing the trade volume, especially exports, of the Zone is of importance. For this reason a "Permanent Exhibition Center" was established in order to display the companies and the products produced in the Zone. It opened its doors in August 2004 and the products of 150 companies are exhibited in an 800 m² area.

Medical center
Established with the financial support of IAOIZ, there is a modern, fully equipped Social Security Institution Medical Center which serves 24 hours with 11 doctors. In the Medical Centre, all sorts of medical tests are done and the results are obtained on the same day. Furthermore, there is a fully equipped ambulance that serves 365 days / 24 hours with a doctor, a nurse and a driver and its costs are covered by the Zone.

Search and rescue team
There is a "Search and Rescue Team" that consists of 24 people trained by disaster experts. It is ready for national or international disasters. The team has the NIBRA certificate that is valid in the European Union.

Recruitment
To fulfill the qualified employee needs of the resident companies, IAOIZ Private Employment Agency serves free of charge. CVs, education levels, knowledge and experience of job applicants are recorded in detail and are directed to demanding companies.

Scholarships
Apart from all these services, IAOIZ, as an institution which has always been aware of its social responsibilities, grants scholarships to 125 students every year.

References

External links
http://www.iaosb.org.tr

İzmir
Economy of İzmir
Turkish industries


In air traffic control, the system area code (SAC) is part of a unique identifier assigned to each system which uses the ASTERIX format. The Eurocontrol SuRveillance Data Exchange Task Force (RDE-TF) maintains these identifiers internationally and assigns them to regions such as countries, though sometimes more than one code is assigned within the same country, for example to distinguish between civilian and military uses.

Within each country, it is the responsibility of the relevant air navigation service provider to allocate a system identification code (SIC); up to 256 of them for each SAC.

In the Asterix protocol the SAC/SIC identifies the actual sensor from where the radar information is sent.
The information being e.g. plot and track.

References

External links
 SAC List (worldwide)
Air traffic control


The 1932–33 FA Cup was the 58th season of the world's oldest football cup competition, the Football Association Challenge Cup, commonly known as the FA Cup. Everton won the competition for the second time, beating Manchester City 3–0 in the final at Wembley.

Matches were scheduled to be played at the stadium of the team named first on the date specified for each round, which was always a Saturday. Some matches, however, might be rescheduled for other days if there were clashes with games for other competitions or the weather was inclement. If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played, a replay would take place at the stadium of the second-named team later the same week. If the replayed match was drawn further replays would be held until a winner was determined. If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played in a replay, a 30-minute period of extra time would be played.

Calendar

First round proper
At this stage 43 clubs from the Football League Third Division North and South joined the 24 non-league clubs having come through the qualifying rounds, plus Third Division South club Brighton & Hove Albion (who failed to apply for exemption and played in the preliminary rounds - they would ultimately reach the Fifth Round!).  Barnsley, and Watford were given a bye to the Third Round. To make the number of matches up, non-league Marine and Dulwich Hamlet were given byes to this round. 34 matches were scheduled to be played on Saturday, 26 November 1932. Eight were drawn and went to replays in the following midweek fixture, of which one went to a second replay.

Second round proper
The matches were played on Saturday, 10 December 1932. Six matches were drawn, with replays taking place in the following midweek fixture. Of these, one game went to a second replay.

Third round proper
The 44 First and Second Division clubs entered the competition at this stage, along with Barnsley, Watford and amateur club Corinthian. The matches were scheduled for Saturday, 14 January 1933, with the exception of the Millwall–Reading game, which was played four days after. Seven matches were drawn and went to replays in the following midweek fixture.

Fourth round proper
The matches were scheduled for Saturday, 28 January 1933. Two games were drawn and went to replays in the following midweek fixture.

Fifth round proper
The matches were scheduled for Saturday, 18 February 1933. There were two replays, played in the next midweek fixture.

Sixth round proper
The four Sixth Round ties were scheduled to be played on Saturday, 4 March 1933. There was one replay, between Sunderland and Derby County, played in the following midweek fixture.

Semi-finals
The semi-final matches were played on Saturday, 18 March 1933. Manchester City and Everton won their matches to meet in the final at Wembley.

Final

The 1933 FA Cup Final was contested by Manchester City and Everton at Wembley on 29 April 1933. Everton won the game for the second time in their history, the previous time coming in 1906.

Match details

See also
FA Cup Final Results 1872-

References
General
Official site; fixtures and results service at TheFA.com
1932-33 FA Cup at rssf.com
1932-33 FA Cup at soccerbase.com

Specific

FA Cup seasons
FA
Cup


Karan  Bajaj is an Indian technology entrepreneur and author. He is best known as founder and CEO of WhiteHat Jr., an Edtech company specializing in distance learning which was acquired by BYJU'S in 2020.

Bajaj is also the author of four novels.

Early life
Karan Bajaj was born in India, where he was brought up in a family with military roots.  He has a master's degree in Business Administration from Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore and a B.A diploma in Mechanical Engineering from Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra.

Career
In his early career, Bajaj worked for Procter & Gamble, The Boston Consulting Group and Kraft Foods. In 2016, he moved to Mumbai as CEO of Discovery Networks, where he headed Discovery Channel, TLC, Animal Planet and Discovery Kids in South Asia.   He left Discovery Networks in 2019.

Whitehat Jr
In 2018, Bajaj started WhiteHat Jr, an online educational company initially aimed at improving children's coding and math skills.
In 2020, the firm was acquired for $300 million by BYJU'S and integrated into their coding teaching division. After the acquisition, he led Byju's International division, Byju's FutureSchool, launching programs in English, Spanish and Portuguese for the US, Brazil and Mexico students with new courses  including music, English, fine arts and science. Bajaj left the company in August 2021. Now Trupti Mukker the head of customer experience and delivery, will take over as CEO of White HatJr.

Authorship
Bajaj is the author of several books. Keep Off The Grass is Bajaj's debut book first published in 2008, about a psychedelic road trip of a 25-year-old Yale graduate through the length and breadth of India.  The journey is made by a youngster protagonist named Samrat, born to immigrant parents in the U.S. who decides to go out in search of his roots. Along the way, Samrat is jailed for possession of marijuana, develops a drug addiction, meditates in the foothills of the Himalayas, has a one-night stand with a hippie in Dharamsala and meets flesh-eating Aghoree saints on the banks of Varanasi.

Bajaj's second novel, Johnny Gone Down, is a thriller published by HarperCollins in 2010. The novel's narrative is focused on the "bizarre, almost surreal series of events that transform an MIT graduate into first a genocide survivor, then a Buddhist monk, a drug lord, a homeless accountant, a software mogul, and a deadly game fighter over a period of twenty years."

The Seeker, was a third book published by Penguin Random House in June 2015. The novel is about an investment banker in New York who embarks on a quest to become a yogi in the Himalayas. The plot was inspired by Bajaj's one-year sabbatical traveling from Europe to India, learning Hath yoga in an ashram in India, and practicing meditation in the Himalayas.

Bajaj's works have been noted and reviewed by various publications and literary critics, including Kirkus Reviews, Publishers Weekly, Chicago Tribune and Indiaplaza, among others. His book "Keep off the Grass" reached the semi-finals of the Amazon Breakthrough Novel Award and was on the shortlist of the Indiaplaza Golden Quill Book Awards in 2008.

Kevin Nance from the Chicago Tribune wrote on "The Yoga of Max's Discontent": "If being a Wall Street banker doesn't seem conducive to a life of stillness, solitude and meditation — if the concept of selflessness, in all its implications, seems foreign to the ethos of New York City — then the course of "The Yoga of Max's Discontent," by the Indian-American novelist Karan Bajaj, will seem natural, if not inevitable."

Publications

Books
 by HarperCollins
 by HarperCollins
 by Penguin Random House
 by Penguin Random House
 Translated into Czech as *Max a hledání vyšší pravdy

Adaptations
The copyrights for the Keep off the Grass screen adaptation were sold to Mosaic Media Group in 2009 with Ben Rekhi signed up as director. In 2017, Ronnie Screwvala and Ashi Dua were signed on as co-producers for the screen adaptation of Johnny Gone Down.

Personal life
Karan is married to Kerry Bajaj. They have two daughters.

References

External links
 Author's website
 Film Interview

Living people
1979 births
Boston Consulting Group people
American novelists of Indian descent
Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra alumni
Indian Institute of Management Bangalore alumni
American management consultants


Windlesham Arboretum is between the villages of Windlesham and Lightwater in Surrey, United Kingdom, just south of Junction 3 on the M3.  The arboretum features lakes, monuments, follies, a small chapel and approximately 22,000 mature and rare trees. The Windle Brook runs through the arboretum and has seven main footbridges and approximately ten ponds on each side, some of which are more properly identifiable as lakes based on size.  The land and lakes, including a scattered number of buildings altogether consist of just over .

Features
The arboretum, which is also a fresh water park, is located in the south of the civil parish of Windlesham, where alluvial soils juxtapose, furthest from the brook, with acidic, naturally wet, heath.

The arboretum was founded in the 1980s by William Spowers, who had purchased Old House Farm and the surrounding  in 1957. Over the following decades, he added more land to the estate, which reached  by the time of his death in 2009. By the end of the first decade of the 21st century, the arboretum contained in excess of 3,500 species of tree, including an extensive collection of Eucalyptus plants.

Ownership and rules
The arboretum is owned by a charitable trust. The objects of the charitable trust are to advance education in the study of trees and birds and access to the arboretum is restricted to educational activities. The public is permitted limited access from four main entry points, spread around the compass, during daylight hours.  Picnics, barbecues, cycling and leisure activities other than walking, study and reflection are prohibited. It is patrolled most days, and maintained to ensure its use remains in accordance with the trust's objectives.

Archaeology
An archeological survey of the Arboretum was carried out by the Surrey Heath Archaeological & Heritage Trust. in the 1980s. Evidence of Iron Age enclosure ditches and Romano-British agricultural buildings was discovered.

References

External links
 Satellite image of Windlesham Arboretum

Arboreta in England
Protected areas of Surrey
Parks and open spaces in Surrey
Woodland gardens


Wedding Worries is a 1941 Our Gang short comedy film directed by Edward Cahn. It was the 202nd Our Gang short (203rd episode, 114th talking short, 115th talking episode, and 34th MGM produced episode) that was released.

Plot
Having read horror stories about wicked stepmothers, the gang is determined to break up the marriage between Darla Hood's widowed father and his new bride. Never bothering to find out, as Darla has, that the second Mrs. Hood is a wonderful woman, the kids pull off all sorts of pranks at the wedding ceremony, from playing the radio too loud to releasing a cylinder of laughing gas. The wedding guests start smiling then laughing as the gas fills the room. Someone in the building discovers what they're doing and shuts off the canister. The wedding is temporarily postponed and the gang is sentenced to a spanking, assembly-line style.

Cast

The Gang
 Mickey Gubitosi as Mickey
 Darla Hood as Darla Hood
 Billy Laughlin as Froggy
 George McFarland as Spanky
 Billie Thomas as Buckwheat

Additional cast
 Barbara Bedford as Miss Douglas
 Margaret Bert as Delia the housekeeper
 Chester Clute as Judge Martin
 Sid D'Albrook as Mickey's father
 Ben Hall as Froggy's father
 William Irving as Guest
 Jack Lipson as Guest
 Stanley Logan as Father of the bride
 Byron Shores as Dr. James B. Hood
 Joe Young as Best man

Notability
Wedding Worries marked the final appearance of Our Gang leading lady Darla Hood, after six years of service.

See also
 Our Gang filmography

References

External links

1941 films
1941 comedy films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by Edward L. Cahn
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer short films
Our Gang films
1941 short films
1940s American films
1940s English-language films


The 2005 Piedmontese regional election took place on 3–4 April 2005. Mercedes Bresso of the Democrats of the Left defeated the incumbent Enzo Ghigo of Forza Italia.

Electoral system
Regional elections in Piedmont were ruled by the Tatarella law, which was approved in 1995 and provided for a mixed electoral system. Four fifths of the regional councilors were elected in provincial constituencies by proportional representation, using the largest remainder method with a Droop quota and open lists, while the residual votes and the unassigned seats were grouped into a single regional constituency, where the whole ratios and the highest remainders were divided with the Hare quota among the provincial party lists; one fifth of the council seats instead was reserved for regional lists and assigned with a majoritarian representation system, in which the leader of the regional list that scored the highest number of votes was elected to the presidency of the region, while the other candidates were elected regional councilors.

A threshold of 3% had been established for the provincial lists, which could still have entered the regional council if the regional list to which they were connected had scored at least 5% of valid votes. The panachage was also allowed; the voter can indicate a candidate for the presidency but prefer a provincial list connected to another candidate.

Parties and candidates

Results

Elections in Piedmont
2005 elections in Italy


AL 7 and AL-7 can refer to:
The AL-7 assault rifle
Lyulka AL-7 turbojet
U.S. Route 11 in Alabama, internally signed Alabama State Route 7
Alabama's 7th congressional district


Sir Alan Garrett Anderson  (9 March 1877 – 4 May 1952) was a British civil servant, politician and shipowner.

Early life and career

Anderson was born in 1877 to James George Skelton Anderson and Elizabeth Garrett Anderson. Anderson's father was a shipping magnate who merged the family shipping business, Anderson, Anderson & Co., with Frederick Green & Co. on 12 February 1878 to create the Orient Steam Navigation Company. Anderson's mother was the first British woman in England to qualify as a doctor. He was one of three children born to the couple. One of his sisters, Louisa Garrett Anderson, followed in her mother's footsteps and became a doctor herself, serving during World War I as the head of a military hospital, while Anderson joined his father in the family's shipping enterprise in 1897. Prior to joining the company, Anderson was educated at Eton College (1890 and 1895) and Trinity College, Oxford (1896). Once established in the shipping industry, Anderson expanded into the related field of rail transport, becoming director of Midland Railway in 1911, a seat he maintained through the merger of that railway in 1923 into London, Midland and Scottish Railway.

First World War
Anderson utilised his business experiences internationally in service of the government during the First World War. Appointed vice-chairman of the Royal Commission responsible for regulating the distribution of wheat supplies, he dealt generally with Great Britain's western allies. He dealt specifically with the United States first in processing enemy cargo aboard US vessels under Walter Runciman and, after the US entered the war, in marketing wheat in the United States as well as Canada along with Arthur Balfour.

In the summer of 1917, Anderson was appointed to replace Eric Geddes as Admiralty controller, a position that made him one of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty. During Geddes' term, the Controller had been put in charge of overseeing construction and repairs of both the Royal and Merchant navies, which were taking a toll from submarine attacks. Geddes had set very high quotas for production that the Controller's office, even with delegation, was unable to meet both from shortage of materials and manpower. Tensions were high on both sides, with Joseph Davies specifying his irritation with Anderson, while Anderson, in response to one notable shortage of shipbuilders in November 1917, chided the military for "a complete lack of sense of proportion", suggesting that recruitment would be more successfully accomplished by appealing to wives and union officials in towns known for shipbuilding than seeking the Home Office. Anderson resigned from the position in 1918.

In spite of these challenges, Anderson was widely honoured. In 1917, he was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE), an Officer of the Légion d'honneur, and an Officer of the Order of the Crown of Italy in reward for his wartime services.

Post-war career
After the war, Anderson continued to broaden his career. He became known as a powerful figure in the world of finance. Though inexperienced in banking, he became involved with the Bank of England, serving on its board from 1918 to 1946, and serving as its deputy governor under Sir Montagu Norman from 1925 to 1926. Prior to assuming the latter role, as deputy governor-elect, Anderson accompanied Norman in December 1924 to New York to help determine the feasibility of a resumption of the gold standard. He spoke at the International Chamber of Commerce congress in 1927 as acting president, giving an "eloquent" speech on tariff reductions. From 1927 until 1952, he was a board member of the Suez Canal Company.

His shipping concerns, too, broadened. From its formation in 1878, the Orient Steam Navigation Company had been operated under the co-management of Anderson, Anderson & Co. and Frederick Green & Co, but in 1919 a controlling interest in the Orient Steam Navigation Company was purchased by the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company (P&O). At that time, Anderson, Anderson and Co. was merged with F. Green and Co. into Anderson, Green & Co., and Anderson was made a board member of both P&O and the British-India Steam Navigation Company by James Mackay, 1st Earl of Inchcape.

In addition, Anderson continued public service. According to his Oxford Dictionary of National Biography entry, "he chaired two government inquiries, one on the training of naval officers, the other on the pay of civil servants, and was a member of the royal commission into national debt." He was involved with the hospital named in honour of his mother, being shown as one of the owners of the freehold in May 1923, and remained active in the London School of Medicine for Women and the Royal Free Hospital which his mother had helped found.

Anderson was granted an honorary commission as a captain in the Royal Naval Reserve on 28 June 1930. He was promoted to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire (GBE) in the 1934 Birthday Honours.

Member of Parliament and Second World War
In 1935, Anderson ran for public office as a Conservative candidate to represent the City of London as a Member of Parliament (MP). He was first elected at a by-election in June 1935 and was re-elected in that year's general election in November. He resigned in 1940 and focused his efforts on helping his country through World War II. The British Ministry of Food had established a Cereals Control Board following the Munich Crisis in 1938 and placed Anderson to serve as its chairman. In August 1941, he became the Controller of Railways and the chairman of the Railway Executive. He served as Honorary Colonel of a Territorial Army unit of the Gloucestershire Regiment for a period up to 27 September 1949, retaining the honorary rank of colonel afterwards.

Personal life
On 9 June 1903, Anderson wed Muriel Ivy Duncan of Surrey. The couple parented four children, including Sir Donald Forsyth Anderson and Sir Colin Skelton Anderson who followed their father into the shipping industry. He died on 4 May 1952.

Notes

Sources

External links

|-

Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1935–1945
Lords of the Admiralty
1877 births
1952 deaths
Alumni of Trinity College, Oxford
People educated at Eton College
Deputy Lieutenants in England
Officers of the Legion of Honour
High Sheriffs of the County of London
British businesspeople in shipping
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for the City of London
Deputy Governors of the Bank of England
Royal Naval Reserve personnel


Ali Khalil, also known as Ali-Sultan , was the khan (r.1339-1342) of the Chagatai Khanate. He was a descendant of Qadan, son of the second Great Khan Ögedei.

'Ali attacked the ordo (palace) of Yesun Temur and usurped the throne. He was the first and last one who had restored the Ögedeid authority over the Chagatai Khanate since the reigns of Kaidu and his son Chapar. During his reign, Islam fully absorbed the Chagatai Mongols and 'Ali persecuted non-Muslim religions. He is the one who ordered the killing of six Franciscan friars at Almalik in 1339, as depicted in The Martyrdom of the Franciscans, by Ambrogio Lorenzetti.

References

 Ц.Энхчимэг - "Монголын цагаадайн улс" 2006 он
 THE SHAJRAT UL ATRAK,OR GENEALOGICAL TREE OF THE TURKS AND TATARS; TRANSLATED AND ABRIDGED translated by Col. Miles.

Chagatai khans
Mongol Empire Muslims
14th-century monarchs in Asia
Year of birth unknown
Place of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
Place of death unknown


AR5, AR 5, or AR-5 can refer to:

ArmaLite AR-5, a .22 caliber bolt-action aircrew survival rifle
Arkansas Highway 5, a designation for three state highways in Arkansas
Arkansas's 5th congressional district, an obsolete district
IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, a 2014 synthesis report produced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
, a US Navy repair ship


Jørgen Tandberg Ebbesen (11 December 1812 – 16 July 1887) was a Norwegian politician for the Conservative Party.

Jørgen Tandberg Ebbesen was born in Fredrikstad as the son of Hans Christian Ebbesen (1774–1858) and Abigael Marie Bing (1785–1815). In July 1838 he married Henriette Sophie Frisak (1811–1888). They had several children. The next year he graduated with the cand.med. degree, moving to Sandefjord in 1839 to work as a physician.

Their daughter Margrethe married military officer Sophus Christensen. Their daughter Hanna Magdalene Frisak Ebbesen married Johan Christian Tandberg Castberg and was the mother of Johan Castberg, whereas their son Just Bing Ebbesen became a priest and politician.

Ebbesen was elected as a deputy representative to the Parliament of Norway during the term 1877–1879, representing the constituency of Laurvig og Sandefjord. On the local level he was mayor of Sandefjord for eleven years.

He died in 1887 in Sandefjord.

References

1812 births
1887 deaths
Politicians from Fredrikstad
People from Sandefjord

19th-century Norwegian physicians
Conservative Party (Norway) politicians
Deputy members of the Storting
Mayors of places in Vestfold


City Temple can mean:

 Stadttempel, a synagogue in Vienna.
 City Temple (London), a free church on Holborn Viaduct.
 Salt Lake City Temple, a temple of LDS Church in Salt Lake City.
 City Temple Baptist Church in Philadelphia.
 The City Temple in Revelation 21:19-20.
 Salvation Army churches in many cities, including Brisbane, Canberra  and Melbourne.


Boumediene, Boumeddiene, Boumeddienne, Boumedienne, Boumedien, Boumeddien, or Boummedienne is an Arab surname. It can refer to:

People
 Abu Madyan (c. 1126 – 1198), also known as "Bou Medine" or "Boumediene",  Andalusian mystic and Sufi master
 Houari Boumediène (1932–1978, the President of Algeria from 1967 to 1978
 Lakhdar Boumediene (born 1966), Bosnian prisoner held in the Guantanamo Bay detention camp; plaintiff in Boumediene v. Bush
 Josef Boumedienne (born 1978), Swedish professional hockey player
 Hayat Boumeddiene (born 1988), fugitive common law wife of Amedy Coulibaly, who perpetrated the Montrouge shooting that was part of the terrorist attacks in France in 2015.
 Yahya Boumediene (born 1990), Belgian footballer

Other

 Boumediene v. Bush – 2008 United States Supreme Court decision involving a habeas motion by Lakhdar Boumediene
 Houari Boumediene Airport – airport serving Algiers, the capital of Algeria
 Sidi Boumedienne – municipality in northwest Algeria


Samuel Joseph Wurzelbacher ( ; December 3, 1973 – August 27, 2023), commonly known as "Joe the Plumber", was an American conservative activist and commentator. He gained national attention during the 2008 U.S. presidential campaign season when, during a videotaped campaign stop in Ohio by Democratic nominee Barack Obama, Wurzelbacher raised concerns that Obama's tax policy would increase taxes on small business owners. Wurzelbacher was a member of the Republican Party.

After he expressed to Senator Obama that he was interested in purchasing a small plumbing business, Wurzelbacher was given the moniker "Joe the Plumber" by the McCain–Palin campaign. The campaign brought him in to make several appearances in campaign events in Ohio and McCain often referenced "Joe the Plumber" in campaign speeches and in the final presidential debate, as a metaphor for middle-class Americans.

Wurzelbacher became a prominent conservative activist, commentator, author, and motivational speaker. In 2012, he ran on the Republican ticket to represent Ohio's 9th congressional district in the House of Representatives, losing to Democratic incumbent Marcy Kaptur.

Early life and background
Wurzelbacher was born on December 3, 1973, in Toledo, Ohio, to Kay and Frank Wurzelbacher. The family moved to Florida when he was young, then returned to Toledo when he was in the middle of high school. After high school, Wurzelbacher enlisted in the United States Air Force, and chose plumbing (Air Force Specialty Code 3E451, or Utility Systems Specialist) as his area of training. He was stationed in Alaska and North Dakota. Wurzelbacher left the Air Force in 1996 and worked as a plumber's assistant, but then switched careers and started working for the telecommunications company Global Crossing.

2008 presidential election

Encounter with Barack Obama
On October 12, 2008, during a campaign break before the final presidential debate at Hofstra University, Obama visited a working-class neighborhood in Toledo, Ohio. Wurzelbacher watched as the candidate engaged residents in conversation.  He made his way through the crowd to ask Obama about his tax plan. Wurzelbacher suggested that Obama's tax plan would be at odds with "the American dream". Wurzelbacher said, "I'm getting ready to buy a company that makes 250 to 280 thousand dollars a year. Your new tax plan's going to tax me more, isn't it?"

Obama responded with an explanation of how his tax plan would affect a small business in this bracket. Obama said, "If you're a small business, which you would qualify, first of all, you would get a 50 percent tax credit so you'd get a cut in taxes for your health care costs. So you would actually get a tax cut on that part. If your revenue is above 250, then from 250 down, your taxes are going to stay the same. It is true that, say for 250 up — from 250 to 300 or so, so for that additional amount, you'd go from 36 to 39 percent, which is what it was under Bill Clinton."

Obama also said, "It's not that I want to punish your success. I just want to make sure that everybody who is behind you, that they've got a chance at success, too... My attitude is that if the economy's good for folks from the bottom up, it's gonna be good for everybody. If you've got a plumbing business, you're gonna be better off [...] if you've got a whole bunch of customers who can afford to hire you, and right now everybody's so pinched that business is bad for everybody and I think when you spread the wealth around, it's good for everybody."

Presidential debate

During the third and final Presidential debate on October 15, 2008, at Hofstra University, many references were made to "Joe the Plumber". In the debate, McCain repeatedly brought up "Joe the Plumber" and Obama and McCain then made statements aimed directly at Wurzelbacher. As a result, subsequent media attention was directed at Wurzelbacher.

After the debate, Wurzelbacher did not declare his vote for either candidate. He expressed concern that Obama's plans were "one step closer to socialism". Obama's running mate Joe Biden argued that 98% of small businesses take in less than $250,000 a year in income and thus wouldn't be subject to higher taxes under Obama's plan. McCain stated that Wurzelbacher would see higher taxes under Obama's plan.

2008 media appearances

Wurzelbacher spoke to Katie Couric of CBS Evening News on October 15, shortly after the conclusion of the final debate. Asked whether Obama's proposed $250,000 tax threshold would affect him, Wurzelbacher replied: "Not right now at presently, but (...) he's going to do that now for people who make $250,000 a year. When's he going to decide that $100,000 is too much? (...) You're on a slippery slope here. You vote on somebody who decides that $250,000 and you're rich? And $100,000 and you're rich? (...) Where does it end?" He also said: "I asked the question but I still got a tap dance...almost as good as Sammy Davis Jr."

Wurzelbacher held a press conference at his home on the morning of October 16, following the debates, where he refused to express support for either candidate. "I'm not telling anybody anything" about which candidate he preferred, he said, adding, "It's a private booth. I want the American people to vote for who they want to vote for."

On October 16, Wurzelbacher appeared on Your World with Neil Cavuto on Fox News. Neil Cavuto asked if Wurzelbacher was persuaded by Obama's plan. Wurzelbacher said that he was not and that he was more frightened upon hearing it. Wurzelbacher suggested that Obama's plan was socialist in nature.

That same day, Wurzelbacher also appeared on Good Morning America. Diane Sawyer asked him if he was taking home $250,000 now, Wurzelbacher said with a laugh "No, not even close." Sawyer asked Wurzelbacher, "And the McCain camp, some people have said did they contact you and tell you that you were going to be a major part of this, and had they contacted you before that encounter with Senator Obama?" Wurzelbacher answered, "Oh no, no, no one's contacted me as far as if I was going to be on the debate or as far as my name being used. No. I have been contacted by them and asked to show up at a rally. But, other than that, no. I just happened to be here and Barack Obama happened to show up."

ABC News reported on October 16, 2008, that there was a judgment lien against Wurzelbacher for non-payment of $1,182 in owed Ohio state income taxes dating to January 2007, but "no action has been taken against him outside of filing the lien." Barb Losie, deputy clerk of the Lucas County Court of Common Pleas, said "there is a 99 percent chance [Wurzelbacher] doesn't know about the lien, unless he did a credit report or was ready to pay his taxes." While on Hannity & Colmes, Wurzelbacher stated that he was unaware of the tax lien prior to it being reported in the press. The taxes were paid on November 6.

On November 2, Wurzelbacher appeared again on Your World with Neil Cavuto, where he expressed concern that Barack Obama's tax plans would go down "a slippery slope" and eventually raise his taxes. Wurzelbacher also questioned Obama's patriotism, saying "there's too many questions with Barack Obama and his loyalty to our country."

References on the campaign trail
On October 18, McCain told a campaign rally in Melbourne, Florida, that he had phoned Wurzelbacher for the first time on October 17. McCain said, "He's a great guy, proud of his grandfather who served in the US Marine Corps. We're going to fight for Joe, my friends, we are going to fight for him. The question Joe asked about our economy is important, because Senator Obama's plan would raise taxes on small businesses that employ 16 million Americans. Senator Obama's plan will kill those jobs at just the time when we need to be creating more jobs. My plan will create jobs, and that's what America needs."

The McCain-Palin campaign's senior strategist Steve Schmidt said that McCain's strategy in the final weeks of the presidential campaign was based primarily on his differences with Obama on economic issues, which they would continue to highlight through the story of Joe the Plumber.

After the final presidential debate, McCain and his running mate Sarah Palin frequently repeated the charge in campaign speeches that "Joe the Plumber" would pay higher taxes under Obama and Biden's plan, although according to tax analysts neither Wurzelbacher nor the company he works for would actually be subject to higher taxes under Obama's tax plan. Obama's "spread the wealth around" quote was later used by the McCain campaign, comparing the Democratic policies to socialism. McCain said, "[Obama] wants government to take Joe's money and give it to somebody else." Obama said in a campaign rally on October 24 that McCain was "not fighting for Joe the Plumber. He's fighting for Joe the Hedge Fund Manager... He likes to talk about Joe the Plumber but he's in cahoots with Joe the CEO." Obama then promoted a plan for middle-class tax cuts and "asked for a show of hands at the rally in the Richmond Coliseum from those making less than $250,000. Nearly all of the 13,000 people raised their hands."

Aides to the McCain-Palin campaign said on October 24 that they would "spend heavily" on a new TV advertisement invoking Wurzelbacher's nickname. The advertisement would feature "several different people looking into the camera and saying, 'I'm Joe the Plumber.' One man accuses Obama of wanting to use the man's 'sweat to pay for his trillion dollars in new spending.

Joint appearances with John McCain
On October 30, Wurzelbacher made appearances with John McCain during Ohio campaign stops in Sandusky, Elyria, and Mentor, Ohio. In Sandusky, McCain accused the Obama campaign of attacking Wurzelbacher, and in Mentor, Wurzelbacher was allowed to address the crowd, saying, "Once you find out the facts, they become quite obvious," while pointing at McCain.

Earlier in the day, at a rally in Defiance, Ohio, McCain thought that Wurzelbacher was supposed to be in the crowd and called for him to stand up. When it became clear that he wasn't in attendance, McCain ended the silence by telling the whole crowd instead to stand up, stating, "You're all Joe the Plumber."

Plumbing credentials
Regarding his statement to Barack Obama about intending to buy the plumbing firm that employed him, Wurzelbacher later said that the idea of buying the company was discussed during his job interview six years prior. Court records show that Wurzelbacher made $40,000 in 2006.

As part of the background on McCain's use of "Joe the Plumber" during the 2008 campaign, several media outlets researched his professional plumbing credentials.  One Toledo Blade article stated: "Mr. Wurzelbacher said he works under Al Newell's license, but according to Ohio building regulations, he must maintain his own license to do plumbing work. He is also not registered to operate as a plumber in Ohio, which means he's not a plumber." "Mr. Joseph [business manager of the local union] said Mr. Wurzelbacher could only legally work in the townships, but not in any municipality in Lucas County or elsewhere in the country." Wurzelbacher later stated that he was no longer employed at Newell.

Wurzelbacher was not a member of the United Association of Plumbers and Pipefitters (the national plumbers' union) and never served an apprenticeship.

Database search controversy

Prior to the 2008 election, an employee of Ohio's Department of Job and Family Services (ODJFS), at the behest of its director, Helen Jones-Kelley, used state computers to search for information on Joe Wurzelbacher. On November 20, 2008, the employee reported the violation to the State Inspector General. State and local officials completed an investigation into Jones-Kelley's order, concluding that the searches were improper. On December 17, 2008, Jones-Kelley resigned.

In response to the event, Republican Ohio state representative Shannon Jones sponsored House Bill 648, which mandates civil and criminal penalties for improper access of personal information in state databases. On January 6, 2009, Governor Ted Strickland signed the legislation, which became effective after 90 days.

On March 5, 2009, on behalf of Wurzelbacher, Judicial Watch filed a lawsuit in U.S. District Court in Columbus charging that Jones-Kelley and fellow ODJFS employees Fred Williams and Doug Thompson improperly searched "confidential state databases" in an attempt to retaliate against Wurzelbacher's criticism of then-presidential candidate Barack Obama. The lawsuit claimed "officials of the State of Ohio violated Mr. Wurzelbacher's constitutional rights", and "Wurzelbacher suffered emotional distress, harassment, and embarrassment as a result of the search." Tom Fitton, the president of Judicial Watch, stated "no American should be investigated for simply asking a question of a public official." The lawsuit sought unspecified punitive damages. On August 4, 2010, the U.S District Court in Columbus dismissed the lawsuit on the grounds that the state database search did not amount to a constitutional violation of the right to privacy. On March 25, 2012, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit affirmed the dismissal.

On October 14, 2009, the Columbus Dispatch reported that a former contractor for the Ohio Association of Chiefs of Police had been charged with "rummaging" through state computers to retrieve confidential information about Wurzelbacher. The State Highway Patrol stated that the individual also used a law-enforcement computer network to access personal information about Wurzelbacher.

Post-2008 career and activism

In 2008, Wurzelbacher signed with a publicity management agent regarding media relationships, including "a possible record deal with a major label, personal appearances, and corporate sponsorships."

In November 2008, Wurzelbacher was hired for a series of commercials reminding people to convert analog television to digital. Wurzelbacher was hired to help consumers understand the DTV transition in the United States through a series of videos designed to explain the changeover.

In November 2008, Wurzelbacher began promoting his book Joe the Plumber: Fighting for the American Dream. Co-written with novelist Thomas Tabback and published by PearlGate Publishing of Austin, Texas, the book addresses Wurzelbacher's ideas concerning American values. In particular, Wurzelbacher criticizes John McCain and states that he did not want him as the Republican presidential nominee. Wurzelbacher criticized McCain as a candidate, saying that the election was "the lesser of two evils". On December 10, 2008, it was reported that Wurzelbacher also criticized McCain for voting for the $700 billion Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008, also known as the bank bailout.
On the issue of taxation, he did not consider himself to be a supporter of either party.

In January 2009, Wurzelbacher became a war correspondent for PJ Media. His first assignment involved visiting Israel for ten days during the Gaza War, with his reporting focusing on the Israeli experience of the conflict.

In May 2009, Time magazine reported that Wurzelbacher was quitting the Republican Party.

On June 25, 2009, Wurzelbacher spoke at an event called "Pints and Politics" in Wausau, Wisconsin. During his speech, Wurzelbacher questioned why Chris Dodd had not been "strung up" yet. He stated that the Founding Fathers "knew socialism doesn't work. They knew communism doesn't work."

On February 13, 2010, Wurzelbacher attended a political event for Pennsylvania gubernatorial candidate Sam Rohrer. Speaking to a reporter afterwards, Wurzelbacher said "McCain was trying to use [him]", and accused McCain of having "really screwed [his] life up".

In Wisconsin, in February 2011, he spoke at a counter-demonstration during protests against Governor Scott Walker's attempts to abolish collective bargaining rights of some public employees. In 2012, Wurzelbacher started the news site "Joe For America".

In February 2014, Wurzelbacher took a job at a Jeep plant which required him to be a member of the United Auto Workers. He complained that his colleagues called him a "tea-bagger". The Washington Post, citing Sean McAlinden, who has studied the auto bailout as the Chief Economist for the non-profit Center for Automotive Research, commented that an "irony" is "that Joe the Plumber may not have gotten this auto job if it weren't for the hated bailout of the auto industry" which was "first championed by [George W.] Bush" but attacked by conservatives when implemented by Obama. McAliden is quoted saying "He wouldn't have gotten a job in Toledo if Chrysler hadn't been bailed out. Chrysler would have shut down immediately. No production; no jobs; no pension payments; no nothing." For his part, Joe indicated he has no problem with unions per se, stating "Private unions, such as the UAW, is a choice between employees and employers. If that is what they want, then who am I to say you can't have it?"

In an open letter to the parents of victims who died in the 2014 Isla Vista killings, Wurzelbacher wrote of his right to "protect my family",
stating, "As harsh as this sounds—your dead kids don't trump my Constitutional rights ... We still have the Right to Bear Arms ... Any feelings you have toward my rights being taken away from me, lose those."

Wurzelbacher voted for Donald Trump in the 2016 presidential election.

2012 congressional election

Draft movement
After his meeting with Barack Obama, a campaign to draft Wurzelbacher to run for the United States House of Representatives in the 2010 election started with the website joewurzelbacher2010.com. The Washington Times and the Boston Herald reported that the campaign's goal was to draft Wurzelbacher to run against Rep. Marcy Kaptur of , although the possibility also existed for Kaptur to choose to run for the Senate seat being vacated by George Voinovich. The website was created by Trevor Lair (then-chairman of the Massachusetts College Republicans), Derek Khanna, and the Massachusetts Alliance of College Republicans. It encouraged visitors to sign an online petition that supported Wurzelbacher's run for office. Laura Ingraham asked Wurzelbacher, on October 24, 2008, if he would run against Kaptur. Wurzelbacher responded that he had considered the run and would be "up for it".

Campaign

On October 7, 2011, Wurzelbacher filed paperwork with the Federal Election Commission to challenge Democratic Representative Marcy Kaptur in the 2012 race for Ohio's 9th congressional seat.

In the March 6, 2012, primary, Wurzelbacher gained the nomination as the Republican candidate in the race, defeating challenger Steven Kraus.  He ran in the November 2012 general election against Kaptur, who had won the Democratic primary against Dennis Kucinich after the two incumbents' respective Congressional districts were collapsed into one as a result of post-2010 Census redistricting by the state's Republican-controlled legislature. He lost the election, with Kaptur, who had been the heavy favorite and received over 70% of the vote.

In August 2012, Wurzelbacher drew criticism for a comment he made about illegal immigration. During a campaign rally for Arizona State Senator Lori Klein, Wurzelbacher said, "For years I've said, you know, put a damn fence on the border, going to Mexico and start shooting." When asked about the comment later, he said that he did not care about being "politically incorrect". Klein defended Wurzelbacher, telling reporters his comments were just a joke.

Holocaust gun control comments

In June 2012, Wurzelbacher's election campaign released a video in which he said the implementation of gun control resulted in Europe's Jews being unable to defend themselves during the Holocaust, explaining, "In 1939, Germany established gun control. From 1939 to 1945, six million Jews and seven million others unable to defend themselves were exterminated." In the same video, Wurzelbacher stated that the implementation of gun control by the Ottoman Empire in 1911 resulted in Armenians being unable to defend themselves against the Armenian genocide.

The video drew sharp criticism from the National Jewish Democratic Council (NJDC) and Ohio Democratic Party chairman Chris Redfern.

Wurzelbacher subsequently defended the video, stating "Different countries around the world have tried to disarm their citizens, and then have tried to exterminate their own now-unarmed citizens. If people are looking to be offended by this video, they are probably serving a political agenda. Unfortunately there are a lot of whiners out there." Wurzelbacher's spokesman, Phil Christofanelli, also defended the video, stating that Wurzelbacher was a "student of history" who knows that the Founding Fathers "understood that the 2nd Amendment was always the people's last defense against tyrannical government."

Personal life and death
Wurzelbacher was married twice. He had one child from his first marriage and three from his second, to Katie Schanen.

In 2022, Wurzelbacher was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. He died at home in Campbellsport, Wisconsin, on August 27, 2023, at the age of 49.

See also
 Ken Bone
 Tito the Builder

References

External links

 "Joe for America".

1973 births
2023 deaths
Activists from Ohio
American motivational speakers
American plumbers
American political commentators
Candidates in the 2012 United States elections
Conservatism in the United States
Deaths from cancer in Wisconsin
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Nicknames of activists
Ohio Republicans
People associated with the 2008 United States presidential election
People from Campbellsport, Wisconsin
People from Holland, Ohio
People from Toledo, Ohio
United States Air Force airmen